The McDonaldization of OSH

**The McDonaldization of OSH** Tsaro da Lafiya na Aiki (OSH) ra'ayi ne na zamantakewar al'umma wanda ke kwatanta yadda ilimi, horo, dubawa, da takaddun shaida a cikin OSH suka zo don nuna ka'idodin McDonaldization: inganci, lissafi, tsinkaya, da sarrafawa. Yana bincika yadda waɗannan dabi'un zamanin masana'antu, wanda masanin zamantakewa George Ritzer ya fara bayyana a cikin littafinsa na 1993 The McDonaldization of Society  sun rinjayi tsarin OSH na zamani ta hanyar dijital, kasuwanci, da gudanar da algorithmic.

## Tarihi
Tun daga ƙarshen karni na 20, ilimin OSH da horo sun fadada cikin sauri don mayar da martani ga duniya, dijital, da ci gaban kasuwannin horo masu zaman kansu. Wannan fadada ya yi daidai da babban canji na Neoliberal a cikin manufofin jama'a, inda gwamnatoci suka rage shiga kai tsaye a cikin ilimin manya da ci gaban sana'a. Masu samar da kasuwanci daga baya sun fito suna ba da Takaddun shaida na tsaro na kan layi.

Wadannan ci gaba suna nuna faɗakarwa da Commodification na Ilimi, inda ake bi da ilmantarwa a matsayin kayan kasuwa maimakon amfanin jama'a. A cewar Karpov (2013), sayarwa yana rage masu koyo ga masu amfani da ilimi zuwa ma'amala, wanda ke haifar da asarar ƙimar ilimi. Miller 2010 da Lawrence & Sharma 2002 suna jayayya cewa wannan canjin yana ba da fifiko ga takaddun shaida akan ƙwarewa, sake fasalin koyarwa da ka'idojin ƙwararru.

Hanyoyin daidaitawa sun fito a bangaren OSH, inda aka samar da yawa, tsarin takaddun shaida na kai tsaye ke jaddada ci gaba da riba akan zurfin ilmantarwa. Freeman (2020)  da Postdigital Science and Education (2022)  sun lura cewa sauye-sauyen dijital sau da yawa yana ɓoye kasuwanci a ƙarƙashin maganganun kirkire-kirkire, yayin da cibiyoyin ke karɓar hanyoyin kamfanoni na tallace-tallace, scalability, da kuma samar da bayanai. 

Da yake tallafawa wannan, Treiber ya danganta McDonaldization da aikin warewa da haɓaka **"McJob"** - aikin da ke nunawa ta hanyar aiki, hulɗar rubutu, da kuma kulawar gudanarwa. Wadannan nau'ikan aiki masu ma'ana suna da alaƙa da damuwa na OSH na zamani game da haɗarin zamantakewa, damuwa, da lafiyar hankali a wurin aiki.

Kalmar *McDonaldization na OSH* ta fara amfani da ita ne daga malami da mai binciken OSH Dave Magee a cikin wata kasida ta 2025 a kan LinkedIn,  inda ya yi amfani da tsarin Ritzer ga kasuwancin duniya na horo na aminci. Tun daga wannan lokacin an tattauna wannan ra'ayi a cikin ƙarin sharhin likitan, gami da sanannen sakon da Clayton Kruger ya tattauna 'The McDonaldisation of OSH'. An kuma yi amfani da kalmar sosai a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na OSH-ai da kuma tarurruka.

## Muhimman halaye
Girman Ritzer guda huɗu na McDonaldization - **inganci**, **lissafi**, **tsinkaya**, da sarrafawa - ana iya lura da su a duk tsarin OSH na zamani.

* **Inganci:** Sau da yawa ana tsara darussan OSH don kammala sauri ta hanyar kayan aikin kan layi na atomatik. Yawancin masu samar da kasuwanci sun ba da tabbacin kashi 100 cikin dari, suna rage buƙatar zurfin fahimta ko ilmantarwa mai tunani.

* **Ƙididdigar:**: Ƙididdigar ma'auni kamar lokacin kammalawa, yawan takaddun shaida da aka bayar, ko ƙididdigar gwaji ana ba da fifiko a kan sakamako mai inganci kamar tunani mai mahimmanci ko ingantaccen aminci a wurin aiki. Wannan yana nuna 'al'adun binciken' da aka bayyana a cikin The Commodification of Education: An Academic Dilemma (2024). 

* **Tsinkaya:** Yawancin shirye-shiryen horo suna amfani da samfuran daidaitawa da abubuwan maimaitawa. Duk da yake wannan yana haifar da daidaito, yana hana daidaita yanayin haɗari ko ƙa'idodi na gida.

* Kulawa: Tsarin gwaji na atomatik da tsarin **Gudanarwa:** da ilmantarwa yana rage sa hannun mutum a cikin koyarwa da kimantawa. Wannan yana haifar da daidaituwa, ƙwarewar sarrafa software wanda ke ba da fifiko ga bin doka akan haɗin kai mai mahimmanci. Sakamakon asarar cin gashin kai da kuma yin aiki da kwamfuta an danganta shi da warewa a wurin aiki,  haɗarin zamantakewar mutum da aka gane a cikin jawabin OSH na zamani.

Ritzer ya kira wannan tsari 'rashin hankali na tunani': tsarin da aka inganta don sarrafawa da inganci na iya samar da sakamako mara kyau. A cikin OSH, horo mai sauƙin gaske na iya haifar da ma'aikata masu dogaro waɗanda ba su fahimci haɗari ba, a ƙarshe suna ƙaruwa maimakon rage haɗari.

## AI, gudanarwa na algorithmic, da McDonaldization a cikin OSH
Wani yanki na baya-bayan nan a cikin McDonaldization shine haɓakar hankali na wucin gadi (AI) da gudanarwar algorithmic a cikin tsarin tsaro.

Gudanar da algorithmic yana amfani da kayan aikin AI don sanya ayyuka, saka idanu kan aikin, sauye-sauyen jadawalin, da kuma tantance ma'aikata. EU-OSHA ta bayyana shi a matsayin "takobin da ke da iyaka biyu" wanda zai iya inganta inganci amma kuma ya kara 'hadarin halayyar mutum' lokacin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba.

Binciken da aka yi da lambobi da yawa a cikin kayan aikin Sweden ya gano cewa a karkashin gudanarwar algorithmic, ma'aikata sun fuskanci rage ikon cin gashin kansu, karuwar aiki, da kuma mafi girman damuwa na tunanin mutum. OECD's Algorithmic Management in the Workplace (2025) ya yi gargadi cewa waɗannan tsarin suna fadada cikin sauri amma suna haifar da damuwa game da lissafi, nuna gaskiya, da jin daɗin ma'aikaci.

The Partnership for European Research in Occupational Safety and Health (PEROSH) project *ALMA-AI* ya bincika yadda tsarin algorithmic ke shafar lafiyar ma'aikata da yanayin zamantakewa a duk faɗin Turai. Sauran binciken sun nuna yadda sa ido na yau da kullun da kuma mayar da martani na atomatik ke kara yawan aiki da damuwa.

Saboda tsarin algorithmic yana ƙarfafa tsinkaya da sarrafawa, suna zurfafa McDonaldization: ana kimanta ma'aikata ta hanyar algorithms, ayyukansu sun inganta ta software, kuma an rage ikon ɗan adam. Don hana waɗannan haɗarin, masu bincike suna ba da shawarar tsarin "mutumin da ke cikin umarni", inda AI ke taimakawa maimakon maye gurbin kulawar mutum.

## Fa'idodi da dama
Duk da zargi, masu bincike sun yarda cewa AI da kayan aikin dijital na iya inganta lafiyar aiki lokacin da aka tura su da kyau. EU-OSHA da ILO sun lura cewa nazarin AI-driven na iya inganta ƙirar ergonomic, gano haɗari, da rigakafin Raunin maimaitawa. Daidaitaccen aiwatarwa wanda ya haɗu da fasaha tare da hukuncin ɗan adam ana ganin shi a matsayin mabuɗin cimma "canjin dijital mai aminci".

## Rashin amincewa da abubuwan da ke tattare da shi
Masu sukar suna kallon McDonaldization a cikin OSH a matsayin wani ɓangare na fadada kasuwanci na ilimi da aiki. Karpov (2013)  ya yi gargadin cewa mayar da hankali kan yawa akan inganci yana rage ikon cin gashin kai na ilimi. A cikin OSH, wannan yana bayyana a matsayin bututun horo da aka mayar da hankali ga takaddun shaida da kuma binciken da ke da alaƙa da shawarwari. Nazarin ilimin dijital ya nuna cewa maganganun sake fasalin sau da yawa yana ɓoye matsin kasuwanci.

Ci gaban hukumomin takaddun shaida masu amincewa da kansu da tsarin binciken mallaka suna haifar da rikice-rikice na sha'awa, musamman inda horo, binciken, da tallace-tallace na software suka haɗu a tsaye. Kudin bayanai da haɗarin sa ido sun kara rikitar da wannan dangantakar.

Tsarin algorithmic na iya kara haɗarin psychosocial: damuwa, gajiya, da damuwa, musamman lokacin da ma'aikata ba su da iko ko taimako. Life Against Algorithmic Management (2025) takaddun waɗannan matsin lamba a bangarorin aiki. Bincike kan ma'aikatan ajiya ya nuna yadda tsarin mulki na ma'auni ke haifar da rashin mutunci da rage ikon cin gashin kai.

Kalubale na ka'idoji suna ci gaba yayin da Dokar aiki da tsarin kariya na bayanai ke gwagwarmaya don magance kulawar algorithmic. Gabaɗaya, McDonaldization a cikin haɗarin OSH yana iya juya aminci zuwa tsarin inji, tsarin sarrafa ma'auni wanda zai iya lalata dabi'un mutum.

## Magunguna masu yuwuwa da madadin
Masana da masu tsarawa suna ba da shawarar dabaru da yawa don rage McDonaldization a cikin OSH:

* Haɗakar da ma'aikaci a cikin ƙirar tsarin da kulawa.
* Ci gaba da ikon veto na mutum akan yanke shawara ta atomatik.
* Tabbatar da Bayyanawa, Bayyanawa da Alhakin.
* Gudanar da tsarin AI ta hanyar aiki, aminci, da dokar kariya ta bayanai.
* Canjin kimantawa zuwa ga sakamako mai inganci kamar inganta al'adun tsaro da rage abubuwan da suka faru.
* Maido da hukunci na kwararru da daidaitawa na gida cikin aikin tsaro.

Wadannan hanyoyin suna da niyyar sake farfado da gudanarwar OSH yayin da suke kula da fa'idodin inganci, guje wa abin da Ritzer ya kira "rashin hankali na tunani".

## Dubi kuma

* McDonaldization
* Tsaro da lafiya na aiki
* Gudanar da algorithmic
* Tabbatar da shaida
* Neoliberalism
* Al'adun tsaro
* Tsaro na aiki da ilimin kiwon lafiya

## Manazarta