open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Yunkurin kisan kai a kan Hibatullah Akhundzada

Babban Shugaban Afghanistan, Mullah Hibatullah Akhundzada, ya fuskanci yunkurin kisan kai sau uku kafin da kuma bayan mulkinsa a ranar 25 ga Mayu 2016.

## Yunkurin kisan kai

### Oktoba 2012
Akalla an yi ƙoƙari uku don kashe Akhundzada. A lokacin lacca na 2012 da Akhundzada ya yi, a Quetta, wani mutum ya tsaya a cikin ɗalibai kuma ya nuna bindiga a Akhundzada daga kusa, amma bindigar ta makale. Mullah Ibrahim, dalibi na Akhundzada, ya gaya wa The New York Times cewa "Taliban ya yi gaggawar ya kalubalanci" kuma ya hana mai kai farmaki, kafin ya iya share jam; Akhundzada ya ruwaito bai motsa ba a lokacin lamarin, ko rikici da ya biyo baya. Taliban ta zargi Darakta na Tsaro na Kasa, hukumar leken asiri ta Afghanistan, da yunkurin harbi.

### Agusta 2019
A lokacin Addu'ar Jumma'a a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta 2019, wani fashewa mai karfi ya ratsa masallacin Khair ul-Madaris a Kuchlak, Quetta, Pakistan, inda ya kashe ɗan'uwan Akhundzada Hafiz Ahmadullah da mahaifinsu. Ahmadullah ya gaji Akhundzada a matsayin shugaban masallacin, wanda ya zama babban wurin taro na Quetta Shura bayan an nada Akhundzada matsayin Sarkin Taliban. "Na'urar da aka dasa a ƙarƙashin kujerar katako ta shugaban addu'a", in ji Abdul Razzaq Cheema, shugaban 'yan sanda na Quetta. Koyaya, 'yan sanda ba su bayyana ainihin wadanda abin ya shafa ba. Daga baya aka tabbatar da wasu dangin Akhundzada sun mutu a fashewar. Babban Majalisar Masarautar Musulunci ta Afghanistan, wani bangare mai rabuwa da Taliban, ya yi ikirarin alhakin harin, ya kara da cewa babban burin shi ne Akhundzada .

### Mayu 2024
A ranar 18 ga Mayu 2024, kungiyar 'yan tawaye ta Afghanistan Freedom Front (AFF) ta fitar da wata sanarwa da ke ikirarin cewa sun yi yunkurin kisan kai a kan Akhundzada kusa da X-link" data-linkid="31" href="./Shah-Do_Shamshira_Mosque" id="mwMg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Shah-Do Shamshira Mosque">Masallacin Shah-Do Shamshira a Kabul yayin da yake ziyartar birnin. A cewar sanarwar AFF, Akhundzada ya tsere, yayin da aka kashe masu tsaronsa na musamman guda uku kuma daya ya ji rauni. AFF ta kuma sanya bidiyon abin da suka yi iƙirarin cewa harin ne a kan asusun kafofin sada zumunta na X. Taliban ba ta yi sharhi game da rahoton ba, kodayake Afghanistan International ta amince da cewa kafofin gida sun ba da rahoton fashewa a gundumar farko ta Kabul.

## Dubi kuma

* Taliban
* Babban Majalisar Masarautar Musulunci ta Afghanistan
* Quetta Shura
* Jerin mutanen da suka tsira daga yunkurin kisan kai

## Manazarta
Mohamed Abul-Khair

**Muhammad Abdallah Hasan Abu-al-Khayr** (18 ko 19 Yuni 1975 - 18 Satumba 2010), wanda aka fi sani da **Abu Abdallah al-Halabi**, ɗan ƙasar Saudi Arabia ne wanda ya shahara da kasancewa a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan ta'adda da ake zargi da su a shekarar 2009. An zarge shi da kasancewa daya daga cikin masu tsaron Osama bin Laden, kuma daya daga cikin surukansa.

## Tarihi
A cewar *[[Asharq Al-Awsat|Asharq Alawsat]]* Mohamed Abu-al-Khayr ya *"kafa dangantaka da mai satar 9/11 Ramzi Bin al-Shaiba"*.   Sun ba da rahoton cewa: *"a halin yanzu an yi imanin cewa yana cikin [[Iranian-Afghan-Pakistani triangle|Triangle na Iran-Afghan-Pakistan]]".*

A ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, 2010, Long War Journal ta ruwaito cewa duka Amurka da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun shigar da *"Muhammad Abdallah Hasan Abu al Khayr"* a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan ta'adda da ake zargi da su wanda ya kamata a daskare dukiyarsu, a duk duniya. The Long War Journal ya bayyana shi a matsayin "babban jami'in kudi a cikin kungiyar ta'addanci. " An kafa jerin 1267 ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Resolution 1267, a cikin 1999, amma ana sabunta shi akai-akai, tare da ƙara sabbin mutane kamar yadda ake buƙata, kuma tare da masu sauya sheka, ko mutane da aka sani sun mutu ana cire su. Jerin Amurka an kafa shi ne ta hanyar Dokar Zartarwa ta Shugaban Amurka George W. Bush 13224.

Jaridar Long War ta lura da Baitulmalin da ya kira Abu-al-Khayr *"babban jagora na sashen kudi na kungiyar ta'addanci"* wanda *"kuma yana aiki ga al Qaeda a matsayin jagora a kwamitin kafofin watsa labarai".*

A ranar 29 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2011, wani hoton da ke kan wani taron da ke da alaƙa da al-Qaeda ya yi iƙirarin cewa an kashe Abu al-Khayr a ranar da ba a bayyana ba. Wata wasika da aka samo daga fili inda aka kashe Bin Laden a Abbottabad, Pakistan ta tabbatar da cewa an kashe Abu-al-Khayr a wani harin jirgin sama a Pakistan a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2010. 

## Manazarta
Naeem Wardak

**Mohammad Naeem Wardak** (Pashto; an haife shi a shekara ta 1985) babban memba ne na Taliban na Afghanistan kuma Mataimakin Ministan Harkokin Waje na kasar a cikin mulkin Taliban da ba a san shi ba tun daga 27 ga Janairun 2025. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ofishin Jakadancin Afghanistan a Qatar daga 2021 zuwa 2025 kuma mai magana da yawun Ofishin Siyasa na Taliban daga 2020 zuwa 2025, a cikin wannan matsayi daga 2013 zuwa 2015.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
Wardak na cikin Gundumar Chak ta Lardin Wardak . Ya sami ilimin farko a wani madrassa na gida a ƙauyen Chak, sannan ya shiga Jami'ar Nangarhar da ke Jalalabad kuma ya sami digiri na BA. Daga nan sai ya shiga Jami'ar Musulunci ta Duniya, Islamabad, Pakistan don digiri na biyu kuma daga baya ya yi Ph.D. a Larabci. Ya kuma yi karatu na ɗan gajeren lokaci a Darul Uloom Haqqania, Akora Khattak, kuma a Pakistan, daga inda ya yi karatun Hadisi da Fiqh. Wardak shine shugaban Taliban na farko da ya rike PhD.

## Ayyuka
Lokacin da aka bude ofishin siyasa na farko na Taliban a Qatar a shekarar 2013, an nada shi mai magana da yawun. Wardak da Suhail Shaheen dukansu sun yi aiki a matsayin masu magana da yawun a lokaci guda kuma sun yi aiki har zuwa 2015. A shekara ta 2018 an sake sanya shi wani ɓangare na Ofishin Qatar kuma ya kasance a can tun daga lokacin. A watan Satumbar 2020, an sake nada shi mai magana da yawun ofishin siyasa na Taliban a Doha. 

Bayan da Taliban ta mallaki Afghanistan, an zabi Wardak don aiki a matsayin Jakada a Qatar a watan Oktoba 2021. An ba shi izinin karɓar ofishin jakadancin a matsayin Sakatare na farko, amma bai sami izinin diflomasiyya daga Qatar ba.

A watan Janairun 2025, an nada shi a matsayin mukaddashin Mataimakin Ministan Harkokin Waje bayan jagorancin Taliban ya cire Sher Mohammad Abbas Stanikzai daga mukaminsa.

## Dubi kuma

* Taliban a Qatar

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Dr.M.Naeema kanTwitter
Sami Said (marubuci)

Sami Said (an haife shi a shekara ta 1979) marubucin Sweden ne wanda aka haife shi. Littattafansa, waɗanda galibi suna fitowa daga kwarewarsa ta baƙi, sun sami yabo mai mahimmanci a ƙasar da ya karɓa. *Människan är den vackraste staden*, littafinsa na uku, yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka zaba a Sweden don Kyautar Littattafan Majalisar Nordic ta 2019.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Said a Keren, Eritrea, a shekara ta 1979. Lokacin da yake yaro, iyalinsa sun tsere daga yaki a ƙasarsu, sun wuce ta Sudan sannan Jamus kafin su zauna a Gothenburg, Sweden, a lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 10.  

Bayan makarantar sakandare, ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Linköping, inda ya kafa mujallar adabi tare da ɗan'uwansa marubuci  [sv] .

## Ayyuka
Said ya zama mai sha'awar rubuce-rubuce tun yana ƙarami. Ya fara aiki a kan rubuce-rubuce da gaske a lokacin da yake jami'a, amma duk an ki amincewa da gabatarwarsa ta farko.

Bayan mai wallafa Natur & Kultur ya nuna sha'awar aikinsa, an saki littattafansa biyu na farko cikin sauri. Littafinsa na farko da aka yaba da shi, game da dalibi na jami'a a makarantar Said, an buga shi a shekarar 2012. A shekara mai zuwa, ta lashe  [sv], kyautar da kungiyar marubuta ta Sweden [sv] ta bayar don marubutan farko. An bi shi a cikin 2013 da littafinsa na biyu na tarihin kansa Monomani, wanda ke ba da cikakkun bayanai game da kwarewar Said a rubuce-rubuce Väldigt ...

Littafinsa na uku, *Människan är den vackraste staden*, an buga shi a cikin 2018. Kamar litattafansa guda biyu na farko, ya kasance batun yabo mai mahimmanci, kuma an sanya shi cikin jerin sunayen don Kyautar Agusta ta 2018 kuma an zaba shi don Kyautar Littattafan Majalisar Nordic ta 2019.   

Littafinsa na baya-bayan nan, Satansviskningar ("Whispers of Satan"), an buga shi a 2023 kuma an zabi shi don Kyautar Agusta. 

Ayyukan Said sau da yawa sun samo asali ne daga abubuwan da ya samu a matsayin baƙo na Eritrea zuwa Turai, kodayake ya kuma bayyana kansa a matsayin baƙi a cikin al'ummar baƙo.

Ya kuma wallafa littafin yara, *Äta gräs*, a cikin 2019.  Mai zane-zane na Sweden Sven Nordqvist ne ya kwatanta shi.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Sami Said yana zaune a Hägersten, Stockholm, tare da matarsa, mai sukar adabi  [sv] .

## Manazarta
Sami Essid

**Sami bin Khamis bin Salih Essid** (Arabic) a.k.a. Essid Sami Ben Khemais shi ne shugaban ƙungiyar Italiyanci ta al-Qaeda har sai an kama shi a waje da Milan a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2001. An yanke masa hukuncin shekaru biyar saboda fataucin makamai, fashewa, da sunadarai. Essid ya kasance a karkashin embargo daga Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 1267  a matsayin mai alaƙa da al-Qaeda, da kuma Baitulmalin Amurka  saboda aikin ta'addanci. Kusan 1 ga Yulin 2007, an karanta sabbin tuhume-tuhume a kan Sami Essid a Italiya, inda har yanzu yake cikin tsare-tsare.

A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu 1968 a Menzel Jemil, Gwamnatin Bizerte, Tunisiya .

Ya kira Wayar salula da Saber Mohammed ke riƙe - wanda aka yi imanin cewa yana aiki ne a matsayin manzo ga Mosa Zi Zemmori da Driss Elatellah . 

## Haɗin Guantanamo
Bayan hukuncin Kotun Koli ta Amurka a cikin Rasul v. Bush, an tilasta wa Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka gudanar da bita game da matsayin mayakan da aka kama a tsare-tsare ba tare da shari'a ba a sansanonin tsare-tsaren Guantanamo Bay, a Cuba.

Zargin da masu sharhi kan ta'addanci na Guantanamo suka bayar don tabbatar da tsare da dama daga cikin wadannan fursunoni sun tabbatar da cewa suna da alaƙa da Sami Essid, ko Sami Essid Network.

## Manazarta
Ahmadullah Wasiq

**Ahmadullah Wasiq** (Pashto) ɗan siyasan Afghanistan ne a halin yanzu Babban Darakta na ilimin jiki da wasanni na Masarautar Musulunci ta Afghanistan .  Tun daga 25 ga Oktoba 2021 yana aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Mai magana da yawun Masarautar Musulunci ta Afghanistan tare da Inamullah Samangani da Maulvi Asadullah (Bilal Karimi) .  Ya fito ne daga Lardin Ghazni . 

A ranar 26 ga watan Agustan 2021, Wasiq, tare da Anas Haqqani, sun ziyarci Hukumar Cricket ta Afghanistan. Sun sadu da jami'an kwamitin wasan kurket da 'yan wasan kasa kuma sun tabbatar musu da duk wani hadin kai da zai yiwu don inganta wasan kurket.

A halin yanzu ya yi aiki a matsayin mukaddashin shugaban Babban Darakta na Olympics, Ilimi na Jiki da Wasanni a karkashin mulkin Taliban.

## Al Emara Press Reporter
A farkon 2020 zuwa tsakiyar 2021, Ahmadullah ya bayyana a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin Al Emara akai-akai yana hira da mutanen Taliban a yankunan da ke karkashin ikon Taliban a duk faɗin ƙasar. An yi imanin cewa yana da muhimmancin gaske a ofisoshin kafofin watsa labarai na Taliban tare da Abdul Qahar Balkhi .

## Dubi kuma

* Siyasa ta Afghanistan
* Sher Mohammad Abbas Stanikzai
* Anas Haqqani
* Abdul Qahar Balkhi
* Suhail Shaheen
* Zabiullah Mujahid
* Tariq Ghazniwal

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Ahmadullah wasiqa kanTwitter
Ali Sayyid Muhamed Mustafa al-Bakri

**Ali Sayyid Muhamed Mustafa al-Bakri** (Arabic) wanda aka fi sani da **Abd al-Aziz al-Masri** (Arabian), an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1966 a Bani Suwayf, Misira) memba ne na Masar na Majalisar Shura ta kungiyar ta'addanci al-Qaeda kuma tsohon memba na Jihad na Musulunci na Masar,  daga inda ya yi ƙaura zuwa al-Qaedo, tare da Ayman al-Zawahiri . Al-Bakri yana da yawa, kuma Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka tana ba da har zuwa dala miliyan 5 don bayani game da wurinsa. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta so hoton ya ce:Arabic-language_text" id="mwDw" rel="mw:PageProp/Category"/>Ali Sayyid Muhamed Mustafa al-Bakri memba ne na al-Qaida kuma masanin fashewa da makamai masu guba. Shi memba ne na majalisar al-Qaida Shura kuma yana da kusanci da shugabannin al-Qaeda Saif al-Adel da Ayman al-Zawahiri . Kafin ya shiga al-Qaeda, al-Bakri memba ne na kungiyar ta'addanci ta Jihad ta Masar, a karkashin jagorancin Ayman al-Zawahiri . Ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a sansanonin al-Qaeda a Afghanistan, yana ba da horo ga 'yan ta'adda da makamai masu guba. Al-Bakri kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya sace jirgin fasinja na Pakistan Air a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2000. Wataƙila yana ci gaba da horar da 'yan ta'adda na al-Qaida da sauran masu tsattsauran ra'ayi.Don zama memba a cikin al-Qaeda, al-Bakri (a ƙarƙashin sunan mahaifiyar Bakri) yana ƙarƙashin takunkumi na duniya ta Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 1267 .  Rubutun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da shi, daga 2005, ya ce al-Bakri na iya kasancewa a Iran. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&#x5B;**&#x5D;

## Dubi kuma

* Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah
* Jerin masu tserewa daga adalci waɗanda suka ɓace
* Osama bin Laden

## Manazarta
Khalid al-Fawwaz

Khalid Abd al-Rahman Hamd al-Fawwaz (an haife shi 24 ko 25 ga Agusta 1962) [1] ɗan siyasan Saudiyya ne wanda aka tuhume shi a Amurka daga 1998, [2] da ake zargi da taimakawa wajen shirya harin bam na ofishin jakadancin Amurka na 1998. An mika shi zuwa Amurka kuma an kama shi a watan Oktobar 2012.[3]

Al-Fawwaz ya bayyana a cikin jerin sunayen Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 1267 na mutanen da ke cikin ko ke da alaƙa da al-Qaeda,  kuma an hana shi a matsayin mai ta'addanci na duniya ta musamman ta Ofishin Kula da Kasashen Waje na Amurka. 

A cewar sanarwar Baitulmalin, an haifi al-Fawwaz a ranar 24 ko 25 ga watan Agusta, 1962. Ya koma Landan a shekarar 1994. Osama bin Laden ne ya nada shi a matsayin shugaban farko na hukumar watsa labarai da ake kira Kwamitin Shawara da Gyara a London, inda ya sadu da Adel Abdel Bari da Abu Qatada, da sauransu. A shekara ta 1995, yayin da bin Laden yake Sudan, an ce al-Fawwaz yana ƙoƙarin shirya hanyar bin Laden ya koma Burtaniya.

An kama shi a karkashin Dokar Rigakafin Ta'addanci (Tsarin Lokaci) ta 1989, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Operation Challenge, wanda ya haifar da kama mazauna Burtaniya guda bakwai, waɗanda ake zargi da alaƙa da al-Jihad. An tuhumi daya daga cikin mutanen da mallakar makami. Watanni shida bayan kamawar, Musulmai na Burtaniya sun gudanar da zanga-zanga a gaban 10 Downing Street don nuna rashin amincewa da ci gaba da tsare maza bakwai.

L'Husaine Kherchtou, yana ba da shaida ga Amurka, ya yi iƙirarin cewa al-Fawwaz ya kasance shugaban " sansanin Abu Bakr Siddique", wanda ya sanya shi a Hayatabad, Pakistan, ko Khost, Afghanistan.

An shirya shari'arsa, tare da wanda ake tuhuma Abu Anas al Libi, wanda aka fi sani da "Nazih al Raghie" ko "Anas al Sebai", don farawa a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 2014, a gaban Alkalin Lewis A. Kaplan .  A lokaci guda, abokin makircinsa, Abdel Bari, ya yi ikirarin laifi.

An yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai a ranar 15 ga Mayu 2015. 

## Manazarta
Pedro Ruiz Martínez da Odilia Pineda

**Pedro Ruiz Martínez da Odilia Pineda** miji da mata ma'aikatan tukwane ne na Mexico, waɗanda ke aiki a Capula, Michoacán . An san wannan garin da tukwane masu ban sha'awa ta hanyar zane-zanensa da ƙananan ɗigo-ɗigo ta hanyar wata dabara da ake kira "punteaje."  

Aikin ma'auratan ba wai kawai an san shi da ainihin punteaje ɗinsa ba, har ma da amfani da "petatillo", wato amfani da ƙyallen giciye mai kyau da ake amfani da shi don cike sararin bango, wanda galibi ana danganta shi da tukwane na Jalisco . 

Ma'auratan suna aiki a wurin aikinsu a garin, tare da 'ya'yansu, waɗanda suka koya musu sana'ar. Ta amfani da yumbu daga ma'ajiyar gida, yawancin kayan ana yin su ne da amfani da molds, amma wasu ana yin su da hannu. Yawancin kayan aikinsu tukwane ne masu murfi, cantaros, ƙananan tukwane, ƙananan siffofi, gilashin ruwa tare da tire ɗinsu, faranti, kwano. Bayan sun yi sun bushe, ana kunna kayan aikin a karon farko a cikin murhun itace ko gas. Sannan ana fentin su ta amfani da fenti na kasuwanci wanda aka haɗa da zamewa. Babban abubuwan ado sune daisies, kifi da malam buɗe ido. Sannan a yi musu gilashi a sake kunna su. [1]

An naɗa ma'auratan a matsayin "masu manyan malamai" ta Fomento Cultural Banamex a shekara ta 2001. 

## Manazarta
Guillermo Ríos Alcalá

**Guillermo Ríos Alcalá** kwararren mai ginin tukwane ne na ƙasar Mexico, ƙwararre kan gyaran gine-gine kuma malami daga jihar Colima . 

An haife shi a Chapala, Jalisco ga Felipe Ríos da María Guadalupe Alcalá, amma ya koma birnin Colima a shekarar 1957. Kakansa, Jesús Becerra, mai ginin tukwane ne, yana yin gunduwa-gunduwa don amfanin kansa kawai. Tun yana yaro, Ríos Alcalá yana wasa da ƙwallan yumbu amma ba shi da sha'awar tukwane, amma mahaifinsa ya sa shi ya koyi.   Mahaifinsa manomi ne, wanda ya sami gunduwa-gunduwa kafin Hispanic yayin da yake aiki a gonaki. Mai gyaran ya gwada waɗanda suka karye, yana haɓaka hanyoyin gyara su. 

Wannan ya zama sana'a ta bazata. Yana aiki a matsayin mai gyaran bulo, kuma an nemi ya gyara wani aikin gyaran kafin Hispanic.  Wannan ya haifar da yin aiki tare da Jami'ar Colima kan ayyukan gyaran tun yana ɗan shekara goma sha takwas kacal. Tun daga lokacin, ya kafa wani taron bita na dindindin a Museo Universitario de Artes Populares María Teresa Pomar a jami'ar, yana maido da kayan aiki, yana yin kwafi da kuma bayar da bita kan kayan aikin tukwane kafin Hispanic. 

Kwarewarsa ta gyaran jiki siffofi ne daga kaburburan da aka samu a yammacin Mexico . [1] Yawancin ayyukansa na gyaran jiki na tukwane ne na yankin Colima kafin Hispanic. Yana yin siffofi na tsuntsaye, firistoci da maza da mata a ayyuka daban-daban, da kuma siffofin biri da ake samu a Colima kawai, amma ayyukansa mafi shahara sune na xoloitzcuintles ko karnuka marasa gashi na Mexico . [2] Shahararren hoton waɗannan karnukan zamanin Mesoamerican ana kiransa da "karen rawa" amma a zahiri hoton wani tsohon kare ne da ke isar da bayanai na tsararraki ga ƙarami. [3] Ríos Alcalá ya ƙirƙiri wani babban sigar wannan aikin wanda ke tsaye a da'irar zirga-zirga a birnin Colima, a kan babbar hanyar zuwa Comala . [1]

## Manazarta
Juan Quezada Celado

**Juan Quezada Celado** (6 ga Mayu 1940 - 1 ga Disamba 2022  ) wani mai ginin tukwane ne na Mexico wanda aka sani da sake fassara tukwanen Casas Grandes da aka sani da tukwanen Mata Ortiz . Quezada ya fito ne daga wani gari mai talauci a karkara a Chihuahua, wanda ya gano kuma ya yi nazarin tukwanen kafin Hispanic na al'adun Mimbres da Casas Grandes. Daga ƙarshe ya gano yadda ake yin tukwanen ba tare da taimakon masana yumbu ko ƙwararru a cikin waɗannan al'adu ba. Yunkurin farko na sayar da tukwanen a yankinsa ya gaza, amma ya sami nasara tare da 'yan kasuwa kan iyaka. Waɗannan sun kawo tukwanen zuwa shaguna a gefen Amurka na kan iyaka, inda Spencer MacCallum, masanin ɗan adam wanda ya bi diddigin Quezada ya kuma taimaka masa ya shiga babbar kasuwar Amurka ya gano su. Nasarar Quezada a cikin tukwanen ya haifar da sha'awar ayyukan da wasu a cikin garin suka yi kuma ya amsa ta hanyar koyar da dangi da abokai. A yau akwai iyalai sama da 300 waɗanda ke samun duk ko wani ɓangare na kuɗin shigarsu daga tukwanen. An nuna ayyukan Quezada a gidajen tarihi a ƙasashe daban-daban kuma a shekarar 1999 aka ba shi lambar yabo ta Premio Nacional de Ciencias y Artes .  Duk da haka, aikinsa ba a san shi sosai ba a Mexico a lokacin rayuwarsa.

## Rayuwar farko da gano tukwane
An haifi Juan Quezada Celado a garin Tutuaca, a cikin gundumar Belisario Domínguez, Chihuahua .   Ya ƙaura zuwa garin Mata Ortíz tun yana jariri, kuma ya girma ba tare da wata makaranta ba, wanda bai so ba.  A wancan lokacin, Mata Ortíz tana da faɗin tubalan uku kacal, kuma ta kasance cikin koma baya a fannin tattalin arziki tun bayan juyin juya halin Mexico.  

Tun yana yaro, yana son yin aiki da hannunsa, yana ƙoƙarin yin zane da sassaka da kayan aikin da yake da su tun yana ɗan shekara bakwai.   Ya yi gwaji da fenti iri-iri kamar itace, takarda har ma da bangon gidansa, yana cika su har sai mahaifiyarsa ta sa ya tsaftace su don ya sake farawa. Gwamnatin yankin ta lura da hakan, wadda ta ba shi shawarar a kai shi makarantar fasaha, amma ya ƙi. Ya yi imanin cewa wannan shawara ce mai kyau.  

Lokacin da yake ƙarami, ya yi dambe, tare da abokinsa Pino Molina a matsayin manaja. Duk da cewa ya ce bai taɓa yin rashin nasara ba, ya daina saboda mahaifiyarsa ta damu. 

Tun yana matashi, ya bar makaranta don fara samun kuɗi don taimaka wa iyalinsa. Yana da shekaru goma sha huɗu, ya fara tattara itace a tsaunuka sannan ya yi aiki a layin dogo da kuma tattara maguey cactus . Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa ya yi dogon zango a tsaunukan da ke kewaye, inda ya sami tukwane da tarkacen tukwane na Hispanic daga al'adun Mimbres da Casas Grandes a cikin kogo da sauran wurare. Ya tattara waɗannan don ya bincika, yana mamakin ingancin fasaharsu. [1] [2] [3]

## Manazarta
Johann Philip Bachmann

**Johann Philip Bachmann** (1762–1837) fitaccen mai gina gaɓoɓin jiki ne. An haife shi a Creuzburg, Thuringia, Jamus . Bachmann ya bar gida yana da shekaru 16 don yin aiki a matsayin ƙwararren kafinta inda ya koyi game da Moravians kuma daga ƙarshe ya ƙaura zuwa Herrnhut Jamus don sadaukar da kansa ga ƙirƙirar kayan kida. Ya yi ƙaura zuwa ƙauyen Moravian Lititz, Pennsylvania a 1793 kuma ya yi aiki tare da David Tannenberg .    A 1793, ya auri ƙaramar 'yar Tannenberg Anna Maria, wacce ta kashe kanta a 1799. 

Aikin gina gaɓoɓin Bachmann ya fara ne lokacin da Tannenberg, wanda ke damuwa da rashin mai koyon aiki, ya nemi (kuma ya sami izini) daga dattawan Moravian don samun ɗaya daga Herrnhut, wata al'umma ta Moravian. Bachmann ya ɗauki gaɓoɓin daga shagon Tannenberg da ke Lititz, Pennsylvania zuwa Salem, North Carolina inda ya sanya shi a sabuwar Cocin Home Moravian da aka gina. [1] [2] Boody sun gyara gaɓoɓin kuma yanzu yana zaune a Cibiyar Baƙi ta Old Salem da ke Winston-Salem, North Carolina. A shekara ta 1800, an sami rashin jituwa tsakanin master da almajiri, kodayake Bachmann ya kafa gaɓoɓin Tannenberg na 1802 a Cocin Evangelical Lutheran na Hebron, Madison, Virginia. Duk da haka, Bachmann ya fara kasuwancinsa - amma Tannenberg yana samar da bututun gaɓoɓin sa na farko (wanda aka gina a 1803). A shekara ta 1837, ya zama mai gina piano da kabad. [3]

Bachmann ya yi fama da cutar rheumatism tsawon kusan shekaru 20 bayan rabuwarsa da Tannenberg. Daga ƙarshe wannan ya kashe shi a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 1837 bayan watanni da dama na rashin lafiya. 

## Manazarta
Ali Ghaleb Himmat

**Ali Ghaleb Himmat** (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Yuni 1938 a Damascus, Siriya) ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan Italiya wanda ke zaune a Campione d'Italia, Italiya, kusa da Youssef Nada .  

## Rayuwa ta mutum
A ƙarshen 1970s da farkon 1980s, Himmat da Nada sun zauna a Amurka. A shekara ta 1990 ya sami 'yancin zama ɗan ƙasar Italiya.

'Yarsa Huda Himmat ta kasance mataimakiyar shugaban kungiyar matasa da kungiyoyin dalibai na Turai (FEMYSO). 

## Ayyukan kasuwanci
Himmat ya kasance manajan darektan kuma co-kafa Bankin al Taqwa, kamfani da aka kafa a Lugano a cikin 1988 . 

## Ayyukan addini
A cewar Ian Denis Johnson, marubucin littafin A Mosque in Munich, Himmat memba ne na Muslim Brotherhood a Turai. Daga 1973 zuwa 2002 Himmat ya gudanar da Ƙungiyar Musulunci ta Jamus (IGD).   Ibrahim El-Zayat, tsohon mai hannun jari na Bankin al Taqwa, ya gaji Himmat a matsayin Shugaban IGD.

## Zarge-zargen aikata laifuka
A farkon shekara ta 2005, an zargi Bankin Al Taqwa da tallafawa al Qaeda. A shekara ta 2005 Babban Lauyan Switzerland ya soke shari'ar aikata laifuka a kan shugabannin Al Taqwa guda biyu Youssef Nada da Ghaleb Himmat . 

An cire Himmat daga jerin takunkumi 1267 na UNSCR a ranar 10 ga watan Agusta 2009.

A cikin watan Afrilun 2008 wata kotun sojan Masar ta yanke wa Himmat hukuncin daurin shekaru goma a gidan yari saboda laifin safarar kudade da kuma goyon bayan haramtacciyar kungiyar[1][2]. A ranar 26 ga Yulin 2012, Shugaban Masar Mohamed Morsi ya yi wa Himmat afuwa tare da wasu jami'an kungiyar 'yan uwa Musulmi da gwamnatin Mubarak ta yanke wa hukunci. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need]

## Manazarta
Ignacio Peralta Soledad

**Ignacio Peralta Soledad** wani mai ginin tukwane ne na Mexico daga Huaquechula, Puebla, wanda aka san shi da sassaka-sassaka masu launuka masu haske waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don ƙawata gidaje, majami'u da fagage a wurare daban-daban a Mexico. 

Ayyukansa sun haɗa da abubuwa kamar shuke-shuke, furanni, tsuntsaye, hotunan Budurwa Maryamu, tsarkaka, mala'iku da mala'iku da aka warwatse tsakanin rassan, kamar na Bishiyoyin Rai. Da yawa daga cikinsu kuma suna aiki a matsayin masu ƙona turare da kuma fitilu. 

Peralta Soledad yana amfani da fenti na yumbu, enamel, manne da kayan ado na kasuwanci don ƙirƙirar sassansa. Ana yin ƙirar yumbu da hannu, ban da fuskoki da sauran ƙananan bayanai, waɗanda aka ƙirƙira da molds. Yana yin ayyukansa ne kawai ta hanyar tsari na musamman ko don wasu bukukuwa kamar Ranar Matattu da Kirsimeti, galibi yana ƙirƙirar sassa don waɗannan abubuwan kimanin watanni biyu kafin. [1]

Ana iya samun wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ya ƙirƙira a Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya .  A shekara ta 2001, Fomento Cultural Banamex ta ba shi suna "babban malami". 

## Manazarta
Joseph Bassey

**Joseph Bassey** ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ke aiki a matsayin ɗan Majalisar Wakilai, inda yake wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta Akpabuyo / Bakassi / Calabar ta Kudu ta Jihar Cross River. An zaɓe shi na 10 a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a babban zaɓen 2023 a ƙarƙashin tutar Jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress.    

## Aikin siyasa
An zabi Bassey a matsayin ɗan Majalisar Wakilai a watan Mayu na shekarar 2023 don wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta Akpabuyo/Bakassi/Calabar ta Kudu. Yana aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan Kula da Bala'i da Shirye-shiryen Gaggawa kuma ya yi kira da a kara samar da kuɗaɗe da kayan aiki na zamani ga Hukumar Kula da Gaggawa ta Kasa domi inganta martanin bala'i a duk fadin kasar. 

## Ci gaban Al'umma
A watan Oktoban 2025, Bassey ya shirya wani shiri na musamman na bayar da agajin lafiya kyauta tare da haɗin gwiwar Gwamnatin Jihar Cross River wanda ya samar da muhimman ayyukan kiwon lafiya; ciki har da tiyata, gwajin ido, da gwajin zazzabin cizon sauro da typhoid; ga dubban mazauna a mazabarsa.  

Ya kuma bayar da gudummawar kayan aikin ajin karatu a Calabar South. 

## Duba kuma

* Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya
* Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa (Najeriya)
* Jerin 'yan Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya, 2023–2027

## Manazarta
Gottfried Aust

**Gottfried Aust** (5 Afrilu 1722 - 27 Oktoba 1788) ƙwararren mai tukwane ne ɗan ƙasar Jamus. Shi ne ƙwararren mai tukwane na farko a cikin al'ummar Moravian a Old Salem, North Carolina ta yau. 

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Aust a Heidersdorf, Jamus. Bayan ya koyi sana'ar saka daga mahaifinsa, ya bar gida a shekara ta 1742 zuwa cocin Moravian da ke Herrnhut, sama da  daga gidan iyalinsa. A can, ya koyi sana'ar tukwane daga Andreas Dober. Bayan shekaru goma, ya koma Niesky, inda ya zauna na tsawon shekaru biyu. 

Ya yi tafiya daga Landan, ya hau jirgin ruwa na Irene, a ranar 22 ga Satumba, 1754, kuma ya isa New York bayan watanni biyu. Ya zauna a Bethlehem, Lardin Pennsylvania, yana aiki a matsayin ƙwararren mai ginin tukwane Michael Odenwald. [1] Ya ƙaura zuwa Bethabara, Lardin North Carolina, wani ɓangare na Wachovia Tract, a watan Oktoba na 1755, jim kaɗan bayan Cocin Moravian ya faɗaɗa zuwa Kudancin Amurka daga Pennsylvania. [1]

## Sana'a

Aust ya kasance ƙwararren mai amfani da kayan shafa mai, kayan ado na fari, masu gishiri da kuma kayan ado na ƙarfe . Waɗanda suka koyi aikin sun haɗa da Rudolph Christ . 

Wurin da aka gina tukwanen Aust a Old Salem (kuma ana kyautata zaton shine shagon tukwane na farko a yankin)  yanzu haka yana hannun Dr. John Francis Shaffner House, wanda aka gina a shekarar 1873.

## Makarantar
Anton Adner

**Anton Adner** (1705? - 15 Maris 1822), wanda aka fi sani da **Methusalem na Bavarian**,  ƙwararren maƙerin itace ne na Bavarian, wanda aka ruwaito yana cikin mutanen da suka fi tsufa da suka rayu a wannan yankin na Jamus .

## Rayuwa
An haifi Anton Adner a shekara ta 1705, ko dai a Schönau - inda gidansa yake - ko kuma a Tyrol, daga inda Adner zai fito bayan haihuwar ɗansa.   Laƙabin Adner shine *Danei* . 

## Sayar da akwatunan katako

Har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa, aikin fasaha na Adner mai sauƙi  ya ƙunshi ginawa da sayar da kayansa na katako . A waɗannan shekarun, yankin Berchtesgaden yana da ƙa'idodi masu tsauri na kasuwanci. An ba wa kafintoci damar gina kaya ɗaya kawai na musamman don sayarwa, don haka Adner ya ƙware wajen yin akwatunan katako masu amfani da yawa, waɗanda aka yi wa ado don adana abubuwan yau da kullun kamar abinci, kayayyaki masu daraja, kayan wasa, da sauransu. 

Berchtesgaden ya kuma sanya kuɗin shigo da kaya/fitarwa ga waɗannan kayayyaki da suka ratsa iyakar Bohemian. Duk da haka, mai sana'ar zai iya ɗaukar kayansa da ƙafa ba tare da biyan haraji ba, don haka [1] saboda haka - kamar sauran masu sana'a na zamaninsa - Adner ya zaɓi ya ɗauki kayansa da ƙafa da jakar baya da ke nesa da ƙasar Berchtesgadener, yana tafiya a ko'ina cikin Bavaria da kuma zuwa Austria da Switzerland . [1] Adner ya ɗauki akwatunan katako, a kan kafadarsa har ma a kan kansa. [1] Ya ci gaba da wannan aikin tun bayan da ya cika shekara 100 da haihuwa. [1]

## Manazarta
Yakubu Auch

Jacob Auch ƙwararren makaniki ne na Jamus, kayan kida da kuma kera agogo, an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 1765, a Echterdingen, wani gari kusa da Stuttgart . A Echterdingen daga 1781 zuwa 1790 ya yi wa shahararren Philipp Matthäus Hahn hidima. [1] Saurayin Jacob ya kasance mai koyon Hahn kuma ya yi aiki a wurin aikinsa. Daga 1787 Auch ya buɗe nasa bitar a Vaihingen an der Enz, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 1798, kuma daga 1798 zuwa 1842 ya yi aiki a matsayin makaniki na ducal ( herzoglicher Hofuhrmacher ) a kotun Weimar . An san shi da marubucin littattafai biyu kan yin agogo, ɗaya daga cikin littattafan — Handbuch für Landuhrmacher, an buga shi a karon farko a 1827 kuma an sake buga shi sau da yawa a ƙarni na gaba.

## Mutuwa
Yakubu Auch ya mutu a ranar 20 ga Maris 1842 a Weimar.

## Manazarta
Sabina Auffenwerth

**Sabina Aufenwerth ko Aufenwerth** (1706-1782),  yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai zane. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da aka ambata a Turai suna aiki tare da takwarorinta maza a fannin ƙira da ado na yumbu. Duk da haka, kafin ƙarni na 19, mata da yawa ba a yaba musu ba saboda gudummawar da suka bayar ga tukwane, don haka ba a san yawancin ayyukanta ba.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Sabina Aufenwerth 'yar wani maƙerin zinariya ce mai suna Johann Aufenwerth (1659-1728) a Augsburg . Ta yi aiki tare da 'yar uwarta Anna Elisabeth Wald a Augsburg a cikin kasuwancin mahaifinta, inda suka sami ƙwarewa wajen aiki da ƙarfe kamar zinariya da azurfa. Sun samar da zane-zanen siffa na chinoiserie don masana'antar porcelain ta Meissen daga 1720 zuwa 1760. Sun fi tsara abubuwa kamar kofuna, tukwanen shayi, miya da faranti waɗanda aka bayyana a matsayin 'wasannin iyali da aka tsara a cikin gida, barkwanci da mawaƙa bayan Watteau, masu tsere da matansu, wuraren farauta da yaƙi, masu zane-zane da kuma a ƙarshe, jigogi na tatsuniyoyi da na misali'. [1]

Sabina Aufenwerth ta auri wani mai sassaka kuma mai wallafa littattafai, Issak Heinrich Hosennestel, a shekara ta 1731 kuma ta ci gaba da aiki a Meissen.

## Manazarta
Johann Peter Boßler

**Johann Peter** **Boßler** [ˈbɔslɐ] shi ma ya rubuta **Bossler** da **Bosler** (an haife su tsakanin 6 zuwa 9 ga Afrilu 1689 a cikin 'yancin gidan sarauta na Lichtenberg ; ya mutu a ranar 31 ga Yuli 1742 a Darmstadt )  ƙwararren maƙerin bindiga ne kuma mai kera makamai na farauta. Ya kasance yana hidimar Gidan Hesse-Darmstadt kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin fitaccen mutum a tarihin farauta a Hesse-Darmstadt . 

Ko kafin ɗansa Friedrich Jacob, Johann Peter Boßler ya kasance ƙwararren ɗan Turai mafi shahara a fannin bindigogin sama . Ko da yake yana raye, wasu maƙeran bindigogi sun yi koyi da manyan bindigogin sa masu kyau da na injiniya.  

An kuma san cewa Johann Peter Boßler ya ƙera bindigogin iska masu haɗaka waɗanda za a iya amfani da su da abubuwan fashewa da kuma injinan bindigar iska. 

## Iyali da rayuwar farko

An ce Johann Peter Boßler ya koyi sana'ar maƙerin bindiga a Zella a Thuringia . An kuma ce an haife shi a can, wanda za a iya karantawa a cikin mafi yawan tsoffin littattafai.   Ba a sami wani tushe na shirin gaskiya game da wurin haihuwar Boßler da horonsa a cikin ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan littattafan ba. 

Lokacin da Johann Peter Boßler ya karɓi matsayin ubangidan ɗan ƙwararren maƙerin bindiga Andreas Boßler the Elder (1673 - 1741) a Umstadt a shekara ta 1719, an sanya masa suna a matsayin ɗan'uwan mahaifin yaron. [undefined] Saboda haka, babu shakka asalin Johann Peter Boßler, tunda ɗan'uwansa Andreas Boßler the Elder ya fito daga Lichtenberg kuma an tabbatar da Johann Peter Boßler a can a shekara ta 1701. [2] [1]

## Manazarta
Jakob Adlung

**Jakob Adlung**, ko **Adelung**, (14 Janairu 1699 - 5 Yuli 1762)  ɗan ƙasar Jamus ne mai ilimin halittar jiki, malami, mai ƙera kayan kida, masanin tarihin kiɗa, mawaƙi kuma masanin ka'idar kiɗa .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife shi a Bindersleben, kusa da Erfurt, ga David Adlung, wani masanin kwayoyin halitta kuma malaminsa na farko, da kuma tsohuwar Dorothea Elisabetha Meuerin, daga Tondorf . Ya halarci makarantar St. Andreas da ke Erfurt daga 1711, ya koma Erfurt Gymnasium a 1713, a lokacin ne ya zauna a gidan Christian Reichardt, wanda shi ma ya koya masa organ. Ya yi karatun falsafa, ilimin falsafa, da tauhidi a Jami'ar Jena daga 1723 zuwa 1726, inda ya ƙara nazarin organ tare da Johann Nikolaus Bach . A wannan lokacin, ya zama abokai da Johann Gottfried Walther a Weimar, kuma ya aro ayyukansa kan ka'idar kiɗa; Daga baya ya rubuta wasu littattafai kan wannan batu, waɗanda aka lalata yawancinsu, tare da gidansa, a cikin gobara a 1736. Ya koma Erfurt a 1737 inda ya maye gurbin Johann Heinrich Buttstedt a matsayin mai koyar da organ na cocin Prediger bayan mutuwar tsohon, mukamin da ya riƙe har tsawon rayuwarsa. Ya kuma kasance farfesa a fannin harsuna a Erfurt Gymnasium kuma bisa ga hasashensa, ya koyar da ɗaliban organ 218 da ɗaliban harshe 284 tsakanin 1728 da 1762. Shi ma ƙera kayan kida na keyboard ne, kuma ya kammala karatunsa na goma sha shida. Ya auri Elisabeth Ritter a 1732, wacce 'yar magajin garin Gross-Wanzleben ce, kusa da Magdeburg .

## Aiki
Yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun masana mawaƙa na tsakiyar ƙarni na 18, tare da Johann Mattheson, Lorenz Christoph Mizler, da Johann Gottfried Walther, waɗanda duk suka rubuta muhimman bincike game da ka'idar, ado, da kuma aikin kiɗa; ayyukansu suna da wadataccen tushe kuma har yanzu ba a taɓa amfani da su ba a yau, musamman game da kiɗan baroque da aikin wasan kwaikwayo .

## Manazarta
Joseph Kaspar Bollermann

Joseph Kaspar Bollermann (1773 - 21 ga Disamba 1839) ɗan ƙasar Jamus ne mai yin agogo a Würzburg . Ya yi aikin koyon aiki tare da wani ɗan'uwa daga 1785-1790, kuma a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu 1796 aka shigar da shi cikin ƙungiyar a matsayin mai yin agogo, inda ya sami haƙƙin jama'a na Würzburg kwanaki kaɗan bayan haka a ranar 3 ga Maris. A ranar 30 ga Janairu 1797 ya auri Margaretha Dörfler, 'yar maƙerin zinare na Würzburg Johann Baptist Dörffer, kuma 'yar'uwar maƙerin zinare Georg Stephan Dörffer. Daga 1806-1822 Bollermann ya yi aiki a matsayin alkalan ƙungiyarsa. Yana da ɗalibai uku.

## Manazarta

* Uhrmacherverzeichnis.de / Masu yin agogo-Directory.org
William Raduchel

**Dr. William. J Raduchel** darakta ne mai zaman kansa, mai zuba jari a fannin mala'iku kuma mai ba da shawara kan dabarun yaƙi. Ya kasance farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki a Harvard tsawon shekaru goma,  kuma mataimakin shugaban jami'a a Harvard da Radcliffe. Ya kasance babban jami'i a Ruckus Network, Sun Microsystems, AOL Time Warner, Xerox Corporation, da McGraw-Hill . Haka kuma yana aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na Salvation Army da STEP ( National Academy of Sciences ).   

An taɓa bayyana shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Scott McNealy tun farkon lokacinsa na kwaleji, inda ya shawo kan McNealy ya yi nazarin tattalin arziki, kuma daga ƙarshe ya haɗu da McNealy a Sun. Kafin Sun, ya ɗauki McNealy don ya shiga Onyx Computer don gudanar da masana'antu. 

## Manazarta
Friedrich Jacob Boßler

**Friedrich Jacob Boßler** [ˈbɔslɐ] shi ma ya rubuta **Bossler** da **Bosler** (18 Maris 1717 a Darmstadt ; 7 Afrilu 1793 a Darmstadt) ƙwararren mai kera bindigogi da bindigogin iska ne na Jamus na ƙarni na 18. 

A matsayinsa na mai kera bindigogin iska a kotu, yana aiki ne a ƙarƙashin Louis VIII na Hesse-Darmstadt, wanda aka fi sani da *kabarin farauta* . Godiya ga ƙwarewarsa da ƙwarewar fasaha ta bindigogin iska, Boßler yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mutane a tarihin farauta a Hesse-Darmstadt . 

Tare da mahaifinsa Johann Peter Boßler, Friedrich Jacob Boßler yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun bindigogin iska kaɗan a tsakanin masu kera bindigogi na Turai .  Tun lokacin rayuwarsa, an kwafi bindigogin iska masu kyau da inganci waɗanda Boßler ya ƙera. 

Boßler ya ƙera bindigogin farauta masu haɗaka waɗanda za a iya amfani da su da sandunan flintlock da iska mai matsewa .

## Iyali

A matsayinsa na ɗan ƙwararren mai kera bindigogi kuma mai kera bindigogi na kotun hesse-darmstadt Johann Peter Boßler, Friedrich Jacob ya fito ne daga dangin Boßler da ke kudancin Hesse, wanda aka rubuta tun daga 1616.  

Uban Friedrich Jacob Boßler shine mai kula da Landgrave na Hesse-Darmstadt.  Kaninsa Johann Philipp Boßler (1731 - 1793) shi ma maƙerin bindiga ne a kotu amma a Pirmasens . A can shi ma yana cikin ƙungiyar *Leib-Grenadier-Garde-Regiment Erbprinz* . 

A shekara ta 1743, mai kera bindigogin iska na kotu, Boßler, ya auri Catharina Justina Fischer (1717 - 1772) a Braubach, wacce take ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan wani kansila da Stadtschultheiß . Auren ya samo asali ne daga Heinrich Philipp Boßler [1] ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun masu buga waƙoƙi a zamaninsa kuma mai kula da Mariane Kirchgessner, wacce ta yi alaƙa da manyan fitattun marubuta da mawaƙa na ƙarni na 18. [2]

Bisa ga al'ada, Friedrich Jacob Boßler ya koyi sana'ar kera bindigogi ta musamman. Ba wai kawai an sanya masa suna *Hofwindbüchsenmacher* ba a shekarar 1766.  An riga an fara amfani da wannan sunan na Boßler a shekarar 1749. Digirinsa na biyu a matsayin mai kera bindigogi an fara danganta shi da shekarar 1751. 

## Manazarta
Benedicta Margaretha von Löwendal

Benedicta Margaretha von Löwendal (1683-1776), 'yar kasuwa ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus. Ta kafa kuma ta kula da ayyukan ƙarfe a gidanta na Mückenberg daga 1725 zuwa 1776 kuma ta zama babbar 'yar kasuwa a Niederlausitz . An sanya wa wani titi da kwaleji a Lauchhammer suna, Freifrau-von-Löwendal-Gymnasium .

## Manazarta
David Beringer

Fayil:Orologio_solare,_xvi-xvii_sec._01.JPG| Orologio solare, xvi-xvii sec. 01
Fayil:Portable_diptych_sundial_MET_188801.jpg|alt=Portable diptych sundial MET 188801| Dial ɗin rana mai ɗaukuwa MET 188801
Fayil:Cuadrante_solar_(Siglo_XVIII)._Museo_Naval_de_Madrid.jpg|alt=Cuadrante solar (Siglo XVIII). Museo Naval de Madrid.| Cuadrante hasken rana (Siglo XVIII). Museo Naval de Madrid.
**David Beringer** (1756 - 1821) ƙwararren mai ƙera kayan kida ne na kimiyya kuma mai sana'a. Majiyoyi daban-daban sun ruwaito inda aka haife shi a matsayin Dieppe  ko Nuremberg .  A kowane hali, an rubuta shi a matsayin yana zaune a unguwar Lorenzseite ta Nuremberg a 1798,  da kuma a Augsburg a kusa da 1776.  

An amince da shi a matsayin ƙwararren masani a shekarar 1777, a shekarar da ya auri Anna Ottillia Hofmann, [1] Beringer sananne ne wajen gina lambobin rana na katako masu siffar cubic, waɗanda yawancinsu suna ɗauke da sa hannu biyu: nasa da na GP Seyfried, wani ma'aikaci da ake kyautata zaton yana da alaƙa da ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin yankin, wanda da alama Beringer bai shiga ba. [2]

Beringer ya mutu sakamakon hatsari a shekarar 1821. 

## Manazarta
Carl Dieudonné

*
== Heading text ==
'Carl Dieudonné*' (30 Nuwamba 1783 - 10 Afrilu 1825) ya kasance tare da kafa Dieudonné & Schiedmayer, wani kamfani a Stuttgart wanda ke gina piano. Ya kafa kamfanin tare da Johann Lorenz Schiedmayer, kuma kamfanin Schiedmayer ya ci gaba da gina pianos har zuwa ƙarni na 20.

An haifi Dieudonné a Stuttgart, a matsayin ɗan babban ɗan rawa na gidan rawa, kuma an horar da shi a Vienna tare da mai ginin piano Nannette Streicher . A Vienna, ana kuma tsammanin ya haɗu da Schiedmayer, wanda ɗan uwan sa ya auri daga baya. [1] Sun kafa kamfanin a 1806, kuma daga ƙarshe suka zama masu samar da kayan kotu ("Hoflieferant"). [1] A 1824, jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarsa, Schiedmayer da Dieudonné sun buga ɗan gajeren littafi "kan yadda ake amfani da ilimin da ya dace game da wasa, gyarawa, da kula da fortepianos, musamman waɗanda aka yi a cikin bitar Dieudonné da Schiedmayer a Stuttgart". [2] An sake buga wannan littafin a 1994 ta Gulde Verlag a Jamus. [3] Ana kyautata zaton Piano da Dieudonné da Schiedmayer suka gina suna cikin gidajen tarihi a Stuttgart, Tübingen, Donaueschingen, Basel, Munich, Liège da sauran wurare. [2]

## Manazarta
Bernard Ramsey

**Bernard Bruce Ramsey** (10 ga Nuwamba, 1915 - 11 ga Yuli, 1996) babban jami'i ne a Merrill Lynch, wani kamfanin dillali, amma an fi saninsa da gudummawarsa ta taimakon jama'a ga Jami'ar Georgia . 

Ramsey, ɗan asalin Macon, Georgia, Amurka, ya kammala karatunsa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Lanier kafin ya koma Jami'ar Georgia da ke Athens, Georgia, inda ya halarci abin da yanzu ake kira Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Terry kuma ya sami digiri na farko a fannin Kimiyya ( BS ) a fannin Kasuwanci a 1937. Yayin da yake kwaleji, ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar sojoji ta ROTC, Delta Sigma Pi da kuma ƙungiyar Alpha Tau Omega fraternities, Order of the Greek Horsesmen da kuma ƙungiyar sirri ta Gridiron .

Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin Laftanar Kanar a Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Ramsey ya haɗu da Merrill Lynch a matsayin mai sayar da kaya . A lokacin da ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1973, ya zama babban mataimakin shugaban ƙasa kuma shi ne shugaban kwamitin zartarwa na kamfanin.

A cikin shekaru ashirin da suka biyo baya, ya ba da gudummawa mai yawa ga ɗalibansa, wanda ya kai ga kyautar dala miliyan 20 a shekarar 1993. Ya kuma bar wa jami'ar dala miliyan 18.8 a cikin wasiyyarsa . Zuwa yanzu, Ramsey shine babban mai ba da taimako ga Jami'ar Georgia.

Sakamakon ƙoƙarinsa, sunayen Ramsey da matarsa, Eugenia, suna bayyana akai-akai tare da jami'a, musamman dangane da makarantar kasuwanci, wacce take gida ga Cibiyar Bernard B. da Eugenia A. Ramsey don Kasuwanci Masu Zaman Kansu. Babban cibiyar nishaɗin ɗalibai a ƙasar da kuma babbar kyautar tallafin karatu an sanya mata suna bayan Ramsey, da kuma kujeru da dama, shirye-shirye, da azuzuwan da ke faɗin harabar jami'a. Wani mutum-mutumin tagulla na Ramsey yana kan benci a wajen Kwalejin Daraja ta UGA. Zauren wasan kwaikwayo na Ramsey yana ɗaya daga cikin dakunan rera waƙoƙi guda biyu da ke cikin Cibiyar Wasan Kwaikwayo da Fasaha ta UGA.

Ramsey ya kuma ba Bernard B. da Eugenia A. Ramsey Shugaban Kasuwanci Masu Zaman Kansu a Makarantar Nazarin Manufofi ta Andrew Young da ke Jami'ar Jihar Georgia a shekarar 1963.

## Manazarta
Matthias Dropa

**Matthias Dropa** (an haife shi tsakanin 1646  da 1665  - 25 Satumba 1732) ɗan Jamus ne mai gina organ . Ɗalibin Arp Schnitger ne, ya gina organ a Arewacin Jamus, ciki har da St. Michaelis, Lüneburg

## Sana'a
An haife shi a Transylvania, Dropa ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin Arp Schnitger, wataƙila tsakanin 1680 da 1692.  Ya kafa nasa bita a 1692 kuma ya sami zama ɗan ƙasar Hamburg a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 1692. Ya gina sabbin gabobi uku a Bargteheide da Finkenwerder a 1696. Daga 1698 zuwa 1700, ya faɗaɗa gabobin Cuxhaven - Altenbruch. Ya ƙaura zuwa Lüneburg a 1705, inda ya gina sabon gabobi a St. Michaelis, tare da mataimakinsa Gerhard von Holy [de] . Daga 1712 zuwa 1715, ya faɗaɗa sashin St. Johannis, ƙarƙashin kulawar Georg Böhm da feda. Dropa shine malamin Erasmus Bielfeldt [de], wanda ya horar daga 1707 zuwa 1715.  Mai gina gangar jiki Johann Matthias Hagelstein [de] ya auri 'yarsa Catharina Margaretha a ranar 22 ga Yuni 1734. Dropa ya mutu a Lüneburg.

## Ayyuka

## Adabi

* Gustav Fock : *Arp Schnitger da Seine Schule.* *Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Orgelbaues im Nord- und Ostseeküstengebiet.* Bärenreiter, Kassel 1974, 

## Manazarta
Mati-ur-Rehman

**Mati-ur-Rehman** (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1984) ) ɗan wasan motsa jiki ne daga Pakistan .

## Ayyuka

### 2010
Rehman ya lashe lambar azurfa a wasannin Asiya ta Kudu na 2010 da aka gudanar a Dhaka, Bangladesh . 

Ya shiga cikin Wasannin Commonwealth na 2010 a New Delhi, Indiya inda ya kasance na 5 a cikin rukunin 69 kg.&nbsp;

## Manyan gasa

## Manazarta
Johann Christian Dauphin

**Johann Christian Dauphin** (22 ga Fabrairu 1682 - 14 ga Mayu 1730) wani mai ginin organ na Jamus ne.

 

## Rayuwa
Johann Christian Dauphin dalibi ne na Johann Friedrich Wender a Mühlhausen, Thüringen kuma an ba shi shawarar kula da sashinsa a Seligenstadt .

Daga kusan shekara ta 1707 ya zauna a Kleinheubach, inda ya yi aure a shekara ta 1707. A shekara ta 1714 aka naɗa shi shugaban hukumomin gundumar Erbach.

Babban aikinsa shi ne ginin bango mai hannu uku na Walldürn Basilica wanda wataƙila shine kawai wurin da aka kiyaye shi sosai a cikin tsohon cocin Katolika na St. Anna da ke Sulzbach am Main. Bugu da ƙari, an adana wasu kayan tarihi.

Ɗan'uwansa Johann Eberhard Dauphin shi ma mai gina sassan jiki ne. Ɗansa Johann Christian II (12 ga Yuni, 1713 a Kleinheubach; ya mutu a ranar 8 ga Mayu, 1772, a Kleinheubach) da kuma jikansa Johann Christian III . (16 ga Janairu, 1752 a Kleinheubach; ya mutu a ranar 2 ga Mayu, 1792, a Kleinheubach) su ma masu gina sassan jiki ne kuma sun ci gaba da gudanar da bitar. An fara ta ne a kusan shekara ta 1800.

## Ayyuka

## Littattafan tarihi

*  
* Bohner/Vleugel's organ in the Walldürn Basilica
* L. Eisenträger, organ consecration in St. Anna Sulzbach on December 5, 1999

## Manazarta
Chrysanthus na Urushalima

**Chrysanthus Notaras** (Girkanci: ; 1655/1660 - Fabrairu 7, 1731), wanda aka fi sani da **Chrysanthus na Urushalima**, shi ne Shugaban Urushalima  (Fabrairu 19, 1707 - Fabrairun 7, 1731)  kuma masanin Orthodox na Gabas. Ya kasance masanin lissafi, masanin taurari, masanin ilimin ƙasa, kuma marubuci. An san shi da ƙirƙirar taswirar zamani a cikin harshen Helenanci. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban Giovanni Domenico Cassini. Ya kuma gina kayan aikin taurari.

## Tarihin rayuwa

An haife shi a Arachova, Akaya . Ya kasance memba na wannan iyali kamar wanda ya riga shi, Dositheos II Notaras da Macarius na Koranti, Metropolitan na Koranti. An san shi da yada ilimin taurari a farkon karni na sha takwas. Chysanthos Notaras ya kasance Shugaban Urushalima (1707-1731). Ya kasance daya daga cikin Helenawa masu ilimi na lokacinsa. Ya sami ilimi a cikin koyarwar gargajiya ta Orthodox. Ya koyi falsafar halitta, lissafi, da tauhidin a Jami'ar Padua . Ya ci gaba da karatunsa a birnin Paris. Yayinda yake a Paris ya sadu da masu ilimin tauhidi masu sassaucin ra'ayi, kamar Louis Ellies Dupin, Noël Alexandre, da Michel Le Quien . Ya kuma sadu da masanin taurari Giovanni Domenico Cassini . Ya zama ɗalibinsa. Ya yi karatun Astronomy, Geodesy, da Geography (1700). Cassini shi ne Darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Paris . Chrysanthus ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kallo. Ya kuma gina kayan aikin astronomical, a karkashin kulawar Cassini.

Sha'awar Notaras a kimiyyar lissafi ta ci gaba a duk rayuwarsa. Babban sha'awarsa shine ilimin taurari da geodesy. Ya taimaka wajen kirkirar sabbin makarantu. Ya yi imanin cewa koyarwar kimiyya tana da mahimmanci. Ya inganta ilimin kimiyya na yau da kullun. Ya buga wani littafi mai suna Introduction to Geometry and Spherics . Littafin bai nuna tsarin heliocentric ba. Ya gabatar da sabbin hanyoyin daidaito a auna. Ya san tsarin heliocentric, kodayake shi da kansa ya rubuta game da tsarin Ptolemaic na geocentric bayan Korydalism. A cikin adawa da tsarin Copernican, ba ya amfani da ƙin yarda da tauhidi da muhawara, amma mafi girman ƙin yarda wanda masana kimiyya suka karɓa a cikin karni na 16. Yana fallasa da ma'ana kuma a tsawon lokaci wasu ra'ayoyin masu binciken sararin samaniya na dā da na zamani game da wane tsarin ya fi dacewa don bayyana motsi na taurari. Ya ambaci cewa Pythagoreans sun ba da shawarar motsi na Duniya kuma sun ambaci Aristarchus na Samian. Chrysanthos Notaras ya haɗa da tsarin karatun taurari a makarantun Kabari Mai Tsarki . [1][2]

A shekara ta 1892, farfesa na lissafi G.A. Arvanitakis, a cikin ma'adinin zaitun na gidan ibada inda aka ajiye Makarantar tauhidin Gicciye a Urushalima ya gano astrolabe biyu wanda ke ɗauke da rubutun:

## Manazarta