Sasanta rikicin masu saka hannun jari na jaha

**sasanta rikicin masu saka hannun jari** **na jaha** (ISDS), ko tsarin kotun saka hannun jari (ICS), wani tsari ne na dokoki waɗanda masu saka hannun jari na ƙasashen waje za su iya tuhumi jihohi (ƙasashe masu ɗorewa) don wasu ayyukan jihohi da suka shafi saka hannun jari kai tsaye na waje (FDI) na wannan mai saka jari. Wannan galibi yana ɗaukar hanyar sasantawa ta ƙasa da ƙasa tsakanin masu saka hannun jari na waje da ƙasa. Ya zuwa watan Yuni 2024, sama da dalar Amurka biliyan 113 jihohi suka biya ga masu saka hannun jari a ƙarƙashin ISDS, mafi yawan kuɗin da ke zuwa ga buƙatun mai.

ISDS galibi kayan aiki ne na dokokin kasa da kasa na jama'a, wanda ke baiwa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu (masu zuba jari na kasashen waje) 'yancin kai karar wata jiha a wani taron da ba na kotunan cikin gida na jihar ba. Ana bai wa masu saka hannun jari wannan haƙƙin ta hanyar yarjejeniyar saka hannun jari ta ƙasa da ƙasa tsakanin ƙasar da mai saka hannun jari ke da ita da kuma ƙasar da ta karbi bakuncin. Ana iya samun irin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin a cikin yarjejeniyoyin saka hannun jari (BITs), yarjejeniyoyin kasuwanci na ƙasa da ƙasa kamar Yarjejeniyar Amurka-Mexico-Kanada ta 2019, ko wasu yarjejeniyoyin kamar Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Makamashi ta 1991.

Don a ba da izinin kawo rigimar masu saka hannun jari a gaban kotun sasantawa, duka jihar mai saka hannun jari da kuma jihar da aka sanya jarin dole ne sun amince da ISDS, mai saka hannun jari daga jiha ɗaya dole ne ya sami jari a wata ƙasa kuma mai saka hannun jarin waje dole ne ya gabatar da cewa jihar ta keta ɗaya ko fiye na haƙƙin da aka baiwa mai saka jari a ƙarƙashin wata yarjejeniya ko yarjejeniya.

Ana kawo iƙirarin ISDS a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin Cibiyar sasanta rikicin Zuba Jari ta Duniya (ICSID) na Bankin Duniya, Kotun Ƙasa ta Duniya (LCIA), Majalisar Kasuwanci ta Duniya (ICC), Cibiyar sasantawa ta Hong Kong (HKIAC), ko Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Ciniki ta Duniya (UNCITRAL).

An soki tsarin ISDS saboda hasashe da aka samu, gami da nuna son kai ga masu saka hannun jari, hukunce-hukuncen da ba su dace ba ko da ba daidai ba, manyan lambobin yabo na lalacewa, da tsadar farashi, kuma an yi ta kiraye-kirayen sake fasalin. Tun daga 2015, Tarayyar Turai ta ke neman ƙirƙirar kotun saka hannun jari a bangarori daban-daban don maye gurbin sasantawa tsakanin masu saka hannun jari. Tun daga shekara ta 2017, ana yin shawarwari tsakanin bangarori da yawa don yin gyare-gyare a rukunin Aiki na uku na Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Ciniki ta Duniya.

Kariyar zuba jari na waje

## Ci gaban tarihi
Hartley Shawcross da Hermann Josef Abs sun ba da shawarar samar da tsarin sasanta rikicin masu saka hannun jari da jihohi bayan yakin duniya na biyu. Abs ya gan shi a matsayin mafita ga kishin kasa da jihohi ke yi. An kulla yarjejeniya tsakanin Tarayyar Jamus da Pakistan don haɓakawa da kariyar zuba jari a cikin 1959 kuma ita ce yarjejeniyar kariyar zuba jari ta farko a ƙarƙashin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa. A karkashin dokar kasa da kasa ta al'ada, wata kasa mai saka jari na iya tabbatar da raunin da kasar mai masaukin baki ta haifar ta hanyar ba da kariya ta diflomasiya, wanda zai iya hada da mayar da martani da/ko ramuwar gayya. Baya ga kariyar diflomasiyya, jihohi za su iya kuma suna kafa kwamitocin wucin gadi da kotunan sasanci don yanke hukunci game da iƙirarin da ke tattare da mu’amala da baƙi da dukiyoyinsu ta hanyar ƙasa mai masaukin baki (“ƙaddamar da rigima ta jaha” ko SSDS), wanda zai iya taimakawa wajen guje wa ƙudirin tilastawa da kariya daga sakewa. Sanannen misalan wannan al'ada sune kwamitocin Jay Treaty, Kotun Koli ta Iran da Amurka da Hukumar Da'awar Amurka da Mexico. Duk da haka, waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin sun takaita ne ga mu'amalar masu zuba jari na ƙasashen waje a cikin wani lokaci da suka wuce, yayin da ISDS na zamani ke ba masu zuba jari damar yin da'awar a kan jihohi gabaɗaya kuma bisa ga tushe.

## Manazarta