Cormac McCarthy

**Cormac McCarthy** (an haife shi **Charles Joseph McCarthy Jr.**; 20 ga Yuli, 1933 - 13 ga Yuni, 2023) marubuci ne na Amurka wanda ya rubuta litattafai goma sha biyu, wasan kwaikwayo biyu, allo biyar, da gajerun labaru uku, da suka shafi Yammacin, Bayan apocalyptic, da Kudancin Gothic. Ayyukansa galibi sun haɗa da zane-zane na tashin hankali, kuma salon rubuce-rubucensa yana da alamar amfani da alamar rubutu da kuma nunawa. An dauke shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan marubuta na Amurka.

An haifi McCarthy a Providence, Rhode Island, kodayake an haife shi da farko a Tennessee. A shekara ta 1951, ya shiga Jami'ar Tennessee, amma ya fita don shiga Sojojin Sama na Amurka. Littafinsa na farko, The Orchard Keeper, an buga shi a shekarar 1965. An ba da kyautar tallafin wallafe-wallafen, McCarthy ya sami damar tafiya zuwa kudancin Turai, inda ya rubuta littafinsa na biyu, Outer Dark (1968). Suttree (1979), kamar sauran litattafansa na farko, sun sami kyakkyawan bita gaba ɗaya, amma ba nasarar kasuwanci ba ce. A MacArthur Fellowship ya ba shi damar tafiya zuwa Kudu maso Yammacin Amurka, inda ya yi bincike kuma ya rubuta littafinsa na biyar, Blood Meridian (1985). Kodayake da farko ya sami karɓar karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci da kuma karɓar kasuwanci, tun daga lokacin an ɗauke shi a matsayin magnum opus, tare da wasu suna lakafta shi Babban Labarin Amurka.

McCarthy ya fara samun nasara sosai tare da All the Pretty Horses (1992), wanda ya sami lambar yabo ta National Book  da kuma lambar yabo ta International Book Critics Circle . An bi shi da The Crossing (1994) da Cities of the Plain (1998), kammala The Border Trilogy . Littafinsa na 2005 No Country for Old Men ya sami ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa. Littafinsa na 2006 The Road ya lashe kyautar Pulitzer ta 2007 don Fiction da James Tait Black Memorial Prize for Fiction .

Yawancin ayyukan McCarthy an daidaita su cikin fim. Fim din 2007 na No Country for Old Men ya kasance babban nasara da cinikayya, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Kwalejin hudu, gami da Hoton Mafi Kyawu. Fim din All the Pretty Horses, The Road, da Child of God an kuma daidaita su daga ayyukansa na sunaye iri ɗaya, kuma Outer Dark ya zama ɗan gajeren minti 15. McCarthy yana da wasan da aka daidaita a cikin fim na 2011, The Sunset Limited . McCarthy ya yi aiki tare da Cibiyar Santa Fe, cibiyar bincike ta fannoni da yawa, inda ya buga rubutun "Matsalar Kekulé" (2017), wanda ke bincika rashin sani da asalin harshe. An zabe shi a cikin American Philosophical Society a shekarar 2012.  An buga litattafansa na ƙarshe, The Passenger da *Stella Maris*, a *Hanyar* 25 ga Oktoba, 2022, da 6 ga Disamba, 2022, bi da bi.

## Rayuwa

### Rayuwa ta farko
Charles Joseph McCarthy Jr.  An haife shi a Providence, Rhode Island, a ranar 20 ga Yuli, 1933, ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya shida na Gladys Christina McGrail da Charles Joseph McCarthy .  Iyalinsa Katolika ne na Irish. A shekara ta 1937, iyalin suka koma Knoxville, Tennessee, inda mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya ga Hukumar Tennessee Valley. Iyalin sun fara zama a Noelton Drive a cikin yankin Sequoyah Hills, amma a shekara ta 1941, sun zauna a wani gida a kan Martin Mill Pike a Kudancin Knoxville. McCarthy daga baya ya ce, "An dauke mu masu arziki saboda duk mutanen da ke kewaye da mu suna zaune a cikin ɗakuna ɗaya ko biyu. "  Daga cikin abokansa na yaro akwai Jim Long (1930-2012), wanda daga baya aka nuna shi a matsayin J-Bone a *Suttree*. &nbsp;

McCarthy ya halarci makarantar St. Mary's Parochial da makarantar sakandare ta Katolika ta Knoxville,  kuma ya kasance ɗan bagade a Cocin Knoxville na Immaculate Conception.  Yayinda yake yaro, McCarthy bai ga darajar a makaranta ba, ya fi son bin abubuwan da yake so. Ya bayyana lokacin da malaminsa ya tambayi ajin game da abubuwan sha'awa. McCarthy ya amsa da himma; kamar yadda daga baya ya ce, "Ni kaɗai ne ke da duk wani abin sha'awa kuma ina da kowane abin sha'awar akwai ... suna wani abu, ba tare da la'akari da yadda yake da ban mamaki ba. Zan iya ba kowa abin sha'atawa kuma har yanzu ina da 40 ko 50 don kaiwa gida. "&nbsp;

A shekara ta 1951, ya fara halartar Jami'ar Tennessee, yana karatun zane-zane. Ya zama mai sha'awar rubuce-rubuce bayan wani farfesa ya tambaye shi ya sake maimaita tarin rubutun ƙarni na goma sha takwas don a haɗa shi cikin littafin rubutu. McCarthy ya bar kwaleji a 1953 don shiga rundunar sojin saman Amurka. Yayinda yake aiki a Alaska, McCarthy ya karanta littattafai da ƙwazo, wanda ya ce shi ne karo na farko da ya yi haka. Ya koma Jami'ar Tennessee a shekara ta 1957, inda ya yi karatu a Turanci kuma ya buga labaru biyu, "Wake for Susan" da "A Drowning Incident" a cikin mujallar adabi ta dalibai, The *Phoenix*, yana rubutu a ƙarƙashin sunan C. J. McCarthy, Jr. Don waɗannan, ya lashe Kyautar Ingram-Merrill don rubuce-rubuce masu kirkira a 1959 da 1960. A shekara ta 1959, McCarthy ya bar kwaleji kuma ya tafi Chicago.

### Farkon aikin rubuce-rubuce (1965-1991)
A cikin 1965, Random House ta buga littafin farko na McCarthy, The Orchard Keeper (1965).  Ya gama littafin yayin da yake aiki na ɗan lokaci a wani ɗakin ajiya na motoci a Birnin Chicago kuma ya gabatar da rubutun "makaho" ga Albert Erskine na Random House .  Erskine ya ci gaba da gyara aikin McCarthy na shekaru 20 masu zuwa. Bayan da aka saki shi, masu sukar sun lura da kamanceceniya da aikin Faulkner kuma sun yaba da amfani mai ban mamaki na McCarthy na hotuna. The Orchard Keeper ya lashe lambar yabo ta Gidauniyar William Faulkner ta 1966 don sanannen littafi na farko.

Yayinda yake zaune a Yankin Faransanci a New Orleans, an kori McCarthy daga dakin $ 40 a wata saboda rashin biyan kuɗin haya. Lokacin da ya yi tafiya a kasar, McCarthy koyaushe yana ɗauke da kwararan fitila na 100-watt a cikin jaka don ya iya karatu da dare, komai inda yake barci.

A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1965, ta amfani da lambar yabo ta Traveling Fellowship daga Kwalejin Fasaha da Harafi ta Amurka, McCarthy ya tashi a cikin jirgin *Sylvania* yana fatan ziyartar Ireland. A cikin jirgin, ya sadu da mace ta Ingila Anne DeLisle, wacce ke aiki a cikin jirgin a matsayin mai rawa da mawaƙa. A shekara ta 1966, sun yi aure a Ingila. Har ila yau, a cikin 1966, ya sami tallafin Gidauniyar Rockefeller, wanda ya yi amfani da shi don tafiya a Kudancin Turai kafin ya sauka a Ibiza, inda ya rubuta littafinsa na biyu, Outer Dark (1968). Bayan haka, ya koma Amurka tare da matarsa, inda aka buga Outer Dark don sake dubawa mai kyau.

A shekara ta 1969, ma'auratan suka koma Louisville, Tennessee, kuma suka sayi shagon madara,  wanda McCarthy ya gyara, yana yin aikin dutse da kansa.  A cewar DeLisle, ma'auratan sun rayu cikin "cikakken talauci", suna wanka a cikin tafki. DeLisle ya yi iƙirarin, "Wani zai kira ya ba shi $ 2,000 don ya zo ya yi magana a jami'a game da littattafansa. Kuma zai gaya musu cewa duk abin da ya ce yana nan a shafin. Don haka za mu ci wake na wani mako. "  Yayin da yake zaune a cikin shagon, ya rubuta littafinsa na gaba, Child of God (1973).  Kamar Outer Dark kafin shi, an kafa Child of God a kudancin Appalachia. A shekara ta 1976, McCarthy ya rabu da Anne DeLisle kuma ya koma El Paso, Texas.

A shekara ta 1974, Richard Pearce na PBS ya tuntubi McCarthy kuma ya nemi ya rubuta rubutun don wani labari na Visions, jerin wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin. Da farko a farkon 1975, kuma suna dauke da " 'yan hotuna ne kawai a cikin bayanan bayanan rayuwa na 1928 na sanannen masanin masana'antu na Yaƙin basasa William Gregg a matsayin wahayi", McCarthy da Pearce sun kwashe shekara guda suna tafiya a Kudu don bincika batun masana'antu a can. McCarthy ya kammala rubutun a 1976 kuma labarin, mai taken The Gardener's Son, an watsa shi a ranar 6 ga Janairu, 1977. Yawancin bukukuwan fina-finai a kasashen waje sun nuna shi. An zabi wannan labarin don lambobin yabo na Primetime Emmy guda biyu a shekarar 1977. 

A farkon shekarun 2000 yayin da yake zama a wani motel na El Paso tare da ɗansa ƙarami, McCarthy ya kalli taga da daddare daya kuma ya yi tunanin yadda birnin zai iya zama a cikin shekaru hamsin ko ɗari kuma ya ga: "ƙonewa a kan tudu kuma duk abin da aka lalata". Ya rubuta shafuka biyu da ke rufe ra'ayin; shekaru hudu bayan haka a Ireland ya fadada ra'ayin zuwa littafinsa na goma, The Road . Ya biyo bayan mahaifin da yake shi kaɗai da ɗansa ƙarami suna tafiya a cikin Amurka ta bayan apocalyptic, wanda masu cin nama ke farauta. [bayanin 2] Yawancin tattaunawar da ke tsakanin su biyu tattaunawa ce da McCarthy ya yi da ɗansa. An sake shi a shekara ta 2006, ya sami yabo na duniya da kuma Kyautar Pulitzer don Fiction .  McCarthy bai yarda da kyautar da kansa ba, a maimakon haka ya aika Sonny Mehta a madadinsa. John Hillcoat ya ba da umarnin sauya Fim din 2009, wanda Joe Penhall ya rubuta, kuma Viggo Mortensen da Kodi Smit-McPhee suka fito. Binciken masu sukar sun fi dacewa: Roger Ebert ya same shi "mai iko" amma ba shi da "jin motsin rai",  Peter Bradshaw ya lura da "canjin da aka kiyaye na girmamawa",  yayin da Dan Jolin ya gano shi "daidaitaccen" na "littafi mai lalacewa".

McCarthy ya buga wasan The Sunset Limited a shekara ta 2006. Masu sukar sun lura cewa ba na al'ada ba ne kuma yana iya kasancewa da alaƙa da wani labari, saboda haka subtitle na McCarthy: "wani labari a cikin tsari mai ban mamaki".   Daga baya ya daidaita shi a cikin rubutun Fim na 2011, wanda Tommy Lee Jones ya jagoranta kuma ya samar da shi, wanda kuma ya yi fice a gaban Samuel L. Jackson.  Oprah Winfrey ta zaɓi McCarthy's The Road a matsayin zaɓin Afrilu 2007 don Book Club. A sakamakon haka, McCarthy ya amince da hira ta farko ta talabijin, wanda aka watsa a kan *Oprah Winfrey Show* a **'Hanyar**' 5 ga Yuni, 2007. Tattaunawar ta faru ne a ɗakin karatu na Cibiyar Santa Fe. McCarthy ya gaya wa Winfrey cewa bai san wani marubuta ba kuma ya fi son kamfanin masana kimiyya. A lokacin hira, ya ba da labarin da yawa da ke nuna matakin talauci da ya jimre a wasu lokuta yayin aikinsa a matsayin marubuci. Ya kuma yi magana game da kwarewar haihuwar yaro a cikin tsufa, da kuma yadda ɗansa ya zama wahayi ga The Road.

A cikin 2012, McCarthy ya *Hanyar* da rubutun sa na asali The Counselor ga Nick Wechsler, Paula Mae Schwartz, da Steve Schwartz.  Ridley Scott ne ya ba da umarni, tare da kammala samarwa a shekarar 2012, an saki fim din a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2013, don karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci. Mark Kermode na *[[The Guardian]]* ya same shi "da kwanan wata",  kuma Peter Travers na Rolling Stone ya bayyana shi a matsayin "tunani mai banƙyama game da jari-hujja".  Koyaya, Manohla Dargis na The New York Times ya same shi "mai ban tsoro" da "mai yaudara". 

McCarthy ya kasance mai kula da Cibiyar Santa Fe (SFI), cibiyar bincike mai yawa da aka sadaukar da ita ga nazarin tsarin daidaitawa mai rikitarwa. Ba kamar yawancin mambobin SFI ba, McCarthy ba shi da masaniya ta kimiyya. Kamar yadda Murray Gell-Mann ya bayyana, "Babu wani wuri kamar Cibiyar Santa Fe, kuma babu wani marubuci kamar Cormac, don haka biyun sun dace sosai tare. "  Daga aikinsa a Cibiyar Santa fe, McCarthy ya buga rubutun farko a cikin aikin rubuce-rubucensa na shekaru 50. A cikin rubutun da ake kira "Matsalar Kekulé" (2017), McCarthy ya bincika mafarkin Agusta Kekulé a matsayin abin koyi na tunanin da ba a sani ba da asalin harshe. Ya yi la'akari da yanayin tunanin da ba a sani ba da rabuwa da shi daga harshen ɗan adam. Rashin sani, a cewar McCarthy, "na'ura ce don sarrafa dabba" kuma "duk dabbobi suna da rashin sani". McCarthy ya yi iƙirarin cewa harshe halitta ce ta al'adun ɗan adam kuma ba abin da aka ƙayyade ta hanyar halitta ba.

A cikin 2015, an sanar da littafin McCarthy na gaba, The Passenger, a wani taron multimedia da aka shirya a Santa Fe ta Gidauniyar Lannan. Littafin ya rinjayi lokacinsa tsakanin masana kimiyya; masanin kimiyyar SFI David Krakauer ya bayyana shi a matsayin "cikakken Cormac 3.0 - littafin lissafi  nazari".[and] A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, The New York Times ta ruwaito cewa za a saki fasinja a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2022, kuma wani littafi na biyu, *Stella Maris*, a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba.  Wannan shi ne littafin farko na McCarthy tun lokacin da Outer Dark ya nuna mata mai ba da labari.

## Hanyar rubuce-rubuce da salon
McCarthy ya yi amfani da alamar rubutu kaɗan, har ma ya maye gurbin mafi yawan commas da "kuma" don ƙirƙirar polysynetons;  an kira shi "mafi mahimmancin kalma a cikin ƙamus na McCarthy".  Ya gaya wa Oprah Winfrey cewa ya fi son "samar da kalmomi masu sauƙi" kuma ya yi amfani da manyan haruffa, lokutan, wani lokaci-lokaci, ko kuma colon don kunna jerin; bai taɓa amfani da semicolons ba, wanda ya lakafta shi a matsayin "wauta". Bai yi amfani da alamun ambato don tattaunawa ba kuma ya yi imanin cewa babu wani dalili na "ƙaddamar da shafin tare da ƙananan alamomi masu ban mamaki". Erik Hage ya lura cewa tattaunawar McCarthy sau da yawa ba ta da ma'ana, amma "ta wata hanya ... mai karatu ya kasance yana mai da hankali game da wanda yake magana. "  Halinsa game da alamar rubutu ya kasance ga wasu ayyukan gyara da ya yi wa farfesa na Turanci yayin da yake shiga Jami'ar Tennessee; ya cire yawancin alamar rubutu a cikin littafin da ake gyarawa, wanda ya faranta rai ga farfesa.  McCarthy ya shirya ɗan'uwan Cibiyar Santa Fe Fellow W. Brian Arthur mai tasiri labarin "Increasing Returns and the New World of Business", wanda aka buga a cikin *Harvard Business Review* a cikin 1996, yana cire commas daga rubutun. Ya kuma kwafa aikin gyara ga masana kimiyyar lissafi Lawrence M. Krauss da Lisa Randall . 

Saul Bellow ya yaba da "amfani da harshe, da yake ba da rai da kuma hukuncin da yake da shi". Richard B. Woodward ya bayyana rubuce-rubucensa a matsayin "mai tunatar da farkon Hemingway".  Ba kamar ayyukan da suka gabata ba kamar *Suttree* da Blood Meridian, yawancin aikin McCarthy bayan 1993 suna amfani da ƙamus mai sauƙi, ƙuntata.

### Jigogi
Littattafan McCarthy galibi suna nuna tashin hankali. Yawancin ayyukansa an bayyana su a matsayin nihilistic,  musamman Blood Meridian.  Wasu masana kimiyya suna jayayya da wannan, suna cewa Blood Meridian a zahiri bala'i ne na Gnostic.   Ayyukansa na baya-bayan nan an nuna su a matsayin masu ɗabi'a sosai. Erik J. Wielenberg yayi jayayya cewa The Road yana nuna halin kirki a matsayin na duniya kuma ya samo asali ne daga mutane, kamar uba, kuma ya rabu da Allah.

Rashin jin daɗi na makomar, da kuma abokin hamayya na ƙasashen waje Anton Chigurh na No Country for Old Men, an ce suna nuna damuwa game da zamanin Bayan 9/11 .  Yawancin ayyukansa suna nuna mutane da ke rikici da al'umma da kuma yin aiki akan dabi'a maimakon motsin rai ko tunani. Wani jigo a cikin yawancin ayyukan McCarthy shine rashin iyawa ko rashin mutunci na waɗanda ke cikin iko kuma musamman a tilasta bin doka. Ana ganin wannan a Blood Meridian tare da kisan gilla da Glanton Gang ya fara saboda kyaututtuka, tilasta bin doka a No Country for Old Men, da kuma masu cin hanci da rashawa a All the Pretty Horses .  A sakamakon haka, an lakafta shi "babban mai ra'ayi mara kyau na wallafe-wallafen Amurka".

#### MANAZARTA