Yanayin Belize

Belize  wata karamar garine  ce ta Tsakiyar Amurka, wacce take a 17°15' arewa da equator da 88°45' yamma da Prime Meridian akan Yucatán Peninsula.  Tana iyaka da Tekun Caribbean zuwa gabas, tare da kilomita 386 na bakin teku.  Tana da jimlar kilomita 542 na iyakokin ƙasa—Mexico zuwa arewa-arewa maso yamma (kilomita 272) da Guatemala zuwa kudu-maso-yammaci (kilomita 266).  Jimlar girman Belize shine 22,966 km2 (8,867 sq mi), wanda 22,806 km2 (8,805 sq mi) ƙasa ce kuma 160 km2 (62 sq mi) ruwa ne..

Belize ita ce kadai kasar da ke Amurka ta tsakiya ba tare da iyakar tekun Pacific ba. Yawancin coral reefs, cays, da tsibirai zuwa gabas - kamar su Ambergris Caye, Lighthouse Reef, Glover's Reef, da Turneffe Islands - suna daga cikin yankin Belize, suna samar da Belize Barrier Reef, mafi tsawo a yammacin hemisphere wanda ya kai kimanin kilomita  (200  kuma na biyu mafi tsawo cikin duniya bayan Great Barrier Reif. Kogin da ya fi girma a Belize shi ne Kogin Belize mai suna. Mafi ƙasƙanci a Belize yana a matakin teku. Matsayinta mafi girma shine Doyle's Delight a   .

Yanayin yanayi a Belize yana da zafi, tare da lokacin ruwan sama daga Yuni zuwa Nuwamba da kuma lokacin fari daga Janairu zuwa Mayu. Haɗarin Halitta sun haɗa da guguwa (yawanci a ƙarshen Lokacin guguwar Atlantic, Satumba zuwa Disamba) da Ambaliyar bakin teku, musamman a kudu.

Girgizar ƙasa ta faru a kudancin Belize amma ba sau da yawa duk da cewa tana bayan Farantin Arewacin Amurka-circum-Caribbean a gefen kudu maso gabashin.

## Yanayin jiki
Siffar taswirar ta raba yanayin ƙasar Belize zuwa manyan yankuna biyu. Mafi ban sha'awa na gani daga cikin waɗannan yankuna an rarrabe shi da Dutsen Maya da wuraren da ke da alaƙa da su da kuma tsaunuka waɗanda suka mamaye duk sai da ƙanƙanin bakin teku a kudancin rabin ƙasar. Duwatsun sun tashi zuwa tsawo na kimanin mita 1,100,  tare da mafi girman batu shine Doyle's Delight (1,124 m) a cikin Cockscomb Range, wani bangare na Dutsen Maya a Yammacin Belize. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] An rufe su da ƙasa mai zurfi, ƙasa mai lalacewa sosai mai ƙarancin haihuwa, waɗannan tsaunuka masu gandun daji suna da ƙarancin zama.

Yanki na biyu ya ƙunshi tsaunukan arewa, tare da filin bakin teku na kudu.[1]  Manyan koguna goma sha takwas da magudanan ruwa masu yawa na tsawon shekaru suna zubar da waɗannan ƙananan wurare.] Yankin bakin tekun yana da faɗi da faɗi, tare da tafkuna masu yawa, musamman a arewaci da tsakiyar ƙasar Yamma daga yankunan bakin teku na arewa, ƙasa takan canza daga fadamar mangrove zuwa tropical pine savanna da dazuzzuka.  Lagoon. . 

Belize tana da'awar keɓantaccen yanki na tattalin arziki mai faɗin 35,351 km2 (13,649 sq mi) mai nisan mil 200 na nautical (kilomita 370.4; 230.2 mi) da kuma tekun teku mai nisan mil 12 (22.2 km; 13.8 mi).  Daga bakin kogin Sarstoon zuwa Ranguana Cay, iyakar tekun Belize shine 3 nmi (kilomita 5.6; 3.5 mi);  bisa ga Dokar Yankunan Maritime na Belize, 1992, manufar wannan iyakance shi ne samar da tsarin sasantawa na tabbataccen yarjejeniya kan bambance-bambancen yanki da Guatemala.

Belize ita ce kadai kasar da ke Amurka ta tsakiya ba tare da iyakar tekun Arewacin Tekun Pacific ba.

### Koguna
Cibiyoyin sadarwa na koguna, koguna, da lagoons sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin ƙasar Belize. Kogin da ya fi girma kuma mafi muhimmanci a tarihi shi ne Kogin Belize, wanda ke zubar da fiye da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na ƙasar yayin da yake tafiya a gefen arewacin Dutsen Maya a fadin tsakiyar ƙasar zuwa teku kusa da Birnin Belize. Har ila yau an san shi da Tsohon Kogin, Kogin Belize yana iya tafiya har zuwa iyakar Guatemala kuma ya zama babban hanyar kasuwanci da sadarwa tsakanin ciki da bakin teku har zuwa cikin karni na ashirin.

Sauran koguna masu muhimmanci a tarihi sun haɗa da Kogin Sibun, wanda ke zubar da gefen arewa maso gabashin Dutsen Maya, da Sabon Kogin, wanda ke gudana ta yankunan da ke shuka sukari na arewa kafin ya shiga cikin Chetumal Bay. Dukkanin wadannan kwarin kogi suna da ƙasa mai kyau kuma sun goyi bayan noma mai yawa da kuma zama na mutum.

### dazuzzuka
A cikin gandun daji na Belize yana da kusan 56% na jimlar yankin ƙasa, daidai da hekta 1,277,050 (ha) na gandun daji a cikin 2020, ƙasa daga hekta 1,600,030 (ha) a cikin 1990. A cikin 2020, gandun daji mai sabuntawa ya rufe hekta 1,274,670 (ha) kuma gandun daji da aka dasa ya rufe hekita 2,390 (ha). Daga cikin gandun daji mai sabuntawa na halitta an ruwaito 0% a matsayin gandun daji na farko (wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan bishiyoyi na asali ba tare da alamun bayyanar ayyukan ɗan adam ba) kuma kusan 59% na yankin gandun daji an samo shi a cikin yankunan da aka kiyaye.

## Yanayi

Belize tana da yanayi na wurare masu zafi tare da yanayi mai laushi da bushewa, kodayake akwai bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin yanayin yanayi ta yanki. Yanayin zafi ya bambanta dangane da tsawo, kusanci da bakin teku, da kuma tasirin matsakaici na iskar kasuwanci ta arewa maso gabas daga Caribbean. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi a yankunan bakin teku ya kasance daga  ° C (75 ° F) a watan Janairu zuwa  ° C (81 ° F) A watan Yuli. Yanayin zafi ya ɗan fi girma a cikin ƙasa, ban da tsaunuka na kudancin, kamar Mountain Pine Ridge, inda yake da sanyi sosai a duk shekara. Gabaɗaya, lokutan suna da alama ta bambance-bambance a cikin danshi da ruwan sama fiye da zafin jiki.

Matsakaicin ruwan sama ya bambanta sosai, daga millimeters 1,350 (53.1 in) a arewa da yamma zuwa sama da millimeters 4,500 (177.2 in)  matsanancin kudu. Bambance-bambance na yanayi  ruwan sama sun fi girma a yankunan arewa da na tsakiya na ƙasar inda, tsakanin Janairu da Afrilu ko Mayu, ƙasa da millimeters 100 (3.9 in) na ruwan sama ya faɗi kowane wata. Lokacin fari ya fi guntu a kudu, yawanci kawai yana faruwa daga Fabrairu zuwa Afrilu. Wani ɗan gajeren lokaci, wanda ba shi da ruwan sama, wanda aka sani a cikin gida kamar "ƙaramin bushewa," yawanci yana faruwa a ƙarshen Yuli ko Agusta, bayan farkon lokacin ruwan sama.

### Guguwa
Guguwa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin Belize. A cikin 1931 wata guguwa da ba a san sunanta ba ta lalata fiye da kashi biyu bisa uku na gine-gine a Birnin Belize kuma ta kashe fiye da mutane 1,000. A cikin 1955 Guguwar Janet ta rushe garin arewacin Corozal .  Shekaru shida bayan haka, Guguwar Hattie ta buge yankin gabar teku na tsakiya na kasar, tare da iskõki sama da kilomita 300 a kowace awa (186  da kuma guguwar guguwa ta mita 4 (13.1 . Rushewar Birnin Belize a karo na biyu a cikin shekaru talatin ya haifar da sake komawa babban birnin kimanin kilomita 80 (50  a cikin ƙasa zuwa birnin da aka tsara na Belmopan .  Wata guguwa da ta lalata Belize ita ce Guguwar Greta, wacce ta haifar da lalacewar sama da dala miliyan 25 a bakin tekun kudancin a shekarar 1978.

Akwai tsawon shekaru 20 da mutane da yawa ke ɗaukar Belize a matsayin yankin da ba shi da guguwa har sai guguwar Mitch (Oktoba 1998) ta haifar da wayar da kan guguwa da Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta ƙasa (NEMO).  Bayan shekara guda guguwar Keith ta afkawa Belize, sai kuma shekara ta gaba ta Tropical Storm Chantal.

A shekara ta 2001, Guguwar Iris ta mamaye kudancin Belize ta haifar da lalacewar da ta kai daruruwan miliyoyin saboda ya shafe masana'antar ayaba, ya gurgunta citrus da yawon bude ido a yankin. Shekaru shida bayan haka, fushin Class Five Dean ya sauka a bakin tekun Yucatán a Mahahual da Corozal a arewacin Belize, ba a kare shi daga mummunan abin da aka ruwaito na Category 3 zuwa 4 iska ba. Guguwar Dean ta yi miliyoyin mutane da yawa a cikin lalacewa, musamman ga masana'antar papaya ta yara da kuma ƙarami ga masana'antun sukari.

## Ilimin ƙasa

Ilimin ilimin ƙasa na Belize ya ƙunshi nau'ikan dutse mai laushi, tare da sanannen ban da Dutsen Maya, babban ɓangaren dutse mai zurfi na Paleozoic da kuma datti da ke gudana daga arewa maso gabas zuwa kudu maso yamma a fadin yankin kudu maso tsakiya na ƙasar. Yawancin manyan kurakurai suna gefen waɗannan tsaunuka, amma yawancin Belize suna waje da yankin da ke aiki wanda ke ƙarƙashin mafi yawan Amurka ta Tsakiya. A lokacin Cretaceous, abin da ke yanzu yammacin ɓangaren tsaunukan Maya ya tsaya sama da matakin teku, yana haifar da tsohuwar ƙasa a Amurka ta tsakiya, Dutsen Pine Ridge . 

Yankunan tuddai da ke kewaye da Dutsen Maya an kafa su ne daga dutse mai laushi na Cretaceous .  Wadannan yankuna suna da yanayin karst wanda aka kwatanta da sinkholes da yawa, koguna, da koguna na karkashin kasa. Ya bambanta da Mountain Pine Ridge, wasu daga cikin ƙasa a cikin waɗannan yankuna suna da kyau sosai kuma an noma su a cikin akalla shekaru 4,000 da suka gabata.

Yawancin rabin arewacin Belize yana kan Yucatán Platform, yanki mai ɗorewa. Kodayake mafi yawan matakin, wannan ɓangaren ƙasar yana da yankuna na lokaci-lokaci na tuddai, karst, kamar Yalbac Hills tare da iyakar yamma da Guatemala da Manatee Hills tsakanin Belize City da Dangriga .  Rashin ajiyar ruwa na bambancin haihuwa ya rufe shimfidar wurare masu laushi na filayen bakin teku.

## Batutuwan muhalli
Batutuwan lalacewar muhalli a Belize sun haɗa da sare daji, gurɓataccen ruwa daga datti, magudanar masana'antu, rugujewar noma, da zubar da sharar gida.

Belize tana cikin Yarjejeniyar Basel, Yarjejeniyar Biological Diversity, Yarjejeniya ta Ramsar, CITES, Yarjejeniyaa kan Rigakafin Ruwa ta Ruwa da Sauran Al'amura, Yarjejeniyarsa ta Duniya don Gudanar da Whaling, Yarjejeniyar Montreal, MARPOL 73/78, Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Tekun, Yarjejeniyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Turai don Yaki Dajin Yaki, da Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkinobho kan Canjin Yanayi.

### Canjin yanayi
Belize tana da matukar damuwa ga Canjin yanayi saboda yankunan bakin teku, yanayin halittu daban-daban, da dogaro da tattalin arziki kan yawon bude ido da aikin gona. Hawan matakin teku da Rushewar bakin teku suna barazana ga al'ummomin bakin teku da coral reefs. Yanayin zafi na teku yana haifar da furewar murjani, wanda ke tasiri ga bambancin halittu da kamun kifi. Abubuwan da suka faru na matsanancin yanayi, kamar guguwa da ambaliyar ruwa, sun zama masu yawa da tsananin gaske, masu lalata ababen more rayuwa da kuma abubuwan rayuwa.

A matsayinta na kasa, fitar da iskar gas mai guba ta Belize ta 2023 ba ta da yawa (ton miliyan 7.46), duk da haka, tana cikin matsayi na 13 mafi girma don fitar da isar da mutum, a tan 18.13 ga kowane mutum. Canjin Amfani da ƙasa da gandun daji tare shine mafi girman tushen hayaki a Belize. Gwamnati ta yi alkawarin fitar da hayaki a shekarar 2050 kuma ta bunkasa tsarin juriya da daidaitawa.

## Albarkatun halitta
Kodayake akwai ma'adanai masu mahimmanci a cikin tattalin arziki a Belize, babu wanda aka samo a cikin adadi mai yawa don tabbatar da hakar ma'adinai. Wadannan ma'adanai sun hada da dolomite, barite (maɓuɓɓugar barium), bauxite (mafarki na aluminum), cassiterite (mafurin tin), da zinariya. A cikin 1990 dutse mai laushi, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin gine-ginen hanya, shine kawai albarkatun ma'adinai da ake amfani da su don amfani da gida ko fitarwa.

Kamancin ilimin ƙasa na Belize da na yankunan da ke samar da mai na Mexico da Guatemala ya sa kamfanonin mai, musamman daga Amurka, su binciki man fetur a wuraren da ke bakin teku da na ƙasa a farkon shekarun 1980. Sakamakon farko ya kasance mai kyau, amma saurin binciken ya ragu daga baya a cikin shekaru goma, kuma ayyukan samarwa ba su fara ba. A sakamakon haka, Belize ta kasance kusan gaba ɗaya ta dogara da man fetur da aka shigo da ita don bukatun makamashi.

Belize tana da damar da za a iya amfani da ita don samar da wutar lantarki da sauran albarkatun makamashi masu sabuntawa, kamar hasken rana da biomass. A tsakiyar shekarun 1980 wani dan kasuwa na Belize ya ba da shawarar gina tashar wutar lantarki ta itace don samar da wutar lantarki, amma ra'ayin ya rushe saboda damuwa da muhalli da matsalolin tattalin arziki. A ƙarshen shekara ta 2005, wani kamfani mai suna Belize Natural Energy ya sami mai a cikin adadi na kasuwanci a yankin Mutanen Espanya na Belize . 

## Abubuwa masu tsanani

* Matsayi mafi nisa - Subteniente LopezMataimakin Lopez
* Yankin kudu maso yammacin - Yankin kudu da Guatemala, kusa da ChoconShukwal
* Yammacin Yamma - Yankin da Guatemala, a Kogin Sarstoon
* Matsayi mafi gabas - Lighthouse ReefHasumiyar Hasumiya
* Matsayi mafi girma - Doyle's Delight: 1124 m
* Matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci - Tekun Atlantika: 0 m