open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Stefan Kieniewicz

**Stefan Kieniewicz** (20 ga Satumba 1907, a Dereszewicze – 2 ga Mayu 1992, a Konstancin ) masanin tarihi ne kuma farfesa a jami'a a Poland, wanda aka san shi da ayyukansa kan tarihin Poland na ƙarni na 19. A lokacin aikinsa a jami'o'i daban-daban ya zama malamin tarihi na ƙarni da yawa na Poland kuma ra'ayoyinsa kan ƙarni biyu na ƙarshe na tarihin Poland suna da tasiri a cikin ayyukan ilimi na zamani.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Stefan Kieniewicz a ranar 20 ga Satumba, 1907 a gidan danginsa da ke ƙauyen Dereszewicze a Polesie . A shekarar 1930 ya kammala karatunsa daga sashen tarihi na Jami'ar Adam Mickiewicz ta Poznań, inda ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin jagorancin, da sauransu, Marceli Handelsman da Adam Skałkowski, dukkansu suna cikin fitattun masana tarihi na wannan lokacin. A shekarar 1934 ya kammala karatun digirinsa na uku kuma ya fara aiki a matsayin masanin tarihi a Taskar Kuɗi da ke Warsaw . Daga cikin ayyukansa kafin yaƙi akwai wani bincike kan ƙungiyar Poland ta Poznań a lokacin bazara na ƙasashe (wanda aka buga a shekarar 1935) da kuma tarihin rayuwar Adam Sapieha (wanda aka buga a shekarar 1939).

Bayan barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ya ci gaba da zama a Warsaw, inda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin membobin Ofishin Bayanai da Farfaganda na Hedikwatar Armia Krajowa . Bayan gazawar juyin juya halin Warsaw na 1944, an kama shi a fursuna aka tura shi sansanin fursunoni na Dachau, inda ya ci gaba da zama har zuwa lokacin 'yancin kai. Bayan yaƙin, ya koma Poland, inda ya shiga cikin sake gina Jami'ar Warsaw . Bayan ya sami horo a 1946, ya zama mataimakin farfesa kuma tun 1949, farfesa ne na musamman. A 1958, ya zama farfesa na yau da kullun. Tsakanin 1953 da 1968, ya yi aiki tare da Cibiyar Tarihi ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Poland (PAN), bayan haka a 1970 ya zama cikakken memba na PAN. A 1976, an kuma ba shi lambar girmamawa ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Hungary . An ba shi lambar yabo ta digirin digirgir na Jami'ar Lublin, Kieniewicz ya mutu a ranar 2 ga Mayu, 1992 a Konstancin kusa da Warsaw, kuma an binne shi a Makabartar Powązki .

## Manazarta
AP Art da Design

**Fasaha da Zane Mai Ci Gaba** ( **AP** ) **Fasaha da Zane**,  da aka fi sani da **AP Studio Art**, jerin darussa ne da Hukumar Kwaleji ke bayarwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirinta na Ci Gaba . An raba Fasaha da Zane na AP zuwa rukuni uku: Fasaha da Zane na 2-D, Fasaha da Zane na 3-D, da Zane.

## Fayil ɗin Fayil
Ba kamar jarrabawar AP ta gargajiya ba wacce ke amfani da sashe mai zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa, sashen amsawa kyauta, da kuma wani lokacin sashen sauti, jarrabawar AP Art & Design fayil ne wanda ya ƙunshi rukunoni biyu: zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka da bincike mai ɗorewa. Ayyukan da aka zaɓa guda 5 ne waɗanda ɗalibi ya zaɓa saboda ingancinsu kawai. Binciken mai ɗorewa jerin zane-zane 15 ne da ɗalibi ya haɗa waɗanda ke ɗauke da jigo mai ƙarfi game da zane-zanen da aka ƙirƙira. Binciken mai ɗorewa ya ƙunshi ƙarin ɓangaren rubutu inda ɗalibi dole ne ya bayyana jigon fayil ɗin kuma ya samar da shaida don aiki, gwaji, da gyara a ko'ina. Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka ana ba su maki daban-daban daga binciken da aka ci gaba. Dangane da jarrabawar AP Art & Design da ɗalibi ke ɗauka, abubuwan da ke cikin kowane rukuni da abin da ake buƙata don babban maki za su bambanta. Ko da kuwa jarrabawar, duk fayilolin AP Art & Design dole ne a gabatar da su ta hanyar kwanan wata da lokaci da aka saita.

## Fasaha da Zane na AP 2-D
Fasaha da Zane na AP 2-D yana hulɗa da aikace-aikace masu girma biyu kamar zane-zane, daukar hoto, saka, da kuma zane-zanen hoto . Sabanin Zane-zanen Fasaha na AP Studio, ana mai da hankali kan zane da kansa maimakon tsarin zane-zanen.

### Fayil ɗin Fayil

* **Sashe na I: Inganci:** Ɗalibi ya gabatar da ainihin zane-zane guda 5 waɗanda ke wakiltar ingancin ɗalibin na zane-zane a cikin 2D .
* **Sashe na II: Mayar da Hankali:** Ɗalibi yana gabatar da zane-zane 12 daban-daban waɗanda ke nuna ikon ɗalibi na yin zane-zane iri-iri a cikin 2D waɗanda suka shafi ra'ayi ɗaya. An tsara waɗannan a cikin tsari na musamman akan murfin zane-zane daga Hukumar Kwaleji . Tun daga shekarar 2009, aikace-aikacen kan layi ya maye gurbin amfani da zane-zane na zahiri da takardu masu alaƙa.
* **Sashe na III: Faɗi:** Ɗalibi ya gabatar da ƙarin zane-zane 12 daban-daban waɗanda ke nuna ikon ɗalibi na haɗa ƙa'idodin ƙira na 2D waɗanda suka haɗa da haɗin kai/bambanci, daidaito, girmamawa, bambanci, tsari, , rabo / sikelin, da alaƙar siffa-ƙasa.  An tsara waɗannan kamar Sashe na II. Tun daga 2009, aikace-aikacen kan layi ya maye gurbin amfani da zane-zane na zahiri da takardu masu alaƙa.

## Manazarta
Makarantar Tunanin Gine-gine don Yara

**Makarantar Tunanin Gine-gine ta Yara** wani aikin ƙarin ilimi ne na fannoni daban-daban wanda aka kafa a shekarar 2016 ta hannun mai zane Alexander Novikov da mai zane Elena Karpilova a Minsk, Belarus .   Makarantar ta mayar da hankali kan haɓaka "tunanin gine-gine" - wata hanyar warware matsaloli daban-daban - a cikin yara 'yan shekara 6-14 ta hanyar koyo bisa ga aiki.   Tun daga shekarar 2022, tana aiki a Lisbon, Portugal, tana aiki musamman tare da yara 'yan cirani. 

## Tarihi
An kafa makarantar a Minsk a shekarar 2016, kuma ta fara gudanar da ayyukanta ba tare da intanet ba.  A shekarar 2022, bayan mamayar da Rasha ta yi wa Ukraine da kuma tasirinta a yankin, makarantar ta koma Lisbon. A can, ta kafa ayyuka a Lisbon ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa da cibiyoyin al'adu na Portugal   kuma an yi mata rijista a matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta (NGO). 

## Hanyar

Shirin makarantar ya haɗa gine-gine, ƙirar birane, muhalli, fina-finai da fasahar zamani ta hanyar koyo bisa ga aiki. [1] [2] Kowace kalma tana ƙarewa da ayyukan da za a iya gani kamar nune-nune ko wallafe-wallafe. [1] Ƙwararrun masu aikin koyarwa suna koyar da azuzuwan bayan horon koyarwa don daidaita ƙwarewarsu ga yara. [2] An rubuta wannan hanyar a cikin wallafe-wallafen ƙasashen duniya ciki har da jagorar filin Archifutures Vol. 5: Apocalypse [3] kuma an nuna shi a cikin mujallar gine-ginen Mexico Arquine . [4]

## Ayyuka masu mahimmanci

* **HOUSEДОМДОМ: Littafin Ayyukan Yara da sauran Gine-ginen Avant-Garde** (2019): Littafin Ayyukan Gine-gine na Yara da aka nuna a cikin ArchDaily,  Tatlin,  Afisha Daily  da The New East Archive.  An jera a Goodreads.  da Google Books. 
* **Bambini Ovunque** - **Yara Ko'ina** (2024): Aikin shiga tsakani na hukuma a Venice Art Biennale 2024, wani ɓangare na shirin Foreign Pavilion. An sanar a ArchDaily  kuma an rufe shi a cikin Die Presse. 
* **Wuraren Zanga-zangar Yara, Fafutukar Jama'a, da Wasan Kwaikwayo** (2025): Jawabin Jama'a a Venice Architecture Biennale 2025 (Shirin Jama'a na GENS). 
* **IntelliGens Play Lab** (2025): Aikin shiga tsakani na hukuma a Venice Architecture Biennale 2025, wani ɓangare na shirin Foreign Pavilion. An sanar a ArchDaily. 

## Manazarta
Kwalejin Delécluse

**Makarantar Académie Delécluse** makaranta ce ta zane-zane ta zamani a birnin Paris, Faransa, wacce mai zane Auguste Joseph Delécluse ya kafa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. Ta kasance mai matuƙar goyon bayan mata masu fasaha, inda aka ba wa mata ɗalibai sarari fiye da maza.

## Tarihi
An kafa wannan makarantar ne ta hannun mai zane-zane ɗan Faransa Auguste Joseph Delécluse a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, kuma da alama tana cikin harkokinta tun daga shekarar 1884  ko 1888. 

Makarantar ta ƙaura wurare sau da yawa kafin ta kafa wurin zama na dindindin a Montparnasse a kan titin Rue Notre Dame des Champs na 84. [1] [2] Kamar Académie Julian, Académie Colarossi, da Académie Vitti, wannan makarantar ta karɓi ɗalibai mata. An horar da maza da mata daban-daban, kuma tana da ɗakunan studio guda biyu na mata kuma ɗaya kawai ga maza. [3] Wannan ya zama sananne musamman tsakanin masu fasaha na Ingilishi [3] na Amurka [1] da mata 'yan Australiya. A lokacin da take da ƙarfi, tana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun gidajen sinima guda huɗu a Paris, [3] amma tasirinta da ikonta na jawo hankalin ɗalibai nagari sun ragu a farkon ƙarni na 20.

Manyan farfesoshi su ne Georges Callot, Paul-Louis Delance, da Auguste Joseph Delécluse da kansa.  Edward Frederick Ertz (daga 1892 zuwa 1899)   shi ma yana cikin malaman, yana koyar da zane-zanen ruwa. 

## Manazarta
Louise Gibson Annand

**Louise Gibson Annand-MacFarquhar** MBE (27 ga Mayu 1915 &#x2013; 6 ga Janairu 2012) ƙwararriyar mai zane ce kuma mai shirya fina-finai 'yar ƙasar Scotland.  Ta kasance babbar mai ba da gudummawa ga shirin gaskiya na Scotland kuma mace ce mai tasiri a fannin da maza suka fi rinjaye.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Annand a Uddingston, a ranar 27 ga Mayu 1915, ga Emma Gibson da Walter D. Annand, dukkansu malamai. Ta halarci Hamilton Academy inda mahaifinta ya kasance Shugaban Jami'ar Turanci. Ƙanenta, Walter JD Annand, shi ma ya halarci Academy kuma ya zama injiniyan jiragen sama da kuma malami.

A lokacin rayuwarta Annand ta yi aure sau biyu, mijinta na farko shi ne Alastair Matheson na Skye. Bayan mutuwar mijinta na farko, Annand ta auri Roderick MacFarquhar, sakataren Asusun Highland (wanda ya riga ya zama shugaban Hukumar Ci Gaban tsaunuka da Tsibirai ) kuma tsohon memba na Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Duniya a Yaƙin Basasa na Spain . Tare da MacFarquhar ta yi tafiye-tafiye a duk faɗin duniya, tana ziyartar wurare kamar Lapland, Cuba, China, Faroes, Rasha da Barbados kafin shi ma ya rasu a shekarar 1989. 

Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da Annand ke sha'awa sun haɗa da masu ra'ayin Soroptimists, hawan dutse - ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar hawan dutse ta mata ta Scotland, ta sami nasarar cimma burinta kusan dukkan Munro - da kuma SNP. 

## Ilimi da aiki
A shekarar 1933, ta shiga Jami'ar Glasgow, inda ta kammala karatun digirinta na biyu ( MA ) a fannin adabi da harshe na Turanci a shekarar 1937. Yayin da take karatun digirinta, Annand ta ɗauki darussan yamma a fannin fasaha. Bayan jami'a, ta halarci Kwalejin Horarwa ta Jordanhill, inda ƙwararren masanin fasaha na Kwalejin ya ba ta darussan fasaha kuma ya ƙarfafa ta ta halarci azuzuwan yamma a Makarantar Fasaha ta Glasgow . [1] Bayan kammala kwaleji, ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta a makarantu daban-daban a Glasgow. A lokacin bazara na 1946, ta yi aiki a Carradale da ke Argyll tana yin zane-zane na littafin Naomi Mitchison, The Bull Calves (1947). [2] Ta shiga Sabis na Gidajen Tarihi na Makarantu a shekarar 1949 a matsayin mataimakiya a Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum, kuma daga 1970 zuwa 1980 a matsayin Jami'ar Ilimi ta Gidajen Tarihi. [3]

## Manazarta
Ilimin muhalli na zane-zane

**Ilimin muhalli na fasaha** (AEE) yana haɗa ilimin fasaha da ilimin muhalli a cikin aiki ɗaya. Hanyar tana da halaye biyu masu mahimmanci. Na farko shine yana nufin wani nau'in ilimin muhalli wanda ya fara daga hanyar fasaha. Ba kamar sauran nau'ikan ilimin waje ko na muhalli waɗanda ke ba da sarari don ƙwarewar ado ba, AEE yana juya tebur ta hanyar asali. Fasaha ba ƙari ba ce, abin da ke kan gaba; maimakon haka shine maƙasudin farko a ƙoƙarin nemo hanyoyin da mutane za su iya haɗawa da muhallinsu. Wani muhimmin sifa na biyu shine cewa AEE yana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin farko na zamani na haɗa ayyukan fasaha da ilimin muhalli inda masu aiki suka yi ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar ilimin lissafi . 

## Tushen ilimin muhalli bisa fasaha kamar yadda aka haɓaka shi a Finland
Mawallafin fasaha na ƙasar Finland, Meri-Helga Mantere, ne ya fara ƙirƙiro kalmar "ilimin muhalli bisa fasaha" (AEE) a shekarun 1990. Mantere ta bayyana AEE a matsayin nau'in ilmantarwa wanda ke da nufin haɓaka fahimtar muhalli da alhakin "ta hanyar ƙara karɓar fahimta da lura da kuma amfani da hanyoyin fasaha don bayyana gogewa da tunani na muhalli na mutum". [1] Kwarewar fasaha tana inganta ikon mutum na gani; suna taimaka wa mutum wajen sani da fahimta. Saboda haka, ta dage cewa waɗannan na iya zama da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen koyo game da muhalli. Bayanin Mantere game da hanyarta ta ilimin muhalli bisa fasaha za a iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin yunƙurin farko na ma'anar:

A takaice, fahimtar Mantere game da AEE ta dogara ne akan imanin cewa ana iya haɓaka fahimtar muhalli ta hanyar ayyukan fasaha.  A matsayinta na mai zane, kuma a matsayinta na malami kuma mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali, ta gano cewa yana da mahimmanci a koma ga tushen tsari da ƙwarewar fahimta.  A nan, tambayar yadda muke fahimta da kuma yadda muke karɓar ko ƙin saƙonnin muhalli yana da mahimmanci. Yana da mahimmanci a ja layi - saboda yana musanta zarge-zargen da ake yi na rungumar ra'ayin soyayya game da yanayi - shine akwai kuma sarari ga ɓangaren "inuwar" na gogewa, don jin ƙyama, tsoro da azaba.

## Manazarta
Gidan aiki

Mai **talla** (  ) bita ne na sirri ko ɗakin studio na ƙwararren mai fasaha a fannin zane- zane ko kayan ado ko kuma mai zane, inda babban malami da wasu mataimaka, ɗalibai, da masu koyon aiki za su iya aiki tare wajen samar da zane-zane ko zane-zanen gani da aka fitar a ƙarƙashin sunan maigidan ko kuma kulawarsa.

Ateliers su ne tsarin sana'a na yau da kullun ga masu fasaha na Turai daga Tsakiyar Zamani zuwa ƙarni na 19, kuma ya zama ruwan dare a wasu wurare a duniya. A tsakiyar Turai, wannan hanyar aiki da koyarwa galibi ana aiwatar da ita ta hanyar ƙa'idodin ƙungiyoyi na gida, kamar na ƙungiyar masu zane na Saint Luke, da sauran ƙungiyoyin sana'a. Masu koyon aiki galibi suna fara aiki akan ayyuka masu sauƙi tun suna ƙanana, kuma bayan wasu shekaru da ƙaruwar ilimi da ƙwarewa sun zama masu tafiya, kafin wataƙila su zama ƙwararru. An maye gurbin wannan tsarin ƙwararren mai koyon aiki a hankali yayin da ƙungiyoyin da ke da ƙarfi a da suka ragu, kuma makarantar ta zama hanyar horo da aka fi so. Duk da haka, ƙwararrun masu fasaha da yawa sun ci gaba da amfani da ɗalibai da mataimaka kamar yadda suke a cikin ateliers; wani lokacin mai zane yana biyan ɗaliban mataimaka, yayin da wani lokacin suna biyan kuɗin masu zane don koyo. 

A fannin fasaha, gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya ƙunshi ƙwararren mai zane, yawanci ƙwararren mai zane, mai sassaka, ko mai zane-zane—ko kuma daga tsakiyar ƙarni na 19 mai ɗaukar hoto mai kyau —yana aiki tare da ƙaramin adadin ɗalibai don horar da su a fannin gani ko fasaha mai kyau. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo kuma yana iya zama wurin aiki da karatu na mai zane mai salo na haute couture, mai gyaran gashi, ko masu fasaha gabaɗaya. Ana iya samun makarantun Atelier a ko'ina cikin duniya, musamman a Arewacin Amurka da Yammacin Turai . [1]

Duk da cewa hanyoyin sun bambanta, yawancin ɗakunan zane-zane suna horar da ɗalibai ƙwarewa da dabarun da ke da alaƙa da ƙirƙirar wani nau'in fasaha ta wakilci, yin hotuna masu girma biyu waɗanda suka bayyana ga mai kallo. A al'ada, sun haɗa da zaman zane ko zane- zanen tsirara .

## Hanyoyi

### Girman gani

## Manazarta
Shirin Zaɓin Fasaha (Singapore)

Makarantun da ke Singapore waɗanda suka sami izini daga Ma'aikatar Ilimi ne ke bayar da **Shirin Zaɓen Fasaha (AEP)** . Wannan shirin kuma ana kiransa da Babban Fasaha kuma ana iya bayar da shi a matsayin darasi na Takaddun Shaidar Ilimi na Babban Jami'ar Cambridge ( matakin O-level).

Yawancin lokaci ana gudanar da darussa ga AEP a cikin aji daban, wani lokacin bayan azuzuwan yau da kullun. Makarantun da ke ba da AEP a matsayin darasi yawanci suna da ɗakin zane-zane, dakin gwaje-gwaje na kafofin watsa labarai da kayan aiki don adanawa da amfani da kayan fasaha. A cikin AEP, ɗalibai suna koyon yadda ake tsara ko aiki tare da shirye-shiryen fasaha na dijital kamar Adobe Illustrator . Ana koyar da dabarun da ke da kayan aiki na asali kamar fensir, alkalami, da fenti.

Darussan sun haɗa da Nazarin Fasahar Kayayyaki (SOVA), inda ake koya wa ɗalibai nazarin ayyukan da shahararrun masu fasaha ke yi.

## Tarihi
Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta sanar da AEP a shekarar 1983. An tsara shi a matsayin shirin ingantawa ga ɗalibai masu fasaha. An fara shi a watan Janairun 1984 ta Makarantar Sakandare ta China da Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta Nanyang. 

An tsara AEP ne don bai wa ɗaliban da ke da ƙwarewar fasaha damar gudanar da shirin fasaha mai wadata. Manhajar AEP tana da nufin haɓaka tunanin ɗalibai da kerawa na tunani da nazari. Ana iya samun samfuran manhajar AEP da hanyoyin ƙirƙira da ayyukan fasaha na ɗalibai a cikin kundin da aka buga don baje kolin AEP.

## Ayyuka
Kowace shekara, ɗalibai suna ƙirƙirar aƙalla ayyuka biyu a cikin fannoni na fasaha da ƙira, kamar ɗaukar hoto ko tsara tambari. Ana ɗaukar ayyuka da muhimmanci a cikin jimillar maki. 

## Manazarta
Haɗin fasaha

**Haɗin kai a fannin fasaha** ya bambanta da ilimin gargajiya ta hanyar haɗa fannin fasaha da kuma fannin gargajiya a matsayin wani ɓangare na ilmantarwa (misali amfani da ƙwarewar wasan kwaikwayo don koyo game da rikici a rubuce.) Manufar haɗakar fasaha ita ce ƙara ilimin wani fanni na gabaɗaya yayin da a lokaci guda ke haɓaka fahimta da godiya ga kyawawan fasaha da wasan kwaikwayo. Cibiyar John F. Kennedy don Fasahar Wasanni ta bayyana haɗakar fasaha a matsayin "hanyar koyarwa inda ɗalibai ke ginawa da nuna fahimta ta hanyar fasaha. Dalibai suna shiga cikin tsarin ƙirƙira wanda ke haɗa nau'in fasaha da wani fanni kuma ya cika manufofin da ke tasowa a duka biyun."

## Tarihin ilimin fasaha da haɗin gwiwar fasaha
Haɗin gwiwar fasaha yana da alaƙa da ilimin fasaha a makarantu. Ilimin fasaha, duk da cewa yana wanzuwa a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban a ƙarni na 19, ya sami karbuwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ka'idar Ilimi Mai Ci Gaba ta John Dewey . Littafin farko da ya bayyana alaƙar da ke tsakanin fasaha da sauran fannoni (haɗin fasaha) da ake koyarwa a makarantun Amurka shine *Shirin Fasaha na Makaranta Mai Haɗaka (1939) na Leon Winslow.* A sauran ƙarni na 20, rawar da ilimin fasaha ke takawa a makarantun gwamnati ta ragu kuma ta gudana tare da sha'awar siyasa da walwalar kuɗi na ƙasar.

A cewar Liora Bresler, a shekarun 1970 da 1980, masu fafutukar haɗakar fasaha guda biyu sun fito: Harry Broudy da Elliot Eisner. Broudy ya yi kira ga fasaha bisa ga ƙarfafa tunani. Broudy ya ɗauki tunani a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na ilmantarwa wanda ya kamata a gina a makarantu, kuma ya yi kira ga haɗa ilimin ado cikin dukkan fannoni a cikin aikinsa, *Enlightened Cherishing* . Eisner ya bi Broudy, yana mai ambaton cewa fasaha tana da mahimmanci ga nau'ikan fahimta daban-daban. Ya yi imanin cewa fasaha tana kawo fahimtar duniya sosai saboda hulɗarsu—fasahohi suna motsa koyo fiye da abin da aka rubuta ko aka karanta. 

Cassandra B. Whyte ta jaddada muhimmancin gogewar fasaha ga ɗalibai don ƙarfafa hanyoyin tunani masu ƙirƙira da masu zaman kansu waɗanda za su zama masu mahimmanci a tsawon rayuwar mutum. Fasaha ta taimaka wa ɗalibai wajen warware matsaloli da yanke shawara, kuma waɗannan gogewar sarrafawa za a iya daidaita su a yanayin rayuwa gabaɗaya.  Whyte ya ba da shawarar haɗa fannoni na ilimin fasaha tare da wurin ba da shawara kan tantancewa don taimakawa ɗaliban manyan makarantu su haɓaka amincewa da ƙwarewar warware matsaloli ta musamman a cikin aji da rayuwa. 

A da, dokar da ba ta shafi yara ba ta bayyana ilimin fasaha a matsayin "mahimmanci ga ilimin kowane yaro," kuma ta haɗa shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin muhimman fannoni. [undefined] Dokar da ba ta shafi yara ba ta kuma jaddada alhakin aiki ta hanyar kimantawa (sau da yawa tana ɗaukar nau'in gwajin da aka tsara.) Duk da cewa ba a tilasta yin kimantawa ta daidai ba a kowace fasaha, buƙatar alhakin aiki a fannin fasaha, da kuma a wasu fannoni na ilimi, ya haifar da ƙarin bincike kan da kuma fafutukar haɗakar fasaha da tasirinta ga koyon ɗalibai. [1]

## Manazarta
Gidan Blockhouse na Boston

**Kamfanin Blockhouse na [[Boston]]** ya kasance wani kamfani na farko na fasaha da zane-zane na tsofaffin ɗalibai daga Kwalejin Fasaha ta Massachusetts da ke Boston, Massachusetts wanda ya buɗe ƙofofinsa a 1947.  Masu sana'ar Blockhouse, musamman Janet Doub Erickson wacce ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a makarantar fasaha ta wancan lokacin, ta tsara kuma ta samar da kayan yadi na asali waɗanda suka haɗa da labule, rataye bango, lilin tebur, gyaran tufafi da sauran zane-zane. Kamfanin ya ƙware a *fannin zane-zanen* linoleum - wanda kuma aka sani da linocuts - da buga allo . An san Blockhouse da amfani da jigogi da zane-zane na New England waɗanda suka haɗu da zane-zane masu ƙarfi na ƙabilu  a wasu lokutan ana wahayi zuwa gare su da fasahar kafin Columbia kuma wani lokacin da zane-zane na zamani .  Kamar yadda wata 'yar jarida ta bayyana wasu daga cikin wahayin da babbar mai tsara zane ta Blockhouse Janet Doub Erickson ta yi a cikin wani bayanin martaba na 1952, "ta je New Guinea don zane mai suna 'Checkerboard', zuwa China don zane mai suna "Quan-Yin", zuwa Guatemala don "Mayan Stele," da kuma wurin ajiyar kayan tarihi na Arewa maso Yammacin Indiya don "Totemotif." 

Duk da haka, sau da yawa tana zama a gida kawai, tana neman wahayi a cikin gine-gine da tarihin Boston da garuruwan da ke kewaye da ita a New England.

## Asali, tsari, tasiri, da gado

### Asalin

An kafa Blockhouse a shekarar 1947 ta ɗalibai goma sha biyu da tsofaffin ɗalibai na Kwalejin Fasaha ta Massachusetts, [1] ya yi ƙoƙarin "ba wa masu fasaha damar kafa dangantaka mai daraja da riba tare da jama'a masu siye." Takardar Bayyana Jama'a ta Blockhouse ta Boston]] Masu kafa Blockhouse sun bayyana manufar Blockhouse kamar haka:"Yadin da aka buga da hannu a Blockhouse samfuri ne na ƙungiyar masu fasaha da ke neman sabuwar hanya mai amfani ga zamantakewa don bayyana baiwar su. Muna fatan zane-zanenmu za su kasance cikin sabon hangen nesa kuma an aiwatar da su da ƙwarewar fasaha, za su ba da gudummawa ga kuma ƙarfafa sha'awar ƙirar zamani yayin da take haɓaka zuwa ga wani salon magana na duniya baki ɗaya."

## Manazarta
Yukiko Horiguchi

Yukiko Horiguchi (, Horiguchi Yukiko;  ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma mai zane-zane daga Kyoto Prefecture wanda ya yi aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kyoto Animation . Lokacin da take kwatanta wani labari mai haske, tana amfani da sunan alkalami "Shiromizakana" (白身魚). An fi saninta da mai tsara halayen don sauye-sauyen anime na *[[K-On!]]* da Lucky Star kuma a matsayin mai zane-zane na jerin litattafan haske Kokoro Connect . 

Ita ce 'yar'uwar BUNBUN (wanda aka fi sani da abec), mai tsara halayen asali don wasan kwaikwayo *Sakura Quest* da kuma mai zane-zane na jerin litattafan haske na Sword Art Online da Sword Art online: Progressive . Tana kusa da ɗan'uwanta kuma ta taɓa kasancewa cikin ƙungiyar *doujinshi* tare da shi.

Bayan kammala karatunsa daga ƙaramin kwaleji, Horiguchi ya shiga Kyoto Animation a shekara ta 2003. Matsayinta na farko ya kasance a matsayin mai ba da labari ga wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin Crayon Shin-chan, kuma ya fara aiki a matsayin mai kula da wasan kwaikwayo a karo na farko a Episode 163 na Inuyasha . Ayyukanta na farko a matsayin mai tsara halayen shine na Lucky☆Star . Ta kuma yi aiki a kan anime kamar K-ON! da kuma Kasuwar Tamako. A shekara ta 2007, ta kwatanta littafinta na farko, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin, ta ci gaba da yin hakan don ayyuka da yawa a kasuwa.

Ayyukan karshe na Horiguchi a Kyoto Animation shine a matsayin mai tsara halayen da darektan raye-raye a kasuwar Tamako a cikin 2013. Tun daga wannan lokacin ta yanke shawarar zama mai zaman kanta kuma ta yi aiki a kan ayyuka daban-daban na wasan kwaikwayo kuma galibi a matsayin mai zane-zane na litattafai masu haske.

## Ayyuka

### Anime

* Lucky Star (2007) - ƙirar halayyar, babban darektan wasan kwaikwayo
* *K-On!*  (2009) - zane-zane, babban darektan wasan kwaikwayo
* Tamako Market (2013) - zane-zane, babban darektan wasan kwaikwayo
* Ano Hi no Kanojo-tachi (2018) - ƙirar halayyar, darektan wasan kwaikwayo, ƙirar halayen asali ga Miu Takigawa
* Hello World (2019) - ƙirar halayen

## Manazarta
Bayan Scenes (jerin talabijin na Amurka)

Akwai wani ***ƙaramin*** shiri na talabijin mai sassa 10 da aka yi niyya ga yara 'yan shekara 8 zuwa 12 game da fannoni daban-daban na fasaha, wanda aka watsa a PBS a 1992.  Alice Stewart Trillin da Jane Garmey ne suka shirya shirin, Ellen Hovde da Muffie Meyer ne suka shirya kuma suka ba da umarni, kuma Penn &amp;amp; Teller ne suka shirya shi.  An ƙirƙiro shi ne don haskaka tsarin ƙirƙira da ke ƙarƙashin aikin masu fasaha.

## Tsarin
Shirin ya yi amfani da nau'ikan gajerun fina-finai iri-iri, zane-zanen kwamfuta, da kiɗa don nuna wasu abubuwan da suka shafi aikin fasaha. Kowanne daga cikin zane-zanen Penn & Teller an tsara shi musamman don nuna wani ɓangare na jigon wannan shirin.

## Shirye-shirye

## Manazarta
Bauhaus

**Bauhaus na Staatliches** (  ), wanda aka fi sani da Bauhaus       , makarantar fasaha ce ta Jamus wacce ke aiki daga 1919 zuwa 1933 wacce ta haɗa sana'o'i da fasaha mai kyau .  Makarantar ta shahara saboda tsarinta na ƙira, wanda ya yi ƙoƙarin haɗa hangen nesa na fasaha na mutum ɗaya tare da ƙa'idodin samar da kayayyaki da yawa da kuma fifita aiki . 

An kafa Bauhaus ta hannun mai zane Walter Gropius a Weimar . An kafa ta ne bisa ra'ayin ƙirƙirar *Gesamtkunstwerk* ("zane-zane mai cikakken tsari") wanda daga ƙarshe za a haɗa dukkan fasaha. Daga baya salon Bauhaus ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi tasiri a cikin ƙirar zamani, gine-ginen zamani, da ilimin gine-gine.  Ƙungiyar Bauhaus ta yi tasiri sosai kan ci gaba a cikin fasaha, gine-gine, ƙirar zane, ƙirar ciki, ƙirar masana'antu, da rubutu .  Ma'aikatan Bauhaus sun haɗa da fitattun masu fasaha kamar Paul Klee, Wassily Kandinsky, Gunta Stölzl, da László Moholy-Nagy a wurare daban-daban.

Makarantar ta wanzu a birane uku na Jamus— Weimar, daga 1919 zuwa 1925; Dessau, daga 1925 zuwa 1932; da Berlin, daga 1932 zuwa 1933—a ƙarƙashin daraktocin gine-gine guda uku daban-daban: Walter Gropius daga 1919 zuwa 1928; Hannes Meyer daga 1928 zuwa 1930; da Ludwig Mies van der Rohe daga 1930 zuwa 1933, lokacin da aka rufe makarantar ta hanyar shugabancinta a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba daga gwamnatin Nazi, bayan an zana ta a matsayin cibiyar ilimin gurguzu.  A duniya, tsoffin manyan mutane na Bauhaus sun yi nasara a Amurka kuma an san su da *avant-garde* don Tsarin Duniya .  Birnin Fari na Tel Aviv, wanda yawancin masu gine-ginen Bauhaus na Yahudawa suka yi ƙaura zuwa gare shi, yana da mafi girman yawan gine-ginen ƙasa da ƙasa na Bauhaus a duniya.

Sauye-sauyen wurin da shugabanci ya haifar da sauyi a hankali, dabaru, malamai, da siyasa. Misali, an dakatar da shagon tukwane lokacin da makarantar ta koma daga Weimar zuwa Dessau, duk da cewa muhimmin tushen samun kudin shiga ne; lokacin da Mies van der Rohe ya karɓi makarantar a shekarar 1930, don ƙoƙarin guje wa matsin lambar gwamnatin Nazi, ya mayar da ita makaranta mai zaman kanta kuma bai bar wani mai goyon bayan Hannes Meyer ya halarci makarantar ba.

## Manazarta
Yoshiji Kigami

Yoshiji Kigami  ya kasance mai wasan kwaikwayo na Japan, darektan kuma mai ba da labari. Ya fara aiki a Shin-Ei Animation, daga baya ya zama wani ɓangare na Animaruya sannan ya zama mai alaƙa da Kyoto Animation.

## Ayyuka
Lokacin da yake matashi, Kigami ya kasance babban mai sha'awar fina-finai na Disney da wasan kwaikwayo na anime bisa ga jerin manga na Osamu Tezuka, kuma wannan ya kai shi ga zama mai wasan kwaikwayo. Ya fara aiki a Shin-Ei Animation kafin ya shiga Kyoto Animation . Kigami ya zama sananne a cikin masana'antar saboda aikinsa a kan Grave of the Fireflies da Akira a matsayin babban mai ba da labari.[1] A shekara ta 2003, Kigami ya jagoranci aikinsa na farko, Munto, kuma daga baya ya zama malami a shirin koyarwa na Kyoto Animation.[2] A cikin shirye-shiryen Kyoto Animation, ya yi amfani da sunan alkalami Ichirou Miyoshi (三好一郎) lokacin da yake yin labarin, da kuma Fumio Tada (多田文男) lokacin da ke yin maɓallin motsa jiki.[3]

## Mutuwa
A ranar 18 ga watan Yulin 2019, a lokacin harin konewar Kyoto Animation, an kashe Kigami tare da abokan aikinsa 35,  tare da wasu 33 da suka ji rauni; An fara bayyana Kigami ya ɓace bayan harin   saboda mahaifiyarsa ta bayyana cewa ba za a iya tuntubar shi nan da nan bayan gobarar ba. An tabbatar da mutuwarsa a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta 2019. 

## Hotunan fina-finai

* Kabarin Fireflies: Key Animation 
* Cat's Eye: Key Animation (4 episodes) 
* *Akira*: Muhimmin Ayyuka 
* *Doraemon* (fim 7): Key Animation
* *Robotan*: Daraktan Fitowa (ep 5) 
* Lucky Star: Daraktan Animation (ep 18) 
* *Clannad*: Darakta na Animation (ep 3); Key Animation (ép 12, ep 23, ep 24) 
* Love, Chunibyo & Sauran Ra'ayoyi: Darakta na Fitowa (ep 6); Storyboard ep (ep 6) 
* *Crayon Shin Chan Movies (1; 3;7;9) *: Key Animation
* *Hyouka*: Key Animation; Storyboard (ep 5); Darakta na Fitowa (ep 5) 
* *K-On!* : Key Animation (ep 10, ep 12) 
* K-On! Fim: Muhimmin Fim
* *Munto*: Daraktan
* Tamako Market: Darakta na Fitowa (ep 2, ep 9), Storyboard (ep 9), Key Animation (ep 1) 
* *Violet Evergarden*: Darakta na Fitowa (ep 6), Storyboard (ep 6) 
* *Nichijou*: Darakta na Fitowa (ep 6, ep 14, ep 20), Storyboard (ep 6,ep 14, ep 20) 
* Air: Storyboard (ep 11), Darakta na Fitowa (ep 11) 
* *<nowiki/>'Yana da' yanci!* : Muhimmin Ayyuka 
* *Cikakken Tsoro na Ƙarfe? Fumoffu*: Storyboard (ep 3, ep 7), Darakta na Fitowa (ep 3,ep 7) 
* *Cikakken Tsoro na Ƙarfe! Harin na Biyu*: Storyboard (ep 4, ep 8, ep 12), Darakta na Fitowa (ep 4,ep 12) 
* *Sauti! Euphonium*: Daraktan Fitowa (ep 5, ep 12) 
* Baja no Studio: Daraktan
* *[[Muryar da ba ta da sauti (fim)|Murya Mai Shiru]]*: Key Animation  

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Futoshi Nishiya

Futoshi Nishiya (西屋 太志, Nishiya Futoshi; 1981 ko 1982 - 18 ga Yulin 2019) ya kasance mai wasan kwaikwayo na Japan, darektan kuma mai tsara halayen.

## Ayyuka
Bayan kammala karatunsa daga kwalejin sana'a a Osaka, ya fara aiki a Kyoto Animation . Ayyukansa na farko a matsayin babban mai ba da labari shine *Inuyasha* a cikin 2003 (wanda aka kwangila daga Sunrise Inc). A shekara ta 2006, ya ɗauki matsayin Daraktan wasan kwaikwayo na farko a cikin 10th episode na 2006 edition na Haruhi Suzumiya, kuma ya ɗauki matsayin babban darektan raye-raye a cikin 2009 edition na wannan jerin.

Ya ɗauki aikinsa na farko na zane-zane a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Nichijou na 2011. A cikin shekara ta 2012, ya yi aiki a kan ƙirar halayen Hyouka na asali, wanda ya dogara ne akan littafin asiri na wannan taken da Honobu Yonezawa ya rubuta. Kamar yadda aikin asali labari ne, ana buƙatar ƙirar halayen daga karami.

## Mutuwa
Bayan harin konewar Kyoto Animation a ranar 18 ga Yulin 2019, an ruwaito cewa ba a san Nishiya ba. A ranar 2 ga watan Agustan 2019, an tabbatar da cewa ya mutu a harin konewa yana da shekaru 37.

## Hotunan fina-finai

* *azarta Inuyasha* - Babban Mai ba da labari
* *Cikakken Tsoro na Ƙarfe!* - Babban mai ba da labari
*  - Babban mai ba da labari 
* *FMP! Harin na Biyu* - Babban mai ba da labari
*  (sakewa a shekara ta 2006) - Daraktan wasan kwaikwayo, babban mai wasan kwaikwayo
*  - Daraktan wasan kwaikwayo, babban mai wasan kwaikwayo
* Lucky Star - Daraktan wasan kwaikwayo, babban mai wasan kwaikwayo
* *CLANNAD* - Daraktan wasan kwaikwayo, babban mai wasan kwaikwayo
* CLANNAD - Daraktan wasan kwaikwayo, babban mai wasan kwaikwayo
* *K-On!* - Daraktan wasan kwaikwayo, babban mai wasan kwaikwayo
* *K-ON!!* - Daraktan wasan kwaikwayo, babban mai wasan kwaikwayo
* Haruhi Suzumiya (2009 sake sakewa) - Babban darektan wasan kwaikwayo, darektan motsa jiki, mataimakin darektan raye-raye
* *Nichijou* - Mai tsara halayen, babban darektan wasan kwaikwayo,  darektan raye-raye
* *Hyouka* - Mai tsara halayen da kuma rubutun, babban darektan wasan kwaikwayo,  darektan raye-raye
* *Ƙauna, Chunibyo &amp;amp; Sauran Ra'ayoyi* - Daraktan wasan kwaikwayo
* Tamako Market - Darakta na wasan kwaikwayo, babban mai wasan kwaikwayo
*  - Mai tsara halayen, babban darektan wasan kwaikwayo,  darektan raye-raye, babban mai wasan kwaikwayo
* Bayan iyakoki - Mataimakin darektan wasan kwaikwayo
* Love, Chunibyo & Sauran Ra'ayoyi -Heart Throb- - Darakta na Animation, babban mai ba da labari
* 'Yana da' yanci! -Eternal Summer- - Mai tsara halayen, babban darektan wasan kwaikwayo, darektan raye-raye
* Amagi Brilliant Park - Darakta na wasan kwaikwayo, mataimakin Darakta
* *Sauti! Euphonium* - Daraktan wasan kwaikwayo
* *Sauti! Euphonium 2* - Daraktan wasan kwaikwayo
* ''Murya Mai Shiru'' - Tsarin mutum
* Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid - Daraktan wasan kwaikwayo
* 'Yana da' yanci! -Dive to the Future- - Mai tsara halayen, babban darektan wasan kwaikwayo

## Man
Reder

Reder sunan mahaifi ne na Jamus . Shahararrun mutanen da ke da sunan mahaifi sun haɗa da:

* Bernard Reder (1887-1964), mai zane daga Czernowitz, Bukovina
* Kristiaan Reuder ko Kirista Reder (1656 – 1729), mai zanen Jamusanci
* Deanna Reder, wata daliba 'yar ƙasar Kanada
* An haifi Gigi Reder a Luigi Schroeder (1928 - 1998), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Italiya
* Hedwig Reder sunan farko na Hedwig Kettler (1851 - 1937), mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata 'yar Jamus
* Johnny Reder (1909-1990), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ɗan Amurka
* József Réder (1951 - 2008), ɗan damben Hungarian
* Peter Reder (an haife shi a shekarar 1960), mai zane ɗan Birtaniya
* Rudolf Reder aka Roman Robak (1881 - 1977), wanda ya tsira daga sansanin taro
* Walter Reder (1915-1991), jami'in SS na Jamus

## Duba kuma

* Reeder (bambanci)
* Rehder
Tatsuya Ishihara

Tatsuya Ishihara (Japanese: 石原 立也, Hepburn: Ishihara Tatsuya; an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1966) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Japan, darektan talabijin da fim. Yin aiki don Kyoto Animation tun 1988, [1] ya ba da umarnin The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya, Clannad, Nichijou, Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions and Sound! Euphonium.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi

## Ayyuka
Kyautarsa ta farko a matsayin darektan fitowar ita ce ta 1995 na Tenchi Universe mai taken "Babu Bukatar Damuwa!". A cikin 2021, ya maye gurbin Yasuhiro Takemoto a matsayin darektan Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid S, bayan mutuwar ta a lokacin harin konewar Kyoto Animation.

## Hotunan fina-finai

### Talabijin

#### A matsayin darektan jerin

* *Iska* (2005) 
* *Kanon* (2006) 
* *Clannad* (2007) 
* *Clannad Bayan Labari* (2008) 
* *Rashin jin daɗi na Haruhi Suzumiya* (2006, 2009) 
* *Nichijou* (2011) 
* *Ƙauna, Chunibyo &amp;amp; Sauran Ra'ayoyi* (2012) 
* *Ƙauna, Chunibyo &amp;amp; Sauran Ra'ayoyi - Zuciya ta Throb-* (2014) 
* *Sauti! Euphonium* (2015) 
* Yawancin launuka Phantom World (2016) 
* *Sauti! Euphonium 2* (2016) 
* Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid S (2021) 
* *Sauti! Euphonium 3* (2024)
Hiroko Utsumi

Hiroko Utsumi (, Utsumi Hiroko) darektan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Japan, Mai zane-zane, kuma mai zane-zanen manga. An fi saninta da aikinta tare da Kyoto Animation, musamman a matsayin darektan asali na Free!. Bayan barin kamfanin Kyoto Animation mai suna Animation Do, ta ba da umarnin gyaran wasan kwaikwayo na Banana Fish manga, kuma ta kirkiro kuma ta ba da umurni SK8 the Infinity tare da Bones. Ta kammala karatu a Kwalejin Zane ta Osaka . [1]

## Ayyuka

### Hotunan talabijin

* *Cikakken Tsoro na Ƙarfe! Harin na Biyu* (2005), mai ba da labari
* Abin baƙin ciki na Haruhi Suzumiya (2006), mai wasan kwaikwayo
* *Kanon* (2006-2007), mai wasan kwaikwayo
* Lucky Star (2007), mai wasan kwaikwayo
* *Clannad* (2007-2008), mai wasan kwaikwayo
* *Clannad Bayan Labari* (2008-2009), mai ba da labari
* The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya (2009), mataimakin darektan kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo
* *K-On!*  (2009), mai ba da labari
* *K-On!!*  (2010), mai zane-zane, darektan wasan kwaikwayo, mai ba da labari
* Nichijou (My Ordinary Life) (2011), mai zane-zane, darektan wasan kwaikwayo, mai wasan kwaikwayo
* *Hyouka* (2012), mai zane-zane, darektan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo
* Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions (2012), mai zane-zane da kuma darektan shirin
* Tamako Market (2013), mai zane-zane da kuma mai ba da labari
* Beyond the Boundary (2013-2014), mai zane-zane da kuma darektan shirin
* *<nowiki/>'Yana da' yanci!*  (2013), darektan jerin, mai zane-zane, darektan fitowar, darektin rukunin
* Love, Chunibyo & Sauran Ra'ayoyi -Heart Throb- (2014), mai zane-zane
* 'Yana da' yanci! Har abada Summer (2014), darektan jerin, mai zane-zane, darektan fitowar
* *Kwanaki* (2016), mai zane-zane da kuma darektan sashin don rufewa
* Bungo Stray Dogs (2016), mai zane-zane
* My Hero Academia (2017), mai zane-zane da kuma darektan sashin don rufewa na biyu
* *Altair: Tarihin Yaƙe-yaƙe* (2017), mai zane-zane
* Banana Fish (2018), darektan jerin, mai zane-zane, darektan fitowar
* *Dororo* (2019), mai zane-zane
* SK8 the Infinity (2021-yanzu), darektan jerin, mahalicci na asali, mai zane-zane, darektan fitowar
* *Aljanna ta jahannama: Jigokuraku* Teaser PV (2021), babban mai ba da labari
* *Bucchigiri?!*  (2024), darektan jerin, mahalicci na asali 

### Hoton bidiyo na asali

* *Lucky Star OVA* (2008), mai wasan kwaikwayo
* *K-On!*  (2010), darektan rukunin kuma mai ba da labari
* SK8 Infinity Extra Part (2025), darektan 

### Fim din motsa jiki

* *Munto* (2009), mai ba da labari
* *Rashin Haruhi Suzumiya* (2010), mai wasan kwaikwayo da kuma darektan rukunin
* K-On! : The Movie (2011), mai wasan kwaikwayo da kuma darektan rukunin
* Tamako Love Story (2014), kwamitin samarwa
* Yu-Gi-Oh! : The Dark Side of Dimensions (2016), darektan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo

## Manazarta
Bauhaus Dessau

**Bauhaus Dessau**, wanda kuma shine **ginin Bauhaus-Building Dessau**, wani gini ne mai cike da gine-gine a Dessau-Roßlau . Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin kololuwar ƙirar zamani ta kafin yaƙi a Turai kuma ta samo asali ne daga rugujewar Makarantar Weimar da kuma matakin da 'yan siyasa na gida suka ɗauka na daidaita yanayin masana'antar birnin da tarihin al'adunsa. 

An gina ginin tsakanin 1925 da 1926 bisa ga tsare-tsaren Walter Gropius a matsayin ginin makaranta na Makarantar Fasaha, Zane da Gine-gine ta Bauhaus . [1] Ginin da kansa da Gidajen Masters da aka gina a kusa da wurin sun tabbatar da suna na Bauhaus a matsayin "alamar zamani". [ ba a tabbatar da shi a jikin mutum ba ]

An sake gina sassan da suka lalace da kuma waɗanda aka gyara a tsarin gine-gine tun daga shekarar 1965 zuwa gaba bisa ga ruhin asali. An gyara ginin kuma an sake sabunta shi kaɗan a shekarar 1976. Tsakanin 1996 da 2006, an gyara ginin kuma an gyara shi daidai da ƙa'idodin adana tarihi .

Tun daga shekarar 1996, ginin ya kasance wani ɓangare na Wurin Tarihi na Duniya na UNESCO Bauhaus da wurarensa a Weimar, Dessau da Bernau, wanda ya haɗa da Haus am Horn, ginin makarantar fasaha da babban ginin Jami'ar Bauhaus da ke Weimar, Gidajen Masters a Dessau, kuma tun daga shekarar 2017, Laubenganghäuser a can da kuma Makarantar Hadin Kan Kwadago ta ADGB da ke Bernau . 

Tsakanin 1925 da 1932, an gina wasu gine-gine daban-daban da masu gine-ginen Bauhaus suka gina a Dessau, ciki har da rukunin gidaje na Törten, ofishin aikin yi da kuma gidan cin abinci na Kornhaus. 

## Ginin Bauhaus
Ginin, wanda aka gina a salon ƙasashen duniya,  ya ƙunshi sassa biyar masu tsari, waɗanda aka shirya su a fikafikai da yawa. An shirya gine-ginen simintin da aka ƙarfafa a kan wani wuri mai faɗi ta yadda babu "gaba" a ma'anar al'ada.  A cikin ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan fikafikan akwai "Makarantar Fasaha da Sana'o'i" (daga baya ya zama makarantar fasaha), reshen bita tare da bangon labulen gilashi na musamman da Atelierhaus. Tsarin bangon ya haifar da sabbin abubuwa na masana'antu na ginin masana'antu maimakon al'ada da ɗaga matsayin ci gaban jama'a na cibiyar ilimi.  Atelierhaus ya ƙunshi ɗakunan kwanan dalibai. Reshen arewa na makarantar sana'o'i da reshen bitar suna da gada mai hawa biyu. An yi nufin wannan don ɗakunan gudanarwa da ofishin ginin Gropius (daga baya sashen gine-ginen Bauhaus). A cikin wani gini mai faɗi tsakanin sashin bitar da Atelierhaus akwai ɗakin taro da dandamali da kuma gidan cin abinci na Bauhaus.

## Manazarta
Yutaka Yamamoto

Yutaka Yamamoto  shi ne darektan wasan kwaikwayo na Japan daga yankin Osaka . Ya taimaka wajen gano Ordet.

A shekara ta 2009, ya ba da umarnin gajeren fim na 90 don a haɗa shi a cikin kundi na huɗu na Tonari no 801-chan manga . Hotunan A-1 ne suka samar da gajeren kuma Satoshi Kadowaki ne ya nuna zane-zanen halayen. Samar da gajeren ya zo ne bayan sanarwar cewa Kyoto Animation za ta samar da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Tonari no 801-chan. Koyaya, ƙasa da makonni biyu bayan haka, an soke jerin ba tare da bayani daga mai watsa shirye-shiryensa ba, TBS. Yamamoto ya rubuta cewa gajeren lokaci dama ce ta "ramako da kaina" a shafin yanar gizonsa.

Ayyukansa na gaba shine *Black Rock Shooter*, OVA da aka saki a watan Yulin 2010. Yamamoto shine darektan kula da aikin. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da Ordet ya samar da shi a matsayin babban ɗakin wasan kwaikwayo, yayin da Shinobu Yoshioka, wani tsohon memba na Kyoto Animation, ya ba da umarni. Yamamoto ya halarci taron wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka Otakon a cikin 2009. A farkon shekara ta 2011, Yamamoto ya ba da umarnin wasan kwaikwayo na Fractale tare da samarwa ta A-1 Pictures da Ordet. Ya jagoranci fina-finai uku da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Wake Up, Girls! , amma an cire shi a matsayin darektan jerin abubuwan da suka biyo baya. Ordet ya kori Yamamoto a ranar 25 ga Maris, 2016. A ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 2017, ya sanar da aikinsa na gaba zai zama fim din anime na asali mai taken *Hakubo*, wanda za a tallafa masa ta hanyar crowdfunding. Yamamoto ya yi aiki a matsayin marubuci da darektan fim din, wanda aka saki a shekarar 2019.  A ranar 4 ga watan Maris, 2019, Kotun Gundumar Tokyo ta fara shari'ar fatarar kuɗi a kan Yamamoto. Lauyansa ya bayyana cewa wannan ba zai shafi aikin fim dinsa na *Hakubo* ba.

A watan Satumbar 2019, Yamamoto ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai tara kudade da wani fim mai ban sha'awa mai suna Magical Girls on Crowdfire, wanda ya haifar da fushinsa game da harin konewar Kyoto Animation.[1] A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, an sanar da cewa an dakatar da aikin saboda rashin masu saka hannun jari.[2]

## Manazarta
Ichirō Fujisaki

Ichiro Fujisaki  ɗan diflomasiyyar Japan ne wanda ya kasance Jakadan Japan a Amurka daga 2008 zuwa 2012.  Ya kasance a baya Jakadan Japan a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma Ƙungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Fujisaki a yankin Kagoshima . Ya halarci makarantar sakandare a Seattle, Washington a matsayin ɗaliban musayar a cikin shekarun 1960. [1][2] Ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Keio Jr. da Keio. Ya sami digiri a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Keio . Daga nan ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Jami'ar Stanford, sashen kimiyyar siyasa.

Fujisaki ya shiga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Japan a shekarar 1969. A lokacin aikinsa na diflomasiyya, Fujisaki ya yi aiki a matsayin darakta janar na Ofishin Harkokin Arewacin Amurka a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje kuma a matsayin Mataimakin Ministan Harkokin Wajen da kasashen waje a Jakarta, Landan, da Paris. A matsayinsa na Mataimakin Ministan Harkokin Waje, ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Firayim Ministan Japan Junichiro Koizumi a taron koli na G8 daga 2002 zuwa 2005.

Yanzu shi farfesa ne a Jami'ar Keio.

## Manazarta
Mac Akasaka

Makoto Tonami (戸並 誠, Tonami Makoto; an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 1948), wanda aka fi sani da ***Mc Akasaka*** (マック赤坂, Mac Akasaka), ɗan kasuwa ne na Japan, ɗan siyasa da mai ritaya kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya kuma tsohon ɗan takarar dindindin.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife shi a Nagoya, ya girma a cikin iyali mai gwagwarmaya, kuma ya halarci Jami'ar Kyoto .  Ya shafe shekaru 25 a matsayin zartarwa a kamfanin kasuwanci na Itochu, inda ya gina kasuwancin kasuwancin ƙarfe mai ƙarancin ƙasa kuma daga ƙarshe ya yi ritaya da wuri tare da kunshin raba yen miliyan 120.  Ya shiga siyasa bayan ya yi ritaya. Yanzu yana kula da Ƙungiyar Magunguna ta Murmushi a Akasaka, Tokyo .  Akasaka ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana da dukiyar kansa na biliyoyin yen, wanda yake amfani da shi don rufe farashin kamfen dinsa na siyasa.

Ya yi takara a ofisoshin siyasa daban-daban a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ciki har da Majalisar Minato City (2007), Majalisar Wakilai (2007, 2009, da 2010), Gwamna na Tokyo (2007, 2011, 2012, 2014 da 2016), Gwamna da Osaka Prefecture (2011), Gwamna na Niigata Prefecture (2012) da kuma Magajin garin Osaka City (2014), yana takara a matsayin dan takarar Jam'iyyar Smile Party. A cikin waɗannan zaɓuɓɓuka ya zama sananne ga jawabai masu ban sha'awa, sau da yawa a cikin tufafi, da kuma shirya kide-kide na gaggawa a wuraren jama'a kamar tsakiyar Shibuya. Tattaunawar jawabinsa na zabe, inda ya jaddada muhimmancin murmushi yayin da yake sanye da kayan ado masu ban mamaki kamar Superman ko baƙon sararin samaniya, ya zama sananne a YouTube da sauran shafukan bidiyo.

Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya kai shekara ta 2012 ya kai kusan yen miliyan 30 zuwa 30; ya yi takarar gwamna na Tokyo kawai ya kai kusan Yen miliyan 5 duk da cewa ya zaɓi kada ya buga hotunan zabe.[1] Akasaka ya yi la'akari da kasancewa daga Zaben gwamna na Tokyo a shekarar 2014, yayin da ribar da ya samu daga kasuwancin da ba a saba gani ba ta ragu, kuma bai yarda ya gaba da takardar shaidar yen miliyan 3 da ake buƙata don gudu ba. Daga karshe ya sanar da cewa zai gudu bayan da ya yi tsokaci a kan Twitter yana roƙonsa ya yi hakan. Ya rubuta: "Akwai magoya bayan Mac a duk duniya, ba kawai tsakanin masu jefa kuri'a na Tokyo ba, har ma a Hollywood da Lausanne. Suna jiran bidiyon zabe na. "[2]

Akasaka ya lashe kujerar a Majalisar Gundumar Minato a shekarar 2019, zabensa na 14; Akasaka ya dauki wannan a matsayin yunkurinsa na karshe a zaben. Ya yi ritaya a ƙarshen wa'adinsa a 2023 saboda rashin lafiya.

## Batutuwan Shari'a
An tuhumi Tonami da Cin hanci da rashawa a shekara ta 2010 a kan zargin cewa ya ɓoye yen miliyan 234 a cikin kudin shiga a tsawon shekaru uku, kuma ya sami hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku.

## Manazarta
Hiroyuki Nagahama

Hiroyuki Nagahama (長浜 博行, Nagahama Hiroyuk; an haife shi a shekara ta 1958) ɗan siyasan Japan ne na Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Tsarin Mulki ta Japan, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban majalisar wakilai daga 2022 zuwa 2025.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Dan asalin Tokyo kuma ya kammala karatu a Jami'ar Waseda, an zabi Nagahama a Majalisar Wakilai a karo na farko a 1993 a matsayin memba na Morihiro Hosokawa's Japan New Party . Bayan ya rasa kujerarsa a 1996 a matsayin memba na New Frontier Party, an sake zabarsa a 2000 a matsayin memba ne na DPJ. A shekara ta 2007, an zabe shi a majalisar wakilai a karon farko.

A shekarar 2012, an nada Nagahama a matsayin Ministan Muhalli.

Bayan zaben 'yan majalisa na shekara ta 2022, an zabi Nagahama a matsayin mataimakin shugaban majalisar 'yan majalisun. Bayan wa'adinsa ya ƙare bayan zaben House of Councillors na 2025, an zabe shi shugaban Hukumar kan Kundin Tsarin Mulki a cikin House of Counsillors. 

## Manazarta
Rederscheid

**Rederscheid** gari ne da ke cikin gundumar Windhagen a gundumar Neuwied, Rhineland-Palatinate, Jamus .   Ya zuwa shekarar 2022, garin yana da mazauna 728. 

An haɗa Rederscheid cikin Windhagen a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1970. [ ana buƙatar ambato ] A watan Afrilun 2022, an ajiye 'yan gudun hijira saba'in daga mamayar Rasha a Ukraine a wani tsohon otel a garin. [1] Garin ya ƙunshi filin wasa da filin ƙauye.
## MANAZARTA