Edward A. Adelberg

**Edward Allen Adelberg** (1920–2009) ya kafa ilimin kwayoyin halitta  kuma masanin kimiyyar halittu wanda ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa a Jami'ar Yale . Ya kasance memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa kuma marubucin littattafan karatu masu tasiri.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Adelberg a ranar 6 ga Disamba, 1920, a Cedarhurst, New York . Shi ɗan Max da Janet (Ehrlich) Adelberg ne.  da kuma jikan Abraham Adelberg, wani baƙo ɗan ƙasar Rasha wanda ya kafa kuma magajin garin Cedarhurst na farko.  Kakansa na wajen uwa, David Ehrlich, ɗan uwan Paul Ehrlich ne, wanda ya ƙirƙiro ilimin rigakafi kuma ya sami kyautar Nobel ta likitanci a shekarar 1908.  

Adelberg ya halarci Kwalejin Woodmere kafin ya shiga Jami'ar Yale a matsayin dalibi na farko a shekarar 1938.&nbsp;Ya sami digirin BS a fannin kimiyyar tsirrai daga Yale a shekarar 1942. 

Ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in nazarin yanayi a rundunar sojin saman Amurka daga 1942 zuwa 1946, inda aka tura shi a yammacin Tekun Pasifik. A ƙarshen yaƙin, ya riƙe muƙamin babban jami'i a cikin rundunar sojojin sama mai mutane 400. 

A shekarar 1946, ya koma Yale a matsayin ɗalibi mai digiri na biyu a Sashen Ilimin Halittu da aka kafa. Ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Edward Tatum, wanda ya gano alaƙar "ƙwayar halitta ɗaya-ɗaya" wadda ya raba kyautar Nobel a 1958.  Adelberg ya bi Tatum zuwa Jami'ar Stanford a 1948 kuma ya kammala karatunsa na Ph.D. a can kan ilimin halittar isoleucine a 1949 (Yale ne ya ba da digirin). 

## Aikin ilimi
Adelberg ya shiga Sashen Nazarin Kwayoyin Cuta a Jami'ar California da ke Berkeley a matsayin Malami a shekarar 1949. Ya hau kujerar Shugaban Sashen a shekarar 1957  kuma Farfesa Cikakken Malami a shekarar 1960.

A lokacin da yake Berkeley, ya rubuta kuma ya gyara littattafan karatu guda uku masu tasiri, Medical Microbiology (tare da Ernest Jawetz da Joseph Melnick) a shekarar 1954; The Microbial World (tare da Roger Stanier da Michael Douderoff) a shekarar 1957; da kuma Papers on Bacterial Genetics a shekarar 1960.  Ya zuwa shekarar 2022, Medical Microbiology ya kasance a bugu na 28  kuma an fassara shi zuwa harsuna da dama. Duniyar Microbial, wacce aka sake fitar da ita a bugu uku bayan haka, an bayyana ta a matsayin "littafin ilmin kwayoyin halitta mai zurfi wanda ya wargaza duniyar ilimin kwayoyin halitta". 

A shekarar 1961, ya koma Jami'ar Yale a matsayin Farfesa na Ilimin Halittu.  Ya shugabanci Sashen Ilimin Halittu daga 1961 zuwa 1964 da kuma daga 1967 zuwa 1971. Ya yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin Farfesa na Ilimin Halittu da Ilimin Halittu daga 1962 zuwa 1966, kuma ya shiga Sashen Ilimin Halittu na Dan Adam, wanda ya taimaka wajen tsara shi, a 1972. Ya kuma kasance mai himma a fannin gudanarwa a matakin jami'a, yana aiki a matsayin darektan Kimiyyar Halittu na jami'ar daga 1964–69, da kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Kimiyyar Halittu daga 1983 zuwa ritayarsa a 1991.  Jami'ar ta fitar da shi daga ritaya don ya yi aiki, da farko, a matsayin daraktan riko na Ofishin Tsaron Jami'a, sannan daga baya a matsayin daraktan riko na Gidan Tarihi na Peabody.

A tsawon shekaru 42 na aikinsa na ilimi, Adelberg ya buga takardu sama da 200 a fannoni biyar na bincike: (1) nazarin halittun amino acid isoleucine da valine a cikin *Neurospora* da *Escherichia coli* ; (2) tsarin kwayoyin halitta na amino acid biosynthesis a cikin *E. coli* : (3) hanyoyin maye gurbi a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta; (4) chromosome na ƙwayoyin cuta, abubuwan jima'i, da haɗuwa ; da kuma (5) jigilar membrane a cikin ƙwayoyin dabbobi masu shayarwa. 

Aikin farko na Adelberg kan hanyoyin samar da amino acid ya haifar da wani gagarumin bincike da ya yi a shekarar 1953 tare da HE Umbarger (a lokacin yana Jami'ar Harvard) cewa ƙarshen hanyar samar da sinadarai na iya daidaita saurin samar da sinadarai na kansa, wani tsari da aka sani da " hana amsawa ". 

Binciken farko na Adelberg kan haɗa ƙwayoyin cuta ya taimaka wajen shimfida harsashin fannin DNA mai sake haɗawa da injiniyan kwayoyin halitta . Bayan yin aiki na hutu tare da Francois Jacob a Cibiyar Pasteur a 1956-57, Adelberg ya gano abin da aka sani da "transduction mai shiga tsakani na F," "F-duction," da sexduction, wanda ya ƙunshi canja wurin ta hanyar haɗa gutsuttsuran chromosome ta hanyar jinsi (F) yayin haɗuwar ƙwayoyin cuta.  Binciken da ya biyo baya ya haifar da tabbatar da cewa ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin dukkan ƙwayoyin *E. Coli* K12 suna da zagaye, ba tare da la'akari da nau'in ba. 

Dangane da wannan aikin, Herbert Boyer, wani ƙwararren digiri na uku a dakin gwaje-gwajen Adelberg da ke Yale a 1963-66, ya gudanar da bincike kan ƙuntatawa da gyare-gyare a cikin haɗakar ƙwayoyin cuta wanda ya haifar da kafa kamfanin fasahar kere-kere na farko, Genentech, da kuma hanyar haɗa kwayoyin halitta ta Boyer-Cohen.

Baya ga rubuta littattafan karatu masu zurfi, Adelberg ya taimaka wajen haɓaka fannin kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar haɓaka tsarin suna wanda duk masana kimiyyar kwayoyin halitta na E. coli suka amince da shi,; da kuma kafa Cibiyar Haɓaka Kwayoyin Halitta ta Escherichia Coli a Yale. Cibiyar tana da tarin al'adu kusan 28,000 na abubuwan da aka ƙayyade na kwayoyin halitta na E. coli K-12. Ana rarraba al'adun ga masu bincike da malamai a duk faɗin Amurka da kuma a cikin ƙasashe sama da 65 a duk duniya. Cibiyar kuma tana ba da bayanai game da nau'ikan, maye gurbi, kwayoyin halitta, samfuran kwayoyin halitta da taswirar kwayoyin halitta, a cikin cikakken bayanan bincike akan yanar gizo.

## Girmamawa da kuma karramawa

* Memba, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa (an zaɓe shi a 1971) 
* Fellow, Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka (an zaɓe shi a 1964) 
* &nbsp;Guggenheim Fellowships (1956–57; 1965–66) 
* Shugaba, Hukumar Ba da Shawara, Cibiyar Rosenstiel don Binciken Halittu da Lafiya, Jami'ar Brandeis (1971–74)
* &nbsp;Edita, Sharhin Bacteriological (1966–69) 
* Edita, Mujallar Ilimin Bacteriology (1964) 
* Hukumar Gwamnonin, Ƙungiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin Halitta ta Amurka (1969–72) 
* &nbsp;Memba, Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Shirin Ba da Shawara kan Tsarin Kwayoyin Halittar DNA na Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Ƙasa (1975) 
* Amintacce, Dakin Gwaji na Halittu na Ruwa, Woods Hole, Mass. (1984–87) 
* &nbsp;Lakcar Shekara-shekara ta Edward A. Adelberg a fannin ilmin kwayoyin halitta a Makarantar Magunguna ta Jami'ar Yale da aka ƙirƙira don girmama shi (1991) 
* Babban Editan, CASE (Cibiyar Injiniyan Kimiyya ta Connecticut) Rahotanni (1991-2001) 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Adelberg ya mutu yana da shekaru 88 a ranar 7 ga Agusta, 2009. 

## Manazarta