Hukuncin kisa a addinin Yahudanci

An bayyana **Hukuncin kisa** a cikin al'adun gargajiya na Yahudawa a cikin Dokokin dokar Yahudawa waɗanda suka samo asali daga zamanin da, bisa ga tsarin Dokokin baki da ke cikin Talmud na Babila da Urushalima, tushen farko shine Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Ibrananci. A cikin al'adun gargajiya na Yahudawa akwai nau'ikan azabtarwa guda huɗu: a) dutse, b) ƙonewa ta hanyar cinye gubar da aka narke, c) maƙurewa, da d) yankewa, kowannensu shine azabtarwa ga takamaiman laifuka. Sai dai a lokuta na musamman inda sarki zai iya ba da hukuncin kisa, ba za a iya ba da hukunci na kisa a cikin dokar Yahudawa a kan mutum ba sai dai idan akwai akalla alƙalai ashirin da uku (Sanhedrin) da ke yanke hukunci a cikin shari'ar mutumin wanda, ta hanyar kuri'u mafi yawa, ya ba da hukuncin mutuwa, kuma inda akwai aƙalla shaidu biyu masu ƙwarewa waɗanda suka shaida a gaban kotun cewa sun ga mai shigar da kara ya aikata laifin. Duk da haka, hukuncin kisa ba ya fara a cikin dokar Yahudawa har sai kotun da ke yanke hukunci a wannan shari'ar ta ba da hukuncin kisa daga takamaiman wuri (a baya, Chamber of Hewn Stone) a Dutsen Haikali a birnin Urushalima.

## Tarihi
Hukuncin babba da na jiki a addinin Yahudanci suna da tarihi mai sarkakiya wanda ya kasance batun muhawara mai yawa. Littafi Mai-Tsarki da Talmud sun ƙayyade hukuncin kisa ta hanyar "Hudu Hudu na Kotu," &#x2014; jifa, konewa, yankewa, da shaƙewa &#x2014; don mafi girman laifuffuka,  da hukumcin jiki na flagellation don laifin ganganci na umarni mara kyau waɗanda ba su haifar da ɗaya daga cikin Hudu Hudu ba. Bisa ga dokar Talmudic, ikon aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ya ƙare tare da lalata Haikali na Biyu .   Mishnah ta ce Majalisar da ta kashe mutum ɗaya a cikin shekara bakwai - ko kuma shekara saba'in, in ji Eleazar ben Azariya - ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai zubar da jini.   A lokacin Late Antiquity, halin rashin aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kwata-kwata ya zama mafi rinjaye a kotunan Yahudawa.  A aikace, inda kotunan Yahudawa na zamanin da ke da ikon zartarwa da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa, sun ci gaba da yin hakan don manyan laifuka musamman, kodayake ba lallai ba ne waɗanda doka ta ayyana.  Yayin da aka gane cewa yin amfani da hukuncin kisa a zamanin Haikali na biyu ya wuce sammacin Littafi Mai Tsarki, malaman da suka goyi bayansa sun yi imanin cewa zai iya zama barata ta wasu la'akari da dokar Yahudawa.   Ko al'ummomin Yahudawa sun taba yin hukuncin kisa bisa ga ka'idar rabbin, kuma ko malamai na zamanin Talmudic sun taba goyan bayan amfani da shi ko da a ka'idar, ya kasance batun muhawarar tarihi da akida. 

## Hukuncin kisa a cikin tushe na gargajiya

### A cikin Pentateuch

An bayyana kafa hukuncin kisa a cikin dokar Yahudawa a cikin Dokar Musa (Arin'uwa) a wurare da yawa. Dokar Musa ta tanadi hukuncin kisa a kan mutanen da aka yanke musu hukunci saboda laifuka masu zuwa:

* zina (don mace mai aure da ƙaunatacciyarta)  
* jima'i da dabba 
* saɓo
* hadayar yara
* Shaidar ƙarya a cikin manyan shari'o'i 
* Annabcin ƙarya 
* yin amfani da addinai da kuma inganta wasu addinai 
* jima'i na maza 
* Bautar gumaka, na ainihi ko na zahiri 
* dangantaka ta dangi 
* rashin biyayya ga iko mafi girma 
* karya game da budurwa a lokacin da mutum ya auri matarsa (Dokta 22:13-21) 
* satar mutane 
* cin hanci da rashawa na 'yar firist
* kisan kai
* fyade da aka yi wa wata mace da aka yi alkawari 
* bugawa, la'ana, ko kuma tawaye da ikon iyaye 
* Rashin Asabar 
* ta taɓa Dutsen Sina'i yayin da Allah ke ba wa Musa Dokoki Goma 
* maita, duba, necromancy, maita, da dai sauransu.

## Manazarta