open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Operation Ochsenkopf

**** (Operation Ox Head) wanda kuma aka sani da *Battle of Sidi Nsir*' da *Battle of Hunts Gap*' ya kasance [ [Axis Powers | Axis]] m aiki a Tunisia daga  1943, a lokacin [Tunisia] Gangamin](https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia%5D_Gangamin) na Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. An yi niyyar kai harin ne don samun iko da Medjez el Bab, Béja, El Aroussa, Djebel Abiod da kuma . wani matsayi da aka sani da Hunt's Gap, tsakanin Birtaniya Sojan Farko da Axis Rukunin Sojojin Afirka (/). Hare-haren sun yi galaba a kai, amma babu wani buri da aka cimma kafin a dakatar da aikin saboda karuwar hasarar sojoji da tankokin yaki, musamman ma manyan Tigers.  shine babban hari na ƙarshe na Axis daga 5th Panzer Army kafin mika wuya na Afrika Korps a watan Mayu 1943. 

## Takaittacen Bayani
Bayan Battle of Kasserine Pass , Axis ta kirkiro Rukunin Sojojin Afirka (}/) a matsayin hedkwatar kwamanda ga Na biyar na Panzer Army da Italiya Sojan Farko a Tunisiya. Adolf Hitler da Janar Janar na Jamus  (OKW) sun yi imanin cewa  Hans-Jürgen von Arnim ya kamata. dauki umarni amma  Albert Kesselring Jamusanci  (OB Süd, Babban Kwamandan Kudu) ya yi jayayya da  Erwin Rommel, wanda aka nada ya zama kwamandan sabuwar Rukunin Sojojin Afirka ranar 23 ga Fabrairu. , Babban Hafsan Sojojin Italiya, ya umarci Rommel da ya kawo karshen harin a Kasserine, bisa la'akari da ƙarfafawar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin na Tebessa, don gudanar da wani mummunan hari a kan Sojoji na takwas Bernard Montgomery) yayin da yake tunkarar kariyar Layin Mareth daga gabas.

Kauyukan Gafsa, Metlaoui da Tozeur za su kasance a hannun sojojin tafi-da-gidanka kuma galibin kungiyar da ta kai harin ita ce komawa rundunar sojan Italiya ta daya. Rukunin Panzer Division na 10 ya yi ritaya daga Thala tun a farkon 23 ga Fabrairu kuma 21st Panzer Division ya kawo karshen harin da ta kai kan Sbiba a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu. Rukunin ya kamata su sake fasalin kuma su koma cikin Sojan Italiya na 1st, a shirye don kai hari a farkon Maris, matakan da za a rufe ta hanyar ƙananan ayyuka a gaban 5th Panzer Army. A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, Arnim ya tashi zuwa Roma ba tare da tuntuɓar Rommel ba kuma ya ba da shawarar kai hari ga Béja, yana da tabbacin cewa Birtaniyya Sojan Farko (Janar [Kenneth Anderson (Jami'in Sojojin Burtaniya)]](https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Anderson_%28Jami%27in_Sojojin_Burtaniya%29%5D)), ya aika da sojoji kudu daga gaban arewa don ceto Sbiba da Thala. Arnim ya sami amincewar Kesselring don kai hari a gaba gaba a kan sashin V Corps (Charles Allfrey) a ranar 26 Fabrairu.

## Manazarta
Shugaban Ƙasar Botswana

**Shugaban Ƙasar Botswana** shine shugaban ƙasar kuma shine shugaban gwamnatin Botswana kuma shine mai ba sojoji umarni bisa ga kundin mulkin Botswana. Shugaba Seretse Khama shine firaministan ƙasar daga 1965 zuwa 1966, daga baya kuma ya zama shugaban ƙasar wanada har zuwa yshekarar 2024 ba'a ƙara yin firaminista ba. 

## Manazarta
Aikin White Giant

Operation White Giant (Maris-Afrilun 1965) wani harin soji ne da dakarun Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango da kawayenta suka kai domin kwato lardin Orientale na arewa maso gabashin kasar daga hannun 'yan tada kayar baya a lokacin tawayen Simba. Harin ya samu nasarar cimma manufofinsa, inda ya katse ‘yan tawayen Simba da kawayen su ke kaiwa kasashen Uganda da Sudan.

## Tarihi
Bayan da ta samu 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960, Jamhuriyar Kongo ta zama batun tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa da rikice-rikice da ake kira "Rikicin Kongo". A shekarar 1964, masu tada kayar baya da ake kira "Simbas" sun kaddamar da wani gagarumin tawaye a yankunan gabashin kasar, inda suka yi tafka asara mai yawa ga sojojin kasar Armée Nationale Congolaise (ANC). Shugaba Joseph Kasa-Vubu ya nada Moïse Tshombe sabon Firayim Minista don magance rikicin. A baya dai Tshombe ya jagoranci jihar Katanga mai ‘yan aware, wadda sojojinta suka hada da Jandarma na Katanga da kuma wasu sojojin haya masu goyon baya.

## Manazarta
Congo

**Congo** na iya nufin:

* Kogin Kongo, da ke a tsakiyar Afirka
* Kogin Kongo,  kogi
* Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, babbar ƙasa a kudu maso gabas, wani lokacin ana kiranta "Congo-Kinshasa"
* Jamhuriyar Kongo, ƙaramar ƙasa a arewa maso yamma, wani lokacin ana kiranta "Congo-Brazzaville"
Pan genus

Halin Pan ya kunshi nau'i biyu masu wanzuwa: chimpanzee da bonobo. Taxonomically, waɗannan nau'in birai guda biyu ana kiran su da suna panins.  A da ana kiran nau'ikan nau'ikan guda biyu "chimpanzees" ko "chimps"; idan an gane bonobos a matsayin rukuni daban, ana kiran su da "pygmy" ko "gracile chimpanzees". Tare da mutane, gorillas, da orangutans suna cikin dangin Hominidae (manyan birai, ko hominids). 'Yan asalin yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara, chimpanzees da bonobos a halin yanzu ana samun su a cikin dajin Kongo, yayin da chimpanzee kawai ake samun su a arewa a yammacin Afirka. Dukkan nau'in.
## Manarzarta
P. C. "Pete" Pearson

**Peter C. "Pete" Pearson** (16 Janairu 1877 - 10 Satumba 1929) ɗan Australiya ne mai kula da wasan farauta, kuma ƙwararren mafarauci a Gabashin Afirka.

## Farkon rayuwa
An haifi Pearson a Melbourne a shekara ta 1877, ya yi karatu a makarantar Caulfield Grammar School amma bai iya zama a cikin rayuwa a Melbourne ba kuma yana da shekaru 18 ya bar gida ya yi tafiya a Ostiraliya don neman kasada. A cikin waɗannan shekarun Pearson ya yi tafiya a ko'ina cikin Ostiraliya sosai, yana aiki a ayyuka daban-daban ciki har da mataimakin mai binciken ƙasa a Gippsland, mai gyaran gyare-gyare a New South Wales da Queensland da kuma mai hakar ma'adinai a Broken Hill . 

Domin.ya isa ga Yaƙin Boer, a cikin 1900 Pearson ya ba da kansa a matsayin talakawa a cikin jirgin ruwa don zuwa Afirka ta Kudu. Bayan sun isa Durban ma'aikatan  kawai sun yi dariya game da bukatar da ya yi na a bar shi a bakin teku don haka ya yanke shawarar yin iyo, bayan ya yi iyo 200 yadudduka (180  ya lura da fuka-fukan shark yana yin beeline zuwa gare shi, bayan wasu gwagwarmaya ya sami nasarar riƙe wani yanki na driftwood da paddle a bakin teku, sharks da yawa da ke kewaye da shi a duk hanyar. Bayan ya isa Afirka ta Kudu, Pearson ya sami nasarar shiga rundunar sojan doki zuwa ƙarshen yaƙin.

## Manazarta
Operation Shujaa

*'Operation Shujaa* wani farmaki ne na soji da ke ci gaba da kai wa [Democratic Republic of the Congo] da [Uganda farmaki kan dakarun 'yan tawaye a cikin [Kivu] da kuma [ Ituri, galibi Daular Islama (IS) masu alaƙa da Allied Democratic Forces (ADF). An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin Nuwamba 2021, ya haifar da asara mai yawa ga dakarun 'yan tawayen da aka yi niyya tare da rage ayyukansu sosai. A wasu lokuta, sojojin gwamnati da ke aikin Operation Shujaa suma suna yakar kungiyoyin 'yan tawayen da ba na ADF/IS ba.

## Takaitaccen Bayani
An kafa kungiyar Allied Democratic Forces a shekarar 1996 a matsayin hadakar kungiyoyin 'yan tawayen Uganda daban-daban. Tun daga wannan lokaci ne ADF ta fara kai hare-hare kan gwamnatin Uganda musamman daga sansanonin da ke gabashin Kongo wanda gwamnatocin suka ba ta tallafi a shekarun 1990.Koda bayan da shugabancin Kongo ya daina goyon bayan gwamnatin ADF, na karshen ya ci gaba da kasancewa da yawa a gabashin Kongo wanda yake fama da yake-yake akai-akai. tawaye, ya zama mafaka ga ƙungiyoyin tawaye daban-daban.
## Manazarta
Radcliffe Telescope

**Telescope na Radcliffe** na 74 a cikin (1.9 m) na gani/kusa da infrared mai nuna na'urar hangen nesa ta Afirka ta Kudu a Sutherland, Arewacin Cape, Afirka ta Kudu.[1]
 Lokacin da aka kammala ginin a cikin 1948, Radcliffe ita ce mafi girman na'urar hangen nesa a Kudancin Hemisphere, kuma haɗin gwiwa-na huɗu mafi girma a duniya.
 An sanye da na'urar hangen nesa tare da kewayon kayan aikin da ke aiki don hotuna, spectroscopy da polarimetry.  Kwararrun masana ilmin taurari ke amfani da waɗannan don gudanar da bincike mai faɗi da yawa.

## Tarihi
Ƙarin bayani: Radcliffe Observatory
  John Radcliffe, wanda amintaccen sadaka ya ba da gudummawar Radcliffe Observatory
  John Radcliffe (1650–1714) likitan Ingilishi ne  kuma Mamba na Majalisar;  almajiransa ita ce Jami'ar Oxford.  Bai taba yin aure ba kuma ba shi da magada, don haka da ya mutu ya yi wasiyya da dimbin dukiyarsa ga amana ta sadaka.[3] Wannan Radcliffe Trust  ta tallafa wa ayyukan jama'a a ciki da wajen Oxford, gami da Radcliffe Kamara da Radcliffe Infirmary.  Bisa shawarar Thomas Hornsby, a cikin 1773 amintacciyar ta kafa Radcliffe Observatory a cikin yankin arewacin Oxford;  ita ce cibiyar lura ta dindindin ta biyu da aka kafa a Biritaniya (bayan Greenwich Observatory).[4]   Wannan binciken ya gudanar da bincike a sararin samaniya, da farko a karkashin jagorancin Farfesa Savilian na Jami'ar Oxford.  A cikin 1839, Radcliffe Trust ta fara ba da tallafin kai tsaye ga Radcliffe Observer don gudanar da binciken, kuma an ci gaba da lura a Oxford.ya ci gaba da amfani ga mafi yawan ƙarni na gaba.[5]
 A cikin 1924 Harold Knox-Shaw ya zama Radcliffe Observer.  A wannan lokacin cibiyar binciken ta yi ta fafutukar ci gaba da kasancewa a sahun gaba wajen binciken falaki, saboda wasu dalilai.  Mafi girman na'urar hangen nesa a Oxford shine mai 24 in (61 cm)  refractor, amma wannan ba kayan aikin zamani ba ne kuma an daɗe da rufe shi da manyan sabbin na'urori masu nuna kyama.  Musamman, masana ilmin taurari a Amurka yanzu sun sami damar yin amfani da kayan aikin da suka fi girma-kamar 60 in (1.5 m) Hale Telescope (aka kammala 1908) da 100 in (2.5 m) Hooker Telescope (1917).[6]
 Abubuwa da yawa sun sa Oxford ya daina zama wurin da ya dace don cibiyar bincike.  Birnin ya fadada sosai tun karni na sha takwas;  yanzu an sami ƙazamin ƙazamin haske da rashin gani.  Yanayin Birtaniyya shi ma ya kasance cikas, inda dare da yawa suka rasa gajimare.  Makwabciyar Radcliffe Infirmary tana da sha'awar faɗaɗa gine-ginenta, kuma babu ɗaki ga babban wurin da za a buƙaci don kowane sabon na'urar hangen nesa.
Tsare-tsare
Operation Skorpion

**Operation Skorpion** (****) daga 26 zuwa 27 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1941, wani aikin soji ne a lokacin [Kamfen ɗin Hamada ta Yamma]] na Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Sojojin Axis ne suka gudanar da aikin a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kanar Maximilian von Herff da British da ke ƙarƙashin Laftanar-Janar [William] "Strafer" Gott](https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gott). An kai harin mayar da martani kan mukaman Birtaniyya a Halfaya Pass a arewa maso yamma Masar, wanda aka kama a lokacin Operation Brevity   shine hari na biyu da Rommel ya umarta a Afirka (ban da Siege na Tobruk).

 ya kori turawan Ingila daga Halfaya Pass tare da tilasta musu yin ritaya zuwa yankin daga Buq Buq zuwa Sofafi. Jamusawa da Italiya sun ƙarfafa hanyar wucewa kuma sun gina wasu wurare masu ƙarfi a baya zuwa Sidi Azeiz a matsayin yankunan kashe tanki, a shirye su sake fuskantar wani harin Birtaniya. Baturen ya ci gaba da shirye-shiryen Operation Battleaxe (15–17 Yuni) amma wata gazawar Birtaniyya mai tsada ce ta kai ga korar [General (United Kingdom) | Janar]] Sir [Archibald [Babban Kwamandan Gabas ta Tsakiya da sauran manyan hafsoshi.

## Bayani
Bayan nasarar da Birtaniyya ta samu a kan Italiya Sojoji na 10 a cikin Operation Compass,  (OKW) , babban kwamandan soji) ya fara  (Operation Sunflower), aikin (DAK,  Erwin Rommel) zuwa Libya don ƙarfafa ragowar sojojin na 10. Rommel ya kai hari a lokaci daya, inda ya kori Birtaniya daga Cyrenaica zuwa kan iyakar Masar, sai dai tashar jiragen ruwa na [Tobruk], inda aka fara watanni tara. A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, rukunin na gaba na Jamus sun isa Derna gabas da Jebel Akhdar amma wasu rukunin sun kare da ruwa da mai a Tengeder. An aika da wani ginshiƙi na leƙen asiri, tanki, bindigu da makaman bindigu don toshe hanyar gabas daga Tobruk kuma a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, Rommel ya sanya Suez Canal ya zama manufar DAK. Za a hana fita daga Tobruk kuma washegari tashar ta kasance an saka hannun jari; Sashin binciken bincike na 3 ya ci gaba da zuwa Bardia kuma an aika da rundunar hadin gwiwa zuwa Sollum, kimanin  zuwa cikin Masar, don kokarin isa Mersa Matruh. Rundunar da aka inganta ta Mobile Force (Brigadier William Gott) ta gudanar da aikin jinkiri a kan Axis a kan iyakar da ke kusa da Sollum da Fort Capuzzo daga Halfaya Pass zuwa gabas zuwa Sidi Barrani. Hare-haren na farko na Italo-Jamus an yi nasarar aiwatarwa amma matsalolin samar da kayayyaki sun sa ba a iya yin gaba fiye da iyakar Masar. Sojojin Axis sun shagaltu da kewayen Tobruk, yayin da Birtaniya suka fara sake gina ƙarfinsu a Masar.
## Manazarta

*
Okuyi

**Okuyi** (jam'i: **Mekuyo**, wanda aka fi sani da **Ukuyi**, **Ocuya**, **Mokoi**, **Mukudj**, **Ikwara**, **Okukwe** da **Mbwanda**, a Equatorial Guinea (Spanish): *Mamarracho* ) al'ada ce ta  da daga kabilun Bantu wanda al'umma da yawa ke yi a kasashe daban-daban mafi inganci a fadin yammacin Afirka ta Tsakiya. Wasu daga cikin ƙasashe inda ake yin al'ada sun haɗa da Kamaru a Yammacin Afirka ta Tsakiya, Gabon da Equatorial Guinea. A al'adar, ana yinta a lokuta na musamman da yawa ciki har da jana'iza da bukukuwan aure. Yawancin lokuttan da jariri ya kai watanni huɗu ko kuma lokacin da yaro ya zama matashi, ana amfani da al'adar Okuyi. A yau, al'adar Mekuyo tana aiki da kabilun da ke cikin rukunin Bantu. Al'ummar bakin teku da aka sani da Ndowe, wanda aka fi sani da playeros, misali ne na farko, kamar yadda mutane a fadin Equatorial Guinea ke yin al'adar a fli. Kasar Gabon tana da manyan kabilun biyu da ke gudanar da al'adar Okuyi ciki har da Mpongwe da Galwa daga Lambaréné, Gabon. Mutumin da ke cikin kula yawanci shine shugaban kungiyar.

## Manazarta
Theophilus Opoku

**Theophilus Herman Kofi Opoku** (1842 - 7 Yuli 1913) ɗan asalin Akan masanin harshe ne, mai fassara, masanin ilimin falsafa, malami kuma ɗan mishan wanda ya zama ɗan asalin Afirka na farko da Ofishin Jakadancin Basel ya naɗa shi Fasto a Ƙasar Gold Coast a 1872. Opoku ya yi aiki tare da juna. tare da ɗan ƙasar Jamus mai wa’azi da ilimin falsafa Johann Gottlieb Christaller da kuma ’yan’uwansu ’yan’uwansu masana harsuna na Akan, David Asante, Jonathan Palmer Bekoe, da Paul Staudt Keteku a fassarar Littafi Mai Tsarki zuwa yaren Twi.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Theophilus Opoku a shekara ta 1842 a Akropong da ke Akuapem, kimanin kilomita 48 daga arewacin Accra. He was the son of Nana Yaw Darko, the linguist of the paramount chief and Nana Akua Korantema. Shi ɗa ne ga Nana Yaw Darko, masanin harshe na babban sarki kuma Nana Akua Korantema. Yaw Darko ya kasance mai yin addinin gargajiya na Akan kuma ya mutu tun yana matashi. Kakan Opoku shine babban sarkin Akropong, Omanhene, Nana Addo Dankwa. Abokin aikinsa na harshe, David Asante dan uwansa ne. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, ya kasance mai rauni da rauni.  

## Manazarta
Norah Olembo

**Farfesa Norah Khadzini Olembo** ( an haife ta a 10 Yuni 1941 - 11 Maris 2021) masanin kimiyyar halittu ne kuma mai haɓaka manufofi na kasar Kenya, wanda ya taimaka wajen kafa ƙa'idodi don amfani da Fasahar halittu a kasar Kenya. Ita ce 'yar Afirka ta farko da ta zama farfesa kuma shugabar sashen ilmin sinadarai a Jami'ar Nairobi . An haife ta a Yammacin Kenya a lokacin mulkin mallakar Burtaniya, Olembo ta yi karatun ilmin halitta a makarantar sakandaren mata ta Butere kafin ta kammala karatunta na sakandare a makarantar The Mount School a York, Ingila. Ta sami digiri na farko, digiri na biyu, da PhD a fannin botany, ilimin sinadarai, da ilimin dabbobi a Jami'ar Nairobi kafin ta dauki karatun digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin biochemistry da ilmin karantar rayuwa Jami'an London. Yayinda take koyarwa a Jami'ar Nairobi, ta kafa Biotechnology Trust Africa a shekarar 1992. Kungiyar ta ba da kuɗin bincike game da ci gaban amfanin gona marasa cuta da allurar rigakafi don cututtukan dabbobi.

## Manazarta
Operation Seiljag

**Operation Seiljag Yar** yankin Afirka ta Kudu ne Bataliya 32 (Bataliya ta Kudu) a shekarar 1976 zuwa watan Maris shekara ta 1977, lokacin Yaƙin iyakar Afirka ta Kudu. An gudanar da shi ne daga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1976 zuwa watan Maris shekara ta 1977 akasarin a kan Yati Strip, yankin da jami'an tsaron Afirka ta Kudu ke sintiri a daidai da iyakar Angola. Zuwa watan Fabrairu. , fadan ya tsananta kuma ya koma kusan kilomita goma sha hudu Angola. A cikin watanni hudu da aka shafe Bataliya ta 32 ta kawar da sassan PLAN guda biyu, ta kuma fatattaki kutse na uku a kan iyakar, tare da lalata sansanonin 'yan ta'adda guda uku. Jikin An samu nasarar kwato 'yan ta'adda goma sha tara, baya ga tarin bama-bamai na turmi da RPG-7 da aka yi niyyar amfani da su a hare-haren PLAN.

Operation Seiljag ya kasance daya daga cikin manya-manyan ayyuka da suka shafi bataliya ta 32 a wancan lokacin, wanda ya hada da kashe gobara tare da 'yan tada kayar baya sama da dari uku. Abubuwan da aka samu sun yi sauƙi a ɓangarorin biyu.

## Takaittacen Bayani

### Sulhun sojoji

[Afrika ta Kudu]] ya yi yaki mai tsayi da daci a cikin Afirka ta Kudu ta Yamma daga shekarar 1966 zuwa shekarar 1989, kafin wannan kasa ta samu 'yancin kai a matsayin [Namibiya]]. A mataki na dabara, gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta kasance a cikin wani yanayi na musamman: ci gaba da mulkinta a Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma, karkashin jagorancin rusasshiyar wa'adin League of Nations da aka bayar jim kadan bayan [Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya], ana ɗaukarsa. na kasa da kasa a matsayin haramtacciyar sana'ar mulkin mallaka. Afirka ta Kudu ita ma ta sha suka saboda dora manufarta ta kabilanci *[wariyar launin fata]* a kan aikinta, wanda hakan ya sanya kasar ta yi kakkausar suka kan aiwatar da manufofinta na kabilanci. tsokanar rashin yarda da kuma taimakawa wajen haifar da tashin hankali daga Markisanci Kungiyar Jama'ar Afirka ta Kudu (SWAPO). SWAPO ta bukaci dukkan sojojin Afirka ta Kudu da Za a janye rundunonin soji a maye gurbinsu da wata manufa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kasa da kasa don sa ido kan zabuka. Har ila yau, ta dage kan yin watsi da Walvis Bay, wani yanki da ake kallonsa a matsayin wani yanki na Afirka ta Kudu. 

## Manazarta
Aikin Birch

Operation Birch wani aiki ne da Sojojin Tsaro na Rhodesia suka kaddamar don mayar da martani ga ƙungiyar masu tayar da kayar baya 22-25 na ZIPRA da ke tsallaka Kogin Zambezi, wanda ya nuna iyakar tsakanin Rhodesia da Zambia, a watan Janairun shekarar 1970.

## Tarihi
Mataimakin shugaban ZAPU, James Chikerema, ya shirya wani shirin shiga daga Zambia a cikin karshen watannin shekarar 1969, yana da niyyar aika mutane 25 daga cikin mayakan ZIPRA  daga Zambezi sannan zuwa wurare huɗu daban-daban, ya raba su zuwa "ƙungiyoyi" huɗu: Gang 1 zai tafi Melsetter a kudu maso gabashin ƙasar, Gang 2 zai tafi Umtali a kan iyakar Rhodesia-Mozambique, kuma Gangs 3 da 4 za su je garuruwan arewa maso gabashin Mtoko da Dutsen Darwin bi da bi. Uku daga cikin 25 sun ki yin aiki a Mashonaland, suna cewa za su yi yaƙi ne kawai don ZIPRA a Matabeleland. Ma'aikata biyar sun bincika gaban babban rukuni daga 11th zuwa 14 Disamba 1969, suna gano wani wuri mai aminci da kuma bincika hanyar da babban tawagar shiga za ta dauka. Sauran 'yan tawaye 22 sun haye a cikin dare na 30 da 31 ga Disamba. ZIPRA CTs (Communist Terrorists) sannan suka tafi kudu kuma a ranar 17 ga watan Janairun 1970 suka rabu a Zambezi escarpment, kimanin kilomita 8 (5  yammacin Kogin Hunyani. Kashegari an gano wasu daga cikin ma'aikata biyar daga Gang 1 suka bayyana kansu ga wani mai gadi da ke kula da ƙofar tashi a Tondongwe a yankin Doma Safari. Bayan sun sayar da abinci ga 'yan tawaye, mai gadi ya bayar da rahoton lamarin kuma daga nan aka soma Operation *Birch*.

## Manazarta
Ernest W. Price

**Ernest Woodward Price** MD, FRCSE, DTM&H, OBE (yayi rayuwa daga 20 ga Yuli a shekarar 1907 zuwa 31 ga Janairu 1990) likita ne na mishan, likitan ƙashi, kuma masanin cutar kuturta, kuma wanda ya gano cutar podoconiosis, ɗaya daga cikin cututtukan wurare masu zafi da akayi skaci dasu. Manyan jerin wallafe-wallafenshi suna a kan yana gizo.  

## Manazarta
Order of the Two Niles

The Order of the Niles Biyu (Larabci: وسام النيلين, romanized: Wisām an-Nīlayni) wani yanki ne na ado na Sudan wanda aka kafa a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 1961 a lokacin gwamnatin mulkin soja na Ibrahim Abboud. Odar kogin Nilu biyu - Fari da Blue Niles - ita ce babbar daraja ta biyu mafi girma a Sudan bayan oda na Jamhuriyar. An ba da umarnin ne ga 'yan Sudan da na kasashen waje, farar hula da sojoji, wadanda suka ba da ayyuka ga jihar. Oda yana da aji biyar.

## Alamu
Tauraro, sash, da lamba sun haɗa da alamar Ajin Farko. Tauraron yana da maki goma kuma an rufe shi da zinare. An ƙirƙiri tauraro mai ƙarewa goma ta hanyar ɗorawa taurari biyu masu nuni biyar tare da tarkace a saman juna. Filayen taurari an rufe su da a tsaye kuma, saboda haka, haskoki a kwance. Tauraron ya ƙunshi yadudduka huɗu kuma yana da girma musamman (102 mm) da nauyi (8 1⁄2 ozs). Farar medallion mai tsawon mm 40 tana zaune a tsakiya tare da rubutu da shuɗi mai duhu: "El Nilein Larabci: النيلين", ko "The Nile Niles" a cikin rubutun larabci. Medallion na zinare yana haɗe da kintinkiri ta hanyar wani nau'in canji a cikin nau'in lanƙwan karkanda. Rhinoceros ita ce tambarin Jamhuriyar Sudan har sai da ta zama Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Sudan kuma ta canza tambarin a 1985 zuwa tsuntsu sakatare.[5]. Kintinkirin sarauta ne mai shuɗi mai shuɗi mai shuɗi mai shuɗi mai launin fari guda biyu zuwa kowane gefe kuma yana da faɗin 51 mm. Alamar ƙirar iri ɗaya ce amma ƙarami, tana auna 58 mm a fadin

## Manazarta
Panyarring

**Panyarring** wani aiki ne na kamawa da riƙe mutane har sai an biya bashin ko warware rikici wanda ya zama aikin gama gari a bakin tekun Atlantika na Afirka a ƙarni na 18 da 19.  Wannan aikin ya samo tushe ne daga jinginar kuɗi, al'ada ce a Yammacin Afirka India  za a yi alkawarin cewa dangin da ke karbar kuɗi ne a matsayin jingina ga dangin da za a ba da bashi har sai an biya bashin. Panyarring duk da haka ya bambanta da wannan al'ada saboda ya haɗa da tilasta kwace mutane lokacin da ba a biya bashing ba. 

Lokacin da cinikin  bayi na Atlantic ya zama sanannen ƙarfin tattalin arziki a bakin tekun Atlantic , panyarring ya zama hanyar tabbatar da ƙarin mutane don kasuwanci, rushe cinikin abokan gaba, a wasu lokuta na kare dangin mutum daga cinikin bayi, da kuma kayan aikin siyasa da tattalin arziki da sodojin turai ke amfana da su.

## Manazarta
Raila A Odinga

** Raila Amolo Odinga** (an haife ta 7 ga watan Janairun shekara shi 194 ya rasu 15 ga watan octobar shekara ta 2025) dan siyasa ne a kasar Kenya ce wacce ya  yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Kenya daga shekara ta 2008 zuwa shekara ta 2013. [1] Ya kasance memba na majalisar (MP) na mazabar Langata daga 1992 zuwa 2013 kuma ya kasance Shugaban adawa a Kenya tun 2013.  Shi ne shugaban jam'iyyar Azimio la Umoja-One Kenya Coalition Party .

Odinga ya tsaya takarar Shugabancin kasar Kenya sau biyar, ba tare da wani qoqarin samun nasara ba. Kowanne lokaci, Odinga yana  zargin anyi magudin a zabe.

## Manazarta
Aikin Sonnenblume

**Aikin Sonnenblume** Wanda ake fi sani da Operation Sonnenblum ko ace Operation Sunflower shine sunan da aka ba wa tura sojojin Jamus da Italiya zuwa  Arewacin Afirka a cikin Fabrairu 1941, lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Biritaniya, Commonwealth, Empire da Allied  Sojoji na 10 () sun lalata su da Birtaniyya, Commonwealth, Empire da Allied Rundunar Yammacin Yammacin Yamma a lokacin Operation Compass  Raka'o'in farko na sabuwar  (DAK), umarni da  Erwin Rommel, ya bar Naples zuwa Afirka kuma ya isa ranar 11 ga Fabrairu 1941. (A cikin harshen Ingilishi, kalmar  ya zama jimlar kalma ga sojojin Jamus a Arewacin Afirka.) A ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, ƙungiyoyin ci gaba na Haske na 5 ''Afrika'' Division (daga baya aka sake masa suna 21st Panzer Division),  (Bataliya ta 3) da  (Anti-tank Detachment 39) sun isa tashar jiragen ruwa na Libyan Tripoli kuma an tura su nan take zuwa layin gabas na gabas Sirte.

Rommel ya isa Libya ne a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, tare da ba da umarnin kare Tripoli da Tripolitania, duk da cewa yana amfani da muggan makamai. Janar Ialo Gariboldi ya maye gurbin  (Marshal na Italiya) Rodolfo Graziani a matsayin [Gwamna-Janar]] na Libya a ranar 25 ga Maris kuma  Mario Roatta, Babban Kwamandan Royal Italian Army ('Regio Esercito*), ya umurci Graziani ya sanya rukunin motocin Italiyanci a Libya a karkashin sabon umarnin Italiyanci-Jamus. Sojojin Jamus na farko sun isa Sirte a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, suka ci gaba zuwa [[Nofaliya | Nofilia]] a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu kuma wata ƙungiya ta Jamusawa ta yi wa wani sintiri na Biritaniya kwanton bauna a kusa da El Agheila a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu. A ranar 24 ga Maris, Axis ta kama El Agheila kuma a ranar 31 ga Maris ta kai hari [[Mersa Brega]]. Ƙarfin Brigade 3rd Armored Brigade ya kasa kai hari, ya fara ja da baya zuwa [[Benghazi] washegari.]]*

## Bayani

### Mamayar da Italiya ta yi wa Masar

 shi ne mamayar Italiya a Masar a cikin 1940 don kwace Suez Canal wanda ya fara Kamfen Hamada ta Yamma (1940-1943). British, Commonwealth, da [Sojojin Faransa na 'Yanci] sun yi adawa da Italiyawa. Bayan an samu jinkiri da yawa, an rage girman harin zuwa gaba da [Sojoji na Goma (Italiya)|Sojoji na 10 (Marshal Rodolfo Graziani) suka yi zuwa Masar, har zuwa Sidi Barrani tare da kai farmaki kan duk wani dan Birtaniya. dakarun dake yankin. Sojojin na 10 sun ci gaba da kusan  zuwa cikin Masar amma sun yi tuntuɓar sojojin Biritaniya ne kawai daga Rashin Armored Division na bakwai kuma ba su shiga babban runduna ba. Mersa Matruh. A ranar 16 ga Satumba, Sojoji na 10 sun tsaya tare da daukar matakan kariya a kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa na Sidi Barrani, da nufin gina sansanonin tsaro, yayin da suke jiran injiniyoyi su tsawaita  () tare da . Graziani ya yi niyyar amfani da hanyar don tara kayayyaki don ci gaba a kan Mersa Matruh, kusan  gabas, inda ragowar runduna ta 7 ta Armored Division da Indiya ta hudu sun dogara.
## Manazarta

* 
* 
* 
*
Jean Ping

**Jean Ping** a shekarar 2008 Shugaban Hukumar Tarayyar Afirka A ofishin
28 Afrilu 2008 – 15 Oktoba 2012 Gaba daga Alpha Oumar Konaré Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma Shugabar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
17 Satumba 2004 - 18 ga Satumba 2005 Julian Hunte ya Gabace shi Jan Eliasson Nasara Bayanan sirriBorn24 Nuwamba 1942 (shekaru 81)
Omboué, Faransa Equatorial Africa (yanzu Gabon) ResidenceLibreville[1]Alma materJami'ar Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne

Jean Ping kuma mahaifiyar Gabon, shi ne mutum na farko dan asalin kasar Sin  da ya jagoranci reshen zartarwa na Tarayyar Afirka.

Ya rike mukamin karamin minista kuma ministan harkokin waje, hadin gwiwa da Francophonie na Jamhuriyar Gabon daga 1999 zuwa 2008, kuma ya kasance shugaban babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga 2004 zuwa 2005. Ya tsaya takarar shugabancin Gabon a zaben 2016 da shugaba Ali Bongo.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
### Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Ping a Omboué, wani ƙaramin gari a kan tafkin Fernan Vaz, kudu da Port-Gentil.  Mahaifinsa, Cheng Zhiping, wanda dan kasar Gabon ya kira Wang Ping, dan kasar Sin ne daga Wenzhou, Zhejiang, wanda aka dauke shi ma'aikaci a shekarun 1920 kuma ya zama mai girbin katako. Cheng, wanda ya auri Germaine Anina, 'yar Gabon 'yar sarkin ƙabila ce da aka haifa a Zaire, /ref>>ya ƙarfafa ɗansa ya yi karatu a Faransa tare da tallafin karatu daga gwamnatin Gabon.

Ping yana da digiri na uku a kimiyyar tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, wanda ya samu a ƙarƙashin René Passet a 1975.

A baya cikin dangantaka da Pascaline Bongo, diyar shugaban Omar Bongo, wanda yake da 'ya'ya biyu tare da su,  Ping kuma yana da yara tare da Marie-Madeleine Liane. Duk da haka, ya kasance koyaushe yana auren Jeanne-Thérèse, wanda asalinsa ne na Italo-Ivorian. Shi ne mahaifin yara takwas.

### Matsayi na duniya

A cikin 1972, Ping ya fara aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin farar hula na duniya a UNESCO a Paris. Ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin dindindin na Gabon a UNESCO daga 1978 zuwa 1984 kafin ya shiga harkokin siyasar kasarsa. Ya kuma kasance shugaban OPEC a shekarar 1993.

A cikin 2004, an zaɓi Ping ya zama Shugaban Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na 59.[ 

An zabi Ping a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Tarayyar Afirka a zagayen farko a shekarar 2008.[11] Ya bar aikin a 2012

## Sana'ar siyasa
Ping yayi musafaha da sakatariyar harkokin wajen Amurka Hillary Clinton a shekarar 2011

A cikin 1972, Ping ya fara aiki a UNESCO a cikin Sashinsa na Hulɗar Waje da Haɗin kai a matsayin ma'aikacin farar hula na duniya.[2][4] A cikin 1978, ya zama mai ba da shawara ga ofishin jakadancin Gabon a Faransa, [3] kuma daga baya ya zama Wakilin Dindindin na Gabon zuwa UNESCO, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 1984.

Da ya koma Gabon a shekarar 1984, Ping ya fara aikinsa na siyasa a matsayin babban hafsan ma'aikata ga Omar Bongo, shugaban kasar Gabon.

## Manazarta
Family of barack obama

Iyalan Barack Obama,Wanda shine shugaban kasar America na arbain da hudu,shi din shugaban iyalinsa ne masu kwarewa a fannin alkalanta,ilimi,da siyasa 
Iyalan Barack Obama na farko sune suka zagayashi tundaga shekarar 2009 har zuwa shekarar 2017  Kuma sune iyalai na farko da aka taba hadawa da mutanen yankin Africa  
Iyalansa sunhada da matarsa mai suna Michelle Obama sae yayansa mata guda biyu Malia da sasha

Babban zuriyar Obama ta ƙunshi mutanen Kenya (Luo), Ba’amurke ɗan Afirka, da Tsohuwar Hannun jari na Amurka (ciki har da asalin Ingilishi, Scots-Irish, Welsh, Jamusanci, da kasar Switzerland) zuriyarsu. 

## Iyalan Shi Na Kusa

**Michelle Obama** Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama (an haife shi a watan Janairu 17, shekara ta 1964) lauya ce Ba’amurkiya, shugabar jami'a, kuma marubuciya wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka daga shekarar 2009 zuwa shekarar 2017. Ita ce matar Barack Obama, kuma ita ce uwargidan shugaban kasa Ba-Amurke ta farko. Ta taso a Kudancin Kudancin Chicago,

## Manazarta
Pan Am Flight 103

Jirgin sama na Pan Am 103
Ragowar sashin gaba daga Clipper Maid of the Seas akan Tudun Tundergarth
Harin bam
21 Disamba 1988
Takaitacciyar Watsewar Jirgin saman saboda tashin bam
Lockerbie, Scotland
55°06′56″N 003°21′31″W
Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 270
Jirgin sama
Jirgin sama Boeing 747-121
Sunan jirgin Clipper Maid of the Seas
Operator Pan American World Airways
Jirgin sama IATA mai lamba PA103
Jirgin sama ICAO No. PAA103
Alamar kira CLIPPER 103
Rijista N739PA
Asalin jirgin saman Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Jamus ta Yamma
Tasha ta 1 a filin jirgin sama na Heathrow, London, United Kingdom
Tasha ta biyu ta John F. Kennedy International Airport, Birnin New York, Amurka
Destination Detroit Metropolitan Airport, Michigan, Amurka
Mazauna 259
Fasinjoji 243
Ma'aikata 16
Wadanda suka mutu 259
Masu tsira 0
Wadanda suka jikkata a kasa
Mutuwar kasa 11
Jirgin Pan Am Flight 103 (PA103/PAA103) wani jirgin saman Pan Am transatlantic ne da aka tsara akai-akai daga Frankfurt zuwa Detroit ta hanyar tsayawa a London da wani a cikin birnin New York. Clipper Maid of the Seas, Boeing 747 mai rijista N739PA ne ke tafiyar da ƙafar hanyar wucewar tekun Atlantika. Jim kadan bayan karfe 19:00 na ranar 21 ga watan Disamban 1988, yayin da jirgin ke tashi a kan birnin Lockerbie na Scotland, wani bam ya lalata shi, inda ya kashe fasinjoji 243 da ma'aikatansa 16 a wani abin da aka fi sani da harin Lockerbie. Manyan sassan jirgin sun yi hatsari a wani titi a Lockerbie, inda mutane 11 suka mutu. Tare da kashe mutane 270, shi ne harin ta'addanci mafi muni a tarihin Burtaniya.
Bayan wani bincike na hadin gwiwa na shekaru uku da Dumfries da Galloway Constabulary da hukumar binciken manyan laifuka ta Amurka (FBI) suka yi, an bayar da sammacin kama wasu ‘yan kasar Libya biyu a watan Nuwamba 1991. Bayan tsawaita tattaunawa da takunkumin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, a 1999, shugaban Libya Muammar Gaddafi ya mika mutanen biyu domin yi masa shari'a a Camp Zeist, Netherlands. A shekara ta 2001, an daure Abdelbaset al-Megrahi, wani jami'in leken asiri na kasar Libya hukuncin daurin rai da rai bayan an same shi da laifuka 270 na kisan kai dangane da harin bam. A watan Agustan 2009, gwamnatin Scotland ta sake shi bisa dalilai na tausayi bayan an gano shi da ciwon daji na prostate. Ya mutu a watan Mayun 2012 a matsayin mutum daya tilo da aka yankewa hukunci kan harin.
A shekara ta 2003, Gaddafi ya amince da alhakin kai harin Lockerbie na Libya, kuma ya biya diyya ga iyalan wadanda abin ya shafa, ko da yake ya ci gaba da cewa bai taba bayar da umarnin kai harin ba. Yarda da alhakin na daga cikin jerin sharuddan da wani kuduri na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya gindaya na dage takunkumin da aka kakabawa Libya. Libya ta ce dole ne ta karbi alhakin saboda matsayin Megrahi a matsayin ma'aikacin gwamnati.
## Manazarta
Rahama Oduyoye

**Mercy Amba Ewudziwa Oduyoye** (née **Yamoah**; an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan  Oktoba alif 1934) masanin tauhidin Methodist ne na kasar Ghana wanda aka sani da aikinta a cikin tauhidin mata na Afirka da ilimin tauhidi tauhidin. A halin yanzu ita ce Darakta na Cibiyar Mata ta Afirka a Addini da Al'adu a Trinity Theological Seminary, Ghana . Ta kafa Circle of Concerned African Theologians a Ghana a shekarar alif 1987 don inganta ganuwa da kuma buga ajanda na mata masu ilimin tauhidi na yankin Afirka.

## Manazarta
Laurent Koscielny

**Laurent Koscielny** (An haifeshi 13 ga watan satumba shekara ta 1985) ya kasance fitaccen twohon Dan kwallo ne da yake buga tsakiyan baya.A halin yanzu shi ne darektan wasanni na Ligue 2 kulob lurient. An haife shi a Tulle, Koscielny ya fara buga wasan kwallo kafa a kungiyar matasa kafin ya koma Guingamp a shekara ta 2003, inda ya ci gaba da sauri ta hanyar matasa, inda ya fara taka leda a kakar wasa ta gaba.
Bayan ya ji takaicin rashin buga wasa a matsayin dan wasan baya na dama, ya shiga Tours ne kan kudi da ba a bayyana ba, cikin sauri ya kafa kansa a matsayin tauraron dan wasan kungiyar a matsayin da yake so, a karshe ya taimaka wajen ci gaban kungiyar zuwa gasar Ligue 1, yayin da kuma aka sanya sunan shi a cikin kungiyar. Kungiyar Ligue 2 ta kakar wasa. Koscielny ya ci gaba da taka rawar gani bayan canja wurin Yuro miliyan 1.7 ga abokan wasan Faransa Lorient a cikin shekarar 2009, yana karbar lambobin yabo da yawa don wasan kwaikwayonsa, galibi yana haɓaka suna a matsayin mai wayo, agile, mai tsaron gida.  Nasarorin da ya samu da kuma damar buga kwallon kafa sun jawo hankalin Arsenal, inda a karshe ya koma kungiyar ta Premier a kan kudi fan miliyan 8.45 a kakar wasa ta gaba.
Bayan zuwansa Ingila, ana daukar Koscielny a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasa a matsayinsa a gasar Premier. Ya kafa kansa a matsayin babban jigo a cikin tawagar farko ta Arsenal, da kuma bayar da gudummawa da yawa na mutum-mutumi, ciki har da taimakawa wajen kawo karshen fari na shekaru tara da kulob din ya yi, inda ya zira kwallo mai mahimmanci a kan hanyar lashe kofin FA a shekarar 2014.Ya kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaban kulob din da ya biyo baya, inda ya ci wani kofin FA da FA Community Shield sau biyu.

Duk da cewa Koscielny ya cancanci ya wakilci Poland, a maimakon haka ya yanke shawarar wakiltar Faransa, kuma ya fara buga wa tawagar kasar buga wasa da Brazil a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011. Koscielny ya zama dan wasa na yau da kullun ga al'ummar kasar a kowace babbar gasa da ta fito ciki har da UEFA Euro na shekarar 2012 da gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2014, yayin da kuma ya jagoranci Faransa zuwa wasan karshe na UEFA Euro a shekarar 2016, wanda ta sha kashi a hannun Portugal. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a duniya a wasan sada zumunci da Scotland a shekarar 2016.sannan ya tara wasanni hamsin da daya ga bangaren kasa. Ya yi ritaya daga wasan kwallon kafa na duniya a shekarar 2018.

## Manazarta
Tsarin Omingonde

**Tsarin Omingonde** yana daga cikin farko-farkon Tsakiyar Triassic (Anisian zuwa Ladinian) tsarin ilimin ƙasa, wani ɓangare na kungiyar Karoo Supergroup, a yammacin Yankin Otjozondjupa da arewa maso gabashin Yankin Erongo na arewa maso tsakiyar Namibia. Tsarin Haduwarsa na da mafi kauri na kimanin mita 600 (2,000  kuma ya ƙunshi sandstones, shales, siltstones da conglomerates, an ajiye su a cikin tsarin yanayin kogin, yana canzawa tsakanin kewaye da saitin kogi tsari na kogin.  

## Manazarta
Félix Tshisekedi

**Félix Antoine Tshisekedi Tshilombo** (Faransanci: [feliks ɑ̃twan tʃisekedi tʃilombo]; haihuwa: 13 ga Yuni a 1963) ɗan siyasa ne na Kwango wanda shine shugaban ƙasar jamhuriyar dimokaraɗiyyar Kwango tun daga 24 ga Janairu ta shekarar 2019. 

## Manazarta
Operations research society of south Africa

## '''Operation research society of south Africa'''
Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta
ORSSA, Ƙungiyar Binciken Ayyuka na Afirka ta Kudu
Samuwar 1969
Al'umma Matsayin Shari'a
Manufar inganta bincike na ayyuka
Yankin Afirka
Harshen hukuma Turanci da Afrikaans
Babban kwamitin gudanarwa
Ƙungiyar Iyaye na Ƙungiyoyin Binciken Ayyuka na Turai
Yanar Gizo www.orssa.org.za da orion.journals.ac.za
The Operations Research Society of South Africa (ORSSA) (Afrikaans: Die Operasionele Navorsingsvereniging van Suid-Afrika (ONSA)) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasa, kwararrun waɗanda ke da alhakin haɓaka buƙatun waɗanda ke da hannu, ko masu sha'awar ayyukan bincike (OR). a Afirka ta Kudu. Society, kungiyar tana da alaƙa da Federation, kungiyar Binciken Kasa da Kasa ta Ayyuka , kuma ƙungiyar binciken Turai ta, kuma ita ce babbar al'umma ta Turai don gudanar da bincike a cikin kasar. 
## Tarihi
## Memba
## Labarai
## kafofin sada zumunta
## Tarurruka
## Manazarta
Eric Bahloo

**Eric Bahloo** (an haifeshi a shekara ta alif1964) marubuci ne na ƙasar Mauritian. 

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Eric Bahloo a tsibirin Mauritius, ɗan Ignace Bahloo da Ivy Saminadas . Ya yi karatu na tsawon shekaru biyu a kwalejin Eden a Mauritius . A shekara ta alif 1979 lokacin da yake dan shekara 15 ya bar tsibirin ya koma kasar Faransa inda ya yi karatun lissafi da doka.

## Ayyuka
* *L'affaire Azor Adélaide: le plus célèbre crime politique à Maurice* 2011 
* *José Moirt: Gagner ne suffit pas* 2019

## Manazarta
Karuwanci a Guinea-Bissau

**Karuwanci a Guinea-Bissau** abu ne da ya zama gama gari kuma ba wasu dokoki da akayi na karuwanci. Mafi yawanci ana alaƙanta shi da wasu laifuffuka. Dayawa daga cikin Magajiyoyin diloli ne na miyagun ƙwayoyi. Talaucishine yake saka mata da yawa cikin karuwanci da kuma ta'ammali da hodar iblis.
## Manazarta
Gundumar Nyagatare

**Gundumar Nyagatare**  ita ce gunduma mafi girma kuma ta biyu mafi yawan jama'a (akarere) a Ruwanda. Tana cikin Lardin Gabas, Ruwanda, ta mamaye iyakar arewa maso gabashin Ruwanda. Babban birninta shine birnin Nyagatare, tsohon babban birnin lardin Umutara da ya lalace. Gundumar Nyagatare tana iyaka da Uganda a Arewa, Tanzaniya a Gabas, Gundumar Gatsibo na (Lardin Gabas) a Kudu, da Gundumar Gicumbi na Lardin Arewa a Yamma. Nyagatare yana da fadin kilomita 1741, abin da ya sa ya zama gunduma mafi girma a Ruwanda. Tare da yawan jama'a 466,944 a cikin 2012, da 653,861 a 2022, Nyagatare ita ce gunduma ta biyu mafi yawan jama'a a Ruwanda bayan gundumar Gasabo na birnin Kigali mai mutane 879,505. Wannan haɓaka 156% ne daga 2002 lokacin da yawan jama'a ya kasance 255,104 kawai. Wannan tashin gwauron zabi na yawan jama'a ya samo asali ne sakamakon yadda al'ummar kasar ke yin kaura daga wasu sassan kasar domin neman filaye.

## Geography
Nyagatare ita ce gunduma mafi girma a Ruwanda. Nyagatare ya ta'allaka ne a wani yanki na filayen ciyawa, da ƙananan tuddai, tare da kyawawan ra'ayoyi a kowane bangare, gami da tsaunukan kudancin Uganda da kuma, a rana mai haske, kewayon dutsen mai aman wuta na Virunga. Gundumar tana da zafi mafi girma idan aka kwatanta da sauran sassan ƙasar. Hakanan yana karɓar ƙananan hazo. Ƙasar ba ta yin noma sosai kamar sauran yankunan ƙasar, kuma akwai shanu masu yawa. Yankin yana da matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin rana fiye da matsakaicin Ruwanda, da ƙarancin hazo, wanda wani lokaci yakan haifar da fari. Gundumar Nyagatare na ɗaya daga cikin gundumomi bakwai da ke yankin Gabas.An raba shi zuwa sassa 14 da aka yi da sel 106 da ƙauyuka 630 ”Imidugudu”. Yankin da ke da fadin murabba'in kilomita 1.741, gundumar tana iyaka da Uganda a arewa, Tanzaniya a Gabashinta, a Kudu ta gundumar Gatsibo da gundumar Gicumbi na lardin Arewa a kan iyakar Yamma.

## Manazarta
Majalisar Pan African congress (PAC)

**Majalisar Pan-African Congress (PAC**) ya kasance wani jerin tarurruka ne na yau da kullun wanda aka fara gudana a bayan taron kasashen Afirka da aka gudanar a birnin London a shekara ta 1900.
Majalisar Pan-African Congress ta fara samun suna a matsayin mai samar da zaman lafiya a yankin Afirka da yammacin kasar Indiya, kuma ta sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci ga al'amuran Pan-Afrika. Tun farko daya daga cikin manyan bukatun kungiyar shi ne kawo karshen mulkin mallaka da nuna wariyar launin fata. Ya yi tsayayya da mulkin mallaka kuma ya bukaci 'yancin ɗan adam da daidaiton damar tattalin arziki. Bayanin da Majalisar Pan-African ta gabatar ya hada da bukatun siyasa da tattalin arziki na majalisar na samar da sabuwar yanayin hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasa da kasa da kuma bukatar magance matsalolin da nahiyar Afirka ke fuskanta sakamakon mulkin mallaka da Turawa suka yi wa galibin nahiyar.
An gudanar da taro a shekarar 1919 a birnin Paris; A shekarar 1921 a Brussels, London da Paris; A shekarar 1923 a Lisbon da London; A shekarar 1927 a Birnin New York; A shekarar 1945 a Manchester; A shekarar 1974 a Dar es Salaam; A shekarar 1994 a Kampala; da kuma shekarar 2014 a Johannesburg.
Fage
Wasika daga W.E.B. Du Bois ga NAACP Janairu 1919 game da tsara taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Farko.
Pan Africanism a matsayin falsafanci an halicce shi ne a farkon ƙarshen 1700s, wanda aka gani ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin shafewa a Amurka da Birtaniya. Marubutan Burtaniya da tsoffin bayi, Ottobah Cugoano da Olaudah Equiano sun kirkiro tushen Pan Africanism a cikin adabin Turanci. Masu magana da Faransanci, kamar Léopold Sédar Senghor, sun ƙirƙiri ra'ayin Négritude. Wadannan ra'ayoyin sun karyata kaskancin Bakar fata. Pan Africanists sun yi imanin cewa duka bautar da mulkin mallaka an gina su ne a kan munanan halaye ga mutanen da suka fito daga Afirka, wanda hakan ya taimaka wajen nuna wariyar launin fata. Baƙin Amurkawa sun ji takaici musamman game da jinkirin ci gaban da suke samu na daidaiton launin fata a Amurka.
## Manazarta
Yaƙin basasa na Jamhuriyar Kongo (1997-1999)

**Yakin basasa na Jamhuriyar Kongo**, wanda kuma aka fi sani da yakin basasa na farko na yankin Brazzaville da Kongo, rikici ne a Jamhuriyar Congo wanda ya kasance daga 2 ga Nuwamba shekara ta 1993 zuwa ranar 30 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 1994 kuma ya kasance tsakanin mayakan sa kai karkashin jagorancin tsohon dan siyasa Bernard Kolelas. , tsohon Firayim Minista Pascal Lissouba, da tsohon shugaban kasa Denis Sassou-Nguesso. Ya kasance daya daga cikin lokuta hudu na mayakan sa kai a cikin kasar, wanda ya kafa fagen fama da rikice-rikice uku na gaba a 1997, 1998-99, da 2002.[2]. Yakin ya samo asali ne kai tsaye sakamakon ikirarin da ba a warware ba na magudin zabe a zaben shugaban kasa na shekarar 1992. Yakin basasar Kongo na farko da aka kwashe Shekaru goma ana rikici ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane sama da 12,000 tare da raba wasu 860,000  

## Manazarta
Lupita Nyongu

**Lupita Amodi Nyong'o** anhaifeta a daya ga watan mayu a shekarar 1983 ita din babbar yer wasan kwaikwayo ce wadda tayi fice sosae a harkar ta Kuma tasamu lambar yabo da dama Wanda yahada da Golden globe award dakuma tony award.
Ita din diyace ga Peter Anyang Wanda babban Dan siyasa ne a kasar ta Kenya ,anhaifeta a birnin Mexico inda mahaifinta yake koyarwa sannan daga baya yamaidota Kenya inda anan ne ta girma .sannan tacigaba da karatunta a kwalejin kasar inda takaranshi wasan kwaikwayo a digirinta na farko Wanda daga baya takoma harkar fina finai a matsayin mataimakiya shugaban bayan da ta shahara saita dawo asalin kasarta ta Kenya inda suka dauketa aiki a kasar a makarantar yale drama

## Manazarta
Ian Ernest

**Gerald James Ian Ernest** (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Agustan shekara ta alif 1954) shi ne bishop na Anglican na kasar Mauritius . A shekara ta 2001 an tsarkake shi a matsayin bishop na 15 na kasar Mauritius . Daga  shekar 2006 zuwa shekarar 2017 ya kasance babban bishop na Lardin Tekun Indiya.   

A shekara ta 2008 an ba shi Cross of St Augustine, lambar yabo ta biyu mafi girma ta kasa da kasa don fitaccen hidi yankin ma ga Anglican Communion, daga Archbishop na Canterbury.

## Manazarta
Nate Diaz

**Nathan Donald Diaz** (an haife shi ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 1985) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ɗan Amurka da kuma ƙwararren ɗan dambe  wanda a halin yanzu wakili ne mai 'yanci. Diaz an fi saninsa da lokacin da ya shafe yana yaƙi a gasar zakarun Yaƙi na Ultimate (UFC), inda ya yi yaƙi sama da shekaru 15 bayan ya lashe The Ultimate Fighter 5. Kafin ya rattaba hannu da UFC, Diaz ya yi gasa a World Extreme Cagefighting, Strikeforce, da Pancrase . Diaz yana da mafi kyawun kyaututtuka na UFC na uku, tare da 16 gabaɗaya. A cikin 2012 ya ƙalubalanci UFC Championship. 

## Fage
Ɗan Melissa (née Womble) da Robert Diaz, an haife shi ne daga al'adun Mexican da na Anglo kuma ya girma a Stockton, California, tare da ɗan'uwansa Nick da 'yar uwarsa Nina. Ya girma a Lodi, California  kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Tokay. Sa’ad da yake ɗan shekara 11, ya fara horar da fasahar yaƙi tare da ɗan’uwansa, Nick.

## Sanaar Dambe
**Diaz vs. Paul**

Bayan zama wakili na kyauta, Diaz ya yanke shawarar shiga wasanni na dambe. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2023, an ba da sanarwar cewa Diaz zai fara yin wasan dambe na ƙwararru da Jake Paul. An yi gumurzun ne a ranar 5 ga Agusta, 2023, a Cibiyar Jiragen Sama ta Amirka da ke Dallas, Texas. Bulus ya ci Diaz ta hanyar yanke shawara guda ɗaya da maki 98–91, 98–91, da 97–92.

## Manazarta
Pangool

Pangool (a cikin Serer da Cangin) guda ɗaya: Fangool (var: Pangol da Fangol), tsoffin waliyai ne kuma ruhohin kakanni na mutanen Serer na Senegal, Gambiya da Mauritania. Pangol yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin addini da tarihi na Serer. A ma'anar addini, suna aiki ne a matsayin masu shiga tsakani tsakanin duniya mai rai da kuma fiyayyen halitta Roog ko Ƙungiya  A ma'anar tarihi, tsohon ƙauyen Serer da waɗanda suka kafa garin da ake kira Lamanes an yi imanin cewa suna tare da ƙungiyar Pangool yayin da suke neman ƙasa don cin gajiyar. Waɗannan Lamane sun zama masu kula da addinin Serer kuma sun ƙirƙiri wuraren tsafi don girmama Pangool, don haka suka zama masu kula da "Pangool cult" [bayanin kula 1]  Akwai Pangool da yawa a cikin addinin Serer kuma kowannensu yana da alaƙa da wata siffa ta musamman, yana da wurin ibadarsa mai tsarki, da wuraren ibada da sauransu. Alamar Pangool ita ce macizai, wanda macizai guda biyu suka wakilta.
## Manazarta
Marie-Thérèse Humbert

**Marie-Thérèse Humbert** (an haife ta ranar 17 ga watan Yuli, 1940) marubuciya ce yar ƙasar Mauritian.  Ta sami kyautar Grand prix des lectrices de Elle .

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife ta ne a Quatre Bornes kuma ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Cambridge da Sorbonne. Ta koma kasar Faransa a shekarar 1968. Ta yi takara a matsayin yar takarar gurguzu a sashen Indre na kasar Faransa kuma ta yi takara a Saint-Julien-de-Vouvantes.

## Ayyukan da aka zaba

### Novels
* *À l'autre bout de moi* (1979), received the Grand prix des lectrices de Elle.
* *Le Volkameria* (1984)
* *Une robe d'écume et de vent* (1989)
* *Un fils d'orage* (1992), received the Prix Terre de France
* *La montagne des signaux* (1994)
* *Le chant du seringat la nuit* (1997)
* *Amy* (1998)
* *Comme un voile d'ombres* (2000)

### Short stories
* "En guise de préface" in *Maurice, le tour de l'île en quatre-vingts lieux* (1994)
* "Parole de femme" in *Au tour des femmes* (1995)
* "De la lumière, de l'amour et du silence", "Le tout ainsi, en vrac" and "Clopin-clopant" in *[[Raymonde Vincent]], 1908-1985, hommages* (1995)
* "Adeline" in *Tombeau du cœur de François II* (1997)
* "La véritable histoire de notre mère Eve au Jardin d'Eden" in *Elles, Histoires de femmes* (1999)
* "Les galants de Lydie" in *Une enfance outremer* (2001)
* "Fraternité ; hommage au poète Édouard Maunick" in *Riveneuve Continents*, Winter 2009-2010

## Manazarta
Nelson Saúte

**Nelson Saúte** (Maputo, 26 Fabrairu 1967) Shi marubuci ne kuma farfesa a bangaren Sadarwa daga kasar Mozambique .

Ya yi karatun Kimiyya ta Sadarwa a Sabuwar Jami'ar Lisbon . Ya yi aiki a Tempo, Notícias, Rádio Moçambique da Televisão de Moçambique .

## Ayyuka