Shewanella oneidensis

***Shewanella oneidensis*** kwayar cuta ce da aka sani da ikonta na Ragewa ions na ƙarfe kuma suna rayuwa a cikin mahalli tare da ko ba tare da iskar oxygen ba. Wannan proteobacterium an fara ware shi daga Lake Oneida, NY a cikin 1988, saboda haka sunansa.

*Shewanella oneidensis* kwayar cuta ce ta zaɓi, mai iya tsira da yaduwa a cikin yanayin aerobic da Anaerobic. Sha'awar ta musamman a cikin *S. oneidensis* MR-1 tana kewaye da halayenta a cikin yanayin anaerobic wanda aka gurɓata da ƙarfe mai nauyi kamar ƙarfe, gubar da uranium. Gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa yana iya rage ionic mercury zuwa elemental mercury  da ionic azurfa zuwa elemental azurfa.  Ba'a ƙuntata numfashi na ƙwayoyin cuta ga ƙarfe mai nauyi ba; ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin kuma na iya yin niyya ga sulfates, nitrates da chromates lokacin da suka girma anaerobically.

## Sunan
Wannan nau'in ana kiransa *S. oneidensis* MR-1, wanda ke nuna "ragewar manganese", fasalin musamman na wannan kwayar halitta. Rashin fahimta ne na yau da kullun don tunanin cewa MR-1 yana nufin "ƙananan ƙarfe" maimakon asalin da aka nufa "ƙananan manganese" kamar yadda Kenneth H. Nealson ya lura, wanda ya fara ware kwayar halitta. Kodayake da farko an san shi da "rage-manganese", ƙarin raguwa na "rage ƙarfe" yana da inganci kamar yadda S. oneidensis MR-1 ke rage ƙarfe ban da manganese.

## Halaye

### Rage ƙarfe
*Shewanella oneidensis* MR-1 na cikin wani nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta da aka sani da "Dissimilatory Metal-Reducing Bacteria (DMRB) " saboda ikon su na haɗa rage ƙarfe tare da metabolism. Hanyar rage karafa tana da rikice-rikice na musamman, yayin da bincike ta amfani da microscopy na lantarki da microscopay na lantarki na watsawa ya bayyana abubuwan da ba su dace ba da ke kama da filaments na ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ake zaton suna da hannu a cikin rage ƙarfe. Wannan tsari na samar da filament na waje ba ya nan gaba ɗaya daga numfashi na ƙwayoyin cuta na al'ada kuma shine cibiyar yawancin karatun yanzu.

Injiniyoyin juriya na wannan kwayar cuta da amfani da ions na ƙarfe mai nauyi suna da alaƙa sosai da hanyar metabolism. Ana nuna masu jigilar magunguna da yawa, sunadarai na detoxification, Abubuwan sigma na extracytoplasmic da masu kula da  suna da aikin nunawa mafi girma a gaban ƙarfe mai nauyi. Cytochrome c class protein SO3300 kuma yana da babban fassarar. Misali, lokacin rage U (VI), ana amfani da cytochromes na musamman kamar MtrC da OmcA don samar da UO2 nanoparticles kuma haɗa shi da biopolymers.

### Canjin sinadarai
A cikin 2017 masu bincike sun yi amfani da kwayar halitta da ake kira DSFO + don canza membranes na tantanin halitta a cikin nau'ikan *Shewanella.* guda biyu. DSFO + na iya maye gurbin sunadarai na yau da kullun, yana haɓaka ƙarfin da kwayar cutar ta samar. Shirin ya kasance gyare-gyaren sunadarai kawai wanda bai canza kwayar halitta ba kuma an raba shi tsakanin 'ya'yan kwayar cuta, yana narkar da tasirin.

### Horar da fim
Pellicle iri-iri ne na biofilm wanda aka kafa tsakanin iska da ruwa wanda kwayoyin cuta ke girma. A cikin fim din halittu, ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta suna hulɗa da juna don kare al'ummarsu da haɗin kai ta hanyar metabolism (al'ummomin ƙwayoyin halitta).  A cikin *S. oneidensis*, samar da pellicle yana da alaƙa da tsarin rage ƙarfe mai nauyi. Ana gudanar da bincike sosai a cikin wannan nau'in. Pellicle yawanci ana kirkirar shi a matakai uku: sel suna haɗe da nau'i uku na na'urar al'adu, iska da ruwa, sannan kuma suna haɓaka fim ɗin biofilm guda ɗaya daga sel na farko, sannan kuma su girma zuwa tsarin rikitarwa na uku. A cikin wani ci gaba film, da yawa abubuwa tsakanin sel (extracellular polymeric substances) taimaka wajen kula da matrix na film. Tsarin samar da pellicle ya haɗa da manyan ayyukan microbial da abubuwan da suka danganci. Ga Abubuwan polymer na waje, ana buƙatar sunadarai da yawa da sauran bio-macromolecules.

## Manazarta