Terry Crowley (masanin harshe)

Terence Michael Crowley (1 ga Afrilu 1953 - 15 ga Janairu 2005 [1]) masanin harshe ne wanda ya kware a cikin harsunan Oceanic da Bislama, harshen Creole da aka amince da shi a matsayin harshen ƙasa a Vanuatu .[1] Daga 1991 ya koyar a New Zealand. A baya, ya kasance tare da Sashin Harsunan Pacific na Jami'ar Kudancin Pacific a Vanuatu (1983-90) kuma tare da Sashen Harshe da Littattafai a Jami'ar Papua New Guinea (1979-83). [1]

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Crowley a Billericay, Essex a shekara ta 1953. Iyayensa na Ingila sun yi hijira zuwa Ostiraliya lokacin da yake kusan shekaru 7,  kuma iyalin suka zauna a gonar madara  a yankunan karkara na arewacin Victoria, a wajen Shepparton, inda Crowley ya sami ilimin farko. Iyayensa sun girma a cikin ƙauyuka. Ya yanke shawarar zama masanin ilimin harshe da wuri,  a lokacin da yake makarantar sakandare a Makarantar Sakandare ta Shepparton, daga inda ya kammala karatu a matsayin dux a shekarar 1970. 

Crowley ya riga ya yi bincike tun yana dan shekara goma sha biyar  a shekarar 1968 ta hanyar aika wasika ga Stephen Wurm yana tambayar idan akwai damar aiki ga mutanen da suka fara harsuna. Donald Laycock ya amsa, tun da Wurm ya tafi a lokacin, kuma ya ƙarfafa shi ya bi ilimin harshe ta hanyar rufe kwafin aikinsa akan Harsunan Sepik. Crowley ya shiga Jami'ar Kasa ta Australiya a 1971 tare da tallafin karatu na Asiya, tare da babban karatu a Indonesian,  yayin da yake yin karatun kan Harsunan Aboriginal a karkashin Robert Dixon. 

Crowley ya riga ya kasance a cikin shaida a cikin shekara ta uku, lokacin da ya samar da takarda a kan yaren Nganyaywana da Anēwan na New England ya taɓa magana, wanda, a cikin kalmomin Nicholas Evans, Crowley ya yi nuni mai kyau game da gaskiyar cewa yaren Anewan, nesa da kasancewa harshe mai zaman kansa kamar yadda aka yi tunani, ana iya danganta shi da Pama-Nyungan da zarar an yi la'akari da asarar farko. Ya ci gaba da kammala karatunsa tare da girmamawa na farko, inda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Jami'a a fannin ilimin harshe, tare da rubutun girmamawa a kan yarukan Bundjalang.

Da aka ba da rikice-rikicen diflomasiyya tsakanin Ostiraliya da Indonesia a lokacin, Crowley ya yi aikin karatun digiri a kan Vanuatu,  inda mutane 195,000  zuwa 200,000 ke magana da kusan harsuna 100 daban-daban. Ya sami digiri na biyu a shekara ta 1980 tare da rubutun kan Paamese,  yana gudanarwa a halin yanzu don yin aikin ceto na harshe wanda ke kwatanta harsunan Australiya da yawa masu mutuwa kamar Djangadi, Gumbaynggir  da Yaygir a New South Wales, da kuma Yaren Mpakwithi na Anguthimri,  tare da Uradhi, dukansu ana magana da su a yankin Cape York.

An nada Crowley a matsayin malami a Jami'ar Papua New Guinea inda ya yi aiki (1979-1983) a karkashin John Lynch, wanda daga baya ya ba da shawarar ga Ron Crocombe lokacin da Cibiyar Nazarin Pacific ta yanke shawarar kafa Sashin Harsunan Pacific (PLU) a Port Vila a Vanuatu a 1983,  wanda Crowley ya ba da umarni har zuwa 1990. 

A shekara ta 1991 ya koma Hamilton a New Zealand inda ya koyar a Jami'ar Waikato, ya tashi zuwa cikakken farfesa a shekara ta 2003. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, ya rubuta bayanin ceto na harsunan Malakula da yawa, gami da *Tape*, da sauransu, daga bakin teku na Nāti, zuwa cikin harsunan Mlakula na Avava, Nese (wanda iyali ɗaya ke magana) da Naman,  da kuma rubuce-rubuce Sye a tsibirin Erromango da Gela a Tsibirin Solomon.

## Kyauta
A lokacin mutuwarsa Crowley yana aiki a kan rubuce-rubuce da ƙamus na harsuna 18. A cikin wani littafi da aka buga bayan mutuwarsa, Crowley ya rubuta game da gaggawa na yin aikin harshe na ƙazanta, tare da ƙa'idar ƙa'ida ta ba da damar dubban al'adu da ke cikin haɗarin halaka su sami tarihin harshe, don haka zuriyarsu za su iya kauce wa mummunar sakamakon asarar yarukan Tasmanian. Kusan babu wani abu da aka watsa a cikin rubuce-rubucen rubuce-daban a lokacin mutuwar Truganini, gaskiyar da ta hana duk Palawa zuriyar Aboriginal daga asalin al'adunsu da kuma ikirarin ƙasar da za a iya bi kawai idan za a iya tabbatar da ci gaba. Crowley ya fahimci kamfen din ceto tsakanin harsuna masu nisa a cikin wannan haske, kamar yadda yake tabbatar wa tsararraki masu zuwa gado wanda in ba haka ba za a rasa shi, ga cutar da su.

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

* 1982. ''Harshen Paamese na Vanuatu .'' Canberra: Ilimin harshe na Pacific.
* 1984. *Tunuen telamun tenout Voum.* Port Vila: Cibiyar USP.  (tare da Joshua Mael) 
* 1985. *Ci gaban harshe a Melanesia.* Suva: Sashin Harsunan Pacific, Jami'ar Kudancin Pacific; da Sashen Harshe da Littattafai, Jami'an Papua New Guinea.  (tare da John Lynch) 
* 1985. *Littafin aiki na ilimin harshe na gabatarwa.* Port Moresby: Sashen Harshe da Littattafai, Jami'ar Papua New Guinea .  (tare da John Lynch) 
* 1987. *Gabatarwa ga ilimin harshe na tarihi.* Port Moresby da Suva: Jami'ar Papua New Guinea Press, da Cibiyar Nazarin Pacific, Jami'ar Kudancin Pacific.
* 1987. *Grama blong Bislama.* Suva: Ayyukan fadadawa, Jami'ar Kudancin Pacific .
* 1990. *Kindabuk.* Port Vila: Jami'ar Kudancin Pacific .  (tare da Claudia Brown) 
* 1990. *Beach-la-Mar zuwa Bislama: Fitowar yaren ƙasa a Vanuatu .* Nazarin Oxford a cikin Harshe. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
* 1992. *Littafin ƙamus na Paamese.* Canberra: Ilimin harshe na Pacific.
* 1992. *Gabatarwa ga ilimin harshe na tarihi,* 2d ed. Auckland: Oxford University Press.
* 1995. *Sabon ƙamus na Bislama.* Suva: Cibiyar Nazarin Pacific da Sashin Harsunan Pacific (Jami'ar Kudancin Pacific).
* 1995. *Tsarin harshe: Gabatarwa ga ilimin harshe mai bayyanawa.* Auckland: Longman Paul.  (tare da John Lynch, Jeff Siegel, da Julie Piau) 
* 1997. *Gabatarwa ga ilimin harshe na tarihi,* 3d ed. Melbourne: Jami'ar Oxford Press.
* 1997. Navyan ovoteme Nelocompne ire (Muryar Erromangans a yau). Hamilton, New Zealand: Cibiyar Al'adu ta Vanuatu da Ma'aikatar Janar da Harshe, Jami'ar Waikato.
* 1998. *Wani harshe na Erromangan (Sye).* Littattafan Musamman na Oceanic Linguistics No. 27. Honolulu: Jami'ar Hawai'i Press.
* 1998. *Ura.* Harsunan Duniya / Abubuwa 240. München: LINCOM EUROPA.
* 1999. *Ura: Harshen da ke ɓacewa na Kudancin Vanuatu .* Canberra: Ilimin harshe na Pacific.
* 2000. *Wani ƙamus na Erromangan (Sye).* Canberra: Ilimin harshe na Pacific.
* 2000. *Karatu da fassara a cikin harshen Vanuatu.* Harsunan Duniya 13. München: LINCOM EUROPA.
* 2001. *Te Reo 44: Nazarin ilimin harshe na Creole a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar Chris Corne, 1942-1999.*  (tare da Jeff Siegel) 
* 2001. *Harsunan Vanuatu: Sabon bincike da wallafe-wallafen.* Canberra: Ilimin harshe na Pacific.  (tare da John Lynch) 
* 2002. *Kalmomin da suka dace a cikin Oceanic: Bayani mai mahimmanci.* Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* 2003. *Sabon ƙamus na Bislama,* 2d ed. Suva: Cibiyar Nazarin Pacific, Jami'ar Kudancin Pacific .
* 2004. *Tsarin magana na Bislama.* Littattafai na Musamman na Oceanic Linguistics No. 31. Honolulu: Jami'ar Hawai'i Press.

## Manazarta