Robert Bridges

**Robert Seymour Bridges** OM (23 ga Oktoba 1844 - 21 ga Afrilu 1930) mawaki ne na Burtaniya wanda ya kasance Poet Laureate daga 1913 zuwa 1930. Likita ne ta hanyar horo, ya sami shahararren wallafe-wallafen ne kawai a ƙarshen rayuwarsa. Waƙoƙinsa suna nuna zurfin bangaskiyar Kirista, kuma shi ne marubucin sanannun waƙoƙi da yawa. Ta hanyar kokarin Bridges ne mawaki Gerard Manley Hopkins ya sami shahara bayan mutuwarsa.

Bridges jikan Sir Robert Affleck ne, Baronet na 4, kuma ɗan majalisa John Edward Nassau Molesworth.  Bridges ya yi karatun likitanci a Asibitin St Bartholomew, sannan ya yi aiki a matsayin likitan da ya kamu da cutar a asibitinsa na koyarwa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin cikakken likita a Babban Asibitin Tsakiya na Arewa daga 1876 har zuwa 1885.  Ya yi ritaya a matsayin likita a 1885, saboda fama da Cutar huhu.  A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na farko, Bridges na ɗaya daga cikin marubutan da ke aiki a Ofishin Yakin Yakin Burtaniya a Gidan Wellington. 

## Rayuwar mutum da sana'a
An haifi Bridges a Walmer, Kent, a Ingila, ɗan John Thomas Bridges (ya mutu 1853) da matarsa Harriett Elizabeth, 'yar Rev. Sir Robert Affleck, Baronet na 4. Shi ne ɗa na huɗu kuma na takwas. Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa mahaifiyarsa ta sake yin aure, a 1854, ga John Edward Nassau Molesworth, mai kula da Rochdale, kuma iyalin suka koma can.

Bridges ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Eton da Kwalejin Corpus Christi, Oxford .  Ya bar Oxford a 1867 tare da digiri na biyu a cikin Literae humaniores a 1867,  ya ci gaba da karatun likitanci a London a Asibitin St Bartholomew, yana da niyyar yin aiki har zuwa shekaru arba'in sannan ya yi ritaya don rubuta waka. Ya yi aiki a matsayin likitan da ya mutu a asibitin koyarwarsa (inda ya yi jerin maganganu masu mahimmanci game da cibiyar kiwon lafiya ta Victoria) sannan kuma a matsayin cikakken likita ga Babban Asibitin Tsakiya na Arewa (1876-85)  (daga baya Asibitin Royal Northern). Ya kuma kasance likita a asibitin yara marasa lafiya.

## Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen
A matsayinsa na mawaki Bridges ya fi tsayayya da halin yanzu na ayar Turanci ta zamani, amma aikinsa ya sami babban tasiri a cikin zaɓaɓɓen da'irar, ta hanyar kamewa, tsabtarsa, daidaito da ƙwarewa duk da haka ƙarfin magana. Yana nuna ka'idar da ta bambanta game da prosody. Bangaskiyar Bridges ta kafa yawancin aikinsa.

A cikin littafin Milton's Prosody (1889), ya ɗauki hanyar da ta dace don bincika amfani da Milton na aya mara kyau, kuma ya haɓaka ka'idar mai rikitarwa cewa aikin Milton ya kasance ainihin syllabic. Ya yi la'akari da aya ta kyauta ta zama mai iyaka, kuma ya bayyana matsayinsa a cikin rubutun "Humdrum da Harum-Scarum". Kokarinsa na "yanci" aya ya haifar da waƙoƙin da ya kira "Neo-Miltonic Syllabics", waɗanda aka tattara a cikin New Verse (1925). mita na waɗannan waƙoƙin ya dogara ne akan kalmomi maimakon ƙamus, kuma ya sake amfani da ka'idar a cikin dogon waka na falsafa The Testament of Beauty (1929), wanda aka nada shi zuwa Order of Merit a wannan shekarar. Duk da haka, ana samun waƙoƙinsa da aka fi sani da su a cikin kundin biyu na farko na Shorter Poems (1890, 1894). Ya kuma rubuta wasannin waka, tare da iyakantaccen nasara, da kuma sukar adabi, gami da nazarin aikin John Keats.

## Manazarta