John Graves Simcoe

**John Graves Simcoe** (25 Fabrairun shekarar 1752 - 26 Oktoba 1806) ya kasance janar na Sojojin Burtaniya kuma babban laftanar gwamna na Upper Canada daga 1791 har zuwa 1796 a kudancin Ontario da magudanar ruwa na Georgian Bay da Lake Superior .Ya kafa York,wanda a yanzu ake kira Toronto, kuma ya taka rawa wajen gabatar da cibiyoyi kamar kotunan shari'a,shari'a ta juri,dokar gama gari ta Ingilishi,da mallakar filaye mai 'yanci,sannan kuma a cikin kawar da bauta a Upper Canada .

Burinsa na dogon lokaci shi ne ci gaban Upper Canada(Ontario)a matsayin al'umman abin koyi da aka gina bisa ka'idodin aristocratic da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya,wanda aka tsara don nuna fifikon waɗannan ka'idodin zuwa jamhuriyar Amurka.Ƙoƙarinsa mai ƙarfi ya sami nasara kaɗan kawai wajen kafa ƴan ƙasa,Cocin Ingila mai bunƙasa,da haɗin gwiwar adawa da Amurka tare da zaɓaɓɓun ƙasashe na asali.Yawancin mutanen Kanada suna ganin shi a matsayin wanda ya kafa tarihin Kanada,musamman ma waɗanda ke Kudancin Ontario.Ana tunawa da shi a Toronto tare da Simcoe Day.

## Rayuwar farko
Simcoe shine kawai ɗan Cornishman John (1710–1759)da Katherine Simcoe (ya mutu 1767).Iyayensa sun haifi ’ya’ya hudu,amma shi kadai ne ya rayu bayan yarinta;Percy ya nutse a cikin 1764,yayin da Paulet William da John William suka mutu suna jarirai.Mahaifinsa shi ne kyaftin a cikin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa na Royal wanda ya ba da umarnin HMS  mai harbi 60 a lokacin da aka kewaye Louisbourg,tare da James Cook a matsayin mai kula da jirgin ruwa.Ya mutu da ciwon huhu a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1759 a cikin jirginsa a bakin kogin Saint Lawrence 'yan watanni kafin kewayen Quebec,kuma an binne shi a teku.Iyalin sai suka koma gidan iyayen mahaifiyarsa a Exeter.Kakanninsa su ne William da Maryamu (née Hutchinson)Simcoe.

Ya yi karatu a Exeter Grammar School da Eton College.Ya yi shekara guda a Kwalejin Merton, Oxford ;daga nan aka shigar da shi a Lincoln's Inn,amma ya yanke shawarar bin aikin soja wanda mahaifinsa ya nufa da shi.An ƙaddamar da shi zuwa Freemasonry a Union Lodge,Exeter akan 2 Nuwamba 1773.

## Aikin soja a yakin juyin juya halin Amurka
A cikin 1770,Simcoe ya shiga Rundunar Sojan Burtaniya a matsayin alama a cikin Runduna ta 35 na ƙafar ƙafa,kuma an tura ƙungiyarsa zuwa Mallaka goma sha uku .Daga baya,ya ga aiki a cikin Yaƙin Juyin Juyin Halitta na Amurka a lokacin da aka kewaye Boston.Bayan kewaye,a cikin Yuli 1776,an ba shi mukamin kyaftin a cikin 40th Regiment of Foot .Ya ga aiki tare da kamfanin grenadier na Kafa na 40 a cikin yakin New York da New Jersey da yakin PhiladelphiaSimcoe ya umarci Grenadiers na 40 a yakin Brandywine a ranar 11 ga Satumba 1777, inda ya ji rauni. Labarin yana da cewa Simcoe ya umarci mutanensa a Brandywine da kada su yi luguden wuta kan 'yan tawaye uku da suka gudu, cikinsu har da George Washington.

A cikin 1777,Simcoe ya nemi ya samar da tsarin masu aminci na baƙar fata kyauta daga Boston amma a maimakon haka an ba da umarnin Sarauniya Rangers da aka kafa a Tsibirin Staten a ranar 15 ga Oktoba 1777.Ya kasance ingantacciyar horarwa ta runduna mai haske wacce ta ƙunshi kamfanoni 11 na maza 30,grenadier 1,da hussar 1,da sauran runduna masu haske.Sarauniyar Rangers ta ga ayyuka da yawa a lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓe na Philadelphia,gami da nasarar kai hari mai ban mamaki(shirya da aiwatar da Simcoe)a Yaƙin Crooked Billet.

A cikin 1778,Simcoe ya jagoranci kai hari kan gidan Alkali William Hancock a lokacin balaguron neman abinci wanda 'yan tawayen Patriot suka yi adawa da shi.Harin ya kashe ‘yan bindiga 10 a cikin barci tare da raunata wasu biyar.  An,ko da yake baya tare da Amurkawa.An kai harin ne da daddare tare da bayonets.A ranar 28 ga Yuni na waccan shekarar,Simcoe da Rangers na Sarauniya sun halarci yakin Monmouth,a ciki da kusa da Freehold, New Jersey .

Ranar 31 ga Agusta,1778,Lieut.Col.Simcoe ya jagoranci kisan kiyashi na ’yan asalin Amirka arba’in,waɗanda ke da alaƙa da Sojojin Nahiyar,a cikin abin da yake a yau Bronx,New York.Ana kiran wannan wurin da Filin Indiya a cikin Van Cortlandt Park, Bronx,New York.

A ranar 26 ga Oktoba 1779,Simcoe da maza 80 sun kaddamar da hari a tsakiyar New Jersey daga kudancin Jihar Staten Island da aka sani da Simcoe's Raid, daga abin da aka sani a yau da Gidan Taro, wanda ya haifar da kona kayan Patriot a cikin Cocin Reformed Dutch a Finderne.ciki har da hay da hatsi;sakin fursunoni masu aminci daga Kotun Somerset County;da kama Simcoe ta Armand Tuffin de La Rouërie .An sake Simcoe a ƙarshen 1779 kuma ya koma sashinsa a Virginia .Ya shiga cikin Raid on Richmond tare da Benedict Arnold a cikin Janairu 1781 kuma yana da hannu a wani rikici kusa da Williamsburg kuma ya kasance a kewayen Yorktown.An sake bata shi zuwa Ingila a watan Disamba na waccan shekarar a matsayin Laftanar-Kanar,bayan da aka kara masa girma a cikin Maris 1782.

Simcoe ya rubuta littafi game da abubuwan da ya samu tare da Sarauniyar Rangers,mai suna *A Journal of Operations of the Queen's Rangers daga ƙarshen shekara ta 1777 zuwa ƙarshen ƙarshen yakin Amurka*,wanda aka buga a 1787.Ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin Sufeto Janar na daukar ma'aikata na Sojan Burtaniya,daga 1789 har zuwa tashinsa zuwa Upper Canada shekaru biyu bayan haka.

## Aure da iyali
Simcoe ya yi nasara a gidan Devon na ubangidansa,Admiral Samuel Graves .A cikin 1782,Simcoe ya auri Elizabeth Posthuma Gwillim,unguwar ubangidansa. Elizabeth mace ce mai arziƙi, wadda ta sami Estate a Honiton a Devon kuma ya gina Wolford Lodge. Wolford ita ce wurin zama dangin Simcoe har zuwa 1923.

Simcoes suna da 'ya'ya mata biyar kafin a buga su a Kanada.An haifi Son Francis a shekara ta 1791. 'Yar su haifaffen Kanada,Katherine,ta mutu tun tana karama a York . An binne ta a filin shakatawa na Victoria Square da ke Portland Avenue,Toronto.Francis ya koma Ingila tare da mahaifinsa lokacin da wa'adinsa ya kare kuma ya shiga aikin soja.An kashe shi a cikin wani cajin soja a lokacin Yaƙin Peninsular a 1812.

Son Henry Addington Simcoe ya zama masanin tauhidin Ingilishi.

## Dan majalisa
Simcoe ya shiga siyasa a 1790.An zabe shi dan majalisa mai wakiltar St Mawes a Cornwall,a matsayin mai goyon bayan gwamnati (wanda William Pitt the Younger ya jagoranta). A matsayinsa na dan majalisa,ya ba da shawarar samar da rundunar soji kamar Sarauniya Rangers.Ya kuma ba da shawarar jagorantar mamayar Spain.Amma a maimakon haka za a nada shi Laftanar gwamna na sabon lardin Upper Canada masu aminci. Ya yi murabus daga majalisar a shekara ta 1792 a kan karbar sabon mukaminsa.

## Laftanar Gwamna na Upper Canada
Dokar Tsarin Mulki ta 1791 ta raba Kanada zuwa Lardunan Sama na Kanada (Ontario) da Ƙananan Kanada (Quebec).Dokar ta kafa gwamnatoci daban-daban da majalisun dokoki na kowane lardi. Ƙasar Kanada ita ce yankin gabas masu magana da Faransanci,wanda ke riƙe da dokokin faransanci da kariyar da aka kafa ga Cocin Katolika na Roman da aka kafa lokacin da Biritaniya ta mamaye yankin bayan cin nasarar Faransa a yakin shekaru bakwai .Upper Canada ita ce yankin yamma,sabon zama bayan Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka .Mazauna galibi masu magana da Ingilishi ne,ciki har da masu aminci daga Turawan Mulki goma sha uku,da kuma Ƙasashe shida na Iroquois,waɗanda suka kasance ƙawayen Burtaniya a lokacin yaƙin. Masarautar ta sayi filaye daga Mississauga da sauran Ƙasashen Farko don ba wa masu aminci tallafin filaye a cikin wani yanki na diyya na dukiyoyin da aka rasa a Amurka,da kuma taimaka musu su kafa sabbin al'ummomi da haɓaka wannan yanki. 

An nada Simcoe Laftanar-Gwamna a ranar 12 ga Satumba 1791,kuma ya tafi Kanada tare da matarsa Elizabeth da 'yarsa Sophia,ya bar 'ya'ya mata uku a Ingila tare da innarsu.Sun bar Ingila a watan Satumba kuma sun isa Kanada a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba.Saboda tsananin yanayi,Simcoes sun yi hunturu a birnin Quebec . A ƙarshe Simcoe ya isa Kingston, Upper Canada, a ranar 24 ga Yuni 1792. 

A cikin shela akan 16 Yuli 1792,ya sake suna tsibirai da yawa a bakin tsibiran da ke kan kogin St.Lawrence don tunawa da janar-janar na Burtaniya na Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai ( Amherst Island,Carleton Island, Gage Island, Wolfe Island) ., da Howe Island ). 

A karkashin Dokar Tsarin Mulki,gwamnatin lardi ta ƙunshi Laftanar-Gwamna,Majalisar Zartarwa da Majalisar Dokoki da aka naɗa,da Zaɓaɓɓen Majalisar Dokoki .Taron farko na Majalisar Wakilai mai wakilai tara da Majalisar Dokoki mai wakilai goma sha shida ya faru a Newark (yanzu Niagara-on-the-Lake ) a ranar 17 ga Satumba 1792.

## Manazarta