Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka

**Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka** (**DOE**) sashen zartarwa ne na Gwamnatin tarayya ta Amurka wanda ke kula da manufofin makamashi na kasa na Amurka da samar da makamashi, bincike da ci gaban makamashin nukiliya, Shirin makaman nukiliya na soja, samar da makaman nukliya ga Rundunar Sojan Amurka, bincike mai alaƙa da makamasha, da kiyaye makamashi.

An kirkiro DOE a cikin 1977 bayan rikicin man fetur na 1973. Yana tallafawa ƙarin binciken kimiyyar jiki fiye da kowane hukuma ta tarayya ta Amurka, mafi yawansu ana gudanar da su ta hanyar tsarin Laboratories na Kasa. DOE kuma tana jagorantar bincike a cikin genomics, tare da Human Genome Project wanda ya samo asali ne daga shirin DOE.

sakataren makamashi ne ke jagorantar sashen, wanda ke ba da rahoto kai tsaye ga shugaban Amurka kuma memba ne na majalisar ministoci. Sakataren makamashi na yanzu shine Chris Wright, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin tun watan Fabrairun 2025.  Hedikwatar sashen tana kudu maso yammacin Washington, DC, a cikin Ginin James V. Forrestal, tare da ƙarin ofisoshi a Germantown, Maryland.

## Tarihi

### Kafawa da karfafawa
A cikin 1942, a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Amurka ta fara aikin Manhattan don bunkasa bam din nukiliya a karkashin rundunar Sojojin Amurka. Bayan yakin, a 1946, an kirkiro Hukumar Makamashi ta Atom (AEC) don sarrafa makomar aikin. Dokar Makamashi ta Atomic ta 1946 ta kuma kirkiro tsarin ga Laboratories na farko na kasa. Daga cikin sauran ayyukan nukiliya, AEC ta samar da ƙwayoyin man fetur na uranium a wurare kamar Fernald Feed Materials Production Center a Cincinnati, Ohio. Dokar sake tsara makamashi ta 1974 ta raba nauyin AEC zuwa sabon Hukumar Kula da Nukiliya, wanda aka caje shi da tsara masana'antar makamashin nukiliya, da kuma Gudanar da Binciken Makamashi da Ci Gaban, wanda aka sanya shi don gudanar da makaman nukiliya.

Rikicin man fetur na 1973 ya jawo hankali ga bukatar karfafa manufofin makamashi. A shekara ta 1977, Shugaba Jimmy Carter ya sanya hannu kan Dokar Ma'aikatar Makamashi, wanda ya kafa Ma'abiyar Makamashi. Sabuwar hukumar, wacce ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1977, ta karfafa Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Tarayya, Hukumar Bincike da Ci Gaban Makamashi, Hukumar Kula da Wutar Tarayya, da shirye-shiryen wasu hukumomi daban-daban. Tsohon Sakataren Tsaro James Schlesinger, wanda ya yi aiki a karkashin Shugabannin Nixon da Ford a lokacin Yaƙin Vietnam, an nada shi a matsayin sakatare na farko.

Shugaba Carter ya ba da shawarar Ma'aikatar Makamashi tare da burin inganta kiyaye makamashi da 'yancin makamashi, da haɓaka wasu hanyoyin samar da makamashi don rage amfani da man fetur. Tare da makamashi na kasa da kasa ba tare da tabbas ba ga Amurka, Carter ya yi sauri don sashen ya fara aiki a shekarar farko ta shugabancinsa. Wannan wani muhimmin batu ne na lokacin yayin da rikicin mai ke haifar da karancin kayayyaki da hauhawar farashi. Tare da Hadarin tsibirin Three Mile, Carter ya sami damar shiga tsakani tare da taimakon sashen. Ta hanyar DOE, Carter ya sami damar yin canje-canje a cikin Hukumar Kula da Nukiliya, gami da inganta gudanarwa da hanyoyin, tunda makamashin nukiliya da makamai alhakin sashen ne.

### An sace shirye-shiryen makamai
A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1999, FBI tana binciken yadda kasar Sin ta samu shirye-shirye don takamaiman na'urar nukiliya. An zargi Wen Ho Lee da satar asirin nukiliya daga Laboratory na kasa na Los Alamos na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin. Jami'an Tarayya, ciki har da Sakataren Makamashi na lokacin Bill Richardson, sun ambaci Lee a fili a matsayin wanda ake zargi kafin a tuhume shi da laifi. Majalisa ta Amurka ta gudanar da sauraro don bincika yadda Ma'aikatar Makamashi ke kula da shari'arsa. Sanatocin Jamhuriyar Republican sun yi tunanin cewa wata hukuma mai zaman kanta ya kamata ta kula da makaman nukiliya da batutuwan tsaro, maimakon DOE. Dukkanin sai dai daya daga cikin tuhume-tuhume 59 da aka yi wa Lee an sauke su saboda binciken ya tabbatar da tsare-tsaren da Sinawa suka samu ba za su iya fitowa daga Lee ba. Lee ya shigar da kara kuma ya lashe dala miliyan 1.6 a kan gwamnatin tarayya da hukumomin labarai.

## Manazarta