Afroyim v. Rusk

***Afroyim v. Rusk***, 387 U.S. 253 (1967), wani muhimmin hukunci ne na Kotun Koli ta Amurka, wanda ya yanke hukuncin cewa ba za a hana 'yan ƙasar Amurka' yan ƙasa ba tare da son rai ba. Gwamnatin Amurka ta yi ƙoƙari ta soke 'yancin Beys Afroyim, mutumin da aka haifa a Poland, saboda ya jefa kuri'a a zaben Isra'ila bayan ya zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka. Kotun Koli ta yanke shawarar cewa haƙƙin Afroyim na riƙe 'yancinsa na zama ɗan ƙasa an tabbatar da shi ta hanyar Dokar' Yan ƙasa ta Kwaskwarimar goma sha huɗu ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki. A yin haka, Kotun ta soke dokar tarayya da ta ba da umarnin asarar 'yancin Amurka don jefa kuri'a a zaben kasashen waje - ta haka ne ta soke daya daga cikin abubuwan da ta gabata, *Perez v. Brownell* (1958), wanda ta tabbatar da asarar' yan kasa a cikin irin wannan yanayi kasa da shekaru goma da suka gabata.

Shawarwarin *Afroyim* ya buɗe hanya don karɓar karɓar ɗan ƙasa biyu (ko da yawa) a cikin dokar Amurka.  Yarjejeniyar Bancroft - jerin yarjejeniyoyi tsakanin Amurka da sauran kasashe waɗanda suka nemi iyakance zama ɗan ƙasa biyu bayan zama ɗan ƙasa - an watsar da su bayan gwamnatin Carter ta kammala cewa Afroyim da sauran hukunce-hukuncen Kotun Koli sun sa ba za a iya aiwatar da su ba.

Tasirin *Afroyim v. Rusk* ya ragu ta hanyar shari'ar da ta biyo baya, Rogers v. Bellei (1971), inda Kotun ta yanke shawarar cewa Kwaskwarimar ta goma sha huɗu ta kare 'yan ƙasa ne kawai lokacin da aka haifi mutum ko kuma ya zama ɗan ƙasa a Amurka, kuma Majalisa ta riƙe ikon tsara matsayin ɗan ƙasa na mutumin da aka haifa a waje da Amurka ga iyayen Amurka. Koyaya, takamaiman dokar da ke cikin batun a cikin Rogers v. Bellei - abin da ake buƙata don mafi ƙarancin lokacin zama na Amurka wanda Bellei ya kasa gamsarwa - Majalisa ta soke shi a cikin 1978. A sakamakon sake fasalin manufofi da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta karɓa a shekarar 1990, yanzu (a cikin kalmomin gwani ɗaya) "kusan ba zai yiwu a rasa 'yan asalin Amurka ba tare da yin watsi da shi ba. "g it."

### Rashin 'yancin Amurka
An sami 'yan ƙasa a Amurka a tarihi ta hanyar ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyi uku: ta hanyar haihuwa a Amurka (jus soli, "dama na ƙasa");  ta hanyar haihuwa daga waje da Amurka ga iyaye na Amurka (jus sanguinis, "dama ta jini");  ko ta hanyar shige da fice zuwa Amurka sannan ta zama 'yanci. 

A shekara ta 1857, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci a Dred Scott v. Sandford  cewa bayi na Afirka, tsoffin bayi, da zuriyarsu ba su cancanci zama 'yan ƙasa ba.  Bayan Yaƙin basasa (1861-65) da kuma kawar da bautar da ta haifar a Amurka, an dauki matakai don ba da 'yanci ga bayi da aka 'yantar. Majalisa ta fara aiwatar da Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1866, wanda ya haɗa da sashi da ke bayyana "duk mutanen da aka haifa a Amurka kuma ba su da ikon kasashen waje" don zama' yan ƙasa. Ko da yake ana muhawara kan Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama a Majalisa, abokan adawarsa sun yi jayayya cewa tanadin' yan kasa bai dace da kundin tsarin mulki ba. Dangane da wannan damuwa, da kuma kare sabon kyautar 'yan ƙasa ga tsoffin bayi daga sokewa daga Majalisa ta baya,  masu tsara Kwaskwarima ta goma sha huɗu ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki sun haɗa da Ma'anar' Yan ƙasa, wanda zai kafa a cikin Kundin Tsarin mulki (kuma ta haka ne ya wuce iyakar Majalisa ko kotuna) tabbacin' yan ƙasa yana mai cewa "Dukan mutanen da aka haifa ko zama a Amurka, kuma suna ƙarƙashin ikonsa, 'yan ƙasa ne na Amurka". Kwaskwarima ta goma sha huɗu - gami da Dokar 'Yan ƙasa - majalisun dokoki na jihohi sun tabbatar da ita kuma ta zama wani ɓangare na Kundin Tsarin Mulki a 1868. 

### Tarihin farko na dokar zama ɗan ƙasa ta Amurka
Kundin Tsarin Mulki bai magance asarar 'yan ƙasa ba. Wani gyare-gyare da Majalisa ta gabatar a cikin 1810 - Takaddun Ma'aikatar - zai, idan an tabbatar da shi, ya samar da cewa duk wani ɗan ƙasa wanda ya karɓi "kyauta, fansho, ofis ko biyan kuɗi" daga wata ƙasa ta waje, ba tare da yardar Majalisa ba, zai " daina zama ɗan ƙasa na Amurka"; duk da haka, wannan gyare- gyare-ginen bai taɓa tabbatar da isasshen adadin majalisun jihohi ba kuma, a sakamakon haka, bai taɓa zama wani ɓangare na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ba.

## Manazarta