Elizabeth Martínez

**Elizabeth “Betita” Martínez** (Disamba 12, 1925 - Yuni 29, 2021) yar asalin Chicana ce ta Amurka kuma mai tsara al'umma na dogon lokaci, mai fafutuka, marubuci, kuma malami. Ta rubuta litattafai da kasidu da yawa kan batutuwa daban-daban da suka shafi ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa a cikin Amurka. Ayyukanta da aka fi sani da ita shine shekaru 500 *na Chicano History a cikin Hotuna*,  wanda daga baya ya kafa tushen bidiyo na ilimi *¡Viva la Causa!* *Shekaru 500 na Tarihin Chicano* .  Angela Y. Davis ta yaba da aikinta kamar yadda ya ƙunshi "ɗayan mafi mahimmancin tarihin rayuwa na gwagwarmayar ci gaba a cikin wannan zamani ... [Martínez ne] maras kyau ... maras tabbas ... maras gajiya."

## Rayuwa
Martínez ita ce 'yar Manuel Guillermo Martinez da Ruth Philips Martínez.  Iyayenta sun yi mata lakabi da "Betita" a takaice.  Ta girma a cikin tsakiyar aji mafi yawan fararen fata a Washington, DC saboda mahaifinta ya yi aiki a matsayin sakatare a Ofishin Jakadancin Mexico.  Mahaifiyarta, Ruth Philips Martínez, ta sami digiri na biyu daga George Washington kuma ta koyar da manyan makarantun Sifen.  Wasu daga cikin ayyukan farko na Martínez sun haɗa da ma'aikacin rubutu a kamfanin inshora, ma'aikaciyar jirage a kantin sayar da ice cream, da yarinya kwafi a Washington Post.  Martínez ita ce ɗalibin Latina na farko da ta kammala karatun digiri daga Kwalejin Swarthmore a 1946 inda ta sami digiri na digiri na Arts tare da Daraja a Tarihi da Adabi.  Lokacin da Martínez ke da shekaru ashirin da uku ta auri mijinta na farko Leonard Berman sannan ta sake aure a 1952.  Ta auri mijinta na biyu Hans Koning a 1952 kuma sun haifi 'yarsu Tessa Koning-Martínez tare a 1954.  A watan Mayu 2000, Swarthmore ya ba Martíne lambar yabo ta likita. Martínez ya yi aiki ga Simon & Schuster a matsayin edita kuma ga *[[The Nation Magazine|Mujallar The Nation]]* a matsayin Editan Littattafai da Fasaha. 'Yarta, Tessa, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma wacce ta kafa Lab Theatre na Latina na San Francisco .  Ta mutu tana da shekaru 95 a San Francisco saboda ciwon jijiyoyin jini. 

## Ayyukan aiki
Martínez ta fara aikinta na siyasa a farkon shekarun 1950.  Ta yi aiki a New York a Sakatariyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin mai bincike kan mulkin mallaka da rarrabuwar kawuna a Afirka .   Martinez wani mai fafutuka ne wanda ke ba da shawara ga kowane fanni na rayuwa ko wariyar launin fata, talauci, ko batutuwa a cikin soja.  A cikin 1960s, Martínez ya yi aiki na cikakken lokaci a cikin Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama tare da Kwamitin Gudanar da Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru (SNCC) a Kudu kuma a matsayin mai gudanarwa na ofishinsa na New York. Martínez ya gyara littafin tarihin hoto, The Movement, wanda ya tara kuɗi don SNCC.  Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin matan Latina guda biyu waɗanda suka yi aiki ga SNCC.  A cikin 1968, ta koma New Mexico don fara jarida don tallafawa Alianza Federal de Mercedes .  Tare da lauya Beverly Axelrod, Martínez ta haka ne ya kafa jaridar motsi na harshe biyu *[[El Grito del Norte]]*, wanda ta yi aiki a kan shekaru biyar.  A cikin 1973, ta haɗu kuma ta jagoranci Cibiyar Sadarwa ta Chicano, tsarin tsari da ilimi na tushen Barrio .   Martínez ta gyara ƙarar hoto na harshe biyu na Shekaru 500 na Tarihin Chicano wanda ya rinjayi bidiyonta Viva La Causa! wanda aka nuna a bukukuwan fina-finai da kuma a azuzuwa a fadin kasar. 

Bayan ya koma Bay Area a 1976, Martínez ya shirya game da al'amuran al'ummar Latino, ya koyar da karatun mata na ɗan lokaci, ya gudanar da taron horar da wariyar launin fata, kuma yayi aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin matasa.  Martínez ya koyar da Nazarin Kabilanci da Nazarin Mata a Jami'ar Jihar Hayward .  A cikin aikinta Martínez ta rubuta labarai da yawa. Ta rubuta guda don Mujallar Z,  Ms.Magazine,  da sauran wallafe-wallafe. An ba da kyautar Martinez don ƙirƙirar kalmar Zaluncin Olympics .  Martínez ya yi gudun hijira ga Gwamnan California a kan tikitin Jam'iyyar Aminci da 'Yanci a 1982 kuma ya karbi kyaututtuka da yawa daga dalibai, al'umma, da kungiyoyin ilimi,  ciki har da Scholar of the Year 2000 ta Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Chicana da Chicano .  A cikin 1997, ita da Phil Hutchings sun kafa Cibiyar Shari'a ta MultiRacial Justice,  wanda "na nufin ƙarfafa gwagwarmayar fata ta hanyar yin aiki a matsayin cibiyar albarkatun don taimakawa wajen gina ƙawance tsakanin mutane masu launi da kuma yaki da rarrabuwa."  A cikin 2004, ta yi aiki a hukumar ba da shawara ga ƙungiyar 2004 Racism Watch .  Har ila yau, ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga Catalyst Project, wata kungiyar ilimin siyasa mai adawa da wariyar launin fata wanda ke mayar da hankali ga al'ummomin fararen fata.  Martínez ya mutu a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2021, yana da shekaru 95. 

## Manazarta