Lawrence Bragg

**Sir William Lawrence Bragg** (31 Maris 1890 - 1 Yuli 1971) masanin kimiyyar Burtaniya ne wanda ya raba kyautar Nobel ta 1915 a fannin kimiyyar lissafi tare da mahaifinsa, William Henry Bragg, "don ayyukansu a cikin nazarin Tsarin lu'ulu'u ta hanyar X-rays", wani muhimmin mataki a ci gaban X-ray crystallography.

## Ilimi
An haifi William Lawrence Bragg a ranar 31 ga Maris 1890 a Adelaide, Kudancin Australia, ɗan William Henry Bragg (1862-1942),  wanda aka nada shi Babban Farfesa na Lissafi da Physics a Jami'ar Adelaide a 1885, da kuma Gwendoline (1869-1929), 'yar Charles Todd, masanin tauraron gwamnati na Kudancin Ostiraliya.

A cikin 1900, Bragg ya shiga Makarantar Sarauniya, Arewacin Adelaide, sannan ya biyo bayan shekaru biyar a Kwalejin St Peter, Adelaide. Ya tafi Jami'ar Adelaide yana da shekaru 16 don nazarin lissafi, ilmin sunadarai, da kimiyyar lissafi, ya kammala a 1908. A wannan shekarar, mahaifinsa ya karbi kujerar Cavendish na Physics a Jami'ar Leeds kuma ya kawo iyalin zuwa Ingila.

Bragg ya shiga Jami'ar Cambridge a matsayin dalibi na digiri na farko na Kwalejin Trinity, Cambridge a cikin kaka na 1909, yana karɓar babban tallafin karatu a lissafi, duk da yin jarrabawar yayin da yake cikin gado tare da cutar huhu. Bayan da ya fara yin fice a lissafi, sai ya koma karatun kimiyyar lissafi a cikin shekarun da suka gabata na karatunsa, kuma ya kammala karatu tare da girmamawa na farko a shekarar 1911. A shekara ta 1914, an zabi Bragg a matsayin Fellow na Kwalejin Trinity (Fellowship a kwalejin Cambridge ya haɗa da gabatar da kuma kare rubutun).

## Ayyuka da bincike

### X-rays da daidaitattun Bragg
A cikin 1912, a matsayin dalibi na shekara ta farko a Cambridge, W. L. Bragg, yayin da yake yawo a bakin kogi, yana da fahimtar cewa lu'ulu'u da aka yi daga takalma na atom ba za su rarrabe katako na X-ray da suka buga farfajiyarsu a mafi yawan kusurwoyi ba saboda X-rays da aka karkatar da su ta hanyar haɗuwa da atoms za su kasance ba tare da lokaci ba, suna soke juna. Koyaya, lokacin da hasken X-ray ya buga a kusurwar da nisan da ya wuce tsakanin takardun atom a cikin lu'ulu'u ya daidaita da tsawo na X-ray sannan waɗanda aka karkatar za su kasance a cikin lokaci kuma su samar da wuri a fim ɗin da ke kusa. Daga wannan fahimta ya rubuta ma'auni mai sauƙi na Bragg wanda ke danganta tsawo na X-ray da nisan tsakanin takardun atom a cikin lu'ulu'u mai sauƙi zuwa kusurwoyi inda za a nuna hasken X-ray mai tasiri.

### Aiki a kan sauti
An ba da umarnin Bragg a farkon Yaƙin Duniya na I cikin Royal Horse Artillery a matsayin mataimakin na biyu na Batirin Leicestershire .  A shekara ta 1915 an tura shi ga Royal Engineers don haɓaka hanyar da za a gano bindigogin abokan gaba daga haɓakar harbe-harben su. A ranar 2 ga Satumba 1915 an kashe ɗan'uwansa a lokacin Yakin Gallipoli .  Ba da daɗewa ba, an ba shi da mahaifinsa Kyautar Nobel a fannin kimiyyar lissafi. Yana da shekaru 25 kuma ya kasance mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin laureate na kimiyya. Matsalar da ke tattare da sauti ita ce cewa manyan bindigogi sun tashi a ƙasa da yawa don a gano su ta hanyar makirufo. Bayan watanni na gazawar takaici shi da ƙungiyarsa sun kirkiro na'urar gano iska mai zafi wanda ya warware matsalar. A cikin wannan aikin Charles Galton Darwin, William Sansome Tucker, Harold Roper Robinson, Edward Andrade  da Henry Harold Hemming sun taimaka masa. Sautin Burtaniya ya kasance mai tasiri sosai; akwai ɗayan a cikin kowane Sojojin Burtaniya kuma Amurkawa sun karɓi tsarin su lokacin da suka shiga yaƙin. Don aikinsa a lokacin yakin an ba shi lambar yabo ta Cross Cross  kuma an nada shi Jami'in Order of the British Empire (OBE).  An kuma ambaci shi a cikin sakonni a ranar 16 ga Yuni 1916, 4 ga Janairu 1917 da 7 ga Yuli 1919.  

## Manazarta