open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Harshen Chaʼpalaa

**Chaʼpalaa** (wanda aka fi sani da Chachi ko Cayapa) yare ne na Barbacoan da ake magana a arewacin Ecuador da kusan mutane 5,870 na Chachi.

## Suna
"Chaʼpalaa" na nufin "harshe na Mutanen Chachi".

## Takardun
Wannan harshe ya bayyana a wani bangare ta mishan P. Alberto Vittadello, wanda, a lokacin da aka buga bayaninsa a Guayaquil, Ecuador a shekarar 1988, ya rayu shekaru bakwai tsakanin kabilar.

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin sautin
Cha'palaa yana da sautuna huɗu: /a, e, i, u/ .

Cha'palaa yana da sautin sautin 23.

## Tsarin rubuce-rubuce
An rubuta Chaʼpalaa ta amfani da haruffa na Latin, ta amfani da waɗannan rubutun:

A, B, C, CH, D, DY, E, F, G, GU, HU, I, J, L, LL, M, N, Ñ, P, QU, R, S, SH, T, TS, TY, U, V, Y, da ʼ.

Tsarin rubuce-rubuce ya haɗa da wasula huɗu masu sauƙi, da wasula biyu guda huɗu:

## manazarta
Harshen Coconucan

**Coconuco**, wanda aka fi sani da **Coconucan**, **Guambiano**, **Misak**, da **Nam Trik**, wani yare ne na Colombia wanda 'yan asalin Guambiano ke magana. Kodayake nau'ikan uku, Guambiano, Totoró da ya ƙare kwanan nan, da Coconuco da ya ƙare ana kiransu harsuna, Adelaar & Muysken (2004) sun yi imanin cewa an fi bi da su a matsayin yare ɗaya.

Totoró yanzu ya ƙare; yana da masu magana 4 a cikin 1998 daga cikin kabilun 4,000. Guambiano, a gefe guda, yana da ƙarfi kuma yana girma.

Coconucan an haɗa shi da kuskure a cikin dangin yaren Paezan na ƙarya, saboda ƙamus na "Moguex" (Guambiano) wanda ya zama cakuda Páez da Guambiano (Curnow 1998).

## Fasahar sauti
Abubuwan Guambiano sune kamar haka (Curnow & Liddicoat 1998:386).

## Manazarta
Susan Y. Desjardins

Manjo Janar **Susan Yvonne Desjardins**  Manjo janar ce mai ritaya a rundunar sojin saman Amurka. Ta yi aiki a ƙarshe a matsayin darektan tsare-tsare da manufofi (J5), hedikwatar rundunar dabarun Amurka, Offutt Air Force Base, Neb. 

## Aikin soja
Ta girma a Portsmouth, New Hampshire, [1] Desjardins ta kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Sojojin Sama ta Amurka a shekarar 1980. Tana da digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin halayyar masana'antu daga Jami'ar Fasaha ta Louisiana, da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin tsaron ƙasa da nazarin dabaru daga Kwalejin Sojojin Ruwa da Ma'aikata . Ta kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Yaƙin Sama da ke Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, a shekarar 1997 da kuma daga Shirin Janar na Manaja a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard, Jami'ar Harvard a shekarar 2004.

Desjardins ta riƙe mukamai daban-daban na ma'aikata a babban kwamandan, Hafsoshin Hadin gwiwa da kuma hedikwatar rundunar sojin sama ta Amurka, ciki har da mataimakiyar mataimakiyar soja ga Sakataren Rundunar Sojan Sama . Mukaman da ta riƙe a baya sun haɗa da Kwamandan 23 na Kwalejin Sojojin Sama da Kwamandan mace ta farko, Colorado Springs, Colorado, 912th Air Refueling Squadron, Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota ; Rukunin Ayyuka na 60, Travis Air Force Base, California, da kuma 437th Airlift Wing a Charleston Air Force Base, South Carolina . Desjardins matukin jirgi ne mai aiki da sa'o'i sama da 3,800 na tashi a KC-10, C-17, C-5 Galaxy, KC-135 R, KC-135 A da T-37 .

## Ilimi

: 1980 Digiri na farko a fannin Kimiyya a harkokin ƙasa da ƙasa/kimiyyar siyasa, Kwalejin Sojojin Sama ta Amurka, Colorado Springs, Colorado
: Makarantar Jami'an Rundunar Sojoji ta 1983, ta hanyar wasiƙu
: 1991 Digiri na Master of Arts a fannin ilimin halayyar masana'antu da dangantakar ɗan adam, Jami'ar Fasaha ta Louisiana
: 1993 Digiri na biyu a fannin tsaron ƙasa da nazarin dabaru, Kwalejin Sojojin Ruwa da Ma'aikata, Kwalejin Yaƙin Sojojin Ruwa, Newport, RI
: Kwalejin Yaƙin Sama ta 1997, Maxwell AFB, Ala.
: Shirin Babban Manaja na 2004, Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard, Jami'ar Harvard, Cambridge, Mass.
: Shirin Nazarin Tsaron Ƙasa na 2009, Jami'ar George Washington, Washington, DC
: Taron Koli na Jagorancin Kamfanonin Sojojin Sama na 2009, Jami'ar North Carolina da ke Chapel Hill

## Manazarta
Margaret H. Bair

**Margaret H. Bair**, Brigadier Janar ce mai ritaya a rundunar tsaron sama ta Amurka, kuma ita ce Babbar Jami'ar Tsaron Jiragen Sama ta Wisconsin . 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Tana da 'ya'ya uku. Duk da cewa ba ta aikin soja ba, tana aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya mai rijista a Tafkin Geneva, Wisconsin .

## Sana'a
Bair ta fara shiga Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka a shekarar 1976.  A lokacin da take aiki, ayyukanta sun haɗa da yin aiki a sansanin sojojin sama na Andrews . Bayan lokacin da ta yi aiki, ta shiga Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka da kuma Rundunar Sojojin Sama ta Montana kuma daga ƙarshe ta zama kwamandan Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta 128th Air Feeling Flow of the Wisconsin Air National Guard. Jim Doyle ya ɗaukaka ta zuwa Brigadier Janar a shekarar 2009 kuma ita ce mace ta farko a cikin Rundunar Sojojin Sama ta Wisconsin da aka ɗaukaka zuwa wannan matsayin. 

Bayan shekaru 32, Bair ya yi ritaya daga rundunar tsaron sama ta Wisconsin a watan Satumba na 2012. [1]

## Manazarta
Kathleen E. Fick

**Kathleen Dodson Fick**, Manjo Janar ne na Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka mai ritaya. 

## Sana'a
Kathleen Dodson Fick ta shiga rundunar sojin saman Amurka a watan Oktoban 1976 kuma an fara tura ta zuwa Lackland AFB a matsayin jami'in horaswa na BMTS. Daga 1978-1980, an tura ta zuwa Spangdahlem AB a Yammacin Jamus a matsayin Kwamandan Sashen HQ da Jami'ar Makarantun DoD. Daga nan aka tura ta zuwa Sashen Yaƙi na 4 na Tactical Fighter a Seymour-Johnson AFB NC inda ta fara aiki a matsayin Kwamandan Sashen Injiniyan Farar Hula na 4 sannan ta koma ta zama Kwamandan Sashen Hedkwatar TFW na 4. A shekarar 1981, Dodson Fick ta koma ga Rundunar Tsaron Sama ta Missouri inda aka tura ta zuwa Sashen Yaƙi na 131 na Tactical Fighter a matsayin jami'in leƙen asiri.

A shekarar 1995, Dodson Fick ta koma Pentagon inda ta yi aiki a matsayin Mai Ba da Shawara kan Tsaron Sama ga Mataimakin Babban Jami'in Tsaro na AmurkaF kan Leken Asiri, da kuma Manajan Yankin Leken ANG da Manajan Shirye-shiryen. Daga baya ta yi aiki a Ofishin Tsaron Kasa a matsayin Darakta na Sararin Samaniya da Bayanai, inda ta ba da kulawa da kuma kula da dukkan kadarorin Sararin Samaniya, ISR, Ayyukan Bayanai, da kuma kadarorin Kwamanda da Kulawa a cikin Rundunar Sojojin Sama.

Bayan an ƙara mata matsayi zuwa Birgediya Janar, Dodson Fick ta zama Babban Hafsan Hafsoshin Rundunar Sojojin Sama ta Virginia . Bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Janar na Rundunar Sojojin Sama ta Virginia, ta koma aiki a shekarar 2007 zuwa wannan matsayi a Rundunar Sojojin Sama ta Hawaii . Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an zaɓe ta kuma ta yi aiki har tsawon sauran aikinta na soja a matsayin Daraktan Leken Asiri a Ofishin Tsaron Ƙasa . Bayan ta yi ritaya daga aikin Sojan Sama, Dodson Fick ta yi ritaya a shekarar 2010 kuma yanzu tana zaune a Charlotte NC.

Lambobin yabo da ta samu a lokacin aikinta sun haɗa da Legion of Merit, Medal na Muhimmiyar Aiki, Medal na Yabo na Rundunar Sojan Sama, Kyautar Rundunar Sojan Sama Mai Kyau, Kyautar Kyakkyawar Ƙungiya, Medal na Rundunar Tsaro ta Ƙasa, Medal na Yaƙin Duniya kan Ta'addanci, Ribbon na Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Ƙasashen Waje na Dogon Yawon Shakatawa, Kyautar Sabis na Tsawon Lokaci na Rundunar Sojan Sama, Medal na Ajiye Sojojin Sama da Ribbon na Horar da Sojojin Sama .

## Ilimi

* Jami'ar Washburn, BEd
* Jami'ar Missouri-St. Louis MED
* Digiri na biyu a fannin fasahar dabaru na Jami'ar National Intelligence
* Kwalejin Yaƙin Sama
* Kwalejin Masana'antu ta Sojojin Sama - Jami'ar Tsaron Ƙasa ta Digiri na biyu a fannin Albarkatun Dabaru

## Manazarta
Sandra Finan

**Sandra E. Finan** ita ce Mataimakiyar Babban Jami'in Watsa Labarai na Kwamanda, Kulawa, Sadarwa da Kwamfutoci (C4) da Ƙarfin Kayayyakin Bayanai, Ofishin Sakataren Tsaro, Pentagon, Washington DC 

## Sana'a
Manjo Janar Finan ya shiga rundunar sojojin sama a shekarar 1982 a matsayin mai gyaran kayan aiki na sirri. Ta sami aikinta na rundunar sojin sama a shekarar 1985 a matsayin wacce ta kammala karatun digiri a shekarar 1985 ta hanyar kammala karatun jami'a . A lokacin aikinta, Manjo Janar Finan ya yi aiki a fannoni daban-daban na sararin samaniya da makamai masu linzami a ayyukan ma'aikatan jiragen sama masu linzami; horo da kimantawa; umarni da kula da tauraron dan adam; da ayyukan tauraron dan adam. Janar din ya rike manyan mukamai a matsayin Sufeto Janar na Rundunar Sojojin Sama ta Duniya, Daraktan Rundunar Sojojin Sama na Ayyukan Nukiliya, Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Babban Mataimakin Shugaban Hukumar Tsaron Nukiliya ta Kasa kan Aikace-aikacen Soja, da Ofishin Sakataren Tsaro Mataimakin Babban Jami'in Bayanai kan Kwamandoji, Kulawa, Sadarwa, da Kwamfuta da Kayayyakin Bayanai.

Kwamandojin ta sun haɗa da rundunonin sojojin sama da reshen makamai masu linzami, da kuma Cibiyar Makamai ta Makamai ta Sojojin Sama. Manjo Janar Finan ya tura zuwa Cibiyar Ayyukan Jiragen Sama da ke Kudu maso Yammacin Asiya a matsayin Daraktan Rundunar Sojojin Sama don tallafawa ayyukan 'Yanci da 'Yanci Mai Dorewa na Iraki .

Manjo Janar Finan ta yi ritaya a shekarar 2017 daga aikinta na ƙarshe a Washington DC tare da Pentagon.

## Ilimi

: 1978 digirin farko na Arts a fannin ilimin kiɗa, Jami'ar Jihar California, San Bernardino, California
: Makarantar Jami'an Rundunar Soja ta 1989, Rukunin Sojojin Sama na Maxwell, Alabama
: 1989 digirin Master of Science a fannin gudanar da tsarin, Jami'ar Kudancin California, Los Angeles, California
: 1997 Digiri na biyu a fannin tsaro da nazarin dabaru, Kwalejin Sojojin Ruwa da Ma'aikata, Newport, Rhode Island
: Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Sojojin Sama ta 1997, Norfolk, Virginia
: 2004 Digiri na biyu na Nazarin Dabaru, Kwalejin Yaƙin Sama, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama
: 2006 Jami'in Tsaron Ƙasa, Jami'ar Syracuse, Syracuse, New York

## Manazarta
Michele C. Edmondson

**Michele C. Edmondson** babbar janar ce ta rundunar sojin saman Amurka wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan rundunar sojin sama ta biyu daga 2021 zuwa 2024.  Kwanan nan ta yi aiki a matsayin Kwamandan 'Yan Kadet na Kwalejin Sojojin Sama ta Amurka daga 2019 zuwa 2021.  

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Edmondson ta kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Florida, Gainesville tare da digirin farko a fannin Injiniyan Jiragen Sama a shekarar 1992, tare da wani kwamiti a matsayin Laftanar na Biyu ta hanyar Rundunar Sojojin Sama ta ROTC . [1]

## Sana'a
Edmondson ta kasance Jami'ar Ayyukan Sararin Samaniya tun daga shekarar 1992. Daga watan Yunin 2012 zuwa watan Mayun 2014, ta jagoranci Rukunin Horarwa na 381st a Vandenberg AFB, California. Daga watan Yunin 2014 zuwa watan Mayun 2015, ta jagoranci Horar da Sojojin Sama a San Antonio-Lackland. Daga watan Yunin 2015 zuwa watan Yunin 2017, ta jagoranci Rukunin Horarwa na 81st a Keesler AFB, sannan ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa ga Mataimakin Babban Hafsan Sojojin Sama har zuwa 2018. Edmondson ita ce Daraktan Manufofin Sararin Samaniya na Majalisar Tsaron Kasa har zuwa watan Mayun 2019, lokacin da ta zama Kwamandan Kadet a Kwalejin Sojojin Sama ta Amurka.  A ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 2021, an sanar da cewa Edmondson zai zama kwamandan Rundunar Sojojin Sama ta Biyu . 

## Manazarta
Mavis Muyunda

**Mavis Lengalenga Muyunda** (ta mutu 2019) 'yar siyasar ƙasar Zambia ce.

## Rayuwa
Mavis Muyunda 'yar majalisa ce ta UNIP a mazaɓar Katuba.   Daga shekarun 1983 zuwa 1988, Muyunda ta kasance ministar hukumar tsara ci gaba ta kasa. Daga shekarun 1988 zuwa 1990, ta kasance ministar harkokin waje.  Daga shekarun 1990 zuwa 1992, ta kasance ministar ruwa, filaye da albarkatun ƙasa. A shekarar 2002, an naɗa ta mataimakiyar shugaban ƙasa ta musamman kan harkokin siyasa.  Ta kasance memba a kwamitin tsakiya na UNIP.  Daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar kwamishiniya a Tanzania da manyan tafkuna. 

Muyunda ta rasu a ranar 25 ga watan Afrilu, 2019 a Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar da ke Lusaka. An yi mata jana'iza a hukumance a ranar 30 ga watan Afrilu.

## Ayyuka

* (tare da Jorge Rebelo) *Yaƙin Wariyar Launin Fata akan maƙwabtanta: shugabannin ƙasashen da ke kan gaba sun yi magana game da rushewar gwamnatin wariyar Launin Fata a Kudancin Afirka* . Majalisar Birnin Sheffield, 1988.

## Manazarta
Catherine Namugala

**Catherine Namugala **'yar siyasa ce ta Zambia. Ta kasance Mataimakiyar Shugaban Majalisar Zambiya ta farko har zuwa shekara ta 2021. Shugaba Edgar Lungu ne ya naɗa ta a wannan matsayin, a ranar 18 ga watan Satumba, 2016.  Ita ce tsohuwar Ministar Yawon Buɗe Ido, Muhalli da Albarkatun Ƙasa a Majalisar Zambiya.  Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin 'yar Majalisa (MP), tana wakiltar Mafinga (wanda a da aka sani da Isoka East) a Majalisar Zambiya daga shekarun 2001 zuwa 2016. 

## Tarihin Aiki
Catherine Namugala ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Ministar Harkokin Waje daga shekarun 2002 zuwa 2003. Daga shekarun 2003 zuwa 2005, ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Ministar Ci gaban Al'umma da Ayyukan Jin Daɗin Jama'a. A shekarar 2006, an sake zaɓenta a majalisar dokoki, tana wakiltar Isoka East. Haka kuma a shekarar 2006, an naɗa ta Ministar Ci gaban Al'umma da Ayyukan Jin Daɗin Jama'a. Tun daga lokacin, ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Minista a Ofishin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa, kafin a naɗa ta Ministar Yawon Buɗe Ido da Muhalli a shekarar 2008.  A watan Fabrairun 2010, an ba Catherine Namugala a lambar yabo ta Ministar Yawon Buɗe Ido ta Afirka ta Shekara, inda ta doke 'yan takara shida daga Ghana, Namibia, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda da Zimbabwe. 

A zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da na 'yan majalisa na watan Agustan 2016, Namugala wacce ke cikin jam'iyyar siyasa ta Movement for Multi-Party Democracy, ta zaɓi kada ta sake tsayawa takara a kujerarta ta majalisar dokoki. Madadin haka ta amince da takarar shugaba Lungu ta sake tsayawa takara a jam'iyyar Patriotic Front. 

## Bayanan sirri
Catherine Namugala ba ta da aure. Tana da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Dimokuraɗiyya ta Jam'iyyu da yawa (MMD). 

## Duba kuma

* Majalisar ministocin Zambia
* Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa (Zambia)

## Manazarta
Harshen Puruhá

**Puruhá** (Puruguay, Puruwá)   yare ne da ba a tabbatar da shi ba a yankin dake  kwarin Kogin Marañón a Ecuador wanda yake da wuyar rarraba, ban da kasancewa da alaƙa da Cañari, kodayake yana iya zama Barbacoan. An bayar da rahoton cewa an rubuta harshe a ƙarshen karni na 17; ya bayyana cewa ya ɓace.

## Sunayen da suka dace
Sunayen iyali sau da yawa suna ƙare a cikin  ko , sich a matsayin , dangin mahaifiyar Atahualpa Paccha Duchicela. Ƙarshen sunayen wurare sun haɗa da  (misali Pilligshi),  (misali Guasuntús), da  (misali Tulubug). Wasu ƙarewa masu rikitarwa sune , wanda zai iya faruwa tare da tushen Quechua, kamar a  (Quechua supay 'shaidan').

## manazarta
Tsafiki language

****Tsafiki**, wanda aka fi sani da **Tsachila** ko **Colorado''', yare ne na Barbacoan da ake magana a Ecuador da kimanin mutane 2,000 na kabilun Tsáchila.

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

* /b, d/ suna da preglottalized [[b,]] lokacin da suke faruwa a cikin ƙamus.
* /k/ na iya zama murya [ɡ] lokacin da ake magana bayan sautunan hanci.
* /ɹ/ ana jin sa a matsayin [ɾ] lokacin da yake faruwa da kalma-da farko, kuma lokacin da yake bin wasula mai kwakwalwa, allophone [n] yana faruwa.
* /s/ ana jin sautin a matsayin [ʃ] lokacin da ya riga manyan wasula /i, u/ kuma bayan manyan wasula marasa sauti.
* /t͡s/ ana jin sa a matsayin [t͡ʃ] lokacin da yake gaba da manyan wasula, amma masu magana da yawa suna furta shi a matsayin [ t͡ʃ] a duk mahalli.

### Sautin sautin
Tsafiki yana da wasula biyar. Wasula huɗu suna da siffofin hanci.

## manazarta
Harshen Ainbai

**Ainbai** yare ne na Papuan na Lardin Sandaun, Papua New Guinea . Ana magana da shi a ƙauyen Ainbai (3°05′26′′S 141°08′48′′E / 3.090493°S 141.146645°E / -3.090493; 141.14645 (Ainbai)), Bewani/Wutung Onei Rural LLG, Lardin Sandaun . 

Baya ga ƙauyen Ainbai (3°05′26′′S 141°08′48′′E / 3.090493°S 141.146645°E / -3.090493; 141.14645 (Ainbai)), ana kuma magana da shi a ƙauyen Elis (3°03′25′′S 141 °05′23′′E / 3.056925°S 141.587°E / .

## Manazarta
Harshen Amanab

**Amanab wani** yare ne na Papuan wanda aakasarin mutane 4,400 ke magana a Gundumar Amanab (3°35′00′′S 141°12′54′′E / 3.583417°S 141.214903°E / -3.583417; 141.214703 (Gundumar Amanab H/Q)), Lardin Sandaun, Papua New Guinea .

Harsuna sune Gabas, Arewa, da Yamma.

## Fasahar sauti

## Wakilan sunaye
Wakilan Amanab sune: 

## Rubuce-rubuce
A cikin Amanab, ana haɗa sassan da ke ƙasa ta amfani da alamar -*ba* . 
## manazarta
Elizabeth Phiri

**Elizabeth Phiri** 'yar siyasa ce ta ƙasar Zambia.   Ta kasance 'yar majalisar dokoki ta mazaɓar Kanyama daga shekarun 2016 zuwa 2021, sannan ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Jinsi daga watan Janairun 2019 a gwamnatin Zambia.  

## Duba kuma

* Siyasar Zambia
* Majalisar ministocin Lungu ta biyu

## Manazarta
Daniel Bovet

**Daniel Bovet** ForMemRS  (23 Maris 1907 - 8 Afrilu 1992) masanin ilimin likitancin Italiyanci ne wanda aka haife shi a Switzerland wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel ta 1957 a fannin ilimin lissafi ko magani saboda bincikensa na magungunan da ke toshe ayyukan takamaiman Neurotransmitters. An fi saninsa da binciken da ya yi a 1937 na antihistamines, wanda ke toshe histamine na neurotransmitter kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin maganin rashin lafiyan. Sauran bincikensa sun haɗa da aiki a kan chemotherapy, Magungunan sulfa, Tsarin juyayi na tausayi, ilimin magunguna na curare, da sauran abubuwan da ke cikin neuropharmacological.

A cikin 1965, Bovet ya jagoranci ƙungiyar binciken da ta kammala cewa shan sigari yana ƙara basirar masu amfani. Ya gaya wa The New York Times cewa manufar ba don "halicci masu basira ba ne, amma kawai  sanya mutumin da ba shi da isasshen kyauta a matsayin da zai kai ga ci gaban tunani da ilimi mai gamsarwa".

An haifi Bovet a Fleurier, Switzerland . Ya kasance mai magana da Esperanto. Ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Geneva a 1927 kuma ya sami digirin digirinsa a 1929. Tsakanin 1929 da 1947, ya yi aiki a Cibiyar Pasteur a Paris. Daga nan sai ya koma Istituto Superiore di Sanità (Babban Cibiyar Lafiya) a Roma a shekarar 1947. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, a 1949, an ba Bovet lambar yabo ta Cameron don Therapeutics na Jami'ar Edinburgh . A shekara ta 1964, ya zama farfesa a Jami'ar Sassari a Italiya. Daga 1969 zuwa 1971, ya kasance shugaban Laboratory na Psychobiology da Psychopharmacology na Majalisar Bincike ta Kasa, a Roma, kafin ya sauka ya zama farfesa a Jami'ar Roma La Sapienza . Ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1982.

## Manazarta
Renato Corsetti

**Renato Corsetti** (29 Maris 1941 - 1 Fabrairu 2025) ya kasance dan kasar Italiya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ƙungiyar Esperanto ta Duniya daga 2001 zuwa 2007. An haife shi a Roma, Corsetti ya goyi bayan ra'ayin cewa ya kamata mutanen duniya su iya sadarwa a cikin tsaka-tsaki da sauƙi na duniya. Ya koyar da ilimin halayyar mutum a Jami'ar Sapienza ta Roma . Ya kuma kasance mataimakin farfesa a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Duniya ta San Marino.

Corsetti ya auri Anna Löwenstein, ita ma Esperantist ce. Ma'auratan sun zauna tare a Italiya daga 1981, amma tun daga 2015, suna zaune a Ingila. Corsetti ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 2025, yana da shekaru 83. 

## Manazarta
Joyce Nonde-Simukoko

**Joyce Nonde-Simukoko** 'yar siyasa ce ta ƙasar Zambia. Shugaba Edgar Chagwa Lungu ne ya naɗa ta Ministar Kwadago da Tsaron Jama'a a Majalisar Ministocin Zambia a ranar 15 ga  watan Satumba, 2016. 

## Aiki
A da, ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar kwadago ta 'yanci ta Zambia (FFTUZ).   Kafin naɗin majalisar ministocinta, ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar jam'iyyar Labour da Social Security a jam'iyyar siyasa ta Patriotic Front (Zambia). 

## Siyasa
A watan Satumba a shekarar 2016, an naɗa ta ministar kwadago da tsaro a majalisar ministocin Zambia kuma aka zaɓe ta a matsayin 'yar majalisar dokokin Zambia.  Ta yi rantsuwar kama aiki a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, 2015.   Ta fuskanci matsin lamba na yin murabus a watan Disamba a shekarar 2016 bayan da ta yi kira da a kama wani mai fallasa sirri Miƙa Mwambazi wanda ya fara korafi game da zargin cin zarafin ma'aikata a Horseshoe, wani gidan nama da ke Lusaka da ya gaza. Duk da haka, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Ɗan Adam ta gabatar da wani rahoto wanda ya bayyana cewa korafe-korafen cin zarafin ma'aikata da wariyar launin fata sun samo asali ne. https://zambiareports.com/2016/12/22/nonde-shamed-hrc-confirm-abuse-horse-shoe-restaurant/  

## Manazarta
Harshen Totoro

**Totoro** ko **Totoró** yare ne na Barbacoan wanda ake magana a kudu maso yammacin Colombia, a cikin Sashen Cauca ta mutanen Totoró, waɗanda suka ƙidaya kusan mutane 1,000. Harshen ya ƙare a shekara ta 2016, tare da masu magana hudu da aka sani a shekarar 1998.

## Rarraba
Totoro, tare da Guambiano da Harshen Coconuco da ya ƙare, sun zama rukuni na yaruka Barbacoan. Wadannan nau'ikan harsuna wani lokacin ana daukar su a matsayin yaren yaren Coconucan guda ɗaya.

A cikin iyalin Barbacoan, Coconucan da Awa Pit sun zama reshen arewacin ta.

## Manazarta
Angelo Filippetti

**Angelo Filippetti** (26 ga watan Janairun 1866 - 10 ga watan Oktoba 1936) ɗan siyasan Italiya ne kuma likita wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Magajin garin Milan daga 1920 zuwa 1922.  Wani memba na Jam'iyyar Socialist ta Italiya (PSI), Filippetti ya sallami daga Royal Prefect  a ranar 3 ga watan Agustan 1922 bayan mambobin Blackshirts sun mamaye zauren birnin Milan, Palazzo Marino. Lusignoli ya nada kwamishinan gundumar, Count Ferdinando Lalli, a matsayin maye gurbin Filippetti.

## Manazarta
Oppah Muchinguri-Kashiri

**Oppah Chamu Zvipange Muchinguri-Kashiri** (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Disamba 1958) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar ƙasar Zimbabwe wacce ke riƙe da muƙamin ministar tsaro a majalisar ministocin ƙasar Zimbabwe tun daga shekarar 2018.  Ta kuma riƙe muƙamin ministar ilimi mai zurfi da kuma ministar harkokin mata. Muchinguri ta tsaya takara a matsayin 'yar takarar jam'iyyar ZANU-PF mai wakiltar mazaɓar Mutasa ta tsakiya a zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki na watan Maris 2008, amma Trevor Saruwaka na jam'iyyar Movement for Democratic Change - Tsvangirai ya doke ta. Sakamakon zaɓen ya nuna Muchinguri ta samu kuri'u 4,764 yayin da Saruwaka ya samu kuri'u 9,228. 

*Jaridar Herald* ta ruwaito a ranar 3 ga watan Janairun 2009, cewa an kori Muchinguri daga Majalisar Ministoci a farkon makon, tare da wasu ministoci 11, saboda ba ta sake samun kujera a Majalisar ba. 

An sake naɗa ta a matsayin minista a shekarar 2014 bayan korar tsohuwar mataimakiyar shugaban ƙasa Joice Mujuru da wasu ƙawayenta, a watan Disamba a shekarar 2014. A shekarar 2015 an mayar da ita ma'aikatar muhalli, ruwa da yanayi a wani sauye-sauye da aka yi wa majalisar ministoci. A ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamba, 2017, magajin Mugabe Emmerson Mnangagwa ya rusa majalisar ministocin. 

An sake naɗa ta a matsayin Ministar Muhalli, Ruwa da Yanayi a ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba, 2017.  Daga baya aka naɗa ta Ministar Tsaro a watan Satumba a shekarar 2018. 

An sanya ta cikin jerin takunkumin da Amurka ta sanya wa ƙasar  a shekarar 2003.  A shekarar 2020 ta yi ikirarin cewa annobar COVID-19 hukunci ne na Allah ga ƙasashen (Amurka da sauransu) da suka "shake" Zimbabwe ta hanyar takunkumi. 

A watan Janairun 2021, kwararru a fannin kiwon lafiyar jama'a a Zimbabwe sun yi Allah wadai da Muchinguri bayan sun zargi China da "gwaji marasa inganci" waɗanda suka haifar da barkewar annobar coronavirus a duniya bayan da Zimbabwe ta rasa ministocin majalisar ministoci 2.   

## Manazarta
Ivo Lapenna

**Ivo Lapenna** (5 ga Nuwamba 1909 - 15 ga Disamba 1987) ya kasance farfesa a fannin shari'ar Italiyanci kuma Esperantist, an haife shi a Split a cikin 1909.

## Ayyuka
Lapenna ta kammala karatu a 1933 a matsayin Dokta na Shari'a daga Jami'ar Zagreb . Ya kuma yi karatun kiɗa a Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Zagreb a wannan shekarar.

A shekara ta 1942 Lapenna ta shiga cikin juriya ta Italiya a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu kuma bayan yakin ya zama Farfesa na Shari'ar Kasa da Kasa da Dangantaka ta Duniya a Jami'ar Zagreb har zuwa shekara ta 1949.

Daga nan ya yi aiki a London daga 1951 a Makarantar Slavonic da Nazarin Gabashin Turai kuma ya koyar da batutuwa game da Dokar Soviet a Kwalejin Jami'ar London tare da 'yan uwansa, Edward Johnson, Albert K. R. Kiralfi da William E. Butler . 

Ya kasance sanannen mai magana da Esperanto kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ƙungiyar Esperanto ta Duniya tsakanin 1964 da 1974, da kuma shekaru tara a matsayin Babban Sakatare.

Lapenna an dauke shi sosai a matsayin mai magana a Esperanto, ya rubuta littattafai da yawa, kuma shine ƙarfin motsawa a bayan 1954 Montevideo Resolution wanda UNESCO ta amince da Esperanto. Lapenna ta kuma kasance lauya-mai ba da shawara a Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya a The Hague.

## Ayyuka

*  *Ivo Lapenna, 'Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Yugoslav na 1963', Dokar Kasa da Kasa da Kwatanta Quarterly 18, No. 2 (1969): 469-471.*

## Dubi kuma

* Shugaban Ƙungiyar Esperanto ta Duniya

## Manazarta
Carlo Minnaja

**Carlo Minnaja** (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1940) farfesa ne mai ritaya a fannin lissafi, mai magana da harshen Esperanto, kuma mai fassara Esperanto, marubuci da mai bincike. Ya rubuta littattafai da yawa game da Esperanto, a cikin Esperanto da Italiyanci, gami da ƙamus na Esperanto,  kuma memba ne na Akademio de Esperanto.

## Ayyukan ilimi
Minnaja ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a Lissafi daga Jami'ar Pisa a 1963. Ya sami digirin digirinsa a lissafi a Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, kuma ya fara aikinsa na ilimi a matsayin farfesa a Accademia Navale di Livorno a shekarar 1965.

A shekara ta 1973, Minnaja ya zama farfesa a fannin lissafi a Jami'ar Padua ta Sashen Injiniya. Ya koyar da darussan "Mathematics for Electrical Engineering," "Tarihin Mathematics," da "Linear Algebra da Geometry for Information Engineering".

### Kyaututtuka da alƙawari
Minnaja memba ne na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Duniya ta San Marino kuma tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasa. Ya kuma ba da lacca a jami'o'in Turai da yawa, kuma ya kasance marubuci ko marubucin takardun kimiyya hamsin. Da yawa daga cikinsu littattafansa ne da labaransa a kan harshen Esperanto na duniya.

A shekara ta 1980, ya karbi lambar yabo ta Al'adu daga Firayim Minista na Italiya.

## Ayyuka a cikin ƙungiyar Esperanto
A shekara ta 1960, Minnaja ya zama memba na Kwamitin Ƙungiyar Matasan Esperanto ta Duniya, yana jawabi ga sassan musamman da ayyuka. Har yanzu yana aiki sosai a fannonin Esperantology da wallafe-wallafen Esperanto, kuma memba ne na ƙungiyar wallafe-walfinai Patrol.

A cikin 1981, ya fassara littafin Carlo Goldoni mai suna The Mistress of the Inn zuwa Esperanto, kuma a cikin 1982, ya buga fassarorin waƙoƙin Cesare Pavese.

A shekara ta 1996, ya wallafa ƙamus dinsa na Italiyanci-Esperanto, wanda, a sama da shafuka 1400, shine mafi cikakkiyar ƙamus na Italiyancin Esperanto.

Minnaja memba ne na Kwamitin Kimiyya na Cibiyar Italiano di Interlinguistica, tana aiki a kai a kai a matsayin mai bita ga Mujallar wallafe-wallafen Esperanto Monato kuma ta kasance Babban edita na mujallar Literatura Foiro a cikin 2014.

## Littattafai
Biye da taƙaitaccen jerin littattafan Carlo Minnaja, ana iya samun wasu a shafin asusun Jami'ar Padua.

* Eugenio Montale (Esperanto: "Eugenio Montale da sauran marubuta na Ligurian") pub. Edizioni Eva by C. Minnaja, 2013,  .
* I mathematici nell'Università di Padova. Dal suo nascere al XX secolo (Italian: "Masu lissafi a Jami'ar Padua. Daga haihuwarta zuwa karni na ashirin") by C. Minnaja, E. Giusti, F. Baldassarri, 2007,  .
* Tarihin Esperanto (Esperanto: "History of Esperanto Literature") na C. Minnaja, G. Silfer, 2016,  .
* Esperanto a Italiya. Alla ricerca della democrazia linguistica (Italiyanci: "Esperanto a Italiya. A cikin neman Dimokuradiyya ta Harshe") Pub. Il Poligrafo, na C. Minnaja 2007,  .
* Introduzione alla Letteratura Esperanto pub. Athenaeum Edizioni Universitarie (Italiyanci: "Gabatarwa ga Littattafan Esperanto") na C. Minnaja & D. Astori 2019,  .

## Manazarta
Mauro Nervi

**Mauro Nervi** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1959) mawaki ne na Italiyanci a cikin harshen Esperanto.

An haifi Nervi a La Spezia, wani tashar jiragen ruwa a arewacin Italiya. Ɗalibi ne na likita, ya sami MD a matsayin babban Likitan tiyata. Tun daga shekara ta 1984 ya yi aiki a sashen tiyata a Jami'ar Pisa . Bayan haka, ya sami Ph.D. a 1994 a Jamusanci da Ph.D a cikin wallafe-wallafen gargajiya a 1999 daga wannan jami'a. Tun daga shekara ta 1995 ya rubuta mahimman bayanai game da Kafka, Goethe, Kleist da Holderlin tare da hadin gwiwar Sashen Nazarin Jamusanci.

Nervi ta auri Angela a 1992 kuma tana da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Serena (2002) da Dorabella (2005). Yanzu yana da sha'awar falsafar da tunani.

## Ayyuka
Nervi ya fara samun shahara saboda waƙoƙinsa lokacin da yake dan shekara 18 kawai, kuma 1978 ya ga bugawa na farko La turoj de l' ĉefurbo ("The Towers of the Capital"). Kodayake a baya wasu sassa ba su da girma, a nan matashi Nervi ya riga ya nuna ƙwarewa mai ban sha'awa. Daga ilimin da yake da shi game da wallafe-wallafen gargajiya ya zo da waƙoƙi da yawa daga wannan ƙarar, gami da wasan kwaikwayo na waka wanda ya danganci kisan Agamemnon da Clytemnestra ya yi, da kuma sake zagayowar waƙoƙoƙi bakwai, kowannensu ga ɗaya daga cikin Muses.

Bayan wallafa littafinsa na farko, Nervi ya ci gaba da rubuta waka, wanda ya bayyana a cikin bita da yawa ciki har da Fonto da Literatura Foiro . A shekara ta 1986 an yi amfani da fassararsa a Esperanto na *Il repertorio della memoria* na Eugenio Montale a matsayin gabatarwa ga littafin Spomenka Štimec Ombro sur interna pejzaĝo . 1996 ya ga bayyanar fassararsa na Franz Kafka's The *Metamorphosis.*

An buga tarin Nervi na biyu, *Havenoj* ("Port") a cikin shekara ta 2001. Ya bar jigogi na gargajiya na La turoj de l' ĉefurbo, *Havenoj* ya ƙunshi hotuna da yawa na teku kuma an yi wahayi zuwa gare shi a wani bangare ta hanyar karatunsa na wallafe-wallafen Jamusanci, wanda ya sami digirin digirinsa na biyu.

Don waƙoƙinsa Nervi ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa na wallafe-wallafen.

## Jerin ayyukan

* *Turoj na ĉefurbo* (1978) 
* Maurizio CAPRILE: Kayan kariya: poemkolekto (fassara, 1979)  
* Franz KAFKA: La *Metamorfozo* (fassara, 1996) 
* *Havenoj* (waƙoƙi, 2001) 

## Haɗin waje

* Gidan yanar gizon Mauro Nervi game da Franz Kafka An adana shi 2020-12-06 a
Harshen Awyi

**Awyi** (Awye, Nyao)  yare ne na Papua na Indonesian Papua . Ana magana da shi a Gundumar Skanto, Keerom Regency .

## Manazarta
Gwladys, Lady Delamere

**Gwladys Helen Cholmondeley, Baroness Delamere**, CBE (née **Beckett**; an haifi shi 17 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1898 -izuwa 22 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar ta 1943ya mutu),  wacce a da ta kasance **Lady Markham**, ita ce Magajiyar Garin Nairobi mace ta farko daga shekarun 1938 zuwa 1940. An ba ta lambar CBE a shekarar 1941 don ayyukan gwamnati a Kenya. A watan Maris a shekarar 1941 ta bayar da shaida a shari'ar Sir Henry John Delves Broughton a Kenya kan kisan Josslyn Hay, Earl na Erroll na 22. Ta mutu a ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu 1943 kuma aka binne ta a Soysambu.

## Yarinta
Gwladys Helen Beckett 'yar Rupert Evelyn Beckett ce da Muriel Helen Florence Paget. Muriel jika ce ga Henry Paget, Marquess na 2 na Anglesey. A shekarar 1901 an ɗauki hotonta tare da mahaifiyarta da cikakken shafi a cikin *fim ɗin Tatler*.  A shekarar 1902 an ruwaito cewa ta kasance amarya ga Lady Helen Stewart ('yar Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, Marquess na 6 na Londonderry), wanda ya auri Giles Fox-Strangways, Earl na 6 na Ilchester.  A shekarar 1903, ta kasance amarya ga Mary Willoughby, wacce ta auri Arthur Ramsay, Earl na 14 na Dalhousie.  Ta fito a shekarar 1915.

## Aure
An yi auren Gwladys na farko a shekarar 1920 da Sir Charles Markham na Newstead Abbey, ɗan marigayi Sir Arthur Markham.  An ba da labarin babban bikin auren dalla-dalla a cikin jaridar Yorkshire Post.  Ta sake shi a shekarar 1927. 

A watan Mayun 1928 ta yi aure da Hugh Cholmondeley, Baron Delamere na 3, wanda ya girme ta da shekaru 30, a Nairobi.   Daga baya suka yi aure. Lord Delamere ya mutu a watan Nuwamban 1931, yana da shekaru 61, inda ya bar Gwladys Lady Delamere a matsayin bazawararsa.

## Manazarta
Purity Wangui Ngirici

**Hon. Purity Wangūi Ngìricì** (an haife ta a shekarar ta alif ɗari tara da saba'in da takwas 1978) ita ce wakiliyar mata ta biyu a gundumar Kìrìnyaga. Ta hau kan mulki tun watan Agusta a shekarar 2017 bayan babban zaɓen da aka yi a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta. An zaɓe ta a matsayin wakiliyar jam'iyyar Jubilee wacce ta maye gurbin wakiliyar mata ta farko ta Kìrìnyaga, Hon. Winnie Karìmi Njūgūna. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Ngìricì a shekarar 1978 kuma ta girma a gundumar Kìrìnyaga.  Tana da digirin farko a fannin kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Landan.  Ita ma mace ce 'yar kasuwa.  An zaɓe ta a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar 'yan majalisar mata ta Kenya (KEWOPA). 

## Manazarta
Joyce Chepkoech Korir

**Joyce Chepkoech Korir** 'yar siyasa ce ta Kenya wacce ta kasance Wakiliyar Mata na Gundumar Bomet a Majalisar Dokoki ta 12 ta Kenya daga shekarun 2017 zuwa 2022. Ita ce kuma magajiyar garin Bomet mace ta farko kuma ta yi aiki a wannan matsayin tsakanin shekarun 2007 da 2013.

## Tarihi da ilimi
Korir ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Tendwet tsakanin shekarun 1987 da 1995.  Daga baya ta yi rajista a Makarantar Sakandare ta Mugango don karatunta tsakanin shekarun 1996 da 1999 kafin ta shiga Cibiyar Nazarin Shari'a ta Kenya a shekarar 2004 inda ta sami Takardar Shaidar Nazarin Shari'a.  Daga nan ta sami Difloma a Gudanar da Gundumar daga Jami'ar Noma da Fasaha ta Jomo Kenyatta a shekarar 2014. 

## Aiki
A shekara ta 2007, Korir ta kasance zaɓaɓɓiyar Kansila a gundumar Singorwet da kuma Mataimakiyar Magajin Gari.  A shekara ta 2011, an zaɓe ta a matsayin Magajiyar Gari mace ta farko a ƙaramar hukumar Bomet  kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Magajiyar Gari har zuwa shekara ta 2013.

A ƙarƙashin Jam'iyyar Jubilee a shekarar 2017, Korir, wanda a lokacin take Mataimakiyar Kakakin Majalisar Dokoki ta Bomet, ta tsaya takarar kuma ta lashe kujerar Wakiliyar Mata a Majalisar Dokoki ta 12 ta Kenya, inda ta maye gurbin Cecilia Ng'etich. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Korir ta auri Leonard Korir wanda ya mutu a shekarar 2016. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin 'yan Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa ta Kenya, 2017–yanzu
* Jam'iyyar Jubilee

## Manazarta
Judith Fedder

**Judith Ann Fedder** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1958) Laftanar Janar ce mai ritaya ta Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Babban Hafsan Hafsoshi kan Jigilar Kayayyaki, Shigarwa da Tallafin Ayyuka, Hedikwatar Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka, Pentagon, Washington, DC. Fedder ta kasance mai alhakin jagoranci, gudanarwa da haɗa shirye-shiryen jigilar kaya na Rundunar Sojan Sama, kula da jiragen sama da makamai masu linzami, injiniyan farar hula da jami'an tsaro, da kuma tsara manufofi da shirya kiyasin kasafin kuɗi waɗanda ke nuna haɓakawa ga yawan aiki, shirye-shiryen yaƙi da ingancin rayuwa ga sojojin sama.

## Aikin soja
Fedder ta kammala karatun digirinta na farko a fannin horar da jami'an rundunar sojin sama a Jami'ar Jihar Michigan a shekarar 1980. Ta kasance mai kula da harkokinta na aiki, ta yi aiki a matsayin jami'a mai kula da sassa da dama na kula da jiragen sama da kuma Shugabar Gudanar da Ayyuka a Hedikwatar Rundunar Hadin Gwiwa don Ayyukan da Aka Tabbatar da Sufuri da Samar da Jin Daɗi a Basin Jirgin Sama na Incirlik, Turkiyya. Umarnin da ta bayar sun haɗa da Rundunar Gyaran Kayayyaki ta 46 da Rundunar Kula da Kayan Aiki ta 46 a Basin Rundunar Sojojin Sama ta Eglin, Florida ; Rukunin Kula da Kayayyaki ta 31 a Basin Jirgin Sama na Aviano, Italiya ; Rukunin Sansanin Jiragen Sama na 65 a Basin Jirgin Sama na Lajes, Portugal, inda ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Kwamandan Rundunar Sojojin Amurka Azores ; da Rukunin Kula da Kayayyaki ta 76 a Basin Rundunar Sojojin Sama ta Tinker, Oklahoma . Ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar darekta a Ofishin Hulɗa da Dokoki, Sakataren Rundunar Sojojin Sama; da kuma Daraktan Kula da Kayayyaki na Rundunar Yaƙi ta Jiragen Sama (a yau "A4 - Daraktan Kula da Kayayyaki da Jigilar Kayayyaki"). Kafin wannan aikin, Fedder shine Daraktan Kula da Sufuri, Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikata na Kula da Sufuri, Shigarwa da Tallafin Ayyuka, Hedikwatar Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka, Washington, DC Fedder ya yi ritaya daga Rundunar Sojan Sama a watan Mayun 2015.

## Aikin farar hula
Bayan ta yi ritaya daga USAF, Fedder ta zama Daraktar Tallace-tallace da Tallace-tallace ta Duniya, Haɗaɗɗen Kayayyaki a Boeing . 

## Ilimi

* 1980 Digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar abinci, Jami'ar Jihar Michigan, East Lansing
* 1984 Digiri na biyu na Gudanar da Tsarin Gudanarwa, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Florida, Melbourne
* Makarantar Jami'an Rundunar Sojoji ta 1984, Maxwell AFB, Ala.
* 1992. Ya kammala karatunsa a Kwalejin Sojojin Sama da Ma'aikata, Maxwell AFB, Ala.
* Kwalejin Yaƙin Sama ta 1996, Maxwell AFB, Ala.
* Kwas ɗin Gudanar da Tsaron Ƙasa na 2003, Makarantar Maxwell, Jami'ar Syracuse, NY
* Shirin Nazarin Tsaron Ƙasa na 2009, Makarantar Elliott, Jami'ar George Washington, Washington, DC
* Shirin Manufofin Tsaro na 2011, Makarantar Elliott, Jami'ar George Washington, Washington, DC

## Manazarta
Dawn Dunlop

**Dawn M. Dunlop,** Manjo Janar ce na Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka mai ritaya. Kafin ta yi ritaya, ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta, Bukatun Ƙarfin Aiki, Mataimakiyar Babban Jami'in Ma'aikata kan Dabaru, Haɗaka, da Bukatu, a Hedikwatar Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka.

A shekarar 1993, an zaɓi Dunlop a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko na Amurka da suka fara tashi da jiragen yaƙi.  Daga baya, ita ce kuma mace ta farko da ta fara tashi da jirgin F-22 kuma ta jagoranci wani rukunin gwaji. 

Kafin ta yi ritaya, Dunlop ita ce mafi girman matsayi a cikin matukin jirgin yaƙi mace a rundunar sojin sama.  A matsayinta na matukin jirgin komandan, ta tara sama da sa'o'i 3,500 na tashi, galibi a cikin jiragen F-22, F-15C, F-15E, T-38, F-16 da NE-3A . 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Dunlop ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Huntington da ke New York,  inda aka ɗauke ta a matsayin ƴar wasa don halartar Kwalejin Sojojin Sama ta Amurka da ke Colorado Springs .  Ta kasance fitacciyar ƴar wasan ƙwallon raga a can,  ta sami lambar yabo ta Academic All-American MVP a 1987 da kuma lambar yabo ta Academy's Athletic Leadership Award a 1988. 

A shekarar 1988 Dunlop ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin kimiyyar injiniya daga Kwalejin Sojojin Sama ta Amurka, sannan a shekarar 1989 ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin injiniyan injiniya da injiniyan farar hula daga Jami'ar Columbia da ke New York. 

## Sana'a
An naɗa Dunlop a matsayin laftana ta biyu a rundunar sojin saman Amurka a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 1988. Aikinta na farko shi ne a matsayin Guggenheim Fellow a Jami'ar Columbia da ke New York. Bayan ta sami digirin digiri na biyu, ta je horon matukan jirgi na farko a sansanin sojojin sama na Williams da ke Arizona inda ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu cikin 33 a ajinta. [1] A lokacin ba a ba wa mata izinin zaɓar jiragen yaƙi ba, don haka Dunlop ta ɗauki aiki a matsayin matukin jirgi mai koyarwa na T-38. [2] Ta koma sansanin sojojin sama na Beale da ke California a shekarar 1993, amma ba da daɗewa ba aka zaɓe ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mata bakwai na farko da aka ba wa jiragen yaƙi na rundunar sojin sama ta Amurka. [3]

## Manazarta
Onisaburo Deguchi

Onisaburo Deguchi (出口 王仁三郎, Deguchi Onisaburō), an haife shi **Kisaburō Ueda** 上田 喜三郎 (1871-1948) ya kasance shugaban addinin Japan. Tare da surukinsa Nao Deguchi, yana ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin ruhaniya guda biyu na ƙungiyar addini ta Oomoto a Japan. Yayinda Nao Deguchi shine Mai Kafa (開祖, Kaiso) na Oomoto, Onisaburo Deguchi shi ne Malami Mai Tsarki (聖師, Seishi).

## Tarihin rayuwa
Onisaburo ya yi karatun *Nazarin Ruhun* Honda Chikaatsu (*Honda Reigaku*) kuma ya koyi yin sulhu da mallaka na ruhu (*[[chinkon kishin]]* 鎮魂帰神) daga almajirin Honda Nagasawa Katsutate (長澤雄ī) a Shimizu, Shizuoka . Farawa daga Maris 1, 1898, ya bi wani mai zaman kansa mai suna Matsuoka Fuyō, wanda ya kasance manzo na kami Kono-hana-saku-ya-hime-no-mikoto (木花京耶姫命), zuwa wani kogo a Dutsen Takakuma kusa da Kameoka, Kyoto, inda Onisaburo ya yi horo mai tsanani na mako guda. Yayinda yake jimrewa da yanayin sanyi tare da rigar auduga kawai, da yunwa da ƙishirwa, Onisaburo ya sami wahayi na allahntaka kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya yi tafiya cikin duniyar ruhu.

Onisaburo ya sadu da wanda ya kafa Omotokyo a 1898 kuma a 1899 sun kafa Kinmeikai, daga baya aka kira Kinmei Reigakkai . A cikin 1900, Kisaburō ya auri 'yar Nao ta biyar Sumi (wanda aka fi sani da Sumiko) kuma ya ɗauki sunan Deguchi Onisaburō . Oomoto ya koyar da cewa ruhun mai kula da Nao shine Amaterasu, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin ruhun namiji a jikin mace, kuma ruhun Onisaburo shine Susanowo, ruhun mace a jikin namiji.

A cikin 1905, ya buga Michi no Shiori (alit. 'Guide to the Way'),  wanda aka buga fassarorin Esperanto  da Portuguese  a cikin 1997. Wani littafi mai kama da haka a tsawon da batun, Michi no Hikari (dandalin) (lit. 'Light on the Way'), an kuma buga shi. Onisaburo Deguchi ya kuma rubuta *Mirrors Uku* ko *San Kagami* (三鏡, surori 844 duka), wanda ya ƙunshi *Mirror na Ruwa* (水鏡, surorin 249), *Mirror na wata* (月鏡, suroni 212), da *Jade Mirror* (玉鏡, suroki 383). 

## Wuraren tsarki

Wasu wuraren tsarki na Oomoto da ke da alaƙa da Onisaburo Deguchi sun haɗa da:

* kogon Onisaburo Deguchi a Dutsen Takakuma, inda Onisaburo ya shiga duniyar ruhu a lokacin da yake tsarkakewa a can a farkon rabin shekara ta 1898. A yau, mabiyan Oomoto suna shirya aikin hajji na kowane wata zuwa kogon.
* Zuisen-en, wurin tarihi na gidan haihuwar Onisaburo a Anao, Kameoka. An lalata shafin a lokacin Oomoto Incident na biyu a 1935 amma an sake  shi jim kadan bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II. Tana  da Kongo-ji (金剛寺) a Anao . Zuisen-en an san shi da maɓuɓɓugarsa mai tsarki da aka ambata a cikin nassosi daban-daban na Oomoto.
* Kabari na Okutsuki (奥都城) a Ayabe, inda aka binne Onisaburo Deguchi a cikin tudun. An binne surukinsa Nao Deguchi da matarsa Sumi Deguchi a cikin tuddai da ke kusa. An binne Nao Deguchi a gaban dutsen dama, kuma an binne Onisaburo Deguchi ne a gaban dutse na hagu, yayin da dutsen Sumi Deguchi yake a bayan tuddai biyu na gaba.
Uchimaru Deguchi

**Uchimaru Deguchi** (出口宇知ń/出口宇知的丸) (Janairu 15, 1903 - Mayu 6, 1973), wanda aka fi sani da Isao Deguchi, ya kasance mataimakin shugaban ruhaniya na sabuwar ƙungiyar addinin Japan Oomoto da shugabanta. Shi ne ɗan ɗa na Onisaburo Deguchi, wanda yake ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Oomoto.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haife shi a ranar 15 ga Janairu, 1903, a Ōzu, Ehime Prefecture, a matsayin ɗan fari na Kamekichi da Shinayo Saga .  Sunansa na asali na Uchimaru Deguchi shine Isao Saga (佐賀伊佐男).  Ya rasa mahaifinsa yana da shekaru bakwai. Ta hanyar wata mace mai suna Mon Sasaki, Shinayo ta shiga Oomoto. Bayan ta, Isao ta fara bauta wa allahn Oomoto a bagaden Shinto na gida. Kodayake Isao ya yi fice a ilimi,  iyalinsa ba za su iya tura shi zuwa ilimi mafi girma ba. Ya sami tallafin karatu wanda wani dan kasuwa na cikin gida ya ba shi kuma ya shiga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Yawatahama (a yau, Makarantar Yawatahama). 

## Shigar da Oomoto
A lokacin hutun bazara a watan Agustan 1918, Isao ya kasance tare da Sasaki a ziyarar hedkwatar Oomoto a Ayabe, Kyoto Prefecture. A can, ya sadu da Onisaburo Deguchi da matarsa, Sumi Deguchi, jagoran ruhaniya na biyu na Oomoto. Sasaki ya ba Onisaburo damar Isao ya yi wa Oomoto hidima. Isao ya motsa lokacin da Onisaburo ya yarda da tayin nan take kuma ya gaya masa ya koma Ayabe da wuri-wuri. A watan Oktoba, tare da fahimtar Shinayo da goyon baya, Isao ya bar makaranta, ya koma Ayabe, kuma ya fara aiki a sashen wallafe-wallafen Oomoto tare da wasu mabiyan goma. A wannan lokacin, sashen yana da na'urar bugawa guda ɗaya kuma ya buga mujallar mako biyu da wata mujallar wata ɗaya. Ya yi gaisuwa da Nao Deguchi, wanda ya kafa Oomoto, a lokuta da yawa kafin mutuwarta a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 1918.

## Samun tallafi a cikin Iyali na Deguchi (1922)
A watan Oktoba 1922 (ko da yake wata majiya ta bayyana cewa ranar 31 ga Janairu ce, 1924.  ), an karɓi Isao a cikin iyalin Deguchi kuma an ba shi sunan Uchimaru (宇知丸). 

A ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, 1924, yana da shekara ashirin da biyu, Uchimaru ya auri Yaeno Deguchi mai shekaru goma sha shida, 'yar Onisaburo ta uku. Kwanaki goma bayan haka, Onisaburo ya tsere daga Japan tare da mabiya uku, ciki har da Morihei Ueshiba (wanda daga baya zai sami Aikido), kuma ya tafi balaguro zuwa Mongolia. Bai sanar da shugabannin Oomoto game da shirin wannan balaguron ba, kuma ya danƙa wa Uchimaru takardar da ake kira "Nishiki no miyage". A cikin wannan takardar, Onisaburo ya nada Uchimaru tare da cikakken iko a cikin Oomoto, tare da Sumi da Naohi Deguchi, wanda aka nada shi shugaban ruhaniya na uku na Oomoto a cikin 1910.  Ya kuma nada Uchimaru a matsayin mataimakin Sumi da Naohi, kuma magajinsa a ayyukan allahntaka. Onisaburo ya kuma bayyana, a cikin hanyar wahayi na allahntaka, cewa Uchimaru ɗansa ne na ainihi a ruhaniya. A Mongolia, shugaban yaƙi na yankin Zhang Zuolin ya kama Onisaburo kuma kusan an kashe shi. Ofishin jakadancin Japan ya cece shi kuma ya koma Japan a watan Yuli.

## Manazarta
Futabatei Shimei

Futabatei Shimei  marubuci ne na Japan, mai fassara, kuma mai sukar adabi. Rubuce-rubucensa suna cikin salon realist wanda ya shahara a tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19. Ayyukansa The Drifting Cloud (*Ukigumo*, 1887) an dauke shi a matsayin littafi na farko na zamani na Japan.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Futabatei Hasegawa Tatsunosuke a Edo (yanzu Tokyo). Bayan ya bar karatunsa a sashen yaren Rasha a Makarantar Harshen Ƙasashen Waje ta Tokyo don nuna rashin amincewa da sake fasalin gudanarwa, Futabatei ya buga sukar adabi *Shōsetsu Sōron* a ƙarfafawar mai sukar da marubucin Tsubouchi Shōyō a 1886. Littafin farko na Futabatei *[[Ukigumo (novel)|Ukigumo]]* ana yawan cewa ba a gama shi ba,  amma salon sa na ainihi ya rinjayi 'yan uwansa marubuta a zamaninsa. Futabatei ya cika a cikin Rasha kuma ya fassara aikin Ivan Turgenev da sauran masu ra'ayin Rasha zuwa Jafananci.

A cikin 1902, ya koyi Esperanto a Rasha. Da ya dawo Japan a 1906, ya buga littafin koyarwar Jafananci-Esperanto na farko *Sekaigo* .

Asalin sunan alkalami na Futabatei (wani nuni ga "kutabatte shimae", lit. "saukowa ya mutu") ya kasance batun maimaitawa na hasashe (ciki har da zargin cewa waɗannan kalmomin mahaifinsa ne lokacin da ya koyi game da shirin ɗansa na nazarin adabi). Futabatei ya yi iƙirarin cewa waɗannan kalmomi ne na muryarsa ta ciki yayin da yake rikici tsakanin manufofinsa na fasaha da burin kuɗi.
Teru Hasegawa

Teru Hasegawa (長谷川テル, Hasegawa Teru) (7 March 1912 – 10 January 1947 or 14 January 1947) was a Japanese Esperantist, also known by her Esperanto pen name **Verda Majo** (green May).

## Rayuwa
An haifi Teru Hasegawa Hasegawa Teruko  a 1912 a matsayin na biyu cikin yara uku. A shekara ta 1929 ta shiga Kwalejin Ilimi ta Mata a Gundumar Nara . Ta saba da ƙungiyoyin adabi na hagu, da ƙungiyoyin Esperantist. Ta auri Liu Ren, wanda ya fito ne daga Manchuria, a 1936.  A watan Afrilun 1937 ta tafi kasar Sin. Ta shiga cikin adawar kasar Sin zuwa Japan, inda ta yi watsa shirye-shirye da nufin Sojojin Japan.

## Dubi kuma

* Rashin amincewar Jafananci a lokacin Shōwa
* Jafananci a cikin tsayayyar kasar Sin ga Daular Japan

## Manazarta