Black bean aphid

Baƙar fatan aphid (Aphis fabae) ƙaramin baƙar fata ne a cikin jinsin Aphis, tare da faɗin, jiki mai laushi, memba na tsari Hemiptera.  Sauran sunayen gama gari sun haɗa da blackfly, bean aphid, da beet leaf aphid.A cikin watan watanin zafi na shekara, ana samun shi da yawa a gefen ganye da kuma kan tushe na tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, ciki har da amfanin gona iri-iri da tsire-tsire na daji da na ado.  Dukansu nau'ikan fuka-fukai da marasa fuka-fukai sun wanzu, kuma a wannan lokacin na shekara, dukkansu mata ne.  Suna shan ruwan 'ya'yan itace daga mai tushe da ganye kuma suna haifar da hargitsi na harbe-harbe, tsire-tsire masu tsinke, rage yawan amfanin ƙasa, da kuma amfanin gona mara kyau.  Wannan aphid kuma yana aiki a matsayin vector ga ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke haifar da cututtukan shuka, kuma ruwan zuma da yake ɓoyewa na iya ƙarfafa haɓakar ƙwayar sooty.  Yakan haihu sosai ta hanyar haihuwa, amma ana kiyaye adadinsa, musamman a lokacin bazara, ta hanyar kwari iri-iri da masu rarrafe.  Tururuwa suna cin zumar da take samarwa, kuma suna ɗaukar matakai masu ƙarfi don kawar da mafarauta.  Kwaro ne na amfanin gona da aka rarraba a ko'ina kuma ana iya sarrafa shi ta hanyar sinadarai ko ilimin halitta.  A cikin kaka, siffofin fuka-fuki suna motsawa zuwa tsire-tsire daban-daban, inda ake samar da maza da mata.  Wadannan ma'auratan da mata suna yin ƙwai wanda ya wuce lokacin hunturu.

## Tarihin lissafi
Takamaiman sunan baƙar fata, ***** ya fito ne daga [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] faba ma'ana "bean", shuka da wannan aphid ke ciyarwa sau da yawa. *Aphis* fabae yana cikin superfamily Aphidoidea da subgenus Aphis . 

Wasu masu ilimin lissafi suna ɗaukar shi rukuni na nau'o'in da suka danganci, ko kuma yiwuwar nau'ikan halittu.

Fauna Europaea ya lissafa nau'ikan nau'ikan guda shida: 

* *A. f. cirsiiacanthoidis*
* *A. f. eryngii*
* *A. f. evonymi*
* *A. f. fabae*
* *A. f. mordvilkoi*
* *A. f. solanella*

== Bayyanawa ==

Black bean aphid karami ne, mai taushi (ma'ana cewa ɓangaren exocuticle na exoskeleton ya ragu sosai)  kwari wanda ya ƙware da tsagewa da tsotse bakinsa waɗanda ake amfani da su don tsotse ruwan 'ya'yan itace daga shuke-shuke. Wannan aphid yawanci ana ganinsa a cikin adadi mai yawa kuma karamin kwari ne, mai tsayi kusan millimeters biyu tare da karamin kai da ciki mai laushi. Jikin yana da baƙar fata ko duhu kore a launi. Manya da yawa ba su da fuka-fuki, jihar da aka sani da Abtery. Fuka-fukai masu fuka-fuki, waɗanda aka sani da Aladu, sun fi tsayi kuma sun fi tsami fiye da aptates kuma suna da kawuna masu baƙar fata da kirji masu haske. Fuka-fukan membranous na alade suna riƙe da kusurwa a kan jiki. antennae suna ƙasa da kashi biyu bisa uku na tsawon jiki kuma duka su da kafafu suna da launin rawaya a launi tare da baƙar fata. Ƙashin ƙafar baya yana kumbura a cikin mata masu sa kwai. Kusa da baya na ciki akwai nau'i biyu masu laushi, masu tsawo da aka sani da cornicles ko siphunculi. Ayyukansu shine samar da asirin karewa. Suna da tsawon ninki biyu kamar wutsiya mai kama da yatsa kuma dukansu suna da launin ruwan kasa.

== Tsarin rayuwa ==

Black bean aphid yana da tsararraki na jima'i da na jima'in a cikin rayuwarsa. Har ila yau, yana sauya rundunonin a lokuta daban-daban na shekara. Tsire-tsire masu karɓar bakuncin sune bishiyoyi masu katako, kuma ƙwai suna sawa a kan waɗannan ta hanyar mata masu fuka-fuki a cikin kaka. Manya sai su mutu kuma ƙwai su kasance cikin hunturu. Aphids da ke fitowa daga waɗannan ƙwai a cikin bazara su ne mata marasa fuka-fuki da aka sani da uwaye. Wadannan suna iya haifuwa ba tare da jima'i ba, suna haifar da 'ya'ya masu rai, nymphs, ta hanyar parthenogenesis. Rayuwar mace mai suna parthenogenetic kusan kwanaki 50 ne kuma a wannan lokacin, kowannensu na iya samar da yara 30. Yaran ma mata ne kuma suna iya haifuwa ba tare da yin jima'i ba, amma ƙarin tsararraki yawanci siffofin fuka-fuki ne. Wadannan suna ƙaura zuwa tsire-tsire masu karɓar bakuncin su na biyu, nau'o'in daban-daban waɗanda yawanci tsire-shuke ne masu tsire-tire masu tsire masu tsayi tare da taushi, matasa masu girma.

Ci gaba da parthenogenesis yana faruwa a kan waɗannan sabbin rundunonin a ƙarƙashin ganye da kuma a kan shawarwari masu girma. Dukkanin 'ya'yan mata ne a wannan lokacin na shekara kuma yawancin aphids suna tasowa da sauri tare da nau'ikan fuka-fuki da marasa fuka-fuka da aka samar a duk lokacin rani. Mutanen da ke da fuka-fuki suna tasowa a matsayin martani ga yawan jama'a kuma suna warwatsewa zuwa sabbin shuke-shuke da sauran amfanin gona. A tsakiyar lokacin rani, yawan masu cin nama da kwayar cuta sun gina kuma yawan mutanen aphid sun daina fadada. Yayin da kaka ke gabatowa, siffofin fuka-fuki suna ƙaura zuwa tsire-tsire na farko. A nan, maza da mata masu jima'i ana samar da su ta hanyar parthenogenetically, haɗuwa tana faruwa, kuma waɗannan mata suna sa qwai a cikin crevices da ƙarƙashin lichens don kammala rayuwarsu. Kowace mace na iya sa ƙwai shida zuwa goma wanda zai iya tsira da yanayin zafi kamar -32 ° C (-26 ° F).    Fiye da kashi 40% na ƙwai mai yiwuwa sun tsira daga hunturu, amma wasu tsuntsaye ko kwari suna cinye su, wasu kuma sun kasa furewa a cikin bazara.

== Shuke-shuke masu shayarwa ==

Baƙar fata wato aphid na iya ciyar da tsirai iri-iri.  Babban rundunanta waɗanda ƙwai suke mamaye su ne shrubs irin su itacen dunƙule (Euonymus europaeus), nau'in Viburnum, ko izgili-orange ( nau'in Philadelphus).  Masu masaukinta na biyu, waɗanda suke ciyarwa lokacin bazara, sun haɗa da yawan amfanin gona da suka haɗa da beets sukari, alayyafo, wake, wake mai gudu, seleri, dankali, sunflowers, karas, artichokes, taba, da tumatir.  Tana mamaye fiye da nau'ikan nau'ikan tsire-tsire na daji sama da 200.  Daga cikin na karshen, yana nuna fifiko ga poppies (jinin Papaver), burdock (Arctium tomentonum), mai-hen (Chenopodium album), saltbush (Atriplex rosea), chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla).  da tashar jiragen ruwa (*Rumes* spp.). 

Abubuwa biyu masu rikitarwa suna da alaƙa da abubuwan da aka fi so, jinsin da shekarun ganye. An ba da spindle da ganye a kan tsire-tsire masu girma a ko'ina cikin shekara, aphids masu fuka-fuki sun motsa daga ɗaya zuwa ɗayan dangane da yanayin girma na kowane da tsufa na kowane shuka mai masauki. Don haka, a ƙarshen lokacin rani da kaka, ganyen beet sun tsufa kuma ba su da kyau ga aphids idan aka kwatanta da ganyen spindle, yayin da a cikin bazara, ƙananan ganye na beet sun fi kyau fiye da na spindle.

== Lalacewar ==
Black bean aphid babban annoba ne na sukari beet, wake, da amfanin gona, tare da adadi mai yawa na aphids yana haifar da raguwar tsire-tsire. Beans suna fama da lalacewa ga furanni da pods wanda bazai girma yadda ya kamata ba. Shuke-shuke da aka shuka da farko na iya kauce wa mummunar lalacewa idan sun riga sun yi fure kafin yawan aphids ya tara a cikin bazara. Celery na iya zama mai tsanani. Tsire-tsire suna raguwa ta hanyar cire sap, an karkatar da tsire-tsalle, ana watsa ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa, kuma ragowar aphid na iya gurɓata amfanin gona.A sakamakon kamuwa da wannan aphid, ganyen sukari sun kumbura, mirgine, kuma sun daina bunkasa. Tushen ba ya girma sosai kuma an rage yawan [[sukari]]. A wasu wasu tsire-tsire, ganyen ba su lalace ba, amma ci gaba yana shafar kuma furanni suna zubar da ciki saboda aikin [[Yawu|hawaye]] mai guba da aphid ya yi amfani da shi don inganta kwararar ruwa.

Don samun isasshen furotin, aphids suna buƙatar shan babban adadin sap. Ruwan sukari mai yawa, honeydew, ana fitar da shi ta hanyar aphids. Yana manne wa tsire-tsire, inda yake inganta ci gaban ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta. Wadannan ba su da kyau, rage girman tsire-tsire don [[photosynthesis]] kuma suna iya rage darajar amfanin gona. Wadannan aphids kuma sune vectors na kimanin ƙwayoyin cuta 30 na shuke-shuke, mafi yawa daga cikin nau'ikan da ba su da tsayi. Aphids bazai zama asalin tushen kamuwa da cuta ba, amma suna taimakawa wajen yada kwayar cutar ta hanyar amfanin gona. Ana samun magunguna daban-daban na sunadarai don kashe aphids kuma Masu shuka kwayoyin halitta na iya amfani da maganin [[Sabulu|sabulu mai laushi]].


Masu cin nama na halitta na black bean aphids sun hada da manya da tsutsotsi na ladybirds da lacewings da tsutsotsi da Hoverflies. Wasu nau'o'in ƙananan wasps suna sa qwai a cikin aphids kuma ƙwayoyin wasps masu tasowa suna cinye mahalarta su daga ciki. Membobin jinsin wasp *Diaeretiella* da *Lysiphlebus* suna nuna hali ta wannan hanyar kuma suna iya samar da ma'auni na kula da aphids.

Tsuntsaye suna hawa tsire-tsire masu karɓar bakuncin kuma suna cin abinci a kan zuma da aphids ke fitarwa. Yawancin nau'ikan tururuwa sun haɓaka halaye don ba su damar karewa da ƙarfafa aphids. Black garden ants (*Lasius niger*), alal misali, cire masu cin nama kamar ladybirds daga kusa da aphids, don haka kiyaye "ma'adinin madara" lafiya. A kan wani gwaji makircin wake na gona (*Vicia faba''), shuke-shuke ba tare da baƙar fata ba sun samar da matsakaicin tsaba 56 a kowace shuka, waɗanda ke da aphids kuma babu tururuwa sun samar da tsaba 17, kuma waɗanda ke da tururuwa da aphids sun samar da kimanin tsaba 8 kawai a kowace shuke-tsire.

## Kala kala
Black bean aphid na iya samo asali ne a Turai da Asiya, amma yanzu yana daya daga cikin nau'ikan aphids da aka fi rarraba. Ana samunsa a ko'ina cikin yankuna masu matsakaici na Yammacin Turai, Asiya, da Arewacin Amurka da kuma sassan da suka fi sanyi na Afirka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, da Kudancin Amurka. A cikin sassan da suka fi zafi, mutane masu kyau na iya tsira daga hunturu kuma suna iya ci gaba da haifuwa ba tare da jima'i ba duk shekara. An san shi da ƙaura.

## Manazarta