Tsibirin Jean Charles, Louisiana

Isle de Jean Charles (wanda aka sani a cikin Louisiana_French" id="mwHg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana Faransanci kamar Isle à Jean Charles) wani karamin yanki ne da ke cikin Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana . Fiye da shekaru 170, ya kasance ƙasar tarihi da kuma wurin binnewa na ƙabilar Isle de Jean Charles Band na Indiyawan Biloxi-Chitimacha-Choctaw.  Mazaunan tsibirin sun daɗe suna fuskantar barazanar lalacewar bakin teku ta Louisiana, yayin da bakin tekun Louisiana ke rasa ƙasa mai girman Manhattan a kowace shekara. A shekara ta 1955, Isle de Jean Charles ya kunshi fiye da kadada 22,000 (ha 8,900) kuma tun daga lokacin ya rasa kusan kashi 98% na ƙasarsa saboda shigar Ruwan gishiri, da raguwa. A watan Janairun 2016, jihar Louisiana ta sami kudade masu yawa daga Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane ta Amurka don tallafawa sake zama a cikin al'umma wanda aka tsara.

## Tarihi
A cikin shekarun 1830, kakannin kabilar Biloxi-Chitimacha-Choctaw sun koma Isle de Jean Charles don tserewa daga Dokar Cire Indiya da Trail of Tears .  A shekara ta 1910, tsibirin ya girma daga iyalai 16 zuwa 77. Jama'ar Jean Charles sun ci gaba da cin gashin kansu ta hanyar kamun kifi, noma, kamawa da noma. A cikin shekarun 1930, an gina makarantar sakandare ta mishan a kan ƙasar don 'yan asalin da ke kusa. A shekara ta 1959, makarantar sakandaren Indiya ta Daigleville a Houma, mai nisan kilomita 25 (40  daga Isle de Jean Charles, ta zama makarantar sakandare ta farko a Louisiana. Har zuwa 1953, lokacin da aka gina hanyar da ke haɗa tsibirin zuwa ƙasar, ƙabilar za ta iya zuwa da kuma daga cikin ƙasa kawai ta jirgin ruwa. Saboda tafiyar hanyar ta hanyar ruwa mai budewa, tana da matukar damuwa ga ambaliyar ruwa da rushewa, kuma sau da yawa ba za a iya hayewa ba. A cikin shekarun 1940, kamfanoni sun fara ayyukan hako man fetur a bakin teku da kuma hakowa kusa da tsibirin, ayyukan da suka ba da gudummawa ga rushewar tsibirin da hanyar tsibirin. Matakai irin su fracking sun hanzarta raguwar ƙasa a Isle de Jean Charles, suna barazanar ƙasar.

Isle de Jean Charles ya fi nisan mil 5 (kilomita 8.0) da tsawon mil 11 (kilomita 18), amma a yau ya ragu zuwa  1⁄4 mil (400 m) faɗi da mil 2 (3.2 km) tsayi. Abubuwan da suka haifar da asarar ƙasa sun kasance na halitta da na mutum. Guguwa, irin su Katrina a shekara ta 2005, ta mamaye yankin da ruwan gishiri, ta lalata gidaje tare da haifar da koma bayan kasa. Hawan ruwan teku kuma ya taimaka wajen asarar kasa. Haɓakar hawan teku saboda sauyin yanayi a ƙarni da suka gabata ya gaggauta aiwatar da zaizayar ƙasa ga tsibiran bakin teku irin su Isle de Jean Charles. Mutum ya yi tashe-tashen hankula kamar madatsun ruwa da lefes da magudanar ruwa don jigilar kayayyaki da bututun mai duk sun lalatar da gabar tekun da kusan babu komai. Fracking yana barin yankin ya kasance cikin haɗari ga ƙarancin ƙasa saboda hakar kayan ƙasa yana rage tallafi ga ƙasar, yana haifar da nutsewa a hankali. Levees suna haɓaka gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa a kewayen yankin, wanda ke haifar da asarar nau'ikan halittu a tsakanin ciyayi.

Waɗannan rikice-rikice sun rage nau'in shuka da dabbobi a cikin ƙasan marsh, suna yin mummunan tasiri ga ingancin rayuwar kabilar. A sakamakon haka, yawancin mambobin Biloxi-Chitimacha-Choctaw da za su iya barin tsibirin sun yi haka. Watsewar al’ummarsu ya tarwatsa al’adunsu da al’adunsu da al’adunsu. Ƙoƙarin maido da bakin teku na baya-bayan nan bai sami damar ceto tsibirin ba. Rundunar Sojojin Injiniya ta bar Isle de Jean Charles daga ayyukan levee, a wani bangare saboda ƙarin dala miliyan 100 da ake buƙata don ƙarin kuɗaɗen da ake buƙata don haɗa shi cikin ayyukan kiyaye ƙasa da ke gudana, don haka ya sa ƙasar ta fi fuskantar bala'o'i fiye da sauran wuraren da ke kewaye. A farkon shekarun 2000, iyalai 25 ne kawai suka rage a tsibirin, kuma shugaban Biloxi-Chitimacha-Choctaw Albert Naquin ya fara kokarin sake tsugunar da al'ummar yankin domin ceto al'adu da al'adun kabilar. A cikin 2016, fiye da shekaru goma bayan haka, an ba kabilar ladan nasara da wani bangare na nasara. Matsar da mazaunan Isle de Jean Charles yana nuna yanayin ƙaura na farko a Louisiana. Tasirin sauyin yanayi da ke kara hauhawar teku da kuma samar da kasa a wannan tsibiri ya sa gaggawar zaizayar tsibirin tsibirin Jean Charles. 

Kafin nasarar kabilar Biloxi-Chitimacha-Choctaw, an dauki wani fim din da ya samu lambar yabo mai suna Can't Stop The Water a shekarar 2013 game da matsalolin muhalli da al'umma ke ci gaba da fuskanta.

## Kokarin sake zama na al'umma

Saboda rashin goyon bayan gwamnati don rage ambaliyar ruwa da maido da ƙasa, Majalisar ƙabilar Isle de Jean Charles ta yanke shawarar cewa suna buƙatar mataki da taimako don ƙaura ga dukan al'ummarsu. Babban Hafsan Gargajiya Albert Naquin da Majalisar Kabilanci kwanan nan [yaushe?] sun ga gagarumin ci gaba ga sake tsugunar da al'umma bayan yakin shekaru 16 da suka yi na yin aiki a cikin al'umma na raya tsare-tsare, gina hadin gwiwa, da gudanar da kai dauki domin yin ƙaura zuwa mafi girma, ƙasa mafi aminci a cikin ƙasa. Yayin da aka samu ci gaba, an kuma samu koma baya da yawa wadanda suka hana su ci gaba.

A cikin 2002, Rundunar Sojojin Amurka na Injiniya sun yi aiki tare da jagorancin Ƙabilar don gano wani wuri kusa da inda al'umma za su iya sake ginawa. [ana yanayi hujja][citation need]. USACE ta dauki hayar masu gine-gine don shirin ƙaura, tare da ra'ayin kiyaye al'umma mai haɗin kai don dacewa da tsarin amincewa da ƙabilanci. [ana yanayi hujja]. Amma da lokacin kada kuri'a ya yi, yawancin mutanen Isle de Jean Charles ba su son komawa gida saboda alakar kut da kut da al'adunsu da kasar. Wasu mazauna yankin na ganin gwamnati na son mazauna yankin su kaura don haka masana'antar mai za ta iya samun 'yanci a yankin ba tare da rikicin siyasa ba. Rikice-rikice kan kadarori da filaye tare da kabilar, kamfanonin mai da iskar gas na kasa da kasa da masu ci gaban filaye, sun kasance ci gaba da gudana. Ƙasar wani yanki ne na al'adunsu da salon rayuwarsu. Mutanen Biloxi-Chitimacha-Choctaw sun so su ƙaura a matsayin al'umma gaba ɗaya don su ci gaba da kiyaye al'adunsu da al'adunsu tare kuma su rayu.

USACE ta bayyana cewa idan al'umma za su iya samun kaddarorin da suka dace da za su koma, za su ba su kudade tare da sake tunani ciki har da al'umma a cikin tsarin kare guguwa. Koyaya, gwamnatin Louisiana ba ta yi la'akari da tsadar zamantakewa, tunani, da kuɗi da ke da alaƙa da ƙaura da iyalai masu kamun kifi a cikin ƙasa ba. Kabilar za ta gamu da babban hasarar ilimin gida da kuma samun damuwa ta tunani na kasancewa a koyaushe don neman ƙasarsu da salon rayuwar al'ada

Tun daga 2010, Isle de Jean Charles Tribe yana aiki tare da abokan haɗin gwiwa na dogon lokaci a Cibiyar Lowlander da ƙungiyar ƙwararrun masana a kan rage haɗari, daidaita yanayin yanayi, tsare-tsaren al'umma, gine-gine, da sauran filayen da suka dace, don haɓaka shirin nasu na sake matsuguni. A ranar 25 ga Janairu, 2016, Jihar Louisiana ta karɓi dala miliyan 48 daga Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane don sanyawa ga sake matsugunin Isle de Jean Charles, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Gasar Jurewa Bala'i ta ƙasa (NDRC). 

## Samar da man fetur da iskar gas a cikin Terrebonne Parish

Gidan Terrebonne na Louisiana ya kasance wuri ne na farko don hakar mai da samarwa. Kamfanonin samar da man fetur da iskar gas sun fi tasiri ga al'ummomin bakin teku na Kudancin Louisiana, tare da kusan 90% na ƙasa a cikin Terrebonne Parish mallakar kamfanonin da ba na gida ba. Isle de Jean Charles yana da tushe a cikin filayen mai da yawa waɗanda har yanzu masana'antun mai ke amfani da su. Gine-gine da ci gaban rassan mai da bututun mai suna ci gaba da rushe yanayin yanayin wuri mai laushi.

### Binciken mai
A ƙarshen shekarun 1920, kamfanin mai A cikin ƙarshen 1920s, kamfanin mai na Texas Texaco ya fara binciken yankunan bayous da marshland na Louisiana don neman mai. An yi shawarwarin hayar filaye tsakanin Texaco (da sauran kamfanonin hakar mai), Kamfanin Landan & Exploration na Louisiana, da jihar Louisiana. An fara gano mai a Terrebonne Parish a cikin 1929. Texaco da sauran ƙungiyoyi sun mamaye ƙasar cikin sauri.

### Matsayin samarwa
Hakar man fetur da iskar gas da samar da iskar gas ya yi sauri a cikin Terrebonne Parish, wanda ya kai wani matsayi mafi girma a shekarun 1960 da 1970. Yawan hakowa ya kai ganga 31,520,394 na man fetur da 550,018,432 cubic feet (15,574,787.6 m3) na iskar gas a shekarar 1977. Takunkumin OPEC na 1973 da 1974 ya yi tasiri ga wannan karuwar, saboda tushen samar da mai na cikin gida da muhimmanci. Matakan samar da mai da iskar gas sun ragu a hankali tun lokacin da suka yi yawa a karshen shekarun 1970. A cikin 2014, an samar da raka'o'in ganga 3,260,362 na mai da 31,100,655 cubic feet (880,672.5 m3) na iskar gas a Terrebonne Parish.

### Tasirin muhalli
Don sauƙaƙe hakowa da jigilar mai da iskar gas, an gina tashar jiragen ruwa na Houma Navigation Canal. Wannan hanyar ruwa da mutum ya yi ya haɗa babban birni mafi girma kuma tilo na Terrebonne, Houma, zuwa Tekun Mexico kuma an kammala shi a cikin 1962. An yi tunanin kai tsaye ya ba da gudummawa ga lalata dausayin kudancin Louisiana, musamman na Terrebonne Parish. Matsakaicin salinity na ruwa daga mashigin ruwa da haɓaka hanyoyin ruwa na wucin gadi, bututun mai, da ƙananan magudanan kewayawa sun tsananta lalacewar wuraren dausayin gabas na Canal Navigation na Houma, inda Isle de Jean Charles yake.

## Ilimi
Al'ummar suna cikin Gundumar Makarantar Terrebonne Parish.

Bugu da ƙari, makarantar jama'a mai suna École Pointe-au-Chien ba da izini ga mazaunan Isle de Jean Charles.

## A cikin al'adun gargajiya

* Darakta Benh Zeitlin na Beasts of the Southern Wild (2012) ya ce a cikin tambayoyin cewa Isle de Jean Charles shine wahayi na ƙasa don saitin "The Bathtub", tsibirin almara da aka nuna a fim dinsa.
* Cottage Films ta yi fim din rayuwar kabilanci na shekaru da yawa a Isle de Jean Charles don fim din da ake kira Can't Stop The Water (2013), wanda Rebecca da Jason Ferris suka jagoranta.

Sandra Winther ta umurci Lowland Kids game da ƙaura na mazauna. Fim ɗin ya ƙunshi 'yan'uwa Howard da Juliette da kawunsu Chris yayin da suke fuskantar sake tsugunar da su a matsayin 'yan gudun hijira daga tsibirin.

## Manazarta
 

## Haɗin waje

* Tsibirin Jean Charles na Biloxi-Chitimacha-Choctaw
* Ofishin Isle de Jean Charles Resettlement Project Gwamnatin Jihar Louisiana
* Isle de Jean Charles Resettlement Project Jean Charles band of Biloxi-Chitimacha-Choctaw ~ Lowlander Center
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 19 ga Yuni] A Louisiana, Sinking Island Wars tare da Ruwa da Gwamnati. *[[New York Times]]*
* Isle de Jean Charles, LA ta hanyar New Deal Network Photo Gallery
* "Last Stand on the Island", wani ɗan gajeren fim game da mazaunan Isle de Jean Charles
* "Vanishing Island", gajeren fim na NYTimes
* Bidiyo. NationalGeographic.com Kasancewa a Ruwa a kan tsibirin Drowning
* Ba za a iya dakatar da shirin ruwa ba