Yanayin ƙasar Bermuda

Bermuda (a hukumance, Tsibirin Bermuda ko Tsibirin Somers) yanki ne na ketare na Burtaniya a Arewacin Tekun Atlantika.  Tana kusa da gabar tekun gabas na Amurka, tana da nisan kilomita 1,770 (1,100 mi) arewa maso gabas na Miami, Florida, da kilomita 1,350 (840 mi) kudu da Halifax, Nova Scotia, kilomita 1,750 (1,090 mi) kudu-maso-kudu maso yamma na SaintFrance, kilomita 350 daga SaintFrance.  (1,919 mi) yamma da Fajã Grande, Ilha des Flores, Açores, Portugal, kilomita 3,051 (1,896 mi) arewa-arewa maso yamma na Nascente do Panarî, Brazil (da kilomita 3,394 (2,109 mi) daga Oiapoque, Brazil), kilomita 1,79 daga Oiapoque, Brazil, kilomita 1,79  da arewa-maso-gabas na San Juan, Puerto Rico.  Ƙasa mafi kusa ita ce Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, kimanin kilomita 1,040 (650 mi) yamma-arewa maso yamma, sai Cape Sable Island, Nova Scotia, Kanada mai nisan kilomita 1,236 (768 mi) arewa.  Ko da yake galibi ana magana da shi a cikin guda ɗaya (watau Tsibiri, Dutsen, da Bermuda), yankin ya ƙunshi kusan tsibiran 138, tare da jimlar faɗin murabba'in kilomita 57 (22 sq mi).

## Halitta ta ƙasa

An canza yanayin muhalli na Bermuda sosai tun daga karni na 16 ta hanyar mutane da tsire-tsire da dabbobi da suka gabatar. Wasu nau'o'in sun ƙare tun kafin wannan, gami da gajeren wutsiyar albatross, nau'in da ke faruwa a yau kawai a arewacin Tekun Pacific.

### Tsire-tsire
Rufin gandun daji yana kusa da 20% na jimlar yankin ƙasa, daidai da hekta 1,000 (ha) na gandun daji a cikin shekara ta 2020, wanda bai canza ba daga shekara ta  1990 .  Daga cikin nau'ikan shuke-shuke 165 da aka samu a Bermuda a yau, 14 suna da iyaka, kuma 25 suna cikin haɗari. 

Lokacin da aka gano, game da shekarar  1505, mazaunin tsibirin ya mamaye ragowar, tsohuwar gandun daji na Bermuda Juniper (*Juniperus bermudiana*). Archaeology na karkashin ruwa na tafkin caldera zuwa arewa ya nuna cewa yankin ya kasance da gandun daji mai yawa tare da junipers lokacin da yake sama da matakin teku. Juniper wani nau'in jinsin ne, kodayake yana da alaƙa da nau'in da aka samu a Arewacin Amurka. Itacensa yana da ja mai zurfi, wanda ke nuna girman ƙarfe na ƙasar tsibirin (wanda yake da irin wannan ja sosai). Kafin mazaunin mutum, akwai itatuwan juniper miliyan da yawa a Bermuda. 

A cikin shekarun 1830, masana'antar gine-ginen jiragen ruwa sun yi watsi da manyan yankuna na Bermuda. Kamar yadda wannan masana'antar ta mutu a karni na 19, duk da haka, junipers sun dawo da lambobi da sauri. A shekara ta 1900, lokacin da yawan mutane ya kusa da 20,000, tsibirin ya sake rufe shi da juniper, kodayake yawancin waɗannan ƙananan bishiyoyi ne. Hutu ya zama na wucin gadi, duk da haka. 

A cikin shekarun 1940s, an gane cewa nau'ikan kwari guda biyu, Lepidosaphes newsteadi da Carulaspis minima, an gabatar da su da gangan, kuma suna kashe junipers da sauri, waɗanda ba su da rigakafi ga tasirin su na guba.  An yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan cutar ta dabi'a, wanda ya haɗa da shigar da manyan beetles na ladybird (Coccinellidae), amma waɗannan ba su yi nasara ba.  A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, an yi asarar kusan bishiyar juniper miliyan 8 zuwa ma'auni.  An halatta motocin motoci a Bermuda a cikin shekara ta  1948, sakamakon sauye-sauyen da yakin duniya na biyu ya yi, da kuma sakamakon karuwar yawan jama'a (wanda ya kai 60,000 ta shekarun  1980s) daga wuraren da aka yi yakin kafin yakin ya faru a lokaci guda tare da lalata dazuzzuka.  Ba kamar a cikin karni na 19 ba, yawancin nau'ikan tsire-tsire da aka gabatar, wasu, kamar Casuarina, musamman don maye gurbin iska da aka rasa tare da juniper, sun bazu cikin sauri.  Juniper yana girma sannu a hankali idan aka kwatanta da yawancin nau'ikan da aka gabatar, kuma ya kasa bunƙasa a gaban bishiyoyin Casuarina da barkono na Brazil.  Ƙoƙarin maido da ita ya kasance a kusa da wuraren da aka sarrafa sosai, kamar lambuna da wuraren wasan golf.  Sauran manyan nau'ikan tsire-tsire, waɗanda ba su kai girma kamar juniper ba, suma sun yi rashin nasara a gaban nau'ikan ɓarna, amma sun shahara a wurin masu lambu kuma adadinsu kuma ya ƙaru a wuraren kulawa.  Waɗannan sun haɗa da nau'ikan asali guda biyu, itacen oliv na Bermuda (Elaeodendron laneanum), da Bermuda palmetto (Sabal bermudana), ɗan ƙasa ɗaya ko ɗan dabino.  A wasu yankunan bakin teku da kuma marshes na cikin kasa.

*Bermuda* ita ce mafi arewacin inda ake samun itatuwan mangrove. Ƙananan tsire-tsire sun haɗa da ferns da yawa. Shahararren daga cikin waɗannan shine ƙwayoyin Bermuda cave fern (*Ctenitis sloanei*). Har ma wani fern mai ban mamaki, *Diplazium laffanianum*, ba ya rayuwa a cikin daji. Wani shuka na asali shine Iris Bermudiana (*Sisyrinchium bermudiana*). An yi tunanin cewa wannan ya zama ruwan dare, amma kuma ya bayyana a wurare biyu a Ireland. Yawancin ƙananan tsire-tsire da tsire-shuke na Bermuda suna da wuya kuma suna cikin haɗari, amma wasu sun tsira kuma sun bunƙasa. Ciyawa ta yau da kullun ba Bermuda ba ce ta gaske, amma shigo da ita ce ta Bahar Rum.

### Dabbobi
Akwai 'yan nau'ikan dabbobi na ƙasa a Bermuda kafin zuwan mutane. Ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan dabbobi shine Bermuda skink, ko kuma dutse (*Eumeces longirostris*). Wadannan sun kasance da yawa, amma sun zama da wuya saboda farauta ta hanyar jinsunan da aka gabatar, kuma, musamman, gabatar da kwalabe na gilashi, wanda suke da sauƙin kamawa. Ba kamar anoles da aka gabatar ba, ƙafafunsu ba su iya manne da gilashi ba. An rage yawan su zuwa ƙananan tsibirai na Castle Harbour, amma sun sake mallaki ƙasar, kuma lambobin su suna ƙaruwa. 

Sauran manyan dabbobi na ƙasa da aka samu a tsibirin sune crustaceans, musamman nau'ikan crab na ƙasa guda biyu, gami da rare giant land crab (*Cardisoma quantami*). Insects sun hada da endemic, ground-burrowing solitary bee, wanda ba a lura da shi ba shekaru da yawa kuma an yi imanin ya ƙare. Har ila yau, 'yan asalin cicada sun ƙare tare da asarar gandun daji. Sauran kwari na asali sun tsira, gami da malamin sarki mai ƙaura (*Danaus plexippus*), wanda ya zama barazana saboda asarar milkweed, wanda aka kawar da shi a matsayin Ciyawa. 

Dabbobi mafi yawa sun kasance, kuma suna, tsuntsaye. Yawancin nau'o'in asali suna da alaƙa da nau'in Arewacin Amurka, gami da bluebird na gabas (*Sialia sialis*), da kuma vireo mai farin idanu (*Vireo griseus bermudianus*). Dukkanin wadannan sun kasance na kowa, amma sun sha wahala daga asarar mazauni, daga gasa don wuraren gida tare da gabatar da Tsuntsaye na gida (Passer domesticus), da kuma gida-predation da tauraron Turai (*Sturnus vulgaris*) da manyan kiskadees (*Pitangus sulphuratus*) - an gabatar da wannan nau'in na ƙarshe da gangan a ƙarshen shekarar  1957, tare da niyyar cewa zai sarrafa anoles da aka gabatar a baya. Sauran tsuntsaye na asali, gami da furen catbird, sun sha wahala daga irin wannan dalili. 

Tsuntsu mafi shahara na Bermuda shine Bermuda petrel (*Pterodroma *cahow**), ko cahow. Wannan tsuntsu ne na teku wanda ya haƙa burrows don gidajensu. An yi imanin cewa mutane sun kashe miliyoyin su bayan da aka fara zama a 1609, kuma aladu masu cin gashin kansu, wadanda Mutanen Espanya suka gabatar shekaru da yawa da suka gabata, suma sun kai hari kan gidajensu. Kafin karni na 17 ya ƙare, an yi imanin cewa cahow ya ƙare. Bayan ganin tsuntsu a teku, wani matashi na Bermudian, David B. Wingate, ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na iya kasancewa a kan tsibirin dutse na Castle Harbour. Ya ziyarci waɗannan tsibirai tare da masu ilimin tsuntsaye Robert Cushman Murphy da Louis S. Mowbray a cikin 1951 kuma ya gano wasu nau'i-nau'i. A karkashin kulawar Wingate, shirin kiyayewa ya kara yawan adadin cahow. Dabbobi da suka zo ta hanyar warwatsewar halitta kuma suka zama 'yan asalin bayan zama na mutum sun hada da kwayar cuta (*Tyto alba*), da kurciya mai makoki (*Zenaida macroura*).

## Tsire-tsire da dabbobi da aka gabatar
Tun lokacin da mutane suka gano, an gabatar da nau'o'i da yawa a tsibirin, wasu da gangan, kamar casurina, alade, kadinal (*Cardinalis cardinalis*), anoles, ladybird beetles, da kiskadee, wasu ba zato ba tsammani, kamar rat din Norwegian (*Rattus norvegicus*) da baƙar fata (*Rattus rattus*), da sauran ba zato ba zato ba'a, kamar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma Latrodectus geometricus">gizo-gizo mai launin ruwan kasa (Latrodectus geometricus). Sauran nau'o'in da aka shigo da su sun haɗa da tsutsa (*Bufo marinus*), da tsutsa na itace.

Baya ga casuarinas, an gabatar da wasu nau'ikan bishiyoyi, daji, shrub, cacti, dabino, da sauran ciyawa, tare da yawancin su sun tabbatar da cewa jinsunan mamayewa ne. Duk da lalacewar itacen al'ul, waɗancan sassan tsibirin da ba a rufe su da gine-gine da tarmac yanzu an rufe su da itatuwa da bishiyoyi, gami da allspice (*Pimenta dioica*), fiddlewood, Norfolk Island pine (*Araucaria heterophylla*), bay grape (*Coccoloba uvifera*), Surinam cherry (*Eugenia uniflora*), Poinciana (*Delonix regia*), otonix, manto, Royal Palm (*Roystonea*, Northernum), Yawancin jinsunan da aka gabatar sun tabbatar da cewa ba su da daidaito ga yanayin Bermuda. Jerin guguwar hunturu da wasu guguwa masu karfi da suka mamaye a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata sun rage gandun daji, da wuraren gidaje na kananan tsuntsaye. Yawan manyan bishiyoyi, musamman, an rage su. Kodayake itatuwan al'ul sun dace da yanayin yankin, kuma ba su da tasirin guguwa, hauhawar matakan teku suna fara mamaye tushen tsoffin itatuwan al-al'ul da ke kusa da wuraren da ke ƙasa, suna haifar da mutane da yawa su mutu.

An gabatar da nau'ikan dabbobi da yawa na gida, gami da karnuka, dawakai, awaki, tumaki, kaji, da cats, tare da cats da suka daɗe sun kafa yawan mutanen daji. Kwanan nan kaji masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun zama da yawa (tun lokacin da gwamnati ta kawo karshen manufofinta na ba da damar membobin kungiyar bindigogi ta gida su harbe su), kuma ana iya samun buns masu tsattstsauran ra-tsire. An kafa yawan aladu na guinea na daji sannan aka kawar da su. An farautar aladu zuwa halaka ƙarni da yawa da suka gabata. A yau, an gabatar da nau'o'in daji, musamman cats, ana zargin su da raguwar yawan tsuntsaye na asali, daga bluebirds zuwa longtails, amma babbar barazanar ita ce asarar mazaunin, saboda yanzu ga ci gaba, da canjin yanayi (hawan matakan teku, karuwar aikin guguwa, da hauhawar yanayin zafi duk suna da tasiri ga gidajen cahow, musamman).

## Yanayi

Dangane da rarraba yanayin yanayi na Köppen Bermuda yana cikin yankin canji tsakanin Yanayin gandun daji na wurare masu z''Af'' (Af) da Yanayin zafi mai zafi (*Cfa*). Kodayake Bermuda ta haɗu da ƙofar zafin jiki na yanayin zafi (wata mafi sanyi yana da matsakaicin zafin jiki ya  ° C (64 ° F) ko mafi girma), mafi girman latitude na Bermuda (32 ° 18 'North) yana arewacin latitude cewa yawancin yanayin zafi yawanci ana samun su. Bermuda ba ta taɓa fuskantar daskarewa ko sanyi ba, kuma hunturu yana da dumi sosai ta hanyar Turai da Arewacin Amurka.

Bermuda experiences hot and humid summers (mid-summer high temperatures generally reach as high a , with a record high of  during August, 1989) with the majority of precipitation falling from isolated showers and thunderstorms, and mild winters. Occasional Tropical Waves and Tropical Cyclones can also play a role in summertime precipitation totals when they exit the tropics. Winters are mild to semi-warm, with temperatures rarely falling below . Precipitation in wintertime is controlled by fronts moving eastward from the North American continent and into the Atlantic Ocean. During the peak of winter in Bermuda, these fronts can be followed by northwesterly gales and gusty showers that sometimes contain small hail. Precipitation is fairly evenly distributed through the year, but is somewhat less reliable in April and especially May, Bermuda's driest months on average, when the Bermuda-Azores High can bring extended dry spells. Summers are hot and humid, with frequent intense (but brief) thundershowers. On average, August is the wettest month. It is not uncommon, during the summer, to ride on sunbaked roads, then round a corner to come suddenly on drenched and steaming tarmac where a shower has passed only minutes earlier.

Yanayin Bermuda ya fi sarrafawa ta hanyar matsayi da tsarin Bermuda-Azores High. Wannan yanki mai tsayi mai tsayi (sau da yawa a tsakiyar kudu maso yammacin Azores) yana fadada tudu zuwa yamma zuwa Bermuda a lokacin bazara da rani lokacin da mafi girma ya fi tsanani. Da yake daidaitawa daga yamma zuwa gabas zuwa kusa da kudancin Bermuda, kwarara na tsakiya a kusa da farfajiyar yana kawo iskõki masu yawa daga kudu maso yamma don yawancin lokacin rani kuma daga baya yana hana gaba daga isa tsibirin. Koyaya, wani lokacin tudun yana canzawa zuwa arewacin tsibirin yana ba da izinin iskõki na gabas ko arewa maso gabas. A cikin kaka da hunturu, tudun da ke kusa da Bermuda ya zama mai wuce gona da iri, yana ba da damar tsarin gaba don shafar tsibirin. Iska da ke kewaye da waɗannan tsarin sun fi canzawa (kuma sau da yawa sun fi karfi) amma yawanci suna zaune daga kudu maso yamma a gaban gaba mai sanyi kuma suna canzawa zuwa yamma ko arewa maso yamma a bayan gaba mai sanyi.

Wani yanayi na cikin gida wanda ke faruwa galibi a ƙarshen lokacin rani an san shi da "Morgan's Cloud". A kan in ba haka ba, kwanakin bazara masu zafi tare da iska mai haske na kudu maso yamma, girgije na iya tasowa tare da tsawon tsibirin kuma yana busawa zuwa arewa maso gabas yana girma. A cikin matsanancin yanayi, wannan girgije na iya haɓaka cikin ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da tsawa kuma an san shi da samar da girgije da ruwa a cikin majami'un gabas. Wannan sabon abu kuma yana faruwa a cikin tsarin iska na arewa maso gabas ("maɓallin" Morgan's Cloud) amma ana jin tasirinsa a cikin majami'un yamma. Maɓallin samar da girgije na Morgan shine iskõki masu sauƙi da ke hurawa tare da tsawon tsibirin wanda sau da yawa ya fi zafi fiye da ruwan da ke kewaye da shi a kwanakin bazara masu zafi. Wannan yana shirya motsi zuwa sama wanda ke ba da damar wannan girgije ya faru. Ana lura da irin wannan ci gaban girgije a cikin tsibirai masu zafi da masu zafi a duniya. Bugu da ƙari, ruwan sama yana bin guguwar sanyi mai ƙarfi a cikin yanayin hunturu a cikin irin wannan hanyar da ruwan dusar ƙanƙara ya shafi tafkin. Iska mai sanyi da ke hurawa a kan ruwa mai dumi yana rage kwanciyar hankali na yanayi, yana ba da damar convective ya zama kuma ya girma cikin ruwan sama.

Yankin juriya shine 11B/12A. A wasu kalmomi, mafi sanyi da zafin jiki na shekara-shekara zai iya sa ran ya kasance tsakanin 50 da 55 ° F (10 da 13 ° C). Wannan ba sabon abu ba ne ga irin wannan latitude na arewa, kuma yana da rabin yanki mafi girma fiye da ƙananan Florida Keys.

## Yanayin ɗan adam

Lokacin da aka zauna, a cikin karni na 17, na farko ta Kamfanin Virginia, sannan ta hanyar jujjuyawar sa, Kamfanin Somers Isles Company, Bermuda ya kasu kashi tara daidai girman girman sassan gudanarwa.  Waɗannan sun ƙunshi yanki ɗaya na jama'a (wanda aka sani da St. George's) da "ƙabilu" guda takwas (nan da nan aka sake masa suna "Ikklesiya").  An raba waɗannan “ƙabilu” zuwa kuri’a, an raba su da ƴan ƴan ƙabilun hanyoyi (waɗanda ake zaton an ƙirƙira su ne ta hanyar share hanyar ganga da aka birkice daga kudu zuwa arewa).  Waɗannan hanyoyin sun yi aiki duka don keɓance iyakokin ɗimbin yawa, da kuma hanyoyin shiga gaɓar teku, kamar yadda hanyar farko ta sufuri game da Bermuda za ta kasance ta jirgin ruwa har tsawon ƙarni uku masu zuwa.  Kowane ɗayan kuri'a ya daidaita da hannun jari a cikin kamfani.  Kowanne daga cikin kabilun an ba shi suna don babban "dan kasuwa" (mai hannun jari) na kamfanin.  Yawancin manyan mashahurai ne, waɗanda suka yi amfani da taken takensu, saboda haka yawancin Ikklesiya suna ba da sunaye daga Ingila, Scotland, ko Wales: Devonshire (na William Cavendish, 1st Earl na Devonshire, 1552 – 1626), Hamilton (na James Hamilton, 2nd Marquess na Hamilton, 1258–1mbrord), 1258–1mbrord.  Earl na Pembroke, 1580–1630), Southampton (na Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl na Southampton, 1573–1624), da Warwick (na Robert Rich, 2nd Earl na Warwick, 1587–1658).  Sauran sune Paget (na William Paget, Baron Paget de Beaudesert na 4, 1572–1629), Sandys (na Sir Edwin Sandys, 1561–1629), da na Smith (na Sir Thomas Smith, 1588–1625).  An fara kiran Hamilton Parish Bedford, bayan Lucy Russell, Countess na Bedford, wacce ta sayar da hannun jarinta ga mai martaba dan Scotland, James Hamilton.  Devonshire Parish an fara suna Cavendish Tribe.  Amfani da kalmar "ƙabila" na ɗan gajeren lokaci ga yankunan gudanarwa ya bayyana ya bambanta da misalin Bermuda.  Ikklesiya ta tara ta kasance ƙasar gama gari (ko ta Sarki, ko ta gabaɗaya), ba a raba ta da hanyoyin ƙabila ba, kuma an yi mata suna don majiɓincin waliyi na Ingila, Saint George.  Ya haɗa da tsibirin da garin duka suna ɗaya.

### Nomenclature
Yarjejeniyar Bermudian, inda sunan wuri ya ƙunshi sunan mutum, shine fassara sunan mutum a cikin nau'in mallaka. Ba a kula da wurin da yawa kamar yadda ya dace da mutumin.

Daga cikin misalai da yawa na irin waɗannan sunayen wurare a Bermuda sune St. David's Island, Bailey's Bay, Sandys' Parish (mai suna Sir Edwin Sandys), Skeeters' Island (sau da yawa ana fassara shi da kuskure "Skeeter's Island", an sanya masa suna Edward Skeeters kuma an san shi da Burt's Island),  Gibb's Hill, Barr's Bay. Ackermann's Hill. Hakanan ana amfani da nau'in mallaka don lakabi, kamar yadda yake tare da Hill na Mai tarawa (mai suna ga Mai tara haraji).

Yin amfani da sigar mallaka ba ta keɓanta ba, duk da haka, kamar yadda aka misalta ta wurin sunaye kamar sunayen mafi yawan Ikklesiya (wanda - ban da St. George's Parish - duk mutanen tarihi na tunawa), kamar Hamilton Parish (mai suna James Hamilton, Marquess na 2 na Hamilton), Devonshire Parish (mai suna), da Paget Parish.  Wasu daga cikin waɗannan keɓancewar ƙila sun samo asali ne da sauye-sauyen syntax, kamar yadda Devonshire Parish na iya kasancewa farkon Parish na Devonshire.  Ana ganin wannan tare da birnin Hamilton (mai suna Henry Hamilton, tsohon Gwamnan Bermuda).  Ganin cewa birnin Hamilton ana kiransa Hamilton, Garin St. George, St. George's Parish, St. George's Island, da St. George's Harbor (da duk wani nau'i mai mahimmanci wanda ke dauke da sunan mutum a cikin sigar mallaka) koyaushe yana zama mallaki idan an gajarta, kamar a cikin Gidauniyar St. George's Foundation.

; Maritime claims
:* Territorial sea: 
:* Exclusive fishing zone: 
; Land use
:* Arable land: 14.8%
:* Permanent crops: 0%
:* Other: 85.2% (55% developed, 45% rural/open space) (2012)
; Natural hazards
:
: Hurricanes (June to November)
; Environment - current issues
:
: sustainable development