Martha Gellhorn

**Martha Ellis Gellhorn** (8 Nuwamba 1908 - 15 Fabrairu 1998)  marubuciya ce 'yar Amurka, marubuciya kuma 'yar jarida wacce ake ɗauka a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu aiko da rahotannin yaƙi na ƙarni na 20&nbsp;karni.   Ta ba da rahoto game da kusan kowace babbar rikici a duniya da ta faru a cikin shekaru 60 na aikinta.

Ita ce matar ta uku ta marubucin littafin Amurka Ernest Hemingway, daga 1940 zuwa 1945.

Ta mutu a shekara ta 1998 ta hanyar kashe kanta tana da shekaru 89, ba ta da lafiya kuma kusan makanta gaba ɗaya.

An ba da lambar yabo ta Martha Gellhorn don aikin jarida bayan ta.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Gellhorn a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 1908, a St. Louis, Missouri, ga Edna Fischel Gellhorn n, mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, da George Gellhorin, masanin ilimin mata na Jamus.[1][2] Mahaifinta da kakanta na uwa Yahudawa ne, kuma kakarta ta uwa ta fito ne daga iyalin Furotesta.[1] Ɗan'uwanta Walter ya zama sanannen farfesa a Jami'ar Columbia, kuma ƙanwarta Alfred masanin ilimin kanjamau ne kuma Dean na Jami'ar Pennsylvania School of Medicine. [3][4]

A lokacin da yake da shekaru 7, Gellhorn ta shiga cikin "The Golden Lane", wani gangami don zaɓen mata a taron Jam'iyyar Democrat na 1916 a St. Louis. Mata da ke ɗauke da laima mai launin rawaya kuma suna sanye da belin rawaya sun kasance a bangarorin biyu na babban titin da ke kaiwa ga St. Louis Coliseum. Hoton jihohin ya kasance a gaban Gidan Tarihi na Art; ya bayyana cewa ba su da 'yanci mata an rufe su da baki. Gellhorn da wata yarinya, Mary Taussig, sun tsaya a gaban layin, suna wakiltar masu jefa kuri'a na gaba.

A shekara ta 1926, Gellhorn ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar John Burroughs a St. Louis kuma ya shiga Kwalejin Bryn Mawr, mil da yawa a wajen Philadelphia. A shekara mai zuwa, ta bar ba tare da kammala karatunta ba don neman aiki a matsayin 'yar jarida. Labaran da ta wallafa na farko sun bayyana a cikin The New Republic . A cikin 1930, ta ƙuduri aniyar zama wakilin ƙasashen waje, ta tafi Faransa na tsawon shekaru biyu, inda ta yi aiki a ofishin United Press a Paris, amma an kore ta bayan ta ba da rahoton cin zarafin jima'i da wani mutum da ke da alaƙa da hukumar. Ta yi shekaru tana tafiya a Turai, tana rubutu ga jaridu a Paris da St. Louis kuma tana rufe salon Vogue. [1] Ta zama mai aiki a cikin ƙungiyar mai zaman lafiya kuma ta rubuta game da abubuwan da ta samu a cikin littafinta na 1934 What Mad Pursuit .

Komawa Amurka a 1932,  Harry Hopkins ne ya hayar Gellhorn, wanda ta sadu da ita ta hanyar abokantaka da Uwargidan Shugaban kasa Eleanor Roosevelt.  Roosevelts sun gayyaci Gellhorn don zama a Fadar White House kuma ta yi maraice a can tana taimakawa Eleanor Roosevelt ta rubuta wasiƙa da kuma shafi na "Ranar ta" na uwargidan shugaban kasa. An hayar ta a matsayin mai bincike a fagen don Hukumar Taimako ta Gaggawa ta Tarayya (FERA), wanda Franklin D. Roosevelt ya kirkira don taimakawa kawo karshen Babban Mawuyacin hali. Gellhorn ya yi tafiya a kusa da Amurka don FERA don bayar da rahoto game da yadda Mawuyacin ya shafi kasar. Ta fara zuwa Gastonia, North Carolina . Daga baya, ta yi aiki tare da Dorothea Lange, mai daukar hoto, don yin rikodin rayuwar yau da kullun na masu fama da yunwa da marasa gida. Rahotonsu sun zama wani ɓangare na fayilolin gwamnati na Babban Mawuyacin hali. Sun sami damar bincika batutuwan da ba a bude wa mata na shekarun 1930 ba. Ta yi amfani da bincikenta don rubuta tarin gajerun labaru, The Trouble I've Seen (1936).  A Idaho yana yin aikin FERA, Gellhorn ya shawo kan ƙungiyar ma'aikata su karya windows na ofishin FERA don jawo hankali ga shugabansu mai cin hanci. Kodayake wannan ya yi aiki, an kore ta daga FERA.

## Yaƙi a Turai da aure ga Hemingway

Gellhorn ya sadu da Ernest Hemingway a lokacin tafiyar iyali ta Kirsimeti ta 1936 zuwa Key West, Florida. An hayar Gellhorn don bayar da rahoto ga Collier's Weekly game da Yaƙin basasar Spain, kuma biyun sun yanke shawarar tafiya zuwa Spain tare. Wakilan bakwai da ta aika daga fagen yaƙi na Mutanen Espanya daga 17 ga Yuli, 1937 zuwa Nuwamba 1938 galibi sun shafi yanayin da baƙin ciki da fararen hula suka sha. Gellhorn da Hemingway sun yi bikin Kirsimeti na 1937 a Barcelona. A Jamus, ta ba da rahoton tashiwar Adolf Hitler; a cikin bazara na 1938, watanni kafin Yarjejeniyar Munich, tana cikin Czechoslovakia. Bayan barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na II, ta bayyana waɗannan abubuwan a cikin littafin A Stricken Field (1940). Daga baya ta ba da rahoton yakin daga Finland, Hong Kong, Burma, Singapore, da Ingila.

A watan Yunin 1944, Gellhorn ta nemi gwamnatin Burtaniya don izinin manema labarai don bayar da rahoto game da saukowar Normandy; an ki amincewa da aikace-aikacen ta, kamar na dukkan 'yan jarida mata. Ba tare da takardar shaidar manema labarai ba, ta tuka zuwa kudancin Ingila kuma, tana da'awar zama ma'aikaciyar jinya, an ba ta izinin shiga jirgin asibitin Amurka da ke gab da tashi zuwa Faransa. Nan da nan ta kulle kanta a cikin gidan wanka kuma ta haye Channel a matsayin mai ɓoyewa. Bayan sauka kwana biyu bayan haka, kusa da Omaha Beach, ta tafi bakin teku tare da ƙungiyar likitoci don taimakawa wajen murmure sojoji da suka ji rauni. Don karya ka'idojin soja, an kama Gellhorn daga baya kuma an cire ta daga takardar shaidarta ta yaki. Wannan bai dakatar da ita ta tashi zuwa Italiya ba sannan ta ci gaba da yin rahotanni a duk lokacin yakin ga Collier. Daga baya ta tuna, "Na bi yakin duk inda zan iya kaiwa. " Ita ce kadai mace da ta Saukowa a Normandy a Ranar D-Day a ranar 6 ga Yuni 1944.  Ta kasance daga cikin 'yan jarida na farko da suka bayar da rahoto daga sansanin Dachau bayan sojojin Amurka sun sake shi a ranar 29 ga Afrilu 1945.  

Gellhorn da Hemingway sun zauna tare na tsawon shekaru hudu, kafin su yi aure a watan Nuwamba 1940.   (Hemingway ya zauna tare da matarsa ta biyu, Pauline Pfeiffer, har zuwa 1939). Da yake ƙara fushi game da rashin Gellhorn na dogon lokaci a lokacin da take bayar da rahoto, Hemingway ta rubuta mata lokacin da ta bar gidan su na Finca Vigía kusa da Havana a 1943 don rufe Italiyanci Front: "Shin kai wakilin yaki ne, ko matarsa a gadona?" Hemingway, duk da haka, daga baya zai tafi gaba kafin saukowar Normandy, kuma Gellhor nisan, tare da Hemingway yana ƙoƙarin toshe tafiyarta. Lokacin da ta isa, ta hanyar haɗari na tafiya a teku, a cikin yakin basasa a London (ya sauka a can kwana goma sha ɗaya kafin ta, ta hanyar jirgin RAF wanda ta shirya masa wurin zama), ta gaya masa cewa ta isa. Ta gano, kamar yadda sauran matansa suka yi, cewa, kamar yadda Bernice Kert ya bayyana a cikin The Hemingway Women: "Hemingway ba zai iya ci gaba da kasancewa da dangantaka mai tsawo ba, cikakkiyar dangantaka da kowane ɗayan matansa huɗu. Aikin gida mai aure na iya zama kamar ƙarshen soyayya, amma da wuri ko daga baya ya zama mai gajiyarwa da rashin kwanciyar hankali, mai mahimmanci da zalunci. "  Bayan shekaru huɗu na aure, sun sake aure a shekara ta 1945.

Fim din 2012 *Hemingway &amp;amp; Gellhorn* ya dogara ne akan waɗannan shekarun. Fim din 2011 No Job for a Woman: The Women Who Fought to Report WWII ya ƙunshi Gellhorn da kuma yadda ta canza rahoton yaki.

## Manazarta