Yanayin gurɓatar muhalli a Toronto

**Abubuwan da suka shafi Muhalli a Toronto** sun ƙunshi duk waɗan su abubuwan damuwa da damar da muhallin Toronto ya gabatar. Da yawa suna da illa, kamar gurbacewar iska da ruwa, yayin da wasu kuma abubuwan, da abubuwan more rayuwa na birane kamar manyan tituna da sufurin jama'a ke da tasiri.  Sakamakon yawan jama'ar birnin, ana samar da sharar gida mai yawa a kowace shekara.

Ana iya samun gurɓataccen iska a ko'ina cikin birni tare da fitattun wurare masu zafi da suka haɗa da Cibiyar Garin Scarborough, Babbar Hanya 427 mai haɗa babbar hanyar 401, da kuma yankin cikin gari.  Wannan yana barin mazaunan waɗannan yankuna cikin haɗarin haɓaka al'amuran numfashi da sauran yanayin kiwon lafiya.  Gurbacewar ruwa daga birni yana shafar muhallin da ke kusa. Najasa da hayaki mai cutarwa suna haifar da kasancewar gurɓatattun abubuwa kamar su mercury, guba, da kuma wuta a cikin ruwan tafkin Ontario .  Akwai shaidar cewa hayaki mai cutarwa daga birni ya ragu cikin shekaru da yawa sakamakon ayyukan gida da na Ontario.  A cikin shekarata 2014, birnin Toronto ya yi bikin shekara guda ba tare da faɗakar da hayaki ba a karon farko cikin shekaru 20. Ana alakanta ingantuwar iskar da aka samu da rufe tashoshin wutar lantarki da kuma rage bukatar wutar lantarki a birnin.  Ƙaddamarwa kamar Ƙungiyar Muhalli ta Toronto da Greening Greater Toronto suna ci gaba da magance matsalolin muhalli a cikin birni.

## Gurbacewar iska
Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Toronto ya kiyasta cewa gurɓataccen iska a Toronto daga dukkan tushe a halin yanzu yana haifar da mutuwar mutane 1,300 da ba a kai ba da kuma asibitoci 3,550 a cikin birni kowace shekara.  Sama da rabin gurbacewar iska na Toronto ana fitarwa ne a cikin iyakokin birni tare da mafi girman tushen gida shine zirga-zirga gami da kowane nau'ikan motocin kan hanya. Sannan Na biyu mafi girma tushen hayaki da ke shafar ingancin iska na gida shine makamashin da ake amfani da shi don zafi da sanyaya gidaje da kasuwanci. 

Binciken da aka gudanar a Jami'ar Toronto ya nuna gurɓataccen iska mai zafi kusa da manyan tituna da manyan mahadar da za su iya samun matsakaicin adadin ultrafine sau uku zuwa hudu na birni daga iskar abin hawa.  Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ake fitarwa daga motoci shine NOx (nitrogen oxide) wanda ke canzawa a cikin iska zuwa NO2 (nitrogen dioxide), Kuma wanda shine daya daga cikin mafi yawan gurɓataccen abu wanda ke da alaka da tasirin lafiya.  Babban taro na NOx yana faruwa tare da manyan manyan tituna na Toronto ciki har da Babbar Hanya 427, Babbar Hanya 401, Babbar Hanya 400, Don Valley Parkway, da Gardiner Expressway, da kuma cikin gari.  Wadannan iskar gas suna taimakawa wajen samuwar smog, ozone, da ruwan sama na acid.

### Smog
Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Toronto ne ke ba da faɗakarwar smog lokacin da yanayin iska a cikin birni bai da kyau da zai iya cutar da lafiyar mazaunin. Sannna Kuma Ana ba da faɗakarwar don ƙarfafa mazauna yankin da su yi taka tsantsan don kare lafiyarsu, yawanci ta hanyar iyakance adadin lokacin da ake kashewa a waje a wuraren da hayaƙi mai nauyi. 

Wani binciken da Jami'ar Toronto ta jagoranta ya sami ci gaba na ban mamaki a cikin gurɓataccen iska a cikin birni tun 2000.  Don kwatanta, akwai kwanakin smog 53 a cikin shekarata 2005, kuma a cikin 2014 da 2015 babu kwanakin smog da aka rubuta.  Abubuwan da aka tattara na mahaɗar ƙwayoyin halitta masu canzawa (VOCs) da nitrogen oxides, abubuwan da aka riga aka gyara na smog, suna ta raguwa a hankali a cikin birni. Wani bincike na shekarar 2006-2016 ya nuna cewa yawan gurɓataccen iska na gama gari ya ragu, kuma an lura da raguwar 31% a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da raguwar 42% na nitrogen dioxide.  Koyaya, ozone, wani ɓangaren smog, yana ci gaba da dawwama a matakan da suka saba ma ƙa'idodin Kanada.  An lura da inganta hayaki da gurɓacewar iska sakamakon raguwar hayaki a cikin birnin. Kwararru daga ma’aikatar muhalli da sauyin yanayi sun danganta wannan raguwar hayaki da rufe tashoshin samar da kwal, da rage bukatar wutar lantarki a duk fadin birnin, da kuma tsare-tsare irin su Drive Clean. 

Yanayin yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da hayaki kuma. Lokacin zafi yana taimakawa wajen ƙara yawan amfani da wutar lantarki a cikin birni, da kuma yanayin dumi da bushewa. Kuma Duk da raguwar hayaki a cikin birni, hayaki ya kasance mai yuwuwa saboda yanayin zafi yana ba da damar gurɓata yanayi da sauri. Wannan yana haifar da yuwuwar girman matakan ozone duk da raguwar gurɓataccen abu wanda yawanci ke haifar da samar da ozone. A cikin zafi, bushewar lokacin rani na shekarata 2012, an rubuta wasu daga cikin mafi girma na lokacin rani a cikin birni. Tare da waɗannan abubuwan da aka tattara na ozone sun zo shawarwari guda takwas na smog duk da ƙananan matakan ozone da aka gani a cikin shekarun da suka kai har zuwa Shekarar 2012. 

### Iska mai guba
Guba mai guba, wanda kuma aka sani da gurɓataccen iska, sune gurɓatacce wanda bayyanar dogon lokaci na iya haifar da mummunar illar lafiya kamar ciwon daji, tasirin haihuwa, lahani na haihuwa, ko wasu yanayi masu cutarwa da tasirin muhalli. A Toronto, gaba ɗaya nauyin rashin lafiya daga gubar iska ba a san shi ba; duk da haka, bayanan gida sun nuna cewa alamun benzene, tetrachlorethylene, da gubar suna nan a cikin iskar Toronto, suna haifar da haɗarin lafiya a wuraren da ke da babban taro. 

A halin yanzu ana aiwatar da ka'idoji don rage fitar da hayaki mai cutarwa daga iska. Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Rahoton Muhalli na Birnin Toronto da Ƙwararren Ƙwararru na shekarata 2011, amfani da tetrachlorethylene, wanda kuma aka sani da perchlorethylene ko PERC, yanzu ana bin sa sosai, yana buƙatar masu busassun wuraren tsaftacewa don yin rikodin cikakkun bayanai na yadda ake amfani da shi da sake yin fa'ida.  Wannan yana da mahimmanci kamar yadda aka saba amfani da PERC a wuraren tsaftace bushewa, kuma masu yawa da yawa sun keta ka'idoji a baya lokacin amfani da wannan sinadari mai guba.  A cewar Jami'in Lafiya na Toronto, PERC tana cikin manyan sinadarai takwas da suka fi damuwa a cikin birni. 

### Gurbacewa daga tushen masana'antu
Tushen masana'antu babban mai ba da gudummawa ne ga sakin gurɓatattun abubuwa a cikin Toronto. Masu ƙona najasa da sauran masana'antar jiyya a duk faɗin birni galibi babban tushen gurɓataccen abu ne kamar nitrogen oxide, chromium mercury, da carbon dioxide (CO2).   Cibiyar Kula da Jiyya ta Highland Creek tana kula da duk najasar Scarborough kuma tana hidima kusan mutane 500,000.  Ita wannan shuka tana daya daga cikin manyan gurbacewar muhalli a Toronto, tana fitar da hayakin iskar gas da ya kai ton 38 (GHG) a kowace rana sakamakon tsohuwar injin ta.  A halin yanzu birnin yana muhawara akan yadda za'a inganta kayan aikin mafi kyawu. Kuma Yiwuwar sun haɗa da ci gaba da kona biomass a wurin ta hanyar haɓaka injin incinerator mai kusan shekaru 40, ko jigilar biomass daga wurin don adanawa wani wuri. 

Har ila yau, kasuwancin gida yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga adadin gurɓatattun abubuwan da ake samarwa daga masana'antu. Inventory Release Inventory (NPRI) na bincike da bayar da rahoto game da fitar da gurɓataccen abu a duk faɗin Kanada. Kuma A halin yanzu NPRI ba ta bin ƙanana da matsakaitan wurare kamar busassun bushes, shagunan gyaran motoci, da kamfanonin bugu, waɗanda ke wakiltar galibin wurare a Toronto.  Wannan ya sa Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Toronto yanke shawarar cewa cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da tsarin masana'antu a cikin birni ba a la'akari da su. 

Don magance wannan, Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Toronto ya jagoranci haɓaka Rahoton Muhalli da Bayyanawa Bylaw wanda ke buƙatar kasuwancin gida su bibiyi da bayar da rahoto kan ƙira, tsari, amfani da sakin abubuwan fifiko 25.  A matsayin wani ɓangare na dokar, an ƙirƙiri shirin ChemTRAC, wanda ke taimaka wa 'yan kasuwa gano manyan hanyoyin sinadarai a cikin wuraren su tare da yin nazarin abubuwan da suka fito. ChemTRAC yanzu ya fara aiki sosai kuma an yi niyya don rage gurɓacewar masana'antu da masana'antu ta hanyar haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a. 

## Gurbacewar ruwa
Masu bincike sun samo abubuwa kamar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), masu hana wuta, da gurɓataccen konewa a tafkin Ontario .  Ana wanke magudanan magunguna, samfuran tsaftacewa da sauran gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa, yana barin tasiri mai tasiri akan adadin gurɓatattun abubuwan da aka samu a cikin tafkin Ontario.   Yawancin kasuwancin Toronto da cibiyoyi suna zubar da tsattsauran sinadarai masu tsafta, masu gurɓata ruwa, da karafa masu nauyi ta hanyar magudanar ruwa.  Ruwan Toronto na iya cire wasu daga cikin waɗannan gurɓatattun abubuwa lokacin da aka kula da ruwan datti a ɗaya daga cikin masana'antar sarrafa su; duk da haka, Kuma yawancin sinadarai masu guba sun rage kuma galibi ana fitar dasu cikin tafkin Ontario.  A cikin shekarata 2011, an saki sama da tan 7 na cadmium, mercury, gubar, da nickel zuwa tafkin Ontario daga wuraren Toronto. 

Wani binciken da aka gudanar a cikin 2009 kuma an buga shi a cikin shekarata 2014 ta Jami'ar Toronto da Muhalli na Kanada sun gwada magudanar ruwa na Toronto da kuma kula da ruwan sha don PCBs, masu ɗaukar wuta (ciki har da polybrominated diphenyl ethers ko PBDEs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) da polycyclic musks (PCMs). Binciken ya gano cewa Toronto tana aika kimanin fam 5,000 na PAHs, fam 1,500 na PCMs, fam 55 na PCBs, da fam 40 na PBDEs kowace shekara zuwa gabar tekun Ontario, kusan mil 25 daga cikin tafkin.   Bayyanawa ga PCBs na iya haifar da ɗimbin illolin kiwon lafiya da suka haɗa da ciwon daji da rushewar hormone. 

## Gudanar da sharar gida
Gidan shimfidar ƙasa na Green Lane yana ɗaukar sharar da Toronto ke samarwa. Birnin ya sayi rumbun a cikin Afrilu shekarar 2007, kuma ya zama wurin zubar da shara na farko a birnin a ranar 1 ga janairu, 2011.  Birnin Toronto ya samar da kusan tan 1,000,000 na sharar gida a cikin shekarata 2013, tare da kowane ɗan Toronto yana samar da kusan fam 15 na sharar gida a mako guda.  Tare da karuwar yawan jama'a da ƙarancin sarari a wurin zubar da shara, ana ganin tsarin kula da sharar birnin a halin yanzu ba zai dore ba. 

The Green Lane Landfill ana sa ran zai dawwama har shekarar 2029; duk da haka, an riga an tattauna dabarun sharar gida na dogon lokaci ta Birnin Toronto. Majalisar Birni ta amince da Dabarun Sharar Tsawon Lokaci a ranar 15 ga Yuli, shekarata 2016 kuma tana neman jagorantar sarrafa sharar gida a Toronto na shekaru 30-50 masu zuwa.  Dabarar za ta mayar da hankali ne wajen rage sharar gida da kuma rage yawan adadin da ake aika wa a wuraren da ake zubar da shara ta hanyar jaddada cudanya da al’umma da karfafa rigakafin sharar gida. 

Toronto a halin yanzu ba ta da wani shiri na dogon lokaci don ƙaura daga wuraren sharar ƙasa, amma a maimakon haka tana mai da hankali kan ƙoƙarin rage sharar gabaɗaya ta hanyar karkatar da shara. 

## Ƙaddamarwa da ƙungiyoyin muhalli
Kungiyoyin muhalli da yawa a Toronto sun yi aiki don magance ɗimbin al'amuran muhalli a Toronto. Ƙungiyar Muhalli ta Toronto (TEA) tana yin kamfen a cikin gida tun 1988 don magance matsalolin muhalli na birane. TEA yana hulɗa tare da 'yan majalisa na birni kuma ya yi tasiri wajen sauya manufofin zuwa shirye-shirye masu dorewa na muhalli. A cikin Fabrairun shekarata 2017, TEA ta shawo kan Majalisar Birni don bincika dalilin da yasa farashin karkatar da sharar ya yi ƙasa a wuraren da ake tara shara. 

Greening Greater Toronto yana aiki don rage hayakin iskar gas, rage sharar gida, inganta sarrafa sharar gida, da cimma tsaftataccen iska da ruwa a cikin birnin Toronto da Babban yankin Toronto.  Greening Greater Toronto yana aiki don cimma shirin sayayyar kore na kamfani, da kuma wani tsari na yanki baki ɗaya na haɓaka ƙarfin ginin kasuwanci a Babban yankin Toronto. 

hangen nesa The Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) shine don mafi tsafta, kore, da lafiya Toronto. Yana ba da kariya da haɓaka albarkatun ƙasa, bayanan muhalli da shawarwari don haɓaka kyawawan ayyukan sarrafa ƙasa, da ayyukan al'umma kan ayyukan muhalli, a tsakanin sauran ayyukan. 

## Manazarta