open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Pan African Climate Justice Alliance

Pan African,Climate Justice Alliance (**PACJA**) cibiyar sadarwa ce ta ƙungiyoyi sama da guda dubu ɗaya 1000 daga kasashe arba'in da takwas 48 a Afirka. Tana zaune ne a Kenya kuma ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu,ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa,amintattu,tushe, al'ummomin asali,manoma, ƙungiyoyin al'umma, da ƙungiyoyin addini. Yana bada shawara ga yanayin yanayi da adalci na muhalli kuma ƙungiya ce ta jama'a. Masu gwagwarmayar yanayi Augustine B Njamnshi da Mithika Mwenda ne suka kafa shi.

## Manufofin.
PACJA na son inganta rage talauci da haɓɓaka matsayi bisa daidaito,wanda ya dace da Afirka acikin siyasar canjin yanayi na duniya.Cibiyar sadarwa tana son yanayin duniya ba tareda barazanar canjin yanayi ba kuma tana bada shawara ga tsarin cigaba wanda ya dogara da dai-daito da adalci ga dukkan 'yan adam.Manufar cibiyar sadarwa ita ce ta zama dandamali na Afirka don ƙungiyoyin farar hula don samar da bayanai,don neman dabarun, don yin hulɗa tare da gwamnatocin Afirka da sauran mahimman masu ruwa da tsaki,da kuma tsayawa don adalci da adalci a tattaunawar canjin yanayi ta duniya.Manufarta ita ce ƙirƙirar hanyoyin cigaba mai ɗorewa don kare yanayin yanayi, haƙƙin ɗan adam, da cigaban matalauta.

## Ayyuka.
A cikin shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha bakwai 2017, PACJA ta ƙirƙiro takarda don dakatar da Faransa da EU daga tsoma baki acikin shirin makamashi mai sabuntawa na Afirka (AREI). Rukunin AREI yana zaune ne a hedkwatar Bankin Raya Afirka (AfDB) a Abidjan. Ƙungiyoyi daga kasashe da yawa sun goyi bayan korafin, gami da ƙungiyoyi kamar Greenpeace Mauritius, Cibiyar Canjin Yanayi ta Somalia, Cibiyar Taimako ta Ɗan Adam da Shari'a ta Sudan, 'Yan Jarida don Canjin Yanayin Yanayi a Najeriya, da Matasa Masu Sa kai don Muhalli Zambia. Waɗannan kungiyoyi sun damu da EU da Faransa da ke tsoma baki da tsare-tsaren saka hannun jari wajen bunkasa makamashi mai sabuntawa a Afirka.

PACJA ta ƙirƙiro lambar yabo ta ACCER acikin 2013 don bada lada da cigaba da ƙwarewa a aikin jarida na muhalli.

## Manazarta.
Fihirisar Lalacewar yanayi

Indexididdigar Matsalolin Sauyin yanayi (CVI), wanda kuma ake kira da Indexididdigar Sauyin Sauyin Yanayi (CCVI), kayan aiki ne da ke gano wuraren da ke fama da ambaliya da tasirin zafi na canjin yanayi ta hanyar haɗa abubuwan ginannun, zamantakewa, da muhalli. An kuma bayyana shi azaman kayan aiki na tsari don kimanta Hadarin canjin yanayi cikin sauri. An yi amfani da Cibiyar Tsaro ta Yanayi don nazarin tasirin canjin yanayi a kan Gidajen Tarihin Duniya.

Ana iya amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin taswirar don bincika rauni a matakin yanki da na gida don fahimtar abubuwan da suka dace.

CVI ta zana sama da 180 bayanai don samar da cikakkun bayanai, ƙididdiga-matakin ƙidayar, tattara bayanai a cikin yankuna kamar kiwon lafiya, kayayyakin more rayuwa, muhalli, da matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.  Mutane, ababen more rayuwa, da/ko albarkatun muhalli sun fi fuskantar lahani a wuraren da suka fi dacewa da sauyin yanayi yayin da yanayin zafi ya tashi, ambaliyar ruwa ta yi muni, kuma iska mai ƙarfi ta yi ƙarfi..

Rashin lafiyar yanayi ya haɗa da fannoni da yawa kamar bayyanar jiki, ƙwarewa ga rauni, da rashin ƙwarewar jimrewa da daidaitawa. Fahimtar rauni yana ba mu damar yin zabi game da rarraba albarkatu, tsara manufofi, da fifiko, zama, da kuma tsara ayyukan.

A Amurka, an yi amfani da CVI don bincika yankuna gaba ɗaya a duk faɗin ƙasar, suna ba da masu tsara manufofi da al'ummomi tare da bayanan da aka tara akan abubuwan da ke tattare da al'umma ga haɗarin yanayi. A cewar CVI, tun daga 2023, waɗannan su ne yankunan Amurka da suka fi rauni:
SustyVibes

SustyVibes: ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin matasa, waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan aikin muhalli da yanayi. Tare da goyon bayan masu sa kai, tana gudanar da kamfen da ayyukanta a faɗin jihohi da yawa a Najeriya da Ghana.

Kamfen da ayyukan da SustyVibes keyi suna maida hankali kan batutuwan duniya da na yanki kamar canjin yanayi, yanayi da lafiyar hankali, gurɓataccen filastik, eco-feminism, cigaban matasa, da al'adun gargajiya na dorewa. SustyVibes (abbreviation for Sustainability Vibes) yana aikine daga Legas, Najeriya.

SustyVibes su na da membobi sama da 700 da masu sa kai (wanda ake kira 'SustyVibers').

Daga cikin shirye-shiryen da ƙungiyoyin SustyVibes su ka gudanar, akwai da sa bishiyoyi, tsaftace al'umma, da kuma bita ta ilimi kan makamashi mai sabuntawa da rayuwa mai ɗorewa.

Baya ga shirye-shiryen da ke tattare da al'umma, SustyVibes yana gudanar da bincike da aikin bayar da shawarwari don wayar da kan jama'a game da batutuwan muhalli a Najeriya kuma yana ba da shawarar mafita don magance su. Kungiyar ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da hukumomin gwamnati a kan shirye-shirye daban-daban.
A cikin 2022, wanda ya kafa SustyVibes Jennifer Olachi Uchendu, ya halarci taron canjin yanayi na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na 2022, a Sharm El Sheikh, Misira. Acikin 2022, an kira Uchendu ɗaya daga cikin 'Top 20 Young Women in Sustainable Development' ta Young Women a Cigaba mai dorewa.

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Shafin yanar gizon hukuma
Operation Sustainable Human

Operation Sustainable Human:littafi ne na 2019, na Dokta Chris Macdonald game da ingantaccen yanayin yanayi.Littafin ya bayyana manyan kalubalen canjin yanayi kuma yafi mayar da hankali kan mafita mafi tasiri.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya.
Littafin yayi jayayya cewa tsarin tattalin arzikin duniya na yanzu, wanda ya dogara da ƙa'idojin cigaba da amfani, ba mai ɗorewa ba ne acikin dogon lokaci, kuma yana bada gudummawa ga lalacewar muhalli, canjin yanayi, da sauran rikice-rikice.Littafin ya bada shawarar sabon tsarin ɗabi'a don cigaba mai ɗorewa,wanda ya dogara da ƙa'idojin daidaito tsakanin tsararraki, kula da muhalli, da adalci na zamantakewa.

"Operation Sustainable Human"yayi jayayya cewa don magance matsalolin muhalli dake fuskantar bil'adama,muna buƙatar sake tunani game da dangantakarmu da duniyar halitta kuma mu ɗauki tsarin da yafi dacewa da haɗin kai don cigaba mai ɗorewa.Littafin yayi kira ga sauyawa na duniya zuwa ga tattalin arziki mai ɗorewa, mai zagaye, da kuma sabuntawa, kuma ya tsara taswirar hanya don yadda zamu iya cimma wannan hangen nesa.

Littafin ya samo asali ne daga fahimtar falsafar, tattalin arziki, da kimiyyar muhalli, da kuma nazarin shari'a daga ko'ina cikin duniya, don bincika yadda za mu iya gina makomar da ta dace ga kanmu da kuma tsararraki masu zuwa. Ayyuka ne masu tayar da hankali da kuma karfafa gwiwa wanda ke kalubalantar masu karatu suyi tunani sosai game da dabi'un su da nauyin su a fuskar kalubalen muhalli da muke fuskanta.

## Magana.
Jagoran kimiyya na matakai huɗu don yaki da canjin yanayi (babban tasiri ya zama mai sauƙi)

## Littattafai.

* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] *Ayyukan Dan Adam mai dorewa*. Hasumiyar Hasumiyar.  ISBN . Littafin littafi
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] *Ayyukan Dan Adam mai dorewa*. Hasumiyar Hasumiyar.  ISBN . Kindle edition
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] *Ayyukan Dan Adam mai dorewa*. Hasumiyar Hasumiyar.  ISBN . Buga littafin sauti
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] *Ayyukan Dan Adam mai dorewa*. Hasumiyar Hasumiyar.  ISBN . Hardback edition

## Manazarta
Shirin Busharar Yanayi

**Shirin Yanayi na Bishara** (**ECI**)kamfen ne na shugabannin cocin Amurka,da ƙungiyoyin don inganta hanyoyin da ke kasuwa don rage dumamar yanayi.

## Tarihi
An ƙaddamar da shirin yanayin *Bishara*, a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2006, ta Ƙungiyar Bishara ta ƙasa. NAE tayi aiki tareda Cibiyar Lafiya da Muhalli ta Duniya, a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard, don kawo masana kimiyya da shugabannin Kirista don bishara tare, don rage canjin yanayi.

Ƙungiyoyin biyu sun amince cewa duniya"tana cikin haɗari sosai ta hanyar halayyar ɗan adam,"kuma wannan yana shafar "mafi talauci daga cikin matalauta, sama da mutane biliyan,waɗanda ba suda damar inganta rayuwarsu". Shirin ya bayyana cewa ceton halitta bai buƙaci komaiba sai sabon farkawar ɗabi'a "wanda aka bayyana acikin Nassi kuma kimiyya ta goyi baya".

A wannan lokacin Richard Cizik ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kasa na harkokin gwamnati a NAE kuma mai ba da shawara game da kula da halitta.  A wannan lokacin, ba duk membobin NAE sun yarda da shirin ECI da maganganunsa da ke kira ga kare duniya daga dumamar yanayi, gurɓataccen yanayi da halakawa. 

Shugabannin bishara 86 da shugabannin kwalejojin bishara 39 ne suka sanya hannu kan ECI. Adadin masu sanya hannu ya karu zuwa sama da 100 a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007, kuma a watan Yulin shekara ta 2011 sama da shugabannin bishara 220 (ciki har da NAE) sun sanya hannu kan kiran zuwa aiki. David P. Gushee, farfesa a fannin ka'idojin Kirista a Jami'ar Mercer, ya taimaka wajen tsara takardar.

## Karɓar baƙi
Da farko an karɓi shirin sosai, tare da amincewa daga jama'a ciki har da Pat Robertson, Al Sharpton da Mike Huckabee. Ya bayyana cewa matsin lamba daga masu jefa kuri'a na iya canza manufofin gwamnati.
Imani a Wuri

Faith in Place ƙungiyace ta Amurka da ke zaune a Birnin Chicago, Illinois wacce ke dai-daita shugabannin addini don magance matsalolin dorewar muhalli.Tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da ikilisiyoyin addini, Faith in Place yana inganta makamashi mai tsabta da aikin gona mai ɗorewa. Tun daga shekara ta 1999, Faith in Place tayi haɗin gwiwa tare da ikilisiyoyi sama da 700 a Illinois.

Faith in Place ta kafa kasuwannin cinikayya ta haɗin gwiwa, na wani lokaci, haɗin gwiwar Eco-Halal don masu amfani da Musulmai don siyan rago, kaza, da naman sa.

## Tarihi
An fara ta acikin 1999, a matsayin aikin Cibiyar Fasahar Makwabta, daga baya aka kafa shi a matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta. Da farko ƙungiyar tayi aiki a wurare bakwai don bunƙasa ayyukan sannan ta faɗaɗa zuwa daidaitawar yanki. A shekara ta 2003, sun kafa su a hukumance kuma sun koma ofisoshin masu zaman kansu a ƙarshen shekara ta 2004.

## Ayyuka da ayyukan
Faith in Place yana aiki tare da kungiyoyin addinai a kokarin " inganta kula da Duniya a matsayin wajibi ne na ɗabi'a".

### Yakin Ikon Addinai da Haske na Illinois
Kamfen din su na Illinois Interfaith Power & Light yana taimaka wa kungiyoyin addinai daban-daban su adana makamashi, sayen makamashi mai tsabta da kuma masu ba da shawara don kiyayewa. Bangaskiya a Wuri shine babi na Illinois na kamfen ɗin Interfaith Power & Light na kasa. Sun taimaka wa Ikilisiyar Gyaran Yahudawa wajen gina majami'ar kore ta farko a kasar. Wani aikin da suka sauƙaƙe shi ne Gidauniyar Masallaci a Bridgeview ta zama masallaci na farko na Amurka don zuwa hasken rana.

## Duba kuma
 

* Ilimin Muhalli
* Addini da muhalli
* Kiristanci da kare muhalli
* Bishara ta muhalli
* Ilimin muhalli na ruhaniya
* Kungiyar Masu Sa kai ta Lutheran

## Bayani

* Rediyon Jama'a na Chicago (WBEZ), hira da Clare Butterfield, Agusta 2005.
Rage sawu

Rage sawu wani kamfen ne, na Ikilisiyar Ingila, don **rage sawun** carbon.

Bishop na London, Dr Richard Chartres ne ke jagorantar kamfen ɗin, kuma an ƙaddamar da shi a ranar Muhalli ta Duniya, a watan Yunin 2006, tare da gayyatar dukkan majami'u don gudanar da binciken makamashi da muhawara game da batutuwan da suka shafi makamashi. Ana ganin wannan a matsayin mataki na farko don cimma The 20% Church' - yanke hayakin carbon daga ayyukan Ikilisiya, tsari da matakai zuwa kashi 20% na matakan yanzu nan da 2050, dai-dai  

da shawarwarin Kwamitin Gwamnati kan Canjin Ya.ayi.

Kamfen ɗin yabiyo bayan tattaunawa a Babban Synod na 2005, wanda ya haifar da kira ga Ikilisiya ta shiga cikin batutuwan canjin yanayi da amfani da makamashi.

## Duba kuma

* Guje wa canjin yanayi mai haɗari
* Ayyukan kasuwanci game da canjin yanayi
* Kiristanci da kare muhalli
* Ayyukan mutum da siyasa game da canjin yanayi
* Amfani da makamashi da kiyayewa a Ƙasar Ingila
* Manufofin makamashi na Ƙasar Ingila
* Yarjejeniyar Kyoto

## Haɗin waje

* Rage sawun - shafin hukuma

## Ƙarin karantawa

* Sharing God's Planet (Church of England's statement on the environment); Church House Publishing;  
* *Ana ɗaukar fitila nawa don canza Kirista?* David Shreeve & Claire Foster; Church House Publishing;  .

## Manazarta
Dajin yanayi na Vatican

Gidan **dajin Yanayi na Vatican**,wanda zai kasance acikin Bükk National Park, Hungary,an bada gudummawa ga Vatican City ta hanyar kamfanin carbon. Za'a dai-daita gandun dajin don rage fitar da hayaƙi na carbon da Vatican ta samar acikin shekara ta alif dubu biyu da goma sha bakwai 2007. Amincewar Vatican game da tayin, a wani bikin a ranar biyar 5 ga watan Yuli, shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha bakwai 2007,an ruwaito shi a matsayin "alamu ne kawai", kuma hanya ce ta ƙarfafa Katolika suyi ƙarin don kare duniya. Babu bishiyoyi da aka dasa a ƙarƙashin aikin kuma ba'a samar da carbon ba.

Acikin wani yunkuri mai tasiri don yaki da dumamar yanayi, a watan Mayu na shekara ta alif dubu biyu da bakwai 2007, Vatican ta bada sanarwar cewa za a rufe rufin Paul VI Audience Hall da bangarorin photovoltaic. An sanya shigarwar a hukumance a ranar ashirin da shida 26 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar alif dubu biyu da takwas 2008.

## Dubi kuma

* Ayyuka kan Canjin Yanayi
* Guje wa canjin yanayi mai haɗari
* Saurin carbon
* Tsakanin carbon
* Yarjejeniyar Kyoto
* Lissafin labaran da suka shafi Vatican City

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Sanarwar manema labarai ta Planktos / KlimaFa
* Maganar karɓar Cardinal Poupard
* Carbon Discredit ba a dasa bishiyoyi ba
Adam Abdullahi Adam

**Adam Abdullahi Adam** wanda a kafi sani da (Daddy hikima ko kuma Abale) jarumi ne a masana'antar shirya fina-finan Hausa (kannywood) yana daga cikin jarumai da yanzu tauraran su ke haskawa a masana'antar ya fito a jerin shirye-shirye masu yawa wanda hakan yabashi farin jini a arewacin Najeriya  Shirin da yafi daukaka daga cikin shirye-shiryen daya fito sune kamar haka ana masa inkiya da Abale,sanda,rojo Sanda, A Duniya da dai sauransu.

## Rayuwar farko da Ilimi
Daddy Hikima, An haifeshi a ranar 18 ga watan January shekarar dubu daya da dari Tara da tsassa,in da daya miladiyya 1990 a jihar kano ta Najeriya, wanda a yanzu ya nada shekaru 32 a duniya. Ya fara karatu duk a jihar Kano, inda yayi firamarinsa, sannan ya wuce makarantar sakandiri duk a Kano, daga nan ne ya tafi makarantar koyon jinya da unguwarzoma. Daddy hikima ya shiga harkan fina-finan hausa a shekarar 2020 inda ya shahara bayan ya fito a wani shiri mai dogon zango wanda ake kira da A duniya wanda tijjani asase ya shirya.

## Wasu daga cikin fina-finansa
* A duniya
* Sanda
* Haram
* Uku sau Uku
* Labarina
* Asin da Asin
* Farin wata
* Yan zamani
* Na ladidi
* Makaryata

## iyali
Yayi aure a 27 ga watan junairun shekarar 2023 a karamar hukumar kumbotso.

## Manazarta
Ikilisiyar Presbyterian ta (Amurka) wadda ta Ƙaddamar Tsakanin Carbon

**Ikilisiyar Presbyterian (Amurka) Resolution Neutral Resolution** wani ƙudiri ne da aka zartar a watan Yuni 2006, 217th General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church (Amurka) ya na kira ga dukkan Presbyterian da su nan da nan su yi burin rayuwa ta tsaka tsaki na carbon'. Anyi imanin cewa ƙudurin shine na farko a duniya ta wata babbar ƙungiyar addini don mabiyanta su zama tsaka tsaki na carbon.

Ƙudurin ya kuma umurci Kwamitin Bada Shawarwari kan Manufar Shaidu na Zamantakewa ya bada cikakken bayani game da yadda Presbyterian zasu iya ɗauka don rage yawan kuzarin su, kuma sun gane cewa ‘Kirista na kula da halitta da kuma alkawarin Littafi Mai Tsarki na maido da dangantaka mai kyau tsakanin Allah, ɗan adam, da sauran halittu sun motsa da kuma zaburar da Presbyterians don yin aiki don rage amfani da  '.

Ƙimar ta dogara ne akan rahoton da wani kwamiti mai aiki da aka shirya don Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Manufar Shaida ta Jama'a. Bayan da kwamitin ba da shawara ya kada kuri'ar dage nazarin rahoton har zuwa babban taron na 2008, kwamishinonin babban taron guda biyu sun tsallake kwamitin kuma suka yi nasarar amincewa da kudurin. 

Cocin ta fara lura da 'mummunan damuwar' game da ɗumamar yanayi a Babban Taro na 1990, lokacin da ta yi gargadin cewa 'yanayin ɗumamar yanayi na duniya ( tasirin greenhouse ) yana wakiltar ɗayan manyan ƙalubalen muhalli na duniya ga lafiya, tsaro, da kwanciyar hankali. na rayuwar dan adam da yanayin yanayin halitta'.  Duk da haka, wani bincike da aka yi a shekara ta 2004 ya nuna cewa fiye da rabin dukan ’yan Presbyterian ba su ɗauki ko da ‘matakai mafi sauƙi na rage amfani da makamashi ba’, kuma yawancin ikilisiyoyi ba su aiwatar da shirye-shiryen adana makamashi ba. 

## Duba kuma

* Gujewa canjin yanayi mai haɗari
* Sawun carbon
* Rahoton Tantancewa na Hudu IPCC, 2007

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* The Carbon Neutral Resolution at the Wayback Machine (archived 2007-09-29)
* PCUSA - Electric Stewardship: Plug Into Conservation at the Library of Congress Web Archives (archived 2004-10-18)
* Presbyterian Church Guide to Going Carbon Neutral
Iroko, Oyo State

**Iroko** na daya daga cikin manyan garuruwa a ƙaramar hukumar Akinyele a jihar Oyo a Najeriya. Hedikwatar ƙaramar hukumar tana cikin garin Moniya.

## Manazarta
Udi Hills

**Dutsen Udi**, ko Dutsen Ugwueme da Udi, yana cikin ƙaramar hukumar Arewa ta jihar Enugu, Najeriya. Waɗannan tsaunuka sun haura daruruwan mita sama da matakin teku.

## Tarihi
A cikin shekarar 1908, tudun Udi sun ja hankalin tawagar Birtaniya daga Akwa zuwa Middle Belt,  kuma a cikin shekarar 1909, 'yan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya zuwa Najeriya sun  aika da tawagar injiniyoyin ma'adinai zuwa Enugu don neman azurfa. Sai, suka sauka a Ngwo a saman tsaunin Milliken bayan sun gano kwal.  A kan gangara zuwa kudu sun kafa wani matsuguni ga ma'aikatan Afirka da aka sani da Alfred Camp ko Ugwu Alfred.  A shekarar 1915, tudun Udi shine wurin da aka fara bude ma'adinan kwal na farko a Najeriya amma babayanhekaru biyu aka rufe aka maye gurbinsu da ma'adinin Iva Valley. 

## Tsarin ruwan sama a Udi Hills
Lokacin damina na shekara yana ɗaukar watanni 9.7, daga 12 ga watan Fabrairu zuwa ranar 2 ga watan Disamba, tare da zazzagewar ruwan sama na kwanaki 31 na akalla inci 0.5. Watan da aka fi yawan ruwan sama a Udi shine a watan Satumba, tare da matsakaicin ruwan sama na inci 9.4. 

Lokacin rashin ruwan sama na shekara yana ɗaukar watanni 2.3, daga 2 ga watan Disamba zuwa 12 ga watan Fabrairu. Watan da mafi ƙarancin ruwan sama a Udi shine a watan Janairu, tare da matsakaicin ruwan sama na 0.2 inci.

## Manazarta
Syeda Sajeda Chowdhury

**Syeda Sajeda Chowdhury** (8 Mayu 1935-11 Satumba 2022)yar siyasa ce ta Bangladesh.Ta yi aiki a matsayin memba Jatiya Sangsad mai wakiltar mazabar Faridpur-2 daga 2008 har zuwa mutuwarta a 2022.Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin ministar muhalli da gandun daji na Bangladesh a tsakanin 1996–2001.

## Rayuwar farko da iyali
An haifi Syeda Sajeda a ranar 8 ga Mayu 1935 a gidanta na uwa da ke Magura(wanda a da ke karkashin gundumar Jessore)acikin fadar shugaban kasa ta Bengal a Indiya ta Burtaniya. Dukan iyayenta, Syed Shah Hamidullah da Syeda Asiya Khatun, Musulmin Bengal ne na Syed. Kakar mahaifinta, Syeda Hamidunnesa,ta kasance daga dangin *zamindar* musulman Bengali da aka fi sani da *[[Sayyid|Syeds]] na Bamna* da ke Barguna.

Chowdhury ya sami digiri na farko.

## Sana'ar siyasa
Chowdhury ya zama mamban Jatiya Sangsad daga mazabar Faridpur-2 a 2008, ana sake zabe a 2014 da 2018,.Ta zama mataimakiyar shugaban majalisar Jatiya Sangsad a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu 2019 a karo na uku a jere.

Chowdhury ya zama mataimakin shugaban majalisar dokokin Bangladesh a watan Fabrairun 2009.Ita dai mace 'yar siyasa ce wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Sakatare na Bangladesh Awami League daga 1986 kuma ta rike mukamin har zuwa 1992.Tun daga nan aka shigar da ita cikin Presidium.

Chowdhury ya sami lambar yabo ta Ranar Independence acikin 2010 ta Gwamnatin Bangladesh.

### Zargin cin hanci da rashawa
A ranar 10 ga Yuli, 2008, Hukumar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa (ACC) ta shigar da karar Chowdhury a kan boye dukiyar da ta kai Tk 1.38 miliyan da kuma tara ta ba bisa ka'ida ba. Chowdhury ya musanta zargin.A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 2008,Babbar Kotun Bangladesh ta dakatar da shari'ar da akeyi mata a shari'ar da Kotun Koli ta sake tabbatar da ita a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu 2010.Kotun koli ta bayar da belin ta.A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 2010, babbar kotu ta soke cigaba da shari'ar bisa dalilin cewa ba a bayyana tuhumar da ake yiwa Chowdhury musamman acikin shari'ar ba.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Syeda Sajeda ta auri Golam Akbar Chowdhury (d. 2015).  A shekara ta 2008 ne wata kotu ta musamman ta yanke hukuncin daurin shekaru 12 a gidan yari na tsawon dansu, Shahdab Akbar Chowdhury . An same shi da laifin tara dukiya ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma boye bayanai a cikin bayanan dukiyar da ya mika wa ACC.  

Chowdhury ya mutu daga rikice-rikice na COVID-19 a Dhaka akan 11 Satumba 2022 yana da shekaru 87.  Bayan mutuwarta, danta, Shahdab, wanda Awami League ya zaba, ya tsaya takarar kujerar majalisar wakilai a zaben fidda gwani da aka gudanar a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 2022. 

## Manazarta
Akbar Hossain

Bir Protik **Akbar Hossain** (18 Janairu 1941 - 25 Yuni 2006) ɗan siyasan Bangladesh ne na Jam'iyyar Ƙasar ta Bangladesh. Ya taɓa zama ministan sufurin jiragen ruwa,ministan muhalli da gandun daji da kuma ministan man fetur da ma'adinai.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Hossain a Kashari Patty a ranar 18 ga Janairun shekarar 1941, a gundumar Comilla.

## Aikin soja
Hossain ya shiga aikin soja a Kakul Military Academy a Pakistan a watan Mayun shekarar 1966, bayan kwamandan sa an tura shi zuwa 31 Baluch Regiment. Ya yin hidima, yayi karatun digirin sa na farko a Jami'ar Dhaka, in da ya sami digiri a shekarar 1969.

Hossain ya shiga yaƙin 'yancin kai a shekarar 1971 da farko ƙarƙashin Khaled Musharraf sannan kuma tare da rundunar Z ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ziaur Rahman. Anyi masa ado don wasan galantry, inda ya karɓi 'Bir Protik' saboda rawar da ya taka a Yaƙin. Bayan samun 'yancin kai, yayi ritaya na son rai daga sojojin Bangladesh a ƙarshen Disamba 1973, bayan ya samu muƙamin Laftanar Kanal.

## Sana'ar siyasa
Daga nan Hossain ya shi ga siyasa sosai kuma ya taimaka wajen kafa jam'iyyar United People's Party (UPP) a watan Janairun 1974. Yaci gaba da zama mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar UPP. Acikin 1977, UPP ta haɗu da Jam'iyyar Jatiyatabadi,Hossain ya fita ya koma Bangladesh National Party (BNP) kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa ta.Da farko an naɗa shi sakatare na musamman sannan ya riƙe muƙamin babban sakataren haɗin gwiwa kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin mataimakan shugaban jam’iyyar BNP har zuwa rasuwarsa.

A cikin 1978, an naɗa Hossain a matsayin ministan albarkatun man fetur da ma'adinai a karkashin gwamnatin shugaba Ziaur Rahman.  An fara zaben Hossain a matsayin dan majalisar dokokin Bangladesh a shekarar 1979, ya wakilci mazabar Comilla ta 8 a zaɓen Jatiyo Sangshad na 2, inda aka sake zabe shi har sau huɗu.  A lokacin mulkin kama-karya na soja na Janar Hossain Mohammad Ershad, an daure Akbar Hossain a lokuta daban-daban har sau biyar saboda ya shiga rikici da gwamnatin.  Bayan kawo karshen mulkin kama-karya na soji da kuma zaben Khaleda Zia, mace ta farko da ta zama Firaminista a kasar. Hossain ya koma gwamnati a matsayin Ministan Muhalli da dazuzzuka a watan Oktoba 1993. 

A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2001, an naɗa Hossain a matsayin ministan sufurin jiragen ruwa bayan da jam'iyyar BNP ta jagoranci kawancen jam'iyyu hudu ta lashe zaɓen Jatiyo Sangshad na 8, da kashi biyu bisa uku, kuma Khaleda Zia ta zama Firaministan Bangladesh a karo na uku.  Ya mutu a Dhaka a shekara ta 2006 sakamakon bugun zuciya mai yawa. 

## Manazarta
Tariqul Islam

**Tariqul Islam** (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Nuwambar shekara ta 1946 - ya mutu a ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba Shekara ta 2018) ɗan siyasan ƙasar Bangaladash ne na Nationalist Party. Ya taɓa rike muƙamin minista a ma'aikatar abinci, ma'aikatar yaɗa labarai da ma'aikatar muhalli da gandun daji a majalissar ministocin Khaleda ta biyu. Ya wakilci mazabar Jessore-3 acikin 6th da 8th Jatiya Sangsad.

## Rayuwar Siyasa
Tariqul ya samu gurɓatacciyar sana’ar Shaheed Minar na Kwalejin Michael Madhusudan da ke Jessore a shekarar 1962,kuma gwamnatin soja ta lokacin ta kama shi. Yayi aiki a matsayin Babban Sakatare na Satra Union na Kwalejin Michael Madhusudan, a matsayin ɗan takarar ƙungiyar ɗalibai a shekarar karatu ta 1963-1964.

An ɗaure shi a Rajshahi da Jessore na tsawon watanni tara, a shekarar ta 1968 saboda yunƙurin sa na ƙyamar Ayub. Yayin da yake Jami'ar Rajshahi, an sake ɗaure shi a gidan yari saboda jagorantar boren jama'a na 1968.

Ya shiga jam'iyyar Awami ta ƙasa ƙarƙashin jagorancin Abdul Hamid Khan Bhasani a shekarar 1970. Ya taka rawa sosai a yaƙin kwato ƴanci. Daga jam'iyyar Awami ta ƙasa, ya fara shiga jam'iyyar Nationalist Democratic Party sannan ya shiga jam'iyyar Ziaur Rahman ta Bangladesh Nationalist Party. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mambobi saba'in da shida na kwamitin farko na jam'iyyar BNP. Shi ne wanda ya kafa jam'iyyar kishin ƙasa ta gundumar Jessore ta Bangladesh.

A cikin shekara ta 1980, ya zama shugaban jam'iyyar Nationalist Party. An kuma zaɓe shi babban sakatare na hadin gwiwa, babban sakatare na riko, mataimakin shugaban jam’iyyar BNP da kuma mamba a zaunannen kwamitin majalisar wakilai ta biyar na jam’iyyar Bangladesh Nationalist Party a shekarar 2009.

## Sana'a

Musulunci ya kasance memba na dindindin na Jam'iyyar Bangaladash Nationalist Party (BNP).  Ya rike mukamin ministan yada labarai a majalisar ministocin Khaleda ta biyu .  

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Musulunci ya haifi 'ya'ya biyu, Shantonu Islam Sumit da Aninda Islam Amit.  Amit mataimaki ne na sakatare mai kula da BNP. 

Islam ya rasu a Asibitin Apollo da ke Dhaka a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba 2018. Ya kasance yana fama da matsalolin koda da ciwon suga. 

## Manazarta
Shajahan Siraj

**Shajahan Siraj** an haife shi 1 Maris 1943-14 Yuli 2020 ɗan siyasan Bangladesh ne wanda yayi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar Nationalist ta Bangladesh(BNP). A matsayin sa na ɗalibi, ya kasance tare da Yaƙin 'Yancin Bangladesh. Ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal. Ya kasance dan Jatiya Sangsad mai wakiltar mazabar Tangail-4.

## Rayuwar farko
Siraj ya halarci Kwalejin Gwamnati Saadat, inda sau biyu aka zaɓe shi mataimakin shugaban majalisar ɗalibai. Yayi aiki a matsayin babban sakataren ƙungiyar Bangladesh Chhatra League, ƙungiyar ɗalibai ta Awami League, daga 1970 zuwa 1972.Ya kasance shugaban Mukti Bahini kuma daya daga cikin jagororin 'yantar da Bangladesh. Siraj yana ɗaya daga cikin masu zanen tutar Bangladesh. Siraj ya karanta takardar ‘yancin kai na Bangladesh a ranar 3 ga Maris, 1971, a gaban miliyoyin mutane a gaban Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Yayi aiki a matsayin Babban Sakatare na riko da kuma shugaban Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal (JSD).

## Sana'a
Siraj ya lashe zaɓen majalisar dokoki sau biyar daga mazaɓar Tangail-4. Yayi minista, na gwamnatin Bangladesh, a lokacin 1991 da 2001 na BNP. Alokacin da yake riƙe da muƙamin ministan muhalli, an hana amfani da kuma samar da buhunan sayayya na robobi (jakar polythene) a Bangladesh, an cire babur 3-stroke daga hanya, kuma shuka bishiyoyin zamantakewa sun zama motsi.

A shekarar 2007, an bayar da sammacin kama Siraj dangane da tuhume-tuhume goma sha uku na kin biyan haraji.  An yanke masa hukuncin zaman gidan yari na shekaru goma sha uku, matarsa uku.  An soke wannan hukuncin a 2010. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Siraj ya auri Rabeya Siraj, shugabar kungiyar mata, shugabar kungiyar mata ta BNP ta birnin Dhaka, kuma mamba a kwamitin gudanarwa na BNP na kasa.  Tare suna da diya, Sarwat Siraj, da, Rajiv Siraj, ɗa. Sarwat mai ba da shawara ne a Kotun Koli ta Bangladesh . Rajiv memba ne na kwamitin gudanarwa na rukunin daya.

### Mutuwa
Siraj ya mutu ne a ranar 14 ga Yuli, 2020 a wani asibiti a Dhaka bayan fama da ciwon daji. 

## Manazarta

## Ƙara karantawa

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Md. Shahab Uddin

**Md. Shahab Uddin** an haife shi 31 Disamba 1954 ɗan siyasan Bangladesh Awami League ne, Shine Ministan Muhalli, dazuzzuka da sauyin yanayi a gwamnatin Bangladesh, kuma ɗan majalisa mai ci daga Moulvibazar-1.

## Sana'a

An zabi Uddin a matsayin dan majalisa a ranar 5 ga Janairu 2014 daga Moulvibazar-1, a matsayin dan takarar Bangladesh Awami League. Kuma shi ne bulalar majalisar.

## Manazarta
Anisul Islam Mahmud

**Anisul Islam Mahmud**(an haife shi 20 Disamba 1947) tsohon ministan muhalli ne da gandun daji a majalisar ministocin Bangladesh. Ya taɓa riƙe muƙamin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga Yuli 1985 zuwa Disamba 1990.

Mahmud ya yi karatu a Jami’ar Dhaka (BA Economics, 1969), Jami’ar Quaide Azam a Karachi (MSc Economics) da Jami’ar Essex (MA Economics, 1972). An kira shi zuwa Bar a Lincoln's Inn acikin 1975. Ya kasance Malamin Ilimin Tattalin Arziki a Jami'ar Dhaka daga 1969 zuwa 1970, Babban Jami'in Bincike kan Tattalin Arziki a Jami'ar East Anglia daga 1972 zuwa 1973, kuma malami a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Hertfordshire daga 1973 zuwa 1977.

Ya zama dan majalisa mai wakiltar Chittagong-5 a 1979, kuma an sake zabe shi a 1986 da 1988. Ya sake tsayawa takara a zaben watan Yuni na 1996, amma ya sha kaye a hannun Syed Wahidul Alam. Ya zama MP na Chittagong-4 acikin 2008, an zaɓe shi ba tareda hamayya da Chittagong-5 ba a 2014, kuma an sake zaɓen sa a 2018.

## Manazarta
Hasan Mahmud (dan siyasa)

**Muhammad Hasan Mahmud** (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Yunin shekarar 1963) ɗan siyasan Bangladesh Awami ne wanda shine ɗan majalisa mai ci daga mazaɓar Chittagong-7. A cikin Janairu 2019, ya naɗa a matsayin Ministan Yaɗa Labarai na Bangladesh. Shi ma babban sakataren haɗin gwiwa ne na ƙungiyar Awami ta Bangladesh.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Muhammad Hasan Mahmud a ranar 5 ga watan Yuni 1963 a Chittagong.Ya kammala digirinsa na farko da na biyu a fannin ilmin sinadarai daga Jami'ar Chittagong a 1987 da 1989  bi da bi.Ya kammala masters na biyu daga Vrije Universiteit Brussel a kimiyyar muhalli a 1996. Ya sami digirinsa na digiri na uku a fannin ilimin kimiyyar muhalli daga Jami'ar Transnational Limburg a 2001.

## Sana'a
Acikin 1977, Mahmud ya koma Bangladesh Chhatra League.

Acikin shekarar 1996-2001,Mahmud ya zama mashawarcin firaminista Sheikh Hasina kan harkokin siyasa da majalisa.A shekara ta 2001, an naɗa shi mataimaki na musamman ga shugabar 'yan adawa ta majalisar dokokin ƙasar, Sheikh Hasina. An naɗa shi Sakataren Muhalli da Daji na Awami League.

Mahmud shi ne ɗan Jatiya Sangsad daga mazaɓar Chittagong-6 a tsakanin 2008-2014.Ya samu kuri'u 101,340 yayin da abokin hamayyarsa na jam'iyyar Nationalist ta Bangladesh Salahuddin Quader Chowdhury ya samu kuri'u 72,073.

An naɗa Mahmud a matsayin ƙaramin ministan harkokin waje a watan Janairun 2009 a majalisar ministocin Sheikh Hasina amma bayan watanni 6 ya zama ƙaramin ministan muhalli da gandun daji. Acikin Nuwamba 2011, an ƙara masa girma zuwa cikakken ministan muhalli da gandun daji kuma ya yi aiki har zuwa ƙarshen 2013.

An zaɓi zabi Mahmud ne dan majalisa daga Chittagong-7 a shekarar 2014 a matsayin dan takarar jam'iyyar Awami League a zaɓen da ba a yi takara ba. A zaben dai kashi 50 cikin 100 na kujerun sun samu ne ba tare da jefa kuri'a ba yayin da babbar jam'iyyar adawa ta Bangladesh Nationalist Party ta jagoranci kawancen kauracewa zaɓen.

An sake zaɓen Mahmud a majalisar wakilai daga Chittagong-7 a shekarar 2018 a matsayin dan takarar jam'iyyar Awami League.  Ya samu kuri'u 217,155 yayin da abokin hamayyarsa na Liberal Democratic Party, Md Nurul Alam, ya samu ƙuri'u 6,065.

A watan Satumba na 2022, an zaɓi Mahmud a matsayin hukumar zaben wakilan ƙaramar hukumar Awami League.  Sakatare Md Mokbul Hossain a ma’aikatar yada labarai a karkashin Mahmud an tura shi yin ritayar dole a watan Oktoba.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Mahmud ya auri Nuran Fatema Hasan. 

## Manazarta
Yanayi na Alps

**Yanayin tsaunukan tsaunuka** shine yanayin,ko matsakaicin yanayin yanayi na tsawon lokaci, na ainihin yankin tsakiyar tsaunukan Turai. Yayin da iska ke tashi daga matakin teku zuwa manyan yankuna na sararin samaniya yanayin zafi yana raguwaTasirin yanayin tsaunin tsaunuka akan iskar da ke tafe shine tilasta iska mai ɗumi daga ƙananan yanki zuwa wani yanki na sama inda yake faɗaɗa cikin girma akan farashin daidaitaccen asarar zafi, sau da yawa tare da hazo na danshi a cikin nau'in dusar ƙanƙara,ruwan sama.ko ƙanƙara.

## Yanayi azaman aikin ɗagawa
Domin iska tana yin sanyi yayin da take tashi, yanayin tsaunukan tsaunuka ya dogara da tsayin daka.Tsaunukan Alps sun ƙunshi nau'o'in yankuna daban-daban na yanayi, ta tsayi. Waɗannan yankuna za'a iya kwatanta su ta hanyar rarrabuwar yanayi na Köppen,kuma sun dace da yankunan biotic na Alps.

Har zuwa kusan  na haɓakawa, an rarraba yanayin a matsayin teku ko Cfb a ƙarƙashin tsarin Köppen.Kamar yawancin yankunan arewacin Turai, lokacin rani yana da laushi kuma lokacin sanyi yana da sanyi,amma ba sanyi ba.Ana daidaita yanayin yanayi ta kusanci zuwa Tekun Atlantika.Yanayin ya haifar da yankin ƙwayoyin cuta na colline acikin ƙananan wurare,wanda ke da yanayin dazuzzukan dazuzzuka na gandun daji na Yammacin Turai .Tsakanin kusan ,yanayin yana canzawa zuwa ko dai yanayi mai ɗanɗano na nahiyar(Dfb ƙarƙashin tsarin Köppen),ko yanayin teku na Cfc, ya danganta da wurin.Yayin da tsayin daka ya karu, lokacin sanyi ya zama sanyi kuma lokacin zafi ya zama guntu. Cakuɗa da bishiyoyin conifer da ciyayi sun mamaye wannan yanki na montane, yana haifar da canji na ecoregion zuwa Alps conifer da gauraye gandun daji.

Tsakanin kusan ,yanayin ya zama subctic (Dfc a ƙarƙashin tsarin Köppen),tare da gajeren lokacin rani. Gajeren lokacin girma yana canza dajin ya zama nau'i ne kawai.A kusan , yanayin ya zama sanyi sosai don tallafawa bishiyoyi, kuma an rarraba shi azaman yanayi mai tsayi (ET a ƙarƙashin tsarin Köppen). Lokacin bazara ya zama sanyi kuma kawai ciyawa da ƙananan tsire-tsire suna dacewa don girma.Wannan yanayi mai tsayi ya kai kusan .

Sama da kusan , yanayin yana canzawa zuwa yanayin ƙanƙara, inda matsakaicin zafin jiki koyaushe yana ƙasa da .A wannan tsaunukan, babu tsiro da zai iya girma kuma ƙasa ko dai dutsene ko kankara.

## Manazarta
Rukunan yanayi na Tarayyar Rasha

**Rukunan yanayi na Tarayyar Rasha** sun rubuta tsarin manufofin Tarayyar Rasha game da sauyin yanayi. Yin la'akari da ka'idodin dabarun Tarayyar Rasha. Rukunan shine tushen tushe da aiwatar da manufofin yanayi. Yana wakiltar tsarin ra'ayi game da manufar,ƙa'idojin,abun ciki da kuma hanyoyin da za'a aiwatar da tsarin haɗin kai na Tarayyar Rasha a cikin kasar da kuma a fagen kasa da kasa kan batutuwan da suka shafi sauyin yanayi da sakamakonsa.An amince da takardar da umarnin shugaban Tarayyar Rasha a ranar 17 ga Disamba, 2009.

## Tushen doka
Tushen shari'a na Rukunan shine Tsarin Mulki na Tarayyar Rasha, dokokin tarayya, ayyukan shari'a na Shugabancin Tarayyar Rasha da Gwamnatin Tarayyar Rasha, Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Tsarin Mulki na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin yanayi na Mayu 9,1992 da sauran su. yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa na Tarayyar Rasha, gami da wadanda suka shafi muhalli da cigaba mai dorewa.

## Abubuwan tanadi na asali
An tsara daftarin ne acikin tsarin wajibcin ɓangaren Rasha game da cigaban manufofi da matakai a fagen yanayi a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi. Ya kira sauyin yanayi ɗaya daga cikin muhimman matsalolin kasa da kasa na karni na ashirin da daya, wanda ya wuce batun kimiyya kuma yana wakiltar matsala mai rikitarwa da ke tattare da muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa na cigaba mai dorewa na Tarayyar Rasha.

Babban manufofin yanayi na Tarayyar Rasha, bisa ga rubutun daftarin aiki, shine

* Ƙarfafawa da haɓaka tushen kimiyya na manufofin Tarayyar Rasha a fagen yanayi;
* Haɓakawa da aiwatar da matakan aiki da na dogon lokaci don rage tasirin ɗan adam akan yanayin;
* Shiga cikin shirye-shiryen al'ummomin duniya don magance sauyin yanayi da batutuwan da ke da alaƙa.

Babban yanki na Tarayyar Rasha yana nufin akwai musamman mayar da hankali kan zurfin sakamakon: "Bambance-bambancen bambancin da sikelin canjin yanayi acikin yankuna na Tarayyar Rasha da sakamakon sa ga muhalli,tattalin arziki da yawan jama'a shine sakamakon yanayi na ɗabi'a.Girman yanki da kuma bambancin yanayin yanayi”.Dole ne a mayar da martani saboda rashin yiwuwar sauyin yanayi ya maimaita ta Arkady Dvorkovich,Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa, a wani taron manema labarai na musamman a ranar sanya hannu kan takardar:"bisa ga ra'ayin masana kimiyyar mu, wanda ke nunawa.acikin rukunan yanayi, rabon tasirin ɗan adam akan sauyin yanayi ya kasance yana da wuyar ƙididdigewa.Yawancin sauyin yanayi yana da alaƙa da yanayin dogon lokaci na duniya, kuma duk abin da za mu yi, mai yiwuwa wasu sauye-sauye zasu cigaba saboda dalilai na halitta, don haka dole ne mu ɗauki mataki." .

## Matakan aiwatarwa na zahiri
Da zarar an amince da Rukunan, Gwamnatin Tarayyar Rasha a ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2011 ta ba da oda wanda:

* An amince da shirin da aka haɗe na aiwatar da ka'idojin yanayi na Tarayyar Rasha har zuwa 2020;
* Mahukuntan zartarwa na tarayya wajibi ne su aiwatar da shirin da aka amince da odar, a cikin iyakokin albarkatun da Gwamnatin Tarayyar Rasha ta kafa;
* Shawarar da jikin ikon jihar na batutuwa na Tarayyar Rasha samar da shirye-shiryen yanki na ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. 

## Manazarta
Dutsen Patti

**Dutsen Patti dutse** ne mai tsawon ƙafa 1503 (m458) da kuma yana jan hankalin masu yawon buɗe ido a Lokoja, Najeriya. Ya shahara da kasancewarsa wurin da 'yar jaridar Birtaniya kuma marubuciya **[[Flora Shaw, Lady Lugard|Flora Louise Shaw]]** (later Flora Lugard) ta sanya wa Najeriya suna.

Flora Shaw ce ta kirkiro sunan ( Najeriya ) a cikin 1914 lokacin da ta kalli Lokoja daga saman Dutsen Patti. Abin ya fado mata a ranta saboda kallon kogin Neja da Benue mai nisan kilomita 6 daga Dutsen.

A cikin wata maƙala da ta fara fitowa a *jaridar The Times* a ranar 8 ga watan Janairun 1897, Shaw ta ba da shawarar sanya sunan Najeriya ga hukumar kare hakkin Birtaniyya a kan kogin Niger. A cikin maƙalarta, Shaw ta yi wannan batu na wani ɗan gajeren lokaci wanda za a yi amfani da shi don "ƙarɓar arna da Jihohin Mohammedan "don maye gurbin sunan hukuma, "Tsarin Kamfanoni na Royal Niger". Ta yi tunanin cewa kalmar "Royal Niger Company Territories" ta yi tsayi da yawa don a yi amfani da ita a matsayin sunan wani katafaren gida da ke ƙarƙashin Kamfanin Trading a wannan yanki na Afirka. Tana neman sabon suna, sai ta kirkiro "Nigeria."

A cikin *The Times* na ranar 8 ga watan Janairu 1897, ta rubuta, "Sunan Najeriya da ke amfani da shi zuwa wani yanki na Afirka ba za a yarda da shi ba tare da wani laifi ga kowane maƙwabta ba a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tare da yankunan da Kamfanin Royal Niger ya fadada tasirin Birtaniya, kuma yana iya yiwuwa yin aiki don bambanta su daidai da yankunan Legas da Jamhuriyar Nijar a bakin teku da kuma yankunan Faransa na Nijer ta Upper."

A shekara ta 1900, gwamnan arewa da kudancin Najeriya Sir Lord Frederick Lugard tare da sauran shugabannin mulkin mallaka suka zauna a ofishinsu da wurin hutawa a kan Dutsen, inda dutsen ya rufe zuwa kogin Niger da Benue.      

Makarantar firamare ta farko a Arewacin Najeriya tana can, an gina ta a 1865. 

Sunan (Patti) kalmar Nupe ce ma'ana *tudu*, tare da (Dutsen) a takaice ma'anar *dutse*.

## Ciyayi
Shahararriyar bishiyar Baobab ta kasance a Dutsen Patti tsawon ƙarni. An san tana da wasu ƙima na tatsuniyoyi. Bawon bishiyar iri ne da ganyayen ta da mutanen gari ke amfani da shi wajen magance wasu cututtuka. Bishiyar Baobab abar sha'awace ga masu yawon bude ido saboda suna ziyartan ta. Suna rubuta sunayensu a jikin bishiyar a matsayin shaidar hawan dutsen.

## Manazarta
Tashar Binciken Dajin Agumbe

**Tashar Bincike ta Agumbe Rainforest** (ARRS) filin kiyayewa ne da ƙungiyar bincike, wanda ke cikin dajin Agumbe dake Agumbe a tsakiyar yammacin Ghats na kudancin Indiya. Agumbe Reserved Forests suna samun ruwan sama, sama da  kowace shekara kuma yana kan tsayin kusan sama da matakin teku.Yana samar da wani ɓangare na hanyar Malnad-Kodagu,wanda ya haɗada Someshwara, Mookambika, Bhadra,da Sharavati Wildlife Sanctuaries,Kudremukh National Park, da sauran gandun daji daban-daban da gandun daji a kusa da Kundapur,Shankaranarayana,Hosanagara,Sringeri,da Thirthahalli.

## Tarihi

An kafa ARRS a ikin 2005, ta babban masanin ilimin likitancin Indiya Romulus Whitaker. Whitaker yaga sarkin sa na farko (Ophiophagus hannah) a nan cikin 1971. Har'ila yau, ya samu karɓuwa matuka da irin karramawar da mutanen yankin suka nuna wa macizai, wanda shine babban abinda ya sanya shi kafa cibiyar bincike a Agumbe (Karnataka).Ƙasar, ƙasa ce ta kuɗin shiga da aka siya bisa doka, gine-gine da ayyukan sun dace da muhalli kuma ba suda matsala ga namun daji.

## Ayyuka
ARRS ta gudanar da aikin farko na rediyo-telemetry a duniya,akan King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah),wanda kuma shine binciken farko na rediyo-telemetry da akayi akan kowane maciji a Indiya.Hankalin da aka samu daga wannan binciken muhalli ana aiwatar dashi a'aikace acikin sarrafa macizai a yankin.Masu bincike na ARRS sun shaidi halaye daban-daban na musamman a tsakanin nau'ikan da suka haɗada ƙuruciyar sarki namiji ya kashe wata mace mai juna biyu, wani hali daba kasafai ake samu ba har a tsakanin dabbobi masu shayarwa.

ARRS tana gudanarwa da sauƙaƙe nau'ikan ayyukan bincike iri-iri, kama daga ilimin halittu na daji, ɗabi'a da yanayin yawan jama'a, phenology, geoinformatics da tattalin arzikin zamantakewa. Baya ga bincike, ARRS na mai da hankali kan ilimi da wayar da kan jama'a acikin al'umma, makarantu da kwalejoji. Ingantacciyar hanyar sa kai da shirin ƙwararrun masu bincike yasa tashar bincike ta zama wuri mai kyau ga masu sha'awar bincike da kiyaye fage Cibiyar bincike tana ƙarfafawa da samar da kayan aiki ga ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri da PHD don gudanar da ayyuka.

## Duba kuma

* Madras Crocodile Bank Trust

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Cibiyar Binciken Daji mai zafi

**Cibiyar Binciken Daji mai zafi (TFRI)** Cibiyar Bincike ce da ke Jabalpur a Madhya Pradesh. Yana aiki a ƙarƙashin Cibiyar Nazarin Gandun daji da Ilimi ta Indiya (ICFRE) ta Ma'aikatar Muhalli, daji da Canjin yanayi, Gwamnatin Indiya.

## Rarraba

* Agro-Forestry
* Diversity da Dorewa Gudanarwa
* Kiwon Lafiyar Dajin Tropical da Gyaran Halittu
* Forest Entomology
* Ciwon daji
* Halittar Halittar Halitta da Yaduwan Shuka
* Non Itace Samar da Dajin
* Silviculture da Gudanar da Gandun Daji
* Tsawaitawa

## Tura wuraren bincike

* Kima bambancin halittu, kiyayewa da haɓakawa
* Gudanar da gandun daji mai dorewa
* Dasa kayan haɓaka
* Canjin yanayi
* Inganta muhalli
* Ci gaban kayayyakin gandun daji
* Biofuels daga dazuzzuka
* Haɓaka samfuran agroforestry
* Kariyar daji
* Tsawon daji

## Duba kuma

* Majalisar Indiya ta Binciken Gandun daji da Ilimi
* Jerin Cibiyoyin Binciken Muhalli da Daji a Indiya
* Van Vigyan Kendra (VVK) Cibiyoyin Kimiyyar Daji

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Binciken Dajin Ruwa

**Cibiyar Nazarin Dajin Ruwa (RFRI)**  cibiyar bincike ce a Jorhat a Assam. Yana aiki a ƙarƙashin Cibiyar Nazarin Gandun daji da Ilimi ta Indiya (ICFRE) na Ma'aikatar Muhalli, daji da Canjin yanayi, Gwamnatin Indiya.

Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2022, akwai jimillar mambobi 51 a wannan cibiya ta bincike, ahalin yanzu, akwai sassa uku a nan, wato Sashen Kimiyyar Halittu, Sashen Chemistry da Sashen Nazarin Halittu.

Wasu wallafe-wallafen kwanan nan sun haɗa da:-

* Kwayoyin Man Fetur don Maganin Ruwan Shara
* Ci gaban kwanan nan a cikin Direct C-H Trifluoromethylation na N-Heterocycles
* Kwatanta takin ƙasa a cikin al'adun gargajiya da na tushen alder na shuka iri daban-daban na tsawon fallow a cikin Himalayas ta Gabashin Indiya
* Haɗe-haɗe na tushen tauraron dan adam don yin ƙira ta sararin samaniyar carbon da yuwuwar rarrabuwar carbon na amfanin ƙasa daban-daban na Arewa maso Gabashin Indiya
* Hasashen Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa a cikin Entisols tare da Azuzuwan Rubutu Mabambanta: Halin Ƙasar Arewacin Sudan
* Halittar halittu da ciyayi na carbon a cikin gandun daji na mangrove na tsibirin Andaman, Indiya

Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Arewa maso Gabas(NEIST) ta haɗa kai da **Cibiyar Binciken Dajin Ruwa** don bincike da bunƙasa gandun daji a yankunan Arewa maso Gabashin Indiya.

## Duba kuma

* Majalisar Indiya ta Binciken Gandun daji da Ilimi
* Jerin Cibiyoyin Binciken Muhalli da Daji a Indiya
* Van Vigyan Kendra (VVK) Cibiyoyin Kimiyyar Daji

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Nazarin Dajin Kerala

**Cibiyar Binciken Dajin Kerala** (KFRI) ƙungiya ce dake Peechi, a Thrissur, Indiya. Gwamnatin Kerala ta kafa ta a cikin 1975 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Sashen Kimiyya da Fasaha, kuma a cikin 2003 ya zama wani ɓangare na KSCSTE.

Cibiyar tana gudanar da bincike, horarwa da faɗaɗa fannoni daban-daban da suka shafi gandun daji da gandun daji na wurare masu zafi. Bayan babbar harabarsa a Peechi a gundumar Thrissur, an kafa wani yanki a Nilambur da cibiyar bincike a Palapilly, a gundumar Thrissur. Babbar harabar da ke kan titin Thrissur-Peechi yana da manyan ofisoshin gudanarwa, sassan bincike, ɗakunan gwaje-gwaje, wuraren gandun daji, wuraren shakatawa, gidajen tarihi, gidajen baƙi da Cibiyar Kula da Dajin Kerala. Ƙarshen cibiyar a Nilambur tana da Teak Museum da Trail na ɗabi'ar albarkatun halittu wanda ke jan hankalin baƙi da yawa. Cibiyar binciken filin tana da "Bambusetum" tare da tarin nau'in bamboo na wurare masu zafi 65, arboretum da Cibiyar Gudanar da Bamboo Primary Processing.

Cibiyar ta kuma karbi bakuncin ofisoshin kasa da kasa / na kasa:

* Teaknet - Cibiyar Sadarwar Teak ta Duniya wanda FAO ke tallafawa,  Rome 
* Rukunin Tallafin Fasaha na Bamboo wanda Ofishin Jakadancin Bamboo na Ƙasa ke goyan bayan, New Delhi
* Jaridar Bamboo da Rattan 
* Cibiyar Bayanin Bamboo - Indiya 

Acikin watan Agustan 2019, ƙungiyar masana kimiyya na Cibiyar Nazarin daji ta Kerala (KFRI) ta haɗu da Jami'ar Ghent, Belgium, don nazarin sakamakon sauyin yanayi a kan halittu daban-daban, musamman mangroves a yankunan bakin teku. na Jiha.

## Duba kuma

* Wuraren kariya na Kerala
* Teak Museum
* Dabbobin daji na Kerala
* Jerin Kungiyoyin Gwamnatin Jihar Kerala
* Kerala Soil Museum
* Cibiyar Nazarin Dajin Aid
* Majalisar Indiya ta Binciken Gandun daji da Ilimi
* Van Vigyan Kendra (VVK) Cibiyoyin Kimiyyar Daji
* Kerala Agricultural University

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Shafin hukuma
Cibiyar Binciken daji ta Himalayan

**Cibiyar Binciken daji ta Himalayan (HFRI)** Cibiyar Bincike ce da ke Shimla a cikin Himachal Pradesh . Yana aiki a ƙarƙashin Majalisar Indiya na Binciken Gandun daji da Ilimi (ICFRE)  na Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Dazuzzuka, Govt. na Indiya.

## Rarraba

* Sashen Halin Daji & Canjin Yanayi
* Sashen Kare Daji
* Silviculture & Sashen Gudanar da Daji
* Rukunin Inganta Halitta & Bishiyoyi
* Sashen Tsawaita

## Duba kuma

* Majalisar Indiya ta Binciken Gandun daji da Ilimi
* Van Vigyan Kendra (VVK) Cibiyoyin Kimiyyar Daji
* Social gandun daji a Indiya

## Manazarta