Nancy Cunard

**Nancy Clara Cunard** (10 Maris 1896 - 17 Maris 1965) marubuciya ce 'yar Birtaniya, magajiya kuma mai fafutukar siyasa. An haife ta a cikin manyan attajirai na Birtaniya, kuma ta sadaukar da mafi yawan rayuwarta wajen yaƙi da wariyar launin fata da mulkin kama-karya . Ta zama abin tarihi ga wasu fitattun marubuta da masu fasaha na ƙarni na 20, ciki har da Wyndham Lewis, Aldous Huxley, Tristan Tzara, Ezra Pound da Louis Aragon - waɗanda suke cikin masoyanta - da kuma Ernest Hemingway, James Joyce, Constantin Brâncuși, Langston Hughes, Man Ray da William Carlos Williams . Takardun MI5 sun nuna cewa ta yi hulɗa da jami'in diflomasiyyar Indiya, mai ba da jawabi, kuma ɗan siyasa VK Krishna Menon .

A shekarun baya ta yi fama da rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa, kuma lafiyarta ta tabarbare. Lokacin da ta rasu a Hôpital Cochin, Paris, nauyinta ya kai  .

## shekarun 1910
Mahaifin Cunard shine Sir Bache Cunard, magajin kasuwancin jigilar kaya na Cunard Line, mai sha'awar farautar polo da dila, kuma baronet . Mahaifiyarta ita ce Maud Alice Burke, wata 'yar Amurka, wacce ta ɗauki sunan farko Emerald kuma ta zama babbar mai masaukin baki a London. An haifi Nancy a gidan danginta da ke Nevill Holt, Leicestershire. Lokacin da iyayenta suka rabu a shekarar 1911, ta ƙaura zuwa Landan tare da mahaifiyarta. Tana karatunta ne a makarantun kwana daban-daban, ciki har da lokacin da take yi a Faransa da Jamus.

A Landan, ta shafe tsawon lokacin yarinta tare da marubucin marubuci George Moore, wanda ya daɗe yana sha'awar mahaifiyarta. Har ma an yi ta rade-radin cewa Moore shine mahaifinta, kuma duk da cewa an yi watsi da hakan sosai, babu shakka ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwarta yayin da take girma. Daga baya za ta rubuta tarihin rayuwarta game da ƙaunarta ga "GM".

A ranar 15 ga wataA watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1916 ta auri Sydney Fairbairn, wani ɗan wasan kurket kuma jami'in soja wanda aka ji masa rauni a Gallipoli . Bayan sun yi hutun amarci a Devon da Cornwall, sun zauna a Landan a wani gida da mahaifiyar Nancy ta ba su a matsayin kyautar aure. Ma'auratan sun rabu a shekarar 1919 suka sake su a shekarar 1925. 

A wannan lokacin tana gefen ƙungiyar masu tasiri ta The Coterie, musamman ma Iris Tree .

Ta ba da gudummawa ga littafin tarihin *Wheels*, wanda Sitwells ya shirya, wanda ta ba da waƙar taken; an ce aikin farko aikinta ne. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

An kashe masoyin Cunard Peter Broughton-Adderley a fagen daga a Faransa kasa da wata guda kafin Ranar Yaƙi da Yaƙi .  Mutane da yawa da suka san ta sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba ta taɓa murmurewa gaba ɗaya daga rashin Adderley ba.

## Paris
Nancy Cunard ta ƙaura zuwa Paris a shekarar 1920. A can, ta shiga cikin adabi na zamani, masu ra'ayin Surrealists da Dada . Yawancin waƙoƙinta da aka buga sun samo asali ne daga wannan lokacin. A lokacin ƙuruciyarta a Paris, tana da kusanci da Michael Arlen .

A shekarar 1920 an yi mata tiyatar cire ciki wanda ya kusa kashe ta, saboda dalilai da ba a fayyace su sosai ba. Ta warke, sannan ta sami damar yin rayuwar jima'i ba tare da tsoron daukar ciki ba. 

Dangantaka mai tsawo da Aldous Huxley ta yi tasiri ga wasu daga cikin littattafansa. Ita ce abin koyi ga Myra Viveash a cikin *Antic Hay* (1923) da kuma ga Lucy Tantamount a cikin *Point Counter Point* (1928). 

A birnin Paris, Cunard ta shafe lokaci mai tsawo tare da Eugene McCown, wata 'yar Amurka mai zane daga cikin masu shan giya mai ƙarfi wadda ta sanya ta a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo. An yi hasashen cewa ta dogara ga barasa a wannan lokacin, kuma wataƙila ta yi amfani da wasu ƙwayoyi. 

A shekarar 1928, shekarar da ta kafa kamfanin buga littattafai na Hours Press, ta haɗu da Henry Crowder, wanda ta zauna tare da shi har zuwa 1933. 

## Salon kai
Salon Cunard, wanda aka san shi da sadaukarwarta ga kayayyakin tarihi na Afirka, ya kasance abin mamaki. Manyan kayan ado da ta fi so, waɗanda aka ƙera daga itace, ƙashi da hauren giwa, kayan halitta da masu sana'a na asali ke amfani da su, abin tayar da hankali ne kuma abin cece-kuce. An ɗauki hanunta masu kama da na hannuwa daga wuyan hannu zuwa gwiwar hannu a matsayin kayan ado na waje, wanda ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai, wanda hakan ya jawo hankalin masu ɗaukar hoto na zamanin. Sau da yawa ana ɗaukarta a matsayin sanye da tarin kayanta, na wahayi daga Afirka da kuma wuyan wuyan katako, waɗanda suka girmama ra'ayoyin Cubism . [1]

Da farko an yi la'akari da tasirin bohemian na wata magajiya mai ban mamaki, duniyar salon zamani ta fara halatta wannan salon a matsayin avant garde, inda aka yi masa lakabi da "kallon barkwanci". Gidaje masu daraja kamar Boucheron sun ƙirƙiri nasu abin wuya na zinare wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ga Afirka. Boucheron, wanda ya guji duwatsu masu tsada, an haɗa shi cikin malachite kore da wani ma'adinai mai ban sha'awa, purpurite, maimakon haka. Ya nuna wannan kayan ado mai kyau a Exposition Coloniale a 1931. 

## Jaridar The Hours Press
A shekarar 1927, Cunard ta koma wani gidan gona a La Chapelle-Réanville, Normandy. A can ne ta kafa Hours Press. A da, ana kiran ƙaramin gidan jarida da Three Mountains Press kuma William Bird, wani ɗan jarida ɗan Amurka a Paris ne ke gudanar da shi, wanda ya buga littattafai daga editan mujallar daga 1923, Ezra Pound, William Carlos Williams ' *The Great American Novel*, Robert McAlmon da Ernest Hemingway 's *In Our Time* . Cunard tana son tallafawa waƙoƙin gwaji da kuma samar da kasuwa mai biyan kuɗi mai yawa ga matasa marubuta. Arzikinta na gado ya ba ta damar ɗaukar haɗarin kuɗi wanda sauran masu wallafa ba za su iya ba. The Hours Press ya shahara da kyawawan ƙirar littattafai da kuma samar da kayayyaki masu inganci. 

Ya fitar da aikin farko da aka buga daban-daban na Samuel Beckett, wata waƙa mai suna *Whoroscope* (1930); *Kalmomin* Bob Brown ; da kuma Pound's *A Draft of XXX Cantos* . Cunard ya buga tsoffin abokai kamar George Moore, Norman Douglas, Richard Aldington da Arthur Symons, kuma ya fitar da *Henry-Music*, wani littafi na waƙoƙi daga marubuta daban-daban tare da kiɗa na Henry Crowder, littattafai biyu na Laura Riding, *Waƙoƙin John Rodker da aka tattara*, waƙoƙi na Roy Campbell, Harold Acton, Brian Howard da Walter Lowenfels . Wyn Henderson ya karɓi ragamar aikin jarida na yau da kullun a 1931; a wannan shekarar ta buga littafinsa na ƙarshe, *The Revaluation of Obscenity* na masanin ilimin jima'i Havelock Ellis . 

## Manazarta

* Bankes, Ariane. "Nancy Cunard, Masoyiyar 'Yan Tawaye" . *Karin Bayani na Jaridar Times Literary*, 7 ga Afrilu 2007. (Sharhin Gordon.)
* Chisholm, Anne. *Nancy Cunard: Tarihin Rayuwa* . 1979. New York: Littattafan Penguin, 1981.
* Fielding, Daphne . *Waɗannan Cunards Masu Ban Mamaki, Emerald da Nancy* (1968).
* Ford, Hugh, edita. *Nancy Cunard: Mawaki Mai Jarumtaka, 'Yan Tawayen Indomitable 1896–1965* (1968).
* Gordon, Lois. *Nancy Cunard: Magajiya, Muse, Mai Tsarin Siyasa* . New York: Columbia UP, 2007. ISBN&nbsp; (10). ISBN&nbsp; (13).
* 
* Loy, Mina . "Nancy Cunard". 103 a cikin *Littafin Lunar da ya ɓace Baedeker: Waƙoƙi* . An zaɓa kuma an buga. Roger L. Conover. New York: Farrar, Straus, da Giroux, 1996.
* Lyden, Jackie. "Nancy Cunard: Magajiyar 'Yan Tawaye, Rayuwa Mai Wahayi" . Hira da Lois Gordon da kuma wasu sassa daga tarihin rayuwarta na Cunard (ya haɗa da hanyar haɗin NPR Media Player). An Yi La'akari da *Duk Abubuwan da Aka Yi La'akari da su* . Gidan Rediyon Jama'a na Ƙasa . 21 Yuli 2007. An shiga ranar 30 ga Janairu 2008.
* Mackrell, Judith. *Flappers: Mata Shida na Tsara Mai Haɗari* . 2013. ISBN&nbsp;
* Weber, Caroline . "Magajin 'Yan Tawaye" . *Sharhin Littattafan Jaridar New York Times*, 1 ga Afrilu 2007. Shafuka 2. (Sharhin Gordon.)
* Weiss, Andrea. *Paris Mace Ce: Hotuna daga Bangon Hagu* (2001).