Black-eyed pea

**Black-eyed pea** ko **black-eyed bean**  wani legume ne da aka shuka a duniya don matsakaici, mai cin abinci. Yana da nau'in nau'in cowpea, tsire-tsire na Tsohon Duniya da aka yi amfani da shi a Afirka, kuma wani lokacin ana kiransa kawai cowpea.

Ana kiran nau'ikan kasuwanci na yau da kullun da **California Blackeye**; yana da launi mai laushi tare da sanannen baƙar fata. Kudancin Amurka yana da nau'o'i masu yawa, da yawa daga cikinsu gado ne, waɗanda suka bambanta da girma daga ƙananan wake zuwa manyan. Launi na ido na iya zama baƙar fata, launin ruwan kasa, ja, ruwan hoda, ko kore. Dukkanin wake suna da kore lokacin da aka yi musu kwalliya kuma launin ruwan kasa ko buff lokacin da aka bushe. Wani sanannen bambancin  na baƙar fata mai ido shine purple hull pea ko laka-in-your-eye pea; yawanci kore ne tare da sanannen purple ko pink spot. Sunan da aka yarda da shi a halin yanzu don baƙar fata shine*Vigna unguiculata* subsp. *unguiculata*,  kodayake a baya an rarraba shi a cikin jinsin *Phaseolus* . *Vigna unguiculata* subsp. *dekindtiana* dangi ne na daji kuma *Vigna unguiculata* subsp. *sesquipedalis* shine nau'in asparagus mai alaƙa. Sauran wake masu kama da juna, kamar su wake-eye de cabra (beans-eye) na arewacin Mexico, wani lokacin ana kiransu ba daidai ba da baki-eyed peas, kuma akasin haka.

## Tarihi

Black-eyed pea ya samo asali ne daga Yammacin Afirka kuma an shuka shi a China da Indiya tun zamanin da. An shuka shi  a Virginia tun daga karni na 17 ta bayi na Afirka  waɗanda aka kawo su Amurka tare da tsire-tsire na asali daga ƙasashensu. Har ila yau, amfanin gona zai zama sananne a Texas. George Washington Carver ne ya inganta shuka amfanin gona na black-eyed peas saboda, a matsayin legume, yana ƙara nitrogen ga ƙasa kuma yana da babban darajar abinci mai gina jiki. A ko'ina cikin Kudancin, baƙar fata mai idanu har yanzu ana amfani da shi sosai a yau  a cikin abinci da abinci na Kudancin Amurka.  Ana shuka wake mai baƙar fata a duk faɗin duniya.

## Shuka

A cikin yanayin da ba na wurare masu zafi ba, ya kamata a shuka wannan amfanin gona mai son zafi bayan duk haɗarin sanyi ya wuce kuma ƙasa tana da dumi. Tsuntsaye da aka shuka da wuri za su ruɓe kafin su tsiro. Peas masu baƙar fata suna da matukar haƙuri da fari, don haka ya kamata a guje wa ban ruwa mai yawa.

Amfanin gona ba shi da kwari da cututtuka. Root-knot nematodes na iya zama matsala, musamman idan amfanin gona ba a juyawa ba. A matsayin legume mai gyara nitrogen, taki na iya cire nitrogen makonni uku bayan tsiro.

Fure yana samar da ruwan tsami da yawa, kuma manyan wurare na iya zama tushen zuma. Saboda fure yana jan hankalin masu shuka iri-iri, dole ne a yi hankali a aikace-aikacen magungunan kwari don kauce wa keta lakabi.

Bayan dasa wake, ya kamata ya fara girma bayan kwanaki 2-5.

## Abincin Sabuwar Shekara

A Kudancin Amurka, cin wake mai idanu ko Hoppin 'John (abinci na gargajiya) a Ranar Sabuwar Shekara ana zaton zai kawo wadata a sabuwar shekara. Ana dafa wake tare da samfurin alade don dandano (kamar naman alade, fatback, ƙasusuwan ham, ko kayan alade) da kuma albasa, kuma ana ba da shi tare da sauce mai zafi ko ruwan inabi mai ɗanɗano. Abincin gargajiya ya haɗa da kabewa, collard, turnip, ko kayan lambu, da ham. Peas, tun da yake suna kumbura lokacin da aka dafa, alama ce ta wadata; kayan lambu alama ce ta kuɗi; naman alade, saboda aladu suna da tushe a gaba yayin neman abinci, suna wakiltar motsi mai kyau. Gurasar masara, wanda ke wakiltar zinariya, sau da yawa yana tare da wannan abincin.

Akwai tatsuniyoyi da yawa game da asalin wannan al'ada. Bayani biyu da suka shahara game da haɗin Kudu tare da wake da sa'a mai kyau sun koma Yaƙin basasar Amurka. Na farko yana da alaƙa da Janar William T. Sherman na tafiyar Sojojin Tarayya zuwa teku, a lokacin da suka sace kayan abinci na Confederates. Labarai sun ce an ce an bar wake da naman alade mai gishiri ba tare da taɓa su ba, saboda imanin cewa abinci ne na dabba wanda bai dace da cin abinci na mutum ba. Mutanen Kudancin sun yi la'akari da kansu da sa'a su bar wasu kayan aiki don taimaka musu su tsira daga hunturu, kuma wake masu baƙar fata sun samo asali ne a matsayin wakilci na sa'a. Ɗaya daga cikin ƙalubalen wannan labari shine cewa Janar Sherman ya kawo kayan ajiya tare da shi ciki har da kwanaki uku na abincin dabba  kuma ba zai yiwu ya bar ko da abincin dabba ba. Bugu da kari, kwanakin matsakaicin sanyi na farko na Atlanta da Savannah, bi da bi, sune Nuwamba 13 da Nuwamba 28. Kamar yadda tafiyar Sherman ta kasance daga Nuwamba 15 zuwa Disamba 21, 1864, ba zai yiwu ba, kodayake yana yiwuwa, cewa Sojojin Tarayya za su haɗu da filayen da ke tsaye na wake masu baƙar fata kamar yadda aka sakewa a mafi yawan sassan labarin. A wata al'adar Kudancin, wake masu baƙar fata alama ce ta 'yanci ga' yan Afirka na Afirka waɗanda a baya aka bautarsu, kuma waɗanda bayan yakin basasa aka 'yantar da su a hukumance a ranar Sabuwar Shekara.

Sauran al'adun Kudancin Amurka suna nuna Yahudawa na Ashkenazi da kakannin Sephardic a cikin biranen Kudancin da gonaki suna cin wake.

## Amfani da abinci a duk duniya

### Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya
A Misira, ana kiran wake masu baƙar fata *Loboya.* .  Lokacin da aka dafa su da albasa, tafarnuwa, nama da ruwan tumatir, kuma aka ba su tare da shinkafa na Masar tare da wasu pastina da ake kira *shaerya* gauraye, suna yin shahararren abincin shinkafa a Misira.

A Jordan, Lebanon, da Siriya, ana dafa *lobya* ko kore baki-eyed wake tare da albasa, tafarnuwa, tumatir, peeled da yanka, man zaitun, gishiri da baƙar fata.

A Najeriya da Ghana a cikin Yammacin Afirka da Caribbean, abincin gargajiya da ake kira akara *koose* ya ƙunshi wake mai baƙar fata tare da ƙarin gishiri, albasa da / ko albasa. Sa'an nan kuma a soya cakuda. A Najeriya ana yin pudding da ake kira 'moin-moin' daga ƙasa da gauraye da wake tare da kayan yaji da wasu sunadarai na shuka kafin a tururi. Ana ba da wannan tare da abinci masu wadataccen carbohydrate kamar pap, shinkafa ko garri.

### Asiya da Pacific
A Indonesia, ana kiran wake masu baƙar fata da ake kira kacang tunggak [id] ko kacang tolo a cikin yaren yankin. Ana amfani da su a cikin jita-jita na curry kamar *[[sambal goreng]]*, abincin curry mai zafi da ɗanɗano, *sayur brongkos*, ko *sayur lodeh*.

Ana amfani da wake a duk faɗin Indiya. A cikin yarukan Hindi na Arewacin Indiya, ana kiran wake masu baƙar fata *lobia* ko *rongi*. Ana dafa su kamar *daal* kuma ana ba da su tare da shinkafa da aka dafa.  &#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

A yankunan da ke magana da yaren [[Nepal]] [[Nepali]] Nepali na Indiya da Nepal, ana kiranta lobia (Nepali- . . . .

A yankunan [[Harshen Punjab|Punjabi]] na Indiya da Pakistan, ana kiransu ''rongi'' / ''lobia'' (Punjabi).

A cikin [[Gujarat]], ana kiransu ''Suki ''choli**' / choli (Gujarati) 

A cikin sassan da ke magana da harshen Bengali na Indiya (West Bengal) da Bangladesh, an san su da *borboti kolai* (Bengali- сәli- কলাই).

A cikin Odisha, ana kiransu *jhudanga* /*jhunga* (Odia-ket-Kuta).

A cikin Assam, ana kiransu *lesera Mah* (Assamese- লেচৰা মাহ).

A Goa da sauran yankunan da ke magana da harshen Konkani na Indiya, ana kiran wake masu launin fata / wake da aka yi da ita *bogdo* /*chawli*. 

A cikin Maharashtra, ana kiransu *chawli* (Marathi- चव) kuma an sanya su cikin curry da ake kira *chawli amti* ko chawli usal . 

A Karnataka, ana kiransu *alsande kalu* (Kannada) kuma ana amfani da su wajen shirya *Huli*, wani shahararren nau'in curry.

A yankunan bakin teku na kudancin Karnataka kamar gundumar Kudancin Kanara, ana kiransu *lathanay Bitt* a cikin yaren Tulu (kuma ana dafa su a cikin kwakwa mai ɗanɗano don yin curry ko bushewar kwakwa curry. 

A cikin Tamil Nadu, ana kiransu *karamani* Thattapayaru (Tamil) kuma ana amfani da su a cikin girke-girke daban-daban, gami da tafasa su kuma a sanya su cikin salatin-kamar *sundal* (sau da yawa a lokacin bukukuwan Ganesh Chaturthi da Navratri). 

A cikin Andhra Pradesh da Telangana, an san su da sunan *Bobbarlu* / *Alaisandalu kura* (Telugu) kuma ana amfani da su don girke-girke iri-iri, mafi mashahuri don Vada. 

A Kerala, ana kiransu *Vellapayar* (Malayalam-wali) kuma yana daga cikin abincin Sadhya, Olan .

A Vietnam, ana amfani da wake mai baƙar fata a cikin kayan zaki mai daɗi da ake kira chènaunau mako (bees mai baƙar ido da shinkafa mai mannewa tare da madarar kwakwa).

### Turai
A Cyprus (φρέσκο λουβί (fresko luvi) ), Girka (μαυρομάτικα) da Turkiyya (börülce salatası), ana cin wake masu baƙar fata a matsayin salatin tare da shafa man zaitun, gishiri, ruwan lemun tsami, albasa da tafarnuwa.

A Portugal, ana ba da wake mai baƙar fata tare da kifi da dankali, tare da tuna, da kuma a cikin salads.

### Amurka

#### Arewacin Amurka
"Hoppin' John", wanda aka yi da wake mai baƙar fata ko wake, shinkafa, da naman alade, abinci ne na gargajiya a wasu sassan Kudancin Amurka.

Texas caviar, wani abincin gargajiya a Kudancin Amurka, an yi shi ne daga wake mai baƙar fata wanda aka yi da shi a cikin tufafin Vinegarette da tafarnuwa.

#### Kudancin Amurka
A arewa maso gabashin Brazil na Bahia, musamman a birnin Salvador, ana amfani da wake masu baƙar fata (mai suna "feijão fradinho" a can) a cikin abincin gargajiya na titin asalin abincin Afirka ta Yamma da ake kira *[[Ƙosai|Acarajé]]* . Ana cire wake kuma a gurɓata shi, kuma ana sanya abin da ya haifar a cikin kwallaye kuma a dafa shi sosai a cikin ''dendrê''. Acarajé yawanci ana ba da shi a raba shi a rabi kuma an cika shi da *vatapá*, , ɗanɗano mai laushi da ja tumatir, shrimp da aka bushe a rana da kuma sauce mai zafi na gida.

A arewacin Colombia, ana amfani da su don shirya fritter da ake kira buñuelo . Ana tsoma wake a cikin ruwa na 'yan sa'o'i don sassauta fatar su da kuma taushiyar da su. Ana cire fata ko dai da hannu ko tare da taimakon mai niƙa na hannu. Da zarar an cire fata, ana niƙa wake ko gauraya, kuma ana ƙara ƙwai, wanda ke samar da cakuda mai laushi. Ana soya cakuda a cikin mai mai zafi. Yana yin abincin karin kumallo mai gina jiki.

A Guyana, Kudancin Amurka, da Trinidad da Tobago, yana daya daga cikin shahararrun nau'ikan wake da aka dafa tare da shinkafa, babban shine jan koda, wanda ake kira jan wake. Ana kuma dafa shi azaman abincin dare ko abinci da kansa. A ranar Sabuwar Shekara (wanda ake kira Tsohon Shekara a Guyana da Suriname), iyalai suna dafa abincin gargajiya da ake kira shinkafa. Abincin ya ƙunshi shinkafa, wake mai baƙar fata, da sauran wake da nama iri-iri da aka dafa a cikin madarar kwakwa da kayan yaji. Bisa ga al'ada, shinkafa da aka dafa ya kamata ya zama abu na farko da aka cinye a Sabuwar Shekara don sa'a. Ana kuma dafa shinkafa a matsayin abincin yau da kullun.

## Abinci

Ɗaya daga cikin 100 g na wake mai baƙar fata da aka dafa ya ƙunshi kilojoules 484 (116 kilocalories) na Makamashi na abinci kuma kyakkyawan tushen Folate ne kuma kyakkyawan tushen thiamine, baƙin ƙarfe, Magnesium, Manganese, phosphorus, da zinc. &nbsp;Har ila yau, legume shine tushen fiber na abinci (6.5 g a kowace 100 g hidima) kuma yana dauke da matsakaicin adadin wasu bitamin da ma'adanai da yawa (tebur).&nbsp;&nbsp;

## Dubi kuma

* Adzuki wake
* Tsuntsu
* Dixie Lee peya
* Green bean
* Lentil
* Jerin cututtukan wake na yau da kullun
* Mungi bean
* Kwayoyin halitta
* Pulse (ya'yan itace)
* Tsibirin Ruwa ja
* Vicia faba

## Manazarta