Yanayin Kasar Chicago

Birnin Illinois" id="mwDQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago yana cikin arewacin Illinois, Amurka, a kudancin yammacin Lake Michigan . Yana zaune a kan Saint Lawrence Seaway nahiyar raba a shafin yanar gizon Chicago Portage, tsohuwar Hanyar kasuwanci da ke haɗa Kogin Mississippi da Great Lakes.

## Yanayin ƙasa
Yanayin halitta na yanzu na Chicago shine sakamakon manyan kankara na Ice Age, wato Wisconsin Glaciation wanda ya sassaka tafkin zamani na Tafkin Michigan (wanda aka kafa daga ruwan da ya narke). Birnin Chicago da kansa yana zaune a kan Filayen Chicago, fili mai laushi wanda ya taɓa zama kasan Tafkin Chicago na kakanninmu. Wannan fili yana da ɗan sauƙi na ƙasa; a zahiri, sauƙin ƙasa yana da ban mamaki a cikin fili cewa abin da ba a lura da shi ba zai zama tuddai da tuddai a wasu wurare an ba su sunaye. Matsayi mafi girma a cikin iyakokin birni yana cikin unguwar Beverly a 41°42′12.5′′N 87°40′37′′W / 41.703472°N 87.67694°W / 41. 703472; -87.67694 a   .  A kwanakin majagaba, ana kiran wannan tudun Blue Island, saboda haka ana kiransa saboda a nesa ya yi kama da tsibirin da aka kafa a cikin teku mara hanya. A zahiri, shi da tsibirin Stony da ke kusa da shi duka tsibirai ne a Tafkin Chicago yayin da ya koma baya. A gefen Arewa, titin Clark da Ridge Boulevard suna gudana tare da tuddai waɗanda suka kasance sandbars a cikin Tafkin.

Ɗaya daga cikin fasalulluka na musamman na yankin Chicago shine tafkin Mud wanda ya ɓace yanzu a cikin Kogin Des Plaines. A lokacin ruwan sama mai yawa ko kuma lokacin da Des Plaines ya mamaye bankunan saboda madatsar ruwan kankara a farkon bazara, kogin zai gudana ta Mud Lake zuwa Kudancin Kogin Chicago, yana samar da tashar da aka fi so ga 'yan kasuwa na farko kuma yana ƙirƙirar hanyar I & M da Chicago Sanitary da Ship Canals na gaba. Lokacin da aka kafa birnin da muka sani a yau a cikin shekarun 1830, ƙasar tana da santsi kuma yawancin gine-ginen farko sun fara ne a kan ƙananan dunes a kusa da bakin Kogin Chicago. Lalle ne, yanayin ƙasa na Chicago, wanda ya zama mahimmanci ga ci gaban birni mai tasowa (a matsayin shafin yanar gizon Chicago Portage da tashar), ba zai iya jan hankalin mutane da yawa ba saboda tsayin da ke kewaye da tafkin da tsarin kogi ya kasance a ƙarƙashin yumbu mai laushi, yana mai da yawa daga cikin yankin ya hana wuraren da ke da ruwa. Don haka, rikice-rikice na ci gaban Chicago a matsayin birni a karni na 19 ya zama amfani da wannan yanayin ƙasa, amma kuma ya shawo kan iyakokinta.

A arewacin birnin Chicago, akwai tarkace da kwazazzabai da ke tafiya tare da tafkin Michigan. Sabanin haka, kudancin birnin Chicago zuwa Arewa maso yammacin Indiana ba shi da bluffs, amma a maimakon haka yana da dunes. Babban misali na waɗannan ana iya gani a gandun daji na Indiana Dunes, inda wasu dunes suka kai kusan ƙafa 200. Nisa cikin ƙasa, jerin ƙwararru sun kewaye Filin Chicago. Wannan yanki da ke kewaye yana da tudu kuma ya fi na Chicago Plain girma. Bayan moraines, ƙasar ta sake faɗuwa, amma tana haɗuwa da ƴan kwaruruka masu zurfi kamar Kogin Illinois, Kogin Fox, Kogin Des Plaines, da Kogin Kankakee. Anan za ku iya samun duwatsun dutse da kwazazzabai, waɗanda ba su nan daga cikin yankin Chicago (kwaruruwan gabar tekun arewa da kewayen kudu su ne ramin ƙasa ba tare da wani dutse ba).).

### Dutsen Chicago
A lokacin zamanin Silurian geological, yankin da yanzu ake kira Chicago ya nutse a ƙarƙashin teku mai ruwan gishiri mai dumi. Limestone daga ƙarshe ya samo asali ne daga lalacewa da tarawa na shellfish da sauran halittu masu wadataccen calcium. A yankin Chicago, dutsen dutse ya ci gaba da canzawa zuwa dolostone. Dolostone shine dutse mai zurfi a ƙarƙashin laka mai zurfi na Chicago da tarkace.

Gidan dutse na biyu mafi girma a duniya, Thornton Quarry, ya wanzu a kudancin iyakokin birni a cikin unguwar Thornton. Dutsen dutse na dolostone ya tashi kusa da ƙasa a wannan yanki, sabili da haka wannan yanki yana da ma'adanai masu aiki tun daga shekarun 1840. 

Wannan Layer na tsohuwar dolomite na Silurian yawanci daruruwan ƙafa ne a ƙasa a ko'ina cikin yankin Chicago. Ban da su sun hada da kusa da Stearns Quarry a cikin unguwar Bridgeport, dutsen dutse (yanzu zubar da shara) a Hillside, ƙananan Kogin Des Plaines da Calumet-Sag Valleys .  Har ila yau, an fallasa dutsen dutse na Silurian a ƙasa lokacin da Kennedy Expressway ya nutse a ƙasa da UP Northwest Line kusa da Addison Street.

### Yanayi
Birnin ya ta'allaka ne a cikin yankin yanayi mai danshi na nahiyar, kuma yana fuskantar yanayi daban-daban guda hudu. Lokacin bazara yana da dumi da ɗanɗano tare da matsakaicin Yuli na 75.5 °F (24.2 °C). Lokacin sanyi yana da sanyi, dusar ƙanƙara da iska tare da yanayin zafi ƙasa da daskarewa. Spring da fall suna da laushi tare da matsakaicin zafi. A cewar Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Kasa, an yi rikodin mafi girman zafin jiki na Chicago na 107 ° F (42 ° C) a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 1934. An yi rikodin mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki na -27 ° F (-33 ° C) a ranar 20 ga Janairu, 1985. Tare da dogon lokaci, zafi mai zafi a lokacin rani, Chicago na iya fama da matsanancin sanyi na hunturu. A cikin dukan watan Janairu 1977, zafin jiki bai tashi sama da 31 ° F (-0.6 ° C). Matsakaicin zafin jiki na wannan watan yana kusa da 10 °F (-12 °C).

ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na Chicago yana da kimanin inci 39 (990 millimeters). Lokacin bazara yawanci shine lokacin ruwan sama mafi yawa, tare da gajeren ruwan sama da tsawa da aka fi sani da lokacin ruwan sama mai tsawo. Ruwan sama na hunturu yana da dusar ƙanƙara fiye da ruwan sama. Lokacin hunturu mafi dusar ƙanƙara a Chicago a rubuce shi ne na 1978-79, tare da inci 89.7 (227.8  na dusar ƙara gabaɗaya. Lokacin hunturu na 2007-08, tare da fiye da inci 61 (155  na dusar ƙanƙara, shine mafi yawan dusar ƙara a cikin kusan shekaru talatin, kuma hunturu na 2008/2009 ya samar da fiye da inches 50 (127 . Wannan ya nuna karo na farko a cikin shekaru talatin da hunturu na baya-baya ya samar da inci 50 ko fiye da dusar ƙanƙara. Matsakaicin dusar ƙanƙara na hunturu yana da al'ada, dangane da wurin bayar da rahoto, inci 43.1 (109.5 . Mafi girman dusar ƙanƙara na rana ɗaya a tarihin Chicago ya kasance inci 18.6 (47.2  a ranar 2 ga Janairu, 1999. Mafi girman ruwan sama na rana ɗaya na Chicago ya kasance inci 6.63 (168.4  a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 2008.  An kafa rikodin da ya gabata na inci 6.49 (164.8  a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta, 1987. Rubuce-rubucen ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine inci 50.86 (1,292  wanda aka saita a cikin 2008; 1983 shine shekarar da ta fi ruwan sama da ta gabata tare da inci 49.35 (1,253 . 

## Kididdiga
According to the United States Census Bureau, the City of Chicago has a total area of .  of it is land and  of it is water. The total area is 2.94% water. The city has been built on relatively flat land, the average height of land is 
above sea level. The centroid (geographical center) of the city is at , southeast of 28th and Leavitt Streets in an industrial area near the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal. (Before annexations in the 1950s, notably for O'Hare International Airport, references placed the geographical center near 37th and Honore Streets.) Chicago, along with New York City and Los Angeles, California are the three most populous cities of the U.S., yet Chicago is only half the other two cities' individual land areas. Chicago's nickname, "The Windy City," actually acquired from a political op-ed piece, fits the city well as its location on Lake Michigan moderates the climate and often provides a breeze.

Yankin Ƙididdiga Birnin Chicago (MSA) ya ƙunshi Gundumar Cook da yankuna biyar da ke kewaye da Illinois da kuma Yankin Kidididdigar Chicago-Gary-Kenosha (CSA) wanda ya ƙunshi yankuna tara, biyu daga cikinsu a arewa maso yammacin Indiya da ɗaya a kudu maso gabashin Wisconsin. 

## Yanayin birni
 
Bayan gina gine-ginen farko (Ginin Inshora na Gida), Chicago ta kasance a kan gaba a ginin gine-guna tun daga lokacin. A yau Chicago na iya alfahari da samun 2 daga cikin gine-gine 10 mafi tsawo a Amurka da 9 daga cikin 100 a duniya.

Ta hanyar ka'idojin zamani, Chicago ba ta da wani dalili don ginawa: kasancewar tana cikin Midwest, tana da isasshen wuri don yadawa a waje a kusan ƙasa mai laushi na Euclideanesque. Akwai Kogin Chicago, wanda zai iya kawo wasu gardama game da ƙuntataccen yanki, amma tasirinsa ya ragu sosai ta hanyar bin ka'idar Chicago a fadin kogi.

A yau, Chicago tana wucewa ta hanyar babban gini mai tsawo, tare da ayyukan kamar 55 East Erie (ginin zama mafi tsayi a Amurka a waje da Birnin New York) da Trump International Hotel (wanda aka kammala a watan Agustan 2008, shine na biyu mafi tsayi da aka gina a Amurka kusan kusan shekaru talatin) yana rushewa akai-akai. Ana iya danganta wannan ga abin da ya gabata cewa Chicago koyaushe tana da tarihin gine-gine masu tsawo, galibi suna farawa bayan Babban Wutar Chicago lokacin da farashin ƙasa a cikin birni ya karu sosai. Wannan ya sa gine-gine su fara gini sama. Tun daga wannan lokacin masu haɓakawa kawai suna bin tsarin da aka saita a gaban su.

## Muhalli
Birnin Chicago yana tsakanin gandun daji mai laushi da yankin ciyawa mai laushi (musamman Canjin gandun daji na tsakiya, wanda a al'adance yana nuna tsaunuka masu tsawo). Itacen da ke cikin yankin, waɗanda duk suna da ƙwayoyin cuta, sun haɗa da:

* Karfe mai laushi
* Ruwan ƙarfe
* Acer saccharinum
* Betula papyrifera
* Celtis occidentalis
* Fagus grandifolia
* Fraxinus pennsylvanica
* Juglans nigra
* Ostrya virginiana
* Quercus imbricaria
* Platanus occidentalis
* Populus tremuloides
* Sassafras albidum
* Tilia americana
* Ulmus americana
* Viburnum lentago