Lise na Baissac

**Lise Marie Jeanette na Baissac** MBE CdeG (11 ga Mayu 1905 - 29 ga Maris 2004),  sunayen lambar *Odile* da *Marguerite,* wakili ne na Mauritius a cikin kungiyar ɓoye ta Musamman ta Ƙasar Ingila (SOE) a Faransa a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II . Manufar SOE ita ce gudanar da leken asiri, sabuntawa, da bincike a cikin ƙasashen da ikon Axis ya mamaye, musamman Nazi Jamus. Jami'an SOE sun haɗa kai da kungiyoyin adawa kuma sun ba su makamai da kayan aiki da aka saukar daga Ingila.

De Baissac na ɗaya daga cikin jami'an mata na farko na SOE da aka saukar da su cikin Faransa a watan Satumbar 1942. A lokacin da ta yi aiki biyu zuwa Faransa sau da yawa tana aiki tare da ɗan'uwanta Claude wanda ke jagorantar cibiyar sadarwa ta Masanin kimiyya ta SOE. Su biyun sun fi amfani jim kadan kafin da kuma bayan mamayewar D-Day na Faransa da abokai hulɗa. De Baissacs sun shirya sojojin adawa da Faransa don hana mayar da martani ga Jamus ga mamayewar da kuma taimaka wa abokan tarayya. Lise de Baissac tana da gamuwa akai-akai da sojojin Jamus a yankin da ta yi aiki sosai, amma ta tsere wa kamawa. An ba ta kyaututtuka da yawa bayan yakin. 

## Rayuwa ta farko
Yarinya daya tilo a cikin yara uku, an haifi Lise de Baissac a Mauritius ta Burtaniya. Mahaifinta shine Marie Louis Marc de Boucherville Baissac (1878-1945) kuma mahaifiyarta ita ce Marie Louise Jeanette Dupont . Iyalinta manyan masu mallakar ƙasa ne a Mauritius, amma talakawan Burtaniya kamar yadda duk Mauritians suke a lokacin. Iyalin sun koma Paris a shekarar 1919. Lokacin da take 'yar shekara 17 ta sadu da mijinta na gaba, Gustave Villameur, mai zane-zane mara kudi. Mahaifiyarta ba ta yarda da soyayya ba kuma ta tura de Baissac zuwa Italiya. Da ya dawo Paris, de Baissac ya yi aiki a ofishin ko da yake aikin ba sabon abu ba ne ga wata budurwa mai girma a lokacin.

A shekara ta 1940 Jamusawa sun mamaye Paris. Babban ɗan'uwanta, Jean de Baissac, ya shiga Sojojin Burtaniya. Lise da ƙaramin ɗan'uwanta, Claude, sun yi tafiya zuwa yankin Dordogne a kudancin Faransa a ƙoƙarin isa Ingila. Ta sami taimako tare da shirye-shiryen tafiye-tafiye zuwa Ingila daga Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka kuma ta haye zuwa Spain kuma ta tafi Lisbon, inda ita da ɗan'uwanta suka jira watanni biyar don izinin tafiya zuwa Gibraltar da Burtaniya. Ma'aurata sun isa Scotland a shekara ta 1941 kuma ta tafi London. Ta hanyar dangantakar iyalinta da matar Gomer Berry, 1st Viscount Kemsley, ta sami aiki a Daily Sketch . Ɗan'uwanta Claude ya sami aiki daga Babban Jami'in Ayyuka na Musamman (SOE). Saboda ƙwarewarsu a Turanci da Faransanci, SOE sau da yawa ana daukar Mauritians a matsayin wakilai a Faransa. Goma sha huɗu za su yi aiki tare da SOE a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II . 

## Babban Jami'in Ayyuka na Musamman
Da zaran SOE ta fara daukar mata, de Baissac ta nemi shiga. Selwyn Jepson ta yi mata tambayoyi, kuma ta yarda da horo a watan Mayu 1942. An bayyana ta a matsayin "mace mai girma mai shekaru talatin da bakwai, ƙarami, mai sauƙi, tare da baƙar fata, idanu masu haske, da kuma amincewa. " Tana da halayyar iyali na kasancewa "mai wahala amma mai sadaukarwa. " An horar da jami'an SOE mata a matsayin masu aikawa ko masu aiki mara waya kuma suna aiki ga maza "masu shirya, " amma an gano de Baissac yana da ikon jagorantar nasa hanyar sadarwa. 

An horar da ita ne a Beaulieu, Hampshire, inda ta horar da rukuni na biyu na mata da SOE ta dauka ciki har da Mary Herbert, Odette Sansom da Jacqueline Nearne .  An ba ta izini a cikin First Aid Nursing Yeomanry a watan Yulin 1942. Kwamandan a Beaulieu ya rubuta cewa De Baissac "ya kasance mai natsuwa sosai kuma zai kasance mai sanyi kuma ya tattara a kowane yanayi... ya kasance a gaba da 'yan uwanta".[s]

### Aikin farko

A daren 24 ga Satumba 1942 (daren da aka zubar da zubar da parachute saboda siginar da ke cikin yankin saukar ba daidai ba ne), de Baissac ("Odile") da Andrée Borrel ("Denise") sun bar Ingila a cikin RAF Whitley kuma sun zama mata na farko da suka fara fitowa cikin Faransa da ke zaune a Jamus da sassafe na 25 ga Satumba.  (Yvonne Rudellat ta isa ta jirgin ruwa watanni biyu da suka gabata.) A ranar da ta tashi, Kanar Maurice Buckmaster ya kai ta abincin dare kuma ya gan ta daga RAF Tempsford a cikin wani bom na Whitley. Borrel shine na farko da ya sauka, tare da de Baissac yana biye, ya sauka a Bois-Renard a ƙauyen Saint-Laurent-Nouan .  Shugaba mai suna Pierre Culioli ne ya sadu da su. Borrel ya tashi zuwa Paris don yin aiki ga cibiyar sadarwa ta Prosper ta Francis Suttill . De Baissac ya tafi Poitiers.

Matsayin De Baissac ya kasance a matsayin mai aikawa da jami'in hulɗa ga cibiyar sadarwa ta ɗan'uwanta Claude a Bordeaux, tana sadarwa tare da cibiyar sadarwa na Prosper (ko Likita) a Paris da kuma Cibiyar sadarwa ta Bricklayer na ɗan'uwan Mauritian Faransa Antelme a Tours. Manufarta ita ce "don kafa sabon da'ira da kuma samar da cibiyar inda jami'ai za su iya zuwa tare da cikakken tsaro don taimakon kayan aiki da bayanai game da bayanan gida" da kuma shirya karɓar makamai daga Burtaniya don taimakawa juriyar Faransa. An kira cibiyar sadarwar mace daya "Artist". De Baissac ta yi amfani da sunayen lambobin da yawa (ciki har da "Odile", "Irene", "Marguerite" da "Adele"). Labarin ta na gaba shi ne cewa ita gwauruwa ce matalauciya daga Paris, Madame Irene Brisse, tana neman mafaka daga tashin hankali na rayuwa da guje wa karancin abinci na babban birnin. Ta koma wani gida a kan titin da ke kusa da hedikwatar Gestapo a Poitiers kuma sau da yawa tana musayar gaisuwa da shugaban Gestapo, Herr Grabowski .

De Baissac ta fi son rayuwa mai kaɗaici ta yin aiki shi kaɗai a Poitiers, yin hulɗa na gida da ɗaukar masu adawa amma ta guje wa kamfanin wasu jami'an SOE sai dai lokacin da ta zaɓi ziyartar su a kasuwanci a Paris ko Bordeaux. Ba ta ga ɗan'uwanta ba kuma ta ƙi tayin da SOE ta yi don aika mata da mai ba da waya, Gilbert Norman . 

De Baissac ya sake buga a Poitiers abin da Virginia Hall ta kirkira a Lyon. A cikin watanni 11 da ta zauna a Poitiers, ta karɓi kuma ta ba da labari ga sabbin jami'an SOE 13 da suka zo kuma ta shirya tafiyar jami'ai, shugabannin juriya, da sauransu da ke tafiya a ɓoye zuwa Ingila. Ta taka rawar masanin ilimin kimiyyar archaeologist wanda ya ba ta hujja na yin keke a duk faɗin ƙasar don neman abubuwan tunawa na dā yayin da, a zahiri, ke gano wuraren saukar da parachute da wuraren saukowa ga rukunin RAF 138 da 161. Ta tattara CLE Cisters da aka sauke da iska dauke da makamai da kayayyaki kuma ta kai su gidaje masu aminci. Ta kuma gina cibiyar sadarwa ta juriya ta kanta, ta dauki "mataimakan" da yawa ciki har da yarinya matashiya wacce ta yi tafiya tare da ita a matsayin murfin ayyukanta. Don sadarwa tare da London, saboda ba ta da mai aiki mara waya, dole ne ta yi tafiya zuwa Paris ko Bordeaux inda ɗan'uwanta Claude ke shirya ayyukan sabuntawa da tattara bayanai game da jirgi da ƙungiyoyin jirgin ruwa. A watan Yunin 1943, 'yan Jamus sun kama mutane da yawa na cibiyar sadarwa ta Prosper kuma Gestapo ta shiga cibiyar sadarwa mai suna Artist, don haka ta kara haɗarin kama ta. A daren 16/17 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1943 Claude da Lise de Baissac, da mataimakin shugaban SOE Nicholas Bodington, Lysander ya dawo da su Ingila. Roger Landes, mai ba da sabis na Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya, ya yi fushi cewa de Baissac ya ɗauki 'yar'uwarsa tare da shi zuwa Ingila, amma ba ƙaunatacciyar Baissac mai ciki da kuma wakilin SOE Mary Herbert wanda ya kasance a baya ba.

Daga nan aka tura De Baissac zuwa RAF Ringway inda take jagorantar jami'in (mai ba da shawara) ga sabbin wakilai biyu, Yvonne Baseden da Violette Szabo . A lokacin horo, de Baissac ta karya kafa a cikin tsalle-tsalle.

### Aikin na biyu
An jinkirta dawowar De Baissac zuwa Faransa har sai da ta karye ta warke. Ba ta iya sauka daga sama ba, sai ta koma Faransa a cikin Lysander, ta sauka a wani gona kusa da Villers-les-Ormes a daren 9/10 Afrilu 1944. Ta tafi aiki a matsayin mai aika saƙo ga cibiyar sadarwa ta Pimiento, karkashin jagorancin Anthony Brooks, a Toulouse a ƙarƙashin sabon sunan *Marguerite* . Koyaya, de Baissac, mai burin abubuwa masu girma, an ba shi ayyuka marasa muhimmanci kawai. Halinsa na aristocratic bai dace da 'yan kungiyar kwadago da' yan gurguzu da suka yi aiki tare da Pimiento ba. Ta ce da duhu cewa "wani a Switzerland" ne ke sarrafa cibiyar sadarwa, maimakon SOE a London. Ta hanyar yardar juna, ta bar Pimiento don shiga cikin ɗan'uwanta Claude, wanda ya koma Faransa a watan Fabrairun 1944, da kuma cibiyar sadarwar Masanin kimiyya da ya jagoranci wanda yanzu ke aiki a kudancin Normandy da yankunan da ke kusa.  (Ba a san de Baissac da Faransanci ba, Normandy zai zama wurin saukowa na sojojin hadin gwiwa a cikin mamayewar D-Day na Faransa a Ranar D ga Yuni 1944.) 

De Baissac ta kasance mai aika saƙo na ɗan'uwanta, tana tafiya da keke kilomita 100 (mil 62) ko fiye da yau da kullun don isar da saƙonni da ƙoƙarin hana maquis (masu gwagwarmayar adawa) da ke dauke da makamai da rashin haƙuri daga hare-hare da ba su dace ba a kan Jamusawa da kuma ababen more rayuwa wanda ke tallafa musu. Aikin Masanin kimiyya shine ya binciki yiwuwar manyan wuraren budewa inda sojojin da ke cikin iska zasu iya sauka da riƙewa da kuma karɓar saukar iska na makamai da kayayyaki don juriya.

De Baissac ta kafa kanta a ƙauyen Saint-Aubin-du-Désert, kimanin kilomita 100 (62 miles) kudu da inda sojojin Burtaniya za su sauka kusa da Caen a ranar D. Har yanzu tana nuna kansa a matsayin gwauruwa mai talauci a Paris, ta yi hayar bene na biyu na gidan, wanda ya ƙunshi ɗakuna biyu tare da matattara a ƙasa wanda ya zama gado. A ranar 5 ga Yuni 1944 ta kasance a birnin Paris tana daukar mayakan don adawa. A wannan maraice ta ji BBC ta watsa kalmar lambar da ke nufin cewa mamayewar hadin gwiwa na Faransa tana gabatowa. Nan da nan ta sake komawa kan hanyar sadarwar ta, ta yi tafiya sama da kilomita 300 (190 miles) a cikin kwanaki uku, ta wuce ta cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin sojojin Jamus kuma ta yi barci a cikin ramin.

Da ta isa sansanin ta kusa da Normandy, de Baissac ta tattara bayanai game da tsarin Jamus kuma ta ba da shi ga Allies. A cewar de Baissac, a wani lokaci, "Jamusanci sun isa suka jefa ni daga ɗakata. Na zo don ɗaukar tufafina kuma sun sami sun buɗe parachute da na yi a cikin jaka mai barci kuma suna zaune a ciki. Abin farin ciki ba su da masaniya game da abin da yake. " A wani lokaci ta raba makarantar tare da jami'an sojojin Jamus, suna aiki a cikin ɗakin gaba yayin da take aiki a cikin ƙaramin ɗaki a baya. Babban karfin De Baissac ya taimaka mata sosai yayin da ta yi nasarar tsayayya da yunkurin da sojoji na Jamus suka yi na kwace keken ta. A wani lokaci, de Baissac, tare da ƙungiyar maquis, sun shiga cikin wuta tare da mai sintiri na Jamus, suna ba da rahoton cewa sun kashe Jamusawa da yawa.

A ranar 25 ga watan Yulin, sojojin Amurka sun kaddamar da Operation Cobra wanda ya tilasta wa sojojin Jamus su janye da sauri daga yankin Masanin kimiyya. A ranar 13 ga watan Agusta, de Baissacs sun haɗu da ƙungiyar jagora ta sojojin Amurka. Sun yi ado da kayan soja na Burtaniya da ba a san su ba, sun tsaya a gaban ofishin magajin gari a wani gari na lardin kuma sun gaishe da sojojin Amurka da suka iso. Bayan 'yan kwanaki sai aka kai de Baissacs zuwa Ingila, an kammala aikinsu.

### Neman Mary Herbert
A watan Satumbar 1944, de Baissacs sun dawo Faransa, yanzu an 'yantar da su daga mamayar Jamus, a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin Judex wanda ke da niyyar gano jami'an SOE da suka ɓace da kuma kama su da mutanen Faransa da suka yi aiki tare da su. Claude shi ne mahaifin wata 'yar, Claudine, an haife ta a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1943 ga Mary Herbert, amma shi da SOE sun rasa hulɗa da ita. De Baissacs sun gano Herbert daga Bordeaux zuwa Poitiers. Sun same ta da 'yarta a wani gida kusa da Poitiers. De Baissacs sun koma Ingila tare da su. Claude ya auri Herbert, amma a bayyane yake aure ne kawai na dacewa kamar yadda ma'auratan ba su zauna tare ba.[1][1]

## Bayan yakin
Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, de Baissac ya yi aiki ga BBC. A shekara ta 1950, tana da shekaru 45, ta auri Gustave Villameur, ƙaunatacciyar matashiya, wacce ta zama mai zane-zane mai cin nasara da mai ado na ciki da ke zaune a Marseille; ba su da yara. Mijinta ya mutu a shekara ta 1978 kuma daga baya "ta zauna ita kaɗai a cikin wani kyakkyawan ɗaki da ke kallon tsohuwar tashar jiragen ruwa" na Marseille. Labarin *[[The Guardian]]*' ya bayyana ta a matsayin "babban mace na tsohuwar makaranta: mai cin gashin kanta, mai ƙarfin zuciya, mai ladabi da tawali'u. " Ta mutu a ranar 29 ga Maris 2004 a Marseille, tana da shekaru 98.  

A cikin wata hira, de Baissac ta ce "kawargwadon rayuwa ta sirri" ita ce motsin zuciyarta mafi ƙarfi kuma ana buƙatar "tsinkaye mai sanyi na tsawon watanni masu gajiyarwa" fiye da jaruntaka. A shekara ta 2008, an sake kama rayuwarta a cikin fim din Faransanci mai suna Female Agents (Les Femmes de l'ombre).

## Sanarwa

; Daraja

* Faransa: Knight of the Légion d'honneur (*LH*), Croix de Guerre 1939-1945 (*CG*) tare da dabino;
* Burtaniya: memba na Order of the British Empire (*MBE*), Satumba 1945.





## Manazarta