open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Rashin ƙarfi na ruwa

Hydraulic roughness shine ma'auni na adadin juriya na ruwa yayin wucewa a kan ƙasa da siffofin tashar. Yana ƙididdige tasirin rashin daidaito na ƙasa da cikas akan kwararar ruwa. Ɗaya daga cikin ƙididdigar  shine *Manning's n-value*. Ana amfani da n na Manning sosai a duniya don yin hasashen matakin tsananin a cikin tashoshi. Coefficient yana da mahimmanci a cikin injiniyan ruwa, kula da ambaliyar ruwa, da nazarin jigilar turɓaya. Saurin gudu ya dogara sosai da juriya ga gudana. Karin wannan darajar n zai haifar da raguwa a cikin saurin ruwa da ke gudana a fadin farfajiya.

## Manning ta n
Darajar n na Manning tana shafar masu canji da yawa. Abubuwa kamar ɗora nauyin da aka dakatar, Girman hatsi, kasancewar dutse ko duwatsu a cikin tashar rafi, bambance-bambance a cikin faɗin tashar da zurfin, da kuma yawan hanyoyin tashar rafin na iya shafar darajar Manning. Misali, wani kunkuntar tashar dutse tare da cikas mara kyau kamar manyan duwatsu za su sami darajar n mafi girma fiye da mai santsi, madaidaiciya tashar tare da zurfin iri ɗaya.

Abubuwan halittu suna da babban tasiri a kan Manning's n; mahimman tasirin sun haɗa da daidaitawar banki ta hanyar ciyayi, tsawo na ciyawa da burbushin a fadin ambaliyar ruwa, da kuma kututture da katako da ke haifar da madatsar ruwa sune manyan tasirin da ake gani.

Bugu da ƙari, canje-canje na yanayi a cikin yawan ciyayi da girma na iya haifar da canji a cikin dabi'un Manning n.

## Muhimmancin Halitta
Bincike na baya-bayan nan sun sami alaƙa tsakanin tsananin ruwa da mazaunin salmon spawning; "girman hatsi na gado yana amsawa ga tsananin hydraulic wanda ya haifar da rashin daidaito na banki, sanduna, da tarkace na itace... Mun ga cewa tarkacewar itace yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a wuraren bincikenmu, ba kawai samar da tsananin ruwan ruwa ba har ma yana tasiri ga sararin tafkin, mitar rubutu, da tsananun ruwa na tashar da ke haifar da tsananar ruwa mai tsananin tsananin tashar ruwa mai tasowa da tsanani da tsananirrai. Yanayin rubutu na gadajen rafi na iya shafar fiye da kawai wuraren zama na salmon, "bar da itace suna haifar da nau'ikan nau'ikan rubutu, suna ba da kewayon wuraren zama na ruwa waɗanda zasu iya inganta bambancin halittu ko amfani ga takamaiman dabbobi a matakai daban-daban na rayuwa.

## Manazarta
Wa

***'WA***' ko WA na iya nufin:wa

## Kasuwanci da kungiyoyi

* KLM Cityhopper (mai ba da sunan kamfanin jirgin sama na IATA WA) 
* Weerbaarheidsafdeling, rundunar soji da ke da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Socialist ta Dutch
* Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Yamma (mai ba da izini ga kamfanin jirgin sama na IATA WA) (ya mutu) 
* Western Arms, mai ƙera wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Japan
* Kamfanin Western Assurance, yana aiki a matsayin WA, kamfanin inshora na Kanada
* World Aquatics, hukumar kula da wasanni na Ruwa na Duniya
* Archery na Duniya, hukumar kula da wasanni na harbi ta duniya
* World Athletics, hukumar kula da kasa da kasa don wasanni na wasanni

## Harshe

* Wa (Javanese) , wasika a cikin rubutun Javanese
* Wa (kana) , romanization na Jafananci kana
* Harshen Wa, ƙungiyar harsunan da mutanen Wa ke magana
* [./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= wa_language" id="mwJA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Walloon language">Harshen Walloon] (ISO 639 harshe code wa) 

## Wuraren da aka yi

### Asiya

* Wa (Japan)  (和), tsohon sunan Sinanci na Japan
* Wa Land, yankin halitta da na tarihi wanda yawancin mutanen Wa ke zaune a Myanmar da China
* Wa Self-Administred Division, wani bangare na gudanarwa na yanzu a Myanmar
* Jihar Wa, wata jiha mai zaman kanta a Myanmar

### A wasu wurare

* Yankin lambar gidan waya na WA a arewa maso yammacin Ingila
* Wa, Ghana, wani birni ne a arewacin Ghana Roman Catholic Diocese of Wa, Ghana
** Diocese na Roman Katolika na Wa, Ghana
* Washington (jiha) , Amurka, taƙaitaccen gidan waya
* Jihar Yammacin Ostiraliya

## Kafofin yada labarai

* Wa, ƙasa mai ban mamaki a cikin Kara-Tur na sararin samaniya da aka manta
* Weimarer Ausgabe, Weimar edition na ayyukan Martin Luther
* The Wine Advocate, littafin ruwan inabi na wata biyu da ke Amurka

## Makarantu

* Kwalejin Westford, makarantar sakandare ta jama'a a Westford, Massachusetts, Amurka
* Woodstock Academy, makarantar sakandare ta jama'a a Woodstock, Connecticut, Amurka
* Kwalejin Worcester, makarantar sakandare mai zaman kanta a Worcester፡ Massachusetts, Amurka

## Fasahar

* wa (jirgi na ruwa), mai fitarwa na tsibirin Caroline
* Rubuta fadadawa

## Sauran amfani

* Nüwa ko Wa, allahiyar kasar Sin
* Wa (al'adun Jafananci)  (和), tsarin zamantakewar Jafananci
* Alamar taken § Jafananci: は, ana kiranta *wa*, ana amfani dashi a tattaunawar don nuna canji a cikin batun
* Wa (ɗaya) , ma'auni na Thai
* Mutanen Wa, kabilanci ne a kasar Sin da Myanmar
* Harin fuka-fuki, daya daga cikin matsayi a cikin netball
* MG WA, gidan motsa jiki
* White Album (wasan bidiyo) , wasan bidiyo
Daidaitawa

Equaldex hanya ce ta wallafe-wallafen kan layi akan Hakkin LGBTQ .   Sashe na shafin yanar gizon tushen ilimin hadin gwiwa ne. Equaldex ta buga matsayi na Hakkin LGBTQ ta ƙasa da yanki. Ya zuwa Oktoba 2025, shugaban Equaldex shine Dan Leveille.

## ''Ƙididdigar Daidaitawa ta LGBTQ''
An ƙaddara Ƙididdigar Shari'a bisa ga batutuwa 13 daban-daban na shari'a, kamar matsayin doka na luwadi, yiwuwar auren jinsi ɗaya, cika haƙƙin mutanen da suka canza jinsi, da sauransu. Wadannan batutuwan suna da ma'nauyi daban-daban. Misali, halattacciyar auren jinsi guda tana da tasiri sosai a kan lissafin fiye da ikon mutanen LGBTQ na yin aiki a fili a cikin soja. Idan dokoki daban-daban suna aiki a yankuna daban-daban na ƙasar, to ana lissafin matsakaicin darajar. Dokoki sun fara shafar alamar ne kawai bayan sun fara aiki, kuma ba nan da nan bayan tallafi ba, don haka canza alamar yana da jinkiri. An ba da cikakken jerin ka'idoji da ƙididdiga a shafin yanar gizon.[1]

Ƙididdigar Ra'ayi na Jama'a tana auna halayen jama'a ga mutanen LGBTQ. Ana lissafin lissafin ne bisa ga kuri'u da kuri'un da kungiyoyi masu daraja suka gudanar, ta amfani da matsakaicin lissafi na karatu daban-daban. Idan binciken ya ƙunshi ma'anar "Shin kun amince da auren jinsi ɗaya?" kuma kashi 56% na mutane sun amsa "eh", to za a yi amfani da darajar "56" don abubuwan da suka dace na alamar. A wasu lokuta ana iya amfani da sakamakon binciken tare da karancin nauyi idan binciken ya kasance takamaiman ko kuma an gudanar da shi tsakanin takamaiman rukuni na mutane (alal misali, tsakanin wakilan addini). Ana gudanar da bincike sama da shekaru 2 tare da karancin nauyi.

Ƙididdigar daidaito ita ce ma'anar lissafi tsakanin Ƙididdigat na Shari'a da Ƙididdigal na Ra'ayi na Jama'a.

Bayanai kamar yadda na 26 ga Oktoba, 2025:

## Game da
Equaldex tushe ne na haɗin gwiwa don ƙungiyoyin LGBTQ.

Shirin yanar gizon da ci gaban ya fara ne a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2009. Bayan shekaru 5 na aiki, lissafin Equaldex ya fito fili a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 2014. 

Shafin a halin yanzu yana da masu gudanarwa 8: danlev, beeurd, Notdog1996, Samanthos, Ratabzoo, qcksws, Aleksander, da Unknownmiles.

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje
Rashin ruwa na ruwa

Hydrodynamic scour shine cire turɓaya kamar silt, yashi da dutse daga kewaye da tushe na cikas zuwa kwarara a cikin teku, koguna da canals. Scour, wanda ya haifar da Ruwa mai saurin gudana, na iya sassaka ramuka, yana lalata amincin tsari. Yana da ma'amala tsakanin hydrodynamics da kaddarorin geotechnical na substratum. Yana da sanannen dalilin gazawar gada da matsala tare da mafi yawan tsarin ruwa da ke tallafawa da zurfin teku a yankunan da ke da mahimmancin ruwa da kuma halin teku. Hakanan yana iya shafar tsarin halittu da dukiyar al'adun gargajiya..

## Hanyar aiki
Duk wani cikas a cikin ruwa mai gudana zai haifar da canje-canje a cikin saurin a cikin ginshiƙi na ruwa. Canje-canje na kwarara da ke faruwa a kusa da substratum na iya haifar da motsi daban-daban a cikin kayan gado kusa da toshewa. Girman waɗannan canje-canje ya bambanta da saurin rafi, siffar fasalin da halayyar tushe. Gabaɗaya ana zurfafa gadon rafi a ƙarshen ƙarshen ƙuntatawa, kuma kayan da aka cire daga tushe yawanci ana ajiye su a cikin wuraren da aka ɓoye a baya ko kusa da ƙuntatawa inda aka rage saurin gida sosai. A cikin yanayin saurin rafi, kayan gado masu tafi-da-gidanka, da kuma tsarin da ba su da kyau zurfin tsaunuka na iya zama mai zurfi.

## Manazarta
Gh

***'GH***' ko GH na iya nufin:gh

## Kasuwanci da kungiyoyi

* Al'ummar Gästrike-Hälsinge, ƙungiyar ɗalibai a Jami'ar Uppsala, Sweden
* GitHub, dandalin karɓar bakuncin don ayyukan lambar da software
* Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Globus (IATA:`GH`) 
* Grubhub, dandalin isar da abinci na kan layi na Amurka
* (Spanish: ), ƙungiyar kwaminisanci

## Nishaɗi

* Guitar Hero, jerin wasannin bidiyo Guitar Hero (wasan bidiyo), na farko a cikin jerin
** Guitar Hero (wasan bidiyo) , na farko a cikin jerin
* *Babban Asibitin*, wasan kwaikwayo na rana na Amurka

## Kimiyya da fasaha

* .gh, yankin Intanet na Ghana
* Gigahenry, na'urar SI ta wutar lantarki
* Hormone na girma, hormone wanda ke motsa girma da haihuwar sel a cikin mutane da sauran dabbobi
* DGH Degrees na janar wuya (daidai dGH ko °GH, amma wani lokacin ana rubuta kawai GH) 

## Sauran amfani

* gh (digraph) , a cikin harshe
* Howard GH, jirgin sufuri da kayan aiki na Amurka na WWII
* [./&#x3C;code&#x20;id= GH" id="mwNA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ghana">Ghana] (ISO 3166-1 lambar ƙasa:GH) 
* GH, wanda ake zargi da kisan Olof Palme
Kamfanin United Africa

Kamfanin United Africa (UAC) kamfani ne na Burtaniya wanda ya fi kasuwanci a Yammacin Afirka a cikin karni na 20.

Kamfanin United Africa an kafa shi ne a cikin 1929 sakamakon hadewar Kamfanin Nijar,  wanda Lever Brothers ne suka mallake shi tun 1920, da kuma Kamfanin Ciniki na Afirka da Gabas.  A farkon shekarun 1930 Kamfanin United Africa ya kusan raguwa zuwa fatarar kuɗi kuma a sakamakon haka ya zo ƙarƙashin ikon Unilever wanda aka kafa. Unilever an kirkireshi ne kawai daga hadewar Lever Brothers da Dutch Margarine Union a baya a ranar 3 ga Maris 1929. Kamfanin United Africa ya ci gaba a matsayin mataimakin Unilever har zuwa 1987 lokacin da kamfanin iyaye ya shagaltar da shi.
## Manazarta
Hukuncin kabilanci

A ilimin zamantakewa, ana amfani da kalmar **hukuncin kabilanci** dangane da illar tattalin arziki da rashin tattalin arziki da tsirarun kabilu ke fuskanta a kasuwar kwadago idan aka kwatanta da sauran kabilu. A matsayin wani fanni na nazari a tsakanin masana tattalin arziki, masana ilimin halayyar dan adam, da kuma ilimin zamantakewa, ya wuce wariya don haka za a iya la'akari da abubuwan da ba na fahimta ba don bayyana dalilin da yasa bambance-bambancen da ba su da tushe ya kasance tsakanin mutane masu irin wannan damar domin su 'yan kabilu ne daban-daban.

## Dubawa
Masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Oxford Anthony Heath ya fara tattauna batun hukuncin kabilanci. Da farko Heath ya kalli hukuncin kabilanci ne ta hanyar kwatanta kungiyoyi biyu a Biritaniya, farare da bakar fata, tare da lura da cewa rashin aikin yi na mazan bakaken fata na Afirka ya ninka na rashin aikin yi na fararen fata. Amfani da bayanan ƙidayar 2001 UK, Johnston et al. yana ba da shawarar cewa duk ƙungiyoyin kabilanci a cikin Burtaniya sun fuskanci hukunci na kabilanci a cikin kasuwar aiki, ban da ƙungiyoyin kabilanci na fararen fata na Burtaniya. Har ila yau, Carmichael da Woods sun nuna cewa "hukunce-hukuncen da ake biya sun bambanta sosai tsakanin 'yan tsiraru" da aka yi nazari a kansu, dangane da ma'aikatan baƙar fata, Indiyawa, Pakistan, da Bangladesh a cikin United Kingdom. Simpson, Purdam, Tajar, et al. Har ila yau, ya gano cewa wannan ya bambanta tsakanin 'yan asalin Birtaniya da 'yan tsiraru 'yan tsiraru da kuma na kabila daya da aka haifa a kasashen waje - mazan da aka haifa a Birtaniya sun fi zama marasa aikin yi fiye da maza daga ketare, yayin da matan da aka haifa a Birtaniya "suna da kyau a kasuwannin aiki fiye da takwarorinsu na kasashen waje" Bayan wannan, Simpson et al. ya tabbatar da cewa wannan rashin lahani ba ya danganta da "tattalin arzikin tsirarun kabilu a yankunan da aka hana"; 'yan tsirarun kabilanci sun kasance sau biyu sau biyu ba su da aikin yi fiye da takwarorinsu na fararen fata ... har ma a wuraren da galibi fararen fata ne.

Yawancin hukunce-hukuncen kabilanci ana auna su azaman bambance-bambance a cikin sakamakon kasuwannin aiki tsakanin tsiraru da mafi yawan waɗanda suka rage bayan sarrafa babban birnin ɗan adam da halaye na zamantakewa a cikin ƙirar ƙididdiga. Hukuncin kabilanci na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da rashin aikin yi, matsayin sana'a ko fiye da cancanta. Ana bayyana hukumcin kabilanci a cikin kasuwar aiki ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kamar halaye na mutum ɗaya, halayen ƙasa, yanayin zamantakewa a cikin ƙasa mai masauki, da yanayin siyasa a cikin ƙasa mai masaukin kuma an gwada su daban[8]. Koyaya, yawanci ana danganta hukuncin kabilanci na nuna wariya ga ma'aikata ga tsiraru.

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Harkokin Jama'a ta Turai don 'Yancin Dan Adam da Dimokuradiyya

**Cibiyar Harkokin Jama'a ta Turai don '[[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|'Yancin ɗan adam]] da Dimokuradiyya** (**EIUC**) cibiyar hadin gwiwa ce da ke rufe yankin ilimin' yancin dan adam da bincike da jami'o'i 41 suka kafa daga dukkan kasashe membobin Tarayyar Turai. Ayyukan EIUC sun haɗa da ilimin ɗalibai a duk duniya; haɓaka horo ga manyan jami'an Ƙungiyoyin duniya, ma'aikatan filin, da sauran masu sana'a na haƙƙin ɗan adam; gano hanyoyin canja wurin ƙwarewar ilimi ga jama'a, kamar amfani da zane-zane da kafofin watsa labarai; ƙirƙirar yanayi don hadin gwiwar bincike; wakiltar cibiyar sadarwa ta masu digiri na Shirin Jagoran Turai a cikin 'Yancin Dan Adam da Dimokuradiyya. Cibiyar tana cikin Masallacin San Nicolò al Lido wanda aka samar wa EIUC ta Municipality of Venice, Italiya.

## Gudanarwa

* Farfesa Dr. Horst Fischer, Shugaban EIUC (tun 2002).
* Farfesa Florence Benoît-Rohmer, Sakatare Janar na EIUC (tun daga shekara ta 2009).
* Farfesa Ria Wolleswinkel, Shugaban E.MA (tun daga 2013).

### Daraktocin Shirin E.MA

* Dokta Anja Mihr (2006-2008).
* Dokta Pietro Sullo (farawa 2013).
* Dr Andraž Zidar (farawa 2015).
* Farfesa George Ulrich (daga 2001-2004 da kuma daga 2016-).

## Ƙungiya

## Masana da ba na kwamitin ba
Wadannan sune masana da ke da hannu a cikin E.MA, bayan sun taimaka tare da koyarwa ko kula da rubutun daga wasu cibiyoyin:

## E.MA Tafiyar filin Kosovo

Kowace shekara wannan tafiyar filin wasa muhimmin bangare ne na E.MA kuma an shirya shi tun lokacin da aka fara Shirin, na farko a Bosnia da Herzegovina (1998-2003) sannan a Kosovo tun 2004. Wannan bangare na darasi yana da niyyar samar da zurfin fahimta game da ayyukan da suka dace, matsaloli, da tsammanin da jami'an kare hakkin dan adam a fagen ke fuskanta, da kuma samun kyakkyawar fahimtar ainihin halin da ake ciki a cikin ƙasar bayan rikici. Dalibai yawanci suna zuwa Kosovo a watan Janairu. Horarwar ta kunshi ziyara ga kungiyoyi da cibiyoyi na kasa da kasa da kuma kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na gida da na yanki da ke aiki a kan batutuwan da suka fi muhimmanci na haƙƙin ɗan adam, kamar da'awar dukiya, tambayoyin da suka shafi azabtarwa, Shawarwarin shari'a, haƙƙin mata, Zaben dimokuradiyya, Kafofin watsa labarai kyauta da haƙƙin yara. Tafiyar filin kuma ta ƙunshi gajeren tafiye-tafiye zuwa Priština. Dalibai yawanci suna zaune tare da iyalai masu karɓar bakuncin kuma ana buƙatar su shiga cikin duk ayyukan da abubuwan da suka faru da ma'aikatan ilimi na E.MA, masu ba da gudummawa na waje daga EU da sauran masana suka shirya. Marijana Grandits daga Jami'ar Vienna da wakilan yankin a Jami'ar Pristina (Albanian) ne suka tsara tafiyar tun da daɗewa wanda Faculty of Philology yawanci shine babban wurin taro.

## Manazarta
Kungiyar Masu Rikici da Bautar bayi (1823-1838)

An kafa Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery A duk faɗin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a cikin 1823, tare da manufar kawar da bautar a Daular Burtaniya. An cimma wannan burin sosai a cikin 1838 a karkashin ka'idojin Dokar Kawar da Bautar 1833. An san shi da London Anti-Slavery Society a lokacin 1838 kafin ya daina wanzuwa a wannan shekarar kuma ana kiransa da Anti-Sclavery Society.

## Tarihi
An kafa Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery A duk faɗin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya,  wanda aka fi sani da Anti-Slavery Society, a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun 1823, tare da taron maza da suka hadu a gidan cin abinci na King's Head a London.  Har ila yau, an kira kungiyar Society for Mitigating and Sannu a hankali Abolishing the State of Slavery A duk faɗin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, London Society for the Mitigation and Abolition of Slavery a cikin mulkin mallaka ya Burtaniya, Society for the Abolition and Slavery A ko'ina cikin mulkin mallattoocin Burtaniya, da sauran bambance-bambance, amma ana kiranta su da Anti-Slavery Society. An san shi da London Anti-Slavery Society a lokacin 1838, kafin ya daina wanzuwa.

## Manazarta
Shamsudeen Bala Mohammad

**Shamsudeen Bala Mohammed** an haife shi a ranar 23rd ga January, 1986, ɗan kasuwa ne a Najeriya, mai bayar da gudunmawa, ɗan siyasa, kuma Shugaba na kamfanin Bird Trust Nigerian Limited da Gryn Bricks and Technology Limited.

## Tarihi
An haifi Shamsudeen a Jihar Bauchi cikin gidan Sarkin Duguri. Ya samu digirinsa na farko a fannin Injiniyan Jiragen Sama da Fasahar Sararin Samaniya daga National Aviation University Kieve, Ukraine. Ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare a Federal Government College Minna, Jihar Neja. Daga nan ya ci gaba da karatunsa na digiri na biyu (Masters) a fannin Gudanar da Sufurin Jiragen Sama a Cranfield University Bedford, United Kingdom.

## Aiki
Bayan kammala karatu, Shamsudeen ya fara harkokin kasuwanci tare da abokinsa Hamza Abba Ali ta hanyar kafa kamfanin su na Bird Trust Nigerian Limited. Kamfanin ya fara ne da harkar tufafi, daga bisani ya koma kan gudanar da kwangiloli, siyan kaya, cigaban kadarori da hayar gine-gine. Shi ne Shugaban Kamfanin Gryn Bricks and Technology Limited.

## Rayuwar Kanshi
Shamsudeen ya auri Aisha Abubakar Isah, kuma Allah Ya albarkace su da 'ya'ya huɗu.

## Manazarta
'Yanci a Duniya ta Yankin

Freedom in the World bincike ne na shekara-shekara da rahoto daga kungiyar Freedom House mai zaman kanta ta Amurka  wanda ke auna matakin 'yanci da' 'Yancin siyasa a kowace al'umma da kuma mahimman yankuna masu alaƙa da rikici a duniya.

: **Maɓalli:** * - Dimokuradiyya ta Zabe (kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama), **PR** - 'Yancin Siyasa, **CL** - 'Yanci na Jama'a, Yanayi: 'Yanci, Yanayi, Ba 'Yanci ba

## Manazarta
Jamhuriyar Kongo (Léopoldville)

Jamhuriyar Kongo (Faransanci: République du Congo) jiha ce a lokacin tarihin Jamhuriwar Demokradiyyar Kongo tsakanin 1960 da 1971. Tana cikin Afirka ta Tsakiya, an kirkiro jihar ne tare da 'yancin kai na Belgian Congo a shekarar 1960. Daga 1960 zuwa 1966, an kuma san ƙasar da Congo-Léopoldville (bayan babban birninta) don rarrabe ta daga maƙwabcinta na arewa maso yamma, wanda kuma ake kira , wanda aka fi sani da "Congo-Brazzaville". A shekara ta 1964, an canza sunan hukuma na jihar zuwa Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo,   amma kasashen biyu sun ci gaba da rarrabe su da manyan biranen su; tare da sake sunan Léopoldville a matsayin Kinshasa a shekarar 1966, an kuma san shi da Congo-Kinshasa . Bayan Joseph Désiré Mobutu, babban kwamandan sojojin kasa, ya kwace iko da gwamnati a shekarar 1965, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo ta zama Jamhuriyar Zaire a shekarar 1971; amma an mayar da ita ga Jamhuriyan Demokradiyar Congo a shekarar 1997. Lokacin tsakanin 1960 zuwa 1964 ana kiransa Jamhuriyar Kongo ta farko.

## Mulkin mallaka
Yanayi a Kongo ya inganta bayan da gwamnatin Belgium ta mamaye Congo Free State a 1908, wanda ya kasance mallakar sarki na Belgium. An koyar da wasu yarukan Bantu a makarantun firamare, wani abu mai ban sha'awa a ilimin mulkin mallaka. Likitocin mulkin mallaka sun rage yaduwar Tripanosomiasis na Afirka, wanda aka fi sani da cutar barci.

A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, ƙananan sojojin Kongo sun sami nasarori da yawa a kan Italiyanci a Gabashin Afirka. Belgian Congo, wanda kuma yana da wadataccen ajiyar uranium, ya samar da uranium wanda Amurka ta yi amfani da shi don gina makaman nukiliya da aka yi amfani da su a cikin bama-bamai na Hiroshima da Nagasaki a watan Agusta 1945.

Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta aiwatar da sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki iri-iri don inganta ababen more rayuwa: jiragen kasa, tashar jiragen ruwa, hanyoyi, ma'adinai, shuke-shuke da wuraren masana'antu. Mutanen Kongo, duk da haka, ba su da ikon siyasa kuma sun fuskanci nuna bambanci na doka. Dukkanin manufofin mulkin mallaka an yanke shawarar su a Brussels da Léopoldville. Sakataren mulkin mallaka na Belgium da Gwamna Janar, wanda ba a zaba ba daga mutanen Kongo, yana da cikakken iko.

Daga cikin mutanen Kongo, juriya ga mulkin da ba na dimokuradiyya ba ya karu da lokaci. A shekara ta 1955, manyan 'yan Kongo (wanda ake kira "évolués"), da yawa daga cikinsu sun sami ilimi a Turai, sun fara kamfen don kawo karshen rashin daidaito.
## Manazarta
Kisan kiyashi na Batepá

Kisan kiyashi na Batepá ya faru ne a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 1953 a mulkin mallaka na São Tomé lokacin da daruruwan 'yan asalin Creoles da aka sani da forros suka kashe su da mulkin mallaka da masu mallakar ƙasar Portugal. Mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa gwamnati ta yi niyyar tilasta musu yin aiki a matsayin ma'aikatan kwangila, wanda suka ƙi. A mayar da martani, gwamnan ya zargi 'yan kwaminisanci da tashin hankali kuma ya umarci sojoji da su tara irin waɗannan mutane da kuma fararen hula su kare kansu. Wannan da sauri ya zama zubar da jini, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar daruruwan forros. Ba a taɓa tabbatar da wani makircin kwaminisanci ba.
## Mafari
Carlos Gorgulho ya hau mulki a matsayin gwamna a shekarar 1945. A lokacin Tsibirin São Tomé yana daya daga cikin manyan masu samar da koko a duniya. Manyan shuke-shuke, da ake kira Roces, sun mamaye mafi yawan gonakin tsibirin. Roces suna aiki ne a matsayin tsarin kusan-feudal ta amfani da ma'aikatan kwangila (serviçais) daga nahiyar Afirka da Cape Verde. forros koyaushe sun ki aikin hannu a filin, tunda sun yi la'akari da aikin bawa. A cikin kimantawar Gorgulho manufofin sabunta tattalin arziki na mulkin Portuguese Estado Novo ya buƙaci karya dogaro da São Tomé ga ma'aikatan kwangila daga ƙasashen waje. Don cimma wannan Gorgulho ya aiwatar da manufofi don sauƙaƙa ma'aikata su koma gida yayin da a lokaci guda yake inganta yanayin a kan roças, wanda yake fatan zai jawo hankalin ma'aikatan gida. Ya kuma gabatar da matakan da suka shafi rayuwar forros kamar hana sayar da ruwan inabi na dabino da kuma gin da aka samar a cikin gida da kuma kara harajin zabe daga 30 zuwa 90 escudos; Gorgulho ya yi imanin cewa waɗannan matakan zasu haifar da forros da daukar ma'aikata a kan roças.
Gorgulho ya kuma fuskanci karancin ma'aikata don aiwatar da ayyukan jama'a da ayyukan gine-gine. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta yi amfani da hare-haren 'yan sanda don sace mutane don tilasta wa kungiyoyin aiki don aiwatar da yawancin wannan aikin.
## Manazarta
Yakin Duniya don Hakkin Kasuwanci

Kamfen na Duniya don Hakkin Kasuwanci na Kasa yawon Lafiya kamfen ne wanda ke tattara ayyukan kasa da kasa don kawo karshen nuna bambancin jinsi a cikin dokokin kasa ta hanyar bayar da shawarwari na gida da na kasa da kasa, gwagwarmaya, bincike, gina iyawa da raba ilimi. 

Kamfen na Duniya don Hakkin Kasuwanci na Kasa yana aiki ne akan gyaran dokokin ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe 50+ waɗanda ke hana mata ba da 'yancin ƙasarsu ga ma'aurata marasa ƙasa; da kuma sake fasalin dokokin ƙasa a ƙasashe 25 waɗanda ke hana uwaye haƙƙoƙin su na ba da' yancinsu ga 'ya'yansu, daidai da iyaye.

## Tarihi da tarihi
Kafin kaddamar da kamfen ɗin a cikin 2014, an yi ƙoƙari don cire dokokin nuna bambancin jinsi ne kawai a kwanan nan a matakin ƙasa.

## Kwamitin Gudanarwa da membobin hadin gwiwa
Kwamitin Gudanar da Kamfen ɗin ya haɗa da: Cibiyar Rashin Kasuwanci da Haɗuwa, Amincewa da Hakki, UNHCR, Daidaitawa Yanzu,  Hukumar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Mata da Haɗin gwiwar Ilimi ta Mata.  Mambobin Kungiyar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya sun hada da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, masu gwagwarmaya, malamai, kungiyoyin farar hula da abokan tarayya na gwamnati.

Kamfen ɗin yana cikin New York ta Hukumar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Mata.

## Ayyukan kamfen
Babban ayyukan Yakin Duniya don Hakkin Kasuwanci na Kasa sun haɗa da bayar da shawarwari na gida da na duniya, gina iyawa da bincike da raba ilimi. Yana aiki tare da kungiyoyi na gida da na yanki don ba da shawara don sake fasalin dokar ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe masu niyya. Har ila yau, Kamfen ɗin yana tattara 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na duniya, gami da' yan wasan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, don ɗaukar mataki don kawo ƙarshen nuna bambancin jinsi a cikin dokokin ƙasa.

## Manazarta
Aikin Bauta

Aikin tilasta, ko aiki mara 'yanci, duk wani dangantaka ce ta aiki, musamman a cikin tarihin zamani ko na zamani, inda ake amfani da mutane ba tare da son rai ba tare da barazanar talauci, tsare-tsare, ko tashin hankali, gami da mutuwa ko wasu nau'o'in matsanancin wahala ga kansu ko danginsu. [Littafi na 1]

Ayyukan da ba su da 'yanci sun haɗa da duk nau'ikan Bautar, aikin azabtarwa, da kuma cibiyoyin da suka dace, kamar Bautar bashi, bautar, aiki da sansanonin aiki.
## Ma`ana
Yawancin nau'ikan aiki marasa 'yanci suna rufe da kalmar tilastawa, wanda Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO) ta bayyana a matsayin duk aikin da ba a son rai ba ko sabis da aka tilasta a ƙarƙashin barazanar hukunci.

Koyaya, a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Ma'aikata ta ILO ta 1930, kalmar tilastawa ko tilastawa ba ta haɗa da:
## Manazarta
Soumaila Samake

**Soumaila Samake** (an haife ta a  ranar 18 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1978) tsohuwar 'yar wasan Kwando ce ta Mali. cibiyar tsayi ta 7'0, New Jersey Nets ne suka tsara shi a zagaye na biyu na shirin NBA na shekarar 2000, kuma ya buga wa Nets da Los Angeles Lakers. Ya zira kwallaye 68 kuma ya kama kwallaye 76 a wasanni 47 na NBA tsakanin 2000 da shekarar 2003. An buga wasan karshe na NBA a ranar 4 ga watan Disamba, shekarar ta 2002, a cikin asarar 85-93 ga Utah Jazz inda ya buga minti 2 kuma bai rubuta wani stats ba.

Yayinda yake wasa tare da Lakers  a shekara ta 2002, an dakatar da Samake wasanni biyar bayan gwajin tabbatacce ga Nandrolone, steroid na anabolic. Samake ya ce ya sha abu ba da gangan ba yayin da yake shan ƙarin  abinci. Shi ne kawai dan wasan NBA na uku da aka dakatar da shi saboda  steroids, bayan Don MacLean da Matt Geiger.

A ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2011, an ba da sanarwar cewa Kungiyar Kwando ta  Kasa ta Quebec Kebs ta Kanada ta sanya hannu kan Samake a cikin jerin sunayensu.

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje
Lloyd Jones (English footballer)

**Lloyd Richard Jones** (an haife shi ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba, 1995) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na kungiyar Charlton Athletic ta CharltoA.

## Manazarta
Zander Diamond

**Alexander Kevin "Zander" Diamond** (an haife shi ranar 12 ga watan Maris, 1985). Tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Scotland kuma manajan yanzu na kulob din Lowland League Broomhill.

Diamond ya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya kuma ya fara aikinsa tare da kungiyar Aberdeen ta Scottish Premier League, kafin ya koma Oldham Athletic a shekarar 2011; daga baya ya buga wa Burton Albion, Northampton Town da Mansfield Town a Ingila.

## Manazarta
Faransanci Yammacin Afirka

Faransanci Yammacin Afirka (Faransa: Afrique-Occidentale française, AOF) ƙungiya ce ta yankuna takwas na Mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Yammacin Afríku: Mauritania, Senegal, Sudan ta Faransa (yanzu Mali), Guinea" id="mwMA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="French Guinea">Guinea ta Faransa (Yanzu Guinea), Ivory Coast, Upper Volta (yanzu Burkina Faso), Dahomey (yanzu Benin) da Nijar . tarayya ta wanzu daga 1895 har zuwa 1958. Babban birninta shine Saint-Louis a Senegal har zuwa 1902, sannan kuma Dakar har zuwa rushewar tarayyar a 1960.

Tare da yanki na 4,689,000 km2, Faransanci Yammacin Afirka ya ninka sau takwas girman 2" href="./Metropolitan_France" id="mwPA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Metropolitan France">Birnin Faransa. Faransanci Equatorial Africa yana da ƙarin yanki na 2,500,000 km2 .
## Tarihi
Har zuwa bayan yakin duniya na biyu, kusan babu wani daga cikin 'yan Afirka da ke zaune a yankunan Faransa da ya kasance' yan ƙasar Faransa. Maimakon haka, sun kasance "batutuwa na Faransanci," ba su da haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙi a gaban doka, haƙƙin mallaka, haƙƙin tafiya, rashin amincewa, ko jefa kuri'a. Ban da shi ne Communes guda huɗu na Senegal: waɗancan yankuna sun kasance garuruwan ƙaramin mulkin mallaka na Senegal a cikin 1848 lokacin da, a lokacin da Jamhuriyar Faransa ta Biyu ta kawar da bautar, an ba duk mazaunan Faransa daidaitattun hakkoki na siyasa. Duk wanda ya iya tabbatar da cewa an haife shi a cikin waɗannan garuruwan ya kasance Faransanci bisa doka. Za su iya jefa kuri'a a zaben 'yan majalisa, wanda a baya ya mamaye mazauna fararen fata da launin fata na Senegal.
## Manazarta
Kallum Higginbotham

**Kallum Michael Higginbotham** (an haife shi ranar 15 ga watan Yuni, 1989) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda yake taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙwanƙwasawa na ƙungiyar  ta East Fife FC . 

Higginbotham ya fara aikin kwallon kafa a matsayin dan wasan matasa a Salford City sannan kuma acikin tawagar ajiyar Oldham Athletic.Bayan ya kasa shiga cikin tawagar farko a Boundary Park, Higginbotham ya shiga kungiyar League One ta Rochdale a shekarar 2007. Daga baya aka ba da rancensa ga Accrington Stanley, bayan daya fadi daga tagomashi. Ya shiga kungiyar Falkirk ta farko ta Scotland a watan Yuni shekara ta 2010, inda ya ji daɗin lokutan nasara biyu tare da kulob din. Higginbotham ya bar Falkirk a shekarar 2012 kuma ya koma Huddersfield Town, inda ya shafe mafi yawan lokacinsa a aro a Barnsley, Carlisle da Motherwell. Higginbotham ya kasa kafa kansa a Huddersfield kuma daga baya ya shiga sabuwar kungiyar Firayim Minista ta Scotland Partick Thistle a shekarar 2013. Bayan ya kwashe kakar wasa daya tare da Kilmarnock,Higginbotham ya koma sabuwar kungiyar Scottish Championship ta Dunfermline Athletic a shekarar 2016 inda ya kwashe yanayi uku. Higginbotham kuma yana da yanayi uku a Kelty Hearts har sai daya bar kulob din ya shiga Tranent. Bayan shekara guda tare da Tranent ya bar kungiyar lowland league don shiga kungiyar Scottish league biyu ta Bonnyrigg Rose Athletic don kakar shekarun 2024-25 mai zuwa. A cikin canjin canjin watan Janairu ya sanya hannu ga ƙungiyar Scottish League Two ta Gabashin Fife har zuwa ƙarshen kakar shekarun 2024-25.

## Manazarta
Gary Miller (footballer)

**Gary Miller** (an haife shi ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 1987) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Scotland wanda a halin yanzu shi ne Shugaban Ci gaban Matasa a Alloa Athletic. 

A lokacin da yake taka leda sama da shekaru ashirin,Miller ya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya ko mai tsaron gida. Ya bayyana ga kungiyoyi da yawa a duk faɗin Scotland da Ingila, gami da Livingston, Ayr United (loan),Ross County, St Johnstone, Partick Thistle, Plymouth Argyle, Carlisle United, Falkirk, East Kilbride da St Cadoc's.

## Manazarta
Ben Williamson (Scottish footballer)

**Ben Williamson** (an haife shi ranar 7 ga watan Agusta, 2001) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Scotland, wanda yake taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya na ƙungiyar  ta Hamilton Academical.
 

## Manazarta
Aminata Dramane Traoré

**Aminata Dramane Traoré** (an haife ta  a shekara ta 1947) marubuciya ce ta Malian, 'yar siyasa, kuma Mai fafutukar siyasa. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Al'adu da Yawon Bude Ido na Mali daga shekarar 1997 zuwa shekarar 2000 kuma ta yi aiki a ranar mai kula da Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . Ita ce mai kula da Forum pour l'autre Mali a yanzu kuma Mataimakin mai kula da Cibiyar sadarwa ta Duniya don Bambancin Al'adu kuma an zabe ta a cikin kwamitin Hukumar Labarai ta Duniya a watan Yulin shekarar 2005. Ita memba ce ta kwamitin kimiyya na Fundacion IDEAS, kungiyar tunani ta Jam'iyyar Socialist ta Spain.

## Ra'ayoyi
Traoré sanannen  mai sukar hada-hadar duniya ne da manufofin tattalin arziki na kasashe masu tasowa. Musamman, ta nuna  adawa da tallafin kasashen Yammacin ga manoman auduga, wanda ya government bar kasashen Yammaci a cikin matsala wajen yin gasa don sarari a kasuwannin Yamma. Traoré na government ɗaya daga cikin masu sa hannu, ko membobin Ƙungiyar Goma sha  tara, na Manifesto na Porto Alegre da aka bayar a Taron Jama'a na Duniya na shekarar 2005.

Ta kare Ahmed Sékou Touré, shugaban kasar Guinea mai makwabta na dogon lokaci, ' yana mai cewa mummunar sunansa a matsayin mai mulkin kama karya kuma yunkurinsa na kawar da Fulas daga Futa Djalon a Guinea ya kasance ' saboda farfaganda da bayanan da ba daidai ba

## Ayyukan da aka buga

* 1999 *Rashin jituwa. * *Afirka a cikin duniyar da ba ta da iyaka*. Babel Ayyuka na Kudu.
* 2002 *Rashin Cin zarafin da aka yi wa tunanin*. Fayard / Ayyukan Kudu.
* 2005 Wasika ga Shugaban Faransa game da Côte d'Ivoire da Afirka gaba ɗaya. Fayard
* 2008 *An kunyata Afirka*. Fayard
* 2012 An lalata Afirka. Taama Editions.

## Kyaututtuka

* 1995 - Kyautar Ciwara ta Kyau
* 1996 - Knight na National Order of MaliTsarin Kasa na Mali
* 2004 - Kyautar Al'adu ta Prince Claus (Netherlands) 
* 2006 - Jami'in Dokar Kasa ta Mali
* 2008 - Mai sharhi na Dokar Kasa ta Mali 

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

* Aminata Dramane Traoré Wani tashin hankali na duniya a ranar 21 ga Mayu 2008, Bamako Mali.  (tambaya) Sadou Yattara da Anne Perrin. Rahoton Yammacin Afirka 2007-2008, OECD. Disamba 2008.
* Aminata Traoré Tattaunawar Politis.fr (a Faransanci) 
* Yarima Claus Award 2004 taƙaitawa
Lee Hodson

**Lee James Stephen Hodson** (an haife shi ranar 2 ga watan Oktoba, 1991)  ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke buga wa kungiyar AFC Totton ta Kudancin Kungiyar Ƙasa ta Kudu.

Hodson mai tsaron gida ne,kuma yana taka leda da farko a matsayin mai baya na dama, amma yana da sihiri a hagu na hagu kuma a matsayin mai tsaron baya a lokacin aikinsa. Ya fara buga wasan farko na Watford a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009 a kan Derby County,kafin ya buga wasanni da yawa na Watford ya buga a kakar shekarun 2009-10, lokacin da ya sami kwangilar kwararru ta shekaru uku.

An haifi Hodson a Ingila kuma ya cancanci buga wa Arewacin Ireland wasa ta hanyar kakarsa.Ya wakilci kasar ta ƙarshe a matasan, 'yan kasa da shekara 21 da kuma 'yan kasa a shekara 21,kuma a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2010 an kira shi zuwa babbar Kungiyar Arewacin Ireland a karon farko.

## Manazarta
Sean St Ledger

**Sean Patrick St Ledger-Hall** (an haife shi ranar 28 ga watan Disamba, 1984) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda yayi wasa a matsayin mai tsaron gida. An haife shi a Ingila, ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na duniya a Jamhuriyar Ireland.

Ya kasance daga cikin tawagar da ta yi rashin nasara ga Faransa a wasan kwaikwayo na gasar cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA na 2010, daga baya yayi wasa kuma ya zira kwallaye a UEFA Euro 2012. Wanda ya yi nasara da Croatia a Stadion Miejski a Poznań a ranar 10 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2012 ya gabatar da St Ledger a cikin kulob din Irish a gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA.

Ayyukan St Ledger sun fara ne tare da Peterborough United. Yayi aiki a Preston North End da kuma aro tare da Middlesbrough kafin ya koma Leicester City a 2011.

## Manazarta
Aikin Torch

Operation Torch (8-16 Nuwamba 1942) ya kasance mamayewar Allied na Faransa ta Arewacin Afirka a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu . Torch wani aiki ne na sulhu wanda ya sadu da manufar Burtaniya na tabbatar da nasara a Arewacin Afirka yayin da yake ba da damar sojojin Amurka damar fara yaƙi da Nazi Jamus da Fascist Italiya a kan iyakantaccen sikelin

Yankunan Faransa sun haɗa kai da Jamus ta hanyar Vichy Faransa amma amincin jama'a ya haɗu. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa suna iya tallafawa Allies. Janar na Amurka Dwight D. Eisenhower, babban kwamandan sojojin hadin gwiwa a fagen yaƙi na Bahar Rum, ya amince da shirye-shiryen kai hari uku a kan Casablanca (Yamma), Oran (Tsakiya) da Algiers (Gabas), sannan saurin tafiya a Tunis don kama sojojin Axis a Arewacin Afirka daga yamma tare da ci gaban Burtaniya daga Masar

Rundunar Yammacin Yamma ta gamu da juriya ba zato ba tsammani da mummunan yanayi amma an kama Casablanca, babban sansanin sojan ruwa na Atlantic na Faransa, bayan gajeren kewaye. Cibiyar Task Force ta sami wasu lalacewa ga jiragenta yayin ƙoƙarin sauka a cikin ruwa mai zurfi; Oran ta mika wuya bayan bombardment da jiragen yaki na Burtaniya suka yi. Rundunar Gabas ta Gabas ta gamu da karancin adawa kuma sun sami damar turawa cikin gida kuma sun tilasta mika wuya a rana ta farko.

Nasarar Torch ta sa Admiral François Darlan, kwamandan sojojin Vichy na Faransa, wanda ke Algiers, ya ba da umarnin hadin gwiwa tare da Allies, don dawo da shi a matsayin Babban Kwamishinan, tare da wasu jami'an Vichy da yawa suna riƙe da ayyukansu. Wani mai mulkin mallaka ya kashe Darlan makonni shida bayan haka kuma Free French a hankali ya mamaye gwamnati.

Lokacin da Amurka ta shiga yakin duniya na biyu a ranar 7 ga watan Disamba, Birtaniya da Amurkawa sun hadu a Taron Arcadia don tattauna dabarun nan gaba. An fara amincewa da ka'idar Turai, amma Birtaniya da Amurkawa suna da ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da yadda za a aiwatar da shi. Amurkawa sun fi son kusanci kai tsaye tare da farko iyakantaccen saukowa a 1942 (Operation Sledgehammer), sannan kuma babban ci gaba a 1943 (Operasion Roundup). Birtaniya ta matsa lamba don wani shiri mara kyau. Sun fahimci cewa gina Sojojin Amurka (Operation Bolero) zai dauki lokaci, kuma babu isasshen jigilar kayayyaki don manyan ayyuka. Winston Churchill ya ba da shawarar mamaye Arewacin Afirka. Shugaban Sojojin Amurka, Janar George Marshall da shugaban Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka, Admiral Ernest King sun yi tsayayya da wannan shirin, kuma suna son barin dabarun farko na Jamus idan Churchill ya ci gaba. Amma Shugaba Franklin D. Roosevelt yana so ya goyi bayan Rasha kuma kamar yadda duk wani aikin Pacific ba zai taimaka musu ba, ya amince da aikin Arewacin Afirka. A ranar 14 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1942 aka nada Janar Dwight D. Eisenhower a matsayin Kwamandan Babban Sojojin Sojoji, kuma ya kafa hedkwatarsa a London.
## manazarta
Faransanci Yammacin Afirka a Yaƙin Duniya na II

A yakin duniya na biyu, Afirka ta Yammacin Faransa (Afrique occidentale française, AOF) ba wuri ne na manyan fada ba. Wani babban mataki ne kawai ya faru a can: Yaƙin Dakar (23-25 Satumba 1940). Yankin ya kasance a ƙarƙashin ikon Vichy Faransa bayan faduwar Faransa (25 Yuni 1940) har zuwa mamayewar Allied na Arewacin Afirka (8-16 Nuwamba 1942). Gabon na Faransa, mulkin mallaka na Faransa na Equatorial Afirka da ba ta shiga Free France ba bayan armistice, ta fadi ga mamaye Free French Forces daga yankuna makwabta bayan Yaƙin Gabon (8-12 Nuwamba 1940), ta kara ware Afirka ta Yamma.

Ba kamar a cikin babban birnin Faransa ba, Sojojin mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Yammacin Afirka ba a rage su ba bayan armistice na 1940 kuma 'yanci bai shiga tsakani da ikon Axis ba, yana ba da ƙarin mahimmanci ga sojojin Free France bayan an sake shi. Kafin wannan ya faru, akwai wasu tashin hankali tsakanin Faransa da yankunan Burtaniya masu makwabta, musamman Saliyo, wanda ya haifar da kafa Freetown Defence Flight a watan Yunin 1941, amma babu wani abin da ya faru na soja.
## Manazarta
Sidibe Korian Sidibe

YUMadame **Sidibé Korian Sidibé** mataimaki  ce a Majalisar Dokokin Mali kuma memba ce a Majalisar Dattijai ta Pan-Afirka .  Sauran mambobin Mali na Majalisar Dokokin Pan-Afirka  sune Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta, Mountaga Tall, da Ascofare Oulematou Tamboura .

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

* memba na Majalisar Dokokin Pan-Afirka
Kungiyar Kare Aborigines

The Aborigines' Protection Society (APS) kungiya ce ta kasa da kasa da ta kare hakkin dan adam da aka kafa a 1837,  don tabbatar da lafiya da jin daɗi da kuma ikon mallaka, shari'a da na addini na 'Yan asalin ƙasar yayin da suke inganta wayewar' yan asalin ƙasar waɗanda aka ƙasƙantar da su a ƙarƙashin ikon mulkin mallaka,  musamman Daular Burtaniya. [4] A cikin 1909 ya haɗu da Ƙungiyar Anti-Slavery ta Burtaniya da ta Ƙasashen Waje (BFASS) don kafa Ƙungiyar Anti'Slavery da Aborigines' Protection Society (yanzu Anti-Sclavery International). 

Kamfanin ya buga wata mujallar da ake kira Aborigines' Friend, ko Colonial Intelligencer, da Colonial Intelligence and Aborigines 'Friend, sau da yawa an taƙaita shi zuwa Aborigines', daga 1855 har zuwa hadewarsa da BFASS a cikin 1909. lokacin da aka haɗu da mujallu na al'ummomin biyu.
## Tushe
Tushen Quaker da abolitionism sun kasance masu mahimmanci a cikin kafa kungiyar.

A cikin 1835 dan majalisa Thomas Fowell Buxton ya kafa Kwamitin Zaɓuɓɓuka na Majalisar don bincika tasirin fararen fata a kan 'yan asalin ƙasar, da sauran batutuwan mulkin mallaka. Kodayake ba Quaker ba ne da kansa, Buxton ya kasance surukin mai gyara Quaker kuma mai ba da agaji Elizabeth Fry. A cikin 1837, likitan Burtaniya Thomas Hodgkin ya haifar da kafa Kwamitin Aborigines a taron shekara-shekara don Sufferings of Quakers . A cikin 1838 an buga wasu daga cikin binciken kwamitin Buxton [1] a matsayin Bayani Mai Girma da Aborigines a cikin Turawan Burtaniya. Ɗan'uwan Hodgkin John Hodgkin ya tsara shi, sannan Thomas ya sake rubuta shi don inganta tasirin da rage nassoshinsa ga aikin mishan.
Musulunci da Dan Adam

*Koyarwan musulunci akan rayuwar Dan Adam da jindadin dan Adam:* yana tsakiyar littafin nan da aka sani Qur"ani, wanda musulmai suka yarda maganar allah ne ga dukkan halittu. koyarwan ya Alakantu da abinda Annabi Muhammad yayi a zahirance ko ya koyar, zuwa ga Musulmai. Musulunci shine abinda Qur'ani ya bada umurni ayi da yadda Annabi ya bada umurni ayi ko ya aikata. duk wani fahimta ta Addinin  akan wadannan abu biyu ne.

## Walwalar jama'a a musulunci
A cikin al’adar Musulunci, an gabatar da ra’ayin jin ƙai da taimakon jama’a a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙimominta, kuma an umurta da kuma ƙarfafa yin ayyukan hidimar jama’a ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Rayuwar addinin Musulmi ba ta cika ba idan ba a haɗa ta da hidima ga ɗan’adam ba. Wannan ayar daga Al-Qur’ani sau da yawa ake ambato don taƙaita ra’ayin Musulunci game da jin ƙai da taimakon jama’a.

haka kuma, an fayyace hakkoki ga iyaye, makwabta, dangi, marasa lafiya, tsofaffi, da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi a cikin Musulunci. A cikin wani dogon hadisi da aka rubuta a cikin Hadisin Qudsi (hadisin mai tsarki), an ce Allah, a Ranar Alƙiyama,zai ƙi yarda da waɗanda ba sa kulawa da marasa lafiya, da kuma waɗanda ba sa ba wa masu roƙo abinci. Allah zai tambaye su kuma Ya nemi bayani daga gare su. Wannan hadisin yana matsayin tunatarwa ga ɗan Adam dangane da wajibcin amsa kiran waɗanda ke cikin buƙata.. sai dai, wannan dole ne a aiwatar da shi cikin mafi kyawun hanya: kada a ci mutuncin kowa, kuma kada a jawo wata cuta ko barna daga hakan. A cikin al’adun Musulunci, iyali na da babban rawa da za ta taka wajen tarbiyyantar da ‘ya’yanta da koya musu ɗabi’u nagari domin su zama nagartattun ‘yan ƙasa. Gwamnati na da alhakin kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam ga ‘yan ƙasa**.** yayin da kungiyoyin farar hula da ba na gwamnti ba suke da rawar da zasu taka wajen gudanar da ayyukan jama'a da na jin kai. 

## Hakkokin Kungiyoyi Daban-daban a Musulunci
Hakkokin Iyaye da Danginsu

A Musulunci, an ba da muhimmanci na musamman ga bautar iyaye da kuma hakkokinsu. Girmamawa da biyayya ga iyaye an mai da su wajibi na addini, kuma cin zarafinsu haramun ne a cikin fikihu da al'adun Musulunci. Dangane da hakkokin iyaye, umarnin Alƙur'ani shi ne a yi musu kyakkyawar mu'amala,a kula da su musamman lokacin tsufarsu.
Abin tunawa da 'yancin Dan Adam, Brussels

**Abin tunawa da 'yancin Dan Adam, Brussels** (Faransa: Monument aux Droits de l'Homme; Dutch: Monument voor de Mensenrechten) abin tunawa ne a cikin  [fr; nl], a cikin Birnin Brussels, Belgium, don tunawa da cika shekaru 70 da sanya hannu kan Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). An kaddamar da shi a ranar 10 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2018, masanin gine-gine  [nl] ne ya tsara shi kuma tsohon Ministan Muhalli da Makamashi na birnin Brussels,   ne ya ba da izini.

An kirkiro abin tunawa ne don samar da sarari mai mahimmanci don yin tunani game da haƙƙin ɗan adam, magance rashin irin wannan sarari a Brussels. Duk da yake an nuna matani na haƙƙin ɗan adam a wasu wuraren jama'a, kamar su Parvis de Saint-Gilles / Saint-Gillisvoorplein premetro station, wannan abin tunawa yana ba da sarari don zurfin tunani. An yi wahayi zuwa ga zane ta hanyar *Tunawa 22/03*, aikin zane-zane na ƙasa da Smets ke girmama wadanda ke fama da Fashewar bam a Brussels a  shekarar 2016, kuma yana da niyyar zama wakilci na zahiri na haƙƙin ɗan adam

obelisk mai tsawon mita 12 (39  yana da nau'ikan dutse masu launi talatin, kowannensu an rubuta shi da labarin UDHR a Faransanci, Yaren mutanen Holland, Jamusanci, da Ingilishi. Launuka sun fito ne daga duhu a kasa zuwa haske a saman, suna nuna bambancin haƙƙin ɗan adam da al'adu. An kewaye shi da da'irar bishiyoyin Scots, abin tunawa yana gayyatar tunani game da dabi'un daidaito da mutunci. An tsara zane ta hanyar shawarwari tare da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, jam'iyyun siyasa, da gine-gine, suna jaddada muhimmancin hadin gwiwa da tattaunawa tsakanin fannoni. Abin tunawa yana ƙarfafa baƙi su shiga cikin ka'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma suyi la'akari da muhimmancin su a yau.

An ba da kuɗin ta hanyar  [fr; nl] tare da kasafin kuɗi na € 140,000, an kammala abin tunawa a lokacin Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam (HRD) a cikin shekarar 2018.

## Dubi kuma

* Hoton da aka yi a birnin Brussels
* 'Yancin Dan Adam a kasar Belgium
* Yawon shakatawa &amp;amp; Takis

## Manazarta
Thiebou Yapp

**Thiebou Yapp** (Rice and Meat) (wanda aka fi sani da Ceebu Yapp ko Tiebou Y app) abinci ne na gargajiya na Ƙasar Senegal wanda aka yi da shinkafa da nama.

## Umurni
Yanka nama zuwa ƙananan sannan a zuba shi a wuta ya dumama na wasu lokuta sai a sanya mai a cikin tukunya a sanya wuta kadan kadan zafi. Ƙara tafarnuwa, gishiri, baƙar fata, da kuma mai zafi. Rufe tukunya ka bari ta dafa. Sa'an nan kuma zuba lita 1 na ruwa, sannan ƙara shinkafa bisa ga yawan da ake so. Ƙara Season tare da gishiri da cube bouillon, rufe, kuma bari ya dafa kusan minti 2. Wanke kayan lambu, ƙara albasa, albasa mai zafi, da ruwan lemun tsami. Ƙara rabin kofin ruwa, gauraye sosai, kuma bari ya dafa na minti 10 a kan zafi mai zafi. A cikin ƙaramin kwano, haɗa tumatir da aka yanka tare da ruwan inabi. Maido da nama da aka yanka zuwa tukunyar shinkafa kuma bari komai ya dafa tare na wasu minti 5.  

## Dubi kuma
Abincin Senegal

Abincin Yammacin Afirka

Jollof shinkafa

## Manazarta