Cibiyar Shari'ar 'Yancin Dan Adam

Cibiyar Shari'ar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (**HRLN**) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Indiya da aka kafa a shekarar 1989 don kare muhimman hakkokin dan adam da 'yanci na' yanci na al'umma da suka fi rikitarwa da wadanda ba su da rauni. Yin aiki a kan haɗuwa da doka, shawarwari, manufofi, da ilimi, an shirya HRLN a matsayin ƙungiyar lauyoyi da masu gwagwarmayar zamantakewa waɗanda aka sadaukar don samar da taimakon shari'a ga marasa galihu da marasa galihu, suna ba da shawara don aiwatar da tsarin don kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da yaƙi da zalunci na tsarin, da kuma ilimantar da jama'a kan hakkinsu da magunguna. HRLN tana ba da sabis na shari'a na pro bono ga kungiyoyin da aka ware, tana gudanar da bincike game da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma tana gudanar da shari'ar tasiri mai mahimmanci don hidimar jama'a. Kungiyar tana aiki a duk faɗin dokar sha'awar jama'a, tana mai da hankali musamman kan haƙƙin yara, haƙƙin nakasassu, haƙƙin mutanen da ke zaune tare da cutar kanjamau / AIDS, haƙƙin fursunoni, haƙƙin 'yan gudun hijira, haƙƙin' 'Yan asalin ƙasar, haƙƙin ma'aikata, haƙƙin ƙarancin, da kariya ga waɗanda ke fama da tashin hankali na jima'i ko fataucin mutane.

HRLN wani aiki ne na Cibiyar Bayanai ta Socio-Legal (SLIC), ƙungiyar taimakon shari'a da ilimi mai zaman kanta wacce ke ba da taimako na shari'a kyauta ga mutanen da ba su da ikon neman maganin shari'a. SLIC ta gabatar da korafe-korafe sama da 100 a kowace shekara don kare lafiyar, mutunci, da haƙƙin 'yan ƙasar Indiya. SLIC da HRLN tare sune mafi girma a Indiya, mafi yawan shirye-shiryen haƙƙin ɗan adam na shari'a da kuma ƙungiyar haƙƙin haihuwa. SLIC kuma abokin aiki ne na Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yan Gudun Hijira. 

## Bayani
Kungiyar da ba ta da riba, HRLN ta fara ne a shekarar 1989 a matsayin karamin rukuni na lauyoyi da masu fafutukar zamantakewa daga Bombay. Colin Gonsalves ne ya jagoranci tawagar, babban lauyan jama'a, kuma yanzu Babban Lauyan Kotun Koli na Indiya. A yau, HRLN an dauke ta babbar kungiya ta shari'ar jama'a a kasar kuma tana da cibiyar sadarwa ta ƙasa da lauyoyi sama da 200, masu ba da izini, da masu gwagwarmayar zamantakewa da suka bazu a fadin jihohi 26 / Yankin Tarayya.

HRLN kuma ita ce iyayen Kotun Jama'ar Indiya (IPT), wanda kuma ake kira kotun jama-ar Indiya kan muhalli da haƙƙin ɗan adam ko kotun jama" mai zaman kanta. An kafa shi a watan Yunin 1993, IPT kwamiti ne wanda ba a hukuma ba wanda alƙalai masu ritaya ke jagoranta waɗanda ke gudanar da bincike na jama'a game da haƙƙin ɗan adam da cin zarafin muhalli. Yana samar da wata hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita ga wadanda abin ya shafa da ke fuskantar cikas da jinkirin hukuma a cikin isar da adalci. IPT tana gudanar da bincike a cikin shari'o'in sake komawa ga mutanen karkara don samar da madatsun ruwa ko wuraren shakatawa, korar mazauna ƙauyuka, gurɓataccen masana'antu da tashin hankali na al'umma ko na jihar.

A cikin 2013, an ba HRLN lambar yabo ta MacArthur don Cibiyoyin kirkira da tasiri saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga kare hakkin haihuwa a Indiya.

## Ayyuka

### Taimako na shari'a da shari'ar jama'a
HRLN tana ba da sabis na shari'a na pro-bono ga waɗanda ba su da ƙarancin ko babu damar shiga tsarin adalci, kuma suna gudanar da hanyar taimako ga mutanen da ke neman irin wannan taimako. Har ila yau, yana gudanar da shari'a don amfanin jama'a. Lauyoyi na HRLN suna ɗaukar shari'o'i a ƙananan kotuna da Kotun Koli da manyan kotuna daban-daban.

### Ilimi na shari'a
HRLN tana ba da horo ta hanyoyi da yawa kuma tana horar da matasa lauyoyi. HRLN kuma lokaci-lokaci tana buga kayan 'sanin haƙƙoƙinka'. Har ila yau, ƙungiyar tana ba da dama ga horarwa da tallafin karatu kuma tana shirya tarurruka na ƙasa, bita, da kuma darussan horo, kamar darussan takardar shaidar shari'a.

### Gudanarwa
HRLN tana aiki don kara wayar da kan jama'a ta hanyar bincike da yada bayanai game da keta doka da manufofi na yaki da matalauta. HRLN ta tsara dokoki da manufofi game da cin zarafin yara, game da laifukan jama'a, da kuma haƙƙin abinci da aiki.

### Bincike, saka idanu, da kuma mayar da martani ga rikici
HRLN tana gudanar da ayyukan bincike na gaskiya don saka idanu da kuma rubuta shari'o'in keta doka. Har ila yau, yana tura ƙungiyoyin shiga tsakani na rikici kuma yana tabbatar da cewa waɗannan shari'o'in suna ɗaukar nau'in korafe-korafe a kotu.

### Littattafai
HRLN ta wallafa littattafai kan haƙƙin ɗan adam, haƙƙin Dalit, haƙƙin 'yan gudun hijira, tashin hankali kan mata, HIV / AIDS, fataucin mutane, haƙƙin abinci, adalci na yara, tashin hankali na gida, da haƙƙin fursunoni, da sauransu. Hakanan yana samar da fina-finai a kai a kai kan batutuwan kare hakkin dan adam.

## Shirye-shiryen

* Hakkin yara
* Adalci na Laifi
* 'Yancin Dalit
* 'Yancin nakasassu
* Gaggawa / Bala'i
* Adalci na muhalli
* HIV / AIDS da 'yancin rayuwa masu kyau
* Hakkin Gidaje
* Ka kare masu kare
* Hakkin aiki
* Harin acid
* Kaddamar da Ciniki da Bautar
* Adalci na Mata
* Hakkin haifuwa
* 'Yancin Lafiya na Jama'a
* 'Yancin' Yan Gudun Hijira
* Hakkin Abinci
* Dalibai don 'Yancin Dan Adam
* Shari'ar Jama'a
* Jima'i 'Yancin Ƙananan' yanci
* Rashin Addini da Zaman Lafiya
* Hakkin samun bayanai
* 'Yancin Fursunoni

## Muhimman lambobi

### Shari'ar korar 'yan gudun hijira na Rohingya
HRLN tana da hannu a yaki da haƙƙin 'yan gudun hijira na Rohingya a Kotun Koli ta Indiya da Babban Kotun Jammu da Kashmir. Wanda ya kafa HRLN Colin Gonsalves yana wakiltar 'yan gudun hijirar Rohingya 6000 a Jammu don hana korar su zuwa Myanmar, inda suke fuskantar tsanantawa.

### Roƙon zubar da ciki ga wanda aka yi wa fyade mai shekaru 13
6 ga Satumba 2017: A cikin hukunci mai mahimmanci game da haƙƙin haihuwa, Kotun Koli ta Indiya ta ba da izinin wata mai shekaru 13 da aka yi wa fyade ta dakatar da ciki a makonni 32 tana tambayar "yadda irin wannan ƙaramar yarinya za ta iya zama uwa" a cikin shari'ar da HRLN ta gabatar. Tun da farko, a ranar 28 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2017 babbar kotun ta ki amincewa da wata takarda, a kan dalilai na kiwon lafiya, wanda wani dan shekara 10 da aka yi wa fyade ya gabatar, wanda ya nemi izini don dakatar da ciki mai makonni 32, wanda ya sa wannan hukunci na baya-bayan nan ya zama babban mataki a cikin hanyar da ta dace don tabbatar da haƙƙin haihuwa na mata. Dokar Kula da Magunguna ta Tsare da ciki, 1970, ba ta ba da izinin zubar da ciki fiye da makonni 20 na ciki - dokar da aka soki don shafar mata waɗanda suka gano abnormalities a cikin tayin ko kuma suka haifar da rikitarwa daga baya a cikin ciki, da wadanda aka yi wa fyade - musamman wadanda ba su kai shekaru ba.

### ''Kedar Nath Yadav vs. Jihar West Bengal da Sauran'', 2016
A cikin wannan babban lamari na mallakar ƙasar noma a ƙarƙashin dokar gaggawa don ayyukan masana'antu na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, HRLN a cikin 2016 ya lashe shari'ar a madadin manoma. A shekara ta 2006, Kamfanin Tata ya ba da sanarwar kafa shuka don kera Nano 'ƙaramin mota' a kan kadada 997 na ƙasar matalauta a gundumar Singur ta Yammacin Bengal. Manoma a Kotun Koli sun kalubalanci wannan saye. Lauyoyin HRLN sun bayyana ga wasu manoma kuma Kotun Koli a cikin 2016 ta soke sayen. Kotun Koli ta kuma ba da umarnin cewa a mayar da filayen ga manoma kuma manoma su riƙe diyya da kamfanin ya biya su.

### Archbishop Raphael Cheenath S.V.D. vs. Jihar Orissa da Anr, 2008
Babban keta haƙƙin ɗan adam na mutane marasa laifi ya faru a gundumar Kandhamal bayan kisan gillar shugaban VHP Swami Laxmanananda Saraswati inda aka kashe akalla Kiristoci 39 kuma aka lalata majami'u 232 a cikin tashin hankali na Agusta 2008. Kotun Koli a cikin hukunta ta nemi gwamnatin Odisha da ta sake bincika rufe shari'o'i 315 daga cikin jimlar shari'oʼi 827 da aka yi rajista da suka shafi tashin hankali na Kirista a gundumar Kandhamal a cikin 2008, kuma "duba cewa an kawo masu laifi a cikin ajiya" wanda 'yan sanda na jihar suka rufe a baya a kan cewa ko dai ba za a iya gano masu laifi ba ko kuma ba a yi wani laifi ba. Kotun ta kuma umarci jihar da ta biya ƙarin diyya ga wadanda abin ya shafa - Rs 3 lakh ga iyalai na waɗanda aka kashe a cikin tashin hankali.

### ''Dhal Singh Dewangan da Jihar Chhattisgarh'', 2014
A cikin wani hukunci mai ban mamaki, Kotun Koli ta wanke wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa wanda Kotun shari'a da Babban Kotun suka same shi da laifi kuma suka yanke masa Rukunin mutuwa suna cewa masu gabatar da kara ba su tabbatar da zargin da aka yi masa na kashe matarsa da 'ya'ya mata biyar ba bisa ga shaidar da aka rubuta. "A ra'ayinmu, yanayin da aka ambata ba ya samar da cikakken jerin shaidu kamar yadda ba za a bar wani dalili mai ma'ana ba don kammalawa wanda ya dace da rashin laifi na mai shigar da kara, kuma yanayin ba zai iya cire duk wani zato ba sai dai laifin wanda ake tuhuma, "in ji kotun.

### ''Shabnam Hashmi vs. Union of India and Others'', 2005
A cikin wannan shari'ar da wanda ya kafa HLRN Colin Gonsalves ya yi jayayya, Kotun Koli ta ba da damar ɗaukar yaro ga Musulmai, Kiristoci, Yahudawa, Parsis da duk sauran al'ummomin addini. Wannan haƙƙin ya kasance har sai an ƙuntata hukuncin ga Hindu, Buddha da Jains. Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa kowane mutum na iya ɗaukar yaro a ƙarƙashin Dokar Shari'a ta Yara (Kariya da Kare Yara)  2000 ba tare da la'akari da addini ba yana bi ko da yake idan dokokin mutum na wannan addini ba su ba da izini ba.

### ''Kungiyar kiwon lafiya da tsaro ta sana'a vs. Union of India and Others'', 2005
Colin Gonsalves ya wakilci Kungiyar Lafiya da Tsaro ta Aiki a cikin takardar neman Kotun Koli ta ba da umarni ga gwamnati don yin jagororin tsaro na ma'aikata daga cututtukan aiki. Mai shigar da kara ya wakilci kimanin 130 CoalFired thermal power plants (CFTPPs) a Indiya ya bazu a jihohi daban-daban, amma yana aiki ba tare da ingantaccen sabis na kiwon lafiya ba. Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci cewa haƙƙin kiwon lafiya da kulawa ta lafiya, yayin da yake aiki ko bayan ritaya, haƙƙin ma'aikaci ne, kuma wannan haƙƙin kiwo watau haƙƙin rayuwa a cikin yanayi mai tsabta, mai tsabta da aminci haƙƙin da ke gudana daga Mataki na 21: Kariya ta Rayuwa da 'Yancin Mutum.

### ''Sandesh Bansal vs. Union of India'', 2008
An shigar da shi a cikin 2008 ta HRLN a madadin Sandesh Bansal, mai fafutukar kiwon lafiya kuma memba na Jan Adhikaar Manch, shari'ar ta nemi alhakin gazawar gwamnati na girmamawa, karewa, da cika haƙƙin Mata masu juna biyu. Kotun Koli ta amince da cewa haƙƙin mace na tsira daga cikin ciki da haihuwa muhimmiyar dama ce da aka kare a karkashin Mataki na 21 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya. Kotun ta ce, "Babban aikin gwamnati ne ya tabbatar da cewa kowace mace ta tsira da ciki da haihuwa, don haka, Jihar Madhya Pradesh tana ƙarƙashin wajibin tabbatar da rayuwarsu". Don fahimtar ainihin yanayin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin, Kotun ta ba da umarnin aiwatar da Ofishin Lafiya na Ƙauyuka na Kasa nan take, tare da mai da hankali kan ƙarfafa ababen more rayuwa, samar da damar yin amfani da ayyukan kiwon lafiya na uwa a kan lokaci, ƙwararrun ma'aikata, ingantaccen turawa da hanyoyin gyara korafi.  

### ''Ƙungiyar Kurame ta Kasa ta hanyar sakataren hadin gwiwa da Wani vs. Union of India da Wani'', 2011
A cikin wannan hukunci mai mahimmanci wanda ya amfane miliyoyin kurame a Indiya, Babban Kotun Delhi ta ba da izinin kurame su yi gwajin tuki, kuma su sami lasisi idan sun wuce. Kafin wannan, Dokar Motoci da Dokokin ta atomatik sun hana kurame samun lasisi a kan zaton cewa kurame za su kasance haɗari ga jama'a. HRLN ta gabatar da takardar shaidar jama'a a Babban Kotun Delhi a madadin Ƙungiyar Kurame ta Kasa da ke gabatar da cewa babu wata hujja a ko'ina a duniya da za ta nuna cewa kurame za su kasance haɗari ga jama'a, kuma akasin haka, binciken ya nuna cewa sun kasance direbobi masu hankali. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&#x5B;**&#x5D;

### ''Devika Biswas vs. Union of India'', 2012
An gabatar da wannan takarda ne don mayar da martani ga kisan kiyashi na sansanin haihuwa a Bihar. An yi wa mata 53 kaciya ta tilasta a cikin sa'o'i biyu kawai. Ayyukan bincike na gaskiya na gaba sun nuna cewa ba a ba wadanda abin ya shafa bayanai game da aikin ba, kuma ba a sami yardarsu ba. Ba a kula da yanayin da suka faru bayan an yi musu ba, kuma an bar su ba tare da kulawa ba bayan aikin tiyata. A wani misali daga Chhattisgarh, mata 15 sun mutu bayan tiyata a wani sansanin haihuwa. A sansanoni biyu, likitoci sun yi amfani da laparoscopes guda biyu kawai don yin aiki a kan mata sama da 30. Bayan bincikenta, mai shigar da kara, mai fafutukar kare hakkin kiwon lafiya Devika Biswas, ta yi iƙirarin a gaban Kotun Koli ta Indiya (Kotu) cewa waɗannan abubuwan sun saba wa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya. Takardar neman diyya ta kudi, jagororin tsaro na marasa lafiya, jagorori don sharuddan aiki da dai sauransu. An ba da umarnin ɗaurewa don gudanar da ayyukan haihuwa.

### ''Jeeja Ghosh da Wani vs. Union of India and Others''
Bayan wata takarda ta HRLN, Kotun Koli ta umarci kamfanonin jiragen sama na SpiceJet da su biya Rs 10 lakh a matsayin lalacewa ga mai tashi da ke fama da Cutar ƙwaƙwalwa wanda aka sauke shi da karfi a cikin 2012. Bankin ya lura cewa ba a ba da mai ɗaukar hoto mai nakasa Jeeja Ghosh "daidaitaccen magani, mai adalci da kulawa", wanda ta buƙaci tare da "daida hankali" kuma shawarar da za a yanke mata "ba a kira shi ba" da kuma keta "girman ɗan adam". Ghosh, mai fafutukar kare hakkin nakasassu, an sauke ta daga jirgin SpiceJet a watan Fabrairun 2012 daga Kolkata lokacin da za ta halarci taron da aka shirya a Goa wanda kungiyar NGO ADAPT (Able Disable All People Together). Kotun da ta fi girma ta yanke shawarar cewa kamfanonin jiragen sama ne suka yanke shawarar sauke Ghosh "a cikin rashin tausayi", ba tare da wata shawara ta likita ko la'akari ba kuma yanayinta bai kasance ba cewa yana buƙatar kowane na'ura ko taimako.

### ''Parivartan Kendra vs. Union of India and Others''
'Yan'uwa mata biyu daga al'ummar Dalit daga Bihar an kai musu hari da acid a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 2012. Ɗaya ya sha wahala a kan kashi 28% na jikinta da kashi 90% na fuskarta, bayan harin acid. Parivartan Kendra, ƙungiyar mata, ta shigar da takarda tare da goyon bayan HRLN don tabbatar da cewa an sake farfado da wadanda suka tsira daga harin acid kuma ana bi da su da kulawa, hankali da ƙwarewa.

Kotun Koli ta umarci gwamnatin Bihar da ta biya wanda aka azabtar da farko da Rs 10 Lakhs, kuma 'yar'uwarta da Rs 3 Lakhs. Har ila yau, ya nuna cewa za a yanke shawarar biyan diyya ga wadanda ke fama da cutar acid bayan an yi la'akari da girman raunin da suka samu. Kotun ta kuma ba da umarni ga dukkan Jihohi da Yankin Tarayyar suyi la'akari da halin da ake ciki na irin waɗannan wadanda abin ya shafa kuma su dauki matakai masu dacewa game da hada sunayensu a ƙarƙashin jerin nakasassu. Baya ga yaki da shari'o'i don jin daɗin wadanda aka kai wa hari kan acid, HRLN kuma tana aiki sosai tare da shirya tarurruka kan tashin hankali kan mata.

### Babban sakataren Maharashtra ya nemi ya biya Rs 100 crore don gurɓata kogi
Kotun Koli a watan Nuwamba, 2017, ta umarci gwamnatin Maharashtra da ta biya Rs. 100 crore a matsayin diyya don maido da kogin Ulhas da Waldhuni. Wannan shari'ar ta shafi gurɓataccen gurɓatawar da ke faruwa a kogin Ulhas da Waldhuni da ke gudana ta hanyar Maharashtra. Lauyan Zaman Ali na Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (HRLN) ya bayyana a madadin mai shigar da kara, Vanashakti Public Trust . 

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Cibiyar Shari'ar 'Yancin Dan Adam
* Kotun Mutanen Indiya kan Muhalli da 'Yancin Dan Adam 
* HRLN na buƙatar matakan tsaro na wuta a makarantu