Baƙin hauren afrika

**Kasashen waje na Afirka** shine tarin al'ummomin duniya da suka fito daga mutanen Afirka. Kalmar da ta fi yawanci tana nufin zuriyar ƴan asalin Yammacin Yammacin Afirka da Tsakiyar Afirka waɗanda aka bautar da su zuwa Amurka ta hanyar cinikin bayin Atlantika tsakanin ƙarni na 16 da 19, tare da mafi yawan al'ummarsu a Brazil, Amurka, da Haiti. Hakanan ana iya amfani da kalmar don nufin zuriyar Afirka waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa wasu sassan duniya. Malamai sun gano “hanyoyi guda hudu” na wannan hijirar daga Afirka.

Kalmar ƴan kasashen Afirka a hankali ta shiga amfani da ita a farkon ƙarni na 21. Kalmar diaspora ta samo asali ne daga harshen Helenanci διασπορά (masu waje, "watsawa") wanda ya sami karbuwa a cikin Ingilishi dangane da ƙaurawar Yahudawa kafin a yi amfani da shi ga sauran jama'a. Mafi ƙanƙanta, an yi amfani da kalmar a cikin malanta don komawa zuwa ƙaura na baya-bayan nan daga Afirka.

Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka (AU) ta ayyana kasashen Afirka da ke zaune a kasashen waje da cewa sun hada da: "'yan asalin Afirka ko kuma 'yan asalin Afirka da ke zaune a wajen nahiyar, ba tare da la'akari da 'yan kasa da 'yan kasa ba da kuma masu son bayar da gudummawa ga ci gaban nahiyar da gina kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka". Dokar da ta kafa ta bayyana cewa za ta "gayyata tare da karfafa cikakken hadin kai na mazauna kasashen Afirka a matsayin wani muhimmin bangare na nahiyarmu, wajen gina kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka"

## Tarihi

### Barewa ta hanyar bauta
Yawancin 'yan Afirka sun watse a ko'ina cikin Arewacin Amirka, Kudancin Amirka, Turai, da Asiya a lokacin cinikin bayi na Atlantic, Trans-Saharan, Bahar Maliya da Tekun Indiya.

Shaidar farko da aka rubuta na ’yan Afirka a matsayin bayi a wajen Afirka ta fito ne daga tsohuwar Girka da Roma. A cikin duniyar Greco-Roman, kusan dukkan ƴan asalin Afirka an san su da farko da Aithiopians, kalmar da ke nufin ƙungiyar taurarin Cepheus, Sarkin Sama a tatsuniyar Girka. Cepheus shi ne sarkin almara na Greco na Habasha. Taurari Cepheus, wanda ya fito daga kalmar Helenanci ma'ana "mai lambu," gida ne ga wani muhimmin tauraro mai canzawa, Delta Cephei, bayan haka ana kiran masu canjin Cepheid-taurari da aka yi amfani da su don kimanta nisa a sararin samaniya. Galibin bayin Aithiopian a duniyar Greco-Romawa sun fito ne daga Kush (Sudan ta yau), bayan sun zama fursunonin yaƙi a rigima da Masar da ke kusa. Shaidun archaeological sun nuna cewa kaɗan daga cikin bayi a cikin Greco-Roman duniyar Aithiopian ne, a wani ɓangare saboda nisan da ake buƙata don shigo da su. Bayin Aithiopian sun fi tsunduma cikin ayyukan gida da na nishaɗi, wanda hakan ya sa masu binciken kayan tarihi su yarda cewa an ɗauke su a matsayin kayan alatu mai tsada. A cikin wani nuni mai ban sha'awa, Sarkin Roma Nero ya cika gidan wasan kwaikwayo tare da bayi Aithiopia don nuna dukiya da ikon Roma ga wani sarkin waje mai ziyara.

A farkon karni na 8, Larabawa sun kwashe bayin Afirka daga tsakiya da gabashin nahiyar Afirka (inda aka san su da Zanj) suka sayar da su a kasuwanni a Gabas ta Tsakiya, yankin Indiya, da Gabas mai Nisa, don bautar daular Umayyad, Halifancin Abbasid, Mamluk Sultanate da Daular Usmaniyya.

Tun daga farkon karni na 15, Turawa suka kama ko siyan bayi daga Afirka ta Yamma suka kawo su na farko zuwa Turai sannan, bayan fara mulkin mallaka na Turawa a can a karshen karni na 15, zuwa Amurka. An kawo karshen cinikin bayi na Atlantic a karni na 19. Watsewa ta hanyar cinikin bayi na wakiltar ƙaura mafi girma a tarihin ɗan adam. Tasirin tattalin arziki a nahiyar Afirka ya yi muni sosai, yayin da aka kwashe tsararraki na matasa daga cikin al'ummominsu da kuma tashe-tashen hankula. Wasu al'ummomi da zuriyar bayin Afirka suka kafa a Amurka, Turai, da Asiya sun rayu har zuwa yau. A wasu lokuta, ƙungiyoyin ƙabilun Afirka na asali sun yi aure da ’yan Afirka waɗanda ba ’yan asalin Afirka ba, kuma zuriyarsu ta shiga cikin al’ummar yankin.

A cikin Amurka, haɗuwar ƙungiyoyi masu yawa daga ko'ina cikin duniya sun ba da gudummawa ga al'ummomin kabilu daban-daban. A Tsakiyar Amurka da Kudancin Amurka, yawancin mutane sun fito ne daga zuriyar Turawa, ƴan asalin Amirka da Afirka. A cikin 1888, a Brazil kusan rabin yawan jama'a sun fito ne daga bayin Afirka, bambancin halaye na zahiri ya yadu a cikin fa'ida. A {asar Amirka, a tarihi, akwai yawan mutanen Turawa da suka yi mulkin mallaka dangane da bayin Afrika, musamman a yankin Arewa. An sami auratayya mai yawa na launin fata a cikin mulkin mallaka na Virginia, da sauran nau'ikan haɗakar launin fata a lokacin bauta da shekarun bayan Yaƙin Basasa. Jim Crow da dokokin hana ɓarna sun wuce bayan zamanin 1863-1877 na sake ginawa a Kudu a ƙarshen karni na 19, da raƙuman ruwa na ƙaura daga Turai a ƙarni na 19th da 20th, sun sami bambance-bambance tsakanin ƙungiyoyin launin fata. A farkon karni na 20, don samar da rarrabuwar kabilanci, yawancin jihohin kudancin sun amince da "Dokar digo daya", wacce ta ayyana kuma ta rubuta duk wanda ke da kowane zuriyar Afirka a matsayin "baƙar fata", har ma da na zahirin mafi yawan 'yan asalin Turai ko na kakannin 'yan asalin-Amurka. Ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon wannan aiwatarwa shi ne asarar bayanan ƙungiyoyin da aka gano na asali, waɗanda aka keɓe su a matsayin baƙar fata kawai saboda bambancin launin fata.

## Manazarta