Rashin guba na dalibai na Kosovo

**Gubar da ɗaliban Kosovo** suka sha a lokacin da aka yi amfani da iskar gas mai guba ta yi wa ɗaliban makarantar Kosovar kusan 8,000.   Sakamakon rashin bayanai, an sanya wa wannan lamari suna "cutar da ba a san ta ba" da farko. Da yawa sun suma, sun yi amai ko kuma sun yi rawar jiki mai ƙarfi. Kusan dukkansu suna da kumburin idanu da kuma wani irin kumbura a fuska.  Cutar ta ci gaba da shafar jama'a har tsawon sauran shekarar kuma mutane 7,421 'yan Albaniya sun kamu da rashin lafiya.

Tun daga lokacin, kwararrun masana nukiliya na Albaniya da na ƙasashen waje sun gudanar da bincike, kuma suna ci gaba da fuskantar rashin bayyana wani sakamako na gama gari. [1] Dr. Bernard Benedetti, likita a Médecins du Monde wanda ya kasance a lardin a lokacin da matsalolin suka yi kamari a farkon shekarar, ya ce samfuran da ya ɗauka kuma ya yi nazari a kansu a dakunan gwaje-gwaje guda biyu a Faransa sun nuna cewa akwai guba mai kama da ta Lindane mai maganin kwari . [2] A wancan lokacin, likitocin Albaniya sun yi kira ga hukumomin Serbia da su kafa wani bincike na ƙasa da ƙasa mai zaman kansa kuma mara son kai game da waɗannan abubuwan. Bangaren Serbia ya ƙi wannan buƙatar. [3] An hana ɗaliban Albaniya kulawar lafiya saboda an zarge su da "ƙarya". [1]

## Makarantu da waɗanda abin ya shafa
A watan Maris na shekarar 1990, watanni da dama bayan matakin da gwamnatin Serbia ta dauka na raba makarantu a duk fadin Kosovo, wata cuta mai ban mamaki ta bayyana - guba mai yawa ga yawancin yaran makaranta.  Wadanda suka fara kamuwa da wannan cuta su ne dalibai, wadanda suka fuskanci mummunan mafarkin rayuwarsu.  Yaran makaranta za su iya gano "farin foda" a kan teburinsu. Idan suka toka shi, nan da nan sai su fara nuna alamun: Da farko kumfa ya bayyana a bakinsu sannan kuma ya fara suma.  Makarantu da yawa daga kowace kusurwa ta Kosovo sun fara bayar da rahoton irin wadannan abubuwan da suka faru kuma tun daga ranar farko da rashin dalibai a makarantu ya fara karuwa.   

Makarantar Sakandare ta farko da abin ya shafa, "Đuro Đaković" da ke Podujevë, ta kamu a ranar 20 ga Maris 1990. Ɗalibai kaɗan ne kawai abin ya shafa da farko amma da kwanaki suka shude adadin ya ƙaru kuma yankin makarantun da abin ya shafa ya faɗaɗa.  Tsoro ya fara ƙaruwa a ranar 22 ga Maris  lokacin da kimanin ɗalibai 200 na makarantun yankin Podujevo da mazauna yankin suka nuna alamun cutar. Yawancinsu an kai su Pristina don samun taimakon gaggawa. 

### Faɗaɗa

* " Moša Pijade " (Makarantar Sakandare) tana cikin Ferizaj . An fara samun bullar cutar a ranar 22 ga Maris 
* "Muharem Bekteši" (Makarantar Sakandare) da ke Vushtrri . An fara samun bullar cutar a ranar 22 ga Maris. An yi ikirarin cewa adadin daliban da abin ya shafa da kuma 'yan asalin yankin a wannan ranar ya kai 200. 
* "Boro e Ramizi" (Makarantar Firamare) da ke Prizren . An fara samun bullar cutar a ranar 22 ga Maris. An yi ikirarin cewa adadin daliban da abin ya shafa a wannan ranar ya kai 33. 
* "Vellezerit Aksiq" (Makarantar Firamare) da ke Lipjan . An fara samun bullar cutar a ranar 22 ga Maris. An yi ikirarin cewa adadin daliban da abin ya shafa da kuma 'yan asalin yankin a wannan ranar ya kai 35; 
* "Vellazerimi" (Makarantar Firamare) da ke Obiliq . An fara samun bullar cutar a ranar 23 ga Maris. An yi ikirarin cewa adadin daliban da abin ya shafa a wannan ranar ya kai 6. 
* a) "16 Nentori" (Makarantar Firamare), 

b) "9 Maji" (Makarantar Sakandare) da ke Kamenica . An fara samun bullar cutar a ranar 23 ga Maris. An yi ikirarin cewa adadin daliban da abin ya shafa a wannan ranar ya kai 51. 

* "Makarantar Sakandare 17" (17 nentori) tana Mališevo. An fara samun bullar cutar a ranar 23 ga Maris. An yi iƙirarin kamuwa da cutar kaɗan. 
* a) "Moša Pijade" (Makarantar Sakandare), b) "Peko Tećavćević" (Makarantar Sakandare), c) "Josip Broz Tito" (Makarantar Sakandare), d) "25 Maji" (Makarantar Firamare), e) "Ganimete Terbeshi" (Makarantar Firamare) da ke Ferizaj. An sake samun bullar cutar a ranar 23 ga Maris. An yi ikirarin cewa adadin daliban da abin ya shafa a wannan ranar ya kai 300. 
* a) "Emin Duraku" (Kindergarten), b) "Hajdar Duši" (Makarantar Sakandare), c) "Boro Vukmirović" (Makarantar Sakandare), d) Erenik (Masana'antar Ruwa) da ke Gjakova . An fara samun bullar cutar a ranar 23 ga Maris. An yi ikirarin cewa adadin daliban da abin ya shafa da kuma 'yan asalin yankin a wannan ranar ya kai 200. 
* "Muharem Bekteši" (Makarantar Sakandare) da ke Vushtrri a ranar 23 ga Maris. An sake samun bullar cutar a tsakanin ɗalibai da kuma 'yan ƙasar. An yi iƙirarin cewa adadin ɗaliban da abin ya shafa da kuma 'yan ƙasar a wannan ranar ya kai 165. 
* "Jeta e Re" (Makarantar Sakandare) da ke Suva Reka . An fara samun bullar cutar a ranar 23 ga Maris. An yi ikirarin cewa adadin daliban da abin ya shafa da kuma 'yan asalin yankin a wannan ranar ya kai 300. 
* "Drita" (Makarantar Firamare) tana Deçan . An fara samun bullar cutar a ranar 1 ga Yuni. Adadin ɗaliban da suka nemi taimako a wannan ranar ya kai kusan 10. 
* "25 Maji" (Makarantar Firamare) da ke Ferizaj a ranar 1 ga Yuni ta sake bayyana a shari'ar "cuta mai ban mamaki". Adadin ɗaliban da ke neman taimako a wannan ranar shine 5. 
* "17 Nentori" (Makarantar Firamare) da ke Malisheva a ranar 1 ga Yuni ta sake bayyana a jikin wanda ya kamu da cutar. Adadin ɗaliban da suka nemi taimako a wannan ranar ya kai 20. 
* "Vellazerim Bashkimi" (Makarantar Firamare) da ke Suva Reka . A ranar 1 ga Yuni, kimanin ɗalibai 10 ne suka nemi taimako. 
* "Ivo Lola Ribar" (Makarantar Sakandare) ta kasance a Pristina . A ƙarshen watan Mayu da farkon watan Yuni, an fara samun bullar cutar a Pristina, wanda hakan ya haifar da fargaba tsakanin mazauna yankin. 
* "Stanko Burić" (Makarantar Firamare) tana cikin Lipjan. An fara samun shari'o'in ne a ƙarshen watan Mayu inda ɗalibai 5 na wannan makarantar suka nemi taimako. 

Mutane da yawa da abin ya shafa sun sami taimakon gaggawa daga malaman addinin Katolika, waɗanda yawancinsu suna Viti .  Ikirarin wata mata mai suna " Glas Koncila " (6 ga Mayu 1990) ya ba da ƙarin bayani game da mata masu zaman kansu da ke taimaka wa ƙananan 'yan mata da maza waɗanda aka kawo da alamun "cutar mai ban mamaki" a asibitoci da motocin asibiti. 

Banda Albaniyawa, wasu 'yan Serbia da wasu ƙasashe ma sun kamu da cutar. Duk sun nuna alamun cutar iri ɗaya duk da cewa ba su da yawa.  
 

## Bincike
A ranar 22 ga Maris, Kwalejin Likitanci ta Jami'ar Pristina ta shirya wata ƙungiya da ta ƙunshi likitocin Albaniya da Serbia, kuma a ranar ɗaya ta ba da sanarwa ga jama'a. Sun sanar da cewa cuta ce ta annoba, amma ba za su sake ba da wani rahoto ba har sai sun sami sakamakon binciken jini da fitsari daga dakunan gwaje-gwajen guba . Binciken guba na jini da fitsari bai bayar da cikakken hoto game da lamarin ba. Ma'aikatan Yugoslavia ne suka ɗauki samfuran farko kuma an yi binciken a Kwalejin Sojoji da ke Belgrade, saboda Kosovo ba ta da irin waɗannan kayan aiki.  An yanke hukunci bayan kwana uku cewa samfuran ba su ƙunshi wani guba ba. Wannan martanin gaggawa ya sa Dr. Baren Cohen, wanda ya shafe lokaci a Kosovo tare da Tarayyar Helsinki,  ya yi tsokaci cewa abin mamaki ne ga makarantar ta fitar da sakamako cikin sauri yayin da ga dakunan gwaje-gwaje a Yamma zai ɗauki aƙalla makonni shida kafin a yi irin wannan binciken. 

### Likitocin Serbia
Dr. Balošević, wanda ke magana a gidan talabijin na ƙasar Serbia, ya yi iƙirarin cewa abubuwan da ke faruwa a Kosovo duk game da "fim ɗin kwaikwayo ne mai tsarki" don bikin fina-finan Cannes ".   A Belgrade, likitocin Serbia sun yi zanga-zanga kan abokan aikinsu na Albaniya suna da'awar cewa likitocin Albaniya suna shiga cikin wani "Mai Yin Kutse ga Yara".   An bayar da irin wannan ra'ayi daga Cibiyar Lafiya ta Tarayya  a ranar 26 ga Maris.  Shugaban asibitin masu tabin hankali na kwakwalwa Voja Trajković ya ba da wani bayani daban. Da yake magana da jaridar " Vjesnik "  a ranar 26 ga Maris, ya yi ikirarin cewa lamarin yana da alaƙa da " halayyar psychogen " ko kuma tare da " matsalar tashin hankali ".

### Likitocin Albaniya
Shugaban sashen cututtuka na Kosovo Jusuf Dedushaj a cikin wata wasika da ya aike a ranar 15 ga Agusta 1990 ya musanta cewa cutar tana da abubuwan da ke haifar da tabin hankali. Ya yi imanin cewa idan cutar tana da abubuwan da ke haifar da tabin hankali to da ta bayyana shekara guda da ta gabata a shekarar 1989 lokacin da matasan Albania ke jin tsoron a yi musu allurar riga-kafi daga likitocin Serbia. An gayyaci Mr. Dedushaj a matsayin kwararre don duba bincike daban-daban a Podujeva  kuma saboda kin amincewarsa da halin da ake ciki a Kosovo, 'yan sanda sun tsare shi na tsawon kwanaki biyar. Ya kuma gano makirufo a ofishinsa.  Dr. Besnik Bardhi tare da Dr. Slobodan Lang, farfesa a Kwalejin Magunguna da ke Zagreb, su ne suka shirya wani taron karawa juna sani wanda zai yi nazari kan wannan cuta. Kwanaki kadan bayan an buga shirinsu, wayoyinsu sun shiga hannun 'yan sanda har ma da iyalan Dr. Lang sun sami barazanar waya.  Bugu da ƙari, Dr. Ali Zatriqi da Dr. Flora Brovina sun bayyana zarginsu game da gubar da aka yi wa ɗaliban Albania. A shekarun 1990, ' Yan sandan Serbia sun kama Mrs. Brovina daga ofishinta na aiki saboda kalamanta. A shekarar 1999 an tura ta gidan yari na wasu watanni kuma an sake ta ne bayan matsin lamba daga ƙasashen duniya. 

### Likitoci 'yan ƙasashen waje

A watan Afrilun 1990, shugaban Hukumar Tarayya, likitan Slovenia Anton Dolenc, ya bayyana cewa lamarin ba shi da alaƙa da guba ko wata cuta ta annoba amma ya ayyana "haɗarin psychogen" a matsayin kawai dalilin da zai yiwu.  A ranar 1 ga Agusta 1990, likitan Faransa Bernard Benedetti, a wata hira da ya yi da jaridar " The LaCourse ", ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya shiga wani asibiti a Pristina a asirce kuma ya sami samfuran jini daga marasa lafiya 150. An yi nazarin binciken a dakunan gwaje-gwaje guda biyu a Paris. A cewar Dr. Benedetti, an ba wa waɗannan marasa lafiya guba. Lokacin da Mr. Benedetti  ya sake ziyartar Kosovo a shekara ta 2000, ya tabbatar da sakamakon gwaje-gwajen shekarun 1990. A cewarsa, gwamnatin Faransa ta dakatar da buga sakamakon a yunƙurin kiyaye dangantakar diflomasiyya da Serbia. 

Likitoci biyu 'yan Birtaniya, Alastair Hay da John Fran, ba su sami wata alama ta guba ba. A cikin wata sanarwa da suka rubuta a jaridar *The Lancet,* sun yarda cewa kawai dalilin da ya sa aka samu yaduwar alamun cutar shine "tsoron jiki". 

An aika wata ƙungiya mai suna Hukumar Geneva a Kosovo. Wannan ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi Charles Graves, Verena Graf da Jean-Jacques Kirkyacharian . Ba su yi nazarin jini ba amma a lokacin tafiyarsu sun yi hira da ma'aikatan lafiya, yara da iyayensu. Sun kuma ɗauki cikakken bayanin alamun cutar. Sun rubuta cewa wasu likitoci sun lura da wani wari daga ɗaliban wanda yayi kama da " vinegar ". A cewarsu, yana yiwuwa cutar ta samo asali ne daga guba wanda wataƙila ya kasance a cikin nau'in phosphates na halitta (iskar jijiya).   An ƙarfafa zato game da iskar gas na jijiya a watan Fabrairun 1992 lokacin da Aubin Heyndrickx ya ba da sanarwar manema labarai inda ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya yi nazarin duk rahotanni da nazarin jini da fitsari kuma ya kammala da cewa an yi amfani da iskar gas na jijiya na halitta kamar Sarin da Tabun, waɗanda dukkansu aka jera su a matsayin masu yaƙi .  A gefe guda kuma, a cewar Dr. Bernard Benedetti da kuma bincikensa, gubar ba ta fito daga Sarin ko Tabun ba kamar yadda Mr. Heyndrickx ya bayyana, amma a maimakon haka tana da tsarin kwayoyin halitta kamar maganin kashe kwari .

## Kafafen yaɗa labarai da 'yan sanda na Serbia
A ranar 24 ga Maris, wani labari a jaridar Serbia " Politika Express " an yi masa lakabi da "Albanians sun sha guba saboda daloli".  A ranar 6 ga Afrilu, wannan jaridar ta yaba da rawar da 'Yan sandan Serbia suka taka domin a cewarsu, 'yan sanda sun yi abin da ya dace ta hanyar guje wa bayyanar "barkwanci".  Jami'an Serbia sun kira shi "tsanani mai yawa" da farfagandar da 'yan awaren Albania ke yi.  'Yan sandan Serbia sun hana taimakon likita, suna dakatar da marasa lafiya a gaban cibiyoyin lafiya da kuma hana su shiga asibitoci, ko ma kwace lasisin tuki daga direbobin motar asibiti. A asibitoci, 'yan sanda sun dauke bayanan lafiyar marasa lafiya (Dobreci, 1994). An yi wa wasu marasa lafiya da likitoci tambayoyi kuma an wulakanta su a ofishin 'yan sanda. Likitocin Albania sun yi kira ga hukumomi da su kafa wani bincike na kasa da kasa mai zaman kansa kuma mara son kai kan wadannan abubuwan. An yi watsi da wannan bukata. 

## Taron karawa juna sani na Zagreb
A lokacin bazara na shekarar 1990, an gudanar da wani taron karawa juna sani a Zagreb . A nan, Franjo Plavšić, masanin kimiyyar magunguna daga Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry na Jami'ar Zagreb, ya kamata ya gabatar da sakamakon bincikensa game da jini da fitsari, wanda ya sha daga marasa lafiya da ke fama da "cutar mai ban mamaki". Ya sami nasarar ware wani sinadari mai suna Dimetil Phosphoditionat (wani sinadari mai suna Organic phosphate). Kafin ya gabatar da bincikensa, Dr. Plavšić ya ɓace. Da yake magana a gaban manema labarai, Dr. Bardhi ya amince da rashin zuwansa kuma ya bayyana cewa Dr. Plavšić yana cikin matsin lamba akai-akai. 

### Bacewar nazarin jini
Majiyoyi da yawa a Kosovo a shekarun 1990 sun yi ta yaɗa jita-jita suna cewa binciken jinin da aka aika wa Ljubljana ya ɓace. Likitocin Albaniya na jaridar " The Lancet " sun yarda cewa binciken jinin bai taɓa zuwa Ljubljana ba.  Idan Kosovo a shekarar 1990 ta fallasa abin da Dr.Bernard Benedetti ya kira "guba mai yawa" to tabbas akwai bayanan da suka bayyana yadda aka rarraba gubar a makarantu. Duk da cewa waɗannan bayanan suna da shakku. Mista Halim Hyseni ya yi iƙirarin cewa an ga wasu ɓarayi suna shiga makarantu har ma an kama su. Akwai kuma shaidar guba a cikin foda da aka samu a ƙasan makarantun. A cewar Dr. Benedetti wanda ya karɓi daga Ismet Ibishi da wani mai fafutuka bututun gwaji da ke ɗauke da foda daga wata makaranta a Kosovo, ya tabbatar da cewa foda ɗin yayi kama da na Podujevo . Wata ƙungiyar IHF da ta ziyarci Kosovo a shekarar 1990 ta yi tunanin cewa gubar ta fito ne daga bututun iska. Wannan yana yiwuwa, amma akwai makarantu da yawa marasa iska.  Wasu shaidu sun yi iƙirarin cewa ɓarayin sun jefa "bama-bamai masu guba" kamar yadda lamarin Dr. Resmije Ademaj ya kasance wanda aka yi wa guba a lokacin da ɗalibi yake karatu. Dr. Benedetti ya tabbatar da wannan yiwuwar.  Wani bayani kuma an bayar ta hanyar masanin kimiyya Shyqyri Dumani, wanda ya yi imanin cewa gubar ta shiga jiki bayan ta taɓa fata. An gwada tebur a wasu makarantu da adadi mai yawa na guba. Wannan gubar ta yi wahalar gane ta. Idan an yi amfani da waɗannan ƙananan guba to akwai damar bayyana dalilin da ya sa wasu waɗanda abin ya shafa ba su da wata mummunar alama ko kuma ba su mutu ba. Mr. Durmani da ma'aikatansa sun kuma duba gwaje-gwajen jini guda goma da fitsari na yara masu alamun guba. Ya gano cewa wasu marasa lafiya suna da ƙarancin ƙimar calcium a cikin jini amma ƙimar fitsari ta ƙaru. Rashin calcium a cikin jini yana haifar da lalacewar tsoka, wanda ke haifar da lanƙwasa. An yi wa marasa lafiya magani da calcium kuma wannan maganin ya ba da sakamako mai kyau (kamar yadda lamarin yake ga wasu ɗaliban da aka yi wa guba a Podujevo). 

## Jin haushin jama'a
A shekarar 1995, an ƙarfafa ka'idar tsananin damuwa. A kan wannan ka'idar akwai Zoran Radovanović, farfesa a fannin likitanci a Kuwait, wanda ya buga wani kasida a cikin *Mujallar Turai ta Cututtukan da suka shafi numfashi* .  A cikin wannan takarda, Radovanović ya yanke shawarar cewa cutar tana da dukkan halaye na tsananin damuwa kuma jerin wasu yanayi sun kawar da yiwuwar guba. Babban abin da ke haifar da tsananin damuwa shi ne kamuwa da cutar numfashi a aji ɗaya a cikin dakin motsa jiki na Podujevo tare da ɗalibai 2,000 a ranar 14 ga Maris, wanda daga ƙarshe ya haifar da tsananin damuwa, lokacin da sauran ɗalibai suka yi rashin lafiya a ranar 19 ga Maris. Waɗannan azuzuwan a zahiri sun sami wata sabuwar alama saboda ɗalibai da yawa sun suma ko sun yi amai. A mataki na uku a ranar 22 ga Maris, an rarraba tsananin damuwa a ginin wannan makaranta amma kuma a lokaci guda a sassa daban-daban a duk faɗin Kosovo. An tabbatar da rashin amincewarsa da gubar da aka yi masa saboda cewa ɗalibai kaɗan ne ke da alamun cutar kuma babu ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan ɗaliban 2000 da ya sami mummunan rauni (ban da kumburin ido ko jajayen kunci) kodayake a wasu yankuna a Kosovo, marasa lafiya da yawa sun mutu.  Goran Wassenius ya soki hanyar da Radovanović ya bi. 

## A cikin kafofin watsa labarai
Tun daga ranar 22 ga Maris, an yi ta tattaunawa mai yawa a talabijin inda aka kira abubuwan da suka faru a Kosovo "ɓoyayyen yara" ko ma wani sigar da aka saba gani "aiki". Wasu kafofin watsa labarai sun ci gaba da bayyana bayanai kamar "makirci ne da 'yan Albaniya suka shirya daga Zagreb da Ljubljana don samun tausayin duniya".  Wani misali na tasirin kafofin watsa labarai shi ne Besnik Bardhi . Mako guda kafin buɗe taron karawa juna sani a Zagreb, a Belgrade ya fara wani gagarumin kamfen na nuna ƙiyayya ga taron. Jaridar " Politika Express " ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a ƙoƙarin bayyana marasa lafiyar Albaniya a matsayin mahalarta wani makircin 'yan aware amma a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1990, ta yi gagarumin sauyi ta hanyar amincewa cewa guba ta faru a Kosovo kuma an gano gubar. 

## Rarrabuwa
Ware-ware yana nufin ba za a sami ɗaliban Serbia da Albaniya a makarantu a lokaci guda ba. An aiwatar da wannan ne domin ɗaliban Serbia gabaɗaya su je makaranta da safe da kuma na Albaniya da rana. Sanarwar rabuwar ta faru ne kafin bayyanar cutar, kuma tare da wannan aka fara zargin cewa rabuwar ta faru ne da gangan ta hanyar 'yan Serbia don shirya guba.  Ba a faɗaɗa "gyaran" ko'ina ba, lokacin da gubar ta fara. An rarraba wariyar a matsayin yunƙurin kafa wata irin al'umma ta wariyar launin fata a Kosovo.

## Bayanan kula
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## Nassoshi

## Majiyoyi

* Halim Hyseni, "E vërteta për helmimet", Pristina, 1996
* Göran Wassenius, "Den mystika sjukdomen" (Sëmundja mistik), Pristina, 2009, 
* Mertus, Julie. *Kosovo: Yadda Tatsuniyoyi da Gaskiya Suka Fara Yaƙi* . Berkeley, CA: Jami'ar California, 1999,  | 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Taro kan "Kosovo, Muƙalar Nauyin Lafiya", 09.06.1990, Zagreb
* "RUBIKON', emision na Adriatik Kelmendi : 20 vjet nga kwalkwali. Ka ndodhi ?
* Takaitaccen bayani game da gubar