Tsibirin Livingston

**Livingston Island** (sunan Rasha *Smolensk*,  

## Yanayin ƙasa

Tsibirin Livingston yana cikin Yammacin Antarctica,    arewa maso yammacin Cape Roquemaurel a kan yankin Antarctic,    kudu maso kudu maso gabashin Cape Horn a Kudancin Amurka,    kudubas da Tsibirin Diego Ramírez (ƙasar Kudancin Amurka ta Kudu),    kudu da Tsibirin Falkland,    kudu yammacin Tsibirin Georgia ta Kudu, da    daga Kudancin Pole.

Tsibirin wani yanki ne na tsibiran Shetland ta Kudu, sarkar tsibiran da ta kai  a gabas-arewa-gabas zuwa yamma-kudu maso yamma shugabanci, kuma an rabu da kusa da Antarctic Peninsula ta Bransfield Strait, kuma daga Kudancin Amurka ta hanyar Drake Passage . Yankin Kudancin Shetland ya ƙunshi jimillar fili na    (ƙimar ƙarshen karni na 20; adadi na yanzu na iya zama ɗan ƙasa da wannan saboda canjin bakin teku), wanda ya ƙunshi (daga gabas zuwa yamma) manyan tsibiran goma sha ɗaya na Clarence, Elephant, King George, Nelson, Robert, Greenwich, Livingston, yaudara, dusar ƙanƙara, Low da Smith, da ƙananan dutsen.

Livingston ya rabu da tsibirin Greenwich da ke makwabtaka da shi zuwa gabas ta hanyar McFarlane Strait mai nisan  (2.1 , kuma daga tsibirin Snow zuwa yamma- kudu maso yamma ta hanyar Morton Strait mai faɗin kilomita . Tsibirin Deception, wanda ke cikin Bransfield Strait kusan kilomita  (11.2  kudu maso yammacin Livingston's Barnard Point, dutsen wuta ne mai aiki wanda ya fashe a 1967, 1969 da 1970  wanda ambaliyar ruwa ta samar da tashar jiragen ruwa mai kariya ta Port Foster da ta shiga ta hanyar  540 (590 yadudduka) da aka sani da Neptune's Bellows. Akwai tsaunuka masu yawa a kan tsibirin Livingston kanta waɗanda ke aiki a cikin Quaternary, kamar su Rezen Knoll, Gleaner Heights, Edinburgh Hill da Inott Point.

Tsibirin ya kai  daga Fara Point a yamma zuwa Renier Point a gabas, fadinsa ya bambanta daga  a wuya tsakanin South Bay da Hero Bay zuwa  tsakanin Botev Point zuwa kudu da Williams Point zuwa arewa. Livingston ita ce tsibiri mafi girma na biyu a cikin tsibiran bayan Sarki George, tare da sararin sama na    (kimanin farkon karni na 21; adadi na yanzu zai iya zama dan kadan saboda canjin bakin teku).  

Yankin bakin teku ba daidai ba ne, tare da manyan ƙuƙwalwa kamar South Bay, False Bay, Moon Bay">Moon Bay, Hero, Barclay, New Plymouth, Osogovo da Walker, da kuma yankuna kamar Hurd (  mi tsawo),  (9  mi),  (  mi),  (  mi), Ioannes Paulus II (  mi) da Byers (  mi).  Akwai tsibirai da duwatsu da yawa da ke kwance a cikin ruwan da ke kewaye da su, musamman a bakin tekun arewa.  daga cikin ƙananan tsibirai da ke kusa da su sune Rugged Island daga Byers Peninsula, Half Moon Island a Moon Bay, Desolation Island a Hero Bay, da Zed Islands daga Williams Point.

Dutsen kankara, sau da yawa suna janyewa a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata don gano sabbin koguna, rairayin bakin teku, spits, maki da ƙananan tsibirai, sun samar da mafi yawan bakin teku. Sai dai ga yankin Byers da ba shi da kankara da wasu wuraren da aka ware, an rufe ƙasar da kankara tare da kankara mai kankara da tsaunuka a cikin tsakiya da yammacin yankuna, da kuma wasu kwarin da aka kafa ta hanyar tsaunuka masu tsaunuka na gabashin Livingston. Wasu yankuna na kankara, musamman kusa da iyakar kankara ko a kan gangaren da suka fi tsayi, suna da yawa kuma kusan ba za a iya isa ba tare da kayan aiki na musamman ba. A wani wuri, farfajiyar tana da santsi, mai wuya kuma tana da kwanciyar hankali don tafiya, tseren kankara ko snowmobiling. Koyaya, haɗarin faɗuwa cikin wasu ɓoyayyun ɓoye da aka rufe da gadar dusar ƙanƙara koyaushe yana nan, gami da wuraren da ake yawan ziyarta da kuma sanannun wuraren. Lokaci mai tsawo na yanayin zafi yana sa gadar dusar ƙanƙara ta fi rashin daidaituwa da haɗari.

Halin tsibirin glaciology shine bayyane ash layers wanda ya samo asali ne daga aikin dutsen wuta a tsibirin Deception Island makwabta. Tsibirin kuma yana da dutsen kankara da yawa wanda ya kunshi tarkace na dutse da aka daskare a cikin kankara, kamar waɗanda ke Nusha Hill, MacKay Peak da Renier Point.

Tare da babban yankin Byers Peninsula (    ) kafa iyakar yammacin Livingston, yankin da ba shi da ƙanƙara na tsibirin ya haɗa da wasu ƙananan yankunan bakin teku a Cape Shirreff, Siddins Point, Hannah Point, Williams Point, Hurd Peninsula da Rozhen Peninsula, da kuma gangara a cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka, da kuma tuddai da tsayi a cikin gabashin Livingston da dusar ƙanƙara. Raguna da yawa na narkewa suna gudana a cikin wuraren da ba su da ƙanƙara a lokacin bazara, suna tsawanta daga ɗaruruwan mita har zuwa 4.5&nbsp;km. Byers Peninsula kadai yana da fiye da 60 irin waɗannan rafukan da kuma yawan tafkuna, musamman tafkin Midge (587 ta 112).&nbsp;m, ko 642 ta 122&nbsp;yd), tafkin Limnopolar da tafkin Basalt .  Yawancin irin waɗannan rafuffuka, tafkuna da tafkuna suna kusa da sansanonin Bulgaria da Spain akan Hurd Peninsula.

## Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

Fayil:0I7A8657-Pano.jpg_(25715428660).jpg|Hurd Peninsula and Rozhen Peninsula from Hannah Point
Fayil:SouthShetland-2016-Livingston_Island_(Hannah_Point)–Southern_elephant_seal_(Mirounga_leonina)_01.jpg|Elephant seals on Liverpool Beach
Fayil:Polish-Bluff-Antarctica.JPG|Polish Bluff from Argentina Cove
Fayil:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|Antarctic pearlwort, one of the two native flowering plants
Fayil:Fish8807_(27388753813).jpg|Antarctic tern at Cape Shirreff
Fayil:Friesland-St-Boris.jpg|alt=St. Boris Peak from Mt Friesland|St. Boris Peak from Mtnbsp;Friesland
Fayil:Helmet-Peak.JPG|Helmet Peak
Fayil:Burdick-Ridge.jpg|Pliska Ridge and Burdick Ridge
Fayil:Orpheus-Gate.jpg|Orpheus Gate
Fayil:Crevasse-Tangra-Mountains.jpg|Crevasse
Fayil:Perunika-Glacier-Antarctica.JPG|Volcanic ash layers in Perunika Glacier
Fayil:Bowles-Ridge.jpg|Bowles Ridge
Fayil:Kubrat-Inott-Edinburgh.jpg|Kubrat Knoll, Inott Point and Edinburgh Hill
Fayil:Komini.jpg|Komini Peak
Fayil:Atanasoff.jpg|Atanasoff Nunatak
Fayil:Yambol_peak.jpg|Yambol Peak
Fayil:Ongal.jpg|Ongal Peak
Fayil:Elena-Peak-Yavorov-Peak.jpg|Elena Peak and Yavorov Peak
Fayil:Zograf.jpg|Zograf Peak
Fayil:Needle-Peak.jpg|Needle Peak
Fayil:Delchev-Peak.jpg|Delchev Peak
Fayil:Rezen-Knoll-2.jpg|Rezen Knoll
Fayil:Survey-Mission.jpg|On a survey mission
Fayil:Livingston-Antarctic-Wedding.jpg|Wedding in Livingston Island's waters
Fayil:Camp-Academia-02.jpg|Livingston Island's Christmas tree
Fayil:Reina-Sofia-Refuge.jpg|Spanish refuge at Mount Reina Sofía
Fayil:Juan_Carlos_I_Antarctic_Base,_Hurd_Peninsula,_Livingston_Island,_Antarctica.jpg|The old Spanish base
Fayil:A-33_Hespérides.jpg|alt=BIO Hespérides in South Bay|BIO  in South Bay
Fayil:Rilski.jpg|alt=The old St. Ivan Rilski Chapel|The old St.&amp;nbsp;Ivan Rilski Chapel
Fayil:Tangra-Mountains-from-Cape-Shirreff.png|Tangra Mountains from Chilean and US base vicinity


## Manazarta