Matilda na Boulogne

**Matilda na Boulogne** (  - 3 ga Mayu 1152) ita ce ƙaramar mace ta Boulogne a ƙarƙashin ikonta tun daga 1125 kuma sarauniyar Ingila a matsayin matar Sarki Stephen daga 1135 har zuwa rasuwarta. Ta goyi bayan Stephen a gwagwarmayarsa ta neman gadon sarautar Ingila a kan 'yar uwarsu Sarauniya Matilda, wani lokaci da aka sani da Anarchy . Masana tarihi sun danganta ci gaba da riƙe Stephen a kan karagar mulki da jarumtakarta da jajircewarta.

Matilda 'yar Count Eustace III ce ta Boulogne, daga gare ta ta gaji Lardin Boulogne na Faransa da kuma manyan kadarori a Ingila. Kawun mahaifiyarta Sarki Henry na ɗaya na Ingila ya shirya mata auren ɗan uwansa Stephen na Blois. Henry ya yi niyyar 'yarsa Sarauniya Matilda ta gaje shi, amma lokacin da ya mutu a shekara ta 1135, Stephen ya hau karagar mulki. Saboda haka, an naɗa Matilda na Boulogne sarauniya a shekara ta 1136. Yaƙin basasa ya ɓarke a shekara ta 1138 lokacin da Earl Robert na Gloucester ya yi watsi da mubaya'arsa ga Sarki Stephen ya kuma ayyana kansa a matsayin Sarauniya Matilda. Sarauniya Matilda ta haɗu da mijinta a yunƙurin dakatar da tawayen, inda ta jagoranci yaƙin Dover cikin nasara. Rikicin ya ƙaru a shekara ta 1139 lokacin da Sarauniya Matilda ta isa Ingila don matsa lamba kan iƙirarinta. Matsayin farko na Sarauniya Matilda a yaƙin shine na diflomasiyya: ta yi sulhu da kawunta Sarki David na ɗaya na Scotland kuma ta ƙulla ƙawance da Sarki Louis na bakwai na Faransa .

Bayan kama Stephen a yaƙin Lincoln a shekarar 1141, Matilda ta karɓi jagorancin ƙungiyarsu ta fara tattara sojoji. Duk da ƙoƙarinta, malaman masarautar sun amince da sarauniya a matsayin mai mulki. Sarauta ta kafa kanta a Landan kuma tana gab da samun nasara lokacin da sarauniya ta haɗu da 'yan ƙasa marasa gamsuwa kuma ta jagoranci sojojinta don sake kwace babban birnin. Ba da daɗewa ba sarauniya ta kewaye sarauniya a Winchester kuma, a cikin yaƙin da ya biyo baya, ta kama Earl na Gloucester, ta gurgunta ƙoƙarin yaƙin ɗan uwanta. A ƙarshen shekarar 1141, ta sayar da fursunanta da mijinta.

Matilda ta ci gaba da ba Stephen shawara da kuma shiga cikin gwamnatinsa, kuma ta fara shiga cikin harkokin Cocin sosai. Ta kasance mai goyon bayan addinai daban-daban kuma ta kafa gidajen ibada na Coggeshall, Faversham, da Lillechurch, da kuma Cressing Temple, Temple Cowley da kuma asibitin St Katharine's kusa da Hasumiyar . Wataƙila ta tura Stephen don tabbatar da gadon ɗansu Eustace ; bayan ta mutu, Stephen ya amince da ɗan sarauniya Henry a matsayin magajinsa, wanda hakan ya kawo ƙarshen rashin zaman lafiya.

## Rayuwar farko

An haifi Matilda tsakanin 1102 da 1110.   Ita ce kaɗai 'ya da aka sani daga cikin alkalan Boulogne, Eustace III, da Mary ta Scotland . Saboda haka, ita ce magajin gundumomin Boulogne da Lens a arewacin Faransa da kuma gidaje a Ingila da aka sani da Girman Boulogne .   Eustace ta shiga cikin Yaƙin Jihadi na Farko kuma ita ce babban ɗan'uwan sarakuna biyu na farko na Masarautar Urushalima, Godfrey na Bouillon da Sarki Baldwin na ɗaya .  Matilda ta sami tasiri daga tunawa da kakarta, Margaret na Wessex da Ida na Lorraine, waɗanda dukkansu aka girmama su saboda tsarkin rayuwarsu.  A gefen mahaifiyarta, ta fito ne daga dangin sarauta na Scotland  kuma jikanyar Sarki Edmund na II na Ingila ce, don haka ta fito ne daga sarakunan Anglo-Saxon waɗanda Normans suka maye gurbinsu a shekara ta 1066.  Mahaifin Matilda yana da aƙalla 'ya'ya maza biyu marasa aure, Ralph da Eustace. 

Wataƙila Matilda ta yi yawancin yarinta a Ingila; sarauniyarta, Matilda ta Scotland, 'yar uwar mahaifiyarta ce, kuma mahaifinta ya kan halarci ayyukan soja na Sarki Henry na ɗaya akai-akai kuma ya shaida takardun sarauta. Matilda ƙarama ta yi karatu a gidan sufi, wataƙila Wilton Abbey, a ƙarƙashin kulawar Countess Mary ko Sarauniya Matilda, waɗanda suka sami iliminsu a can.  Sarki Henry da Sarauniya Matilda suna da 'ya'ya biyu: Sarauniya Matilda, wacce ta zauna a Jamus sakamakon aurenta da Sarki Henry na Biyar, da William Adelin, wanda ake sa ran zai gaji mahaifinsa a matsayin sarkin Ingila da kuma duke na Normandy .  Countess Mary ta mutu a shekara ta 1115 ko 1116; mutuwar Sarauniya Matilda ta biyo baya a shekara ta 1118. 

Lokacin da ɗan'uwansa Baldwin ya mutu a shekara ta 1118, Eustace ya kasance ɗan takarar sarautar Urushalima kuma ya tafi Falasɗinu don ya hau gadon sarauta; saboda yana nesa, manyan masarautar suka zaɓi Baldwin na biyu, kuma Eustace ya koma Boulogne. A shekara ta 1123, an kama Baldwin na biyu a yaƙi, kuma 'yan barandarsa suka fara neman sabon sarki. A wannan lokacin Eustace ya tsufa kuma magajinsa, Matilda, bai yi aure ba; manyan sun nemi sarki wanda zai iya jagorantar rundunarsu a fagen daga suka juya ga Charles the Good . 

An ambaci 'yan'uwan Matilda marasa aure, Ralph da Eustace, a matsayin waɗanda suka rayu a shekara ta 1122; mutuwarsu ta ƙarfafa matsayin Matilda a matsayin magaji.  A kusan shekara ta 1125, Count Eustace da Sarki Henry sun shirya Matilda ta auri ɗan'uwan sarki Stephen na Blois . Tun bayan mutuwar William Adelin a cikin bala'in  a shekara ta 1120, Stephen yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda za su iya maye gurbin Sarki Henry; sauran su ne ɗan sarki marar aure Earl Robert na Gloucester da 'yan'uwansa Count Theobald na IV na Blois da William Clito .  Saboda zuriyar Matilda daga sarakunan Anglo-Saxon, aurenta da ƙarfinta ya sa Stephen ya yi iƙirarin.   Duk da cewa ba su da alaƙa da juna, Stephen da Matilda 'yan uwan farko ne na 'yar Sarki Henry, Sarauniya Matilda, Stephen a matsayin uba da Matilda a matsayin uwa. 

## Ƙwararriya

Count Eustace ya yi watsi da muƙamansa a shekara ta 1125 kuma ya mutu a matsayin malamin addini .   Matilda ta zama ƙaramar ministar Boulogne a cikin ikonta, tare da ikon Stephen a matsayin ƙidayar da ta samo asali daga aurensu.  Gadon Matilda ya haɗa da Boulogne da Wissant, manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na nahiyar da ke kan hanya mafi guntu ta ratsa Tashar zuwa Ingila kuma babbar hanyar cinikayyar arewacin Turai. Cibiyar gudanarwa ta yankunanta na Ingila tana cikin Colchester, Essex .  Tare da ƙara filayen Matilda ga gundumar Stephen ta Mortain da kuma darajar Eye da Lancaster, ma'auratan sun zama manyan mutane a siyasar Anglo-Norman da manyan mutane a kudu maso gabashin Ingila .   Sun mallaki filayensu tare kuma sun sami kuɗi da hotunan biyu,  amma Matilda ce ta ɗauki nauyin gudanar da harkokin yau da kullun. 

A wannan shekarar Matilda da Stephen suka yi aure, 'yar Sarki Henry, Sarauniya Matilda, ta koma wurinsa a matsayin bazawara. Sarkin ya fara ɗaukar matakai don tabbatar da gadonta. Ya sa Stephen da sauran manyan mutane suka halarci kotunsa a watan Janairun 1127 suka rantse za su amince da ita a matsayin magaji; Stephen ya yi haka ne da rashin son rai. Sarki Louis VI na Faransa ya amince da William Clito a matsayin sabon ƙidayar Flanders a shekara ta 1127. Henry ya damu da a hana William ƙarfafa ikonsa a kan Flanders saboda tsoron kada ya mallaki gadon sarautar Ingila. Ya aika da Matilda da Stephen zuwa Boulogne don yin yaƙi da William; a lokaci guda, ya aika da sarauniya don ta auri Geoffrey na Anjou . Ƙawancen Angevin bai yi wa yawancin manyan Anglo-Norman maraba ba, ciki har da Matilda da Stephen, waɗanda iyalansu abokan hamayya ne na Anjou . William ya mutu a watan Yulin 1128; Henry, Stephen, da Matilda suna da kyakkyawar alaƙa da sabon ƙidayar Flanders, Thierry na Alsace . 

Shekaru goma na farko na auren Matilda da Stephen sun haifi yawancin 'ya'yansu. An haifi babban ɗansu, Eustace, a kusa da 1127. Ɗan na biyu, Baldwin, ya biyo baya a kusa da 1131;  a madadin haka, wataƙila shi ne tagwayen 'ya mace mai suna Matilda, wacce aka haifa a 1134.  An haifi ƙaramin ɗanta, William, a watan Disamba na 1135.  Geoffrey na Auxerre ya ba da labarin yadda, a lokacin da take da ciki mai wahala, Matilda ta yi tsammanin za ta mutu a lokacin haihuwa kuma ta yi shirye-shiryen jana'izarta, amma ta haifi ɗa cikin aminci &#x2013; kusan William &#x2013; bayan ta haɗu da Abbot Bernard na Clairvaux . Labarin ya tabbatar da Bernard, wanda ya rubuta cewa ya ɗauki yaron a matsayin nasa. Bernard ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga ruhaniya na Matilda kuma wataƙila aboki ne. 

## Sarauniya

### Shekarun farko

Sarki Henry na ɗaya ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1135.  Stephen yana Boulogne lokacin da ya sami labarin mutuwar kawunsa, nan take ya yi tafiya zuwa Ingila,  yayin da Matilda ta tsaya a baya don ta murmure daga haihuwa.  'Yar sarki, Sarauniya Matilda, wacce aka yi wa alkawarin gadonta, ta yi tattaki nan take zuwa Normandy ta kwace Argentan, Exmes, Domfront, Sées, da sauran gidajen sarauta. Sarki David na ɗaya na Scotland, kawun matar sarki da sarauniya, ya mamaye Ingila don goyon bayan da'awar sarauniya.  'Yan ƙasar London sun yaba wa Sarki Stephen da ɗan'uwansa Henry, bishop na Winchester, sun sami goyon bayan Cocin. Hugh Bigod, mai hidimar sarki, ya rantse cewa Sarki Henry ya canza ra'ayinsa a kan gadon mutuwarsa kuma ya naɗa Stephen a madadinsa. An naɗa Stephen a ranar 22 ga Disamba, 1135.  A watan Fabrairu, ya yi tattaki zuwa Durham ya kuma ƙulla yarjejeniya da Dauda wanda ya amince da shi a matsayin sarki a madadin Carlisle da kuma tabbatar da ɗan Dauda Henry a matsayin uban Huntingdon . 

Da aka naɗa Stephen sarauta, Matilda ta zama matar sarauniya . Ta isa Ingila a lokacin Ista ta 1136 kuma aka naɗa ta a Westminster Abbey a ranar 22 ga Maris.   A kotun Ista, an yi wa 'yar ma'auratan auren Matilda aure da Count Waleran na IV na Meulan .  Sarauniyar tana da juna biyu kuma ba ta raka mijinta ba yayin da yake tattaki don kwantar da hankalin masarautar, wataƙila ta zauna a Landan ko kusa da ita; ta haifi ɗanta na ƙarshe, Mary, a ƙarshen 1136. 

Saboda babu wata wasiƙu daga Matilda da ta tsira, imaninta na addini da alaƙa da Cocin za a iya duba su ne kawai daga hannunta .  Ta yi amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban, amma ta fi son waɗanda aka gyara .  Ta fi son anchorites : a shekara ta 1136, wataƙila a ziyarar Corfe Castle, ta ziyarci Wulfric na Haselbury, wacce ta tsawatar mata saboda rashin kyautata wa wata babbar mace ta gida kuma ta annabta cewa sarauniya za ta sami kanta tana neman abokai.  A watan Maris ko Afrilu 1137 &#x2013; jim kaɗan bayan Stephen ya danne tawayen Baldwin de Redvers tare da kewaye Exeter &#x2013; Matilda ta kafa gidanta na addini na farko: ta miƙa wani yanki na ƙasarta a Essex ga Order of the Temple don gina Haikalin Cressing . Wannan da kuma tallafin da aka bayar daga baya ga Haikalin sun nuna mahimmancin yaƙi ga asalin dangin Matilda.   An bi diddigin adadi mai yawa na gidauniya, wataƙila a cikin kwaikwayon Matilda 'yar Scotland, wacce ta shahara da tallafinta; Matilda ta danganta kanta da goggon ta a cikin ɗaya daga cikin tallafinta. 

Idan aka kwatanta da sarakunan da suka gabata, Matilda ta sami 'yancin yin aiki ba zato ba tsammani domin za ta iya amfani da ikonta na ƙasa.  Ta kashe kusan 1137 a Normandy, amma ta koma Ingila don ɗaukar nauyin Stephen yayin da yake yaƙin neman zaɓe a nahiyar.  'Ya'yansu biyu &#x2013; Matilda da Baldwin &#x2013; sun mutu a wannan lokacin.  

### Rashin tsari

#### Ɓarkewar yaki

## Manazarta