Viking Age

Shekarun **Viking** (793–1066 CE) shine lokacin tsakiyar zamanai lokacin da Norsemen da aka fi sani da Vikings suka gudanar da manyan hare-hare, mulkin mallaka, conquest, da kasuwanci a cikin Turai kuma suka isa Arewacin Amurka.   Ya biyo bayan Lokacin Hijira da iron age na Jamus.  Zamanin Viking ba ya shafi ƙasarsu ta Scandinavia kaɗai ba har ma da kowane wuri da Scandinavia suka daidaita sosai a lokacin.  Mutanen Scandinavian na zamanin Viking galibi ana kiran su *Vikings* da *Norsemen*, kodayake kaɗan daga cikinsu sun kasance Vikings a ma'anar shiga cikin fashin teku. 

Tafiya ta teku daga ƙasashensu na asali a Denmark, Norway, da Sweden, mutanen Norse sun zauna a Tsibirin Biritaniya, Ireland, Tsibirin Faroe, Iceland, Greenland, Normandy, da Tekun Baltic da kuma hanyoyin kasuwanci na Dnieper da Volga a gabashin Turai., inda aka kuma san su da sunan Varangians. Sun kuma zauna a takaice a Newfoundland, sun zama Turawa na farko da suka isa Arewacin Amurka. Norse-Gaels, Normans, mutanen Rus, Faroese, da Icelanders sun fito daga waɗannan yankunan Norse. Vikings sun kafa masarautu da yawa a Turai: Masarautar Tsibirin (*Suðreyjar*), Orkney (*Norðreyjar*), York (*Jórvík*) da Danelaw (*Danalǫg*), Dublin (*Dyflin*), Normandy, da Kievan Rus' (*Garɗaríki*). An kuma haɗa ƙasashen Norse zuwa manyan masarautu a lokacin Viking Age, kuma daular Tekun Arewa na ɗan gajeren lokaci ya haɗa da manyan yankuna na Scandinavia da Biritaniya. A cikin shekarar 1021, Vikings sun sami nasarar isa Arewacin Amurka  kwanan wata ba a ƙayyade ba sai bayan shekaru dubu. 

Abubuwa da yawa ne suka haifar da wannan faɗaɗa. An zana Vikings ta hanyar haɓakar birane masu wadata da gidajen ibada a ƙasashen waje da kuma raunanan masarautu. Wataƙila kuma an tura su su bar ƙasarsu ta wurin yawan jama’a, rashin kyakkyawan filin noma, da kuma rikicin siyasa da ya taso daga haɗin kan Norway. Ƙaunar faɗaɗa daular Carolingian da kuma tilastawa Saxons maƙwabta zuwa Kiristanci na iya zama dalili.      Sabbin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin jirgin ruwa sun ba da damar Vikings suyi tafiya gaba da tsayi don farawa.

An zana bayanai game da zamanin Viking mafi yawa daga tushe na farko da waɗanda Vikings suka ci karo da su, da kuma ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi, waɗanda aka ƙara su da tushe na biyu kamar Sagas na Icelandic.

## Mahallin tarihi
A Ingila, harin Viking na ranar 8 ga watan Yuni 793 AZ wanda ya lalata gidan a kan Lindisfarne, cibiyar ilmantarwa a tsibirin arewa maso gabashin Ingila a Northumberland, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin farkon zamanin Viking.    Judith Jesch ta yi jayayya cewa farkon zamanin Viking za a iya tura shi zuwa 700–750 CE, da yake yana da wuya cewa harin Lindisfarne shine harin farko, kuma an ba da shaidar archaeological da ke nuna alaƙa tsakanin Scandinavia da tsibiran Burtaniya a farkon ƙarni.  Da alama hare-haren na farko sun kasance ƙanana ne a sikeli, amma an faɗaɗa cikin sikeli a cikin ƙarni na 9. 

A cikin harin na Lindisfarne, an kashe sufaye a cikin abbey, an jefa su cikin teku don nutsewa, ko kuma aka tafi da su a matsayin bayi tare da dukiyar coci, wanda ya haifar da addu'ar gargajiya (amma ba a tantance ba)  **, "Ya Ubangiji, Ka 'yantar da mu daga fushin 'yan Arewa."  Jiragen Viking guda uku sun yi bakin teku a Weymouth Bay shekaru hudu da suka gabata (ko da yake saboda kuskuren rubutu *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle* ya rubuta wannan taron zuwa 787 maimakon 789), amma wannan kutse na iya kasancewa balaguron ciniki ne wanda ya yi kuskure maimakon harin fashin teku.  Lindisfarne ya bambanta. Wani masani dan kasar Northumbria Alcuin na York ya ba da labarin barnar Viking da aka yi a Tsibirin Mai Tsarki na Northumbria, wanda ya rubuta cewa: "Ba a taba samun irin wannan ta'addanci a Biritaniya ba".  Maƙiyansu sun kwatanta Vikings a matsayin masu tsananin tashin hankali da zubar jini. A cikin tarihin Turanci na medieval, an kwatanta su da "kerkeci tsakanin tumaki".

Kalubale na farko ga yawancin hotuna masu adawa da Viking a Biritaniya sun bayyana a ƙarni na 17. Ayyukan ƙwararrun majagaba a zamanin Viking sun kai ɗan ƙaramin karatu a Biritaniya. Linguistics sun gano tushen zamanin Viking na ƙauyen karin magana da karin magana. Sabbin ƙamus na tsohon harshen Norse sun ba wa ƙarin Victorian damar karanta Sagas na Icelandic.

A cikin Scandinavia, malaman Danish na ƙarni na 17 Thomas Bartholin da Ole Worm da masanin Sweden Olaus Rudbeck sune farkon waɗanda suka fara amfani da rubutun runic da Icelandic Sagas a matsayin tushen tarihi na farko. A lokacin Haskakawa da Renaissance na Nordic, masana tarihi irin su Icelandic-Norwegian Thormodus Torfæus, Danish-Norwegian Ludvig Holberg, da kuma Olof von Dalin na Sweden sun haɓaka hanyar "ma'ana" da "pragmatic" ga ilimin tarihi.

A ƙarshen rabin karni na 18, yayin da har yanzu ana amfani da saga na Icelandic a matsayin mahimman tushe na tarihi, zamanin Viking ya sake zama wani lokacin dabbanci da rashin wayewa a tarihin ƙasashen Nordic.

## Manazarta