Fataucin Bil adama a Turai

**Fataucin bil adama a Turai** wani lamari ne da ya shafi yanki ne na faffadan al’adar ciniki a tsakanin ‘yan adam don dalilai daban-daban na cin zarafi. Fataucin bil adama ya wanzu tsawon ƙarni a duk faɗin duniya, kuma ya biyo baya daga aikin bautar da aka yi a baya,  wanda ya bambanta da fataucin ɗan adam ta yadda doka ta amince da shi kuma an yarda da shi. Ya zama abin damuwa ga ƙasashe a Turai tun juyin juya halin a shekarar 1989 . Canjin tattalin arzikin kasuwa a wasu ƙasashe ya haifar da dama da kuma asarar tsaro ga 'yan ƙasar. Wahalhalun tattalin arziki da alkawurran wadata sun sa mutane da yawa cikin halin kaka-nika-yi da fataucinsu a cikin ƙasashen su da wuraren da ake zuwa a wasu sassan Turai da duniya. Na musamman ga ƙasashen Balkan wasu yanayi ne da ke tallafawa fataucin, kamar ƙungiyoyin laifuka, da dabarun daukar ma'aikata da ke ci gaba da yin ta. Yayin da za a iya yin wasu bayanai dalla-dalla, kasashen da ke wannan yanki suna fuskantar ƙalubale daban-daban kuma suna kan matakai daban-daban na bin ƙa'idojin fataucin mutane.

## Dalilai
An bayyana Rushewar Tarayyar Soviet a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka taimaka wajen bayyana karuwar fataucin mutane a Turai. Ya ba da duka jarin ɗan adam da sabbin damar yanki don haɓaka faɗaɗawa.  Bayan wannan lokacin, fataucin waɗanda aka kashe, musamman mata, ya kuma faɗaɗa ya haɗa da nau'ikan ma'adinai ma mabambanta, waɗanda aka sami taimako ta hanyar ƙaruwar manyan laifuffuka, cin hanci da rashawa da raguwar iyakoki.  Iyakoki mara kyau da kusancin ƙasashe masu arziki sun sanya sauƙi da rahusa jigilar waɗanda abin ya shafa a cikin yankin da kuma ƙasashen waje. 

Wani abin da ya taimaka wajen haɓaka fataucin shi ne yaƙi da yaƙi a ƙasashen Balkan . Kasancewar yawancin mazan kasashen waje a yankin Balkan bayan yakin Yugoslavia ya kai ga fataucin dubban mata don yin lalata da su.  Alakar da ke tsakanin sansanonin soja da aikin jima'i wani sanannen lamari ne kuma sojoji sun taimaka wajen fitar da buƙatar gidajen karuwai a wannan yanki. 

A wajen al'ummomin Balkan, an kuma danganta halatta neman karuwanci  da karuwar fataucin, inda aka gano Netherlands a matsayin mai yawan kaso na wadanda aka yi fataucin da ake kai su can.

## Yaduwa
Ko da yake ana samun kowane nau'i na fataucin a Turai, fataucin jima'i ya fi samun kulawa kuma an yada yadda ake cin zarafin 'yan mata da mata a wannan yanki a kafafen yada labarai.     Tsakanin shekarar 2003-2004, kashi 85% na wadanda aka taimaka wa wadanda aka yi wa agajin sun kasance wadanda aka yi musu fyaɗe.  “Bambancin fataucin bayan Tarayyar Soviet da Gabashin Turai shi ne saurin da ya girma da kuma dunkulewa duniya baki daya. Babu cinikin da aka daɗe a cikin ɗan adam ko kafa hanyoyin sadarwa don sauƙaƙe wannan kasuwancin. Maimakon haka, yanayin al'ummomin riƙon kwarya ya haifar da kyakkyawan yanayin da ya dace don kasuwanci a cikin 'yan adam. Yanzu shekaru bayan mika mulki na farko, duk nau’o’in fataucin bil-Adama sun zama ruwan dare a yankin, sakamakon fatara, rashin ingantaccen matakan da za a dauka, da haɗa baki da jami’an gwamnati akai-akai a wannan sana’a, da karuwar sana’o’in muggan laifuka.” 

### Hanyoyin fataucin mutane
Teburin mai zuwa yayi cikakken bayani akan nau'ikan fataucin na musamman ga wasu wurare a Turai.  Waɗannan nau'ikan  guda uku, wadanda Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai yaki da muggan kwayoyi da laifuffuka da Farfesa Louise Shelley suka kirkira na da amfani wajen samar da dabarun tabbatar da doka don yakar fataucin mutane. Tun da Turai ta ƙunshi ƙasashe da yawa masu tarihin siyasa daban-daban, nau'ikan nau'ikan uku sun shafi wannan yanki. Akwai kamanceceniya tsakanin waɗannan nau'ikan guda uku kuma idan aka kwatanta da nau'ikan sauran yankuna da ƙasashe, a bayyane yake cewa fataucin ya fi shafar mata, tashin hankali, da alaƙa da sauran nau'ikan laifuka.

## daukar ma'aikata
Ƙungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka a yankin Balkan da tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet sun sami nasara ta hanyar sassauƙa da sauya hanyoyinsu da hanyoyinsu don dacewa da kasuwannin duniya da ke saurin canzawa.  Kwarewar aikin da aka yi a baya da manyan matakan ilimi sun ba masu fataucin damar yin "samar da takardu na yaudara, yin amfani da fasahar sadarwa ta zamani, da yin aiki cikin nasara a kan iyakokin."  Haɗin kansu da ikon yin amfani da fasahar zamani ta haifar da ƙalubale ga gwamnatoci da hukumomin tilasta bin doka da ke neman yin bincike da gurfanar da masu fataucinsu. Wani hali na musamman shine ci gaban ilimi na yawancin waɗanda aka yi safarar su. Ko da yake sun ƙware don samun aiki a ƙasashensu na asali, waɗanda abin ya shafa sukan nemi mafi kyawun damammaki ko biyan kuɗi a ƙasashen waje. An yi amfani da dabaru da dama wajen daukar wadanda abin ya shafa masu ilimi da suka hada da hukumomin aure da ayyukan yi, hukumomin tsara kayan aikin jabu, wuraren shirya fina-finai, da yin aiki da karatu a kasashen waje.  Domin akwai halaltattun damammaki a waɗannan fagagen, galibi yana da wahala a ware tallace-tallacen na yaudara da sahihan damammaki. Waɗannan tallace-tallacen da aka buga ba a cika tantance su ba.

### Fataucin yara
Fataucin yara a yankin Balkan yana yiwuwa ya faru a cikin yara masu ƙasa da goma sha biyu (don bara, sata, da sauran laifuffukan titi) da kuma waɗanda suka girmi 15 (don cin zarafin kasuwanci).    Haramcin al'adu gabaɗaya yana hana fataucin yara maza don yin lalata da su, duk da haka, an lura da wasu lokuta a tsakanin yaran Romania da ake fataucinsu a ƙasashen waje. Masu fama da fataucin yara su ne naƙasassu da yara na wasu ƙabilu na musamman, irin su Jevgjit da ke Albaniya da kuma ƙabilar Romani a wasu sassan yankin. Wani rahoton UNICEF da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2006, ya nuna cewa yaran da suka cika waɗannan sharuɗɗa ba gabaɗaya ba ne waɗanda masu fataucin waje ke fama da su, amma ƴan yankinsu ne, waɗanda ke neman samun kuɗin shiga daga sayar da su a ƙasashen waje.  Wannan rahoton ya kuma bayyana halaye guda biyar na gama-gari na yara da ke cikin haɗarin fataucinsu a yankin Balkan. Waɗannan sun haɗa da: 

* yaran da ke fama da tashin hankalin gida
* yaran da ba su da tallafin iyali da kariya (misali yaran da ke zaune a cibiyoyi)
* yaran da suka daina zuwa makaranta
* yaran 'yan tsiraru (misali. Roma)
* yaran da aka yi safararsu a baya

## Ƙalubale
Duk da cewa yakin da ake yi na yaƙi da fataucin mutane a cikin ‘yan shekarun da suka gabata ya yi tasiri wajen dakile wasu nau’o’in fataucin, tattara bayanai da sarrafa bayanai na ci gaba da zama matsala ga kasashen yankin Balkan (kudu maso gabashin Turai).  Tarin bayanai wani muhimmin kayan aiki ne don sa ido kan yanayin ƙasa da yanki kuma ana amfani da bincike akai-akai don tsara manufofin hana fataucin mutane. Yana kuma da mahimmanci a tattara bayanai kan duka waɗanda abin ya shafa da masu fataucin su kuma ana amfani da bayanai kan adadin bincike da gurfanar da su a yayin tantance ayyukan ƙasa.

Wasu daga cikin matsalolin tattara bayanai da aka gano a wannan yanki sune: 

* ba a fahimci yawan laifukan da aka aikata tare da wadanda aka gano, bincike, da kuma gurfanar da su ba
* ana buƙatar haɗin kai ta ƴan wasan kwaikwayo iri-iri kuma ana buƙatar daidaita kididdigar ƙididdiga a cikin ƙungiyoyi da hukumomi
* Rashin yarda da juna tsakanin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da gwamnati na iya hana raba bayanai a fili, musamman idan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna ganin cewa musayar bayanan abokan cinikin su zai jefa ko dai wanda aka azabtar ko kuma kungiyar cikin hadari.
* za a iya samun shingen harshe, al'adu, da tsakanin mutane waɗanda ke haifar da waɗanda abin ya shafa ga abubuwan da ba a bayyana ba.
* Ana binciken wasu abubuwan da suka faru na fataucin kamar fasa-kwauri, karuwanci da sauransu, wanda ke hana kama su a cikin ma'ajin bayanai.
* al'amuran da aka bincika kamar yadda fataucin zai iya ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin haka, koda kuwa an sake sanya su azaman ƙarami.

Don magance waɗannan batutuwa, Cibiyar Ci Gaban Harkokin Hijira ta Duniya, tare da haɗin gwiwar gwamnatocin ƙasashe da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, sun kuma fara aiwatar da tsari na daidaita tsarin tattara bayanai da bayar da rahoto a duk Turai.

## Matsayin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu
*Dubi Karin Karatu: 'Rahoton Shekara Na Biyu Akan Wadanda Fataucin Aka Yi A Kudu Maso Gabashin Turai' don jerin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke aiki don yaki da fataucin mutane*

Duk da yake akwai abubuwa da yawa da ke iyakance ikon ƙungiyoyin sa-kai don mayar da martani ga fataucin, kamar rashin kuɗi, manyan ayyuka, da rashin tallafin gwamnati, ƙungiyoyin sa-kai suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tallafawa waɗanda abin ya shafa.  Galibin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, wadanda suka bullo a shekarun 1990, da farko sun yi gwagwarmayar rike karfinsu wajen yakar masu fataucin mutane.  Yayin da nasarorin da suka samu ya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, ana ganin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da suka shiga tare da ɗaukar matakin inda gwamnatoci suka gaza. Wadanda abin ya shafa sun fi amincewa da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu saboda "yawan masu fataucin suna tsoro da rashin yarda da kungiyoyi na jihohi yayin da suke yawan shiga kasashen da aka nufa ba bisa ka'ida ba, ko kuma an cire musu takardunsu idan sun isa."  Tsoron fitar da su gida, tilasta musu ba da shaida, ko kuma ramuwar gayya daga masu fataucinsu su ma suna ba da gudummawa ga rashin son tunkarar hukumomin da suka dace don tallafa musu. Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun tashi don cike wannan gibin da kuma ba da sabis ga waɗanda abin ya shafa. Ayyukan da suke bayarwa sun haɗa da: 

* shawarwari na shari'a, zamantakewa, da tunani da goyon bayan sake haɗawa
* ilimi da wayar da kan jama'a game da illolin fataucin
* goyon bayan bayanai da ƙididdiga da bincike
* yin fafutukar kare hakkin wadanda aka kashe 

## Hoton ƙasa

**TIERS** 

*Ƙasashe na TIER 1* waɗanda gwamnatocinsu suka cika cikakkiyar ƙa'idodin Dokar Kariyar Fatauci (TVPA)

*Ƙasashe na 2* waɗanda gwamnatoci ba su cika cika ƙa'idodin TVPA ba, amma suna yin ƙoƙari sosai don tabbatar da kansu ga waɗannan ƙa'idodin.

*KASASHE NA 3* waɗanda gwamnatocinsu ba su cika cika ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi ba kuma ba sa ƙoƙarin yin hakan.

## Don Takaitaccen Bayanin Ƙasa

## Duba kuma

* Fataucin Jima'i a Turai

## Manazarta

## Ci gaba da karatu

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