Kungiyar gwamnatoci a kan Canjin Yanayi

Kwamitin Intergovernmental kan Canjin Yanayi (**IPCC**) kungiya ce ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Ayyukanta shine "ba da gwamnatoci a kowane mataki da bayanan kimiyya waɗanda za su iya amfani da su don haɓaka Manufofin yanayi". Ƙungiyar Yanayi ta Duniya (WMO) da Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP) sun kafa IPCC a cikin 1988. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da kirkirar IPCC daga baya a wannan shekarar. Tana da sakatariyar a Geneva, Switzerland, wanda WMO ta shirya. Tana da kasashe mambobi 195 da ke mulkin IPCC. jihohin membobin suna zaɓar ofishin masana kimiyya don yin aiki ta hanyar sake zagayowar kimantawa. Tsarin zagaye yawanci shekaru shida zuwa bakwai ne. Ofishin ya zaɓi masana a fannonin su don shirya rahotanni na IPCC. Akwai tsarin gabatarwa na al'ada daga gwamnatoci da kungiyoyin masu sa ido don neman waɗannan masana. IPCC tana da ƙungiyoyi uku masu aiki da ƙungiyar aiki, waɗanda ke gudanar da aikin kimiyya.

IPCC tana sanar da gwamnatoci game da yanayin ilimin canjin yanayi. Yana yin hakan ta hanyar nazarin dukkan wallafe-wallafen kimiyya masu dacewa akan batun. Wannan ya haɗa da tasirin halitta, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa da haɗari. Har ila yau, yana rufe zaɓuɓɓuka amsar masu yiwuwa. IPCC ba ta gudanar da bincikenta na asali. Yana da niyyar zama mai ma'ana da cikakke. Dubban masana kimiyya da sauran masana sun ba da kansu don sake duba wallafe-wallafen. Suna tattara mahimman binciken a cikin "Rahoton Bincike" don masu tsara manufofi da jama'a gaba ɗaya;  Masana sun bayyana wannan aikin a matsayin babbar hanyar bita a cikin al'ummar kimiyya. 

Manyan masana kimiyya na yanayi da dukkan gwamnatocin membobin sun amince da binciken IPCC. Wannan ya nuna cewa IPCC hukuma ce mai daraja kan canjin yanayi. Gwamnatoci, kungiyoyin farar hula, da kafofin watsa labarai suna ambaton rahotanni na kwamitin a kai a kai. Rahotanni na IPCC suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a tattaunawar sauyin yanayi ta shekara-shekara da Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi (UNFCCC) ta gudanar. Rahoton Bincike na Biyar na IPCC ya kasance muhimmiyar tasiri a kan Yarjejeniyar Paris a cikin 2015. IPCC ta raba Kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya ta 2007 tare da Al Gore don gudummawa ga fahimtar canjin yanayi.

Tsarin kimantawa na bakwai na IPCC ya fara ne a cikin 2023. A watan Agustan 2021, IPCC ta buga gudummawar Kungiyar I ga Rahoton Bincike na shida kan tushen kimiyyar jiki na canjin yanayi. *[[The Guardian]]* ya bayyana wannan rahoto a matsayin "mafi kyawun gargadi har yanzu" na "babban canjin yanayi da ba za a iya juyawa ba". Jaridu da yawa a duniya sun sake maimaita wannan taken. A watan Fabrairun 2022, IPCC ta fitar da rahoton Working Group II game da tasirin da daidaitawa. Ya buga gudummawar "rarraba canjin yanayi" ta Kungiyar Aiki ta III ga Bincike na shida a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2022. Rahoton Bincike na shida ya kammala tare da Rahoton Haɗuwa a watan Maris na 2023.

A lokacin Rahoton Bincike na shida, IPCC ta fitar da rahotanni na musamman guda uku. Na farko kuma mafi tasiri shine Rahoton Musamman kan Warming na Duniya na 1.5 ° C a cikin 2018. A cikin 2019 Rahoton Musamman kan Canjin Yanayi da Kasa, da Rahoton Musakiya kan Tekun da Cryosphere a cikin Canjin Yanayin ya fito. IPCC ta kuma sabunta hanyoyinta a cikin 2019. Don haka zagaye na shida na kimantawa shine mafi girman burin a tarihin IPCC.

## Asalin
Wanda ya riga IPCC shine Kungiyar Ba da Shawara kan Gases na Greenhouse (AGGG).  Kungiyoyi uku sun kafa AGGG a shekarar 1986. Wadannan sune Majalisar Kimiyya ta Duniya, Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP), da Kungiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya (WMO). AGGG ta sake nazarin binciken kimiyya game da iskar gas. Har ila yau, ya yi nazarin karuwar iskar gas. Kimiyya ta yanayi ta zama mai rikitarwa kuma tana rufe ƙarin horo. Wannan ƙaramin rukuni na masana kimiyya ba su da albarkatun da za su rufe kimiyyar yanayi.

Bayan an tantance wurin gandun daji, dole ne a shirya yankin don dasa shi. Shirye-shiryen na iya haɗawa da hanyoyi daban-daban na inji ko sunadarai, kamar yanka, hawa, gado, herbicides, da ƙonewa. Da zarar an shirya shafin, ana iya dasa shuka. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin shuka shine shuka kai tsaye, wanda ya haɗa da shuka tsaba kai tsaye a cikin gandun daji. Wani kuma shine shuka shuke-shuke, wanda yayi kama da shuka kai tsaye sai dai shuke- shuke-huke sun riga sun sami tsarin tushen da aka kafa. Ginin daji ta hanyar yankewa wani zaɓi ne ga nau'in bishiyoyi waɗanda zasu iya haifuwa ba tare da jima'i ba, inda za'a iya dasa wani yanki na itace, reshe, tushen, ko ganye a kan gandun daji kuma su yi nasara. Wani lokaci ana amfani da kayan aiki na musamman, kamar shuka itace, don sauƙaƙa shuka bishiyoyi da sauri .

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da kirkirar IPCC a shekarar 1988. Kudurin Majalisar Dattijai ya lura cewa ayyukan ɗan adam na iya canza yanayin. Wannan na iya haifar da mummunar tasirin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Ya ce karuwar iskar gas na iya dumi duniya. Wannan zai sa matakin teku ya tashi. Sakamakon a kan bil'adama zai zama bala'i idan ba a dauki matakai a kan lokaci ba.

## Ƙungiya

### Hanyar aiki
IPCC ba ta gudanar da bincike na asali. Yana samar da cikakkun kimantawa game da yanayin ilimin canjin yanayi. Yana shirya rahotanni kan batutuwa na musamman da suka dace da canjin yanayi. Hakanan yana samar da hanyoyin. Wadannan hanyoyin suna taimakawa kasashe su kimanta hayakin gas din da kuma cire su ta hanyar sinks. Binciken ta ya gina akan rahotanni da suka gabata da wallafe-wallafen kimiyya. A cikin kimantawa shida rahotanni suna nuna shaidar da ke ƙaruwa game da sauyin yanayi. Kuma suna nuna yadda wannan ya faru ne saboda ayyukan ɗan adam.

### Dokoki da ka'idojin mulki
IPCC ta karɓi ƙa'idodinta na tsari a cikin "Ka'idodin Gudanar da Ayyukan IPCC". Wadannan sun bayyana cewa IPCC za ta tantance: 

* hadarin Canjin yanayi wanda ayyukan ɗan adam suka haifar,
* tasirinsa mai yuwuwa, da kuma
* zaɓuɓɓuka masu yuwuwa don rigakafi.

A karkashin dokokin IPCC kimantawa cikakke ne, mai ma'ana, budewa, da kuma bayyane. Sun rufe duk bayanan da suka dace da fahimtar kimiyya game da canjin yanayi. Wannan ya samo asali ne daga bayanan kimiyya, fasaha, da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Rahotanni na IPCC dole ne su kasance tsaka-tsaki game da shawarwarin manufofi. Koyaya, suna iya magance abubuwan da suka dace da aiwatar da manufofi.

### Tsarinsa
IPCC tana da tsari mai zuwa:

* Kwamitin IPCC: Yana haɗuwa a cikin zaman majalisa kusan sau biyu a shekara. Yana iya haɗuwa sau da yawa don amincewa da rahotanni. Yana sarrafa tsarin IPCC, hanyoyin, shirin aiki, da kasafin kuɗi. Yana karɓar kuma ya amince da rahotanni na IPCC. Kwamitin shine kamfanin IPCC.
* Shugaban: Kwamitin ya zaba. Shugabannin Ofishin da sauran hukumomi. Yana wakiltar kungiyar.
* Ofishin: Kwamitin ne ya zaba. A halin yanzu tana da mambobi 34 daga yankuna daban-daban. Baya ga Shugaban da Mataimakin Shugaban IPCC guda uku, suna ba da jagoranci ga ƙungiyoyin aiki guda uku na IPCC da Task Force. Yana ba da jagora ga Kwamitin kan fannonin kimiyya da fasaha na aikinta.
* Ƙungiyoyin Aiki: Kowane ɗayan yana da Co-Chaires guda biyu, ɗaya daga ƙasa mai tasowa ɗayan kuma daga ƙasa mai ci gaba. Kungiyar tallafin fasaha tana tallafawa kowane Kungiyar Aiki. Taron Kungiyar Aiki sun amince da Summary for Policymakers of assessment da kuma na musamman rahotanni. Kowace Kungiyar Aiki tana da Ofishin. Wannan ya kunshi Co-Chairs da Mataimakin Shugabannin, wadanda su ma mambobi ne na Ofishin IPCC. Kungiyar Aiki ta I: Tana kimanta fannoni na kimiyya na tsarin yanayi da canjin yanayi. Co-Chairs: Robert Vautard (Faransa) da Xiaoye Zhang (China)  Kungiyar aiki ta II: Yana kimanta tasirin canjin yanayi akan tsarin ɗan adam da na halitta.[4] Bincika zaɓuɓɓukan daidaitawa. Co-Chairs: Bart van den Hurk (Netherlands) da Winston Chow (Singapore)  Kungiyar aiki ta III: Yana kimanta yadda za a dakatar da canjin yanayi ta hanyar iyakance hayakin gas.[4]  (An san shi da "rashin daidaituwa".) Co-Chairs: Katherine Calvin (Amurka) da Joy Jacqueline Pereira (Malaysia) [4]
** Kungiyar Aiki ta I: Tana kimanta fannoni na kimiyya na tsarin yanayi da canjin yanayi. Co-Chairs: Robert Vautard (Faransa) da Xiaoye Zhang (China) 
** Kungiyar Aiki ta II: Yana kimanta tasirin canjin yanayi akan tsarin ɗan adam da na halitta. Bincika zaɓuɓɓukan daidaitawa. Co-Chairs: Bart van den Hurk (Netherlands) da Winston Chow (Singapore) 
** Kungiyar Aiki ta III: Yana kimanta yadda za a dakatar da canjin yanayi ta hanyar iyakance hayakin gas.  (An san shi da "rashin daidaituwa".) Co-Chairs: Katherine Calvin (Amurka) da Joy Jacqueline Pereira (Malaysia) 
* Ƙungiyar Aiki a kan Inventories na Gas na Greenhouse na Kasa. Yana haɓaka hanyoyin da za a iya kimanta hayakin gas. Co-Chairs: Takeshi Enoki (Japan) da Mazhar Hayat (Pakistan)  Ofishin Task Force: Ya ƙunshi Co-C Chairs guda biyu, waɗanda su ma mambobi ne na Ofishin IPCC, da mambobi 12.
** Ofishin Task Force: Ya ƙunshi Co-Chaires guda biyu, waɗanda su ma mambobi ne na Ofishin IPCC, da mambobi 12.
* Kwamitin Zartarwa: Ya ƙunshi Shugaban, Mataimakin Shugabannin IPCC da Co-Shugabannin Kungiyoyin Aiki da Task Force. Yana magance batutuwan gaggawa da ke tasowa tsakanin zaman kwamitin.
* Sakatariyar: Ayyukan Gudanarwa, suna tallafawa Shugaban da Ofishin, wurin hulɗa ga gwamnatoci. UNEP da WMO ne suka goyi bayan su.

#### Cibiyar
Shugaban IPCC shine masanin kimiyyar makamashi na Burtaniya Jim Skea, wanda Cibiyar Muhalli da Ci Gaban Duniya ta shirya. Skea ya yi aiki tun daga 28 ga Yulin 2023 tare da zaben sabon Ofishin IPCC. Wanda ya riga shi shi ne masanin tattalin arziki na Koriya Hoesung Lee, wanda aka zaba a shekarar 2015. Shugabannin da suka gabata sune Rajendra K. Pachauri, wanda aka zaba a shekara ta 2002, Robert Watson, wanda aka zabe a shekara ta 1997, da Bert Bolin, wanda aka zaɓa a shekara ta 1988.

#### Kwamitin
Kwamitin ya kunshi wakilan da gwamnatoci suka nada. Suna shiga cikin zaman majalisa na IPCC da kungiyoyin aiki. Kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba da na gwamnati na iya halarta a matsayin masu kallo. Taron hukumomin IPCC ana yin su ne kawai ta hanyar gayyata. Kimanin mutane 500 daga kasashe 130 sun halarci Taron 48 na Kwamitin a Incheon, Jamhuriyar Koriya. Wannan ya faru ne a watan Oktoba 2018. Sun hada da jami'an gwamnati 290 da wakilan kungiyoyi masu sa ido 60. Bikin buɗe zaman kwamitin da taron Shugaba na Mawallafa suna buɗewa ga kafofin watsa labarai. In ba haka ba, ana rufe tarurrukan IPCC.

### Kudin
IPCC tana karɓar kuɗi ta hanyar Asusun amincewa. UNEP da WMO sun kafa asusun a shekarar 1989. Asusun amincewa yana karɓar gudummawar kuɗi na shekara-shekara daga gwamnatocin membobin. WMO, UNEP, da sauran kungiyoyi suma suna ba da gudummawa. Biyan kuɗi na son rai ne kuma babu wani adadin da ake buƙata. WMO tana rufe kuɗin aiki na sakatariyar. Har ila yau, ya kafa ka'idojin kudi da ka'idoji na IPCC. Kwamitin ya tsara kasafin kudin shekara-shekara.

A cikin 2021, kasafin kudin shekara-shekara na IPCC ya kai kimanin Yuro miliyan shida, wanda kasashe 195 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suka ba da gudummawa "da kansu da son rai".   A cikin 2021, ƙasashen da ke ba da mafi yawan kuɗi sun haɗa da Amurka, Japan, Faransa, Jamus da Norway. Sauran ƙasashe, galibi masu tasowa, suna ba da "taimako na irin, ta hanyar karbar bakuncin tarurrukan IPCC". A cikin 2022, wannan kasafin kudin ya kasance kasa da Yuro miliyan takwas.

## Manazarta