Earth science

**Kimiyyar duniya** ko **ilimin** kimiyyar ƙasa ya haɗa da duk fannonin kimiyyar halitta masu alaƙa da planet Earth. Wannan reshe ne na kimiyya da ke hulɗa da  tsarin jiki, sinadarai, da hadaddun tsarin halitta da haɗin kai na sassa huɗu na duniya, wato biosphere, hydrosphere, yanayi, da geosphere. Ana iya la'akari da kimiyyar duniya a matsayin reshe na kimiyyar duniya, amma tare da tarihin da ya daɗe. Kimiyyar duniya ta ƙunshi manyan rassa huɗu na binciken, lithosphere, hydrosphere, yanayi, da biosphere, kowannensu yana ƙara rushewa zuwa fannoni na musamman.

Akwai duka hanyoyin ragewa da kuma cikakke ga ilimin kimiyyar Duniya. Har ila yau, shi ne nazarin duniya da maƙwabta a sararin samaniya. Wasu masana kimiyyar duniya suna amfani da iliminsu na duniyar don ganowa da haɓaka albarkatun makamashi da ma'adinai. Wasu kuma suna nazarin tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam a kan muhallin duniya, da kuma tsara hanyoyin da za su kare duniya. Wasu suna amfani da iliminsu game da hanyoyin duniya kamar volcanoes, girgizar asa, da guguwa don taimakawa kare mutane daga waɗannan abubuwan haɗari.

Kimiyyar duniya na iya haɗawa da nazarin ilimin geology, lithosphere, da kuma babban tsari na ciki na duniya, da yanayi, hydrosphere, da biosphere. Yawanci, masana kimiyyar duniya suna amfani da kayan aiki daga ilimin ƙasa, tarihin tarihi, kimiyyar lissafi, sunadarai, yanayin ƙasa, ilmin halitta, da lissafi don gina ƙididdigan fahimtar yadda duniya ke aiki da haɓakawa. Misali, masana yanayi suna nazarin yanayin kuma suna kallon hadari mai hadari. Masana kimiyyar ruwa suna nazarin ruwa kuma suna gargadin ambaliyar ruwa. Masu binciken girgizar ƙasa suna nazarin girgizar ƙasa kuma suna ƙoƙarin fahimtar inda za su faru. Masanan ilimin kasa suna nazarin duwatsu kuma suna taimakawa wajen gano ma'adanai masu amfani. Masanan kimiyyar duniya sukan yi aiki a fage—wataƙila suna hawan duwatsu, bincika gaɓar teku, rarrafe cikin kogwanni, ko kuma yawo cikin fadama. Suna aunawa da tattara samfurori (kamar duwatsu ko ruwan kogi), sannan su rubuta bincikensu akan charts da taswira.

## Geology

Geology shine nazarin lithosphere, ko saman duniya, gami da crust da duwatsu. Ya haɗa da halaye na jiki da tafiyar matakai da ke faruwa a cikin lithosphere da kuma yadda makamashin geothermal ke shafar su. Ya haɗa nau'o'in sinadarai, kimiyyar lissafi, da ilmin halitta kamar yadda abubuwan da ke tattare da ilimin geology ke hulɗa. Ilimin kasa na tarihi shine aikace-aikacen ilimin geology don fassara tarihin duniya da yadda ya canza akan lokaci. Geochemistry yana nazarin sassan sinadarai da tafiyar matakai na Duniya. Geophysics yana nazarin kaddarorin jiki na lithosphere. Nazarin burbushin halittu ya haifar da burbushin halittu a cikin lithosphere. Planetary geology yana nazarin ilimin ƙasa kamar yadda ya shafi jikin waje. Geomorphology yana nazarin asalin shimfidar wurare. Tsarin ƙasa yana nazarin nakasar duwatsu don samar da tsaunuka da ƙasa. Ilimin ƙasa yana nazarin yadda za a iya samun albarkatun makamashi daga ma'adanai. Ilimin yanayin muhalli yana nazarin yadda gurɓatawa da gurɓatawa ke shafar ƙasa da dutse.  Mineralogy shine nazarin ma'adanai. Ya haɗa da nazarin samuwar ma'adinai, tsarin crystal, hatsarori da ke hade da ma'adanai, da kuma abubuwan da ke cikin jiki da na sinadaran ma'adanai.  Petroloji shine nazarin duwatsu, ciki har da samuwar duwatsu da kuma hada su. Petrography wani reshe ne na ilimin kimiyyar ilimin halittu wanda ke nazarin nau'in rubutu da rabe-raben duwatsu. 

## Manazarta