Bernard Stollman

**Bernard Stollman** (Yuli 19, 1929 - Afrilu 19, 2015) lauya ne na Amurka kuma wanda ya kafa lakabin rikodin ESP-Disk .

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Stollman ne a cikin iyalin Yahudawa  a New Brunswick, New Jersey, kuma ya girma a Plattsburgh, arewacin New York, inda iyayensa suka mallaki jerin shagunan tufafin mata. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 16, iyalinsa suka koma Forest Hills, Queens, kuma daga baya ya halarci Jami'ar Columbia da Makarantar Shari'a ta Columbia. A shekara ta 1960, ya fara aiki a matsayin mai ba da horo ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba ga kamfanin lauya da ke aiki a kan kadarorin Charlie Parker da Billie Holiday . A cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa ya ci gaba da ƙaunar kiɗa na jazz, ya yi wasu ayyukan shari'a ga Moe Asch a Folkways Records, kuma ya fara ba da shawara ga mawaƙa na jazz da rhythm da blues kan haƙƙin mallaka da kwangila.

Ya kuma koyi Esperanto, kuma ya yi rikodin shayari da waƙoƙi, Ni Kantu en Esperanto, don inganta yaren, ya sake shi a kan lakabin kansa wanda ya kira ESP-Disk .  Bayan ya sami tallafi daga iyayensa, ya yanke shawarar kafa lakabin rikodin a matsayin babban kamfani, don inganta kiɗa wanda ba na kasuwanci ba da na gwaji wanda ba za a ji ba. A shekara ta 1963, ya kusanci Albert Ayler, mai ba da labari na jazz kyauta a cikin kulob din Harlem, kuma ya ba da damar yin rikodin kundi tare da shi. Kundin, Spiritual Unity, ya zama saki na biyu na ESP. Bayan haka, ya rubuta irin waɗannan mawaƙa na jazz kamar Sun Ra, Pharoah Sanders, Ornette Coleman, Paul Bley da Gato Barbieri . Ya kuma rubuta marubuta ciki har da William Burroughs da Timothy Leary, da kuma mutanen da ke karkashin kasa da kuma ayyukan dutse ciki har da Fugs, Godz, Pearls Before Swine da Holy Modal Rounders.

Stollman ya fuskanci zarge-zargen rashin biyan sarauta ga masu zane-zane, ya sanya hannu ga ESP-Disk. Tom Rapp na Pearls Before Swine ya yi iƙirarin cewa: "Ba mu taɓa samun kuɗi daga ESP ba. Ba mu taɓa samun, ko da kamar dala ɗari ko wani abu ba. Ma'ana ta ainihi ita ce 'yan kasashen waje sun sace shi, kuma lokacin da aka bincika shi ya share tunaninsa na inda duk kuɗin yake". Peter Stampfel na Holy Modal Rounders da Fugs ya yi iƙirarin cewa Stollman ya gaya masa cewa "kwangilar ta ce duk hakkoki na ni ne. Ba ku da masarauta, ko da yaushe. Bugawar nawa ce. Ba ku mallaki waƙoƙin ba. Ba mu bin ku komai ba". Mambobin Fugs sun kuma bayyana da'awar cewa sun sami kwangilar rikodin da ba ta da kyau. Ed Sanders ya ce "rashin sarautarmu bai kai kashi 3%, daya daga cikin ƙananan kashi a tarihin wayewar yamma". 801 Magazine, wanda ya gabatar da wata hira da Stollman a cikin 2008, ya ce Stollman ya yi iƙirarin cewa "ya biya duk kuɗin rikodin kuma ya ba wa mawaƙa ƙananan ci gaba", kuma cewa "bai taɓa samun kuɗi daga kiɗa ba".

Har tsawon lokaci Stollman ya yi kamar yana wakiltar gidan Sun Ra. Irwin Chusid, wanda ya yi aiki tun 2013 a matsayin mai gudanarwa na Sun Ra LLC (wanda ya hada da magada na Sun Ra), ya ce a cikin wata hira ta 2017: "Na sami mutumin mahaukaci, mai ban tsoro, kuma mai tsattsauran ra'ayi. Ya yi ƙoƙari na shekaru da yawa don samun magada na Ra su ba shi damar wakiltar dukiyar, amma sun ƙi shi a kowane lokaci. Don haka a cikin 2001 ya tsara ... [a] takarda mara kyau [kuma] ya sami nasarar shawo kan wasu masu bugawa na kasashen waje, lakabi, da kuma] kungiyoyin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙoƙi na shekaru 13.

## Manazarta