Yaƙin Agordat (1941)

An gwabza **yakin Agordat** a kusa da Agordat a ƙasar Eritrea daga ranar 26 ga watan zuwa 31 ga watan Janairun 1941, da sojojin Italiya da Royal Corps na Sojojin mulkin mallaka suka yi da sojojin Burtaniya, Commonwealth da Indiya, a lokacin yakin Gabashin Afirka na yakin duniya na biyu. Birtaniya sun sami damar karya lambobi na Italiya da cyphers kafin tashin hankali kuma sun sami bayanai da yawa daga tushen Italiya kan tsari na yaki da tsare-tsaren  (Italian Royal Air Force) da sojojin Italiya.

Bayan da rundunar sojojin Italiya da 'yan mulkin mallaka a Kassala a Sudan aka ba da umarnin janyewa a tsakiyar watan Janairu, farmakin da Birtaniyya suka kai wa Eritrea a watan Fabrairun 1941 ya fara a tsakiyar watan Janairu a maimakon haka. Agordat ya kasance kyakkyawan matsayi na tsaro kuma an jinkirta ci gaban Birtaniyya ta hanyar jinkirta ayyuka da hanyoyin hako ma'adinai amma harin ya fara ne a ranar 28 ga watan Janairu a gefen hagu (arewa), wanda aka kori. An gwabza faɗa a kan tsaunuka da filayen da ke ƙasa har zuwa ranar 31 ga watan Janairu, lokacin da Birtaniyya ta kai hari a bayan tankunan Matilda huɗu da Bren Gun Carriers, wanda cikin sauƙi ya lalata tankunan Fiat M11/39 na Italiya tare da tilastawa sojojin ja da baya.

Don kaucewa yankewa Italiyawa sun fara komawa Keren na rashin hankali, inda suka bar fursunoni 1,000, bindigogi da yawa da kuma tankoki 14; An kama wasu maza 1,000 a lokacin da Birtaniyya ke bi. Yaƙin Agordat ya ga wasu ayyuka mafi ƙaƙƙarfa da tasiri na yaƙin da sojojin Italiya da na gida suka yi. Yakin shi ne babban nasara ta farko a farmakin da Birtaniyya ta kai wa Italiya ta Gabas ta Tsakiya sannan kuma yakin Keren (A ranar 5 ga watan Fabrairu – 1 ga watan Afrilu), wanda ya kai ga faɗuwar gwamnatin Eritrea.

## Tarihi

### Italiya ta kama Kassala
Amedeo, Duke na Aosta, mataimakinsa kuma Gwamna-Janar na Gabashin Afirka ta Italiya (  [AOI], kwamandan  (Kwamandan Rundunar Sojan Gabashin Afirka ta Italiya) da  (Janar na Sojan Sama) ya ba da umarnin kai hari a Italiya a Kassala, Anglo-Masar Sudan a ranar 4 ga watan Yuli 1940 bayan Italiya ta shelanta yaƙi a kan Burtaniya da Faransa a ranar 10 ga watan Yuni. Rukunoni uku na sojojin Italiya da na mulkin mallaka waɗanda suka haɗa da  ne suka kaddamar da harin, wanda  ke marawa baya. da wasu sojojin dawakai suna aiki a matsayin masu gadi. 

Kasa da  ne suka kare Kassala daga Rundunar Sojojin Sudan (SDF, Manjo-Janar William Platt  [Shugaban Sojoji], wanda aka fi sani da ) da 'yan sandan yankin, waɗanda suka kasance a ɓoye a lokacin wani harin bam na sa'o'i goma sha biyu na *Regia Aeronautica*, sannan suka kaddamar da tankunan Italiya guda shida kuma sun yi sanadin mutuwar maharan. Karfe  sojojin dawakan Italiya suka shiga Kassala, masu tsaron bayan sun fice zuwa gadar Butana, inda suka rasa mutum ɗaya da ya mutu, uku suka samu raunuka, wasu 26 kuma sun ɓace, wasu daga cikinsu sun koma rundunarsu.   Mutanen Italiya sun kashe mutane 43 tare da raunata 114.  A Kassala, Brigade na 12 na Mulkin Mallaka sun gina kariyar tankokin yaki, mashinan bindigogi da kuma wuraren da ke da karfi.  

A lokacin da Italiya ta kai hari a Kassala, Janar Pietro Gazzera, Gwamnan Galla-Sidamo ya kame sansanin Sudan na Gallabat tare da bataliyar sojojin Italiya na mulkin mallaka da  (rashin daidaituwa tare da jami'an Italiya). An sanya Gallabat ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kanar Castagnola kuma an yi masa katanga. An mamaye Karora ba tare da hamayya ba kuma a ranar 7 ga watan Yuli, wata bataliyar mulkin mallaka da  Tare da taimakon manyan bindigogi da jiragen sama, sun kai hari a Kurmuk tare da yin galaba a kan 'yan sandan Sudan sittin bayan wani ɗan gajeren lokaci da suka yi. 

Hare-haren na Italiya sun sami wata hanya mai mahimmanci ta shiga Sudan a Kassala kuma ta hanyar kama Gallabat ya sa ya zama da wuya ga Birtaniya don tallafawa mayakan gwagwarmayar Habasha na asali, Arbegnoch (Patriots), a Gojjam. Rashin Kurmuk ya sa wasu daga cikin mutanen yankin suka fara kai hare-hare; Nasarar da Italiya ta samu sun gamsu da ra'ayin Sudan na cikin gida amma mutanen Kassala sun ci gaba da tallafa wa Birtaniyya tare da ba da bayanai masu mahimmanci a lokacin mamaya. SDF ta ci gaba da aiki kusa da Kassala kuma a ranar 5 ga watan Yuli, wani kamfani na Bataliya ta 2, Royal Warwickshire Regiment ya isa Gedaref; Turawan Ingila sun gano cewa jita-jita ta isowa ta isa Italiya. Platt ya yanke shawarar batar da Italiyawa zuwa gaskanta cewa akwai sojoji da yawa a kan iyakar Sudan; Taswirar Italiya da aka kama a ranar 25 ga watan Yuli ya nuna cewa an yi imanin cewa kusan sojojin Birtaniya da Sudan 20,000 suna lardin Kassala. 

### Tsare-tsaren Italiya

Bayan cin nasarar British Somaliland, Italiya a cikin AOI sun ɗauki matsayi mafi tsaro. A ƙarshen shekarar 1940, sojojin Italiya sun sha shan kashi a cikin Bahar Rum, Hamadar Yamma, Yaƙin Biritaniya da Yaƙin Greco-Italian. Janar Ugo Cavallero, sabon babban hafsan hafsoshin Italiya a Rome, ya ɗauki sabon salo a gabashin Afirka. A cikin watan Disamba 1940, Cavallero ya umarci sojojin Italiya a Gabashin Afirka su mayar da hankali kan kare AOI ta hanyar janyewa zuwa wurare mafi kyau na tsaro.   A ranar 31 ga watan Disamba, Frusci ya ba da umarnin yin ritaya daga yankin arewacin Kassala tare da titin gabas na Sabdaret tare da matsuguni a Serobatib da Adaret, tare da rundunar wayar hannu a Sabdaret a matsayin ajiyar. 

A farkon wannan watan, Frusci ya karɓi umarni daga Roma don soke shirin mamaye Sudan, ya janye daga Kassala da Metemma a cikin tsaunukan da ke kan iyakar Sudan da Eritriya tare da riƙe hanyoyin kariya cikin sauƙi a kan hanyoyin Kassala- Agordat da Metemma-Gondar. Frusci ya yi jinkirin janyewa daga ƙananan wurare, domin zai zama farfagandar shan kashi bayan ya sanar da cewa Birtaniya na gab da kai hari kuma za a ci nasara. Kassala ta kasance muhimmiyar mahaɗar layin dogo; riƙe shi ya hana turawan Ingila yin amfani da layin dogo don jigilar kayayyaki daga Port Sudan da ke gaɓar tekun Bahar Maliya zuwa sansanin Gedaref. 

### Tsare-tsaren Birtaniya
A cikin watan Nuwamba 1940, Gazelle Force ya yi aiki daga kogin Gash delta a kan ci gaban Italiya a kusa da Kassala a kan tudun Habasha, inda tudu ya kai daga  ɗaure faffaɗan kwaruruka da ruwan sama ya sa yankin ya zama zazzabi daga watan Yuli zuwa Oktoba.  Bayan juyin mulkin Birtaniya a Gallabat a watan Nuwamba, Wavell ya gudanar da nazarin halin da ake ciki a Alkahira daga ranakun 1 zuwa 2 ga watan Disamba. Tare da Compass a Masar, sojojin Birtaniya a Gabashin Afirka za su ba da taimako ga Patriots a Habasha kuma su ci gaba da matsawa Italiyawa a Gallabat. Za a sake kwato Kassala a farkon watan Janairun 1941, don hana Italiya zurfafa zurfafawa cikin Sudan kuma za a tura shi na 4th Infantry Division (Major-Janar Noel Beresford-Peirse) daga Masar zuwa Sudan daga ƙarshen watan Disamba. Tare da nasarar Compass, Gabashin Afirka ya zama na biyu a muhimmanci bayan Masar, dabarun da za a samu nasara a kan sojojin Italiya a Habasha kafin watan Afrilu 1941. 

Canja wurin sashin Indiya na 4 ya ɗauki har zuwa farkon watan Janairu 1941. Platt ya yi niyya don fara kai farmaki a arewacin gaba a ranar 8 ga watan Fabrairu, tare da kai hari kan Kassala, ta 4th Indian Infantry Division da 5th Indian Infantry Division (Major-Janar Lewis Heath), kasa da brigade kowane.  Labarai game da bala'in Italiya a Masar, cin zarafi na Gazelle Force da ayyukan Ofishin Jakadancin 101 a Habasha, ya jagoranci Italiya janye gefen arewa zuwa Keru da Wachai sannan a ranar 18 ga watan Janairu don komawa da sauri daga Kassala, Tessenei da triangle na Keru, Biscia da Acota. Wavell ya umarci Platt ya fara harin Maris da wuri a ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairu kuma ya fara a ranar 19 ga watan Janairu, lokacin da ake ganin cewa tunanin Italiya yana rugujewa. Wireless decrypts sun taimaka sosai a shirye-shiryen Biritaniya da shawarar kai hari gabanin lokaci.  Janyewar Italiya ya jagoranci Wavell ya ba da umarnin bi da sojojin da suka isa Port Sudan (Briggs Force) don kai hari a Karora kuma su ci gaba da tafiya daidai da bakin teku, don haɗuwa da sojojin da ke zuwa daga yamma.   

## Manazarta