open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
George Mihalcheon

**George M. Mihalcheon** ( Romanian : **George Mihălcean** Oktoba 1, 1893 - Oktoba 2, 1956) ɗan siyasa ne daga Alberta, Kanada . Ya yi aiki a Majalisar Dokoki ta Alberta daga 1926 zuwa 1930 a matsayin memba na United Farmers caucus a gwamnati.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Mihalcheon a shekara ta 1893 a Boian, Bukovina, ƙauyen da ke cikin Ukraine a yanzu . Ya ƙaura zuwa Alberta tare da danginsa a cikin 1901 zuwa garin Hairy Hill . Ya sauke karatu na al'ada a cikin 1918 kuma ya zama malami a garin Boian, Alberta. Ya auri Mary Lutzak. 

## Sana'ar siyasa
Mihalcheon ya sanya sunansa a gaba don yin takara a matsayin ɗan takarar United Farmers a gundumar zaɓe na Whitford gabanin zaɓen lardin 1926. Ya doke dan majalisar United Farmers Mike Chornohus da wasu 'yan takara biyu don a nada dan takarar jam'iyyar a babban zaben Alberta na 1926 . 

a 1926 babban zaben Alberta Mihalcheon da wasu 'yan takara hudu sun yi takara a Whitford. Mihalcheon ya samu rinjayen kuri'un jama'ar gundumar kan kidaya na farko don haka aka zabe shi cikin gaggawa, yana rike da gundumar ga jam'iyyarsa. Daga cikin 'yan takarar da ya kayar har da tsohon dan majalisar masu sassaucin ra'ayi Andrew Shanro, wanda ya zo na biyu.  Michalcheon shine dan majalisar Alberta na farko na asalin Romania. An yi la'akari da ikonsa na yin Turanci, Ukrainian, da Romanian da ya taimaka masa ya ci zaben. 

## Manazarta
Lawrence Peterson

**Lawrence Peter Peterson** (Afrilu 12, 1873 - Satumba 7, 1951) ɗan siyasan lardi ne daga Alberta, Kanada. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Alberta daga 1921 zuwa 1930 yana zaune tare da United Farmers caucus a cikin gwamnati.

Peterson ya tsaya takarar kujerar majalisar dokokin Alberta a karon farko a babban zaben Alberta na 1921 . Ya tsaya a matsayin dan takarar United Farmers a gundumar zabe ta Taber kuma ya yi nasara a gasar kurkusa da Archibald McLean mai ci don neman kujerar jam'iyyarsa. 

Peterson ya yi takara a karo na biyu a ofis a babban zaben Alberta na 1926 . Ya rasa wasu daga cikin kuri'unsa na jama'a a zaben da ya gabata amma ya doke wasu 'yan takara biyu da gagarumin rinjaye. 

Peterson bai sake tsayawa takara karo na uku a ofis ba kuma ya yi ritaya bayan rugujewar majalisar a 1930.

## Manazarta
Lorne Proudfoot

**Lorne Proudfoot** (Oktoba 8, 1880 - Janairu 10, 1977) manomi ne, malami kuma ɗan siyasan lardi daga Alberta, Kanada. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Alberta daga 1921 zuwa 1935 yana zaune tare da United Farmers caucus a cikin gwamnati.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Lorne Proudfoot a cikin 1880 a wata gona a wajen Vankleek Hill, Ontario .  Ya fito yamma a cikin 1903, kuma ya halarci makarantar al'ada a Regina, Saskatchewan . Daga baya ya koma Alberta kuma ya fara aikin koyarwa a makarantar karkara kusa da garuruwan Carstairs da Didsbury. Ya koma Chinook, Alberta a 1909 kuma ya fara noma. Ya auri matarsa Hilda Mary Roberts a 1917. 

## Sana'ar siyasa

Proudfoot ya yi takarar neman kujera zuwa majalisar dokokin Alberta a matsayin dan takara mai zaman kansa a babban zaben Alberta na 1917 a gundumar zabe na Acadia. Ƙungiyar Proudfoot wani ɓangare ne na abin da aka sani bisa ƙa'ida a matsayin Ƙungiyar Siyasa mai zaman kanta, Mazabar Acadia tana da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙwararru ta Alberta .  Ya gama matsayi na uku mai nisa ya sha kashi a hannun John McColl mai ci.  ya yi takara a karo na biyu a babban zaben Alberta na 1921 a matsayin dan takarar United Farmers of Alberta. Ya lashe zaben na mutane biyu da gagarumin rinjaye don karbar gundumar jam'iyyarsa. 

Proudfoot ya tsaya takara karo na biyu a ofishi a babban zaben Alberta na 1926 . Ya fuskanci wasu 'yan takara guda biyu. Duk da rasa kaso mai yawa na jama'arsa daga 1921 har yanzu ya lashe gundumar da gagarumin rinjaye. 

Proudfoot yayi aiki akan kwamitocin ƙaramar hukuma da yawa, yawanci suna da alaƙa da ilimi da noma. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga "ka'idodin haɗin gwiwa" kuma ya yi aiki tuƙuru don kiyaye tattalin arzikin ƙaramin ƙauyen Chinook. Abubuwan da ya samu a siyasa sun ba shi ilimin shari'a da kudi fiye da yawancin makwabtansa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda-ma'aji na Chinook Consolidated School District a duk tsawon rayuwarta, 1916-1961. Ya kasance sakataren ma'ajin kauyen Chinook daga 1943 zuwa 1968. Ya rasu a shekarar 1977. 

## Manazarta
Alcohol da cututtukan zuciya

A cikin binciken 2018 akan masu shayarwa na 599,912, an sami haɗin kai tsaye tare da shan barasa da haɗari mafi girma na bugun jini, cututtukan jini na jijiyoyin jini ban da infarction na zuciya, cututtukan zuciya, cututtukan hauhawar jini, da m aortic aneurysm, har ma ga masu shayarwa masu matsakaici.  &#x5B; ** &#x5D; Shaye-shaye kuma na iya haifar da cututtukan zuciya na aiki .  Ƙungiyar Zuciya ta Amirka ta ce mutanen da ba su sha ba a halin yanzu kada su fara shan barasa.  hi

Yawan shan barasa yana da alaƙa da haɓakar haɗarin cutar hanta ta barasa (ALD), gazawar zuciya, wasu cututtukan daji, da rauni na bazata, kuma shine babban sanadin mutuwar da za a iya hanawa a cikin ƙasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu.  Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa sha daya a kowace rana na iya samun fa'idodin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. Duk da haka, waɗannan karatun suna da rikice-rikice,  kuma ra'ayi na kowa shine cewa babu wani matakin shan barasa da ke inganta lafiya.  Akwai ƙarin shaida game da illar barasa fiye da kowane tasiri mai amfani.  Hakanan an gane cewa masana'antar barasa na iya haɓaka fa'idodin da ba su da tabbas na matsakaiciyar sha. 

## Shan barasa da cututtukan zuciya
Wasu sake dubawa na farko sun nuna cewa shan giya mai sauƙi na iya yin tasiri mai kariya ga lafiyar zuciya. Alal misali, wani bincike-bincike na 2010 ya gano cewa marasa lafiya da cututtukan zuciya da suka kasance masu sauƙi zuwa masu amfani da barasa, ba su da wuya su sha wahala daga cututtuka na zuciya da jijiyoyin jini.  Duk da haka, masu bincike sun yi gargadin game da ƙarfafa marasa lafiya na zuciya da jijiyoyin jini waɗanda ba sa shan barasa akai-akai don fara sha saboda rashin kulawa da bincike da shaida. 

An ba da shawarar hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su don tasirin cututtukan zuciya na barasa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da sarrafa glucose, metabolism na lipid, da metabolism gaba ɗaya.  Duk da haka, wani bayanin da zai yiwu shi ne cewa tasirin cardioprotective shine kawai sakamakon bincike mai rikitarwa.  Yiwuwar ma'ana shine cewa wasu daga cikin masu kauracewa barasa a cikin binciken bincike a baya sun sha da yawa kuma sun lalata lafiyar su. Bayan sun daina sha ne aka ware su a matsayin wadanda ba su sha ba, wanda hakan ya haifar da karin marasa lafiya a bangaren wadanda ba su sha ba. Don gwada wannan hasashe, nazarin meta na 2019 ya sake rarraba mutane daidai da haka. A sakamakon haka, ba a sami wani amfani ga barasa na kowane nau'i ba, haka ma, barasa yana da illa ga lafiyar jiki ko da a ƙananan allurai. 

: I. Ga mutanen da suka sha 2 ko ƙasa da abin sha kowace rana, hawan jini bai ragu sosai ba lokacin da suka rage shan barasa kusa da abstinence.
: II. Ga mutanen da suka sha 3 ko fiye abin sha a kowace rana, hawan jini ya ragu sosai lokacin da suka rage yawan barasa kusa da abstinence.
: III. Ga mutanen da suka sha 6 ko fiye da abin sha a kowace rana, rage yawan hawan jini shine mafi ƙarfi lokacin da suka rage yawan barasa kusa da abstinence.
: IV. Har yanzu ba a san tasirin raguwar barasa kan hawan jini ba ga mata da masu fama da hauhawar jini waɗanda ke cinye ƙasa da abin sha uku a rana saboda ƙayyadaddun gwaji na asibiti.
:

## Manazarta
Shawarwarin shan giya

Shawarwari don shan barasa na miyagun ƙwayoyi (wanda kuma aka sani da suna ethanol) ya bambanta daga shawarwarin don zama marasa barasa zuwa yau da kullun ko sha na mako-mako "iyaka mai aminci" ko matsakaicin ci. Yawancin hukumomi da kungiyoyi sun ba da ka'idoji. Waɗannan shawarwarin game da matsakaicin abin sha sun bambanta da kowane hani na doka, misali ƙasashe masu dokar tuƙi ko ƙasashen da suka haramta barasa . Zuwa nau'i daban-daban, waɗannan shawarwarin kuma sun bambanta da shaidar kimiyya, irin su ɗan gajeren lokaci da na dogon lokaci na shan barasa .  Daga mahangar kimiyya da likitanci, shawarar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya shine teetotalism, tare da buga wannan a cikin *[[The Lancet]]* a cikin Afrilu 2023: *"babu wani adadi mai aminci [barasa] wanda baya shafar lafiya"* . 

* Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta buga wata sanarwa a cikin *Lafiyar Jama'a ta Lancet* a cikin Afrilu 2023 cewa "babu wani amintaccen adadin da ba ya shafar lafiya". 
** Ƙungiyar Zuciya ta Duniya (Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya ta amince da ita a matsayin babbar abokiyar zamanta ta NGO) (2022) ta ba da shawarar a kan duk wani shan barasa don ingantaccen lafiyar zuciya.  
* Shawarwari na Nutrition Nordic na 2023 sun bayyana "Tunda ba za a iya samar da amintaccen iyaka ga shan barasa ba, shawarar da ke cikin NNR2023 ita ce kowa ya guji shan barasa." 
* Ƙungiyar Zuciya ta Amirka ta ba da shawarar cewa waɗanda ba su riga sun sha barasa ba kada su fara yin haka saboda mummunan tasirin shan barasa na dogon lokaci .  

## Manazarta
Cetoacidosis mai barasa

**Ketoacidosis na barasa** ( **AKA** ) takamaiman rukuni ne na alamun bayyanar cututtuka da yanayin rayuwa mai alaƙa da amfani da barasa .  Alamun yawanci sun haɗa da ciwon ciki, amai, tashin hankali, saurin numfashi, da takamaiman kamshin "'ya'yan itace".  Hankali gabaɗaya al'ada ce.  Matsalolin na iya haɗawa da mutuwa kwatsam. 

AKA galibi yana faruwa a cikin masu shaye-shaye na dogon lokaci kuma ba a saba gani ba a cikin waɗanda ke sha .  Farawa gabaɗaya yana faruwa bayan ƙarancin ikon cin abinci na ƴan kwanaki.  Bincike gabaɗaya yana dogara ne akan alamomi.  Matakan sukari na jini galibi suna al'ada ne ko kuma a ɗan ƙara kaɗan.  Sauran sharuɗɗan da za su iya gabatarwa iri ɗaya sun haɗa da wasu abubuwan da ke haifar da babban gibin anion na rayuwa ciki har da ketoacidosis na ciwon sukari . 

Gabaɗaya ana yin jiyya tare da saline na al'ada na cikin jijiya da maganin sukari na cikin jijiya .  Thiamine da matakan hana shan barasa ana kuma ba da shawarar.  Hakanan ana iya buƙatar maganin ƙarancin potassium na jini .  Wadanda abin ya shafa sun fi yawa a tsakanin shekarun 20 zuwa 60.  An fara gane yanayin a 1940 kuma an kira shi a 1971. 

## Alamomi da alamomi
Tashin zuciya, amai, da ciwon ciki suna yawan kasancewa kuma mutane na iya samun tachypnea, tachycardia, da hauhawar jini .  Ya bambanta da ketoacidosis na ciwon sukari, mutanen da ketoacidosis na giya yawanci suna faɗakarwa da lucid duk da tsananin acidosis. 

## Manazarta
Polyneuropathy na barasa

**Polyneuropathy na barasa** cuta ce ta jijiya wacce jijiyoyi na gefe ko'ina cikin jiki ke aiki a lokaci guda . An bayyana shi ta hanyar lalatawar axonal a cikin jijiya na duka tsarin ji da motsin motsi kuma da farko yana faruwa a ƙarshen ƙarshen axon mafi tsayi a cikin jiki . Wannan lalacewar jijiya yana sa mutum ya fuskanci ciwo da rauni na mota, na farko a cikin ƙafafu da hannaye sannan kuma ya ci gaba a tsakiya. Polyneuropathy na barasa yana haifar da farko ta hanyar barasa na yau da kullum ; duk da haka, rashin bitamin ma an san yana taimakawa wajen ci gabansa. Wannan cuta yawanci tana faruwa ne a cikin masu shaye-shaye na yau da kullun waɗanda ke da wani nau'in ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki. Jiyya na iya haɗawa da ƙarin abinci mai gina jiki, kula da ciwo, da kaurace wa barasa.

## Alamomi da alamomi
Alamar gargaɗin farko ( prodrome ) na yiwuwar haɓakar polyneuropathy na barasa, musamman a cikin barasa na yau da kullun, zai zama asarar nauyi saboda wannan yawanci yana nuna ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki wanda zai iya haifar da haɓakar cutar. 

### Motoci
Har ila yau, bincike ya ci gaba a kan dalilai na ci gaban polyneuropathy na barasa. Wasu suna jayayya cewa sakamakon sakamako ne kai tsaye na gubar barasa akan jijiyoyi, amma wasu sun ce abubuwa kamar ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki ko cutar hanta na yau da kullun na iya taka rawa wajen haɓakawa. Hanyoyi da yawa na iya kasancewa. 

## Manazarta
Coumba Ndoffène Diouf

**Coumba Ndoffène Diouf** (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Disambar 1932  a Diakhao) Dan siyasan Kasar Senegal ne. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje na Senegal daga shekarar zuwa 1972-73.

## Manazarta

* Babacar Ndiaye da Waly Ndiaye, *Shugabannin da ministocin Jamhuriyar Senegal*, Dakar, 2006 (2nd ed.),
Cutar Austrian

**Austriya ciwo**, wanda kuma aka sani da **Osler's triad**, wani yanayi ne na likita wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan Robert Austrian a 1957. Gabatar da yanayin ya ƙunshi ciwon huhu, endocarditis, da kuma sankarau, duk wanda ya haifar da *ciwon huhu na Streptococcus* . Yana da alaƙa da shan barasa saboda hyposplenism (rage aikin splenic ) kuma ana iya gani a cikin maza tsakanin shekarun 40 zuwa 60.  Robert Austrian ba shine farkon wanda ya bayyana yanayin ba, amma Richard Heschl (a kusa da 1860s) ko William Osler ba su iya danganta alamun zuwa kwayoyin cutar ba saboda ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ba a samo su ba.

## Epidemiology
Alamun cutar ta Australiya yawanci suna farawa a cikin Caucasian  maza sama da 40. Wani bincike ya nuna cewa maza masu matsakaicin shekaru da al'amuran barasa sun kasance mafi yawan marasa lafiya tare da ciwon Austrian. 

Babban dalilin Osler's triad (Austrian syndrome) shine *Streptococcus pneumoniae*, wanda yawanci ana danganta shi da amfani da barasa mai yawa. An sanya wa yanayin suna *Osler's triad* saboda alaƙarsa da ciwon huhu, sankarau, da endocarditis. Yawan shan barasa zai jefa mai amfani cikin haɗari. An ƙaddara cewa barasa ya kammala tetrad na yanayi masu alaƙa.

## Manazarta
Habib Thiam

**Habib Thiam** (21 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1933 - 26 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2017)  ɗan siyasan Kasar Senegal ne. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Senegal har na lokuta biyu, daga 1 ga Janairun  shekarar 1981 zuwa 3 ga watan Afrilu 1983, kuma daga 8 ga watan afrilu 1991 har zuwa 3 ga Yulin shekarar 1998.

Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa daga 1983 zuwa 1984. 

## Iyali
Ya auri Anne Majken née Hessner, 'yar asalin Kasar denmark kuma tsohon memba na majalisar dokokin Denmark na Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party . Suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu tare

## Manazarta
Gilashin giya

Kalmar **"tauraron giya"** shine sabon abu da mutane suke ganin wasu mutane sun fi kyau bayan sun sha barasa . Ana amfani da kalmar musamman ga mutanen da, lokacin da suke da hankali, in ba haka ba ba za a same su da kyan gani ko kyan gani ba kwata-kwata. 

## Tarihi
Daliban jami'a maza ne suka fara kirkiro kalmar "goggles na giya" a Amurka a shekarun 1980.  Bugu da kari, an samo sigar farko ta jumlar da aka buga a cikin mujallar *Playboy* a cikin Janairu 1987 mai taken "Mu Samu Kyautar Kayan Aiki: Zuwa Georgetown don giyar sa". A cikin 1990s ya bazu zuwa United Kingdom kuma ana samun shi a cikin *Maraice Chronicle* yana faɗin "... amma a lokacin da nake da gilashin giya na. Bayan ale da na ci, suna kama da manyan samfura".  A ƙarshe, ana samun kalmar "goggles na giya" a cikin ƙamus na Merriam-Webster a matsayin sunan jam'i da aka ayyana a matsayin "sakamakon tunanin barasa na misalta shi azaman tabarau guda biyu wanda ke canza tunanin mutum musamman ta hanyar sanya wasu su zama mafi kyau fiye da yadda suke. 

## Manazarta
Rashin aiki (amnesia mai alaƙa da miyagun ƙwayoyi)

**Baƙar fata** da ke da alaƙa da ƙwayoyi wani lamari ne da ke faruwa ta hanyar shan kowane abu ko magani wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ƙwaƙwalwa na ɗan lokaci da na dogon lokaci, don haka yana haifar da rashin iya tuno abubuwan da suka gabata. Ana bayyana baƙar fata akai-akai da cewa yana da tasiri kama da na anterograde amnesia, wanda batun ba zai iya tunawa da duk wani abin da ya faru bayan abin da ya haifar da amnesia .

EM Jellinek ne ya yi bincike a kan baƙar barasa a cikin 1940s. Yin amfani da bayanai daga binciken Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) mambobi, ya zo gaskanta cewa baƙar fata zai zama kyakkyawan ƙaddarar barasa . Duk da haka, akwai ra'ayoyi masu karo da juna ko wannan gaskiya ne.  Rashin hankali na tunani bayan tasirin amfani da barasa mai yawa yana daɗaɗaɗawa a cikin waɗanda ke da matsalar damuwa .  Ƙungiyoyi guda ɗaya kuma na iya samun damuwa a kusa da ayyukansu a lokacin da baƙar fata ta haifar da barasa, saboda ba su da tunawa da ayyukansu. ** &#x5B; &#x5D; zai ba da damar ƙarin barasa isa ga kwakwalwa da kuma hanzarta baƙar fata na mutum.

## Barasa da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar lokaci mai tsawo
Nazari daban-daban sun ba da tabbacin alaƙa tsakanin shan barasa gabaɗaya da tasirinsa akan ƙarfin ƙwaƙwalwa.  Wadannan binciken sun nuna musamman, yadda mutum mai rashin lafiya ko mai maye ya sa ƙungiyoyi masu talauci tsakanin kalmomi da abubuwa fiye da mai hankali. Wani bincike na musamman na baƙar fata daga baya ya nuna cewa barasa na musamman yana lalata ikon kwakwalwa na ɗaukar ɗan gajeren lokaci na tunani da gogewa da kuma tura su zuwa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na dogon lokaci. 

Ba daidai ba ne cewa baƙar fata gabaɗaya yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin mashaya; bincike ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke shagaltuwa da shaye-shaye, kamar yawancin ɗaliban koleji, galibi suna cikin haɗari kuma. A cikin binciken 2002 na daliban koleji da masu bincike a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Duke, 40% na wadanda aka bincikar da suka sha barasa kwanan nan sun ruwaito cewa sun sami raguwa a cikin shekarar da ta gabata. 

## Manazarta
Tasirin barasa na dogon lokaci akan kwakwalwa

**Tasirin barasa na dogon lokaci akan kwakwalwa** ya ƙunshi nau'ikan tasirin, bambanta ta hanyar sha, shekaru, kwayoyin halitta, da sauran abubuwan kiwon lafiya. Daga cikin gabobin da yawa da barasa ke shafar, kwakwalwa tana da rauni musamman. Yawan shan giya yana haifar da **lalacewar kwakwalwar barasa**, tare da barasa yana aiki a matsayin neurotoxin kai tsaye zuwa kwayoyin jijiyoyi,  yayin da ƙananan matakan shan barasa na iya haifar da raguwa a cikin ƙwayar kwakwalwa, ƙarar ƙwayar launin toka na yanki, da ƙananan kwayoyin halitta. Abincin barasa mai ƙarancin-zuwa matsakaici yana iya haɗawa da wasu fa'idodin fahimi ko neuroprotection a cikin tsofaffi. Abubuwan zamantakewa da tunani na iya ba da ƙananan tasirin kariya. Dangantaka gaba ɗaya tsakanin amfani da barasa da lafiyar kwakwalwa yana da rikitarwa, yana nuna ma'auni tsakanin tasirin neurotoxic barasa da tasirin daidaitawa.

## Rabewa
Sakamakon jijiyoyi na amfani da barasa na dogon lokaci ana iya rarraba su cikin sakamako masu cutarwa (misali, atrophy na kwakwalwa, raguwar fahimi, lalata), yuwuwar tasirin tsaka tsaki, kuma, a iyakanceccen yanayi, ƙananan tasirin kariya masu alaƙa da ƙarancin-zuwa matsakaiciyar amfani. Ana rarraba bayyanar cututtuka masu tsanani a ƙarƙashin lalacewar kwakwalwar da ke da alaka da barasa (ARBD), ciki har da yanayi kamar ciwon Wernicke-Korsakoff da kuma ciwon barasa. 

Yawan shan barasa yana da alaƙa da tartsatsi da ƙananan raunuka na kwakwalwa, musamman lalacewa ga yankunan kwakwalwa ciki har da lobe na gaba,  tsarin limbic, da cerebellum,  tare da atrophy na kwakwalwa mai yaduwa, ko raguwar kwakwalwa da lalacewa ta hanyar neuron . Ana iya ganin wannan lalacewa akan sikanin neuroimaging.  Barasa yana canza duka tsari da aikin kwakwalwa a sakamakon tasirin neurotoxic kai tsaye na barasa ko cirewar barasa. Ƙara yawan shan barasa yana haɗuwa da lalacewa ga yankunan kwakwalwa ciki har da lobe na gaba,  tsarin limbic, da cerebellum,  tare da yaduwa atrophy na cerebral, ko raguwar kwakwalwa da lalacewa ta hanyar neuron degeneration . Lalacewar lobe na gaba ya zama mafi shahara kamar shekarun barasa kuma yana iya haifar da ƙarancin aikin neuropsychological a cikin yankuna kamar warware matsala, kyakkyawan hukunci, da halayen jagoranci.  Rashin aikin sarrafa motsin rai yana haifar da lalacewa ga tsarin limbic. Wannan na iya haifar da matsala ga fahimtar yanayin fuska da kuma "fassara abubuwan motsin rai marasa fa'ida". 

Mummunan rikice-rikice sun haɗa da lalacewar kwakwalwa da ba za a iya jurewa ba, rashin lafiyar tabin hankali (misali, damuwa, damuwa), da ƙara haɗarin wasu yanayi na jijiyoyi, kamar cutar Alzheimer.

## Manazarta
Jerin abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa ta hanyar

Wadannan **jerin abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwar mutane** a duk duniya na shekaru daban-daban da aka tsara ta adadin yawan mace-macen su. Wasu abubuwan da aka lissafa sun haɗa da mutuwar kuma an haɗa su cikin ƙarin takamaiman dalilai na ƙasa, kuma an bar wasu dalilai, don haka adadin zai iya taƙaita kusan 100%. Abubuwan da aka lissafa su ne ingantattun dalilai na likita nan da nan, amma ana iya bayyana ainihin abin da ke haifar da mutuwa daban. Misali, shan taba sigari yakan haifar da cutar huhu ko kansa, kuma rashin amfani da barasa na iya haifar da gazawar hanta ko hadarin mota. Don ƙididdiga kan abubuwan da za a iya hana su na ƙarshe, duba abubuwan da za a iya hana su na mutuwa .

A cikin 2002, an sami mutuwar kusan miliyan 57. A shekara ta 2005, a cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta yin amfani da Ƙididdigar Cututtuka ta Duniya (ICD), kimanin mutane miliyan 58 ne suka mutu.  A cikin 2010, bisa ga Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiyar Kiwon Lafiya da Kima, 52.8&nbsp;mutane miliyan sun mutu.  A cikin 2016, WHO ta rubuta mutuwar mutane miliyan 56.7  tare da babban dalilin mutuwar a matsayin cututtukan zuciya da ke haifar da mutuwar fiye da miliyan 17 (kimanin 31% na duka) kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin ginshiƙi zuwa gefe. A cikin 2021, akwai kusan. 68&nbsp;Miliyoyin mace-mace a duniya, kamar yadda rahoton WHO ya nuna. 

Bayan mitar, wasu matakan kwatantawa, yin la'akari, da saka idanu kan abubuwan da ke haifar da mace-mace sun haɗa da shekarun rayuwa na nakasa (DALY) da shekarun yuwuwar asarar rai (YPLL).

## Manazarta
Rashin hankali da ke da alaƙa da barasa

**Alcohol-related dementia** ( **ARD** ) wani nau'i ne na lalata da ke haifar da dogon lokaci, yawan amfani da barasa, yana haifar da lalacewar jijiyoyi da rashin aikin tunani. 

## Alamomi da alamomi
Cutar da ke da alaƙa da barasa tana nunawa a matsayin tabarbarewar duniya a cikin aikin tunani tare da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ba ta shafi musamman ba, amma yana iya faruwa tare da wasu nau'ikan ɓarna, yana haifar da nau'ikan alamu.  Wasu mutanen da ke fama da ciwon barasa suna ba da lalacewa ga lobes na gaba na kwakwalwarsu suna haifar da raguwa, asarar tsarawa da ayyukan gudanarwa, da rashin kula da sakamakon halayen su. Sauran nau'o'in cututtukan da ke da alaka da barasa irin su Wernicke encephalopathy suna haifar da lalata wasu sassan kwakwalwa, inda canje-canje a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, da farko asarar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar lokaci,  shine babban alamar. Yawancin gabatarwar ciwon barasa suna wani wuri tare da bakan tsakanin dementia na duniya da Korsakoff's psychosis, kuma yana iya haɗawa da alamun duka biyu. 

Mutanen da ke fama da ciwon hauka masu alaƙa da barasa na iya haɓaka matsalolin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, nakasa harshe, da rashin iya yin hadaddun ayyuka na mota kamar yin sutura. Yawan shan barasa kuma yana lalata jijiyoyi a hannu da ƙafafu, watau peripheral neuropathy, da kuma cerebellum wanda ke sarrafa daidaitawa ta haka yana haifar da haɓakar ataxia cerebellar . Wadannan marasa lafiya akai-akai suna da matsala tare da jin dadi a cikin iyakar su kuma suna iya nuna rashin kwanciyar hankali a ƙafafunsu. 

## Pathophysiology
Nazarin cututtukan cututtuka sun nuna haɗin gwiwa tsakanin maye gurbin barasa na dogon lokaci da lalata.  Barasa na iya lalata kwakwalwa kai tsaye azaman neurotoxin,  ko kuma yana iya lalata ta a kaikaice ta hanyar haifar da rashin abinci mai gina jiki, da farko asarar thiamine (bitamin B1).  Rashin shan barasa ya zama ruwan dare a cikin tsofaffi, kuma ba a gano cutar ta barasa ba. 

## Manazarta
Abdoulaye Daouda Diallo

**Abdoulaye Daouda Diallo** ɗan siyasan Kasar Senegal ne kuma shugaban Majalisar Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da kuma Muhalli ta Senegal tun watan Afrilun shekarar 2023.  Ya kasance Ministan kasafin kudi na farko a karkashin Abdoul Mbaye daga Afrilun shekarar 2012 zuwa Satumbar shekarar 2013,  ministan cikin gida daga Satumbar shekarar 2013 zuwa shekarar 2017, kuma Ministan gyaran Muhali , tafiyetafiye da kuma samarwa daga Satumbar shekarar 2017 zuwa watan Afrilu shekarar 2019 . 

## Manazarta
Tasirin barasa akan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya

**Tasirin barasa akan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya** sun haɗa da rushewar hanyoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya daban-daban, yana shafar duka samuwar da kuma tunawa da bayanai.

## Yanayin ayyuka

### Tasiri akan hippocampus
Barasa yana aiki azaman babban abin damuwa na tsarin juyayi na tsakiya, amma kuma yana shafar wasu takamaiman wuraren kwakwalwa fiye da sauran. An danganta lalacewar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da barasa ke haifar da rushewar aikin hippocampal -musamman yana shafar gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) da N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) neurotransmission wanda ke haifar da mummunan tasiri na dogon lokaci (LTP).  Tushen kwayoyin halitta na LTP yana da alaƙa da koyo da ƙwaƙwalwa.  Musamman, lalacewa ga sel na hippocampal CA1 yana haifar da mummunar tasiri akan samuwar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya,  kuma wannan rushewar an danganta shi da matakan dogaro da kashi na yawan barasa.  A mafi girma allurai, barasa yana hana aikin neuronal a cikin duka CA1 da CA3 pyramidal cell layers na hippocampus .    Wannan yana lalata ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya,  tun lokacin da hippocampus yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin sababbin abubuwan tunawa.

### Tasiri akan sauran sassan kwakwalwa

## Manazarta
Mariama sarr

**Mariama Sarr** (an haife ta ne a ranar 4 ga watan Maris na shekarar 1963) 'yar siyasar Senegal ce. Wanda a halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin Ministan Ayyukan Jama'a da Sabunta Shi a cikin Gwamnatin Sall ta huɗu.

## Ayyuka
Sarr ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Mata, Yara da kuma Kasuwancin Mata daga shekarar 2012 zuwa shekarar 2013. Ita ce kuma magajin garin Kaolack . 

## Manazarta
Haïdar el Ali

**Haidar Ali** Ali masanin ilimin muhalli ne Dan Kasar Senegal, wanda aka nada a matsayin Ministan Muhalli a watan Afrilun 2012.  A shekarar  2013 ya zama Ministan Kifi. Shi ne kuma shugaban jam'iyyar Green Party (FEDES). 

## Manazarta
Cutar zuciya ta hutu

**Ciwon zuciya na Holiday**, wanda kuma aka sani da **barasa-induced atrial arrhythmias**, wani ciwo ne da aka bayyana ta hanyar bugun zuciya mara kyau da bugun jini  da ke hade da yawan yawan amfani da ethanol .  An gano ciwon zuciya na hutu a cikin 1978 lokacin da Philip Ettinger ya gano alaƙa tsakanin arrhythmia da shan barasa .  Ya karɓi sunanta na gama gari kamar yadda ake danganta shi da yawan shaye-shaye na yau da kullun a lokacin bukukuwa.  Ba a san yadda wannan ciwon ya zama ruwan dare ba. 5-10% na lokuta na fibrillation na atrial na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da wannan yanayin, amma yana iya kaiwa 63%. 

## Etiology
Likitocin zuciya ba su da tabbacin ainihin abin da ke haifar da ciwon zuciya na hutu. Yin amfani da barasa zai iya ragewa tsarin tafiyar da zuciya, wanda shine muhimmin tsari don sarrafa tsarin jini . Hakanan yana iya rage lokacin jujjuyawa na atrium . Wani yuwuwar ita ce amfani da barasa yana ƙaruwa matakin catecholamines, wanda ya haɓaka matakin P-waves, sabili da haka haɗarin arrhythmia. Hakanan shan barasa na iya haifar da haɓakar fatty acids kyauta na plasma da haɓaka ayyukan tsarin juyayi mai juyayi .   Mai haɓaka ATP2A2 da aka sani da JNK2 na iya taka rawa. Barasa na iya kunna shi, wanda zai iya shafar sauran sunadaran don haka yana ƙara haɗarin arrhythmia .  Yawan shan barasa na iya haifar da haɓakar matakin ethanol da metabolites kamar acetaldehyde a cikin jiki.   Duk waɗannan abubuwan zasu iya taimakawa ga arrhythmia. 

## Manazarta
Cutar huhu mai barasa

**Ciwon huhu na barasa** cuta ce ta huhu da ta haifar da yawan barasa . Kalmar 'cututtukan huhu na barasa' ba cikakkiyar ganewar asibiti ce da aka yarda da ita ba, kuma "ƙungiya tsakanin shan barasa da raunin huhu mai tsanani ya kasance ba a gane shi ba, har ma da masu bincike na huhu". 

Ciwon barasa na yau da kullun yana lalata ayyuka masu mahimmanci na salula a cikin huhu. Waɗannan nakasukan salula suna haifar da haɓaka mai saurin kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani daga cutar huhu da ta riga ta kasance. Bincike na baya-bayan nan ya ambaci cututtukan huhu na giya kamar yadda yake kwatankwacin cutar hanta a cikin mace-macen barasa.  Masu shaye-shaye suna da haɗari mafi girma na haɓaka ƙwayar cuta mai wahala ta numfashi (ARDS) kuma suna samun mafi girman adadin mace-mace daga ARDS idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ba sa maye.

## Manazarta
Sakonnin gargadi na kwalliya

**Saƙonnin gargaɗin fakitin barasa** ( **alamun gargaɗin barasa**, **AWL** s  ) saƙon gargaɗi ne waɗanda ke bayyana akan marufin abubuwan sha game da tasirin lafiyar su. An aiwatar da su a wani yunƙuri na haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a game da illolin shan barasa, musamman game da ciwon barasa na tayin da kuma abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar sankara na barasa .  Gabaɗaya, gargaɗin da aka yi amfani da su a ƙasashe daban-daban suna ƙoƙarin jaddada saƙonni iri ɗaya (duba Ta ƙasa ). Ana buƙatar irin wannan gargaɗin a cikin tallan barasa shekaru da yawa, kodayake abubuwan da ke cikin gargaɗin sun bambanta da al'umma. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, wanda aka buga a cikin 2017, ya ce: 

* Ilimin barasa
* Dogon tasirin shan barasa
* Saƙonnin gargadi na fakitin taba
* Alamar faɗakarwa

## Manazarta
The Girl Is in Trouble

**The Girl Is in Trouble** fim ne mai ban tsoro na Amurka na 2015 wanda Julius Onah ya samar da shi, wanda ya rubuta shi tare da Mayuran Tiruchelvam . Tauraruwar Columbus Short, Wilmer Valderrama, Paz de la Huerta, Alicja Bachleda, da Jesse Spencer.

An saki *Yarinyar tana cikin matsala* a lokaci guda a wasan kwaikwayo da bidiyo akan buƙata a Amurka a ranar 3 ga Afrilu, 2015, ta Entertainment One. Fim din ya sami ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa daga masu sukar.

## Labari
Agusta, mai sayar da giya a Lower East Side, ya shiga cikin asirin kisan kai wanda ya shafi Signe, wata mace mai matukar damuwa, Mala'ika, ɗan'uwan Yesu, dillalin miyagun ƙwayoyi da suka ɓace da Nicholas, scion na wani kamfani mai ƙarfi na saka hannun jari.

## Masu ba da labari

* Columbus Short a watan Agusta
* Wilmer Valderrama a matsayin Mala'ika
* Alicja Bachleda a matsayin Alamar
* Jesse Spencer a matsayin Nicholas
* Zaman lafiya na Huerta kamar Maria
* Miriam Colón a matsayin kakarta
* Mike Starr a matsayin mai gyara
* Tom Pelphrey a matsayin Eric
* Kareem Savinon a matsayin Yesu
* Wass Stevens a matsayin Freddy
* J. Bernard Calloway a matsayin Dre
* Omer Barnea a matsayin Amir
* Jamie Miller a matsayin Matashi Signe

## Karɓar baƙi
A   na Rotten Tomatoes, kashi 61% na sake dubawa 19 suna da kyau, tare da matsakaicin matsayi na 5.7/10. Metacritic, wanda ke amfani da , ya ba fim din maki 55 daga 100, bisa ga masu sukar tara, yana nuna sake dubawa "haɗe ko matsakaici".

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

*
Barasa da nauyi

Dangantakar da ke tsakanin **shan barasa da nauyin jiki** shine batun binciken da bai dace ba. Abubuwan da aka gano na waɗannan binciken sun bambanta daga haɓakar nauyin jiki zuwa raguwa kaɗan a tsakanin matan da suka fara shan barasa .   Wasu daga cikin waɗannan nazarin ana gudanar da su da batutuwa masu yawa; daya ya shafi kusan 8,000 da kuma wasu batutuwa 140,000. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

Abubuwan da aka gano ba su da tabbas saboda barasa kanta tana ɗauke da adadin kuzari bakwai a kowace gram, amma bincike ya nuna cewa jiki yana fitar da kashi 70-80 ne kawai na wannan saboda thermogenesis, don haka adadin adadin kuzari da za a iya amfani da shi yana tsakanin calories 5 zuwa 6 a kowace gram na barasa .

A cewar bita na Jami'ar Cambridge, sakamakon binciken ba lallai ba ne yana nufin cewa mutanen da ke son rage kiba su ci gaba da shan barasa saboda bita "yana nuna cewa manya ba sa ramawa daidai da kuzarin barasa ta hanyar cin ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma ƙarancin ƙarancin barasa na iya haifar da haɓakar cin abinci."  Saboda waɗannan bambance-bambance a cikin binciken, dangantakar da ke tsakanin barasa da nauyi ya kasance ba a warware ba kuma yana buƙatar ƙarin bincike.

Ana tunanin abubuwan da suka shafi halittu da muhalli suna taimakawa wajen shaye-shaye da kiba .  Abubuwan da ke tattare da ilimin lissafi tsakanin cin abinci mai yawa da yawan shan barasa sun ba da haske kan dabarun shiga tsakani, irin su magungunan magunguna waɗanda zasu iya taimakawa waɗanda ke fama da duka biyun. Wasu daga cikin sunadaran siginar kwakwalwa waɗanda ke daidaita yawan cin abinci da kiba suma suna daidaita shan barasa mara ƙarfi.  An gano wasu abubuwan da ke haifar da abinci da shan barasa . Melanocortins, rukunin sunadaran sunadaran sigina, ana samun su suna da hannu a cikin cin abinci da yawa da kuma shan barasa . 

Wasu nau'ikan amfani da barasa na iya ba da gudummawa ga kiba . Wani bincike da aka gudanar ya gano masu shan haske akai-akai (kwana uku zuwa bakwai na sha a mako, sha daya a kowace rana) suna da ƙananan BMI fiye da sau da yawa, amma masu shan nauyi.  Ko da yake adadin kuzari a cikin ruwa mai dauke da ethanol na iya kasa haifar da tsarin ilimin lissafi wanda ke haifar da jin dadi a cikin gajeren lokaci, dogon lokaci, masu shayarwa akai-akai na iya ramawa ga makamashi da aka samu daga ethanol ta hanyar cin abinci kadan . 

## Manazarta
Ciwon Zieve

**Ciwon Zieve** wani mummunan yanayin rayuwa ne wanda zai iya faruwa yayin janyewa daga yawan shan barasa mai tsawo. An bayyana shi ta anemia na hemolytic (tare da kwayoyin spur da acanthocytes), hyperlipoproteinemia ( lipoprotein jini mai yawa), jaundice (ɗaukawar bilirubin ba tare da haɗuwa ba ), da ciwon ciki.  Dalili na asali shine lalata hanta. Wannan ya bambanta da ciwon hanta na giya wanda, duk da haka, na iya faruwa a lokaci guda ko haɓaka daga baya. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

Ya kamata a yi la'akari da gano cutar ta Zieve a cikin marasa lafiya da ke da [[Shaye-shaye|tsawaita amfani da barasa]] (musamman bayan wani abin sha mai yawa) tare da haɓakar bilirubin da ba a haɗa shi ba kuma ba tare da bayyanannun alamun zubar jini na gastrointestinal ba. 

== Tarihi ==
An fara bayanin cutar Zieve a cikin 1958.  Leslie Zieve ta bayyana marasa lafiya tare da haɗuwa da cututtukan hanta na barasa, anemia hemolytic da hypertriglyceridemia . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

## Manazarta
Mata Sy Diallo

**Mata Sy Diallo** (an haife ta a shekarar 1945) ' Takasance yar siyasar kasar Senegal ce.

An san ta da "zaki na Ndoukoumane", inda aka haife ta, Diallo ta fito ne daga matsakaicin matsayi. Ta fara aikinta a siyasar gida a Kaolack kafin ta tashi zuwa matsayi na kasa. Ta yi aiki a cikin majalisa a matsayin ministan shige da fice daga shekarar 1991 zuwa shekarar 1992; ta kasance mataimakiyar shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa daga shekarar 1995 zuwa shekarar 2001, kuma a shekarar 2003 ne aka zabe ta shugaban Mouvement National des Femmes de l'Espoir et du Progrès . Ta kuma kasance mai aiki a cikin jagorancin Jam'iyyar Socialist Party of Senegal .  Ita memba ce ta Mutanen Toucouleur, kuma ta kasance mai aiki a farkon aikinta a Kaffrine . 

## Manazarta
Mamadou Bamba Ndiaye

**Mamado Bamba Ndiaye** (an haifi Shi me 4 ga watan Afrilu 1949 - 3 ga watan Yulin 2020) Dan jaridar Senegal ne, masanin ilimin Islama, kuma ɗan siyasa.  Ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin  Kula da Addini a karkashin shugabancin Abdoulaye Wade daga shekarar 2000 zuwa shekarar 2012. Ya goyi bayan Malick Gakou a matsayin shugaban Parti Grand a shekarar 2012, da kuma Macky Sall na Shugaban Senegal a shekarar 2019. Ndiaye ya kuma kasance darektan jaridar yau da kullun me Suna Le Messager . 

Ndiaye ya mutu ne  a ranar 3 ga Yulin, shekarar 2020, a Dakar, yana da shekaru 71 sanadiyar COVID-19 . 

## Manazarta
Ciwon kai na jan ruwan inabi

**Red wine ciwon kai** (RWH) ya bayyana ciwon kai, sau da yawa tare da tashin zuciya da kuma flushing, wanda ke faruwa bayan cinye jan giya ta mutane masu saukin kamuwa. Farar ruwan inabi ciwon kai ba a ba da rahoton ƙasa da yawa ba.

Wani bita na 2025 ya sami isasshen shaida don nuna cewa shan jan ko ruwan inabi ya haifar da ciwon kai . 

## Hasashen dalilai

### Sulfites
Yawancin giya sun ƙunshi lakabin gargaɗi game da sulfites, kuma wasu mutane sun yi imanin cewa sulfites sune dalilin ciwon kai da sauran rashin lafiyan halayen da rashin lafiyan halayen. Duk da haka, wannan ba zai yiwu ba.  Busassun 'ya'yan itace da abinci masu sarrafawa kamar naman abincin rana suna da sulfites fiye da jan giya. Ba a la'akari da martani ga sulfites a matsayin "allergy na gaskiya" da halayen da suka fi faruwa a cikin masu ciwon asma kuma suna iya bayyana kansu cikin wahalar numfashi ko halayen fata, maimakon ciwon kai. 

Wasu giya na iya keɓanta daga haɗawa da gargaɗin sulfite. Giyar da ke ƙarƙashin 10mg/L na sulfites baya buƙatar a lakafta cewa suna ɗauke da sulfites. Wannan ya haɗa da ƙari da sulfites na halitta, kamar sulfites waɗanda ke fitowa daga ƙasa, ko waɗanda yeasts ke samarwa yayin fermentation na giya. Giya mai lakabi "100% Organic", "Organic", "An yi shi da inabi na halitta", "An yi shi da inabi na halitta da mara kyau" ko kuma ba tare da takaddun shaida na kwayoyin ba na iya ƙunsar sulfites, kuma dole ne a bayyana wannan akan lakabin. Wannan kuma yana nufin cewa abin da ake kira "Natural" giya kuma yana iya ƙunsar sulfites. Za a iya yin amfani da dokoki daban-daban a ƙasashe daban-daban. 

## Manazarta
André Guillabert

**André Guillabert** (an haife shi ne 15 GA watan Yuni 1918 - 24 ga watan Agusta 2010) ɗan siyasan Senegal ne kuma ɗan diflomasiyya. Guillabert ya kasance memba ne a Majalisar Dattijai ta Kasar Senegal daga watan Yunin shekarar 1958 zuwa watan Yulin shekarar 1959. An kuma zabe shi a Majalisar dattijai ta Faransa a shekarar 1958.  Guillabert ya kasance Ministan Harkokin Waje na Senegal a takaice a shekarar 1962.

## Manazarta
Alioune Badara M'Bengue

**Alioune Badara Mbengue** (an haife shi 1 ga watan Fabrairu 1924 - 12 ga Nuwamba 1992)  ɗan siyasan Kasar Senegal ne. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje na Senegal a shekarar 1968.

## Inda Aka Samu Bayanan da aka ambata
Fred Kwesi Agbenyo

**Fred Kwesi Agbenyo** ɗan siyasan ƙasar Ghana ne kuma memba na majalisa wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Guan a majalisa ta 9 ta Jamhuriyar Ghana ta 4 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin National Democratic Congress (NDC).

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Agbenyo a ranar Litinin, 2 ga Fabrairu 1976. Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta EP Junior inda ya sami Jarabawar Takardar shaidar Ilimi ta asali (B.E.C.E) a shekarar 1991. Daga nan ya ci gaba zuwa makarantar sakandare ta Nkonya, inda ya kuma sami jarrabawar takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare a Yammacin Afirka (WASSCE) a shekara ta 1994. Ya sami Cert A a shekara ta 2001 daga Kwalejin Ilimi ta Accra . Ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Ghana, Legon tare da digiri na farko a 2008 da kuma digiri na Master of Arts a 2014. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Cibiyar Ci Gaban da Gudanar da Fasaha a 2023 inda ya sami Jagoran Falsafa.

## Aiki
Agbenyo ya yi aiki a Ghana Freezones Authority inda yake Jami'in Kulawa da Bincike. 

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Shi Kirista ne kuma ya fito ne daga Akpafu Mempeasem a Yankin Volta na Ghana . 

## manazarta
Faria de Vasconcelos

**António de Sena Faria de Vasconcelos Azevedo** (1880–1939) malami ne kuma masanin ilimi na Portugal.

Faria de Vasconcelos ya yi karatun shari'a a Coimbra kafin ya je karatu a Jami'ar New Brussels a 1902. Kamar sauran malaman Portugal a rabin farko na karni na ashirin, ya shafe wani lokaci a Cibiyar Rousseau da ke Geneva, inda ya kasance ɗalibi na Édouard Claparède.

Shi ne shugaban wata makarantar gwaji a Bierges-les-Wavre, kodayake makarantar ba ta tsira daga Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya ba, kuma farfesa ne a Jami'ar New Brussels. Daga baya ya jagoranci makarantar horar da malaman sakandare wanda Georges Rouma ya kafa a 1909. Daga 1918 zuwa 1920 ya koyar da wani kwas na musamman kan ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ga likitocin makaranta a makarantar al'ada da ke Sucre a Bolivia. Daga baya ya zama farfesa a Lisbon, inda ya kafa Cibiyar Gudanar da Ma'aikata (Instituto de Orientação Profissional) a cikin 1925.

## Ayyuka
Lições de Pedologia da Pedagogia Gwaji. Lisboa: Antiga Casa Bertrand, 1908.

Wani sabon abu a Belgique. Preface de M. Adolphe Ferrière. Neuchâtel: Delachaux & Niestlé, 1915. - Sabuwar Makaranta a Belgium. Tare da Gabatarwa ta Adolphe Ferrière. Eden da Cedar Paul suka Fassara daga Faransanci. London: George G. Harrap & Co., 1919. - Una escuela nueva en Bélgica. Prefacio de Adolphe Ferrière. Traducción de Domingo Barnés. Madrid: Francisco Beltrán, 1920. − Uma escola nova na Bélgica; pref. de Adolphe Ferrière; postf. e notas de Carlos Meireles-Coelho; trad. Carlos Meireles-Coelho, Ana Cotovio, Lúcia Ferreira. 1ª ed. Aveiro: Universidade de Aveiro, 2015.

Wurin Ra'ayin Mutuwa da Tasirinsa a Ilimi, Sucre, Bolivia: Porcel, 1918. Phyllis Blanchard ya Fassara.

## Manazarta
Schuss

Schuss ([ʃʊs], Jamusanci don 'harbi') ita ce abin koyi na Olympics na hukuma a gasar Olympics ta hunturu ta 1968 a Grenoble, Faransa, mai tsalle-tsalle mai ƙafa ɗaya mai babban kai ja da fari. Sau da yawa ana ɗaukar Schuss a matsayin abin koyi na farko na Olympics, kuma ya bayyana a kan fil, ƙananan kayan wasa, da kuma yanke kwali. Kowace gasar Olympics da ta biyo baya tana da abin koyi na musamman ban da gasar Olympics ta hunturu ta 1972 a Sapporo, Japan, wacce ke da abin koyi na hukuma kawai, Takuchan.

A cikin tseren kan tsaunuka, schuss ko schussboom Jamusanci ne don gudu kai tsaye a kan babban gudu.

Aline Lafargue, mai zane-zanen fina-finai na Paris da aka sani da ƙirƙirar shirin yara Le Petit Lion ne ya tsara Schuss. An sanar da ita game da gasar da ƙasa da kwana ɗaya kafin wa'adin, kuma tana da dare ɗaya kawai don shirya ƙaddamarwarta. Babu wata jagora, kuma abin da aka kwatanta shi ne Willie, mascot na gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 1966 a Ingila. Bayan la'akari da kare na St. Bernard, kadangare, chamois, da kuma mai dusar ƙanƙara, Lafargue ya amince da halin da ba a bayyana ba, kuma aka zaɓe shi washegari a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara. An zana Schuss a launukan Faransa: shuɗi, ja da fari.

Zane na farko na mascot shine Dof, dolphin na kankara.

## Liyafa da gado
Kanu na Schuss yana da zoben Olympics marasa daidai waɗanda ba su da alaƙa, kuma ba a ba da izinin halin ta Kwamitin Shirya Grenoble ba.

Schuss "ba shi da wani kyakkyawan hali", a cewar Jaridar Tarihin Olympics, wadda ta lura cewa "wasu mutane sun yi masa ba'a a matsayin 'Tadpole on a Skate' ko 'Sperm on a Ski'". Georges Pompidou, firaministan Faransa, ya amince da Schuss a matsayin "alama ta Olympics". Kwamitin Olympics na Duniya ya amince da Schuss a matsayin abin koyi, kodayake a lokacin, Kwamitin Shiryawa ya kira Schuss da "hali".

## Manazarta
Caroline Nompozolo

**Caroline Nompozolo** (17 Agusta 1916 - 7 Afrilu 2008) ita ce 'yar asalin Afirka ta Kudu ta farko da ta cancanci zama likita.   Ta yi karatun likitanci a Makarantar Magunguna ta Kwalejin Sarauta ta Scotland sannan ta zama likitar fiɗa a asibitin St Charles's.  

## Ilimin farko
Ta yi karatu a makarantar sakandare ta Healdtown da ke lardin Gabashin Cape, inda daga baya Nelson Mandela ta kasance almajira daga shekarun 1937. Ta ci gaba da karatun kimiyya a Kwalejin 'Yan Asalin Afirka ta Kudu, Fort Hare a Alice a Gabashin Cape. An kafa Kwalejin Ƙasa ta Afirka ta Kudu, daga baya Jami'ar Fort Hare, an kafa ta a cikin shekarar 1916 a wurin wani tsohon sansanin soja na Birtaniya. Kwalejin ta ba da ilimi mai zurfi irin na Turai; tsofaffin ɗaliban sun haɗa da Nelson Mandela, Oliver Tambo da Robert Mugabe.  Burin Nompozola, duk da haka, ta kasance koyaushe karatun likitanci. A shekara ta 1937, bayan ta kammala shekarar farko ta kwas ɗin kimiyya, ta nemi Jami’ar St Andrews da ke Scotland don yin karatun likitanci, amma aka ki amincewa da ita saboda jami’ar ba ta amince da Kwalejin ‘yan asalin Afirka ta Kudu ba.  Ko da yake Makarantar Medicine na Kwalejin Royal Royal na Scotland ta gane takardar jarrabawarta, wanda ta yi nasarar neman karatun likitanci. A matsayinta na bakar fata na farko da ta fara yin haka an ba da labarinta a cikin jaridu." Kafin ta tashi zuwa Turai kusan kowane tashar jirgin ƙasa ta haɗu da malamai da 'yan jarida da malamai waɗanda suka yi mata fatan Allah ya kaita". 

## Ilimin likitanci
Shugabar Makarantar Magunguna, Farfesa John Orr, ta karɓi aikace-aikacenta kuma ya shirya za a shigar da ita a matsayin ɗalibar likitanci a Kwalejin Anderson, Glasgow, inda ta karanta ilimin jikin mutum da physiology, tare da ci gaba da karatu a St Mungo's College, Glasgow, dukkansu na makarantar extramural.  An gudanar da horo na asibiti a Glasgow Royal Infirmary da Western Infirmary, manyan asibitocin koyarwa na Glasgow guda biyu. 

Ta cancanci zama likita tare da cancantar Sau uku a shekarar 1942. 

## Aikin likita
Ta sami kuɗi don tafiya Dublin don karatun digiri na biyu a aikin ungozoma da likitan yara.

A cikin shekarar 1953 ta kasance likitan tiyata a gida a Asibitin St Charles da ke Yammacin London. 

Ta mutu a Bridgewater, Somerset, Ingila akan 7 Afrilu 2008. 

## Manazarta
Thandi Ndlovu

**Thandi Ndlovu** (1953/1954 - Agusta 24, 2019) likita ce ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma 'yar kasuwa wacce aka fi sani da wacce ta kafa ƙungiyar Motheo Construction.   

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Ndlovu a Soweto, Afirka ta Kudu inda ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Orlando. 

A cikin shekarar 1976, yayin da take ɗaliba a Jami'ar Fort Hare, Ndlovu ya shiga gudun hijira domin ya tsere daga hankalin jami'an tsaro na wariyar launin fata. Tsakanin shekarun 1977 da 1984, Ndlovu ta shiga African National Congress a matsayin memba na Umkhonto we Sizwe  da ke aiki a wajen Afirka ta Kudu, ta tashi daga Mozambique zuwa Zambia, sannan ta nufi kudancin Angola, inda ta sami horo; Bayan haka, ta halarci makarantar Matasan Kwaminisanci a Moscow, USSR. 

A shekarar 1984 ta shiga Jami'ar Zambiya don karatun likitanci, bayan haka ta koma Afirka ta Kudu kuma ta sami horo a Asibitin Baragwanath da ke Soweto. 

## Sana'ar kasuwanci
Yayin da take aikin likitanci a Afirka ta Kudu, Ndlovu ta lura cewa yawancin cututtukan da ke tsakanin majinyata daga gonar Orange sun kasance masu alaƙa da ƙarancin rayuwa saboda rashin samun isasshen matsuguni, wanda ya sa ta sami Motheo Construction a shekarar 1997.   An lura da ita saboda iyawarta ta shiga cikin masana'antar gine-ginen Afirka ta Kudu maza da ke mamayewa, da kuma gina manyan gidaje  gwamnati ta gina gidaje sama da 80,000. 

## Mutuwa
Ndlovu ta mutu ne a wani hatsarin mota a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, 2019 yayin da take kan hanyarta ta zuwa jana'izar a Rustenburg, Lardin Arewa maso Yamma. 

## Manazarta
Kyautar Saga

## Tarihi
Database Ciniki bayi na Trans-AtlanticYar wasan kwaikwayo kuma marubuciya Marsha Hunt ta kafa kyautar Saga a cikin 1995 don gane wallafe-wallafen da suka fito daga abubuwan da 'baƙar fata na asali' suka faru. Kyautar - na £ 3,000 da kwangilar littafi - don litattafan farko da ba a buga su ba. Don samun cancanta, masu shiga suna buƙatar kakannin baki na Afirka kuma an haife su a Ƙasar Ingila ko Jamhuriyar Ireland. Kamfanin tafiye-tafiye na Saga plc ne ya dauki nauyin kyautar. Alƙalai sun haɗa da Andrea Levy da Margaret Busby . 

Yanayin "Afrocentric" na Kyautar Saga da ma'anar ƙuntataccen baƙar fata ya haifar da gardama. Hukumar Daidaita Ra'ayi ta ki amincewa da kirkirarta,  kuma Society of Authors ta ki tallafa mata. 

Kyautar ta gudana na tsawon shekaru hudu kuma ta rufe a 1998 

## Wadanda suka ci nasara da kuma ci gaba da aikin wallafe-wallafen

### 1995: Diran Adebayo, Wani Irin Baƙar fata''Wani nau'in baƙar fata''
Some Kind of Black (1997) ya ta'allaka ne akan abubuwan da suka faru na matasan dan Najeriya da aka haifa a Burtaniya, Dele, a London. Littafin ya kuma lashe kyautar Writers' Guild of Great Britain's New Writer of the Year Award, Kyautar Mawallafin Mawallafi na Farko, da Kyautar Betty Trask. An kuma sanya shi cikin jerin sunayen Booker Prize . Adebayo ya rubuta wani labari kuma ya zama Malami na Rubuce-rubuce. Some Kind of Black yanzu Virago Modern Classic ne kuma an daidaita shi don BBC Radio 4 a cikin 2022.

## Manazarta