open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Bashin Greenhouse

**Greenhouse bashi** wani ra'ayi ne, wanda Abokan Duniya da kungiyoyi masu kama da  suka gabatar, don auna girman abin da mutum ɗaya, haɗin gwiwa, kasuwancin kasuwanci, kayan aikin gwamnati ko / [da] (da Neb., Amurka) al'umman yanki sun zarce sawun "halatta" na greenhouse kuma suna fitar da iskar gas wanda ke taimakawa wajen dumamar yanayi da canjin yanayi . 

Wasu gwamnatoci, aƙalla shugabancin Labour na Australiya, suna da ɗabi'ar yarda da irin wannan layin tunani.  Ma'anar, duk da haka, ba ta da ma'ana ba tare da bayyananniyar ƙimar ƙima don sawun greenhouse da aka halatta ba, wanda ba a sauƙaƙe ko ƙididdige shi ba.

bincike bashin greenhouse ya samar da bincike na muhalli, amma ana iya amfani dashi daban. An ɗauke shi tare da nazarin 'bashin ruwa' da kimanta tasirin muhalli, nazarin bashin greenhouse yana da mahimmanci don ba mutane, kungiyoyi, gwamnatoci da al'ummomi fahimtar tasirin da suke da shi akan Gaia, rayuwa, da dumamar duniya.

Wadanda ke inganta ra'ayin suna tabbatar da cewa tabbatar da cewa bashin greenhouse ba kome ba ne yana da mahimmanci don cimma Ci gaban muhalli mai ɗorewa ko koma baya mai ɗorewar. Duk wani bashin greenhouse da aka samu zai taimaka wajen sanya rayuwa da wuya ga tsararraki masu zuwa na mutane da kuma wadanda ba na mutane ba.

Akwai sakamako uku da za su iya faruwa sakamakon bashin greenhouse.

# *[[Rage canjin yanayi|Ragewa]]:* samun hanyoyin biyan diyya na rage bashin greenhouse don haka tasirinsa ya zama mai hanawa
# *Daidaitawa:* gano hanyoyin daidaitawa da sakamakon dumamar yanayi ko canjin yanayi
# *Rashin wahala:* rage ingancin rayuwar mutum sakamakon sakamakon sakamakon sakamakon

## Manazarta
Abincin abinci

**Ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki**, wanda kuma aka sani da **ciyarwa ta dubura**, **alimentation rectal**, ko **ciyarwa ta dubura**, shine enema da ake gudanarwa don samar da abinci mai gina jiki a lokuta inda cin abinci na yau da kullum ba zai yiwu ba. A cikin maganin zamani, an maye gurbin enemas na gina jiki ta hanyar ciyar da bututu da abinci mai gina jiki na mahaifa (ciyarwar ciki). &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Tarihi
Wannan maganin tsoho ne, tun daga aƙalla zuwa karni na biyu AD lokacin da Galen ya rubuta shi,  kuma ana amfani da shi a Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Zamani,  ya rage wata fasaha ta gama gari a cikin karni na 19. 

Doctor Willard Bliss ya rubuta wannan magani ga shugaban Amurka James A. Garfield bayan yunkurinsa na kashe Charles J. Guiteau a ranar 2 , 1881.

A cikin 1941, littafin soja na Amurka don abinci na asibiti ya ba da umarnin amfani da enemas na gina jiki. 

A cikin 2014, lokacin da Kwamitin Leken Asiri na Majalisar Dattijai na Amurka ya buga rahoton Majalisar Dattijan Amurka game da azabtarwa na CIA, wani taƙaitaccen taƙaitaccen taƙaitaccen rahotonsa na 6,000 shafi na rahoton da CIA ke amfani da azabtarwa, ayyukan da ba a san su ba na cin zarafi na cin zarafi a kan fursunonin da suka yi ƙoƙari su buge yunwa  da kuma "hukunci da azabtarwa" ya zama "hukunci da azabtarwa".  

Shirin *Kudancin Kudancin* " Ƙaunar Katolika mai zafi mai zafi " yana da fasalin ƙagaggen labari, wanda ba daidai ba na ciyarwar dubura wanda ke biye da amai .

## Manazarta
Bayanan abinci mai gina jiki

**Siffar sinadirai**, da kuma **bayanin sinadirai**, ita ce kimiyyar tantance abinci ko kima ta hanyar tsarin abinci mai gina jiki don inganta lafiya da rigakafin cututtuka .    Yawan amfani da bayanan sinadarai na yau da kullun shine ƙirƙirar tsarin ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki don taimakawa masu siye su gano abinci mai gina jiki.  

Masana ilimi, ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya, gwamnatocin ƙasa da masana'antar abinci sun haɓaka nau'ikan nau'ikan bayanan sinadarai iri-iri. Haɓakawa ko zaɓin samfurin da za a yi amfani da shi a cikin yanke shawarar manufofin abinci yana da mahimmanci, kamar yadda samfura daban-daban na iya haifar da rarrabuwa daban-daban na abinci iri ɗaya. 

* Abinci mara kyau
* Takaddun bayanan abubuwan gina jiki

## Manazarta
Farawa B. v. EPA

***Farawa B. v. EPA*** shari'ar kotu ce da aka gabatar a jihar California a kan Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA).

Kotu ta yi zargin cewa EPA "da gangan ya ba da izini" iskar gas mai dumama duniya ta fito daga tushe da ta tsara.

Kamfanin Our Children's Trust ne ya gabatar da karar, kamfanin lauya wanda ya kawo Held v. Montana.

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, an kori karar.

## Manazarta
Jin abinci mai gina jiki

**Hannun abinci mai gina jiki** shine ikon tantanin halitta don ganewa da kuma ba da amsa ga abubuwan mai kamar glucose . Kowane nau'in man fetur da tantanin halitta ke amfani da shi yana buƙatar wata hanya ta daban ta amfani da ƙwayoyin haɗe kamar su enzymes da cofactors . Domin adana albarkatu tantanin halitta kawai zai samar da kwayoyin da yake bukata a lokacin. Matsayi da nau'in mai da ke samuwa ga tantanin halitta zai ƙayyade nau'in enzymes da yake buƙatar bayyanawa daga kwayoyin halitta don amfani. Masu karɓa a saman membrane na tantanin halitta da aka tsara don kunna su a gaban takamaiman ƙwayoyin mai suna sadarwa zuwa tsakiyar tantanin halitta ta hanyar mu'amala ta cascading . Masu karɓar abinci mai gina jiki sune masu karɓa waɗanda aka tsara su da farko don aiwatar da aikin gano abubuwan gina jiki, yayin da sauran masu karɓa (misali masu karɓar insulin, masu karɓa na leptin ) suna aiki da yawa kuma suna yin ayyuka da yawa ban da fahimtar abubuwan gina jiki.  Ta wannan hanyar tantanin halitta yana sane da abubuwan gina jiki da ake da su kuma yana iya samar da kwayoyin halitta kawai ga irin wannan nau'in gina jiki.

## Hannun abinci mai gina jiki a cikin sel masu shayarwa
Amsa mai sauri da inganci ga tashe-tashen hankula a matakan abinci mai gina jiki yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar kwayoyin halitta daga kwayoyin cuta zuwa mutane. Don haka sel sun samo asali ne na hanyoyi masu yawa waɗanda zasu iya fahimtar yawan abubuwan gina jiki da sauri daidaita maganganun kwayoyin halitta da gyaran furotin don amsa kowane canje-canje. 

Ana sarrafa haɓakar ƙwayar sel ta hanyar daidaitawa na abubuwan gina jiki guda biyu na extracellular da yawa na metabolite na cikin salula. AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) da mammalian mammalian hadaddun rapamycin 1 suna aiki azaman maɓalli masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke jin kuzarin salula da matakan gina jiki, bi da bi.

* Haɗin kai tsakanin abubuwan gina jiki, metabolites, maganganun kwayoyin halitta, da gyare-gyaren sunadaran suna da hannu a cikin daidaitawar haɓakar tantanin halitta tare da yanayin waje da na ciki. 

Kwayoyin rai suna amfani da ATP a matsayin mafi mahimmancin tushen makamashi kai tsaye. Hydrolysis na ATP zuwa ADP da phosphate (ko AMP da pyrophosphate ) yana ba da makamashi don yawancin hanyoyin nazarin halittu. Matsakaicin ATP zuwa ADP da AMP barometer ne na matsayin makamashin salula don haka tantanin halitta yana kula da shi sosai. A cikin sel eukaryotic, AMPK yana aiki azaman babban firikwensin makamashin salula da kuma babban mai sarrafa metabolism don kula da homeostasis makamashi. 

## Manazarta
Nutriepigenomics

**Nutriepigenomics** kuma ana kiransa sinadirai genomics, shine nazarin yadda abinci mai gina jiki da mahaɗan bioactive ke shafar lafiyar ɗan adam ta hanyar gyare-gyaren epigenetic, irin su DNA methylation, gyare-gyaren histone, da tsarin RNA mara coding. Yayin da nutrigenomics ke bincikar yadda abubuwan gina jiki da abinci ke tasiri ga maganganun kwayoyin halitta, nutriepigenomics musamman na nazarin yadda waɗannan abubuwan abinci ke haifar da canje-canjen epigenetic ba tare da canza tsarin DNA na asali ba. Yanzu akwai shaida mai yawa cewa rashin daidaituwa na abinci mai gina jiki-musamman a lokacin gestation, lactation, da farkon ci gaba - na iya haifar da sauye-sauye na epigenetic na dogon lokaci, ƙara haɗarin cututtuka marasa cututtuka, irin su kiba, cututtukan zuciya, ciwon sukari, hauhawar jini, da ciwon daji . Idan rikice-rikice na rayuwa sun faru a lokacin manyan windows na ci gaba, waɗannan gyare-gyare na epigenetic na iya haifar da canje-canje masu ɗorewa ga maganganun kwayoyin halitta, aikin nama, da rashin lafiyar cuta. 

## Dubawa
Epigenetics yana da alaƙa da sauye-sauye na gado a cikin aikin kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke faruwa ba tare da sauye-sauye a jerin DNA na farko ba. Manyan hanyoyin epigenetic guda biyu waɗanda ke cikin nutriepigenomics sune DNA methylation da gyaran tarihi . Methylation DNA a cikin yankuna masu tallata kwayoyin halitta yawanci yana haifar da yin shuru kuma yana rinjayar maganganun kwayoyin halitta. Duk da yake wannan nau'i na yin shiru na kwayoyin halitta yana da mahimmanci a cikin ci gaba da bambance-bambancen salula, DNA methylation na iya zama mai lalacewa kuma an danganta shi da matakai daban-daban na cututtuka, kamar ciwon daji.  Ƙungiyoyin methyl da aka yi amfani da su a cikin DNA methylation sau da yawa ana samo su ne daga tushen abinci, irin su folate da choline, kuma ya bayyana dalilin da yasa abinci na iya samun tasiri mai mahimmanci akan tsarin methylation da kuma maganganun kwayoyin halitta.  Hakanan za'a iya ƙarfafa yin shiru ta Gene ta hanyar ɗaukar histone deacetylases don rage kunna aikin rubutu. Sabanin haka, histone acetylation yana haifar da kunnawa na rubutu don ƙara yawan magana. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na abinci na iya yin tasiri ga waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na epigenetic, ta haka ne ke canza maganganun kwayoyin halitta da ayyuka masu tayar da hankali kamar su kula da ci, ma'auni na rayuwa da amfani da man fetur. 

## Nutriepigenomics da haɓakawa
Lokacin haɓakawa wanda rashin daidaituwar abinci ya faru yana da matukar mahimmanci wajen tantance wane nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta da ke da alaƙa da cutar. Daban-daban gabobin suna da matakai masu mahimmanci na ci gaba, kuma lokacin da aka lalata su zai sa mutane su fuskanci wasu cututtuka.  gyare-gyaren Epigenetic da ke faruwa a lokacin ci gaba bazai iya bayyana ba har sai daga baya a rayuwa dangane da aikin kwayar halitta.  Yayin da yawancin nazarin ke haifar da lokacin haihuwa da kuma lokacin haihuwa a matsayin lokaci mai mahimmanci windows, wasu bincike sun nuna cewa cin abinci mai gina jiki a lokacin girma zai iya rinjayar epigenome.

## Manazarta
Leticia Quaye

**Leticia Quaye**  ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Convention People's Party (CPP) a cikin Gold Coast, yankin yammacin Afirka na Birtaniya. Ta shiga cikin Ayyuka mai kyau, jerin zanga-zangar da yajin aikin da CPP da Gold Coast Trade Union Congress (TUC) suka shirya a cikin Janairu 1950, a matsayin wani ɓangare na yakin neman mulkin kai. An kama Quaye tare da wasu da dama, ciki har da Kwame Nkrumah, kuma an tuhume su da laifin tunzura jama'a. A cikin wata sanarwa da aka rubuta da hannu biyo bayan kama ta Quaye ta bayyana shigarta a cikin Kyakkyawan Action kamar haka:

*HA ranar 8 ga watan Janairun 1950 an shirya taron da za a gudanar a West End Arena da safe wanda daga baya aka jinkirta har zuwa yamma.*

*Na kasance a kusa da karfe 3:45 na yamma. Lokacin da na kasance a can shugabannin C.P.P. ba su isa ba kuma taron bai fara ba. Mista Provencal ya yi sanarwa cewa ya lura da wasu mutane suna yin mummunar hali yayin da yake zuwa ƙofar, kuma yana kira ga duk waɗanda suka taru suyi aiki kuma kada su tsoratar da fararen da suka zo don jin daɗin lacca. Ya yi magana a Turanci kuma bayan ya gama na fassara cikin harshen GA. Wannan shi ne duk abin da na yi a ranar 8 ga Janairu 1950. Ban taɓa faɗar wata kalma don ta sa kowa ya zama ba.*

Duk da haka Kotun Majalisa ta yanke wa Quaye hukunci a ranar 22 ga Mayu 1950 saboda ta sa wasu su shiga cikin yajin aiki ba bisa ka'ida ba a ranar 8 ga Janairun 1950. Quaye ta daukaka kara ga Kotun Koli ta Gold Coast.

Henry Sonnie Torgbor Provencal, wanda Quaye ya ambata a cikin sanarwa, an yanke masa hukunci watanni biyu kafin Quaye, a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu 1950, saboda wannan laifi. Provencal ya kuma daukaka kara ga Kotun Koli ta Gold Coast.

## Manazarta
Binciken Abinci

**Nutrition analysis** refers to the process of determining the nutritional content of foods and food products.  The process can be performed through a variety of certified methods.

## Hanyoyin

### Binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje
A al'adance, kamfanonin abinci za su aika samfuran abinci zuwa dakunan gwaje-gwaje don gwajin jiki. Nazari na yau da kullun sun haɗa da:

* danshi (ruwa) ta hanyar asarar taro a 102 ° C
* furotin ta hanyar nazarin jimlar nitrogen, ko dai ta hanyoyin Dumas ko Kjeldahl
* jimlar mai, bisa ga al'ada ta hanyar cirewar ƙarfi, amma sau da yawa yanzu ta hanyoyin sakandare kamar NMR
* danyen ash (dukkan kwayoyin halitta) ta hanyar konewa a 550 ° C
* kimanta fiber na abinci ta hanyoyin AOAC daban-daban kamar 985.29
* sodium (kuma ta haka gishiri) ko dai ta hanyar photometry na harshen wuta, AA ko ICP-OES;
* jimlar sugars, yawanci ta hanyar fasahar chromatography na ruwa, kamar IC-HPAED ko HPLC-RI;
* fatty acid ta GC-FID.

Carbohydrates da ƙimar kuzari yawanci ana ƙididdige su daga waɗannan ƙimar nazari.

### Software
Akwai software a matsayin madadin nazarin abinci mai gina jiki na dakin gwaje-gwaje. Wannan software galibi tana amfani da bayanan bayanan sinadaran da aka gwada a baya a ɗakin gwaje-gwaje. Mai amfani zai iya shigar da bayanan sinadarai ta hanyar dai-daita abubuwan da suke amfani da su zuwa abubuwan da aka samo a cikin bayanan; Ana iya ƙididdige binciken.

## Manazarta
Assin-Attandanso Game Production Reserve

**Wurin Haɓaka Wasan Assin-Attandanso** yanki ne mai kariya a yankin Tsakiyar Ghana wanda ya faɗo a cikin IUCN Category VI . An kafa wurin da ke kusa da gandun dajin Kakum a cikin 1991.   Yankin wurin yana da  . 

## Tarihi
Assin Attandanso Resource Reserve yana cikin Yankin Tsakiya,  kimanin minti 30 a arewacin Cape Coast. Yana rufe faɗin kimanin hekta 15,400, wannan ajiyar an sadaukar da ita don adana wadatattun halittu masu yawa na yanayin gandun daji mai laushi. Yanayin yankin yafi kwance, tare da wasu tuddai masu juyawa a hankali da aka samu a yankin kudu maso yamma. A cikin shekaru, wani bangare mai yawa na ajiyar ya sha wahala daga zaɓaɓɓen katako, tare da ayyukan katako ana gudanar da su daga 1975 zuwa 1988. A sakamakon haka, yankunan da aka katako kwanan nan yanzu suna da tsiro mai yawa, itatuwan inabi masu rikitarwa, da kuma ci gaba da tsarin sake farfado da gandun daji. Koyaya, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa aljihun gandun daji, da ba a taɓa su ba har yanzu suna bunƙasa a sassa daban-daban na ajiyar, suna kare kyawawan dabi'u da muhimmancin muhalli na Assin Attandanso.

An sanya Assin Attandanso a matsayin Ma'aikatar Kula da Lafiya kuma an danƙa shi ga kula da Ma'aikatu, tare da Kula da Lafiyar Kasa da Kasa da ke jagorantar tare da hadin gwiwa tare da kudade daga USAID. Duk da yake batun farauta ya ci gaba a matsayin babban kalubale, akwai kyakkyawan fata cewa kokarin rage shi zai samar da sakamako mai kyau a nan gaba.

## Manazarta
Antoa Nyamaa

**Antoa Nyamaa** allahn kogi ne kuma allahn a Ghana, tare da wurin ibada a garin Antoa a Yankin Ashanti . An dauki kogin a matsayin babbar kotun ruhaniya ta Asante.  

## An san shi da
Wuri mai tsarki yana kan karamin kogi wanda za'a iya isa daga garin Antoa ta hanyar hanyar gona. Antoa Nyamaa sananne ne don ziyartar rikice-rikice a kan mutanen da aka la'anta da sunansa. Don karkatar da la'ana, an sa wanda aka azabtar ya sunkuya a cikin kogi kuma an kashe tsuntsu a kan kawunansu. Idan tsuntsu ya sauka tare da ƙirjinta yana fuskantar sama, ana fansar wanda aka azabtar. Idan tsuntsu bai juya ba, wanda aka azabtar dole ne ya doke saman ruwa yayin da yake rokon allahn gafara.

## Manazarta
Abinci da fahimta

Dangantakar magana, kwakwalwa tana cin makamashi mai yawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran jiki. Hanyoyin da ke tattare da canja wurin makamashi daga abinci zuwa ƙwayoyin cuta na iya zama mahimmanci ga sarrafa aikin kwakwalwa.  Tsarin jikin mutum, ciki har da kwakwalwa, duk suna buƙatar duka macronutrients, da macronutrients . 

Rashin isasshen adadin bitamin da aka zaɓa, ko wasu rikice-rikice na rayuwa, na iya shafar hanyoyin fahimi ta hanyar rushe hanyoyin da suka dogara da abinci mai gina jiki a cikin jiki waɗanda ke da alaƙa da sarrafa makamashi a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda daga baya zai iya shafar filastik synaptic, ko ikon shigar da sabbin abubuwan tunawa . 

## Macronutrients
Kwakwalwar ɗan adam tana buƙatar abubuwan gina jiki da aka samu daga abinci don haɓakawa da kiyaye tsarinta na zahiri da ayyukan fahimi .    Bugu da ƙari, ƙwaƙwalwa yana buƙatar makamashin caloric wanda aka samo shi daga macronutrients na farko don aiki.   Ma'adanai na farko guda uku sun haɗa da carbohydrates, proteins, da fats . Kowane macronutrients zai iya tasiri ga cognition ta hanyoyi da yawa, ciki har da glucose da insulin metabolism, neurotransmitter ayyuka, oxidative danniya da kumburi, da gut-kwakwalwa axis.    Rashin isasshen abinci mai gina jiki ko ma'auni na iya lalata aikin fahimi mafi kyau kuma yana da tasirin lafiya na dogon lokaci.      

### Carbohydrates

## Manazarta
Babban Makarantar Adu Gyamfi

**Adu Gyamfi Senior High School** babbar makarantar sakandare ce ta jama'a da ke Jamasi a gundumar Sekyere ta Gabas a yankin Ashanti na Ghana .  

## Tarihi
An kafa Babban Makarantar Sakandare ta Adu Gyamfi a cikin 1968 ta Jamasi Presbyterian Church a matsayin ma'aikata mai zaman kanta. Da farko an san shi da Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Presbyterian (PRESCO). Shugaban makarantar na farko shi ne E.K. Sarpong, tare da yawan ɗalibai 80. An shawo kan ma'aikatar cikin tsarin makarantar jama'a a shekara ta 1974, kuma an canza sunanta zuwa Makarantar Sakandare ta Adu Gyamfi . 

## Dokar Makaranta
0050605

## Taken Makarantar
ALWAY suna ganin gaskiya 

## Matsayin Makaranta
Sashe na C 

## Manazarta
Abinci a zamanin d ̄ a

Tsohon zamanin gargajiya shine lokacin tarihin al'adu wanda ya tashi daga karni na 8 BC zuwa farkon tsakiyar zamanai (wanda ya fara kusan 500 AD). Manyan wayewa sune na yankin Bahar Rum, tsohuwar Girka, tsohuwar Roma, da kudu maso yammacin Asiya. Abinci mai gina jiki ya ƙunshi sassauƙan sabo ko adana gabaɗayan abinci waɗanda aka noma a cikin gida ko kuma jigilar su daga yankunan maƙwabta a lokutan rikici. Likitoci da masana falsafa sun yi nazari kan tasirin abinci a jikin dan adam kuma gaba daya sun yarda cewa abinci na da matukar muhimmanci wajen rigakafin cututtuka da dawo da lafiya.

## Abinci na zamanin da
Mutane sun ci abinci iri-iri; Masu amfani suna da zaɓi daga kiwo (madara da cuku), 'ya'yan itatuwa (figs, pears, apples, and rumman), kayan lambu (koraye da kwararan fitila), hatsi da legumes ( hatsi, alkama, sha'ir, gero, wake, da kaji), da nama (naman sa, naman naman, tsuntsaye, mussels, da kawa).   Abinci ya kasance sabo ne, amma sarrafa abinci yana taimakawa wajen adanawa na dogon lokaci ko jigilar kaya zuwa wasu garuruwa. Za a iya sarrafa hatsi, zaitun, ruwan inabi, legumes, kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itace, da kayayyakin dabbobi duka ana iya sarrafa su kuma a adana su don amfani daga baya.  Ana sarrafa hatsi sau da yawa kuma ana adana su a cikin nau'in burodi, kek, da porridge.  Har ila yau, an fi sarrafa kayan lambu da kuma adana su a matsayin ƙwanƙwasa kuma a ci tare da burodi don haɓaka dandano.  Hatsi sun kasance mafi yawan abinci mai gina jiki suna samar da mahimman macro- da micronutrients ga masu amfani.  Hatsi ya ɗora wa mutane da isassun furotin, bitamin B, bitamin E, calcium, da baƙin ƙarfe.  'Ya'yan itãcen marmari da kayan lambu sun ba da bitamin A, bitamin C, bitamin D, da rabin fiber na abincin da ake bukata don tallafin kiwon lafiya. 

Garuruwan sun dogara ne da kasuwanci da manoman noma da garuruwan da ke makwabtaka da su don samar da abinci saboda rashin filin noman.   An canza wadatar abinci ta abubuwa da yawa kamar yanayi, wuri, da rarrabawa.  Yanayi ya shafi adadin amfanin gonakin da aka girbe a lokacin girma. Sau da yawa yanayi yana canzawa a cikin yankin Bahar Rum tare da yanayin zafi daban-daban da kuma yawan hazo; Wadannan abubuwa guda biyu kuma sun shafi ingancin kasa da manoma ke samu.  Tsarin ƙasa ya dogara da wuri, amma yanayin ya shafi danshin da ke cikin ƙasa.  Idan lokacin noman bai kasance mai wadata ba to dole ne garuruwa su koma yin ciniki a matsayin hanyar samar da abinci. Wannan yakan sanya rarraba abinci cikin wahala saboda rashin jituwar siyasa da batutuwan sufuri.  Don magance yunwa saboda rashin wadataccen abinci mutane za su ci rassan rassan shuke-shuke, da bawon bishiyoyi, da juna a matsayin mafita ta ƙarshe.  Rashin abinci ya kasance akai-akai amma bai daɗe ba don haifar da yunwa.

## Manazarta
Kalubale na abinci mai gina jiki na HIV / AIDS

Mutanen da ke dauke da **kwayar cutar HIV** / **AIDS** suna fuskantar ƙalubale wajen kula da abinci mai gina jiki . Duk da ci gaban da aka samu a cikin jiyya, abinci mai gina jiki ya kasance muhimmin sashi wajen sarrafa wannan yanayin. Kalubalen da masu fama da cutar kanjamau ke fuskanta na iya kasancewa sakamakon kamuwa da kwayar cutar da kanta ko kuma sakamakon cutar kanjamau ( HAART ). 

By Some of the side effects from HAART that may affect how the body absorbs and utilizes nutrients include fatigue, nausea, and poor appetite.
The nutritional needs of people with HIV/AIDS are also greater due to their immune system fighting off opportunistic infections that do not normally cause disease in people with healthy immune systems. Medication along with proper nutrition is a major component of maintaining good health and quality of life for people living with HIV/AIDS.

## HIV/AIDS da bukatun abinci mai gina jiki

### Bukatun makamashi
Kula da abincin caloric yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da cewa an biya bukatun makamashi. Ga masu fama da cutar HIV/AIDS, buƙatun makamashi sukan ƙaru don kiyaye nauyin jikinsu na yau da kullun.  Tsarin rarrabuwa wanda Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka (CDC) ta sake dubawa, ya rarraba kamuwa da cutar HIV zuwa matakai uku na asibiti kuma yana magance abubuwan da ake buƙata na caloric da aka ba da shawarar ga kowane mataki. 

## Manazarta
Girman abinci mai gina jiki

A **nutrition scale** is a weighing instrument that outputs precise nutritional information for foods or liquids. Most scales calculate calories, carbohydrates, and fats, with more sophisticated scales calculating additional nutrients such as Vitamin K, potassium, magnesium, and sodium.

Ma'auni galibi suna amfani da bayanin USDA akan abinci don tabbatar da daidaito. Ana amfani da samfuran da farko azaman kayan aikin sarrafa nauyi amma sun sami tushen mai amfani na masu ciwon sukari da masu hauhawar jini .

Ma'auni yana amfani da firikwensin don tantance nauyin abincin. Wasu ma'auni suna da aikin tare, wanda ke ba ka damar cire nauyin akwati kafin ƙara abinci. 

## Manazarta
Canjin abinci mai gina jiki

**Canjin abinci mai gina jiki** shine canji na amfani da abinci da kashe kuzari wanda ya yi daidai da sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki, alƙaluma, da cututtukan annoba . Musamman ana amfani da kalmar don sauyin ƙasashe masu tasowa daga abinci na gargajiya masu yawan hatsi da fiber zuwa ƙarin abincin yammaci mai yawan sukari, mai, da abinci na dabba.

## Tsarin tarihi
An fara gabatar da tsarin canjin abinci mai gina jiki a cikin 1993 ta hanyar Barry Popkin, kuma shine tsarin da aka fi ambata a cikin wallafe-wallafe game da canjin abinci mai gina jiki,  ko da yake an yi la'akari da wasu zargi don sauƙin sauƙi.   Popkin ya nuna cewa wasu sauye-sauyen tarihi guda biyu sun shafi kuma canjin abinci mai gina jiki ya shafe su. Na farko shine jujjuyawar alƙaluman jama'a, ta yadda yanayin haɓakar haihuwa da yawan mace-mace ke canzawa zuwa ɗayan ƙarancin haihuwa da ƙarancin mace-mace. Abu na biyu, an sami sauyi na cututtukan cututtuka, inda aka nuna canji daga yanayin yawan cututtuka masu yaduwa da ke da alaƙa da rashin abinci mai gina jiki, da kuma yunwa na lokaci-lokaci da rashin tsaftar muhalli, zuwa wani nau'i mai yawa na cututtuka na yau da kullum da cututtuka masu lalacewa da ke hade da yanayin birane da masana'antu. Waɗannan sauye-sauye na lokaci guda da tasiri mai ƙarfi suna ba da fifiko kan hanyoyin da yawan jama'a ke motsawa daga tsari ɗaya zuwa na gaba. Popkin ya yi amfani da faffadan tsari guda biyar don taimakawa taƙaita tsarin canjin abinci mai gina jiki.  Duk da yake waɗannan alamu sun fi bayyana na zamani, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa ba a iyakance su ga wasu lokuta na tarihin ɗan adam ba kuma har yanzu suna nuna wasu ƙasƙanci na yanki da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. Tsarin farko shi ne na tattara abinci, halayen mafarauta, waɗanda abincinsu ya kasance mai yawan carbohydrates da ƙarancin kitse, musamman ma kitse. An siffanta tsari na biyu ta yunwa, ƙarancin ƙarancin abinci da rage bambance-bambancen wadatar abinci. Tsarin na uku shine na ja da baya yunwa. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari, kayan lambu, da furotin na dabba yana ƙaruwa, kuma sitaci ya zama ƙasa da mahimmanci a cikin abinci. Tsarin na huɗu shine ɗayan cututtukan cututtukan da ke farawa ta hanyar cin abinci mai yawan kitse, cholesterol, sukari, da sauran carbohydrates mai ladabi da ƙarancin fatty acids da fiber. Wannan tsarin galibi yana tare da ƙara zaman rayuwa. Nau'i na biyar, kuma mafi yawan kwanan nan da ke fitowa, ana nuna shi ta hanyar canjin hali mai nuna sha'awar hana ko jinkirta cututtuka masu lalacewa. Canje-canje na baya-bayan nan da saurin da aka gani a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa daga tsari na biyu da na uku zuwa na huɗu shine babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali kan bincike na canjin abinci mai gina jiki da kuma sha'awar manufofin da za su jaddada ingantaccen tsarin abinci na gabaɗaya yana nuna canjin yanayi daga na huɗu zuwa na biyar. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Manazarta
Dokar Cututtukan da ke yaduwa (Dama)

**Ayyukan cututtuka masu yaduwa** (Dama) jerin ayyukan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne don magance yiwuwar karuwar cutar tattalin arziki ko gurɓataccen jinsuna. A shekara ta 1892, hukumomin yankin ba su yi amfani da isasshen iko don yaki da cututtukan dabbobi ba don haka Dokar ta gabatar da iko na tsakiya kan kisan dabbobi masu kamuwa da cuta da biyan diyya. Dokar 1893 ta sauya daga hukumomin gida zuwa Hukumar Aikin Gona alhakin kawar da zazzabin alade. An bi shi da jerin cututtukan dabbobi na karni na 20. An haɗa karnuka masu banƙyama a cikin 1878.

* Cututtukan da ke yaduwa (Dabba) Dokar 1853 (16 & 17 Vict. c. 62) 
* Cututtuka masu yaduwa, Dokar Dabbobi 1856 (19 & 20 Vict. c. 101) 
* Cututtukan da ke yaduwa (Dabba) Dokar 1867 (30 & 31 Vict. c. 125) 
* Cututtukan da ke yaduwa (Dabba) Dokar 1869 (32 & 33 Vict. c. 70) 
* Cututtukan da ke yaduwa (dabbobi) (Scotland) Dokar 1875 (38 & 39 Vict. c. 75) 
* Cututtukan da ke yaduwa (Dabba) Dokar 1878 (41 & 42 Vict. c. 74) 
* Cututtukan da ke yaduwa (Dabba) Dokar 1884 (47 & 48 Vict. c. 13) 
* Cututtuka masu yaduwa (Dabba) Canja wurin sassan gundumomi Dokar 1884
* Dokar soke cututtukan cututtuka masu yaduwa ta 1886 (49 & 50 Vict. c. 10) 
* Cututtukan da ke yaduwa (Dabba) Dokar 1886 (49 & 50 Vict. c. 32) 
* Cututtukan da ke yaduwa (Dama) (Pleuro-pneumonia) Dokar 1890 (53 & 54 Vict. c. 14) 
* Cututtukan da ke yaduwa (Dabba) Dokar 1892 (55 & 56 Vict. c. 47) 
* Cututtukan da ke yaduwa (Dabba) Dokar 1893 (56 & 57 Vict. c. 43) 

Ayyukan Cututtuka masu yaduwa (Dabba) 1878 da 1884 sune taken hadin gwiwa na Dokar Cututtuka Masu yaduwa "Dabba" 1878 da Dokar Cututtwa (Dabbobin) 1884. 

Ayyukan cututtukan da ke yaduwa (Dabbobin) Ayyuka 1878 zuwa 1886 shine taken hadin gwiwa na cututtuken da ke yantuwa (Dabba) Ayyukan 1878 da 1884, cututtukatattun cututtukayyu (Dabbuka) Canjawar sassan gundumomi Dokar 1884 da Dokar Cututtukan Cutar (Dabbaye) Dokar 1886.

Ayyukan cututtukan cututtuka (Dabbobin) Ayyuka 1878 zuwa 1890 shine taken hadin gwiwa na cututtuken cututtukani (Dabbuka) Ayyukan 1878 zuwa 1886 da cututtukatattun cututtukayyaki (Dabbaye) (Pleuro-pneumonia) Dokar 1890.

## Manazarta
Ilimin cututtukan abinci

**Maganar abinci mai gina jiki** tana bincika abubuwan ci gaba da abinci mai gina jiki dangane da cutar da ke faruwa a matakin yawan jama'a.  Ilimin ilimin abinci mai gina jiki wani sabon fanni ne na binciken likitanci wanda ke nazarin alakar abinci da lafiya.  Wani horo ne na matasa a cikin ilimin cututtuka wanda ke ci gaba da girma dangane da matsalolin kiwon lafiya na yau.  Abincin abinci da aikin jiki yana da wuya a auna daidai, wanda zai iya bayyana dalilin da yasa abinci mai gina jiki ya sami ƙasa da hankali fiye da sauran abubuwan haɗari na cututtuka a cikin cututtukan cututtuka .  ilimin abinci mai gina jiki yana amfani da ilimi daga kimiyyar abinci mai gina jiki don taimakawa wajen fahimtar abinci mai gina jiki na ɗan adam da kuma bayanin mahimman hanyoyin tushe.  Hakanan ana amfani da bayanan kimiyyar abinci mai gina jiki a cikin haɓaka nazarin cututtukan cututtukan abinci da abubuwan da suka haɗa da na asibiti, kula da shari'a da nazarin ƙungiyar .  An haɓaka hanyoyin cututtukan cututtuka na abinci don nazarin dangantakar dake tsakanin abinci da cuta. Abubuwan da aka samo daga waɗannan karatun suna tasiri lafiyar jama'a yayin da suke jagorantar ci gaba da shawarwarin abinci ciki har da waɗanda aka keɓance musamman don rigakafin wasu cututtuka, yanayi da ciwon daji.

Masu bincike na yammacin duniya   sun yi iƙirarin cewa ilimin cututtuka na abinci mai gina jiki ya kamata ya zama wani muhimmin bangare a cikin horar da dukkanin sana'o'in kiwon lafiya da zamantakewa saboda karuwar dacewa da nasarorin da aka samu a baya wajen inganta lafiyar jama'a a duniya.  Duk da haka, an kuma yi iƙirarin cewa nazarin ilimin cututtuka na abinci mai gina jiki yana haifar da sakamakon da ba a iya dogara da shi ba yayin da suke dogara ga rawar da abinci ke da shi a cikin lafiya da cututtuka, wanda aka sani da bayyanar da ke da sauƙi ga kuskuren ma'auni . 

## Manazarta
Abubuwan gina jiki

**Epigenetics na gina jiki** kimiyya ce da ke nazarin tasirin abinci mai gina jiki akan maganganun kwayoyin halitta da samun damar chromatin .   Sashe ne na nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta masu gina jiki wanda ke mai da hankali kan tasirin abubuwan abinci masu rai akan abubuwan da suka faru na epigenetic . 

## Tarihi
Canje-canje ga bayanan kwayoyin halittar yara da ke haifar da abinci mai gina jiki na tayin an lura da su tun farkon yunwar Dutch na 1944-1945 .      Saboda rashin abinci mai gina jiki a cikin iyaye mata masu juna biyu, yaran da aka haifa a lokacin wannan yunwa sun fi dacewa su nuna al'amuran lafiya kamar cututtukan zuciya, kiba, schizophrenia, damuwa, da jaraba.   

Masana ilimin halittu Randy Jirtle da Robert A. Waterland sun zama farkon majagaba na epigenetics na abinci mai gina jiki bayan sun buga binciken su game da tasirin abincin uwa mai ciki akan ayyukan halittar 'ya'yanta a cikin mujallar bincike *Molecular and Cellular Biology* a 2003.  

## Bincike
Masu bincike a cikin epigenetics masu gina jiki suna nazarin hulɗar tsakanin kwayoyin halitta a cikin abinci da kwayoyin da ke sarrafa maganganun kwayoyin halitta, wanda ke kaiwa ga wuraren da aka fi mayar da hankali kamar kungiyoyin methyl na abinci da DNA methylation .    Abubuwan gina jiki da abubuwan abinci na bioactive suna shafar epigenetics ta hanyar hana ayyukan enzymatic da suka danganci DNA methylation da gyare-gyaren histone .  Saboda ana amfani da ƙungiyoyin methyl don murkushe ƙwayoyin halittar da ba a so, matakin uwa na cin abinci na methyl na iya canza yanayin bayyanar ɗanta sosai, musamman lokacin haɓakawa da wuri.  Bugu da ƙari kuma, abinci mai gina jiki zai iya rinjayar methylation yayin da tsarin ya ci gaba a cikin rayuwar mutum ta girma. Saboda haka, masu ilimin halitta masu gina jiki sun yi nazarin abinci a matsayin nau'i na bayyanar kwayoyin halitta. 

## Manazarta
Genomics na abinci mai gina jiki

**Genomics na gina jiki**, wanda kuma aka sani da **nutrigenomics**, kimiyya ce da ke nazarin dangantakar dake tsakanin kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam, abinci mai gina jiki da lafiyar ɗan adam . Mutanen da ke cikin filin suna aiki don haɓaka fahimtar yadda jiki duka ke amsa abinci ta hanyar ilimin halitta, da kuma alaƙar mahaɗin mahalli / abinci guda ɗaya.   Genomics na abinci mai gina jiki ya fito a matsayin sabon fagen bincike a 2001.  

## Gabatarwa
Kalmar "genomics na gina jiki" kalma ce ta laima da ta haɗa da rukunoni da yawa, irin su nutrigenetics, nutrigenomics, da epigenetics na gina jiki . Kowanne daga cikin waɗannan rukunonin sun bayyana wani bangare na yadda kwayoyin halitta ke amsawa ga abubuwan gina jiki da bayyana takamaiman abubuwan halitta, kamar haɗarin cuta.  Akwai aikace-aikace da yawa don ilimin genomics mai gina jiki, misali nawa za a iya samun nasarar amfani da sa baki da jiyya don rigakafin cututtuka da magani. 

## Bayanan Bayani da Lafiya na Rigakafi
Kimiyyar abinci mai gina jiki ta samo asali ne a matsayin filin da ya yi nazari kan mutanen da ba su da wasu abubuwan gina jiki da kuma abubuwan da suka biyo baya,  irin su scurvy na cututtuka wanda ke haifar da rashin bitamin C. Kamar yadda sauran cututtuka masu dangantaka da abinci (amma ba rashi ba), irin su kiba, ya zama mafi girma, kimiyyar abinci mai gina jiki ya fadada don rufe waɗannan batutuwa kuma.  Binciken abinci mai gina jiki yawanci yana mai da hankali kan matakan rigakafi, ƙoƙarin gano abin da abinci mai gina jiki ko abinci zai haɓaka ko rage haɗarin cututtuka da lalata jikin ɗan adam.  

Alal misali, ciwo na Prader-Willi, cuta wanda mafi mahimmancin mahimmanci shine rashin cin abinci, an danganta shi da wani nau'i na epigenetic wanda aka share kwafin uba a cikin yankin chromosomal da kuskure, kuma an kunna loci na uwa ta kan methylation . &nbsp;Duk da haka, ko da yake ana iya haɗa wasu cututtuka zuwa wasu nau'ikan polymorphisms guda-nucleotide (SNPs) ko wasu ƙirar gida, bambancin tsakanin yawan jama'a na iya haifar da ƙarin polymorphisms. 

## Manazarta
Mai kula da ƙofar abinci

An yi amfani da **mai tsaron ƙofa na abinci** don komawa ga mutumin da ke cikin gida wanda yawanci ke yanke shawarar siye da shirye-shiryen da suka shafi abinci. Masu tsaron ƙofa na abinci na iya zama iyaye, kakanni, ɗan'uwa, ko mai kulawa.

## Tarihi
Kurt Lewin ya fara ba da shawarar mai tsaron ƙofa na abinci a cikin 1943. 

Dangane da binciken Lewin, abinci yana isa gidan ta hanyar "tashoshi" kamar kantin kayan miya, lambun, da firiji. Zaɓin tashoshi da abincin da ke ratsa su yana ƙarƙashin ikon mai tsaron ƙofa. 

Shekaru sittin da biyar tun bayan aikin Lewin, litattafan ilimin abinci da abinci da yawa sun yi nuni da, a cikin tattaunawa game da halayen abinci na yara da samari, ga matsayin mai tsaron ƙofa da mata ke takawa. 

## Matsayi
Binciken mai tsaron ƙofa da aka fara a shekarun 1940 ya nuna cewa masu dafa abinci su ma suna da alhakin samar da abinci mai gina jiki. Dafa abincin dare na iyali na iya faɗaɗa tasirin mai tsaron ƙofa. Cin abincin dare na iyali yana da alaƙa da tsarin abinci mai kyau, mafi kyawun abinci da kayan marmari, ƙarancin abinci mai soyayyen da soda . 

Mai tsaron ƙofa na abinci na gida yawanci yana da babban tasirin abinci a rayuwar yawancin mutane. Su ne mafi girman tasirin abinci a rayuwar 'ya'yansu da kuma rayuwar mata ko abokiyar zamansu. Suna kuma rinjayar umarnin gidan abinci na danginsu ta abin da suke ba da shawarar ko oda kansu. 

Yawancin yara suna dogara ga masu kulawa don samar da wani yanki mai mahimmanci na bukatunsu na gina jiki ko kuma zama masu tsaron ƙofa mai gina jiki. A halin yanzu, kula da yara a Amurka ya bambanta – gidajen kula da yara (dukansu masu tsari da marasa ka’ida) – da sauran wuri kamar kulawa a gidan yaro ta dangi ko wani mai kulawa. 

Samar da lafiyayyen abinci da abubuwan ciye-ciye ga yara da rana (wasu lokutan ma da maraice) a wurin cin abinci mai daɗi babban nauyi ne na wurin kula da yara. Watau, wurin kula da yara ya shiga cikin iyali a matsayin masu tsaron ƙofa na abinci mai gina jiki.  Kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Briley, Mcbride, & Roberts-Gray, 1997, ana buƙatar masu kulawa da su ɗauki aikin mai tsaron ƙofa na abinci ga yara. 

## Manazarta
Dokar Cututtukan Dabbobi

Ayyukan Cututtukan Dabbobi jerin ayyukan Majalisar dokokin Burtaniya ne don magance yiwuwar karuwar cutar tattalin arziki ko gurɓataccen jinsuna. Sun biyo baya daga jerin karni na 19 mai taken Dokar Cututtukan Cututtuka (Dabba). An tsara aikin na 1884 don yaki da "asarar nauyi" saboda cututtukan shanu kamar Rinderpest, pleuropneumonia mai yaduwa da cututtukatattun ƙafa da baki (FMD). 

Dokar Cututtukan Dabbobi ta 1950 ce ta karfafa jerin.  Dokar ta 1950 ta ba da izini ga Ministan Noma da Kifi (a yau Sakataren Gwamnati na Muhalli, Abinci da Harkokin Karkara), lokacin da duk sauran hanyoyin rigakafin tarin fuka suka kasa, don kashe dabbobi (ciki har da kwari),  da kuma dakatar da jigilar shanu daga garken da ke fama da FMD.  A bayyane yake ana buƙatar fadada ma'anar kaji a cikin 1953, don haɗawa da tsuntsaye na nau'in psittaciformes, kurciya, tsuntsaye da Swans. Dokar Lafiya ta Dabbobi ta 1981 (c. 22).   ta dakatar da jerin.

* Dokar Cututtukan Dabbobi ta 1894 (57 & 58 Vict. c. 57) 
* Dokar Cututtukan Dabbobi 1896 (59 & 60 Vict. c. 15) 
* Dokar Cututtukan Dabbobi ta 1903 (3 Edw. 7. c. 43) 
* Dokar Cututtukan Dabbobi ta 1909 (9 Edw. 7. c. 26) 
* Dokar Cututtukan Dabbobi 1910 (10 Edw. 7 &amp;amp; 1 Geo. 5. c. 20) 
* Cututtukan Dabbobi (Ireland) Dokar 1914 (4 &amp;amp; 5 Geo. 5. c. 40) 
* Dokar Cututtukan Dabbobi ta 1922 (12 & 13 Geo. 5. c. 8) 
* Dokar Cututtukan Dabbobi 1924 (14 & 15 Geo. 5. c. 3) 
* Dokar Cututtukan Dabbobi 1925 (15 & 16 Geo. 5. c. 63) 
* Dokar Cututtukan Dabbobi ta 1927 (17 & 18 Geo. 5. c. 13) 
* Dokar Cututtukan Dabbobi 1935 (25 & 26 Geo. 5. c. 31) 
* Dokar Cututtukan Dabbobi ta 1950 (14 Geo. 6. c. 36) 
* Dokar Cututtukan Dabbobi ta 1975 (c. 40) 

## Dubi kuma

* Dokar Kashe kaji ta 1967

## Manazarta
FAO GM Foods Platform

**FAO GM Foods Platform** dandamali ne na yanar gizo inda kasashe masu halarta zasu iya raba bayanai game da kimantawar su game da amincin abinci da aka gyara (recombinant-DNA) da abinci bisa ga Codex Alimentarius .  Har ila yau, yana ba da damar raba ƙididdigar ƙarancin ƙwayoyin GMO (LLP, kasancewar ƙarancin matakin).

Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ce ta kafa dandalin, kuma an kaddamar da shi a hedikwatar FAO a Roma a ranar 1 ga Yulin 2013. Bayanan da aka ɗora zuwa dandalin suna samuwa kyauta don a karanta su.

## Dubi kuma

* Ƙungiyoyin Agerskov
* Ƙungiyar Aquaculture ta Duniya

## Manazarta
Abincin abinci da sauri

"Dine and dash" kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita don bayyana mutumin da bai biya abincin su a gidan cin abinci ba. Ya haɗa da sanya oda, cinye shi sannan ya tafi, ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba, kafin ko bayan an gabatar da lissafin. Sau da yawa ana ɗaukarsa nau'in sata ko zamba. 

## Abubuwan shari'a
A cikin Ƙasar Ingila ana gurfanar da abincin dare da dashes kamar yadda suke tashi ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba.

A cikin Amurka tasirin shari'a ya bambanta da Jihar Amurka. Lokacin da abokin ciniki ya yi niyyar barin lissafin su ba tare da biya ba sabili da haka ya sami ayyuka masu mahimmanci a ƙarƙashin ƙarya, rashin biyan lissafin ana ɗaukar sata kuma wani nau'i ne na zamba. Manufar mai cin abinci ta bambanta shari'ar farar hula ta kasa biyan lissafi daga aikata laifi na zamba mai kula da masauki. A Michigan, zamba mai kula da masauki laifi ne na musamman, tare da matsakaicin hukunci na kwanaki 93 a kurkuku da tarar har zuwa US $ 500 da yiwuwar gwaji har zuwa shekaru 2. Ana iya cajin shi ko dai a karkashin dokar jihar ko dokar gida. Sakamakon wannan laifin ya haɗa da rashin biyan bashin da aka samu a mashaya, cafe, otal, motel ko gidan cin abinci tare da niyyar zamba da cibiyar kasuwanci. A wani lamari, an kama wani mutum kuma an tuhume shi da laifuffuka 10 bayan mata 13 da suka kasance tare da shi sun biya lissafin bayan ya gudu.

Wani lokaci, ma'aikata na iya sa ma'aikatansu su dawo da kudin sata na abokin ciniki. Za su iya yin hakan a bayyane ta hanyar cire abincin da ba a biya ba daga albashi ko shawarwari, ko kuma a bayyane a cikin tsarin sulhu na ƙarshen canji inda ake sa ran uwar garken ya samar da isasshen kuɗi da katin kuɗi don rufe farashin abincin abokan cinikin su, da kuma adana duk wani abu da ya wuce a matsayin shawarwari. Yawancin hukunce-hukunce suna ɗaukar wannan sata ne na albashi, tare da ma'aikaci yana da alhakin biyan albashin sata na uwar garken.

## Dubi kuma

* Bidiyo na Dimokuradiyya - Bidiyo da aka gano a baya kamar yadda yake nuna wani abincin dare a Ostiraliya da aka kama, wanda ya zama meme na IntanetIntanet meme
* Edward Dando - Wani mai aikata laifuka na ƙarni na 19 wanda aka fi sani da ƙin biyan kuɗi bayan ya ci yawan oysters a London
* Jerin kalmomin gidan abinci
* *Abincin Kirsimeti na Freddie mai 'yanci*

## Manazarta
Anis Halloway

**Anis Halloway**, an haife shi ne a Yammacin Afirka a Saliyo, Anis Halloways marubuci ne, mawaƙan kiɗa, kuma darektan fim. Yana son kiran kansa "albasa mai kirkirar" saboda yawan yadudduka da baiwarsa.

Tafiyar Halloway ba shi da wani abu sai dai mai ƙarfi. Da yake tsira daga yakin basasa a Saliyo, ya shiga Burtaniya a shekara ta 2001 don neman sabbin kalubale da sabon farawa. A can, ya fara shiga cikin yanayin kiɗa na duniya, ya fara da aikin injiniya da kuma samar da kiɗa a Kwalejin Lewisham a Kudu maso Gabashin London. A shekara ta 2003, Anis ya sanya hannu tare da lakabin mai zaman kansa GDM Records a matsayin marubucin waƙa da mai zane. Waƙarsa ta "Eyes on Me" ta sami yabo mai mahimmanci. Lokacin da lakabin ya ninka, Anis bai rasa bugawa ba. Ya ci gaba a matsayin marubucin waƙa mai zaman kansa da mai samar da kiɗa, yana aiki tare da sanannun masu fasaha kamar Blak Twang, Sway, da Silvastone [da nan zuwa shekara ta 2009, Anis ya yanke shawarar cewa lokaci ya yi da za a sake yin kasada. Ya koma garinsu na [[Freetown|Freetown, Saliyo](https://www.silvastonemusic.com

Nan)], don bincika sabbin dama a kafofin watsa labarai da zane-zane. A wannan shekarar, ya shiga Capital Radio a matsayin mutum na iska (OAP) kuma ya fitar da kundi na farko, "Small Beginnings," wanda ke nuna waƙoƙin da aka buga kamar "Shake'am," "Babu Wanda," da kuma "Ba Mu So Dat".

Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Anis ya wakilci Saliyo a wasan kwaikwayo na Endemol "Project Fame" a Najeriya, ya kammala a saman 10 kuma ta bar ra'ayi na dindindin    .[6][7][8] A Najeriya, ƙaunarsa ga fina-finai da talabijin ta sake tashi, wanda ya kai shi ga shiga ƙungiyar a Nigezie, ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin talabijin na nishaɗi na Legas. A can, ya sa hatuna da yawa: mai gabatar da talabijin, marubucin rubutun, mai zane-zane, da mai kula da jerin waƙoƙi.

Gina kan nasarar da ya samu a talabijin, Anis ya dauki bakuncin fitowar farko ta Nigerian Idol a cikin 2011, yana tabbatar da matsayinsa a matsayin mai gabatarwa na al'ada   .[9][10][11] Ya kuma yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo, tare da matsayi a cikin "Tinsel" da "Desperate Housewives Africa". A matsayin A&R / Artist Manager a Sam Kargbo Productions (SKP), ya yi aiki tare da sanannen ƙungiyar ƙwararrun Afirka X-Project.

Anis ya ci gaba da yin raƙuman ruwa a matsayin mai samar da kiɗa ga Cibiyar samar da kafofin watsa labarai ta Afirka "Star The Winner Is" kuma a matsayin mai binciken ƙwarewa da alƙali na sauraro don "The Voice Nigeria" a cikin 2014, kuma a matsayin darektan kiɗa na "I Love Nigeria". Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na fasaha da mai tsara sauti don 76 Media, yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gabanta da nasara.

Kwanan nan, Anis ya ba da umarnin abun ciki ga Africa Magic TV, ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin MNET, da Showmax.com, dandalin layi na kan layi, tare da nunawa masu nasara kamar "Hustle," "Unmarried," "What Will People Say," "Shoot Your Shot," da sauransu   .[12][13][14] Yayin da yake farfadowa don iyakarsa ta gaba, idanun Anis sun saita don fadadawa da cire wasu nau'o'i masu kirkirar abubuwa yayin da yake bincika duniyar kirkirar da ba ta da iyaka. Ina gaba? Kawai ka kasance a cikin sauti.
Cikakken ƙididdigar ingancin abinci mai gina jiki

**Fihirisar ingancin sinadirai gabaɗaya** shine tsarin ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki da aka haɓaka a Cibiyar Nazarin Rigakafin Yale-Griffin a cikin 2008. Algorithm na mallakar mallaka ya ba abinci maki tsakanin 1 zuwa 100 da aka yi niyya don nuna ƙimar sinadirai gabaɗaya wani yanki na abincin da aka bayar.  An sayar da tsarin ta hanyar kasuwanci kamar NuVal ta NuVal, LLC, haɗin gwiwa tare da Topco Associates .  Sama da shaguna 1600 a cikin Amurka sun sanya maki NuVal akan alamun shiryayye na samfur kusa da farashin.   An dakatar da samfurin kasuwanci a cikin 2017 a cikin zarge-zargen rikice-rikice na sha'awa da sukar NuVal LLC ta ƙi buga algorithm.  Ko wannensu yana iya ba da gudummawa ga wasu rashin daidaituwa a cikin zura kwallaye inda wasu abinci da aka sarrafa suka samu sama da, alal misali, 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari na gwangwani. 

## Bayani
Algorithm yayi la'akari da abubuwa masu gina jiki talatin, kamar nau'in nau'i na bitamin, sukari, kitsen mai mai yawa, da fats mai yawa da kuma ingancin furotin da mai,  kuma yana samar da maki daga daya zuwa 100. Mafi girma maki wakiltar babban darajar abinci mai gina jiki. Koyaya, ainihin algorithm, gami da ma'aunin ma'auni na abubuwan gina jiki, ba a taɓa bayyanawa ga jama'a ba. 

Broccoli, blueberries, okra, lemu, da kuma koren wake wasu abinci ne da suka sami mafi kyawun maki (100) yayin da ice pops da abubuwan sha masu laushi suka sami mafi muni (1). 

## Manazarta
Dokar Abinci ta 1981

**Dokar Abinci ta 1981** Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ce a New Zealand . Ma'aikatar Masana'antu ta Firamare ce ke gudanar da shi.

Dokar Abinci ta 2014 ta maye gurbin Dokar Abinci a hankali a cikin shekaru uku daga lokacin da ta fara aiki a cikin 2016. 

## Shirye-shiryen
Ganin cewa dokokin abinci na baya a New Zealand sun fi mayar da hankali kan tsarkakar abinci, Dokar Abinci ta 1981 doka ce ta kare masu amfani da ke mai da hankali kan tsara tallace-tallace na abinci, talla, tsabta, da ka'idojin aminci. Ita ce babbar dokar da ke kula da lafiyar abinci a kasar har sai an soke ta kuma an maye gurbin ta da Dokar Abinci ta 2014, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu 2019. 

Tare da Dokokin Kiwon Lafiyar Abinci na 1974 da Dokar Lafiyar 1956, ya ba da umarnin cewa masana'antu, marufi, sarrafawa, da siyar da abinci ya faru a wuraren abinci masu rijista.

A karkashin tanadin Dokar Abinci ta 1981, Gwamna Janar na New Zealand David Beattie ya jagoranci Dokar Majalisar don gabatar da Dokokin Ƙarin Abinci na 1985, a matsayin hanyar tsara abubuwan gina jiki.

## Dubi kuma

* Tsaro na abinci a New Zealand

## Manazarta
Hargun Das Ahuja

**Hargun Das Ahuja** ɗan siyasan Pakistan ne wanda ya kasance memba na Majalisar lardin Sindh, daga Mayun shekarar 2016 zuwa Mayu 2018.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haife shi a ranar 1 ga Maris ɗin shekarar 1970 a Larkana .

Ya yi karatun Arts a Jami'ar Shah Abdul Latif . 

## Sana'ar siyasa
An zaɓe shi a Majalisar Lardin Sindh a matsayin ɗan takarar Muttahida Qaumi Movement a kan kujerar da aka keɓe don tsiraru a watan Mayun shekarar 2016.  

## Manazarta
Kamel

**Camtel** mai sadarwar ƙasa ce da mai ba da sabis na Intanet a Kamaru. Kamfanin yana da sha'awar gina cibiyar sadarwarsa, ciki har da: Samun damar hanyar sadarwa ta CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access); digitization na musayar tarho na ƙasar; da fiber na gani tare da babbar hanyar tsakanin Douala da Yaoundé, da kuma tsakanin Kribi da Lolodorf .

Akwai musayar tarho guda 47 a cikin tsarin kamfanin. Akwai kusan layukan waya 150,000 a cikin hanyar sadarwar ta na USB da kuma hanyar sadarwa ta sauyawa. Camtel yana aiki da tashoshi uku na tauraron ɗan adam zuwa duniya wadanda sune: Bepanda, Zamengoe da  Garoua

## Tarihi
Kafin Camtel, ƙungiyoyin gwamnati da yawa ne ke sarrafa sadarwa a Kamaru. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyi ita ce INTELCAM (International Telecommunications of Cameroon), wanda ke da alhakin kula da sadarwar ƙasa da ƙasa.  A cikin shekarar 1998, ta Dokar Shugaban ƙasa No. 98/198 na 8 Satumba 1998, gwamnatin Kamaru ta haɗu da Cibiyar Sadarwar Sadarwa (wanda ke cikin Ma'aikatar Wasiƙa da Sadarwa) da INTELCAM don kafa Camtel (Cibiyoyin Sadarwar Kamaru). 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje