open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
𒌋

Ana sam***u*** alamar [./C&#x3C;i&#x20;id= u" id="mwJQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform] U a cikin haruffa Amarna na karni na 14 BC da Epic na Gilgamesh . Ana iya amfani da shi don haruffa u, maimakon mafi yawan 2nd u, (ú). Yana da wasu amfani guda biyu, yawanci. Ana iya amfani da shi don lambar **10** (mus*amma* haruffa Amarna daga Tushratta na Mitanni, ko Burna-Buriash II sarkin Babila), amma yiwuwar amfani da shi mafi girma shine don haɗuwa, u, tare da kowane ma'anar haɗuwa:*da kuma*, amma, in ba haka ba, da dai sauransu.

Daga cikin uku u, ta hanyar nazarin hoto (Buccellati, 1979), comonness kamar haka: 

DU Ù (cuneiform) da ú "-na" cikin manyan alamomi 25 da aka fi amfani da su, [1] amma E (cuneiforme) da "u (cuneiformes) " ba su da; wasu wasula (ko haɗuwa) a cikin 25 sune: a (cuneiformation), i (cuneiforma), da ia (cuneiformat), (wanda ke da amfani na biyu a matsayin suffix, "-mine", ko "na", don haka a saman alamomi 25 mafi yawan amfani da su). Ana amfani da Suffix "iYa" a Gabas ta Tsakiya / Kudu maso Yammacin Asiya a yau don kawo ƙarshen sunayen wurare, ko wasu sunaye: "My Xxxxx".

## Amarna haruffa
Amfani da u don lamba 10 an bayyana a sama. An yi amfani da shi a cikin wasiƙu daga Tushratta, yana magana game da dangantakar kakanninmu da tsoffin sarakuna: ... Mahaifina ya ƙaunaci mahaifinka (Farawa) sau 10, kuma ina da ƙauna sau 10 yanzu. Bari dangantakarmu... zama har abada "mai alaƙa da juna". (Littafin Amarna EA 19, sakin layi na 2, kafa wasikar sakin layi na 13, batutuwa game da 'yar matar Fir'auna, soyayya, zinariya, da sauransu)

## Manazarta
𒌑

Alamar [./C&#x3C;b&#x20;id= U" id="mwDg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform] ú alama ce ta amfani da haruffa Amarna, Epic of Gilgamesh, da sauran matani na cuneiform (alal misali matani na Hittite). Yana da amfani na biyu a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh don **šam** . 

## Manazarta
𒍝

Alamar Sa'a-linkid="12" href="./Cuneiform" id="mwFA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform ***''ZA**** alama ce ta amfani da ita a cikin haruffa na Amarna da Epic na Gilgamesh . Ana amfani da shi a cikin syllabically don ṣa, za, da ZA (ZA a matsayin sassan sunayen mutum, wurare, ko kalmomi na yau da kullun, da dai sauransu), da kuma haruffa don "ṣ" (s), "z", ko "a".  (Dukan wasula 4, *a, e, i, o* suna musayar.) 

A cikin karni na 14 BC Amarna Ha, ana amfani da "za" a cikin rubutun kalmar don "mayor" (birni, mai kula da birni), Akkadian hazannu . [1] Misali, a cikin EA 144 (daga Zimreddi na Sidon), a gefe, layi na 5: "mutum-hazzanu", Lú-Ha-za-nu. Za yana da amfani sosai a cikin jihohin da ke ƙarƙashin haruffa na Amarna.

== Amfani da Epic na Gilgamesh ==
Ga Epic na Gilgamesh, ana samun amfani mai zuwa a cikin Tablets I-XII: ṣa- (sau 79); **ZA**- (32); ZA- (sau 15). 

== Manazarta ==


* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Farawa na Hitti. Warren H. Held, Jr, William R. Schmalstieg, Janet E. Gertz, c. 1987, Slavica Publishers, Inc. w / Glossaries, Sign List, Indexes, da dai sauransu, shafuka 218.
* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.'' Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
* Rainey, 1970 El Amarna Tablets, 359-379, Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, Alter Orient Altes Testament 8)
URU (Sumerogram)

Alamar cuneiform URU alama ce ta musamman a cikin jerin alamun cuneiform; tare da madaidaiciya biyu a hannun dama na alamar, da tsakiya mai tsawo, ba sauƙin rikicewa da wasu alamu ba. Ana yawan samun sa a cikin dabarun karni na 14 BC Amarna haruffa tunda haruffa galibi suna damuwa da wuraren birni, ko yankuna da ke kewaye ko birane / garURU. An kuma yi amfani da URU a cikin Epic of Gilgamesh . Ana amfani da alamar cuneiform kusan kawai a matsayin Sumerogram (babba harafi (majuscule)), kuma a cikin Harshen Akkadian, shi ne Akkadian don "ālu", birni, ko gari.[1] Amfani da URU a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh shine kawai don Sumerogram "URU", (sau 11). [2] Dukkanin amfani a cikin Epic don URU don rubutun ālu ne daban-daban, kuma yawanci ƙarin alamar; akwai amfani ɗaya a cikin Epic na URU don birnin Shuruppak: URU. Šu-ri-ip-pak, (Tablet XI 11). [3]

## Manazarta

* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
* Rainey, 1970 El Amarna Tablets, 359-379, Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, Alter Orient Altes Testament 8, Kevelaer da Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, shafuka 107.
Yannis Mandzukas

Yannis Vladimirovich Mandzukas (Russian: Яннис Владимирович Мандзукас, Girkanci: ; an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1984) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Uzbekistan wanda ya yi wasa a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya.

## Ayyuka
**Bunyodkor**

## Kididdigar aiki

### Kungiyar

### Kasashen Duniya

*Kididdigar da ta dace kamar yadda aka buga wasan 27 Maris 2007*

## Karramawa
An haife shi a Chirchiq, Mandzukas ya fara aikin kwallon kafa tare da Ƙungiyar Uzbek ta biyu Kimyogar Chirchiq . Ya yi ɗan gajeren lokaci a Gasar Firimiya ta Belarus tare da FC MTZ-RIPO Minsk, kafin ya shiga kungiyar Uzbek League FC

* Ƙungiyar Uzbek: 2010, 2011
* Kofin Uzbekistan: 2010

## Manazarta
𒍣

Alamar cuneiform ***'ZI***' alama ce ta amfani da yawa na Epic na Gilgamesh, haruffa Amarna na 1350 BC, da sauran matani na cuneiform. Hakanan yana da amfani da sumerogrammic don ZI a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh . Tsarin alamar cuneiform kamar tagwayensa, Gi (cuneiform) , .

Alamar "z" tana da amfani da syllabic don ze da zI, da kuma amfani da Sumerogram don ZI. Ana iya amfani da "zi" a haruffa don z ("z" za a iya musayar shi da kowane "s"); kuma ana iya amfani da shi don i, ko e. A cikin Akkadian, duk wasula 4, a, e, i, u suna musayar juna.

## Amfani da Epic na Gilgamesh
Amfani da alamar **'ZI**' a cikin Epic na *gi* kamar haka: *ze*- (sau 6); gi- (46), ZI- (sau 32). 

## Manazarta

* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
Dimitrios Mavrogenidis

**Dimitrios Mavrogenidis** (Girkanci: ; an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Disamba 1976) ɗan wasan kwallon kafa ne na Girka da ya yi ritaya.

Mavrogenidis an fi sani da shi a matsayin zabin farko na dama na Olympiacos don dogon lokaci na mulkin kulob din na kwallon kafa na Girka a ƙarshen 1990s da farkon 2000s.

## Ayyukan kulob din

### Aris
Bayan ya zo ta hanyar tsarin matasa na Aris, Mavrogenidis ya fara aikinsa na farko yana da shekaru 17, a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta 1994, a zagaye na farko na gasar cin Kofin UEFA ta 1994-95 (wanda yanzu ake kira UEFA Europa League), a cikin nasara 3-1 ga Hapoel Be'er Sheva . [1]

Bayan shekaru uku tare da Aris, inda ya buga wasanni 103 kuma ya zira kwallaye 15 a dukkan gasa, Mavrogenidis ya koma Olympiacos.

### Olympiacos
Bayan ya isa daga Aris, Mavrogenidis ya kafa kansa a matsayin dan wasan dama na farko na Olympiacos na shekaru tara masu zuwa, a lokacin da Olympiakos ya mamaye kwallon kafa na Girka.

#### Gasar cikin gida
A cikin shekaru tara tare da Olympiacos, daga 1997-98 zuwa 2005-06, Mavrogenidis ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai takwas da kofin Girka uku, inda ya buga wasanni 201 (172 farawa) da kuma 56 Cup (50 farawa).

#### Gasar Turai
A lokacin da yake aiki tare da Olympiacos, Mavrogenidis ya buga wasanni 40 (farawa 35) a Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA da kuma wasanni 8 (farawa 8) a gasar cin kofin UEFA.

Mavrogenidis ya taka leda a wasannin gasar zakarun Turai da wasu manyan kungiyoyi, ciki har da Real Madrid (sau shida)     da Juventus (sau hudu). [4]  

A lokacin da Olympiacos ta fi dacewa a gasar zakarun Turai - zuwa kashi huɗu na karshe a 1998-99, inda Juventus ta kawar da su, 3-2 a kan jimillar - Mavrogenidis ta buga kowane minti na jimlar wasanni takwas na Olympiacos a matakin rukuni da kuma matakin kwata na karshe. 

Mavrogenidis ya zira kwallaye uku a gasar zakarun Turai - a kan Rosenborg a 1997-98,  a kan Molde a 1999-00,  da kuma Galatasaray a 2003-04. 

## Manazarta
Maximus V na Constantinople

**Maximus V na Constantinople** (Girkanci; 26 ga Oktoba 1897 - 1 ga Janairu 1972) ya yi aiki a matsayin 267th Ecumenical Patriarch na Constantinople daga 1946 har zuwa murabus dinsa a 1948. 

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife shi Maximos Vaportzis a Daular Ottoman, a Sinop a Kastamonu Vilayet, a bakin tekun Black Sea. Ya fara karatu, a karkashin kariya na bishop Germanos Karavaggelis na Amaseia, a Makarantar tauhidi ta Halki, Daular Ottoman.

A shekara ta 1918, an naɗa shi mai hidima. Tare da wannan nadin, ya kuma zama malami a makarantar birni ta Theira . Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban dikon a karkashin Metropolitans Gregorios na Chalcedon da Joachim na Afisa . A shekara ta 1920, ya zama babban sakatare ga Ikklisiya kanta.

A shekara ta 1946, ya zama Shugaban Constantinople . An san shi da "ra'ayoyin hagu" da alaƙa da Shugaban Moscow da dukan Rus. Ya yi murabus a shekarar 1948, a hukumance saboda rashin lafiya; ba bisa ka'ida ba saboda ikon Yamma ba su amince da alakarsa da Shugaban Moscow mai sarrafa Soviet ba. Babban bishop na Amurka, Athenagoras I na Constantinople ne ya gaje shi, kuma an ba shi taken Afisa.

## Mutuwa
Ya mutu a Fenerbahçe a ranar 1 ga Janairun 1972.

## Manazarta
ʿApiru

**ʿApiru** (Ugaritic: 𐎓𐎔𐎗𐎎, romanized: ʿPRM, Ancient Egyptian: 𓂝𓐰𓊪𓐰𓂋𓅱𓀀𓏪, romanized: Ꜥprw), also known in the Akkadian version **Ḫabiru** (sometimes written **Habiru**, **Ḫapiru** or **Hapiru**; Akkadian:  𒄩𒁉𒊒, *ḫa-bi-ru* or **ʿaperu*) is a term used in 2nd-millennium BCE texts throughout the Fertile Crescent for a social status of people who were variously described as rebels, outlaws, raiders, mercenaries, bowmen, servants, slaves, and laborers.

Saboda kamanceceniyar harshe tsakanin kalmar 'Apiru da "Ibraniyawa", malaman farko sun daidaita su da Isra'ilawa. Koyaya, yawancin malaman zamani yanzu suna ɗaukar haɗin kai tsaye, suna ba da shawarar cewa yayin da wasu Isra'ilawa na farko na iya samo asali ne daga wannan rukuni, mai yiwuwa sun karɓi laƙabin harshe a cikin tsari.

## Magana
An fara gano kalmar ne a cikin fassarar Akkadian "Xia-bi-ru" ko "Xiapi-ru". Saboda binciken da aka samu daga baya a cikin Ugaritic da Masarawa wanda ya yi amfani da ƙayyadaddun ʿ, p da r, kuma a cikin hasken canjin sauti da aka kafa daga Arewa maso Yammacin Semitic ʿ zuwa Akkadian ʿ, [1] tushen wannan kalmar an tabbatar da shi ne ʿ-p-r [2] [3] [4] [5][6] Wannan tushen yana nufin "ƙura, datti", kuma yana da alaƙa da halayyar ʿApiru a matsayin makiyaya, ma'aikata, mutanen da ba sa cikin al'adun al'adu. [4][5] Tsarin yanayin kalmar shine qatilu, wanda ke nuna matsayi, yanayin. [3][4]

### Sumerogram
Kalmar Akkadian a wasu lokuta tana canzawa tare da Sumerograms  . Kalmomin Akkadian don Sumerograms sun kara da  da gloss "raider", wanda ya gabatar da shawarar karanta Sumerogram a matsayin wannan kalma. Koyaya, haruffa na Amarna sun tabbatar da rubutun sa ga.az, kuma haruffa daga Ugarit sun tabbatar da rubuta , wanda ke nuna cewa an karanta waɗannan Sumerograms kamar yadda aka rubuta kuma ba su aiki a matsayin Ideograms ba. Kalmar Akkadian kawai da ta dace da irin wannan rubutun ita ce "*šagašu*" (barbari), to amma haskakawar Akkadian ga kalmar Akkadian tana da ban mamaki, kuma ma'anar šagašu ba ta dace da ainihin Ōabiru ba. Saboda haka, ma'anar sa.gaz ya kamata a samu a cikin kalmar Yammacin Semitic kamar Aramaic , wanda ke nufin "mud, ba tare da kwanciyar hankali ba",  yayin da kalmar Sãoabatu ya kamata a fassara ta a matsayin "mutum", wanda ya dace da ma'anar kalmar Sãoabiru / Apiru .      

## Manazarta
Lazaros Loizidis

Lazaros Loizidis (Girkanci: Λάζαρος Λοϊζίδης, an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Disamba 1976 a Taldykorgan) tsohon ɗan kokawa ne na Girka wanda ya fafata a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1996 da kuma gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2004.[1] Ya fafata a rukunin kilogiram 74–85. Ya lashe lambar tagulla a gasar zakarun Turai a 2004 da 2005. Ya lashe lambar azurfa a gasar Bahar Rum a 1997, 2001 da 2005. Na uku a gasar cin kofin duniya ta matasa a 1994. Shi ne ɗan'uwa Nikolaos Loizidis kuma ɗan wasan Olympics daga Sydney 2000.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Valerios Leonidis

**Valerios Leonidis** (Girkanci: ; an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1966) tsohon dan wasan Girka ne mai ɗaukar nauyi kuma mai horar da masu ɗaukar nauyi na yanzu. Ya lashe lambar azurfa ta Olympic a wasannin Olympics na Atlanta a cikin rukuni na 64 kg, da kuma lambobin azurfa biyu da tagulla guda ɗaya na Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya. Ya yi gasa a cikin nau'o'in nauyi daban-daban daga 60 kg zuwa 69 kg. Rikici da mai riƙe da rikodin duniya Naim Süleymanoğlu a cikin kilo 64 na maza ya kasance sanannen ɓangare na Wasannin Olympics na 1996 a Atlanta, inda ya lashe lambar azurfa.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

An haifi Leonidis a Yessentuki, Rasha, a cikin iyalin Pontic Greek. Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar ɗaukar nauyi ta Tarayyar Soviet daga 1982 zuwa 1990 kuma ya koma Girka a 1991. An ba shi suna Dan wasan Girka na Shekara na 1994.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Arcathias

**Arcathias** (Girkanci na dā) ya kasance yarima ne na Pontic na asalin Farisa da Girka na Makidoniya, kuma ya kasance a cikin Yaƙin Mithridatic na farko . Arcathias ɗan Mithridates VI ne na Pontus da 'Yar'uwarsa Laodice . 

A cikin 89 BC, Arcathias ya shiga Neoptolemus da Archelaus, janar din mahaifinsa, tare da dawakai 10,000, wanda ya kawo daga Armenia, a farkon yakin da Romawa.

Arcathias ya taka rawar gani a babban yakin da aka yi kusa da kogin Amneius ko Amnias a Paphlagonia (Kogin Gök na zamani), [1] inda aka ci Nicomedes IV na Bitiniya. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, a cikin 87 BC, ya mamaye Makidoniya tare da sojoji daban tare da janar mai suna Taxilas . A can ko dai sun hallaka sojojin Sentius ko kuma sun samu nasarar fitar da su daga Makidoniya.[2] A shekara ta 86 KZ, ya ci Makidoniya gaba ɗaya. Daga nan sai ya ci gaba da tafiya a kan Sulla, amma ya mutu a kan hanya, a Tidaeum (ko Potidaea ko Dutsen Tisaion).[3][4]

Kwamandan sojojin da aka aika zuwa Makidoniya Plutarch ne ke kiransa "Ariarathes", amma ana zaton wannan mutum ɗaya ne.

## Manazarta
Zeno mai zaman kansa

Saint Zeno the Hermit ya kasance almajiri St. Basil the Great kuma mai zaman kansa. Cocin Orthodox na Gabas da cocin Katolika na Byzantine suna girmamawa shi a matsayin Mai tsarki kuma ranar bikinsa ita ce ranar 30 ga Janairu.

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Zeno ne a cikin iyalin Kirista masu daraja da matsayi a yankin Pontus a kusa da shekara ta 339.  Tun yana ƙarami ya ba da kansa ga nazarin haruffa da kimiyya kuma da sauri ya bambanta kansa kuma ya zama sananne ga kowa, saboda yawan kyawawan halaye, cikakkiyar iliminsa, ɗabi'arsa, jikinsa da iyayensa masu daraja.

Lokacin da Sarkin sarakuna Valens ya hau gadon sarauta a AD 364, ya kira Zeno sanannen yanzu zuwa fadarsa kuma ya ba shi babban matsayi. Zeno ya yarda kuma ya yi amfani da farkon lokacin da ya girma a hidimar sarki. Lokacin da duk da haka akwai gurbi ga matsayin Royal Postman, Zeno ya ba da sabis. Matsayin da Zeno ya rike yana daya daga cikin girmamawa da daraja don zama irin wannan mai aikawa shine ya dauki amincewar Sarkin sarakuna. Saƙonnin da ake buƙata don isa da sauri, a asirce da aminci zuwa inda aka aika su kuma a zamanin d ̄ a, wannan ba tabbaci ba ne. Mutanen da aka zaba don zama manzanni a kan gidan waya na jama'a dole ne su kasance masu lafiya da kuma halin kirki, sun cancanci amincewar Sarkin sarakuna. Yin aiki tsakanin sojoji da aka aika don isar da umarnin mulkin mallaka ya ba shi damar kasancewa kusa da Ubannin Coci, masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da talakawa waɗanda suka rayu cikin sauƙi da kyau a larduna. A lokacin da yake cikin cursus publicus, Zeno ya zauna a cikin masallatai da kuma wuraren zama, yana yabon da ɗaukaka Allah. Sunan mai sauƙin kai da tawali'u na sarki ya zama sananne a garuruwa da ƙauyuka da yawa, musamman ga matalauta da wahala. Wani aikin sarauta ga Bishop Basil na Kaisariya ya ƙayyade hanyar rayuwar Zeno ta baya, yayin da ya yi farin ciki da ƙwarewar Basil, wa'azi da tawali'u, rayuwarsa ta tsattsauran ra'ayi.

### Rayuwa a matsayin mai zaman kansa

Saint Zeno ya mutu a AD 416 yana da shekaru 78, ya bar suna a matsayin mai tsarki mai zaman kansa a duk fadin Daular Byzantine.

## Addu'a
Ana tunawa da Zeno the Hermit na Antakiya a ranar 30 ga Janairu a Cocin Orthodox na Gabas da Cocin Katolika na Byzantine . [1] A Girka an ayyana shi mai kare ma'aikatan gidan waya ta Ofishin Jakadancin Girka a shekarar 1968. Ana tunawa da shi da hutu ga duk ma'aikatan gidan waya a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu.[2]

## Dubi kuma

* Addinin Kirista
* Stylites
* Poustinia

## Manazarta
Athenogenes na Pedachtoë

**Athenogenes** (Girkanci na dā) ko **Saint Athenogenes na Pedachtoë** firist ne, *chorepiskopos* (ko "bishop na ƙauye"), kuma Shahadar Kirista na ƙarshen 3rd ko farkon 4th karni AZ, kuma shugaban al'ummar Kirista a garin Pedachtoé . &nbsp;

## Rayuwa
An ce an haifi Athenogenes ne ga dangin Kirista a yankin Black Sea na abin da ke yanzu Turkiyya, a cikin wani kauye mai suna "Epiklesoi",  a ƙarƙashin birnin Sebastopolis (Sulusaray na zamani) ko Sebastea (Sivas na zamani). Ya yi aure kuma yana da ɗa, Patrophilos . An gabatar da shi a matsayin mutum mai tsarki mai aiki da Mu'ujiza a cikin Tarihi na farko. Addinin da ke kewaye da wannan adadi ya samo asali ne da wuri, kamar yadda mutane suka bayyana shi a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata bayan mutuwarsa, kamar Basil na Kaisariya.

## Shahadar
Babban labari na al'ada ya samo asali ne daga ƙarni na 4 zuwa 6, amma yana faruwa a shekara ta farko ko ta biyu na tsanantawar Diocletian. Labarin farko da aka sani game da shahadar Athenogenes shine cewa maza biyu na Kirista, mai suna Ariston (**') da Severianos (**'), waɗanda suka fito daga wani karamin ƙauye kusa da Pedachtoë, Agricolaus (ko Agricola ko Agricolanus), gwamnan lardin Roman Armenia (kuma a bayyane yake mutum ɗaya da mai gabatar da kara a cikin labarin shahidai arba'in na Sebaste), don laifukan ƙonewa da rarraba litattafan Kirista masu sukar Tetrarchy.

Bayan Ariston ya ki yin hadin kai kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa ta hanyar konewa, Severianos ya bayyana a karkashin azabtarwa cewa Athenogenes shine marubucin libellus da suke yadawa, kuma mai gabatar da laifukansu. An kama Athenogenes da kansa kuma an kawo shi Sebastea, inda aka yi masa tambayoyi da Severianos kuma a ƙarshe aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa ta wuta.

Daga baya sassan labarin sun canza wasu bayanai kaɗan, misali ta hanyar watsar da halin Severianos gaba ɗaya. A cewar wasu hadisai, goma daga cikin almajiran Athenogenes sun yi shahada tare da shi.

## Hagiography
Rubutun farko na rayuwarsa da muke da shi shine tarihin Anysius mai taken Passion of Athenogenes of Pedachthoe, kuma an adana shi a cikin rubutun karni na 10, Codex Sabaiticus 242, wanda a halin yanzu yana cikin tarin ɗakin karatu na Patriarchal a Urushalima. Masana sun tsara labarin a kusan karni na 6 AZ.[1] Wannan labarin an dauke shi da ban mamaki a tsakanin hagiographies saboda yana ba da abin da masana suka ce shine ainihin labarin shari'ar da aka yi wa Ariston, Severianos, da Athenogenes, kuma ana zaton wannan mai yiwuwa an gina shi ne daga wasu rubutun asali da aka ba da su maimakon halitta ta wallafe-wallafen.[1] Masana sun fara shari'arsa a ranar 12 ga Yuli, 303 AZ, tare da wasu amincewa, da kuma martydom dinsa kwana biyar bayan haka a ranar 17 ga Yuli, kodayake wasu sun yi imanin cewa waɗannan sun faru ne a shekara ta 304.[2][3][4] 

## Manazarta
Tsarin gabatarwar

A cikin wasiƙa na 1350 BC na haruffa 382, wanda ake kira haruffa na Amarna, tsarin sunkuyar da kai yawanci shine maganganun buɗewa ga mai aikawa, Fir'auna na Masar. Tsarin ya dogara ne akan sunkuyar da kai, wato girmamawa da biyayya. Sau da yawa haruffa sun fito ne daga sarakuna masu zaman kansu ko birane masu zaman kansu, musamman a Kan'ana amma kuma a wasu yankuna.

Tsarin sau da yawa yana maimaitawa, ko kuma bangarori da yawa, tare da ɓangarorin da ke kama da maimaitawa kuma suna iya ci gaba a cikin tsari na al'ada. Koyaya, ana iya kwafin tsarin prostration a cikin irin wannan tsari a ƙarshen wasika, ko kuma ana iya shigar da gajeren ɓangaren tsarin, don sakamako, a tsakiyar wasika.

Harafin EA 242 da 246 sun fito ne daga Biridiya na Magidda- (Megiddo), (EA don 'el Amarna').

## Manazarta

* Moran, William L. *Wasiƙun Amarna.*. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* Rainey, 1970 El Amarna Tablets, 359-379, Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, Alter Orient Altes Testament 8, Kevelaer da Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, shafuka 107.
Bacchides (mai bāba)

Bacchides (Girkanci na dā: ) ya kasance bābān mai mulkin Girkanci na Pontic Mithridates VI Eupator a lokacin Yaƙin Mithridatic na Uku .

A cikin 71 KZ, lokacin da cin nasarar Mithridates a hannun Janar na Roma Lucullus ya yi kama da kusan, Mithridades cikin fidda rai ya aika Bacchides zuwa Pharnacia (Giresun na zamani) don kashewa - ko gargadi su kashe kansu - matansa da 'yan uwansa mata, don kada abokan gaba su kama su.

Duk da yake wasu marubuta sun bayyana wannan a matsayin aikin fidda rai, wasu, kamar masanin tarihin Roma Plutarch, sun bayyana shi a matsayin aikin ƙarfi, da sanin "mutumin mai ƙarfi yana jin kunya fiye da mutuwa".[1]

Masanin tarihin Girka na ƙarni na 2 AZ Appian ya rubuta cewa sunan bābān shine "Bacchus".

Masanin tarihin Girka na ƙarni na 1 KZ Strabo ya ambaci wani "Bacchides" wanda shi ne gwamnan Sinope a lokacin da Lucullus ya kewaye wannan garin, wanda mai yiwuwa ya kasance daidai da wanda ke sama.

## Manazarta
Chion na Heraclea

Chion (Girkanci: Χίων; fl. ƙarni na 4 BC) ɗan Matris ne, ɗan ƙasa mai daraja na Heraclea, birni a bakin tekun Bitiniya a Asiya Ƙananan, kuma almajirin Plato ne. Tare da Leon, Euxenon, da sauran samari daga iyalai masu daraja, ya taimaka wajen kashe Clearchus, mai mulkin Heraclea (353 BC). Yawancin masu makircin sun kashe su ne daga masu tsaron jiki, wasu kuma an kashe su daga baya, bayan an azabtar da su. Mulkin birnin ya wuce ga ɗan'uwan Clearchus, Satyrus, wanda aka fi la'akari da shi a matsayin mai zalunci fiye da Clearchus.[1]

An ba da wasiƙu goma sha bakwai da suka tsira ga Chion, amma babu shakka ba gaskiya ba ne kuma wataƙila ɗaya daga cikin masu Platonists na baya ne ya rubuta su wanda niyyar rubuta wani labari mai suna bisa ga rayuwar Chion. Ya kasance da wahala sosai a gano kwanan wata, amma ana zaton an rubuta su ne a ƙarni na 1 ko 2 na zamaninmu. Wasu malamai sun fi taka tsantsan kuma sun fi son karni na 4. An fara buga su a Helenanci a cikin tarin Aldine na Harafin Helenanci (Venice, 1499), sannan a Helenanci da Latin, a cikin sake bugawa na 1606 na wannan tarin. Johannes Caselius ne ya buga bugu na farko a 1583 a Rostock. Har ila yau, akwai fassarar Latin da aka buga a cikin wannan ƙarar tare da fassarar Latin na littafi na huɗu na Xenophon's *Cyropaedia* ta wannan edita da kuma buga takardu a shekara mai zuwa. Wani fadada bugu na rubutun Helenanci, wanda ya dogara da sabon sake dubawa na wasu rubuce-rubuce a cikin tarin Medicean, tare da bayanin kula da alamomi, J. T. Coberus (Leipzig & Dresden, 1765). Mafi kyawun bugu, wanda ke dauke da duk abin da ke da mahimmanci a cikin waɗanda suka gabata, shine na Johann Conrad Orelli a cikin wannan ƙarar tare da fitowar Memnon (Leipzig, 1816). Ya ƙunshi rubutun Helenanci, Latin version na Caselius, gabatarwa ta Andreas Gottlieb Hoffmann, gabatarwar Coberus, da bayanin kula na Coberus, Hoffmann, da Orelli. I. During (Gothenburg, 1951) ne ya fara fassara wasikun zuwa Turanci.

## Manazarta
Clearchus na Heraclea

**Clearchus** (Girkanci na dā: ,  ; c. 401 BC - 353 BC; kuma an rubuta ***'Cleärch***' ko Cleärch) ɗan ƙasa ne na Heraclea a kan Euxine (Black Sea) wanda oligarchy na wannan birni ya tuno shi daga gudun hijira don taimaka musu wajen murkushe karuwar rashin jin daɗi da buƙatun mutane. A cewar Justin, Clearchus ya cimma yarjejeniya da Mithridates na Cius don ya ci amanar birnin a gare shi a kan yanayin cewa Clearchus zai riƙe birnin ga Mithridades a matsayin gwamna. Amma, Clearchus ya zo ga ƙarshe cewa zai iya sanya kansa mai mulkin birnin ba tare da taimakon Mithridates ba. Don haka ba wai kawai ya karya yarjejeniyarsa da Mithridates ba, har ma ya kama shi kuma ya tilasta masa ya biya babban kuɗi don a sake shi.

Bayan ya bar gefen oligarchs, Clearchus ya gabatar da kansa a matsayin mutumin mutane, kuma a cikin kimanin 365 BC ya sami umurnin ƙungiyar mercenaries daga jama'ar birnin, kuma, bayan ya kawar da oligarchs ta hanyar kisan kai da fitarwa, ya ɗaga kansa zuwa zalunci. An ce ya yi amfani da ikonsa da mummunar zalunci kamar yadda ya samu kuma, a matsayin alamar girman kai, ya ɗauki halayen Zeus a fili, kuma ya ba da sunan *Keraunos* (watau "mai tsawa") ga ɗayan 'ya'yansa maza.

Saboda halinsa na zalunci, Clearchus ya rayu cikin tsoron kisan kai, wanda ya kare shi a hanya mafi tsauri. Amma, duk da kariya, Chion da Leon An kashe shi a cikin 353 BC, bayan mulkin shekaru goma sha biyu.[1] An ce Chion ya kasance dalibi ne na Plato da Isocrates, wanda na ƙarshe ya tabbatar da cewa, yayin da yake tare da shi, yana ɗaya daga cikin maza mafi tausayi da alheri.[2]

Clearchus ya gaji ɗan'uwansa Satyrus, wanda aka ce ya fi mugun mai mulki wanda "ya sanya kansa mai zalunci a wannan hanyar". Heraclea za ta ci gaba da zama mulkin masu zalunci.

## Dubi kuma

* Amastrin
* Dionysius na Heraclea
* Timotheus na Heraclea
* Oxyathres na Heraclea

## Manazarta
Cleopatra na Ponto

**Cleopatra na Ponto** (Girkanci na Dā: Κλεοπάτρα; 110 KZ - bayan 58 KZ) yarima ce ta Pontian kuma sarauniya ce ta Armenia .

Tana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya mata na Sarki Mithridates VI na Pontus da Sarauniya Laodice . Cleopatra wani lokacin ana kiranta Cleopatra the Elder, don rarrabe ta daga 'yar'uwarta mai suna ɗaya kuma an haife ta kuma ta girma a Masarautar Pontus. Ita ce matar Sarkin Armenia Tigranes the Great . 

Ta auri Tigranes a shekara ta 94 BC, ta tabbatar da kawance tsakanin Pontus da Armenia. Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar Tigranes da duk Armenia. Cleopatra ta haifi Tigranes 'ya'ya maza huɗu: Zariadres, Artavasdes II na Armenia, Tigranes da wani, da' ya'ya mata uku. Ɗaya daga cikin 'yan mata ta auri Sarki Pacorus I na Parthia ɗayan kuma ta auri Sarki Mithridates I na Media Atropatene. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

Tigranes ya zaɓi manufofin kasashen waje daban da na Mithridates ga Jamhuriyar Roma bisa ga abubuwan da yake so, kuma daga ƙarshe ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da Roma bayan Yaƙin Artaxata a cikin 68 BC, sakamakon haka Cleopatra, a ƙarƙashin tasirin mahaifinta, ya sa 'ya'yansu maza su ci amanar Tigranes. A cikin 66 BC, Pompey ya kama ƙaramin Tigranes kuma ya kai shi Roma a matsayin mai garkuwa. Tigranes daga baya ya tsere a 58 BC tare da taimakon Publius Clodius Pulcher . Masanin tarihin Roma Asconius ya bayyana lamarin. 'Ya'yan sun yi ƙoƙari ba tare da nasara ba don kwace kursiyin daga Tigranes; Tigranes ya kashe Zariadres da ƙaramin ɗan'uwansa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed]

Cleopatra ta tsere wa mahaifinta kuma ta rayu sauran rayuwarta a Pontus. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&#x5B;**&#x5D;

## Manazarta
Darius na Ponto

**Darius na Ponto** (ya yi sarauta 37-37/36 BC) masarauta ne na asalin Iran da Girka na Makidoniya. Shi ne yaro na farko da aka haifa wa Sarki Pharnaces II na Pontus  da matarsa Sarmatian. 

Yana da 'yan uwan biyu: 'yar'uwa mai suna Dynamis  da kuma ɗan'uwa mai taken Arsaces. Kakanninsa na uba sune Mithridates VI, sarkin Pontus, da matarsa ta farko, 'yar'uwarsa Laodice .

Kusan ba a san komai game da Darius ba. Akwai ambaton kawai daga Appian cewa Mark Antony ne ya nada shi sarkin Pontus.

A cewar Appian, Mark Antony ya kafa sarakunan abokin ciniki a yankunan gabashin daular Roma, waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa a kan yanayin cewa sun biya haraji. A Anatolia, Darius, ɗan Pharnaces II kuma jikan Mithridates VI, an nada shi a Pontus, Polemon a wani ɓangare na Cilicia da Amyntas a Pisidia. Wannan ya kasance a cikin 37 BC, kafin yaƙin Antony da Parthia, lokacin da yake yin shirye-shirye don shi, kuma kafin ya yi hunturu a Athens a cikin hunturu na 37/36 BC.[1]

Sarautar Darius ba ta da tsawo. Strabo ya rubuta cewa Polemon da Lycomedes na Comana sun kai hari kan Arsaces, daya daga cikin 'ya'yan Pharnaces II, a Sagylium saboda "yana wasa da daular kuma yana ƙoƙarin juyin juya hali ba tare da izini daga kowane daga cikin shugabannin [Roman] ba ..." An kwace wannan sansanin, amma Arsaces ya gudu zuwa duwatsu inda ya ji yunwa saboda ba shi da wadata da ruwa. Shekaru talatin da suka gabata, Pompey ya ba da umarnin a rufe rijiyoyin da duwatsu don hana 'yan fashi ɓoyewa a cikin duwatsu. An kama Arsaces kuma an kashe shi. Cassius Dio ya bayyana Polemon a matsayin "sarkin wannan ɓangaren Pontus da ke kan iyaka da Cappadocia"  Wataƙila, an nada Polemon ne a matsayin sarki na Pontus a matsayin lada don hana ƙoƙarin Arsaces na ɗaukar kursiyin Pontus. Pontus, wanda ya zama lardin Romawa, dole ne a sanya shi ga sarakuna masu yawa waɗanda ke gudanar da yankuna daban-daban. Ba a san ko Darius ya mutu kuma Arsaces yana ƙoƙarin cin nasara ba ko kuma Arsace mai cin zarafi ne. Dole ne mulkin Darius ya kasance kasa da shekara guda saboda Cassius Dio ya kira Polemon a matsayin sarki na Pontus lokacin da ya shiga yakin Mark Antony da Parthians a 36 BC.

## Manazarta
Eugenios na Trebizond

**Saint Eugenios** (Girkanci: ) ko **Eugene** an yi masa shahada a ƙarƙashin Diocletian kuma ƙungiyar da aka keɓe masa ta haɓaka a Trebizond. Ranar bikinsa ita ce 21 ga Janairu. An tsananta wa Eugenios tare da shahidai Candidus, Valerian da Aquila a lokacin mulkin Diocletian (284-305) da Maximian (305-311). Hudu sun ɓoye a cikin duwatsu a sama da Trebizond, amma daga ƙarshe an same su kuma an kawo su gaban kwamandan rundunar Lycius. An yi musu bulala, an azabtar da su da wuta kuma daga ƙarshe an fille musu kawuna. An yaba wa Eugenios da lalata hoton a kan "dutse mai launin toka" da ke kallon birnin, wanda daga baya aka sani da Mithratis.

## Kyauta
Shugaba Komnenian na Daular Trebizond sun karbi saint a matsayin mai kula da ƙasarsu. Ayyukan da ake zarginsa sun haɗa da taimakawa Trebizond don kawar da kewaye da birnin da Seljuk Turks suka yi a cikin 1224.  Hotonsa yana bayyana akai-akai a kan tsabar kudi na Trapezuntine. Addinin da aikin hajji a kusa da wannan saint bai taɓa haɓaka ba bayan iyakokin Trebizond, kodayake John Lazaropoulos, Metropolitan na Trebizond da sunan Joseph, ya tattara mu'ujjizan St. Eugenios a cikin littafi ɗaya a ƙarni na 14.

Wani gidan ibada da aka keɓe masa ya wanzu a Trebizond: Rosenqvist ya gano cewa ya kunshi tsari a Dutsen Minthrion tare da cocin da ke da alaƙa, da kuma Metochion a cikin ganuwar birni. Akwai shaidar cewa gidan ibada ya wanzu aƙalla tun farkon karni na tara; wani typon da aka tsara a cikin 1346 ya ba da cikakkun bayanai game da rayuwar al'ummar.[1]

A cewar Cocin Orthodox a Amurka, addu'arsa ita ce:

## Manazarta
Memnon na Heraclea

**Memnon na Heraclea** (/ˈmɛmnən/; Tsohon Girkanci: , Gen.: Μέμνονος; fl. c. ƙarni na 1) marubucin tarihin Girka ne, mai yiwuwa ɗan asalin Heraclea Pontica . Ya bayyana tarihin wannan birni a cikin babban aiki, wanda aka sani ne kawai ta hanyar Excerpta na Photius (I na Constantinople), kuma yana kwatanta musamman masu zalunci daban-daban waɗanda a wasu lokuta suka mallaki Heraclea.

Tarihin Memnon ya ƙunshi littattafai da ba a san adadiyar ba, amma Photius ya karanta na tara zuwa na goma sha shida, kuma ya yi wani abu mai yawa game da wannan ɓangaren. Littattafai takwas na farko da bai karanta ba, kuma yana magana ne game da wasu littattafai bayan na goma sha shida. Littafin na tara ya fara ne da labarin mai zalunci Clearchus, almajirin Plato da Isocrates. Littafin na goma sha uku ya ƙunshi dogon labari game da tasowa na Roma. Abu na karshe da aka ambata a cikin littafi na goma sha shida shine mutuwar Brithagoras, wanda Heracleians suka aiko shi a matsayin jakada ga Julius Kaisar, bayan da ƙarshen ya sami iko mafi girma (48 BC). 

Daga wannan Gerardus Vossius ya yi zaton cewa an rubuta aikin ne game da lokacin Kaisar Augustus a farkon karni na 1 AD; a cikin hukuncin Orelli, ba daga baya ba fiye da lokacin Hadrian ko Antonines, a tsakiyar karni na 2; Oxford Classical Dictionary yana tunanin karni na 2 AD mai yiwuwa. Ba shakka, ba zai yiwu a gyara kwanan wata ba tare da wani daidaito ba, saboda ba mu san ko kaɗan ba har zuwa lokacin da aka gudanar da dukkan aikin. Hanyar Memnon, a cewar Photius, ta kasance a bayyane kuma mai sauƙi, kuma an zaɓi kalmomin da kyau. Bayanan Photius, duk da haka, sun ƙunshi misalai da yawa na maganganu masu ban sha'awa da waƙoƙi, da kuma wasu waɗanda ke nuna raguwar harshen Helenanci. [bayyana] Wadannan sassan Photius an fara buga su daban, tare da ragowar Ctesias da Agatharchides ta Henry Estienne, Paris, 1557. Mafi kyawun fitowar ita ce ta Johann Conrad Orelli, Leipzig, 1816, wanda ke dauke da, tare da ragowar Memnon, wasu raguwa na wasu marubuta akan Heraclea.

Tarihin Memnon yana da mahimmanci a matsayin ci gaba da labarin kusan dukkanin zamanin Hellenistic, duk da cewa an matsa shi daga wani wuri na gida. Har ila yau, yana da mahimmanci a matsayin misali mai cikakke na tarihin tarihin Girka na tarihin gida.

## Manazarta
Onkelos

**Onkelos** (Ibraniyawa:  *ʾunqəlōs*), mai yiwuwa daidai da Aquila na Sinope, ɗan Ƙasar Romawa ne wanda ya tuba zuwa addinin Yahudanci a zamanin Tannaic ( 35-120 AZ). An dauke shi marubucin Targum Onkelos ( 110 AZ).&nbsp;&nbsp;

## A cikin Talmud
 
An ambaci Onkelos sau da yawa a cikin Talmud . A cewar al'adun gargajiya na Yahudawa, ya kasance sanannen dan Roman, ɗan wani mutum mai suna Callinicus (Ibraniyawa: Qəlūnīqūs ko קַלִינִיקּס Qalīnīqūs) kuma ɗan'uwan Titus, sarkin Roma. A cewar midrash Tanhuma, shi dan uwan Hadrian ne, ba Titus ba.[1] An yi tambaya game da waɗannan da'awar, kamar yadda 'yar'uwar Hadrian, 'yar'uwansa kaɗai, tana da 'yar, kuma ɗayan da aka sani na kowane ɗayan' yan uwan Titus da ya tsira har zuwa balaga ita ma yarinya ce, daga baya aka sani da Saint Flavia Domitilla.[2][3]

Juyowa na Onkelos shine batun labarin inda ya fara tuntuɓar ruhohin maƙiya uku da suka mutu na Isra'ila don ganin yadda Isra'ila ta kasance a duniya mai zuwa. Na farko shi ne kawunsa Titus, wanda aka zarge shi da lalata Haikali na Biyu; na biyu shi ne mai gani Ba'alamu, wanda Balak sarkin Mowab ya hayar don la'anta Isra'ila; kuma na ƙarshe shi ne Yeshu, sunan da aka yi amfani da shi ga waɗanda suka nemi ya ɓace Yahudawa zuwa bautar gumaka, musamman tsohon ɗalibin Joshua ben Perachiah mai bautar gumaki a zamanin Hasmonean da kuma Manase na Yahuza.  (A rubuce-rubucen da suka biyo baya ana amfani da *Yeshu* ga Yesu, amma ra'ayoyi sun bambanta game da ko za'a iya fahimtar ta wannan hanyar a cikin Talmud.) An ce Onkelos ya ga dukansu suna fuskantar wulakanci don cutar da Isra'ila. Koyaya, yayin da Titus da Bala'am suka hana shi juyawa, Yeshu ya ƙarfafa shi ya shiga cikin mutanen Yahudawa (yana sa Talmud yabon "masu zunubi na Isra'ila"). Talmud na Urushalima na farko  ya ba da batun waɗannan labarun a matsayin *Aquila* mai tuba, sau da yawa ana fahimta a matsayin wani mutum banda Onkelos. Matsalar wannan ka'idar, duk da haka, ita ce Talmud na Urushalima ya ce a bayyane cewa shi (Aquilas mai tuba) ya fassara Attaura a ƙarƙashin Eliezer ben Hurcanus da Joshua ben Hananiah. Talmud na Babila  ya sake maimaita wannan al'adar baki, amma a wannan lokacin yana kiransa da sunan Onkelos mai tuba, wanda ke haifar da mutum ya kammala cewa sunan ya bambanta da Aquila, wanda aka yi amfani da shi cikin kuskure ga Aramaic maimakon fassarar Helenanci. Epiphanius na Salamis ne ya goyi bayan wannan ra'ayi (karni na 4). 

Labari mai zuwa game da juyowa na Aquila ya bayyana a cikin Midrash Rabbah:

## Targum na Onkelos
Bisa ga al'ada, Onkelos ya rubuta Targum_Onkelos" id="mwbQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Targum Onkelos">Targum Onkelos a matsayin bayani game da fassarar "hukunci" na *peshat* (ko ma'anar asali) na Attaura kamar yadda rabbi Eliezer ben Hurcanus da Joshua ben Hananiah suka karɓa. Wannan ya taimaka wajen tsarkake matsayin Onkelos da Targum a cikin al'adar Yahudawa.

## Dubi kuma

* Targum
* Targum da aka yi wa Jonathan
* Yakubu Mai ridda

## Manazarta
Mithridates na shida Eupator

**Mithridates** ko **Mithradates VI Eupator** (Girkanci na dā;  135-63 BC) ya kasance mai mulkin Masarautar Pontus a arewacin Anatolia daga 120 zuwa 63 BC, kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan abokan adawar Jamhuriyar Roma. Ya kasance mai basira, mai tasiri, mai martaba, kuma mai rashin tausayi wanda ya nemi ya mamaye Asia Minor da yankin Black Sea, yana yaƙi da yawa amma a ƙarshe bai yi nasara ba (Mithridatic Wars) don karya mulkin Romawa a kan Asiya da Duniyar Helenanci. An kira shi mai mulki mafi girma na Masarautar Pontus .  Mithridatism" id="mwIg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mithridatism">ya horar da rigakafi ga guba ta hanyar cinye allurai masu kisa a kai a kai; wannan aikin, wanda yanzu ake kira mithridatism, an sanya masa suna. Bayan mutuwarsa, an san shi da Mithridates the Great . Ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi zuriyar Darius the Great ne 

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Sunan da kakanninmu

Mithridates ita ce shaidar Girkanci na sunan Iran Mihrdāt, ma'ana "wanda Mithra ya ba shi" (Persian: مهرداد - Mehrdād), sunan tsohon allahn rana Dan Iran.[1] Sunan Mihrdāt kanta ya samo asali ne daga Tsohon Iran Miθra-dāta- . [1] Maganar harshen Helenanci "eupator" (Girkanci na dā: Εὐπάτωρ) na nufin "mahaifin (mai daraja) mai daraja", [1] kuma wasu sarakunan Hellenistic sun karbe shi.

Mithridates yarima ne na asalin Iran da Girka. Ya yi iƙirarin zuriyar Cyrus the Great, dangin Darius the Great, Regent Antipater, janar din Alexander the Great, da kuma sarakuna na baya Antigonus I Monophthalmus da Seleucus I Nicator . 

## Manazarta
Monime

**Monime**, sometimes known as **Monima** (Greek: Μονίμη; died 72/71 BC), was a Macedonian Greek noblewoman from Anatolia and one of the wives of King Mithridates VI of Pontus.

A cewar tsoffin kafofin ta kasance 'yar ƙasar Miletus ko Stratonicea, Caria . Monime 'yar wani fitaccen ɗan ƙasa ne mai suna Philopoemen .  Monime kyakkyawa ce, mace mai basira kuma an yi magana da ita sosai a tsakanin Helenawa.

Lokacin da Sarki Mithridates VI na Pontus da sojojinsa suka sami nasarar kama garinsu a cikin 89/88 BC, kyakkyawa ta yi tasiri sosai ga Mithridades VI. Ya yi sha'awar ta sosai, yayin da ya janyo hankalin mutane masu iko waɗanda basirinsu ya cika shi. Mithridates VI ya yi tunanin yin Monime lu'u-lu'u na matansa, kuma ya fara tattaunawa da Philopoemen. Mithridates VI ya ba shi zinariya 1500. Monime ya ki amincewa da tayin kuma ya tsaya don ƙarin. Monime ya bukaci Mithridates VI ya ba ta kwangilar aure kuma ya nace cewa ya ba ta Diadem na sarauta da taken Sarauniya. Saboda ya sami Monime ba za a iya tsayayya da shi ba, Mithridates VI ya yarda. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

Marubutan sarauta sun shirya yarjejeniyar aure. Mithridates VI ya ɗaure layin purple da zinariya a kan Monime, ma'aurata sun janye zuwa ɗakunan masu zaman kansu na fadar a Sinope. Sun yi aure a shekara ta 89/88 BC kuma ta hanyar aurenta da Mithridates VI, Monime ya zama matarsa ta biyu kuma Sarauniya ta Pontus. Mahaifinta ya karbi zinare daga Mithridates VI kuma an nada shi mai kula a Afisa. Monime ta haifi Mithridates VI yaro, 'yar da ake kira Athenais . [1]

A farkon aurensu, ta yi tasiri sosai a kan mijinta; duk da haka wannan bai daɗe ba. A ƙarshe sun yi aure mara farin ciki kuma daga baya bai gamsu da ita ba. Monime daga baya ta tuba da aurenta ga Mithridates VI, da girman ta, kuma ta bar garinsu.

A cikin 72/71 KZ, lokacin da aka tilasta wa mijinta ya bar mulkinsa kuma ya nemi mafaka a Masarautar Armenia, an kashe Monime a Farnacia. Wasiƙunta ga Mithridates VI, wanda ke da halin kirki, ya fada hannun Janar Pompey na Roma a lokacin da aka kama sansanin soja a Caenon Phrourion . 

## A cikin almara
Monime wani hali ne a cikin bala'i biyar na Racine *Mithridate* . 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo Marie Champmeslé da Rachel sun taka rawar Monime. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

Har ila yau, ita ce wani hali a cikin littafin Steven Saylor Wrath of the Furies . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

An bayyana ta a matsayin albino a cikin littafin Colleen McCollough mai suna The Grass Crown . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

## Manazarta
Socrates Chrestus

**Socrates ''Chrestus**'' (Girkanci: ; Chrestus ("The Good)  ya mutu 90-88 BC) shi ne ɗan na biyu na Nicomedes III na Bitiniya . Ya kwace kursiyin Bithynian ta hanyar kawar da babban ɗan'uwansa ko ɗan'uwan kansa, Nicomedes IV na Bithynia.

## Rayuwa
Akwai bayanai kadan game da Socrates. Muna da taƙaitaccen nassoshi daga Appian, Granius Licinianus, Justin da Memnon na Heraclea a cikin mahallin rikici a Asiya Ƙananan da kuma shiga tsakani na soja a cikin masarautun Bitiniya da Kapadokiya ta Mithridates VI, sarkin Pontus.

Socrates ɗan na biyu ne Nicomedes III tare da ƙwaraƙwarar da ake kira Hagne wanda ya fito daga Cyzicus. Ya aika da Socrates da Hagne zuwa Cyzicus tare da talanti 500. Yana da ɗan'uwa mai suna Nicomedes IV, da ƙananan 'yan uwa biyu mai suna Nysa da Pylaemenes III.

Lokacin da Nicomedes III ya mutu a shekara ta 94 KZ, Majalisar dattijai ta Roma ta nada Nicomedes IV ya zama sarkin Bithynia a matsayin magajinsa. Koyaya, Mithridates VI, sarkin Pontus, ya kafa Socrates a matsayin abokin hamayya ga Nicomedes. Mithridates ya ba Socrates kyakkyawar liyafa kuma ya kira shi Chrestus (The Good).  Ya taimaka wa Socrates ya kwace kursiyin ta hanyar ba shi sojoji. Ya sanya Socrates a kan kursiyin ko da "ko da yake Socrates yana da halin natsuwa kuma ya yi tunanin yana da kyau cewa babban ɗan'uwansa ya yi mulki".  Daga nan sai ya tura shi Roma don neman amincewarsa a matsayin sarki. Majalisar dattijai ta Roma ta ki amincewa da wannan. Justin ya rubuta cewa Mithridates ya kori Nicomedes IV daga Bitiniya. Wataƙila ya rubuta wannan saboda Mithridates ne ya tsara mamayar Socrates. Nicomedes IV ya gudu zuwa Roma kuma ya nemi Romawa don taimako. Majalisar dattijai ta Roma ta ba da umarnin cewa duka Nicomedes IV da Cappadocia" id="mwOA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ariobarzanes I of Cappadocia">Ariobarzanes I na Cappadocia, wanda Mithridates ya tsige shi kuma ya kore shi daga Cappadotia, su iya komawa mulki jihohin su kuma sun ba da umurni ga Manius Aquillius da Manlius Maltinus don aiwatar da wannan. Bukatar Romawa ta yi nasara, duk da adawar Mithridates.

Manius Aquillius, tare da taimakon Cassius, gwamnan lardin Romawa na Asiya, wanda ya tara babban karfi daga Galatiya da Frigia, ya dawo da Nicomedes IV da Ariobarzanes I.[1] A cewar Granius Licinianus, Socrates bai yi kishi ba don neman iko da masarautar, saboda yana da isasshen matsala daga abubuwan da ya faru a baya.[2] An ambaci waɗannan sabuntawa a cikin Periochae . Wani shigarwa don littafin Livy na 74 ya rubuta cewa a cikin 88 BC "[i]n Bithynia Nicomedes an mayar da shi ga kursiyin da Ariobarzanes a masarautar Cappadocia.

A cewar Granius Licinianus, Socrates ya koma Cyzicus. Ya kashe 'yar'uwarsa saboda haɗama. Dukkanin mutanen Cyzicus da Nicomedes IV sun bi shi kuma ya gudu zuwa tsibirin Girka na Euboea, inda wani Cornelius, wanda ya kasance Romawa ya maraba da shi. A cewar Justin, Mithridates ne ya kashe Socrates.

## Manazarta
Pítati

**** (Masar, Cuneiform) sun kasance ƙungiyar Nubian masu harbi na tsohuwar Misira waɗanda galibi ana buƙata kuma ana aika su don tallafawa magoya bayan Masar a Kan'ana. An rubuta su a cikin wasikun 1350 KZ Amarna haruffa, kuma ana yawan tambayar su don karewa daga Habiru, har ma da sarakuna masu bautar gumaka da sojojin kasashen waje na masarautun makwabta (misali, Hatti), waɗanda ke kan hari.

Biranen da ke ƙarƙashin ikon mallakar da "birane-ƙauyuka" suna neman sabis (kariya) na sojojin Fir'auna, ta hanyar wannan rundunar "masu harbi", musamman sojojin garuruwa. Bukatar masauki, da shirye-shiryen abinci, abin sha, kara, da sauran kayan da ake buƙata, [1] Fir'auna sau da yawa yana buƙatar, don ƙarami, ko babban dakarun.

Sojojin pitati sun kasance 'yan kasuwa daga kudancin Masar "ƙasar Kush" (mai suna *Kaša*, ko *Kaši* a cikin haruffa).

Amfani na farko na ma'aikatan Nubian shine Weni na Daular Masar ta shida a lokacin Tsohon Masarautar Masar, kimanin 2300 KZ.

## Manazarta
Amisos Treasure

An gano dukiyar Amisos a cikin 1995 a wani yanki na Samsun, Turkiyya, lokacin da aikin gine-gine ya gano wani kabarin da ya samo asali daga Masarautar Pontus. A halin yanzu ana nuna shi a Gidan Tarihi na Archaeological da Atatürk a Samsun .

Dukiyar na iya kasancewa ta sarki na shida na Pontus, Mithridates Philopator Philadelphus. Abubuwan da ke ciki sun kasance: "gwanin sarki na zinariya mai tsabta, maɓallan zinariya 15, mundaye huɗu na zinariya tare da siffofin mutum da dabbobi a ciki, mundaye 18 na zinariya, barette na zinariya guda biyu, manyan ƙwallo 10 na zinariya، zoben zinariya tare na lu'u-lu'u 24, beads 424, kwano na gilashi, kayan yumɓu huɗu, fitilu uku na kerosene da farantin yumɓu.

## Manazarta
Kepoi

Kepoi ko Cepoi (Girkanci na Dā: Κῆποι, Rasha: Кепы) tsohuwar mulkin mallaka ce ta Girka da ke kan tsibirin Taman, kilomita uku zuwa gabashin Fanagoria, a cikin Krasnodar Krai na yanzu na Rasha . Milesians ne suka kafa mulkin mallaka a karni na 6 BC. A zamanin Hellenistic, sarakunan Cimmerian Bosporus ne ke sarrafa shi, wanda (bisa ga Aeschines) ya ba da kyautar wani wuri da ake kira "Gidan Aljanna" ga Gylon, kakan Demosthenes. Garin ya kai kololuwa a ƙarni na 1 AD, amma Huns da Goths sun kawo karshen wadatarsu a ƙarni ya 4. Binciken Soviet, wanda aka fara a shekara ta 1957, ya samar da wadataccen binciken, gami da mutum-mutumi na marmara na allahiya ta Girka ("Aphrodite na Taman"). Fiye da kaburbura 400 an bincika su a Kepoi a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970; sauran shafin sun nutse da Tekun Azov.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin biranen Girka na dā

## Manazarta
Nikōnion

Nikōnion (Tsohuwar Girkanci: Νικώνιον; Latin: Niconium) da Nikōnia (Tsohuwar Girkanci: Νικωνία)[1][2][3] wani tsohon birni ne na Girka a gefen gabas na bakin tekun Dniester. Rumbunansa suna da nisan mita 300 zuwa arewa maso yamma na ƙauyen Roksolany na zamani, a cikin Odesa Raion na Odesa Oblast, Ukraine.

## Tarihi

An Taya Nikōnion a rabi na biyu na karni na 6 BC ta masu mulkin mallaka daga Miletus .  A gefen kogin wasu masu mulkin mallaka na Milesian sun riga sun kafa Tyras. An kafa birnin ne a lokacin da Ƙabilun makiyaya da yawa suka fara zama a yankunan arewacin Bahar Maliya. Helenawa sun zauna a wannan yanki saboda yawan kamun kifi da kuma damar kasuwanci tare da waɗannan mazauna barbarians.

## Binciken archaeological
Birnin ya kasance a kan tudu wanda yanzu ya sauka sosai a cikin kogin Dniestr, wanda ya nutse ƙasa da ƙasa na birnin. An kiyasta girman birnin ya zama hekta 7 (17 acres). 

Dangane da binciken da aka yi a yankin, ya bayyana cewa a ƙarni na 5th-4th BC, kuɗin da ke Nikōnion galibi sun kunshi tsabar kudi na Histrian. Hakanan yana yiwuwa Nikōnion kanta ta yi tsabar kudi, saboda wasu tsabar kudi da aka gano yayin tonowa na musamman ne kuma suna ɗauke da sunan Sarkin Scythian Scyles, wanda ya kafa kariya a kan Nikōnion da sauran ƙauyuka a yankin kuma ana iya binne su a cikin birni.

## Manazarta