Cinikin bayi na Atlantic zuwa Brazil

**Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika zuwa Brazil** ya faru ne a lokacin tarihi inda aka yi ƙaura na tilastawa 'yan Afirka zuwa Brazil don bautar.  Ya kasance daga tsakiyar karni na sha shida har zuwa tsakiyar karni na sha tara. A yayin wannan ciniki, an yi jigilar 'yan Afirka sama da miliyan uku ta tekun Atlantika aka sayar da su a matsayin bayi.  An kasu kashi hudu: Zagayen Guinea (karni na 16); zagayowar Angola (karni na 17) wanda ya yi safarar mutane daga Bakongo, Mbundu, Benguela, da Ovambo ; cycle of , wanda a yanzu aka canza masa suna Cycle of Benin da Dahomey (karni na 18 - 1815), wanda ke fataucin mutanen Yarbawa, Ewe, Minas, Hausa, Nupe, da Borno ; da lokacin fataucin ba bisa ka'ida ba, wanda Burtaniya ta danne (1815-1851).  A cikin wannan lokacin, don guje wa kulawar jiragen ruwa na Burtaniya da ke aiwatar da shingen hana bautar, 'yan kasuwa bayin Brazil sun fara neman hanyoyin da za su bi hanyoyin gabar tekun Afirka ta Yamma, suna juya zuwa Mozambique .  

## Tarihin farko

Kasuwancin bayi ya riga ya kasance mai ƙarfi a Afirka na dubban shekaru, a lokacin lokacin Ganewar Turai . Mutanen Portuguese sun fara tuntuɓar kasuwannin bayi na Afirka don kubutar da fararen hula da waɗanda sojoji suka yi garkuwa da su tun lokacin *Reconquista* . A wannan lokacin, Alfaqueque shine wanda ke da manufa don yin shawarwarin ceto fursunoni. Lokacin da Catherine ta Ostiriya ta ba da izinin cinikin bayi ga Brazil, cinikin bayi daga Afirka, wanda a baya ‘yan Afirka ne suka mamaye shi, shi ma Turawa sun fara mamaye cinikin bayi. Jerin sunayen bayi da aka yi garkuwa da su don neman fansa da kuma ’yantar da su a lokacin mulkin John V na Portugal ya nuna cewa har da ’yan Brazil an kama su ana sayar da su a kasuwannin Afirka.

Kasuwancin bayi zuwa Brazil ba kawai ga 'yan kasuwa masu fata na Turai da Brazil ba, amma wani aiki ne wanda pumbeiros, waɗanda suka kasance mestizos, baƙar fata masu 'yanci da kuma tsoffin bayi, ba kawai sadaukar da kai ga cinikin bayi kamar yadda ake sarrafa cinikin bakin teku ba - a cikin yanayin Angola, kuma wani ɓangare na kasuwancin gida - kuma ya taka rawa na masu shiga tsakani na al'adu a cikin cinikin bayi na Atlantic na Afirka. Dubi Francisco Félix de Sousa, wanda aka 'yantar a lokacin da yake da shekaru 17, babban mai cinikin bayi na Brazil.

## Dalilin fataucin - tattalin arzikin sukari

Daga 1530, tare da ilimin da aka samu a cikin samar da sukari a tsibirin Madeira da São Tomé, sa'an nan kuma tare da ƙirƙirar a 1549 na Babban Gwamnatin zuwa Brazil, Portuguese Crown ya nemi ƙarfafa gina gine-ginen sukari a Brazil. Amma mazauna yankin sun sami matsala sosai wajen daukar ma'aikata da kuma karancin jari don samar da kayan aikin sarrafa sukari.  Annoba daban-daban da, daga 1560, suka lalata bayin Indiya a cikin wani yanayi mai ban tsoro, ya haifar da Crown Portuguese don ƙirƙirar dokokin da suka haramta, wani ɓangare, bautar Indiyawa, wato, "sun hana bautar da Indiyawan da suka tuba kuma kawai sun ba da izinin kama bayi kawai ta hanyar yaki da Indiyawan cewa suna yaki ko cinye mutanen Portugal, ko kuma su zama bayin Indiyawa. mai mulki ko kuma Gwamna Janar." Wasu gyare-gyare na wannan doka sun zo daga baya.

Rashin samun ma'aikata na tilastawa da 'yanci don amfani da mulkin mallaka na nufin 'yan mulkin mallaka sun fara neman hanyoyin shigar da aiki daga wasu wurare. Amma ga Dutch, daga 1630, sun fara mamaye yankunan da ake samar da sukari a Brazil, kuma don magance rashin aikin bautar, a cikin 1638 sun fara mamaye gidan ajiyar Portuguese na São Jorge da Mina, da 1641, sun shirya mamaye Luanda da Benguela a Angola.

An yi iƙirarin cewa wanzuwar masana'antar rake na farko, dasa rake, auduga, kofi, da taba sune mahimman abubuwa a cikin birni da aka aika zuwa Brazil bayin Afirka na farko, waɗanda suka fito daga sassa daban-daban na Afirka, suna kawo halaye, al'adu, kiɗa, raye-raye, abinci, harshe, tatsuniyoyi, al'adu, da addini, waɗanda suka kafa addinin Katolika na gaba, waɗanda suka kafa addini biyu. Brazil.

## Bayin farko da halalta bauta

Kambin Portuguese ya ba da izinin bautar tare da albarkar papal, wanda aka rubuta a cikin abubuwan da aka saka na Nicolau V Dum diversos e Divino Amorecommuniti, duka na 1452, wanda ya ba da izini ga Portuguese don rage 'yan Afirka zuwa yanayin bayi da nufin Kiristanci. An tsara ka'idojin bautar a cikin dokokin Manueline:  an yi amfani da bautar don haka an yi ƙoƙari don shawo kan mummunar rashin ƙarfi, cewa akwai kuma a ko'ina cikin Turai saboda maimaita annoba, yawancin su daga Afirka da Gabas. Har zuwa rabin farko na karni na sha biyar, yawan mutanen Portugal ya kasance akai-akai. 

Dangane da gwamnatocin Afirka, ko su musulmi ne  ko kuma wasu addinai na asali, kamar yadda ake bautar da su tun kafin Turawa su yi fataucinsu. Kasashen Afirka da dama sun sami dogaro da tattalin arzikinsu na cinikin bayi kuma suna ganin cinikin bayi da Turawa a matsayin wata dama ta kasuwanci.  

Littafin farko na aika bayi na Afirka zuwa Brazil ya samo asali ne daga shekara ta 1533 lokacin da Pero de Gois, Kyaftin-Mor da Costa na Brazil, ya nemi Sarki, a kai bakar fata 17 don ya zama kyaftin din Sao Tomé (Paraíba do Sul / Macaé).

Bayan haka, ta Yarjejeniya ta 29 ga Maris, 1559, Misis Catherine ta Ostiriya, mai mulkin Portugal, ta ba kowane mai shukar Brazil izini, tare da sanarwa daga Gwamna Janar, ya shigo da bayi har 120.

## Yadda aka bautar da ’yan Afirka

Lokacin da Portuguese suka isa Afirka, sun sami kasuwar Afirka da aka aiwatar da ita sosai kuma bayi da yawa.

An bautar da ’yan Afirka saboda dalilai daban-daban kafin a same su:

* saboda su fursunonin yaki ne;
* abin da aka makala: an yi wa mutane alkawari a matsayin jingina don biyan basussuka;
* sace mutum ko wasu tsirarun mutane wajen kai hari kan kananan kauyuka;
* musanya wani memba na al'umma da abinci;
* yadda ake yiwa wani sarkin kabila. 

Ko a lokacin da suke Afirka, an kiyasta cewa adadin mutuwar Afirka a hanyar da aka yi daga wurin da 'yan kasuwa na bayi na gida suka kama su zuwa gabar tekun da aka sayar da su ga Turawa ya fi wanda ya faru a lokacin tsallakawar Atlantic .  A lokacin haye, yawan mace-mace, ko da yake ƙasa da ƙasa, har zuwa ƙarshen karni na sha takwas ya kasance mai ban tsoro, tare da mafi girma ko ƙananan sakamako dangane da annoba ta tarzoma da kisan kai da aka yi ta hanyar bautar, yanayin da ake ciki a kan jirgin, da kuma yanayin kyaftin da ma'aikatan kowane jirgin ruwa.  Duk da haka, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa matakin da aka yi wa bayi a Afirka ba shi da tausayi kamar cin zarafi da cin zarafi da Portuguese a cikin Sabuwar Duniya . 

## Matsin lamba na Burtaniya na kawar da cinikin bayi
A matsayin wani sharadi na goyon bayan daular Brazil ta samu 'yancin kai daga Portugal, Burtaniya ta bukaci Brazil ta amince ta soke shigo da bayi daga Afirka; Sakamakon haka an amince da yerjejeniyar Burtaniya da Brazil ta 1826, wadda Brazil ta yi alƙawarin haramta wa duk wani al'ummar Brazil shiga cinikin bayi na tekun Atlantika, wanda ya fara a shekara ta 1830. Koyaya, Brazil ta gaza aiwatar da wannan yarjejeniya; Dangane da mayar da martani, Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya ta zartar da dokar cinikin bayi (Brazil) ta 1845 ( 8 &amp;amp; 9 Vict. c. 122), ta ba da izini ga jiragen ruwan yakin Burtaniya su shiga duk wani jirgin ruwa na Brazil tare da tsare wadanda aka samu dauke da bayi. Wannan mataki na Birtaniyya bai yi farin ciki ba a Brazil, kuma ana kallonsa a matsayin cin zarafi ga kasar Brazil; duk da haka, gwamnatin Brazil ta yanke shawarar cewa ba za su iya yin yaki da Birtaniya kan wannan batu ba, don haka a watan Satumba na shekara ta 1850, an kafa sabuwar doka da ta haramta cinikin bayi, kuma gwamnatin Brazil ta fara aiwatar da shi.

## Juriya
Wasu ’yan Afirka da aka bautar sun iya tserewa kuma suka kafa ƙauyuka, waɗanda aka sani da quilombo . Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shi ne Mola quilombo wanda ya ƙunshi kusan mutane 300 waɗanda aka bautar da su a baya kuma suna da babban digiri na siyasa, zamantakewa da na soja.  Felipa Maria Aranha ita ce shugabar al'umma ta farko.  Maria Luiza Piriá ce ta jagoranci ƙungiyar.  An shirya ta a matsayin jamhuriya, tare da gudanar da zaɓen demokradiyya.  A tsawon rayuwar Mola quilombo, ya faɗaɗa ya haɗa da wasu ƙauyuka guda huɗu masu kama a yankin kuma an san shi da Confederação do Itapocu *. *  Masana tarihi, irin su Benedita Pinto da Flávio Gomes, sun fassara tsarin kungiyar a matsayin misali mai kyau na juriya ga bautar.  

## Duba kuma

* Vallongo Wharf
* Quilombo
* Tarihin Afro-Brazil
* Manoel Pinto da Fonseca (mai cinikin bayi)
* *Biography da kuma Black Atlantic*

## Nassoshi