Yanayin ƙasar Tajikistan

Tajikistan tana tsakanin Kyrgyzstan da Uzbekistan a arewa da yamma, China a gabas, da Afghanistan a kudu. Duwatsu sun rufe kashi 93 cikin 100 na yankin Tajikistan. Manyan tsaunuka guda biyu, Dutsen Pamir da Dutsen Alay, suna haifar da koguna da koguna masu yawa, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don ban ruwa a gonaki tun zamanin d ̄ a. Sauran manyan tsaunuka na Asiya ta Tsakiya, Tian Shan, suna kusa da arewacin Tajikistan. Yankin tsaunuka ya raba cibiyoyin jama'a guda biyu na Tajikistan, waɗanda ke cikin ƙasashen kudancin (River Panj) da arewacin (Fergana Valley) na ƙasar. Musamman a yankunan aikin gona da masana'antu, manufofin amfani da albarkatun kasa na Tarayyar Soviet sun bar Tajikistan mai zaman kanta tare da gado na matsalolin muhalli.

## Girma da iyakoki
Tare da yanki na  km2  sq , Tajikistan yana da matsakaicin gabas zuwa yammacin  km (430 , kuma matsakaicin arewa zuwa kudu na   . Yankin ƙasar da ba daidai ba ne mai tsawon kilomita  (2,269 , gami da kilomita  (257  tare da iyakar kasar Sin zuwa gabas da kilomita  (749  tare le iyaka da Afghanistan zuwa kudu. Yawancin iyakar kudancin da Afghanistan an bayyana ta [./Amu_&#x3C;i&#x20;id= darya" id="mwJw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Amu Darya">Amu Darya] (darya shine kalmar Farisa don kogi) da kuma Kogin Panj (Darya-ye Panj), wanda ke da manyan ruwa a Afghanistan da Tajikistan. Sauran makwabta sune tsoffin jamhuriyoyin Soviet na Uzbekistan (a yamma da arewa) da Kyrgyzstan (a arewa). 

## Yanayin ƙasa da magudanar ruwa

Ƙananan tsaunuka na Tajikistan sun kasu kashi zuwa yankuna na arewa da na kudu ta hanyar hadaddun sarkar tsaunuka guda uku waɗanda suka zama mafi yammacin fadada tsarin Tian Shan. Gudun da gaske a layi daya daga gabas zuwa yamma, sarƙoƙi sune Turkestan, Zeravshan (Zarafshan), da Hisor (Gissar) duwatsu. Na ƙarshe daga cikin waɗannan yana arewacin babban birnin, Dushanbe, wanda ke cikin yammacin tsakiyar Tajikistan.

Fiye da rabin Tajikistan yana sama da tsawo na mita 3,000 (9,800 . Ko da ƙasashen da ke cikin Kwarin Fergana a arewacin da Lardin Khatlon a kudu maso yamma, suna sama da matakin teku. A cikin kewayon Turkestan, mafi girma daga cikin sarƙoƙi na yamma, matsakaicin tsawo shine mita 5,510 (18,080 . Mafi girman tsaunuka na wannan kewayon suna gabas, kusa da iyakar da Kyrgyzstan. Wannan yankin ya mamaye tsaunuka na tsarin tsaunuka Pamir-Alay, gami da biyu daga cikin tsaunuka uku mafi girma a tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet: Dutsen Lenin - mita 7,134 (23,406  da Ismoil Somoni Peak - mita 7,495 (24,590 . Sauran tsaunuka da yawa a yankin sun wuce mita 7,000 (23,000 . Duwatsun suna dauke da kankara da yawa, mafi girma daga cikinsu, Vanch-Yakh Glacier, ya rufe fiye da  kilomita 700 (270 sq  kuma shine mafi girman kankara a duniya a waje da yankunan polar. Saboda Tajikistan tana cikin belin girgizar ƙasa mai aiki, girgizar kasa mai tsanani ta zama ruwan dare.

### Kwarin Fergana
Kwarin Fergana, yankin da ya fi yawan jama'a a Asiya ta Tsakiya wanda Sir Darya ke ban ruwa a samansa, ya bazu a fadin arewa maso gabashin Uzbekistan da Arewacin Tajikistan. Wannan kwarin mai tsawo, wanda ke tsakanin tsaunuka biyu - Kuramin Range a arewa da Turkestan Range a kudu, ya kai mafi ƙasƙanci na mita 320 (1,050  a Khujand a kan Syr Darya. Koguna suna kawo wadataccen ƙasa a cikin kwarin Fergana daga tsaunuka da ke kewaye da su, suna haifar da jerin oases masu kyau waɗanda aka daɗe ana amfani da su don noma.

### Rashin ruwa
A cikin babbar hanyar sadarwa ta kogin Tajikistan, manyan koguna sune Syr Darya da Amu Darya ; mafi girma magudanan ruwa sune Vakhsh da Kofarnihon, waɗanda suka zama kwaruruka daga arewa maso gabas zuwa kudu maso yammacin Tajikistan. Amu Darya yana ɗaukar ruwa fiye da kowane kogin da ke tsakiyar Asiya. Babban hanya na Amu Darya, wanda ake kira Kogin Panj,  dogon. Sunan kogin ya canza a mahadar Panj, da Vakhsh, da kogin Kofarnihon a kudu maso yammacin Tajikistan mai nisa. Vakhsh, wanda ake kira Kyzyl-Suu ( *"Ruwan ruwa"* a cikin harsunan Turkic) a sama a Kyrgyzstan da Surkhob a tsakiyar tsakiyar Tajikistan, shine kogi na biyu mafi girma a kudancin Tajikistan bayan tsarin Amu-Panj. A zamanin Soviet, Vakhsh ya lalace a wurare da yawa don ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki, musamman a Norak (Nurek), gabas da Dushanbe, inda daya daga cikin manyan madatsun ruwa na duniya ya zama Tafkin Nurek . An kuma gina masana'antu da yawa tare da Vakhsh don zana ruwa da yuwuwar samar da wutar lantarki.  Sakamakon rashin daidaituwar rarraba ruwa a cikin tsakiyar Asiya, Soviets sun kirkiro wani tsari wanda Kyrgyzstan da Tajikistan suka ba da ruwa ga Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, da Uzbekistan a lokacin rani, kuma wadannan kasashe uku sun ba da man fetur da gas ga Kyrgyzstan da Tajikistan a lokacin hunturu. Bayan rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet a shekarar 1991, wannan tsarin ya wargaje kuma har yanzu ba a yi wani sabon shirin raba albarkatun kasa ba. A cewar wani bincike da kungiyar International Crisis Group ta gudanar, wannan ya faru ne saboda cin hanci da rashawa da rashin son siyasa; rashin magance wannan batu na iya haifar da tabarbarewar yanki ba tare da komawa baya ba. 

Koguna biyu mafi muhimmanci a arewacin Tajikistan sune Sir Darya da Zeravshan (Zarafshan). Tsohon, kogin na biyu mafi tsawo a Asiya ta Tsakiya tare da jimlar tsawon kilomita 2,400 (1,500 , ya shimfiɗa kilomita 195 (121  a fadin Kwarin Fergana a arewacin Tajikistan. Kogin Zeravshan, tare da jimlar tsawon kilomita 781 (485 , yana gudana na kilomita 316 (196  ta arewa maso tsakiyar Tajikistan. Kogunan Tajikistan sun kai matakin ruwa sau biyu a shekara: a cikin bazara, ana ciyar da su ta hanyar ruwan sama da narkewar dusar ƙanƙara, kuma a lokacin rani, ana ciyarwa ta hanyar narkewar kankara. Freshets na rani sun fi amfani da ban ruwa, musamman a kwarin Fergana da kwarin kudu maso gabashin Tajikistan. Yawancin tabkuna na Tajikistan sun samo asali ne daga glacial kuma suna cikin yankin Pamir a gabashin rabin ƙasar. Mafi girma, Tafkin Karakul (Qarokul), tafkin gishiri ne wanda ba shi da rai, yana kwance a tsawo na mita 4,200 (13,800 .  Rashin ruwa na biyu mafi girma a Tajikistan shine Kayrakum Reservoir, Tafkin wucin gadi mai tsawon kilomita 44 (27  a tsakiyar kwarin Fergana, ba da nisa da garin Khujand a Lardin Sughd ba. Syr Darya ce ke ciyar da tafkin. Wani sanannen tafkin halitta na asalin glacial shine Iskanderkul . Ya fi karami fiye da tafkin Kayrakum kuma yana cikin tsaunukan Fann a yammacin Tajikistan.

## Yanayi

Yanayin yanayi na Tajikistan na nahiya ne, subtropical, da kuma semiarid, tare da wasu yankunan hamada. Yanayin yanayi yana canzawa sosai bisa ga tsawo, duk da haka. Kwarin Fergana da sauran ƙasashe masu ƙasƙanci suna karewa da duwatsu daga iska ta Arctic, amma yanayin zafi a wannan yankin har yanzu yana raguwa ƙasa da daskarewa sama da kwanaki 100 a shekara. A cikin yankunan da ke kudu maso yammacin, waɗanda ke da matsakaicin matsakaicin yanayin zafi, yanayin ya bushe, kodayake wasu sassan yanzu ana ban ruwa don noma. A ƙananan tsaunuka na Tajikistan, matsakaicin zafin jiki shine 23 zuwa 30 ° C (73.4 zuwa 86.0 ° F) a watan Yuli da -1 zuwa 3 ° C (30.2 zuwa 37.4 ° F) A watan Janairu. A gabashin Pamirs, matsakaicin zafin Yuli shine ° C (41 zuwa 50 ° F), kuma matsakaicin yawan zafin Janairu shine -15 zuwa -20 ° C (5 zuwa -4 ° F). 

Tajikistan ita ce mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin Jamhuriyar Tsakiyar Asiya,  tare da matsakaicin hazo na shekara-shekara don kwarin Kafernigan da Vakhsh a kudu yana kusa da , kuma har zuwa  a cikin duwatsu  . A Glacier na Fedchenko, har zuwa  dusar ƙanƙara tana faɗuwa kowace shekara  . Sai kawai a arewacin kwarin Fergana da kuma a cikin inuwar ruwan sama na gabashin Pamirs ana samun hazo kamar yadda yake a sauran sassan Asiya ta Tsakiya: a gabashin Pamirs kasa da  faduwa a kowace shekara  . Yawancin hazo yana faruwa a cikin hunturu da bazara.

## Duwatsun Pamir

Tajikistan gida ce ga wasu tsaunuka mafi girma a duniya, gami da Pamir da Alay. Kashi 93% na Tajikistan yana da tsaunuka tare da tsawo daga    zuwa kusan  m (24,600 , kuma kusan kashi 50% na yankin Tajikistan ya fi  m (9,800).

Babban tsaunuka masu tsaunuka sun yanke ta daruruwan canyons da gorges a kasan su suna gudana raƙuman ruwa waɗanda ke gudana cikin manyan kwarin kogi inda yawancin mutanen ƙasar ke rayuwa da aiki. Pamirs musamman suna da ƙanƙara sosai, kuma Tajikistan ita ce gida ga mafi girman ƙanƙarar da ba ta da iyaka a duniya, Fedchenko Glacier.

## Manazarta