Capacitor

A ***'''Cap***** ne mai cewa adana wutar lantarki makamashi ta hanyar tara lantarki caji a kan biyu da ke kusa da juna da aka keɓe daga juna. Yana da wani sashi na lantarki mai wucewa tare da biyu tashoshi. An san capacitor da farko a matsayin **mai kwantar da hankali**,  kalmar da har yanzu ake haɗuwa da ita a cikin wasu sunayen fili, kamar makirufo mai kwantarwa. A cikin magana, ana iya kiran capacitor a matsayin cap.

Amfani da Capacity ya dogara da capacitance. Duk da yake wasu capacitance sun wanzu tsakanin kowane jagororin lantarki guda biyu da ke kusa da shi a cikin da'ira, capacitor wani bangare ne da aka tsara musamman don ƙara capacitance ga wani ɓangare na da'irar.

Hanyar jiki da kuma gina capacitors masu amfani sun bambanta sosai kuma nau'ikan capacitor da yawa suna amfani da su. Yawancin capacitors suna dauke da akalla masu gudanar da lantarki guda biyu, sau da yawa a cikin nau'ikan faranti na ƙarfe ko farfajiyar da aka raba ta hanyar matsakaici. Mai gudanarwa na iya zama foil, fim mai laushi, sintered bead na ƙarfe, ko kuma electrolyte. Rashin sarrafa wutar lantarki yana aiki don ƙara ƙarfin cajin capacitor. Kayan da aka saba amfani da su azaman dielectric sun haɗa da gilashi, [[Kayan Tangaran|yumbu]], fim na filastik, [[takarda]], Mica, iska, da yadudduka na oxide. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da bambancin wutar lantarki (wutan lantarki) a fadin tashoshin capacitor, misali lokacin da aka haɗa capacitor a fadin batir, filin lantarki yana tasowa a fadin dielectric, yana haifar da cajin da ya dace don tattarawa a kan farantin daya da cajin mara kyau don tattarawa akan ɗayan farantin. Babu wani halin yanzu da ke gudana ta hanyar cikakkiyar dielectric. Koyaya, akwai kwararar caji ta hanyar tushen kewayon. Idan an kiyaye yanayin sosai, halin yanzu ta hanyar tushen ya ƙare. Idan an yi amfani da ƙarfin lantarki mai canza lokaci a fadin jagorancin capacitor, tushen yana fuskantar halin yanzu mai gudana saboda caji da fitar da sake zagayowar capacitor.

== Tarihi ==

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1745, Ewald Georg von Kleist na Pomerania, Jamus, ya gano cewa za'a iya adana cajin ta hanyar haɗa janareta mai ƙarfin lantarki ta waya zuwa ruwa mai yawa a cikin gilashin gilashi. Hannun Von Kleist da ruwa sun yi aiki a matsayin masu gudanarwa kuma tukunyar a matsayin dielectric (ko da yake an gano cikakkun bayanai game da tsarin ba daidai ba a lokacin). Von Kleist ya gano cewa taɓa waya ya haifar da ƙonewa mai ƙarfi, wanda ya fi zafi fiye da wanda aka samu daga na'urar lantarki. A shekara mai zuwa, masanin kimiyyar Holland Pieter van Musschenbroek ya kirkiro irin wannan capacitor, wanda aka kira Leyden jar, bayan Jami'ar Leiden inda ya yi aiki. Har ila yau, ya yi sha'awar ikon firgici da ya samu, yana rubutawa, "Ba zan dauki firgici na biyu ga masarautar Faransa ba".

Daniel Gralath shi ne na farko da ya haɗa kwalaben da dama a layi ɗaya don ƙara ƙarfin ajiyar caji.  Benjamin Franklin ya binciki kwalbar Leyden kuma ya yanke shawarar cewa an adana cajin a kan gilashin, ba a cikin ruwa ba kamar yadda wasu suka ɗauka. Ya kuma ɗauki kalmar "batir",   (yana nuna ƙaruwar ƙarfi tare da jere na'urori iri ɗaya kamar a cikin batirin bindiga ), daga baya aka shafa shi a cikin [[Batirin lantarki|tarin ƙwayoyin lantarki]] .  A shekara ta 1747, an yi kwalaben Leyden ta hanyar shafa ciki da wajen kwalaben da ƙarfe, inda aka bar sarari a bakin don hana shiga tsakanin foils ɗin.  Naúrar farko ta ƙarfin lantarki ita ce kwalbar, daidai da kusan nanofarads 1.11. 

An yi amfani da kwalban Leyden ko na'urori masu ƙarfi da ke amfani da faranti na gilashi mai laushi da ke canzawa tare da masu gudanarwa har zuwa kimanin 1900, lokacin da kirkirar mara waya ([[rediyo]]) ta haifar da buƙata ga daidaitattun capacitors, kuma ci gaba da motsawa zuwa mafi girma ana buƙatar capacitors tare da ƙananan inductance. An fara amfani da hanyoyin gini masu mahimmanci, kamar takardar dielectric mai sassauƙa (kamar takarda mai) da aka saka tsakanin takardun ƙarfe, a mirgine ko a ninka cikin ƙaramin kunshin.

== Ka'idar aiki ==

A capacitor kunshi biyu gudanarwa raba da wani ba-conductive yankin. Yankin da ba mai gudanarwa ba zai iya zama iska ko kayan lantarki da aka sani da dielectric. Misalan kafofin watsa labarai na dielectric sune gilashi, iska, takarda, filastik, yumbu, har ma da yankin da ke fama da lalacewar semiconductor wanda ya yi daidai da masu gudanarwa. Daga Dokar Coulomb, caji a kan wani mai gudanarwa zai yi amfani da karfi a kan Masu ɗaukar caji a cikin ɗayan mai gudanarwa, yana jan hankalin cajin polarity da kuma karkatarwa kamar cajin polarism, don haka za a haifar da cajin polarities a saman ɗayan mai gudanar da. Masu gudanarwa don haka suna riƙe da caji daidai da akasin haka a kan fuskarsu, kuma dielectric yana haɓaka filin lantarki.

**Augustine Njoku Obi''' // i (1930 - 2003) ya kasance Farfesa ne Na Najeriya na ilmin Kwayar cuta kuma tsohon Shugaban Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Najeriya. An san shi da haɓaka Allurar rigakafin kwalara da WHO ta amince da ita a matsayin inganci a shekarar 1971.  A shekara ta 1985, an zabe shi Shugaban Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Najeriya  don ya gaji Farfesa Emmanuel Emovon.

### Canjin yanzu da ƙarfin lantarki
Canjin yanzu yana faruwa ne lokacin da halin yanzu ya canza shugabanci. Canjin ƙarfin lantarki shine canjin polarity a cikin da'ira. Ana bayyana juyawa gabaɗaya a matsayin kashi na matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki wanda ke juyar da polarity. A cikin da'irorin DC, wannan yawanci ƙasa da 100%, sau da yawa a cikin kewayon 0 zuwa 90%, yayin da da da'irori na AC ke fuskantar juyawa 100%.

A cikin da'irorin DC da da'irori masu bugun jini, sauyawa na yanzu da ƙarfin lantarki suna shafar damping na tsarin. Ana samun juyawa a cikin Da'irorin RLC waɗanda ke ƙasa. Hanyar da ke cikin yanzu da ƙarfin lantarki, suna samar da oscillator mai jituwa tsakanin inductance da capacitance. A halin yanzu da ƙarfin lantarki suna motsawa kuma suna iya juyawa sau da yawa, tare da kowane saman yana da ƙasa da na baya, har sai tsarin ya kai daidaituwa. Sau da yawa ana kiran wannan da kararrawa. Idan aka kwatanta, tsarin da aka rage ko kuma ya wuce gona da iri yawanci ba ya fuskantar juyawa na ƙarfin lantarki. Hakanan ana fuskantar juyawa a cikin da'irorin AC, inda mafi girman halin yanzu daidai yake a kowane bangare.

Don iyakar rayuwa, capacitors yawanci suna buƙatar iya ɗaukar iyakar adadin juyawa wanda tsarin zai iya fuskanta. Da'irar AC tana fuskantar sauye-sauyen ƙarfin lantarki na 100%, yayin da da kewayon DC da ke ƙasa da 100%. Juyawa yana haifar da filayen lantarki da yawa a cikin dielectric, yana haifar da zafi mai yawa na dielectric da masu gudanarwa, kuma yana iya rage tsawon rayuwar capacitor. Rarrabawar sau da yawa yana shafar la'akari da ƙira don capacitor, daga zaɓin kayan dielectric da ƙididdigar ƙarfin lantarki zuwa nau'ikan haɗin ciki da aka yi amfani da su.

### Zuba
Babu wani abu da ke da cikakkiyar mai rufewa, don haka duk dielectrics suna ba da damar wasu ƙananan matakan yanzu don shiga, wanda za'a iya auna shi tare da megohmmeter. Rashin ruwa daidai yake da mai tsayayya a layi daya tare da capacitor. Kullum fallasa abubuwa kamar zafi, damuwa ta inji, ko danshi na iya haifar da dielectric ya lalace wanda ke haifar da ɓarkewa mai yawa, matsala da ake gani a cikin tsofaffin hanyoyin bututun iska, musamman inda aka yi amfani da takarda mai da capacitors. A cikin da'irori masu yawa na bututun iska, ana amfani da capacitors na haɗuwa tsakanin matakai don gudanar da sigina daban-daban daga farantin bututun guda ɗaya zuwa da'irar grid na mataki na gaba. Capacitar mai leaky na iya haifar da ƙarfin lantarki na grid daga saitin son kai na al'ada, yana haifar da rikice-rikice na yanzu ko sigina a cikin bututun da ke ƙasa. A cikin amplifiers na wutar lantarki wannan na iya haifar da faranti su haskaka ja, ko kuma masu iyakancewar yanzu don wuce gona da iri, har ma sun kasa. Irin wannan la'akari ya shafi kayan aikin da aka kirkira (transistor), amma, saboda ƙananan samar da zafi da amfani da shingen polyester na zamani, wannan matsala ta yau da kullun ta zama da wuya.

### Rayuwa ta Rayuwa
Dukkanin capacitors suna da tsawon rayuwa daban-daban, dangane da ginin su, yanayin aiki, da yanayin muhalli. Capacitors na yumbu na tsayi gabaɗaya suna da rayuwa mai tsawo a ƙarƙashin amfani na yau da kullun, wanda ba shi da dogaro da abubuwa kamar girgizar ƙasa ko zafin jiki, amma abubuwa kamar danshi, damuwa ta inji, da Gajiya suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin gazawar su. Hanyoyin gazawar na iya bambanta. Wasu capacitors na iya fuskantar asarar capacitance a hankali, karuwar leakage ko karuwar daidaitattun juriya (ESR), yayin da wasu na iya kasawa kwatsam ko ma bala'i. Misali, capacitors na fim din ƙarfe suna da saukin lalacewa daga damuwa da danshi, amma za su warkar da kansu lokacin da lalacewa a cikin dielectric ya faru. Samun fitarwa mai haske a lokacin gazawar yana hana arcing ta hanyar fitar da fim din ƙarfe a wannan wuri, yana kawar da duk wani ɗan gajeren da'irar tare da asarar ƙarancin capacitance. Lokacin da isasshen pinholes suka tara a cikin fim din, cikakkiyar gazawar ta faru a cikin capacitor na fim din ƙarfe, yawanci yana faruwa ba zato ba tsammani ba tare da gargadi ba.

## Manazarta