Yusuf Dadoo

**Yusuf Mohamed Dadoo** OMSG (5 Satumba 1909&nbsp;-&nbsp;19 Satumba 1983) ɗan gurguzu na Afirka ta Kudu ne kuma mai fafutukar yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata. A lokacin rayuwarsa, ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar Indiya ta Kudu da kuma jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma kasancewa babban mai goyon bayan haɗin gwiwa tsakanin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi da kuma majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Kudu. Ya kasance shugaba na Kamfen na Defiance kuma wanda ake tuhuma a kotun cin amanar ƙasa  a  shekarar 1956. Kwanakinsa na ƙarshe ya ƙare a gudun hijira a London, inda aka binne shi a makabartar Highgate; 'yan mitoci kaɗan daga Kabarin Karl Marx.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Yusuf ne a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba 1909 a Krugersdorp, a cikin West Rand, kusa da Johannesburg. Iyayensa, Mohammed da Fatima Dadoo, Gujarati musulmi baƙi ne daga Surat a Yammacin Indiya. Tun yana ƙarami, ya sami gogewa ta yadda mahaifiyarsa ta tsawata masa saboda hawan bishiya a wurin shakatawa na unguwarsu, wanda aka keɓe don farar fata kawai.   Yana da shekaru goma, ƙaramar hukumar Krugersdorp ta yi yunƙurin korar mahaifinsa daga shagonsa bisa dalilan launin fata, amma Mohandas Gandhi ya yi nasarar kare shi a kotu. A makarantar sakandare, Yusuf ya halarci tarurrukan da tsofaffin jiga-jigan Gandhi, tare da Ismail Cachalia da sauran abokan makaranta suka tara kuɗaɗe da wayar da kan jama'a ga All India National Congress. Lokacin da yake da shekaru goma sha biyar, ya jagoranci zanga-zangar da mawaƙin Indiya mai suna Sarojini Naidu ya shirya kuma ya jagorance shi don nuna adawa da kudurin dokar yanki. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an aika shi zuwa Kwalejin Aligarh a Indiya don kammala karatunsa, kamar yadda Makarantar Gwamnatin Indiya ta Johannesburg ba ta ba da ilimin sakandare har zuwa matakin digiri

## Jami'ar London da Edinburgh
Yana da shekaru goma sha takwas, bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Yusuf ya koma Krugersdorp; inda mahaifinsa ya dage cewa ya taimaka wajen gudanar da sana’arsa, duk da burin Yusuf ya ƙaranci fannin shari’a.  Bayan shekaru biyu ana tashe-tashen hankula, ciki har da Yusuf ya shirya yajin aikin mahaifinsa ma'aikatan Afirka, da gudu daga gida, Mohammed ya amince ya tura Yusuf zuwa Landan don karatun likitanci. A Landan, Yusuf ya ci gaba da yin siyasa, kuma an kama shi da hannu a wata zanga-zangar adawa da Hukumar Simon.  Jin an kama shi, iyayensa suka sa shi ya koma Jami'ar Edinburgh, inda ya kammala karatunsa na gaba. A Edinburgh, Yusuf ya haɗu da ’yan uwansa ɗalibai daga ko'ina cikin daular Biritaniya, ya ba shi babban ra'ayi game da mulkin mallaka.  Sakamakon hawan jam'iyyar Labour a babban zaɓen Birtaniya na shekarar 1929, ya fara karanta littattafan Markisanci, ya shiga jam'iyyar Labour mai zaman kanta, kuma ya gabatar da jawabai na gurguzu a kusurwar masu magana da Edinburgh. Ya kuma yi abokantaka da abokin karatunsa kuma ɗan Afirka ta Kudu Monty Naicker. A cikin shekarar 1936, Dadoo ya sami digirinsa na likitanci, LRCPS, kuma ya koma Afirka ta Kudu ya ƙudura don farfaɗo da gwagwarmayar adawa da nuna wariyar launin fata a can.

## Komawa Afirka ta Kudu da farfaɗo da gwagwarmaya
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya koma gida, Yusuf ya sayi gida kuma ya kafa aikin likita a Doornfontein, Johannesburg. and by moderates reluctant to engage in passive resistance against the government. Ba da daɗewa ba ya shiga tare da Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC), ƙungiyar da ke da hannu tare da zanga-zangar Gandhian na farko, amma ya gano cewa yana da rinjaye da buƙatun Indiyawan masu arziki a kan ma'aikata,  da kuma masu matsakaicin ra'ayi ba su da sha'awar shiga cikin juriya ga gwamnati.  A cikin watan 1938, Yusuf ya zama memba na kafa kuma sakatare na Ƙungiyoyin  Ƙasashen Turai (NEUF). A cikin shekarar 1939, tare da duka membobin ƙanana da kuma tsofaffin kamfen na Gandhi, ya kafa ƙungiyar masu kishin ƙasa a cikin TIC, tare da manufar fara kamfen na juriya a kan dokar mallakar filaye na Asiya kwanan nan.  Wannan ra'ayi da sauri ya sami karɓuwa cikin farin jini, kuma duk da rashin yarda da jagorancinta, TIC ta saita ranar 1 ga watan Agusta 1939 don fara juriya.  A lokacin, ba Natal Indian Congress (NIC) ko African Indian Congress (SAIC) a hukumance sun amince da yakin, duk da goyon bayan jama'a a tsakanin Indiyawa.  An jinkirta yakin, duk da haka, bisa ga buƙatar Gandhi,  ya bar Yusuf ya shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Afirka ta Kudu (CPSA), kuma ya mayar da hankali kan gwagwarmayar yaki da yakin duniya na biyu. 

A cikin shekarar 1941, mamayewar da Jamus ta yi wa Tarayyar Soviet ya sa CPSA ta yi watsi da adawa da shiga yakin, kuma ta canza zuwa matsayin goyon baya ga abin da ta gani a matsayin "yakin mutane". An yi wahayi zuwa ga cin zarafi na Red Army don kare Tarayyar Soviet, ƙungiyoyin zanga-zangar da ba na Turai ba a Afirka ta Kudu sun zama masu gwagwarmaya.  A ƙarshen yakin, shugabanni irin su Walter Sisulu, Oliver Tambo da Nelson Mandela ne suka mamaye babban taron jam'iyyar Afrika, yayin da TIC da NIC suka mamaye Yusuf Dadoo da Monty Naicker, bi da bi. A cikin shekarar 1946, Yusuf da Monty sun jagoranci Gangamin Resistance Resistance Indian Passive Resistance Campaign against the Asiatic Land Tenure and India Representation Bill, wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 1948 amma ba su sami nasarar soke ko ɗaya daga cikin dokar da ta yi adawa da ita ba.  A cikin shekarar 1947, su biyun, tare da Alfred Bitini Xuma sun rattaba hannu kan "yarjejeniya ta likitoci uku" na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ANC, TIC da NIC, suna kira ga 'yancin yin zaɓe, 'yancin motsi, ilimi da dama daidai ga duk mutanen da ba na Turai ba.

## Tsarin wariyar launin fata da ƙin amincewa da shi
A cikin shekarar 1908, an zaɓi jam'iyyar National Party (NP) a babban zaɓe na shekarar 1948 na gabaɗaya. Nan take NP ta fara aiwatar da tsarin mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata. A cikin shekarar 1949, sun kuma gabatar da dokar hana gurguzu don haramta Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya sa CPSA ta wargaje ba da gangan ba kuma ta shiga ƙarƙashin ƙasa. A cikin shekarar 1950, an zaɓi Yusufu a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar SAIC, wanda nan da nan ya shiga tare da ANC wajen shirya kamfen na bijirewa dokokin rashin adalci. Yusuf shi ne mataimakin shugaban majalisar tsare-tsare, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Walter Sisulu, kuma su biyun ne suka fi ɗaukar nauyin rahoton da aka shirya yakin.   

A shekara ta 1952, gwamnati ta mayar da martani ga Gangamin Ƙarfafawa ta hanyar gabatar da ƙarin dokoki na zalunci. An dakatar da Dadoo daga halartar duk wani taro kuma an umurce shi da ya yi murabus daga SAIC da kwamitin tsara yakin neman zaɓe.  A cikin shekarar 1953, Dadoo da sauransu sun sake kafa CPSA a asirce a matsayin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Afirka ta Kudu (SACP), tare da Yusufu ya zama shugaban kwamitin tsakiya.  A wannan shekarar, an ƙara dakatar da Yusuf daga shiga ƙungiyoyin zanga-zangar goma sha biyar.  A ƙarƙashin waɗannan haramcin, ya ƙasa shiga fili a kan Ƙungiyar Congress Alliance da kuma rubutun Yarjejeniya ta 'Yanci, ko da yake an ci gaba da tuntubar shi a asirce, ana girmama shawararsa sosai. A cikin shekarar 1957, an dakatar da shi ƙarara daga yin magana da fiye da mutum ɗaya a lokaci guda.

## Gudun hijira da shugabancin jam’iyya
A cikin shekarar 1960, Kisan kiyashin Sharpeville ya sa gwamnati ta ayyana dokar ta-ɓaci ta ƙasa  tare da bayar da sammacin kama fitattun shugabannin ƙungiyoyin zanga-zangar. Dadoo ya kaucewa kama shi kuma ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin ƙasa na tsawon watanni, har sai da SACP, tare da tuntubar ƙungiyar SAIC, suka yanke shawarar fitar da shi daga ƙasar ba tare da izini ba don zama mai magana da yawun ƙasa da ƙasa kan gwagwarmaya. Dadoo ya ki amincewa da ra’ayin sosai, amma aka yi watsi da shi, kuma a ƙarshe ya amince ya tafi gudun hijira a Landan.

A cikin shekarar 1972, shugaban SACP na lokacin, JB Marks, ya mutu, kuma an zaɓi Dadoo gaba ɗaya a madadinsa. Ya ci gaba da wannan aiki, a matsayinsa na shugaba a gudun hijira, har zuwa rasuwarsa.

## Mutuwa

Dadoo ya mutu ne da ciwon daji na prostate a ranar 19 ga watan Satumba 1983.  Kafin mutuwarsa, ya yi ƙoƙari ya shirya tare da Joe Slovo don yin safarar gawarsa zuwa Afirka ta Kudu don binne shi a matsayin wani aiki na nuna rashin amincewa, amma wannan shirin ya ci tura.  haka, an yi masa jana'izar musulmi ( bisa ga umarninsa) kuma aka yi masa magana a makabartar Highgate tare da ɗan uwansa musulmi ɗan gwagwarmayar gurguzu na Iraki Saad Saadi Ali, da wasu 'yan mitoci kaɗan daga kabarin Karl Marx. Kalmarsa na mutuwa ita ce "Kada ku yi kasala, ku yi yaƙi har ƙarshe." 

## Martaba
Shugabannin ‘yan gurguzu da masu ra’ayin gurguzu a duniya, da kuma sauran shugabannin masu fafutukar yaki da wariyar launin fata sun aike da ta’aziyyarsu. A Afirka ta Kudu, an dakatar da taro da ƙasidu biyu da ke ba shi girmamawa nan da nan. 

Bayan babban zaɓen shekarar 1994 da kuma faɗuwar masu mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata, Dr Dadoo ya zama gwarzon ƙasa. A Krugersdorp, an sanya masa sunan makarantar firamare da asibiti.

An gudanar da bikin ƙarni na Dr Dadoo a cikin shekarar 2009 a Jami'ar Johannesburg.  A cikin sakon Nelson Mandela ga bikin, ya kira Dadoo "ɗaya daga cikin jiga-jigan gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci na ƙasarmu", da "[ɗaya daga] wadanda suka kafa dimokuraɗiyyar Afirka ta Kudu".

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Yusuf Dadoo shafi a Tarihin Afrika ta Kudu Online
* Hoton Dadoo da Mao Zedong
* Hoton Dadoo da Gandhi
* Hoton Dadoo tare da Nelson Mandela da James Moroka
* Labarin Rayuwa na Yusuf Dadoo, shugaban jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma mai fafutukar kwato 'yanci na kasa da zamantakewa a SACP .