Harshen Medumba

**Medumba** (, Magana ta Medumba: yaren Bamileke ne na kasar  Kamaru . Mutanen da ke magana da shi sun samo asali ne daga yankin Nde na Yammacin ƙasar, tare da manyan ƙauyukansu a Bangangté, Bakong, Bangoulap, Bahouoc, Bagnoun da Tonga. Babban yaren Bamileke ne, kuma yana cikin wani yanki inda sarauta mai tsarki ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin gwamnati, adalci, da diflomasiyya. Tarihin zamani na yankin Bamileke, wanda ya kasance mulkin mallaka na Jamus wanda aka sanya a ƙarƙashin kulawar Faransa ta League of Nations a 1919, yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyar 'yan kasa ta Union des Populations du Cameroun (UPC), wanda ya ci gaba da farko a cikin yankin bakin teku (Bassa) da tsaunuka na yamma (Bamileke). Daga 1956 zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1960, wannan yanki na Kamaru ya sami lokacin tashin hankali;  wannan labarin ya ci gaba da tsara al'adun siyasa na Bamileke, kuma yana da tasiri ga asalin harshe  da Yanayin harshe.

Yankin da ake magana da shi na ''Medumba'' sananne ne ga bikin al'adu na shekara-shekara - FESTAC: Festival des arts et de la culture Medumba (Medumba Arts and Crafts Festival) - wanda ke inganta harshen Medumba, da rawa, zane-zane da salon abinci na ƙauyuka 14 daban-daban na yankin.   An shirya bikin, wanda ke faruwa a cikin makonni 2 a farkon watan Yuli, a Bangangte.

## Harsunan harshe

### Gudanarwa a kan tarin Bamileke
Medumba na daga cikin Kungiyar Gabas ta Bamileke Cluster, wanda ya hada da Fe'fe', Ghomálá', Kwa', da Nda'nda'. Ƙungiyar Bamileke - tare da Ngemba, Nkambe da Nun - suna daga cikin ƙungiyar Grassfields ta Gabas wanda, tare da harsunan Ring da harsuna na Kudu maso Yammacin Grassfield, sun zama ƙungiyar harshe na Grassfield. 

Medumba ya fito fili a cikin binciken harshe a kan rukunin Bamileke, wani bangare saboda ingancin aikin da Jan Voorhoeve ya yi a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970, gami da aiki a kan (a cikin tsari na lokaci):

* ƙuntatawa na tsarin morpheme (Voorhoeve 1965 ) 
* sunayen mutum (Voorhoeve 1967 ) 
* darussan suna (Voorhoeve 1967  da 1969 ) 
* sautin sunaye (Voorhoeve 1971 ) 
* Labaran gargajiya na Bamileke (Voorhoeve 1976 ) 
* Bayanan harshe na gaba ɗaya na yaren Bangangte (Voorhoeve 1977 ) 

L. Hyman ya bi wannan aikin a cikin shekarun 1980, a kan harshen da ke da alaƙa da shi Fe'fe' (ƙara refs). An sake ƙarfafa shi a farkon shekarun 2010 ta ƙungiyoyin bincike a Jami'ar Boston (wanda C. O'Connor ya jagoranta) da kuma Jami'ar British Columbia (wanda R.-M. Déchaine ya jagorantar). Wasu daga cikin wadannan wallafe-wallafen sun hada da:

* [Ƙara da ra'ayoyi]

Har ila yau sananne ne gudummawar masana na masu magana da harsuna na Medumba, gami da (a cikin tsari na lokaci):

* Keupdjio 2011, MA thesis (Jami'ar Yaounde) kan tambayoyin abun ciki 
* Kouankem 2011, takardar PhD (Jami'ar Yaounde) a kan haɗin kai 
* Kouankem 2013 a kan yarjejeniya 

Ayyukan da aka yi kwanan nan a kan Medumba wani bangare ne na turawa gaba ɗaya don yin rubuce-rubuce game da harsunan Afirka, a fuskar karuwar matakan haɗarin harshe. Kamaru - tare da Najeriya, Sudan, da Habasha - an ruwaito cewa suna da ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman yawan mutuwar harshe a Afirka.

### Karatun karatu da rubutu
Kokarin haɓaka rubutun Medumba ya samo asali ne daga farkon karni na 20,  kuma suna da alaƙa da abubuwan da suka biyo baya:

* **1926**: Masu wa'azi na Furotesta sun haɓaka rubutun don amfani a makarantun firamare don sauƙaƙe shigar da Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Kirista a yankin.
* **1957**: Gwamnatin Faransa ta haramta amfani da harsunan gida a yankunan .
* **1973**, 20 Disamba: An kirkiro ; aikinta shine inganta bincike kan Medumba da haɓaka kayan karatu da rubutu.

A halin yanzu, kayan ilimi, wallafe-wallafen da ƙamus na harshe suna samar da CEPOM, wanda ke zaune a Bangangte. Haɗin aikin mishan da CEPOM sun samar da littattafai sama da 80 akan harshen Medumba da al'adu; ana buga waɗannan a Faransanci, Turanci, da Medumba. A tsawon lokaci, wallafe-wallafen a Medumba sun yi amfani da nau'o'i daban-daban guda shida: 

* **1926**: published in a collection of 12 songs
* **1945**: published in a book on religious history () and a syllabary
* **1967**: publication of the New Testament () and 
* **1973**: publication of  and 
* **1979**: publication of  and 
* **1985**, 2 February: adoption of the current orthography at the 4th CEPOM Council

An ba da haruffa na yanzu a cikin tebur mai zuwa.

## Manazarta