Fasahar ƙuƙwalwa

Penile plethysmography (**PPG**) ko **phallometry** ma'auni ne na jini zuwa azzakari, yawanci ana amfani dashi azaman wakili don auna tashin hankali na jima'i. Hanyoyin da aka fi bayar da rahoton gudanar da plethysmography na aljihu sun haɗa da auna kewayon aljihu tare da ma'aunin mercury-in-rubber ko ma'auni na lantarki, ko kuma girman aljihu da ke da iska mai iska da ƙwanƙwasawa a gindin aljihu. Corpora cavernosa nerve penile plethysmographs suna auna canje-canje don mayar da martani ga motsawar lantarki ta hanyar aiki tare [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] yayin tiyata. Kurt Freund ne ya kirkiro tsarin volumetric kuma an dauke shi da mahimmanci a matakan tashin hankali. Ana amfani da matakan da suka fi sauƙi don amfani da su, duk da haka, kuma sun fi dacewa a cikin binciken ta amfani da motsawar Fim din lalata. Wani na'urar da ta dace a cikin mata shine photoplethysmograph na farji. 

Ga masu aikata laifuka na jima'i yawanci ana amfani da shi don ƙayyade matakin tashin hankali na jima'in yayin da batun ya fallasa abubuwan da ke nuna jima'i, kamar hotuna, fina-finai ko sauti, kodayake wasu sun yi jayayya cewa phallometry ba koyaushe ya dace da kimanta abubuwan da suka fi so ko tasirin magani. Wani bita mai zurfi na 1998 na rahotanni na kimiyya ya nuna cewa martani na phallometric ga abubuwan da ke nuna yara, kodayake kawai suna da alaƙa da .32 tare da cin zarafin jima'i na gaba (ƙididdigar kusan 10% na bambancin), suna da daidaito mafi girma tsakanin hanyoyin gano waɗanne masu cin zarafin lalata za su ci gaba da aikata sabbin laifuka na jima'i.  (Babu ɗayan hanyoyin da suka kasance masu tsinkaya masu ƙarfi tare da mafi yawan lissafi don ƙasa da 10% na bambancin). 

A cikin tiyata na ceton jijiyoyin prostatectomy, likitan tiyata yana amfani da motsawar lantarki mai sauƙi a kusa da jijiyoyin cavernous na azzakari don tabbatar da wuraren su da kuma guje wa rauni na aiki. Lalacewar waɗannan jijiyoyin da ke da wuyar gani na iya haifar da sakamakon dysfunction na erectile. A ƙarshen aikin tiyata, sakamakon plethysmograph na motsa jiki na lantarki shine hangen nesa wanda ke taimakawa wajen sarrafa sakamakon aikin erectile kafin watanni da yawa da ake buƙata don murmurewa.

## Nau'o'in
Akwai nau'o'i biyu na plethysmograph:

* Gidan iska na Volumetric

: Lokacin da aka sanya wannan a kan azzakari na batun, yayin da tumescence ke ƙaruwa, ana auna iska da aka sauya.

* Mai canzawa mai kewaye

: Wannan yana amfani da zoben mercury-in-rubber ko indium / gallium-in-rab ko ma'aunin ƙarfin lantarki kuma an sanya shi a kusa da shaft na azzakari don auna canje-canje a kewayon.

Nau'in kewaye ya fi kowa,  amma an yi imanin cewa hanyar volumetric ta fi dacewa a ƙananan matakan tashin hankali. 

Manyan masu samar da injunan PPG sun hada da Fasahar Halin Inc. da Tsarin Kula da Kiwon Lafiya. An san na'urar da za a yi amfani da ita a Brazil, Burtaniya, Kanada, China, Jamhuriyar Czech, Hong Kong, New Zealand, Norway, Jamhuryar Slovak, Spain, da Amurka.

Ana ba da na'urar tiyata a matsayin CaverMap ta Blue Torch Medical Technology, Inc.

Kusan hanya iri ɗaya ga mata, photoplethysmography na farji, yana auna jini ta bangon farji, wanda masu bincike ke da'awar yana ƙaruwa yayin tashin hankali na jima'i.

## Hanyar da ake amfani da ita
Hanyoyi masu kyau na iya bambanta, amma a cikin binciken daya wani namiji mai shekaru goma sha bakwai mai aikata laifuka na jima'i ya kasance, a farkon kowane zaman yau da kullun, a cikin sirri ya dace da ma'aunin ma'auni na Parks Medical Electronics da aka haɗe da azzakarsa kuma an sa shi a ƙarƙashin wando da tufafi. A baya an daidaita na'urar tare da ma'auni daga azzakarsa a cikin yanayin sa mai laushi kuma a cikakkiyar tsayi kamar yadda aka samu ta hanyar masturbation. Wannan na'urar an haɗa ta da microprocessor, batirin batir, da kuma ma'aunin ma'auni, dukansu an kiyaye su a hankali a cikin fanny. Daga nan aka tura shi kowace rana zuwa harabar kwaleji don zaman da yawa don tantance sha'awar jima'i ga mata da maza, waɗanda ke da kusan ƙafa 30-100 daga gare shi. Yayinda yake cikin mota da aka ajiye, an umurce shi da ya mai da hankali kan ko dai takamaiman mace ko takamaiman mutum a cikin yanayin, ya yi tunanin kansa yana yin jima'i da su, kuma ya ba da damar yin jima'in idan yana da sha'awar hakan. Na'urar ta auna kashi na cikakken tsayi da ya samu. An sake maimaita wannan a cikin kwanaki 24, tare da sakamakon da ke nuna matakin jan hankali ga mata, musamman lokacin da ma'aikatan bincike ba su nan.

## Tarihi
Kurt Freund ne ya kirkiro asalin a cikin shekarun 1950 a lokacin-Czechoslovakia. Freund daga baya ya rubuta, "A farkon shekarun hamsin hulɗar ɗan luwaɗi har yanzu laifi ne a Czechoslovakia. Tabbas na yi adawa da wannan ma'auni, amma har yanzu ina tunanin, kamar yadda abokan aikina suka yi a asibitin jami'ar kwakwalwa a Prague inda nake aiki, cewa ɗan luwaɗi wani abu ne da aka samu ta hanyar kwarewa". Daga nan sai ya haɓaka phallometry don maye gurbin hanyoyin psychoanalytic na kimantawa saboda "[P]sychoanalysis ya zama gazawar, kusan ba za a iya amfani da shi ba a matsayin kayan aiki don ganewar asali ko bincike....Lokacin da phallometery ya fara zama mai alƙawari a matsayin gwajin jima'i da sha'awar shekaru, mun fara amfani da shi galibi a matsayin gwajin pedophilia, wato ƙayyade wanda ke da sha'awa ga yara akan manya. " 

A cikin Czechoslovakia bayan yakin duniya na biyu, gwamnatin kwaminisanci ta ba Freund aikin ganowa tsakanin masu shiga soja waɗanda ke bayyana kansu a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi don kauce wa aikin. "Freund (1957) ya kirkiro na'urar farko, wacce ta auna canje-canje na girman jima'i... don rarrabe maza masu jima'i da masu luwadi ga sojojin Czechoslovak. "  Lokacin da ya tsere daga Turai zuwa Kanada, Freund ya sami damar bin bincikensa ta amfani da phallometry don kimanta masu aikata laifuka na jima'i. A wannan lokacin, yawancin masu ilimin jima'i suna yin ƙoƙari na haɓaka hanyoyin canza maza masu luwadi zuwa maza masu lubali, ciki har da John Bancroft, Albert Ellis, da William Masters na Cibiyar Masters da Johnson. Saboda phallometry ya nuna cewa irin waɗannan hanyoyin sun gaza, Freund yana daga cikin masu ilimin jima'i na farko da suka bayyana cewa irin waɗannan ƙoƙarin ba su da kyau. Bisa ga binciken Freund, ƙaddamar da luwadi ya faru a Czechoslovakia a 1961.  (Dubi kuma Hakkin LGBT a Jamhuriyar Czech.) 

## Amincewa da inganci
A cikin 1994, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) na American Psychiatric Association ya bayyana cewa an yi amfani da plethysmography na jima'i a cikin saitunan bincike don tantance nau'ikan paraphilias ta hanyar auna tashin hankali na jima'in mutum don mayar da martani ga abubuwan gani da na ji. Amincewa da ingancin wannan hanya a cikin kimantawar asibiti ba a kafa shi sosai ba, kuma kwarewar asibiti ta nuna cewa batutuwa na iya kwaikwayon amsawa ta hanyar sarrafa hotunan tunani. " [1] Sabanin haka, wani bincike na baya-bayan nan na 2017 yana ba da tallafi ga ingancin gwajin phallometric a matsayin ma'auni na sha'awar jima'i a cikin yara a cikin samfurori 37 da mutane 6,785. [2]￼

## Manazarta