open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Center for Documentation of Cultural and Natural Heritage

**Cibiyar Takardun Al'adun Al'adu da Halitta** (CULTNAT) na Sashin Wayar da Kai na Al'adu na Bibliotheca Alexandrina tana taka muhimmiyar rawa kuma ta musamman wajen tattara abubuwan al'adun Masar a cikin abubuwan da ba za a iya gani da su ba, baya ga al'adun Masarawa na halitta daga masu karewa da namun daji. Cibiyar ta ba da gudummawa, kusan shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, don yin rubuce-rubuce da watsa bayanan da suka shafi al'adun gargajiya ta hanyar aiwatar da ayyuka da yawa da bayanan dijital na al'adun Masar ta hanyar amfani da sabbin fasahohin fasahar bayanai tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙwararrun hukumomi na gida da na duniya kuma cibiyar tana sha'awar ƙara wayar da kan al'adu da al'adun gargajiya da kuma ainihin Masarawa ta hanyar cin gajiyar tashoshi na kafofin watsa labaru daban-daban. CULTNAT kuma tana gina ƙarfin ma'aikata a fagen tattara bayanai da adana al'adu da wayewa.  An kafa ta a cikin shekarar alif dubu biyu 2000. kuma tana cikin Smart Village.     

CULTNAT tana da hannu cikin ɗimbin shirye-shirye na cikin gida  da na ƙasa da ƙasa, gami da Takaddun Tsarin Gine-gine da Tsarin Tsara Birane-Architectural Heritage na  Masarautar, aikin matukin jirgi wanda ya mai da hankali kan gundumar tarihin Downtown Alkahira. 

Tare da haɗin gwiwa da cibiyar, IBM ta ƙirƙiri wani wurin ilimantarwa na yaruka da yawa da ke nuna arziƙin tarihin Masar, mai suna Masar Madawwami.  Cibiyar tana tattarawa, tsarawa, da kuma tattara bayanai cikin rumbun adana bayanai  da kuma shirya fina-finai masu ilmantarwa.

Cibiyar ta sami lambar yabo ta farko don sabon amfani da fasaha a cikin shekarar 2004 Kalubalen Stockholm don aikinta mai suna Taswirar Archaeological na Masar. 

Cibiyar ta sami girmamawa ga wani aikin da ake kira Haikali na Dendera.  CultNat ta kirkiro gidan yanar gizon ilimi mai suna The Global Egypt Museum wanda malamai za su iya amfani da su a cikin azuzuwan su. 

A cikin shekarar alif dubu biyu da shida 2006, cibiyar ta ƙididdige ayyukan daukar hoto na Lehnert&amp;amp;Landrock, masu daukar hoto waɗanda suka rubuta Masar a farkon karni na 20. 

A cikin shekarar 2011, cibiyar ta ƙirƙira wani baje kolin hoto mai suna PME, kuma ta baje kolin kayan tarihi na Masar tare da hotuna da abubuwan tunawa. 

A cikin shekarar 2015, cibiyar ta buga abubuwan tunawa da masanin ilimin Masar Selim Hassan. 

An shirya bude reshen cibiyar mai suna Hathor House a Serabit el-Khadim a Kudancin Sinai a shekarar 2013. 

## Manazarta
WESSA

Ƙungiyar **Wildlife and Environment Society of Africa ta Kudu** ( **WESSA** ; wanda aka sani da **Wildlife Society of Southern Africa** da har yanzu a baya a matsayin **Wild Life Protection and Conservation Society** ), ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta muhalli (NGO) ta Afirka ta Kudu, wadda aka kafa a shekarar 1926, ko da yake Asalinta ya koma shekarun 1890s.

## Dangantaka da sauran hukumomin kiyayewa
Ƙungiyar a cikin shekarar 1926, galibi ta hanyar ƙoƙari da goyan bayan Sydney Skaife   A cikin shekarar 1929, ta taimaka kafa kariyar rayuwar jinginar daji, wanda ya taimaka wajen tabbatar da kwamitin shakatawa na ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu, ya kai ga shelar filin shakatawa na National Park .

## Ayyuka.
WESSA ta fitar da mujallu guda biyu:

* *Muhalli - Mutane da Kiyayewa a [[Afirka]]* (wanda ya maye gurbin *namun daji na Afirka* ).
* *EnviroKids*, wanda ya fara azaman sakawa a cikin *Namun daji na Afirka* a shekarar 1972, kuma ya zama mujallar *Toktokkie* a shekarar 1976, ta canza sunanta zuwa *EnviroKids* a shekarar 1998. Manufar ita ce haɓaka wayar da kan muhalli ga yara. Bugu da kari, kowane yanki yana fitar da nasa wasiƙu na wata-wata ko na wata-wata.

WESSA tana shiga cikin ayyukan Gidauniyar Ilimin Muhalli ta ƙasa da ƙasa (FEE) kuma ta sami wasu takaddun shaida na bakin tekun Blue Flag . Tana goyan bayan shirin Eco-Schools na duniya na FEE. An ƙaddamar da ƙoƙarin Afirka ta Kudu a cikin shekarar 2003.

## Manazarta.
Ikal Angeli

**Ikal Angelei,** ƴar siyasan Kenya ce kuma masaniyar muhalli . An haife ta a Kitale . An ba ta lambar yabo ta muhalli ta Goldman a cikin shekarar 2012, musamman saboda yadda ta bayyana abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli na madatsar ruwan Gilgel Gibe III, tana magana a madadin al'ummomin 'yan asalin Kenya.   Ita ce ta kafa ƙungiyar Friends of Lake Turkana da ke fafutukar tabbatar da adalci a muhalli a yankin da ke kewayen tafkin Turkana .  

## Manazarta
Elsa Garrido

**Elsa Garrido** (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairun 1977), ƴar siyasar Sao Tomean ce kuma masaniyar muhalli . Ita ce Shugabar Social Democratic Movement / Green Party na São Tomé and Principe, kuma 'yar takarar shugaban ƙasa a zaben shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2021 São Toméan .  

Garrido ta koma Faransa a cikin shekarun 1990s. A cikin shekarar 2011, ta kafa NGO mai zaman kanta Terra Verde, mai sadaukar da kai ga lafiya da kawar da talauci a cikin ƙasarta. A cikin shekarar 2017, yayin da take zaune a Portugal, ta tafi yajin cin abinci na kwanaki 19 don nuna rashin amincewa da shigo da kwayoyin halitta da aka canza zuwa aikin noma na Sao Tomean. 

Bayan komawa Sao Tome and Principe, a cikin shekarar 2017 Garrido ya kafa Social Democratic Movement / Green Party of Sao Tome and Principe, jam'iyyar muhalli da ta jagoranci tun. A zaben ‘yan majalisar dokoki na shekarar 2018, ita ce mace ta farko a tarihin ƙasarta da ta jagoranci jam’iyya, kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta tsaya takarar shugabancin ƙasar a shekarar 2021 .  Tana aiki da Ministar Ayyuka, Lantarki, Albarkatun Ƙasa da Muhalli. 

## Aikin siyasa

Garrido ta taka rawa wajen kafa jam'iyyar siyasa mai ra'ayin muhalli *Social Democratic Movement - Green Party of São Tomé and Principe* . An zaɓe ta a matsayin shugabar jam’iyyar a watan Nuwambar 2017.   Sakamakon haka jam’iyyar siyasa ta shiga zaɓen kananan hukumomi da na ‘yan majalisu a shekarar 2018, duk da cewa babu wani ɗan jam’iyyar da ya samu nasarar lashe wata kujera. Garrido bai yi nasara a guje ba a cikin ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na 2021, kasancewarta mace ta farko ta Santomean da ta tsaya takarar shugaban ƙasa kuma mace ta farko da ta jagoranci jam'iyyar siyasa.

## Manazarta


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Social Democratic Movement/Jam'iyyar Green ta Sao Tome and Principe 
* Terra Verde
Tekun Habasha

**Aethiopian**, **Æthiopian**,  **Æthiopic** ko **Habasha Tekun** ko kogin (Latin   ko *Oceanus Æthiopia*; ) shine sunan da aka ba kudancin rabin Tekun Atlantika a cikin ayyukan al'ada na gargajiya. Sunan ya bayyana a taswirori tun zamanin da har zuwa farkon karni na 19. 

## Geography
A kalmar Girkanci ta asali Okeanos Aithiopos tsohon suna ne ga abin da a yanzu ake kira Kudancin Tekun Atlantika. An raba shi da Arewacin Tekun Atlantika ta wani yanki mai kunkuntar tsakanin Natal, Brazil da Monrovia, Laberiya. Kalmar Tekun Habasha ta kuma bayyana har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19, misali akan taswirar *Accuratissima Totius Africae a Lucem Producta*, wanda Johann Baptist Homann da Frederick de Wit suka zana kuma Jacob von Sandrart ne suka buga a Nürnberg a shekarar 1702. 

Sunan Aethiopian yana da alaƙa da cewa, a tarihi, Afirka ta yamma da kudancin Masar ana kiranta da Aethiopia. A zamanin yau amfani da kalmar na gargajiya ya zama wanda ba a daina amfani da shi ba. Haka nan al'ummar Habasha, wacce a lokacin ake kiranta da Abyssinia, ba ta kusa da wani ruwa da ake kira sunan ta, sai dai a kishiyar gabashin Afirka da ke kusa da Tekun Indiya da kuma mashigin tekun Bahar Maliya. 

## Tarihi

Masana tarihi na Girka na dā Diodorus da Palaephatus sun ambata cewa Gorgons sun rayu a cikin Gorgades, tsibiran da ke cikin Tekun Aethiopian. Ana kiran babban tsibirin Cerna kuma, bisa ga Henry T. Riley, waɗannan tsibiran na iya yin daidai da Cape Verde. 

A taswirori na karni na 16, sunan Arewacin Tekun Atlantika shi ne *Sinus Occidentalis*, yayin da tsakiyar Atlantic, kudu maso yammacin Laberiya ta yau, ya bayyana a matsayin *Sinus Atlanticus* da Kudancin Atlantic a matsayin *Mare Aethiopicum*. 

A karni na 17 John Seller ya raba Tekun Atlantika kashi biyu ta hanyar ma'aunin zafi da sanyio. Ya kira yankin arewacin Tekun Atlantika "Mar del Nort" da kuma kudancin "Oceanus Æthiopicus" a cikin *Atlas Maritimus* wanda aka buga a shekarar 1672.  Edward Wright bai yiwa Arewacin Atlantika lakabi kwata-kwata ba amma ya kira yankin kudu da equator "Tekun Habasha" a cikin taswirar da aka buga bayan mutuwa a shekarar 1683.  John Thornton yayi amfani da kalmar a cikin "Sabuwar Taswirar Duniya" daga 1703. 

Shekaru goma bayan sharuɗɗan Tekun Habasha ko Tekun Habasha sun faɗi cikin rashin amfani don komawa zuwa Kudancin Tekun Atlantika, masanin ilimin halittu William Albert Setchell (1864-1943) ya yi amfani da kalmar da teku a kusa da wasu tsibiran kusa da Antarctica. 

## Duba kuma

* Habasha (mythology)
* Gorgon

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* 
* Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 1868-1961
* Anais do Museu Paulista: História e Cultura Material - Do oceano dos clássicos aos mares dos impérios: transformações cartográficas do Atlântico sul
* "Tekeli-li" or Hollow Earth Lives: A Bibliography of Antarctic Fiction
* Pomponius Mela, de Chorographia Liber Primus
* BBC - Mapping Africa 

## Manazarta
Tekun Zanj

**Tekun Zanj** (  ) tsohon suna ne na wancan yanki na yammacin Tekun Indiya da ke kusa da yankin a cikin manyan tafkunan Afirka waɗanda masana ilimin ƙasa na Larabawa na zamanin da suke  kira da Zanj.  Tekun Zanj ya kasance yanki mai ban tsoro a wurin jiragen ruwa na Larabawa kuma almara game da hatsarori a cikin ruwa sun yi yawa, musamman kusa da iyakar kudancinsa. 

## Geography
An yi amfani da kalmar ne a kan faɗuwar teku kusa da yankin gabas na nahiyar Afirka wanda tsofaffin matafiya musulmi da marubuta irin su Al Masudi da Ibn Batuta suka sani.  

Ko da yake ba a fayyace ma'anarsa ba, yankin Tekun Zanj ya haɗa da wani yanki mai faɗin teku wanda ya yi nisa har zuwa lokacin da tsoffin ma'aikatan jirgin suka isa kan jiragensu. Dangane da bambancin iskar Monsoon, Tekun Zanj yana kudu da Tekun Erythraean. Ya shimfiɗa a bakin tekun kudu maso gabashin Afirka har zuwa kudu da tashar Mozambik, ciki har da Comoros da ruwan tekun gabas na Madagascar. A gefen gabas tekun ya mika yamma da Seychelles da kuma arewa maso yammacin tsibiran Mascarenes. 

## Duba kuma

* Zanzibar

## Manazarta
Chott Ech Chergui

**Chott Ech Chergui** ( ) wani babban tafkin gishiri ne na Endorrheic a lardin Saida, arewa maso yammacin Aljeriya.  Yana nan a a cikin matakin yankin *Hautes Plaines* tsakanin Tell Atlas da Saharan Atlas kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tafkuna a Aljeriya.

## Ilimin halittu
Chott Ech Chergui yana da yanki kusan 2000&nbsp;km² inda ruwa ke taruwa a lokacin damina, yana samar da manya-manyan tafkunan gishiri mara zurfi wadanda suka zama tulin gishiri yayin da suke bushewa. Yankin tafkin yana da tsawon kusan 160&nbsp;km daga ENE zuwa WSW kuma yana kwance a matsakaicin tsayi na 1000 m. 

An ayyana Chott Ech Chergui a matsayin filin dausayi na Ramsar mai mahimmanci a duniya. Gidan Ramsar yana da yanki na 8555&nbsp;km² kuma shine yanayi na halitta da adadin dabbobi da nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu barazana kuma masu rauni. 

## Duba kuma

* Geography na Aljeriya
* *Hautes Plaines*

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*  Ramsar Convention website
*  Direction Générale des Forêts
Tafkin Ahémé

**Tafkin Ahémé** ita ce tafki ta biyu mafi girma a kasar Benin, tana da fadin kasa  a lokacin rani wanda ta fadada zuwa  a lokacin damina.  Tafkin tana da  tsayi kuma tana da matsakaicin faɗin  .  Kogin Couffo yana magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin swampy arewacin ƙarshen tafkin, yayin da 10&nbsp;Tashar Aho mai tsayin kilomita ta haɗu da iyakar kudancin tafkin zuwa tafkin Grand-Popo da ke gabar tekun Atlantika.   Wannan tasha tana zuwa kudu a lokacin damina amma tana jujjuya alkibla a lokacin rani, wanda ke sa gishirin kudancin tafkin ya karu. 

Pedah da Ayizo su ne manyan kabilu biyu da ke zaune a gabar da tafkin Ahémé.   Kamun kifi da noma sune manyan ayyukan tattalin arziki a yankin.   A cikin tafkin, an rubuta nau'ikan kifi 71.    

 wanda ya ƙunshi marshes na ƙananan Couffo, Lake Ahémé, Tashar Aho da tafkin gabar tekun da ke kusa da su an sanya su azaman wurin Ramsar  da Muhimman Yankin Tsuntsaye.  

## Manazarta
Tafkin Dem

**Tafkin Dem** ya kasance wani karamin tabki ne dake arewacin kasar Burkina Faso, dake arewa da Kaya, kudu da yankin Sahel da kudu maso gabas da tafkin Bam . Yana shiga cikin White Volta.  Tsawonsa ya kai kilomita 5 da faɗinsa kilomita 2.  Yana kwance a tsayin mita 304 (ƙafa 997).  An sanya tafkin a matsayin  Ramsar site  tun a shekarar 2009. 

## Manazarta
Tafkin Higa

**Tafkin Higa** wani karamin tafki ne da ke a gabashin kasar Burkina Faso, kusa da iyaka da Nijar. Yana zubowa cikin kogin Babangou wanda ya ratsa cikin Nijar.  Yana da fadin hekta 228.  Yana kwance a tsayin mita 271 (ƙafa 889).  A cikin shekarar 2009 an haɗa wurin da ke kusa da tafkin Higa a cikin Jerin wuraren dausayi na Ramsar na mahimmanci a duniya (List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance). 

## Manazarta
Tafkin Kompienga

**Tafkin Kompienga** wani tafkin ruwa ne a lardin Kompienga a kudu maso gabashin ƙasar Burkina Faso. An gina madatsar ruwa ta Kompienga a cikin shekarun 1980 don samar da tafkin don dalilai na tattalin arziki.

A cikin shekarar 1985, masu nazarin alƙaluma sun yi hasashen cewa gina madatsar ruwa da tafkin Kompienga zai kawo kusan 15% na ƙaura zuwa yanki tsakanin 1985 zuwa 1990, 15% tsakanin 1990 da 1995, da 8% tsakanin 1995 da 2000 saboda dalilai na tattalin arziki. 

Sai dai samar da tabkin da madatsar ruwan ya haifar da sakamako a kan wasu kauyukan da ke bakin rafin wadanda ko dai gaba daya ko wani bangare ya mamaye taf da dam din ya yi.

## Manazarta
Tarihin lissafi

**Tarihin lissafi** ya shafi farkon bincike da aka gano a cikin ilimin lissafi da hanyoyin lissafi da bayanan abubuwan da suka gabata. Kafin zamaninmu na yau sannan kuma kafin yaɗuwar ilimi a duniya, rubutattun misalan sabbin cigaba a ilimin lissafi sun fito fili ne kawai a wasu yankuna. Daga 3000BC jihohin Mesofotamiya na Sumer, Akkad da Assuriya, da Masar ta dā da Levantine ta Ebla sun fara amfani da lissafi, algebra da geometry a wajen haraji, kasuwanci, cinikayya da kuma a cikin alamu na yanayi, sashin na ilmin taurari da kuma shigar lokaci da tsara kalanda 

Rubutun lissafi na farko da aka samu sun fito ne daga Mesopotamiya da Masar – *Plimpton 322* ( Babila c. 2000 – 1900 BC),  the *Rhind Mathematical Papyrus* ( Egypt c. 1800 BC)  da *Moscow Mathematical Papyrus* (Misira c. 1890). BC). Duk waɗannan matani sun ambaci abin da ake kira Pythagorean triples, don haka, a takaice,  *Pythagorean theorem* ga dukkan alamu ita ce lissafi mafi daɗaɗɗewa kuma mafi yaduwa a cigaban ilmin lissafi bayan ilimin arithmetic da geometry.

Nazarin ilimin lissafi a matsayin " horo na koyarwa " ya fara ne daga karni na 6 BC ta hanyar Pythagoreans, wanda kuma  ya kirkiro kalmar "lissafi" daga tsohuwar Girkanci *μάθημα* ( *mathema* ), ma'ana "batun koyarwa".  Lissafin Girkanci ya inganta hanyoyin sosai (musamman ta hanyar gabatar da ra'ayi mai raɗaɗi da  lissafi mai zurfi da hujjoji ) kuma ya faɗaɗa ilimin darasin lissafi.  Ko da yake kusan ba su ba da gudummawa ga ilimin lissafi ba, Romawa na da sun yi amfani da ilimin lissafi wajen bincike, injiniyancin gine-gine, injiniyanci na'urori, lissafin kuɗi, ƙirƙirar kalandar kwanan wata da hasken rana, har ma da fasaha da kere-kere. Masana lissafin kasar Sin kuwa sun ba da gudummawar farko, gami da tsarin ƙimar wuri da farkon fara amfani da lambobi ragewa (negative numbers) .   Tsarin lambobi na Hindu-Larabci da ka'idojin amfani da su, da ake amfani da su a duk faɗin duniya a yau sun samo asali ne a cikin ƙarni na farko bayan mutuwar yesu daga Indiya kuma an watsa su zuwa yammacin duniya ta hanyar lissafin Musulunci ta hanyar aikin Muḥammad ibn Musa. al-Khwarizmi .   Shi kuma ilimin lissafi na Musulunci, ya bunkasa kuma ya salon fadada lissafin da wadannan kasashe suka sani.  Lissafi wanda ya dace da waɗannan al'adun amma mai zaman kansu sune lissafin da wayewar Maya na Mexiko da Amurka ta tsakiya suka haɓaka, inda aka baiwa tsarin sifilin alama na musamman a cikin lambobin Maya .

An fassara awancin rubutun lissafi na Helenanci da Larabci zuwa Latin tun daga karni na 12 da gabannin hakan, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban ilimin lissafi a Turai ta Tsakiya. Tun daga zamanin d ¯a har zuwa tsakiyar zamanai, lokutan binciken ilmin lissafi sau da yawa suka biyo bayan ƙarni da dama da aka samu tsaiko.  Tun daga Renaissance Italiya a karni na 15, sabbin ci gaba a ilmin lissafi, hulɗa tare da sababbin binciken kimiyya, an yi su a cikin yanayi mai sauri da ke ci gaba har zuwa yau. Wannan ya haɗa da babban aikin Isaac Newton da Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz a cikin haɓakar ƙididdiga marasa iyaka a cikin ƙarni na 17.


## Manazarta
Taron kasa da kasa na Calabar kan Adabin Afirka da Harshen Turanci

**ICALEL** taƙaitaccen bayani ne na **taron kasa da kasa na Calabar akan adabin Afirka da Harshen Ingilishi** wanda masanin Afirka kuma mai suka Ernest Emenyonu ya kafa kuma ya jagoranta. A tsakiyar taron akwai marubutan Afirka da masu suka daga sassan duniya. Taron farko mai taken "Mace a matsayin Marubuciya a Afirka" an gudanar da shi a dakin taro na Jami'ar Calabar a watan Mayun 1981 kuma marubuciyar Ghana Ama Ata Aidoo ita ce babbar mai jawabi. Jigogin 1982, wato "Littattafai a Harsunan Afirka" da "Rubutun Littattafai don Yara", sun nuna Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o da Bessie Head a matsayin masu magana. Manyan marubutan Afirka da suka yi fice a wajen taron a tsawon shekaru sun hada da Cyprian Ekwensi, Chinua Achebe, Wole Soyinka, Chinweizu, Dennis Brutus, Buchi Emecheta, Flora Nwapa, Elechi Amadi, Ken Saro Wiwa, Chukwuemeka Ike, Nuruddin Farah, Syl Cheney -Coker, kaɗan da a ka ambata.

## Manazarta
Enkare Review

***Enkare Review***  mujallar adabi ce ta Nairobi da aka kafa a watan Agusta shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha shida 20 

2016, bayan tattaunawar farko tsakanin Alexis Teyie, Troy Onyango, da Carey Baraka.  A cikin ɗan gajeren lokacin wanzuwarsa, ya wallafa Taiye Selasi, Junot Díaz, Maaza Mengiste, Zukiswa Wanner, Namwali Serpell, Richard Ali, Lidudumalingani, Jericho Brown, Harriet Anena, Beverley Nambozo, Leila Aboulela, Nnedi Okorafor, Tenani Kenley Onjeza, Stani Kenley Huchu, Kọ́lá Túbọ̀sún da sauransu, da tattaunawa da fitacciyar marubuciyar Afirka Chuma Nwokolo; da editan *The New Yorker*, David Remnick.  

Mujallar ta wallafa almara, wakoki, da ba na almara da kuma zane-zane na gani daga duk sassan duniya  tare da ƙaddamarwa daga Najeriya, Afirka ta Kudu, Kenya, Indiya, Latin Amurka da Amurka,  amma babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali shine wallafe-wallafen Afirka . 

## Tarihi
Editan farko na mujallar ya ba da hoton yanayin da aka kafa *Enkare Review*:

## Masu ba da gudummawa na baya-bayan nan
Wasu daga cikin masu ba da gudummawa na baya-bayan nan ga batutuwan *Bita na Enkare* sun haɗa da: Romeo Oriogun, Stephen Embleton, Frankline Sunday, Megan Ross, Wanjala Njalale, Wairimũ Mũrĩithi, Farah Ahamed, Derek Lubangakene, Ebuka Chukwudi Peter, Amatesiro Dore, Frances Ogamba, Kechi Nomu, Michelle Angwenyi, Otiato Guguyu, MV Sematlane, Sylvie Taussig, Farai Mudzingwa, Mapule Mohulatsi, da Liam Kruger.

## Duba kuma
Jerin mujallun adabi

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Bincike ta Duniya akan Adabi da Al'adun Afirka

**Ƙungiyar Bincike ta Duniya akan Adabin Afirka da Al'adu** ( **IRCALC** ) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta yanar gizo, ƙungiyar masu zaman kansu ta marubuta, malamai da masu bincike daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Shirin ilimi na IRCALC ya shafi bincike ne a cikin adabin Afirka da kuma samar da maslaha tsakanin kungiyoyi, sassan kolejoji, dakunan karatu da kuma daidaikun mutane don musayar bayanai, ra'ayoyi, da binciken  da ke kara fahimtar al'adun Afirka. Hukumar IRCALC tana gyara *Jaridar Adabin Afirka da Al'adu* (JALC) da Sabuwar Waka (NP), duka biyun da Progeny (Africa Research) International suka wallafa.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Shafin hukuma
Matatu (journal)

**''Matatu**: Jaridar Al'adun Afirka da Al'umma,* jarida ce ta ilimi akan [[Adabin Afirka|adabi da al'ummomin Afirka]] da aka sadaukar don tattaunawa tsakanin karatun adabi da al'adu, tarihin tarihi, [[Kimiyyar zamantakewa|ilimin zamantakewa]] da ilimin al'adu. Mawallafin Brill, *Matatu'' ya himmatu wajen tallafawa sauye-sauyen dimokuradiyya a Afirka, don samar da dandalin musaya tsakanin Afirka da Turai muhawara mai mahimmanci, don shawo kan ra'ayoyin cikakkun al'adu, kabilanci, ko addini, da kuma inganta tattaunawa ta kasa da kasa kan makomar Al'ummomin Afirka a cikin duniya mai fadi." 

## Manazarta
Three Crowns Books

**Littattafan Crown guda uku** wani tambari ne na Jarida na Jami'ar Oxford wanda aka keɓe don yin rubuce-rubuce daga Turawan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a Afirka da Kudancin Asiya. Jerin yana aikin wallafa wa a dukka UK da kasuwannin duniya daga shekarun 1962 har zuwa 1976.   

Fitattun marubutan da wannan tambarin ya wallafa ayyukansu sun hada da Wole Soyinka, Obi Egbuna, JP Clark, Ola Rotimi, da Barbara Kimenye. 

## Manazarta
Umemulo

***Umemulo*** wata al'adar Zulu ce ta biki ga mata (coming of age). Yawanci ana yin wannan al'ada ga mata tun suna shekara 21, amma ana iya yin ta a kowane mataki na rayuwar mace, ya bambanta kuma ya danganta da yanayi. Al’adar ta haɗa da yanka saniya da raye-rayen gargajiyar Zulu *na Ukusina* wanda aka haɗa da mashi da kuma baƙi suna baiwa budurwar kudi da sauran kayan arziki. Bikin *Umemulo* na mace ya nuna cewa yanzu ta shirya yin aure. Yarinyar ya kamata ta zauna tsawon kwanaki 7 a Rondovel tare da abokanta da kuma yin waƙoƙi don bikin. A rana ta 7, 'yan matan suna tashi da sassafe kuma su tafi kogi mafi kusa don yin wanka. Bayan sun dawo sai aka kawo wa yarinyar mashi ita kuma ta sanya kitsen cikin saniya (Umhlwehlwe) suna rera waƙoƙin gargajiya da raye-rayen jama'a suna kawo kyautuka da kuɗi ga yarinyar a matsayin kyauta.

## Manazarta

## Littafi Mai Tsarki

* Richman Thulani Blose, *Canji da Ci gaba a cikin Bikin Umemulo*, Jami'ar Natal, 1998
* Mzo Sirayi, *Wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka ta Kudu daga zamanin mulkin mallaka zuwa 1990S*, Xlibris Corp., 2012
* *Hadisai na Aryan Singh a cikin al'adun Zulu* @ Sabuwar Makarantar Sakandare na daji, 2021
Suranga Udari

**Suranga Udari,** Ta kasan ce ita mai zanen hoto ce a Sri Lanka, Kuma ƴar jarida, mai ba da rahoto kuma mai fafutukar kare muhalli. Ana yi mata kallon ta a matsayin kurma ta farko 'yar jarida 'yar Sri Lanka.  

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife ta ne a gidan mai ‘ya’ya biyar kuma ‘yan uwanta biyu an ruwaito an haife su ne da naƙasa. Ta yi karatun firamare da sakandare har zuwa matakin ilimi na yau da kullun a Sri Shariputhra Maha Vidyalaya, Ahangama, gundumar Galle, lardin Kudu . Tana zaune a Ahangama.

## Sana'a
Udari da farko ta ci gaba da aikinta a matsayin mai zanen hoto kuma ta sami difloma a Software na Computer a Gidan Lake . Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zanen hoto a wani kamfani mai zaman kansa na kusan shekaru takwas kuma an kore ta daga aiki saboda tasirin cutar ta COVID-19 .  Ta ci gaba da neman sha'awar aikin jarida bayan an kore ta daga aikin zanen hoto. Ta fuskanci cikas da matsala na samun guraben ayyukan yi masu dacewa a fagen yaɗa labarai yayin da dukkan fitattun gidajen yaɗa labarai a Sri Lanka suka ƙi ba ta damar aikin ta saboda naƙasar jin ta. 

Har ila yau, tana aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciya a Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru ta Tsakiya ta Sri Lanka kuma tana aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar sakatare ta Ƙungiyar Mata Kurame ta Sri Lanka. 

A cikin watan Satumbar 2020, an zaɓi Udari a matsayin ƴar

Ƙarƙashin shirin "Muryar Muryoyi", ta ba da rahoton shirinta na farko a matsayinta na 'yar jarida game da batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli da ɓarnar da aka yi sakamakon zubar da abin rufe fuska da bai dace ba a Hikkaduwa, gundumar Galle.  Rahoton labarai nata game da tasirin zubar da abin rufe fuska an buga shi a cikin watan Janairun 2021 ta MediaCorps Watch, wanda shirin labarai ne na mako-mako wanda ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Ci gaban Sri Lanka ta shirya.  A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun 2021 wanda ya yi daidai da Sabuwar Shekara, an amince da ita a matsayin mace ta farko mai ba da labarai ta kurma a Sri Lanka. 

Ta shahara wajen ba da rahoton matsalolin muhalli da abin rufe fuska ke haifarwa ta hanyar amfani da yaren kurame da dabarun aikin jarida ta wayar hannu . Udari kuma daga baya ta sami tayin aiki daga Sirasa TV sakamakon rahotonta na farko na labarai wanda aka buga a kan MediaCorps Watch.

## Manazarta
Gassire's Lute

***Gassire's Lute*** almara ce ta mutanen Soninke na yammacin Afirka. Leo Frobenius ne ya tattara shi kuma aka buga ta a cikin shekarar 1921. Douglas Fox ne ya yi fassarar larabci na Turanci, wanda aka wallafa a cikin *Farawa na Afirka* (wanda aka fara bugawa a shekarar 1937).

Wannan labarin almara na waƙa yana ba da labarin wani basarake wanda ya bar burinsa na zama sarki, kuma a maimakon haka ya zama *diari*, Soninke daidai da griot.

## Takaitawa
Gassire Basaraken Wagadu ne kuma wanda zai gaji mahaifinsa a nan gaba, amma mahaifinsa duk da ya tsufa ba zai mutu ba, ya ba dansa hanya. Gassire yana son ya zama sarki sosai, kuma ya zama babban jarumi don nuna ƙarfinsa. Gassire ya tuntubi wani dattijo mai hikima wanda ya gaya masa cewa Gassire zai yi watsi da neman sarautar da yake yi don ya buga garari. Ya kuma gaya masa cewa ba zai zama sarki ba kuma wasu mutane za su zama sarki bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, kuma daular za ta rushe. Yana jin sautin kukan, kuma ya yi masa daya saboda yana son sautin sosai. Lokacin da yake ƙoƙari ya buga ƙwanƙwasa, ba ya fitar da wani sauti. Yana jin cewa za a iya buga shi ne kawai idan ya shiga yaƙi. Sai ya ji cewa dole ne ‘ya’yansa su je yaki domin su yi wasa; A yaƙi, 'ya'yansa bakwai suka mutu, amma ba za su yi wasa ba. Mutanen sun yi gudun hijira saboda tashin hankali da rashin kula da iyalinsa. Ya tafi jeji tare da ɗansa ɗaya da ya rage, da matansa, da wasu aminan amintattu. A ƙarshe zai iya yin waƙa sa’ad da yake rera waƙa na daular kuma labarin ya ba da darussa ga dukan mutanen da suka saurara.

Yayin da labarin ya birge masu karatu tun da ya fara fitowa, ya kamata a bi da shi da taka tsantsan. Frobenius ya danganta ta ga mutanen Soninke na yammacin Afirka, mutanen da ke da alaƙa da Daular Wagadu ko Ghana, kuma sunan Gassire a gaskiya kalmar Soninke ce ga bard/mawaƙa (wanda aka sani da griots a wasu wurare a yammacin Afirka). Yayin da yawancin labarun Frobenius da aka tattara za a iya tabbatar da su ta hanyar bincike na zamani a cikin al'adar baka, wannan labarin ya tsaya shi kadai kuma har yanzu ba a ba da rahoton misali ba.

## Rubutun hannu da wallafawa
Leo Frobenius ne ya tattara waƙar a cikin shekarar 1909, wanda ya buga fassarar waƙar a cikin tarinsa *Speilmanns-Geschichten der Sahel* (juzu'i na 6, 1921).  Frobenius ya ɗauki waƙar a matsayin gutsure daga al'adar almara mai tsayi, ra'ayi kuma Alta Jablow, wani masani wanda ya gabatar da takarda a kan waƙar a 1978, wanda daga baya aka buga a cikin mujallar *Research in African Literatures*. Jablow ya buga fassarar Ingilishi na ainihin Frobenius a cikin shekarar 1971, wanda Leo da Diane Dillon suka kwatanta, kuma tare da ƙamus mai shafi shida.  Waveland Press ne ya sake wallafa wannan bugu a cikin shekarar 1991, tare da hada da rubutun 1978. 

## Manazarta
Izigzawen

**Parti ecologiste marocain - Izigzawen** ( English:   ),  shi ne sabon ikon kai na Berberist Moroccan **Parti démocrate amazigh marocain** (PDA) ko Moroccan Amazigh Democrat Party, wanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin shekara ta 2005, an dakatar da shi a watan Nuwambar shekara ta 2007 kuma an rushe a cikin watan Afrilun shekara  ta 2008. Ba ta da alaƙa da Green Greens kuma ba a sake kafa ta bisa doka ba, ko da a ƙarƙashin sabuwar ƙungiyar ta.

## Dandalin

# Haɓaka bambance-bambancen al'adu, harshe da addini da tsarin tarayya a cikin ƙasa ɗaya;
# Haɓaka ilimin addini;
# ci gaba mai ɗorewa ;
# Tsaron halittu;
# Haɓaka haƙƙin ɗan Adam da mutunta yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da suka shafi su.

## Matsayin doka a Maroko
An kafa shi a matsayin *Parti démocrate [[Abzinawa|amazigh]] marocain* a watan Yunin shekara  ta 2005  ta Omar Louzi, ɗan gwagwarmayar Berberist, tsohon memba na (Berber-based) Popular Movement kuma wanda ya kafa Amazigh World Congress . Kotun gudanarwa ta Rabat ta rushe jam’iyyar a ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu, shekara  ta 2008, bayan da ma’aikatar harkokin cikin gida ta Morocco ta dakatar da ita a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba,shekara ta 2007 saboda sunanta ya ci karo da dokar Morocco kan jam’iyyun siyasa, wadda ta haramta jam’iyyu ƙarara kan ƙabilanci ko ɓangaranci addini.  Daga nan ne aka yi ƙoƙarin sake kafa ta bisa doka a ƙarƙashin wata sabuwar darika, ba tare da nasara ba.

## Matsayin ƙasa da ƙasa
Jam'iyyar Izigzawen ba ta da alaƙa da Global Greens, ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa na jam'iyyun kore, wanda jam'iyyar Moroccan jam'iyyar Parti National des verts pour le développement - Les Verts.  Akwai a ƙalla wasu jam'iyyun siyasa guda biyu a Maroko waɗanda ke da'awar masana muhalli, masanin muhalli ko alamar kore: Parti de l'environnement et du développement mai dorewa (magaji ga Jam'iyyar Muhalli da Ci gaba, sun haɗu cikin Sahihanci da Zamani ) da Green. Hagu (wani tsaga daga Jam'iyyar Socialist Party ).

## Shugabanni

* Umar Louzi (b. 1964)
* Ahmed Dgarni

## Duba kuma

* Berberism

## Manazarta


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Sanarwa na hukuma na PDAM
Resson Kantai Duff

**Resson Kantai Duff,** ma'aikaciyar kiyayewa ta Kenya ce kuma mataimakiyar darekta a Ewaso Lions .

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Mahaifin Kantai ɗan ƙabilar Maasai makiyaya ne, wanda ya ba ta ilimin farko game da namun daji da yadda za ta kare su.  Ta sami digiri na farko tare da girmamawa a Jami'ar Nairobi . Ta sami gurbin karatu daga Cibiyar Kula da Dabbobi kuma ta tafi karatu a Jami'ar Oxford, inda ta sami MSc a Biodiversity, Conservation and Management.

## Aiki
Kantai ta yi aiki a Save the Elephants, na farko a matsayin jami'ar ayyuka sannan daga baya a matsayin shugabar wayar da kan jama'a. Ta kasance marubuciya kuma edita ta Cibiyar Ci Gaban Dorewa ta Duniya .  A halin yanzu tana aiki a Ewaso Lions a matsayin mataimakiyar darakta.  

A farkon aikinta, Kantai ta kasance wani ɓangare na aikin kiyaye giwaye da nufin inganta fahimtar al'adu tsakanin ƙasar Sin (mafi yawan masu amfani da hauren giwa a duniya) da Kenya. Ta halarci, tare da Chris Kiarie, a rangadin kiyayewa na "Daga Kenya zuwa Sin" a watan Yunin 2014. A wani ɓangare na wannan balaguron, sun zagaya garuruwa daban daban guda biyar na ƙasar Sin, domin kara fahimtar fataucin giwaye da amfani da su, da kuma gabatar da jawabai na ilmantarwa kan kare giwaye.  A ƙarshen shekarar  2021, Kantai ta ba da jawabi na TED kan mahimmancin ƙarfafa al'ummomin gida a cikin ilimin halitta .

## Jagoranci
Kantai mai ba da shawara ce mai ƙarfi game da mahimmancin bambancin a kimiyyar kiyayewa. Ta halarci taron Pathways Kenya 2020 "Buɗe ƙofa zuwa Muryoyi Daban-daban".   Ta yi magana game da buƙatar kawar da kiyayewa daga mulkin mallaka. Musamman ma, a cikin watan Nuwambar 2020, ta rubuta labarin sharhi kan Mongabay, inda ta yi magana game da wariyar launin fata a kimiyyar kiyayewa a Afirka. A cikin wannan labarin, matan Afirka ashirin sun ba da labarin rashin daidaito a wuraren aiki.  Wannan labarin yana cikin labarai goma da aka fi kallo a wancan watan a cikin gidan yanar gizon. 

Kantai kuma memba ce na hukumar kiyayewa ta Kenya ; a lokacin da ta shiga an zaɓe ta a matsayin mafi ƙarancin shekaru a hukumar.

## Manazarta
Adabin Igbo

**Adabin Igbo** shi ne adabin magana da rubuce-rubuce na mutanen Igbo. Kafin zuwan rubuce-rubuce,Igbo sun yi adabin baka da wakokin jama'a da wakoki.Green, M. (1948).   

## Rubutu
Ko da yake akwai bayanan da ke nuna cewa adabin Igbo ya fara har zuwa shekarar 1857,  wannan shafi ne na 17 da Samuel Ajayi Crowther ya rubuta.  Daga Shekarar 1872 zuwa shekarar 1913,an rubuta kuma an fassara litattafan addini da dama a wasu yarukan Igbo,musamman yarukan Onicha da Isuama. A shekara ta 1924,Israel E.Iwekano ya buga littafin tarihi mai shafuka 262 mai suna *Akuko Ala Obosi* wanda ya ba da labarin tarihin garin Obosi.

Littafin novel na farko na Igbo *Omenuko* Pita Nwana ne ya rubuta shi a cikin 1932 kuma ya buga a 1933 ta Longman,Green and Co.  *Omenuko* na Pita Nwana an dauki shi a matsayin tushen almara a cikin adabin Igbo.Daga baya *Ije Odumodu Jere* ya biyo ta Henry Leopold Bell-Gam wanda Longman ya buga a Shekarar 1966. Sauran marubutan farko na almarar Igbo sun hada da Tony Ubesie, FC Ogbalu,Ude Odilora,Julie N.Onwuchekwa da Mmuotulummanya J.

## Manazarta
Faustine Fotso

**Honourable Faustine Villanneau Chebou Kamdem Fotso,** an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni, a shekara ta alif dari tara da Sittin da biyar 1965, masaniyar kimiyyar kwamfuta ce, masaniyar muhalli, kuma lauya daga ƙasar Kamaru.

## Rayuwar jama'a
A cikin shekarar ta 2012, Fotso ta kasance mataimakiyar magajin garin Baham na 1, wani gari a yammacin Kamaru. A cikin shekarar ta 2013, an zaɓe ta a matsayin 'yar majalisa a Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa, mai wakiltar tsaunukan Yammacin Turai.  Ta zauna a Kwamitin Dokokin Tsarin Mulki kuma tana cikin Jam'iyyar Dimokuraɗiyya ta Jama'ar Kamaru.

## Ayyukan ilimi
Fotso ta rubuta littafin "Nazarin Tasirin Muhalli a Faransanci da Dokokin Kamaru" a cikin shekarar ta 2009 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Masters na Dokar Ƙasa da Ƙasa da Muhalli a Jami'ar Limoges .

## Ayyukan sadaka
Fotso ita ce ta kafa ƙungiyar agaji mai suna "Flame of Love, of Peace and Justice" wadda ta yi taron farko a ranar 20 ga watan Satumba, 2016.

## Kyauta
A ranar 20 ga watan Mayu, 2016, Fotso ta sami lambar yabo ta farar hula zuwa matsayi na jami'in oda a bikin ranar haɗin kan ƙasa karo na 44 a Baham.

## Iyali

Fotso ta auri Lucas Fotso, darektan yanki na kamfanin lantarki na ƙasar Kamaru Aes Sonel Littoral.Tare suna da yara biyar.

## Manazarta
Farmer Tantoh

Dieudonne Tantoh Nforba, wanda aka fi sani da **Farmer Tantoh** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978 a Nkambé ), ɗan ƙasar Kamaru ne mai kula da muhalli kuma ya kafa ƙungiyar Save Your Future Association (SYFA).

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Ya sami guraben karatu don karantar Noma da Ci gaban Karkara a Kwalejin Aikin Noma ta Yankin Bambili ( Mezam, Yankin Arewa maso Yamma ) a shekarar 2002. Zazzabin Typhoid ne ya katse karatunsa sakamakon shan ruwa mai tsafta . Wannan ya sa shi ya ƙware a kan Kariyar Kame Ruwan Ruwa da Aikin Noma. Ya kammala karatunsa a matsayin Babban Masanin Aikin Noma (tare da Babbar Diploma na Ƙasa) a shekarar 2004. A cikin shekarar 2005 ya kafa Ƙungiyar Save Your Future (SYFA), ƙungiya mai zaman kanta wacce masu sa kai na ƙasa da ƙasa ke tallafawa.   Saboda aikin da ya yi da SYFA an gayyace shi zuwa wajen nazarin magudanar ruwa a Amurka da Rasha ta Cibiyar Tahoe-Baikal a shekarar 2007. A cikin shekarar 2010 ya sami gurbin yin karatu daga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, wanda ya ba shi samun damar kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Fasaha ta Arewa maso Gabas ta Wisconsin tare da takardar shaidar Ɗorewa Organic Farming Practices and Horticulture a shekarar 2011.  An zaɓi Farmer Tantoh ɗan uwan Ashoka a shekarar 2012  kuma jakadan Forest Nation a shekarar 2015.  Har ila yau, yana cikin ƴan wasan da suka yi nasara a gasar cin kofin matasan Afirka na shekarar 2016.  Buga wani littafi na hoto marar labari mai suna *I Am Farmer*, tarihin rayuwar Manomi Tantoh, an tsara shi a bazarar 2019 ta Millbrook Press .

## Kyauta

* 2011 African Achievers Awards (Mafi kyawun Ma'abocin muhalli a Afirka) 
* Kyautar Green Apple ta Duniya ta shekarar 2011 (Kyakkyawan Ayyukan Muhalli da Ci gaba mai ɗorewa, Mai cin Zinare na Afirka)
* 2016 Duniya Echoes (Mafi kyawun Muhalli na Shekara) 
* 2016 Marie-Claire Nabila Kuja Foundation Award

## Manazarta


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Ajiye Ƙungiyarku ta gaba
Ƙungiyar Tafiyar da Harkokin Yanayi ta Ƙasa da Bunƙasawa

**Ƙungiyar Tafiyar da Harkokin Yanayi ta Ƙasa da Bunƙasawa ** ( *Mouvement National pour la Nature et le Développement* ), ƙaramar jam'iyyar siyasa ce ta Green a Aljeriya. A zaɓen majalisar wakilan jama'ar ƙasar da aka gudanar a ranar 17 ga watan Mayun 2007, jam'iyyar ta samu kashi 2.00% na ƙuri'un da aka kada da kuma kujeru 7 cikin 389. 

## Manazarta
Aikin Shinkafar Mega

An fara **aikin Shinkafar mega** a shekarar 1996 a sassan kudancin Kalimantan, yankin Indonesiya na Borneo . Manufar ita ce a mayar da hekta miliyan ɗaya na dajin fadamar da ba ta da amfani kuma ba ta da yawan jama'a zuwa ganyayen shinkafa a wani yunƙuri na rage ƙarancin abinci a Indonesiya. Gwamnati ta ba da babban jari wajen gina magudanan ruwa da kawar da *bishiyoyi*. Aikin bai yi nasara ba, kuma daga ƙarshe aka yi watsi da shi bayan ya yi ɓarna mai yawa ga muhalli.

## Dubawa
Peat yaci daji na yamma a Kudancin Kalimantan shi ne sabon abu na musamman wanda yake gida ga yawancin nau'in halitta kamar na Orangutans, har ma da rage-bushe da bishiyoyi masu mahimmanci. Dajin fadamar peat yanayi ne mai dual, tare da itatuwan wurare masu zafi daban-daban suna tsaye a kan wani Layer na peat 10m - 12m - wani juzu'i mai rufe da kayan shuka mai cike da ruwa - wanda hakan ke rufe ƙasa maras haihuwa. Peat shi ne babban kantin sayar da carbon. Idan aka rushe kuma aka ƙone shi yana taimakawa wajen fitar da iskar CO , tushen ɗumamar yanayi .  Ba kamar dazuzzukan arewa ba, waɗanda ke sake haihuwa cikin shekaru 10 zuwa 30 ko da bayan an yanke sara, gandun daji na fadama na iya ɗaukar ƙarni da yawa don sake haihuwa.

A hankali ana share dazuzzukan fadamar peat na Kalimantan don ƙananan noma da noma kafin shekarar 1997, amma yawancin murfin asali ya kasance. A cikin shekarar 1996 gwamnatin Indonesiya ta ƙaddamar da Mega Rice Project (MRP), wanda ke da nufin canza kadada miliyan ɗaya na gandun daji na peat zuwa ganyayen shinkafa . Tsakanin shekarar 1996 da kuma 1998, fiye da 4,000&nbsp;An tona magudanan  kilomita da magudanan ruwa, an kuma fara sassare dazuzzuka ta hanyar dazuzzukan bisa doka, wani ɓangare kuma ta hanyar ƙonewa. Tashoshin ruwa, da tituna da layin dogo da aka gina don gandun daji na doka, sun buɗe yankin ga gandun daji ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. A cikin yankin MRP, murfin gandun daji ya ragu daga 64.8% a cikin shekarar 1991 zuwa 45.7% a cikin shekarar 2000, kuma an ci gaba da sharewa tun daga lokacin. Ya bayyana cewa a yanzu an kawar da kusan dukkan itacen da ake iya sayar da su daga yankunan da MRP ta rufe.

A yayin da dazuzzukan suka yawaita ambaliya har zuwa zurfin mita 2 a lokacin damina, a yanzu samansu ya bushe a kowane lokaci na shekara. Don haka gwamnati ta yi watsi da jam'iyyar MRP, amma bushewar peat na da rauni ga gobara da ke ci gaba da tashi. 

Lalacewar gandun daji yana haifar da gurɓacewar sulfuric acid na koguna. A cikin lokutan damina, magudanan ruwa suna fitar da ruwan acidic tare da babban rabo na pyritic sulfate a cikin koguna har zuwa 150.&nbsp;km sama daga bakin kogin. Wannan na iya zama abin da ke taimakawa wajen rage kamun kifi. 

## Duba kuma

* Deforestation in Borneo
* Borneo peat swamp forests – Ecoregion in Borneo

## Manazarta
Koeberg Alert

**Ƙungiya mai faɗakarwa ta Koeberg,** wata ƙungiyar gwagwarmaya ce ta yaƙi da makamin nukiliya wacce ta fito daga ƙungiyar matsi na farko a Cape Town mai suna "Stop Koeberg" a cikin shekarar 1983. Dukansu an yi niyya ne don dakatar da ginin tashar nukiliya ta farko a Afirka ta Kudu a Duynefontein, 28&nbsp;km NNW na Cape Town: tashar wutar lantarki ta Koeberg .

Bayan da ta kasa yin tasiri a jam'iyyar National Party mai mulki a lokacin ta koma ga fa'idar dimokuraɗiyya da wariyar launin fata, tare da fatan yin tasiri ga manufofin gaba.

Ƙirƙirar alaƙa mai ƙarfi tare da Rayuwar Duniya ta Afirka da Babban Taron Ƙasa na Adalci na Muhalli a cikin shekarun 1990s, an sake farfaɗo da shi a cikin shekarar 2009 don adawa da shirin Shugaba Thabo Mbeki na Pebble bed na zamani da kuma fitowar "Nuclear-1" (aikin gina ƙarin makaman nukiliya). a Afirka ta Kudu) ƙarƙashin Shugaba Jacob Zuma.

A halin yanzu yana shirya kamfen na yaƙi da makaman nukiliya daban-daban, yana shiga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin yaƙi da makaman nukiliya da zaman lafiya,  kuma yana gabatar da jawabi ga matakan gwamnati na yau da kullun da suka shafi ikon nukiliya.

Wakilai sun halarci tarurrukan da suka shafi makamashin nukiliya na ƙasa da ƙasa da abubuwan da suka faru, ciki har da Yokohama, Fukushima da Sweden.

A cikin watan Yunin 2021, an naɗa Peter Becker na Koeberg Alert a kwamitin Hukumar Kula da Nukiliya ta ƙasa . Ministan ma'adinai da makamashi Gwede Mantashe ne ya kore shi a cikin watan Fabrairun 2022, saboda adawar Becker ga makamashin nukiliya. 

## Fitattun mutane
Wasu fitattun mutane masu aiki a cikin ƙungiyar su ne:

* Mike Kantey - tsohon sakatare 
* Keith Gottschalk - memba mai tsayi 
* Peter Becker - ƙungiyar da ta farfaɗo a shekarar 2009 
* Hoton Dauda 

## Duba kuma

* Gangamin Yaki da Makamashin Nukiliya
* Jerin kungiyoyin yaki da yaki

## Manazarta


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Koeberg Alert gidan yanar gizon
* Tashar wutar lantarki ta Koeberg
* KANE
Alikiona

**''Alikiona** (Sakamakon)* wasan kwaikwayo ne wanda marubucin wasan kwaikwayo ɗan Tanzaniya Ebrahim Hussein ya rubuta a 1969. Joshua Williams ne ya fassara Alikiona, wanda asalinsa ya rubuta cikin yaren Kiswahili zuwa Turanci. Wasan ya ba da labarin wani al'amari tsakanin wata mata, Sadia da masoyinta Abdallah.  Ya ta'allaka ne kan gano lamarin da mijin Sadia, Omari ya yi. Wasan kwaikwayo ɗaya ce kuma yawanci ana yin ta tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo biyar.

Alikiona tana da abubuwa masu yawa na dabi'a, kamar yadda take da mafi yawan aikin Hussaini na farko. Duk da haka wasan kwaikwayon yana da abubuwa na kichekesho, wanda shine wasan ban dariya da ake yawan samu a wasan kwaikwayo na taarab.   

== Halaye ==
Saida, Abdallah (masoyinta), Omari (mijinta), Mama Pili ( kawarta), Abudu (abokiyar dangin Saida).

== Takaitacciyar Makirci ==
A cikin wasan kwaikwayo guda daya *Alikiona (Sakamakon)'' wata mata mai suna Saida tana haduwa da wani mutum mai suna Abdallah. A kokarinta na yin hutun karshen mako da masoyinta, Saida ta yi wa mijinta Omari karya, ta gaya masa cewa za ta yi hutun karshen mako da mahaifiyarta da ba ta taba gani ba a cikin ’yan shekaru. Bayan ta fita ne wani manzo ya isa gida ya shaidawa Omari cewa mahaifiyar Saida ta rasu. Omari ya samu labarin cewa Saida bata da mahaifiyarta don haka ya gano cewa tana yaudararsa. Saida ta dawo daga hutun karshen satin da take yi, Omari ya sanar da ita rasuwar mahaifiyarta, tare da lura da cewa wannan ilimin da yanayin ta ishe sa da yaudara. Sannan Omari yace Saida taje wajen mahaifiyarta domin ta samu halartan karshen shagulgulan jana'iza.

## liyafa
Masana sun lura cewa abubuwan da aka samu a cikin wannan wasan na iya faruwa ne saboda tasirin da turawan mulkin mallaka suka yi akan ilimin wasan kwaikwayo na Husseins a Jami'ar Gabashin Afirka. An rubuta wannan wasan kwaikwayo tare da Wakati Ukuta (Lokaci bango ne) a lokacin da Hussein ke karatun fasahar wasan kwaikwayo da Faransanci a Jami'ar Gabashin Afirka. Duk wasan kwaikwayon biyu sun bi abubuwa da yawa na tsarin Turai na "wasan kwaikwayo mai kyau." 

## Manazarta
Eugène Rutagarama

**Eugène Rutagarama,** masanin muhalli ne daga Ruwanda . An ba shi lambar yabo ta " Goldman Environmental Prize " a shekara ta 2001, saboda ƙoƙarin da ya yi na ceton al'ummar gorilla na dutse a cikin gandun dajin Volcanoes a tsaunin Virungas, a lokacin yaƙi da tashe-tashen hankula na baya-bayan nan a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo . 

## Aiki
Tun daga shekarar 2001, Rutagarama ya ci gaba da yin ayyukan kiyayewa, yana ba da gudummawa ga sauƙaƙe ayyukan haɗin gwuiwar duniya da nufin kare Central Albertine Rift, yankin da aka sani da flora da fauna daban-daban, ciki har da mazauni na yanayin  gorillas na dutsen Virunga. Eugène ya kuma riƙe manyan muƙamai a ƙungiyar kare namun daji, Cibiyar Bincike ta Karisoke ta Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund, da kuma hukumar kula da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasar Rwanda, bayan yakin 1994 da kisan ƙare dangi. A halin yanzu, Eugène yana aiki a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara kan kiyayewa a Wild Earth Allies, inda ya mai da hankali kan kiyaye wuraren zama na gorilla ta hanyar haɓaka ci gaban al'umma.  Shekaru biyu bayan an ba shi lambar yabo ta Goldman, Rutagarama ya ɗauki matsayin darektan Shirin Kare Gorilla na Duniya (IGCP). Ya yi aiki a wannan aikin na tsawon shekaru tara. A cikin shekarar 2012, an naɗa Rutagarama a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara na fasaha ga Greater Virunga Transboundary Collaboration, ƙungiyar gwamnatocin da DR Congo, Rwanda, da Uganda suka kafa tare da taimakon IGCP.

## Manazarta
Ƴancin sirri

**Ƴancin ko Haƙƙin sirri**, wani ɓangare ne na al'adun shari'a daban-daban waɗanda ke da niyyar hana ayyukan gwamnati da na sirri waɗanda ke yin barazana ga keɓaɓɓen mutum.Sama da kundin tsarin mulkin kasa 150 sun ambaci haƙƙin sirri.  A ranar 10 ga watan Disambar 1948, Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta amince da Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya ta Hakkokin Ɗan Adam (UDHR), wacce aka rubuta tun asali don tabbatar da haƙƙin kowane mutum a ko'ina; yayin da ba a bayyana *haƙƙin sirri* a cikin takardar ba, wasu da yawa sun fassara hakan ta hanyar sashe na 12, wanda ke cewa: “Ba za a yi wa kowa tsangwama ba bisa ƙa’ida ba ga sirrinsa, danginsa, gidansa ko wasiƙunsa, ko kuma a kai masa hari a kan mutuncinsa da mutuncinsa. Kowane mutum na da Haƙƙin ya sami kariya daga shari’a daga irin wannan tsangwama ko harin.” 

Tun bayan bayanan sa ido na duniya na shekarar 2013, wanda tsohon ma'aikacin NSA Edward Snowden ya qaddamar, 'yancin yin sirri ya kasance batun mahawara ta duniya. Hukumomin gwamnati, irin su NSA, FBI, CIA, R&amp;amp;AW da GCHQ, sun tsunduma cikin taro, sa ido a duniya . Wasu muhawarar da ake yi a halin yanzu game da haƙƙin keɓantawa sun haɗa da ko sirrin zai iya kasancewa tare da ikon hukumomin leken asiri na yanzu don samun dama da kuma nazarin bayanai da yawa na rayuwar mutum; ko an rasa haƙƙin sirri ko a'a a matsayin wani ɓangare na kwangilar zamantakewa don ƙarfafa kariya daga barazanar ta'addanci; da kuma ko barazanar ta'addanci hujja ce mai inganci don leken asirin jama'a. Masu wasan kwaikwayo masu zaman kansu kuma na iya yin barazana ga haƙƙin sirrimusamman kamfanonin fasaha, irin su Amazon, Apple, Meta, Google, Microsoft, da Yahoo masu amfani da tattara bayanan sirri . Waɗannan damuwa sun ƙarfafa ta hanyar abin kunya, ciki har da Facebook-Cambridge Analytica data ɓarna, wanda ya mayar da hankali ga kamfanin kwakwalwa na Cambridge Analytica wanda ya yi amfani da bayanan sirri daga Facebook don rinjayar manyan ƙungiyoyin mutane. 

## Duba kuma

* Dokar Sirrin Banki, dokar Amurka da ke buƙatar bankuna su bayyana cikakkun bayanai game da ma'amalar kuɗi
* Keɓancewar bayanai
* Sirrin Intanet
* MAINWAY
* Babu abin da za a ɓoye gardama
* Dama a manta
* Ka'idar masu ruwa da tsaki

## Manazarta
Dajin Biseni

**Dajin Biseni,** wani daji ne na fadama da ke arewa maso yammacin Ahoada da yammacin dajin Upper Orashi da ke gaɓar ruwan Taylor Creek a yankin Neja Delta.  Dajin yana da faɗin murabba'in kilomita 219 (square mi 85), wurin kallon tsuntsaye, tare da ingantaccen rikodin tsuntsayen ƙaura da na ruwa. 

## Flora
Dajin Biseni yanki ne mai fadama wanda zai iya bushewa a lokacin rani amma a ƙanƙanin lokaci ya zama dajin da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye saboda yawan ruwan sama a lokacin damina. Dabbobin Raffia da wasu nau'ikan itace masu faɗi irin su *Symphonia globulifera* da *Ficus* spp. ana samunsu a nan. Haka kuma akwai wuraren dogayen ciyayi na kusa da tasoshin kogin.

## Fauna
Dajin gida ne ga tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa da yawa ciki har da nau'in da ba kasafai ba ko kuma na ƙasa da ƙasa.
 

## Manazarta