Juyin mulkin Nijar na 2010

An yi juyin mulki a Nijar a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu shekara ta 2010. Sojoji sun kai hari fadar shugaban kasa a Niamey a karkashin harbin makamai da tsakar rana kuma sun kama Shugaba Mamadou Tandja, wanda ke jagorantar taron gwamnati a lokacin. Daga baya a ranar, 'yan tawaye sun sanar a talabijin da kafa Majalisar Koli don Maido da Dimokuradiyya (CSRD),   karkashin jagorancin chef d'escadron Salou Djibo.

## Tarihi

Wannan juyin mulki ya biyo bayan rikicin siyasa na shekara guda a Nijar wanda ya shafi kokarin Shugaba Tandja na tsawaita wa'adinsa bayan Disamba shekara ta  2009, lokacin da aka shirya wa'adin sa na biyu don kawo karshen. Da yake jayayya cewa mutane suna son ya ci gaba da aiki, Tandja ya rushe Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a watan Mayu shekara ta 2009 sannan ya nada sabuwar Kotun Kundin Tsarin Mulki, wanda ya ba shi damar ci gaba da raba gardama na kundin tsarin mulki a watan Agusta shekara  ta 2009 wanda ya tsawaita wa'adinsa na ƙarin shekaru uku. Sabon kundin tsarin mulki ya kuma inganta ikon Tandja ta hanyar soke tsarin mulkin shugaban kasa don tallafawa tsarin shugaban kasa.

Yan adawa sun yi fushi da kokarin Tandja na ci gaba da aiki kuma sun zarge shi da zama mai mulkin kama karya. Tandja kuma ta fuskanci zargi mai karfi na kasa da kasa da na yanki sakamakon abubuwan da suka faru a shekara ta 2009; An dakatar da Nijar daga Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS), kuma an dakatar da wasu taimako daga kasashen yamma. Duk da yake Tandja ya ce yana buƙatar ci gaba da aiki don kula da ayyukan da ke da ƙimar tattalin arziki mai yawa, wasu sun ji cewa Nijar, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi talauci a duniya, tana cikin matsayi mara kyau don jimrewa da kowane mataki na warewa. Tsohon ministan Mariama Gamatié ya nuna matsala mai tsanani da ke ci gaba kuma ya yi jayayya cewa "ba za mu iya biyan [Tandja] son kai ba".

Kodayake Tandja ta tattauna da 'yan adawa a tattaunawar da ECOWAS ta yi, an yi tunanin tattaunawar ta kai ga tsayawa a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2010. 'Yan adawa sun zargi Tandja da rashin ci gaba kuma sun ci gaba da nuna rashin amincewa da mulkinsa; an gudanar da babban zanga-zanga, sama da 10,000, a Niamey a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu shekara ta 2010. 

Tandja yana daya daga cikin 'yan siyasa masu dorewa a Nijar, ya fara shiga siyasa ta hanyar shiga cikin juyin mulkin 1974 wanda ya kawo Seyni Kountché zuwa mulki. Ya rike mukamai daban-daban a karkashin mulkin Kountché sannan ya jagoranci National Movement for the Society of Development (MNSD) a matsayin shugaban adawa a cikin shekarun 1990. Wani Juyin mulki na 1999 ya shirya hanya don zaben kyauta da adalci wanda aka zabi Tandja a matsayin shugaban kasa.

## Rikicin farko
Wani rukuni na sojoji daga wani bariki a Tondibiya, kusa da Niamey, an ruwaito sun shiga birnin tare da motocin makamai da tsakar rana a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu shekara ta 2010 kuma sun bude wuta a fadar shugaban kasa. Sun yi haka yayin da taron gwamnati, wanda Tandja ke jagoranta, ke farawa. An ji harbin bindiga da fashewa a kusa da fadar shugaban kasa "ba tare da tsayawa ba" na kimanin minti 30, sannan kuma "harbe-harbe". Wani "babban jami'in Faransa" ya gaya wa kamfanin dillancin labarai Agence France-Presse cewa an yi yunkurin juyin mulki kuma "zai bayyana cewa Tandja ba ta cikin matsayi mai kyau ba". A sakamakon harin, sojojin 'yan tawaye sun kama Tandja.

Akalla mutane 10, ciki har da sojoji hudu, an kashe su. Gwamnatin Faransa ta nemi 'yan kasar Faransa a Niamey su kasance a cikin gida don aminci.

Bayan tashin hankali ya fara, tituna a tsakiyar gari sun yi saurin watsi da su yayin da fararen hula suka nemi mafaka daga abubuwan da suka faru. Tashar rediyo ta kasa Voix du Sahel ta ci gaba da watsa shirye-shirye,  kodayake an katse shi na minti 15. Daga baya ya kasa ambaton tashin hankali a lokacin rahoton labarai na yau da kullun na rana  kuma ya buga kiɗa na gargajiya. 

## Abubuwan da suka faru na gaba
Bayan 'yan sa'o'i bayan tashin hankali na farko, rahotanni sun fito suna nuna cewa yunkurin juyin mulki, wanda aka ce Manjo Adamou Harouna ne ya jagoranci, ya yi nasara. An ce an tsare Tandja da ministocin gwamnati a wani wuri kusa da fadar. An watsa waƙoƙin soja a gidan rediyo na ƙasa.

Daga baya a ranar, an sanar da kafa gwamnatin mulki, Majalisar Koli don Maido da Dimokuradiyya (CSRD), a talabijin. Da yake magana ga CSRD, Kanal Abdul Karim Goukoye, wanda wasu sojoji suka kewaye shi, ya sanar da cewa an dakatar da kundin tsarin mulki kuma an rushe cibiyoyin jihar, kamar Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa. Ya yi kira ga kwanciyar hankali da hadin kai tsakanin mutane kuma ya bukaci "ra'ayoyin kasa da kasa da su goyi bayan mu a cikin aikinmu na kishin kasa don ceton Nijar da jama'arta daga talauci, yaudara da cin hanci da rashawa". A cewar Goukoye, sojoji sun yi aiki ne saboda sun ji bukatar warware "yanayin siyasa na Nijar". Sanarwar ba ta ambaci Tandja ba, kuma ta kasa bayyana tsawon lokacin da CSRD ke shirin ci gaba da mulki. Ya ce, duk da haka, an rufe iyakokin ƙasa kuma ana sanya dokar hana fita ta dare. An ɗaga rufe kan iyaka da dokar hana fita washegari.

Kodayake Adamou Harouna ne ya jagoranci juyin mulkin,  Colonel Salou Djibo ne ya jagoranci CSRD.  A lokacin juyin mulkin an dauke shi wani mutum ne wanda ba a san shi ba, wanda jama'a ba su san shi sosai ba. Kasancewar wasu jami'an da suka halarci juyin mulkin 1999, wanda ya haifar da zaɓen kyauta da adalci a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, ya haifar da bege a wasu sassan cewa CSRD za ta bi irin wannan hanya.

A cewar Reuters, rayuwa a Niamey ta koma yadda take a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu kuma akwai "ma'anar taimako da bege don canji" bayan rikice-rikicen siyasa da kuma warewa. Ayyukan gwamnati sun ci gaba, tare da ma'aikatun da sakataren janar ke gudanarwa. Da yake magana a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, Djibo ya yi jinkiri game da niyyar CSRD, yana cewa kawai "muna a farkon farawa, kuma za mu kirkiro ƙungiyar ba da shawara". Da yake magana da BBC, Goukoye ya ba da tabbaci game da lafiyar Tandja da aminci: "Muna kula da shi - tuna cewa yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin sojoji". Ya kuma ce an saki mafi yawan ministocin Tandja; kodayake uku sun kasance a tsare, Goukoye ya ce su ma za a sake su cikin kwanaki.

Nan da nan bayan juyin mulkin, hadin gwiwar adawa na Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR) ya sanar da junta game da shirye-shiryen ta "don ba da gudummawa ga ƙirƙirar sabon kundin tsarin mulki da shirya zaɓe na kyauta, gaskiya da gaskiya". CFDR ta kuma gudanar da taro a Niamey a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, inda sama da mutane 10,000 suka halarta. A wannan lokacin, CFDR ta gode wa junta don korar Tandja kuma ta nuna hadin kai ga sojoji, tana kallon juyin mulki a matsayin damar dawo da dimokuradiyya.

A wani taron koli na shugabannin Afirka ta Yamma a Bamako a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, Kanal Djibrilla Hima, memba na junta, ya ce za a gudanar da zabe a wani lokaci, lokacin da halin da ake ciki ya daidaita kuma yanayin da ya dace ya wanzu. Mohamed Ibn Chambas, Shugaban Hukumar ECOWAS, ya sadu da junta a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu kuma ya ce daga baya yana son "gajeren canji"; tsarin canji zai haɗa da tattaunawar siyasa, kuma za a tantance jadawalin canji ta hanyar wannan tattaunawar. Hima, a halin yanzu, ya nuna nasarar da aka samu ta hanyar juyin mulkin 1999 kuma ya ba da tabbacin cewa "za mu yi abu ɗaya". Ya kuma yi jayayya cewa sojoji sun kwace mulki ne kawai a matsayin mafita ta ƙarshe bayan 'yan siyasa sun kasa warware halin da ake ciki. Game da Tandja, Hima ya ce ana tsare shi a gidan yari a wani kauye na Niamey.

A cewar Hima, ministocin uku "har yanzu suna karkashin sa ido" &#x2D; Firayim Minista -" data-linkid="160" href="./Ali_Badjo_Gamatié" id="mwiA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ali Badjo Gamatié">Ali Badjo Gamatié, Ministan Cikin Gida Albadé Abouba, da Ministan Kudi Ali Lamine Zeine - sun gudanar da "matsayi mai mahimmanci" a karkashin Tandja sabili da haka ya zama dole "don tabbatar da tsaron su". Jam'iyyar Tandja, MNSD, ta yi kira da a saki ministocin uku, da Tandja.

An nada Djibo a matsayin shugaban kasa da shugaban gwamnati ta hanyar doka a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu. Daga nan sai ya nada Mahamadou Danda, wanda ya kasance Ministan Sadarwa a lokacin sauya mulkin da ya biyo bayan juyin mulkin 1999, a matsayin Firayim Minista a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu.

Mohamed Bazoum, daya daga cikin manyan mambobin CFDR, ya ce a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu cewa hadin gwiwarsa na son a gurfanar da Tandja a gaban shari'a saboda ya soke kundin tsarin mulki na 1999 a kokarinsa na ci gaba da mulki. A cewar Bazoum, irin wannan gwaji ya zama dole don hana shugabannin gaba daga bin irin wannan hanya. Ya ce ya kamata junta ta riƙe Tandja har sai "cibiyoyin dimokuradiyya" sun kasance, sannan kuma ya kamata a gwada Tandja, kodayake ya kuma ce ya ji cewa hukuncin kisa ba zai zama dole ba.

Janar Moumouni Boureima, wanda ya kasance Babban Jami'in Sojoji a karkashin Tandja, ya yi adawa da juyin mulkin, kuma an ruwaito bayan juyin mulkin cewa tankuna sun kewaye gidansa.

Da yake magana ga CSRD, Goukoye ya bayyana a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu cewa mambobin CSRD da "duk wani bangare na wucin gadi" ba za su yi takara a zaben da aka shirya ba. Ya kasance ba ya son ƙayyade jadawalin zaɓe, yana mai cewa za a ƙayyade kwanakin ta hanyar tsarin shawarwari. Goukoye ya kuma bayyana cewa ministocin Tandja shida, maimakon uku, suna cikin tsare, kuma Morocco ta ba da mafaka ga Tandja.

A ranar 1 ga Maris 2010, an nada gwamnatin wucin gadi ta ministoci 20. An ba da fayiloli biyar ga jami'ai, uku daga cikinsu (ciki har da Ministan Tsaro) janar ne da ke da alaƙa da Tandja. An saki tsohon Firayim Minista Gamatié tare da wasu tsoffin ministoci biyar a ranar 4 ga watan Maris, amma Tandja da Albadé Abouba sun kasance a tsare.

Duk da yake gwamnatin Tandja ta ci gaba da neman rage matsalar yunwa da yunwa &#x2D; har zuwa inda aka dauke shi "kusan batun da ba a yarda da shi ba" &#x2D; CSRD da sauri ya nuna wata hanya daban. A ranar 10 ga watan Maris, Firayim Minista Danda ya ba da "kira ta gaggawa" ga al'ummomin duniya don taimako. A cewar Danda, kashi 58% na yawan jama'a na iya shafar rashin abinci; a karkashin Tandja, an sanya adadin ƙasa sosai, a kusan kashi 20%. Danda ta tattauna shirye-shiryen gwamnati na taimakon gaggawa, kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da EU sun yi alkawarin taimako.

An kama Moctar Kassoum, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Sadarwa da Kakakin Gwamnati kafin juyin mulkin, a ranar 15 ga watan Maris bayan "ya bukaci mutane su yi azumi da shirya addu'o'i don kiran Allah" don neman sakin Tandja da Abouba. Ya kuma zargi CSRD da munafunci da ci gaba da tsare Tandja da Abouba yayin da yake magana game da sulhu. An ruwaito cewa an kama Kassoum ne saboda "ƙetare tsarin jama'a" ta hanyar maganganunsa, amma junta ta sake shi a ranar 18 ga Maris.

A cikin watannin karshe da ta yi kan mulki, gwamnatin Tandja ta fara tuhumar manyan 'yan adawar kasar, lamarin da ya tilasta musu yin zaman gudun hijira. A karkashin CSRD, an yi watsi da tuhumar kuma an ƙarfafa shugabannin adawa su koma gida. Babban jagoran 'yan adawa Mahamane Ousmane &#x2014; wanda ya kasance shugaban kasar Nijar daga 1993 zuwa 1996 kuma shugaban majalisar dokokin kasar daga 1999 zuwa 2009 &#x2014; ya dawo Nijar cikin "hankali" a jirgi daga Abuja a ranar 24 ga Maris 2010. 

A ranar 29 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2010, CSRD ta kama manyan abokan tarayya da masu goyon bayan Tandja. A cewar Ousmane Cissé, Ministan Cikin Gida, an kama su ne saboda suna da hannu a cikin "ayyukan tawaye da lalata gwamnati da tsarin sauyawa". Wadanda aka kama sun hada da Seyni Oumarou, Shugaban MNSD; a karkashin Tandja, ya kasance Firayim Minista daga 2007 zuwa 2009 sannan ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Dokoki kafin juyin mulki. Sauran wadanda aka kama sun hada da Garba Lompo (Ministan Shari'a), Lamido Moumouni (Ministan Kayan aiki), da kuma Ali Lamine Zeine (Ministan Kudi). Kassoum, wanda aka saki kwanaki 11 da suka gabata, an sake kama shi. An kuma kama shugabannin kamfanonin da ke karkashin gwamnati. Cissé ya jaddada cewa duk wani aiki da aka yi niyyar lalata gwamnati ko tayar da tashin hankali za a hukunta shi: "Jam'iyyar yanzu ba za ta iya jure waɗannan ayyukan don lalata kokarin CSRD na sulhunta 'yan Najeriya ba. "

A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 20 da Tandja ta nada jami'an kamfanin jihar &#x2014; ciki har da shugabannin kamfanin hakar ma'adinai na jihar, SOPAMIN, da kamfanin shigo da man fetur na jihar, SONIDEP &#x2014; an maye gurbinsu a mukamansu.  Hukumar CSRD ta saki masu biyayya ga Tandja 14 da aka kama washegari.   Cissé, ministan cikin gida, ya ce "ayyukan da suke yi na tada zaune tsaye" sun kasance "a cikin tsaka mai wuya" kuma an saki wadanda ake zargin "don kwantar da hankali". 

Djibo ya nada kwamitin don tsara kundin tsarin mulki a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 2010. Ya kammala aikinsa cikin kwanaki 45. Majalisar ba da shawara, wani kungiya da CSRD ta kafa, sannan ta sanar da jadawalin da aka tsara don tsarin sauyawa a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 2010. Dangane da jadawalin, jerin kuri'u za su fara a ranar 24 ga Oktoba 2010, lokacin da za a gudanar da raba gardama kan sabon kundin tsarin mulki; kundin tsarin mulki, idan aka amince da shi ta hanyar raba gardama, za a gabatar da shi a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba. Za a gudanar da zagaye na farko na zaben shugaban kasa da na majalisa a ranar 26 ga Disamba 2010, kuma za a sanar da sakamakon a ranar 12 ga Janairun 2011. Za a gudanar da zagaye na biyu na zaben shugaban kasa, tare da zaben kananan hukumomi a ranar 26 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2011; za a sanar da sakamakon zagaye na biyar na shugaban kasa a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairun shekara, shekara ta 2011, Majalisar Dokoki za ta fara zama a lokacin majalisar dokoki a ranar 14 ga watan Fabirun shekara. Shirin zai kammala tare da rantsuwa da sabon shugaban da aka zaba a ranar 1 ga Maris 2011. 

CSRD ta sanar a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2010 cewa ta yarda da shawarar Majalisar Shawara don saita tsawon canjin a matsayin shekara guda, kodayake ta ce za a gudanar da hanyoyin zabe a cikin tsari daban (referendum, zaben gida, zaben majalisar dokoki, zaben shugaban kasa).  Janairu 3 da 14 an saita su don Zaben shugaban kasa, yayin da Janairu 3 zai zama Zaben majalisa.

## Halin kasa da kasa

* : A New York, Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkinobho Ban Ki-moon ya yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin, yana jaddada "rashin amincewarsa da sauye-sauyen da ba bisa ka'ida ba na gwamnati da kuma yunkurin ci gaba da mulki ta hanyar rashin bin doka, " in ji mataimakin mai magana da yawun Majalisar Dinkin duniya Marie Okabe.
* Kungiyar Afirka: Wani jami'in AU, Mull Sebujja Katende, ya bayyana cewa: "Ya zuwa yau, Nijar ba za ta shiga cikin ayyukanmu ba. Mun yi Allah wadai da juyin mulki kuma mun sanya takunkumi a kan Nijar: An dakatar da Nijar daga duk ayyukan AU"  Shugaban Kungiyar Afirka Jean Ping ya yi Allah wadain juyin mulki da damuwa.
* : Ministan Harkokin Waje na Senegal Madicke Niang ya gaya wa manema labarai a Niamey cewa ECOWAS tana "sa ran sauyawa cikin lumana bayan abubuwan da suka faru a cikin 'yan kwanaki da suka gabata".
* : Shugaban Libya Muammar Gaddafi ya aika da wakilin neman tabbacin cewa ba za a cutar da Tandja da iyalinsa ba.
* : Mai magana da yawun Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje Philip Crowley ya ce "Wannan yanayi ne mai wahala [...] Shugaba Tandja yana ƙoƙarin tsawaita wa'adinsa a ofis. Kuma a bayyane yake, wannan zai iya zama [...] wani aiki a madadinsa wanda ya haifar da wannan aikin a yau. " Crowley ya jaddada cewa Amurka ba ta da cikakken bayani game da ainihin yanayin juyin mulki, kuma cewa Nijar tana buƙatar gudanar da zabe don kafa sabuwar gwamnati. Amurka ta yi kira ga "dawo da sauri ga dimokuradiyya". 
* : Mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin waje Bernard Valero ya bayyana cewa, "Faransa ta yi Allah wadai da karbar mulki ta hanyar da ba bisa ka'ida ba". Faransa, wacce Nijar tsohuwar mallaka ce, ta kuma bukaci sabon zabe "a cikin watanni masu zuwa".

## Zaben raba gardama da zaɓuɓɓuka a cikin 2010-2011
A ƙarshen shekara ta 2010 Majalisar Koli don Maido da Dimokuradiyya ta shirya raba gardama ta tsarin mulki. A farkon shekara ta 2011 an gudanar da babban zabe. An zabi tsohon shugaban adawa Mahamadou Issoufou a matsayin shugaban kasa.

### Yunkurin juyin mulki na 2011
A watan Yulin 2011, an kama jami'an soja goma saboda shirya juyin mulki da kisan gillar Shugaba Issoufou. An yi zargin cewa an shirya yunkurin kisan ne a ranar 16 ga watan Yuli a wani taron da ya nuna kwanaki 100 na farko na Issofou a ofis.  Sau da yawa an yi imanin cewa yunkurin juyin mulki ya samo asali ne daga rashin gamsuwa da kokarin da Issoufou ya yi na kawar da cin hanci da rashawa a cikin soja.

## Manazarta