open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Gidan wasan Brummels

**Gidan Tarihi na Brummels** da ke Kudancin Yarra, Melbourne, Ostiraliya, wani gidan tarihi ne na kasuwanci wanda David Yencken ya kafa a shekarar 1956 don nuna zane-zane na zamani na Australiya, sassaka da kwafi, amma bayan wani lokaci na barci ya zama sananne a shekarun 1970, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Rennie Ellis, a matsayinta na farko a Ostiraliya da ta ƙware a fannin daukar hoto a lokacin da ake farfaɗo da kayan aikin a matsayin fasahar zane. An rufe gidan tarihin a shekarar 1980.

## Tushen wani gidan tarihi don zane-zane na Ostiraliya
David Yencken (an haife shi a shekara ta 1931), Shugaba kuma babban darakta na Merchant Builders Pty Ltd., kuma daga baya ya zama Jami'ar Melbourne Elisabeth Murdoch Shugabar Tsarin Zane-zane da Tsarin Muhalli 1988–1997, ta kafa Brummels a saman bene na 95 Toorak Rd., South Yarra, sama da Brummels  espresso mashaya, wanda mamallakinsa, Pat Collins, ya shiga cikin wannan aikin. Ita ce gidan tarihi na biyu a Melbourne da ke nuna zane-zane na Australiya kawai.   (na farko shine Gidan Tarihi na Australiya a Collingwood, wanda aka buɗe watanni 5 da suka gabata). 

An buɗe gidan tarihin a ranar Litinin 8 ga Oktoba 1956 da ƙarfe 5:50 pm na Sir Daryl Lindsay [1] sannan ya kusa yin ritaya a matsayin Daraktan NGV kuma wanda ke rage juriyarsa ga Zamani . Nunin ya gabatar da masu fasaha daga Sydney da Melbourne [2] kuma ya haɗa da 'yan cirani Yahudawa Sali Herman, wanda dangin Melbourne suka sayi Sojoji Biyu Suna Barci a Jirgin Ƙasa, da Judy Cassab (wanda zai lashe kyautar Archibald nan gaba); tare da George Bell ; Elaine Haxton, wacce ta nuna ayyukan da aka yi a ziyarar da ta kai China ta Kwaminisanci tare da tawagar al'adu ta Australiya; tare da shimfidar wuri ta Charles Bush, da kuma sassaka katako ta hanyar mai sassaka Clifford Last.[3] [4]

## Manazarta
Gertrude Yanayin Fasaha na zamani

**Gertrude Contemporary** wani babban gini ne na fasaha na zamani wanda ke Melbourne, Ostiraliya .

An kafa ƙungiyar a shekarar 1985 kuma tana nan a lamba 21-31 High St, Preston South.  Tana kuma da wurin baje kolin tauraron ɗan adam, Gertrude Glasshouse, a lamba 44 Glasshouse Rd, Collingwood . A da, an gina wannan gidan tarihi a unguwar Fitzroy.

Shirye-shiryen Gertrude Contemporary sun haɗa da baje kolin zane-zane a wurare biyu na gallery, wuraren zama na studio ga masu fasaha na gida da na ƙasashen waje da kuma shirye-shiryen ilimi da na jama'a. Shirin Gertrude Contemporary Studio yana ɗaukar nauyin masu fasaha 16 na tsawon shekaru biyu.

Daraktocin Gertrude Contemporary na yanzu sune Mark Feary, Daraktan Fasaha, da Tracy Burgess, Babban Darakta. Darektocin ƙungiyar da suka gabata sune Alexie Glass-Kantor, [1] Emma Crimmings, Louise Neri, Rose Lang, Max Delany da Samantha Comte.

## Tarihi
An kafa Gertrude Contemporary a shekarar 1983 a matsayin jerin ɗakunan zane-zane a 200 Gertrude Street, Fitzroy a cikin wani masana'antar yadi da aka canza. A shekarar 1985, ta jagoranci matsayin ginin gallery da studio na farko a Ostiraliya, wani tsari da take ci gaba da aiki a yau. An fara kafa shi da sunan 200 Gertrude Street, tun daga farko an sadaukar da kungiyar ga samarwa da gabatar da fasahar gwaji da ta zamani.[1]

A watan Yulin 2017, Gertrude Contemporary ta mayar da babban wurin taronta zuwa 21-31 High Street, Preston South, inda ta mayar da rumbun adana kayan daki zuwa wani hadadden ɗakin studio da kuma gidan adana kayan tarihi. Gertrude Glasshouse, wurin taron tauraron dan adam na kungiyar, an buɗe shi a 44 Glasshouse Road, Collingwood, a shekarar 2015.

## Manazarta
Gidan shakatawa na A

**Gallery A** wani gidan tarihi ne na tsakiyar ƙarni na Australiya wanda ke nuna fasahar zamani ta Australiya. An kafa shi a shekarar 1959 a 60 Flinders Lane, Melbourne, sannan aka mayar da shi 275 Toorak Road ., South Yarra. An buɗe wani wurin Gallery na biyu kuma ana gudanar da shi a lokaci guda a 21 Gipps Street, Paddington a Sydney daga 1964, da kuma na uku a Canberra (1964, an rufe shi a 1970). Kasuwancin Sydney ya maye gurbin gidan tarihi na Melbourne, wanda shi ma aka rufe a 1970, kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa 1983. Wanda ya kafa shi shine Max Hutchinson da sauran daraktoci a lokacin tarihin gidan tarihi a wurare uku da suka haɗa da Clement Meadmore, James Mollison, Janet Dawson da Ann Lewis.

## Tarihi

### Melbourne
Daraktan da ya kafa Gallery A shine Max Hutchinson (1925–1999) wanda kasuwancinsa na Adroit Displays, a Flinders Lane, Melbourne, shine kayan daki, nunin kasuwanci da ƙirar masana'antu [1] [2] [3] [4] kuma wanda ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar masu zane-zane don masana'antu a Ostiraliya.[5] Bisa ga shawarar mai sassaka kuma abokin aikinsa mai zane-zanen kayan daki Clement Meadmore, wanda ke son ƙirƙirar 'ƙaramin Bauhaus a Melbourne,' [6] Hutchinson ya yi amfani da ɗakunan nunin sa [7] don nuna ƙirar Ostiraliya ta zamani da "ci gaba mai ban sha'awa a cikin zane-zane".[8]

Tare da Meadmore a matsayin darakta ta farko,  a farkon shekarar 1962, ta rufe wurinta na farko a Flinders Lane, Melbourne don buɗewa daga baya a wannan shekarar a manyan wurare a 275 Toorak Road, South Yarra . A can, Janet Dawson, wacce ta dawo a ƙarshen Nuwamba 1960 bayan kusan shekaru huɗu a Turai, ta fara makarantar fasaha  da shagon buga littattafai inda ta yi aiki daga 1962-64 a matsayin firintar tantance littattafai ga masu fasaha da suka ziyarta,  ciki har da John Brack, John Olsen da Fred Williams.

## Manazarta
Billy Bonds

**William Arthur Bonds** MBE (17 Satumba 1946 - 30 Nuwamba 2025) ya kasance ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da kuma manajan Ingila, wanda galibi ana danganta shi da West Ham United wanda ya shafe shekaru 27 a matsayin ɗan wasa da manajan. Ya buga wasanni 799 na farko a West Ham a cikin aikin da ya kai shekaru 21, inda ya lashe Kofin FA biyu tare da su. Ya mutu cikin lumana a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 2025 yayin da yake barci.
## Tarihi
An haife shi a Woolwich, kudu maso gabashin London, Bonds ya girma a kusa da Eltham, inda ya buga wa ƙungiyar yara maza ta Lahadi, Moatbridge, da Kent Schoolboys kuma ya shiga ma'aikatan ƙasa a Charlton Athletic bayan ya bar makaranta yana da shekara 15. Ya taka leda a cikin matasa da A team kuma a wasu lokuta a cikin masu ajiya kafin ya shiga cikin ma'aikatan wasa jim kadan kafin ranar haihuwarsa ta 18 a watan Satumbar 1964.
## Mutuwa
Bonds ya mutu a safiyar 30 ga Nuwamba 2025, yana da shekaru 79.
#### MANAZARTA
Cibiyar Ian Potter: NGV Australia

**Cibiyar Ian Potter: NGV Ostiraliya** wani gidan tarihi ne na fasaha wanda ke ɗauke da ɓangaren Australiya na tarin zane-zane na National Gallery of Victoria (NGV).

Cibiyar Ian Potter: NGV Australia tana nan a Federation Square da ke Melbourne, Victoria ; yayin da ayyukan hotunan ƙasashen duniya ke nunawa a NGV International da ke kan titin St Kilda.

## Tarin

Akwai ayyukan fasaha sama da 20,000 a Ostiraliya, ciki har da zane-zane, sassaka, kwafi, daukar hoto, kayan kwalliya da yadi, kuma tarin yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin kuma mafi shahara a kasar.

Cibiyar Ian Potter ta zama gadon ɗan kasuwa kuma mai taimakon jama'a Sir Ian Potter. Shahararrun ayyukan da aka yi a Cibiyar Ian Potter sun haɗa da Frederick McCubbin 's The pioneer (1904) da Tom Roberts ' Shearing the Rams (1890). Haka kuma an nuna ayyukan Sidney Nolan, Arthur Boyd, Albert Tucker, Arthur Streeton, John Perceval, Margaret Preston, Bill Henson, Howard Arkley da Fred Williams.

## Tsarin gini

An ba da aikin gina Cibiyar Ian Potter zuwa Lab Architecture Studio tare da haɗin gwiwar Bates Smart na Melbourne, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Davidson da Donald Bates. Tun daga lokacin aikinsu ya ba su lambar yabo ta RAIA National for Interior Architecture da kuma lambar yabo ta Marion Mahony Interior Architecture. A cewar Cibiyar Masu Zane-zane ta Australiya :

## Manazarta
Gidan kayan gargajiya na zamani na Heide

**Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani na Heide**, wanda kuma aka sani da **Heide**, gidan tarihi ne na fasaha a Bulleen, wani yanki na Melbourne, Victoria, Ostiraliya. An kafa gidan tarihi a shekarar 1981, yana nuna fasahar zamani da ta zamani a cikin gine-gine uku kuma yana cikin kadada goma sha shida na lambuna da aka lissafa a cikin tarihi da wurin shakatawa na sassaka.

Gidan tarihin ya mamaye wurin da tsohon gonar kiwo yake, wanda masu taimakon fasaha John da Sunday Reed suka saya a shekarar 1934. Sun sanya masa suna Heide dangane da Makarantar Heidelberg, wata ƙungiyar fasaha mai ra'ayin kama-karya wadda ta bunƙasa a kusa da Heidelberg a shekarun 1880. Heide ya zama wurin taruwar matasan masu zane-zane na zamani da aka sani da Heide Circle, waɗanda suka haɗa da Sidney Nolan, John Perceval, Albert Tucker da Joy Hester, waɗanda suka kasance suna zaune a gidan gona na ƙarni na 19 na Reeds, wanda yanzu aka sani da Heide I. A yau suna cikin shahararrun mawakan Ostiraliya kuma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin shugabannin Angry Penguins, wata ƙungiyar fasaha ta zamani da aka sanya wa suna bayan wata mujalla da Reeds da mawaƙi Max Harris suka buga tare. Dangantakar Heide da wannan ƙungiyar tana bayyana a cikin yawancin tarin fasaharta.

## Tarihi

### Tarihin farko

## Shugabanci
Daga 2008 zuwa 2014, Jason Smith shine mai kula da kuma shugaban kamfanin gallery. 

## Gine-gine, siffofi, da kuma tsari

### Gine-gine da kayan aiki

### Lambuna da Wurin Zane-zane

An gina filin ƙasa mai fadin eka goma sha shida a Heide tsawon shekaru da dama tare da fasaharsa da gine-ginensa. Lokacin da John da Sunday Reed suka sayi Heide a shekarar 1934, tsohon gonar kiwo ne da aka yi watsi da shi. Nan da nan suka fara farfaɗo da kuma faɗaɗa lambun girki mai amfani da ke kusa da gidan gona na asali kuma suka fara wani babban shirin shuka, da nufin mayar da kadarar zuwa wurin shakatawa mai ganye. A yau, filin da aka noma ya haɗa da wurin shakatawa na sassaka tare da sassaka sama da arba'in, da yawa daga cikin lambunan asali waɗanda yanzu aka lissafa su a matsayin tarihi, Yankin Kare Ragowar 'Yan Asalin da kuma nau'ikan bishiyoyi masu ban mamaki, wardi, ganye, furanni da kayan lambu.
Fayil:Inge-King-Rings-of-Saturn-200608.jpg|alt=Inge King, Rings of Saturn| Sarkin Inge, *Zoben Saturn*
Fayil:Heide_Park_Sculpture.JPG
Fayil:Basket_and_Wave_by_Dennis_Oppenheim_(1).jpg|alt=Dennis Oppenheim, Basket and Wave| Dennis Oppenheim, *Kwando da Wave*
Fayil:Running_Man_by_Rick_Amor.jpg|alt=Rick Amor, The Running Man| Rick Amor, *Mutumin Gudu*
Fayil:Stages_1,_2,_3_by_Ronald_Upton.jpg|alt=Ronald Upton, Stages 1, 2, 3| Ronald Upton, *Matakai na 1, 2, 3*
Fayil:Theoretical_Matter_by_Neil_Taylor_Heide_Museum_01.jpg|alt=Neil Taylor, Theoretical Matter| Neil Taylor, *Ma'anar Ka'ida*


## Manazarta
Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Christine Abrahams

**Gidan Tarihi na Christine Abrahams,** wanda aka fara sanya masa suna Axiom, wani gidan tarihi ne na Melbourne wanda ke nuna fasahar zamani ta Australiya tsakanin 1980 da 2008.

## Gidauniya
Christine Abrahams (5 Maris 1939 - 15 Satumba 1994) ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin Fasaha daga Jami'ar Melbourne a shekarar 1961 [1] inda ta yi karatun Fine Art. Ta kasance jagora a National Gallery of Victoria tsawon shekaru da dama, sannan ta taimaka wa Patrick McCaughey da bincike a Jami'ar 'Monash, [2] kuma daraktan gallery ne kuma babban mai goyon bayan fasahar zamani ta Australiya a Melbourne daga shekarun 1970,[3] bayan aurenta da mijinta Daryl (an haife ta a 1935), wanda ta haifi 'ya'ya maza uku Guy, Damian da Ari.[4]

Mai zane Lenton Parr ta ce game da Christine ta daraja zane "a matsayin kyauta ga ruhi da kuma tushen jin daɗi da wayewa,"  yayin da a lokacin take darakta a National Gallery of Australia, Betty Churcher ta yaba da karimcinta da sha'awarta, tana mai cewa "ta samar wa Melbourne sarari da yanayi na ilimi ga wasu daga cikin mafi ban sha'awa na fasaha na zamani daga Ostiraliya da kuma ƙasashen waje." 

Abrahams ya kasance Manajan Powell Street Gallery tsakanin 1976 da 1980 (wadanda suka haya sune lauyan Melbourne Harry Curtis da likitan Caulfield, David Rosenthal).

## Axiom
Har zuwa shekarar 1982, Abrahams shine darakta na biyu na Axiom Gallery, wanda aka kafa a watan Maris na 1980 a adireshin Christine Abrahams Gallery na gaba, 27 Gipps Street Richmond, wani yanki na ciki, wanda a da yake masana'antu ne, a Melbourne. A cikin wannan yanki, akwai karuwar adadin wasu gidajen tarihi na kasuwanci, ciki har da Pinacotheca, Niagara Galleries, Stuart Gerstman, da Church Street Centre for Photography. 

## Manazarta
Gidan kayan gargajiya na Lyon

**Gidan Tarihi na Lyon House Museum** wani gida ne mai haɗaka da kuma gidan tarihi na zamani wanda ke kan titin Cotham, Kew, wani yanki na Melbourne, Ostiraliya. Gidan Tarihi na House Museum yana nuna tarin Lyon na fasahar zamani ta Ostiraliya a cikin ginin da aka tsara musamman.

Ginin a buɗe yake ga jama'a don yin booking na rangadin da aka riga aka shirya, ziyartar makarantu da sauran abubuwan da suka faru a ranakun da aka keɓe kowace shekara.

Gidan Tarihi na House Museum kuma yana ɗaukar nauyin jawabai da laccoci kan fasahar zamani, gine-gine, tarihin fasaha da kuma kayan tarihi waɗanda aka buɗe wa jama'a. Ana buga Lakcar HouseMuseum ta shekara-shekara a cikin wani ƙaramin littafi. An buga littafi na farko a cikin wannan jerin, Ma'anar Sararin Samaniya ta Leon van Schaik,  a cikin 2011.

## Tarin
Masu tattara kayan tarihi na Melbourne Corbett Lyon da Yueji Lyon ne suka ƙirƙiro Tarin Lyon tun daga shekarar 1990. [undefined] Yana wakiltar muhimman fannoni na ayyukan fasaha na zamani na Australiya tun daga farkon shekarun 1990 zuwa yanzu. Ya ƙunshi ayyukan fasaha sama da 350 ciki har da zane-zane, sassaka, ayyukan shigarwa, ɗaukar hoto da aikin bidiyo.[2] Akwai masu fasaha sama da 50 da aka wakilta a yanzu a cikin Tarin, ciki har da masu fasaha na Australiya da aka fi sani a duniya Howard Arkley, [1] Patricia Piccinini, [3] ], Brook Andrew, [4] Shaun Gladwell, da Matthew Sleeth.[5]

## Tsarin gidan kayan tarihi na gida
An tsara ginin Gidan Tarihi na Housemuseum ta hannun mai zane Corbett Lyon da kamfanin gine-ginensa Lyons  tsakanin 2003 da 2005. An kammala ginin a watan Nuwamba na 2008 kuma aka buɗe shi ga jama'a tare da baje kolinsa na farko a 2009.

## Manazarta
Tarin Johnston

**Tarin Johnston** wani gidan tarihi ne da ke Gabashin Melbourne, Ostiraliya. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Tarin ya gayyaci masu ƙirƙira daga manyan al'ummomin zane-zane da zane don sake fassara tarin ta hanyar shirin sake shigarwa da kuma shiga tsakani na tarin dindindin kuma ya sami kyaututtuka da dama na masana'antu.

Gidan tarihin "gidan baje koli" ne kuma yana nuna tarin zane-zane na Ingilishi na Georgian, Regency da Louis XV waɗanda suka kasance gado daga William Robert Johnston (1911-1986), wani fitaccen dillalin kayan tarihi, mai saka hannun jari a gidaje kuma mai tara kaya, ga mutanen Victoria. An nuna tarin a cikin wani wuri mai canzawa akai-akai, a tsohon gidansa, Fairhall, wani gidan tarihi na Gabashin Melbourne.

## Fairhall
*Fairhall* gida ne mai hawa biyu da aka gina a shekarar 1860, wanda yanzu yake ɗauke da tarin zane-zane na Johnston. An gina shi a shekarar 1860, kuma aka fara kiransa da *Cadzow*, William Johnston ne ya sayi gidan a shekarar 1952. Johnston ya mamaye gidan tun daga shekarar 1972 har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar 1986. Tsarin *Fairhall* a cikin gida ya ci gaba da kasancewa kamar yadda Johnston ya bar shi. A ƙarƙashin mallakarsa, an sake gina gidan don kwaikwayon kamannin gidan garin Georgian . Waɗannan canje-canjen sun haɗa da canje-canje ga rufin, maye gurbin ƙofar gaba da kuma sanya fitilar fanka mai zagaye. Johnston ya ba wa mutanen Victoria gidan da tarinsa a shekarar 1986.

An mayar da *Fairhall* gidan tarihi na gida, kuma John Patrick ya tsara lambun farfajiyar ta hanyar Ingilishi don nuna ƙaunar Johnston ga lambu. Bisa ga buƙatun Johnston, ana nuna tarin a cikin gida a cikin *Fairhall*, ba tare da lakabi, igiyoyi ko shinge ba. Jagororin sa kai ne ke jagorantar duk baƙi ta cikin gidan. Akwai wata al'ada ta sake yin ado da ƙawata *Fairhall*, wadda Johnston da kansa ya fara. Johnston sau da yawa yana gabatar da ƙwarewarsa ta ƙawata ado, yana gyara kayan daki, ba kawai a Fairhall ba har ma da gidan ƙasarsa *Chandpara* da shagonsa Kent Antiques da ke High St, Armadale, don yin ƙananan zane-zane a cikin wuraren.

A yau, an sake tsara Tarin don yawon shakatawa guda uku a kowace shekara, ciki har da sake tsara lokacin Kirsimeti. A baya, an gayyaci masu kula da baƙi don fassara tarin da sararin. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Lynne Landy da Lady Potter, mai tsara kayan kwalliya Akira Isogawa, mai yin ado Robert Thomson, da dillalan kayan tarihi Jamie Allpress da Francis Dunn.

## Hotunan Hotuna

Fayil:T4A2356_web.jpg|alt=The Green Room| Dakin Kore
Fayil:T4A7510_web.jpg|alt=The Blue Room| Ɗakin Shuɗi
Fayil:A0660_5_web.jpg|alt=Minton Potteries, cup, circa 1811, The Johnston Collection. The first object acquired by William Johnston| Minton Potteries, *kofin*, kusan 1811, Tarin Johnston. Abu na farko da William Johnston ya saya
Gidan wasan motsa jiki na Melbourne

**Athenaeum** ko **Melbourne Athenaeum** da ke lamba 188 Collins Street cibiya ce ta fasaha da al'adu a tsakiyar yankin kasuwanci na Melbourne, Victoria, Ostiraliya. An kafa ta a shekarar 1839, kuma ita ce cibiyar al'adu mafi tsufa a birnin.

Gininsa da ke kan titin Collins a gundumar East End Theatre yana gaban gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Regent, kuma a halin yanzu ya ƙunshi babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo, ƙaramin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na studio, gidan cin abinci da ɗakin karatu na biyan kuɗi. Hakanan ya yi aiki a matsayin cibiyar makanikai, wurin baje kolin fasaha, da kuma sinima.

## Gine-gine
Athenaeum gini ne mai hawa uku mai kama da na zamani wanda aka tsara ta hanyar zane-zanen Smith da Johnson, wanda aka yi masa ado da fenti mai kauri mai siffar pilaster, molds na lakabi, da cornice mai siffar maƙalli.[1] An kammala ginin a shekarar 1886 a wurin ginin farko na 1842, kuma an gina shi da wani shinge mai siffar wani mutum-mutumi na Richard Kretzschmar [2] na Minerva ( Athena, daga nan 'Athenaeum'), [3] allahiya ta hankali, hikima, fasaha da adabi. [4] An ƙara ginin a cikin Rijistar Gine-ginen Tarihi na Hukumar Amincewa ta Ƙasa a shekarar 1981 kuma an jera shi a cikin Rijistar Gado ta Victorian.[1]

## Tarihi

### Tarihin farko

A watan Agusta na shekarar 1840, Cibiyar Makanikai ta Melbourne ta sami fili mai tsawon ƙafa 110 a kan titin Collins har zuwa titin Little Collins, kan kuɗi £285. An kammala ginin farko, ginin tubali mai hawa biyu wanda aka sani da Hall of Arts a watan Disamba na shekarar 1842. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

Shugaban farko shine Kyaftin William Lonsdale, Shugaban farko shine Sufeto Janar na Port Phillip, Charles La Trobe, kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa Henry Fyshe Gisborne ne ya bayar da gudummawar littattafan farko. Da farko ana kiranta Melbourne Mechanics' Institute, an sake masa suna Melbourne Mechanics' Institute and School of Arts a shekarar 1846.  

Majalisar Birnin Melbourne ta yi taro a bene na farko na ginin har zuwa shekarar 1852 lokacin da aka gina Zauren Garin Melbourne . Cibiyar ta sami tallafin £150 na shekara-shekara daga gwamnati, kuma a shekarar 1854, an ba da ƙarin £5,000 don gina sabon gini, amma daga 1857, dole ne ta dogara da kuɗinta. Zuwa 1851, adadin membobin ya kai mutane 488. Bugu da ƙari, ta yi aiki a matsayin hedikwatar Cocin Farko na Almasihu, Masanin Kimiyya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

## Manazarta
Dan Tolkowsky

**Aluf Dan Tolkowsky** (ko Tolkovsky, Ibrananci; 17 ga Janairu 1921 - 28 ga Nuwamba 2025) ya kasance jami'in soja na Isra'ila wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamandan Sojojin Sama na Isra'ila daga 1953 zuwa 1958. Wani sanannen mai saka hannun jari, ya taimaka wajen fara asusun kasuwancin Isra'ila na farko.
## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Tolkowsky a Tel Aviv a ranar 17 ga Janairun 1921  ga Shmuel Tolkowsky, kuma shi ne jikan Isaac Leib Goldberg. Ya yi karatu a makarantar motsa jiki ta Ibrananci ta Herzliya, kuma a 1936, ya shiga Haganah . A 1938, ya tafi Landan don yin karatu a Kwalejin Imperial ta London kuma ya kammala karatu tare da B.Sc. a cikin injiniya a cikin 1941.
## Ayyukan soja
A cikin 1942 Tolkowsky ya ba da kansa ga Royal Air Force (RAF). Ya ɗauki darussan jirgin sama a Afirka ta Kudu da Masar, ya sami fuka-fukansa a 1943. Ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin matukin jirgin sama Spitfire wanda ke shiga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe da Nazis a Italiya, kudancin Faransa, da Girka. A ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II, ya yi aiki a matsayin matukin jirgi, kuma daga baya aka ajiye shi a Falasdinu a Lod_Air_Force_Base" id="mwNQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Lod Air Force Base">RAF Lydda (yanzu Lod). An sallame shi daga RAF a watan Yunin 1946 tare da matsayi na mataimakin jirgin sama.
#### MANAZARTA
Gidan shakatawa na McClelland da Gallery

Wurin Shakatawa na **McClelland Sculpture Park** da Gallery (wanda aka yi wa ado da McClelland Sculpture Park+Gallery ) wani wurin shakatawa ne da kuma wurin adana kayan tarihi na sassaka na Australiya da ke Langwarrin (kusa da Frankston ) a Melbourne, Victoria. Yana nuna manyan ayyuka sama da 100 na fitattun masu sassaka na Australiya a cikin kadada 16 na daji da lambuna masu shimfidar wuri.[1]

## Tarin Dindindin

* Bruce Armstrong : *Birni* (1987)
* George Baldessin : *Ba a yi masa lakabi ba* (1966/67)
* Geoffrey Bartlett : *Hawan tsirrai masu fure* (1984)
* Ewan Coates (1965, Melbourne) : *Ginshiƙai uku na gamsuwa nan take* (2007)
* Peter Corlett (1944) : *Tarax Play Sculpture* (1969), *La Stupenda* (2003)
* Vincas Jomantas (1922-2001) : *Saukowa abu na II* (1992)
* John Kelly (1965, Bristol (Birtaniya) : *Maquette don wani abin tunawa na jama'a* (2003), *Ba a yi masa lakabi ba* (2006)
* Inge King (1918, Berlin): *An Kama Jirgin Sama* (1964), *Jabaroo* (1984), *Zane-zanen Tsibiri* (1991)
* Clifford Last (1918 - 1991) : *Metamorphosis II* (1987)
* Michael Le Grand: *Schism* (2006)
* Clement Meadmore (1929, Melbourne) : *Kayan Aiki* (1999)
* Robert Owen: *Double Vision No. 2* (2003)
* Adrian Page : *Torus - Boye kuma Bayyana* (2003)
* Lenton Parr (1924 - 2003, Melbourne): *Allon Gida na Musamman*
* Phil Price (1965, Nelson, New Zealand): *Ratytus* (2005)
* Anthony Pryor (1951 - 1991, Melbourne): *Labarin Teku* (1991-2000)
* Norma Redpath (1928, Melbourne) : *Ba a yi masa suna ba* (1964), *Hamadar Bahar* (1968), *Tsarin Lambun Ƙasa* (1980/85)
* Ron Robertson-Swann (1941, Sydney) : *Juyawa* (1988), *Kekunan Lunar* (2003)
* Lisa Roet (1967, Melbourne) : *Farar Biri* (2005)
* Peter Schipperheyn (1955, Melbourne) : *Haka ne Speke Zarathustra* (2006)
* Ken Unsworth (1931, Melbourne) : *Annulus na duwatsu* (2007)
* David Wilson (1947, London): *Jirgin Ruwa Mai Zafi* (1977), *Duniya* (1978), *Busasshen Tafki* (1979), *Ginshiƙin Teku* (1981), *Rumbun Tafki* (1985) a *Kewaye da Madubin* (1987)

## Manazarta

## Hotunan hoto

Fayil:MCSP02.jpg|alt=Untitled (2006) by John Kelly| Ba a yi masa suna ba (2006) ta John Kelly
Fayil:MCSP03.jpg|alt=Tarax Play Sculpture (1969) by Peter Corlett| Tarax Play Sculpture (1969) na Peter Corlett
Fayil:MCSP04.jpg|alt=Torus - Hidden and revealed (2003) by Adrian Page| Torus - Boye kuma Bayyana (2003) ta Adrian Page
Gidan Tarihi na Gaskiya

**Gidan Tarihi na Gaskiya** wani gidan tarihi ne na Melbourne wanda ke nuna ayyukan fasahar Australiya na al'adun yamma da na asali, da kuma fasahar Pacific da ta ƙasashen duniya. Ya fara aiki daga 1971 zuwa 1992.

## Tarihi

### Titin Ross 1971–75
A shekarar 1970, Marianne Baillieu, haifaffiyar ƙasar Denmark (1939–2012) ta kafa kasuwanci wajen shigo da kayan fasaha don sayarwa. Tare da mijinta, lauya kuma ɗan kasuwa Ian Baillieu, [1] sun sayi wani ƙaramin kadara a Ross Street, Toorak, wanda suka gyara don buɗe gidan tarihi na Realities a can a watan Afrilun 1971. Mujallar Bulletin ta bayyana gidan tarihi da ke ƙauyen Toorak mai kasuwa a matsayin "iskar farin kwai mai sheƙi tare da kusan kowane saman fari mai walƙiya, gami da bene wanda ke nufin jama'a dole ne su sanya safa na Abominable Snowman don su iya tafiya a kai." [2]

A watan Oktoban 1974, gidan kayan tarihin ya gabatar da tsoffin zane-zane, launukan ruwa da kwafi da ba a cika ganinsu a kasuwa a Ostiraliya ba. An samo ayyukan ne daga London, Boston, da New York. Kundin littattafai mai shafuka 35, gami da shafuka 12 na faranti, ya nuna ayyuka a cikin baje kolin daga makarantun Italiya, Dutch da Faransa daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa 18, ciki har da *Kan Yaro Mai Sanya Huluna Mai Faɗi* na Annibale Carracci wanda aka farashi akan $A12,500; Giovanni Battista Tiepolo tare da zane-zane biyu ($A7,000 da $A8,000); da Jacob Jordaens ' *Shahada ta St Sebastian* ($A7,500), tare da wasu daga Bonasone, Boschi, Busiri, Cipriani, Ferri, Garzi, Graziani, Martini, Novelli, da Pinelli. Wani nasarar da aka samu a farkon wannan lokacin ita ce sayar da ayyuka na Baillieu ga Gidan Opera na Sydney wanda a lokacin yake kammala gini. 

Abubuwan da suka faru sun jawo hankalin ɗalibai da sauran jama'a, kuma Baillieu ta nuna farin cikinta na ba da damar fahimtar fannoni daban-daban na fasaha da ta nuna, waɗanda suka haɗa da 'yan tsana, saka da na'urorin lantarki da kuma kafofin watsa labarai na gargajiya:

### Titin Jackson 1975–1992
A farkon shekarun 1970, tallace-tallacen fasahar da aka samar a cikin gida sun haifar da karuwar tallace-tallacen fasahar da aka samar a cikin gida, wanda ya haɗu da wani ci gaba a duk duniya a kasuwar fasaha wanda bai tsaya ba har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990.   Manyan gidajen tarihi na jihar, musamman na Victoria da New South Wales waɗanda aka sake gina su da kyau, suna tattara ayyukan Australiya kuma suna karɓar manyan baje kolin fina-finai daga ƙasashen waje, kuma an ɗauki fasaha a matsayin jari mai kyau, tare da ƙarfafa gwiwa daga gwamnatin Whitlam mai fafutukar al'adu.

## Manazarta
Gidan hotunan masu daukar hoto da kuma bita

**Gidan Tarihi da Bita na Masu Daukar Hoto** (1973–2010) wani gidan tarihi ne na daukar hoto na Australiya da aka kafa a Kudancin Yarra, Melbourne, kuma wanda ke gudana kusan tsawon shekaru 40. Wakiltarsa, a shekarun 1970 da 1980, na zane-zane na zamani da na tsakiyar karni, galibin rubuce-rubucen Amurka da na Turai daga manyan masu fasaha, sun yi tasiri ga masu sauraro da masu aiki a Ostiraliya, yayin da aka nuna wasu ayyukan na baya-bayan nan da suka dace da ɗabi'ar gidan tarihi a madadin haka sannan suka mamaye shirin.

## Sauran amfani
Wani wuri da ba shi da alaƙa da juna wanda kuma ake kira "The Photographers' Gallery" ya shafe shekaru uku daga 1989 zuwa 1992 a Brisbane ; wani kuma, Photographer's Gallery [sic], yana aiki a Sydney a cikin shekarun 1993 zuwa 2000 a 96 Reserve Road, Artarmon ,;  kuma an gudanar da bikin baje kolin kyaututtukan kai-tsaye na 2006 a Balmain, shi ma a Sydney a wani wuri mai ɗan gajeren lokaci mai suna "The Photographers Gallery".

## Tarihi

Paul Cox, Ingeborg Tyssen, John F. Williams  da Rod McNicol  sun kafa  Gidan Tarihi da Bita na Masu Daukar Hoto a shekarar 1973 a 344 Punt Road, South Yarra  a wani shago da gida mai hawa biyu na masu sayar da 'ya'yan itace a shekarar 1888 (asali gidan masu yin takalma ne) a farfajiyar 'Sharp's Buildings', sun yi hayar tun 1965 a matsayin ɗakin daukar hoto da masauki ta hannun Paul Cox, wanda daga 1969 zuwa 1980 ya koyar da sinima a Kwalejin Prahran. 

Ita ce gidan tarihi na biyu da aka keɓe don ɗaukar hoto da aka kafa a cikin birnin bayan Rennie Ellis ' da Robert Ashton 's Brummels Gallery, wanda aka fara a shekarar 1972 ƙasa da kilomita ɗaya,  kuma kafin Cibiyar Daukar Hoto ta Church Street wadda Joyce Evans ke gudanarwa a maƙwabciyarta Richmond (1976). 

### Hotunan Hotuna
Ian Lobb, [undefined] [undefined] [undefined] ɗan ƙasar Ostiraliya wanda aka haifa a shekarar 1948, wanda ya yi bita tare da Ansel Adams da Paul Caponigro,[4] [1] ya karɓi Gallery a ƙarshen 1974.[2] Haka kuma a wannan shekarar, Lobb yana koyar da daukar hoto a Makarantar Fasaha ta Coburg tare da Carol Jerrems,[3] kuma sun haɗu da ɗan Amurka Bill Heimerman (wanda aka haifa a ranar 13 ga Janairu 1950) wanda ke koyar da Turanci a wannan makarantar kuma yana hayar ɗakuna a saman gallery; su biyun sun ƙarfafa sha'awar Heimerman a daukar hoto. Lobb ya fara baje kolinsa a matsayin darakta a farkon 1975. Shi da Heimerman sun zama daraktocin gallery tun daga farkon 1976. Baya ga wasu kuɗaɗen gwamnati da tallace-tallace, duka biyun sun tallafa wa ayyukansu ta hanyar koyarwa, Heimerman ya fara aiki a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Brighton, inda shi da sauran ma'aikata suka kafa shirin daukar hoto, sannan kuma a Majalisar Ilimi ta Manya. Malamin mai suka da daukar hoto Tony Perry ya lura da 'ra'ayin Heimerman na 'keɓe kai, mai cikakken bayani game da daukar hoto'.[5]

## Manazarta
Gidajen Sedon

**Sedon Galleries** wani gidan tarihi ne na kasuwanci a Melbourne, Ostiraliya, wanda ke wakiltar zane-zane da bugu na gargajiya na Ostiraliya, masu ra'ayin kama-karya da kuma masu ra'ayin bayan kama-karya. Ya yi aiki daga 1925 zuwa 1959. 

## Bayani
Mai gidan kayan tarihin shine William Richard Sedon, wanda aka haifa a Adelaide a ranar 20 ga Yuni 1876, ɗa ɗaya tilo ga Thomas Sedon ɗan asalin Ingila da masoyinsa, Jane Franklin Kyle, [1] kuma wanda ya girma a Creswick inda mahaifinsa ke da sha'awar hakar zinare, kuma a cikin gari ɗaya da dangin masu fasaha da ya wakilta daga baya, Lindsays . Bayan an daure mahaifinsa a shekara ta 1903 saboda zamba, [2] Sedon ya ƙaura tare da mahaifiyarsa zuwa 88 Belgravia Street a cikin tsakiyar birnin Richmond mai aiki. Tun yana ɗan shekara 20, ya fara harkar fasaha, yana amfani da tarin kakarsa ta uwa.[3] Aurensa a watan Yuni 1916, tare da Isabel Constance Crawford ya kawo arziki daga gadonta a shekara ta 1919 kuma ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa 3 Russell St., Camberwell.

## Kafa da tasiri
A ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 1925, an buɗe Sedon.Gidan Tarihi na Sedon, a hawa na huɗu na Hardware Chambers (an rushe shi a shekarar 1972), wanda aka gyara kwanan nan bayan gobara,  a 231 Elizabeth Street, gaban GPO. Nunin farko ya ƙunshi *Manyan Mawakan Australiya;* Arthur Streeton, Walter Withers, Elioth Gruner, Norman Lindsay, RW Sturgess, WD Knox, Nora Gordon, Gwen Barringer, Carl Hampel, da MJ MacNally, kuma, a wasu shirye-shiryen, waɗanda suka fito, ciki har da mai launin ruwa Harold Herbert, Carlyle Jackson, Bernice Edwell da sauransu waɗanda har yanzu suna cikin shekarunsu na 20 ko 30. Ƙungiyar Masu Zane-zane ta Twenty Melbourne ' ta Max Meldrum ta haɗu a cikin ginin ɗaya.kuma Sedon ya kan nuna masu fasaharsa akai-akai.

A cikin shekaru goma na farko, ayyukan zane-zane sun kasance wani muhimmin ɓangare na tallace-tallacensa, yawancinsu sun sami taimako daga kyakkyawar alaƙarsa da ɗakin buga littattafai na National Gallery of Victoria, da kuma kwamitin zaɓen Felton Bequest wanda a wani lokaci ya haɗu a ɗakunan Galleries. 

Arthur Streeton,  Blamire Young da Harold Herbert, masu baje kolin kayan tarihi a gidan tarihi, suma sun kasance masu sukar fasaha a jaridun Melbourne waɗanda suka ba da sharhi mai kyau kuma sau da yawa dogayen sharhi kan shirye-shiryenta. Duk da cewa Young a cikin wani sharhin *Herald* na 1929 ya yi farin ciki da "Hotuna Masu Ban Sha'awa" na masu zane-zane na Burtaniya waɗanda aka bayar akan farashin "daidai da za a tambaya a cikin gidan tarihi na London,"  Sedon ya ci gaba da tallata fasahar Australiya.

## Ra'ayin mazan jiya

## Manazarta
Gidan RMIT

**RMIT Gallery** wani gidan tarihi ne na fasaha na jama'a a Ostiraliya wanda ke Melbourne, Victoria. Ita ce babban gidan tarihi na Cibiyar Fasaha ta Royal Melbourne (RMIT).

An buɗe RMIT Gallery a ranar 16 ga Maris 1977. Yana cikin ɓangaren tarihi na Storey Hall, wanda aka gina a 1887, a harabar RMIT ta Melbourne City. 

Ana ɗaukar wannan hoton a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin wuraren fasaha mafi ban sha'awa a Melbourne kuma yana da shirin baje kolin gine-gine, sana'o'i, fasaha ta zamani, ƙira, salo, da fasaha mai kyau .    Hakanan yana gabatar da jawabai na yau da kullun, laccoci, tattaunawa, da abubuwan da suka faru a bainar jama'a kuma yana wallafawa sosai kan bincike kan fasaha da ƙira tare da haɗin gwiwar RMIT Publishing.   

An kuma ɗauki hoton a matsayin mai kula da Tarin Fasaha na Jami'ar RMIT na dindindin.[1] Tarin ya haɗa da tarin zane-zane masu kyau na Linsday Edward da tarin zinariya da azurfa mai mahimmanci na WE Macmillan - da kuma wasu ƙananan tarin. Tarin Linsday Edward yana da matuƙar mayar da hankali kan zane-zane na Australiya. Yana ɗauke da ayyukan manyan masu fasaha na Australiya (wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu tsofaffin ɗalibai ne ko tsoffin malamai na RMIT) kamar: Howard Arkley, John Brack, Leonard French, Roger Kemp, Inge King, Max Meldrum, John Olsen, Lenton Parr, Fred Williams, da sauransu.[1]

An rubuta tarihin tarin fasaha a cikin littafin *A Skilled Hand and Cultivated Mind: A Guide to the Architecture and Art of RMIT*.

## Manazarta
Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Peter Bray

An kafa **Peter Bray Gallery** (wani gidan tarihi na kasuwanci) a matsayin Stanley Coe Gallery a shekarar 1949 kafin a sake masa suna a shekarar 1951, bayan canjin shugabanci. Yana a lamba 435 Bourke Street, Melbourne, Victoria, Ostiraliya, an rufe shi a shekarar 1957. Yawancin manyan sunaye a cikin fasahar zamani ta Australiya ta tsakiyar ƙarni sun bayyana a can a lokacin ɗan gajeren lokaci, amma mai cike da aiki, tsawon rayuwarsa.

## Daraktoci
Darakta/masu kula da kayan sune Helen Ogilvie (daga 1949 zuwa 1955) da Ruth McNicoll (daga Satumba 1956 zuwa rufewa). Peter Bray ne ya mallaki gidan kayan tarihin, [1] wanda sha'awarsa ita ce nuna hotuna da kuma sayar da kayan daki na zamani ta Grant Featherston, domin ba sabon abu ba ne a shekarun 1950 a haɗa layukan dillalai guda biyu a cikin kamfani ɗaya [2]

## Masu fasaha

Asalinsa Stanley Coe Gallery ne, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1949, kuma Peter Bray ya karɓe shi a shekara mai zuwa, Peter Bray Gallery ya nuna zane-zane, sassaka da kwafi na Australiya daga manyan masu fasaha na zamani. 

Mai yin bugu/mai zane Helen Ogilvie (1902–1993) ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga masu fasaha masu tasowa,  kuma a shekarar 1949 Stanley Coe ya naɗa ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka jagoranci shirya hotunan kayan tarihi a Ostiraliya da ta ƙirƙiri wurin baje kolin kasuwanci a saman bene na shagon ƙirar cikin gida da ke 435 Bourke Street, Melbourne, an yi wa ado da bangon launin toka-shuɗi mai haske da kafet mai igiyar gashi. Mai zane Tate Adams ta kira shi "ita kaɗai a cikin gari don fasahar zamani". Har zuwa 1955, kuma tare da shawarwari daga abokanta Ursula Hoff, Arnold Shore da Alan McCulloch, ta shirya wani shiri na baje kolin kayan tarihi na avant-garde ; John Brack wanda ya fara nuna a can daga 27 ga Oktoba zuwa Nuwamba 1953, kuma a 1955,  sannan ya fara nuna jerin *wasannin tseren tserensa* daga 5 zuwa 15 ga Nuwamba 1956 kuma a wannan shekarar gidan kayan tarihin ya sayar da fitaccen aikinsa *Collins Street, ƙarfe 5 na yamma* zuwa National Gallery of Victoria. 

## Manazarta
Gidan Tarihi na Jami'ar Monash

**Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Jami'ar Monash** ( **MUMA** ), wanda a da ake kira **Monash University Gallery**, gidan tarihi ne na zamani a harabar Caulfield ta Jami'ar Monash a kan titin Dandenong, Melbourne, Ostiraliya.

## Tarihi
Gidan Tarihi ya samo asali ne daga wasu shirye-shirye da aka yi a Jami'ar Monash, tun daga shekarar 1961 lokacin da Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a Louis Matheson na farko ya ƙirƙiri wani asusu don siyan zane-zane ta hanyar masu fasaha na Australiya na wancan lokacin. Kafa gidan Tarihi ya nuna sha'awar waɗanda suka kafa jami'ar na ƙirƙirar jami'ar Australiya ta zamani, da kuma wadatar da rayuwar al'adun ɗalibai, ma'aikata da baƙi.[1]

A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, an naɗa John Waterhouse da Patrick McCaughey (wanda a lokacin malami ne a Monash kuma mai sukar fasaha a *The Age* ) a matsayin masu kula da gine-gine, kuma a shekarar 1975, McCaughey ya ƙirƙiri Gidan Tarihi na Jami'ar Monash a hawa na bakwai na Ginin Menzies na babban harabar jami'ar kuma ya kafa shirin zane-zane a wurin zama . A wannan shekarar, an naɗa Grazia Gunn a matsayin mai kula da tarin kayan tarihi na farko a jami'ar.An kuma kira gidan tarihi da Gidan Tarihi na Nunin Fasaha na Jami'ar Monash.

A shekarar 1987, an mayar da wurin daukar hotunan zuwa Cibiyar Horarwa da Horarwa da Yawa (wanda daga baya aka kira shi da Ginin Gallery), kuma a shekarar 2002 aka sake sanya wa Gidan Tarihin Fasaha na Jami'ar Monash suna. Tarin hotunan ya karu zuwa ayyuka sama da 1500 a shekarar 2008.

Ginin da ake ginawa yanzu, wanda aka ƙirƙiro ta hanyar sake fasalin ginin zamani da ke akwai a harabar Caulfield, Kerstin Thompson, mai ginin gine-gine a Melbourne ne ya tsara shi kuma aka kammala shi a shekarar 2010.  

## Manazarta
A nan ne (Mackennal)

***Here I Am***, wanda wani lokacin ake kira *Eton Boy*, mutum-mutumin tagulla ne mai girman rai na 1923 wanda Sir Edgar Bertram Mackennal ya gina a shekarar 1923. An ba shi umarnin ya zama wani ɓangare na abin tunawa da Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a Kwalejin Eton, kuma an gina shi a cikin wani shinge a filin wasa bisa ga umarnin Earl of Cavan. Daga baya aka mayar da mutum-mutumin zuwa Makarantar Hall, kuma Kwalejin Eton ta sayar da shi a shekarun 1960. Yanzu haka yana ƙarƙashin National Gallery of Victoria da ke Melbourne, Ostiraliya.

A shekarun 1920, Mackennal ya kasance babban mai sassaka dutse, tare da kwamitocin jama'a da na sarauta da yawa, gami da mutum-mutumin dawaki na Edward VII a Waterloo Place a Landan, da kuma tunawa da Edward VII a St George's Chapel, Windsor.

Wannan aikin yana nuna wani matashi tsirara, yana tsaye da ƙafar dama yana tafiya kamar yana tafiya gaba, da hannayensa biyu a gaba, kamar dai a zahiri yana amsa kiran yaƙi na ƙasarsa. Ya kai kimanin  mai tsayi kuma an sanya masa alama "B.Mackennal". An nuna mutum-mutumin a bikin baje kolin bazara na Royal Academy a shekarar 1923.

An ɗauko taken daga Littafin Farko na Sama'ila, sura ta uku, aya ta 4-10, inda amsar Sama'ila ga muryar Allah a cikin Haikali ita ce "Ga ni. Ka ɗauke ni."

An samo wannan aikin ne daga mutum-mutumin tagulla na *Circe* na Mackennal wanda aka yi a shekarar 1892, wanda aka nuna shi tsirara tare da miƙa hannayensa biyu. Mackennal ya haɗa da irin waɗannan siffofi tare da miƙa hannayensa a cikin gumakansa na *Apollo Driving the Horses of the Sun* for Australia House, da kuma abin tunawa da yaƙin Kanada na Red Cross da ke Cliveden. Tsarin zai iya fitowa daga ƙa'idodin gargajiya, wataƙila tsohon *mai son Berlin*.
Fayil:Mackennal_-_'Circe'.jpg|alt=Mackennal's statue of Circe, 1892| Mutum-mutumin Mackennal na *Circe*, 1892
Fayil:Phoebus_Driving_the_Horses_of_the_Sun,_Australia_House,_London_-_2022-09-10.jpg|alt=Mackennal's statue of Phoebus| Mutum-mutumin Mackennal na Phoebus
Fayil:Cliveden-2375.jpg|alt=Mackennal's statue at Cliveden| Mutum-mutumin Mackennal a Cliveden
Fayil:Altes_Museum_-_Betender_Knabe.jpg|alt=Berlin Adorant, Altes Museum| Berlin Adorant, Gidan Tarihi na Altes
An sayar da mutum-mutumin a Sotheby's a shekarar 1984 kan £51,700, kuma an sake sayar da shi a Christie's a shekarar 1993 kan £34,500, kuma wani dillalin zane-zane na Australiya ya saya shi. Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Victoria ne ya saya shi a shekarar 2006.

## Manazarta

* Tunawa da Yaƙi don Kwalejin Eton (1923), Bertram Mackennal, Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Victoria
* "Eton boy ya bayyana a Sydney", Australian Financial Review, 16 Satumba 1993
* Siffar tagulla ta Eton Boy, mai taken "Ga Ni", ta Christie, 15 ga Yuli, 1993
Shugaban Budurwa

***Kan Budurwa*** wani kan hauren giwa ne da aka sassaka a ƙarni na 17 na Budurwa Maryamu yanzu a cikin National Gallery na Victoria, Melbourne, Ostiraliya. Irin waɗannan kawunan galibi ana haɗa su da wani katafaren katako wanda ke yin mutum-mutumin ibada a cikin addinin Katolika a matsayin wani ɓangare na *al'adar siffar* mutum-mutumin da aka saka. Kan ya fito ne daga Philippines inda aka gabatar da addinin Katolika a farkon ƙarni na 15 kuma ya shahara cikin sauri. Yawancin hauren giwa da aka sassaka sun shiga kasuwar duniya ta hanyar cinikin Manila Galleon, bisa ga Manila, Philippines. An haɗa da, amma ba'a iyakance ga: Budurwa Maryamu, Almasihu, Mala'ikan Mika'ilu, da wasu tsarkaka ba. Sauran nau'ikan su ne hannaye na hauren giwa waɗanda za a haɗa su da gumakan da aka saka. Ciniki wani ɓangare ne na babban ƙoƙarin mulkin mallaka na Spain don kafa tattalin arzikin duniya da aka haɗa da hanyar Ciniki ta Manila Galleon wacce ta haɗa Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, China da Philippines da yankin ƙasa, mulkin mallaka, da Spain ta mataimakin sarki. 

## Bayani
Kan Budurwa shine 271 x 120 x 120 mm (gabaɗaya), an yi shi da hauren giwa a matsayin babban kayan gini, ƙarfe don kambi, da siliki da igiyar ƙarfe waɗanda ke ƙawata kai. Kan yana kan tushe mai murabba'i. Zurfin wuyan yana farawa daidai gwargwado tare da gefen gaba.[1] A gefen, gefen yana fara ɗan tsayi kaɗan daga gaba zuwa baya. Tafin gaba yana kama da yana farawa kusan 11 mm daga ƙasa. Gefen gefen yana farawa a daidai wurin da ke gaban ɓangaren kuma a hankali yana farawa sama har zuwa matakin da ke sama da ~34 mm zuwa baya. Tushen wuyan yana da siffar silinda iri ɗaya ~48 mm daga ƙasa. Akwai ɗan ƙaramin rabewa a wuya yayin da yake hawa kan guntun. Haɓakar kai ta fara ~68 mm daga ƙasa. Hancin ya miƙe zuwa layin muƙamuƙi ba tare da wata matsala ba, yana samar da siffar oval. Layin muƙamuƙi ya miƙe zuwa bayan kai wanda yake ~102 mm daga tushe. Hancin ya ɗan yi girma kaɗan yana zagaye ƙasan lebe a hankali. Lebe suna da laushi wajen haɗuwa daga lebe na waje zuwa siffar lebe ta asali. Bakin yana kama da yana ɗan murmushi tare da layi mai kauri a tsakiyar baki. Bakin yana da ƙaramin tuberculum, siririn lebe na sama da kuma lebe mai laushi mai zagaye. Gefen baki yana faɗin ~28 mm daidai gwargwado daga tsakiya. Jin daɗin yana da laushi kuma kusan ba a iya gani.

## Katolika a Philippines
Addinin Katolika a ƙasar Philippines ya shahara sosai a ƙasar tsawon sama da shekaru 300. Tun daga lokacin mai binciken ƙasar Portugal Ferdinand Magellan, Kiristanci ya fara zuwa Philippines a tsakanin shekarun 1480 - 1521. Philippines tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe biyu na kudu maso gabashin Asiya da suka amince da addinin Kirista; waɗanda kashi 90% na Filippinos suka gano a cikin al'umma miliyan 104. Al'adar ta samo asali ne daga Magellan lokacin da masu wa'azin Portugal suka gudanar da ibada a Tsibirin Homonhon ; a wannan rana an yi wa Bubanos har zuwa 800 baftisma.

## Manazarta
Tarin Joseph Brown

**Tarin Joseph Brown** ya ƙunshi ayyukan fasaha da aka bayar ga National Gallery of Victoria a shekara ta 2004 ta hannun dillalin mai tarawa da kuma mai zane-zane Joseph Brown. Tarin yana nan a Cibiyar Ian Potter, wani ɓangare na NGV. Ana nuna ayyuka sama da 150 a cibiyar.

Tarin ya ƙunshi zane-zane daban-daban na Australiya daga lokaci daban-daban, gami da zane-zanen da shahararrun masu fasaha suka zana. Nunin ya ba da tarihin zane-zanen Australiya. Ya haɗa da zane-zane daga farkon zamanin mulkin mallaka da kuma yanayin farko na Turai na Australiya, da zane-zanen zamanin Heidelberg daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, da ayyukan bayan-impression na farkon ƙarni na 20. An wakilci makarantar Melbourne ' Angry Penguins ' ta shekarun 1940, haka nan kuma filin launi da zane-zanen da ba a iya gani ba. Ana kuma nuna yawancin masu zane-zanen Australiya na zamani da na bayan- bayan-bayan ƙarni na 20. An kuma haɗa da wasu ayyukan masu zane-zanen 'yan asalin Australiya.

## Manazarta
Bar (zane-zane)

Zane ne na ***The Bar*** wanda wani mai zane ɗan ƙasar Australiya John Brack ya zana a shekarar 1954. Maudu'in zanen ya yi nuni kai tsaye ga aikin Édouard Manet na 1882 *mai suna A Bar at the Folies-Bergère*. Yana nuna wata mai hidimar mashaya tana aiki a wani mashaya a ƙasar Australiya a lokacin " ƙarfe shida na dare ". Kamar yadda yake a cikin aikin Manet, an nuna masu hidimar mashaya a cikin wani yanayi na tunani a bayan mai hidimar mashaya. Ana ɗaukar aikin a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin Brack na 1955 *mai suna Collins St., ƙarfe 5 na yamma*. 

Wani mai tattara zane-zane na Melbourne ya sayi The Bar akan guineas 90 a shekarar 1954.[1] A shekarar 2006, an sayar da zanen akan dala miliyan 3.12, wanda a lokacin shine mafi tsada a tarihin zane-zane na Australiya a gwanjo.[1] ] Daga baya aka bayyana cewa wanda ya sayi hoton da ba a san ko waye ba shine David Walsh, mamallakin Gidan Tarihi na Tsoho da Sabbin Fasaha da ke Hobart . Ya sayar da zanen ga National Gallery of Victoria (NGV) akan farashi ɗaya a shekarar 2009.[2]

Ana ɗaukar *The Bar*, tare da Brack's *Collins St., ƙarfe 5 na yamma*, a matsayin wani abin jan hankali a cikin tarin zane-zane na NGV na Australiya, kuma ana nuna shi na dindindin a Cibiyar Ian Potter da ke Dandalin Federation na Melbourne. 

## Manazarta
Rashin jituwa (Schenck)

***Anguish*** ( French   ko  ) wani zane ne mai mai na August Friedrich Schenck a shekarar 1878. Yana nuna wata tunkiya mai baƙin ciki da ke tsaye a kan gawar ragonta, kewaye da kisan hankaka.

Wataƙila shine mafi shaharar zane na Schenck, wanda National Gallery of Victoria, da ke Melbourne, Ostiraliya ke riƙe da shi tun 1880. Gidan adana kayan tarihi ya sayi wannan zane tun da farko, 'yan shekaru bayan an kafa shi, kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin mafi shahara daga cikin ayyukan gidan adana kayan tarihi 75,000 sau biyu, a 1906 da 2011.

## Bayani
Zanen ya nuna wata tunkiya mai cike da damuwa tana kuka cikin baƙin ciki, numfashinta yana daskarewa a cikin iska mai sanyi. Uwar tunkiya tana tsaye cikin jarumtaka da rashin amincewa a kan gawar ragonta, wani jini yana gudana daga bakinta zuwa cikin dusar ƙanƙara mai launin fari, a cikin wani yanayi da ya yi kama da pietà.[1] An kewaye tumakin biyu da kisan gillar bakaken hankaka waɗanda suka taru a ƙarƙashin sararin sama mai duhu da duhu, suna jiran damar da za su tattara gawar. Sautunan zanen da ba a san su ba - kusan launuka iri ɗaya na fari, launin toka, launin ruwan kasa da baƙi - suna nuna batun da ke cikin damuwa. Ya kai girman 151.0 cm × 251.2 cm (59.4 in × 98.9 in) kuma an sanya hannu a kan "Schenck" a kusurwar hagu ta ƙasa.

## Tarihi
An haifi Schenck a Glückstadt a Holstein, yanzu yana Jamus amma a Denmark, kuma ya rayu kuma ya yi aiki tsawon rayuwarsa a Faransa.  An nuna zanen a Paris Salon a shekarar 1878, a ƙarƙashin taken Faransa *Angoisses*, sannan a Landan a shekara mai zuwa.  ne ya sassaka shi. a shekarar 1878 don mujallar ** ta Faransa, da  a shekarar 1879. Dillalin zane-zane na London Agnew's ne ya sayi zanen sannan aka sayar da shi ga National Gallery of Victoria. Ya isa Ostiraliya a shekarar 1880. Yana riƙe da firam ɗinsa na asali mai launin zinare.

Schenck ya juya yanayin a cikin zanensa na kimanin shekara ta 1885, *L'Orphelin, abin tunawa da d'Auvergne* ("Maraya, tunawa da Auvergne"), wanda yanzu yake hannun Gidan Tarihi na Orsay, inda rago ke tsaye a saman gawar mahaifiyarsa da ta mutu, a gaban layin bakaken hankaka suna jira a kan shingen katako.
Fayil:Charles_Maurand_-_Angoisse_(after_Anguish_by_August_Friedrich_Albrecht_Schenck)_(cropped).jpg|alt=Charles Maurand's 1878 wood-engraving| Zane-zanen itace na Charles Maurand a shekarar 1878
Fayil:Tiburce_de_Mare_-_Angoisses_(after_Anguish_by_August_Friedrich_Albrecht_Schenck).jpg|alt=Tiburce de Mare's 1879 engraving| Tiburce de Mare ta 1879 zane-zane
Fayil:L'Orphelin_-_souvenir_d'Auvergne.jpg|alt=Schenck's c.1885 painting L'Orphelin, Musée d'Orsay| Zanen Schenck na c.1885 *L'Orphelin*, Musée d'Orsay


## Manazarta
Hanyar Cahill Expressway (Smart)

Zane ne na ***Cahill Expressway*** na shekarar 1962 wanda mai zane Jeffrey Smart na ƙasar Australiya ya yi. Zane-zanen sun nuna Cahill Expressway, wata babbar hanyar mota a tsakiyar birnin Sydney. "Mutane da yawa suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ayyukansa" da kuma "watakila hotonsa da ya fi shahara".  An bayyana aikin a matsayin "abin mamaki ... saboda yadda aka san shi a matsayin wurin Sydney kuma sau biyu saboda ingancinsa mara iyaka." 

An buɗe hanyar Woollooomooloo ta Cahill Expressway a watan Maris na 1962, a shekarar da Smart ya yi zanensa. Zane-zanen sun nuna wani ra'ayi da ke kallon sabuwar hanyar da aka gina a ƙarƙashin Domain tare da Laburaren Jiha a hagu da kuma Shakespeare Memorial a sama. 

Smart ya ce "Farkon tsarin haɗa Cahill Expressway shine hanyar shiga, sharewa, kyawawan siffofi, hoton wani abu [rami] yana tafiya ƙarƙashin ƙasa da kuma birnin da ke ci gaba a sama da ƙasa. Ba siffar ba ce dalilin haɗawar kwata-kwata - ya ƙare a can kusan kamar tunani ne kawai. ... Na ba mutumin mai kiba hannu ɗaya kawai a nan, kuma ɗayan hannun rigarsa an saka shi a aljihunsa da kyau, a matsayin abin haɗawa kawai." [1]

Mutumin mai kiba da mai sanƙo yana bayyana a cikin zane-zane da yawa na Smart. Tare da wasu siffofi daban-daban da aka nuna a cikin ayyukan Smart, "sau da yawa ana fassara shi a matsayin misalin rabuwar zamani." 

## Manazarta