open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Emilia Castro na Barish

**Emilia Castro na Barish** (27 Afrilu 1916 - 17 Agusta 2014) ta kasance jami'ar diflomasiyyar Costa Rica. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka nada a matsayin Jakada a cikin aikin diflomasiyyar Costa Rican kuma, shekaru da yawa, ita ce shugabar ma'aikatar kasashen waje.

Yarinyar Rafael Castro Quesada, Sakataren Harkokin Waje na Costa Rica daga 1928 zuwa 1929, Ms. Castro ta shiga Ofishin Harkokin Wajen Costa Rican a 1948 lokacin da aka nada ta a Ofishin Jakadancin Costa Rica a Amurka, a Washington, DC. A 1949 ta bar aikin diflomasiyya don auren Frederik I. Barish . A ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 1956, ta ji mummunan rauni a hadarin jirgin sama. Mijinta, wanda ke tashi da jirgin, ya mutu kuma 'ya'yansu biyu sun ji rauni.[1]

De Barish ya sake shiga aikin kasashen waje na Costa Rica a watan Mayu 1957 kuma an nada shi sakatare na farko na Ofishin Jakadancin Costa Rica a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A shekara ta 1970 ta sami ci gaba zuwa Minista mai ba da shawara kuma, a shekara ta 1981, an inganta ta zuwa matsayin Jakada. A lokacin da ta yi ritaya, a 1999, ita ce diflomasiyya wacce aka amince da ita mafi tsawo a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.

Ambassador de Barish ita ce mai ba da rahoto na Kwamitin Kasashen Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga 1978 zuwa 1999; kuma, daga 1970 zuwa 1971, ta kasance mataimakiyar shugaban Kwamitin Na Uku (Human Rights) na Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkinobho. Da yake ta kasance gwani a kan 'Yancin Dan Adam na Duniya, ta kasance babban mai gabatar da shirin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na aiki a kan Al'adun Zaman Lafiya. kuma ta taimaka wajen kafa Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam . Kamar yadda Keys ya lura:

Ambassador de Barish ya sami BS daga Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, UCLA .  Ta mutu a watan Agustan shekara ta 2014 tana da shekaru 98. 

## Haɗin waje

* Sanarwar hukuma ta Jakadan Castro de Barish, 1994-1999

Jorge F. Sáenz Carbonell, Biografía, Doña Emilia Castro Silva de Barish (1916-) Ambassador Emerita na farko na Costa Rica.

## Manazarta
Patricia Chaves

**Patricia Chaves** babban jami'in ci gaba ne mai dorewa kuma shugaban kungiyar hadin gwiwa a sashen Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Ci gaba mai dorewa.

Jami'in ma'aikatar kasashen waje na gwamnatin Costa Rica tun daga shekara ta 1994, ta yi aiki a matsayin Minista mai ba da shawara na Ofishin Jakadancin Costa Rica ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga 1994 zuwa 1998 kuma daga 2000 zuwa 2003. A wannan matsayin, ita ce babbar mai tattaunawa ga Costa Rica a tarurruka da suka shafi muhalli, kudi, gandun daji, tattalin arziki da ci gaba mai ɗorewa. A cikin shekara ta 1996, lokacin da Costa Rica ta jagoranci rukuni na 77 (G77) da China, ita ce babbar mai tattaunawar wannan rukuni kan batutuwan tattalin arziki da muhalli. A shekara ta 2002, ita ce babbar mai tattaunawar Costa Rican a Taron Duniya kan Ci Gaban Ci Gaban mai dorewa . A cikin shekara ta 1999, ta kasance Co-Director na Costa Rica-Canada Initiative on Forests . [1]

Tana da digiri na biyu a Gwamnati tare da mai da hankali kan Manufofin Tattalin Arziki daga Jami'ar Lehigh . 

* CSD Partnerships Fair: Hadin gwiwar Hadin gwiwa don Rage Ruwan Ruwa da Rashin Ruwa
* Taron karshe na shirin Costa Rica-Canada An adana shi 2013-09-11 a 
* Shirin Costa Rica-Kanada: Rahoton mai halarta game da bita na yanki a Birnin Mexico, Nuwamba 24-27, 1999

## Manazarta
Binciken Musulmi na Turai

The Muslim Discovery of Europe wani littafi ne wanda ba na almara ba ne na Bernard Lewis, wanda W.W. Norton & Co. suka buga a shekarar 1982.

Mai bita Muhammad Al-Faruque ya rubuta cewa yadda "duniya Musulmi ta kasance ba ta da sha'awar maƙwabtansu na Turai" yana daga cikin "manyan jigogi" na aikin.

## Tarihi
A cikin shekarun 1950 Lewis ya fara buga wata kasida tare da taken "Binciken Musulmi na Turai", wanda aka gabatar a Taron Kasa da Kasa na Kimiyya na Tarihi na 1955. Ya ba da jawabai kuma ya rubuta labarai game da wannan batun.

Thomas D. Goodrich na Jami'ar Indiana ta Pennsylvania ya rubuta cewa kayan Ottoman sun samar da "fiye da" 50% na samar da abun ciki.

## Abinda ke ciki
 
Sashe na farko ya bayyana hulɗar Yammacin duniya da Islama a cikin tarihi,  da kuma yadda Musulmai suka kalli su.  Sashe na biyu ya bayyana yadda kungiyoyin suka yi magana da kuma ƙungiyoyin da suka kasance masu haɗuwa. An bayyana ƙwarewa da yawa na wannan taken a kashi na uku. Littafin ba ya amfani da tsari na lokaci.

Littafin ya haɗa da abubuwan da suka kasance a cikin Larabci, Ottoman Turkish, da Farisa. Muhammad Al-Faruque ya bayyana wasu sassan wannan abun ciki a matsayin "ƙananan sanannun kuma ba a iya samun su sosai ba".

Littafin bai bayyana hulɗar tsakanin Yamma da Islama a Kudancin Asiya da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya ba, kuma ba shi da fassarorin abun ciki daga wasu harsuna.

Wasu daga cikin kayan an buga su a baya a matsayin surori na wasu wallafe-wallafen.

## Karɓar baƙi
Al-Faruque ya bayyana cewa aikin "yana da bayanai, mai haske kuma yana nuna faɗin ilimin [marubucin]  A cewar Al-Furuque, akwai wasu "matsalar edita", yana mai nuna abin da ya bayyana shine rashin haɗin wasu abubuwan da suka gabata.

Charles Fraser Beckingham ya rubuta cewa aikin "mai haske ne, mai iya karantawa, mai kyau, a wasu lokuta da basira, rubuce-rubuce, mai ilimi sosai, kuma mai hankali a cikin hukunci" 

T. B. Irving ya soki littafin saboda, a cikin kalmominsa, "magana mai zagi da fusata".

Richard W. Bulliet ya bayyana cewa ya kamata a yi nazarin aikin tare da Islama da Yamma kuma yana da "mai ban sha'awa kuma yana da amfani a matsayin gudummawa ga ilimi a cikin wani yanki da ba a bincika ba".  Koyaya, Bulliet ya kuma yi jayayya cewa "tenor" "yana da ban dariya kuma yana da alaƙa da Musulmai har ya kai ga cewa darajar nazarin littafin ta lalace sosai. "

*Kirkus* Reviews ya bayyana cewa aikin yana da "mai rauni" ga irin wannan zargi game da "ra'ayoyi game da ƙasƙanci na Islama" kamar yadda ayyukan Lewis na baya suka kasance. Binciken Kirkus ya bayyana cewa babban ra'ayin ba ya magance dalilin da ya sa kungiyoyi daban-daban na mutane a duniyar Islama suka amsa daban ga tasirin al'adun Yamma.
Labarin mahaifiyata

My Mother's Story: A Journey Through Poverty, Repression, Civil War, Patience, and Perseverance wani littafi ne wanda Majid Rafizadeh (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Disamba, 1980) masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Amurka, mai magana da jama'a, mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam, masanin Jami'ar Harvard kuma mai sharhi na talabijin wanda ya girma a Iran da Siriya. An buga littafin a cikin 2015 ta Fingerprint Press. The Telegraph (Calcutta)  ya ce "yana ba da kyakkyawar fahimta" game da zaluncin da mata ke fuskanta.

A cikin tarihinsa, Rafizadeh ya ba da labarin rayuwarsa da mahaifiyarsa a cikin tsarin shugabanci, tsarin da maza suka mamaye da Islama. Ya yi magana game da tarihin zamantakewa, siyasa, da al'adu na Islama daga hangen nesa na zamantakewa da siyasa da tunani.

## Dubi kuma

* *Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Yara da Mata*

## Manazarta
Dania Espaeva

**Dania Madiqyzy Espaeva** ( Kazakh    ,  ; an haife ta a ranar 5 ga Maris 1961) 'yar siyasa ce ta Kazakhstan wadda ta yi aiki a Mäjilis a matsayin memba na Aq Jol tun daga shekarar 2016. Ta kasance 'yar takarar shugaban kasa ta Aq Jol a zaben 2019 .

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Dania Espaeva a Zhaisan, Kazakh SSR, Tarayyar Soviet,  a ranar 5 ga Maris 1961. Ta kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Lissafi da Kiredit ta Alma-Ata a shekarar 1982, da kuma Kwalejin Gudanarwa ta Jihar Kazakh a shekarar 1993. 

## Sana'a
A Bankin Jiha na Tarayyar Soviet, Espaeva ta yi aiki a matsayin masanin tattalin arziki a Aktobe daga 1982 zuwa 1991. Ta kasance babbar ƙwararriya a TuranBank da ke Aktobe a 1991. Ta kasance babbar ƙwararriya a AlemBank Kazakhstan da ke Aktobe daga 1995 zuwa 1997. Ta kasance mataimakiyar shugabar sashen ba da lamuni na BankTuranAlem da ke Aktobe a 1997, mukaddashin shugaba daga 1997 zuwa 1998, mataimakiyar darakta daga 1998 zuwa 2005, kuma darekta daga 2005 zuwa 2016. A Kazkommertsbank, ta kasance darektan reshen Aktobe daga 2014 zuwa 2016.

A zaɓen 2016 ta lashe kujera a Mäjilis a matsayin memba na jerin zaɓen Aq Jol .  A lokacin da take a Mäjilis ta yi aiki a kwamitin kuɗi da kasafin kuɗi.  Ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar Mäjilis. 

Espaeva ta kasance 'yar takara a zaben shugaban kasa na 2019, mace ta farko da ta nemi kujerar shugaban kasa. Ta lashe zaben Aq Jol da kashi 49.5% na kuri'u 190 a cikin kuri'ar sirri.  Ba ta shiga muhawarar shugaban kasa a ranar 29 ga Mayu ba, amma shugabar Aq Zol, Azat Peruaşev, ta wakilce ta.  Ta sha kaye a zaben ga Kassym-Jomart Tokayev . 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
An ba Espaeva Order of Kurmet a shekarar 2011, kuma an ba ta Order of Parasat a shekarar 2020.  Ita ce uwar 'ya'ya biyu. 

## Matsayin siyasa
A lokacin yakin neman zaben shugaban ƙasa na Espaeva, ta gabatar da shawarar rage darajar lamuni da Bankin Ƙasa na Kazakhstan ya bayar, dakatar da rage darajar kuɗi, rage harajin da aka ƙara wa ƙima ko kuma maye gurbinsa da harajin tallace-tallace . 

## Manazarta

## News
"Утвержден новый состав мажилиса парламента Казахстана". Nur. 24 March 2016. Archived from the original on 12 April 2016.
"Shoo-In Toqaev Skips Kazakh Presidential Campaign Debate". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 29 May 2019. Archived from the original on 28 June 2025.
Zhussupova, Dilshat (27 May 2019). "Kazakhstan's first female presidential candidate sees mass entrepreneurship as vehicle to improve lives". Astana Times. Archived from the original on 28 June 2025.
Gülmira Esimbaeva

**Gülmira Istaibekqyzy Issimbayeva** (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga Agusta 1957) 'yar siyasa ce ta Kazakhstan wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin memba kuma Mataimakiyar Shugabar Mäjilis daga 2016 zuwa 2020. Ta kasance shugabar majalisar dokoki ta Nur Otan daga 2016 zuwa 2019 kuma memba ce ta Tarayyar Soviet ta Koli daga 1990 har zuwa rushewarta a 1993.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Issimbayeva a ƙauyen Usharal . A shekarar 1978 ta kammala karatunta daga sashen ilimin falsafa na Cibiyar Pedagogical ta Jambyl, ƙwararriya a fannin harsuna da adabi na Rasha.

A shekarar 1994, Issimbayeva ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Al-Farabi ta Kasa ta Kazakhstan, ƙwararriya a fannin shari'a.

## Farkon aikina
Bayan kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1978, Issimbayeva ta koyar da harshen Rashanci, kuma ta shirya ayyukan da suka shafi karatun jami'a a Makarantar Sakandare ta Usharal har zuwa shekarar 1990.

Daga 1993 zuwa 2007, ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta a Sashen, Shugabar Sashen Ilimi a Almaty .

## Aikin siyasa
An zaɓi Issimbayeva a matsayin memba na Babban Kwamitin Tarayyar Soviet na Kazakhstan a zaɓen Kazakhstan na 1990. Ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatare kuma mataimakiyar shugabar Kwamitin Ci gaban Kimiyya da Ilimin Jama'a har zuwa rusa Majalisar a watan Disamba na 1993. 

Ta zama memba na Mäjilis bayan an zaɓe ta a zaɓen 'yan majalisa na 2007 a jerin jam'iyyu, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Ci gaban Al'adu da zamantakewa.  

Bayan zaɓen 'yan majalisa na 2016, Issimbayeva ta zama mataimakiyar shugabar Mäjilis kuma shugaban majalisar dokoki na Nur Otan .  A ranar 22 ga Agusta 2019, Shugaban Mazhilis Nurlan Nigmatulin ya karɓi ragamar shugabancinta. 

## Manazarta
Nadezhda Tokayeva

**Nadezhda Davydovna Tokayeva** ( Kazakh    , Russian   ; an haife ta a ranar 27 ga Satumba 1958) tsohuwar matar shugaban ƙasar Kazakhstan na biyu, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev .  

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
 
An haifi Tokayeva a Nizhny Tagil a yankin Sverdlovsk na Rasha.  Ta kammala karatunta daga Cibiyar Tarihi da Taskar Tarihi ta Jihar Moscow .

## Sana'a
Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar girmamawa ta ƙungiyar mata ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva daga 2011 zuwa 2012.  

## Rayuwa ta sirri
A lokacin da ya hau mulki a matsayin Shugaban Kazakhstan, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev ya sake ta daga Nadezhda, kamar yadda aka nuna a shafin yanar gizon hukuma a watan Maris na 2019.   Ana kyautata zaton cewa saki ya faru ne tsakanin 27 zuwa 29 ga Maris na 2019. 

Tare da tsohon mijinta, tana da ɗa, Timur (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 1984). 

A shekarar 1998, ita da ɗanta Timur sun buɗe asusun banki na Credit Suisse, duk da cewa ta cancanci zama mutum mai fallasa siyasa, wanda a lokacin da take kan gaba a shekarar 2005 ya ƙunshi dala miliyan 1.5 na Amurka. Bayan mijinta ya zama darakta janar na ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Geneva, an rufe asusun a shekarar 2012, kuma iyalan sun buɗe kamfanoni a ƙasashen waje a Tsibirin Virgin na Burtaniya, tare da kadarori na dala miliyan 5 tare da kadarori a Geneva da Moscow akan dala miliyan 7.7.

## Duba kuma

* Sara Nazarbayeva, matar Nursultan Nazarbayev kuma matar shugaban ƙasar Kazakhstan.
* Sirrin Suisse

## Manazarta
Zagipa Baliyeva

**Zağipa İahiaqyzy Balieva** [ a ] ( née Isakova ;  Kazakh   ; an haife ta a ranar 3 ga Oktoba 1958) 'yar siyasa ce ta Kazakhstan wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Shari'a na Kazakhstan daga 13 ga Afrilu 2006  zuwa Afrilu 2009.  Baliyeva ta taba yin aiki a matsayin Shugabar Hukumar Zaɓe ta Tsakiya daga 1996 zuwa 13 ga Afrilu, lokacin da Onalsyn Zhumabekov ya maye gurbinta kuma ta zama Ministar Shari'a .   Ta zama memba na jam'iyyar siyasa ta Otan a ranar 30 ga Mayu 2006. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Zagipa Balieva a ranar 3 ga Oktoba 1958, a ƙauyen Jalanash, gundumar Kegen, yankin Almaty .

Ta fara aikinta a matsayin mataimakiyar dakin gwaje-gwaje a wata makarantar koyon sana'o'i kuma ta yi aiki a wannan cibiyar daga 1975 zuwa 1976.

A shekarar 1981, ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Jihar Kazakhstan mai suna bayan Kirov, ƙwararriya a matsayin lauya.

Daga shekarar 1981 zuwa 1982, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari'a na Bankin Gine-gine na Yankin Dzhambul.

Daga shekarar 1986 zuwa 1992, ita ce shugabar sashen lissafin kuɗi da rarraba sararin zama na Kwamitin Zartarwa na Birnin Almaty.

Daga nan, daga 1992 zuwa 1994, ta hau muƙamin Shugabar Sashen Shari'a na Ofishin Shugaban Hukumar Birnin Almaty.

Balieva ta kasance memba na Majalisar Koli ta Jamhuriyar Kazakhstan a taron koli na XIII daga 1994 zuwa 1995, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Koli ta Kazakhstan kan gyaran tattalin arziki.

A watan Maris na shekarar 1995, Balieva ta kasance Sakatare, sannan tun daga watan Janairun shekarar 1996 ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Zaɓe ta Tsakiya .

Ta shafe shekaru 9 tana aiki, daga 1996 zuwa 2005, a matsayin babbar shugabar Hukumar Zaɓe ta Tsakiya ta Kazakhstan.

Daga Afrilu 2005 zuwa 2 ga Afrilu 2009, Balieva ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Shari'a na Jamhuriyar Kazakhstan.

Daga 3 ga Afrilu 2009 zuwa 10 ga Janairu 2021, ta kasance Mataimakiyar Mazhilis, Memba a Kwamitin Dokoki da Gyaran Shari'a da Shari'a na Mazhilis na Majalisar Dokokin Jamhuriyar Kazakhstan. 

Haka kuma daga 25 ga Maris 2016 zuwa 12 ga Yuni 2018, ita ce mai kula da haƙƙin yara a Kazakhstan. 

Daga ranar 10 ga Maris 2021, tana aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugaban Jami'ar Noma ta Ƙasa ta Kazakhstan da ke Almaty.

## Ilimi
Da farko, ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Jihar Kazakh a shekarar 1981, inda ta zama lauya.

Bayan ta kammala karatunta a Jami'ar Tattalin Arziki ta Kazakhstan, ta zama ƙwararren masanin tattalin arziki na duniya. 

## Iyali
Tana da aure da Muhtar Baliev, tana da 'ya'ya maza huɗu, Daniyar, Ernar, Aliyar, da Nursultan, da kuma 'ya'ya mata biyu, Aldara da Daria.

Mijinta, Baliev, yana gudanar da ƙaramin kasuwanci mai suna LLC "OASIS TAU ALMATY" tun daga shekarar 2006. 

Babban ɗanta, Daniyar, shine shugaban "DL Construction" LLP, wanda ke shigar da ƙara kan zargin take haƙƙin " Kcell ", da kuma masu aiki da talabijin na kebul. Haka kuma, Daniyar na ƙoƙarin tilasta wa gidajen rediyo na Kazakh su biya ninki biyu na watsa waƙoƙin ƙasashen waje.

## Bayanan kula

## Manazarta
Mutanen Kamar Mu (littafi)

People Like Us, wanda aka buga a shekara ta 2007, littafi ne wanda masanin kimiyya na Australiya, mawaƙi kuma tsohon lauyan kasuwanci Waleed Aly ya rubuta.

## Bayani game da shi
Rubutun ya nuna girman kai da kuma "rashin fahimta mara iyaka da jahilcin juna, tsakanin al'adu daban-daban"  cewa - a cewar marubucin - ya mamaye ra'ayoyi da tattaunawa game da Musulunci na zamani. A cikin wannan tsari, yana tattauna batutuwa da suka haɗa da hijabi, jihadi, tsattsauran ra'ayi, tsattsauran ra'ayi, da kuma rashin imani na addini.

## Babi
1. Hoton Danish

: Yana tattauna batutuwan da abubuwan da suka faru da ke kewaye da zane-zanen Jyllans-Posten da ke nuna Muhammadu don kwatanta halin da ake ciki a yanzu tsakanin Islama da Yamma.

2. Ta yaya muka isa nan?

: Yana gano tarihin halayen Yammacin Turai game da Islama, halayen da - a cewar Aly - galibi sun samo asali ne daga jahilci da ko rashin fahimta game da Islami.

3. Kada ka kira ni mai matsakaici!

: Yana nazarin kalmomin 'fundamentalism', (wanda aka ba da ma'anar da ta fi amfani da ita) da kuma 'mai matsakaici' (wanda marubucin ya yanke hukunci ya zama "a bayyane" sunan).

4. Ka ceci rayukanmu na duniya

: Ya bayyana nau'o'i da yawa na ra'ayin addini, yana jayayya cewa halayen Yammacin Turai game da shi an tsara shi ne ta hanyar kwarewar Turai game da hulɗar Ikilisiya / Jiha. Aly ya yi jayayya cewa wadanda suka ba da umarnin ra'ayin addini a matsayin magani ga cututtukan duniyar Musulmi sun kasa la'akari da tarihin Musulunci na musamman, da kuma gaskiyar cewa Musulunci ba shi da 'Coci' a ma'anar gaskiya.

5. Mata a matsayin fagen yaƙi

: Ya tattauna game da murfin da ra'ayoyin Yammacin Turai game da shi, yana nuna cewa waɗannan sun kasance kuma suna ci gaba da rinjayar su da siffar Yamma.

6. Yaƙin da aka yi da jihadi

: Ya tattauna dalla-dalla game da manufar jihadi, yana nuna bambanci tsakanin shi da yaƙi mai tsarki.

7. Menene na zamani game da al-Qa'ida?

: Explains that radicalism and terrorism are modern phenomena, having much more in common with Bolshevism than medieval Islamic thought.

: Ya yi iƙirarin cewa 'Sauye-sauyen Islama' wanda wasu masu sharhi na Yammacin Turai suka ba da shawarar ya riga ya faru, kuma ya samar da sakamako masu rikitarwa.

An tattauna littafin dalla-dalla a cikin labarin Ray Cassin na Renaissance Man, wanda aka buga a cikin jaridar Age . 

## Kyaututtuka
People Like Us an sanya su cikin jerin sunayen kyaututtuka da yawa ciki har da Queensland Premier's Literary Awards da Best Newcomer a 2008 Australian Book Industry Awards . 

## Manazarta
Clara Engle

**Clara Anna Engle** (7 ga Mayu, 1913 - 4 ga Disamba, 2003) ma'aikaciyar jinya ce 'yar Amurka kuma mai wa'azin likitanci wacce ta yi aiki a Rundunar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Sojojin Amurka a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu kuma ta yi aiki a Turkiyya daga 1946 zuwa 1966.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Engle a Freeport, Illinois, 'yar Sidney John Engle da Anna Johanna Hillebrecht Engle.   Ta kammala karatunta na sakandare a Imlay City, Michigan, kuma ta sami digirin aikin jinya daga Asibitin Butterworth a 1937.  Ta sami digirin farko a 1953,  da digirin masters a fannin aikin jinya a 1958, duka daga Jami'ar Jihar Wayne .  Ta kasance shugabar ƙungiyar tsofaffin ɗaliban Asibitin Butterworth. 

## Sana'a

Engle ta yi aiki tare da Rundunar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Sojoji a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.   An haɗa ta da wani jirgin ruwa na asibiti a Asibitin Halloran a shekarar 1944, kuma ta kai matsayin laftanar na farko a Asibitin Stark da ke South Carolina.   Bayan yaƙin, Engle ta tafi Turkiyya a matsayin mai wa'azin likitanci tare da Hukumar Kwamishinoni na Ofishin Jakadancin Ƙasashen Waje ta Amurka, tana aiki a wani asibiti da ke Gaziantep, da kuma Jami'ar Amurka da ke Beirut, daga 1946 zuwa 1956.   Ta yi magana game da aikinta ga ƙungiyoyin coci a lokacin hutun aiki a 1952,  kuma bayan wa'adin aikinta na wa'azi ya ƙare a 1958.  A 1959, ta yi aiki a Makarantar Jinya ta Jami'ar Jihar Michigan. 

A Turkiyya kuma daga 1960 [1] zuwa 1966, Engle ta kafa asibitoci ga jarirai da ba su kai shekara biyar ba da kuma marasa lafiya da ke fama da ciwon zuciya. Ta fara shirin horar da mataimakan ma'aikatan jinya, da kuma makarantar koyon aikin jinya. Ta sami takardar shaida daga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka a 1966, a wani biki da aka yi a İzmir . "Abin da ke nuna nasarar Miss Engle shi ne kokarinta ya wargaza shingen da ke tsakanin mata da yawa kuma ya shawo kan mata matasa 'yan iyalai nagari ko dai su shiga aikin jinya ko kuma su shiga cikin shirin taimakon ma'aikatan jinya da ake matukar bukata a asibitocin Turkiyya," in ji babban jami'in diflomasiyya G. Lewis Schmidt a lokacin. [2]

Engle ta yi aiki a wurare daban-daban na kiwon lafiya a Michigan bayan ta koma Amurka, ciki har da Makarantar Horarwa ta Caro State Home and Training, wata cibiya ta gwamnati ga mutanen da ke da nakasa ta ci gaba.  

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Engle ya mutu a shekara ta 2003, yana da shekaru 90,  a Lapeer, Michigan .

## Manazarta
Lillian Dunlap

**Lillian Dunlap** (Janairu 20, 1922 - Afrilu 3, 2003)   jami'a ce kuma ma'aikaciyar jinya ta soja a Rundunar Sojan Amurka . Ta yi aiki a Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Pacific a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, daga baya ta hau matsayin Birgediya Janar kuma aka naɗa ta shugabar Rundunar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Sojojin Amurka .

Dunlap ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in Kula da Lafiya na Sojoji na 14 (ANC) daga 1 ga Satumba 1971 zuwa 31 ga Agusta 1975. Ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Kula da Lafiya ta Asibitin Santa Rosa a 1942, ta sami digirin farko na Kimiyya daga Kwalejin Incarnate Word da ke San Antonio, Texas a 1954. Ta sami digirin digiri na biyu na Gudanar da Lafiya daga Jami'ar Baylor da ke Waco, Texas a 1960.  Babban abin da ta fi mayar da hankali a kai a lokacin da take Shugaban Rundunar ANC shi ne inganta ilimin ma'aikatan jinya na soja ta hanyar ƙirƙirar digiri na farko a fannin aikin jinya.

A ranar 23 ga Oktoba 1973, Dunlap ta zama mace ta farko a tarihin Rundunar Sojojin Amurka da ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar kwamitin inganta Ma'aikatar Sojojin. [1]

An yi mata ado da lambar yabo ta musamman ta rundunar sojoji, lambar yabo ta girmamawa, da lambar yabo ta sojoji da aka yi da ganyen itacen oak . 

## Manazarta
Cordelia E. Cook

**Cordelia Elizabeth Cook** (Maris 17, 1919 - Yuni 19, 1996) ma'aikaciyar jinya ce ta Amurka a rundunar ma'aikatan jinya ta sojojin Amurka a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta karɓi kyautar Tauraron Tauraro da kuma Purple Heart .

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Cook a ranar 17 ga Maris, 1919, a Fort Thomas Kentucky .    Mahaifinta shine Louis Cook, shugaban 'yan sanda a Fort Thomas.  Ta koma da suna "Betty".  

Cook ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Highlands da ke Fort Thomas.  Daga nan ta halarci Makarantar Kula da Jinya ta Asibitin Christ da ke Cincinnati, Ohio, inda ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1940.   

## Sana'a
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Cook ta yi aikin jinya a Asibitin Christ da ke Cincinnati, Ohio, na tsawon shekara guda.  Ta shiga Rundunar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Sojojin Amurka a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya ta tiyata .   Ta yi horo a wurare daban-daban na kiwon lafiya na Sojoji a Amurka.  Ta sami matsayin Laftanar na farko, daga ƙarshe ta zama Laftanar Kanar.  

Cook ma'aikaciyar jinya ce a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu .   Da farko an tura ta zuwa Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Arewacin Afirka .  Tana tare da sassan lafiya da suka biyo bayan mamayar Sicily a 1943.   Rundunarta ta sami ambaton "jarumtaka a ƙarƙashin wuta" a Sicily.  Rundunarta ta biyo bayan sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya zuwa babban yankin Italiya. 

A shekarar 1944, an mayar da ita Asibitin Fili na 11 a sashin Presenzano a fagen daga na Italiya . [1] [2] [3] Wurin yana da matukar hatsari, kasancewar yana kusa da fagen daga. [3] Ta sami lambar yabo ta Tauraron Tagulla saboda hidimarta a can, kasancewarta mace ta farko da ta sami wannan lambar yabo. [2] [3] [4] [5]

## Manazarta
Cocin Ellen

**Ellen Church** (Satumba 22, 1904 &#x2013; Agusta 22, 1965) ita ce mace ta farko mai hidimar jirgin sama .  Cocin, wacce ta horar da ma'aikaciyar jinya kuma matukin jirgi, tana son tuƙa jiragen sama na kasuwanci, amma waɗannan ayyukan ba a buɗe su ga mata ba. Duk da haka tana son tashi, Church ta yi nasarar yin aiki don shawo kan Boeing Air Transport cewa amfani da ma'aikatan jinya a matsayin masu kula da jiragen zai ƙara aminci da taimakawa wajen shawo kan fasinjoji cewa tashi yana da aminci. Jirginsu na farko ya tashi a ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1930. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Church a Cresco, Iowa . Bayan kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Cresco, Church ta yi karatun aikin jinya kuma ta yi aiki a wani asibiti a San Francisco.  Ta kasance matukin jirgi kuma ma'aikaciyar jinya ce mai rijista . Steve Stimpson, manajan ofishin Boeing Air Transport (BAT) na San Francisco, bai ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin matukin jirgi ba, amma ya yi watsi da shawararta ta sanya ma'aikatan jinya a cikin jiragen sama don kwantar da hankalin jama'a game da tsoron tashi .  A shekarar 1930, BAT ta ɗauki Church a matsayin shugabar kula da lafiya, kuma ta ɗauki wasu bakwai aiki na tsawon watanni uku na gwaji. 

Masu hidimar, ko kuma "'Yan mata masu sararin samaniya" kamar yadda BAT ta kira su,   dole ne su kasance ma'aikatan jinya masu rijista, "marasa aure, waɗanda ba su kai shekara 25 ba; nauyinsu bai kai kilogiram *115* ba; kuma tsayinsu bai wuce ƙafa 5, inci 4 ba *[1.63 m]* .  Baya ga kula da fasinjoji, ana sa ran, idan ya cancanta, su taimaka wajen ɗaukar kaya, samar da mai da kuma taimaka wa matukan jirgi su tura jirgin zuwa cikin rataye.  Duk da haka, albashin ya yi kyau: $125 a wata.  

Church ta zama mai hidimar jirgin farko da ta tashi (kodayake ba ita ce mai hidimar jirgin farko ba, kamar yadda Heinrich Kubis ɗan Jamus ya riga ta a 1912). A ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1930, ta hau jirgin Boeing 80 A na tsawon awanni 20 daga Oakland /San Francisco zuwa Chicago tare da tsayawa 13 da fasinjoji 14. [1] A cewar wata majiya, matukin jirgin wani majagaba ne a fannin sufurin jiragen sama, Elrey Borge Jeppesen . [2]

Wannan sabon abu ya yi nasara sosai - sauran kamfanonin jiragen sama sun bi misalin BAT a cikin 'yan shekarun nan - amma raunin da ya faru sakamakon hatsarin mota ya kawo karshen aikinta bayan watanni 18.

## Manazarta
Rosemary Hogan

**Rosemary Hogan** (Maris 13, 1912 - Yuni 24, 1964) ma'aikaciyar jinya ce 'yar Amurka wadda ta yi aiki a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu kuma ɗaya ce daga cikin Mala'ikun Bataan .

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Rosemary Hogan a ranar 13 ga Maris, 1912, ga Francis da Mary Hogan a Ahpeatone, Oklahoma .  Ta kammala karatunta daga makarantar sakandare ta Chattanooga inda ta kasance mai kula da karatun valedictorian a shekarar 1930. Ta sami tallafin karatu don halartar Makarantar Horarwa ta Scott &amp;amp; White don Ma'aikatan Jinya a Temple, Texas . 

## Aikin soja
Hogan ya shiga Rundunar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Sojojin Amurka a Fort Sill a shekarar 1936 kuma ya kasance a can har zuwa Afrilu 1940. 

### Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu
A watan Afrilun 1940, an tura Hogan zuwa Fort Stotsenburg a cikin Commonwealth na Philippines . A ranar 7 ga Disamba, 1941, Daular Japan ta kai hari kan Philippines kuma Hogan ta yi aiki a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Mala'ikun Bataan .  Ita ce ma'aikaciyar jinya da ke kula da asibitin sojoji a Limay . A watan Janairun 1942, an mayar da asibitin zuwa cikin gida. 

A ranar 30 ga Maris, 1942, Hogan ta ji rauni sakamakon fashewar bama-bamai; daga baya aka ba ta Purple Heart saboda raunin da ta samu. A ranar 29 ga Afrilu, an umarce ta da ta tafi Ostiraliya don murmurewa, amma jirginta ya lalace kuma sojojin Japan suka kama ta a Mindanao .  An tsare ta a sansanin horon Santo Tomas har zuwa 1945 lokacin da sojojin Amurka suka 'yantar da shi. 

### Aikin bayan yaƙi
Hogan ta koma rundunar ma'aikatan jinya ta sojojin sama ta Amurka bayan yakin duniya na biyu . [1] Ita ce babbar ma'aikaciyar jinya a sansanin sojojin sama na Keesler da sansanin hadin gwiwa na Langley-Eustis . Ta yi ritaya a matsayin kanar, daya daga cikin mata na farko da suka kai wannan matsayi. [2]

## Rayuwar mutum da mutuwa
Hogan ta auri Manjo Arnold Luciano na rundunar sojin saman Amurka . Ta mutu a ranar 24 ga Yuni, 1964, a San Antonio, Texas kuma aka binne ta a Makabartar Arlington ta ƙasa .  A watan Oktoba na 1978, an sanya wa Hogan Hall a Sheppard Air Force Base suna don girmama ta, kuma a watan Nuwamba na 1997 aka shigar da ita cikin Oklahoma Aircraft and Space Hall of Fame.  A shekarar 2019, an shigar da ita cikin Oklahoma Military Hall of Fame. 

## Manazarta
Juanita Redmond Hipps

Laftanar Kanar **Juanita Redmond Hipps** (1 ga Yuli, 1912 - 25 ga Fabrairu, 1979) ma'aikaciyar jinya ce ta Rundunar Sojan Amurka a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Ta kasance a Philippines a farkon yakin kuma an ɗauke ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Mala'ikun Bataan . Wani littafi mai tsada da ta rubuta game da abubuwan da ta fuskanta ya zama tushen fim ɗin yaƙin 1943 *So Proudly We Hail!* Hipps ta taimaka wajen kafa shirin jinya na jirgin sama na Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka. Ta ci gaba da aiki a rundunar har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a 1969 kuma ta yi yawo a duniya a kan mukamai tare da mijinta, janar na Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka. An sanya mata suna mafi girman lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar Sojojin Sama ta Amurka don aikin jinya don girmama ta.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Hipps a Swansea, South Carolina, a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1912. [1] [2] Ta yi horo a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a Asibitin Jihar South Carolina kuma ta shiga Rundunar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Sojojin Amurka a shekarar 1936. [2] An tura ta zuwa Manila a Philippines a shekarar 1939. [2]

## Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu
Bayan barkewar yaƙi tsakanin Japan da Amurka a shekarar 1941, an tura Hipps zuwa Bataan da Corregidor inda aka san ta da ɗaya daga cikin Mala'ikun Bataan a farkon watannin yaƙin.   Ba kamar yawancin ma'aikatan jinya a Philippines ba, an kwashe ta zuwa Ostiraliya tare da abokan aikinta bakwai kafin mamayar Japan.   A lokacin sauran yaƙin, Hipps ta yi aiki a Amurka don haɓaka ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa da yaƙi da haɓaka ɗaukar ma'aikatan jinya.  Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ma'aikatan jinya na farko da aka ba su kyautar fikafikan tashi na zinare kuma ta taimaka wajen kafa shirin ma'aikatan jinya na jirgin sama na Rundunar Sojojin Sama ta Amurka .  Hipps ta rubuta littafin *I Served on Bataan* game da abubuwan da ta fuskanta a Philippines, wanda ya zama fim mafi sayarwa a 1943 kuma ya taimaka wajen zaburar da fim ɗin yaƙin *So Proudly We Hail!*  A ranar 13 ga Mayu, 1944, ta zama babbar jami'a.  A lokacin aikinta, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Purple Heart, Bronze Star, da kuma lambobin yabo guda uku na Shugaban Ƙasa da kuma lambobin yabo na yaƙin neman zaɓe ga Amurka da Philippines. 

## Bayan yaƙi

Hipps ta auri jami'in rundunar sojin saman Amurka William Grover Hipps a shekarar 1946, kuma suka ci gaba da samun ɗa, jikoki biyu da jikoki uku.   Daga baya aka ƙara wa William matsayi zuwa babban matsayi, kuma Juanita ta bi shi a wurare daban-daban a Amurka, Iran da Gabas Mai Nisa.  A shekarar 1955 tana zaune a Okinawa, Japan, inda ta fara sha'awar al'adun Japan kuma ta kasance mai son tattara kayan tarihi.  A shekarar 1958 tana zaune tare da mijinta a Redlands, California .  Juanita ta yi ritaya daga aikin soja a shekarar 1969, a lokacin tana riƙe da matsayin Laftanar Kanar.  Ta mutu a gidanta da ke St. Petersburg, Florida, a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 1979, kuma an binne ta a Makabartar Ƙasa ta Arlington tare da cikakken girmamawa ta soja.   Ƙungiyar Sojojin Sama ta Amurka ta gabatar da lambar yabo ta Juanita Redmond, babbar lambar yabo ta aikin jinya, don tunawa da ita.  

## Manazarta
Karen Olsen Beck

**Rita Karen Olsen Beck** (31 ga Janairu, 1930 - 25 ga Satumba, 2025) 'yar kasar Denmark ce ta Amurka-Costa Rican, 'yar siyasa kuma ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban kasa na Costa Rica a lokacin gwamnatocin mijinta José Figueres Ferrer 1954-1958 da 1970-1974, 'yar majalisa kuma Jakadan Costa Rica a Isra'ila. Ita ce tsohuwar uwargidan shugaban kasa ta Costa Rica bayan mutuwar Marita Camacho Quirós a shekarar 2025.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Olsen **Rita Karen Olsen** a Copenhagen, Denmark, a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1930.  Iyayenta, Walter Olsen da Karen Beck Olsen, sun yi hijira zuwa Amurka daga Denmark kuma sun zama 'yan asalin Amurka. Ta zauna a Yorktown Heights, New York . 

Tun tana ƙarama ta nuna sha'awar Batutuwan zamantakewa. Yayinda take daliba a Kwalejin Mary Washington (yanzu Jami'ar Mary Washington) ta shiga cikin ƙungiyoyi da yawa da ke inganta hadin kai tare da, da kuma kare, masu bukata. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Mary Washington, Olsen ya shiga Jami'ar Copenhagen don nazarin kimiyyar zamantakewa. Daga nan sai ta sami Jagora na Arts a cikin ilimin zamantakewa daga Jami'ar Columbia da ke Birnin New York.

Ta auri Shugaban kasar Costa Rica na lokacin, José Figueres Ferrer, a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 1954, ta zama Uwargidan Shugaban kasar.[1] Olsen yana da shekaru 23 a lokacin bikin auren, yayin da Figueres ke da shekaru 47.[1] An gudanar da bikin ne a gidan ɗan'uwan Figueres, Antonio Figueres، ta Archbishop Ruben Odio Herrera . [1] Shugaba Figueres ya saki matarsa ta farko, tsohuwar Uwargidan Shugaban kasa Henrietta Boggs, a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1954. [1]

Tare da Figueres tana da 'ya'ya hudu, ciki har da José María Figueres, wanda shi ma shugaban Costa Rica ne 1994-1998; da kuma Christiana Figueres ƙwararren masaniyar muhalli da Canjin yanayi, wanda shine babban sakataren Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi.

Beck ya mutu a ranar 25 ga Satumba, 2025, yana da shekaru 95. 

## Manazarta
Christine E. Haycock

Dokta **Christine E. Haycock** (Janairu 7, 1924 Janairu 23, 2008) ma'aikaciyar jinya ce kuma likitan fiɗa ta Amurka wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin Kanar a Rundunar Sojojin Amurka, kuma farfesa a fannin tiyata da kuma Daraktan Ayyukan Gaggawa a Makarantar Likitanci ta New Jersey . 

## Bayani da ilimi
An haife Haycock a Mount Vernon, New York, kuma ta girma a Richmond, Virginia, da kuma Nutley, New Jersey, inda ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Nutley .  Ta halarci Makarantar Kula da Jinya ta Asibitin Presbyterian kuma ta sami digiri na farko daga Jami'ar Chicago . Ta yi aiki a Rundunar Sojojin Amurka a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a Rundunar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Cadet . Bayan yaƙin, ta sami digirin likitanci daga Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Downstate ta Jami'ar Jihar New York a 1952, kuma ta ci gaba da zama mace ta farko da ta yi horo a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Walter Reed . A 1952, ta zama mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a matsayin likita a Rundunar Kiwon Lafiya ta Sojojin Amurka. Bayan Yaƙin Koriya, Haycock ta zama mace ta farko da ta riƙe babban kwamandan a New Jersey, a matsayin shugabar Babban Asibitin Sojoji na 322.  Ta kammala aikin tiyata a New York kafin ta koma New Jersey, inda ta buɗe wani asibiti na sirri a fannin tiyata. A lokacin da take aiki da Rundunar Likitoci ta Sojoji, ta kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Kwamandan Sojojin Amurka da ta Janar da Kwalejin Yaƙin Sojojin Amurka . Ta kuma sami digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyyar siyasa daga Jami'ar Rutgers .

## Ƙungiyoyin sana'a da ƙwararru
Haycock ta shiga sashen koyar da ilmin likitanci da hakora na Jami'ar New Jersey (wanda yanzu haka yake Makarantar Likitanci ta New Jersey) a matsayin farfesa a fannin tiyata da kuma daraktan ayyukan gaggawa a shekarar 1968 kuma ta taimaka wajen kafa cibiyar kula da rauni a Asibitin Jami'a da ke Newark. Ta shahara a matsayin ƙwararriya kan cutar kansar mahaifa da kuma fannin likitancin wasanni (musamman ga mata). An zaɓe ta a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Likitoci ta Amurka . A shekarar 1980, an buga littafin *Sports Medicine for the Athletic Female*,  wanda ta gyara. Haycock ta shafe wa'adi (1981–82) a matsayin shugabar Ƙungiyar Matan Likitoci ta Amurka, bayan ta kasance shugabar reshen New Jersey. A shekarar 1984 ta yi ritaya daga Rundunar Sojoji a matsayin kanar, bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ajiyar kaya tun lokacin da ta yi Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu da Koriya, jimillar shekaru 38 na aikin soja.

A shekara ta 2004, Gidauniyar Legacy ta Mata a Magunguna ta ba Haycock kyautar Alma Dea Morani Renaissance Woman Award . 

A shekarar 2005, an shigar da ita cikin Nutley Hall of Fame. 

A shekarar 2011, wani baje kolin Watan Tarihin Mata da Gidan Tarihi na Sojojin Tsaro na Kasa na New Jersey da ke Lawrenceville ya mayar da hankali kan rawar da Haycock ya taka a matsayin majagaba ga mata a fannin aikin likitanci na sojoji. [1]

## Manazarta
Fatou Khan

**Fatou Khan,** kuma *Fatu* ko *Fatoo (*.1880 - c.1940) ya kasance mai gudanarwa na Gambian, wanda ya kasance kwamishinan da ba na hukuma ba na Gambiya Colony da Protectorate .

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Khan a kusa da 1880 a ƙauyen Njau a cikin Gundumar Upper Saloum ta Gambiya kuma ta kasance ta kabilar Wolof. [1] Ba a san komai game da rayuwarta ta farko ba, sai dai ta yi aure a karo na farko a kusa da 1900, amma ta sake shi shekaru goma bayan haka.[1] A shekara ta 1910 ta yi aure bisa ga al'adun auren Sharia a karo na biyu, a wannan lokacin ga Kwamishinan Tafiya na Burtaniya na lardin North Bank, J K McCallum . [1] Khan ya koya wa mijinta Wolof, yaren da daga baya ya rubuta harshe da ƙamus.[1] A duk lokacin da suka yi aure, McCallum ya ƙara dogaro da Khan don gudanar da ayyukansa a gare shi, wanda ya haɗa da karɓar haraji da kare danginta daga hukumomin mulkin mallaka, kamar kawunta, Cif Sawalo Sise . [1] Sau da yawa McCallum ta rage zuwa sanya hannu kan wasiƙu da ta riga ta tsara tare da taimakon masu fassara.[2] Ya kuma koya mata yadda za a ƙirƙiri sa hannun sa, wanda ya ba ta damar samun iko kan al'amuransa.[2]

Khan ya kasance mai tasiri sosai, duk da cewa bai iya karatu ba, duk da haka dangantakarsu ta kabilanci ta ƙare cikin abin kunya a cikin 1919.  A wannan shekarar, Sawalo Sise, wanda Khan ya kare a baya, ya gabatar da tuhuma a kan McCallum: cewa yana da mata uku - Fatou Khan, Fana Kumba Lowe da Fatim Mbowe; cewa ba ya gudanar da gundumar da kansa. Ya kuma zargi Khan da amfani da tasirinta don cire cin hanci daga manoma na yankin waɗanda aka biya su da hatsi, kamar shinkafa da coos. Gwamnan, Edward John Cameron, ya kafa kwamitin bincike, wanda dangantakar da ke tsakanin McCallum da Khan ta firgita. Wannan shi ne kwamiti na farko da aka rubuta na bincike da aka kafa a mulkin mallaka na Gambiya, kuma sakamakon rawar da mace ke takawa da tasirin ta a cikin kananan siyasa na mulkin mallaka. Binciken ya dakatar da McCallum, wanda daga nan ya yi ritaya daga aiki tare da fansho na £ 227 a kowace shekara; An ci wa Khan tarar £ 50 kan zargin nuna kansa.

## Tarihi
Masanin tarihi Hassoum Ceesay ya yi nazarin rayuwar Fatou Khan sosai, wanda ya nuna cewa rayuwarta na iya kwatanta fannoni daban-daban na mulkin mallaka na Gambiya: daga rawar mata, zuwa karatu da rubutu, zuwa dangantakar launin fata, da kuma samar da haske game da rayuwar mulkin mallaka a Gambiya a cikin inuwa na Yaƙin Duniya na Farko. 

## Manazarta
Marie Samuel Njie

**Marie Samuel Njie** sanannen mawaƙi ne kuma mawaƙi ne na Gambian wanda ya sami shahara daga 1940, amma musamman a cikin 50s, har zuwa mutuwarta a farkon 1970s.  

## Rayuwa da iyali
Marie Samuel Njie ta kasance muhimmiyar mawaƙiya mai suna griot kuma gunkin al'adu a ƙasarsu, Gambiya .  Ta fito ne daga dangin da suka samar da manyan mawaƙa da yawa. Waƙoƙinta sun kasance tare da Shalam, Calabash, da Sabar,  kuma galibi game da batutuwan zamantakewa da siyasa da rayuwar yau da kullun.  

Ta yi wa manyan al'ummomin *Bathurst* (yanzu Banjul) nishaɗi a kai a kai. Ta kuma kasance mai aiki a cikin shekarun 1950 a cikin Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Gambia,  kuma daga baya ta yi aiki a taron Jam'iyyar United Party na Pierre Sarr N'Jie . [1]

## Manazarta
Nyimasata Sanneh-Bojang

Aja **Nyimasata Sanneh-Bojang** (1941 - 15 ga Yulin 2015) ɗan siyasan Gambiya ne. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaba a Majalisar Dokokin Gambiya, lokacin da ta lashe kujerar Arewacin Kombo na Jam'iyyar Progressive Party . Kodayake ta ci gaba da zama a shekarar 1987, jam'iyyarta ta kore ta kuma ba ta tsaya takarar zaben 1992 ba. 

An haifi Sanneh-Bojang a shekara ta 1941. Ta fara aikinta a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya sannan daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin malama. Ta kasance daga cikin Jam'iyyar People's Progressive Party sannan daga baya Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction . Daga 2006 har zuwa mutuwarta a 2015, ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na GAMCOTRAP, tana aiki don karfafa mata.

## Rayuwa ta farko
Sanneh-Bojang ta fara aikinta a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya sannan kuma a matsayin malami mara cancanta. Ta cancanci daga baya a wurare daban-daban a yankunan Kombo da North Bank. Ta tashi zuwa matsayin Babban malami a makarantar. Ta ci gaba da zama Jami'in Hulɗa da Jama'a na Ofishin Mata a cikin shekarun 1980. 

## Ayyukan siyasa
Sanneh-Bojang ta lashe zaben 'yan majalisa a shekarar 1982 lokacin da ta kasance dan takarar jam'iyyar People's Progressive Party (PPP). An nada ta a matsayin Sakatariyar Ilimi a lokacin mulkin Jawara .  Ta kasance mai tsayayya da yankan mata (FGM) a duk lokacin da take aiki.

Jammeh ta nada ta a matsayin memba na majalisa a karkashin takarar jam'iyyar Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction . Daga nan ne Yahya Jammeh ta zabi ta a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa . [1] Ta zama mace ta farko da aka zaba a Majalisar Dokokin Gambiya . [2] An zabe ta don maye gurbin Duta Kamaso a majalisar dokokin ECOWAS a ranar 8 ga Yuni 2006. [3] Ta yi aiki a cikin Kwamitin Daraktoci na GAMCOTRAP daga 2006 har zuwa mutuwarta a 2015. [4] A cikin rawar, ta haifar da jerin shirye-shiryen karfafa mata a Gambiya . [1]

## Manazarta
Satang Nabaneh

**Satang Nabaneh** Masanin shari'a ne na Gambiya, Mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata, mai ba da shawara kan adalci na zamantakewa, kuma mai kula da haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ita ce Daraktan Shirye-shirye da Binciken Farfesa na Shari'a a Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Jami'ar Dayton a Amurka.  Ayyukanta suna mai da hankali kan dokar tsarin mulki, daidaito tsakanin jinsi, da haƙƙin kiwon lafiya na jima'i da haihuwa a Afirka.

A cikin 2024, an kira ta daya daga cikin "10 Masanan Afirka da za a Kula" ta  tare da Toyin Ajao, Naminata Diabate, da Simukai Chigudu saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga ka'idar shari'ar mata da manufofin jama'a.

**Zaɓuɓɓuka zuwa ACERWC**

A watan Fabrairun 2026, an zabi Nabaneh a matsayin memba na **Kwamitin Masana na Afirka kan 'Yancin da Lafiyar Yara (ACERWC) ** don wa'adin 2026-2031.  Gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Gambiya ce ta zaba ta, ta sami kuri'u 43 a lokacin zaman zartarwa na 48 na Majalisar Zartarwa ta Tarayyar Afirka da aka gudanar a Addis Ababa, Habasha.

## Ilimi
An haifi Nabaneh a Gambiya kuma ta sami digiri na farko na Dokoki (LL.B.) daga Jami'ar Gambiya a shekarar 2012.  Ta kammala Master of Laws (LL.M.) a cikin 'Yancin Dan Adam da Dimokuradiyya a Afirka da kuma Doctor of Laws-ta (LL.D.) a Jami'ar Pretoria a Afirka ta Kudu.   Tana da digiri na biyu (PhD) a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Washington, Amurka.

## Ayyuka
Nabaneh masanin shari'a ne kuma malami wanda aikinsa ya kunshi Dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya, dokar tsarin mulki ta kwatanta, Ka'idar shari'ar mata da kuma lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa da kuma matsalolin haƙƙin mallaka.[1] Ta yi aiki a matsayin abokiyar postdoctoral a Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam a Pretoria kuma a halin yanzu tana da alƙawari na hadin gwiwa a Cibiyar Kula da Hakkin Dan Dan Adam ta Jami'ar Dayton da Makarantar Shari'a.[2]

Ita ce ta kafa Law Hub Gambia, dandalin ilimi na jama'a da kuma binciken shari'a, kuma co-kafa Think Young Women, kungiyar da ke mai da hankali kan karfafa mata matasa ta hanyar jagoranci da bayar da shawarwari. 

A watan Fabrairun 2026, an zabi Nabaneh a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Masana na Afirka kan 'Yancin da Lafiyar Yara (ACERWC), wani bangare na Tarayyar Afirka.

## Bincike da bayar da shawarwari
Binciken Nabaneh yana magance haɗuwa da doka, jinsi, da kiwon lafiya a cikin tsarin shari'ar Afirka.  Ta rubuta da yawa game da haƙƙin jima'i da haihuwa, ƙin yarda da lamiri a cikin kula da zubar da ciki, da kuma yanayin jinsi na sake fasalin tsarin mulki.

A cikin 2024, ta gabatar da babban lacca a kan "Jima'i na Siyasa na Autocratization a Afirka" a Cibiyar Bincike kan Rashin hankali da Paternalism da LawTransform ta Jami'ar Bergen.

A watan Mayu na wannan shekarar, an nakalto Nabaneh a cikin mujallar Time yana nuna damuwa cewa soke haramcin Gambiya kan 'Yancin mata na iya lalata kokarin yankin don kare hakkin mata. 

Nabaneh an nakalto shi yana cewa, "Wani lokaci ina yin ba'a cewa ban taɓa samun ƙuruciya ta al'ada ba. Lokacin da wasu yara ke waje suna wasa, ina zaune a tarurruka tare da shugabanni. Yana da ban sha'awa amma kuma ya sa na fahimci tun da wuri cewa na ɗauki al'umma, ga ƙasarmu, ga Afirka. "

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Vivian Kafui Akua Asempapa

**Vivian Kafui Akua Asempapa** jami'ar diflomasiyyar Ghana ce kuma jami'in ma'aikatar kasashen waje wanda ke aiki a matsayin Jakadan Ghana a Senegal . Ita memba ce ta Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje kuma ta rike mukamai daban-daban a cikin hidimar diflomasiyya ta Ghana.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
Bayanan jama'a game da rayuwar farko ta Asempapa da asalin ilimi suna da iyaka. Ci gaban aikinta ya nuna horo na yau da kullun wanda ya dace da shigarwa cikin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Ghana.

## Ayyuka

### Ayyukan kasashen waje
Vivian Asempapa ta shiga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kai na Yankin a matsayin Jami'in Harkokin Wajen. A cikin shekaru, ta yi aiki a wurare daban-daban a hedikwatar Ma'aikatar da kuma a cikin ayyukan diflomasiyyar Ghana a kasashen waje. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da wakilcin diflomasiyya, ayyukan kwastomomi, da kuma shiga cikin ayyukan kasashen biyu da na kasashe da yawa daidai da manufofin manufofin kasashen waje na Ghana.

### Jakadan kasar Senegal
An nada Asempapa a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, 2024 a Gidan Jubilee a matsayin Jakadan Ghana a Senegal kuma yana daga cikin ƙungiyar jakadun da Shugaban Ghana ya ba da izini don wakiltar ƙasar a ƙasashen waje.[1] A matsayinta na jakada, tana da alhakin karfafa dangantakar diflomasiyya tsakanin Ghana da Senegal, inganta kasuwanci, saka hannun jari, da hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki, tallafawa 'yan ƙasar Ghana da ke zaune a Senegal da haɓaka hadin gwiwa a cikin tsarin yanki kamar Tattalin Arziki na Yammacin Afirka. Matsayinta ya ba da gudummawa ga tsarin diflomasiyya na Ghana na hadin kan yanki da diflomasiyyar tattalin arziki a Yammacin Afirka. Dokta Felix Kumah Godwin Anebo ne ya gaje ta a shekarar 2025 wanda John D. Mahama ya nada shi.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Bayani game da rayuwarta ba a rubuce shi sosai a cikin kafofin jama'a ba.

## Manazarta
Julie Iromuanya

**Julie Iromuanya** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1982 ) marubuciya ce kuma masanin kimiyya a Amurka. Littafinta na 2015 Mr. and Mrs. Doctor ya kasance dan wasan karshe na PEN / Faulkner Award for Fiction,  an sanya shi cikin jerin sunayen PEN / Robert W. Bingham Prize for Debut Fiction,   ya kasance na biyu a cikin 2016 Etisalat Prize for Literature    kuma an sanya shi a cikin jerin sunaye don 2015 National Book Critics Circle John Leonard Prize for D debut Fiction.

## Ilimi
Iromuanya, wacce aka haife ta a Lincoln, Nebraska, ga iyayen baƙi daga Najeriya, [1] ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Florida ta Tsakiya tare da digiri na farko kuma ta sami MA da Ph.D. a Jami'ar Nebraska-Lincoln . Tana koyarwa a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi da Afirka a Jami'ar Chicago . Ta kasance wani ɓangare na bangaren koyarwa a Jami'ar Dayton, Jami'ar Tampa, Jami'an Arewa maso gabashin Illinois, da Jami'ar Arizona ta MFA Program a Rubuce-rubuce.[2][3]

## Manazarta