Victor Ambros

**Victor Robert Ambros** (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1953)   masanin ilmin halittu ne na Amurka wanda ya gano microRNA na farko da aka sani (miRNA). Farfesa ne a Makarantar Likitanci ta Jami'ar Massachusetts . Ya kammala karatun digirinsa na farko da na uku a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts . Ambros ya sami kyautar Nobel a fannin Ilimin Jiki ko Magunguna a shekarar 2024 saboda bincikensa kan microRNA. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Ambros a New Hampshire . Mahaifinsa, Longin Ambros, ya halarci Sigismund Augustus Gymnasium a Vilnius daga 1937 zuwa 1939 kuma ɗan gudun hijira ne daga Poland a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.  Victor ya girma a wani ƙaramin gonar kiwo a Hartland, Vermont, a cikin iyali mai yara takwas kuma ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Woodstock Union . 

Daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts, Ambros ya sami digirin farko na Kimiyya tare da babban digiri a fannin ilmin halitta a shekarar 1975 da kuma digirin digirgir a fannin ilmin halitta a shekarar 1979.    Mai kula da digirin digirgir shi ne David Baltimore, wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel a fannin ilimin halittar jiki ko magani a shekarar 1975.  Ambros ya ci gaba da bincikensa a MIT a matsayin wanda ya fara digirin digirgir a fannin dakin gwaje-gwaje na gaba, wanda zai zama gwarzon da zai lashe kyautar Nobel H. Robert Horvitz . 

### Sana'a
Ambros ya zama mamba a jami'ar Harvard a shekarar 1984. Duk da haka, Harvard ya hana Ambros zama ma'aikacin gwamnati jim kaɗan bayan ya gano abin da yanzu ake kira microRNA. [1] Daga baya Baltimore ya ce game da wannan: "Sun rasa wanda zai iya lashe kyautar Nobel saboda kawai ba su ga damar da yake da ita ba ... Yanayin wani babban bincike ne cewa yana da ban mamaki idan aka yi la'akari da baya. Ba za ku iya sani ba kafin lokaci."

Ambros ya shiga sashen koyar da ilmin likitanci na Kwalejin Dartmouth a shekarar 1992.  Ya shiga sashen koyar da ilmin likitanci na Jami'ar Massachusetts a shekarar 2008, kuma a halin yanzu yana da mukamin Farfesa na Silverman na Kimiyyar Halitta a cikin shirin koyar da ilmin kwayoyin halitta, wanda tsohon ɗalibinsa na Dartmouth, Howard Scott Silverman, ya ba shi.   

## Bincike
A shekarar 1993, Ambros da abokan aikinsa Rosalind Lee da Rhonda Feinbaum  sun ruwaito a cikin mujallar *Cell*  cewa sun gano ƙwayoyin RNA masu daidaita tsarin RNA marasa furotin guda ɗaya a cikin kwayoyin halitta  . Binciken da aka yi a baya, gami da aikin Ambros da Horvitz,   ya nuna cewa kwayar halitta da aka sani da *lin-4* tana da mahimmanci ga ci gaban tsutsotsi na *C. elegans* na yau da kullun, wani nematode da ake yawan nazari a kansa a matsayin samfurin halitta. Musamman ma, *lin-4* shine ke da alhakin danne furotin LIN-14 a lokacin ci gaban tsutsotsi; tsutsotsi masu maye gurbi waɗanda ba su da aikin *lin-4* suna da matakan LIN-14 masu yawa kuma suna nuna lahani na lokacin ci gaba. 

Ambros da abokan aikinsa sun gano cewa *lin-4*, ba zato ba tsammani, bai samar da wani sinadari mai tsari ba. Madadin haka, ya haifar da wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin RNA, 22 da 61 nucleotides a tsayi, waɗanda Ambros ya kira lin-4S (gajere) da lin-4L (dogon). Binciken jerin abubuwa ya nuna cewa lin-4S wani ɓangare ne na lin-4L: an annabta cewa lin-4L zai samar da tsarin madauri, tare da lin-4S da ke cikin ɗayan hannun, hannun 5'. Bugu da ƙari, Ambros, tare da Gary Ruvkun (Harvard), sun gano cewa lin-4S ya ɗan dace da jerin abubuwa da yawa a cikin yankin 3' wanda ba a fassara shi ba na RNA na manzon da ke rubuta furotin LIN-14.  Ambros da abokan aikinsa sun yi hasashen kuma daga baya sun ƙaddara cewa *lin-4* zai iya daidaita LIN-14 ta hanyar ɗaure lin-4S zuwa waɗannan jerin a cikin rubutun *lin-14* a cikin wani nau'in hanyar RNA mai hana ji. 

A shekara ta 2000, wani ƙaramin ƙwayar RNA mai kula da ƙwayoyin halitta *ta C. elegans*, let-7, an siffanta shi da dakin gwaje-gwaje na Ruvkun  kuma an gano cewa yana da kariya a cikin nau'ikan halittu da yawa, gami da ƙasusuwan ƙashi.  Waɗannan binciken, da sauransu, sun tabbatar da cewa Ambros ya gano wani nau'in ƙananan RNA tare da ayyukan kiyayewa, wanda yanzu aka sani da microRNA . 

An zaɓe Ambros a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa ta Amurka a shekara ta 2007.  An zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekara ta 2011.  A shekara ta 2024 ya raba kyautar Nobel a fannin Ilimin Halittar Jiki da Magunguna tare da Gary Ruvkun "saboda gano microRNA da rawar da yake takawa wajen daidaita kwayoyin halitta bayan an rubuta su". 

## Kyaututtuka

* 2002: Kyautar Newcomb Cleveland ta Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Kimiyya ta Amurka saboda takardar da ta fi fice da aka buga a *Kimiyya (wanda ya karɓi tare da dakunan gwaje-gwaje na David P. Bartel da Thomas Tuschl )* 
* 2004: Kyautar Lewis S. Rosenstiel don Aiki Mai Kyau a Binciken Likitanci na Jami'ar Brandeis (wanda ya karɓi kyautar tare da Craig Mello, Andrew Fire, da Gary Ruvkun ) 
* 2006: Lambar Yabo ta Ƙungiyar Halittar Halitta ta Amurka saboda gudummawar da ta bayar a cikin shekaru 15 da suka gabata 
* 2007: An zaɓe shi zuwa Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa 
* 2008: Kyautar Gidauniyar Gairdner ta Duniya (wanda ya karɓi kyautar tare) 
* 2008: Lambar yabo ta Benjamin Franklin a fannin Kimiyyar Rayuwa ta Cibiyar Franklin (wanda ya karɓi kyautar tare da Gary Ruvkun da David Baulcombe ) 
* 2008: Kyautar Albert Lasker don Binciken Lafiya na Asali (wanda ya karɓi tare da Gary Ruvkun da David Baulcombe ) 
* 2008: Kyautar Warren Triennial ta Babban Asibitin Massachusetts (wanda ya karɓi kyautar tare da Gary Ruvkun ) 
* 2009: Kyautar Dickson daga Jami'ar Pittsburgh a fannin likitanci 
* 2009: Kyautar Louisa Gross Horwitz daga Jami'ar Columbia (wanda ya karɓi kyautar tare da Gary Ruvkun ) 
* 2009: Kyautar Massry daga Jami'ar Kudancin California (wanda ya karɓi kyautar tare da Gary Ruvkun ) 
* 2012: Kyautar Dr. Paul Janssen don Binciken Halittu daga Johnson &amp;amp; Johnson (wanda ya karɓi tare da Gary Ruvkun ) 
* 2013: Kyautar Kimiyyar Likitanci ta Keio daga Jami'ar Keio (wanda ya karɓi kyautar tare da Shigekazu Nagata ) 
* 2014: Kyautar Gruber a fannin ilmin kwayoyin halitta daga Gruber Foundation (wanda ya karɓi kyautar tare da Gary Ruvkun da David Baulcombe ) 
* 2014: Kyautar Wolf a fannin Magunguna daga Gidauniyar Wolf (wanda ya karɓi kyautar tare da Gary Ruvkun da Nahum Sonenberg ) 
* 2015: Kyautar Nasara a Kimiyyar Rayuwa 
* 2016: Kyautar Maris na Dimes a fannin Ilimin Halittar Ci Gaba (wanda ya karɓi kyautar tare da Gary Ruvkun ) 
* 2024: Kyautar Nobel a fannin Ilimin Jiki ko Magunguna (wanda ya karɓi kyautar tare da Gary Ruvkun ) 

## Manazarta