open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Mahjoubi Aherdane

**Mahjoubi Aherdane** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1921/1924 a Oulmes kuma ya mutu a ranar 15 ga watan Nuwamba, 2020  ) ɗan siyasan Moroko ne, Amazigh ɗan kishin ƙasa, mawaƙi kuma mai zane. Tare da Abdelkrim al-Khatib, ya kafa Popular Movement a shekara ta 1957, jam'iyyar siyasa mai kare manufar Amazigh kuma ya kafa mafi yawan tsoffin mayakan kungiyar 'yantar da Moroko (ALN).

## Maroko ƙasa mai cin gashin  kanta
A lokacin zaɓen raba gardama na kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Morocco na 1962, Aherdane ya kaɗa kuri'ar amincewa da rubutun kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Maroko na farko mai cin gashin kanta kuma ya jagoranci jam'iyyarsa ta shiga jam'iyyar Front for Defence of Constitutional Institutions (FDIC) - jam'iyyar Ahmed Réda Guédira, aminin Sarki Hassan II- a zaɓen 'yan majalisa na shekarar 1963.  Wannan zaɓe da akasarin jam'iyyar FDIC ya samu nasara kuma ya jagoranci Aherdane ya shiga gwamnatin Bahnini a matsayin ministan tsaron ƙasa daga shekarun 1963 zuwa 1964 da kuma ministan noma daga shekarun 1964 zuwa 1965, matsayin da zai sake riƙe wa a gwamnatin Hassan II 4 daga shekarun 1965 zuwa 1967. 

A cikin shekarar 1967, Abdelkrim al-Khatib ya yanke shawarar barin Popular Movement ya ci gaba da zama a cikin 'yan adawa kuma ya kirkiro Popular Democratic and Constitutional Movement (MPDC, PJD na gaba). A cikin shekarar 1970, Aherdane ya bar ƙungiyar Guédira (FDIC) kuma ya jagoranci jam'iyyarsa zuwa matsayi na biyu a zaɓen 'yan majalisu na shekarar 1970, wanda masu zaman kansu suka yi nasara waɗanda suka kirkiro Rassemblement National des indépendants (RNI) bayan 'yan shekaru. 

A shekara ta 1977, lokacin da aka kafa gwamnatin Osman II, Aherdane ya amince ya shiga cikinta kuma ya zama ƙaramin minista mai kula da ayyuka da sadarwa, muƙamin da zai riƙe a gwamnatin Bouabid na ɗaya.  A shekarar 1981, ya zama ƙaramin minista mai kula da haɗin gwiwa a gwamnatin Bouabid II. 

## Ayyuka

* *Un poème pour étendard*, L'Harmattan, 1991 (Novel)
* *Ezzayegh*, Editions du Regard
* *Mémoires*, Editions du Game
* *Aguns n tilla* au cœur des ténèbres
* *Iguider*
* *La masse ira*
* *Mémoires tome 2*
* Le reflet du vent
* Ezzayegh
* Ci gaba da tafiya

## Manazarta
Achieng Oneko

**Ramogi Achieng Oneko** (1920–2007) ɗan gwagwarmayar ƴancin ƙasar Kenya ne kuma ɗan siyasa, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin gwarzo na ƙasa a Kenya.

An haife shi a ƙauyen Tieng'a a yankin Uyoma a gundumar Bondo a cikin shekarar 1920  kuma ya yi karatu a Makarantar Maseno. 

## Tsarewa
Oneko na ɗaya daga cikin masu fafutukar 'yanci guda shida da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya ta kama a Kapenguria a shekarar 1952. Sauran mambobin kungiyar da aka fi sani da "Kapenguria Six" sun haɗa da Jomo Kenyatta, Paul Ngei, Bildad Kaggia, Kungu Karumba da kuma Fred Kubai. An kama su ne bisa zargin suna da alaka da ƙungiyar tawaye ta Mau Mau.  An tuhumi Oneko a matsayin "Wanda ake tuhuma mai lamba 3." Bayan an same su da laifi, dukkansu shida sun ɗaukaka ƙara kan hukuncin.

Alkalan ɗaukaka ƙara sun gano cewa Oneko an yanke masa hukunci ne a kan nauyin wani taro na KAU da ya halarta.  Kalaman da aka yi a taron sun kasance a Kikuyu, waɗanda bai gane su ba a lokacin. Ko da yake alkalai sun wanke shi daga tuhumar da ake masa a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun 1954, har yanzu ana tsare da shi tare da sauran Kapenguria Five.&#x5B; ** &#x5D;

An sake su bayan shekaru tara, wato a shekarar 1961, shekaru biyu kafin Kenya ta samu 'yancin kai.

## Siyasa
An gudanar da zaɓen ‘yan majalisa na farko kan ‘yancin kai a shekarar 1963 kuma Achieng Oneko ya lashe zaɓen mazaɓar garin Nakuru.  Jomo Kenyatta ya zama shugaban Kenya na farko kuma nan da nan ya naɗa Achieng Oneko ministan yaɗa labarai, yada labarai da yawon buɗe ido. Duk da haka, a cikin shekarar 1966 Oneko ya yi murabus daga gwamnati kuma ya shiga sabuwar ƙungiyar jama'ar Kenya da aka kafa, jam'iyyar gurguzu ƙarƙashin jagorancin abokinsa Oginga Odinga. 

A cikin shekarar 1969 tsohon abokinsa Kenyatta ya kama shi bayan wani abin da ya faru a Kisumu yayin ziyarar Kenyatta a garin kuma aka sake shi a cikin shekarar 1975. 

Oneko ya koma siyasa a shekarar 1992 lokacin da aka zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan majalisa a zaɓen farko na jam'iyyu da yawa a Kenya. Ya wakilci jam'iyyar Ford-Kenya, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Oginga Odinga. Duk da haka, ya rasa kujerarsa na mazaɓar Rarieda a zaɓe mai zuwa da aka yi a shekarar 1997. 

## Martaba
Achieng Oneko ya mutu ne sakamakon bugun zuciya a ranar 9 ga watan Yuni 2007 yana da shekaru 87, a gidansa da ke ƙauyen Kunya, Rarieda, gundumar Bondo. 

Ya bar wata bazawara mai suna Loice Anyango. Babbar matarsa Jedida, ta rasu a shekara ta 1992.  Yana da ‘ya’ya 11, maza bakwai da mata huɗu.  Babban ɗansa shine Dr Ongonga Achieng.

A lokacin mutuwarsa, Oneko shine kaɗai ɗaya daga cikin "Kapenguria shida" har yanzu yana raye. Ranar Mashujaa (wanda aka fi sani da Kenyatta Day har zuwa lokacin fitar da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Kenya a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta 2010) biki ne na ƙasa a Kenya wanda ke tunawa da tsare Kapenguria Six a ranar 20 ga watan Oktoba 1952. 

## Duba kuma

* Mutanen Luo na Kenya da Tanzaniya

## Manazarta
Kung'u Karumba

**Kung'u Karumba** ɗan kishin ƙasar Kenya ne kuma mai fafutukar 'yanci. Ya kasance memba na Kapenguria Six, tare da Bildad Kaggia, Jomo Kenyatta, Fred Kubai, Paul Ngei, da Achieng Oneko.

An kama Kungu Karumba tare da wasu mutane biyar da suka haɗa da Jomo Kenyatta a ranar 20 ga watan Oktoba, 1952 a Kapenguria daga hannun gwamnan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, saboda hannu a wata kungiyar juyin juya hali mai suna Mau Mau, wacce ta jagoranci tawaye ga 'yan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. Dalilin da ya sa aka gudanar da shari'ar a Kapenguria shi ne don Mau Mau ya kasa samun 'yantar da mutanen. Yankin ya kasance mai nisa a lokacin. An yanke masa hukunci kuma an kulle shi a gidan yari na tsawon shekaru bakwai tare da aiki tukuru kafin ƙasar ta samu ‘yancin kai a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba, 1963.  

Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Kenya, ya kasance amini na kud da kud kuma mai ba da shawara ga Kenyatta wanda ya tashi zuwa Firayim Minista na Kenya. Mai himma a matsayin ɗan kasuwa, Karumba ya saka hannun jari a Uganda. Ya aro makudan kuɗaɗe ga matar kwamandan sojojin Uganda Isaac Maliyamungu, amma ba ta biya bashin da ke kanta ba. Sakamakon haka Karumba ya yi tafiya zuwa Uganda a cikin watan Yuni 1974,  kuma ya ɓace, ba a san makomarsa ba.  Daga baya rahotannin sirri sun nuna cewa Maliyamungu ne ya kashe Karumba a lokacin da aka samu saɓani kan basussukan matarsa. 

## Iyali
Kung'u Karumba yana da ɗa mai suna Abraham Karanja, 'ya'ya mata Philomena Njambi, Rose Njeri Ndungu da sauransu.

## Aikin kasuwanci
A matsayinsa na ɗan kasuwa, Kung'u Karumba ya saka hannun jari a masana'antar sufuri inda ya mallaki rundunar motoci masu nisa. Ya kuma gudanar da jigilar mai inda ya kai mai daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Mombasa zuwa Kampala da Bujumbura. Baya ga wannan, ya kuma mallaki masana'antar masana'antu a cikin gari na Nairobi.

## Martaba
A Kenya, ana ɗaukar Karumba a matsayin gwarzo na ƙasa. Bacewarsa ta jawo hankali sosai,  kuma mai yiwuwa ya taimaka wajen taɓarɓarewar dangantakar siyasa tsakanin Kenya da Uganda.  Shahararren mawaki a lokacin, Daniel Kamau, ya rubuta wata waka mai suna 'A Ina Kung'u Karumba Ya Bace?'

## Manazarta
Ƴancin LGBTQ a Aljeriya

Madigo, luwadi, bisexual, transgender da queer ko tambayoyi (LGBTQ) mutanen Algeria suna fuskantar ƙalubale na shari'a da wariyar da waɗanda ba mazauna LGBTQ ba suka fuskanta. A cewar rahoton kungiyar 'yan madigo da 'yan luwadi ta kasa da kasa na watan Mayu 2008, nau'in jinsin maza da mata duka sun sabawa doka a Aljeriya.  An daidaita dabi'un 'yan luwadi a cikin al'ummar Aljeriya, kuma mutanen LGBTQ galibi ana fuskantar wariya da yuwuwar kama su. 

## Doka game da jima'i tsakanin jinsi
Mataki na 338 na dokar Aljeriya (fassarar turanci) yana cewa:

Mataki na 333 na dokar Aljeriya (fassarar turanci) yana cewa:

Hakanan ana ba da izinin aiwatar da kisan gilla,  duka,  da azabtarwa , tare da 'yan sanda akai-akai suna shiga cikin hare-haren,  suna da hannu, ko rufe ido. 

Dokokin masu aikata laifuka sun samo asali ne daga al'amuran da suka mamaye a Aljeriya wadanda ke kallon luwadi da sanya sutura a matsayin sabawa addinin Musulunci . 

## Yanayin rayuwa
Luwadi  doka ta haramta, kuma halin zamantakewar da ake ciki a bayyane mara kyau ne, har ma da tashin hankali. Dokar ba ta yarda ko mutunta haƙƙin ɗan adam na LGBTQ ba. A hukumance, babu cibiyoyin abokantaka na 'yan luwadi kuma babu wata kungiyar siyasa da aka yarda ta yi yakin neman 'yancin LGBTQ.  Misalan laifuffukan ƙiyayya da aka yi wa ’yan luwadi sun haɗa da jifan wasu mutane biyu a kan titi a shekara ta 2001  da kuma kashe wasu maza biyu, ɗaya a 1994 ɗayan kuma a 1996. 

Yawancin yunƙurin yin auren jinsi da ba a hukumance ba ‘yan sanda ne ke hana su, kamar yadda aka yi a ƙoƙarin 2005. 

Assil Belatla dalibi ne da aka kashe a shekarar 2019 saboda ana zarginsa da luwadi. An kashe dalibin ne a dakin kwanansa da ke gundumar jami’ar kuma an zana kalaman ‘yan luwadi ne a bango da jininsa. Wanda ya kashe ya yi tunanin zai kaucewa gurfanar da shi kan kisan.  

Houari Manar, fitaccen mawakin Raï wanda aka fi sani da luwadi, ya mutu a shekarar 2019. Bayan rasuwarsa, an yi ta maganganu na nuna kyama a shafukan sada zumunta.  

A cewar wani bincike da cibiyar bincike ta Arab Barometer ta yi wa BBC News Larabci a cikin 2018-19, kusan kashi 26% na Aljeriya suna tunanin ya kamata a yarda da luwadi

## Teburin taƙaitawa

## Bayanan kula
Hukuncin Kisa a Aljeriya

Hukuncin kisa hukunci ne na shari'a a Aljeriya . Duk da halaccin sa, an aiwatar da hukuncin kisa na karshe a kasar a shekarar 1993, kan wasu 'yan ta'addan Islama guda bakwai da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba. Saboda tsawaita wa'adin hukuncin kisa, Aljeriya ana daukarta a matsayin "Abolitionist in Practice."  

Hanyoyin aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a Aljeriya sune harbin bindiga da harbin bindiga. Hukuncin kisa ya kasance a kan littattafan doka a matsayin hukuncin shari'a kan laifuffuka iri-iri ciki har da cin amanar kasa; leken asiri; kisan kai mai tsanani; zubar da jini yana haifar da mutuwa; ƙonewa (ko lalata ta amfani da abubuwan fashewa) na gine-gine, motoci ko girbi wanda ke haifar da mutuwa; da gangan lalata kayan aikin soja wanda ya haifar da mutuwa; yunƙurin canza tsarin mulki ko ayyuka da nufin tunzura jama'a; lalata ƙasa; zagon kasa ga ayyukan jama'a da na tattalin arziki; kashe-kashe da kisa; shiga cikin makada masu dauke da makamai ko cikin yunkurin tayar da kayar baya; jabu; ta'addanci; ayyukan azabtarwa ko zalunci; sace mutane; sata mai tsanani; wasu laifukan soja; guba; ƙoƙarin aikata laifin da ya cancanci mutuwa; da kuma wasu shari'o'i na sake bayyanawa da kuma shaidar zur da ke kai ga yanke hukuncin kisa. 

Aljeriya ta kada kuri'ar amincewa da duk wani matakin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta dauka na dakatar da hukuncin kisa a 2007, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018, da 2020.  Hakanan ya kasance mai ɗaukar nauyi tun aƙalla ƙudurin 2012. 

## Magana
Hukuncin kisa a Botswana

**Hukuncin babban laifi a Botswana** hukunci ne na shari'a, kuma yawanci ana neman yin kisan kai a cikin yanayi mai tsanani. Ana aiwatar da kisa ta hanyar rataya .   Duk da wannan, kundin tsarin mulkin Botswana ya ba da tabbacin 'yancin rayuwa.  Ita ce kasa daya tilo a Kudancin Afirka da har yanzu ke amfani da hukuncin kisa a matsayin hukunci. 

Ana aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a matsakaita guda daya a shekara, kuma ana aiwatar da hukuncin ne bayan wasu shekaru bayan yanke hukuncin da kotun ta yanke. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an aiwatar da kisa guda ɗaya a cikin 2016, biyu a cikin 2018, ɗaya a cikin 2019, ɗayan kuma a cikin 2020.  

## Sanannen lokuta
Wani lamari mai cike da cece-kuce shi ne na Mariette Bosch, 'yar gudun hijirar Afirka ta Kudu da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa saboda ta kashe matar masoyinta. An yanke mata hukunci a shekarar 1999 kuma an kashe ta bayan shekaru biyu. Ita ce mace ta hudu da aka yankewa hukuncin kisa tun bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1966 kuma daya daga cikin 'yan matan farar fata da aka taba zartarwa a Afirka. An rataye ta a asirce, ba tare da an sanar da ‘yan uwanta ba.

Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama Ditshwanelo ta yi gangamin adawa da hukuncin kisa . Ya zuwa shekarar 2018 sama da kasashen Afirka 40 ne suka dakatar da hukuncin kisa, kuma Botswana ita ce kasa daya tilo da ke aikata ta a cikin kungiyar raya kasashen kudancin Afirka .  A cikin 2020, an rataye Mmika Michael Mpe saboda kisan Reinette Vorster na 2014. 

## Zabe na ra'ayi
Wani bincike na Afrobarometer da aka gudanar a watan Yuli 2024 ya nuna cewa yawancin Batswana suna goyon bayan ci gaba da hukuncin kisa tare da 82% na goyon baya da 16% na adawa. 

## Magana

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Winslow, Dokta Robert. " Botswana ." ( Taskar Labarai ) *Yawon shakatawa na Kwatankwacin Laifukan Duniya* . Jami'ar Jihar San Diego .
* " HUKUNCIN MUTUWA: Shekaru biyar bayan Bosch, Babu wani abu da ya canza a Botswana ." ( Archive ) Jami'ar Westminster . 1 Nuwamba 2011.
* Cikakkun labarin: Gabotlale, Bester. " HUKUNCIN MUTUWA: Shekaru biyar bayan Bosch, Babu wani abu da ya canza a Botswana ." *Inter Press Service* .
* Novak, Andrew (mawallafin ɗalibi). Laifin Kisan Kisan Kai Tare da Matsalolin Matsala: Bayyana Gaskiya da Hukuncin Kisa na Tilas a Botswana . ( Taskar Labarai ) *Jarida ta Jami'ar Boston International Law Journal* . Spring (arewacin hemisphere) 2009. Juzu'i na 27, Fitowa ta 1, shafi.&nbsp;173. Farashin 0737-8947. Akwai akan EBSCOHost, HeinOnline, da LexisNexis Academic .
* Gabaakanye an kashe shi ranar 25 ga Mayu, 2016
Musa Mwariama

**Musa Mwariama** (1928-1993)  Shi ne jagoran juyin juya hali na Kenya na Mau Mau a Meru kuma shugaban Mau Mau mafi girma wanda ya tsira daga yakin ba tare da kama shi ba. Tare da Field Marshal Dedan Kimathi, sun ƙunshi ainihin jagorancin Mau Mau. Mwariama shi ne shugaba mafi girma a cikin ɓangaren Meru na boren.

A lokacin da ya bar sansanoninsa a Dutsen Kenya da Dutsen Nyambene a kan equator, yana da mayaka kusan 2,000 da suka tsira daga Operation Anvil a Kenya. An yi masa ado da Odar Dattijon Burning Spear (EBS) na ƙasa bayan samun 'yancin kai. Shahararriyar hotonsa shi ne tare da Shugaba Jomo Kenyatta a kan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1963, kuma yawancin faifan bidiyo na bayan yakin Mau Mau sun nuna shi yana duba wani jami'in tsaro na Mau Mau ko kuma tare da Shugaba Jomo Kenyatta.

A cikin shekarar 1984, Shugaba Daniel arap Moi ya ba shi lambar yabo ta Shugaban Ƙasa (HSC). 

## Rayuwar farko
Baringo ko M'Kirigua M'Muchiri, wanda aka fi sani da Musa Mwariama, wanda aka fi sani da Field Marshal Mwariama, an haife shi a shekara ta 1928 a Muthara a yankin Tigania na gundumar Meru.  

Bisa al'adar Ameru, iyayensa da suka yi hijira daga Nkuene a Kudancin Imenti, sun ba shi suna Baringo.  Bayan kaciyarsa a shekarar 1942, kuma bisa ga al'adar Meru, dole ne a canza sunansa, kuma aka sake masa suna M'Kirigua. Yana da wani babban yaya mai suna Romano Ntabathia ko da yake daga uwa daban. Mahaifinsu M'Muchiri boka ne kuma mai tsaurin ra'ayi.

An ba shi laƙabi “Mwariama” (wanda ke faɗin gaskiya) yayin da yake tare da Mau Mau. 

## Mata da yara
Musa Mwariama ya yi aure sau uku.

* Matarsa ta farko ita ce Cionabea M'Kirikua Mwariama. Sun yi aure ne a shekara ta 1948 a lokacin da Musa ke aikin gadi a Nairobi. Musa ya shiga harkar Mau Mau ne a lokacin da ‘yarsu ta farko tana kimanin shekara uku. Cionabea ta rasa idonta bayan da sojojin gwamnatin Burtaniya suka azabtar da su a lokacin da suka kai farmaki gidansu a shekarun 1950 suna neman mijinta. Musa da Cionabea sun haifi 'ya'ya mata uku.

* A shekarar 1963, Musa ya auri Jacinta Kabika (wani lokaci ana kiranta "Sacinta"), wanda aka fi sani da "General Nkobia".  Jacinta ita ce mahaifiyar yara goma sha ɗaya. 

* Matarsa ta uku ita ce Salome Nyoroka  daga ƙauyen Kianjai a ƙasarsa ta Tigania.  Musa da Salome sun haifi 'ya'ya tara: Maza shida Mata uku an haifi 'ya'yansu na farko a cikin daji a shekarar 1963, shekarar da ƙasar Kenya ta samu 'yancin kai. Sauran an haife su ne bayan samun yancin kai. 

## Mutuwa
Musa Mwariama ya rasu ne a ranar 18 ga watan Satumba 1993  a Ukambani bayan ya tsotsa kafar wani abokinsa da maciji ya sare shi. An binne shi a kadada 15 (6&nbsp;ha) gona a ƙauyen Kiambogo, a Timau, North Buuri Constituency, Meru County.

Kadarorinsa sun yi nasara a cikin shekarar 2007 a Meru, inda ya sanya wa matarsa "Sacinta Kabika Mwariama" na Timau, Kenya, a matsayin mai zartarwa. 

## Manazarta
Koinange Wa Mbiyu

**Koinange wa Mbiyu** (1865–1960) sarkin Kikuyu ne.

Koinange ya taka rawa a yakin neman 'yancin kai na Kenya. Ya kasance babban sarki wanda ya taimaka wa Turawan Mulkin Mallaka wajen murkushe 'yan Afirka masu fafutukar kwato 'yancin kai. Ya ba da gidansa don yin taro kuma yana ba da taimako ga Mau Mau. 

Duk da cewa bai taɓa koyon karatu ko rubutu ba, amma mutum ne mai hazaka, mai fafutukar siyasa da tasiri. Ya jagoranci danginsa daga shekarar 1905, kuma gwamnatin 'yan mulkin mallaka ta naɗa shi “shugaba” a shekarar 1921, da Babban Hakimin Kiambu a shekarar 1938. A shekara ta 1942 ya kasance Babban Shugaban ba tare da wuri ba. Daga nan ne zai zama mai ba wa Hakimin gundumar shawara kan harkokin Afirka wanda ya taba bayyana shi a matsayin "mugun hazaka na Kiambu". 

Ya yi ritaya a watan Fabrairun 1949 a matsayin Babban Hafsan Soja amma ya ci gaba da riƙe matsayin mataimakin shugaban Afrika na ƙaramar hukumar Kiambu. Sai dai a shekarar 1952 gwamnatin 'yan mulkin mallaka ta tsare shi na tsawon shekaru takwas, inda aka sake shi a ranar 1 ga watan Yuli, 1960. A wannan lokacin yana da shekaru 95&nbsp;shekaru kuma ya kasance mai rauni sosai. Ya mutu 19&nbsp;kwanaki bayan haka. 

Yana da mata shida da ’ya’ya 34 ciki har da Mbiyu Koinange. 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Koinange-wa-Mbiyu: Jagoran Rashin Fahimta na Mau Mau na Jeff M. Koinange - jerin littattafai a WorldCat 

## Manazarta
Kubu Kubu

**Kubu Kubu** (ko **Kubukubu** ), an haife shi a matsayin **Njagi wa Ikutha,** (1920-1956) shi ne shugaban Embu Mau Mau kuma janar.  *Sunan sa na guerre,* Kubu Kubu, yana nufin "ƙara mai nauyi" a cikin Kîembu, yana nuni ga tsaurin ƙafar sa da aka yi saboda babban gininsa.

Shi ne shugaban soji na Mau Mau a yankin Embu, kuma shugaba ne mai muhimmanci na ƙasa baki daya, tare da Dedan Kimathi, Musa Mwariama, da Waruhiu Itote. 

Kubu Kubu ya kasance ana girmama shi a cikin Embu saboda kare yankinsu daga 'yan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya, ya jagoranci al'umma fiye da shekaru goma, da kuma korar turawan mulkin mallaka daga tsaunukan kudancin Kenya.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Njagi wa Ikutha a wani lokaci a ƙarshen 1920s a wani yanki mai yawan dazuzzuka a cikin Mukuuri, kusa da wurin da ake da shi na Makarantar Sakandare ta Kubu Kubu Memorial Boarding Primary, gundumar Embu. Kamar iyalai da yawa daga Mukuuri ƴan ƙasar a zamanin 'yan mulkin mallaka, dangin Njagi daga baya suka zauna a yankin Kianjokoma bayan samun yancin kai.

## Martaba
A shekarar 1987, tsohon mazabar Embu ta Arewa (daga baya ya rabu zuwa Runyenjes da Manyatta) ɗan majalisa Stanley Nyagah ya gina makarantar firamare ta zamani a tunawa da Kubu Kubu, inda aka kona gawarsa a shekarar 1955.

Har ila yau an sanya wa wani titi da cibiyar kasuwanci a Garin Embu, da kuma hanyar garin Nyeri da wani babban titi a cikin garin Runyenjes sunansa.

## Manazarta
Lamine Khene

**Lamine Abderrahman Khene** (6 Maris 1931  - 14 Disamba 2020),  ya kasance ɗan siyasan Aljeriya ɗan kishin ƙasa  kuma jami'in.

## Rayuwa
Yana da shekaru 16, ya shiga jam'iyyar Parti du peuple algérien (PPA) da ƙungiyar magajinsa MTLD. Daga baya, ya shiga cikin Front de liberation nationale (FLN), don zama jami'i a reshenta na soja, Armée de Liberation nationale (ALN) a lokacin Yaƙin neman 'Yancin Aljeriya (1954-61), wanda ya yi yaƙi a matsayin sojan fage daga shekarun 1955. Wani ɗalibin likitanci, a shekarar 1956, yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa kungiyar Union générale des étudiants musulmans algériens (UGEMA), ƙungiyar ɗalibai ta FLN wacce daga baya ta zama kungiyar dalibai ta ƙasa ta Aljeriya. 

Ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren gwamnati a cikin jerin gwanon farko na gwamnatin gudun hijira na wucin gadi na FLN, the Gouvernement Provisoire de la République Algérienne (GPRA) tsakanin shekarun 1958 da 1960.

## Manazarta
Mustapha Stambouli

**Mustapha Stambouli** (10 ga Maris, 1920 a Mascara, Aljeriya - 20 ga watan Afrilu, 1984 a Mascara, Aljeriya) jagoran kishin ƙasa ne na Aljeriya.

Ɗalibin shari'a, ya kasance mai fafutukar neman kishin ƙasa daga karshen shekarar 1930s a cikin Parti du peuple algérien (PPA), kuma hukumomin 'yan mulkin mallaka na Faransa sun ɗaure shi sau da yawa. A cikin shekarar 1948, an kama shi a kan iyakar Libya, yayin da yake kokarin shiga cikin 'yan tawayen Larabawa a Falasdinu. Ya shiga cikin Front de Liberation nationale (FLN), kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'i a reshenta na makamai, Armée de Liberation nationale (ALN), a lokacin Yaƙin 'Yancin Aljeriya (1954-62). Daga ƙarshe ya zama sakataren gwamnati a cikin Gouvernement provisoire de la republique algérienne (GPRA), gwamnatin gudun hijira da FLN ta kafa.    Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1962, an zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan majalisar wakilai, amma bai taka rawar siyasa ba bayan haka.

Yanzu haka akwai wata jami'a mai sunansa a garinsu na Mascara a ƙasar Aljeriya.

## Manazarta
Omar Oussedik

**Omar Oussedik** (an fassara daban-daban) (1920 ko 1922 a Ain El Hammam, Faransa Algeria - Yuni 1992 a Algiers, Algeria ) ɗan siyasan Aljeriya ne mai kishin ƙasa kuma jagoran 'yancin kai, an haife shi a cikin dangin Berber daga yankin Kabylie. http://www.khouasweb.123.fr/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=1076 

A lokacin da yake da shekaru 22, ya ja hankalinsa zuwa ga yunkurin neman 'yancin kai na ƙasar Aljeriya, ya shiga jam'iyyar Parti du peuple algérien (PPA) ƙarƙashin jagorancin Messali Hadj. Bayan kisan kiyashin na Sétif, yana cikin waɗanda suka yi yunkurin kafa wata kungiya ta sirri mai ɗauke da makamai, *Organisation spéciale* (OS). Ba da daɗewa ba Faransa ta murkushe OS ɗin, kuma a cikin shekarar 1948 Faransa ta kama shi tare da ɗaure shi a kurkukun soja na Blida, inda aka azabtar da shi. Bayan da aka sake shi a shekara ta 1951, ya tafi ya zauna a Faransa, inda yake aiki a kungiyar kwadago ta Aljeriya.

Ya koma shiga sabuwar jam'iyyar Front de liberation nationale (FLN) a cikin shekarar 1955, ƙarƙashin nom de guerre na **Si Tayeb**. A lokacin Yaƙin 'Yancin Aljeriya (1954-62), ya gudanar da ayyukan siyasa kamar matsayi a cikin gwamnatin wucin gadi a gudun hijira na FLN, the Gouvernement provisoire de la République algérienne, (GPRA) tsakanin shekarun 1958 da 1960. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin FLN a Guinea, wanda ya goyi bayan tawayen Aljeriya.

Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1962 ya zama jakadan Aljeriya a Tarayyar Soviet da Bulgeriya da Indiya da Italiya a ƙarƙashin ministan harkokin wajen ƙasar Abdelaziz Bouteflika. Ya rasu a shekara ta 1992.

## Manazarta
Ahmed Tewfik El Madani

**Ahmed Tewfik El Madani** (wanda kuma aka rubuta **Ahmad Toufik al-Medani** da sauransu) (1899-1983) jagoran kishin ƙasa  ne na Aljeriya a lokacin yakin neman 'yancin kai na ƙasar  Aljeriya a shekarun (1954-61), kuma ministan GPRA, gwamnatin gudun hijira na wucin gadi na Front de Liberation nationale (FLN). Ya kasance yana cikin kungiyar Malamai, kungiyar Musulunci wacce ta kafa babban ginshikin yunkurin kishin ƙasa. Bayan yakin, ya zama ministan harkokin addini a shekarun (1962-1965) kuma masanin tarihi.

Ahmed El Madani ya yi rubuce-rubuce masu yawa na tarihi a cikin harshen Larabci na murnar kakannin Musulmi da Larabawa na Aljeriya. 

## Manazarta
Lusinga lwa Ng'ombe

**Lusinga Iwa Ng'ombe** (c. 1840-1884) mai cinikin bayi ne a yankin da ke yammacin tafkin Tanganyika a cikin 1870s da farkon 1880s.

## Shekarun farko
An haifi Lusinga a shekara ta 1840 a cikin "Buluba", kasashen da ke arewa maso gabashin Lubanda wadanda mutanen gabashin Luba ke zaune.  Ya fito ne daga dangin Sanga ("Bushpig").  A wani lokaci Lusinga da alama ya ziyarci Unyanyembe, kusa da Tabora a Tanzaniya ta zamani, inda ya gane darajar da aka jingina ga bayi da hauren giwa. Ya sami musket, ko kuma masu riƙe da makamai, kuma shine farkon wanda ya fara amfani da bindigogi a yankin yammacin tafkin. Da wannan babban makamin ya yi gaggawar kayar da hakimai a yankin Cape Tembwe, wani muhimmin batu na kasuwanci da ke ratsa tafkin Tanganyika, ya zauna a wani kauye mai kagara. Bayan da ya rage yawan jama'ar yankin ta hanyar bautarsa, da kuma matsin lamba daga wasu bayi, ya koma wani sabon sansanin kwana biyu da tafiya daga Lubanda a cikin tsaunin Mugandja, a kan rafin Muswe na kogin Lufuko .  A ƙarshen aikinsa, Lusinga yana da mata sittin. Wadannan sun ba da ma'aikata masu amfani don aikin noma, wanda ya ba Lusinga karuwar arziki. 

## Tuntuɓar Turawa
Wani ɗan binciken ɗan Burtaniya Joseph Thomson ya sadu da Lusinga a cikin 1879. Ya bayyana shi a matsayin "mai karfin zuciya" saboda rashin tausayin da ya yi da ya kama bayi don kasuwancin gabashin Afirka. An ba sojan Belgium Emile Storms aikin kafa sansanin Belgium a yammacin gabar tafkin Tanganyika. Ya isa Mompara a gabar yammacin tafkin a cikin Afrilu 1883. Ya sadu da babban Mpala, wanda ya ba da izinin gina ofishin a yankinsa. A ranar 4 ga Mayu 1883 aka aza harsashin ginin tashar Mpala . Chief Mpala da Storms sun zama 'yan'uwan jini a wani biki a ranar 25 ga Yuni 1883. Lusinga ya halarci wannan bikin.

Don ƙarfafa ikonsa a yankin, a cikin 1884 da 1885 Storms sun yi jerin hare-hare a kan Lusinga da magoya bayansa. Ya wawashe garuruwansu ya kwashe ganimar zuwa sansaninsa da ke Mpala, inda wasu daga cikinsu suka bata lokacin da katangar ta kone.  A cikin Nuwamba 1884, yayin da yake cikin Karema, hadari ya ji cewa Lusinga yana shirin yin yaki a Mpala.  Guguwa ta aika da rundunar mutanensa da mutanensa daga balaguron da Paul Reichard yayi don cin nasara akan Lusinga. Sun yi nasarar kutsa kai cikin kagara na Lusinga, inda suka harbe shi suka dauki kansa, wanda ke a gidan adana kayan tarihi na kimiyyar halitta na Belgium . 

## Gado
Guguwa ta maye gurbin Lusinga a matsayin shugaba ta Ukala the Nyamwezi, daya daga cikin abokan guguwar.  Guguwa ta tattara wani mutum mai suna Lusinga a lokacin wani hari da aka kai kauyensa a 1884. Hoton, a cikin salon Luba, an tsara shi don nuna sabon matsayinsa na sarauta. An gudanar da shi a gidan tarihi na Royal na Afirka ta Tsakiya a Tervuren, Belgium.  Har ila yau hadari ya kawo kokon kan Lusinga zuwa Turai lokacin da ya dawo, kuma ya ba da shi ga masanin ilimin ɗan adam Émile Houzé, wanda ya rubuta rubutun game da batun inda ya ga "lalacewa" a cikin kwanyar. 

## Magana

**Majiya**
 

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Abdallah na Maroko

**Moulay Abdallah** (1694 – 10 Nuwamba 1757) ( Arabic   ) ya kasance Sarkin Maroko sau shida tsakanin 1729 zuwa 1757. Ya hau kan karagar mulki a cikin shekaru 1729-1734, 1736, 1740–1741, 1741–1742, 1743–1747 da 1748–1757.  Dan Sultan Ismail Ibn Sharif ne.

## Rayuwa
An haife shi a shekara ta 1694 ga Sultan Moulay Ismail da daya daga cikin matansa Lalla Khanatha bint Bakkar . Ya hau kan karagar mulki sau da yawa, yana yaki da ’yan’uwansa maza. An fara nada shi sarki ne bayan rasuwar dan uwansa Sultan Moulay Ahmad a ranar 5 ga Maris 1729.  Abids, Udayas, da dukan caids suka taru suka amince da shelanta shi sabon sarkin Maroko.  Suka aika da dawakai domin su kawo masa a Sijilmasa inda yake zaune. A lokaci guda kuma suka rubuta wa Malamai na Fez suna gayyatarsu da su yi wa Moulay Abdallah mubaya'a, wanda suka amince da shi. 

Moulay Abdallah wanda ya yarda da shelansa ya yi tattaki zuwa Fez domin yin Bay'ah da aka shirya yi a Zawiya na Moulay Idris II a Fes el Bali .  Da kotunsa da rakiyar Moulay Abdallah suka yi babbar kofar shiga daga kofar Bab Ftouh,  amma wani mutum daga cikin rakiyarsa Hamdoun Errousi - wanda Fassi suka gane shi kuma suke bin bayansa saboda kashe daya daga cikinsu -  ya yi ta batanci ga daukacin al'ummar Fez a gabansa,  da jin cewa Moulay Abdallah ya rude kowa ya koma ya bar gidan .  Ta haka ne Bay'ah tasa ta faru a Fes Jdid kuma fiqh Abul'Ula Idris ben Elmehdi Elmechchat Elmouâfi ya jagoranta. 

A shekara ta 1734 ne Abid Al-Bukhari ya yi wa Moulay Abdallah juyin mulki a asirce da kuma kisa.  Da jin shirin nasu ya yi nasarar ceto rayuwarsa ta hanyar tashi daga kudancin fadarsa ta Meknes don isa lafiya a Oued Noun, wurin zama na dangin mahaifiyarsa. Ya fake da kawunsa na uwa M'gharfa kuma ya zauna a can tare da 'ya'yansa, Moulay Ahmed da matashi Sidi Mohammed fiye da shekaru uku har sai da aka sake kiransa ya hau kan karagar mulki a karo na biyu. 

An yi shelar Sultan Moulay Abdallah bi da bi a ranar 5 ga Maris 1729 (an cire 28 Satumba 1734), 14 Fabrairu/23 May 1736 (sake sake tsige shi 8 ga Agusta 1736), Fabrairu 1740 (sake sake 13 Yuni 1741), 24 Nuwamba 1741 (sake sake sakewa 3 ga Fabrairu), 1742 Fabrairu 3 May. 1747), da Oktoba 1748. Ya rasu a kan karaga a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1757 bayan shekaru tara na sarauta ba tare da tsayawa ba a Dar Debibagh, wani katafaren fada da ya gina a shekara ta 1729.

Moulay Abdallah ya auri wata mace daga kabilar Cheraga   a cikin 'ya'yansu akwai magajinsa Sidi Mohammed III .  Ba kamar mahaifinsa da ya gabace shi ba, Sultan Moulay Abdallah bai haifi 'ya'ya maza ba, saboda haka shi ne mafi kyawun gadon Moroko tun bayan Ahmad al-Mansur na daular Sa'adi .

Bayan rasuwarsa, an binne shi a cikin gidan sarauta na Masallacin Moulay Abdallah wanda ya gina a Fes el-Jdid . 

## Magana
Stelae na Masar a Levant

**Stelae na Masar a cikin Levant** sune kusan 25 Tsohuwar Masarawa da aka gano a cikin Levant, a yau da ake kira Siriya, Lebanon, Isra'ila, Falasdinu da Jordan .  Mafi shaharar misalan su ne Stelae na Nahr el-Kalb da Beisan steles .

Fir'auna biyar ne kawai aka wakilta: Thutmosis III da dansa Amenophis II (1479 - 1401 BC, duka daular 18th), Seti I da dansa Ramesses II da (1290 BC zuwa 1213 BC, duka daular 19th), da Shoshenq I (2nd 943–92 BC).

## Jerin sanannun steela

## Manazarta

## Bibiyar Tarihi

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Yaƙin Alma (Algeria)

**Yakin Alma** ko **yakin Boudouaou**, wanda ya ɓarke a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun 1871, yakin Mokrani ne na tawayen Mokrani da 'yan tawayen Aljeriya suka yi da Faransa, wacce ta kasance 'yar mulkin mallaka a yankin tun shekara ta 1830. 

## Gabatarwa
'Yan tawayen Mokrani Revolt, bayan nasarori da dama, sun nufi Algiers ta hanyar Alma (Boudouaou) bayan sun mamaye *Palestro* (Lakhdaria), *Laazib Zamoum* (Naciria), *Bordj Menaïel*, *Issers* da *[[Thénia|Col des Beni Aïcha]]* (Thenia). 

Marabout Cheikh Boumerdassi, Cheikh na *[[Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi]]*, da Marabout Cheikh Boushaki, Cheikh na *[[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki]]*, su ne suka jagoranci wannan hari na Aljeriya a kan Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Lower Kabylia. 

Tafiya daga Palestro zuwa Algiers, an dakatar da mayakan a Boudouaou (Alma) a ranar 22 ga watan Afrilu 1871. 

Daga nan ne 'yan tawayen Aljeriya suka yi mummunar kuskure a hanyarsu ta zuwa Algiers, ta hanyar kunna wuta a cikin dazukan da ke kusa da Reghaïa wanda ya sanar da sojojin Faransa. 

## Harin  Faransa
Janar Janar na Algiers, Louis Henri de Gueydon, ya yanke shawarar sake kwace mulkin Alma ta hanyar aika a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilu, 1871, ƙungiyar balaguro da ke da alhakin dakatar da tattakin talakawan Aljeriya waɗanda ke barazana ga Mitidja. 

Rundunar ta ƙunshi sojoji 2,300 da suka ƙunshi Zouaves, 'yan bindigar Aljeriya, 'yan bindiga daga Algiers, wayoyin hannu daga Hérault, sama da 200 Chasseurs d'Afrique, 'yan spahis kaɗan da masu hawa 4. 

Wannan rukunin ya koma ƙauyen Alma, mai tazarar kilomita 37 daga Algiers, kuma ya hango 'yan tawayen Aljeriya na farko a jiya, 20 ga watan Afrilu. 

Kanar Alexandre Fourchault ne ya ɗauki nauyin kai farmakin da sojojin 'yan mulkin mallaka suka yi, don tunkarar 'yan Aljeriya da za su ci karo da Boudouaou don fara mamaye Mitidja. 

'Yan tawayen Aljeriya da ke kokarin mamaye Mitidja ne kawai sojojin Faransa da Aljeriya suka tare su a Alma, da maharba Kanar Fourchault. 

Kanar Fourchault da maharbansa, bayan sun dakatar da tawayen Alma a ranar 22 ga watan Afrilu, 1871, daga nan sai suka nufi kan Col des Beni Aïcha don fatattakar mayakan gwagwarmayar Aljeriya tare da hukunta al'ummar Kabyle da ke goyon bayansu, kafin su kwashe tare da 'yantar da Palastinu tare da gano kisan kiyashin da magoya bayan Cheikh Mokrani suka yi wa Turawa mazauna ƙasar. 

## Duba kuma

* Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi
* Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki
* Cheikh Boumerdassi

## Littattafai

* (fr) Un Épisode de l'insurrection Kabyle. - L'Alma, Palestro

## Manazarta
Aljeriyawa mazauna yankin Pacific

**Aljeriya mazauna yankin Pacific** gungun mutanen Aljeriya ne da hukumomin Faransa suka kora zuwa sansanonin aiki a tsibirin New Caledonia, bayan sun shiga cikin Tawayen Mokrani na shekarun 1871-1872 na adawa da 'yan mulkin mallaka a Aljeriya.

An kama su a shekara ta 1871, kuma an yi wa mutane 212 shari'a tare a shekara ta 1873, a birnin Constantine. Yawancin an aika su zuwa gidajen yari a babban birnin Faransa - Oléron da Saint-Martin-de-Ré (a kan Île de Ré) - sannan, kamar yadda za a rufe su, zuwa Quélern (kusa da Brest). A lokaci guda, 29 daga cikinsu an ajiye su a Oran; Antoine Chanzy, Gwamna-Janar, yayi ƙoƙarin cire su daga idon jama'a ta hanyar ba da shawarar a tura su tsibirin Marquesas. Su ma an kai su zuwa Quélern, ta hanyar Marseille. An ɗaure ruƙuni na uku tare da tsoffin kwamitocin a Thouars.

Saboda rashin aiki a cikin sadarwa tsakanin ma'aikatun, bambance tsakanin jumla zuwa sufuri (a al'ada, zuwa Guiana Faransa) da kuma kora (zuwa New Caledonia) ba a sake yin su ba - duk an aika zuwa New Caledonia a ƙarshe.

Zuwansu tsibirin ya yi daidai da jigilar kwamitoci, waɗanda za su bar shedu masu tamani na kasancewar Kabyles. Duk da haka, an bar Kabyles a baya lokacin da aka yi wa 'yan kwaminisanci afuwa a cikin shekarar 1879, kuma sun kasance a gudun hijira duk da yakin neman tausayawa tsakanin jama'ar Faransa. An ba da afuwar ne kawai a cikin shekarar 1895, kuma ba su sami damar komawa Algeria ba sai bayan shekarar 1904.

Wasu zuriyar da aka kora har yanzu suna zaune a New Caledonia. Ɗaya daga cikinsu, Taïeb Aïfa, ya zama magajin garin Bourail daga shekarun 1977 zuwa 2001. A , kudancin Bourail, akwai *[[:fr:Cimetière des Arabes|Cimetière des Arabes]]*, ko "Cemetery of the Arabs"; A tsawon lokaci, al'umma sun fara bayyana a matsayin "Larabawa" maimakon sunan Kabyle ko na gida. Wani dattijo ɗan ƙasar Aljeriya da Caledonian ya bayyana hakan ne a wani lokaci da ‘yan ƙasar Aljeriya suka isa aikin yi a watan Ramadan sanye da fararen riguna, inda ‘yan ƙasar Caledonia suka yanke shawarar cewa dole ne su zama “Larabawa”.

## Fitattun waɗanda aka kora

* Sheikh Boumerdassi

## Duba kuma

* Jirgin ruwan Faransa Loire (1827)

## Manazarta
 

## Hanyoyin hadi na Waje
* Mehdi Lallaoui, *Kabyles du Pacifique*, 1994, Editions Au nom de la mémoire.
* http://www.iisg.nl/collections/new-caledonia/ : labari da jerin sunayen mutanen da aka kora (2011)
Yaƙin Ammal

**Yaƙin Ammal** ya faru ne a cikin 1840, tsakanin juriyar Abdelkader na Kabyl da Faransa .

## Fage
Bayan ja da baya daga Mitidja, Ahmed bin Salem ya yanke shawara mai mahimmanci don ƙarfafa tsaunukan Khemis El-Khechna da Bani Omran. Wannan yunkuri na da nufin sanya ido sosai kan yunkurin Faransawa a yankin da kuma kaddamar da hare-hare kan sojojin Faransa da matsugunan kasar, Zabar Jebel Zrawla a matsayin wata manufa ta sa ido kan wuraren da Faransa ta yi wa mulkin mallaka a kudancin yankin Raghaya, Ahmed ben Salem ya hana sojojin Faransa da ke sintiri. Sai dai kuma a duk lokacin da aka yi ta harbin bindigogi na tarwatsa maharan da sojoji na Aljeriya, lamarin da ya yi sanadin asarar dawakinsu  a lokaci guda kuma Faransawa sun fara kai farmaki kan wata kabila a kusa da Ammal inda suka kwace shanu 1,000 da tumaki 300, an jagoranci ayarin sojojin Faransa daga yankunan Kemis El-Khechna (El-Fuled Hadd) da ke kusa da Qatardi. Kimanin sojojin Faransa 4,000, tare da rakiyar tsaunuka guda hudu, an hada su kafin su wuce zuwa tsaunin Amal.  

## Yaƙi
Yakin da aka yi kan tsaunin Ammal wani mataki ne na ramuwar gayya daga Marshal Vallée . Ahmed ben Salem ya umurci abokansa a Ammal su shiga Metija, suka kwace shanu daga Faransawa a farkon Afrilu 1840, Da yake amsawa, Ahmed ben Salem ya taimaka wa kabilar Ammal, ya kaddamar da hari kan sojojin Marshal Vallée a ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 1840. A cikin wannan haɗin gwiwa, ya yi nasarar kashe wasu sojojin Faransa a baya.  

## Bayan haka
Babban Hafsan Hafsoshin "Villeneuve" ya fadi, ya mutu a cikin mummunan raunuka a lokacin yakin. 

## Magana
Ƙungiyar Afirka don Dangantakar Al'adu da Afirka mai zaman kanta

**African Society for Cultural Relations with Independent Africa** (abbr. **ASCRIA** ) kungiya ce mai tushe ta Afro-Guyanes a Guyana, da za ta fito nan ba da dadewa ba bayan kasar ta samu 'yancin kai daga turawan Ingila . An sadaukar da kai don farfado da al'adun Afirka a cikin kasar Caribbean, kungiyar ta kasance muhimmiyar siyasa da tattalin arziki a farkon shekarun 1970s, kungiyar Pan-Africanist an kafa ta a cikin shekarun 1960 ta hanyar Eusi Kwayana a matsayin kungiyar da ta gaji kungiyar 'yan awaren Afirka ta Bakar fata don daidaiton launin fata (ASRE).  A cikin shekarun 1960 zuwa 1971, ASCRIA ta kasance mai tasiri a siyasar Guyana bayan samun 'yancin kai, a matsayinta na mai fafatawa kuma abokin kawancen Forbes Burnham na jam'iyyar People's National Congress (PNC).  Bayan ya rabu da PNC kuma tare da Black Nationalism, a cikin 1974 ya hade cikin Ƙungiyar Jama'a na Aiki .

## Tarihi
A baya dai magabacin kungiyar, Bakar fata ASRE ya nemi a raba Guyana zuwa sassa uku: daya na 'yan Afirka, daya na 'yan Indiya ta Gabas, daya kuma ga jama'ar da suka yi rangwame da son rai, tsarin da duk da haka ya kasa samun nasara sosai. ASCRIA ta zana ƙarin magoya baya daga League of Peoples Colored . Ana buƙatar membobin su halarci kwas na watanni shida a cikin karatun Afirka da ke Georgetown babban birnin kasar, don samun wayewar baƙar fata da ta dace, an kiyasta kasancewa memba na aiki ya wuce 2,000 a cikin 1970. A shekara ta 1971, kungiyar ta mamaye ma'aikatan bauxite na Afirka a cikin garin Mackenzie . A wannan lokacin, Kwayana ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na kud-da-kud ga Firayim Minista Forbes Burnham, har ta kai ga an dauki ASCRIA a matsayin bangaren al'adu da tattalin arziki na gwamnatin Majalisar Wakilai ta Jama'a . 

Sai dai kungiyar ta karya alaka da PNC a shekarar 1971, musamman saboda batun cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati, ya tilastawa jam'iyyar PNC daukar wani kwas na 'yan kishin kasa baki daya, yayin da kuma ta kunna kaimi na 'yan adawa, masu aiki a fadin kabilu. ASCRIA da kanta ta fara ayyukan haɗin gwiwa tare da Musa Bhagwan 's pan- Indian People's Revolutionary Associates (IPRA). Ƙungiyoyin biyu sun fito ne don kafa ginshiƙan ƙungiyoyi masu fafutukar tabbatar da dimokuradiyya. A cikin 1974 ASCRIA da IPRA sun haɗa ƙarfi tare da Maoist Working People's Vanguard Party da ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai Ratoon da Movement Against Zalunci don kafaƘungiyar Jama'a Aiki . 

## Magana
Arlindo Pena Ben-Ben

Janar **Arlindo Pena Ben-Ben** (17 Nuwamba 1955 - 19 Oktoba 1998) ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan soji na UNITA, ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin 'yanci guda uku da suka yi yaƙi da 'yan mulkin mallaka na Portugal a Angola. Bayan samun 'yancin kai, UNITA da FNLA sun fafata da MPLA a yakin basasar Angola. 

## Manazarta
Benali Boudghène

**Benali Dghine Boudghene** (Larabci : بن علي دغين بودغن; Mayu 5, 1934 - Maris 27, 1960), wanda aka fi sani da **Colonel Lotfi**,  an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu 1934 a Tlemcen a Aljeriya.  Benali ya kasance shugaban Aljeriya a yakin Aljeriya, wanda ya shirya Wilaya V daga shekarun 1958 zuwa 1960. Ya fara aiki a matsayin jagoran Siyasa tare da Ƙungiyar 'Yanci ta Ƙasa sannan ya koma fagen fama; Sojojin Faransa sun kashe shi a Béchar a shekarar 1960. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Mayu, 1934, a Tlemcen a yammacin Aljeriya.

## Shiga Jam'iyyar Liberation Front
Ya shiga jam'iyyar 'yantar da ƙasa  tun yana ƙarami, kuma ya iya datukar dukkan nauyin da ya rataya a wuyansa a matsayinsa na matashi da kyau kuma ya yi suna a tsakanin sauran 'yan ƙungiyar har sai da ya yanke shawarar yin yaki a fagen fama.

## Mutuwa
Kanar Lotfi ya mutu a yaƙi da sojojin Faransa a ranar 27 ga watan Maris, 1960, shekaru biyu kafin 'yancin kai a wani dutse a gabashin Béchar.

## Martaba
Ana yi masa kallon gwarzon ƙasa  a Aljeriya. Filin jirgin sama na Béchar, Boudghene Ben Ali Lotfi Airport an sanya masa sunansa. An shirya wani fim mai suna "Lotfi" yana ba da labarinsa da gwagwarmayarsa da 'yan mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Aljeriya. A Oran ɗaya daga cikin manyan titunan birnin yana da sunansa;  wata makarantar sakandare a can ana sa masata sunansa.

## Duba kuma

* Mulkin Faransa a Aljeriya
* Tarihin Aljeriya
* Lardunan Aljeriya
* Yakin Aljeriya

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Djebel Bouk'hil (1961)

**Yakin Djebel Bouk'hil** ya kasance wani babban yaki a yakin Aljeriya a shekara ta 1961 lokacin da Faransawa suka katse taron da aka yi tsakanin kwamandojin FLN, sannan suka killace dutsen.

## Tarihi
A ranar 16 ga watan Satumban Shekara ta 1961, Faransa ta sami labarin taron kwamandojin FLN, ciki har da Mohammed Chabani, inda suka ɓuya tare da mayakan mujahidai kusan 370 a Djebel Bouk'hil. Washegari, 17 ga watan Satumba, an kewaye yankin gaba ɗaya, aka fara yaƙi.  

## Yaƙi

### 18 ga watan Satumba, 1961
Jiragen saman Faransa sun kai harin bama-bamai a yankin, tare da rundunonin jirage 9 zuwa 12 kowannensu ya haifar da ruɗani a tsakanin mayakan FLN. A halin da ake ciki, jirage masu saukar ungulu na kan hanyarsu daga Bousaada, sai da manyan bindigogi da tankokin yaki suka shiga fafatawar. Mayakan FLN sun ba da lokacinsu, suna jiran kura ta lafa, Faransawa kuma su bar tsaronsu. Da dama ta samu, sai suka buɗe wuta kan sojojin Faransa, amma shugabannin Faransa sun ƙauracewa  ja da baya, suka tilastawa mutanensu yaki, inda FLN ta samu taɓarɓarewar ammo kawai a lokacin da suke buƙata, da karfe 9 na dare dukkan bangarorin biyu suka ja da baya.  Faransawa sun yi asarar kimanin mutane 400 da Jiragen sama 3, kuma FLN ta yi asarar Shahidai 2. 

### 17 ga watan Satumba, 1961
Washegari, Faransawa sun sami ƙarfafawa na maza 2,000, waɗanda ke da sojoji har 14,000, da nufin rufe duk hanyoyin da za a iya. Koyaya, FLN ta ƙirƙira dabarar wayo. Sun zaɓi su bi hanyar arewa da aka fi sani da Al-Dir, wanda ya shahara saboda ƙaƙƙarfan yanayi. Tun da Faransawan ba su toshe wannan hanya, mayakan FLN sun yi nasarar bi ta cikinta ba tare da cin karo da wani cikas ba. A halin da ake ciki dai, Faransawa sun yi kuskure sun yi imanin cewa 'yan Aljeriya na kiwon dabbobi ta wani rafi. Sai daga baya suka fahimci sojojin FLN sun tsere musu. Bayan wannan mummunan yakin, Faransawa sun kafa wani katafaren sansanin sojoji a Djebel Bouk'hil, inda suka ci gaba da kasancewa a can tsawon watanni. A wannan lokacin, sun aikata laifukan yaki da dama a kan mutanen ƙauyukan da ba su ji ba ba su gani ba, da fararen hula mazauna yankin.  FLN ta yi asarar Shahidai 7 sannan Faransawa sun yi asarar maza 300. 

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Ath Yahia Moussa

**Yakin Ath Yahia Moussa** wani rikici ne da ke ɗauke da makamai a lokacin yakin Aljeriya wanda ya gudana a ranar 6 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1959 a yankin Kabylia na ƙasar Aljeriya. Wannan yakin ya haɗa da Sojojin Yancin Kasar Aljeriya  (ALN) da Sojojin Faransa. 

## Tarihi
A ranar 6 ga watan Janairu, 1959, ya kamata a gudanar da taron shugabannin yankin da dama na rundunar 'yantar da 'yantar da ƙasa ta (ALN) a gidan dangin Krim Belkacem a ƙauyen Tizra-Aissa.   Sojojin Faransa da aka sanar da wannan taron, sun tura sojojin da suka kunshi sojoji 32,000 da kuma jiragen sama kusan 30 da nufin kawar da sojojin ALN, ciki har da kamfanoni huɗu daga Djurdjura, Maatkas, Ath Yahia Moussa, da Lakhdharia, da kuma kwamandojin mazan jiya 25 na yankin TiziOuzou. A ranar 5 ga watan Janairu, an sami rahotanni da yawa na sojojin Faransa a yankin Aït Yahia Moussa, wanda ya kai ga ba da umarnin ficewa. Dole ne a kwashe manyan shugabannin cikin aminci zuwa wani wuri mai tsaro.

## Yaƙi
An fara yakin ne a ranar 6 ga watan Janairu da misalin karfe 3 na safe a ƙauyen Tizra-Aissa. An kai harin ne da karfe 10 na safe ta jirgin sama na farko, kuma an ci gaba da gwabza faɗa a duk tsawon yini, inda aka kammala a safiyar ranar 7 ga watan Janairu bayan da sojojin Faransa suka ja da baya. Sai dai adadin da aka samu ya yi yawa daga ɓangarorin biyu, inda sojojin 'yantar da ƙasar Aljeriya suka rasa mayakansu 385.  Kyaftin Jean Graziani, wanda shi ne wanda ya azabtar da Djamila Bouhired, shi ma ya gamu da ajalinsa a lokacin da suke fafatawa da mujahidan.

## Bayan haka
A lokacin yakin, sojojin Faransa sun sami asarar jami'ai biyu, Kyaftin Jean Graziani da Laftanar Jean Chassin  da kuma mutane 400.

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Bab El Bekkouche

**Yaƙin Bab El Bekkouche** a lokacin Yaƙin Aljeriya ya faru ne a ranar 28 ga watan Mayu 1958 a yankin Ouarsenis.

Sojojin Faransa sun tattara sojoji kusan 8,000. Fuskantar wannan yanayin, "katiba El karimia" na Wilaya IV, wanda Si Ameur Mesbah ya ba da umarni, ya tsara wani shiri na sassauta vise ta hanyar kai hari da yawa a cikin yankunan Bordj Bounaama, Sidi Abed, Lardjem da Tamalaht, don tarwatsa sojojin Faransa.

Sojojin 'yan mulkin mallaka na Faransa sun yi asara mai yawa a wannan yaƙin (mutuwar mutane 600, ciki har da jami'ai 33 da jiragen sama biyu da aka lalata).  A cikin ƙungiyar 'yantar da ƙasa  (NLA), an kashe 360. An kuma kashe fararen hula 240. 

## Duba kuma

* Faransa Aljeriya

## Manazarta
Siege na Laghouat

**Sifen Laghouat** wani lamari ne na sasantawar Faransa a Aljeriya . Janar Aimable Pélissier wanda ke jagorantar sojoji 6,000, ya kewaye birnin Laghouat daga 21 ga Nuwamba har zuwa 4 ga Disamba 1852, lokacin da birnin ya mamaye. Mummunan munin da aka yiwa mazauna wani bangare ne na zazzafar dabarar sojojin Faransa da kuma daya daga cikin al'amuran farko na yin amfani da makami mai guba kan fararen hula. 

Guguwar Laghouat     ta rikide da sauri zuwa kwanaki da dama na kisan kiyashi don hukunta mutanen da ake daukarsu a matsayin fada da abokan gaba. Yakin ya kuma shaida mutuwar mutane da dama a bangaren Faransa ciki har da na Janar Bouscaren, wanda ya kara zafafa sojojin Faransa na son daukar fansa kan al'ummar kasar wanda ya zama abin koyi ga sauran garuruwa da garuruwan da ke kudancin kasar Aljeriya. Kimanin kashi biyu bisa uku (2,500 zuwa 3,000 daga cikin jimillar mazauna 4,500 da suka rage a birnin da aka kewaye) da suka hada da mata da yara an yi musu kisan kiyashi.   

Kisan gillar ya haifar da mummunan rauni a cikin al'ummar Laghouati da ke ci gaba da wanzuwa har zuwa yau. Shekarar da garin ya zama babu kowa a cikinsa har yanzu mazauna Laghouat sun san shi da "shekarar Khalya ", ma'ana "rashin wofi" a Larabci. Har ila yau, ana kiranta da "shekarar buhunan Hessian ", yana nufin yadda aka sa maza da yara maza da suka tsira da ransu a cikin buhu aka jefa su cikin ramuka. Manyan hafsoshin soji da sojoji da kuma maziyartan birnin ne suka rubuta rahotanni da dama na yakin bayan kisan kiyashin da aka yi a birnin sun bayar da rahoton mumunar yanayin da birnin ke ciki bayan kewaye.

Matan da suka tsira sun ji tsoron ’ya’yansu ƙanana da sojojin Faransa suka tara su, har suka fito da wata dabara don ɓoye su. Suka yi musu ado kamar 'yan mata, suka sanya 'yan kunne a kunne ɗaya. Al’adar kare yara maza daga sharri da ‘yan kunne ta wanzu har yau.

Matsayin zaluncin kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa Laghouat wani mataki ne na nuna karfin tuwo da kuma wani bangare na dogon kone-kone da manyan kwamandojin Faransa uku da suka kwace birnin mai kagara. Ta hanyar ba da umarnin kashe jama'a.Faransawa suna sa  sauran yankunan Saharian da suka wuce Laghouat. A lokacin yakin Laghouat, kabilu da dama da sauran jumhuriyar birni da sanduna sun ba da taimako don ƙoƙarin dakatar da ci gaban Faransawa, wato Ghardaïa (sabili da haka dukan ƙungiyar Mozabite), Metlili, da Ouargla . Manyan biranen na baya bayan sun shaida ko kuma suka ji irin ta’asar da aka yi a Laghouat, cikin gaggawa suka nemi yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta mika garuruwansu ko sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin ci gaba da cin gashin kansu karkashin kariyar Faransa.

Bayan 'yan watanni bayan Laghouat, a ranar 29 ga Afrilu 1853, Janar Randon, gwamnan Faransa na Aljeriya, ya rattaba hannu kan wata yerjejeniyar karewa tare da manyan biranen M'zab, wanda aka sani a Faransa a matsayin babban birnin Mzab. 

## Magana