Sarah Martha Baker

**Sarah Martha Baker** D.Sc. FLS (an haife ta a shekara ta 1887-ta mutu a shekara ta 1917) ta kasance ƙwararren masanin ilmin tsirrai na Ingilishi kuma masanin yanayin ƙasa wanda aka tuna da ita game da karatunta na ruwan ciyawar ruwan kasa da  tsarin yanki a gabar teku.

## Rayuwar farko
An haife ta a Landan ranar 4 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1887, ta kasance 'yar Martha Braithwaite Baker da George Samuel Baker kuma ta girma a cikin dangin Quaker tare da kanne biyu, George da Bevan. Kazalika kuma  babban gidansu na London dangin suna da gidan ƙasa a Tsibirin Mersea inda Baker ya fara sha'awar tsiren ruwan teku .  An ce tana da sha'awar shuke-shuke da furanni tun tana ƙarama. Wani sha'awar shine fasaha kuma tayi karatun taƙaice a Slade School of Art kafin ta koma kimiyya. Wannan horarwar fasaha ta haifar da samar da kwatancin kimiyya mai inganci. 

## Ilimi da aiki
Baker ta fara karatu a kwalejin jami'a ta Landan a shekara ta 1906, inda daya daga cikin malamanta shine mai ilmin kimiyar magani Sir William Ramsay,  kuma ta sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya tare da karramawa ta farko a shekara ta 1909. Bayan wani ɗan gajeren lokaci a Munich a shekara ta 1910, sai ta koma bincike a fannin ilimin kimiya a London. An bayyana ta gaba ɗaya a matsayin mai kuzari da aiki tuƙuru.  

A shekara ta 1912 aka zaba ta don ɗaliban Quain a Botany tare da lacca a Kwalejin Jami'ar. Wannan ya sanya ta cikin yanayin wayewa ta hanyar ƙa'idodin farkon karni na 20. Ba wai kawai Kwalejin Jami'a ta kasance cibiyar farko ta ilimi a cikin Burtaniya da za ta karbi dalibai mata ba, amma daga shekara ta 1890 sashenta na Botany karkashin Farfesa FWOliver ya kasance mai matukar ci gaba. Ya ba mata digirin-digirgir da yawa a fannin ilimin tsirrai, sun ba da adadin mata masu dacewa kuma sun ba da babbar kyautar Quain ga mata kamar ta maza.  A cikin shekara ta 1913 Baker ta karɓi digirin digirgir don aiki a kan tasirin formaldehyde akan tsire-tsire masu rai, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1914 an zaɓi ɗan'uwan ƙungiyar Linnaean . A cikin shekara ta 1916 an zabe ta a cikin Majalisar Eungiyar Ilimin Easa ta Biritaniya .

## Bincike

Baker ya kasance daga zamanin da ya fara shiga cikin ilmin halittu  lokacin da masu bincike suka fara amfani da gwaji don daukar ilmin halittun fiye da yadda ake bayani kawai.  Ba ita kaɗai ba ce za ta yi tunanin bakin teku ya ba da dama mai kyau don nazarin yanayin muhalli.  Aikin Baker kan sashin yanki na tsiron teku ya binciko halin da nau'ikan daban daban zasu bunkasa a nesa mai nisa daga alamar igiyar ruwa. Ta yanke shawarar gwadawa ne ko "juriya ta banbanci ga matsi daga matse jiki shine ke tabbatar da yanki a cikin algae ".  Ta yi aiki tuƙuru na auna nisan ƙasa a gabar teku, ta tattara samfuran, ta saka su a cikin tuluna da yawa kuma ta "shayar da su ga bushewa".  *Concarshen nata* ya ba da shawarar cewa gasa tsakanin fucaceae daban-daban na da mahimmanci. Wannan ra'ayin ya fita daga yanayin zamani zuwa wani lokaci amma yanzu an yarda dashi a matsayin wani ɓangare na bayanin yankin karba-karba.  Wani marubuci ma ya kira ta "annabci".  Lokacin da ta fara duba illolin formaldehyde a kan shuke-shuke masu rai hanyoyin gwaji nata sun zama masu rikitarwa da wayewa.  Ta ci gaba da nazarin hotunan hotuna kuma tana da niyyar yin ƙarin a wannan fagen da ba ta mutu da ƙuruciya ba. 

## Sa kai

A gefen aikinta na kimiyya ta yi aikin son rai ga Society of Friends (Quakers)  kuma ana yaba mata da wani zance na ishara da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin kwamitin 'Botanists' na Quaker tapestry  wanda ya fito daga rahoton mutuwa na makarantar ta Lahadi tunanin dalibai game da ita.  Lokacin da Yaƙin Duniya na beganaya ya fara sai ta shiga Detungiyar Ba da Tallafi na Kwalejin Jami'a. 

## Karshen rayuwa
Ta mutu a ranar 29 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 1917 kafin ta cika shekaru 30 da haihuwa. *Jaridar Times ta* yi ikirarin cewa "mutuwar ta kasance saboda aiki fiye da kima".  An kafa lambar girmamawa ta tunawa da Sarah M. Baker a Jami'ar Kwalejin Landan a shekara ta 1919  kuma har yanzu ana bayar da ita har wa yau.

## Labarai da aka buga
The standard author abbreviation S.M.Baker is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[12]

* 1909 Ka'ida game da daidaiton wasu mahaukatan unsaturated; da kuma amfani da shi zuwa ga amminin ƙarfe da sinadarin cinnamic. " , *Journal of the Chemical Society, Ma'amaloli*, Juzu'i na 95
* 1909 "A kan musabbabin Rarraba Ruwan Tekun Ruwan Kasa a gabar Tekun." ''Sabon Likitan Jiki'', Vol 8, 196
* 1910 "Game da musabbabin Rarraba Ruwan Tekun Ruwan Kasa a gabar Tekun." Pt. 2. Sakamakon Baje kolin lokaci-lokaci kan Fitar da Gametes da kuma Germination na Oospore. " ''Sabon Likitan Fasaha'' Vol 9, 54
* 1911 "Akan Ruwan Tekun Kawa na Gishirin Marsh." *Jaridar Linnean Society na London, Botany 1911-12*, Vol 40, p.&nbsp;276.
* 1913 "Lura kan sabon magani don cutar Leaf ta Azurfa a cikin Itatuwan ita Fruan itace." *Annals of Botany*, 27, 172.
* 1913 "Gwaje-gwajen Adadi kan Tasirin Formaldehyde akan Tsire-tsire Masu Rayuwa" ''Annals of Botany'', 27, 410.
* 1915 "Ka'idar Matsalar Liquid ta Hawan Sap a Shuke-shuke." Britishungiyar Burtaniya. Manchester,
* 1916 A cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Maude H. Bohling. "A kan Ruwan Ruwa na Ruwan Tekun Gishiri. Kashi na II. Dangantakarsu ta din-din-din, ilimin halittar jikin mutum, da Ilimin Lafiyar Qasa. " , *Jaridar Linnean Society of London, Botany* Vol. 43, 325.
* Babi na 1917 akan "Dyes na kayan lambu" a *cikin Amfani da Shuke-shuke* daga FW Oliver, Dent and Sons

## Yan Uwa
A ɓangaren mahaifiyar Braithwaite na Sara Baker, akwai kyakkyawar al'adar shigar Quaker da hidima ciki har da kakanta, da inna. Mahaifinta haifaffen Kanada da dangi da yawa sun shiga aikin injiniya da masana'antu.

* Uba, George Samuel, ɗan'uwana, George Ralph, da kasuwancin iyali
* Dan uwa, Bevan Braithwaite Baker 
* Goggo, Anna Lloyd Braithwaite Thomas
* Kakan uba, Joseph Allen Baker
* Kakan uwa, Joseph Bevan Braithwaite
* Kakar-kaka, Anna Braithwaite
* Hewan wa, John Bevan Baker

## Manazarta