Tsarin carbon na sararin samaniya

A **yanayi na carbon sake zagayowar** lissafi don musayar gaseous carbon mahadi, da farko carbon dioxide ( CO  ), tsakanin duniya ta yanayi, da tekuna, da terrestrial biosphere . Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi sauri na zagayowar carbon na duniya baki daya, yana tallafawa musayar fiye da 200&nbsp;ton biliyan biliyan na carbon (watau gigatons carbon ko GtC) a ciki da wajen sararin samaniya a tsawon lokacin kowace shekara.  Matsakaicin yanayi na CO  ya kasance barga fiye da tsawon lokaci kawai lokacin da akwai ma'auni tsakanin waɗannan guda biyu. Methane (  ), Carbon monoxide (CO), da sauran mahaɗan da ɗan adam ke yi suna nan a cikin ƙananan ƙira kuma suna cikin yanayin zagayowar carbon na yanayi. 

Ayyukan ɗan adam, da farko cirewa da ƙone burbushin carbon daga lithosphere na Duniya wanda ya fara da Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu, sun dame ma'auni na baya na sake zagayowar carbon na yanayi kuma sun kasance mafi yawan alhakin ci gaba da sauri a cikin da concentrations.bYa zuwa shekara ta 2019, hayaki na shekara-shekara ya karu zuwa 10 GtC / shekara, tare da jimlar jimlar kusan 450 GtC da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin sake zagayowar. Rashin ruwa na ƙasa da na teku ya zuwa yanzu ya sha rabin carbon da aka kara, kuma rabin ya kasance a cikin yanayi da farko a matsayin CO2. Da yake zaton ci gaban da ke cikin hayaki yana ci gaba, yawan CO2 yana kan hanyar zuwa akalla ninki biyu a ƙarshen rabin wannan karni.

Tsarin carbon na yanayi yana da tasiri sosai ga ma'aunin makamashi na duniya ta hanyar tasirin greenhouse, kuma yana shafar acidity ko alkalinity na ruwan duniya da ƙasa. Duk da cewa ya ƙunshi ƙasa da 0.05% na duk iskar gas ta yanayi ta hanyar ɓangaren mole,  hauhawar kwanan nan a cikin carbon ya haifar da dumama na duniya da ƙarancin teku.  Irin waɗannan tasirin galibi ana hasashen su don ƙara hanzarta har sai an daidaita kuma an rage su.

## Gas masu mahimmanci

Yanayin yana daya daga cikin manyan tafkunan carbon na duniya kuma yana riƙe da kusan 720 gigatons na carbon tun daga shekara ta 2000. Yawan iskar gas mai guba ta carbon ya karu sosai tun farkon zamanin masana'antu. Wannan ya sa fahimtar ɓangaren carbon na yanayi ya zama da muhimmanci sosai. Manyan iskar gas guda biyu sune methane da carbon dioxide.

### Methane
 
Methane (CH4) yana daya daga cikin iskar gas mai karfi kuma galibi ana samar da shi ta hanyar narkewa ko lalacewar kwayoyin halitta. An dauke shi na biyu mafi mahimmancin iskar gas,  duk da haka ana fahimtar sake zagayowar methane a cikin yanayi a halin yanzu. Adadin methane da aka samar da kuma sha a kowace shekara ya bambanta sosai.

Ana iya samun manyan ajiyar methane a cikin nau'in kankara na methane a ƙarƙashin ƙanƙara da kuma kan ɗakunan nahiyar. Ana samar da ƙarin methane ta hanyar lalacewar anaerobic na kayan kwayoyin halitta kuma ana samar da shi a cikin sassan narkewar kwayoyin halitta, ƙasa, da dai sauransu. Samar da methane na halitta yana da asusun 10-30% na tushen methane na duniya.

Ana samar da methane na Anthropogenic ta hanyoyi daban-daban, misali ta hanyar kiwon shanu ko ta hanyar lalacewar shara a cikin shara. Har ila yau, masana'antu da yawa ne ke samar da shi, gami da hakar ma'adinai da rarraba man fetur. Fiye da kashi 70% na methane na yanayi ya fito ne daga tushen halittu. Matakan Methane sun tashi a hankali tun farkon zamanin masana'antu, daga ~ 700 ppb a cikin 1750 zuwa ~ 1775 ppb a shekara ta 2005.

Ana iya cire methane daga yanayi ta hanyar amsawar photochemically samar da hydroxyl free radical (OH). Hakanan yana iya barin yanayi ta hanyar shiga cikin stratosphere, inda aka lalata shi, ko kuma ta hanyar shiga ciki cikin nutsewar ƙasa. Saboda methane yana amsawa da sauri tare da wasu mahadi, ba ya zama a cikin yanayi muddin sauran iskar gas, misali carbon dioxide. Yana da rayuwar yanayi na kimanin shekaru takwas. Wannan yana riƙe da maida hankali ga methane a cikin yanayi kuma shine dalilin da ya sa a halin yanzu yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tasirin greenhouse zuwa carbon dioxide, duk da gaskiyar cewa yana samar da tasirin greenhouse mai ƙarfi sosai a kowane girma.

### Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) yana da babban dumamar sakamako a kan yanayin zafi na duniya ta hanyar tasirin greenhouse . Ko da yake ɗayan kwayoyin CO 2 suna da ɗan gajeren lokacin zama a cikin sararin samaniya, yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo don matakan carbon dioxide don nutsewa bayan tashin hankali kwatsam, saboda misali fashewar volcanic ko ayyukan ɗan adam  kuma a cikin yawancin iskar gas mai ɗorewa, shine mafi mahimmanci saboda yana samar da mafi girman juzu'in yanayi.  Tun lokacin juyin juya halin masana'antu, ƙaddamarwar CO 2 a cikin yanayi ya tashi daga kusan 280 ppm zuwa kusan 400 ppm.  Ko da yake adadin CO 2 da aka gabatar ya zama ɗan ƙaramin yanki na zagaye na carbon na duniya, tsawon lokacin zama na carbon dioxide ya sa waɗannan abubuwan da suka dace su dace da ma'aunin carbon. Ƙara yawan ƙwayar carbon dioxide yana ƙarfafa tasirin greenhouse, yana haifar da canje-canje ga yanayin duniya. Daga cikin adadin iskar carbon dioxide da ake gabatarwa a sararin samaniya a kowace shekara, kusan kashi 80% na daga konewar albarkatun mai da kuma samar da siminti. Sauran ~20% sun samo asali ne daga canjin amfani da ƙasa da sare itatuwa.  Saboda iskar iskar gas ba ta yin sauri da sauran sinadarai, manyan hanyoyin da ke canza yanayin carbon dioxide na yanayi sun haɗa da musanya da sauran tafkunan carbon na duniya, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin sassan da ke gaba.

## Ma'amala da wasu tsarin

Ana musayar carbon na sararin samaniya da sauri tsakanin tekuna da yanayin halittu na duniya. Wannan yana nufin cewa a wasu lokuta yanayi yana aiki azaman sink, kuma a wasu lokuta azaman tushen carbon. Sashe mai zuwa yana gabatar da musayar tsakanin yanayi da sauran abubuwan da ke cikin sake zagayowar carbon na duniya.

### Yanayin halittu na duniya
Ana musayar carbon tare da saurin canzawa tare da yanayin halittu na duniya. Ana shan shi a cikin nau'in carbon dioxide ta hanyar autotrophs kuma an canza shi zuwa mahadi na kwayoyin halitta. Hakanan ana fitar da carbon daga yanayin halittu zuwa cikin yanayi yayin hanyoyin halittu. Aerobic numfashi yana canza carbon na kwayoyin zuwa carbon dioxide kuma wani nau'in numfashi na anaerobic yana canza shi zuwa methane. Bayan numfashi, ana fitar da carbon dioxide da methane a cikin yanayi. Hakanan ana fitar da carbon na kwayoyin halitta a cikin yanayi yayin konewa.

Lokacin zama na carbon a cikin yanayin halittu na duniya ya bambanta kuma ya dogara da abubuwa da yawa. Samun carbon a cikin biosphere yana faruwa a kan ma'auni daban-daban na lokaci. Ana sha carbon da farko a lokacin girma na shuka. Ana iya lura da tsarin karuwar carbon a cikin rana (ƙananan carbon da aka sha a cikin dare) da kuma a cikin shekara (ƙananan carbone da aka shawo a cikin hunturu).  Duk da yake kwayoyin halitta a cikin dabbobi gabaɗaya suna lalacewa da sauri, suna saki yawancin carbon a cikin yanayi ta hanyar numfashi, carbon da aka adana a matsayin kwayoyin halitta na shuka na iya zama a cikin biosphere har zuwa shekaru goma ko fiye. Nau'ikan shuke-shuke daban-daban na kwayoyin shuke-tsire suna lalacewa a ƙididdiga daban-daban - alal misali, abubuwa masu katako suna riƙe da carbon su fiye da mai laushi, kayan ganye. Carbon mai aiki a cikin ƙasa na iya kasancewa a ɓoye har zuwa shekaru dubu, yayin da carbon mai amfani a cikin ƙasa zai iya kasancewa a cikin ɓoye fiye da shekara dubu.

### Tekuna
Kowace shekara, teku da yanayi suna musayar carbon mai yawa. Babban abin sarrafawa a cikin musayar carbon na teku da sararin samaniya shine zagayawar thermohaline. A yankunan da ke cikin teku, ruwa mai cike da carbon daga zurfin teku ya zo saman kuma ya saki carbon a cikin yanayi a matsayin carbon dioxide. Ana narkar da carbon dioxide mai yawa a cikin ruwan sanyi a wurare masu girma. Wannan ruwa yana nutsewa kuma yana kawo carbon cikin zurfin matakan teku, inda zai iya zama a ko'ina tsakanin shekarun da suka gabata da ƙarni da yawa. Abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin teku suna haifar da wannan tsari ya zama mai canzawa. Misali, a lokacin abubuwan da suka faru na El Nino akwai karancin zurfin teku, wanda ke haifar da rage fitar da carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi.

Hanyoyin halittu kuma suna haifar da musayar carbon na teku da yanayi. Carbon dioxide yana daidaitawa tsakanin yanayi da kuma saman teku. Yayin da autotrophs ke ƙara ko cire carbon dioxide daga ruwa ta hanyar photosynthesis ko numfashi, suna canza wannan ma'auni, suna ba da damar ruwa ya sha ƙarin carbon dioxide ko ya sa ya fitar da carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi.

### Geosphere
Carbon gabaɗaya ana musayar su a hankali tsakanin yanayi da yanayin ƙasa. Banbance-banbance guda biyu sune fashewar wuta mai aman wuta da konewar makamashin burbushin halittu, duka biyun suna fitar da adadin carbon mai yawa a cikin yanayi da sauri.  Sabon dutsen siliki wanda aka fallasa ta hanyar tsarin ƙasa yana ɗaukar carbon daga yanayi lokacin da aka fallasa shi zuwa iska ta hanyoyin yanayin yanayi da zaizayar ƙasa . &#x5B; &#x5D;

### Tushen ɗan adam

Ayyukan ɗan adam suna canza adadin carbon a cikin yanayi kai tsaye ta hanyar ƙone burbushin burbushin halittu da sauran kayan kwayoyin halitta, don haka suna ƙone carbon na kwayoyin halitta da samar da carbon dioxide.  Wani tushen carbon dioxide da mutum ya haifar shine samar da siminti. Ƙonewar man fetur da samar da siminti sune manyan dalilan karuwar CO2 na yanayi tun farkon zamanin masana'antu.

Sauran canje-canjen da mutum ya haifar a cikin yanayin carbon saboda canje-canjin ɗan adam ne ga tafkunan carbon. Kashe gandun daji, alal misali, yana rage ikon biosphere na sha carbon, don haka yana ƙara adadin carbon a cikin yanayi.

Kamar yadda amfani da carbon da mutane ke yi na masana'antu sabon abu ne mai ƙarfi akan sikelin yanayin ƙasa, yana da mahimmanci a sami damar gano tushe da nutsewar carbon a cikin yanayi. Hanya ɗaya ta yin hakan ita ce ta lura da daidaitattun isotope na carbon da ke cikin yanayi. Manyan isotopes na carbon guda biyu sune 12 C da 13 C. Tsire-tsire suna ɗaukar isotope mai sauƙi, 12 C, da sauri fiye da 13 C.  Saboda burbushin burbushin halittu ya samo asali ne daga abubuwan shuka, rabon 13 C / 12 C a cikin yanayi yana faɗuwa lokacin da aka ƙone mai yawa fossil fuels, sake sakewa a cikin 12 C. a cikin yanayi yana nuna haɓakar carbon biospheric mafi girma.  Matsakaicin haɓakar haɓakar yanayi na shekara-shekara na CO 2 idan aka kwatanta da hayaƙin CO 2 daga burbushin man fetur da siminti da aka ƙera ana kiransa " rashin iska ."  Ƙarƙashin iska ya kasance kusan 60% tun daga 1950s, yana nuna cewa kusan kashi 60% na sabon carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi a kowace shekara ya samo asali daga tushen ɗan adam.  Don bayyanawa, wannan ba yana nufin ya nuna cewa 60% na ɗaukar carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi ya fito ne daga ayyukan ɗan adam ba. Yana nufin cewa yanayi yana musayar kusan gigatons 210 na carbon kowace shekara, amma yana sha tsakanin gigaton 6 zuwa 10 fiye da yadda yake asara. Daga cikin wannan ribar da aka samu, kusan kashi 60% ana danganta shi da kona man fetur.

## Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

Fayil:Carbon_Dioxide_800kyr.svg|alt=Atmospheric CO2 concentrations over the last 800,000 years as measured from ice cores (blue/green) and directly (black).| Ƙimar yanayi CO  a cikin shekaru 800,000 na ƙarshe kamar yadda aka auna daga kankara (blue/kore) da kuma kai tsaye (baki).
Fayil:Carbon_dioxide_emissions_global_carbon_cycle.jpg|alt=Ocean and land sinks have taken up about half of fossil carbon emissions into the atmosphere. It's uncertain how long this will continue.| Nitsewar teku da ƙasa sun ɗauki kusan rabin iskar carbon da ake fitarwa zuwa sararin samaniya. Babu tabbas tsawon lokacin da wannan zai ci gaba. 
Fayil:Global_carbon_budget_components.png|alt=CO2 flows from human activity (left) into atmosphere, land, and ocean sinks (right).| CO  yana gudana daga ayyukan ɗan adam (hagu) zuwa cikin yanayi, ƙasa, da nutsewar teku (dama). 
Fayil:Anthropogenic_carbon_flows_1850-2018.png|alt=Anthropogenic carbon flows during years 1850-2018 (left) and 2009-2018 (right).| Anthropogenic carbon yana gudana a cikin shekaru 1850-2018 (hagu) da 2009-2018 (dama). 


## Manazarta