Rosey Pool

**Rosey E. Pool** (an haife ta **Rosa Eva Pool** ; 7 ga Mayu 1905)&nbsp;– 29 Satumba 1971) mawaki ne kuma masanin tarihin waƙoƙin Baƙar fata na ƙasar Holland.

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Shekarun farko
An haifi Pool kuma ta girma a cikin dangin Yahudawa marasa addini a Amsterdam, Netherlands. A shekarun 1920, ta shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin matasa na Dutch Popular Front, kamar su Arbeiders Jeugd Centrale (AJC) da Social Democratic Students Club (SDSC). A shekarar 1927, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa *Socialistische Kunstenaarskring* (SKK, ko Socialist Artists Circle).

### Shekarun 1930: Digirin PhD da fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a a Berlin
A watan Agusta na shekarar 1927, jim kaɗan bayan aurenta da lauyan Berlin kuma daga baya Sanata Gerhard Kramer na Hamburg (1904–1973), Pool ta ƙaura zuwa Berlin . A can, ta yi karatun adabin Ingilishi a Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität (wanda a yanzu ake kira Jami'ar Humboldt ). Duk da cewa daga baya ta yi iƙirarin cewa ita ƙwararriyar masaniyar ɗan adam ce, ta yi karatun fannin falsafa. Ta rubuta takardar digirinta a kan *Waƙar 'Yan Negro na Amurka*, amma ba ta iya kammala wannan ba saboda matakan kin jinin Yahudawa da 'yan Nazi suka ɗauka. A shekarar 1935, Kramer da Pool suka sake aure. Daga Berlin, Pool ta taimaka wa Yahudawan Jamus su gudu zuwa Netherlands, ta hanyar ba su adiresoshi. A watan Janairu na shekarar 1939, jim kaɗan bayan Kirsimeti, Pool ta koma Amsterdam.

### 1940s: juriya a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu
A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ta koyar a makarantar Yahudawa ta Lyceum da ke Amsterdam (tare da Anne Frank a cikin ɗalibanta). Pool ta shiga cikin wata ƙungiyar masu fafutukar Yahudawa ta Jamus mai suna Van Dien, wadda ta haɗu a kusa da Tehuis Oosteinde.  A watan Satumba na 1943, wannan ƙungiyar masu adawa ta taimaka mata ta tsere daga sansanin 'yan Nazi na Westerbork . Ta ɓuya a garin Baarn, ta rubuta waƙoƙin masu adawa kuma ta tattara tarin waƙoƙin Baƙar fata.

A ƙarshen shekarar 1949, Pool ta ƙaura zuwa Landan don zama tare da ƙawarta "Isa" Isenberg. 

### Shekarun 1950 da 1960: ƙwararre a fannin waƙoƙin Baƙar fata-Amurka
Bayan yaƙin, Pool ta kafa wasiƙu da shahararrun marubuta da mawaƙa 'yan Afirka-Amurka kamar Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes, WEB Du Bois, Naomi Madgett, Owen Dodson, Gordon Heath, da Robert Hayden . Daga gidanta na Landan, ta shiga cikin Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Baƙar fata, a Birtaniya da Amurka.

Pool ta yi tafiya zuwa Amurka a matsayin malamar Fulbright kuma tare da tallafin UNCF (1959–1960), kuma ta kasance malamar baƙo a wasu kwalejoji a Kudancin Kudu. A Amurka, ta ba da gudummawa wajen 'yantar da Baƙar fata Amurkawa a cikin Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta hanyar kwatanta matakan kin jinin Yahudawa na Nazis da wariyar Kudancin Amurka. Lokacin da Pool ta kasance malamar baƙo a Alabama A da M, ta shirya tarurrukan marubuta guda biyu, tare da Samuel W. Allen (Paul Vesey), Margaret Burroughs, Dudley Randall da Mari Evans . Ed Simpkins ya bayyana: "[littafin] na Rosey *Pool* ne ya fara haɗa mu (...)."   Argo ya samar da wani LP wanda aka sanya wa suna *Beyond the Blues* a London a 1963, tare da fitattun masu karatu ciki har da Brock Peters, Gordon Heath, Vinette Carroll, da Cleo Laine . 

A shekarar 1966, Pool ta kasance memba na alkalai a bikin baje kolin fasahar baƙar fata na duniya, wanda aka gudanar a Dakar, Senegal. alkalan sun ba wa mawaƙi Robert Hayden da Nelson Mandela kyaututtuka.  A ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 1965,  Pool ta zama mai bin addinin Bahá'í . An ganta tana tallata addinin.   

## Zaɓaɓɓun littattafan karatu

### Mai Fassara

* Emily Dickinson, *Wakoki Goma* (Amsterdam: Vijf Ponden Pers, 1944)
* William Shakespeare, *Sonnets uku* (Utrecht: GM van Wees, 1944)
* Annie MG Schmidt, *Soyayya daga Mick da Mandy* (London: Odhams Press, 1961)
* Annie MG Schmidt, *Sa'a Mick da Mandy* (London: Odhams Press, 1961)
* Annie MG Schmidt, *Take care, Mick da Mandy* (London: Odhams Press, 1961)
* Claude Brown, *Mijn Harlem* (Rotterdam: Lemniscaat, 1966)

### Marubuci

* "Farfadowar Afirka", a cikin: *Phylon* [1940–1956], vol. 14, no. 1 (Qtr na 1, 1953), shafi na 1.&nbsp;5–8
* "Mai Ra'ayin Baƙin Ciki a Turai", a cikin: *Phylon* [1940–1956], vol. 14, no. 3 (Qtr na 3, 1953), shafi na 1.&nbsp;258–267
* * n Engelse sleutel. Een ABC akan "Perfide Albion"* (Amsterdam: De Boer, 1957)
* (Mai haɗin gwiwa tare da Eric Walrond ), *Baƙaƙe da Ba a San Ko Wanene ba: Tarin Waƙoƙin Negro* (Aldington, Kent: Hand & Flower Press, 1958)
* (Co-edita tare da Paul Breman ), *Ik zag hoe zwart ik was.* *Poëzie van Noordamerikaanse negers. Een tweetalige bloemlezing van Rosey E. Pool da Paul Breman* (Den Haag: Bert Bakker / Daamen NV, 1958)
* (Mai edita tare da Paul Breman), *Black duk rana.* *Waqoqin Negro na Amurka* (Amsterdam: Instituut voor Kunstnijverheidsonderwijs, 1960)
* (Edita) *Bayan Blues: Sabbin Waƙoƙi na American Negroes* (Lympne, Kent, Ingila: Hand and Flower Press, 1962)
* "Gano Waƙoƙin Baƙar fata na Amurka", a cikin: *Freedomways .* *Sharhin kwata-kwata na Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Baƙar fata ta Negro*, kaka ta 1963, vol. 3, no. 4.
* (Edita) *Ik ben de nieuwe neger* (Den Haag: Bert Bakker, 1965)
* "Jefa min ƙalubalenka. Sharhi Kan Yanayin Adabi", a cikin: *Negro Digest*, Disamba 1965, vol. XV, no. 2, shafi na 1.&nbsp;54–60
* "Robert Hayden: Mawaki Mai Laureate", a cikin: *Negro Digest*, Yuni 1966, vol. XV, lamba 8, shafi na 1.&nbsp;39–75.
* *Lachen om niet te huilen* (Rotterdam: Lemniscaat, 1968)
* "Anne Frank: Yaro da Tatsuniya", a cikin: *Tsarin Duniya* : Bazara 1972, Vol. 6, No. 3
* "'Grand Prix de la Poezie' don Robert Hayden", a cikin: *Tsarin Duniya* : Lokacin bazara na 1983, Vol. 17, No. 4

### Adabin sakandare

* Anneke Sayayya, ''Kyauta mai ban mamaki ta abota'' (rubutun da ba a buga ba, Apeldoorn, 1987)
* Lonneke Geerlings, "Nazarin gani na Tarihin Wasikun Rosey E. Pool. Bayanan Rayuwa, Haɗuwa, da Nazarin Sadarwar Zamani", *Takardun Taro na Farko kan Bayanan Rayuwa a Duniyar Dijital 2015, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 9 Afrilu 2015*, shafi na 10.&nbsp;61–67.
* Lonneke Geerlings, *[https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/survivor-agitator-rosey-e-pool-and-the-transatlantic-century Mai tsira, Mai tayar da hankali: Rosey E. Pool and the Transatlantic Century.]* Takardar digirin digirgir, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 2020. Za a buga tare da Jami'ar Georgia Press a 2021.

## Manazarta