Canjin yanayi a Sweden

Canjin yanayi ya sami muhimmiyar kulawa ta kimiyya, jama'a da siyasa a Sweden. A shekara ta 1896, masanin kimiyyar Sweden Svante Arrhenius shine masanin kimiyya na farko da ya ƙididdige dumama duniya. Sweden tana da babban amfani da makamashi ga kowane mutum, amma rage dogaro da makamashin burbushin halittu ya kasance a cikin ajanda na majalisun Gwamnatocin Sweden tun daga Rikicin man fetur na shekarun 1970. A cikin shekarata 2014 da shekarar 2016, Sweden ta kasance a matsayi na 1 a cikin Global Green Economy Index (GGEI), saboda tattalin arzikin Sweden yana samar da ƙananan hayaki. Sweden tana da daya daga cikin mafi girman amfani da man fetur a Turai kuma tana da niyyar hana sabbin tallace-tallace na motocin burbushin halittu, gami da motocin hybrid, nan da shekara ta 2035, da kuma tsarin samar da makamashi tare da fitar da iskar gas mai tsabta ta yanayi nan da shekarata 2045.

Tun daga ƙarshen karni na 19, matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara ya karu da kusan digiri biyu na Celsius, idan aka kwatanta da dumamar duniya sama da digiri ɗaya. An yi hasashen zafin hunturu na Sweden zai kara karuwa da 7 ° C (13 ° F) ta hanyar 2100 a cikin mafi munin yanayin. Wannan zai kara yawan ruwan sama da ke fitowa daga ruwan sama maimakon dusar ƙanƙara. Tekun Baltic na iya ganin karuwar zafin jiki na ruwa har zuwa 4 ° C (7 ° F). Wannan zai rage rufe kankara ta teku a ƙarshen ƙarni.

Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Sweden (MSB) tana samar da jagororin da albarkatu don taimakawa 'yan ƙasa su daidaita da canjin yanayi. MSB tana riƙe da ambaliyar ruwa da taswirar rushewa a kan layi, da jagororin yanke shawara idan akwai bala'o'i.

Kokarin gwamnati ya haɗa da kayan aikin manufofi da dokoki don ragewa da daidaitawa da canjin yanayi. Kayan aiki na manufofi sun haɗa da haraji kan hayakin carbon dioxide, bayar da takaddun shaida na makamashi mai sabuntawa, tallafawa shirye-shiryen makamashi masu sabuntawa.
 

## Rashin iskar gas

Game da fitar da iskar gas gabaɗaya, ƙasar tana da manufofi 4: daga matakin 1990, ya kamata a rage fitar da iske da kashi 40% nan da shekara ta 2020, da kashi 63% nan da shekara 2030, cimma jimlar fitar da ishe-tsire nan da shekara 2045, kuma ya kai ga fitar da isar da ba ta dace ba bayan wannan shekara.

A cikin Shekarata  2020, shekaru 2 kafin a shirya a yi, Sweden ta rufe tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙarshe kuma ta zama ba tare da kwal ba, ƙasa ta uku a Turai bayan Belgium da Austria. Ya zuwa 2018, kashi 54% na makamashi ya fito ne daga hanyoyin sabuntawa. Kasar tana da burin cimma 100% na wutar lantarki daga sabuntawa ta hanyar a 2040.

A cikin shekarata  2019 Sweden ta sanya lamba ta huɗu a cikin Climate Change Performance Index ta Germanwatch tare da maki 76.28 daga cikin 100. Babu wata ƙasa da aka ba da matsayi ɗaya zuwa uku a cikin jerin kamar yadda "Babu wata ƙasa da ke yin isasshen don hana canjin yanayi mai haɗari. "  Sweden ta kasance ta farko a cikin duka  a shekarar 2014 da shekarata  2016 editions na Global Green Economy Index (GGEI) inda Sweden ke aiki da kyau gaba ɗaya kuma a cikin batun canjin yanayi inda take ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashe masu tasowa saboda ƙarancin fitarwa na tattalin arzikin Sweden. 

Tebur mai zuwa yana nuna jimlar fitar da iskar gas a Sweden a cikin miliyoyin ton na carbon dioxide daidai (Mt CO2). Daraja ga EU28 da duniya don kwatanta yanayin. 

Tebur mai zuwa yana nuna fitarwa na shekara-shekara na iskar gas a Sweden a cikin ton na carbon dioxide daidai da kowane mutum (t CO2/capita). 

Ga jimlar hayakin carbon dioxide a cikin shekara ta 2009, ba tare da wasu iskar gas ko amfani da ƙasa ba, a tan miliyan 50.56 Sweden ta kasance a cikin 60 daga cikin kasashe 216, ƙasa da Libya tan miliyan 55.0, Serbia tan miliyan 52.3 da Finland tan miliyan 52.15. Ga hayakin carbon dioxide na kowane mutum a cikin shekara ta 2009, a tan 5.58 na kowane mutum (t / babban mutum), Sweden ta sanya matsayi na 82 daga cikin kasashe 216 da ke da hayakin iri ɗaya da Ukraine. Wannan ya kasance dan kadan a kasa da hayakin carbon dioxide na kowane mutum a kasar Sin 5.83 t / mutum.

A shekara ta 2000, Sweden ta sanya 76 daga cikin kasashe 185 don fitar da iskar gas mai guba ga kowane mutum yayin da ake la'akari da duk wani canjin Amfani da ƙasa. Ba tare da la'akari da canje-canjen amfani da ƙasa ba ƙasar ta kasance a matsayi na hamsin da takwas.

Rashin iskar gas a cikin shekarata 2018 na ma'aikatan gwamnati a Sweden ya kai tan 410,000 (ma'aikata 196,000, ca 2 ton pro person). Naturvardsverket yana ƙarfafa don rage hayaki na shekara-shekara a bangaren jama'a. A cikin 2019 watanni tara na farko Karolinska institutet sun rage 5% duk tafiye-tafiye na iska da 18% tafiye-tallace na jirgin saman Sweden idan aka kwatanta da shekara ta 2018. 

### Hanyar fitarwa
Kashi na biofuel ya karu daga 22% zuwa 23% a cikin shekara ta 2019. Hanyar hayaki ta ragu da kashi 2% daga 2018 zuwa 2019. Don cimma burin yanayin sufuri ta hanyar zirga-zirgar zirga-zane na 2030 dole ne ya ragu da 8% a kowace shekara (Sven Hunhammar, darektan Trafikverket). 

### Jirgin sama da ke fitarwa
A cewar Swedavia akwai tafiye-tafiye na jirgin sama miliyan 40 a Sweden a cikin Shekarata 2019. Adadin ya ragu da kashi 9% a cikin jirage na cikin gida kuma ya ragu da 2% a cikin jirages na kasa da kasa idan aka kwatanta da shekarar 2018. Yawan mutanen Sweden a watan Agustan Shekarar 2019 ya kai kimanin miliyan 10.3. Wannan yana haifar da kusan matsakaicin tafiye-tafiye na iska 3.88 ga kowane ɗan ƙasa a Sweden a cikin Shekarata  2019.

Jirgin saman Sweden ya yi daidai da na motocin motoci na Sweden a cikin 2017 bisa ga Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Sweden da kuma binciken Jami'ar Chalmers da aka buga a ranar 31 ga watan  Mayu, shekara ta 2019. Jimlar hayaki a cikin Shekarar 2017 ya kasance tan daya na carbon dioxide daidai da kowane ɗan Sweden. Wannan ya ninka sau biyar na matsakaicin duniya.

A cewar labarai na talabijin na Sweden, gwamnatin Sweden tana tallafawa harajin jirgin sama daidai da zirga-zirgar motoci masu zaman kansu a cikin Shekarata 2019. Labaran talabijin na Sweden sun lissafa cewa harajin zai sa tafiye-tafiye zuwa Thailand 8,900 Swedish krona ya fi tsada.

#### Rahoton Jami'ar Chalmers a shekarar 2019
Jirgin sama na duniya yana da asusun 4-5% na jimlar hayaki mai guba kuma waɗannan hayaki suna ƙaruwa. Rashin iskar gas daga tafiye-tafiye na iska yana da yawa ga ƙasashe masu samun kudin shiga kamar Sweden. Jami'ar Chalmers Gothenburg ta haɓaka hanyoyin da za a iya lissafin hayakin jirgin sama na Sweden.

Tasirin yanayi na jirgin sama ya fito ne daga hayakin CO2, hayakin nitrogen oxides sama da mita 8,000, da hayakin jirgin sama mai dumi wanda ke samar da lu'ulu'u na kankara. An kiyasta jimlar hayaki ta hanyar lissafin hayaki na CO2 ta hanyar 1.9 don jiragen kasa da kasa, da kuma 1.4 don jiragen cikin gida. Lissafi ya cire hayaki daga samar da man fetur wanda shine 10-20% a cikin EU.

Rashin tafiye-tafiye na Sweden bisa ga ƙasar zama ya kai tan miliyan 10 na CO2, a cikin kasuwanci 2% kuma a cikin tafiye-tallace masu zaman kansu 80%. Za'a iya kwatanta adadin tan miliyan 10 na CO2 tare da ma'aunin Man fetur na bunker wanda ya nuna jimlar 3.. Kashewa ya kasance kusan tan 1.1 CO2 daidai da kowane mutum na Sweden a cikin Shekarata 2017 idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin duniya 0.2 ton ga kowane mutum.

Rashin hayaki na jirgin sama na Sweden ya kusan daidai da hayaki daga zirga-zirgar motocin fasinjoji na Sweden. Lissafi ya cire gudummawar jirgin sama na yawon bude ido da ke ziyartar Sweden. Rashin fitar da jirgin sama ya kasance  a kowace kilomita fasinja idan aka kwatanta da gram 50 a kowace kilomita da mutum a cikin mota tare da fasinjoji uku.

### Kididdiga a kan "babban masu watsawa a Sweden"
An jera a ƙasa, bayyani na manyan emitters na CO2 kwatankwacin rajista a Sweden a cikin Tsarin Kasuwancin Emission na Tarayyar Turai (EU ETS).[1] A cikin Shekarata  2018, ƙungiyoyi 584 da suka yi rajista a Sweden a cikin EU ETS, suna fitar da aƙalla tan ɗaya na CO2e, a hade sun tabbatar da fitar da tan 22,624,282 na CO2e. Rukunin "Sashe na jimlar SE a cikin EU ETS" ya dogara ne akan wannan jimlar, ba jimillar hayaki a Sweden ba.

## Tasirin yanayi
A ƙarshen ƙarni, yanayin Sweden zai bambanta da na yau. Akwai rashin tabbas game da ainihin girman canjin, rashin tabbas daya shine yanayin siyasa na duniya game da manufofin yanayi.

### Yanayin zafi da sauye-sauyen yanayi

A cikin shekarun  2080s matsakaicin yanayin zafi an saita ya tashi da 3-5 ° C. Yanayin yanayi a yankin Mälardalen zai yi kama da na arewacin Faransa. Yanayin hunturu na iya ganin karuwa mafi girma fiye da bazara, lokacin rani da yanayin kaka. A ƙarshen ƙarni hunturu na iya zama har zuwa 7 ° C mai dumi fiye da yau a matsakaici. Kogin Norrland mai yiwuwa zai zama yankin da ke ganin mafi girman karuwar zafin jiki. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2018 matsakaicin zafin jiki ya fi matsakaicin +5 ° C a mafi yawan Sweden da +2.5 ° C a yawancin Turai. A watan Yulin 2018 matsakaicin zafin jiki ya kasance fiye da +3-4 ° C a matsakaici a mafi yawan Sweden. A watan Yulin 2018 Italiya, Norway, Poland da Faransa sun aika da taimako don yaki da gobarar daji da yawa a Sweden.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

#### Ruwan sama
Ana sa ran yanayin Sweden na gaba zai zama mai laushi, tare da karuwar abubuwan ruwan sama mai tsanani. Yawancin karuwar ruwan sama zai kasance a lokacin hunturu kuma mafi girma zai fadi a matsayin ruwan sama. Lokacin bazara zai zama bushe kuma ya ga raguwar abubuwan da suka faru na ruwan sama mai yawa, musamman a sassan kudancin Sweden.

#### Iska
Misalai na yanayi sun bambanta akan ko yanayin Sweden zai sami iska ko a'a. Wasu samfurori suna hango karuwar matsakaicin saurin iska, yayin da wasu ke hango raguwa. Tsinkaya na samfurin yanayi guda ɗaya wanda zai iya warware guguwar iska ya nuna karuwar saurin guguwar iskar a nan gaba.

#### Tekun Baltic
Yanayin zafi na Tekun Baltic zai karu yayin da yanayin iska ke ƙaruwa. Wasu samfurori suna hasashen har zuwa 4 ° C karuwa a cikin zafin jiki na ruwa. Ana sa ran rufe kankara na teku zai ragu kuma ya kasance a arewacin Tekun Bothnia a ƙarshen karni. An yi hasashen salinity na Tekun Baltic zai fada a wasu samfuran yanayi sakamakon karuwar kwararar ruwa mai laushi daga ƙasar, kodayake wasu samfuran sun bambanta sosai tare da wasu ma suna nuna karuwar salinity.&nbsp;

### Bayani na tarihi
Tun farkon Lokacin Quaternary kimanin shekaru miliyan 2.5 (Kafin yanzu), yanayin Sweden ya sauya tsakanin lokutan glacial da lokutan Interglacial. Lokacin glacial ya kasance har zuwa shekaru 100,000 tare da Yanayin zafi mai yiwuwa 20 ° C ƙasa da na yau. Yanayin sanyi ya haifar da kankara da ke rufe mafi yawan ko duk Sweden. Lokacin interglacial sun fi guntu, suna da shekaru 10,000-15,000. A lokacin waɗannan lokutan yanayin ya yi kama da na yau tare da gandun daji masu yawa da lokacin rani mara kankara. Sabon waɗannan lokutan kankara shine Weichselian glaciation, wanda ya kasance daga kimanin shekaru 115,000 BP har zuwa kimanin shekaru 11,500 BP. A mafi girma 20,000-17,000 shekaru BP, ya kai ga sassan arewacin Jamus da Poland. Canjin zuwa lokacin interglacial na yanzu an nuna shi ta hanyar koma baya na Ice sheets da sannu a hankali yanayin zafi. A cikin shekaru 6,000-7,000 BP, zafin jiki ya ɗan yi zafi fiye da yau kuma yawancin rabin kudancin ƙasar an rufe shi da gandun daji. Yawan zafin jiki ya canza tun daga wannan lokacin tare da yanayin sanyaya mai rauni, wanda ke haifar da karuwar dangi a cikin bishiyoyi masu laushi.&nbsp;&nbsp;

## Tasirin da aka yi wa mutane

### Tasirin Tattalin Arziki
Guguwar hunturu Gudrun a cikin Shekarar  2005 da Per a cikin Shekara ta 2007 a kudancin Sweden sun hambarar da manyan gandun daji kuma sun haifar da yanke wutar lantarki. Storm Per a ranar 14 ga watan Janairun 2007 ya shafi masu amfani da wutar lantarki 440,000 da abokan ciniki Gudrun 620,000. Sake rarraba babban birnin saboda rushewar wutar lantarki a lokacin da kuma bayan guguwar Per an kiyasta tsakanin SEK 1 800 da miliyan 3,400. Kudin masu aiki da cibiyar sadarwa ya kasance kusan SEK miliyan 1 400, daga cikinsu SEK miliyan 750 ne na diyya ga abokan ciniki da abin ya shafa. Kudin masu amfani da wutar lantarki an kiyasta zuwa SEK 180-1 800 miliyan.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

### Tasirin kiwon lafiya
Canjin yanayi na iya shafar yanayin kiwon lafiya na yawan jama'a a hanyoyi da yawa.

* Yanayin yanayi mai zafi na iya shafar tsofaffi da marasa lafiya a lokutan yanayi mai zafi sosai.
* Yaduwar cututtuka da ke yaduwa, musamman, cututtuken da ke yashi kamar cutar Lyme (borreliosis) da kuma encephalitis da ke yayan tick. Tsuntsaye sun bazu zuwa arewa kuma yanzu ana iya samun su a yankunan Norrland. Har ila yau, har yanzu akwai nau'ikan sauro guda biyar a Sweden waɗanda zasu iya yada Kwayar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro. Tare da shari'ar 'yan asalin da aka ruwaito a cikin shekarun 1930, wasu sabbin shari'o'in zazzabin cizon sauro na iya bayyana tare da karuwar zafin jiki. Nau'in sauro na anopheles waɗanda ke yada kwayar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro suna da hankali ga yanayin yanayi wanda canjin yanayi zai iya shafar shi. Ƙarin hazo yana shafar yawan wuraren da sauro ke fitowa, yayin da karuwar danshi da zafin jiki ke kara tsawon rayuwar sauro da ci gaban kwayar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro a cikin sauro.
* Ingancin ruwa da abinci na iya shafar yanayin zafi mafi girma a lokacin rani da kuma canje-canje a cikin sake zagayowar ruwa. Misali, akwai damuwa cewa karuwar canjin matakin ruwa na kasa zai iya tattara gurɓataccen ƙasa kamar ƙarfe mai nauyi kuma waɗannan za su bazu zuwa ruwan kasa.  fari na iya shafar wadatar ruwa don ban ruwa da tasirin amfanin gona. 
* Ana iya canza ingancin iska tare da nau'i daban-daban na ƙura da ƙwayoyin pollen. Nazarin abubuwan da za su faru a nan gaba ya nuna cewa yaduwar ragweed zuwa arewa na iya haifar da sabbin lokuta na rashin lafiyan da asma.

#### Guguwar Gudrun a shekara ta 2005
Kimanin kimanin masu amfani 730,000 ba su da wutar lantarki a daren 8 ga Watan Janairu. Har ila yau, guguwar ta lalata hanyoyin rarraba na Vattenfall, Kreab Öst da sauran ƙananan kamfanoni. Dukkanin lalacewar wutar lantarki sun shafi tarho da hanyoyin sadarwar kwamfuta.

guguwa Gudrun ta mamaye Sweden a ranar 8 ga  watan Janairun Shekarar2005. Kafin saurin iska ya tsaya, sun kai matsakaicin 43 m / s. Saurin iska ya kasance mafi karfi a Bay of Hanö inda suka kai matakin guguwa na 33 m / s tare da gusts na 42 m / s. Yankunan kamar Skåne, Blekinge, Halland, Kronoberg, Gotland, da sassa na yankunan Jönköping, Kalmar, da Västra Götaland sun sami iska da ta kai 30 m / s ko fiye. Bugu da ƙari, guguwar iska ta buge bakin tekun Södermanland, Tafkin Mälaren, Tafkin Hjälmaren da sassan kudancin Stockholm County. Jimillar yankuna goma sha ɗaya sun sha wahala sosai daga guguwar.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Duk da guguwar da ta faru a watan Janairu, yanayin a lokacin ya kasance mai sauƙi wanda ya sa bukatar zafi ba kamar yadda aka saba ba. Tsarin dumama na gundumar a cikin birane ba su shan wahala daga raguwar wutar lantarki na dogon lokaci don haifar da matsaloli ba. Koyaya, ƙananan yankuna sun sha wahala daga gazawar tsarin dumama. Miliyoyin bishiyoyi sun tsage ta hanyar tushen kuma an yanke wasu a cikin akwati. Bishiyoyi sun toshe hanyoyi kuma sun kwace zirga-zirga. Rashin sanyi a cikin ƙasa ya sa itatuwan spruce su kasance masu saukin kamuwa da iska mai ƙarfi. An sare mita miliyan 75 na gandun daji wanda ya yi daidai da shekaru da yawa na sarewa na al'ada a yankunan da abin ya shafa. Babban matsala shine gazawar tsarin tarho wanda ya jinkirta share hanyoyi da gyaran layin sama.

Gidajen jinya da ayyukan kula da tsofaffi suma sun shafi yayin da ƙararrawar tsaro ta mutum ba ta aiki ba. Mutane sun makale a cikin motocinsu a kan hanyoyin da aka katange. Mutane bakwai sun mutu a hatsarori kuma wasu sun ji rauni a daren 8 ga Janairu. Sauran Mutuwa sun faru bayan guguwar, alal misali, an kashe mutum daya yayin da yake ƙoƙarin gyara rufinsa. Bugu da kari, mutane sun sha wahala daga PTSDs.

## Daidaitawa
Sweden tana da fa'idodi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen wayar da kan jama'a game da tsaro don hana bala'o'i. Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Sweden (MSB) ta kirkiro jagororin da dabarun don taimakawa al'umma daidaitawa da Canjin yanayi.

### Ambaliyar ruwa
Kamar yadda Sweden ke shafar kowace shekara ta ambaliyar Ruwa mai lalacewa, MSB tana kula da tattara taswirar ambaliyar ambaliyar, waɗanda ake amfani da su don nazarin haɗarin haɗari, shirye-shiryen gaggawa da kuma tsara tsarin amfani da ƙasa ta birane. Rigakafin ambaliyar ruwa na iya haɗawa da kayan aikin famfo, embankments da dyke, ko na'urori don rufe samar da ruwa da Tsarin datti.

### Wutar daji
MSB ta kirkiro tsarin bayanai na kasa don brigades na kashe gobara. Ana samun tsarin a Intanet kuma yana ba da bayani game da yadda yanayi zai iya shafar haɗarin gobarar ciyayi. Yana ba da bayanan da ke taimakawa tare da rigakafi kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen yanke shawara.

### Guguwa
MSB tana ba da janareto waɗanda za a iya aro su ta wuraren da guguwa ta buge kuma sun rasa wutar lantarki.

### Rushewar ƙasa
Saboda wurin Sweden da yanayi ƙasa, rushewar ƙasa na iya shafar wasu yankuna. MSB tana ba da taswirar kwanciyar hankali gaba ɗaya don yankunan da ke iya fuskantar rushewar ƙasa. Taswirar suna nuna waɗanne yankuna za su iya shafar su da waɗanne yankunan da ke buƙatar cikakken binciken geotechnical.

Yankunan da sakamakon guguwa zai iya zama mai tsanani, gwamnati tana ba da krona miliyan 40 na Sweden a kowace shekara don rigakafin. [Yaushe?] Gundumomin da ke da matakan kariya za su iya neman tallafi daga waɗannan kuɗin da aka ware. Gundumar da wani lamari na gaggawa ya shafa na da hakkin ta nemi jihar ta biya diyya don biyan kuɗin da ya wuce kima[1]. [ba a sami labarin ba]

## Ragewa

### Manufofin Sabuntawa na Tarayyar Turai
Sweden ta hadu da manufa mai sabuntawa ta Shekarar  2020 da ta amince da ita a cikin shekara ta 2012. 

### Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Shekarar  2014
A Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na shekarar 2014 Swedish Society for Nature Conservation (SSNC) ya bukaci: 

# Ya kamata gwamnatin Sweden ta tabbatar da alkawuran da aka bayar na raguwar fitarwa ta kashi 40% nan da shekarar 2020
# Manufofin kasa da kasa na shekaru 5
# Haɗin kai ga kowace ƙasa
# SEK biliyan Kr Asusun kore na Sweden na Shekarar 2015 da shekarata 2018&nbsp;
# Ayyukan aiki da takamaiman yarjejeniyar rubutu a Lima a shekarar  2014

Dalibai 181 sun dauki mataki don yin aiki a cikin Shekara ta 2015 na makonni biyu don inganta sawun carbon na canjin yanayi na Sweden dangane da abinci mai kore, hasken rana, kekuna, al'adu, amfani da sharar gida.

### Kayan aiki na manufofi
Sweden ta yi amfani da kayan aikin manufofi da matakan rage sauyin yanayi tun daga shekarun 1980.[1] Kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da su sun haɗa da kayan aikin tattalin arziki (kamar harajin CO2, tallafi, azabtarwa), dokoki, yarjejeniyoyin son rai, da tattaunawa tsakanin gwamnati da kasuwancin kasuwanci. An bayyana manyan kayan aikin a ƙasa:

#### Kayan harajin carbon dioxide
A Sweden, har zuwa yanzu akwai haraji daban-daban guda uku da aka karɓa akan kayayyakin makamashi (musamman burbushin burbushin halittu), wato harajin makamashi, harajin sulfur da harajin CO="true" id="mwAqk" typeof="mw:Transclusion">CO. An yi amfani da harajin makamashi a matsayin kayan aiki na manufofi tun lokacin rikicin man fetur na shekarun 1970s don tallafawa makamashi mai sabuntawa da makamashin nukiliya. An rage harajin makamashi da rabi a cikin Shekarata1991 a lokacin sake fasalin haraji, a lokaci guda tare da gabatar da harajin CO2 akan man fetur, tare da ban da ethanol, methanol, sauran man fetur na rayuwa, peat da sharar gida.

#### Tsarin takardar shaidar makamashi mai sabuntawa
A matsayin wani ɓangare na manufofin makamashi na dogon lokaci na Gwamnati don rage hayakin GHG, gwamnatin Sweden ta gabatar da tsarin kasa da kasa na son rai don kasuwanci "takaddun shaida na kore", watau tsarin takardar shaidar makamashi mai sabuntawa (RECS). Tare da tasiri daga 1 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 2003, RECS ya yi niyyar ƙarfafawa da haɓaka yawan wutar lantarki da aka samar daga hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa. Za a yi wannan ta hanyar biyan haraji daidai da wani bangare na wutar lantarki a cikin shekara. Misali, a cikin shekara ta farko (2003), za a buƙaci masu amfani su sayi kashi 7.4 cikin dari na wutar lantarki da aka samar daga hanyoyin sabuntawa.

#### Taimako na makamashi mai sabuntawa da ci gaba da saka hannun jari akan R&D
Tun daga shekara ta 1991, Sweden ta fara shirye-shirye da yawa don karfafa amfani da makamashi mai sabuntawa da ci gaban sabuwar fasaha, misali shirin Manufofin Makamashi (shirye-shiryen dogon lokaci da na gajeren lokaci waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan hanyoyin da za su kara samar da wutar lantarki mai sabunta, don rage amfani da wutar lantarki, da ingantaccen makamashi), Tsarin Takaddun shaida na Green (Mai samarwa, biomass, geothermal, raƙuman ruwa ana ba da takardar shaidar daya ga kowane MWh da aka samar, kuma duk masu amfani da su tilasta su sayi don rufe saiti don rufe saitin amfani da su).

#### Haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa da tsarin kasuwancin carbon
Sweden kuma tana nuna jagorancinta a cikin hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa da ƙwarewa kan batutuwan canjin yanayi. Sweden ta shiga cikin wasu shirye-shiryen manufofin yanayi na kasa da kasa, kamar su Prototype Carbon Funds (PCF) da Ayyukan da aka aiwatar tare (AIJ) 

#### 'Yancin kai na mai da kuma burin fitarwa
Gwamnati ta kirkiro Hukumar kan 'Yancin Kai na Man Fetur (Kommissionen för att bryta oljeberoendet i Sverige till år 2020) kuma a cikin Shekara ta 2006 ta ba da shawarar manufofi masu zuwa don 2020:

* Amfani da mai a cikin sufuri na hanya don ragewa da 40-50%
* Amfani da mai a masana'antu da za a yanke shi da kashi 25-40%
* Ya kamata a dakatar da ɗumi tare da mai, aikin da aka riga aka yanke da kashi 70% tun lokacin rikicin mai na Shekarar  1973,
* Gabaɗaya, ya kamata a yi amfani da makamashi 20% da kyau

### Shari'a
Dokar Yanayi wacce ke da niyyar fitar da iskar gas mai guba ta hanyar a shekarar 2045 ta amince da ita ta Majalisar dokokin Sweden a watan Yunin shekarar 2017, wanda ya sa Sweden ta zama ƙasa ta farko da ke da manufa ta tsaka-tsaki ta carbon. Dokar ta kasance tana aiki tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu,Shekara ta  2018.  Bayan 2045 mummunan fitarwa ana yin niyya. Matsayin ya haɗa da ayyukan diyya a ƙasashen waje da cinikin hayaki, amma ya cire hayaki na jirgin sama.

Gwamnatin Sweden ta buga sabon shiri a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 2019 tare da ayyuka 132. Dokar yanayi ta kasance tun daga shekarar 2017. Manufar Sweden ita ce rage iskar gas mai guba 85% daga matakin a shekarar 1990 zuwa shekara ta 2045. Shirin na 2019 ya tsara takamaiman raguwa don jirgin sama da tafiye-tafiye na teku. Shirin ya haɗa da harajin carbon, sake fasalin haraji wanda ke tallafawa burin yanayi da muhalli, harajin kore, LCA na yanayi don gine-gine a cikin Shekarar 2022, abin da ake buƙata cewa duk wutar lantarki, dumama da sufuri dole ne su zama carbon zero a cikin  Shekara ta 2045, kuma suna inganta ayyukan makamashi masu zaman kansu don sauƙaƙe su da rahusa. Manufar gajeren lokaci ita ce rage hayaki daga bangaren sufuri ciki har da jirgin sama a cikin Sweden aƙalla kashi 70% nan da 2030. Ana la'akari da wasu hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su a cikin birane. Za a gabatar da sabon tsarin farashi don zirga-zirgar jama'a a cikin 2022.

#### Yarjejeniyar Paris
Yarjejeniyar Paris yarjejeniya ce ta kasa da kasa da aka karɓa a COP 21, babban burinta shine iyakance dumamar duniya zuwa ƙasa da digiri 1.5 na Celsius, idan aka kwatanta da matakan da suka gabata. Majalisar dokokin Sweden ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 16 ga  Watan Oktoba, Shekara ta2016.  The Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC's) sune shirye-shiryen yaki da canjin yanayi da aka daidaita ga kowace ƙasa. Kowace ƙungiya a cikin yarjejeniyar tana da manufofi daban-daban bisa ga tarihin tarihinta na yanayi da yanayin ƙasar. 

Game da kasashe membobin Tarayyar Turai burin suna da kama sosai kuma Tarayyar Tarayyar Duniya tana aiki tare da dabarun gama gari a cikin Yarjejeniyar Paris. 

## Al'umma da al'adu

### Kasancewar jama'a

Shiga jama'a yana da matukar mahimmanci wajen magance sauyin yanayi da illolinsa da samar da isassun martani. Idan ba tare da goyon bayan jama'a ba, ba zai yiwu a aiwatar da sabon kayan aikin cikin nasara ba. Misali, mutum ba zai iya tsammanin cewa za a iya amfani da bio ethanol da dizal mai rai ba tare da tallafi da fahimta daga yawan jama'a ba. Don haka, bayanai don ɗaga matakin ilimin jama'a game da batun yanayi ya zama dole. [abubuwan da ake bukata]

daga cikin shirye-shiryen jama'a, wanda Cibiyar Fasaha ta KTH ta shirya, shine shirin Viable Cities, wanda ke aiki tare da biranen Sweden tara, gami da Stockholm, Gothenburg, da Malmö, don tallafawa zama tsaka-tsaki da carbon da dorewa a shekarar 2030. Shirin, wanda ake kira Climate Neutral Cities 2030, zai hada da biranen Sweden 20 a ƙarshen Shekarar 2021. Sabon kayan aiki a cikin aikin Viable Cities shine Climate City Contract 2030. Babban shugabancin siyasa na kananan hukumomi tara ne suka sanya hannu a kan shi, ta Daraktoci-Janar na hukumomin gwamnati Vinnova, Hukumar Makamashi ta Sweden, Formas da Hukumar Ci Gaban Sweden da kuma Cibiyoyin Rayayyun Ayyuka a watan Disamban shekarar 2020. Ana ba da Babban Mai ba da labari na Cibiyoyin da za a iya amfani da su don kara yawan jama'a ta hanyar haɓaka ingantaccen Hanyoyi sadarwa na yanayi waɗanda ke inganta haɗin jama'a.

### Ra'ayi na jama'a game da canjin yanayi
Binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2002 ya nuna cewa sama da kashi 95% na masu amsa sun ce amfani da kuɗin haraji don magance canjin yanayi ko dai "yana da mahimmanci" ko "yana da muhimmanci sosai". Kadan fiye da rabin masu amsa sun yarda su canza amfani da ruwan zafi, amfani da wutar lantarki da tsarin tafiye-tafiye don rage tasirin canjin yanayi. Kadan kasa da rabi ba sa so su rage yanayin gine-gine na ciki a matsayin hanyar rage tasirin canjin yanayi. A201

### Masu mallakar gandun daji
Masu mallakar gandun daji da masu sana'ar gandun daji ba su damu da Canjin yanayi da ke shafar gandun daji a Sweden ba. Misali, masu mallakar gandun daji a Kronoberg sun yi imanin cewa tasirin canjin yanayi yana da nisa kuma na dogon lokaci. Masu ruwa da tsaki sun fi mayar da hankali kan kwarewar mutum maimakon sakamakon yadda canjin yanayi zai shafi gandun daji a nan gaba. Wani kwararren kwararren gandun daji ya ce babu wani abu da za su iya yi a yau da zai iya shafar canje-canjen da za su faru a nan gaba.

## Dubi kuma

* Biofuel a Sweden
* Canjin yanayi a Norway
* Tasirin Yankin na dumamar yanayi
* Binciken Tasirin Yanayi na Arctic
* Jerin ƙasashe ta hanyar hayakin gas na kowane mutum
* Motocin lantarki a Sweden

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Ofisoshin Gwamnatin Sweden - Manufofin Yanayi
* Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Sweden - Shafin canjin yanayi Hukumar Kare Muhallin Sweden - Tebur kan hayakin gas
** Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Sweden - Tebur a kan hayakin gas
* Rashin fitarwa daga 1990
* Manufofin Muhalli na Sweden - Shafin canjin yanayi
* Hukumar kan Canjin Yanayi da Ci Gaban - wanda ke zaune a Sweden kuma a halin yanzu Ministan Sweden na Haɗin Kai na Duniya ne ke jagoranta