Dokokin aiki na yara a Amurka

Dokokin aikin yara a Amurka sun magance batutuwan da suka shafi aikin yi da jin dadin yara masu aiki a Amurka. Mafi girman dokar tarayya da ta takura aikin yi da cin zarafin yara ma'aikata ita ce Dokar Ka'idodin Ma'aikata ta 1938 (FLSA), wacce ta fara aiki a lokacin gwamnatin Franklin D. Roosevelt.   An yi tanadin tanadin aikin yara a ƙarƙashin FLSA don kare damar ilimi na matasa da kuma hana aikinsu a cikin ayyukan da ke cutar da lafiyarsu da amincin su. FLSA ta taƙaita sa'o'in da matasa 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 16 zasu iya aiki kuma ta lissafa ayyukan haɗari masu haɗari ga ma'aikata matasa suyi aiki.

## Dokar Tarayya
Babban dokar da ke tsara aikin yara a Amurka ita ce Dokar Ka'idodin Ma'aikata. Don ayyukan da ba na noma ba, yaran da ke ƙasa da shekara 14 ba za su iya yin aiki ba, yara tsakanin 14 zuwa 16 za a iya ɗaukar su a cikin ayyukan da aka yarda a cikin sa'o'i kaɗan, kuma yara tsakanin 16 zuwa 17 na iya ɗaukar aiki na sa'o'i marasa iyaka a cikin ayyukan da ba su da haɗari. Akwai wasu bambance-bambance ga waɗannan dokoki, kamar su don aiki daga iyaye, isar da jarida, da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na yara. Ka'idojin aikin gona gabaɗaya ba su da tsauri.

## Dokokin Jiha
Jihohi suna da dokoki daban-daban da suka shafi aikin yi wa matasa aiki. Kowace jiha tana da mafi ƙarancin buƙatu kamar, farkon shekarun da yaro zai iya fara aiki, adadin sa'o'in da aka ba yaro damar yin aiki a rana, adadin sa'o'in da aka ba yaro damar yin aiki a cikin mako. Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka ta lissafa mafi ƙarancin buƙatun aikin noma a kowace jiha.  Inda dokar jihar ta bambanta da dokar tarayya game da aikin yara, dokar da ke da ƙa'ida mai tsauri tana aiki.

Jihohi ɗaya ɗaya suna da ɗimbin hani akan aiki ta ƙananan yara, galibi suna buƙatar izinin aiki ga ƙananan yara waɗanda har yanzu suna makarantar sakandare, iyakance lokuta da sa'o'in da ƙananan yara zasu iya yin aiki ta hanyar shekaru da kuma sanya ƙarin ƙa'idodin aminci.

Ya zuwa 2023, jihohi kamar New Jersey da Arkansas sun sassauta takunkumin hana aikin yara sakamakon raguwar Cutar COVID-19, tare da cin zarafi a duk fadin kasar yayin da kasuwar kwadago ta kara yawan bukatar ma'aikata. Canje-canjen sun haɗa da rage shekarun da yara za su iya yin wasu ayyuka, faɗaɗa adadin da lokacin sa'o'in da za a buƙaci su yi aiki, sau da yawa don haɗa lokacin makaranta, da kuma kare kasuwancin daga alhakin farar hula na raunin da ya shafi aiki, cututtuka, ko mutuwar da irin waɗannan ma'aikata suka yi.

## Tarihin aikin yara don albashi

## Takaddun shaida na aiki
Tsarin shari'a na tarayya yana da iyakantaccen iko don zartar da dokokin aikin yara da farko saboda kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya ba iyaye damar tayar da yaransu kamar yadda suke so. Wani lamari ne da ya kamata jihohi su tuntubi tare da kirkiro nasu dokokin aikin yara da suka hada da shekaru da bukatun makaranta. Don aiki na yau da kullun, cikakken lokaci, "shekaddun shaida na shekaru da makaranta", "iznin aiki", ko "takaddun shaida na aiki" an ba su a cikin Jihohi ga yara, yawanci 14 ko 15, kafin su iya zuwa aiki a wasu sana'o'i, masana'antu gabaɗaya, da kasuwanci. Ba a buƙatar takaddun shaida don noma, kasuwancin titi, da aiki a cikin gidaje masu zaman kansu.

## Gyaran dokokin aikin yara
Farkon karni na 20 shine lokacin da kokarin sake fasalin ya zama yadu. An kafa kwamitin kula da aikin yara na ƙasa, ƙungiyar da ta keɓe don kawar da duk wani aiki na yara, an kafa shi a cikin 1904. Ta hanyar buga bayanai game da rayuwa da yanayin aiki na matasa ma'aikata, ya taimaka wajen tattara goyon bayan jama'a ga dokokin aikin yara na matakin jihohi. Ana haɗa waɗannan dokoki sau da yawa tare da dokokin ilimi na wajibi waɗanda aka ƙera don rage aikin yara har zuwa wani wuri, kiyaye yara a makaranta, da kuma daga cikin kasuwannin aiki da ake biya har zuwa ƙayyadadden shekaru (yawanci 12, 14, ko 16 shekaru).  A cikin 1906 Sanata na Jamhuriyar Republican Albert J. Beveridge ya gabatar da lissafin aikin yara na farko a matakin ƙasa wanda ya kawo karin hankali ga batun. Shugaba Theodore Roosevelt daga baya ya ki amincewa da lissafin.

A cikin 1916, a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba daga Kwamitin Ma'aikata na Yara na Ƙasa (NCLC) da Ƙungiyar Masu Sayayya ta Ƙasa, Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta zartar da Dokar Keating-Owen, ta haramta kasuwancin tsakanin jihohi da ke kunshe da kayan da ma'aikata ke samarwa a ƙarƙashin shekarun 14, 15 ko 16, ya danganta da nau'in aikin. 'Yan Democrat na Kudancin sun yi adawa amma ba su yi watsi da lissafin ba. Shugaba Woodrow Wilson ya yi watsi da batun amma a yanzu ya amince da kudirin a minti na karshe sakamakon matsin lamba daga shugabannin jam'iyyar da suka jaddada yadda ra'ayin ya shahara, musamman a tsakanin mata masu kada kuri'a masu tasowa. Ya gaya wa 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat cewa suna buƙatar zartar da wannan doka da kuma dokar biyan diyya na ma'aikaci don gamsar da ci gaban ƙasa da kuma cin nasara a zaben 1916 a kan GOP da aka sake haɗuwa. Yin aiki da yara a hukumance ya zama abin damuwa ga gwamnatin tarayya kuma ita ce dokar aiki da yara ta tarayya ta farko. Duk da haka, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta soke dokar a Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918) saboda ta tsara kasuwancin da ba ya ketare layin jihohi. Majalisa ta yi amfani da ikonta na haraji ta hanyar ba da harajin kashi 10 cikin 100 akan kasuwancin da suka yi amfani da aikin yara, amma Kotun Koli a Bailey v. Drexel Furniture (1923) ta rushe shi.  A cikin shekarun 1930s an rage aikin yara sosai.

Dangane da wannan koma baya, Majalisa, a ranar 2 ga Yuni, 1924, ta amince da gyaran tsarin mulki wanda zai ba Majalisa damar tsara "aikin mutanen da ba su kai shekaru sha takwas ba", kuma ta mika shi ga jihohi don amincewa. Jihohi biyar ne kawai suka amince da gyaran a shekarun 1920. Duk da haka, gwamnatin Shugaba Franklin D. Roosevelt ta goyi bayansa, kuma wasu jihohi 14 sun sanya hannu a cikin 1933 (shekarar farko a ofis); Jihohi 28 gabaɗaya sun ba da amincewar su a shekara ta 1937. Ana buƙatar ƙarin jihohi 8 a lokacin don amincewa da shirin gyaran fuska.

Ra'ayin shari'a na gama gari game da ƙa'idodin aikin yara na tarayya ya koma cikin 1930s. Majalisa ta zartar da Dokar Ka'idodin Ma'aikata a cikin 1938 wanda ke tsara aikin waɗanda ke ƙasa da shekaru 16 ko 18, kuma Kotun Koli ta amince da dokar. Bayan wannan canjin, an bayyana gyaran a matsayin "moot"  kuma yadda ya kamata wani ɓangare na Kundin Tsarin Mulki. 

## Aikin noma na yara
Koyaya, yayin da dokar aiki ta 1938 ta sanya iyaka akan nau'ikan aikin yara da yawa, an cire aikin noma. Sakamakon haka, kusan yara 500,000 suna karɓar kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na abincin da ake samarwa a Amurka.

A cewar wata takarda ta 2010 ta Human Rights Watch:Dubban daruruwan yara suna aiki a matsayin ma'aikatan gona a Amurka, galibi suna aiki na sa'o'i 10 ko fiye a rana. Sau da yawa ana fallasa su ga magungunan kashe qwari masu haɗari, suna fuskantar yawan rauni, kuma suna fama da asarar rayuka fiye da sau biyar na sauran matasa masu aiki. Dogayen sa'o'insu suna ba da gudummawa ga ƙimar ficewa mai ban tsoro. Alkaluman gwamnati sun nuna cewa da kyar rabinsu ne suka kammala karatun sakandare. A cewar Majalisar Tsaro ta Ƙasa, noma ita ce sana'a ta biyu mafi haɗari a Amurka. Koyaya, dokokin aikin yara na Amurka na yanzu suna ba yara ma'aikatan gona damar yin aiki na tsawon sa'o'i, a kanana, kuma a ƙarƙashin yanayi masu haɗari fiye da sauran matasa masu aiki. Yayin da yara a wasu sassan dole ne su kasance 12 don yin aiki kuma ba za su iya yin aiki fiye da sa'o'i 3 a ranar makaranta ba, a aikin gona, yara za su iya yin aiki a shekaru 12 na sa'o'i marasa iyaka kafin da bayan makaranta.

## Dubi kuma

* Marie Moentmann (1900–1974), child survivor of industrial accident
* Carmela Teoli (1897–), child survivor of industrial accident
* Timeline of children's rights in the United States
* United States labor law

## Bayanan da aka ambata