Bill Browder

**Sir William Felix Browder**, KCMG (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1964)  ɗan asalin ƙasar Burtaniya ne kuma mai fafutukar siyasa. Shi ne Shugaba kuma co-kafa na Hermitage Capital Management, mai ba da shawara kan saka hannun jari ga Asusun Hermitage, wanda a baya shine mafi girman mai saka hannun jari na kasashen waje a Rasha. An kafa Asusun Hermitage tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Bankin Jamhuriyar, tare da dala miliyan 25 a cikin babban birnin iri. Asusun, da asusun da ke da alaƙa, daga ƙarshe sun karu zuwa dala biliyan 4.5 na kadarorin da ke ƙarƙashin gudanarwa. A shekara ta 1997, Asusun Hermitage shine asusun da ya fi dacewa a duniya, har zuwa kashi 238%. Babban dabarun saka hannun jari na Browder shine gwagwarmayar kare hakkin masu hannun jari. Browder ya ɗauki manyan kamfanonin Rasha kamar Gasprom, Surgutneftegaz, Unified Energy Systems, da Sidanco .  A matsayin fansa, a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 2005, an ki Browder shiga Rasha, an kore shi zuwa Burtaniya, kuma ya ayyana barazana ga tsaron kasa na Rasha.

Watanni goma sha takwas bayan an kori Browder, a ranar 4 ga Yuni 2007, jami'ai ashirin da biyar na Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Rasha sun mamaye ofisoshin Hermitage Capital a Moscow. Wasu jami'ai ashirin da biyar sun mamaye ofishin Moscow na kamfanin lauya na Amurka na Browder, Firestone Duncan, sun kwace takardun rajistar kamfanoni don kamfanonin saka hannun jari na Hermitage. Browder ya sanya Sergei Magnitsky, shugaban aikin haraji a Firestone Duncan, don bincika manufar harin. Magnitsky ya gano cewa yayin da waɗannan takardun ke hannun 'yan sanda, an yi amfani da su don sake yin rajistar kamfanonin Hermitage da sunan tsohon wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Daga baya hukumomin Rasha suka kama Magnitsky kuma ya mutu a kurkuku.

Sake yin rajista na kamfanonin da ke riƙe da Hermitage wani mataki ne na tsakiya kafin masu aikata laifuka su yi amfani da waɗannan kamfanoni don neman maido da haraji na zamba na dala miliyan 230 (~ dala miliyan 334 a 2024) wanda aka bayar a ranar 24 ga Disamba 2007. 

Bayan mutuwar Magnitsky, Browder ya yi kira ga Majalisa ta zartar da Dokar Magnitsky ta, dokar da za ta hukunta masu keta haƙƙin ɗan adam na Rasha, wanda Shugaba Barack Obama ya sanya hannu a cikin doka a shekarar 2012.  A cikin 2013, an gwada Magnitsky da Browder ba tare da wani wuri ba a Rasha saboda cin hanci da rashawa. Dukkanin maza biyu - Magnitsky ya mutu shekaru hudu da suka gabata - an yanke musu hukunci kuma an yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku. Interpol ta ki amincewa da bukatar Rasha don kama Browder, tana mai cewa lamarin na siyasa ne. A cikin shekara ta 2014, Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta kada kuri'a don takunkumi a kan 'yan Rasha 30 da suka yi imanin suna da hannu a cikin shari'ar Magnitsky; wannan shine karo na farko da ta dauki irin wannan mataki.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi William Felix Browder a Princeton, New Jersey, kuma ya girma a Chicago, Illinois. Shi ɗan masanin lissafi ne Felix Browder, kuma jikan shugaban kwaminisanci Earl Browder. Ya halarci Jami'ar Colorado, Boulder, kafin ya koma Jami'ar Chicago, daga inda ya kammala karatu tare da digiri a fannin tattalin arziki. Ya sami MBA daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Stanford  a 1989 kuma ya shiga bangaren kudi. 

## Tarihin iyali
An haifi kakan mahaifin Browder Earl Browder a Kansas a shekara ta 1891.  Ya kasance mai tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma ya zauna a Tarayyar Soviet na shekaru da yawa daga 1927 kuma ya auri Raisa Berkman, wata mace ta Rasha ta Yahudawa yayin da take zaune a can. Bayan ya dawo Amurka a 1931,  Earl Browder ya zama shugaban Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Amurka daga 1930 zuwa 1945 kuma ya tsaya takarar shugaban Amurka a 1936 da 1940.  Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, Browder ya rasa tagomashi tare da Moscow kuma an kore shi daga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Amurka.

Earl da matarsa Raisa suna da 'ya'ya uku, dukansu maza, kuma dukansu uku sun zama masu lissafi waɗanda suka jagoranci sassan lissafi na manyan jami'o'in Amurka,  gami da mahaifin Bill Browder Felix Browder, wanda ya auri Eva (Tislowitz). Felix ya kasance masanin lissafi wanda ya shiga MIT yana da shekaru 16, ya sami digiri na farko a cikin shekaru biyu, kuma yana da shekaru 20 ya sami Ph.D. daga Princeton.  Duk da wannan ƙwarewar ilimi da ilimi mai ban sha'awa, Felix bai iya samun aikin ilimi ba a Zamanin McCarthy, saboda shi ɗan shugaban jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Amurka ne. Bayan jerin kin amincewa da aiki a cikin shekarun 1950, Eleanor Roosevelt, tsohuwar Uwargidan Shugaban kasa wacce a lokacin take shugaban kwamitin Jami'ar Brandeis ta goyi bayansa; ta mamaye sauran kwamitin da ke jin tsoron hayar shi, kuma ya sami matsayi a Brandeis .  Felix ya ci gaba da zama shugaban sashen lissafi a Jami'ar Chicago, kuma a 1999 ya zama shugaban kungiyar lissafin lissafi ta Amurka.

## Ayyuka da zama ɗan ƙasa
Browder ya fara aikinsa a aikin Gabashin Turai na Boston Consulting Group a London,  sannan ya yi aiki ga Kamfanin Sadarwa na Maxwell na Robert Maxwell, kuma bayan haka ya gudanar da teburin saka hannun jari na Rasha a Salomon Brothers. 

A shekara ta 1999, Browder ya sami izinin zama ɗan ƙasar Burtaniya. A halin yanzu, ya bar zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka a shekarar 1998. Ya ambaci cewa ya yi haka ne saboda "dukiyar mummunar ji game da mulkin doka" sakamakon cewa hukumomin Amurka sun " tsananta wa iyalinsa a cikin shekarun 1950, musamman ya ambaci kakansa na kwaminisanci, Earl Browder wanda aka ɗaure shi sau biyu a zamanin McCarthyism.

## manazarta