Jean de La Fontaine

**Jean de La Fontaine** (: /ˌlæ fɒnˈən, -ˈteɪn/,  US: /ˌlɑː fɒn=teɪn, Lü -,    [ʒɑ̃ d (ə) la fɔ̃; 8 ga Yuli 1621 - 13 ga Afrilu 1695) ya kasance masanin tarihin Faransanci kuma ɗaya daga cikin mawaƙan Faransanci da aka fi karantawa a ƙarni na 17. An san shi da Fables, wanda ya ba da misali ga masu fabulists na gaba a duk faɗin Turai da kuma wasu nau'ikan daban-daban a Faransa, da kuma a cikin yarukan yankin Faransanci.

Bayan dogon lokaci na tuhumar sarauta, an shigar da shi a Kwalejin Faransa kuma sunansa a Faransa bai taɓa ɓacewa ba tun lokacin. Ana samun shaidar wannan a cikin hotuna da siffofi da yawa na marubucin, daga baya a kan lambobin yabo, tsabar kudi da hatimi.

## Rayuwa

### Shekaru na farko
An haifi La Fontaine a Château-Thierry a Faransa . Mahaifinsa shine Charles de La Fontaine, maître des eaux et forêts - wani nau'in mataimakin - na Duchy na Château-Thierry; mahaifiyarsa ita ce Françoise Pidoux . Dukkanin bangarorin iyalinsa sun kasance daga cikin mafi girman matsayi na tsakiya na lardin; kodayake ba su da daraja, mahaifinsa yana da wadata sosai. 

Jean, ɗan fari, ya yi karatu a kwaleji (school of grammar) na Château-Thierry, kuma a ƙarshen kwanakin makaranta ya shiga Oratory a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1641, da kuma seminary na Saint-Magloire a watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar; amma ɗan gajeren lokaci ya tabbatar masa cewa ya yi kuskuren aikinsa. Daga nan a bayyane yake ya yi karatun shari'a, kuma an ce an shigar da shi a matsayin *lauya* / lauya.

### Rayuwar iyali
Ya kasance, duk da haka, ya zauna a rayuwa, ko kuma aƙalla yana iya kasancewa haka, da wuri. A shekara ta 1647 mahaifinsa ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa a madadinsa, kuma ya shirya masa aure da Marie Héricart, yarinya mai shekaru goma sha huɗu, wanda ya kawo masa 20,000 livres, da tsammanin. Da alama ta kasance kyakkyawa da basira, amma biyun ba su yi hulɗa da juna ba. Kamar dai babu wani dalili na abin kunya game da halinta, wanda, a mafi yawancin, ya tashi bayan haka ta hanyar tsegumi ko abokan gaba na La Fontaine. Duk abin da za a iya faɗi a kanta shi ne cewa ita uwar gida ce mai sakaci kuma mai karanta littafi mai tsananin gaske; La Fontaine da kansa yana nesa da gida koyaushe, tabbas ba shi da tsananin aminci ga aure, kuma ya kasance mummunan mutum ne na kasuwanci cewa al'amuransa sun shiga cikin wahalar da ba ta da bege, kuma rabuwa ta kudi ta dukiya (*rabuwa da dukiya*) dole ne ta faru a cikin 1658. Wannan ma'amala ce mai kyau don amfanin iyali; ta hanyar digiri, duk da haka, ma'aurata, har yanzu ba tare da wata takaddama ba, sun daina zama tare, kuma ga mafi yawan shekaru arba'in da suka gabata na rayuwar de la Fontaine ya zauna a Paris yayin da matarsa ta kasance a Château -Thierry wanda, duk da kasta, ya ziyarta akai-akai. An haifi ɗa guda a cikinsu a shekara ta 1653, kuma mahaifiyarsa ce ta ilimantar da shi kuma ta kula da shi gaba ɗaya. 

### Paris

Ko da a farkon shekarun aurensa, La Fontaine da alama ya kasance a Paris, amma har zuwa kimanin 1656 ne ya zama baƙo na yau da kullun zuwa babban birnin. Ayyukan ofishinsa, waɗanda suka kasance na lokaci-lokaci, sun dace da wannan ba zama ba. Ba har sai ya wuce talatin ba ne ya fara aikinsa na wallafe-wallafen. Karatun Malherbe, an ce, ya fara tayar da Waƙoƙi waka a cikinsa, amma na ɗan lokaci bai yi ƙoƙari ba sai dai abubuwa marasa muhimmanci a cikin salon lokacin - epigrams, ballades, rondeaux, da dai sauransu.

A daidai wannan lokacin ne aka ware mata kadarorin matarsa ​​daban, kuma ga dukkan alamu ya siyar da duk abin da ya mallaka;  amma, da yake bai taɓa rasa masu iko da karimci ba, wannan yana da ƙaramin mahimmanci a gare shi.  A cikin wannan shekarar ya rubuta wani ballad, Les Rieurs du Beau-Richard, kuma wannan ya biyo bayan wasu ƙananan waƙoƙi na lokaci-lokaci da aka yi wa mutane daban-daban daga sarki zuwa ƙasa.  Fouquet ya fadi rashin amincewa da sarki kuma aka kama shi.  La Fontaine, kamar yawancin masu fafutukar adabin Fouquet, sun nuna masa aminci ta hanyar rubuta Elegy Pleurez, Nymphes de Vaux.

A wannan lokacin ne al'amuransa ba su da kyau. Shi da mahaifinsa sun ɗauki taken Squirer, wanda ba su da cikakken cancanta, kuma, wasu tsoffin dokoki game da batun an sanya su a cikin aiki, wani mai ba da labari ya sami hukunci a kan mawaki wanda ya ci shi 2000 livres. Ya sami, duk da haka, sabon mai karewa a cikin duke kuma har yanzu ya fi yawa a cikin Duchess na Bouillon, shugabanninsa a Château-Thierry, kuma babu wani abu da aka ji game da layin.

Wasu daga cikin ayoyin La Fontaine mafi kyau an yi wa Duchess Marie Anne Mancini, ƙarami daga cikin 'yan uwan Mazarin, kuma mai yiwuwa ne cewa dandano na Duke da Duchess ga Ariosto yana da wani abu da ya shafi rubuce-rubucen aikinsa na farko na gaske, littafin farko na Contes, wanda ya bayyana a cikin 1664. Yana da shekaru arba'in da uku a lokacin, kuma abubuwan da ya buga a baya sun kasance marasa amfani, kodayake yawancin ayyukansa an ba da su a cikin rubutun hannu tun kafin a buga shi akai-akai.

### Shahararren

A wannan lokacin ne aka kafa ƙungiyar Rue du Vieux Colombier, wanda ya shahara sosai a tarihin wallafe-wallafen Faransa. Ya kunshi La Fontaine, Racine, Boileau da Molière, na ƙarshe daga cikinsu kusan daidai yake da La Fontain, sauran biyu sun fi ƙanƙanta. Chapelain kuma wani nau'i ne na baƙo a cikin ƙungiyar. Akwai labarai da yawa, wasu a bayyane suke apocryphal, game da waɗannan tarurruka. Mafi kyawun halayyar ita ce watakila abin da ke tabbatar da cewa kwafin Chapelain's unlucky Pucelle koyaushe yana kwance a kan teburin, wasu layin da aka nada shine azabtarwa don laifuka akan kamfanin. Kungiyar ta ba da sunayen da aka yi wa mutanen La Fontaine na labarin *Cupid da Psyche*, wanda, duk da haka, tare da *Adonis*, ba a buga shi ba har zuwa 1669.

A halin yanzu, mawaki ya ci gaba da samun abokai. A shekara ta 1664 an ba shi izini a kai a kai kuma an rantsar da shi a matsayin dan majalisa ga Duchess na Orléans, kuma an shigar da shi a Fadar Luxembourg a Paris. Har yanzu ya ci gaba da aikinsa, kuma a cikin 1666 muna da wani abu kamar tsawatawa daga Colbert yana ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata ya duba wasu rashin aiki a Château-Thierry. A cikin wannan shekarar ne littafi na biyu na Contes ya bayyana, kuma a cikin 1668 littattafai shida na farko na Fables, tare da mafi yawan nau'ikan biyu a cikin 1671. A cikin wannan shekarar ta ƙarshe wani misali mai ban sha'awa na biyayya wanda mawaki ya ba da kansa ga kowane tasiri ya ba shi ta hanyar yin aiki, a cikin misalin Port-Royalists, a matsayin editan wani kundin waƙoƙi masu tsarki da aka keɓe ga Yarima na Conti . 

Shekara guda bayan haka yanayinsa, wanda ya kasance mai tasowa sosai, ya nuna alamun canzawa sosai don mafi muni. Duchess na Orléans ya mutu, kuma a bayyane yake dole ne ya bar ranging dinsa, mai yiwuwa ya sayar da shi don biyan basussuka. Amma koyaushe akwai tanadi ga La Fontaine. Madame de la Sablière, wata mace mai kyau, mai karfin ilimi kuma mai halin kirki, ta gayyace shi ya yi gidansa a gidanta, inda ya zauna kusan shekaru ashirin. Da alama ba shi da wata matsala game da al'amuransa daga nan gaba; kuma zai iya ba da kansa ga layin waƙoƙinsa daban-daban guda biyu, da kuma na wasan kwaikwayo.

### Kwalejin
A shekara ta 1682 ya kasance, yana da shekaru sittin, an san shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan mutane na haruffa na Faransa. Madame de Sévigné, daya daga cikin masu sukar adabi mafi kyau na lokacin, kuma ba a ba da izinin yabon sababbin abubuwa ba, ya yi magana game da tarin Fables na biyu da aka buga a cikin hunturu na 1678 a matsayin allahntaka; kuma tabbas wannan shine ra'ayi na gaba ɗaya. Saboda haka, ba abin da ya dace ba ne cewa ya gabatar da kansa ga Académie française, kuma, kodayake batutuwan da ke cikin Contes dinsa ba a lissafa su da kyau don daidaita wannan taron mai kyau, yayin da halayensa ga Fouquet da kuma wakilin tsohuwar jam'iyyar Frondeur ya sa ya zama abin zargi ga Colbert da sarki, yawancin mambobin abokansa ne.

An fara gabatar da shi a shekara ta 1682, amma an ƙi shi ga Marquis de Dangeau . A shekara ta gaba Colbert ya mutu kuma an sake zabar La Fontaine. Boileau kuma dan takara ne, amma kuri'un farko sun ba da kuri'u goma sha shida a kan bakwai kawai ga mai sukar. Sarkin, wanda ya zama dole, ba kawai don zabe ba amma don zabe na biyu idan aka gaza da mafi rinjaye, bai gamsu ba, kuma an bar zaben yana jiran. Wani wuri ya faru, duk da haka, bayan wasu watanni, kuma an zabi Boileau a wannan. Sarkin ya hanzarta amincewa da zaɓin da sauri, ya kara da cewa, Kuna iya karɓar La Fontaine, ya yi alkawarin zama mai hikima.

Shigar da shi ta kai tsaye shine dalilin rikice-rikicen wallafe-wallafen rayuwarsa. An yi jayayya tsakanin makarantar da ɗaya daga cikin membobinta, Antoine Furetière, game da batun ƙamus na Faransanci, wanda aka yanke shawarar zama keta haƙƙin kamfanonin makarantar. Furetière, mutumin da ba shi da ƙwarewa, ya kai farmaki ga waɗanda ya ɗauka abokan gaba ne, kuma daga cikinsu La Fontaine, wanda ba shi da sa'a ya sa ya zama mai rauni, tarin sa na biyu na waɗannan *Labarai* ya kasance batun hukunta 'yan sanda. Mutuwar marubucin *Roman Bourgeois*, duk da haka, ya kawo karshen wannan jayayya.

Ba da daɗewa ba La Fontaine ya sami rabon a cikin wani shahararren al'amari, shahararren rikici na Tsohon da na zamani wanda Boileau da Charles Perrault suka kasance shugabannin, kuma wanda La Fontain (ko da yake Perrault ya ware shi musamman don kwatanta shi da Aesop da Phaedrus) ya ɗauki tsohuwar gefen. Kimanin lokaci guda (1685-1687) ya sadu da na karshe daga cikin masu masaukin sa da masu karewa, Monsieur da Madame d'Hervart, kuma ya ƙaunaci wani Madame Ulrich, wata mace mai matsayi amma mai halin shakku. Wannan sanarwa ta kasance tare da babban masaniyar Vendôme, Chaulieu da sauran 'yan majami'ar haikalin; amma, kodayake Madame de la Sablière ta daɗe tana ba da kanta kusan gaba ɗaya ga ayyukan kirki da ayyukan addini, La Fontaine ta ci gaba da zama fursuna a gidanta har zuwa mutuwarta a shekara ta 1693. Abin da ya biyo baya an fada shi a daya daga cikin sanannun labaran da suka shafi dabi'arsa ta yaro. Hervart da ya ji labarin mutuwar, ya tashi nan da nan don neman La Fontaine. Ya sadu da shi a kan titi cikin baƙin ciki mai yawa, kuma ya roƙe shi ya yi gidansa. J'y allais ita ce amsar La Fontaine.

A shekara ta 1692, marubucin ya buga wani bita na Contes, kodayake ya sha wahala mai tsanani. A wannan shekarar, La Fontaine ya tuba zuwa Kiristanci. Wani matashi firist, M. Poucet, ya yi ƙoƙari ya shawo kansa game da rashin dacewar Contes kuma an ce an bukaci lalata sabon wasan kuma an miƙa shi a matsayin tabbacin tuba. La Fontaine ya karbi Viaticum, kuma a cikin shekaru masu zuwa ya ci gaba da rubuta waƙoƙi da tatsuniyoyi.

An ba da labari game da saurayi Duke na Burgundy, ɗalibin Fénelon, wanda a lokacin yana da shekaru goma sha ɗaya kawai, ya aika da louis 50 zuwa La Fontaine a matsayin kyauta na motsi na kansa. Amma, kodayake La Fontaine ya warke a lokacin, ya lalace saboda tsufa da nakasa, kuma sabbin masu masaukin sa dole ne su kula da shi maimakon su yi masa nishaɗi, wanda suka yi da hankali da alheri. Ya yi ɗan aiki, ya kammala Fables da sauran abubuwa; amma bai tsira daga Madame de la Sablière fiye da shekaru biyu ba, ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Afrilu 1695 a Paris, yana da shekara saba'in da uku. Lokacin da aka bude Kabari na Père Lachaise a Paris, an tura gawar La Fontaine zuwa can. Matarsa ta mutu da shi kusan shekaru goma sha biyar.

### Labarai
Halin La Fontaine mai ban sha'awa, kamar na wasu mutane masu rubutu, an tsarkake shi a cikin wani irin labari ta al'adun wallafe-wallafen. A farkon shekarunsa rashin hankali da rashin kulawa da kasuwanci ya ba da batun ga Gédéon Tallemant des Réaux. Mutanen zamaninsa na baya sun taimaka wajen fadada labarin, kuma karni na 18 a ƙarshe sun yarda da shi, gami da labaran da ya sadu da ɗansa, an gaya masa ko wanene shi, kuma suna cewa, *Ah, eh, na yi tunanin na gan shi a wani wuri!*, na dagewa kan yaƙi da duel tare da wanda ake zaton yana sha'awar matarsa, sannan ya roƙe shi ya ziyarci gidansa kamar yadda ya gabata; na tafiyarsa tare da takalmansa ba daidai ba, da sauransu., tare da, don bambanci, waɗanda ke cikin rashin jin daɗi da shiru, idan ba kyakkyawan rashin hankali a cikin kamfanoni ba.

Ya kamata a tuna da shi, a matsayin sharhi game da bayanin da Jean de La Bruyère ya yi, cewa La Fontaine aboki ne na musamman kuma abokin tarayya na Benserade, babban abokin gaba na La Bruyere. Amma bayan duk raguwa da yawa za su kasance, musamman idan aka tuna cewa daya daga cikin manyan hukumomi don waɗannan labaran shine Louis Racine, mutumin da ke da hankali da ɗabi'a, kuma wanda ya karɓa daga mahaifinsa, abokin La Fontaine sama da shekaru talatin. Wataƙila mafi kyawun rikodin duk waɗannan labarun shine ɗayan ƙwararrun Vieux Colombier, wanda ke ba da labarin yadda Molière, yayin da Racine da Boileau ke nuna basirinsu a kan bonhomme ko le bon (wanda duka sunayen La Fontaine suka saba da shi), ya ce ga mai kallo, Nos beaux esprits ont beau faire, ils n'effaceront pas le bonhomme. Ba su da shi.

## Ayyuka

Ayyuka da yawa na La Fontaine sun fada cikin ƙungiyoyi uku na gargajiya: Fables, Tales da sauran ayyukan (ciki har da wasan kwaikwayo). An fi saninsa da na farko daga cikin wadannan, inda aka kawo al'adar tattara tatsuniyoyi a cikin ayar Faransanci da ta dawo zuwa tsakiyar zamanai. Kodayake waɗannan ayyukan da suka gabata suna nufin Aesop a cikin taken su, sun tattara tatsuniyoyi da yawa daga wasu kafofin na baya-bayan nan. Daga cikin wadanda suka fi dacewa sune *Ysopet* na Marie de France (1190) da Les Fables du très ancien Esope na Gilles Corrozet, wanda aka sanya a cikin rithme françoise (1542).

Buga littattafai goma sha biyu na Fables na La Fontaine ya karu daga 1668 zuwa 1694. Labaran da ke cikin shida na farko daga cikin wadannan sun samo asali ne daga Aesop da Horace kuma ana fada su cikin aya kyauta. Wadanda ke cikin fitowar baya galibi ana ɗaukar su daga tushe na baya-bayan nan ko daga fassarorin labarun Gabas kuma ana fada su da tsawo. Ana iya haddace ayoyin da ke da sauƙi, duk da haka suna nuna zurfin fahimta game da yanayin ɗan adam. Yawancin layin sun shiga harshen Faransanci a matsayin jimloli na yau da kullun, sau da yawa karin magana. Har ila yau, ana rarrabe tatsuniyoyin ta hanyar rikice-rikice na lokaci-lokaci. Labarin "The Sculptor and the Statue of Jupiter" (IX.6), alal misali, ya karanta kamar satire game da camfi, amma ƙarshen ɗabi'arsa cewa "Dukan mutane, har zuwa gare su ya yi ƙarya, / ƙirƙirar gaskiyar mafarki" ana iya amfani da su ga addini gaba ɗaya.

Sashe na biyu na aikinsa, labaru (Contes et nouvelles en vers), a wani lokaci kusan sun shahara kuma rubuce-rubucen su sun wuce tsawon lokaci. An buga na farko a cikin 1664 kuma na ƙarshe ya bayyana bayan mutuwarsa. An yi musu alama musamman ta hanyar sautin su mai laushi.

## Hotuna da gado
Duk da yake Fables suna da suna na duniya, bikin marubucin su ya fi yawa a Faransa. Ko da a rayuwarsa, irin wannan saninsa ne, manyan masu zane-zane uku ne suka zana shi. Ya kasance yana da shekaru 63, a lokacin da aka karbe shi a cikin Académie française a shekara ta 1684, cewa Hyacinthe Rigaud ya nuna shi. Nicolas de Largillière ya zana shi yana da shekaru 73,  kuma an danganta hoto na uku ga François de Troy (duba ƙasa). 

Masu zane-zane biyu na zamani sun yi gashin kai da kafadu na La Fontaine. An nuna na Jean-Jacques Caffieri a Salon na 1779 sannan aka ba da shi ga Comédie Française; kwanakin Jean-Antoine Houdon daga shekara ta 1782.  A zahiri akwai nau'o'i biyu na Houdon, ɗaya yanzu a Gidan Tarihi na Philadelphia, kuma ɗayan a gidan tsohon mai kula da shi Fouquet a Vaux-le-Vicomte (duba ƙasa).

A Paris akwai cikakken mutum-mutumi na marmara na Pierre Julien, yanzu a cikin Louvre, wanda aka ba da umurni a 1781 kuma aka nuna shi a Salon na 1785. Marubucin yana wakiltarsa a cikin babban mayafi, yana zaune a cikin tunani a kan itace mai laushi wanda itacen inabi tare da inabi ke hawa. A kan gwiwarsa akwai rubutun almara na kyanwa da inabi, yayin da a ƙafafunsa kyanwa tana zaune a kan hularsa tare da yatsunsa a kan murfin fata, yana kallon shi. An yi ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta daga wannan ta hanyar tukwane na Sèvres da kuma a cikin polychrome porcelain ta hanyar tukunyar Frankenthal. A cikin ƙarni mai zuwa an yi ƙananan samfuran mutum-mutumi na tagulla ta Etienne Marin Melingue, wanda aka nuna a Paris a 1840 da kuma a London a 1881. A cikin wannan mawaki yana jingina da hankali a kan dutse, hular a hannunsa. Har ila yau a cikin Cour Napoléon na Louvre shine mutum-mutumi na dutse mai tsaye na 1857 na Jean-Louis Jaley . 

An kafa wani abin tunawa ga La Fontaine a kan shugabancin Jardin du Ranelagh na Paris a cikin 1891. An nuna gashin tagulla wanda Achille Dumilâtre ya tsara a baje kolin duniya (1889) kafin a sanya shi a kan wani dutse mai tsawo wanda ke kewaye da adadi daban-daban daga tatsuniyoyi.[1] An narkar da aikin, kamar sauran mutane da yawa a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, amma an maye gurbinsa a 1983 da siffar Charles Correia mai tsaye na fabulist yana kallon kyanwa da zakara a kan matakai da kuma matakai a ƙarƙashinsa.

Akwai wasu siffofi a Château-Thierry, garin haihuwar mawaki. Mafi shahararren shi ne mutum-mutumi mai tsaye na Charles-René Laitié,  wanda aka ba da umarnin Louis XVIII a matsayin kyauta ga garin. An kafa shi a hukumance a wani fili da ke kallon Marne a cikin 1824. A lokacin Yaƙin Marne na Biyu an lalata shi sannan aka motsa shi a kusa da garin. An gyara shi yanzu, matsayinsa na yanzu yana cikin murabba'in da ke gaban tsohon gidan mawaki. A ƙafafunsa tseren tsakanin Tortoise da Hare yana faruwa. Gidan da kansa yanzu an canza shi zuwa gidan kayan gargajiya, a waje wanda ke tsaye da mutum-mutumi mai girman rai wanda Bernard Seurre ya kirkira. A cikin gidan kayan gargajiya akwai Louis-Pierre Deseine da kuma kafadu na yumbu na La Fontaine . 

Ƙarin shaidar shahararren La Fontaine shine bayyanarsa a kan katin wasa daga shekara ta biyu na juyin juya halin Faransa.  A cikin wannan rukuni sarauta an maye gurbin su da masu tunani masu zaman kansu da aka sani da Falsafa, da kuma siffofin almara masu ban dariya kamar Sarkin Spades. Ba shi da mashahuri a Maidowar Bourbon, kamar yadda kwamishinan sarauta na mutum-mutumi ya tabbatar. Baya ga haka, akwai lambar yabo ta tagulla ta 1816 da ke nuna kan mawaki, wanda Jacques-Édouard Gatteaux ya tsara, a cikin jerin manyan maza na Faransa. Kwanan nan an sami ra'ayi a gefe game da shi a cikin jerin Histoire de France . Shugaban La Fontaine ya kuma bayyana a kan tsabar kudi na 100 don tunawa da cika shekaru 300 da mutuwarsa, a gefen da aka nuna tatsuniyar kyarkeci da zakara. Wani bikin tunawa a wannan shekarar ya haɗa da tsintsiya na hatimi na almara na Yuro 2.80, a cikin babban fayil wanda ya bayyana hoto mai cirewa ba tare da kuɗi ba. A cikin 1995 daidai, an sanya sunan asteroid 5780 Lafontaine don girmama shi.

Sauran bayyanar a kan hatimi sun haɗa da fitowar santimita 55 na 1938, tare da lambar yabo ta almara na Wolf da Ɗan Rago a ƙarƙashinsa; [1] da kuma hatimi na santimita 50 na Monaco wanda ke tunawa da cika shekaru 350 na haihuwar La Fontaine a 1971, inda kai da kafadu na masanin ya bayyana a ƙasa da wasu sanannun haruffa da ya rubuta.[2] Wani jerin tsabar kudi wanda ya bayyana shi ne bikin Fables de La Fontaine na shekara-shekara na sabuwar shekara ta wata (Sinanci). An fitar da shi tun shekara ta 2006, waɗannan tsabar kudi suna da hotonsa a baya da fuska a kowace shekara ta musamman dabba ta zodiac.

Hotuna na almara sun bi ra'ayi na La Fontaine a lokacin su. A matsayinsa na ƙaramin hali a cikin littafin Alexandre Dumas mai suna The Vicomte na Bragelonne, ya bayyana a matsayin mai ba da kunya da kuma warwatsewar ma'aikacin Nicolas Fouquet . [1] A cikin fim din 2007 Jean de La Fontaine - le défi, duk da haka, mawaki ya yi tsayayya da mulkin Louis XIV bayan faduwar Fouquet
 

## Manazarta