Harsunan Kudu maso Yammacin Edoid

Dangane da rarraba bishiyoyin iyali na Ethnologue, Edo)" id="mwBw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Okpe language (Southwestern Edo)">Okpe, Urhobo da Uvwie, tare da Eruwa da Isoko, sun zama Harsuna Edoid guda biyar na Kudu maso Yammacin ƙungiyar Benue-Congo. Quoting Johnstone (1993), Ethnologue ya sanya yawan Mutanen Urhobo a 546,000, Okpe 25,400 (2000) da Uvwie 19,800 (2000). Wadannan harsuna uku suna da harsuna makwabta: Izon da Itsekiri a yamma da kudu, Ukwuani da Isoko a gabas da Edo a arewa. Don haka, Isoko da Urhobo irin waɗannan harsuna ne waɗanda ke cikin iyali ɗaya na harshe.

## Littattafan Isoko
Akwai wallafe-wallafen harsunan Urhobo da Isoko. Akwai Littafi Mai-Tsarki da littattafan waƙoƙin Kirista don Harsuna biyu. Har ila yau akwai ƙamus don Urhobo, wanda Ukere, Osubele, Juliua Arerierian da Akpobome Diffre-Odiete suka rubuta. Duk da yake duk tsoffin suna da harsuna biyu, na ƙarshe na Diffre-Odiete ƙamus ne na Harsuna da yawa na Turanci, Okpe, Urhobo da Uvwie, tare da shigarwa sama da 900 a cikin harsuna huɗu.

## Harsuna
Okpe (ISO 639 - 3:oke), Urhobo (ISO 637 - 3:urh) da Uvwie (ISO 6339 - 3:evh) harsuna ne daban-daban da ake magana a wani yanki na kabilanci ɗaya da ake kira Mutanen Urhobo na Jihar Delta a kudancin Najeriya, Afirka. Ƙabilar Urhobo tana da haɗin kai a al'ada, amma ta ƙunshi kabilun siyasa ko mulkoki ashirin da huɗu. Ana magana da Okpe a cikin masarauta ɗaya kawai (mafi girma a Urhoboland). Ana magana da Uvwie a cikin mulkoki biyu, yayin da ake magana da Urhobo, tare da nau'o'in dialectical, a cikin sauran mulkoki ashirin da ɗaya. Yaren Agbarho shine ma'auni na rubuce-rubucen Urhobo ga dukkan mulkoki ashirin da hudu. Kungiyoyin Okpe da Uvwie suna kallon yarensu a matsayin harsuna daban-daban kuma ba a matsayin yarukan Urhobo ba. Koyaya, a cikin sadarwa tare da mutanen wasu dangin Urhobo, suna amfani da Urhobo, Turanci ko Pidgin na Najeriya.

## Hadarin Harshe
Masu magana da Okpe da Uvwie suna nuna rashin amincewa da mamayar dangi da ke magana da Urhobo a kansu. Saboda haka, sun wuce kare kansu na harshe zuwa neman warewa ta siyasa da al'adu daga wasu dangin Urhobo. Sabili da haka, mutanen sauran dangin Urhobo guda ashirin da daya suna kallon waɗannan ayyukan a matsayin barazana ga hadin kan tarihi da al'adu na kabilanci.

Binciken da ya gabata ya nuna cewa harsuna uku na mutanen Urhobo suna cikin haɗari zuwa digiri daban-daban. Urhobo Yana cikin haɗari ne kawai ta hanyar tasirin Pidgin na Najeriya da Ingilishi a cikin sadarwa. Macaulay Mowarin (2005) ya lura cewa Uvwie shine mafi haɗari daga cikin uku, yana fuskantar mummunar tasiri a cikin birane da yankunan karkara daga Pidgin na Najeriya, Urhobo da Ingilishi. Okpe yana cikin haɗari sosai a Sapele, babban garin Okpe saboda tasirin Pidgin na Najeriya, Itsekiri, da Urhobo. A cikin yankunan karkara, Okpe yana cikin haɗari, galibi daga tasirin Itsekiri da Urhobo.

Akwai dalilai da yawa da ke da alhakin asarar yarukan uku a hankali. Saduwa tsakanin harsuna uku a gefe guda, da kuma wasu harsunan makwabta a gefe guda. Gabaɗaya, harshen sadarwa shine Turanci tsakanin mutanen da suka iya karatu da kuma Pidgin na Najeriya tsakanin marasa karatu da marasa karatu na Urhobo da al'ummomin makwabta. Wannan shi ne yanayin a duk fannoni na ayyukan, sai dai a cikin al'adun addini na shekara-shekara ko na lokaci-lokaci ko tarurrukan dattawa da shugabannin, musamman a yankunan karkara. Ana kuma magana da Okpe, Urhobo da Uvwie a wasu gidajen karkara, kasuwanni da ayyukan Cocin Orthodox.

Bugu da ƙari, rashin aiwatar da Manufofin Kasa kan ilimi ya ci gaba da haifar da mummunar tasiri ga samun harshe ta sababbin tsararraki na mutanen Urhobo. Manufar da ta bayyana cewa harshen koyarwa na shekaru uku na farko na ilimi ya kamata ya zama harshen mahaifiyar ɗalibai ko harshen al'ummar makarantar da aka yi watsi da shi. Ana biyan haraji da sauran azabtarwa ga ɗalibai da ɗalibai waɗanda ke magana da yarensu na asali a lokacin makaranta a makarantun jama'a da masu zaman kansu a duk faɗin Jihar Delta. Wannan shine don ƙarfafa amfani da Turanci a matsayin harshen magana. An sanya Turanci a matsayin babban batun don kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare da kuma samun shiga manyan cibiyoyin.

Aure tsakanin Masu magana da asali da mutanen wasu al'ummomin harsuna suma suna shafar canja wurin harsuna tsakanin tsararraki, kuma ta haka ne ake haihuwar yara tare da Turanci. Tasirin Ingilishi a kan waɗannan harsuna na asali ya bazu zuwa yankunan karkara, musamman tsakanin matasa da yara waɗanda ke sadarwa a cikin Pidgin da Ingilishi saboda mummunan tasirin tunani na kasancewa a matsayin na asali idan suna magana da yarensu na asali a fili. A ƙarshe, karɓar yaren Agbarho a matsayin kawai nau'in rubuce-rubucen Urhobo ya haifar da rashin rubuce-aikacen yarukan Okpe da Uvwie da sauran yarukan Urhobo.

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* Idanu. Tanure da Rose Aziza (ed.). *Harshen Urhobo A Yau*. Legas: Malthouse Press, 2007.
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