John Anderson (philosopher)

John Anderson (1 Nuwamba 1893 - 6 Yuli 1962) wani masanin falsafa ne dan Scotland wanda ya rike mukamin Farfesa Challis na Falsafa a Jami'ar Sydney daga 1927 zuwa 1958. Ya kafa tambarin falsafar da aka sani da ainihin Australiya. Ƙaddamar da Anderson na 'freethought' a cikin dukkan batutuwa, ciki har da siyasa da ɗabi'a, ya haifar da rikici kuma ya kawo shi cikin rikici akai-akai da majalisar dattawan jami'a. Duk da haka, ana yaba masa da ilimantar da tsararrakin masu tunani da masu fafutuka na 'Andersonian'—wasu daga cikinsu sun taimaka wajen sanya Sydney a sahun gaba na 'juyin jima'i' na shekarun 1950 da 1960. Ga Anderson, falsafar da aka yarda da ita dole ne ta kasance tana da 'shakka' mai mahimmanci kuma ta kasance mai iya ƙalubale da gyare-gyaren ra'ayoyi a kowane fanni na hankali da al'umma.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Anderson a Stonehouse, Lanarkshire, Scotland kuma ya yi karatu a tsohuwar Kwalejin Hamilton daga makarantar da ya ci bursary don halartar Jami'ar Glasgow a gasar Bursary na jami'a na 1911. An jera Anderson cikin fitattun tsoffin ɗaliban Kwalejin Hamilton a cikin labarin mujallar 1950 kan makarantar. Babban ɗan'uwansa shi ne William Anderson, Farfesa na Falsafa a Kwalejin Jami'ar Auckland, 1921 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1955, kuma an kwatanta shi da "mafi rinjaye a falsafar New Zealand."Anderson ya kammala karatun digiri na MA daga Jami'ar Glasgow a cikin 1917, tare da girmamawa na farko a cikin Falsafa (Logic and Moral Falsafa), da daraja na farko a cikin Lissafi da Falsafa na Halitta. Bayan kammala karatunsa, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Ferguson a fannin Falsafa da kuma Shawarar Falsafa ta Shaw, jarrabawar da aka yi wa daliban da suka kammala karatu a jami’o’in Scotland hudu. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimaki a cikin Falsafa a Kwalejin Jami'ar, Cardiff (Cardiff) (1917-19), a cikin Falsafa na Halitta da Logic a Jami'ar Glasgow (1919-20) kuma ya yi lacca a cikin Logic da Metaphysics a Jami'ar Edinburgh (1920-26).

** Ka'idar zamantakewa da siyasa**
Bayan ya isa birnin Sydney a shekara ta 1927 ya hade da jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Ostiraliya kuma ya ba da gudummawa a cikin mujallunsu, wani lokacin a karkashin wani nom de plume amma, a kusan 1932 ya fara yarda cewa kwaminisanci a karkashin Joseph Stalin a Tarayyar Soviet mulkin kama-karya ne wanda ba shi da damar sarrafa ma'aikata ko shiga. Daga nan sai ya zama mai jituwa tare da ƙungiyar Trotskyist na wani lokaci. Amma "[h] ba zai iya ƙara jurewa da son jari-hujja na yare ba ko kuma halin bautar da ya ga koyaswar mulkin kama-karya na 'yan mulkin mallaka ne ke tilasta shi"

A cikin shekarun yaƙi, Anderson ya haɓaka ka'idar dimokuradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi inda 'yanci ba haƙƙi bane, amma aikin da aka yi na adawa da Jiha. Hakazalika, dimokuradiyya ba wani tsari ne na tsarin gwamnati ba, a’a, ita ce hanyar da kungiya ke bi wajen yanke shawara.Bayan yakin, ya yi adawa da tsarin gurguzu sosai, yana kwatanta ta a matsayin 'cutar zamani'. Ya zama abin da a yau za a kira shi mai sassaucin ra'ayi da jam'i-mai adawa da kowane nau'i na mulkin kama karya.

**Shawarwari na 'yancin ilimi **

A matsayin Farfesa Challis na Jami'ar Sydney na Falsafa, Anderson ya kasance babban zakara na ka'idar 'yancin ilimi daga shiga tsakani. Alal misali, ya yi yaƙi mai nasara don kawo ƙarshen rawar da Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Biritaniya ke takawa wajen kafa ƙa'idodin kwasa-kwasai da adadin ɗalibai a makarantar likitanci. Ya kuma nuna rashin amincewa da kasancewar harabar wani rukunin sojoji — Regiment na Jami'ar Sydney - kuma ya rayu don ganin ranar a cikin 1960 lokacin da gobara ta lalata hedkwatar rundunar. (Daga baya an sake dawo da tsarin a wani sabon wurin da ke mallakar jami'a a Darlington.

Majalisar Dattijan Jami'ar Sydney ta zargi Anderson a cikin 1931 bayan sukar rawar tunawa da yaƙi wajen tsarkake yaƙi. A shekara ta 1943 Majalisar New South Wales ta tsane shi bayan ya yi jayayya cewa addini ba shi da gurbi a makarantu. Ya kafa kungiyar Freethought Society ta Jami'ar Sydney wacce ta gudana daga 1931 zuwa 1951. Shi ne shugaban al'umma a duk tsawon lokacin.

Abin almara ne cewa Majalisar Dattawa ta jami'ar, ta yarda cewa ba za ta iya gane burinta na korar Farfesa Challis mai cike da cece-kuce ba, ta nemi rage girman Anderson da tasirinsa ta hanyar samar da sabuwar kujera ta " Falsafar Hali da Siyasa " wacce aka nada Alan Stout . Ba a cimma wannan manufar ba, yayin da Anderson ya ci gaba da yin lacca kan xa'a da siyasa. Stout (wanda Anderson ya bukaci ya nemi mukamin) ya kasance mai sha'awar kuma mai goyon bayan Farfesa Challis kuma ya ki ya zubar da mutuncinsa ta kowace hanya. Sakamakon shi ne cewa Sydney ta sami wani masanin falsafa mai daraja na biyu wanda ya "ya kawo hankali mai sauri, fahimtar hankali, fasaha don sanya abubuwa cikin sauƙi da bayyane, tare da mutunta ra'ayoyin wasu da kuma shirye-shiryen fahimtar ra'ayinsu". A kan ritayar Anderson, an haɗa sassan biyu a ƙarƙashin Stout a matsayin 'Farfesa na Falsafa'

**Falsafa**
A cikin shekaru talatin, Anderson an san shi sosai a matsayin mai gaskiya mai tsari. Haqiqanin sa ya jaddada ‘yancin wani abu da halayensa daga alaqar da ke kewaye da su. Don haka abu ba a fahimtarsa ​​ba ne, ba a tabbatar da gaskiyar magana da mahallin da ke tattare da shi ba, kuma ba a tabbatar da ingancin aiki da alakar da ke da shi, kuma kyawun abu ba a tabbatar da alakarsa. Duk da haka wannan Haƙiƙancin wani ɓangare ne na babban aikin ontological wanda aka sani da Empiricism. Wannan ilimin halitta ya dogara ne akan ra'ayin cewa haɗin kan Space da Time, Space-Time, ba shi da iyaka kuma an iyakance shi kawai ta hanyar ƙayyadaddun wani yanki na Space-Time, wanda aka sani da yanayi. Wani 'abu' shine abin da ya faru a cikin Space-Time kuma yana da wasu fasalulluka
Waɗannan sun haɗa da ainihi, bambancin, wanzuwa, dangantaka, duniya, musamman, lamba, tsari, yawa, ƙarfi, abu, sanadi, da ɗaiɗai. Duk wani yanayi mai yuwuwa za a iya bayyana shi ta hanyar shawara, fahimta a matsayin tabbatar da kalmar jigo, kalmar predicate, copula, da ƙididdiga. Wannan shi ne jigon sanannen ka'idar ainihi ta Anderson na shawara: kowane yanayi za a iya bayyana shi azaman shawara kuma duk wani shawara dole ne a tabbatar da shi cikin yanayi. Don haka, yanayi da shawarwari iri ɗaya ne.A matsayinsa na ƙwararren masani, Anderson ya yi iƙirarin cewa daula ɗaya ce ta “kasancewa” kuma za a iya fahimtar ta da kyau ta hanyar kimiyya da falsafar dabi'a. Ya tabbatar da cewa babu wani allahn allahntaka kuma babu wasu dauloli waɗanda ba na halitta ba tare da ra'ayin Platonic.

## Manazarta