open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ilimi da Halin Lafiya

Ilimin Lafiya da Halayyar Mutum Mujallar kiwon lafiya ce da ake yi wa nazari akai-akai a kowane wata, wadda ke ɗauke da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da zamantakewa a fannin lafiyar jama'a, wadda SAGE Publications ta buga. Mujallar hukuma ce ta Society for Public Health Education (SOPHE).

## Tarihi
An kafa mujallar a shekarar 1957 a matsayin *Littafin Lissafi na Ilimin Lafiya* wanda aka samar a lokaci-lokaci ba tare da jadawalin bugawa ba har zuwa 1974, lokacin da ta zama littafin kwata-kwata tare da lambar girma da kuma rubutun shafi.  Fitowar farko ta 1974 ta zama juzu'i na 2, fitowa ta 1. Duk fitowar da ta gabata da ta shafi batutuwa na 1 zuwa 36, daga 1957 zuwa 1973, an tsara su ne don su zama juzu'i na 1. A wannan lokacin, ƙananan kamfanonin buga littattafai daban-daban sun buga *Littafin Lissafi na Ilimin Lafiya* ko kuma tare da haɗin gwiwar SOPHE da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya . Ba a buga juzu'i a shekarar 1979 ba saboda sauye-sauye masu yawa, ciki har da sabon mai bugawa, edita, da tsari. 

A shekarar 1980, an sake wa mujallar suna *Health Education Quarterly* kuma an yi shawarwari kan yarjejeniyar wallafawa da Human Sciences Press.  John Wiley &amp;amp; Sons ya zama mawallafi da juzu'i na 10 a shekarar 1983 kuma mujallar ta koma mawallafinta na yanzu, SAGE Publications, a shekarar 1995. A shekarar 1997, mujallar ta faɗaɗa zuwa bugu shida kowace shekara don daidaita yawan gabatarwar da aka gabatar kuma aka sake wa mujallar suna *Health Education & Behavior* . 

## Takaitawa da kuma nuna bayanai
An taƙaita kuma an yi amfani da jerin mujallun ta hanyar CAB Abstracts, CINAHL, Current Contents /Social & Behavioral Sciences, Global Health, Index Medicus / MEDLINE / PubMed, ProQuest databases, Psychological Abstracts, PsycINFO, PsycLIT, SafetyLit, Scopus, Social Sciences Ambato Index, da kuma Social Abstracts . A cewar *Journal Ambato Reports*, tasirin mujallar na shekaru 2 na 2020 shine 4.444. 

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*
Dankiyo

**Dankiyo** (from ancient Greek: To angeion (Τὸ ἀγγεῖον)), is an ancient word from the text of Evliya Çelebi (17th century, Ottoman Era "The Laz's of Trebizond invented a bagpipe called a dankiyo..." describing the Pontian tulum, a type of bagpipe which the ancient Greeks called an *askaulos* (ἀσκός *askos* &#x2013; wine-skin, αὐλός *aulos* &#x2013; flute). It consists of a lamb skin, a blow pipe, and the double reed chanter.

Ana buga dankiyo a ƙananan ƙauyuka kusa da Trabzon da Rize. Ana iya samun irin wannan bututun a tsibirin Girka tare da sunaye daban-daban kamar Tsampouna ko Askomandoura. Hakanan ana amfani da shi a yankin Makidoniya a Arewacin Girka tsakanin mutanen Girka na Pontian. Abin da ya bambanta dankiyo daga sauran bagpipes shi ne cewa dankiyo ba ya amfani da bututu daban don drone. Maimakon haka, ana kirkirar sautin ta hanyar igiyoyi biyu a cikin mawaƙa.

## Magana
Tsohon Girkanci: Ga angeion (Τὸ ἀγγεῖον) "jirgi". Hakanan ana iya fassara shi a matsayin "kwalin". [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed]

## Sassan kayan aikin
Pontian Touloum ya ƙunshi waɗannan ɓangarorin:

# Aulos - sarewa: Wood & Reeds (kayan Girkanci na dā} 
# Post - Skin (bag): Fata na dabba 
# Fisaktir - bututun iska: Itace ko Kashi 
# Kalame - Reeds: Reeds

## Bayani

## Manazarta

* Özhan Öztürk (2005). Karadeniz: Ansiklopedik Sözlük. 2 Cilt. Heyamola Yayıncılık. Istanbul.
Ahmed Esad Pasha

Ahmed Esad Pasha (Turkish: Sakızlı Ahmet Esat Paşa, 1828 in Chios – 1875 in Smyrna) was an Ottoman conservative statesman. He was Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire during two terms in 1873 and 1875.[1]
 

## Manazarta
Ali Dino

Fayil:Αλή_Ντίνο.jpg|Self portrait
Fayil:Ali_Dino_-_Caricature,_1917.jpg|Caricature (1917) Municipal Art Gallery of Ioannina
Fayil:Manos_1919_small.jpg|Manos (1919)
Fayil:Gatopoulos_by_Dino_1927.jpg|Dimitris Gatopoulos (1927)
**Ali Dino** (Greek: Αλή Ντίνο), also known as **Ali Dino Bey** (Albanian: Ali Bej Dino; Greek: Αλή Ντίνο Μπέης, 1890–1938) was an Albanian cartoonist and a Member of the Greek Parliament.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Dino a Chios,[1][2] a cikin Vilayet na Archipelago na Daular Ottoman a 1890, ga Rasih Dino. Shi jika ne ga Abedin Dino, ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga 'yancin kai na Albania. Iyalinsa sun fito ne daga Preveza, Chameria. 'Yan uwansa su ne Leyla Dino Ileri, Abidin Dino (wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan kakansa Abedin) shahararren mai zane, da Ahmet (wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan kakansa Ahmed Dino). Ya zama ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun masu zane-zane a Girka, kuma an zaɓe shi a Majalisar Dokokin Girka don yankin Preveza a 1915.[3][4] Daga baya Dino ya kafa Jam'iyyar Chameria, wadda ta wakilci al'ummar Cham Albania ta gida[4] da kuma ƙungiyar abota ta Girka ta Albania. Ya mutu a Athens, Girka, a 1938.

## Ayyuka

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Emmanouil Fragkos

**Emmanouil Fragkos** (Greek) ɗan siyasan Girka ne a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai na jam'iyyar Greek Solution ta dama . 

## Ilimi
Fragkos ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Aristotle ta Thessaloniki a watan Nuwamba 2016.

## Majalisar dokokin Turai
Fragkos zai sanya hannu kan *Yarjejeniyar Madrid* yayin da yake ofis, ya shiga ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar dama da jam'iyyar siyasa ta Spain Vox ta shirya.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Leo Kalothetos

**Leo Kalothetos** (Girkanci, 1315-1363) ya kasance gwamnan lardin Daular Byzantine .

Kalothetos ɗan asalin Chios ne, inda aka ambaci shi a karo na farko a cikin shekara ta 1315.  A wannan lokacin, tsibirin mallaka dangin Zaccaria ne na Genoese, waɗanda suka riƙe shi *de jure* a matsayin fief daga Sarkin sarakuna na Byzantine, amma kusan a matsayin yanki mai zaman kansa. A shekara ta 1328, Kalothetos ya tsere daga tsibirin kuma ya shiga cikin Sarkin sarakuna Andronikos III Palaiologos a Didymoteichon . Tare sun shirya dawo da Chios ta Byzantines. Tare da taimakon tawaye na jama'ar yankin da cin amanar Benedetto II Zaccaria, ɗan'uwan mai mulkin tsibirin Martino Zaccaria, jirgin ruwa na Byzantine ya sake dawo da tsibirin a cikin 1329. An kama Martino Zaccaria, kuma an sanya Kalothetos a matsayin sabon gwamnan tsibirin.  

Kalothetos tsohon aboki ne na John Kantakouzenos, babban aboki da kuma babban mataimakin Andronikos III. Sakamakon haka, lokacin da yakin basasa tsakanin Kantakouzenos da regency na John V Palaiologos ya ɓarke, an kore shi ta hanyar umarnin Alexios Apokaukos kuma an maye gurbinsa da Caloiane Civo . [1] Ya gudu ya shiga Kantakouzenos, kuma an tabbatar da shi a cikin 1345 tare da matsayi na protosebastos, a matsayin wakilin megas stratopedarches John Vatatzes . [1] Ya sake bayyana a shekara ta 1349, lokacin da ya ga yarjejeniya tare da Jamhuriyar Venice a Constantinople . [1] Daga 1348 har zuwa 1363, an nada shi gwamna na Tsohon Phocaea . A shekara ta 1358, ya shiga cikin al'amarin yarima Ottoman (şehzade) Halil, wanda 'yan fashi na Girka suka kama shi kuma suka tsare shi a Phocaea a cikin bauta. Kalothetos ya ki amincewa da bukatun Sarkin sarakuna John V don sakin Halil, har sai da ya karɓi hyperpyra 100,000 a musayar.[1][2] A wannan lokacin, Kalothetos yana da matsayi na panhypersebastos . [1]

## Manazarta
Makarantar kari

**Makaranta ta gaba** shiri ne da aka kafa a cikin al'umma don samar da ƙarin tallafin ilimi ga yara waɗanda ke halartar makarantun yau da kullun. Sau da yawa ana tsara su don samar da takamaiman koyarwar harshe, al'adu da addini ga yara daga ƙabilu marasa rinjaye. 

## Makarantun ƙarin makarantu ta ƙabilanci

### Makarantun ƙarin makarantu baƙar fata a Burtaniya
An fara wani yunkuri na makarantun ƙarin baƙaƙe a Birtaniya a tsakiyar shekarun 1960, da farko a tsakanin al'ummomin Afirka da Caribbean, sannan a tsakanin sauran al'ummomin Afirka. Bayan wani rahoto da aka fallasa daga Hukumar Ilimi ta Cikin Gida ta London ya nuna cewa ana yi wa yaran baƙi 'yan asalin Indiya ta Yamma lakabi da "Educationally Sub-Normal" (ESN), masanin ilimi Bernard Coard ya buga littafinsa na 1971 mai suna How the West Indian Child Made Educationally Sub-normal in the British School System, wanda ya haifar da iyaye su kafa ƙarin makarantun Asabar don tallafawa ilimin 'ya'yansu. [1] [2] Wannan motsi ya samo asali ne daga ra'ayin cewa wariyar launin fata yana hana yara daga al'ummomin Afirka da Caribbean dawowa, kuma makarantun sun fi mayar da hankali kan batutuwa biyu: samar da ilimin asali, tare da wani shiri na musamman na al'adu. [3] Cibiyar George Padmore tana da tarihin kayan da suka shafi wannan motsi. [4]

### Makarantun ƙarin makarantu na Japan a duk duniya
Makarantun ƙarin makarantu na Japan ne a ƙasashen waje masu tasowa waɗanda Ma'aikatar Ilimi, Al'adu, Wasanni, Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Japan ke tallafawa. 

## Manazarta
Makarantar Sudbury

**Makarantar Sudbury** nau'in makaranta ce, yawanci ga ɗaliban K-12, inda ɗalibai ke da cikakken alhakin iliminsu, kuma makarantar tana ƙarƙashin tsarin dimokuradiyya kai tsaye inda ɗalibai da ma'aikata 'yan ƙasa ne daidai.  Dalibai suna amfani da lokacinsu yadda suke so, kuma suna koyo a matsayin sakamakon ƙwarewar yau da kullun maimakon ta hanyar aikin koyarwa. Babu wani tsarin koyarwa da aka riga aka tsara, manhajar koyarwa ta umarni ko koyarwa ta yau da kullun.  Ana kiran manya kawai a matsayin ma'aikata maimakon malamai.

Wannan wani nau'i ne na ilimin dimokuradiyya kuma yana cika sharuddan makarantar dimokuradiyya . 

## Ma'anar
Daniel Greenberg, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa makarantar Sudbury Model ta asali, ya rubuta cewa abubuwa biyu da suka bambanta makarantar Sudbury Model sune cewa ana yi wa kowa da kowa daidai (manya da yara tare) kuma babu wata hukuma banda wacce aka bayar ta hanyar amincewar waɗanda ake mulka . 

Duk da cewa kowace makarantar Sudbury Model tana aiki ne da kanta kuma tana tsara manufofi da hanyoyinta, suna da al'ada iri ɗaya. 

Makarantun Sudbury Valley suna ba wa ɗalibi cikakken alhakin tsarin koyo. Bugu da ƙari, makarantar dimokuraɗiyya ce kai tsaye inda ɗalibai da malamai ke shiga cikin makarantar daidai gwargwado.

## Asalin da kuma yaɗuwa
Sunan "Sudbury" ya samo asali ne daga Makarantar Sudbury Valley, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1968 a Framingham, Massachusetts, kusa da Sudbury, Massachusetts . Duk da cewa babu wata ma'ana ta hukuma ko ta ƙa'ida ta makarantar Sudbury Model, yanzu akwai makarantu sama da 60 da suka danganta kansu da Sudbury a duk faɗin duniya. Wasu, kodayake ba duka ba ne, sun haɗa da "Sudbury" da sunan su. Waɗannan makarantun suna aiki ne a matsayin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kuma ba a haɗa su ta kowace hanya ba. [1]

## Manazarta
Muryar dalibi

**Rubutu mai gwaɓi**
**Muryar ɗalibi** ita ce mahangar ɗalibi da kuma ta haɗin gwiwa da ayyukan ɗalibai a cikin mahallin koyo da ilimi.    A makarantu ana gane shi a matsayin aikin kwatantawa  da kuma abin da ya shafi aiki.  Malamin fasaha Dennis Harper ya lura cewa muryar ɗalibi tana ba wa ɗalibai "ikon yin tasiri ga ilmantarwa don haɗawa da manufofi, shirye-shirye, mahallin da ƙa'idodi." 

## Aiki
A cewar Adam Fletcher, muryar ɗalibai wani abu ne da ya kasance a makarantu koyaushe; abin da ke sa a lura shi ne sha'awar malamai da sauran mutane na sauraron muryar ɗalibai. [1] Rebecca Coda da Rick Jetter suma sun yi jayayya cewa bai kamata a ɗauki muryar ɗalibai a matsayin wani nau'i na "cin amana" ba, a'a ya kamata a ɗauki ta a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin babba da ɗalibi. [2]

Aikin muryar ɗalibai ya dogara ne akan waɗannan imani:

* Matasa suna da ra'ayoyi na musamman game da koyo, koyarwa, da kuma makaranta;
* Fahimtarsu ba wai kawai ta cancanci kulawa ba, har ma da martanin manya;
* Ya kamata a ba su damammaki don su inganta iliminsu. 

Nau'o'i daban-daban sun bambanta ayyukan da ke bayyana a matsayin muryar ɗalibi.    Mutum yana gano ayyuka da yawa ga ɗalibai a cikin tsarin ilimi, gami da tsara ilimi, bincike, koyarwa, kimantawa, yanke shawara da kuma bayar da shawarwari .  

### Hanyoyin gudanarwa
Kasancewa da kuma shigar da muryar ɗalibai ana ganin yana da mahimmanci ga tsarin ilimi tun aƙalla lokacin John Dewey, idan ba da daɗewa ba. A cikin 1916 Dewey ya yi rubutu sosai game da buƙatar jan hankalin ɗalibai da ra'ayoyi a cikin manhajar makarantu, yana taƙaita goyon bayansa da cewa: Ma'anar buƙatar 'yanci ita ce buƙatar yanayi wanda zai ba mutum damar bayar da gudummawarsa ta musamman ga wata ƙungiya, da kuma shiga cikin ayyukanta ta yadda jagorancin zamantakewa zai zama batun tunaninsa, ba kawai ikon yin umarni ga ayyukansa ba.A yau muryar ɗalibai tana ganin sake farfaɗowa da muhimmanci yayin da tarin adabi ke ƙaruwa  ƙara gano muryar ɗalibai kamar yadda ya zama dole a duk lokacin tsarin ilimi.  Wuraren da masu fafutuka ke ƙarfafa amincewa da muryar ɗalibai sun haɗa da tsara manhaja da hanyoyin koyarwa, jagoranci na ilimi da ayyukan gyaran makarantu gabaɗaya, gami da bincike da kimantawa. 

### Hanyoyin manhaja
Nau'o'in ayyukan da za su iya jan hankalin ɗaliban musamman sun haɗa da koyo ta hanyar koyarwa, yanke shawara kan ilimi, tsara makaranta, binciken ayyukan haɗin gwiwa, kimanta koyo da koyarwa, bayar da shawarwari kan ilimi, da kuma shawarwarin ɗalibai ga shugabannin makarantu da masu kula da makarantu. 

## Manazarta
Tsarin duniya don koyarwa

**Tsarin koyarwa na duniya** ( **UID** ) ko kuma **tsarin koyarwa na duniya** ( **UDI** ) 
**Rubutu mai gwaɓi**tsarin ilimi ne don amfani da ƙa'idodin ƙira na duniya a cikin yanayin ilmantarwa tare da burin samun damar shiga ga dukkan ɗalibai, gami da ɗaliban da ke da nakasa . UDI ta ƙunshi la'akari da buƙatun duk masu koyo yayin tsara da isar da koyarwa ta hanyar gano da kawar da shingen da ba dole ba ga koyarwa da koyo yayin da ake ci gaba da tsauraran matakan ilimi.  Don haka UDI tana da himma kuma tana amfanar da dukkan ɗalibai, sabanin samar da masauki ga takamaiman ɗalibi (misali, samar da mai fassara harshen kurame ga ɗalibi wanda bai ji ba ).

## Bayani
Tsarin Koyarwa na Duniya (UDI) yana amfani da kuma daidaita ƙa'idodin ƙira na duniya da Ka'idojin Tsarin Duniya  ga yanayin koyo da samfuran koyo, tare da burin haɓaka koyo ga dukkan ɗalibai.

Tsarin duniya (UD), wani ra'ayi da mai zane Ronald Mace ya fara a Jami'ar Jihar North Carolina (NCSU),  yana nufin gine-gine, kayayyaki, da muhalli waɗanda mutane marasa nakasa da kuma mutanen da ke da nakasa za su iya samu.  Cibiyar Tsarin Duniya a NCSU ta kafa wani tsari na Ka'idojin Tsarin Duniya  bisa ga UD don jagorantar da kimanta tsarin ƙira, tare da burin ƙirƙirar samfura da muhalli masu sauƙin samu. Tsarin Duniya don Koyarwa tsarin ilimi ne da kuma tsarin dabaru waɗanda ke amfani da UD da Ka'idojin Tsarin Duniya ga muhallin ilimi da koyarwa, kayayyakin koyo, da kayan ilmantarwa.

Tsarin UDI na musamman da shirye-shiryen ilimi sun bambanta tsakanin cibiyoyin ilimi da manufofi. Cibiyar Zane-zane ta Duniya a Ilimi (CUDE) [undefined] a Cibiyar DO-IT ( Jami'ar Washington ) ta haɗa UD, Ka'idojin Zane na Duniya da Tsarin Koyo na Duniya (UDL) don ƙirƙirar dabarun UDI don amfani da ƙira na duniya ga samfuran ilimi da muhalli . [2] Kowace dabarar CUDE tana da alaƙa da ƙa'idodin UD da UDL masu dacewa. [2] Ta amfani da wata hanya daban, Cibiyar Ilimi da Nakasa ta Bayan Sakandare a Jami'ar Connecticut ta ƙirƙiro wasu ƙa'idodin UDI waɗanda suka dogara da aikin Chickering da Gamson, [undefined] waɗanda suka fara buga wasu ƙa'idodi don ƙarin ilimi na bayan sakandare, da kuma Ka'idojin Zane na Duniya. [1]

## Ka'idoji
Ka'idoji bakwai na asali na Tsarin Duniya don samfura da muhalli waɗanda Cibiyar Zane ta Duniya ta kafa a NCSU  sun biyo baya; UDI tana amfani da waɗannan ƙa'idodi ga yanayin koyo. 

* Ka'ida ta 1: Amfani Mai Daidaito
* Ka'ida ta 2: Sauƙin Amfani
* Ka'ida ta 3: Mai Sauƙi da Fahimta
* Ka'ida ta 4: Bayani Mai Fahimta
* Ka'ida ta 5: Juriya ga Kuskure
* Ka'ida ta 6: Ƙarancin Ƙoƙarin Jiki
* Ka'ida ta 7: Girma da Sarari don Tsarin Aiki da Amfani

Cibiyar DO-IT ta Cibiyar DO-IT ta haɗu da dabarun UDI da ƙa'idodin UD tare da tsarin Tsarin Koyo na Duniya (UDL) .  Tsarin Koyo na Duniya (UDL) "tsarin ƙa'idodi ne don haɓaka manhaja wanda ke ba wa dukkan mutane damammaki iri ɗaya don koyo."  Jagororin UDL suna ƙarfafa masu tsara manhaja su ba wa ɗalibi zaɓuɓɓuka dangane da waɗannan:

## Manazarta
Yirol West County

**Yirol West County** yanki ne na gudanarwa a Jihar Lakes, Sudan ta Kudu . Yana daya daga cikin yankuna takwas na Jihar Lakes. Yirol West County tana da iyaka da Yirol East County zuwa gabas, Awerial County zuwa kudu, Terekeka county da Mvolo County zuwa Kudu maso Yamma da Rumbek East County zuwa yamma.

## Payams a Yirol West
Akwai tara payams a Yirol County.

# Aluakluak
# Geer
# Paliet
# Betoi
# Panekar
# Shekara-shekara
# Genggeng
# Benylom
# Mapuordit

## Yanayi
Yawan zafin jiki na shekara-shekara na gundumar shine 32.05 ° C (89.69 ° F) kuma yana da 2.55% sama da matsakaicin Sudan ta Kudu. Yirol yawanci yana karɓar kimanin 97.39 millimeters (3.83 inci) na hazo kuma yana da kwanaki 128.95 na ruwan sama (35.33% na lokacin) a kowace shekara.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Mustapha Khaznadar

**Mustapha Khaznadar** (Arabic: مصطفى خزندار; 1817–1878), born as **Georgios Halkias Stravelakis** (Greek: Γεώργιος Χαλκιάς Στραβελάκης) was a Tunisian politician who served as Prime Minister of the Beylik of Tunis from 1855 to 1873. He was one of the most influential people in modern Tunisian history.

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Mustapha Khaznadar a ƙauyen Kardamyla a tsibirin Girka na Chios[1][2][3][4][5] a matsayin Georgios Halkias Stravelakis[3][5] a cikin 1817.[6][7][8][9] A watan Janairun 1822, 'yan tawaye daga tsibirin Samos da ke makwabtaka sun isa Chios kuma sun ayyana' yancin kansu daga Daular Ottoman, sultan Ottoman nan da nan ya aika da sojoji kusan 40,000 zuwa tsibirin Chios, inda aka kashe kimanin mazauna Girka 52,000 kuma an kai dubban mata da yara bautar.[10][11] A lokacin kisan kiyashi na Chios, an kashe mahaifin Georgios, Mai jirgin ruwa Stephanis Halkias Stravelakis, yayin da aka kama Georgios tare da ɗan'uwansa Yannis kuma Ottomans suka sayar da su cikin bautar.[8] Daga nan aka kai shi Smyrna sannan Constantinople, inda aka sayar da shi a matsayin bawa ga wakilin Daular Husainid.

### Juyowa na addini da aikin siyasa

Mustafa Khaznadar ya riƙe tunanin asalinsa na Girka  kuma lokacin da ya gudanar, ya tuntubi sauran iyalinsa kuma ya taimaka wajen biyan kuɗin ilimin 'yan uwansa biyu (Girkanci).  Khaznadar ya mutu a shekara ta 1878 kuma an binne shi a cikin mausoleum na Tourbet el Bey, a cikin zuciyar Madina na Tunis .

## A cikin Al'adu
2018: *Tej El Hadhra*, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Sami Fehri: Ahmed Landolsi . 

## Karramawa

* Jami'in Order of the Blood (Nichan Dam) na Tunisia (1856) 
* Jami'in Order of Glory (Nichan Iftikhar) na Tunisia

## Dubi kuma

* Kisan kiyashi na Chios
* Musulmai na Girka
* Firayim Minista na Tunisia
* Tashin hankali na Mejba
* Mahmoud Ben Ayed

## Manazarta
Iskandari Kontostavlos

Alexandros Kontostavlos (Girkanci: ; c. 1789, Chios - 1865, Athens) ya kasance ɗan banki na Girka, mai daraja kuma ɗan siyasa.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Konstavlos a tsibirin Chios a cikin kimanin shekara ta 1789 kuma ya fito ne daga dangin mai daraja wanda ya samo asali ne daga Daular Byzantine . Bayan karatunsa a Italiya, ya zama memba na Filiki Etaireia kuma a lokacin ƙarshen Juyin Juya Halin Girka ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Amurka don siyan jiragen yaki.

A cikin 1828, Gwamna Ioannis Kapodistrias ya sanya shi memba na kwamitin kudi kuma ya tura shi Malta, inda ya sayi mint wanda aka yi amfani da shi don samar da kuɗin Girka na zamani na farko, *Phoenix* . 

A karkashin Sarki Otto na Girka, an zabe shi sau da yawa a majalisar dokoki don Karystos, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Kudi a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 1855 - 2 ga Yuli 1856. Daga Disamba 1856 zuwa Yuli 1856, ya kasance Kakakin Majalisar Hellenic .

Gidansa shine shafin yanar gizon Tsohon Majalisar, Athens, yanzu Gidan Tarihi na Kasa.

## Mutuwa
Ya mutu a Athens a shekara ta 1865. Ɗansa, Alexandros A. Kontostavlos, ɗan diflomasiyya ne kuma ɗan siyasa.

## Manazarta
Ilimi na Thomas Jefferson

**Rubutu mai gwaɓi*****Ilimi na Thomas Jefferson***, wanda aka fi sani da "TJEd"  ko "Ilimin Jagoranci" falsafa ce da kuma hanyar ilimi wadda ta shahara a tsakanin wasu masu ilimi daban-daban, ciki har da makarantu masu zaman kansu, makarantun haya da kuma masu koyar da gida. Ya dogara ne akan Maɓallan Bakwai na Babban Koyarwa da Matakan Koyo. Wannan tsarin ilimi ya shahara ta hanyar rubutu da koyar da Oliver da Rachel DeMille, waɗanda suka rubuta kayan aikin TJEd.

## Matakan Ilimi Kan Jagoranci
TJEd ya tsara wata hanya ta musamman ga ɗaliban shekaru daban-daban na ci gaba. Waɗannan ana kiransu "Matsayi", kuma sun dace da shirye-shiryen jiki/na motsin rai/na hankali don darussan kowane mataki. Shekarun da aka ba da shawarar da suka dace jagora ne na gabaɗaya, tare da keɓancewa waɗanda suka bambanta sosai. DeMille ya ambaci irin waɗannan masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam kamar Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky da Erik Erikson don tallafawa tsarinsu na "Matsayi". [1]

### Matakan Tushen
"Matsakaicin Tsarin" na TJEd sune kamar haka: 

* Core (haihuwa zuwa shekaru 8+): daidai da kuskure, nagarta da mugunta, gaskiya da ƙarya, dangantaka, dabi'un iyali, ayyukan iyali da nauyi, koyon alhakin aiki, da kuma ƙima da ƙaunar aiki.
* Soyayyar Koyo (kimanin shekaru 8 zuwa 12): yana ƙarfafa karatun iyali na adabi na gargajiya, koyon aiki, kulab da "Makarantun Mata" suna daga cikin abubuwan da ke taimakawa wajen zaburar da matashin ya so koyo da kuma kusantar da fannoni daban-daban tare da sha'awa da kuma ƙaruwar ƙwarewa da himma. Darussan Mataki na "Soyayyar Koyo": Me ake da shi don koyo? Kai ne ke da alhakin yanke shawara na kanka. Hakkin kanka. Koyon baiwarka, abubuwan da kake so, burin rayuwa, manufa. Da kuma muhimmancin gida da iyali.

## Manazarta
Rashin Amfani

***''Rubutu mai gwaɓi*****Rubutu mai gwaɓi**

**Trivium** shine ƙaramin sashe na fasahar sassaucin ra'ayi guda bakwai kuma ya ƙunshi nahawu, dabaru, da magana . 

Ƙididdigar ta kasance a cikin  (" Auren Falsafa da Mercury ") na Martianus Capella, amma ba a yi amfani da kalmar ba har zuwa Renaissance na Carolingian, lokacin da aka ƙirƙiro ta don kwaikwayon tsohuwar quadrivium .  Nahawu, dabaru, da magana sun kasance masu mahimmanci ga ilimin gargajiya, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin tattaunawar Plato . An nuna batutuwa uku tare da kalmar *trivium* a lokacin Tsakiyar Zamani, amma al'adar koyon waɗannan fannoni uku ta fara ne a tsohuwar Girka, ta hanyar masu magana kamar Isocrates .  Sauye-sauyen zamani sun ɗauki nau'o'i daban-daban, ciki har da waɗanda ake samu a wasu jami'o'in Birtaniya da Amurka (wasu suna cikin ƙungiyar ilimi ta gargajiya ) da kuma a Makarantar Oundle mai zaman kanta da ke Burtaniya . 

## Asalin Ma'anar
A cikin Etymologically, kalmar Latin trivium yana nufin "wurin da hanyoyi uku suka haɗu" ( tri + via ); saboda haka, batutuwa na trivium sune tushen quadrivium, ɓangaren sama (ko "ƙarin") na ilimin tsakiyar zamanai a fannin fasahar sassaucin ra'ayi, wanda ya ƙunshi lissafi (lambobi a matsayin ra'ayoyi masu rikitarwa), lissafi (lambobi a sarari), kiɗa (lambobi a lokaci), da ilmin taurari (lambobi a sarari da lokaci). A fannin ilimi, trivium da quadrivium sun ba wa ɗalibi fasahar sassaucin ra'ayi guda bakwai na tsohuwar gargajiya . [1]

## Bayani
Nahawu yana koya wa ɗalibi dabarun harshe. Wannan shine matakin da ɗalibi ke "fahimtar ma'anoni", yana bayyana abubuwa da bayanai da ma'anoni biyar ke fahimta. Saboda haka, dokar asali : *itace itace ce, ba kyanwa ba* .

Manhaja (wanda kuma ake kira dialectic ) ita ce "injiniya" ta tunani da nazari, tsarin rubuta hujjoji masu inganci da gano hujjoji da maganganu marasa tushe, don haka a cire sabani cikin tsari, ta haka ne za a samar da ilimin gaskiya wanda za a iya amincewa da shi. Manufarta ita ce a ƙididdige abin da yake gaskiya ko ƙarya.

## Manazarta
Petros Molyviatis

**Petros G. Molyviatis** (Girkanci: ; 12 Yuni 1928 - 4 Mayu 2025) ɗan siyasan Girka ne kuma ɗan diflomasiyya wanda ya yi aiki sau uku a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga 2004 zuwa 2006, Mayu zuwa Yuni 2012, da Agusta zuwa Satumba 2015.

Daga 28 ga Agusta zuwa 23 ga Satumba 2015, ya kasance Ministan Harkokin Waje a cikin majalisar ministocin mai kulawa na Vassiliki Thanou-Christophilou .  Ya taba aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga 17 ga Mayu zuwa 21 ga Yuni 2012 a cikin majalisar ministocin Panayiotis Pikrammenos, kuma daga 10 ga Maris 2004 zuwa 15 ga Fabrairu 2006 a cikin majalisar farko ta Kostas Karamanlis.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haife shi a Chios, Molyviatis ya yi karatun Shari'a a Jami'ar Kasa da Kapodistrian ta Athens kuma ya shiga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Girka bayan kammala karatunsa. Mahaifiyarsa Agapi 'yar'uwar marubucin Elias Venezis ce kuma ta fito ne daga Ayvalik a Asia Minor . 

## Ayyuka
A matsayinsa na jami'in diflomasiyya, ya yi aiki a cikin Wakilin Girka na Dindindin a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a New York da NATO a Brussels. Ya kuma yi aiki a ofisoshin jakadancin Girka a Moscow, Pretoria da Ankara. Daga 1974 zuwa 1980, Molyviatis ya kasance mai ba da shawara na diflomasiyya kuma babban darakta na majalisar siyasa na Firayim Minista Constantine Karamanlis . A lokacin wa'adin Constantine Karamanlis a matsayin shugaban Girka daga 1980 zuwa 1985 da 1990 zuwa 1995, ya kasance babban sakatare na ofishin Shugaban kasa.

A cikin zaɓen majalisa na 1996 da 2000 an zabe shi memba na Majalisar dokokin Girka na jam'iyyar New Democracy . An nada shi Ministan Harkokin Waje na Girka a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2004 biyo bayan nasarar jam'iyyar New Democracy a Zaben majalisa dokoki na 7 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2004. [1] A matsayinsa na Ministan Harkokin Waje, Molyviatis ya sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar da ta kafa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Turai, wanda ba a taɓa tabbatar da shi ba kuma bai taɓa shiga aiki ba.[2]

An ambaci sunansa a matsayin dan takarar Firayim Minista na Girka na gwamnatin hadin gwiwa da aka yanke tsakanin gwamnati da adawa a watan Nuwamba 2011.

Daga 17 ga Mayu zuwa 21 ga Yuni 2012, ya sake aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje a cikin majalisar ministocin Panayiotis Pikrammenos . An sake nada Molyviatis, a ranar 28 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2015, a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje na wucin gadi a cikin majalisar ministocin Vassiliki Thanou-Christophilou . 

## Rayuwa da mutuwarsa
Molyviatis yana magana da Turanci da Faransanci. Ya kasance shugaban Gidauniyar Konstantinos Karamanlis . Molyviatis ta yi aure kuma tana da 'yar daya da ɗa daya.

Molyviatis ya mutu daga gazawar numfashi a asibiti a Athens, a ranar 4 ga Mayu 2025, yana da shekaru 96. 

## Manazarta
Ayyukan matasa

**Aikin matasa** aiki ne na tallafawa al'umma wanda aka yi niyya ga yara da matasa manya. Dangane da al'ada da al'umma, ayyuka da cibiyoyi daban-daban na iya wanzuwa don wannan dalili. Gabaɗaya, yana samar da yanayi inda matasa za su iya shiga cikin ayyukan ilimi na yau da kullun . A duk faɗin Burtaniya, Amurka, da Kanada, aikin matasa "don sauƙaƙe ci gaban mutum, ilimi, da zamantakewa ."   Ta hanyar ayyukan shiga da shirye-shirye masu tsari, yana neman bai wa matasa damar "samun murya, tasiri, da matsayi a cikin al'umma a lokacin da suka canza daga dogaro zuwa 'yancin kai."  Ta hanyar yanayi da tsari, waɗannan ayyukan za su kasance masu haɗaka, ilmantarwa, da ƙarfafawa, kuma bisa ga haɗin gwiwa, daidaiton dama, da girmama bambancin ra'ayi .

## Bayani

"Aikin matasa" an bayyana shi a matsayin ayyukan da ke neman yin tasiri ga matasa da gangan. Wannan galibi wani tsari ne na ayyukan da ba su da alaƙa da juna waɗanda aka fayyace, aka sake fasalta su, aka bincika su, kuma aka sake ƙirƙira su a cikin tsararraki masu zuwa. 

A ƙasar Ireland Dokar Aikin Matasa ta 2001 ta bayyana cewa, "Aikin matasa" na nufin wani shiri na ilimi da aka tsara wanda aka tsara don taimakawa da haɓaka ci gaban kai da zamantakewa na matasa ta hanyar shiga cikin sa kai, wanda kuma (a) ya ƙara musu ilimi da horo na yau da kullun, na ilimi, ko na sana'a; kuma (b) ƙungiyoyin aikin matasa masu sa kai ne ke samar da su.Duk da haka, masu suka kan wannan rahoton ma'anar musamman suna buƙatar faɗaɗa ra'ayin da aka iyakance, "Ya kamata aikin matasa ya yi nufin yin hulɗa da al'umma da kuma kawo sauyi a cikin al'umma mara daidaito." 

Wasu masu suka sun ruwaito cewa aikin matasa ya kamata ya nemi shiga matasa cikin adalci, daidaito, da kuma karfafa matasa ta hanyar shiga siyasa. Sun ce ya kamata a 'yantar da matasa tare da yin nazari mai zurfi kan tasirin gida da na duniya ( duniya ) a rayuwarsu da kuma a cikin al'ummominsu. Wasu kamar Julius Nyerere sun ce ilimi, bangaren ilmantarwa na aikin matasa ya kamata ya zama neman matasa don su zama kayan aikin 'yantar da kansu da kuma na zamantakewa. [1]

A tarihi, ana cewa aikin matasa ya mayar da hankali kan fannoni biyar, ciki har da mai da hankali kan matasa; mai da hankali kan shiga cikin sa kai da dangantaka; sadaukar da kai ga haɗin gwiwa tsakanin matasa da manya; yanayi mai kyau da na yau da kullun, da kuma yin aiki da gaskiya.

## Manazarta
Marie Panayotopoulos-Cassiotou

Marie Panayotopoulos-Cassiotou (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Yulin 1952 a Chios) 'yar siyasar Girka ce kuma ta kasance memba na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai (MEP) tare da Sabon Dimokuradiyya daga shekara ta 2004 zuwa shekara ta 2009, (wani ɓangare na Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Turai). A matsayinta na memba na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai Mrs Panayotopoulos ta kasance mataimakiyar shugabar Kwamitin Majalisar Tarayyaa kan korafe-korafe. Tana da kujerar a cikin Kwamitin Kula da Ayyuka da Harkokin Jama'a, Kwamitin Kula Da Hakkin Mata da Daidaita Jima'i kuma tana da madadin kujerar Kwamitin Kula[1]

A shekara ta 2008 ta lashe lambar yabo ta mujallar MEP a cikin rukunin Ayyuka da Harkokin Jama'a . 

## Ilimi

* 1974: Ya kammala karatu a fannin wallafe-wallafen Helenanci da Faransanci (Athens) 
* 1976: Ya kammala karatu a cikin wallafe-wallafen Byzantine da na Girkanci na zamani (Athens) 
* 1977: difloma na karatu mai zurfi (DEA - Jami'ar Paris I: Panthéon-Sorbonne) 
* 1982: Dokta a Tarihi (Paris I, Pantheon-Sorbonne 1982), Diploma a Tarihi da Al'adun Byzantine (Bari) 
* 1983: Kwararre a Ilimi da Jagoran Kwarewa (Lyon II) 

## Ayyuka

* 1975: Mataimakin malamin Faransanci
* 1980-1990 Malamin harshe a makarantun sakandare da na sama a Girka (1984-1990 a Jamus) 
* 1990-1996: Mai ba da shawara kan ilimi da sana'a Jamus
* 1993-1994: Mataimakin mai kula da ilimi na Yammacin Turai (Greece) 
* Malamin harshen Girkanci na zamani da adabi da adabin Byzantine a Jami'ar Bonn
* 1996-1997: Binciken Lexicographic (Bonn, Jamus) 
* 1996-2003: Ya shiga cikin tattara ƙamus na Byzantine-Girkanci

### Siyasa

* memba na Stuttgart (1984-1990) da Bonn (1990-2004) Sabuwar Motsi na Dimokuradiyya
* 1998-2004: Wakilin Tarayyar Girka ta Manyan Iyalai a COFACERashin cin abinci

## Kayan ado

* 1994: Order of Merit na Tarayyar Jamus
* 2008: Kyautar MEP ta mujallar majalisa a cikin rukunin Ayyuka da Harkokin Jama'a An adana 2016-04-06 a 

## Dubi kuma

* Zaben Majalisar Tarayyar Turai na 2004 a Girka

## Manazarta
Andreas Avgerinos

**Andreas Avgerinos** (Girkanci) (1820-1895) ɗan siyasan Girka ne daga Elis .

An haife shi a Elis" id="mwDA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Pyrgos, Elis">Pyrgos, yanzu a Elis, shekara guda kafin farawar Yakin Independence na Girka . Mahaifinsa shi ne Dimitrios Avgerinos wanda ya yi nazarin iyalai na Pyrgioti. Ya kasance shugaban gundumar Attica kuma shugaban 'yan sanda a Athens. Ya zama dan majalisa na Elis da Ministan cikin gida, tattalin arziki da rundunar sojan ruwa (1876-1879). Avgerinos ya kasance Kakakin Majalisar Hellenic daga 1877 har zuwa 1879, kuma a 1881 kuma na uku kuma na karshe daga 1887 zuwa 1890.

An ba shi lambar yabo ta Commander's Cross of the Order of the Redeemer kuma an ba shi bambanci daga sarakunan Italiya da Spain. Ya kasance memba na Athens Odeum kuma shugaban Majalisar Gundumar Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Pyrgos-Katakolo . Yana da babban sha'awar yanayi, wanda ya nuna ta hanyar damuwarsa game da dasa itace a kan Lycabettus da lambunan majalisa. A cikin gidansa a Patisia ya adana babban lambun furanni fure da nau'ikan furanni sama da 60. Ya mutu a shekara ta 1895.

## Manazarta
Ioannis Krestenitis (matashi)

Ioannis Krestenitis (Girkanci: Ιωάννης Κρεστενίτης, ya mutu 1915) ɗan siyasan Girka ne kuma magajin garin Pyrgos . Ya fito ne daga sanannen dangin Krestenitis. Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Kasa kuma ya halarci Farfesa Lambros . Ya zama magajin gari na Pyrgos a 1883 kuma an zabe shi wakilin Elis a majalisar dokokin Girka a 1887, 1889, 1906 da 1910. Ya musanta a 1906 daga wurin ma'aikatar sojan ruwa tare da bayanin da bai shiga cikin maye gurbin kursiyin ba. A shekara ta 1891, ya shiga siyasa kuma ya zama magajin gari na Pyrgos har zuwa shekara ta 1899. A shekara ta 1910, an zabe shi lauya bayan juyin juya halin. Ya mutu a shekara ta 1915. Shi ɗan'uwan Georgios Krestenitis ne.

## Manazarta
Littafin Yantar Matasa

***''Rubutu mai gwaɓi*****Rubutu mai gwaɓi**Littafin Jagorar 'Yancin Matasa: Yadda Ake Daina Makaranta Da Kuma Samun Rayuwa Ta Gaske da Ilimi, wanda Grace Llewellyn ta buga a shekarar 1991, littafi ne game da rashin zuwa makaranta da kuma ƙarfafa matasa. [1] Littafin, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga falsafar ilimi ta John Holt, [2] yana ƙarfafa matasa su bar makarantar cikakken lokaci kuma su bar sha'awarsu game da duniya ta jagoranci ilmantarwarsu. Ya haɗa da shawarwari da albarkatu game da fannoni na ilimi na gargajiya, da kuma babi game da yin magana da iyaye, rayuwar zamantakewa, kwaleji, da kuma bincika duniya.

## Manazarta
Yar tsana ta Waldorf

' **Yar tsana ta Waldorf** (wanda kuma ake kira ' **yar tsana ta Steiner** ) 'yar tsana ce mai laushi da ke da alaƙa da ilimin Waldorf . Yawanci tana da jiki mai sassauƙa da fuska mai sauƙi, tsaka-tsaki da aka yi niyya don gayyatar wasan kwaikwayo.  

## Zane da kayan aiki
Tsarin gargajiya yana amfani da ulu na tumaki don cikawa da kuma saƙa auduga don "fatar waje." Ana ƙirƙirar kai da ɗaure kafin a rufe shi, kuma ana haɗa gashi da zare ko zare da aka dinka, galibi mohair ko bouclé . [1] [2] Sifofin fuska ba su da yawa - yawanci kaɗan ne aka dinka - don haka ana iya "karanta" 'yar tsana a yanayi daban-daban yayin wasa. [2] Gaɓoɓi masu laushi da aka cika suna ba da damar zama a tsaye da kuma zama na halitta. [1]

## Bambance-bambancen ci gaba
Jagororin da ake amfani da su a makarantun yara suna bayyana siffofi masu dacewa da mataki: bargo mai sauƙi ko ɗan tsana na hannu ga jarirai; kayan kwantar da hankali don fitar da haƙora; tsana masu ƙarfi, masu sutura kawai ga yara ƙanana; kuma, ga manyan yara, tsana masu ƙafafu waɗanda ke zaune kuma ana iya sawa, wani lokacin da suke da dogon gashin zare don yin wasan gyaran jiki.  

## Gine-gine da yin abubuwa
Iyaye da malamai galibi suna yin tsana a cikin ƙungiyoyin sana'a na al'umma suna zana dabarun yadi da tsana na Turai. Matakan da aka saba ɗauka sun haɗa da shirya da cika ulu, siffanta kai da ɗaure kai, rufe da saƙa da auduga, ɗinki abubuwa masu sauƙi, haɗa wig ɗin zare, da kuma ɗinkin ƙaramin kabad.  Dinki da aka ɗinka da hannu suna da sauƙin gyarawa, wanda masu goyon bayan ke daraja don tsawon rai a amfani da su na yau da kullun. 

## Yanayin ilimi
A cikin manufofin koyarwar Waldorf—kwaikwayo, tsari, da kayan da ba su da iyaka—ana amfani da 'yar tsana mai haske don wasan kwaikwayo na kai tsaye, mai tunani maimakon wasan kwaikwayo na haruffa.  

## Duba kuma

* Kyauta na Froebel
* Ilimin Waldorf

## Manazarta
Littafin bidiyo

**VideoBook** wani nau'in bidiyo ne na ilimi mai hulɗa ta yanar gizo wanda Studio 21 ke tallatawa. Ana biyan kuɗin bayanin da ke cikin VideoBooks a matsayin bashi, bayan an karanta shi.

## Tarihi
An yi rijistar "VideoBook" kuma an yi amfani da shi a Burtaniya (UK) a shekarar 1982 ta hannun Barry R. Pyatt, mamallakin masu shirya fina-finai na Yorkshire "Studio 21". VideoBook shine alamar kasuwanci, taken ciniki da salon fina-finan bidiyo masu sha'awa na gida da na siyarwa. Studio 21 yana amfani da "VideoBook" a kasuwanci har zuwa 2003. A shekarar 2004, Pyatt ya buɗe AngelFilms a Spain, wanda ya karɓi alamar. A shekarar 2005, aka kafa AngelFilms-UK, kuma a shekarar 2008, an sake ƙaddamar da samfuran VideoBook a Burtaniya.

## Marque
An yi wa VideoBooks rijista da hukumomin ISBN. Salon alamar kasuwanci yana da kalma ɗaya, tare da manyan haruffa V da manyan haruffa B, a cikin rubutun Bookman da aka gyara, kuma mallakar Pyatt ce ta musamman.

Sunan "littafin bidiyo" (ba tare da haruffan manyan haruffa biyu ba) ya zama kalma ta yau da kullun ga nau'in horon kan layi wanda ke isar da bidiyon horo da za a iya saukewa. Yawancin littattafan bidiyo ƙungiyoyi ne na yanar gizo guda ɗaya waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan koyar da wani batu na musamman.

## Littattafan bidiyo
Littattafan bidiyo suna kama da abubuwan da ke ciki da tsari da sauran littattafai. Yawanci ana yin rikodin bidiyon ta hanyar malami mai horo kuma ana bayar da su akan samfurin biyan kuɗi. Mai amfani yana ziyartar gidan yanar gizon da ke ɗauke da bidiyon horarwa), yana siyan biyan kuɗi sannan yana iya saukar da bidiyon.

VideoBooks sun bambanta da yawancin samfuran horo na kwamfuta saboda yawanci suna cikin tsari mai sauƙin rabawa da ɗaukar hoto. Hakanan sun bambanta a isar da abun ciki. VideoBooks ba su da bambanci da sauran zaɓuɓɓuka daga kamfanoni kamar PrintAVizion, masana'anta ga wasu kasuwanci don tallata ayyuka da samfura ga abokan ciniki masu neman aiki. 

Sabanin littattafai da littattafan sauti da aka buga waɗanda suka dogara da rubutu da sauti, bi da bi, babban abin da ke cikin littafin bidiyo shine bidiyo. Littafin bidiyo zai iya samun rubutu a allon tare da hotuna da bidiyo. Ana iya yin rubutun mai rai tare da sharhin bango na sauti mai alaƙa.

Ɗalibai za su iya kallon bidiyo a kowane tsari. Da zarar an sauke su, babu buƙatar haɗin intanet. Bidiyon suna amfani da tsarin da ba na mallakar mutum ba. Kasuwar da aka yi niyya yawanci mutum ɗaya ne maimakon ƙungiya. Kayan littattafan bidiyo na iya haɗawa da software na gabatarwa kamar PowerPoint, software na ɗaukar allo kamar Camtasia da software na rubutu-zuwa-magana, kamar TextAloudMP3.

## Duba kuma

* Horarwa bisa kwamfuta
* Koyon E-learning
* Horarwa bisa yanar gizo

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Nazarin Virtual

**Harabar yanar gizo ta intanet** ko **harabar e**, tana nufin bayar da ayyuka ta yanar gizo na kwaleji ko jami'a inda ake kammala aikin kwaleji ko dai wani ɓangare ko gaba ɗaya akan layi, sau da yawa tare da taimakon malami, farfesa, ko mataimakin malami . Kwalejoji da jami'o'i da yawa yanzu suna ba da irin waɗannan darussa (ko shirye-shiryen digiri gaba ɗaya) ko dai wani ɓangare ko gaba ɗaya akan layi. Akwai kimanin irin waɗannan cibiyoyi 4,500 waɗanda jimillar masu yin rajista suka kusan kusan miliyan 2.

Yawancin ɗaliban da ke amfani da harabar yanar gizo don samun digiri na kan layi manya ne ɗalibai saboda manyan dalilai guda uku: 

* Sauƙin Shiga - Manya masu aikin yi na cikakken lokaci da iyalai ba za su sami damar zuwa makaranta a kowace rana ba. Darussan kan layi suna ba wa ɗalibai damar yin aiki bisa ga ƙarfinsu da kuma yin aiki bisa ga rayuwarsu mai cike da aiki.
* Kudin - Kudin digiri na kan layi ya fi rahusa fiye da na jami'a na gargajiya. Samun digiri na kan layi yana kawar da kuɗaɗe kamar kuɗin aji da kuɗin kula da kayan aiki da ake buƙatar ɗaliban gargajiya su biya saboda suna amfani da harabar jami'ar. Duk da haka, farashin digiri na kan layi mai rahusa ba ya rage darajar digirin.
* Zaɓuɓɓuka Masu Yawa - Dalibai za su iya zama a gida kuma su sami damar zuwa digiri waɗanda jami'o'i ko kwalejoji na kusa ba za su bayar ba.

Makarantu suna amfani da kayan aiki iri-iri don gudanar da darussa - wanda aka fi sani da tsarin gudanar da koyo (LMS) ko tsarin gudanar da kwas (CMS). CMS na iya kuma nufin Tsarin Gudanar da Abun Ciki .

Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke shiga harabar yanar gizo sun haɗa da nau'ikan ayyukan ilmantarwa daban-daban kamar laccoci, aikin gida, tattaunawa, karatu, ayyuka. Azuzuwan galibi suna da sauƙin amfani da takardu na kan layi da bayanai waɗanda za su iya samuwa a gare su. Jarabawa da sauran ayyuka suna samuwa akan layi a cikin takamaiman shirye-shirye da ake amfani da su don azuzuwan kan layi. Sauran hanyoyin da ake amfani da su a harabar yanar gizo sune zaman kai tsaye, taron bidiyo, tattaunawa da raba aikace-aikace daban-daban. Mutane suna iya samun damar kayan a duk lokacin da suke so a ƙarƙashin ikon malami kuma suna iya samun damar zuwa ko'ina akan layi inda za su iya samun damar amfani da intanet. Imel babban ɓangare ne na harabar yanar gizo kuma galibi ana amfani da shi kafin, lokacin da bayan zaman. Wannan yana taimaka wa mutane wajen musayar bayanai ko kuma nuna su ga madaidaiciyar hanya wacce za ta taimaka wajen haɓaka da fahimtar hanyoyi daban-daban da ake da su ta hanyar takardu da hanyoyin kan layi.

## Manazarta
Koyon aiki a Jamus

Horarwa wani ɓangare ne na tsarin ilimi biyu na Jamus. A wasu sana'o'i da aka amince da su a hukumance kamar injiniyan ruwa, kammala aikin koyon aiki wajibi ne. A wasu kuma, kamar fasahar abinci, ma'aikata na iya ba da shawarar ko kuma su buƙaci hakan. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Bayani
Koyar da sana'a tsari ne na horar da sabbin masu sana'a ko sana'a tare da horo a kan aiki da kuma sau da yawa wasu karatun da ke tare da su (aikin aji da karatu). Koyar da sana'a na iya ba wa masu sana'a damar samun lasisin yin aiki a cikin sana'a mai tsari. Yawancin horon suna yin su ne yayin da suke aiki ga ma'aikaci wanda ke taimaka wa masu koyon sana'arsu su koyi sana'arsu ko sana'arsu. Ana biyan wannan aikin, kuma doka ta ayyana mafi ƙarancin albashi ga masu koyon sana'a tun daga 2020.  Albashi yana ƙaruwa kowace shekara yayin koyon sana'a, yana nuna ƙaruwar ƙwarewa da yawan aiki na mai koyon sana'a. Masu koyon sana'a suna cikin tsarin inshorar lafiya na Jamus . Idan ba su kai shekara 18 ba, ana kare su ta hanyar ƙarin ƙa'idodin aiki, misali iyakance lokutan aiki na dare da lokutan aiki na yau da kullun zuwa ƙananan lambobi fiye da na manya masu shari'a.

Wasu kamfanoni suna buƙatar ta hanyar kwangila da su ci gaba da aikin ɗaliban na tsawon lokaci da aka amince da shi bayan sun cimma ƙwarewa mai ma'ana.

## Tarihi
Kathleen Thelen ta gano asalin tsarin koyon sana'o'in shuke-shuke na zamani a Jamus zuwa ga dokar da gwamnatin Jamus ta zartar a shekarar 1897.  Cibiyoyin horar da sana'o'in Jamus sun canza a hankali tun daga lokacin; duk da haka, muhimman fasalulluka na tsarin asali har yanzu suna nan. 

A shekarar 1969, an zartar da wata doka ( *Berufsbildungsgesetz* ) wadda ta tsara kuma ta haɗa tsarin horar da sana'o'i tare da haɗa nauyin da ke kan gwamnati, ƙungiyoyin kwadago, ƙungiyoyi da ɗakunan kasuwanci da masana'antu. Tsarin biyu ya yi nasara a ɓangarorin biyu na Jamus da aka raba. A cikin Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyya ta Tsakiya, kashi uku cikin huɗu na ma'aikata sun kammala koyon sana'o'i.

## Kayayyakin more rayuwa
A Jamus, akwai sana'o'i 342 da aka amince da su ( Ausbildungsberufe ) waɗanda za a iya kammala aikin koyon aiki. Sun haɗa da, misali, mataimakin likita, ma'aikacin banki, likitan ido, mai gyaran famfo ko mai ginin tanda. [1] Tsarin biyu yana nufin cewa masu koyon aiki suna kashe kusan kashi 50-70% na lokacinsu a kamfanoni, sauran kuma suna karatu a fannin ilimi. Dangane da sana'ar, suna iya yin aiki na tsawon kwana uku zuwa huɗu a mako a kamfanin sannan su yi kwana ɗaya ko biyu a makarantar koyon sana'a ( Berufsschule ). Wannan yawanci haka yake ga masu sana'a da masu sana'a. Ga wasu sana'o'i, waɗanda galibi ke buƙatar ƙarin koyo a fannin ka'ida, lokutan aiki da makaranta suna faruwa a kowane fanni, misali, a cikin tazara tsakanin makonni 12-18. Waɗannan Berufsschulen sun kasance ɓangare na tsarin ilimi tun ƙarni na 19.

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Ambassador ta Koyarwa

**Ƙungiyar Jakadun Aiki** ƙungiya ce da ma'aikata 'yan Burtaniya ke jagoranta, wacce Hukumar Ba da Tallafin Ƙwarewa a Ingila ke ɗaukar nauyinta. Aikinta shi ne ƙarfafa ƙarin ma'aikata su shiga cikin koyon sana'o'i a Ingila. 

## Tarihi
Cibiyar sadarwa ita ce hukumar da ta maye gurbin Ƙungiyar Aiki ta Ƙwararrun Masu Koyarwa da Shugaban Kuɗi ya kafa. An kafa ta a shekarar 2006 a ƙarƙashin shugabancin Sir Roy Gardner (Shugaban Compass Group plc). 

David Meller, na ƙungiyar Meller, shine shugaban kamfanin daga 2014 zuwa 2018 sai kuma Jason Holt CBE na ƙungiyar Holts daga 2018 zuwa 2022. Tsohon shugaban kamfanin Compass Group Plc shine Sir Roy Gardner, shugaban kamfanin Compass Group Plc. Membobin kamfanin sun haɗa da tsohon mai koyon aiki Mike Turner CBE, shugaban kamfanin Babcock International da kamfanoni daban-daban kamar Asda, British Gas, BT da Toyota.

Ƙungiyar ta bayar da kyaututtukan girmamawa ga fitattun mutane waɗanda suka yi aiki a fannin koyon aiki da/ko kuma suka taka rawa sosai a fannin koyo bisa ga aiki ko kuma suka sami nasara ta hanyar harkokin zamantakewa ko sana'arsu. Waɗannan kyaututtukan kuma suna zama abin koyi ga matasa da sauran ma'aikata.

A watan Yunin 2007, a 11 Downing Street, an ba Gary Rhodes OBE, Charles Worthington MBE lambar yabo ta horon girmamawa., da kuma Kamal Basran.

Wadanda suka karɓi kyautar a shekarar 2009, a wani taro da aka yi a 10 Downing Street, su ne Sir Alex Ferguson, CBE, Sir John Cassels CB, Mike Turner CBE, Alan Titchmarsh MBE, Brian Turner CBE, da Margaret Gildea OBE .

A shekarar 2011, wanda aka karrama Sir Alan Jones, tsohon Shugaban Semta, ya sami kyautarsa a lokacin bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na National Apprenticeship Service a watan Yuni. Boris Johnson, Magajin Garin Landan, Frances O'Grady, Mataimakin Sakatare Janar na TUC, Allan Cook CBE, Shugaban Atkins Plc, da John Armitt, Shugaban Hukumar Ci Gaban Wasannin Olympics suma sun sami kyautar girmamawa ta 2011 a wani biki da aka yi a Lancaster House a ranar 14 ga Disamba, 2011.

A ranar 10 ga Yuli 2013, Ross Brawn OBE, Theo Fennell, Christine Gaskell MBE, Michel Roux Jr, Pete Waterman OBE da Baroness Wall of New Barnet sun sami horon girmamawa, wanda Mataimakin Firayim Minista Rt Hon Nick Clegg ya gabatar, a Admiralty House.

## Manazarta
Dokar Koyarwa ta 1536

**Dokar Koyarwa ta 1536** ( 28 Kashi na 8 c. c. 5) wani aiki ne na Majalisar Ingila .

## Abubuwan da suka biyo baya
Sashe na 1 na dokar, daga "ko ta kowace hanya" zuwa "Henry na Takwas", an soke ta ta hanyar sashe na 1 na, da kuma jadawalin zuwa, Dokar Gyaran Dokar Dokoki ta 1887 ( 50 & 51 Vict. c. 59).

An soke dokar tun daga farko zuwa kalmomin "za su iya bayyana a fili" a sashe na 1 na, da kuma jadawalin farko na Dokar Gyaran Dokar Dokoki ta 1948 ( 11 &amp;amp; 12 Geo. 6. c. 62).

An soke dukkan dokar, har zuwa lokacin da ba a soke ta ba, ta hanyar sashe na 1 na, da kuma sashe na VII na jadawalin Dokar Dokar (Sakewa) ta 1969 .

## Manazarta

* Dokokin Halsbury ,