Bill H. Gross

**William Hunt "Bill" Gross** (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 1944) ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan Amurka kuma manajan asusun ritaya, wanda ya kafa Pacific Investment Management Co. PIMCO kamfani ne na saka hannun jari na duniya mai fa'ida. Gross ya gudanar da Asusun Komawa na Jimlar Dala biliyan 270 (PTTRX), kafin ya tafi Janus Capital Group (yanzu Janus Henderson ) a watan Satumba na 2014.  Gross ya yi ritaya daga gudanar da asusun a shekarar 2019. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Gross a Middletown, Ohio, ɗan Shirley ( née Tait), mai gyaran gida, da kuma Sewell Mark Gross, babban jami'in tallace-tallace na AK Steel Holding .   Wani ɓangare na iyalinsa asalinsa daga Winnipeg, Kanada ne.  An rene shi a matsayin ɗan Presbyterian .  Ya ƙaura tare da iyayensa zuwa San Francisco a 1954.  Gross ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Duke a 1966 a matsayin Angier B. Duke Scholar, kuma yana da digiri a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. 

A Duke, ya shiga Phi Kappa Psi .  Daga nan ya yi aiki a rundunar sojojin ruwa daga 1966 zuwa 1969 a matsayin mataimakin babban injiniya a cikin jirgin ruwan USS , inda ya jagoranci nau'ikan jiragen ruwa na SEAL zuwa wuraren saukar jiragen ruwa a bakin tekun Vietnam.  Ya bar rundunar sojojin ruwa a 1970 da Tet combat da kuma ribbons na aiki na Vietnam. Gross ya sami digiri na MBA daga UCLA Anderson School of Management a 1971. Gross ya buga wasan blackjack na ɗan lokaci a Las Vegas, Nevada, kuma ya ce yana amfani da hanyoyin caca da yawa don yaɗa haɗari da ƙididdige damar da zai samu a yanke shawara kan saka hannun jari. 

A shekarar 2019, Gross ya bayyana cewa yana da cutar Asperger . 

## Sana'ar saka hannun jari
Gross mai riƙe da takardar shedar CFA ne, wanda ya sami takardar shaidarsa yayin da yake aiki a matsayin mai sharhi kan saka hannun jari na Pacific Mutual Life tsakanin 1971 da 1976. 

Mujallar Fortune ta yi wa Gross lakabi da "Bond King" a shekarar 2002,  Gross ya gudanar da ɗaya daga cikin manyan asusun haɗin gwiwa a duniya, inda ya fi mai da hankali kan takardun lamuni da saka hannun jari na kuɗi mai araha. Jaridar *[[New York Times|The New York Times]]* ta kira shi "fitaccen mai zuba jari a fannin jinginar gida"  ya kafa Pacific Investment Management (PIMCO) tare da kuma kula da asusun PIMCO (wanda a da shine babban asusun jinginar gida mafi girma a duniya tare da kadarori kusan dala biliyan 293)  da kuma wasu ƙananan asusu har zuwa lokacin da ya bar aiki a watan Satumba na 2014. 

A Pimco, Gross ya fi kowa iko da kuɗin jinginar gida a duniya, kuma ya shawarci Ma'aikatar Kuɗi game da rawar da jinginar gida mai ƙarancin daraja ke takawa a lokacin rikicin kuɗi na 2008. Da yake naɗa Gross Manajan Asusun na Shekarun Goma don samun kuɗin shiga mai ƙayyadadden lokaci a 2010, Morningstar ya ce: "Babu wani manajan asusun da ya fi Bill Gross kuɗi ga mutane."  An san shi da haɓaka ribar da ke cikin asusunsa ta hanyar amfani da abubuwan da suka samo asali masu rikitarwa dangane da hannun jari, shaidu, lamuni, da kuɗaɗe.  Ben Trosky, wanda ya ƙirƙiri kuma ya gudanar da kasuwancin jinginar gida mai yawan riba na Pimco daga shekarun 1990 zuwa farkon shekarun 2000, ya shaida wa Barron cewa Gross "ɗan kasuwa ne mai kyau, manazarci mai kyau, kuma mai sayarwa mai kyau, wanda zai iya rarraba ra'ayoyi masu rikitarwa zuwa wani abu mai sauƙi da sauƙin samu". 

Gross ya sami damar yin nasara a kasuwa a mafi yawan aikinsa ta hanyar amfani da abin da ya shafi tabbas, da kuma sanin abin da ya shafi rashin tabbas, a cewar wani labari *na Fortune* na 2002, "The Bond King". Tabbacin mai zuba jari kamar Gross ya haɗa da masu canji, kamar ƙimar bashi, yawan riba, lokacin balaguro, da tsawon lokaci, ma'aunin haɗari. Tsawon lokacin haɗin gwiwa, farashinsa yana canzawa sosai lokacin da farashin ya canza, tare da masu zuba jari masu hankali suna zaɓar tsawon lokaci na ɗan gajeren lokaci don iyakance canjin farashi wanda canje-canjen ƙimar riba ke haifarwa. Gross ya yi amfani da rashin tabbas ta hanyar yin hasashen ilimi - amma daidai - kan alkiblar ƙimar riba, hauhawar farashi da sauran masu canji da ke shafar haɗin gwiwa. 

Jaridar Financial Times ta rubuta a watan Maris na 2019: "Sa hannun jari mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi shine babban abin kirkire-kirkire na Gross. A tarihi, kamfanonin inshora da asusun fansho su ne manyan masu siyan takardun lamuni. Ba kasafai suke ciniki ba - a zahiri ana ajiye takardun lamuni a cikin rumbun ajiya, kuma siyarwar tana nufin aika su ta hanyar aika su ga mai siye - kuma suna jin daɗin kyakkyawar alaƙa da Wall Street. A gefe guda kuma, Pimco, yana ciniki a cikin da kuma fita daga mukamai, ya faɗaɗa sosai zuwa sabbin wurare masu zafi kamar takardun lamuni da kasuwannin da ke tasowa, kuma ya yi amfani da ƙarfinsa mai yawa don cudgel bankuna don ba su mafi kyawun tayi."

Bayan rugujewar Wall Street a shekarar 2008, Gross ya fito a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin masu kuɗi mafi tasiri a ƙasar, kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu goyon bayan dabarun gwamnatin Obama (Shirin Zuba Jari na Jama'a da Masu Zaman Kansu, ko PPIP) don ɗaukar masu zuba jari masu zaman kansu don taimakawa wajen ceto bankunan ƙasar da ke fama da rashin lafiya da kuma ƙoƙarin farfaɗo da tattalin arziki. 

An ruwaito cewa ficewar babban jami'in gudanarwa na Pimco Mohamed El-Erian ta faru ne sakamakon rikici da Gross.    Gross da kansa ya bar aiki a ƙarshen kaka na 2014, kuma a watan Oktoba na 2015 ya kai ƙarar Pimco da kamfanin Allianz na iyaye kan "ɗaruruwan miliyoyin daloli", yana mai iƙirarin cewa "masu son iko, kwadayi, da sha'awar inganta matsayin kuɗi da sunansu sun tilasta masa yin hakan ta hanyar cin zarafin masu zuba jari da ladabi," yana kiransu da "halaye marasa kyau, rashin gaskiya, da rashin ɗa'a".  Pimco ya zauna da Gross a watan Maris na 2017 kan rahoton dala miliyan 81, wanda duk Gross ya yi alƙawarin bayar da gudummawa ga agaji. 

A shekarun 1990s ya rubuta littattafai biyu masu shahara kan zuba jari, *Bill Gross on Investing* da *Everything You've Heard About Investing is Wrong!* A watan Satumba na 2008, ta hanyar riƙe manyan mukamai a cikin takardun jinginar gida na Fannie Mae da Freddie Mac da hukumomin gwamnati suka tallafa musu, asusun Gross ya tara dala biliyan 1.7 bayan da gwamnatin tarayya ta karɓe Fannie Mae da Freddie Mac . 

Ya sanar da yin ritaya daga Janus Henderson Investors da kuma kula da asusun a watan Fabrairun 2019. Ya ce a lokacin zai mayar da hankali kan kula da kadarorinsa na kashin kansa da kuma gidauniyar agaji mai zaman kanta, Gidauniyar Iyali ta William, Jeff da Jennifer Gross, wacce ke da kadarorin dala miliyan 390. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri

Gross ya yi aure sau uku. A shekarar 1968, ya auri Pamela Roberts. Sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu: Jeff da Jennifer. Daga baya suka sake. A shekarar 1985, ya auri Sue J. Frank ; suna da ɗa ɗaya, Nick .  A shekarar 2018, sun shiga cikin wani saki mai cike da cece-kuce.  Dukansu suna da gidaje a Laguna Beach, California. 

Gross ta auri tsohuwar ƙwararren wasan tennis Amy Schwartz a watan Afrilun 2021.  Ta haɗu da Gross ta hanyar wani abokinta a shekarar 2017, kuma yanzu suna zaune tare a cikin wani gidan da ya saya mata a bakin teku na Laguna Beach, wanda ta ƙawata shi da taken "soyayya".  Gidan mai girman murabba'in ƙafa 10,000, shi ne gida na uku mafi tsada da aka sayar a shekarar 2018 a Orange County, California, akan dala miliyan 32. Gidan yana da faɗin ƙafa 190 na gaban teku, tare da wani wurin shiga na sirri da bakin teku.  Gross ya shirya bikin cika shekaru 50 da haihuwa ga Schwartz a gidan a watan Satumba na 2019, wanda ya ƙunshi mawaƙiya, marubuci kuma mai guitar Kenny Loggins .  Schwartz ya yaba wa Gross da sabunta sha'awarta ga golf, wanda suke yawan wasa tare. 

An gano cewa Gross yana da cutar Asperger kuma yana ganin hakan ya sa shi "mai saka hannun jari mafi kyau".  Gross fitaccen mai tara tambari ne. 

Ya zuwa watan Nuwamba na 2005, ya zama mutum na uku (bayan Robert Zoellner a shekarun 1990 da Benjamin K. Miller kafin 1925)  don samar da cikakken tarin tambarin aika wasiku na Amurka na ƙarni na 19. A watan Oktoba na 2005, ya sayi a gwanjon kan dala miliyan 2.97 wani babban farantin faranti na sanannen tambarin aika wasiku na Amurka na 1918 mai suna " Inverted Jenny ", wanda ke ɗauke da zane na jirgin sama na Curtiss JN-4 mai hawa biyu da aka buga a juye. Daga nan ya sayar da tubalin faranti na Inverted Jenny ga Donald Sundman, shugaban Kamfanin Mystic Stamp, dillalin tambari, don samun 1-cent " Z Grill " na 1868 wanda ke nuna Benjamin Franklin (ɗaya daga cikin biyu kacal da aka sani yana wanzuwa), don haka ya kammala tarin Gross na ƙarni na 19.  Za a yi gwanjon tarinsa a cikin shekaru biyu zuwa uku masu zuwa tare da bayar da kuɗin da aka samu ga agaji. Gwanjon da aka yi a baya na tarin tambarin Gross na Burtaniya, Burtaniya, Yammacin Turai, Scandinavia, Jihohin Confederate, Switzerland da Hawaii sun samar da ribar da ta kai dala miliyan 26.  An shirya fara gwanjon abin da ya rage na tarin tambarin Gross - tambarin Amurka da murfinta - tare da sayar da Taskar Tambarin Amurka a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 2018. 

A ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 2018, Gross ya ci gaba da ficewa daga kasuwa a hukumance lokacin da Siegel Auction Galleries ya sayar da kayansa guda 106 a otal ɗin Lotte New York Palace da ke birnin New York. Sayarwar ta samar da dala miliyan 10, wanda ya karya tarihin dala miliyan 9.1 na gwanjon tambari na kwana ɗaya da aka kafa a shekarar 2007. Ci gaba da al'adarsa, Gross ya shaida wa Barron's cewa ribar da aka samu daga sabuwar siyarwar za ta je ga Doctors Without Borders da New York Times Neediest Cases, tare da ƙarin ƙungiyoyin agaji da za a sanar daga baya. 

Gross sananne ne a matsayin ɗan wasan golf mai sha'awar wasan golf.  A cikin gabatarwar littafin tsohon ɗan jarida David Rynnecki na 2007, "Deals on the Green", Gross ya rubuta cewa golf shine, "wasan da ya fi ban haushi da abin tsoro da aka taɓa yi - yana ɗaga ka da kuma ɓata maka rai cikin mintuna kaɗan. Ina son golf. A'a, na tsane shi." Ya buga wasa mai ban mamaki tare da Tiger Woods da sauran ƙwararru a AT&T Pro-Am a Pebble Beach, amma ya rubuta cewa ko da wasa da Woods da samun kofunan gasa, "ba zai iya kwatantawa da farin cikin wannan lokacin ba, farin cikin nasara, kuma eh, azabar rashin ƙafa uku". 

A shekarar 2014, an ruwaito Gross a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "masu zuba jari masu shahara waɗanda suka rungumi tunani mai zurfi ". 

Duk da cewa shi ɗan jam'iyyar Republican ne mai rijista,  Gross ya bayar da gudummawa ga kamfen ɗin shugaban ƙasa na Barack Obama da kuma Kwamitin Yaƙin neman zaɓen 'yan majalisar dattawa na Democrat a shekarar 2008. 

A watan Oktoban 2020, Gross da Schwartz sun kai ƙarar maƙwabcinsu Mark Towfiq da ke Laguna Beach, suna zarginsa da yin sha'awarsu, waɗanda suka haɗa da sanya kyamarori a gidansu da kuma "halayen kallonsu". A cikin buƙatar umarnin hana su na ɗan lokaci, Gross ya ce ya ji "an kama shi a gidana", kuma ya ƙara da cewa, "Da alama wanda ake ƙara Towfiq yana da sha'awar musamman ba kawai ga Mista Gross ba har ma da Ms. Schwartz, musamman lokacin da ma'auratan ke iyo don haka suna sanye da ƙananan tufafi, idan akwai,." Karar ta zargi Towfiq da laifin kutse cikin sirri, da sauran dalilan da suka sa ake ɗaukar mataki. 

A wani ƙara da aka shigar bayan ƙarar Gross da Schwartz, Towfiq ya zargi ma'auratan da cin zarafinsa ta hanyar kunna jigon " Gillgan's Island " da babbar murya ta amfani da lasifika a waje. A cewar Towfiq, cin zarafin ya fara ne bayan ya yi korafi game da wani babban mutum-mutumin Dale Chihuly da ke kan ciyawar Gross wanda ya ce ya toshe masa kallon duk da cewa an sanya sassaken a bango, wanda bai toshe kallon ba. A cikin kare kansa, Gross ya ce yin taken daga " Gillgan's Island " ba an yi nufin cin zarafi ba ne, amma waƙar tana da matuƙar muhimmanci a gare shi, yayin da Schwartz ya yi jayayya cewa zane-zanen da ake magana a kai suna da ma'ana sosai a gare ta har ta yi addu'a a gare ta. Kotun Koli ta Orange County a ƙarshe ta umarci Gross da Schwartz kada su kunna kiɗa a waje alhali ba su, kansu, a waje.

## Arziki da taimakon jama'a
A shekarar 2005, Gross ya bayar da gudummawar dala miliyan 23.5 ga Jami'ar Duke, wanda aka ware dala miliyan 20 daga ciki don tallafin kuɗi.  A shekarar 2006, Gross ya bayar da gudummawar dala miliyan 9.1 ga Doctors Without Borders/ Médecins Sans Frontières  wanda ya samu daga gwanjon da aka yi a Shreves Philatelic Galleries na tarin kayansa na Burtaniya.  Tsawon shekaru, Gross ya zama babban mai ba da gudummawa ga Doctors Without Borders a tarihi akan kimanin dala miliyan 25. An sayar da tarin tambarinsa na Scandinavian da Finland ta gidan gwanjon Spink a watan Mayun 2008 don bayar da gudummawa ga Aikin Kauyukan Jeffrey Sachs Millennium a Jami'ar Columbia.  Gross ya kuma bayar da gudummawar dala miliyan 20 ga Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian don lafiyar mata da dala miliyan 10 ga Jami'ar California, Irvine don ba da tallafin cibiyar bincike ta ƙwayoyin halitta a makarantar likitanci . 

A shekarar 2012, Gross ya bayar da gudummawar dala miliyan 20 ga Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Cedars-Sinai (Los Angeles) don sabuwar Cibiyar Tiyata da Tsarin Aiki ta Sue da Bill, wacce aka bude a lokacin bazara na 2013.

Haka kuma a shekarar 2013, Gross ya bayar da gudummawar dala miliyan 20 ga Mercy Ships . An tsara wannan ne don gina sabon jirgin asibiti, *Global Mercy*,  don shiga cikin jirgin asibiti na yanzu, *Africa Mercy*, wajen isar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya ga talakawa.  

A shekarar 2016, Gross ya bayar da gudummawar dala miliyan 40 ga Jami'ar California, Irvine don kafa makarantar koyon aikin jinya.  

An sanya wa gidan tarihin William H. Gross Stamp Gallery na Smithsonian National Postal Museum, wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan babban mai taimakonsa, shi ne babban gidan tarihin da aka keɓe wa ayyukan agaji.  Gross ya ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 8 a shekarar 2009 ga Gidan Tarihin Wasiku na Ƙasa don ƙirƙirar gidan tarihin da ya kai murabba'in ƙafa 12,000.  Wasu daga cikin gudummawar sun fito ne daga kuɗin da Gross ya samu daga sayar da tarin yaƙin basasa da tarihin gidan tarihin Amurka ta Arewa maso Yammacin Birtaniya. 

Gross ya kafa Gidauniyar Iyali ta William, Jeff da Jennifer Gross a shekarar 2018 tare da ɗansa da 'yarsa daga matarsa ta farko don daidaita ayyukansa na agaji.  Gidauniyar tana ba da gudummawar sama da dala miliyan 20 a kowace shekara, kuma tana ba da fiye da dala miliyan 1.5 a shekarar 2020 don ayyukan agajin cutar coronavirus.   

A ranar 26 ga Janairu, 2020, Gross ya sanya hannu kan Alƙawarin Ba da Gudummawa . 

## Littattafai da ayyuka

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## Manazarta