Edward Sapir

**Edward Sapir** (/səˈpɪər/; Janairu 26, 1884 - Fabrairu 4, 1939) masanin ilimin ɗan adam ne na Amurka, wanda aka fi la'akari da shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mahimman adadi a ci gaban ilimin harshe a Amurka. An haife shi a Jamusanci Pomerania, a cikin abin da ke yanzu arewacin Poland, iyalinsa sun yi hijira zuwa Amurka lokacin da yake yaro. Ya yi karatun ilimin harshe na Jamusanci a Columbia, inda ya zo ƙarƙashin tasirin Franz Boas, wanda ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi don yin aiki a kan harsunan 'yan asalin Amurka. Yayinda yake kammala Ph.D. ya tafi California don yin aiki tare da Alfred Kroeber yana rubuce-rubuce game da harsunan asali a can. An yi amfani da shi ta Geological Survey of Canada na tsawon shekaru goma sha biyar, inda ya shiga nasa a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masana harsuna a Arewacin Amurka, ɗayan kuma Leonard Bloomfield. An ba shi farfesa a Jami'ar Chicago, kuma ya zauna shekaru da yawa yana ci gaba da aiki don ƙwarewar ilimin harshe. A ƙarshen rayuwarsa ya kasance farfesa a fannin ilimin ɗan adam a Yale. Daga cikin ɗalibansa da yawa sun haɗa da masanan harsuna Mary Haas da Morris Swadesh, da masanan ilimin ɗan adam kamar Fred Eggan da Hortense Powdermaker .

Tare da asalin harshe, Sapir ya zama dalibi ɗaya na Boas don haɓaka cikakkiyar alaƙar tsakanin ilimin harshe da ilimin ɗan adam. Sapir ya yi nazarin hanyoyin da harshe da al'adu ke tasiri ga juna, kuma yana da sha'awar alaƙar da ke tsakanin bambance-bambance na harshe, da bambance-mbance a cikin ra'ayoyin al'adun duniya. Wannan bangare na tunaninsa ya bunkasa ta hanyar ɗalibinsa Benjamin Lee Whorf a cikin ka'idar Ma'anar harshe ko kuma ra'ayin "Sapir-Whorf". A cikin ilimin ɗan adam an san Sapir a matsayin mai gabatar da muhimmancin ilimin halayyar dan adam ga ilimin ɗan adam, yana mai cewa nazarin yanayin dangantaka tsakanin mutane daban-daban yana da mahimmanci ga hanyoyin da al'adu da al'umma ke tasowa.

Daga cikin manyan gudummawar da ya bayar ga ilimin harshe shine rarraba harsunan 'yan asalin Amurka, wanda ya yi bayani dalla-dalla a mafi yawan rayuwarsa ta sana'a. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasa manufar zamani na phoneme, yana inganta fahimtar ilimin sauti. Kafin Sapir an yi la'akari da cewa ba zai yiwu a yi amfani da hanyoyin ilimin harshe na tarihi ga harsunan 'Yan asalin ƙasar ba saboda an yi imanin cewa sun fi na asali fiye da Harsunan Indo-Turai. Sapir shine na farko da ya tabbatar da cewa hanyoyin ilimin harshe na kwatankwacin sun kasance daidai lokacin da aka yi amfani da su ga harsunan asali. A cikin bugu na 1929 na *Encyclopædia Britannica* ya buga abin da ya kasance mafi girman rarrabuwa na yarukan 'yan asalin Amurka, kuma na farko bisa ga shaidar daga ilimin harshe na zamani. Shi ne na farko da ya samar da shaidu don rarraba harsunan Algic, Uto-Aztecan, da Na-Dene. Ya ba da shawarar wasu iyalai na harsuna waɗanda ba a ɗauka cewa an nuna su yadda ya kamata ba, amma waɗanda ke ci gaba da samar da bincike kamar Hokan da Penutian.

Ya ƙware a cikin nazarin Harsunan Athabascan, Harsunan Chinookan, da harsunan Uto-Aztecan, yana samar da mahimman bayanin ilimin lissafi na Takelma, Wishram, Southern Paiute. Daga baya a cikin aikinsa ya kuma yi aiki tare da Yiddish, Ibrananci, da Sinanci, da kuma yarukan Jamusanci, kuma an saka hannun jari a ci gaban Harshen Taimako na Duniya.

## Rayuwa

### Yaronta da matasa
An haifi Sapir a cikin iyalin Yahudawa na Lithuania a Lauenburg (yanzu Lębork) a Lardin Pomerania inda mahaifinsa, Jacob David Sapir, ya yi aiki a matsayin cantor. Iyalin ba Orthodox ba ne, kuma mahaifinsa ya ci gaba da alakarsa da addinin Yahudanci ta hanyar kiɗa. Iyalin Sapir ba su zauna na dogon lokaci a Pomerania ba kuma ba su taɓa karɓar Jamusanci a matsayin ƙasa ba. Harshen farko na Edward Sapir shine Yiddish,  kuma daga baya Turanci. A shekara ta 1888, lokacin da yake dan shekara hudu, iyalin suka koma Liverpool, Ingila, kuma a cikin 1890 zuwa Amurka, zuwa Virginia" id="mwVA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia. A nan Edward Sapir ya rasa dan uwansa Max daga zazzabin typhoid. Mahaifinsa yana da wahalar ci gaba da aiki a mawaƙi'a kuma a ƙarshe ya zauna a New York a Lower East Side, inda iyalin ke zaune cikin talauci. Kamar yadda Jacob Sapir bai iya samar da iyalinsa ba, mahaifiyar Sapir, Eva Seagal Sapir, ta buɗe shago don samar da abubuwan da ake bukata. Sun sake aure a shekara ta 1910. Bayan ya zauna a New York, Edward Sapir ya girma ne mafi yawa daga mahaifiyarsa, wanda ya jaddada muhimmancin ilimi don ci gaba da zamantakewa, kuma ya juya iyalin daga addinin Yahudanci. Kodayake Eva Sapir muhimmiyar tasiri ce, Sapir ya sami sha'awar ilimi da sha'awar ilimin, kyawawan abubuwa, da kiɗa daga mahaifinsa. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 14 Sapir ya sami tallafin karatu na Pulitzer zuwa babbar Makarantar sakandare ta Horace Mann, amma ya zaɓi kada ya halarci makarantar da ya ga ta da kyau, ya je maimakon DeWitt Clinton High School,  kuma ya adana kuɗin tallafin karatu don karatun kwaleji. Ta hanyar tallafin karatu Sapir ya kara yawan kuɗin da mahaifiyarsa ta samu.

### Columbia
Sapir ya shiga Columbia a 1901, har yanzu yana biyan kuɗi tare da tallafin Pulitzer. Columbia a wannan lokacin na ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan jami'o'i MA zaman kansu waɗanda BA su iyakance shigar da masu neman Yahudawa ba tare da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga kusan kashi 12 cikin dari - kusan kashi 40% na ɗalibai masu shigowa a Columbia Yahudawa ne. Sapir ya sami B.A. (1904) da MA (1905) a cikin Ilimin Jamusanci daga Columbia, kafin ya fara Ph.D. a cikin Anthropology wanda ya kammala a shekara ta 1909.

## manazarta