John Profumo

**John Dennis Profumo**, CBE, OBE (Mil.) ( / prə ˈf juː m oʊ / prə-FEW -moh ; 30 Janairu 1915 - 9 Maris 2006) ɗan siyasar Biritaniya ne wanda aikinsa ya ƙare a 1963 bayan dangantaka ta jima'i da shi. Christine Keeler mai shekaru 19 a cikin 1961. Wannan abin kunya, wanda aka fi sani da Profumo affair, ya sa ya yi murabus daga gwamnatin Conservative ta Harold Macmillan .

Bayan murabus din Profumo ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da agaji a Toynbee Hall, wata ƙungiyar agaji a Gabashin London, kuma ta zama babban mai tara kuɗaɗe. Waɗannan ayyukan agaji sun taimaka wajen dawo da martabarsa kuma an naɗa shi Kwamandan Tsarin Mulkin Burtaniya (CBE) a cikin 1975.

## Rayuwar farko da aiki
An haifi Profumo a Kensington, London, ɗan Albert Profumo, jami'in diflomasiyya kuma barista na zuriyar Italiya, wanda ya mutu a 1940. Ya halarci Makarantar Harrow da Kwalejin Brasenose, Oxford, inda ya karanta doka kuma ya kasance memba na Bullingdon Club .

A farkon 1930s, "Jack" Profumo yana da dangantaka da wani samfurin Jamus, Gisela Winegard, wanda daga baya ya yi aiki don leƙen asirin Jamus a Paris. Takardun Sabis na Sirrin jihar Profumo kuma ya rubuta wa Winegard yayin da yake ɗan majalisa. 

A ranar 1 ga Yuli 1939, an ba shi izini a cikin Royal Armored Corps a matsayin laftanar na biyu, Ya taɓa zama memba na Jami'an Horar da Jami'an da kuma Sajan Cadet yayin da yake Harrow. Ya yi aiki a Arewacin Afirka tare da Northamptonshire Yeomanry a matsayin Kaftin ( manyan riƙo ), inda aka ambace shi a cikin aikewa. Ya sauka a Normandy a ranar D-Day kuma ya shiga mummunan faɗa don tabbatar da yankin na Faransa. Matsayinsa na ƙarshe a Sojan Burtaniya shine birigediya.

A ranar 21 ga Disamba 1944, Manjo ( Laftanar Kanal na wucin gadi) an naɗa Profumo a matsayin jami'in Order of the British Empire (OBE, Military Division) "don girmamawa ga galant da fitaccen sabis a Italiya",  musamman, don hidimarsa a kan Ma'aikatan filin Marshal Sir Harold Alexander da ke jagorantar Rukunin Sojoji na 15 . A cikin Nuwamba 1947, Muƙaddashin Kanar Profumo ya sami lambar yabo ta Bronze Star Medal ta Amurka "don amincewa da fitattun ayyuka a cikin hanyar Allies".

## Sana'ar siyasa
A cikin 1940, yayin da yake ci gaba da aiki a Soja, an zaɓi Profumo a cikin House of Commons a matsayin ɗan majalisa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya (MP) don Kettering a Northamptonshire a zaɓen fidda gwani a ranar 3 ga Maris .

Jim kaɗan bayan haka ya kada ƙuri'ar adawa da gwamnatin Chamberlain a muhawarar da ta biyo bayan shan kayen da Birtaniyya ta yi a Narvik a Norway. Wannan rashin amincewa da Profumo ya yi ya fusata mai shari'ar gwamnati, David Margesson, wanda ya ce masa, "Zan iya gaya maka wannan, kai ɗan ƙaramin abin raini ne. A duk safiya da ka tashi har ƙarshen rayuwarka za ka ji kunyar abin da ka aikata a daren jiya." Profumo daga baya ya bayyana cewa Margesson "ba zai iya yin kuskure ba." 

Profumo ya kasance ɗan majalisa mafi ƙanƙanta kuma, a lokacin mutuwarsa, ya zama ɗan majalisa na ƙarshe da ya tsira a cikin 1940 House of Commons.  A zaɓen 1945 Profumo ya sha kaye a Kettering ta ɗan takarar Labour, Dick Mitchison . Daga baya a cikin 1945, ya zama shugaban ma'aikata na Ofishin Jakadancin Burtaniya a Japan. A cikin 1950, ya bar Sojoji kuma, a babban zaɓe a watan Fabrairun 1950, an zaɓe shi don Stratford-on-Avon a Warwickshire, wurin zama mai aminci na Conservative.

Profumo ɗan siyasa ne mai haɗin gwiwa tare da kyakkyawan tarihin yaƙi kuma, duk da fashewar da Margesson ya ambata, an yi masa ƙimma sosai a cikin Jam'iyyar Conservative. Waɗannan halaye sun taimaka masa ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba ta hanyar gwamnatin Conservative da ta hau kan karagar mulki a shekarar 1951. An naɗa shi Sakataren Majalisa a Ma’aikatar Sufurin Jiragen Sama a watan Nuwamba 1952, Babban Sakataren Majalisar Dokoki a Ma’aikatar Sufuri da Jiragen Sama a watan Nuwamba 1953, Mataimakin Sakataren Majalisar Dokokin Mulkin Mallaka a Janairu 1957, Mataimakin Sakataren Gwamnati a Majalisar Ofishin Harkokin Waje a cikin Nuwamba 1958, da Ministan Harkokin Waje a cikin Janairu 1959. A cikin Yuli 1960, an naɗa shi Sakataren Yaki na Jiha (a wajen Majalisar Zartaswa) kuma an rantsar da shi a Majalisar Wakilai.  A 1954, ya auri actress Valerie Hobson .

## Matsalar Profumo
A cikin Yuli 1961, a wata ƙungiya a Cliveden, gidan Viscount Astor, John Profumo ya sadu da Christine Keeler, wani samfurin 19 mai shekaru 19 wanda ya fara jima'i. An yi gardama kan ainihin tsawon al'amarin tsakanin Profumo da Keeler, wanda ya ƙare ko dai a cikin watan Agustan 1961 bayan da jami'an tsaro suka gargaɗi Profumo game da haɗarin haɗuwa da da'irar Ward, ko kuma ci gaba da raguwar kuzari har zuwa Disamba 1961. Tun da Keeler ya yi jima'i tare da Yevgeny Ivanov, babban hafsan sojojin ruwa a Ofishin Jakadancin Soviet, al'amarin ya ɗauki nauyin tsaron ƙasa.

A watan Disamba na 1962, wani harbi da ya faru a London wanda ya haɗa da wasu mutane biyu da ke da hannu tare da Keeler ya jagoranci 'yan jarida don bincikar Keeler, kuma ba da daɗewa ba 'yan jarida sun fahimci al'amuranta tare da Profumo da Ivanov. Amma al'adar Burtaniya na mutunta rayuwar sirri na 'yan siyasar Burtaniya, saboda tsoron ayyukan cin zarafi, an kiyaye shi har zuwa Maris 1963, lokacin da ɗan majalisar Labour George Wigg, ya yi iƙirarin cewa al'amuran tsaron ƙasa ne suka motsa shi, yana cin gajiyar damar majalisar ., wanda ya ba shi kariya daga duk wani mataki na shari'a, wanda aka ambata a cikin House of Commons zuwa jita-jita da ke danganta Profumo tare da Keeler. Profumo ya yi wata sanarwa ta sirri inda ya yarda cewa ya san Keeler amma ya musanta cewa akwai "rashin adalci" a cikin dangantakar su kuma ya yi barazanar kai ƙara idan jaridu suka yi iƙirarin akasin haka. 

Maganar Profumo ba ta hana jaridu buga labarun game da Keeler ba, kuma nan da nan ya bayyana ga Macmillan cewa matsayin Profumo bai dace ba. A ranar 5 ga Yuni 1963, an tilasta Profumo ya yarda cewa ya yi ƙarya ga House a watan Maris lokacin da ya ƙaryata game da wani al'amari da Keeler, wanda a lokacin ya kasance wani laifi da ba a gafartawa a cikin siyasar Birtaniya. Profumo ya yi murabus daga ofis kuma daga majalisar masu zaman kansu, kuma ya nemi kuma a naɗa shi a matsayin mai kula da ɗaruruwan don ya bar kujerarsa ta Commons.  Kafin ya yi iƙirari a bainar jama’a, Profumo ya shaida wa matarsa, wadda ta tsaya masa. Ba a taɓa nuna cewa dangantakarsa da Keeler ta haifar da wani cin zarafi na tsaron ƙasa ba.  Wannan abin kunya ya girgiza gwamnatin Conservative, kuma ana kyautata zaton na ɗaya daga cikin musabbabin shan kaye da jam'iyyar Labour ta yi a zaɓen 1964 . Macmillan ya riga ya wuce lokacin, bayan ya yi murabus a watan Oktoba 1963 bisa dalilan kiwon lafiya da Alec Douglas-Home ya gaje shi.

Profumo ya ci gaba da yin shiru na jama'a game da lamarin har tsawon rayuwarsa, ko da lokacin fim ɗin *Scandal* na 1989 - wanda Ian McKellen ya buga shi - da kuma buga bayanan Keeler ya farfaɗo da sha'awar jama'a game da lamarin.   

Daniel Flynn  ne ya nuna Profumo a cikin wasan kida na matakin Andrew Lloyd Webber *Stephen Ward*, wanda aka buɗe a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Aldwych akan 19 Disamba 2013.

Ben Miles  ne ya bayyana shi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na BBC na 2019/2020 *Jarabawar Christine Keeler* da Tim Steed  a cikin jerin Netflix *The Crown*, inda Al'amarin Profumo wani bangare ne na shirin na kakar 2, episode 10. - "Mystery Man".

## Daga baya rayuwa
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan murabus ɗinsa, an gayyaci Profumo don yin aiki a Toynbee Hall a matsayin mai ba da agaji ta Walter Birmingham, wanda ya kasance mai kula da wurin.

Toynbee Hall sadaka ce da ke Gabashin Ƙarshen London, kuma Profumo ya ci gaba da yin aiki a wurin har tsawon rayuwarsa, ya zama babban mai tara kuɗi na Toynbee Hall, kuma yana amfani da dabarun siyasa da abokan huɗɗarsa don tara kuɗi masu yawa.

Duk wannan aikin an yi shi ne a matsayin mai sa kai, tun da Profumo ya iya rayuwa a kan dukiyar da ya gada.

Matarsa, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Valerie Hobson, ita ma ta sadaukar da kanta ga sadaka har mutuwarta a 1998.

A ganin wasu, ayyukan agaji na Profumo ya fanshi sunansa. Abokinsa, mai fafutukar kawo sauyi na zamantakewa Lord Longford, ya ce "ya ji sha'awar [ga Profumo] fiye da [ga] duk mazajen da na sani a rayuwata". 

An naɗa Profumo a matsayin kwamandan Order of the British Empire (CBE, Civil Division) a cikin 1975 Birthday Honors, kuma ya sami karramawa a wani bikin Buckingham Palace daga Sarauniya Elizabeth II, yana nuna alamar komawa ga girmamawa. A shekarar 1995, tsohuwar Firayim Minista mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Margaret Thatcher ta gayyace shi zuwa liyafar bikin cikarta shekaru 70 da haihuwa, inda ya zauna kusa da Sarauniya. Yana bayyana lokaci-lokaci a bainar jama'a, musamman a shekarunsa na ƙarshe lokacin da ya yi amfani da keken guragu. Fitowarsa ta ƙarshe ita ce wurin taron tunawa da Sir Edward Heath a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 2005.

## Mutuwa da haraji
A ranar 7 ga Maris 2006, Profumo ya sha fama da bugun jini kuma an kwantar da shi a asibitin Chelsea na London da Westminster . Ya rasu bayan kwana biyu tare da iyalansa, yana da shekaru 91 a duniya. Bayan rasuwarsa, masu sharhi da dama sun ce kamata ya yi a riƙa tunawa da shi saboda irin gudunmawar da ya bayar ga al’umma bayan da ya faɗi daga ra’ayin siyasa dangane da badaƙalar 1963 da ta haifar da faɗuwar. An ƙona shi a Mortlake Crematorium ; An binne tokarsa kusa da na matarsa a rumfar iyali a Hersham.  

## Manazarta