Gwamnatin Mulkin Mallaka da Kariya ta Saliyo

**Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate** (wanda ba bisa ka'ida ba **na Saliyo na Biritaniya** ) ita ce gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya a Saliyo daga shekarun 1808   zuwa 1961,    wani ɓangare ne na Daular Biritaniya tun daga zamanin kawar da mulkin mallaka har zuwa lokacin yankewa. Mulkin mallakar Crown, wanda ya haɗa da yankin da ke kewaye da Freetown, an kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1808. An kafa kariyar a cikin shekarar 1896   kuma ya haɗa da ciki na abin da ake kira Saliyo a yau. 

Taken mulkin mallaka da kariya shine  (Latin for "Free under the protection of Britain"). An haɗa wannan taken a kan tuta da rigar makamai na Saliyo. 

## Tarihi

### Asali
A cikin shekarar 1780s, London ta kasance gida ga dubban bayi da aka 'yantar da kuma Black Pioneers, waɗanda suka sami 'yancin yin gwagwarmaya a gefen Birtaniya a yakin juyin juya halin Amurka. Bayan an rufe musu hanyoyi da dama na samun aikin yi, yawancin Baƙaƙen Talakawa sun zama marasa hali, kuma sun sami tallafi daga Kwamitin Taimakawa Baƙar fata. Daga ƙarshe wannan kwamitin ya yanke shawarar shawo kan wasu ɗaruruwan al'ummar Black Poor su yi hijira zuwa Afirka.  

Masanin ilimin halitta Henry Smeathman ne ya gabatar da shirin sake tsugunar da Saliyo kuma ya jawo sha'awa daga masu aikin jin kai kamar Granville Sharp, wanda ya gan shi a matsayin wata hanya ta nuna ma'auni na masu bautar da baƙar fata za su iya ba da gudummawa don gudanar da sabon mulkin mallaka a Saliyo. Ba da daɗewa ba jami’an gwamnati su ma suka shiga cikin shirin, duk da cewa sha’awarsu ta taso ne saboda yiwuwar sake tsugunar da ɗimbin talakawan ‘yan ƙasa a wasu wurare.  William Pitt the Younger, Firayim Minista kuma shugaban jam'iyyar Tory, yana da matukar sha'awar shirin, saboda yana ganin hakan a matsayin hanyar mayar da Baƙaƙen fata fata zuwa Afirka, tun da "ya zama dole a tura su wani wuri, kuma a daina shan wahala su mamaye titunan London". 

Birtaniya sun yi yarjejeniya da wani sarki na Temne King Tom don samun fili a bakin teku don su zama 'yantattun bayi. A shekara ta 1787, wani jirgin ruwa ɗauke da fasinjoji 411, da suka haɗa da ’yantattun bayi, na Black Pioneers, matansu farare, da ’ya’yan jinsin jama’a, ya isa bakin tekun. Masu adawa da rashin gaskiya sun yi kuskuren laƙabi fararen matan waɗannan baƙar fata a matsayin karuwai. Yankin ya zama sananne da garin Granville.  

Rabin mazaunan sabon yankin sun mutu a cikin shekara ta farko. Baƙaƙen baƙi da yawa sun fara aiki ga masu cinikin bayi na gida. Mazaunan da suka rage sun kwace filaye daga hannun wani basarake, amma ya mayar da martani, inda ya kai hari a wurin, wanda aka mayar da mazauna 64 kawai wanda ya kunshi maza baki 39, mata baki 19, da mata farare shida. Wasu ’yan kasuwa marasa gaskiya ne suka kama su suka sayar da su a matsayin bayi, sauran ’yan mulkin mallaka kuma an tilasta musu aiki da makamai don kare kansu. Magajin King Tom King Jemmy ya kai hari kuma ya kona yankin a cikin shekarar 1789.  

An gina wani sabon yanki a wani wurin kuma ya zama sananne da Freetown. A cikin shekarar 1792 kimanin Mazauna Nova Scotian 1,200, ’yantattun bayi da Majagaba na Baƙar fata daga Nova Scotia, kuma a cikin shekarar 1800 wasu Maroon 551 na Jamaican Maroons daga Mulkin Jamaica sun zo sabon wurin.  Zuriyar Settler a hankali sun haɓaka a matsayin ƙabila da aka sani da mutanen Saliyo Creole.    

Masu mishan na Kirista na farko, Peter Hartwig da Melchior Renner sun isa a cikin shekarar 1804 tare da Ƙungiyar Mishan ta Coci 

Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta soke cinikin bayi a shekara ta 1807. Ta ɗauki alhakin Saliyo a shekara ta 1808 kuma ta mai da ita masarautar Crown. 

### Farkon ƙarni na 19 zuwa tsakiyar ƙarni na 20

A ranar 17 ga watan Oktoban 1821, Masarautar Saliyo ta zama wani yanki na Biritaniya ta Yammacin Afirka, wani yanki na gudanarwa wanda ya ƙunshi Turawan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a Yammacin Afirka. Asalin sunan ƙungiyar shine Colony of Saliyo da Dogararsa, bayan haka ta zama Birtaniyya ta Yammacin Afirka kuma a ƙarshe Matsugunan Yammacin Afirka na Burtaniya. An kafa British West Africa a cikin lokuta biyu, daga ranar 17 ga watan Oktoba 1821 har zuwa rushewarta ta farko a ranar 13 ga watan Janairu 1850, kuma daga 19 ga watan Fabrairu 1866 har zuwa rasuwarta ta ƙarshe a ranar 28 ga watan Nuwamba 1888. Freetown served as the capital of British West Africa through the entity's entire existence.  Freetown ta kasance babbar birnin Burtaniya na Yammacin Afirka ta hanyar kasancewarta gaba ɗaya.

A ranar 31 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1896, yankin Saliyo ya zama kariyar Birtaniyya, wanda hakan ya haifar da kariyar Saliyo.   An shata iyakokin da Faransa Guinea da Laberiya. 

A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun 1928 Burtaniya ta soke bautar cikin gida. 

A cikin shekarar 1930 Kamfanin Raya Saliyo (DELCO), wani kamfani na Biritaniya, ya fara haƙar baƙin ƙarfe. 

A cikin shekarar 1932 Saliyo Selection Trust, wani reshe na British Consolidated African Selection Trust (CAST), an kafa shi don ma'adinan lu'u-lu'u. 

A shekara ta 1937 an shigar da tsarin “Masu Gudanarwa na Ƙasa”, wanda aka yi shi da tsarin mulkin Ubangiji Frederick Lugard a kaikaice a arewacin Najeriya, a cikin Saliyo Protectorate. 

A shekara ta 1938 Wallace Johnson ya kafa ƙungiyar matasan Afirka ta Yamma a Freetown, inda ya tara ma'aikata a cikin sabbin ƙungiyoyin kwadago don yakar gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. 

Lokacin da yakin duniya na biyu ya fara a shekarar 1939, an yi amfani da ikon gaggawa don tsare Wallace Johnson. 

A cikin shekarar 1947 an gabatar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki don mulkin mallaka, wanda ya ba yawancin kujeru a Majalisar Dokoki ga mafi yawan al'ummar yankin. 

### Hanyar zuwa samun 'yancin kai
A bayan yakin duniya na biyu yawancin jama'a a Saliyo sun fara ba da ra'ayin samun 'yancin kai. 'Yan siyasa ƙarƙashin jagorancin Sir Milton Margai sun yi kamfen a cikin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Saliyo kuma a cikin shekarun 1950 sun sami nasara a kan waɗannan dalilai. A tsakiyar shekarun 1950, Margai da sauran 'yan siyasar Saliyo da dama sun kai ƙarar gwamnatin Biritaniya don samun 'yancin kai. Tuni dai firaministan Birtaniya Harold Macmillan ya goyi bayan manufar ba wa ƙasashen Afirka 'yan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya ya kuma umarci gwamnatinsa da ta karɓi koke-koke tare da yin aiki da su. Matakan da suka biyo baya, waɗanda Firayim Minista Macmillan ya amince da su, shine samar da ingantacciyar hanyar miƙa mulki cikin lumana. An gudanar da kuri'ar raba gardama a ƙasar Saliyo inda aka nemi ko al'ummar ƙasar na son 'yancin kai. Mafi rinjaye sun kaɗa kuri'ar amincewa da 'yancin kai a wannan zaɓen raba gardama. Macmillan ta bayyana a asirce cewa ya san cewa za su kaɗa kuri'a na eh, amma wannan wani tsari ne na ka'ida domin nuna wa gwamnatinsa cewa akwai goyon bayan jama'a a Saliyo don ficewar Birtaniya daga ƙasar. Margai da sauran shugabannin Saliyo na neman 'yancin kai sun goyi bayan ra'ayin. Bayan gudanar da zaɓen raba gardama, kamar yadda duk masu ruwa da tsaki suka zaci za a yi, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka a Freetown ta fara gudanar da zaɓe domin kafa gwamnatin da za ta karbi ragamar mulki bayan miƙa mulki. Margai da magoya bayansa ne suka lashe waɗannan zaɓukan. A watan Mayun 1957, Saliyo ta gudanar da zaɓen 'yan majalisa na farko. Jam'iyyar Saliyo People's Party (SLPP), wacce a lokacin ita ce jam'iyyar siyasa mafi farin jini a ƙasar Saliyo da kuma samun goyon bayan manya manyan sarakuna a lardunan ƙasar, ta samu mafi yawan kujeru a majalisar dokokin ƙasar kuma an sake zaɓen Margai a matsayin shugabar minista da gagarumin rinjaye. A ranar 20 ga watan Afrilun 1960, Margai ya jagoranci tawagar Saliyo mai mambobi 24 a taron tsarin mulkin da aka gudanar tare da gwamnatin Macmillan da sakataren mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya Iain Macleod inda aka amince da cikakkun bayanai game da 'yancin kai.   A ƙarshen tattaunawa a London a ranar 4 ga watan Mayu 1960, Burtaniya ta amince da baiwa Saliyo 'yancin kai a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 1961.   

Ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu 1961 Saliyo ta sami 'yancin kai a wani babban biki a Freetown. An yi wasa da makaɗa, an sauke Union Jack, an naɗe su cikin girmamawa, aka miƙa wa Duke na Kent (a lokacin Yarima Edward), an ɗaga sabuwar tutar Saliyo mai shuɗi, fari da kore a wurinta, Duke na Kent da Margai suka yi musafaha da jama'a suka yi ta murna.  Sabuwar gwamnatin Burtaniya mai cin gashin kanta ta rantsar da sabon gwamnan Saliyo na ƙarshe a matsayin Gwamna-Janar (Wakiliyar Sarauniya Elizabeth ta biyu a sabuwar ƙasar.) An samu takaitaccen dokar ta-ɓaci, yayin da madugun 'yan adawa Siaka Stevens, wanda jam'iyyarsa ta All People's Congress (APC) ta yi rashin nasara a zaɓukan da suka gabata Margai ya ƙauracewa bikin, kuma ana fargabar za ta yi kokarin yin zagon ƙasa ga miƙa mulki. Ana fargabar cewa jam'iyyar APC za ta yi yunkurin tada tarzoma, a kan haka ne aka tsare Stevens a gidan yari kafin bikin, kuma aka sake shi ba da jimawa ba. Daga ƙarshe dai miƙa mulki ya kasance cikin lumana. An aika da saƙon taya murna daga firayim minista Harold Macmillan da Sarauniya Elizabeth zuwa ga mutanen Saliyo da Margai da kanta. An bai wa Saliyo 'yancin kai a matsayin mulkin mallaka, daidai da yadda Kanada da Ostiraliya suka kasance a baya, wannan yana nufin Saliyo ta kasance ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta tare da majalisar dokokinta da Firayim Minista, amma Sarauniya Elizabeth za ta ci gaba da kasancewa shugabar ƙasa. Ta haka ne tarihin Mulkin Saliyo ya fara.

### 'Yanci
Ƙasar Saliyo ta mulkin Mallaka ta kasance har zuwa shekara ta 1961 lokacin da ta sami 'yancin kai daga Birtaniya, tare da Elizabeth II a matsayin Sarauniyar Saliyo. Ya ci gaba da riƙe ta a matsayin shugabar ƙasa na tsawon shekaru goma har zuwa shekara ta 1971, lokacin da ƙasar ta zama jamhuriya. 

## Duba kuma

* Babban Mai Shari'a na Saliyo
* Gwamnan Saliyo

## Manazarta