Fataucin mutane a Sudan

**[[Sudan]]** ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar TIP ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 2000 a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014. 

Sudan ƙasa ce mai tushe ga maza, mata da yara da aka yi fataucin su a cikin gida don dalilai na tilasta aiki da cin zarafin jima'i. Sudan kuma ƙasa ce mai wucewa da makoma ga matan Habashawa da aka fataucin su zuwa kasashen waje don bautar cikin gida. Ana fataucin mata da 'yan mata na Sudan a cikin kasar, da kuma yiwuwar zuwa kasashen Gabas ta Tsakiya kamar Qatar, don bautar cikin gida. 

Ofishin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka don Kulawa da Yaki da Cin Hanci da Kasuwanci a cikin Mutane ya sanya kasar a cikin "Tier 3" a cikin 2017. A cikin 2020, an sake sanya Sudan a cikin rukunin "Tier 3" tun lokacin da rahoton Trafficking in Persons na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa Sudan ta Kudu ba ta yi wani gurfanar da masu fataucin mutane ba ko kuma ta yanke wa kowane mutum hukunci dangane da tilasta wa yara shiga soja a cikin shekaru 5 da suka gabata.

An sanya kasar a Tier 2 a cikin 2023.  Kasashen Tier 2 sune "kasashe waɗanda gwamnatocinsu ba su cika cikakkun ka'idodin TVPA ba, amma suna yin ƙoƙari sosai don kawo kansu cikin bin waɗannan ka'idodin".

## Tarihi
A cikin shekara ta 2007, hukumomin tilasta bin doka na Girka sun gano wata mace da aka yi wa fataucin jima'i daga Sudan. Kungiyar 'yan ta'adda, Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), ta ci gaba da karbar kananan yara na Sudan da Uganda a kudancin kasar don amfani da su a matsayin masu dafa abinci, masu ɗaukar kaya, da mayakan; wasu daga cikin waɗannan yara ana kuma fataucin su a kan iyakoki zuwa Uganda ko Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2007, LRA ta sace 'yan mata shida na Sudan a kusa da Maridi, Yammacin Equatoria. Ana kwashe yara na Sudan ba bisa ka'ida ba, a wasu lokuta ta hanyar sace-sacen, kuma kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye masu dauke da makamai suna amfani da su - gami da dukkan bangarorin SLA, Sojojin Tsaro na Jama'a, 'yan bindiga na Janjaweed, da' yan adawa na Chadi - a cikin rikici da ke gudana a Sudan a Darfur; Sojojin Sudan da masu alaƙa da su ma suna ci gaba da cin zarafin yara a wannan yankin.

Akwai rahotanni da aka tabbatar game da daukar yara ba bisa ka'ida ba a tsakiyar shekara ta 2007 ta Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) Peace Wing tsakanin al'ummomin mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu a Dereig, South Darfur. Kungiyoyin 'yan bindiga a Darfur, wasu daga cikinsu suna da alaƙa da gwamnati, suna sace mata na ɗan gajeren lokaci na aikin tilas da kuma aikata tashin hankali na jima'i.

Kaddamar da manya da kuma yara da kusan dukkanin kungiyoyin da ke da hannu a yakin basasa na arewa maso kudu na Sudan ya zama ruwan dare; dubban yara har yanzu suna da alaƙa da waɗannan dakarun suna jiran sakewa da sake shiga cikin al'ummominsu na asali.

Baya ga cin zarafin yara da kungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai a lokacin yakin basasa na shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, dubban matan Dinka da yara an sace su kuma daga baya mambobin kabilun Missiriya da Rezeigat suka bautar da su a wannan lokacin. An sace yara da ba a san adadi ba daga kabilar Nuba kuma an bautar da su.

Wani bangare na wadanda aka sace kuma aka bautar sun kasance tare da masu garkuwa da su a Kudancin Darfur da Yammacin Kordofan kuma sun sami nau'ikan magani daban-daban; an sayar da wasu ko kuma an ba su ga wasu, gami da wasu yankuna na kasar; kuma wasu daga ƙarshe sun tsere daga masu kama su. Duk da yake babu wani sabon sace-sacen Dinka da aka sani da mambobin kabilun Baggara a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, sace-sace tsakanin kabilun ya ci gaba a kudancin Sudan, musamman a jihohin Jonglei da Gabashin Equatoria.

Gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta Sudan ba ta cika cikakkiyar ka'idoji don kawar da fataucin mutane kuma ba ta yin ƙoƙari mai mahimmanci don yin hakan. Duk da yake gwamnati ta dauki matakai masu iyaka don dakatar da sojoji, yaki da fataucin mutane ta hanyar tilasta bin doka ko matakan rigakafi ba fifiko ba ne ga gwamnati a cikin 2007. 

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013, tashin hankali da rikici sun fito ne bayan gwagwarmayar siyasa tsakanin Salva Kiir Mayardit da Riek Machar, wanda ya haifar da kungiyoyin da ke dauke da makamai da ke kaiwa ga fararen hula, yin fyade da tashin hankali na jima'i, lalata ƙauyuka da dukiya, da kuma daukar yara cikin rukunin su. Mataki na farko don kawo karshen yakin basasa shine sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya a watan Agustan 2015, wanda ya haifar da barkewar tashin hankali a 2016, yayin da Machar ya koma matsayinsa na mataimakin shugaban kasa. Shekaru biyar bayan haka, Kiir da Machar sun halarci tattaunawar da Uganda da Sudan suka yi a watan Yunin 2018, wanda ya haifar da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Khartoum wata daya bayan haka, wanda ya haifar le tsagaita wuta da alkawarin aiwatar da yarjejeniyar raba iko don kawo karshen yakin. An sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Revitalized kan Solution of the Conflict a Sudan ta Kudu a watan Agustan 2018, kuma ya haɗa da sabon tsarin raba iko.

## Shari'a
Ayyukan gwamnati na yaki da fataucin mutane ba su da mahimmanci a lokacin bayar da rahoto; ba ta bincika ko gurfanar da duk wani shari'ar da ake zargi da fataucar mutane ba. Sudan babbar ƙasa ce mai iyakoki masu laushi da wuraren da ba su da wadata; gwamnatin ƙasa ba ta da ikon kafa iko ko kasancewar tilasta bin doka a yankuna da yawa. Dokar aikata laifuka ta Sudan ba ta haramta duk wani nau'in fataucin mutane ba, kodayake Mataki na 162, 163, da 164, sun aikata laifukan sace-sacen, yaudarar, da aikin tilas, bi da bi.

Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ƙasa na wucin gadi ya haramta bautar da aikin tilas. Babu wani mai fataucin da aka taba gurfanar da shi a karkashin wadannan labaran. A shekara ta 2007, Majalisar Ministoci ta amince da Dokar Kare Yara, wacce ta haramta daukar ma'aikata ko shiga sojoji a karkashin shekaru 18; dole ne majalisa ta amince da dokar kafin a aiwatar da ita.

Shirin Dokar Sojojin Sudan, wanda ake sa ran za a yi muhawara a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2006, an mayar da shi ga Majalisar Ministoci don sake dubawa. Kudin ya ba da umarnin hukunce-hukuncen aikata laifuka ga mutanen da ke daukar yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18, da kuma wasu laifuffuka na haƙƙin ɗan adam, gami da sace-sacen da bautar.

A watan Yunin 2007, Dokar Kare Yara ta Kudancin Sudan ta 2006, wacce ta hana daukar yara, ta wuce karatun farko a Majalisar Kudancin Soudan kuma yanzu tana cikin karatun ta na biyu. Gwamnati ba ta rubuta ko bin diddigin kokarin tilasta bin doka na yaki da fataucin mutane ba; kuma ba ta ba da horo na musamman na yaki da safarar mutane ga masu tilasta bin shari'a, masu gabatar da kara, da ma'aikatan shari'a.

Dokar Yara ta Sudan ta Kudu ta 2008 ta bayyana yaro ya zama kowa da kowa a kasa da shekara 18, kuma yana kare yara daga yin aiki tare da 'yan sanda, kurkuku, ko sojojin soja. Dokar ta bayyana yiwuwar azabtarwa don daukar ma'aikata ko amfani da yaro a cikin rundunar soja don zama ɗaurin kurkuku wanda bai wuce shekaru goma ba, tarar, ko duka biyun. Mutum dole ne ya kasance mafi ƙarancin shekaru 18 don ya cancanci shiga bisa ga Dokar SPLA ta Sudan ta Kudu ta 2009. Ofishin ba da shawara na shari'a na Ma'aikatar Tsaro ya ba da shawarar a watan Satumbar 2014 cewa ya kamata a kara yiwuwar azabtarwa ga daukar yara da zama a makarantu da asibitoci ga Dokar SPLA.

A cikin 2017, Cibiyar Shari'a da Kimiyya ta Shari'a ta gwamnati, tare da Ma'aikatar Shari'a, sun haɗa kai da wata kungiya ta kasa da kasa don samar da horo na kwana biyar guda hudu mai taken "Ƙarfafa Ikon Tsarin Shari'a na Laifuka a Sudan don magance Cinikin Dan Adam" ga jami'an tilasta bin doka, alƙalai, masu gabatar da kara, lauyoyin tsaro, da ma'aikatan zamantakewa a fadin jihohi 18 na Sudan. A watan Agusta na wannan shekarar, wakilan daban-daban daga bangaren shari'a, Ofishin Masu Shari'a, ofishin Babban Lauyan, rassan tilasta bin doka, Ma'aikatar Shari'a da ma'aikatan zamantakewa sun yi aiki tare don haɓaka tsarin horarwa don samfurin mai horar da masu horarwa don taimakawa a cikin ganowa da farko da kuma gurfanar da shari'o'in fataucin mutane a ƙarƙashin dokar Anti-Trafficking ta 2014.

Har ila yau, a cikin 2017, Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta ƙaddamar da Cibiyar Ayyuka ta Yankin kan Ciniki (ROCK), tare da Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiya mai yawa, don taimakawa wajen sauƙaƙe binciken fataucin ƙasa da ƙasa tsakanin tushen, sufuri, da ƙasashe masu zuwa tare da hanyoyin fataucin da aka saba amfani da su. Masu ba da gudummawa na duniya sun yi alkawarin tallafawa ROCK.

A cikin 2019, gwamnati ta ba da rahoton cewa babu bincike, gurfanar da kara ko hukunta masu fataucin mutane da aka gudanar ta hanyar tilasta bin doka na shekara ta takwas a jere.

## Kariya
Gwamnatin Haɗin Kan Ƙasa ta Sudan (GNU) ta yi ƙoƙari ƙanƙani wajen kare waɗanda aka safarar da su, inda ta fi mai da hankali kan rushewa da sake haɗa yara sojoji a cikin shekarar da ta gabata. Gwamnatin na ci gaba da fuskantar ƙalubale na rashin kuɗi da ƙarancin ƙwarewa a hukumomin da ke yaƙi da safarar mutane, kuma GNU ba ta nuna wani muhimmin haɗin kai da ma’aikatan jin ƙai a yankin Darfur ba, musamman dangane da batutuwan safarar mutane.

A shekarar 2006, GNU da Gwamnatin Kudancin Sudan (GoSS) sun amince da doka da ta kafa Hukumar Rushe Sojoji da Sake Haɗa su da Al’umma (DDR), tare da raba ta zuwa ɓangarorin arewa da kudu — Hukumar Rushe Sojojin Arewa (NSDDRC) da ta Kudancin Sudan (SSDDRC). A lokacin, an kafa hukumomin DDR a biranen arewa kamar Nyala, Geneina, da El Fasher, tare da ɗaukar ma’aikata.

Duk da cewa an fara horas da ma’aikata kan kare yara da rushe yara sojoji, ba za a iya fara aiki da gaske ba har sai an cimma yarjejeniya tsakanin GNU da ƙungiyoyin makamai. A shekarar 2007, NSDDRC ta rushe yara 283 daga cikin rundunar Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA) a Kudu Kordofan.

NSDDRC ta kuma taimaka wajen dawo da waɗannan yara daga iyakar Sudan zuwa Bentiu bayan rushewar su daga SPLA. Ma’aikatan SSDDRC sun kai 225 a shekarar 2007, kuma an tura wakilai zuwa dukkan jihohin kudu.

Sabanin baya, ma’aikatan SSDDRC sun fara karɓar albashi da horo kan kare yara, rushe su, da sake haɗa su da iyalansu. SSDDRC tare da haɗin gwiwar UNICEF sun rushe yara sojoji kusan 1,000 — ciki har da ‘yan mata — daga 2006 zuwa 2007, inda 1,500 suka rage ciki har da yara 227 a sansanin SPLA a Kudu Blue Nile.

SSDDRC ta ci gaba da rijistar yara sojoji tare da haɗin gwiwa da NSDDRC domin nemo iyalansu da sake haɗa su. Hukumar CEAWC da aka kafa a 1999 don dawo da mata da yara da aka sace, ba ta yi aiki sosai ba a mafi yawan lokacin rahoton.

Kafin Maris 2008, aiki na ƙarshe da ta gudanar ya faru ne a watan Janairu da Fabrairu 2006; tun daga lokacin, GNU da GoSS ba su samar da kuɗin aiki ba.

Duk da haka, a farkon Maris 2008, GoSS ta bai wa CEAWC dala miliyan 1 don ci gaba da aikinta; jim kaɗan, CEAWC ta cimma yarjejeniya don sako mutane 95 a yankin Nyala da 71 a Ed Daein (Kudancin Darfur) daga masu sace su, sannan ta kaisu cibiyoyin wucin gadi.

Amma, hanyoyin dawowa cike suke da matsaloli na rashin kariya. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa ma’aikatan CEAWC sun hana ma’aikatan jin ƙai daga Ma’aikatun Walwalar Jama’a na Jiha shiga cibiyoyin wucin gadi, tare da hana jami’an Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya tattaunawa da sabbin isowa ko bincika jerin sunayen da ke cikin motocin jigila.

CEAWC ta shirya jigilar waɗanda aka sako zuwa kudancin Sudan, amma ba ta tanadi abinci ko ruwa isasshe ba. Har ila yau, ba ta tanadi wurin kwana ko taimako ga waɗanda aka dawo da su ba; ba ta da hanyar binciko iyalansu ko haɗa su da al’ummominsu; ba ta kuma bin diddigin su bayan dawowa domin sanin halin da suke ciki ba.

A watan Afrilu 2007, gwamnatin Sudan da United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.) sun sa hannu kan yarjejeniya domin biyan diyya ga yaran Sudan da aka yi amfani da su a matsayin camel jockeys a UAE. A watan Yuni 2007, yara uku da suka yi aiki a matsayin camel jockeys aka mayar da su gida daga U.A.E. kuma iyalansu suka karɓe su.

A watan Janairu 2007, Rundunar ‘Yan Sanda ta Khartoum ta kafa wani sashi don kare yara da iyali tare da goyon bayan UNICEF. Wannan sashi yana ba da ayyuka da suka haɗa da taimakon lauya da goyon bayan tunani ga yara fiye da 400 da suka fuskanci cin zarafi da fyade, kuma zai iya ba da irin wannan taimako ga waɗanda aka safarar da su. Ana shirin kafa irin wannan sashi a Darfur ta Yamma, Ghedaref, da Kassala.

A shekarar 2017, gwamnati ta ƙara ƙoƙari, inda ta bayar da rahoton cewa an gano mutane 400 da ake zargin an safarar da su — ƙaruwa daga 142 na shekarar da ta gabata — amma akwai rauni wajen gano su da tura su zuwa hukumomin taimako.

A shekarar 2019, jami’an gwamnati sun haɗa kai da membobin Hukumar DDR don rushe da sako yara sojoji 286.

## Rigakafi
Gwamnati ta yi ƙoƙari ƙanƙani wajen hana faruwar safarar mutane a nan gaba a lokacin rahoton. Majalisar Ƙasa kan Kula da Lafiyar Yara ta haɗa gwiwa da UNICEF domin ƙaddamar da kamfen wayar da kan jama’a kan kare yara a Arewacin Kordofan a lokacin bikin ranar Yaran Afirka ta Yuni 2007.

An ƙaddamar da wannan kamfen a yankin Darfur, Gabashin Sudan, Khartoum da yankunan uku, inda aka bayyana saƙonni da dama kan batutuwan kare yara kamar daukar yara ba bisa doka ba, da fyade da cin zarafin jinsi.

A cikin rahoton Trafficking in Persons Report na 2018 (TIP), gwamnatin Sudan ta nuna ƙarin ƙoƙari wajen hana safarar mutane, amma dokokin da ke akwai sun ƙara haɗarin cin zarafin ‘yan gudun hijira. Wani tsari da aka kafa a 2016 ya bukaci ‘yan ƙasar Kudancin Sudan da su yi rajista a mako guda bayan shigarsu Sudan, amma hakan ya hana su samun aikin doka, wanda hakan na iya jefa su cikin aikin bautar da ya ƙeta hakkin ɗan adam.

Har ila yau, a shekarar 2019, gwamnati ta ƙara ƙoƙari wajen hana safarar mutane, inda ta sa hannu kan wani shirin aiki domin hana duk wani cin zarafin yara a watan Fabrairu 2020.

## Manazarta