Robert Campbell (colonist)

**Robert Campbell**7 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta 1829 - 19 ga watan Janairu 1884) ɗan ƙasar Jamaica ne ɗan gudun hijira daga Amurka zuwa Najeriya wanda ya rubuta littattafai kuma ya buga jarida.Da farko ya koyi firintar da ya horar da shi a matsayin malami a cikin Garin Mutanen Espanya.Ganin cewa albashinsa bai isa ba a cikin rudanin tattalin arziki na bayan kawar da Jamaica ya yi hijira zuwa Nicaragua da Panama kafin ya zauna a birnin New York a shekarar 1853. He found work as a printer before being employed as a science teacher and then assistant principal at the Institute for Colored Youth in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

A cikin shekara ta 1858 Campbell ya shiga Martin R. Delany a Jam'iyyar Neman Kwarin Neja don nemo wurin da ya dace don zama mazaunin bakaken fata Amurkawa a Yammacin Afirka.An zaɓi wani wuri a Abeokuta (a Najeriya ta zamani) kuma balaguron ya koma Amurka.Campbell ya koma Afirka ne a shekarar 1862, amma ya gano cewa, saboda yakin basasar Amurka da kuma adawar da shugabannin Turawan mulkin mallaka na Legas suka yi da kuma takaddamar da ke tsakanin mutanen Egba da ’yan Birtaniya, shirinsa na sasantawa ya gagara.A maimakon haka Campbell ya zauna a Legas, ya kafa jaridar Anglo-African.Gwamnan Birtaniya Henry Stanhope Freeman ya yi adawa da hakan, wanda ya yi tunanin hakan zai haifar da rashin jin dadi tsakanin bangarori daban-daban na mulkin mallaka.Jaridar ta daina a 1865 kuma Campbell daga baya ya yi aiki don bunkasa mulkin mallaka ta kasuwanci.

## Rayuwar farko da aiki
An haifi Robert Campbell a ranar 7 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta 1829, a Kingston, Jamaica.An bayyana shi a matsayin "mulatto", dan uba farar fata dan ƙasar Scotland kuma uwa ce mai gauraya.Shekaru bayan haihuwar Campbell sun kasance cikin tashin hankali a Jamaica, tare da tasirin tattalin arziki daga 1833 kawar da bautar da annoba na kwalara.

Campbell ya sami matsayi a matsayin mai koyo a kantin buga littattafai kafin horo a matsayin malami a sabuwar makarantar Al'ada da aka kafa a garin Mutanen Espanya.Bayan haka Campbell ya yi aiki a matsayin malamin makaranta a Kingston.Karancin albashi da tabarbarewar tattalin arziƙi ya sa ya nemi aiki a kasashen waje.Ya kai iyalinsa zuwa Amurka ta tsakiya, yana aiki a Nicaragua da Panama a 1852.Gano yanayi a can kadan fiye da na Jamaica ya koma birnin New York shekara ta 1853. Campbell ya bayyana gano halayen wariyar launin fata a New York mafi muni fiye da waɗanda ya fuskanta a wani wuri.Aikin da ya iya samu shi ne, kamar a wani shagon buga littattafai da ɗan ƙasar Ingila, John Gray, abokin ƙwararren Lewis Tappan. ke gudanarwa.Daga 1855 ya zama malamin kimiyya sannan kuma mataimakin shugaban makaranta a Cibiyar Matasa masu launi a Philadelphia.

## Tsarin mulkin mallaka na yammacin Afirka

A cikin shekara ta 1858 Martin R. Delany ya gayyaci Campbell don shiga Jam'iyyar Neman Kwarin Neja.balaguron duba filaye da ke kewayen Abeokuta (a Najeriya ta zamani) don yuwuwar sasantawa da bakaken fata Amurkawa waɗanda ba su yarda da matakin wariyar launin fata a Amurka ba. An ba da shawarar Campbell ga Delany ta mai zane Robert Douglass Jr.Campbell da balaguro sun yi balaguro a yankin a cikin 1859-60, suna rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya tare da shugabannin yankin don tabbatar da ƙasa don daidaitawa.
Ya koma Amurka a shekara ta 1860. Ya rubuta ‘Yan Facts Relating to Lagos, Abeokuta and Other Sections of Central Africa, which published in Philadelphia in 1861, and A Pilgrimage to the Motherland:Asusu na Tafiya Daga cikin Egbas da Yarbawa na Afirka ta Tsakiya, a cikin 1859-60, wanda aka buga a New York a cikin 1861 (an sake buga wannan aikin a 1971).A cikin rubuce-rubucensa Campbell ya rubuta cewa masu son hijirarsa sun kasance "suna shirye su nemi gida a cikin ƙasar kakanninsu inda ba tare da hani na rashin adalci ba za su iya samun hanyar ba kawai na bunkasa tunaninsu da halin kirki ba.amma inganta kasuwancin halal da kuma samar da waɗannan kayan masarufi, musamman auduga, waɗanda a yanzu ake samarwa duniya gabaɗaya ta aikin bayi.tare da fatan zagon kasa ga bauta da cinikin bayi.Ya kuma yi fatan bakin hauren za su yi aiki a matsayin masu wa’azi a Afirka, tare da kawo “bakar ƙasa” zuwa aikin mishan na al’ada na Turai.
Campbell ya shirya komawa Najeriya kuma ya shafe shekaru biyu a Amurka yana shiri. Ya sayi gigin auduga da aka yi a Burtaniya,injin buga littattafai da sauran injuna don mulkin mallaka.Ya dawo Najeriya tare da matarsa ​​da ’ya’yansa hudu a watan Maris na shekarar 1862, ya isa Legas, wadda tun daga lokacin ta zama ‘yan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya.Campbell ya gano cewa barkewar yakin basasa na Amurka ya haifar da asarar sha'awar zama a ƙasashen waje da baƙaƙen fata Amurkawa suka yi, kuma sun yi adawa da mishan na Burtaniya da suka rigaya a Abeokuta da Sir Richard Burton mai binciken kuma jami'in diflomasiyyar Burtaniya.Mummunar dangantakar da ke tsakanin Turawan Ingila da mutanen Egba, wanda ya samo asali daga kafuwar yankin Legas da kuma tabarbarewar yunkurin Birtaniya na kafa karamin jakada a Abeokuta a watan Mayun 1862, shi ma ya kawo cikas ga Campbell.Bayan watan Mayu 1862 Campbell ya watsar da shirinsa na kafa mulkin mallaka ya zauna a Legas maimakon haka.

## ''Anglo-Afrika''

Campbell ya gano jim kadan bayan isowarsa cewa ya kasa yin amfani da gigin auduga amma ya kuduri aniyar fara jarida.Ya kafa The Anglo-African a matsayin jarida ta farko da aka buga a Legas. Bugu na farko ya bayyana a ranar 6 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 1863, kuma ana buga takarda a mako-mako har zuwa watan Disamba shekara ta 1865.Takardar ta yi nasara sosai amma gwamnan Burtaniya Henry Stanhope Freeman ya yi hamayya da shi wanda ya yi ƙoƙari, bai yi nasara ba, don sanya haraji a kanta.
## Ayukan baya
Campbell ya kasance mai himma a fannin adabi da kimiyya na Legas kuma daga 1865 ya shiga cikin kasuwanci da dama.Ya yi fatan bunkasa harkokin kasuwanci a Legas amma yaki ci gaba da yi tsakanin kabilun yankin ya kawo cikas ga ci gaban kasuwanci a gefen koguna.Campbell na daya daga cikin wasu mazauna Legas da suka kai karar ofishin ‘yan mulkin mallaka da su kafa wani kakkarfan gwamna don gudanar da harkokin cikin gida, in ji Captain John Hawley Glover.38  Campbell ya mutu a Legas a ranar 19 ga Janairu 1884.

## Manazarta