White settlement in Zimbabwe before 1923

Turawa sun fara zuwa yankin da ke kudancin Afirka a yau da ake kira Zimbabwe a ƙarni na goma sha shida, lokacin da Turawan mulkin mallaka na Portugal suka kutsa kai cikin ƙasa daga Mozambik suka kai hari kan Masarautar Mutapa, wacce ke riƙe da wani yanki da ya yi daidai da gabashin Zimbabwe da yammacin Mozambique. Tasirin Portuguese akan Mutapa ya jure kusan ƙarni biyu kafin ya ɓace a cikin shekarar 1690s da farkon-1700s (shekaru goma). A cikin shekara ta 1685, 'yan Huguenots na Faransa sun yi hijira zuwa Afirka ta Kudu ta yau kuma yayin da wasu suka zauna a can, wasu kuma suka koma arewa zuwa nahiyar. Waɗanda suka yi, sun zauna a cikin Zimbabwe ta zamani, Mozambique da Botswana, kuma sun kasance tare da ƴan asalin ƙasar; Yawancin su, a Zimbabwe, mutanen Naletale ne.

A cikin shekarar 1880s da 1890s, Kamfanin Burtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu ya ƙaddamar da mulkin mallaka ta Turawa, tare da goyon bayan wata yarjejeniya ta sarauta daga Sarauniya Victoria: mulkin kamfani a ƙasar ya fara a shekarar 1890, lokacin da Pioneer Column ya yi tafiya zuwa Mashonaland, ya kafa Fort Salisbury kuma ya zauna a yankin.

Sunan yankin na kamfanin "Rhodesia" bayan wanda ya kafa shi, Cecil Rhodes, a shekarar 1895; Yankin kudancin Zambezi ya zama sunan Kudancin Rhodesia a hukumance a cikin shekarar 1898. A lokaci guda tare da ƙarewar yarjejeniyar kamfani a cikin shekarar 1923, Kudancin Rhodesia ta sami ikon gwamnati ta Burtaniya, kuma ta zama 'yar mulkin mallaka mai cin gashin kansa.

## Portuguese da Daular Rozvi
A farkon ƙarni na 16, Portuguese sun isa, sun lalata kasuwancin Mutapa tare da 'yan kasuwa na Swahili kuma sun fara yaƙe-yaƙe wanda ya sa daular ta yi rauni har ta kusa rushewa a farkon ƙarni na 17. Al'ummomin Kalanga da dama sun taru don kafa daular Rozwi, wadda ta mamaye fiye da rabin Zimbabwe a yau. A shekara ta 1690 sun tilastawa 'yan Portugal daga tudun ruwa kuma Rozvi sun mallaki yawancin ƙasar da ke ƙarƙashin Mwene Mutapa.

Tare da kwanciyar hankali da wadata na ƙarni biyu masu zuwa, cibiyoyin Dlo-Dlo, Khami sun kai kololuwar su. Sakamakon rikicin tsakiyar ƙarni na 19 a Transvaal da Natal, daular Rozvi ta zo karshe. Mutanen Ndebele da ke ƙaura daga Mfecane sun zo daular Rozvi kuma suka yi yaƙi da ita. Suka ci ta, suka karkatar da mazaunan.

## Ƙauyen Burtaniya

Birtaniya sun shiga Matabeleland a cikin shekarar 1880s, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Cecil Rhodes, wanda ya fitar da haƙƙin ma'adinai daga Sarki Lobengula na Ndebele. Ya aika John Moffat, ɗan mishan Robert Moffat, wanda Lobengula ya amince da shi, don ya rinjayi na karshen ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar abota da Biritaniya. Moffat ya rinjayi Lobengula ya dubi shawarwarin Rhodes da wakilinsa Charles Rudd ya yi. Rudd ya tabbatar wa Lobengula cewa ba fiye da maza na Turai goma ba ne za su yi haka a Matabeleland, amma ya bar wannan sharadi daga cikin takardar da Lobengula ya sanya hannu, Rudd Concession. Ya bayyana cewa kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai na iya yin duk abin da ya dace ga ayyukansu. Lokacin da Lobengula ya gano daga baya abin da yarjejeniyar ta bayyana, ya yi ƙoƙarin yin watsi da shi, amma gwamnatin Burtaniya ta yi watsi da shi.  

Rhodes ya yi amfani da wannan rangwame don shawo kan gwamnatin Birtaniyya ta ba da takardar shedar sarauta ga Kamfanin sa na Afirka ta Kudu na Burtaniya (BSAC) akan Matabeleland da jihohin da ke ƙarƙashin ta, kamar Mashonaland. Ta hanyar irin wannan rangwame da yarjejeniyoyin, da yawa daga cikinsu sun kasance masu ha'inci iri-iri,  ya inganta mulkin mallaka na yankin yanki, aiki, da albarkatun ƙarfe da ma'adinai masu daraja.  A cikin shekarar 1895 BSAC ta karɓi sunan 'Rhodesia' don Zambesia kuma a cikin shekarar 1898 'Kudancin Rhodesia' an karɓe su a hukumance don sashin kudancin kogin Zambezi,  wanda daga baya ya zama Zimbabwe.

Yarjejeniyar Rudd ta kasance mataki na farko na mallakar ƙasa mai kyau, amma Ndebele na Lobengula ya yi ƙarfi don mamayewa kai tsaye. Rhodes ya yi shirin kewaye Matebeleland tare da filaye da Birtaniyya ke sarrafawa, kamar yadda Bechuanaland ta Biritaniya ta riga ta kafa a yamma. Gabas shine Mashonaland, kuma kamar yadda Shona suke a lokacin batutuwa na Lobengula, Rudd Concession ya rufe su.

A cikin shekarar 1890 Rhodes ya yi amfani da wannan gaskiyar don ba da hujjar aika Rukunin Pioneer na mazauna Turai, waɗanda 'yan sandan Afirka ta Kudu masu ƙwararru (BSAP) ke kiyaye su, rundunar BSAC ta ma'aikatar tsaro. Rhodes ya ce suna fatan fara "sabon Rand" daga tsohuwar ma'adinan zinare na Mashonaland. Zinarin ya ƙare da yawa, kuma mazaunan sun zama manoma. Rhodes ya bayyana cewa Lobengula bai taba cin nasara da Shona ba, don haka ya yi shelar Mashonaland a matsayin mai zaman kanta daga Matabeland, yana amfani da kishiyoyin kabilanci don tabbatar da mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya. 

Rhodes ya tunzura Ndebele makwabta zuwa yaki, kuma BSAP ta ci su a yakin Matabele na farko (1893-94). Lobengula ya yi nasara a yakin Shangani Patrol amma ya mutu yayin da yake gudu daga arewa; tare da shan kashi Ndebele, ƙaura na ƙarin Turawa ya karu sosai. John Moffat ya fahimci cewa Rhodes ya yi amfani da shi kuma yana adawa da yakin. Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta yi zargin cewa Rhodes ya san cewa zinaren ya ƙare kuma babban burin Rhodes shine ya daidaita Mashonaland da Matabeleland gaba ɗaya. Bayan haka da Jameson Raid a kan Transvaal, ba su amince da shi ba har ma. 

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan Jameson Raid, Ndebele da Shona sun tashi cikin tawaye don nuna adawa da mamaye ƙasashensu na asali daga Turawa, gwagwarmaya da aka sani a Zimbabwe a matsayin Chimurenga na farko. Turawa sun kira shi yakin Matabele na biyu (1896-97).BSAP ** &#x5B; &#x5D; su. Wani dan leken asirin Amurka Frederick Russell Burnham ya kashe Mlimo, shugaban Ndebele na tawaye. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan Rhodes ya shiga ba tare da makamai ba cikin sansanin Ndebele da ke Matobo Hills kuma ya shawo kan impi su ajiye makamansu, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen yakin Matabele na biyu.  Ndebele da Shona sun zama ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Rhodes, wanda ya kai ga rarraba filaye da ke fifita Turawa tare da raba Shona, Ndebele da sauran mutanen Baƙar fata na Afirka. Mallakar filaye a Zimbabwe na ci gaba da zama batu mai cike da cece-kuce.

## Mulki daga Kamfanin Burtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu da Majalisar Dokoki

Daga shekarun 1894 reshen zartarwa na BSAC ne ke tafiyar da shi. Dokar Kudancin Rhodesia a cikin Majalisar ta ƙirƙiri wata majalissar dokoki mai suna Southern Rhodesia Legislative Council. An gudanar da zaɓe a shekarun 1899, 1902, 1905, 1908, 1911, 1914 da 1920.

An sami sauyi *a hankali a hankali* daga cikakken mulki na Kamfanin Burtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu zuwa mulkin kai ta Turawa mazauna. A shekara ta 1903 Majalisar Dokokin Kudancin Rhodesia ta ƙunshi jami'ai bakwai na Kamfanin Burtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu da zaɓaɓɓun mazauna bakwai. A cikin shekarar 1907 kuma daga baya mazauna suna da mafi yawan kujerun. Ta hanyar ɓarkewar yakin duniya na farko, mazauna sun kafa Gangamin Gudanar da Gwamnati (daga baya Kungiyar Gwamnati mai Alhaki) ƙarƙashin Charles Coghlan, wanda ya zama Firayim Minista na farko na Rhodesia.

A cikin shekarar 1918, BSAC ta rage kashe kuɗi da sabis na jama'a kamar tsarin wasiƙa, wanda ya tsananta shahararsa a tsakanin mazauna. Tashin hankali ya ci gaba da girma don mulkin kai ba tare da wani kamfani mai zaman kansa ba. Zaɓen Majalisar Dokoki na shekarar 1920 ya haifar da mafi rinjaye waɗanda suka goyi bayan yunƙuri kai tsaye don kafa 'Gwamnati Mai Alhaki' a cikin mulkin mallaka. Nan da nan bayan zaɓen, Majalisar Dokoki ta zartas da wani kudiri na neman gwamnatin Burtaniya ta kaddamar da gwamnati mai alhaki. Birtaniya ta kafa Hukumar ƙarƙashin Earl Buxton, tsohon ministan Liberal. Hukumar ta ba da rahoto a cikin shekarar 1921 cewa Mulkin Mallaka ya shirya don gudanar da gwamnati mai alhakin kuma ya kamata a gudanar da zaɓen raba gardama don tabbatar da shi. A ranar 27 ga watan Oktoban 1922 ne aka gudanar da ƙuri'ar raba gardama don sanin ko mulkin mallaka ya kamata ya shiga Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu ko kuma ya kafa mulkin kai. Sansanin gwamnatin kai ya lashe zaɓen raba gardama da tazara mai yawa.

## Manazarta