open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Matthaios Tsahouridis

Matthaios Tsahouridis (Girkanci: Ματθαίος Τσαχουρίδης; an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 1978) mawaki ne kuma mawaƙi ɗan ƙasar Girka na Pontic wanda ke buga nau'ikan kayan kida masu kida iri-iri.[1] An haife shi a Veria, Girka, kuma ya fara yin waƙa yana da shekaru 9. A Girka da Turkiyya, a halin yanzu ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mafi kyawun mai kunna goge na Pontic lyra (ko Kemençe) [ana buɓatar hujja]; ana yaba masa saboda salon sa, kirkire-kirkire da haɗa shi da sauran masu wasan kwaikwayo na ƙabila daga ko'ina cikin duniya. A wasu lokutan ana kiran Matthaios da Makos ko kuma kawai Makoulis.

Tsahouridis yana kunna kayan kida irin su violin, Laghouto (Lute na Girka), oud, Greek bouzouki, guitar, Persian Kamanicheh, Afghan rubab, da kuma Afghan da Uzbek ghichaks.

## Ilimi
Tsahouridis ya lashe lambar yabo ta farko a gasar kiɗa ta Pan-Hellenic da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Girka ta shirya a Gidan Concert na Athens (Megaron Mousikis) a shekarar 1996. A shekara ta 1997, Panteleimon da Iera Mitropolis Verias sun ba shi tallafin karatu, don ci gaba da karatunsa na kiɗa a Landan.

A shekara ta 2001 Tsahouridis ya kammala digiri na farko a Nazarin Kiɗa da Masters a Ethnomusicology a Kwalejin Goldsmiths, Jami'ar London . A shekara ta 2003 an ba shi tallafin karatu daga 'Michael Marks Charitable Trust' don bincikensa na Doctoral a fagen Performance Practice . Ya sami digirinsa na PhD a shekara ta 2007, mai taken: 'The Pontic lyra in contemporary Greece', digirin digirin farko a Burtaniya yana nufin aikin al'adun kiɗa da ba na yamma ba.

## Ayyuka
Ya yi wasan kwaikwayo na Pontic lyra a bikin kiɗa na WOMAD a Reading (2001, 2005), bikin kiɗa ya WOMEX a Rotterdam (2001), bikin Roskilder Rock (2002), a Teatro Massimo don UNESCO (Palermo Opera House, Italiya 2002), a Royal Albert Hall (2002) da kuma Purcell Room a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Kudu ta London. Ya yi waƙar Pontic don BBC_Radio_3" id="mwNw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="BBC Radio 3">BBC Radio 3, da kuma wasu shirye-shiryen rediyo na BBC da yawa. Ya kasance daya daga cikin masu wasan kwaikwayo na babban taken kiɗa na BBC don Wasannin Olympics na Athens tare da ƙungiyar opera Amici da Prague Symphony Orchestra . Ya kuma yi aiki tare da Ostad Ardeshir Kamkar a kan Kamanicheh na Farisa a Tehran a shekara ta 2004. A shekara ta 2005, ya yi wasan kwaikwayo a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Herodus Atticus a Acropolis, Athens, tare da ERT Contemporary Music Orchestra a bikin buɗe Bikin Athens kuma a watan Yunin 2005 ya yi wasan kwaikwayon a Oratorio 'Kosmas o Aitolos' (ta Mimis Plessas) a Veria, Girka. A shekara ta 2006 Matthaios ya kasance darektan haɗin gwiwa na bikin buɗewa na Majalisar Byzantine ta Duniya ta London tare da Lady Marina Marks a matsayin Shugaban da Yarima Charles a matsayin mai kula. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2007 ya yi wasa a London Porchester Hall (Bayswater) tare da Cat Stevens (Yusuf Islam). A shekara ta 2010 ya yi wasan kwaikwayo a Bikin Kadirga a cikin Dutsen Pontic na Trabzon, Turkiyya . Tun daga wannan lokacin ya yi aiki tare da mawaƙa da yawa na Pontic Greek daga Turkiyya.

## Manazarta
𒄯

Alamar cuneiform mur, (kuma alamar **har**, hur, kyr), alama ce ta amfani da haruffa Amarna, Epic of Gilgamesh, da sauran matani na cuneiform (alal misali matani na Hittite).

## Amfani da Epic na Gilgamesh
Amfani da Alamar mur a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh kamar haka: (*har*, sau 40, kyr, 1 lokaci, hur, sau 18, da mur, sau 27. Kuma don logogram HUR, sau 2.

## Amfani da marubucin Urushalima, [[Wasikar Amarna EA 287|EA 287]], [[Wasikar Amarna EA 288|EA 288]], [[Wasikar Amarna EA 289|EA 289]]
Marubucin Urushalima ya yi amfani da mur (cuneiform) a cikin EA 287-289. Amfani yana da ban mamaki, a lokacin da jumla ta fara (interjection). Rubutun a cikin Harshen Akkadian, ga marubucin shine (cuneiform) - (bango (cuneiforme)), **"Amaru-!"** yadda ake amfani da kalmar Akkadian a matsayin "Exclamation", kuma shine "Amāru-!", (don "ganin"), kuma a cikin Harshen Ingilishi **"Kiran"** - **"Dubi (a nan) -!**". A wasu lokuta, kamar EA 288, marubucin Urushalima yana amfani da shi layi biyu, layi 41 da 43, na wasikar Reverse.

Lines: (EA 288, Reverse) 

## Manazarta

* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List,
Georgios Skliros

**Georgios Konstantinides** (Girkanci: ; nom de plume **Skliros** (Σκληρός); 1878-1919) ya kasance ɗan asalin Girka ne kuma ɗan jarida. Da yake kwatanta gaskiyar zamani, ya kafa aikinsa a kan rarraba al'umma da kuma, nazarin al'ummar Girka, ta amfani da hanyoyin Marxist. Har zuwa mutuwarsa an dauke shi "mafi mahimmancin Marxist na Girka".

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Skleros ne a cikin dangin tsakiya na Trebizond a cikin Ottoman Pontus, kuma ya ɗauki ilimi na al'ada da hangen nesa na duniya ga birnin da kuma kwata na Girka na wannan shekarun, kuma a cikin ƙuruciyarsa ya yi tafiya zuwa Odessa a Rasha don yin aiki a matsayin ɗan kasuwa. Daga baya ya tafi Moscow, inda ya shiga karatun likita, a 1904, a Jami'ar Moscow. A shekara mai zuwa ya shiga cikin juyin juya halin, a ƙarƙashin tasirin Georgi Plekhanov, [1] ya ɗauki sunan "Skliros" ("Mai tsanani"). Jerin matsaloli tare da tsarin Tsarist ya kore shi zuwa Estonia sannan zuwa Jena a Jamus. A can, a matsayin wakilin ka'idar Marxist ya sadu da Dimitris Glinos a cikin "Filiki Prodevtiki Enosi" ("Friendly Progressive Unity"), ƙungiyar ɗalibai da ke cikin jagorancin gurguzu.[2]

Skleros, wanda ke fama da tarin fuka, sai ya koma kuma ya zauna a Alexandria, inda ya mutu a 1919.

## Ayyuka

* Τονωνικόν haka Ζή lete (Manufarmu ta Jama'a, 1907) 
* *Η Φιλοσοφία του Πολέμου και της Ειρήνης* (*Falsafar Yaƙi da Zaman Lafiya*) 
* *Σύγχρο Προβλήματα του Ελλην Country* (Matsala na zamani a cikin Hellenism) 
* Μελέτες - παμβάσεις στα πολιτικά και πολιτιστικά δρώμενα (Masu - Shiga tsakani a Siyasa da Matsayin Siyasa) 

## Manazarta
George Valavanis

Ana tunawa da shi saboda aikinsa mai taken The Contemporary General History of Pontus (Girkanci: ) wanda aka buga a 1925 kuma ya rufe tsaftace kabilanci na Helenawa a Pontus da musayar yawan jama'a tsakanin Girka da Turkiyya. Duk da yake aikin Valavanis muhimmiyar tushe ce ga ƙwaƙwalwar Pontian, an yi tambaya game da tsaka-tsaki na hanyarsa. Masana kimiyya na zamani, gami da aikin Erik Sjöberg (masanin tarihi) , ya bayyana kimantawar wadanda suka mutu kamar yadda ba su da tushe na kididdiga. Littafinsa na 1925 wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa 353,000 Pontic Greek sun mutu masana tarihi suna kallon shi a matsayin aikin bayar da shawarwari da tunawa da ƙasa maimakon binciken ƙididdigar jama'a, wanda aka rubuta nan da nan bayan musayar yawan jama'a don nuna girman bala'in ga masu sauraro na duniya. A cewar Andrekos Varnava, Valavanis bai ba da wata hujja ta tabbatar da wannan lambar ba. Ya karɓi adadi daga wata takarda ta farfaganda da ta gabata kuma ya ƙara shi da 50,000. Masana irin su Tasos Kostopoulos da Nicholas Doumanis suna jayayya cewa bisa ga kwatankwacin bayanan ƙididdigar Ottoman da bayanan 'yan gudun hijira, ƙididdigat ɗin da ya fi dacewa game da yawan mutanen da suka mutu a yankin Pontus tsakanin 1912 da 1923 ya kasance a kusa da 100,000.[1]

## Haɗin waje

* Georgios Valavanis  An adana shi 2016-02-28 a
𒈾

*a* n" data-linkid="16" href="./Cuneiform" id="mwLg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform ***'''NA***** alama ce ta yau da kullun, mai amfani da yawa, syllabic don ''na'', da kuma alamar haruffa da aka yi amfani da ita don n, ko a; ya zama ruwan dare a duka Epic na Gilgamesh sama da daruruwan shekaru, da kuma haruffa Amarna na 1350 BC. A cikin Epic na Gilgamesh yana da sumerogramic (babba wasika (majuscule)) amfani don ''NA.'' Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan amfani da NA. ''GAD'' a cikin Epic (kuma LÚ.NA.GAD, da jam'i LÚ. NA.GAD.MEŠ), don Harshen Akkadian "nāqidu",  "''"man kiwo"''". Amfani da NA a cikin makiyaya shine kawai don rubutun 3.

Ɗa daga cikin dalilan kayan sa (na shine na biyu mafi yawan cuneiform, wanda ya wuce kawai da a) [1] saboda amfani da shi a cikin kalmar a-na (harshe na Akkadian "ana" [2]) -, wanda ke da amfani a Turanci kamar: to, for, by, of, da kuma a. Har ila yau, wani bangare ne na gabatarwar harshen Akkadian: i-na (ina), ma'ana: a ciki, cikin, ta hanyar, da dai sauransu.

Amfani da alamar **'NA** daga Epic *na* Gilgamesh kamar haka: na- (sau 736), NA- (24). 

## Bambance-bambance ''Na'' Na cuneiform

## Manazarta




* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga yaren Girka. Nazarin Bayani na Tsohon Babila da Yammacin Akkadian, shafi na 95-100.&nbsp;
* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.  (Sauce-cover,  ) - (Volume 1) &nbsp;
* Ugarit Forschungen (Neukirchen-Vluyn). UF-11 (1979) ya girmama Claude Schaeffer, tare da kimanin labarai 100 a cikin shafuka 900. shafi na 95, ff, "Comparative Graphemic Analysis of Old Babylonian and Western Akkadian", marubucin Giorgio Buccellati, (watau Ugarit da Amarna (wasiku), wasu uku, Mari, OB, Royal haruffa, OB, wadanda ba na Royal haruffi ba).
𒈬

Alamar cuneiform ***'MU***', alama ce ta amfani da haruffa na Amarna, Epic of Gilgamesh, da sauran matani na cuneiform (alal misali matani na Hittite). Hakanan ana amfani dashi azaman MU a wannan yanayin shine Sumerogram wanda ke nufin "sunan," "shekara" ko "rayuwa".

A fannin harshe, yana da am da haru a cikin matani don m, ko u, ko syllabically don mu. Ana iya maye gurbin u a cikin kalma ta kowane daga cikin wasula 4: a, e, i, ko u.

Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa aka yi amfani da mu a cikin haruffa na Amarna shine don kalmar: "zaman lafiya", ko "yi aminci", Harshen Akkadian *šalāmu*,  don "yi aiki, gaba ɗaya, lafiya". Ana amfani dashi musamman tsakanin haruffa na Babban Sarki.

## Amfani da Epic na Gilgamesh
Amfani da alamar **'MU**' a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh kamar haka: *mu*- (sau 266); MU- (87). 

## Manazarta

* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
𒊩

MUNUS, ko **SAL** ita ce babba harafin (majuscule) Sumerogram don kalmar yaren Akkadian "ṣuhārtu",  *budurwa*, ko *mace*. Ana amfani da kalmar a cikin haruffa na diflomasiyya na Amarna, da kuma wasu wurare, misali a cikin Epic of Gilgamesh .

## Labarin Gilgamesh
Halin cuneiform don mace, ko "matashiyar mace", Ina da amfaNi da yawa a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh; ana amfani da shi don waɗannan: mim, (sau 21); rag, (2); rak, (10); raq, (1); sal, (1); šal, (25); MÍ, (sau 43).

## Manazarta

*  
* Rainey, 1970 El Amarna Tablets, 359-379, Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, Alter Orient Altes Testament 8, Kevelaer da Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, shafuka 107.
Aristid Panaiotidi

**Aristid Georgiyevich Panaiotidi** (Russian; an haife shi a ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1971) tsohon ɗan wasan kwallon kafa ne na Rasha. 

Panaiotidi ya taka leda a gasar zakarun Rasha tare da FC Dynamo-Gazovik Tyumen . [1]

Ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan fasaha na FC Dynamo Moscow a ƙarshen 2000s.

## Manazarta
𒋳

Alamar cuneiform šum alama ce ta amfani da haruffa Amarna, Epic of Gilgamesh, da sauran matani na cuneiform (alal misali matani na Hittite).

a cikin harshe, yana da amfani da syllabic don š*u*, *da kuma* *tag*, *tak*, da taq. Hakanan ana iya amfani dashi a cikin haruffa don *š, m, t, g, k, ko q*, kuma a matsayin maye gurbin wasula huɗu, na a, ko e, ko i, ko u.

## Amfani da Epic na Gilgamesh
Amfani da alamar šum a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh kamar haka: (šum, sau 34, *tag*, 2, *tak*, 23, da taq, sau 7). 

## Amarna haruffa amfani
Amfani da aka saba amfani da shi na cuneiform na šum a cikin haruffa na Amarna shine don kalmar Akkadian Shumma, [1] (), don Turanci idan. A cikin haruffa rikici tare da Habiru, karɓar birane, (birane-jihohi), nassi shine, "Idan Fir'auna bai aika da rundunar mai harbi ba, garinmu ya ɓace!".

## Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

## Manazarta

* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List,
𒈪

Ala

Ana iya samun alamar a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh da kuma tsakiyar kar*Ni* na 14 BC Amarna haruffa. Amfa*Ni* da alamomi a cikin Epic kamar haka: mé- (1 lokaci), mi- (126), MI- (9). 

## Jerin alamomi da suka fara da wedge (u)
Jerin alamomi da s*u* fara da (wedge) -u, daga Epic of Gilgamesh (Parpola, 1971), da haruffa na Amarna:

## Manazarta

* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
𒈠

*a***m">MA** ma ta cuneiform, a***na*** samun ta a cikin haruffa Amar*na* na karni na 14 BC da Epic na Gilgamesh . A cikin Epic kuma ana amfani dashi azaman Sumerogram MA, (don Harshen Akkadian "mina", *manû*, ma'auni na nauyi, kamar MA.NA, ko MA.NA.ÀM).  Ana amfani da alamar ma sau da yawa a ƙarshen kalmomi, ban da amfani da haruffa a cikin kalmomi kamar syllabic ma, a wasu wurare don m, ko a.

Amfani da cuneiform ma a cikin Epic of Gilgamesh, an wuce shi ne kawai ta hanyar amfani da a (cuneiform) (sau 1369, da 58, A (Sumerogram), idan aka kwatanta da sau 1047 ga ma, 6 ga MA (Sumerogram)). [1] Babban amfani da a wani ɓangare sakamakon amfani da preposition ne na a-na -(Akkadian "ana", zuwa, don, da sauransu); " i ", kuma yana da ƙaruwar amfani da preposition na i (cuneiform), don Akkadian ina, ( i - na ), don in, in, in, da sauransu.

## Manazarta

* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
* Rainey, 1970 El Amarna Tablets, 359-379, Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, Alter Orient Altes Testament 8, Kevelaer da Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, shafuka 107.
𒊭

*a* Saha-linkid="18" href="./Cuneiform" id="mwJw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform *š* alama ce ta yau da kullun, mai amfani da *Saha*, syllabic don ša, da kuma alamar haruffa da aka yi amfani da ita don š, ko a; ya zama ruwan dare a duka Epic na Gilgamesh sama da daruruwan shekaru, da kuma haruffa Amarna na 1350 BC.

*Saha* ga amfani da ša a cikin kalmomin kalmomin kalmomi, sunaye, da dai sauransu, *Saha* da babban amfani tsakanin kalmomi. A cikin Akkadian, don Harshen Ingilishi *"wanda"*, yana da wakilci na tambaya; a cikin Harshen Akkadian kamar ša, (a matsayin "wannan", "abin da"; ("wannan (na) ", "wanda (na) " ), a cikin Turanci ya yi amfani da shi don wanene, menene, wanene, da sauransu.

## Ša, da Ka, bambance-bambance na bugun jini
Bambanci a cikin ginin alamun ka da ša sune ka Saha: "ka" lokacin da aka rubuta a cikin haruffa na Amarna sau da Saha Saha nuna bambancin ɓangaren Saha na alamar, da ɓangaren hagu. Ga ša, sashin dama an gina shi tare da bugun jini guda biyu (wanda aka rubuta a sama da ɗayan), tsakanin madaidaiciya biyu, a dama. Ga ka, gefen dama galibi, a cikin haruffa na Amarna yana da madaidaiciya biyu, tare da kwance biyu da ke ƙetare su duka biyu; (gefen dama yana kama da siffar tsani biyu - (don Hittite ka: -)). Misali mai kyau na ša, an nuna shi don EA 365, Reverse (rabi na sama), inda bugun 2-wedge na ša tsakanin 2-dama tsaye ya bayyana. (Lura, ša na EA 365 ya bayyana yana da 3-horizontals a hagu (tsawon bambance-bambance), sannan 2-verticals tare da bugun 2-wedge, a dama. ) 

## Manazarta

* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
𒊑

Alamar *re*="./Cuneiform" id="mwKg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform ***''RI****, ko Re,  ana samun ta a cikin haruffa Amarna na karni na 14 BC da Epic na Gilgamesh; tana cikin manyan alamun cuneiform 25 da aka fi amfani da su (Buccellati, 1979) don ri, ko re, amma yana da wasu amfani da syllabic ko haruffa, da kuma amfani da Sumerogram don RI (Epic of Gilgamesh).

Alamar *'ri (cuneiform) ** tana da amfani da waɗannan a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh: 

: **dal**
: **re**
: **ri**
: **haka**
: **Tãl.**
: **RI** (Amfani da Sumerogram) 

Takamaiman lambobin amfani don ma'anar alamar a cikin Epic kamar ''haka'': ''dal''- (4), sake- (56), **'RI**- (372), tal- (70), ṭal- (2), RI- (1).

A cikin haruffa na Amarna, RI kuma RANNA da amfani na musamman lokacin da aka haɗa shi da sunan Fir'auna, a matsayin "LUGAL-Ri". Lugal shine Sumerogram da aka fassara a cikin Harshen Akkadian zuwa 'Sarki', sarru . Don haka a cikin haruffa na Amarna, ana amfani da Lugal a matsayin mai tsayawa, amma wani lokacin ana kara shi da Ri, kuma ana amfani da shi musamman a matsayin Sumerogram SÀR (daidai da Sumerogram don nufin LUGAL) don a haɗa shi da RI don yin sarru don sarki. ('Sarki', kamar yadda ake kira wani lokaci ana kirkirar shi ta hanyar ƙara ma (Cuneiform) , ƙayyadaddun zuwa ƙarshen sunan (Lugal-ma.)

## Manazarta

* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
* Ugarit Forschungen (Neukirchen-Vluyn). UF-11 (1979) ya girmama Claude Schaeffer, tare da kimanin labarai 100 a cikin shafuka 900. shafi na 95, ff, "Comparative Graphemic Analysis of Old Babylonian and Western Akkadian", marubucin Giorgio Buccellati, (watau Ugarit da Amarna (wasiku), wasu uku, Mari, OB,Royal, OB, non-Royal haruffa).
𒊓

Alamar cuneiform ***'SA***' alama ce da ba a saba amfani da ita ba ta Epic na Gilgamesh, haruffa Amarna na 1350 BC, da sauran matani na cuneiform. Hakanan yana da amfani da sumerogrammic don SA a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh . Tsarin alamar cuneiform yayi kama da, Ir (cuneiform) , .

Alamar "**'SA**'" tana da amfani da syllabic don sa, da kuma amfani da Sumerogram don SA.

SA a cikin Epic of Gilgamesh Alamar ce ta Akkadian "Šer'ānu", wanda aka fassara a matsayin: "muscle, sinew".[1]

## Amfani da Epic na Gilgamesh
Amfani da alamar **'SA**' a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh kamar haka: *sa*- (sau 89); da SA- (2).

## Manazarta

* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
𒈣

Alamar cuneiform **MÁ** tana nuna jirgin ruwa ko jirgin ruwa. Ana amfani dashi a cikin Sumerian kuma a matsayin Sumerogram don kalmar Akkadian *eleppu* (kuma 'jirgi' / 'jirgi').  MÁ yawanci ana gabatar da shi ta hanyar ƙaddara don abubuwan da aka yi da itace, wato GIŠ: GIŠ . MÁ, ko GIŠ. Ya fi haka, .

## Misalan
Epic of Gilgamesh ya lissafa kalmomi goma sha shida masu alaƙa da itace da aka rubuta tare da ƙayyadaddun GIŠ, daga cikinsu GIŠ. MÁ/eleppu.[1] Har ila yau, labarin yana amfani da 'jirgi' / 'jirgi') Sumerogram a cikin Tablet XI (almara ta ambaliyar Gilgamesh), da kuma wasu wurare lokacin da aka ɗauki Gilgamesh ta jirgin ruwa.

Wasu daga cikin haruffa na Amarna ta amfani da Sumerogram sune EA 86, EA 153,  EA 149, EA 245,  da EA 364. 

## Dubi kuma

* Wasikar Amarna EA 86
* Wasikar Amarna EA 153
* Wasikar Amarna EA 245

## Manazarta
𒊒

Ana sam*u* alama*r* cuneiform **ru** a cikin ha*ru* Amarna na karni na 14 BC da Epic na Gilgamesh . Kamar yadda *ru* ana amfani da shi don syllabic *ru*, da ha*ru* 'r', ko 'u'. A cikin I-XII Tablets of the Epic of Gilgamesh, yana da takamaiman amfani da ke nuna wasu fassarar ban da *ru*; a matsayin alamar no. 068, ru, sau 250, **'ŠUB**', 6, šup, 3, kuma a matsayin Sumerogram ŠUB, 1 lokaci. A cikin haruffa na Amarna, ana amfani da alamar galibi don ru, r, da u a cikin rubutun kalmomi daban-daban. Musamman, don "tsuntsu", Harshen Akkadian "iṣūru",  a cikin Wasikar Amarna EA 28, (Tushratta zuwa Fir'auna), mai taken "Masanni da aka tsare da zanga-zanga"; ana ambaton manzanni a matsayin "ba su da rai", kuma "ba su sami 'yanci su zo su tafi kamar yadda tsuntsaye suke yi?".

Fassarar marubucin alamar ru ya bambanta sosai a wasu haruffa na Amarna. A cikin Wasikar Amarna 28 15, Assur-uballit I na Assuriya zuwa Fir'auna, da kuma wasikar Amerna 28, (ta amfani da tsuntsu, "iṣūru") ya bayyana a matsayin misali, fassarar lantarki.

Sauran fassarar alamar kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Wasikar Amarna EA 362 an kuma samo shi sau biyu a cikin tsakiyar (zuwa tsawo) wasikar Amerna mai layi 69 EA 362, Rib-Hadda zuwa Fir'auna, wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman "sadar" (wasika / saƙo), layi 52, "aš-pu-**ru**", Akkadian "šapāru".

Wani misali wasika na amfani, shine don layi daya, Layin 27 a gefen Wasikar Amarna EA 147, Biridiya zuwa Fir'auna, mai taken "Hymn to the Pharaoh",  wasika a cikin yanayi mai kyau (ban da kusurwar da ta ɓace na allon yumɓu).

L*u*, a cikin Harshen Akkadian, ta amfani da wasula *a, e, i,* da u, babu "o", (ko y a matsayin wasula). Duk wani wasula da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin alamar, ana iya maye gurbinsa don wasula daban. Har ila yau u (cuneiform)  yana da amfani na musamman, kuma ana amfani dashi da wuya don 'vowel u'. ú (cuneiform)  - (first prime) shine al'ada haruffa 'u'.

## Manazarta

* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
* Rainey, 1970 El Amarna Tablets, 359-379, Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, Alter Orient Altes Testament 8, Kevelaer da Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, shafuka 107.
𒉡

Alamar n" data-linkid="20" href="./C*u*" id="mwJQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform **NU** ita ce amfani da syllabic, ko haruffa (don n ko u). An ƙuntata shi ga "nu", amma a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh, ko kuma a wasu wurare yana da Sumerogram (babba harafi, babba) amfani da NU, kuma mai yiwuwa galibi don wani bangare a cikin sunayen mutum (PN), sunayen allah, ko sunayen na musamman don takamaiman abubuwa waɗanda ke amfani da Sumerograme.

Har ila yau, alama ce ta syllabic / haruffa a tsakiyar karni na 14 BC Amarna haruffa. Tun da haruffa galibi suna tattauna 'yanayin yanzu' a yankuna, ko a biranen yankin Kan'ana, adverb mai suna "yanzu", ko yanzu, a wannan lokacin. , ana amfani da Harshen Akkadian "enūma" [1] sau da yawa, kuma kusan kawai ta amfani da nu.

Lambobin amfani don *NU* a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh sune kamar haka: nu- (317), NU- (2). 

## Manazarta

* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
* Rainey, 1970 El Amarna Tablets, 359-379, Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, Alter Orient Altes Testament 8, Kevelaer da Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, shafuka 107.
𒉺

u (cuneiform) ">ua>)" id="mwIQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="A (cuneiform)">a cuneiform ***'pa***, (a matsayin Sumerogram, PA), tana da amfani da yawa a cikin haru Amarna na karni na 14 BC da Epic na Gilgamesh . Ana amfani dashi akai-akai**da ''"kuma"*** ana amfani dashi don rubuta kalmar yaren Akkadian "pānu",  *fuska, kasancewar*,*'da kuma** tare da gabatarwar (misali ana pānu), ''kafin''. A cikin hoton da ke gefen [[Wasikar Amarna EA 364|EA 364]], ana amfani da shi don rubuta Akkadian "eperu",  ***ƙura'<nowiki/>***<nowiki/>', (EA 364, layi 7,8: "... kuma (inda ƙura (IŠ (Sumerogram) = ƙura)) da (u) \ ƙura "- (a-pa-ru).  (Daga biyu "da"-s sune u- (no. 3), sannan u- (No. 1) - (u (cuneiform)) (ƙasa rabin). ) 

Amfani da haruffa / syllabic da Sumerograms na alamar 'pa' daga Epic of Gilgamesh: 

: **hat**
: **pa**
: **PA** (Sumerogram) s
: **Sage*'

Lambobin amfani da shi daga Epic of Gilgamesh sune kamar haka: [1] hat -(21), pa -(209), PA -(11), SÀG -(1). A cikin haruffan Amarna, ana rubuta farkon "messenger Xxxxx" da haruffan cuneiform: "LÚ.PA.Xyz" (da sauransu), (LÚ farkon determinative ga Mutum ).

== Manazarta ==


* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.'' Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
𒋡

Alamar cuneiform **qa**, alama ce ta amfani da haruffa na Amarna, Epic of Gilgamesh, da sauran matani na cuneiform (alal misali matani na Hittite). Yana da amfani na biyu a cikin haruffa na Amarna don **ka4**. 

a cig">k harshe, yana da amfani da haruffa a cikin matani don q, a, ko qa, da kuma maye gurbin "q", ta k, ko g.

## Amfani da Epic na Gilgamesh
Amfani da alamar *qa* a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh kamar haka: *qa*- (sau 109). 

## Manazarta

* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
𒋻

Alamar cuneiform qut, (kuma **qud**, aspirated 't', unspirated 'd') alama ce a cikin haruffa Amarna na karni na 14 BC da Epic of Gilgamesh . Alamar amfani ce mai amfani da yawa tare da amfani da 9 syllabic / haruffa a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh; a cikin haruffa na Amarna ya zama ruwan dare a cikin tsarin sunkuyar da kai, sakin layi na farko na wasika, yana cewa yawanci: "7 da 7, ***Na sunkuyar da kai***" (ga Fir'auna, lokacin da aka yi wa Fir'auna); ƙaramin rukuni na haruffa Amarna ana magana da su ga wani mutum daban a Misira, a ƙarƙashin Fir'auna.

A cikin Epic na Gilgamesh, ana amfani da alamar don ma'anoni da yawa na syllabic, da kuma Sumerograms guda biyu, kamar haka: [1]

: **yana da**
: **Has**
: **kut**
: **qud**
: **Ƙungiya**
: **kallon**
: **Matakai**
: **tar**
: **Tarar**
: **SILA**, "Sumerogram na titi"
: **D="mwUQ">TAR**, don sunan allahiya Ishtar, DIŠ. TAR

Lambobin amfani da alamar sune **'TAR**' *Has* a cikin Epic:  *yana da*- (2), haṣ- (7), *kut*- (6), *qud*- (8), qut- (27), glan- (1), minar- (4), *tar*- (16), ṭar- (9), *SILA*- (3), don Harshen Akkadian "sūqu", 'street',  TAR- (17), kawai don sunan Ištar.

## Manazarta

* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
* Rainey, 1970 El Amarna Tablets, 359-379, Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, Alter Orient Altes Testament 8, Kevelaer da Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, shafuka 107.
𒋫

Alamar ***'TA***' TA-linkid="10" href="./Cuneiform" id="mwEg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform alama ce ta yau da kullun, alamar amfani da yawa na Epic na Gilgamesh, haruffa Amarna na 1350 BC, da sauran matani na cuneiform. Har ila yau, yana da amfani da sumerogrammic don TA, misali a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh, don Harshen Akkadian "ultu", Harshen Ingilishi don *daga*, ko tun, amma a cikin (1) wuri kawai a cikin allon 12 Epic na Gilgameesh. Ana amfani da Sumerogram TA a wasu wurare a cikin Epic, (7) sau da yawa.

a cikin samar da kalmomi a cikin rubut, ta na iya zama syllabic don "ta", ko kuma a matsayin syllabic ga t, ko a. (Ana iya amfani dashi azaman maye gurbin ɗayan "T", "ṭ".)

## Harafin Amarna
As an example of its usage in the Amarna letters, the photo shows a fragment from the front (obverse) of Amarna letter EA 26. The photo shows the lower-left corner of the clay tablet letter, but what is of interest is the isolated cuneiform characters next to the "double-scribed paragraph lines". The characters before the paragraph lines show the last line of Para III (an VIII paragraph letter). The (3) characters shown are *"la ta-pa-[ ]"*. The adjoining piece has the rest of the spelling of the words, making the line: *"lā parāšu"*, for *Not Ceasing*, or "Not Interrupting". In English, *parāsu* means *to separate*, *to cut*, or *to decide*. The *la* is Akkadian *"lā"*, for English "not". But the reason the verb is spelled across the entire line (EA 26, line 29), is that the subject of Para III concerns the history of "diplomatic missions" coming and going, between Tushratta's Mittani, and the Pharaoh's Egypt. The last line culminates the paragraph, by saying: ...." (the missions), (l. 29) *Not, Ceasing!* (not being interrupted as commonplace, previously) The verb form is a type of stressing, a form of a superlative; a similar last-line occurs in EA 19, Para II.

## Manazarta

* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
𒉌

Alamar cuneiform ni alama ce ta amfani da haruffa Amarna, Epic of Gilgamesh, da sauran matani na cuneiform. Yana da amfani na biyu *A cikin* haruffa na Amarna don yin magana da Fir'auna, daga jihohin da ke ƙarƙashin i***ko*** Kan'ana. Adireshin Fir'auna sau da yawa 'Sarkin-Ubangiji-Mine': LUGAL, EN-ia wanda ke da nau'o'in magana. "LUGAL" shine sunan Sumerian (ma'anar "sarki") don glyph na cuneiform da aka karanta a cikin Harshen Akkadian a matsayin "Šarru", fassara a matsayin Turanci "sarki", kuma EN ana karanta shi a cikin Akkadian kamar *bēlu*,  don "Ubangiji", (don haka "Sarkin, Ubangiji-Mine"). A wasu haruffa Amarna amfani da ni is *lí*, don rubuta "bēlu", be-lí sau da yawa.

Akwai wasu amfani da ni (duba amfani da Epic of Gilgamesh a ƙasa). Hakanan ana samunsa a wasu haruffa na Amarna, EA 9, da EA 252, misali inda aka rubuta ni ko lí a cikin tsarin "mai yawa" (wani nau'i mai tsawo na biyu-horizontals wanda ke gina alamar), kama da tab, . A cikin EA 9 musamman, akwai 'layin rubutu', duka hagu da dama a kan allon yumɓu. Ga gefen dama, wasu kalmomi a cikin sakin layi na ƙasa na gefen (Para 4-7), wasu kalmomi da suka ƙare da ni / lí, suna da alamar da aka tsawaita, kuma suna zaune a kan layin gefen dama- (rubutun cuneiform, a cikin EA 9, yana karantawa: hagu zuwa dama).

## Manazarta

* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
𒋗

Alamar Qatar-linkid="11" href="./C*u*" id="mwGw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform ***š*** alama ce ta yau da kullun, mai amfani da yawa da kuma alamar haruffa don ***''šu****, š, da u; tana da amfani mai mahimmanci don syllabic qat; Har ila yau tana da babba- (babban harafi) Amfani da Sumerogram don ŠU, don Harshen Akkadian "qātu", kalmar don "[[ŠU (hand Sumerogram)|hannu]]". Halin cuneiform šu an tsara shi kamar hannun mutum kuma an halicce shi a ƙarshen karni na 4 BC ko farkon karni na 3 BC.

Amfani da alamar Qat-linkid="18" href="./Scribe" id="mwLA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Scribe">marubuci yana ba da damar kowane wasali 4 (babu wasali 'o' a cikin Akkadian), a, e, i, u don musayar; don haka ana iya amfani da amfani da syllabic qat don waɗannan (k na iya maye gurbin 'q', kuma d na iya maye gurbinta 't'): q, a, ko t; kuma ka, qa, ad, a. (The "š" (shibilant s) kuma ana iya musayar shi tare da sauran biyu esses, "s", da "ṣ", don "šu"! )

Alamar **ŠU** ta zama ruwan dare a cikin haruffa na Amarna da Epic na Gilgamesh *Qatar* haka:  qat- (16), šu- (420), ŠU- (13).

== Manazarta ==


* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.'' Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
𒀫

Alamar cuneiform ṣur, alama ce ta amfani da haruffa na Amarna, Epic of Gilgamesh, da sauran matani na cuneiform (alal misali matani na Hittite).

A cikin har, yana da amfani da haru a cikin matani don ṣ, ko z; kuma r; don wasula, u, ko kuma a matsayin maye gurbin sauran wasula uku, "a", "e", ko "I".

## Amfani da Epic na Gilgamesh
Amfani da alamar ṣur a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh kamar haka: (ṣur, sau 6, *zur*, 1 lokaci, da AMAR, 1 lokaci.

## Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

## Manazarta

* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List,
𒅆

The cuneiform sign **ši**, **lim**, and Sumerogram **IGI** is a common-use sign of the Amarna letters, the *Epic of Gilgamesh,* and other cuneiform texts. As the syllabic form it is commonly used for *ši*, *lim/lem*, and for Sumerograms (capital letter majuscules), it is most commonly used for *IGI* (Akkadian language *pānu*, for English language "face", "presence"), and (with prep.) "before". Also, for *ši* and *lim/lem* it can be used syllabically for *š*, *i*, *l*, *i/e*, and *m*, in the spelling of words.

## Amfani da Epic na Gilgamesh
Amfani da alamar ŠI a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh kamar haka: lem- (2) sau, Lim- (25), ši- (299), IGI- (15), ŠI- (1) lokaci.[1]

## Manazarta

* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
𒋀

Alamar cuneiform **ŠEŠ**, a matsayin babba harafi (majuscule), Sumerogram ne na Harshen Akkadian *Ahu,*  don "ɗan'uwa". Alamar cuneiform ce don *ŠEŠ*, saboda ana iya amfani da ita don ƙididdigar ƙididdiga iri-iri, ta amfani da š + wasali + š, (ko maye gurbin s + wasali+s). Sumerogram ŠEŠ yana da babban amfani a tsakiyar karni na 14 BC, ~1350-1330 BC wasikun Amarna daga masarautun 'yan uwa zuwa Masar (Masar da ake kira *Mizri* a cikin haruffa). Masarautun 'yan uwa sune Babila, Alashiya, da Mittanni, inda Sarki Tushratta ya rubuta wasiƙu 13 na El Amarna.

Sumerogram *ŠEŠ*, da amfani da syllabic (sis ta hanyar *šiš*) ana samun su a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh, tare da lambobin amfani kamar haka: sis- (3 lokaci), šes- (6), *ŠEŠ*- (3), *šiš*- (1), ŠEŠ- (6). 

A matsayin misali na babban amfani da sumerogramic a cikin haruffa na Amarna, Wasikar Amarna EA 19 daga Tushratta, don sakin layi 13 matsakaicin game da amfani uku a kowane sakin layi, amfani 40 na ŠEŠ a cikin dukkan wasikar. Don wasika EA 35 daga Sarkin Alashiya, don jimlar sakin layi goma sha uku, ana amfani da Sumerogram sau 27.[1]

## Gina alamar
Alamar *ŠEŠ* an gina ta hanyar ƙara wedges guda biyu (wani wedge na sama da aka sanya sama da ƙananan wedge), a ƙarshen alamar cuneiform don "mutum", LÚ (mutum Sumerogram).

## Manazarta
𒌉

Ana amfani da alamar cuneiform don tur don nuna amfani ɗaya na syllabic, tur, ko alamar Sumerograms; ana amfani da shi a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh da haruffa na karni na 14 BC Amarna. Alamar ta dogara ne akan alamar i (cuneiform) , tare da ƙaramin bugun jini na tsaye.

Baya ga ***''''TUR*****', don Sumerograms (logograms) BÀN, ****'DUMU****', da TUR ne. A cikin Epic na Gilgamesh, an yi amfani da shi a cikin lambobi masu zuwa: tur- (sau 11), BÀN- (3), DUMU- (25), TUR- (2).  Bab***BAN**' amfani da DUMU a cikin Epic shine don Sumerogram kasancewa daidai da "ɗan", Harshen Akkadian "māru".

== Amarna wasika ==
A cikin wasiƙun Amarna, batun [[Amarna letter EA 296|Wasikar Amarna EA 296]], *A karkashin Yoke,*, shine tsaron birane biyu, a ƙofar birni; kuma mutumin da ya rubuta wasikar, [[Yabitiri]]- (Yahtiru) - (gwamnan?) na City? ya ba da tarihinsa na zuwa Misira don a horar da shi tare da Fir'auna, EA 296, layi na 25 (tablet baya): "... (25) "i-nu-ma TUR a-na-ku", (26) shi (Yanhamu) ya kai ni (Masar) Misri (27)..., (25) "Yanzu lokacin da "YOUNG"- (Ni, kaina), (26) shi ne Yanhamu) suka kai ni Misira, (27)... "

== Manazarta ==


* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.'' Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
Dave Cummings (ɗan kasuwa)

**Dave Cummings** ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan Amurka kuma shugaban kamfanin Tradebot mai yawan ciniki, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1999.  Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa kasuwar hannayen jari ta BATS Global Markets .  Ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Purdue kuma ya yi aiki a Cerner kafin ya kafa nasa kamfanonin. 

## Manazarta
𒌅

Alamar cuneiform **TU**, kuma don TU- (Sumerogram, babba harafi (majuscule), a cikin Harshen Hitti da sauran matani na cuneiform, alama ce ta syllabic da ake amfani da ita don tu, kuma tare da amfani da syllabic don *"t"*, ko *"u"*. Ba alamar amfani da yawa ba ce, tare da wasu nau***'kai*** haruffa.

Harshen Sumerian yayi kama da amfani a cikin haruffa na Amarna, tare da bugun jini guda uku da ke haɗa ƙuƙwalwar kusurwa huɗu a hagu, kuma an haɗa su da bugun jini ɗaya a tsaye, a dama. Akwai iri-iri: alal misali, Wasikar Amarna EA 271 tana nuna bugun jini mai tsawo guda huɗu, tare da gajeren bugun jini guda biyu, tsakanin dogon biyu, (duba a nan, layi na 2 daga ƙasa (tablet Obverse): [1].

Harshen Hitti na *TU*, (da ideogram TU) iri ɗaya ne da na Sumerian.

Abinda ke cikin alamar ita ce yadda ya kamata bugun jini huɗu a hagu, (kasancewa da še (cuneiform)) wanda aka haɗa da sauran alamar cuneiform. Cuneiform še kuma alama ce ta syllabic da aka saba amfani da ita, tare da ƙananan nau'o'i.  (Misali biyu masu kusurwa:).

## Manazarta
𒋾

TI="Cuneiform">Cuneiform TI ko TÌL (Borger 2003 nr.; U+ Ōn) yana da babban ma'anar "rayuwa" lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi. Alamar da aka rubuta ta samo asali ne daga zane na kibiya, tunda kalmomin da ke nufin "kibiya" da "rayuwa" an furta su iri ɗaya a cikin harshen Sumerian.

Tare da ƙaddamar da UZU "nama, nama", UZUTI, yana nufin "rib". An yi amfani da wannan homophony a cikin tatsuniyar NIN" id="mwDg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ninti">Ninti ("macewar rayuwa" ko "macewar haƙarƙari"), wanda Ninhursag ya kirkira don warkar da Enki mai rashin lafiya. Tun lokacin da ake kira Hauwa'u "mahaifiyar rayuwa" a cikin Farawa, tare da an ɗauke ta daga Adam's  tsela "gefe, haƙarƙari", labarin Adamu da Hauwa'u'a wani lokacin ana ɗaukarsa ya samo asali ne daga na Ninti.

A cikin rubutun Ak*kadi*, alamar tana da ƙimar syllabic *di* ko *ṭi*, a cikin Hittite ti, di ko te.

## Rubutun binciken rubutu na Tu-Ta-Ti
Dubi allunan binciken marubuta na TU-TA-TI (Cuneiform) Rubutun binciken marubuta na TU-TA-TI (Cuneiform) 

An samo allunan koyarwa don koyar da marubutan tare da wannan rubutu a duk faɗin Mesopotamiya, a Nippur, da sauran wurare da yawa.

Rubutun ya samo asali ne daga tsohuwar aikin rubuce-rubucen Sumerian, wanda ya fara da alamun TU, TA, da TI, sannan kuma kalma da aka gina daga waɗannan alamun TU-TA-TI guda uku, sannan NU, NA, da sauransu, watakila a karanta su da ƙarfi a cikin aji yayin da suke yin aiki don rubutu. Wadannan allunan an raba su kashi biyu, tare da gefen hagu yana da rubutun koyarwar malami, yayin da gefen dama ya bar babu komai don ɗalibin ya yi aiki, akai-akai ya rubuta kuma ya share shi. An yi nazarin wannan rubutun koyarwa na "TU-TA-TI" a cikin dukkan harsunan da suka yi amfani da Cuneiform kuma an samo su a cikin ragowar archaeological na al'adu da yawa.[1]

## Manazarta
𒌝

Alamar cuneiform haruffa ***um***, kuma dup, **Tup**, ṭup, da **DUB**,  Sumerogram (logogram), don Harshen Akkadian "ṭuppu",  (= allon yumɓu), ana samunsa a cikin haruffa Amarna na karni na 14 BC da Epic na Gilgamesh . A cikin haruffa na Amarna a matsayin um, ana samunsa a matsayin ***um-ma*** a cikin gabatarwar haruffa a matsayin "Message (don haka) "...  (kuma PN (sunan mutum) na wanda ya aika, ko marubucin wasikar).

A cikin takamaiman matani tare da tattaunawa, misali Wasikar Amarna EA 19, Ƙauna da Zinariya, sarkin Babila ya yi tattaunawa mai zurfi game da mahaifinsa, kakanninmu, abota tsakanin sarakuna, manzannin, mata (don harem, ko matar), da dai sauransu, kuma saboda haka tattaunawar ta riga ta hanyar um-ma ("ƙididdiga"), sannan tattaunawar manzo, (ko sarki).

## Manazarta

* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
* Rainey, 1970 El Amarna Tablets, 359-379, Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, Alter Orient Altes Testament 8, Kevelaer da Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, shafuka 107.
𒌨

Alamar cuneiform ita ce alamar da aka saba amfani da ita a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh, haruffa na Amarna, da sa***'UR***' matani na cuneiform. Yana da amfani da yawa a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh, da kuma amfani da Sumerogram (babba harafi (majuscule)), *UR*. A cikin Epic, ana amfani da UR don rubuta Harshen Akkadian *barbaru*, "wolf", a matsayin *UR.* *BAR. RA* (a cikin Tablet VI, da Tablet XI). 

Cuneiform *ur* shine syllabic don "ur", da *KU* haruffa don "u", ko "r". A ci*KI* haruffa na Amarna, amfani shine sumerogrammic don Harshen Ingilishi "dog", wanda aka rubuta ko dai **'UR.**' KI, ko UR. KU,  amma ana iya samun bayanin 'karya' a cikin haruffa da yawa na Amarna.

Halin cuneiform urib (cuneiform) (no. 575) an gina shi a cikin 'sashin akwatin rectangular', yana zaune a kan dogon bugun kwance. Ya ƙunshi 2- tsaye a hagu da 1- tsaye a dama. An gina wasu alamomi guda uku, amma suna dauke da 1- tsaye a hagu, tare da 2- tsaye a dama don lu (cuneiform) (tare da 3-gajeren kwance a tsakiya, no. 537), kuma iri ɗaya amma kawai 1-gajeren kwantawa a tsakiya (cuneiforme) (kuma ip, no. 535). Alamar ta uku mai kama da ita, (no. 536) tana da 1- tsaye hagu da dama, ku (cuneiform). Har ila yau, yana da gajerun nau'o'i 3 a tsakiya, amma sau da yawa irin wannan halayyar cuneiform ce da aka rubuta kowane bugun jini, kuma yana da wuyar ganewa.

## Amfani da Epic na Gilgamesh
Cuneiform **'UR**' yana da amfani da yawa a cikin Epic of Gilgamesh . Ana iya samun waɗannan: leq-- (1) lokaci, lik-- (37), liq-- (3), tas-- (1), *taṣ*-- (2), *taš*-- (15), tés-- (1), téš-- (1), *ur*-- (93), UR-- (16) sau.

## Manazarta
𒅇

Alamar [./C&#x3C;i&#x20;id=]U" id="mwHA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform ù ('u, no. 3'), ana samun ta a cikin haruffa Amarna na karni na 14 BC da Epic na Gilgamesh . Amfani da shi shine a matsayin Haɗin kai, (wanda aka fassara kamar misali: *kuma, amma, in ba haka ba, har sai,* da dai sauransu), amma da wuya a maye gurbinsa don *haruffa u*, amma wannan wasula u yawanci ana wakilta shi da 'u, ba 2', (u firam), ú; wani lokaci 'u, babu 1', (u (cuneiform) ), , (yawanci ana amfani dashi don haɗin kai, da *lamba 10*), an kuma maye gurbin "haruffa u".

Amfani da ù sau da yawa a matsayin haɗin "daya-daya", misali tsakanin abubuwa biyu da aka jera, amma ana amfani da shi musamman a matsayin segu a cikin rubutu, (misali haruffa Amarna), lokacin canza batutuwa, ko lokacin da ake saka matsayi na segu-pausing. A cikin haruffa na Amarna, ana kuma biye da gabatarwar nan da nan: a-na, ko i-na, ana amfani da shi azaman "...And, to....", ko "...And, in...."; kuma "...Amma, don....", da dai sauransu. Wannan amfani tare da gabatarwar kuma misali ne mafi kyau na amfani da segu.

Daga cikin uku u, ta hanyar nazarin hoto (Buccellati, 1979), comonness kamar haka: 

## Manazarta

* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga yaren Girka. Nazarin Bayani na Tsohon Babila da Yammacin Akkadian, shafi na 95-100.&nbsp;
* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
* Ugarit Forschungen (Neukirchen-Vluyn). UF-11 (1979) ya girmama Claude Schaeffer, tare da kimanin labarai 100 a cikin shafuka 900. shafi na 95, ff, "Comparative Graphemic Analysis of Old Babylonian and Western Akkadian", marubucin Giorgio Buccellati, (watau Ugarit da Amarna (wasiku), wasu uku, Mari, OB,Royal, OB, non-Royal haruffa).
𒌓

Alamar ud ta cuneiform, ku ut, kuma tare da wasu amfani da syllabic da Sumerogram, alama ce ta yau da kullun don tsakiyar karni na 14 BC Amarna haruffa da Epic of Gilgamesh. An gina alamar a kan bugun tsaye guda ɗaya, tare da matsayi daban-daban na bugun jini biyu a hagu, wani lokacin kusan tsakiya, ko kuma sau da yawa an rubuta shi sama zuwa hagu, bugun jini na biyu (ko 'ƙuƙwalwar layi'), wani lokaci an rubuta shi / an haɗa shi a kan na farko. Ƙarƙashin ƙuƙwalwa na iya samun kowane girman, sau da yawa ƙarami ne fiye da tsaye, amma a matsayin misali, wasikar Amarna EA 256, na iya zama kusan babba kamar tsaye.

A cikin Epic na Gilgamesh, alamar ud an jera ta kamar yadda aka yi amfani da ita don abubuwan harshe masu zuwa: 

:* lah
:* ta hanyar
:* pir
:* tam
:* kai
:* ku
:* ut
:* uṭ

## Manazarta

* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;