Aikin noma na biointensive

**Aikin [[noma]] na biointensive** tsarin aikin gona ne wanda ke mai da hankali kan cimma matsakaicin amfanin gona daga mafi ƙarancin yanki na ƙasa, yayin da a lokaci guda ke kara yawan halittu da kuma kiyaye yawan amfanin ƙasa. Manufar hanyar itace dorewa na dogon lokaci a kan tsarin rufewa. Yana da tasiri sosai ga masu lambu da manoma a kasashe masu tasowa, kuma anyi amfani dashi cikin nasara a kananan gonakin kasuwanci.

## Tarihi.
Yawancin dabarun dake bada gudummawa ga hanyar biointensive sun kasance a cikin aikin gona na tsoffin Sinanci, Helenawa, Mayans, dana farkon zamani a Turai, da kuma a Yammacin Afirka (Tapades na Futa Djallon) daga akalla ƙarshen karni na 18. 

Tsarin noma mai ɗorewa mai zurfi (BIF), wanda ke jaddada kiyaye halittu masu yawa; sake amfani da abubuwan gina jiki; haɗin kai tsakanin amfanin gona, dabbobi, ƙasa, da sauran abubuwan halitta; da sake farfadowa da kiyaye albarkatu wani nau'i ne na tsarin ilimin muhalli. Wannan madadin na iya kusantar da ita wanda zai iya magance batun tsakiya na yunwa, talauci, abinci / rashin tsaro na abinci mai gina jiki da hanyoyin rayuwa (Rajbhandari, 1999).

## Tsarin.
Hanyar biointensive tana bada fa'idodi da yawa idan aka kwatanta da hanyoyin noma da lambu na al'ada, kuma hanya ce mai arha, mai sauƙin aiwatarwa mai ɗorewa wanda mutanen da basu da albarkatu (ko sha'awa) zasu iya amfani dasu don aiwatar da sinadarai na kasuwanci da nau'ikan man fetur.

Binciken Ecology Action (Jeavons, J.C., 2001. Biointensive Mini-Farming Journal of Sustainable Agriculture (Vol. 19 (2), 2001, shafi na 81‐83) ya nuna cewa hanyoyin biointensive na iya bada damar kananan gonaki da manoma su kara yawan samar da abinci da samun kudin shiga, amfani da mafi yawan gida, albarkatun sabuntawa da rage kudade da kayan aiki yayin gina ƙasa mai kyau a cikin sau 60 da sauri fiye da yanayi (Worldwide Loss of Soil - da Possible Solution Ecology Action, 1996).&nbsp;

A cewar Jeavons da sauran masu goyon baya, lokacin da aka aiwatar dasu yadda ya kamata, manoma dake amfani da fasahar biointensive suna da damar:

* Yi amfani da kashi 67% zuwa 88% ƙasa da ruwa fiye da hanyoyin noma na al'ada.
* Yi amfani da kashi 50% zuwa 100% ƙasa da aka saya (organic, a cikin gida) taki.
* Yi amfani da kashi 99% ƙasa da makamashi fiye da aikin gona na kasuwanci, yayin amfani da wani ɓangare na albarkatun.
* Samar da abinci sau 2 zuwa 6 a matsakaicin amfanin gona, yana ɗaukar matakin ƙwarewar manomi da amfanin ƙasa (wanda ke ƙaruwa a tsawon lokaci yayin da akeyin hanyar) 
* Samar da karuwar 100% a cikin amfanin ƙasa.
* Rage da kashi 50% ko fiye da adadin ƙasar da ake buƙata don shuka adadin abinci. Wannan yana bada damar ƙarin ƙasa su kasance a cikin yanayin daji, adana Ayyukan yanayin halittu da inganta bambancin kwayoyin halitta.

Don cimma wadannan fa'idodi, hanyar biointensive tana amfani da tsarin haɗin kashi takwas na noman ƙasa mai zurfi ("guguwa sau biyu") don ƙirƙirar gadoji masu tasowa, masu iska; shuka shuka mai zurfi; shuka abokin shuka; yin amfani da tsaba mai buɗewa; da kuma daidaitaccen rabo na shuka na 60% Carbon-Rich Crops (don samar da man fetur) 30% Calorie-Rich crops (domin abinci) da kuma zaɓi 10% da aka shuka a cikin Income Crops.

Wadannan hanyoyin suna kusa da bayanin da aka samu a cikin sanannen littafin hannu mai zurfi, Yadda za'a Cigaba da Kayan Kayan Kudan (da 'ya'yan itace, 'ya'ya, hatsi da sauran amfanin gona) Fi Ka taɓa Tunanin Zai yiwu a Ƙananan Ƙasa Fi Ka Iya Tunanin, na John Jeavons, yanzu a cikin bugu na takwas, kuma a cikin harsuna bakwai, gami da rubutun makafi.

* A cikin tonowa sau biyu, an tono Saki mai zurfi na inci 12 (305 mm) a fadin faɗin gado tare da shimfiɗa mai laushi, kuma an ajiye ƙasa daga wannan rami na farko. &nbsp;An saki inci 12 (305 mm) a ƙasa da rami tare da cokali. &nbsp;Lokacin da aka tono rami na gaba, ana sauke wannan ƙasa a cikin sararin samaniya na rami na farko, kuma an sake sakin ƙananan layin tare da cokali. Ana maimaita wannan tsari tare da cikakken tsawon gado. Ramin karshe ya cika da ƙasa da aka cire daga rami na farko. Sakamakon shi ne gado wanda aka shimfiɗa zuwa zurfin inci 24 (610 mm). &nbsp;Lokacin da aka haƙa gado sau biyu, ƙasa za ta sami ruwa mai yawa da iska, wanda ke ba da damar Tushen su girma da zurfi kuma su kai ga ƙarin abubuwan gina jiki. Duk da gaskiyar cewa ba'a kara ƙasa ba, an ɗaga gado saboda iska. Ya kamata a lura cewa ya kamata a tono ƙasa mai wuya, wanda ba a yi aiki ba sau biyu a kowane kakar har sai ƙasa ta sami tsari mai kyau da iska mai tsawo. A lokacin lokutan da suka biyo baya, ana iya noma shi a saman 2 zuwa 4 inci (5 zuwa 10 cm) mai zurfi tare da hula hoe har sai da ta sake bayyana. &nbsp;Bayan sau biyu a lokacin farko, ana iya kammala zurfin noma a lokacin lokutan da suka biyo baya da sauri tare da u-bar, musamman a lokuta na manyan kananan gonaki ko gonakin kasuwanci.
* Composting yana bawa shuke-shuke damar canzawa da wadatar da ƙasa tare da kwayoyin halitta, da kuma mayar da abubuwan gina jiki zuwa ƙasa. Biointensive composting yana da sauƙi, yana jaddada lafiya da bambancin ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda suka lalace kuma suka zama wani ɓangare na compost. Don haka, ana yin composting mai sanyi, kuma ana son kayan shuka fiye da kayan dabbobi. Sau dayawa ana haɗa ƙasa tare da man fetur don yin allurar rigakafi da tarin tare da ƙwayoyin cuta. Batare da sake amfani da sharar mutum ba, duk da haka, ana cire abubuwan gina jiki da kwayoyin halitta daga ƙasa (a matsayin abinci da manomi ke cinyewa) kuma a kwashe su. Sabili da haka, lokacin da sake amfani da sharar mutum mai aminci da doka zai yiwu - kamar yadda a wurare dayawa ya riga ya kasance - cewa ana iya, kuma ya kamata, a mayar dashi cikin ƙasa. Wani babban tushen da ba'a san shi ba na takin mai da inganta ƙasa shine tushen amfanin gona da kansu, wanda, a cikin tsarin biointensive an barsu don lalacewa a cikin ƙasa, inda suke taimakawa wajen yin amfani dashi da kuma "sanya shi tare", samar da tsarin ƙasa mai ɗorewa. Don haka, amfanin gona irin su alfalfa, wanda keda tushe mai zurfi, da hatsi rye, wanda ke leeral tushe mai yawa, suna da daraja.
* Iska ta ƙasa daga cigaban tsarin ƙasa mai zurfi, haɗe da microbe- da mai wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki yana bada damar dasa amfanin gona sosai. Don dasa sosai, gadaje suna da 4 zuwa 6 feet (1.2 zuwa 1.8 m) a fadin, yawanci 5 ft (1.5 m) kuma aƙalla 5 feet (1.5 m), sau da yawa 20 feet (6 m), suna samar da gado na 100 square feet (10 m2). &nbsp;Ba a dasa amfanin gona a cikin layuka na gargajiya bisa ga tsarin murabba'i, amma ana dasa su a cikin tsarin hexagonal ko triangular a cikin gado don kada a bar wani sarari ba tare da amfani ba. Wadannan gadaje masu faɗi da kusanci ba wai kawai suna ba da damar ƙarin tsire-tsire a kowane yanki ba (har zuwa sau 4 da yawa), har ma suna ba da izinin tsire-shuke su samar da rayuwa a kan ƙasa, kiyayewa a cikin danshi da inuwa daga ciyawa. Bugu da ƙari, a duk lokacin da za a iya fara shuke-shuke a cikin gidaje ko gadaje na yara, don haka ana samun ƙarin sararin lambu ga manyan tsire-tsire kuma don haka za a iya raba shuke-tsire sosai kafin a dasa su, suna samar da mulch mai rai a cikin farfajiyar.
* An bayyana shuka abokin tarayya kamar yadda yake faruwa a sararin samaniya, wanda a al'adance ake kira shuka abokin, kuma a lokaci, wanda a gargajiya ake kira juyawa na amfanin gona. Ana iya amfani da shuka abokin tarayya don inganta kiwon lafiya da ci gaban amfanin gona, kuma a matsayin wani nau'i na shuka mai zurfi, wanda ke amfani da sararin samaniya da kyau ta hanyar haɗakar tsire-tsire masu tsayi tare da tsire-shire masu tsiro mai zurfi ko tsire-tire masu saurin girma tare da tsiro masu saurin tsire-sauran ra'ayi.
* Don cimma matsaya mai ɗorewa a kan tsarin rufewa, hanyar biointensive tana amfani da aikin gona na carbon da calorie, salon aiki na aikido (ta amfani da mafi ƙarancin makamashi ko ƙoƙari don cimma mafi yawan aiki ko samarwa), composting - gami da amintaccen sake amfani da sharar ɗan adam - amfani da tsaba masu buɗewa, da iyakantaccen amfani da ƙasa, wanda ke bawa manoma da masu lambu damar riƙe ƙarin ƙasa a cikin yanayin daji don bambancin kwayar halitta da ma'aunin muhalli.
* Idan an shuka amfanin gona na carbon ko mai shayarwa a cikin kusan kashi sittin cikin dari na ƙasar da aka noma, za su iya samar da kayan shayarwa waɗanda ke kula da amfanin gona ga kashi ɗari na ƙasar da ake nomawa. Yawancin amfanin gona sun cancanci a matsayin amfanin gona, amma suna samar da abinci da yalwar amfanin gona. Wasu daga cikin amfanin gona na man fetur za a iya shuka su a lokacin hunturu, lokacin da ba za a yi amfani da ƙasar ba. Wasu amfanin gona sun fi girma a cikin carbon yayin da wasu suka fi girma a nitrogen da / ko gyara nitrogen a cikin ƙasa, kuma dole ne a shuka rabo da ake so na kowannensu don takin don cimma matsakaicin tasiri. Har ila yau, wasu amfanin gona na takin mai suna ɗaukar abubuwan gina jiki da ake so daga ƙasa kuma suna mai da hankali ga su a cikin man fetur, don haka suna ba da damar sake rarraba waɗannan abubuwan gina jiki ga amfanin gona. Wannan rabo na amfanin gona na 60% yana da mahimmanci ga dorewa wanda shine burin hanyar biointensive, da kuma yawan amfanin lambu.
* A cikin aikin gona na calorie, ana ba da kulawa don haɓaka isasshen makamashi na abinci (da sauran abubuwan gina jiki) don rayuwa a cikin ƙaramin yanki. Sau da yawa ana amfani da amfanin gona a cikin aikin gona na calorie saboda suna ba da damar manoma da masu lambu su shuka karin abubuwan gina jiki a ƙananan yankuna, wanda ke haifar da karancin aiki a kowane calorie, da kuma karin sarari ga jeji da sauran mutane. Wadannan amfanin gona - wadanda ke da babban adadin kuzari a kowace fam, da kuma babban amfanin gona a kowane yanki - sun hada da dankali, dankali mai zaki, tafarnuwa, leeks, burdock, Jerusalem artichoke da parsnips. Wadannan amfanin gona na iya samar da adadin kuzari 5 zuwa 20 a kowane yanki a kowane lokaci. A cikin aikin gona mai zurfi, ana amfani da kashi 30% na ƙasar da aka noma don abinci don amfanin gona.
* Amfani da tsaba masu budewa yana tabbatar da bambancin kwayoyin halitta, kuma yana bawa manomi damar samun wadataccen kansa, girbi tsaba daga tsirrai nasa, da kuma noma iri iri-iri waɗanda suka fi dacewa da wannan yankin.
* The Whole System: masana masu ilimin halittu sun jaddada cewa saboda waɗannan dabarun na iya haifar da yawan aiki da yawan amfanin gona, dole ne a yi tsarin gaba ɗaya don hana gajiya da ƙasa da sauri. Manufar hanyar biointensive ita ce dorewa, amma idan ana amfani da dabarun da suka shafi yawan aiki ba tare da haɗa dabarun da ta shafi yawan haihuwa na ƙasa ba, ana iya lalata ƙasa da sauri fiye da hanyoyin noma na al'ada. Abu mafi mahimmanci don ginawa da kiyaye amfanin ƙasa mai ɗorewa shine girma na amfanin gona na 60%, dabarun da suka dace waɗanda suka haɗa da ma'auni na kayan kwalliya na carbon carbon da kore, kuma idan ya yiwu, sake amfani da sharar mutum mai aminci da doka.

## Dabbobi
Hanyar biointensive yawanci tana mai da hankali kan abincin vegan. Wannan ba yana nufin cewa aikin gona mai zurfi dole ne yaware kiwon dabbobi. Dabbobi, yayin da masu aiki da biointensive basu dauke su dasu masu dorewa ba, ana iya sanya su cikin tsarin biointensive, kodayake suna ƙara yawan ƙasa da aikin da ake buƙata sosai. Wadannan an cire su ne daga wata kasida game da batun hada dabbobi a cikin tsarin rayuwa mai zurfi daga shafin "Tambayoyin da ake nema akai-akai" a shafin yanar gizon Ecology Action:Dabbobi na iya shiga cikin tsarin [biointensive], amma yawanci yana ɗaukar yanki mafi girma [fiye da haɓaka abinci mai cin ganyayyaki]. Yawancin lokaci yana ɗaukar kimanin 40,000 sq ft na makiyaya don 1 saniya / steer (don madara / nama) ko awaki 2 (don madarar / nama / ulu), ko tumaki 2 (maka madara / naman / ulu). [Da bambanci] Tare da [aikin noma mai yawa] da kuma kara yawan adadin kuzari mai cin abinci a cikin tsarin abincinku na vegan, za'a iya shuka cikakkiyar abincin mutum ɗaya a kan kimanin 4,000 sq ft - ƙaramin yanki.

Kalubale [ga girma dabbobi don abinci] shi ne cewa a shekara ta 2014, kashi 90% na mutanen duniya zasu sami damar zuwa kimanin 4,500 sq ft na ƙasar da za'a iya amfani da ita ga kowane mutum, idan sun bar daidai yanki a cikin jihar daji don kare bambancin kwayoyin halitta na shuka da dabbobi da yanayin halittu na duniya! Kamar yadda zaku gani daga bayanan dake biyowa game da bukatun ƙasa don haɗa da dabbobi, wannan ya zama ƙalubale.Labarin ya cigaba da kimanta murabba'in murabba'i da ake buƙata don shuka abinci ga dabbobi daban-daban (da kuma man fetur don sake cika ƙasa), kuma ya bada tattaunawa kan ko ya kamata ayi amfani da man fetur na dabba a matsayin ƙarin taki / man fetur.

## Cigaba

* A cikin shekara ta 2010, UNCCD (Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Yaki da Yaki da Desertification) ta wallafa wani labarin da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da fa'idodin aikin gona mai zurfi, Cigaban Tsarin Biointensive, kayan aiki don yaki da hamada.

## Dubi kuma

* Aikin noma na Biodynamic
* Jean-Martin Fortier
* Aikin noma na Biointensive a Fouta Djallon
* Aikin noma na halitta
* Permaculture
* Aikin noma mai sabuntawa
* Southside Community Land Trust - gonar birni a Providence, Rhode Island, wanda ke amfani da hanyar biointensive.
* Aikin noma mai dorewa
* Aikin noma mai dorewa

## Manazarta

## Ƙarin karantawa

* Carol Cox, John Jeavons, The Sustainable Vegetable Garden: Jagoran Backyard zuwa Ƙasa Mai Lafiya da Mafi Girma   

## Haɗin waje

* Ayyukan Muhalli, Willits, CA
* John Ina da

Baya ga Ayyukan Muhalli, wanda ke bada tallafin jama'a ta hanyar bita, shirye-shiryen horarwa da koyo, da kuma yawon shakatawa na jama'a na ƙaramin gonar bincike mai zurfi a Willits, CA, misalai na kungiyoyi da kungiyoyi a duniya waɗanda ke amfani da koyar da dabarun biointensive sune:

* Cibiyar Aikin Gona ta Kenya (G-BIACK)
* Cibiyar Aikin Gona ta Manor House (MHAC)  , kuma a Kenya
* Ƙasa ta Jama'a don Afirka (CGA) 
* Kanada a cikin Aguascalientes, Mexico
* Muhalli da Jama'a AC (ECOPOL) a Mexico
* Biointensive ga Rasha (BfR) 
* Comunidad Biointensiva - shafin yanar gizo na zamantakewa na harshen Mutanen Espanya don mutanen da ke sha'awar aikin gona da dorewa.
* Gidan yanar gizon Mutanen Espanya na Ecology Action:
* Shirin Green na Salt Lake City wanda ke tsara taswirar ƙasar da za a iya amfani da ita a cikin birni kuma yana amfani da biointensive a matsayin ma'anar tushe don baiwa mazaunanta damar tantance yawan abinci da ƙasarsu zata iya samarwa.
* Cibiyar Ilimin Ilimin Noma da Tsarin Abinci Mai dorewa