Harsunan ugric

Harsunan **Ugric** **ko** / ( / ˈjuː ɡrɪk , ˈ uː -/  ko / ˈ juː ɡ r iən , ˈ uː -/  ) reshe ne da aka tsara na dangin harshen Uralic.

Ugric ya ƙunshi ƙananan ƙungiyoyi uku: Hungarian, Khanty, da Mansi . Biyu na ƙarshe an yi la'akari da su a al'adance kamar harsuna guda ɗaya, kodayake manyan yarukansu sun bambanta sosai don haka ana iya ɗaukar su ƙananan dangi na harsuna uku zuwa huɗu kowanne. **Harshen Proto-Ugric na** gama gari an bayyana cewa an yi magana daga ƙarshen 3rd&nbsp;karni&nbsp;BC har zuwa rabin farko na 1st&nbsp;karni&nbsp;BC, a yammacin Siberiya, gabas da kudancin Ural Mountains . Daga cikin harsuna uku, Khanty da Mansi an saba ware su daga Hungarian a matsayin Ob-Ugric, kodayake an san fasalin haɗakar Mansi da Hungarian musamman.

Sunan Ugric ya samo asali ne daga *mummuna*, tsohuwar kalmar Rasha ce ga Magyars (Hungarians) da *Yugra*, yanki a arewacin Rasha . An fara nuna alaƙa tsakanin waɗannan kalmomi a farkon ƙarni na 16. Duk da haka, a cewar István Vásáry ba a tabbatar da haɗin kai tsakanin waɗannan kalmomi biyu ba, kuma sunan *Ugric* ya dogara ne akan ilimin al'adun gargajiya . 

## Ci gaban sauti

### Consonants
Fasalolin sauti guda biyu gama-gari na harsunan Ugric sune sake tsara tsarin Proto-Uralic (PU) na baƙaƙen baƙaƙe da haƙƙoƙin baƙaƙe : 

* PU *s da * š sun haɗu kuma sun haɓaka zuwa sautin da ba na sibilant ba (yiwuwar  ko [ ɬ ] ), mai son Mansi  , Khanty *ɬ →  ko  (ya danganta da yare), kuma an yi hasara a cikin Harshen Hungarian.
* PU * ś depalatalized zuwa * s.
* PU medial * x, * k, * w gabaɗaya an ba da izini ga * ɣ .

Duk da haka an nuna cewa waɗannan canje-canjen sun shafi harsunan Samoyedic kuma. 

Tarin baƙar fata *lm yana cikin yarukan Ugric galibi an rage shi zuwa bayyane  (misali PU  'ido' → Hungarian *szem*, Mansi сам  , Khanty сем  ). Wani keɓantawa na musamman shine lamba '3', wanda a cikinsa Hungarian ( *három* ) da Mansi (hum  ) nuna gungu na asali * rm, yayin da sauran dangin Uralic suna ba da shawarar asali * lm (Khanty холәм, Finnish *kolme*, Estoniya *kolm*, Inari Sami *kulma*, Erzya колмо, da dai sauransu) An jera wannan akai-akai azaman hujja don yin la'akari. Harshen Hungarian yana da alaƙa da Mansi fiye da Khanty. Hakanan an ba da shawarar juzu'i-Hungarian da Mansi suna riƙe ainihin sigar lamba, yayin da Khanty da duk yarukan Finno-Permic da sun ƙirƙira  saboda wasu dalilai. 

Harshen Hungarian da ma'aunin adabin Mansi da Khanty na yanzu  duk suna raba ra'ayi na Proto-Uralic * k zuwa  ko  kafin wasulan baya, misali 'kifi': PU  → Hungarian *hal*, Mansi хул  , Khanty хул  . Wannan shi kansa ba fasalin Ugric na gama gari bane -  ya rage a cikin wasu yarukan Mansi da Khanty (misali Khanty Gabas  , Kudancin Mansi  'kifi'), amma an yi jayayya ya haifar da rarrabuwar ka'idar Ugric na * k zuwa gaba da baya allophones  ~  , tare da na karshen sa'an nan kuma da kansa spirantizing a cikin kowane hali uku.

Hakanan nau'ikan Ugric guda uku suna raba tsaka-tsaki na Proto-Uralic * δ zuwa * l (kamar yadda harsunan Permic suke yi), amma yana yiwuwa wannan ya haifar da bayyanar retroflex * ɭ daga PU * l a cikin Khanty.  Wata yuwuwar jayayyar ita ce irin wannan ɓangarorin takwarorinsu mai ruɗi *δ́ → Mansi  , mai yiwuwa ya kasance canji na lokaci guda tare da ɓangarorin * ð . A Khanty reflex shine  , alhãli kuwa al'amuran  akwai kuma, wanda zai iya ba da shawarar ci gaba daban. Ba a sake gina ainihin * ĺ don tsofaffin matakan Uralic ba, duk da haka, wanda ya bar asalin Khanty  budaddiyar tambaya.

Bidi'a a sarari iyakance ga harsunan Ugric shine haɓakar * ŋ zuwa *ŋk, kodayake akwai keɓantawa da yawa a cikin kowane harshe ga wannan.

### Wasula
Ci gaban tsarin wasali ya kasance ƙarƙashin fassarar. Dukkan rassan Ugric guda uku sun bambanta tsayin wasali ; a cikin Harshen Hungarian wannan ya makara, gabaɗaya ana samun ta ta hanyar tsawaita ramuwa bayan asarar wasula marasa ƙarfi da *ɣ. Harsunan Ob-Ugric, duk da haka, sun sami bambance-bambancen adadinsu musamman daga bambance-bambancen ingancin PU: don haka misali a cikin Mansi ta Arewa, PU  'ear' → * päĺ →  , amma PU  'rabi' → *pääl →  .

Bambance-bambance tsakanin PU stem wasulan (*a/*ä vs. *i) ba sa wanzuwa haka a cikin yarukan Ugric na zamani, amma yawanci suna barin alamar su akan halayen wasali a cikin harafin farko, yana ba da shawarar riƙe bambanci aƙalla ga Proto. -Ugric mataki. Misali, PU *ń **ï** xl **i** 'kibiya' → Hungarian *nyíl*, amma PU *m **ï** ks **a** 'hanta' → Hungarian *máj* . Ana samun ragowar wasula na asali na asali a cikin tsoffin bayanan Hungarian, kamar PU *konta 'ƙungiyar, ƙungiyar farauta' → Tsohon Hungarian *hodu* 'dakaru' (→ Modern Hungarian *had* ).