The Crow and the Snake

**Hankaka da Maciji** (tare da wasu nau'ikan da suka haɗa da hankaka, maciji ko kunama) ɗaya ne daga cikin Tatsuniyoyi na Aesop kuma an ƙidaya shi a cikin Perry Index .   Akwai wasu nau'ikan Girkanci daban-daban kuma an ɗauki biyu daga cikinsu a lokacin Renaissance na Turai. Ba za a rikita tatsuniyoyi da labarin da ba shi da alaƙa da wannan taken a cikin *Panchatantra* ba.

## Madadin nau'ikan Girkanci
A zamanin da, tatsuniya tana samuwa ne kawai a cikin tushen Girkanci kuma tana magana ne game da hankaka da ke neman abinci wanda ya sami maciji yana barci a rana. Amma lokacin da hankaka ta kama ta, macijin ya kashe hankaka da ƙurarta. Dabi'ar labarin ita ce sa'a ba za ta zama kamar yadda take gani ba.  Wani tatsuniya daban game da hankaka da kunama an haɗa shi a matsayin waƙa ta Archias of Mytilene a cikin Anthology na Girkanci .  Labarin iri ɗaya ne amma ɗabi'ar da aka zana ita ce za a ciji mai cizon. Wani labari na Antipater na Tasalonika, wanda aka samo daga ƙarni na farko kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, yana da gaggafa ta ɗauko dorinar ruwa tana faɗuwa a kan dutse, sai kawai ta makale a cikin tentacles ɗinta ta faɗi cikin teku, ta 'rasa ganima da ransa'.

## Sigogi na Turai
*Adagia* (1508), tarin karin magana na Erasmus, ne ya jawo tatsuniyoyi zuwa ga Renaissance Europe. Ya rubuta karin maganar Girka mai suna Κόραξ τὸν ὄφιν (wanda aka fassara a matsayin *corvus serpentem* [rapuit]), yana mai cewa ya fito ne daga tatsuniyar Aesop, tare da ambaton waƙar Girkawa wadda take da siffofi kuma tana ba da fassara.  Ya kuma kwatanta karin maganar da Κορώνη τὸν σκορπίον (Cornix scorpium), wanda aka lura a baya a cikin tarinsa. 

Tatsuniyar ƙarshe ta Hankaka da Kunama ta ba da shawarar kanta a matsayin wata dabara ta ɗabi'a ga masu tattara littattafan Alamar . Na farko daga cikinsu shine Andrea Alciato, wanda aka buga *Emblemata* mai tasiri a cikin nau'i daban-daban da kuma a ƙasashe da dama daga 1531 zuwa gaba.  A can an kwatanta ta da Alamar Alamar 173 kuma tana tare da waƙa a Latin. Sunan na'urar shine *Iusta ultio*, wanda za'a iya fassara shi da 'ramuwar gayya kawai' ko kuma abin da yanzu kalmar Turanci ' adalci ' ta fahimta. An ƙara jaddada wannan a cikin fassarar Faransanci ta 1536, inda aka buga karin magana ta Faransa *Les preneurs sont prins* (mafarauta suna kama da wayonsu) a cikin wata waƙa da Jean Lefevre ya rubuta.  Akwai kuma fassarar Jamusanci daga 1536 zuwa gaba.  Bugu na 1615 na Mutanen Espanya tare da sharhi, *Declaracion magistral sobre las Emblemas de Andres Alciato*, yayi nuni da *Adagia* kuma ya ba Erasmus fassarar Latin na waƙar Archias;  Har ila yau, fassarar Italiyanci mafi girma na 1621 ya yi ƙaulin Girkanci kuma. 

Marcus Gheeraerts ne ya zana hoton alamar daban-daban a cikin bugun Bruges na *Warachtige Fabulen de Dieren* (1567) tare da baitoci a cikin Flemish na Edewaerd de Dene wanda ke nuna cewa Allah zai rama wa mutanensa. An buga fassarar Faransanci a matsayin *Esbatement Moral* (1578) kuma a cikin Jamusanci ta Aegidius Sadeler a matsayin *Theatrum Morum* (1608). Trichet du Fresne ya sake fassara ta ƙarshe zuwa Faransanci, wanda daga cikinsu akwai bugu a cikin 1659, 1689 da 1743. 

A halin yanzu, tatsuniyar Hankaka da Maciji ce Gabriele Faerno ya zaɓa saboda tarin tatsuniyoyi ɗari a cikin baitin Neo-Latin, tare da ƙarshen cewa sau da yawa ribar da muka samu tana komawa ga lokutan nadama.  A cikin shekaru goma da suka biyo baya, mawaƙin Faransa Jean Antoine de Baïf ya yi amfani da ita don sigar wauta, mai ma'ana a cikin magana a cikin littafinsa na *Mimes, enseignemens et proverbs* (1576):
 
A Ingila, wannan sigar labarin ta fara bayyana a cikin tarin tatsuniyoyi na Roger L'Estrange na Aesop (1692), inda ya shawarci masu karatu da kada su tsoma baki da wanda ba a sani ba. [undefined] Ga Samuel Croxall, labarin ya zama gargaɗi game da kwadayi kuma ga Thomas Bewick, ya nuna haɗarin zama ƙarƙashin ikon cin abinci mai tsanani. A baya Guillaume La Perrière ya fi son fassarar ta ƙarshe a cikin littafinsa na alama Le theatre des bons engins (1544). A can, hankaka mai kwadayi ya sha guba a ciki bayan ya haɗiye macijin, "yana tunanin yana da daɗi kamar sukari ko naman dabbobi".

## Manazarta