Ruben Um Nyobè

**Ruben Um Nyobè** (1913 - 13 Satumba 1958) shugaban Kamaru ne mai adawa da ƴan mulkin mallaka, wanda sojojin Faransa suka kashe a ranar 13 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1958, kusa da ƙauyensa na Boumnyebel, a cikin sashin Nyong-et-Kellé a cikin *maquis* Bassa.

## Farkon kuruciya
Um Nyobè, wanda aka fi sani da Uban Kamaru da aka manta, an haife shi a shekara ta 1913 a Song Mpeck, Kamerun. A lokacin, Kamerun wani yanki ne na Jamus kuma ya rabu bayan yakin duniya na ɗaya  tsakanin Faransa da Birtaniya. Um Nyobè ya fito daga dangi a yankin noma na Bassa. Mahaifinsa limamin gargajiya ne a ƙauyen su, inda suke aiwatar da raye-raye a matsayin nau'in addini. Um Nyobè, mutane da yawa sun san shi Kirista ne kuma suka sami sunansa na Kirista Ruben bayan ya yi baftisma. Um Nyobè ya yi karatu a makarantun Presbyterian da ke yankin ƙasar da Faransa ta mamaye kuma ya koyi Faransanci, Bassa, Bulu, da Do. Yana da shekaru 26, ya kammala digirinsa na biyu a jami'a da ke Edea. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya kammala digiri, ya auri matarsa, Martha. Bayan kammala karatunsa na jami'a a shekara ta 1944, ya zauna a birnin Edea don ci gaba da sha'awar shari'a. 

Ya zama ma’aikacin gwamnati kuma tun yana karami ya fara sha’awar siyasa. A ƙarshen 1930s, ya shiga cikin Jeunesse camerounaise Française (JeuCaFra), ƙungiyar da gwamnatin Faransa ta kafa don yaƙar farfagandar Nazi. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu ya shiga cikin kungiyar Cercle d'études Marxites - kungiyar 'yan kishin kasa ta Kamaru wacce malamin Faransa kuma ɗan kungiyar kwadago Gaston Donnat ya kaddamar a Yaoundé. Manufar kungiyar ita ce ta yi yaki da "Nazist, wariyar launin fata da mulkin mallaka". Ga Um Nyobé ya kasance wani sauyi: "Wannan shi ne karo na farko da na zauna a teburin wani bature: Ina la'akari da shi a matsayin babban taron a Kamaru. Ba zan manta da shi ba."

## Ayyukan Kungiyar Kwadago
An fara Um Nyobè a cikin Confédération générale du travail (CGT), ƙungiyar da ta yi yaƙi da raba Kamaru zuwa yankuna masu magana da Ingilishi da Faransanci a cikin shekarar 1947. Saboda kokarin CGT, Um Nyobè da membobin CGT sun fara yaɗa sakon 'yancin kai da kuma sukar addinin Katolika wanda ya tabbatar da kuma ba da shawara ga mulkin mallaka da bautar bayi. Koƙarinta ya sami nasarar haɗa kan ƙabilun daban-daban don shiga cikin tawaye da Faransa. An kira shi "Mpodol Ion", wanda ke nufin mai magana da yawun ƙasar ko mai magana da shi a cikin yaren mutanen Bassa. Abokansa sun kira shi Mpodol, wanda ke nufin "annabi", saboda imanin cewa umarni ne na Littafi Mai-Tsarki a gare shi ya jagoranci kuma ya yi magana a matsayin annabin su.

A watan Satumban 1945, mazauna garin sun buɗe wuta a Douala a kan zanga-zangar yajin aikin da a ƙarshe ta rikiɗe zuwa tarzoma. A cewar hukumomin mulkin mallaka, adadin mutanen da suka mutu a hukumance ya kai 8 (da kuma 20 da suka samu raunuka), amma an yi sabani a kan wannan adadi.  Damuwar da ta biyo baya a kan USCC da shugabanninta ya jagoranci sababbin masu fafutuka don ɗaukar nauyin jagoranci tare da Um Nyobè ya zama babban sakatare na kungiyar a shekara 1947. 

Babban taron na biyu shi ne ƙirƙirar taron demokraɗiyya na Afirka. Um Nyobè ya kasance a Bamako a cikin watan Satumba 1946 don taron farko na jam'iyya a matsayin wakilin USCC. Komawa cikin Kamaru, ya yi aiki don ƙirƙirar jam'iyyar Kamaru bayan wannan yunƙuri, wanda ya haifar da kafa ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa ta USCC a daren 10 ga watan Afrilu 1948 a wani mashaya cafe a Douala. Idan ba ya nan a lokacin kafuwar, amma duk da haka an tura shi zuwa ga shugaban a cikin Nuwamba 1948.

## Manazarta