Girgizar ƙasa ta muhalli

Sakamako na **girgizar ƙasa ta muhalli** (**ESI 2007**)  sikelin girgizar kasa ne da aka yi amfani da shi don auna ƙarfin girgizar ƙasa bisa ga Tasirin Girgizar Kasa a kan yanayin halitta (Sakamako na Muhalli).

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya
Kokarin kasa da kasa don bunkasa sabon sikelin tsananin girgizar kasa wanda zai mai da hankali ne kawai kan tasirin muhalli na girgizar ƙasa ya fara ne a farkon shekarun 1990s kuma Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Binciken Quaternary (INQUA) ce ta tallafa masa. Bayan da INQUA ta amince da rubutun karshe na sikelin a Majalisa ta XVII a Cairns, Australia, a cikin 2007, sikelin ya zama sananne a matsayin *ESI 2007*.

Kamar sauran ma'auni masu yawa, ESI 2007 yana amfani da tsarin asali na digiri goma sha biyu na ƙarfin girgizar ƙasa kuma an tsara shi don aikace-aikace yayin binciken filin nan da nan bayan taron girgizar kasa.  Koyaya, ma'anar ƙimar digiri a cikin ESI 2007 sun dogara ne akan lura da rarrabawa da girman tasirin muhalli da girgizar ƙasa ta haifar.  Wannan hanya ta sa ESI 2007 ta zama kayan aikin bincike na musamman don kimanta matakan girgizar ƙasa X zuwa XII a cikin wuraren da ba a cika yawan jama'a da wuraren da ba a hana su ba inda ba za a iya lura da tasirin girgizar ƙasa a kan mutane da muhallin da aka gina ba cikin sauƙi.

b) Jagororin, waɗanda ke da niyyar bayyana ma'auni da ra'ayoyin kimiyya waɗanda ke tallafawa gabatar da irin wannan sabon sikelin macroseismic; ii) hanyar amfani da sikelin kadai ko hade tare da lalacewa, sikelin gargajiya; iii) yadda aka tsara sikelin; iv) bayanin fasalulluka na bincike da ake buƙata don kimantawa mai ƙarfi, da ma'anar idioms, da siffofi.

Tun daga shekara ta 2007, an yi amfani da sikelin ga girgizar ƙasa ta zamani, tarihi da paleoearthquakes a cikin tsarin INQUA TERPRO Commission on Paleoseismology and Active tectonics. Yanzu ana samunsa a cikin harsuna goma daban-daban.

## Dubi kuma

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* Porfido S., Esposito E., Spiga E., Mazzola S. (2012). Aikace-aikacen Scale na ESI: Nazarin Shari'a na Fabr. 4, 1976 Girgizar ƙasa ta Guatemala. INQUA-IGCP . Aikin. Morelia (Mexico), 2012, Fitowa 3, 147-150
* Porfido, S., Esposito, E., Violante, C., Molisso, F., Sacchi M., Spiga E. (2011) Tasirin Muhalli na Girgizar Kasa a Yankin Tekun: Wasu Misali a Calabria da Sicily (Kudancin Italiya). A cikin: Brugnoli E., Cavarretta G., Mazzola S., Trincardi F., Ravaioli M., Santoleri R (eds), Binciken Marine a Cnr,   Volume DTA/06, CNR, 1803-1815
* 
* Audemard F., Azuma T., Baiocco F., Baize S., Blumetti AM, Brustia E., Clague J., Comerci V., Esposito E., Guerrieri L., Gurpinar A., Grutzner C., Jin K., Kim Y.S., Kopsachilis V., Lucarini M., Mc CalpinJ. , Michetti AM, Mohammadioun B., Morner N.A., Okumura K., Ota Y., Papathanassiou G., Pavlides S., Perez Lopez R., Porfido S., Reicherter K., Rodriguez Pascua M.A., Roghozin E., Scaramella A., Serva L., Silva P.G., Sintubin M., Tatevossian R. & Vittori E. (2015) Tasirin Muhalli na Girgizar ƙasa don kimantawar haɗarin girgizar ƙasa: sikelin ESI da Kayar da EEE Katalogue. Mem. Rubuce-rubuce Carta Geol d'Italia,184 pp., vol. XCVII.
* Porfido S., Esposito E., Guerrieri L., Vittori E., Tranfaglia G., Pece R., 2007. Sakamakon girgizar ƙasa na girgizar kasa ta 1805, 1930 da 1980 a Kudancin Apennines (Italiya). Ital . J. Geosci , 126, 2, 333–346.
* Serva L., E. Esposito, L. Guerrieri, S. Porfido, E. Vittori, V. Comerci (2007) Tasirin muhalli daga girgizar ƙasa ta tarihi guda biyar a kudancin Apennines (Italiya) da kuma kimantawar tsananin girgizar kasa: gudummawa ga INQUA EEE Scale Project. Quaternary International, 173-174, 2007, 30-44
* Porfido, Sabina; Alessio, Giuliana; Gaudiosi, Jamus; Nappi, Rosa. 2020. "Sabbin Ra'ayoyi a cikin Ma'anar / Binciken Hadarin Girgizar Kasa ta hanyar Binciken Tasirin Muhalli da Girgizar Duniya ta haifar" Geosciences 10, No. 2: 58. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10020058
* Nappi, R.; Porfido, S.; Paganini, E.; Vezzoli, L.; Ferrario, M.F.; Gaudiosi, G.; Alessio, G.; Michetti, AM The 2017, MD = 4.0, Casamicciola Girgizar ƙasa: ESI-07 Scale Evaluation and Implications for the Source Model. Geosciences 2021, 11, 44. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11020044
* Caccavale, M.; Sacchi, M.; Spiga, E.; Porfido, S. Girgizar ƙasa ta Guatemala ta 1976: Scale na ESI da Hanyar Nazarin Hadarin Girgizar Kasa. Geosciences 2019, 9, 403. 
* Chunga, K.; Livio, F.A.; Martillo, C.; Lara-Saavedra, H.; Ferrario, M.F.; Zevallos, I.; Michetti, AM Landslides An haifar da shi ta hanyar 2016  7.8 Pedernales, Ecuador Girgizar ƙasa: Haɗuwa da ESI-07 Ƙarfin, Lithology, Slope da PGA-h. Geosciences 2019, 9, 371. 

## Haɗin waje

* Ƙarin bayani game da sikelin ƙarfin ESI http://www.isprambiente.gov.it/en/projects/inqua-scale/environmental-seismic-intensity-scale-esi-2007  An adana shi 2014-05-15 a 
* Ma'anar digiri na ƙarfi http://www.isprambiente.gov.it/files/progetti/inqua/esi07-definition-intensity-degrees.pdf
* Jagororin http://www.isprambiente.gov.it/files/progetti/inqua/esi07-guidelines.pdf
* Scale na ESI da aka fassara cikin harsuna goma http://www.isprambiente.gov.it/files/progetti/inqua/esi-eee-volume-april-2012.pdf
* Haɗi zuwa Hukumar INQUA TERPRO kan Paleoseismology da Active tectonics https://web.archive.org/web/20140515135346/http://www.terpro.org.ar/paleoseismology.htm