Ada Yonath

**Ada E. Yonath** ( Hebrew   , ; an haife shi ranar 22 gawan Yunin shekara ta 1939)  yar wasan crystallographer ta Isra'ila ce kuma wacce ta ba da lambar yabo ta Nobel a Chemistry, wacce aka fi sani da aikinta na majagaba akan tsarin ribosomes . Ita ce darekta na yanzu na Cibiyar Helen da Milton A. Kimmelman don Tsarin Biomolecular da Majalisar Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Weizmann .

Acikin shekara ta 2009, Yonath ta sami lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin ilmin sunadarai tare da Venkatraman Ramakrishnan da Thomas A. Steitz saboda karatunta kan tsarin da aikin ribosome, ta zama mace ta farko ta Isra'ila da ta lashe Kyautar Nobel daga cikin 'yan wasan Nobel goma na Isra'ila,  mace ta farko daga Gabas ta Tsakiya da ta lashe lambar yabo ta Nóbel a fannin kimiyya,  kuma mace ta farko a cikin shekaru 45 da ta lashe Kyautar Nobel ta ilmin sunada.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An yarda da Yonath a makarantar sakandare ta Tichon Hadash kodayake mahaifiyarta ba ta iya biyan kuɗin karatun ba. Ta ba da darussan lissafi ga ɗalibai a sakamakon haka. Yayinda take matashiya, ta ce masanin kimiyya na Poland da kuma 'yan asalin Faransa Marie Curie ne suka yi mata wahayi. Koyaya, ta jaddada cewa Curie, wanda tun tana yarinya ta yi sha'awarta bayan karanta tarihin rayuwarta, ba "alamu ba ne". Ta koma Urushalima don kwaleji, ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Ibrananci ta Urushalima tare da digiri na farko a ilmin sunadarai acikin shekarar 1962, da kuma digiri na biyu a ilmin ilmin sunayensu acikin shekarar 1964. Acikin shekara ta 1968, ta sami digirinta na PhD daga Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Weizmann don nazarin X-ray crystallographic akan tsarin collagen, tare da Wolfie Traub a matsayin mai ba da shawara na PhD.   

Tana da 'yar daya, Hagit Yonath, likita a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Sheba, da kuma jikoki, Noa .  Ita ce dan uwan mai fafutukar adawa da mamayewa Ruchama Marton . 

## Ayyukan kimiyya

Yonath ya karbi mukamai na postdoctoral a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon acikin shekara ta(1969) da kuma MIT acikin shekara ta (1970). Yayinda take postdoc a MIT ta shafe wani lokaci a dakin gwaje-gwaje na William N. Lipscomb, Jr. wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel ta cikinn shekara ta 1976 na Jami'ar Harvard inda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare ta don bin manyan tsari.

Acikin shekara ta 1970, ta kafa abin da ya kasance kusan kusan shekaru goma kawai dakin gwaje-gwaje na furotin a Isra'ila. Sa'an nan, daga cikin shekara ta 1979 zuwa cikin shaekara ta 1984 ta kasance jagorar rukuni tare da Heinz-Günter Wittmann a Cibiyar Max Planck don Kwayoyin Kwayoyin Kwayar halitta a Berlin. Ta kasance farfesa mai ziyara a Jami'ar Chicago acikin shekara ta 1977zuwa cikin shekara ta 1978.  Ta jagoranci Cibiyar Bincike ta Max-Planck a DESY a Hamburg, Jamus acikin shekara ta(1986 zuwa cikin shekara ta 2004) tare da ayyukanta na bincike a Cibiyar Weizmann .

Yonath tana mai da hankali kan hanyoyin da ke haifar da furotin biosynthesis, ta hanyar ribosomal crystallography, layin bincike da ta fara sama da shekaru ashirin da suka gabata duk da shakku mai yawa na al'ummar kimiyya ta duniya. Ribosomes suna fassara RNA zuwa furotin kuma saboda suna da tsari daban-daban a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta, idan aka kwatanta da eukaryotes, kamar ƙwayoyin ɗan adam, galibi suna da manufa ga maganin rigakafi. A cikin 2000 da 2001, ta ƙayyade cikakkun tsarin ƙuduri na duka sassan ribosomal kuma an gano su a cikin ribosome asymmetric, yankin daidaitawa na duniya wanda ke ba da tsarin kuma kewaya tsarin polypeptide polymerization. Sakamakon haka, ta nuna cewa ribosome wani Ribozyme ne wanda ke sanya substrates dinsa a cikin Stereochemistry wanda ya dace da samar da haɗin peptide da kuma catalysis na substrate. Acikin shekara ta 1993 ta hango hanyar da sunadarai masu tasowa suka dauka, wato ramin ribosomal, kuma kwanan nan ta bayyana abubuwan da ke ba da damar shiga cikin kamawa, ƙofar, tsarin intra-cellular da narkewar sarkar fataucin cikin sarkar su.

Bugu da ƙari, Yonath ya bayyana hanyoyin aiki na fiye da Magungunan rigakafi daban-daban guda ashirin da ke da niyya ga ribosome, hanyoyin haskakawa na juriya da hadin kai, ya fassara tushen tsari don zaɓin maganin rigakafi kuma ya nuna yadda yake taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin amfani na asibiti da tasirin warkewa, don haka ya shirya hanyar ƙirar magungunan da ke da tsarin.

Don ba da damar ribosomal crystallography Yonath ya gabatar da sabuwar fasaha, cryo bio-crystallography, wanda ya zama al'ada a cikin ilmin halitta na tsari kuma ya ba da izinin ayyukan da ba a ɗauka ba.

A Cibiyar Weizmann, Yonath ita ce mai rike da Martin S. da Helen Kimmel Farfesa.

## Ra'ayoyin Siyasa
Ta yi kira da a saki dukkan fursunonin Hamas ba tare da wani sharadi ba, tana mai cewa "tsayar da Palasdinawa yana ƙarfafawa da ci gaba da motsa su don cutar da Isra'ila da 'yan ƙasa ... da zarar ba mu da fursunoni da za su saki ba za su sami dalilin satar sojoji ba".

## Kyaututtuka da karbuwa

Yonath memba ne na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa ta Amurka; Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka; Cibiyar Kimiyya da Kimiyya da Dan Adam ta Isra'ila; Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Turai da Kungiyar Kwalejin Kwalejin Turai. A ranar Asabar, 18 ga Oktoba 2014, Paparoma Francis ya kira Farfesa Yonath a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Pontifical . 

Kyaututtuka da girmamawa sun hada da:

* A shekara ta 2002, Kyautar Isra'ila
* A shekara ta 2002, Kyautar Harvey
* A shekara ta 2004, Kyautar Massry
* A shekara ta 2004, lambar yabo ta Paul KarrerMedal na zinariya na Paul Karrer
* A shekara ta 2005, Kyautar Louisa Gross Horwitz
* A shekara ta 2006, Wolf Prize a cikin Chemistry tare da George Feher .
* A shekara ta 2006, Kyautar Rothschild a Kimiyya ta Rayuwa .
* A shekara ta 2006, Kyautar EMET don Fasaha, Kimiyya da Al'adu a Kimiyya ta Rayuwa, tare da Farfesa Peretz Lavie (Medicine) da Farfesa Eli Keshet (Biology) 
* A shekara ta 2007, Paul Ehrlich da Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize tare da Harry Noller
* A shekara ta 2008, lambar yabo ta Albert Einstein World Award of Science saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga furotin biosynthesis a fagen ribosomal crystallography da gabatar da sabbin fasahohi a cikin cryo bio-crystallography.
* A shekara ta 2009, lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin ilmin sunadarai (tare da Thomas Steitz da Venkatraman Ramakrishnan).  Ita ce mace ta farko ta Isra'ila da aka ba ta Kyautar Nobel.
* A shekara ta 2010, lambar yabo ta Wilhelm Exner 
* A cikin 2011, lambar yabo ta Marie Curie da kungiyar Polish Chemical Society ta bayar 
* A shekara ta 2013 ta zama memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Leopoldina ta Jamus . 
* A shekara ta 2015, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Doctorates daga Jami'ar Kudancin California,  Jami'ar De La Salle, Manila / Philippines; Jami'ar Joseph Fourier, Grenoble / Faransa; Jami'an Kiwon Lafiya na Lodz, Lodz / Poland; da Jami'ar Warwick, Burtaniya.  
* A cikin 2018, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Doctorate daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon 
* A cikin 2020, an zabe ta memba na kasashen waje na Royal Society 
* A shekara ta 2023, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Doctorate daga Jami'ar Jagiellonian . 

## Dubi kuma

* Mata na Isra'ila
* Tarihin ilmin halitta na RNA
* Jerin masu karɓar kyautar Isra'ila
* Jerin mata masu lashe kyautar Nobel
* Jerin masu lashe kyautar Nobel ta Isra'ila
* Jerin wadanda suka lashe kyautar Nobel ta Yahudawa
* Jerin masu fafutukar zaman lafiya
* Jerin masu ilimin halitta na RNA
* Jerin lokaci na mata a kimiyya
* Mata a cikin ilmin sunadarai

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* "Mai amfani da APS yana raba "Nobel na Isra'ila" don ilmin sunadarai", daga Argonne National Laboratory Advanced Photon Source (APS), Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka
* Shafin hukuma na Kyautar Louisa Gross Horwitz
* Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Weizmann, Yonath-Site
* Jerin wallafe-wallafen Ada Yonath
* Magana game da Ada Yonath a taron Origins 2011
* Ada E. Yonatha kan Nobelprize.org