Tasirin lafiya na magungunan kashe kwari

** Sakamakon lafiya na magungunan kashe kwari,** na iya zama mai tsanani ko jinkiri a cikin waɗanda aka fallasa. Mummunan illa na iya haɗawa da gubar magungunan kashe ƙwari, wanda zai iya zama gaggawar likita. Shaidu mai ƙarfi ya wanzu ga wasu, sakamakon rashin lafiya na dogon lokaci daga bayyanar magungunan kashe kwari ciki har da lahani na haihuwa, mutuwar tayin, rashin lafiyar neurodevelopment, ciwon daji, da cututtukan cututtuka ciki har da cutar Parkinson. Gubar magungunan kashe kwari ya dogara da nau'in sinadari, hanyar fallasa, adadin kuzari, da lokacin fallasa.

Dangane da Yarjejeniyar Stockholm kan Abubuwan gurɓacewar Halitta (2001), 9 daga cikin 12 mafi haɗari da sinadarai masu dagewa sune magungunan kashe qwari,   da yawa yanzu an cire su daga amfani.

## Hanyar fallasa
Ana iya fallasa mutane da magungunan kashe qwari, waɗanda suka haɗa da maganin kashe kwari, maganin ciyawa, magungunan kashe qwari, ta hanyoyi daban-daban da suka haɗa da: sana’a, a gida, a makaranta, a iska, ruwa, ƙasa, da abinci. Kusan dukkan mutane suna fuskantar wani matakin maganin kashe kwari. Bayyanawa na iya faruwa ta hanyar sha, shakar numfashi, ko tuntuɓar fata. Wasu magungunan kashe qwari na iya zama a cikin muhalli na tsawon lokaci.

Akwai damuwa cewa magungunan kashe qwari da ake amfani da su don shawo kan kwari kan amfanin gonakin abinci na da haɗari ga mutanen da ke cinye waɗannan abincin. Yawancin amfanin gona na abinci, gami da 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari, suna ɗauke da ragowar magungunan kashe qwari ko da bayan an wanke su ko a kware su. Sinadaran da ba a yi amfani da su ba amma waɗanda ke da juriya ga rushewa na dogon lokaci na iya kasancewa a cikin ƙasa da ruwa kuma, ta haka, cikin abinci.  Misali, yawancin mutane a Amurka har yanzu suna da matakan ganowa na dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), maganin kwari, duk da haramcin da aka yi a Amurka a 1972.  Waɗannan damuwa sune dalili ɗaya na motsin abinci na halitta . A California, kashi 92% na ma’aikatan noma Latino ne  kuma fallasa ga magungunan kashe qwari a yawancin lardunan Latino na jihar ga magungunan kashe qwari ya kai 906% sama da gundumomin da yawan Latino bai wuce 24%. Wannan ya haifar da damuwa game da adalci na muhalli . ￼

Saboda yawan amfani da magungunan kashe qwari a harkar noma, Hukumar Codex Alimentarius ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta ba da shawarar ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa don iyakacin iyaka (MRLs), ga kowane magungunan kashe qwari a cikin abinci.  A cikin Amurka, matakan ragowar abubuwan da aka ba su izinin zama akan abinci suna iyakance bisa matakan haƙuri da ake ganin suna da aminci kamar yadda Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ta kafa.  EPA tana tsara matakan da aka halatta na ragowar magungunan kashe qwari bisa la'akari da gubar magungunan kashe qwari, abubuwan da suka lalace, adadin da yawan amfanin magungunan kashe qwari, da nawa na maganin kashe qwari (watau ragowar) ya rage a ciki ko akan abinci a lokacin da yake. kasuwa da rarraba. Ana samun matakan haƙuri ta amfani da ƙididdigar haɗarin kimiyya waɗanda ake buƙatar masana'antun magungunan kashe qwari su gudanar - kimantawa sun haɗa da nazarin toxicological, ƙirar fallasa da sauran binciken kafin a iya yin rajistar takamaiman maganin kashe qwari. Koyaya, ana gwada tasirin maganin kashe qwari guda ɗaya a lokaci guda kuma akwai ɗan bayani kan yuwuwar tasirin haɗin gwiwa na fallasa ga alamun magungunan kashe qwari da yawa a cikin iska, abinci da ruwa akan lafiyar ɗan adam. 

Yayin da ake danganta amfani da magungunan kashe qwari da noma, ana kuma amfani da magungunan kashe qwari a matsayin wani bangare na ayyukan kiwon lafiyar jama'a don magance cututtuka masu yaduwa (misali zazzabin cizon sauro da zazzabin Dengue ) da tsire-tsire da ba a so a shimfidar wuraren shakatawa da lambuna. 

## Hanyar aiki
An ƙera magungunan kashe qwari don kashe rayayyun halittu kuma sun bambanta a tsarin aikin su, ya danganta da ajin su. Babban nau'ikan magungunan kashe qwari sune organochlorine (OCPs) ko masu gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin halitta (POPs), organophosphates, carbamates, phyrethroids, da triazines . Duk da yake an nuna duk magungunan kashe qwari suna da tasiri akan lafiyar ɗan adam, OCPs sun shahara ga babban haɗari ga mummunan sakamako yayin da suke narkewa a cikin kyallen takarda kuma suna iya, ta haka, taru zuwa matakan cutarwa a cikin waɗannan kyallen takarda. Misali, wasu OCPs suna kama da tsarin isrogen kuma suna iya kwaikwayi tasirin isrogen na ciki ta hanyar ɗaure ga masu karɓar isrogen. Wadannan magungunan kashe qwari suna nuna tasirin su mai guba ta hanyar tsoma baki tare da homeostasis na hormonal, wanda ke haifar da dysregulation na hormonal. Wannan yana haɓaka haɓaka mara kyau da haɓaka kyallen jikin haihuwa kuma yana iya haifar da ciwon daji ko illa ga lafiyar haihuwa. OCPs ko POPs, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a ayyukan noma a cikin 1950s, yanzu an hana su a yawancin ƙasashe. Koyaya, samfuran su na lalacewa suna dagewa kuma ana iya samun su a cikin ƙasa.

Har ila yau, magungunan kashe qwari na iya haifar da mummunan tasirin su ga lafiyar ɗan adam ta hanyar yin aiki a kan masu karɓar tantanin halitta da tashoshi na ion, danne hanyoyin sigina masu mahimmanci a cikin sel, da kuma rinjayar DNA methylation da gyare-gyare na histone, don haka ya haifar da canje-canje a cikin maganganun kwayoyin halitta da aikin salula. ￼

## M tasiri
Matsalolin lafiya mai tsanani na iya faruwa a cikin ma'aikatan da ke sarrafa magungunan kashe qwari, kamar ciwon ciki, tashin hankali, ciwon kai, tashin zuciya, amai, da kuma matsalolin fata da ido.   A kasar Sin, kimanin mutane rabin miliyan ne ke fama da guba a kowace shekara, 500 daga cikinsu suna mutuwa.  Pyrethrins, magungunan kashe kwari da aka saba amfani da su a cikin masu kashe kwaro na gama gari, na iya haifar da yanayi mai yuwuwar mutuwa idan an hura su.

## Tasirin dogon lokaci

### Ciwon daji
Yawancin karatu sun yi nazarin tasirin tasirin maganin kashe kwari akan haɗarin cutar kansa. An gano ƙungiyoyi tare da: cutar sankarar bargo, lymphoma, kwakwalwa, koda, nono, prostate, pancreas, hanta, huhu, ciki, esophageal, da kuma ciwon daji na fata. Wannan ƙaƙƙarfan haɗari yana faruwa tare da bayyanuwar mazaunin gida da na sana'a. An samu karuwar cutar daji a tsakanin ma'aikatan gona da ke amfani da wadannan sinadarai. Nazarin ya ba da shawarar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin bayyanar carbamate da glioma da meningioma, bayyanar glyphosate da watsa babban lymphoma B-cell, da kuma bayyanar alachlor da ciwon daji na laryngeal. Bayyanar sana'ar mahaifiya ga magungunan kashe qwari a lokacin daukar ciki yana da alaƙa da haɓaka haɗarin cutar sankarar bargo, ƙwayar Wilms, da kansar ƙwaƙwalwa. Fitar da maganin kashe kwari a cikin gida da maganin ciyawa a waje yana da alaƙa da cutar kansar jini a cikin yara. Binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2007 ya gano cewa "mafi yawan binciken akan lymphoma da ba Hodgkin da cutar sankarar bargo ya nuna ƙungiyoyi masu kyau tare da maganin magungunan kashe qwari " don haka ya kammala cewa ya kamata a rage yawan amfani da magungunan kashe qwari.

Tsarin kwayoyin da aka ba da shawarar don haɗuwa da bayyanar magungunan kashe qwari da ci gaban ciwon daji shine lalacewa ga kayan halitta irin su chromosomes, DNA, da sunadarai na histone, ko lalacewa ga kwayoyin halitta irin su endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, endocrin networks, da makaman nukiliya. 

### Neurological
Akwai tarin shaidun tasirin jijiya na biyu zuwa fallasa magungunan kashe qwari. Babban bayyanar cututtuka ga manyan magungunan kashe qwari da ke shafar tsarin kulawa na tsakiya na iya haifar da neurotoxicity, ciki har da fahimi da canje-canje na mota. Bayyanar cikin mahaifa da farkon yara ga organophosphates na iya haifar da nakasu na ci gaban neurodevelopment, musamman saboda wasu magungunan kashe qwari da metabolites ɗin su suna haye mahaifa da shingen jini-kwakwalwa tayi, wanda bai cika ci gaba ba a cikin wata cuta. tayi. Bugu da ƙari, an haɗa tarin tarin abubuwan da ke faruwa na yau da kullun tare da haɗarin haɓakar cututtukan neurodegenerative daga baya a rayuwa. Akwai ƙwaƙƙwaran shaidar cewa kamuwa da cutar kashe qwari na yau da kullun yana ƙara haɗarin haɓaka cutar ta Parkinson, mai yuwuwa ta hanyar tasirin guba kai tsaye akan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na dopaminergic (waɗanda ke raguwa a cikin cutar Parkinson). Bugu da ƙari, akwai ƙara shaida cewa bayyanar cututtuka na yau da kullum yana ƙara haɗarin cutar Alzheimer. Bita na nazari da yawa waɗanda suka kalli yawan fallasa magungunan kashe qwari, galibi organophosphates, a tsakanin ma'aikatan aikin gona sun ƙara ba da shawarar sakamako na jijiyoyi ga irin wannan bayyanar.  Babban bayyanar maganin kashe qwari yana haɗuwa da neurologic, neuropsychiatric, da cututtukan neurodegenerative tsakanin ma'aikatan aikin gona waɗanda ke amfani da magungunan kashe qwari. Cututtukan da aka ruwaito sune: ADHD, damuwa, damuwa, dizziness, ciwon kai da rashin jin daɗi (wanda aka yi amfani dashi azaman alamar farko don cututtuka na neurodegenerative).

Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Amurka ta kammala nazarin shekaru 10 na magungunan kashe qwari na organophosphate biyo bayan Dokar Kariya ta Abinci ta 1996, amma ba ta yi la'akari da tasirin ci gaban neurotoxic ba, yana jawo zargi mai ƙarfi daga cikin hukumar da masu bincike na waje.

### Tasirin haihuwa
Yawancin magungunan kashe qwari suna aiki azaman sinadarai masu lalata endocrine (EDC) ko abubuwan da ke tsoma baki tare da ayyukan hormonal na yau da kullun. Tun daga shekarar 2013, an jera magungunan kashe qwari guda 101 a matsayin tabbatarwa ko yiwuwar masu rushewar endocrine. Don haka, babban matakan da/ko bayyanar dogon lokaci ga magungunan kashe qwari na iya yin tasiri ga lafiyar haihuwa kuma yana da alaƙa da raguwar haihuwa, ƙara yawan zubar da ciki, da canje-canje a yanayin balaga. Musamman, triazines, gabobin-chlorine, da ƙwayoyin kwari na carbamate suna da tasirin anti-androgenic da ke tasiri ga maza, wanda ke haifar da rashin haɓaka halayen namiji ciki har da raguwa a cikin girman jini, samar da maniyyi, da samar da androgen. Bayyanar magungunan kashe qwari ya haifar da raguwar haihuwa a cikin maza, sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta a cikin maniyyi, raguwar adadin maniyyi, lalacewa ga epithelium germinal da kuma canza aikin hormone. 

Sakamakon rushewar endocrin yana dogara ne akan lokacin fallasa magungunan kashe qwari (misali, lokacin embryogenesis a farkon ciki ko kuma a cikin ƙuruciya) kamar yadda tagogin bambance-bambancen mai sauƙi ke bayyana bayyanar cututtuka. Yawancin bincike sun nuna cewa yawan magungunan kashe qwari a cikin jinin mahaifiyar yana da alaƙa da tsawon lokaci zuwa ciki da kuma yawan rashin haihuwa. Misali, a cikin iyaye mata da/ko abokan aikinsu da suka ba da rahoton bayyanar maganin kashe kwari, an sami ƙarin haɗarin zubar da ciki tare da haɗin gwiwa mafi ƙarfi tare da fallasa a cikin makonni uku na farko na ciki. Wataƙila wannan yana da alaƙa da yiwuwar mummunan tasirin magungunan kashe qwari akan ci gaban oocyte da hadi. Hakazalika, binciken da ke kimanta tasiri na ɗan gajeren lokaci na bayyanar da sana'a ga magungunan kashe qwari iri-iri akan lafiyar haihuwa ya nuna cewa magungunan kashe qwari na iya yin mummunar tasiri akan maniyyi-bayyanar magungunan kashe qwari, hade da raguwar motsin maniyyi, lahani a cikin ilimin halittar jini da maniyyi. Koyaya, ba a san tasirin tasirin maganin kashe qwari na dogon lokaci akan spermatogenesis da haihuwa ba. 

Saboda wasu magungunan kashe qwari da abubuwan da ke haifar da su na iya haye mahaifa kuma, sabili da haka, shingen jini-kwakwalwa, kuma suna iya tasiri ga ci gaban tayin; ƙwaƙƙwarar shaida tana haɗa abubuwan da suka faru kafin haihuwa da bayan haihuwa zuwa magungunan kashe qwari zuwa cututtuka na haihuwa, gami da nakasa ta jiki da/ko ta hankali, mutuwar tayin da canjin girma tayi.  Wataƙila mafi yawan sanannun tasirin kiwon lafiya na magungunan kashe qwari shine haɓaka ƙimar lahani na haihuwa a cikin yankunan Vietnam da aka fesa tare da defoliant ko Agent Orange, cakuda 50:50 na 2,4,5-T da 2,4-D, wanda ya kasance hade da mummunar lafiya da tasirin kwayoyin halitta a Malaya da Vietnam. An kuma gano cewa ‘ya’yan da a wani lokaci suka yi fama da maganin kashe kwari suna da karancin nauyin haihuwa kuma suna da nakasu wajen ci gaba. Haka kuma an danganta bayyanar da mahaifa ga magungunan kashe qwari da yawaitar cutar hypospadia a cikin jarirai, wanda shine rashin buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen urethra a cikin maza.

### Sauran
Wasu nazarin sun sami ƙarin haɗarin dermatitis a cikin waɗanda aka fallasa.

Bugu da ƙari, bincike ya nuna cewa kamuwa da magungunan kashe qwari yana da alaƙa da matsalolin numfashi na dogon lokaci. An sami wata ƙungiya mai mahimmanci tsakanin bayyanar da magungunan kashe qwari da rage aikin huhu tare da alamun alamun iska. Nazarin ya ba da shawarar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin kamuwa da magungunan kashe qwari da alamun hanyar iska kamar su hushi, tari, gajeriyar numfashi, ciwon hanci, ciwo ko hangula na makogwaro, da wahalar numfashi. Rage aikin huhu yana da alaƙa da bayyanar da sana'a ga magungunan kashe qwari. Nazarin ya nuna alaƙa tsakanin hana cholinesterase ta magungunan kashe qwari kamar carbamate da organophosphate da raguwa ko nakasa aikin huhu. Bugu da kari, an kuma bayar da rahoton cewa ana danganta kamuwa da magungunan kashe qwari da yanayin huhu mai hanawa. Musamman, bayyanar organophosphate yana da alaƙa da raguwar aikin huhu wanda wani tsari mai ƙuntatawa ya haifar.

Takaitattun binciken da aka yi bita na ƙwararru sun bincika haɗin gwiwa tsakanin bayyanar magungunan kashe qwari da sakamakon neurologic da ciwon daji, watakila abubuwa biyu mafi mahimmanci da suka haifar da ma'aikatan organophosphate.

Akwai ƙara shaida cewa maiyuwa yana nuna haɗarin haɓakar nau'in ciwon sukari na 2 tare da fallasa magungunan kashe qwari da metabolites.

## Rigakafi
Ba za a iya yin nazarin bayyanar da magungunan kashe qwari ba a cikin gwaje-gwajen da aka sarrafa na placebo saboda wannan zai zama rashin da'a. Don haka ba za a iya kafa alaƙar tasirin tasiri ta tabbatacce ba. Za a iya kuma an tattara tabbataccen shaida ta wasu ƙirar binciken. Don haka ana yawan amfani da ƙa'idar yin taka tsantsan a cikin dokar muhalli kamar yadda ba a buƙatar cikakkiyar hujja kafin a samar da ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na rage fallasa masu guba. 

Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Amirka ta ba da shawarar iyakance kamuwa da magungunan kashe qwari. Sun cimma wannan matsaya ne saboda yadda tsarin sa ido a halin yanzu bai isa ba don tantance matsalolin da suka shafi fallasa. Amfanin takaddun shaida da shirye-shiryen sanar da jama'a ba su da darajar da ba a san su ba a iyawarsu ta hana sakamako mara kyau.

## Epidemiology
Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya da Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun yi kiyasin cewa a kowace shekara, ma'aikata miliyan 3 a fannin aikin gona a kasashe masu tasowa na fuskantar mummunar guba daga magungunan kashe kwari, wadanda kusan 18,000 ke mutuwa.  A cewar wani bincike, kusan ma’aikata miliyan 25 a ƙasashe masu tasowa na iya shan ɗan ƙaramin guba a duk shekara.  An gano matakan magungunan kashe qwari 50 daban-daban a cikin jinin samfurin wakilcin jama'ar Amurka.

### Bincike rikice-rikice na sha'awa
An tayar da damuwa game da rikice-rikice na bukatu game da tushen bincike don wasu bincike game da gubar magungunan kashe qwari. Misali, Richard Doll na Asusun Binciken Ciwon Kankara na Imperial a Ingila an gano yana da alaƙar da ba a bayyana ba ga tallafin masana'antu.

## Sauran dabbobi
Yawancin magungunan kashe qwari ciki har da neonicotinoids clothesianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid suna da guba ga ƙudan zuma. 
Bayyana ga magungunan kashe qwari na iya zama ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da rikicewar rushewar mulkin mallaka. Wani bincike a Arewacin Carolina ya nuna cewa fiye da kashi 30 na quail da aka gwada sun yi rashin lafiya ta hanyar amfani da maganin kwari guda ɗaya. Da zarar sun yi rashin lafiya, tsuntsayen daji za su iya yin watsi da ’ya’yansu, su watsar da gidajensu, kuma su zama masu saurin kamuwa da namun daji ko cuta.

## Nassoshi