Augusta Fox Bronner

**Augusta Fox Bronner** (22 ga Yuli, 1881 - 11 ga Disamba, 1966)   ta kasance masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam kuma masanin laifuka na Amurka, wanda aka fi sani da aikinta a ilimin halayyee yara. Ta jagoranci asibitin jagorantar yara na farko, kuma bincikenta ya tsara ka'idojin ilimin halayyar mutum game da abubuwan da ke bayan aikata laifukan yara, yana jaddada bukatar mayar da hankali kan abubuwan zamantakewa da muhalli akan halaye na gado.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Bronner a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 1881, a Louisville, Kentucky,    ga Gustave Bronner da Hanna Fox Bronner.  Iyalin Yahudawa ne,  kuma kakannin Augusta Fox Bronner a bangarorin biyu na iyalin sun fito ne daga Jamus.  Tana da 'yan uwa biyu, babban ɗan'uwa, da ƙaramar'uwa.

Bayan sun zauna a Cincinnati na shekaru da yawa, dangin Bronner sun koma Louisville, inda Bronner ta kammala karatu tare da difloma ta makarantar sakandare a shekara ta 1898. 

## Ilimi
Mahaifiyar Bronner da kakarta duk sun ƙarfafa ta yi karatu da kuma gina aiki. Bronner ta yi burin zama malama tun tana ƙarama, kuma bayan makarantar sakandare, ta bi takardar shaidar malami a makarantar Louisville Normal School . Ta fita a takaice, saboda matsalolin ido, kuma ta yi shekara guda tana tafiya a Turai tare da kawunta [1] kafin ta koma Makarantar Normal kuma ta kammala a 1901.

Bayan ta shiga Kwalejin MalAM ta Jami'ar Columbia, Bronner ta kammala digiri na farko (BS). ) a cikin 1906, nan da nan ta biyo bayan digiri na biyu (A.M. ) a cikin shekara ta 1909.  A lokacin karatunta, ta yi aiki na ɗan lokaci ga masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Edward L. Thorndike .  Ta koma Louisville a takaice, tana koyarwa a makarantar sakandaren mata ta Louisville - tsohuwar makarantar ta - har sai mahaifinta ya mutu a shekara ta 1911.  Daga nan sai ta fara karatun digirin digirin ta a Kwalejin Malamai, tana aiki tare da Thorndike.

## Career
A shekara ta 1913, yayin da yake karatun bazara a Jami'ar Harvard, Bronner ya sadu da likitan ƙwaƙwalwa na Chicago kuma farfesa William Healy .  Healy yana da sha'awar nazarin laifukan yara,  kuma daga baya ya hayar Bronner don aiki a matsayin masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Chicago.  A shekara ta 1914, an sake sunan cibiyar a matsayin Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kotun Yara, kuma Bronner nan da nan ya zama mataimakin darektan. Bronner da Healy sun ci gaba da tsara binciken da kuma kula da matasa masu laifi, suna ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar kimiyya cewa yawancin laifukan yara sun samo asali ne daga abubuwan muhalli maimakon gado, ko abubuwan kwayar halitta. Daga cikin sauran bincike, ta gano cewa aikata laifuka sau da yawa ya taso ne sakamakon sanya yara masu nakasa ko iyawa ta musamman a cikin nau'ikan yanayin ilimi mara kyau.

A cikin 1917, Bronner da Healy sun ɗauki sabbin mukamai a Gidauniyar Alkalin Baker ta Boston (daga baya Cibiyar Yara ta Alkalin Baker ), sabon asibitin jagorantar yara da ke da tallafin jama'a wanda ke haɗe da kotun yara ta Boston.  Bronner ya gudanar da mafi yawan gwaje-gwajen tunanin matasa, da kuma ganawa da 'yan mata da yara mafi ƙanƙanta. A cikin 1927, Bronner da Healy sun rubuta Manual of Individual Mental Tests and Testing, cikakken jagora don tantance yanayin tunanin mai haƙuri.  Kodayake an ba Healy cikakken matsayin darektan, tare da Bronner yana aiki a matsayin mataimakin darektan. Gidauniyar Alkalin Baker nan da nan ta zama abin koyi ga wasu asibitocin jagorantar yara a duk faɗin ƙasar, tare da hadin gwiwar daraktocin da ke haɓaka mahimman ayyukan ilimin halayyar dan adam kamar hanyar "ƙungiya", inda masu ilimin halayya suka yi aiki tare da ma'aikatan zamantakewa da likitoci don kula da mara lafiya.

A ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, 1930, Shugaba Herbert Hoover ya gayyaci Bronner da Healy don halartar Taron Fadar White House kan Lafiya da Kariya ta Yara. 

A cikin shekarun 1930, Bronner ya kuma yi aiki a takaice a New Haven, Connecticut, a matsayin Darakta na Cibiyar Bincike ta Hulɗa da Dan Adam a Jami'ar Yale. Ta kasance shugabar kungiyar Orthopsychiatric Association ta Amurka a shekarar 1932. 

## Littattafai da ra'ayoyin ra'ayi
Bayan rubutunta, Bronner ta buga The Psychology of Special Abilities and Disabilities a shekarar 1917.  A ciki, ta jaddada muhimmancin gano ayyukan da mutane suka fi dacewa da su da kuma daidaita kokarin ilimi da sana'a. Maimakon mayar da hankali kan nakasa ta mutane, ya kamata mu mayar da hankali ga abin da suke morewa da / ko cin nasara. An sake buga littafinta sau da yawa, kuma ya taimaka wajen kara yawan gwajin sana'a.

### Halin a matsayin wani abu a gwajin tunani
Labarin Bronner na 1916 "Halin kamar yadda yake shafar Ayyukan Gwaje-gwaje" ya bincika yadda wasu dalilai zasu iya shafar sakamakon gwajin:  Ta jaddada cewa hanyar da mutum ke kusantar aiki na iya rinjayar nasarar su ko gazawar su. Ta ambaci Edward Thorndike da dokokinsa na ilmantarwa, wanda ya haɗa da halin a matsayin abin tasiri. Bronner ya tabbatar da cewa babu wata hanyar da za a yi nazarin halin da ake ciki ta hanyar gwaji: maimakon haka, ana iya nazarin shi ne kawai ta hanyar lura. Gwajin tunani, ya lura da Bronner, yana aiki don gano damar mutum.

A wannan lokacin, an kusanci matsaloli masu amfani a cikin ilimin halayyar mutum bisa ga gwaje-gwaje na hankali a cikin dakunan gwaje- gwaje-gaje. Bronner ya yi jayayya cewa abubuwa da yawa na rayuwa na ainihi na iya rinjayar aikin mutum a kan irin waɗannan gwaje-gwaje. Ta kuma lura cewa sakamakon daga mai jarrabawar ilimin halayyar mutum na iya nuna kulawar mutum da ilimi a nan gaba. Bronner da sauransu sun yi nazarin halayen mutane a cikin kotuna. Lab na ilimin halayyar dan adam ya kamata ya hadu da dalilai masu zuwa: ɗaki mai nutsuwa, ba tare da jan hankali ba, tare da hasken wuta da iska mai kyau. Bronner ya kuma tattauna tasirin da masu kallo zasu iya samu a kan mai jarrabawa da mai jarrabawa, yana kammala cewa bai kamata a sami masu kallo ba. Bronner ya nuna wasu halayen da masu ilimin halayyar dan adam suka lura yayin gudanar da gwajin Binet ga matasa, wanda ya shafi kimantawar su. Ta kuma tattauna abubuwan muhalli waɗanda zasu iya tasiri ga aikin.  

### Haɗin gwiwa tare da William Healy
Yayinda dangantakarta ta sirri da ta sana'a da William Healy ta girma, Bronner ta janye daga buga aikinta, ta fi son yin rubutu tare da Healy. Tare da haɗin gwiwar Healy, Bronner ya buga littattafai da yawa game da ilimin halayyar yara, gami da *Sake gina halayyar matasa: Nazarin yara masu matsala a cikin iyalai masu kula* (1929), *Magani da abin da ya faru bayan haka* (1939), da kuma Menene ya sa yaro ya zama mai laifi? (1948). Sun kuma rubuta labarai da yawa ciki har da "Yaya Makarantar ke samar da ko hana aikata laifuka? (1933). Labarin su ya nuna halayyar aikata laifuka a cikin shekaru masu tsufa a makaranta sakamakon gyare-gyare da makarantar ta yi, kamar tilasta yara su maimaita maki ko sanya su cikin maki a ƙasa da na yanzu. Sun fara rashin amincewa da tsarin ilimi, ba su da farin ciki, kuma sun zama masu gamsuwa da iliminsu. Suna neman hanyoyin da za su yi farin ciki, kamar shiga cikin halayyar aikata laifuka.

## Rayuwa da ritaya
A watan Satumbar 1932,  bayan matar Healy ta mutu, shi da Bronner sun yi aure.  A cewar mai ba da labari John C. Burnham, aure ya canza kadan game da dangantakarsu ta sana'a, kawai tasirinsa shine sauƙin sauƙaƙe aikinsu tare a daren da karshen mako da kuma "mai rikitar da gudanar da asibitin" a duk lokacin da ma'auratan suka tafi hutu tare.

Rashin ma'aikata a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ya tsawaita aikin Bronner da Healy a Gidauniyar Alkalin Baker, duk da shirye-shiryen ritaya. Bayan ma'auratan sun yi ritaya a 1946, Bronner ta lalata mafi yawan bincikenta da takardun da ba a buga ba, ta fi son ci gaba da mayar da hankali ga jama'a kan aikin ilimi na mijinta. Bronner da Healy sun yi ritaya a Clearwater, Florida.

## Mutuwa
Bronner ya mutu a Clearwater a ranar 11 ga Disamba, 1966. 

## Manazarta

## Early life

An haifi Bronner a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 1881, a Louisville, Kentucky,    ga Gustave Bronner da Hanna Fox Bronner.  Iyalin Yahudawa ne,  kuma kakannin Augusta Fox Bronner a bangarorin biyu na iyalin sun fito ne daga Jamus.  Tana da 'yan uwa biyu, babban ɗan'uwa, da ƙaramar'uwa.

Bayan sun zauna a Cincinnati na shekaru da yawa, dangin Bronner sun koma Louisville, inda Bronner ta kammala karatu tare da difloma ta makarantar sakandare a shekara ta 1898. 

## Manazarta