Laifukan muhalli

**Laifin muhalli** haramun ne wanda ke cutar da muhalli kai tsaye. Wadannan haramtattun ayyuka sun hada da muhallin namun daji, bambancin halittu da albarkatun kasa. Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar, G8, Intafol, Tarayyar Turai, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Shirin Muhalli, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Intergional Crime da Justice Research Institute, sun gane wadannan laifukan muhalli:

* **Laifin** namun daji : Ba bisa ka'ida ba, cinikin namun daji a cikin nau'ikan da ke cikin hatsari ya saba wa Yarjejeniyar Ciniki ta Duniya a cikin Nauyin Fauna da Flora (CITES);
* **Haƙar ma'adanai ba bisa ka'ida ba** : Fasakar da abubuwan da ke lalata ozone (ODS) wanda ya saba wa Yarjejeniyar Montreal ta 1987 akan Abubuwan da ke Rage Ozon Layer ;
* **Laifukan** gurbacewar yanayi : Jibgewa da cinikin haramtacciyar shara a cikin sharar gida wanda ya saba wa Yarjejeniyar Basel ta 1989 kan Kula da Matsala Tsakanin Sharar da Sharar gida da sauran sharar gida da zubar da su;
* Kamun kifi ba bisa **ka'ida ba: kamun kifi** ba bisa ka'ida ba, ba a ba da rahoto ba kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba, wanda ya saba wa ka'idojin da kungiyoyin kula da kamun kifi daban-daban na yanki suka sanya;
* Satar katako **ba bisa ka'ida ba** : Yin saren itace ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma cinikin katakon da aka sace ba bisa ka'ida ba wanda ya saba wa dokokin kasa. 

## Farashin
Kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka na kasa da kasa da kungiyoyin masu fafutuka suna cin gajiyar satar albarkatun kasa kuma wadannan ribar ba bisa ka'ida ba na karuwa. Ta'addanci har ma da yakin basasa sakamakon laifukan muhalli ne.  A cewar UNEP da Intafol, a cikin watan Yunin 2016, yawan laifukan muhalli ya kai kashi 26 bisa 100 fiye da kimar da aka yi a baya, a dalar Amurka biliyan 91-258, idan aka kwatanta da dalar Amurka biliyan 70-213 a shekarar 2014, wanda ya zarce cinikin kananan makamai ba bisa ka'ida ba .  Fiye da rabin wannan adadin ana iya danganta su da sare itatuwa da sare itatuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba .

## tuhumar  [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|ICC]]
A watan Satumba na 2016 an sanar da cewa kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa da ke birnin The Hague za ta gurfanar da gwamnati da daidaikun mutane kan laifukan da suka shafi muhalli.  Dangane da Sharuɗɗan Zaɓin Harka da aka sanar a cikin Takardar Manufofin kan Zaɓin Harka da fifiko ta ICC a ranar 15 ga Satumba 2016, Ofishin zai ba da la'akari na musamman don gabatar da laifuffukan Dokar Rome da aka aikata ta hanyar, ko kuma hakan ya haifar da, "inter alia, the lalata muhalli, cin dukiyar kasa ba bisa ka'ida ba ko kuma kwace filaye ba bisa ka'ida ba". 

## Laifukan muhalli ta ƙasa

### [[Amurka]]
Wuraren da aka yashe ko kaɗan da aka yi amfani da su sune wuraren zubar da ruwa na gama gari a Amurka -musamman titin jirgin ƙasa. Ana amfani da sama da dala miliyan 10 a shekara don kawar da zubar da shara ba bisa ka'ida ba daga garuruwa da muhalli. Wata karamar kungiya, CSXT reshen laifukan muhalli na yan sanda, an fara dakatar da zubar da titin jirgin kasa musamman.

Tun lokacin da aka kafa Ofishin Tilasta Laifuka na Hukumar Kare Muhalli a 1982, ana samun ci gaba da samun karuwar laifukan muhalli da ake tuhuma.  Hakan ya hada da gurfanar da kamfanonin da suka yi jibge ko haddasa malalar mai ba bisa ka'ida ba. A matakin tarayya, yayin da EPA ke kula da binciken, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ce ke gabatar da kararrakin, ta hanyar Sashin Laifukan Muhalli, da/ko ta daya daga cikin Ofishin Lauyan Amurka 94 a duk fadin kasar.

A cikin binciken shari'ar 2004, ana iya siyan silinda mai nauyin kilo 30 na CFC-12 a China akan dalar Amurka 40 kuma ana siyar da shi ba bisa ka'ida ba a Amurka akan dalar Amurka 600. 

A shekara ta 2000, an yanke masa hukumcin daurin watanni 6 a gidan yari, maginin gidaje Eric Diesel, kuma ya biya tarar dalar Amurka 300,000 saboda ba da lambar yabo ta haramtacciyar hanya a tsaunukan Santa Cruz.  

### Italiya
Misali na Ecomafia shine sarrafa sharar Naples inda aka yi zubar da shara ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin 1980s.

### Najeriya
A Najeriya, an fara kafa hukumomin kula da muhalli ne tun a shekarar 1988 bayan wani lamari na zubar da kayan dafi a cikin kasar da masu sharar sharar duniya suka yi (mummunan lamarin Koko ). A halin yanzu, hukumomi irin su Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Kasa (Nigeria) dokokin Najeriya sun ba su damar daidaita yanayin muhalli. Ita dai wannan hukuma tana aiki da sauran sassan gwamnati kamar su kwastam, ‘yan sanda, leken asirin soji da dai sauransu, kuma ta yi nasarar kame namun daji da aka yi safararsu ba bisa ka’ida ba tare da gurfanar da wasu da dama ciki har da wadanda ba ‘yan kasar ba.

### Singapore
A matsayin cibiyar ciniki, Singapore tana da saurin kamuwa da haramtattun kayayyaki da ba a san su ba. Charles W. Schmidt ya bayyana yadda China ke siyar da CFC-12 ga Amurka ba bisa ka'ida ba ta hanyar Singapore saboda rashin bincike da kuma sirrin kasuwancin masu zaman kansu a Singapore. 

### Rasha
Cin zarafin dokokin kare muhalli na kasar Rasha ya janyo asarar sama da dalar Amurka miliyan 187 a shekarar 2018. Daga cikin laifukan muhalli kusan dubu 23.9 da aka yiwa rajista a Rasha a cikin 2018, mafi rinjayen suna da alaƙa da; yankan dazuzzuka ba bisa ka'ida ba, wanda ya kai kimanin shari'o'i dubu 13.8, da kuma farauta ba bisa ka'ida ba, inda aka samu fiye da dubu 1.9. 

## tilastawa
Ingantacciyar aiwatar da dokokin muhalli yana da mahimmanci ga kowane tsarin kariya da aka tsara don kare muhalli. A farkon dokokin muhalli, cin zarafi ya ɗauki tara mafi ƙarancin ƙima da hukunci. Dokokin farko da ƙa'idodin muhalli ba su da ɗan tasiri ko hanawa kan hukumomi, daidaikun mutane, ko gwamnatoci don bin dokokin muhalli. Lallai, babban tushen gazawar dokokin kare muhalli na Amurka shine halayen farar hula na ayyukan tilastawa tarayya. Babban hukuncin da aka yanke musu shi ne tara, wanda kamfanoni da yawa suka ɗauka a matsayin tsadar kasuwanci. Dokar laifuka ta muhalli ta ƙunshi ƙasa mai kunkuntar. Jigon sa ya ƙunshi tanadin laifuka na dokokin tarayya takwas da aka zartar a cikin 1970s kuma aka gyara a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. 

A lokuta da yawa, musamman kamfanoni sun ga ya fi dacewa don ci gaba da gurɓata fiye da yadda doka ta yarda da kuma biyan duk wani tarar abokan hulɗa idan da gaske an sami kamfani kuma an same shi da laifin keta dokokin muhalli ko ƙa'idodi. Kevin Tomkins ya yi imanin kamfanoni suna da rashin jin daɗi don bin dokokin muhalli ko ƙa'idodi kamar yadda bin ka'ida ya haɓaka farashin aikin su gabaɗaya. An fassara wannan kamar yadda kamfanoni da yawa ke yin biyayya ga dokokin muhalli, ko saboda ma'anar aikin doka ko wajibcin jama'a, sun kasance marasa lahani kuma sun yi hasarar gasa kuma saboda haka sun sha wahala a kasuwa ga masu fafatawa waɗanda suka yi watsi da dokokin muhalli da ƙa'idodi. Sakamakon raunin dokokin muhalli da kuma ci gaba da ra'ayin jama'a game da kula da muhalli, gwamnatoci da yawa sun kafa gwamnatocin tilasta muhalli daban-daban waɗanda suka haɓaka ikon doka na masu binciken muhalli. Haɗin takunkumin laifuka, ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin tara tare da yuwuwar ɗaure jami'an kamfanoni a kurkuku ya canza fuskar tilasta bin doka da oda. Misali, tsakanin 1983 da 1990 Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta sami $57,358,404.00 a cikin hukunce-hukuncen aikata laifuka tare da samun hukuncin dauri a kan kashi 55% na wadanda ake tuhuma da ake tuhuma da laifukan muhalli. 

Yawancin hukumomin muhalli suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rage lalacewar muhalli da kare muhalli ta hanyar dokokin muhalli da ka'idoji. Wadannan hukumomi suna aiki ne a matakai daban-daban tun daga kasa da kasa, yanki, kasa, jiha zuwa kananan hukumomi, suna sanya hukuma guda tana aiki a mataki daya. Waɗannan hukumomin suna amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na tilastawa don ba da garantin bin dokokin muhalli da ƙa'idodi. A wasu lokuta hukumomin tilastawa suna amfani da abin da ake kira "Umurni da Sarrafa" waɗanda ke bin tsarin tsarin gargajiya. A wasu lokuta, suna iya amfani da haɓakar tattalin arziƙi da hanyoyin tushen matasan, waɗanda akwai guda biyu. Bugu da kari, ya kara bukatar hadin gwiwa tsakanin hukumomin 'yan sanda daban-daban. Hukumomin tilasta bin doka da muhalli da ayyukan 'yan sanda ba sa aiki a cikin sarari; kayan aikin doka da tsarin siyasa ke aiwatarwa suna tafiyar da ayyukansu da ayyukansu a cikin al'umma. Duk da haka, a bayyane, kayan aikin doka da gwamnatoci ke aiwatarwa ne ke ƙayyade yawancin dabarun da ayyukan 'yan sanda ke amfani da su wajen kare muhalli. Gabaɗaya waɗannan kayan aikin na ƙasa da ƙasa, na yanki, na ƙasa da na Jiha an ƙirƙira su ne don tabbatar da masana'antu, daidaikun mutane, da gwamnatoci sun bi wasu wajibai daban-daban na muhalli waɗanda ke cikin ƙa'idodi da dokoki na ƙasa. Har ila yau, akwai ka'idoji da yarjejeniyoyin doka na ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda su ma suka shafi yadda ƙasashe masu iko ke tinkarar matsalolin muhalli . 

## Laifukan muhalli
Laifukan muhalli yana nazarin ra'ayoyin laifuffuka, laifuka da munanan halaye a kan muhalli kuma ya fara nazarin rawar da al'ummomi ciki har da hukumomi, gwamnatoci da al'ummomi ke takawa wajen haifar da illar muhalli . Likitocin laifuka a yanzu sun fara gane tasirin mutane kan muhalli da yadda hukumomin tilasta bin doka da shari'a ke auna cutar da muhalli da kuma danganta takunkumi ga masu laifi.  Laifukan muhalli ba wai kawai ya shafi ƙasa, ruwa, iska ba, yana shafar lafiyar yara kuma. A cewar wata kasida da aka buga a cikin Halayen Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli a cikin 2016, “Juyin halitta da fadada kariyar lafiyar yara a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata ya kasance abin ban mamaki. A US EPA, an yi ƙoƙari sosai don magance rashin lafiyar yara na musamman, kuma aikinmu yana ci gaba da magance matsalolin muhalli da ke tasowa don tabbatar da cewa muhallin yara ba su da haɗari da kuma tallafawa ci gaba mai kyau." 

## manazarta

# **^** Banks, D., Davies, C., Gosling, J., Newman, J., Rice, M., Wadley, J., Walravens, F. (2008) *Environmental Crime. A threat to our future.* Environmental Investigation Agency pdf
# **^** [unep.org]
# **^** Interpol (2009) *Environmental crime* online Archived 2006-03-15 at the Wayback Machine
# **^** Solheim, E., Need for global action, in: D+C 9 (2016), S. 46. [1]
# **^** 
# **^** 
# **^** 
# **^** EPA Basic Information on criminal enforcement
# **^** Environmental crimes: profiting at earth's expense
# **^** Big Fine In Hillside Erosion / $300,000 fine over road's collapse

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