Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson

**Bjørnstjerne Martinius Bjørnson** / / ˈbjɜːr n sən / BYURN BYURN sən, ; 8 Disamba 1832 - 26 Afrilu 1910) marubuci ɗan ƙasar Norwan haife ay ne wanda ya karɓi lambar yabo ta Nobel a cikin adabi na 1903 "a matsayin girmamawa ga maɗaukakiyar waƙarsa mai daraja, mai girma da ma'auni, wanda ko da yaushe aka bambanta da sabo na wahayinsa da ƙarancin tsarkin ruhinsa". Wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel ta Norway na farko, ya kasance ƙwararren masanin siyasa kuma mai matukar tasiri a rayuwar jama'ar Norway da muhawarar al'adun Scandinavia.  Bjørnson ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan Norway guda huɗu, tare da Ibsen, Lie, da Kielland .  Ana kuma yi masa murna saboda wakokinsa ga waƙar ƙasar Norway, " Ja, vi elsker dette landet ".  Mawaƙin Fredrikke Waaler ya dogara da abun da ke ciki don murya da piano (  ) akan rubutu na Bjørnson, kamar yadda Anna Teichmüller (  ).

## Yarantaka da ilimi

An haifi Bjørnson a filin gona na Bjørgan a cikin Kvikne, ƙauyen keɓe a gundumar Østerdalen, mil sittin kudu da Trondheim . A cikin 1837 mahaifin Bjørnson Peder Bjørnson, wanda shine fasto na Kvikne, an canza shi zuwa cocin Nesset, wajen Molde a Romsdal . A cikin wannan yanki mai ban sha'awa ne Bjørnson ya shafe yarinta, yana zaune a Nesset Parsonage .

Bayan ƴan shekaru yana karatu a garin Molde da ke makwabtaka da shi, an aika Bjørnson yana ɗan shekara 17 zuwa  (  ) a Christiania don shiryawa jami'a. Wannan ita ce makarantar da ta horar da Ibsen, Lie, da Vinje .

Bjørnson ya gane cewa yana so ya bi basirarsa don yin waƙa (ya rubuta baituka tun yana ɗan shekara goma sha ɗaya). Ya yi karatun digiri a Jami'ar Oslo a 1852, ba da daɗewa ba ya fara aikin jarida, yana mai da hankali kan sukar wasan kwaikwayo.  

## Farkon samarwa
A cikin 1857, Bjørnson ya buga *Synnøve Solbakken*, na farko na litattafansa na manoma. A cikin 1858, wannan ya biyo bayan *Arne*, a cikin 1860 na *En glad Gut* (A Happy Boy), kuma a cikin 1868 na **' (Yarinyar Fisher). Waɗannan su ne mafi mahimmancin samfura na  ko tatsuniya.   Akalla mawaƙan Danish guda bakwai sun rubuta kiɗa bisa ''Arne'' : Morten Eskesen, CJ Frydensberg, Peter Heise, Anton Nielsen, Oluf Ring, Henrik Rung, da Sigrid Henriette Wienecke . 

Bjørnson was anxious "to create a new saga in the light of the peasant," as he put it, and he thought this should be done, not merely in prose fiction, but in national dramas or . The earliest of these was a one-act piece set in the 12th century, ''Mellem Slagene'' (Between the Battles), written in 1855 and produced in 1857. He was especially influenced at this time by the study of Jens Immanuel Baggesen and Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger, during a visit to [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]].  was followed by **' (Lame Hulda) in 1858, and *Kong Sverre* (King Sverre) in 1861. His most important work to date was the poetic trilogy of *Sigurd Slembe* (Sigurd the Bad), which Bjørnson published in 1862.

## Balagagge marubuci
A ƙarshen 1857 Bjørnson an nada shi darektan gidan wasan kwaikwayo a Bergen, mukamin da ya yi shekaru biyu, lokacin da ya koma Kiristanci . Daga 1860 zuwa 1863 ya zagaya ko'ina cikin Turai. A farkon 1865 ya ɗauki nauyin gudanar da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Christiania,  kuma ya fito da shahararren wasan barkwanci na **' (Sabuwar Aure) da kuma bala'in soyayyarsa na Maryamu Stuart a Scotland. A cikin 1870 ya buga ''Wakoki da Waƙoƙi'' da kuma almara ''Arnljot Gelline'' ; ƙarar ta ƙarshe ta ƙunshi ode ''Bergliot'', ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun gudunmawar Bjørnson ga waƙar waƙa . 

Tsakanin 1864 da 1874, Bjørnson ya nuna raguwar ƙarfin hankali sosai a cikin mutum na ƙarfinsa; ya shagaltu da harkokin siyasa da harkokinsa a matsayin manajan wasan kwaikwayo. Wannan shine lokacin farfaganda mafi zafi na Bjørnson a matsayin mai tayar da hankali. A cikin 1871 ya fara haɓaka aikin jarida ta hanyar gabatar da laccoci a cikin Scandinavia. 

Daga 1874 zuwa 1876, Bjørnson ba ya nan daga Norway, kuma a cikin kwanciyar hankali na gudun hijira na son rai ya dawo da ikonsa na tunani. Sabuwar tafiyarsa a matsayin marubuci mai ban mamaki ya fara da  (Barara) da  (Mai Edita) a cikin 1874, wasan kwaikwayo na zamantakewa na zamani da gaske. 

== Haɗin kai tare da Grieg ==
A cikin 1870 Bjørnson da mawaki Edvard Grieg, wanda ya raba sha'awarsa a cikin mulkin kai na Norwegian, ya zama abokai. Grieg ya saita wakokinsa da yawa zuwa kiɗa, gami da  da ''Sigurd Jorsalfar'' .  A ƙarshe sun yanke shawarar kan wasan opera bisa ''Sarki Olav Trygvason'', amma jayayya game da ko ya kamata a ƙirƙira kiɗa ko waƙoƙi da farko ya haifar da karkatar da Grieg don yin aiki akan kiɗan da ba ta dace ba don wasan ''Peer Gynt'' na Henrik Ibsen, wanda a zahiri ya ɓata Bjørnson. Daga karshe aka koma abota da juna. 

== "Mawaƙin ƙasa" ==

Bjørnson ya zauna a gidansa na Aulestad a Gausdal . A cikin 1877 ya sake buga wani littafi mai ''[[Magnhild (novel)|suna Magnhild]]'', wanda a cikinsa aka ga ra'ayoyinsa game da tambayoyin zamantakewa suna cikin yanayi na fermentation, kuma ya bayyana ra'ayinsa na jamhuriyarsa a cikin wasan polemical  (Sarki). A cikin fitowar wasan kwaikwayo daga baya, ya sanya maƙala a kan "' Yancin Hankali " a cikin ƙarin bayanin matsayinsa. ''[[Kaptejn Mansana]]'' (Kyaftin Mansana), labarin yaƙin yancin kai na Italiya, an rubuta shi zuwa 1878. 

Cikin tsananin damuwa don samun cikakkiyar nasara akan matakin, Bjørnson ya maida hankalinsa akan wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwar zamantakewa, ''Leonarda'' (1879), wanda ya tada rikici mai tsanani. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D; Wasan satirical,  (Sabon Tsarin), an samar da shi bayan 'yan makonni. Ko da yake an tattauna waɗannan wasan kwaikwayo na lokaci na biyu na Bjørnson, kaɗan ne suka sami nasara ta hanyar kuɗi. 

Bjørnson ya shirya wasan kwaikwayo na zamantakewa,  (A Gauntlet), a cikin 1883, amma ya kasa shawo kan kowane manaja don tsara shi sai dai a wani tsari da aka gyara. A cikin kaka na wannan shekarar, Bjørnson ya buga wasan kwaikwayo na ban mamaki ko na alama, **' (Bayan Ƙarfi), yana mu'amala da abubuwan ban mamaki na jin daɗin addini da ƙarfi na ban mamaki; ba a yi wannan aiki ba sai 1899, lokacin da aka samu gagarumar nasara. 

== Muradun siyasa ==

Tun daga ƙuruciyarsa da gaba, Bjørnson ya sha'awar Henrik Wergeland, kuma ya zama mai magana da yawun ƙungiyar hagu na Norwegian. Dangane da haka, ya goyi bayan [[Ivar Aasen]], kuma ya haɗa ƙarfi a cikin gwagwarmayar siyasa a cikin 1860s da 1870s. Lokacin da za a kafa babban abin tunawa da Henrik Wergeland a shekara ta 1881, ya zo ga gwagwarmayar siyasa tsakanin hagu da dama, kuma reshe na hagu ya sami rinjaye. Bjørnson ya gabatar da jawabin a madadin Wergeland, da kuma girmama kundin tsarin mulki da kuma manoma. 

Ra'ayin siyasa Bjørnson  yã jẽfa masa wani laifi na babban laifi.  kuma ya nemi mafaka na ɗan lokaci a Jamus, ya koma Norway a 1882. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D; Ya tabbata cewa a zahiri an rufe gidan wasan kwaikwayo a gare shi.  ya koma ga novel, kuma aka buga a 1884  ( Tutoci suna ta shawagi a Gari da Tashar ruwa), tare da shigar da tunaninsa akan gado da ilimi. A cikin 1889 ya buga wani dogon kuma har yanzu mafi ban mamaki labari, **' (A Tafarkin Allah), wanda ya fi damuwa da matsaloli iri ɗaya. A wannan shekarar ne aka buga wani wasan barkwanci, ''Geografi og Kærlighed'' (Geography and Love), wanda ya samu nasara.  

An tattara da kuma buga 1894 na gajerun labarai da dama, na wani hali ko žasa na didactic, masu ma'amala da abubuwan ban mamaki na gogewar tunani. Daga baya wasan kwaikwayo sun kasance bala'in siyasa mai suna **' (1898), kashi na biyu na  (Beyond Powers II) (1895),  (1901),  (A Storhove) (1902), da  (Dag's Farm) (1904). A shekara ta 1899, a bude gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa, Bjørnson ya sami karbuwa, kuma an yi wasan kwaikwayo na Sarki Sigurd the Crusader a bude gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa a Oslo. 

Bjørnson yana ɗaya daga cikin masu ba da gudummawar mujallar anti-Union *Ringeren*, wanda Sigurd Ibsen ya shirya a 1898. 

Wani batu da ya ba shi sha'awar shi ne tambayar , ɗaukar harshen ƙasa ga Norway daban da  ( Dano-Norwegian ), wanda a cikinsa aka rubuta yawancin wallafe-wallafen Norwegian.  A farkon matakin, kafin 1860, Bjørnson ya gwada kansa da aƙalla ɗan gajeren labari da aka rubuta a landsmål . Sha'awar, duk da haka, ba ta daɗe ba, kuma nan da nan ya yi watsi da wannan kasuwancin gaba ɗaya. Bayan haka, ya yi nadama cewa bai taɓa jin ya sami ƙwararren wannan harshe ba. Ƙarfin da Bjørnson yake da shi kuma a wasu lokuta kunkuntar kishin ƙasa bai makantar da shi ga abin da ya ɗauki mummunan wauta na irin wannan shawara ba, da laccoci da ƙasidu na gaba da  'rikicin harshe' a cikin matsanancin yanayinsa yana da tasiri sosai.

Halinsa game da wannan dole ne ya canza bayan 1881, yayin da yake magana a madadin manoma a wannan lokacin. Ko da yake yana da alama yana goyon bayan Ivar Aasen da abokantaka ga manoma (a cikin litattafan manoma), daga baya ya yi tir da wannan, kuma ya bayyana a cikin 1899 cewa akwai iyaka ga noman noma. "Zan iya zana layi akan bango. Manomi zai iya noma kansa zuwa wannan matakin, kuma ba haka ba, "ya rubuta a cikin 1899. Ana ta rade-radin cewa wani manomi ya zage shi a wani lokaci, kuma ya furta wannan magana cikin tsananin fushi. A cikin 1881, ya yi magana game da tufafin manomi da Henrik Wergeland ya ɗauka, kuma ra'ayinsa ya ce wannan tufafin, wanda Wergeland ya sawa, "na cikin abubuwan da suka fi tasiri" a farkon ranar kasa. Halin Bjørnson game da manoma ya kasance cikin shakku. Shi kansa mahaifinsa ɗan manomi ne. A cikin shekaru ashirin na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa ya rubuta ɗaruruwan kasidu a cikin manyan jaridun Turai. Ya kai hari ga shari'ar Faransa a cikin Dreyfus Affair, kuma ya yi gwagwarmaya don neman 'yancin yara a Slovakia don koyon harshensu na asali. "Kwantar da yara daga harshen uwa daidai yake da tsage su daga nonon uwayensu," ya rubuta.

Bjørnson ya rubuta a cikin jaridu da yawa game da kisan kiyashin Černová a ƙarƙashin taken *Mafi girman masana'antar Hungary* - wanda ake tsammani " don samar da Magyars ".

Ya shiga cikin muhawarar ɗabi'a ta jima'i (  ) na lokacin, suna jayayya cewa ƙauna mai 'yanci ba ta ba da damar haɓaka halaye masu kyau kamar kamun kai da mai da hankali kan kyawawan halaye ba. Bjørnson ya gudanar da wasu laccoci guda 60 a cikin kasashen arewacin Turai kan batun; Ra'ayinsa mai ƙarfi ya haifar da rashin jituwa tare da Georg Brandes
## manazarta== .