Hakkokin Dan Adam a Maldives

**Haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin Maldives**, ƙasa mai tarin tsibiri mai mutane 417,000 a gabar tekun Indiya,  batu ne mai tada hankali. A cikin rahotonta na Freedom in the World na 2011, Freedom House ta ayyana Maldives a matsayin "Yanci na Bangare", yana mai da'awar tsarin sake fasalin da aka yi kan gaba a 2009 da 2010 ya ci tura. Hukumar da ke kula da dimokuradiyya, kare hakkin dan adam da kwadago ta Amurka ta yi ikirarin a cikin rahotonta na shekarar 2012 kan ayyukan kare hakkin bil’adama a kasar cewa manyan matsalolin da suka fi daukar hankali sun hada da cin hanci da rashawa, rashin ‘yancin addini, da cin zarafi da rashin daidaito ga mata.

## Tarihi da yanayin siyasa
Maldives sun sami 'yencin kai daga Burtaniya a shekara ta 1965. Al'ummar ta fara zamanta mai cin gashin kanta a matsayin sarkin musulmi, amma kuri'ar raba gardama ta 1968 ta amince da kundin tsarin mulkin da ya kafa kasa a matsayin jamhuriya. Ibrahim Nasir, Firayim Minista a karkashin Sarkin Musulmi, ya zama Shugaban kasa kuma ya rike mukamin daga 1968 zuwa 1978. Maumoon Abdul Gayoom ne ya gaje shi, wanda aka zabe shi a matsayin shugaban kasa a 1978 kuma aka sake zabe a 1983, 1988, 1993, 1998, da 2003. A karshen shugabancinsa a shekara ta 2008, shi ne shugaba mafi dadewa a nahiyar Asiya. Gaba daya gwamnatin kasar ta dauki tsauraran matakai kan al'ummarta a wannan lokaci.

Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Maldives tun 1972 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba".

Bayan da aka bankado yunkurin juyin mulki da magoya bayan Nasir suka yi a shekarar 1980, gwamnati ta kame wadanda ake kyautata zaton suna da hannu a ciki, sannan aka daure matansu da 'ya'yansu gidan kurkuku . Akalla mutane uku ne aka yanke wa hukunci kan alaka da tsohon shugaban kasar, kuma a kalla daya – Mohamed Ismail Manniku Sikku, tsohon Daraktan Jiragen Saman – an kore shi zuwa “shekaru goma da rana”. 

Shugaban ya dauki alhakin cin nasarar kare hakkin dan adam a 2009-2010, Mohamed Nasheed, yayi murabus bayan zanga-zangar makonni da 'yan sanda suka jagoranta kuma aka tsare shi a gida.  An maye gurbinsa da Mohammed Waheed Hassan, tsohon shugaban UNICEF Afghanistan.

## Abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu (2008-)

### Ƴancin addini
Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ayyana Islama a matsayin addinin jihar na Maldives kuma ya bayyana cewa ana buƙatar dukkan 'yan ƙasar Maldives su zama Musulmai Sunni. Ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a cikin ƙasar a yi wa duk wani addini ban da Islama, kuma a ba da shawara ga rabuwa da coci da jihar. An kuma haramta ridda da rashin yarda da Allah kuma wadanda suka bayyana kansu a matsayin ko ake zargi da kasancewa masu ridda ko masu musun wanzuwar Allah ana hukunta su da mutuwa ta hanyar dokar Maldivian (ko da yake ba a tilasta su ba) kuma galibi suna fuskantar tashin hankali ko hare-hare tare da ƙananan ko babu sakamako ga masu aikata laifin ta hukumomi.

Tsarin ilimi na Maldivian yana kiyaye fassarar addinin Islama. Dukkanin makarantun gwamnati da masu zaman kansu da ke gudanar da gwamnati doka ta buƙaci su koyar da Islama daga aji na 1 zuwa 12, ba tare da wani zaɓi na duniya ba.

Wani rahoto daga Cibiyar Demokradiyya ta Maldivian ta buga wani rahoto a cikin 2016 game da binciken radicalism a cikin Maldives, ya tsara ra'ayoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da aka ambata a cikin litattafai da laccoci da kuma tauhidin tauhidi masu rikitarwa da aka inganta a cikinsu, da kuma ra'ayoyi masu tsattsan addini da masu watsawa sun yi Allah wadai da su sosai, wanda ya haifar da kungiyar ta dakatar da ci gaba da ayyukanta ba tare da tsari ba kuma tilasta musu gudun hijira ba.

Ma'aikatar harkokin addinin musulunci ita ce kadai hukumar da ke ba da lasisi ga limamai, kuma dole ne a amince da wa'azi. Suna kuma sarrafa ilimin addini kuma suna da ikon korar duk wanda ba musulmi ba. Wajibi ne baki wadanda ba musulmi ba su yi addininsu a boye.

Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya ce dukkan mutanen Maldibiya dole ne su kasance musulmi 'yan Sunna. A ranar 14 ga Disamba, 2011 gungun mutane goma sun kai hari kan masu zanga-zangar lumana a Malé suna kira da a yi hakuri da addini. Sufi Ismail Khilath Rasheed ya samu karaya a kokon kai daga baya kuma an kama shi saboda kiran da ya yi na a yi hakuri ya sabawa kundin tsarin mulki. Ba a yi kokarin kamo maharan ba. A ranar 5 ga Yuni 2012, an caka wa Rasheed wuka a wuya.  Kungiyar Reporters Without Borders ta bayyana cewa bisa ga dukkan alamu an kai masa hari ne da gangan kan aikin jarida.  Wani ministan gwamnatin Maldibiya ya yi tir da harin, amma kuma ya kara da cewa "Tabbas Hilath ya san cewa ya zama wani hari na wasu 'yan tsagera . . . Mu ba kasa ba ce. Idan za ku yi magana a kan addini, za a sami wasu tsirarun mutanen da ba su yarda ba.”

### 'Yancin magana
Zagi da Magana “saɓanin rukunan Musulunci” haramun ne.

#### Kafofin watsa labarai da sa ido
2008 ya ga tashoshin talabijin masu zaman kansu na farko na Maldives. A cikin watan Agustan 2010 an kai wa gidan talabijin mai zaman kansa hari a gidan talabijin na Villa, kuma 'yan sanda sun kai wa 'yan jarida hari saboda suna gudanar da zanga-zangar siyasa a watan Oktoban 2010.  Ana iya shiga gidajen yanar gizo na 'yan adawa a kasar, amma ma'aikatar harkokin addinin musulunci ta toshe wasu gidajen yanar gizo na mishan na Kirista.

A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2011 an kama wasu 'yan jarida biyu - daya daga *Haveeru Daily* da daya daga *[[Sun FM (Maldives)|gidan rediyon Sun FM]]* - da laifin yada wata zanga-zanga. An sake su bayan sa'o'i 24.

### 'Yancin taro
Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya kare ‘yancin yin taro cikin lumana ba tare da izinin gwamnati ba, kuma Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta yi ikrarin cewa ana kiyaye wadannan hakkoki gaba daya.

A watan Yulin 2020, Human Rights Watch ta yi Allah wadai da aiwatar da dokar da gwamnatin Maldibiya ta yi a baya-bayan nan da ke takaita zanga-zanga da sauran tarurruka, tana mai cewa matakin da gwamnati ta yi ya zama cin zarafi na hakki. Matakin da gwamnati ta dauka na aiwatar da dokokin ya biyo bayan zanga-zangar da aka yi a cikin watan Yuli.

### Tsarin doka
Yawancin alkalai ba su da horo na shari'a kuma ana ba su dama a cikin tafsirin shari'ar musulmi.

Rundunar Tsaro ta Maldives tana gudanar da kwasa-kwasan kare hakkin bil'adama. 

Flogging is a frequently imposed punishment, and carried out behind the court buildings. 96 people – over 80% of them women –  were sentenced to this mode of punishment in 2010.

Akalla an kama mambobi hudu na majalisa a watan Yulin 2010. Sun yi iƙirarin cewa an tsare su ne don tilasta musu bin bukatun siyasa. An sake su ba da daɗewa ba. A ranar 16 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2011 an ba daya daga cikin wadannan 'yan majalisa, Abdullah Yameen, diyya.

### Tsiraru da yancin mata
Majalisar ta kunshi mata biyar, kuma mata suna da kashi 98% na masu karatu.
A shekarar 2011 an sallami jami’an ‘yan sanda hudu daga aikin, amma ba a tuhume su a hukumance ba, saboda sun tuka wata mata a garin Malé, suka tilasta mata tube tufafi, da lalata da ita, da kuma jefa ta a kan titi. 
Kamar yadda wani bangare na jihar ke aiwatar da shari'ar Shari'a a wasu lamura, luwadi haramun ne . Hukuncin mazaje na zaman gidan yari na wata tara zuwa shekara daya, ko kuma bulala 10 zuwa 30. Hukuncin da ake yiwa mata wata tara ne zuwa shekara guda na zaman gidan yari.

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Rahoton Ƙasa game da Ayyukan Haƙƙin Dan Adam na 2011 na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka
* Rahoton Haƙƙin ɗan Adam Archived   ta Amnesty International (har ila yau akwai a Larabci Archived   , Archived Faransanci   , da Mutanen Espanya Archived   )
* 'Yanci A Duniya Rahoton 2011 Archived   , ta Freedom House

; Ƙungiyoyin duniya

* Maldives Archived   a Amnesty International (har ila yau akwai a Larabci Archived   , Archived Faransanci   , da Mutanen Espanya Archived   )
* Maldives a Human Rights Watch
* Maldives a FIDH
* Maldives a ofishin hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (OHCHR)
* Maldives  Archived   a UNICEF
* Maldives a Musanya 'Yancin Magana ta Duniya (IFEX)