2019 Wutar daji ta Amazon

Lokacin **gobarar daji ta Amazon ta shekarar 2019** ta ga tashin gobarar da ta tashi a cikin dazuzzukan Amazon da Amazon biome a Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, da Peru a lokacin rani na Amazonian na wannan shekarar.  Yawan gobara na faruwa a lokacin rani yayin da ake amfani da hanyoyin yanke-da-kone don share gandun daji don samar da hanyar noma, kiwo, saren daji, da hakar ma'adinai, wanda ke haifar da sare gandun daji na Amazon . Irin wannan aikin gabaɗaya haramun ne a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe, amma aiwatar da kariyar muhalli na iya zama lauje. Ƙara yawan adadin gobara a cikin 2019 ya haifar da damuwa na duniya game da makomar dajin Amazon, wanda shine mafi girma a duniya na carbon dioxide kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rage dumamar yanayi .

Cibiyar Nazarin Sararin Samaniya ta Brazil ( *Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais*, INPE) ta fara ba da rahoton karuwar ƙimar a cikin Yuni da Yuli 2019 ta hanyar tsarin sa ido na tauraron dan adam, amma an ja hankalin duniya game da halin da ake ciki a watan Agusta 2019 lokacin da NASA ta tabbatar da binciken INPE,  da hayaki daga gobarar birni, duhu daga tauraron Paulo kilomita. Amazon.  , INPE ta ba da rahoton gobara fiye da 80,000 a duk faɗin Brazil, haɓakar 77% na shekara zuwa shekara don wannan lokacin bin diddigin, tare da fiye da 40,000 a cikin Amazon Legal Amazon ( *Amazônia Legal* ko BLA), wanda ya ƙunshi 60% na Amazon. Hakanan ana samun karuwar gobara daga shekara zuwa shekara a Bolivia, Paraguay da Peru, tare da ƙididdigar gobarar 2019 a cikin kowace ƙasa sama da 19,000, 11,000 da 6,700, bi da bi,   .  An kiyasta cewa sama da        na gandun daji a cikin biome na Amazon ya yi hasarar gobara a cikin 2019.  Baya ga tasirin yanayi na duniya, gobarar ta haifar da matsalolin muhalli daga wuce haddi na carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) da carbon monoxide (CO) a cikin hayakin gobara, yiwuwar tasirin tasirin halittu na Amazon, da kuma barazanar ga ƙabilu na asali waɗanda ke zaune a cikin ƙabilun. Masana ilimin halittu sun kiyasta cewa mutuwar dajin Amazon saboda gobarar na iya jawowa Brazil dalar Amurka biliyan 957 zuwa dalar Amurka tiriliyan 3.5 a cikin shekaru 30. 

Yawan gobarar da aka samu a Brazil ya haifar da damuwar da shugabannin kasashen duniya musamman shugaban Faransa Emmanuel Macron da kungiyoyin sa-kai na kare muhalli (ENGOs) suka danganta wadannan ga manufofin kasuwanci na shugaban kasar Brazil Jair Bolsonaro wanda ya raunana kare muhalli da kuma karfafa saran gandun daji na Amazon bayan da ya karbi mulki a watan Janairun 2019. Bolsonaro da farko ya yi watsi da kiraye-kirayen na kasa da kasa. abin mamaki. Bayan karuwar matsin lamba a taron G7 karo na 45 da barazanar kin amincewa da yarjejeniyar ciniki cikin 'yanci na Tarayyar Turai –Mercosur, Bolsonaro ya aike da sojojin Brazil sama da 44,000 tare da ware kudade don yakar gobarar, sannan daga baya ya sanya hannu kan wata doka don hana irin wannan gobara na tsawon kwanaki sittin.

Wasu kasashen Amazon na gobarar daji ta shafa a sama ko kadan. Yawan kadada na dajin Bolivia da gobarar daji ta shafa kusan daidai da na Brazil, kasancewar yankin Bolivia ne kawai kusan kashi ɗaya bisa takwas na ƙasar Brazil. Hakazalika an zargi shugaban Bolivia Evo Morales kan manufofin da suka gabata wadanda ke karfafa sare itatuwa, Morales ya kuma dauki matakan yaki da gobara da neman agaji daga wasu kasashe. A taron G7, Macron ya tattauna da sauran kasashen duniya don ware  domin taimakon gaggawa ga kasashen Amazon da gobarar ta shafa.

## Amazon dajin da sare itatuwa
Akwai    na Amazon rainforest.  Sarke dazuzzukan dazuzzukan Amazon da mutane ke yi ya kasance babban abin damuwa shekaru da yawa yayin da aka auna tasirin dajin a kan yanayin duniya.   Ta fuskar yanayin yanayi na duniya, Amazon ya kasance mafi girman nitsewar iskar carbon dioxide a duniya, kuma an yi kiyasin kama kusan kashi 25% na samar da carbon dioxide na duniya zuwa tsirrai da sauran halittu .  Ba tare da wannan nutsewa ba, ƙwayar carbon dioxide na yanayi zai karu kuma zai ba da gudummawa ga yanayin zafi mafi girma na duniya, don haka ya sa yiwuwar Amazon ya zama damuwa a duniya.  Bugu da ari, lokacin da gandun daji ya ɓace ta hanyar wuta, ana fitar da ƙarin carbon dioxide zuwa sararin samaniya, kuma zai iya ba da gudummawa sosai ga jimlar carbon dioxide.  Tsire-tsire suna haifar da tururin ruwa mai yawa ta hanyar numfashi wanda ke tafiya mai nisa zuwa wasu sassa na Kudancin Amurka ta koguna na yanayi kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga hazo a waɗannan yankuna.   Saboda ci gaba da sauyin yanayi na duniya, masana kimiyyar muhalli sun nuna damuwa cewa Amazon zai iya kaiwa "matsakaici" inda ba zai sake mutuwa ba, ƙasar ta zama mafi savanna fiye da gandun daji, a karkashin wasu yanayi na sauyin yanayi wanda ke kara tsanantawa ta hanyar ayyukan ɗan adam .  

Ana amfani da sare dazuzzuka na Amazon don share filaye don noma, kiwo, da hakar ma'adinai, da kuma katako.  Yawancin gandun daji yawanci ana share su ta amfani da matakan yanke-da-ƙonawa ; Ana cire adadi mai yawa na biomass ta hanyar fara ja da bishiyoyin da ke cikin Amazon ta hanyar amfani da bulldozers da manyan taraktoci a lokacin damina (Nuwamba zuwa Yuni), sannan kuma a kunna kututturen bishiyar bayan watanni da yawa a lokacin rani (Yuli zuwa Oktoba).    Ana yawan samun gobara a watan Yuli zuwa Agusta.  A wasu lokuta, ma'aikatan da ke yin konewar ba su da ƙwarewa, kuma suna iya barin waɗannan gobarar ta yaɗu ba da gangan ba. Duk da yake mafi yawan ƙasashe a cikin Amazon suna da dokoki da tilasta muhalli game da saran gandun daji, waɗannan ba a aiwatar da su sosai, kuma yawancin ayyukan yanke-da-ƙone ana yin su ba bisa ƙa'ida ba.   

## Faɗin nau'ikan wuta a cikin Amazon
Ana iya raba gobarar Amazon zuwa sassa uku masu fadi.  Na farko, gobarar da ke da nasaba da sare dazuzzuka ita ce wadda ake amfani da ita wajen shirya wurin noma bayan an sare dajin farko sannan a bar ciyayi ta bushe. Na biyu, akwai waɗanda ke konewar noma, lokacin da ake amfani da gobara don share wuraren kiwo da ake da su da/ko kuma ta hanyar ƴan ƙanana da mutanen gargajiya a aikin noma na juyi. A ƙarshe, nau'ikan gobarar da suka gabata na iya tserewa fiye da iyakokin da aka tsara kuma su mamaye dazuzzukan da ke tsaye. Lokacin da gandun daji ya kone a karon farko, ƙarfin wuta yawanci yana raguwa kuma harshen wuta galibi ana iyakance shi zuwa ƙasa yayin da abubuwan da suka faru na gobara da aka maimaita suna da ƙarfi sosai. Gobarar daji barazana ce ga halittun Amazonian  kuma suna yin illa ga iyawar bishiyoyin daji don rage sauyin yanayi ta hanyar adana carbon. Lokacin nazarin gobarar Amazonian, yana da mahimmanci a yi la'akari da alamun bambance-bambancen sararin samaniya a cikin yanayin hazo a cikin Amazon Basin, wanda ba shi da lokacin rani ɗaya. 

## Gobara a Brazil

### Yanke dazuzzuka da gobara a baya a Brazil
 
Rawar da Brazil ta taka wajen sare gandun daji na Amazon ya kasance muhimmin batu a cikin 1930s, saboda kashi 60% na Amazon yana cikin Brazil, wanda aka keɓe a matsayin Amazon Legal Amazon ( *Amazônia Legal*, BLA).   Tun daga shekarun 1970, Brazil ta cinye kusan kashi 12 na gandun daji, wanda ke wakiltar kusan  — yanki mafi girma fiye da na jihar Texas ta Amurka.  Yawancin sare dazuzzuka an yi su ne don albarkatun ƙasa don masana'antar saren itace da share filaye don amfanin gona da ma'adinai.   Cire daji don samar da hanyar kiwo shine babban dalilin sare gandun daji a Amazon na Brazil daga tsakiyar shekarun 1960. Yankin Amazon ya zama yanki mafi girma na kiwo a duniya.  A cewar Bankin Duniya, ana amfani da kusan kashi 80% na sare dazuzzuka don kiwon shanu.  Kashi 70 cikin 100 na ƙasar da ta kasance a dazuzzuka a cikin Amazon, da kuma kashi 91% na ƙasar da aka sare dazuka tun 1970, ana amfani da su wajen kiwo .   A cewar Cibiyar Nazarin Gandun Daji ta Duniya (CIFOR), "tsakanin 1990 da 2001 yawan naman da aka sarrafa na Turai wanda ya zo daga Brazil ya karu daga 40 zuwa 74 bisa dari" kuma ta 2003 "a karon farko har abada, haɓakar noman shanu na Brazil, kashi 80, wanda ya kasance a cikin Amazon.  Jihohin Brazil na Pará, Mato Grosso, da Rondônia, waɗanda ke kan iyakar kudancin dajin Amazon, suna cikin abin da ake kira "tsarar daji". 

Sake sare gandun daji a Brazil wani bangare ne ya haifar da karuwar bukatar naman sa da fitar da waken soya, musamman zuwa China da Hong Kong.  A cikin watanni bakwai na farkon shekarar 2019, fitar da waken soya zuwa kasar Sin ya karu da kashi 18 bisa dari sakamakon takun saka tsakanin Amurka da Sin.  Brazil na ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu fitar da naman sa, wanda ke da fiye da 20% na kasuwancin duniya na kayayyaki. Brazil ta fitar da sama da tan miliyan 1.6 na naman sa a cikin 2018, mafi girman girma a tarihi.  Garken shanun Brazil ya karu da kashi 56% cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Makiyaya suna jira har zuwa lokacin rani don yanka-da-ƙonawa don ba da lokaci ga shanun su yi kiwo.   Noman waken soya ya karu daga metric ton miliyan 75.32 a cikin 2010/11 zuwa metric ton miliyan 118.8 a cikin 2018/19.  Amazon yana lissafin miliyan 14 daga cikin kadada miliyan 284 na shuka waken soya a Brazil.  Yayin da za a iya sarrafa slash-da-ƙone, manoma marasa ƙwarewa na iya kawo karshen haifar da gobarar daji. Gobarar daji ta karu yayin da bangaren noma ya shiga cikin rafin Amazon da kuma haddasa sare itatuwa.  A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, "masu kwacen ƙasa" ( *grileiros* ) sun kasance suna yankan daji a cikin gandun daji ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin "Yankunan 'yan asalin Brazil da sauran gandun daji masu kariya a ko'ina cikin Amazon". 

### 2019 Brazil gobarar rani

INPE ta faɗakar da gwamnatin Brazil game da karuwar gobara fiye da na al'ada har zuwa watan Yuni zuwa Agusta 2019. Watanni huɗu na farko na shekara sun kasance ruwan sama fiye da matsakaici, yana hana ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce. Koyaya, da farkon lokacin rani a watan Mayun 2019, yawan gobarar daji ta yi tsalle sosai.  Bugu da ƙari, NOAA ta ruwaito cewa, a yanki, yanayin zafi a cikin Janairu-Yuli 2019 shine na biyu mafi zafi shekara-zuwa-kwana akan rikodin.  INPE ta ba da rahoton karuwar shekara zuwa shekara na 88% a cikin tashin gobarar daji a watan Yuni 2019.   An kara samun karuwar yawan sare dazuzzuka a cikin Yuli 2019, tare da INPE ta kiyasta cewa fiye da  na gonakin dazuzzukan an sare su a cikin watan kuma zai kasance a kan hanyar da za ta wuce yankin Greater London a karshen wata. 

Watan na Agusta 2019 ya sami babban girma a cikin adadin gobarar daji da aka gani bisa ga INPE. A ranar 11 ga Agusta, Amazonas ta ayyana dokar ta-baci.  Jihar Acre ta shiga cikin faɗakarwar muhalli a ranar 16 ga Agusta.  A farkon watan Agusta, manoma na gida a cikin jihar Amazonian Pará sun sanya wani talla a cikin jaridar gida suna kira ga *queimada* ko "Ranar Wuta" a ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2019, suna shirya manyan ayyukan slash-da-ƙonawa da sanin cewa akwai ƙananan damar tsoma baki daga gwamnati.   Jim kadan bayan haka, an samu karuwar gobarar daji a yankin.  

INPE ta ruwaito a ranar 20 ga Agusta cewa ta gano gobara 39,194 a dajin Amazon tun daga watan Janairu.  Wannan yana wakiltar karuwar kashi 77 cikin 100 na adadin gobara daga lokaci guda a cikin 2018.  Duk da haka, NASA-funded NGO Global Fire Emission Database (GFED) yana nuna 2018 a matsayin shekara mai ƙarancin wuta idan aka kwatanta da bayanan tarihi daga 2004 zuwa 2005 wanda shekaru ke nuna kusan ninki biyu na adadin wutar da aka ƙidaya.  INPE ta ruwaito cewa an gano akalla gobara 74,155 a duk Brazil,  wanda ke wakiltar karuwar kashi 84 cikin dari daga lokaci guda a cikin 2018.  NASA ta samo asali ne a tsakiyar watan Agusta cewa tauraron dan adam MODIS ya ruwaito matsakaicin adadin gobara a yankin idan aka kwatanta da bayanai daga shekaru 15 da suka gabata; Lambobin sun kasance sama da matsakaita na shekara a cikin jihohin Amazonas da Rondônia, amma ƙasa da matsakaici ga Mato Grosso da Pará.    Daga baya NASA ta fayyace cewa bayanan da suka tantance a baya ya kasance har zuwa Agusta 16, 2019. Zuwa Agusta 26, 2019, NASA ta haɗa da ƙarin hotunan MODIS na kwanan nan don tabbatar da cewa adadin gobarar ya fi na shekarun baya. 

Ya zuwa ranar 29 ga Agusta, gobara 80,000 ta barke a Brazil wanda ke nuna karuwar kashi 77% a daidai wannan lokacin a shekarar 2018, in ji BBC.  INPE ya ruwaito cewa a cikin lokaci daga Janairu 1 zuwa Agusta 29, a fadin Kudancin Amirka, kuma ba kawai ga gandun daji na Amazon ba, akwai gobara 84,957 a Brazil, 26,573 a Venezuela, 19,265 a Bolivia, 14,363 a Colombia, 14,969 a Argentina, 10,3810 a Paraguay 2,935 a Chile, 898 a Guyana, 407 a Uruguay, 328 a Ecuador, 162 a Suriname, da 11 a Guiana na Faransa. 

### Kafofin watsa labarai na farko sun ba da rahoto

Yayin da aka ba da rahoton bayanan INPE a wasu majiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa tun da farko, labarin gobarar daji ba babban labari ba ne sai a kusa da 20 ga Agusta, 2019. A wannan ranar, hayaƙin da ya tashi daga gobarar Rondônia da Amazonas ya sa sararin sama ya yi duhu da misalin karfe 2 na rana a kan São Paulo —wanda ke da nisan kusan  .    NASA da US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) suma sun buga hotunan tauraron dan adam daga Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) akan tauraron dan adam Terra na NASA wanda ya yi daidai da na INPE, wanda ya nuna hayaki yana fitowa daga gobarar daji daga sararin samaniya.   Bayanan INPE da NASA, tare da hotuna na ci gaba da gobara da tasiri, sun jawo hankalin duniya kuma sun zama wani batu mai tasowa a kan kafofin watsa labarun, tare da shugabannin duniya da dama, mashahurai, da 'yan wasa sun nuna damuwa. 

A cewar *Vox*, daga cikin duk wutar dajin da ake ci gaba da yi a wasu wurare a duniya, gobarar daji a dajin Amazon da ke Brazil ya fi " firgita". 

### Martanin gwamnatin Brazil

A cikin watanni kafin Agusta 2019, Bolsonaro ya yi ba'a ga ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da na muhalli waɗanda ke jin ayyukan sa na kasuwanci sun ba da damar saran gandun daji.   A wani lokaci a cikin watan Agusta 2019, Bolsonaro cikin raha ya kira kansa "Kyaftin Chainsaw" yayin da yake tabbatar da cewa bayanan INPE ba daidai ba ne.  Bayan INPE ta sanar da karuwar gobarar daji da kashi 88% a watan Yuli 2019, Bolsonaro ya yi ikirarin "lambobin karya ne" kuma sun kori Ricardo Magnus Osório Galvão, darektan INPE.     Bolsonaro ya yi iƙirarin cewa Galvão yana amfani da bayanan don jagorantar "kamfen na anti-Brazil".     Bolsonaro ya yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na muhalli ne suka tayar da gobarar da gangan, kodayake bai bayar da wata shaida da za ta tabbatar da zargin ba.  Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu irin su WWF Brasil, Greenpeace, da Cibiyar Kare Muhalli ta Brazil sun yi adawa da iƙirarin Bolsonaro. 

### Zanga-zangar adawa da manufofin gwamnatin Brazil

Dangane da batun kaura da ‘yan asalin kasar, kungiyar kare hakkin bil’adama ta Amnesty International ta bayyana sauyin da aka samu wajen kare filaye na ‘yan asalin kasar, inda ta yi kira ga sauran kasashen duniya da su matsa wa Brazil lamba kan ta maido da wadannan hakkoki, domin su ma suna da muhimmanci wajen kare gandun daji.  Ivaneide Bandeira Cardoso, wanda ya kafa Kanindé, ƙungiyar bayar da shawarwari na Porto Velho ga al'ummomin ƴan asalin ƙasar, ya ce Bolsonaro ne ke da alhakin ta'azzarar gobarar daji a duk faɗin Amazon a wannan shekara. Cardoso ya ce gobarar daji “mummunar bala’i ce da ta shafi dukkan bil’adama” tun da Amazon na taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yanayin halittu na duniya a matsayin mashigar dajin don rage illar sauyin yanayi. 

Dubban 'yan kasar Brazil sun gudanar da zanga-zanga a manyan biranen kasar daga ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, 2019, don kalubalantar matakin da gwamnati ta dauka game da gobarar daji.   Masu zanga-zangar a duniya sun kuma gudanar da bukukuwa a ofisoshin jakadancin Brazil, ciki har da London, Paris, Mexico City, da Geneva. 

## Manazarta