Ƴancin yin taro a Rasha

An amince da 'yancin yin taro a cikin Tarayyar Rasha ta Art. 31 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki da aka karɓa a shekarata 1993:Jama'ar Tarayyar Rasha za su sami 'yancin yin taro cikin lumana, ba tare da makamai ba, da kuma gudanar da tarurruka,  zanga-zangar,  da kumw zaɓe . Bisa wata dokar Rasha da aka gabatar a shekara ta 2014, za a iya ba da tara ko tsarewar kwanaki 15 saboda gudanar da zanga-zanga ba tare da izinin hukuma ba, kuma za a iya yanke hukuncin daurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari na laifuka uku. Masu zaɓen mutum ɗaya sun haifar da tara da daurin shekaru uku a gidan yari.  

## Doka
Tsakanin shekarun 1991 da 2004, an kuma tsara zanga-zangar a Rasha ta wata doka da babbar jam’iyyar Soviet ta farko ta bayar a shekara ta 1988 kuma ta sake tabbatar da, tare da ’yan gyare-gyare, ta dokar shugaban kasa a shekarata 1992 da 1993. A cikin 2004 waɗannan an maye gurbinsu da Dokar Tarayya ta Tarayyar Rasha No.54-FZ " *A Taro, Rallies, Zanga-zangar, Marises da Pickets* " (wanda shugaban Rasha ya sanya hannu a halin yanzu a ranar 19 ga Yuni Shekarata 2004, kuma ya fara aiki. ranar 4 ga Yuli, shekarar 2004).  Idan ana sa ran taron a bainar jama'a zai ƙunshi mahalarta fiye da ɗaya, wajibi ne masu shirya ta su sanar da hukumomin zartarwa ko na ƙananan hukumomi game da taron da ke tafe kwanaki kaɗan a rubuce. Kuma Duk da haka, doka ba ta hango hanyar ba da izini ba, don haka hukumomi ba su da ikon hana taro ko canza wurinsa sai dai idan yana barazana ga tsaro na mahalarta ko kuma an tsara shi a kusa da wurare masu haɗari, mahimman hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa, viaducts, bututun mai, babban ƙarfin lantarki Layukan wutar lantarki, gidajen yari, kotuna, wuraren zama na shugaban kasa ko a yankin kula da iyaka . Hakanan ana iya taƙaita haƙƙin tattarawa a kusancin abubuwan tarihi na al'adu da na tarihi.

Hukumomin yanki da na ƙananan hukumomi na iya ba da ƙa'idodi na biyu, amma iyakancewa da hani kan al'amuran jama'a za a iya gabatar da su ta Dokokin Tarayya kawai. Kuma Masu shirya za su fuskanci alhakin gudanarwa don keta hanya bisa ga Art. 20 na Kundin Laifukan Gudanarwa . 

A watan Yunin shekarata 2012, majalisar dokokin Rasha ta kaɗa ƙuri'a kan dokar da ta nemi a kara tsayuwar tara ga gudanar da zanga-zangar ba tare da izini ba daga 5,000 rubles (kusan $ 150) zuwa 300,000 rubles (kusan $ 10,000) ga mahalarta kowane mutum kuma ya karu zuwa 600,000 rubles ga masu shirya zanga-zangar.  . Tarar masu shirya zanga-zangar da suka gaza bin ka'idojin tarayya game da zanga-zangar za su ƙaru daga 50,000 rubles ($ 1,160) zuwa rubles miliyan 1.5 ($ 48,000).    Hakanan, za a hana masu zanga-zangar sanya abin rufe fuska, ɗaukar makamai ko abubuwan da za a iya amfani da su azaman makamai. Kuma Jama'a ba za su iya shirya gangami ba , waɗanda aka samu da laifin keta zaman lafiya da tsaro na jama'a ko kuma an fuskanci hukunci na gudanarwa saboda cin zarafi sau biyu ko fiye a cikin shekara guda. 

Tun daga shekara ta 2014, gudanar da zanga-zangar ba tare da izinin hukuma ba, ko da na lumana na mutum ɗaya, ana iya hukunta shi ta hanyar tara ko tsare shi har tsawon kwanaki 15, ko kuma ɗaurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari idan wannan shine karo na uku.   

## Ƙididdigar
Bisa ƙididdigar da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Rasha ta fitar, 

## Rigingimu
Gabaɗaya gwamnati ba ta mutunta wannan haƙƙin ba. A watan Mayun shekarata 2005, 'yan sanda na Moscow, bayan sun tarwatsa zanga-zangar a gaban zauren birnin, sun tsare 10 jama'a da magoya bayan Cocin Emmanuel Pentecostal . Mambobi da magoya bayan cocin sun cigaba da gudanar da zanga-zangar, suna zargin cewa ana nuna musu wariya daga hukumomi da suka ƙi izinin cocin na gina coci da kuma gyara gine-gine a birnin Moscow da kuma wata gunduma. A cikin watan Yunin shekarata 2005 an kama da yawa daga cikin waɗannan masu zanga-zangar yayin zanga-zangar. Hukumomin birnin sun ce zanga-zangar ta sabawa doka, kuma sun shawarci masu zanga-zangar da su gudanar da zanga-zangar a wani wuri na daban. Masu zanga-zangar sun ce zanga-zangar ta doka ce kuma ba su taba samun irin wannan umarni daga hukumomin birnin ba. Kuma An tuhumi wasu masu zanga-zangar da laifin gudanar da zanga-zangar ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma an yanke musu hukuncin zaman gidan yari na kwanaki biyar. Wata kotun gundumar Moscow ta yanke hukunci a watan Nuwamba shekarata 2005, cewa hukumomin yankin sun keta tsarin doka na tsara al’amuran jama’a a yadda suke tafiyar da zanga-zangar da Coci ta yi akai-akai. Kotun dai ta yanke hukunci a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2005 cewa jami’an ‘yan sanda 13 sun tsare mambobin Emmanuel bisa zalunci bayan wata zanga-zanga mako guda da ya gabata. Limamin cocin ya tabbatar da cewa tsoma bakin 'yan sanda ya kare bayan waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen kotuna.

A watan Mayun shekarar 2006 an hana masu fafutukar kare Haƙƙin ' yan luwadi da aikace-aikacensu don gudanar da taron girman kai, Moscow Pride .

A cikin kwanaki kafin sauran taron 'yan adawar siyasa na Rasha a Moscow a watan Yuli shekarata 2006, a cewar Human Rights Watch  wato (Ƙungiyar kare Haƙƙin Dan adam), hukumomi sun yi ƙoƙarin hana masu halartar taron barin garuruwansu da ƙarfi. 

A yayin taron G8 karo na 32 a St. Petersburg a watan Yulin shekarata 2006, masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam sun yi ikirarin aikata laifuka 577 da ake zargin jami'an tsaro na aikata ba bisa ka'ida ba kan masu zanga-zangar, ciki har da shari'o'i 94 na 'yan sanda sun kai mutum ofishin 'yan sanda ba tare da wani bayani ba; shari'o'i 267 (ciki har da yara uku) na tsare wucin gadi kan tuhume-tuhume kamar "kananan hooliganism," "zagi," da "juriya ga jami'an tilasta bin doka"; da kuma shari'o'in 216 na mutanen da aka hana su tafiya ta bas ko jirgin kasa zuwa St.

Bayan shirya wani picket a Moscow a ranar 3 ga Satumba, shekarata 2006, don tunawa da wadanda ke fama da rikicin garkuwa da su a makarantar Beslan, an kama Lev Ponomaryov mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam kuma an tsare shi har tsawon kwanaki uku, sabani kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba, bisa ga kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama, kamar yadda ya gabatar da shi. sanarwar da ake buƙata kafin taron, amma an zaɓi kar a kiyaye shawarar da ta biyo baya cewa ta faru a wani wuri ko a wata rana ta daban.

A ranar 16 ga Oktoba, shekarar 2006, 'yan sanda a Nazran sun watse da tashin hankali a zanga-zangar tunawa da Anna Politkovskaya, wanda aka kashe a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, tare da tsare masu fafutuka.

### Maris masu sabani
Hukumomi sun dakatar da yawancin Maris na rashin jin daɗi, wanda ya faru a ranar 16 ga Disamban shekarata 2006, a Moscow, a ranar 3 Maris 2007, a Saint Petersburg, ranar 24 ga Maris 2007, a Nizhny Novgorod, 14 Afrilu shekarata 2007, a karo na biyu a Moscow, a ranar 15 Afrilu 2007, kuma a Saint Petersburg, a ranar 18 ga Mayu a Samara da kuma a ranar 19 ga Mayu a Chelyabinsk, ko kuma sun ba da shawarar canza wurin su. Yayin da masu zanga-zangar suka bijirewa takunkumin, ‘yan sandan kwantar da tarzoma ( OMON ) sun lakadawa ko kuma tsare ’yan adawa masu yawa a lokacin zanga-zangar, tsare ko tashi daga jirgin kasa da bas wasu da ake sa ran shiga gaba (duba masu adawa da Maris ).

A ranar 17 ga Disamba, shekarar 2006, hukumomin birnin Moscow sun hana kusan mambobin jam'iyyar siyasa 300 Yabloko da magoya bayansu yin gangamin tunawa da 'yan jarida da aka kashe. An ba Yabloko damar ganawa, amma an ki ba shi izinin yin maci.

### Moscow Pride
A ranar 27 ga Mayu, shekarata 2007, an sake gudanar da zanga-zangar 'yancin luwadi da Yury Luzhkov a matsayin " shaidan " a Moscow kuma a shekara ta biyu tana gudana. Duba Moscow Pride .

A ranar 1 ga Yuni, shekarata 2008, wani girman kai ya faru a Moscow, wanda magajin gari ya sake dakatar da shi. Har ila yau duba Moscow Pride .

An gudanar da bugu na Moscow Pride na shekarar 2009 a ranar 16 ga Mayu, 2009, a daidai wannan rana da wasan karshe na gasar wakokin Eurovision ta shekarar 2009 da Moscow ta shirya, da kuma jajibirin ranar yaki da 'yan luwadi ta duniya. An kira faretin " Slavic Pride ", saboda zai inganta 'yancin 'yan luwadi da al'adu daga dukkanin yankunan Slavic na Turai. Bugu da ƙari, an ƙi izini. Duba Moscow Pride .

### Fursunonin Bolotnaya
Kwana daya gabanin rantsar da shugaba Putin, 'yan sanda sun dakatar da masu zanga-zangar lumana don nuna adawa da zaben dandalin Bolotnaya da ke birnin Moscow. Sannan Masu zanga-zangar 19 sun fuskanci tuhume-tuhume da laifuka dangane da al'amuran da hukumomi suka bayyana a matsayin " tarzoma ". An bayyana sunayen manyan masu fafutukar siyasa da dama a matsayin shaidu a lamarin kuma an bincikar gidajensu a ayyukan da gidajen talabijin da gwamnati ke yadawa. Sama da 6 da 7 ga Mayu, an kama ɗaruruwan mutane masu zaman lafiya a duk faɗin Moscow. 

Amnesty ta bukaci dukkanin fursunonin lamiri (POCs) guda 10 da ke cikin wannan shari'a a gaggauta sakin su ba tare da wani sharadi ba, sannan kuma a soke duk wani tuhuma da ke da alaka da tada hankulan jama'a dangane da duk wadanda ake tuhuma da wadanda ake bincike a kan wannan lamari. 

"Sakin dan kasuwa Mikhail Khodorkovsky, mawaƙan Pussy Riot Maria Alyokhina da Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, da ɗimbin fursunoni na Bolotnaya (uku) da ake tsare da su bai kamata a yi la'akari da shi a matsayin wani aikin jinƙai ba, amma wani yunkuri na siyasa a cikin gudu har zuwa Gasar Olympics ta Sochi ," in ji John Dalhuisen, Daraktan Amnesty International. “Wadanda aka sako an daure su ne kawai saboda bayyana ra’ayoyinsu. Yayin da suke da 'yanci, har yanzu ana tuhumarsu da tuhumar da ake musu. Afuwar ba ta zama madadin ingantaccen tsarin adalci ba.” 

## Dabaru-31
Tun a ranar 31 ga Yulin shekarata 2009 aka fara gudanar da gangamin neman ‘yancin yin taro a dandalin Triumfalnaya da ke birnin Moscow. Ana yin su ne a kowace rana ta 31 ga wata, wanda irin wannan rana ta kasance. Wannan ra'ayi, wanda ake kira Strategy-31, Eduard Limonov ya gabatar da shi kuma yana goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin adawa daban-daban da ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama, Kuma ciki har da Moscow Helsinki Group karkashin jagorancin Lyudmila Alexeyeva . Tun shekarar 2010 ana gudanar da zanga-zangar neman 'yancin yin taro a wasu biranen Rasha. Ya zuwa ranar 31 ga Maris, babu wani gangami a Moscow ko St.Petersburg da hukumomi suka yarda. 'Yan sanda sun tarwatsa tare da tsare mahalarta taron.

## Zaɓin mutum ɗaya
A watan Mayun shekarata 2015, an yanke wa wasu masu fafutuka biyu hukuncin zaman gidan yari na kwanaki goma a kan masu satar mutum daya a dandalin Bolotnaya na Moscow.  A watan Yunin shekarar 2015, wata kotu a Murmansk ta ci tarar wata mace 20,000 rubles saboda gudanar da zanga-zangar da ba a ba da izini ba a ranar 1 ga Maris - wani shiru-mutum daya na juyawa na tunawa da Boris Nemtsov .  Wata kotu a Moscow ta ci tarar wani mutum 10,000 rubles saboda zaɓen mutum ɗaya da ya yi a kan Ramzan Kadyrov . 

A cikin Disamba Shekarata 2015, an yanke wa Ildar Dadin hukuncin daurin shekaru uku a gidan yari saboda wasu mutane guda daya a cikin shekarar 2014.  Amnesty International ta bayyana cewa, "Hukuncin ban mamaki da aka yanke wa Ildar Dadin ya nuna cewa hukumomin Rasha na amfani da doka kan tarukan jama'a wajen gaggauta kai masu zanga-zangar lumana zuwa gidan yari". 

## Martani na duniya
A watan Mayun shekarata 2016, Lithuania ta ba da mafaka ga Irina Kalmykova bayan Rasha ta zarge ta da shiga cikin zanga-zangar da ba ta da izini kuma ta aika da takardunta zuwa Interpol . 

## Duba wasu abubuwan

* Hakkin Dan Adam a Rasha
* Moscow Pride
* Nikolai Alekseyev
* Ayyukan Haƙƙin Dan Adam na LGBT Gayrussia.ru
* Dabaru-31

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Tarihi na Cin Hanci
* Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Rasha, 2006, Rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka
* 'Yancin taro, www.legislationline.org 
* Dabaru-31

## Manazarta