Philippe Aghion

**Philippe Mario Aghion**  FBA (  ; an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Agusta 1956)  masanin tattalin arziki ne ɗan ƙasar Faransa wanda ke Shugaban Tattalin Arziki na Cibiyoyi, Farfesa na Ƙirƙira da Ci Gaba a Kwalejin Faransa kuma Kurt Björklund ya Jagoranci Farfesa a Ƙirƙira da Ci Gaba a INSEAD .  Shi ma farfesa ne mai ziyara a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London .  

An san Aghion da Peter Howitt da tsarin Aghion-Howitt . Don wannan aikin, sun raba rabin kyautar tunawa da Nobel ta 2025 a fannin Kimiyyar Tattalin Arziki "don ka'idar ci gaba mai ɗorewa ta hanyar lalata ƙirƙira ". 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Philippe Aghion a birnin Paris a shekarar 1956,  shi ne ɗan Gaby Aghion,  wani mai zane na kayan kwalliya na Faransa kuma wanda ya kafa gidan kayan kwalliya na Faransa Chloé .  An ce Gaby ne ya ƙirƙiro kalmar *prêt-à-porter* .   Mahaifinsa, Raymond Aghion, yana da gidan adana kayan fasaha a Boulevard Saint-Germain .  Iyayensa biyu sun fito ne daga iyalan Yahudawa daga Alexandria, Masar .  Daga baya suka ƙaura zuwa Paris, a cikin Latin Quartier kafin su sayi gida a Neuilly-sur-Seine .  A wata hira, Aghion ya tuna cewa ya girma ne tare da masu fasaha, ciki har da Karl Lagerfeld . 

Aghion ya sauke karatu daga sashen ilimin lissafi na École normale supérieure de Cachan (yanzu ENS Paris-Saclay, Jami'ar Paris-Saclay ), kuma ya sami digiri na *diplôme d'études approfondies* da *doctorat de troisième sake zagayowar* (na uku digiri doctorate) a ilmin lissafi tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Panthneor Paris .  Ya sami PhD a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Harvard a 1987. 

## Sana'a
Aghion ya fara aikinsa na ilimi a shekarar 1987 lokacin da ya shiga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts a matsayin Mataimakin Farfesa.  A shekarar 1989 ya koma Faransa ya zama mai bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Faransa (CNRS).  A shekarar 1990, an nada shi Mataimakin Babban Masanin Tattalin Arziki na Bankin Turai don Sake Ginawa da Ci Gaba (EBRD),  kafin ya koma Kwalejin Nuffield, Oxford sannan ya koma Kwalejin Jami'a ta London a shekarar 1996.  A shekarar 2002, ya koma Harvard inda ya zama Farfesa Robert C. Waggoner a fannin Tattalin Arziki, kujera da ya rike har zuwa shekarar 2015 lokacin da aka nada shi Farfesa na Tattalin Arziki na Shekaru 100 a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London (LSE).  

A shekarar 2015, yayin da ya zama farfesa a LSE, an kuma nada Aghion a matsayin Shugaban Tattalin Arziki a Kwalejin de France, wata cibiya ta musamman a Faransa. Matsayin farfesa na shugaban ƙasa a Kwalejin de France matsayi ne da ake girmamawa sosai a tsakanin ɗaliban jami'o'in Faransa. 

A shekarar 2020, Aghion ya zama Kurt Björklund, Shugaban Farfesa a fannin kirkire-kirkire da ci gaba a INSEAD, kuma darektan ilimi na dakin gwaje-gwajen tattalin arziki na INSEAD. A wannan shekarar, ya zama farfesa mai ziyara a LSE, kuma ya ci gaba da zama mataimakin Cibiyar Ayyukan Tattalin Arziki ta LSE. 

### Sauran ayyuka
An zaɓe Aghion a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a 2009  kuma memba ne na Kwamitin Zartarwa da Kulawa (ESC) na CERGE-EI .   Ya kasance shugaban Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Turai a 2017.  Ya kasance editan *Binciken Tattalin Arziki na Shekara-shekara* tun 2018. 

Kafin zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Faransa na 2012, Aghion ya sanya hannu kan buƙatar wasu masana tattalin arziki don nuna goyon bayansa ga ɗan takara François Hollande . 

A shekarar 2016, Babban Sakataren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ban Ki-moon ya naɗa Aghion a matsayin memba na wata ƙungiyar ƙwararru da ke ba da shawara ga Hukumar Aiki ta Lafiya da Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki, wadda shugabannin Faransa François Hollande da Jacob Zuma na Afirka ta Kudu suka jagoranta tare.  A shekarar 2021, an naɗa shi a matsayin memba na Babban Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Babban Bankin Duniya - Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (HLAG) kan Murmurewa da Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa da Ci Gaba, waɗanda Mari Pangestu, Ceyla Pazarbasioglu, da Nicholas Stern suka jagoranta tare. 

Ƙarin ayyukan ba da shawara sun haɗa da:

* Cibiyar Binciken Tattalin Arziki da Ilimin Digiri na Biyu - Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki (CERGE-EI), Memba na Kwamitin Amintattu 
* Cibiyar de Recerca en Economia Internacional (CREI), Jami'ar Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara 

## Bincike

A shekarar 1992, tare da Peter Howitt, ya gabatar da wani tsari na tushen ka'idar ci gaban ciki ta Schumpeterian,   wanda ya mayar da hankali kan kirkire-kirkire da lalata kirkire-kirkire .

A cikin shekarun 2000, ya bincika alaƙar da ke tsakanin gasa, cibiyoyi, da ci gaba, musamman dangantakar da ke tsakanin U da kuma tsakanin ƙarfin gasa da kirkire-kirkire. 

Kamfanin AOC Media ya soki Aghion da kyakkyawan fata na fasaha, alaƙa da ci gaban GDP a matsayin babban abin da ke nuna babban tasiri, da kuma ƙarancin fahimtar matsalar muhalli ta zamani mai fa'ida da dama.

### Aghion-Howitt (1992) da kuma rashin jituwar halakar ƙirƙira
A cewar Ufuk Akcigit, tsarin da Philippe Aghion da Peter Howitt suka ƙirƙiro a cikin labarinsu na 1992  ya kawo sauyi a cikin nazarin yanayin ci gaban tattalin arziki ta hanyar ba da damar komawa baya tsakanin ka'ida da bayanai na matakin kamfani, wanda ke bayyana shaharar samfurin a cikin wallafe-wallafen tattalin arziki. Hanyarsu ta bayyana ta hanyar gabatar da tsarin Schumpeterian na "lalata ƙirƙira," inda sabbin abubuwa ke sanya tsoffin fasahohi su tsufa (tasirin "satar kasuwanci") da kuma jagorantar shiga da fita daga kamfanoni. Ƙoƙarin ƙirƙira martani ne ga neman haya na kamfanoni. Waɗannan hayar suna aiki a matsayin karas da lalata ƙirƙira a matsayin sanda; duk da haka, lokacin da haya suka yi yawa, suna ba wa manyan kamfanoni damar kafa shinge don shiga. A lokaci guda, sha'awar ƙirƙirar kirkire-kirkire yana ɓacewa, kuma ci gaba na iya raguwa lokacin da sandar ta tafi kuma karas ɗin ya riga ya tabbata. Musamman haɗakar bambancin kamfanoni shine ke nuna asalin wannan rudani, yana ba da damar nazarin yanayin ci gaba ya danganta da ko kamfanoni ƙanana ne ko manya, masu ci gaba ko masu shiga, a kan iyakar fasaha ko a matsayin mai kwaikwayon.  &#x5B; *nbsp;ana buƙata* &#x5D;

### "Tarkon Matsakaici na Kuɗi"
Philippe Aghion ya kuma bayar da gudummawa wajen nazarin "tarkon matsakaicin kudin shiga," yana mai nuni da wahalar da wasu ƙasashe masu tasowa ke fuskanta wajen tsallaka iyaka zuwa matsayin tattalin arziki mai ci gaba. A ganinsa,  ci gaban da tarin jari da kwaikwayon fasaha ke haifarwa yana ba da damar cimma nasara cikin sauri amma ya kai ga iyakarsa yayin da ƙasashe ke tunkarar iyakar fasaha. 

## Rahoton Aghion (2010)
Philippe Aghion ya jagoranci wani rukunin ma'aikata na ƙwararru goma na ƙasashen duniya  waɗanda aikinsu ya fara mayar da hankali kan kwatanta 'yancin kai na jami'o'i na ƙasashen duniya, sannan kuma kan aiwatar da cibiyoyin ilimi na musamman (  ).  An gabatar da rahoto mai sassa biyu a watan Janairun 2010 ga Ministar Ilimi Mai Girma Valérie Pécresse . 

Wannan rahoton ya ba da shawarar kafa "daidaitaccen shugabanci" a jami'o'i. Ta hanyar amfani da misalan Harvard, MIT, Oxford, ko Cambridge, ta yarda cewa babu wani tsarin shugabanci guda ɗaya. 

Ta gabatar da shawarar ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyi biyu na shugabanci a manyan jami'o'i. Na farko, kwamitin gudanarwa, zai ƙunshi mafi yawan membobin waje, waɗanda za su naɗa shugaban ƙasa mai iko mai yawa. Na biyun zai kasance a cikin "majalisar dattawa ta ilimi," wani dandali na gaskiya na shawarwari na kimiyya da na koyarwa.

## Ra'ayin Siyasa
A matsayinsa na ɗalibi a Faransa, ya kasance mai goyon bayan kwaminisanci. 

A lokacin zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Faransa na 2012, ya sanya hannu kan roƙon masana tattalin arziki da ke goyon bayan ɗan takara François Hollande saboda "dacewar zaɓuɓɓukan da aka gabatar, musamman dangane da dawo da ci gaba da aiki".  A shekarar 2017, ya nuna goyon bayansa ga Emmanuel Macron . 

## Girmamawa da kyaututtuka

### Daraja

* Jarumin Ƙungiyar Daraja (2012) 
* Jami'in Ordre na kasa du Mérite (2018) 

### Kyaututtuka
A shekarar 2019, Aghion da Peter Howitt sun sami kyautar BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award a fannin tattalin arziki.  Shi da Howitt an kuma ba su rabin kyautar tunawa da Nobel a fannin Kimiyyar Tattalin Arziki a shekarar 2025 "saboda ka'idar ci gaba mai dorewa ta hanyar lalata kirkire-kirkire", sauran rabin kuma za a ba su Joel Mokyr . 

## Littattafai

* Aghion, Philippe; Antonin, Celine; Bunel, Simon (2021): *Ikon Rushewar Kirkire-kirkire: Hauhawar Tattalin Arziki da Arzikin Al'ummai* . Harvard University Press.  .
* Aghion, Philippe; Howitt, Peter (2009); *Tattalin Arzikin Ci Gaba.* MIT Press. ISBN&nbsp;
* Aghion, Philippe; Griffith, Rachel (2006). *Gasar da Ci Gaba* . MIT Press. ISBN&nbsp;
* Aghion, Philippe; Durlauf, Steven N. (2005). *Littafin Jagorar Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki* . **1A** . Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN&nbsp; .
* Aghion, Philippe; Durlauf, Steven N. (2005). *Littafin Jagorar Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki* . **1B** . Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN&nbsp; .
* Aghion, Philippe; Howitt, Peter (1998). *Ka'idar ci gaban halittu* . Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN&nbsp; .

## Duba kuma

* Jerin sunayen Yahudawan da suka lashe kyautar Nobel

## Manazarta