Anne McLaren

**Dame Anne Laura Dorinthea McLaren**, DBE, Royal Society">FRS, FRCOG (26 ga Afrilu 1927 - 7 ga Yulin 2007)  masanin kimiyya ne na Burtaniya wanda ya kasance jagora a cikin ilmin halitta na ci gaba.  Ta shirya hanya ga mata a kimiyya kuma aikinta ya taimaka wajen haifar da takin dan adam (IVF).  Ta bar gado mai dorewa wanda aka nuna ta hanyar bincike da gudummawar ɗabi'a a fagen. Ta sami girmamawa da yawa saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga kimiyya, gami da zabe a matsayin abokiyar Royal Society . &nbsp;

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi McLaren ne a cikin iyali mai daraja tare da sanannen zuriya, a matsayin na huɗu na yara biyar. Ita ce 'yar Sir Henry McLaren, Baron Aberconway na biyu, tsohon dan majalisa na Liberal, da Christabel Mary Melville MacNaghten . An haife ta ne a Landan kuma ta yi yarinta a can, tana halartar makarantu masu zaman kansu. A lokacin da take da shekaru bakwai ta bayyana a cikin fim din H. G. Wells' littafin Things to Come, wanda aka saki a 1936.   A lokacin barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na II, tana da shekaru 12 kuma iyalinta sun koma gidan su a Bodnant, Arewacin Wales .  A wannan lokacin an katse karatunta, don haka ta bi karatun kanta ta hanyar karatun wasiƙa. Ta ji daɗin rubuta ƙididdigar lissafi, lissafi, littattafai, da litattafan ilimi. A lokacin da take da shekaru 16 ta koma ilimi na yau da kullun kuma ta halarci makarantar masu zaman kansu a Longstowe Hall kusa da Cambridge . 

A shekara ta 1945 an ba ta tallafin karatu na shekara MA zuwa a Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford .  Shekaru biyu na farko an yi amfani da su wajen nazarin Honours Moderations a cikin ilimin dabbobi, kimiyyar lissafi da lissafi, kuma shekaru biyu masu zuwa an yi amfani le ta bi hanyar karatu a cikin ilimin halittu. Ta sami Master of Arts (MA) a shekarar 1949. Ta ci gaba da karatun digiri na biyu a Kwalejin Jami'ar London daga 1949: bincike kan cutar *Drosophila* a karkashin JBS Haldane, ta zama mata ta farko da ta lashe kyautar Christopher Welch.  Ta sami Dokta na Falsafa a 1952 tare da Peter Medawar a kan kwayoyin halittar zomo, sannan kuma a kan ƙwayoyin cuta na neurotropic murine a ƙarƙashin Kingsley Sanders . 

## Rayuwar aure da farkon aiki
A ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1952, ta auri abokin karatunta Donald Michie .  Sun yi aiki tare a Kwalejin Jami'ar London daga 1952 zuwa 1955, kuma daga baya a Kwaleji ta Royal Veterinary, akan bambancin yawan Ƙashin baya a cikin beraye a matsayin aikin yanayin uwa. McLaren daga baya zai dauki bincike kan haihuwa a cikin beraye, gami da superovulation da superpregnancy. A shekara ta 1958, ta wallafa wata takarda mai mahimmanci ta Nature tare da John D. Biggers wanda ya ba da rahoton ci gaba na farko da haihuwa na beraye waɗanda aka fara dawo da su daga mata masu amfani da su a matakin sel 8-16, sannan al'ada a cikin vitro na kwana biyu har zuwa matakin blastocyst, kuma a ƙarshe an mayar da su zuwa mahaifar mata har zuwa haihuwa. Wannan takarda, "Successful Development and Birth of Mice cultivated in vitro as Early Embryos", an kira shi "ɗaya daga cikin manyan takardu a tarihin ilmin  da magani". Wannan lokaci ne mai amfani sosai a rayuwarta kuma ta ba da gudummawa ga takardu 28.

A wannan lokacin, tana da 'ya'ya uku:

* Susan Michie (1955)
* Jonathan Michie (1957)
* Caroline Michie (1959)

Aure ya ƙare a cikin saki a shekara ta 1959, kuma McLaren ta koma Cibiyar Nazarin Dabbobi a Jami'ar Edinburgh don ci gaba da bincikenta. Ma'auratan sun kasance cikin kyakkyawar dangantaka; Michie ta koma Edinburgh. Kwarewar kiwon yara a matsayin iyaye guda ɗaya ya sanya McLaren mai karfi don taimakon gwamnati game da kula da yara.

## Ayyukansa na baya
McLaren ya shafe shekaru 15 masu zuwa (1959-1974) a Cibiyar Nazarin Halitta ta Dabbobi, yana nazarin haihuwa, ci gaba da epigenetics, gami da ci gaban canja wurin embryonic na linzamin kwamfuta, immunocontraception, da halaye na kwarangwal na chimerae. Ta wallafa wani sanannen littafi game da Chimaeras a shekara ta 1976,  inda ta sami lambar yabo ta farko a wannan shekarar. The Zoological Society of London's Scientific Medal, ta amince da rawar da ta taka wajen bunkasa dabarun canja wurin blastocyst zuwa cikin beraye masu karɓa.

A shekara ta 1974, ta bar Edinburgh don zama Darakta na MRC Mammalian Development Unit a London.  Ta rike wannan mukamin na tsawon shekaru 18. A wannan lokacin ta yi aiki tare da Marilyn Monk, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a binciken Anne kan kwayoyin halitta. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga koyarwa da lacca kuma ta ɗauki matsayin jagoranci a cikin al'ummomin kimiyya.

Ayyukan McLaren sau da yawa sun kai ta waje da jami'a. Ta kasance memba na kwamitin da aka kafa don bincika fasahar in vitro fertilization (IVF) da embryology, wanda daga baya ya samar da Rahoton Warnock . Ta kasance memba na Majalisar Nuffield a kan Bioethics, 1991-2000 . 

A shekara ta 1992, ta yi ritaya daga rukunin kuma ta koma Cambridge inda ta yi aiki na shekaru 15 masu zuwa. Ta shiga Cibiyar Wellcome / CRC, daga baya Cibiyar Gurdon. An sanya ta Fellow-Commoner na Kwalejin Kristi, Cambridge a shekarar 1991.  A wannan lokacin ta bi sha'awarta a cikin ƙaddamar da jima'i, ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma kwayar halitta, tana ba da gudummawa ga takardu 48.   Bugu da kari, ta yi amfani da matsayinta don inganta mata a cikin ilimi kuma ta zama Fellow na girmamawa na Kwalejin Lucy Cavendish a shekarar 1994.  Ta kasance mai aiki a cikin goyon bayanta a ci gaban mata a kimiyya kuma ta kasance mai kafa kungiyar mata a Kimiyya da Injiniya (AWiSE). Ta kasance shugabar AWiSE na shekaru da yawa.

A shekara ta 2004, McLaren na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa aikin Frozen Ark, tare da miji da matarsa Bryan da Ann Clarke . Manufar aikin ita ce "ceton DNA da ƙwayoyin halitta na nau'in da ke cikin haɗari a duniya".

## Bincike
Yayinda take samun digirin digirin digirinta a fannin falsafar, ta binciki hanyoyin kamuwa da kwayar cuta a kan tsarin juyayi.

Bayan aikinta na digiri, ta sauya bincikenta zuwa ilimin embryology (wanda yanzu ake kira ilmin halitta na ci gaba). Tare da Donald Michie, ta gudanar da bincike na hadin gwiwa kan tasirin yanayin uwa a kan ƙididdigar ƙashin baya a cikin beraye kuma ta sami ƙwarewa wajen sarrafa tayin linzamin kwamfuta. Wannan binciken ya nuna yiwuwar noma tayin linzamin kwamfuta a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma samun nasarar samun haihuwa mai rai ta hanyar dasa su cikin mahaifar mahaifiyar maye gurbin. A shekara ta 1958, tare da haɗin gwiwar John D. Biggers, ta wallafa wata takarda mai mahimmanci game da ci gaba da haihuwar beraye da aka noma in vitro. Sun nuna nasarar haihuwa bayan gwaji a kan embryos da blastocysts kai tsaye daga uwa ɗaya zuwa wata. Wadannan dabarun sun zama tushen IVF.

A lokacin da ta yi bincike tare da Marilyn Monk da Elizabeth Simpson kan Ƙaddamar da jima'i da haihuwa na namiji, ta gano ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na farko ta hanyar alkaline phosphatase staining kuma ta bincika rawar da aka samu na testes cord da kuma toshewar meiosis a cikin mazajen jima'i.

Ta ba da gudummawa ga maganin sake farfadowa ta hanyar bincika ƙwayoyin halitta masu shayarwa da tasirin warkarwa.

## Daraja da kyaututtuka
A shekara ta 1975, an sanya McLaren Fellow na Royal Society . [1] Daga 1991 zuwa 1996, ta rike mukamin Sakataren Harkokin Waje na Royal Society kuma daga 1992 zuwa 1996 mukamin Mataimakin Shugaban kasa; ita ce mace ta farko a tarihin shekaru 330 na al'umma.[2] A shekara ta 1986, an sanya ta Fellow na Royal College of Obstetricians da Gynaecologists saboda aikinta na farko a kan haihuwa. A shekara ta 1989 ta gabatar da Ellison-Cliffe Lecture a Royal Society of Medicine, kuma daga 1990 zuwa 1995 ta kasance Farfesa Fullerian na Physiology a Royal Institution.

A shekara ta 1993, an kirkiro ta DBE . Daga 1993 zuwa 1994, ta kasance shugabar Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don Ci gaban Kimiyya, kuma a 1998 an sanya ta Fellow na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya.

A shekara ta 2002, ita ce kadai mace da ta karbi Kyautar Japan tare da Andrzej K. Tarkowski saboda gudummawar da suka bayar ga ilmin halitta na ci gaba. A shekara ta 2007 an ba ta lambar yabo ta Maris na Dimes a cikin ilmin halitta na ci gaba.

Baya ga bincikenta, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen magance zamantakewa, ɗabi'a, da kuma siyasa na cloning da bincike na stem cell ta hanyar shiga cikin tattaunawa ta bioethical da kuma ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar tasirin waɗannan fasahohin. Kasancewarta cikin tattaunawar da kuma jajircewarta na yin la'akari da tasirin zamantakewar jama'a na waɗannan ci gaba ya nuna ta a matsayin fitacciyar murya da ke kewaye da waɗannan fasahohin zamani.

## Manazarta