open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Mo Yingfeng

**Mo Yingfeng** ( simplified Chinese      ; 19 ga Janairu 1938 - 17 ga Fabrairu 1989) marubuci ne ɗan ƙasar Sin wanda ya kasance darektan ƙungiyar marubutan Sin . Mo ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ƙungiyar marubutan Hunan da ƙungiyar adabi da fasaha ta Hunan. 

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Mo a Yiyang, Hunan a cikin 1938. Ya shiga Kwalejin Fasaha ta Hubei a shekarar 1956, yana karatun kiɗa a Sashen Kiɗa.

A shekara ta 1961, Mo ya shiga rundunar 'yanci ta jama'a, sannan ya yi aiki a yankin soja na Guangzhou.

A shekara ta 1970, an sauya Mo daga Guangzhou zuwa Changsha.

Mo ya fara buga ayyukan a shekarar 1972. A shekara ta 1978, Mo ya yi aiki a Xiaoxiang Film Studio a matsayin edita.

A watan Fabrairun 1989, Mo ya mutu daga rashin lafiya a Changsha .

## Ayyuka

### Littattafai

* Janar's Chant (janar吟) 
* *Iska* (風) 
* Soja da ke Gudun Ta hanyar Duwatsu
* *Allahn soyayya* () 

## Kyaututtuka

* Janar's Chant - 1st Mao Dun Literature Prize (1982) 

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Mo ta yi aure sau biyu. Yana da 'ya'ya mata biyu tare da tsohuwar matarsa Li Mingxiu (), Mo Zhuwei (莫竹) da Mo Zhuqin (莫竹). Matarsa ta biyu ita ce Ouyang Huiling (). 'Ya'yansa mata biyu, mazajensu, da jikoki biyar suna zaune a Ostiraliya.

## Manazarta
Geelong Amateur Football & Netball Club

**Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Geelong Amateur da Netball Club**, wadda aka yi wa lakabi da ***Ammos***, ƙungiya ce ta ƙwallon ƙafa da ƙwallon raga ta ƙasar Ostiraliya da ke cikin birnin Geelong, Victoria, Ostiraliya.

Kungiyoyin GAFNC suna wasa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Bellarine a halin yanzu.

## Tarihi
An kafa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Geelong Amateur a shekarar 1926 sakamakon malamai da ɗalibai daga Kwalejin Geelong da Grammar Geelong suka kafa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa don yin wasa a Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Victorian Amateur.[1] Saboda haka, tana amfani da launuka kore (Kwaleji) da shuɗi mai haske (Nahawu), tare da tambarin Pegasus na Kwalejin Geelong.[2]

Sun koma gidansu na yanzu da ke Queens Park, Highton, a shekarar 1957.

Sun fara a VAFA,  sun shiga gasar har zuwa A Grade a baya a shekarar 1983, ƙungiyar ta yanke shawarar yin zama a Geelong kuma ta shiga gasar Geelong da District Football League. Yin wasa a VAFA yana nufin tafiya zuwa Melbourne duk bayan makonni biyu, yayin da shiga gasar Geelong &amp;amp; District Football League na nufin cewa duk wasannin ana yin su ne a gida.

A shekarar 1985, sun lashe gasar GDFL. Daga nan sai kulob din ya koma Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Geelong na ɗan lokaci amma bai iya ci gaba da zama a can ba, inda ya koma GDFL a shekarar 1989.

Kungiyar ta fuskanci lokutan wahala a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kuma bayan tarurruka da dama na bincike da kuma tsira, a shekarar 1995 kungiyar ta shiga gasar kwallon kafa ta Bellarine kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa a can tun daga lokacin, inda ta lashe gasar Firimiya ta manyan 'yan wasa a 2004, 2008, 2014, 2015 da 2016.

## Manazarta
Mu Shiying

**Mu Shiying** (Sinanci: 穆時英; Maris 14, 1912 - Yuni 28, 1940)  Marubucin kasar Sin ne wanda aka fi sani da gajerun labaransa na zamani. Ya kasance mai aiki a Shanghai a cikin shekarun 1930 inda ya ba da gudummawa ga mujallu kamar Les Contemporains (Sinanci: 現代; : Xiàndài, 1932-1935), wanda Shi Zhecun ya shirya.

## Rayuwa ta farko
Iyalin Mu sun fito ne daga Cixi, Ningbo, Zhejiang . Mahaifinsa, Mu Jingting (1877-1933) ya kasance mai banki kuma mai hasashen zinariya, wanda a bayyane ya mutu daga gajiya da baƙin ciki bayan ya rasa kuɗi a cikin mummunan hasashe. Mahaifiyarsa Shi Cuifeng (1895-1940). A lokacin yarinta, iyalinsa sun riga sun koma Shanghai.

A cikin 1930, a matsayin dalibi na kwaleji, ya gabatar da wani ɗan gajeren labari, "Duniya tamu" (Chinese charact pinyin) zuwa La Nouvelle Littérature (Chinese) zuwa La Nouveau Littérature. Editocin sun yaba da aikin kuma Mu Shiying ya zama mai kare Shi Zhecun. Mu ya zama abokai masu kyau tare da Liu Na'ou da Dai Wangshu, dukansu biyu sun kasance manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga ƙungiyar wallafe-wallafen da aka sani da New Sensualism ko New Sensationists (Chinese: 新感觉派; pinyin: xīn creativejué pài; kuma duba kamar: Shinkankakuha). Wannan wani reshe ne na wani motsi a Japan wanda ya aro daga salon wallafe-wallafen zamani da ake bunkasa a Turai da Amurka. A cikin lokaci, Mu ya zama babban misali na wannan salon.

## Manazarta
Ni Yide

**Ni Yide** (1901-1970) ya kasance mai zane-zane na zamani na kasar Sin, marubuci kuma mai sukar fasaha.

## Ayyukan fasaha
Ya kammala karatu a 1922 daga farkon filin horo na fasahar Yammacin zamani a kasar Sin, Makarantar Fasaha ta Shanghai .  Ya zama farfesa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Shanghai bayan kammala karatunsa. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa a fannin fasahar Yamma da tarihin fasaha a Tokyo a makarantar Kubwata Painting a karkashin Fujishima Takeji . A cikin 1927, Ni ya koma China don nuna rashin amincewa da mamayar sojojin Japan a Shandong. A can, ya koyar a Gangzhou Municipal Art School, sannan a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Wuchang a Hubei (Hubei Institute of Fine Arts ta Yau). A shekara ta 1930, ya kasance mai sukar fasaha, masanin ra'ayi, da marubuci mai kirkira, da kuma mai zane-zane. A cikin 1931 Ni, Pang Xunqin (1906-1985), da wasu masu zane-zane na zamani guda biyar sun kafa kungiyar Storm don inganta tasirin fasahar Yammacin zamani a kan fasahar kasar Sin. Ni Yi-de ya taimaka wajen rubuta bayanin kungiyar.

## Ayyukan rubuce-rubuce
A matsayinsa na marubuci, Ni Yide ya yi amfani da ƙwarewarsa ta wallafe-wallafen don kare sababbin salo da ƙwarewar mutum a matsayin muhimmancin fasahar zamani a kasar Sin ta zamani. A cikin nune-nunen zane-zane na kasar Sin na biyu, Ni Yide ya soki alƙalai saboda son zuciya, kuma ya watsar da "art na hukuma" tare da gardamar cewa a Faransa ci gaba na gaske koyaushe yana fitowa daga waje da salon gwamnati. Ni Yide ta rubuta wata kasida da ke kare Qui Ti (1906-1958), memba na kungiyar Storm wanda ya sami zargi daga masu ra'ayi saboda rayuwar furanni da ta zana. Ya rubuta wata kasida a kan Pan Tianshou's (1897-1971) tsuntsaye da furanni inda ya bayyana 'Bathed in Dew' a matsayin waka da 'Bayan Ruwan sama' inda ya ambaci misali, "...fure masu launin ruwan kasa tare da manyan ganye suna bayyana masu tsarki da daraja, masu kyau da tausayi kuma sama da duka suna da kyau a cikin kyawawan su". Yana amfani da hotuna masu ƙarfi. A cewar Yide " ... Idan muna so mu nuna al'adunmu na kasa, na yi imanin, zane-zane shine batun da ya fi dacewa. Yankunan kasar Sin a kowane wuri suna da halaye na asali na kasar Sin.

## Manazarta
Oen Tjhing Tiauw

**Oen Tjhing Tiauw** (1900-1981, Sinanci: 温清兆) marubuci ne na kasar Sin, ɗan siyasa kuma ɗan al'adu mai aiki a cikin Dutch East Indies da Indonesia daga shekarun 1920 zuwa 1970. Daga shekarun 1930 zuwa gaba ya kasance mai tausayi ga kishin kasa na Indonesia kuma ya yi aiki don samun 'yancin kai daga Dutch a matsayin memba na Partai Tionghoa Indonesia kuma daga baya Jam'iyyar Socialist ta Indonesia.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Oen Tjhing Tiauw a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1900 a Malang, Gabashin Java, Dutch East Indies .   Ya yi karatu a makarantar Tiong Hoa Hwee Koan a Jombang .  A shekara ta 1913 ya koma Surabaya. A cikin 1920 ya kafa ƙungiyar ɗalibai mai suna  kuma ya zauna a kan allon; nan da nan ya haɗu da wani irin wannan rukuni don kafa  (Ƙungiyar ɗaliban China), daga baya aka sake masa suna Chung Hwa Student Football Club .   A shekara ta 1932 ya zama sakataren wannan kulob din kwallon kafa. Ya kuma shiga cikin kafa ƙungiyar rassan  da ake kira Central Hoo Hap . 

A farkon shekarun 1920 ya zama mai sha'awar gidan wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo, kuma ya taka rawa a wasan Njoo Cheong Seng a shekarar 1922.  Ya rubuta wasannin kansa, wani lokacin yana amfani da sunan Ontjom, ciki har da daya a 1924 mai suna Sia jang bertosa.  (wanda yake da laifi?) wanda ya yi nasara. Ya ci gaba da rubuta wasan kwaikwayo a cikin 1920s da 1930s amma mafi yawansu sun ɓace. A wani lokaci ya zama ɗan jarida kuma marubuci, yana gabatar da gajerun labaru, litattafai da labaran siyasa ga , daga cikin jaridu masu goyon bayan Indonesiya na kasar Sin, kuma yana aiki a cikin kwamitin edita.  A farkon shekarun 1930 ya rubuta wa Sin Po, jaridar Indonesian ta kasar Sin da aka fi karantawa.  Ya kuma zama memba na Partai Tionghoa Indonesia (Jam'iyyar Indonesiya ta Sin) a cikin 1930, yana nuna ci gaban tunaninsa na siyasa ga kishin kasa na Indonesiya.

A shekarar 1938 ya shiga cikin kafa ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta ƙasar Sin mai suna  ( Indonesian  , ƙungiyar ma'aikatan China) tare da goyon bayan  da Partai Tionghoa Indonesia .  Da farkon Yaƙin Sino-Japan na Biyu a 1937, ya juya zuwa ga jigogi na ƙabilanci na China a cikin wasannin kwaikwayo da gajerun labarai, sau da yawa yana daidaita labaran tarihi game da mamayar ƙasashen waje ga China da kariya ta jarumtaka.  A lokacin mamayar Japan da Dutch East Indies, wataƙila an tsare shi a sansani.

## Manazarta
Tsun-Peng Pao

**Tsun-Peng Pao** (1916-1970), wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na ladabi Longxi, ɗan jarida ne, marubuci kuma jami'in gwamnati wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan farko na Gidan Tarihi na Kasa a Jamhuriyar Sin .

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Pao a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 1916, a cikin Dingyuan County, Lardin Anhui, China.  Ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Fudan, Jami'ar Chengchi ta Kasa, da kuma Makarantar Harkokin Jam'iyya ta Tsakiya. Ya kuma gudanar da bincike a Jami'ar Pennsylvania a Amurka 

## Ayyuka
A ƙarshen 1948, Pao ya koma Taiwan kuma ya koyar a jami'o'i da yawa, gami da Jami'ar Taiwan ta Kasa, Jami'ar Soochow, Jami'an Katolika na Fu Jen, da Jami'an Al'adun Sin.  Ya kuma shiga cikin ayyukan al'adu da ilimi. 

A shekara ta 1955, Pao ya zama darektan shirye-shiryen Gidan Tarihi na Kasa kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan daga 1956 zuwa 1969. A shekara ta 1968, an nada shi a matsayin darektan Babban Laburaren Kasa (wanda yanzu ake kira National Library of Taiwan) . Ayyukan ilimi na Pao sun mayar da hankali kan tarihi da ci gaban gidajen tarihi a kasar Sin, da kuma adana kayan tarihi na al'adu. Wasu daga cikin sanannun rubuce-rubucensa sun haɗa da "A Draft History of Chinese Museums," "The Evolution and Development of Chinese Museoms," "On Historical Museums, "The Preservation of Cultural Relics during Wartime," "Dokar Kare Al'adun Al'adu," da kuma "The Preservación of Outdoor Museums and Historic Sites"

## Mutuwa
A lokacin da yake aiki a cikin gwamnati, lafiyar Pao ta kara tabarbarewa. Ya mutu a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 1970, yana da shekaru 55 a Babban Asibitin Tri-Service a Taipei.  

## Manazarta
Jean Pasqualini

**Jean Pasqualini** (Sinanci mai sauƙi; Sinanci na gargajiya; ; 1926 - 9 ga Oktoba 1997) ɗan jaridar Faransa ne da na kasar Sin wanda ya rubuta tarihin abubuwan da ya samu a matsayin fursuna na siyasa a cikin tsarin sansanin aiki na *Laogai* .  An haife shi a Beijing, Jean Pasqualini ɗan mahaifiyar kasar Sin ne kuma mahaifin Faransanci ne na Corsican. An fassara sunansa na Sinanci a matsayin **Bao Ruowang**,  tare da "Bao" wanda ke wakiltar sashi na farko a cikin Pasqualini kuma "Ruowang" shine fassarar sauti na Jean.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Yayinda yake yaro, Jean Pasqualini ya halarci makaranta a Tianjin da Shanghai. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu da kuma bayan haka, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara ga sojojin Amurka da Ofishin Jakadancin Burtaniya a Beijing kafin mamayewar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci a 1949. A lokacin yakin neman zabe na shekara ta 1957, an yanke wa Pasqualini hukuncin shekaru 12 a tsare kuma an zarge shi da "aikin adawa da juyin juya hali" bisa ga aikinsa tare da baƙi. An sake shi a shekara ta 1964 bayan Faransa ta kafa dangantakar diflomasiyya da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin . Bayan an sake shi, an kore shi kuma ya koma Paris.

Pasqualini ya shafe shekarunsa na baya a Faransa yana aiki a matsayin mai fassara da mai bincike ga mujallar Newsweek da Life . A shekara ta 1992, ya kafa Gidauniyar Bincike ta Laogai tare da Harry Wu .  Ya mutu a asibitin Paris a shekarar 1997. 

## Tasiri
Labarin Jean Pasqualini game da rayuwa a cikin tsarin sansanin aiki shine babban tushe na The Black Book of Communism .  An fassara littafinsa zuwa harsuna da yawa, kuma an sanya shi fim din Faransanci a shekarar 1977. An bayyana shi a matsayin labarin rayuwa na farko a cikin tsarin sansanin aiki na kasar Sin.

Lokacin da aka buga littafin Pasqualini da farko, magoya bayan juyin juya halin Kwaminisanci na Faransa sun soki shi kuma sun yi masa zargi wanda, a cewar Seth Faison, "ya ki yarda da cewa al'ummar da ke da alamar Utopia na manoma da ma'aikata masu farin ciki ... na iya samun irin wannan gefen duhu. "  A cikin 1978, masanin sinadarin Belgium Pierre Ryckmans ya bayyana Fursunonin Mao a matsayin "mafi mahimmancin takarda a kan Maoist 'Grobalism' kuma, saboda haka, mafi yawan binciken da aka yi watsi da shi da masu kula da su da su da cewa ba su ba su ba a cikin bayanan 'yancin' 'yancin jama' suka fi sani ba su ba da' yancin jama'a ba su da'a na'a na 'yancin 'yancin kasar Sin ba su da suka fi sani da' suka fi dacewa da' suka fito da' suka wuce ba su ba.

## Manazarta
Qian Zhongshu

**Qian Zhongshu** (21 ga Nuwamba, 1910 - 19 ga Disamba, 1998), wanda aka fi sani da **Ch'ien Chung-shu**  ko **Dzien Tsoong-su**, masanin wallafe-wallafen kasar Sin ne kuma marubuci. An san shi da littafinsa mai suna Fortress Besieged; masaninsa, wanda ba a san shi ba, wanda ya bambanta da yawa, nassoshi masu yawa ga tarihin Sinanci da Yammacin Turai da kuma wallafe-wallafen; da kuma rawar da ya taka wajen fassara rubuce-rubucen Mao Zedong zuwa Turanci.

## Rayuwa
Yawancin abin da aka sani game da rayuwar Qian ta farko ya dogara ne akan wata kasida da matarsa Yang Jiang ta rubuta. An haife shi a Wuxi, Qian Zhongshu ɗan Qian Jibo ne (), masanin Confucian mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, mai sauka, kuma farfesa na harshen Sinanci a Tsinghua, Jami'ar St. John, da Jami'ar Tsakiya ta Kasa (Nanking), bi da bi. Ta hanyar al'adar iyali, Qian Zhongshu ya girma a ƙarƙashin kulawar kawunsa na fari, wanda ba shi da ɗa. Da farko an kira Qian Yangxian (; lit. "girmama tsofaffi"), tare da Sunan girmamawa Zheliang (; "mai hikima da madaidaiciya"). Koyaya, lokacin da yake ɗan shekara ɗaya, bisa ga al'adar zhuazhou, wanda aka yi a sassa da yawa na China, an ba shi wasu abubuwa da aka shimfiɗa a gabansa don "kamawa"; ya kama littafi. Kakansa ya sake masa suna Zhongshu,  a zahiri "mai son littattafai, " yayin da Yangxian ya zama sunansa na sirri. Qian yaro ne mai magana sosai. Mahaifinsa daga baya ya canza sunansa zuwa Mocun (, lit. "don yin shiru"), da fatan cewa zai yi magana kadan.

## Gidan da ya kasance
Tsohon gidan Qian, wanda ya rufe murabba'in mita 1,600, yana cikin Xinjiexiang # 30 da # 32 a Wuxi, Nanjing. Kakansa Qian Fujiong ne ya gina shi a 1923. A shekara ta 1926 kawunsa Qian Sunqin ya gina gine-gine biyar da ɗakunan taimako da yawa a gefen yammacin bayan gidan, wanda ya rufe yanki na murabba'in mita 667.6. Dukan rukunin gine-ginen gidaje ne na Jiangnan. A cikin gidan, akwai wasu gine-gine na musamman, kamar *Haixu Shulou* da *Meihua Shuwu.* A cikin 2018, ya yi amfani da shi don mahimman kayan kariya na al'adu na kasar Sin. Tsohon mazaunin yana da nune-nunen da suka shafi kuma yana buɗewa ga jama'a ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba.

## Ayyuka
Qian ya zauna a Shanghai daga 1941 zuwa 1945, wanda ke ƙarƙashin mamayar Japan a lokacin. Yawancin ayyukansa an rubuta su ko kuma an buga su a wannan lokacin rikici. An wallafa tarin gajerun litattafai, Written in the Margins of Life () a cikin 1941. Human, Beast, Ghost (), tarin gajerun labaru, galibi satiric, an buga shi a 1946. Ayyukansa mafi shahara Fortress Besieged sun bayyana a 1947, amma ba har zuwa shekarun 1980 ba ne ya sami karin kulawa. On the Art of Poetry [zh], wanda aka rubuta a cikin Sinanci na gargajiya, an buga shi a cikin 1948.

## Manazarta
Qiu Xiaolong

**Qiu Xiaolong** (Sinanci, furcin Sinanci /tɕhjoʊː ˌɕjɑʊˈlʊŋ/, furcin Turanci na Amurka /ˈtʃuː ˌʃaʊˈlɒŋ/)  marubucin litattafan aikata laifuka ne na Amurka, mawaki, Mai fassara, mai sukar, kuma masanin kimiyya. An haife shi a Shanghai, ya ziyarci Amurka a shekarar 1988 don rubuta littafi game da T. S. Eliot, amma ya kasance a Amurka bayan zanga-zangar Tiananmen Square da kisan kiyashi na 1989.

## Rayuwa

### Rayuwa a kasar Sin
Qiu ya ce mahaifinsa "mai jari-hujja ne na hadari": a ƙarshen shekarun 1940 kamfanin kasuwanci da mahaifinsa ya yi aiki da shi ya fadi kuma a matsayin yanke hukunci ya sami shari'ar ƙanshin turare da ba a sayar da shi ba. Mahaifinsa ya koya wa kansa yadda ake yin turare kuma ya fara karamin masana'antar turare a Shanghai. An canja masana'antar zuwa jihar a tsakiyar shekarun 1950, bayan mamayar kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin, kuma daga baya mahaifinsa ya kasance ma'aikaci ne a masana'antar gwamnati.

### Rayuwa a Amurka
A shekara ta 1988, Qiu ya tafi tallafin Gidauniyar Ford ga Jami'ar Washington da ke St. Louis don yin aiki a kan littafi game da T.S. Eliot.  An haifi Eliot a St. Louis, kuma kakansa ya kafa jami'ar.

## Ayyukan rubuce-rubuce

### Ayyuka
Qiu ya fara rubuta waƙoƙi a cikin Sinanci a cikin 1978, yana karatu a ƙarƙashin mawaki Bian Zhilin. Yayinda yake malami a kasar Sin, Qiu ya rubuta waka da labaran ilimi,  kuma ya fassara aikin mawaki na zamani T.S. Eliot zuwa Sinanci, gami da The Waste Land da The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock.  Eliot ya kasance babban tasiri ga Qiu, a cikin waƙoƙinsa kuma, a cikin litattafan bincike. "Ka'idar rashin mutunci" ta Eliot, kamar yadda ya saba da al'adar soyayya, ya ce bai kamata mawaki ya nuna kansa da halin waka ba. Hakazalika, Sufeto Chen na litattafansa yana da wasu halaye na Qiu amma ba shi ba ne, "yana rungumar tashin hankali tsakanin rashin mutum da na mutum".

Tarihin al'adu babban tasiri ne a cikin litattafan Qiu. Daga Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu zuwa sake fasalin da buɗewa, rubuce-rubucensa suna nuna al'umma a wancan lokacin. Ga Qiu, yawancin rubuce-rubucen sun samo asali ne daga abubuwan da ya samu tun yana yaro. Qiu ya kuma rubuta game da abincin kasar Sin a cikin litattafansa, wanda ke ba masu karatu na Yammacin Turai haske game da al'adun abinci na kasar Sin, da kuma mutanen kasar Sin, kamar yadda ba a nuna mutanen Sin a cikin littattafan Qiu a matsayin halayen da ba su da ilimi da wawaye, suna rayuwa mai ban mamaki. Maimakon haka, yana nuna nau'ikan halayen gaskiya waɗanda ke da baiwa, masu kirki, da kuma bude zuciya.

## Manazarta
Frederick Hickford

**Frederick Thomas Hickford** (5 Nuwamba 1862 &#x2013; 15 Mayu 1929)  ɗan siyasa ne na Australiya, memba na Majalisar Dokokin Victoria.

## Farkon rayuwa
An haife shi a Brunswick, Victoria, ga James Hickford da Mary Ann Dowman, kuma ya halarci Jami'ar Melbourne kuma ya sami digirinsa na farko a fannin fasaha a 1890, digirinsa na farko a fannin shari'a a 1892 da kuma digirinsa na biyu a fannin fasaha a 1897. A matsayinsa na malamin makaranta a Kwalejin Geelong, an kira shi zuwa lauya a 1892. A ranar 28 ga Maris 1894 ya auri Dorothea Margaretha Boehme, wacce suka haifi 'ya'ya biyu, Julie Hickford (Dr. Harbison), ɗaya daga cikin likitocin mata na farko a Ostiraliya, da Charles Hickford, wani manomin farko. Ya kasance abokin tarayya a kamfanonin lauyoyi daban-daban daga kusan 1897 har zuwa mutuwarsa. A 1902 an zaɓe shi a Majalisar Dokokin Victoria a matsayin memba na Gabashin Bourke Boroughs, [1] amma ya yi murabus a 1903 don tsayawa takarar kujerar tarayya ta Mernda, ba tare da nasara ba. Daga 1906 zuwa 1918 ya kasance Kansilan Birnin Brunswick, yana aiki a matsayin magajin gari daga 1909 zuwa 1910. Ya ziyarci Burtaniya a 1924. Hickford ya mutu a South Yarra a 1929.[2]

## Manazarta
Qu Bo

**Qu Bo** (Sinanci: 曲; : ; 1923-2002) marubuci ne na kasar Sin. An kuma fassara sunansa a matsayin Chu Po. Qǔ (曲), sunan iyali, yana da ma'anar ƙuƙwalwa, waƙoƙi da sautin. Bō (波) yana tsaye ne don raƙuman ruwa da raƙuman raƙuman. Littafinsa na farko Tracks in the Snowy Forest  (林海雪原)  ya sanya shi daya daga cikin shahararrun marubuta a lokacin.

## Rayuwa
An haife shi a ƙauyen Zaolinzhuang (枣林庄;  ), gundumar Huang (yanzu Longkou ), a gabar tekun arewa maso gabas na lardin Shandong, karatunsa na farko ya kasance ne ta hanyar wata makaranta mai zaman kanta inda ya fara samun iliminsa na adabin gargajiya na kasar Sin da ƙwarewar harshe mai sauƙi. Mahaifinsa, Qu Chunyang (曲春阳;  ) da mahaifiyarsa, Qu Liushi (曲刘氏;  **' &#x5B; &#x5D;</sup> wata karamar sana'a ta rini [[auduga]], wadda ta gaza a lokacin da kayayyakin yammacin duniya suka zuba a kasar Sin.

A cikin 1938, yana da shekaru 15, ya bar gida ya yi yaƙi a yaƙin da aka yi da mamayewar Japan ([[Second Sino-Japanese War|Yaƙin Sin da Japan na Biyu]]). An canza sunansa daga sunansa na yaro Qu Qingtao (曲清ī; ) zuwa Qu Bo ta jami'an [[Eighth Route Army|Sojojin Hanya ta takwas]]. Qu Bo ya ci gaba da karatu a [[Counter-Japanese Military and Political University|Jami'ar Sojoji da Siyasa ta Counter-Japan]] a Shandong kuma ya zama ɗan jarida na jaridar soja, The Progress . Sojojin sun juya cikin [[People's Liberation Army|Sojojin 'Yanci na Jama'a]] bayan da Jafananci suka mika wuya, kuma Qu Bo ya ci gaba da yin yaƙi a [[Chinese Civil War|Yaƙin basasar kasar Sin]] a arewa maso gabashin kasar Sin, yana kare fararen hula na yankin daga fashi da kisan kai da 'yan fashi na yankin suka yi. A cikin sojoji, ya yi aiki a matsayin matashi malami na karatu da rubutu, kwamishinan siyasa kuma a ƙarshe ya zama kolonel.

== Bayanan littattafai ==

=== Littattafai ===

* **' (Xan) (1957), Gidan wallafe-wallafen Jama'a. Labari ne game da wani karamin rukuni na zaɓaɓɓun sojoji waɗanda suka shiga cikin duwatsun dusar ƙanƙara suna neman da kuma fada da ɓoyayyun 'yan fashi da' yan fashi masu haɗari.

An buga kwafin 1,560,000 na (Xihl) a cikin 1957-1964 a cikin bugu uku. An fassara littafin zuwa Turanci, Rasha, Jafananci, Koriya, Vietnamese, Mongolian, Norwegian da Larabci. An yi Fim din fim din littafin a shekarar 1960. An fitar da fim din da aka yi amfani da shi daga baya mai taken The Taking of Tiger Mountain a ranar 23 ga Disamba, 2014.

## Manazarta
Rao Pingru

**Rao Pingru** ( Chinese ; Nuwamba 1922 - 4 Afrilu 2020) marubuci ne na littafin barkwanci na kasar Sin wanda ya rubuta tarihin rayuwar soyayya *Labarinmu.*

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Rao a shekara ta 1922 a Nanchang . A shekara ta 1940, ya shiga soja kuma an shigar da shi cikin Kwalejin Soja ta Jamhuriyar Sin a Chengdu . A shekara ta 1945, ya zama Lieutenant na 83rd Division na 100th Infantry na National Revolutionary Army. A shekara ta 1948, ya auri Mao Meitang . A wannan shekarar, an nada shi Kyaftin. Daga 1958 zuwa 1979, ya yi aiki a sansanin sake ilimi a Anhui saboda rawar da ya taka a cikin sojojin kasa. Daga nan ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin edita kuma ya ci gaba da mujallar likita. Bayan mutuwar matarsa a shekara ta 2008, ya rubuta littafi a cikin ƙwaƙwalwarta, yana koyon zanawa daga ayyukan Jean-Jacques Sempé . Littafin, Our Story, an buga shi a kasar Sin a shekarar 2013. A cikin 2017, yana da shekaru 95, ya kasance baƙo mai daraja a bikin Angoulême International Comics Festival.

## Labarinmu

* Wannan labarin (Guilin, 2014) 
* Tun daga cikin 'yan Koriya, tun daga cikin' yan Koriya, 2018
* Tarihinmu. Pingru et Meitang (fassarar Faransanci ta François Dubois, 2017) 
* Labarinmu. A Memoir of Love and Life in China (Fassarar Turanci ta Nicky Harman, 2018) 
* La Historia de Pingru y Meitang (fassarar Mutanen Espanya ta José Antonio Soriano, 2018) 
* La nostra storia (fassarar Italiyanci ta Filippo Bernardini, 2018) 
* Kamar yadda: Labarin da nake ciki (Taipei, 2018)  

## Manazarta
Christine na Bosch Kemper

Jonkvrouw/Freule **Christine de Bosch Kemper** (16 ga Agusta 1840, Amsterdam - 12 Mayu 1924, Amersfoort ) marubuci ne dan kasar Holland.

Ta kasance memba na dangin Kemper masu daraja, 'yar  da Maria Aletta Hulshoff (ba marubuciya ba Maria Hulshoff ) da ƙanwar mai fafutuka Jeltje de Bosch Kemper . , sannan fasto ɗan Mennonite a Amsterdam, ya yi mata baftisma a shekara ta 1861. 

Ta fara mai da hankali kan ilimin 'yan mata matasa a shekara ta 1867, kuma don ci gaba da wannan manufar ta ƙaura a shekara ta 1880 daga Amsterdam zuwa Amersfoort, inda ta buɗe gidanta a matsayin makaranta don ilmantar da dukkan azuzuwan 'yan mata kyauta.  Ta kuma kafa asusun tallafi na kanta daga gadon mahaifiyarta. 

Ita da 'yar uwarta Jeltje sun yi fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata, duk da cewa Freule ta riƙe waɗannan ra'ayoyin a cikin da'irarta. Ta bar gidanta mai kyau ya zama gidan tsofaffi da sauran deodorant da daraktocin Mennonite za su kula da su don inganta yanayin kayan mata, a matsayin "Gidauniyar Christine-Stichting".

An gina wani benci na tunawa a Amersfoort a shekarar 1925 domin tunawa da ayyukanta na zamantakewa. 

## Manazarta
Arnold Buntine

**Martyn Arnold Buntine** (27 Disamba 1898 - 26 Fabrairu 1975) shugaban makarantar sakandare ne kuma ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Australiya wanda ya buga wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta St Kilda a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Victorian (VFL). 

Bayan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa, ya halarci Kwalejin Trinity a lokacin yana Jami'ar Melbourne, kafin ya sami digirin PhD a fannin Ilimi daga Jami'ar Edinburgh. Da ya dawo Melbourne, ya fara koyarwa a Kwalejin Scotch, Melbourne kafin ya zama shugaban Makarantar Grammar ta Camberwell. A shekarar 1931, ya koma Yammacin Ostiraliya don zama shugaban Makarantar Hale.[1] A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ya yi aiki a Bataliya ta 2/28 a matsayin kyaftin, yana aiki a Tobruk da Siriya. An ƙara masa matsayi zuwa babban jami'i sannan kuma Laftanar Kanar, aka naɗa shi shugaban Bataliya ta 2/11. A shekarar 1944, ya koma Makarantar Hale, kafin a naɗa shi shugaban Kwalejin Geelong a shekarar 1945.[2]

Buntine ɗa ne ga masanin ilimi Walter Murray Buntine (1866  1953)  na Makarantar Grammar Caulfield, wanda aka sanya wa suna Buntine Oration. Ya auri Gladys (Jim) Buntine, wacce ita ce Kwamishinar ' Yan Mata ta Australiya daga 1962 zuwa 1968.  Ɗansu masanin ilimi ne Robert Buntine na Makarantar Sarki da Kwalejin Newington. 

## Manazarta
Shi Tiesheng

**Shi Tiesheng** (Sinanci: 史铁生; 4 ga Janairun 1951 - 31 ga Disamba 2010) marubuci ne kuma marubucin litattafai na kasar Sin, wanda aka sani da zurfin tunanin falsafarsa game da nakasa, wahala, ƙaddara, bangaskiya, da yanayin ɗan adam. Sau da yawa ana kiransa "marubuci a cikin keken guragu," ayyukansa sun haɗa abubuwan da suka faru na rayuwa tare da bincike mai zurfi. Jaridar *China Daily* ta bayyana cewa "Mutane da yawa masu sukar sun dauki Ni da Haikali na Duniya  (Sinanci: 我与地坛) a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun rubutun Sinanci na karni na 20. "  Bayan mutuwarsa, Shi ya sami gagarumin farfadowa a cikin shahara, musamman tsakanin matasa masu karatu a karni na 21, waɗanda ke samun jagora ta ruhaniya da wucewa a cikin rubuce-rubucensa a cikin kalubalen zamani.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Shi a Beijing, kuma ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Jami'ar Tsinghua. A shekara ta 1969, a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu, an tura shi zuwa wani kauye a lardin Shaanxi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Down to the Countryside Movement . A shekara ta 1972, yana da shekaru 21, ya zama shanyayye a kafafu biyu saboda yanayin kashin baya kuma ya koma Beijing, inda ya kwashe sauran rayuwarsa a cikin keken guragu. Daga baya, ya kamu da uremia, yana buƙatar dialysis na yau da kullun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1990 zuwa gaba. A safiyar ranar 31 ga watan Disamba, 2010, Shi ya mutu daga zubar da jini a kwakwalwa. Biye da burinsa, an ba da hanta kuma an dasa shi ga wani mara lafiya a Tianjin.

Shi ya fara buga fiction a shekarar 1979. Ayyukansa na farko sun samo asali ne daga abubuwan da ya samu a matsayin matashi da aka tura da kuma rayuwar karkara, wanda ya fito a lokacin juyin juya halin al'adu. Rubuce-rubucensa daga baya sun sauya zuwa jigogi na falsafa da addini, suna bincika soyayya, fansa, da wucewa.

Ya kasance marubuci mai zama tare da Ƙungiyar Marubutan Beijing kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugabanta, da kuma memba na kwamitin ƙasa na Ƙungiyar Marubuta ta China.

### Kyaututtuka da gado
Shi ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa, ciki har da Kyautar Kyautar Kasa (1983),  Kyautar Lao She Literary (2002), da Kyautar Sinophone Literature and Media (2003).  Ayyukansa sun kasance masu tasiri sosai, an haɗa su a cikin litattafan makaranta, an fassara su a duniya, kuma an daidaita su don mataki da allo.

Dangane da Rahoton Nazarin Ecosystem na Douyin na 2024, Shi Tiesheng ya kasance a matsayin marubucin dandalin da ya fi shahara, tare da bidiyo masu alaƙa da jimlar 186,000 (har zuwa 192%), kallon lokacin da ya tashi 415%, kuma hannun jari yana ƙaruwa 51%. Magoya bayan farko sune masu karatu na 00s, sannan 90s da 80s suka biyo baya. Tallace-tallace na *Ni da Haikali na Duniya* sun tashi da 357% .

## Manazarta
Shi Zhecun

**Shi Zhecun** (Sinanci mai sauƙi; Sinanci na gargajiya; Disamba 3, 1905 - Nuwamba 19, 2003) marubuci ne na kasar Sin, mawaƙi, marubucin gajeren labari, kuma mai fassara a Shanghai a cikin shekarun 1930. An san shi da waƙoƙinsa da litattafansa, amma an fi saninsa da gajerun labaransa na zamani da ke bincika yanayin tunanin mutanen Shanghai (duba New Sensationists). Daga shekarun 1940 zuwa gaba, ya fassara litattafan yamma zuwa Sinanci kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin masanin wallafe-wallafen Sinanci na gargajiya.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Shi Zhecun a Zhejiang, amma daga baya ya koma Songjiang a Jiangsu bayan mahaifinsa wanda ya kasance malami. Ya nuna sha'awar waka tun yana ƙarami kuma ya fara buga ayyukansa tun yana saurayi. Ya yi karatun Turanci a Shanghai da ɗan Faransanci a Jami'ar Aurora, wanda Jesuits na Faransa suka kafa a cikin 1903. A can ne ya sadu da marubuta da yawa tare da su daga baya ya kafa mujallar *Xiandai.* 

## Ayyuka masu kirkiro da aiki
Shi Zhecun ya kasance mai aiki a fannin wallafe-wallafen Shanghai. Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban editan Les Contemporains (Xiandai 现代 1932-1935). Jaridar wallafe-wallafen kowane wata ce " wacce ta buga fassarori ɗari daga wallafe-finai na ƙasashen waje (da farko Amurka da Jafananci) ". Jaridar ta gabatar da masu karatu na kasar Sin ga abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin wallafe-wallafen zamani da fasaha. Ya rufe batutuwa na kasashen waje da na kasar Sin kuma ya inganta ayyukan abokan Shi Zhecun, kamar Mu Shiying da Dai Wangshu.

## Hanyar rubuce-rubucen Shi Zhecun
Modernism reshe ne na wallafe-wallafen da ke wakiltar sabon salon da sababbin nau'ikan magana, kuma Shi Zhecun, yana daya daga cikin manyan marubutan wakilan kasar Sin na zamani. A karkashin tarihin tarihi ya faru a 1919, wanda shine Mayu Fourth Movement, ra'ayoyin adawa da tsoffin ra'ayoyi sun zama babban yanayin tsakanin matasa. A wannan lokacin, an buga karin fictions game da sababbin tunani ko karya abubuwan da suka gabata. Shugaban Janar (Jiangjun de tou將軍底頭1932) yana daya daga cikinsu. Da yake Sigmund Freud ne ya rinjaye shi, labaran Shi sun jaddada psychoanalytic, yana amfani da irin wannan hanyar don rushe fahimtar tarihin talakawa da ƙoƙarin ba da sabon fahimtar tarihi.

## Manazarta
Su Tong

**Tong Zhonggui** (Chinese: 童忠贵; pinyin: Tóng Zhōngguì; born January 23, 1963), known by the pen name of **Su Tong** (苏童; 蘇童; Sū Tóng)  is a Chinese writer.  He was born in Suzhou and lives in Nanjin

Ya shiga Sashen Sinanci a Jami'ar Beijing Normal a shekarar 1980, kuma ya fara buga litattafai a shekarar 1983. Yanzu shi ne mataimakin shugaban kungiyar marubuta ta Jiangsu. An san shi da salon rubuce-rubucensa mai rikitarwa, Su yana daya daga cikin shahararrun marubuta a kasar Sin. Littafinsa, Raise the Red Lantern (1990), an daidaita shi cikin fim din mai suna Zhang Yimou a 1991.

## Ayyuka
Su ya rubuta litattafai bakwai masu tsawo da kuma gajerun labaru sama da 200, wasu daga cikinsu an fassara su zuwa Turanci, Jamusanci, Italiyanci da Faransanci.

An fi saninsa a Yammacin Turai saboda littafinsa mai suna Raise the Red Lantern (wanda ake kira Wives and Concubines), wanda aka buga a shekarar 1990. An daidaita littafin a cikin fim din, Raise the Red Lantern ta darektan Zhang Yimou . Tun daga wannan lokacin an buga littafin a ƙarƙashin sunan da aka ba fim din a cikin Turanci da kuma wasu sassan. Sauran ayyukansa da ke cikin fassarar Turanci sune Rice, My Life as Emperor, Petulia's Rouge Tin (*Hongfen* a cikin Sinanci), *Binu da Babban Ganuwar* (tr. Howard Goldblatt), Madwoman on the Bridge and Other Stories, Tattoo: Three Novellas da The Boat to Redemption, wanda Goldblatt ya fassara.

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa a fassara

* *Labaran Tsakar dare*. Mai fassara Honey Watson. Horsham: Littattafan Sinoist. Nuwamba 2024.
* *Missives daga Masses*. Mai fassara Josh Stenberg. Horsham: Littattafan Sinoist. Fabrairu 2024.  
* Fim din Open-Air: Tunani da Micro-Essays daga Mawallafin Raise the Red Lantern . Masu fassara Haiwang Yuan, James Trapp, Nicky Harman, Olivia Milburn. Horsham: Littattafan Sinoist. Oktoba 2021. ISBN &nbsp;
* Inuwa na Hunter. Mai fassara James Trapp. London: ACA Publishing. Mayu 2020. ISBN 
** Ya haɗa da Raise the Red Lantern, Goma sha tara da talatin da hudu, da Opium Family

## Manazarta
Sun Li (marubuci, an haife shi a shekara ta 1913)

**Sun Li** ( simplified Chinese   ; 11 ga Mayu 1913 - 11 ga Yuli 2002) marubuci ne ɗan ƙasar Sin daga Lardin Hebei . Ya shahara sosai da tarin gajerun labarai *na Lotus Creek da Sauran Labarai*, da kuma llittattafan *Stormy Years*, da kuma *The Early Life of Tiemu* .  Sau da yawa ana danganta Sun Li da Tafkin Baiyangdian, yankin da aka sanya labaran da ke cikin *Lotus Creek* .  Wasu daga cikin waɗannan labaran sun shahara saboda an haɗa su cikin littattafan makaranta.

## Ayyuka
Labaran da ke cikin tarin *Lotus Creek* an saita su ne a lokacin Yaƙin Sin da Japan na Biyu da Yaƙin basasar Sin. Da ke ƙasa akwai taƙaitaccen wasu labaru a cikin tarin:

"The Reed Marshes" game da wani tsoho ne wanda ke jigilar kayayyaki ta hanyar toshewar Jafananci zuwa 'yan tawaye, yana jigilar 'yan mata biyu, ɗayan ya sami harsashi kuma ya ɗauki fansa a kan ƙaramin rukuni na sojojin Jafananci

"Lotus Creek" game da mata ne waɗanda mazajensu suka bar su don yin yaƙi. Sun yi ƙoƙari su bi mutanensu don su ba su ƙarin kayan aiki, amma jirgin ruwa na Japan ya bi su, wanda daga bisani ƙungiyar da suka haɗa da mazajensu suka yi kwanton bauna.

"A Hamlet Battle" shine, kamar yadda ya bayyana daga taken, game da juriya daga ƙauye tare da Sinawa suna kawar da ci gaban Jafananci. Ya haɗa da sojojin kasar Sin da wani yaro na yankin ya taimaka wanda ya san hanyarsa a kusa da bututun ruwa. Sojojin kasar Sin sun yi nasara.

"Caiputai" game da wani gari ne inda masu haɗin gwiwa ke fitar da farashin hatsi da kuma sayen kayayyaki masu arha, amma mutane suna tsayayya da sata kayan hatsi a matsayin wani ɓangare na juriya

A cikin "Shawarwarin rabuwa" soja yana samun izini daga shugabansa don ziyartar iyalinsa na dare ɗaya. Yana da haɗuwa mai ban sha'awa, amma mahaifinsa ya mutu a cikin shekaru takwas da ya tafi kuma yana da ɗa da bai taɓa saduwa da shi ba. Da safe matarsa ta dauke shi ta hanyar sled zuwa rundunarsa.

"Honor": Xiumei ya gaya wa Yuansheng cewa wani dan kasa da ya yi fice shi kaɗai ne tare da bindiga don haka suka sace shi kuma Yuansheng ya tafi yaƙi inda yake yaƙi na tsawon shekaru 10. Da farko Jafananci sannan kuma 'yan kasa. Ya yi aure kafin ya tafi ga wani mai kyau wanda ba ya son jira shi. Matarsa ta shiga cikin rikici da Xiumei kuma ta sami saki. Xiumei tana kula da iyayen Yuansheng. Daga karshe ya dawo kuma kamar dai wannan wasa ne da aka yi a sama.

"Haoerliang": Likita da ma'aikacin jinya suna ɗaukar waɗanda suka ji rauni zuwa duwatsu inda shugabar ƙauyen ke taimaka musu. Suna tsoron Jafananci amma har ma da masu gida.

"The Guide" game da jagorar mace mai ƙarfin zuciya da juriya daga ƙauyen dutse ne.

## Manazarta
Sun Li (marubuci, an haife shi a shekara ta 1949)

**Sun Li** ( simplified Chinese      ; 16 Oktoba 1949 - 9 Mayu 2010) marubuci ne na ƙasar Sin . Ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta ƙasar Sin. Ya sami ɗaya daga cikin kyaututtukan adabi mafi daraja a ƙasar Sin, wato kyautar adabi ta Mao Dun .

## Tarihin rayuwa
Sun ya yi aiki a cikin Inner Mongolia Production and Construction Corps a shekarar 1969. Sun ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Tianjin a shekara ta 1974. Ya fara buga litattafai a shekarar 1984.

Sun ya mutu a Tianjin a shekara ta 2010.

## Ayyuka

### Littattafai

* *Rhapsody na Metropolis* () (marubucin: Yu Xiaohui) 
** Fassarar Turanci: Metropolis wanda David Kwan ya fassara. Beijing: Littattafan Panda, 1992.
* Wishing We Last Forever (amma mai son ya daɗe) (marubucin: Yu Xiaohui) 

## Kyaututtuka

* Metropolis - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Mao Dun ta uku (1991) 

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Sun ta auri Yu Xiaohui, wanda shi ma sanannen marubuci ne, sun hada kai a kan littafin, Metropolis.

## Manazarta
Alan Tait (ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Australiya)

**Alan Taylor Tait** MC (29 Afrilu 1891 - 10 Agusta 1969)  malami ne ɗan ƙasar Australiya, soja mai kyau a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya kuma ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa na Australiya wanda ya buga wasa da Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Jami'a a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Victorian (VFL). 

An haifi Alan Tait a gabashin Melbourne a shekarar 1891. Ya halarci Kwalejin Geelong daga 1903 zuwa 1908, a matsayinsa na Shugaban Makarantar kuma fitaccen memba a kungiyoyin kwallon kafa, wasan kurket da na wasanni. Daga nan ya halarci Jami'ar Melbourne, kuma a lokacin 1911 ya buga wasansa na VFL guda ɗaya a wasan da suka yi da Collingwood inda Jami'ar ta kasa cin kwallo.

Yana karatu a Jami'ar Edinburgh a shekarar 1914 kuma ya shiga aikin soja a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya tare da Royal Scots. Ya yi aiki a Faransa, kuma a watan Afrilun 1917, bayan ya karɓi aikin jami'i,  an ba shi lambar yabo ta Soja, wato lambar yabo, wadda ta bayyana a cikin *Jaridar London Gazette* a watan Yulin 1918, tana karantawa kamar haka:

A ƙarshen yaƙin ya koma Kwalejin New College ya kammala karatunsa a matsayin ɗalibin tauhidi, kuma an ba shi lasisi daga Presbytery na Edinburgh na United Free Church of Scotland.[undefined] Bayan ya dawo Australia a shekarar 1919, ya sami Difloma ta Ilimi kuma ya auri Dorothy Ada Tate a shekarar 1920.[2] Ya shiga ma'aikatan Kwalejin Geelong a shekarar 1920 kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaba daga 1939 har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a 1957.[1]

## Manazarta
Tan Teck Soon

**Tan Teck Soon** ( simplified Chinese         ; 1859 25 ga Nuwamba 1922) ɗan ƙasar Sin ne mai ilimi kuma marubuci wanda ke aiki a Singapore. Shi ɗan mishan ne Tan See Boo.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Tan a shekara ta 1859 a Singapore . Mahaifinsa shi ne mishan na kasar Sin Tan See Boo . Mahaifiyarsa, Yeo Geok Neo, tsohuwar makarantar 'yan mata ce ta kasar Sin .  Tan ya halarci Cibiyar Raffles kuma ya kasance mai ƙwarewa sosai a cikin karatun Sinanci. Yayinda yake matashi, Tan sau da yawa yana taimaka wa mahaifinsa ya fassara wasiƙunsa ga masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje daga Sinanci zuwa Turanci. A shekara ta 1873, ya zama na farko da ya karbi kyautar Guthrie Scholarship ga yara maza na kasar Sin, wanda ya ba shi damar ci gaba da karatunsa a Kwalejin Anglo-Chinese a Xiamen, kasar Sin.

## Ayyuka
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Tan ya koma Singapore don aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin gwamnati. Daga baya ya shiga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, yana aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na ofishin jakadancin Kim Ching & Co a Thailand. Tan ya kuma kasance memba mai aiki na Cibiyar Ilimi ta kasar Sin ta Singapore, Ƙungiyar Kirista ta Straits ta kasar Sin, Ƙungiyar Anti-Opium, da Ƙungiyar Philomathic ta kasar Sin.

A shekara ta 1893, Tan ya kafa kungiyar Straits Philosophical Society, wanda membobinta sun iyakance zuwa 15 kuma suna buƙatar ɗaya ya kasance mai "mafi kyawun cancanta", mai digiri na jami'a, ko memba na ƙungiyar ilimi ta Turai; tare da Lim Boon Keng, wanda aka shigar da shi cikin al'umma a shekara ta 1895, Tan yana ɗaya daga cikin membobinta biyu na kasar Sin. A shekara ta 1894, Tan da ministan Presbyterian Archibald Lamont sun sayi Daily Advertiser, wanda Tan ya kasance editan tun 1890. Tan kuma ya rubuta wani littafi game da 'yan kasar Sin da ke kasashen waje a Singapore, mai taken Bright Celestials: The Chinaman at Home and Abroad (1894), tare da Lamont

Tan akai-akai ya rubuta wa mujallar Straits Chinese Magazine, mujallar kwata-kwata da ta gudana daga 1897 zuwa 1907. A shekara ta 1898, tare da Lim Boon Keng da masanin kasar Sin Khoo Seok Wan, Tan ya kafa jaridar harshen Sinanci *Thien Nan Shin Pao*; ya yi aiki a matsayin babban manajanta daga 1898 zuwa 1905.

## Shekaru na baya
Tan ya janye daga rayuwar jama'a a shekarunsa na baya. Ya kara sha'awar addinin Buddha kuma ya kasance mai goyon bayan Maha Bodhi Society wanda Sri Lankan revivalist Anagarika Dharmapala ya kafa. Tan ya mutu a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 1922 yana da shekaru 63.

## Manazarta
Paul Sheahan

**Andrew Paul Sheahan** AM (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 1946) tsohon ɗan wasan kurket ne na ƙasar Australiya wanda ya buga wasanni 31 na gwaji da kuma wasanni uku na One Day Internationals a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na farko da na tsakiya tsakanin 1967 da 1973.

Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasa na farko a shekarar 1965 a ƙungiyar Victorian Sheffield Shield da New South Wales inda ya zira kwallaye 62 da 5. Kwararren mai yin bugun ƙwallo kuma mai tsaron gida, mafi girman maki da ya ci a aji ɗaya shine 202 a wasansa da ƙungiyar Victoria da South Australia a shekarar 1966.

Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a Test a shekara mai zuwa a kan ƙungiyar Indiya da ke yawon buɗe ido, inda ya zira kwallaye 81 da 35 a Adelaide inda ya zira kwallaye uku. Karni na farko na Test shine 114 da ba shi da wata dama a kan Indiya a Kanpur a 1969 a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya. Ya ziyarci Ingila sau biyu ( 1968 da 1972 ) da kuma Indiya da Afirka ta Kudu a 1969–70.

Kwarewarsa ta ragu bayan dawowa daga yawon shakatawa na Afirka ta Kudu kuma an kore shi daga ƙungiyar Australiya bayan Gwaji na 2 da ƙungiyar Ingila mai yawon buɗe ido a 1970–71. Duk da haka, a matsayinsa na ɗan wasan farko da ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa ne ya nuna dawowarsa a matsayin ɗan wasan kurket na gwaji, kuma ya zira kwallaye 127 a kan Pakistan a Gwajin Melbourne na 1972–73. Da alama yana gab da zama ɗan wasan farko na gasar cin kofin ƙwallon ƙafa ta Australiya, ya yi ritaya daga wasan kurket na gwaji yana da shekaru 26 don mai da hankali kan aikinsa na koyarwa. Ya sake buga kakar wasa ta gaba a wasan kurket na tsakiya, inda ya zira kwallaye 783 a 52.20 don taimakawa Victoria ta yi nasara a Sheffield Shield a 1973–74.

Dan uwan ɗan jaridar ƙwallon ƙafa ne Mike Sheahan.

## Manazarta
Ureltu

(Sinanci: 乌热尔图) marubuci ne na zamani na kasar Sin.

Sunan asalin Ureltu shine Tu Shaomin (). An haife shi a Ulan Hot, Inner Mongolia a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1952. Mahaifinsa shi ne Evenk, kuma mahaifiyarsa Daur. Yawancin lokacin yarinta ya kasance a Nirki, Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner . Ureltu ya sami ilimin al'adun Han da Daur a makarantar jarirai, makarantar firamare da makarantar sakandare. A lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu, ya yi gudun hijira zuwa ƙauyen Aoluguya Evenke, Ergun Left Banner . Ya zauna kusan shekaru 10 a Aoluguya, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da izini, ma'aikaci da ɗan sanda, kuma daga baya ya shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin. Ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamishinan talla da mataimakin sakatare kwamitin jam'iyyar ƙauyen bayan haka. A shekara ta 1976 ya buga aikinsa na farko Little Kevass of the Great Mountain, labarin yara, lokacin da ya yi amfani da sunan alkalami Ureltu ("ɗan gandun daji" a cikin Harshen Evenk) a karon farko.

## Manazarta
Wang Gang (marubuci)

**Wang Gang** (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1960) marubucin kasar Sin ne, mai yiwuwa an fi saninsa da rubuce-rubuce na zane-zane na Feng Xiaogang's The Dream Factory (1997) da A World Without Thieves (2004), dukansu manyan ofisoshin sun buga a kasar Sin. Ya kuma rubuta litattafai, daya daga cikinsu an fassara shi zuwa Turanci.

## Kyaututtuka na fina-finai

## Manazarta
Augusta na Wit

**Augusta de Wit** (25 Nuwamba 1864 - 9 Fabrairu 1939) marubuci ne ɗan ƙasar Holland, an haife shi a ƙasar East Indies ta ƙasar Netherlands kuma an fi saninsa da rubutu game da Java .

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Anna Augusta Henriette de Wit a Sibolga, Sumatra, 'yar Jan Karel de Wit (1819–1884), wani jami'in mulkin mallaka wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Jakadan Holland a Japan, da Anna Maria Johanna de la Couture (1837–1895). Tana da 'yan'uwa mata Louise da Caroline, da ɗan'uwa Karel. Ta yi karatu a Utrecht da Ingila .

## Sana'a
Augusta de Wit ta fara aikinta a matsayin malamar makaranta a makarantarta ta ƙarshe, makarantar 'yan mata da ke Utrecht. Ta koma East Indies a shekarar 1894, kuma ta koyar a makarantar 'yan mata da ke Batavia . Saboda dalilai na lafiya, ta bar aji ta zama marubuciya, tana ba da gudummawa ga *Straits Times* tun daga shekarar 1896.  Ta buga tarin labaranta  a matsayin littafi mai zane,  *Gaskiya da Tunani game da Java* (1898),   tana mai cewa "'Yan Holland ba sa fahimtar Javanese, haka nan kuma Javanese ba sa fahimtar Hollanders, ta kowace ma'anar kalmar." 

Bayan haka, wasu littattafai sun biyo baya, ciki har da littafin Orpheus a cikin de Dessa (1903), Island-India (1923), da De wijdere wereld (1930). Ta kuma rubuta gajerun labarai, kuma ta yi wa DH Lawrence wasiƙa game da fassara ayyukansa zuwa Dutch. A matsayinta na mai sukar adabi a Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant, de Wit ya yaba da aikin Edith Wharton .

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Augusta de Wit ta yi rashin lafiya tsawon shekaru da dama kafin ta mutu a shekarar 1939, tana da shekaru 74, a Baarn . "Ta kasance cikin marubuta kamar  ", , da '  kuma marubuciya ce ta gaskiya mai tsauri tare da taɓawa ta Gabas," in ji jaridar *[[New York Times]]* a cikin ɗan gajeren bayanin mutuwarta.  A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, galibi ana ambaton ayyukanta a cikin mahallin mata marubuta da mulkin mallaka na Holland .   

## Manazarta
Jaxson Barham

**Jaxson Barham** (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Mayu 1988) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Ostiraliya. Ya buga wasanni bakwai na farko a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Collingwood daga 2009 zuwa 2010 kafin a cire shi daga jerin 'yan wasa a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2010.

## Bayani
An zaɓe shi a ƙarƙashin dokar uba da ɗa na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Australiya (ɗan Ricky Barham ) tare da zaɓe na 61 a gasar National Draft ta 2007, Barham ɗan tsakiya ne na matsakaici. Ya girma a Barwon Heads kuma yana da shekaru 6 ya koma yankin Kew da ke Melbourne, Victoria. Barham ya halarci Makarantar Grammar Ivanhoe, yana wakiltar makarantar a ƙwallon ƙafa a lokuta da yawa kafin ya koma Barwon Heads don kammala karatunsa na aji 11 da 12 na VCE a Kwalejin Geelong. Ya buga wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Lorne, inda ya fara mayar da hankali kan salon wasansa, wanda aka ɗauke shi a matsayin hazaka kamar mahaifinsa, tsohon ɗan wasan Collingwood, Ricky Barham . Bayan wasanni kaɗan kawai a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Lorne, an gayyace shi ya shiga ƙungiyar Geelong Falcons, wacce ke fafatawa a gasar TAC Cup, kuma ginshiƙi ga 'yan wasan AFL masu zuwa. Jaxson yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa biyu masu shekaru sama da 18 da aka ba su izinin bugawa Geelong Falcons wasa a gasar cin kofin 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 18 ta TAC.

## Sana'a
Barham ya fara aikinsa na AFL ba tare da wani abin a zo a gani ba, inda ya yi rauni a kafadarsa a wasan atisaye a gasar share fagen shiga kakar wasa ta 2008, tare da cire masa tonsils.

Ya fara buga wasa a AFL a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 2009 a fafatawa da Brisbane Lions a Gabba. Barham ya buga wasanni 28 da kuma bugun tackle tara masu yawa a wasa, inda ya buga wa tauraron dan wasan tsakiya na Lions Luke Power. Domin wannan wasan farko mai ban sha'awa, Barham ya sami damar shiga takarar NAB Rising Star a zagaye na 4, 2009. [1] [2] Barham ya buga wasanni biyar a 2009, ciki har da fafatawar Anzac Day ta shekara-shekara da Essendon.

Barham ya yi wasa ɗaya kacal a matakin 'yan wasa na ƙungiyar a shekarar 2010, wanda ya yi kunnen doki a wasan Queen's Birthday Clash da Melbourne na shekara-shekara. Collingwood ya cire shi daga jerin 'yan wasa a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2010.

A shekarar 2011, an sanya hannu kan Barham don buga wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Geelong wasa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Victorian (VFL). 

## Manazarta
Wang Lan (mai rubutun ra'ayi)

**Wang Lan** (; 1922-2003) marubuci ne na Taiwan, mai zane kuma mataimakin Majalisar Dokokin Jamhuriyar Sin. Ya shahara ne saboda littafin Blue and Black, wanda aka dauka daya daga cikin manyan litattafai huɗu game da yaki da Jafananci.

## Dubi kuma

* Fasahar Taiwan

## Haɗin waje

* Wang Lan