Ginin bayi

**Noman bayi** gonaki ne na noma da ke amfani da bayin da ake bautar da su wajen aiki. An kawar da al'adar a mafi yawan wurare a cikin karni na 19.

## Bauta
Masu shuka shuki sun rungumi amfani da bayi musamman saboda aikin da aka saka ya yi tsada. Wasu ma’aikatan da aka ba su aikin su ma sun tashi don fara gonakinsu saboda filaye da yawa. Masu mulkin mallaka a Amurka sun yi ƙoƙari su yi amfani da ’yan asalin ƙasar Amirka don aiki, amma sun kasance masu iya kamuwa da cututtuka na Turai kuma sun mutu da yawa . Masu shukar sai suka juya ga ’yan Afirka da suke bautar aiki. A cikin 1665, akwai 'yan Afirka kasa da 500 a Virginia amma a shekara ta 1750, kashi 85 cikin 100 na bayi 235,000 a cikin Mallaka goma sha uku sun zauna a yankunan kudancin, ciki har da Virginia. 'Yan Afirka su ne kashi 40 na al'ummar Kudu.

Bisa ga ƙidayar Amurka ta 1840, ɗaya daga cikin kowane iyalai huɗu a Virginia ya mallaki bayi. Akwai sama da masu gonaki 100 waɗanda suka mallaki bayi sama da 100.  Adadin bayi a cikin Jihohi 15 ya kasance kawai kunyar miliyan 4 a cikin jimillar mutane miliyan 12.4 kuma kashi 32% na yawan jama'a.

Kasa da kashi daya bisa uku na iyalan Kudancin Amurka sun mallaki bayi a kololuwar bauta kafin barkewar yakin basasar Amurka a 1861. A Mississippi da South Carolina, adadi ya kusan rabi. Adadin masu bautar ya kasance 385,000 (ciki har da, a Louisiana, wasu 'yan Afirka Ba'amurke masu 'yanci ), wanda ya kai kusan 3.8% na yawan jama'ar Kudancin da Border .

A gonakin da ke da bayi sama da 100, babban jarin bayi ya fi kimar filaye da kayan aikin noma.

Latifundia mai ikon bawa ya fito a cikin tattalin arzikin yankuna na Rome na gargajiya daga karni na 2 KZ. Noman bayi na farko a cikin Sabuwar Duniya sun samo asali ne daga tsibiran Caribbean, musamman a yammacin Indies a tsibirin Hispaniola, inda Mutanen Espanya suka gabatar da tsarin a farkon karni na 16 AD. Tsarin shuka, wanda ya dogara da aikin bayi, an yi masa alama ta hanyoyin cin mutuncin ɗan adam. Bayan an kafa shi a cikin tsibiran Caribbean, tsarin shuka ya bazu a cikin ƙarni na 16th, 17th, da 18th zuwa ƙasashen turawa a cikin Amurka da Asiya . Duk tsarin shuka yana da nau'i na bauta a cikin kafuwarsu: da farko an tilasta wa bayi su zama ma'aikata a cikin tsarin shuka; wadannan bayin ‘yan asalin Indiya ne, amma daga baya aka tsawaita tsarin ya hada da bayin da aka yi jigilar su daga Afirka. Hakika, ci gaban tsarin shuka ya kasance tare da saurin haɓakar cinikin bayi .

Tsarin shuka ya kai kololuwa a farkon rabin karni na 18. amma daga baya, a tsakiyar karni na 19, an sami karuwar bukatar auduga daga kasashen Turai, wanda ya haifar da fadada tsarin shuka a kudancin Amurka. Wannan ya sanya tsarin shuka ya kai ga mummunan rikici,Har sai ya canza daga dogara  bautar bawa zuwa ɗaukar ma'aikata mafi ƙarancin albashi tare da ƙaramin adadin aikin tilastawa. A ƙarshen karni na 19, masu mulkin mallaka sun tabbatar da samun riba mai yawa daga siyar da kayayyakin shuka ta hanyar cin gajiyar ma'aikata masu arha, tilastawa ma'aikata aiki, peonage da bautar bashi a Asiya, Afirka, da Latin Amurka. 

Sabbin masana'antu na juyin juya halin masana'antu sun yi amfani da wasu ayyukan gudanarwa na gonakin bayi don tsarawa da sarrafa yawan ma'aikatansu .

## Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantic
Turawa ‘yan kasuwa masu fataucin bayi ne suka kawo su daga Afirka zuwa Amurka. An yi jigilar su daga tashar jiragen ruwa na yammacin Afirka zuwa kasashen Turai da ke Amurka. Tafiya daga Afirka ta tsallaka Tekun Atlantika ana kiranta " tsakiyar hanya ", kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙafafu uku waɗanda suka haɗa da ciniki mai kusurwa uku tsakanin nahiyoyin Turai, Amurka da Afirka .

A wasu kiyasi, an ce an kawo wasu ‘yan Afirka kusan miliyan goma zuwa Amurka. Kusan kashi 6% ne kawai ya ƙare a cikin yankunan Arewacin Amirka, yayin da aka kai yawancin yankunan Caribbean da kuma Kudancin Amirka . Wani dalilin da ya sa mutane da yawa ba su kai ga yankunan ba kwata-kwata shine cuta da rashin lafiya. A ƙarƙashin benen jirgin bayi, ’yan Afirka suna riƙe da ƙirji da ƙirji kuma ba su iya yin motsi sosai. Akwai sharar gida da fitsari a ko'ina cikin riƙon; wannan ya sa wadanda aka kama suka yi rashin lafiya kuma suka mutu sakamakon cututtuka da ba a iya warkewa. 

Yayin da tattalin arzikin shuka ya haɓaka, cinikin bayi ya ƙaru don biyan buƙatun aiki. 

## Shuka shuka

Sugar yana da dogon tarihi a matsayin amfanin gona na shuka. Yin noman sukari dole ne ya bi tsarin kimiyya don samun riba daga samarwa. Shuke-shuken sukari a ko'ina sun kasance masu cin gajiyar aiki marasa daidaituwa, galibi ana bautar da su, saboda yawan mace-mace na ma'aikatan shuka. A Brazil, ana kiran gonaki *engenhos de açúcar* kuma suna fama da irin wannan matsala.

An kama bayin da ke aikin noman sukari a cikin wani yanayi mai wahala na aiki mai wahala kowace shekara. Ana girbi rake kimanin watanni 18 bayan dasa shuki kuma gonakin suna rarraba gonakinsu don samun inganci. Filaye ɗaya yana kwance, fili ɗaya na noman rake, ana kuma girbe filin ƙarshe. A lokacin damina na Disamba–Mayu, ana shuka bayi, ana dasa takin dabbobi, da kuma ciyawa . Daga watan Janairu zuwa Yuni, sun girbe ragon ta hanyar sare shuke-shuken kusa da ƙasa, suna cire ganyen sannan a yanka su cikin guntun ɓangarorin da za a haɗa su a tura su zuwa injin daskarewa.

A cikin niƙa, an murƙushe sandar ta hanyar amfani da injin nadi uku. Sai a tafasa ko kuma a fayyace ruwan 'ya'yan itacen da aka murkushe shi har sai ya zama sugar. Wasu shuke-shuken kuma sun wuce mataki na gaba kuma suna narkar da molasses, ruwan da ya bar bayan an tafasa sukari ko kuma ya bayyana, don yin rum . Daga nan aka mayar da sukarin zuwa Turai . Ga ma'aikacin bawa, aikin na yau da kullun ya sake farawa.

Tare da kawar da bautar da aka yi a karni na 19, shuka ya ci gaba da girma da sukari, amma beets na sukari, wanda za'a iya girma a cikin yanayi mai zafi, ya kara yawan rabon su na kasuwar sukari.

## Magana