Hildegard Peplau

**Hildegard E. Peplau** (Satumba 1, 1909 - Maris 17, 1999)  ma'aikaciyar jinya ce 'yar Amurka kuma marubuciyar ka'idar aikin jinya ta farko da aka buga tun bayan Florence Nightingale . Ta ƙirƙiri ka'idar aikin jinya ta matsakaicin matsayi ta dangantakar mutane, wanda ya taimaka wajen kawo sauyi ga aikin malaman jinya. A matsayinta na babbar mai ba da gudummawa ga gyaran dokar lafiyar kwakwalwa, ta jagoranci hanyar kula da marasa lafiya da ke da matsalolin hali da halayyar mutum.  

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Rayuwar farko
An haifi Hildegard a Reading, Pennsylvania ga iyayen baƙi 'yan asalin Jamus, Gustav da Otyllie Peplau. Ita ce 'ya ta biyu da aka haifa da 'ya'ya shida. Gustav uba ne mara ilimi, mai aiki tuƙuru, kuma Otyllie uwa ce mai zalunci da son cikar kamala. Duk da cewa ba a taɓa tattauna ilimin gaba da sakandare a gida ba, Hilda tana da ƙarfin hali, tare da kwarin gwiwa da hangen nesa don ta girma fiye da ayyukan da mata suka saba yi. Tana son ƙarin rayuwa, kuma ta san cewa aikin jinya yana ɗaya daga cikin zaɓuɓɓukan aiki kaɗan ga mata a zamaninta.  Tun tana ƙarama, tana lura da halayen mutane. Ta shaida mummunan annobar mura ta 1918, wata gogewa ta sirri da ta yi tasiri sosai ga fahimtarta game da tasirin rashin lafiya da mutuwa ga iyalai.  Ta shaida mutane suna tsalle daga tagogi cikin hayyacinsu sakamakon mura. 

A farkon shekarun 1900, makarantun Nightingale masu zaman kansu, waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin kulawar ma'aikatan jinya, sun ƙare. Asibitoci sun mallaki makarantu, kuma an hana "koyon karatu" na yau da kullun. Asibitoci da likitoci sun ga mata a fannin aikin jinya a matsayin tushen aiki kyauta ko mai araha. Cin zarafi ba sabon abu ba ne daga ma'aikatan jinya, likitoci, da masu ba da ilimi. [1]

### Sana'a

Shiga Peplau aikin jinya ba ya samo asali ne daga ra'ayoyin soyayya na kula da marasa lafiya ba. A cikin Reading, ta kammala darussa a makarantar kasuwanci kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin shago, ma'aikacin albashi, da mai kula da littattafai yayin da take kammala darussa a makarantar kasuwanci. Ita ce mai kula da karatunta na makarantar sakandare ta yamma, ta kammala karatunta a 1928. Zaɓuɓɓukan da ta yi, kamar yadda ta bayyana daga baya, su ne "...aure, koyarwa, ko zama mai hidimar addini." Akasin haka, tsammanin "ɗaki kyauta da abinci" a cikin shirin jinya ya sa aikin jinya ya zama zaɓi mai kyau. 

Peplau ta fara aikin jinya a shekarar 1931 a matsayin wacce ta kammala karatun digiri a Makarantar Kula da Lafiya ta Asibitin Pottstown da ke Pottstown, Pennsylvania .  Daga nan ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a Pennsylvania da birnin New York. Matsayinta na lokacin bazara a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a sansanin bazara na Jami'ar New York ya haifar da shawarar Peplau ta zama ma'aikaciyar jinya ta makaranta a Kwalejin Bennington da ke Vermont. A can ta sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a shekarar 1943.  A Bennington, kuma ta hanyar gogewa a fagen Chestnut Lodge, wani cibiyar kula da tabin hankali mai zaman kansa, ta yi nazarin batutuwan tunani tare da Erich Fromm, Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, da Harry Stack Sullivan . Aikin Peplau na tsawon rayuwarsa ya fi mayar da hankali kan faɗaɗa ka'idar hulɗa da mutane ta Sullivan don amfani da ita a aikin jinya. 

## Manazarta