Muhalli a kasar Sin

**Muhalli a kasar Sin** yana amfani da ra'ayoyin falsafa, manufofin gwamnati da ƙungiyoyin gida don magance batutuwan muhalli. Gwamnatin kasar Sin ta kafa manufofi don bunkasa tattalin arzikinta yadda ya kamata, yayin da zanga-zangar muhalli ke wayar da kan jama'a game da canjin yanayi.

A cikin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin (CCP) mai mulki, ra'ayoyin Marxism na muhalli, eco-socialism, da wayewar muhalli sune mahimman abubuwa na Manufofin muhalli na kasa. Marxism na muhalli yana da fassarori da yawa wanda gabaɗaya yake sukar lalacewar muhalli ta jari-hujja kuma ya haɗa da dorewar muhallar da manufofin gurguzu. Ana iya bayyana wannan ra'ayi a matsayin tunanin cewa tarin jari-hujja ya haifar da rushewar muhalli ta hanyar sayarwa da fannoni na yanayi. Eco-socialism yana kama da Marxism na muhalli amma ya bambanta da gaskiyar cewa yana ba da zamantakewar al'ada tare da motsi na muhallu. Ci gaban muhalli shine kalmar da Gwamnatin kasar Sin ke amfani da ita a yanzu don bayyana sabon manufofin muhalli, duk da haka ko an dauke shi mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ko mai ra'ayin mazan jiya wanda ke nazarin manufofin ya ƙayyade. Duk da yake duk waɗannan ra'ayoyin suna da irin wannan tushe da ra'ayoyi game da makomar, dukansu sun bambanta da ra'ayi kuma suna kallon hanyoyin da za su sami makomarsu daban. Wadannan ra'ayoyin sun yi tasiri ga kasar Sin da CCP gabaɗaya kan yadda suke aiwatar da kariya ta muhalli da yaren da suke amfani da shi don bayyana manufofi.

## Bayani na ka'idoji

### Marxism na muhalli a kasar Sin
Marxism na Muhalli ya fito a shekarar 1979 a cikin littafin *Western Marxism: An Introduction, Classical and Contemporary* sources na Ben Agger. Kodayake tun daga lokacin an tattauna shi ta hanyar masu tunani iri-iri, babu wani takamaiman ma'anar kalmar, amma tarin ra'ayoyi daban-daban ne. Kalmar ta dogara ne akan ra'ayin cewa tasirin tarin jari-hujja da ci gaba akan muhalli zai haifar da rushewa daga ƙarshe kuma cewa ba za a iya sarrafa yanayin ba. John Foster ya bayyana yadda kalmar Marxism na muhalli zai iya zama mai ruɗani tunda ba a rubuta Marxism a cikin kalmomin da ke amfanar yanayi ba don haka tasirin kimiyya bazai dace da muhalli ba. Maimakon haka, ilimin halittu a cikin wannan ka'idar yana nufin motsi da ra'ayoyi game da yanayi da yadda tsarin jari-hujja ke hulɗa da shi. Yana tattauna gazawar masu jari-hujja wajen fahimtar yanayi da ganin tushensa a matsayin wanda ba zai iya ƙarewa ba da kuma gurɓatawa da lalata waɗannan albarkatun ƙasa. James O'Connor ya bayyana cewa tsarin Marxism na muhalli shine "abin da ke haifar da tarin jari mara iyaka - da kuma tsarin gwamnati wanda ke tallafawa wannan himmar - yana haifar da rushe hanyoyin da ke ba da damar sake haifar da jari." Tsarin jari-hujja ya saba wa daidaiton muhalli   domin yana dogara ne akan lalata muhallin da ke kewaye don tarawa. Wannan tarin ya dogara ne akan samun hanyoyin aikata laifuka marasa da'a, kamar zubar da kaya, da gurɓatawa ba tare da wata iyaka ba. Tunda tsarin jari-hujja yana ganin makomarsa a matsayin ci gaba mara iyaka, yanayin da ke kewaye dole ne ya samar da damar samun albarkatu mara iyaka da zubar da shara.  Bugu da ƙari, albarkatun da ke ba da damar tsarin jari-hujja ya samar da ƙari ana ɗaukar su a matsayin kayayyaki, duk da haka waɗannan ba ainihin kayayyaki ba ne. An bayyana su a matsayin 'kayayyakin ƙirƙira', ba za a iya ba wa yanayi darajar kuɗi ba kuma wannan rashin darajar musayar kuɗi yana haifar da amfani da albarkatu ta hanyar gwamnati da masu jari-hujja.

## Manazarta