Yanayin New Jersey

**New Jersey** jiha ce ta Amurka da ke arewa maso gabashin nahiyar Arewacin Amurka. Yana da iyakar ƙasa tare da jihar New York tare da arewa, wanda jihohin biyu suka tabbatar bayan New York - New Jersey Line War, wanda shine iyakar layin madaidaiciya kawai. 

Tekun Atlantika yana gabashin jihar, kuma yawancin rairayin bakin teku na jihar suna tare da Atlantic, Cape May, da Ocean Counties. New Jersey ta rabu da New York ta Kogin Hudson, wanda ya raba shi daga yankunan Bronx da Manhattan. Kisan kiyashi na Kill van Kull da Arthur Kill ya raba jihar daga Staten Island. Tsibirin Liberty wani yanki ne na Jihar New York a cikin ruwan New Jersey a Upper New York Bay . Tsibirin Ellis, kuma a cikin Upper Bay, da Shooters Island, a Newark Bay, kowannensu yana da sassan da ke cikin kowanne daga cikin jihohin biyu.  Ko da yake Liberty Island, Shooters Island da Ellis Island duk suna cikin New Jersey, wani ɓangare ne na New York saboda alama, yawon shakatawa da dalilai na tattalin arziki.

A yammacinsa, New Jersey tana gefen Delaware_River" id="mwJQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Delaware River">Kogin Delaware wanda ya kafa iyakarta tare da Commonwealth na Pennsylvania da Delaware Bay wanda ya raba New Jersey daga jihar Delaware. Koyaya, saboda ƙarancin ƙasa a cikin kyautar mulkin mallaka don birnin New Castle, Delaware (wanda ake kira The Twelve-Mile Circle), akwai ƙaramin yanki na Delaware a cikin New Jersey, yammacin Pennsville Township. Finns Point, matakai a Penns Grove, New Jersey da Pennsville, da Artificial Island, ƙarshen ƙaramin tsibirin  a Lower Alloways Creek suna da alaƙa da Salem County. Wani tashar kwal a cikin Logan Township kuma ya kai cikin kogi. Yankunan halitta na New Jersey sun samo asali ne daga kankara.

## Yankin

Jihar New Jersey an sanya ta a matsayin ƙaramar jiha na huɗu a Amurka. Jimlar yankin jihar ita ce murabba'in mil 8,7 (,610 ), daga cikinsu murabba'i mil 1,304 (3,380 km2) ruwa ne, kuma murabba'insa mil 7,425 (19,230 km2) ƙasa ce. New Jersey ta kai mil 70 (kilomita 110) a mafi faɗin, da kuma mil 166 (kilominta 267) a tsawon. Yawancin jama'ar jihar suna zaune a cikin kilomita 50 daga Birnin New York ko Philadelphia saboda girman da siffar jihar.&nbsp;&nbsp;

New Jersey ranks eleventh in the nation in terms of population with 9,288,994 people, making it the most densely populated state in the United States, with . While this may offer the impression that New Jersey is entirely urban or suburban, it is not. Forests cover roughly 45% of New Jersey's land area, or approximately , ranking 31st among the 50 U.S. states and six territories. Large swaths of South Jersey are very rural and occupied by the Pinelands National Reserve, over  in size, located in Atlantic, Burlington, and Ocean Counties. Northwestern New Jersey is also extremely rural due to the mountainous and hilly terrain of the Ridge and Valley area of the Skylands Region region. For example, Walpack Township in Sussex County has a population of 7 and an area of , and Washington Township in Burlington County has a population of under 700 while occupying 104.81 square miles (271.46 km^2)

## Yanayin siyasa da al'adu
Jihar New Jersey ta kasu kashi 21, wanda aka haɗa, ya ƙunshi jimlar kananan hukumomi 566. Gundumar New Jersey suna da al'ada mai karfi na mulkin gida mai zaman kansa. Gundumar karkara suna da ra'ayin mazan jiya, yayin da yankuna da ke kewayen birane da birane ke da sassaucin ra'ayi, kamar yanayin ƙasa. 

New Jersey an raba shi zuwa yankuna na al'adu na Arewacin Jersey, Jersey ta Tsakiya da Kudancin Jersey.  Yawancin mazauna suna muhawara game da ko akwai ainihin Jersey ko a'a, amma wannan muhawarar ta warware ta hanyar sa hannun Gwamna Phil Murphy na wata doka da ta ayyana Central Jersey ta ƙunshi yankunan Middlesex, Mercer, Somerset, da Hunterdon. 

**Arewacin Jersey** ya ƙunshi Bergen, Essex, Hudson, Passaic, Morris, Sussex, da Warren Counties, yayin da **Tsakiyar Jersey** ta ƙunshi Middlesex, Union, Mercer, Somerset, da Hunterdon Counties. **Kudancin Jersey** ya ƙunshi yankunan Kamfen, Burlington, Gloucester, Cumberland, da Salem. Yankin **Jersey Shore** yawanci yana da alaƙa da Ocean, Monmouth, Atlantic, da Cape May Counties.

Ma'aikatar Yawon Bude Ido ta Jihar New Jersey ta bambanta yankuna shida na yawon bude ido: Gateway, Greater Atlantic City (wanda ya kunshi duk yankin Atlantic), Yankin Kudancin Kudancin, Yankin Kogin Delaware, Yankin Shore da Yankin Skylands . 

## Yanayi
Koguna ne suka tsara New Jersey. Ƙananan Delaware sun kafa iyakar jihar tare da Pennsylvania, kuma a gefen arewa maso gabashin jihar Hudson ya raba shi da New York.

Kogin da ya fi tsayi a New Jersey wanda ke cikin iyakokinta, 80 mil (130  Passaic, ya tashi a Mendham Township kuma yana gudana zuwa Newark Bay, yana aiki a matsayin layin gundumar tare da yawancin wannan tsawon. Bakinsa yana kusa da na Kogin Hackensack, wanda ke tasowa a Rockland County, New York. Tare da masu ba da gudummawa kamar Pequannock da Ramapo, haɗin ruwa na Passaic / Hackensack ya rufe mafi yawan arewa maso gabashin New Jersey da kuma sassa na yankunan Orange da Rockland a New York.

Kogin Raritan ne ya fi yawan ruwa a Tsakiyar Jersey, wanda aka kafa babban tushe a yammacin Somerville. Daga can yana gudana gabas zuwa Raritan Bay, a kudancin Staten Island.

Musconetcong, kogin da ya fi tsayi a New Jersey wanda ba ya shiga cikin Atlantic kai tsaye, yana gudana daga Tafkin Hopatcong kudu maso yamma zuwa Delaware. A kan hanyarsa ya zama iyaka tsakanin Warren County a yamma da yankunan Morris da Hunterdon a gabas. A Lake Mohawk kusa da Sparta a cikin Sussex County, Wallkill, kogin da ya fi tsayi a New Jersey, ya fara tafiyarsa ta kilomita 88 (kilomita 142) zuwa Rondout Creek jim kadan kafin wannan rafin ya shiga cikin Hudson a Kingston, New York.

Kogunan Kudancin Jersey gabaɗaya sun fi guntu. Mafi tsawo a wannan yankin,   Mullica, ya tashi a waje da Berlin kuma yana gudana a fadin Pine Barrens zuwa Atlantic a Little Egg Harbor.

Most of New Jersey's significant lakes are concentrated in the state's mountainous northwest. The largest lake within the state,  Lake Hopatcong, straddles the Morris-Sussex county line. It has been expanded in the past, like the state's next largest lakes, Round Valley Reservoir and Wanaque Reservoir, both of which supply drinking water and recreational opportunities for many nearby communities. The  Greenwood Lake is shared with New York.

Sauran shahararrun ruwa a New Jersey sun haɗa da Sunfish Pond a cikin Warren County, mafi kudancin tarn tare da Appalachian Trail. 

Duwatsun New Jersey ma suna cikin arewa maso yamma. High Point, mafi girman tudu a jihar a  , yana cikin Sussex County kusa da kusurwar arewa. Matsayi mafi girma a Kudancin Jersey shine Arneys Mount, wani karamin tudu a cikin Garin Springfield na Burlington County, a kusan  .

### Tsibirin shinge
Jerin tsibirai masu shinge suna gudana a tsawon Jersey Shore. Sun hada da Tsibirin Long Beach da Tsibirin Absecon .  Da yawa sun shahara a wuraren yawon bude ido.

Tsakanin tsibirai da bakin teku akwai ƙananan tsibirai, galibi ba a zaune ba. New Jersey ba ta da tsibirai na bakin teku, ko kuma wani tsibirin kogi ko tafki.

### Abubuwa masu tsanani

* Yankin arewacin: Tri-States Monument, Montague Township, Sussex County.  (41°21′26′′N 74°41′41′′W / 41.3573°N 74.6947°W / 41. 3573; -74.6947) 
* **Yankin kudu**: Cape May, Cape May County.  (38°55′42′′N 74°56′04′′W / 38.9283°N 74.9345°W / 38. 9283; -74.9345
* Matsayi mafi gabas: Kogin Hudson a cikin Alpine, Bergen County (40°59′51′′N 73°54′09′′W / 40.9974°N 73.9025°W / 40. 9974; -73.9025) 
* **Yammacin Yamma**: Tare da layin jihar Delaware a Finns Point (39°37′22′′N 75°33′35′′W / 39.6229°N 75.5597°W / 39. 6229; -75.5597) 
* Matsayi **Mafi Girma**: High Point,    (41°19′17′′N 74°39′41′′W / 41.3215°N 74.6613°W / 41. 3215; -74.6613) 
* **Matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci**: Matsayin Tekun

## Ilimin ƙasa
 
Kimanin shekaru miliyan 250 da suka gabata, a lokacin Paleozoic da Mesozoic, yankin da ke New Jersey a yau yana da iyaka da arewacin Afirka a matsayin wani ɓangare na Babban nahiyar Pangea. Matsi na haɗari tsakanin Arewacin Amurka da Afirka ya haifar da Dutsen Appalachian. Kimanin shekaru miliyan 200 da suka gabata, Pangea ta fara rabu, ta raba nahiyar Arewacin Amurka daga nahiyar Afirka. Kimanin shekaru 18,000 da suka gabata, shekarun kankara na baya-bayan nan ya haifar da kankara da suka isa New Jersey. Yayin da kankara suka koma baya, sun bar Lake Passaic, da koguna da yawa, maras kyau, da gorges.

### Yankunan Jiki

New Jersey yanki ne tare da siffofi iri-iri na ƙasa a cikin ƙaramin yanki. Za'a iya raba yankin zuwa yankuna biyar, wanda ya dace da yankunan geological. Wadannan yankuna daga arewa zuwa kudu sune kwarin Appalachian da Ridge, Highlands, Newark Basin Piedmont, Inner Coastal Plain, da Outer Coastal Plaine.

#### Kwarin Appalachian da Lardin Physiographic

Kwarin Appalachian da Ridge suna cikin kusurwar arewa maso yammacin jihar kuma sun haɗa da Dutsen Kittatinny, ƙananan kwari da yawa da kuma sanannen Delaware Water Gap. Matsayi mafi girma na jihar, wanda ake kira High Point yana cikin wannan yanki, a ƙafa 1,803 (550 . Yawancin ɓangaren jihar na Hanyar Appalachian Trail yana gudana ta wannan yanki. Lardin yana da iyaka a kudu maso gabas ta hanyar rashin daidaituwa tsakanin tsarin Cambrian da Precambrian.

#### Yankin tsaunuka
Lardin Highlands Physiographic tsari ne na ilimin ƙasa wanda ya ƙunshi da farko Precambrian igneous da metamorphic rock yana gudana daga Kogin Delaware kusa da Dutsen Musconetcong, arewa maso gabas ta Yankin Skylands na New Jersey tare da Bearfort Ridge da Dutsen Ramapo. Yawancin ma'adanai da aka watsar sun mamaye yankin, tun daga ƙarni na 18 da 19 lokacin da aka cire ƙarfe, jan ƙarfe, zinc da sauran ma'adinai daga tsarin. Rabin arewacin lardin yana da tabkuna da tafkuna da yawa waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin samar da ruwa ga birane a gabas. Dokar Tsaro da Shirye-shiryen Ruwa ta Highlands ta kare ruwan yankin.

#### Newark Basin Piedmont

Newark Basin yanki ne da ke arewacin New Jersey da aka ayyana ta iyakokin kwandon ruwa mai cike da ruwa.  An kafa wannan kwandon ne lokacin da babban yankin Pangea ya fara rabuwa kusan shekaru miliyan 220 da suka gabata, wanda ya haifar da manyan bakin ciki da yawa saboda tsawo, wanda sannan ya cika da ruwa.  Basin kanta ya tashi daga gundumar Rockland a kudancin New York zuwa kudu maso gabashin Pennsylvania.  Ya ta'allaka ne a cikin mafi girman yanki da aka sani da Piedmont, yanki mai sifar jinjirin wata mai siffa mai santsi da ɗigon ruwa mai yawa.  Kamar Piedmont, Newark Basin yana da hoto mai laushi wanda ya ƙunshi jajayen gado mai laushi tare da gyare-gyaren dutse na lokaci-lokaci, kamar Palisades Sill da Watchung basalt yana gudana;  waɗannan siffofi masu banƙyama ne ke da alhakin sauye-sauye masu girma da aka gani a yankin, kamar Palisades da tsaunin Watchung, bi da bi.  Ana nuna iyakokin Newark Basin, da kuma manyan tituna, akan taswirar hagu......

Don tarihin yanayin ƙasa na yankin, duba Newark Basin .

#### Filayen Inner Coast
Lardin Lardin Gabar Tekun Ciki ya ƙunshi ƙananan filaye da tuddai masu birgima a ƙarƙashin ma'ajin Cretaceous.  Ilimin yanayin ƙasa a wannan yanki ya ƙunshi burbushin halittu.  Tsarin Park na Monmouth County, alal misali, ya haɗa da raƙuman ruwa da yawa inda ɗalibai da masu sha'awar za su iya samun haƙiƙanin bayyanar fili ga kimiyyar ƙasa da ilmin burbushin halittu.  (Koyaushe duba tare da ma'aikatan sabis na wurin shakatawa game da halaccin shiga kowane rukunin filin.) Iyakar yankin arewa maso yamma ta ta'allaka ne akan Layin Falle na Piedmont.  Ƙasa mai laushi, ƙasa mai laushi ta sa ƙasar ta dace da aikin noma kuma ita ce ke da alhakin laƙabin New Jersey na "Jihar Lambu".  Tun zamanin mulkin mallaka manoma ne suka yi amfani da ajiyarsa na Greensand marl mai dauke da potassium domin takin gonakinsu.

Yankin bakin teku na waje ya ƙunshi ajiyar Tertiary na yashi, silt, da dutse. Ƙasa tana da yashi tare da ƙasa da yumɓu fiye da filin bakin teku na ciki, kuma sun fi ƙamshi da bushewa. Rashin haihuwa ya sa yawancin yankin bai dace da noma ba kuma manyan yankuna sun kasance ba a inganta su ba. Yankin Pine Barrens, wani yanki ne mai talauci a fannin noma amma jinsuna masu arziki, suna zaune a tsakiyar lardin. An shuka Blueberries da cranberries a cikin tuddai masu ƙasƙanci waɗanda suka tara zurfin kwayoyin halitta.

A bakin tekun, rairayin bakin teku suna jan hankalin masana'antar nishaɗi, kuma tsibirai masu shingen bakin teku sune wuraren hutu.

## Yanayi na halitta
Yanayin halitta na New Jersey yana adana wurare masu yawa daga bakin tekun Atlantika zuwa Dutsen Appalachian. Yankin yashi na Kudancin Jersey gida ne ga barrens na Pine na bakin tekun Atlantika. Kewaye da Pine Barrens, tare da bakin teku da kuma rufe Inner Coastal Plain da Piedmont, sune gandun daji na arewa maso gabashin bakin teku. Highlands sun kunshi gandun daji na Appalachian-Blue Ridge wanda ke cikin gandun daji ya Allegheny Highlands a arewa maso gabas.