Yanayin Turai

An bayyana Turai a matsayin daya daga ciki nahiyoyi bakwai. A fannin jiki, shi ne yankin arewa maso yammacin yankin da aka fi sani da Eurasia (ko mafi girma Afro-Eurasia); Asiya ta mamaye tsakiyar da gabashin wannan yankin mai ci gaba. Yankin gabashin Turai yawanci ana tsara shi ta Dutsen Ural a Rasha, wanda shine mafi girman ƙasa ta ƙasa a nahiyar. Yankin kudu maso gabas da Asiya ba a bayyana shi a duniya ba, amma ma'anar zamani gabaɗaya ita ce Kogin Ural ko, ba a saba da shi ba, Kogin Emba. Yankin ya ci gaba zuwa Tekun Caspian, saman tsaunukan Caucasus (ko, ba a saba gani ba, kogin Kura a cikin Caucasus), kuma zuwa Tekun Baƙi. Bosporus, Tekun Marmara, da Dardanelles sun kammala iyakar Asiya. Tekun Bahar Rum a kudu ya raba Turai daga Afirka. Yankin yamma shine Tekun Atlantika . Iceland yawanci ana haɗa shi a Turai saboda yana da kusan sau biyu da ƙasar Turai kamar ƙasar Arewacin Amurka. Akwai muhawara mai gudana game da inda cibiyar Turai ta fada.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya

Wasu matani na ƙasa suna nufin nahiyar *Eurasia* saboda ba a kewaye Turai da teku ba kuma an bayyana iyakarta ta kudu maso gabashin ta daban-daban na ƙarni.

DDangane da siffa, Turai tarin tsibiran da ke da alaƙa ne da tsibiran da ke kusa.  Manyan tsibirai biyu mafi girma su ne Turai kanta da Scandinavia a arewa, wanda Tekun Baltic ya raba da juna.  Ƙananan tsibirai uku—Iberia, Italiya, da Balkans—sun fito daga gefen kudancin ƙasar.  Ƙasar Balkan ta rabu da Asiya ta tekun Black da Aegean.  Italiya ta rabu da Balkan da Tekun Adriatic, da Iberia ta tekun Bahar Rum, wanda kuma ya raba Turai da Afirka.  Gabas, babban yankin Turai yana faɗaɗa kamar bakin mazurari, har sai an kai iyaka da Asiya a tsaunukan Ural da Kogin Ural, Tekun Caspian, da tsaunin Caucasus.

Taimakon ƙasa a Turai yana nuna babban bambanci tsakanin ƙananan yankuna.  Yankunan kudanci suna da tsaunuka yayin da suke tafiya arewa filin yana gangarowa daga tsaunukan Alps, Pyrenees, da Carpathians, ta cikin tuddai masu tuddai, zuwa cikin faffadan filayen arewa, waɗanda ke da yawa a gabas.  Har ila yau, akwai tarin tuddai a gefen tekun arewa maso yammacin kasar, wanda ya fara daga kudu maso yammacin Ireland, yana ci gaba da ratsa yammacin Birtaniya da arewacin Birtaniya, da kuma sama tare da dutsen da aka yanke na Norway.

An sauƙaƙa wannan bayanin. Yankunan da suka hada da Iberia da Italiya sun ƙunshi siffofinsu masu rikitarwa, kamar yadda ƙasar Turai kanta ta yi, inda taimakon ya ƙunshi filayen da yawa, kwarin kogi, da kuma kwari waɗanda ke rikitar da yanayin gaba ɗaya. Iceland da Tsibirin Burtaniya lambobi ne na musamman. Tsohon yana daga tsarin dutsen wuta na Arewacin Atlantic, yayin da ƙarshen ya ƙunshi yankunan da suka haɗu da ƙasar har sai an yanke shi ta hanyar hauhawar matakan teku.

### Yankin tsibirin
A wasu lokuta ana kiran Turai "ƙasar tsibirin", don jawo hankali ga gaskiyar cewa Turai ƙarami ce, mai tsawo ga Asiya, kuma babban ɓangare na Turai ya ƙunshi tsibirai. Halin da ya gabata zai haɗa da Burtaniya da Ireland a matsayin ainihin tsibirin Turai mai mahimmanci kafin hauhawar bayan ƙanƙara a matakin teku.

* Yankin Balkan
** Peloponnese
** Chalkidiki
** Istria
** Gallipoli
* Brittany
* Yankin Cotentin
* Crimea
* Yankin Fennoscandian
** Yankin Kola
** Yankin Scandinavia
* Yankin Iberian
* Yankin Italiya
* Jutland
* Yankin Kanin

## Ilimin ƙasa
 

Mafi mahimmancin fasalin yanayin ƙasa na Turai shine dichotomy tsakanin tsaunukan tsaunuka da tsaunukan Kudancin Turai da wani yanki mai faɗi, wani yanki na ƙarƙashin ruwa, filin arewa wanda ya fara daga Burtaniya a yamma zuwa tsaunin Ural a gabas.  [ana ruwa hujja] [citation need] Waɗannan rabi biyu an raba su da sarƙoƙin tsaunuka na Pyrenees da Alps/Carpathians.  Tsaunukan Scandinavian da kuma tsaunukan tsibirin Biritaniya sun keɓe filayen arewa a yamma.  Manyan jikunan ruwa marasa zurfi da ke nutsar da sassan filayen arewa sune Tekun Celtic, Tekun Arewa, hadadden Tekun Baltic, da Tekun Barents.

Yankin arewacin ya ƙunshi tsohuwar nahiyar geological ta Baltic, don haka ana iya ɗaukar ta a matsayin "babban nahiyar", yayin da tsaunuka masu tsawo da tsaunukan tsaunuka a kudu da yamma sun zama raguwa daga wasu nahiyoyin geological daban-daban.

Ilimin ƙasa na Turai ya bambanta sosai kuma yana da rikitarwa, kuma yana haifar da wurare masu yawa da aka samu a duk faɗin nahiyar, daga Highlands na Scotland zuwa filayen Hungary.

## Yawan jama'a
A cikin tarihi, yawan jama'ar Turai na fama da ƙaura daga cikin nahiyar, cututtuka da rikice-rikice.  Lissafi na yawan jama'ar Turai sun bambanta bisa ga ma'anar iyakokin Turai da ake amfani da su.  Yawan mutanen da ke cikin daidaitattun iyakoki na zahiri sun kai miliyan 701 a cikin 2005 bisa ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.  A shekara ta 2000 yawan jama'a ya kai miliyan 857, ta hanyar amfani da ma'anar da ta haɗa da dukan ƙasashen da ke wucewa na Rasha da Turkiyya.  Girman yawan jama'a yana kwatankwacin jinkirin, kuma matsakaicin shekarun yana da girma kwatankwacinsa dangane da sauran nahiyoyi na duniya.

## Koguna

Koguna mafi muhimmanci a Turai sune Danube, Volga, Rhine, Elbe, Oder da Dnieper, da sauransu. [an kara bayani da ake buƙata] Mafi girman Ruwa da ke Turai (ta hanyar gudana) shine Rhine Falls. 

### Kogin Turai ta tsawon
Koguna mafi tsawo a Turai, kai tsaye suna gudana cikin Tekun Duniya ko wuraren Endorheic, tare da kimanin tsayinsu: 

# Volga
# Danube
# Ural
# Ruwa
# Ba da kyauta
# Pechora
# Dniester
# Rhine
# Elbe
# Vistula
# Tagus
# Daugava
# Loire
# Ebro
# Kayan aiki
# Neman
# Meuse
# Douro
# Kogin Kuban
# Mezen
# Oder
# Guadiana
# Rhône
# Kudancin Bug
# Kuma
# Seine
# Ganuwar
# Arewacin Dvina
# Po
# Guadalquivir
# Bolshoy Uzen
# Siret
# Terek
# Glomma -    (kogi mafi tsawo kuma mafi girma a Norway) 
# Garonne
# Kemijoki
# Babban -    (mafi tsawo (dama) mai ba da gudummawa na Rhine) 
# Wurin da aka yi
# Dalälven
# Maritsa
# Marne -  km (319  (mafi girman mai ba da gudummawa na Seine) 
# Neris
# Júcar
# Dordogne
# Ume
# Ångerman -    (kogin Sweden mafi tsawo) 
# Lule
# Gauja
# Weser
# Kalix

### Kogin Turai ta hanyar zubar da ruwa

Koguna 15 na Turai ta matsakaicin fitarwa, gami da koguna kawai da ke gudana kai tsaye cikin Tekun Duniya ko Endorheic basins:

# Volga - 8,087 m3/s (kogi mafi girma a Gabashin Turai) 
# Danube - 6,450 m3/s (kogi mafi girma a Tsakiyar Turai) 
# Pechora - 4,380m3/s
# Arewacin Dvina - 3,330m3/s
# Neva - 2,490 m3/s
# Rhine - 2,315 m3/s) (kogi mafi girma a Yammacin Turai) 
# Rhône - 1,900 m3/s (kogi mafi girma a Faransa) 
# Dnieper - 1,700 m3/s
# Po - 1,460 m3/s (kogi mafi girma a Italiya) 
# Vistula - 1,080 m3/s (kogi mafi girma a Poland) 
# Don - 890 m3/s
# Mezen - 890 m3/s
# Loire - 889 m3/s (kogi mafi tsawo a Faransa) 
# Elbe - 860 m3/s
# Glomma - 709 m3/s (kogi mafi tsawo kuma mafi girma a Norway) 

## Tafkuna da teku
 

## Manyan tsibirai
Tsibirin Aegean, Åland, Tsibirin Balearic, Tsibirin Burtaniya, Corsica, Crete, Cyprus (Kusa da Asiya), Fyn, Tsibirin Faroe, Gotland, Hinnøya, Iceland, Tsibirin Ionian, Malta, Tsibirin Jutlandic ta Arewa, Saaremaa, Sardinia, Senja, Sicily, Svalbard da Zealand.

## Filaye da ƙasƙanci

* Babban Filayen Turai, mafi girman fasalin wuri na Turai Gabashin Turai Filayen Lower Danubian Plain, tsakanin Dutsen Balkan da Kudancin Carpathians Filayen Danubian (Bulgaria) Filayen Wallachian Arewacin Turai Filayen Arewacin Jamus (sashi na Jamus) Beauce, Faransa
** Filin Gabashin Turai
*** Ƙananan Filayen Danubian, tsakanin Dutsen Balkan da Kudancin Carpathians Filayen Danubi (Bulgaria) Filayen Wallachian
**** Filin Danubian (Bulgaria) 
**** Filayen Wallachia
** Filin Arewacin Turai
*** Filin Arewacin Jamus (sashi na Jamusanci) 
** Beauce, Faransa
* Baetic Depression (Andalusian Plain), tsakanin Sierra Morena da Baetic System
* Ƙananan ƙasashen Birtaniya
* Yankin tsakiya na Sweden
* Ebro Basin (Ebro Depression), tsakanin Pyrenees da Sistema Ibérico
* Meseta ta Tsakiya babban tudu ne a tsakiyar Spain (ya mamaye kusan kashi 40% na ƙasar), tsakanin Dutsen Cantabrian da Sistema ta Tsakiya
* Filin Pannonian, tsakanin Alps, Dutsen Dinaric da Dutsen Carpathian
* Kwarin Po, wanda aka fi sani da Padan Plain, tsakanin Alps da Apennines
* Swiss Central Plateau, tsakanin Dutsen Jura da Swiss AlpsAlps na Switzerland
* Upper Rhine Plain, tsakanin Dutsen Vosges da Dutsen Black Forest
* Upper Thracian Plain, tsakanin Dutsen Balkan (Sredna Gora) da Rila-Rhodope massiftsaunuka
* Sauran filayen bakin teku na Turai

## Tsawon tsaunuka

Wasu daga cikin manyan tsaunuka na Turai sune:

* Alps, a Tsakiyar Yammacin Turai Yammacin Alps Gabashin Alps Kudancin Alps Arewacin Alps
** Yammacin Alps
** Gabashin Alps
** Kudancin Alps
** Arewacin Alps
* Apennines, wanda ke gudana ta Italiya
* Tsarin Baetic, Spain, Yankin Iberian

* Duwatsun Balkan, galibi Bulgaria, tsakiyar Balkan Peninsula Sredna Gora Range a tsakiyar Bulgaria, wanda ke kudu da kuma layi daya da Dutsen Balkan
** Dutsen Sredna Gora a tsakiyar Bulgaria, wanda ke kudu da kuma layi daya da Dutsen Balkan
* Bohemian da sauran tsaunuka na Variscan (tsawon tsaunuka kafin Alpine): Dutsen Jura, Vosges, Dajin Palatinate, Black Forest, Dutsen Ore, Sudetes
* Duwatsun Cantabrian, waɗanda ke gudana a arewacin Spain
* Duwatsun Carpathian, babban tsaunuka a Tsakiyar Turai da Kudancin Carpathians, Romania Dutsen Tatra, Slovakia da Poland
** Kudancin Carpathians, Romania
** Duwatsun Tatra, Slovakia da Poland
* Duwatsun Caucasus, waɗanda suka raba Turai da Asiya
* Duwatsun Crimea

* Dinaric Alps, tsaunuka a cikin Balkans
* Duwatsun Pindus, Albania da Girka
* Pyrenees, iyakar halitta tsakanin Faransa da Spain
* Tsarin tsaunuka na Rila-Rhodope wanda ya kunshi tsaunuka, gami da Dutsen Pirin da jerin tsaunuka Osogovo-Belasitsa, galibi Bulgaria
* Šar-Korab-Jakupica-Baba-Kajmakčalan-Olympus, Albania, Arewacin Makidoniya da Girka 
* Duwatsun Scandinavia, tsaunuka da ke ratsa Yankin Scandinavia, sun haɗa da tsaunukan Kjølen
* Highlands na Scotland (ciki har da Cairngorms) a cikin Ƙasar Ingila.
* Sierra Morena, Spain
* Tsarin Iberian, Spain
* Tsarin Tsakiya, Spain
* Duwatsun Ural, waɗanda suka zama iyaka tsakanin Turai da Asiya

**Yankin ƙasa a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban na tsaunuka na Turai**

## Yanayin zafi da ruwan sama

Yankunan tsaunuka masu tsawo na Turai sun fi sanyi kuma suna da ruwan sama fiye da ƙananan yankuna, kamar yadda yake ga yankunan tsaunukan gabaɗaya. Turai tana da karancin hazo a gabas fiye da tsakiyar da yammacin Turai. Bambancin zafin jiki tsakanin bazara da hunturu a hankali yana ƙaruwa daga bakin teku arewa maso yammacin Turai zuwa kudu maso gabashin Turai, daga Ireland, tare da bambancin zafin jikin mutum na 10 ° C kawai daga mafi zafi zuwa watan sanyi, zuwa yankin arewacin Tekun Caspian, tare da Bambancin zabin jiki na 40 ° C. Matsakaicin watan Janairu ya kasance daga 13 ° C a kudancin Spain da tsibirin kudancin Girka zuwa -20 ° C a arewa maso gabashin Rasha ta Turai. Ana samun yanayin hamada a yankin Turai na Kazakhstan da Kudu maso Gabashin Spain.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Yammacin Turai da sassan Tsakiyar Turai gabaɗaya suna fadawa cikin yanayin teku mai matsakaici (Cfb), ɓangaren kudancin galibi yanayin Bahar Rum ne (yawanci Csa, ƙaramin yanki tare da Csb), ɓangare na arewa maso tsakiya da gabas zuwa tsakiyar Rasha galibi yanayin nahiyar ne mai laushi (Dfb) kuma ɓangaren arewacin nahiyar yanayin subarctic ne (Dfc). A cikin matsanancin arewacin (arewacin Rasha; Svalbard), iyaka da Tekun Arctic, yanayin tundra ne (Et). Duwatsun tsaunuka, kamar Alps da tsaunukan Carpathian, suna da yanayin tsaunuka tare da bambance-bambance masu yawa bisa ga tsawo da latitude.

## Yanayi

Yanayin Turai ya bambanta saboda girman kewayonsa daga Tekun Arctic a arewa zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum a kudu, kuma daga Tekun Atlantika a yamma zuwa Dutsen Ural a gabas. Yankunan yanayi da yawa sun haɗu da nahiyar, waɗanda abubuwan da suka shafi latitude, kusanci da ruwa, tsawo, da kuma yanayin iska.

Arewacin Atlantic Drift, ruwan teku mai dumi, yana daidaita yanayin zafi a yawancin Yammacin Turai, wanda ke haifar da hunturu mai sauƙi ga yankuna a irin wannan latitudes a wasu wurare. Wannan tasirin yana bayyane musamman a ƙasashe kamar United Kingdom, Ireland, da Norway na bakin teku, waɗanda ke fuskantar yanayin teku wanda ke da yanayin sanyi da sanyi, hunturu mai laushi.

6Kudancin Turai yana jin daɗin Yanayin Bahar Rum, tare da zafi, lokacin rani mai bushe da sanyi, hunturu mai laushi. Wannan yanayi ya fi yawa a kasashe kamar Spain, Italiya, da Girka, inda Ruwan sama na yanayi ke tallafawa noma da yawon bude ido. Gabashin Turai da wasu sassan cikin nahiyar suna da Yanayin yanayi na nahiyar tare da bambance-bambance na zafin jiki na yanayi, gami da hunturu mai sanyi da lokacin zafi. Ruwan sama a cikin waɗannan yankuna ana rarraba su daidai a duk shekara.

Arewacin Turai, gami da Scandinavia, ana nuna shi ta yanayin subbarctic da tundra, inda hunturu ke da tsawo da tsanani, kuma lokacin rani yana da gajeren lokaci da sanyi. Yankunan Arctic na Turai, musamman a Rasha da Norway, suma suna fuskantar Yanayin yanayi. Yankunan tsaunuka, kamar Alps da Carpathians, suna nuna yanayin alpine, tare da yanayin zafin jiki da hazo wanda ya bambanta da tsawo. Tsaunuka masu tsawo gabaɗaya suna fuskantar yanayin sanyi da hazo mafi girma, sau da yawa a cikin nau'in dusar ƙanƙara.

Yankunan yanayi na Turai sun kara rinjayar Canjin yanayi na mutum, wanda ke haifar da hauhawar yanayin zafi, sauya yanayin hazo, da karuwar yawan abubuwan da suka faru a duk faɗin nahiyar.

## Kasashen da ba su da iyaka
Kasashen da ba su da iyaka a Turai sune: Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Jamhuriyar Czech, Hungary, Kosovo, Liechtenstein (wanda ba shi da iyaka sau biyu), Luxembourg, Arewacin Makidoniya, Moldova, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Vatican CityBirnin Vatican

Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Jamhuriyar Czech, Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, da Arewacin Makidoniya sun kasance ƙungiya mai ƙasashe takwas a Tsakiyar *Turai* da Balkans, daga Geneva har zuwa Skopje. Sauran ƙasashen da ba su da iyaka suna da iyaka, ba su da wani irin wannan Turai (ƙaddamarwa ta zama dole, tunda Kazakhstan tana da iyaka da Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, da Kyrgyzstan, don haka suna samar da babban yanki a Asiya ta Tsakiya).

## Kasashen da suka kunshi tsibirai ko sassan tsibirai

* Cyprus
* Iceland
* Ireland
* Malta
* Ƙasar Ingila

## Kasashen da ke kan iyaka ko kewaye da wata nahiya

## Kasashen da babban birni ba shi da yawan jama'a

Lura: Babban birnin Italiya, Roma, shine birni mafi girma a kasar idan kawai aka yi la'akari da karamar hukuma. Babban Milan shine mafi girman birni a Italiya.

An dauki Brussels a matsayin birni mafi girma a Belgium, bisa ga yawan mutanen yankin Brussels-Capital. Yawan mutanen Birnin Brussels ya kai ~ 175,000. Antwerp ita ce birni mafi girma a kasar.

## Jerin ƙasashe ta yawan sauran ƙasashe da suke iyaka

## Dubi kuma

* Yankunan Turai
* Yankin Turai
* Tarayyar Turai
* Yammacin Turai
* Tsakiyar Turai
* Gabashin Turai
* Arewacin Turai
* Kudancin Turai
* Kudu maso gabashin Turai
* Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa a Turai
* Yankin Tsakiya
* Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa na Tarayyar Turai
* Jerin manyan tsaunuka na Turai
* Jerin manyan tsaunuka na Turai
* Jerin tsaunuka
* Kudancin kudancin kankara a Turai
* Kasashen da ke kan iyaka da Tarayyar Turai
* Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa a Eurasia
* Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa a Afro-Eurasia
* Yanayin Tarayyar Turai
* Yankunan membobin musamman da Tarayyar Turai
* Shekarar Bincike
* Masu bincike na Rasha