Evelynn M. Hammonds

**Evelynn Maxine Hammonds**  (an haife ta a shekara ta 1953) ƙwararriyar 'yar Amurka ce kuma ƙwararriya a fannin mata. Ita ce Farfesa Barbara Gutmann Rosenkrantz ta Tarihin Kimiyya kuma Farfesa ce ta Nazarin Afirka da Baƙar fata-Amurka a Jami'ar Harvard, kuma tsohuwar Shugabar Kwalejin Harvard . Alaƙa tsakanin launin fata, jinsi, kimiyya da magani manyan batutuwa ne na bincike a cikin littattafanta da aka buga.  Hammonds ta sami digiri a fannin injiniya da kimiyyar lissafi. Kafin ta sami digirin digirgir a Tarihin Kimiyya a Harvard, ta kasance mai shirye-shiryen kwamfuta. Ta fara aikin koyarwa a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts, daga baya ta koma Harvard. A shekara ta 2008, an naɗa Hammonds shugabar jami'a, Baƙar fata ta farko kuma mace ta farko da ta jagoranci kwalejin. Ta koma koyarwa ta cikakken lokaci a shekara ta 2013. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Hammonds a Atlanta, Georgia a ranar 2 ga Janairu, 1953, ga Evelyn Baker Hammonds da William Hammonds Jr.  Mahaifiyarta malamar makaranta ce, kuma mahaifinta ma'aikacin gidan waya ne. Mahaifinta ya yi burin zama injiniya, bayan ya karanci ilmin sunadarai da lissafi, amma bai samu damar halartar Cibiyar Fasaha ta Georgia da aka ware ba.  Evelynn M. Hammonds ta fara sha'awar tarihi da kimiyya a matsayin daliba a Makarantar Firamare ta Collier Heights da ke Atlanta kuma wannan sha'awar ta samo asali ne daga fallasar kimiyya da wuri ta hanyar iyayenta. Iliminta na sakandare ya lalace sakamakon hadewa da wariya, wanda hakan ya tilasta mata sauya sheka daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Charles Lincoln Harper zuwa Makarantar Sakandare ta Daniel McLaughlin Therrell a shekarar 1967. Bayan ta fuskanci wariya daga ɗalibai da malamai, ta kammala karatunta na sakandare a Makarantar Sakandare ta Kudu maso Yamma. 

Masanin ilimin National Merit, Hammonds ta halarci Kwalejin Spelman inda ta shiga cikin shirin injiniya na hadin gwiwa tare da Cibiyar Fasaha ta Georgia. A shekara ta 1976 ta kammala karatu daga jami'o'in biyu tare da digiri a fannin kimiyyar lissafi da injiniyan lantarki bi da bi. Yayinda take karatun digiri, ta shafe bazara biyu tana aiki a Bell Labs ta hanyar shirin bincike wanda ya dauki 'yan tsiraru a cikin kimiyya. Shirin ya ba da jagora da tsari da sanyawa a cikin ƙungiyar dakin gwaje-gwaje, kuma ta tuna, "... ita ce bayyanata ta farko ga duniyar babban kimiyya. Yana da tasiri mai zurfi a gare ni, kuma ina so in yi kyau. "  A lokacin aikinta ne aka fara buga ta, kuma ta zama abokiyar Cecilia Conrad. Conrad ya dauki Hammonds zuwa Boston, yayin da Conrad dalibi ne a Kwalejin Wellesley a lokacin, kuma sun ziyarci harabar MIT tare wanda ya burge Hammonds kuma ya yi mata wahayi. Sa'an nan, saboda Society of Physics Students a Kwalejin Spelman, an gabatar da Hammond ga Shirley Ann Jackson da Ronald McNair. Ta tuna cewa Jackson ita ce, "mace baƙar fata ta farko da na taɓa saduwa da ita wacce ta kasance masanin kimiyyar lissafi, kuma ... ta tafi MIT don haka ta yanke shawarar cewa [MIT] ita ce kawai wurin da nake so in je. "

Bayan kammala karatunta, ta halarci Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT) don shirin PhD amma ta bar karatun a farkon shekarar 1980, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyyar lissafi. Bayan ta bar jami'a, ta fara aiki na tsawon shekaru biyar a matsayin injiniyan software, amma ta ga hakan ba shi da wahala kuma ta koma Jami'ar Harvard .  A shekarar 1993, ta kammala karatun digiri na uku a Tarihin Kimiyya. 

## Sana'a
Bayan kammala karatunta daga Harvard, an gayyaci Hammonds don koyarwa a MIT. A lokacin da take can, ita ce daraktar da ta kafa cibiyar nazarin bambancin ra'ayi a Kimiyya, Fasaha, da Magunguna ta MIT.  Ta kuma taimaka wajen shirya taron ilimi na farko na ƙasa ga ƙwararrun mata baƙaƙe, Mata Baƙaƙe a Kwalejin: Kare Sunanmu 1894–1994  taron ƙasa da aka kira a MIT a 1994 don magance matsalolin tarihi da na zamani da mata 'yan Afirka-Amurka ke fuskanta a fannin ilimi. 

A shekara ta 2002, ta koma Harvard ta kuma shiga a matsayin farfesa a sashen Tarihin Kimiyya da Nazarin Afirka da Baƙar fata-Amurka. Ta zama Shugabar Kwalejin Harvard a shekara ta 2008 kuma ita ce mace ta huɗu baƙar fata da ta sami aiki a Sashen Fasaha da Kimiyya a Jami'ar Harvard.  Kafin wannan, Hammonds ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar mataimakiyar shugaban farko na ci gaban malamai da bambancin ra'ayi na Harvard. 

A watan Fabrairun 2022, Hammonds ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin malamai 38 na Harvard da suka sanya hannu kan wata wasika zuwa ga Harvard Crimson da ke kare Farfesa John Comaroff, wanda aka gano ya karya manufofin ɗabi'ar jima'i da na sana'a na jami'ar. Wasikar ta kare Comaroff a matsayin "ƙwararren abokin aiki, mai ba da shawara kuma ɗan ƙasa mai himma a jami'a" kuma ta nuna rashin jin daɗi game da takunkumin da jami'ar ta sanya masa.  Bayan da ɗalibai suka shigar da ƙara tare da zarge-zargen ayyukan Comaroff da gazawar jami'ar na mayar da martani, Hammonds ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka sanya hannu da dama da suka ce tana son janye sa hannunta. 

### Bincike
Binciken Hammonds ya mayar da hankali kan mahadar kimiyya, magani, da launin fata. Yawancin ayyukanta suna nazarin jinsi da jinsi a mahangar kimiyya da magani. Tana damuwa da yadda kimiyya ke bincika bambancin ɗan adam ta hanyar launin fata. Hammonds galibi tana nazarin lokacin ƙarni na 17 don gabatarwa yayin da take mai da hankali kan tarihin cututtuka da kuma ra'ayin mata na Afirka-Amurka. A cikin 1997, an buga labarin Hammond mai suna "Toward a Genealogy of Black Female Sexuality: The Problematic of Shiru" a cikin *Ka'idar Mata da Jiki: Mai Karatu* .  A cikin wannan labarin, Hammond ta mayar da hankali kan mahadar jima'i na mata baƙar fata da AIDS. Ta yi jayayya cewa jima'i na mata baƙar fata (daga ƙarni na 19 zuwa yanzu) an kafa shi ne daidai da na mata fararen fata. Ta yi jayayya cewa, a tarihi, yawancin masu ra'ayin mata baƙar fata sun kasa haɓaka ra'ayi game da jima'i na mata baƙar fata. Daga nan Hammonds ta tattauna iyakokin jima'i na mata baƙar fata da kuma yadda hakan ke shafar mata baƙar fata masu cutar AIDS.

Hammonds ta yi imanin cewa mata baƙar fata suna da ikon bayyana jima'i fiye da yadda suka yarda da shi a zamantakewa, amma duk da haka ba za su iya bayyana shi ba. Wannan sakamakon baƙar fata mata ba su iya bayyana jima'i ta hanyar da suka ga dama ba. Ta rubuta tarihin farko na waɗannan ma'anoni a farkon ƙarni na 19 tare da Sarah Baartman a matsayin "Hottentot Venus".  Wannan mace baƙar fata ce da aka nuna kuma aka ɗauke ta a matsayin mai lalata saboda tana da manyan sassan jikin mutum fiye da na takwarorinta fararen fata. A yau, har yanzu muna ganin ci gaba da tasirin alaƙar mata baƙar fata da jima'i mara tsari. Wannan galibi ya faru ne saboda kwatanta mata baƙar fata da mata fararen fata na Victoria. Ana ɗaukar mata baƙar fata a matsayin masu yawan jima'i . Al'ummar fararen fata ta yi tunanin cewa jima'i baƙar fata mata yana lalata ɗabi'u da ƙimar al'ummarsu. 

A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20, masu kawo sauyi mata baƙaƙe sun himmatu wajen ƙirƙirar sabuwar ma'anar jima'i ga mata baƙaƙe. Wannan sabon ma'anar hoton mace baƙaƙe mai ɗabi'a don daidaita kanta da mata masu ɗabi'a na Victoria. Waɗannan mata baƙaƙen mata sun himmatu wajen sake gina ra'ayin jima'i ga mata baƙaƙe. Hammonds ya yi jayayya cewa ta hanyar rufe muryar mace baƙaƙen mata, masu kawo sauyi sun danne mata baƙaƙe ba tare da sake gina ra'ayin ma'anar jima'i ga mata ba. 

Hammonds ya bayyana cewa don mata baƙar fata su sami 'yanci daga zalunci, dole ne mata baƙarƙashiya su dawo da jima'i. Ma'anar jima'i na baƙar fata koyaushe ana bayyana shi ta hanyar ƙungiyar waje da ke kallo, da farko da fararen maza sannan kuma da fararen mata. Dole ne mata baƙar fata su bayyana jima'i don shawo kan zalunci. Ta bayyana cewa wannan shiru mai maimaitawa ya zama ra'ayi na "rashin ganuwa" don bayyana rayuwar mata baƙar fata. Ko da mata masu daraja a cikin ilimi har yanzu suna cikin rashin ganuwa lokacin da aka gaya musu waɗanne batutuwan da za su iya kuma ba za su iya ba da lacca game da su ba. Hammonds ya ci gaba da fadada "rashin ganuwa" na mata baƙi zuwa fagen magani da kimiyya. An zalunta mata baƙar fata shekaru da yawa har aka kafa mummunan ra'ayi game da mata baƙarƙashiya kuma yanzu ga mata baƙar ƙwayoyin cuta da cutar kanjamau. Wadannan ra'ayoyin sun haifar da wani wuri tsakanin mata baƙar fata da ke fama da cutar kanjamau da al'umma. Jama'a suna ci gaba da riƙe mata baƙar fata har zuwa halin da ake ciki na mata masu jima'i da baƙar fata da ke fama da cutar kanjamau an tilasta su magance wannan zalunci.

A shekarar 1994 Hammonds ta buga "Baƙi (W)holes and the Geometry of Black Female Sexuality," wani labarin da ya faɗaɗa kuma ya mayar da martani ga tsarin Darlene Clark Hines na dissemblence,  da kuma "Interstices: A Small Drama of Words" na Hortense Spillers .  Labarin ya yi la'akari da shirun jima'i na baƙar fata mace, musamman jima'i na baƙar fata 'yan madigo, wanda ta ɗauka a matsayin "an rufe shi sau biyu." Ta yi amfani da kimiyyar lissafi da nazarin halayyar ɗan adam don la'akari da rashin komai na jima'i na baƙar fata mace kuma tana kira da a yi motsi zuwa ga "siyasar haɗin gwiwa."

A shekarar 1995, Hammonds, tare da sauran masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na mata, ciki har da Angela Davis, Barbara Ransby da Kimberlé Crenshaw, sun kafa wata kawance mai suna "Ajandar Afirka ta Amurka ta 2000" don adawa da zanga-zangar mutum miliyan na Louis Farrakhan, saboda fargabar cewa hakan zai kara nuna wa mazan bakar fata wariya. 

### Badakalar binciken imel a Harvard
A watan Maris na 2013, shugaban sashen fasaha da kimiyya na Hammonds da Harvard, Michael D. Smith, ya sanar da cewa sun ba da umarnin a bincika bayanan imel na masu gudanarwa na Harvard domin gano ko mutane sun fallasa bayanai ga manema labarai game da binciken jami'ar game da badakalar yaudara ta Harvard ta 2012. Hammonds da Smith sun tambayi masu gudanarwa ko sun fallasa wani bayani ga kowa ko a'a, a martanin da jaridar Crimson ta buga game da wani imel na ciki game da badakalar yaudara da cancantar 'yan wasa. Babu wani mai gudanarwa da ya fito; Hammonds da Smith sun sanar da waɗannan masu gudanarwa cewa za a buƙaci ƙarin bincike. A martanin da suka mayar, Hammonds da Smith sun ba da umarnin a bincika imel kuma sun gano mutumin da ke da alhakin yaɗa waɗannan saƙonnin imel na ciki.

*Jaridar Harvard Crimson* ta yi kira ga Hammonds da ta yi murabus.  Sannan, a ranar 28 ga Mayu, Hammonds ta sanar da cewa za ta yi murabus don jagorantar wani sabon shirin bincike na Harvard kan launin fata da jinsi a fannin kimiyya. Hammonds ta ce shawararta ta yin murabus ba ta da alaƙa da lamarin binciken imel.  

Wani bita da jami'ar ta bayar daga wani kamfanin lauyoyi na waje, wanda aka fitar a watan Yulin 2013, ya kammala da cewa "Masu Gudanar da FAS da ke aiki cikin aminci sun gudanar da [binciken imel] domin ci gaba da kammala shari'o'in ladabtarwa na Hukumar Gudanarwa da kuma kare sirrin wannan tsari." 

### Littattafai masu mahimmanci

* *Mummunan Bala'i ga Yara: Yaƙin Neman Magance Ciwon Diphtheria a Birnin New York, 1880 - 1930* (1999, Johns Hopkins University Press)
* *Yanayin Bambanci: Kimiyyar Jinsi a Amurka daga Jefferson zuwa Genomics* (2008, MIT Press)
* *Sampler na Harvard: Ilimi Mai Sauƙin Kai don ƙarni na Ashirin da Ɗaya* (2011, Harvard University Press)
* *Matsalar Rarraba Kayayyaki: Abin da ya gabata a Yanzu* (2011, Rutgers University Press) 

## Daraja da fifiko

* Shugaban Ƙungiyar Tarihin Kimiyya, 2024–2025 
* Sunan Ɗaliban Harvard LGBTQ a Makarantar Digiri ta Fasaha da Kimiyya "Evelynn Hammonds Award for Exceptional Service to BGLTQ+ Inclusion", 2021 
* Zaɓen memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka, 2021 
* Zaɓen Kwamitin Amintattu na Kwalejin Bates, 2018 
* Naɗin Kwamitin Mata a Kimiyya, Injiniya, da Magunguna na Kwalejin Kimiyya, Injiniya, da Magunguna ta Ƙasa, 2017
* Tarihin Ƙungiyar Kimiyya Mai Daraja Malami, 2016
* Kyautar da aka bai wa waɗanda suka kafa, Kwamitin Lauyoyi kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Adalci a Tattalin Arziki, 2014 
* Kyautar Mace Mai Jarumtaka da Yanke Hukunci, Babban Babi na Majalisar Mata Masu Ra'ayin Baƙi ta Ƙasa ta Boston, 2014
* Kwalejin Spelman Ida B. Wells-Barnett Babban Malami, 2013 
* Likitan girmamawa na Haruffan Dan Adam daga Kwalejin Bates, 2011
* Ƙungiyar Mata a Kimiyya, 2008
* Barbara Gutmann Rosenkrantz Farfesa a Jami'ar Harvard, 2007
* Likitan girmamawa na Haruffan Dan Adam daga Kwalejin Spelman, 2004
* Babban Malami Sigma Xi, 2003–05

## Manazarta