Frederick D. Alexander

**Frederick Douglas Alexander** (Fabrairu 21, 1910 - Afrilu 13, 1980) ɗan kasuwa ne na Amurka, mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama, kuma ɗan siyasa daga Charlotte, North Carolina . An zabe shi a Majalisar Birnin Charlotte a shekarar 1965, shi ne Ba'amurke na farko da ya yi aiki a ciki tun daga shekarun 1890. An sake zabarsa akai-akai, ya yi aiki har zuwa 1974. A wannan shekarar an zabe shi a Majalisar Dattijai ta Jiha, yana aiki har zuwa 1980. Ya kuma kasance mai aiki a cikin kasuwancin gida, al'umma da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama, inda ya kafa suna a matsayin mai matsakaici.

Jihar North Carolina ta zartar da matakai a farkon karni na 20 don tayar da shingen rajistar masu jefa kuri'a, kuma ta cire 'yan Afirka na Afirka na shekaru da yawa daga tsarin siyasa. Ƙuntatawa ta fara sauƙaƙewa a birane kamar Charlotte har ma kafin a zartar da dokar kare hakkin bil'adama ta ƙasa a tsakiyar shekarun 1960.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Alexander a Charlotte, North Carolina kuma ɗan Zechariah Alexander ne da matarsa. Mahaifinsa sanannen ɗan kasuwa ne na Afirka kuma manajan gundumar Kamfanin Inshora na Mutual Life na Arewacin Carolina kuma mai mallakar Gidan jana'izar Alexander . Ɗan'uwan Frederick Kelly Alexander ya zama shugaban kasa na NAACP. Alexander ya kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Charlotte a shekarar 1926. Ya halarci kwaleji a Jami'ar Lincoln ta Pennsylvania, kwalejin baƙar fata na tarihi. Bayan kammala karatunsa a 1931, Alexander ya koma Charlotte don yin aiki a gidan jana'izar mahaifinsa.

## Ayyukan siyasa
Baya ga aiki tare da mahaifinsa a kasuwancin iyali, Alexander ya fara yin aiki a siyasa. Da farko ya yi aiki don shirya rajistar masu jefa kuri'a tsakanin jama'ar Afirka ta Charlotte. Jihar ta zartar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki a cikin 1900 wanda ya ɗaga shingen rajistar masu jefa kuri'a don hana baƙi, ko suna da ilimi ko a'a.

A lokacin Alexander, wasu birane kamar Charlotte sun sauƙaƙa gudanarwar su na rajistar masu jefa kuri'a, kuma sun amince da wasu 'yan Afirka masu ilimi a matsayin masu jefa kuriʼa. A lokacin Babban Mawuyacin hali, lokacin da wasu dama suka buɗe ga 'yan Afirka na Amurka, Alexander ya yi aiki don samun hayar jami'an 'yan sanda na baƙar fata da masu jigilar wasiku na Amurka. Ya jaddada ilimi, yana ba da shawarar darussan kasuwanci a makarantun baƙar fata (an ware tsarin makarantar jama'a), da kuma ingantaccen kiwon lafiya a cikin al'umma.

Duk da yake 'yan sanda da wuraren gidan waya sun kasance wani ɓangare na aikin gwamnati na birni da gwamnatin tarayya, Charlotte ta sami nasarar ƙuntata su ga fararen fata. Ba a hayar 'yan sanda baƙar fata na farko ba har zuwa 1941, lokacin da aka zaba biyu. An sanya su a cikin wani rukuni na musamman, ba a rufe su da ma'aikatan gwamnati ba kuma ba a yarda su dauki makamai. A shekara ta 1948 an hayar karin jami'an baƙar fata guda shida, kamar yadda kungiyar Veteran Welfare Association of Charlotte, wacce ta kunshi tsoffin mayakan yakin duniya na biyu, suka matsa lamba don canji; duk an bi da su a matsayin jami'an gwamnati na yau da kullun.

A shekara ta 1948 Alexander ya kasance memba mai kafa kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin babban sakatare na Kwamitin Citizens for Political Action a Charlotte . A wannan shekarar ta dauki nauyin 'yan takarar Afirka biyu na hukumar makaranta da majalisar birni. Amma a cikin 1932 majalisar birni ta canza hanyar zaɓe don waɗancan mukamai daga Gundumomi guda ɗaya zuwa babba zabe, bayan an kusan zabar baƙar fata zuwa Majalisar Birnin daga gundumar baƙar fata. Wannan ya buƙaci kowane dan takara ya sami goyon baya daga mafi yawan masu jefa kuri'a. Kamar yadda birnin ya kasance fari biyu bisa uku, yawancin 'yan takarar siyasa baƙi ba su iya samun isasshen kuri'u don nasara ba.

Amma Alexander ya ci gaba da aikinsa na kare hakkin bil'adama, ya sami suna a matsayin jagora mai matsakaici. Ya kasance memba na Yarjejeniya na Majalisar Charlotte Mecklenburg kan Dangantakar Dan Adam, an zabe shi a Majalisar Yankin Kudancin, kuma ya yi aiki a kwamitin Ayyukan Al'umma na United. A lokaci guda, Charlotte tana canzawa. A shekara ta 1957 kwamitin makarantar ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da karɓar wasu ɗaliban baƙar fata zuwa makarantun da suka kasance fararen fata, biyo bayan hukuncin Kotun Koli ta Amurka a shekara ta 1954 cewa makarantun jama'a masu rarrabewa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne. Dalibai uku sun ci gaba duk da ƙiyayya da zanga-zangar ƙiyayya amma shugabannin al'ummar kasuwanci sun damu sosai game da mummunan hoton da aka nuna game da birnin Charlotte.

A shekara ta 1962, Alexander, wanda ke wakiltar kasuwancin iyalinsa, ya zama dan Afirka na farko na Charlotte Chamber of Commerce . An nada shi a cikin Kwamitin Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a na Mecklenburg County shekara guda bayan haka. Don ɗaukar matsayin jagoranci, a watan Mayu 1963 Majalisar Kasuwanci ta zartar da ƙuduri don kasuwanci don haɗuwa, kuma an gudanar da haɗin kai na son rai a cikin birni da Mecklenburg County. Shugabannin kasuwanci sun yanke shawarar cewa lokaci ya yi da za a sanya Charlotte birni mai ci gaba a kan batutuwan launin fata, don inganta kasuwanci mai kyau.

A shekara ta 1964 an zabi Alexander a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Zartarwa na Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Mecklenburg County . Bayan wucewar Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama a wannan shekarar da Dokar 'YanYancin Zabe a shekara mai zuwa, ya taimaka wajen sake shirya rajistar masu jefa kuri'a da sauran shirye-shirye.

A shekara ta 1965 ya gudu kuma ya lashe kujerar a Majalisar Birnin Charlotte, ya zama Ba'amurke na farko da ya yi aiki a Majalisar tun daga shekarun 1890. A lokacin, kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yawan jama'ar garin Ba'amurke ne. A matsayinsa na dan takara, Alexander ya jaddada "sha'awarsa kada a dauke shi 'dan takarar Negro,' amma a matsayin mutumin da zai yi aiki don amfanin dukan al'umma, " kamar yadda aka nakalto a cikin *The Charlotte Observer.* . 

Alexander ya yi aiki na shekaru tara a cikin majalisa, yana taimakawa wajen zartar da dokoki masu yawa na nuna bambanci. Ya sami nasarar cire shinge wanda ya raba yankunan makabartar Elmwood-Pinewood, da sauran ci gaba ga makabartar birni. An gina shi a cikin shekarun 1930, makabarta na birni suna da rabuwa da ke raba su, wanda ya kasance har ma bayan da birni ya fara haɗin kai na kasuwanci kafin wucewar Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama. Shirin farko na Alexander ga Majalisar Birnin don cire shinge ya haifar da yanke shawara don samun kuri'a a kan batun. A watan Yulin 1968, kuri'un farko sun kasa wucewa. An amince da shi a ranar 6 ga Janairu, 1969, lokacin da wani wakilin ya kasance ba ya nan kuma Magajin garin Stan Brookshire ya jefa kuri'a ta yanke shawara don amincewa da shawarar.

Kashegari, Alexander ya lura da cire shinge, yana mai cewa lokacin da aka zabe shi, "Gidan kabari na Negro ba shi da tituna da aka shimfiɗa, an shuka shi kuma an cika shi da sharar gida... ba tare da kariya ba a waje. "  Tare da kula da ƙasa da gina shinge a waje, Alexander ya taimaka wajen yin titunan Pinewood da rufe ƙofar Kabari na Tara, don ba da damar 'yan Afirka na Afirka su shiga ta babbar ƙofar kamar sauran masu tallafawa.  Wani masanin tarihi ya dauki cire shinge a matsayin lokaci mai mahimmanci ga Alexander, lokacin da ya tabbatar da kansa a matsayin wakilin majalisa. Kokarinta ya "farfado da alama ce ta alama wacce ta ce ba kawai ga baƙar fata Charlotteans ba, har ma da fararen fata, cewa shingen rarrabewa na zamanin da ya gabata ne".

Wasu mazauna sun aika da wasiƙu ko kuma sun koka game da shawarar, suna nuna tsoron cewa 'yan Afirka na Amurka za su sace kayan ado na jana'izar daga fararen kaburbura, fararen za su fuskanci hari a cikin makabartar bude, ko fararen kakannin da aka binne a can za su ƙi. Amma an cire shinge kuma an haɗa makabarta.

Alexander ya kuma sami amincewar majalisa don gina tashar wuta a arewa maso yammacin Charlotte, unguwar da ta fi yawan 'yan Afirka da ba a ba da sabis. Ya sami goyon baya don adana Thompson Orphanage Chapel. Alexander ya yi aiki don kara yawan wakilcin Afirka-Amurka a cikin birni ta hanyar nadin kwamitoci daban-daban da allon gwamnati.

A ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 1965, an jefa bam a gidajen shugabannin baƙar fata huɗu a Charlotte a wani harin ta'addanci: Alexander, ɗan'uwansa Kelly Alexander, Julius Chambers, da Reginald Hawkins, duk an yi niyya, a bayyane yake don hana ayyukansu na kare hakkin bil'adama. Babu wanda ya mutu daga fashewar. Ba a taɓa kama 'yan ta'adda ba, kuma babu wata kungiya da ta yi ikirarin harin.

An zabi Alexander a Majalisar Dattijai ta Arewacin Carolina a shekara ta 1974 a matsayin wakilin gundumar 22. Yayinda yake sanata ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kwamitin ilimi mafi girma. A shekara ta 1979 ya gabatar da dokar da ke kira ga mako na biyu a watan Fabrairu da za a sanya shi a matsayin Black History Week a Arewacin Carolina. Ya kuma kasance wani ɓangare na NAACP, Majalisar Makwabta Mai Kyau ta Arewacin Carolina, Kwamitin Gwamna kan Shari'a da Hanyar, kuma ya kasance shugaban Gidan Tarihi na Mint daga 1978 zuwa 1979. 

A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 1980, Alexander ya mutu. An binne shi a York Memorial Park a Charlotte . 

## Manazarta