Ruwa da tsaftacewa a Ghana

Sashin samar da ruwa da tsabta a Ghana wani bangare ne wanda ke kula da samar da ruwa mai kyau kuma yana inganta tsabtace ruwa a kasar.

A Ghana, bangarorin samar da ruwan sha da tsaftacewa suna fuskantar matsaloli da yawa, gami da iyakancewar samun damar tsabtace muhalli, wadataccen lokaci, asarar ruwa mai yawa, matsin ruwa mara kyau, da gurɓataccen yanayi. Tun daga shekara ta 1994, an sake fasalin bangaren a hankali ta hanyar kirkirar hukumar kula da ruwa mai cin gashin kanta, gabatar da shiga bangarorin masu zaman kansu, rarraba samar da yankunan karkara zuwa gundumomi 138 da kuma kara yawan shiga cikin al'umma a cikin gudanar da tsarin ruwa na karkara.

Tsakanin shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2011, wani kamfani na kasa da kasa (AVRL) ya gudanar da dukkan tsarin ruwa na birane tun lokacin da kwangilar gudanarwa ta shekaru 5 wacce ta ƙare bayan cimma wasu manufofinta kawai. Har ila yau, sauye-sauyen suna da niyyar kara farfadowa da kuma sabunta kamfanin Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL).  Wani matsala wanda ya tashi daga sauye-sauyen da aka yi kwanan nan shine kasancewar cibiyoyi da yawa tare da nauyin da ya dace. Manufar Ruwa ta Kasa (NWP), wacce aka ƙaddamar a farkon shekara ta 2008, ta gabatar da cikakkiyar manufofin bangare. An sake nazarin Manufofin Ruwa na Kasa tare da sabuntawa a cikin 2024.

## Samun dama
Ruwa da kayan aikin tsabtace muhalli bai isa ba, musamman a yankunan karkara. Akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin samun dama daga tushe daban-daban, wani bangare saboda ma'anoni daban-daban da cibiyoyi daban-daban ke amfani da su waɗanda ke ba da damar samun dama. Dangane da Shirin Kulawa na hadin gwiwa don samar da ruwa da tsabtace jiki na UNICEF da WHO, samun damar samun ruwa da tsaftacewa kamar haka:

A cewar rahoton MDG na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2015, an cimma burin rage yawan mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai kyau a Ghana. Kashi na tsarin samar da kayayyaki marasa aiki a Ghana an kiyasta kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku, tare da wasu da yawa da ke aiki sosai a ƙasa da ƙirar da aka tsara. Bugu da ƙari, samar da ruwa na cikin gida yana gasa tare da karuwar buƙatun ruwa ta masana'antu da bangarorin noma masu tasowa.

Kimanin kashi 88% na yawan mutanen birane a Ghana suna da damar samun akalla ruwan sha na asali. Akwai bambance-bambance tsakanin birane da yankunan karkara masu aminci na samun ruwan sha. Dangane da Binciken Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigari na Ghana na 2011, mazaunan birane suna iya samun damar samun ruwan sha mai aminci fiye da mazaunan karkara a 91% da 69%, bi da bi. Sakamakon haka, dogaro da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa marasa aminci ya fi girma a yankunan karkara. Turbidites na mafi yawan ruwan sama a yankunan karkara sun fi 200 NTUs (na'urorin turbidity na nephelometric) kuma suna dauke da gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin cuta da fecal, suna sanya yara da sauran jama'a cikin haɗari ga cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa.

Idan aka kwatanta da sauran Ghana, yankuna uku na arewacin Ghana sun rasa ruwan sha mai tsabta, tare da daya cikin yara goma da ke mutuwa kafin ranar haihuwarsu ta biyar saboda wasu cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa. A cikin babban yankin Arewacin Ghana kadai, kashi 32% na mazauna miliyan 2.5 ba su da damar samun ingantaccen maɓuɓɓugar ruwa kuma dole ne sau da yawa su koma ga ruwan sha mai gurbata. Game da tsaftacewa, kashi 14% ne kawai na yawan jama'ar Ghana ke amfani da ingantaccen wurin tsaftacewa tun daga shekara ta 2010.

## Manazarta