Richard Coulter (janar)

**Richard Coulter Sr.** (1 ga Oktoba, 1827 - 14 ga Oktoba, 1908) Kanar ne na Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka kuma Birgediya Janar na Brevet na masu sa kai a cikin Rundunar Sojojin Ƙasa, ɗan kasuwa ne, kuma ma'aikacin banki. A lokacin Yaƙin Basasa, shi ne Kanar na Rundunar Sojojin Pennsylvania ta 11, sau da yawa yana tashi zuwa kwamandan rundunar bayan raunata manyan jami'ai. A shekarar 1866, an zaɓe shi kuma an tabbatar da shi a matsayin Manjo Janar na masu sa kai na Brevet don ya zama mukami daga 1 ga Afrilu, 1865.

## Rayuwar farko da aiki
An haifi Richard Coulter, Sr. a Greensburg, Pennsylvania, ɗan Eli Coulter Jr. (1791–1830) da Rebecca Alexander. Eli Coulter fitaccen ɗan kasuwa ne kuma yana kula da injin niƙa tururi a Greensburg. Richard ya halarci Kwalejin Jefferson da ke Washington, Pennsylvania .  Bayan ya bar kwaleji a 1845 yana da shekaru 19, ya yi aiki a ofishin lauya na kawunsa, Richard Coulter (1788–1852) a Greensburg, inda ya zauna har zuwa farkon Yaƙin Mexico-Amurka .

Coulter ya shiga Westmoreland Guards, wani kamfanin 'yan bindiga na gida wanda aka tara a cikin Rundunar Sojan Amurka a matsayin Kamfani E na Rundunar Sojojin Sama ta Biyu ta Pennsylvania. Yana ɗaya daga cikin rukunoni biyu kacal da aka aika daga Pennsylvania don yin aiki a Mexico.  Coulter ya ga wani aiki a ƙarƙashin Janar Winfield Scott a yaƙin Vera Cruz da yaƙe-yaƙen Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Churubusco, da Chapultepec, da kuma kamawa da mamaye birnin Mexico a 1847. Ya yi aiki kai tsaye a ƙarƙashin Janar John W. Geary na gaba, mutumin da ba shi da girmamawa saboda girman kansa. 

Bayan Yaƙin Meksiko, rundunar sojojin ta koma Pennsylvania a watan Yunin 1848. Daga nan Coulter ya ci gaba da karatunsa na shari'a kuma aka shigar da shi cikin lauyoyi a 1849. Kawunsa ya zama alkalin Kotun Koli ta Pennsylvania a 1846, kuma Coulter ya karɓi aikin lauya na kawunsa a Greensburg. Ya yi aikin lauya har zuwa farkon Yaƙin Basasa a 1861. A cikin shekarun 1850, ya ci gaba da aiki a cikin rundunar 'yan sanda ta yankin.

## Yaƙin Basasa
Da barkewar yakin da kuma kiran makamai daga baya daga Shugaba Abraham Lincoln sannan Gwamnan Pennsylvania, Andrew Curtin, Coulter ya tara sojoji kuma aka zaɓe shi a matsayin kyaftin na farko. Ba da daɗewa ba aka sanya kamfanin a cikin rundunar sa kai ta 11 ta Pennsylvania, inda aka ɗaukaka Coulter zuwa Laftanar Kanar a ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 1861.  Lokacin da aka sake tsara rundunar a matsayin rundunar sojoji ta shekaru uku a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 1861, Coulter ya zama kwamandan rundunar har zuwa ƙarshen yaƙin a 1865.  Rundunar Coulter ta yi yaƙi a Cedar Mountain, Thoroughfare Gap, da Second Bull Run .  A Yaƙin Antietam, Coulter ya karɓi ragamar rundunar Brigade ta 3, Rukunin 2, Rukunin 1 lokacin da Brig. Janar George L. Hartsuff ya ji rauni. Da ya koma rundunar sojoji, Coulter ya yi yaƙi a Fredericksburg da Chancellorsville, inda ya ji rauni a na farko.  A yakin Gettysburg, Coulter ya karɓi ragamar rundunar sojojin Birged ta 1, Rukunin 2, ta I Corps lokacin da Brigade Janar Gabriel R. Paul da sauran manyan jami'ai suka ji rauni a ranar 1 ga Yuli kusa da Oak Ridge. Coulter da kansa ya ji rauni amma ya ci gaba da riƙe da rundunar sojojin Birged har zuwa ranar 3 ga Yuli lokacin da ya miƙa ragamar aiki na ɗan lokaci kafin ya koma aiki a ranar. 

A farkon Yaƙin Overland na 1864, Coulter yana kan jagorancin rundunarsa amma ya sake karɓar kwamandan rundunar (Birgediya ta 2, Rukunin 2, Rukunin V ) a daji lokacin da aka ji wa Brig. Janar Henry Baxter rauni a rana ta biyu ta yaƙin. A Spotsylvania ya karɓi jagorancin Rundunar Soja ta 2, Rundunar V lokacin da aka ji wa Brig. Janar John C. Robinson rauni kuma ya jagoranci rundunar na tsawon kwana biyu kafin ya koma kan kwamandan rundunar. A ranar 18 ga Mayu, 1864, Coulter ya sami rauni wanda ya hana shi aiki na tsawon watanni da dama masu zuwa.  A ranar 12 ga Disamba, 1864, Shugaba Abraham Lincoln ya naɗa Coulter a matsayin babban jami'in sa kai na Brevet, wanda zai zama matsayi daga 1 ga Agusta, 1864, kuma Majalisar Dattawan Amurka ta tabbatar da naɗin a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 1865.  A lokacin da aka yi wa Petersburg kawanya, Coulter ya koma fagen daga na ɗan lokaci a matsayin kwamandan rundunar sojojin Birged ta 2, rundunar sojojin ruwa ta 3, rundunar sojojin ruwa ta V a yaƙin Globe Tavern . Naɗin kwamandansa na ƙarshe shine rundunar sojojin ruwa ta 3, rundunar sojojin ruwa ta 3, rundunar sojojin ruwa ta V a lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓen Appomattox . An tattara shi daga ayyukan sa kai a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1865.  A ranar 31 ga Mayu, 1866, Shugaba Andrew Johnson ya naɗa Coulter a matsayin babban janar na masu sa kai, daga ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1865, saboda aikinsa a Yaƙin Five Forks kuma Majalisar Dattawan Amurka ta tabbatar da naɗin a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 1866. 

## Aikin bayan yaƙi

Bayan Yaƙin Basasa, Coulter ya koma Greensburg, inda ya fara harkar kasuwanci. Ya haɗu da wasu masu ba da kuɗi na gida da dama don zuba jari a masana'antu daban-daban, kasuwanci, da wuraren zama a cikin Greensburg da kewaye. Coulter ya fara haɗin gwiwa da George Franklin Huff, ɗan kasuwa kuma mai ba da kuɗi na gida wanda daga baya ya zama sanata na jiha da ɗan majalisar dokoki na Amurka . Coulter da Huff sun yi aiki tare a kan manyan kamfanoni da yawa mafi girma a Gundumar Westmoreland a shekarun 1880, ciki har da Kamfanin Coal and Coke na Keystone, Jirgin ƙasa na Greensburg-Hempfield Electric Street, da Bankin Farko na Greensburg (wanda yanzu shine Bankin Commonwealth na Farko ). Coulter ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban bankin har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1908. Ɗansa, Richard Coulter Jr. (1870-1955) ya hau kan mulki a matsayin shugaban ƙasa kuma ya riƙe wannan matsayi na tsawon shekaru sama da 40.

Greensburg tana kan babban ramin kwal mai siffar bituminous kimanin mil 30 a gabashin Pittsburgh. Ana buƙatar kwal da coke don masana'antar ƙarfe da aka gina a ciki da kuma kusa da Pittsburgh a shekarun 1860 da 1870. Coulter da Huff sun bunƙasa tare da karuwar masana'antar ƙarfe ta hanyar haɓakawa da haƙar ma'adinai a gundumar Westmoreland.

Janar Coulter ya auri Emmy Welty (1841–1929) kuma ya haifi 'ya'ya shida—Richard Coulter Jr., Rebecca, Henry, Alexander, William, da Margaret.

## Abin Tunawa
An yi bikin tunawa da Coulter a kan Dutsen Jihar Pennsylvania da ke Gettysburg National Military Park .

A matsayinsa na "shahararren tsohon soja na Yaƙin Basasa" daga Gundumar Westmoreland, Pennsylvania, kabarin Coulter ya samu halartar bikin cika shekaru 150 na Yaƙin Basasa na Westmoreland County. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin Janar-janar na sojojin Amurka na Yaƙin Basasa (Ƙungiyar)

## Manazarta