Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Kudancin Afirka

Kungiyar Ci Gaban Afirka ta Kudu (**SADC**) kungiya ce ta gwamnati da ke da hedikwata a Gaborone, Botswana .

## Manufofin
Manufar SADC ita ce ci gaba da hadin kan tattalin arziki da tattalin arziki na yanki da hadin kai da kuma hadin kan siyasa da tsaro tsakanin kasashe 16 a kudancin Afirka. Kodayake manyan manufofinta sune ci gaba, ci gaban tattalin arziki, da kuma rage talauci, kiyaye zaman lafiya ya zama da mahimmanci ga SADC.:

## Tarihi
Asalin SADC ya kasance a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970, lokacin da shugabannin kasashe masu rinjaye da ƙungiyoyin 'yanci na ƙasa suka daidaita gwagwarmayar siyasa, diflomasiyya da soja don kawo ƙarshen mulkin mallaka da mulkin mallaka a kudancin Afirka.  [ana buƙatar ambaton] Mai gabatar da haɗin gwiwar siyasa da tsaro na SADC na yau shine ƙungiyar Frontline States (FLS) ta yau da kullun. An kafa shi a cikin 1980. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

Taron Gudanar da Ci gaban Kudancin Afirka (SADCC) shine farkon haɗin gwiwar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na SADC na yau. Samun amincewar kasashe tara masu rinjaye na kudancin Afirka na sanarwar Lusaka a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1980 ya shirya hanya don kafa SADCC a watan Afrilu 1980. 

Kasancewar membobin FLS da SADCC wani lokacin sun bambanta. 

SADCC ta canza zuwa SADC a ranar 17 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1992, tare da karɓar mambobin da suka kafa SADCC da sabuwar Namibia mai zaman kanta na sanarwar Windhoek da yarjejeniyar da ta kafa SADC. SADC ta 1992 ta samar da hadin gwiwar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da hadin kan siyasa da tsaro. A zahiri, an rushe FLS ne kawai a cikin 1994, bayan zaben dimokuradiyya na farko na Afirka ta Kudu. Kokarin da ya biyo baya na sanya hadin gwiwar siyasa da tsaro a kan tushe mai karfi a karkashin laima na SADC ya gaza. 
A ranar 14 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2001, an yi wa yarjejeniyar SADC gyare-gyare ta 1992. Gyaran ya sanar da sake fasalin tsarin, manufofi da hanyoyin SADC, tsarin da ke gudana. Ɗaya daga cikin canje-canjen shine cewa an kafa hadin gwiwar siyasa da tsaro a cikin Hukumar Siyasa, Tsaro da Tsaro (OPDS); ɗaya daga cikin manyan hukumomin SADC. Yana ƙarƙashin kulawar babban hukumar kungiyar, Taron, wanda ya ƙunshi shugabannin jihohi ko gwamnati.  
Kungiyar tana gudanar da wasanta na wasanni da yawa a cikin nau'ikan Wasannin SADC, wanda aka fara gudanarwa a 2004 a Maputo. Da farko an shirya shi don kwanan wata a Malawi da Lesotho, batutuwan ƙungiyoyi sun haifar da watsi da shirin kuma SADC ta ba da tarar $ 100,000 a kan Malawi. Taron farko a shekara ta 2004 a Maputo ya haifar da matasa sama da 1000 na kasa da shekaru 20 daga kasashe 10 da ke shiga cikin shirin wasanni ciki har da wasanni, kwallon kafa, Netball, dambe da Kwando.

A cikin 2012, SADC ta tura masu kiyaye zaman lafiya zuwa Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo don magance barazanar 'yan tawaye.: 70 Sojojin da aka tura sun fito ne daga Tanzania, Malawi, da Afirka ta Kudu. : 70 : 70 

A watan Agustan 2019 SADC ta karbi Swahili a matsayin harshen aiki na huɗu, tare da Turanci, Faransanci da Portuguese. Kiswahili - harshen magana ne a yankin Great Lakes na Afirka, wasu sassan Gabashin Afirka, kuma zuwa ƙaramin mataki, sassan Kudancin Afirka - yare ne na hukuma na Tanzania, Kenya da Uganda da na Tarayyar Afirka.

## Kasashen membobin
Ya zuwa 2022, SADC tana da jimlar kasashe mambobi 16: 

### Kasashen membobin nan gaba
Burundi ta nemi shiga.

## Yarjejeniya
SADC tana da ka'idoji 27 da ke da alaƙa da al'amuran kamar su Tsaro, Ci gaba, Cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi, Ciniki da Ƙungiyar Jama'a.

* Yarjejeniya kan Makamashi (1996) - An yi niyyar inganta ingantaccen ci gaban manufofin makamashi na kasa. Wadannan dabarun ci gaba sun tsara manufofi masu mahimmanci ga SADC da membobinta don ci gaban ababen more rayuwa a cikin makamashi da sassanta na man fetur, man fetur da iskar gas, wutar lantarki, kwal, makamashi mai sabuntawa, da ingancin makamashi na kiyayewa.
* Yarjejeniya kan Jima'i da Ci gaba - Ana bukaci kasashe membobin da su hanzarta kokarin aiwatarwa zuwa ga nasarorin gyare-gyare da canji a rayuwar mata da 'yan mata a yankin. H.E. Shugaba Mutharika ya kuma nuna damuwa game da karuwar abubuwan da suka faru na tashin hankali na jinsi a yankin, musamman wadanda aka yi wa mata da 'yan mata, kuma ya yi amfani da wannan lokacin don sanya hannu kan sadaukarwa don kawo karshen auren yara, a matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfen ɗin AU don kawo karshen Auren Yara a Afirka.
* Yarjejeniya kan Siyasa, Tsaro da Haɗin Kai na Tsaro (2001) - An yi niyyar inganta hadin gwiwar tsaro da tsaro na yanki, inganta zaman lafiya, kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da kuma kula da rikice-rikice. Yarjejeniyar ta kuma fara sake fasalin ma'aikata na Hukumar Siyasa, Tsaro da Tsaro ta SADC (OPDS). 

## SADC FTA
An kafa Yankin Ciniki na SADC a watan Agustan shekara ta 2008, bayan aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar SADC kan Ciniki a shekara ta 2000 ta kafa harsashin kafa ta. Mambobin sa na asali sune Botswana, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Afirka ta Kudu, Eswatini, Tanzania, Zambia da Zimbabwe,  tare da Malawi da Seychelles sun shiga daga baya. Daga cikin kasashe 15 na SADC, Angola da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo ne kawai ba su shiga ba tukuna, duk da haka ministan cinikayya na Angola Joffre Van-Dúnen Júnior ya ce a Luanda cewa ma'aikatarsa tana aiki don ƙirƙirar yanayi don shiga Angola cikin Yankin Ciniki na SADC a cikin 2019.   Kungiyar Kasuwancin SADC, wacce aka shirya za a kafa ta 2010 bisa ga Shirin Ci gaban Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Yankin SADC (RISDP), ba zai yiwu ya zama gaskiya ba a nan gaba. Wannan shi ne saboda Yarjejeniyar Haɗin Kai ta Tattalin Arziki ta Tarayyar Turai (EPA) tare da tsarin mulkin da suka dace na yankin da suka ba da dama ga membobin SADC fiye da zurfin haɗin kasuwar yanki a cikin tsarin Tarayyar Kasuwancin SADC. Tun lokacin da waɗannan ƙasashen SADC suka kafa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban guda huɗu don tattaunawa da aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Haɗin Kai ta Tattalin Arziki daban-daban tare da Tarayyar Turai, an rasa damar kafa farashi na waje na SADC a matsayin abin da ake buƙata don ƙungiyar kwastam ta yanki.

A ranar Laraba 22 ga Oktoba 2008, SADC ta shiga tare da Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Gabas da Kudancin Afirka da kuma Kungiyar Gabashin Afirka don kafa Yankin Ciniki na Afirka, gami da dukkan mambobin kowace kungiya. Shugabannin bangarorin kasuwanci guda uku sun amince da kirkirar yanki daya na cinikayya kyauta, Yankin Ciniki na Afirka, wanda ya kunshi kasashe 26 tare da GDP na kimanin dala biliyan 624 (£ 382.9bn). Ana fatan yarjejeniyar Yankin Ciniki na Afirka za ta sauƙaƙa samun dama ga kasuwanni a cikin yankin kuma ta kawo ƙarshen matsalolin da suka taso daga gaskiyar cewa yawancin ƙasashen membobin suna cikin ƙungiyoyi da yawa.

Yankin Ciniki na Afirka ya kasance mai tasiri fiye da shekaru ɗari a cikin yin - yankin kasuwanci da ya mamaye dukan nahiyar Afirka daga Cape zuwa Alkahira kuma Cecil Rhodes da sauran masu mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya sun yi la'akari da shi a cikin shekarun 1890. Bambanci kawai shi ne cewa Yankin Ciniki na Afirka shine kirkirar kasashe masu zaman kansu na Afirka. Tunanin yanki ne na cinikayya kyauta wanda ya mamaye duk nahiyar daga Cape zuwa Alkahira (Cape Town a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu zuwa Alkahora a Misira).

Baya ga kawar da membobin da ke da matsala da kuma kasashe membobin da suka shiga cikin wasu tsare-tsaren hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki na yanki da tsare-tsare na hadin gwiwarsa na siyasa da tsaro na yanki waɗanda zasu iya yin gasa da ko lalata juna, Yankin Ciniki na Afirka ya ci gaba da niyyar karfafa ikon sasantawa yayin tattaunawar kasa da kasa.

Dangane da burin SADC na ƙarin hadin kai, Botswana da Namibia sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya a watan Fabrairun 2023 wanda ya ba da damar 'yan ƙasa suyi tafiya tsakanin ƙasashe biyu ta amfani da katunan ainihi kawai, ba tare da fasfo ba a buƙata ba. Botswana ta gudanar da tattaunawa da Zimbabwe don cimma irin wannan yarjejeniya, kuma tana sa ran bude tattaunawa da Zambia.

## Kalubale da kasashe membobin ke fuskanta
Kasashen SADC suna fuskantar kalubale da yawa na zamantakewa, ci gaba, tattalin arziki, kasuwanci, ilimi, kiwon lafiya, diflomasiyya, tsaro da siyasa. Wasu daga cikin wadannan kalubalen ba za a iya magance su yadda ya kamata ta kowane memba. Cututtukan shanu da ƙungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka ba su da iyaka. Yaƙi a cikin ƙasa ɗaya na iya cinye maƙwabtanta kuma ya lalata tattalin arzikin su. Ci gaban da zai iya kawowa yana fuskantar barazanar kasancewar ka'idojin samfurori daban-daban da tsarin farashi, kayan aikin kwastam marasa ƙarfi da hanyoyi marasa kyau. Manufofin hadin gwiwar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da siyasa da tsaro na SADC suna da yawa, kuma an yi niyyar magance kalubalen da aka saba da su.

Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman ƙalubale shine cewa kasashe membobin suna shiga cikin wasu tsare-tsaren hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki na yanki da tsare-tsare na hadin gwiwoyin siyasa da tsaro na yanki waɗanda zasu iya yin gasa da ko lalata manufofin SADC. Misali, Afirka ta Kudu da Botswana duka suna cikin Kudancin Afirka Kwastam, Zambia wani bangare ne na Kasuwancin Gabas da Kudancin Afrika, kuma Tanzania memba ne na Kungiyar Gabashin Afirka.

A cewar Human Rights Watch, an soki SADC saboda rashin kulawa da yin bin haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin jihohin membobinta fifiko. 

## Tsarin da hanyoyin yanke shawara
Kungiyar tana da manyan hukumomi shida:

* Taron, wanda ya kunshi shugabannin jihohi ko shugabannin gwamnati
* Kungiyar kan Siyasa, Tsaro da Tsaro
* Majalisar Ministoci
* Kotun SADC
* Kwamitin Kasa na SADC (SNCs) 
* 

Sai dai ga Kotun (wanda ke zaune a Windhoek, Namibia), SNCs da Sakatariyar, yanke shawara ta hanyar yarjejeniya ce.
## Shugabanni
### Shugabannin Kwamitin

### Sakatarorin Zartarwa

## Manazarta

## Ƙara karatu
* Gabriël Oosthuizen, The Southern African Development Community: The organisation, its history, policies and prospects. Institute for Global Dialogue: Midrand, South Africa, 2006.
* John McCormick, The European Union: Politics and Policies. Westview Press: Boulder, Colorado, 2004.
* Muntschick, Johannes, The Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the European Union (EU). Regionalism and External Influence. Palgrave Macmillan: Cham. 2017. .
*Ramsamy, Prega 2003 Global partnership for Africa. Presentation at the human rights conference on global partnerships for Africa's development, Gaborone: SADC