Kisan Muhammad al-Durrah

A ranar 30 ga&nbsp;Satumban shekara ta 2000, rana ta biyu na Intifada ta biyu,an kashe yaro dan shekaru 12 mai suna **Muhammad al-Durrah** (  ) a zirin Gaza a lokacin da ake gudanar da zanga-zanga da tarzoma a yankunan Falasdinawa na adawa da mamayar sojojin Isra'ila. Jamal al-Durrah da dansa Muhammad, Talal Abu Rahma, wani mai ɗaukar hoto na gidan talabijin na Falasdinu ne ya ɗauki hoton hotonsa da ya yi wa Faransa 2 kyauta, a yayin da suke artabu tsakanin sojojin Isra'ila da jami'an tsaron Falasdinu. Hotunan sun nuna yadda suke tsugune a bayan wani siminti, yaron yana kuka shi kuma uban yana daga hannu, sai kuma aka yi ta harbe-harbe da kura. An nuna Muhammad yana durƙushewa yayin da ya mutu sakamakon harbin bindiga, ya mutu ba da jimawa ba. 

Daƙiƙa hamsin da tara na faifan bidiyon an watsa su a gidan talabijin a Faransa tare da muryar Charles Enderlin, shugaban ofishin tashar a Isra'ila. Dangane da bayanin da mai ɗaukar hoto ya bayar, Enderlin ya shaidawa masu kallo cewa al-Durrahs sun kasance maƙasudin wuta daga wuraren Isra'ila kuma yaron ya mutu.   Bayan jana'izar jama'a, an yaba wa Muhammadu a duk faɗin duniyar musulmi a matsayin shahidi . 

Da farko dai Dakarun tsaron naIsra'ila sun ɗauki alhakin harbin, inda suka yi ikirarin cewa Falasdinawa na amfani da yara a matsayin garkuwar mutane to amma daga baya suka janye amincewa da ɗaukar alhakinsu.   Tuni dai masu sukar rahoton Enderlin da aka yi fim suka nuna shakku kan sahihancin Faransa&nbsp;Hotunan 2. 'Yan jaridar Faransa da suka ga danyen faifan sun ce Faransa&nbsp;2 ya yanke 'yan daƙiƙa na ƙarshe inda Muhammadu ya bayyana ya ɗaga hannunsa daga fuskarsa; sun yarda cewa Muhammad ya mutu, amma sun ce faifan kawai bai nuna hakan ba. Faransa&nbsp;Editan labarai na 2 ya ce a cikin shekarar 2005 cewa babu wanda zai iya tabbatar da wanda ya yi harbin.  Sauran masu sharhi, musamman Philippe Karsenty, wani mai sharhi kan harkokin yaɗa labarai na Faransa, ya ci gaba da cewa, Faransa 2 ce ta shirya wurin da lamarin ya faru; Faransa&nbsp;2 ya kai shi kara don cin zarafi kuma a cikin shekarar 2013 an ci shi tarar € 7,000 ta Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara ta Paris .  A watan Mayun wannan shekarar wani rahoton gwamnatin Isra'ila ya goyi bayan ra'ayin Karsenty.  Jamal al-Durrah da Charles Enderlin sun yi watsi da matakin nata kuma sun yi kira da a gudanar da bincike mai zaman kansa na ƙasa da ƙasa.  

Hotunan uba da ɗansu sun sami abin da wani marubuci ya kira ƙarfin tutar yaƙi.  Tambarin aikawasiku a Gabas ta Tsakiya sun ɗauki hotunan. Labarin da Abu Rahma ya yi game da harbin al-Durrah ya ba shi lambobin yabo na aikin jarida da dama, ciki har da lambar yabo ta Rory Peck a 2001. 

## Tushen Labari
A ranar 28 ga watan Satumbar shekarar 2000, kwanaki biyu gabanin harbe-harben, jagoran 'yan adawar Isra'ila Ariel Sharon ya ziyarci Dutsen Temple a tsohon birnin Kudus, wuri mai tsarki a cikin Yahudanci da Musulunci tare da ka'idojin shiga. Rikicin da ya biyo baya ya samo asali ne daga al'amura da dama, amma ziyarar ta kasance mai tunzura jama'a tare da haifar da zanga-zangar da ta rikiɗe zuwa tarzoma a yammacin kogin Jordan da zirin Gaza.     Tashin ya zama sunan Intifada ta biyu; Ya shafe sama da shekaru hudu kuma ya kashe kusan rayuka 4,000, sama da 3,000 daga cikinsu Falasdinawa ne. 

Mahaɗar Netzarim, inda aka yi harbin, ana kiranta da *mahadar al-Shohada* (shahidai). Ya ta'allaka ne akan titin Saladin, 'yan kilomita kudu da birnin Gaza . Tushen rikici a maha₦ar shi ne matsugunin Netzarim da ke kusa, inda iyalai 60 na Isra'ila ke rayuwa har zuwa lokacin da Isra'ila ta janye daga Gaza a shekara ta 2005 . Wani rakiyar soji ne ke raka mazauna wurin a duk lokacin da suka tashi ko suka isa wurin,  da wani sansanin sojan Isra'ila, Magen-3, ne ke gadin hanyar. Yankin dai ya kasance wurin da aka yi tashe-tashen hankula a kwanaki kafin harbe-harbe.  

## Mutane

### Jamal da Muhammad al-Durrah
Jamal al-Durrah (      ; haihuwa c. 1963) kafinta ne kuma mai zanen gida kafin harbin.  Tun daga wannan lokacin, saboda raunin da ya samu, ya yi aiki a matsayin direban babbar mota.  Shi da matarsa, Amal, suna zaune ne a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Bureij da UNRWA ke gudanarwa a zirin Gaza. Ya zuwa 2013 sun haifi 'ya'ya mata huɗu da maza shida, ciki har da wani namiji, Muhammad, wanda aka haifa shekaru biyu bayan harbin. 

Har zuwa harbin, Jamal ya yi aiki da Moshe Tamam, dan kwangilar Isra'ila, na tsawon shekaru 20, tun yana dan shekara 14. Marubuciya Helen Schary Motro ta san Jamal lokacin da ta ɗauke shi aiki don ya taimaka wajen gina gidanta a Tel Aviv. Ta bayyana shekarunsa na tashi da ƙarfe 3:30&nbsp;na kama bas zuwa mashigar kan iyaka da hudu, sannan bas na biyu daga Gaza don ya kasance yana aiki da shida. Tamam ya kira shi "mutum mai ban tsoro," wanda ya amince da shi zai yi aiki shi kaɗai a cikin gidajen abokan cinikinsa. 

Muhammad Jamal Al-Durrah (an haife shi a shekara ta 1988) yana aji biyar, amma an rufe makarantarsa a ranar 30 ga Satumbar 2000; Hukumar Falasdinawa ta yi kira da a gudanar da yajin aikin gama-gari da ranar makoki biyo bayan tashin hankalin da aka yi a birnin Kudus a jiya.   Mahaifiyarsa ta ce ya dade yana kallon tarzomar a talabijin ta tambaye shi ko zai iya shiga.  Uba da dansa sun yanke shawarar zuwa wurin gwanjon mota.  Jamal ya siyar da Fiat dinsa na 1974, Motro ya rubuta, kuma Muhammad yana son motoci, don haka suka tafi gwanjo tare.  

### Charles Enderlin
An haifi Charles Enderlin a shekara ta 1945 a birnin Paris; kakanninsa Yahudawan Ostiriya ne da suka bar kasar a shekarar 1938 lokacin da Jamus ta mamaye .  Bayan ya yi karatun likitanci na ɗan lokaci, ya ƙaura zuwa Urushalima a 1968 inda ya zama ɗan ƙasar Isra'ila. Ya fara aiki da Faransa&nbsp;2 a 1981, yana aiki a matsayin shugaban ofishinsu a Isra'ila daga 1990 har zuwa ritayarsa a 2015.  Enderlin shine marubucin litattafai da yawa game da Gabas ta Tsakiya, gami da ɗaya game da Muhammad al-Durrah, *Un Enfant est Mort: Netzarim, 30 Satumba 2000* (2010).  An girmama shi sosai a tsakanin takwarorinsa da kuma cikin kafawar Faransa,  ya gabatar da wasiƙa daga Jacques Chirac, a lokacin aikin la'antar Philippe Karsenty, wanda ya rubuta a cikin sharuɗɗa masu ban sha'awa na amincin Enderlin.  A cikin 2009 an ba shi kyauta mafi girma na Faransa, Légion d'honneur . 

A cewar 'yar jarida Anne-Elisabeth Moutet, wasu 'yan jarida suna mutunta labarin da Enderlin ya yi game da rikicin Isra'ila da Falasdinu, amma a kai a kai ya sha suka daga masu goyon bayan Isra'ila.  Sakamakon shari'ar al-Durrah, an yi masa barazanar kisa, an kai wa matarsa hari a kan titi,  an yi wa 'ya'yansa barazana, dangin sun koma gida, kuma a wani lokaci sun yi tunanin yin hijira zuwa Amurka. 

### Talal Abu Rahma
Talal Hassan Abu Rahma ya karanci harkokin kasuwanci a Amurka, kuma ya fara aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto mai zaman kansa a Faransa&nbsp;2 a Gaza a 1988. A lokacin da aka harbe shi, yana gudanar da ofishin yada labarai na kansa, cibiyar yada labarai ta kasa, yana ba da gudummawa ga CNN ta ofishin yada labarai na Al-Wataneya, kuma mamba ne a hukumar 'yan jarida ta Falasdinu. Labarin da ya yi game da harbin al-Durrah ya ba shi lambobin yabo na aikin jarida da yawa, ciki har da lambar yabo ta Rory Peck a 2001.  A cewar Faransa&nbsp;Wakilin 2 Gérard Grizbec, Abu Rahma bai taba zama dan kungiyar siyasa ta Falasdinu ba, sau biyu ‘yan sandan Falasdinu sun kama shi saboda daukar hotunan da ba su dace da amincewar Yasser Arafat ba, kuma ba a taba zargin Isra’ila da tauye hakkin tsaro ba. 

## Rahoton farko

### Scene a ranar
  
A ranar harbe-harbe — Rosh Hashanah, sabuwar shekara ta Yahudawa — sansanin sojojin Isra'ila mai hawa biyu (IDF) da ke mahadar Netzarim, sojojin Isra'ila daga Givati Brigade Engineering Platoon da na Herev Battalion ne suka yi garkuwa da su.   A cewar Enderlin, sojojin Druze ne.  

Ma'aikatar tsaron ta IDF mai hawa biyu tana zaune a arewa maso yammacin mahadar. Bangarorin Falasdinawa guda biyu mai hawa shida (wanda aka sani da tagwaye ko tagwayen hasumiya da aka siffanta su daban-daban a matsayin ofisoshi ko gidaje) suna bayansa kai tsaye.   Kudacin mahadar, mai tsayin daka daga IDF, akwai wata ma'aikatar tsaron Palasdinawa da ke karkashin umarnin Birgediya-Janar Osama al-Ali, memba na Majalisar Falasdinu .  Katangar siminti da Jamal da Muhammad suka tsugunna a gaban wannan ginin; wurin bai wuce mita 120 ba daga mafi yankin arewa na sansanin Isra'ila. 

Ban da Faransa&nbsp;2, Associated Press da Reuters kuma suna da ma'aikatan kyamara a mahadar.  Sun dauki takaitaccen hoton al-Durrah da Abu Rahma.  Abu Rahma ne kawai dan jarida da ya yi fim a lokacin da aka harbe al-Durrah. 

### Zuwan mahadar
Jamal da Muhammad sun iso mahadar mota da rana tsaka, akan hanyarsu ta dawowa daga gwanjon mota.  An yi zanga-zanga, masu zanga-zangar sun yi jifa da duwatsu, kuma IDF ta mayar da martani da hayaki mai sa hawaye. Abu Rahma ya kasance yana ɗaukar hotunan abubuwan da suka faru tare da yin hira da masu zanga-zangar, ciki har da Abdel Hakim Awad, shugaban kungiyar Fatah ta matasa a Gaza.  Saboda zanga-zangar ne wani dan sanda ya hana Jamal da Muhammad taksi din tafiya, don haka uba da dansu suka wuce da kafa suka tsallaka mahadar. A lokacin ne, cewar Jamal, wuta ya tashi. Enderlin ya ce harbin farko da aka harba daga yankunan Falasdinawa ne sojojin Isra'ila suka mayar da su. 

Jamal, Muhammad, the Associated Press cameraman, and Shams Oudeh, the Reuters cameraman, took cover against the concrete wall in the south-east quadrant of the crossroads, diagonally across from the Israeli outpost. Jamal, Muhammad and Shams Oudeh crouched behind a three-foot-tall (0.91 m) concrete drum, apparently part of a culvert, that was sitting against the wall. A thick paving stone sat on top of the drum, which offered further protection. Abu Rahma hid behind a white minibus parked across the road about 15&nbsp;metres away from the wall. The Reuters and Associated Press cameramen briefly filmed over Jamal and Muhammad's shoulders—the cameras pointing toward the Israeli outpost—before the men moved away. Jamal and Muhammad did not move away, but stayed behind the drum for 45 minutes. In Enderlin's view, they were frozen in fear.

### Rahoton Faransa 2
 
A wata rantsuwar kwanaki uku bayan harbin, Abu Rahma ya ce an yi harbe-harbe kusan 45.&nbsp;mintuna da cewa ya yi fim a kusa da 27&nbsp;mintina shi.  (Nawa fim ɗin da aka harba ya zama ƙashi na jayayya a cikin 2007 lokacin Faransa&nbsp;2 ya fadawa kotu cewa mintuna 18 na fim din ya wanzu. ) Ya fara daukar fim din Jamal da Muhammad ne a lokacin da ya ji kuka Muhammad ya ga an harbi yaron a kafar dama.  Ya ce ya dauki fim din ne dauke da uban da dansa na kusan mintuna shida.  Ya aika wadannan mintuna shida zuwa Enderlin da ke Kudus ta tauraron dan adam.  Enderlin ya gyara fim ɗin zuwa 59&nbsp;daƙiƙa guda kuma ya ƙara ƙarar murya:

Hotunan sun nuna Jamal da Muhammad suna tsugunne a bayan silinda, yaron yana kururuwa, uban kuma ya kare shi. Jamal ya bayyana yana ihun wani abu a wajen mai daukar hoton, sannan ya daga hannu yana ihu ya nufi wajen sansanin Isra'ila. An yi ta harbe-harbe kuma kyamarar ta fita daga hankali. Lokacin da harbin ya lafa, Jamal na zaune tsaye ya ji rauni, Muhammad na kwance bisa kafafunsa.  Enderlin ya yanke 'yan daƙiƙa na ƙarshe daga faifan da ke nuna Muhammad ya ɗaga hannunsa daga fuskarsa. Wannan yanke ya zama ginshikin yawancin cece-kuce a kan fim din. 

Danyen faifan ya tsaya kwatsam a wannan lokacin kuma ya sake farawa tare da loda mutanen da ba a san ko su waye ba a cikin motar asibiti.  (A wannan lokacin a cikin rahoton nasa, Enderlin ya ce: "Dan sandan Falasdinu da direban motar daukar marasa lafiya suma sun rasa rayukansu a wannan yakin."  Bassam al-Bilbeisi, direban motar daukar marasa lafiya a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa wurin, an ruwaito an harbe shi har lahira, ya bar wata gwauruwa da yara goma sha daya.  Abu Rahma ya ce Muhammad yana kwance jini a kalla 17&nbsp;mintuna kafin motar daukar marasa lafiya ta dauko uba da danta tare.  Ya ce bai yi fim din ana daukar su ba saboda ya damu da samun baturi daya kacal.  Abu Rahma ya kasance a bakin mahadar na tsawon mintuna 30 – 40 har sai da ya ji ba shi da lafiya ya bar shi,  sannan ya tuko zuwa dakin daukar hotonsa da ke birnin Gaza don aika fim din zuwa Enderlin.  Na 59&nbsp;Hotunan dakikoki aka fara watsawa a Faransa&nbsp;Labaran dare karfe 8:00&nbsp;agogon gida (GMT+2), bayan haka Faransa&nbsp;2 ya rarraba mintuna da yawa na ɗanyen fim a duk duniya ba tare da caji ba. 

### Rauni, jana'iza
An kai Jamal da farko asibitin Al-Shifa da ke Gaza. Daya daga cikin likitocin da suka yi masa tiyata Ahmed Ghadeel ya ce Jamal ya samu raunuka da dama daga harsasan harsasai masu saurin gaske da suka same shi a gwiwar hannunsa na dama da cinyar dama da kuma kasan kafafun biyu; an yanke masa jijiya na mata.   Talal Abu Rahma ya yi hira da Jamal da Likitan da ke wurin a cikin na’urar ɗaukar hoto washegarin harbin; Ghadeel ya nuna hoton x-ray na gwiwar gwiwar hannun dama da kuma ƙashin dama.  Moshe Tamam, ma'aikacin Isra'ila da Jamal ya yi aiki, ya yi tayin kai shi asibiti a Tel Aviv, amma Hukumar Falasdinawa ta ki amincewa da tayin.   A maimakon haka an mayar da shi asibitin Sarki Hussein da ke Amman, Jordan, inda Sarki Abdullah ya ziyarce shi.    An ruwaito Jamal ya shaida wa Tamam cewa harsashi guda tara ne suka same shi; Ya ce an cire biyar daga jikinsa a asibiti a Gaza, hudu kuma a Amman. 

Enderlin ya kafa hujja da zarginsa na cewa IDF ta harbe yaron ne bisa rahoton mai daukar hoto Talal Abu Rahma.  Abu Rahma ya fito karara a hirarsa da cewa Isra’ilawa sun yi harbin. Alal misali, ya gaya wa *The Guardian* : "Suna tsaftace yankin. Tabbas sun ga uban. Suna nufar yaron, abin da ya ba ni mamaki ke nan, na’am, domin suna harbinsa ba sau daya ba, amma sau da yawa.”  . Ya ce harbe-harbe kuma na fitowa ne daga sansanin jami'an tsaron Falasdinu, amma ba su yi harbi ba lokacin da aka kai wa Muhammad hari. Ya kara da cewa, gobarar da Isra'ila ta yi na kai wa wannan sansanin Falasdinawa.  Ya shaida wa gidan rediyon jama’a cewa: 

Abu Rahma ya yi zargin a cikin wata takardar rantsuwa cewa "Yaron da gangan ne kuma a cikin jininsa ya bindige shi kuma sojojin Isra'ila suka harbe mahaifinsa."  An ba da takardar shaidar ga Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Bil Adama ta Falasdinu a Gaza kuma Abu Rahma ya sanya hannu a gaban Raji Sourani, lauya mai kare hakkin dan Adam. 

### Martanin farko na Isra'ila

Matsayin IDF ya canza a tsawon lokaci, daga karɓar alhakin a 2000 zuwa janye shiga cikin 2005.  Amsar farko da IDF ta bayar, lokacin da Enderlin ya tuntube su kafin watsa shirye-shiryensa, shine cewa Falasdinawa "suna amfani da mata da kananan yara," wanda ya yanke shawarar kada ya watsar. 

Na 3&nbsp;Oktoba 2000, babban jami'in tsaro na IDF, Manjo-Janar Giora Eiland, ya ce wani bincike na cikin gida ya nuna cewa da alama sojojin Isra'ila ne suka yi harbin.  Sojojin da aka yi musu luguden wuta, sun yi ta harbe-harbe ne daga wasu gungun ‘yan bindiga a bangon sansaninsu; Janar Yom-Tov Samia, wanda shi ne shugaban rundunar 'yan sandan kudancin IDF a lokacin ya ce mai yiwuwa ba su da wani fage na hangen nesa, kuma sun yi harbin inda suka yi imanin gobarar ta fito.  Eiland ta ba da uzuri: "Wannan babban lamari ne, lamarin da muka yi nadama da shi." 

Isra'ilawa sun shafe sa'o'i suna kokarin yin magana da kwamandojin Falasdinawa, a cewar sakataren majalisar ministocin Isra'ila Isaac Herzog ; Ya kara da cewa jami'an tsaron Falasdinu da dama sun iya shiga tsakani don dakatar da gobarar. 

## Rigima

Labari na yau da kullun guda uku sun bayyana bayan harbin. Tunanin farko na cewa harbe-harben Isra'ila ya kashe yaron ya taso ne, saboda yanayin harbin da aka yi, harbin Falasdinawan ya fi daukar alhakin kai harin. An bayyana wannan ra'ayi a cikin 2005 ta Denis Jeambar, babban editan *L'Express*, da  ., tsohon Faransa&nbsp;2 wakilin, wanda ya kalli danyen faifan.  Hankali na uku, wanda Arlette Chabot ya gudanar, editan labarai na Faransa 2, shine cewa babu wanda zai iya sanin wanda ya harba harbin. 

Matsayi na hudu, tsiraru, ya yi imanin cewa masu zanga-zangar Falasdinawa ne suka shirya wurin don samar da wani yaro shahidi ko akalla bayyanar daya.    Wadanda ke bin lamarin sun san wannan a matsayin ra'ayi na "maximalist", sabanin ra'ayi "ƙananan" cewa watakila IDF ba ta harba harbe-harbe ba.   Ra'ayin maximalist ya ɗauki sigar ko dai cewa ba a harbe al-Durrah ba kuma Muhammad bai mutu ba, ko kuma cewa Falasɗinawa sun kashe shi da gangan.    

Ra'ayin cewa wurin yaudarar kafofin watsa labarai ne na wasu nau'ikan ya fito ne daga binciken gwamnatin Isra'ila a cikin Nuwamba 2000.  Stéphane Juffa, babban editan  ne ya bi shi. (Mena), wani kamfani na Faransa-Isra'ila;  Luc Rosenzweig, tsohon babban editan *Le Monde* da mai ba da gudummawar Mena;  Richard Landes, wani ɗan tarihi Ba'amurke wanda ya shiga hannu bayan Enderlin ya nuna masa ɗan fim ɗin a lokacin ziyarar Urushalima a 2003;  da kuma Philippe Karsenty, wanda ya kafa gidan yanar gizon sa ido na Faransanci, *Media-Ratings* .   kuma ya sami goyan bayansa, masanin ilimin halin dan Adam na Faransa, da kuma Pierre-André Taguieff, masanin falsafar Faransa wanda ya ƙware a kan antisemitism, dukansu sun rubuta littattafai game da al'amarin.   Ra'ayin hoax ya sami ƙarin goyon baya a cikin 2013 daga rahoton gwamnatin Isra'ila na biyu, rahoton Kuperwasser .   Masu sharhi da dama suna kallonsa a matsayin ka'idar makirci na dama da kuma yakin batanci.    

### Mahimman batutuwa
Masu sharhi da dama sun yi tambaya a wane lokaci ne harbin ya faru; yaushe Muhammad ya isa asibitin; dalilin da ya sa da alama akwai jini kadan a kasa da aka harbe su; kuma ko an tattara harsashi.  Da yawa sun yi zargin cewa, a wasu fage a cikin faifan bidiyon, a bayyane yake cewa masu zanga-zangar suna wasan kwaikwayo.  Wani likita ya tabbatar da cewa tabon Jamal ba daga raunukan harsashi ba ne, amma ya samo asali ne sakamakon raunin da ya samu a farkon shekarun 1990.