'Yan Kasuwancin shakka (fim)

**Merchants of Doubt** fim ne na Amurka na 2014 wanda Robert Kenner ya jagoranta kuma littafin 2010 mai suna Naomi Oreskes da Erik M. Conway suka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi. fim din ya gano amfani da dabarun hulɗa da jama'a waɗanda Masana'antar taba sigari ta kirkira don kare kasuwancin su daga bincike da ke nuna haɗarin kiwon lafiya daga shan sigari. Mafi shahararren waɗannan dabarun shine haɓaka masana kimiyya da sauransu waɗanda suka sami nasarar jefa shakku game da sakamakon kimiyya. Yin amfani da ƙwararren mai sihiri, fim ɗin yana bincika kwatankwacin tsakanin waɗannan dabarun da hanyoyin da masu sihiri ke amfani da su don janye hankalin masu sauraron su daga lura da yadda ake yin mafarki. Ga masana'antar taba, dabarun sun sami nasarar jinkirta tsarin gwamnati har sai da aka kafa Yarjejeniyar kimiyya game da haɗarin kiwon lafiya daga shan sigari. A matsayin misali na biyu, fim din ya bayyana yadda masana'antun masu hana wuta suka yi aiki don kare tallace-tallace bayan an ruwaito tasirin guba na masu hana wuta a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya. Babban abin damuwa na fim din shine ci gaba da amfani da waɗannan dabarun don hana ayyukan gwamnati don tsara hayakin gas don mayar da martani ga haɗarin Canjin yanayi na duniya.

## Fitarwa

### Batutuwan hira
Masu shirya fina-finai sun yi hira da mutane sama da goma sha biyu waɗanda suka shiga cikin rikice-rikice da suka fara daga tsarin kayayyakin taba zuwa Canjin yanayi na duniya. A cikin tsari da suka bayyana a cikin fim din, batutuwan hira sune:

* Stanton Glantz, farfesa a fannin kiwon lafiya kuma mai fafutuka don tsara shan taba. A shekara ta 1994, Glantz ya sami katako na takardu da aka kwafe daga bayanan kamfanin taba na Brown da Williamson wanda ya bayyana wayar da kan jama'a game da haɗarin lafiya na shan taba a farkon shekarun 1950.
* Sam Roe da Patricia Callahan, 'yan jarida a jaridar Chicago Tribune wadanda, a cikin 2012, sun fallasa "masu sana'a da ke sanya lafiyar jama'a cikin haɗari ta hanyar ci gaba da amfani da masu hana wuta masu guba a cikin kayan gida da matattarar gida, suna haifar da kokarin sake fasalin a matakin jihar da na kasa. " Callahan da Roe sun kasance masu karshe don Kyautar Pulitzer don Rahoton Bincike. 
* James Hansen, tsohon masanin kimiyya na NASA wanda shaidarsa ta 1988 game da canjin yanayi ga kwamitocin majalisa ya taimaka wajen wayar da kan jama'a game da dumamar duniya. Hansen ya zama fitaccen mai ba da shawara game da tsara hayakin gas.
* John Passacantando, tsohon babban darakta na Greenpeace, kungiyar masu fafutukar kare muhalli.
* William O'Keefe, babban jami'in zartarwa na Cibiyar George C. Marshall,  kungiyar da ke adawa da ka'idojin gwamnati game da hayakin gas.

* Naomi Oreskes, farfesa a tarihin kimiyya, kuma marubucin littafin da ya yi wahayi zuwa fim din.
* Fred Singer, masanin kimiyyar lissafi da masanin kimiwyar muhalli wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Kimiyya da Manufofin Muhalli (SEPP) a cikin 1990 don yin aiki game da tsara iskar gas, da sauran batutuwa.
* Michael Shermer, marubuci kuma mai wallafa mujallar Skeptic . Shermer da farko ya kasance "mai adawa" game da ka'idojin hayaki na gas, amma ra'ayoyinsa sun canza yayin da shaidar kimiyya game da canjin yanayi ta ci gaba.
* Matthew Crawford, marubuci kuma tsohon darektan Cibiyar George C. Marshall. Crawford ya yi murabus saboda tasirin masu tallafawa Cibiyar wajen tantance ayyukan Cibiyar da matsayi.
* Marc Morano, mai fafutukar siyasa wanda ya buga shafin yanar gizon ƙin Yanayi na ClimateDepot tun shekara ta 2009. Don karfafa korafe-korafe ga masana kimiyya waɗanda ake kallon ayyukansu a matsayin tallafi kan aikin fitar da iskar gas, shafin yanar gizon yana buga adiresoshin su.
* Ben Santer, Michael E. Mann, da Katharine Hayhoe, masana kimiyya na yanayi waɗanda suka sami barazanar kansu saboda aikin su akan canjin yanayi na duniya.
* Tim Phillips, shugaban Amirkawa don wadata, wanda ke aiki a kan ka'idojin gwamnati game da canjin yanayi da sauran batutuwa.
* Bob Inglis, tsohon Wakilin Amurka na Gundumar majalisa ta 4 ta Kudancin Carolina wanda ya rasa kujerarsa a zaben fidda gwani bayan sanarwar da ya yi cewa ya canza ra'ayinsa kuma yanzu ya yi imanin cewa Canjin yanayi na duniya matsala ce da gwamnati ta magance. Bayan ya rasa kujerarsa a Majalisa, Inglis ya fara aiki don samun tallafi don aiki don yaki da canjin yanayi na duniya a yankunan masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Amurka.

### Masanin sihiri na sana'a
Fim din ya saka sharhi da wasan kwaikwayon mai sihiri Jamy Ian Swiss. Maganar waɗannan interludes ita ce akwai kwatanci tsakanin dabarun masu sihiri masu sana'a da dabarun kungiyoyin hulɗa da jama'a: masu sihiri suna koyon yadda za su janye hankalin masu sauraron su daga lura da yaudarar da ke haifar da da dabarun su da mafarkai, yayin da kungiyoyin ke jan hankalin jama'a daga haɗarin da ke tattare da samfuran. Masana'antar taba sigari ta haɓaka waɗannan dabarun a cikin shekarun 1950 don mayar da martani ga binciken kimiyya wanda ke nuna cewa shan sigari babbar haɗarin kiwon lafiya ce, saboda binciken babbar barazana ce ga tallace-tallace na taba. Babban dabarar jan hankali ita ce amfani da mutane masu gamsarwa waɗanda ke da'awar cewa rashin tabbas game da haɗarin ya tabbatar da jinkirin ɗaukar mataki.

Wani bita da ba a sanya hannu ba a cikin The Boston Globe ya bayyana cewa: "Don bayyana ma'anarsa a bayyane, Kenner ya bi aikin sihiri na Swiss da kuma zane-zane mai ban sha'awa tare da haɗuwa mai ban shaʼawa na masana daban-daban a tsawon shekaru suna musanta cewa sigari suna haifar da cutar kansa, ko kuma suna shelar cewa an 'an tsara asbestos don ƙarshe a rayuwa - matsala kyauta.' Sa'an nan kuma ana iya gujewa da masu musantawa a cikin New York suna yin amfani da wannan labarin, suna jin 'Yarwar nan' yankancin New York' yankanci suna yin amfani, suna motsawa a cikin wannan hoton nan kuma suna motsawa, suna motsa jiki, suna motsawar nan suna motsawa kamar New York suna motsawa' a cikin New suna motsawa da New York .

## Manazarta