Rubutun Merton

**Merton thesis** gardama ce game da yanayin kimiyyar gwaji ta farko da Robert K. Merton ya gabatar. Kamar yadda Max Weber ya yi sanannen da'awar game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin ka'idojin aikin Furotesta da tattalin arzikin jari-hujja, Merton ya yi jayayya game da irin wannan kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin tashiwar Pietism na Furotesta le farkon gwajin kimiyya. Rubutun Merton ya haifar da muhawara ta ci gaba.

Kodayake malamai har yanzu suna muhawara game da shi, rubutun digiri na Merton na 1936 (kuma shekaru biyu bayan haka littafinsa na farko da wannan taken) Kimiyya, Fasaha da Al'umma a cikin karni na 17 Ingila sun tayar da muhimman batutuwa game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin addini da haɓakar kimiyya ta zamani, ya zama muhimmiyar aiki a cikin masarautar ilimin zamantakewa na kimiyya kuma yana ci gaba da ambaton shi a cikin sabon ilimi. Merton ya ci gaba da haɓaka wannan rubutun a wasu wallafe-wallafen.

## Rubutu
Rubutun Merton yana da sassa biyu daban-daban: na farko, yana gabatar da ka'idar cewa kimiyya tana canzawa saboda tarin abubuwan lura da ingantawa a cikin dabarun gwaji da hanyoyin; na biyu, yana gabatarwar gardamar cewa shahararren kimiyya a Ingila a karni na 17, da kuma yawan jama'a na addini na Royal Society (masana kimiyya na Ingila na wannan lokacin sun kasance mafi yawan Puritans ko wasu Furotesta) ana iya bayyana su ta hanyar daidaituwa tsakanin Furotesta da dabi'un kimiyya (duba Mertonian). 

Merton yana mai da hankali kan Puritanism na Ingilishi da Pietism na Jamusanci a matsayin wanda ke da alhakin ci gaban juyin juya halin kimiyya na ƙarni na 17 da 18. Ya bayyana cewa alaƙar da ke tsakanin alaƙar addini da sha'awar kimiyya sakamakon muhimmiyar haɗin kai ne tsakanin dabi'un Furotesta da na kimiyya ta zamani. Ka'idodin Furotesta sun ƙarfafa binciken kimiyya ta hanyar ba da damar kimiyya don gano tasirin Allah ne duniya don haka samar da hujja ta addini don binciken kimiyya.

## Rashin amincewa
An soki ɓangaren farko na rubutun Merton saboda rashin isasshen la'akari da matsayin lissafi da falsafar inji a cikin juyin juya halin kimiyya. An soki sashi na biyu saboda wahalar da ke tattare da bayyana wanda ya ƙidaya a matsayin Furotesta na "nau'in dama" ba tare da yin bambanci ba. Har ila yau, ana sukar sa saboda rashin bayyana dalilin da ya sa wadanda ba Furotesta ba sa yin kimiyya (la'akari da Katolikawa Copernicus, da Vinci, Descartes, ko Galileo) da kuma dalilin da ya haifar da Furotesta na "nau'in dama" ba duk suna da sha'awar kimiyya ba.

Merton, ya amince da zargi, ya amsa cewa tsarin Puritan bai zama dole ba, kodayake ya sauƙaƙa ci gaban kimiyya. Ya kuma lura cewa lokacin da kimiyya ta sami halattacciyar ma'aikata, ba ta buƙatar addini, a ƙarshe ta zama mai hanawa, wanda ke haifar da raguwar addini. Duk da haka, da farko, a ra'ayin Merton addini babban abu ne wanda ya ba da damar juyin juya halin kimiyya ya faru. Duk da yake rubutun Merton bai bayyana duk abubuwan da suka haifar da juyin juya halin kimiyya ba, ya haskaka yiwuwar dalilan da ya sa Ingila ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin motarta da kuma tsarin al'ummar kimiyya ta Ingila.

## Taimako
A shekara ta 1958, masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Amurka Gerhard Lenski ya wallafa wani littafi  wanda ya taƙaita binciken da ya shafi tasirin addini tsakanin mazaunan yankin Detroit, Michigan. Daga cikin sauran fahimta, ya shiga cikin bincikensa don bayyana cewa akwai manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin Katolikawa a gefe guda, da  (fararen) Furotesta da Yahudawa a gefe guda.

Bayanan Lenski sun goyi bayan mahimman ra'ayoyin aikin Max Weber The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism . A cewar Lenski, "hadin gwiwar Furotesta ga ci gaban kayan aiki sun kasance ba tare da niyya ba na wasu halaye na Furotesta. " Wannan muhimmiyar mahimmanci ce a ka'idar Weber. " Lenski ya lura cewa fiye da shekaru ɗari kafin Weber, John Wesley, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Cocin Methodist, ya lura cewa "daida hankali da cin hanci da rashawa" ya sa Methodists su wadata. "A farkon zamanin, tsattsauran ra'ayi na Furotesta da sadaukarwa ga aiki, kamar yadda Wesley da Weber suka lura, suna da alama sun kasance muhimman alamu na aiki da ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban tattalin arziki. " Koyaya, Lenski ya ce, tsattsan ra'ayi ya kasance da wuya a tsakanin Furotesta na zamani, kuma an manta da koyarwar Furotesta ta musamman ta "kira". Maimakon haka, Furotesta na zamani (fararen) da Yahudawa suna da babban matsayi na "masu cin gashin kansu" wanda ya sauƙaƙa ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha. (shafi na 350-352) Sabanin haka, Lenski ya nuna cewa, Katolika sun haɓaka tsarin ilimi wanda ke darajar "biyayya" ga koyarwar cocin su sama da ikon cin gashin kansu na ilimi, wanda ya sa su da ƙarancin shiga aikin kimiyya. Masana ilimin zamantakewar Katolika   sun kai ga wannan kammalawa.(pp283–284)

Lenski ya gano wadannan bambance-bambance zuwa ga Juyin Juya Halin da kuma martani na cocin Katolika game da shi. A ra'ayin Lenski, Juyin Juya Halin ya karfafa ikon cin gashin kai tsakanin Furotesta, musamman Anabaptists, Puritans, Pietists, Methodists, da Presbyterians. A cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, akwai halaye game da ikon cin gashin kai na ilimi, kamar yadda aka kwatanta a cikin mutane kamar Erasmus. Amma bayan gyare-gyare, shugabannin Katolika sun kara gano wadannan halaye tare da Furotesta da ridda kuma sun bukaci Katolika su yi biyayya da aminci ga horo na coci. A ra'ayin Lenski, bincikensa ya nuna cewa waɗannan bambance-bambance tsakanin Furotesta da Katolika sun tsira har zuwa yau. A sakamakon haka

: "babu ɗayan ƙasashen Katolika da ke da ibada a duniyar zamani da za a iya rarraba su a matsayin babbar ƙasa ta masana'antu. Wasu ƙasashen Katolika - kamar Faransa, Italiya, Argentina, Brazil, da Chile - suna da masana'antu sosai, amma babu wani daga cikinsu da ke *jagora* a fannonin fasaha da kimiyya, kuma ba za su iya zama haka ba. Kwanan nan [1963] wasu masana kimiyyar zamantakewar Katolika na Brazil sun kwatanta ci gaban ƙasarsu da na Amurka kuma sun kammala cewa babban abin da ke da alhakin bambancin ci gaba shine al'adun addini na ƙasashe biyu" (pp.(pp347–349)

Puritans da Pietists dukansu sun ba da gudummawa ga ikon cin gashin kansu na ilimi kuma sun ba da kayan aiki na ilimi da dabi'u masu mahimmanci ga kimiyya. A matsayin misali, pietism ya kalubalanci orthodoxy ta hanyar sabbin kafofin watsa labarai da tsarin: Jaridu na lokaci-lokaci sun sami mahimmanci idan aka kwatanta da tsoffin takardun shaida da takarda guda ɗaya, an maye gurbin jayayya ta gargajiya da muhawara ta gasa, wanda ya yi ƙoƙarin samun sabon ilmi maimakon kare ilimin orthodox. Yana daga cikin dakarun da ke haifar da zamani.   

## Manazarta

## Tushe

## Ƙarin karantawa

* Steven Shapin, Fahimtar rubutun Merton, Isis, Vol. 79, No. 4 (Disamba, 1988), shafuffuka 594-605&nbsp;
* Robert K. Merton, *[https://web.archive.org/web/20161101040737/http://www.sts-biu.org/images/file/COURSE%20READINGS/27-815%20SCIENCE%2C%20TECHNOLOGY%20%26%20SOCIETY/Merton%2C%20Science%2C%20Technology%20and%20Society%20in%2017th%20Century%20England.pdf Kimiyya, Fasaha da Al'umma a cikin karni na sha bakwai Ingila]*