open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Donald Arden

**Donald Seymour Arden** (12 ga Afrilu 1916  - 18 ga Yulin 2014) ya kasance babban bishop na Anglican na Burtaniya da Australiya, kuma mai fafutuka don batutuwan adalci da daidaito.

## Ma'aikatar
Arden ta yi karatu a Kwalejin St Peter, Adelaide, da Jami'ar Leeds. An naɗa shi dikon a 1939 kuma firist a 1940, bayan ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Tashin Matattu, Mirfield. Matsayinsa na farko sun kasance curacies a Hatcham da Nettleden. A shekara ta 1944, ya shiga Ofishin Jakadancin Afirka na Pretoria, daga ƙarshe ya zama Darakta na Ofishin Jakadun Usuthu a Swaziland.

Daga 1961 zuwa 1971, ya kasance Bishop na Nyasaland / Malawi - a matsayin Bishop na Nyesaland har zuwa samun 'yancin Malawi a 1964 kuma a matsayin Bishop of Malawi daga baya. Lokacin da diocese ya rabu a 1971, ya zama bishop na ɗaya daga cikin sabbin diocese guda biyu a matsayin Bishop na Kudancin Malawi. Har ila yau a wannan shekarar, ya zama Babban bishop na Afirka ta Tsakiya,  kuma ya rike mukamai biyu har sai ya yi ritaya a 1980.

Bayan ya bar babban bishop, Arden ya koma Burtaniya don ya zama firist mai kula da Ikilisiyar St Margaret, Uxbridge, inda ya yi aiki daga 1981 zuwa 1986.

Arden yana da ƙauna mai yawa ga Afirka kuma ya yi kamfen ba tare da gajiyawa ba don haƙƙin 'yan asalin Afirka. A cikin Cocin ya yi tanadi mai yawa don ilimin 'yan asalin Afirka firistoci, kuma ya yi kamfen don nadin bishops na asali. Ya kasance abin alfahari a gare shi cewa shi ne babban bishop na karshe na Afirka ta Tsakiya.

## Yin ritaya
A lokacin da ya yi ritaya, Arden ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin firist mai daraja a Cocin St Alban a Arewacin Harrow, kuma a matsayin mataimakiyar bishop mai daraja a Diocese na London. Ya bar waɗannan matsayi a 2011 kuma ya koma Romsey, Hampshire, inda ya rayu shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2011, Arden ya yi bikin cika shekaru 50 na hidimar bishop tare da iyalinsa a St Paul's Cathedral, London. An tsarkake shi (a matsayin Bishop na Nyasaland) a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 1961.[1]

Ya mutu a gida a Romsey, Hampshire, a ranar 18 ga Yuli 2014, yana da shekaru 98. Iyalinsa sun sanar da cewa za a ƙone shi a cikin akwatin gawa na ayaba na Afirka a ranar 31 ga Yulin 2014.

Matarsa Jane Arden ta mutu bayan shi. Ita ma'aikaciyar coci ce.

## Manazarta
Sallye Mathis

**Sally Brooks Mathis** (1912 - 1982) malamar makaranta ce kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a a Jacksonville, Florida wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin zaɓaɓɓiyar jami'a a gwamnatin ƙananan hukumomi tare da Mary Singleton .  Ta yi aiki a majalisar birnin Jacksonville na tsawon shekaru 15. An sanya wa Sally B. Makarantar Firamare ta Mathis suna saboda ita, kuma an shigar da ita cikin Zauren 'Yancin Jama'a na Florida a shekarar 2015.

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Mathis a Jacksonville, Florida  ga iyayen Sallie Garrett (née Adams) da Henry Pickens Brooks .  Ta girma a yankin, tana halartar makarantun yankin. A shekara ta 1930, ta kammala karatu daga Cibiyar Stanton, makarantar da ke Jacksonville .  Daga baya ta halarci Kwalejin Benedict a Kudancin Carolina, da Kwalejin Bethune-Cookman a Florida. A shekara ta 1945, ta kammala karatu daga Cibiyar Tuskegee tare da digiri na farko a fannin ilimi. A shekara ta 1955, ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Florida A &amp;amp; M tare da digiri na biyu a makarantar sakandare.

### Majalisar Birnin
Abokan NAACP sun ƙarfafa Mathis ya gudu don kujerar majalisa a Jacksonville. Bayan yanke shawarar gudu, dandalin yakin neman zabe na Mathis ya mayar da hankali kan ra'ayin "gwamnati daya". Ta ba da shawarar cewa canji a cikin majalisa zai fi kyau ga masu jefa kuri'a baƙi, waɗanda suka kai kashi 40% na kuri'un a Jacksonville. Ta kuma sami tagomashi tare da fararen masu jefa kuri'a,  gami da mafi yawan fararen yankuna. 

Mathis ya yi takara da dan majalisa mai ci Barney Cobb a Zaben fidda gwani a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1967. Ta lashe zaben Democrat na Ward 3, inda ta doke Cobb da kuri'u 19,260 zuwa kuri'un 16,872.  A babban zaben 20 ga watan Yuni, Mathis ya yi takara da dan jam'iyyar Republican Theodore Forsyth Jr. don Ward 3  kuma ya ci nasara da kuri'u 19,416 zuwa 14,528. 

## Kyauta
Ofishin Jacksonville na NAACP ya ba da sunan lambar yabo ta sabis na al'umma bayan Mathis .  An kuma sanya sunan makarantar firamare ta Sallye B. Mathis don girmama Mathis.

A shekara ta 2015, an shigar da ita cikin Hall of Fame na 'yancin bil'adama na Florida.

## Manazarta
George Sydney Aldridge

**George Sydney Aldridge** (23 ga Yulin 1847 - 21 ga Agusta 1911) ɗan kasuwa ne na Australiya, shugaban dogon lokaci na Adelaide Stock Exchange.

## Tarihi
Aldridge was born in London, the son of George Aldridge sen. ( – 12 December 1879), and brought to South Australia by his parents when only a few months old. He was educated at St Peter's College when Archdeacon Farr was head master, and was a brilliant student, gaining the highest marks at the competitive examination when Richard Graves MacDonnell, Governor of South Australia, was president of the board of governors. After leaving college Aldridge worked in various business houses as a clerk and accountant. In 1868 he joined G. W. Goyder's expedition to the Northern Territory. Three years afterwards, he joined, with J. le M. F. J. Servante and Wickliffe Snow, the mining boom in the Northern Territory, where they discovered the Woolwonga Mine, which they worked successfully for 12 months, then Aldridge went on to the Sandy Creek diggings and was doing well until an attack of malaria forced him to return to Adelaide.

Daga bisani ya shiga haɗin gwiwa tare da tsohon abokinsa na makaranta Theodore Bruce, a matsayin masu siyarwa. [lower-alpha 1] Bayan haka shi, Bruce da W. T. Perrers (1849-1897) sun kafa gidan giya a Port Augusta. A shekara ta 1888 Aldridge ya zama memba na Kasuwancin Kasuwanci, kuma ya yi nasara [1] wanda ya kafa shugaban kasar Henry Bellingham (1807-1889 [2]), matsayin da ya rike da bambanci na dan kadan fiye da shekaru 13, [3] wanda ya kunshi duka Broken Hill da Kalgoorlie.

Aldridge ya mutu a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta 1911.  An rufe musayar hannun jari a matsayin alamar girmamawa da zaran an sanar da mutuwarsa, kuma a ranar jana'izarsa.

## Iyali
Aldridge married Marion McFie ( – 9 July 1953) on 20 October 1880. They had no children. She was active in patriotic charities, notably the Cheer-Up Society during World War I.

James Henry Aldridge (4 ga Yulin 1849 - 11 ga Nuwamba 1929), mai otal da kuma mai son tseren doki, ɗan'uwa ne.

## Manazarta
William Ramsay Smith

**William **Ramsay Smith**** FRSE (27 Nuwamba 1859 - 28 Satumba 1937),  wanda ake kira Ramsay Smith, likita ne na Scotland, malami, masanin halitta, masanin ilimin ɗan adam kuma ma'aikacin gwamnati, wanda ya yi aiki a Kudancin Australia bayan ya koma can yana da kimanin shekaru 37 a 1896. Da farko an nada shi a matsayin likitan cututtuka a Asibitin Royal Adelaide kuma daga baya aka nada shi zuwa wasu matsayi, gami da na mai bincike birni a Adelaide, amma abin da ya bari ya lalace ta hanyar zargin rashin amfani da gawar mutum. Ya yi nazarin Aboriginal Australians, kuma ya aika da sassan jiki zuwa tarin ilimin ɗan adam na Jami'ar Edinburgh. Ya wallafa littattafai da labarai da yawa a cikin mujallu na kimiyya, kuma a cikin 1930 ya buga wani aiki a ƙarƙashin sunansa wanda daga baya aka gano aikin Ngarrindjeri Elder David Unaipon ne.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Smith a Sarki Edward, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, ɗan William Smith (ma'aikacin gona, kuma daga baya mai kula da tashar) da matarsa Mary née MacDonald (ma'aikatan gida). Sun zauna a gidan Cairnbanno kusa da New Deer . Ya halarci makarantar jama'a ta Cairnbanno da ke kusa (wanda ya koyar ta amfani da tsarin Makarantar Madras - duk dalibai suna koyarwa). Samun tallafin karatu na Ikilisiya kyauta, daga 1877 ya yi karatun zane-zane a Jami'ar Edinburgh sannan ya halarci Kwalejin Horar da Gidan Moray don horar da shi a matsayin malami na tsawon shekaru biyu.

## Ayyuka
A shekara 20 an nada Smith a matsayin shugaban makarantar Invergordon Public School, a Easter Ross, amma, saboda sha'awar ilimin lissafi, ya koma Jami'ar Edinburgh don nazarin zane-zane da kimiyya. Daga nan sai ya sami tallafin karatu na likita na £ 100 a shekara na tsawon shekaru uku. Bayan kammala karatunsa na likita a 1885 an nada Smith mataimakin farfesa na tarihin halitta, babban mai nuna ilimin dabbobi a Jami'ar Edinburgh. Ya kammala karatun BSc (kimiyya ta halitta) a 1888.

A cikin 1889 an buga 'Illustrations of Zoology' wanda ya shirya tare da haɗin gwiwar J. S. Norwell . Ya kammala karatun MB ChM a shekara ta 1892. Shekaru biyu Smith ya kasance mai nuna ilimin jikin mutum a Edinburgh, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai jarrabawa a Kwalejin Likitoci ta Royal na Edinburgh. A wannan lokacin ya zauna a 4 Grange Loan a kudancin Edinburgh . 

## Ostiraliya
A shekara ta 1896 Smith ya yi tafiya zuwa Ostiraliya bisa buƙatar Gwamnatin Kudancin Ostiraliya don cika matsayi na cututtuka a Asibitin Royal Adelaide. An kori Smith daga Kungiyar Likitocin Burtaniya kuma an dakatar da shi daga ƙungiyar a cikin 1897 bayan rikici na ciki tare da ma'aikatan asibiti (waɗanda suka zarge shi da rashin iyawa), amma an cire shi ta hanyar binciken da Hukumar Asibitin ta yi. A shekara ta 1899 an nada shi likita ga sashin Cututtukan cututtuka a asibitin, Adelaide City Coroner, Sufeto na Anatomy kuma shugaban Hukumar Lafiya ta Tsakiya.

## Manazarta
Jack Skillingstead

**Jack Skillingstead** (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 1955)  marubuci ne na Amurka wanda ke zaune a Seattle, Washington .

A shekara ta 2001 Stephen King ya kira Skillingstead mai nasara a gasar King's "On Writing".  Ya zuwa Oktoba 2024 Skillingstead ya buga gajerun labaru arba'in da bakwai a cikin mujallu na jinsi da tarihin asali. Ya kuma wallafa litattafai uku da tarin labarai guda biyu. Ayyukansa sun bayyana a cikin tarin Year's Best kuma an fassara su a duniya. Skillingstead ya kasance dan wasan karshe na Kyautar Philip K. Dick  da lambar yabo ta Theodore Sturgeon. A shafin yanar gizon Science Fiction Encyclopedia, sanannen mai sukar John Clute ya ce, "Aikin Skillingstead ya zuwa yanzu yana nuna babban aiki. "  John Joseph Adams, editan Lightspeed Magazine da kuma jerin editan Best American Science Fiction and Fantasy ya ce game da The Whole Mess and Other Stories cewa "wannan tarin ya sanya Jack Skillingstead a matsayin masanin gajeren tsari."

## Rayuwa ta mutum
An haifi Skillingstead a shekara ta 1955 kuma ya rayu mafi yawan rayuwarsa a ciki da kewayen Seattle, Washington. Shi ne ƙarami a cikin 'yan uwa biyar. A shekara ta 2011 ya auri marubuciyar almara ta kimiyya Nancy Kress. Yana da 'ya'ya biyu daga auren da ya gabata.

## Bayanan littattafai

### Littattafai

* *Harbinger* (Fairwood Press, 2009) 
* Rayuwa A kan Tsaro (Solaris Books, 2013)   
* Ayyukan Chaos (John Joseph Adams Books / Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2019)

## Manazarta
Margaret Somerville

**Margaret Anne Ganley Somerville** AM FRSC (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga Afrilu 1942) masanin falsafar Katolika ce kuma farfesa a fannin ilimin halittu a Jami'ar Notre Dame Australia. Ta kasance a baya Farfesa Samuel Gale na Shari'a a Jami'ar McGill.

## Rayuwa ta farko da aiki
An haifi Somerville a Adelaide, Kudancin Australia, kuma ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Mercedes (Springfield, Kudanci Australia). Ta sami A.u.A. (pharm.) daga Jami'ar Adelaide a 1963, digiri na farko na Shari'a (Hons. I) da lambar yabo ta Jami'ar daga Jami'an Sydney a 1973, da DCL daga Jami'a McGill a 1978.

### Ayyukan ilimi na shari'a
A shekara ta 1978, an nada ta mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin shari'a a McGill . An nada ta a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a shekarar 1979 kuma ta kasance mataimakiyar furofesa a fannin kiwon lafiya a shekarar 1980. A shekara ta 1984, ta zama cikakken farfesa a bangarorin biyu, kuma a shekara ta 1989, an nada ta Farfesa Samuel Gale na Shari'a. Daga 1986 zuwa 1996, ita ce darakta mai kafa Cibiyar McGill ta Medicine, Ethics and Law kuma an nada ta mukaddashin darakta a 1999. Ta kuma koyar da tarurruka kan laifuka masu tsayi da kuma dokar kiwon lafiya a McGill. Ana gudanar da tarihinta a Gidan Tarihin Jami'ar McGill.

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2006, ta ba da laccoci na shekara-shekara guda biyar a Rediyon CBC a Kanada. An buga wani fadada laccocin a Kanada, Ostiraliya, da Amurka a cikin littafi kamar The Ethical Imagination: Journeys of the Human Spirit .

### Kasancewa cikin muhawara game da auren jinsi guda
Somerville ya gabatar da taƙaitaccen gabatarwa da kuma gabatarwa ta baki ga Kwamitin Tsaro na Kanada kan Adalci da 'Yancin Dan Adam da ke adawa da halatta auren jinsi guda a Kanada a shekara ta 2003.

## Daraja
Daga cikin girmamawa da kyaututtuka da yawa, a cikin 1990, an sanya Somerville memba na Order of Australia "don hidima ga doka da bioethics". A shekara ta 1991, an sanya ta Fellow na Royal Society of Canada kuma a cikin 2022 ta zama abokiyar Royal Society of New South Wales . A shekara ta 2004 wata juriya ta kasa da kasa ta zaba ta a matsayin mai karɓar kyautar Avicenna ta UNESCO don Da'a a Kimiyya.

## Manazarta
Ayna TV

**Ayna Television** (تلويزيون آينه, wanda aka fi sani da *Aiena Television* ) shine tashar talabijin ta kasuwanci ta farko da ke watsa shirye-shirye daga Mazari Sharif, Afghanistan, tun daga shekarar 2004. An rufe ta a tsakiyar watan Fabrairun 2022. Sunan Ayna yana nufin "madubi" a cikin Uzbek . Ya watsa shirye-shiryen nishaɗi da labarai tare da yin aiki a matsayin kayan aikin ingantawa ga Abdul Rashid Dostum da jam'iyyarsa, Junbish-i-Milli Islami Afghanistan, kuma a wani lokaci an ruwaito cewa mallakarsa ne.  An kafa Ayna ne domin biyan buƙatun nishaɗi na mutanen arewacin Afghanistan inda ake magana da Uzbek sosai, amma bayan 'yan shekaru kuma ya fara watsa shirye-shirye a harsunan Dari Persian da Pashto . 

Ana iya samun siginar Ayna a duk faɗin lardin arewacin Jowzjan da kuma a lardunan Balkh, Faryab, Sar-e-Pol, Badghis, Herat, Ghor, Samangan, Takhar, Kunduz, Badakhshan, Baghlan, Bamyan, da sauran larduna ciki har da yankin Babban Kabul .

Sayed Fahim Zaffar, wanda ke kula da Ayna Television, ya ce ƙaddamar da tashar ta kashe kimanin dala miliyan 1. Wurin da tashar take a cikin wani gida mallakar Abdul Rashid Dostum ne. Tun daga shekarar 2016, tashar ta shirya gina sabon gini wanda ya dace da ƙa'idodin watsa shirye-shirye na duniya don ɗaukar nauyin tashar talabijin. 

A watan Fabrairun 2022, an ruwaito cewa Ayna TV ta dakatar da watsa shirye-shirye saboda abin da ta kira "kalubalen tattalin arziki". Wannan ya faru ne rabin shekara bayan da Taliban ta kwace mulkin kasar.  

## Manazarta
Avril Lovelace-Johnson

**Avril Lovelace-Johnson** alkali ce ' yar Ghana . An zaɓe ta a matsayin alkali a Kotun Koli ta Ghana a watan Nuwamba na 2019 kuma ta sami amincewar majalisar dokoki a watan Disamba na 2019.  An rantsar da ita a ranar 17 ga Disamba na 2019.  Ta kasance alkali tun 1990 kuma an naɗa ta a Kotun Koli a 2019.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Lovelace-Johnson a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 1961 a Accra, Ghana . Ta yi karatun firamare a Makarantar Shirye-shiryen SNAPS kafin ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta Wesley daga 1973 zuwa 1978 don matakin GCE na yau da kullun. Daga nan ta ci gaba zuwa Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta Aburi daga 1978 zuwa 1980 don matakin GCE na gaba. 

Lovelace-Johnson ta ci gaba da karatun lauya a Jami'ar Ghana, Legon, tun daga shekarar 1981. Daga baya ta shiga Makarantar Shari'a ta Ghana a shekarar 1985, inda aka kira ta zuwa Babbar Lauya ta Ghana a shekarar 1987. 

## Sana'a
Bayan kammala karatunta na lauya, Lovelace-Johnson ta fara hidimar ƙasa a Ofishin Babban Lauya da ke Koforidua a shekarar 1988. Daga nan ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Lauya ta Jiha a Ofishin Accra daga 1989 zuwa 1990. Daga 1990 zuwa 1991, ta kasance Alkalin Gunduma a Kotunan Majistare na Kibi da Tafo a Yankin Gabas, kafin ta koma Kotunan Majistare na La da kuma Kotunan Majistare na Titin 28 ga Fabrairu da ke Accra, inda ta yi aiki daga 1991 zuwa 1994.

An ɗaukaka Lovelace-Johnson zuwa Kotun Da'ira mai zaman kanta a Kotunan Hanya ta 28 ga Fabrairu daga 1994 zuwa Yuni 2002. A shekara ta 2002, an ɗaga ta zuwa Babbar Kotun Ghana, inda ta yi aiki a Sashen Accra da Tema .

## Manazarta
Walter Bagot (masanin gine-gine)

**Walter Hervey Bagot** (17 Maris 1880 - 27 Yuli 1963) ya kasance masanin gine-gine na Kudancin Australia. Ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan makarantar gargajiya ta Kudancin Australia. Ya kafa Woods &amp;amp; Bagot a cikin 1905.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi

An haifi Bagot a Arewacin Adelaide, ɗan makiyayi John Bagot MHA, da Lucy Josephine Ayers; kakanninsa sune Charles Hervey Bagot da Sir Henry Ayers Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Kwalejin St Peter.

Bayan ya yi aiki tare da masanin gine-gine Edward John Woods a Adelaide na tsawon shekaru hudu, a cikin 1902 Bagot ya tafi Ingila inda ya yi karatun gine-gine a Kwalejin King ta London. Ya lashe lambar azurfa ta Kamfanin Worshipful Company of Carpenters, kuma a cikin 1904 an shigar da shi a matsayin memba na Royal Institute of British Architects. 

## Ayyuka
Bagot ya koma Adelaide a cikin 1905, kuma an ɗauke shi cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Woods, ya kafa Woods &amp;amp; Bagot. Wannan aikin ya karu ya hada da wasu fitattun gine-gine a matsayin mambobi a tsawon lokaci, ciki har da Louis Laybourne-Smith a 1917, Herbert Jory  a 1915, da James Campbell Irwin a 1932. 

Bagot ya fi son gine-ginen gargajiya kuma ya raina Modernism. An nada shi masanin gine-gine na Roman Catholic Archdiocese na Adelaide a cikin 1905, kuma masanin gine'a wanda ke kula da Cathedral na St Peter a cikin 1907, ya kasance a wannan matsayi har zuwa 1945. Ya kasance masanin gine-gine na Jami'ar Adelaide daga 1910 har zuwa 1945.[1]

## Manazarta
Ɗan Chhay

**Ɗan Chhay** (Khmer; an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1956) ɗan siyasan Kambodiya ne, kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan mambobi na Jam'iyyar Ceto ta Kasa ta Kambodiya . Son Chhay ya kammala karatu a shekarar 1984 daga Jami'ar Flinders a Ostiraliya tare da digiri na farko a Kimiyya ta Lissafi . Wannan ya biyo bayan difloma a fannin ilimi daga Jami'ar Adelaide a shekarar 1985. An fara zabar Son Chhay a majalisa a 1993 yana wakiltar lardin haihuwarsa na Siem Reap kuma an sake zabarsa a 1998 a wannan lardin. Daga shekara ta 2003 zuwa yanzu ya kasance memba na majalisa wanda ke wakiltar Phnom Penh a Majalisar Dokokin Cambodia . Son Chhay yana da daraja sosai saboda kokarin da ya yi na yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, inganta dimokuradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi da haƙƙin ɗan adam  A ranar 14 ga Yuni 2010, an ba Son Chhay lambar yabo ta Order of Australia saboda hidimomin da ya yi wa Cambodia da al'ummar Australiya a Ostiraliya. A halin yanzu yana da aure ga Christina Son kuma yana da 'ya'ya 3.

## Ayyukan majalisar dokokin Kambodiya

* Dan majalisar dokokin Kambodiya, tun 1993.
* memba na majalisa, Phnom Penh, da Jam'iyyar Whip, Jam'iyyar Sam Rainsy (tsohon Jam'iyyar Khmer Nation), tun 1998.
* Shugaban, Kungiyar Majalisar Dokokin Kambodiya a kan Myanmar, 2006.
* Shugaban, Kwamitin Majalisar Dokoki na Kasa kan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin Kai da Bayanai na Duniya, 2005-2008.
* Dan majalisa, lardin Siem Reap, 1993 -1998.
* Shugaban, Kwamitin Majalisar kan Ayyukan Jama'a, Sufuri, Sadarwa, Post, Masana'antu, Makamashi, Ma'adinai da Kasuwanci, 1998-2003.
* Sakataren majalisa, Kwamitin Ilimi, Al'adu, Yawon Bude Ido da Harkokin Addini, 1993-1998.
* Wanda ya kafa kuma Mataimakin Shugaban, Kungiyar Australiya ta Kambodiya ta Kudancin Australia, 1981-1985.
* Wanda ya kafa, Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Kudu maso gabashin Asiya Inter-Parliamentary Myanmar Caucus, 2004.
* Wanda ya kafa, Ƙungiyar Duniya don 'Yan Majalisar Dattijai da Cin Hanci da Rashawa, 2002.
* Mai tsarawa, 'yan majalisa na Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da ke adawa da cin hanci da rashawa, na tsawon shekaru 2.
* Wanda ya kafa, Coalition for Transparency Cambodia, 2001.
* Malami, Jami'ar Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 1991-1993.
* Malami a makarantu da kwalejoji daban-daban a Kudancin Australia, 1986-1998

## Manazarta
Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turkmen

Gidan **wasan kwaikwayo na Jahar Turkmen** (Turkmen) yana kan titin Garashsyzlyk na Ashgabat .  Kamfanin Polimeks na Turkiyya ne ya gina shi a shekarar 2005.  Shi ne kawai gidan wasan kwaikwayo na 'yar tsana a Turkmenistan. Kundin waƙoƙin ƙungiyar yana da kusan wasannin kwaikwayo 40. 

## Tarihi
Kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya Polimeks ne ya gina ginin a tsakanin 2004-2005 a Avenue Garashsyzlyk.  Kudin ginin - dala miliyan 15. Fadin ginin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na 'Puppet Theatre' mai fadin murabba'in mita 7600. Ana gudanar da wasannin kwaikwayo a cikin dakunan taro guda biyu tare da kujeru 300 da 200. 

## Manazarta
John Bannon

**John Charles Bannon** AO (7 ga Mayu 1943 - 13 ga Disamba 2015) ɗan siyasan Australiya ne kuma masanin kimiyya. Ya kasance Firayim Minista na 39 na Kudancin Australia, yana jagorantar reshen Kudancin Australiya na Jam'iyyar Labor ta Australiya daga wa'adi guda a adawa da gwamnati a Zaben 1982.

A Zaben 1985 an sake zabar gwamnatin Bannon tare da karuwar rinjaye, amma an rage shi zuwa matsayin gwamnati mai tsiraru a Zaben 1989. A shekara ta 1992 Bannon ya zama Firayim Minista mafi tsawo a Kudancin Australia kuma Firayim Ministan na biyu mafi tsawo. A sakamakon faduwar Bankin Jiha, ya yi murabus a matsayin Firayim Minista a shekarar 1992, kuma daga majalisa a Zaben 1993. Ya kuma kasance masanin kimiyya kuma Shugaban Kwalejin St Mark.

## Rayuwa ta farko
Bannon was born in Bendigo.  His father was prize-winning artist Charles Bannon. He attended East Adelaide Primary School and St Peter's College in Adelaide, where his father taught art, and was awarded the Tennyson Medal in 1961. He completed degrees in Arts and Law at the University of Adelaide. While at university, he was co-editor of the student newspaper *[[On Dit]]* along with Ken Scott and Jacqui Dibden in 1964. He was president of the Adelaide University Student Representative Council in 1966–67, president of the Adelaide University Union in 1969–1971 and president of the National Union of Australian University Students in 1968. Following the completion of his studies, he was an advisor to various governments, including Whitlam's.

## Ayyukan siyasa
An zabe shi zuwa Ross Smith a Majalisar Dokokin Kudancin Australia a Zaben 1977 kuma an inganta shi zuwa majalisar ministoci cikin shekara guda. Bayan murabus din Firayim Minista Don Dunstan da asarar Labour a Zaben 1979, an zabi Bannon a matsayin shugabancin Labour. Duk da gwagwarmayar bangarori a cikin Labor, gwamnatin Tonkin Liberal ta kula da tattalin arziki da ke fama da farkon shekarun 1980. Bayan wa'adi daya kawai, Bannon ya sami nasarar dawo da Labour zuwa gwamnati a Zaben 1982 tare da kashi 5.9 cikin dari na jam'iyyun biyu amma mafi rinjaye daya kawai.

Duk da yake akwai wani rafi na zamantakewar al'umma a lokacin shugabancin Don Dunstan na 1970-79, abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci ga Bannon sun kasance a cikin tattalin arziki. Nasarorin gwamnati na Bannon sun hada da ma'adinin jan ƙarfe da uranium na Olympic Dam, aikin jirgin ruwa, masana'antar tsaro, Hyatt da Adelaide Casino complex, juyawa na wani ɓangare na Tashar jirgin kasa ta Adelaide zuwa Cibiyar Yarjejeniyar Adelaide, gina O-Bahn Busway daga 1983 zuwa 1986 zuwa 1989 tsarawa da kuma gina fadada Tea Tree Gully O-Bahan, da Formula One Grand Prix. Gwamnati ta kuma sayar da ƙasar da aka tanada don manyan hanyoyi a ƙarƙashin shirin MatS.[1] An gabatar da injunan Poker a Kudancin Australia, shawarar da Bannon zai yi nadama shekaru da yawa daga baya.[2] An gabatar da wasu matakai kamar aiki don hana lalacewar ciyayi da shirye-shiryen sabunta birane don ƙarfafa wasu yankunan da ke raguwa a Adelaide.[3]

## Mutuwa

## Manazarta
Bo Songvisava

**Duangporn** "**Bo**" **Songvisava** (Thai; an haife shi a shekara ta 1979 or 1980) shi ne mai dafa abinci kuma mai cin abinci na Thai. Ita da mijinta, mai dafa abinci Dylan Jones, sun mallaki kuma suna gudanar da **Bo.lan**, gidan cin abinci a unguwar Thong Lo ta Bangkok. A cikin 2018 Songvisava an tsara ta a karo na biyar na jerin shirye-shiryen Chef's Table .

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Duangporn Songvisava, wacce ake wa lakabi da "Bo", a Bangkok, Thailand, a 1979 or 1980  ga uwa 'yar Thailand da uba 'yar Taiwan.  Tana da 'yan'uwa huɗu. Iyayenta suna da kuma gudanar da kasuwancin gwangwani.  Tun tana girma, ta taimaka musu dafa abincin Thai-China a gida; su ne abin da ya ba ta kwarin gwiwa don zama mai dafa abinci.  Iyalinta kuma suna cin abincin Yammacin duniya, amma Thai ita ce abin da ta fi so.

Songvisava na son zuwa makarantar dafa abinci, amma iyayenta sun bukaci ta zuwa kwaleji kuma ta sami digiri na gargajiya. Ta yi karatun Turanci da Faransanci na tsawon shekaru biyu har sai ya zama abin mamaki. Thailand a lokacin ba ta da digiri na abinci, don haka ta koma Makarantar Gudanar da Otal ta Jami'ar Griffith  kuma ta dauki digiri na kasuwanci a cikin Gidan cin abinci da Gudanar da abinci. Ba ta iya samun aikin otal ba bayan kammala karatunta, sai ta koma Ostiraliya don yin karatu a Jami'ar Adelaide da Blue Cordon Bleu, kuma ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na biyu a Gastronomy.

## Ayyuka
Matsayin sana'a na farko na Songvisava ya kasance a Amanda Gale's Cy'an, Gidan cin abinci na Bahar Rum a Bangkok, a matsayin commis 3. Yayinda take can, wani mai dafa abinci na kasashen waje ya tambaye ta game da abincin Thai kuma ta fahimci cewa ba ta san komai game da abincin Thailand ba. Lokacin da ta tambayi wasu masu dafa abinci na gida, sai ta gano mutane kalilan ne suka san abubuwa da yawa game da abincin gargajiya na Thai. Thailand a lokacin tana da gidajen cin abinci kaɗan waɗanda ke dafa al'adun gargajiya na Thai, kamar yadda yawancin suka ba da abinci ga masu yawon bude ido. A shekara ta 2005  ta dauki matsayi a matsayin chef de partie  a Landan tare da David Thompson's Nahm, sannan ana ganinta a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun gidajen cin Abinci na Thai a duniya kuma daya daga cikin 'yan kalilan tare da Tauraron Michelin. Ta sadu da mijinta, sannan tana aiki a matsayin mai dafa abinci a can,  kuma a cikin 2008  ma'auratan sun koma Thailand.

## Manazarta
Ronald Vernon Southcott

**Ronald Vernon Southcott** (15 ga Mayu 1918 - 9 ga Afrilu 1998) masanin ilimin dabbobi ne na Australiya wanda ya kware a cikin Acari, ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Southcott a Adelaide, ɗan Horace Lloyd Southcott (1891-1949), manajan darektan Southcott Limited, injiniyoyi. Bayan kammala makaranta a Kwalejin St Peter, Adelaide Southcott ta fara aiki a kan ƙwayoyin cuta, ko acari, tana da shekaru 16 tare da Herbert Womersley masanin ilimin acarologist a Gidan Tarihin Kudancin Australia. Womersley ya bayyana kuma ya ba da sunan ƙwayoyin trombidiid, wanda Southcott ya tattara a kan tafiya ta keke a cikin tsaunuka kusa da Adelaide a 1934, *[[Microtrombidium southcotti]]*, bayan Southcott. Southcott ya yi la'akari da wannan aikin da Herb Womersley ya yi, "ya ja ni a kan ƙwayoyin cuta". Southcott ya yi karatun likitanci a Jami'ar Adelaide inda ya kammala a shekara ta 1941. Southcott ya yi aiki a cikin Sojojin Kiwon Lafiya na Sojojin Australiya daga 1942 zuwa 1946. Yayinda yake aiki a Cairns ya fara aiki a kan haraji da tasirin kiwon lafiya na jellyfish, batun da daga baya ya zama sananne. Fiye da takardunsa 230 a kan jan mites sun haɗa da sake dubawa na iyalai, ƙananan iyalai da jinsunan Erythroidea a cikin 1961, wanda ya sami D.Sc.

A duk rayuwarsa Southcott yana da sha'awar tasirin kiwon lafiya na shuke-shuke da dabbobi. Amma yawancin takardunsa da aka kwatanta da kyau suna kan tsarin jan mites. Southcott bai taba aiki a matsayin masanin ilimin halittu ba, amma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin Gidan Tarihi na Kudancin Australia na shekaru da yawa. Ya samar da takardun sa masu ban sha'awa da yamma bayan aikin rana a Adelaide yana kula da bukatun kiwon lafiya na ma'aikatan da suka dawo. Yawancin takardunsa a kan ƙwayoyin cuta suna da ɗaruruwan shafuka. Ayyukansa na farko a kan akwatin jellyfish mai guba sosai, yana ɗaya daga cikin takardunsa na farko kuma kawai a kan cnidarian, *[[Chironex fleckeri]].* Ya kuma ba da gudummawa kan tasirin kiwon lafiya na yawan amfani da hanta na masu binciken Arctic, wanda ke haifar da hypervitaminosis A.

## Iyali
Southcott ta auri Heather Joyce Miller a watan Afrilun shekara ta 1952.

## Manazarta
Lewis Blackmore

**Lewis Gordon Blackmore** (21 ga Mayu 1886 - 23 ga Yuli 1916) ya kasance Dan wasan kwallon kafa na Australiya wanda ya taka leda tare da Essendon a cikin Victoria Football League (VFL).

## Iyali da rayuwar farko
Mahaifin Blackmore, Edwin Gordon Blackmore (1837-1909), ɗan Ingila ne daga Bath, ɗan likita, ya yi yaƙi a matsayin mai sa kai a cikin "Maori Wars" tare da Taranaki Rifle Volunteer Corps daga 1863 zuwa 1864, kuma ya koma Kudancin Australia kuma ya kafa kansa a Adelaide. Ya kasance co-kafa Adelaide Club, Adelaide Hunt Club, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda na Majalisar Dokokin Kudancin Australia daga 1886 kuma, daga baya, ya yi aiki da magatakarda a Majalisar Tarayya. 

Mahaifiyar Blackmore, Eleanora Elizabeth Farr (1847-1901), ita ce 'yar fari ta ven. Archdeacon George Henry Farr (1819-1904), MA, LL. D. da Julia Warren Ord. 

Blackmore yana da 'yan'uwa maza huɗu, Gordon Patteson Blackmore (1872-1941), George Edward Blackmore (1874-1936), James Gairdner Blackmore (1876-?), Edwin Ord Blackmore (1879-?),' yan'uwa mata biyu, Jane Gordon Drummond Blackmore (daga baya, Mrs. Granville Sharp) (1881-1942), Eleanor Mary Blackmore (1884-1891), da kuma ƙaramin ɗan'uwa ɗaya, John Coleridge Blackmore (1888-?). Babban ɗan'uwansa Quartermaster Sergeant George Edward Blackmore (No.85), ya yi aiki a cikin Yaƙin Boer tare da Ƙungiyar Bushmen ta Ƙasar Australiya ta Uku.

## Ilimi
Ya halarci Kwalejin St Peter, Adelaide, kuma ya koma Makarantar Grammar ta Melbourne a 1903. Ya kasance prefect a Melbourne Grammar, kuma ya buga wasan kurket da kwallon kafa don makarantar ta farko ta XI da ta farko ta XVIII a shekara ta 1904.  da kuma 1905. 

A cikin 1906, Blackmore ya shiga Kwalejin Triniti, kuma ya fara karatun injiniya a Jami'ar Melbourne. Yayinda yake a jami'a, an ba shi kyautar "cikakken shuɗi" a wasan kurket.

## Dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa
An ɗauke shi daga Makarantar Grammar ta Melbourne, lokacin da yake dalibi a can, ya taka leda a kan layin gaba, kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu daga harbe-harbe biyar a wasan farko da ya yi da St Kilda, a Junction Oval a ranar 2 ga Satumba 1905. [1] Ya taka leda a wasanni biyu masu zuwa, wasan karshe na kakar, da kuma Semi-Final na farko, duka biyu a kan Fitzroy. Fitzroy ya lashe wasannin biyu. Blackmore ya kori daya daga cikin kwallaye hudu na Essendon a kowane wasa.

Ya taka leda a wasanni na biyu, na uku da na huɗu na kakar 1906, kuma a wasan na biyu na kakar 1907.

## Manazarta
Nick Birks

**Nicholas Napier Birks** (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1938) tsohon ɗan wasa Australiya ne mai aiki a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960.

Tsohon yaro ne na Kwalejin St Peter a Adelaide, Birks babban jikan wanda ya kafa Charles Birks & Co, tsohon kantin sayar da kayayyaki a Rundle Street. Ya kasance zakara na kasa sau tara a cikin javelin kuma ya lashe lambobin yabo na kasa uku a cikin decathlon.[1] A shekara ta 1961 ya kafa rikodin Daular Burtaniya a cikin javelin tare da jefa 252 ft 4 inci a Sydney.[2] 

Birks ya fito a cikin bugu uku na Daular Burtaniya da Wasannin Commonwealth, na farko a Cardiff a 1958, inda ya kasance na tara a cikin javelin. Ya lashe tagulla a cikin javelin a 1962 da azurfa a wannan taron a 1966. 

## Manazarta
John Spalvins

**John Spalvins**, (an haife shi **Jānis Gunnars Spalviņš**, 1936)  a Latvia, ya kasance Manajan Darakta na Kamfanin Adelaide Steamship daga 1977 har zuwa rushewar kamfanin a 1991. A wannan lokacin a karkashin ikon Spalvins, "Adsteam" ya zama babban kamfani na Ostiraliya tare da sha'awa da manyan mallakar tallace-tallace, abinci, ruwan inabi, madara, kayan aiki, gini, bankunan, da sauran kamfanoni da yawa. "Spalvins ya gina daya daga cikin manyan masana'antun masana'antu na Ostiraliya, wanda ya dauki David Jones, Woolworths, Metro Meat, kamfanin abinci Petersville Sleigh, kamfanin giya da ruwan inabi Tooth & Co, da kuma kasuwancin jirgin ruwa, kafin a sanya shi cikin karɓar kuɗi a 1991. "

## Farkon aiki
Spalvins ya shafe shekaru 13 na farko na rayuwarsa a Latvia kafin mahaifiyarsa ta kawo shi Ostiraliya.

A shekara ta 1957, yana da shekaru 21, ya zama sakataren kamfanin na Camlec inda ya kasance har zuwa 1973. A wannan lokacin ya yi karatun tattalin arziki da yamma yana samun digiri daga Jami'ar Adelaide . 

## Kamfanin Jirgin Ruwa na Adelaide
A cikin 1973, manajan darektan kamfanin Adelaide Steamship Company (kuma daga baya shugaban) Ken Russell ya farautar Spalvins don taimakAWA wajen farfado da kamfanin. A shekara ta 1977 an nada Spalvins a matsayin manajan darektan, kuma a shekara ta 1980 Spalvans da Russell sun fara sayen David Jones, sun biyo baya a cikin shekarun 1980 ta hanyar sayen "sunayen gidaje" da yawa na Australiya ciki har da, amma ba a iyakance su ba, Tooth &amp;amp; Co, (Penfolds, KB Lager, da dai sauransu), Petersville Sleigh, (Four"N Twenty pies, Bodalla Cheese, Pura Milk, Peters Cream, Ice Cream, Nanna's, Man Man Man Man's, da Man Man Man, Man's.

## Yin ritaya
Bayan faduwar farashin hannun jari na Adsteam, a watan Maris na shekara ta 1991 an sanar da cewa Spalvins "za a dakatar da shi a matsayin ma'aikacin Adsteam". Ya tashi a ranar 5 ga Yulin 1991.

Shekaru da yawa, Spalvins da matarsa ta biyu Gale sun raba lokacin su tsakanin "Kintyre", gidansu a Springfield, Kudancin Australia, gidansu a Tsibirin Hamilton, da raka'a a Amurka. Suna ci gaba da ciyar da akalla watanni uku a kowace shekara a Amurka a gidansu a Sun Valley, Idaho, inda yake sha'awarsa ga tseren kankara. Ya kasance mai saka hannun jari ta hanyar kamfaninsa Galufo Pty Ltd, kuma sananne ne saboda rawar da ya taka wajen ba da shawarar wajibin kwamitocin kamfanoni don samar da darajar ga ƙananan masu hannun jari.

## Manazarta
Minista na farko

Ministan farko shine kowane shugaban majalisun gwamnati. Kalmar a zahiri tana da ma'anar "firayim Minista".

A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, ana amfani da taken *Minista na farko* don komawa ga shugaban siyasa na gwamnatin ƙasa, kamar gwamnatocin Scotland, Wales, da Arewacin Ireland, ko kuma na yankin da ya dogara.

A Ostiraliya da Kanada, ana amfani da kalmar don komawa gaba ɗaya ga Firayim Minista da Firayim Ministocin jihohi ko larduna.

## Ostiraliya
A Ostiraliya, Minista na farko yana daya daga cikin shugabannin gwamnati, gami da Firayim Minista na Ostiraliya da Firayimista da manyan ministocin jihohin Ostiraliya.

## Kanada
A Kanada, Ministan farko shine kowane ministan farko na Kanada na Crown, wanda ba a san shi da shugabannin gwamnati ba, gami da Firayim Minista na Kanada da Firayim ministocin lardin da yankuna. Ana amfani da taken a cikin irin waɗannan tsari kamar "taron ministoci na farko".

A cikin Newfoundland da Labrador, yankin Inuit mai cin gashin kansa na Nunatsiavut yana ba da Minista na farko da ke da alhakin Majalisar Nunatsia vut.

## Norway
An kira shugaban gwamnatin Norway *Minista na farko* (Norwegian) tsakanin 1814 da 1873, yayin da yake cikin hadin kai tare da Sweden. A shekara ta 1893, shekaru 12 kafin rushewar ƙungiyar, an canza shi zuwa Firayim Minista (statsminister).

## Ƙasar Ingila
A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, an yi amfani da kalmar *Minista na farko* tare da Firayim Minista, kamar lokacin da Winston Churchill ya ce: "Ban zama Ministan Farko na Mai Girma ba don in iya kula da rushewar Daular Burtaniya!"

A zamanin yau, ana amfani da kalmar don bayyana shugabannin gwamnatocin da aka ba da izini na Scotland,  Wales da Arewacin Ireland. Duba

* Jerin ministocin farko
* Ministan farko na Scotland
* Ministan farko na Wales
* Minista na farko da mataimakin Minista na Arewacin Ireland

## Sauran
A Ostiraliya, Firayim Ministoci da manyan Ministoci sune ministocin farko na jihohi da yankuna bi da bi.

A Jamus, ministan farko a kowace jiha ta tarayya an san shi da  kasa (Ministerpräsident). Irin wannan kalma ta wanzu a ƙasashe da ke da tasirin tarihi na Jamus, misali Latvia, Netherlands da sauransu.

A Malaysia, ministan farko na kowace jiha tare da mai mulkin Malay an san shi da Menteri Besar . A halin yanzu, ana kiran shugabannin gwamnati a cikin jihohi huɗu ba tare da sarki ba manyan ministoci.

George Price ya rike ofishin Ministan farko na Birtaniya Honduras daga 1961 har zuwa 1964, lokacin da ya zama mai cin gashin kansa kuma an canza taken zuwa Firayim Minista. Ya ci gaba a matsayin Firayim Minista bayan mulkin mallaka ya canza sunansa zuwa Belize, sannan kuma a matsayin Firaminista bayan Belize ta sami cikakken 'yancin kai a 1981.

## Manazarta
John Spalding (firist)

**John Spalding** wani limami ne na ƙarni na 15 wanda ke zaune a Brechin a Angus, Scotland . Spalding ya zama Dean na Brechin a cikin 1456; Paparoma ya tabbatar da shi a wannan matsayi a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 1458. 

## Tarihin rayuwa
Bayan murabus din Robert Lauder a matsayin Bishop na Dunblane a papal curia a ranar 12 ga Satumba 1466, Paparoma ya ba da John Herspolz ga wannan bishopric; Sarki James III na Scotland duk da haka, watakila ba tare da sanin ayyukan Paparoma ba, ya zabi John Spalding a ƙarshen 1466 ko a 1467; wannan tabbas ya faru kafin 19 ga Nuwamba 1467 .

Spalding bai zama bishop ba duk da haka, an tsarkake Herspolz a lokacin rani ko kaka na shekara ta 1467. 

Yayinda Dean na Brechin, Spalding yana da alƙawari na dindindin a matsayin mai kula da cocin Ikklisiya na Dune da cocin parish na Kinel. Kudin shiga na shekara-shekara na Spalding bai wuce fam talatin ba ga kowannensu.

Spalding ya ci gaba da zama dan majalisa har zuwa 1487, duk da cewa John Barry ya kalubalanci shi daga 1477 zuwa gaba. A ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 1487, Spalding ya musanya Deanery na Brechin don precentorship na babban coci tare da Hugh Douglas; An ce Spalding yana da shekaru 69 a wannan lokacin.

## Manazarta
John Spalding (masanin tarihi)

**John Spalding** (*fl.* 1650) masanin tarihin Scotland ne, mai yiwuwa ɗan asalin Aberdeen ne.

Sunan ba a saba gani ba a cikin ƙarni na goma sha shida da goma sha bakwai, amma rajistar New Aberdeen sun rubuta auren "Alexander Spalding da Cristine Hervie" (watau Herries) a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 1608. John Spalding ya zama lauya, kuma yana zaune a cikin 'Tsohon gari, Aberdeen'. Shekaru da yawa ya yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda a kotun majalisa na diocese; kuma ofishinsa, wanda aka ƙone rubuce-rubucensa a 1721, yana cikin yankin tsohuwar cocin St. Machar. Sabon alamun shi ya faru ne a cikin takardar notarial a cikin rubuce-rubucensa, mai kwanan wata 30 Janairu 1663, inda David, bishop na Aberdeen, ya yarda ya karɓa daga Robert Forbes na Glastermuir 25l. 7s. 4d. a matsayin aikin wuta ga waɗannan ƙasashe daga Martinmas zuwa Whitsun 1661 da 1662.

Spalding shi ne marubucin tarihin tarihin rikice-rikice da ma'amala a Scotland tsakanin 1624 da 1645. Wannan labari ne mai sauƙi game da abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu, tare da kwafin takardu waɗanda babu shakka sun shiga hannun Spalding a matsayinsa na hukuma. An bar aikin ba cikakke ba. Ya fara kuma ya ƙare ba zato ba tsammani, ya fara da rikici tsakanin Earl na Moray da Clan Chattan, kuma ya ƙare tare da Sir John Hurry tare da Janar Baillie. Spalding ya rubuta a matsayin mai basira, mai ilimi sosai, mai lamiri, duk da haka a cikin ma'anar coci babu mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, mai mulkin mallaka. Charles I ya gudanar da girmamawa mafi girma. *Tsarin mulki* majalisa ya yi fushi sosai game da ra'ayinsa na ra'ayin mazan jiya, kuma ya yi nadama da yawa game da masana'antar babban coci na Aberdeen da kuma haramta yin farin ciki a ranar Kirsimeti.

An fara buga *Tarihi* Spalding a Aberdeen (2 vols. 8vo, 1792); James Skene (4to, 1829), kuma Dr. John Stuart don Spalding Club (4to, 1850).

A cikin 1839 wata ƙungiya mai wallafa kayan tarihi, wadda aka kafa a Aberdeen, an sanya masa suna ne bayan masanin tarihi Spalding Club . Sabuwar bugawa ta kasance a shekara ta 1871. An kafa New Spalding Club, tare da irin wannan manufa, a Aberdeen a 1886. 

## Manazarta
Raymond Hecht

**Raymond Hecht** (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1968) ɗan wasan tsere ne na Jamus wanda ya yi gasa a cikin jefa javelin . Mafi kyawunsa shine 92.60 m, wanda ya samu a shekarar 1995. Wannan ya sanya shi na takwas a cikin matsayi na kowane lokaci.

A lokacin aikinsa, Hecht ya kafa rikodin Jamusanci guda biyar. Sakamakon da ya fi dacewa a gasar cin kofin duniya shine lambar tagulla a Gasar Zakarun Turai ta 1998. A matakin kulob din, ya wakilci SC Magdeburg a tsohuwar Gabashin Jamus.

A shekara ta 2015, ya lashe gasar M45 na Gasar Masters ta Duniya, yana wakiltar Faransa.

## Mafi kyawun yanayi ta shekara

* 1986 - 71.08
* 1987 - 75.90
* 1990 - 83.24
* 1991 - 81.92
* 1992 - 79.58
* 1993 - 88.90
* 1994 - 90.06
* 1995 - 92.60
* 1996 - 92.28
* 1997 - 87.32
* 1998 - 88.08
* 1999 - 88.67
* 2000 - 87.76
* 2001 - 88.88
* 2002 - 87.87
* 2003 - 86.22
* 2004 - 82.85
* 2005 - 77.20
* 2006 - 73.94

## Gasar kasa da kasa

## Manazarta

*
Sōsai

Kalmar Jafananci Sosai (Japanese:総裁, "Sōsai") tana nufin kusan "shugaban" ko "janar-janar". Ana amfani da shi ta hanyoyi da yawa:

## Siyasa

* Sosai, ko shugaban gwamnati, sau ɗaya ne kawai taken Firayim Minista na mulkin mallaka: daga 1 ga Janairu 1868 (kafin babu wani majalisa, manyan masu ba da shawara ne kawai: *Kampaku* zuwa sarki da ke mulki da kuma duka *Rōjū* da *Tairō* zuwa *shōgun* mai mulki) har zuwa 11 ga Yuni 1868: Yarima Arisugawa Taruhito (1835-1895); na gaba ofishin Firayim Ministoci ana kiransa *[[U Daijin]]* "Ministoci zuwa Dama", a 1871 an taƙaita shi zuwa Daijin.
* Sosai kuma shine taken Tokugawa Admiral Takeaki Enomoto (1836-1908), zababben shugaban kasa (27 Janairu 1869 - 27 Yuni 1869) na ɗan gajeren lokaci mai tawaye Jamhuriyar Ezo a Tsibirin Hokkaido na yanzu, wanda sojojin Imperial suka ci nasara.
* Sosai, ko Shugaban Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party, shi ne ofishin shugaban LDP.

## Sauran

Mafi shahara daga cikin irin waɗannan mutane shine Sōsai Ōyama Masutatsu, wanda ya sami wannan sunan ta hanyar ƙirƙirar salon karate da ake kira Kyokushinkai da yada karate a yammacin duniya.

Mas Oyama wani gunkin musamman ne da za a kira "Sosai" saboda gudummawarsa musamman a duniyar Martial Arts da kuma tarihin Japan gaba ɗaya.

## Manazarta
Sarvadhikari

**Sarvādhikārī** lakabi ne da ake amfani da shi daban-daban a Indiya, gami da:

* Tsohon lakabi ga *Babban Minista* mai mulkin kudancin Indiya, musamman na: A karkashin Daular Ganga ta Yamma Maharaja Dharma na Talakkad (a cikin jihar Karnataka ta zamani), yana jagorantar majalisar ministoci wanda ya hada da Sandhivigrahi (ministan warware rikice-rikice), Dandanayaka, babban kwamandan sojojin, Srikadhikari (ministan kudi da kudaden shiga), Manemagatine ko Manevergade (mai kula da gidan sarauta) da aka kafa shi ne a cikin alhakin wannan asusun Musulmi - Shugaba-Sultan ya kafa shi ma ya sami sunan Sukiyaryaryaryar:
** A karkashin Daular Ganga ta Yamma Maharaja Dharma na Talakkad (a cikin jihar Karnataka ta zamani), yana jagorantar majalisar ministoci wanda ya hada da Sandhivigrahi (ministan warware rikice-rikice), Dandanayaka, babban kwamandan sojojin, Srikaranadhikari (ministan kudi da kudaden shiga), Manemagatine ko Manevergade (mai kula da gidan sarauta) da Hiriyabhandari (mai kula leken asusun da kiyaye bayanan); wani lokacin, Purohita ma sun sami wuri a cikin wannan majalisa na addini
** *[[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]]" id="mwHg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="List of Diwans of Mysore">Babban Minista* gado na Mysore; wannan shi ne ofishin Tipu Sultan ya gaji mahaifinsa Hyder Ali kuma ya kafa daular musulmi da ake kira *Sarkar-e-Khudadad* (mulkin da Allah ya baiwa) 
* Superintendent, misali na sansanin soja
* Janar manajan wani kamfani

## Tushen

* Littafin ƙamus na Platt
* Karnataka namu
*
Mangkubhumi

***Mangkubhumi*** (Java_language" id="mwCg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Javanese language" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Javanese; Sundanese; Jawi) kalma ce ta Firayim Minista wacce aka yi amfani da ita a tarihi a masarautun Java, Sumatra da Borneo a lokacin wayewar Hindu-Buddha a Nusantara .  A wani wuri, ana kiran Mangkubhumi da ***', ***Bendahara***, ***Pepatih Dalem***, ***Perdipati***, Pab rago Butta, ***Tuan Bicara**'', Raja rago, da Tomarilaleng.

Da farko, an ba da matsayin ''Mangkubhumi'' ga mutanen da ba su da daraja. Koyaya, a tsawon lokaci matsayin ''Mangkubumi'' ya kasance a hannun Sarki da Yarima Dipati Anom (ɗan'uwan Sarki ko ɗan sarki mai mulki), tare da taken "Prince of Mangkubhumi" kuma ya zama matsayi mafi girma a ƙarƙashin sarki.

== Magana ==
Kalmar mangkubhumi kalma ce da aka samo a cikin yarukan Indonesiya, misali a cikin rubutun Sanghyang Siksa Kandang Karesian wanda ke cikin Tsohon Sundanese, akwai wannan sashi na jumla: [1]

A cikin manufar gwamnatin jihar a cikin Masarautar Sunda, ban da matakin [[Firai Minista|Firayim Minista]],  ''Mangkubumi'' na iya nufin mai kula da tashar jiragen ruwa.  A aiwatar da ayyukansa, ''Mangkubumi'' ya taimaka wa ayyukan Prebu ko Sarkin Masarautar Sunda, ''Nu nanggan'' ya taimaka wa **'Mangkubumi**', ''Mantri'' ya taimaka wa ''Nu nanggan'' kuma ''Wado'' ya taimaka wa ''Mantri'' wadanda ke hulɗa kai tsaye da mutane. Hakanan ana samun Mangkubhumi a cikin Javanese, kuma ana kiransa **'Mahapatih* Hamengkubumi* sau da yawa ana taƙaita shi zuwa Mahapatihi ko kawai Mangkubumi . A cikin Banjarese, ana kiran Mangkubhumi a matsayin *[[:bjn:Maharaja Mangkubumi|Maharaja Mangkubumi]]* .

## Dubi kuma

* *Wazir* - Irin wannan matsayi daidai da *Mangkubhumi* .
* Hamengkubuwana I, wanda ke da wani suna "Mangkubumi".
* Gajah Mada, sanannen *Mahapatih Hamengkubumi* na Majapahit.

## Manazarta
David Speirs

**David James Speirs** (an Haske shi a ranar 15 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1984) tsohon dan siyasa ne na Scotland-Australia kuma mai sayar da miyagun ƙwayoyi, wanda ya kasance Shugaban Jam'iyyar adawa a Kudancin Australia kuma Shugaban Jam'iyya ta Kudancin Australiya daga Afrilu 2022 har zuwa Agusta 2024. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Kudancin Australia daga zaben jihar 2014, yana wakiltar masu jefa kuri'a na Bright daga 2014 zuwa 2018, kuma magajinsa, masu jefa kuriʼa na Black, daga 2018 zuwa 2024.

Speirs ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Muhalli da Ruwa a Ma'aikatar Marshall tsakanin Maris 2018 da Maris 2022.

A ranar 8 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2024 Speirs ya yi murabus a matsayin shugaban Jam'iyyar Liberal ta Jiha, wanda ya haifar da takara don matsayinsa, wanda Vincent Tarzia ya lashe. A ranar 5 ga Oktoba, Speirs ya sanar da cewa zai yi murabus daga majalisar dokokin SA bayan an tuhume shi da laifuffukan samar da miyagun ƙwayoyi.

## Tarihi da farkon aiki
An haifi Speirs a Galloway, Scotland, kuma ta yi karatu a makarantar firamare ta Kirkcolm da Stranraer Academy. Ya yi hijira zuwa Ostiraliya tare da iyayensa da 'yan uwansa biyu yana da shekaru 17 a shekara ta 2002.

## Ayyukan majalisa
Speirs ya shiga majalisar dokokin Kudancin Australia a watan Maris na shekara ta 2014, inda ya doke Chloë Fox, Ministan Harkokin Sufuri na Labor.

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014, an nada Speirs a kwamitin tattalin arziki da kudi na majalisar  bayan murabus din Iain Evans. A watan Janairun 2016, an ɗaga shi zuwa Ma'aikatar Shadow ta Steven Marshall a matsayin Sakataren Ma'auratan Shadow.  A watan Janairun 2017, Speirs ya hau kan benci na gaba a matsayin Ministan Inuwa na Muhalli.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, bayan zaben Gwamnatin Marshall a Zaben Kudancin Australia, an rantsar da Speirs a matsayin Ministan Muhalli da Ruwa.

A lokacin da yake Minista, Speirs ya kula da kafa Green Adelaide  da allon shimfidar wuri na yanki,  raguwar kudaden ruwa  da karuwa a cikin ƙasar da aka kare a matsayin wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa ciki har da kirkirar Glenthorne National Park [ana buƙatar ambaton] a cikin kudancin Adelaide da kuma mafi girman wurin shakatawa na Australia a Simpson Desert. 

## Manazarta