Arthur Lewis Piper

Arthur Lewis Pipel Ya yi aiki da taronf> M ishan na Cocin Episcopal Methodist a cikin tashar mishan mafi nisa kusa da Kapanga a cikin Kwango na Belgian. Piper ya taimaka wa kabilar Lunda don yakar zazzabin cizon sauro, da ciwon barci, da kuturta, a tsakanin wasu cututtuka da yawa.

A cikin 1925, ya ƙarfafa amfani da tryparsamide don warkar da ciwon barci. Walter Abraham Jacobs, Michael Heidelberger, Louise Pearce, da Wade Hampton Brown na Rockefeller Foundation ne suka samar da maganin kuma Louise Pearce ne suka gwada shi a cikin Kongo Belgian a cikin 1920. Ya kuma kafa cibiyar kula da kutare ta farko a 1932 da cibiyar kula da cutar tarin fuka ta farko a 1939.

## Rayuwar farko

An haifi Arthur Lewis Piper a Kusar Knapp, wani ƙaramin ƙauye kusa da iyakar Pennsylvania da New York. Yana daya daga cikin ’ya’ya bakwai, da ’yan uwansa uku suka mutu tun suna kanana. Tun yana ɗan shekara goma sha biyu, ya karanta da kuma nazarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki da kyau don ya sami karɓuwa a cikin Cocin Methodist  kuma ya zuwa goma sha biyar, ya shiga babi a Bradford, Pennsylvania.

## Ilimi

Ya yi karatu a makarantar sakandare ta Eden, inda a lokacin ya ɓullo da burinsa na zama mai wa'azi a ƙasar Sin, kuma ya ba da kulawar jinya baya ga kula da kiwo. Bayan ya kammala karatunsa a 1901, ya halarci Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Buffalo, inda ya kasance matsakaicin ɗalibi. Ya yi rashin lafiya don kula da mahaifinsa mai ciwon sukari kuma bai ci gaba da karatu ba har zuwa 1903. Duk da haka, mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon rikice-rikice a cikin 1907, 'yan watanni kafin kammala karatunsa na likitanci.[

A cikin 1912, ya halarci Makarantar Littafi Mai Tsarki ta White's da Asibitin Digiri na gaba, a cikin birnin New York, don shirya don aikinsa na mishan na fasto da kuma samun ilimin likitancin wurare masu zafi. Zai ci gaba da karatunsa zuwa likitancin wurare masu zafi a 1913 a MakarantarKlingman, 

## Rayuwa ta sirri

Ya sadu da matarsa, Maude E. Garret, ta hanyar gabatar da ’yar’uwarta. Maude ya sauke karatu daga Wesleyan kuma ya tafi Makarantar Horon Deaconess New York. Tsawon shekaru shida, ta zama diaconess na Cocin Methodist na New York. Da farko, tana shirin tafiya tare da wata ƙungiyar mishan zuwa Labrador. Duk da haka, Piper da Maude sun yi aure a ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 1913, daidai kafin su tashi zuwa Kongo.

Piper yana da 'ya'ya mata biyu masu suna Ruth da Margaret. Bature na farko da aka haifa a yankin, an haifi Ruth a shekara ta 1915. An haifi Margaret a shekara ta 1920. Ruth da Margaret duk sun koyi Lunda da sauri. Ko da yake sun yi karatun gida na ɗan lokaci, sun halarci makarantar kwana ta Ingilishi a Akeji, Arewacin Rhodesia. Dukansu 'ya'yan mata sun dawo Amurka don halartar kwaleji kuma sun zama ma'aikatan jinya.

## Tafiya

A cikin 1911, Ofishin Filin Ofishin Jakadancin Methodist na New York ya sanar da Piper cewa ana buƙatar mishan na likita a Kongo Belgian. Duk da cewa adadin mace-mace na masu mishan na likita a lokacin ya kai kashi 21%, ya karɓi kwangilar shekaru 5 kuma ya rufe aikinsa na likitancin Buffalo don shirya wa aikinsa na mishan a birnin New York.[4] Ya sami albashi mafi ƙanƙanta na shekara-shekara na $400 na shekaru biyar masu zuwa.

Da wuri1913, a cikin tsammanin isowar Piper, an gina manufa kusa da Masumba, ƙauyen Mwata Yamvo, Babban Hafsan kabilar Lunda. Kabilar Lunda wani yanki ne na mutanen Bantu. Piper da tawagarsa za su kasance kawai farar fata, baya ga wasu jami'an gwamnati guda biyu da ke kusa, a cikin fili mai fadin murabba'in mil 15,000 (kilomita murabba'in 39,000) tare da 'yan Afirka 45,000.[3] Nisan Mwata-Yamvo ya bayyana ne yayin da yake da nisan mil 1,200 (kilomita 1,900) daga bakin teku, mil 500 (kilomita 800) daga iyakar Rhodesian ta Arewa da kuma mil 100 (kilomita 160) daga kan iyakar Angola.[2] ]

Kwana ɗaya bayan aurensa, Piper da matarsa ​​sun yi tafiya zuwa London don samun ƙarin kayan aikin tafiya. A ranar 14 ga Maris, 1914, sun isa Kambove  don su zauna da kuma shirya tafiya zuwa Masumba tare da  John McKendree Springer, bayan kwanaki 75 na jirgin ruwa da titin jirgin ƙasa tun barin London. Yayin da yake Kambove, Piper zai sami gogewarsa ta farko wajen kula da marasa lafiya masu nisa ta hanyar kafa ƙaramin asibiti.

Da barin ranar 28 ga Afrilu, a ƙarshe Pipers sun isa Masumba a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 1914, bayan sun yi tafiya na tsawon kwanaki 55 a kan ƙasa ta jirgin ƙasa da hanya. Sama da mutane 300 ne suka tarbe su da rera waƙoƙin yabo a ƙarƙashin baka na arboreal. Springer ya bayyana game da bikin farin ciki, "Ban taɓa jin labarin wani misali ba inda ƴan mishan da suka zo a karon farko don zama a wata ƙasa, sun sami maraba na musamman kuma na sarauta."[1]

Pipers sun yi farin cikin gano cewa ƙasa da yanayin sun ba da izinin shuka gonaki mai yawa; don haka, sansanin Pipers koyaushe yana da isasshen 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari. Ya kasance “wurin abinci, magani, da ruhi”

### Ƙungiyoyin addini

Piper ya bayyana a cikin rahotonsa ga Cocin Episcopal na Methodist, “Mun yi imanin cewa dama a wannan fanni ita ce wacce ba za a iya yin nasara a ko’ina ba, kuma duk kokarin da aka yi, da kowace dala da aka kashe, don aikin a wannan fanni, za ta kasance a kan lokaci. na lokaci mai girma da gaske, ana ɗaukaka sunan Allah, kuma mulkinsa yana yaɗuwa.” [1]

A taron farko na Ofishin Jakadancin Kongo na Cocin Methodist Episcopal a ranar 2 ga Janairu, 1915, Piper da matarsa ​​sun kasance biyu daga cikin masu wa’azi na mishan huɗu da ke Hukumar Waje Mishan. Ƙungiyar Taro, wanda ya ƙunshi Dr. Springer, R.S. Guptill, Misis Miller, Misis Springer, Bishop Hartzell, Misis Guptill, da kuma ɗaliban Makarantar Koyar da Littafi Mai Tsarki ta Fox, sun yarda cewa Piper ya zama memba na taron shekara-shekara kuma an nada shi. Springer, tare da amincewar Bishop, ya ba da shawarar Piper, bayan da ya wuce karatunsa, ya kasance a taron Ofishin Jakadancin Afirka ta Yamma don liyafar kan gwaji. Piper kuma an ba da shawarar cewa taron ya zaɓe shi ga umarnin diakoni da na dattawa a ƙarƙashin mulkin mishan. Bugu da ƙari, Piper yana da lasisi a matsayin mai wa'azi na gida, bisa ga shawarar Springer.

An ajiye wa'azin Mwata Yamvo tare da Piper. Sun yi hidimar coci ranar Lahadi da karfe 7:30 na safe. Sa'an nan kuma an gudanar da hidimar coci na yau da kullum a aikin da karfe 10:30 na safe, tare da halartar mutane 45-65. Daga baya bayan cin abinci, akwai gajerun sabis na 10-11 a sassa daban-daban a ƙauyen Mwata Yamvo mai nisan mil mil. Kimanin mutane 100 ne suka halarta.[5]

Kowace ranar mako, Piper ya buga kararrawa na safe da karfe 6:30 na safe, ya sadu da membobin mishan da karfe 7:00 na safe don hidimar cocin safe, kuma a karshe ya fara aikin yau da kullun na ranar. Abincin rana ya kasance 12:00 na safe kuma 5:30 suka ƙare ranar aiki. A ranar Asabar, suna aiki har zuwa la'asar kawai

## Aikin likita a Masumba

Domin kula da marasa lafiyarsa a Masumba, Piper ya fara koyon al'ada. Da farko, don yin magana, ya koyi Lunda ta yin amfani da waƙoƙin yabo da aka fassara da kuma Bisharar Markus. Ya kuma saba da tsoffin al'adun likitanci; kabilar Lunda sun bauta wa 'yan ta'adda kuma suna tura su zuwa ga bokaye.[2]

Piper ya gina kantin sayar da kayayyaki da ƙaramidakin tiyata. Babban yankin yana da gidaje 350. Har ila yau, tana da ɗakin kwana tara, ɗakin makaranta mai ɗaki huɗu, da coci mai ɗaukar mutane 500. A shekara ta 1939, babbar cibiyar manufa tana da marasa lafiya fiye da 800. A halin da ake ciki, sauran ma'aikatan jinya guda huɗu na karkara sun sami ƙarin marasa lafiya 300-400. Ya kan yi maganin “yaws, cutar barci, cututtukan jijiyoyin jini, kuturta,   ulcer, hernias,  elephantiasis,  ciwace-ciwacen daji, goiter,  karaya, duwatsun fitsari, ciwon hakori, ciwon ciki, yawan yanayin fata da cututtukan tsutsa na hanji.[3]

'Yan ƙasar sun ziyarci asibitin da zarar sun riga sun gwada duk magungunan gida. Marasa lafiya sun zo tare da iyalansu suna dafa musu abinci, suna magana da su, kuma suna ba su kariya. Sakamakon haka, an gina matsugunai na asali don iyalan marasa lafiya. Piper har ma ya yi nasarar yi wa Mwata Yamvo, sarkin kabilar Lunda magani tsawon makonni biyu a kullum. Abin takaici, saboda yanayin aikin sa mai yaduwa, mai haɗari, Piper da danginsa sun kamu da cutar zazzabin cizon sauro. Sai dai duk sun daure kuma sun shawo kan rashin lafiya[2].

A lokacin hutunsa, Piper ya dawo da kayayyaki masu amfani, ciki har da kayan daki, kayan gini, har ma da mota da babbar mota.[3]

## Gado

Piper ya aiwatar da mahimman matakan tsafta. Misali, ya kare rijiyar daga gurbatar dabbobi da mutane. Aikin tsaftace majinyata da gidajen marasa lafiya shi ma ya bazu zuwa kauyukan da ke kusa.

Piper kuma ya horar da mataimakan likitoci sama da 60. Bugu da kari, ya horar da mata su zama ungozoma. Sakamakon haka, mace-macen jarirai ya ragu matuka. A haƙiƙa, ingantaccen kulawar jarirai na ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da suka sa ƴan ƙasar suka amince da bututun[3].

Haka kuma, cutar barci, trypanosomiasis, ta kasance babbar barazana ga al'ummar ƙasar. Cutar ta zama ruwan dare a yankunan fadama saboda mai dauke da ita, kuda na tsetse. Piper yana daya daga cikin na farko da ya gabatar da maganin tryparasmide na Gidauniyar Rockefeller, bayan ya sami horo a lokacin sabbatical dinsa na 1925. Sannan ya ci gaba da horar da mataimakansa kan matakan kariya, kamar nisantar dausayi.[3] A lokacin hutunsa, ya ce, "magunguna uku sun wanzu kuma suna ba da tabbataccen bege ga nan gaba. Su ne shirye-shiryen Jamusanci da aka fi sani da Bayer 20S, shirye-shiryen Cibiyar Rockefeller.
## Manazarta