open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Gademotta

Gademotta Formation a cikin Main Ethiopian Rift Valley an san shi da wuraren binciken archaeological na Middle Stone Age. Tana yammacin Tafkin Ziway . Baya ga nau'in shafin, wanda ke ɗaukar sunan iri ɗaya, tsarin ya ƙunshi tarin shafuka a Kulkuletti, kimanin kilomita 2.5 (1.6 daga nesa. Yanayin kusa da tafkin da kuma lobsidian da ke cikin gida na iya jan hankalin ci gaba / maimaitawa na yankin ta hanyar Middle da Late Pleistocene hominins.

Gademotta Formation site-complex an gano shi ne a farkon shekarun 1970 ta ƙungiyar masu bincike a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Fred Wendorf da Romuald Schild .  Wannan ƙungiyar ta gudanar da tonowa da yawa a cikin 1972 da 1973, inda ta dawo da dubban kayan tarihi na dutse. Sabunta bincike a cikin Gademotta Formation an ƙarfafa shi ta hanyar sabbin dabarun da suka ba da damar ingantaccen 40Ar / 39Ar [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] shekarun shafin da aka buga a cikin 2008.  

An buga shekaru sama da 279,000 don shafin yanar gizon Tsohon Tsakiyar Tsakiya a cikin Formation .  Kodayake irin wannan shekarun ne tare da tsohuwar shafin Middle Stone Age a cikin Kapthurin Formation, Kenya,  tsohuwar sana'a a Gademotta tana da fasahar fasahar da ke da alaƙa da Zamanin Stone na Tsakiya. An yi nazarin mashi da aka jefa a kan dutse na wannan shekarun.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Gashin kai na Gawis

Gashin Gawis wani bangare ne na burbushin hominin da aka gano a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 2006 kusa da magudanar Gawis, wani yanki na Kogin Awash a cikin Afar Depression, Habasha. Duk da kasancewar yashi na dutsen wuta wanda ke da maɓallin yin soyayya, an tsara gashin kai ne kawai tsakanin shekaru 200,000 da 500,000 da suka gabata saboda matsalolin taphonomic. 

Sileshi Semaw, darektan Gona Project, wanda ke zaune a Cibiyar Stone Age da Cibiyar Binciken CRAFT ta Jami'ar Indiana ne ya ba da rahoton binciken 2006.

## Bincike da muhimmancinsa
Asahmed Humet, memba na Gona Paleoanthropological Research Project ne ya gano kwanyar hominin; ya gano burbushin da aka sake dawowa kwanan nan a cikin karamin rugujewar da ke shiga cikin kogin Gawis a Yankin Afar, kimanin kilomita 300 a arewa maso gabashin Addis Ababa. Kwancen kusan cikakkiyar kwanyar abin da aka yi imanin cewa kakannin ɗan adam ne na Pleistocene na Tsakiya. Duk da yake ya bambanta da ɗan adam na zamani, ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, fuska ta sama da ƙashin kai suna da shaidar jikin mutum wanda ke cikin asalin ɗan adam. Sileshi Semaw, darektan Gona Project a Cibiyar Stone Age ne ya ba da rahoton binciken. Semaw ya lura da burbushin kwanyar na iya zama nau'i na canji wanda ya cika rata a cikin asalin juyin halitta na mutum. Ya bayyana bayyanarsa a matsayin matsakaici tsakanin *Homo erectus* da *[[Ɗan Adam|Homo sapiens]]* .

An kuma sami mahimman tarin kayan aikin dutse da samfuran burbushin dabbobi da yawa a shafin. 

Gawis yana cikin yankin binciken Gona Research Project wanda ke cikin kwarin Awash River . Nan da nan zuwa gabashin Gona, wanda kuma yake tare da Awash kuma daya daga cikin masu goyon bayansa shine shafin Hadari, inda a cikin 1974 masanin kimiyya na Amurka Donald Johanson ya sami ragowar shekaru miliyan 3.2 na Australopithecus afarensis, wanda aka sani da Lucy. Aikin Awash na Tsakiya, shafin sauran abubuwan da aka gano na hominin, yana kudu.

Baya ga gashin Gawis, yankin aikin Gona ya samar da wasu kayan aikin dutse mafi tsufa a duniya (shekaru miliyan 2.6), da kuma burbushin *Ardipithecus ramidus* - hominid, kuma an yi muhawara kamar ko hominin - wanda aka rubuta kusan shekaru miliyan 4.5 da suka gabata.

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

* Cibiyar Stone Age
* Labarin CNN yana ba da rahoton binciken
* Sanarwar manema labarai ta Jami'ar Indiana
Gendebelo

**Gendebelo** (wanda kuma ake kira **Gende Belo**) tsohon birni ne na kasuwanci na Musulmi a Habasha . An gano wurin ne a cikin 2009 ta ƙungiyar masu binciken tarihi na Faransa.

## Tarihi
Gendebelo cibiyar kasuwanci ce ta Musulmi ta zamani da ake zaton ta ɓace. An yi imanin cewa yana da nisan kilomita 30 (19  daga Ankobar. Gendebelo "babban birni ne na kasuwanci", inda masu jigilar raƙuma suka kawo kowane irin kayan yaji sai dai ginger (wanda aka shuka a cikin gida) daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Zeila. Kodayake an san Habasha a matsayin ƙasa ta biyu mafi tsufa a duniya, kusan rabin yawan jama'arta Musulmi ne. Gendebelo wuri ne na cinikayya ta zaman lafiya tsakanin al'adun Kirista da Musulmi.

## Bincike
A shekara ta 2009, masu binciken tarihi na Faransa François-Xavier Fauvelle-Aymar da Bertrand Hirsch  sun gano shafin a matsayin birni na zamani wanda yanzu ake kira Nora, wanda aka watsar da shi shekaru da yawa ban da masallacin. 

Tsohon rubutun Ajami ya taimaka wa masu binciken tarihi su tantance wurin birnin. Masanin Italiya kuma masanin Habasha Enrico Cerulli ya sami rubutun a garin musulmi na Harar a 1936, inda ake amfani da shi don rufe sukari. Masu binciken tarihi sun kuma yi amfani da rubuce-rubucen Alessandro Zorzi, mai binciken Venetian na ƙarni na 16 wanda ya sami rushewar Gendebelo a cikin hamada kuma ya kira shi "wurin da za a sauke alfadarai kuma raƙuma su mallaki".

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Mueda

**Mueda**  shi ne birni mafi girma a yankin Makonde Plateau a arewa maso gabashin Mozambique. Shi ne babban birnin gundumar Mueda a lardin Cabo Delgado. Ita ce cibiyar al'adun Makondes, da kuma samar da sassaken ebony.

## Yanayin ƙasa
Mueda yana kan tudun Mueda Plateau, wanda ke da yanayi mai zafi fiye da bakin teku, amma inda, saboda ƙasa mai yashi mai ratsawa, ruwa yana shiga zurfin zurfi, yana da wahala a samar da ruwan sha.  A cikin kusan shekarar 1970, Portugal, mai mulkin Mozambique a lokacin, ta gina tsarin samar da ruwan sha, ƙarƙashin jagorancin injiniya Canhoto. A cikin shekarun 1980, bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Mozambique daga Portugal, gwamnatin Mozambique ta sake gina tsarin, tare da taimakon UNICEF da haɗin gwiwar Swiss. 

## Yanayi


## Tarihi
An kafa Mueda a kusa da barikin sojojin 'yan mulkin mallaka na Portugal. 

### Kisan kiyashin Mu'ada
A ranar 16 ga watan Yuni 1960, 'yan kishin ƙasa na Makonde sun shirya zanga-zanga a gaban hedkwatar gundumar Mueda a dandalin garin Mueda domin neman 'yancin kai daga Portugal. Da alama shugaban gundumar ya gayyace su don gabatar da kokensu.   Mai gudanarwa ya ba da umarnin kama shugabannin, kuma taron ya yi zanga-zangar.  Ma'aikacin Portuguese ya umarci sojojin da ya tattara kafin su yi harbi a kan taron,  bayan haka an jefar da wasu da yawa zuwa ga mutuwa a cikin wani rafi.  Adadin waɗanda suka mutu yana cikin takaddama.  Koyaya, bacin rai da waɗannan abubuwan suka haifar a ƙarshe ya haifar da ƙungiyar masu zaman kansu ta FRELIMO ta sami ci gaba da ake buƙata a farkon Yaƙin neman 'Yancin Mozambique (1964-1975).   Wurin da aka yi kisan kiyashin na ɗauke da wani mutum-mutumi na tunawa. 

### Yakin neman 'yancin kai
Makonde sun kasance masu goyon bayan FRELIMO. Hasali ma, Makonde African National Union (MANU - daga baya Mozambique African National Union) tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi uku da suka kafa FRELIMO.   Mueda kuma shine wurin da ake gudanar da ayyukan Fotigal akan FRELIMO. A cikin shekarar 1967, a cikin ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan soja na farko, FRELIMO ta ƙaddamar da wani harin zubar da jini a kan tashar jirgin sama a can,  ko da yake ginin ya lalace sosai.  A cikin watan Mayu 1970, Janar Arriaga ya fara Operation Gordian Knot, hedkwatarsa daga Mueda. Ya zuwa ƙarshen aikin, ya yi ikirarin kawar da sansanonin FRELIMO sama da saba'in.  Koyaya, ban da asarar kayan aiki da kayayyaki, aikin bai shafi ikon FRELIMO na kutsawa cikin ƙarin makamai daga Tanzaniya ba, kuma bai yi tasiri sosai kan ikon yin yaƙi ba.  A wani hari na baya-bayan nan, a cikin shekarar 1972, a kan tashar jirgin saman Mueda, an lalata dukkan jiragen sama goma sha tara.

## Hotuna daga Mueda

Fayil:Municipio_de_Mueda_(9806338906).jpg| Mueda Municipality Building
Fayil:MuedaAirport.JPG| Mueda Airport c. 1995
Fayil:MuedaGas_0126.jpg|alt=Refueling station in Mueda c. 1995| Tashar mai a Mueda c. 1995 


## Manazarta
Viva, Viva a FRELIMO

"**Viva, Viva a FRELIMO**" (English Long Live FRELIMO) ita ce waƙar ƙasar Mozambique daga bayan samun 'yancin kai daga ƙasar Portugal a ranar 25 ga watan Yuni 1975 zuwa 30 ga watan Afrilu 2002, lokacin da aka maye gurbinta da "Pátria Amada".

## Tarihi
Justino Sigaulane Chemane ne ya rubuta waƙar a cikin shekarar 1975 kuma aka ɗauke shi a matsayin taken ƙasa na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Mozambique a ranar 25 ga watan Yuni 1975. Wakokin na murna da samun 'yancin kai na Mozambik, gurguzu da kuma babbar jam'iyyar siyasa ta Mozambik FRELIMO, wacce ta kai ƙasar 'yancin kai a shekarar 1975.

A cikin shekarar 1994, an gudanar da zaɓe na jam'iyyu da yawa a Mozambique, saboda haka an cire waƙoƙin waƙar daga mafi yawan wasannin jama'a da watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo, saboda ana ganin ba su dace ba a cikin jam'iyyu da yawa, ƙasar jari hujja.  A cikin watan Afrilu 1997, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da gasa ta ƙasa don ganin wanda zai iya rubuta mafi kyawun sabbin waƙoƙin waƙar ƙasa. Da farko, wannan gasa ta nemi a canza waƙoƙin da kuma kiyaye waƙar, amma a ƙarshe an daina buƙatar waƙar. "Pátria Amada" ta zama taken ƙasar Mozambique a ranar 30 ga watan Afrilun 2002, bayan kuri'ar mafi rinjaye ta Majalisar Jamhuriyar. 

## Waƙoƙi

## Duba kuma

* Jerin waƙoƙin ƙasa

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Mozambik: ''Viva, Viva a FRELIMO'' - Audio na taken ƙasa na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Mozambique, tare da bayanai da waƙoƙi
* Sigar kayan aiki na Viva, Viva a FRELIMO akan YouTube

## Manazarta
Butt

**Butt** na iya zama:

## Littattafai

*  (mujallar) 
* The *Butt*, wani littafi na 2008 na Will Self
* *Der Butt*, taken Jamusanci na The Flounder (1977), littafin Günter Grass

## Mutane

* Butt (sunan mahaifi) 
* Bhat, sunan mahaifi a Indiya da Pakistan, wanda aka rubuta a matsayin Butt

## Aunawa

* Butt (ɗaya) , ma'auni na girma
* Butt, girman kwalban ruwan inabi na Ingilishi

## Sauran amfani

* Ƙarƙashin ƙuƙwalwa
* Butt joint, fasahar aikin katako
* Buttstock ko butt, ɓangaren baya na bindiga ko wani bindiga
* Headbutt, bugun da aka yi da kai
* Sigari (ko sigari) 
* Boston butt ko naman alade butt, wani kafada yanke na naman alade
* Ruwa, tankin ruwan sama
* Binciken harbi, manufa ta horo
* Butt splice connector, wani nau'in crimp lantarki connectorhaɗin lantarki na crimp
* "Butt Butt", waƙar da Monrose ya yi daga Temptation*Jaraba*
* Butt Drugs, tsohon kantin magani a Corydon, Indiana

* BUT (disambiguation)mmm
Alexandre Lambert de Soyrier

**Alexandre Lambert na Soyrier** (an haife shi ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu, 1632 - 28 ga Satumba 1706) ya kasance limamin Roman Katolika wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Bishop na Ivrea (1698-1706) da Bishop na Aosta (1692-1698).

## Rayuwa
Lambert an haife shi a garin Chambéry. A ranar 25 ga Yuni 1692, an naɗa shi a matsayin Bishop na Aosta a lokacin Paparoma Innocent XII. A ranar 30 ga Yuni 1692,
Fabrizio Spada, Kardinal-Priest na San Crisogono ne ya naɗa shi bishop tare da taimakon Michelangelo Mattei, Archbishop na Hadrianopolis in Haemimonto, da Baldassare Cenci (seniore), Archbishop na Larissa in Thessalia, a matsayin wadanda suka taimaka wajen naɗin. A ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 1698, a lokacin wannan Paparoma Innocent XII ne aka ƙara naɗa Lambert a matsayin Bishop na Ivrea. Ya ci gaba da rike wannan matsayi har zuwa rasuwarsa a ranar 28 ga Satumba 1706.
A lokacin da yake bishop, Lambert ya kasance babban mai taimakawa wajen naɗin Giovanni Fontana a matsayin Bishop na Cesena a shekarar 1697, da kuma Giuseppe Antonio Bertodano a matsayin Bishop na Vercelli a wannan shekarar.

## Manazarta
1910s a Angola

A **shekarun 1910 a Angola** gwamnatin 'yan mulkin mallaka ta sauya sheka daga sarauta zuwa jamhuriya bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi a watan Oktoban shekarar 1910. Jamhuriyar Farko ta Fotigal, sabuwar jihar, ta sake kawar da bautar bayi.

## Bautar da Bayi
'Yan Republican sun hambarar da Sarki Manuel II a shekarar 1910. Bayi a Moçâmedes, a cikin sauran biranen Angola, sun yi kamfen don kawar da ta'addanci. A wasu yankunan bayi sun ayyana yajin aiki, da fatan koma bayan tattalin arziki zai tilasta sauye-sauyen siyasa. Carvalhal Correia Henriques, sabon gwamnan Moçâmedes, ya goyi bayan al'amuran bayi kuma ya jagoranci gunaguni na aiki a hanyarsa. Masu bautar bayi a Portuguese waɗanda kasuwancinsu ya dogara da bayi sun yi amfani da damar siyasa don yin amfani da gwamnatin Portugal don korar Henriques. Gwamnati ta yi biyayya, ta kore shi a watan Janairu 1912.

## Gwamnonin 'yan mulkin mallaka

* José Augusto Alves Rocadas (1909 zuwa 1910)
* Caetano Francisco Cláudio Eugénio Gonçalves (1910 zuwa 1911)
* Manuel Maria Coelho (1911 zuwa 1912)
* José Norton de Matos (1912 zuwa 1915)
* António Júlio da Costa Pereira de Eça (1915 zuwa 1916)
* Pedro Francisco Massano de Amorim (1916 zuwa 1917)
* Jaime Alberto de Castro Morais (1917 zuwa 1918)
* Filomeno da Câmara Melo Cabral (1918 zuwa 1919)
* Jack Rossi (1919 zuwa 1920)

## Duba kuma

* Tarihin Portugal
* Portuguese Yammacin Afirka

## Manazarta
1920s a Angola

A cikin **shekarun 1920 a Angola** ma'adinan ma'adinai sun zama tushen samun kuɗaɗen shiga na farko ga gwamnatin 'yan mulkin mallaka. 

## Tattalin Arziki
Comphania de Diamantes de Angola, kamfanin Diamang lu'u-lu'u na Angola, an kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1920. Gwamnati ta riƙe hannun jarin kashi 5% na kamfanin, ta kuma ba shi hayar haƙar lu'u-lu'u na tsawon shekaru talatin, sannan ta ba shi damar yin aiki ba tare da biyan haraji ba ko harajin shigo da kaya daga waje.  Kamfanin ya ɗauki ma'aikata 10,000 aiki kuma ya jawo hannun jari daga Afirka ta Kudu.  A cikin shekarar 1922, kamfanin Anglo American lu'u-lu'u ya sayi hannun jari na 16% a Diamang. Ƙungiyar Diamond ta London ta amince da siyan  daga Angola kowace shekara. A ƙarƙashin mulkin Gwamna Janar Norton de Matos, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kashe Fam miliyan 13 don kawo bakin haure 9,000 daga Portugal, ta fadatda aikin layin dogo na Benguela da hanyoyi. Yawan mazauna ya kai 36,000 a shekarar 1924.   Ya zuwa shekarar 1929, albarkatun da ake hakowa sun kai kashi 25% na abin da Angola ke fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje, fam 600,000.

## Gwamnonin mulkin mallaka

# Mimoso Guerra, Gwamna-Janar na Angola (1919-1920)
# Visconde de Pedralva, Gwamna-Janar na Angola (1920-1921)
# João Mendes Ribeiro Norton de Matos, Babban Kwamishinan Angola (1921-1924)
# João Augusto Crispiniano Soares, Babban Kwamishinan Angola (1924)
# Antero Tavares de Carvalho, Babban Kwamishinan Angola (1924-1925)
# Francisco Cunha Rêgo Chaves, Babban Kwamishinan Angola (1925-1926)
# António Vicente Ferreira, Babban Kwamishinan Angola (1926-1928)
# António Damas Mora, Babban Kwamishinan Angola (1928-1929)
# Filomeno da Câmara Melo Cabral, Babban Kwamishinan Angola (1929-1930)

## Duba kuma

* Portuguese Yammacin Afirka 

## Manazarta
Pombeiros

***Pombeiros*** sun kasance 'yan Afirka kuma wasu lokuta ma'aikatan mulatto waɗanda suka sayi bayi a cikin Afirka a madadin kambin Portuguese ko 'yan kasuwa na Portuguese masu zaman kansu don cinikin bayi na Atlantic. Kalmar *pombeiro* ta fito ne daga Pumbe, kasuwa da ke kusa da tafkin Malebo. 

Gabaɗaya, gwamnatin Portuguese ba ta son masu cinikin bayi na Portuguese su shiga cikin ciki. Ta fi son su zauna a yankunanta na Benguela da Luanda a bakin teku, yayin da *pombeiros* na asali suka jagoranci ayari zuwa cikin gida don siyan bayi. A lokacin tafiye-tafiyen su zuwa cikin gida, *pombeiros* sun zauna a manyan kasuwanni da ake kira *feiras*, wanda 'yan Afirka daga ketare ke zuwa don sayar da kayayyaki, kayayyaki da bayi.  A cewar wani asusun daga shekarar 1700, *pombeiros* za su tashi tare da nasu bayi, waɗanda kuma suna da bayi a ƙarƙashinsu don yin aiki a matsayin ƴan ƙofofi. Balaguron bauta zai iya ɗaukar tsawon shekara guda kuma ya kawo bayi tsakanin 400 zuwa 600. 

*Feira* mafi nisa daga bakin tekun shine a Kasanje (wanda Imbagala c. 1620 ya kafa), kuma da kyar *pombeiros* ba su yi nasara ba fiye da haka. Ta hanyar *pombeiros*, Portugal ta yi hulɗa kai tsaye tare da masarautun da ke bayan Masarautar Kongo, kamar Lunda da Kazembe. Ana iya cinikin bayi daga Kazembe ga Lunda, wanda kuma ya sayar da su ga Ibangala, wanda ya kawo su *pombeiros* a Kasanje. Ta wannan hanyar babban birnin Kazembe na ɗan adam ya yi hanyarsa zuwa Tekun Atlantika, yayin da hauren giwayen masarautar aka aika zuwa gabas zuwa *feira* na Portugal a Tete don cinikin Tekun Indiya. A cikin shekarar 1806, wasu *pombeiros* biyu masu suna Pedro João Baptista da Amaro José sun yi tafiya daga Luanda har zuwa Tete da dawowa, amma tafiyar ta ɗauki shekaru huɗu. 

## Manazarta
Trial of Fifty

**Gwajin Hamsin** (Portuguese: Processo dos 50, ko Case of Fifty) jerin shari'o'in siyasa guda uku ne, tun daga ranar 29 ga watan Maris 1959 tare da ɗaure fursunonin 'yan kishin ƙasa na Angola a Portugal Angola.  Wa'adin ya kare ne a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta na wannan shekarar tare da yanke hukuncin ƙarshe na kai su gidan yari. Sunan yana nufin gaskiyar cewa Joaquim Pinto de Andrade ya aika wa ɗan'uwansa da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje, Mário Pinto de Andrade, ƙasida da ke nuna rashin amincewa da ɗaurin kurkuku na mutane 50 'yan kishin ƙasa.An yaɗa wannan zargi, yana sanar da duniya abin **' &#x5B; &#x5D;</sup> a Angola, da kuma bayyana ainihin manufar PIDE (Policia Internacional e de Defesa do Estado), wanda shine don hana labaran gidan yari daga hankalin duniya da kuma hana jawo hankali ga zalunci na gwamnatin Salazar.Labarin ɗaure waɗannan 'yan kishin ƙasa su 50 ya kuma faɗakar da sauran 'yan gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai game da halin da suke ciki mai hatsari, wanda hakan ya sa su kaucewa <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; &#x5D; **' kafa fagen yakin neman 'yancin kai na Angola wanda ya fara a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun 1961, lokacin da 'yan kishin ƙasar Angola suka kaddamar da hare-hare kan gidajen yari da ke riƙe da fursunonin siyasa. 

## Manazarta
Church of Nossa Senhora da Conceição da Muxima

**Cocin Uwargidanmu Muxima** (a cikin Portuguese, *Igreja da Nossa Senhora da Conceição da Muxima*) tana cikin gundumar Muxima ta lardin Bengo, yammacin Angola.

Ikklisiyar salon mulkin mallaka na Portuguese a ƙarni na 16 ta kasance muhimmiyar cibiya a cinikin bayi na Portugal a Angola. 

## Tarihi
Cocin yana tsaye a gefen hagu na Kogin Kwanza, kuma yana da zamani na Kagara na C`Muxima' 7. A shekarar 1589 Turawan Portugal ne suka mamaye ƙauyen Muxirna kuma bayan shekaru goma (1599), an kafa sansanin soja kuma an gina cocin tare da addu'ar neman albarkar Ubangiji daga "Nossa Senhora da Muxirna". 

Muxima wata daula ce mai muhimmanci ta zirga-zirgar bayi, da Kagara, kuma cocin ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da ababen hawa, domin a wannan yanki na addini ne, inda aka yi wa bayi baftisma kafin a kore su.

## Gine-gine
Gini mai fa'ida da ƙarfi, tare da kashin baya, galibi gine-ginen Fotigal, wanda aka gina a saman kogin Kwanza. A shekarar 1641 Turawan mulkin mallaka ne suka cinna mata wuta a lokacin da suka kama Muxima. Daga baya, an gyara shi.

Wuri Mai Tsarki, tare da siffar Budurwa, ya kasance wurin babban ibada ga mahajjata Kirista na tsararraki.

An rarraba shi azaman abin tunawa na ƙasa ta Dokar Lardin Portugal mai lamba 2, a ranar 12 ga watan Janairu 1924. Yana da ingantacciyar tsari kuma yana cikin Cocin Roman Katolika. Alhakin kulawa da kiyaye shi ya shafi ma'aikatar al'adu.

## Matsayi na abubuwan Tarihin Duniya
An ƙara wannan ruƙunin a yanar gizon zuwa cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na UNESCO a ranar 22 ga watan Nuwamban, shekarar 1996, a cikin nau'in al'adu.

## Duba kuma

* Turawan mulkin mallaka na Portuguese na Afirka

### Bayanan kula

* Valdez, FT (1861), Shekaru Shida na Rayuwar Matafiya a Yammacin Afirka, Vol. II, Hurst da Blackett.
* Church of Nossa Senhora da Conceiçào da Muxima - UNESCO World Heritage Center 

## Manazarta
Gaspar Fernández

**Gaspar Fernández** (an haife shi a shekara ta ), wanda aka fi sani da **Gaspar Japan** - kuma, a cikin Portuguese, da **Gaspar Fernandes** - bawa ne na zuriyar Jafananci, sau ɗaya a takaice a cikin hidimar ɗan kasuwa na Portuguese Rui Pérez . Wani ɗan ƙasar ya sace shi a shekara ta 1585 kuma ya sayar da shi ga Pérez, wanda zai zo ya bi shi a lokacin da yake a Philippines. Tare da maigidansa, Fernández ya fara tafiya zuwa Mexico, inda Pérez zai fuskanci shari'a saboda zargin yin Addinin Yahudanci a asirce. Fernández zai ba da shaida a cikin ni'imarsa bayan mutuwarsa, kuma a ƙarshe ya sami damar samun 'yancinsa ta hanyar ganewarsa da' yan asalin Amurka, waɗanda aka cire su daga bautar doka.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife shi a Bungo (yanzu Ōita Prefecture), wani yanki na Kudancin Japan, an sace shi a shekara ta 1585 yana da shekaru takwas, mai yiwuwa 'yan uwansa ne; ba a san makomar iyayensa ba. Ba da daɗewa ba, an sayar da shi ga wani ɗan kasuwa na Portugal a Nagasaki da sunan Rui Pérez, yana aiki a matsayin bawan iyalinsa. Daga nan sai ya fara koyon Portuguese da Mutanen Espanya, kuma ya bi maigidansa zuwa Manila, Philippines, wanda Mutanen Espanya ke da iko. An zarge shi da kasancewa Crypto-Yahudawa a cikin shekara ta 1596, Pérez ya fuskanci tsanantawa, daga ƙarshe an tura shi zuwa Acapulco, Mexico,  inda za a yi masa shari'a ta Inquisition. Iyalinsa, tare da Fernández, suna cikin kamfaninsa a cikin tafiyar; duk da haka, ya mutu kwana biyu kafin isowarsu a shekara ta 1597. Duk da haka, Fernández na daga cikin wadanda suka ba da shaida a madadinsa bayan mutuwarsa, yana aiki a matsayin shaida ga imanin addini na Pérez. Ya kuma ba da bayani game da asalinsa, wanda aka adana wani sashi kai tsaye:Ni mutum ne mai 'yanci, ɗan uba da uwa masu' yanci, kuma ba a ƙarƙashin bautar ba, kuma an haife ni ne a garin Bungo a Japan, inda suka kawo ni da aka sace daga Nagasaki.Da yake gaskata cewa bai taɓa kasancewa a cikin bautar Pérez ba, kawai ya "yi roƙo don a ɗaga takunkumin don ya iya 'yi duk abin da yake so da kansa,'" wanda aka ce yana nuna cewa ba kawai yana da sha'awar 'yancinsa ba, har ma da karɓar wani ɓangare na dukiyar maigidansa da ke cikin asusun Inquisition. Koyaya, ya sami sa'a kaɗan a wannan bin, kodayake daga ƙarshe an 'yantar da shi bisa doka a cikin 1599 - bisa ga shawarar Alƙali. Duk da haka, 'yancinsa ba gaba ɗaya ba tare da bincike ba, kamar yadda mai gabatar da kara na Inquisition ya yi zargin cewa shaidun da aka gabatar Yahudawa ne, don haka ya lalata asusun su. Lauyan Fernández ya kalubalanci gardamar, an ruwaito cewa ba zai yiwu a bautar da Jafananci ba, kuma ta haka ne Fernández ba zai iya sake ɗaukar irin wannan matsayi ba. Tare da wani dan kasar Japan - Bentura - biyun sun haɗa kansu da Indiyawa na Amurka - waɗanda aka hana su yin bautar, ta hanyar Sabon Dokokin 1542 - suna gabatar da kansu a matsayin wani ɓangare na su: "yan Japan. " Wannan ra'ayin da aka gabatar da Inquisition ya zama tabbaci ga tunanin lauyan, wanda ya ƙare a ƙarshen shari'ar a cikin 1604, yana tabbatar da ra'ayin cewa an ba da Jafananci na tseren kamar Indiyawa iri ɗaya, kuma saboda haka za a ba su wannan

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Ledi-Geraru

**Ledi-Geraru** yanki ne na bincike na paleoanthropological a cikin gundumar Mille, Yankin Afar, arewa maso gabashin Habasha, tare da kogin Ledi da Geraru (matsayi biyu na hagu na Awash, kudu da kogin Mille). Ya kai kimanin kilomita 50, wanda ke arewa maso gabashin yankin Hadari paleoanthropological.&nbsp;

An gudanar da bincike na farko a cikin 1972-1974 An ƙaddamar da aikin Bincike na Ledi-Geraru a cikin 2002. An san shafin ne saboda kayan aikin dutse na farko, wanda aka rubuta kimanin shekaru miliyan 2.6. An gano wani hominin mandible a cikin 2013, wanda aka sani da LD 350-1 kuma an rubuta shi shekaru miliyan 2.8, wanda zai iya cancanta a matsayin samfurin farko na jinsin Homo.

## LD 350-1
LD 350-1 burbushin burbushin hominin mandible ne wanda aka gano a 2013 a shafin Ledi-Geraru. Chalachew Seyoum ne ya samo shi, dalibi ne na Habasha a Cibiyar Nazarin Mutum a Jami'ar Jihar Arizona.An rubuta burbushin ne a cikin shekaru miliyan 2.80 zuwa 2.75.

An bayyana shi a matsayin hada "halayen farko da aka gani a farkon *Australopithecus* tare da yanayin da aka samo a cikin Homo daga baya.Burbushin shine jikin hagu na hagu, amma bai haɗa da ramus mai hawa ba. Ya haɗa da ƙuƙwalwa uku, duka premolars, da hagu canine, wasu daga cikinsu suna da cikakkun kambi.

## Bayanan da aka ambata

*
Gidan Tarihi na Gitega

Gidan kayan gargajiya na kasa na Gitega (Faransa: Musée National de Gitega, shi ne gidan kayan gargajiya na Burundi . Tana cikin Gitega kuma an kafa ta ne a ƙarƙashin Mulkin mallaka na Belgium a shekarar 1955.  Gidan kayan gargajiya shine mafi girma daga cikin gidajen kayan gargajiya na jama'a na Burundi kodayake ana nuna tarin sa a cikin ɗaki ɗaya. A cikin 2014 ya kai matsakaicin baƙi 20-50 a kowane mako.

An kafa shi a shekara ta 1955, an yi amfani da gidan kayan gargajiya don adana kayan tarihi daga al'adun mutanen Burundi waɗanda ke raguwa sakamakon sabuntawa da canjin zamantakewa. Tarinsa ya haɗa da abubuwa na tarihi da na tarihi da suka samo asali a cikin ƙasar, gami da kayan tarihi daga kotun Sarakunan Burundi.  Rashin kudade ya nuna cewa gidan kayan gargajiya ya yi sayen kayayyaki kaɗan.

A cikin 2015, an buga kundin tarin gidan kayan gargajiya tare da goyon bayan Ofishin Jakadancin Jamus a Burundi mai taken Le Patrimoine Burundais: le Musée de Gitega.

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Ƙarin karantawa

*
Gidan Tarihi na Boganda

**Gidan Tarihi na Boganda** (Faransanci: Musée National Boganda), wanda aka fi sani da Gidan Tarihin Kasa na Barthélémy Boganda, gidan kayan gargajiya ne na Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya . Tana cikin yankin Rue du Languedoc na babban birnin, Bangui . An sanya masa suna ne bayan Firayim Minista na farko na kasar, an kafa shi a cikin shekarun 1960 kuma ya kasance a buɗe har zuwa yakin basasar Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya . Duk da fashi, yawancin kayan tarihi sun kasance a gidan kayan gargajiya a cikin akwatuna.

## Tarihi
Yana cikin yankin Rue du Languedoc na Bangui, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, an kafa Gidan Tarihi na Boganda a 1964  kuma an buɗe shi a 1966.  An sanya masa suna ne bayan Barthélemy Boganda, Firayim Minista na farko na kasar. An rufe shi ga jama'a tun 2013-14, duk da haka, saboda yakin basasar Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, wanda ya haifar da fashewar ginin a lokacin. Duk da wadannan hare-hare a kan ginin, yawancin kayan tarihi 3500 sun kasance a shafin, kuma tun daga lokacin an adana su a cikin manyan akwatunan katako a cikin ginin don kare su daga fashi.

## Tarin abubuwa
Gidan kayan gargajiya yana da kayan tarihi waɗanda ke rufe al'adu da ethnography na Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya kuma yana karɓar bakuncin abubuwa daga dukkan larduna 16 na ƙasar. Yana da tarin abubuwa da yawa da ke rufe al'adun ƙasar, gami da tarin guda ɗaya da ke mai da hankali kan kabilanci na Mutanen pygmy. Sauran sassan tarin suna mai da hankali kan ilimin lissafi, ilimin kimiyyar tarihi da Tarihin halitta na yankin. An rubuta al'adun ta hanyar tukwane, tsabar kudi na tarihi, Masks na gargajiya na Afirka da Kayan kiɗa,  da makamai, kayan farauta da abubuwa na addini. 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Yaƙin Kombi

**Yakin Kombi** wani gagarumin yaki ne a yakin da aka yi tsakanin Ndongo – Matamba da Portugal a lokacin mulkin ƙasar Holland na tarihin Angola.

## Tarihi
A lokacin da sojojin Holland suka mamaye Luanda a shekara ta 1641, babban birnin ƙasar Portugal ta Angola, ƙasashen da ke makwabtaka da Kongo da Ndongo sun yi maraba da su, inda suka aike da ofisoshin jakadanci tare da samun alkawuran taimako wajen fatattakar 'yan Portugal daga mulkin mallaka a tsakiyar Afirka. Duk da haka, bayan nasarar farko na Dutch, Portuguese sun koma cikin matsayi na ciki, na farko a Bengo, inda aka kore su, sa'an nan kuma zuwa Fort Nossa Senhora da Vitória a Massangano. A cikin shekarar 1643, yanke shawarar cewa bai dace ba don ci gaba da yaƙi da Portugal, Dutch ɗin sun sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya wacce ta bar Portugal sosai a matsayin kwamandan shugabannin cikin gida. Duk da haka, Masarautar Ndongo, abokin gaba na burin Portuguese, lokacin da Sarauniya Njinga ke jagoranta ya yi yaƙi da Portuguese ba tare da taimakon Holland ba. Bayan da ta sha kashi a Kavanga a shekara ta 1646, duk da haka, halin da ake ciki ya kasance mai tsanani cewa kwamandan Dutch ya yanke shawarar ba da karfi ga goyon bayanta.

Don haka, a shekara ta 1647, rundunar haɗin gwiwa daga Kongo, Ndongo, da tawagogin sojojin Holland 400, suka kara da mazaje sama da 8,000, sun haɗu da turawan Portugal da kawayensu na Afirka tare da rundunonin sojoji kimanin 30,000, ciki har da 'yan Portugal 600 da kuma 'yan Luso-African, wani wuri a arewacin Massangano (ba a riga an samu filin daga ba). Turawan Holland da kawayen Afirka sun fatattaki Turawan Portugal da abokansu kuma an kashe ko raunata sama da mutane 3,000 na sojojin Portugal. 

Sakamakon wannan nasara, Nzinga da sojojinta sun iya kewaye uku daga cikin shugabannin Portugal a Angola, Ambaca, Masangano da Muxima. Waɗannan hare-haren ba su yi nasara ba, musamman saboda ita ko abokanta na Holland ba su mallaki isassun bindigogi don kai hari ba, duk da cewa yawan 'yan Portuguese bai wuce 300 ba. Lokacin da sojojin Salvador de Sá e Benevides suka isa a shekara ta 1648, Njinga ta tilasta wa yin watsi da kewayen ta koma hedkwatarta a Matamba.

## Sources

* António Oliveira de Cadornega, *História geral das guerras angolanas (1680)* 3 vols. Lisbon: Agencia geral zuwa Ultramar, 1940-42 (sake bugawa 1972)
* Anonymous, "Cire van seeekeren taƙaitaccen, gheschreven uyt Loando..." in SP L'Honoré Naber, "Nota van Pieter Moortamer over het gewest Angola..." *Bijdragen en Medeelingen van het Historisch Genootschap* 54 (1933): 41-42. 

## Manazarta
Otal din Ledger Plaza Bangui

**Otal din Ledger Plaza** otal ne mai taurari 5 a Bangui, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya . 

## Tarihi
François Bozizé, Sylvie Annick Mazoungou, da Jakadan Libya a CAR sun kaddamar da Otal din Ledger Plaza a ranar 15 ga Satumba 2012.  A lokacin gwamnatin Seleka, 'yan bindiga sun mamaye otal ɗin kuma Michel Djotodia ya zauna a cikin ɗakin ɗakin shugaban kasa. A cikin 2014, Ziad Zarzour ya zama Shugaba na otal ɗin kuma a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, an yi amfani da kuɗi na miliyoyin CFA. A cikin 2021, an maye gurbin Shugaba na otal ɗin zuwa Chokri Ben Abdallah .  Arem Group ta sayi Otal din Ledger Plaza daga LAICO a watan Maris na shekara ta 2022.

## Gidaje
Otal din yana da dakuna 156. Baya ga wannan, akwai gidan cin abinci, mashaya mai cin abinci, tafkin yin iyo, dakin motsa jiki, filin wasan tennis, wurin shakatawa, da kuma zauren biki. Ana samun WIFI kyauta a otal ɗin.

## Rikici

### Yanayin aiki
A cikin 2020, ma'aikatan Afirka ta Tsakiya sun yi kuka game da yanayin talauci da suka samu, kamar albashi, babu fa'idodi, da kuma dakatar da rance na shekaru biyu, ba kamar ma'aikatan kasashen waje da suka sami albashi da fa'idori masu yawa ba. Saboda haka, ma'aikatan yankin sun bukaci karuwar albashi har zuwa 50% da biyan amfanin yau da kullun.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Yaƙin Naulila

Naulila dai ta kasance wurin da aka gwabza faɗa tsakanin Angola ta Portugal da Jamus ta Kudu maso yammacin Afirka a farkon yakin duniya na daya. A ranar 19 ga watan Oktoban 1914, wani ruƙunin sojan Jamus ya ketare iyaka ya shiga Angola ba tare da izini daga hukumomin Portugal ba a cikin lamarin Naulila. Sojojin Fotigal ne suka kama ginshiƙin kuma suka kai Fort Naulila. A Naulila, an samu saɓani tsakanin Turawan Portugal da Jamusawa wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar jami'an Jamus uku. Daga baya Jamusawa sun dawo a ranar 18 ga watan Disamba kuma suka kai wa Naulila hari, wanda ya tilasta wa Portuguese ja da baya. 

A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba, Jamusawa a ƙarƙashin umarnin Oswald Ostermann sun mayar da martani, suka kai hari ga sansanin Portuguese a Cuangar, sun lalata katangar tare da kashe duk masu gadin kan iyaka da bindigogi. Daga baya aka kira wannan da "Kisan Kiyashin Cuangar". A ranar 18/19 ga watan Disamba, Victor Franke ya jagoranci wani harin ramuwar gayya mai nasara, inda ya kayar da Portuguese a Naulila.

## Bayan haka
Sojojin Portugal sun bar yankin suka koma cikin yankin na Portugal. Wannan ya haifar da ƙabilun ƴan asalin ƙasar da dama da suka yi tawaye ga ikon Portuguese (sun fara kwashewa da wawashe yankin da ba kowa a cikin sojojin Portugal). Portugal ta aika da wani harin soji don murkushe masu tayar da ƙayar baya da kuma sake mamaye yankin. A sakamakon haka, fiye da ƴan asalin ƙasar 150,000 ne suka mutu (ciki har da ƙabilun da ke yaƙi da juna da yunwa, saboda fari na musamman), an yi asarar shanu fiye da 500,000, kuma an lalatar da gonaki fiye da hekta 180,000. 

Lokacin da Portugal ta yi ikirarin diyya daga Jamus, Kotun Duniya ta Lausanne a shekarar 1928 ta yanke hukuncin cewa ayyukan Jamus ba su da wani dalili, kuma an ba Portugal diyya.

### Ayyukan da aka ambata

*  

## Manazarta
Fattah-1

**Fatah-1** Wani makami mai linzami ne na Iran mai matsakaicin zango wanda dakarun kare juyin juya halin Musulunci suka ƙirƙira kuma aka kaddamar a watan Yunin 2023. Iran ta Bayyana cewa, iya karfinshi da saurinshi na taimaka mashi wajen kaucewa tsarin kariya na makamai masu linzami (missiles defense systems). A watan Nuwamban 2023, Iran ta fitar da wani sabon nau'in makami mai linzami mai suna Fattah-2.

An bayar da rahoton cewa makamin mai linzamin na da karfin da zai iya ɗaukar kan makamin ƙare dangi wannan yayi nuni da cewa Iran ta ci gaba da gudanar da shirinta na nukiliya.

## Ƙarin Bayani

A cewar Iran, tana iya juyawa a ciki da wajen sararin samaniya, kuma tana da karfin ketare ko kaucewa tsarin kariyar makami mai linzami. 

## Tarihin Makamin
Ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamba, 2022, yayin bikin cika shekaru 11 na mutuwar Hassan Tehrani Moghaddam, wanda aka fi sani da "Baban makami mai linzami na Iran", Iran ta sanar da cewa ta ƙera wani makami mai linzami na zamani wanda ta kira shi "major generational leap". Birgediya Janar Amir Ali Hajizadeh, kwamandan rundunar sojojin sama ta IRGC, ya ce makamin na da saurin gudu kuma yana iya juyawa ƙasa da sama da yanayin girgije. Ya ce "zai iya keta dukkan tsarin kariyar makami mai linzami" ya kuma kara da cewa ya yi imanin cewa za a ɗauki shekaru masu yawa kafin a samar da tsarin da zai iya dakile shi. An bayyana makamin a wani biki a ranar 6 ga Yuni 2023.

Watakila Iran ta yi amfani da makami mai linzami na Fattah-1 a harin da ta kai wa Isra'ila a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2024, a cewar wani bincike da *jaridar New York Times* ta yi. A cewar Dokta Jeffrey Lewis, masu bincike daga Cibiyar Nazarin Haɗin Kan Jama'a ta James Martin (CNS) sun gano tarkacen Fattah-1 daga hare-haren 1 ga Oktoba da kuma harin da Iran ta kai kan Isra'ila a watan Afrilun 2024.&#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Manazarta
Kagara Saint Elizabeth

**Kagara Saint Elizabeth** (Ukr. **Фортеця Святої Єлизавети**) wani kagara ne mai siffar tauraro mai siffar hexagonal a cikin birnin Kropyvnytskyi, daya daga cikin 10 irin wadannan kagara a duk Turai kuma babbar alamar tsakiyar Ukraniya.

Bayan kafa mulkin mallaka na "Sabuwa Serbia" da mazauna kudancin Turai suka yi, Ukrainiyan Cossacks, bisa ga umarnin Sarauniyar Elizabeth, ya gina sansanin soja don kare wadannan yankuna daga hare-haren daular Usmaniyya. A cikin 1654, an ƙaddamar da kawancen soja, a cikin tsarin wanda Ukrainiyans suka shiga yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa a gefen Rasha. A lokacin yakin daular Usmaniyya daga shekara ta 1768 zuwa 1774, katangar mai dauke da sojoji 6,000, ta yi nasarar dakile wani katafaren kawanya da maharan dubu 70 suka yi musu tare da dakile harin na Turkiyya. A cikin 1784, an kai cannons a cikin kagara zuwa Kherson. A 1794, 162 cannons sun kasance a can, suna hidimar sojoji 277. Bayan karni na 18, kawai biyu cannons sun tsira - an sanya su a kan ginshiƙan dutse a ƙofar babbar kofa. Ranar 17 ga Satumba, 1842, sarki Nicholas I na Rasha ya isa sansanin soja don farati, a 1874 - Alexander II, da 1888 - Alexander III   .

A lokacin yaki da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Ukraniyan, 'yan gurguzu sun mamaye birnin, wadanda suka kafa gidan yari ga abokan adawar siyasa a nan. A lokacin yunwa na 1932-1933, lalacewa ta hanyar wucin gadi dalilai da kuma gane a matsayin kisan kare dangi, da kuma repressions na 1937, OGPU da NKVD (Soviet Tsaro Service) asirce binne gawarwakin wadanda suka mutu da yunwa da kuma gawarwakin wadanda suka mutu da danniya a cikin kaburbura. An haramta batun danniya na siyasa na Soviet don tattaunawa ko da a cikin tattaunawar sirri kuma musamman a cikin kafofin watsa labaru; duk wani ambatonsa zai iya kai ga daure marubucin ko kuma asibitin mahaukata, lamarin da ya kasance har zuwa faduwar mulkin kama-karya a 1991 .

A lokacin mamayar da 'yan Nazi suka yi a birnin daga 1941 zuwa 1944, an yi ta harbe-harbe da dubban Yahudawa da mayakan gwagwarmaya a nan akai-akai. Bayan ’yanci, an binne matattu a nan. Tun daga shekara ta 1950, an gina wani babban abin tunawa da wadanda yakin duniya na biyu ya rutsa da su a nan, wanda ya kunshi kaburbura 50,000, galibi 'yan Ukraine da Yahudawa.

A cikin shekarun 1960, an kafa abubuwan tarihi na dutse a kan kaburbura, kuma a farkon shekarun 1980, an sanya sassaka a tsakiyar kaburbura. Akwai abubuwan tunawa da aka sadaukar don jarumawa na yakin duniya na biyu da yakin Rasha-Ukrainian (2014-). Bugu da kari, a cikin 2016, an gina wani abin tunawa ga wadanda bala'in yunwar 1932-1933 ya shafa .

## Manazarta
Siege of Marabastad

**Kewaye Marabastad** ya kasance kewaye  Fort Marabastad, a yau Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu, wanda Boer Republic of Transvaal ta yi, wanda ya fara a ranar 11 ga watan Janairu 1881, kuma ya ƙare tare da miƙa wuya na Birtaniya a ranar 2 ga watan Afrilu 1881.  Ya faru ne a lokacin Yaƙin Boer na Farko, lokacin da sojojin Boer suka kewaye wasu sansanonin Birtaniyya a duk faɗin ƙasar.

## Tarihi
A farkon shekara ta 1880, sojojin Birtaniya a Transvaal sun yanke shawarar gina katanga a ƙauyen, saboda nisa daga sauran garu na Afirka ta Kudu na Burtaniya, tare da kasancewa  daga Pretoria. Marabastad da gundumar Zoutpansberg suna da yawan jama'a 300,000-400,000, tare da ƙarin 175,000 a Waterberg. Ana buƙatar kagara don sarrafa ɗimbin al'ummar ƙasar.  A cikin watan Fabrairun 1880, runduna biyu na runduna ta 94, ƙarƙashin Kyaftin Campbell, sun isa Marabastad, sojojin Burtaniya na farko da suka isa wannan yanki na Afirka ta Kudu.  A cikin watanni uku, an gina katangar.

A ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamba 1880, an umurci Kyaftin Campbell da ya yi tattaki zuwa Pretoria. Tare da wani kamfani na maza 60, Campbell ya tafi birnin, ya bar kamfani na maza 60 a Marabastad.  Campbell ya bar Kyaftin ES Brooks a matsayin umarni, tare da Lieutenant FGW Jones da Likita Harding, AMD

## Shirye-shirye na wurin
Bayan shan kashin da Birtaniyya ta yi a Bronkhorstspruit a ranar 20 ga watan Disamba, Laftanar Jones ya karɓi umarni don shiryawa kewayewa. Nan take Captain Brook ya fara shiri. Ya faɗaɗa umarninsa, inda ya ɗauki masu aikin sa kai 30 na Ingilishi. 'Yan asalin Afirka ta Kudu 50 ne suka shiga tare da su daga 'yan sanda na Transvaal Mounted, wanda Kyaftin Thompson da Laftanar Gleniston suka jagoranta, waɗanda suka yi tattaki mil arba'in kudu daga Wood-Bush.

A watan Disamba, an haƙa rami mai faɗin murabba'in 25 a kewayen katangar. An ajiye kayan abinci da alburusai tare da kwace masara daga hannun 'yan ƙasar.

## Kewayewa
A cikin watan Janairu, Boers sun kusanci Marabastad. An raba su zuwa laagers biyu - ɗaya a Sand Spruit kuma ɗaya a gonar Botha. A ranar 11 ga watan Janairu, Kwamandan Barend Vorster ya buƙaci Kyaftin Brook da ya daina shan masara daga ƙauyen, ya fara yaƙin. A ranar 19 ga watan Janairu, an tura wani sintiri na Birtaniyya na 'yan sanda 15 na Transvaal Mounted ƙarƙashin Thompson da masu sa kai goma don lekawa Boers a Sand Spruit. An kai musu hari ba zato ba tsammani tare da fatattakar su daga wani babban runduna, wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar ɗan sanda ɗaya da jikkata biyu, tare da wasu masu aikin sa kai guda biyu. ‘Yan Boers sun kuma jikkata wasu mazaje. Da sauri ‘yan sintiri suka ja da baya zuwa kagara, inda aka kai ‘yan sandan biyu fursuna. Bayan wannan alkawari, Vrster ya buƙaci Kyaftin Brook ya miƙa wuya, amma kuma ya gaya wa Brook cewa ba zai kai hari ga Birtaniya ba matukar ba a sake yin bincike ba.

## Manazarta
Giovanni Granafei

Giovanni Granafei (1605 - 18 Maris 1683) ya kasance prelate na Roman Katolika wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Archdiocese na Bari (-Canosa) (1666-1683) da Bishop na Alessano (1653-1666).

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Giovanni Granafei a Brindisi, Italiya a shekara ta 1605.  A ranar 9 ga Yuni 1653, an nada shi a lokacin papacy na Paparoma Innocent X a matsayin Bishop na Alessano .  A ranar 22 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1653, Marcantonio Franciotti, Kaddada-Priest na Santa Maria della Pace, ya tsarkake shi a matsayin bishop, tare da Giambattista Spada, Babban Shugaban Constantinople, da Ranuccio Scotti Douglas, Bishop Emeritus na Borgo San Donnino, suna aiki a matsayin masu tsarkakewa. A ranar 11 ga Oktoba 1666, an nada shi a lokacin papacy na Paparoma Alexander VII a matsayin Archdiocese na Bari (-Canosa) .  [1] Ya yi aiki a matsayin Bishop na Bari (-Canosa) har zuwa mutuwarsa a ranar 18 ga Maris 1683 .  Yayinda yake bishop, shi ne babban mai tsarkakewa na Annibale Sillano, Bishop na Castro di Puglia (1653). 

## Manazarta
Antonio Marenzi

**Antonio Marenzi** (an haife shi ne a ranar 22 Satumba 1596 - 22 Oktoba 1662) ya kasance prelate na Roman Katolika wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Bishop na Trieste (1646-1662) da Bishop na Pedena (1637-1646).

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Marenzi a Trieste a ranar 22 ga Satumba 1596.  A ranar 30 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1635, an zaba shi a matsayin Bishop na Pedena kuma Paparoma Urban na takwas ya tabbatar da shi a ranar 17 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1637.   A ranar 17 ga Oktoba 1638, Alessandro Cesarini (iuniore) , Cardinal-Deacon na Sant'Eustachio, ya tsarkake shi a matsayin bishop, tare da Alfonso Gonzaga, Titular Archbishop na *Rhodus*, da Giovanni Battista Altieri, Bishop Emeritus na Camerino, suna aiki a matsayin co-consecrators. A ranar 26 ga Afrilu 1646, an zaba shi a matsayin Bishop na Trieste kuma Paparoma Innocent X ya tabbatar da shi a ranar 10 ga Satumba 1646.   Ya yi aiki a matsayin Bishop na Trieste har zuwa mutuwarsa a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 1662. 

## Manazarta
Siege of Rustenburg

**Sigewar Rustenburg** wani yaki ne da ya faru tsakanin shekarun 1880 zuwa 1881 a lokacin Yaƙin Boer na Farko. Dakarun Boer na Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu sun kai farmaki kan Rustenburg, wani birni da Birtaniyya ke iko da shi a cikin yankin Transvaal Colony, kuma sun kwace shi bayan watanni uku.

## Shirye-shirye
A watan Nuwamba 1880, watanni da dama kafin buɗe tashin hankali, an janye da yawa daga cikin garrison na Birtaniya, ya bar bataliyar guda 62 kawai na 21st Regiment of Foot a Rustenburg.  Bayan tashin hankali, kuma da rikici a Afirka ta Kudu ya kusa, sojojin Birtaniya ƙarƙashin Kyaftin Auchinleck sun karfafa tsaro na Fort Rustenburg, wanda ya haɗa da ƙara ƙarin jakunkuna na yashi a saman Paraparats da ake da su, da shimfida ƙananan nakiyoyi a kusa da katanga da kuma gina ƙarin bukkoki na soja.

## Kewayewa
A ranar 24 ga watan Disamba 1880, wani Boer Commando mai mutane 600 ya shiga garin kuma a ranar 27 ga watan Disamba, ya buƙaci miƙa wuya ga sojojin Biritaniya wanda Kwamandan Garrison, Captain Auchinleck ya ki amincewa da gaggawa. Sifen Rustenburg ya fara ne a ranar 27 ga watan Disamba 1880 kuma ya ƙare a ranar 30 ga watan Maris 1881, yana ɗaukar kwanaki 93. A lokacin da aka kewaye, sojojin Birtaniya sun fuskanci rashin lafiya da rashin kuzari kuma an ci gaba da yin ruwan sama har tsawon kwanaki 45 a kewaye. Boers sun shirya rami, kusa da katangar kuma a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun 1881, Kyaftin Auchinleck da mutane tara, bayan duhu, suka fara ci gaba a kan ramin. Kyaftin Auchinleck da mutanensa sun kai wani wuri, mai nisan mita 27 daga ramin, lokacin da suka zana wuta daga Boers a cikin ramin. Kyaftin Auchinleck da mutanensa sun yi nasarar korar mutanen daga cikin ramin, bayan da Boer Commando ya harba sansanin daga ko'ina. Kyaftin Auchinleck ya samu rauni a gwiwar hannu, wanda harsashi na biyu ya samu a wannan rana.

A ranar 14 ga watan Maris 1881, Boers sun sanar da garrison na Birtaniyya da ke cikin kagara game da sharuɗɗan tsagaita wuta kuma a ranar 30 ga watan Maris, Laftanar Ryder, na Rifles na 60, ya iso daga sansanin Sir Evelyn Wood tare da saƙon cewa an yi shawarwarin zaman lafiya. Sojojin Birtaniyya sun samu 'yan tsiraru a lokacin da aka killace; Kyaftin Auchinleck ya samu rauni sau huɗu yayin da wasu mutane uku suka samu raunuka, biyu daga cikinsu masu tsanani.

An kashe Kyaftin Auchinleck a Burma a shekara ta 1884 a lokacin da aka kai hari kan muhimmin garin Toungwingyu. 

## Manazarta
Arch na Alexander Severus

**Arch na Alexander Severus** wani arko ne na nasara na Roman a cikin tsohuwar civitas na Thugga, wanda ke cikin Dougga, Beja, Tunisiya . An sadaukar da shi ga Sarkin sarakuna na Roma Alexander Severus (r. 222-235).

An gina akwatin a cikin 228, don godiya ga sarki saboda sadaka ga birnin. Ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Ƙofofin birni, a ƙarshen hanyar da ke haɗa da hanyar tsakanin Carthage da Tébessa.

Ginin da aka adana shi ne tsawon wani wuri guda, kimanin mita 4 a fadin, da kuma ginshiƙan gefe tare da niches, wanda za a tsara shi ta hanyar ginshiƙai masu tsayi a kan tsayi waɗanda yanzu sun ɓace (fluted pilasters sun kasance a baya). Sai kawai ƙaramin alama na entablature ya kasance, nan da nan sama da tubalan hanyar.

Ginin tare da sauran abubuwan tunawa na wurin binciken archaeological na Dougga, an haɗa su cikin jerin wuraren tarihi na duniya ta UNESCO a cikin shekara ta 1997. 

## Bayani

## Manazarta

* M. C. Poinssot, *Les ruines de Dougga*, Tunis 1958, pp.&nbsp;61 e 71
* Mustapha Khanoussi, *Dougga*, Agence de mise en valeur du patrimoine et de promotion culturelle, Tunis 2008, , p.&nbsp;58
Yaƙin Rooihuiskraal

**Yaƙin Rooihuiskraal** a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairun 1881 yaƙin soji ne a lokacin Yaƙin Boer na Farko wanda ya gudana a Rooihuiskraal kusa da Pretoria. 

## Tarihi
Dakarun Pretoria na Burtaniya ƙarƙashin jagorancin Lt-Col George Frederick Gildea sun fice daga wuraren da suka yi wa ƙawanya a Pretoria domin shiga rundunar Janar George Pomeroy Colley a Natal. Boers ƙarƙashin jagorancin DJ Erasmus Jr sun samu iska na yunkurin Birtaniyya na tserewa daga Pretoria, kuma suka jike kansu a bayan wani katangar dutse da ke kewaye da tarin dabbobi a Rooihuiskraal. 

## Yaƙi
Sojojin Birtaniya sun isa Rooihuiskraal a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairu 1881 kuma nan da nan sojojin Boer suka yi musu luguden wuta. A cikin ruɗanin da ya biyo baya a cikin layin Burtaniya, Lt-Col Gildea ya miƙe tsaye a cikin muryoyinsa yayin da yake kan doki don ƙarfafawa da tattara sojojinsa, lokacin da harsashi Boer ya buge shi a gindi. An tilastawa Burtaniya ja da baya zuwa matsayinsu na baya a Pretoria. 

An kashe sojan Biritaniya guda daya a lokacin yakin kuma an jikkata wasu 15 (ciki har da Lt-Col George Frederick Gildea). Ba a san adadin waɗanda suka mutu a ɓangaren Boer ba. 

## Bayan haka
Yunkurin da Birtaniyya ta yi a Rooihuiskraal ya yi tasiri a kan sauran sojojin. Rundunar Pretoria Garrison ta ƙasa haɗuwa da sojojin Janar George Pomeroy Colley a Natal da kuma bayan yakin Tudun Majuba a ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu, inda aka kashe Janar Colley, yakin Boer na farko ya zo karshe. An ayyana ajiyar dabbobi a Rooihuiskraal a matsayin abin tunawa na ƙasa. 

## Manazarta