Anna Mary Howitt

Anna Mary Howitt, Mrs Watts (15 ga watan Janairun 1824 - 23 ga watan Yulin 1884) ta kasance ƙwararren mai zane-zane na Pre-Raphaelite na Ingila, ƙwararren marubuci, mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata da kuma mai sihiri. Bayan rikicin kiwon lafiya a shekara ta 1856, ta nuna da wuya a matsayin mai zane, amma ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin marubuciya mai sana'a. Ta zama matsakaiciyar zane-zane. Wataƙila kalmar nan "zane-zane ta atomatik" ta samo asali ne daga gare ta. Ta shiga cikin kwamitin mallakar mata masu aure.[1]

## Mai zane, marubuci kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata
An haifi Anna Mary Howitt a Nottingham a matsayin ɗan fari da ya tsira na marubutan Quaker da masu bugawa William Howitt (1792-1879) da Mary Botham (1799-1888). Ta kuma yi yarinta a Esher . Ta fara kwatanta aikin wallafe-wallafen mahaifiyarta tana da shekaru 10. Lokacin da mahaifinta William Howitt ya nuna zane-zanen shugabannin The Seven Temptations ga Henry Sass, shugaban Kwalejin Sass, wasu masu fasaha da yawa, gami da magajinsa Francis Stephen Cary sun burge. Iyalin sun koma Heidelberg lokacin da Anna Mary ke matashiya, saboda sun ji cewa Jamus ta ba da mafi kyawun zaɓuɓɓukan ilimi. A Jamus ta sadu da sanannun marubuta da masu zane-zane na Jamus kamar sanannen mai zane-zane Wilhelm von Kaulbach wanda ya kore ta don zama ƙwararren mai zane-zanen tarihi. Ta kuma sadu da marubucin Sweden Frederika Bremer saboda mahaifiyarta tana koyon yaren Sweden da Danish don ta iya fassara ayyukan Bremer da Hans Christian Andersen. Bremer ya yi wa Anna Mary wahayi zuwa ga aikin mata. Ta koma London tare da iyalinta lokacin da ɗan'uwanta Claude ya kamu da cutar gwiwa kuma iyayenta ba sa son ganin an yanke shi. Mutuwar ɗan'uwanta ba tare da lokaci ba a cikin 1844 ya haifar da rikice-rikice. Bayan shekara guda ta sadu da Barbara Leigh Smith, mai zane-zane kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata, a Hastings . An kafa cibiyar sadarwa ta mata masu sana'a masu zane-zane waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙari su kafa 'Sisterhood in art' a matsayin madadin Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. Wadannan mata sun hada da Bessie Rayner Parkes da Eliza Bridell Fox . Howitt ta shiga Kwalejin Fasaha ta Henry Sass a London a 1846, inda tsaranta suka hada da Pre-Raphaelites na gaba William Holman Hunt, Dante Gabriel Rossetti da Thomas Woolner amma kuma 'yar'uwarta mai fasaha Eliza 'Tottie' Fox. Wannan yana daya daga cikin 'yan wurare inda mata masu zane-zane zasu iya karɓar karatun farko. Malamin fasaharta kuma shugaban makarantar fasahar Sass a Bloomsbury, Francis Stephen Cary, wanda ya ga hotunan Anna Mary da ta yi tun tana 'yar shekara 10, da kansa ya biya kuɗin lokacin da iyayenta suka fadi. Cary har ma ta shirya zaman mata. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan zaman - mai yiwuwa Cary ya shirya don Howitt- shine don hoto na mai zane na Amurka John Banvard wanda ya ziyarci London a watan Fabrairun 1849 don nuna zanen sa na Mississippi River Valley. Anna Mary ta zana wannan hoton a cikin ɗakunan gidansa a London.

A shekara ta 1847 ta kwatanta littafin mahaifiyarta The Children's Year . 

A shekara ta 1850, Howitt ta bi 'yar'uwarta Jane Benham zuwa Munich, inda ta yi karatu a karkashin Wilhelm von Kaulbach . Ta fara buga labarai game da birnin waɗanda daga baya aka tattara su a cikin littafinta An Art-Student in Munich (1853). Littafin ya kasance mai nasara a Burtaniya da Amurka.

The New York Times (11 Mayu 1854) ya rubuta wannan game da Wani Art-Student a Munich: "Duk abin da ke da alaƙa da Munich, - gidajen tarihi, gallery, bukukuwa, da ayyukan fasaha, - ko ga rayuwar Jamusanci, ko a cikin babban ko ƙananan digiri, kuma har yanzu ya fi dacewa da noma mai zane, ana gaya masa a cikin waɗannan shafuka masu sauƙi, waɗanda ke da tasirin sihiri a kan ɗayan waɗannan ayyukanta masu karatu, suna barin hanya mai haske a kan wannan rukunin mata masu karatu, "yaƙe-yaƙe-ta suna nunawa a gaba, suna buga su a kan waɗannan ɗakunan karatu, suna nan gaba, suna nan da kuma suna nan gaba da juna a kan rayuwarsu" London.[1][2]

Ƙananan ƙungiyar abokan aikinta sun haɗa da 'Yan mata na Langham Place, musamman abokinta na kusa mai zane Barbara Leigh Smith: waɗannan sun shiga Rossetti's Folio Club. Howitt ta fara baje kolin ta a Cibiyar Fine Arts ta Kasa a 1854 tare da zanen da Goethe's Faust ya yi wahayi zuwa gare ta, Margaret ta dawo daga maɓuɓɓugar ko Gretchen a maɓuɓuɓɓugan. Ta fara zanen wannan hoton bayan ta ƙare alkawarinta da ɗan'uwanta mai zane Edward La Trobe Bateman a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1853. Wannan ya faru ne jim kadan bayan ta karbi wasika daga mahaifinta William, wanda ke zaune tare da Bateman a Ostiraliya, yana nuna cewa Bateman 'ba abin dogaro ba' kuma bai dace da mijinta na gaba ba. Anna Mary ta yi aiki a kan wannan wasika kuma ta zaɓi Margaret a matsayin batun wanda aka azabtar da shi ta hanyar zargin kansa bayan Faust ya yaudare ta. Ta zana shi a cikin hasken rana na waje kuma a cewar abokinta kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Dante Gabriel Rossetti 'aiki ne mafi wuya, kuma hoto ne mai kyau'. Kwamitin Cibiyar Burtaniya ne ya fara ki amincewa da wannan zanen, wani yanke shawara wanda ya fusata Rossetti. Wataƙila Rossetti ya shawarci Howitt da ya nuna wannan zanen a Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa a Gidan Tarihi na Portland, inda ya nuna Ecce Ancilla Domini a 1850. Wannan wurin ya fi dacewa da mata masu zane-zane waɗanda suka sha wahala daga nuna bambanci daga wasu wuraren zane-zane. A cikin wata wasika da Rossetti ya yi wa Ford Madox Brown, mai kwanan wata 30 ga Maris 1854, ya ba da rahoton nasarar zanen Howitt na Margaret ko kuma an yi wa Gretchen. Rossetti ya ji daga ɗan'uwansa kuma mai sukar fasaha William Michael Rossetti cewa zanen ya kasance 'yana tsalle-tsalle a cikin babban jere', yana nuna cewa an 'gidan da aka lura da shi sosai kuma ana sha'awarsa'. Ko da yake an yaba da shi a cikin jaridar Burtaniya ta farko a cikin jarida ta lokaci kuma ta sami zargi mai kulawa da ita. William Michael Ross ya rubuta mafi kyawun bita a cikin The Spectator a ranar 18th na Maris 1854. Ko da ya nuna wasu 'masu cin hanci da ita mai ban sha' aikinta mai ban shahara mai suna mai suna mai ban shaʼawa don yin amfani da ita ga aikinta mai suna Misser Art ya fi dacewa don yin amfani a kan wannan aikinta mai kula da ita mai suna Art ya fi girma' yaɗaɗawa don yin la' yaren Art yaɗaɗakarwa' yaren nan gaba mai suna Art mai suna Art da ita ga binciken da ita. Wataƙila mai nazarin zane-zane na farko na Athenaeum ne ya rubuta shi a tsakiyar karni na sha tara, Frank Stone. Stone a baya ya ware Pre-Raphaelite Brethern, musamman Millais, Hunt da Rossetti, don kai hari na mutum kuma ya yi wa ayyukansu ba'a a fili a farkon shekarun 1850. Duk da cewa ya ga 'aikin kai da zuciya a cikin wannan ƙaramin waka na hoto', ya tafi daidai da ainihin cewa ita mai zane-zane ce mai son tarihin mata wanda a cewar Stone ya nuna 'zuciya fiye da mata yawanci suna nunawa ga baƙin ciki na jinsi, kuma an fentin ta da hannu tare da tsananin jin daɗin kisan mutum.' A takaice ya yi tambaya a bayyane idan Howitt kanta ta aiwatar da zanen. A ƙarshen sa ya nuna babbar shahara ta zane-zanen Howitt ta hanyar bayyana cewa an sayar da hotonta mai kyau nan da nan, - kuma ana iya sayar da shi sau da yawa a ranar kallon sirri. Wannan bita ya ba Howitt rauni. Ta furta a cikin wata wasika ga Barbara Leigh Smith cewa ta tsorata da yin amfani da launi mai launin kore da ta fi so. Nasarar ta farko ta haifar, a cewar mahaifiyarta Mary wacce ta rubuta wa mai wallafa Annie ta Amurka a ranar 31 ga watan Maris, zuwa kwamitoci biyu, daya daga uwargidan Angela Burdett-Coutts. Baya ga kwamitocin da ayyukan da ta shirya don nune-nunen Howitt ya kuma yi zane-zane da zane-zane na mutanen da suka yi mata hoto. A farkon shekarun 1850 ta sadu da Elizabeth Siddal, muse na Rossetti, samfurin kuma ɗalibi. Siddal wacce ta yi wa Pre-Raphaelite Brethern ta zama mai zane, mai zane da kuma mawaki, a kanta. Anna Mary Howitt, Barbara Leigh Smith da Bessie Rayner Parkes sun zama masu sha'awar wannan ƙwararren ƙwararren da suka ɗauka a matsayin 'mai basira'. Rashin lafiya na Siddal babban damuwa ne ga dangin Howitt wanda ya tura ta ga likitan danginsu, James John Garth Wilkinson . Binciken da ya yi na scoliosis ya jagoranci Leigh Smith don taimakawa wajen shirya zaman lafiya ga Miss Siddal (ko Lizzie kamar yadda za su kira ta) a Hastings. Rossetti ya nemi taimako saboda ya fahimci cewa ƙaunatacciyar Lizzie 'a ƙarƙashin haramtacciyar ta kasance abin koyi' kuma tana son ta kasance kusa da 'Mata'. Howitt, Leigh Smith, Parkes sun so 'don kiyaye mutuncin kanta daga nutsewa' kuma sun kai ta gabar tekun Sussex. A ranar 8 ga Mayu 1854 Howitt, Leigh Smith da Rossetti duk sun zana Lizzie tare da irises a cikin gashin ta yayin zaman su a Scalands Farm, gidan ƙasar Leigh Smith a Robertsbridge. Iris ita ce allahiyar bakan gizo kuma manzo tsakanin sama da ƙasa. Hoton mai hankali na Lizzie da Howitt ya yi ya nuna cewa Howitt ya kama ruhun Siddal wanda ya saukar da idanunta lokacin da Howitt ke zana ta. Howitt da Leigh Smith sun kuma tafi tafiye-tafiye na zane yayin da suke zaune a Scalands Farm a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1854. 

Howitt ya ba Leigh Smith umarni mai mahimmanci a cikin zanen mai. Har ila yau, a lokacin wannan zama ne aka tattauna batutuwan haƙƙin mata kamar ilimin mata da dukiyar aure. A shekara ta 1855 ta nuna wasu zane-zane guda biyu. Na farko, The Sensitive Plant, don mayar da martani ga waka ta Shelley 'The Sensitive Plant' kuma daga baya aka kira The Lady an nuna shi a wannan wurin, baje kolin kasa na Portland Gallery (wanda aka sani da Free Exhibition). Hotonta na biyu The *Castaway* (Royal Academy, 1855) ya kasance mai ban tsoro wajen nuna mace da ta nutse cikin karuwanci. An rataye *Castaway* sama da layin don haka ta jawo hankali sosai fiye da sauran masu fasaha. A shekara ta 1855 ta kafa kwamiti tare da mahaifiyarta Mary Howitt, Barbara Leigh Smith, Eliza Fox, Bessie Rayner Parkes da wasu mata masu fasaha da yawa don tattara sa hannu don takardar neman izini wanda zai haifar da Dokar Dukiyar Mata ta 1870 .  Asusun iyali sun rubuta damuwarta game da zargi daga John Ruskin game da zane-zanen Boadicea ko Boudica wanda Royal Academy ta ƙi. Ruskin ya aika da hukuncinsa a cikin wata wasika mai zaman kanta: 'Me ka sani game da Boadicea? Bar irin waɗannan batutuwa kadai ka zana ni fuka-fukan pheasant'. Ya murkushe ruhunta kuma ya haifar da mummunar lalacewar hankali, mai yiwuwa ma da psychosis. An hana burinta na zama sanannen mai zane-zane na tarihi. Harin Ruskin ya zo ne jim kadan bayan Effie Gray ta sake shi bisa la'akari da rashin 'kashe' aurensu. Anna Mary Howitt abokiyar John Everett Millais ce, wanda Ruskin ya kare kuma mijin Effie Gray na gaba. Rashin hankali na Howitt na gaba na iya ba da gudummawa ga koma baya daga duniyar fasaha ta sana'a, amma labarinta, wanda aka buga a ƙarƙashin sunan da ba a sani ba a cikin Camilla Dufour Crosland's Light in the Valley: My Experiences of Spiritualism (1857), ya nuna wani taron jijiyoyi, watakila farkon farfajiya na gaba.Koyaya, ba ta daina nuna ayyukan ba. Ta zaɓi a hankali inda za ta nuna ayyukanta don kauce wa zargi. Ta nuna *Daga taga*, taga na musamman ga ita da mijinta Alfred Watts, a Society of Female Artists a 1857. Wannan al'umma, wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 1855 don mata masu zane-zane ya ba da damar ga matan da ke da matukar wahala wajen samun nuni ga jama'a game da ayyukansu da kuma ilimin fasaha mai kyau (Ilimi a cikin zane-zane yana da iyaka kuma an cire su daga aikin zane daga siffar tsirara tun lokacin da aka kafa Royal Academy) don neman wurin jama'a. Wannan al'umma yanzu an san ta da Society of Women Artists .

## Aure da sihiri

A shekara ta 1859, Howitt ya auri abokiyar yaro kuma ɗan sihiri, Alaric Alfred Watts . Watts ya goyi bayan Anna Mary. Ma'auratan sun koma Cheyne Walk a Chelsea, 'yan ƙofofi daga Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Howitt ya ci gaba da bugawa a kai a kai, galibi a cikin jaridu na ruhaniya. Ta taimaka wa mijinta, magatakarda, ya yi mafarki game da mafarkinsa kuma ya zama mawaki da aka buga kamar mahaifinsa, Alaric Alexander Watts . Tare da Alfred ta rubuta Aurora: a Volume of Verse (1884). Ta Pioneers of the Spiritual Reformation (1883) ya kunshi zane-zane na tarihin mawaki na Jamus Justinus Kerner da mahaifinta William Howitt . Hotunan ruhunta suna da ban mamaki a cikin ikonsu kuma suna nuna horar da ita kafin raphaelite. Halin addininsu a bayyane yake, yana nuna mala'iku, mahaifiyar allahntaka da yaro, da sauran irin waɗannan jigogi. Tana neman fassarar mata game da addini kuma mafi mahimmanci game da mahaifiyar allahntaka. Auren Watts ya kasance ba tare da haihuwa ba. Duk da haka Anna Mary Howitt koyaushe tana so ta kasance a gaban yara, ta zama 'mahaifiyar' ga yara matalauta lokacin da take taimakawa a cikin ɗakunan abinci da kuma koyar da waɗannan yara a rayuwa ta gaba.

## Haɗin Australiya
 Ta kasance kusa da ɗan'uwanta, Alfred William Howitt, wanda ya yi hijira zuwa Ostiraliya, inda ya zama mai bincike da masanin ilimin ɗan adam. Da yake aiki a matsayin wakilin sa na zahiri a Ingila, ta sami kayan aiki, ta bincika matani, kuma ta ci gaba da alaƙa da ilimi a madadinsa.
Kodayake har yanzu ba a san inda zane-zanen mai da ta tsira ba a cikin 2019, yawancin "zane-zanen ruhu" na Howitt - hotuna sun samo asali ne ba tare da kulawarta ba - sun kasance a cikin ɗakunan ajiya na Kwalejin Nazarin Zuciya a London. Howitt ya kasance wahayi ga mai zane-zane Georgiana Houghton . Tare da fadada sha'awar jama'a ga masu zane-zane masu tunani kamar Emma Kunz da Hilma af Klint, zane-zanen Howitt a halin yanzu suna karɓar kulawa ta ilimi.

Anna Mary Watts ta mutu daga cutar diphtheria a 1884 a Mair am Hof a  , yayin ziyarar mahaifiyarta a Tyrol (tun daga 1919 wani ɓangare na Italiya). 

## Dubi kuma

; Mata masu zane-zane na Ingila daga farkon karni na 19 waɗanda suka nuna a Royal Academy of Art

## Littattafai

* ''Ɗalibi na Fasaha a Munich'' (1853) 
*  (1855) 
* Aurora: A Volume of Verse (1875) 
*  (1883) 

## Manazarta

## Abubuwan waje

* Rachel Oberter, Spiritualism da Visual Imagination a cikin Victorian Birtaniya, PhD dissertation, Jami'ar Yale, 2007
* Black-and-white reproduction of AMH's 1849 portrait of fellow artist John Banvard (1815-1891): An samo shi 9 Yuli 2011. Archived18 ga Oktoba 2012 aWayback Machine
* Rubutun An Art-Student in Munich online: An samo shi a ranar 9 ga Yuli, 2011..
* Rubutun The Children's Year by Mary Howitt, wanda 'yarta Anna Mary Howitt ta kwatanta: An samo shi a ranar 9 ga Yuli, 2011..
* Wani babi game da tafiye-tafiyen Anna Mary Howitt a Munich a cikin Heidi Liedke: Kwarewar Yin Yin Yin Wuri a cikin Littattafan Tafiya na Victoria, 1850-1901. Palgrave Macmillan, 2018 An samo shi a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta 2018.