Kiwon lafiya a Norway

A Norway, kananan hukumomi suna da alhakin samar da kiwon lafiya na asali, yayin da jihar ke ba da kiwon lafiyar musamman ta hanyar asibitocin jama'a. 

Da yake ba a ware kudaden da ake ba kananan hukumomi don wata manufa ta musamman, kowace karamar hukuma tana da ‘yancin tantance kasafin lafiyarta.  Gundumomi suna daidaita ayyukan kiwon lafiya na farko ta hanyar yarjejeniya da likitoci masu zaman kansu.  A Norway, ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu ba a biya su diyya sai dai idan suna da kwangila tare da sabis na kiwon lafiyar jama'a..

Dukkan asibitocin jama'a a Norway ana gudanar da su azaman amintattun lafiya (helseforetak (HF)) waɗanda aka haɗa cikin ɗayan hukumomin kiwon lafiya na yanki huɗu (RHF) wanda Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Kulawa ke kulawa.  Baya ga wadannan asibitocin gwamnati, akwai wasu kananan asibitocin kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu da ke aiki a halin yanzu. 

## Kididdiga
Tare da yawan mutane 5,391,369 a farkon kwata na 2021,  da kuma yawan kudin shiga na kasa na mutum na 70 800 (PPP, dala ta duniya ta yanzu) a cikin 2019,  Norway tana da tsammanin rayuwa a lokacin haihuwa na shekaru 84 ga mata da shekaru 81 ga maza a cikin 2016. Ya zuwa 2019, akwai mutuwar 2.5 ga yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 5 a kowace haihuwar haihuwa 1000.

## Samun da farashi

Kudin da ake kashewa a kan kiwon lafiya kusan 7,727 USD ne ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara a cikin 2020,  daga cikin mafi girma a duniya.  Yana da mafi girman rabo na ma'aikatan jinya da masu juna biyu ga kowane mutum a Turai: 1,744 ga kowane mutum 100,000 a cikin 2015.

Yayin da samun lafiyar jama'a ya zama gama gari a Norway, akwai wasu ƙa'idodin biyan kuɗi.  Yara masu shekaru goma sha shida ko ƙanana, da wasu ƙungiyoyi da yawa (kamar mata masu jinya da waɗanda suka yi ritaya) ana ba su kiwon lafiya kyauta ba tare da la'akari da ɗaukar hoto da za su iya samu a yanayin da suka gabata ba.  Duk sauran 'yan ƙasa suna da alhakin biyan wani adadi a cikin kuɗin mai amfani.  Idan sun kai adadin kuɗin da aka biya daga aljihu, suna karɓar katin keɓe (frikort na helsetjenester a cikin Yaren mutanen Norway) don ayyukan kiwon lafiyar jama'a, kuma ba za su ƙara biyan kuɗin mai amfani ba na sauran shekara ta kalanda.  Adadin shine NOK 2,460 a shekarar 2021, ko kuma kusan dalar Amurka 264.  Duk abin da ke sama da wannan adadin ana bayar da shi kyauta har tsawon waccan shekarar.

Katin cirewa ya rufe Likitocin iyali, masu ilimin halayyar dan adam, asibitocin asibiti, sabis na radiology, gwaje-gwaje na dakin gwaje-gaje, tafiye-tafiye na haƙuri, magunguna da kayan aiki da ke fadawa ƙarƙashin tsarin "blue prescription", physiotherapy, cututtukan hakora da abnormalities, Periodontitis, farfadowa, da tafiya don magani a kasashen waje wanda [./Oslo_University_Hospital,_&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Rikshospitalet" id="mwYA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet">Asibitin Kasa] (Rikshospitalet) ya shirya. Ba a haɗa likitocin haƙori da masu tsabtace haƙori ba, amma asibiti da duk abin da ya shafi kasancewa a asibiti a Norway kyauta ne ga kowane ɗan ƙasa ba tare da la'akari da samun kudin shiga ko matsayi ba. Dangane da shigar da dakin gaggawa, duk farashin kiwon lafiya na yanzu ana rufe su.

## Kudin kiwon lafiya da kudaden gwamnati

Norway tana da matsayi mai girma a kan matsayi daban-daban a cikin ayyukan kiwon lafiya a duk duniya. Abu na musamman ga tsarin kiwon lafiya na Norway shine cewa jihar tana tallafawa kusan duk kuɗin da mai haƙuri zai kashe. Marasa lafiya da ke da ƙarin kuɗi mai yawa saboda rashin lafiya na dindindin suna karɓar cire haraji.

A cikin 2020, kashi 11.3% na GDP na ƙasar ya tafi kashe kuɗin kiwon lafiya, kuma kusan kashi 14% ne kawai na wannan ya kashe kuɗin masu zaman kansu (bayar da ke cikin aljihu), wanda ke nuna bukatun raba farashin matsakaici. Kashi na jama'a na kashe kuɗin kiwon lafiya a matsayin rabo na jimlar kuɗin gwamnati yana kusa da 17% kawai.

Gwamnati tana kirkirar kasafin kuɗi kiwon lafiya na shekara-shekara na shekara mai zuwa, kowace shekara a watan Disamba. Wannan kasafin kudin ya hada da duk kudade a cikin reshen kiwon lafiya na Norway. Majalisar ta kada kuri'a ne kawai a wasu lokuta don ƙarin kuɗi daga baya a cikin shekara, da farko ga asibitoci. Jiha ta jin daɗi jama'a tana da tsada sosai don kiyayewa da ingantawa bayan daidaituwa da hauhawar farashin shekara.

Fensho, wanda aka tsara bayan shekaru, shine mafi girman farashi a cikin sashin kasafin kuɗi wanda ke rufe kiwon lafiya da jin dadin jama'a. Gwamnati ta canza a cikin shekara ta 2018 gudanar da kudade da kudade ga bangaren kiwon lafiya, tare da burin rage tsawon layin jira da inganta ayyukan kiwon lafiya.

Ana ba da kudade don kula da asibiti ga hukumomin kiwon lafiya na yanki bayan an zartar da kasafin kuɗi na shekara mai zuwa. Suna da alhakin rarraba kudaden kuɗi ga asibitoci da sauran ayyukan kiwon lafiya a cikin gida.

## Tarihi da ci gaba
Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu gwamnatin Norway ta yanke shawarar hada kiwon lafiya na ƙasa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka fi mayar da hankali ga ci gaban jihar. Jiha tana da alhakin samar da sabis na kiwon lafiya mai kyau da ake bukata ga kowa. Wannan alhakin ya kasu tsakanin matakai uku na gwamnati: jihar, gundumar, da kuma karamar hukuma. 

Gwamnati tana da alhakin bunkasa dokoki da kuma zartar da lissafi, amma Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Kulawa tana da babban alhakin gudanar da yau da kullun da ayyukan siyasar kiwon lafiya da ayyukan kiwon lafiya a Norway. A shekara ta 2001 kowane ɗan ƙasa ya sami damar samun likita na dindindin a yankin da suke zaune. Majalisar birni a kowace gundumar tana da alhakin wannan haƙƙin, kuma suna kuma fara yarjejeniyoyi da hadin kai tare da likitoci.

Wannan ci gaba yana daya daga cikin da yawa a cikin kiwon lafiya da Norway ke bayarwa. Sauye-sauye daban-daban suna da alaƙa da juna cewa dukansu sun zo ne a matsayin martani ga tsarin da ba su da inganci waɗanda ba su yi amfani da duk albarkatun da ke akwai ba. Wani babban gyare-gyare da ya zo a farkon karni na 21, shine sake fasalin kiwon lafiya na 2002.

## Gyaran asibiti na 2002
A shekara ta 2002, gwamnati ta dauki nauyin gudanar da asibitoci a kasar. Kjell Magne Bondevik shine Firayim Minista a lokacin. Ya kasance shugaban Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Kirista kuma ya kasance shugaban gwamnatin hadin gwiwa (tare da Conservatives da Liberals). Har zuwa wannan lokacin, asibitoci a Norway suna aiki da yankuna da majalisun birni. Manufar sake fasalin ita ce inganta ingancin maganin likita, don gudanar da asibitoci yadda ya kamata fiye da baya da kuma yin maganin likita daidai ga kowa da kowa a kasar.

Sabon Gudanar da Jama'a ne ya yi wahayi zuwa ga sake fasalin, kuma an sami manyan canje-canje bisa ga waɗannan ka'idoji. An shirya asibitoci da ayyuka a matsayin amintattun kiwon lafiya a cikin Hukumomin kiwon lafiya na yanki guda biyar. Wadannan ƙungiyoyi ne masu zaman kansu waɗanda aka shirya kuma aka gudanar da su kamar kamfanoni, tare da wasu bambance-bambance: amintattun kiwon lafiya da hukumomi mallakar gwamnati ce kawai, ba za su iya yin fatara ba kuma gwamnati ta tabbatar da su. Gwamnati kuma tana ba da rance kuma tana ba su kuɗi daga kudaden jihar.

Canjin ya ci nasara har zuwa wani mataki. Jerin jira na marasa lafiya kafin magani an rage su tare da kusan marasa lafiya dubu 20. Koyaya, kashe kudi a kan kiwon lafiya a Norway ya karu, kuma bayan shekara guda rashi ya kai kusan biliyan 3.1. Har ila yau, ingantaccen jiyya ya shafi kwarewar mai haƙuri saboda suna da karancin lokaci tare da likita kuma wani lokacin dole ne su fita daga asibiti a ranar da aka shigar da su.

## Magunguna
Norway ba ta samar da yawancin magungunan da ake amfani da su a cikin gida, kuma tana shigo da yawancin da ake amfani da su a cikin tsarin lafiyarta.  Wannan ya haifar da yawancin mazaunan dole su biya cikakken farashi na kowane takardar magani.  Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Sabis ɗin Kulawa ce ke kula da fitar da magunguna.  Inshorar inshora ga magungunan da aka shigo da su daga wajen ƙasar ana gudanar da su ta hanyar Hukumar Kula da Tattalin Arziƙi ta Yaren mutanen Norway (HELFO). 

## Gudanarwa
Norway tana da hukumomin kiwon lafiya na yanki guda huɗu. Su ne: Hukumar Lafiya ta Yankin Arewacin Norway, Hukumar Lafiya ta Yankin Tsakiya ta Norway, Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Yanki ta Yammacin Norway, da Hukumar Lafiya ta Yankin Kudancin da Gabashin Norway. Dangane da Dokar 'Yancin Marasa Lafiya, duk mutanen da suka cancanci suna da damar yin zabi a asibitoci yayin karɓar magani.

## Ayyuka
Tsarin Kula da Lafiya na Norway ya kasance lamba 11 a cikin aikin gaba ɗaya ta Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya  a cikin Rahoton 2000 wanda ke kimanta tsarin kula da kiwon lafiya na kowace ƙasa 191 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Dangane da Ƙididdigar masu amfani da kiwon lafiya na Yuro, a cikin 2015 Tsarin kiwon lafiya ya kasance na uku a Turai amma yana da jerin jira masu tsawo ba tare da bayani ba  yayin da 'yan Norway 270,000 ke jiran magani a cikin 2012-13   A cikin littafin OECD Health at a Glance 2011, Norway tana daga cikin lokutan jira mafi tsawo don zaɓaɓɓen tiyata da kuma nadin kwararru tsakanin ƙasashe goma sha ɗaya da aka bincika. Koyaya, gwamnatin Norway ta yi nasara wajen rage matsakaicin lokutan jira don kula da asibiti a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.

## Batutuwan kiwon lafiya
 

### Nauyin cututtuka
Tushen: 

#### An kaddamar da rahoton nauyin cutar Norwegian. An buga shi 21.03.16
Tushen: 

### Rahoton Lafiya na Jama'a - Takaitaccen Bayani: Yanayin Lafiya a Norway 2018 (Rahoton 05/2018)

## Ciki da kula da haihuwa
Dukkanin mata masu juna biyu a Norway suna da damar samun kulawa ta haihuwa daga mai juna biyu a Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Yara ko kuma daga Babban Likita.

Yawancin lokaci akwai alƙawari takwas kafin haihuwa ciki har da tantancewa guda ɗaya a lokacin daukar ciki. Tattaunawar kyauta ce, kuma ma'aikatan da ke da ciki suna da damar biyan lokaci don aiki don alƙawari kafin haihuwa.

Akwai yara 56,600 da aka haifa a cikin 2017, 2,300 kasa da shekarar da ta gabata. Wannan ya ba da jimlar haihuwa na yara 1.62 ga kowace mace - mafi ƙasƙanci da aka auna a Norway.

An yi rajistar yara 139 a matsayin matattu a cikin 2017. Wannan ya yi daidai da mutuwar 2.4 ga kowane 1,000 da aka haifa kuma shine mafi ƙarancin adadin da aka taɓa rubuta.

A cikin Norway 2015: Ma'aikatan jinya da masu haihuwa (a kowace shekara 1000). Darajar: 17,824. Wannan ya haɗa da horar da masu juna biyu da kuma horar da ma'aikatan jinya. Tushen Bayanai: OECD Health Data, wanda aka samu a watan Oktoba 2017. Yankin WHO: Turai mai tasiri. kwanan wata: 2018-02-26 

## Cututtukan cututtuka
Sakamakon duniya na cututtukan cututtuka masu yaduwa da yawa ya ragu. Matsakaicin yanayin rayuwa da ingantaccen yanayin tsabta shine babban dalilin, da kuma yaduwar allurar rigakafi. Duk da haka, karuwar tafiye-tafiye na kasa da kasa da shigo da abinci yana haifar da karuwar wasu cututtukan cututtuka a Norway kamar wasu cututfofi na abinci da cututtukani masu tsayayya da maganin rigakafi. Marasa lafiya suna da 'yanci daga raba farashi don ziyara, gwaje-gwaje, da jiyya ga duk cututtukan da ake ganin suna haifar da barazana ga lafiyar jama'a.

### Cutar tarin fuka
Cutar tarin fuka ita ce cutar da ta fi yaduwa a duk duniya, kuma babbar ƙalubale ce a kula da lafiyar duniya. Koyaya, a Norway, raguwar yawan masu kamuwa da tarin fuka ya ci gaba.

A shekara ta 2017, an ba da rahoton jimillar marasa lafiya 261 da ke da tarin fuka ga Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a.  Wannan koma baya ne daga shekarun baya.  A cikin shekaru ashirin da suka wuce, mafi yawan masu fama da cutar tarin fuka shine 392 a cikin 2013. Ya sa Norway ta zama ƙasa mafi ƙanƙanci a duniya da cutar tarin fuka.  Bambance-bambance a cikin nauyin cutar tarin fuka a duniya kuma yana nunawa a cikin bambance-bambancen adadin kamuwa da cuta a cikin Norway, inda za a iya ganin manyan rashin daidaito dangane da asalin ƙasar mutane.  Kashi 11 cikin 100 na majinyatan da aka samu rahoton kamuwa da cutar tarin fuka a shekarar 2017 an haife su ne a kasar Norway, kuma rabinsu ne kawai ke da iyaye ‘yan kasar Norway.

### MDR-TB
Adadin masu kamuwa da tarin fuka mai yawa yana tsakanin hudu zuwa 11 a kowace shekara. A shekara ta 2017, an gano marasa lafiya tara da tarin fuka mai tsayayya. Babu wani daga cikin wadannan da ya sami juriya yayin magani a Norway.

### Magani na rigakafi, tarin fuka mai ɓoye
Yawancin lokuta na cutar tarin fuka a Norway ana gano su da wuri sabili da haka ba a yaduwa ba, watau ana ɗaukar su a ɓoye.

Wani muhimmin bangare na aikin tarin fuka a Norway shine tabbatar da cewa ana ba wa mutanen da ke da haɗarin ci gaban cututtukan cututtukatare bayan kamuwa da cuta magani. Baya ga waɗanda ake zaton sun kamu da cutar, ƙungiyoyin haɗari sun haɗa da yara da mutanen da ke da rauni a tsarin rigakafi.

Adadin mutanen da ke karɓar maganin rigakafi har yanzu yana da ƙarancin gaske, a cewar Cibiyar Lafiya ta Jama'a. Ana sa ran yawan magungunan rigakafi ya fi yawan da aka yi wa maganin tarin fuka, amma a yankuna da yawa waɗannan kungiyoyi kusan iri ɗaya ne.

### HIV / AIDS
Cutar HIV tana nan a duk ƙasashen duniya.  UNAIDS ta yi kiyasin cewa a karshen shekarar 2016 kimanin mutane miliyan 36.7 da ke dauke da cutar kanjamau, kusan miliyan 17 daga cikin wadannan suna samun maganin rigakafin cutar.  Tun daga farkon cutar kanjamau, an kiyasta cewa kusan.  Mutane miliyan 78 ne suka kamu da cutar kanjamau kuma kusan mutane miliyan 35 sun mutu sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da cutar kanjamau.  A duniya, mata ne ke da kashi 52% na masu kamuwa da cutar kanjamau.  Kimanin kashi 69% na masu kamuwa da cutar kanjamau suna zaune ne a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara.  A cikin 2016, kusan mutane miliyan 1.8 sun sami HIV.  Wannan shine mafi ƙanƙanta adadin sabbin kamuwa da cutar tun tsakiyar shekarun 1990

A Norway, kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau da cutar kanjamaun cuta sun kasance kuma tun daga shekara ta 1983 Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a a Oslo tana lura da yin bincike na kididdiga, yana nuna ƙarancin abin da ya faru gaba ɗaya. A cikin 2017, akwai mutane 18 da aka gano suna da cutar kanjamau da kuma mutane 213 da aka gano da cutar kansar.

Mutanen da suka gwada cutar kanjamau ana tura su ga likita mai ilimin kanjamau. Magani ga kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau yawanci ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar kwararren sabis na kiwon lafiya a asibiti. Ga mutanen da ke zaune nesa da asibiti, likitan yankin na iya yin aiki tare da kwararru don ba da mafi kyawun tallafi na gida.

## Majalisar Dinkin Duniya: Manufofin ci gaba mai ɗorewa, SDGs 2016-2030
Norway ta ɗauki Agenda na 2030 tare da Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci Gaban mai dorewa (SDGs) 17 a matsayin taswirar hanyar duniya mai sauyawa don ƙoƙarin ƙasa da na duniya da ke da niyyar kawar da matsanancin talauci, yayin kare iyakokin duniya da inganta wadata, zaman lafiya da adalci.

Norway kuma ta kasance wani ɓangare na sake dubawa na kasa na son rai na 2016 na babban matakin siyasa kan ci gaba mai dorewa.

Rahotanni na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da wasu alamomi na kasa da kasa sun nuna cewa Norway tana da matsayi mai girma dangane da aiwatar da SDGs a duniya. A lokaci guda, a bayyane yake cewa aiwatar da Agenda na 2030 zai bukaci Norway, ma.

Gwamnati ta gano wasu makasudai da ke haifar da kalubale na musamman ga bin gida a Norway.  Waɗannan ƙalubalen sun shafi da yawa daga cikin SDGs da duk fannoni uku na ci gaba mai dorewa - zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da muhalli.  Manufofin da za su kasance abin da aka mayar da hankali kan hankali na siyasa da ci gaban manufofin su ne wadanda suka shafi ci gaba mai dorewa da samarwa, kiwon lafiya da ilimi, daidaito, aikin yi, da ƙaura.  Gwamnati na ba da fifiko wajen tabbatar da ingantaccen ilimi da samar da ayyukan yi, musamman ga matasa da wadanda ke fuskantar barazanar wariya.  Wannan muhimmiyar gudummawa ce don tabbatar da hangen nesa na 2030 na Agenda na barin kowa a baya.  Kalubalen da aka gano a matakin ƙasa:

* Rage cututtukan da ba sa yaduwa da inganta lafiyar kwakwalwa
* Ƙara yawan kammala makarantar sakandare
* Cire dukkan nau'ikan tashin hankali ga mata da 'yan mata
* Rage yawan matasa da ba sa aiki, ilimi ko horo
* Tabbatar da kayan aiki masu ɗorewa
* Ci gaba da ci gaban samun kudin shiga na kasa 40% na yawan jama'a a cikin mafi girma fiye da matsakaicin ƙasa
* Inganta ingancin iska na birane
* Rage sharar abinci da rage samar da sharar gida
* Rage tasirin nau'ikan baƙi masu mamayewa
* Rage duk nau'ikan tashin hankali da yawan mutuwar da suka danganci da kuma yaki da aikata laifuka.