Mutanen Kofyar

**Kofyar** yawan jama'a ne a yankin tsakiyar Najeriya wanda yawansu yakai dubu hamsin. Bayan nazarin ilimin ɗan adam da yawa, suna ba da  kyawawan misalai na yadda hukumomin mulkin mallaka suka kasance cikin ruɗani cikin siyasar gida; na wadataccen kayan noma a yankuna masu cunkoson; na ci gaban kai-tsaye ci gaba na kasuwa-daidaitaccen noma; da kuma amfani da albarkatun gargajiya "na gargajiya" don ci gaba a cikin Nijeriya ta zamani.

## Tarihin mulkin mallaka
Yawan mutanen da aka sani Kofyar a zahiri sun haɗa da "ƙabilu" daban-daban kamar yadda jami'an mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya suka tsara: Doemak (ko Dimmuk), Merniang, da Kwalla. Koyaya ƙungiyoyin uku suna da yare ɗaya, tsarin tattalin arziki, da kuma asalin tatsuniyoyi, kuma sun zama ƙungiya mai suna Koffyer Federation a cikin 1940s; saboda haka ne masana halayyar ɗan adam suka kira su rukuni guda. 

Lokacin da hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya na farko suka gamu da su, suna zaune ne a cikin tsaunuka masu tsaunuka a kusurwar kudu maso gabashin Jos Plateau da kuma ƙauyuka kusa da tsaunin tsauni. Samun mulkin mallakarsu da Turawan mulkin mallaka ya kasance galibi ba tashin hankali ba har zuwa 1930, lokacin da aka kashe wani Mataimakin Mataimakin Jami'in Gundumar mai suna Barlow a ƙauyen tsaunin Latok da dutsen da aka jefa a kansa. Bayan kuma wannan an kori mazaunan Latok da ƙauyukan da ke kusa da su daga tsaunuka kuma aka sa su zama a filayen da ke ƙasa har tsawon shekaru tara. A cikin binciken da ya lashe kyautar, masanin halayyar dan Adam Robert Netting ya bayyana yadda aka yi amfani da Barlow ba tare da sani ba a rikicin siyasa na cikin gida. 

## Al'adu da noma a mahaifar Kofyar
Robert Netting ya fara binciken ilimin ɗan adam tare da Kofyar a farkon shekarun 1960. A cikin homelandasar Kofyar yawan jama'a ya kasance babba, yana gabatowa 500 / km² a yankuna da yawa. Babban abin da Netting ya fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne sauya yanayin muhalli na Kofyar, gami da aikin noma mai karfi da ake aiwatarwa da kuma cibiyoyin zamantakewar da ke da matukar mahimmanci ga dorewa. Yawancin ƙasar tana cikin noman shekara-shekara, tare da garken dabbobin da ke ba da takin takin don takin zamani, kuma an bi ta kan tsaunuka masu tsayi. Netting's *Hill Farmers of Nigeria*,  wani littafi ne da aka sani a fannin kimiyyar ilimin al'adu, ya nuna yadda cibiyoyin zamantakewar al'umma kamar tsarin gida da mallakar filaye suka daidaita da tsarin noma mai zurfin gaske. Netting ya kwatanta karɓuwa na Kofyar da maƙwabta don nuna zancen Ester Boserup  cewa faɗaɗa aikin gona yana da alaƙa da haɓakar ƙaruwar yawan jama'a da raguwar kowane yanki. Iyalan Kofyar sun yi noma sosai kusa da gidajensu yayin amfani da ƙananan bishiyoyi da tsarin ɓarnar daji, wanda ke buƙatar ƙarancin saka hannun jari, a filayen da ke nesa. Har ila yau, Netting ya lura cewa Kofyar ya nuna juya baya ga tsarin gajeren lokaci mai matukar wahala lokacin da aka samu fili a filayen kudu na yankin gargajiyarsu. Ya kara inganta waɗannan ra'ayoyin kuma ya sanya Kofyar a cikin mahalli mafi girman kwatankwacinsa a *hisananan Manyan, Masu Gidan* . 

## Canjin tattalin arziƙi da al'adu tun daga shekarun 1960
A cikin shekarun 1950, Kofyar sun fara zama a cikin filayen masu dusayi na kwarin Benue zuwa kudu da Plateau Jos. Gonakin majagaba a can sun yi amfani da hanyoyi masu yawa na kona-kona, amma tare da karuwar yawan jama'a da kuma kara kuzari a kasuwa, sai a hankali aka bullo da hanyoyi masu karfi. Zuwa 1980s, Kofyar Kogin Benuwai suna samar da rarar ciyawa, shinkafa, gyada, gero da dawa ta amfani da hanyoyin Ƙwadago amma gaba ɗaya ɗorewar ci gaban  gaba ɗaya ya ƙasa.

Kamar yadda yake a cikin gida, an sami giya gero tana taka muhimmiyar rawa ba kawai a cikin rayuwar yau da kullun ba  amma a cikin tsarin samar da kayan noma. Tsarin noma mai matukar amfani ya gudana kusan akan aikin dan adam, tare da kayan masarufi na waje, kuma babbar dabarar tattara yan kwadagon cikin gida ita ce "mar muos", bikin kwadago na shagulgula wanda aka bawa dukkan ma'aikata giya gero. 

Kodayake mafi yawan Kofyars yanzu suna zaune ne a cikin Kwarin Binuwai (ko kuma a cikin birane), har yanzu mahaifar Jos Filato tana da yawa saboda ƙoƙarin Kofyars na kula da shi a matsayin tushen al'adu da tattalin arziki. Yawancin Kofyar da ke zaune a wasu wurare har yanzu suna da gidaje na biyu a cikin mahaifarsu. 

## Manazarta