Ian Q. Whishaw

**Ian Quentin Whishaw** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1939), wanda aka fi sani da **Ian Q. Whishaw**, ƙwararren masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ne na ƙasar Kanada wanda ya ba da gudummawa sosai wajen fahimtar tsarin cortical da alaƙarsa da bugun jini, Parkinson's, kewayawa ta sararin samaniya, da kuma ɗabi'a. Whishaw farfesa ne a fannin ilimin kimiyyar jijiyoyi da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a Jami'ar Lethbridge kuma ya rubuta takardu sama da 460 na kimiyya da littattafai biyar kan batutuwan ilimin jijiyoyi waɗanda suka haɗa da nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa iri-iri.  Abubuwan da yake sha'awa sun haɗa da ƙwallon ƙafa ta jami'a, rugby, ƙwallon kwando, rubutun kirkire-kirkire, da horar da kare da dawaki.

## Bincike da ka'idoji
Whishaw ya ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar kimiyya game da fannoni, ciki har da amma ba'a iyakance ga tsarin hypothalamic ba, ciyarwa, shan giya, lalacewar kwakwalwa da murmurewa, ci gaban yara, da matsalolin fahimta da ɗabi'a da kuma juyin halittar ƙwarewar halayyar motsa jiki. Ya fi shahara da aikinsa kan motsi da kuma tsarin motsa jiki, kewayawa ta sarari, da kuma halayyar beran dakin gwaje-gwaje.

**Motsi da Tsarin Motoci**

Ana ɗaukar Whishaw a matsayin ƙwararre a duniya kan amfani da hannu da yatsu na beraye. Ya gano cewa beraye suna amfani da hannayensu da yatsunsu don ɗaukar abubuwa;  wani bincike da ya faɗaɗa fahimtarmu cewa ƙwararrun motsin da ake tunanin suna da alaƙa da birai sun haɗa da wasu nau'ikan beraye. Binciken ya haifar da nazarin amfani da goshin gaba wajen halayyar ciyarwa a duk nau'ikan beraye tare da kammalawa cewa amfani da goshin gaba a ciyarwa ana kiyaye shi kuma yana faɗaɗa zuwa ga farkon beraye. Ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa amfani da goshin gaba ya haɗa da aƙalla motsi uku, isa da ke miƙa hannu/hannu dangane da halayen waje (wuri) na abubuwa, kamawa da aka yi dangane da siffofin abubuwa na ciki (girma/siffa), da kuma janyewa wanda ke ɗauke da abu da aka kama zuwa baki. Kowace motsi ana ba da shawarar ta ƙunshi hanyar jijiya ko hanyarta daga masu karɓar ji zuwa masu tasirin motsi da tarihin juyin halittarta, wanda ke lissafin nau'ikan ƙwarewar amfani da hannu da yatsa a cikin beraye. Wannan aikin ya yi tasiri wajen haɓaka Feeding in Vertebrates, wani littafi da Vincent Bels ya rubuta tare. 

Ka'idar tashar tana da tasiri wajen fahimtar yadda rauni ko cuta ke shafar motsi. Fahimtar ƙwarewar beraye da amfani da su ya haifar da bincike iri-iri da suka haɗa da tsarin cortex na motsi, ƙarfin jijiyoyi, fifikon gaɓoɓi, sakin dopamine, sarrafa ji, da sauran fannoni na ɗabi'a da ilimin halittar jiki. Aikin Whishaw kan isa ga gaban beraye ya yi tasiri ga irin waɗannan hanyoyin bincike ga mutane,  tare da fa'idodi masu yawa ga raunin kwakwalwa da binciken gyara. Hakanan yana da alhakin haɓaka samfurin amfani da hannu na beraye wanda ke da amfani don nazarin nakasa, diyya, da murmurewa bayan raunin kwakwalwa ko kashin baya.  An san binciken Whishaw a matsayin yana taimaka wa kusan 'yan Kanada 60,000 waɗanda ke fama da raunin kwakwalwa kowace shekara, gami da bugun jini, cutar Huntington da cutar Parkinson . 

**Kewaya a Sarari**

Yawancin ayyukan farko na Whishaw kan aikin kwakwalwa sun dogara ne akan rikodin EEG da aka yi daga hippocampus da neocortex waɗanda suka nuna cewa abubuwan da ke faruwa a kwakwalwar lantarki suna da alaƙa da motsi mai gudana don haka ba sa nuna yanayin tunani.   Ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "Vanderwolfian", yana amincewa da bincikensa mai zurfi game da halayen dabbobi ga mai kula da digirin digirgir, Case Vanderwolf  tare da tasirin Philip Tietelbaum daga baya. Aikinsa akan kewayawa ta sarari yana jayayya cewa hippocampus yana da mahimmanci ga halayen sarari da aka sani da lissafin matattu, tsari mai sauƙi na tantance hanya mafi guntu ta komawa wurin farawa bayan tafiya ta waje. Lissafin matattu shine dabarun kewayawa da Columbus ke amfani da shi don isa ga Amurka da komawa Spain. Ka'idar lissafin matattu ta gabatar da cewa akwai fannoni uku na sararin samaniya waɗanda ke da mahimmanci ga rayuwar dabba; inda gida yake, inda dabbar take a motsi, da kuma yadda ake komawa gida. Ya kuma nuna a cikin Nazarin Ilimin Jijiyoyi da Halayyar Dan Adam na shekarar 1998 cewa beraye masu raunukan hippocampal suna da ƙarfin koyo mai yawa wanda galibi ba sa iya amfani da shi saboda ƙarancin lissafin su. 

## Littattafai da Sauran Wayar da Kan Jama'a
Whishaw ya rubuta littattafai guda biyu tare da abokin aikinsa Bryan Kolb waɗanda aka buga a harsuna da yawa. Littafinsu na farko, *Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology*, wani littafi mai tasowa na sabon almajirin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, an fara buga shi a shekarar 1980 kuma yanzu yana cikin bugu na bakwai tare da ambato sama da 4,500.  Littafinsu na biyu, *Gabatarwa ga Kwakwalwa da Halayya*, ya ƙunshi hanyar da ta mai da hankali kan ilimin kimiyyar kwakwalwa ta ɗan adam kuma a halin yanzu yana cikin bugu na shida.  Ana amfani da littattafan biyu a matsayin karatun da ake buƙata ga ɗaliban da suka yi rajista a fannin fasaha na sassaucin ra'ayi a Jami'ar Lethbridge.

A shekara ta 2004, Whishaw da Kolb sun buga littafin *The Behavior of the Laboratory Beat: A Handbook with Tests*, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin littafi mai tsarki ga masu binciken bera  tare da ambato sama da 200 da babi kan tsoro, ciwo, ɗanɗano, jima'i, damuwa, da samfura da gwaje-gwaje don halayen bera.  Sauran littattafan Whishaw sun haɗa da a cikin 2017, Brain and Behaviour: Revisiting the Classic Studies,  da Juyin Halittar Ciyarwa a cikin Vertebrates a cikin 2019. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Whishaw yana da aure kuma yana da 'ya'ya biyu. 'Yar'uwarsa  Iona Whishaw ita ce marubucin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki na Lane Winslow.  Ya ci gaba da kasancewa da dangantaka ta kud da kud da abokan aiki, tsoffin ɗalibai da sauran masana kimiyya, ciki har da Terry Robinson da Timothy Schallert, Jenni Karl da abokin aikinsa na rubutu mai ɗorewa, Bryan Kolb.

## Manazarta