open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Marie-Louise Rochebillard

**Marie-Louise Rochebillard** (4 ga Yuni 1860 - 30 ga Janairu 1936) ta kasance 'yar asalin Faransa ' yar Katolika ta zamantakewa kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata.

## Shekarun farko
An haifi Marie-Louise Rochebillard a ranar 4 ga Yuni, 1860 a Changy, ba da nisa da Roanne ba . Mahaifinta, Jean-Claude Rochebillard, marubuci ne. Mahaifiyarta, Léonie Depalle, ta fi shi ƙanƙanta sosai.  Da canjin arziki a cikin iyali, tun tana da shekaru 16, an ba Marie-Louise "babban girmamawa ta yin aiki don rayuwa".  Ta fuskanci mawuyacin hali da mata masu aiki ke fuskanta, waɗanda galibi ba su da tsaro, ƙarancin albashi da kuma tsawon sa'o'i fiye da maza. Ta san da ƙoƙarin 'yan Katolika na zamantakewa, amma waɗannan sun magance matsalolin maza. Da buga littafin Rerum novarum a 1891, ta yi imanin cewa babu wani cikas ga mata su ma su ɗauki mataki. 

## Shugaban ƙungiyar
A shekarar 1899, Rochebillard da wasu abokai, waɗanda suma mata ne masu aiki, suka kafa ƙungiyoyin mata guda biyu na farko. Rochebillard ya zama shugabar ƙungiyar mata masu aiki a fannin kasuwanci, kuma ya taimaka wajen kafa ƙungiyar ma'aikatan allura ta Lyon. Cécile Desvignes ita ce shugabar ƙungiyar ma'aikatan allura. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin sun yi bikin haihuwar ƙungiyar mata ta Kirista. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan sun kafa ƙungiyar ma'aikatan siliki ta mata. 

Wadanda suka kafa kungiyar sun dauki shawara daga kamfanin Lyon Silk Works ma'aikatan, wata kungiyar ma'aikatan Kirista da aka kafa a shekarar 1886. Dokokin sabbin kungiyoyin kwadago sun tabbatar da cewa wadanda suka kafa kungiyar za su kula da harkokin gudanarwa, kuma sun bayyana manufofin da suka hada da kirkirar kwasa-kwasan kwararru, ofisoshin daukar ma'aikata da cibiyoyi don samar da taimakon juna da kuma tabbatar da juna. An bukaci membobi su biya kananan kudade. Rochebillard ta bar aikinta ta sadaukar da kanta ga aikin kungiyar kwadago. 

Zuwa shekarar 1900, malamai 100 masu aikin sa kai sun ba da darussa iri-iri kan fannoni daban-daban, tun daga karatu da rubutu da lissafi zuwa Turanci da kiɗa. An kuma ba da darussa kan aikin gida, gami da girki da taimakon gaggawa. A shekarar 1901, ƙungiyar ta kuma sami sashen koyon aiki, ofishin aiki da kuma ƙungiyar taimakon juna. Le Travail de la femme et de la jeune fille na wata-wata yana ba da bayanai da shawara. A shekarar 1903, Rochebillard ya kafa ƙungiyar tsofaffin ɗalibai ta ilimi kyauta (Ƙungiyar tsofaffin ɗalibai), tare da mambobi har zuwa 4,000 da suka sadaukar da kansu ga kare ilimin addini. [1]

## Shekarun da suka biyo baya
Daga shekarar 1910 Rochebillard ta rage yawan shigarta zuwa jagorantar kwasa-kwasan ƙwararru. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya (1914–18) ta ƙaura zuwa *La Ferrandière*, gidan matasa mata, inda ta mutu a ranar 30 ga Janairu 1936.  Ƙungiyoyin da ta kafa sun shiga cikin kafa ƙungiyar Conféderation française des travaileurs chrétiens (CFTC) a shekarar 1919. A gare ta, ƙungiyar kwadago tana nufin 'yancin kai, 'yanci da mutunci. 

## Manazarta
Christiane Gilles

**Christiane Gilles** (1 Afrilu 1930 Vincennes, Faransa – 29 Oktoba 2016 Chécy, Faransa) [1] 'yar ƙungiyar kwadago ce ta Faransa. Ta kasance memba a Ofishin Confederal na Babban Hafsan Kwadago daga 1969 zuwa 1981. [2]

## Manazarta
Mayu Picqueray

**Marie Jeanne "Mayu" Picqueray** (8 ga Yuli 1898, Savenay - 3 ga Nuwamba 1983, gundumar 14th ta Paris ) 'yar fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ce ta Faransa, mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma fitacciyar mai adawa da 'yan bindiga. Ta buga jaridar Le Réfractaire mai suna *Le Réfractaire* daga 1974 zuwa 1983.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
A shekarar 1921, an yanke wa wasu masu tsattsauran ra'ayi guda biyu 'yan asalin Italiya hukuncin kisa, Nicola Sacco da Bartolomeo Vanzetti, yayin da suke ihu suna da laifi. Duk da cewa 'yan adawar siyasa sun yi ta kai hare-hare a sassan 'yan adawa, 'yan jaridun Faransa sun yi shiru. Don fara kamfen din manema labarai, May Picqueray ta aika da wani bam da ke dauke da gurneti da takardu zuwa ofishin jakadancin Amurka. Wannan "shiri" ya yi nasarar tattara 'yan jarida, ba tare da ya haifar da wata barna ba sai dai kayan aiki. Duk da girman zanga-zangar da aka yi a duk duniya don goyon bayansu, an kashe Sacco da Vanzetti a shekarar 1927 - kuma an gyara su a shekarar 1978. [ ana buƙatar ambato ]

Tun tana ƙarama, May Picqueray ta bar Faransa zuwa Moscow, Rasha, a shekarar 1922, a matsayin wakiliyar ƙungiyar ma'aikatan ƙarfe, wadda a lokacin take ɓangare na ƙungiyar Red Trade Union International . A lokacin da take Moscow, ta hau kan teburi don yin Allah wadai da ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata suna cin abinci yayin da talakawa ke cikin yunwa.  Ta kuma ziyarci Vladimir Lenin, wanda ya riga ya raunana sakamakon cutar da ta kashe shi. Saboda alhakin Leon Trotsky na murƙushe tawayen Kronstadt, da kuma cin amanar da ya yi wa Nestor Makhno, ta ƙi yin musabaha da shi lokacin da ta haɗu da shi, duk da cewa ta roƙe shi ya saki masu adawa da gwamnati da ke tsare a kurkuku da Bolsheviks suka tsare. 

A shekarar 1924, ta yi wani naushi a taron Grange-aux-Belles inda 'yan gurguzu suka kashe ma'aikatan 'yan gurguzu biyu da bindigogi. Abotarta da Emma Goldman da Alexander Berkman da kuma tafiyarta zuwa Tarayyar Soviet sun tabbatar da halin kama-karya na gwamnatin kwaminisanci, duk da cewa Stalin bai kai matsayin shugaban ƙasar ba tukuna. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

Picqueray ta shiga "Kwamitin Taimakon Yara na Spain" inda ayyukanta suka haɗa da jigilar marayun Spain da kuma haɗa iyalan da suka warwatse waɗanda yaƙin Spain ya raba. Tana [[Toulouse]] a lokacin Debacle inda take kula da karɓar 'yan gudun hijira. Sannan ita ce ke kula da samar da sansanonin yaƙi na Noé da Vernet na Faransa, inda ta sami nasarar tserewa daga cikin waɗanda aka yi wa horon. Ayyukanta na adawa sun haɗa da yin takardu na ƙarya, tare da haɗin gwiwa da Renée Lamberet da Madeleine Lamberet, ga duk waɗanda ke buƙatarsu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

## Manazarta
Maryam Pougetoux

**Maryam Pougetoux** (an haife ta a shekarar 1999  ) 'yar fafutuka ce ' yar Faransa kuma shugabar ƙungiyar ɗalibai . Pougetoux mataimakiyar shugaba ce ta UNef, ƙungiyar ɗaliban ƙasa ta Faransa .  Pougetoux a da ita ce shugabar sashin UNEF na Sorbonne .  Iyayenta sun yi renon Pougetoux a unguwannin birnin Paris, waɗanda suka musulunta, waɗanda suka fito daga sashen Correze na kudu maso yammacin Faransa. 

Pougetoux, Musulma 'yar Faransa wacce ke sanya hijabi a bainar jama'a, ta yi fice bayan wata hira da aka yi da ita a talabijin a shekarar 2018 yayin da take aiki a matsayin shugabar UNEF ta Sorbonne.  Hirar ta shafi batun gyare-gyare ga tsarin shiga jami'a, amma nan da nan aka mayar da hankali kan hijabinta da kuma ko yana barazana ga ƙa'idar laïcité ta Faransa, ko kuma tsattsauran ra'ayin addini. 

Yawancin membobin gwamnatin Faransa sun yi suka sosai kan matakin da Pougetoux ta dauka na sanya hijabi, ciki har da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na yanzu, Gérard Collomb . [1] An dauki wannan takaddama a matsayin ci gaba da takaddamar da aka dade ana yi kan sanya hijabi a Faransa, ciki har da haramcin sanya hijabi a makarantu da ma'aikatan gwamnati a shekarar 2004. [2] [1] An yi wa Pougetoux zane a shafin farko na mujallar barkwanci ta Charlie Hebdo ta hanyar da wani marubuciya mai ra'ayin Guardian ta siffanta shi da "kamar biri". [1] Pougetoux ta yi ikirarin cewa ta yi mamakin yawan cece-kucen da ta yi na zabar sanya hijabi a lokacin hirar da ta yi, kuma ta ce ba ta ji haushi da hotonta a Charlie Hebdo ba. [2]

Daga baya Pougetoux ta zama mataimakiyar shugabar ƙungiyar ɗaliban Faransa ta ƙasa.  A lokacin kaka ta 2020, lokacin da ta ba da shaida a gaban Majalisar Dokokin Faransa kan tasirin annobar COVID-19 ga ɗalibai yayin da suke sanye da hijabi, 'yan majalisa huɗu sun yi zanga-zanga ta hanyar barin taron. 

## Manazarta
Élise Leboucher

**Élise Leboucher** (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 1982) 'yar siyasa ce ta Faransa daga La France Insoumise . An zaɓe ta a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a mazabar Sarthe ta 4 a zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokokin Faransa na 2022, inda ta kawar da 'yar majalisar gurguzu Sylvie Tolmont . [1] [2] An sake zaɓenta a shekarar 2024, inda ta kayar da Marie-Caroline Le Pen, 'yar'uwar Marine Le Pen, da tazarar kuri'u 225. [3]

## Manazarta
Camille Senon

**Camille Senon** (  ; 5 ga Yuni 1925 - 2 ga Oktoba 2025) ɗan gwagwarmayar adawa ne na Faransa kuma mai rajin kare haƙƙin 'yan kasuwa. 

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haife ta a Oradour-sur-Glane a ranar 5 ga Yuni, 1925, Senon 'yar Martial Senon ce, wani manomi kuma soja a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya da aka kashe a kisan kiyashin Oradour-sur-Glane a ranar 10 ga Yuni, 1944.  A wannan lamarin, rundunar sojojin SS ta biyu da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin Adolf Diekmann ta kashe maza, mata, da yara 643. Tana aiki a Limoges a lokacin, Senon ta hau jirgin ƙasa don ganawa da iyayenta.  Ta isa daidai lokacin da ya dace don ganin abubuwan ban tsoro na wannan ranar  kuma ta sadaukar da mafi yawan rayuwarta ta baya wajen ba da shaida.  Ta yi kira da a yi adawa da Nazis, yaƙi, da kisan kai marasa ma'ana. 

A shekarar 1953, Senon ya bayar da shaida a shari'ar domin kare wadanda suka aikata kisan gillar.  Kwamandoji da dama ba su halarci shari'ar ba, ciki har da Heinz Lammerding, wanda Gerd von Rundstedt ya jagoranta. An yanke wa Lammerding hukuncin kisa *a bayan idonsa* kuma bai taba fuskantar hukuncin daurin kurkuku a Faransa ba, wanda hakan ya yi wa wadanda abin ya shafa da iyalansu takaici. 

Senon ta ci jarrabawar ƙungiyar ma'aikata a fannin aika saƙonni da sadarwa a shekarar 1945, sannan ta koma birnin Paris a shekarar 1950, inda ta zama Sakatare a ƙungiyar Syndicat des chèques postaux de Paris. [1] Ta shiga yajin aiki da dama, musamman a shekarun 1953, 1968, da 1974. Ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1985. Baya ga ayyukan ƙungiyar ma'aikata, ta kasance memba na jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Faransa kuma ta kasance mai himma a cikin ƙungiyar 'yan uwa ta shahidai d'Oradour-sur-Glane, ƙungiyar Souvenir des Fusillés du Mont Valérien, da kuma ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa ta Fédération nationale des déportés et internés résistants et patriotes . A shekarar 2014, ta tsaya takarar majalisar gundumar Limoges a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar 'yan hagu . [2] Tana cika shekaru 100 a shekarar 2025, ta sake bayar da shaida game da kisan kiyashin Oradour-sur-Glane. [3]

Senon ya mutu a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 2025, yana da shekaru 100. 

## Daraja

* Allée Camille-Senon a cikin Saint-Junien (2021) 
* Kundin ban dariya *Oradour 1944.* *L'Innocence kisan gilla* (2024)

## Kayan ado

* Jami'in Rundunar 'Yan Sanda (2009) 
* Knight na Ordre des Palmes académiques (2008)
* Kwamandan Ordre na kasa du Mérite (2016, ya ƙi)  

## Manazarta
Madeleine Tribolati

**Madeleine Tribolati** (1905–1995) ta kasance mai fafutukar neman 'yancin kwadago ta Faransa. Ana tunawa da ita saboda aikinta a lokacin tattaunawar yarjejeniyar gama gari ta 1936, tana neman daidaiton 'yancin aiki ga maza da mata da kuma goyon bayan ƙa'idar "don daidaiton aiki, daidaiton albashi". Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, a 1946 ta zama mataimakiyar sakatare janar na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Faransa ( *Fédération des Employes* ) kuma a 1948 ta zama mataimakiyar shugabar ƙungiyar ma'aikatan Kirista ta Faransa (CFTC).  

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Madeleine Tribolati a birnin Paris a ranar 23 ga Maris, 1905, 'yar ma'aikaciya ce kuma mai tsaftace gida. Duk da cewa ta halarci makarantar gwamnati ta addini, ta fara sha'awar Katolika . Bayan ta fara aiki tun tana da shekaru 13, ta koyi yadda ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago na mata ke ba wa mata damar kare haƙƙinsu. A shekarar 1924, ta shiga ƙungiyar ma'aikatan Kirista ta Faransa (CFTC) kuma ta halarci wani kwas a École Normale Sociale inda a cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa ta koyi game da koyarwar coci, dokar aiki da ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago da nufin shiga aikin koyarwa (kodayake ba ta taɓa yin hakan ba). 

A ƙarshen shekarun 1920, ta fara aiki a matsayin mai buga rubutu a takaice kuma a shekarar 1931 aka zaɓe ta a kwamitin ƙungiyar Union of Shorthand-Typists. Ta yi aiki a matsayin wakilin matasa na CFTC, inda ta jagoranci tarurrukan matasa da dama har zuwa 1935 lokacin da ta shiga kwamitin ƙungiyar Ma'aikata. A wannan lokacin, ta ba da gudummawa da dama ga mujallun ƙungiyar La Travailleuse da Syndicalisme, tana yin tsokaci kan sharuɗɗan da ake buƙata ga iyaye mata masu aiki da matan gida da kuma jaddada haƙƙin mace na yin aiki da taken " à rendement égal, salaire égal " (don aiki daidai, albashi daidai). An yi amfani da ƙarshenta a cikin wani rahoto da ta gabatar wa taron mata kafin babban taron CFTC na 16 lokacin da aka yi la'akari da su. [1]

Nasarar da ta samu wajen shawo kan mata wakilai daga CGT su goyi bayan shawarwarinta kan "yanayin mata" ya ba wa wakilan maza mamaki ganin yadda dangantakar da ke tsakanin CGT da CFTC ta yi tsami. 

Bayan yaƙin, a shekarar 1946 aka sake zaɓe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar babban sakatare na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata, kuma a babban taron CFTC na 14 a shekarar 1948, ta zama mataimakiyar shugabar ƙungiyar. A shekarar 1965, an sake zaɓe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar CFTC, inda ta yi nasarar samun ƙarin fansho a shekarar 1972. Ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1975. 

Madeleine Tribolati ta mutu a birnin Paris a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 1995. 

## Manazarta
Bernadette Ségol

**Bernadette Ségol** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1949) tsohuwar shugabar ƙungiyar ƙwadago ce ta Faransa .

An haife ta a Luzech, Ségol ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin falsafa daga Jami'ar Toulouse, sannan ta zama mataimakiyar sakatare janar na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Yadi, Tufafi da Fata ta Duniya . A shekarar 1985, ta ƙaura zuwa Brussels don zama darektan Euro-FIET, sashin Turai na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Kasuwanci, Malamai, Ƙwararru da Fasaha ta Duniya . A shekarar 2000, wannan ya haɗu zuwa sabuwar UNI-Europa, sashin Turai na Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Ƙasashen Duniya ta Union Network (UNI), kuma an zaɓe ta a matsayin babban sakatare na farko. A ƙarƙashin jagorancinta, UNI-Europa ta kafa Majalisar Ayyukan Turai, ta yi fafutukar neman Umarnin Ma'aikatan Hukumar Wucin Gadi, kuma ta yi aiki don tabbatar da cewa Umarnin Ayyuka ya kiyaye haƙƙin ma'aikata. [1] [2] [3]

A shekarar 2011, an zaɓi Ségol a matsayin babban sakatare na ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta Turai, mace ta farko da ta riƙe wannan muƙamin. Ta mayar da hankali kan yaƙi da tsuke bakin aljihu . Ta yi ritaya a shekarar 2015.   

## Manazarta
Rosine Street

**Rosine Streeter** ƙwararriyar ƙwararriyar ƙungiyar ƙwadago ce daga New Caledonia . 

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Streeter a tsibirin Lifou .

## Sana'a
A cikin 1979, an nada ta Babban Sakatare na Union des Syndicats des Ouvriers et Employés de Nouvelle-Calédonie (USOENC), ƙungiyar ma'aikata da ma'aikata. A cikin 1995, bayan shekaru 16 a cikin matsayi, ta tafi don fara ƙungiyar ƙwararrun ta (Syndicat Libre Unité Action - SLUA). [1]

Streeter ya kasance memba na Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Zamantakewa ta New Caledonia kuma ya jagoranci Kwamitin Lafiya da Jin Daɗi . 

## Manazarta
Ottilie Baader

**Ottilie Baader** (30 Mayu 1847) 24 ga Yuli 1925) ta kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata ta Jamus kuma mai ra'ayin gurguzu. A tsakanin 1900 &#x2013; 1908, ta kasance wakiliya ta tsakiya ( German   ) na abokan tarayyar Jamus ( Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party ). Baader tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar mata ta farko a Jamus. 

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Ottilie Baader a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 1847 a Raake (wanda a yau ake kira Raków, Poland).  Ita ce babbar 'yar 'ya'ya huɗu a cikin dangin. Mahaifiyarta ta rasu a shekara ta 1855 kuma mahaifinta ne ya rene ta.  Ta yi makaranta a Frankfurt/Oder tsawon shekaru huɗu.  Duk da haka, Baader ta sami ilimi mai kyau, yayin da mahaifinta ke ba ta darussan yamma a gida.  Tana da shekaru 13, Baader ta ƙaura tare da iyalinta zuwa Berlin kuma an yi mata aiki a wata masana'anta tana aiki na tsawon awanni 12 a rana a matsayin mai aikin hannu, daga baya ta zama mai ɗinki. 

A shekara ta 1879, Baader ta yi jawabinta na farko a taron ma'aikatan aiki wanda ya haifar da ci gaba a bainar jama'a.  A ƙarƙashin ra'ayin Karl Marx's *Das Kapital* da Bebel's *Woman Under the Socialism*, ta zo ga dimokuraɗiyya ta zamantakewa kuma ta shiga ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta matsakaicin aji na Lina Morgenstern .  Ƙungiyar ta bayar da darussa kyauta a fannin karatu, rubutu da Jamusanci. 

## Ƙungiyoyin fafutuka
A shekarar 1885, Ottilie Baader ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa "Ƙungiyar Berlin Mantle Sewers", ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta farko ga mata a Jamus; saboda wannan aikin, an yanke mata hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku na farko, wanda ta kauce masa bayan da Friedrich III ya yi afuwa ga hamɓararsa a shekarar 1888. 

A farkon shekarun 1890, Baader ta bar aiki a masana'antar Sternberg cuff and collar factory da ke Berlin kuma ta fara aiki daga gida domin dole ne ta kula da mahaifinta nakasassu. [1] Tana zaune tare da mahaifinta, Baader ta kafa 'yancin kanta da kuma asalinta ta hanyar shiga cikin siyasar gurguzu . Ta hanyar gurguzu, ta sami hanyar nuna goyon baya ga jinsi da rashin daidaito a aji. [2]

A shekarar 1891, Baader ta kasance memba na kwamitin makarantar ilimi ta ma'aikata, wacce aka bude bisa ga shirin Wilhelm Liebknecht .  A wannan shekarar aka zabi Baader a matsayin daya daga cikin wakilan jam'iyyar Social Democrats ta Berlin zuwa taron ma'aikata na 2 na kasa da kasa da aka gudanar a Brussels, inda tare da sauran mata ta sanya kuduri kan daidaiton 'yancin maza da mata a jam'iyyun Social Democrats. 

## Manazarta
Margarete Behm

**Margarete Behm** (3 ga Mayu 1860 - 28 ga Yuli 1929) malamar Jamus ce, mai fafutukar neman 'yan kwadago kuma 'yar siyasa. A shekarar 1919, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata 36 da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Dokokin Weimar, 'yan majalisar mata ta farko a Jamus. Ta ci gaba da zama 'yar majalisar dokoki a Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Jamus har zuwa 1928.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Behm a Lehndorf a Prussia a shekarar 1860.  Ta yi makarantar firamare a Koßdorf tsakanin 1867 da 1871 sannan ta yi makarantar sakandare a Stolp . Bayan ta bar makaranta a shekarar 1876, ta yi horo don zama malamar makaranta a Berlin kuma ta zama malamar makarantar sakandare a shekarar 1879.  A shekarar 1897 ta kafa ƙungiyar ƙwadago ga ma'aikatan gida, kuma bayan shekaru uku ta fara buga mujalla, *Die Heimarbeiterin* .

A shekarar 1918, Behm ta kasance memba a cikin Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Jamus ta Ƙasa (DNVP) kuma ta jagoranci kwamitin mata har zuwa 1923. Ta kasance 'yar takara a jam'iyyar a zaɓen tarayya na 1919 kuma an zaɓe ta a Majalisar Dokokin Weimar a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin mata na farko a Jamus. An sake zaɓe ta a Reichstag a 1920 da kuma a zaɓukan watan Mayu da Disamba 1924, [1] ta ci gaba da zama a majalisar har zuwa zaɓen 1928 .

Ta mutu a Berlin a shekarar 1929.

## Manazarta
Marie Ahlers

**Marie Ahlers** (an haife ta **Marie Albrecht** : 4 ga Afrilu 1898 — 17 ga Afrilu 1968) 'yar siyasa ce ta Jamus ( KPD / SED ). Ta zauna a matsayin memba na Reichstag tsakanin 1930 da 1933,  kuma babbar jami'ar jam'iyya ce a yankin mamaye Soviet da Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Jamus bayan 1945. 

## Rayuwa
An haifi Marie Albrecht a Siersleben, wani ƙaramin gari a yankin karkara da ke arewa maso yammacin Halle . Duk da cewa ƙaramin garin yana kewaye da ƙasar noma, yana gefen wani babban filin kwal, kuma mahaifinta yana aiki a matsayin mai hakar ma'adinai. Bayan ta bar makaranta ta fara aikin gona kuma ta yi aiki a fannin yin tufafi. A shekarar 1917 ta auri Hermann Ahlers. 

A shekarar 1918 ta shiga Jam'iyyar Dimokuradiyya Mai Zaman Kanta (  / USPD) wadda ta balle daga babbar Jam'iyyar Dimokuradiyya ta Social Democratic Party bayan rashin jituwa mai tsanani a cikin jam'iyyar bayan shawarar shugabanci na aiwatar da yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta ta majalisa na tsawon lokacin yakin . A shekarar da ta biyo baya ta shiga Kungiyar Matasan Socialist . 1919 ita ma ita ce shekarar da aka kore ta daga zama memba na coci.  A shekarar 1920 ta shiga Kungiyar Matasan Kwaminis da kuma sabuwar Jam'iyyar Kwaminis da aka kafa.  Daga kafuwar "Kungiyar Mata da 'Yan Mata ta Red Front" (RFMB), wacce ita ce bangaren mata na kungiyar "Red Front Fighters' Alliance" (  ), ta kasance memba a cikin shugabanninta na kasa. Tsakanin 1929 da 1933 ta yi aiki a matsayin kansilan gari a Eisleben kuma memba ce a sakatariyar mata da aka fadada ta Jam'iyyar Kwaminis .  Ta kuma yi aiki, tsakanin 1930 da 1933, a matsayin 'yar majalisar dokoki ta ƙasa (  ), tana wakiltar gundumar zaɓe ta Merseburg . 

Yanayin siyasa ya canza kwatsam a watan Janairun 1933 lokacin da jam'iyyar Nazi ta karɓi mulki kuma ta rasa lokaci kaɗan wajen ƙirƙirar ƙasar jam'iyya ɗaya . Hukumomi sun ɗora alhakin gobarar Reichstag a ƙarshen Fabrairun 1933 a kan "kwaminisanci" nan take: 'yan siyasa waɗanda suka san tarihin kwaminisanci sun sami kansu a cikin sa ido da mafi muni. Ahlers ba su tsaya takarar sake tsayawa takara a Reichstag ba a watan Maris na 1933, wanda sakamakonsa a kowane hali aka shirya don bai wa Nazis ƙaramin rinjaye a cikin abin da yanzu ya zama taron da ya ragu sosai. Ahlers ta sami kanta a cikin zalunci saboda hannunta a cikin "cin amanar ƙasa" ( "Hoch-und Landesverrates", aikin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis yanzu haramun ne) kuma na ɗan lokaci tana rayuwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba (ba a yi rijista ba kuma tana ɓoyewa). [1]

## Manazarta
Marlies Deneke

**Marlies Deneke** (an haife shi **Marlies Kilian** : 23 Disamba 1953) 'yar siyasar Jamus ce ( SED / PDS ). 

Ta zauna a matsayin 'yar majalisar  Jamus ta Gabas (Volkskammer) tsakanin Maris da Oktoba 1990, sannan kuma bayan sake hadewar Bundestag .  A cikin watannin ƙarshe na Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Jamus da kuma bayan haka, ta kasance memba a cikin ƙungiyar shugabannin jam'iyya da ke ƙoƙarin canza Jam'iyyar Haɗin Kan Jama'a (  / SED) daga matsayin rinjaye a cikin ƙasar jam'iyya ɗaya ta Gabashin Jamus zuwa sabuwar rawar da ta taka a matsayin Jam'iyyar Gurguzu ta Dimokuraɗiyya (  / PDS), wata ƙungiya ta hagu da ke aiki a cikin mahallin jam'iyyu da yawa na sabuwar haɗin kan Jamus . 

## Rayuwa
An haifi Marlies Kilian a cikin iyali mai aiki a Magdeburg . Ta yi makarantar sakandare tsakanin 1960 da 1970, kamar yawancin mutanen zamaninta, ta zama memba, a 1967, na ƙungiyar Free German Youth ( Frie Deutsche Jugend / FDJ), wadda a zahiri ita ce ƙungiyar matasa ta SED mai mulki . [1] Ta shiga ƙungiyar ƙwadago ( Frieier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund / FDGB) a 1970, inda ta yi koyon sana'o'in kasuwanci tsakanin 1970 da 1972. [1] Daga nan ta sami aiki a gida tare da ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta Gabas ( Handelsorganisation ) wadda ta damu da samar da abubuwan yau da kullum a Magdeburg. An ɗaukaka ta zuwa matsayin "Mataimakiyar Daraktan Ayyuka" ( "stellvertretende Betriebsdirektorin" ) a 1977. [1] A 1979, ta zama memba na SED mai mulki . [1]

A shekarar 1980, ta fara karatun digiri na farko a fannin koyon nesa tare da Kwalejin Tattalin Arziki ta Dresden, wanda ya kai ta ga samun digiri a fannin tattalin arziki a shekarar 1985.   , ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar shugabannin Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin ...

A ranar 9 ga Disamba 1989, an zaɓi Marlies Deneke a kwamitin zartarwa da kuma shugaban sabuwar jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Democrat .  Tsakanin Janairu da Maris 1990, ta shiga cikin taron tattaunawa na Round Table a Berlin. A watan Yuni 1990, an zaɓi Deneke da André Brie a matsayin mataimakan shugabanni na PDS. 

Zaɓen gama gari na farko (kuma, kamar yadda al'amura suka bayyana, na ƙarshe) wanda aka tsara ta hanyar dimokuraɗiyya a Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyya ta Jamus ya faru ne a ranar 18 ga Maris 1990. PDS ta lashe kujeru 66 kacal daga cikin kujeru 400 a cikin sabon "Volkskammer", amma duk da haka sunan Deneke ya yi yawa a cikin jerin jam'iyyun don tabbatar da kasancewarta.  Ita ma tana ɗaya daga cikin membobin PDS 24 waɗanda suka koma sabuwar Bundestag a watan Oktoba 1990 bisa ga sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar haɗin kai da aka kammala a watan da ya gabata. Duk da haka, ba ta sake zama memba ba bayan zaɓen a watan Disamba 1990. An sake zaɓenta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban jam'iyyar PDS a watan Janairu 1991  ta riƙe matsayin da kuma babban matsayin jam'iyya har zuwa Disamba 1991.  

Marlies Deneke ta ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan tallafi ga ƙungiyar PDS a Bundestag na ɗan lokaci, amma ta yi murabus daga jam'iyyar a shekarar 2002. 

## Manazarta
Cocin Florence Bullard

Florence Church Bullard (1880-1967) ma'aikaciyar jinya ce ta Amurka kuma mai karɓar Croix de Guerre ta Faransa tare da tauraron tagulla . An horar da ita a makarantar jinya ta asibitin St. Mary a Rochester, Minnesota (daga baya wani ɓangare na Mayo Clinic), ta yi aiki tare da Red Cross na Amurka a cikin American Volunteer Motor Ambulance Corps .

## Rayuwa
An haife ta ne a watan Janairun 1880 a New Sweden a AuSable, New York . Bayan aiki a matsayin malamin makaranta a Glens Falls, New York, ta sauya sana'arta zuwa aikin jinya. Bullard ta kammala karatu a 1913 daga makarantar jinya ta asibitin St. Mary, wanda Sisters of Saint Francis na Rochester, Minnesota ke gudanarwa a Rochester, Minesota, daga baya wani ɓangare na Mayo Clinic. Da farko ta bi aiki a bangaren kiwon lafiya mai zaman kansa.

## Yaƙin Duniya na I
A shekara ta 1916, ta shiga kungiyar Red Cross na Amurka a matsayin wani ɓangare na American Volunteer Motor Ambulance Corps da aka sanya a asibitin Evacuation 13 a Neuilly-sur-Seine, Faransa. 

Duk da cewa Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya ya ɓarke a shekarar 1914, Amurka ba ta shiga cikin rikicin soja ba sai a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 1917.[1] An haɗu da ƙungiyar agajin gaggawa da Red Cross ta Burtaniya don jigilar sojojin kawance da suka ji rauni daga fagen daga zuwa asibitoci a Faransa. Lokacin da ayyukan jinya a asibiti suka tsaya a ƙarshen yaƙin, an ba wa Bullard tutar da ta zagaya asibitin. Saboda hidimarta a lokacin rikicin, ƙasar Faransa ta ba ta Croix de Guerre tauraro mai tagulla, tare da ambaton da ya nuna cewa ta tsaya tsayin daka kan nauyin da ke kanta ko da lokacin da bama-baman abokan gaba suka kusanto asibiti. A watan Satumba na 1918, ta zama mace ta farko 'yar Amurka da Faransa ta karrama ta haka.[2][3]
 

## Bayan yakin
Bayan karshen yakin, ta sake zama ma'aikaciyar jinya mai zaman kanta, kuma a wani lokaci an kira ta mai kula da jinya a asibitin Nettie Bowne da ke Poughkeepsie, New York. A cikin fitowar Mayu 1920, The Scribner's Magazine ya buga "Soissons", waka da Hardwicke Nevin ya rubuta kuma ya keɓe ga Bullard. Ita da wasu ma'aikatan jinya 23 da suka kware an dauke su don shiga "Red Cross Chautauqua Program" don yawon shakatawa a Amurka don inganta lafiya mai kyau ta hanyar tsabtace muhalli da kulawa a gida. A ƙarshen aikin jinya, Bullard ta kasance mataimakiyar mai kula da asibitin Poughkeepsie's Bowne Memorial Hospital a Dutchess County, New York.

A duk rayuwarta, Bullard ta ci gaba da kasancewa da alaƙa da Sisters of Saint Marys, ta yi imanin cewa aikin jinya ne kawai shaida ga ayyukansu masu kyau. Yayin da lafiyarta ta ragu a rayuwarta ta baya, kuma idanunta sun fara ɓacewa, Bullard ya juya ta Croix de Guerre da ambaton da ke tare da ita ga 'yan'uwa mata a 1961, tare da sharhi, "ba nawa ba ne kwata-kwata - amma tabbas an gabatar da su a gare ni don nuna godiya ga' yan'uwa mata na Saint Marys da aikin su mai ban mamaki wajen kirkirar da ci gaba da Makarantar Nursing. " [1][note 2]

## Dubi kuma

* Asibitin Mayo Clinic
* Mata na Mayo Clinic.

## Manazarta
Ƙaryata Clairouin

Denyse **Henriette Léonie Clairouin** (27 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1900 a birnin Paris - 12 ga watan Maris shekara ta 1945 a birnin Mauthausen) ta kasance mai fassara Faransanci kuma mai fafutukar adawa.

A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, ta kasance wani ɓangare na Resistance (ƙungiyar Sojojin Asirin). An kama ta a 1943 kuma aka kore ta zuwa Ravensbrück sannan kuma Mauthausen . Ta mutu a lokacin da aka kore ta a watan Maris na shekara ta 1945. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Legion of Honour da Croix de Guerre .

A shekara ta 1945, an kirkiro kyautar adabi ta Denyse Clairouin don bikin tunawa da ita. A shekara ta 1948, Louise Varèse ta sami kyautar don fassarar *Paris Spleen* ta Charles Baudelaire . 

## Manazarta
Marie-Louise Cloarec

**Marie-Louise Joséphine Cloarec** (10 ga Mayu 1917 - 18 ga Janairu 1945) jarumi ce ta Faransa ta Yaƙin Duniya na II wacce ta yi aiki a cikin Babban Jami'in Ayyuka na Musamman kuma Gwamnatin Nazi ta kashe ta. 

An haife ta ne a Carhaix, Finistère, Faransa kuma ta zama ma'aikaciyar jinya ta yara. A watan Mayu 1940 ta bar Carhaix don aiki a Grenoble a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya ga dangin wani jami'in Faransa kuma ta koma tare da su zuwa Aljeriya a matsayin mai kula da lokacin da aka tura shi can.

A Aljeriya ta shiga "Corps Féminin des Transmissions" (Women's Signal Corps) wanda Janar Lucien Merlin ya kafa, kuma an san shi da "Merlinettes" bayan mahaliccin su. Sauran sabbin sun kasance Eugénie Djendi, Pierrette Louin da Suzanne Mertzizen . Dukkanin hudu an tura su horo a Staouéli, kusa da Algiers.

Lokacin da kiran ya fito don kwararru na rediyo duk mata huɗu sun ba da kansu kuma an aika su zuwa London don ƙarin horo a matsayin masu aikin rediyo. Shirin, a St Albans da Manchester, ya rufe irin waɗannan abubuwa kamar saukar da parachute, gudanar da fashewa da yaƙi mara makami da kuma watsa rediyo na asali.

An saukar da Cloarec da dare a ranar 6 ga Afrilu 1944 zuwa yankin Limoges na Faransa tare da Pierette Louin, Suzanne Mertzizen da wasu biyu. Matan uku sun tafi Paris don zama tare da dan uwan Louin.

A ranar 27 ga Afrilu Gestapo ta kama su kuma ta yi musu tambayoyi, kafin a tura su a watan Agusta zuwa sansanin fursuna na Ravensbrück, inda suka gano Eugénie Djendi. Bayan an ki amincewa da bukatarsu da za a tura su zuwa sansanin fursunoni, an kashe matan hudu ta hanyar harbi a ranar 18 ga Janairun 1945 kuma an ƙone jikinsu kuma an binne su a cikin gandun daji da ke kusa.

An ayyana Cloarec "Mort pour la France" kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Croix de Guerre tare da Palme da Medal of the Resistance. Ana tunawa da ita tare da abokan aikinta a wurin Tunawa da Tempsford a Bedfordshire . 

## Manazarta
Caroline Sanford Finley

**Caroline Sanford Finley** (1875 - 1936) likita ce ta Amurka wacce ta jagoranci sashin Asibitocin Mata na Ƙasashen Waje, sashin likitancin mata a yakin duniya na farko. Har ila yau, ta kasance mai ba da izini wanda aikin likitancin kasashen waje ya sami goyon baya daga Ƙungiyar Mata ta Amurka (NAWSA). Finley ta kasance mai karɓar Croix de Guerre na Faransa . 

## Rayuwa ta farko da aiki
An haifi Finley a New York a shekara ta 1875. [1] Ta halarci Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Cornell . Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan ɗalibai goma a cikin aji, ta kammala a shekara ta 1901.[2] Ta yi aiki a New York Infirmary for Women and Children, cibiyar kiwon lafiya da Elizabeth Blackwell ta kafa.[1]

Carrie Chapman Catt da National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) ne suka zaɓi Finley don jagorantar Sashin Asibitin Mata na Ƙasashen Waje, wanda ƙungiyar farko ta haɗa da likitocin mata da ma'aikatan jinya na Amurka 78. Sashin Asibitin Mata na Ƙasashen Waje ya yi aiki tare da Service de Santé na Faransa, wanda ya jagoranci Finley ya sami matsayin Kyaftin Sojojin Faransa.

## Sanarwa
Don "kyakkyawan aikin tiyata da aka yi a ƙarƙashin babban barga a Faransa," an ba Finley lambar yabo ta Croix de Guerre, babbar lambar yabo a cikin sojojin Faransa. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin likitoci uku da suka karɓi wannan lambar yabo. An kuma ba ta lambar yabo ta MBE daga Yarima na Wales a kan HMS Renown don sanin aikinta na kula da tsoffin fursunonin yaki na Burtaniya waɗanda ke fama da mura a Metz. 

## Manazarta
Marianne Mithun

**Marianne Mithun** (/mɪˈθuːn/ mih-THOON; an haife ta a shekara ta 1946) masanin harshe ne na Amurka wanda ya kware a Harsunan Indiyawan Amurka da kuma nau'ikan harshe. Ita farfesa ce a fannin ilimin harshe a Jami'ar California, Santa Barbara, inda ta rike mukamin ilimi tun 1986.

## Ayyuka
Ta fara aikinta tare da aiki mai zurfi a kan Harsunan Iroquoian, musamman Mohawk, Cayuga, da Tuscarora, inda ta sami digirinta na PhD a fannin ilimin harshe daga Yale a 1974 tare da rubutun da ake kira "A Grammar of Tuscarora" (Floyd Lounsbury, mai kula da rubutun).  Ayyukanta sun kunshi fannoni da yawa na harshe, gami da morphology, syntax, Magana, prosody, hulɗar harshe da canji, typology, takardun harshe, da kuma alaƙa tsakanin waɗannan fannoni. Ta yi aiki a kan harsuna iri-iri daga iyalai daban-daban na harsuna, amma ta ƙware a cikin harsunan 'yan asalin Amurka. Baya ga harsunan Iroquoian, ta kuma yi aiki a California a kan Central Pomo da Harsunan Chumashan, a kan Central Alaskan Yup'ik, da kuma kan Harshen Austronesian Kapampangan .

Mithun ya tattara cikakken bayyani game da harsunan 'yan asalin Amurka a cikin Harsunan' yan asalin Arewacin Amurka.  Bincike a kan Linguist List ya bayyana aikin a matsayin "wani littafi mai kyau da za a samu a matsayin tunani" kuma yana dauke da "bayani mai yawa na bayanai da bayanai masu ban sha'awa. "Aikin yana da tushe na bangarori biyu da aka shirya da farko ta hanyar nau'ikan nahawu (gami da nau'ikan da suka fi yaduwa a Arewacin Amurka, kamar polysynthesis), kuma na biyu ta iyali.

Mithun da mijinta, masanin harshe Wallace Chafe, sun kafa kuma sun ba da umarnin Asusun Wallace Chafe da Marianne Mithun don Bincike kan Harsunan da ba a Nazarin ba. Asusun yana ba da tallafi ga ɗaliban digiri don rufe kuɗin da ke da alaƙa da ayyukan rubuce-rubucen harshe don harsunan da ba a yi nazari sosai ba.

## Kyaututtuka da girmamawa
Mithun ita ce shugabar kafa Society for Linguistic Anthropology daga 1983 zuwa 1985. Daga 1999 zuwa 2003 ta kasance shugabar kungiyar Association for Linguistic Typology .  Daga 2014 zuwa 2015 ta kasance shugabar The Societas Linguistica Europaea .  Ita memba ce ta Kwalejin Kimiyya da Harafi ta Norway . 

A shekara ta 2002 The Languages of Native North America ya lashe lambar yabo ta Leonard Bloomfield Book Award, wanda kungiyar Linguistic Society of America ke bayarwa kowace shekara don littafi mafi kyau a ilimin harshe.  A shekara ta 2008, an gabatar da Mithun a matsayin Fellow na Linguistic Society of America .  A cikin 2019, Mithun ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin Shugaban LSA / zaɓaɓɓen shugaban kungiyar Linguistic Society of America (LSA),  kuma a cikin 2020 ta yi aiki ne a matsayin Shugaba na 95 na LSA. 

A cikin 2021, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Neil da Saras Smith don ilimin harshe ta Kwalejin Burtaniya "don bincikenta game da yarukan 'yan asalin Amurka da Austronesian waɗanda ke wakiltar muhimmiyar gudummawa ga ilimin harshe".

Mithun ya koyar a cibiyoyi da yawa a duniya, ciki har da Georgetown, La Trobe, Rice, Stanford, SUNY Albany, Amsterdam, Cagliari, Berkeley, Hamburg, UIUC, UNM, Wake Forest, da Yale.

## Manazarta
Timothy Montler

**Timothy Montler** masanin kimiyya ne kuma masanin harshe na Amurka. Montler farfesa ne a fannin ilimi harshe a Jami'ar Arewacin Texas, tun daga shekarar 2013 .  Ya yi aiki don adana Harshen Klallam tun daga 1990.

Montler ya haɗu da Adeline Smith, dattijo na Ƙasar Elwha Klallam, don ƙirƙirar haruffa na farko na Harshen Klallam. Shi da Smith sun kuma kirkiro ƙamus na farko na harshen Klallam a duniya, wanda Jami'ar Washington Press ta buga a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2012. Montler da Smith sun hada kai a kan Klallam lexicon a cikin shekarun 1990, 2000-02, da farkon 2010s. Adeline Smith ya kara kalmomi da jimloli 12,000, mafi girman gudummawa ga ƙamus. Montler ya kuma yi aiki tare da wasu masu magana da Klallam, ciki har da Hazel Sampson, Ed Sampson, da Bea Charles.

## Manazarta
Pamela Munro

**Pamela Munro** (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga Mayu, 1947 ) masanin harshe ne na Amurka wanda ya kware a Harsuna 'Yan asalin Amurka. Ita ce fitacciyar farfesa mai bincike a fannin ilimin harshe a Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, inda ta rike mukami tun shekara ta 1974.

Ta sami digirinta na PhD a shekara ta 1974 daga Jami'ar California, San Diego, inda mai ba da shawara ta digiri Margaret Langdon. Garland ne ya buga rubutunta, mai taken Topics in Mojave Syntax, a shekarar 1976. 

Binciken ta ya mayar da hankali kan dukkan fannoni na harsunan asali na Amurka, kwanan nan yana mai da hankali kan harsunan Chickasaw (Muskogean; Oklahoma), Garifuna (Arawak; Amurka ta Tsakiya), Imbabura Quichua (Quechuan; Ecuador), Tongva (Uto-Aztecan; Los Angeles Basin), da Tlacolula Valley Zapotec (Zapotecan; Oaxaca ta Tsakiya, Mexico). Ta wallafa labarai da littattafai da yawa,  kuma ta taimaka wajen kirkirar ƙamus don San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec,  Chickasaw da Wolof . Har ila yau, ita ce mai tara jerin littattafai a kan yaren kwaleji, *Slang U* . 

An kira Munro don zama Farfesa Ken Hale a Cibiyar Harshen LSA ta 2019 da aka gudanar a UC-Davis . 

## Manazarta
Sandra Goldschmidt

**Sandra Goldschmidt** (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 1976) ƙwararriyar ƙungiyar ƙwadago ce ta Jamus. Tun daga watan Fabrairu 2023, ta kasance darakta ta yanki ta Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Haɗaka ( Ver.di ) da ke Hamburg . Ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar kwamitin kula da harkokin Kamfanin Hamburg don Gudanar da Kadarorin da Zuba Jari, shugabar kwamitin gudanarwa na Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Tarayya,  kuma memba ce a kwamitin gudanarwa na Majalisar Watsa Labarai ta NDR . 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Goldschmidt a wani ƙaramin ƙauye a Baden-Württemberg . Bayan kammala karatun sakandare da kuma horo a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto, ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaci a wani ɗakin daukar hoto na kasuwanci. A farkon shekarar 1999, ta nemi aiki a kamfanin yanar gizo na Pixelpark da ke Stuttgart, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin manajan ayyuka don hanyoyin sadarwa da kasuwancin e-commerce . A shekarar 2002, ta koma cibiyar sadarwa ta ver.di don ƙwararrun kafofin watsa labarai connexx.av da ke Munich, wata ƙungiyar masu sha'awar ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke tallafawa ma'aikata a watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo da talabijin da sabbin kafofin watsa labarai. A can, ta taimaka wajen kafa majalisar ayyuka a ƙungiyar kafofin watsa labarai da kuma mai rarraba fina-finai ta Premiere a lokacin rikicin da ya dabaibaye ƙungiyar Kirch, da sauransu. [ ana buƙatar ambato ]

A ƙarshen shekarar 2005, ta zama mataimakiyar shugaban ver.di Frank Bsirske a Berlin. Daga nan, ta koma Hanover a watan Fabrairun 2009 a matsayin shugabar sashen inshorar zamantakewa a gundumar ver.di ta Lower Saxony - Bremen . A ranar 28 ga Fabrairun 2015, an zaɓe ta mataimakiyar darakta ta yanki ta ver.di a Hamburg, inda take da alhakin fannoni na mata, matasa, da masu aikin yi da kansu, da kuma ayyukan membobi da ci gaban ƙungiyoyi. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

An zaɓi Goldschmidt a matsayin ɗan takara na sabon shugabancin yankin ver.di a watan Janairun 2023, bayan da shugaban ver.di na wancan lokacin, Berthold Bose, ya sanar da cewa ba zai sake tsayawa takara ba saboda dalilai na lafiya. Wani taron yanki ya zaɓi Goldschmidt a matsayin shugaban yankin a ranar 24 ga Fabrairun 2023, tare da ƙuri'u 56 daga cikin 82 masu inganci. Ita da tawagarta suna wakiltar kusan membobi ver.di 87,000 a Hamburg. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

Goldschmidt tana zaune tare da mijinta da 'ya'yanta uku a  kuma memba ne na Alliance 90/The Greens . &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Manazarta
William C. Sturtevant

**William Curtis Sturtevant** (Yuli 26, 1926 Morristown, New Jersey - Maris 2, 2007 Rockville, Maryland) masanin ilimin ɗan adam ne kuma Masanin ilimin kabilanci. An fi saninsa da babban editan littafin Handbook of North American Indians na 20. Shahararren masanin ilimin ɗan adam Claude Lévi-Strauss ya bayyana aikin a matsayin "wani kayan aiki mai mahimmanci wanda ya kamata a samu a kan ɗakunan karatu na duk ɗakunan karatu, na jama'a da masu zaman kansu".

Ayyukan Sturtevant sun mayar da hankali kan harsuna da al'adun 'yan asalin Amurka. An san shi musamman saboda aikinsa a kan tarihin da al'adun Florida Seminole .  A lokacin aikinsa, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kungiyar American Society for Ethnohistory, American Ethnological Society, da American Anthropological Association.

## Rayuwa
Ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley a 1949, kuma daga Jami'an Yale tare da Ph.D. a 1955, inda ya kasance dalibi na Floyd Lounsbury . Ya fara aiki a matsayin masanin ilimin ɗan adam na bincike na Ofishin Ethnology na Amurka kafin a nada shi mai kula da Ethnology na Arewacin Amurka a Gidan Tarihi na Amurka (daga baya Gidan Tarihin Tarihi na Kasa), Smithsonian Institution.

Sturtevant ya yi jayayya game da muhimmancin al'adun kayan aiki a cikin ilimin ɗan adam, musamman a cikin haɗa abubuwan da ke cikin tarin kayan tarihi. Jerin ayyukan da ya buga da waɗanda ba a buga ba suna samuwa a National Anthropological Archives of the Smithsonian Institution . 

## Iyali
Shi ne ɗan fari na masanin kwayoyin halitta Alfred Sturtevant kuma ɗan'uwan Harriet S. Shapiro . Ya auri Theda Maw, 'yar Ba Maw, daga 1952 zuwa 1986; suna da 'ya'ya uku. Sturtevant ya sake yin aure a 1990, ga masanin harshe Sally McLendon .  Sturtevant ya mutu a ranar 2 ga Maris, 2007, daga emphysema .

## Manazarta
Luise Ermisch

**Luise Ermisch** (an haife ta a matsayin **Luise Thürmer** ; 20 ga Mayu 1916 a Halle &#x2013; 17 ga Janairu 2001 a Mühlhausen ( Thuringia ) ƙwararriyar 'yar siyasa ce ta Jamus kuma daga baya ta zama babbar 'yar siyasa a Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Jamus (Gabashin Jamus),  wacce ta daidaita aikinta na siyasa da ci gaba da shiga harkar tufafi.

Ta shahara da "Hanyar Luise Ermisch" ( *"Luise-Ermisch-Methode"* ), wata hanya ce ta samar da kayayyaki a masana'antu wadda ta ƙunshi tsare-tsare dalla-dalla wanda ya raba tsarin masana'antu zuwa sassan wuraren aiki daban-daban kuma ya ba da damar aunawa, kimantawa, daidaita ma'auni da kuma danganta yawan da ingancin fitarwa. Ana iya amfani da sakamakon kididdigar da aka samu don ciyar da tsarin ƙarfafa gwiwa da lada. Saboda Gabashin Jamus yana aiki ne da tattalin arziki mai tsari na tsakiya, yana yiwuwa a yaɗa "Hanyar Luise Ermisch" cikin sauƙi.

## Rayuwa
Diyar wani ƙwararren mai yanka nama, Ermisch ta yi karatu a fannin yin tufafi tsakanin 1930 da 1933, bayan haka sai aka samu rashin aikin yi. Tsakanin 1937 da 1939 tana aiki a matsayin mai dinki. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu an tilasta mata yin aikin walda har zuwa 1945.

Bayan yaƙin, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai dinki a masana'antar VEB [1] Halle Dress. Ta shiga ƙungiyar 'Yancin Jamusawa ta Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci (FDGB / "Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund" ) a shekarar 1947. Daga nan, a shekarar 1949, ta sami ƙarin horo a makarantar yanki ta FDGB da kuma Makarantar Sakandare ta Fasaha da ke Neugersdorf . Ta zama memba na shugabannin ƙungiyar ƙwadago kuma ta kasance tare da kafa ƙungiyar farko ta "Brigade of Outstanding Quality" ( "Brigade der ausgezeichneten Qualität" ). A yanzu an zaɓe ta a matsayin mai fafutukar siyasa, kuma a shekarar 1950 ta shiga jam'iyyar SED (Jam'iyyar Hadin Kan Jama'a ta Jamus/ Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands ) mai mulki a ƙasar.

Daga shekarar 1954, Luise Ermisch ta fara aiwatar da "Hanyar Luise Ermisch" don rage tsarin samar da kayayyaki a masana'antu a cikin tsarin ka'idojin gasa ta gurguzu. A cikin masana'anta, an ƙirƙiri tsarin aiki don rarrabawa da gano adadin samarwa da inganci ga kowane ma'aikaci da ƙungiya. Lokacin da aka gano adadi da inganci kuma aka kimanta sakamakon, ana amfani da su don gano waɗanda suka karɓi kyaututtuka.

## Manazarta
Al-Amali (Ibn Babawayh)

***Al-Amali*** ( Arabic     ) yana nufin "littafin umarni". Al-Amali na Shaykh Saduq tarin hadisan ne da al-Shaykh al-Saduq, masanin shari'a kuma masanin tauhidi na shia ya tattara.  Amālī ko Majāles (Beirut, 1400/1980), ya rubuta zamansa na yau da kullun na Talata da Juma'a a Nīšāpūr a cikin 367-68/978-79. Waɗannan furucin sun ƙunshi hadisai daban-daban, amma galibi suna ba da labarin kyawawan halaye na Imamai. Waɗannan sun haɗa da kyawawan halaye da ɗabi'un gidan Muhammadu da gargaɗin ɗabi'a. 

## Batutuwa
Amali kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita ga littattafan da fitattun Musulmi suka bayyana fahimtarsu da tunaninsu, wanda suka yi imanin Allah ne ya ba su, tsari wanda ake kallo a matsayin al'ada tsakanin malaman Musulmai.

## Abubuwan da ke ciki
Wannan littafin kuma an san shi da Majlis, saboda an tattara shi ne sakamakon tarurruka tsakanin Sheykh Al Sadouq da sauransu. Littafin ya hada da Majlis 97.  Taron farko ya faru ne a ranar 18 ga watan Rajab na 367 lunar Hijrah . Taron karshe ya faru ne a watan Shaban a garin Mashhad kusa da masallacin imam Ali al-Ridha .

## Fassara
Muhammad Baqir Kamarei ya fassara littafin zuwa harshen Farisanci . Ali Ibn Muhammad Ibn Asdollah Hoseini Arizi Sepahani Isfahani ya samar da fassarar Hijrah ta ƙarni na 11 a watan Disamba.  Kwanan nan  Hosein Abedi ne ya fassara wannan littafin zuwa harshen Farisanci. Moulana sundralvi na Khushab Pakistan ne ya fassara shi da Urdu, wanda daga baya Zishan Haider Zaidi na Lahore Pakistan ya inganta shi.

Sayed Athar Rizvi da M / s Lantern Publications ne suka yi fassarar Turanci na Al-Amaali (Shaykh Saduq), Ostiraliya ta fitar da fassarar harsuna biyu a cikin Larabci da Ingilishi, wanda za'a iya samo shi ta hanyar Shiabooks Australia.  (https://www.shiabooks.com.au/collections/new/produts/al-amaali-shaykh-saduq-bilingual-edition) 

## Manazarta
Erna Herchenröder

**Erna Herchenröder-Lohmann**  ( née Lohmann ; 6 Maris 1903 - 3 Satumba 1977) ta kasance 'yar ƙungiyar kwadago ta Jamus kuma 'yar siyasa wacce ta yi aiki a Landtag na North Rhine-Westphalia daga 1953 zuwa 1958. Ta kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party, tana wakiltar wasu sassan Bochum .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Erna Herchenröder-Lohmann a ranar 6 ga Maris, 1903 a unguwar Harpen da ke Bochum a Westphalia . Ta yi karatu a makarantar firamare da ta kasuwanci. Tun tana ƙarama, Herchenröder ta kasance mai himma a cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago a matsayin memba na Matasan Ma'aikatan Gurguzu (  ) daga 1918 zuwa 1925. Daga 1919 zuwa 1922, ta kasance akawu a ƙungiyar ma'aikatan hakar ma'adinai ta Jamus kuma memba ce a ƙungiyar gama gari ta ma'aikata masu 'yanci . Lokacin da ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar malami ga gwamnatin birnin Bochum daga 1923 zuwa 1928, a lokaci guda ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar Reich Union of German Municipal Officers. Daga baya ta zama uwar gida, kuma ta kasance manajan darakta na Kamfanin Herchenröder daga 1940 zuwa 1942/3.  

Ta kasance memba a Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party tun 1921, an zaɓe ta a majalisar birnin Bochum a 1946, inda ta sami ƙuri'u 4,910. [1] [2] A ranar 23 ga Oktoba 1953, SPD ta naɗa ta a Landtag na North Rhine-Westphalia, inda ta cike gurbin kujera a jerin jihohin jam'iyyar ( landesliste [de] An zaɓi Herchenröder na cikakken wa'adi a zaɓen jihar North Rhine-Westphalia na 1954 ; ya tsaya a Bochum I state parliamentary constituency [de] mazabar, ta sami kashi 49.3% na ƙuri'un (kuri'u 26,657), wani rata na sama da kashi 18%. [1] [3] Yayin da take cikin Landtag, ta kasance memba na kwamitin manufofin zamantakewa da mata. [4] Herchenröder ta bar mulki a ƙarshen wa'adinta a ranar 12 ga Yuli 1958. [1]

Herchenröder ya mutu a Bochum a ranar 3 ga Satumba 1977. 

## Manazarta
Brunhilde Hanke

**Brunhilde Hanke** (née **Anweiler** ; 23 Maris 1930 - 13 Oktoba 2024) ɗan siyasa ne na Jamus wanda ya kasance magajin garin Potsdam kuma memba na Majalisar Jiha ta Gabashin Jamus .

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Hanke a Erfurt cikin iyali mai aiki.  Ta kammala koyon aikin dinki a shekarar 1947, inda ta shiga ƙungiyar 'Yancin Ƙwadago ta Jamus . Ba da daɗewa ba ta zama memba na jam'iyyar Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) da ƙungiyar matasa, Free German Youth (FDJ). A shekarar 1951–52, ta yi karatu a makarantar Komsomol da ke Moscow. Ta kammala karatun difloma a fannin kimiyyar zamantakewa a  a shekarar 1962. 

## Aikin siyasa
Tsakanin 1952 da 1963, Hanke ta kasance wani ɓangare na majalisar tsakiya ta FDJ. [1] Hanke ta zama magajin garin Potsdam a 1961. Aikinta na magajin gari ya kasance da gina gidaje 37,000, galibi a cikin salon Plattenbau . A lokacin mulkin magajin garinta, ta kuma shiga rikici da shugabannin SED game da kiyayewa da gyara gine-ginen tarihi. [2] Hanke ta ci gaba da zama magajin gari har zuwa 1984. [3] Bayan haka, daga 1987, ta jagoranci Kulturbund na gida a Potsdam. [4]

A shekarar 1963, an zaɓi Hanke a matsayin memba na  A shekarar 1967, an naɗa ta memba a Majalisar Jiha ta GDR, wato shugabar ƙasa ta gama gari a ƙasar. Ta ci gaba da zama memba a cibiyoyin biyu har zuwa 1990. 

An ba Hanke lambar yabo ta Patriotic Order of Merit a shekarar 1974 da kuma azurfa a shekarar 1979. 

Bayan sake hadewar Jamus, Hanke ya zama memba na jam'iyyar siyasa ta Die Linke . 

## Mutuwa
Henke ya mutu a Potsdam a ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 2024, yana da shekaru 94. 

## Manazarta