Kungiyar Ba da Shawara ta Babban Matsayi kan Kudin Yanayi

**Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya** Ban Ki-moon ya kafa Kungiyar Ba da Shawara ta Babban Matsayi kan Kudin Canjin Yanayi (**AGF**) a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu 2010 na tsawon watanni goma. Manufar kungiyar ita ce "bincike hanyoyin da za su iya samun kudaden shiga wadanda za su ba da damar cimma matakin sauyin yanayi wanda aka yi alkawari a lokacin taron canjin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Copenhagen a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2009. "

## Rubuce-rubuce
Jens Stoltenberg, Firayim Minista na Norway, Meles Zenawi, Firayim Firayim Ministan Tarayyar Demokradiyyar Habasha ne suka jagoranci kungiyar. Shugaban Guyana Bharrat Jagdeo shine shugaban kasa na uku a cikin kwamitin, amma ba shugaban ba ne. Membobin sun hada da masana daga kasashe masu tasowa, kasashe masu ci gaba, da kuma kungiyoyin ci gaban kasa da kasa da kuma duniyar ilimi. Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Gordon Brown ya jagoranci tare da Zenawi daga kafa kungiyar a watan Fabrairun 2010 zuwa 6 ga Yuni 2010, lokacin da Stoltenberg ya maye gurbinsa.

Manufar kungiyar ita ce samar da shawarwari masu amfani kan yadda za a kara yawan kudade na dogon lokaci don ragewa da dabarun daidaitawa a kasashe masu tasowa daga jama'a da kuma masu zaman kansu.

## Rahoton
Kungiyar Ba da Shawara ta Babban Matsayi ta fitar da rahotonta na ƙarshe a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 2010, kafin Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2010 a Cancun, Mexico. Rahoton ya kammala cewa "yana da wahala amma yana yiwuwa" don cimma burin tattara dala biliyan 100 a kowace shekara don ayyukan yanayi a kasashe masu tasowa nan da shekarar 2020.

Rahoton AGF ya bincika hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da sabbin kudade na jama'a da kuma kara yawan kudade masu zaman kansu. Ma'anarsa na kudaden "na jama'a" ya haɗa da "kyautar kasafin kuɗi kai tsaye" a matsayin igiya ɗaya, tare da wasu biyar da ke la'akari da kudade daga kudaden shiga na kasuwar carbon; kudaden shiga daga sufuri na kasa da kasa (shipping da harajin jirgin sama); harajin carbon; kudade na kasa da yawa (musamman, 'Yancin Zane na Musamman na IMF); da harajin ma'amala na kasa. Hanyoyi biyu na aiki da ke la'akari da kudaden masu zaman kansu za su rufe "amfani da kudaden jama'a don haɓaka saka hannun jari / kudade masu zaman kansu" (ciki har da musayar bashi da tsarin inshora) da kasuwanni na carbon (wanda ya haɗa da sake fasalin CDM da shawarwarin bangarori). Baya ga babban rahoton, sun buga takarda daban-daban guda takwas, suna ba da bayanan fasaha da bincike ga kowane tushen kuɗi.

Kodayake Rahoton AGF bai gina tsari don aiwatar da waɗannan tushe ba, yana tantance duk tushe bisa ga ka'idoji takwas, wanda ya haɗa da kudaden shiga, inganci (kayan aiki na carbon - tasirin hanyar da ke saita farashi don ƙarancin carbon da inganci gaba ɗaya - la'akari da tasirin ci gaban ƙasashe masu tasowa da haɗari, daidaito (wanda ke biyan kuɗin sauyin yanayi da matakan daidaitawa - ya kamata ya guje wa biyan kuɗi daga ƙasashe masu ci gaba ko haɗa kai ga ƙididdigar zuwa ga ƙarin biliyan 100), ƙididdigan nan (ha, ƙididdiga na ci gaba).

## Rashin amincewa
Masu sukar sun yi iƙirarin cewa kungiyar na iya ba da gudummawa ga rage yawan tattaunawar UNFCCC, da kuma gunaguni game da rashin nuna gaskiya da kuma nuna bambancin jinsi. Har ila yau, wasu kungiyoyin farar hula ba su yarda da cewa dala biliyan 100 a kowace shekara sun isa ga kudaden canjin yanayi ba, amma gabaɗaya, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna gamsu da matsin lamba ga ƙasashe masu tasowa da rahoton AGF ya kawo.

## Amsa
Gwamnatin Amurka ta ki amincewa da duk sabbin hanyoyin da aka tsara a matakin kasa da kasa a cikin rahoton AGF, wato, Harajin Kasuwancin Kudi (FTTs), Hakkin Zane na Musamman (SDRs), da Bunker Fuels a cikin Sashin Ruwa da Jirgin Sama. Kodayake an ki amincewa da lissafin ƙwanƙwasawa a Majalisa a cikin 2010, gwamnatin Amurka har yanzu tana ɗaukar kasuwar carbon a matsayin hanyar da ta fi dacewa don tallafawa ayyukan canjin yanayi.

Tarayyar Turai gabaɗaya tana son sababbin tushe. Tare da makomar Yarjejeniyar Kyoto ba a tantance ta ba bayan 2012, Tarayyar Turai ta takaita ayyukan daidaitawa a cikin Kasashe masu tasowa. A karkashin jagorancin G20 na shugabancin Faransa, Tarayyar Turai ta yi la'akari da Harajin Ma'amala ta Kudi a matakin Tarayyar Tarayyar Duniya, kuma tana ba da kudaden shiga don yanayi, kiwon lafiya, ilimi da sauran dalilai na ci gaban kasa da kasa. An buga cikakken rahoto wanda ya nuna martani na Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ga rahoton AGF. Kodayake "ya lura" yana da rauni sosai, an ambaci rahoton a duk abubuwan da aka gabatar ga UNFCCC game da kudaden yanayi, musamman ma sababbin hanyoyin.

A waje da tsarin UNFCCC, an yi amfani da rahoton AGF sosai a tattaunawar kudi na yanayi a G20, Tarayyar Turai, Kungiyar Maritime ta Duniya, da sauran forums na kasa da kasa. Kamar sauran hanyoyin samar da kudade, samun dama ga kowane sabon tushe zai buƙaci nufin siyasa. An yi ƙoƙari a ƙarƙashin G20 don cire tallafin man fetur, amma ba su sake samun nasara ba a taron G20 na baya-bayan nan a Seoul.

Kamar rahoton AGF, akwai rahotanni masu yawa;  da ke magance hanyoyin samar da kudade na yanayi tare da mai da hankali kan sabbin hanyoyin. Al'ummomin duniya suna yin yanke shawara mai mahimmanci game da yadda za a tattara har zuwa dala biliyan 100 a kowace shekara ta 2020 bisa ga shawarwari a cikin waɗannan rahotanni.

## Dubi kuma

* Tattalin arzikin dumamar yanayi
* Bincike mai tsanani

## Manazarta