Yaduwar buga takardu a duniya

A cikin Yammacin duniya, aikin jarida ya zama daidai da kamfanin bugawa kuma ya ba da sunansa ga sabon reshe na kafofin watsa labarai, "jarida" (duba Jerin tsofaffin jaridu). 

## Yaduwar jaridar Gutenberg

Babban aikin bugawa na farko na Gutenberg shine Littafi Mai-Tsarki mai layi 42 a cikin Latin, mai yiwuwa an buga shi tsakanin 1452 da 1454 a birnin Mainz na Jamus. Bayan Gutenberg ya rasa karar da ya shigar a kan mai saka hannun jari, Johann Fust, Fust ya sanya ma'aikacin Gutenberg Peter Schöffer a matsayin mai kula da shagon bugawa. Bayan haka Gutenberg ya kafa sabon tare da goyon bayan kudi na wani mai ba da bashi. Tare da soke ikon Gutenberg, kuma fasahar ba ta da sirri, bugawa ta bazu a duk faɗin Jamus da kuma bayan haka, ta fara yaduwa ta hanyar ƙaura daga masu buga takardu na Jamus, amma nan da nan kuma daga masu koyo na ƙasashen waje.

### Turai
A cikin sauri, an kafa na'urorin bugawa a Tsakiya da Yammacin Turai. Landan garuruwa, musamman, sun yi aiki a matsayin cibiyoyin watsawa (Cologne 1466, Roma 1467, Venice 1469, Paris 1470, Buddha 1473, Kraków 1473, London 1477). A cikin 1481, kusan shekaru 30 bayan da aka buga Littafi Mai-Tsarki mai layi 42, ƙananan Netherlands sun riga sun nuna shagunan bugawa a cikin birane da garuruwa 21, yayin da Italiya da Jamus kowannensu yana da shagunan a cikin kusan garuruwa 40 a wannan lokacin. A cewar wani kimantawa, "a shekara ta 1500, na'urorin buga littattafai 220 suna aiki a duk faɗin Yammacin Turai kuma sun samar da littattafai miliyan 8"  kuma a cikin shekarun 1550 akwai "masu buga littattafai ɗari uku ko fiye" da masu sayar da littattafai a Geneva kadai.  Fitarwar ta kasance a cikin tsari na kundin miliyan ashirin kuma ta tashi a cikin karni na sha shida sau goma zuwa tsakanin 150 da 200 miliyan. An dauki Jamus da Italiya a matsayin manyan cibiyoyin bugawa guda biyu dangane da yawa da inganci.&nbsp;&nbsp;

### Sauran duniya

A cewar Suraiya Faroqhi, rashin sha'awa da dalilai na addini sun kasance daga cikin dalilan jinkirin karɓar buga takardu a waje da Turai: Don haka, bugawa a cikin rubutun Larabci, bayan fuskantar adawa mai karfi daga malaman shari'a na Musulmi da marubutan rubuce-rubuce, sun kasance a hukumance ko kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin Daular Ottoman tsakanin 1483 da 1729, bisa ga wasu tushe har ma a kan hukuncin kisa,    yayin da wasu nau'in Larabci mai ɗagawa da Paparoma Julius II (1503−1512) ya yi don rarraba tsakanin Kiristoci na Gabas ta Tsakiya,  Venice mafi girma da aka samar da aka samar.

An shigo da matani da na'urorin Ibrananci a duk faɗin Gabas ta Tsakiya - tun farkon 1493 - Constantinople, Fez (1516), Alkahira (1557) da Safed (1577). Rashin damuwa tsakanin Musulmai game da buga matani na addini ta wannan hanyar na iya rage samar da su.

A Indiya, rahotanni sun nuna cewa Jesuits "sun gabatar da Littafi Mai-Tsarki mai yawa ga Sarkin sarakuna Akbar a cikin 1580 amma ba su yi nasara wajen tayar da sha'awa sosai ba. "  Amma kuma dalilai masu amfani suna da alama sun taka rawar gani. Kamfanin Ingila na Gabashin Indiya, alal misali, ya kawo na'urar bugawa zuwa Surat a cikin shekara ta 1675, amma bai iya jefa nau'i a cikin rubutun Indiya ba, don haka aikin ya gaza.

Arewacin Amurka ya ga tallafin da Cherokee Indian Elias Boudinot wanda ya buga jaridar farko ta kabilar, *Cherokee Phoenix*, daga 1828, wani bangare a cikin Harshen Cherokee, ta amfani da Rubutun Cherokee wanda ɗan ƙasarsa Sequoyah ya kirkira kwanan nan.

A cikin karni na 19, isowar Gutenberg-style press zuwa gabar Tahiti (1818), Hawaii (1821) da sauran tsibirai na Pacific, sun nuna ƙarshen tsarin watsa labarai na duniya wanda ya fara kusan shekaru 400 da suka gabata. A lokaci guda, "tsohuwar salon" na buga (kamar yadda aka kira samfurin Gutenberg a cikin karni na 19), ya riga ya kasance a cikin aiwatar da sarrafawa ta injunan masana'antu kamar na'urar buga tururi (1812) da na'urar bugawa (1833), wanda ya tashi daga ƙirar Gutenberg, amma har yanzu suna cikin layin ci gaba iri ɗaya.[1]￼

## Ranar ta wurin

### Jamus, Austria da masu buga takardu na Jamus a Tsakiyar Turai

## Dubi kuma

* Editio princeps

## Manazarta