Kwarin Castellana

**Castellana Caves** ( Italiyanci : ***Grotte di Castellana*** ) tsarin kogon karst ne da ke cikin gundumar Castellana Grotte, a cikin Babban Birni na Bari, Apulia, kudancin Italiya .

## Dubawa
Kogon, wanda masanin speleologist Franco Anelli ya gano a cikin 1938,  suna da nisan  kudu da Castellana kuma ( tashar jirgin ƙasa Grotte di Castellana )  akan layin FSE na Bari - Putignano - Martina - Taranto .

Ƙofar tana wakiltar babban rami mai tsayin  dogon. Ana kiran babban kogon " *La Grave* " (kamar abyss),  da sauransu sunansa Black Cavern ( *Caverna Nera* ), White Cave ( *Grotta Bianca* ) da Precipice Cavern ( *Caverna del Precipizio* ).

### Bayani
Kogon Castellana yana buɗewa a kudu maso gabas Murge, wani tudun dutsen farar ƙasa tun daga saman Cretaceous (shekaru miliyan ɗari da ɗari da suka wuce) kuma yana hawan mita 330 sama da matakin teku. Yankin Castellana yana siffanta dutsen farar ƙasa, dutsen daɗaɗɗen dutse wanda ya ƙunshi galibi na calcium carbonate, wanda aka sani da Limestone na Altamura. Tsawon tsarin kogon yana da mita 3348 kuma mafi girman zurfin ya kai mita 122. Yanayin zafin jiki a cikin kogon yana kusan 18&nbsp;°C. Ana buɗe kogon duk shekara sai dai ranar Kirsimeti da ranar sabuwar shekara. Ziyarar tana tasowa tare da hanyoyi guda biyu: na farko shine 1&nbsp;Tsawon kilomita kuma yana ɗaukar kusan mintuna 50 yayin da na biyun shine 3&nbsp;km tsawon kuma yana da kusan awa biyu. Jadawalin balaguron yana canzawa dangane da yanayi. Bugu da ƙari, a lokacin bazara akwai kuma yawon shakatawa na dare. Kabari shine na farko kuma mafi girma kogon wannan ma'auni mai ban sha'awa kuma shine kadai ke sadarwa tare da waje. Yana da tsayin mita 100, faɗinsa 50m, da zurfin 60m. Komawa bayan kabari stalactites, stalagmites, labule, da lu'ulu'u masu daraja suna ci gaba da ƙawata ko'ina cikin kogo. Sunayen yanayi sakamakon tunanin farkon masu binciken: She-Wolf, Monuments, Owl, Budurwa Maryamu, Bagade, Tsararraki, Hanyar Hamada, Rukunin Juya, Red Corridor, Dome har zuwa ƙarshe kuma mafi ban mamaki, Farin Cave.

### Peculiarity
Rukunin speleological na Castellana na musamman ne a tsakanin sauran tsarin kogo godiya ga abubuwansa guda uku: Kabari, Farin Kogon da kuma abubuwan da aka tsara.

### Kabari
Kabarin Castellana wani katon dutse ne na halitta godiya ga hasken sararin sama wanda ke kewaye da da'irar holm-oaks wanda ta cikinsa ake iya ganin kintinkirin sararin sama. Daga cikin rufin, wani katon hasken rana yana tacewa cikin duhu kuma yana motsawa daban-daban bisa ga lokacin rana da yanayi. A cikin kabari, hasken rana yana haifar da tasirin sihiri, da farko ya zana wani babban farin allo a kan bangon da ke gangarowa, na biyu, yana ba da rai ga ƙungiyar stalagmite mai nisa, wanda ake kira Cyclopes saboda suna kama da ƙattai na teku suna tashi daga hargitsi na teku mai hadari. A ƙarshe, ya kai ga rashin daidaituwa da duhu na kasan chasm. Ganuwar kudanci, babban labulen da ya karye, ns, da ginshiƙan koren gansakuka suna zama koyaushe cikin duhu. Bayan waɗannan ginshiƙai, akwai manyan gine-ginen gine-gine waɗanda yanayi ke ginawa a cikin duhu ta hanyar wucewar zamani. Kabari shine babban kogon farko na tsarin karst kogon kuma shine kadai ke sadarwa tare da waje. Tarihinsa ya koma shekaru miliyan casa'in da ɗari da ɗaya da suka gabata a cikin Cretaceous na sama. A wancan lokacin Apulia ta nutsar da wani tsohon teku inda ake zama da manyan yankuna na molluscs da kayan lambu na teku. Domin miliyoyin shekaru, al'ummomi na wadannan rayuwa siffofin-shuke-shuke da marine mollusks nasara juna da kuma mutu, don haka su komai bawo da gawawwakin da aka tara sama a kan seabed, forming wani giant ajiya na laka da yashi, cewa tare da ci gaba da girma da aka matsa forming farar ƙasa yadudduka ga a total kauri na dama kilomita. Tun daga shekaru miliyan 66 da suka gabata, noman filaye a hankali ya kawo yankin da yake a halin yanzu. Duk da haka, sabuwar ƙasar da ta fito ta kasance mai tsauri sosai kuma saboda wannan dalili, an yanke ta a cikin raguwa mai yawa. Ruwan da ba a iya gani ba na babban ruwan sama ya kutsa cikin ƙasa da dutsen da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa kuma ya haifar da katafaren ruwa na ƙasa. Tasirin jiki da sinadarai na ruwa da ke gudana a karkashin kasa ya narke a hankali dutsen farar hula ya kuma kara karaya. Tsawon zamanin fage ya faɗaɗa ya zama faifai sa'an nan kuma koguna waɗanda suka yi girma da girma. A wasu lokuta, tsage-tsatse da yawa sun shiga tsakani, wanda ke haifar da rushewa akai-akai. Kaurin dutsen da ke raba kogon da waje ya ragu sosai, wanda hakan ya sa rumbun ya ruguje. Wannan ya faru ne a cikin kabari na Castellana, wanda ya ba da damar hasken rana na farko ya huda duhun kogon.

### Farin Kogon
A ƙarshen hanyar tafiya ta ƙasa kuma kimanin mita 1500 mai nisa daga Kabari akwai ƙaramin tashar tashar jirgin ruwa a cikin bangon alabaster mai girma. Wannan ita ce ƙofar ƙarshe kuma mafi kyawun kogo na Castellana, Farin Kogon. Nan da nan duk abubuwan al'ajabi na ɗakunan da suka gabata sun ɓace idan aka kwatanta da girman wannan kusurwar sama. Ana ci gaba da tafiya a hankali, kusan cikin shiru na girmamawa a cikin wannan haikalin na karkashin kasa, baƙon da ya yi mamaki yana kewaye da farin alabaster, saboda an nuna kogon a matsayin kogon da ya fi haskakawa a duniya. Wata ‘yar karamar kwano mai ban sha’awa, wacce a da take cike da ruwan diga, a yanzu an yi mata ado da lu’ulu’u, wadanda ke kawata kasa da bangonta. Kowane lungu na kogon an ƙawata shi da fararen fata masu kama da sulke. A gaban baƙon yana faruwa yanayin ƙarshe: manyan ginshiƙai biyu masu girma da girma da alama suna goyan bayan rumbun zauren na ƙarshe, waɗanda aka ƙawata ko'ina ta hanyar fararen stalactites da murjani concretions. Wannan shine ƙarshen kuma mafi kyawun lokacin yawon shakatawa na ƙasa wanda ke tunatar da baƙon iko da kyawun yanayi.

### Concretions da eccentric stalactites

Mafi ban sha'awa fasali na Caves na Castellana shine concretions. Ana amfani da wannan kalmar don nuna ma'adinan ma'adinai waɗanda suka rufe tsiraicin bangon kogon ta hanyar lulluɓe na calcite ɗin da aka ɗauka a cikin bayani ta hanyar kutsawa cikin ruwan sama, wanda ya ratsa duk wani yadudduka na dutsen a hankali. Lokacin da ruwa ya digo ta cikin rufin kogon da babu kowa, calcite ɗin da ya narke a cikinsa yana zubowa a kan rufin kuma zuwa ƙasa yana ɗaukar siffar stalactite. Lokacin da digon ruwa ya faɗi a ƙasa, calcite yana ɗaukar siffar stalagmite. Yayin da lokaci ya wuce, ƙaddamar da ƙasa na stalactite da ci gaba na ci gaba na stalagmite na ƙasa ya haifar da samuwar shafi. Bayan wannan nau'i na farko, akwai adadi mai yawa na wasu concretions irin su calcite flowstones, labule, (waɗanda suke saboda kwararar ruwa), murjani, lu'ulu'u, (wanda aka kafa karkashin ruwa), lu'u-lu'u kogo, kafa na concentric yadudduka kamar yadda calcite crystallizes a kan tsakiya irin su microscopic hatsi na dutse, da kuma concrevity. Dangane da eccentric stalactites, yawanci suna da ƙaramin girma kuma suna karya ƙarfin nauyi. Ba kamar sauran stalactites ba, suna girma da yawa ta hanyoyi masu ban sha'awa, watau a kwance zuwa ƙasa, suna haɓaka alamu masu lanƙwasa har ma da sama. Har yanzu ba su da tushe mai tushe kuma har ma da masana kimiyyar kogon suna da sabani tare da samuwar stalactites na eccentric. A cewar speleology, akwai hasashe da yawa game da asalinsu, amma babu shakka akwai dalilai da yawa don nau'ikan shugabanci daban-daban. Abu na farko shine yuwuwar kasancewar zayyana a cikin kogwanni wanda zai fitar da kai tsaye ta hanyar faɗuwar sabili da haka haɓakar haɗin gwiwa. Abu na biyu yana da alaƙa da takamaiman nau'in da calcite yayi crystallizes. Calcite wani ma'adinai ne wanda ke yin crystallizes a cikin tsarin trigonal kuma yana da cikakkiyar kullun rhombohedral. Cannula na stalactite yana samuwa ta wasu ƙananan ƙananan rhombohedra waɗanda ke shiga juna. Idan, saboda dalilai da yawa, cannula ya huda a gefe, ruwa zai fito ta wannan bude kuma zai haifar da jimillar wasu rhombohedra a gefe. Na uku shine kasancewar duk wani datti a cikin ruwa. Suna iya hana haɓakar rhombohedron calcite a cikin wata hanya kuma ta haka zai iya samar da jimillar a gefen da zai bi wata hanya ta daban.

Akwai kuma stalactites na eccentric wanda cannula na tsakiya yana da sirara sosai (diamita bai wuce millimita ɗaya ba) don haka ruwan yana gudana a hankali. A ƙarshen wannan stalactite koyaushe akwai ɗigon ruwa wanda lu'ulu'u na calcite na iya daidaitawa ba da gangan ba don haka samuwar ya bi sabuwar hanya.

## Ganowa

A shekara ta 1938 hukumar yawon bude ido ta lardin Bari ta nemi Cibiyar Nazarin Harshen Harshen Postojna ta Italiya ta nemi masanin ilimin kimiya da fasaha da ya yi bincike a wasu kogo na yankin da aka riga aka bincika don mayar da su wurin yawon bude ido. Amma babu ɗayansu, saboda ƙayyadaddun tsawaitawa, ta wannan hanyar.

A ranar 23 ga Janairun 1938, a ƙarshe, Anelli ya haura zuwa cikin kabari, wanda gindinsa ke cike da ɗimbin ɓata lokaci, wanda aka tara a can bayan wucewar lokaci. Ya sauko kasa, sannan ya zarce zuwa wani corridor da ya bace a cikin duhu sannan ya tsinci kansa a cikin wani safiya rabin da stalactites da tarkace suka boye a karshe a cikin wani katon kogo, wanda daga baya ake kiransa "Kogon Monuments". Wannan kogon yana da girma sosai har fitilar acetylene dinsa ta kasa haska rumbun da ganuwar don haka ya yanke shawarar dawowa bayan kwana biyu don ci gaba da bincikensa. A wannan lokacin wani ma'aikaci mai ƙarfin hali daga Castellana, Vito Matarrese ya taimaka wa Anelli. Tare suka gangara cikin kogon, suka ci gaba da binciken sama da mita 300. Amma dole ne su tsaya a ƙarshen ɗan gajeren hoton da ke gangarowa a gaban wani rami mai zurfi, a yau da ake kira Corridor Snake.

Bayan watanni biyu, a cikin Maris 1938, Anelli ya dawo Castellana kuma, tare da Matarrese, ya ci gaba da bincike. Amma, sau ɗaya kuma, dole ne ya tsaya ta hanyar isa wani sabon ramuka fiye da mita 600 mai nisa daga kogon farko. Farfesa Anelli ya shafe kwanaki da yawa a Castellana kuma ya fara bincike na farko a kan kogon, wanda aka kammala a watan Satumba na 1938, a lokacin zamansa na uku a Castellana. Lokacin da Anelli ya bar Castellana, Vito Matarrese ne ke da alhakin binciken kogon. Ya haura kan tsaunin Desert Corridor kuma ya gano kogon karshe, White Cave, a cikin 1940.

## Fauna
Dabbobi da yawa suna rayuwa a cikin kogon Castellana kuma wasu daga cikinsu sabbin nau'ikan halittu ne. Su ne:

* Isopods *Murgeoniscus anellii* da *Castellanethes sanfilippoi*
* Pseudoscorpion *Hadoblothrus gigas*
* Beetles *Tychobythinus anelli* da *Italodytes stammeri*

Hakanan akwai adadi mai yawa na crickets na kogon *Troglophilus andreinii* .

Dabbobin da aka fi sani da kogon shine jemage, kawai dabbobi masu shayarwa masu iya tashi na gaskiya. A cikin kogo na Castellana akwai nau'ikan ƙananan jemagu guda biyar. Su ne: *Miniopterus schreibersii*, *Rhinolophus ferrumequinum*, *Rhinolophus mehelyi*, *Rhinolophus euryale* da *Myotis capaccinii* .

## Tatsuniyoyi

Ƙofar kabari, wato zurfin rami, ya kasance yana tsoratar da mutanen da ke tafiya a kan titin ƙasar da ke kusa, sama da duka da faɗuwar rana. Mai yiwuwa ma’abota camfe-camfe su ka gani, tare da jemagu suna tashi daga cikin kogon da ke cikin kogon, suna cin kwari a cikin filayen yankin, wani irin tururi mai ban al’ajabi da suke zaton rayukan ‘yan kunar-bakin-wake ne da suka jefa kansu cikin kabari, kuma suna neman zuwa sama a banza amma Shaidan yana rike su domin kashe-kashen zunubi ne kuma za ku shiga wuta. Vincenzo Longo (1737-1825), ɗan adam kuma kwararre kan doka daga Castellana, mai yiwuwa shi ne mutum na farko da ya sauko cikin kabari tare da babban rukuni na matasa. Tunawa da nasarar da aka samu na ƙarfin hali, waɗanda aka haɓaka da sabbin bayanai da yawa, shaidun sa sun adana su sannan aka mika shi ga zuriya. A cikin karni na 19 kamus na Chorographical-Universal Dictionary na Italiya ya ba da tabbacin gaskiyar nasarar da aka samu: Kadan fiye da mil mil nesa da Castellana akwai wani yanayi na dabi'a, wani chasm da ake kira Kabari ta hanyar jama'a. Ƙofarsa rami ne mai faɗin da'ira 180 kuma cikin zurfin takai kusan 300. A karnin da ya gabata wasu jajirtattun mazauna Castellana sun gangara cikin kabari da sassafe. Sun yi amfani da igiya da masu safara kuma suka bi ta kan hanyoyi masu duhu na mil da yawa. Bayan sa'o'i 24, 'yan uwansu da abokansu suna cikin damuwa da tsayin daka, suka dawo.

## Speleological gidan kayan gargajiya "Franco Anelli"
A ranar 23 ga Janairu, 2000, an bude gidan kayan gargajiya na kogon Castellana, "Franco Anelli", a daidai lokacin bikin cika shekaru 62 da gano kogon. An sadaukar da shi ga Farfesa Franco Anelli (1899-1977), wanda aka haife shi a Lodi, wanda ya kasance masanin ilimin kimiya, ganowa, mashahurin kuma darekta mai kishi na Caves of Castellana. Gruppo Puglia Grotte ne ke kula da gidan kayan gargajiya, ƙungiyar taswirar Castellana da aka kafa a 1971, a madadin Kamfanin Grotte di Castellana. A cewar Anelli ziyarar da aka yi a Gidan Tarihi na Speleological zai kasance "sauƙi mai ban sha'awa balaguron balaguro a kan shafukan littafi mai ban sha'awa, littafin kogon: ƴan surori masu tsari don ba da sharhi don ƙarar ƙima, na Kimiyyar kogo". Wannan ita ce manufar gidan kayan gargajiya. Gidan kayan gargajiya yana cikin ginin da aka tsara a cikin 1952 ta mai zanen Pietro Favia (1895-1972). Yana ba masu yawon buɗe ido damar zurfafa cikin ilimin kimiyya da ƙididdiga kuma suna wakiltar maƙasudin bincike na ƙasƙanci a Apulia. Yana da Cibiyar Takaddun Bayani na Speleological na Apulian Speleological Federation "Franco Orofino" wanda ya haɗa da ɗakin karatu na speleological, jarida da ɗakin karatu na lokaci-lokaci da kuma tarihin hotuna.

### Taron karawa juna ilimi

Tun shekaru da yawa da speleological gidan kayan gargajiya "Franco Anelli" ne makõma na karuwa didactic yawon shakatawa godiya ga shiryar da yawon shakatawa, ilimi bitar, da kuma seleological yawon shakatawa a cikin sakandare cokali mai yatsu na kogo ga dalibai da kuma dalibai. Yana wakiltar ɗayan mafi mahimmancin ƙirƙira na hadaddun speleological Castellana. Taron karawa juna sani ya kunshi ilmin taurari, kimiyyar kogo, speleology, bio-speleology, geology da ecology. Suna raba ra'ayin Farfesa Anelli don yadawa tsakanin daliban makaranta "ilimin game da duniyar karkashin kasa da kuma nazarin kimiyyar da ke da alaka da shi ta hanyar zane-zane mai ban sha'awa na sararin samaniya da kuma abubuwan da suka faru na jiki, nazarin halittu da kuma abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin ƙasa ko kuma wanda ya faru dubban shekaru da suka wuce a lokacin tarihin tarihin Italiya". Bugu da ƙari, a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya ana ba da ayyukan al'adu, da nufin haɓaka ilimi da koyo ta hanyar tarurrukan hulɗar juna da takamaiman darussan da ke cikin cikin kogo. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan al'adu shine speleojunior wanda ke ba wa dalibai damar jin motsin duhu kuma su koyi mafi yawan abubuwan sirri na kogo.

## Abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi
Daga cikin shahararrun maziyartan kogon a lokacin kaddamar da su a matsayin yawon bude ido akwai Luigi Einaudi (1874-1961), Aldo Moro (1916-1978), Enrico Mattei (1906-1962), Gina Lollobrigida, Silvana Pampanini, Margareth aus Ingila (1930-1961) Hakazalika, masu shirya fina-finai da dama sun yi sha'awar kogon kuma an yi fim takwas a cikin kogon. Su ne: Age of Love (1953) ta Michael Hamilton (amma shi Lionello De Felice ), Hercules a cikin Haunted World (1961) na Mario Bava da Franco Prosperi, Maciste a cikin Jahannama (1962) na Riccardo Freda; Casanova 70 (1965) na Mario Monicelli, Sarkin masu laifi (1968) na Paul Maxwell (amma shine Paolo Bianchini); Clashes na Stellar fiye da Dimension na Uku (1978) na Lewis Coates (amma shi Luigi Cozzi); Alien 2: A Duniya (1980) ta Sam Cromwell (amma shi Ciro Ippolito) da Biagio Proietti da wani yanki na jerin shirye-shiryen TV Holiday Profession (1986) na Vittorio De Sisti. Bugu da ƙari, fina-finai guda biyu na Antonio Leonviola sun harbe a nan: TAUR IL RE DELLA FORZA BRUTA (1963), da kuma na gaba na LE GLADIATRICI (1963). Harshen Turanci na tsohon (TOR, MIGHTY WARRIOR) yana ɗauke da ƙimar ƙarshe wanda ya ce "Masu furodusan suna son nuna godiya ga hukumomin Yugoslave (sic) don ba da izinin harba wasu wurare a cikin grottoes na Postumia". Hotunan ARRIVANO I TITANI na Duccio Tessari shima da alama an yi fim ɗin a nan.

## Littafi Mai Tsarki

* Anelli Franco, Castellana - *Arcano mondo sotterraneo in Terra di Bari.* *Nuova Postumia d'Italia*, Castellana Grotte, 1954.
* Carpinelli Gaetano Sergio, *Speleonight, speleologia da divulgazione attraverso escursioni turistico-emozionali nelle Grotte di Castellana.* *Studio statistico pilota*, Gruppo Puglia Grotte, Spelaion 2011.
* Lovece Daniela, Pace Pino, *Il cinema alle Grotte di Castellana* (Castellana-Grotte, Puglia), a cikin Grotte e dintorni, 11, 2006.
* Lovece Daniela, Pace Pino, *Le prime immagini delle Grotte di Castellana, in Grotte e dintorni*, 14, 2007.
* Manghisi Vincenzo, *Le Grotte da Castellana.* *Cinquant'anni di storia e d'immagine*, Nuova Editrice Apulia, 1990.
* Manghisi Vincenzo, *Franco Anelli (1899-1977) - Un maestro di speleologia e di vita, in Grotte e dintorni*, 1, Castellana-Grotte, 2001.
* Manghisi Vincenzo, Pace Pino, *Guida illustrata alle Grotte di Castellana*, Castellana-Grotte, 2006.
* Manghisi Vincenzo, Pace Pino, *La Grave di Castellana-Grotte tra storia e leggenda*, Martina Franca, 2009.
* Pace Pino, *La vocazione didattica del Museo Speleologico Franco Anelli*, Gruppo Puglia Grotte, Spelaion 2011.
* Regione Puglia, Federazione Speleologica Pugliese, Grotte e carsismo a Puglia, Castellana-Grotte, 2007.
* Reina Alessandro, Parise Mario, *Geologia delle Grotte di Castellana: ipotesi speleogenetiche.* *A cikin Geologie Territorio*, 1, 2004

## Manazarta