Carol Dweck

**Carol Susan Dweck** (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga watan Oktoba, na shekara ta 1946) Masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce ta Amurka. Tana da Farfesa na Lewis da Virginia Eaton na Ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Stanford . An san Dweck da aikinta a kan motsawa da tunani. Ta kasance a bangaren koyarwa a Jami'ar Illinois, Harvard, da Columbia kafin ta shiga bangaren koyarwar Jami'ar Stanford a shekara ta 2004. An ba ta suna Association for Psychological Science (APS) James McKeen Cattell Fellow a cikin 2013, APS Mentor Awardee a cikin 2019, da kuma APS William James Fellow a 2020, kuma ta kasance memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa tun 2012.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Dweck a New York. Mahaifinta ya yi aiki a kasuwancin fitarwa da shigo da kayayyaki kuma mahaifiyarta a talla. Ita ce kawai 'yar kuma 'yar'uwa ce ta tsakiya ta yara uku.

A cikin aji na shida a makarantar firamare ta P.S. 153 a Brooklyn, New York, ɗalibai sun zauna bisa ga IQ ɗin su; wasu ayyuka kamar share allon baƙar fata da ɗaukar tutar an tanada su ga ɗaliban da ke da IQ mafi girma. Daga baya ta bayyana cewa ta zama "da jin tsoron yin barazana ga sunanta a matsayin daya daga cikin yara masu basira a cikin aji", ta hanyar guje wa shiga cikin ƙudan zuma da gasa ta Faransa.

Ta kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Barnard a 1967,  kuma ta sami Ph.D. a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam daga Jami'ar Yale a shekarar 1972. 

## Ayyuka da bincike
Bayan samun digirinta na PhD, Dweck ta shiga bangaren koyarwa na Jami'ar Illinois, daga ƙarshe ta kai matsayin Mataimakin farfesa. A shekara ta 1981, ta zama farfesa a Harvard's Laboratory of Human Development, sannan ta koma Jami'ar Illinois a shekara ta 1985. A shekara ta 1989, ta shiga bangaren koyarwa na Jami'ar Columbia, kuma a shekara ta 2004 ta zama farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Stanford.

Binciken Dweck yana mai da hankali kan tunani da motsawa.

### Ayyukan tunani
 
Babban gudummawar Dweck ga ilimin halayyar jama'a yana da alaƙa da manufar ka'idojin basira da mutuntaka, wanda ta fara gabatar da shi a cikin takarda ta 1988.  A cikin wallafe-wallafen ilimi, ana amfani da kalmar "ka'idojin da ba a bayyana ba" sau da yawa a matsayin ma'ana tare da "ka'idodin da ba a fahimta ba", "ka'idar kai", ko "tunanin tunani", kuma Dweck ya bayyana shi a matsayin "babban zato game da rashin daidaituwa na halayen mutum". Dweck daga baya ta shahara da ra'ayin a cikin littafinta na 2006 mai suna Mindset: The New Psychology of Success . 

A cewar Dweck, ana iya sanya mutane a kan ci gaba bisa ga ra'ayoyinsu na inda iyawa ta fito; waɗanda suka yi imanin nasarar su ta dogara ne akan ikon haihuwa ana cewa suna da ka'idar "tsayawa" na hankali (tsayawa), kuma waɗanda suka yi imani da nasarar su ta hanyar aiki tuƙuru, koyo, horo da ƙwazo ana cewa suna le "girma" ko ka'idar (tsayawa).  A cikin shekara ta 2012, Dweck ya bayyana tsayayyen tunani da girma, a cikin hira, ta wannan hanyar:

A cewar Dweck, mutane bazai san tunanin kansu ba, amma a cewar Dwecks, ana iya gane tunanin su bisa ga halayensu, musamman a bayyane yake a cikin martani ga gazawar. Dweck ya bayyana mutane masu tunani kamar yadda suke tsoratar da gazawar saboda wata sanarwa ce mara kyau game da iyawarsu ta asali, yayin da mutane masu tunani na girma ba sa damuwa ko tsoron gazawar saboda sun fahimci cewa ana iya inganta aikin su kuma ilmantarwa ya fito ne daga gazawar. A cewar Dweck, waɗannan tunanin biyu suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a duk fannoni na rayuwar mutum; tana jayayya cewa tunanin ci gaba yana bawa mutum damar rayuwa mai sauƙi da rayuwa mai nasara.

Kamar yadda Dweck ta bayyana, tunanin ci gaba ba kawai game da ƙoƙari ba ne. Dweck ya rubuta cewa rashin fahimta na yau da kullun shine cewa tunanin ci gaba shine "kawai ga ƙoƙari". Ta ce, "An yi niyyar tunanin ci gaba don taimakawa wajen rufe gibin nasarori, ba ɓoye su ba. Yana game da faɗar gaskiya game da nasarorin ɗalibi na yanzu sannan, tare, yin wani abu game da shi, taimaka masa ko ta zama mai basira. "

Dweck ta yi gargadi game da haɗarin yabon hankali yayin da yake sanya yara cikin tunani mai kyau, kuma ba za su so a kalubalanci su ba saboda ba za su son yin wauta ko yin kuskure. Ta lura, "Yana da hankali na yara yana cutar da motsawa kuma tana cutar da aiki".  Ta ba da shawara, "Idan iyaye suna so su ba wa 'ya'yansu kyauta, abin da ya fi kyau za su iya yi shi ne koya wa'yansu su ƙaunaci ƙalubale, su ji daɗin ƙoƙari, kuma su ci gaba da koyo. Ta wannan hanyar, 'ya'yan su ba su zama bayi na yabo ba. Za su sami hanyar rayuwa don gina da gyara nasu amincewa. "

### Ayyukan baya-bayan nan
A cikin 2017, ta bayyana cewa "Yanzu ina haɓaka ka'idar da ke ba da motsawa da kuma kafa tunani (ko imani) a zuciyar ci gaban zamantakewa da mutum".  Daga baya a wannan shekarar ta buga ka'idar a cikin takarda mai taken "Daga Bukatu zuwa Manufo da Wakilan: Tushen don Ka'idar Ƙaddamarwa, Mutum, da Ci gaba". 

### Rashin amincewa
An bayar da rahoton binciken Dweck a cikin mujallu irin su Psychological Science da Nature, tare da ƙungiyoyin bincike da Dweck ke jagoranta.

Wasu masu sukar sun ce binciken Dweck na iya zama da wahala a sake maimaita shi; alal misali, wani ra'ayi na 2017 na Toby Young, mataimakin editan The Spectator, ya bayyana cewa:

Nick Brown, wanda ta hada kai da gwajin kididdigar GRIM, ya yi jayayya a cikin 2017: "Idan tasirinku yana da rauni sosai har za a iya sake shi kawai [a karkashin yanayi mai sarrafawa], to me ya sa kuke tunanin cewa malaman makaranta za su iya sake shi?" Brown ya nuna cewa Dweck ko abokan aikinta ne suka gudanar da mafi yawan binciken a wannan yanki. Bayan aikace-aikacen Brown na hanyar GRIM ya nuna cewa wasu daga cikin hanyoyin da aka ruwaito a cikin binciken 1998 sun kasance "maras yiwuwa", ta sake nazarin bayanan binciken asali kuma ya sami wasu kurakurai a cikin rikodin bayanai, wanda Dweck ya amince da shi a fili. Brown ya yaba da "bayyanar da yardar Dweck don magance matsalolin".   &#x5B;**&#x5D;

Sauran masu binciken ilimi da ilimin halayyar dan adam sun nuna damuwa cewa "tunanin" ya zama wani bangare da za a tantance shi kuma a ba da digiri a cikin yara; Matt O'Leary, malamin ilimi a Jami'ar Birmingham City, ya wallafa a shafin Twitter cewa "ba'a" cewa ana ba da 'yarta mai shekaru shida game da halin da take da shi game da ilmantarwa. David James, farfesa a fannin kimiyyar zamantakewa a Jami'ar Cardiff kuma editan Jaridar Harkokin Harkokin Ilimi ta Burtaniya, ya ce "yana da kyau a yi la'akari da gaskiyar cewa hankali ba ainihin kwayar halitta ba ne kuma ba za a iya canzawa ba", amma ya yi imanin cewa iyakokin tunani sun fi amfani da shi: "Ya nuna gazawar mutum - 'ba za su iya canza hanyar da suke tunani ba, don haka ne ya sa suka kasa.' James ya lura cewa binciken da wani tasiri mai mahimmanci na ka'idar tunani. 

A watan Yulin 2019, wani babban gwaji mai sarrafawa na horar da tunanin ci gaba ta hanyar Gidauniyar Gudanar da Ilimi a Ingila, ya shafi makarantu 101 da dalibai 5018 a duk faɗin ƙasar. Bayan gwajin sun gano cewa dalibai a makarantun da ke karɓar shiga tsakani ba su nuna ƙarin ci gaba a cikin karatu da rubutu ko lissafi dangane da ɗalibai a cikin ƙungiyar sarrafawa ba. Wadannan binciken an ƙaddara su ne ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje na Key Stage 2 na kasa a cikin karatu, ƙamus, alamar rubutu, da rubutun kalmomi (GPS), da lissafi.

## Kyaututtuka da karbuwa
An zabi Dweck a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekara ta 2002,  kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Kyautar Kyautar Kimiyya ta Musamman daga Ƙungiyar Ilimin Ilimin Ilimi ta Amurka (APA) a shekara ta 2011.  An zabe ta a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa a shekarar 2012 .  An sanya wa Dweck suna Association for Psychological Science (APS) James McKeen Cattell Fellow a cikin 2013.  A ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2017, Gidauniyar Yidan Prize ta Hong Kong ta kira Dweck daya daga cikin masu cin nasara guda biyu, da za a ba su Kyautar Yidan don Binciken Ilimi, suna ambaton aikin tunaninta. Kyautar ta haɗa da karɓar kusan dala miliyan 3.9, an raba daidai tsakanin kyautar kuɗi da kudaden aikin.   Dweck ya sami lambar yabo ta APS Mentor a cikin 2019,  kuma an ba shi suna APS William James Fellow a cikin 2020. 

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## Rayuwa ta mutum
Dweck ta auri David Goldman, wanda shine darektan gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa kuma mai sukar kuma wanda ya kafa kuma darektan Cibiyar Sabbin Wasanni ta Kasa a Jami'ar Stanford . 

## Manazarta