Yaki a daular musulunci

**Yaki a daular musulunci** Jihohi da yawa sun fara shiga tsakani a kan Daular Islama, a cikin yakin basasar Siriya da yakin Iraki (2013-2017), don mayar da martani ga saurin ci gaban yankunan da ta samu daga hare-haren Arewacin Iraki na 2014, hukuncin kisa na kasa da kasa, cin zarafin bil'adama da kuma fargabar sake barnar yakin basasar Siriya. Ana kiran waɗannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce yaƙi da Daular Islama (ISIS) ko kuma shiga tsakani na soja na ƙasa da ƙasa kan Daular Islama (ISIS). A cikin shekarun baya, an kuma sami wasu ‘yan kananan matakan shiga tsakani da wasu jihohi suka yi kan kungiyoyin da ke da alaka da IS a Najeriya da Libya. Duk waɗannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce sun ƙasƙantar da ƙarfin ikon Daular Islama a kusan 2019-2020. Yayin da ake ci gaba da gwabza fada a Syria, tun daga ‹Duba RfD› 2025, an ƙunshe ISIS zuwa wani ƙaramin yanki da za a iya sarrafa shi da ƙarfin ƙarfi.

A tsakiyar watan Yunin 2014, Iran, a cewar bayanan Amurka da Birtaniya, ta fara shawagi da jiragen sama marasa matuka a kan Iraki, kuma a cewar Reuters, sojojin Iran na Iraki suna yaki da IS. A lokaci guda kuma, Amurka ta umarci wasu tsirarun sojoji zuwa Iraki tare da fara jigilar jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu a kan Iraki. A watan Yulin 2014, a cewar Cibiyar Nazarin Dabaru ta kasa da kasa, Iran ta aika da jirgin Sukhoi Su-25 zuwa Iraki, kuma ana zargin Hizbullah ta aike da masu horarwa da masu ba da shawara zuwa Iraki domin su taimaka wa mayakan Shi'a wajen sa ido kan motsin ISIL. A watan Agustan 2014, Amurka da Iran daban-daban sun fara kai hare-hare ta sama a kan mayakan ISIL a Iraki. Tun a wancan lokaci kasashe 14 da ke cikin kawancen da Amurka ke jagoranta suma suka aiwatar da hare-hare ta sama kan kungiyar ISIL a Iraki da Siriya. Tun daga watan Satumba na shekarar 2014, Amurka ta fara hada kai da Saudiyya da Jordan don kai hare-haren bama-bamai ta sama a kan mayakan IS a fadin Iraki da Siriya.
A watan Satumban shekarar 2015 ne sojojin kasar Rasha suka kaddamar da shiga tsakani na soji a kasar Siriya domin tallafawa kasar da ke kawance da Bashar al-Assad a yakin da ake yi da kungiyar IS. Duk da cewa Moscow a hukumance ta bayyana tsoma bakinta a matsayin kamfen na yaki da IS tare da bayyana goyon bayanta ga "yan adawar Siriya masu kishin kasa", yawancin hare-haren bama-bamai sun fi mayar da hankali ne kan lalata sansanonin mayakan 'yan adawar Siriya na Free Syrian Army (FSA) da Kudancin kasar. Gaba. A daya hannun kuma, Amurka da kawayenta na Yamma suna adawa da gwamnatin Ba'ath saboda zarginta na daukar nauyin ayyukan ta'addanci, da murkushe juyin juya hali na Siriya da kuma amfani da makamai masu guba. Gamayyar kawancen da Amurka ke jagoranta ta horar da, samar da kayan aiki da kuma tallafawa mayakan sa kai na 'yan tawaye na Siriya da Kurdawa masu adawa da gwamnatin Assad a lokacin yakin da take yi da IS.A cikin watannin da aka fara kai hare-hare ta sama, ISIL ta fara rasa kasa a Iraki da Siriya. Mutuwar fararen hula daga hare-haren jiragen sama ya fara karuwa a cikin 2015 da 2016.A tsakiyar shekarar 2016, Amurka da Rasha sun shirya fara daidaita hare-haren da suke kaiwa ta sama; duk da haka, wannan haɗin kai bai samu ba.Ya zuwa watan Disambar 2017, an kiyasta cewa ISIL ba ta mallaki wani yanki a Iraki ba, da kuma kashi 5% na yankin Syria, bayan da aka dauki tsawon lokaci ana yi. A ranar 9 ga Disamba 2017, Iraki ta ba da sanarwar nasara a yakin da ake yi da ISIL tare da bayyana cewa yakin Iraki ya kare.A ranar 23 ga Maris, 2019, ISIL ta yi galaba a kan wasu yankuna a kasar Syria, bayan da ta sha kashi a yakin Baghuz Fawqani, bayan da aka tilasta wa kungiyar shiga cikin tawaye. Shugaban ISIL, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, ya mutu a wani samame na musamman na Amurka a arewacin Siriya a watan Oktoban 2019 kuma Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi ya gaje shi. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta a watan Agustan 2020 cewa sama da mayakan ISIL 10,000 ne suka rage a Syria da Iraki, musamman a matsayin masu barci.

## Syria
### Katsalandan karkashin jagorancin Amurka a Siriya
A ranar 4 ga Yulin 2014, Amurka ta kai harin bam a sansanin soja na "Osama bin Laden" na ISIL a kauyen Uqayrishah na kasar Syria. Daga nan ne jami’an rundunar sojan Amurka ta Delta ta Amurka guda biyu suka isa wurin a kokarin ceto mutanen da aka yi garkuwa da su, ciki har da James Foley. Ƙoƙarin ya ci tura, tare da ƙaura da waɗanda aka yi garkuwa da su zuwa wani wurin kwanaki da suka wuce. A cikin jerin bidiyoyi, an kashe Foley, Steven Joel Sotloff, da kuma wasu da dama da aka yi garkuwa da su.

### Makamai da horar da 'yan tawaye
Bisa jagorancin Shugaba Obama, Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Amurka ta taka rawar gani tun farkon yakin basasar Siriya.Da farko dai Amurka ta ba wa sojojin da aka tantance na Sojojin Siriya na 'Yanci da agajin da ba na kisa ba amma nan da nan suka kara kaimi wajen ba da horo, da kudi da kuma bayanan sirri ga kwamandojin 'yan tawaye.A cikin watan Yuni 2014, Obama ya nemi izinin Majalisa na dala biliyan 0.5 don horarwa, makamai da goyan bayan da aka tantance 'yan bindigar Siriya masu 'yanci a matsayin masu adawa da gwamnatin Assad da IS. A ranar 17 ga Satumba 2014, Majalisar Wakilai ta kada kuri'a don ba da izini ga shawarar horarwa da ba da makamai masu goyon bayan 'yan tawayen Syria na Yamma, da manufar horar da sojoji 5,000-10,000.Hadaddiyar kungiyar 'yan adawa ta kasar Syria ta yi maraba da sanarwar da Obama ya yi na tsawaita kai hare-haren bama-bamai a Syria, inda ta bayyana cewa:

Kasar Burtaniya ta sanar a watan Maris din shekarar 2015 cewa, za ta tura sojoji 75 da za su taimaka wajen horar da 'yan ta'addar 'yantar da 'yan ta'adda daga kasashen Yamma a kan amfani da kananan makamai, dabarun yaki da kuma kwararrun likitoci. Ya kamata a gudanar da horon a Turkiyya a matsayin wani bangare na kokarin da Amurka ke yi. A cewar ma'aikatar tsaron Amurka, Saudiyya ta ba da shawarar bayar da horo ga 'yan tawayen Siriya domin su koma Siriya su yi yaki da ISIL.Kokarin horar da dimbin dakarun ‘yan tawayen Syria daga bangarorin da ke adawa da Assad don yakar ISIL daga karshe ya ci tura, inda mayaka 54 ne kawai a cikin shiyya ta 30 suka samu horon da aka kama, an kashe ko kuma ba a fada ba.

### Hare-hare na kasa da kasa da dama
Shugaban Amurka Obama ya sanar a ranar 10 ga Satumbar 2014 cewa zai fara tsawaita yakin jiragen sama zuwa Syria ba tare da amincewar majalisa ba. Yawancin Sanatoci sun yi adawa da manufofin Obama na shiga tsakani ba tare da neman izinin majalisa ba. da Obama ya amince da babban ra'ayi da jami'an leken asirin Amurka suka yi na cewa IS ba "barazana ba ce" ga Amurka, ya yi iƙirarin cewa IS barazana ce ga Amurka a nan gaba, yana mai nuni da kalaman kyamar Amirka na shugabancin IS.Jagorancin Pentagon ya fi son shigar da takalman Amurka don yakar IS, amma Obama ya ki amincewa da hakan, wanda a maimakon haka ya fi son yin aiki tare da sojojin Iraki Ground, Peshmerga da mayakan 'yan adawa na Syria.Tun daga ranar 22 ga Satumbar 2014, Amurka, Bahrain, Jordan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun fara kai hare-hare da yawa ta sama kan mayakan ISIL a Siriya tare da mayaka, masu tayar da bama-bamai, da makami mai linzami na Tomahawk na teku.  Hare-haren dai shi ne hare-haren bama-bamai mafi girma da aka kaddamar kan mayakan IS tun bayan da Amurka ta kaddamar da yakinta na yaki da IS a watan Agustan 2014.

Tun daga ranar 22 ga Satumbar 2014, Amurka, Bahrain, Jordan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun fara kai hare-hare da yawa ta sama kan mayakan ISIL a Siriya tare da mayaka, masu tayar da bama-bamai, da makami mai linzami na Tomahawk na teku. Hare-haren su ne hare-haren bama-bamai mafi girma da aka kaddamar kan mayakan IS tun bayan da Amurka ta kaddamar da yakinta na yaki da IS a watan Agustan 2014. Hadi al-Bahra shugaban kungiyar hadin kan kasa ta dakarun juyin juya hali da 'yan adawar kasar Syria ya bayyana cewa, hare-haren ya zama wajibi domin taimakawa al'ummar kasar Syria yakin da suke yi da kungiyar ISIL, ya kuma bukaci dakarun hadin gwiwa da su kaucewa hasarar rayukan fararen hula. Amurka ta yi watsi da duk wani hadin kai da Bashar al-Assad a yakin da ake yi da IS, a maimakon haka ta yi gargadi ga sojojin Syria da su fice daga cikin jiragen kawancen. Mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka Jen Psaki ta bayyana cewa, ba a bayar da sanarwa ga gwamnatin Assad dangane da ayyukan Amurka a sararin samaniyar Siriya ba.

Bugu da kari, a daren farko, sojojin Amurka sun kuma kaddamar da harin makami mai linzami guda takwas kan Khorasan mai alaka da al-Qaeda.Yawancin hare-hare ta sama an mayar da hankali ne kan kwamandojin IS da wuraren sarrafawa, sansanonin horarwa, wuraren samar da kayayyaki, wuraren sojoji da sauransu a cikin Raqqa da kewaye. Ana ci gaba da kai hare-hare a Syria a kullum. A farkon watan Nuwamba a farkon Disamba na 2014, Amurka ta kaddamar da karin hare-hare ta sama a kan wannan rukuni. A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Maroko ta aika 3 F-16s da za a tura a UAE, don yakar ISIL a Iraki da Siriya karkashin jagorancin Amurka.A ranar 24 ga Disamba, 2014, ISIL ta harbo wani jirgin yakin Jordan a kan Syria tare da kama matukinsa, Laftanar Muath Al-Kasasbeh. An yi tayin Al-Kasabeh ne domin musanya mayakan ISIL da aka kama. Jordan tayi tayin yin musayar, amma ta bukaci "tabbacin rayuwa" da farko. Duk da haka, an riga an kashe Al-Kasabeh ta hanyar lalata. A lokacin da aka fitar da bidiyon yadda matukin jirgin ya yi kisa, an dage dakatar da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a kasar Jordan, sannan aka zartar da hukuncin kisa kan 'yan kungiyar Al-Qaida, Sajida al-Rishawi da Ziad al-Karbouli.

A ranar 21 ga watan Agustan 2015, an kai hari tare da kashe mayakan ISIL uku, biyu da ke da ‘yan kasar Burtaniya a Raqqa, Syria, ta hanyar wani hari da wani jirgin saman Birtaniya na Royal Air Force MQ-9 Reaper ya kai. Firayim Minista David Cameron ya ba da sanarwa ga majalisar dokokin kasar cewa daya daga cikin 'yan Burtaniyan da aka kai hari yana shirya kai hare-hare a Burtaniya. An kashe wani dan kasar Birtaniya a wani hari ta sama da sojojin Amurka suka kai a Raqqa a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta.

A watan Oktoba da Nuwamba na 2015, Amurka ta tsananta kai hare-hare ta sama a kan cibiyoyin mai da ISIL ke rike da su a wani aiki mai suna "Tidal Wave II", bayan yakin duniya na biyu kan man Axis a Romania. Dabarun na Amurka da nufin "kashe takamaiman kayan aiki na tsawon watanni shida zuwa shekara" ta hanyar mai da hankali kan wuraren da ke kusa da Deir el-Zour. Rijiyar mai na Omar, wadda ta samar da ganga 30,000 na mai a kowace rana da dala miliyan 1.7 zuwa dala miliyan 5.1 a duk wata na samun kudin shiga, a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, wanda ya rage shi zuwa kusan kashi uku na karfinsa. Jiragen saman Faransa ma sun shiga cikin hare-haren.A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 2015, wani jirgin yakin Amurka na Operation Tidal Wave II ya lalata tankokin mai guda 116 na ISIL da ke kusa da Abu Kamal, wani birni da ke kan iyakar Syria da Iraki. Hudu A-10 Thunderbolt IIs da bindigogin AC-130 Specter guda biyu sun shiga cikin harin. Kafin kai farmaki kan manyan motocin, jiragen sun gudanar da wasu ƙananan matakai, 'nuna ƙarfi'.

A ranar 2 ga Disamba 2015, Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya ta kada kuri'ar amincewa (397 zuwa 223) don ba da izinin kai hare-hare ta sama a Siriya.A cikin sa'o'i kadan ne jiragen saman RAF Tornado suka kai hare-hare ta sama, inda suka kai hari kan rijiyoyin mai na Omar da ke gabashin Siriya, wadanda ke karkashin ikon ISIL. An yi amfani da jiragen sama na Tornado GR-4 don sa ido sannan kuma wasu guguwa guda shida sun bar RAF Lossiemouth, Scotland don hada karfi da karfe a RAF Akrotiri, Cyprus.A ranar 4 ga Disamba 2015 Jamus ta shiga tsakani don mayar da martani game da harin na Nuwamba 2015 na Paris ta hanyar aika jirgin ruwa na Augsburg (F213) da Panavia Tornado jirgin saman leken asiri zuwa yankin. Augsburg ta kammala aikinta na farko a cikin Maris 2016, ta sake turawa a watan Satumba kuma ta kammala aikinta a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 2016. A ranar 29 ga Janairu, 2016, Netherlands ta sanar da aniyarta na fadada ayyukanta na kai hare-hare ta sama zuwa Siriya.

## Manazarta