Harshen Afiti

Afitti (wanda aka fi sani da Dinik, Ditti, ko Unietti)  yare ne da ake magana a gefen gabashin Jebel el-Dair, wani dutse mai zaman Mai Tarihi  a lardin Arewacin Kordofan na Sudan. Ko ana iya amfani da kalmar 'Dinik'  don tsara yaren ba tare da la'akari da alaƙa da al'adu ba, mutane a cikin ƙauyukan yankin suna iya gane kalmomin 'Ditti' da 'Afitti. " Akwai kusan masu magana da harshen Afitti 4,000 kuma maƙwabcin harshe mafi kusa shine yaren Nyimang, ana magana da shi a yammacin Jebel el-Dair a cikin Dutsen Nuba na lardin Kordofan ta Kudu na Sudan.

## Yawan jama'a
Ana magana da Afitti da farko a Kundukur, Shakaro, da Kitra, a ƙasan Jebel ed-Dair da arewa maso yammacinsa; kusa da Jebel Dambeir, Dambeir da el-Hujeirat (Rilly 2010:182-183). Akwai kimanin masu magana 4,000 na yaruka biyu, Ditti (wanda ake magana da shi galibi a Kitra) da Afitti da ya dace (wanda ake nufi a sauran ƙauyuka). , halin da ake ciki yana da rikitarwa ta hanyar aure mai yawa.

## Tarihi
Afitti suna zaune a gabashin Jebel el-Dair . Sun taɓa zama a gindin dutsen, amma bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ƙarin yawan shanu da yawan jama'a sun kore su daga dutsen zuwa fili inda suka sake zama a gonaki. A sakamakon wadannan ƙungiyoyi an kafa garuruwan Kitra a arewa, Kundukur a gabas, da Sidra zuwa kudu. Saboda karuwar yawan shanu, an tilasta wa wani rukuni daban su zauna a gindin Jebel Dambir, zuwa arewa maso gabas. Makiyaya daga Sidra sun zauna a kudu maso yammacin Dambir da waɗanda ke Kitra zuwa arewa maso gabas. A yau, an san mutanen Kitra da "Ditti" yayin da sauran aka san su da "Afitti", amma yarukan suna da ƙananan bambance-bambance tsakanin su.

Lokacin da fari ya mamaye kasar a shekarar 1984, yawancin makiyaya sun rasa dabbobinsu kuma sun zama manoma; saboda haka, masu magana da Afitti da Ditti ba sa kiwon shanu. A cikin shekarun 1950, lokacin da Islama ta shiga yankin, an fara aiwatar da juyowa kuma a yau duk masu magana da Afitti ana daukar su Musulmi. Larabci ya zama babban harshen sadarwa, musamman ga masu magana da Afitti; makarantar yankin tana amfani da Larabci don koyarwa. Canjin aikin makiyaya, sabuntawa a Sidra, da kuma rinjaye na Larabci gaba ɗaya sun haɗu don rage mahimmancin Afitti gaba ɗaya da kuma rage ƙwarewar mai magana. Kalmomin aro sun mamaye yaren, kuma Ditti ne kawai ke tayar da yaransu har zuwa lokacin zuwa makaranta ba tare da amfani da Larabci ba.

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin sautin
Teburin  ke ƙasa yana nuna wasula na Afitti; alamomin da ke cikin parentheses suna wakiltar shahararrun allophones na phoneme kusa da abin da suka bayyana.

Afitti yana da wasula shida waɗanda ke da bambancin allophonic wanda galibi ana hango shi ta hanyar tsarin syllable. Sautin suna da ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin Afitti tare da tsawo na lokaci-lokaci da ke faruwa a cikin kalmomin da aka jaddada. Bugu da ƙari, wasula sun fi guntu a cikin sassan da aka rufe fiye da yadda suke a cikin sashan da aka buɗe.  cikin sassan da aka rufe, wasula suna buɗewa kuma wani lokacin suna tsakiya. schwa, duk da haka, koyaushe gajere ne kuma iyakance a rarraba, ba a taɓa samun sa a matsayin kalma-ƙarshe ba. Ya kasance takaice lokacin da aka jaddada syllable kuma a irin waɗannan lokuta ana iya haɗa ma'anar da ke biye da shi. 	

Haɗuwa da wasula biyu sun zama ruwan dare a cikin Afitti kuma sun haɗa da haɗuwa inda wasula ta biyu ita ce schwa. Babu bayyanar (mataki) diphthongs kuma ana ba da wasula guda ɗaya waɗanda za a iya nazarin su a matsayin wani ɓangare na kalmomi daban-daban. Ba a sami jerin wasula uku ko fiye a cikin iyakar kalma ɗaya ba.

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
Teburin  ke ƙasa yana nuna ƙayyadaddun Afitti; sautuna a cikin parentheses ba su da tabbas.

Afitti yana da hanci da plosives a wurare huɗu na magana: labial, alveolar, palatal, da velar. Plosives suna da bambancin murya wanda aka samo asali ne a matsayin farko na kalma. Wannan bambancin ya fi ɓacewa a cikin matsayi na intervocalic tare da tsaka-tsaki don goyon bayan bambancin murya. Yawancin plosives ba su da murya a matsayi na ƙarshe saboda tsarin devoicing wanda ke shafar wasu sautuna.

Babu kalmomi da ke farawa da dakatarwar bilabial mara murya kuma dakatarwar murya ta ƙarshe galibi ba a sake ta ba, amma waɗannan bambance-bambance suna faruwa a cikin bambancin kyauta tare da allophone da aka saki. Alveolar da dental stops suma sun bayyana a cikin bambancin kyauta. Bambancin hakora ya bayyana tare da wasu masu magana idan suna so su jaddada ma'anar da ake furta. H yana faruwa a duk matsayi, gami da syllabic hanci. Yawanci suna daidaitawa da ma'anar da ke biyowa. Lokacin da kalma ta farko ta hanci ta biyo bayan kalma ta ƙarshe, dakatarwar murya mara murya, ba za a saki dakatarwar ba kuma a bayyana ta. ruwa /l/ da /r/, kamar plosives, suna zama devoced a matsayi na ƙarshe. Ga duka /l/ da /r/ ana iya kuskuren allophones ɗin su da sauƙi don fricative saboda iska mai nauyi. Kamar hanci, ruwan yana da bambancin syllabic. Syllabic /r/ ya zama ruwan dare a cikin harshe kuma ana samunsa a cikin kalmomin monosyllabic da kuma matsayi na ƙarshe. A gefe guda, syllabic / l/, yana da wuya kuma ba a tabbatar da shi ba a matsayin farko.  matsayin mai sautin tsakiya /r/, kamar yadda ya saba da /l/, duk da haka, ba a samunsa a cikin matsayi na farko na kalma ba kuma yana canzawa zuwa retroflex flap intervocalically. Duk lokacin da /r/ ya faru a matsayin farko na kalma, yana cikin kalmomin da aka aro a bayyane daga Larabci da sauran harsuna. Allophonic flap  /l/ suna da sauƙin rikicewa amma ana iya samun flap nan da nan bayan ma'anar (kuma yana gaba da wasali), matsayi inda /l/ ba ya nan, ɗaya daga cikin lokuta masu ban sha'awa inda za'a iya samun jerin ma'anar. Ana samun ruwa na gefe a cikin kalma-farko, matsayi na intervocalic da kalma-ƙarshen kuma an ɗan ɗan ɗanɗano. Wannan palatalization yana haifar da ɗan rikice-rikice na murya tare da wasu masu magana lokacin da yake cikin matsayi na ƙarshe.

Rikicin /s/ da /f/ yawanci ba su da murya amma, a wasu lokuta, sun bambanta da takwarorinsu. Suna faruwa da kalma da farko kuma ta hanyar intervocalically, amma kawai kalmomin aro suna da fricatives a matsayi na ƙarshe. /s/ wani lokacin ana yin sautin (an yi shi a matsayin [ʃ]) a gaban sautin gaba /i/ .

### Sauti da Matsi
Afitti yare  mai sautin da ke da damuwa. Ana tabbatar da ƙananan nau'ikan sauti don kalmomin monosyllabic, bisyllabic, da trisyllabic. A cikin tsawo, duk da haka, kalmomin da ke da damuwa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa. Kalmomin da aka jaddada suna alama da haɗuwa da ƙarar, tsawon lokaci da canji a cikin sautin, maimakon sautin kawai. Afitti yana da sautuna biyu kawai  tare da bayyane da karfi, ba tare da sautin na uku ba ko ma sauka. Takaitaccen sassan da suka ƙare a /r/ ya haifar da kalmomi da yawa waɗanda ke da flap na intervocalic bayan schwa ko syllabic /r/. Wasu masu magana sun watsar  schwa gaba ɗaya suna rage kalmar ta hanyar syllable ɗaya kuma mai yiwuwa suna kawar da sautin. Lokacin da wannan raguwa ya faru, ana daidaita sautin ɗaya da sautin makwabta, yana riƙe da tsarin sautin ba tare da lalacewa ba.

### Tsarin sautin
Afitti yana  sassan rufewa da buɗewa. Za'a iya rufe kalmomin tare da ruwa, hanci ko tsayawa. Sashe guda ɗaya na iya kunshe da ruwa (syllabic), hanci (syllavic), ko wasali. Syllables sun haɗa da haɗuwa da wasali da consonant amma akwai ƙananan ƙididdigar consonant. Hanci da ke gaba da consonants koyaushe suna da syllabic - babu jerin hanci-consonant ko sassan da aka riga aka yi. Ruwan da ke bin fricatives ko consonants suna gaba da schwa ga yawancin masu magana, amma a lokuta da yawa ana gane su (musamman) a matsayin tarin consonant. Babu ma'anar tautosyllabic da ke bin ruwa ko fricatives kuma hanci ba ya bin wasu ma'anar. Kalmomi yawanci suna ƙunshe  kalma ɗaya, biyu ko uku, amma aikatau na iya ƙunshe har zuwa takwas ko fiye.

## Harshen harshe

### Yanayin Yanayi
 iya bayyana Afitti a matsayin harshen SOV mai haɗawa tare da postpositions. Alamar da yawa a kan adjectives da sunaye suna ɗaukar nau'in ƙayyadaddun. Ana samun alamar da yawa a cikin kalmomi don abubuwa da batutuwa. Ana fassara nau'ikan aikatau masu yawa ba tare da alamar magana mai yawa ba a matsayin duals. Afitti ba shi da takamaiman ko takamaiman labarai kuma alamar jinsi ma da alama ba ta nan. Duk w halaye sun zama ruwan dare a cikin ƙasa da kuma cikin harshen Gabashin Sudan. , ban da Nyimang, bambancin tsakanin biyu da jam'i na musamman ne ga Afitti.

### Kalmomin zumunci
Kalmomin dangin Afitti suna da takamaiman sunayen mallaka kuma a cikin yanayin 'mahaifi' da 'mahaifin', akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan siffofi biyu. Ana kuma samun wannan saiti yayin magana, da yawa, na 'mahaifiye da' ya'ya. Sauran kalmomin dangi, wato 'ɗan', 'ɗan'uwa' da 'mahaifiyar', suma suna da nau'o'i biyu amma sun rasa wannan bambanci yayin magana, da yawa, na 'ya'ya maza', 'yan uwa' da 'surukai'.  sauran kalmomi, ciki har da 'yar', 'mahaifin-surukin', 'miji', 'matar' da ' (mahaifin ko mahaifiyar) kawun' ba su rarrabe nau'i biyu daga nau'ikan jam'i ba. Dual ɗin galibi an kafa shi ne ta hanyar morpheme ko tsari na kalma. Fiye da haka, a cikin yanayin 'mahaifi' da 'mahaifin,' ana kirkirar nau'i biyu ta hanyar juyar da tsari na wakilci da kalmar dangi.

## Afitti da Meroitic
Harshen Afitti na iya taimaka wa malamai su fahimci matani a cikin Meroitic,  rubutun da za a iya fassara sautunan amma ma'anarsa ba ta da tabbas. A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, wasu masana harsuna sun zo ga ra'ayin cewa tsohuwar Meroitic tana da tarihi tare da harsuna da yawa har yanzu ana magana a yau. A cewar masanin kimiyyar Faransanci Claude Rilly, Meroitic na cikin ƙungiyar yaren Nilo-Sahara, kuma yana da alaƙa ta musamman da reshen Arewa maso Gabashin Sudan na wannan rukuni wanda ya ƙunshi harsuna da yawa da ake magana a Chadi, Eritrea, Habasha, da Sudan.

## Bayani

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## Haɗin waje

* Magana ta asali a cikin Global Lexicostatistical Database