Madonna Constantine

**Madonna G. Constantine**  farfesa ce ta ilimi halayyar dan adam da ilimi ta Amurka wacce a baya ta koyar a Kwalejin Malamai, Jami'ar Columbia . An kore ta a shekara ta 2008 bisa la'akari da satar bayanai.

## Ilimi da farkon aiki
Constantine ta sami BS a cikin ilimin halayyar dan adam daga Jami'ar Xavier ta Louisiana a shekarar 1984,  MS daga wannan ma'aikatar a cikin ba da shawara, da Ph.D. a cikin ilimin ba da shawara daga Jami'an Memphis.  Ta yi aiki a Jami'ar Texas a Austin na tsawon shekaru biyar a Cibiyar Ba da Shawara da Lafiya ta Zuciya kafin ta zama darakta na Cibiyar Ba Da Shawara ta Jami'ar Haikali.

Ta shiga Kwalejin Malamai, Jami'ar Columbia, a shekarar 1998, ta sami aiki a shekara ta 2001, kuma (bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci a Jami'ar Jihar Ohio ) ta zama cikakken farfesa a shekara ta 2003.

Yankunan farko na binciken Constantine sun kasance ƙananan ƙwayoyin launin fata da ƙwarewar al'adu da yawa, batutuwa waɗanda ta buga akai-akai tare da abokin aikin Kwalejin Malamai Derald Wing Sue .  

## Abin da ya faru a cikin igiya
A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2007, Constantine, 'yar Afirka ta Afirka, ta sami kulawa ta kasa lokacin da aka gano igiya a rataye a ƙofar ofishinta. Dalibai sun taru a kan matakai na Kwalejin Malamai kuma sun yi tafiya a harabar Columbia suna sukar wariyar launin fata a taron manema labarai, inda Constantine ya karanta daga wata sanarwa. Abokinta kuma abokin aiki Derald Wing Sue da abokin aikinta Marie L. Miville sun goyi bayanta sosai.

A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, Ƙungiyar Ba da Shawara ta Amurka ta ba Constantine cikakken goyon baya. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2007, Sharon Brehm, shugabar kungiyar American Psychological Association (APA) ta yi nadama game da "wani laifi na ƙiyayya a harabar", inda ta ce, "[M]da abokin aiki Dr.Constantine suna da masaniya game da abubuwan da suka faru daban-daban da ke haifar da mutum wanda ke shiga cikin laifukan ƙiyayya. Ina fatan cewa shekaru da yawa na bincike, koyarwa da kuma ba da shawara ga ƙwarewar al'adu na iya taimaka mata ta tsayayya da wannan harin da ba zai yiwu ba. "

Kwana daya bayan an nemi jami'an Kwalejin Malamai don kaset na tsaro wanda zai iya taimakawa wajen gano wanda ake zargi a cikin abin da ya faru a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 2007, sun amince da sakin su. Da farko, kwalejin ta ce za ta yi hakan ne kawai idan aka kira kaset ɗin.

Akwai zarge-zargen cewa Constantine ta sanya igiya a ƙofarta a cikin ƙoƙari na ƙirƙiri wani laifi na ƙiyayya, ko kuma cewa abokanta suna da hannu wajen sanya igiya. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2008, an tara babban juri don bincika abin da ya faru.

## Yin magudi da korar mutane
A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2005, Constantine ta sauka a matsayin shugaban sashen, kuma ma'aikatan sun zabi Suniya S. Luthar don maye gurbin ta. Da farko a lokacin da Luthar ta kasance a matsayin kujera, tsohon memba na Kwalejin Malamai da wasu dalibai sun tunkare ta, duk suna da'awar cewa Constantine ta yi amfani da rubuce-rubucen ilimi ba tare da nunawa ba. Luthar ya kawo wadannan korafe-korafe ga Darlyne Bailey-sa'an nan Dean a Kwalejin Malamai. Bailey (abokiyar Constantine), an ruwaito ta nemi kare aikin Constantine a Kwalejin Malamai duk da rikice-rikicen sha'awarta. Bailey ya tilasta Luthar ya sauka a matsayin shugaban sashen, kuma a matsayin sabon shugaban, ya nada Derald Wing Sue - wani babban aboki da kuma abokin aiki na Constantine.

A watan Agustan shekara ta 2006, sabon shugaban Kwalejin Malamai Susan Fuhrman ya hayar da wani kamfanin lauya don bincika zarge-zargen da ake yi wa Constantine. A cewar rahotanni, kamfanin lauya ce ya gudanar da binciken maimakon kwamitin baiwa saboda tsoron gwamnati cewa kuskuren zai iya barin kwalejin cikin matsala ga karar. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2007 (wasu watanni kafin lamarin), Constantine ya shigar da kara a kan Luthar yana zargin ɓata suna, tsegumi da tsegumi kuma ya nemi $ 100,000 a cikin lalacewa. Lokacin da igiyar ta bayyana, wani mutum da ba a san shi ba ya ce Luthar mai yiwuwa ne wanda ake zargi da 'yan sanda da kafofin watsa labarai. Makonni da yawa bayan haka, Constantine a hankali ya janye karar da aka shigar a kan Luthar, ba tare da bayani ba.

Shekara guda cikin binciken da suka yi a watan Agustan 2007, lauyoyin kamfanin lauyoyi sun yi magana da Constantine don samun bangarenta na labarin. Lokacin da aka ba da rahoton igiyar a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, jami'an kwalejin sun yi iƙirarin cewa an gudanar da bincike na watanni goma sha takwas, wanda (kamar yadda The New York Times ya lura) yana nufin an fara shi ne kafin, kuma yana ci gaba a lokacin, lokacin da aka faru. Kamar yadda ta yi sharhi game da lamarin, duk da haka, Fuhrman ta gaya wa The New York Times cewa ba ta ji "babu komai sai yabo" daga ɗaliban Constantine. Abokin Constantine Derald Wing Sue ta yi hasashen cewa dalilan "mummunan aiki da ƙiyayya" na iya zama aikinta kan wariyar launin fata, ɗalibi mai fushi, ko rikici da abokin aiki. Kodayake 'yan sanda sun bayyana Luthar a matsayin wanda ake zargi, jita-jita ta kafofin watsa labarai game da ita ta ci gaba. Ba har sai makonni bayan haka ba ne Fuhrman ya nuna "na yi nadama" game da rashin goyon bayan Luthar a bainar jama'a, "ɗaya daga cikin mutane masu kyau da muka sani".

Bayan binciken da suka yi na watanni goma sha takwas, kamfanin lauya ya fitar da rahoto inda ya ambaci "matsalolin da yawa inda ta [Constantine] ta yi amfani da aikin wasu ba tare da an ba da izini ba a cikin takardun da ta buga a cikin mujallu na ilimi a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata. " Constantine ta musanta zargin satar bayanai kuma ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta sha wahala daga wariyar launin fata. Constantine ta yi zargin cewa an yi watsi da shaidar da ta gabatar da ta tabbatar da rashin laifi game da satar ko da bayan da aka ruwaito cewa wasu masu zaman kansu sun tabbatar da shaidar.

Jaridar Columbia Daily Spectator (jaridar dalibai ta Columbia) ta ba da rahoton cewa abin da ya faru ya haifar da sabunta tattaunawar wariyar launin fata a Kwalejin Malamai. The Spectator kuma ya gudanar da nasa bincike game da wurare 36 da ke da hannu a cikin ƙudurin Kwalejin Malamai cewa Constantine yana da laifi na satar ilimi, kuma takarda ta kammala cewa akwai manyan kamanceceniya tsakanin wurare na Constantine da wurare na Farfesa Christine Yeh da ɗaliban Kwalejin malamai biyu. Wani labarin Columbia Spectator daga baya ya ba da rahoton cewa lauyoyin Constantine sun gabatar da shaida ga Columbia Spectador da kuma Columbia wanda lauyoyin suka tabbatar da cewa Constantine ne ya "mafi yawan marubuta na duk wuraren da ... ake da'awar ... an yi amfani da su". &nbsp;&nbsp;Jami'an Columbia sun ki amincewa da waɗannan da'awar, suna cewa ba za a iya tabbatar da gaskiyar wannan shaidar ba.

A ranar 23 ga Yuni, 2008, Kwalejin Malamai ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a kori Constantine a ƙarshen shekara. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2008, Constantine ta shigar da kara a kan kwalejin, tana zargin cewa dakatar da ita "ba ta da kyau, ba ta da ma'ana, kuma ba ta da izini",  amma an "tsaya karar".   

Constantine ta shigar da kara a kan Columbia a watan Afrilun shekara ta 2009. Ta rasa daya daga cikin shari'o'i uku a kan Kwalejin Malamai a watan Maris na shekara ta 2010.  A watan Maris na shekara ta 2012, Kotun Koli ta Jihar New York, Sashen daukaka kara, Sashen Farko, ta tabbatar da korar matakin cin zarafin Constantine a kan Jami'ar Columbia da sauransu.

## Littattafai

* Constantine, M.G. (2007). "Ƙananan ƙiyayya game da Abokan Ciniki na Afirka a cikin Dangantakar Ba da Shawara ta Ƙasa". *Jaridar Ba da Shawara Psychology*, 54, 1-16.
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga kalmar nan "Master of the Bible". "Ilimi na Al'adu da yawa a cikin Ayyukan Lafiya na Zuciya: Binciken Meta-Analytic". Jaridar Counseling Psychology, 53, 132-145.
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita. "Hadin gwiwar Farar Ra'ayi Dyadic a cikin Kulawa: Tasiri ga Kwarewar Ba da Shawara ta Al'adu". Jaridar Counseling Psychology, 52, 490-496.
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita a lokacin da aka yi la'akari da shi. "Chameleon Changes: Bincike na Batutuwan Racial Identity na Multiracial People". Jaridar Ba da Shawara ta Psychology, 52, 507-516.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] "Abubuwan Al'adu na Afirka, Halin Neman Taimako na Halitta, da kuma ɓoye kai a cikin Daliban Kwalejin Afirka ta Amirka". *Jaridar Black Psychology*, 31, 369-385.
* [Hasiya] An yi amfani da wannan kalmar a matsayin mai suna "Jami'a". "Binciken Abubuwan da ke tattare da Yanayi a Matsayin Shawarwarin Ayyuka na Matasan Afirka na Amurka". Jaridar Nazarin Ayyuka, 13, 307-319.
* Constantine, M.G., Anderson, G.M., Berkel, L.A., Caldwell, L.D., & Utsey, S.O. (2005). "Binciken abubuwan da suka faru na daidaita al'adu na ɗaliban kwalejin Afirka na duniya: Binciken inganci". Jaridar Ba da Shawara ta Psychology, 52, 57-66.
* Constantine, M.G., Melincoff, D.S., Barakett, M.D., Torino, G.C., & Warren, A.K. (2004). "Kwarewa da fahimta na malaman ba da shawara na al'adu da yawa: Bincike mai inganci". Ba da shawara kan ilimin halayyar mutum Quarterly, 17, 375-393.
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita a lokacin da aka samo asali ne. "Masu zaman kansu da masu dogaro da juna, son kai, hadin kai, da kuma kula da jituwa a cikin 'yan Afirka na Afirka". *Jaridar Black Psychology*, 29, 87-101.
* Constantine, M.G. (2002). "Masu gabatar da gamsuwa tare da shawarwari: Halin abokan ciniki na launin fata da kabilanci game da shawarwari da ƙididdigar ƙwarewar ba da shawara ta gaba ɗaya da al'adu da yawa". Jaridar Ba da Shawara ta Psychology, 49, 255-263.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] "Masu hasashen ƙididdigar masu kallo na ƙwarewar ba da shawara na al'adu da yawa a cikin Black, Latino, da White American trainees". Jaridar Counseling Psychology, 48, 456-462.
* Perez, R.M., Constantine, M.G., & Gerard, P.A. (2000). "Yin aiki na mutum da na ma'aikata ko bincike na launin fata da kabilanci a cikin Journal of Counseling Psychology". Jaridar Counseling Psychology, 47, 223-228.

## Manazarta