open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Amy Grace Wheaton

**Amy Grace Wheaton**, MBE (née **Priest** ; 10 Yuli 1898 - 12 Fabrairu 1988) ta kasance mai koyar da zamantakewa, malamar makaranta, kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata wacce ta kasance shugabar ƙungiyar mata masu zaɓe ta Australiya, wacce ta kafa tare kuma mataimakiyar shugabar majalisar kula da harkokin zamantakewa ta Kudu ta Australiya, kuma darakta ta farko ta hukumar nazarin zamantakewa ta Kudu ta Australiya. 

## Tarihin rayuwa

An haifi Wheaton a ranar 10 ga Yuli 1898 a Gawler ta Kudu, Kudancin Australia . Ita ce 'yar fari ta Ernest Conrad William Priest da Emily Sarah Springbett Priest (née Carman) kuma jikokin Charles Thomas Hewett, tare da 'yan uwa shida. Ta auri jami'in banki Douglas Wheaton a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 1925 a cikin Ikilisiyar Ikklisiya ta Stow kuma suna da 'ya'ya maza uku: Geoff, Neville da Roger.

Ta zama shugabar Tarayyar Mata ta Australiya daga 1951-1954 don inganta wakilci a kowane matakin gwamnati tare da da'awar cewa "daidaitaccen alhakin ya fi muhimmanci fiye da albashi daidai". Tana da harsuna biyu, tare da ƙwarewa a cikin Jamusanci da Faransanci, kuma tana da sha'awar Shige da fice na Australiya, haƙƙin mata, jin daɗi yara, zama ɗan ƙasa, ci gaba mai kyau a cikin al'ummomi, Tsarin gari, da duk batutuwa na jin daɗi da aikin zamantakewa.

A shekara ta 1939, Sarki ya ba Wheaton lambar yabo saboda hidimar da ta yi a cikin al'umma, wanda ya ba ta kyautar MBE a cikin girmamawar ranar haihuwar, kuma ta zama memba na rayuwa na Australian Association of Social Workers a shekara ta 1965. Ta mutu a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu a 1988 a Adelaide kuma an ƙonewa ta.

## Ilimi
Wheaton ta yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta Adelaide da Jami'ar Adelaide inda ta kammala digiri na farko a 1920 da kuma digiri na biyu a 1923 kuma an ba ta takardar shaidar malamai ta sakandare bayan kammala horar da malamai na shekaru biyu a 1916.  Ta halarci darussan ci gaba a fannin zamantakewa, ilimin halayyar jama'a, tattalin arziki da Falsafar zamantakewa kuma an yi rajista a matsayin Dan takarar digiri a makarantar London ta Tattalin Arziki da Kimiyya ta Siyasa a 1927. 

A shekara ta 1936, ta zama darektan girmamawa na sabuwar Hukumar Nazarin Jama'a ta Kudancin Australia tare da laccocin zamantakewa da ilimin halayyar jama'a da ke fuskantar buƙata mai yawa da kuma kyakkyawan ra'ayi daga ɗalibai.[1] A cikin 1942, an haɓaka sashen kimiyyar zamantakewa a Jami'ar Adelaide tare da Wheaton kasancewa babban malami na karatun digiri na shekaru biyu kuma an inganta shi a matsayin babban malami a cikin 1955.[1] A cikin shekara mai zuwa (1957), an tsawaita karatun zuwa shekaru uku kuma an sake sunan ma'aikatar 'sashen nazarin zamantakewa'.[1]

## Manazarta
Gidan Gida

Gidan Tarihi na **Puzzle Mansion** wani gidan tarihi ne da ke Tagaytay, Cavite, Philippines wanda ke ɗauke da tarin wasanin gwada ilimi wanda Guinness ta amince da shi daga 2012 zuwa 2017 a matsayin mafi girma a duniya. 

## Tarihi
Ginin da Puzzle Mansion ya mamaye ya fara ne a matsayin gidan hutu ga dangin mai tattara wasanin gwada ilimi, Georgina Gil-Lacuna, kuma a matsayin wurin nunin wasanin gwada ilimi na sirri don kammala wasanin gwada ilimi na Gil-Lacuna. 

An fara yin tunanin gina gidan tarihi a shekarar 2011 ta hannun mai tattara wasanin gwada ilimi Georgina Gil-Lacuna da ɗanta Gino Orda waɗanda suka damu da inda za su adana tarin wasanin gwada ilimi na Gil-Lacuna. Sun gano ta intanet cewa babbar mai tattara wasanin gwada ilimi ita ce wata mata daga Brazil wacce ke da wasanin gwada ilimi sama da 230. Gil-Lacuna a wancan lokacin tana da wasanin gwada ilimi 800. [1] A ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, 2012, Guinness ta ayyana ta a matsayin sabuwar mai riƙe da wannan bajintar, inda aka kammala wasanin gwada ilimi 1,030 a lokacin da aka ayyana ta. [2] Gidan tarihin ya buɗe wa jama'a a shekarar 2012. [3] Wannan ya zarce tarihin Luiza Figueiredo na São Paulo, Brazil . [4]

Baya ga gidan tarihi, an kuma mayar da wurin wurin kwanciya da karin kumallo.  A watan Oktoba na 2014, an ruwaito cewa gidan tarihi yana ɗauke da wasannin puzzles kimanin 1,500.  Gil-Lacuna ya mutu a cikin wannan shekarar saboda bugun zuciya.  A shekarar 2017, Guinness ta sake amincewa da tarin Figueiredo a matsayin mafi girma tare da wasan puzzles daban-daban guda 1,047. 

## Manazarta
Jerin Abubuwan Baƙi

Wannan jerin haruffa ne daga jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na fiction na kimiyya na Amurka Stranger Things, wanda Duffer Brothers suka kirkira.

Lokacin farko, wanda aka kafa a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1983, yana mai da hankali kan binciken game da bacewar wani saurayi mai suna Will Byers yayin da abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ke faruwa a kusa da wani gari da ake kira Hawkins, gami da bayyanar yarinya mai iyawa wanda ke taimaka wa abokan Will a cikin binciken su. Lokaci na biyu (Stranger Things 2) an saita shi shekara guda bayan na ƙarshe. Yana magana ne game da yunkurin haruffa don komawa al'ada da kuma magance sakamakon abubuwan da suka faru a kakar wasa ta farko. Lokaci na uku (Stranger Things 3) an saita shi a lokacin rani na 1985 kuma yana nuna matasa abokai suna girma cikin matasa da kewaya sabbin ƙalubalen rayuwa, duk yayin da sabon barazana ke tasowa a garin. Lokaci na huɗu (Stranger Things 4) an saita shi a cikin bazara na 1986 kuma ya bi haruffa bayan an raba su a ƙarshen Stranger Things 3. An saki kakar wasa ta farko a Netflix a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 2016;  an saki kakar wasa na biyu na abubuwa tara a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 2017;  kuma an saki kakar wasan ta uku na abubuwa takwas a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 2019. an raba kakar wasa ta huɗu zuwa kundi biyu, tare da aukuwa bakwai da aka saki a matsayin kundi na farko a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2022, da kuma aukuwa biyu da aka saki ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2022 a matsayin kundi biyu. An kuma raba kakar wasa ta biyar da ta ƙarshe zuwa kundi biyu da kuma na ƙarshe, tare da abubuwan farko huɗu da aka saki a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 2025, abubuwan da suka faru 5 zuwa 7 da aka saki ranar 25 ga Disamba, kuma jerin sunayen da aka shirya don saki a ranar 31 ga Disamba.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya

### Babban aikin

## Manazarta
Kate Hudson

**Kate Garry Hudson** (an haife ta a ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 1979)  'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka kuma mawaƙiya ce. An haife ta ga mawaƙa Bill Hudson da kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Goldie Hawn, Hudson ta fara fim dinta na farko a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na 1998 *Desert Blue*, wanda ya biyo bayan matsayi na tallafi a fina-finai da yawa. Ta tashi zuwa shahararriya tare da hotonta na Penny Lane a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Cameron Crowe Almost Famous (2000), wanda ta lashe Golden Globe don Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Actress kuma ta sami gabatarwa ta Oscar a cikin wannan rukuni.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Hudson a Los Angeles, California, 'yar' yar wasan kwaikwayo Goldie Hawn da Bill Hudson, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, ɗan wasan kwaikwayon, kuma mawaƙi. Iyayenta sun sake aure lokacin da take da wata 18 kuma ita da dan uwanta, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Oliver Hudson, sun girma a Snowmass, Colorado, da Pacific Palisades, California, ta mahaifiyarta da saurayin mahaifiyarta na dogon lokaci, ɗan wasan Kurt Russell. Kakan Hudson na Italiyanci ne (daga kakarta), Bayahude na Hungary (daga kakanta), kuma sauran sun haɗu da Turanci da wasu Jamusanci. An haife ta a matsayin Bayahude;   kamar mahaifiyarta, ita ma tana yin addinin Buddha.

## Ayyuka
A lokacin da yake da shekaru 11, Hudson ya yi wasan kwaikwayo a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Santa Monica .  Ta yi fim dinta na farko a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na *Desert Blue* (1998), kuma daga baya ta bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayon soyayya 200 Cigarettes (1999). Ta ɗauki matsayin ɗaliban kwaleji a cikin abin ban tsoro na tunanin mutum Gossip, 'yar lesbian ta halin da ake ciki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo Dr. T & the Women kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsayi a cikin wasan kwaikwayon soyayya *Game da Adamu*, dukansu an sake su a cikin shekara ta 2000.

### 2010-2020: Canjin aiki

Hudson ta fito tare da Casey Affleck da Jessica Alba, a matsayin matar wani mai kisan gilla na Yammacin Texas, a cikin fim din The Killer Inside Me, wanda aka fara a bikin fina-finai na Sundance na 2010. A cikin shekara ta 2011, Hudson ya taka rawar gani, mai kula da talla a cikin fim din wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya A Little Bit of Heaven, da kuma yarinya a cikin wani wasan kwaikwayo na Soyayya, Something Borrowed, wanda ya dogara da littafin Emily Giffin na wannan sunan. A cikin bita na ƙarshe, Detroit News ta ce: "Kate Hudson ta gaji, kamar dai ta gaji da yin tafiya ta hanyar wani daga cikin abubuwan da ba ta da kyau kamar yadda muke kallon su". Duk da yake A Little Bit of Heaven ya sami iyakantaccen saki a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo, Wani abu da aka ba da bashi ya kasance nasarar kasuwanci mai matsakaici.

## Manazarta
Ricky Pearsall

**Richard Pearsall Jr.** (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 2000) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon San Francisco 49ers na Ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Arizona State Sun Devils da Florida Gators . Pearsall ne 49ers suka tsara shi a zagaye na farko na shirin NFL na 2024. 

An harbe Pearsall a kirji yayin yunkurin fashi a kan agogon Rolex a San Francisco a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, 2024, kuma an sake shi daga asibiti washegari. Ya fara bugawa NFL a watan Oktoba.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Pearsall a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 2000, a Phoenix, Arizona. Ya girma a kusa da Chandler, Arizona, kuma ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Corona del Sol a Tempe, Arizona. Yayinda yake ƙarami, ya kafa rikodin karɓar yadi na Arizona High School 6A don wasa ɗaya tare da 342 a kan liyafa 14 a kan Gilbert High School. Pearsall ya gama kakar wasa tare da karɓar 74 don yadudduka 1,153 da kuma touchdowns 15. An kiyasta Pearsall a matsayin mai daukar ma'aikata na taurari uku kuma ya himmatu ga buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a Jihar Arizona a kan tayin daga Air Force, Hawaii, Idaho, Jihar New Mexico, Arewacin Arizona, da UC Davis. 

## Ayyukan kwaleji
Pearsall ya fara aikinsa na kwaleji a Jihar Arizona. Ya yi liyafa bakwai don yadudduka 128 a matsayin sabon shiga. Pearsall ya taka leda a dukkan wasannin Sun Devils guda hudu a cikin COVID-19 ta rage kakar Pac-12 ta 2020 kuma ya kama kwallaye shida don yadudduka 86 da kuma touchdown daya. Pearsall yana da liyafa 48 don yadudduka 580 da kuma tawagar da ke karɓar touchdowns a matsayin ƙarami. Bayan kakar 2021, ya shiga Tashar canja wurin NCAA.h

## Manazarta
David Vigor

**David Bernard Vigor** (26 ga Yuni 1939 &#x2013; 9 ga Afrilu 1998) ɗan siyasa ne na Australiya. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dattawan Australiya, yana wakiltar ' yan Democrat na Australiya da Jam'iyyar Unite Australia.

An haife shi a Elbeuf, Faransa ga mahaifiyar Ingila da mahaifin Faransa, jariri Vigor da iyalinsa sun kama jirgin ruwa na ƙarshe zuwa Ingila kafin farawar Yaƙin Duniya na II. Bayan sun koma Faransa a ƙarshen yaƙin, dangin Vigor sun yi ƙaura zuwa Adelaide, Ostiraliya a shekara ta 1951. 

Vigor ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Adelaide Boys da Jami'ar Adelaide, ya kammala karatu a fannin lissafi da Faransanci, sannan ya koma Jami'ar Monash a matsayin daya daga cikin daliban bincike na farko. A nan ne Vigor ya sadu da matarsa ta gaba, Susan. 

Bayan lokacinsa a Monash, Vigor ya ba da lacca a Glasgow na tsawon shekaru uku yayin da yake gudanar da bincike mai ban sha'awa game da wakilcin bayanai da bayanan inji, yana sanya shi a kan gaba na binciken Fasahar Bayanai. Bayan wani lokaci da ya kasance a Landan yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan batutuwan IT da tattara bayanai, Vigor ya koma Adelaide a 1971 a matsayin darektan Cibiyar Fasaha ta Kudancin Australia (yanzu Jami'ar Kudancin Ostiraliya) Cibiyar Kwamfuta.

Vigor ya shiga Ƙungiyar Liberal Movement ba da daɗewa ba bayan an kafa ta kuma ya tsara iliminta da manufofin karkara. Bayan rushewar jam'iyyar, Vigor ya shiga New LM na Robin Millhouse kuma ya shiga cikin kafa 'yan Democrat na Australia a shekarar 1977. 

Bayan da ya yi hamayya da zaben tarayya na 1980 da 1983, Vigor ya sami damar shiga matsayi na 1 a tikitin Majalisar Dattijan Kudancin Australia a Zaben 1984 kuma ya sami zabe a matsayin sanata na wannan jihar. 

A matsayinsa na sanata, Vigor ya kasance sananne ne saboda dogon tambayoyin da ya yi game da manufofin gwamnati a lokacin kwamitocin Majalisar Dattijai da Lokacin Tambaya. Ya kuma yi aiki a kan batutuwa kamar makirci don samar da babban birnin haɗari ga masu kirkiro, ingantaccen lakabi da marufi na samfuran mabukaci, gabatar da tsarin jefa kuri'a na Hare-Clark zuwa Babban Birnin Australiya, yana nuna matsalolin da ke tattare da Katin Australiya da kuma hana shan sigari a kan jirgin sama. Vigor shine ɗan siyasa na farko da ya yi ƙoƙari ya tsara tsarin mulki a Ostiraliya.

Lokacin Vigor a Majalisar Dattijai ya ragu lokacin da gwamnatin Hawke Labor ta kira zaben rushewa sau biyu a 1987. Ya rasa zaben da za a iya samu a matsayin farko a kan tikitin Majalisar Dattijai na Democrat ga shugaban jam'iyyar Janine Haines  kuma, a mayar da martani, ya shiga jam'iyyar Democrat Senator John Siddons ta Unite Australia Party (UAP). Vigor ya tsaya ba tare da nasara ba a matsayin dan takarar UAP na Majalisar Dattijan Kudancin Australia a Zaben 1987 kuma ya koma Aiki ba da shawara kan kwamfuta da ci gaban software.

Vigor ya mutu daga ciwon zuciya a gidansa a Sandy Creek, Kudancin Australia, yana da shekaru 58, matarsa, 'ya'ya maza biyar, 'ya mata biyu da jikoki bakwai sun tsira.[1]

## Manazarta
Roger Vadim

**Roger Vadim Plemiannikov** ( [ʁɔʒe vadim]; 26 ga Janairun 1928 - 11 ga Fabrairu 2000) marubucin fim ne na Faransa, darektan fina-finai, kuma furodusa, da kuma marubuci, mai zane, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na lokaci-lokaci. Ayyukan da aka fi sani da su sune fina-finai masu ban sha'awa tare da halaye masu ban shaʼawa, kamar su And God Created Woman (1956), Blood and Roses (1960), The Game Is Over (1966), *Barbarella* (1968), da Pretty Maids All in a Row (1971).

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Vadim **Roger Vadim Plemiannikov** (wani lokacin ana fassara shi **Plemiannikoff**) a birnin Paris. Mahaifinsa, Igor Nikolaevich Plemiannikov, wani jami'in sojan Rasha kuma dan wasan piano, ya yi hijira daga Daular Rasha kuma ya zama ɗan ƙasar Faransa. Ya kasance mataimakin wakilin Faransa a Misira, wanda aka ajiye a Alexandria, daga baya ya aika zuwa Mersin, Turkiyya a matsayin wakilin. Mahaifiyar Vadim, Marie-Antoinette (née Ardilouze),  'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce. Yana da 'yar'uwa guda ɗaya, Hélène Plemiannikov (1929-2022). Kodayake Vadim ya rayu a matsayin ɗan diflomasiyya a Arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya tun yana ƙarami,  mutuwar mahaifinsa lokacin da Vadim yake ɗan shekara tara ya sa iyalin su koma Faransa, inda mahaifiyarsa ta sami aiki tana gudanar da masauki a cikin Alps na Faransa, wanda ke aiki a matsayin tashar hanyar Yahudawa da sauran 'yan gudun hijira da ke tserewa daga Nazism. 

## Ayyukan fim
A lokacin da yake da shekaru 19, ya zama mataimakin darektan fim din Marc Allégret, wanda ya sadu da shi yayin da yake aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Sarah Bernhardt, kuma wanda ya yi aiki a kan fina-finai da yawa. Ya kasance mataimakin darektan a kan Allegret's *[[Blanche Fury]]* (1948), wasan kwaikwayo mara cin nasara wanda Allegret ya yi wa kamfanin Burtaniya a Turanci. Vadim na ɗaya daga cikin marubutan da yawa a kan Allegret's Faransanci-Birtaniya The Naked Heart (1950), aka *Maria Chapdelaine*, tare da Michèle Morgan, tare da aiki a matsayin mataimakin darektan. An harbe shi a cikin Faransanci da Ingilishi. Blackmailed (1951) wani fim ne na Allegret da aka shirya a Ingila, tare da Mai Zetterling da Dirk Bogarde; An ba da Vadim a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin marubutan. Ya kuma kasance ɗaya daga cikin marubutan da yawa a kan Allegret, La demoiselle et son revenant (1952).

## Manazarta
Ismail Mudashir

**Ismail Mudashir** (an haife shi 12 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 1980) ɗan jaridar Najeriya ne kuma a yanzu mai ba da shawara na musamman a kan kafofin watsa labarai da talla ga Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai, Sanata Barau Jibrin CON. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Mudashir a Jihar Zamfara a ranar 12 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 1980, kuma ya fito ne daga Offa, Jihar Kwara.  Ya yi karatun Sadarwar Jama'a a Jami'ar Tarayya, ta Offa, Jihar Kwara; Kaduna Polytechnic, Jami'ar Bayero Kano; da Jami'ar Jamia Millia Islamia, a New Delhi, Indiya, domin karatun sa na digiri da digiri na biyu.

## Sana'a
Mudashir ya fara aikin jarida a shekara ta 2004 a New Nigerian Newspapers (NNN) a Kaduna. Ya koma Media Trust Group (MTG), mai wallafa Daily Trust Newspapers, a matsayin babban mai ba da rahoto a cikin shekarar 2009. Abin sha'awa, an naɗa shi a matsayi Babba a Ofishin Kaduna a shekarar 2012, inda ya cimma wannan a shekaru uku kawai a cikin aikinsa tare da MTG. A wannan lokacin, ya kuma bayar da rahoto game da abubuwan da suka faru a jihohin Kebbi, Sokoto, da Zamfara. 

Mudashir ya yi aiki a ɓangarori da yawa a Daily Trust, kamar Mataimakin Babban Edita, Edita na Siyasa na jama'a, Wakilin Majalisar Jiha, da kuma shugaban ƙungiyar Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a cikin ƙungiyar kafofin watsa labarai.

Kafin ya fara aiki a majalisa, Mudashir ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Editan Yankin (Kano) daga 2013 zuwa 2015, inda ya jagoranci ƙungiyar kamfanin a jihohin Kano, Katsina, da Jigawa. A matsayinsa daban-daban, ya nuna sauye-sauyensa da jagoranci a cikin ƙungiyar kafofin watsa labarai.

A ranar 23 ga watan Yuli, shekarar 2023, Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya, Sanata Barau Jibrin ya naɗa Mudashir a matsayin SA Media da Publicity.

## Manazarta
Kyle Shanahan

**Kyle Michael Shanahan**  (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 1979) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa na Amurka wanda shine babban kocin San Francisco 49ers na Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Kasa (NFL). Ya zama sananne a matsayin mai kula da hare-hare na Atlanta Falcons, wanda laifinsa a shekarar 2016 ya jagoranci league a maki da aka zira kuma ya taimaka wa tawagar ta kai Super Bowl LI">Super Bowl LI. Shanahan ya zama babban kocin 49ers a kakar wasa mai zuwa, ya jagoranci tawagar zuwa lakabi uku na rukuni, wasanni hudu na wasan kwaikwayo, wasanni hudu da NFC Championship, da kuma wasanni biyu na Super Bowl (LIV da LVIII).

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Shanahan a Minneapolis, inda mahaifinsa, Mike Shanahan, shi ne mai kula da hare-haren a Jami'ar Minnesota .  Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Saratoga da ke Saratoga, California, a shekarar 1994, yayin da mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da hare-haren a San Francisco 49ers. Daga baya Shanahan ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Cherry Creek da ke Greenwood Village, Colorado, yayin da mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin babban kocin Denver Broncos.

Shanahan ya karɓi tayin tallafin karatu daga Carl Franks na Jami'ar Duke, amma ya zaɓi canja wuri a matsayin sabon ɗalibi zuwa Jami'ar Texas a Austin inda ya fara aiki a matsayin mai tafiya. Shanahan ya taka leda a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin tawagar Longhorn wacce ta ƙunshi kocin kwaleji na gaba Major Applewhite, mataimakin kocin NFL na gaba Richard Hightower (wanda ya yi aiki tare da shi a San Francisco) da kuma 'yan wasan NFL na gaba Roy Williams, Cedric Benson, Bo Scaife, Mike Williams, Quentin Jammer, da Chris Simms. Shanahan ya kama kwallaye 14 don yadudduka 127 a cikin aikinsa na Jami'ar Texas a Austin.

### Masu satar jirgin ruwa na Tampa Bay
An dauki Shanahan a matsayin mataimakin kocin don kula da ingancin kai a karkashin kocin Jon Gruden tare da Tampa Bay Buccaneers a shekara ta 2004.  A matsayinsa na kocin kula da inganci, Shanahan ya taimaka wajen karya fim din wasan kuma ya zana zane-zane na wasan kwaikwayo don littafin wasa. Ya ce lokacin da ya yi amfani da shirin kwamfuta SuperPaint don zana wasanni ga Gruden ya gabatar da shi ga wasanni da yawa da aka yi amfani da su a NFL.

## Manazarta
Ada Mary zuwa Beckett

**Ada Mary a Beckett** MSc CBE (18 ga Mayu 1872 - 20 ga Mayu 1948), wacce aka haifa a Lambert, ƙwararriyar masaniyar halittu ce ta ƙasar Australiya, kuma mai ilimi kuma shugabar ƙungiyar yara a ƙasar Ostiraliya. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka naɗa malamar jami'a a Jami'ar Melbourne.

## Tarihi
An haifi Ada Mary Lambert a Adelaide, 'yar fari ta Rev. Henry John Lambert (c. 1836 - 14 Yuli 1924) da Helen Lambert, née Garrett (- 10 Oktoba 1914),  na Norwood, Kudancin Australia.  An haifi mahaifinta a Landan, kuma fasto ne na Baptist a King's Lynn, Norfolk kuma ya yi hijira zuwa Kudancin Australia don ya kula da cocin Baptist a Moonta, Kudancin Ostiraliya a kusa da 1860. An nada shi fasto na farko na cocin Baptist a Norwood a 1867 kuma ya yi aiki a can har zuwa Oktoba 1888, lokacin da ya tafi Ingila. A kusa da 1890 ya koma Kudancin Australia, inda ya shiga Cocin Presbyterian, kuma ya yi aiki a Spalding, Koolunga, da Wallaroo, sannan a 1905 ya gaji Matthew Johnson a matsayin Moderator na Babban Taron Kudancin Australiya na Cocin Presbiterian. Daga baya ya koma Victoria, kuma ya mutu a gidan 'yarsa Ada a Gabashin St Kilda.  

Ada ta yi karatu a makarantar Advanced School for Girls a Adelaide, kuma ta sami BSc. (mace ta biyu da ta kammala karatu a Kimiyya a M.U.) da MSc. digiri a Jami'ar Melbourne a 1895 da 1897 bi da bi, kuma ta sami kyaututtuka da tallafin karatu da yawa. An nada ta a matsayin mai zanga-zanga da mataimakiyar malami a Jami'ar a lokacin yawon shakatawa na W. Baldwin Spencer na Australiya ta Tsakiya a cikin 1901. Wannan shi ne nadin farko na jami'ar na mace a matsayin malami. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed]

A cikin 1903, Ada ta auri lauya Thomas Archibald à Beckett, ɗan fari na Sir Thomas à Beckett; suna da 'ya'ya maza uku. Ta koma koyarwa a Makarantar Grammar ta 'yan mata ta Melbourne Church of England, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zanga-zanga a ilmin halitta a Jami'ar Melbourne. Ta koyar da ilmin halitta a Kwalejin Scotch, Melbourne, kuma ta kasance memba na Majalisar Tarayyar Mata ta Jami'o'i. Ta kasance wacce ta kafa kungiyar Free Kindergarten Union, kuma ta yi aiki da ita na tsawon shekaru 40. Ta kasance majagaba a Kwalejin Horar da Yara a Victoria, ta kuma kasance shugabar Kungiyar Australiya don Ci gaban Yara.

## Manazarta
Ilimi na Z

**Generation Z** (ko Gen Z don takaice), wanda aka fi sani da zoomers, shine ƙungiyar jama'a da ta biyo bayan Millennials kuma ta riga Generation Alpha.  Masu bincike da shahararrun kafofin watsa labarai suna amfani da tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1990s a matsayin farkon shekarun haihuwa da farkon shekarun 2010s a matsayin ƙarshen shekarun haihuwa, tare da ƙarni da aka fi bayyanawa a matsayin mutanen da aka haifa daga 1997 zuwa 2012.  Wannan labarin yana mai da hankali musamman kan ilimin Generation Z.

## Yanayin Duniya
Shiga a makarantun firamare a kasashe masu tasowa yana ƙaruwa sosai tun daga tsakiyar karni na 20. A cikin shekarun 1990s da 2000s, yawan shiga makarantar firamare a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe ya kusanci 100%, yana zaune a ƙasa da waɗanda ke cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa. A cewar Kungiyar hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki da ci gaba (OECD), kasashe sun kashe matsakaicin US $ 10,759 suna ilimantar da yaransu daga makarantar firamare zuwa jami'a a shekarar 2014.

## A Asiya
A Koriya ta Kudu, koyarwa matsayi ne mai daraja da lada kuma tsarin ilimi yana da tsakiya sosai kuma yana mai da hankali kan gwaji. Hakazalika, a Singapore, zama malami ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba kuma ana gudanar da tsarin ilimi na kasar.

## A Turai
A Finland, a cikin shekarun 2010, yana da matukar wahala a zama malamin makaranta, saboda yawan shigarwa don shirin horar da malami ya kasance ƙasa da shirye-shiryen doka ko magani.

Dangane da 2015 Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), ɗaliban Faransanci sun ci na ƙarshe a lissafi kuma na gaba zuwa na ƙarshe a kimiyya idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashen membobin Tarayyar Turai. Dalibai na Faransanci na huɗu (ɗalibai masu shekaru takwas zuwa tara) sun sami matsakaicin maki 488 a lissafi da 487 a kimiyya, idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin US na 527 da 525, bi da bi. A kasa da kasa, Faransa ta kasance a matsayi na 35 daga cikin kasashe da yankuna 49 da suka halarci. Matsakaicin Faransanci a cikin lissafi a matakin makarantar sakandare duk da haka, halin da ake ciki a cikin ilimi mafi girma da bincike ya kasance wahayi, kamar yadda za'a iya gani a cikin yawan masu ba da lambar yabo ta filin da kasar ta samar, wanda ya fi kowane ƙasa sai dai Amurka.

## Manazarta
Mai ba da shawara kan ilimi

**mai ba da shawara kan ilimi** (**EC**), wani lokacin ana kiransa mai ba da shawara game da ilimi mai zaman kansa (**IEC**), mai ba da shawarar ne wanda ke taimaka wa iyaye da ɗaliban gargajiya ko ɗaliban da ba na gargajiya ba tare da shirin ilimi don kwaleji da makarantar digiri. Wasu kuma suna aiki tare da ɗaliban makaranta masu zaman kansu.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya
Mai ba da shawara kan ilimi yana ba da sabis waɗanda suke kama da Masu ba da shawara a makaranta da masu ba le shawara kan ilimi, amma yawanci yana aiki da kansa ko kuma babbar ƙungiyar ilimi ke aiki. Matsakaicin taken shine "IEC" ko "mai ba da shawara kan ilimi mai zaman kansa".

### Da'a
IECA ta "Ka'idojin Ka'ida don Kwarewar Ba da Shawara ta Ilimi" ta bayyana cewa "ta haɓaka ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin ka'idoji waɗanda ke sarrafa ayyukan masu ba da shawara a cikin dangantakarsu da ɗalibai da iyalai, makarantu da kwalejoji, da kuma abokan aiki. Waɗannan sun haɗa da alhakin fahimtar ƙarfin ɗaliban na musamman, dabi'a da buƙata don haɗa dukkan ƙa'idodin IECA na ƙa'idodi.

## Kungiyoyin kwararru
Manyan kungiyoyi biyu masu sana'a don masu ba da shawara kan ilimi sune IECA (Independent Educational Consultants Association) da HECA (Higher Education Consultants Association).  Ƙungiyar farko a Burtaniya ita ce Society of Education Consultants (SEC). 

## Dubi kuma

* Loren Pope - mai ba da shawara kan ilimi kuma marubucin *Kwalejin da ke Canja Rayuwa*.
* The Hidden Ivies da masu ba da shawara kan ilimi Howard da Matthew Greene.

## Manazarta
Ethel Barringer

**Ethel Barringer** (24 Yuli 1883 - 30 Mayu 1925) mawakiya ce ta Kudancin Ostiraliya wacce ta yi fice a kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban, amma an san ta musamman da zane-zanenta.

Ethel 'yar Leonard Barringer ce (c. 1844 - 11 Agusta 1895) da matarsa Fanny, née Page (c. 1857 - 6 Yuli 1920). Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Ci gaba ta 'Yan Mata a karkashin Miss Rees George, kuma ta kasance dalibi na Hans Heysen da Mary Packer Harris a Makarantar Fasaha da Ayyuka ta SA. Ta yi karatu a Landan na shekaru da yawa kuma ta ɗauki darussan a cikin enameling, zane-zane, aikin rayuwa, da etching a makarantar St John's Wood Art School da Sir John Cass Technical School. A lokacin da ta dawo Adelaide ta kafa ɗakinta a titin Flinders, amma ta ba da shi lokacin da ta sami alƙawari a matsayin mataimakiyar malama a Makarantar Fasaha da Ayyuka a Arewacin Terrace.

Ta mutu ba zato ba tsammani daga ciwon zuciya a Blackwood inda ta kasance tana koyarwa na tsawon shekaru hudu kuma ta shahara tare da abokan koyarwa da ɗalibai. Mutuwarta ta zo ne a matsayin abin mamaki ga ma'aikatan, waɗanda suka kasance tare da ita a safiyar Asabar, lokacin da take cikin kyakkyawan ruhu, bayan an taya ta murna game da aikinta a baje kolin Women Painter-Etchers Society a Sydney.

## Iyali
Ɗan'uwan Ethel Herbert Page Barringer (1886-1946) ya auri Gwendoline L'Avance Adamson, wanda a matsayin Gwen Barringer (1882-1960) sanannen mai zane ne. Sun yi aure a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 1910;[1] daga baya ta sake shi saboda zalunci.[2]

## Sanarwa
An ba da lambar yabo ta Ethel Barringer don zane-zane. Barringer Street a cikin unguwar Canberra na Conder an sanya masa suna ne don girmama ta, da kuma surukarta Gwen.

## Manazarta
Ray Whitrod

**Raymond Wells Whitrod**, AC , CVO , QPM (16 Afrilu 1915 - 11 Yuli 2003) ɗan sanda ne kuma masanin laifuka a Ostiraliya. An ɗauke shi a matsayin jagora a duniya a yadda al'umma ke mu'amala da waɗanda aka yi wa laifi. An san shi da mutum mai kyawawan halaye na ƙwararru, mai jajircewa kan adalci, daidaito da kuma riƙon amana. Ya shahara sosai a lokacin da yake Kwamishinan Hukumar 'Yan Sanda ta Queensland, inda ya yi murabus a shekarar 1976 saboda cin hanci da rashawa da ya yi kamari a Queensland a wancan lokacin, musamman saboda naɗin da Firayim Ministan Queensland, Joh Bjelke-Petersen, ya yi wa Terry Lewis a matsayin Mataimakin Kwamishina.

## Rayuwa ta farko da aiki
An haifi Ray Whitrod a Adelaide a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 1915, yana halartar Makarantar Sakandare ta Adelaide. Ya shiga rundunar Yan sanda na Kudancin Australia (SAPOL) a 1934. Ya shiga aikin bincike daga 1937 zuwa 1941. Ya tafi ya shiga Royal Australian Air Force, yana ganin aiki a matsayin mai ba da hanya a arewacin Afirka da Turai. Daga nan sai ya koma SAPOL.

A shekara ta 1949 Whitrod ya koma Sydney inda ya taimaka wajen kafa Hukumar leken asiri ta Australiya (ASIO), kuma ya shiga binciken leken asiri na Soviet. Ya kasance a cibiyar bincike kan Vladimir Petrov da matarsa Evdokia, wadanda suka sauya sheka a shekara ta 1954. 

## Ayyukan 'yan sanda
Whitrod ya shiga Hukumar Bincike ta Commonwealth a matsayin darakta, ya koma Canberra. CIS ta zama rundunar 'yan sanda ta Commonwealth (yanzu rundunar' yan sanda ta tarayya ta Australia) a cikin 1960, kuma Whitrod ita ce kwamishinan farko. Ya kasance a wannan mukamin na tsawon shekaru tara. Ya kasance mai motsawa a bayan Dokar 'yan sanda ta Commonwealth da Kwalejin' yan sanda ta Australia, yanzu Cibiyar Gudanar da' yan sanda na Australia, a Arewacin Shugaban.

A cikin 1963 Whitrod ya sami digiri na farko na tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia (ANU), wanda yake karatu na ɗan lokaci tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1950. Ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin laifuka a Jami'ar Cambridge a shekarar 1965.

Whitrod ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan 'yan sanda na Papua New Guinea daga 1969 zuwa 1970. Wannan ya faru ne bayan tattaunawar tarho tare da kwamishinan da ya yi ritaya, aboki na sirri, wanda ya nemi Whitrod ya nemi ya ga akwai wanda ke son maye gurbinsa. Whitrod ya amince da yin wasu tambayoyi, amma ba zai sami wanda ya so ba. Ya ba da rahoto ga kwamishinan da ya yi ritaya, wanda ya ce an shirya ranar tafiyarsa, kuma ya tambayi idan Whitrod da kansa na iya sha'awar. Ba tare da tuntubar matarsa ba, ya yarda.

## Manazarta

* Jaridar 'yan sanda a kan layi 
* Dokta mai daraja na Dokta na Dokta
* AFP: Magana ta Inaugural Ray Whitrod 2007
* Tarihin Australiya: Rubuce-rubucen dogon hira da Ray Whitrod
* Daraja ce: MVO 1954
* Daraja ce: CVO 1963
* Daraja ce: QPM 1967
* Daraja ce: AM 1987
* Daraja ce: AC 1993
Ƙarshen karatun kwaleji

**Kwalejin ƙarshen karatu ** ko **kwalejin tsofaffin ɗalibai**,  tarin hotunan ne da ke nuna hotunan ɗaliban aji ko ci gaba, yawanci bayan kammala karatunsu, ko kuma a ƙarshen karatunsu na ilimi. Wannan nau'in rubutun ya shahara sosai a ƙasashe da yawa kuma yana aiki a matsayin abin tunawa ga dukkan ɗaliban aji daga kwaleji, makaranta, malamai, ko wani nau'in ƙungiya, ko ɗaliban jami'a ne ko a'a. 

## Tarihi da amfani
Asalin ƙarshen karatun ya samo asali ne daga Hoton aji wanda galibi ana ɗauka a cibiyoyin ilimi a cikin karni na 19. A tsawon lokaci, al'adar hada hotuna na kowane dalibi a cikin tsarin ado ya zama ruwan dare gama gari. Hotunan ɗalibai ba kawai suna da ƙimar motsin rai ba, har ma suna aiki azaman tarihin tarihi. Wadannan collages suna bawa dalibai da ma'aikata damar tunawa da lokacin da aka raba, da kuma gano takwarorinsu a nan gaba. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan haɗin suna nuna yanayin ilimi da tarihin al'adu na ma'aikatar.

## Tsarin halitta

Tsarin ƙirƙirar jerin aji gabaɗaya ya haɗa da matakai masu zuwa:

* **Ɗauki Hotuna:** Dalibai suna nuna hotuna na mutum, yawanci a gaban bango mai tsaka-tsaki.
* Zane: Ana shirya hotuna a cikin **Tsarin:** mai kyau, sau da yawa tare da sunan kowane dalibi da tambarin ma'aikata.
* **Bugawa da rarraba:** An buga ƙarshen karatun a kan takarda mai inganci kuma an rarraba shi ga ɗalibai da ma'aikatan koyarwa.

# **Hotuna**: Dalibai suna nuna hotuna na mutum, yawanci a gaban bango mai tsaka-tsaki.
# Zane: An shirya hotuna a cikin **Tsarin:** mai kyau, sau da yawa tare da sunan kowane dalibi da tambarin ma'aikata.
#

## Bambance-bambance
Kalmar gabaɗaya tana nufin tarin hotuna da abubuwan tunawa da ke wakiltar ƙarshen tafiyar ilimi, kamar shekara ta digiri ko aji na ƙarshe. Kodayake ainihin manufar haɗin tsofaffi na duniya ne, akwai bambance-bambance a cikin ƙirar sa da gabatarwa dangane da yankin da ma'aikata. Wasu allon kammala karatun sun haɗa da hotuna na ma'aikata da ma'aikata, ƙididdigar wahayi, ko ƙarin bayani kamar shekara ta kammala karatun.

## Manazarta
Koyarwa a gida a Amurka

**Homeschooling** a Amurka shine aikin ilimantar da yara a gida, inda ɗalibai ba sa halartar makaranta ta al'ada. 

A matsayin wani nau'i na madadin ilimi, makarantar gida yawanci tana ɗaukar nau'in iyaye suna koyar da yaransu ta hanyar koyarwa kai tsaye, koyarwar addini, gwaji ko hanyoyin ilmantarwa marasa tsari. 

Amurka tana da doguwar al'adar makaranta a gida, wanda ya fara ne a zamanin mulkin mallaka, inda iyalai ke ilimantar da yaransu a gida ba tare da makarantu na gida ba. A Amurka a yau kimanin kashi 3.3% na daliban K-12 suna karatun gida. Adadin masu zuwa makaranta a Amurka ya karu kwanan nan a cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan annobar COVID-19. Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa iyaye suna da hakki na asali don jagorantar ilimin 'ya'yansu, ƙarfafa makarantar gida a matsayin hanyar doka ta ilimi ga yara a Amurka.

## Yaduwar
Homeschooling a Amurka ya yadu a lokacin mulkin mallaka, yana nuna yanayin duniya na makaranta a Turai, Rasha da sauransu a wasu daular. Tattaunawar da ke gudana tsakanin masana tarihi sun danganta shahararren makarantar gida ga kungiyoyin addini a Amurka, amma ba a san girman wannan direba a kan ayyukan makarantar gida a farkon lokacin Amurka ba. Daga baya aka ki amincewa da karatun gida a ƙarni na 19 da 20, yayin da ilimin ma'aikata ya zama abin farin ciki. Amma, an farfado da yunkurin bayar da shawarwari don karatun gida a tsakiyar shekarun 1900, wanda ya haifar da halatta karatun gida a duk faɗin Amurka da kuma karuwar goyon baya ga wannan hanyar ilimi. A cikin Homeschool: Tarihin Amurka, sha'awar tsakiyar karni a cikin gidaje ta goyi bayan dalilai da yawa ciki har da yankunan da ke kusa da birni, ƙungiyar 'yancin bil'adama, da karuwar shakku na gwamnati a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970. 

## Dalilin da ya sa aka yi amfani da shi

Iyaye suna ba da dalilai daban-daban don koyar da yaransu a gida. A cikin NHES na 2003 da 2007, an tambayi iyaye ko wasu dalilai na makarantar gida sun shafi su. Iyaye suna ci gaba da damuwa game da yanayin makaranta, don samar da koyarwar addini ko ɗabi'a, da rashin gamsuwa da koyarwar ilimi da ke akwai a wasu makarantu, a matsayin mafi mahimmancin dalili don makarantar gida.

## Manazarta
Shingen harshe

**shingen harshe** kalma ce ta alama da aka yi amfani da ita da farko don komawa ga shingen harshe ga sadarwa, watau matsalolin sadarwa da mutane ko kungiyoyi suka fuskanta da farko suna magana ko rubuta Harsuna daban-daban (ko yare daban-daban a wasu lokuta).

Shingen harshe yana hana kafa dangantakar mutum da mutum kuma yana iya haifar da rashin fahimta wanda ke haifar da nau'ikan sakamako masu tsanani. Wadannan na iya haɗawa da rikici, takaici, damuwa ta kiwon lafiya, laifuka na aikata laifuka, tashin hankali, da kuma amfani da lokaci, ƙoƙari kudi, da rayuwar ɗan adam.

## Sadarwa
Yawanci, ƙananan sadarwa tsakanin masu magana da Harsuna daban-daban suna faruwa sai dai idan ɗayan ko duka bangarorin biyu sun koyi sabon harshe, wanda ke buƙatar saka hannun jari na lokaci da ƙoƙari. Mutanen da ke tafiya zuwa kasashen waje galibi suna fuskantar shingen harshe.

Mutanen da suka zo sabuwar ƙasar a lokacin da suka girma ko kuma suna da iyakantaccen ƙamus, lokacin da koyon harshe tsari ne mai wahala, na iya samun matsala ta musamman wajen shawo kan shingen harshe. Irin wannan matsala tana faruwa a tarurruka masu yawa, inda fassarar ayyukan na iya zama mai tsada, da wuya a samu, kuma yana da saurin kuskure.

## Gudun Hijira
Harshen harshe yana tasiri ga ƙaura. Masu ƙaura daga ƙasa suna iya ƙaura zuwa ƙasar da ake nufi wanda ke magana da yare ɗaya da ƙasar ƙaura. Don haka, yawancin ƙaura na Burtaniya sun kasance zuwa Ostiraliya, Kanada, Amurka, ko New Zealand, yawancin ƙauraren Mutanen Espanya sun kasance zuwa Latin Amurka, kuma ƙaura na Portuguese zuwa Brazil. Ko da kasar da aka nufa ba ta magana da yaren mai ƙaura ba, har yanzu tana iya karɓar ƙaura idan tana magana da yarensa *da ke da alaƙa* da na mai ƙaura.

Misali mafi bayyane shine babban ƙaura na Turawa zuwa Amurka. Amurka, tare da harshen Jamusanci na Jamusanci, ya jawo hankalin baƙi daga Arewacin Turai, inda ake magana da harsunan Jamusanci ko sananne. Mafi yawan al'adun da aka fi sani da su a Amurka sune Jamusanci, Irish, da Ingilishi, kuma yawancin 'yan gudun hijirar Scandinavia sun koma Amurka (ko Kanada mai magana da Ingilishi).

## Manazarta
Henry M. Francis

**Henry M. Francis** (13 ga Yuni, 1836 - 13 ga Oktoba, 1908), wanda aka fi sani da **H. M. Francis**, masanin gine-gine ne a Massachusetts. Yawancin ayyukansa, shi kaɗai ko tare da 'ya'yansa maza, an jera su a cikin National Register of Historic Places na Amurka.  Ayyukansa mafi kyau na iya zama Makarantar Murdock a Winchendon, Massachusetts, wanda aka gina a 1887. 

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Henry Martyn Francis a ranar 16 ga Yuni, 1836, a Lunenburg, Massachusetts ga Franklin Samuel da Jane (Kimball) Francis . Ya halarci makarantun jama'a na Lunenburg da Lawrence Academy kuma a 1858 ya bar Massachusetts don yin aiki a matsayin mai binciken ƙasa a New York, inda aka yi masa aiki a kan fadada ayyukan ruwa na Croton. A ƙarshen wannan shekarar ya koma Massachusetts kuma ya fara karatun gine-gine tare da masanin gine-ginen Boston Alexander R. Esty . Daga 1861 zuwa 1864 ya yi aiki a matsayin masassaƙi a Lunenburg, Westfield da Florence, Massachusetts. A shekara ta 1864 ya fara aiki ga George F. Meacham a Boston, kuma a shekara mai zuwa ya tafi Portland, Maine inda ya yi aiki ga George M. Harding .  Harding ya yi masa aiki a lokacin sake gina birnin bayan gobarar 1866.

A shekara ta 1868 Francis ya koma Fitchburg kuma ya kafa aikin gine-gine. Francis shi kaɗai ne mai mallakar aikinsa har zuwa 1903, lokacin da ya kafa haɗin gwiwa tare da 'ya'yansa maza biyu, Frederick L. Francis da Albert F. Francis .  Kodayake dattijo Francis ya mutu a 1908, 'ya'yansa maza ne ke gudanar da kamfanin H. M. Francis & Sons har zuwa barkewar yakin duniya na biyu.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Francis ya yi aure a 1867 ga Emily Josephine Leighton na Bloomfield, yanzu Skowhegan, Maine. Suna da 'ya'ya uku, maza biyu da mace. 'Ya'yansa maza biyu, Frederick Leighton Francis (1870-1919) da Albert Franklin Francis (1875-1946) za su yi karatun gine-gine a ofishinsa kafin a kafa haɗin gwiwar su. Frederick L. yana da ƙarin horo daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts, bayan ya kammala karatu a 1892. 

Henry M. Francis ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 1908, a gida a Fitchburg . Ya kasance gurgu ne tun shekara ta 1906. 

## Kyauta
Gine-gine da yawa da Francis da 'ya'yansa maza suka tsara an jera su a cikin National Register of Historic Places na Amurka.

## Manazarta
Gasar MATE ROV

Gasar Fasahar Fasaha ta Marine (MATE) Gasar Motoci mai Gudanar da Fasaha ce ta shekara-shekara, gasar robotics ta kasa da kasa wacce ke kalubalantar K-12, kwalejin al'umma, da ƙungiyoyin jami'a don tsarawa, ginawa, da matukin jirgi ROVs yayin gabatar da ayyukansu kamar "kamfanoni ne na farawa". Wannan taron yana jaddada aikin injiniya na duniya, kasuwanci, da ƙwarewar sadarwa tare da ayyukan da masana'antar fasahar teku ke gudanarwa.

## Tarihi
Gasar ta samo asali ne daga Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kasa da ke tallafawa MATE a Kwalejin Peninsula ta Monterey. Yin aiki tare da Kwamitin ROV na Kungiyar Fasaha ta Ruwa, cibiyar ta shirya gasar ta farko a cikin 2001; shekaru goma sha biyar bayan haka an tsara shirin a ƙarƙashin kamfanin MATE Inspiration for Innovation (MATE II), wanda aka kafa a California a cikin 2016. Gasar zakarun farko ta juya tsakanin wuraren da ke bakin teku na Amurka, gami da Jami'ar California, Santa Barbara (2004) da Cibiyar Nazarin Neutral Buoyancy ta NASA a Houston don taron cika shekaru 10 a 2011.  Bayan sokewar da ta shafi annobar a shekarar 2020, Jami'ar Jihar Tennessee ta Gabas ta dauki bakuncin gasar zakarun kai tsaye a shekarar 2021. Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 20 ta gudana ne a Kwalejin Long Beach City, California, a watan Yunin 2022, inda ta nuna shekaru ashirin na gasar. A watan Yunin 2025 fiye da kungiyoyi 70 daga kasashe 18 sun taru a NOAA's Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary a Alpena, Michigan, don sabuwar gasar cin kofin duniya.

## Tsarin Gasar

Ƙungiyoyin sun shiga ɗaya daga cikin manyan ɗalibai huɗu - SCOUT (matakin shigarwa), NAVIGATOR, RANGER, da EXPLORER (matakin jami'a) - tare da ɗaliban matukin jirgi na PIONEER na lokaci-lokaci don tsarin da ke fitowa. Tsarin da aka tsara yana bawa dalibai damar gina motoci masu rikitarwa da kuma tallafin kasuwanci yayin da suke da shekaru masu dacewa.

Baya ga sarrafa ROVs ɗin su ta hanyar ayyukan manufa na lokaci, kamfanoni dole ne su gabatar da rahotanni na injiniya / fasaha, ƙirƙirar nune-nunen tallace-tallace ko posters, da kuma isar da gabatarwa na salon tallace-tafiye ga bangarorin masu aiki waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin alƙalai.

### Masu cancanta na Yankin
Cibiyar sadarwa ta gasa ta yanki 38 a duk faɗin Arewacin Amurka, Turai, Asiya, da Gabas ta Tsakiya suna ciyar da rukunin RANGER (kuma, a wasu yankuna, EXPLORER) na gasar zakarun duniya; abubuwan da suka faru na yanki na iya ba da SCOUT da NAVIGATOR waɗanda suka kammala a cikin gida.
John Croft (mai sayar da ruwan inabi)

**John Croft** (1732-1820) ɗan kasuwar ruwan inabi ne na Ingila a York da Porto . An kuma san shi da abubuwan tarihi da wallafe-wallafen, kuma a matsayin mai ban sha'awa.

## Rayuwa
Shi ne ɗan na biyar na Stephen Croft (1683-1733) da matarsa Elizabeth Anderson, 'yar Sir Edmund Anderson, Baronet na 4, an haife shi a Stillington, North Yorkshire . Ya tafi Porto kuma ya shiga cikin kasuwancin ruwan inabi, inda akwai alaƙar iyalin Croft. Wani John Croft, dan uwan farko, ya shiga kamfanin Burtaniya a can a 1736, wanda daga nan ya yi ciniki a matsayin Tilden, Thompson & Croft.

Bayan wani lokaci a Porto, Croft ya koma York, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin abokin tarayya a cikin 'yan kasuwa na ruwan inabi Messrs George Suttrell & Co. Ya sami' 'yancin birni York a 1770, kuma a 1773 yana ɗaya daga cikin sheriffs. Ya zama sanannen mutum, mai ado na gida, tare da laƙabi "Scrapeana" daga ɗayan ayyukansa. Ya mutu a gida a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 1820, kuma an binne shi a York Minster a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba.

## Ayyuka
Croft ya buga: 

* A Treatise on the Wines of Portugal; Har ila yau, Dissertation on the Nature and Use of Wines gabaɗaya shigo da su cikin Burtaniya, York 1787, 2nd edition 1788. An sadaukar da shi ga William Constable (1721-1791) na Burton Constable Hall .
* A Small Collection of the Beauties of Shakspeare, biye da Annotations on Plays of Shakespear (Johnson and Steevens's edition), York, 1810.
* Scrapeana, Fugitive Miscellany, Sans Souci, 1792, ban dariya da labarai. An sadaukar da shi ga Józef Boruwłaski . 
* *Excerpta Antiqua; ko tarin rubuce-rubuce na asali*, 1797.
* *Dokoki a Wasan Chess*, 1808, ba a san sunansa ba.
* *Tarihi* Harry Rowe mai nunawa, wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 1799. Wannan littafi ne na sadaka, don tallafawa York Dispensary . 

*Scrapeana* ya ƙunshi wani labari game da Elizabeth Sterne, matar Laurence Sterne .  Stephen Croft na Stillington (1713-1798) abokin Sterne ne, kuma ɗan'uwan John Croft. A cikin shekara ta 1795, John Croft ya aika da tarin labarai game da Sterne ga Caleb Whitefoord; kuma daga baya William Hewins ya buga su. Sun samar da abin da ake kira "zane-zane na abokin gaba". 

## Iyali
Croft ya yi aure a shekara ta 1774 Judith Bacon, 'yar Francis Bacon, alderman na York, da matarsa ta biyu, Catherine Hildrop . Akwai 'ya'ya maza biyu.

## Manazarta
Ambrose Crowley

Sir Ambrose Crowley III (1 ga Afrilu 1657/8  - 17 ga Oktoba 1713) ya kasance ɗan asali na Ingila na ƙarni na 17  kuma ɗan siyasa wanda aka mayar da shi House of Commons a cikin 1713.

Crowley ɗan Ambrose Crowley II ne, ɗan Quaker ne a Stourbridge, da Mary Hall kuma ya tashi Dick Whittington-style ya zama Sheriff na London a shekara ta 1706.

## Ayyuka
Ayyukan karfe na Crowley a Winlaton, Winlaton Mill da Swalwell, duk a cikin County Durham tabbas a lokacin shine mafi girman wurin masana'antu na Turai. Daga baya, yayin da Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba shi bashin kudi mai yawa, Ambrose ya zama darektan Kamfanin Kudancin Tekun a lokacin da aka kafa shi. A yau har yanzu an san shi da hanyoyin gudanarwa masu haske. Ma'aikatansa suna da kwamitin aiki da aka zaba, biyan kuɗi na rashin lafiya, ƙungiyar likitancin kamfanin kuma ana bi da su da girmamawa. Wadannan dokoki an tsara su a cikin 'Dokokin Crowley Iron'. Babban ayyukan a Winlaton Mill sun yi amfani da ƙarfe da aka shigo da shi. Dukkanin ƙarfe da ƙarfe an yi aiki da su ta hanyar tsarin Heyford. Fasahar da ƙwarewar da aka haɓaka a Winlaton Mill sun haifar da tushe na masana'antar ƙarfe ta Sheffield da ikon yin amfani da ƙarfe. An mayar da hankali ga samar da ƙarfe na Burtaniya a Ynyscedwyn a Kudancin Wales da kuma yankin Wealden na Kudancin Ingila. Kasuwancin ya tsira a Zamanin Victorian kuma 'Crowley Crew' sun shahara da ƙwarewarsu da ƙarfe da tsayin daka da tsayin gashin kansu na haƙƙoƙinsu da 'yanci a fuskar tsoratar da gwamnati.

A watan Agustan shekara ta 1713 an zabe shi Dan majalisa na Andover amma ya mutu a ranar 17 ga Oktoba.

## Iyali
Ambrose ya auri Mary Owen, 'yar Charles Owen. Yawancin 'ya'yansu sun mutu da ƙuruciya. abin tunawa da matarsa ya lissafa yara bakwai da suka mutu tun suna jarirai. Yaran da suka rayu har zuwa girma sune kamar haka:

## Zana'ida
An binne Sir Ambrose a cocin SS Peter da Paul a Mitcham a Surrey inda akwai abin tunawa tare da wannan rubutun:

## Manazarta
Edward Cross (mai mallakar gida)

**Edward Cross** (an yi masa *baftisma* a ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1774 - 26 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 1854) ya kasance mai mallakar gidan zoo na Ingila kuma dillalin dabbobi.

Cross ya yi aiki ga Stephen Polito, mai mallakar dabbobi a Exeter Exchange a Strand. 'Yar Cross ta auri ɗan'uwan Polito, kuma Cross ta sayi gidan dabbobi bayan mutuwar Polito a 1814. An gudanar da managerie a wannan shafin daga 1773 a gasar tare da Royal Menagerie a Hasumiyar Landan tare da zakuna, tigers, birai, da sauran nau'o'in halittu, duk an kulle su a cikin ƙarfe a cikin ƙananan ɗakuna. Gidan dabbobi ya kasance ainihin abin jan hankali ga baƙi wanda ke buɗewa ga jama'a gaba ɗaya. Wordsworth da Byron ne suka ziyarta, wanda ya yi rikodin kallon "Tiger sup", yana jin daɗin ƙaunar hyena ga mai kula da shi, da kuma dabarun da giwa ya yi da akwati.

Edwin Landseer da Jacques-Laurent Agasse ne suka zana dabbobi a cikin tarin. Masana kimiyya kamar Joshua Brookes da J. E. Gray sun ziyarce shi. Gray ya ba da sunan *Rhinoceros crossii* don girmama shi (yanzu a matsayin ma'anar Sumatran rhinoceros, *Dicerorhinus sumatrensis*). 

Cross ya sake ba da sunan tarin *Royal Grand National Menagerie*, kuma ya yi amfani da mai tsaron ƙofa wanda ya yi ado a matsayin Yeoman na Mai Tsaro. Yanayin rayuwa ga dabbobi sun kasance marasa kyau sosai har ma a farkon karni na 19. Yanayin ya zama ba za a iya jurewa ba bayan giwayensa, Chunee, ya zama wanda ba za a sarrafa shi ba kuma ya kashe mai kula. A ƙarshe an kashe Chunee ta hanyar 'yan bindiga daga Somerset House a ranar 1 ga Maris 1826. Cross ya yi ƙoƙari ya sayar da tarin ga sabuwar Zoological Society of London a cikin 1826 da 1828, amma an ƙi tayin a lokuta biyu. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&#x5B;**&#x5D;

An rushe  Exeter a cikin 18, a matsayin wani ɓangare na ci gaba gaba gaba ɗaya ga Strand, kuma Cross ya tura mazajen zuwa King's Mews kusa da Trafalgar Square (yanzu shafin yanar gizon National Gallery). An sayar da wasu daga cikin dabbobi zuwa sabon gidan zoo na London a Regent's Park. A cikin 1831, ya sayar da sauran dabbobi ga Cibiyar Nazarin Littattafai, Kimiyya da Zoological ta Surrey - wata cibiyar da ya kafa - don £ 3,500. Cross ya zama mai kula da sabon lambunan Surrey Zoological, kuma an tura dabbobin zuwa Royal Surrey Gardens, a cikin filin Walworth Manor House a Kennington. Yawancin dabbobin da ba a saba gani ba an ajiye su a cikin babban ɗakin ajiyar gilashi mai laushi,   a kewayon tare da fiye da  m2) na gilashi. Tarin ya fadada a cikin shekaru masu zuwa don haɗawa da zakuna, damisa, Rhinoceros na Indiya, Orangutan, da giraffes da yawa.

## Manazarta