open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ojibway Prairie Complex

Filin **Ojibway Prairie Complex** wani fili ne mai fadin hekta 350 na wuraren shakatawa da wuraren adana namun daji a gefen yamma na Windsor, Ontario, Kanada . Ya ƙunshi Ojibway Park, Tallgrass Prairie Heritage Park, Black Oak Heritage Park, da Spring Garden Natural Area, mallakar kuma ke kula da shi,  da kuma Ojibway Prairie Provincial Park, mallakar kuma ke kula da shi a Ontario Parks .  Wasu wurare na halitta suna nan kusa da waɗannan wuraren shakatawa waɗanda ba a kare su a halin yanzu ba. 

Wannan rukunin yana kare ɗaya daga cikin manyan ragowar ciyawar ciyawa masu tsayi da kuma savannah na itacen oak a Ontario.  Waɗannan wuraren zama a buɗe suna nan saboda ƙasa mai yashi a kan gadon yumbu, wanda bai dace da girmar bishiyoyi ba.  Amfani da ƙonewa da aka tsara yana da mahimmanci don sarrafa waɗannan wuraren zama.  Tsarin ya shahara saboda yawan nau'ikan shuke-shuke da dabbobi, gami da nau'ikan da ba a saba gani ba sama da 160 na lardin, fiye da kowane wuri a Ontario. Ba a san nau'ikan kwari da tsire-tsire da yawa daga ko'ina a Ontario ba.  Misalan nau'ikan da aka kare waɗanda ke cikin haɗari da aka samu a nan sun haɗa da macijin Butler's garter, eastern foxsnake, eastern prairie fringed orchid, da tauraro mai ƙarfi mai yawa . 

Titin Rt. Hon. Herb Gray Parkway, wanda aka gina tsakanin 2011 da 2015, yana gabas da ginin. Akwai wuraren zama na halitta da ke ɗauke da nau'ikan halittu daban-daban da ke cikin haɗari a yankin kafin a gina shi, kuma an gudanar da ayyuka daban-daban na kulawa da gyara don rage mummunan tasirin. 

Cibiyar Ojibway Prairie ta ƙunshi Cibiyar Yanayi ta Ojibway, wadda ke ba da nunin kyauta, ilimin jama'a, da shirye-shiryen bazara ga yara.

## Wurin Shakatawa na Birane na Ƙasa
A watan Fabrairun 2022, dan majalisar Windsor West Brian Masse ya gabatar da kudirin wani memba mai zaman kansa a Majalisar Dokoki don a yi la'akari da Ojibway Prairie Complex don gina sabon wurin shakatawa na birane na kasa .  

A watan Afrilun 2023, an canja wurin Ojibway Shores, bakin teku na ƙarshe na Kogin Detroit, daga Hukumar Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Windsor zuwa Parks Canada don shiga cikin shirin NUP na dala miliyan 1.3.  A da, WPA tana tunanin wannan ƙasar don zama wurin masana'antu. 

Filayen da ake tunanin za su shiga NUP sun haɗa da Ojibway Park (Tom Joy Woods), Black Oak Heritage Park, Ojibway Shores, Spring Garden ESA, Ojibway Provincial Park, Tallgrass Prairie Heritage Park, da kuma Oakwood Nature Area. Ana kuma la'akari da filaye a garin LaSalle da ke makwabtaka, kamar Brunet Park da Stanton Woods. 

A watan Afrilun 2024, Ministar Kudi Chrystia Freeland ta sanar da cewa an ware dala miliyan 36.1 daga cikin kasafin kudin tarayya na 2024 don ƙirƙirar Ojibway National Urban Park a cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa.  

## Duba kuma

* Wuraren shakatawa a birnin Windsor, Ontario
* Wuraren Shakatawa na Ontario
* Jerin wuraren shakatawa na Ontario

## Manazarta
Surf City (band)

**Surf City** ƙungiya ce ta mawakan sararin samaniya da suka shahara a duniya, wato Rock / shoegaze / indie daga Auckland, New Zealand. 

## Tarihi
An kafa Surf City a shekarar 2004 a Mt Roskill, Auckland . Hankalin ƙungiyar ya bazu cikin sauri zuwa ƙasashen waje, kuma sanannen kamfanin Morr Music ya karɓe su don rarrabawa a Amurka da Jamus. Shafin yanar gizo na kiɗa Stereogum ya sanya su a matsayin "nau'in waƙoƙi masu ban sha'awa, masu ban sha'awa amma masu ban tausayi".  Sun fitar da wani kundin waƙoƙi mai suna EP a shekarar 2008,  cikakken kundin waƙoƙi *mai suna Kudos* on Fire Records a shekarar 2010,  da kuma wani kundin waƙoƙi a shekarar 2013 mai suna *[[We Knew It Was Not Going to Be Like This]]* .  Fitowarsu ta ƙarshe ita ce kundin waƙoƙin *Jekyll Island* na shekarar 2015. 

## Kundin Waƙoƙi

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Wasannin Olympics ta Chongqing

**Cibiyar Wasannin Olympics ta Chongqing** ( simplified Chinese   ) filin wasa ne mai dauke da kujeru 58,680 mai fa'ida da yawa mai suna Chongqing Filin wasannin Olympics na Chongqing na kasar Sin. 

Cibiyar wasanni ita ce gidan wasan Chongqing Lifan FC na Super League na Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta China . An gina ta a shekarar 2004.

Filin wasan kuma sanannen wuri ne na kade-kade. Mariah Carey ta fara rangadin The Elusive Chanteuse Show a China a filin wasan a ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 2014.

## Sufuri
Tashar Olympic Sports Center da ke kan layin Layin Jirgin Kasa na Chongqing tana hidimarta.

## Manazarta
Wasita (sunan)

Wāsiṭa ("tsakanin") lakabi ne da aka ba babban jami'in gudanarwa a Fatimid Misira a ƙarshen ƙarni na 10 da farkon ƙarni na 11.

Taken ya nuna rawar da babban minista ke takawa a matsayin "tsakanin" tsakanin Khalifa Fatimid da gwamnati da mutane, amma ya kasance ƙarami ga matsayin vizier (*wazīr*), wanda ya fi zama ruwan dare a duniyar Islama. An fara ba da shi ga al-Hasan ibn Ammar a cikin 996, kuma manyan ministoci da yawa sun ci gaba da gudanar da shi a lokacin mulkin al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (r. 996-1021) da Ali az-Zahir (r. 1021-1036).  Tare da tashiwar shugabannin soja masu iko waɗanda suka rike matsayin babban minista a rabi na biyu na karni na 11, duk da haka, an sake watsar da taken don goyon bayan na vizier.

## Manazarta
Trey Henderson

**Nolan "Trey" Henderson** (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 1989 a Vancouver, British Columbia ) ɗan wasan tsaron ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Amurka wanda ya zama cikakken ɗan wasan jifa.  Ya buga wasa a jami'ar Southern California Trojans a matsayin abokin tarayya kuma ya kammala karatunsa daga USC a 2012.  

A makarantar sakandare, a Kwalejin Vancouver ya buga wurare da dama a ɓangaren kai hari da kuma na tsaron gida. &#x5B; ** &#x5D; Henderson ya ji rauni a gwiwoyinsa a lokacin kakarsa ta farko a matsayin Trojan, kuma ya zaɓi canza wasanni daga ƙwallon ƙafa zuwa waƙa inda ya kasance ɗan wasa na All American sau biyu.   Shi tsohon tauraro ne a tseren gudu da filin wasa a makarantar sakandare. A tseren gudu, Trey ya kafa tarihin matasa na Kanada a bugun gudu da jifa da ci 221-0 (mita 67.36) kuma shi ne zakaran Junior na BC na 2005, zakaran BC Juvenile kuma ɗan wasan Junior na Kanada wanda ya lashe lambar azurfa. 

Tun daga shekarar 2018, Henderson ya kasance kocin layin tsaro da kuma babban kocin tare da shirin tsere da filin wasa na Jami'ar Pacific Lutheran . 

## Manazarta
Babban 12 Taron Softball Defensive Player na Shekara

Kyautar **<nowiki/>'Yan Wasan Kare Kwallo ta Big 12 Conference Softball ta Shekara** kyauta ce ta softball da aka bai wa fitaccen ɗan wasan tsaron gida na Big 12 Conference . Ana bayar da kyautar kowace shekara daga 2004 zuwa 2012, da kuma 2016 har zuwa yanzu.

## Masu nasara

## Masu nasara ta hanyar makaranta

## Manazarta
Dodori National Reserve

**Dodori National Reserve** yanki ne mai kariya wanda ke cikin gundumar Lamu ta Gabas ta Lamu ta Lardin Tekun Kenya . An rubuta shi a shekarar 1976  kuma yana da 877&nbsp;km2 ya ƙunshi wani muhimmin yanki na daji da dazuzzuka wanda a tarihi ya tallafa wa dimbin namun daji, ciki har da giwaye, zakuna, bauna, da kuma wuraren da ke bakin teku.

Hukumar Kula da Namun Daji ta Kenya ce ke kula da Ma'aikatar Kula da Namun Daji ta Dodori kuma wani bangare ne na wani babban yanki wanda aka amince da shi a duniya a matsayin muhimmin yanki na al'adu da kuma wurin kiyayewa mai daraja daga ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar IUCN, Conservation International, World Wildlife Fund, da sauransu. Tare da ma'aikatar Kula da Namun Daji ta Kiunga da ke kusa, an sanya wa Ma'aikatar Kula da Namun Daji ta Dodori suna a matsayin UNESCO Man and Biosphere Reserve a shekarar 1980. 

## Manazarta
Gidajen Gidajen Colasanti

**Lambunan Colasanti na wurare masu zafi** cibiyar nishaɗi da siyayya ce ta cikin gida, wacce ke cikin al'ummar Ruthven, wani ɓangare na Kingsville, Ontario . Lambunan wurare masu zafi suna cikin gidajen kore 15 masu sarrafa yanayin zafi kuma suna da tsuntsayen waje (Macaw, Cockatoo, Amazon parrot), tsirrai masu zafi da aka noma a gida, wurin kiwon dabbobi, ƙaramin filin wasan golf mai ramuka 18, siyayya ta kayan ado na gida, da gidan abinci.

## Tarihi
Kamfanin Colasanti ya fara noman kayan lambu da amfanin gona na greenhouse a shekarar 1941, kuma suna da ƙaramin wurin sayar da 'ya'yan itatuwa. A shekarar 1955, gidajen korensu suka fara noman itatuwan lemun tsami da lemu.

A shekarar 1972, an ƙara cactus da tsire-tsire masu zafi a cikin samar da Colasanti. A yau, Colasanti's tana da nau'ikan tsire-tsire iri-iri na cikin gida da na yanayi. Ya faɗaɗa zuwa cibiyar nishaɗi ta iyali da kuma wuraren yawon buɗe ido na gida.

A halin yanzu kasuwanci ne na ƙarni na huɗu mallakar iyali kuma ana gudanar da shi.

A shekara ta 2005, Ƙungiyar Kare Dabbobi ta Duniya (wanda yanzu ake kira da Kare Dabbobi ta Duniya ) ta duba wuraren shakatawa na dabbobi a Colasanti's. Daga cikin wuraren shakatawa guda biyar da aka sake duba su, Lambunan Colasanti's Tropical Gardens sun sami maki biyar da suka faɗi tare da matsakaicin maki 18 cikin 50 wanda hakan ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin "namun daji" biyar mafi muni da aka sake duba a Ontario. 

## Abubuwan da suka faru
Colasanti's gida ne na bikin Ruthven Apple,  wani taron tara kuɗi na shekara-shekara ga Ƙungiyar Rayuwar Al'umma ta Windsor da Essex County.

Sauran shahararrun abubuwan da suka faru a Colasanti's sun haɗa da Ranar Iyali da kuma Masifar Hutu ta Maris. Sau da yawa suna wallafawa a shafukan sada zumunta game da abubuwan da za su faru nan gaba, ranakun sana'a, da kuma ayyukan da za su yi a wurin aikinsu.

## Manazarta
Kwalejin Taieri

**Kwalejin Taieri**, wacce a da ake kira **Makarantar Sakandare ta Taieri**, kuma kafin 1956, **Makarantar Sakandare ta Gundumar Mosgiel**, makaranta ce ta gwamnati da ke koyar da ɗalibai tare a Mosgiel, Dunedin, New Zealand .

A shekara ta 2003, wani bita da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta New Zealand ta yi kan makarantun da ke filayen Taieri ya nuna cewa makarantar sakandare za ta haɗu da Makarantar Tsakiyar Mosgiel (wanda aka kafa a 1973) don zama Kwalejin Taieri daga 2004. Saboda wannan haɗin gwiwa, an gina azuzuwan da aka shirya wa ɗaliban tsakiya, da kuma wani ɓangaren fasaha na biyu. Yawan ɗaliban ya faɗaɗa zuwa sama da 800 a shekarar farko, idan aka kwatanta da adadin ɗaliban da ke ƙasa da 650 na makarantar sakandare, kuma yanzu yana da ɗalibai 1090 a 2018.

## Azuzuwa
A shekara ta 2005 an sanar da cewa za a gina ƙarin azuzuwa da kuma gyara tubalan azuzuwan da ake da su a yanzu. A shekara ta 2006, adadin ya wuce 1000, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan makarantu a Otago . An gabatar da shawarar raba yankin don rage ko kiyaye adadin ɗalibai na gaba, yayin da sararin aji ke ƙaranci, duk da cewa an kammala sabon tubalan azuzuwan hawa biyu, wato tubalan G.

## Rijista
Ya zuwa July 2025, makarantar tana da ɗalibai 1212, waɗanda 201 (  %) suka bayyana a matsayin 'yan Māori.

Ya zuwa 2025, makarantar tana da Ma'aunin Daidaito na 458, ta sanya ta a tsakanin makarantun da ɗalibansu ke da average shingen zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ga cimma nasara (kusan daidai yake da ma'auni 5 da 6 a ƙarƙashin tsohon tsarin rage darajar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ).

## Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai

* Geoff Bascand – Mataimakin Gwamna kuma Shugaban Ayyuka a Bankin Reserve na NZ a shekarar 2013
* Ian Foster – Mataimakin Kocin Baƙar fata Duk Wanda Ya Lashe Kofin Duniya na 2015. Kocin Baƙar fata Disamba 2019
* Adam Hall (mai wasan tsere kan dusar ƙanƙara a tsaunuka) – Zakaran tseren nakasassu na lokacin sanyi na 2010, 2018
* Steve Hansen (KNZM) – Kocin All Black Head 2012 – Wanda Ya Lashe Kofin Duniya na 2019 2015
* David Hunter – Ya buga wasanni goma sha shida na farko a ƙungiyar wasan kurket ta Otago. An naɗa shi shugaban Kwalejin Taieri a 2013
* Colin James - ɗan jaridar siyasa
* Peter Johnstone – Baƙi, 1949 -51. Ba a doke shi ba a matsayin Kyaftin na NZ. An sanya wa filin Taieri Club suna bayansa
* Michael McGarry – All White. Ya buga wasanni 54. Kwallaye 12. 1986 - 1997
* Alan Mark – farfesa a Jami'ar Otago (ɗan tsirrai) kuma masanin muhalli 
* Barry Milburn – Dan wasan tseratar wicketkeeper na NZ a shekarar 1969
* Dean O'Brien wanda aka fi sani da " Mr Yipadee " – Mai nishadantarwa na yara, marubuci kuma mawaƙi
* Bob Reid - Mai buga ganga tare da ƙungiyar mawaƙa, The Knobz
* Janine Southby (nee Brown) – Tsohuwar mai horas da 'yan wasan Silver Ferns, ƙungiyar ƙwallon raga ta ƙasa ta New Zealand

## Manazarta
Be 1

**Be 1** tashar talabijin ce ta musamman ta ƙasar Belgium, mallakar BeTV .

## Tarihi
Be 1 shine magajin Canal+ Belgique . A shekara ta 2004, BeTV ta sanar da cewa Canal+ zai zama **Be 1.**   Kungiyar BeTV ce ke da mallakin tashar 100%. 

## Shirye-shirye
Be 1 tana watsa shirye-shirye da yawa da Canal+ France ta shirya.

* *Mujallar Le Grand*  
* *Les Guignols de l'info*   
* *[[7 jours au Groland]]* 
* *[[+ clair]] *
* *Al Dente *
* *[[Fais pas le sorcier|Ba a yi wa mai sihiri ba]]*

## Watsawa
A shekarar 2007, Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel (CSA) ta sanar da cewa Be 1 za ta dakatar da watsa shirye-shirye ta hanyar sadarwa ta analog a ranar 31 ga Disamba 2007 saboda kwangilar da ta haɗa ta da RTBF, mai mallakar masu watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin a Belgium, za ta ƙare a wannan ranar. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Manazarta
Regional Forest Agreement

**Yarjejeniyar gandun daji na Yanki (RFA)** tsare-tsare ne na shekaru 20 don kiyayewa da dorewar kula da gandun daji na Ostiraliya, kuma an yi niyya don samar da tabbas ga ayyukan gandun daji na kasuwanci tare da kare martabar muhalli. An sanya hannu kan RFA 10 a hankali tsakanin 1997 da 2001. Tsarin RFA ya girma daga cikin Bayanin Manufofin Gandun Daji na 1992.

Yarjejeniyoyi sun dogara ne akan cakuda shawarwarin al'umma da masana'antu hade da binciken kimiyya. Yayin da yarjejeniyoyin ke samun goyon bayan masana'antar gandun daji, ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli suna suka sosai.

A Tasmania, aikin gandun daji wanda aka yi daidai da RFA ba a buƙatar samun amincewar muhalli in ba haka ba Dokar Kare Muhalli da Kare Diversity ta buƙaci, ko don kare nau'ikan da ba kasafai ko barazanar da aka jera a cikin Tsarin ajiyar CAR ba. An ƙara tabbataccen zato a cikin yarjejeniyar a cikin 2007 wanda ya ce "Ƙungiyoyin sun yarda cewa tsarin ajiyar CAR, wanda aka kafa bisa ga wannan Yarjejeniyar, da kuma amfani da dabarun gudanarwa da takardun kulawa da aka tsara a karkashin Tsarin Gudanar da gandun daji na Tasmania, yana kare kare dabbobi masu ban sha'awa da flora da kuma al'ummomin gandun daji". Wato nau'in da aka yi barazanar kawai an ayyana su a matsayin kariya ba tare da la'akari da ainihin yanayi ba.

## Yankuna
A halin yanzu akwai yankuna 10 da RFAs ke rufewa: 

* Western Australia, 
* West Victoria,
* North East Victoria, 
* Central Highlands Victoria,
* Gippsland Victoria, 
* Gabashin Gippsland Victoria, 
* Tasmania, 
* Kudancin New South Wales,
* Eden New South Wales, 
* North East New South Wales

## Dubi kuma

* Gandun daji 
* sare itatuwa 
* Dokar Kare Muhalli da Dokokin Kare Halittu 1999 
* Tsarin Montreal 
* Woodchipping a Ostiraliya

## Hanyoyin hadin waje

* Australian Government's RFA site 
* Wilderness Society Overview of the RFA

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Lafiya ta Yankin Thunder Bay

**Cibiyar Kimiyyar Lafiya ta Yankin Thunder Bay** cibiyar kula da marasa lafiya ce mai kula da marasa lafiya ta gaggawa wadda ke aiki a Thunder Bay da kuma yawancin yankunan Arewa maso Yammacin Ontario, Kanada . Asibitin yana da gadaje 395 na kula da marasa lafiya .  Duk ɗakunan marasa lafiya na nakasassu suna da sauƙin shiga kuma an sanya musu na'urar sanyaya daki tare da ɗakunan " matsi mara kyau " don ɗaukar waɗanda ke fama da cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa . **TBRHSC** jagora ne wajen samar da kulawar ciwon daji . Gidauniyar Kimiyyar Lafiya ta Yankin Thunder Bay ce ke tallafawa asibitin.

Sashen gaggawa na Cibiyar Kimiyyar Lafiya ta Yankin Thunder Bay yana ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da suka fi cunkoso a Kanada, yana karɓar ziyara sama da 106,000 a kowace shekara. 

## Tarihi

An ƙirƙiri Cibiyar Kimiyyar Lafiya ta Yankin Thunder Bay a shekara ta 2004 a matsayin haɗin reshen Port Arthur da McKellar na tsarin Asibitin Yankin Thunder Bay. An sauya majinyata daga asibitoci biyu a ranakun 22 da 23 ga Fabrairu, 2004, a lokacin aka canza sunan zuwa Cibiyar Kimiyyar Lafiya ta Yankin Thunder Bay.

A shekarar 2025, an fara gina sabon reshe mai fadin murabba'in ƙafa 76,000. Da wannan ƙarin da gyare-gyare a asibitin, asibitin zai gabatar da kula da cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. Ana sa ran za a kammala wannan faɗaɗa a shekarar 2027. 

## Fasaha
Cibiyar Kimiyyar Lafiya ta Yankin Thunder Bay tana da na'urori masu saurin gudu guda biyu, kuma tana ba da horo ga sabbin likitoci kan yadda ake sarrafa su. Sashen kula da marasa lafiya na cibiyar, ɗakunan tiyata da ɗakunan raunin gaggawa suna da hannayen da ke ɗaurewa, wanda ke ba likitoci da masu kulawa damar yin aiki cikin sauƙi. Cibiyar tana da fasahar sadarwa mai ƙarfi da mara waya, wanda ke ba da damar hotunan ta amfani da tsarin adana hotuna don yin rikodin hotuna daga hoton maganadisu (MRI), na'urorin daukar hoto na CT da sauran kayan aikin daukar hoto na bincike wanda ke ba da damar samun damar fayiloli cikin sauƙi tsakanin ƙwararru don su iya duba da tantance hotuna da sauri, kuma a kowane wuri da ake buƙata.

## Ginin
Cibiyar Kimiyyar Lafiya ta Yankin Thunder Bay tana nan a 980 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario. An gina ginin tsakanin 1998 da Fabrairu 2004. Gininsa yana da babban filin jirgin sama mai hawa uku kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan gini shine katako, wanda ya lashe kyautar a 2004.  Lokacin da aka kammala ginin, ya wuce kasafin kuɗi kuma shekaru da yawa sun makara. Wannan asibiti shine kaɗai a Thunder Bay.

Asibitin yana da jirgin helikwafta mai saukar ungulu da ke kan titin Ron Saddington da kuma ɗan gajeren nisa daga ginin asibitin, don haka ba a buƙatar canja wurin motar asibiti ba.

An fara gina wani gini mai fadin murabba'in ƙafa 76,000 a shekarar 2025 domin tallafawa kula da cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini a nan gaba. Ana sa ran kammala shi a shekarar 2027. 

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Nazarin Tropical

**Ƙungiyar Nazarin Yanayi ta Tsakiya** (OTS)/Organización para Estudios Tropicales (OET), wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1963,  ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ba ta riba ba wacce ta ƙunshi jami'o'i sama da 50 da cibiyoyin bincike waɗanda ke Amurka, Latin Amurka,  da Afirka ta Kudu. OTS tana kula da hanyar sadarwa ta tashoshin bincike na muhalli a Costa Rica da Afirka ta Kudu. Ofishin Arewacin Amurka yana kan harabar Jami'ar Duke da ke Durham, North Carolina . OTS tana ba da darussa iri-iri a cikin Sifaniyanci da Ingilishi ga makarantun sakandare, jami'a, ɗaliban digiri da ƙwararru. Yawancin darussan da bincike da ake gudanarwa a tashoshin OTS suna mai da hankali kan ilimin halittu na wurare masu zafi, kuma tashoshin bincike guda uku a Costa Rica suna cikin yankuna daban-daban na muhalli. OTS tana ba da gidaje da wurin cin abinci ga ɗaliban masu bincike, da kuma masu yawon buɗe ido na muhalli. OTS tana da hannu a cikin manufofin da suka shafi ilimin halittu na wurare masu zafi ta hanyar darussa, ɗaukar nauyin tarurruka da taruka da kuma gudanar da ayyukan da suka shafi kiyayewa https://tropicalstudies.org/portfolio/environmental-sciences-and-policy-program/

Tare da Tashar Halittu ta Cocha Cashu da Cibiyar Koyon Manu a Peru, da Cibiyar Bincike ta Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Smithsonian da ke Tsibirin Barro Colorado a Panama, tashoshin bincike na OTS gabaɗaya (da kuma La Selva musamman) suna ba da wasu daga cikin mahimman wurare da kuma wuraren bincike na asali kan ilimin halittu masu rai.

· Tashar Halittu ta La Selva : dazuzzukan ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi a kan ƙananan yankunan Caribbean

· Tashar Halittu ta Palo Verde : busasshen daji na wurare masu zafi da kuma dausayin ruwa mai tsafta a arewa maso yamma

· Tashar Halittu ta Las Cruces : dazuzzukan tsaunuka (gami da dajin gajimare masu tsayi) da kuma wurin Lambun Tsirrai na Wilson

· Cibiyar Jagorancin Kimiyya ta Skukuza: Kruger National Park

## Manazarta
Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Digital ta Billboard

**Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Billboard Digital Entertainment Awards** kyauta ce da ake bayarwa duk shekara don ƙwarewa a Intanet . Rukuni sun haɗa da gidajen yanar gizo, wasanni, kiɗa, hidimar rediyo, Mai hangen nesa na shekara, da Mai ƙirƙira na shekara. 

## Bugu-da-wane

### 2004
Shekarar 2004 ita ce bikin farko na Billboard Digital Entertainment Awards (DECA). An bayar da kyaututtukan ne a wani biki da aka yi a Grand Horizon Ballroom na UCLA a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, 2004.

Wadanda suka yi nasara sun hada da:

* **Mai hangen nesa na shekara:** Steve Jobs, Shugaba, Apple Inc. / Shugaba, Pixar
* Mai hangen nesa na shekara: Max Wright (wanda aka zaɓa) 
* **Mai ƙirƙira na Shekara:** Hugh Panero da XM Satellite Radio, Inc., XM Radio
* **Alamar Shekara:** Apple Inc.

WASANNI

* **Kirkirar Wasanni ta Shekara:** Eyetoy, Dr. Richard Marks da Sony Computer Entertainment America
* **Wasan Kwamfuta ko Wasan Na'ura na Shekara:** "Birnin Jarumai," NCSoft
* **Wasan Hannu na Shekara:** "Mario & Luigi: Super Star Saga" (GBA), Nintendo
* **Wasan Yanar Gizo/Za a iya Saukewa na Shekara:** Shroomz: "Neman Kyanwa," Game Trust, Inc.
* **Wasan 'Yan wasa da yawa na Shekara:** "Birnin Jarumai," NCSoft
* **Wasan Talla na Shekara:** "Kaza Mai Kulawa," Crispin Porter & Bogusky don Burger King
* **Mai Haɓaka Wasanni na Shekara:** BioWare Corp
* Mai Haɓaka Wasanni na Shekara: Maxis don The Sims 2 (wanda aka zaɓa) 
* **Mafi kyawun Halayya a Wasan:** Haɗi daga "Legend of Zelda," Nintendo
* **Mafi kyawun Amfani da Sauti a Wasan:** "Laifi na Gaskiya: Titunan LA," Activision

WAƘA

* **Kirkirar Waƙoƙin Dijital na Shekara:** Harmony, Gaske Cibiyoyin Sadarwa
* **Mafi kyawun Amfani da Fasaha ta Lakabin Kiɗa:** "LL Nation," Island Def Jam
* **Mafi Kyawun Amfani da Fasaha Daga Mawaki:** NPG Music Club, Prince
* **Mafi Kyawun Amfani da Fasaha Daga Mawaki:** Wayar Tarho, Andrew WK (wanda aka zaɓa) 
* **Mafi Kyawun Amfani da Fasaha don Yaƙin Tallan Kiɗa:** Ben Harper Experience, Maven Networks
* **Mafi kyawun Sabis na Rediyo:** XM Satellite Radio
* **Mafi kyawun Sabis na Kiɗa da Za a Iya Saukewa ko Biyan Kuɗi:** Rhapsody, Real Networks
* **Mafi kyawun Al'ummar Kiɗan Dijital:** Napster
* **DVD na Waƙa na Shekara:** "Rolling Stones Four Flicks," TGA Entertainment

FIM, TALABIJIN & BIDIYO

* **Fasaha ta Talabijin ta Shekara:** TiVo
* **Mafi kyawun Shirye-shiryen Talabijin Mai Hulɗa:** "NASCAR a Mota," NASCAR Digital Entertainment
* **Mafi Kyawun Amfani da Fasaha don Shirye-shiryen Ilimi:** "Kwakwalwa," Jami'ar Jihar Ball - Cibiyar Zane-zanen Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai
* **Mafi Kyawun Amfani da Fasaha a cikin Fim ko Aikin da ya shafi Fim:** "Pirates of the Caribbean: La'anar Black Pearl," Walt Disney
* **Amfani da Fasaha Mafi Kyau Don Talla:** "Master and Commander: The Farside of the World," Maven Networks
* **Mafi kyawun Sabis na Bidiyo akan Buƙata:** Mag Rack, Rainbow Media

## Manazarta
Westland (karamar hukuma), Netherlands

**Westland** karamar hukuma ce a yammacin Netherlands, a lardin Kudancin Holland . Tana da fadin fili na    daga cikinsu    tana da ruwa kuma tana da yawan jama'a 111,382 a 2021 .

Garuruwa da sauran ƙauyuka: De Lier, 's-Gravenzande, Monster, Naaldwijk, Wateringen, Heenweg, Honselersdijk, Kwintsheul, Maasdijk, Poeldijk, da Ter Heijde .

## Tarihi
An ƙirƙira Westland a ranar 1 ga Janairu 2004 ta haɗewar gundumomi De Lier, 's-Gravenzande, Monster, Naaldwijk da Wateringen.  Waɗannan su ne kuma sunayen ƙauyuka biyar . Sauran sune Heenweg, Honselersdijk, Kwintsheul, Maasdijk, Poeldijk, da Ter Heijde. Westland kanta ba sunan ƙauye ba ne ko gari, amma maimakon yankin. Gidan birni yana tsakiyar Westland, a Naaldwijk, yanki na biyu mafi girma a Westland. 

Garin Honselersdijk shi ma yana da mafi girman gwanjon furanni, FloraHolland, wanda kuma yana da wuri a Rijnsburg . Wannan muhimmin sashe ne na tattalin arzikin Westland. Ana sayar da furanni da ake samarwa a Westland a ko'ina cikin duniya.

Garuruwan bakin teku sune Ter Heijde (kusa da Monster), Monster kanta da 's-Gravenzande. Waɗannan garuruwan sun shahara da Jamusawa da mutanen Gabashin Netherlands. Ba a san kowane sansanin hutu yana da cikakken rajistar masu yawon buɗe ido ba saboda kusancinsu da Scheveningen mafi shahara.

## Faɗin yanki

Westland wani yanki ne na taron Haaglanden .

A wata ma'ana, Westland ita ce sunan yankin kudu maso yammacin layin The Hague - Delft - Rotterdam, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙananan hukumomin Westland da Midden-Delfland, da kuma Hook na Holland (ƙaramin birnin Rotterdam ).

Westland ta fi shahara da noman lambu a gidajen kore, noman furanni da kayan lambu .

## Ilimi
Westand yana da makarantu goma don ilimin firamare, dake Naaldwijk, De Lier, 's Gravenzande da Monster .  Makarantun sakandare a Westland suna haɗin gwiwa a *Samenwerkingsverband Voortgezet Onderwijs Westland* (dangantakar haɗin gwiwa don Ilimin Sakandare a Westland), wanda kuma ya haɗa da makarantu daga gundumomi kewaye.  Westland yana da makaranta guda ɗaya don karatun gaba da sakandare, MBO Westland, makaranta don neman ilimin matakin matsakaici.

## Mutane masu shahara

## Manazarta
Bobby Watson (mai wasan ƙwallon ƙafa)

**Robert Watson** (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1946)  tsohon ɗan wasan kwallon kafa ne kuma manajan ƙasar Scotland. A halin yanzu yana da hannu tare da Airdrieonians, kuma ya kasance shugaban kulob din a shekarar 2018.

Watson ya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida ga Rangers da Motherwell . An sauya Watson daga Rangers zuwa Motherwell a cikin yarjejeniyar da ta shafi Peter McCloy da Brian Heron.  Watson ta wakilci Scotland sau ɗaya, a Wasan sada zumunci da aka buga da Tarayyar Soviet a shekara ta 1971.  Watson na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka jira shekaru da yawa don karɓar ƙwanƙwasawa na hukuma don nuna wannan nasarar, kamar yadda aka ba da ƙwanƙusa ne kawai ga' yan wasan da suka buga a wasannin Gasar Gasar Gida ta Burtaniya kafin tsakiyar shekarun 1970s.

Watson ya yi ritaya daga wasa a 1976 don gudanar da kasuwancin karfe tare da abokin aikinsa David Towers .  Daga nan sai ya jagoranci Airdrie da Motherwell, amma kawai ya dauki watanni shida a matsayin mai kula da ƙarshen yayin da aka sake su daga Firayim Ministan Scotland. Watson da Towers daga nan suka taimaka wajen kafa wani kasuwanci, Cairnhill Structures, a cikin 1990. An kuma san shi da mai wa'azi.

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2015 an shigar da Watson cikin Hall Of Fame na Airdrieonians, bikin bayar da kyaututtuka don girmama tsoffin manajojin Airdrieonian da 'yan wasa. Tsakanin Janairun 2018 da Janairun 2019 ya kasance shugaban kulob din, bayan da sabbin masu kulob din suka karbe kulob din.

## manazarta
Kirsty Wade

**Kirsty Margaret Wade** (née **McDermott**, an haife ta a ranar 6 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1962) tsohuwar 'yar Burtaniya ce da Welsh mai tsere a tsakiya. Ta lashe lambar zinare ta Wasannin Commonwealth sau uku, ta lashe tseren mita 800 a Brisbane 1982 da kuma tseren mita 400 da 1500 a Edinburgh 1986. Ta wakilci Burtaniya a Wasannin Olympics na 1992 da kuma wasannin Olympics nke 1992. 

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi McDermott a Girvan, Scotland, ya koma Llandrindod Wells, Wales yana da shekaru uku kuma ya halarci makaranta a can. Yayinda take halartar Makarantar Sakandare ta Llandrindod, malaminta na PE ya karfafa Wade ta shiga kungiyar Brecon Athletic Club.

## Ayyukan wasanni
Bayan ta shiga Brecon Athletic Club tana da shekaru 11, Mcdermott ta yi atisaye a Elan Valley kuma ta lashe gasar AAA National 'yan kasa da shekaru 15 ta mita 800 a shekarar 1976 a tseren mita 2:11.10 da kuma gasar AAA 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 ta shekarar 1977 a tseren mita 2:07.74. A shekarar 1979, ta kare a matsayi na shida a gasar matasa ta Turai da aka yi a Poland, inda ta yi tseren mita 2:04.72. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

McDermott ta fara samun shahara a shekarar 1981, lokacin da ta zo ta uku a bayan Anne Clarkson a tseren mita 800 a gasar WAAA ta 1981.  An zaɓi McDermott a cikin ƙungiyar Welsh a gasar Commonwealth ta 1982 a [[Brisbane]], Ostiraliya kuma ta lashe gasar mita 800 a cikin mintuna 2:01.31, kafin Anne Clarkson ta Scotland, wacce ta yi gudu da mintuna 2:01.52. A lokacin mcDermott yana karatu a Jami'ar Loughborough kuma memba ne na Bristol AC. 

<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

A watan Yunin 1987, Wade ta ci ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da ta samu a rayuwa, lokacin da ta lashe Kofin Turai na mita 1500 a Prague, inda ta kayar da zakarar Duniya da Olympics Tatyana Samolenko . A watan Yuli, ta yi gudu mafi kyau a rayuwarta na mita 1500 da 4:00.73 a Gateshead. A watan Agusta, ta yi gudu mafi kyau a tseren mita 3000 na 8:47.70, wanda ya zama mace ta biyu 'yar Birtaniya, bayan Christina Boxer, da ta yi gudu ƙasa da mintuna biyu na mita 800 da kuma ƙasa da mintuna tara na mita 3000 (tun daga lokacin Hannah England, Jessica Judd da Laura Muir suka cimma wannan nasara). A watan Satumba, a wasan ƙarshe na mita 1500 a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya da aka yi a Rome (wanda Samolenko ya lashe), ta kasance ta shida a cikin mintuna 4:01.41. Da farko ta kare a matsayi na bakwai amma an ba ta matsayi bayan an hana Sandra Gasser shiga gasar. A shekara ta uku a jere, ta kasance cikin manyan goma a tseren mita 1500/mile, a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan da suka cancanci shiga gasar Track & Field News, a matsayi na 6.

## Ayyukansa na baya
Wade ta zama mai ɗaukar fitilar Olympics a gasar Olympics ta London ta 2012, tana ɗauke da fitilar ta cikin Stornoway da ke Tsibirin Lewis a safiyar ranar 11 ga Mayu 2012. An zaɓi Wade saboda aikinta na haɓaka wasanni na al'umma a Tsibirin Lewis, inda take zaune tare da mijinta da 'ya'yansu. &#x5B; **

## manazarta
Gidan Tarihin Motar Kasashe Hudu

**Gidan Tarihin Motoci na Jihohi Huɗu** (wanda a da ake kira **Tex-Ark Antique Auto Museum** ) gidan tarihi ne na motoci a Texarkana, Arkansas .     An kafa shi a shekara ta 2004 kuma an yi masa rijista a matsayin ƙungiya ta 501(c)(3) a Jihar Arkansas . Gidan tarihin yana kan wani wuri da ake amfani da shi a da don gina jikin motoci da kekunan hawa. 

Manufar Gidan Tarihi na Motoci na Jihohi Huɗu ita ce "kiyaye, tattarawa, baje kolinsu, aiki, da fassara tarin tsoffin motoci" da takardun tarihi masu alaƙa.    Tarin motocinsa ya ɗauki shekaru 100 na tarihin motoci kuma ya haɗa da motoci sama da 20 waɗanda ake nunawa a jere, gabaɗaya na tsawon watanni uku zuwa shida.     A kowane lokaci, gidan tarihi yana da kimanin motoci 15 da ake nunawa, da kuma wasu babura da nau'ikan motoci daban-daban. Daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi jan hankali a cikin tarin akwai motar ɗaukar dawaki ta Yaƙin Basasa, motar Ford Model T da Model A, motar Nash Metropolitan, motar ɗaukar dawaki ta Studebaker, da kuma motar Chevrolet Corvette ta 2015.   Gidan tarihin yana kuma da tarin littattafai masu alaƙa da motoci, wasiƙun labarai, da jaridu.  

Gidan Tarihin Motoci na Jihohi Huɗu yana shirya bikin baje kolin motoci na shekara-shekara tare da bikin RailFest na Texarkana,   da kuma taron shekara-shekara na Baje Kolin Motoci da Sauya Mota, waɗanda dukkansu suna aiki a matsayin tara kuɗi don hakan.  Gidan tarihin yana kuma ɗaukar nauyin tarurrukan ilimi daban-daban, bukukuwa, rangadin makaranta, da bukukuwan aure. 

## Hotunan Hotuna

Fayil:Four_States_Auto_Museum_April_2016_30_(1954_Chevrolet_Bel_Air).jpg|alt=1954 Chevrolet Bel Air| Chevrolet Bel Air na 1954
Fayil:Four_States_Auto_Museum_April_2016_21_(1957_Studebaker_Silver_Hawk_57G-C3).jpg| 1957 Studebaker Silver Hawk 57G-C3
Fayil:Four_States_Auto_Museum_April_2016_11_(1960_Nash_Metropolitan).jpg|alt=1960 Nash Metropolitan| Nash Metropolitan ta 1960


## Manazarta
Shugabannin Duniya

Shugabannin Duniya, wanda aka fi sani da Shugabannin Jiha da membobin Ma'aikatar Gwamnatocin Kasashen Waje, kundin yanki ne na jama'a wanda Hukumar leken asiri ta Amurka ta buga kowane mako. Ya lissafa jami'an jihohi daban-daban na kowace ƙasa a duniya: shugaban kasa da / ko shugaban gwamnati da sauran Ministocin majalisar ministoci, shugaban bankin tsakiya, da jakadun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Amurka.

## Dubi kuma

* Ƙasashen Duniya Wanene Wanene
* Jerin shugabannin jihohi da gwamnati na yanzu
* Littattafan ilimi na Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa
* Binciken Duniya

## Manazarta

## Adireshin Waje
*''World Leaders''
*World Leaders Autograph Society, the international community of collectors who collect autographs of world leaders
Sadeq Amani

**Mohammad Sadeq Amani** (Persian) ɗan gwagwarmayar siyasa ne na Iran . Ya kasance memba na Fada'iyan-e Islam da Jam'iyyar hadin kan Musulunci .   Amani ta shiga cikin kisan gillar da aka yi wa Hassan Ali Mansur, Firayim Minista na Iran a lokacin gwamnatin Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi a watan Janairun 1965. Daga baya gwamnatin ta kashe shi saboda rawar da ya taka a kisan.

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haife shi a 1930 a Tehran, Iran, Amani Musulmi ne Shia" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Iranian peoples">Dan Iran wanda ya yi aiki a kasuwar gida kuma dalibi ne na tauhidin. Ya kasance Mujtahid (mutumin da aka karɓa a matsayin iko na asali a cikin dokar Islama wajen neman mafita ga tambaya ta shari'a) kuma an san shi da malamin ɗabi'a.

A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, Amani ya shiga ƙungiyar Fada'iyan-e Islam . Yana da halin siyasa ga Navvab Safavi da Kashani . Ya kasance wanda ya kafa kuma memba mai aiki na kungiyar Shi'ayan . 

## zanga-zangar 1963 a Iran
Sadeq Amani[undefined][undefined][3][1] ya taka muhimmiyar rawa[2][4][5][6] wajen shirya zanga-zangar 1963 a Iran kuma ya taimaka wajen shirya kisan gillar Hassan Ali Mansur, Firayim Minista na Shah a shekarar 1965.[7] An kama Amani bayan kisan Mansur kuma gwamnatin Shah ta kashe shi a ranar 16 ga Yuni, 1965.[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]

## Dubi kuma

* Fada'iyan-e Islama
* Jam'iyyar hadin kan Musulunci
* Navvab Safavi
* Mohammad Bokharaei

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Avelino Arredondo

**Avelino Arredondo** ɗan Uruguay ne mai kisan kai na asalin Basque.

## Tarihi
Arredondo ya kasance mai goyon baya mai karfi ga ƙungiyar adawa da gwamnatin Colorado Party mai mulki na shugaban Uruguay Juan Idiarte Borda .

An yi yunkurin kashe Shugaba Idiarte a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1897. An yada wannan a ko'ina, gami da El Día, wanda José Batlle da Ordóñez ya shirya, inda sunan Arredondo ya bayyana a *Ranar* ban mamaki dangane da wannan lamarin, kodayake ba shi da alaƙa da wannan yunkurin a kan rayuwar Idiarte.

## Kashe shugaban kasar Uruguay
A ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, 1897 Arredondo ya kashe Idiarte a babban birnin Uruguay na Montevideo yayin da ya fito daga hidimar coci.[1] Da yake da'awar cewa ya yi shi kaɗai, an same shi da laifin kuma an ɗaure shi.

Ayyukan Arredondo na harbe Idiarte ya mutu shine kawai misali na kisan gillar shugaban da ke zaune a tarihin Uruguay.

## Matsayi a cikin wallafe-wallafen
Arredondo daga baya ya fito a cikin rubuce-rubucen marubucin Argentina Jorge Luis Borges, wanda ya kasance mai lura da tarihin Uruguay da siyasa; labarin *Avelino Arredondo* ya bayyana a cikin littafin Borges The Book of Sand (1975). 

## Dubi kuma

* Siyasa ta Uruguay
* Kashe Juan Idiarte Borda
* Jam'iyyar Colorado (Uruguay) 

## Manazarta
Harry Watt

**Raymond Egerton Harry Watt** (18 ga Oktoba 1906 - 2 ga Afrilu 1987) ya kasance dan wasan Scotland ne kuma darektan fim, wanda ya fara aikinsa yana aiki ga John Grierson da Robert Flaherty . 

Fim dinsa na 1959 The *Siege na Pinchgut* ya shiga cikin 9th Berlin International Film Festival .

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife shi a Edinburgh, ɗan ɗan ɗan majalisa na Liberal na Scotland Harry Watt . Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Edinburgh amma ya kasa kammala digiri. Ya shiga cikin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa kuma ya yi aiki a ayyukan masana'antu da yawa.

### Hotuna
A cikin 1932, Watt ya shiga sashin fina-finai na Empire Marketing Board a ƙarƙashin John Grierson kuma ya fara aiki a kan shirye-shirye. Ya kasance mataimakin Man of Aran (1934).

A cikin 1936 Watt ya zama darektan sashin London na jerin labarai na Amurka *Maris na Lokaci*, inda fina-finai ya haɗa da Ingila's Tithe War (1936).

Watt daga nan ya shiga GPO Film Unit inda ya yi sunansa a matsayin mai shirya shirye-shirye tare da Night Mail (1936) wanda ya sami yabo sosai. Ya biyo baya tare da The Saving of Bill Blewitt (1936) tare da Bill Blewitte, wanda daga nan ya bayyana a cikin Watt's North Sea (1938).

Yaƙin Duniya na II ya ga Watt yana yin fina-finai masu taken yaƙi: *Squadron 992* (1940), London Can Take It!  (1940) da *Kirsimeti a karkashin wuta* (1941). Fim dinsa Target for Tonight (1941) ya lashe lambar yabo ta Kwalejin girmamawa a 1942.

### Abubuwan da ke ciki
Watt ya fara fitowa da Nine Men (1943), fim din yaki wanda Michael Balcon ya samar. Ya taimaka wajen rubuta For Those in Peril kuma ya bi wannan tare da wasan kwaikwayo, Fiddlers Three (1944) tare da Tommy Trinder .

Balcon ya aika Watt zuwa Ostiraliya don neman batun fim din. Sakamakon shi ne The Overlanders (1946) wanda ya kasance babban abin bugawa kuma ya taimaka wajen yin tauraron Chips Rafferty . Ya yi wa Ealing wahayi don kafa samarwa a Ostiraliya. Koyaya bin, Eureka Stockade (1949), bai yi nasara ba.

Watt ya tafi Gabashin Afirka a kan irin wannan aikin da yake da shi ga The Overlanders - tafiya a duk faɗin ƙasar, kuma ya sami batun fim. Ya zo da Where No Vultures Fly (1951) wanda ya kasance wani babban abin bugawa. Ya haifar da ci gaba mara nasara, *[[West of Zanzibar (1954 film)|Yammacin Zanzibar]]* (1954).

Watt ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa ga Granada Television daga 1955 zuwa 1956.

Ya koma Ostiraliya don *Siege na Pinchgut* (1959).  Ya jagoranci wasu talabijin a shirye-shirye kamar The Four Just Men (1959-60).

Ya mutu a Amersham, Buckinghamshire . 

## manazarta
John Bellingham Inglis

John Bellingham Inglis (14 ga Fabrairu 1790 - 9 ga Disamba 1870) ya kasance mai tara littattafai na Ingilishi kuma masanin ilimin. Ya fassara littafin Richard na Bury na Philobiblon.

## Manazarta
Nairi Hunanyan

**{daNairi Hrachiki Hunanyan** (Armenian, an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1965) ɗan jaridar Armenia ne wanda ya jagoranci harin da aka kai wa Majalisar dokokin Armenia a ranar 27 ga watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1999 kuma ya kashe Firayim Minista Vazgen Sargsyan da Kakakin majalisa Karen Demirchyan da wasu 'yan siyasa shida.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Hunanyan a shekarar 1965 a Yerevan . Ya yi aiki a cikin sojojin Soviet daga 1984 zuwa 1985, lokacin da aka sallame shi saboda dalilai na kiwon lafiya. Ya kammala karatu daga Sashen Ilimin Harshen Jami'ar Jihar Yerevan a shekarar 1990. 

## Ayyuka
A shekara ta 1988 ya zama mai shiga tsakani a cikin ƙungiyar Karabakh kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Alliance of Armenian Students . Ya zama memba na Tarayyar Juyin Juya Halin Armenia a shekarar 1990. A cewar ARF, an kori Hunanyan daga jam'iyyar a shekarar 1992 saboda rashin adalci  kuma bai kasance cikin wata ƙungiya da ARF ba tun daga lokacin.  Daga baya ya kafa kuma ya gudanar da kamfanin dillancin labarai na Horizon, wanda ke aiki na 'yan watanni. Daga 1994 zuwa 1997 ya zauna a Crimea, Ukraine, yana koyar da harshen Armeniya a wata makaranta a Yevpatoria. Ya koma Armenia a shekarar 1997. Bayan ya koma Armenia, Hunanyan ya ziyarci Turkiyya fiye da ɗaya. Hunanyan ya samar da wani shiri don inganta dangantakar da ke tsakanin Armenia da Turkiyya kuma an ruwaito cewa yana da tarurruka tare da ministocin Turkiyya da yawa don tattauna ra'ayin. Daga Satumba 1998 zuwa Fabrairu 1999 ya yi aiki a Kamfanin Talabijin na Jama'a na Armenia a matsayin ɗan jarida.

## 1999 Harbi na majalisar dokokin Armenia
A ranar 27 ga Oktoba 1999, Hunanyan da wasu 'yan bindiga hudu, ciki har da ɗan'uwansa Karen Hunanyan da kawunsa Vram Galstyan, sun shiga ginin majalisar dokokin Armenia kuma sun kashe Firayim Minista Vazgen Sargsyan, kakakin majalisa Karen Demirchyan da wasu jami'ai shida. A cikin sanarwa, Nairi Hunanyan ya zargi gwamnati da jagorantar Armenia cikin lalacewar siyasa da tattalin arziki.[1] Masu kai farmaki sun mika wuya a ranar 28 ga Oktoba. Daga baya aka yanke wa 'yan bindiga guda biyar hukuncin rai da rai.[1]

Hunanyan ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya yanke shawarar kai hari kan majalisa da kansa kuma bai sami umarni daga kowa ba, kodayake akwai hasashe da yawa game da masu shirya harin na gaskiya.

## Manazarta
Zvezdan Jovanović

**,Clarendon Jovanović** (Serbian Cyrillic: Звездан Јовановић; an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1965), wanda aka fi sani da sunayen laƙabi na **Zmija** da **Zveki**, tsohon soja ne na Serbia kuma kwamandan Sojojin Sa kai na Serbia da Sashin Ayyuka na Musamman. A shekara ta 2003, ya kashe Firayim Ministan Serbia Zoran Đinđić kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 40 a kurkuku.

An haifi Jovanović a ƙauyen Breznica a Kosovo" id="mwFg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">Kosovo da Metohija, a cikin 1965. Ya kasance ma'aikacin kulle har sai ya shiga ƙungiyar masu sa kai ta Serbia karkashin jagorancin Željko Ražnatović a 1991. Jovanović ya kasance memba na tsoratar da Sashin Ayyuka na Musamman kuma yana da matsayin 'yan sanda na Lieutenant Colonel .  Ya kuma shiga cikin Yugoslav Wars a cikin 1990s, musamman a cikin ayyukan a Kosovo. An ba shi lambar yabo ta jaruntaka bayan yaƙe-yaƙe sun ƙare saboda kasancewa mai shiga cikin dukkan ayyukan Sojojin Serbia.

### Kashewar Zoran Đinđić
An kama Jovanović bisa zargin da ake yi wa Firayim Minista na Serbia Zoran Đinđić a watan Maris na shekara ta 2003. An same shi da laifin kisan kai kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 40 a kurkuku. Shaidar ta haɗa shi da sanannen Zemun Clan na kungiyar aikata laifuka ta Serbia, da kuma wanda ake zargi da shugabansu, Milorad Ulemek . 

Jovanović ya bayyana cewa ya kashe Đinđić don dawo da gwamnatin da ke goyon bayan Milošević.[1] Ya yi shiru a lokacin mafi yawan shari'arsa amma ana zargin, nan da nan ya furta kisan Đinđić kuma ya ce a cikin rahoton 'yan sanda cewa ba ya jin nadama don kashe shi. Saboda zargin tambayoyi, duka da barazanar da aka yi wa iyalinsa, ya yi iƙirarin cewa an tilasta masa yin ikirarin ƙarya.[2]

A ranar 23 ga Mayu 2007, Kotun Musamman ta Belgrade ta same Jovanović da laifi don Yaki da Laifin da aka tsara kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 40 a kurkuku saboda yunkurin Archduke Franz Ferdinand">kisan kai da kisan wani babban jami'in gwamnati. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008, shugaban Jam'iyyar Radical Party Vojislav Šešelj ya kwatanta kisan Đinđić da kisan Archduke Franz Ferdinand ta hanyar bayyana cewa "Jovanović yana so ya ji daɗin wannan suna da ɗaukaka da Gavrilo Princip ke da shi a tarihin Serbia".

## Dubi kuma

* Kashewar Ivan Stambolić
* Yunkurin kisan kai na Ibar Highway
* Vlado Chernozemski

## Manazarta
Mapitigama Buddharakkitha

**Mapitigama Buddha** (1921-1967) shi ne babban mai makirci na kisan Firayim Minista na huɗu na Ceylon (daga baya Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka) S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike .  Daga 1947 zuwa 1959, ya yi aiki a matsayin babban firist na Kelaniya Raja Maha Vihara, daya daga cikin haikalin Buddha mafi tsarki a Sri Lanka.

## Tarihi
Buddharakkitha ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kawo S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike zuwa mulki a zaben 'yan majalisa na 1956. Shi ne mai motsawa a bayan Eksath Bhikkhu Peramuna ko United Bhikku Front . An bayyana shi a matsayin mai mulkin kama-karya na lokacin. Daga baya, ya danganta gazawar Bandaranaike na bin sauye-sauyen kasa a matsayin dalilin da ya sa ya kashe shi. Amma an bayyana cewa ainihin dalilin kisan ya zo ne sakamakon kin amincewar Firayim Minista na bayar da yarjejeniyar kasuwanci, musamman, kwangilar gwamnati don gina masana'antar sukari da kuma izinin gwamnati ga kamfanin sufuri Buddharakkitha ya shirya kafawa. Talduwe Somarama, wani malamin addinin Buddha, ya kashe Bandaranaike a ranar 25 ga Satumba 1959 a karkashin jagorancin Buddharakkitha.

Ayyukan da aka fi sani da Buddharakkitha sun bayyana ne kawai bayan an same shi. An bayyana shi a matsayin mai arziki dan kasuwa wanda ke da hannu a cikin manyan kasuwanni daban-daban. Buddharakkitha yana cinye whiskey akai-akai, wanda laifi ne ga wani malamin Buddha. An yi zargin cewa yana da jima'i da Ministan Lafiya Vimala Wijewardene, ita kadai ce ministan mata na majalisar ministocin Bandaranaike.

## Sakamakon haka
Abin mamaki shine, mutum na farko da ya nuna fushinsa da baƙin ciki game da kisan kai a Rediyon Ceylon (kawai sabis na watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo a Sri Lanka a lokacin) shine Mapitigama Buddharakkitha . [1] Gwamnatin Sri Lanka ta kira Scotland Yard don gudanar da bincike mai zurfi game da kisan. Bincike ya nuna cewa Buddharakkitha shine babban mai kula da kisan. Shari'ar kotu da ta biyo baya ta yanke masa hukuncin kisa a 1961. Daga baya aka canza hukuncin zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai. Ya mutu a shekara ta 1967 ta hanyar ciwon zuciya bayan shekaru 6 na aiki tuƙuru.

## Dubi kuma

* Talduwe Somarama

## Ƙarin karantawa

* A.C. Alles, Famous Criminal Cases of Sri Lanka, Volume III: *Kisan Firayim Minista.* SWRD Bandaranaike (Disamba-1979): Mawallafin ya buga shi. Hardcover da Vantage, Inc., NY, Amurka ta buga 1986 a matsayin Assassination of a Prime Minister .  .
* Lucian G. Weeramantry, *Kisan Firayim Minista* - Kisan Bandaranaike (Hardcover, Geneva, Switzerland, 1969).
* Firoze Sameer, dOSSIEr COREA: A portfolio on crime (Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1999)  .
* Seneviratne, H.L: 'Yan addinin Buddha da siyasar kabilanci. Anthropology A yau, Afrilu 2001; 17 (2): 15-21.
* Sri Kantha Sachi: Firayim Minista Solomon Bandaranaike Assassination An sake ziyarta bayan shekaru 50. Sashe na 1 - Siyasa, Satumba 26, 2009.
* Sri Kantha Sachi: Firayim Minista Solomon Bandaranaike Assassination An sake ziyarta bayan shekaru 50. Sashe na 2 - Siyasa, Oktoba, 2009.
* Sri Kantha Sachi: Firayim Minista Solomon Bandaranaike Assassination An sake ziyarta bayan shekaru 50. Sashe na 3 - Wasanni da Tattalin Arziki, Oktoba, 2009.

## Manazarta
Manuel Pardiñas

**Manuel Pardiñas Serrato** (1880 - 12 Nuwamba 1912) ya kasance mai kisan gilla na Aragonese, wanda ke da alhakin kisan José Canalejas, Firayim Minista na Spain.[es]

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Manuel Pardiñas Serrato a garin El Grado na Aragon a cikin 1880. Ya koma Zaragoza don aiki, kafin ya yi hijira zuwa Faransa a 1901. Saboda ayyukansa na anarchist, nan da nan 'yan Landan na Faransa suka nemi shi kuma suka tilasta masa guduwa zuwa Amurka. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya sami aiki a Canal na Panama, amma nan da nan ya yi hijira zuwa Cuba. Tare da wasu 'Yan tawaye na Cuba, ya koma Tampa, Florida, inda ya shiga ƙungiyar' yan tawaye karkashin jagorancin Pedro Esteve. Daga baya ya tafi London, inda ya tuntubi kwamitin anarchist na kasa da kasa. Daga nan sai ya tafi Bordeaux, inda ya sake haduwa da wasu 'yan gudun hijira daga Tampa.

A wannan lokacin, shugabannin Turai da yawa, ciki har da Sarkin Spain Alfonso XIII, an yi niyya da su don kisan kai daga masu tawaye. Bayan murkushewar tashin hankali na Makon Bala'i, a cikin 1910, an kafa sabuwar gwamnati mai sassaucin ra'ayi a karkashin José Canalejas a matsayin Firayim Minista. A ranar 23 ga Satumba 1912, lokacin da yajin aikin ma'aikatan jirgin kasa ya ɓarke a Catalonia, an ruwaito Pardiñas ya tattauna game da dakatar da jirgin kasa tare da wakilan cibiyoyin kudi, gami da Bankin Liverpool. A mako mai zuwa, yajin aikin ya karu kuma ya bazu a duk fadin kasar, tare da ma'aikata 65,500 da suka bayyana kansu a matsayin masu goyon bayan yajin aiki. A ranar 3 ga Oktoba, Canalejas sun amsa ta hanyar dakatar da haƙƙin yajin aiki da kuma tattara masu ajiyar sojoji don karɓar layin dogo.

A wani taro a Marseille, ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye ta Pardiñas ta yanke shawarar kashe Canalejas saboda rawar da ya taka wajen murkushe yajin aikin, da sauran manufofi waɗanda suka gani a matsayin mai mulkin mallaka da masu mulkin mallaki. A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 1912, Pardiñas ya koma Spain kuma ya tafi Madrid don aiwatar da aikin. A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, yayin da Canalejas ke komawa gida, ya tsaya a waje da Shagon Littattafan San Martín a Puerta del Sol.[es] A can Pardiñas ya harbe Firayim Minista da bindigar Holland & Holland, kafin ya juya bindigar a kansa kuma nan da nan ya kashe kansa.[1]

## Manazarta