open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
João Cancelo

**João Pedro Cavaco Cancelo** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1994) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Portugal wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Barcelona, ​​a matsayin aro daga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Manchester City, da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Portugal. Ana daukarsa a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun bayan baya a duniya.
## Yanayin Wasa
Ana ɗaukar Cancelo a matsayin ɗan wasa mai ban sha'awa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, Cancelo an fi saninsa da saurinsa, kuzari da kuma iyawar sa, gami da dabarunsa, ƙwarewar ɗimbin ruwa, kerawa da iya tsallakewa. Yana da ikon yin wasa a matsayin cikakken baya ko winger a kowane gefe, kodayake yawanci yana wasa akan dama.A lokacinsa a Manchester City, an dauke shi daya daga cikin mafi kyawun baya a Turai.Duk da ikonsa na ci gaba, duk da haka, an kwatanta tunaninsa na dabara, matsayi, da ƙwarewar tsaro a matsayin rauni a cikin kafofin watsa labaru.
Lokacin wasa a matsayin baya na gargajiya yakan sa na gaba yana gudu da kyau. Yana son ci gaba a lokacin da yake mallaka maimakon yin huhu-busting overlapping a kusa da wajen abokin wasansa, kuma ya fi son karbar ƙafafu maimakon ya bi ta ƙwallaye. A kan kwallon, yana da ikon yanke a cikin fili daga dama yayin da yake zagayawa a waje, kuma zai duba akai-akai don hayewa tare da raunin ƙafarsa na hagu ko kuma ya tuka cikin hagu na baya kuma yana neman haɗuwa tare da waɗanda ke gaba. Yana da matukar karfi dribbler kuma wannan iyawar, hade da gaskiyar cewa yana da kwarin gwiwa akan kowane ƙafa, yana sa shi da wuyar kare shi. Gudunsa kuma yana ba shi damar yin saurin isa don murmurewa a sauye-sauye na tsaro, kuma koyaushe yana sane da sararin da ya bar bayansa lokacin da ƙungiyarsa ta kai hari.
## Rayuwarsa Ta Sirri

A cikin Janairu 2013, mahaifiyar Cancelo Filomena ta mutu a wani hatsarin mota a kan babbar hanyar A2 a Seixal. Cancelo da ɗan'uwansa suna barci kuma sun sami raunuka kaɗan kawai. Saboda ɓacin rai da ya yi masa, Cancelo ya yi tunanin yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa. Cancelo da budurwarsa Daniela Machado sun haifi 'ya a 2019. A ranar 30 ga Disamba, 2021, wasu mutane hudu sun yi wa gidansu na Manchester fashi da makami. Cancelo ya mayar da martani don kare kansa kuma ya samu rauni a fuska, amma ya ce iyalinsa suna cikin koshin lafiya.

## Manazarta
Angella Emurwon

**Angella Emurwon** marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo ce yar Uganda.  Ta lashe Gasar Rubutun Wasa ta Duniya ta 2012 ta farko a cikin Ingilishi a matsayin nau'in Harshe na biyu don wasanta na *Sunflowers Behind A Dirty Fence*,   a Gasar Rubutun Wasan Duniya ta  ashirin da uku da Sashen Duniya na BBC da Burtaniya suka gudanar, tare da haɗin gwiwar Marubuta. commonwealth  Wasanta mai suna *The Cow Needs A Wife*  ta zo na uku a Gasar Rubutun Wasan kwaikwayo ta BBC ta 2010. 

## Littafi Mai Tsarki

* *Furen sunflower a bayan shinge mai datti*, 2012 
* *Saniya Na Bukatar Mata*, 2010 

## Manazarta
Keturah Kamugasa

**Keturah Lydia Kamugasa** (ta mutu Disamba 20, 2017) marubuciyarUganda ce kuma 'yar jarida wacce ta yi fice a shafinta na mako-mako a cikin *The New Vision* daily, wanda ake kira "Style with Keturah Kamugasa".   Ta kasance editan mujallar, *Flair Bride* *and ango* na New Vision (mujallar flair Afrilu 2008 da Afrilu 2008 na mujallar ango da amarya). Ta rasu a ranar 20 ga Disamba, 2017 tana da shekaru 50.
Philippa Namutebi Kabali-Kagwa

**Philippa Namutebi Kabali-Kagwa** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1964) marubuciyarƙasar Uganda ne,  rayuwa ne kuma kocin kansa,   tana zaune a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu.  Ta yi magana a TEDxTableMountain da TEDxPrinceAlbert a cikin 2012.  An buga tarihinta, *Flame and Song*, a cikin 2016.  

## Yarantaka da Ilimi
An haifi Philippa a Kampala, Uganda, a cikin shekarar 1964. Ita ce ƙaramar mawaƙiyar Uganda Christopher Henry Muwanga Barlow da Fayce Lois Watsemwa Barlow (née Kutosi).  Ta yi makarantar firamarenta Nakasero, sannan ta yi makarantar sakandare ta Gayaza.  Iyalanta sun bar Uganda da zama a Habasha lokacin da aka kashe Archbishop Luwum. Daga nan ta shiga Makarantar Sakandare ta Kenya inda ta yi matakan "O" da "A" Ta shiga Jami'ar Makerere kuma ta yi shekara guda a matsayin daliba na lokaci-lokaci a sashen Kiɗa, Rawa da Wasan kwaikwayo. A shekarar 1984 ta shiga Jami'ar Kenyatta don yin Digiri a Ilimi. Ta sauke karatu a 1987 tare da B.ED Hons a cikin Kiɗa da Adabi.
Cibiyar Tyndall

**Cibiyar Tyndall don Binciken Canjin Yanayi** wata kungiya ce da ke zaune a Burtaniya wacce ta haɗu da masana kimiyya, masana tattalin arziki, injiniyoyi da masana kimiyyar zamantakewa don "bincike, tantancewa da sadarwa ta hanyar hangen nesa na ladabtarwa, zaɓuɓɓukan ragewa, da abubuwan da ake buƙata don daidaita da sauyin yanayi a halin yanzu da kuma cigaba da ɗumamar yanayi, da kuma haɗa su cikin yanayin duniya, Birtaniya da na gida na ci gaba mai dorewa".

Cibiyar, mai suna bayan masanin kimiyyar lissafi na Irish na karni na 19 John Tyndall wanda aka kafa a 2000, yana da abokan haɗin gwiwa na Jami'ar Gabashin Anglia, Jami'ar Cardiff, Jami'ar Manchester, Jami'ar Newcastle. Jami'ar Fudan ta shiga haɗin gwiwar Cibiyar Tyndall a cikin 2011.

Cibiyar Tyndall tana da hedikwata, tare da Sashin Bincike na Yanayi, a cikin ginin Hubert Lamb a Jami'ar Gabashin Anglia . Daraktanta shine Farfesa Robert Nicholls a Jami'ar Gabashin Anglia kuma tsohon jami'ar Southampton. Tsofaffin darektocin Cibiyar Tyndall sun hada da Farfesa Corinne Le Quéré FRS CBE da Farfesa Sir Robert Watson darektoci na wucin gadi Carly Mclachlan da Farfesa Kevin Anderson, Farfesa Andrew Watkinson da Farfesa John Schellnhuber . Daraktan kafa shi ne Farfesa Mike Hulmem. Asher Minns babban darakta ne.

**Binciken Bincike**

Cibiyar Tyndall tana da manyan jigogi na bincike guda huɗu: Haɓɓaka sauye-sauye na zamantakewa, Gina juriya, Cin nasara da talauci tare da ayyukan yanayi, da Isar da iskar sifili.

Haɓɓaka sauye-sauyen zamantakewa jigon bincike ne wanda ke bada gudummawa ga haɓaka sauye-sauyen zamantakewa zuwa makomar sifiri-carbon, ta hanyar yin hulɗa tare da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da masana'antu don inganta ƙirar ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin carbon da tsoma baki da goyan bayan yanke shawara na tushen shaida.

Gina juriya yana binciko yadda za'a gina hanyoyin da zasu iya jure yanayin yanayi wanda ke rage rauni ga sauyin yanayi ta hanyar da ta dace tare da hanyoyin ragewa. Binciken yayi la'akari da haɗin kai da rikice-rikice tsakanin waɗannan hanyoyi da Manufofin Ci gaba mai Dorewa don nuna dama ga ayyukan dake da fa'ida a kan matakan da yawa da kuma kauce wa sakamakon da ba'a so ba.

Ta hanyar shawo kan batun binciken talauci, Cibiyar Tyndall ta gina fahimta game da yadda ayyuka kan sauyin yanayi ke cuɗanya da mu'amala tareda nau'ikan talauci da rashin daidaito aciki da tsakanin ƙasashe.

Isar da iskar sifili yana kimanta buƙatar saurin tarwatsewa acikin sashin makamashi da sufuri da kuma samar da makamashin halittu ta hanyar tsohon Supergen Bioenergy Hub wanda Manchester ke jagoranta,duk sun haɗu tareda amfani da ƙasa da amincin abinci. Muna bincika makamashi na kusa da na dogon lokaci da hayaƙi na gaba don masana'antu, sufuri da fasahohin watsawa mara kyau.

## Duba kuma

* Digiri na 4 da Bayan taron yanayi na duniya
* Canjin yanayi a Burtaniya
* Kevin Anderson (masanin kimiyya)
* Sashin Binciken Yanayi
* Daidaitawa ga dumamar yanayi
* Rage dumamar yanayi

## Manazarta


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Cibiyar Tyndall ta hukuma
* Babban Taron Rage Rage Fitar da Ragewa
Rashin tabbas ya Lafa

***Rashin Tabbacin Ya Zama*** labari ne game da yanayi, makamashi da noma. Mai shirya fina-finai na Dutch Marijn Poels ne ya shirya, kuma ya bada umarni, an fitarda fim din acikin 2017.

Sunan fim din yana nuni ne ga ikirarin cewa "kimiyya ta dai-daita", wanda mutane irin su Arnold Schwarzenegger da Al Gore sukayi.

A cikin fim din, Poels ya ziyarci masana kimiyyar yanayi na yau da kullum, da kuma mutanen da suka ki kimiyyar yanayi, kuma suna barin mai kallo ya zo ga nasu yanke shawara. Wadanda aka ziyarta sun hada da masu musanta sauyin yanayi Piers Corbyn, masanin ilmin taurari dan Burtaniya da kuma masanin kimiyyar hada baki, da kuma masanin kimiyyar kimiya na Burtaniya/ Ba'amurke Freeman Dyson.

Fim na farko na duniya ya faru ne a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 2017 a Berlin Independent Film Festival, nunawa a tarihin Kino Babila, inda ya lashe mafi kyawun fasalin shirin.

Har'ila yau, an nuna shi a Mindfield Film Festival Los Angeles, inda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Diamond don mafi kyawun takardun shaida, da kuma a bikin fina-finai masu zaman kansu na Paris, inda ya lashe mafi kyawun fasalin shirin.

An bada kyautar fim din a matsayin mafi kyawun shirin gaskiya.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*
Taron Sauyin Yanayi na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na 2003

**Taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2003;** ya gudana tsakanin 1-12 Disamba 2003 a Milan, Italiya. Taron ya haɗada taron kasashe karo na 9 (COP9) ga yarjejeniyar sauyin yanayi ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNFCCC). Bangarorin sun amince suyi amfani da asusun dai-daitawa da aka kafa a COP7 a shekara ta 2001, da farko wajen tallafawa ƙasashe masu tasowa da su dace da canjin yanayi. Hakanan za'a yi amfani da asusun don haɓɓaka iyawa ta hanyar canja wurin fasaha. A taron, jam'iyyun sun kuma amince da sake duba rahotannin kasa na farko da kasashe 110 da ba na *Annex* I suka gabatar ba.

## Manazarta
Taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na 1998

An gudanar da **taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na 1998,** a watan Nuwamba 1998 a Buenos Aires, Argentina. Taron ya haɗada taron kasashe karo na 4 (COP4) ga tsarin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi (UNFCCC). An yi tsammanin za'a kammala sauran batutuwan da ba'a warware su ba a Kyoto a wannan taron. Duk da haka, rikitarwa da wahalar samun yarjejeniya a kan waɗannan batutuwa sun kasance ba za a iya warwarewa ba, kuma a maimakon haka ɓangarorin sun amince da "Shirin Aiki" na shekaru 2 don cigaba da ƙoƙari da kuma tsara hanyoyin aiwatar da yarjejeniyar Kyoto, wanda za'a kammala nan da shekara ta 2000. A yayin taron, kasashen Argentina da Kazakhstan sun bayyana aniyarsu ta daukar nauyin rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli, ƙasashe biyu na farko da ba na Annex ba.

## Manazarta
Luca Pacioli

**Luca Bartolomeo de Pacioli** (wani lokaci *Paccioli* ko *Paciolo* ;   (1447 &#x2013; 19 Yuni 1517)  masanin lissafin Italiya ne, Franciscan friar, ya haɗa gwiwa tare da Leonardo da Vinci, kuma shine farkon wanda ya fara bada gudummawa a fannin lissafin kuɗi. Ana yi masa lakabi da **mahaifin lissafin kudi** (father of accounting) kuma shi ne mutum na farko da ya fara fito da tsarin **double entry system of book-keeping** a nahiyar.   Ana kuma masa lakabi da Luca **di Borgo, sunan garin su inda aka haifeshi** Borgo Sansepolcro, Tuscany .

Yawancin ayyukansa  anyi musu hankakankanci daga Piero della Francesca, a cikin abin da ake kira "watakila farkon matsalan hankakankanci (plagiarism) a cikin tarihin lissafi". 

## Rayuwa

An haifi **Luca Pacioli** a tsakanin 1446 zuwa 1448 a garin **Tuscan** na Sansepolcro inda ya sami ilimin abbaco. Wannan shi ake Kira da ilimin yaren gari ( *watau*, harshen gida) maimakon yaren harshen Latin kuma sannan ya mai da hankali akan ilimin da ake buƙata na 'yan kasuwa. Sunan Mahaifinsa Bartolomeo Pacioli; duk da haka, an ce Luca Pacioli ya zauna tare da iyalin Befolci tun yana yaro a garin sa na haihuwa Sansepolcro.  Ya yi hijira ya koma Venice a shekarar 1464, inda ya ci gaba da karatunsa yayin da kuma yake aikin karantarwa a matsayin malami dake karantar da 'ya'ya uku na wani dan kasuwa. A cikin wannan lokaci ne ya rubuta littafinsa na farko, wani littafi kan ilmin lissafi ga yaran da yake koyarwa. Tsakanin 1472 da 1475, ya zama ɗan fariar Franciscan .  Don haka, ana iya kiransa Fra ('Friar') Luca.

A cikin shekarar 1475, ya fara koyarwa a Perugia a matsayin malami mai zaman kansa kafin ya zama shugaba na farko a lissafi a 1477. A wannan lokacin, ya rubuta cikakken littafin karatu a cikin yaren gida domin ɗalibansa. Ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai koyar da ilimin lissafi mai zaman kansa kuma an umurce shi da ya daina karantarwa a wannan lokacin a cikin garin Sansepolcro a cikin 1491. A cikin 1494, littafinsa na farko shine,  , Wanda aka buga shi a garin Venice. A cikin 1497, ya karɓi sakon gayyata daga Duke Ludovico Sforza don yin aiki a Milan . A can ne ya had da, kuma ya koyar da ilimin lissafi, ya haɗa kai da kuma ya zauna tare da Leonardo da Vinci . A shekara ta 1499, Pacioli da Leonardo aka tilastawa barin Milan lokacin da Louis XII na Faransa ya kwace birnin kuma ya kori majiɓincinsu. Ya bayyana cewa a ƙarshe sun rabu a cikin shekarar 1506. Luca Pacioli ya mutu yana da shekaru 70 a ranar 19 ga watan Yuni 1517, wanda ake tunanin a garin Sansepolcro ne ya mutu inda anan ya kare yawancin rayuwarsa na ƙarshe. 

## Lissafi

Pacioli ya buga tare da wallafa ayyuka sa da yawa akan ilimin lissafi, Wanda ya haɗa da.

*


## Manazarta
Taron Sauyin Yanayi na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na 2005

**Taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na 2005** ya gudana tsakanin 28 ga Nuwamba zuwa Disamba 9, 2005, a Montreal, Quebec, Kanada. Taron ya haɗa da taron jam'iyyu karo na 11 (COP11) ga yarjejeniyar sauyin yanayi ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNFCCC), kuma shi ne *taron farko na jam'iyyun* (MOP1) kan yarjejeniyar Kyoto tun bayan ganawarsu ta farko a Kyoto a shekarar 1997.

Taron ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan tarukan gwamnatocin kasashen duniya kan sauyin yanayi.  Taron ya yi alamar shigar da yarjejeniyar Kyoto a ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairu 2005. Bayar da wakilai fiye da 10,000, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan al'amuran duniya na Kanada da kuma taro mafi girma a Montreal tun Expo 67.

Shirin Ayyukan Ayyukan Montreal yarjejeniya ce don "tsawaita rayuwar yarjejeniyar Kyoto fiye da ranar karewa ta 2012 da yin shawarwari mai zurfi acikin hayaƙi mai gurbata yanayi" ta hanyar fara shawarwari, ba tare da bata lokaci ba kan tsawaita yarjejeniya. Ministan muhalli na Kanada, a lokacin, Stéphane Dion, yace yarjejeniyar ta bada "taswirar nan gaba".

## Manazarta
Labaran DBC

**Labaran DBC** ( Bengali; Dhaka Bangla Channel) tauraron ɗan Adam ne na yaren Bengali da tashar talabijin ta USB, mallakar Dhaka Bangla Media & Communication Ltd.  Shugaban tashar shi ne Iqbal Sobhan Chowdhury, tsohon mai ba da shawara kan harkokin yada labarai ga Firayim Minista Sheikh Hasina .  Manajin Darakta Sahidul Ahsan kuma Shugaba & Edita a Babban Monjurul Islam. 

## Tarihi
A cikin shekarar 2013, Hukumar Kula da Sadarwa ta Bangladesh ta ba Iqbal Sobhan Chowdhury's Dhaka Bangla Media & Sadarwa lasisi don watsa shirye-shiryen "Dhaka-Bangla Television".  Hakanan ta sami rabon mitar ta a cikin watan Janairun 2015.  An ƙaddamar da tashar azaman Labaran DBC a ranar 21 ga watan Satumbar 2016. Sahidul Ahsan shi ne wanda ya kafa manajan darakta yayin da Monjurul Islam shi ne editan labarai na kafa. Buɗe taron ya samu halartar ministan kasuwanci Tofail Ahmed da ministan yaɗa labarai Hasanul Haq Inu .   An fara ne da watsa labaran ƙarfe 10 na safe.  A watan Disambar 2019, DBC News, tare da wasu tashoshi uku na gidan talabijin na Bangladesh, sun rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da UNICEF don watsa shirye-shirye game da batutuwan yara. 

### Tace da tashin hankali
A ranar 27 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2017, an kai wa ayarin motocin tsohuwar Firai Minista Khaleda Zia hari a gundumar Feni . Kamfanin dillancin labarai na DBC da sauran kungiyoyin labarai sun lalace a harin. Shirhan Sharif Tomal, shugaban kungiyar Jubo ta Bangladesh kuma dan Ministan kasa Shamsur Rahman Sherif, ya kai wa wakilin DBC News Partho Hasan hari a ranar 29 ga watan Nuwambar 2017.   'Yan sandan Bangladesh sun rufe mambobi takwas na Reshen Gano na ' Yan sandan Barisal Metropolitan Police saboda azabtar da wani mai daukar hoto na DBC a Barisal a ranar 12 ga watan Maris 2018.   Tawagar ‘yan sandan da suka kai wa dan jaridar hari na karkashin jagorancin karamin sufeto Abul Bashar.   A cewar Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka na shekarar 2017 gwamnatin Bangladesh ta tilastawa kamfanin dillancin labarai na DBC cire wani labari mai taken "Hasina ta Bangladesh Ta Cire Wani Kokarin Rayuwarta." An samo labarin zuwa tashar labarai ta Burma.

## Shirye-shirye
Rajkahon akan Labaran DBC shiri ne na zance na siyasa na farko wanda Sharmin Chowdhury, yar jarida ce ta talabijin.  Choturnogo nuni ne na mako-mako wanda ke nuna ɗaiɗaikun mutane daga fagen fasaha da nishaɗi.

## Manazarta
Munni Saha

**Munni Saha** ƴar jaridar Bangladesh ce kuma mai watsa shirye-shiryen talabijinwanda galibi ke aiki da Labaran ATN . Ita ce shugabar labarai ta ATN News,   babban jagoran watsa labarai na Bangladesh. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi

An haifi Saha a gundumar Munshiganj, Bangladesh a cikin 1969. Ta yi karatu a Eden Mohila College kuma ta sami B.Sc. (Mai girma) a cikin 1998. Ta kammala MA a fannin sadarwa da aikin jarida a Jami'ar Dhaka a 1994.

## Aiki

Saha ya fara ne a jaridar kasar Daily Ajker Kagoj a matsayin babban edita a kan tebur na kasa da kasa daga Mayu 1991 zuwa Janairu 1992.   Bayan haka, ta yi aiki tare da jaridar Daily Bhorer Kagoj ta kasa a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na ma'aikata. Ta kasance Wakilin Musamman na Ekushey TV a cikin 1999, Wakilin Musamman na ATN Bangla a cikin 2003 kuma Shugaban Labaran ATN a 2010.  Ta kasance babban editan ATN News tun 2016.  Ta fi mayar da hankali kan batutuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa da siyasa amma har da kiwon lafiya, mata da yara da suka hada da fataucin yara, cin zarafin mata kamar jifan acid, fyade da sauran nau'ikan danniya.

## Manazarta
Taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na 2004

An gudanar da **taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na shekara ta 2004** tsakanin (6 ga Disamba zuwa 17 ga Disamba, 2004), a Buenos Aires, Argentina. Taron ya haɗada taron ƙasashe karo na 10 (COP10) ga yarjejeniyar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi (UNFCCC).

Ɓangarorin sun tattauna irin cigaban da aka samu tun bayan taron farko na sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya shekaru goma da suka gabata da kuma ƙalubalen da zai fuskanta a nan gaba, tareda mai da hankali musamman kan dakile sauyin yanayi da daidaitawa. Don haɓɓaka ƙasashe masu tasowa mafi dacewa da sauyin yanayi, an ɗauki Buenos Aires Plan of Action.  Ɓangarorin sun kuma fara tattaunawa kan tsarin bayan Kyoto, kan yadda za'a ware wajibcin rage fitar da hayaƙi bayan shekarar 2012, lokacin da wa'adin farko ya kare.

## Manazarta
Taron Sauyin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2006

An gudanar, da **taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na shekara ta 2006** tsakanin ranekun ,6 zuwa 17 ga watan Nuwamba 2006 a birnin Nairobi na ƙasar Kenya. Taron ya haɗada taron kasashe na, 12 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi (UNFCCC) (COP12) da taro na biyu na yarjejeniyar Kyoto (MOP2).

A wajen taron, wakilin BBC Richard Black ya ƙirƙiro kalmar "masu yawon buɗe ido" don kwatanta wasu wakilan da suka halarci "don ganin Afirka, da ɗaukar nauyin namun daji, matalauta, yara da matan Afirka masu mutuwa". Black ya kuma lura cewa saboda damuwar wakilan game da tsadar tattalin arziki da kuma yiwuwar asarar gasa, yawancin tattaunawar sun gujewa duk wani ambaton rage hayaƙi. Baƙar fata ya ƙare da cewa shine rabuwa tsakanin tsarin siyasa da mahimmancin kimiyya. Duk da irin wannan sukar, an sami wasu matakai a COP12, ciki harda fannin tallafawa ƙasashe masu tasowa da tsarin cigaba mai tsafta.  Bangarorin sun amince da wani shiri na aiki na shekaru biyar don tallafawa daidaita sauyin yanayi daga kasashe masu tasowa, tare da cimma matsaya kan matakai da hanyoyin da za'a bi wajen aiwatar da asusun dai-daitawa. Sun kuma amince da inganta ayyukan domin tsaftataccen tsarin cigaba.

## Manazarta
Fim ɗin Vanishing Point (na 2012)

***Vanishing Point;*** shine fim ɗin 2012 na National Film Board of Canada wanda masu shirya fina-finai Alberta da masana kimiyyar muhalli Stephen A. Smith da Julia Szucs suka jagoranta, suna rayuwa acikin Arctic don al'ummomi biyu masu nisa waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ƙaura daga tsibirin Baffin zuwa Greenland. Navarana K'avigak' Sørensen, masanin ilimin harshe na Polyglot Ingguit ne ya bada labarin fim ɗin acikin Inuktitut wanda shine babban 'yar' yar'uwar wani shaman Island Baffin wanda ya jagoranci ƙaura a 1860.

Samar da fim ɗin ya ɗauki Smith da Szucs shekaru huɗu. Masu yin fina-finai sun raka Navarana akan tafiye-tafiyen farauta guda uku a fadin arewa mai nisa don *Vanishing Point*, wanda ya bambanta rayuwar gargajiya akan tundra tareda rayuwa acikin al'ummomin zamani. Fim ɗin ya kuma nuna tasirin raguwar ƙanƙarar tekun Arctic ga iyalai waɗanda har yanzu ke tafiya arewa ta ƙungiyar kare. Mawallafin marubucin Alberta Marina Endicott ne ya rubuta *Vanishing Point* kuma Szucs ne suka samar da shi tare da David Christensen don NFB. Fim ɗin da aka fara a Calgary International Film Festival kuma an zaɓi shi don mafi kyawun kayan aiki acikin 2nd Canadian Screen Awards.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* 
* Watch Vanishing Point on the NFB website
* ''Vanishing Point''  at Meltwater Media
Taron Vienna (1985)

**Taron Vienna;,** shine taro na farko na ƙasa da ƙasa game da lalata Layer Layer. An gudanar da shi a Vienna, Ostiriya acikin, shekara ta 1985 lokacin da aka ga rami a cikin Layer na ozone na stratospheric a cikin Pole ta Kudu wanda ke nuna karuwar UV-B akan Antarctica. Wani 'rami', wanda akayi masa alama da gagarumin faɗuwar ƙwayoyin Ozone acikin Layer, wanda ya kai na Amurka da wata tawagar Burtaniya ta gano. An amince da yarjejeniyar Vienna don Kariyar Ozone Layer a taron kuma ya fara aiki acikin 1987.  

## Manazarta
 
* Littafin Ilimin Muhalli na Beeta (don ICSE Examinations) -Buga Beeta (A Morning Star Venture)
Rage fitar da son rai

**Rage fitar da sa kai** ko **Tabbataccen Rage Fitarwa;** (VERs) wani nau'i ne na kashe iskar carbon da akayi musanya acikin kasuwar son rai ko kuma kan-kan-kan-kan don kiredit carbon. Tabbataccen Ragewar Fitarwa yawanci ana ba da takaddun shaida ta hanyar takaddun shaida na son rai.

Tabbataccen Rage Fitarwa yawanci ana ƙirƙira su ta ayyukan da aka tabbatar a wajen Yarjejeniyar Kyoto . Daya VER yayi daidai da tonne 1 na hayakin CO2. Ta hanyar waɗannan tsare-tsare, masana'antu da dai-dai Kun jama'a na son raɗaɗin raɗaɗin hayakinsu ko ba da ƙarin gudummawa don rage sauyin yanayi.

Ana iya haɓakawa da ƙididdige VERs bisa ga ɗaya daga cikin ƙa'idodin VER da yawa. Waɗannan sun tsara ƙa'idodi waɗanda ke bayyana yadda ake auna raguwar hayaƙi. Ƙa'idoji suna ba da tabbaci ga masu siyan VERs. Aƙalla, duk VERs ya kamata wani ɓangare na uku mai zaman kansa ya tabbatar da shi.

## Duba kuma

* CEB VER
* Matsayin Carbon Na Sa-kai
* CDM Gold Standard
* Tabbataccen Rage Fitarwa

## Manazarta
Yadda Za A Tafi: Rayuwa a Ƙarshen Daular

***Abin da hanyar da za a bi: Rayuwa a Ƙarshen Daular*** shi ne fim ɗin shirin 2007 da aka rubuta, wanda Timothy S. Bennett ya bada umarni kuma ya ruwaito.

An tattauna batutuwa irin su ƙololuwar mai, sauyin yanayi da illolin ɗumamar yanayi, da yawan jama'a da ɓacewar jinsuna, da kuma yadda lamarin ya faru. Takardun shaida yana nuna bayanan tallafi da kuma tambayoyin Daniel Quinn, mai fafutukar kare muhalli Derrick Jensen da masana ilimi irinsu Richard Heinberg da sauran su.

Tambarin shirin shine, "Wani farar fata mai matsakaicin matsayi yazo ya kama Peak Oil, Canjin Yanayi, Rage yawan Jama'a, Yawan Jama'a da kuma mutuwar salon rayuwar Amurka."

## Duba kuma

* Bacewar Holocene
* Kashe bashi

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Bita akan The Social Contract Press
* "Haɗu da Masu Fim", hirar Sally Erickson da Tim Bennett 
*   
* "Menene Hanya Don Tafi: Rayuwa a Ƙarshen Daular" a www.cultureunplugged.com
Samfurin Yanayi na Al'umma Gaba ɗaya

Ana amfani da **Tsarin Yanayi na Al'umma Gaba ɗaya;** (WACCM) don samar da kwamfiyuta na matakai masu ƙarfi da ke hulɗa tsakanin tsarin ƙasa da kuma hasken rana waɗanda ke tasiri akan yanayin duniya. An ƙirƙiri ainihin ƙirar ƙirar a kusa da ƙarshen ƙarni  tare da kuma mafi yawan kwanan nan, sigar 6 (WACCM6), wanda aka saki a cikin shekarar 2019. Samfurin Yanayi na Al'umma gaba ɗaya tare da thermosphere da tsawo na ionosphere (WACCM-X) yana ƙaddamar da samfurin zuwa yanayin sararin samaniya da yanayin sararin samaniya.

## Manazarta
Taron sauyin yanayi na duniya, a Moscow

An gudanar da **taron sauyin yanayi na duniya** a birnin Moscow daga ranar 29 ga Satumba zuwa 3 ga Oktoban shekarar 2003. Shugaban ƙasar Rasha Vladimir Putin ne ya dauki matakin kiran taron. Tarayyar Rasha ce ta kira taron, kuma ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa ciki harda Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniyahttp://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N02/556/36/PDF/N0255636.pdf?OpenElement  sun goyi bayan taron. Bai kamata a ruɗe shi da taron yanayi na duniya ba.

## Sharhi
Rahoton taƙaitaccen taronhttps://web.archive.org/web/20031210123748/http://www.wccc2003.org/report.htm, wanda aka amince da shi a ƙarshen taron, Oktoba 3, 2003, ya amince da yarjejeniya da IPCC TAR ta wakilta:

: *Ƙungiyar gwamnatoci kan sauyin yanayi (IPCC) ta samar da tushen mafi yawan fahimtar ilimin da muke da shi a wannan fanni a cikin rahoton kimantawa na uku (TAR) a cikin 2001.* *Yawancin al'ummomin kimiyya na kasa da kasa sun yarda da gamammiyar ra'ayinsu na cewa sauyin yanayi yana faruwa, da farko sakamakon hayaƙin iskar gas da iska da mutane ke fitarwa, kuma hakan na wakiltar barazana ga mutane da muhallin halittu.* *An gabatar da wasu fassarori na kimiyya daban-daban kuma an tattauna su a cikin taron.*

Andreas Fischlin, mahalarta taron kuma marubucin IPCC ya soki taron, yana mai cewa:

: *Koyaya, game da abubuwan kimiyya na taron, dole ne mu ma mu yi kokawa da matsaloli masu yawa. Abin takaici, ba wai kawai manyan masana kimiyya sun halarta ba, har ma da wasu abokan aikin da suka yi amfani da taron don bayyana ra'ayin mutum, ra'ayoyin siyasa dangane da ƙimar kimar maimakon gaskiyar kimiyya da tsattsauran ra'ayi, fahimtar kimiyya da cikakkiyar fahimta. Ta haka, na yi imani, an keta ƙa'idodin halayen kimiyya da yawa sau da yawa kuma wani lokacin, ina jin tsoron faɗin haka, ko da a tsari. Wannan ya bambanta sosai tare da ka'idodin da IPCC ta amince da shi ( [[Kungiyar gwamnatoci a kan Canjin Yanayi|Kwamitin Gudanar da Harkokin Gudanar da Harkokin Gudanar da Harkokin Kasuwanci]] ), wanda ke ba da damar kawai don tantance ilimin halin yanzu bisa ga mafi kyawun samuwa, ƙwararrun wallafe-wallafen kimiyya da suka sake nazarin wallafe-wallafen da ba su ba da izini ga duk wani hukunci na kimiya ba, bari. kadai shawarwarin manufofin.* 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* https://web.archive.org/web/20031202202344/http://www.wccc2003.org/index_e.htm - kwafin da aka adana daga Injin Wayback
* Bayan Tunanin Kan Taron Canjin Yanayi na Duniya na 2003 Andreas Fischlin, mahalarta taron kuma marubucin IPCC ya shirya. 

## Manazarta
Sabis na Kula da Glacier na Duniya

An fara **Sabis na Kula da Glacier na Duniya;**(WGMS) acikin 1986, tare da haɗa tsoffin ayyuka biyu na PSFG (Sabis na Dindindin akan Sauye-sauye na Glaciers) da TTS/WGI (Sakataren Fasaha na wucin gadi/Inventory Glacier na Duniya). Sabis ne na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya na Kimiyyar Cryospheric na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya na Geodesy da Geophysics (IACS, IUGG), da kuma tsarin Bayanan Duniya na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na Kimiyya (WDS, ICSU), kuma yana aiki a ƙarƙashin kulawar Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNEP), Hukumar Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al’adu ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNESCO), da Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya (WMO).

WGMS ya dogara ne a wata cibiya a Jami'ar Zurich a Switzerland, kuma Daraktan Sabis ɗin shine Michael Zemp. Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ce ke tallafawa.

WGMS "yana tattara dai-daitattun abubuwan lura akan canje-canje a cikin taro, girma, yanki da tsayin glaciers tare da lokaci (sauyiwar Ƙanƙara), da kuma bayanan ƙididdiga akan rarraba kankara na perennial a sararin samaniya (kayayyakin glacier). Irin wannan jujjuyawar dusar ƙanƙara da bayanan ƙididdiga sune manyan mahimmancin maɓalli masu mahimmanci a sa ido kan tsarin yanayi; suna kafa tushe don ƙirar ruwa dangane da yiwuwar tasirin ɗumamar yanayi, kuma suna ba da mahimman bayanai a cikin glaciology, glacial geomorphology da quaternary geology. Irin wannan jujjuyawar dusar ƙanƙara da bayanan ƙididdiga sune manyan mahimmancin maɓalli masu mahimmanci a sa ido kan tsarin yanayi; suna kafa tushe don ƙirar ruwa dangane da yiwuwar tasirin ɗumamar yanayi, kuma suna ba da mahimman bayanai a cikin glaciology, glacial geomorphology da quaternary geology. Ana samun mafi girman yawan bayanai ga Alps da Scandinavia, inda akwai dogon bayanan da ba a yankewa ba."

"Tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Cibiyar Bayanan Dusar ƙanƙara da Ƙanƙara ta Amurka (NSIDC), da kuma shirin Global Land Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS), WGMS ne ke kula da Cibiyar Sadarwar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Glaciers (GTN-G) acikin GTOS/GCOS. GTN-G yana nufin haɗawa,(a) abubuwan lura acikin wurin tare da bayanan da aka sani daga nesa,(b) aiwatar da fahimtar juna tare da ɗaukar hoto na duniya da,(c) ma'auni na gargajiya tare da sabbin fasahohi ta hanyar amfani da dabarun haɗaka da matakai masu yawa"

## Bayanan kula


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Sabis na Kula da Glacier na Duniya
* Canje-canje na Glaciers VII, 1990-1995
Ra'ayin Duniya game da Ɗumamar Duniya

***Ra'ayin Duniya game da Dumamar Duniya***: Wani shiri ne duniya wanda Hukumar Fasaha ta Danish ta fara, a lokacin taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na sauyin yanayi(COP15), da'aka gudanar a Copenhagen a Disamba 2009.

Ra'ayin Faɗin Duniya akan Ɗumamar Duniya (ko kawai WWViews), wani shiri ne na sa hannun 'yan ƙasa na ƙasa da ƙasa, bisa hanyoyin da Hukumar Fasaha ta Danish ta ƙirƙira don shigar da 'yan ƙasa cikin tsarin yanke shawara na siyasa.

## Hanyar WWViews
A ranar 26 ga Satumba, 2009 ne aka gudanar da tarukan ayyukan ra'ayi na duniya a lokaci guda, a duk ƙasashen da suka halarci taron, kuma a wannan rana 'yan ƙasar sunyi muhawara iri ɗaya kan batutuwan da aka fitar a ainihin taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na Disamba 2009. Dangane da tattaunawa da aka tsara da kuma tsararru da kuma gabatar da ƙwararrun 'yan ƙasa-100 a kowace ƙasa-sun yanke shawara game da tarin tambayoyi da matsalolin da suka shafi bangarori daban-daban na muhawarar yanayi. An ɗora sakamakon binciken a ko'ina cikin yini kuma ana samunsu a bainar jama'a akan gidan yanar gizon ayyukan (se hanyar haɗin da ke ƙasa). Wasu amsoshi ana iya ƙididdige su, suna bada izinin kwatanta ƙididdiga, amma akasin binciken yau da kullun hanyoyin da akayi amfani da su don WWViews kuma sun ba mahalarta zaɓi na tattauna tambayoyi a waje da ƙara cancantar amsoshin.

Ra'ayin Duniya game da dumamar yanayi ya bai wa 'yan ƙasa a duk faɗin duniya damar yin tasiri ga yanke shawara na siyasa game da yanayin duniya, saboda tarurrukan sun ba 'yan ƙasa damar bayyana yadda suke son barin 'yan siyasa su shiga cikin gwagwarmayar rage CO. fitarwa.

## Abokan hulɗar WWViews
Fiye da 'yan ƙasa 4000 da ke wakiltar ƙasashe 38 a duk faɗin duniya sun shiga ra'ayi mai faɗi game da ɗumamar duniya, waɗanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen faɗaɗa ci gaban aikin WWViews. Matsayin abokan hulɗa shine gudanar da tarukan ƙasa da na yanki a madadin WWviews. Idan ba tare da taimakon waɗannan abokan haɗin gwiwa daga ko'ina cikin duniya ba, WWViews ba zaiyi nasara ba.

## WWViews akan bambancin halittu
Jagoran zuwa taron Yarjejeniyar Diversity na Halittu na Jam'iyyun (COP 11) game da bambancin halittu a Indiya 2012, an gudanar da tarurrukan 'yan ƙasa 34 a cikin ƙasashe 25 a duk faɗin duniya a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 2012, wanda ya ƙunshi tsofaffin tsofaffi da sabbin abokan tarayya 42 da ginawa kan tsarin. abubuwan da suka faru daga Faɗin Duniya akan ɗumamar Duniya a matsayin wani ɓangare na sabon aikin Ra'ayin Duniya, Ra'ayin Faɗin Duniya akan Rayayyun halittu.

Ƙara koyo game da aikin akan shafin farko na hukum.

## Manazarta
  

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* 
* Video documentary about World Wide Views on Biodiversity, October 17 2012
Noor Hanim Ismail

**Noor Hanim binti Ismail** (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga watan Oktoban 1962), 'yar siyasar Malaysia ce kuma tsohuwar 'yar majalisar dokokin jihar Selangor da ke wakiltar Seri Serdang daga watan Mayun 2013 zuwa watan Mayun 2018 don Jam'iyyar Musulunci ta Malaysia (PAS) a cikin haɗin gwiwar adawa ta Pakatan Rakyat (PR).

## Sakamakon zaɓe

## Manazarta
Foundation College of Technology

* **Foundation College of Technology** polytechnic ce mai zaman kanta  wacce ke kan titin Ikot Idem Offikono, Ikot Ekpene Jihar Akwa Ibom, a kudu maso gabashin Najeriya.  

## Fage
An kafa cibiyar a cikin 2013. Hukumar kula da ilimin fasaha ta kasa (NBTE) ta ba ta izinin amincewa da dukkan shirye-shiryenta a shekarar 2014 tare da hukumar shirya jarabawar shiga jami’o’i ta kasa (JAMB) ta sanya ta a matsayin daya daga cikin cibiyoyin da masu neman shiga za su zabi shiga. Shirye-shiryen cibiyar an yi niyya ne don samar da waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri waɗanda za su iya yin aiki a ƙasa da matsakaicin cadre na wuraren aiki na hi-tech ko jagora a farawa a fagen fasaha. 

## Darussa
Cibiyar tana ba da darussa daban-daban a karkashin wadannan sassan; 

* Computer Software Engineering Technology
* Electrical/Electronic Engineering Technology
* Management Technology
* Networking and System Security
* Petroleum Engineering Technology 

## Duba kuma
List of Polytechnics in Nigeria

## Nassoshi
Zainal Abidin Sakom

**Zainal Abidin bin Sakom** (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1950) ɗan siyasan Malaysia ne kuma a halin yanzu a matsayin shugaban kungiyar kawar da talauci .

## Sakamakon Zaɓe

## Daraja

### Darajar Malaysia

*  :
**  Member of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (AMN) (1995)
*  :
**  Knight Companion of the Order of Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah (DSSA) – **Dato**' (1996)

## Manazarta
Adesuwa Obasuyi

**Adesuwa Obasuyi** (an haife ta a watan Fabrairun 1990, a Najeriya) 'yar Najeriya ce mai fafutukar kare muhalli, mai bada shawara kan sauyin yanayi, kuma shine wanda ya ƙaddamar da cigaban Afirka Cities and Communities Initiative-ƙungiyar mai zaman kanta da ke mai da hankali kan sharar gida, da sarrafa bayanan sharar gida a Najeriya da Afirka.  A halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin Manajan manufofin sauyin yanayi a Babban Hukumar Burtaniya, Abuja.

## Rayuwar farko da ta sirri
Ta halarci Jami'ar Jihar Delta, kuma ta sami digiri na farko a Biochemistry a 2010; ta ƙara samun digiri na biyu a fannin kula da ingancin muhalli (2014-2017), daga jami'ar Benin.

## Sana'a
A farkon aikinta, tayi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike yayin da take bada shawarar yanayi da sauyin yanayi. Adesuwa Obasuyi ita ce wadda ta ƙaddamar da wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta da ke kula da muhalli a Najeriya da Afirka, mai suna Sustainable Africa Cities and Communities Initiative. Ta kai matsayin Manajan Ayyuka a Sustainable Africa Waste Initiative (SAWI), wacce kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke mai da hankali kan sharar da bayanai a Najeriya da Afirka.  Ta ci gaba da zama jakadiyar TeachSDGS. Ita kuma jakadiya ce ta ƙungiyar Matasa ta Duniya. A halin yanzu, tana aiki a Babban Hukumar Burtaniya, Abuja a matsayin mai kula da manufofin sauyin yanayi. Tana da gogewa da yawa a aikin sa kai. Tayi aikin sa kai tare da ƙungiyar matasan Najeriya SDGs network (a matsayin memba kuma mai bada shawara), ta ɗauki wannan shara, da ƙungiyar masu yiwa ƙasa hidima ta NYSC/NDLEA a Bayelsa. mutane acikin yanke shawara. Ita ce Wakiliyar Ƙasa ta Cibiyar Tattalin Arzikin Da'irar Tattalin Arziki ta Afirka kuma Mai Shirya Gari don Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki. Ita kuma Jakadiyar Yanayi ta Matasa ta Duniya, kuma Jakada ce ta koyar da SDGs.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* https://ng.linkedin.com/in/ade-obasuyi
Jerin ƙasashe na ƙarfin carbon na GDP

**JerinYa sashe ta ƙarfin carbon na GDP;** ya bambanta ƙasashe ta ƙarfin fitar su. Ƙarfin Carbon ko ƙarfin fitar da GDP, wani ma'auni ne da ke kimanta adadin iskar carbon dioxide(CO2) da aka samar a kowane ɓangare na GDP. Yana bada alamar yadda tattalin arziƙi yayi amfani da albarkatun carbon dake da inganci don samar da kayan aikin tattalin arziki. Ƙarƙashin ƙarfin carbon yana nuna ƙarancin CO2 da ake fitarwa don samar da wani matakin da aka bada fitarwa na tattalin arziki, yana nuna ingantaccen tattalin arzikin carbon.

## Jerin

### Kasashe
Ƙasashe ta hanyar ƙarfin carbon na GDP. Ana auna ƙarfin carbon ta hanyar iskar CO2, a kilogiram a kowace dalar duniya,(dalar Amurka da aka dai-daita don siyan ikon siyan)na fitowar tattalin arziki.

### Yankunan duniya

### Ƙungiyoyin shiga

## Ci gaban tarihi
Haɓɓaka fitar da iskar CO2 a kilogiram, a kowace dalar ƙasa da ƙasa na fitowar tattalin arziƙi a manyan ƙasashe na tsawon lokaci.

## Manazarta
Jerin ƙasashe ta hanyar fitar da iskar gas

Wannan **jerin ƙasashe ne ta jimillar iskar gas (GHG) da ake fitarwa kowace shekara;** acikin 2016. Ya dogara ne akan bayanai don carbon dioxide, methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N20), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) da kuma hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) da aka tattara ta Cibiyar Albarkatun Duniya (WRI). Teburin da ke ƙasa daban yana ba da bayanan fitar da hayaki da aka ƙididdige su bisa tushen samarwa, bi da bi da amfani da kayayyaki da ayyuka a kowace ƙasa. Bayanan WRI sun haɗa da hayaƙi daga amfani da ƙasa, canjin amfanin ƙasa da gandun daji, bayanan aikin Carbon na Duniya bayayi. Naúrar da aka yi amfani da ita ita ce megatons na carbon dioxide daidai (MtCO2e) ta amfani da sararin sama na shekaru 100, kamar UNFCCC. Duk kasashen da ke cikin yarjejeniyar Paris suna ba da rahoton abubuwan da suka samar da iskar gas a kalla a kowace shekara daga 2024.

## Jerin ƙasashe ta hanyar samarwa da hayaƙin da ake amfani da su

## Duba kuma

* Jerin ƙasashe ta hanyar iskar carbon dioxide
* Jerin ƙasashe ta hanyar iskar carbon dioxide ga kowane mutum
* Jerin ƙasashe ta hanyar fitar da iskar gas ga kowane mutum
* Jerin ƙasashe ta hanyar samar da wutar lantarki mai sabuntawa
* Gajimaren launin ruwan Asiya
* Canjin yanayi
* Amfani da ƙasa, canjin amfanin ƙasa, da gandun daji

## Manazarta
Jerin ƙasashe ta hanyar fitar da iskar gas ga kowane mutum

Wannan **jerin kasashe ne da jimillar iskar gas mai gurɓata yanayi (GHG) ke fitarwa kowane mutum** a shekara. Yana bayar da bayanai dangane da lissafin tushen samar da iskar carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, perfluorocarbon, hydrofluorocarbon, da sulfur hexafluoride (ma'ana hayaƙi acikin yankin da'aka bayar), wanda Cibiyar Albarkatun Duniya ta tattara, kuma ta raba ta kiyasin yawan jama'a na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (na Yuli 1) na wannan shekarar. Bayanan da aka fitar ba su haɗada canjin amfanin ƙasa da gandun daji (LULUCF), ko hayaƙin da ake amfani da su daga waje. Duk ƙasashen da ke cikin yarjejeniyar Paris suna bada rahoton abubuwan da suka samar da iskar gas aƙalla a kowace shekara daga 2024. An ƙiyasta jimillar fitar da hayaƙi a duniya ya kai kimanin tan biliyan 50 a shekara (ciki harda LULUCF), wanda yawan jama'ar duniya ya raba kusan tan 6 da rabi ga mutum a kowace shekara. Domin cimma burin Yarjejeniyar Paris na kasa da 1.5°C ya tashi zuwa 2050, matsakaita fitar da kowane mutum zai buƙaci kusan tan 2 ga kowane mutum nan da 2030. An bada shawarar cewa a sanya harajin carbon akan kasashe fiye da matsakaicin kuɗaɗen da aka tara ga ƙasashen da ke karkashin matsakaicin matsakaici.

## Jerin ƙasashe ta hanyar samar da hayaƙi

## Duba kuma

* Jerin ƙasashe ta hanyar iskar carbon dioxide ga kowane mutum
* Jerin ƙasashe ta hanyar fitar da iskar gas
* Jerin ƙasashe ta hanyar iskar carbon dioxide
* Gajimaren launin ruwan Asiya
* Canjin yanayi
* Amfanin ƙasa, canjin amfanin ƙasa, da gandun daji (LULUCF)

## Manazarta
Jerin batutuwan injiniyan yanayi

Batutuwan aikin injiniyan yanayi masu alaƙa da gyaran iskar gas sun haɗada:

## Gudanar da hasken rana

* Gudanar da hasken rana
* Stratospheric sulfur aerosols (injin yanayi)
* Gajimaren ruwa yana haskakawa
* Rufin sanyi
* Space sunshade
* Injection na Stratospheric don Injiniyan Yanayi

## Kawar da carbon dioxide

* Kawar da carbon dioxide
* Kawar da iskar gas
* Biochar
* Bio-makamashi tare da kama carbon da ajiya
* Rarraba carbon
* Kama iska kai tsaye
* Takin teku
* Ingantattun yanayi
* Kamun iskar Carbon

### Sauran gyaran iskar gas

* Kawar da iskar gas
* CFC Laser photochemistry

## Sauran ayyukan

* Arctic geoengineering
* Cirrus Cloud Thinning

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* ''Taswirar Geoengineering mai hulɗa''  da ETC Group da Gidauniyar Heinrich Boell suka shirya
Jerin lokuta da abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin yanayi

**Jerin lokuta da abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin yanayi;** sun haɗada wasu fitattun al'amuran yanayi da aka sani ga ilmin halitta. Sanin ainihin abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi yana raguwa yayin da rikodin ya cigaba da komawa baya. Jadawalin lokacin glaciation ya ƙunshi shekarun ƙanƙara musamman, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da sunaye nasu don matakai, galibi tareda sunaye daban-daban da ake amfani da su a sassa daban-daban na duniya. Sunayen lokuta da abubuwan da suka faru a baya sun fito ne daga ilimin ƙasa da ilmin ɓurɓushin halittu. Ana amfani da matakan isotope na ruwa (MIS) sau da yawa don bayyana saduwa acikin Quaternary.

## Kafin shekaru miliyan 1 da suka wuce

Sikeli: Miliyoyin shekaru kafin yanzu, kwanakin baya kusan.

## Pleistocene
Duk kwanakin sun yi kusan."(BS)" yana nufin wannan shine ɗayan lokuta daga jerin Blytt-Sernander, wanda ya samo asali ne akan nazarin fastocin Danish peat.

## Holocene
Duk kwanakin BC (BCE) ne kuma kusan. "(BS)" yana nufin wannan shine ɗayan lokuta daga jerin Blytt-Sernander, wanda ya samo asali ne akan binciken da ake yi na peat bogs na Danish.

### Zamanin gama gari/AD

* Canjin yanayi na 535-536 (535-536 AD), sanyin kwatsam da gazawar girbi, watakila ƙura mai aman wuta ta haifar.
* 900-1300 Lokacin Ɗumi na Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Turai.
** Babban Yunwar 1315-1317 a Turai
* Ƙananan shekarun Ice: Kwanaki daban-daban tsakanin 1250 zuwa 1550 ko kuma daga baya ana gudanar da su don alamar farkon shekarun ƙanƙara, yana ƙarewa a daidai daidaitattun kwanakin a kusa da 1850.
** 1460-1550 Spörer Mafi ƙarancin sanyi
** 1656–1715 Maunder Mafi ƙarancin ayyukan taswirar rana
** 1790–1830 Dalton Mafi ƙarancin aikin faɗuwar rana, sanyi
** Shekara ta 1816 Ba tare da Lokacin bazara ba, wanda ƙura mai aman wuta na Dutsen Tambora ya haifar
* 1850-Yanzu Komawar glaciers tun 1850, rikodin zafin jiki na kayan aiki
* dumamar yanayi na yanzu da na baya-bayan nan, watakila za a sanya masa suna zamanin Anthropocene

## Duba kuma

* Canjin yanayi (yanzu)
* Canjin yanayi (gaba ɗaya ra'ayi)
* Yanayi a kan iyakar Cretaceous-Paleogene
* Tarihin thermal na Duniya
* Rikodin yanayin yanayin yanayin ƙasa
Haɗin gwiwar Yanayi na Indiya

**Haɗin gwiwar Yanayi na Indiya;** (ICC) wani shiri ne da masu agaji daga Indiya sukayi, don fahimtar ƙalubalen da ke tattare da sauyin yanayi da kuma nemo mafita ga rikicin yanayi. An fara shirin acikin 2018, kuma an ƙaddamar da shirin acikin Janairu 2020.

## Magana
Babban manufar gamayya ita ce kafa labarin yanayi na Indiya kawai da kuma gano mafita ga mummunan tasirin sauyin yanayi. Zai zama dandali don "muryoyi daban-daban, sabbin hanyoyin warwarewa, da saka hannun jari na gamayya." A cikin 2018, Indiya ta kasance ta 5 a cikin kasashe 181 a matsayin al'ummar da ta fi yawan mace-mace sakamakon sauyin yanayi.

## Mahalarta
Masu bada agaji guda ɗaya sun haɗa da, Ratan Tata, Rohini Nilekani, Nadir Godrej, Anand Mahindra, Aditi Premji, Rishad Premji, Vidya Shah, da Hemendra Kothari.

Cibiyar Makamashi da Albarkatu (TERI), Cibiyar Kimiyya da Muhalli, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology & the Environment, Center for Policy Research, India School of Business, World Resources Institute, Shakti Sustainable Energy Foundations, Jama'a Archive for Rural India ( PARI), Gidauniyar Swades, Binciken Ci gaban Indiya (IDR), SELCO, da Jami'ar Oxford wasu daga cikin kungiyoyin ilimi da bincike ne da ke da alaƙa da gama kai.

Shloka Nath na Tata Trusts shine Babban Darakta.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Gidan yanar gizon hukuma
Jerin shirye-shiryen canjin yanayi

Wannan **jerin ''shirye-shiryen canjin yanayi'' ne na** shirye-shiryen siyasa na ƙasa da ƙasa, yanki, da na gida don daukar mataki kan sauyin yanayi (ɗumamar yanayi).

Shirin Ayyukan Yanayi (CAP) wani tsari ne na dabarun da akayi niyya don jagorantar ƙoƙarin rage sauyin yanayi. 

## Shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa

* Yarjejeniyar tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi
* Kyoto Protocol
* Haɗin gwiwar Ayyukan Carbon Ta Duniya
* Cibiyar Muhalli ta Duniya
* Shirin Aikin Shekara Bakwai Na Musulmi Kan Sauyin Yanayi
* Yarjejeniyar Paris
* Taron Jam'iyyun

### Turai

### Amirka ta Arewa

## Shirye-shiryen kasa

## Shirye-shiryen gida

### Amurka

### Kanada
A matakin birni da yanki, birane da yawa sun ƙirƙiri tsare-tsaren ayyukan sauyin yanayi. Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Kanada suna daidaita ayyukan yanayi na gida ta hanyar shirin da ake kira Partners for Climate Protection.

#### Shirye-shiryen lardi

#### Shirye-shiryen yanki ko na birni

## Duba kuma

* Jerin yarjejeniyar muhalli
* Gudunmawar da aka ƙaddara ta ƙasa (NDC)
* Shirye-shiryen sauyin yanayi na yanki a Amurka

## Manazarta

## Ƙara karantawa

*  

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Kwamitin Tsakanin gwamnatoci kan Canjin Yanayi
* Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin yanayi
* US Clean Energy States - ƙawancen jihohin Amurka suna aiki tare don haɓaka makamashi mai sabuntawa
* Biranen don Kariyar Yanayi - raguwar hayakin iskar gas na gida, haɓaka ingancin iska, da haɓaka rayuwar birni
* Lissafin hukuma na Tsare-tsaren Ayyukan Aiki na gida a California na 2019
* Kirsten Engel da Barak Orbach, Micro-Motives for State and Local Local Change Initiatives *Harvard Law &amp;amp; Policy Review*, Vol. 2, pp.&nbsp;119-137, 2008
* Tsarin aikin yanayi na Najeriya, https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/Nigeria/1/Approved%20Nigeria's%20INDC_271115.pdf
Jerin jam'iyyun da ke cikin yarjejeniyar Kyoto

Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2013, akwai bangarori 192 da ke cikin **yarjejeniyar Kyoto** ga Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi, wanda ke da nufin yaki da dumamar yanayi. Wannan jimillar ya haɗada jihohi 191 (ƙasashe membobin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya 189 da tsibirin Cook da Niue) da ƙungiyar ƙasa ɗaya (Tarayyar Turai). Kanada tayi watsi da ƙa'idar ta aiki 15 Disamba 2012 kuma ta daina kasancewa memba daga wannan ranar.

Tare da wa'adin yarjejeniyar 2008-2012 ya ƙare, an amince da gyaran Doha ga yarjejeniyar Kyoto, wanda ke kafa sabbin alkawurra na lokacin 2013-2020. Ya zuwa Oktoba 2020, jihohi 147 sun karɓi wannan gyara.

## Jam'iyyu
Sa hannu na zaɓi ne, yana nuna niyyar amincewa da yarjejeniya. Tabbatarwa yana nufin cewa ƙasa tana da alaƙa da tanade-tanaden yarjejeniyar bisa doka. Ga jam'iyyun Annex I (misali jihar da ta ci gaba ko kuma wacce ke da 'tattalin arziki a cikin mika mulki') wannan yana nufin cewa ta amince da rage fitar da hayaki bisa ka'ida.

Iceland ita ce jiha ta 55 da ta amince da ita, inda ta cika sharadi na farko don fara aiki. Tare da amincewa da Rasha an gamsu da "kashi 55 na kashi 1990 na hayakin carbon dioxide na jam'iyyun da ke cikin Annex I" kuma yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2005. Ya zuwa Oktoba na 2020, jihohi 147 sun yarda da gyaran Doha. Zai fara aiki daga ranar 31 ga Disamba 2020.

## Tsoffin jam'iyyun

## Sa hannu

## Ba masu rattaba hannu ko jam’iyyu ba
Ya zuwa shekarar 2022 akwai ƙasashe memba na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, ko masu sa ido hudu waɗanda ba sa cikin yarjejeniyar, dukkansu mambobi ne na UNFCCC: Andorra,Holy See,Palestine, Sudan ta Kudu.

## Bayanan kula

## Manazarta
Jerin jihohin Amurka da yankuna ta hanyar fitar da iskar carbon dioxide

Wannan **jerin jahohi da yankuna ne na Amurka ta hanyar iskar carbon dioxide,** don amfani da makamashi, da kowane mutum da kuma ta yanki.

Jihar da tafi yawan iskar carbon dioxide, ita ce Texas kuma mafi ƙanƙanta, ita ce Vermont. Jihar da ke da mafi girman iskar carbon dioxide ga kowane mutum ita ce Wyoming kuma mafi ƙanƙanta ita ce New York.

## Tebur

## See also

* Tushen gas na Greenhouse da Amurka ke fitarwa
* Jerin ƙasashe ta hanyar iskar carbon dioxide
* Manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga fitar da iskar gas

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Fitar Carbon Dioxide Mai Dangantakar Makamashi ta Jiha, 2000-2015