Rudolph A. Marcus

**Rudolph Arthur Marcus** (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1923) masanin kimiyyar Amurka ne wanda aka haife shi da asalin Kanada wanda ya sami lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin ilmin sunadarai  "saboda gudummawarsa ga ka'idar halayen canja wurin lantarki a cikin tsarin sunadarai". Ka'idar Marcus, mai suna bayan shi, tana ba da tsarin thermodynamic da kinetic don bayyana canja wurin lantarki guda ɗaya. Farfesa ne a Caltech, Jami'ar Fasaha ta Nanyang, Singapore kuma memba ne na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Duniya.

## Ilimi da rayuwar farko
An haifi Marcus a Montreal, Quebec, ɗan Esther (an haife shi Cohen) da Myer Marcus. An haifi mahaifinsa a New York kuma an haifi mahaifiyarsa a Ingila. Tarihin iyalinsa ya fito ne daga Ukmergė (Lithuania).  Shi Bayahude ne  kuma ya girma mafi yawa a unguwar Yahudawa a Montreal amma kuma ya shafe wasu daga cikin yarinta a Detroit, Amurka.   Ya fara sha'awar kimiyya tun yana ƙarami. Ya yi fice a lissafi a Makarantar Sakandare ta Baron Byng . Daga nan ya yi karatu a Jami'ar McGill a karkashin Carl A. Winkler, wanda ya yi karatu karkashin Cyril Hinshelwood a Jami'an Oxford. A McGill, Marcus ya ɗauki darussan lissafi fiye da matsakaicin ɗalibin ilmin sunadarai, wanda daga baya zai taimaka masa wajen ƙirƙirar ka'idarsa game da canja wurin lantarki.

Marcus ya sami B.Sc. a 1943 da Ph.D. a 1946, duka daga Jami'ar McGill. A shekara ta 1958, ya zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka.

## Ayyuka da bincike
Bayan kammala karatunsa, a 1946, ya dauki matsayi na postdoctoral na farko a Majalisar Bincike ta Kasa (Kanada) ,  sannan Jami'ar North Carolina ta biyo baya. Ya sami nadin sa na farko a Cibiyar Polytechnic ta Brooklyn . A shekara ta 1952, a Jami'ar North Carolina, ya haɓaka ka'idar Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) ta hanyar haɗa tsohuwar ka'idar RRK tare da ka'idar canjin yanayi. A shekara ta 1964, ya koyar a Jami'ar Illinois. Hanyar da yake amfani da ita wajen warware matsalar ita ce "tafiye cikakke".  Marcus ya koma Cibiyar Fasaha ta California a shekarar 1978. 

### Ka'idar Marcus game da canja wurin lantarki
Canjin lantarki yana daya daga cikin mafi sauki siffofin sinadarai. Ya ƙunshi canja wurin lantarki guda ɗaya tsakanin abubuwa na tsarin atomatik iri ɗaya kamar yadda yake ga nazarin Marcus tsakanin ions na ƙarfe divalent da trivalent. Canjin lantarki na iya zama ɗaya daga cikin mahimman nau'ikan halayen sunadarai amma ba tare da shi ba rayuwa ba ba ba za ta iya kasancewa. Ana amfani da canja wurin lantarki a duk ayyukan numfashi da kuma photosynthesis. A cikin tsari na oxidizing kwayoyin abinci, biyu hydrogen ions, biyu electrons, da rabi wani oxygen kwayoyin amsawa don yin wani exothermic reaction da kuma ruwa kwayoyin:

: 2 H+ + 2 e− + ½ O2 → H2O + heat

Saboda canja wurin lantarki yana da mahimmanci, na kowa, kuma yana da mahimmanci a cikin yanayi, ka'idar Marcus ta zama mai mahimmanci a cikin fannin ilmin sunadarai da ilmin sunadaran.

Wani nau'in sinadarin sunadarai da ke da alaƙa da yawancin karatunsa na canja wurin lantarki zai zama canja wurin lantarki tsakanin ions na ƙarfe a jihohi daban-daban na oxidation. Misali na wannan nau'in sinadarin sunadarai zai zama ɗaya tsakanin divalent da trivalent iron ion a cikin ruwa mai ruwa. A lokacin Marcus sun yi mamakin masu ilimin sunadarai da jinkirin da wannan takamaiman martani ya faru. Wannan ya ja hankalin masana sunadarai da yawa a cikin shekarun 1950 kuma shine abin da ya fara sha'awar Marcus a cikin canja wurin lantarki. Marcus ya yi karatu da yawa bisa ga ka'idodin da aka samo a cikin wannan halayen sunadarai, kuma ta hanyar karatunsa ya sami damar yin bayani dalla-dalla ka'idar canja wurin lantarki. Hanyar da ya yi ta ba da damar sabbin shirye-shiryen gwaji waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga dukkan rassan a cikin ilmin sunadarai da ilmin sunayensu.[1]

## Manazarta