Shirley Ann Jackson

**Shirley Ann Jackson**, FREng (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga Agusta, 1946) ƙwararriyar masanin kimiyyar lissafi ce 'yar Amurka kuma shugabar Cibiyar Fasaha ta Rensselaer . Ita ce mace ' yar Afirka ta farko da ta sami digirin digirgir a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT), a fannin Ilimin Fiziki na Elementary Particle Physics.   Ita ce kuma mace 'yar Afirka ta biyu a Amurka da ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin kimiyyar lissafi. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Jackson a Washington, DC, kuma ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Roosevelt Senior . Bayan kammala karatunta a shekarar 1964, ta yi rajista a MIT don yin karatun kimiyyar lissafi, inda ta sami digirinta na BS a shekarar 1968.  

Jackson ta zaɓi ta ci gaba da zama a MIT don aikinta na digirin digirgir kuma ta sami digirin digirgir na uku a fannin kimiyyar nukiliya a shekarar 1973, inda ta zama mace 'yar Afirka ta farko da ta sami digirin digirgir daga MIT. James Young, farfesa a Cibiyar Nazarin Lissafi ta MIT ne ya jagoranci bincikenta.   Jackson kuma ita ce mace 'yar Afirka ta biyu a Amurka da ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin kimiyyar lissafi. An nuna ta a shirin PBS mai suna *Finding Your Roots*, Season 6, Episode 7, inda aka yi mata lakabi da ɗaya daga cikin manyan majagaba a fannin kimiyya a duniya yayin da ba ta san komai game da asalinta ba.  A shekarar 2002, mujallar *Discover* ta amince da ita a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mata 50 mafi muhimmanci a fannin kimiyya. 

### Dakunan gwaje-gwaje na AT&T Bell
Jackson ta shiga Sashen Binciken Ilimin Lissafi na Ka'ida a Dakunan gwaje-gwaje na AT&amp;amp;T Bell a shekarar 1976, inda ta binciki muhimman halayen kayan aiki daban-daban.  Ta fara lokacinta a Bell Labs ta hanyar nazarin kayan da za a yi amfani da su a masana'antar semiconductor.  Ta yi aiki a Sashen Binciken Ilimin Lissafi na Watsawa da Ƙananan Makamashi tun daga shekarar 1978 kuma ta koma Sashen Binciken Ilimin Lissafi na Jiha da Kwantum a shekarar 1988. A Bell Labs, Jackson ta yi bincike kan kaddarorin gani da na lantarki na tsarin girma biyu da kuma tsarin girma biyu. 

Jackson ta yi aiki a matsayin malanta a Jami'ar Rutgers da ke Piscataway da New Brunswick, New Jersey, daga 1991 zuwa 1995, ban da ci gaba da tuntubar Bell Labs kan ka'idar semiconductor.  Bincikenta a wannan lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan halayen lantarki da na gani na tsarin mai girma biyu.

Duk da cewa wasu majiyoyi sun yi iƙirarin cewa Jackson ta gudanar da bincike na kimiyya yayin da take aiki a Bell Laboratories wanda ya ba wasu damar ƙirƙirar fax mai ɗaukuwa, wayar hannu mai sautin taɓawa, ƙwayoyin hasken rana, kebul na fiber optic, da fasahar da ke bayan ID na mai kira da jiran kira,    Jackson da kanta ba ta yi irin wannan iƙirarin ba.  Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan ci gaban sadarwa sun yi nisa sosai kafin zuwanta Bell Labs a 1976, tare da waɗannan ƙirƙira guda shida da aka lissafa musamman waɗanda suka faru tsakanin 1954 da 1970. 

### Hukumar Kula da Makamashin Nukiliya ta Amurka
A shekarar 1995, Shugaba Bill Clinton ya naɗa ta don ta zama shugabar Hukumar Kula da Makamashin Nukiliya ta Amurka (NRC), inda ta zama mace ta farko kuma Ba’amurke Ba’amurke ta farko da ta riƙe wannan matsayin.  A NRC, tana da "ikon da ya dace ga duk ayyukan NRC da suka shafi gaggawa da ya shafi mai lasisin NRC".  Bugu da ƙari, yayin da Jackson ke aiki a hukumar, ta taimaka wajen kafa Ƙungiyar Kula da Makamashin Nukiliya ta Duniya.  Jackson ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Ƙungiyar Kula da Makamashin Nukiliya ta Duniya daga 1997 zuwa 1999. Ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi manyan jami'an kula da makamashin Nukiliya daga ƙasashe kamar Kanada, Faransa, Jamus, da Spain. 

### Cibiyar Fasaha ta Rensselaer
A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1999, Jackson ta zama shugabar Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) ta 18. Manufar Jackson ga Rensselaer ita ce "ta sami karbuwa a ƙarni na 21 a matsayin babbar jami'ar bincike ta fasaha ta duniya, tare da isa ga duniya da kuma tasirinta a duniya." Ita ce mace ta farko kuma 'yar Afirka ta farko da ta riƙe wannan matsayi. Tun bayan naɗinta a matsayin shugabar RPI, Jackson ta taimaka wajen tara sama da dala biliyan 1 a cikin gudummawar da ake bayarwa don ayyukan agaji. 

Ta jagoranci ƙirƙirar wani shiri mai suna Shirin Rensselaer kuma an sami ci gaba mai yawa wajen cimma burin Shirin. Ta jagoranci wani babban kamfen na inganta jari, ciki har da gina Cibiyar Fasaha ta Gwaje-gwaje da Fasaha ta Wasanni da Zane-zane da ta kashe dala miliyan 200,  da kuma East Campus Athletic Village.

A ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 2006, bangaren RPI (ciki har da wasu bangarorin "'emeritus") sun kada kuri'a 155 zuwa 149 a kan kuri'ar rashin amincewa a Jackson.

Bayan ta isa RPI, albashin Jackson da fa'idodinta sun ƙaru daga $423,150 a 1999-2000 zuwa sama da $1.3 miliyan a 2006-2007.   A 2011 albashin Jackson ya kai dala miliyan 1.75.  A 2006-07, kuma an kiyasta ta sami ƙarin dala miliyan 1.3 daga kujerun gudanarwa a manyan kamfanoni da dama.  Sanarwar korar ma'aikata daga RPI a watan Disamba na 2008 ya sa wasu a cikin al'ummar RPI suka yi tambaya ko cibiyar ya kamata ta ci gaba da biyan Jackson diyya a wannan matakin, ta kula da matsuguni a Adirondacks, da kuma ci gaba da tallafa wa ma'aikata na musamman.  Shugabancinta ya haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce mai yawa a cikin ɗaliban; a shekarar 2011, Majalisar Dattawan Daliban RPI ta amince da kudirin neman gwamnati ta sake duba aikinta tare da la'akari da korarta saboda "rashin gamsuwa da kuma rashin kwarin gwiwa tsakanin dalibai, malamai, ma'aikata da tsofaffin ɗalibai, musamman waɗanda ke adawa da Cibiyar da shugabancin Shugaba Jackson" da kuma "salon shugabancinta na sama, [da] tsaurin ra'ayi." 

A ranar 4-5 ga Disamba, 2009, Jackson ta yi bikin cika shekaru goma a RPI da wani "Karshen Biki," wanda ya ƙunshi kade-kade na girmamawa daga Aretha Franklin da Joshua Bell da sauran abubuwan da suka faru.   Bayan ƙarshen mako, kwamitin amintattu ya sanar da cewa za su goyi bayan gina sabon gidan baƙi a kadarar Jackson, don manufar "[ba wa] shugabannin ƙasa damar karɓar da kuma nishadantar da mazauna Rensselaer, masu ba da gudummawa, da sauran manyan baƙi."  Amintattun sun ce "kuɗaɗen wannan sabon aikin ba za su kasance don wani dalili ba."  William Walker, Mataimakin Shugaban Sadarwa da Hulɗa da Waje na Makarantar ya lura cewa "Hukumar tana ganin wannan a matsayin jarin dogon lokaci... ga Shugaba Jackson da magajinsa." 

A ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2010, Hukumar Daukaka Kara ta Troy Zoning Zoning ta ƙi amincewa da buƙatar RPI na bambancin yanki wanda zai ba su damar gina sabon gidan a tsayin , wanda zai wuce  takaita tsayin gine-gine a yankunan zama. Hukumar kula da yanki ta bayyana cewa "ya yi girma sosai," kuma masu kashe gobara biyu sun yi imanin cewa kadarorin za su yi wahalar shiga da motocin gaggawa.  An sanar da wani sabon shiri a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, inda ya bayyana yadda za a maye gurbin gidan shugaban kasa da sabon gida mai hawa biyu.  Sabon gidan zai kasance da "murabba'in ƙafa 9,600 na sararin zama, wanda aka raba kusan daidai tsakanin sararin zama na iyalan shugaban kasa da kuma dakuna don shugaban kasa ya gudanar da tarurruka da taruka." 

A watan Yunin 2010, an sanar da cewa Kwamitin Amintattu na Rensselaer ya kada kuri'a baki daya don tsawaita kwangilar shekaru goma da Jackson ta yi, wanda ta amince da shi.  Diyya ta Jackson ta kasance ta farko a tsakanin shugabannin jami'o'i masu zaman kansu na Amurka a shekarar 2014. 

Wani labarin *Money.com* na shekarar 2015 ya ambaci Jackson a matsayin Shugaban Jami'a mafi albashi mafi girma kuma "ya ɗauki albashin asali na $945,000 tare da ƙarin $276,474 a cikin kari, $31,874 a cikin fa'idodi marasa haraji". 

A kaka ta 2018, kwamitin amintattu ya amince da tsawaita kwangilar har zuwa karshen watan Yunin 2022. 

A ranar 25 ga Yuni, 2021, Jackson ta baiyana a bainar jama'a cewa za ta sauka daga mukaminta na shugabar ƙasa daga ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2022, bayan shekaru 23. 

### Tsarin Kula da Yanayi
A watan Fabrairun 2020, Jackson ta shiga Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya. Wa'adin aikinta a hukumar zai ci gaba har zuwa Oktoba 2029. Shugaban Hukumar Tom Tierney ya ce, "Domin samun nasarar shawo kan ƙalubalen muhalli mafi tsanani da ke gabanmu, TNC tana buƙatar mutane masu buri da manyan ra'ayoyi."  

## Daraja da fifiko
Jackson ta sami guraben karo ilimi da dama, ciki har da tallafin karatu da tallafin karatu na Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Martin Marietta, tallafin karatu na Prince Hall Masons, horon Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa, da kuma tallafin karatu na Cibiyar Ford Foundation . An zaɓe ta a cikin ƙungiyoyi na musamman da dama, ciki har da Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka .  A shekarar 2014, an naɗa ta a matsayin wadda ta sami lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta Kimiyya .  

A farkon shekarun 1990, Gwamnan New Jersey na wancan lokacin James Florio ya ba Jackson kyautar Kimiyya ta Thomas Alva Edison saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga kimiyyar lissafi da kuma haɓaka kimiyya. 

Jackson ta sami kyaututtuka na shekarun 1976 da 1981 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Fitattun Matan Matasa na Amurka. An shigar da ita cikin Zauren Fitattun Mata na Ƙasa a shekarar 1998 saboda "babban gudunmawarta a matsayinta na fitacciyar masanin kimiyya kuma mai fafutukar kare ilimi, kimiyya, da manufofin jama'a." Ta sami kyautar Candace Award for Technology daga Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Mata Baƙaƙe 100 a shekarar 1982.

A shekara ta 2001, ta sami kyautar tunawa da Richtmyer da ƙungiyar malaman kimiyyar lissafi ta Amurka ke bayarwa kowace shekara. Ta kuma sami digirin girmamawa na digirin digirgir sau 53.  Kwanan nan, ta sami digirin girmamawa daga Jami'ar Brandeis. 

A lokacin bazara na 2007, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Vannevar Bush saboda "nasarorin da ta samu a tsawon rayuwa a binciken kimiyya, ilimi da kuma gudummawar da manyan jami'an gwamnati suka bayar ga manufofin jama'a".

A shekara ta 2007, ta sami kyautar Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Success wanda memba na Majalisar Awards Ben Carson ya gabatar mata.  

A shekarar 2008, ta zama Mataimakiyar Shugabar Jami'a ta Majalisar Amurka kan Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke Washington, DC . A shekarar 2009, Shugaba Barack Obama ya nada Jackson don yin aiki a Majalisar Masu Ba da Shawara kan Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Shugaban Kasa, wata kungiyar ba da shawara mai mambobi 20 da ta sadaukar da kanta ga manufofin jama'a. 

An naɗa ta a matsayin ɗalibi na ƙasa da ƙasa na Kwalejin Injiniya ta Royal (FReng) a shekarar 2012. 

A shekarar 2018, Cibiyar Hutchins ta Binciken Baƙar fata ta Amurka ta ba ta lambar yabo ta WEB Du Bois.  A shekarar 2019, Cibiyar Nazarin Baƙar fata ta Amurka ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Joseph A. Burton Forum Award.  

A shekarar 2021, ta sami lambar yabo ta Hans Christian Oersted daga ƙungiyar malaman kimiyyar lissafi ta Amurka .  Haka kuma a shekarar 2021, ta sami lambar yabo ta Clark Kerr, daga majalisar dattawan UC Berkeley, saboda shugabanci mai kyau a manyan makarantu. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Jackson ta auri Morris A. Washington, farfesa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, kuma suna da ɗa ɗaya babba. Ita memba ce a ƙungiyar Delta Sigma Theta .

## Taimakon jama'a
An naɗa Jackson da mijinta a matsayin waɗanda suka shiga ajin farko na ƙungiyar tallafawa jama'a ta yankin babban birnin ƙasar a shekarar 2019. 

## Duba kuma

* Tsarin lokaci na mata a kimiyya

## Manazarta