Ion Ionescu-Căpățână

**Ion Ionescu-**Căpățînă****, sau da yawa an taƙaita shi zuwa Ion Căpățnius ko Căpăţînă (1914 - 1942 ko 1943), marubuci ne na Romania, mai bugawa, kuma mai fafutukar siyasa. Mai gabatar da *Cin ganyayyaki*, ya kuma gano 'yanci da kuma' yanci na mutum, wanda ya haɗu da tasirin Gandhism; a farkon shekarun 1930, mujallarsa Vegetarianismul ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da labari a fagen' yanci a Romania. Căpățână, wanda ya kasance Esperantist kuma mai kula da muhalli, ya kuma haɗa kansa da Panait Istrati - wani adadi a kan hagu mai adawa da Stalin wanda ya ci gaba da dangantaka ta abokantaka tare da ƙungiyar fascist mai adawa, Crusade of Romanianism . Ya kare karatun Istrati game da kwaminisanci a cikin tafiye-tafiyensa zuwa Faransa da Bulgaria, kuma, bayan mutuwar Istrati, ya kafa nasa tashoshin sadarwa tare da Crusade. Căpățână daga ƙarshe ya bar Masarautar Romania, ya ba da lokaci a Paris a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga 'yan Republican a Yaƙin basasar Spain . Har yanzu ya buga wasu ayyukansa a gida, kuma ya shirya fassarar waƙoƙin Romania ta Hristo Botev.

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Ayyukan Romania
Jarida Tibor Molnár, wanda ya sadu da Ionescu-Căpățână a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1936, lokacin da yake da shekaru 22, ya bayyana shi a matsayin mai "gashi mai gashi  gemu mai laushi", yana da magana mai laushi kuma gabaɗaya "ba na al'ada ba" a cikin halin da bayyanarsa.[and] Wani ɗan'uwansa mai zaman kansa, Eugen Relgis, ya taɓa magana game da shi a matsayin "mai koyar da kansa". Alkawarin farko kuma mafi tsawo shi ne cin ganyayyaki, wanda ya ɗauka tun yana da shekaru goma sha biyu - bayan ya karanta littafin Jean-Jacques Rousseau's *Emile*; ya yaba da wannan salon rayuwa, gami da bayar da shawarwari, tare da sake sanya shi cikin ɗan adam mai natsuwa, yana sauƙaƙa sauyawa zuwa rashin tashin hankali. A farkon shekarun 1930, falsafar Istrati ta lashe saurayin, wanda ke ba da shawarar ra'ayi mai yawa (haɗakar da nau'o'i daban-daban na 'yanci), kuma ya ɗauki ƙarin wahayi daga masu tawaye kamar Gérard de Lacaze-Duthiers . Mahatma Gandhi ya kuma burge shi, wanda ya taba bayyana wa Molnár a matsayin mafi girma a duniya.

### A cikin gudun hijira
Brătuleanu ya lura cewa Căpățână ya riga ya yi hijira daga Romania a 1935, kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya shiga cikin tallafawa bangaren Jamhuriyar Republican a Yaƙin basasar Spain.  Molnár ya ba da rahoton cewa, a cikin 1936, ya koma Bucharest, kuma yana tafiya zuwa wurare kamar Arad, har yanzu yana ba da lacca ga jama'a game da fa'idodin *Cin ganyayyaki*. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya farfado da Vegetarianismul, amma masu tantancewa na gwamnati sun haramta mujallar kamar yadda ta shiga farfaganda don "akidar siyasa" (Căpățână ya bayyana wannan a matsayin rashin fahimta, "har yanzu yana da tabbaci cewa za a bayyana batun"). [ing] Ta hanyar kansa, Căpățână ya zauna a Faransa a 1937, kamar yadda Crusade ke komawa dama (ko, kamar yadda Căpăţână da kansa ya yi jayayya, ana haɗa shi kuma Iron Guard ta sake amfani da shi).  Kamar yadda masanin Édouard Raydon ya lura, yana guje wa haɗarin da "al'amuran da suka faru a Tsakiyar Turai" suka kawo, ya kuma fusata da tantancewar siyasa da aka ɗora a Romania. Daga Paris, ya tsara aikin manema labarai don tallafawa 'yan Jamhuriyar Spain. Mai fafutuka ba shi da "mahimmanci na Faransanci", amma ya koyi shi kusan nan da nan,  yana gina kan ilimin da ya gabata na Esperanto.  Saboda haka zai iya fara aiki a kan fassara da kuma buga labaran karshe na Istrati (dukansu an rubuta su a cikin Romanian). Ta yin haka, ya taimaka wajen amsa da'awar cewa Istrati ya mutu a matsayin mai mulkin kama karya. Ayyukansa na ƙarshe da aka buga a Romania sun haɗa da fassarar Les Délégués d'atelier, ta hanyar masanin ra'ayi Maurice Chambelland (wanda ya bayyana a masu wallafa Umanitatea a 1937, I. Felea ne ya gabatar da shi).  Har ila yau, Căpățână ya shirya fitowar waƙoƙin Romania ta farko ta wani mai juyin juya halin Bulgarian na ƙarni na 19, Hristo Botev.

## Manazarta