John Langalibalele Dube

**John Langalibalele Dube** OLG (22 Fabrairu 1871 - 11 Fabrairu 1946) marubuci ɗan Afirka ta Kudu ne, masanin falsafa, malami, ɗan siyasa, mawallafi, edita, marubuci kuma mawaƙi. Shi ne shugaban da ya kafa jam'iyyar Native National Congress (SANNC) ta Afirka ta Kudu, wacce ta zama Majalisar Wakilan Afirka a 1923. Shi kawu ne ga Dr Pixley ka Isaka Seme, wanda ya kafa SANNC tare da shi. Dube ya zama shugaban SANNC tsakanin 1912 zuwa 1917. An kawo shi Amurka ta hanyar dawowar mishan kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Shirye-shiryen Oberlin . 

Ya koma Afirka ta Kudu, inda a cikin 1901 shi da matarsa ta farko, Nokutela Dube, suka kafa makarantar sakandare ta Ohlange bisa Cibiyar Tuskegee ta Booker T. Washington ta kafa. A cikin 1903, Dubes sun kafa jaridar isiZulu *Ilanga* (yanzu *Ilanga lase Natal* ). A cikin 1930, John Dube ya buga *Bawan Jikin Shaka* . Ya mutu a shekara ta 1946.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi John Langalibalele Dube a Natal a tashar Inanda na Ofishin Jakadancin Zulu na Amurka (AZM), reshe na Hukumar Kwamishinonin Ofishin Jakadancin {asashen Waje na {asar Amirka, wanda majami'un mishan na Kudancin Afirka suka ha] a da 'yar'uwar Ikklisiyoyin Ikklisiya na Ƙungiyar Mishan ta London da Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu don kafa Cocin United Congregational Church of Southern Africa (UCSA). Mahaifinsa, Reverend James Dube, yana ɗaya daga cikin fastocin Afirka na farko na AZM. Dube ya fara karatun boko a Inanda da Kwalejin Adams, Amanzimtoti . An kira Reverend William Cullen Wilcox don ya yi magana da Dube, wanda ke rashin da'a a Makarantar Adams. Mahaifinsa James Dube a lokacin shi ne ministan ikilisiya a Inanda.

A cikin 1887, dangin Wilcox suna komawa Amurka kuma John Dube da mahaifiyarsa suka rinjayi ma'auratan mishan su tafi da Dube zuwa Amurka, inda zai iya ci gaba da karatunsa. Cullens sun yarda, bisa sharaɗin cewa Dube ya ci gaba da kula da kansa na kuɗi; duk da haka, sun ba shi shawara, kuma William ya same shi aikinsa na farko a kan hanya a lokacin da ya isa Amurka. A ƙarshen 1888, Dube ya shiga makarantar Oberlin Academy Preparatory School   kuma, kodayake ya karanta bugu da taimakon kai, bai kammala karatunsa ba.

A 1893, ya koma Inanda, inda a cikin Janairu 1894 ya auri Nokutela Mdima. 

## Dan jaha

Ga wanda ya yi karatun mishan, an sami sabani tsakanin sabuwar ilimin Yammacin Turai da al'ummar Afirka ta gargajiya. Duk da haka, Dube ya zagaya wannan ɓangarorin zamantakewa da iya irin ta ɗan jaha, kamar a shekarunsa na baya, lokacin da ya sami amincewar dangin Zulu. Ana iya tunanin cewa Dube ba zai taba kasancewa cikin jam’iyyar SNC ba, sai dai koyarwarsa da jawabansa kan wajibcin hadin kai ya yi daidai da yanayin siyasar da ta kunno kai a lokacin.

Ba a taba gabatar da jawaban Dube a matsayinsa na shugaban masu fafutuka na siyasa ba. Samuwar baƙar fata na gaba cikin ƙungiyoyin siyasa da zamantakewar al'umma shine ya kasance tare da Marcus Garvey 's Universal Negro Improvement Association da African Communities League, wanda aka kafa a 1914. A cikin siyasarsa Dube ya kasance mai taka tsantsan da ra'ayin mazan jiya, amma duk da haka ya fito fili kan hakkin bakar fata da kuma muhimmin tsarin hadin kai - ya hango wajibcin hadin kan bakaken fata tun kafin Garvey ya zo fagen kasa da kasa.

## Malami

Dube kuma malami ne, mai ba da jawabi a kan da'ira yana shiga cikin laccoci a fadin kasar. A cikin 1901, shi da matarsa ta farko, Nokutela Dube, sun kafa Makarantar Masana'antu ta Zulu wadda a yanzu ita ce Makarantar Sakandare ta Ohlange a Ohlange, kusa da Phoenix da EkuPhakameni . Wannan ita ce cibiyar ilimi ta farko a Afirka ta Kudu da bakaken fata suka kafa. 

Ya ba da malamai ta hanyar gayyata kuma an ba shi digirin digiri na Falsafa a sakamakon haka. Matsayinsa na malami ya kasance ƙasa da rubuce-rubuce, amma ya riƙe kuma ya ba da shawarar ra'ayoyi game da ilimi da al'adu waɗanda gwamnatin wariyar launin fata za ta yi amfani da su ta hanyoyin da ba su dace ba lokacin da ta hau kan karagar mulki a 1948 da kuma kafa Dokar Ilimi ta Bantu . Dube ya gano buƙatar haɗa ilimin Yamma tare da al'adu da al'adun gida, duk sun dogara ne akan manyan halayen al'ummar Afirka. Ana samun ra'ayoyinsa akan ilimi a duka *Ukuziphatha* da *Isita* .

## Mutumin haruffa
Yana cikin majagaba na wasiƙa da suka taimaka wajen kafa littattafan Zulu. Ya kasance daya daga cikin marubutan Zulu na farko da aka buga, kodayake littafin Zulu na farko Magema Fuze ne ya rubuta, wanda tarihin Zulus, *Abantu abamnyama lapo bavela ngakona* (wanda aka fassara da *Baƙar fata da Daga Inda suka zo* ), an buga shi a cikin 1922, an rubuta shi a cikin 1880s da farkon 1890s.

Aikin Dube na farko da aka buga shi ne makala a cikin Ingilishi kan inganta kai da mutuncin jama'a wanda aka buga a 1910. Aikin da ya ba shi digirin girmamawa na falsafa shine 1992 makala *Umuntu Isita Sake Uqobo Lwake* ( *"Mutum babban abokin gaba ne"* ; rubutu a gabanin 1936 Zulu tsohon rubutun waƙa). Ya ci gaba da buga, a cikin 1930, wani littafi na tarihi wanda ya tabbatar da zama sananne kuma mai tasiri a cikin littafin Zulu mai suna *Insila kaShaka* ( *Bawan Jiki na Shaka* ). 

Ya fara rubuta tarihin gidan sarautar Zulu, musamman na Sarki Dinizulu, wanda ya sa ya zama marubuci na farko a cikin adabin Afirka. Akwai wasu ayyuka da yawa waɗanda ba su da mahimmancin ingancin adabi kamar rubutun "Ukuziphatha" na 1910 ("On Halaye").

Baya ga ayyukan adabinsa, Dube da matarsa sun kafa jaridar Zulu / Turanci ta farko,  *Ilanga laseNatali* ( *The Sun of Natal* ), a cikin 1903, littafin da a cikin 2003 ya yi bikin cika shekaru ɗari. *Ilanga laseNatali* ya daina cin gashin kansa tun lokacin da kungiyar siyasa ta *Inkatha yeNkululelo yeSizwe* ta siya a shekarar 1988, karkashin jagorancin Mangosuthu Buthelezi, daga baya aka santa da jam'iyyar siyasa a Afirka ta Kudu bayan mulkin wariyar launin fata mai suna Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP).

Dube da matarsa ta farko, Nokutela Dube, an yaba su wajen tallata waƙar Enoch Sontonga mai suna " Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika ".  Wannan daga baya ya zama waƙar ƙasa bayan ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Ohlange Institute ta yi amfani da ita. Sun buga shi a taron Majalisar Wakilan Ƙasa ta Afirka ta Kudu a 1912. An rera ta ne bayan sallar rufewa kuma jam’iyyar ANC ta karbe ta a matsayin wakar rufe ta a hukumance a shekarar 1925. 

## Booker T. Washington ya yi tasiri
Dube ya fuskanci tasirin Booker T. Washington da kansa a tafiye-tafiyensa zuwa Amurka don faɗaɗa iliminsa a farkon 1890. Shi da matarsa sun kafa makarantar sakandare ta Ohlange a shekara ta 1901, makarantar da aka sadaukar don koyar da matan Bantu hanyoyin zamani don samun 'yanci da samun gurbi a cikin zamantakewar zamani. A cikin littafinsa *Ukuziphatha* Dube ya bayyana matar Bantu a matsayin raunin da ke tattare da bunkasa al’ummar Bantu saboda takurewar da al’umma ke yi wa mata da kuma abin da ya bayyana a matsayin mata na kamuwa da cutar basir. Dube ya sami tasiri musamman ta hanyar karanta Washington's *Up From Slavery* (1901), littafi kan dogaro da kai, bisharar da masanin Amurka Ralph Waldo Emerson ya koyar. Littafin Washington ya yi tasiri sosai a cikin tunanin Bantu da kuma duniya baki ɗaya. Daga baya aka fassara shi zuwa harsunan Bantu da yawa a Afirka ta Kudu, amma Dube bai taɓa zaɓar ya fassara shi ba, maimakon ya sanya koyarwarsa a aikace. Wannan wani abu ne da ba a taba yin irinsa ba, sai dai Garvey da yunkurinsa da kuma, a takaice, na dan siyasa Steve Biko a garinsa na King William's Town a lardin Gabashin Cape. Dube ya sami wahayi daga Cibiyar Tuskegee ta Washington; Bayan shekaru Marcus Garvey ya yi ƙoƙarin ganin Washington saboda irin wannan wahayi, ko da yake ya isa Amurka a 1916, Washington ta mutu a shekarar da ta gabata. Makarantar Dube tana aiki a yau. Dube ya kasance mai tsayin daka wajen dogaro da kai, a matsayinsa na nema na dabi'a da ruhi don tabbatar da mutunci da mutuntawa a idanun wasu. A *Isita*, ya yi wa'azin dogaro da kai da kuma buƙatar baƙar fata don fara ayyukan tattalin arziki don samun girmamawa a idanun duniya.

Nasarar kungiyar Nokutela da John Dube ba ta kai ga aurensu ba. An ga rashin samun ƴaƴa ya yi muni akan Nokutela kuma John ya haifi ɗa tare da ɗaya daga cikin almajiransu. An kafa wani kwamiti da zai binciki John, amma ba su dauki mataki ba kuma Nokutela ya ji kunya.  Ma'auratan sun rabu a kusan 1914, kuma Nokutela ya koma Transvaal har sai ta kamu da cutar koda. Ta koma zama tare da John Dube a Johannesburg, kuma ta mutu a 1917 tana da shekaru 44. Jana'izar ta ya samu halartar Pixley ka Isaka Seme da wasu fitattun 'yan jam'iyyar da za ta zama jam'iyyar African National Congress . 

## Magana

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

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