open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
E& Masar

**e&**, gajere don **Etisalat da**, kuma wanda aka fi sani da kawai **Etisalat**, shine ma'aikacin wayar hannu na uku da ya shiga kasuwar Masar kuma shi ne na farko da aka haɗa da sabis na sadarwa a Masar. A shekara ta 2007 ta fara kasuwancinta a hukumance kuma ta jawo hankalin masu biyan kuɗi miliyan ɗaya a cikin kwanaki hamsin na farko da ƙaddamar da ayyukanta. e& shine kamfani na farko da ya samar da sabis na 3.5G da 4G yayin da ba ya buƙatar abokan cinikinsa su canza katin SIM ɗinsu, baya ga ci gaba da haɓaka hanyar sadarwarsa. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup> 

e& Egypt na ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin da ke aiki a ƙarƙashin Kamfanin Kamfanin Sadarwa na Emirates, wanda aka kafa a cikin shekarar 1976 kuma daga baya ya fadada zuwa aiki a cikin kasashe 16 na Gabas ta Tsakiya, Afirka, da Asiya, yana yin hidimar masu biyan kuɗi sama da miliyan 148 tare da ayyukansa.

e& yana ba da wayar hannu, kafaffen layi, Intanet ta hannu, da tsayayyen sabis na Intanet. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

## Zuba jari
e& ya kashe sama da fam biliyan 50 a tsawon shekaru 12 don haɓaka hanyar sadarwa da ababen more rayuwa. Babban jarin kamfanin kuma ya karu da kusan Fam biliyan 4.5, wanda aka samu daga manyan masu hannun jarin kamfanin, wanda ya zama jimillar babban jarin fam biliyan 19.5. Wadannan jarin da ke gudana sun ba da damar e& zama babban kamfani a kasuwar sadarwar Masar. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

Tsarin ikon mallakar e& Masar ya kasu kashi bakwai: Etisalat International Egypt Co. Ltd., Emirates (66% na babban birnin kasar), Post for Investments SAE, Egypt (20%), DAS Holding (5%), DIFC LLC, UAE (5%), Saudi Tech Invest Com (1.5%), Al Naboodah Investments (1.5%), da Mawarid Finance (1%).

== Tallafi ==

=== Al-Ahly Sporting Club ===
A ranar 4 ga Oktoban shekarar 2011, e& ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar daukar nauyin rigar Al-Ahly Club na tsawon shekaru uku. An gudanar da rattaba hannun ne a gaban shugaban kamfanin, Eng. Gamal El-Sadat, da shugaban kungiyar Saleh Al-Abdooli, da wasu shugabannin kamfanoni, baya ga shugaban kulob din Al-Ahly Hassan Hamdi da mataimakin shugaban kulob din Al-Ahly Kyaftin Mahmoud Al-Khatib, da daraktan fasaha na kulob ɗin Manuel Jose. e& ya dauki nauyin rigar kungiyar Al-Ahly na tsawon shekaru uku kan kuɗi fam miliyan 135, bayan wata gasa da Vodafone suka yi. Yunkurin da aka yi wa Vodafone ya kai fam miliyan 130, kuma e& ya sami damar kulla yarjejeniyar bayan ya kara kudin da fam miliyan 5. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

A ranar 19 ga Oktoban shekarar 2022, e& sun sanar da ɗaukar nauyinsu a karo na biyu ga Al Ahly kan yarjejeniyar shekaru 4 da ta kai fam miliyan 800, wanda ya maye gurbin WE a matsayin babban mai ɗaukar nauyin ƙungiyar.

## Duba kuma

* Telecom Misira
* Vodafone Misira
* Orange Misira

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* 
* 
* 
*
Kyautar Bean

**Kyautar Bean**, wanda aka fi sani da Kyautar Binciken Nazarin Dalibai ta William B. Bean kuma mai suna William Bennett Bean, ana ba da ita kowace shekara ga ɗaliban likitanci ta American Osler Society (AOS) don bincike a Tarihin magani da bil'adama.

## Tarihi
An ba da kyautar Bean ga William Bennett Bean, wanda ya kasance likitan mazaunin a ƙarƙashin Sir William Osler .  Bean ya zama shugaban farko na American Osler Society, wanda ya kirkiro kyautar ga ɗaliban likita.

## Manazarta
Jirgin Gas na Ajaokuta-Kaduna-Kano

Database Ciniki bayi na Trans-Atlantic**Jirgin Gas na [[Ajaokuta]]-Kaduna-[[Kano (birni)|Kano]]** (AKKP) bututun mai ne da aka shirya don jigilar iskar gas daga Ajaokuta, a Jihar Kogi zuwa Kano, a Jihar Kano, ta jihohi da yawa da cibiyoyin birane, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Jirgin Gas na Trans Nigeria .  Ginin AKKP ya fara ne a watan Yulin 2020. 

## Wurin da yake
Jirgin ya samo asali ne a Ajaokuta kuma ya ci gaba a cikin hanyar arewa maso gabas ta hanyar Yankin Tarayyar Abuja, Kaduna, don ƙare a Kano, jimlar nisan kusan kilomita 614 (382 .

## Tarihi
Wannan bututun an yi niyya ne don kafa haɗin tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwar bututun mai a yankunan gabas, yamma da arewacin Najeriya. Aikin yana ƙoƙari ya yi amfani da albarkatun iskar gas mai yawa na ƙasar don samar da iskar gas ga arewacin Najeriya. Ana sa ran ci gaban zai rage yawan iskar gas da aka fashe a filayen mai na ƙasar kuma ta haka ne ya inganta ingancin iska. Kamfanin Man Fetur na Najeriya (NNPC), ya ba da sanarwar tayin don wannan aikin a watan Yulin 2013. Ma'aikatar Najeriya ta amince da aikin a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2017.

## Manazarta
Dangantakar Indonesia da Kenya

Indonesia and Kenya established diplomatic relations on 15 October 1979. Indonesia has an embassy in Nairobi, also accredited to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Somalia, and Uganda. On 18 March 2022, Kenya established its embassy in Jakarta. Both nations are partners in multilateral organizations, such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), Non-Aligned Movement and the Indian Ocean Rim Association.

## Tarihi
An kafa dangantakar diflomasiyya a tsakanin kasashen biyu a shekarar 1979. A wannan lokacin, an ba da izinin harkokin diflomasiyya ga Kenya ga ofishin jakadancin Indonesia a Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Ofishin jakadancin Indonesia a Nairobi an kafa shi ne a watan Afrilun 1982.

Ministocin harkokin waje na Indonesia da Kenya sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimta a ranar 19 ga Yuni 2008 a Nairobi, don kafa Hukumar hadin gwiwa ta Indonesia da Kenya. Hukumar tana aiki ne a matsayin dandalin tattaunawa don fadadawa da inganta bangarorin hadin gwiwa, da kuma warware matsalolin kasashen biyu. A lokacin taron su na farko a Jakarta, 2-4 Disamba 2008, hukumar ta amince da fadada hadin gwiwa a bangarori da dama, kamar tattalin arziki, kasuwanci, zamantakewa da al'adu, da hadin gwiwar fasaha. Don inganta hulɗar mutane da mutane hukumar ta amince da yiwuwar hadin gwiwa da yawa, kamar horar da diflomasiyya, horar da ta'addanci, da horar da 'yan wasa.

## Ziyarar hukuma
Sakatariyar Harkokin Waje ta Kenya Monica Juma ta ziyarci Indonesia a shekarar 2019 ta sadu da takwaransa na Indonesia Retno Marsudi kuma sun tattauna batutuwa kamar zurfafa dangantaka da yiwuwar Kenya ta bude ofishin jakadancin a shekarar 2020. 

Daga 20th zuwa 21st na Agusta 2023, Shugaban Indonesia Joko Widodo ya kai ziyarar shugaban kasa ta farko zuwa Afirka kuma ya gudanar da tattaunawa ta biyu tare da Shugaba William Ruto a Nairobi.

## Kasuwanci
A cikin 2016, cinikayya ta biyu ta kai KES.21 biliyan (US $ 210.8 miliyan) IDR. 2.9 tiriliyan.

Babban fitar da Kenya zuwa Indonesia sune: shayi da matashi; fata; gishiri na ƙarfe da peroxysalts; Taba; fiber na kayan lambu; mai mai mahimmanci; Jute da sauran fiber na kayan kwalliya; kayan lambu, sabo, sanyi, daskarewa; Kofi da kofi.

Babban fitarwa na Indonesia zuwa Kenya sune: kitsen kayan lambu (mai Man dabino); Takarda da takarda; yarn tufafi; kitsen dabba ko kayan lambu da mai; Margarine da gajartawa; Rubber na halitta; Injin lantarki; kayan lantarki da wadanda ba na lantarki ba; Gilashi; Abubuwan tufafi da kayan haɗi.

Kenya da Indonesia suna daukar matakai don sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Ciniki ta Musamman.

## Manazarta
Dangantakar Kenya da Zambia

**Dangantakar [[Kenya]] da [[Zambiya|Zambia]]** dangantaka ce tsakanin Kenya da Zambia. Zambia abokin tarayya ne na Kenya a fannoni da yawa musamman kasuwanci, makamashi da noma.

## Tarihi
Kenya da Zambia gabaɗaya suna jin daɗin dangantaka mai kyau. Suna ba da hadin kai a fannoni kamar noma, yawon bude ido, bayanai da sadarwa da ilimi. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar akan kimiyya, da fasaha da kirkire-kirkire.

Kwamitin hadin gwiwa na farko na hadin gwiwa wanda shuwagabannin kasashen guda biyu suka sanya hannu a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba shekarar 1982. 

## Ziyarar Shugaban kasa
Shugaba Uhuru Kenyatta ya ziyarci Zambia a watan Yulin 2015 a gayyatar Shugaba Edgar Lungu na Zambia. 

Shugaba Hakainde Hichilema ya ziyarci Kenya a watan Yunin 2022 don ziyarar jihar.

## Kasuwanci
Zambia ta zargi Kenya da yawa da toshe kayayyakin da aka yi a Zambiya, musamman sukari. Zambia a wasu lokuta ta mayar da martani ta hanyar toshe duk kayan da aka yi da Kenya daga Zambia. A wani lokaci Zambia ta ki ba da izinin Man dabino daga Kenya tana mai cewa kayayyakin ba su cika kashi 35% na cikin gida ba. Har ila yau, ba a yarda da madara da aka sarrafa a Kenya ta shiga Zambia a wani lokaci ba yayin da jami'an Zambiya ke da damuwa game da ka'idoji. Kasashen biyu suna cikin COMESA wanda yanki ne na cinikayya kyauta wanda aka yi niyyar inganta cinikayya tsakani

Kenya tana fitar da mai mai mai cin abinci, margarines, takalmin ƙarfe, bututun ƙarfe da kayayyaki, kayan wanka, foda na yin burodi, kayan abinci da kayan tebur, kayan yaji, bargo, kayayyakin kyau, kayan wanki, famfo na ban ruwa, tayoyi, da masana'antu da sana'o'i zuwa Zambia.

Babban shigo da Kenya daga Zambia sun hada da waya na jan ƙarfe ko mai tsabta, iri na masara, masu gudanar da wutar lantarki, butane, LPG, sharar gida da kayan lambu, kayan lambu na alade, asbestos da ferro silicon.

Kenya ta fitar da kayayyaki masu daraja dala miliyan 72.7 zuwa Zambia a cikin 2011, inda cinikayya ta karu da kashi 31% daga 2010. Zambian ta fitar da kayayyaki masu daraja $ 65.5 miliyan zuwa Kenya a wannan shekarar.

### Makamashi
Kasashen biyu sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar yarjejeniya don haɗa hanyoyin sadarwarsu na ƙasa tare da Tanzania. Yarjejeniyar ta kasance da nufin haɗa wutar lantarki ta Gabashin Afirka zuwa ta Kudancin Afirka. Yarjejeniyar ta kai dala biliyan 1.2.

### FDI
Masu saka hannun jari na Kenya a Zambia sun hada da Kenya Airways, Davis da Shirtliff, KenolKobil da Mastermind Tobacco . 

## Ayyukan diflomasiyya

* Zambia tana da babban kwamiti a Nairobi.
* Kenya kuma tana da babban kwamiti a Lusaka.

## Manazarta
Bezoar

**Dutse na bezoar** (/ˈbizɔːr/ BEE-zor) taro ne wanda ake samun shi a cikin tsarin gastrointestinal,  kodayake yana iya faruwa a wasu wurare. A **pseudobezoar** ne mai narkewa abu gabatar da gangan a cikin digestive tsarin.

Akwai nau'o'i da yawa na bezoar, wasu daga cikinsu suna da kwayoyin halitta da wasu na halitta. Kalmar tana da amfani na zamani (na kiwon lafiya, kimiyya) da na gargajiya.

## Nau'o'in

### Ta hanyar abun ciki

* Bols na abinci (ko boli; bolus na musamman) suna da ma'anar tsohuwar ma'anar bezoar, kuma sun hada da kayan abinci kamar tsaba, 'ya'yan itace, ko pits, da sauran nau'ikan abubuwa kamar shellac, kumfa gum, ƙasa, da kuma wasu magunguna.
* **Lactobezoars** wani nau'i ne na abinci bezoar wanda ya kunshi madara mai ban sha'awa. Ana yawan ganin shi a cikin jarirai da ba su da haihuwa da ke karɓar abinci.
* Pharmacobezoars (ko maganin bezoars) galibi allunan ne ko **Magunguna** magunguna, galibi ana samun su ne bayan yawan magungunan da ake samu.
* Pseudobezoars kayan aiki ne da mutum ya yi, wanda ke iya shiga, wanda za'a iya fadadawa wanda zai iya kumbura a cikin ciki ko a cikin hanji kuma ya kasance yana kumbura na wani lokaci, a lokacin da suke yin wasu ayyuka, kamar rage girman ciki.
* **Phytobezoars** sun hada da kayan shuke-shuke marasa narkewa (misali, cellulose), kuma ana bayar da rahoton akai-akai a cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da rashin narkewa da raguwar motsi na ciki.
* **Diospyrobezoar** wani nau'in phytobezoar ne wanda aka kafa daga persimmons marasa ƙwarewa. An yi amfani da Coca-Cola don kula da su.
* **Trichobezoar** wani bezoar ne wanda aka kafa daga gashi  - wani nau'i mai tsanani na gashi. Mutanen da ke cin gashi akai-akai wani lokacin suna buƙatar cire waɗannan. A lokuta na Cutar Rapunzel, ana iya buƙatar tiyata.

### Ta wurin zama

* Bezoar a cikin esophagus ya zama ruwan dare a cikin yaƙara ƙanana da dawakai; a cikin dawakai, an san shi da choking.
* Bezoar a cikin babban hanji an san shi da fecalith .
* Bezoar a cikin trachea ana kiranta tracheobezoar .

## Dalilin da ya sa
Esophageal bezoars da aka gano a cikin marasa lafiya masu cin abinci na nasogastrically a kan iska ta inji da kuma sedation an ruwaito cewa saboda hazo na wasu nau'ikan abinci masu arziki a casein, waɗanda aka zubar da su tare da reflux acid na ciki don samar da esophageal Bezars. Bezoars kuma na iya haifar da gastroparesis saboda jinkirin zubar da ciki, wanda ke ba da damar abinci ya samar da bolus.

## Tarihi
Kalmar *Bezoar* ta samo asali ne daga Farisa  (), a zahiri 'magunguna'.  Labarin bezoar a matsayin maganin ya kai Turai daga Gabas ta Tsakiya a karni na 11 kuma ya kasance sananne har sai ya fara fadawa cikin rashin suna a karni na 18. Mutane sun yi imanin cewa bezoar yana da ikon maganin duniya kuma zai yi aiki da duk wani guba - gilashin sha wanda ke dauke da bezoar zai iya kawar da duk wani abu da aka zuba a ciki.

Ox bezoars (  () ko  ) ana amfani da su a cikin ilimin herbology na kasar Sin  don magance cututtuka daban-daban. Su ne duwatsun gallstone ko maye gurbin gallstone da aka samu daga sa ko bile na shanu. Wasu samfuran ana zargin suna cire guba daga jiki.

## Manazarta
Injin tsaftace tanki na atomatik

Injin tsaftace tanki na atomatik shine injin da ake amfani da shi don tsaftace kaya, sarrafawa, Tankunan ajiya na karkashin kasa da irin wannan kayan aiki kamar waɗanda aka samu a cikin manyan Motocin tanki, motocin jirgin kasa, jiragen ruwa, masu tanki na mai, kayan aikin abinci da abin sha, masana'antun sarrafa sinadarai, tsire-tsire na ethanol, da wuraren yin giya. Ana amfani da kalmomi daban-daban don komawa ga injunan tsaftace tanki na atomatik ba tare da la'akari da masana'anta ba.

## Aiki
Dole ne a tsabtace tankuna lokaci-lokaci saboda dalilai daban-daban. Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan shine canza nau'in samfurin da aka ɗauka a cikin tanki don hana gurɓatawar giciye. Wani kuma shine ya ba da izinin bincika tankin ko don kiyayewa da za a yi a cikin tanki kuma don hana haɓaka samfurin a kan bangon ciki na tanki.

Injin tsaftace tanki na atomatik suna aiki a hanyar da ta yi kama da mai shayarwa amma an tsara su sosai don isar da ƙarin ƙarfi. Ruwa da aka tilasta ta hanyar juyawa jet nozzles yana juyawa na'urar a kan axis biyu, yana haifar da tsarin tsaftacewa na 360 °. Yayin da ruwa ke yayyafa, ana fitar da ruwa daga tankin. Ana amfani da tsarin tsaftacewa mai sauƙi don aikace-aikacen waje da yawa yayin da ake amfani da tsarin tsabta-in-Place (CIP) na dindindin a cikin mafi yawan yanayin tsabta.

A kan mafi yawan tankunan mai, Tsarin wanke mai mai musamman, ko tsarin COW, wani bangare ne na tsarin tsaftacewa. Tsarin COW yana zagaya da man fetur mai zafi ta hanyar tsarin tsaftace tanki don cire cirewa da asphaltic.

Kodayake ana amfani da injuna don wanke tankuna, ana yin mataki na ƙarshe na tsaftacewa da aka sani da mucking. Mucking yana buƙatar ladabi don shiga cikin sararin samaniya da kuma amfani da na'urorin numfashi na jirgin sama, tufafi masu kariya da masu lura da tsaro.

Tsabtace tanki da hannu yana da haɗari a hanyoyi da yawa. Duk da yake ana iya tsabtace jiragen ruwa a tashar jiragen ruwa, ana tsabtace tankunan jirgin ruwa a teku. Wannan yafi yawa saboda haɗarin wuta da fashewa a cikin tankuna.

## Tarihi
Arthur Butterworth ne ya kirkiro na'urar tsaftace tanki ta farko kuma ya ba da izini a shekarar 1920. Manufarsa ita ce ta iyakance yawan lokacin da ma'aikata za su ciyar a cikin tankuna, da kuma sauƙaƙe su daga aiki mai haɗari da wahala. A cikin 1925, Butterworth ya kafa kamfani don tallata na'urar. Standard Oil New Jersey ta sayi kamfanin a cikin 1930, kuma daga baya ya zama reshe na Exxon Corporation . 

A shekara ta 1986, a matsayin wani ɓangare na sake fasalin ciki a Exxon, an sayar da kamfanin Butterworth ga masu kula da Exxon.  A yau kamfanin yana da zaman kansa, kuma yana da hedkwata a Houston, Texas.

## Dubi kuma

* Tankar mai
* Tankar sinadarai

## Manazarta
Aowin Municipal Assembly

**Gundumar Municipal Aowin** ɗaya ce daga cikin gundumomi tara a Yankin Arewa ta Yamma, Ghana .     Asalinsu ya kasance wani yanki ne na **[[Aowin/Suaman District|gundumar Aowin/Suaman]]** mafi girma a lokacin a cikin 1988, wanda aka kirkira daga tsohuwar Majalisar **[[Aowin-Amenfi District|gundumar Aowin-Amenfi]]**, har sai an raba karamin yanki na arewa maso yamma na gundumar don ƙirƙirar **[[Suaman District|gundumar Suaman]]** a ranar 28 ga Yuni 2012; Don haka an sake mayar da ragowar sashin zuwa **[[Aowin Municipal Assembly|gundumar Aowin]]**, wanda daga baya aka ɗaukaka shi zuwa matsayin babban taron gunduma a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 2017 (wanda ya dace da 15 Maris 2018) ya zama **gundumar Aowin Municipal** . Karamar hukumar tana yankin kudu maso yammacin yankin Arewa kuma tana da Enchi a matsayin babban birninta.

## Manazarta
Gidan ajiyar gandun daji na Ruwa

Ana samun **gandun dajin Draw River** a Ghana . An kafa shi a cikin 1937, kuma ya shafi    .  Kogin Draw yana gudana ta gabashin yankin ajiyar.  Yana kwance a wani tudu na 75&nbsp;m sama da matakin teku. 

## Muhalli
An sanya wurin ajiyar a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye (IBA) ta BirdLife International saboda yana tallafawa yawan jama'a na nau'in tsuntsaye da yawa.

## Manazarta
Nicholas Alipui

**Nicholas Kojo Alipui** darakta ne na UNICEF kuma babban mai ba da shawara kan ajandar ci gaba bayan 2015. Wani ɗan ƙasar Ghana, Alipui ya shafe shekaru 25 a mukamai daban-daban a cikin UNICEF, kwanan nan a matsayin Daraktan tsare-tsare.  Alipui kuma ya jagoranci Cibiyar Sadarwar Duniya don Ci Gaban Kawar da Rashin Iodine. 

A shekara ta 2000, Alipui ya kasance wakilin UNICEF a Kenya. A shekara ta 2004, ya zama wakilin UNICEF a Philippines kuma ya jawo hankali ga rashin amincewar hukuma game da hotunan batsa na yara a matsayin matsala a kasar. A wannan matsayin, ya kuma yi magana game da yaduwar yara sojoji a kasar  kuma ya yi tir da Tsarin jariri, yana kira ga uwaye na kasar da su shayar da nono.  A shekara ta 2008, a matsayin Darakta na Shirye-shiryen, ya sadu da Madagascar" id="mwKA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="List of Presidents of Madagascar">Shugaban Madagascar Marc Ravalomanana don ƙarfafa alaƙar da ke tsakanin Madagascar da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.

A cikin 2010, Alipui ya ce UNICEF da abokan hulɗarta a cikin Roll Back Malaria Partnership suna fatan kawo ƙarshen mutuwar zazzabin cizon sauro a shekarar 2015.

A cikin 2011, Hukumar Kula da Abinci ta Turai (EFSA) ta ba da izinin kamfanin samar da jarirai Mead Johnson don da'awar cewa ƙara docosahexaenoic acid zuwa tsarin jarirai yana taimakawa wajen bunkasa tsarin gani na jarirai. Koyaya, Alipui ya yi adawa da shawarar EFSA, yana mai cewa "akwai wata shakka cewa amfani da irin wannan ikirarin kiwon lafiya na iya yaudarar iyaye suyi tunanin cewa tsarin suna da kyau kamar, idan ba mafi kyau fiye da madarar nono ba. "  An yi masa tambayoyi a cikin Not My Life, fim mai zaman kansa game da fataucin mutane. 

## Manazarta
Grouse (podcast)

***Grouse*** faifan bidiyo ne na kashi takwas wanda Ashley Ahearn ya shirya kuma BirdNote da Gidan Radiyon Jama'a na Jihar Boise suka samar. A cikin kowane shirin Ahearn yana shafe kusan mintuna ashirin yana tattaunawa akan manyan masu hikima da kuma barazana iri-iri ga yawan tsuntsayen.

## Tarihi
Bayan bayar da rahoto game da zanga-zangar Standing Rock ga NPR da kuma ganin cewa an gina bututun Dakota Access duk da zanga-zanga, Ahearn ta yanke shawarar barin aikinta kuma ta koma karkara Winthrop Valley, Washington. Wannan matakin ya nuna canji a salon rayuwar Ahearn, daga rayuwa a cikin birni zuwa zama a cikin gidan gona da hawa dawakai. Ahearn kuma ya sami canji a cikin yawan jama'a na siyasa daga mai sassaucin ra'ayi zuwa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. Kwarewar Ahearn ta fitar da labarin kwasfan fayiloli, wanda ta lura da shi a matsayin babban canji daga aikinta a NPR. Podcast ɗin yana mai da hankali kan mafi girman sage-grouse da kuma yadda ake barazanar jinsin ta hanyar canje-canje iri-iri. Ahearn ya magance gaskiyar cewa Canjin yanayi yana haifar da karuwar gobarar daji da ta lalata wuraren zama na sage grouse.

BirdNote da Boise State Public Radio ne suka samar da kwasfan fayiloli. Podcast ɗin ya kasance jerin sassan takwas. Kowane labari yana da kimanin minti ashirin a tsawon.

Steve Greene na *Indiewire* ya kira wasan kwaikwayon "wani zane-zane na halitta wanda ya haɗu da fa'idodi masu yawa da kuma kusanci".

## Manazarta
Waleed Abdalati

**Waleed Abdalati** ya rike mukamin Babban Masanin Kimiyya na NASA daga 3 Janairu 2011 zuwa Disamba 2012.  An nada Abdalati a kan wannan mukamin a ranar 13 ga Disamba 2010 ta hannun Shugaban Hukumar NASA Charles Bolden .  Abdalati a baya ya yi aiki da NASA a matsayin Shugaban Kimiyyar Cryospheric a Cibiyar Jirgin Sama ta Goddard tsakanin Janairu 2004 da Yuni 2008. 

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
Abdalati ya girma a New Hartford, New York kuma ya rasa mahaifinsa yana da shekaru 12. 

Abdalati ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya (cum laude) daga Ma'aikatar Injiniya da Injiniyan sararin samaniya ta Jami'ar Syracuse a shekarar 1986,  kuma daga baya ya kammala karatun digiri a Jami'ar Colorado, inda ya sami M.Sc. a cikin 1991 daga Sashen Injiniyan Aerospace da Ph.D. a cikin 1996 daga Sashen Geography. A cikin bincikensa na digiri, Abdalati ya haɓaka algorithm don amfani da rabo na ƙananan microwave guda biyu na firikwensin Microwave / Imager na Musamman (SSM / I) a cikin motocin Tsaro na Tsaro na Yanayi (DMSP) don gano canje-canje a cikin sararin samaniya na narkewar shekara-shekara na Greenland.

## Ayyuka
Abdalati ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa ga NASA daga Jami'ar Colorado a Boulder, inda yake Darakta na Cibiyar Kimiyya da Bincike ta Duniya a Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyyar Muhalli  kuma mataimakin farfesa a Sashen Geography.  Shi ne darektan yanzu na Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyyar Muhalli.

A watan Nuwamba 2020, an kira Abdalati memba na Joe Biden shugabancin shugaban kasa na sake dubawa don tallafawa kokarin sauyawa da ke da alaƙa da Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama da Sararin samaniya ta Kasa. 

## Daraja da kyaututtuka

* Fellow, Ƙungiyar Amurka don Ci gaban Kimiyya (tun 2019) 
* NASA GSFC Cibiyar Daraktan Team Recognition Award, 2007
* Cibiyar Nazarin Jirgin Sama ta Amurka da Astronaustics Space Systems Award, 2006
* Medal na Musamman na Aironautics da Space Administration, 2004
* Kyautar Nasarar Kungiyar NASA, ICESat Science Team, 2004
* Kyautar Ofishin Kimiyya na Duniya na NASA, 2003
* Kyautar Nasarar Kungiyar NASA, Kyautar Kyautar Kyauta ta 2003
* NASA Ofishin Kimiyya na Duniya Terra Peer Award, 2002
* Kyautar Ofishin Kimiyya na Duniya na NASA, 2002
* Kyautar Ofishin Kimiyya na Duniya na NASA, 2001
* Kyautar Farko ta Shugaban kasa ga Masana kimiyya da Injiniyoyi, 1999
* Tau Beta Pi National Engineering Honor Society (tun 1985) 

## Manazarta
Yaƙe-yaƙe na katako

***Timber Wars*** faifan bidiyo ne mai kashi bakwai wanda Aaron Scott ya shirya kuma *Watsa shirye-shiryen Jama'a na Oregon* ya samar.

## Tarihi
Kamfanin watsa shirye-shiryen jama'a na Oregon ne ya samar da wasan kwaikwayon. Nunin ya tattauna yunkurin kiyayewa wanda ya faru a Arewa maso Yammacin Pacific a cikin shekarun 1990s. Nunin ya tattauna rikitarwa tsakanin masu kula da muhalli da masu katako da suka faru a lokacin da aka sani da yaƙe-yaƙe na katako. Nunin ya tattauna tarihin katako da kuma yadda ake kallon gandun daji a matsayin gonakin bishiyoyi masu yuwuwa. Masu kula da gandun daji da Dendrologists suna so suyi karatu da adana Tsoffin gandun daji, amma an kalli su da mummunan ra'ayi har zuwa shekarun 1990 lokacin da manyan zanga-zangar muhalli suka fara. A lokaci guda, kiyaye namun daji ga dabbobi kamar kwayar cuta ta arewa ta zama matsala. Nunin ya tattauna tsawon shekaru ashirin da biyar na gandun daji da kula da gandun daji. Aaron Scott shine mai karɓar bakuncin wasan kwaikwayon - ya girma a Steamboat, Oregon ba da nisa da inda abubuwan da suka faru na wasan kwaikwayon suka faru ba.

## Karɓar baƙi
Nicholas Kristof na *[[New York Times|jaridar The New York Times]]* ya yi sharhi game da wasan kwaikwayon yana mai cewa "An bar masu sauraro tare da godiya ga girman dazuzzukan dazuzzuka masu girma da kuma yawan kuɗaɗen da aka biya ta hanyar sare dazuzzuka a lokacin da aka kare waɗancan gandun daji. Masu kula da muhalli da masu shuka bishiyoyi ba su yarda da yawa ba, amma ina tsammanin za su yarda cewa 'Yaƙin katako' ya zama aikin jarida mai adalci da ƙware. " 

### Kyaututtuka

## Manazarta
Adjoa Amana

**Adjoa Amana** tsohon jami'in dan kasar Ghana ne a cikin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da Asusun Kula da Yawan Jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNFPA),  wanda UNFPA ta yi la'akari da shi a matsayin "karfin tuƙi a farkon yakin neman sauyin ɗabi'a don rage yawan cutar HIV."  An kira yakin neman zaben Ugandan Information, Education and Communication Campaign (IEC) ko Campaign Ilimin Lafiya, kuma Adjoa Amana ita ce karfinta tsakanin 1987 da 1990.  Ta fahimci cewa fitaccen mawakin Uganda Philly Lutaaya yana da AIDS. Anyi amfani da wannan a yakin sadarwa don tabbatar da cewa "AIDS yana da fuska".   An rufe aikinta da Lutaayas a cikin shirin talabijin na "FRONTLINE / AIDS Report Special Quarterly Quarterly; Haihuwa a Afirka". 

Bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati na kasa da kasa, Adjoa Amana ya yi aiki tare da yara da ba sa zuwa makaranta a kan tituna a Ghana, ya kafa "Enhancing Youth Education and Health (EYEH) Soup Kitchen". Aikin ya sami GH¢,000 daga Rebecca Akufo-Addo, uwargidan farko na Ghana, da Gidauniyar Rebecca.

## Manazarta
Tsarin Tsarin Duniya na Haɗin Kai

**Samfurin Tsarin Tsarin Duniya na Haɗaɗɗen** ( **IGSM** ) Haɗin Ƙimar Ƙirar Ƙarfafawa (IAM) ne wanda Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT) ta haɓaka Shirin Harkokin Kimiyya da Manufofin Canjin Duniya . IGSM ma'auratan MIT Earth System Model (MESM),  tsarin tsarin duniya na tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsaki, zuwa Tsarin Tattalin Arziki da Nazarin Manufofin (EPPA),  samfurin ayyukan ɗan adam wanda ke wakiltar tattalin arzikin duniya. An yi amfani da shi don fahimtar hulɗar tsakanin mutane da tsarin yanayi na duniya.  

## Tarihi
An gabatar da IGSM a cikin 1999 a cikin takarda ta Ronald Prinn et al. a cikin takardar a cikin *[[Canjin yanayi (jarida)|Canjin yanayi]]*  An saki Version 2 a cikin 2005. 

## Karɓar baƙi

### Karɓar ilimi
Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka  da kuma Kwamitin Gwamnati kan Canjin Yanayi sun yi amfani da IGSM. 

An kuma ambaci IGSM a cikin wallafe-wallafen ilimi game da tsarin yanayi, ayyukan ɗan adam, da tasirin manufofi. Masu kirkirar samfurin sun yi amfani da sigar 1 don nazarin Yarjejeniyar Kyoto a cikin takarda ta 1999 don Yanayi. Masu kirkirar samfurin sun yi amfani da sigar 2.2 a cikin binciken da aka buga a matsayin takarda mai aiki a cikin 2008.  An buga wani gyare-gyare a cikin Climatic Change a cikin 2011.  Wani takarda na aiki na 2012 ya yi bincike game da manufofin manufofin yanayi a karkashin rashin tabbas. An tattauna dabarun binciken tasirin *[[Canjin yanayi (jarida)|Canjin yanayi]]* a kan albarkatun jiki, *[[Nature (journal)|Halitta]]* da na ɗan adam na Duniya da kuma alaƙa da sakamakon zamantakewar tattalin arziki a cikin MIT IGSM a cikin wata kasida da aka buga a cikin Climatic Change a cikin 2013. An buga nuni na iyawar IGSM don kimantawa na bangarori da yawa game da tasirin yanayi a ƙarƙashin kewayon daidaitattun abubuwan tattalin arziki da yanayi waɗanda ke amsawa ga sabbin manufofi da tsammanin kasuwanci a cikin Nature Communications a cikin 2018. 

Marubutan masu zaman kansu sun kuma ambaci IGSM.

## Manazarta
Yankunan ciyawa na wurare masu zafi da na subtropical, savannah, da kuma shrublands

**Ƙasar wurare masu zafi da wurare masu zafi na ciyawa, savannas, da shrublands** wani yanki ne na duniya wanda Asusun Duniya na Duniya ya ayyana.  Biome ya mamaye ciyawa da/ko ciyayi da ke cikin yankuna masu ƙanƙara zuwa ɓangarorin yanayi mai ɗanɗano na wurare masu zafi da na wurare masu zafi . Ana samun filayen ciyawa masu zafi a tsakanin digiri 5 da digiri 20 a duka Arewa da kudancin Equator. 

## Bayyanawa
Yankunan ciyawa sun mamaye ciyawa da sauran tsire-tsire masu tsire-shire. Savannas wuraren ciyawa ne tare da bishiyoyi da suka warwatse. Yankunan shrubs sun mamaye bishiyoyi masu laushi ko bishiyoyi masu tsayi.

Babban yanki  wurare masu zafi ba sa samun isasshen ruwan sama don tallafawa bishiyoyi masu yawa. Yankunan ciyawa na wurare masu zafi da na subtropical, savannah, da shrublands suna da yanayin ruwan sama tsakanin 90-150 centimeters (35-59 in) a kowace shekara. Ruwan sama na iya zama na yanayi, tare da ruwan sama na shekara gaba ɗaya yana faruwa a cikin makonni biyu.

Yankunan Afirka suna faruwa tsakanin gandun daji ko yankunan daji da yankunan ciyawa. Flora ya haɗa da itatuwan Akasia da baobab, ciyawa, da ƙananan shrubs. Itacen Acacia sun rasa ganye a lokacin fari don adana danshi, yayin da baobab ke adana ruwa a cikin akwati don lokacin fari. Yawancin waɗannan savannah suna cikin Afirka.

Manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa waɗanda suka samo asali don amfani da isasshen abinci suna nuna bambancin halittu da ke da alaƙa da waɗannan wuraren zama. Wadannan manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa sun fi wadata a cikin gandun daji da wuraren ciyawa na Afirka. Mafi yawan tarurruka a halin yanzu suna faruwa a gabashin Afirka Acacia savannas da Zambezian savannas wanda ya kunshi mosaics na miombo, mopane, da sauran wuraren zama. Babban ƙaura na masu cin ganyayyaki na savanna na wurare masu zafi, kamar wildebeest (*[[Connochaetes taurinus]]*) da zebra (*[[Equus quagga]]*), suna ci gaba da raguwa ta hanyar canjin mazaunin da farauta. Yanzu suna faruwa ne kawai a kowane mataki mai mahimmanci a Gabashin Afirka da yankin Zambezian na tsakiya. Yawancin wadataccen gandun daji na Guinea da Sahelian an kawar da su, kodayake ƙaura mai yawa na Kob na Uganda har yanzu yana faruwa a cikin gandun daji a yankin Sudd. Irin yanayin Sudan yana da yanayin zafi da ruwan sama, da kuma lokacin sanyi da bushe. A Arewacin Hemisphere, lokacin ruwan sama mai zafi yawanci yana farawa a watan Mayu kuma yana ci gaba har zuwa Satumba. Ruwan sama ya bambanta daga 25 cm zuwa 150 cm kuma yawanci ba abin dogaro ba ne. Sauran shekara tana da sanyi kuma ta bushe. Ruwan sama yana raguwa yayin da mutum ke tafiya ko dai zuwa Arewa a Arewacin Hemisphere ko Kudu a Kudancin Hemispher. fari ya zama ruwan dare gama gari.&nbsp;&nbsp;

## Abubuwan da suka faru
Yankunan ciyawa na wurare masu zafi da na subtropical, savannah, da shrublands suna faruwa a duk nahiyoyi sai dai Antarctica. Suna ko'ina a Afirka, kuma ana samun su a duk faɗin Kudancin Asiya da Kudu maso gabashin Asiya, sassan arewacin Kudancin Amurka da Ostiraliya, da kudancin Amurka.

## Manazarta
Gundumar Aowin / Suaman

'**''[[Aowin Municipal Assembly|Gundumar Aowin]]'<nowiki/>'' / Suaman** tsohuwar gunduma ce a Yammacin Yamma (yanzu a Yammaci Yammacin Arewa), Ghana . An kirkiro shi ne a matsayin taron gundumar talakawa a shekarar 1988, wanda aka kirkira daga tsohon Majalisar **Gundumar Aowin-Amenfi**. Koyaya, a ranar 28 ga Yuni 2012, an raba shi zuwa sabbin gundumomi biyu: Gundumar Aowin (wanda aka ɗaukaka shi zuwa matsayin majalisar gundumar gari a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 2017 (a zahiri 15 ga Maris 2018); babban birnin: Enchi) da **Gundumar Suaman** (babban birnin: Dadieso). Taron gundumar ya kasance a yammacin Yankin Yamma kuma yana da Enchi a matsayin babban birninta.

## Yanayin ƙasa
Gundumar Aowin/Suaman sun raba kan iyaka da Wassa Amenfi, Jomoro, Sefwi-Wiawso da Juabeso-Bia . Yana da iyaka da Cote d'Ivoire zuwa yamma. Manyan koguna guda biyu sune Tano da Bia, kuma tare da magudanan ruwa da yawa akwai tsire-tsire waɗanda suka mamaye gundumar duk shekara. 

## Manazarta
Shagon da aka yi amfani da shi

Shagon sanyi ko shagon sanyi babban ɗaki ne mai sanyaya ko gini wanda aka tsara don adana kayayyaki a cikin yanayin da ke ƙasa da zafin jiki na waje. Kayayyakin da ke buƙatar sanyaya sun haɗa da 'Ya'yan itace, kayan lambu, abincin teku da nama. Sau da yawa ana samun shagunan sanyi kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa da ake amfani da su don shigowa / fitar da kayayyaki. Gidajen ajiya sun kasance wani muhimmin bangare na masana'antar jigilar kayayyaki tun daga ƙarshen karni na 19. Christian Salvesen ya fadada daga wani karamin kamfani na kifi na Scotland lokacin da suka kafa kantin sayar da sanyi a Grimsby, sannan babban tashar kamun kifi. Nine Elms Cold Store, wanda aka gina a 1965, zai iya ɗaukar tan 16,000 na nama, cuku da man shanu. An rufe shi a shekara ta 1979 kuma masu squatters da ayyuka daban-daban ba bisa ka'ida ba ne suka yi amfani da shi kafin a rushe shi zuwa ƙarshen karni.

Gidajen da kansu sun bambanta da girman.

## Gidan ajiya

**Gidan ajiya mai sanyi** ko ɗakin ajiya mai sanyaya shine ɗakin ajiya inda ake adana kayan lalacewa da kuma sanyaya. Kayayyakin da aka adana na iya zama, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, abinci, musamman nama, sauran kayayyakin noma, magunguna, wasu sunadarai da jini.

## Dubi kuma

* Hanyar Arewa 2800

## Manazarta
Al'adun bayarwa a Koriya ta Kudu

Al'adun isar da kayayyaki a Koriya ta Kudu sun fara ne a zamanin Joseon. A zamanin yau, saboda salon rayuwa mai sauri da rawar da fasaha ke takawa a rayuwar yau da kullun, mutane suna amfani da sabis na isar da komai daga abinci, takardu, kyauta, da dai sauransu a farashi mai arha. Kodayake isarwar ta zama ruwan dare a wasu sassan duniya, isarwar Koriya ta kasance ta musamman ta wata hanya saboda amfani da babura da babura don saurin jigilar abinci da ayyuka.

## Tarihi
An fara isar da Koriya a zamanin Joseon (1392-1910). Abinci na farko na Koriya a rubuce shi ne *naengmyun* (screen면) wanda shine sanyi buckwheat noodles a cikin miya. Hwang Yun-seok ya ambaci a cikin littafinsa, cewa ya ba da umarnin naengmyun don abincin rana tare da abokan aikinsa a rana ta musamman a watan Yulin shekara ta 1768. A wannan lokacin, naengmyun sanannen abinci ne a kotun sarauta wanda kuma ya sami shahara tsakanin manyan mutane, wanda ya haifar da sabis na farko na isar da shi. A duk Zamanin Joseon, sabis na isar da kayayyaki ya zama gama gari tsakanin sarakuna da sarakuna.

A cikin shekarun 1930, isar da abinci ya fadada zuwa miya da noodles daban-daban kuma isar da shi ya zama abu na yau da kullun. Duk godiya ne ga ƙaurawar kasar Sin zuwa Incheon a cikin shekarun 1900. Ta hanyar wannan fadada, *jjajangmyeon* noodles, wanda ke amfani da soya mai baƙar fata, ya zama sananne a cikin shekarun 1950. Don haka, ayyukan isar da kayayyaki sun ci gaba da fadada a lokacin saurin ci gaban tattalin arziki a cikin shekarun 1970. Wannan ya ba da damar bude gidajen cin abinci na kasar Sin a kowane kusurwar titi. Koyaya, ba har zuwa shekarun 1990 ba lokacin da aka dafa kaza da wuraren pizza suka ci nasara a kasuwar sabis na isar da kayayyaki. Wannan ya ba da damar saurin ci gaban kasuwar isar da abinci a Koriya.

## Daga kiran waya zuwa aikace-aikacen hannu
Kafin wayoyin salula na zamani da intanet suka karɓi mulki, tsofaffin ƙarni sun yi amfani da wayoyin ƙasa don yin odar isar da su. Ya zama ruwan dare ga gidajen cin abinci su rarraba menu ga kowane gida don su sami damar samun zaɓin abinci. Yayinda fasaha ta inganta cikin sauri, ayyukan isar da kayayyaki sun zama mafi dacewa. A zamanin yau, kashi 70% na mutane suna amfani da isar da wayar hannu don yin oda, don haka samar da rinjaye a kasuwa. Daga cikin waɗannan aikace-aikacen Yogiyo, cin abinci na Coupang da Baedal Minjok sune mafi yawanci.

## Manazarta
Kashewar drum

Kashe drum wata hanya ce da ake amfani da ita don bushe ruwa daga albarkatun kasa tare da bushewa drum. A cikin tsarin bushewa na drum, ana bushe sinadaran da aka tsarkake a yanayin zafi mai ƙarancin gaske akan juyawa, manyan drums waɗanda ke samar da takalma na kayan bushewa. Ana niƙa wannan samfurin zuwa ƙarancin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta ko foda. Hanyoyin bushewa na zamani suna haifar da sinadaran da aka bushe wanda ke sake ginawa nan da nan kuma yana riƙe da yawancin dandano na asali, launi da ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki.

Wasu fa'idodi na bushewar drum sun haɗa da ikon bushe abinci mai laushi wanda ba za a iya bushewa da sauƙi ba tare da wasu hanyoyin. Masu bushewa na drum suna da sauƙin [idan aka kwatanta da?] don aiki da kiyayewa.&#x5D;

Sauran kayayyakin da za a iya amfani da bushewar drum sune, alal misali, starches, hatsi na safe, Abinci na jariri, da dankali nan take don yin su da ruwan sanyi.

## Dubi kuma

* Kashewa da daskarewa
* Abincin Cryogenic

## Manazarta
Labarin ingancin abinci na Tarayyar Turai

**[[Labarin kasa na Nijeriya|Labarin]] [[ingancin]] abinci na [[Tarayyar Turai]]** gardama ce da ke da'awar cewa wasu nau'ikan abinci da abubuwan da aka yi niyya a kasuwannin kasashen Tarayyar Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai suna da ƙarancin inganci fiye da ainihin kwatankwacin da aka samar don kasuwannin Tarayyar Yamma.

Shugaban Hukumar Tarayyar Turai Jean-Claude Juncker ya amince da batun a cikin jawabinsa na Jihar Tarayyar Tarayyar, da ke ba da tallafi don taimakawa hukumomin abinci na kasa su gwada samfuran da ba su da kyau kuma su fara magance rashin daidaito na abinci. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2018 Kwamishinan Shari'a da Abokan Ciniki na Tarayyar Turai Věra Jourová ya bayyana cewa "Za mu kara gwagwarmaya da ingancin abinci biyu. Mun yi gyare-gyare ga umarnin Kasuwanci mara adalci don sanya shi baƙar fata da fari cewa an haramta ingancin abinci guda biyu".

## Manazarta
Benjamin Narteh Ayiku

**Benjamin Narteh Ayiku** (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1964) ɗan siyasa ne a Ghana . Shi memba ne na Majalisar Dokoki ta takwas ta Jamhuriyar Ghana ta huɗu wanda ke wakiltar Mazabar Ledzokuku a cikin Gundumar Ledzokuku a cikin Babban Yankin Accra Dan Ghana .  

## Rayuwa ta farko da aiki
An haifi Ayiku a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta 1964. Ya fito ne daga Teshie. Yana da Babban Takardar Shaidar Ilimi (1986). 

## Siyasa
Ayiku memba ne na Majalisar Dattijai ta Kasa (NDC). Ya kasance dan takarar jam'iyyar a Zaben Disamba 2020. Ya lashe zaben majalisar dokoki tare da kuri'u 55,938 wanda ke wakiltar 50.5% na jimlar kuri'un da aka jefa, ya doke babban abokin hamayyarsa kuma dan majalisa mai ci Bernard Okoe Boye na New Patriotic Party wanda ya samu kuri'u 54,072 wanda ke wakil da 48.8% na jimlar ƙididdigar kuri'un.

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2023, an zaba shi ta hanyar jefa kuri'a don sake wakiltar jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress (NDC) a cikin babban zaben shekara ta 2024 mai zuwa a matsayin dan takarar majalisa na Mazabar Ledzokuku 

### Kwamitocin
Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Abinci, Aikin Gona da Harkokin Kyakkyawan Kwaya da membobin da ke rike da Kwamitin Amfani bi da bi a Majalisar Dokoki ta takwas ta Jamhuriyar Ghana ta huɗu . 

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Shi Kirista ne.

## manazarta
Furotin na shinkafa

**Furotin fis** samfurin abinci ne da ƙarin furotin da aka samu kuma an fitar da su daga launin rawaya da kore, *Pisum sativum .* Ana iya amfani dashi azaman kari na abinci don ƙara furotin na mutum ko sauran abubuwan gina jiki, ko azaman madadin sauran samfuran abinci (misali maye gurbin madarar kiwo da madarar fiɗa ). A matsayin foda, ana amfani da shi azaman sinadari a masana'antar abinci, kamar mai kauri, wakili mai kumfa, ko emulsifier .  

Ana fitar da shi a cikin foda kuma ana iya sarrafa shi kuma a samar da shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban:

* A matsayin keɓewa - ta hanyar tsarin ɓarke jika wanda ke haifar da haɓakar furotin mai yawa
* A matsayin mai da hankali - ta hanyar aiwatar da bushewar juzu'i wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin furotin
* A cikin nau'in rubutu, wanda shine lokacin da ake amfani dashi a cikin samfuran abinci azaman madadin sauran samfuran, kamar madadin nama [ ba a cikin jiki ba ]

fis yana da ƙarancin rashin lafiyar jiki da ƙimar abinci mai yawa.  Yana da kowa a matsayin tushen furotin a cikin vegan da abinci mai cin ganyayyaki, kuma a cikin samfuran kari na furotin . 

## Abun ciki
Furotin fis yana da wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki kamar furotin da carbohydrates. Furotin fis kuma yana ɗauke da bitamin da ma'adanai kuma ba shi da mai.  Duk da yake gabaɗaya yana da wadatar furotin, ainihin furotin da ke cikin peas yana canzawa kuma yana tasiri ta duka abubuwan halitta da abubuwan muhalli (kamar ƙasa da yanayin da ake noman peas).  

## Manazarta
Magungunan narkewa

**Narkewar furotin** yana nufin yadda ake narkar da furotin da aka bayar.  Tare da maki amino acid, furotin narkewa yana ƙayyade ƙimar PDCAAS da DIAAS .

## Manazarta
Haɗin furotin

**Haɗin sunadaran** ko **haɓaka sunadaran gina jiki** ka'idar abinci ce don gina jiki mai gina jiki wanda ke nufin haɓaka ƙimar ilimin halitta na cin furotin. Bisa ga ka'idar, mutum mai cin ganyayyaki da abinci mai cin ganyayyaki na iya samar da isasshen adadin wasu amino acid masu mahimmanci, suna yin sunadaran suna haɗuwa tare da abinci mai yawa masu mahimmanci don samun abinci tare da " cikakken furotin ". Duk abincin shuka ya ƙunshi dukkan amino acid guda 20 ciki har da amino acid 9 masu mahimmanci a cikin adadi daban-daban, amma wasu na iya kasancewa a cikin ƙananan adadin da ba a haƙiƙanin adadin abincin da ake buƙatar cinyewa don biyan buƙatu. 

Tarihi an inganta haɗe-haɗin sunadaran a matsayin hanyar biyan ramuwa da ake zaton sunadaran sunadaran a yawancin kayan lambu azaman abinci (misali, shinkafa da wake ), waɗanda aka samu cikin ƙayyadaddun kaso da aka bayyana a bayanan bayanan amino acid daban-daban. A cikin wannan akidar na 1970s, *kowane abinci* yana buƙatar haɗa shi don samar da cikakkun furotin. Ko da yake babu shakka za a iya haɗa nau'ikan abinci da tunani cikin tunani don yin abinci mai gina jiki, bincike kan muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin amino acid a cikin furotin shuka ya nuna cewa ba a buƙatar haɗuwa da hankali a cikin kowane abinci don masu cin ganyayyaki da masu cin ganyayyaki su kai matakin da ake so na mahimman amino acid muddin abincinsu ya bambanta kuma ana biyan bukatun caloric na yau da kullun. A wasu kalmomi, haɗuwa na iya faruwa a cikin lokaci mai tsawo.  

## Ra'ayi
Abincin gina jiki yana da wuyar gaske saboda kowane amino acid na proteinogenic na iya zama abin da ke iyakance ga metabolism . Haɗuwa da ciyarwar dabbobi na iya haɓaka don haɓaka, ko rage tsada yayin kiyaye isasshen girma. Hakazalika, abinci mai gina jiki na ɗan adam yana ƙarƙashin dokar Liebig mafi ƙanƙanta : Matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci na ɗayan mahimman amino acid zai zama ƙayyadaddun abu a cikin metabolism.

: Idan abun ciki na amino acid guda daya da ba makawa a cikin abincin ya kasa da abin da mutum ke bukata, to zai takaita amfani da sauran amino acid kuma ta haka zai hana yawan hadawa na yau da kullun koda kuwa adadin sinadarin nitrogen ya isa. Don haka "amino acid mai iyaka" zai ƙayyade ƙimar sinadirai na jimlar nitrogen ko furotin a cikin abincin. 

A cikin abinci na tushen tsire-tsire, ana ganin batun abun ciki na amino acid na abinci daban-daban. Abincin mai gamsarwa duk da haka, zai haɗa da mafi ƙarancin buƙatun duk mahimman amino acid .

## Manazarta
Ƙididdigar rarraba furotin

**Indexididdigar Rarraba Protein** (PDI) hanya ce ta kwatanta narkewar furotin a cikin ruwa, kuma ana amfani da ita sosai a masana'antar samfuran waken soya .

Ana niƙa samfurin waken soya, a haɗe shi da ƙayyadaddun ruwa, sannan a haɗe su biyun a wani ƙayyadadden rpm na takamaiman lokaci. Haɗin da aka samu da kuma ainihin garin wake sai a auna abun da ke cikin furotin ta amfani da gwajin konewa, kuma ana ƙididdige PDI a matsayin adadin furotin da ke cikin mahaɗin da aka raba da kaso a cikin fulawa - PDI na 100 don haka yana nuna cikakkiyar narkewa.  

An nuna cewa za a iya shafar PDI, ba kawai ta irin waken soya da ake amfani da shi ba, har ma ta hanyar masana'antu - an nuna zafi don rage PDI. 

PDI da ake buƙata na waken soya ya dogara ne akan dalilin da za a sa waken. Masu kera samfuran soya da tofu suna son babban PDI don tabbatar da matsakaicin abun ciki na furotin a cikin samfuran su. Koyaya, masana'antun abincin kifin soya suna buƙatar ƙaramin PDI don guje wa asarar furotin mai mahimmanci a cikin ruwan da ke kewaye. 

## Manazarta
Gidan dafa abinci

**Masana'antar dafa abinci** ko masana'antar dafa dafa abinci (Russian) babbar kamfani ce ta kayan abinci a Tarayyar Soviet, ta samo asali ne a cikin 1920-1930s. Babban manufarta ita ce shirya abinci na tsakiya (duka prefabrication da cikakken aiki) wanda aka bayar don ɗakunan cin abinci na jama'a ko don sayen mutum. Gidajen abinci na masana'antu sun kasance halayyar gine-ginen su na musamman. Wani lokaci ana fassara kalmar yadda ya kamata a matsayin kicin jama'a, wanda na ƙarshe shine kicin a cikin ɗakin jama'a na Soviet.

Tunanin shirye-shiryen abinci na tsakiya ya kasance wani ɓangare na 'yancin mata daga aikin gida a farkon Tarayyar Soviet, da kuma ingantaccen shiga cikin ma'aikatan mata. Tare da gidaje-ƙauyuka, masana'antun abinci sun kawar da "yarkin tattalin arzikin gida". Kalmomin ranar sun kasance "Away with Pots and Pans!" da kuma "The Saucepan is a Enemy of the Party Cell".

Marubutan Soviet daban-daban sun bayyana yadda "mutum ɗaya zai iya shirya daga abincin dare hamsin zuwa ɗari a rana". Littafin yara A Cook for a Whole City  ya bayyana dalla-dalla yadda masana'antar kicin ke aiki.

## Manazarta
Rarraba ingancin furotin

**Matsakaicin ingancin furotin** (PER) ya dogara ne akan ƙimar abin gwajin da aka raba ta hanyar cin wani furotin na abinci a lokacin gwajin.

Daga shekarar 1919 har zuwa kwanan nan , PER ya kasance hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita sosai don kimanta ingancin furotin a cikin abinci.

Masana'antar abinci a Kanada a halin yanzu tana amfani da PER azaman ma'auni don kimanta ingancin furotin na abinci.  Hanyar hukuma don ƙayyade ƙimar ingancin furotin daga Hanyar Kariyar Lafiya ta Kanada FO-1, Oktoba 15, 1981. 

Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka yanzu tana amfani da Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) a matsayin tushen kashi na USRDA da aka ba da shawarar yau da kullun don sunadaran da aka nuna akan alamun abinci. Koyaya, PER har yanzu ana amfani dashi a wasu ƙa'idodin FDA. Hanyoyin hukuma na FDA don ƙididdige PER suna kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Halayen Bincike na AOAC International, 16th ed. (1995) Sashe na 45.3.05, Hanyar Hukuma ta AOAC 982.30 Hanyar Ƙirƙirar Ƙididdigar Ƙimar Ƙimar Protein; da Halayen Halayen Nazari na AOAC International, 18th ed. (2005). 

## Manazarta
Kusan kusa

Ana amfani da **kusanci** a cikin nazarin kayan halitta a matsayin bazuwar wani abu mai kyau da ɗan adam ke cinyewa a cikin manyan abubuwan da ke tattare da shi. Suna da ƙima mai kyau na abubuwan da ke cikin kunshe-kunshe na kayayyaki masu zomaye kuma suna aiki azaman ingantaccen farashi da sauƙin tabbatarwa na bangarorin abinci mai gina jiki . Wannan yana nufin za a iya amfani da gwaji don tantance kuri'a, amma ba za a iya amfani da shi don tabbatar da injin sarrafa abinci ko wurin sarrafa abinci ba; maimakon haka, dole ne a gudanar da gwajin abinci mai gina jiki akan samfurin don cancantar masu kera. FDA ce ke tsara bangarorin abinci a cikin Amurka kuma dole ne a yi gwaji mai tsauri don tabbatar da ainihin abun ciki na gina jiki. Wannan ya kamata ya hana masu sarrafa abinci yin da'awar da ba ta da tushe ga jama'a. 

## Amfani
A cikin masana'antu, madaidaitan ma'auni sune:   

* Moisture content
* Volatile matter
* Ash content
* Fixed carbon
* Carbohydrates (calculated)

MyTa hanyar nazari, ana samun huɗu daga cikin abubuwan guda biyar ta hanyar halayen sinadarai da gwaje-gwaje. An ƙididdige kashi na biyar, carbohydrates, bisa la'akari da ƙaddarar wasu hudu. Kusan ya kamata kusan koyaushe suna lissafin kashi 100 na kayan abinci; duk wani karkata daga 100% yana nuna ƙudurin gwajin sinadarai, saboda ƙananan bambance-bambancen yadda ake yin kowane gwaji ya taru ko kuma ya mamaye abubuwan da aka haɗa. sinadarai na iya faɗuwa a ƙarƙashin rukunin ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan guda biyar. Carbohydrates, alal misali, sun haɗa amma ba'a iyakance ga fibers na abinci ba, sukari, da barasa na sukari . Ash ya hada da ma'adanai na abinci kamar sodium, potassium, iron da calcium .

## Manazarta