Tallensi

**Tallensi**, wanda kuma aka fi sani da **Talensi**, mutanen arewacin Ghana ne waɗanda ke magana da yare na reshen Gur na dangin yaren Niger-Congo. Suna noman gero da dawa a matsayin kayan abinci kuma suna kiwon shanu, tumaki, da awaki kan ƙaramin ma'auni. Gidansu na yau da kullun shine dangin mazan jiya na maza da mata (wasu lokutan jikoki) tare da matansu da 'ya'yansu mata marasa aure. 'Ya'yan mata masu aure suna zaune tare da mazajensu a wasu al'ummomi, yawanci kusa.

## Al'adu da hadisai

### Kewaye da ɗan fari

Tallensi sun yi auren mata da yawa kuma suna bin tsarin dangi na dangi da zuriya. An ba da fifiko sosai kan gado da tashe-tashen hankulan da ke tattare da dangantakar iyaye da kuma ’ya’yansu. Ana ganin yana da muhimmanci mutum ya haifi ɗa idan yana son ya cika kuma a girmama shi a matsayin kakanni bayan mutuwarsa. Duk da haka, haihuwar ɗa na fari, da ɗan fari, ana yin ta ne don nuna ƙarshen 'tashi' na mutum a duniya, da farkon faduwarsa. A halin yanzu, ɗan ya girma ya maye gurbin mahaifinsa kuma ya maye gurbinsa. Sakamakon rashin daidaituwa tsakanin uba da ɗa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin al'adun Tallensi da haramun.

Taboos yana farawa ne lokacin da ɗan fari ya kai shekaru biyar ko shida. Tun daga wannan lokaci ɗa ba zai ci abinci ɗaya da mahaifinsa ba, ko ya sa hular mahaifinsa, ko rigar mahaifinsa, ko ya ɗauki kwalar mahaifinsa, ko bakan mahaifinsa, ko ya duba rumbun mahaifinsa. Lokacin da yaron ya girma, bazai hadu da mahaifinsa a ƙofar gidan ba. Irin wannan haramun akwai don daidaita alaƙar uwa da ɗiyar fari. 'Yar, alal misali, ƙila ba za ta kalli tukunyar ajiyar mahaifiyarta ba.

Bayan mutuwar uba, ɗansa na fari da ’yarsa suna gudanar da al’adar jana’izarsa. Dan, a wannan lokacin, ya sanya hula da rigar mahaifinsa. Wani dattijon ƙabila, ɗauke da bakansa, ya ja-goranci ɗan zuwa rumbun mahaifinsa kuma ya nuna masa ciki. Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, ana daukar dansa a matsayin balagagge don ayyukan ibada, kuma alhakinsa ne ya yi sadaukarwa ga kakanni, babban daga cikinsu shi ne mahaifinsa, wanda ba da jimawa ba ya mutu ana rike da shi a matsayin mai shiga tsakani a tsakanin wadancan. har yanzu suna raye da kuma kakanni masu nisa.

An yi imani da cewa waɗannan haramun da al'adu suna ba da gudummawar karkatar da ɓacin rai da bacin rai a tsakanin tsararraki zuwa hanyoyin bayyana ma'anar al'ada da kuma yarda da al'ada.

### Tsarkakkar Kada
Daga cikin kabilar Tallensi akwai imani da kada mai tsarki. Kamar yadda Meyer Fortes ya bayyana a cikin aikinsa na kabilanci "Ma'anar mutum", ana ɗaukar crocodiles na musamman a cikin wuraren tafki na musamman a cikin Tallensi. Babu wani dan gari, hakika babu Tallensi da zai kuskura ya kashe ko ya raunata kada mai tsarki. Kowane Tallensi ya san cewa waɗannan crocodiles sun kasance cikin jiki na mahimman kakannin dangi. Kashe daya daga cikin wadannan kamar kashe mutum ne. Kisan kai ne mafi muni kuma zai kawo bala'i a kan dukan dangi.

Duk da haka, ba duk crocodiles ana daukar su a matsayin mutane (*ni-saal*) misali, a cikin kogunan da ake kamun kifi a lokacin rani - ba mutum ba ne, ba mai tsarki ba ne. Ana iya kashe shi a ci.

## Manazarta

* Fortes, Meyer (1974). "The First Born". *Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry* **15**, 81&#x2013;104.
* Keesing, Roger Martin (1981). *Cultural Anthropology: A Contemporary Perspective* (2nd ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. .
* "Farefare". *Ethnologue*. Retrieved 12 May 2005. The report mentions Talni as a dialect of Farefare.

## Ci gaba da karatu

* Fortes, Meyer (1945). *The Dynamics of Clanship among the Tallensi*. London: Oxford University Press (for International African Institute).
* Fortes, Meyer (1949). *The Web of Kinship among the Tallensi*. London: Oxford University Press (for International African Institute).
* Fortes, Meyer (1959). *Oedipus and Job in West African Religion*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Two reports of a stay among the Tallensi in Gbeogo:↵
** Cleovoulou, Marios (June 1998). "How does development affect culture?".
** Cleovoulou, Marios (1998). "1998 Newsletter".
* Insoll, Timothy / MacLean, Rachel / Kankpeyeng, Benjamin (2013). *Temporalising Anthropology: Archaeology in the Talensi Tong Hills, Northern Ghana*. Frankfurt: Africa Magna Verlag
* Riehl, Volker (2003). *The Dynamics of Peace: role of traditional festivals of the Tallensí in northern Ghana in creating sustainable peace* In: Kröger, F. / B. Meier  (ed): Ghana’s North. Frankfurt/M.: Peter Lang Verlag, 207 - 223
* Riehl, Volker/Christiane Averbeck (1994) *‘Die Erde kommt, die Erde geht’: Zum religiösen Naturverständnis der Tallensi in Nord-Ghana* In: Sociologus, N.F., Bd. 44, 136-148
* Riehl, Volker (1993). *Natur und Gemeinschaft: Sozialanthropologische Untersuchungen zur Gleichheit bei den Tallensi in Nord-Ghana* Frankfurt/M.: Peter Lang Verlag
* Riehl, Volker (1989) The Land is Ours: Research on the Land-Use System among the Tallensi in Northern Ghana. In: Cambridge Anthropology, Vol. 14, No. 2, 26-42