open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Laki

**Laki** (Farancin Iceland: [] i) ko **Lakagígar** ([ˈlaːkaˌciː__hau____hau____hau__ *Craters na Laki*) wani dutse ne mai fitattun wuta a yammacin yankin Vatnajökull National Park, Iceland, ba da nisa da dutsen Eldgjá da ƙaramin ƙauyen Kirkjubæjarklaustur . Ana kiran fissure da Lakagígar, yayin da Laki dutse ne wanda fissure ya raba. Lakagígar wani bangare ne na tsarin dutsen mai fitattun wuta wanda ke tsakiyar dutsen mai suna Grímsvötn kuma ya haɗa da dutsen mai fashewa Þórðarhyrna .   Yana tsakanin kankara na Mýrdalsjökull da Vatnajökull, a cikin wani yanki na fissures da ke gudana a kudu maso yamma zuwa arewa maso gabas.

Tsarin ya barke da tashin hankali a cikin watanni takwas tsakanin watan Yuni 1783 da Fabrairu 1784 daga fissure Laki da dutsen mai aman wuta Grímsvötn. Ya zubar da kimanin 42&nbsp;biliyan ton ko       na basalt lava da kuma gajimare na guba na hydrofluoric acid da sulfur dioxide mahadi da suka gurɓata ƙasa, wanda ya kai ga mutuwar sama da 50% na yawan dabbobin Iceland, da lalata yawancin amfanin gonaki. Wannan ya haifar da yunwa wanda sannan ya kashe aƙalla kashi biyar  na al'ummar tsibirin, kodayake wasu sun yi iƙirarin kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu. 

Fashewar Laki da sakamakonsa sun haifar da raguwar yanayin zafi na duniya, yayin da aka zubar da tan miliyan 120 na sulfur dioxide a cikin Arewacin Hemisphere. Wannan ya haifar da gazawar amfanin gona a Turai kuma yana iya haifar da fari a Arewacin Afirka da Indiya.

## Fashewar shekara ta 1783
 
A ranar 8 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1783, wani rami mai tsawon kilomita  (15.5  na akalla 130 ya buɗe tare da fashewar phreatoMagma saboda ruwan da ke ƙasa yana hulɗa da magma mai tasowa. A cikin 'yan kwanaki fashewar ta zama ƙasa da fashewa, Strombolian, kuma daga baya Hawaiian a cikin hali, tare da babban ƙimar hawan dutse. Wannan taron an kiyasta shi a matsayin 4 a kan Volcanic Explosivity Index,  amma fitar da watanni takwas na sulfuric aerosols ya haifar da daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi da zamantakewa na karni na karshe.  

### Sakamakon a Iceland
Sakamakon ga Iceland, wanda aka sani da   (matsalar hazo), sun kasance bala'i. An kiyasta cewa kashi 20-25% na yawan jama'a sun mutu a cikin yunwa bayan fashewar fashewa ta biyo baya.  (Wasu kafofin sun ƙayyade yawan mutuwar tsakanin mutane 9,000 da 9,500.)   Kimanin 80% na tumaki (190,500 kai), 50% na shanu (11,500 kai) da 50% na dawakai (28,000 kai) sun mutu saboda fluorosis na hakora da fluorosis na kwarangwal daga tan miliyan 8 na fluorine da aka saki. Mutuwar dabbobi ta samo asali ne daga cin ciyawa mai gurbata, yayin da mutuwar mutane galibi daga yunwa ce da ta biyo baya.

## Manazarta
Rushewar Zamanin Bronze

Rushewar Late Bronze Age wani lokaci ne na rushewar al'umma a cikin Yankin Bahar Rum a cikin karni na 12 BC. An yi tunanin cewa ya shafi yawancin Gabashin Bahar Rum da Gabas ta Tsakiya, musamman Masar, Anatolia, Aegean, gabashin Libya, da Balkans. Rushewar ta kasance kwatsam, tashin hankali, kuma ta rushe al'adu ga yawancin wayewar Bronze Age, ta haifar da raguwar kayan aiki ga ikon da ke yankin a baya.&nbsp;

Tattalin arzikin gidan sarauta na Mycenaean Girka, yankin Aegean, da Anatoliya wanda ke da alaƙar zamanin Bronze Age ya wargaje, yana canzawa zuwa ƙananan al'adun ƙauyen ƙauye na zamanin zamanin Girkanci, wanda ya daɗe daga  da , kuma mafi sanannun Archaic Age sun biyo baya. Daular Hittiyawa da ke kewaye da Anatoliya da Levant ta ruguje, yayin da jihohi kamar Masarautar Assuriya ta Tsakiya a Mesopotamiya da sabuwar Masarautar Masar suka tsira da rauni. Wasu al'adu, irin su Phoenicians, sun more 'yancin kai da iko tare da raguwar sojojin Masar da Assuriya a Yammacin Asiya .

An gabatar da ra'ayoyin da suka shafi dalilin rushewar Late Bronze Age tun daga karni na 19, tare da mafi yawan abubuwan da suka shafi mummunar lalacewar birane da garuruwa. Wadannan sun hada da Canjin yanayi, fashewar dutsen wuta, fari, cututtuka, mamayewar Mutanen Tekun, rushewar tattalin arziki saboda karusar aikin ƙarfe, da canje-canje a cikin fasahar soja da dabarun da suka kawo raguwar yaƙin karusa. Bayan rushewar, canje-canje a hankali a cikin Fasahar ƙarfe sun haifar da Iron Age na gaba a duk faɗin Turai, Asiya, da Afirka a lokacin karni na 1 BC. Masana a ƙarshen karni na 20 da farkon karni na 21 sun gabatar da ra'ayoyin cewa rushewar ta fi iyakancewa a sikelin da fa'ida fiye da yadda aka yi tunani a baya.&nbsp;

## Kyautar karatu
Masanin tarihin Jamus Arnold Hermann Ludwig Heeren ya fara rubuta rugujewar Late Bronze Age zuwa 1200 BC. A cikin tarihin 1817 na Tsohon Girka, Heeren ya bayyana cewa lokacin farko na tarihin Girka ya ƙare a wannan lokacin, bisa ga kwanan wata na faduwar Troy zuwa 1190 BC. A shekara ta 1826, ya rubuta ƙarshen Daular Masar ta goma sha tara zuwa kusan lokaci guda. Ƙarin abubuwan da aka rubuta a farkon rabin karni na 12 BC sun haɗa da mamayewar Mutanen Tekun, faduwar Girka da Kassites a Babila, da kuma sassaƙa Merneptah Stele, da kuma lalata jihohin Ugarit da Amorite a Levant, raguwar Jihohin Luwian na yammacin Anatolia, da kuma lokacin rikici a Kan'ana. Rashin lalacewar waɗannan gwamnatoci ya katse hanyoyin kasuwanci kuma ya haifar da raguwar yawan karatu da rubutu a yawancin wannan yank

### Tattaunawa
Da farko, masana tarihi sun yi imanin cewa a farkon wannan lokacin, kusan kowane birni tsakanin Pylos da Gaza an lalata shi da tashin hankali, kuma an watsar da mutane da yawa, ciki har da Hattusa, Mycenae, da Ugarit, tare da Robert Drews yana da'awar cewa, "A cikin shekaru arba'in zuwa hamsin a ƙarshen karni na goma sha uku da farkon karni na goma ya ɓace kusan kowane birane a gabashin Bahar Rum, da yawa daga cikinsu ba za a sake mamaye su ba".

Koyaya, bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa Drews ya wuce gona da iri yawan biranen da aka lalata kuma ya ambaci lalacewar da ba ta taɓa faruwa ba.

## Manazarta
Carbon dioxide a cikin sararin samaniya na Duniya

A cikin yanayi na ,  gas ne wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tasirin greenhouse, sake zagayowar carbon, photosynthesis, da sake zagayolar carbon na teku. Yana daya daga cikin manyan iskar gas guda uku a cikin sararin samaniya na Duniya. Adadin carbon dioxide (CO) a cikin yanayi ya kai 427 ppm (0.0427%) a kan wani tushe a cikin 2024, wakiltar 3341 gigatonnes na CO2. Wannan karuwa ne na 50% tun farkon Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu, daga 280 ppm a cikin shekaru 10,000 kafin tsakiyar karni na 18. Karin ya faru ne saboda aikin ɗan adam.

Karin halin yanzu a cikin maida hankaliCO ya samo asali ne daga ƙone burbushin burbushin halittu. Sauran muhimman ayyukan ɗan adam waɗanda ke fitar da CO2 sun haɗa da samar da siminti, sare daji, da ƙonewar biomass. Karin yawan CO2 da sauran iskar gas mai ɗorewa kamar methane yana ƙara sha da fitar da radiation na infrared ta yanayi. Wannan ya haifar da hauhawar matsakaicin zafin jiki na duniya da ƙarancin teku. Wani sakamako kai tsaye shine tasirin taki na CO2. Karin yawan CO2 na yanayi yana haifar da ƙarin tasirin canjin yanayi akan muhalli da yanayin rayuwar mutum.

Carbon dioxide iskar gas ce. Yana sha kuma yana fitar da infrared radiation a mitoci biyu na infrared-active vibrational. Tsawon igiyoyin biyu sune 4.26&nbsp;μm (2,347&nbsp;cm -1 ) ( yanayin miƙewa na asymmetric) da 14.99&nbsp;ku (667&nbsp;cm -1 ) (yanayin girgiza). CO  yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rinjayar yanayin yanayin duniya ta hanyar tasirin greenhouse.  Fitar da haske daga saman duniya ya fi zafi a yankin infrared tsakanin 200 da 2500&nbsp;cm -1,  sabanin fitowar haske daga Rana mai zafi wanda ya fi zafi a yankin da ake iya gani. Shakar hasken infrared a mitocin girgizar yanayi na yanayi CO  yana kamawa da makamashi kusa da saman, yana dumama saman duniya da yanayin kasa. Ƙarfin makamashi yana kaiwa sararin sama, wanda saboda haka ya fi sanyi saboda wannan sha. 

## Mai da hankali na yanzu da kuma abubuwan da ke faruwa a nan gaba

### Yanayin yanzu
Since the start of the Industrial Revolution, atmospheric CO2 concentration have been increasing, causing global warming and ocean acidification. In October 2023 the average level of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere, adjusted for seasonal variation, was 422.17 parts per million by volume (ppm). Figures are published monthly by the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The value had been about 280 ppm during the 10,000 years up to the mid-18th century.              Tun farkon Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu, yawan CO na yanayi yana ƙaruwa, yana haifar da dumamar duniya da ƙarancin teku. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2023 matsakaicin matakin CO2 a cikin yanayin duniya, wanda aka daidaita don bambancin yanayi, ya kasance kashi 422.17 a kowace miliyan ta hanyar girma (ppm).  Ana buga adadi kowane wata ta Hukumar Kula da Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Darajar ta kasance kusan 280 ppm a cikin shekaru 10,000 har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 18.
Dokar cin gashin kanta ta Hong Kong

**Dokar 'yancin cin gashin kai ta Hong Kong** wata doka ce da majalisar dokokin Amurka ta zartar bayan zartar da dokar a watan Yunin 2020 da zaunannen kwamitin majalisar wakilan jama'ar kasar Sin na majalisar dokokin Hong Kong ya kafa .

Shugaban Amurka Donald Trump ya rattaba hannu kan dokar a ranar 14 ga Yuli, 2020,  kuma ta sanya takunkumi kan jami'ai da hukumomi a Hong Kong da kuma cikin babban yankin kasar Sin wadanda ake ganin sun taimaka wajen keta 'yancin cin gashin kai na Hong Kong, tare da hukunta cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi da ke yin kasuwanci da su. 

A rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar, Trump ya kuma rattaba hannu kan dokar zartarwa mai lamba 13936 don "taba wa kasar Sin alhakin ta'addancin da ta yi kan mutanen Hong Kong". Trump ya kuma soke matsayi na musamman na yankin, yana mai cewa "Babu wata dama ta musamman [ga Hong Kong], babu magani na musamman na tattalin arziki da kuma fitar da fasahohi masu mahimmanci".  Har ila yau, ya toshe duk wata mu'amala a cikin kadarorin Amurka da duk wanda ya kuduri aniyar zama alhakinsa ko hada baki a cikin "ayyuka ko manufofin da ke lalata tsarin dimokiradiyya ko cibiyoyi a Hong Kong", kuma ya umurci jami'ai da su " soke kebantattun lasisi don fitarwa zuwa Hong Kong," kuma ya hada da soke kulawa ta musamman ga masu rike da fasfo na Hong Kong.  Da yake ambaton dokar, a ranar 11 ga Agusta 2020, kwastam na Amurka ya sanar da cewa bayan 25 ga Satumbar kayayyakin da aka shigo da su cikin Amurka ba za su iya amfani da lakabin "Made In Hong Kong" ba kuma za a yi wa lakabin "Made In China". 

## Fage
A shekara ta 2019 an yi zanga-zangar neman dimokradiyya a Hong Kong a matsayin mayar da martani ga kudirin fitar da kasar waje, wanda zai baiwa kasar Sin damar yin tsauraran matakai kan tsarin shari'a na birnin.   A cikin watan Yunin 2020, Beijing ta zarce majalisar dokokin Hong Kong don kafa wata babbar doka ta tsaron kasa wacce ta haramta ballewa, rugujewa, ta'addanci, da hada baki da sojojin kasashen waje.  Dokar ta wargaza sauran 'yancin siyasa da 'yancin shari'a na Hong Kong.  

## Hanyar wucewa

Dan majalisar dattijai Chris Van Hollen ( D   da dan jam'iyyar Republican Pat Toomey ( R   ) ne suka dauki nauyin kudirin. Majalisar wakilai da ta dattawa ta amince da shi ta hanyar amincewa baki daya . 

## Amsar Sinawa
Washegarin rattaba hannun, China ta yi alkawarin ramuwar gayya idan Amurka ta aiwatar da dokar. Ma'aikatar harkokin wajen kasar Sin ta bayyana dokar a matsayin "kuskure", ta ce hakan ya kai ga "katsalandan ga harkokin cikin gidan kasar Sin" kuma Amurka tana keta dokokin kasa da kasa da ka'idojin huldar kasa da kasa. 

A ranar 30 ga Oktoba, 2020, gwamnatin Hong Kong ta gabatar da wata takaddama ga kungiyar ciniki ta duniya game da bukatu na "Made In China", inda ta bayyana cewa bukatar ta sabawa ka'idojin WTO, saboda Hong Kong da China mambobi ne daban-daban na WTO.   A ranar 21 ga Disamba, 2022, WTO ta yanke hukuncin goyon bayan Hong Kong da kuma Amurka.  A ranar 26 ga Janairu 2023, Amurka ta daukaka kara kan hukuncin WTO.

## Manazarta
Taron shekara 8.2-kilo

A cikin ilimin yanayi, taron kiloyear 8.2 ya kasance saurin raguwa a yanayin zafi na duniya wanda ya faru a kusa da shekaru 8,200 da suka gabata, wanda ya kasance tsakanin ƙarni biyu zuwa huɗu. Wannan taron ya nuna farkon zamanin Arewacin Girbiya a cikin zamanin Holocene. Duk da yake wannan lokacin sanyaya ba shi da ƙarfi kamar lokacin Younger Dryas na farko wanda ya faru kafin Holocene ya fara, har yanzu yana da mahimmanci. A lokacin **Taron kilo-shekara 8.2**, matakan methane na yanayi sun ragu da kashi 80 a kowace biliyan, raguwar 15%, yana ba da shawarar yanayin sanyaya da bushewa a duk faɗin Arewacin Hemisphere.

## Bayyanawa
Wani mai saurin sanyi a kusa da shekaru 8,200 da suka wuce ya fara gano shi ta hanyar masanin ilimin halittu na Swiss Heinrich Zoller a cikin 1960, wanda ya kira taron *Misox oscillation* na Val Mesolcina .  Ana kuma san shi da *taron Finse* a Norway .  an samu shedar taron kilo-shekara 8.2 a cikin kididdigar tatsuniyoyi a fadin Eurasia, Bahar Rum, Kudancin Amirka, da Kudancin Afirka, wanda ke nuni da cewa taron ya yi daidai da duniya .  Shaida mafi ƙarfi ga taron ta fito ne daga yankin Arewacin Atlantic ; Rushewar yanayi yana nunawa a fili a cikin ƙananan ƙanƙara na Greenland, bayanan sedimentary, da sauran bayanan yanayin yanayi da na wurare masu zafi na Arewacin Atlantika.    Akwai ƙarancin shaida a cikin ƙananan kankara daga bayanan Antarctica da Kudancin Amurka.   Sakamakon raguwar zafin jiki ba zato ba tsammani ya kasance na duniya, musamman canjin yanayin teku.

## Abin da ya faru na sanyaya
Lamarin na iya haifar da babban bugun ruwa mai narkewa,  wanda mai yiwuwa ya samo asali ne daga rugujewar karshe na Laurentide Ice Sheet na arewa maso gabashin Amurka ta Arewa,    mai yiwuwa lokacin da tafkunan glacial Ojibway da Agassiz suka shiga cikin Arewacin Tekun Atlantika.  Irin wannan aikin ya haifar da ambaliya ta Missoula wadda ta kafa Channeled Scablands na Kogin Columbia . Ruwan narkewar ruwa na iya shafar yanayin yanayin zafi na Arewacin Atlantika,    yana rage jigilar zafi na arewa a cikin Tekun Atlantika kuma yana haifar da sanyayawar Arewacin Atlantic.  Tsarin jujjuyawar juzu'i na meridional na Atlantic (AMOC) ya raunana da 55%  ko 62%.  Ƙididdiga na sanyaya sun bambanta kuma sun dogara kaɗan akan fassarar bayanan wakili, amma raguwa na kusan  an ruwaito. A Greenland, taron ya fara a 8175 BP, kuma sanyaya ya kasance 3.3 ° C a ƙasa da matsakaicin matsakaici a cikin ƙasa da shekaru 20. Mafi yawan lokacin sanyi ya kasance kusan shekaru 60, kuma tsawon lokacinsa shine kusan shekaru 150.   Hasashen sanadin narkewar ruwa shine, duk da haka, ana ɗaukarsa hasashe ne.  saboda rashin daidaituwa tare da farawa da kuma yankin da ba a sani ba na tasiri.

## Manazarta
Juliana Silveira

**Juliana Bragança Saúda Silveira**, wacce aka fi sani da **Juliana Silveira** (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1980) 'yar wasan kasar Brazil ce kuma mawaƙiya. Ta fara aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo a kan Malhação  , wani wasan kwaikwayo na kasar Brazil da aka yi niyya ga matasa.

## Tarihin rayuwa
A shekara ta  ' 2005, Juliana ta fito a cikin *Floribella*,   wasan  kwaikwayo na sabulu na yara, kuma ta rubuta waƙoƙi don sauti.

## Talabijin

### Telenovela

## Ayyukan kiɗa

; Sauti

; Remix

; Rayuwa

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Inskeep

Inskeep sunan mahaifi ne. Shahararrun mutane tare da sunan mahaifi sun hada da:inskeep 

* Gary Inskeep (an haife shi a shekara ta 1947), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Kanada
* John Inskeep (1757-1834), ɗan siyasan Amurka
* Steve Inskeep (an haife shi a shekara ta 1968), ɗan jaridar Amurka
Glória Menezes

**Nilcedes Soares na Magalhães** (née **Guimarães**; An haife ta a ranar 19 ga watan Oktoba shekarar ta 1934), wacce aka fi sani da **Glória Menezes**, ƴar wasan ƙasar Brazil ce.

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Glória Menezes a Pelotas, a birnin jihar Rio Grande do Sul. Sunan ta na ainihi, Nilcedes, shine haɗuwa da sunan mahaifinta, José Nilo, da sunan mahaifiyarta, me suns Mercedes. 

A lokacin da take ' da shekaru shida, ita da iyalinta suka koma São Paulo, inda ta halarci Makarantar Dramatic Arts ta Jami'ar São Paulo kuma ta '  kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo da ake Jovens Independentes.  Ta fara sana'arta ne a gidan talabijin na São Paulo Tupi a shekarar 1959, a cikin wasan  kwaikwayo na sabulu Um Lugar ao Sol, wanda Dionísio Azevedo ya jagoranta. A shekara ta 1962 ta fito a fim din O Pagador de Promessas, tare da Leonardo Villar da Anselmo Duarte.  A cikin shekarar ta 1963, tare da Tarcísio Meira, ta fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na yau da kullun na farko a gidan talabijin na kasar Brazil, 2-5499 Ocupado, wanda TV Excelsior ya watsa. Ya kasance a lokacin wannan wasan  kwaikwayo na sabulu cewa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo biyu sun fara soyayya.

Mai fafutukar kare hakkin LGBT na Uruguay Gloria Meneses, ta sanya wa gwagwaladashekara kanta suna bayan Menezes.

## Fim ɗin ɓangare
 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Abubuwan da suka faru

**Abubuwan da suka faru** na Bond sune abubuwan da suka faru a kankara na Arewacin Atlantic waɗanda  ya nemi ya haɗa su da sauye-sauyen yanayi a cikin Holocene. An gano irin waɗannan abubuwan guda takwas. A baya an yi imanin abubuwan da suka faru na Bond suna nuna kusan kusan kusan shekara 1,500, amma yanzu an sanya farkon lokacin bambancin a kusan shekara 1,000.

 na Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, a Jami'ar Columbia, shi ne babban marubucin takarda na 1997 wanda ya gabatar da ka'idar sauyin yanayi na shekaru 1470 a cikin Late Pleistocene da Holocene, galibi ya dogara ne akan alamun petrologic na kankara a Arewacin Atlantic. Koyaya, aikin da aka yi kwanan nan a shafin guda ɗaya ya ba da shawarar cewa masu ganowa ba su ba da isasshen tallafi ga shekarun 1,500 na canjin yanayi ba kuma sun ba da shawarar gore rahoton c. 1,500 ± 500-shekara ya kasance kayan tarihi ne na ƙididdiga.

Bugu da ƙari, bayan da aka buga Greenland Ice Core Chronology 2005 (GICC05)  don Arewacin Greenland Ice core Project, ya zama bayyananne cewa Abubuwan da suka faru na Dansgaard-Oeschger ba su nuna irin wannan tsari ba. Abubuwan da suka faru na kankara na Arewacin Atlantic sun faru ne tare da abubuwan da suka faru a matakin tafkin da aka rage a yankin Mid-Atlantic na Amurka,  abubuwan da suka fi rauni [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] abubuwan da suka shafi ruwan sama na Asiya aƙalla shekaru 9,000 da suka gabata   kuma tare da mafi yawan abubuwan da suka gabata a Gabas ta Tsakiya na shekaru 55,000 da suka gabata (dukansu abubuwan Heinrich da Bond  ). 

## Jerin

Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru na Bond ba su da siginar yanayi; wasu sun dace da lokutan sanyaya, amma wasu sun dace tare da bushewa a wasu yankuna. Rashin tsakanin abubuwan da suka faru an kiyasta ya zama shekaru 1,000-1,500,   tare da taron Bond # 4 a matsayin bayanan bayanai.

## Tasiri a cikin yanayin yanki

An gano abubuwan da suka faru a yankuna masu nisa kamar tsakiyar Andes na Kudancin Amurka. Har zuwa sauye-sauye shida na Bond a lokacin Holocene na sama da na tsakiya an gano su a cikin rikodin kankara guda uku na Andes na wurare masu zafi. An cire bayanan daga taron koli na Nevader Sajama, Nevado Huascarán, da Nevado Illimani. Hanyoyin da aka gano sun kasance a shekaru 6400 Kafin Yanzu (BP), shekaru 5500 BP, shekaru 3700 BP, shekaru 2700 BP, shekarun 1300 BP, da shekaru 200 BP kuma suna wakiltar saukowar zafin jiki.

## Dubi kuma

* Abin da ya faru na Heinrich
* Yanayin kankara

## Manazarta
Sabon sanyi

**Neoglaciation** ("sabunta glaciation") ya bayyana yanayin sanyaya da aka rubuta a cikin Yanayin Duniya a lokacin Holocene, biyo bayan koma baya na glaciation na Wisconsin, lokacin glacial na baya-bayan nan. Neoglaciation ya bi Hypsithermal ko Holocene Climatic Optimum, wuri mafi zafi a cikin yanayin duniya a lokacin matakin Interglacial na yanzu, ban da karuwar zafin jiki da ya haifar da dumama ta duniya wanda ya fara a karni na 20. Neoglaciation ba shi da alamar farawa ta duniya, musamman ba a cikin yanayin zafi na Greenland Icecore ba: yanayin gida da yanayin muhalli ya shafi farkon yanayin da ya fi sanyi (da rigar). Yana, misali, a bayyane a cikin bambancin iyakar itacen Alpine na kwarin Kauner, dukansu an nuna su tare a cikin jadawalin H. J. Holm a ƙarƙashin Holocene.

An motsa shi ba tare da jinkiri ba ta hanyar sake zagayowar Milankovitch, lokacin rani mai sanyi a cikin latitudes mafi girma na Arewacin Amurka, wanda zai daina narke dusar ƙanƙara ta shekara-shekara gaba ɗaya, an rufe su da farko ta kasancewar kankara mai ɓace a hankali, wanda ya ci gaba da daɗewa bayan lokacin da aka lissafa mafi girman zafi na rani: "ana'a iya cewa neoglaciation ya fara lokacin da sanyaya ya kama da dumama", in ji E. C. Pielou. Tare da ƙarshen "Little Ice Age" (tsakiyar ƙarni na 14 zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 19), neoglaciation ya bayyana an juyar da shi a ƙarshen ƙarni ya 20, a bayyane yake ya haifar da dumamar duniya. Neoglaciation an yi alama ta hanyar komawa baya daga yanayin zafi na Climatic Optimum da ci gaba ko sake fasalin kankara waɗanda ba su wanzu ba tun zamanin kankara na ƙarshe. A cikin tsaunuka na yammacin Arewacin Amurka, tsaunuka masu kankara waɗanda suka narke gaba ɗaya sun sake fasalin jim kadan kafin 5000 BP. Sashe mafi tsanani na mafi kyawun lokacin neoglacial, musamman a Turai da Arewacin Atlantic, ana kiransa "Little Ice Age".

A Arewacin Amurka, neoglaciation yana da tasirin muhalli a yaduwar muskeg a kan ƙasa mai laushi, mai laushi mara kyau, kamar gadon Tafkin Agassiz da aka zubar kwanan nan da kuma a cikin ƙasashen Hudson Bay, a cikin koma baya na ciyawa kafin iyakar gandun daji mai ci gaba a cikin Great Plains, da kuma a canzawa na itatuwan gandun daji da nau'ikan shuke-shuke (wanda aka gano ta hanyar palynology).

A Gabashin Asiya, farkon neoglaciation ya yi daidai da babban rauni na Gabashin Asiya Summer Monsoon (EASM). 

## Dubi kuma

* Ba da Kyakkyawan
* Holocene
* Subboreal

## Manazarta
Elaterite Butte

**Elaterite Butte** babban koli ne mai tsayin  wanda yake a cikin The Maze District of Canyonlands National Park, a Wayne County, Utah .  Elaterite Butte yana  kudu maso yammacin Ekker Butte, kuma Maze Overlook yana  zuwa arewa maso gabas. Elaterite Butte ya ƙunshi dutse mai ƙarfi, mai kyau mai kyau na Wingate Sandstone, wanda shine ragowar dunes ɗin yashi na iska wanda aka ajiye kimanin shekaru miliyan 200 da suka wuce a cikin Late Triassic . Wannan dutsen yashi na Wingate yana rufe kauri mai tsawon ƙafa 432 na Tsarin Chinle mai laushi.  saman wannan tsarin halittar ƙasa ya tashi sama da ƙafa 1,400 sama da Elaterite Basin. Butte da basin suna suna don elaterite, wanda shine launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, mai kama da tar, resin ma'adinai na roba wanda ke fitowa daga sassan White Rim Sandstone na kusa.  Samun shiga butte mai nisa yana ta hanyar tuƙi mai ƙafafu huɗu a cikin Elaterite Basin. Ruwan hazo daga Elaterite Butte yana malalowa zuwa kogin Green na kusa, wanda hakan kuma yana cikin kwandon magudanar ruwa na Kogin Colorado .

## Yanayi

Spring da fall sune mafi kyawun yanayi don ziyarci Elaterite Butte. Dangane da tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, yana cikin yankin yanayi mai sanyi na sanyi, wanda aka ayyana shi da mafi sanyi watan yana da matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin jiki ƙasa -0.&nbsp;°C (32&nbsp;°F) kuma aƙalla kashi 50% na yawan hazo da ake samu a lokacin bazara da bazara. Wannan yanayi na hamada yana samun kasa da  na ruwan sama na shekara-shekara, kuma dusar ƙanƙara tana da haske gabaɗaya a lokacin hunturu.

## Manazarta
Jerin wurare da ƙungiyoyi ta hanyar hayakin gas

Wannan labarin jerin wurare ne da ƙungiyoyi ta hanyar hayakin gas, watau hayakin gas daga kamfanoni, ayyuka, da ƙasashe a Duniya waɗanda ke haifar da Canjin yanayi. Gas din da suka dace galibi sune: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide da iskar gas mai guba  bromofluorocarbon, chlorofluorocarbon, hydrochlorofluoro carbon,  hydrofluorocarbon ,  nitrogen trifluoride,  perfluorocarbons da sulfur hexafluoride. 

Cirewa da kuma amfani da burbushin burbushin kwal, mai da iskar gas,  a matsayin tushen man fetur, shine mafi girman mai ba da gudummawa ga dumamar duniya. 

## Carbon dioxide

### Kasashe 10 da aka fi sani da su
A watan Yunin 2023, tare da tan miliyan 12,705 na CO2e da aka samar, China ita ce mafi girma; Amurka ta kasance ta biyu tare da 6,001, Indiya 3,394, EU (wanda shine kasashe 27) 3,383, Rasha 2,476, Japan 1,166, Brazil 1,057, Indonesia 1,002, Iran 893, da Kanada 736. 

### Yankin 1 + 3 hayaki, tarawa na shekarun 1988 - 2015, daga man fetur da iskar gas
Wannan ɓangaren yana amfani da bayanai daga  rahoton lissafin yanayi  na Heede na Cibiyar Bayar da Bayani ta Carbon, da van Der Vlugt da Griffin na Shirin Bayyana Carbon .  Duk da yake bayanan hayaki "Direct operational" da kuma kai tsaye haifar daga kamfanonin da aka bincika CDP ta nuna su, buƙatun don bayanan da kamfanoni suka yi watsi da su da hayaki sakamakon amfani da samfuran da suka samo asali tare da kamfanoni an haɗa su a matsayin kimantawa ta masu bincike. Bayanan da masana kimiyya na CDP suka yi amfani da su sun hada da yawan hayaki kamar yadda aka bayyana ta hanyar GHG Protocol Corporate Standard (GHGPCS): Scope 1 da Scope 3 hayaki (ba tare da hada Scope 2) - waɗannan uku sune duk nau'ikan hayaki. 1 shine tushen fitarwa kai tsaye daga kamfanoni mallakar ko mallakar albarkatu, 3 shine tushen kai tsaye daga ayyukan samarwa; waɗannan GHGPCS sun raba su cikin nau'ikan: sama da ƙasa, da kuma rukunoni 15. Ana tunanin fitar da hayaki na 3 kusan 90% ne na jimlar daga kowane kamfani kuma sakamakon konewar kwal, da, ko, mai, da, gas yayin jujjuyawar waɗannan zuwa makamashi watau a matsayin man fetur; wanda aka rarraba shi azaman ruwa. Tebur masu dacewa da ke ƙasa suna da matsayi na masu fitar da iskar gas mai tsabtace masana'antu 20 daga 1988 zuwa 2015 daga rahoton Carbon Majors Database (CDP)  , a 10 Yuli 2017  dataset na GtCO2e

Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna jimlar hayaki (ƙididdiga) a matsayin kashi na duk hayaki. An samo bayanan samar da mai da iskar gas daga rahotanni na shekara-shekara daga shafukan yanar gizo na kamfanin da SEC (2016). Ga wasu kamfanonin mallakar jihar, an samo bayanai daga 'Oil & Gas Journal' (1986-2016) ko kuma an kiyasta su daga kididdigar ƙasa (EIA 2017, BP 2016, da OPEC 2016):

## Manazarta
Hickman Natural Bridge

**Hickman Natural Bridge** gada ce mai tsayin ƙafa 125 (38m) wacce ke cikin Capitol Reef National Park, Wayne County, Utah, Amurka. Samuwar ya kai ƙafa 133 (mita 40), yana mai da ita ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman dutsen da ke cikin wurin shakatawa.   

## Geology
An sassaƙa gadar dutsen yashi ne daga tsarin yanayin ƙasa da aka fi sani da Kayenta Formation shekaru miliyan 65 da suka wuce, wanda aka kafa ta ta hanyar kwararowar ruwa da ke gangarowa daga bakin dutsen kuma daga ƙarshe ya keta ta cikin lallausan shale. Manyan dutsen basalt da andesite na asalin volcanic an ajiye su ta hanyar narkar da tarkacen glacial daga tsaunin Boulder da Dubban Tafkuna a yammacin wurin shakatawa.   Gadar Hickman ta mamaye abin da yanzu busasshen wanke yake.  

## Tarihi

Saboda kusancinsa da kogin Fremont, yankin Capitol Reef ya fara zama ne ta mutanen Fremont na prehistoric, sannan Paiutes tsakanin 300 da 1300 AZ   Paiutes ya biyo baya [1] [2] ana iya ganin ragowar granary da pithouse a kan bangon canyon da kuma tare da hanyar.

Mormons sun zauna kwarin kusa da gada a cikin 1880s kuma suka kafa Junction kusa (daga baya aka sake masa suna Fruita ).  Bayan da aka kiyaye yankin a shekara ta 1937, kungiyar ta karbar bakuncin farko ta wurin shakatawa, daga baya aka gabatar da gadar, da kuma majalisar Hickman ta gabatar da ita ga majalisar dokokin jihar Usesa a  

Wani gagarumin tsautsayi ya faru a Hickman Bridge Trailhead a ranar 23 ga Maris, 2013, kuma an rufe hanyar bayan gano tarkace.  Tare da taimakon ma'aikatan da ke kusa da Canyonlands National Park da Rocky Mountain National Park a Colorado, an daidaita hanyar a kusa da tarkacen tarkace kuma a hukumance aka sake buɗe watanni 6 daga baya a cikin Nuwamba. 

## Ilimin halittu
'Yan asali zuwa kudu maso yammacin Amurka, ana iya ganin itatuwan juniper na Utah a kusa da kogin a ko'ina cikin hanyar. Mormon shayi, pinyon pine da prickly pear cactus suma suna da yawa a yankin.  Dabbobin asali kamar tumaki manya da zakuna na tsaunuka suna zama a yankin kuma a wasu lokuta suna haifar da haɗari ga masu tafiya.

## Yanayi
Lokacin bazara da kaka sune mafi kyawun yanayi don ziyarci gadar Hickman. Dangane da tsarin rarrabuwar yanayi na Köppen, yana cikin yankin yanayi mai sanyi mai sanyi, wanda aka ayyana shi da mafi sanyi watan yana da matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin jiki ƙasa da , kuma aƙalla kashi 50% na yawan hazo da ake samu a lokacin bazara da bazara. Wannan yanayin hamada yana samun kasa da  na ruwan sama na shekara-shekara, kuma dusar ƙanƙara ta hunturu tana da haske gabaɗaya.

## Shiga
Ana iya samun dama ga gadar ta hanyar tafiya mai nisan mil 1.8 daga titin Hickman Bridge akan Hanyar Jihar Utah 24 kusa da Torrey, Utah . Hanyar tana ƙarƙashin gada da kewayen gadar, kuma Ma'aikatar Parking ta ƙasa tana ɗaukar matsakaicin wahala saboda juyawa da tsayin sawu. Hanyar tana bin Kogin Fremont kafin shiga kwarin, kuma yana ba da damar zuwa Rim Overlook Trail, Navajo Knobs Trail, Capitol Dome, da Navajo Dome .  

## Manazarta
A wata

***Moonbound*** (Jamus: ***Peterchens Mondfahrt*** ) fim ne na 2021 mai rairayi fantasy kasada mai ban dariya wanda Ali Samadi Ahadi ya jagoranta tare da labarin Ahadi da Arne Nolting kuma bisa littafin yara na 1915 *Little Peter's Journey to the Moon* na Gerdt von Bassewitz . 

## Makirci
Lokacin da Bitrus ya tashi tafiya ta sihiri don ceto ƙanwarsa Anne, yana buƙatar tafiya zuwa ƙasa mai ban mamaki: Wata! Mugun mutumin Moon ya sace Anne lokacin da ta yi ƙoƙarin taimaka wa ƙwaro Mista Zoomzeman don neman matarsa. A kan kasada mai ban mamaki, Peter ya sauka a kan Tauraron Meadow inda ya hadu da Mista Sandman mai barci. Ya sani, kawai a wurin cin abincin dare na dare a cikin gidan a cikin gajimare, za su iya gano inda Anne take - amma babu isassun kujeru ga kowa. Don haka sun shiga tseren daji tare da Milky Way a kan ruhohin Halitta guda biyar: Storm Giant, Walƙiya mayya, Henry Hail, Rainy Robin da Uwar Frost…

## Yin wasan kwaikwayo

* Aleks Le a matsayin Peter
* Howard Nightingall a matsayin Mista Zoomzeman/Rainy Robin
* Lilian Gartner a matsayin Anne/Star Shooting
* Raphael von Bargen a matsayin Sandman / Mr. Ladybug (wanda aka lasafta shi azaman Raphael van Bargen)
* Drew Sarich a matsayin Moonman/Milkyway Man/Herschel
* Cindy Robinson a matsayin Nightfairy
* Melissa Mabie a matsayin mayya mai walƙiya (wanda aka ƙida shi azaman Mellisa Mabei)
* Michael Smulik a matsayin Storm Giant
* Elisabeth Kanettis a matsayin Uwar/Tauraruwar harbi
* Barbara Spitz a matsayin Misis Zoomzeman
* Jim Libby a matsayin Bully
* Dennis Kozeluh a matsayin Henry Hail
* Jacob Banigan a matsayin Keppler
* Magarethe Tiesl a matsayin Uwar Frost
* Bastian Wilplinger a matsayin Bouncer 1
* Martin Repka a matsayin Bouncer 2
* Alix Martin a matsayin Mrs. Ladybug

## Production
Fim ɗin haɗin gwiwar Jamus-Austriya ne kuma Brave New Work a Cologne ne ya samar da shi, Coop99 Filmproduktion a Vienna da Little Dream Entertainment a Hamburg . An raba ra'ayi tsakanin Cologne na tushen Red Parrot Studios da kuma D-Facto Motion a Cologne, Kifi Blowing Bubbles a Munich, K-Effects a Vienna, ACHT.STUDIO a Frankfurt da Sophie Animation a Dalian . Yayin da ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Rediyon Vienna ta yi rikodin sautin kiɗan.  

## liyafar
Fim ɗin ya sami ra'ayi mara kyau, tare da maki 17% akan Rotten Tomatoes bisa ga sake dubawa 6. 

## Manazarta
Haulover Park

**Haulover Park** yana da  wurin shakatawa na birni mallakar Miami-Dade County Parks, Recreation & Open Spaces Department, wanda ke cikin babban birni Miami, kusa da Bal Harbor, Florida. Gidan shakatawa yana kan tudu tsakanin Tekun Atlantika da Biscayne Bay, a arewacin Broad Causeway (SR 922) da Collins Avenue .

## Tarihi
Hukumar Dade County ta sayi kadarorin gaban bakin teku a cikin 1940 biyo bayan ƙoƙarin neman kuɗi na $ 2 miliyan na gundumomi ($ 36, a cikin dala miliyan 2018) ta kwamishinan gundumar Charles H. Crandon don siyan arewacin Key Biscayne (abin da ya zama Crandon Park ) da bakin tekun arewacin Baker's Haulover Inlet, sannan ake kira Ocean Beach. 

An fara gine-gine a wuraren bakin teku a cikin 1941, an dakatar da shi ba da jimawa ba saboda kudaden da aka samu bayan fara yakin duniya na biyu. Aiki a kan kadarorin ya sake komawa a cikin 1945,  kuma an sake masa suna Haulover Park a cikin Janairu 1947, yana buɗe wa jama'a a shekara mai zuwa a ƙarshen 1948.  

Wani jirgin kamun kifi mai tsawon kafa 1,100 ya kai cikin Tekun Atlantika har sai da guguwar Andrew ta lalata shi a shekarar 1992.

## Tsirara bakin teku
Arewacin  na  bakin tekun bakin teku ne na tsiraici da gwamnatin Miami-Dade County ta amince da shi a hukumance. Sashen na zaɓin tufafi an fara zayyana ta South Florida Free Beaches, wata ƙungiyar dabi'a ta gida, a cikin Yuli 1991. Gundumar da farko ta jure amma ba ta haramta amfani ba; daga ƙarshe ya ba da izinin shigar da alamun dindindin da ke nuna wurin zaɓin tufafi, waɗanda aka girka a cikin Disamba 1993. Wurin da zaɓin tufafi ya ƙunshi masu ceton rai da rangwamen abinci da laima. Shi ne mafi girman bakin tekun nudist na jama'a a Amurka kuma yana jan hankalin baƙi miliyan 1.3 a kowace shekara. 

## Kayayyakin aiki
Wurin yana da filin jirgin ruwa, kotunan wasan tennis, da wurin shakatawa na kare. A gefen kudancin wurin shakatawa akwai wuraren shakatawa da yawa.

Haulover Beach da kewayenta suna cike da abubuwan more rayuwa, kamar masu tsaron rai, gasassun barbecue, filin wasa don yara, wurin shakatawa, filin wasan golf, marina kusa, kotunan wasan tennis, wuraren ba da izini, teburan wasan fici, dakunan wanka, da wuraren haya don kayan wasanni na ruwa, kujerun rairayin bakin teku, da laima.

Bugu da ƙari, wani ɓangaren abokantaka na kare na Haulover Beach yana ba karnuka damar yawo ba tare da leshi ba, wanda ke tsakanin Lifeguard Tower #2 da Lifeguard Tower #3.

## Gallery

Fayil:A1A-Haulover-park..JPG|alt=Entrance to Haulover Park northward on Collins Avenue| Shiga zuwa Haulover Park arewa akan Collins Avenue
Fayil:Haulover-park-12.JPG|alt=View on Bal Harbour across Baker's Haulover Inlet| Duba kan Bal Harbor a fadin Mashigar Haulover Baker


## Manazarta
Saurin Rothschild

**Rothschild's Swift** ( ***Cypseloides rothschild*** ) nau'in tsuntsu ne mai Kusa da Barazana a cikin dangin Cypseloidinae na dangin gaggawa Apodidae .    Ana samunsa a Argentina da Bolivia . 

## Taxonomy da kuma tsarin
Rothschild's swift, farin kirji mai sauri, ( *Cypseloides lemosi* ), American Black Swift ( *C. niger* ), da sooty swift ( *C. fumigatus* ) suna samar da nau'i-nau'i . Wasu marubuta sun ɗauki Rothschild's da sooty swifts a matsayin takamaiman .  Rothschild's swift abu ne guda ɗaya . 

## Bayani
Rothschild's swift yana kusan  dogo. Yana da dogayen fikafikai masu fadi da gajeriyar wutsiya. Furen sa yana da uniform matsakaici launin ruwan kasa. 

## Rarraba da wurin zama
Ana samun Rothschild's Swift daga Sashen Santa Cruz na Bolivia kudu zuwa arewa maso yammacin Argentina har zuwa lardin Cordoba . Babu bayanai a cikin Peru duk da cewa an haɗa shi a cikin wasu lissafin haraji. Ba a san buƙatun wurin zama na nau'in ba. Yawancin bayanan sun kasance a kan gandun daji na montane mai tsayi a tsayi tsakanin  . 

## Hali

### Hijira
Rothschild's Swift ya bayyana zama mazaunin shekara-shekara a yawancin kewayon sa, kodayake yana iya yin hunturu a ƙarshen arewacin sa. 

### Ciyarwa
Kamar kowane swifts, Rothschild's kwari ne na iska, amma ba a san cikakken bayanin abincin sa ba. 

### Kiwo
Babu wani abu da aka sani game da phenology na Rothschild's Swift's kiwo. 

### Murya
Ya zuwa ƙarshen 2022, xeno-canto yana da rikodi guda ɗaya na saurin muryar Rothschild, kuma ɗakin karatu na Macaulay na Cornell Lab na Ornithology ba shi da ko ɗaya. An ruwaito yana yin "gajeren 'pip' ko 'peep'" a cikin jirgin. 

## Matsayi
IUCN ta kimanta saurin Rothschild a matsayin Kusa da Barazana. Tana da ƙananan kewayo da kiyasin yawan mutane 6000 zuwa 15,000 balagagge; An yi imani da na karshen ya kasance barga. Yawancin dajin Yungas da yake zaune an yi shi ne ko kuma ya koma noma.  Yana faruwa a wasu wuraren kariya. 

## Manazarta
Tafiyar Mug

***Mug Travel*** ( Korean   머그잔 여행     ), wanda aka fi sani da ***Abokina Bernard*** a cikin Ingilishi, fim ne na 2007 na Koriya ta Kudu mai rairayi na kwamfuta, wanda Lim Ah-ron ya jagoranta kuma bisa jerin shirye-shiryensa na TV, *[[Bernard (jerin talabijin)|Bernard]]* .

## Makirci
Yarinya mai suna Bebe (wanda aka sani da Sam a cikin Turanci), duk shi kaɗai a kan Kirsimeti Hauwa'u, an ba shi wani abin sihiri daga Santa Claus kuma ya shiga cikin kasada mai ban mamaki. Tafiya a cikin kwalabe tare da ikon teleportation, Bebe ya binciko wurare daban-daban daga jeji zuwa Arewacin Pole, tare da ɗimbin haruffa ciki har da Backkom da Polar bear (Bernard a cikin Turanci version) da Kongkong penguin (Lloyd a cikin Turanci version), Bebe da abokanta suna tafiya cikin jerin abubuwan kasada ta hanyar Arctic tundra da hamada. A yayin wannan tafiya suna cin karo da ƙalubale iri-iri, waɗanda suka haɗa da dodo na ruwa, wasan motsa jiki, da kuma wani kogo mai ban tsoro.

## Samarwa
RG Animation Studios ne ya samar da shi kuma Lim Ah-ron ya jagoranta, *Mug Travel* wani fasalin fim ne na daidaitawa na jerin shirye-shiryen TV na kwamfuta na Lim *[[Bernard (jerin talabijin)|na Backkom]]* .   An yi fim ɗin da jerin shirye-shiryen TV a lokaci guda akan kasafin kuɗi na $ 5.9 miliyan, bayan Lim ya lura da gibi a kasuwa don nunin da aka yi niyya ga yara masu zuwa makaranta . 

## Saki
An saki *Mug Travel* a Koriya ta Kudu a ranar 22 ga Maris 2007,  kuma an kasance a matsayi na takwas a ofishin akwatin Koriya a karshen mako na budewa tare da shigar 48,244.  A tsawon lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, fim ɗin ya tara adadin 135,261 shigarwa a duk faɗin ƙasar,  kuma ya sami $ 608,835. 

An nuna *Mug Travel* a bikin Bimini Animation Festival na biyar, wanda aka gudanar a Latvia a cikin Maris 2007, inda ya zama wanda ya lashe kyautar "Mafi kyawun Fim ga Yara".  An zaɓi daga baya don shiga cikin rukunin marasa gasa a bikin Fim na Duniya na Brussels na Fantastic, wanda ya gudana daga 5-17 Afrilu 2007 a Belgium . 

## Manazarta
Gidan Kurkuku (Utah)

**Jailhouse Rock** babban taro ne  wanda yake a cikin Capitol Reef National Park, a gundumar Wayne na Utah, Amurka.  Wannan gunkin gunkin monolith mai nisa yana da  arewa da cibiyar baƙo na wurin shakatawa, da  kudu da Temples na Rana da Wata, a cikin Hamada ta Kudu na wurin shakatawa na Arewa (Cathedral Valley). Hamada ta Kudu dogo ce mai kunkuntar kwari wacce ke tafiya daidai da yajin aikin Rijiyar Ruwa. An kira Cathedral Valley a cikin 1945 ta Charles Kelly, shugaban farko na babban abin tunawa na Capitol Reef National Monument, saboda dutsen sandstone na kwari ya tunatar da masu bincike na farko na ƙawancen ƙawa, Gothic Cathedrals, tare da bangon bango, alcoves, da pinnacles.  Dutsen Jailhouse ya tashi  sama da kewayensa, kuma ana iya ganin shi daga Yankin Hamada ta Kudu ta ƙasa, wanda ke da nisan mil 15 arewa maso yamma na Babbar Hanya 24 ta hanyar Hartnet.  An sanya tsarin wannan babban abin da aka gabatar da shi daga kwarin Kudu mai gudana ne daga matattarar kudu har sai ya bace tare da kwari.  Ruwan hazo daga wannan yanayin yana zubewa ta Deep Creek, wani magudanar ruwa na kogin Fremont, wanda kuma ke cikin kwarin magudanar ruwa na kogin Colorado .

## Geology
Dutsen Jailhouse ya ƙunshi dutsen Sandan Entrada mai ja tare da dutsen yashi mai wuya, launin toka-kore da siltstone Curtis Formation Layer caprock wanda ke kare shi daga zazzagewa.  Dutsen yashi, wanda tun asali aka ajiye shi azaman yashi mai yashi a kan tudun ruwa, an yi imanin ya samo asali ne kimanin shekaru miliyan 160 da suka wuce a lokacin Jurassic a matsayin babban teku mai yashi, mafi girma a tarihin duniya.  Da dadewa bayan da aka ajiye wadannan duwatsun da ke kwance, an dago Plateau na Colorado daidai gwargwado, tare da kiyaye yadudduka a kwance, amma Capitol Reef ya banbanta saboda Waterpocket Fold, wani nau'in monocline na gargajiya, wanda ya samo asali tsakanin shekaru miliyan 50 zuwa 70 da suka gabata lokacin Laramide Orogeny . 

## Yanayi
Spring da fall sune mafi kyawun yanayi don ziyarci Dutsen Jailhouse. Dangane da tsarin rarrabuwar yanayi na Köppen, yana cikin yankin yanayi mai sanyi mai sanyi, wanda aka ayyana shi da mafi sanyi watan yana da matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin jiki ƙasa da , kuma aƙalla kashi 50% na yawan hazo da ake samu a lokacin bazara da bazara. Wannan yanayin hamada yana samun kasa da  na ruwan sama na shekara-shekara, kuma dusar ƙanƙara tana da haske gabaɗaya a lokacin hunturu.

## Manazarta
Hakkin aure na yara a Pakistan

An haramta auren yara (auren kananan yara a karkashin shekaru 18) ta doka kuma an aikata shi a karkashin Dokar Shari'a ta Pakistan .  Amma, ana yin sa a wasu sassan kasar, tare da laifi girma a lardin Sindh. Yana shafar yara mata sosai. A cewar rahoton UNICEF daga 2018, an gano kusan kashi 18% na mata masu shekaru 20-24 sun yi aure kafin su kai shekaru 18 (kusan miliyan 20.5).  Ga yara da suka yi aure kafin su kai shekara 15, adadin ya sauka zuwa 4% ko miliyan 5. Aure na yara yana faruwa sau da yawa a yankunan karkara, kuma babban abin da ke motsawa shine talauci tsakanin gidaje masu karamin karfi inda ilimi ba shi da yawa. Pakistan tana da mafi ƙarancin auren yara a Kudancin Asiya bayan Sri Lanka, kuma kusan ya ragu tun 1993.

## Dalilan da suka haifar
Aure na farko da na yara suna da al'ada kai tsaye da rashin daidaito na jinsi mai zurfi, al'adu gargajiya, da al'adu. Dogaro da dattawa da rashin burin aiki ya kara hana kokarin iyakance auren yara.

Dangantaka ta kusa tsakanin tsabtar mata da girmamawa ta iyali ta tilasta wa 'yan uwa su auri' yan mata tun suna ƙarami don hana cin zarafin jima'i da kuma lalacewar sunan iyali. Tunanin yarinyar a matsayin 'dukiyar' wanda dole ne ya koma gidan mijinta ya hana iyaye saka hannun jari a ilimi 'yarsu kuma' ya'ya mata suna yin aure tun suna ƙanana don su sauƙaƙa iyaye daga 'nauyin' su. 

Matsalar auren yara a wasu lokuta ana tabbatar da ita bisa tushen Addini. A tarihi, ana iya bayyana shi azaman martani ga mamayewar da baƙi suka yi; sha'awar ci gaba da bautar iyali ta hanyar auren ɗa da wuri; ta hanyar auren 'yar da wuri don tserewa daga rashin amincewa da ta haifar wa iyali ta kasancewar budurwa mai girma; ko kuma ta sha'awar mahaifiyar ta auri ɗanta da wuri don ta sami ikon mallakar surukarta wanda mahaifiyar za ta iya koya mata halayyar biyayya kuma wanda za ta iya raba ayyukan gida tare da mahaifiyar. Game da iyaye, wani lokacin saboda sha'awar su ta sauƙaƙa kansu daga alhakin auren 'yarsu. Hakanan ana ɗaukar su a matsayin abin karɓa ga al'umma saboda dalilai na alhakin kuma abin sha'awa ga tattalin arziki don adana kuɗin aure, farashin amarya / kyauta.

## Sakamakon
A cikin shekaru, an sami raguwa a cikin faruwar auren yara. Halin auren yara ya kasance babban dalilin jahilcin 'yan mata ko ƙananan ilimi. Hakanan yana iya lalata 'yan mata na jiki, tunani da zamantakewa wanda ke haifar da manyan matsalolin kiwon lafiya a nan gaba. Matsalolin haihuwa, jarirai, da Lafiyar uwa suna da alaƙa da mata da suka yi aure kafin su kai shekara 18. Har ila yau, a bayyane yake cewa auren yara yana da yawa tare da aikin yara, musamman a yankunan karkara. Halin yiwuwar rashin daidaituwa na aure yana da yawa. Jarirai da aka haifa ga uwayen yara sau da yawa suna da rauni. Rayuwar aure ba ta da farin ciki, kuma "mata-yara" ba su da farin ciki saboda rashin iya tallafawa rayuwarsu. Sau da yawa, matasan mata suna fuskantar cututtukan da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i

## Manazarta
Rashin makaranta

Deschooling kalma ce da masanin falsafa na Austrian Ivan Illich ya kirkira. Kalmar galibi ana amfani da ita ne daga masu makaranta, musamman Wadanda ba sa makaranta, don komawa ga tsarin sauyawa wanda yara da iyaye ke bi lokacin da suka bar tsarin makaranta don fara karatun gida. Tsarin yana da mahimmanci don koyar da gida don aiki. Ya haɗa da yara da sannu a hankali suna sauya daga al'amuran makarantarsu da kuma tunanin ma'aikata, sake haɓaka ikon koyo ta hanyar ƙaddamar da kansu, da kuma gano abin da suke so su koya a kwanakin makarantarsu ta farko.

## Tsarin aiki
Adadin lokacin da wannan tsari zai ɗauka na iya bambanta, ya danganta da nau'in mutumin da yaron yake da kuma tsawon lokacin da ya yi a makarantar. [1] [2] [3] Tsarin zai iya shafar halayen yara daban-daban ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Musamman a kwanakin farko na daina zuwa makaranta, sau da yawa yara suna son murmurewa daga yanayin makaranta, don haka gabaɗaya za su yi barci mai tsawo kuma su ƙi kowane irin koyo da gangan, maimakon haka sai su nemi wasu abubuwan da za su gamsar da su kamar kallon talabijin ko yin wasannin bidiyo, waɗanda suka yi kama da halayen da ake yi a lokacin hutun makaranta . [4] [5] Bugu da ƙari, a cikin wannan tsari na canji, yara na iya jin gundura ko kuma su rasa tsarin yau da kullun, [1] har sai sun gano yadda za su yi amfani da lokacinsu da 'yancinsu [2] don nemo abubuwan da za su so. A mafi kyawun yanayi, wannan yana haifar da su sanar da kansu da son rai game da wasu abubuwan da suke sha'awa, inda za a iya fara koyar da gida.

Sau da yawa ana ɗaukar wannan matakin a matsayin matakin nishaɗi ko kuma wani tsari na "warkarwa" daga yanayin makaranta. Yawancin mabiya na wannan motsi na makarantar gida suna ɗaukar wannan matakin a matsayin dole saboda sun ga cewa tsarin makaranta na iya lalata kerawa, son sani, da kuma son koyo na yaro.  Suna da'awar cewa a makaranta yawancin yara suna karatu ne kawai a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba na waje kamar maki, maimakon don kansu, kuma abin da, lokacin, yadda, da wanda za su koya koyaushe an ƙaddara shi maimakon abin da za a iya tantancewa a can. 

## Manazarta
Little England Chapel

George C. Rowe ne ya kafa **Little England Chapel** (wanda ake kira The Ocean Cottage Sunday School). Mai buga littattafai a Cibiyar Hampton, Rowe ya fara Makarantar Lahadi tare da yara uku na Newtown, a wani karamin sashi na gidansa. Makarantar Lahadi ta zama sananniya sosai har suka buƙaci ƙarin sarari don gudanar da zaman Littafi Mai-Tsarki.

## Tarihi
A shekara ta 1869, Daniel F. Cock ya ware wani fili mai girman kadada talatin da biyar wanda aka raba zuwa kuri'a talatin da uku da za a sayar wa bakar fata.  An kira wannan yanki "Cock's Newtown. A cikin Maris 1870, an sayar da kuri'a shida na farko a dala hamsin kowanne. An sayar da na karshe a cikin 1910. A wannan lokaci guda, baƙar fata kuma sun sayi kuri'a na girman girman da aka kwatanta a farashin daya daga Charles Smith, Edward Whitehouse, da William N. Armstrong, ɗan'uwan Samuel Armstrong, Shugaban Cibiyar Hampton kusa da New Cockton Institute.  yankin da Little England Chapel yake tsaye daga baya, "Newtown" an yi amfani da shi ga dukan al'ummar baki.

A cikin 1878, an gina babban buɗaɗɗen arbor tare da layuka goma na wurin zama don azuzuwan ilimi da na Makarantar Lahadi akan kadarorin Daniel Cock.  Yawan masu halarta ya ƙaru zuwa sama da 500 - da yawa da za a ba su masauki a cikin buɗaɗɗen arbor.  A wannan lokacin rani Rowe ya gana da William N. Armstrong, wanda ya ba da damar yin amfani da ɗan ƙaramin fili a kan titin Ivy Home, idan mazauna unguwar za su ba da gudummawa ga tallafin malamin makaranta na rana.  An tara kuɗin kuma an buɗe ɗakin sujada a 1879. Dalibai daga Cibiyar Hampton ba kawai tsara ba amma sun gina gidan makaranta.  William Armstrong ne ya kula da aikin.

A shekara ta 1886, ɗakin sujada ya zama mai tallafawa kansa kuma ya girma daga yara uku zuwa saba'in. Yaran ɗakin sujada sun shiga aikin mishan ga al'umma. A ƙarshen 1910, ɗalibai daga cibiyar sun yi tafiya a fadin Kogin Hampton don koyar da azuzuwan. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, za su yi tafiya da doki da karusa da kuma "School Chariot", wani baƙar fata mai haske wanda fararen dawakai biyu suka jawo. Dalibai za su yi aiki a matsayin masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje na ɗakin sujada sama da shekaru hamsin.

A shekara ta 1954, Kyaftin Fred Cock ya ba da dukiyar ga Newtown Improvement Club da Civic Club "don Ikilisiyar Newtown Imprement Club ta yi amfani da ita don dalilai na addini ba. "  A shekara ta 1939, Ikilisiyar Yesu ta ci gaba ta fara gudanar da ayyuka na yau da kullun a ɗakin sujada. Wannan ya ci gaba har zuwa 1989, lokacin da ikilisiya da aka sani da Ikilisiyar Yesu ta bar dukiyar.

⁹An fara maido da ɗakin sujada a shekarar 1992. An kara wani kari a gefen arewacin ɗakin sujada a 1993. An sake gyara waje gaba ɗaya a cikin shekara ta 2008.