Jami'ar University press

**jaridar jami'a** ita ce gidan wallafe-wallafen ilimi wanda ke ƙwarewa a cikin litattafai da mujallu na ilimi. Sau da yawa suna da mahimmanci na babban jami'ar bincike. Sun bugawa aikin da masana a fagen suka sake dubawa. Suna samar da ayyukan ilimi amma kuma galibi suna da Littattafan kasuwanci ga masu sauraro. Wadannan littattafan kasuwanci suma suna samun bita. Mutane da yawa amma ba duk masu buga littattafai na jami'a ba ne kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, gami da mambobi 160 na Association of University Presses . 

Saboda littattafan ilimi galibi ba su da fa'ida, na'urorin buga littattafai da ayyukan bincike, waɗanda ke da masu sauraro da yawa kuma suna sayar da ƙarin kofe. Yawancin na'urorin buga jami'a suna aiki a asarar kuma masu mallakar su ne ke tallafawa; wasu ana buƙatar su karya. Bukatar ta fadi yayin da aka yanke kasafin kudin ɗakin karatu kuma tallace-tallace na kan layi na littattafan da aka yi amfani da su sun rage sabon kasuwar littattafai. Yawancin na'urorin bugawa suna gwaji tare da bugawa ta lantarki.

Cambridge University Press da Oxford University Press sune tsoffin jami'o'i biyu mafi girma a duniya. Suna da rassa da yawa a duniya, musamman a duk faɗin Commonwealth of Nations.

A Amurka, Kwalejojin mulkin mallaka sun buƙaci masu buga littattafai don buga kundin jami'a, kayan bikin, da kuma iyakantaccen adadin wallafe-wallafen ilimi. Bayan aikin karni na 17 na mai buga littattafai na Kwalejin Harvard Samuel Green, William Hilliard na Cambridge, Massachusetts, ya fara buga kayan aiki a ƙarƙashin sunan "University Press" a cikin 1802.  Jami'o'in zamani sun fito ne a Amurka a ƙarshen karni na 19. Jami'ar Cornell ta fara daya a 1869 amma dole ne ta rufe shi, kawai ta sake fara aiki a 1930; Johns Hopkins University Press ta kasance tana ci gaba da aiki tun 1878.  Jami'ar Pennsylvania Press (1890), Jami'ar Chicago Press (1891), Jami'an Stanford Press (1892), Jami'a Columbia Press (1893), Jami'in California Press (1893). 

Babban ci gaba ya zo ne bayan 1945 yayin da ilimi mafi girma ya fadada cikin sauri. An sami daidaitawa bayan 1970. 

### Asiya
A lokacin samun 'yancin kai a shekara ta 1947, Indiya tana da ingantaccen tsarin jami'o'i, kuma manyan jami'oʼi da yawa sun haɓaka jaridar jami'a. Babban fannoni na aiki sun haɗa da litattafai farfesa, takardun bincike da takardun shaida, da litattaffaffi don amfani da digiri. Koyaya, ainihin matsalar da masu bugawa masu ilimi ke fuskanta a Indiya shine amfani da Harsuna da yawa, wanda ya rabu kuma ya rage tushen yiwuwar tallace-tallace.

### Afirka
Oxford University Press ta bude ofishin Afirka ta Kudu a 1915 don rarraba littattafanta a yankin. An kafa jaridar jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu ta farko a 1922 a Jami'ar Witwatersrand . Sauran jami'o'in Afirka ta Kudu da yawa sun kafa na'urori a cikin karni na 20 kuma, tun daga shekarar 2015, hudu suna aiki sosai. Kamar yadda sabbin jami'o'i suka buɗe a Afirka bayan 1960, wasu sun haɓaka manema labarai bisa ga tsarin Turai. A Najeriya misali, masana'antun masana'antu sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsarawa da ƙarfafa kokarin ilimi da kuma samun kulawa ta duniya don samar da ilimi. Koyaya, kafa na'urorin buga littattafai na Turai, musamman Oxford University Press, sun mamaye kasuwa, suna ba da damar ƙanƙanta ga sababbin na'urori na gida kamar Ibadan University Press, yanzu University Press Plc.

### Turai
A Ingila, Cambridge University Press ta samo asali ne daga 1534, lokacin da Sarki Henry na takwas ya ba da takardar shaidar jami'a, ya ba shi damar buga littattafan kansa, da kuma shirin bugawa mai aiki zuwa 1584. Jami'ar Oxford ta fara buga littattafai a shekara mai zuwa a cikin 1585 kuma ta sami takardar shaidar a cikin 1632. 

A Scotland Archie Turnbull (1923-2003) ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan Jami'ar Edinburgh Press, 1952-87. Kamfanonin jami'o'in Burtaniya sun sami fadadawa mai ƙarfi a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960. Jaridar Jami'ar Edinburgh ta zama babbar mai wallafa ilimi ta Scotland. Ya shahara musamman don buga manyan littattafai kan tarihin da adabi na Scotland, da kuma tattara wasu a Scotland.

### Oceania
A Ostiraliya, A Ostiraliya, Jami'ar Melbourne ita ce ta farko da ta kafa nata jarida: Jami'ar Melbourne, wadda aka kafa don sayar da littattafai da kayan rubutu a 1922, ta fara buga litattafai na ilimi ba da daɗewa ba kuma ita ce gidan bugawa mafi girma na biyu a Ostiraliya.  Sauran jami'o'in Australiya sun bi sawu a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ciki har da Jami'ar Western Australia Press (1935), Jami'ar Queensland Press (1948) da Jami'ar Sydney University (1962).  A ƙarshen karni na 20, an rufe wasu daga cikin waɗannan jaridun ko kuma manyan jaridun duniya sun karɓe su.  Wasu sun tsira kuma sun gina suna mai ƙarfi don buga wallafe-wallafe, wakoki da kuma manyan abubuwan da ba na almara ba.  A cikin karni na 21st jami'o'in Australiya da yawa sun farfado da aikin jarida ko kafa sababbi.  Tsarin kasuwancin su da hanyoyin buga su sun bambanta sosai.  Wasu suna buga musamman don masu karatu na gaba ɗaya yayin da wasu ke buga littattafan ilimi kawai.  Wasu da yawa sun yi gwaji tare da Buɗe Samun damar bugawa da/ko bugu na lantarki-kawai.  Wasu suna ƙara samun kuɗin buga su ta hanyar ba da sabis na rarrabawa ko shagunan littattafan aiki.  A cikin Janairu 2019 Jami'ar Melbourne ta sanar da wani shiri na mai da hankali kan littattafan ilimi maimakon nasarorin kasuwanci da ya shahara da shi, wanda ya haifar da muhawarar jama'a game da rawar da jaridun jami'a ke takawa..

A New Zealand, jami'o'i da yawa suna aiki da na'urorin buga littattafai. Auckland University Press tana aiki tun 1966 da Victoria University Press tun daga shekarun 1970s.

### Arewacin Amurka

#### Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida (AUP)
A cikin 2023, Ƙungiyar Jami'o'in Jami'oʼi (AUP) tana da mambobi sama da 150. Girma ya kasance mai saurin gaske, tare da na'urori 14 da aka kafa a cikin shekarun 1940, 11 a cikin shekarun 1950; da 19 a cikin shekarun 1960. Tun daga shekara ta 1970, jami'o'i 16 sun bude na'urori kuma da yawa sun rufe. A yau, babbar jaridar jami'a a Amurka ita ce Chicago_Press" id="mwrQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="University of Chicago Press">Jami'ar Chicago Press .  Jami'o'in buga littattafai suna haɓaka fannoni na musamman na ƙwarewa, kamar nazarin yanki. Misali, Yale University Press ta buga littattafan fasaha da yawa, Chicago, Duke, da Indiya University Presses sun buga mujallu masu yawa na ilimi, Jami'ar Illinois Press ta ƙware a Tarihin aiki, MIT Press ta buga harsuna da lakabi na gine-gine, Northwestern University Press ta wallafa a cikin Falsafar nahiyar, shayari, da zane-zane, kuma Jami'ar Katolika ta buga ayyukan da ke hulɗa da tauhidin Katolika, falsafar, da tarihin coci.

#### Cibiyar Rarraba Chicago
Sashen Sabis na Rarraba yana ba da wuraren ajiyar kayayyaki na Jami'ar Chicago Press, sabis na abokin ciniki, da sabis masu alaƙa.  Cibiyar Rarraba Chicago (CDC) ta fara ba da sabis na rarrabawa a cikin 1991, lokacin da Jami'ar Tennessee Press ta zama abokin ciniki na farko.  A halin yanzu CDC tana hidima kusan masu wallafawa 100 ciki har da Jami'ar Stanford Press, Jami'ar Minnesota Press, Jami'ar Iowa Press, Jami'ar Temple Press, Jami'ar Northwwest University Press, da sauran su.  Tun daga 2001, tare da tallafin haɓakawa daga Mellon Foundation, Cibiyar Rarraba Dijital ta Chicago (CDDC) tana ba da sabis na bugu na dijital da sabis na ma'ajin dijital na BiblioVault ga masu wallafa littattafai.  A cikin 2009, CDC ta ba da damar siyar da littattafan lantarki kai tsaye ga daidaikun mutane kuma ta ba da sabis na isar da dijital don Jami'ar Michigan Press da sauransu.  Cibiyar Rarraba ta Chicago ta kuma yi haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙarin ƴan jaridu 15 da suka haɗa da Jami'ar Missouri Press, Jami'ar West Virginia Press, da wallafe-wallafen Gidauniyar Getty.

## Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan
Ta fuskar kudi, matsi na jami'o'i sun fuskanci matsin lamba.  'Yan jaridu kaɗan kawai, irin su Oxford, Harvard, Princeton, da Yale suna da kyauta;  sauran sun dogara ne akan tallace-tallace, tara kuɗi, da kuma rangwamen kuɗi ( tallafi) daga cibiyoyi masu ɗaukar nauyinsu.  Tallafin ya bambanta amma yawanci kewayo daga $150,000 zuwa $500,000.  Domin sau da yawa ba a lissafta tallafin zuwa hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, kasafin kuɗaɗen aikin jarida na jami'a na iya fuskantar matsi na aiki kamar guntuwar hauhawar farashin farashi akan ƙimar tallafin.  Samfuran aiki sun bambanta, amma jami'o'in da ke karbar bakuncin gabaɗaya suna ɗaukar ƙayyadaddun farashi kamar aiki da ƙayyadaddun kadarorin, yayin da suke kallon ƴan jarida don biyan farashi masu canji daga siyar da littattafai da sauran kudaden shiga.  Tallace-tallacen littattafan ilimi na raguwa, duk da haka, musamman yadda dakunan karatu na Jami’o’i suka yanke koma-bayan sayayya.  A Jami'ar Princeton Press a cikin 1960s, wani nau'i na rubutu mai wuyar gaske zai sayar da kwafi 1,660 a cikin shekaru biyar bayan bugawa.  A shekara ta 1984, wannan matsakaita ya ragu zuwa 1,003 kuma a cikin 2000 na yau da kullun na tallace-tallace na monographs ga duk ma'aikatan jarida sun kasa 500.] Dakunan karatu na jami'o'i suna fuskantar matsin lamba don siyan rajista masu tsada sosai ga mujallolin kimiyyar kasuwanci, duk da cewa gabaɗayan kasafin kuɗinsu ya tsaya tsayin daka.  A shekara ta 1997 mujallun kimiyya sun fi na 1970 tsada sau talatin.

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2012, Jami'ar Missouri System ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta rufe Jami'ar Misuri Press don ta iya mai da hankali sosai kan "mafi girman dabarun. "Abokan 'yan jarida daga ko'ina cikin kasar sun taru don tallafawa, suna jayayya cewa ta hanyar buga littattafai sama da 2,000 na ilimi 'yan jaridar sun ba da gudummawa ga ilimi. Bayan 'yan watanni jami'ar ta sauya shawarar ta.

A cikin 2014, Peter Berkery, babban darakta na Association of University Presses ya bayyana cewa:

: Jami'o'in jami'a suna fuskantar sabon, mai tsanani kuma, a wasu hanyoyi, matsin lamba, galibi daga canje-canje da ke faruwa a makarantar kimiyya da fasaha. Random House na iya ganin barazanar fasaha kuma suna iya jefa wasu albarkatu masu yawa a ciki. 'Yan jarida a wata karamar jami'a ba su da irin wannan ikon amsawa.

### Sabbin na'urorin buga littattafai na jami'a
A ƙarshen shekarun 2010, jami'o'i da yawa sun fara ƙaddamar da shirye-shirye, sau da yawa a ƙarƙashin kulawar ɗakunan karatu, don "taimakawa ƙirƙirar, rarrabawa, da kuma kula da ayyukan ilimi, masu kirkira, da / ko ilimi" ta hanyar da ta yi koyi da kusanci na buga jami'a na gargajiya yayin da kuma la'akari da canjin yanayin wallafe-wallafen ilimi. Wadannan shirye-shiryen an kira su "sabon jami'a",   wanda "Open-Access Toolkit", wanda Gidauniyar OAPEN ta buga, ta bayyana kamar haka:Wadannan su ne na'urorin buga jami'a da aka kafa tun daga shekarun 1990, sau da yawa a bayyane don buga littattafan budewa. A wasu fannoni da yawa, ana gudanar da su kamar jaridar jami'a. Koyaya, kamar yadda yake tare da wallafe-wallafen ɗakin karatu ... NUPs galibi ana jagorantar su a ɗakin karatu, duk da cewa suna da ƙungiyar jagora ta ilimi ko kwamitin edita.Misalan NUPs sun hada da ANU Press (Australia), Amherst College Press (Amurka), Jami'ar Michigan Press (Amurkan), UCL Press (UK), da Jami'ar Huddersfield Press (UK).