Ralph Alpher

**Ralph Asher Alpher** (3 ga Fabrairu, 1921 - 12 ga Agusta, 2007  ) wani masanin kimiyyar sararin samaniya ne na Amurka, wanda ya gudanar da aikin farko a farkon shekarun 1950 akan samfurin Big Bang, gami da haɓakar nucleosynthesis na Big Bang da kuma hasashen hasken baya na microwave na sararin samaniya .

## Yaro da ilimi
Alpher ɗa ne ga wani Bayahude mai suna Samuel Alpher ( né Ilfirovich), daga Vitebsk, Daular Rasha. Mahaifiyarsa, Rose Maleson, ta mutu sakamakon ciwon daji a shekarar 1938, kuma daga baya mahaifinsa ya sake yin aure. Alpher ya kammala karatunsa yana da shekaru 15 daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Theodore Roosevelt da ke Washington, DC, kuma ya riƙe muƙamin Manjo kuma Kwamandan shirin Cadet na makarantarsa. Ya yi aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na makarantar sakandare a matsayin manajan dandali na tsawon shekaru biyu, yana ƙara wa iyalinsa kuɗin shiga na lokacin damuwa. Ya kuma koyi Gregg a takaice, kuma a shekarar 1937 ya fara aiki a matsayin daraktan American Geophysical Union a matsayin mai ba da labari.

A shekarar 1940, Ma'aikatar Magnetism ta Duniya ta Gidauniyar Carnegie ta ɗauke shi aiki, inda ya yi aiki tare da Dr. Scott Forbush a ƙarƙashin kwangilar Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka don haɓaka dabarun rage tasirin jiragen ruwa a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Ya ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka na'urorin fashewa na Mark 32 da Mark 45, torpedoes, sarrafa bindigogin Naval, Gano Jirgin Ruwa Mai Magnetic Airborne (na jiragen ruwa masu ƙarƙashin ruwa), da sauran ayyukan sirri na harsasai (gami da Aikin Manhattan), kuma an karɓe shi a ƙarshen Yaƙin da Kyautar Ci Gaban Harsashin Naval (Disamba 10, 1945 - tare da Alamar), da kuma wata kyautar Ci Gaban Harsashin Naval a 1946. An ɓoye aikin Alpher a lokacin yaƙi ta hanyar rarrabuwar tsaro.

Daga 1944 zuwa 1955, an ɗauke shi aiki a Dakin Gwaji na Fasaha (APL). A lokacin rana, ya shiga cikin ƙirƙirar makamai masu linzami na ballistic, tsarin jagora, supersonics, da sauran batutuwa masu alaƙa. A 1948, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin kimiyyar lissafi tare da ka'idar nucleosynthesis da ake kira kamawa neutron, kuma daga 1948 ya yi aiki tare da Dr. Robert C. Herman, shi ma a APL, kan hasashen hasken baya na microwave na sararin samaniya .

Ya sami digirinsa na farko da digiri na gaba a fannin kimiyyar lissafi daga Jami'ar George Washington, duk lokacin da yake aiki a matsayin masanin kimiyyar lissafi a kan kwangilar da ya yi da Rundunar Sojan Ruwa, kuma daga ƙarshe ya yi aiki a Jami'ar Johns Hopkins APL. Ya haɗu da masanin kimiyyar lissafi ɗan Rasha-Ukrainian George Gamow a Jami'ar, wanda daga baya ya ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗalibin digirinsa na uku. Gamow fitaccen wanda ya sauya sheƙa daga Tarayyar Soviet kuma ɗaya daga cikin fitattun malamai a fannin GWU. Alpher ya ba da ƙwarewar lissafi da ake buƙata don tallafawa ka'idar Gamow.

Alpher ya rubuta takardar digirin digirgir a kan "Asalin Abubuwa", kuma jim kaɗan bayan ya sami digirin digirgir, ya yi hasashen farko game da wanzuwar hasken "burbushe" daga wani zato na musamman - Radiation na Baya na Cosmic Microwave . Arno Allan Penzias da Robert Wilson a Bell Labs sun tabbatar da hakan ta hanyar lura ta amfani da na'urar hangen nesa ta rediyo ta ƙaho.

A lokacin da yake halartar GWU, Alpher ya haɗu da Louise Ellen Simons, wacce ke karatun ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a makarantar dare kuma tana aiki a matsayin sakatariyar kwana tare da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje. Kusan watanni biyu bayan harin da aka kai Pearl Harbor, Alpher da Louise sun yi aure. A wannan lokacin ya riga ya yi aikin sirri ga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka ta hanyar Cibiyar Carnegie na kusan shekara ɗaya da rabi. A lokacin dakatarwar aikinsa na kimiyya a farkon 1944, ya nemi izinin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa don samun kwamiti, wanda ya cancanci hakan. A wannan lokacin ya yi ayyuka da yawa na sirri da na sirri har ya daina ƙarƙashin aikin soja (tare da wasu kusan 7,000), kuma an hana shi shiga soja. A wannan bazarar, ya shiga APL a Jami'ar Johns Hopkins don yin aiki a wani aikin sirri - sabon na'urar fashewa mai tasiri ta torpedo. Wannan ya kasance da matuƙar buƙata tunda torpedo na Mark 14, wanda ke da na'urar fashewa da aka gwada ba ta da kyau wadda aka kashe sashin maganadisu bisa umarnin Babban Jami'in Ayyukan Sojan Ruwa a ƙarshen 1943, yana buƙatar maye gurbinsa sosai (VS Alpher, *The Submarine Review*, Oktoba 2009).

## Ka'idar nucleosynthesis ta Big Bang
Rubutun Alpher a shekarar 1948 ya yi magana ne game da wani batu da aka sani da Big Bang nucleosynthesis . Nucleosynthesis shine bayanin yadda ake ƙirƙirar abubuwa masu rikitarwa daga abubuwa masu sauƙi a lokutan da suka biyo bayan Big Bang . Bayan Big Bang, lokacin da zafin jiki ya yi yawa sosai, idan wasu barbashi na nukiliya, kamar neutrons da protons, suka haɗu (wanda ƙarfin nukiliya mai kyau ya riƙe su) za su wargaje nan da nan ta hanyar manyan photons ( adadin haske ) da ke cikin yawan gaske. A wata ma'anar, a wannan zafin jiki mai tsanani, kuzarin motsi na photons zai mamaye kuzarin ɗaure ƙarfin ƙarfin nukiliya mai ƙarfi . Misali, idan proton da neutron suka haɗu (suna samar da deuterium ), nan da nan za a wargaje shi ta hanyar babban photon mai ƙarfi. Duk da haka, yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba, sararin samaniya ya faɗaɗa ya kuma yi sanyi kuma matsakaicin kuzarin photons ya ragu. A wani lokaci, kusan daƙiƙa ɗaya bayan Big Bang, ƙarfin jan hankalin nukiliya zai fara cin nasara akan ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta na photons da neutrons da protons za su fara samar da ƙwayoyin halitta na deuterium masu ƙarfi. Yayin da duniya ke ci gaba da faɗaɗawa da sanyaya, ƙarin ƙwayoyin halitta na nukiliya za su haɗu da waɗannan ƙwayoyin halitta masu haske, suna gina abubuwa masu nauyi kamar helium, da sauransu.

Alpher ya yi jayayya cewa Big Bang zai samar da hydrogen, helium da abubuwa masu nauyi a daidai gwargwado don bayyana yawansu a sararin samaniyar farko. Da farko ka'idar Alpher da Gamow ta gabatar da cewa dukkan ƙwayoyin atom ana samar da su ne ta hanyar kama neutrons a jere, naúrar taro ɗaya a lokaci guda. Duk da haka, daga baya bincike ya ƙalubalanci duniya game da ka'idar kamawa a jere, tunda babu wani abu da aka gano yana da isotope mai ƙarfi tare da nauyin atomic na biyar ko takwas, wanda ke hana samar da abubuwa fiye da helium. Daga ƙarshe an gane cewa yawancin abubuwa masu nauyi da aka gani a sararin samaniyar yanzu sakamakon nucleosynthesis na taurari ne, ka'idar da Hans Bethe, William Fowler da Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar suka haɓaka. Bethe ta kasance ƙari na ƙarshe a kwamitin binciken rubutun Alpher.

Tunda an fahimci cewa rubutun Alpher ya zama babban abin koyi, mutane sama da 300 sun halarci kare rubutun digirin digirgir, ciki har da manema labarai, kuma labarai game da hasashensa da kuma zane mai ban dariya na Herblock sun bayyana a manyan jaridu. Wannan ba sabon abu ba ne ga takardar digirin digirgir.

Daga baya a wannan shekarar, tare da haɗin gwiwa da Robert Herman, Alpher ya annabta zafin zafin da ya rage na radiation da aka sani da radiation na baya-bayan microwave na cosmic wanda ya samo asali daga hasashen Big Bang.  Duk da haka, an manta da hasashen Alpher game da radiation na baya-bayan cosmic har sai da Robert Dicke da Yakov Zel'dovich suka sake gano su a farkon shekarun 1960. Masana kimiyyar lissafi biyu da ke aiki a Bell Laboratories a New Jersey, Arno Penzias da Robert Wilson, waɗanda aka ba su kyautar Nobel a fannin Physics saboda wannan aikin a shekarar 1978. 

An fara buga abubuwan da suka shafi rubutun Alpher mai zaman kansa a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1948 a cikin Physical Review tare da marubuta uku: Alpher, Hans Bethe da Gamow.  Duk da cewa sunansa ya bayyana a kan takardar, Bethe ba shi da hannu kai tsaye a cikin ci gaban ka'idar, kodayake daga baya ya yi aiki a kan batutuwa masu alaƙa; Gamow ya ƙara sunansa don sanya marubucin ya lissafa *Alpher, Bethe, Gamow ,* pun on *alpha, beta, gamma* ( *α, β, γ* ), haruffa uku na farko na haruffan Girka . Gamow ya yi barkwanci cewa "Duk da haka, akwai jita-jita cewa daga baya, lokacin da ka'idar alpha, beta, gamma ta shiga kan duwatsu na ɗan lokaci, Bethe ya yi la'akari sosai da canza sunansa zuwa Zakariyas".  Lokacin da yake magana game da Robert Herman, ya rubuta: "RC Herman, wanda ya ƙi canza sunansa zuwa Delter cikin taurin kai." Alpher ya damu cewa barkwancin da Gamow ya haifar na iya ɓoye rawar da yake takawa wajen haɓaka ka'idar. Tare da kyautar lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta 2005 ta Kimiyya, an gane ainihin aikin Alpher kan nucleosynthesis da kuma hasashen hasken baya na microwave na sararin samaniya.

An ba Alpher da Robert Herman lambar yabo ta Henry Draper daga Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa a shekarar 1993.  An kuma ba su lambar yabo ta Magellanic Premium na Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka a shekarar 1975, kyautar kimiyyar lissafi ta Georges Vanderlinden ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Belgium, da kuma manyan kyaututtuka na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta New York da Cibiyar Franklin ta Philadelphia. An ba da kyaututtukan Nobel guda biyu a fannin kimiyyar lissafi saboda aikin gwaji da ya shafi hasken bayan fage na sararin samaniya - a shekarar 1978 ga Arno Penzias da Robert Wilson da kuma a shekarar 2006 ga John Mather da George Smoot .  Alpher da Herman (na ƙarshe, bayan mutuwarsu) sun buga nasu labarin aikinsu a fannin ilmin sararin samaniya a shekarar 2001, *Genesis of the Big Bang* (Oxford University Press). An buga shi a matsayin littafin kasuwanci, bai sami wani ci gaba ko tallace-tallace ba a bugu na farko.

An zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekarar 1986.  A shekara ta 2005 an ba Alpher lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta Kimiyya . An ambaci kyautar a matsayin "Saboda aikin da ya yi a fannin nucleosynthesis, don hasashen cewa faɗaɗa sararin samaniya ya bar hasken baya, da kuma samar da samfurin ka'idar Big Bang." Shugaba George W. Bush ya ba wa ɗansa, Dr. Victor S. Alpher, lambar yabo a ranar 27 ga Yuli, 2007, yayin da mahaifinsa ba zai iya tafiya don karɓar kyautar ba.

## Daga baya aiki
A shekarar 1955, Alpher ya koma aiki da Cibiyar Bincike da Ci Gaban Kamfanin General Electric . Babban aikinsa a farkon shekarunsa a can shi ne magance matsalolin sake shigar da motoci daga sararin samaniya.

A shekarar 1955, Alpher da Herman sun nemi mukamai a Iowa, inda van Allen yanzu ya zama shugaban sashe, duk da haka, albashin da ake biya a jami'o'i ya yi ƙasa idan aka kwatanta da albashin masana'antu. Alpher ya kuma ci gaba da yin aiki tare da Robert Herman, wanda ya koma dakin gwaje-gwaje na General Motors Research Laboratory, kan matsalolin ilimin sararin samaniya. An tabbatar da hasken bayan gida na Cosmic Microwave a shekarar 1964, kodayake idan aka yi la'akari da baya, wasu masana ilmin taurari da masana ilmin taurari na rediyo sun lura da shi ba tare da sanin muhimmancin sararin samaniya ba. 

Daga 1987 zuwa 2004, ya yi aiki a matsayin fitaccen farfesa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi da ilmin taurari a Kwalejin Union da ke Schenectady, New York, a lokacin da ya sami damar komawa bincike da koyarwa. A duk tsawon wannan lokacin ya ci gaba da buga manyan takardu na kimiyya da aka yi nazari a kansu kuma yana aiki a fannin hidimar al'umma don Watsa Labarai na Jama'a. Alpher kuma (1987–2004) darektan Dudley Observatory .

A shekarar 1986, an karrama shi da lambar yabo ta nasarorin tsofaffin ɗalibai na Jami'ar George Washington . Duk digirinsa sun samu ne ta hanyar karatu da daddare, yayin da yake aiki a rundunar sojojin ruwa da kuma jami'ar Johns Hopkins APL da rana. A shekarar 2004 ya shiga sashen ilimi na Union kuma shi ne darektan emeritus na Dudley. Ya kuma sami digirin girmamawa na digirin digirgir na kimiyya daga Kwalejin Union da Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Rensselaer .

## Hanyar kimiyya
Alpher ya shaida wa Joseph D'Agnese a hirarsa da *Mujallar Discover*, "Akwai dalilai guda biyu da yasa kake yin kimiyya. Na farko shine jin cewa wataƙila za ka iya ba da gudummawa ga tarin ilimin ɗan adam game da duniya. Abu na biyu kuma mafi mahimmanci shine kana son amincewar takwarorinka. Tsarkakakke kuma mai sauƙi." 

## Rayuwar kai da ra'ayoyi
Duk da cewa ya haifi iyali Bayahude, Alpher ya ɗauki kansa a matsayin wanda ba ya yarda da wanzuwar Allah kuma mai son ɗan adam. 

## Iyali
Shi da matarsa, Louise, suna da 'ya'ya biyu da jikoki biyu. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Mutuwa
Alpher ya mutu bayan wata doguwar rashin lafiya a ranar 12 ga Agusta, 2007. Yana cikin mawuyacin hali tun lokacin da ya faɗi ya karye cinyarsa a watan Fabrairun 2007.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin Masana kimiyyar lissafi na Yahudawa 'yan Amurka
* Takaddama kan kyautar Nobel

## Manazarta