Jim Chanos

**James Steven Chanos**  (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Disamba, 1957) manajan saka hannun jari ne na Girka-Amurka. Shi ne shugaban ƙasa kuma wanda ya kafa Kynikos Associates, mai ba da shawara kan saka hannun jari mai rijista a birnin New York wanda ya mai da hankali kan sayar da hannun jari kaɗan .  An san shi da hasashen faduwar Enron kafin rugujewarta.   An yi masa lakabi da " Darth Vader na Wall Street", "Masifar Jari", da kuma " LeBron James na sayar da hannun jari kaɗan".  Chanos sanannen mai tattara kayan fasaha ne. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi James Steven Chanos a shekarar 1957 a cikin wani iyali 'yan gudun hijira 'yan Girka da ke zaune a Milwaukee, Wisconsin, waɗanda ke da shagunan wanke-wanke.  Ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Wylie E. Groves da ke Beverly Hills, Michigan . Ya sami digirin farko na Fasaha, digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki da kimiyyar siyasa daga Jami'ar Yale a shekarar 1980.  

## Sana'a
Chanos ya fara aikinsa a kamfanin dillalan kaya na Gilford Securities a shekarar 1982. Yayin da yake Gilford, ya yi nazarin kwararar kuɗi kuma ya ba da shawarar siyarwa wanda daga ƙarshe ya fallasa Baldwin-United, wacce ta shigar da ƙarar fatara a shekarar 1983.  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an ɗauki Chanos aiki zuwa Deutsche Bank, inda ya yi nazarin takardun jinginar Michael Milken da Drexel Burnham Lambert . 

Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin manazarci a kamfanoni da dama, Chanos ya kafa Kynikos (Girkanci don " mai tsantseni ") a shekarar 1985 da dala miliyan 16,  a matsayin kamfani da ya ƙware a fannin sayar da kayayyaki kaɗan. Wani muhimmin matsayi da ya ɗauka a Kynikos shi ne ƙarancin Enron. 

Ya bayyana dabarun saka hannun jarinsa a matsayin "bincike mai zurfi kan hannun jari",  yana neman gazawa ta asali a cikin kimanta kasuwa, daga gazawar da ba a bayyana ba ko kuma ba a bayar da rahoto a cikin kasuwanci ko kasuwar wani takamaiman hannun jari, sai kuma wani babban ɗan gajeren matsayi wanda yake son riƙewa na dogon lokaci - wataƙila akasin haka ne ga dabarun saka hannun jari na Warren Buffett da aka san shi da "tushen+tsawon lokaci".  Wasu sun ce alƙawarin da ya ɗauka ya zama abin fallasa fiye da yawancin hasashe, kamar yadda yake a cikin raguwar sa na kamfanoni kamar Baldwin-United da Enron Corporation . 

A cikin shekarun 2010, Chanos da sauran masu sayar da gajeren kaya sun fuskanci mawuyacin hali a lokacin da ake samun karuwar farashi da kuma karuwar yawan hannun jari .  Wani bayanin *New York Times* na masu sayar gajeren kaya da dama a shekarar 2015 ya bayyana Chanos da sauransu a matsayin "suna jiran a kawo karshen kasuwar bijimin." Wannan bayanin ya bayyana Kynikos Associates na Chanos a matsayin asarar fiye da rabin darajarta a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata daga dala biliyan 6 zuwa dala biliyan 2.5, wanda hakan ya tilasta wa Chanos ya "ba da wani sabon asusu ga masu zuba jari wanda zai dauki manyan mukamai kuma ya mamaye manyan takardun kamfanin na gargajiya".  An kiyasta cewa darajar Chanos a shekarar 2016 ta kai dala $1.5&nbsp;biliyan (daidai da $ 1.97&nbsp;biliyan a shekarar 2024 ). 

Shekarar 2020 ta kasance shekara mai matuƙar muni ga Chanos da sauran masu sayar da gajerun kaya, a cewar *Institutional Investor*, tana kiran kamfanoninsu "inuwar tsoffin kawunansu."  Mujallar ta lura cewa Kynikos ya ƙare a shekarar 2020 da dala $405&nbsp;miliyan (daidai da $ 492&nbsp;miliyan a 2024 ) a cikin kadarori, idan aka kwatanta da dala $2&nbsp;biliyan a shekarar 2018. 

A watan Nuwamba na 2023, *Jaridar Wall Street Journal* ta ruwaito cewa Chanos zai rufe asusun ajiyarsa na hedge ya kuma mayar da jarin waje ga masu zuba jari nan da karshen shekara.  A lokacin da aka buga, S&P500 ya karu da kusan kashi 20% a shekara zuwa yanzu, kuma Tesla, wani babban matsayi na asusun Chanos, ya karu da kusan kashi 117%.

## Zuba Jari

### Rushewar Enron
Chanos ya shahara a matsayin mai sayar da kaya na ɗan gajeren lokaci lokacin da ya annabta faduwar Enron kafin ya shigar da ƙarar fatara a 2001;  ya kasance mai sayar da Enron na ɗan gajeren lokaci a duk tsawon 2001, wanda hakan ya ƙara masa ɗan gajeren matsayinsa yayin da ƙarin bayani ke bayyana. Kynikos ya ci riba daga cinikin. 

### Faduwar gidaje a China
Chanos ya sha yin tsokaci akai-akai yana hasashen faduwar gidaje a China. A watan Janairun 2010, jaridar *New York Times* ta ruwaito cewa Chanos ya yi hasashen faduwar tattalin arzikin China da za ta yi kama da " Dubai sau 1,000 - ko ma fiye da haka". Daga baya, a *wasan kwaikwayo na Charlie Rose* a watan Afrilun 2010, ya dage cewa China tana kan "mashin tattaka zuwa jahannama" wanda zai haifar da hatsarin da wani kumfa na kadarorin "na duniya" ke haifarwa. 

Faduwar gidaje da aka yi hasashen za ta faru a China a shekarar 2010 bai faru ba, kuma ya sa kafofin watsa labarai na kuɗi suka yi tambaya game da hikimar saka hannun jarinsa. *Bloomberg* a cikin wani labarin Disamba 2017 ya lura cewa "Chanos ya yi fare mara kyau akan hannun jarin Amurka da China kwanan nan".  Jaridar *Financial Times* a cikin wani labarin Oktoba 2017 ta yi amfani da misalin ɗaya daga cikin "annabce-annabce masu ban tsoro" game da kasuwar gidaje ta China wanda bai cika ba, yana nuna cewa batun "yana da wahaloli ga masu zuba jari na ƙasashen waje da ƙwararru su fahimta".  Jaridar The *Economist* a cikin wani labarin Janairu 2021 game da hauhawar gidaje ta China ta lura cewa farashin gidaje ya ninka kuma "an gina isassun gidaje ga mutane miliyan 250" tun lokacin da Chanos ya kwatanta gidaje na China da "Dubai akan steroids". A cewar Economist, gazawar hasashen faɗuwar ya nuna cewa kasuwa ta "fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda aka kwatanta ta a matsayin kumfa." 

A cikin wani labarin jaridar *[[New York Times]]* ta watan Satumba na shekarar 2021 kan rikicin fannin kadarori na kasar Sin (2020–yanzu), an lura da cewa "...Jim Chanos, wani fitaccen mai zuba jari a Amurka, ya yi gargadin cewa wuce gona da iri da kasar Sin ta yi kan mallakar gidaje ya sanya ta a kan 'abin hawa' kuma cewa kumfa na iya fashewa a kowane lokaci. Amma kumfa bai fashe ba a shekarar 2010. Bai fashe ba a shekarar 2011, kuma bai fashe ba a cikin shekaru goma tun daga lokacin - sai dai idan, wato, ya fara yin hakan a wannan makon." 

A wata hira da aka yi da shi a watan Oktoban 2021, Chanos ya sake annabta faduwar gidaje a China. Ba za a sami "babu wani abin tarihi da ya yi kama da haka ba", a cewar Chanos. "Wataƙila Tokyo a '89? Amma wannan ya fi haka muni. Ya fi Spain muni a '06 ko Ireland a '06." 

### Tattalin arzikin kasar Sin da hannun jari
Chanos ya kasance mai suka ga tattalin arzikin kasar Sin tun daga shekarar 2009-10, kusan lokacin da ya fara fitar da hasashen yanayi game da kasuwar gidaje ta kasar Sin.  A watan Satumba na shekarar 2009 a CNBC, Chanos ya ce tattalin arzikin kasar Sin mai ban mamaki yana "ƙara yin imani da shi", yana mai hasashen cewa kasar za ta bi hanyar "tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet ". 

Zuwa shekarar 2015, hannun jarin China ya kai kusan kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na hannun jarin da ke cikin asusun duniya na Kynikos. Kamfanin ya samu riba lokacin da hannun jarin China ya faɗi a lokacin rikicin kasuwar hannayen jarin China na 2015-2016 . 

Daga baya a cikin shekarun 2010, Chanos ya rage fare da kamfaninsa ke yi da kasuwar hannayen jari ta China. A lokacin wani taron dandalin Schechter Wealth a watan Disamba na 2017, ya lura cewa, "a cikin 'yan shekarun nan... mun rage ƙarancin China da asusunmu na duniya zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci".

A watan Satumba na 2023, Chanos ya bayyana cewa kamfaninsa ba ya sake yin amfani da gajerun wando a kasuwar China, wani sauyi daga tsarin da yake bi shekaru 10-12 da suka gabata saboda kasuwar hannayen jari ta China ta "kasance ba ta da kyau tsawon shekaru 12", wanda hakan ya rage sha'awar rage wando.  A wata hira da Bloomberg Television a watan Satumba na 2023, ya fayyace cewa matsayinsa ba wai tattalin arzikin kasar Sin zai kasance cikin "ɓangaren shan taba" ba ne. Duk da haka, dole ne ya "rage ci gabansa" daga tsarin zuba jari zuwa tsarin amfani da kayayyaki ko sabis, tare da "ƙaruwar saurin gudu" a hanya. 

### Caterpillar
A taron masu zuba jari na CNBC Institutional Investment Delivering Alpha Conference a shekarar 2013, Chanos ya bayyana cewa kamfaninsa ya gaza wajen sayen Caterpillar Inc. Chanos ya bayyana cewa Caterpillar ta ji daɗin "sau ɗaya a cikin tsara, idan ba sau ɗaya a rayuwa ba" a fannin zuba jari a kayayyakin more rayuwa saboda ƙaruwar China, wanda ke gab da ƙarewa. A shekarar 2016, Chanos ya ci gaba da cewa kamfaninsa har yanzu yana yin fare da Caterpillar. Chanos ya ce "rushewar ba ta faru ba" saboda bashin China da kuma kuɗaɗen gidaje ba su fara ba tukuna.

### Kamfanin Tesla Inc.
Chanos ya kasance mai rauni a Tesla Inc tun daga 2013, amma ya sanar da ɗan gajeren matsayi a 2016.  Tsakanin 2015 da 2021, hannun jarin Tesla ya ƙaru da sama da 2,200%. A cikin 2020, asusun Chanos ya yi asara mai yawa saboda ɗan gajeren matsayinsa da Tesla: "Kynikos ya ƙare a 2020 da kusan dala miliyan 405 a cikin [kadarori da ke ƙarƙashin kulawa], ƙasa daga kusan dala miliyan 932 a shekarar da ta gabata, a cewar bayanan ADV na shekara-shekara da Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar Kuɗi."  A cikin wata hira ta 2020, Chanos ya yi iƙirarin cewa har yanzu Tesla ce mai gajere, amma ya yarda cewa asarar da ta yi "ta kasance mai zafi, a bayyane".  A cikin 2023, ya yi iƙirarin cewa har yanzu Tesla ce mai gajere, yana bayyana irin wannan rashin nasara daga shekarun baya na raguwa: raguwar riba da ƙaruwar gasa. 

### Kofi na Luckin
Chanos ya ɗauki kuma ya rufe ɗan gajeren matsayi kan Luckin Coffee Inc. a shekarar 2020 bisa shawarar abokin cinikinsa Carson Block na Muddy Waters Research . Hannun jarin ya faɗi da kashi 70% a watan Afrilun 2020 bayan da kamfanin ya bayyana a cikin wani rahoto da ya shigar cewa babban jami'in gudanarwa ya ƙirƙiro kimanin yuan biliyan 2.2 ($310 miliyan) na tallace-tallacen da aka ruwaito a shekarar 2019. Chanos ya yi magana a CNBC, "Sau nawa masu zuba jari za su fuskanci ƙalubale a waɗannan kamfanonin da suka yi kyau sosai don su zama gaskiya? Ƙara yawan kashi 40% zuwa 50% a shekara, tare da duk wani nau'in mu'amala mara kyau da masu haɗin gwiwa."

### Wirecard AG
Chanos ya karɓi kuma ya rufe wani ɗan gajeren matsayi a Wirecard AG. Hannun jarin Wirecard AG ya faɗi da kusan kashi 96% a watan Yunin 2020 bayan da mai bincikensa, EY, ya bayyana cewa ya ɓace kusan dala biliyan 2.1.  Wirecard ta sanar da cewa wataƙila dala biliyan 2.1 (€1.9 biliyan) ba ta wanzu ba.  A kan Bloomberg, Chanos ya ce yana ganin "Wirecard ba ta taɓa samun riba ba." 

### Kamfanin Hertz
Chanos ya ɗauki ɗan gajeren matsayi a Kamfanin Hertz . Chanos ya rufe ɗan gajeren matsayinsa kafin fatarar Hertz.  Chanos ya yi tsokaci game da ɗan gajeren matsayinsa a kan Hertz cewa bai yi imani zai tsira daga koma bayan tattalin arziki na gaba ba. 

### Bayan Nama
Chanos yana da ɗan gajeren matsayi a kan Beyond Meat . Chanos ya yi tsokaci a wani labarin Financial Times, "'Beyond Meat' har yanzu yana ciniki da riba sau 10. Wannan kamfani ne wanda har yanzu ana sayar da shi don kamala a nan. Kasuwar tana ciniki da riba sau 2.5, kuma kamfanonin masu sayayya masu nasara suna ciniki da riba sau 4."  Chanos ya ƙara da cewa, "Beyond Meat ya daina zama kamfanin haɓaka". Hannun jarin ya faɗi da kashi 54% tun lokacin da aka fara amfani da shi a matsayin IPO. As of July 2022 , kamar yadda masu zuba jari ke damuwa game da ƙaruwar matsin lamba kan ribar Beyond Meat kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin labarin Financial Times na Arun Sundaram, wani manazarci a CFRA.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Chanos yana zaune a Florida. &#x5B; ** &#x5D; Malami ne a fannin kuɗi kuma ƙwararren ɗan makarantar Becton a Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Yale, inda yake koyar da darasi kan tarihin zamba ta kuɗi.  Amintacce ne na Makarantar Nightingale-Bamford da Ƙungiyar Tarihi ta New York kuma a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na Makarantar Browning .  Yana da 'ya'ya huɗu. 

## Manazarta