Walter Alvarez

**Walter Alvarez** (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 1940) farfesa ne a sashen Kimiyyar Duniya da Duniya a Jami'ar California, Berkeley . Shi da mahaifinsa, masanin kimiyyar lissafi Luis Alvarez, wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel, sun ƙirƙiro ka'idar cewa tasirin taurari ya kashe dinosaur .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife shi a Berkeley, California, kuma ɗan Luis Walter Alvarez ne, wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel a fannin kimiyyar lissafi, da kuma Geraldine Smithwick. Kakansa likita ne Walter C. Alvarez da kuma kakansa, Luis F. Alvarez, wanda aka haifa a Spain, sun yi aiki a matsayin likita a Hawaii kuma sun ƙirƙiro wata hanya don gano cutar kuturta mai kyau. Kakarsa Mabel Alvarez, mai zane ce kuma mai zane daga California . 

Alvarez ya sami digirinsa na farko a fannin ilimin ƙasa a shekarar 1962 daga Kwalejin Carleton da ke Minnesota da kuma digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin ƙasa daga Jami'ar Princeton a shekarar 1967. Ya yi aiki da kamfanin American Overseas Petroleum Limited a Netherlands, da kuma a Libya a lokacin juyin juya halin Kanar Gaddafi . Bayan ya sami sha'awa ta gefe a fannin ilimin ƙasa na kayan tarihi, ya bar kamfanin mai ya yi ɗan lokaci a Italiya, yana nazarin tsaunukan aman wuta na Romawa da tasirinsu kan tsarin matsugunan a farkon zamanin Romawa . 

Daga nan Alvarez ya koma Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory na Jami'ar Columbia, kuma ya fara nazarin tectonics na Bahar Rum bisa ga sabuwar ka'idar tectonics na faranti . Aikinsa kan tectonics na paleomagnetism a Italiya ya haifar da nazarin sauye-sauyen geomagnetic da aka rubuta a cikin duwatsun dutse masu zurfi na Italiya. Alvarez da abokan aikinsa sun sami damar yin lissafin sauye-sauyen na tsawon shekaru sama da miliyan 100 na tarihin Duniya ta hanyar amfani da Foraminifera biostratigraphy .  

## Ka'idar tasiri

Alvarez da mahaifinsa Luis W. Alvarez, tare da Frank Asaro da Helen Michel, sun gano cewa wani Layer na yumbu da ke faruwa a iyakar Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) ya kasance mai wadatarwa sosai a cikin sinadarin iridium . Tunda wadatar iridium ya zama ruwan dare a cikin asteroids, amma ba kasafai yake faruwa a Duniya ba, sun yi hasashen cewa Layer ɗin an ƙirƙiri shi ne ta hanyar tasirin babban asteroid tare da Duniya, kuma wannan tasirin shine wataƙila sanadin ɓacewar Cretaceous-Paleogene, wanda ya faru shekaru miliyan 66 da suka gabata kuma shine ke da alhakin kawar da kashi 75% na duk nau'ikan halittu da ke wanzu a lokacin, gami da duk dinosaurs marasa avian. 

An lura da wannan wadatar iridium a wasu wurare da dama a duniya. Bugu da ƙari, an gano ramin Chicxulub da ke bakin gabar arewa maso gabashin yankin Yucatan kuma yanzu ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin shaida ta ƙarshe ta babban tasiri. Saboda haka, yawancin masana kimiyya yanzu sun yarda da yanayin tasiri a matsayin mafi yuwuwar sanadin ɓacewar Cretaceous-Paleogene.  Littafin Alvarez na 1997, , ya yi cikakken bayani game da gano lamarin.

Baya ga sha'awarsa ga abubuwan da suka faru da kuma tasirin da suka yi, Alvarez ya ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar tectonics na Bahar Rum, ilimin ƙasa na Romawa da ilmin kayan tarihi, da kuma kafa alaƙar magnetostratigraphic.  

## Babban Tarihi

Alvarez ya fara koyar da wani kwas a fannin Big History a UC Berkeley a shekarar 2006 a ƙarƙashin taken "Babban Tarihi: Cosmos, Earth, Life, Humanity."  Ya koyar da kwas ɗin a ƙarshe a shekarar 2011 inda aka yi rikodin bidiyo kuma aka samar da shi kyauta akan layi.  A cewar Alvarez, Babban Tarihi shine "ƙoƙarin fahimtar, ta hanyar haɗin kai da kuma tsakanin fannoni, tarihin Cosmos, Earth, Life and Humanity." Daga baya ƙungiyar Babban Tarihi ta Duniya (IBHA) ta amince da wannan ma'anar.  Kwas ɗin Alvarez a buɗe yake ga dukkan manyan makarantu da matakan aji kuma yana neman samar da fahimi mai faɗi game da baya, yanzu da kuma nan gaba.

Alvarez ya taimaka wajen shirya taron Manyan Masana Tarihi a Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa da Kasa da ke Coldigioco a Italiya a shekarar 2010 [1] wanda ya haifar da kafa Ƙungiyar Manyan Tarihi ta Duniya. A shekarar 2011, IBHA ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta 501(c)3.

Alvarez yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa IBHA,  kuma ya yi aiki a kwamitin ba da shawara har zuwa ranar 7 ga Agusta, 2014 lokacin da ya sauka daga muƙaminsa a taron IBHA na 2014 da aka gudanar a Jami'ar Dominican ta California .

### ChronoZoom

Tare da haɗin gwiwar Microsoft Research, Alvarez ya ƙirƙiro wani tsari mai kama da zuƙowa mai suna ChronoZoom,  wanda hanya ce ta zane-zane ta kwamfuta don hangowa da fahimtar ma'aunin lokaci, da kuma gabatar da adadi mai yawa na bayanai na tarihi ta hanya mai amfani.  An gabatar da ChronoZoom a taron lacca na shekara-shekara na 97 a UC Berkeley. 

## Lambobin yabo da girmamawa
An zaɓe Alvarez a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekarar 1983, kuma an zaɓe shi memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa a shekarar 1991.  An ba shi lambar yabo ta Nevada ta 2006, lambar yabo ta Vetlesen ta 2008,  da kuma lambar yabo ta Penrose daga Ƙungiyar Masana Kimiyya ta Amurka . A shekarar 2005, ya sami digirin digirgir na "Honoris Causa" a fannin Kimiyyar Ƙasa daga Jami'ar Siena, Italiya.

An sanya wa ƙaramin duniya suna 3581 Alvarez bayansa da mahaifinsa, Luis Walter Alvarez . 

## Ayyuka

* T. rex  (Princeton University Press, 1997) 
* 
* *Tafiya Mafi Kyau: Babban Tarihi na Duniyarmu da Kanmu* (WW Norton, 2016) 

## Manazarta