Harshen Kam

Harshen **Kam** ko **Gam** (), kuma aka sani da **Dong** ( Chinese    ), yaren Kam–Sui ne da mutanen Dong ke magana da shi. *Ethnologue* ya bambanta nau'ikan Kam guda uku a matsayin daban to amma harsuna masu alaƙa. 

## Alkaluma

### Kudancin Dong
Kusan masu magana da harshen Kudancin Dong miliyan 1.5 ne aka ƙidaya a cikin ƙidayar harshe na shekara ta 1990, daga jimillar mutane miliyan 2.5 a cikin kabilar Dong. Kudancin Dong yana zaune ne a yankunan Rongjiang, da Jinping, da Liping, da Zhenyuan, da kuma Congjiang na lardin Guizhou; Gundumomin Longsheng, Sanjiang, da Rongshui a arewa maso gabashin Guangxi: da gundumar Tongdao a lardin Hunan. Ƙauyukan Dong guda biyu kuma suna cikin arewacin Vietnam, kodayake mutum ɗaya ne a Vietnam har yanzu yana iya yin magana Dong. 

## Yaruka
Harshen Kam za a iya raba shi zuwa manyan sassa biyu: Kudancin Kam da Arewacin Kam.  Arewacin Kam yana nuna ƙarin tasirin Sinanci kuma ba shi da bambanci tsakanin tsayin wasali, yayin da Kudancin Kam ya fi mazan jiya. Ire-iren harsunan da ke da alaƙa da ko ɓangaren Kam sun haɗa da Cao Miao da Naxi Yao. Wani nau'in Pinghua na arewacin da ake kira Tongdao Pinghua, wanda ake magana a gundumar Tongdao, Hunan, Kam kuma ya sami tasiri sosai.

; Kudancin Kam

* **Yanki na farko**: Róngjiāng Zhānglǔ ( ), Líping Hóngzhōu ( ), Jǐnping Qǐméng () in Guizhou; Tōngdào () in Hunan; Longsheng () da Sanjiang Dudong () in Guangxi
* **Yanki na biyu**: Líping Shuǐkǒu ( ), Cóngjiāng Guàndòng (), Róngjiāng Píngjiāng () in Guizhou: Sānjiāng Hélǐ ( ) in Guangxi
* **Yanki na uku**: Zhènyuǎn Bàojīng () in Guizhou
* **Wuri na huɗu na lectal**: Róngshuǐ () in Guangxi

; Arewacin Kam

* **Yanki na farko**: Tiānzhù Shídòng ( ), Sānsuì Kuǎnchǎng (), Jiànhé Xiǎoguǎng () in Guizhou; kuma Jǐnping Jiǔzhài () in Guizhou
* **Yanki na biyu na lacca**: Tiānzhù Zhǔxī () in Guizhou
* **Yanki na uku**: Jǐnping Dàtóng () in Guizhou

Dogon (2012:19-20)  ya karkasa wuraren lectal na Kam (harsuna) kamar haka.

; Kudancin Kam

* **Yankin Lectal 1**
** Chejiang, gundumar Rongjiang,
** Longcheng, Tongdao County
** Pingdeng, Longsheng County
** Chengyang, gundumar Sanjiang
** Hongzhou, gundumar Liping
* **Yankin Lectal 2**
** Zhaihao, gundumar Rongjiang
** Shuikou, Liping County
** Guidong, gundumar Congjiang
** Heli, gundumar Sanjiang
* **Yankin Lectal 3**
** Zhaihuai, gundumar Rongshui
* **Yanki na Lectal 4**
** Pindong, gundumar Rongshui

; Arewacin Kam

* **Yankin Lectal 1** (Highland Dong)
** Shidong, gundumar Tianzhu
** Kuanchang, gundumar Sansui
** Jiuzhai, gundumar Jinping
** Xiaoguang, gundumar Jianhe
* **Lectal Area 2** (River Dong)
** Datong, gundumar Jinping
** Sanmentang, gundumar Tianzhu
** Lannichong,  Jingzhou
* **Yankin Lectal 3**
** Zhuxi, gundumar Tianzhu
** Zhongzhai, gundumar Xinhuang
* **Yanki na Lectal 4**
** Qimeng, gundumar Jinping
* **Yanki na Lectal 5**
** Baojing, gundumar Zhenyuan

A gundumar Congjiang, Dong ya ƙunshi yaruka uku: *Jiudong*(kamar ChejiangDong), *Liudong*(kamar LipingDong), da wani yare da ake magana a cikin Xishan, Bingmei, da Guandong(kamar SanjiangDong) ( *Gazetteer County Congjiang* 1999: 109).

A cikin gundumar Suining, Hunan, ana magana da Dong a cikin Lianfeng(ciki har da Duolong), Huangsangping, Le'anpu, da sauran wurare na kusa.  A gundumar Chengbu, Hunan, ana magana da Dong a cikin Yanzhai, Chang'anying, da Jiangtousi. 

Ana kuma magana da Kam a ƙauyen guda ɗaya na Đồng Mộc, Trung Sơn Commune, Yên Sơn District, Tuyên Quang Province, arewacin Vietnam,  inda akwai kimanin mutane 35 Kam (Edmondson & Gregerson 2001).  Kam na Đồng Mộc ya yi hijira zuwa Vietnam daga China kimanin shekaru 150 da suka wuce. Kam iri-iri da ake magana a cikin Đồng Mộc ya fi kama da na Líping Shuǐkǒu ( ) a kudu maso gabashin Guizhou .

A kasar Sin, jimillar kananan hukumomi bakwai da aka ware a matsayin kananan hukumomin Dong masu cin gashin kansu ( ).

* Yuping Dong mai cin gashin kansa, Guizhou
* Gundumar Sanjiang Dong mai cin gashin kanta, Guangxi
* Gundumar Longsheng Daban-daban Masu cin gashin kansu, Guangxi
* Xinhuang Dong mai cin gashin kansa, Hunan
* gundumar Zhijiang Dong mai cin gashin kansa, Hunan
* Jingzhou Miao da Dong mai cin gashin kansa, Hunan
* Tongdao Dong County mai cin gashin kansa, Hunan

### Wasu
Bisa ga *Shaoyang Prefecture Gazetteer* (1997), nau'ikan yare da ke da alaƙa da Kudancin Kam ana magana da su a Naxi, gundumar Dongkou (wanda ke da kabilar Yao 4,280 a 1982 (Chen 2013:39)) da Lianmin, Suining County . Duk da haka, a hukumance gwamnatin kasar Sin ta sanya su a matsayin 'yan kabilar Yao, ba Dong ba. Chen Qiguang (2013:39)  ya ruwaito cewa kakannin *Naxihua*Masu magana sun yi ƙaura zuwa inda suke a yanzu daga Tianzhhu, Liping, da Yuping na kudu maso gabashin Guizhou a farkon karni na 15.

**Sanqiao三锹**(三橇) gauraye yaren Dong- Miao ne da ake magana da shi a gundumar Liping da gundumar Jinping ta Guizhou ta kasar Sin kusan mutane 6,000. 

## phonology da rubutu
Kam yana da manyan litattafai guda biyu: tsarin bunkasa ilimin kasar Sin da tsarin da Ngo Van Lyong ya kirkira na Kudancin Kam kamar yadda yake magana a Rongjiang.  Tsarin Sinanci galibi masana harshe ne ke amfani da shi kuma yana da kamanceceniya da sauran ƙamus na harshen Kra-Dai na Sinanci (irin su Zhuang ). Tsarin Ngo Van Lyong ya sami wahayi daga haruffan Vietnamanci kuma an yi shi don masu magana da masu koyo.

Yayin da tsarin Sinanci ya fi shahara, yawancin masu magana da Kam ba su da ilimi.

### Na farko

Rubutun Sinanci na Kam yana da baƙaƙe na farko 32; bakwai daga cikinsu (  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  kuma  ) kawai yana faruwa a cikin kalmomin lamuni na kwanan nan daga Sinanci.

Rubutun rubutun Ngo Van Lyong na Kudancin Kam yana da haruffa 28-na farko.

### Gasar karshe
Rubutun kalmomin kasar Sin na Kam yana da wasannin karshe na silasi 64; 14 daga cikinsu suna faruwa ne kawai a cikin lamunin kasar Sin kuma ba a jera su a cikin jadawalin da ke ƙasa ba.

Ƙimar sautin wasali a wasan ƙarshe da aka rubuta -ab, -ad da -ag, shine [ɐ] a cikin kalmomin da ke da sautunan -l, -p da -c (duba tebur a ƙasa); a cikin harbuwa tare da sautuna -s, -t da -x, [a] ne. . Ƙimar sautin wasali a wasan ƙarshe da aka rubuta -eb, -ed da -misali, shine [ə] a cikin kalmomin da ke da sautunan -l, -p da -c ; a cikin harbuwa tare da sautuna -s, -t da -x, shi ne [e].

Rubutun rubutun Ngo Van Lyong na Kudancin Kam yana da wasan ƙarshe na haruffa 116.

### Sautuna
Kam harshe ne na tonal . Buɗaɗɗen maɗaukaki na iya faruwa a ɗaya daga cikin sautuna daban-daban guda tara, waɗanda aka duba cikin sautuna shida (wanda ake kira shigar sautunan ), ta yadda tsarin al'ada ya ƙidaya sau goma sha biyar. Kamar yadda yake da harafin Hmong, rubutun kalmomin Sinanci suna yin alamar sautuna tare da baƙar magana a ƙarshen kowane saƙo.

Rubutun rubutun Ngô Văn Lương yana alamar sautuna ta hanyar yarukan da aka rubuta a sama ko ƙasa da wasali kamar yadda yake tare da haruffan Vietnam kuma yana fasalta sautuna 6 kawai.

## Nassoshi

## Kara karantawa

* Long, Y., Zheng, G., & Geary, DN (1998). *Harshen Dong a lardin Guizhou na kasar Sin* . Cibiyar Nazarin Harsuna ta bazara da Jami'ar Texas a wallafe-wallafen Arlington a cikin ilimin harshe, ɗaba'a 126. Dallas, TX: Cibiyar Nazarin Harsunan bazara. ISBN&nbsp;
* Yang, Tongyin & Edmondson, Jerold A. (2008). *Kam* . A cikin Anthony VN Diller da Jerold A. Edmondson da Yongxian Luo (eds.), Harsunan Tai-Kadai, 509-584. London & New York: Routledge.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Lissafin kalmomin Kudancin Dong daga Tushen Bayanan Kalmomi na Australiya 
* Jerin ƙamus na harshen Swadesh na Dong na ainihin kalmomi (daga jerin abubuwan Swadesh na Wiktionary)