Muhalli a Rio Grande do Sul

**Muhalli** **a Rio Grande do Sul** yana nufin yunƙurin da masana kimiyya da 'yan ta'adda suka kafa don kare muhallin jihar Rio Grande do Sul ta Brazil . Ko da yake akwai wasu bayanai na zanga-zangar adawa da lalata muhalli tun farkon karni na 19, wani yunkuri mai tsayin daka ya samo asali ne kawai a tsakiyar karni na 20, biyo bayan ci gaban kimiyya da fahimtar cewa barna da barazanar da ke kunno kai a wannan lokaci sun riga sun yi tasiri. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ilimin muhalli ya tabbatar da zama batu na haɓakar sha'awa.

Majagaba na kare muhalli na Brazil, jihar tana da tarihi mai mahimmanci a wannan fanni, kuma sau da yawa tana gabatar da sabbin shawarwari. Mai arziki a cikin halittu masu rai, Rio Grande do Sul ya haɓaka jerin shirye-shirye don inganta bincike, koyarwa da yada ra'ayoyin muhalli, a cikin jama'a da masu zaman kansu; gwamnati ta yi kuma tana ci gaba da saka hannun jari mai yawa a ayyuka daban-daban, kamar tsaftar muhalli, farfado da gurbacewar muhalli da samar da wuraren kariya. Akwai ƙungiyoyin muhalli da yawa, ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, waɗanda ke haɓaka gwagwarmaya da gabatar da sakamako mai ban sha'awa, kuma an haɓaka batun a makarantu da al'ummomi, gabaɗaya tare da kyakkyawar karɓa.

Duk da haka, jihar kuma tana fuskantar batutuwan gurbatar yanayi, sare dazuzzuka da kwararowar hamada, da dai sauransu, kuma tana fama da tasirin dumamar yanayi, wanda ke haifar da muhimman kalubale ga ci gabanta a nan gaba, baya ga samun jerin jerin nau'o'in da ke cikin hadari, da dama daga cikinsu sun riga sun yi la'akari da bacewa a cikin gida ko kuma a cikin shirin bacewar nan kusa. Bugu da kari, aiwatar da aiki sau da yawa yana cikin mawuyacin hali, yana samun cikas saboda ƙarancin albarkatun ɗan adam da abin duniya, kuma ana yawan samun rahotannin cin zarafi. Rigingimu game da jigon kuma suna da girma, suna haifar da cikas, da kuma manyan muradun siyasa da na tattalin arziki waɗanda ke adawa da shi suna hana ci gaban al'amarin. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, dokokin muhalli na jihar sun yi rauni sosai.

## Tarihin wayar da kan muhalli a jihar

### Abubuwan da suka gabata

Yawancin asusun suna tsira daga matafiya da masu bincike na ƙarnin da suka gabata game da wadatar dabbobi da flora, da kyawun yanayin Rio Grande do Sul. A cikin karni na 17, Jesuits sun ba da rahoton kasancewar tapirs a bakin teku. A shekara ta 1703, Domingos da Filgueira ya koyar da yadda za a yi amfani da yawan barewa da capybaras a cikin gonaki. A shekara ta 1738, tanadin gwamnati ya yi ƙoƙarin kare mutanen yankin Rio Grande da Pelotas daga jaguar da ke zaune a wurin da yawa, kuma a farkon karni na 19, matafiyi Nicolau Dreys ya ba da rahoton kasancewar mafarauta waɗanda har yanzu suna sayar da pelts hamsin na feline a kowane wata. A cikin 1857, Avé-Lallemant ya yi mamakin yawan tsuntsayen da ke zaune a bakin tekun Lagoa dos Patos, waɗanda aka rufe su da goge, kuma ya yi farin ciki da farin ciki na flora a yankin São Leopoldo . A ƙarshen karni na 19, har yanzu ana kama mullet a Porto Alegre kuma ana ci gaba da kamun dorado a cikin Kogin Sinos .  Lokacin da mulkin mallaka na Italiya ya fara a arewa maso gabas, a cikin 1875, yankin ya kasance budurwa kuma dajin araucaria ya rufe.  

Yawancin wannan dukiyar ba ta wanzu. Dazuzzuka da dabbobi sun bace, gurɓatacciyar ƙasa ta mamaye koguna da yawa, kuma ƙauyuka, kiwon shanu, da noma sun ci gaba, suna canza yanayin daɗaɗɗen wuri.   Hankalin muhalli ya yi jinkirin samuwa, ko da yake wasu daga cikin matafiya sun riga sun nuna haɗarin amfani da muhalli ba tare da kariya ba. Reinhold Hensel, wanda ya isa jihar a cikin 1865, yana ɗaya daga cikinsu, kuma a cikin rubuce-rubucensa ya rubuta cewa tsuntsayen da Lallemant ya kwatanta da yawa kasa da shekaru goma da suka wuce sun riga sun yi karanci, cewa tuddai na Porto Alegre, wanda kuma da zarar an rufe shi da bishiyoyi, an riga an mamaye shi ta hanyar ƙasa, kuma, a lura da hanyar da mulkin mallaka na Jamus ya nuna, Sinos ya nuna  

### Farkon motsi

Ko da yake a cikin 1940s akwai gagarumin dokar muhalli a matakin ƙasa, musamman *ka'idar Forest Code* (1934), a cikin jihar, sanin ya kamata a zahiri ba shi da amfani. A wannan lokacin Uba Balduíno Rambo ya bayyana kuma a cikin littafin tarihi na 1941, ya yi tir da aikin da ake yi na masana'antar katako a cikin kwarin kogin Uruguay kuma ya ba da shawarar ƙirƙirar wuraren shakatawa na gandun daji guda biyu, ɗaya a cikin Uruguay na sama da ɗayan a cikin Aparados da Serra . A cikin littafinsa *A Fisionomia do Rio Grande do Sul* (1942), ya sadaukar da babinsa na ƙarshe zuwa "Kariyar yanayi," yana kare kariya ga abubuwan tarihi na halitta, nau'in haɗari, da haɗin kai tsakanin mutum da yanayi, yana mai cewa: "Mutanen da suka yi watsi da wannan kashi ba za su rasa wani muhimmin abin da ake bukata na al'adun ɗan adam na gaskiya ba, kuma ba za su cancanci wadatar da kyautar ƙasa ba." Ya kasance majagaba, kafin nazarin muhalli na Wanderbilt Duarte de Barros, darektan farko na Itatiaia National Park (na farko da aka kafa wurin shakatawa na kasa).  

A lokaci guda kuma, babban sufetan muhalli na farko na jihar ya fito, Henrique Luís Roessler, wani akawu a tawagar tashar jiragen ruwa na Jiha, wanda a kan yunƙurinsa, ya sadaukar da kansa don lura da ayyukan farauta da kamun kifi a ƙarshen mako, ya sami izini tare da Ma'aikatar Aikin Noma don yin aiki a matsayin mai duba a hukumance. Ya yi hasarar ta, duk da haka, ta hanyar ci tarar fatu ba tare da izini ba wanda ya gurɓata koguna a yankin São Leopoldo .  A cikin 1955, ya kafa União Protetora da Natureza (Union Protection Union), ƙungiyar kare muhalli ta farko a Brazil,  sannan ya fara buga ƙasidu da jerin labarai game da al'amuran muhalli a cikin jaridar *Correio do Povo*, a Porto Alegre. Ga waɗanda ba za su iya shiga ba, ya roƙi "addu'a don yanayin mutuwa, yana roƙon cewa Mai Iko Duka mai jin ƙai ya gyara tunanin mutanenmu."  

Roessler ya rubuta labarinsa na ƙarshe a cikin 1963, kuma ba da daɗewa ba, tare da juyin mulkin soja na 1964, ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa na Brazil sun wargaza, suna wargaza kuma motsin muhalli na farko. Duk da haka, a cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka goyi bayan juyin mulkin akwai Ação Democrática Feminina Gaúcha (ADFG), wadda Magda Renner ta jagoranta a shekarun 1970, wadda ta zama mai fafutukar kare muhalli. An rinjayi ta a cikin jagorancin aikinta ta hanyar lacca da José Lutzenberger ya bayar a cikin 1972 a Ƙungiyar Agronomists ta Porto Alegre . Lutzenberger ya kasance sananne a cikin motsi na kasa, wanda ya buga labarai a cikin jaridu kuma ya kafa a 1971 Ƙungiyar Gaúcho don Kare Muhalli na Halitta (Agapan) tare da sauran masu goyon bayan hanyar, musamman Augusto Carneiro . Wadannan masu fafutuka ana bin su ne musamman farfadowar wayar da kan muhalli a cikin jihar, a daidai lokacin da matsalolin muhalli a Brazil suka zama masu tsanani,  da kuma sanya Rio Grande do Sul majagaba na motsin muhalli na Brazil. 

Ƙungiyoyin biyu za su ci gaba da dogon zango mai fa'ida na wayar da kan jama'a, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da babban tsari na gina ɗan ƙasa na sane a lokacin da mulkin soja ya kasance a cikin mafi girman yanayin zalunci. A cewar Maria Cristina da Silva, batun muhalli ya taka rawar gani ga jama'a, ya hana su bayyana damuwarsu, da damuwa, da rashin tsaro: "Matsalar muhalli ita ce ta hada dukkan korafe-korafe."  Magda Renner ya tuna cewa ya zama dole a yi aiki tare da takamaiman dabara: "Mun nannade batutuwan sosai a cikin 'takardar ruwan hoda' saboda muna zuwa titi lokacin da aka hana duk wani zanga-zangar titi," yana samun sakamako mai mahimmanci. Alal misali, a cikin 1974, ADFG da Agapan sun jagoranci wani yunkuri na kare tsibirin Guaíba wanda ya haifar da samar da filin shakatawa na Jacuí Delta a 1976. A cikin 1975, ADFG ta gudanar da taron farko na muhalli na kasa, wanda ya hada mutane fiye da ɗari biyar, kuma inda wani aikin majagaba na sake yin amfani da gida na shekaru goma, an gabatar da irin wannan shirin na gwamnati a Brazil. A cikin 1978, ta tattara ƙasar, ciki har da hukumomin gwamnati da yawa, lokacin da aka haifar da " jajayen ruwa " a Hermenegildo, a gabar kudancin jihar. 

Agapan, ya ciyar da tarurruka da laccoci na mako-mako a hedkwatarsa, tare da yada nazari tare da rarraba dubban ƙasidu, kuma ya yi fice a yakin da yake yi na kare tafkin Guaíba, musamman yaki da ma'auni na Borregaard (yanzu Riocell), yana samun haɗin gwiwa daga jami'an gwamnati.     Shari'ar ta zama alama. Don Dorfman & Stanislawski, ya kasance "daya daga cikin mafi mahimmancin gwagwarmayar muhalli a cikin tarihi"  kuma, a cewar Lilian Dreyer, lokacin da aka shigar da kamfanin, yayin da ake yabawa a matsayin mai kula da ci gaban jihar.

### Fadada da balaga

Ayyukan Magda da Lutzenberger ya sa sun sami karɓuwa a ƙasa da ƙasa. Lutzenberger ya yi lacca a duk faɗin ƙasar kuma ya samar da labarai da yawa. A cikin 1976, ya ƙaddamar da littafin *Fim do Futuro?* *ko Manifesto Ecológico Brasileiro*, wanda ya ƙarfafa jagorancinsa a Brazil kuma ya haɓaka salon zargi mai ƙarfi wanda ke goyan bayan bayanan kimiyya. A cikin 1977, galibi saboda himmarsa, an kafa gidan shakatawa na Guarita a Torres, kuma a cikin 1987, bayan barin Agapan, ya kirkiro Gidauniyar Gaia. Daga baya ya shiga gwamnatin Launi a matsayin Sakataren Muhalli, inda ya gayyaci Magda ta kasance cikin tawagar Majalisar Kula da Muhalli ta kasa. Ta rike kujera a lokaci guda a kwamitin NGO na Bird ta Brazil. 

Sauran kungiyoyi sun fara fitowa: A cikin 1974, an kirkiro Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a a Jami'ar Tarayya ta Rio Grande do Sul ;  a cikin 1978, an ƙirƙiri Coolméia, haɗin gwiwar masu amfani da manoma waɗanda suka yi yaƙi da amfani da magungunan kashe qwari da bayar da samfuran halitta.  A lokaci guda kuma, an ƙirƙiri wuraren ajiyar muhalli da yawa, irin su Lami José Lutzenberger Biological Reserve, mallakar gundumar Porto Alegre,  da sauran da gwamnatin jihar ke gudanarwa, irin su Camaquã State Park, Podocarpus State Park, Espinilho State Park, da Ibitiriá State Park.  Jaridar jihar ta kasance mai karɓuwa ta musamman kuma ta ba da sarari ga labarai game da batun, sau da yawa a cikin sautin motsin rai, kamar yadda ake iya gani a cikin kanun labarai daga 1970s: "Deforestation: Amazon na iya zama hamada", "Agony na kogunan mu", "Ceton yanayi don ceton 'yan adam", "Lalacewa: mutuwa daga iska". Irin wannan labarai ya zama akai-akai, kuma yayin da jaridu suka yi amfani da matsalolin don sayar da su, kuma ya nuna wani canji mai ban mamaki a ra'ayin jama'a, wanda ya zama mai sha'awar da kuma fahimtar da shi a kan babban sikelin. 

A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, wasu 'yan siyasa da dandamali na muhalli sun gudanar da zabar kansu kansiloli a Porto Alegre, sun fara al'ada a 1982 tare da Caio Lustosa, mai alaƙa da PMDB . Motsin ya fara neman tsari a cikin ma'auni mai girma, yana tsara tarurruka da yawa a cikin 1984. Wadannan tarurrukan kuma sun faru a wasu jihohi, kuma jigon su shine tattaunawa tsakanin bangarori daban-daban na al'umma, ma'anar ayyukan fifiko da kuma hanyoyin da za a yi tasiri a kan aikin tsarin mulki, kuma yana tattaunawa game da bukatar kafa jam'iyyar Green Party (wanda ya faru a 1986). A shekara ta 1985, ƙungiyar Rio Grande do Sul ta sami damar samun sarari don yin tambayoyi masu zaman kansu ga 'yan takarar gwamnatin babban birnin. Kasancewar daliban jami'a, 'yan jaridu, ƙungiyoyi, ƙungiyoyin unguwanni, madadin al'ummomin karkara, da marasa ƙasa sun ƙaru a cikin wannan shekaru goma, wanda ya ƙara yin tasiri ga ayyukan gwamnatocin jihohi da na birni.    An bayyana haɗin kai na kasa da kasa na gwagwarmaya, wanda, a cewar Eduardo Viola da Ailton dos Santos, yana nuna alamun balaga, ya zama multidisciplinary, kuma yana motsawa zuwa ilimin zamantakewa . 

Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1980, wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na noma suka fara tsara kansu don nemo sabbin hanyoyin noma, kuma shirye-shiryen da ke da alaka da cocin Lutheran da hukumomin gwamnati su ma sun bayyana a yankuna da dama, kuma a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa kungiyoyin kare muhalli sun karu a fadin jihar. Wani bincike na 1995 da Claudia Schmitt ya yi ya nuna kasancewar ƙungiyoyi 50 da aka yi rajista a cikin Asusun Ƙasa na Muhalli, amma, a cewar mai binciken, wannan adadin ya kamata ya fi girma, saboda yawancin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi ba su tsara rajistar su ba An ci gaba da ci gaba da ba da gudummawar membobin, sau da yawa suna fuskantar rashin wadata na yau da kullum, kuma ba su gabatar da wani gagarumin digiri na kwarewa ba. 

Har yanzu a cikin 1990s, an kafa Shirin Pro-Guaíba, wanda aka ɗauka a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata ta hanyar tasirin motsin muhalli. Da wannan gwamnati ta yi niyya don inganta rayuwa tare da dawo da daidaiton yanayin muhalli na daukacin yankin tafkin Guaíba, mafi yawan jama'a da gurbatar yanayi a jihar, tare da kananan hukumomi sama da 250 wadanda ke da kusan kashi 70% na GDP na jihar. Na farko module zuba jari fiye da 222 miliyan daloli, 60% wanda ya zo daga Inter-American Development Bank, a tsafta, kare yankunan, ƙasa, da kuma m sharar gida management, a tsakanin sauran ayyuka. Kamar yadda Farfesa André Silveira, darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Hydric a UFRGS ya nuna, shirin yana da kyau musamman a cikin cewa yayi ƙoƙarin magance abubuwan da ke haifar da gurbatar yanayi a cikin hanyar da ta dace, a cikin wani tsari mai ɗorewa, amma ya yi nadama cewa an soke mataki na biyu saboda rashin albarkatun kasa don dacewa da takwaransa.  

#### dumamar yanayi

Bisa ga hasashe na Rahoton Farko na Ƙididdigar Ƙasa game da Sauyin Yanayi, wanda kwamitin Brazil kan sauyin yanayi ya shirya, ta 2040, a cikin yankin pampas ruwan sama ya kamata ya karu da 5% zuwa 10% kuma matsakaicin zafin jiki ya kamata ya tashi har zuwa 1.&nbsp;°C. A karshen karni ana sa ran zafin zai karu da 2.5º zuwa 3&nbsp;°C, kuma ana sa ran ruwan sama zai fi tsanani 25% zuwa 30%. Har yanzu ba a iya faɗi ba, amma bambance-bambancen da ake sa ran a cikin al'amuran El Niño da La Niña, waɗanda ke da babban tasiri ga yanayin jihar, yakamata su ƙara wasu abubuwan da ke daidaita yanayin canjin yanayi. Akwai wani hadari na musamman cewa ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya zai kara tsananta kuma akai-akai, yana kara yawan matsalar ambaliya lokaci-lokaci da ke addabar yankuna da dama na Rio Grande do Sul, kuma mai yiwuwa ya yi illa ga tsarin samar da kayayyaki. Yunkurin hawan teku da zaizayar gabar teku na iya shafar al'ummar bakin teku, da haifar da tarwatsewa da lalata gine-ginen da mutum ya yi a bakin rairayin bakin teku, da kuma kara haxari ta fuskar guguwa.  

A cewar Moacir Antonio Berlato, masanin kimiyyar agro meteorologist a Jami'ar Tarayya ta Rio Grande do Sul, an sami karuwar yawan raƙuman zafi, raguwa a cikin kwanaki tare da sanyi mai tsanani da kuma yawan kwanaki tare da matsanancin zafi; adadin kwanakin da aka yi a jere ba tare da ruwan sama na raguwa ba, adadin kwanakin da ake samun ruwan sama a jere yana karuwa a duk yanayi, kuma yanayin yanayi yana raguwa.   Ana sa ran guguwa mai lalacewa, guguwa, ambaliya, da fari za su karu da yawa da tsanani.  Ga Francisco Aquino, shugaban Sashen Geography a wannan cibiyar, jihar ba ta shirya don magance yanayin bala'in yanayi ba.  

Yayin da sauye-sauyen da dumamar yanayi ke sanyawa yanayi ba bisa ka'ida ba, a daidai lokacin da ambaliyar ruwa ke kara ta'azzara, ana kuma yin rijistar fari mafi muni a tarihi a shekarun baya.  A cikin shekaru 50 na ƙarshe, matsakaicin zafin jiki a cikin jihar ya karu da 0.6&nbsp;°C.  A cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, a cikin kowane girbi goma, huɗu sun ɓace saboda fari. A cikin fari na 2004/2005, mafi girma a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata, asarar da aka samu ya kasance tarihi, wanda ya kai biliyan 3.64, kuma kananan hukumomi 451 a jihar sun shiga cikin yanayi na gaggawa ko bala'i.  A cikin 2014, Porto Alegre yana da zafi mafi zafi a tarihinta.  Berlato ya bayyana cewa "a cikin aikin gona, a yankin Kudu, haɓaka mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki tabbas zai haifar da raguwar yawan amfanin gona irin su masara da alkama . Ƙaruwar zafin jiki kuma zai cutar da ko rage wuraren da suka dace da abin da ake kira yanayi mai zafi wanda ke buƙatar sanyi, kamar yadda ya faru na wasu bishiyoyi (apple, peach)".  Sauyin yanayi kuma yana cutar da dabbobi masu rarrafe, irin su kudan zuma da dabbobi masu shayarwa, waɗanda yawancin amfanin gona, irin su 'ya'yan itace da waken soya, suka dogara da su.   Hakanan fari ya lalata hanyoyin samar da ruwan sha don amfanin mutane. 

Jefferson Cárdia Simões, masanin ilimin glaciologist, kuma farfesa a Cibiyar Nazarin Geosciences a UFRGS ya ce yawan cututtukan da ke da alaƙa suna ƙaruwa sosai, kamar zazzabin dengue . Mai binciken ya bayyana cewa karuwar 1.5&nbsp;°C a cikin matsakaita zafin jiki a Rio Grande do Sul zai riga ya isa ya haɗa da jihar a cikin yanki na dindindin na cutar. Tsananin zafi yana sa yara da tsofaffi suna shan wahala, kuma ambaliyar ruwa na da matukar matsala ga matsalolin tsafta, wanda a wurare da yawa ke cikin mawuyacin hali, kasancewar asalin wasu cututtuka.  Ana kuma sa ran cututtukan hauka za su karu a cikin jama'a saboda rashin daidaituwar yanayi, kamar damuwa da damuwa . 

Babu takamaiman manufofin jihohi don rigakafi da daidaitawa ga ɗumamar yanayi da kuma rage tasirin sa, kodayake a cikin 2015 Fepam ya ƙaddamar da Cycle of Debates on Climate Change . 

## Manazarta