Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam a Uruguay

Jamhuriyar Uruguay tana a Kudancin Amirka, tsakanin Argentina, Brazil da Kudancin Tekun Atlantika, tana kuma da yawan mutane 3,332,972. Uruguay ta sami 'yancin kai da mulkin mallaka daga Spain a cikin shekara ta 1828  kuma tana da cikakken iko akan al'amuranta na ciki da na waje.  Daga shekarar 1973-1985 Uruguay ta kasance karkashin mulkin kama-karya na farar hula wanda ya tabka cin zarafin bil adama da dama.   

Uruguay gabaɗaya ta himmatu wajen haɓakawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da matsayi a matsayin ƙasa mafi sanin haƙƙin haƙƙin a Kudancin Amurka.  Sai dai har yanzun kuma abubuwan da ke cikin damuwa sun hada da gidajen yari na rashin mutuntawa, samun damar yin shari'a kan laifukan da aka aikata sakamakon kama-karya da nuna wariya ga mata.

## Tsarin doka

### Wajibi na kasa da kasa
Uruguay ta rattaba hannu kuma ta amince da yawancin yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa ba tare da tabo ba, gami da: 

* Yarjejeniya ta Duniya akan Haƙƙin Jama'a da Siyasa (ICCPR)
* Yarjejeniya ta Duniya akan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu (ICESCR)
* Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Kawar da Duk wani nau'i na Wariyar launin fata (CERD)
* Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata (CEDAW)
* Yarjejeniyar Yaƙi da Azaba (CAT)

Uruguay kuma ta amince da ƙa'idojin Zaɓin biyu zuwa ICCPR .  Uruguay tana da ajiyar gaba ɗaya/bayani guda ɗaya dangane da labarin 38, sakin layi na 2-3 na Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara (CRC) wacce ta shafi shigar matasa cikin rikicin makami. 

Uruguay tana ƙarƙashin tsarin Bita na lokaci-lokaci na Duniya kamar yadda ta kasance memba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya .  Ya kammala zagaye biyu na Bita na Lokaci na Duniya, na baya-bayan nan a cikin 2013.  Uruguay ta amince da ikon Kotun Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Inter-American a matsayin memba na Kungiyar Kasashen Amurka . 

A ranar 18 ga Maris na shekara ta 2005 Uruguay ta ba da “gayyata a tsaye” ga duk ziyarce-ziyarcen da aka yi na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya .  A cikin 2007 kuma an ba da wannan gayyata ga Hukumar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Inter-Amurka da Kotun Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta Inter-American. 

### Cibiyoyin ƙasa
A cikin 2008, an kafa Cibiyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Ƙasa (INDDH)  don "kare, haɓakawa da kare" haƙƙin ɗan adam a Uruguay.  Hukumar ta ba da shawara kan rattaba hannu da amincewa da yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa, aiwatar da ayyuka don kare hakkin dan Adam da kuma binciken take hakkin dan Adam.  Akwai wasu cibiyoyi daban-daban don inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam a wasu sassa na gwamnati, kamar: 

* Ofishin kwamishinan majalissar dokoki na tsarin gidan yari
* Ofishin Ombudsman
* Hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta ma'aikatar ilimi da al'adu
* Ofishin Ba da Shawarar Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Hukumar Shari'a ta Uruguay

Hukumar yaki da wariyar launin fata, kyamar baki, da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya an kafa ta ne a shekarar 2007 duk da haka ba ta da kasafin kasafi tun 2010, kuma wa'adin mambobinta ya ci tura. Uruguay has one general reservation/declaration with regard to article 38, paragraphs 2-3 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) which deals with youth involvement in armed conflict. It has completed two rounds of the Universal Periodic Review, the latest in 2013.    Various other institutions exist to promote human rights in particular areas of government, such as:

### Tsarin Mulki
Kundin tsarin mulkin Uruguay ya tanadi tanadi don gudanar da mulkin Uruguay. Kundin tsarin mulkin Uruguay doka ce koli kuma a ƙarƙashin Mataki na ashirin da 256 Kotun Koli ta Shari'a na iya ayyana dokokin da ba su dace ba.  Yana tsara iko da ayyukan hukumomin zartarwa, na majalisa da na shari'a na Gwamnati. Ya ba wa kowane mutum daidaito a gaban doka kuma sashe na biyu ya amince da wasu haƙƙoƙi na asali.  Mataki na 72 ya nuna cewa haƙƙoƙin da aka lissafa ba su ƙarewa ba kuma sun haɗa da wasu haƙƙoƙin "da ke cikin ɗan adam ko waɗanda aka samo daga tsarin gwamnati na jamhuriya."  Mataki na ashirin da 332 kuma ya bayyana cewa ba shi da ma'ana idan babu takamaiman ƙa'ida don haƙƙin ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗai da aka ayyana a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki kamar yadda ƙa'idodin shari'a da koyarwa gabaɗaya suke kamanceceniya.    

## Abubuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam

### Matsalar 'yan kasa
Dangane da kundin tsarin mulkin Uruguay da doka 16.021  'yan asalin ƙasar Uruguay  na doka ba za su iya samun ɗan ƙasa na Uruguay ba, kuma mutanen da ke da ɗan ƙasar Uruguay ba za su iya barin ƙasarsu ta Uruguay ba. Ya sabawa Dokar Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta Duniya ta 15. Wannan yana haifar da matsaloli da yawa a cikin balaguron ƙasa, hukumci, saka hannun jari, mallakar kadarori, bayyana kadara, aure, kora, wariya, da sauransu. 'Yan ƙasa na doka na Uruguay suna da hakkin samun fasfo na Uruguay. 

An soke hukuncin kisa a Uruguay. 

### 'Yancin faɗin albarkacin baki
An tabbatar da ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki.  Wannan ya hada da 'yanci a duk hanyoyin yada labarai ciki har da 'yancin 'yan jarida. Gwamnati gaba daya tana mutunta wadannan hakkoki.  A cikin 2012 gwamnati ta yanke shawarar cewa talabijin na dijital za ta kasance kyauta kuma ba ta da iyaka a cikin Uruguay.  A cikin shekara ta 2014 ƙungiyoyin kare Haƙƙin ɗan adam sun yaba da dokar ta Sabis na Sadarwar  Kayayyakin Aiki a matsayin abin koyi ga 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki na Latin Amurka.  Dokar tana aiki don rage tattara hankalin kafofin watsa labarai da ƙirƙirar lamiri ga 'yan jarida. Wakilin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na musamman kan 'yancin faɗin albarkacin baki ya lura cewa akwai lokuta na tashin hankali da tsoratarwa ga 'yan jarida kamar harin 2011 ga Luis Diaz da 'yan sanda suka yi a Salto a shekara ta 2011.  Uruguay ta samu ci gaba wajen sake fasalin amfani da kararrakin batanci a lokacin da wata maslaha ta jama'a ta kasance amma har yanzu irin wannan ƙara na iya kawo cikas ga binciken 'yan jarida.  .   

### 'Yancin addini
Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Uruguay ya ba da tabbacin 'yancin yin addini kuma ya bayyana cewa ƙasa ba ta goyan bayan wani addini na musamman.  Wasu suna jayayya Uruguay ta wuce tsaka tsaki mai sauƙi kuma a zahiri masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ne.  Ba a ba da ilimin addini kuma ba a hana shi a makarantun gwamnati  kuma gwamnati tana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani aiki mai zaman kansa. Jihar ta zaɓi bukukuwan addini na gargajiya tare da canza musu suna ta hanyar zamani ( Easter a matsayin "Makon yawon buɗe ido").  Akwai rahotanni na wulakanci na cin zarafi dangane da nuna bambanci na addini, ciki har da kyamar Yahudawa, amma wadanda abin ya shafa sun ba da rahoton haɗin kai mai taimako tare da 'yan sanda kan binciken waɗannan al'amura.  Some argue Uruguay goes further than simple neutrality and is in fact secular fundamentalist.  

### Hakkokin zabe
Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Uruguay ya kafa jamhuriyar demokraɗiyya ta zaɓe . Ikon majalissar yana da hannun Babban Taro na kyamarorin biyu kuma Hukumar Zartaswa ta dauki nauyin Shugaban kasa da nada majalisar ministoci.  Ana zabar kowannensu na wa'adin shekaru biyar ta hanyar zaɓe na duniya .  Wadanda ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba da ke zaune a Uruguay na akalla shekaru 15 kuma waɗanda suka mallaki babban birnin kasar na iya kaɗa kuri'a.  Ana zaɓen Babban Taro ne ta hanyar rufaffiyar wakilci mai ma'ana da kuma Shugaban ƙasa ta hanyar mafi rinjaye. 

Uruguay kuma yana ba da tsarin shahararren raba gardama .  Wannan hanyar dimokuradiyya kai tsaye tana ba 'yan ƙasa damar amincewa da sauye-sauye na Majalisar, da neman a soke dokoki da kafa sabuwar doka ta hanyar jama'a.

Uruguay tana da ƙaƙƙarfan dokar yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa, musamman dokar nuna gaskiya (Law Cristal) wacce ta gabatar da alhakin laifuka kan wasu ayyukan jami'an gwamnati kamar satar dukiyar jama'a.  Bugu da ƙari kuma, kwanan nan Uruguay ta gabatar da ƙayyadaddun jinsi don sake zaɓen, wanda ke buƙatar wakilci dai-dai a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan takara. 

### 'Yanci daga azabtarwa da zalunci, wulakanci da cin mutunci
Uruguay ta rattaba hannu kan manyan yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa da suka haramta aiwatar da azabtarwa irin su CAT da ICCPR, gami da ka'idojin zaɓi ga ICCPR da CAT waɗanda suka amince da ikon Kwamitin Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kwamitin yaƙi da azabtarwa don karɓa da la'akari da korafe-korafe. dangane da azabtarwa da cin zarafi.  Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar bai ƙunshi bayyanannun 'yanci daga tanadin azabtarwa ba amma ya ba da 'yancin jin daɗin rayuwa, yanci, tsaro da dukiyoyi.  The Penal Code ya ƙunshi tanadin laifukan cin zarafin hukuma daga jami'an gwamnati a cikin tsarin gidan yari da kuma labarin 22.1 na Dokar Haɗin kai tare da Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifukan Duniya game da Yaki da Kisa, Laifukan Yaki da Laifukan Kan Bil'adama suna aikata laifin azabtarwa daga kowane wakilin Jiha. ciki har da zalunci, rashin mutuntaka da wulakanci.  Duk da haka, mai ba da rahoto na musamman kan azabtarwa (SR) ya lura cewa ba zai yiwu a yi amfani da wannan doka don laifukan daidaikun mutane ba amma a hade su a matsayin laifuffukan cin zarafin bil'adama kuma ya bukaci a yi gyara don canza wannan. 

azabtarwa ba matsala ce ta tsari ba duk da haka 'yan sanda da sauran hukumomi kan keta haƙƙin fursunoni lokaci-lokaci.  Ana samun rahotannin duka da kuma yadda ‘yan sanda da ma’aikatan gidan yari suka yi amfani da karfi fiye da kima.  Wakilin na musamman ya lura cewa yanayin gidan yari lamari ne da ya kai ga zalunci, wulakanci da cin mutunci. Tsarin gidan yari a Uruguay a cikin 2013 yana da ƙarfin 125%  kuma SR ya gano cewa yanayi "abin cin mutunci ne ga mutuncin ɗan adam".  An gano cewa fursunonin sun hana ruwa, ban daki, kula da lafiya, da kuma karancin wurin kwana kuma an bar su daga dakinsu na sa'o'i hudu kawai a mako.  Wannan ba daidai ba ne a cikin gidajen yarin kuma wasu fursunoni masu girman tattalin arziki da zamantakewa sun more mafi kyawun wurare.

SR ta gano cewa kusan dukkanin matsalolin sun samo asali ne sakamakon rashin kuskuren shirin shari'ar laifuka.  Yawan yin amfani da tsare tsare kafin shari’a da kuma tafiyar hawainiyar tsarin shari’a ya haifar da cunkoson jama’a tare da cakuduwar fursunonin da ake tsare da su kafin a fara shari’a da fursunonin da aka yanke musu hukunci, wanda hakan ya saba wa zaton ba a yi laifi ba .  An ba da rahoton cewa kashi 68% na duk fursunoni suna jiran shari'a.

Uruguay ta samu ci gaba tun bayan ziyarar da wakilin na musamman ya kai. Dokar gidan yari ta gaggawa ta ba da ƙarin kudade don kayan aikin gidan yari kuma ta ba da damar tsare fursunoni a wuraren soji don rage cunkoso.  A ziyarar ta sa SR ya sami ingantuwa da karuwa a wasu gidajen yari da kuma gyare-gyare ga tsarin kula da gidajen yari amma ya sake bukaci gwamnati da ta ci gaba da bin cikakken tsarin shari'ar laifuka. 

### Samun damar yin adalci / rashin hukunci

Daga shekara ta 1973-1985 Uruguay ta kasance karkashin mulkin kama-karya na soja. A wannan lokacin an tabka cin zarafi da dama da suka hada da azabtarwa, tsare mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma tilasta bacewar mutane.  Domin hana wani juyin mulki, lokacin da aka mayar da dimokiradiyya a Uruguay gwamnati ta zartar da Ley de Caducidad de la Pretensión Punitiva del Estado ko Amnesty/Expiry Law a 1986 wanda ya ba da kariya ga sojoji da 'yan sanda daga tuhuma kan laifukan da aka aikata a lokacin mulkin kama-karya.  Mataki na 4 na dokar ya janye hakkin da shari'a ke da shi na gudanar da bincike game da cin zarafi don tabbatar da ikon zartarwa. Har yanzu dai bangaren shari'a na daukar kararraki domin tursasa gwamnati ta yi amfani da ikonta na Mataki na 4 kuma manyan shari'o'i irin na Elena Quinteros sun cimma hakan.  Shugaba Vasquez ya bude shari'o'in da ke faruwa kafin juyin mulkin don gudanar da bincike. A shekara ta 2011 Kotun Koli ta bayyana Dokar Karewa ba ta da ka'ida a cikin shari'o'i daban-daban guda uku.  Matsin lamba daga *Gelman da Uruguay* yanke shawara na Inter-American Kotun 'Yancin Dan Adam ya kai ga soke da warewa Dokar a 2011 tare da nassi na Dokar No. 18.831. 

Sai dai abubuwan da suka faru na baya-bayan nan na ci gaba da gurgunta samun adalci ga wadanda mulkin kama-karya ya rutsa da su sannan kuma sun sake yin kasadar rashin bin ƙa'idojin kare hakkin bil'adama na ƙasa da ƙasa. A cikin shekara ta 2013, Kotun Koli ta sami Dokar No 18.831 da ta kasance ba bisa ka'ida ba kamar yadda ka'idar iyaka ya kamata a yi amfani da lokacin mulkin kama-karya kuma cewa laifukan da aka aikata a lokacin bai kamata a rarraba su a matsayin laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama ba.  Shawarar ta shafi batun ne kawai amma yana nuna rashin jin daɗin yin adalci. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil’adama ta Amnesty International ta gano cewa ba a samu ci gaba kaɗan ba tun bayan yanke shawarar tabbatar da cewa an kididdige laifukan.  Kwamitin tabbatar da bacewar ya bayyana a cikin rahotonsa na shekarar 2013 cewa hukuncin da kotun koli ta yanke ya bayyana cewa mutanen da suka bace sama da shekaru 30 sun mutu, kuma batu ne na kisan kai don haka ya dugunzuma kokarin binciken bacewar da aka yi. 

A karkashin doka, mata suna da daidaito. An tanadi daidaiton jinsi a cikin dokoki da dama kamar: 

* Dokar 16,045 ta hana nuna bambanci a wurin aiki
* Mataki na 321 na kundin laifuffuka ya sanya tashin hankalin cikin gida wani laifi ne daban
* Doka ta 17,823 wacce ta bai wa yara 'yancin yin mu'amala a karkashin yanayin daidaito
* Dokar 17,817 ta yi magana game da wariyar launin fata da kowane nau'i na wariya

Har ila yau, cin zarafin mata wani batu ne kuma wakilin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na musamman kan azabtarwa ya lura cewa matakin da jihar ta ɗauka bai dace ba musamman gazawarta wajen aiwatar da shirin yaki da cin zarafi a cikin gida.  Ƙungiyoyin kare Haƙƙin bil’adama sun kuma lura da cewa an samu karuwar korafe-korafen cin zarafi a cikin gida, kuma shirye-shiryen jihar ba su yi nasara ba wajen rage yawan mace-macen mata. 

A cikin shekara ta 2012 an soke zubar da ciki duk da haka akwai cikas ga samun damar hanyar kamar wajibi na kwanaki biyar da kuma bitar da wani kwamitin kwararru ya yi.  Idan akwai ciki daga fyaɗe, dole ne wanda aka yi wa fyaɗen ya kai kara ga 'yan sanda kafin a iya sanyawa zubar da ciki.  Wannan matsala ce kamar yadda bayanai ke nuni da cewa wasu da aka yi wa fyade ba sa shigar da kara saboda kyama da kuma fargabar ramuwar gayya.  Samun lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa yana da kyau gaba ɗaya tare da samar da rigakafin hana haihuwa kyauta.  Tun daga shekara ta 2004 an sami ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin adadin sabis na kayyade iyali a duk faɗin Uruguay. 

Duk da tanade-tanaden doka, a wasu lokuta har yanzu mata suna fuskantar rashin daidaito kamar aikin yi ko rashin daidaiton albashi.  Ƙirƙirar Cibiyar Mata ta Ƙasa da Tsarin Dama Dama daidai na Gwamnatin Municipal na Montevideo yana taimakawa wajen samun ci gaba. 

## Duba kuma

* Nakasa a Uruguay
* Fataucin mutane a Uruguay
* Hakkin LGBT a Uruguay
* Karuwanci a Uruguay
* Mata a Uruguay

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* OHCHR Page na Uruguay
* Littafin Gaskiyar Duniya: Uruguay 
* Shafin hukuma na shugaban Uruguay
* Amnesty International: Uruguay