open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Tarihin Rai

***Tarihin Rai***, wanda Zhang Chengzhi ya rubuta, aiki ne na tarihin tarihin da ya kai shekaru 172, wanda ke bincika rikice-rikicen mutum da na addini tsakanin Jahriyya, tariqah na Sufi a Arewa maso yammacin China.  An buga shi a cikin 1991, ya ci gaba da zama littafi na biyu mafi kyawun sayar da kasar Sin a cikin 1994.

## Takaitaccen Bayani
Littafin ya kasu kashi bakwai ko "ƙofofi", kowannensu ya dace da ɗaya daga cikin tsararraki bakwai na iyayengiji, shahidai, da talakawa na Jahriyya Order.

* Babi na 1: The Scarlet Green Banner (ja kore flag) 
* Babi na 2: Gaskiya ya ɓace (gaskiya) 
* Babi na 3: Bautar (ba a fitar da shi) 
* Babi na 4: Sabon Duniya (Sabon Duniya) 
* Babi na 5: Kyakkyawan shahadar (kyautar sadaukarwa) 
* Babi na 6: An kunyata shi
* Babi na 7: Kaddamar da Ƙofar zamani (叩開 babbar ƙofar zamani) 

## Littattafai

* Buga na farko: Zuciya tarihi, Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin: Huacheng Publishing House, Janairu 1991. 
* 1995 edition: 张承志 literature works选集:心灵史卷, Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin: Hainan Publishing House, Agusta 1995.  .
* Al'adun gargajiya na kasar Sin: Zuciya Tarihi -揭開哲合忍耶的聖域之謎, Jamhuriyar Sin (Taiwan): Fengyun Shidai, Janairu 1997. ISBN .&nbsp;
* 1999 edition: 心灵史 长篇小说卷[M].张承志著. Tarihin Zuciya Doguwar litattafan[M]. 长沙: Halitta ta Halitta.1999. ISBN .&nbsp;

## Manazarta

### Bayani

### Tushen

*  
*  
*  
*  
* Zhang, Chengzhi. *Xin Ling Shi* Guangzhou Shi: Hua cheng chu ban, 1991. Bugawa.
Masallacin Kochakhmedli

**[[Masallaci]] Kochakhmedli** (Azerbaijan_language" id="mwHQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Azerbaijani language" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Azerbaijani: Qoçəhmədli məscidi) tsohon masallacin Shia ne kuma abin tunawa na tarihi, yanzu a cikin rushewa, wanda ke cikin ƙauyen Qoçəh Taydli, a cikin gundumar Fuzuli ta Azerbaijan .

## Tarihi
Masallacin Kochakhmedli, wanda ke cikin ƙauyen Kochakhméli a cikin gundumar Fuzuli, Karbelayi Sefikhan Garabaghi ne ya gina shi tsakanin 1905 da 1906  . An sanya shi a kan tudu, yana sama da gidan Shukur bey. Rubutun da ke sama da ƙofar ƙofar ya nuna cewa an gina masallacin a cikin shekarun da aka ambata. Duk da yake akwai ƙananan bambance-bambance a girman, salon gine-ginensa, ƙira, da shimfidar wuri suna kama da na Masallacin Hajı Alekber. Gidan addu'a na Masallacin Kochakhmedli ya ƙunshi ginshiƙai huɗu na dutse. Duwatsu da niches, da kuma ginshiƙan bango masu ɗaukar kaya da aka sanya a kan wannan axis, kusan abubuwa ne na tsari iri ɗaya ga waɗanda ke cikin Masallacin Hajı Alekber.

Tsohon masallacin ya kunshi bene biyu, tare da bene na biyu da aka tsara don mata.

### Yankin Soviet
Bayan mamayar Soviet, gwagwarmayar hukuma da addini ta fara a 1928. A watan Disamba na wannan shekarar, kwamitin tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Azerbaijan ya sauya masallatai da yawa, majami'u, da majami'a zuwa ga ma'aunin ma'auni na kungiyoyin ilimi don dalilai na koyarwa. Idan akwai kimanin masallatai 3,000 a Azerbaijan a 1917, zuwa 1927, wannan adadin ya ragu zuwa 1,700, kuma zuwa 1933, ya kai 17. Bayan haka, an rufe masallatai kuma ba a yi amfani da su ba.

### Bayan samun 'yancin kai
Sojojin Armenia sun mamaye ƙauyen Kochakhmedli a cikin 1993.

Bayan Azerbaijan ta sake samun 'yancin kanta, an haɗa tsohon masallacin a cikin jerin muhimman abubuwan tarihi da al'adu na cikin gida ta hanyar yanke shawara No. 132 na majalisar ministocin Jamhuriyar Azerbaijan mai kwanan wata 2 ga Agusta, 2001. 

Sojojin Azerbaijan ne suka 'yantar da ƙauyen a ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 2020.  A lokacin mamayewa, an lalata masallacin kuma ArArmeniyawa yi amfani da shi azaman shago.[2]

## Dubi kuma
 

* Musulunci na Shia a Azerbaijan
* Jerin masallatai a Azerbaijan

## Manazarta

* Qoçəhmədli məscidi
Masallacin White, Berat

Masallaci White (Albania_language" id="mwIw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Albanian language" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Albanian), wanda aka fi sani da Masallacin Sultan Bayezid II, masallaci ne da aka rushe a Berat Castle, Berat, Albania . An sanya tsohon masallacin a matsayin Tarihin Al'adu na Albania a cikin 1961;  kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na Cibiyoyin Tarihi na Berat da Gjirokastër, Gidan Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO wanda aka sanya shi a cikin 2005.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya
Daga ƙaramin masallaci, kusan murabba'in akwai har yanzu ganuwar tushe mai tsayi 1-mita (3.3  da tushe na Minaret, wanda ke da ɗan sama da mita 2 (6  in) tsawo. An gina shi da farin dutse  1417, kuma an lalata shi a wani lokaci a cikin karni na 19 bayan tashin hankali na gida game da sake fasalin Tanzimat na Daular Ottoman, amma an bar shi ba tare da an gama shi ba bayan 1967 a ƙarƙashin mulkin Enver Hoxha.

## Dubi kuma

* Musulunci a Albania
* Jerin masallatai a Albania
* Jerin Tarihin Al'adu na Addini na Albania

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje
Masallacin Fatih Sultan Mehmet

Masallacin Fatih Sultan Mehmet (Albaniya: Xhamia e Sulltan Mehmet Fatihut), wanda kuma aka sani da St. Stephen's Cathedral na Shkodër a Rozafa (Albaniya: Katedralja e Shën Shtjefnit në Rozafë, Latin: Ecclesia cathedralis Sancti Stephaniry de Roman Katolika) Daga baya kuma tsohon masallacin Islama, wanda ke cikin katangar Rozafa kusa da Shkodër, Albaniya. An lalata wani yanki a cikin c. 1967, tsarin yana cikin rugujewar yanayi.

## Tarihi

### A matsayin babban coci
OAn gina babban cocin a cikin gidan sarauta na Rozafa a karni na 13,  kuma an faɗaɗa shi a ƙarni na 14 da 15 yayin da yake ƙarƙashin mallakar Venice. A cikin 1319 Don Andrea na Shkodër ya kawo masassaƙa daga Ragusa don taimakawa wajen gyara yankin cocin da aka keɓe ga mawaƙa. An ambaci wani gyare-gyare a cikin 1403 daga kyaftin din janar na Shkodër na lokacin, wanda ya kawo 5,000 tiles daga Ragusa don amfani da rufin cocin. : 44 

Tsarin gine-gine yayi kama da wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Ratac Abbey a Montenegro, wanda aka gina daga baya, da kuma coci a Šas. Yana da cella, wanda rufin ya rufe, da kuma bagade wanda aka rarrabe ta hanyar ƙetare. bagaden yana da taga ɗaya na cocin. Akwai abubuwa na gine-gine na duka umarnin Dominican da Franciscan a cikin babban coci.

Kusa da cocin shine Gidan bishop, wanda aka rubuta tun 1251. Koyaya, bayan Siege na Shkodra na 1478-1479 ba a yarda bishop ya zauna a cikin gidan sarauta ba. 

### A matsayin masallaci
A shekara ta 1685, Ottomans sun canza cocin zuwa masallaci. Yawancin abubuwa a cikin tsohuwar cocin an cire su, ban da tsohuwar kwayar da aka ajiye a matsayin 'kyakkyawar yaki'. An sanya sunan masallacin ne don girmama Mehmet the Conqueror . An gina Minaret a gefen kudancin tsarin kuma a cikin wani yanki na bagaden, an shigar da mihrab. : 45–46 

Wani khan (inn), wanda ake kira The Inn of Noka (Albaniya: Hani i Nokës), da alama an gina shi akan harsashin gidan tsohon bishop kuma ya wanzu har 1951.[1]:45–46

A cikin 1939, Giuseppe Valentini, wani limamin Italiyanci kuma masanin alban, ya ba da shawarar hanyoyin da za a maido da ginin a matsayin coci.[1][2]:46-47 Yunkurin da aka shirya na mayar da masallacin zuwa yadda ake amfani da shi na asali, tare da tallafin wani ɓangare na Amurka, al'ummar musulmin Shkodër sun ƙi. Jakadiyar Amurka a Albaniya, Marcy Ries, ta yi alkawarin sake tantance kudaden aikin.[3]

Rushewar wannan masallacin-masallaci suna da dikka, mihrab, da ragowar babban minaret. Masallacin Fatih Sultan Mehmet yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan gine-gine daga Zamanin Tsakiya a Shkodër kuma shine kawai masallacin da ya tsira a Shkodra a lokacin mulkin kama-karya na Kwaminisanci na Enver Hoxha, wanda ya lalata dukkan masallatai 36 a Shkodér.

## Dubi kuma
 

* Roman Katolika a Albania
* Musulunci a Albania
* Jerin masallatai a Albania

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje
Masallacin Baba Kuhi Bakuvi

**[[Masallaci]] Baba Kuhi [[Baku]]** (Azerbaijan_language" id="mwHQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Azerbaijani language" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Azerbaijani: Baba Kuhi Bakwi məscidi) tsohuwar masallaci ce, yanzu a cikin rushewa, wanda ke cikin Tsohon Birni Baku, babban birnin Azerbaijan . Tun daga ƙarni na 9th-10th, yana ɗaya daga cikin masallatai mafi tsufa a Baku, kuma yana cikin ɓangaren tarihi na Icherisheher, arewacin Maiden Tower . Wataƙila na masanin Farisa ne kuma masanin tauhidi Baba Kuhi Bakuvi . 

## Bincike
An gano masallacin ne sakamakon binciken archaeological da aka gudanar tsakanin 1990 da 1993 wanda masanin binciken Farhad Ibrahimov ya gudanar. An sami rubutun Larabci a kan bagaden masallacin, wanda aka rubuta a rubutun kufi kuma yana cewa, "Ikon Allah ne (Allah)." Wannan rubutun ya karanta shi ne ta hanyar marubucin Meshadikhanum Neymat. Abubuwan da ke cikin rubutun sun ba da damar masu bincike su danganta abin tunawa ga ƙarni na 9 zuwa 10.

A sakamakon ƙananan tono a cikin 1998, an gano ɗakuna biyu na masallacin. Masallacin, gami da ɗakunan da ke kusa da su da kuma ginshiƙan arches na lancet, wani abu ne mai rikitarwa. 

## Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

Fayil:Baba_Kuhi_Bakuvi_mosque.jpg
Fayil:Baba_Kuhi_Bakuvi_mosque_3.jpg
Fayil:"Baba_Kuhi_Bakuvi_mosque"_2.JPG
Fayil:Bazar_meydani-2.JPG
Fayil:Bakı,_İçəri_Şəhər,_05.01.2014_-_03.jpg
Fayil:Məscid_və_məscid_həyəti_ibadət_yeri_(1).jpg


## Dubi kuma
 

* Musulunci a Azerbaijan
* Jerin masallatai a Azerbaijan
* Jerin masallatai a Baku

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje
Yakin Tibet na Bakhtiyar Khalji

Bakhtiyar Khalji, janar na Qutubuddin Aibak, ya kaddamar da kamfen don mamaye Tibet a cikin 1205 ko 1206.  

Tibet ya kasance tushen dawakai, mallakar kowace sojoji mafi daraja, kuma Khalji yana da sha'awar sarrafa kasuwanci mai riba tsakanin Tibet da Indiya. Sojojin Khajli sun fara satar kasar a kewayen yankin Tibet na kwarin Chumbi. Mutanen yankin da sassan da ke kusa da su sun ci gaba da fatattakar maharan. Tun daga wayewar gari har zuwa lokacin sallar isha'i, an gwabza kazamin fada, aka kashe ko jikkata da dama daga cikin sojojin Khalji. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need]

## Tarihi
Bakhtiyar Khalji, janar na Qutubuddin Aibak, ya ci Bihar da Nadia, babban birnin Sena Sarakunan Bengal. Daga baya ya damu da burin cin nasarar Tibet. A tarihi, Bengal tana da alaƙar kasuwanci tare da Tibet tare da 'Hanyar Tea-Horse', ta hanyar Assam, Sikkim da Bhutan, zuwa wasu sassan China da kudu maso gabashin Asiya, waɗanda suka kasance gida ga ma'adinan zinariya da azurfa. Tibet kuma ta kasance tushen dawakai. Har ila yau, mamayewar da aka shirya ya yi daidai da Era of Fragmentation da rushewar Daular Tibet.

Ali Mech, wani shugaban kabilanci daga tuddai na Himalayas a arewacin Bengal ne ya taimaka wa wannan balaguron. Mech ya kasance mai tuba zuwa ga Islama kwanan nan, kuma ya taimaka wa balaguron ta hanyar aiki a matsayin jagora.

## Yaƙin neman zaɓe
A kan hanyarsa ta arewa, Khalji ya gayyaci sarkin 'Kamrud'  don shiga tare da shi, amma na ƙarshe ya ki. Bayan tafiya na kwanaki 16 ta yankin Kogin Teesta a Arewacin Bengal da Sikkim,  sojojin Khalji sun isa Kwarin Chumbi kuma sun fara satar ƙauyukan Tibet.  Dutsen Himalayan mai tsawo na Tibet wani wuri ne da ba a saba da shi ba ga sojojin da suka mamaye, waɗanda suka fi amfani da su ga filayen da ke da zafi na Bengal. Mutanen Tibet sun ja hankalin Khalji da sojojinsa na Turkiyya cikin tarko, sun haifar da mummunan rauni kuma sun sa Khalji ya koma baya. A duk hanyar tserewa, 'Yan Tibet sun ci gaba da kai hare-hare kan sojojin da suka janye. Sojojin Khalji da aka ci nasara sosai sun ci dawakai don su kasance da rai.

A lokacin da suka koma Bengal, sojojin Khalji sun ratsa filayen Arewacin Bengal. Bayan sun isa yankin Himalayan mai zurfi, sojojin sun yi ƙoƙari su haye gada ta dutse ta dā a kan tuddai kusa da kogin Teesta .  Sojojin Khalji sun gano cewa sojojin Kamrup sun lalata arches a cikin gadar, suna sa ya zama da wahala a haye kogin mai zurfi. A cikin yunkurin da suka yi na isa wancan gefen kogi a Devkot, sojojin Khalji sun rasa mutane da dawakai da yawa. An ce daga cikin sojojin 10,000 da suka shiga Tibet, kimanin mutane 100 ne kawai suka dawo. Bayan ya haye kogin, Ali Mech ya jagoranci Bakhtiyar Khilji zuwa Devkot (Gundumar Dakshin Dinajpur ta yanzu, West Bengal). 

## Sakamakon haka
Akwai labaran biyu game da abin da ya faru da Bakhtiyar Khalji bayan Tibet da Kamrup. Wani labarin ya yi magana game da mutuwarsa daga rashin lafiya da rauni yayin wannan koma Bengal. Wani labarin ya lura cewa Ali Mardan Khalji ne ya kashe shi bayan ya koma Devkot a Bengal.

## Dubi kuma

* Tafiyar Burtaniya zuwa Tibet
* Raja Prithu

## Manazarta
Kalmomin Ɗari

Kalmar Eulogy mai ɗari ( Sinanci: 百字讃; pinyin: Bǎi Zì Zàn) yabo ne mai haruffa 100 na yabo ga Musulunci da kuma annabin Musulunci Muhammad wanda Sarkin Hongwu na daular Ming na kasar Sin ya rubuta a shekarar 1368.[1] Ana nuna kwafinsa a masallatai da dama a birnin Nanjing na kasar Sin.[2]

## Rubutun
It was recorded that "His Majesty ordered to have mosques built in Xijing and Nanjing (the capital cities), and in southern Yunnan, Fujian and Guangdong. His Majesty also personally wrote *baizizan* (eulogy) in praise of the Prophet's virtues."

## Dubi kuma

* Shangdi
* Musulunci a kasar Sin

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Shafin da aka keɓe tare da fassarorin Turanci guda biyu, hotuna, da rikodin sauti na asali.
* hoton
* Baizizan a MuslimHymns.com
Masallacin Keygubad

**[[Masallaci]] Keygubad** (Azerbaijan_language" id="mwHg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Azerbaijani language" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Azerbaijani: Kеyqubаd Trascidi; Farisa: مسجد کیقباد) tsohon masallaci ne na tarihi, yanzu a cikin rushewar yanki, wanda ke kan Gala turn a Baku)" id="mwIw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Old City (Baku)">Tsohon Birni Baku a Azerbaijan . Tsohon masallacin karni na 14 yana gefen kudu na masallacin Seyid Yahya Bakuvi .

Masallacin Keygubad yana daga cikin Fadar Shirvanshahs da aka jera a cikin Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO.

## Tarihi
Takamaiman tarihin da aikin ginin yana da rikici. A tarihi, masallacin Keygubad gini ne na masallaci-madrasa wanda ke kusa da Kabarin Darvish. Abbasgulu Bakikhanov ya rubuta game da Bakuvi game da koyarwarsa da bauta a masallacin:

Shirvanshah Keyqubad na kasance a cikin iko a cikin 1317-48. A cewar sanannen mai bincike, S. Ashurbeyli, Keyqubad kakan Sheikh Ibrahim ne.

A lokacin abubuwan da suka faru a shekarar 1918 sojojin Armenia sun ƙone masallacin. : 102 

A kudancin ɓangaren ƙananan farfajiyar Fadar Shirvanshahs, ragowar tushe da 'yan arches na masallacin Keygubad ne kawai suka rage.

## Abubuwan gine-gine
Masallacin ya kunshi zauren bautar rectangle da kuma hanyar da ke gabanta. Asalinsa a tsakiyar zauren, akwai ginshiƙai 4 don riƙe dome. : 1 ta kasance kusa da zauren tare da hallway. A bangon kudancin zauren akwai wani mimihrab] : 102 

Tare da mausoleum da masallacin Keygubad, farfajiyar tsakiya tana da matsayi na tsaka-tsaki a cikin fadar Shirvanshahs saboda wurin da take. : 103 

## Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

Fayil:План_старой_мечети_г._Баку.jpg|Floor plan
Fayil:Разрез_старой_мечети_г._Баку.jpg|Cross section
Fayil:Старая_мечеть_в_г._Баку.jpg|Side view
Fayil:Ханский_Дворец_в_г._Баку.jpg|View of the mosque before its destruction


## Dubi kuma
 

* Musulunci a Azerbaijan
* Jerin masallatai a Azerbaijan

## Manazarta

### Bayanan littattafai

*  
*  

## Haɗin waje
Masallacin Khoja Marjanli

**[[Masallaci]] Khoja Marjanli** (Azerbaijan_language" id="mwHQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Azerbaijani language" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Azerbaijani) tsohon masallacin Shia Islam ne, yanzu a cikin rushewa, wanda ke cikin Shusha, a cikin gundumar Karabakh ta Azerbaijan . Tana kan titin Mirza Alakbar Sabir na unguwar Khoja Marjanli na Shusha, kimanin kilomita  (220  daga Baku, babban birnin.

Shusha na daga cikin Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, kuma ya zo ƙarƙashin ikon sojojin Armeniya na gida a ranar 8 ga Mayu, 1992 .  A lokacin mamayewa, an watsar da masallacin kuma an lalata shi. A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 2020, sojojin Azerbaijan sun sake karbar birnin a lokacin yakin Nagorno-Karabakh na 2020 bayan yakin kwana uku.

## Dubi kuma
 

* Musulunci na Shia a Azerbaijan
* Jerin masallatai a Azerbaijan
* Ruwan Khoja Marjanly
* Caravansary na 'yan uwan Safarov

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Abubuwan tunawa na Karabakh
Masallacin Chukhur Mahalla

Masallacin Chukhur Mahalla (Azerbaijani: Çuhur məhəllə məscidi, kuma aka sani da Azerbaijan: Shefa Ojagi, lit. 'Wurin Cure'),[1] tsohon masallacin Shi'a Islama ne, yanzu ya zama kango, wanda ke Shusha, a gundumar Karabakh ta Azerbaijan.

Shusha ta kasance ƙarƙashin mamayewar sojojin Armeniya tun lokacin da aka kama birnin a ranar 8 ga Mayu, 1992, har zuwa lokacin da Azerbaijan ta sake kamawa shi a ranar 8 ta Nuwamba, 2020, a lokacin yakin Nagorno-Karabakh na 2020. 

Masallacin ya kasance a gabashin Shusha, a kan titin N.B. Vazirov a cikin unguwar Chukhur Mahalla,   ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan unguwanni tara na Shusha.  Masallacin Chukhur Mahalla na ɗaya daga cikin masallatai goma sha bakwai a Shusha a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19.  Masallacin yana da minaret guda biyu.

An kafa Shusha a cikin shekarun 1750, kuma an cika unguwar Chukur har ma kafin a kammala ginin ganuwar gidan sarauta na Shusha. Chukhur Gala da ke kusa ya samar da unguwar da ruwan ma'adinai. Masallacin yana daga cikin abubuwan tunawa masu mahimmanci na Tarihin Tarihi da Gine-gine na Jihar Shusha da aka jera a UNESCO.

## See also

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Abubuwan tunawa na Karabakh
Jama Masjid, Shamsi

**Jama Masjid Shamsi** wanda kuma aka sani da **Jama Shamsi Shahi**, da kuma **Babban Masallacin Budaun**, masallacin Juma'a ne da aka gina a tsakiyar tarihi na Budaun, a cikin sashin Bareilly na jihar Uttar Pradesh, Indiya.

Masallacin wani abin tunawa ne mai muhimmanci ga ƙasa, wanda Hukumar Binciken Kayan Tarihi ta Indiya ke gudanarwa,  kuma wurin tarihi ne na ƙasa.

## Gine-gine
An gina masallacin a ƙarni na 13 ta hannun Iltutmish, sarkin Delhi Sultanate a wancan lokacin. Salon masallacin ya yi daidai da tsarin gine-ginen Farisa da Afghanistan . Yana da ƙofofi uku: babban ƙofar, wanda ke fuskantar Titin Shakeel, an yi ta da marmara ja kuma tsawonta ya kai  tsayi. Ƙofa ta biyu tana Farshori Tola kuma ta uku a Sotha. Tana da babban kumbon tsakiya da aka kewaye da wasu kumbon biyu, da wasu kumbon biyar. An yi benen da farin marmara ( *SangeMarMar* ). Tana da " *Hauz* " (tafki) da kuma " ''WuzuKhana'' " guda uku a harabarta. Bangarorin biyu na masallacin suna da bulogin zama: Jama Masjid Quarters.

An gina masallacin a kan wani wuri mai tsayi da ake kira Sotha Mohalla, kuma shine gini mafi girma a garin Budaun. 

Masallacin shine masallaci na uku mafi tsufa kuma na bakwai mafi girma a ƙasar bayan Masallacin Jama na Delhi, wanda ke ɗaukar masu ibada 23,500.  na masallacin ya fi kowane masallaci a ƙasar girma. Kafin faɗaɗa Masallacin Jama na Delhi, shi ne mafi girma kuma mafi shahara a ƙasar. Babban kusurwar masallacin shine mafi girman kusurwar kowane masallaci a ƙasar.

## Alaƙa da Hindu
A watan Oktoban 2022, ƙungiyoyin masu ra'ayin kishin Hindu masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun yi iƙirarin cewa wurin yana ɗaya daga cikin wuraren ibada na Hindu da aka gina a matsayin harsashin masallacin. Sun yi kira da a rusa masallacin saboda abin da suka kira sake maido da wurin a matsayin haikalin Hindu.  

## Gidan Hotuna

Fayil:Jama_Masjid_Shamsi.jpg|alt=A direct view from door number 2 situated on the either side of the mosque| Duba kai tsaye daga ƙofar lamba 2 da ke gefen masallacin


## Manazarta
Chempittapally

**Chempittapally**  wanda aka fi sani da **Chembitta Palli** kuma a matsayin **Chembittapally Juma Masjid**, masallaci ne na Juma'a na Sifi a unguwar Mattancherry, a Kochangadi, Kochi, a gundumar Ernakulam ta jihar Kerala, Indiya.  An gina rufin masallacin tsakanin 1520 da 1540, an yi masa ado da tayal na tagulla, don haka aka yi masa ado *da chempitta pally.* An gina masallacin a salon addinin Musulunci na Kerala, kuma yana cikin yankin tarihi, kusa da Fadar Mattancherry da aka lissafa a cikin MANI.

## Bayani
Ginin yana da ƙofofi uku: ɗaya a yamma wadda ke buɗewa zuwa Panayapilly, ta biyu a kudu wadda ke buɗewa zuwa Goldenmukku da Kochangadi, da kuma babbar ƙofar da ke gefen gabas na ginin, wadda ke buɗewa zuwa Angadi, wadda ke jagorantar hanyar zuwa Titin Jew da Mattancherry Bazaar zuwa arewa da kuma Chullickal zuwa kudu. Makabartar da ke kusa da ƙofar da ke kudu tana ɗauke da wasu tsoffin duwatsun kabari masu mahimmanci.

An yi sandunan tallafi na masallacin da katako. Tatsuniya ta nuna cewa wani ɗan kasuwa Bayahude wanda ya ji waliyyin Sufi Syed Mau Lana Bukhari Thangal yana karanta Tsohon Alkawari ga mabiyansa, ya yanke shawarar bayar da gudummawar katakon don gina wannan masallaci. Akwai rubuce-rubucen Tamil da Larabci a saman ƙofofi uku da ke kaiwa ga babban zauren addu'a.

Masallacin yana da alaƙa da tarihin iyalin Naina.  

## Manazarta
Jama Masjid, Chanderi

**Masallacin Jama** masallaci ne na Juma'a a Chanderi, a gundumar Ashoknagar ta jihar Madhya Pradesh, Indiya.  An kammala masallacin a shekara ta 853 kuma wani abin tunawa ne mai muhimmanci ga ƙasa.

## Bayani
Masallacin yana da kumbo uku, ɗaya a kan kowace bakin teku, an kammala shi da farin marmara. Ɗakin addu'a yana da ƙofofi goma sha ɗaya masu baka, yayin da manyan wuraren wasan kwaikwayo na arewa da kudu suna da tara kowannensu.  

## Gidan Hotuna

Fayil:Ornately_carved_doorway_at_Jami_Mosque.jpg|alt=Ornately carved doorway| Ƙofar da aka sassaka da kyau
Fayil:Juma_Masjid,_Chanderi.jpg|alt=The mosque in 1850, by Frederick Charles Maisey| Masallacin a shekarar 1850, na Frederick Charles Maisey


## Manazarta
Masallacin Jameh na Borujerd

**Masallacin Jāmeh na Borujerd** masallacin Juma'a ne na 'yan Shi'a (Jāmeh) a Borujerd, lardin Lorestan, yammacin Iran. Masallacin Jameh na Borujerd, wanda yake a tsohon gundumar birnin Borujerd, wanda a da ake kira *Do Dangeh*, an gina shi ne a kan wani tsohon gidan wuta na Daular Sasanian kafin Musulunci a ƙarni na 3 bayan Hijira (ƙarni na 9 bayan Hijira ), kuma shi ne masallaci mafi tsufa a yankin Zagros da yammacin Iran. 

An ƙara masallacin a cikin Jerin Gado na Ƙasa na Iran a shekarar 1935, wanda Hukumar Kula da Gado na Al'adu, Sana'o'i da Yawon Buɗe Ido ta Iran ta gudanar. 

## Bayani
An danganta gina wannan masallaci da Hamula ibn Ali Borujerdi, ko Hamuleh, wanda aka ce sarakunan Abi-Dolaf ne suka naɗa shi a matsayin Gwamnan Borujerd a ƙarni na 3 bayan Hijira. An faɗaɗa masallacin kuma an gyara shi har zuwa 1799, an kammala minarets da iwans.

Wani rubutu a bakin kofar masallacin ya nuna cewa an gina shi a 1068 AH (1657/1658CE) ; duk da haka, wannan wataƙila lokacin da aka fara shiga. An gina ƙofar shiga masallacin a 1092 AH (1681/1682CE), ƙarƙashin jagorancin Soltan Mohammad. A shekara ta 1209 AH (1794/1795CE) Taqi Khan Razani ne ya ɗauki nauyin gina saman minarets guda biyu da ake kira 'gol-dasteh'. Mafi kyawun ɓangaren masallacin shine minbarsa, wanda ke da matakai tara kuma an yi shi da itace, tun daga shekarar 1068 bayan hijira. A gefen arewa na *[[sahn]]* akwai babban yanki mai ginshiƙai masu kyau waɗanda ake amfani da su azaman wurin yin addu'a. Ga ƙofar katako da aka sassaka a sama wadda ke da rubutu mai tsawon , wanda ya shafi zamanin Shah Abbas na ɗaya . 

Masallacin yana da hanyoyin shiga guda biyu, a gefen gabas da yamma. An yi amfani da Masallacin Jameh a matsayin cibiyar addini, kasuwanci da zamantakewa. Jiragen saman Iraki sun yi ruwan bama-bamai a masallacin a lokacin Yaƙin Iran da Iraki a shekarun 1980 kuma ruwan sama da girgizar ƙasa sun lalata shi; gami da girgizar ƙasa ta Borujerd ta 2006 inda aka lalata minarets na masallacin tare da sauran manyan tsare-tsare. A shekarar 2022, an fara gyaran masallacin. 

## Hotunan Hotuna

Fayil:Engrave_of_Jame_Mosque_of_Borujerd.JPG|alt=Safavid era engravings in the mosque.| Zane-zanen zamanin Safavid a cikin masallaci.
File:Jami_Mosque_Boroujerd.jpg|alt=Massive destruction of the mosque after the March 2006 earthquake.| Rushewar masallaci mai yawa bayan girgizar ƙasa ta watan Maris na 2006 .


## Manazarta
Masallacin Athar Jamad

**Masallacin Athar Jamad** wanda kuma aka sani da **Athar Jamaath Masjid** kuma a taƙaice ana kiransa da **Babban Masallaci**, masallaci ne da ke kan titin Oppanakara a cikin gundumar Coimbatore ta jihar Tamil Nadu, Indiya . Yana ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin masallatai kuma manyan masallatai a Coimbatore.

## Gine-gine
Wani ɗan kasuwa mai suna Athar, wanda ya yi ƙaura daga Tirunelveli, ya gina ginin. Ya ɗauki shekaru 44 kafin a kammala ginin, inda aka fara ginin a shekarar 1860 sannan aka kammala a shekarar 1904. 

An yi ginin da dutse mai daraja da turmi kuma an goge shi da farin kwai. An rufe fuskar ginin da baka masu kauri da ke kewaye da farfajiyar da aka buɗe, inda ɗakunan addu'a ke tsaye. Akwai wani tafki mai rufin *[[Alwala|wudu]]* a kusurwar kudu maso gabas, ƙaramin ɗakin karatu a gefen gabas, da kuma kicin don shirya miyar shinkafa *mai suna nonbu kanji*  a lokacin Ramadan . Masu shaƙatawa suna layi a ƙofar shiga da layu da abubuwan ibada.

A cewar Hukumar Kula da Fasaha da Al'adu ta Indiya (INTACH), minar biyu masu rufin dome a gefen arewa da kudu suna da  tsayi. Waɗannan kusurwoyin azurfa guda biyu sun yi fice a sararin samaniyar yankin zauren gari. Masallacin zai iya ɗaukar kimanin masu ibada 2,000 a lokacin sallar Juma'a .

## Dargah
An gina masallacin kusa da kabarin Pir Jamesha Waliullah, wani Sufi Waliullah wanda ya mutu a shekarun 1850. Kabarin nasa, wanda yanzu ya zama dargah a tsakiyar titin Big Bazaar, yana gefen kudu na masallacin. Baƙi suna samun albarka a cikin dargah da layu a wuyansu don korar mugayen ruhohi .

## Mai Biyewa
Kungiyar Jama'a ta ƙunshi zuri'ar iyalai 52 daga Tirunelveli waɗanda suka ƙaura zuwa Coimbatore a shekarar 1850. A cewar sakataren Jama'a AR Baserdeen, yanzu haka mambobi 1,355 ne ke raye. Kwamitin zartarwa da aka zaɓa na Jama'a ne ke kula da masallacin, da kuma Jamesha Waliullah dargah da ke kan titin Big Bazaar, Jungal Pir dargah da ke kan titin Trichy, da kuma Masallacin Makabarta kusa da Mahadar Coimbatore . Kwamitin kuma yana gudanar da makarantu uku a yankin waɗanda ke hidimar ɗalibai 1,200.

A lokacin Ramadan da Bakrid, jama'a suna taruwa zuwa masallaci da dargah. 

Masu ibada a Haikalin Hindu Koniamman, suna yin faretin bankwana a masallacin kowace shekara. Domin haɓaka jituwa tsakanin Musulmai da Hindu, a shekarar 2020 wakilan masallacin sun miƙa kwalaben ruwa 5,000 ga Hindu. 

## Manazarta
Babban Masallacin Constantine

Babban **Masallacin Constantine** masallaci ne na Sunni da ke birnin Constantine, a lardin Constantine na Algeria.

## Tarihi
Babban Masallacin Constantine yana tsakiyar birnin Constantine a titin Larbi Ben M'hidi . Gina masallacin ya samo asali ne daga shekarar 1135 AD, a lokacin mulkin daular Hammadid . Masallacin ya gabatar da sauye-sauye, fadadawa da gyare-gyare da dama a tsawon tarihinsa. Har da lokacin mulkin Ottoman a shekarar 1766, da kuma lokacin mamayar Faransa a Aljeriya. 

## Gidan Hotuna

Fayil:Great_Mosque_of_Constantine_(Djamaa_el_Kebir)_1.jpg|alt=Inside the mosque| A cikin masallacin
Fayil:Great_Mosque_of_Constantine_(Djamaa_el_Kebir).jpg|alt=Prayer hall and mihrab| Zauren sallah da mihrab
Fayil:La_grande_mosquée_(la_médina).jpg|alt=Southern entrance and minaret| Shigarwa ta Kudu da minaret


## Manazarta
Cibiyar wayewa ta Hamad Bin Khalifa

**Cibiyar Wayewar Hamad Bin Khalifa** wanda aka rage masa suna **HBKCC**, wanda kuma ake kira **Babban Masallacin Copenhagen**, masallaci ne a gundumar Outer Nørrebro ta Copenhagen, Denmark . An gina shi a shekarar 2014, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masallatai a Turai .  

## Tarihi
A watan Satumba na 2013, yayin da ake ci gaba da gina masallacin, masu suka sun yi ta suka game da shirin watsa tashar talabijin ta Al-Aqsa TV da Hamas ke gudanarwa a cibiyar yada labarai ta masallacin, inda aka sanya Hamas cikin jerin sunayen kungiyoyin ta'addanci a Tarayyar Turai (wanda Denmark memba ce a ciki ). 

A watan Yunin 2014, Majalisar Musulunci ta Denmark ta buɗe Babban Masallacin Copenhagen (wanda a hukumance ake kira Cibiyar Wayewar Hamad Bin Khalifa, bayan Sarkin Qatar Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani ), masallaci mafi girma a ƙasar, kuma na farko da aka gina da minaret . Qatar ta bayar da dala $27.&nbsp;miliyan  don ba da kuɗin ginin, wanda ya sa Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Denmark ta bayyana damuwarta game da yiwuwar tsoma baki a harkokin cikin gida na ƙasar ta Qatar.  An gayyaci iyalan masarautar Denmark da ministocin gwamnati su halarci buɗe taron amma sun ƙi gayyatar, inda mataimakin magajin garin Copenhagen kan harkokin zamantakewa Jesper Christensen ne kawai ya halarta. 

Ƙungiyar Stop Islamization of Denmark ta yi shirin yin zanga-zanga a gaban ginin a ranar da aka buɗe shi, amma 'yan sanda suka hana shi. 

A shekarar 2020, jaridar *Berlingske* ta ruwaito cewa masallacin ya sami 227 kr.&nbsp;miliyan (fiye da € 23)&nbsp;miliyan) daga masu zuba jari a Qatar. 

## Bayani
Masu gine-ginen Denmark Jan Wenzel & Lars Tuxen ne suka tsara masallacin  kuma mallakin Majalisar Musulunci ta Denmark ne. Yana da ikon ɗaukar masu ibada 3,000 a cikin gida, da kuma ƙarin mutane 1,500 a cikin wani *wuri* mai natsuwa. An yi waje da masallacin da titanium, gilashi da siminti mai gogewa. Yawancin abubuwan gine-gine suna wakiltar haɗin ginin da Makka . 

## Manazarta
Babban Masallacin Bobo-Dioulasso

**Babban Masallacin Bobo-Dioulasso** Masallaci ne a Bobo-Dioulasso, lardin Houet, yankin Hauts-Bassins, Burkina Faso.

## Tarihi
A ƙarshen ƙarni na 18, yankin da masallacin yake a yanzu yana ƙarƙashin mulkin Masarautar Sia. A wancan lokacin, masarautar tana cikin haɗari saboda ƙiyayya daga Masarautar Kénédougou . Tieba Traoré, sarkin Masarautar Kénédougou, ya tattara sojojinsa zuwa babban birnin Sia. Sarkin Sia ya yi matuƙar son neman taimako don kare masarautarsa. Daga ƙarshe ya haɗu da wani shugaban addinin Musulunci na yankin Almamy Sidiki Sanou wanda a shirye yake ya taimaka. A madadin haka, Sanou ya roƙi Sarkin Sia da ya gina masallaci. An dakatar da Masarautar Kénédougou kimanin kilomita 30 daga babban birnin Sia, kuma daga ƙarshe aka gina Babban Masallacin Bobo-Dioulasso. 

An fara gina masallacin a shekarar 1812 kuma an kammala shi a shekarar 1832. Tun daga lokacin, an yi gyare-gyare da dama a masallacin don faɗaɗawa da gyara shi. A shekarar 1983, an gina rufin kwano don rufe wani ɓangare na farfajiyar. 

## Gine-gine
An gina masallacin da tubalin laka, katako mai siffar katako da kuma katako mai kwance. Ya ƙunshi minarets guda biyu. Ɗakin addu'ar ya ƙunshi sassa biyu waɗanda aka gina a lokuta daban-daban. Tsohon ɓangaren zauren addu'ar yana gefen gabas kuma ya ƙunshi hanyoyi bakwai masu wucewa. Sabon ɓangaren yana gefen yamma kuma ya ƙunshi wasu hanyoyi biyu masu wucewa. 

## Manazarta
Oppana

**Oppana** sanannen nau'in nishaɗi ne na zamantakewa tsakanin al'ummar Mappila (Musulman Kerala) ta Kerala, Kudancin Indiya, wacce ta yaɗu a duk faɗin Kerala, musamman a Malabar .  Ana kyautata zaton kalmar Oppana ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Larabci "Affna".  Ana amfani da Oppana a al'ada a cikin bukukuwan al'adu daban-daban masu mahimmanci, musamman ma, wani ɓangare ne na duk bukukuwan aure na Mappila. A Kerala, wannan salon fasaha ya sake farfaɗowa tare da shahara sosai a matakan wasan kwaikwayo na Bikin Matasa na al'ummar ɗalibai.

Mata ne ke gabatar da Oppana, waɗanda adadinsu ya kai kimanin goma sha biyar, ciki har da mawaƙa, a ranar aure. Amaryar tana sanye da kayan ado iri-iri, an lulluɓe ta da kayan ado na zinare da tafukan hannunta da aka ƙawata da zane mai kyau na mylanchi ( henna ), tana zaune a tsakiyar da'irar masu rawa. Ita ce babbar mai kallo zaune a kan kujera, inda ake yin waƙa da rawa. Yayin da suke waƙa, suna tafa hannuwa cikin tsari suna motsawa, amarya tana amfani da matakai masu sauƙi. 'Yan mata biyu ko uku sun fara waƙoƙin, sauran kuma suka haɗu da ƙungiyar mawaƙa.

Wani lokaci, maza kan gabatar da Oppana don nishadantar da ango. Yawanci yana faruwa ne kafin ango ya tafi gidan amarya inda ake yin Nikah (auren) ko kuma lokacin da ya shiga *Maniyara* . 

Kayan kida na Harmonium, tabla, ganjira da elathaalam su ne kayan kida da aka yi amfani da su don wannan wasan kwaikwayo. Mappilapaattu ne kawai za a rera a lokacin.. 

## Duba kuma

* Duff Muttu
* Mappila Paattu
* Kuthu Ratheeb
* Mappila
* Kwalejin Al'adun Kerala

## Manazarta
Don Harlow

**Donald Harlow** (8 ga Yuli, 1942 - 27 ga Janairu, 2008) ya kasance mai aiki Esperantist kuma tsohon shugaban Esperanto-USA (E-USA, tsohon Esperanto League for North America ko ELNA), kuma tsohon edita mujallar ELNA Esperanto USA . Ya wallafa wani littafi da kansa game da ƙungiyar Esperanto, The Esperanto Book, wanda yake samuwa a kan layi. Ya kuma kirkiro shafukan yanar gizo Esperanto Access (Sihunan Esperanto don masu magana da Ingilishi) da Literaturo en Esperanto, babban lissafi na wallafe-wallafen Esperanto na kan layi.

A shekara ta 2007, an sake sunan gasar fassarar ELNA ta shekara-shekara don girmama shi da kyautar Harlow (ko Premio Harlow).  An kafa shi ne don yin bikin da inganta fassarar wallafe-wallafen Amurka zuwa Esperanto.

## Manazarta
Ralph A. Lewin

**Ralph Arnold Lewin** (30 Afrilu 1921  - 30 Nuwamba 2008) masanin kimiyyar halittu ne na Anglo-Amurka, wanda aka fi sani da "mahaifin kwayoyin halitta na algae". An haife shi a Landan kuma daga baya ya koma Amurka. An kuma san shi da marubucin waka.

## Ilimi
Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Cambridge daga 1939 zuwa 1947, ya kamMA karatu tare da BA a 1942 da MA a 1946, yayin da yake Cambridge ya mai da hankali kan Botany. Daga nan ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Yale daga 1947 zuwa 1951, ya kammala karatu tare da MS a 1949 da PhD a Botany a 1950. A shekara ta 1971 (ko 1972 ), an sanya shi Dokta na Kimiyya (Sc.D.) na Jami'ar Cambridge. 

## Tarihin rayuwa
Lewin ya shafe kusan shekaru 48 a Scripps Institution of Oceanography a Jami'ar California a San Diego kuma an dauke shi jagora a fannoni da yawa na ilmin halitta na ruwa.

Lewin ya shiga Scripps Institution a matsayin mataimakin farfesa na ilmin halitta na ruwa a cikin 1960 kuma ya yi ritaya daga wannan matsayi a matsayin cikakken farfesa a cikin 1991, ya kasance mai aiki sosai a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da bincike a fagen da kuma lacca a cikin ƙasa da duniya. Ya taimaka wajen shirya da koyar da darussan kan ilimin microbiology na ruwa da algae don Ƙungiyar Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Finland, Singapore, da China. Ya wallafa takardun kimiyya sama da 250, daga cikinsu takarda na bita na 2001 mai taken More on Merde wani bita ne mai ban sha'awa game da darajar datti a cikin biomedicine. Ya magance wannan batun a bayyane ta hanyar cewa, "Ganin cewa abinci koyaushe yana samun kulawa sosai a cikin tattaunawa, kasuwanci, da wallafe-wallafen, an yi watsi da batun feces. Don cika wannan rashi, an buga wani karamin littafi game da kwatankwacin coprology kwanan nan (Lewin 1999). Labarin yanzu yana da niyyar ƙara wannan littafin tare da bita na abubuwan da aka yi watsi da su ko sababbin abubuwan da suka shafi ilimin halitta da na kiwon lafiya, musamman sinadarai da abubuwan microbial na feces na mutum da dabba, amfanin su a matsayin masu amfani da 'yanci' yanci' yancin zamantakewa' yanci.

Ralph Lewin ya kasance Esperantist, kuma ya kasance Farfesa na yau da kullun (orda profesoro) a Akademio Internacia de la Sciencoj San Marino, jami'a ce kawai a duniya inda ake nazarin dukkan darussan a Esperanto.

Ya fassara *Winnie-the-Pooh* zuwa Esperanto tare da Ivy Kellerman Reed, kuma shi ne marubucin Merde: tafiye-tafiye a cikin kimiyya, al'adu da tarihin zamantakewa.  (an buga Random House 1999,  ) 

## Manazarta
Charles H. Matchett

**Charles Horatio Matchett** (15 ga Mayu, 1843 - 24 ga Oktoba, 1919) ɗan siyasan gurguzu ne na Amurka. An fi tunawa da shi a matsayin dan takara na farko na Jam'iyyar Socialist Labor Party of America don Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka a zaben 1896 kuma a matsayin dan dan takarar jam'iyyar na Shugaban Amurka a zabe na 1896.

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Shekaru na farko
An haifi Matchett a ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1843, asalinsa daga yankin Brighton-Allston na Massachusetts. Ya kasance zuriyar New Englanders wanda ya kasance a Amurka zuwa shekarun 1630.

A lokacin da yake da shekaru 16, Matchett ya tafi teku kuma ya kewaye Cape Horn a cikin iska. Ya yi aiki a lokuta daban-daban a farkon shekarunsa a matsayin mai aikin jirgin ruwa na Amurka, magatakarda, masassaƙi, da mai yin kwalban giya.

A tsakiyar shekarun 1880, Matchett ya koma Brooklyn, New York, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai aikin lantarki.

### Ayyukan siyasa
Matchett ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Yarjejeniyar Brooklyn Nationalist Club kuma yana aiki a cikin kamfen ɗin zabar Henry George a matsayin Magajin garin New York.

A cikin 1890, Matchett shine mai shirya reshen Amurka na 1 na Sashen New York na Jam'iyyar Socialist Labor Party of America (SLP). Matchett ya kasance mai tasiri wajen kawo yawancin 'yan New York Nationalists cikin jam'iyyar.

A shekara ta 1892, Machett ya gudu a kan tikitin da kamfanin kera kyamara na Massachusetts Simon Wing ya jagoranta a matsayin mataimakin dan takarar shugaban kasa na SLP. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da jam'iyyar ta gudanar da tikitin kasa. Wing da Machett sun bayyana a cikin kuri'un a jihohi shida kuma sun sami jimlar kuri'u 21,512. Daga cikin wannan jimlar, Birnin New York kadai ya ba da kuri'u 6,100. Dandalin jam'iyyar a shekara ta 1892 ya yi alkawarin soke ofisoshin shugaban kasa da mataimakin shugaban kasa da zaran sun zo mulki. A cewar wani masanin tarihin zaben, mafi yawan goyon bayan tikitin SLP a shekara ta 1892 ba daga aiki ba ne, amma daga "Bellamyites", masu ilimi da masu gyarawa.

## Manazarta
Edward Saxton Payson

**Edward Saxton Payson** (26 ga Satumba, 1842 - 22 ga Satumba), ɗan asalin Amurka ne, marubuci kuma mai fassara. An haife shi a Groton, Massachusetts .

A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa ya kasance mawaƙin opera, daga 1882 mai yin piano, kuma daga 1906 shugaban kamfanin kera piano.

Ya fara koyon Esperanto a 1910, kuma fassarorinsa sun fara bayyana a 1919. Tsakanin shekarun 1918-1921 ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban "Esperanto-Asocio de Norda Ameriko" kuma bayan an ayyana shi shugaban girmamawa na wannan kungiyar.

Lokacin da yake dan shekara tamanin da bakwai, ya rubuta wani labari na Esperanto da aka kafa a Venice, Juneco kaj Amo (Matasa da Ƙauna).

Sauran rubuce-rubucensa na asali La fantoma探 (The Phantom Wife) labari ne mai ban sha'awa game da mutumin da ke marmarin matarsa da ta mutu sosai, har ta yi kama da dawowa.

Fassararsa daga Turanci sun haɗa da wasu ayyukan Mabel Wagnalls, da kuma wani labari na Henry Rider Haggard .

Ya zauna a Lexington, Massachusetts na shekaru da yawa a ƙarshen rayuwarsa, kuma ya mutu a can a 1932.  (Ya ji daɗin adana dawakai masu jini, kuma yana da babban gona a Lexington tare da kusan ashirin daga cikinsu.) 

## Ayyuka na asali

* *Yunico kaj Maigidan* (1930) 
* La *Fanta Edzino* (wanda aka buga a 1988) 

## Fassara

* Acrobato na Nia Sinjorino (miljara legendo, 1919) 
* Kirchner, Lula: *Blanche, Virgulino na Lille* (1919
* Giesy, J. U.: *Mimi* (Mimi - Labari na Latin Quarter a lokacin Yakin, 1920) 
* Anatole Faransa: *Thai* (1921) 
* Wagnalls, Mabel: *Miserere* (1921) 
* Wagnalls, Mabel: *Palaco na danĝero* (1926) (Fadar Hadari, Labari na Pompadour) 
* Moffett, Cleveland: *Karoto Mistera* (1927) 
* Henry Rider Haggard: *Luno na Izrael* (1928 - an fassara shi tare da Montagu C. Butler) (Watan Isra'ila - labarin Fitowa) 
* Roe, Vingie E.: Lando de arĝenta рей (1931) 
* Wagnalls, Mabel: La rozujo tasaumiljara*Rashin jinin*
Pól Ó Foighil

**Pól Ó Foighil** (1 Yuni 1928 - 21 Maris 2005) ɗan siyasan Irish ne kuma mai fafutuka ga al'ummomin Irish, bakin teku da tsibirin. Wani malami ya zama manajan hadin gwiwa, ya kasance memba mai aiki a jam'iyyar Fine Gael, kuma a matsayin mai ba da shawara na dogon lokaci shi ne kawai zaɓaɓɓen wakilin jam'iyyar a cikin Connemara Gaeltacht na tsawon shekaru ashirin. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Sanata daga 1989 zuwa 1993.

## Rayuwa ta farko da iyali
An haifi Ó Foighil a Thurles, County Tipperary, kuma 'yan uwan Kirista ne suka ilimantar da shi a Thurle da kuma Kwalejin Jami'ar Galway (UCG). Ayyukansa na farko ya kasance a matsayin malami a yankin Cois Fharraige na kudancin Connemara, kuma ya zauna a Inverin. Ya auri Chrissie Nic Eoin, kuma suna da 'ya'ya bakwai.

Ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yansu maza huɗu, Éanna, ɗalibar likita a UCG, ta kashe kanta a shekarar 1982. Ó Foighil daga baya ya yi magana a gidan talabijin na RTÉ game da tasirin kashe kansa ga iyalai.

## Yunkurin fafutuka
Kokarin ci gaban al'umma na farko na Ó Foighil shine kafa tsarin rukuni don samar da ruwa, wanda ya haifar da laƙabi "tsoron mutunci". Ya ci gaba da kafa kwalejojin bazara na harshen Irish a Connemara, da kuma bunkasa hadin gwiwa a Connemana, Tsibirin Aran, da Inishbiggle . 

A matsayinsa na manajan hadin gwiwa a kan Inis Meáin, ya kula da gina wani tashar cire gishiri a tsibirin,  da kuma gonar iska mai rikitarwa. Mai kula da muhalli kuma marubuci Tim Robinson ya yi tsayayya da turbines na iska, kuma Ó Foighil ya zarge shi da "ba da iska ga halayen al'adun gargajiya" da kuma kasancewa "ƙuƙwalwa" a kan raguwar Inis Meáin. " Ya kuma yi kamfen don Motar kebul don haɗa tsibirin Inishbiggle a County Mayo tare da Tsibirin Achill makwabta. Inishbiggle ba shi da sabis na jirgin ruwa, kuma gajeren ƙetare zuwa tsibirin sau da yawa ba za a iya wucewa ba saboda yanayin yanayi mara kyau, sakamakon haka iyalai dole ne su bar tsibirin don yaransu su iya zuwa makaranta. Gwamnati ta amince da tallafawa motar kebul, amma a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2005 an soke shirin don inganta tashar jiragen ruwa.

## Ayyukan siyasa
Gasarsa ta farko ta siyasa ta kasance a matsayin dan takara mai zaman kansa a zaben da aka yi a 1975 a mazabar Galway West, lokacin da ya lashe kashi 7.5% na kuri'un. A shekara ta 1979, ya shiga Fine Gael, kuma ya tsaya a matsayin dan takarar Fine Gael a Zaben kananan hukumomi na 1979, inda ya lashe kujeru a Majalisar Gundumar Galway da kuma Údarás na Gaeltachta . Ya sake tsayawa ba tare da nasara ba ga Dáil Éireann a babban zaben 1981, Nuwamba 1982 da 1992.

A shekara ta 1989 an zabe shi zuwa Seanad na 19 a kan Kwamitin Kwadago, yana aiki har zuwa 1993. Ya haifar da gardama a cikin Seanad ta hanyar dagewa kan sanya jaket na gargajiya na Connemara 'báinín', da kuma canza sunansa zuwa Pól 'Báinín' Ó Foighil .  Ya kuma yi gwagwarmaya ba tare da nasara ba don samun dokoki da takardun hukuma da aka ba shi a cikin Harshen Irish, wanda a ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ireland shine harshen hukuma na farko.

## Manazarta
Susan Polgar

**Susan Polgar** (An haife ta a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1969, a matsayin **Polgár Zsuzsanna** kuma galibi ana kiranta **Zsuzsa Polgár**) babbar masanin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Hungary-Amurka. Polgár ta kasance Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata daga shekara ta 1996 zuwa 1999. A cikin jerin Tsarin ƙididdigar Elo na FIDE na watan Yuli shekarar 1984, tana da shekaru 15, ta zama babbar 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a duniya. A shekara ta 1991, ta zama mace ta uku da FIDE ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Grandmaster. Ta lashe lambobin yabo goma sha ɗaya a gasar Chess ta mata (4 zinariya, 4 azurfa, da 3 tagulla). Polgar shine dan wasan chess na farko da ya rike taken duniya na gargajiya, mai sauri, da kuma blitz a lokaci guda, yana yin hakan a shekarar 1996. 

Har ila yau mai ba da horo, marubuci da mai gabatarwa, Polgar tana tallafawa gasa daban-daban na matasa kuma ita ce shugabar Cibiyar Susan Polgar don Kyakkyawan Chess (SPICE) a Jami'ar Webster. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar ko co-shugaba na Hukumar FIDE ta Chess daga 2008 har zuwa ƙarshen 2018. 

## Rayuwa ta mutum

An haifi Polgar kuma ta girma a Budapest, Hungary, ga dangin Yahudawa na Hungary. A shekara ta 1994, Polgar ta auri mai ba da shawara kan kwamfuta Jacob Shutzman, kuma ta koma New York. Suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu, Tom (an haife shi a shekara ta 1999) da Leeam (an haifee a shekara ta 2000). Daga baya suka sake aure. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2006, ta auri manajan kasuwancin ta na dogon lokaci kuma aboki, Paul Truong. Yanzu tana zaune a yankin St. Louis, Missouri .

A cikin shekarar 2023, ta sami lambar yabo ta Carnegie Corporation of New York's Great Immigrant Award . 

## Ayyukan Chess

Polgar da 'yan uwanta mata biyu, Grandmaster Judit da International Master Sofia, sun kasance wani ɓangare na gwajin ilimi da mahaifinsu László Polgár ya gudanar, wanda ya nemi ya tabbatar da cewa yara za su iya samun nasarori na musamman idan an horar da su a cikin wani batu na musamman tun suna ƙanana. "An yi geniuses, ba a haife su ba," shine rubutun László. Shi da matarsa Klara sun ilimantar da 'ya'yansu mata uku a gida, tare da chess a matsayin babban batun. A cikin shekara ta 2007, National Geographic ta fitar da wani shirin fim na tsawon sa'a mai taken "My Brilliant Brain"  tare da Susan Polgar a matsayin babban batun (wanda aka sake fitar da shi azaman DVD a kasashe da yawa a cikin harsuna da yawa ta hanyar 2010). Mahaifin ya kuma koya wa 'ya'yansa mata uku Esperanto. Yawancin iyalinta sun yi hijira zuwa Isra'ila, amma Susan Polgar ta koma New York bayan ta auri Dan ƙasar Amirka a 1994. Membobin dangin Polgár, waɗanda Yahudawa ne, sun mutu a cikin Holocaust, kuma kakanninmu biyu sun tsira daga Auschwitz.

## Manazarta
Mario Pei

**Mario Andrew Pei** (Fabrairu 16, 1901 - Maris 2, 1978) ɗan asalin Italiya ne kuma ɗan asalin Amurka wanda ya rubuta wasu shahararrun littattafai da aka sani da samun dama ga masu karatu ba tare da ƙwarewar ƙwararru a ilimin harshe ba. Littafinsa The Story of Language (1949) an yaba da shi saboda gabatar da ra'ayoyin ilimin harshe na fasaha a hanyoyin da ke da nishaɗi da kuma samun dama ga masu sauraro.

Pei ya kasance mai goyon bayan haɗa mutane a ƙarƙashin harshe ɗaya, kuma a cikin 1958 ya buga littafi mai taken One Language For the World and How to Achieve It kuma ya aika kwafin ga shugaban kowace al'umma da ke akwai a lokacin. Littafin ya jaddada cewa ya kamata Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta zaɓi yare ɗaya - ba tare da la'akari da ko harshe ne na halitta kamar Turanci ko harshen da aka gina kamar Esperanto ba - kuma yana buƙatar a koyar da shi a matsayin yare na biyu ga kowane yaro a duniya.

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Pei a Roma, Italiya, kuma ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka tare da mahaifiyarsa don ya haɗu da mahaifinsa a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1908. A lokacin da ya bar makarantar sakandare, ba kawai yana magana da Turanci da asalinsa na Italiyanci ba har ma da Faransanci kuma ya yi karatun Latin. Daga baya ya zama mai iya magana da Mutanen Espanya, Portuguese, Rasha, da Jamusanci; yana iya magana da wasu talatin; kuma ya saba da tsarin akalla harsuna ɗari.

A 1923, ya fara koyar da harsuna a Kwalejin Birnin New York, kuma a 1928 ya buga fassarar Vittorio Ermete de Fiori's Mussolini: The Man of Destiny . Pei ya sami PhD daga Jami'ar Columbia a 1937, yana mai da hankali kan Sanskrit, Tsohon Ikilisiyar Slavonic, da Tsohon Faransanci.

## Pei da Esperanto
Pei yana son Esperanto, harshen taimako na duniya. Ya rubuta ra'ayoyinsa masu kyau game da shi a cikin littafinsa mai suna One Language for the World . Ya kuma rubuta takarda mai shafi 21 gaba ɗaya akan harshen duniya da Esperanto da ake kira Wanted: Harshe na Duniya.

## Manazarta