Bruce Ames

**Bruce Nathan Ames** (Disamba 16, 1928 - Oktoba 5, 2024) ƙwararren masanin kimiyyar halittu ne ɗan Amurka wanda farfesa ne a fannin sinadarai masu rai da kuma ilmin halittu na ƙwayoyin halitta a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, kuma babban masanin kimiyya ne a Asibitin Yara na Oakland Research Institute (CHORI).  Ames ya ba da gudummawa wajen fahimtar hanyoyin mutagenesis da gyaran DNA. Ya ƙirƙiro gwajin Ames, gwajin da aka yi amfani da shi sosai don kimanta mutagenicity na mahadi cikin sauƙi da araha.  Gwajin ya kawo sauyi a fannin guba kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gano ƙwayoyin cuta masu yawa na muhalli da masana'antu.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Ames, wanda aka rene shi a birnin New York, ya kammala karatunsa na digiri na biyu a Makarantar Kimiyya ta Bronx . Ya yi karatun digiri na farko a Jami'ar Cornell da ke Ithaca, New York, kuma ya kammala karatunsa na digiri na biyu a Cibiyar Fasaha ta California . 

An zaɓe Ames a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekarar 1970.  Ya karɓi lambar yabo ta Bolton S. Corson a shekarar 1980, lambar yabo ta Tyler don Nasarar Muhalli a shekarar 1985, lambar yabo ta Japan a shekarar 1997, lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta Kimiyya a shekarar 1998 da lambar yabo ta Thomas Hunt Morgan a shekarar 2004,  da sauransu da yawa.

Binciken Ames ya mayar da hankali kan cutar kansa da tsufa kuma ya rubuta littattafai sama da 550 na kimiyya. Yana cikin ɗaruruwan masana kimiyya da aka fi ambato a cikinsu a dukkan fannoni. 

Binciken da Ames ya yi daga baya ya haɗa da gano abubuwan da ke jinkirta lalacewar mitochondrial na tsufa, fahimtar rawar da lalacewar mitochondrial ke takawa wajen tsufa, musamman a cikin kwakwalwa, inganta yawan abincin da ke cikin ƙananan sinadarai a cikin jama'a don hana cututtuka, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, da kiba. Hakanan yana da sha'awar maye gurbi kamar yadda suke da alaƙa da rigakafin cutar kansa da tsufa. 

Ames ta sami tallafi sama da dala 650,000 daga Gidauniyar Bincike kan Ciwon Daji ta Ƙasa tsakanin 1998 da 2007. 

Ya auri Giovanna Ferro-Luzzi Ames, wacce kuma farfesa ce a fannin sinadarai a Jami'ar California, Berkeley . 

Ames ya mutu sakamakon matsaloli sakamakon faɗuwar da ya yi a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 2024 a wani asibiti da ke Berkeley, California yana da shekaru 95.  

## Ames akan cututtukan da ke haifar da cutar kansa ta roba
A shekarun 1970, Ames ya ƙirƙiro gwajin Ames wanda gwaji ne mai araha kuma mai sauƙi ga masu maye gurbi da kuma waɗanda ke iya haifar da cutar kansa . Gwajin da aka yi a baya na cutar kansa ya yi amfani da dabbobi masu rai, kuma hanyoyin suna da tsada da ɗaukar lokaci. Wannan ya sa gwajin dabbobi bai yi amfani da shi ba wajen tantancewa a faɗin sikelin, kuma ya rage adadin mahaɗan da za a iya gwadawa. Gwajin Ames a gefe guda yana amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta *Salmonella typhimurium* don gwada ƙwayoyin cuta masu maye gurbi, kuma yana da rahusa da sauri sosai. Gwajin Ames ya zama ruwan dare a matsayin gwajin farko don yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar kansa kuma an yi amfani da shi don gano ƙwayoyin cuta masu yuwuwar kamuwa da cutar kansa da aka yi amfani da su a baya a cikin kayayyakin kasuwanci.  Gane su ya haifar da janye wasu daga cikin waɗannan hanyoyin, kamar sinadarai da ake amfani da su a rini na gashi,  daga amfani da su na kasuwanci. Sauƙin da gwajin Ames ya ba da damar gano sinadarai da ake amfani da su sosai a matsayin masu haifar da cutar kansa ya sanya shi jarumi na farko na muhalli. 

Ayyukan da aka yi a dakin gwaje-gwajen Ames sun haɗa da duba taƙaitaccen bayani game da abin da ke haifar da maye gurbi ko kuma cutar kansa, da kuma matakin da ya kamata a ɗauka. A da, masana kimiyya sun fi neman sakamako mai kyau ko mara kyau ba tare da la'akari da girman tasirin ba, wanda ke nufin cewa yayin da aka nuna cewa abubuwa da yawa suna iya haifar da maye gurbi, babu tsarin kimanta haɗarin da ke tattare da shi. Ya kuma ci gaba da gwada mahaɗan halitta da na ɗan adam, kuma ya gano cewa, duk da abin da shi da wasu suka ɗauka, mahaɗan halitta ba su zama marasa lahani ba idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda aka yi da ɗan adam. Ci gaba da aikinsa daga ƙarshe ya haifar da faɗuwa daga masu rajin kare muhalli da yawa. Yayin da sinadarai na halitta suka zama masu saurin canzawa, ya yi jayayya cewa fallasa muhalli ga sinadarai da aka ƙera na iya zama da iyaka ga cutar kansa ta ɗan adam, koda lokacin da irin waɗannan sinadarai ke haifar da maye gurbi a cikin gwajin Ames da kuma haifar da cutar kansa a cikin gwaje-gwajen beraye. Ya yi jayayya cewa yawancin lalacewar kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam tana faruwa ne sakamakon muhimman abubuwan gina jiki da ba su da abinci mai kyau da kuma iskar shaka ta DNA a lokacin metabolism na yau da kullun, kuma cewa mafi mahimmancin abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar kansa a muhalli na iya haɗawa da waɗanda babban tasirinsu shine haifar da rarrabuwar ƙwayoyin tushe na yau da kullun inda hanyoyin kariya na yau da kullun na ƙwayar halitta ke raguwa.

Ya yi jayayya kan haramta amfani da magungunan kashe kwari da sauran sinadarai kamar Alar waɗanda aka nuna suna da cutar kansa. Ames ya buga sakamakon da ke nuna cewa yawancin kayayyakin abinci na yau da kullun za a same su masu cutar kansa bisa ga ƙa'idodi iri ɗaya.   Ames ya damu da cewa yawan kulawa da yawa ga ƙananan tasirin lafiya na ƙwayoyin cutar kansa na iya karkatar da ƙarancin albarkatun kuɗi daga manyan haɗarin lafiya, kuma ya haifar da rudani ga jama'a game da mahimmancin haɗari daban-daban. Ames ya ɗauki kansa a matsayin babban "mai saba wa yanayin damuwa game da ƙananan alamun sinadarai waɗanda ƙila ko ba za su haifar da cutar kansa ba", kuma ya ce "idan kuna da dubban haɗarin da ake tsammani waɗanda ya kamata ku kula da su, hakan zai kawar da manyan haɗarin da ya kamata ku sani." 

## Lambobin yabo da girmamawa

* Kyautar Eli Lilly ta ƙungiyar sinadarai ta Amurka **a shekarar 1964**
* An zaɓe shi a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka **a shekarar 1970**
* An zaɓe shi zuwa Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa **a shekarar 1972** 
* Kyautar Rosenstiel ta **1975**
* Ɗan ƙungiyar ci gaban kimiyya ta Amurka a **shekarar 1980**
* Kyautar Wadsworth ta **1981**
* Kyautar Charles S. Mott, Gidauniyar Binciken Ciwon daji ta GM **a 1983**
* Lakca ta Asusun IBM-Princess Takamatsu Cancer Res ta **1984**
* Kyautar Tyler don Nasarar Muhalli **a 1985**
* Zaɓaɓɓen Memba na Ƙasashen Waje, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Royal Sweden **1989**
* Kyautar lambar yabo ta zinare ta Cibiyar Masana Kimiyya ta Amurka **a shekarar 1991**
* Zaɓaɓɓen memba, Kwalejin Kimiyyar Guba **1992**
* Zaɓaɓɓen Ɗan Kwalejin Ilimin Halittu ta Amurka **1992**
* Kyautar Gidauniyar Glenn ta ƙungiyar Gerontological Society of America **a shekarar 1992**
* Kyautar Röntgen na Accademia Nazionale de Lincei (Italiya) **1993**
* Messel Medal, Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Sinadarai ta Burtaniya **1996**
* Kyautar Sadarwar Jama'a ta Ƙungiyar Nazarin Guba **ta 1996**
* Kyautar Honda **ta 1996**
* Kyautar Japan ta **1997**  
* Kyautar Kehoe, Kwalejin Aiki ta Amurka da Muhalli. **1997**
* Lambar Yabo ta Birnin Paris **ta 1998**
* Lambar Yabo ta Kimiyya ta Ƙasa ta Amurka **1998** 
* Kyautar Nasarar Rayuwa ta Ƙungiyar Amurka don Ilimin Halittu Masu Kwayoyi ta Amurka **ta 2001**
* Kyautar Cibiyar Linus Pauling don Binciken Lafiya **ta 2001**
* Lambar yabo ta Thomas Hunt Morgan, Ƙungiyar Halittar Halitta ta Am **2004**
* Kyautar Ƙungiyar Abinci Mai Gina Jiki ta Amurka/CRN MS Rose Award **ta 2008**
* Zauren Magungunan Orthomolecular **na 2010**
* Kyautar Nasarar Rayuwa ta Society Of Toxicology **ta 2012** 
* Ƙungiyar Masana Abinci Mai Gina Jiki ta Amurka ta 2018 Fellows **2018**
* Kyautar Gidauniyar Gairdner **ta 1983** 

## Manazarta