Bautar da bayi a Haiti

**Bautar da Bayi a Haiti** (Faransanci: *L'Esclavage en Haïti*; Haitian Creole: *Esklavaj an Ayiti*) ya fara ne a wani lokaci da ba a sani ba tare da bautar da 'yan asalin ƙasar ke yi a lokacin da Turawa suka fara isa tsibirin a shekarar 1492. Turawa sun yi aikin tilasta wa al'ummar ƙasar har sai da cutar ta hallaka al'ummar. Don maye gurbin ƙarancin aikin ’yan ƙasa, an fara shigo da ’yan Afirka bayi da gaske a cikin ƙarni na 16. A farkon karni na 17 Saint-Domingue (Haiti ta yau) ta kasance jama'ar bayi tare da yawancin jama'a bayi. 

Dangane da yanayin bautar, manufofin juyin juya halin Faransa, da kuma yawan adadin bayin da aka yi aka  'yantar, a Haiti ya kasance wurin tawayen bayi wanda ya zama juyin juya halin Haiti. An kawar da bauta a lokacin juyin juya hali amma daga baya wasu shugabanni suka dawo da aikin tilastawa, suna ganin tsarin tattalin arzikin irin shuka shi ne kaɗai hanyar da Haiti za ta yi nasara.

Har yanzu ana yin aikin da ba a biya ba a Haiti. Kimanin yara rabin miliyan ne ma'aikatan gida da ba a biya su ba da ake kira restavek, waɗanda a kai a kai suna fuskantar cin zarafi ta jiki da ta jima'i. Bugu da ƙari, fataucin ɗan adam, gami da fataucin yara, da fataucin jima'i manyan matsaloli ne a Haiti, musamman tasiri ga mutanen da ke ƙaura zuwa Jamhuriyar Dominican. Yawancin waɗannan batutuwa sun fusata saboda bala'o'i da rashin kwanciyar hankali.

Haiti ita ce ƙasa ta biyu mafi girma na bautar da bayi a duniya, bayan Mauritania kawai da Ofishin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka don Sa ido da Yaki da fataucin mutane ya sanya ƙasar a cikin "Tier 2 Watchlist" tun daga shekarar 2017. 

## Tarihi

### Spaniya Hispaniola (1492-1625)
Mutanen Taino da ke zaune a tsibirin da za a kira Hispaniola sun yi maraba da Christopher Columbus da ma'aikatansa lokacin da suka sauka a tsibirin a watan Oktoba 1492.  A zamanin Pre-Columbian, wasu ƙabilun Caribbean za su kai hari tsibirin don yin garkuwa da mutane zuwa bauta.  Turawan mulkin mallaka sun kafa bautar da bayi a tsibirin kuma suka mayar da shi babban wurin kasuwanci. 

A tsawon lokaci, Turawa sun kafa gonaki da suka dogara da aikin bayi waɗanda ke shuka sukari da sauran amfanin gona.  Bugu da ƙari an tilastawa 'yan ƙasar yin hakar zinare da tagulla, waɗanda suka yi matukar tasiri a rayuwa da lafiya. 

Dangane da wannan ta'asa, wasu ƴan ƙasar sun yi yaƙi da su kuma suka tsere zuwa ɓangarorin tsaunukan tsibirin kuma suka kafa al'ummomi a fake a matsayin "maruns".   Mutanen Spaniya sun mayar da martani ga juriya na asali tare da ramuwar gayya mai tsanani, misali lalata amfanin gona don kashe 'yan asalin.  A shekara ta 1495, Mutanen Espaniya sun aika da 500 da aka kama zuwa Spain a matsayin bayi, amma 200 ba su tsira daga balaguron ba, sauran kuma sun mutu ba da daɗewa ba.  A ƙarshen shekarar 1490s sun shirya aika bayi 4,000 zuwa Spain a kowace shekara, amma wannan tsammanin ya gaza yin la'akari da saurin raguwar jama'ar ƙasar nan da nan kuma ba a taɓa samun nasara ba. 

Ba a san yawan mutanen Taino da ke tsibirin ba kafin zuwan Columbus  alkaluma sun kai daga dubu da dama zuwa miliyan takwas  amma yawan bautar da ake yi da kuma wasu cututtuka musamman waɗanda Turawa suka ɓullo da su ba da gangan ba, waɗanda ‘yan asalin ƙasar ba su da juriya, da sauri suka kashe wani ɓangare na al’ummar ƙasar.  Tsakanin shekarun 1492 da 1494, kashi ɗaya bisa uku na al'ummar ƙasar a tsibirin sun mutu kuma a shekara ta 1514, kashi 92% na al'ummar tsibirin sun mutu.  

Wani ɗan mishan ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya Bartolomé de las Casas ya yi magana game da bautar da ’yan asalin ƙasar da kuma zaluncin Mutanen Spaniya.  Yaƙin Las Casas ya kai ga kawo ƙarshen bautar Tainos a hukumance a shekarar 1542; duk da haka, an maye gurbinsa da cinikin bayi na Afirka. 

Saurin mutuwa da 'yan asalin ƙasar ke yi ya haifar da rashin aikin yi wanda ya cika da shigo da 'yan Afirka.  Ana kallon aikin Afirka a matsayin abin da ya dace tunda mutanen Afirka da Turawa sun kasance suna hulɗa da juna tsawon ƙarni kuma suna da rigakafi daga cututtuka iri ɗaya. 

Wasu bayin da suka shigo daga Afirka da kuma tsibiran da ke makwabtaka da su sun iya tserewa kuma suka shiga al’ummomin maroon a cikin tsaunuka.  A cikin shekarar 1519, ’yan Afirka da ’yan asalin ƙasar Amirka sun haɗa ƙarfi don fara tawayen bayi wanda ya rikiɗe zuwa tada kayar baya na tsawon shekaru, wanda a ƙarshe Mutanen Espaniya suka murkushe su a cikin shekarar 1530s. 

Al'adar bautar da ake yi a cikin sabuwar duniya ta Spain za ta zama mai girma da cewa shigo da bayi na Afirka ya zarce yawan shige da ficen Mutanen Espaniya zuwa Sabuwar Duniya a ƙarshen shekarun 1500s.  

## Manazarta