Lloyd Axworthy

**Lloyd Norman Axworthy** PC CC OM (an Haife shi ranar 21 ga watan Disamba,1939). ɗan siyasan Kanada ne,  kuma malami. Ya taba zama Ministan Harkokin Waje a Majalisar Ministocin da Firayim Minista Jean Chrétien ya jagoranta. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga majalisa, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙasa da mataimakin shugaban jami'ar Winnipeg daga 2004 zuwa 2014 kuma a matsayin shugabar Kwalejin Jami'ar St. Paul (wata cibiya ce ta Jami'ar Waterloo ). A halin yanzu shi ne Shugaban Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Duniya.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Axworthy a Arewacin Battleford, Saskatchewan ga iyaye Norman da Gwen Axworthy kuma a cikin dangi da ke da tushen Ikilisiyar United Church, kuma ya sami BA daga United College, makarantar Littafi Mai Tsarki na tushen Winnipeg, a cikin shekarar 1961. Shi ne babban ɗan'uwan Tom Axworthy, Robert Axworthy (tsohon dan takarar shugabancin Jam'iyyar Liberal Manitoba). Ya samu Ph.D. a fannin siyasa daga jami'ar Princeton a shekarar 1972 bayan kammala karatun digiri na uku mai taken "The task force on home and urban development: a study of democracy decisionmaker in Canada." Ya koma Kanada don koyarwa a Jami'ar Manitoba da Jami'ar Winnipeg. Daga baya kuma ya zama darakta na Cibiyar Harkokin Birane. 

## Farkon sana'ar siyasa
Axworthy ya shiga cikin siyasa a cikin shekarun 1950, ya zama memba na Jam'iyyar Liberal bayan halartar jawabin Lester B. Pearson. A taƙaice ya haɗa kansa da New Democratic Party (NDP) a cikin 1960s lokacin da Pearson, a matsayin ɗan adawa na tarayya, ya yi kira ga Amurka ta ba da izinin makaman nukiliya na Bomarc a ƙasar Kanada. Ba da daɗewa ba ya koma ga Liberal fold, duk da haka, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mataimaki ga John Turner ; yunkurin Turner na zama shugaban jam'iyya a babban taron jagoranci na 1968 .

Axworthy ya tsaya takarar jam'iyyar a Winnipeg North Center a zaben 1968, inda ya zo na biyu da tsohon dan majalisar wakilai na jam'iyyar NDP (MP) Stanley Knowles . Ya fara tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dokoki ta Manitoba a zaɓen 1966, inda ya zama na biyu zuwa Progressive Conservative Douglas Stanes a St. James . A zaɓen 1973, an zabe shi a matsayin Manitoba Liberal a Fort Rouge, An sake zabe shi a zaben 1977, kuma shine kadai mai sassaucin ra'ayi a majalisar dokoki daga 1977 zuwa 1979.

## Gwamnatin tarayya
Ya yi murabus daga majalisar dokokin Manitoba a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 1979, don tsayawa takarar majalisar tarayya, kuma a zaɓen 1979 da kyar ya doke tsohon shugaban PC na lardin Sidney Spivak a Winnipeg-Fort Garry . An sake zabe shi a zaben 1980, ya zama dan majalisa mai sassaucin ra'ayi daya tilo a yammacin Ontario . An ƙara masa girma zuwa majalisar ministoci karkashin Firayim Minista Pierre Trudeau, wanda ya zama Ministan Ayyuka da Shige da Fice, sannan ya zama Ministan Sufuri .

A cikin kayen Liberal a zaben 1984, Axworthy ya kasance daya daga cikin masu sassaucin ra'ayi guda biyu a yammacin Ontario da aka zaba (dayan kuma shine shugaban Liberal John Turner ). Axworthy ya taka rawa a cikin 'yan adawa, yana goyan bayan tsauraran manufofin laifuka, amma kuma yana tallafawa ra'ayin mazan jiya ta hanyar sukar manufofin haraji na kasafin kudi na Brian Mulroney . Ya kasance mai sukar kuɗaɗe na musamman na Yarjejeniyar Ciniki Kyauta ta Kanada-Amurka .

Lokacin da masu sassaucin ra'ayi suka koma mulki a 1993 ƙarƙashin Jean Chrétien, Axworthy ya zama ministan majalisar ministoci. Bayan zaben, an ba shi alhaki na Human Resources Development Canada (HRDC), kuma ya kaddamar da canje-canje a inshorar aiki . Ko da yake babban abin sha'awar shi shine sabunta birane, a cikin 1996 na majalisar ministocin, ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje .

A cikin Fabrairu 1999 da Afrilu 2000, Axworthy ya kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tare da Jakadan Kanada a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya Robert Fowler . A cikin watan Afrilun 2000, Axworthy ya goyi bayan kokarin da ake yi na rage yawan takunkumin da aka kakabawa Iraki, karkashin gwamnatin Saddam Hussein, yana mai nuni da wani bayani na jin kai "don kauce wa sanya 'yan kasa su biya kudaden da shugabanninsu suka yi". Axworthy sun yi arangama da gwamnatin Amurka kan wannan batu, musamman kan rashin wasu zaɓin da za su hana gwamnatin daga karin wuce gona da iri.  A shekara ta 2000, ya ƙaddamar da Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya akan Sa baki da Mulkin Jiha wanda ya haifar da manufar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na alhakin Karewa.

Ya yi ritaya daga siyasa a shekara ta 2000. 

## Girmamawa da kyaututtuka
A cikin 1997, Sanata Patrick Leahy na Amurka ya zabi Axworthy don samun lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel saboda aikinsa na hana nakiyoyi. Bai yi nasara ba, amma ya gode wa wadanda suka karba, Yakin Duniya na Haramta nakiyoyi, saboda sun taimaka wajen kokarinsu. Duk da haka, masu suka suna kallon yaƙin neman zaɓe na Axworthy da shigar da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na siyasa a matsayin abin da bai dace ba, tun da yawancin manyan ƙasashe, ciki har da Amurka, Rasha da China ba su shiga ba.

A cikin 1998 ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka lashe lambar yabo ta Arewa – Kudu . A cikin 2003, an naɗa shi Jami'in Oder of Canada kuma ya zaɓaɓɓen Memba mai Girmamawa na Waje na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka. 

A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 2012, Dattijo, Dokta Tobasonakwut Kinew da, Dr. Phil Fontaine, sun karrama Axworthy&nbsp;– Waapshki Pinaysee Inini, Mutumin Range Frog Kyauta, a wurin bukin bututu mai tsarki. An gane Axworthy don jajircewarsa na ƙirƙirar ƙwarewar koyo wanda ke nuna al'adu da al'adun ƴan asali a UWinnipeg. Dattijon Anishinaabe Fred Kelly da mawaki kuma mai watsa labarai Wab Kinew ne ya jagoranci bikin.

An gabatar da Axworthy tare da digiri na girmamawa daga Faculty of Environment na Jami'ar Waterloo a watan Oktoba 2014. 

A cikin Disamba 30, 2015, Axworthy an ciyar da shi zuwa Abokin odar Kanada, mafi girman daraja. 

## Bayan siyasa
A cikin Satumba 2000, Axworthy ya koma makarantar kimiyya, yana shiga Cibiyar Liu don Al'amuran Duniya a Jami'ar British Columbia . Ya buga *Navigating A New World*, littafi kan amfani da " mai laushi ".

A watan Mayu 2004, an nada shi a matsayin shugaban kasa da mataimakin shugaban jami'ar Winnipeg. Ya yi ritaya a watan Yunin 2014.

Axworthy shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Sashen Amurka na Human Rights Watch, matsayi mai cike da cece-kuce sakamakon rikodi na wannan kungiya na nuna son kai a siyasance, tara kuɗaɗe a Saudiyya, da rashin gaskiya. Har ila yau, yana aiki a majalisar shawara na Cibiyar USC akan Diplomasiyyar Jama'a da na Kuri'a na Gaskiya Kanada, kuma shi ne mai goyon bayan Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Ƙasashen Duniya, Ontario .

A cikin 2006, An zaɓi Axworthy zuwa Hukumar Gudanarwar Hudbay Minerals, Inc. 

A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Duniya - Cibiyar Harkokin Siyasa ta Duniya.

An shigar da Axworthy a matsayin Chancellor na Kwalejin Jami'ar St. Paul, cibiyar da ke cikin Jami'ar Waterloo, a cikin Oktoba 2014. Ya yi ritaya daga wannan mukamin a shekarar 2017.

Axworthy shine shugaban farko na Majalisar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Duniya, wanda Cibiyar Innovation ta Mulki ta Duniya ta kafa a cikin 2017. 

## Labarai

* *Kewaya Sabuwar Duniya*, Knopf Canada Publishing, 2004
* *Masu sassaucin ra'ayi a Border*, Jami'ar Toronto Press, 2004
* *The Axworthy Legacy*, Edited by O. Hampson, N. Hillmer, M. Appel Molot, Oxford University Press, 2001
* *Boulevard of Broken Dreams: Tafiya ta Shekara 40 ta hanyar Portage Avenue - Matsala, Ragewa, da Yadda Osmosis Zai Iya Magance Blight Community', Rattray Canada Publishing, 2014 (A cikin Latsa)*

## Tarihin zabe
 

*Note: Canadian Alliance vote is compared to the Reform vote in 1997 election.*

   

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje