Zagayowar kimiyyar hallita

Zagayowar kimiyyar halitta, ko kuma gabaɗaya zagayen kwayoyin halitta, shine motsi da canza sinadarai da mahadi tsakanin rayayyun halittu, yanayi, da ɓawon ƙasa. Manyan hawan keken halittu sun haɗa da zagayowar carbon, zagayowar nitrogen da zagayowar ruwa. A cikin kowane zagayowar, sinadari ko kwayoyin halitta suna canza su kuma suna yin keke ta hanyar rayayyun halittu kuma ta nau'ikan yanayin kasa da tafki daban-daban, gami da yanayi, kasa da teku. Ana iya la'akari da shi azaman hanyar da wani sinadari yana kewayawa (yana jujjuya ko motsawa ta cikin) sashin kwayoyin halitta da sassan kwayoyin halitta na duniya. Sashin kwayoyin halitta shine biosphere kuma sassan abiotic sune yanayi, lithosphere da hydrosphere.

Misali, a cikin zagayowar Carbon, iskar Carbon dioxide da tsire-tsire ke shanyewa ta hanyar photosynthesis, wanda ke mayar da shi ya zama sinadarai masu gina jiki da kwayoyin halitta ke amfani da su wajen kuzari da girma. Ana sake sakin carbon zuwa cikin yanayi ta hanyar numfashi da rubewa. Bugu da ƙari, ana adana carbon a cikin albarkatun mai kuma ana fitar da shi cikin sararin samaniya ta hanyar ayyukan ɗan adam kamar kona mai. A cikin sake zagayowar nitrogen, tsire-tsire suna jujjuya iskar iskar nitrogen zuwa nau'ikan da za a iya amfani da su kamar ammonia da nitrates ta hanyar gyaran nitrogen. Wadannan mahadi za a iya amfani da su ta wasu kwayoyin halitta, kuma nitrogen aka mayar da su cikin yanayi ta denitrification da sauran matakai. A cikin zagayowar ruwa, ruwan ɗumbin ƙarfi na duniya yana ƙafewa daga ƙasa da tekuna don yin gizagizai a cikin sararin samaniya, sa'an nan kuma ya hauro zuwa sassa daban-daban na duniya. Ruwan sama na iya shiga cikin kasa ya zama wani bangare na tsarin ruwan karkashin kasa da tsirrai da sauran halittu ke amfani da su, ko kuma zai iya zubar da saman tafkuna da koguna. Ruwan da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa zai iya shiga cikin teku tare da magudanar ruwa, mai wadata da narkar da kwayoyin halitta da sauran abubuwan gina jiki.

Akwai zagayowar biogeochemical don wasu abubuwa da yawa, kamar na oxygen, hydrogen, phosphorus, calcium, iron, sulfur, mercury da selenium. Akwai kuma zagayawa ga kwayoyin halitta, kamar ruwa da silica. Bugu da kari akwai macroscopic cycles kamar dutsen cycle, da kuma mutum-induced cycles ga roba mahadi kamar na polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). A wasu zagayowar akwai wuraren tafki na kasa inda abubuwa zasu iya zama ko kuma a keɓance su na dogon lokaci.

Kewayoyin kwayoyin halitta sun haɗa da hulɗar nazarin halittu, ilimin ƙasa, da hanyoyin sinadarai. Hanyoyin halittu sun haɗa da tasirin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda ke da mahimmancin direbobi na hawan keke na biochemical. Ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suna da ikon aiwatar da matakai masu yawa na tsarin rayuwa masu mahimmanci don hawan keke na gina jiki (macronutrients da micronutrients) da sunadarai a cikin tsarin halittu na duniya. Idan ba tare da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa daga cikin waɗannan hanyoyin ba ba za su faru ba, tare da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan aiki na ƙasa da yanayin teku da kuma zagayowar biochemical na duniya gaba ɗaya. Canje-canje ga hawan keke na iya yin tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam. Kewayoyin suna da alaƙa da juna kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita yanayin yanayi, suna tallafawa haɓakar tsirrai, phytoplankton da sauran halittu, da kiyaye lafiyar halittu gabaɗaya. Ayyukan ɗan adam kamar kona albarkatun mai da amfani da taki mai yawa na iya kawo cikas ga zagayowar, yana ba da gudummawa ga sauyin yanayi, gurɓataccen yanayi, da sauran matsalolin muhalli.

## Bayani
Makamashi yana gudana ta hanyar tsarin muhalli, yana shiga azaman hasken rana (ko ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta don chemoautotrophs) kuma yana barin azaman zafi yayin yawancin canja wuri tsakanin matakan trophic. Duk da haka, al'amarin da ya ƙunshi rayayyun halittu ana kiyaye su kuma ana sake yin fa'ida. Abubuwan da aka fi sani da abubuwa shida da ke da alaƙa da kwayoyin halitta - carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, da sulfur - suna ɗaukar nau'ikan sinadarai iri-iri kuma suna iya wanzuwa na dogon lokaci a cikin yanayi, a ƙasa, cikin ruwa, ko ƙarƙashin saman duniya. Tsarin yanayin ƙasa, kamar yanayin yanayi, zaizayar ƙasa, magudanar ruwa, da rage faranti na nahiyar, duk suna taka rawa wajen sake yin amfani da kayan. Domin ilimin geology da sunadarai suna da babban matsayi a cikin nazarin wannan tsari, sake yin amfani da kwayoyin halitta a tsakanin rayayyun halittu da muhallin su ana kiran su da yanayin biogeochemical.

Abubuwa shida da aka ambata a baya, kwayoyin halitta suna amfani da su ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Ana samun hydrogen da oxygen a cikin ruwa da kwayoyin halitta, dukansu suna da mahimmanci ga rayuwa. Carbon yana samuwa a cikin dukkanin kwayoyin halitta, yayin da nitrogen wani muhimmin bangare ne na acid nucleic da sunadarai. Ana amfani da phosphorus don yin acid nucleic da phospholipids waɗanda suka ƙunshi membranes na halitta. Sulfur yana da mahimmanci ga siffar sunadaran mai girma uku. Keke keken waɗannan abubuwan yana da alaƙa da juna. Alal misali, motsin ruwa yana da mahimmanci don fitar da sulfur da phosphorus zuwa cikin koguna wanda zai iya gudana zuwa cikin teku. Ma'adanai suna zagayawa ta hanyar biosphere tsakanin sassan biotic da abiotic da daga wannan kwayar halitta zuwa wata.

Tsarin muhalli (tsarin halittu) yana da da yawa biogeochemical cycles aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin, misali, ruwa sake zagayowar, da carbon sake zagayowar, da nitrogen sake zagayowar, da dai sauransu. Duk wani sinadaran da ke faruwa a cikin kwayoyin halitta wani bangare ne na biogeochemical cycles. Baya ga kasancewa wani bangare na halittu masu rai, wadannan sinadarai kuma suna zagayawa ta hanyar kwayoyin halittun halittu kamar ruwa (hydrosphere), kasa (lithosphere), da/ko iska (yanayi).

Manyan ɓangarorin biosphere suna haɗe ta hanyar kwararar abubuwan sinadarai da mahadi a cikin zagayen ƙwayoyin halitta. A yawancin waɗannan zagayowar, biota yana taka muhimmiyar rawa. Ana fitar da kwayoyin halitta daga cikin duniya ta hanyar volcanoes. Yanayin yana musayar wasu mahadi da abubuwa cikin sauri tare da biota da tekuna. Musanya abubuwa tsakanin duwatsu, ƙasa, da tekuna gabaɗaya suna da hankali idan aka kwatanta.

Gudun makamashi a cikin yanayin yanayi shine tsarin budewa; Rana ta kasance tana ba duniya kuzari a cikin sigar haske yayin da a ƙarshe ana amfani da ita kuma ta ɓace a cikin yanayin zafi a cikin matakan trophic na gidan yanar gizon abinci. Ana amfani da Carbon don yin carbohydrates, fats, da sunadarai, manyan hanyoyin samar da makamashin abinci. Wadannan mahadi suna oxidized don saki carbon dioxide, wanda tsire-tsire za su iya kama su don yin mahadi. Ana yin tasirin sinadarai ta hanyar hasken hasken rana.

Ana buƙatar hasken rana don haɗa carbon da hydrogen da oxygen zuwa tushen makamashi, amma yanayin halittu a cikin teku mai zurfi, inda babu hasken rana da zai iya shiga, suna samun makamashi daga sulfur. Sulfide na hydrogen sulfide kusa da iska mai zafi na iya amfani da kwayoyin halitta kamar giant tube worm. A cikin zagayowar sulfur, sulfur za a iya sake yin fa'ida har abada a matsayin tushen kuzari. Ana iya fitar da makamashi ta hanyar oxidation da raguwar mahadi na sulfur (misali, oxidizing elemental sulfur zuwa sulfite sannan zuwa sulfate).

## Manazarta