Rikicin cikin gida a Brazil

**Rikicin cikin gida a Brazil** ya haɗa da kowane irin tashin hankali ko cin zarafin da abokan tarayya ko dangin ke yi wa juna. Yawancin shari'o'in tashin hankali na gida a Brazil namiji ne ke yi wa abokan aurensu mata. A cikin shekara ta 2015, gwamnati ta fitar da wani binciken da ya nuna cewa kowane minti bakwai mace ta sha wahala daga tashin hankali na gida a Brazil, sama da kashi 70% na yawan mata na Brazil za su sha wahala daga wani irin tashin hankali a duk rayuwarsu kuma 1 a cikin kowane mata 4 sun ba da rahoton cewa an sha wahala daga ta hankali ko ta jiki. A cikin 2017, Brazil tana da kimantawa na shari'o'in tashin hankali 606 da shari'oʼin fyade 164 a kowace rana, sama da shari'ar dubu 60 a cikin shekara. An kuma kiyasta cewa kashi 10% ne kawai na shari'o'in da aka yi rajista ga 'yan sanda. Kodayake Brazil ta yarda cewa tashin hankali na cikin gida matsala ce a cikin shekarun 1940, Gwamnati ta yi aiki ne kawai daga shekarun 1980 zuwa gaba, tare da kirkirar Ofisoshin 'yan sanda na Mata (Delegacia da Mulher) kuma daga baya a cikin 2006, tare da buga dokar tashin hankali na gida.

An bayyana tashin hankali na cikin gida a cikin Mataki na 5 na Dokar tashin hankali na gida na 2006 a matsayin "duk wani mataki ko watsi da aikin da ya haifar da jinsi wanda ke haifar da mutuwa, rauni, jiki, jima'i ko wahala ta tunani, haɗari na ɗabi'a ko dukiya". Kodayake an bayyana ma'anar doka sosai a cikin doka, gano tashin hankali na cikin gida alhakin wadanda abin ya shafa ne ko dangi na kusa.

## Tarihi
A cewar kungiyar NGO *Maza,*">Mariyas, akwai dalilai da yawa na yin tashin hankali na cikin gida, kamar maye, zina, kishi, kwayoyi, matsalolin kudi, kuma, a cewar Farfesa Matthew Guttmann, masanin ilimin ɗan adam wanda ke nazarin namiji ga Jami'ar Brown, babban dalilin tashin hankali na gida shine jima'i ko machismo (a Portuguese). A cikin bincikensa, Farfesa Guttmann ya tabbatar da cewa, a kan imani na kowa, halayyar tashin hankali na namiji ba halayyar jiki ba ce ko halayyar halitta, amma sakamakon al'adun machismo ne, wanda ya fi rinjaye a yawancin al'ummomi, wanda ke ƙarfafa girman namiji ga mata.

A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Brazil, an dauki *Mazaci* a matsayin "masu mallaka" matan da suka yi aure, suna da damar doke, tashin hankali ko ma kashewa, idan ya cancanta. Binciken da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Grupo Boticário suka gudanar ya nuna cewa har ma a zamanin yau, kashi 95% na mata da kashi 81% na maza da aka yi hira sun yarda da tabbatar da cewa machismo ya fi yawa a Brazil. A cewar farfesa Stela Meneghel, likitan bayan likita wanda ya kware a nazarin jinsi, tashin hankali da aka yi wa mata yana da niyyar kiyaye su a cikin matsayi mara kyau dangane da maza, yayin da maza yawanci suka fadi dole ne su "yi" mata game da ayyukansu da matsayinsu.

Wani binciken daga Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki (Ipea) ya nuna shaidar yaduwar machismo a Brazil. Dangane da binciken shekarar 2014, al'ummar Brazil har yanzu suna gaskata da dangin nukiliya na ubanni wanda ake ganin mutumin a matsayin mai ba da abinci, amma an hana hakkokinsa a kan mata da yara kuma sun ware bayyanar da kuma matsanancin nau'ikan tashin hankali. Mata, a gefe guda, ya kamata su "ba da kansu girmamawa" kuma suyi aiki bisa ga al'adun gargajiya na iyali.

Binciken ya nuna yarda da wani nau'in shiga tsakani a cikin jigogi na tashin hankali na gida: kashi 85% na waɗanda aka yi hira da su sun amsa cewa a lokuta na tashin hankali, ya kamata ma'auratan su saki; kuma sama da kashi 90% sun yarda cewa maza da suka doke mata ya kamata su je kurkuku. Binciken ya kuma nuna cewa yawan mutanen Brazil suna da masaniya game da asalin tashin hankali, kashi 75% na waɗanda aka yi hira da su ba su yarda cewa tashin hankali wani ɓangare ne na yanayin namiji ba. Koyaya, akwai shaidar yaduwar jima'i, kashi 58,5% na waɗanda aka yi hira da su sun yi imanin cewa idan mata sun san yadda za su nuna hali, za a sami ƙananan shari'o'in fyade kuma sama da kashi 65% na waɗanda aka tattauna sun yarda cewa matan da ke amfani da tufafin da ke nuna jikinsu sun cancanci a kai musu hari. Har ila yau, akwai shaidar da aka yi imani da ita cewa wanda aka yi wa tashin hankali ya kamata ya zama wanda zai dauki mataki a kansa kamar yadda aka ruwaito cewa kashi 65,1% na waɗanda aka yi hira da su sun ba da rahoton cewa wadanda ke fama da tashin hankali na cikin gida waɗanda ba su bar abokan cin zarafin ba, suna so a doke su. Wannan zaton ya yi watsi da duk batutuwan zamantakewa da na tunanin mutum da ke cikin dangantakar cin zarafi wanda zai iya sake haifar da wanda aka azabtar da tashin hankali na gida daga bayar da rahoto da barin dangantakar cin amana. Akwai bincike da ke ba da shawarar kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin matsalolin kudi da tashin hankali: a cikin yanayin rashin tabbas na tattalin arziki da rashin kwanciyar hankali, mata sun fi 1/3 da za su sha wahala daga tashin hankali na gida.

Binciken da DataSenado ya gudanar a shekarar 2015 ya nuna cewa 100% na matan da aka yi hira da su sun san game da wanzuwar Dokar Maria da Penha, wanda ke nuna karuwar ilimin mata game da hakkinsu. Koyaya, kashi 43% sun ba da rahoton cewa ba za a bi da su da girmamawa ba, ƙaruwa da kashi 8 cikin dari (a kan binciken 2013),  wanda zai iya nuna canjin imani na yau da kullun game da abin da za a "bi da dama". Bugu da kari, mata sun ba da rahoton cewa suna jin lafiya kuma sun fara ganowa da bayar da rahoto akai-akai game da tashin hankali na gida. Binciken ya nuna cewa kusan kashi 21% na wadanda ke fama da tashin hankali a cikin gida ba sa neman taimako kuma manyan dalilan da aka ruwaito sune damuwa da yara (24%), tsoron fansa na mai kai farmaki (21%), imani cewa lamarin zai zama na karshe (16%), rashin gaskatawa da sakamakon shari'a da ya dace (10%) da kunya (7%). 

Bincike daga Ma'aikatar Shari'a ya nuna cewa kashi 80% na wadanda abin ya shafa a cikin gida ba sa son a ɗaure mai kai farmaki. Wadanda abin ya shafa suna ba da madadin mafita, kamar su maganin tunani (40%), ƙungiyoyin tattaunawa na masu tayar da hankali (30%) da kuma ayyukan tilas ga al'umma (10%) kuma 9% na matan da aka yi hira da su sun ba da rahoton cewa sun ji gaba ɗaya ko kuma wani ɓangare na laifi saboda tashin hankali da suka sha. Ga farfesa Cristiane Brandão, farfesa a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Tarayya ta Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), waɗannan lambobi sune sakamakon babbar al'ummar Brazil da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi.

## Doka

Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Brazil na 1988 ya nuna daidaito ga maza da mata, duk da haka, an buga tsarin doka na farko game da tashin hankali na gida kawai shekaru 18 bayan kundin tsarin mulki. Sanannen dokar Brazil, Lei Maria da Penha ta kasance sakamakon tsarin kasa da kasa wanda Maria da Penh kanta ta jagoranta. Wanda aka azabtar da tashin hankali na gida, Maria da Penha Fernandes, mijinta ya harbe shi da bindiga, wanda kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin kashe ta a cikin gidan wanka. A sakamakon haka, ta zama gurgu kuma ta fara dogon gwagwarmaya a kotu don hukunta mijinta. A cikin shekarun 1990s, Maria da Penha ta yi kira ga Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Amurka kuma, a cikin shekara ta 2001, ta sami damar samun adalci kuma ta dauki alhakin Gwamnatin Brazil game da haƙurin shari'a na tashin hankali na gida. Hukumar ta kuma ba da shawarar cewa Gwamnatin Brazil ta dauki matakan da suka fi dacewa game da cin zarafin mata.

### Dokar Rikicin Cikin Gida ta 2006 (Dokar 11.340/2006)
Shirin farko na kariya ga wadanda ke fama da tashin hankali na gida an buga shi ne a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta, 2006, ta hanyar Shugaba Lula, wanda ya sanya hannu kan Dokar Rikicin Cikin Gida da Iyali, wanda aka fi sani da Lei Maria da Penha . Dokar ta nuna nau'ikan tashin hankali na gida guda biyar, kamar yadda aka gabatar a ƙasa:

# **Rikicin tunani:** la'ana, wulakanci, barazana, tsoratar da mutane, tsoratarwa, ci gaba da sukar, rage darajar ayyukan wani a cikin sirri ko a fili, da kuma yin kowane irin magudi na motsin rai.
# Rikicin jiki: bugawa, bugawa, turawa, jefa abubuwa, bitting, mutilating, azabtarwa, amfani da ko a'a kayan aiki na gida, kamar wuƙaƙe ko kayan aiki ko bindiga.
# **Rikicin Jima'i:** dangantakar jima'i da ba a yarda da ita ba (watau yayin da abokin tarayya ke barci), tilasta wa abokin tarayya ya dubi kayan batsa, tilasta wa abokiyar yin jima'i tare da wasu mutane, hana mata sarrafa amfani da magungunan da ba na ciki ba, tilasta zubar da ciki ko hana mata yin ciki;
# Rikicin dukiya: sarrafawa, riƙewa ko karɓar kuɗin wani, haifar da lalacewa ga wasu abubuwa na sirri akan manufa, riƙe kayan abokin tarayya, takardun sirri ko takardun aiki daga gare ta;
# **Rikicin Ɗabi'a:** laifi ko wulakanci abokin tarayya a fili, fallasa kusanci na ma'aurata, gami da a kafofin sada zumunta, jama'a suna zargin abokin tarayya da aikata laifuka; 

Dokar Brazil ta haramta tashin hankali a cikin gida, kuma gwamnati ta dauki matakai musamman da ke magance tashin hankali ga mata da cin zarafin mata. Dokar ta sauya hukuncin da aka yi a baya sau uku ga waɗanda aka yanke musu hukunci game da irin waɗannan laifuka, kuma ta kirkiro kotuna na musamman a duk jihohi don jagorantar waɗannan shari'o'in. Har ila yau, shi ne karo na farko na hukuma na laifukan tashin hankali na gida.[1]￼

Kotun Koli ta Shari'a (Brazil)  ta karfafa dokar, ta hanyar fara hanyoyin shari'a tare da rahoton 'yan sanda na tashin hankali kawai ba tare da buƙatar wanda aka azabtar da tashin hankali ba ko kuma kasancewa babban mai korafi.

## Manazarta