Rashin jin daɗin Kwaminisanci

**kwaminisanci nostalgia**, wanda kuma ake kira kwaminisancinostalgia ko kwaminisancin nostalgia ne, shine nostalgia a wasu jihohin Bayan kwaminisanci kai na Tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin Rasha ga jihohin kwaminisanisanci da suka gabata.

Ana iya lura da misalai na irin wannan nostalgia a Gabashin Jamus, Poland, tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, tsohuwar Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania,    Jamhuriyar Czech, Albania, da Slovakia. Kasuwanci sun kasuwanci kuma sun sayi tunanin Kwaminisanci a cikin nau'in kwaminisancin kwaminisanta da sauran kayayyaki da kayayyaki da ke tunatar da zamanin da ya gabata.

## Fahimtar
Dominik Bartmanski ya lura cewa bayan juyin juya halin adawa da kwaminisanci na shekarar 1989, takamaiman ra'ayoyin ci gaban sun kasance ba a bayyane ba na ɗan lokaci, an bayyana su a cikin kalmomi masu mahimmanci kamar "komawa Turai", "zuwa ɗabi'un Yammaci" da sauransu. Wannan ya haifar da tsammanin Utopia game da jari-hujja da Dimokuradiyya. Lokacin da aka fuskanci wahalar sauyawa, "Utopia na bayan juyin juya hali" ya haifar da "rashin jin daɗi na bayan juyi".

A cewar Kristen R. Ghodsee, mai bincike kan bayan kwaminisanci Gabashin Turai:

## Zabe

### Tarayyar Soviet

#### Armenia
Binciken Gallup na 2013 ya nuna cewa kashi 66% na Armeniyawa sun yi tunanin rushewar USSR yana da lahani, mafi girma daga duk wata ƙasa da aka bincika, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 12% da suka yi tunanin yana da fa'ida. Binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2016 ya nuna cewa kashi 71% na Armeniyawa sun yi imanin cewa rayuwa ta fi kyau a karkashin USSR. Damuwa game da rushewa daga baya ya karu zuwa 79% bisa ga binciken Pew na 2017, idan aka kwatanta da kawai 15% da ke cewa rushewa abu ne mai kyau.

#### Azerbaijan
Binciken Gallup na 2013 ya nuna cewa kashi 31% na Azerbaijanis sun yi tunanin rushewar USSR yana da lahani, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 44% waɗanda suka yi tunanin yana da fa'ida. A cikin binciken 2016, kashi 69% na 'yan Azerbaijan sun yi imanin cewa rayuwa ta fi kyau a karkashin USSR.

#### Belarus
A cikin binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1998, 'yan Belarus sun kasance na biyu mafi kyau, bayan Ukraine kawai, ga tsarin tattalin arzikin kwaminisanci a kashi 78%. Koyaya a shekara ta 2006, kashi 39% ne kawai na mutanen Belarus suka yarda cewa "Babban masifa ne cewa USSR ba ta wanzu ba", idan aka kwatanta da kashi 49% waɗanda suka yarda. Bugu da kari, idan aka kwatanta da Rashawa da Ukrainians, Belarusians sun fi dacewa da tsarin yanzu a 35% sun fi son shi a matsayin tsarin siyasa mafi dacewa. Haɗe tare da waɗanda suka goyi bayan dimokuradiyya ta Yamma (22%) suna samun jimlar 57%, idan aka kwatanta da 28% waɗanda ke goyan bayan tsarin Soviet (20% suna goyan bayan mulkin demokraɗiyya na Soviet, 8% suna goyan baya ga tsarin Soviet na pre-perestroika). Bugu da ƙari, kashi 43% na mutanen Belarus sun goyi bayan tattalin arzikin kasuwa idan aka kwatanta da kashi 27% da suka goyi bayan tsarin tattalin arzikin Soviet, kuma kashi 49% sun ce Belarus ya kamata ta bi hanyar ci gaba ta musamman (wanda kashi 40% suka biyo baya suna cewa ya kamata ta bin hanyar Turai, kuma kashi 5% suna cewa ya zama ya bi hanyar da USSR ke ɗauka). Yawancin mutanen Belarus (55%) sun goyi bayan hadin kai a cikin Commonwealth of Independent States maimakon cikakken hadin kai (16%). 

Koyaya a shekara ta 2013, binciken Gallup ya nuna cewa kashi 38% na mutanen Belarus sun yi tunanin rushewar USSR yana da lahani, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 26% kawai waɗanda suka yi tunanin yana da fa'ida. A cikin binciken 2016, ya karu zuwa 53% na Belarusians suna cewa rayuwa ta fi kyau a ƙarƙashin USSR. Rashin jin daɗi game da rushewa daga baya ya sake ƙaruwa dan kadan zuwa 54%, idan aka kwatanta da 34% da ke cewa rushewa abu ne mai kyau bisa ga binciken Pew na 2017.

#### Estonia
A cikin binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2017, kashi 75% na 'yan Estonia sun ce rushewar USSR abu ne mai kyau, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 15% kawai da suka ce abu ne mara kyau.

#### Georgia
Binciken Gallup na 2013 ya nuna cewa kashi 33% na Georgians sun yi tunanin rushewar USSR yana da lahani, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 37% waɗanda suka yi tunanin yana da fa'ida. Daga baya, binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2017 ya nuna cewa kashi 47% na Georgians sun yi tunanin rushewar abu ne mai kyau, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 38% da suka yi tunanin abu ne mara kyau. Wani binciken Pew, kuma a cikin 2017, ya nuna cewa kashi 43% na Georgians sun yi tunanin rushewar abu ne mai kyau, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 42% waɗanda suka yi tunanin abu ne mara kyau.

#### Latvia
A cikin binciken Pew na 2017, kashi 30% na Latvians sun ce rushewar USSR abu ne mara kyau, yayin da kashi 53% suka ce abu ne mai kyau.

#### Lithuania
A cikin 2017, binciken Pew ya nuna cewa kashi 62% na Lithuanians sun yi imanin rushewar USSR abu ne mai kyau, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 23% waɗanda suka ce abu ne mara kyau. A cikin 2019, wani binciken Pew ya nuna cewa a cikin 1991 kawai 13% na Lithuanians sun kimanta rayuwarsu a matsayin "mai kyau", yayin da a cikin 2019 wannan adadin ya kai 44% . Bugu da ƙari, bisa ga binciken 2019, kashi 60% na Lithuanians sun bayyana cewa yanayin tattalin arziki a kasar "mai kyau" kuma kashi 61% sun yi imanin cewa yaransu za su fi dacewa da kudi idan aka kwatanta da iyaye. Hakazalika, kashi 69% sun amince da canjin zuwa tsarin jam'iyyun da yawa kuma kashi 70% sun amince da sauyawar tattalin arzikin kasuwa.

#### Moldova
Binciken Gallup na 2013 ya nuna cewa kashi 42% na Moldovans sun yi tunanin rushewar USSR yana da lahani, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 26% waɗanda suka yi tunanin yana da fa'ida. Damuwa game da rushewa daga baya ya karu zuwa 70% bisa ga binciken Pew na 2017, tare da kashi 18% kawai suna cewa rushewar abu ne mai kyau.

#### Kazakhstan
A shekara ta 2005, wani bincike ya nuna cewa kashi 49.7% na Kazakhs "sun amince da karfi ko sun yarda" cewa gwamnatin Soviet ta amsa bukatun 'yan ƙasa, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 9.1% kawai da ke cewa gwamnatin Kazakh ta yanzu ta amsa bukatun' yan ƙasa. Koyaya, binciken Gallup na 2013 ya nuna cewa kashi 25% na Kazakhs sun yi tunanin rushewar USSR yana da lahani, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 45% waɗanda suka yi tunanin yana da fa'ida. A cikin binciken 2016, kusan kashi 60% na Kazakhs sama da shekaru 35 sun yi imanin cewa rayuwa ta fi kyau a ƙarƙashin USSR.

#### Kyrgyzstan
A shekara ta 2005, wani bincike ya nuna cewa kashi 70.3% na Kyrgyz "sun yarda ko sun yarda" cewa gwamnatin Soviet ta amsa bukatun 'yan ƙasa, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 16.9% kawai da ke faɗin haka game da gwamnatin Kyrgyz ta yanzu. Binciken Gallup na 2013 ya nuna cewa kashi 61% na Kyrgyz sun yi tunanin rushewar USSR yana da lahani, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 16% da suka yi tunanin yana da fa'ida.

#### Rasha
A cikin binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2005, kashi 66% na Rasha sun ce sun yarda "Wannan babban bala'i ne cewa USSR ba ta wanzu ba", yayin da kashi 30% kawai ba su yarda ba. Bugu da kari, kashi 57% sun goyi bayan wasu nau'ikan tsarin Soviet a matsayin tsarin siyasa da suka fi so (35% suna goyon bayan tsarin Soviet na dimokuradiyya, 22% suna goyon bayan usoro pre-perestroika), idan aka kwatanta da kashi 32% da suka goyi bayan tsarin da ba na Soviet ba (17% suna goyon bayan سیستەمی yanzu, 15% suna goyon bayan dimokuradiyar Yamma). Da daidaitattun kashi na Rasha (34%) sun goyi bayan tattalin arzikin kasuwa ko tsarin tattalin arzikin Soviet. Koyaya, kashi 59% sun goyi bayan Rasha ta kan hanyar ci gaba ta musamman, sabanin bin hanyar USSR (11%) ko Turai (25%). Yawancin mutanen Rasha sun goyi bayan hada CiS (39%), mafi girma fiye da wadanda ke goyon bayan hadin kai (37%) da kuma hadin kai iri daya (10%). 

Bayanan zabe daga Cibiyar Levada tun 1992 sun nuna yawan nadama game da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet, tare da binciken da aka yi kwanan nan a 2021 ya gano cewa kashi 63% na Rasha sun yi nadama game le rushewar, tare da kashi 28% kawai suna cewa ba su yi nadamar rushewar ba. Regret ya kasance mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin 2012, lokacin da kawai kashi 49% na Rasha suka ce sun yi nadamar rushewar. Koyaya, wannan har yanzu ya fi girma fiye da kashi da ba a yi nadama ba na 36%. Dalilan da aka fi lissafa don nadama sune ƙarshen tsarin tattalin arziki, kuma ba su da zama 'yan ƙasa na babban iko.

Zaben Levada tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1990 a kan tsarin siyasa da tattalin arziki da aka fi so na Rashawa kuma yana nuna nostalgia ga Tarayyar Soviet, tare da zaben da aka yi kwanan nan a 2021 wanda ya nuna 49% sun fi son tsarin siyasar Soviet, idan aka kwatanta da 18% sun fi son usoro siyasar yanzu, da 16% sun fi son mulkin demokraɗiyya na Yamma, da kuma 62% suna cewa sun fi son سیستەمی Tsarin tattalin arziki idan aka kwatanta le 24% sun fi son tattalin arzikin jari-hujja.

A cikin binciken Cibiyar Levada ta 2020, kashi 75% na Rasha sun amince da cewa zamanin Soviet shine "lokaci mafi girma" a tarihin Rasha.

#### Tajikistan
Binciken Gallup na 2013 ya nuna cewa kashi 52% na Tajiks sun yi tunanin rushewar USSR yana da lahani, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 27% da suka yi tunanin yana da fa'ida. A shekara ta 2016, kashi 39% ne kawai na Tajiks suka yi imanin cewa rayuwa a karkashin USSR ta fi kyau.

#### Turkmenistan
Binciken Gallup na 2013 ya nuna cewa kashi 8% ne kawai na Turkmen suka yi tunanin rushewar USSR yana da lahani, mafi ƙasƙanci na duk wata ƙasa da aka bincika, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 62% waɗanda suka yi tunanin yana da fa'ida.

#### Ukraine
A cikin binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1998, Ukraine ta sami amincewa mafi girma daga kowace tsohuwar jihar kwaminisanci don tsarin tattalin arzikin kwaminisancin a kashi 90%. Ukraine kuma tana da mafi girman amincewa ga tsarin gwamnatin kwaminisanci a 82%, mafi girman amincewar kwaminisancin a matsayin akidar a 59%, da kuma mafi girman goyon baya ga maido da kwaminisança a 51% .

Koyaya, sannu a hankali Ukraine za ta fara samun ra'ayoyi marasa kyau game da abubuwan da suka gabata na Soviet. A cikin binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2006, kashi 42% ne kawai na Ukrainians suka amince da cewa "Wannan babban bala'i ne cewa USSR ba ta wanzu ba" idan aka kwatanta da kashi 49% wadanda ba su yarda ba. Koyaya, lokacin da aka tambaye su tsarin siyasa da suka fi so, kashi 46% na masu amsa sun fi son wani nau'in tsarin Soviet (31% suna tallafawa tsarin dimokuradiyya, 16% suna tallafawa sigar pre-perestroika) idan aka kwatanta da kashi 42% waɗanda suka goyi bayan tsarin da ba na Soviet ba (18% suna tallafawa usoro yanzu, 24% suna tallafawa dimokuradiyar Yamma). 44% sun goyi bayan tattalin arzikin kasuwa idan aka kwatanta da 25% wadanda suka goyi bayan tsarin tattalin arzikin Soviet. Kashi 49% na Ukrainians sun kuma bayyana cewa Ukraine ya kamata ta bi hanyar ci gaba ta musamman, maimakon bin hanyar Turai (31%) ko hanyar da USSR ke bi (13%). 52% sun goyi bayan hadin kai tare da CiS maimakon cikakken hadin kai (17%). 

A cikin binciken Pew na 2009, kashi 62% na Ukrainians sun ce rayuwa ta fi muni a tattalin arziki a zamanin yau idan aka kwatanta da zamanin Soviet. Binciken Gallup na 2013 ya nuna cewa kashi 56% na Ukrainians sun yi tunanin rushewar USSR yana da lahani, yayin da kashi 23% kawai suka yi tunanin yana da fa'ida. A cikin binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2016, kashi 60% na Ukrainians sama da shekaru 35 sun ce rayuwa ta fi kyau a karkashin USSR. Koyaya, a shekara ta 2020, wani bincike daga Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Jama'a ta Kyiv ya nuna cewa kashi 34% na Ukrainians sun yi nadamar rushewar USSR, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 50% waɗanda ba su yi nadama ba. Regret ya kasance mafi girma a Gabashin Ukraine inda kashi 49% na Ukrainians suka yi nadama idan aka kwatanta da kashi 35% da ba su yi ba, yayin da ya fi ƙasa a Yammacin Ukraine inda kashi 15% kawai suka yi nadamar hakan idan aka kwatanta le kashi 69% da ba su da.

#### Uzbekistan
A shekara ta 2005, wani bincike ya nuna cewa kashi 48.1% na Uzbeks sun ce gwamnatin Soviet ta amsa bukatun 'yan ƙasa, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 28.1% suna cewa haka game da gwamnatin yanzu. Koyaya, a cikin 2016, kashi 4% ne kawai na Uzbeks suka yi imanin cewa rayuwa ta fi kyau a ƙarƙashin USSR.

### Sauran mambobin Yarjejeniyar Warsaw

#### Bulgaria
A cikin binciken Pew na 2009, kashi 62% na mutanen Bulgaria sun ce rayuwa ta fi muni a tattalin arziki a zamanin yau idan aka kwatanta da zamanin Warsaw Pact. A cikin binciken 2019, kashi 45% na mutanen Bulgaria sun ce rayuwa ta fi kyau a karkashin jagoran kwaminisanci Todor Zhivkov, yayin da kashi 22% suka ce rayuwa ta muni. Kashi 74% sun yarda da sanannen sanarwa "Sun lalata wannan ƙasar". A cikin binciken 2023 daga Cibiyar Nazarin Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, kashi 32.6% na 'yan Bulgaria sun ce za su fi so su zauna a zamanin gurguzu daga 1946 zuwa 1989 yayin da kashi 28.1% kawai suka ce za su so su zauna bayan 1989. Fiye da kashi 9.5% na mutanen Bulgaria suna so su rayu a lokacin tsardom.

#### Czechia
A cikin binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1991, kashi 15% na Czechs sun ce mulkin yanzu "ya fi muni" ko "ɗan muni" idan aka kwatanta da mulkin kwaminisanci na baya, kuma kashi 71% na Czechs suka ce mulkin yanzu ya fi kyau" ko "dan kadan" idan aka haɗa da mulkin kwominisanci na dā. Daga baya a cikin binciken 2021, kashi 25% na Czechs sun ce mulkin yanzu "ya fi muni" ko "ɗan muni" idan aka kwatanta da mulkin kwaminisanci na baya, kuma kashi 59% na Czechs suka ce mulkin yanzu ya fi kyau" ko "ya fi kyau" idan aka haɗa da mulkin kwominisanci na dā.

#### Gabashin Jamus
Dangane da binciken da Cibiyar Allensbach ta yi, yayin da 'yan Jamus ta Gabas da farko suna da asalin Jamusanci, a shekara ta 1993, yawancin' yan Jamus ta Gabashin sun ce suna ɗaukar kansu "tsoffin' yan Jamus na Gabas" maimakon wani ɓangare na Jamus mai haɗin kai. Kashi 11% ne kawai na Jamusawa ta Gabas suka ɗauki kansu a matsayin masu mallakar Jamusanci.

A cikin binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2009, kashi 49% na 'yan Jamus ta Gabas sun yi imanin cewa "GDR tana da bangarori masu kyau fiye da bangarorin da ba su da kyau. Akwai wasu matsaloli, amma rayuwa tana da kyau a can", yayin da kashi 8% suka yi imanin leswaku "GDR na da bangarororin da suka fi dacewa. Rayuwa akwai mafi farin ciki da kyau fiye da a cikin sake haɗuwa da Jamus a yau", haɗuwa zuwa jimlar 57%.

A cikin 2023, wani bincike ya gano cewa kashi 40% na Jamusawa da ke zaune a tsohuwar Gabashin Jamus sun bayyana kansu a matsayin Jamusawa ta Gabas maimakon Jamusawa, wanda kashi 52% suka bayyana a matsayin.

#### Hungary
Wani binciken da aka yi a Pew a shekarar 2010 ya gano cewa kashi 72% na 'yan Hungary sun ce yawancin mutanen kasarsu sun fi muni a tattalin arziki fiye da yadda suka kasance a karkashin kwaminisanci. Kashi 8% ne kawai suka ce yawancin mutane a Hungary sun fi kyau, kuma kashi 16% sun ce abubuwa iri ɗaya ne. Binciken ya kuma gano cewa kashi 42% ba su amince da ƙaura daga kwaminisanci ba.

Koyaya, binciken Pew na 2019 ya gano cewa kashi 70% na 'yan Hungary sun amince da sauyawa zuwa tattalin arzikin kasuwa.

Bincike ya nuna cewa nostalgia ga zamanin Kwaminisanci János Kádár ya kasance a ko'ina a Hungary. Dangane da binciken da aka gudanar a shekarar 2020 ta hanyar Manufofin Manufofin a Hungary, kashi 54 cikin 100 na 'yan Hungary sun yi imanin cewa yawancin mutane suna da rayuwa mafi kyau a karkashin Kádár, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 31 cikin 100 da suka ce rayuwa ga yawancin mutane ta fi muni a karkashin K Padár.

#### Poland
Binciken Pew na 2009 ya gano cewa kashi 35% na 'yan Poland sun yi imanin cewa rayuwa ta fi muni a tattalin arziki a zamanin yau, tare da kashi 47% na' yan Poland suna cewa rayuwa ta kasance mafi kyau a tattalin arziki, idan aka kwatanta da zamanin Warsaw Pact.

#### Romania
Wani bincike na 2014 ya gano cewa kashi 44% na masu amsa sun yi imanin cewa yanayin rayuwa ya fi kyau a karkashin kwaminisanci. Wani zabe na 2010 da Cibiyar Nazarin da Dabarun Romania ta gudanar ya ba da irin wannan sakamako. Daga cikin masu amsa 1,460 , kashi 54% sun yi iƙirarin cewa sun sami mafi kyawun yanayin rayuwa a lokacin kwaminisanci, yayin da kashi 16% suka ce sun fi muni.

Dangane da binciken ra'ayi da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2010, kashi 41% na 'yan Romania za su zabi kwaminisanci Nicolae Ceaușescu idan aka ba su damar  kuma kashi 63% sun ji cewa rayuwarsu ta fi kyau kafin 1989.  A cikin 2012, wani bincike ya nuna cewa kashi 53% na Romanians sun ce za su koma kwaminisanci kuma an yi amfani da mulkin Ceausescu ba daidai ba.

A cikin 2014, kashi na waɗanda za su jefa kuri'a ga Ceaușescu ya kai kashi 46%. A ranar 27 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018, wani zabe ya gano kashi 64% na mutane suna da kyakkyawan ra'ayi game da shi.

#### Slovakia
Binciken Pew na 2009 ya nuna cewa kashi 48% na Slovaks sun ce rayuwa ta fi muni a tattalin arziki a zamanin yau idan aka kwatanta da zamanin Warsaw Pact. Wani bincike na 2018 a Slovakia ya gano cewa kashi 81% sun yarda cewa mutane sun taimaka wa juna sosai a lokacin kwaminisanci, sun fi jin tausayi kuma sun fi kusanci da juna. Kashi 79% sun tabbatar da cewa mutane suna zaune a cikin yanayi mafi aminci a lokacin kwaminisanci kuma laifukan tashin hankali ba su da yawa. Wani kashi 77% ya yi iƙirarin cewa godiya ga tattalin arzikin da aka tsara, akwai isasshen aiki mai amfani ga kowa sabili da haka babu rashin aikin yi. Koyaya, binciken ya kuma lura cewa "Yawancin masu amsawa ba sa son komawa tattalin arzikin kwaminisanci kuma sun fi son kasuwa ko tattalin arzikin kasuwar zamantakewa, amma a cikin amsoshin takamaiman tambayoyin sun fi son rawar da jihar ta taka, tare da tabbaci da tabbatar da zamantakewa".

A cikin binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1991, kashi 35% na Slovaks sun ce mulkin yanzu "ya fi muni" ko "ɗan muni" idan aka kwatanta da mulkin kwaminisanci na baya, kuma kashi 43% na Slovaks suka ce mulkin yanzu ya fi kyau" ko "ya fi kyau" idan aka yi da mulkin kwominisanci na dā. Daga baya a cikin binciken 2021, kashi 40% na Slovaks sun ce mulkin yanzu "ya fi muni" ko "ɗan muni" idan aka kwatanta da mulkin kwaminisanci na baya, kuma kashi 45% na Slovaks suka ce mulkin yanzu ya fi kyau" ko "ya fi kyau" idan aka haɗa da mulkin kwominisanci na dā.

Koyaya, binciken Pew na 2019 ya gano cewa kashi 71% na Slovakians sun amince da canjin zuwa tattalin arzikin kasuwa.

### Yugoslavia

#### Bosnia da Herzegovina
A cikin binciken Gallup na 2016, kashi 77% na 'yan Bosnia sun ce rushewar Yugoslavia tana da lahani, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 6% wanda ya ce yana da fa'ida.

#### Croatia
A cikin binciken 2015 na Croatians sama da 45 daga mujallar *Moje Vrijeme*, kashi 74% sun ce za su iya rayuwa a cikin jam'iyya daya kuma kashi 83% sun ce ba su fuskanci nuna bambanci a zamanin Yugoslav ba. Kashi 88% sun ce tsaro na aiki ya fi daraja, kashi 78% sun ce lafiyar jama'a ta fi daraja, 72% sun ce abota da tsaro na tattalin arziki sun fi daraja, 71% sun ce hadin kai ya fi daraja. Kashi 39% sun ce matsayin mata ya kara muni, kashi 34% sun ce ya kasance iri ɗaya, kuma kashi 21% sun ce mata suna da dama a yau idan aka kwatanta da zamanin Yugoslav. Kashi 2% ne kawai suka ce an fi darajar haƙƙin LGBT kuma kashi 12% sun ce an fi daraja 'yancin magana. Kashi 69% sun ce cin hanci da rashawa ya kara muni tare da kashi 2% kawai suna cewa cin hanci leken asiri ya inganta. Kashi 67 cikin 100 sun ce ya fi sauƙi a sami aiki ba tare da wani "haɗi ba", kashi 26 cikin 100 sun cewa yana da sauƙi amma mutum zai buƙaci "haɗi", kuma kashi 1 cikin 100 ne kawai ya ce ya fi sauki a sami aiki yanzu. 71% sun ce ya fi sauƙi a tafi hutu zuwa "Kudanci" kuma 55% sun ce za su iya samun ƙarin. Kashi 91% sun ce yara ba su da lafiya a yau yayin da kashi 1% kawai suka ce sun fi aminci tare da kashi 73% suna goyon bayan dawowar Ayyukan aikin matasa. Kashi 8% ne kawai suka ce Josip Broz Tito mai mulkin kama karya ne tare da kashi 40% suna cewa shi adadi ne mai kyau.

A cikin binciken Gallup na 2016, kashi 23% na Croatians sun ce rushewar Yugoslavia tana da lahani, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 55% da suka ce tana da fa'ida.

#### Montenegro
A cikin binciken Gallup na 2016, kashi 65% na Montenegrins sun ce rushewar Yugoslavia tana da lahani, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 15% da suka ce yana da fa'ida.

#### Arewacin Makidoniya
A cikin binciken Gallup na 2016, kashi 12% na mutanen Makidoniya sun ce rushewar Yugoslavia tana da fa'ida, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 61% waɗanda suka ce yana da lahani.

#### Kosovo
A cikin binciken Gallup na 2016, kashi 10% na Kosovo sun ce rushewar Yugoslavia tana da lahani, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 75% da suka ce tana da fa'ida.

#### Serbia
A cikin binciken Gallup na 2016, kashi 81% na Serbia sun ce rushewar Yugoslavia tana da lahani, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 4% waɗanda suka ce tana da fa'ida.

#### Slovenia
A cikin binciken Gallup na 2014, kashi 45% na 'yan Slovenia sun ce rushewar Yugoslavia tana da lahani, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 41% waɗanda suka ce tana da fa'ida.

### Albania
Binciken OSCE na 2016 ya nuna cewa kashi 42% na Albanians sun ce shugaban kwaminisanci Enver Hoxha yana da tasiri mai KYAUTA, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 45% wanda ya ce yana da mummunan tasiri. 35% na Albanians ba sa kallon kwaminisanci na baya na Albania a matsayin matsala, yayin da 62% ke kallon shi a matsayin akalla matsala.

## Dubi kuma

* Rashin amincewa da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Poland
* Rashin jin daɗi ga Tarayyar Soviet
* Ostalgie
* Yugo-nostalgia
* Bayan zamantakewar al'umma
* Bayan Kwaminisanci

## Manazarta

## Ƙarin karantawa

* Rebecca Mckee, Erica Richardson, Bayard Roberts, Christian Haerpfer and Martin Mckee, "Things Can Only Get Better? Changing Views of the Past, Present and Future in the Former Soviet Union", *Europe-Asia Studies*, Vol. 65, No. 7, 2013, pp.&nbsp;1466–1478, 
*: *From the abstract*: "We report new analyses from eight former Soviet republics, and from two surveys, in 2001 and 2010, comparing attitudes to government in the Soviet period and at the time of the surveys, as well as expectations for the future. Everywhere, views of the past have become less positive and those of the present more positive. However, both the views in each survey and the change between each of them vary among countries and socio-demographic groups."