Abinci na bakin teku

**Beach nourishment** (also referred to as **beach renourishment**, **beach replenishment**, or **sand replenishment**) describes a process by which sediment, usually sand, lost through longshore drift or erosion is replaced from other sources. A wider beach can reduce storm damage to coastal structures by dissipating energy across the surf zone, protecting upland structures and infrastructure from storm surges, tsunamis and unusually high tides.&#x5B;&#x5D; Beach nourishment is typically part of a larger integrated coastal zone management aimed at coastal defense. Nourishment is typically a repetitive process because it does not remove the physical forces that cause erosion; it simply mitigates their effects.

Aikin abinci mai gina jiki na farko a Amurka ya kasance a Coney Island, New York a cikin 1922 da 1923. Yanzu ma'auni ne na kariya na bakin teku wanda jama'a da masu zaman kansu ke amfani da shi.

## Tarihi
An gina aikin abinci na farko a Amurka a Coney Island, New York a cikin 1922-1923 . 

Kafin shekarun 1970s, abinci mai gina jiki ya haɗa da sanya yashi kai tsaye a kan rairayin bakin teku da dunes. Tun daga wannan lokacin an gudanar da karin abinci mai gina jiki a bakin teku, wanda ya dogara da ikon iska, raƙuman ruwa da raƙuman raƙuman ƙasa don ci gaba da rarraba yashi a bakin teku da kan rairayin bakin teku da dunes.

Adadin da girman ayyukan abinci mai gina jiki sun karu sosai saboda karuwar yawan jama'a da kuma hasashen hauhawar matakin teku.

## Rugujewar ƙasa
Rushewar bakin teku wani takamaiman sashi ne na Rushewar bakin teku, wanda hakan shine nau'in rushewar halittu wanda ke canza Yanayin bakin teku ta hanyar yanayin rairayin bakin teku. Akwai abubuwa da yawa da suka faru na koma bayan rairayin bakin teku na zamani, galibi saboda raguwa a cikin tsalle-tsalle da Hadarin ci gaban bakin teku.

### Dalilan rushewa
Yankin rairayin bakin teku na iya lalacewa ta halitta ko saboda tasirin ɗan adam (sata na bakin teku / hakar yashi). 

Rushewar ƙasa martani ne na halitta ga aikin guguwa. A lokacin guguwa, yashi daga rairayin bakin teku mai karuwa yana nutsewa don samar da sanduna masu kare rairayin kan teku. Rashin ruwa wani bangare ne kawai na sake zagayowar. A lokacin kwanciyar hankali, ƙananan raƙuman ruwa suna dawo da yashi daga sanduna zuwa rairayin bakin teku a cikin wani tsari da ake kira accretion.

Wasu rairayin bakin teku ba su da isasshen yashi don hanyoyin bakin teku don amsawa ta halitta ga guguwa. Lokacin da babu isasshen yashi, rairayin bakin teku ba zai iya murmurewa ba bayan guguwa.

Yankunan da yawa na babban rushewa saboda ayyukan ɗan adam ne. Dalilan na iya haɗawa da: Ganuwar teku da ke kulle dunes, tsarin bakin teku kamar tashar Jirgin ruwa da tashar jiragen sama waɗanda ke hana jigilar jiragen ruwa, da madatsun ruwa da sauran tsarin kula da kogi. Ci gaba, ƙoƙarin sake farfadowa na dogon lokaci, musamman a bakin tekun bakin teku, na iya taka rawa a cikin hana jigilar kaya da rushewar ƙasa. Wadannan ayyukan suna tsoma baki tare da yaduwar yaduwar halitta ko dai ta hanyar gina madatsar ruwa (don haka rage tushen yaduwar kogi) ko gina shingen bakin teku kamar jetties, ko ta hanyar zurfafa hanyoyin shiga; don haka hana jigilar yaduwar.

## Nau'o'in hanyoyin kariya ta bakin teku

Injiniyan bakin teku don kariya ta bakin teku ya haɗa da:

* Injiniya mai laushi: Abinci na bakin teku wani nau'i ne na hanyar da ta dace wanda ke adana albarkatun bakin teku kuma yana guje wa mummunan tasirin tsari mai wuya. Maimakon haka, abinci mai gina jiki yana haifar da tsarin "mai laushi" (watau, wanda ba na dindindin ba) ta hanyar ƙirƙirar babban tafkin yashi, yana tura bakin teku zuwa ga teku.
* Injiniya mai wuya: Juyin halitta na bakin teku da haɓaka rairayin bakin teku na iya sauƙaƙewa ta manyan nau'ikan gine-ginen injiniya masu wuya a cikin Injiniyan bakin teku sune, wato seawall, revetment, groyne ko breakwater. Mafi yawan tsarin da aka fi amfani da shi shine shinge na teku da jerin "ruwan ruwa na farko" (ruwan ruwa da aka haɗa da bakin teku tare da groyne).
* Gudanar da koma baya, an bar bakin tekun ya lalace, yayin da aka sake komawa gine-gine da ababen more rayuwa a cikin ƙasa.

## Hanyar da za a bi

### Bincike

#### Fa'idodi

* Yana fadada rairayin bakin teku.
* Yana kare gine-gine a bayan rairayin bakin teku.
* Yana karewa daga guguwa.
* Yana kara darajar ƙasa na kadarorin da ke kusa.
* Yana bunkasa tattalin arziki ta hanyar yawon bude ido da nishaɗi.
* Yana fadada mazaunin.
* Hanyar da ta dace, mai kyau ga muhalli don magance matsin lamba.
* Yana ƙarfafa ci gaban shuke-shuke don taimakawa wajen daidaita filayen ruwa.

#### Rashin fa'idodi

* Ƙarin yashi na iya lalacewa saboda guguwa ko rashin tushen yashi.
* Yana da tsada kuma yana buƙatar aikace-aikace akai-akai.
* Ƙuntataccen damar yayin abinci mai gina jiki.
* Yana lalata ko binne rayuwar ruwa.
* Matsalolin samun kayan da suka dace.

#### Kudin da ake kashewa
Abinci yawanci tsari ne na maimaitawa, kamar yadda abinci mai gina jiki ke rage tasirin lalacewa, amma ba ya cire abubuwan da ke haifar da hakan. Yanayi mai kyau yana ƙara lokacin tsakanin ayyukan abinci mai gina jiki, yana rage farashin. Sabanin haka, yawan lalacewa na iya sa abinci mai gina jiki ya zama mai amfani.

A yankuna da yawa na bakin teku, tasirin tattalin arziki na rairayin bakin teku mai faɗi na iya zama mai yawa. Tun daga 1923, Amurka ta kashe dala biliyan 9 don sake gina rairayin bakin teku. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun misalai shine   -tsawon bakin teku a gaban Miami Beach, Florida, wanda aka sake cikawa a cikin lokacin 1976-1981. Aikin ya kai kimanin dala miliyan 86 kuma ya sake farfado da tattalin arzikin yankin. Kafin abinci mai gina jiki, a wurare da yawa rairayin bakin teku ya yi ƙunci sosai don tafiya tare, musamman a lokacin hawan ruwa.

A cikin 1998 an yi wani bayyani game da duk ayyukan abinci na rairayin bakin teku da aka sani a Amurka (ayyukan 418). Jimlar adadin waɗannan abinci masu gina jiki ya kasance cubic yadudduka miliyan 648 (495 m3) tare da jimlar farashi na dala miliyan 3 (wanda aka daidaita zuwa matakin farashi na 1996). Wannan shine US $ 6.84 a kowace m3. Tsakanin 2000 da 2020 farashin kowace m3 ya tashi sosai a Amurka (duba tebur da ke ƙasa), yayin da a Turai farashin ya sauka.

Farashin da ke kewaye da Tekun Arewa ya fi ƙasa. A shekara ta 2000 kungiyar kula da bakin tekun Arewa ta yi lissafi.

Daga Netherlands akwai ƙarin cikakkun bayanai, duba ƙasa a cikin sashin kan nazarin shari'ar Dutch.

Farashin abinci mai gina jiki a yankunan da ba su da rundunar jiragen ruwa sau da yawa a cikin tsari na € 20 - € 30 a kowace cubic mita.

#### Rage lalacewar guguwa
Yankin rairayin bakin teku mai kyau ne mai amfani da makamashi, wanda yake da mahimmanci a yankunan da ke ƙasa inda guguwa mai tsanani zai iya tasiri ga tsarin tsaunuka. An tabbatar da tasirin rairayin bakin teku masu faɗi wajen rage lalacewar tsari ta hanyar binciken filin da aka gudanar bayan guguwa da kuma ta hanyar amfani da ƙa'idodin injiniyan bakin teku.

#### Tasirin muhalli
Abinci na bakin teku yana da tasiri sashi a kan yanayin halittu na gida. Abinci na iya haifar da mutuwa kai tsaye ga kwayoyin sessile a yankin da aka yi niyya ta hanyar binne su a ƙarƙashin sabon yashi. Gidan da ke cikin teku a duka wuraren tushe da wuraren da aka yi niyya sun lalace, misali lokacin da aka ajiye yashi a kan coral reefs ko kuma lokacin da yashi da aka ajiye ya yi tauri. Yankin da aka shigo da shi na iya bambanta da halayyar (kayan kwalliya, girman hatsi, nau'in da ba na asali ba) daga na yanayin da aka yi niyya. Ana iya rage wadatar haske, yana shafar reefs da ke kusa da su da tsire-tsire na ruwa. Yankin da aka shigo da shi na iya ƙunsar kayan guba ga nau'in gida. Cire kayan daga mahalli na kusa da bakin teku na iya lalata bakin teku, a wani bangare ta hanyar karfafa gangaren da ke cikin ruwa. Yunkurin da ya danganci rage lalacewar ƙasa a nan gaba na iya samar da ma'anar tsaro ta ƙarya wanda ke kara matsin ci gaba.

Wasu rairayin bakin teku an ciyar da su ta amfani da yashi mai kyau fiye da na asali. Kula da zafi ya nuna cewa guguwa na iya lalata irin waɗannan rairayin bakin teku da sauri. An lura da wannan a wani aikin abinci na Waikiki a Hawaii.

#### Bayanan abinci
*Beach Profile Nourishment* describes programs that nourish the full beach profile. In this instance, "profile" means the slope of the uneroded beach from above the water out to sea. The Gold Coast profile nourishment program placed 75% of its total sand volume below low water level. Some coastal authorities *overnourish* the below water beach (aka "nearshore nourishment") so that over time the natural beach increases in size. These approaches do not permanently protect beaches eroded by human activity, which requires that activity to be mitigated.&#x5B;&#x5D;

#### Matsakaicin tasirin aikin

Ayyukan abinci yawanci sun haɗa da manufofi na jiki, muhalli da tattalin arziki.

Matsayi na jiki na yau da kullun sun haɗa da faɗin rairayin bakin teku / tsawo, ƙarar yashi bayan guguwa, ƙididdigar kauce wa lalacewar guguwa da ƙarar yaduwar ruwa.

Matakan muhalli sun haɗa da rarraba rayuwar ruwa, mazaunin da ƙididdigar yawan jama'a.

Ana ba da shawarar ayyukan abinci mai gina jiki da yawa ta hanyar nazarin tasirin tattalin arziki wanda ya dogara da ƙarin kuɗin yawon bude ido. Wannan hanyar duk da haka ba ta gamsar da ita ba. Na farko, babu wani abu da ya tabbatar da cewa waɗannan kashewa suna ƙaruwa (za su iya canza kashewa daga wasu yankuna da ke kusa). Na biyu, tasirin tattalin arziki ba ya lissafa farashin da fa'idodi ga duk masu amfani da tattalin arziki, kamar yadda nazarin fa'idar farashi ya yi. Hanyoyin da za a haɗa ayyukan abinci mai gina jiki a cikin farashin inshorar ambaliyar ruwa da taimakon bala'i sun kasance masu kawo rigima.

The performance of a beach nourishment project is most predictable for a long, straight shoreline without the complications of inlets or engineered structures.  In addition, predictability is better for overall performance, e.g., average shoreline change, rather than shoreline change at a specific location.&#x5B;&#x5D;

## Manazarta