Dara (Chess)

**Chess** wasa ne na allo a tsakanin ' yan wasa biyu. Wani lokaci ana kiransa **chess na duniya** ko kuma dara na **yammacin duniya** don bambanta shi da wasanni masu alaƙa, kamar xiangqi (Ches na China) da shogi (Ches na Japan). Tsarin wasan na yanzu ya bayyana a Spain da sauran Kudancin Turai a lokacin rabin na biyu na karni na 15 bayan da ya samo asali daga chaturanga, wasa mai kama da asalin Indiyawa. A yau, chess na ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun wasanni a duniya, wanda miliyoyin mutane ke bugawa a duniya.

Chess wasa ne na dabarun dabara kuma bai ƙunshi bayanan ɓoye ba. Ana buga shi a kan allo mai murabba'i 64 da aka tsara a cikin grid takwas da takwas. A farkon, kowane mai kunnawa yana sarrafa guda goma sha shida: sarki ɗaya, sarauniya ɗaya, rooks biyu, bishops biyu, knights biyu, da 'yan baranda takwas. Mai kunnawa da ke sarrafa farar guda ya fara motsawa, sannan mai kunnawa yana sarrafa baƙake. Manufar wasan ita ce bincikar sarkin abokan hamayya, inda aka kai wa sarki hari nan take (a cikin "check") kuma babu yadda za a yi ta kubuta. Hakanan akwai hanyoyi da yawa da wasa zai iya ƙarewa a cikin zane.

Ches ɗin da aka tsara ya tashi a ƙarni na 19. FIDE (International Chess Federation) ce ke jagorantar gasar chess a yau. Zakaran Chess na Duniya na farko da aka sani a duniya, Wilhelm Steinitz, ya yi ikirarin takensa a 1886; Magnus Carlsen shine Gwarzon Duniya na yanzu. Babbar ka'idar dara ta haɓaka tun farkon wasan. Ana samun ɓangarorin fasaha a cikin ƙirar chess, kuma Ches a nasa bangaren ya shafi al'adu da fasaha na Yamma, kuma yana da alaƙa da wasu fannoni kamar lissafi, kimiyyar kwamfuta, da ilimin halin ɗan adam. 

Ɗaya daga cikin manufofin masana kimiyyar kwamfuta na farko shine ƙirƙirar na'urar wasan dara. A cikin shekarar 1997, Deep Blue ta zama kwamfuta ta farko da ta doke Gwarzon Duniya mai mulki a wasa lokacin da ta doke Garry Kasparov. Injin chess na yau sun fi ƙwararrun ƴan wasan ɗan adam ƙarfi kuma sun yi tasiri sosai ga haɓakar ka'idar dara.

## Dokoki
FIDE (Fédération Internationale des Échecs), hukumar gudanarwar chess ce ta buga dokokin dara, a cikin *littafin Handbook*.  Dokokin da hukumomin gwamnatocin ƙasa suka buga, ko ta ƙungiyoyin darasi maras alaƙa, masu buga tallace-tallace, da sauransu, na iya bambanta a wasu cikakkun bayanai. Kwanan nan an sake sabunta dokokin FIDE a cikin shekarar 2018.

## Chess ta mail

Bambance-bambancen dara ne wanda abokan hamayya ke musayar motsi ta imel.  Ana auna lokacin ansawa a cikin kwanaki kuma wasan na iya daukar watanni ko shekaru kafin a gama.

Kungiyar Chess ta duniya ta mail ( ICCF) wadala aka kafa a 1951, ita ce ke da alhakin shirya wasannin Olympics da na duniya ta hanyar wasiku.

## Zakarun gasar chess ta duniya ta mail

## Olympiad chess ta mail

Gasar Olympiad gasa ce da kowace kasa da ke da alaka da ICCF ke da hakkin gabatar da tawagar da za ta wakilce ta.  Dole ne ya kasance da 'yan  wasa 6 masu farawa da kuma 2 masu maye gurbin.

Jamus ce kasa mafi nasara a cikinsu, inda ta lashe lambar zinare sau 8.  Sai Tarayyar Soviet 6 da Czechoslovakia 3 (dukkansu sun ruguje).

Ana gudanar da gasar ne a matakai biyu da za a fara lokaci guda:  na karshe na Olympiad daya na kusa da karshe na gaba.  

## Manazarta