Daisy Bates (mai fafutuka)

**Daisy Bates** (11 ga Nuwamba, 1914 - 4 ga Nuwamba), 'yar gwagwarmayar kare hakkin bil'adama ce ta Amurka, mai bugawa, 'yar jarida, kuma malama wacce ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Little Rock Integration Crisis na shekara ta 1957.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Daisy Bates a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 1914, ga mahaifinta Hezekiah Gatson, da mahaifiyarta Millie Riley . Ta girma a kudancin Arkansas a cikin karamin garin Huttig . Hezekiah Gatson ya tallafa wa iyalin ta hanyar aiki a matsayin mai ba da katako a cikin ma'adinai na gida. An kashe mahaifiyarta Millie Riley lokacin da Daisy take jariri, kuma abokan mahaifiyarta na kusa sun kula da yarinyar: Orlee Smith, tsohon soja na yakin duniya na, da matarsa Susie Smith. Mahaifinta Hezekiah ya watsar da ita, kuma Daisy ba ta sake ganinsa ba.[1] A cikin The Death of My Mother, Bates ta ba da labarin koyo, tana da shekaru takwas, cewa 'yan fari uku na gida sun yi wa mahaifiyarta fyade kuma sun kashe ta, kuma an jefa jikinta cikin wani millpond, inda daga baya aka gano ta.

Sanin cewa babu wanda aka gurfanar da shi saboda kisan mahaifiyarta ya haifar da fushin Daisy game da rashin adalci. Mahaifinta na tallafi, Orlee Smith, ya gaya mata cewa ba a taɓa samun masu kisan ba kuma 'yan sanda ba su nuna sha'awar lamarin ba. Daisy tana son fansa. Daga baya ta rubuta cewa: 
 Rayuwata yanzu tana da wata boyayyar manufa - neman mutanen da suka aikata wannan mummunan abu ga mahaifiyata. A karshe ta gano daya daga cikin wadanda suka kashe mahaifiyarta. A wani wurin sayar da kayan abinci, ta ci karo da wani saurayi farar fata wanda kallonsa ya nuna cewa yana da hannu a lamarin. Bayan wannan haduwa, Daisy za ta je wurin akai-akai don raina shi mai maye da idanunta kawai. Daga baya saurayin ya roki Daisy, "Don Allah, a madadin Allah, ki bar ni." Ya sha har ya mutu kuma an same shi a cikin wata kwatami.}}
Ta fara ƙin fararen mutane. Saboda damuwa da bege, mahaifinta mai kula ya ba ta wasu shawarwari daga gadonsa na mutuwa:

Bates ta ce ba ta taɓa mantawa da hakan ba. Ta yi imanin cewa wannan ƙwaƙwalwar ta goyi bayan ƙarfinta na jagoranci a cikin hanyar haƙƙin ɗan adam.

Kafin Daisy ta fallasa mutuwar mahaifiyarta ta halitta, sau da yawa tana wasa tare da Beatrice, wata farar yarinya a kusa da shekarunta. Sun raba dinari don zuma mai wuya, kuma sun yi kyau.

Yaron Bates ya haɗa da halartar makarantun jama'a na Huttig, inda ta koyi da kanta yanayin talauci wanda aka fallasa ɗaliban baƙar fata. Orlee Smith ta mutu lokacin da Bates ke matashiya, ta bar ta da mahaifiyarta. Bates ta yaba wa mahaifinta sosai, wanda ya haifar da tunanin cewa ta auri mijinta saboda yana da irin wannan halaye tare da mahaifinta. Bates tana da babban yabo ga mutumin inda ba za ta iya "tunanin lokacin da wannan mutumin da na kira mahaifina bai yi magana da ni kamar dai ni babba ba". Sabanin dangantakarsu, Daisy tana da dangantaka mai tsanani da mahaifiyarta. Susie Smith za ta azabtar da Daisy, wanda "sau da yawa aka yi masa ba'a, aka horar da shi, ya sauya shi, kuma ya sa ya tsaya a kusurwa". Ko da bayan mutuwar Orlee Smith, biyun sun fadi.

Daisy tana da shekara 17 lokacin da ta fara soyayya da Lucius Christopher Bates, mai sayar da inshora wanda ya yi aiki a jaridu a Kudu da Yamma. Daisy tana da shekaru 15 kawai lokacin da suka fara haduwa, kuma Lucius har yanzu yana da auren Kassandra Crawford .  Lucius ya saki matarsa ta farko a shekara ta 1941 kafin ya koma Little Rock kuma ya fara kamfanin dillancin labarai na Jihar Arkansas. Daisy da L.C. Bates sun yi aure a ranar 4 ga Maris, 1942. 

A shekara ta 1952, an zabi Daisy Bates a matsayin shugaban taron Arkansas na rassan NAACP.

## ''Jaridar Jihar Arkansas''

Bayan da suka koma Little Rock, Bateses sun yanke shawarar yin aiki a kan mafarkin su, mallakar jarida. Sun ba da hayar masana'antar bugawa wacce ta kasance ta ƙungiyar coci kuma sun kaddamar da Arkansas State Press, jaridar mako-mako a duk fadin jihar. An fito da fitowar farko a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 1941.

*Jaridar Jihar Arkansas* ta fi damuwa da aikin jarida kuma an tsara ta ne daga wasu wallafe-wallafen Afirka na zamanin, kamar su Chicago Defender da The Crisis . Labarai game da haƙƙin jama'a galibi suna gudana a shafi na gaba tare da sauran takarda da aka cika da wasu labarun da suka nuna nasarorin baƙar fata Arkansans. Hotuna ma sun kasance da yawa a cikin takarda.

Takardar ta zama murya mai sha'awar kare hakkin bil'adama har ma kafin wani yunkuri da aka amince da shi a kasa ya fito. Daga baya aka gane Daisy Bates a matsayin mai wallafa takarda.

A matsayinsa na tsohon shugaban taron Jihar Arkansas na NAACP, Bates ya shiga cikin abubuwan da suka faru. Ko da yake a cikin 1954 hukuncin Kotun Koli ta Amurka a cikin *Brown v. Hukumar Ilimi* ta sanya duk makarantun da aka ware ba bisa ka'ida ba, makarantun Arkansas sun ki yin rajistar ɗaliban Afirka na Amurka. Bates da mijinta sun yi ƙoƙari su yi yaƙi da halin da ake ciki a cikin jaridarsu. **'Jaridar Jiha'' Arkansas'' ta zama mai goyon bayan abubuwan da suka faru a makarantar jama'a ta NAACP. ''Jaridar Jiha'' ta wallafa, "Muna jin cewa hanyar da ta dace za ta kasance ga shugabannin tsakanin tseren Negro - ba bakuna ba, Uncle Toms, ko masu murmushi don haɗuwa da shawarwari tare da shugabannin makaranta. " Game da manufofin rarrabewar ilimi, Jaridar Jihare ta haɓaka ruhun nan take a cikin zukatan 'yan Afirka da fararen fata. Sabanin tsarin sannu a hankali, wannan jaridar galibi tana son sake fasalin nan take a tsarin ilimi na Arkansas. Jaridar Arkansas State Press ta ruwaito cewa NAACP ita ce jagorar shirya waɗannan abubuwan zanga-zangar, kuma jaridar ta kuma fadada tasirin ƙasa don barin mutane da yawa su shiga cikin abubuwan ilimi a Little Rock.

Yayinda Gwamna Orval Faubus da magoya bayansa suka ki amincewa da rarrabewa na makarantar sakandare ta tsakiya, wannan edita ta bayyana a shafin farko:

A duk lokacin da yake, **'Jaridar Jiha* Arkansas* ta rufe duk labaran zamantakewa da ke faruwa a cikin jihar. Ya kasance mai goyon bayan haɗin launin fata a makarantu kuma ya yada goyon bayansa sosai a shafukansa. A shekara ta 1957, saboda matsayinta mai karfi a lokacin Little Rock Segregation Crisis, masu tallata fararen fata sun sake yin takunkumi don azabtar da jaridar don tallafawa sake rarrabewa. Wannan takunkumin ya sami nasarar yanke kudade, ban da kuɗin da ya zo kai tsaye kuma ta hanyar tallace-tallace daga ofishin NAACP na kasa, da kuma ta hanyar tallan daga magoya baya a duk faɗin ƙasar. Duk da wannan jaridar Jiha ba ta iya kula da kanta ba kuma an buga fitowar ta ƙarshe a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 1959. 

## Haɗin kai da NAACP
Daisy Bates nan da nan ta shiga reshen NAACP na gida bayan ta koma Little Rock. A cikin wata hira ta bayyana tarihinta tare da kungiyar kuma cewa duk "mafarki sun haɗa da wannan kungiyar". Mahaifinta ya kasance memba na NAACP shekaru da yawa da suka gabata kuma ta ba da labarin tambayarsa dalilin da ya sa ya shiga kungiyar. Ta ce mahaifinta zai dawo da ita littattafai don karantawa kuma bayan ta koyi burinsu ta yanke shawarar keɓe kanta, ma.

A cikin wannan hira lokacin da aka tambaye ta abin da ita da kungiyar suka mayar da hankali kan canzawa, Bates ta amsa "dukan tsarin da aka yi". Koyaya, bayan yanke shawara na *Brown v. Hukumar Ilimi* ce ta fara mai da hankali kan ilimi.

Bates ya zama shugaban Taron Rukunin Arkansas a 1952 yana da shekaru 38. Ta ci gaba da aiki kuma ta kasance a cikin Hukumar Kasa ta NAACP har zuwa 1970. Saboda matsayinta a NAACP, rayuwar Bates tana fuskantar barazana a yawancin lokaci. A cikin tarihin rayuwarta, Bates ta tattauna rayuwarta a matsayin shugaban NAACP a Arkansas:

## Rikicin Haɗin Ƙananan Dutsen
Bates da mijinta sun kasance muhimman mutane a cikin al'ummar Afirka ta Amirka a babban birnin Little Rock . Sun buga wata jaridar baƙar fata ta cikin gida, Arkansas State Press, wacce ta yada keta dokokin Kotun Koli.

An dai fara aiwatar da shirin raba makarantun Little Rock ne a matakai uku, inda za a fara da manyan makarantun gaba da sakandare, sannan kuma sai bayan an samu nasarar hade manyan makarantu da kananan makarantun ne za a hada makarantun firamare.  Bayan shekaru biyu kuma har yanzu ba a samu ci gaba ba, an shigar da kara a karamar hukumar Little Rock a shekara ta 1956. Kotu ta umarci hukumar makarantar da ta hade makarantun tun daga watan Satumban 1957. "Hakika an fara yakin neman ruhin Little Rock, kuma Bates ya shiga da karfi."

Da yake fahimtar cewa tana da hannu sosai da kuma sadaukar da kai ga ilimi da haɗin makaranta, Daisy ita ce wakilin da aka zaba. Bayan an zaɓi ɗaliban baƙar fata tara don halartar Babban Jami'ar, Mrs. Bates za ta kasance tare da su a kowane mataki na hanya.

A matsayinsa na shugaban reshen NAACP a Arkansas, Bates ya jagoranci kuma ya ba da shawara ga ɗalibai tara, waɗanda aka sani da Little Rock Nine, lokacin da suka yi ƙoƙari su yi rajista a 1957 a Little Rock Central High School, wata cibiyar da ta kasance fari a baya. Kokarin daliban su shiga ya haifar da rikici tare da Gwamna Orval Faubus, wanda ya kira masu tsaron kasa don hana su shiga. Mai tsaron kawai ya bar fararen ɗalibai su wuce ƙofar makarantar. An nemi dalibai takwas daga cikin tara su koma gida. Ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibai, Elizabeth Eckford, ba ta karɓi saƙon daga Daisy Bates a daren da ya gabata ba kuma fararen mutane ne suka sadu da ita a waje da makarantar yayin da ta yi ƙoƙarin neman sauran ɗalibai takwas a wannan safiya. Jama'ar sun yi barazanar kashe daliban baƙar fata; mambobin jama'ar sun tsananta wa masu fafutuka ba kawai ba har ma da 'yan jarida na Arewa waɗanda suka zo don rufe labarin.

Bates used her organizational skills to plan a way for the nine students to get into Central High. She planned for ministers to escort the children into the school, two in front of the children and two behind. She thought that not only would they help protect the children physically but having ministers accompany them would "serve as powerful symbols against the bulwark of segregation".&#x5B;**&#x5D; Bates continued with her task of helping the nine enroll in school. She spoke with their parents several times throughout the day to make sure they knew what was going on. She joined the parent-teacher organization, even though she did not have a student enrolled in school. She was persistent and realized that she needed to dominate the situation in order to succeed.

Bates ya kasance mutum ne mai mahimmanci a wannan lokacin na Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama. Osro Cobb, Lauyan Amurka na Gundumar Gabashin Arkansas yana nufin a cikin tarihinsa game da ita, daidai da haka:

Duk da haka, annobar a makarantar sakandare ta tsakiya ta sa mai kula da Virgil Blossom ya kori makarantar a wannan rana ta farko ta rarrabewa, kuma taron jama'a sun warwatse. Shugaba Dwight D. Eisenhower na Amurka ya shiga tsakani ta hanyar hada da tsaron kasa na Arkansas da kuma aika da 101st Airborne Division zuwa Little Rock don tabbatar da cewa an aiwatar da umarnin kotu. Sojojin sun ci gaba da tsari, kuma an ci gaba da kawar da wariyar launin fata. A cikin shekara ta 1958-59, duk da haka, an rufe makarantun jama'a a Little Rock a wani yunkuri na sake dawo da wariyar launin fata. Wannan lokacin an san shi da "The Lost Year" a Arkansas.

Wani muhimmin rawar da Bates ya taka a lokacin Yunkurin Kare Hakkin Bil'adama shine bayar da shawarwari da kuma ba da shawara ga Little Rock Nine. Gidan Bates ya zama Tarihin Tarihi na Kasa a shekara ta 2002 saboda rawar da ta taka a lokacin da aka raba makarantu. Gidan ta ya zama mafaka ga Little Rock Nine . Shirye-shiryen yadda za a aiwatar da rarrabewa da kuma burin da za a aiwatar sun kasance wani muhimmin bangare na rawar da ta taka a lokacin motsi kuma musamman, gidan hanya ce ta taimakawa wajen cimma burin kare hakkin bil'adama. Gidanta kuma ya kasance hukuma ce kuma ya ɗauki wuri don Little Rock Nine kafin da bayan makaranta, kowace rana. Saboda gidanta wuri ne na taro na hukuma, ya zama cibiyar tashin hankali kuma sau da yawa magoya bayan wariyar launin fata sun lalata shi.

A shekara ta 1998, mai magana da yawun Bates ya bayyana cewa Bates ta ji laifi saboda gazawarta ta sanar da daya daga cikin 'yan mata, Elizabeth Eckford, cewa suna jinkirta shiga makarantar sakandare ta tsakiya. Iyalin yaron ba su da tarho, kuma mahaifin bai dawo daga aiki ba har sai karfe 3 na safe. Eckford ba ta san cewa tana bukatar iyayenta su bi ta ba, kuma ba ta san tana bukatar taruwa da wasu ɗaliban baƙar fata a wannan safiya ba. A sakamakon haka, Eckford ta sadu da taron jama'a da kanta, lokacin da wani mai ba da rahoto mai kyau, Grace Lorch, ya fitar da ita daga cikin taron kuma ya jagoranta ta zuwa tashar bas. A daren da ya gabata, Bates ta yi barci kafin ta iya isar da saƙon ga dangi, kuma yarinyar ta yi ƙoƙari ta halarci rana ta farko ita kaɗai a makarantar da aka ware. Bates ba wai kawai tana son ɗaliban baƙar fata su sami matakin ilimi iri ɗaya da ɗaliban fari ba, amma kuma tana son yin aikinta ga dukkan kabilu su sami ingancin ilimi iri ɗaya.

Majalisar Birnin Little Rock ta umarci shugaban 'yan sanda na Little Rock da ya kama Bates da sauran mutanen NAACP; ita da shugaban reshe na yankin sun mika wuya da son rai. An tuhume su da rashin samar da bayanai game da mambobin NAACP don rikodin jama'a, a keta dokar birni. Kodayake alƙalin ya tuhumi Bates da tarar, lauyoyin NAACP sun daukaka kara kuma daga ƙarshe sun sami juyawa a Kotun Koli ta Amurka. A cikin irin wannan shari'ar, babbar kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa jihar Alabama ba za ta iya tilasta wa NAACP ta mika jerin mambobinta ga jami'an jihar ba.

A wata hira da Bates, ta ce mafi mahimmancin gudummawar da ta bayar a lokacin rikicin Little Rock shine:

Martin Luther King Jr. ya aika da sakon waya a watan Satumbar 1957 game da rikicin makarantar sakandare ta tsakiya da Little Rock Nine. Manufar Sarki ita ce ta karfafa Bates ya "yi bin hanyar da ba ta da tashin hankali", duk da cewa "tsoro, an jajjefe shi, kuma 'yan zanga-zangar da ba su da tausayi suka yi masa barazana". Ya tabbatar mata, "Ra'ayin Duniya yana tare da ku. Lamirin ɗabi'a na miliyoyin fararen Amurkawa yana tare da kai. "  Sarki ya kasance baƙo na Bateses a watan Mayu 1958 lokacin da ya yi magana a farkon Kwalejin Arkansas AM & N. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan farawa, Sarki ya nemi Daisy Bates ta zama mai magana da Ranar Mata a Dexter Avenue Baptist Church daga baya a wannan shekarar a watan Oktoba. A wannan shekarar da aka zabe ta a matsayin mai magana a cocin Baptist, an kuma zabe ta a kwamitin zartarwa na King's Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).

Kasancewar Bates a cikin Little Rock Crisis ya haifar da asarar kudaden talla ga jaridar su, kuma an tilasta masa rufewa a shekarar 1959. A shekara ta 1960, Daisy Bates ta koma Birnin New York kuma ta rubuta tarihinta, The Long Shadow of Little Rock, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta kasa ta 1988.

Wannan rikicin ya nuna tasirin kungiyoyin cikin gida, kuma aikin Bates ya yi aiki saboda gwamnati ta fara samun martani ga kungiyar kamar NAACP. Bayan rikicin Little Rock Nine a Arkansas, birnin ya kafa dokoki cewa duk kungiyoyi ya kamata su bayyana jerin mambobinsu, kamar NAACP. Encyclopedia of Civil Rights in America ya rubuta cewa,
 

## Rayuwa ta baya
Bates daga nan ya koma Washington, DC, kuma ya yi aiki ga Kwamitin Kasa na Democrat. Ta kuma yi aiki a cikin gwamnatin Shugaban Amurka Lyndon Baines Johnson tana aiki a kan Shirye-shiryen yaki da talauci. A shekara ta 1965, ta yi bugun jini kuma ta koma Little Rock.

A shekara ta 1968, ta koma yankin baƙar fata na karkara na Mitchellville a Desha County, gabashin Arkansas . Ta mayar da hankali kan inganta rayuwar maƙwabtanta ta hanyar kafa shirin taimakon kai wanda ke da alhakin sabbin tsarin shara, tituna masu kyau, tsarin ruwa, da cibiyar al'umma.

Bates ta farfado da jaridar Arkansas State Press a shekarar 1984 bayan L. C. Bates, mijinta, ya mutu a shekarar 1980. A cikin wannan shekarar, Bates ya kuma sami digiri na Doctor of Laws, wanda Jami'ar Arkansas a Fayetteville ta ba shi.

A shekara ta 1986, Jami'ar Arkansas Press ta sake buga The Long Shadow of Little Rock, wanda ya zama bugu na farko da aka sake bugawa don samun lambar yabo ta littafin Amurka. Tsohuwar uwargidan Shugaban kasa Eleanor Roosevelt ta rubuta gabatarwa ga tarihin rayuwar Bates. A shekara mai zuwa ta sayar da jaridar, amma ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara. Little Rock ta biya watakila babbar haraji, ba kawai ga Bates ba amma ga sabon zamanin da ta taimaka wajen farawa, ta hanyar buɗe makarantar firamare ta Daisy Bates da kuma yin ranar Litinin ta uku a watan Fabrairu ranar haihuwar George Washington da Daisy Gatson Bates a matsayin hutun hukuma.

Bates ya mutu bayan jerin bugun jini, a Little Rock a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 1999, yana da shekaru 84.

Mai shirya fina-finai Sharon La Cruise ta samar kuma ta ba da umarnin fim game da Bates. *Daisy Bates: Uwargidan Shugaban Little Rock* ta fara ne a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2012, a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin Independent Lens a kan PBS.

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2014, Jami'ar Rutgers ta ba John Lewis Adams Ph.D. a tarihi don rubutun sa, Time For a Showdown, tarihin rayuwa da ke ba da labarin tashiwar Bates da mijinta da tasirin su a kan Black activism a cikin shekarun 1950. 

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, an sanya wani mutum-mutumi wanda ke nuna Bates a cikin tarin National Statuary Hall na Amurka a matsayin daya daga cikin mutum-mutuma biyu a cikin zauren don wakiltar Arkansas.

### Tarihi
Littafin Bates, *The Long Shadow of Little Rock: A Memoir*, wanda aka buga a 1962,  ya ba da labarin abubuwan da ta samu a matsayin mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama a lokacin da aka raba makarantar sakandare ta tsakiya a Little Rock, Arkansas. Littafin ya ba da labarin farko game da Little Rock Nine, ƙungiyar ɗaliban Afirka guda tara waɗanda suka haɗa makarantar a shekara ta 1957, da kuma rawar da Bates ya taka a matsayin mai ba da shawara da mai ba da shawarar su. Ya ba da cikakken bayani game da tsananin juriya da suka fuskanta daga masu wariyar launin fata, rikice-rikicen siyasa da ke kewaye da rikicin hadin kai, da kuma tasirin da ya shafi rayuwar Bates da kuma sana'a. Ta hanyar littafin, Bates ya kama ƙarfin hali na ɗalibai da tasirin taron a kan ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama.

Littafin ya sami yabo mai yawa saboda yadda yake nuna rashin adalci na launin fata da kuma jaddada sadaukarwar mutum da aka yi a gwagwarmayar samun daidaito. A shekara ta 1988, sama da shekaru ashirin bayan bugawa ta farko, an sake buga littafin The Long Shadow of Little Rock na American Book Award Special Citation saboda muhimmancin da yake da shi a tarihin Amurka da wallafe-wallafen. Tun daga wannan lokacin an dauki littafin a matsayin muhimmiyar tushe don fahimtar yunkurin kare hakkin bil'adama da rikitarwa na gwagwarmayar hadewa.

## Daraja da kyaututtuka

* An ba ta suna Mace ta Shekara a shekara ta 1957 ta Majalisar Mata ta KasaMajalisar Mata Baƙar fata ta Kasa
* Mai karɓar hadin gwiwa, tare da Little Rock Nine na 1958 Spingarn MedalMedal na Spingarn
* Kyautar Littafin Amurka ta 1988
* Godiya ga Babban Taron Arkansas
* Dokta na girmamawa na Dokta, Jami'ar Arkansas, 1984
* Kyautar Candace daga Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Mata 100 baƙi, 1984 
* Diamond Cross na Malta daga Philadelphia Cotillion Society
* memba mai daraja na Delta Sigma Theta sorority
* Arkansas ta kafa Litinin na uku a watan Fabrairu a matsayin "Ranar haihuwar George Washington da Ranar Daisy Gatson Bates", hutu na hukuma.
* Daisy L. Gatson Bates Drive, tsohon titin 14, wanda ke gudana zuwa arewacin Little Rock Central High School, an sake masa suna.
* A garinsu na Huttig akwai Daisy L. Gatson Bates St.
* An sanya wa Makarantar Firamare ta Daisy Bates a Little Rock suna don girmama ta.
* Kwamitin hutun Daisy Bates yana karkashin jagorancin Wakilin Jiha Afirka Charles Blake na Little Rock.
* Medal na zinare na majalisa wanda Shugaba Bill Clinton ya bayar bayan mutuwarsa tare da sauran mambobin The Little Rock Nine a watan Nuwamba 1999.
* A ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 2019, Gwamna Asa Hutchinson ya sanya hannu kan dokar da ta sanya Daisy Bates da mawaƙa Johnny Cash a matsayin wakilan biyu na Jihar Arkansas a cikin Tarin Gidan Tarihi na Amurka. An bayyana mutum-mutumi na Bates a hukumance a Capitol a ranar 8 ga Mayu, 2024. 

## Dubi kuma

* Gidan Daisy Bates, Tarihin Tarihi na Kasa a Little Rock, Arkansas
* Jerin shugabannin kare hakkin bil'adama

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Ƙarin karantawa

* Bartley, Numan V. "Dubi baya a Little Rock. " *Arkansas Tarihi Quarterly* 25.2 (1966): 101-116. kan layi
* Bates, Daisy. The long inuwa of Little Rock: A memoir (Jami'ar Arkansas Press, 2007), tushen farko.
* Calloway, Carolyn et al. "Daisy Bates da Little Rock School Crisis: Forging the Way". Jaridar Black Studies (1996) 5#26: 616-628. [Hotuna a shafi na 10] S2CID 145431981.
* Fradin, Judith Bloom, da Dennis B. Fradin. *Ikon daya: Daisy Bates da ƙaramin Rock Nine* (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2004).
* Kirk, John A. "Daisy Bates, Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci gaban Mutanen Launi, da Rikicin Makarantar Little Rock na 1957: Ra'ayi na Jima'i. " a cikin Jima'a a cikin Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama (Routledge, 2014) shafuffuka 17-40.&nbsp;
* Kirk, John A., da Minnijean Brown Trickey . *Bayan Little Rock: Asalin da gado na Babban Rikicin Tsakiya* (Jami'ar Arkansas Press, 2007).
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] "The Legacy of Daisy Bates". *Arkansas Tarihi Quarterly* 26 (5): 616-628. JSTOR 2784887.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] *Daisy Bates: Mai Crusader na 'Yancin Bil'adama daga Arkansas* (2012).

## Haɗin waje

* Daisy Bates Papers Jami'ar Arkansas, Sashen Tattalin Arziki na Musamman, MC 582
* Caselaw: Bates v Little Rock
* Tattaunawar Tarihi tare da Daisy Bates daga Tarihin Magana na Kudancin Amurka
* "Daisy Gatson Bates", Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture entry.
* Daisy BatesaNeman Kabari
* Norwood, Arlisha "Daisy Bates". Gidan Tarihin Mata na Kasa. 2017.