Anna Sandström

**''Anna'' Maria Carolina Sandström** (3 Satumba 1854 - 26 Mayu 1931) 'yar Sweden ce mai fafutukar mata, malamar  gyarawa kuma majagaba a cikin tsarin ilimi na ƙasarsu. An kira ta a matsayin babbar malama a cikin ilimin mata a Sweden a ƙarshen karni na 19.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Anna Sandström a Stockholm, Sweden, ga mai gudanarwa Carl Eric Sandström da Anna Erica Hallström . Bayan rasuwar mahaifinta da wuri, an haife ta a matsayin yarinya mai kula da Kanar Hjalmar Hagberg . Saboda sana'ar mahaifinta, ta bi shi a duk faɗin ƙasar a kan mukamin soja kuma saboda haka ana tilasta masa sau da yawa ya katse karatunta. Ta yi karatu a Royal Normal School for Girls (Statens normalskola för flickor) da Royal Seminary (Högre emetarinneseminariet) a Stockholm, inda ta kammala karatu a matsayin malama a 1874. A lokacin da ta kammala karatu, kwanan nan an ba mata damar halartar jami'a a Sweden, amma ba a ba ta damar halartar Jami'a kanta ba.

Ta yi aiki a matsayin malama a Makarantun 'yan mata na *Åhlinska skolan* daga 1874 zuwa 1882 sannan kuma a Södermalms projet läroanstalt för flickor a Stockholm daga 1881 zuwa 1883. Ba ta jin daɗi a cikin yanayin makarantar 'yan mata kuma tana sukar ilimin da suke bayarwa ga ɗaliban su. Ta ci gaba da ilimantar da kanta kuma ta yi karatun tarihi, adabin Faransanci da Yaren mutanen Sweden da Latin a matsayin mai koyar da kanta. Ta kuma yi nazarin wallafe-wallafen masu gyara.

## Mai gyara ilimi
A cikin 1880, Sandström ta fara fitowa a cikin muhawara ta ilimi ta jama'a tare da labarinta Gifva distributor berättigade anledningar till missnöje?  (Shin makarantun 'yan mata suna ba mu dalilin rashin jin daɗi?) a cikin littafin mata Tidskrift för hemmet wanda Sophie Adlersparre ta kirkira. A karkashin sunan namiji na Uffe, ta soki ilimi mai tsauri da tsari da kuma mayar da hankali ga harsuna. Faransanci shine babban bambancin gargajiya na mace mai ilimi yayin da Latin ke da matsayi iri ɗaya ga namiji.

A shekara ta 1882, ta wallafa Realism i undervisning eller Språkkunskap och bildning a karkashin wannan sunan, wanda ya jawo hankali sosai. Ana ganin wannan a matsayin farawa wanda ya haɗa manyan malaman sake fasalin daban-daban na ƙarshen karni na 19 a Sweden kuma ya haɗa su da sake fasalin ilimi. An ɗauka marubucin a matsayin masanin kimiyya mai daraja, kuma ta hanyar ambaton "Uffe" (wanda a zahiri ita ce kanta), Sandström ta kafa ƙungiyar tattaunawa ta wallafe-wallafen da ake kira *Uffe-kretsen* (Uffe Circle) na masu gyara ilimi, masu aiki a 1883-1892. Manyan mambobin sun kasance Fredrique Runquist, Fridtjuv Berg, Hjalmar Berg, Sigfrid Almquist, Sofi Almquist da Nils Lagerstedt . Kungiyar ta kafa makarantu biyu na haɗin gwiwa, ta buga labarai masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da littattafan koyarwa, ta shirya tarurrukan makaranta na kasa da kasa tare da irin waɗannan kungiyoyi a Denmark da Norway, ta kafa *Pedagogiska biblioteket* (Librari na Pedagogical) da kuma *[[Pedagogiska sällskapet]]* (The Pedagogue Society), wanda ya maye gurbin *Uffe-kretsen* a cikin 1892.

Anna Sandström ta kasance memba na kwamitin *[[Pedagogiska sällskapet]]* (Pedagogue Society) a cikin 1892-1902. Ta kasance mai halarta akai-akai kuma mai jagorantar shiga cikin *Flickskolemöten* na kasa (Taron Makarantar Mata) don malamai da masu gyara, waɗanda aka gudanar a Sweden a 1879-1901 don tattauna game da ilimin mata, wanda makarantun mata ke gudanarwa har zuwa gabatar da haɗin kai.

## Ayyukan ilimi
A shekara ta 1883, Sandström ta kafa makarantar *Nya skolan* a Stockholm tare da abokin aikinta Fredrique Runquist: daga 1886 mai suna *Anna Sandströms skola* (Anna Sandström School), kuma ita ce shugabarta daga 1883 zuwa 1926. Ta kafa wannan makarantar tare da ambaton sunan namiji da ba a san shi ba Uffe, wanda ra'ayoyinsa suka zama yabo sosai. Manufarta ita ce ta fahimci ra'ayoyin da ta gabatar a cikin littafinta na 1882 a wannan makarantar, kuma ta yi amfani da shi don gwaji tare da ra'ayoyinta na ilimi ta hanyar kwarewar kwarewa.

Anna Sandström ba ta son makarantun 'yan mata kuma ta kasance mai karfi mai gabatar da haɗin kai. Ta kasance mai imani sosai a cikin ilimin mutum; don samun da haɓaka kowane ɗalibi ƙwarewar kansa da yin hakan ta hanyar sanya kowane batun "rayuwa" ta hanyar adabi. Ta yi imanin cewa ilmantarwa ya kamata ya kasance ta hanyar gogewa maimakon haddace ra'ayoyi daga littattafai. 

A cikin 1900, ta kafa Anna Sandströms efficiency (Anna Sandström Higher Teacher Seminar) don malamai mata a Stockholm,  wanda ta gudanar a cikin 1900-1926. Wannan an yi shi ne a matsayin madadin Royal Higher Teacher Seminary (*Kungliga Högre Lärarinneseminariet*). 

Ra'ayoyin Anna Sandström wanda ta gwada a makarantun ta, sun kasance suna da babban tasiri a kan sake fasalin kwalejojin jama'a a cikin 1905 da 1928 da kuma sake fasalin tsarin ilimi na 1919. A shekara ta 1904, an ba ta lambar yabo ta sarauta ta Sweden Illis quorum meruere labores (wanda ake kira Illis Quorum) saboda tsawon lokacin da ta yi, "aikin da ya yi nasara don ilimantar da matasan mata".

## Edita
A cikin 1883 tare da F. Lars Hökerberg (1851-1924), ta kafa takarda mai tsattsauran ra'ayi *[[Verdandi (paper)|Verdandi]]*, wanda ta shirya daga 1883-1929. Takardar ta gabatar da kanta a matsayin sashin gida don sunan namiji mai suna Uffe, marubucin sanannen littafinta mai suna Realism i undervisning eller Språkkunskap och bildning daga 1882: Ba a san Uffe ba kuma ana tunanin cewa ita ce ainihin malamin namiji. Takardar ta zama babbar takarda ta ilimi a Sweden har zuwa shekarun 1920 kuma ana buga labarai akai-akai daga manyan masu gabatarwa na ilimi.

## Mata
Sandström ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar da ke kewaye da waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar kare hakkin mata ta Fredrika Bremer Association, gami da Sophie Adlersparre, wanda a cikin takarda ta buga labarinta na farko a matsayin mai gyara a 1884. Ta kasance memba na farko na ƙungiyar mata Nya Idun, wanda aka kafa a 1885, kuma ɗaya daga cikin membobin kwamitin farko.[1][2] A cikin shekarun 1890, ta kasance sananniyar mai shiga cikin muhawara ta jinsi ta hanyar labarinta a cikin takarda na Fredrika Bremer Association . Ta wakilci layin tsattsauran ra'ayi na ƙungiyar mata wanda ya ga maza da mata a matsayin mutane na musamman kuma sun kare haƙƙinsu na haɓaka halayensu a adawa da matsayin jinsi na gargajiya: ta yi adawa da Bambancin mata wanda Ellen Key ke wakilta wanda ke buƙatar daidaito ga maza da Mata saboda bambance-bambance za su dace da amfana da al'umma, kuma a maimakon su zama lalacewar albarkatun mutane don ƙirƙirar bambance-babban jinsi na wucin gadi maimakon su bunkasa burinsu na mutum. Saboda haka, ta zama daya daga cikin manyan mutane a cikin mata na Sweden. An kuma buga labaran ta kuma sayar da su daban. A cikin labarinta na 1898 A karkashin "Rubuta" na "Rubutawa" kan "Rubuce-rubuce" kan "Kwamaya" kan "Cwamaya" ('A wane yanayi motsi na mata zai iya zama da muhimmancin gaske ga al'adu da ci gaba?'), inda ta bayyana cewa daidaito tsakanin maza da mata ba kawai ya zama dole ga ci gaban mutum ba; ya kuma zama dole don yin aure mai farin ciki da haɓaka al'umma mai arziki. A cikin shekarunta na baya, ta mai da hankali kan tambayoyin da suka shafi ilimin mata musamman maimakon batutuwan jinsi gabaɗaya.

## Manazarta

## Sauran tushe

* Sven Grauers, Anna Sandström (1854-1931) - a svensk reformpedagog, 1961
* Erik Wellander, Anna Sandström a matsayin malamin nydanare.  (Nordisk tidskrift 1933).
* Annika Ullman Sofi Almqvist, Anna Sandström, Anna Ahlström kuma ta kasance mai suna
* Gunhild Kyle (1972). Svensk flickskola a ƙarƙashin 1800talet. Göteborg: Kvinnohistoriskt arkiv. ISBN
* Anna M C Sandström, urn:sbl:6348, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Annika Ullman), kwata 2014-04-25.

## Ƙarin karantawa

* Anna SandströmaMutanen da ke cikin mutanen da ke cikin rayuwarsu