Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen

Rarraba yanayin yanayi na Köppen ya raba yanayin duniya zuwa ƙungiyoyin sauyin yanayi guda biyar, tare da raba kowane rukuni bisa la'akari da yanayin hazo da yanayin yanayi. Manyan kungiyoyi biyar sune A (na wurare masu zafi), B (m), C (zazzabi), D (na nahiya), da E (yankin duniya). Kowane rukuni da rukuni na wakilta da wasiƙa. An sanya duk yanayin yanayi babban rukuni (harafin farko). Duk yanayin yanayi ban da waɗanda ke cikin rukunin E ana ba su rukunin hazo na yanayi (harafi na biyu). Misali, Af yana nuna yanayin dajin na wurare masu zafi. Tsarin yana ba da rukunin yanayin zafin jiki ga duk ƙungiyoyi banda waɗanda ke cikin rukunin A, wanda harafi na uku ya nuna don yanayin yanayi a B, C, D, da harafi na biyu don yanayin yanayi a cikin E. Sauran misalan sun haɗa da: Cfb yana nuna yanayin teku tare da lokacin zafi mai zafi kamar yadda aka nuna ta ƙarshen b., yayin da Dwb ke nuna yanayin yanayin zafi na nahiyar Semi-monsoonal, shima tare da yanayin zafi na nahiya. An rarraba yanayi bisa ƙayyadaddun sharuɗɗa na musamman ga kowane nau'in yanayi.

Tsarin yanayi na Köppen shine tsarin rarraba yanayi da aka fi amfani dashi. masanin yanayin yanayi na Jamus da Rasha Wladimir Köppen (1846-1940) ne ya fara buga shi a 1884,  tare da sauye-sauye da yawa daga baya da Köppen ya yi, musamman a 1918 da 1936.   Daga baya, masanin yanayin yanayi na Jamus Rudolf Geiger (1894-1981) ya gabatar da wasu canje-canje ga tsarin rarrabuwa a cikin 1954 da 1961, wanda saboda haka wani lokacin ake kira **Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen-Geiger**.

Kamar yadda Köppen ya tsara tsarin bisa ga kwarewarsa a matsayin masanin ilmin halitta, manyan kungiyoyin yanayinsa suna wakiltar rarrabuwa ta nau'in ciyayi. Baya ga gano yanayin yanayi, ana iya amfani da tsarin don nazarin yanayin halittu da gano manyan nau'ikan ciyayi a cikin yanayin. Saboda haɗin kai tare da rayuwar shuka na yankin da aka ba shi, tsarin yana da amfani wajen tsinkayar canje-canjen rayuwar shuka a cikin yankin nan gaba.

An inganta tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen a cikin tsarin rarraba yanayi na Trewartha a cikin 1966 (an sake dubawa a cikin 1980). Tsarin Trewartha ya nemi ƙirƙirar yankin yanayi mai tsabta na tsakiyar latitude, wanda shine ɗaya daga cikin sukar tsarin Köppen (kungiyar sauyin yanayi C ta kasance gabaɗaya)   

 

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya

Ts*D*="mw_A">A rarra*B* yanayi na Köpp*E* ya raba yanayi zuwa manyan kungiyoyi biyar na yanayi: A (na wurare masu zafi), B (mai bushewa), *C* (mai matsakaici), D (na nahiya), da E (na wurare).  Harafin na biyu yana nuna nau'in hazo na yanayi, yayin da harafin na uku ke nuna matakin zafi. Ana bayyana lokacin bazara a matsayin lokacin watanni shida wanda ya fi zafi ko dai daga Afrilu zuwa Satumba da / ko Oktoba zuwa Maris, yayin da hunturu shine lokacin watanni shida da ya fi sanyi.

### Rukunin A: Yanayin zafi
Yanayin wurare masu zafi suna da matsakaicin zafin jiki na 18 °C (64.4 °F) ko sama da haka kowane wata na shekara, tare da hazo mai girma.

* *Af* = Yanayin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi; matsakaicin ruwan sama na akalla   in) a kowane wata.
* *Am* = Yanayin zafi na wurare masu zafi; watan da ya fi bushewa (wanda kusan koyaushe ke faruwa a ko ba da daɗewa ba bayan "winter" solstice ga wannan gefen ma'auni) tare da hazo ƙasa da 
* *Aw* ko As = Yanayin zafi mai laushi da bushe ko Savanna; tare da watan da ya fi bushewa yana da hazo kasa da 

### Rukunin B: Yankin hamada da tsaka-tsaki

Ana ƙayyade iyakar hazo a cikin millimeters ta hanyar ninka matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara a Celsius da 20, sannan ƙara: Idan hazo na shekara-shekara ya kasance ƙasa da 50% na wannan kofa, rarrabuwa shine BW (m: yanayin hamada); idan yana cikin kewayon 50% -100% na kofa, rarrabuwa shine BS (Semi-arid: steppe weather).

Ana iya haɗa harafi na uku don nuna zafin jiki. Anan, h yana nufin yanayin ƙananan latitude (matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara sama da 18 °C (64.4 °F)) yayin da k ke nuna yanayin tsakiyar latitude (matsakaicin zafin shekara ƙasa da 18 °C). Bugu da ƙari, n ana amfani da shi don nuna yanayin yanayi mai yawan hazo da H don tsayin tsayi.  &nbsp;

* *BWh* = Yanayin hamada mai zafi
* *BWk* = Yanayin hamada mai sanyi
* *BSh* = Yanayin zafi mai zafiYanayi mai zafi mai zafi
* *BSk* = Yanayin sanyi mai tsaka-tsaki

### Rukunin C: Yanayin yanayi

Temperate climates have the coldest month averaging between  (or ) and  and at least one month averaging above . For the distribution of precipitation in locations that both satisfy a dry summer (Cs) and a dry winter (Cw), a location is considered to have a wet summer (Cw) when more precipitation falls within the summer months than the winter months while a location is considered to have a dry summer (Cs) when more precipitation falls within the winter months. This additional criterion applies to locations that satisfies both Ds and Dw as well.

* Cfa = Yanayin yanayi mai zafi; mafi sanyi matsakaicin sama da 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)), aƙalla matsakaicin zafin rana na wata ɗaya sama da 22 °C (71.6 °F), kuma aƙalla watanni huɗu mai matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Babu wani gagarumin bambance-bambancen hazo tsakanin yanayi (ba a cika ka'idojin da aka ambata a sama ba).
* Cfb = Matsakaicin yanayin teku ko yanayin tsaunuka masu zafi; mafi sanyi matsakaicin sama da 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)), duk watanni tare da matsakaitan yanayin zafi ƙasa da 22 °C (71.6 °F), kuma aƙalla watanni huɗu matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Babu wani gagarumin bambance-bambancen hazo tsakanin yanayi (ba a cika ka'idojin da aka ambata a sama ba).
* Cfc = Subpolar yanayin teku; mafi sanyi matsakaicin sama da 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)) da watanni 1-3 mai matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Babu wani gagarumin bambance-bambancen hazo tsakanin yanayi (ba a cika ka'idojin da aka ambata a sama ba).
* Cwa = yanayin damina mai tasiri na damina; mafi sanyi matsakaicin sama da 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)), aƙalla matsakaicin zafin rana na wata ɗaya sama da 22 °C (71.6 °F), kuma aƙalla watanni huɗu mai matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Akalla sau goma fiye da ruwan sama a cikin watan rani mafi sanyi kamar a cikin watan hunturu mafi bushewa.
* Cwb = Sauyin yanayi na wurare masu zafi na tuddai ko yanayin damina mai tasiri; mafi sanyi matsakaicin sama da 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)), duk watanni tare da matsakaitan yanayin zafi ƙasa da 22 °C (71.6 °F), kuma aƙalla watanni huɗu matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Akalla sau goma fiye da ruwan sama a cikin watan rani mafi sanyi kamar a cikin watan hunturu mafi bushewa.
* Cwc = Yanayin sanyi na tsaunin tsaunuka ko yanayin damina mai tasiri; mafi sanyi matsakaicin sama da 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)) da watanni 1-3 mai matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Akalla sau goma fiye da ruwan sama a cikin watan rani mafi sanyi kamar a cikin watan hunturu mafi bushewa.
* Csa = Yanayin Bahar Rum mai zafi-lokaci; mafi sanyi matsakaicin sama da 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)), aƙalla matsakaicin zafin rana na wata ɗaya sama da 22 °C (71.6 °F), kuma aƙalla watanni huɗu mai matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Akalla sau uku fiye da yawan hazo a cikin mafi sanyin watan hunturu kamar a watan rani mafi bushewa, kuma watan rani mafi bushewa yana samun ƙasa da 40 mm (1.6 in). 
* *Csb* = ; watan da ya fi sanyi sama da 0 ° C (32 ° F) (ko -3 ° C (26.6 ° F)), duk watanni tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi ƙasa da  ° C (71.6 ° F), kuma aƙalla watanni huɗu matsakaicin sama da  ° C (50 ° F). Akalla sau uku ruwan sama  watan da ya fi ruwan sama na hunturu kamar yadda yake a cikin watan rani mafi bushe, kuma watan da yafi bushe na rani yana karɓar ƙasa da   in). 
* *Csc* = ; watan da ya fi sanyi sama da 0 ° C (32 ° F) (ko -3 ° C (26.6 ° F)) da kuma watanni 1-3 matsakaicin sama da  ° C (50 ° F). Akalla sau uku ruwan sama  watan da ya fi ruwan sama na hunturu kamar yadda yake a cikin watan rani mafi bushe, kuma watan da yafi bushe na rani yana karɓar ƙasa da   in). 

Continental climates have at least one month averaging below  (or ) and at least one month averaging above .

* Dfa = Yanayin yanayi mai zafi na lokacin rani; mafi sanyi matsakaicin ƙasa 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)), aƙalla matsakaicin zafin rana na wata ɗaya sama da 22 °C (71.6 °F), kuma aƙalla watanni huɗu matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Babu wani gagarumin bambance-bambancen hazo tsakanin yanayi (ba a cika ka'idojin da aka ambata a sama ba).
* Dfb = Dumi-lokacin zafi yanayi na nahiyar; watan mafi sanyi matsakaicin ƙasa 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)), duk watanni tare da matsakaita yanayin zafi ƙasa da 22 °C (71.6 °F), kuma aƙalla watanni huɗu matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Babu wani gagarumin bambance-bambancen hazo tsakanin yanayi (ba a cika ka'idojin da aka ambata a sama ba).
* Dfc = Sauyin yanayi; watan mafi sanyi matsakaicin ƙasa 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)) da watanni 1-3 mai matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Babu wani gagarumin bambance-bambancen hazo tsakanin yanayi (ba a cika ka'idojin da aka ambata a sama ba).
* Dfd = Sauyin yanayi mai tsananin sanyi; watan mafi sanyi matsakaicin ƙasa -38 °C (-36.4 °F) da watanni 1-3 matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Babu wani gagarumin bambance-bambancen hazo tsakanin yanayi (ba a cika ka'idojin da aka ambata a sama ba).
* Dwa = Damina-tasirin yanayin zafi-zafi na nahiya; mafi sanyi matsakaicin ƙasa 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)), aƙalla matsakaicin zafin rana na wata ɗaya sama da 22 °C (71.6 °F), kuma aƙalla watanni huɗu matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Akalla sau goma fiye da ruwan sama a cikin watan rani mafi sanyi kamar a cikin watan hunturu mafi bushewa.
* Dwb = Yanayin damina mai tsananin zafi na lokacin rani yana tasiri; watan mafi sanyi matsakaicin ƙasa 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)), duk watanni tare da matsakaita yanayin zafi ƙasa da 22 °C (71.6 °F), kuma aƙalla watanni huɗu matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Akalla sau goma fiye da ruwan sama a cikin watan rani mafi sanyi kamar a cikin watan hunturu mafi bushewa.
* Dwc = yanayin damina mai tasiri; watan mafi sanyi matsakaicin ƙasa 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)) da watanni 1-3 mai matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Akalla sau goma fiye da ruwan sama a cikin watan rani mafi sanyi kamar a cikin watan hunturu mafi bushewa.
* Dwd = Damina-tasirin yanayin sanyi mai tsananin sanyi; watan mafi sanyi matsakaicin ƙasa -38 °C (-36.4 °F) da watanni 1-3 matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Aƙalla yawan ruwan sama sau goma a cikin watan rani mafi ƙanƙanta kamar na watan hunturu mafi bushewa
* Dsa = yanayin yanayi mai zafi na rani mai tasiri na Bahar Rum; mafi sanyi matsakaicin ƙasa 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)), matsakaicin zafin rana mafi zafi na watan sama da 22 °C (71.6 °F) kuma aƙalla watanni huɗu matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Akalla sau uku fiye da yawan hazo a cikin mafi sanyin watan hunturu kamar a cikin watan bazara, kuma watan rani mafi bushewa yana samun ƙasa da 30 mm (1.2 in).
* Dsb = yanayin yanayi mai zafi na lokacin rani mai tasiri na Bahar Rum; watan mafi sanyi matsakaicin ƙasa 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)), matsakaita zafin watan mafi zafi ƙasa da 22 °C (71.6 °F) kuma aƙalla watanni huɗu matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Akalla sau uku fiye da yawan hazo a cikin mafi sanyin watan hunturu kamar a cikin watan bazara, kuma watan rani mafi bushewa yana samun ƙasa da 30 mm (1.2 in).
* Dsc = yanayi na subarctic mai tasiri na Rum; watan mafi sanyi matsakaicin ƙasa 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F)) da watanni 1-3 mai matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Akalla sau uku fiye da yawan hazo a cikin mafi sanyin watan hunturu kamar a cikin watan bazara, kuma watan rani mafi bushewa yana samun ƙasa da 30 mm (1.2 in).
* Dsd = Yanayin yanayin sanyi mai tsananin sanyi ya rinjayi Rum; watan mafi sanyi matsakaicin ƙasa -38 °C (-36.4 °F) da watanni 1-3 matsakaicin sama da 10 °C (50 °F). Akalla sau uku fiye da yawan hazo a cikin mafi sanyin watan hunturu kamar a cikin watan bazara, kuma watan rani mafi bushewa yana samun ƙasa da 30 mm (1.2 in).

### Rukunin E: Yanayin yanayi na Polar da Alpine
Yanayin yanayi na Polar da alpine yana da kowane wata na shekara tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki a ƙasa da  ° C (50 ° F).

## Rukunin A: Yanayin zafi / megathermal

Sauyin yanayi na wurare masu zafi suna da yanayin zafi akai-akai (a matakin teku da ƙananan tuddai); duk watanni 12 na shekara suna da matsakaicin zafin jiki na 18 °C (64.4 °F) ko sama; kuma gabaɗaya babban hazo na shekara-shekara. An raba su kamar haka:

### ''Af'': Yanayin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi
Dukkanin watanni 12 suna da matsakaicin ruwan sama na akalla   in). Wadannan yanayi yawanci suna faruwa  10 ° latitude na ma'auni. Wannan yanayi ba shi da yanayi na halitta dangane da sauye-sauyen zafi da danshi. Lokacin da aka mamaye mafi yawan shekara ta hanyar tsarin matsin lamba na Doldrums saboda kasancewar Yankin Haɗuwa na Intertropical (ITCZ) kuma lokacin da babu guguwa to yanayin ya cancanci zama na equatorial. Lokacin da iskar kasuwanci ta mamaye mafi yawan shekara, yanayin yanayi ne na gandun daji na kasuwanci.

Wasu daga cikin wuraren da wannan yanayin hakika sun kasance iri ɗaya kuma suna da ruwa a ko'ina cikin shekara (misali, arewa maso yammacin Pacific Coast na Kudu da Amurka ta tsakiya, daga Ecuador zuwa Costa Rica; duba, alal misali, Andagoya, Colombia), amma a yawancin lokuta, lokacin mafi girma da rana da tsawon kwanaki yana da kyau sosai (kamar a Palembang, Indonesia) ko lokacin ƙananan rana da kuma gajeren rana (kamar yadda Malaysia ta iya samun karin ruwa). Daga cikin waɗannan wurare, wasu suna da tsaftataccen yanayi na equatorial (Balikpapan, Kuala Lumpur, Kuching, Lae, Medan, Paramaribo, Pontianak, da Singapore) tare da tsarin sarrafa sararin samaniya na ITCZ kuma babu guguwa ko yanayin ƙasa tare da guguwa lokaci-lokaci (Davao, Ratnapura, Victoria). [abubuwan da ake bukata]

(Kalmar aseasonal tana nufin rashin a cikin yankuna masu zafi na manyan bambance-bambance a cikin sa'o'i na hasken rana kuma yana nufin kowane wata (ko yau da kullum) zafin jiki a ko'ina cikin shekara. Canje-canje na cyclic na shekara-shekara yana faruwa a cikin wurare masu zafi, amma ba kamar yadda ake iya gani ba kamar yadda suke a cikin yanki mai zafi, ko da yake ba shi da alaka da zafin jiki, amma ga samun ruwa ko a matsayin ruwan sama, hazo, ƙasa, ko ruwa na ƙasa, amsawar dabba, pheeology. haifuwa, da sauransu), da kuma ayyukan ɗan adam (shuka shuka, girbi, farauta, kamun kifi, da dai sauransu) suna saurare zuwa wannan 'lokacin yanayi' , hakika, a cikin wurare masu zafi na Kudancin Amirka da Amurka ta tsakiya, 'lokacin damina' (da 'lokacin ruwa mai girma') ana kiransa invierno (Spanish) ko inverno (Portuguese), ko da yake yana iya faruwa a lokacin rani season') ana kiransa verano ko verão, kuma yana iya faruwa a cikin hunturu ta Arewacin Hemisphere). [abubuwan da ake bukata]

### ''Am'': Yanayin zafi na wurare masu zafi
Irin wannan yanayi yana haifar da iskar monsoon wanda ke canzawa bisa ga yanayi. Wannan yanayin yana da wata mafi bushewa (wanda kusan koyaushe ke faruwa a ko ba da daɗewa ba bayan "winter" solstice ga wannan gefen ma'auni) tare da ruwan sama ƙasa da   in), amma aƙalla 

100
− 

(Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi)  

t o t a l n u a l p r e c i p i t a t i o n (m m)  

25 

)  

{\textstyle 100-\left ({\frac {\mathrm {total\,annual\,ruwa\, (mm) }{25}}\right) } 

na matsakaicin ruwan sama na kowane wata. 

### ''Aw/As'': Yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi

#### ''Aw'': Yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi tare da hunturu mai bushe
Yanayin *Aw* yana da lokacin fari, tare da watan da ya fi bushewa yana da hazo kasa da   in) kuma ƙasa da 

100
− 

(Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi)  

t o t a l n u a l p r e c i p i t a t i o n (m m)  

25 

)  

{\textstyle 100-\left ({\frac {\mathrm {total\,annual\, precipitation\, (mm) }{25}}\right) } 

na matsakaicin ruwan sama na kowane wata. 

Yawancin wuraren da ke da wannan yanayin ana samun su a gefen waje na wurare masu zafi daga ƙananan matasa zuwa tsakiyar 20s latitudes, amma lokaci-lokaci wuri na ciki-na zafi (misali, San Marcos, Antioquia, Colombia) kuma ya cancanci. Tekun Caribbean, gabas daga Gulf of Urabá a kan iyakar Colombia-Panama zuwa Kogin Orinoco, a kan Tekun Atlantika (kimanin 4,000 km (2,500 mi)), suna da lokacin bushewa mai tsayi (mafi girman yanayin yanayi na BWh (duba ƙasa), wanda ke da ƙarancin hazo mai ƙarancin aminci, yanzu, alal misali, a cikin yankuna masu nisa, Corajirani, da arewacin Venezuela, a cikin mafi yawan yankunan da ke cikin yankin Corajirani, a cikin mafi yawan yankunan da ke cikin yankin Corajirani da Venezuela. a Kudancin Amirka, waɗanda ke samun Yanayin hamada mai zafi (BWh) yawanci ana samun su a ƙarƙashin tudu masu zafi a cikin ƙananan latitudes na tsakiya ko ƙananan wurare, sau da yawa tsakanin 20 ° da 33 ° arewa da kudu. A cikin waɗannan wurare, kwanciyar hankali mai saukowa da babban matsi yana ɗaga sama da gizagizai da haifar da zafi, bushewar yanayi tare da tsananin hasken rana. Ana samun yanayi mai zafi a hamada a fadin manyan yankuna na Arewacin Afirka, Yammacin Asiya, arewa maso yammacin yankin Indiya, kudu maso yammacin Afirka, ciki Australia, kudu maso yammacin Amurka, arewacin Mexico, sassan kudu maso gabashin Spain, bakin tekun Peru da Chile da kuma sassan sertão na Brazil. Wannan ya sa hamadar zafi ta kasance a kowace nahiya banda Antarctica. A lokacin babban rana (lokacin rani), zafi mai zafi yana mamayewa. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi na wata-wata yawanci tsakanin 29 da 35 °C (84 da 95 °F), kuma karatun tsakar rana na 43–46 °C (109–115 °F) na gama gari. [abubuwan da ake bukata]

#### ''BWk'': Hamada mai sanyi

Yanayin sanyi na hamada (BWk) yawanci yana nuna zafi (ko dumi a wasu lokuta), bushewar lokacin rani, kodayake lokacin rani ba yawanci zafi bane kamar yanayin hamada mai zafi. Ba kamar yanayin hamada mai zafi ba, yanayin sanyin hamada yana nuna sanyi, bushewar damuna. Dusar ƙanƙara tana da wuya a yankuna masu wannan yanayin. Hamadar Gobi dake arewacin China da Mongoliya misali daya ne na hamada mai sanyi. Ko da yake yana zafi a lokacin rani, yana raba lokacin sanyi na sauran Asiya ta ciki. Lokacin bazara a cikin hamadar Atacama ta Kudancin Amurka yana da laushi, tare da ɗan bambancin zafin jiki tsakanin yanayi. Yanayin sanyin hamada ana samun su a mafi tsayi fiye da yanayin hamada mai zafi kuma yawanci ya fi bushewa fiye da yanayin hamada mai zafi. Yanayin sanyin hamada yawanci yana cikin yankuna masu zafi a cikin 30s da 40s latitudes, yawanci a cikin inuwar ruwan sama na manyan tsaunuka, yana hana hazo daga iskar yamma.

### ''BS'': Yanayin yanayi na tsaka-tsaki

Sauyin yanayi mai ƙazamin bushewa ko ƙwanƙwasa busasshen yanayi ne. Tana kan yankunan da ke samun hazo ƙasa da yuwuwar ƙawance, amma ba ƙasa da yanayin hamada ba. Akwai nau'o'in yanayi daban-daban na tsaka-tsakin yanayi, dangane da masu canji kamar yanayin zafi, kuma suna haifar da nau'o'in halittu daban-daban.

#### ''BSh'': Rashin zafi mai zafi
Yanayin zafi mai zafi (nau'in "BSh") yana kasancewa daga manyan matasa zuwa tsakiyar 30s latitudes na wurare masu zafi da ƙananan wurare, yawanci a kusa da yankunan da ke da yanayi na wurare masu zafi na savanna ko yanayin yanayi mai zafi. Wadannan yanayi suna da zafi, ko kuma wani lokacin zafi sosai, lokacin rani da dumi zuwa lokacin sanyi, tare da wasu zuwa karancin hazo. An fi samun yanayi mai zafi a kusa da gefuna na hamadar wurare masu zafi.

#### ''BSk'': Rashin sanyi mai tsaka-tsaki
Yanayin sanyi mai sanyi (nau'in "BSk") yana kasancewa a cikin wurare masu tsayi na yankuna masu zafi gaba ɗaya daga tsakiyar 30s zuwa ƙananan latitudes 50s, yawanci suna iyaka da yanayin yanayi mai laushi ko yanayin Rum. Ana kuma samun su galibi a cikin nahiyoyin duniya tazara daga manyan jikunan ruwa. Yanayin sanyi mai sanyi yakan kasance yana da zafi zuwa busasshen lokacin rani, kodayake lokacin bazara yawanci ba ya da zafi kamar na yanayi mai zafi. Ba kamar yanayin yanayi mai zafi ba, wuraren da ke da yanayin sanyi mai ratsa jiki suna da sanyi da yuwuwar daskarewa. Waɗannan yankuna yawanci suna ganin dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin hunturu, kodayake dusar ƙanƙara ta yi ƙasa da ta wurare a wurare masu kama da yanayi mai ɗanɗano.

## Rukunin C: Yanayin zafi / yanayin zafi

A cikin tsarin yanayin Köppen, yanayin yanayin zafi ana bayyana shi azaman yana da matsakaicin zafin jiki sama da 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F), kamar yadda aka ambata a baya) a cikin watansu mafi sanyi amma ƙasa da 18 °C (64.4 °F). Matsakaicin zafin jiki na -3 °C (26.6 °F) yayi kusan daidai da iyakar daskararrun ƙasa mai daskarewa da murfin dusar ƙanƙara na tsawon wata ɗaya ko fiye.

Harafi na biyu yana nuna yanayin hazo-w yana nuna busasshen hunturu (matsakaicin hazo mafi ƙarancin watan hunturu ƙasa da ɗaya cikin goma mafi ƙarancin lokacin rani matsakaicin hazo). s yana nuna aƙalla yawan ruwan sama har sau uku a cikin watanni mafi sanyi na hunturu kamar a cikin watan rani mafi bushewa. f yana nufin hazo mai girma a duk yanayi (ba a cika sharuddan da aka ambata a sama ba).

Harafi na uku yana nuna matsakaicin zafin lokacin rani—wani yana nuna matsakaicin zafin wata mafi zafi sama da 22 °C (71.6 °F) yayin da b yana nuna matsakaicin watanni mafi zafi ƙasa da 22 °C amma tare da aƙalla watanni huɗu sama da 10 °C (50.0 °F), kuma c yana nuna matsakaicin watanni ɗaya zuwa uku sama da 5 °C.&nbsp;

### ''Cs'': Yanayin yanayi na Bahar Rum

#### ''Csa'': Yanayin zafi na lokacin rani na Bahar Rum
Wadannan yanayi yawanci suna faruwa a gefen yammacin nahiyoyi tsakanin latitudes na 30 ° da 45 °. Wadannan yanayi suna cikin yankin gaba a cikin hunturu, don haka suna da matsakaiciyar yanayin zafi da canji, yanayin ruwan sama. Lokacin bazara yana da zafi kuma ya bushe, saboda mamayewar tsarin matsin lamba na subtropical, sai dai a yankunan bakin teku, inda lokacin rani ya fi sauƙi saboda kasancewar ruwan sanyi na teku wanda zai iya kawo hazo amma ya hana ruwan sama. : 221–223 

#### ''Csb'': Yanayin zafi na lokacin rani na Bahar Rum
Yanayin busasshen lokacin rani wani lokaci yana ƙara zuwa ƙarin wuraren da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na wata bai kai 22°C (71.6°F), galibi a cikin latitudes na 40s. An rarraba waɗannan yanayi a matsayin Csb.

#### ''Csc'': Yanayin sanyi na lokacin rani na Bahar Rum
Yanayin sanyin rani na Bahar Rum (Csc) yana wanzuwa a wurare masu tsayi da ke kusa da yankunan yanayi na Csb na bakin teku, inda tasirin ruwa mai ƙarfi ya hana matsakaicin zafin hunturu na wata-wata daga faɗuwa ƙasa da 0 °C (32 °F). Wannan yanayin ba kasafai ake samunsa ba kuma galibi ana samunsa a lungu da sako na tsaunin Cascades da Andes, yayin da yanayin bushe-bushen lokacin rani ya kara kaimi a cikin Amurka fiye da sauran wurare. Ana iya samun lokuta masu ban sha'awa na wannan yanayi a wasu wuraren bakin teku a Arewacin Atlantic da kuma tsaunuka masu tsawo a Hawaii.

### ''Cfa'': Yanayin zafi mai zafi

Wadannan yanayi yawanci suna faruwa ne a gabar tekun gabas da gefen gabas na nahiyoyi, yawanci a cikin manyan latitudes na 20s da 30s. Ba kamar busasshiyar yanayin rani na Bahar Rum ba, yanayin yanayin zafi mai zafi yana da dumi da rigar kwarara daga wurare masu zafi waɗanda ke haifar da yanayi mai dumi da ɗanɗano a cikin watanni na rani. Don haka, lokacin rani (ba hunturu ba kamar yadda yake a cikin yanayin Rum) galibi shine lokacin mafi sanyi.

Magudanar ruwa daga manyan wurare masu zafi da damina na haifar da kwararowar kudu daga wurare masu zafi wanda ke kawo iska mai dumi da danshi zuwa ƙananan sassan gabas na nahiyoyi. Wannan kwararar sau da yawa shine abin da ke kawo tsawa mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi amma ɗan gajeren lokacin rani don haka yanayin yanayi mafi kusa da kudanci kamar kudu maso gabashin Amurka, Kudancin China, da Japan. : 223–226 

### ''Cfb'': Yanayin yanayi na teku

#### Yanayin bakin teku na yamma
Sauyin yanayi na Cfb yakan faru ne a cikin manyan latitudes na tsakiya a gefen yammacin nahiyoyi; Suna yawanci suna nan da nan kusa da yanayin yanayin Bahar Rum a cikin 40s da 50s latitudes. Koyaya, a kudu maso gabashin Ostiraliya, kudu maso gabashin Amurka ta Kudu, da matsanancin kudancin Afirka ana samun wannan yanayin nan da nan zuwa yanayin yanayin zafi, a wuraren da ke kusa da bakin teku da kuma a ɗan ƙasa kaɗan. A yammacin Turai, wannan yanayin yana faruwa a yankunan bakin teku har zuwa 68 ° N a Norway.

Wadannan yanayi suna mamaye duk shekara ta gaban polar, wanda ke haifar da canji, sau da yawa matsi. Lokacin zafi yana da laushi saboda sanyin igiyoyin teku. Lokacin hunturu ya fi sauran yanayin zafi a cikin latitudes iri ɗaya, amma yawanci gajimare, kuma akai-akai jike. Hakanan ana fuskantar yanayin yanayi na Cfb a wurare masu tsayi a wasu wurare masu zafi da na wurare masu zafi, inda yanayin zai kasance na dazuzzukan dajin na wurare masu zafi idan ba don tsayin daka ba. Ana kiran waɗannan yanayi "highlands". : 226–229 

#### Yanayin subtropical highland tare da ruwan sama iri ɗaya
 
Sauyin yanayi na ƙasa da ƙasa tare da ruwan sama iri ɗaya (Cfb) wani nau'in yanayi ne na teku wanda aka fi samunsa a tsaunukan Ostiraliya, kamar a ciki ko kusa da Babban Rarraba Range a arewacin jihar New South Wales, haka nan kuma ba safai a wasu nahiyoyi, kamar Kudancin Amurka, da sauransu. Ba kamar yanayin Cwb na yau da kullun ba, suna yawan samun ruwan sama ya bazu ko'ina cikin shekara. Suna da halaye na yanayin yanayin Cfb da Cfa, amma ba kamar waɗannan yanayin ba, suna da bambancin zafin rana da ƙarancin zafi, saboda wurin da suke cikin ƙasa da kuma tsayin daka.

### ''Cfc'': Yanayin yanayi na Subpolar
Sauyin yanayi na tekun subpolar (Cfc) yana faruwa ne ko sama da tsayi fiye da yanayin yanayin ruwan teku kuma galibi ana tsare su ko dai don ƙunsar ɓangarorin bakin teku a gefen iyakar yamma na nahiyoyi, ko kuma, musamman a Arewacin Hemisphere, zuwa tsibiran da ke kan irin wannan gabar teku. Suna faruwa a cikin sassan biyu, gabaɗaya a cikin manyan latitudes na 50s da 60s a Arewacin Hemisphere da latitudes na 50s a Kudancin Hemisphere.

### ''Cw'': Yanayin zafi mai zafi

#### ''Cwa'': Yanayin zafi mai zafi na hunturu
Cwa sigar damina ce ta tasirin damina ta yanayin yanayi mai ɗanɗano, yana da yanayin busasshen lokacin sanyi-rigar rani na gargajiya mai alaƙa da yanayin damina. Ana samun su a wurare masu kama da yanayin Cfa, sai dai a yankunan da damina ta fi yawa. Waɗannan yankuna suna cikin Kudancin Mazugi na Kudancin Amurka, Filin Gangetic na Kudancin Asiya, kudu maso gabashin Afirka, sassan Gabashin Asiya da Mexico, da Arewacin Vietnam na kudu maso gabashin Asiya.

#### ''Cwb'': Yanayin zafi mai zafi
Dry-winter subtropical highland weather (Cwb) wani nau'in yanayi ne wanda aka fi samunsa a cikin tsaunuka masu zafi a cikin wurare masu zafi na Amurka ta tsakiya, Kudancin Amirka, Afirka, da Kudu da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya ko yankunan da ke cikin ƙananan wurare. Ana lura da lokacin sanyi kuma bushewa, kuma lokacin rani na iya yin ruwa sosai. A cikin wurare masu zafi, damina tana tsokanar damina saboda yawan iska na wurare masu zafi da kuma bushewar damuna ta hanyar matsanancin matsin lamba.

#### ''Cwc'': Yanayin sanyi mai sanyi na subtropical
Busashen sanyi-hunturu sanyin yanayin tsaunuka (Cwc) yana wanzuwa a wurare masu tsayi masu tsayi kusa da yanayin Cwb. Wannan yanayin ba kasafai ake samunsa ba kuma ana samunsa musamman a keɓance wurare mafi yawa a cikin Andes na Bolivia da Peru, da kuma a cikin ƙananan tsaunin kudu maso gabashin Asiya.

## Rukunin D: Yanayin yanayi na nahiyar / micro-othermal

Waɗannan yanayin suna da matsakaicin zafin jiki sama da 10 °C (50 °F) a cikin mafi kyawun watanninsu, kuma matsakaicin watan mafi sanyi ƙasa da 0 °C (32 °F) (ko -3 °C (26.6 °F), kamar yadda aka ambata a baya). Wadannan yawanci suna faruwa ne a cikin nahiyoyi da kuma kan iyakar gabas ta sama, yawanci arewacin 40°N. A cikin Kudancin Ƙasar, yanayin rukunin D yana da wuyar gaske saboda ƙarancin ƙasa a tsakiyar latitudes da kusan cikakkiyar rashin ƙasa a 40-60 ° S, akwai kawai a wasu wurare masu tsaunuka.

### ''Dfa/Dwa/Dsa'': Yanayin zafi na rani mai zafi

Yanayin yanayi na *Dfa* yawanci yana faruwa a cikin manyan 30s da ƙananan 40s latitudes, tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki a cikin watan da ya fi zafi fiye da  ° C (72 ° F). A Turai, waɗannan yanayin suna da bushewa sosai fiye da Arewacin Amurka. *Dsa* ya wanzu a tsaunuka masu tsawo kusa da yankunan da ke da yanayin zafi na lokacin rani na Bahar Rum (*Csa*).  

Wadannan yanayi suna wanzuwa ne kawai a Arewacin Hemisphere saboda Kudancin Kudancin ba shi da wani babban yanki da ke ware daga yanayin daidaitawar teku a cikin tsakiyar latitudes.

A gabashin Asiya, yanayin Dwa ya kara gaba zuwa kudu zuwa tsakiyar tsakiyar 30s saboda tasirin tsarin matsa lamba na Siberiya, wanda kuma ke sa lokacin sanyi a wurin ya bushe, kuma lokacin rani na iya zama jika sosai saboda yanayin damina.

*Dsa* ya wanzu ne kawai a tsaunuka masu tsawo kusa da yankunan da ke da yanayin zafi na lokacin rani na Bahar Rum (*Csa*).

### ''Dfb/Dwb/Dsb'': Yanayin zafi na rani mai zafi / yanayin zafi
Sauyin yanayi na Dfb nan da nan ya yi daidai da yanayin zafi na nahiya, gabaɗaya a cikin manyan 40s da ƙananan latitudes na 50s a Arewacin Amurka da Asiya, sannan kuma yana haɓaka zuwa manyan latitudes zuwa manyan 50s da ƙananan latitudes na 60s a tsakiyar da gabashin Turai, tsakanin yanayin yanayin teku da nahiyoyi.

Kamar yadda yake tare da duk yanayin yanayi na rukuni na D, yanayin *Dwb* galibi yana faruwa ne kawai a arewacin arewa.

Dsb ya taso ne daga yanayin yanayin Dsa, amma a ko da ma mafi tsayi ko latitudes, kuma musamman a Arewacin Amirka, tun da yanayin tekun Bahar Rum ya kara girma fiye da na Eurasia.

### ''Dfc/Dwc/Dsc'': Yanayin Subarctic/boreal
Yanayin yanayi na *Dfc*, *Dsc* da *Dwc* suna faruwa a gefen sauran yanayin yanayi na rukuni na D, ko a tsawo mafi girma, gabaɗaya a cikin latitudes na 50s da 60s. : 232–235 

### Dfd / Dwd / Dsd: Yanayin Subarctic / boreal tare da hunturu mai tsanani
Wuraren da ke da wannan yanayin suna da sanyi mai tsanani, tare da zafin jiki a cikin watansu mafi sanyi ƙasa da -38 °C (-36 °F). Wadannan yanayi suna faruwa ne kawai a gabashin Siberiya, kuma sune na biyu mafi sanyi, kafin EF. Mafi yawan yanayin sanyi da aka yi rikodin a Arewacin Hemisphere na wannan yanayin ne. Sunayen wasu wuraren da ke da wannan yanayi sun zama ma'anar gaske ga matsananci, tsananin sanyin hunturu.

## Rukunin E: Yanayin yanayi na Polar

A cikin tsarin yanayi na Köppen, ana bayyana yanayin zafi a matsayin mafi zafi na kowane wata yana ƙasa da  ° C (50 ° F). Yanayin yanayi na polar an kara raba shi zuwa nau'o'i biyu, yanayin tundra da yanayin kankara:

### ET: Yanayin Tundra
Sauyin yanayi na Tundra (ET): watan mafi zafi yana da matsakaicin zafin jiki tsakanin 0 °C (32 °F) da 10 °C (50 °F). Wadannan yanayi suna faruwa ne a gefuna na arewa na Arewacin Amurka da talakawan ƙasar Eurasian (mafi yawan arewacin 70 °N ko da yake ana iya samun su a kudu da nisa dangane da yanayin gida), da kuma tsibirin da ke kusa. Hakanan ana samun yanayin ET akan wasu tsibiran kusa da Haɗin Antarctic, da kuma a tuddai masu tsayi a wajen yankunan polar, sama da layin bishiyar.

### ''EF'': Yanayin kankara

Ice cap weather (EF): wannan yanayin ya mamaye Antarctica, Greenland na ciki, da koli na manyan tsaunuka masu yawa, har ma da ƙananan latitudes. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi na wata-wata baya wuce 0 °C (32 °F).

## Muhimmancin muhalli

### Biomass
Rarraba yanayi na Köppen ya dogara ne akan alakar da ke tsakanin yanayi da ciyayi. Wannan rarrabuwa yana ba da ingantacciyar hanya don kwatanta yanayin yanayin da aka ayyana ta yanayin zafi da hazo da yanayin yanayinsu tare da awo guda ɗaya. Saboda yanayin yanayin da rarrabuwar Köppen ya gano yana da dacewa da muhalli, an yi amfani da shi sosai don taswirar rarraba yanayin yanayi na dogon lokaci da yanayin yanayin halittu masu alaƙa.

### Canjin yanayi
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an sami karuwar sha'awar amfani da rarrabuwa don gano canje-canje a cikin yanayi da yiwuwar canje-canje cikin ciyayi a tsawon lokaci. Muhimmancin muhalli na rarraba yanayin yanayi na Köppen shine cewa yana taimakawa wajen hango tsire-tsire masu rinjaye bisa ga bayanan yanayi da kuma akasin haka.

A cikin 2015, wata takarda ta Jami'ar Nanjing da aka buga a cikin Rahoton Kimiyya da ke nazarin rarrabuwar yanayi ta gano cewa tsakanin 1950 zuwa 2010, kusan kashi 5.7% na duk fadin duniya sun ƙaura daga rarrabuwar ruwa da sanyi zuwa rarrabuwa da bushewa. Har ila yau, marubutan sun gano cewa canjin "ba za a iya bayyana shi azaman bambance-bambancen dabi'a ba amma abubuwan da ke motsa jikin mutum".

Nazarin 2018 yana ba da cikakkun taswira don taswirar rarraba yanayi na yanzu da na gaba na Köppen-Geiger a ƙudurin 1-km.

## Sauran taswirar yanayi na Köppen
Duk taswirar suna amfani da ma'anar ≥ ° C (32 ° F) don iyakar matsakaici.
Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_North_America_1991–2020.svg|North America
Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Europe_1991–2020.svg|Europe
Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_RUS_1991–2020.svg|Russia
Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Central_Asia_1991–2020.svg|Central Asia
Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Eastern_Asia_1991–2020.svg|East Asia
Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_South_America_1991–2020.svg|South America
Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Africa_1991–2020.svg|Africa
Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Western_Asia_1991–2020.svg|Western Asia
Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Southern_Asia_1991–2020.svg|South Asia
Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Southeastern_Asia_1991–2020.svg|Southeast Asia
Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Melanesia_1991–2020.svg|Melanesia/Oceania
Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_AUS_1991–2020.svg|Australia
Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_NZL_1991–2020.svg|New Zealand
Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_World_1991–2020.svg|World (1991–2020)
Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_World_2071–2099_SSP245.svg|World (2071–2099, SSP245)


## Dubi kuma

* Rarrabawar yanayi na Trewartha
* Yankin da ya fi wuya
* Yankunan rayuwa na Holdridge
* Jerin birane ta hanyar rarraba yanayi na Köppen

## Bayanan da aka ambata