Yanayin yanayi na Quintana Roo

**Quintana Roo**, a hukumance Free and Sovereign State of Quintana Roon, yana ɗaya daga cikin jihohi 31 waɗanda, tare da Mexico City, suka zama ƙungiyoyin tarayya 32 na Mexico. An raba shi zuwa kananan hukumomi 11, kuma babban birninta shine Chetumal .

Quintana Roo yana gabashin yankin Yucatán Peninsula kuma yana da iyaka da jihohin Campeche zuwa yamma da Yucatán zuwa arewa maso yamma, da gundumar Orange Walk da Corozal na Belize, tare da iyaka da bakin teku da gundumar Belize zuwa kudu.  A matsayin jihar gabas ta Mexico, Quintana Roo yana da bakin teku zuwa gabas tare da Tekun Caribbean kuma a arewa tare da Gulf of Mexico.  A baya jihar ta rufe fadin murabba'in kilomita 44,705 (17,261 sq mi) kuma ta raba karamar iyaka da Guatemala a kudu maso yammacin jihar. Koyaya, a cikin 2013, Kotun Koli ta Alƙali ta Mexico ta warware takaddamar kan iyaka tsakanin Quintana Roo, Campeche, da Yucatán wanda ya samo asali daga ƙirƙirar gundumar Calakmul ta Campeche a 1997, tare da Campeche kuma ta haka ne Yucatán ya amfana.

Quintana Roo gida ne a birnin Cancún, tsibiran Cozumel da Isla Mujeres, da garuruwan Bacalar, Playa del Carmen da Akumal, da kuma tsoffin ruguzawan Maya na Chacchoben, Cobá, Kohunlich, Muyil, Tulum, Xel-Há, San Gervasio da Xcaret.  Sian Ka'an biosphere reserve shima yana cikin jihar.  Jama'a a fadin jihar na karuwa cikin sauri saboda gina otal da kuma bukatar ma'aikata.  Yawancin bakin haure sun fito daga Yucatán, Campeche, Tabasco, da Veracruz.  Ana yawan fuskantar guguwa mai tsanani a jihar saboda wurin da ta fallasa, na baya-bayan nan kuma mai tsanani shine guguwar Dean a shekarar 2007, wacce ta yi kasa da iska mai tsayin kilomita 280 cikin sa'a (170 mph), tare da gusts har zuwa 320 km/h (200 mph).

Yankin da ya zama Quintana Roo na yanzu ya kasance wani ɓangare na Yucatán, yana raba tarihinsa. Tare da Caste War of Yucatán, wanda ya fara a cikin shekarun 1840, an kori duk wadanda ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba daga yankin. Al'ummar Maya mai zaman kanta ta Chan Santa Cruz ta dogara ne akan abin da ke yanzu garin Felipe Carrillo Puerto . Shekaru da yawa, ta ci gaba da samun ƴancin kai, tana da alaƙa da kasuwanci da yarjejeniya tare da Honduras ta Burtaniya, yanzu Belize.

An ƙirƙiro Yankin Quintana Roo ta hanyar dokar Shugaba Porfirio Díaz a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 1902. An sanya masa suna ne bayan wani dan kasar na farko na Jamhuriyar Mexico, Andrés Quintana Roo . Sojojin Tarayya Mexico sun yi nasarar mamaye mafi yawan 'yan asalin Maya na yankin a cikin shekarun 1910. A cikin 1913, an sake ayyana yankin a matsayin wani ɓangare na jihar Yucatán, amma an sake ayya shi yanki daban a cikin 1915. An ba da yankin Quintana Roo matsayin jihar a cikin Amurka ta Mexico a ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 1974. 

A cikin kwata na ƙarshe na ƙarni na 20 kuma ya ci gaba zuwa 21st, Quintana Roo ya ci gaba da sauri, tare da yawon bude ido ya zama mai motsawa, musamman tare da ci gaban Cancún. A sakamakon wannan ci gaba, yankin arewacin Quintana Roo ya karu da yawon bude ido. Sabanin haka kudu ta ci gaba da tattalin arzikin gargajiya na gandun daji da hakar itace.

### Binciken archaeological
An gano gawarwakin ɗan Adam na  da a cikin wani tsari na kogo da ramukan nutsewa a yankin Tulum na Quintana Roo.  Ya zuwa yanzu, an gano jimillar kwarangwal guda tara a cikin wadannan kogo, ciki har da daya daga cikin tsoffin kwarangwal din dan Adam da aka samu a nahiyar Amurka.  A cikin 2016, binciken binciken kayan tarihi na karkashin ruwa na wani kogon da aka sani da Chan Hol ya gano kwarangwal na wata mace da ta rayu a yankin akalla shekaru 9,900 da suka gabata, a lokacin Paleo-Indiya.  Dating ya nuna cewa kwarangwal yana da kusan shekaru 30 a lokacin mutuwa.  Tabo daban-daban guda uku a kan kwanyar matar sun nuna cewa an buge ta da wani abu mai tsanani kuma an karye kashin kwanyarta.  Har ila yau kwanyar ta na da nakasu irin na ramuka da nakasar kyallen jikin ta wanda da alama wani dangin syphilis ne ke haifar da shi..

A cewar jagoran binciken Wolfgang Stinnesbeck, "Gaskiya yana kama da cewa wannan matar tana da matukar wahala da kuma rashin jin daɗin ƙarshen rayuwarta. Babu shakka, wannan hasashe ne, amma idan aka yi la'akari da raunuka da kuma nakasar cututtuka a kan kwanyar ta, yana da alama cewa ta yiwu an fitar da ita daga kungiyarta, ko kuma aka kashe ta a cikin kogon".

Kashi da aka samo ta hanyar binciken 2016 ya kasance   yd) daga wani shafin inda wani balaguron da ya gabata ya sami ragowar mutum da aka sani da Chan Hol 2. Kodayake masu binciken tarihi sun ɗauka cewa balaguron 2016 ya sake gano Chan Hol 2, Stinnesbeck ya kammala cewa kwarangwal biyu suna wakiltar mutane daban-daban.

Saboda siffofin su na musamman, mai binciken binciken Samuel Rennie ya ba da shawarar kasancewar akalla ƙungiyoyi biyu daban-daban na mutane da ke zaune daban a Mexico a lokacin sauyawa daga Pleistocene zuwa Holocene.

## Yanayin ƙasa
 

### Yanayi
Dangane da Rarrab yanayi na Köppen, yawancin jihar suna da Yanayin zafi da bushe (Aw) yayin da tsibirin Cozumel yana da Yanayin zafi na wurare masu zafi (*Am*).  Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara shine  ° C (78.8 ° F).  Watanni mafi zafi sune Afrilu da Agusta, inda matsakaicin matsakaicin shine  ° C (91.4 ° F), yayin da Janairu shine watan da ya fi sanyi tare da matsakaicin  ° C (62.6 ° F).  Yanayin zafi mai tsanani na iya kasancewa daga ƙasa da  ° C (50.0 ° F)  watanni mafi sanyi zuwa  ° C (96.8 ° F) cikin watanni mafi zafi. Quintana Roo yana da matsakaicin   in) na hazo a kowace shekara, wanda ke fadowa a ko'ina cikin shekara, kodayake Yuni zuwa Oktoba sune watanni masu laushi. Guguwa na iya kaiwa yankunan bakin teku a wasu lokuta a Lokacin guguwa, musamman daga Satumba zuwa Nuwamba. 2020 shekara ce ta tarihi ga guguwa a Quintana Roo, tare da tsarin rikodin 31 na wurare masu zafi da aka kafa, daga cikinsu hudu sun shafi jihar.

### Dabbobi na daji




### Yanayin halittu na Yucatán Peninsula
Yucatán Peninsula yana daya daga cikin yankunan da suka fi gandun daji a duniya dangane da yawan halittu a kowace hekta. Koyaya, masana ilimin ɗan adam, ilmin halitta da na gwamnati sun ƙaddara cewa Quintana Roo 'yana fuskantar matsalar dabbobi'.  Yawancin dabbobi masu matsakaici zuwa manyan suna ɓacewa saboda farauta da asarar mazauni. Duk da yake yawan jama'arta kaɗan ne, Quintana Roo tana fuskantar yawan jama'a da karuwar yawon bude ido. Wannan kawai yana ƙara matsin lamba a kan tsire-tsire da dabbobi na yankin.

### Tsarin halittu da dabbobi
Akwai yanayin halittu guda huɗu a Quintana Roo - gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, ko daji; Savanna, gandun daji, da coral reefs. Ɗaya daga cikin samfurori na aikin noma na gargajiya da na girma shine ƙirƙirar ƙarin wuraren zama, kamar gandun daji na biyu da filaye / makiyaya. Yawon shakatawa ya sa Quintana Roo ya zama sananne a duniya a cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata saboda rairayin bakin teku, bakin teku, da sinkholes. Masana ilimin halittu suna la'akari da bakin tekun Quintana Roo daya daga cikin mafi kyawun wuraren zama a duniya. Har ila yau, an san conchs na Sarauniya saboda mazauninsu na yankin bakin teku. Yawancin kwayoyin halitta irin su waɗannan sun ragu sosai a cikin shekaru goma sha biyar da suka gabata.

### Tsuntsaye
Har ila yau, asarar mazaunin ya shafi aikin gona da ci gaba, tsuntsaye suna daya daga cikin kadarorin dabbobi daban-daban na yankin. Daruruwan jinsuna suna zaune a Quintana Roo har abada, tare da daruruwan wasu ko dai suna yin hunturu a can ko amfani da shi azaman tsayawa a kan dogon tafiya zuwa Kudancin Amurka. A sakamakon haka, masu tsuntsaye da yawa suna zuwa yankin a kowace shekara don neman abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba da kuma ba zato ba tsammani.

## Yawan jama'a
 

## Manyan hukumomi
Jihar Quintana Roo ta kasu kashi 11 (Spanish: municipios), kowannensu yana karkashin jagorancin shugaban gari: 
 

## Yawon shakatawa

Ci gaban yawon bude ido na Quintana Roo ya fara ne a cikin shekarun 1970. Yawon shakatawa ya haifar da ci gaban otal-otal da wuraren shakatawa na bakin teku, ban da Yawon shakatawa na muhalli a cikin ƙasa da yankunan bakin teku, wanda ya kara ci gaban yankin da kuma babban samfurin cikin gida. Quintana Roo ta kasance ta shida a cikin jihohin Mexico bisa ga Ci gaban Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (HDI). 

Riviera Maya tana kusa da bakin tekun Caribbean, gami da Cancún, Playa del Carmen, Puerto Morelos, Akumal, Yankin Otal, da Cozumel.

Akwai wuraren tarihi na Mayan da yawa a Quintana Roo, gami da Chacchoben, Coba, Kohunlich, Muyil, San Gervasio, Tulum, Xcaret, Xelha, da Yo'okop.

Tsinkaya don tattalin arziki yawon bude ido na Quintana Roo sun kasance masu fata, bisa ga abubuwan jan hankali da yawa, daga rushewar Maya zuwa gandun daji da kyawawan rairayin bakin teku. Koyaya, matsalolin dogon lokaci sun haɗa da tasirin da ke warewa a cikin gida, matsalolin tattalin arziki na ci gaba da yawan jama'a,  da kuma "rashin tattalin arziki" na 'yan asalin Maya. 

## Ilimi

### Jami'o'i

* Cibiyar Tecnológico de Cancún, Cancún Instituto Tecnológico de Chetumal, Chetumal  Jami'ar Quintana Roo, Chetumal  Jami'ar Mayan Al'adu ta Quintana Roo, José María Morelos  Jami'ar Anáhuac Cancún, Cancún  Universidad del Caribe, Cancún  Universidad Tecnológica de la Riviera Maya, Playa del Carmen  Universidad La Salle Cancún, Cancún  Jami'ar TecMilenio, Cancún

## Kafofin watsa labarai
Jaridu na Quintana Roo sun hada da: Diario de Quintana Roos, Diario Respuesta, El Periódico de Quintana Ro, *El Quintanarroense*, Novedades de Quintana Reo, da Por Esto! 

An kafa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Atlante FC a 1916 a Birnin Mexico kuma ta koma Cancun a 2007 saboda rashin halarta. Kungiyar ta sanar da komawa Mexico City a cikin 2020,  a lokaci guda tare da sake komawa Cafetaleros de Chiapas zuwa Cancún da sakewa a matsayin Cancún FC.  Suna taka leda a rukuni na biyu na Mexico Liga de Expansión MX a Estadio Andrés Quintana Roo .

Baya ga ƙwallon ƙafa, birnin yana da ƙungiyar ƙwallon baseball, Quintana Roo Tigers, wanda ya fara wasa a Estadio de Béisbol Beto Ávila a Cancún a kakar 2006.  Tigers sun shiga jerin Mexican League (kamar MLB's World Series) a shekara ta 2009, amma sun rasa Saraperos na Saltillo wasanni 4 zuwa 2.

## Yankin lokaci
A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2015, Quintana Roo ahukumance ta karɓi sabon yanki na lokaci, Kudu maso Gabas, wanda ke bayan sa'o'i biyar da ke bayan Haɗin gwiwar Universal Time (UTC−05:00).  Quintana Roo baya lura da lokacin ceton hasken rana, don haka Lokacin Kudu maso Gabas yana dawwama a duk shekara.  Lokacin Kudu maso Gabas (ST) daidai yake da lokacin daidaitaccen lokacin Gabas (EST) da Lokacin Hasken Rana ta Tsakiya (CDT).  Wannan yana nufin cewa a cikin hunturu, Quintana Roo yana da lokaci guda da yankunan da ke lura da EST, irin su gabashin Amurka, gabashin Kanada, Cuba, da Jamaica;  kuma a lokacin rani, Quintana Roo yana da lokaci guda da yankuna masu lura da CDT, kamar tsakiyar Mexico.

Quintana Roo ya canza zuwa Lokacin Kudu maso Gabas saboda dalilai na tattalin arziki, gami da:

* Bayar da damar masu yawon bude ido a yankuna kamar Cancún, Cozumel, da Playa del Carmen su ciyar da karin lokaci (da kuɗi) a rairayin bakin teku, gidajen cin abinci, wuraren tarihi, da sauran wuraren.
* Rage amfani da wutar lantarki ta otal-otal, gidajen cin abinci, da sauran wurare.

Kafin Quintana Roo ta karɓi yankin lokaci na kudu maso gabas (wanda ake kira a hukumance a matsayin zona sureste a Mexico), ya kasance wani ɓangare na yankin lokaci na tsakiya (zona centro).

## Dubi kuma

* Cenote