Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie

**Emmanuel Bernard Le Roy Ladurie** ( , 19 Yuli 1929 - 22 Nuwamba 2023) wani masanin tarihi ne ɗan ƙasar Faransa wanda aikinsa ya fi mayar da hankali kan Languedoc a cikin *Ancien Régime*, musamman tarihin manoma. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana tarihi na Faransa, Le Roy Ladurie an kira shi "mai ɗaukar misali" na ƙarni na uku na makarantar  kuma "tauraron dutse na masu ra'ayin tsaka-tsaki na zamanin da", wanda aka san shi da aikinsa a tarihin zamantakewa. 

## Rayuwar farko da aiki
An haifi Le Roy Ladurie a Les Moutiers-en-Cinglais, Calvados . [1] Mahaifinsa Jacques Le Roy Ladurie ne, wanda ya zama ministan noma na Marshal Philippe Pétain sannan daga baya ya zama memba na Resistance na Faransa bayan ya rabu da gwamnatin Vichy. Le Roy Ladurie ya bayyana yarintarsa a Normandy yana girma a gidan danginsa a karkara a matsayin mai tsananin Katolika kuma mai son sarauta a siyasa. [2] Iyalan Le Roy Ladurie asali su ne masu fada aji na de Roy Laduries, waɗanda suka fito daga wani firist na Katolika wanda ya ƙaunaci ɗaya daga cikin 'yan cocinsa, ya bar aikin firist don ya aure ta sannan Sarki ya ba shi girma; iyalin sun cire sunan sarauta daga sunan mahaifinsu a lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa. [2] Kakan Le Roy Ladurie jami'in sojojin Faransa ne mai ra'ayin sarauta na Katolika wanda aka kora daga Soja a 1902 saboda kin amincewa da umarnin gwamnatin da ba ta yarda da malamai ba na rufe makarantun Katolika. [2] Daga baya, tsohon Kyaftin Le Roy Ladurie ya koma yankunanarkara na Normandy, aka zaɓe shi magajin garin Villeray kuma yana aiki tukuru wajen shirya ƙungiyar ma'aikatan karkara.

A lokacin yarintarsa, jarumin Le Roy Ladurie shine Marshal Pétain.  Faduwar Marshal Pétain daga daraja - daga jarumin Verdun kuma ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da aka fi so a Faransa zuwa wanda aka zagi abokin aikin kuma ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da Faransa ta fi ƙi, wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa saboda babban cin amanar ƙasa saboda haɗin gwiwarsa da Jamus - yana da babban tasiri akan fahimtar tarihin Le Roy Ladurie. Da yake magana game da tashi da faɗuwar Marshal Pétain daga jarumi zuwa maci amana a matsayin misali na canje-canjen tarihi, Le Roy Ladurie a cikin wata hira ta 1998 ya ce: "Tun daga lokacin na ci gaba da sha'awar abin da muke kira koma baya da faɗuwa. Faransa cike take da mutanen da suka zama masu mahimmanci, sannan suka zama babu komai. Abin sha'awata wataƙila ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa iyalina a da suna da mahimmanci sannan suka zama sifili. Akwai bambanci tsakanin aikina da yadda nake ji a cikin iyalina."  Saboda mahaifinsa ya kasance minista a gwamnatin Vichy, ɗansa ya girma a cikin yanayi na kunya da kunya na iyali.  Masanin tarihin ya yi karatu a Caen a Kwalejin Saint-Joseph, a Paris a Lycée Henri-IV da kuma a Sceaux a Lycée Lakanal .  An ba shi *lambar yabo* ta tarihi bayan ya yi karatu a École Normale Supérieure (ajin 1949) da kuma *digirin digirgir* daga Jami'ar Paris .  Le Roy Ladurie ya koyar a Lycée de Montpellier, Jami'ar Montpellier, École Pratique des Hautes Études a Paris, Jami'ar Paris da kuma a Collège de France, inda ya rike mukamin shugaban Tarihin Wayewar Zamani daga 1973 zuwa 1999 kuma ya zama farfesa mai ritaya. 

## Tsayayya da "jarabar mulkin kama-karya"
A Faransa, *masu hankali* suna da matsayi fiye da *masu hankali* a duniyar da ke magana da Ingilishi, don haka ana sa ran masana za su tsaya tsayin daka kan manyan batutuwan da suka shafi wannan lokacin. A watan Janairun 1978, Le Roy Ladurie ya kasance memba na kafa *Comité des intellectuals pour l'Europe des libertés* (Kwamitin Masana don 'Yancin Turai), wata ƙungiya mai adawa da gurguzu ta masana Faransa masu sassaucin ra'ayi waɗanda ke adawa da tasirin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Faransa kan rayuwar ilimi ta Faransa da kuma kawancen 'Yan gurguzu da Kwaminisanci wanda suka gani a matsayin barazana ga dimokuradiyyar Faransa. 

Ƙungiyar *masana ta Comité des pour l'Europe des libertés* ba ƙungiya ce mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ba, kuma maimakon haka ta yi adawa da Kwaminisanci daga ra'ayin sassaucin ra'ayi, tana mai bayyana kanta a matsayin mai adawa da "kukan da ba a fayyace ba da kuma tawaye tsantsa a gefe ɗaya da kuma cikakken ilimi da kuma haɗa akida a ɗayan gefen", tana la'antar "matsalar gurguzu-ƙididdiga mai kisa" a matsayin bayar da ƙarshen Jamhuriyar da duk abin da ta tsaya a kai.  A cikin sanarwar kafa ta, *ƙungiyar masana ta Comité des libertés* ta bayyana niyyarta "don kare ma'anar waɗannan kalmomi uku: Turai, al'adu, 'yanci".  Abin lura, kwamitin bai takaita ga Faransa ko ma Yammacin Turai ba, maimakon haka ya ayyana manufarsa ta kare 'yanci a duk faɗin Turai, Yamma da Gabas. Ya yi nazari kan harkokin siyasarsa da Kwaminisanci a cikin *Ouverture, société, pouvoir: de l'Édit de Nantes à la chute du communisme* (2004) da *Les grands procès politiques, ou la pédagogie infernale* (2002).

### MANAZARTA