Allurar rigakafin tarin fuka

**allurar rigakafi** tarin fuka (**TB**) allurar rigakafi ce da aka nufa don rigakafin **Cutar tarin fuka**. Immunotherapy a matsayin kariya daga tarin fuka an fara gabatar da shi ne a cikin 1890 ta hanyar Robert Koch. A yau, kawai allurar rigakafin tarin fuka da ake amfani da ita ita ita ce allurar rigar Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), wanda aka fara amfani da shi akan mutane a shekarar 1921. Ya ƙunshi nau'ikan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na tarin fuka. Ana ba da shawarar ga jarirai a ƙasashe inda tarin fuka ya zama ruwan dare.

Kusan uku cikin kowane mutane 10,000 da suka yi maganin alurar riga kafi suna fuskantar illa, waɗanda galibi kanana ne sai a cikin mutane masu fama da rashin ƙarfi. Yayin da rigakafin BCG yana ba da ingantaccen kariya ga jarirai da yara ƙanana (ciki har da kariya daga cutar sankarau ta tarin fuka da tarin fuka), ingancinsa a cikin manya yana da sauyi, daga 0% zuwa 80%. An yi la'akari da yawa masu canji a matsayin alhakin bambancin sakamakon. Bukatar ci gaban rigakafi na tarin fuka ya kasance saboda cutar ta ƙara jure wa ƙwayoyi.

Sauran allurar rigakafin tarin fuka suna cikin matakai daban-daban na ci gaba, gami da:

* MVA85A, Allurar rigakafin kwayar cuta wacce ke amfani da kwayar cutar MVA da aka tsara don bayyana maganin rigakafin tarin fuka a cikin sel masu karɓar bakuncin. Gwaje-gwaje na mutane da dabbobi sun kasance abin takaici.
* rBCG30 wani nau'i ne na allurar rigakafin BCG da aka tsara don bayyana adadi mafi girma na wani antigen. Ya nuna alkawari a cikin gwaje-gwajen dabbobi a cikin 2003  da kuma matakin I na gwajin ɗan adam a cikin 2008.
* MTBVAC,  wani nau'i ne na tarin fuka na Myobacterium. An kammala gwajin Mataki na II a cikin 2021 da 2022; gwajin Mataki ya fara ne a cikin 2022 kuma zai gudana har zuwa 2029.
* M72/AS01E, wanda ya kunshi sunadarai biyu na tarin fuka tare da adjuvant AS01. An yi niyya ne don hana tarin fuka a cikin mutanen da ke fama da kamuwa da cuta. An kammala gwaje-gwaje na II a cikin 2018 kuma an shirya gwaje-gaje na III.
* GamTBVak, Wani rigakafin rigakafin tarin fuka don rigakafin cutar tarin fuka a cikin manya, wanda ke kan matakin binciken asibiti. Ya ƙunshi Ag85A da ESAT-6-CFP-10 antigens a hade tare da adjuvant. Cibiyar Bincike ta Kasa ta N. F. Gamalei ta Cibiyar Bindindin da Microbiology. Ya zuwa Mayu 2022, ana gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na asibiti na mataki na III, ana kuma buga bayanai game da nazarin matakin I / II a cikin bayanan ClinicalTrials. Wani gwajin asibiti na mataki na I a kan masu sa kai 12 ya tabbatar da aminci da ingancin rigakafin rigakafin.

Sabbin allurar rigakafin Tuberculosis (TBVI) ne ke haɓaka su.

## Ci gaban allurar rigakafi
Don inganta ingantaccen gudanarwa na dindindin na annobar tarin fuka, ana buƙatar allurar rigakafi mai inganci. Kodayake Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta amince da kashi ɗaya na BCG, an sake yin allurar rigakafi tare da BCG a mafi yawan, amma ba duk ƙasashe ba. Koyaya, ba a nuna ingancin ingancin sassan da yawa ba.

Ci gaban allurar rigakafi yana ci gaba da hanyoyi da yawa: [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

* Ci gaban sabon allurar rigakafi don maye gurbin BCG
* Ci gaban ƙananan allurar rigakafi ko rigakafi don kara BCG
** Kafin kamuwa da cuta
** Ƙarfafawa zuwa BCG
** Bayan kamuwa da cuta
** Allurar rigakafi

Tun da allurar rigakafin BCG ba ta ba da cikakkiyar kariya daga tarin fuka, an tsara allurar rigakawa don ƙarfafa tasirin BCG. Masana'antar yanzu ta sauya daga haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin, zuwa zaɓar mafi kyawun zaɓuɓɓuka a halin yanzu don ci gaba zuwa gwajin asibiti. MVA85A an bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi ci gaba da 'karfafawa' dan takara" har zuwa yau.

### Sauran hanyoyin bayarwa
BCG a halin yanzu ana gudanar da shi a cikin ciki. Don inganta inganci, an ba da umarnin hanyoyin bincike don canza hanyar isar da allurar rigakafi.  &#x5B;

Marasa lafiya na iya karɓar MVA85A a cikin ciki ko a matsayin aerosol na baki. Wannan haɗuwa ta musamman ta tabbatar da kariya daga mamayewar mycobacterial a cikin dabbobi, kuma ana jure wa duka hanyoyi biyu sosai. Kayan motsawa a bayan isar da aerosol shine don yin niyya ga huhu da sauri, cikin sauƙi da rashin ciwo  ya bambanta da rigakafin intradermal. A cikin nazarin murine, allurar rigakafin intradermal ta haifar da kumburi a wurin allurar yayin da MVA85A bai haifar da mummunan sakamako ba. An sami daidaituwa tsakanin yanayin isar da ingancin kariya ta rigakafi. Bayanan bincike sun nuna cewa isar da aerosol ba kawai yana da fa'idodi na ilimin lissafi da tattalin arziki ba, har ma da yiwuwar kara allurar rigakafin tsarin.

### Matsalolin ci gaba
An jinkirta magani da rigakafin tarin fuka idan aka kwatanta da albarkatun da kokarin bincike da aka sanya a wasu cututtuka. Manyan kamfanonin magunguna ba sa ganin saka hannun jari mai fa'ida saboda haɗin TB tare da kasashe masu tasowa.

Ci gaban ƙirar allurar rigakafi ya dogara sosai da sakamakon a cikin samfuran dabbobi. Misalai masu dacewa na dabbobi ba su da yawa saboda yana da wahala a yi koyi da tarin fuka a cikin jinsunan da ba na mutane ba. Har ila yau, yana da ƙalubale a sami nau'in don gwadawa a kan babban sikelin. Yawancin gwaje-gwajen dabbobi don allurar rigakafin tarin fuka an gudanar da su a kan murine, bovine da wadanda ba na primate ba. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2013 ya yi la'akari da zebrafish a matsayin kwayar halitta mai dacewa don ci gaban allurar rigakafi.

## Manazarta