Wang Dan (mai adawa)

Wang Dan (China: 王丹; an haife shi 26 ga Fabrairu 1969) ɗan gwagwarmayar kasar Sin ne a cikin yunkurin dimokuradiyyar kasar Sin, kuma ya kasance daya daga cikin shugabannin dalibai da ake iya gani a zanga-zangar Tiananmen na shekarar 1989. Ya yi digiri na uku a fannin tarihi daga Jami'ar Harvard, kuma daga watan Agustan 2009 zuwa Fabrairu 2010, Wang ya koyar da tarihin kasa da kasa a Jami'ar Cheng ta Taiwan. Daga nan ya koyar a Jami'ar Tsing Hua ta Kasa har zuwa 2015 .

Baya ga gudanar da bincike kan batutuwa masu alaka da su, Wang wani mai fafutuka ne da ke inganta demokradiyya a kasar Sin. Da yake zaune a Amurka, yana tafiya a duniya don samun tallafi daga al'ummomin Sinawa na ketare da ma sauran jama'a.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Wang Dan a shekara ta 1969. Ya kasance dalibi mai fafutukar siyasa a sashen tarihi na jami'ar Peking, inda ya shirya "Salon Dimokuradiyya" a makarantarsa. Lokacin da ya shiga cikin manyan dalibai wanda ya haifar da zanga-zangar 1989, ya shiga kungiyar ta kungiyar a rubuce jami'ar Peking. Sakamakon haka, bayan zanga-zangar Tiananmen, nan da nan ya zama "wanda aka fi nema" a cikin jerin 'yan gudun hijira 21 da aka fitar. Wang ya buya amma an kama shi a ranar 2 ga watan Yulin wannan wasanni, kuma aka yanke masa aikin daurin shekaru hudu a shekara ta 1991. Bayan da aka sake shi a gidan yari a aikin 1993, ya ci gaba da rubutawa a bainar jama'a (zuwa littafin- wallafa a wajen babban yankin kasar Sin) kuma an sake kama shi a gidan yari a aikin 1993. kuma an yanke masa hukunci a 1996 zuwa shekaru 11. Koyaya an sake shi da wuri kuma an tura shi gudun hijira zuwa Amurka (duba ƙasa).

Wang ya ci gaba da karatunsa na jami'a, inda ya fara makaranta a jami'ar Harvard a shekarar 1998 sannan ya kammala karatun digirinsa na biyu a tarihin gabashin Asiya a shekarar 2001 da kuma digiri na uku. a shekarar 2008. Ya kuma gudanar da bincike kan bunkasuwar dimokuradiyya a Taiwan a jami'ar Oxford a shekarar 2009. A halin yanzu shi ne shugaban kungiyar gyare-gyaren tsarin mulkin kasar Sin.

An yi hira da Wang kuma ya fito a cikin shirin nan na The Beijing Crackdown da fim din Moving the Mountain, game da zanga-zangar Tiananmen Square. Ya kuma yi fice a cikin littafin Shen Tong Almost a Revolution.

An dakatar da shi daga taka kafarsa a babban yankin China tare da kare fasfo dinsa a shekarar 2003. Ya yi yunkurin ziyartar Hong Kong a shekara ta 2004, amma aka ki amincewa da shi. A wancan lokacin, kungiyar hadin gwiwa ta Hong Kong mai goyon bayan kungiyoyin dimokuradiyyar kishin kasa ta kasar Sin ta gayyace shi don yin magana kan harkokin siyasa gabanin bikin cika shekaru 15 da murkushe harin na ranar 4 ga watan Yuni. Sakamakon mahaukaciyar guguwa, a karshe Wang ya sauka a Hongkong a karon farko a shekarar 2012, ko da yake an killace shi a yankin filin jirgin sama saboda ba shi da biza a Hong Kong.

### Kamawa da ɗaurin kurkuku
Bayan da Sojojin 'Yanci na Jama'a suka yi wa zanga-zangar, an sanya Wang a cikin jerin sunayen shugabannin dalibai 21 da aka fi nema a cikin zanga-zambe. An ɗaure shi a ranar 2 ga Yulin 1989, Wang ya shafe kusan shekaru biyu a tsare kafin a yi masa shari'a a shekarar 1991. An tuhumi Wang da yada farfaganda na adawa da juyin juya hali da kuma tayar da hankali. An yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 4 a kurkuku; hukuncin da ya dace idan aka kwatanta da sauran fursunonin siyasa a kasar Sin a wannan lokacin. Wannan gajeren jumla an yi tunanin abubuwa biyu ne suka haifar da ita: gwamnati ba ta da tabbacin abin da za ta yi da ɗalibai da yawa, kuma ta ji matsin lamba saboda yanayin da suke da shi. Yayinda yake cikin kurkuku, Wang ya shafe shekaru biyu a Kurkukun Qincheng, wanda aka sani da yawan fursunonin siyasa. Duk da yanayin da aka saba da shi, saboda babban shari'arsa, an ba Wang nasa tantanin halitta.

An saki Wang a shekara ta 1993, watanni kadan kafin ƙarshen hukuncinsa. Wang Dan da kansa ya lura cewa wannan mai yiwuwa yana da alaƙa da tayin farko na kasar Sin don Wasannin Olympics tun lokacin da aka saki shi da wasu fursunonin siyasa 19 kawai wata daya kafin Kwamitin Wasannin Olympics na Duniya ya ziyarci. Kusan nan da nan bayan da aka sake shi a shekarar 1993 Wang ya fara inganta demokradiyya a kasar Sin, ya kuma tuntubi masu fafutukar siyasa da ke gudun hijira a Amurka. An kama shi a karo na biyu a watan Mayun 1995, watanni biyu bayan wata hira da aka yi da wani lokaci na lokacin bazara na Beijing na yaki da kwaminisanci. A cikin wannan hira ya bayyana cewa: "Ya kamata mu share wata sabuwar hanya kuma mu dukufa wajen gina al'umma ta hanyar mai da hankali kan ayyukan zamantakewa, ba ƙungiyoyin siyasa ba, da sanin kai da nisantar ikon siyasa da gabobin siyasa." Wang ya kasance a tsare na tsawon watanni 17 kafin a tuhume shi da laifin kitsa yunkurin kifar da gwamnati, kuma an yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru 11 a gidan yari.

Maimakon ya cika dukan hukuncin da aka yanke masa, an sake shi a shekara ta 1998, ga alama saboda "dalilai" kuma an aika da shi nan da nan zuwa Amurka inda aka duba shi a asibiti, kuma cikin sauri aka sake shi ya zauna a Amurka a matsayin dan gwagwarmayar siyasa da aka yi gudun hijira.Sakinsa da komawa Amurka ya biyo bayan wata yarjejeniya tsakanin Amurka da China inda Amurka ta cire goyon bayanta ga wani kuduri da ke sukar kasar Sin a kwamitin kare hakkin bil adama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, sannan ta sake sakin fursunonin siyasa kamar Wang.

### Yin gudun hijira a Amurka
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan Wang ya isa Amurka, sai ya sake sukar gwamnatin kasar Sin. Wang ya yi imanin cewa CCP dole ne ta canza hanyoyinta, kuma a cikin wata hira da mujallar Amurka The Weekly Standard ya ce: "Mabuɗin dimokuradiyya a kasar Sin shine 'yancin kai. Kasar ta tana buƙatar masu ilimi masu zaman kansu, 'yan wasan tattalin arziki masu zaman kansu. " Wang ya sami digirinsa na PhD daga Jami'ar Harvard a shekara ta 2008, kuma yana ci gaba da kasancewa cikin gwagwarmaya don canji a kasar Sin. Biyu daga cikin ayyukansa sun hada da: "Shekaru 20 bayan Tiananmen" wanda ke kallon yadda canjin tattalin arziki ya shafi mutanen kasar Sin, kuma yana dauke da shawarwari don canje-canjen zamantakewa da haƙƙin ɗan adam. Wang ya kuma rubuta "Rebuild China with an Olympic Amnesty" bayan isowarsa Amurka; takardar tana da kyakkyawan ra'ayi, yayin da ya ji abubuwan da suka faru a duniya kamar Wasannin Olympics na iya haskakawa kan batutuwan kare hakkin dan adam a China. A shekara ta 2007, hukuncin Wang na biyu ya ƙare, kuma an "saki shi" a hukumance. An ba da takardar shaidar sakin sa ga iyayensa a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2007. 

### Ayyukan gwagwarmaya da ilimi
Wang ya kasance mai amfani a cikin shekaru bayan sakinsa daga China. Wang ya samu damar buga kasidu kamar su "Sake Gina kasar Sin tare da yin afuwa a gasar Olympic" da "shekaru 20 bayan Tiananmen" da kuma yin hira da jama'a. Gudun hijira da ya yi a Amurka ya ba shi damar zuwa Jami'ar Harvard don kammala karatunsa, inda ya sami digiri na tarihi. Ya kuma zama shugaban kungiyar gyara tsarin mulkin kasar Sin.

Wang ya koyar da tarihin PRC a Jami'ar Tsing Hua ta Kasa a Hsinchu, Taiwan daga 2010 zuwa 2015.  Yayinda yake koyar da aji a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2010, wata mace da ke dauke da wuka ta shiga dakin, tana da niyyar soke Wang. Ya sami damar cire wuka daga matar kafin ta iya soke shi. Ya yi imanin cewa "wannan shine karo na farko da ya fuskanci abin da ya yi kama da yunkurin rayuwarsa". An yi zargin cewa matar tana bin Wang na tsawon shekaru uku.

Bisa labarin da yaren Sinanci daga gidan rediyon Free Asia, ya zuwa watan Yulin shekarar 2009, Wang yana da shafin Facebook da yake fatan amfani da shi wajen mu'amala da jama'a a babban yankin kasar Sin.

Wang memba ne na kwamitin ba da shawara na WikiLeaks .  

Wang yana zaune a cikin kwamitin amintattu na Kwamitin 'Yanci a Gidauniyar Hong Kong (CFHK). 

### Biyan kuɗi daga Chen Shui-bian
A watan Afrilun 2011, kafofin watsa labaru sun ba da rahoton cewa Wang ya shaida a gaban kotu cewa ya karɓi tallafi biyu daga gwamnatin Chen Shui-bian da suka kai dalar Amurka 400,000 kuma ba a fayyace tushen kuɗin ba. Wang ya mayar da martani cewa, rahotannin da aka bayar na samun dalar Amurka 400,000 karya ce.

Daga baya, Wang ya ce, "Rahoton [kamfanin dillancin labarai na tsakiya] na yaudara ne. Abin da muka yarda da shi shi ne tallafin da gwamnatin kasar Sin ta ba wa jam'iyyar Dimokaradiyya a ketare. To, idan aka ce Chen Shui-bian na goyon bayan kansa, to ina ganin wannan bai dace da gaskiyar lamarin ba. 

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2022, Chen ya bayyana shari'o'i 21 na "Guowu Jiyao Fei" [bayani da ake buƙata], gami da biyan kuɗi biyu ga Wang Dan, jimlar NTD miliyan 6.6.  

Chen ya bayyana cewa an biya Wang Dan dalar Amurka 200,000 bayan ganawa da shi. Wang ya zo fadar shugaban kasa don tattaunawa da Chen. Chen ya kuma ware dalar Amurka 200,000 da za a biya a cikin shekaru biyu ga Wang. Sai dai Chen ya ce dokar Amurka ta tanadi cewa ba a ba da izinin karbar kudade daga gwamnatin kasashen waje ba. Don taimakawa Wang, gwamnati ta yi amfani da mutane da yawa. Wang ya amince da hakan ne a wata kotu a asirce, duk da cewa karbar kudi daga gwamnatin kasashen waje haramun ne a Amurka. 

### Kyauta don ciwon ƙwaƙwalwa
A cikin 2014, Wang Dan ya rubuta a Facebook cewa yana da ciwon ƙwaƙwalwa kuma ya nemi gwamnatin Taiwan ta bar shi ya tafi Taiwan. Masu adawa Tang Baiqiao da Feng Congde sun zarge shi da yaudarar jama'a.

### Zarge-zargen lalata
In 2023, a Taiwanese man named Lee Yuan-chun said in a social media post that Wang Dan had kissed and attempted to rape him in a hotel room in Flushing, New York in 2014, when Lee was 19 years old. He said he persuaded Wang to stop, but that Wang subjected him to lewd remarks in the following days. Lee subsequently filed a criminal complaint towards Wang alleging attempted rape, while Wang said Lee's allegations were unfounded.

Kusan shekara guda bayan abin da ya faru a shekarar 2024, Lee Yuan-chun ya sami 'Sanarwar Rashin Hukunci' daga ofishin masu gabatar da kara na gundumar Taipei kuma ya raba wani bangare na sanarwar sanarwar akan Facebook. Sanarwar ta yi nuni da cewa, bisa ga shaidar Lee, da bayanan da ya yi na yin magana da wasu, da kuma rubuce-rubucen da ya shafi raunin da ya yi a shafin Facebook, a daidai lokacin da zanga-zangar da kisan gilla da aka yi a dandalin Tiananmen na shekarar 1989 a kowace shekara, masu gabatar da kara sun kammala cewa, an kafa aikin Sumbatar Wang Dan kuma ya zama wani laifi da ake zargi da aikata laifin. Duk da haka, masu gabatar da kara sun yanke shawarar cewa ba su da hurumin hukunta wadanda ba 'yan asalin kasar Sin ba da ake zargi da aikata laifuka a kasashen waje don haka suka yanke shawarar kin gurfanar da su a gaban kuliya. Bugu da ƙari kuma, sanarwar ta ce ba za a iya shigar da shaidar Wang Dan da maganganun shaidunsa a matsayin shaida ba.

A martanin da ya mayar, Wang Dan ya fitar da wata sanarwa bayan samun sanarwar, inda ya ce ya samu ‘Sanarwar hana gurfanar da shi’ wanda mai gabatar da kara ya sanya wa hannu inda ya bayyana ‘karancin shaida’ da wasu dalilai.

Jami'ar Tsing Hua ta Kasa inda Wang ta yi aiki har zuwa 2017 ta yanke shawarar kaddamar da bincike a matsayin martani, ya tuntubi dalibansa na shekaru 13 da suka gabata, kuma ya soke karatunsa a semester mai zuwa a makarantar ilimin zamantakewar jama'a ta jami'ar saboda damuwar dalibansa. Rahoton bincike na Deutsche Welle da aka buga a watan Yuli 2023 ya ambaci ƙarin zarge-zargen da ake yi wa Wang game da cin zarafi da cin zarafi.

### Tsayar da zoom
An katse wani taron da Wang ya shirya akan Zoom a Amurka a ranar 3 ga Yuni 2020, tare da toshe asusunsa na Zoom. Wannan ya sa 'yan majalisar dokokin Amurka suka nemi sadarwar bidiyo ta Zoom don fayyace alakar su da China game da 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki. Zoom ya nemi afuwa, yana mai bayanin cewa kamfanin ya cika da mamaki da buƙatun China game da toshewa, amma ba za su maimaita al'adar toshewa a wajen China ba. 

## Matsayi na siyasa

### Dubi baya ga Tiananmen
Wang Dan ya ji cewa akwai abubuwa da yawa da za a iya canzawa game da motsi, kuma ya tayar da waɗannan batutuwan, a lokacin da kuma bayan motsi. A wata hira da The New York Times ta buga a ranar 2 ga Yuni 1989, Wang ya ce, "Ina tsammanin ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai a nan gaba ya kamata su dogara da wani abu mai ƙarfi, kamar dimokuradiyya na rayuwar harabar ko cikar haƙƙin jama'a bisa ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki,... In ba haka ba, sakamakon rikici ne. "  Wani batun Wang ya tayar da shi ne shigar masu ilimi a cikin motsi, wanda aka bayyana a cikin hira da Times da kuma wata hira ta 2008 mai taken "Tiananmen Remembered". A cikin wannan tushe ya yi imanin cewa ba a yi amfani da masu ilimi da wuri a cikin motsi ba, kuma sa hannunsu na iya canza yanayin abubuwan da suka faru. Duk da nuna gazawar, Wang yana jin zanga-zangar ta shafi tunanin mutanen kasar Sin da yawa, suna jayayya cewa yajin aikin yunwa ya zama dole saboda ya ba da ƙarin kulawa ga motsi. Baya ga wannan, Wang yana jin cewa zalunci, da inganta dimokuradiyya sun jawo hankalin dukan al'umma da mutane masu ilimi game da dimokuradiyar, wanda sabon ra'ayi ne ga yawancin mutanen kasar Sin.

### Dimokuradiyya
Wang ya bayyana cewa "neman wadata wani bangare ne na motsawar dimokuradiyya". Ya yi imanin cewa yunkurin Tiananmen Square "ba a shirye don shiga ma'aikata ba saboda dole ne dalibai da masu ilimi su fara shawo kan dimokuradiyya kafin su iya yada shi ga wasu".

### A kan ci gaban tattalin arzikin kasar Sin
A wani taron manema labarai a Toronto a ranar 31 ga Mayu 2009, Wang ya yi sharhi game da abin da ake kira "Beijing Doctrine": "Domin inganta tattalin arziki, ana iya yin komai, har ma da kashe mutane ... [irin wannan koyarwar ta nuna cewa] Kisan kiyashi na Tiananmen har yanzu yana ci gaba, kawai a hanyoyi daban-daban: ana ɗaukar rayukan ɗalibai a zahiri a 1989, amma shine tunanin duniya da ake guba a ruhaniya a yau"

### Siyasa ta Amurka
Wang ya yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyar Black Lives Matter wani makirci ne na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin (CCP) don hana Donald Trump lashe Zaben shugaban kasa na 2020 da kuma rushe al'ummar Amurka. Ya kuma ce Jam'iyyar Democrat "ta da rauni" a kasar Sin. Bayan Joe Biden ya lashe zaben 2020, ya ce yana so ya dakatar da amincewa da Biden a matsayin zababben shugaban kasa kuma ya soki kafofin watsa labarai saboda "ra'ayi mara kyau". Ya kuma ce game da Biden: