Barbara W. Tuchman

**Barbara Wertheim Tuchman** / / ˈtʌkmən / ; Janairu 30, 1912 - Fabrairu 6, 1989) ƙwararriyar masaniyar tarihi ce, 'yar jarida kuma marubuciya 'yar Amurka. Ta lashe kyautar Pulitzer sau biyu, don *The Guns of August* (1962), tarihin da ya fi sayarwa na farkon watan farko na Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, da kuma *Stilwell and the American Experience in China* (1971), tarihin rayuwar Janar Joseph Stilwell . 

Tuchman ya mayar da hankali kan rubuta tarihin jama'a .

Tuchman memba ce a ƙungiyar Marubuta da Masu Zane-zane don Zaman Lafiya a Gabas ta Tsakiya, wata ƙungiya mai goyon bayan Isra'ila. A shekarar 1984, ta sanya hannu kan wata wasiƙa tana nuna rashin amincewa da sayar da makamai ga Saudiyya ga Jamus . 

## Shekarun farko
An haifi **Barbara Wertheim** a ranar 30 ga Janairu, 1912, 'yar ma'aikacin banki Maurice Wertheim da matarsa ta farko Alma Morgenthau. Mahaifinta mutum ne mai arziki da daraja, mai mujallar *The Nation*, shugaban kwamitin Yahudawa na Amurka, fitaccen mai tattara zane-zane, kuma wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo .  Mahaifiyarta 'yar Henry Morgenthau ce, jakadan Woodrow Wilson a Daular Ottoman . 

Duk da cewa ba ta ambaci hakan a fili a cikin littafinta na 1962 *mai suna The Guns of August* ba, Tuchman ta kasance a wurin ɗaya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a cikin littafin: bin diddigin jirgin ruwan yaƙi na Jamus  da jirgin ruwan  mai sauƙi . A cikin labarinta na bin diddigin, ta rubuta, "A safiyar ranar [10 ga Agusta, 1914] ƙaramin jirgin ruwan fasinja na Italiya ya isa Constantinople wanda ya shaida matakin *Gloucester* akan  da *Breslau* . Daga cikin fasinjojin jirgin akwai *<nowiki/>*' yarsa, surukinsa da jikoki uku na jakadan Amurka Mr. Henry Morgenthau."  Jika ce ga Henry Morgenthau; tana nufin kanta. An tabbatar da wannan a cikin littafinta na baya-bayan nan *Practicing History*,  inda ta ba da labarin mahaifinta, Maurice Wertheim, yana tafiya daga Constantinople zuwa Urushalima a ranar 29 ga Agusta, 1914, don isar da kuɗi ga al'ummar Yahudawa a can. Don haka, da ƙarfe biyu na dare, Tuchman ta kasance a wurin yayin da ake neman *Goeben* da *Breslau*, wanda ta rubuta shekaru 48 bayan haka.

Tun tana ƙarama, littattafan Lucy Fitch Perkins da GA Henty, da kuma littattafan tarihi na Alexandre Dumas sun yi tasiri a Wertheim.  Ta halarci Makarantar Walden da ke Manhattan's Upper West Side.  Ta sami digirin farko na Fasaha daga Kwalejin Radcliffe a 1933, bayan ta yi nazarin tarihi da adabi. 

## Mai bincike kuma ɗan jarida
Bayan kammala karatunta, Wertheim ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike mai sa kai a Cibiyar Hulɗa da Pacific da ke New York, inda ta shafe shekara guda a Tokyo a tsakanin 1934-35, ciki har da wata guda a China, sannan ta koma Amurka ta hanyar Jirgin Ƙasa na Trans-Siberian zuwa Moscow da kuma Paris.  Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga Jaridar *The Nation* a matsayin wakiliya har zuwa lokacin da mahaifinta ya sayar da littafin a shekarar 1937, tana tafiya zuwa Valencia da Madrid don ɗaukar rahoto game da Yaƙin Basasa na Spain . 

A shekarar 1940, Wertheim ya auri Lester R. Tuchman (1904–1997), ƙwararren likitan ciki, mai bincike kan lafiya kuma farfesa a fannin likitanci a Makarantar Magunguna ta Mount Sinai da ke Manhattan. Sun haifi 'ya'ya mata uku, ciki har da Jessica Mathews, wacce ta zama shugabar Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . 

A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Tuchman ta yi aiki a Ofishin Bayar da Bayanai kan Yaƙi .  Bayan yaƙin, Tuchman ta shafe shekaru goma masu zuwa tana aiki don renon 'ya'yanta yayin da take yin bincike na asali don abin da zai zama littafin 1956 mai *suna Bible and Sword: England and Palestine from the Bronze Age to Balfour.* 

## Masanin tarihi
Da buga littafin *Bible and Sword* a shekarar 1956, Tuchman ta sadaukar da kanta ga bincike da rubutu na tarihi, inda ta fitar da sabon littafi kusan duk bayan shekaru huɗu.  Maimakon ta ji kamar ba ta da wani ci gaba a tarihi, Tuchman ta yi jayayya cewa 'yanci daga tsauraran matakai da tsammanin ilimi a zahiri yana 'yantar da mutane. Ta ce ƙa'idodin rubuce-rubucen ilimi za su "danne duk wani ƙarfin rubutu." 

Tuchman ta fi son tsarin rubutu na rubutu wajen rubuta tarihi, tana ba da labarai masu bayani masu kyau maimakon mai da hankali kan gano da wallafa sabbin majiyoyin tarihi. A cikin kalaman wani mai rubuta tarihin rayuwa, Tuchman "ba masanin tarihin tarihi ba ne; ita masanin tarihin rayuwa ce wadda ta sanya abubuwan da suka gabata su zama abin sha'awa ga miliyoyin masu karatu". 

A shekarar 1971, Tuchman ya sami kyautar Adabi ta St. Louis daga ƙungiyar masu kula da ɗakin karatu ta Jami'ar Saint Louis .  

A shekarar 1978, an zaɓe Tuchman a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka . [1] Ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama shugabar Kwalejin Fasaha da Wasiku ta Amurka a shekarar 1979. [2] Ta lashe kyautar littattafai ta ƙasa ta Amurka a Tarihi [3] a bugun farko na A Distant Mirror a shekarar 1980. [4] Haka kuma a shekarar 1980, Tuchman ta ba da Lakca ta Jefferson ta Ƙasa don Jin Daɗin Bil Adama (NEH), babbar girmamawa ga gwamnatin tarayya ta Amurka kan nasara a fannin ilimin ɗan adam . Lakca ta Tuchman an yi mata taken "Muhimman Lokacin da Mutum Ya Fi Kyau". [5]

Tuchman amintaccen Kwalejin Radcliffe ne kuma malami a Jami'ar Harvard, Jami'ar California, da Kwalejin Yaƙin Sojan Ruwa . Duk da cewa ba ta taɓa samun digirin digiri na biyu a tarihi ba, Tuchman ta sami digirin girmamawa da dama daga manyan jami'o'in Amurka, ciki har da Jami'ar Yale, Jami'ar Harvard, Jami'ar New York, Jami'ar Columbia, Jami'ar Boston, da Kwalejin Smith, da sauransu. 

## Manazarta