Thelma Johnson Streat

**Thelma Beatrice Johnson Streat** (1912-1959)  yar Afirka ce mai fasaha, yar rawa, kuma malama. Ta sami shahara a cikin shekara ta 1940s don fasaharta, aikinta don haɓaka fahimtar al'adu da godiya.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Thelma Johnson a watan Agusta 29, shekara ta 1911, a Yakima,  wani ƙaramin garin manoma a Jihar Washington, ga mai zane James Johnson, da matarsa Gertrude.   Ta kasance wani bangare na al'adun Cherokee .  Iyalinta sun ƙaura zuwa Portland, Oregon lokacin tana ƙarami.  A cikin shekara 1932, ta gama karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Washington .  Ta fara zane-zane tun tana da shekaru bakwai  kuma ta yi karatun zane-zane a Makarantar Art Museum (yanzu Kwalejin Fasaha ta Pacific Northwest) a Portland daga shekarar 1934 zuwa 1935.   Ta ɗauki ƙarin darussan fasaha a Jami'ar Oregon daga 1935 zuwa 1936. 

## Aikin fasaha

Streat ƙwararren mai fasaha ce, tana neman bayyana kanta ta hanyoyi da yawa na ƙirƙira, gami da zanen mai da kalar ruwa, zanen alƙalami da tawada, zanen gawayi, gaurayawan kafofin watsa labarai, da ƙirar masaku.

Shekara guda bayan kammala karatunta na makarantar sakandare, Streat tana da zane-zanen da aka baje kolin a Birnin New York, Laburaren Jama'a na New York a ƙarƙashin tallafin Oregon Federation of Women Colored and the Harmon Foundation .  A shekarar 1938, ta koma San Francisco inda ta shiga cikin ayyukan Gudanar da Ci gaban Ayyuka . An kuma haɗa Streat a cikin nune-nunen a De Young Memorial Museum da San Francisco Museum of Art (yanzu San Francisco Museum of Modern Art ).  A cikin shekara 1939 har zuwa 1940, ta taimaka wa mai zane Diego Rivera a cikin ƙirƙirar bangon bangon bangon bangon Amurka na Pan American, don nunin Art in Action a Baje kolin Golden Gate International Exposition (GGIE).  Hoton Streat, ɗaya daga cikin abokan Rivera da yawa da aka zana a bangon bango, ana iya ganin su a Kwalejin City na San Francisco (CCSF) a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Diego Rivera da ke filin CCSF's Ocean Campus.  A halin yanzu bangon yana fuskantar sabuntawa kuma za a nuna shi a cikin nunin gyare-gyare na SFMOMA akan Rivera a cikin 2020. 

Kamar yadda Judy Bullington ta yi jayayya a cikin labarinta mai mahimmanci a kan Streat, "The West Coast ya yarda da al'adun 'yan asalin da ake iya gani sosai wanda ya haifar da wani nau'i na ɗanɗano na yanki daban-daban daga abin da masu zamani za su iya zana wahayi. Ƙarfin Streat na haɗuwa da waɗannan tasiri masu yawa a cikin yanayin zamani ya ba ta damar jawo hankalin masu tattara kayan fasaha na Hollywood, don kama kanun labarai a faɗin Amurka, da kuma, a cikin 45s da 190 na duniya. " 

Aikinta wani lokaci yakan kawo cece-kuce. Jaridar *Los Angeles Times* ta ruwaito cewa ƙungiyar  Klux Klan ta yi wa Streat barazana saboda zanen da ta yi mai suna "Mutuwar wani jirgin ruwa na Negro", wanda ke nuna wani jirgin ruwa Ba'amurke da ke mutuwa bayan ya yi kasada da rayuwarsa a kasashen waje don kare haƙƙin dimokradiyya da aka hana shi a gida.  Barazanar kawai ta sa Streat ta yi imani cewa shirin da ke nuna ba kawai wahalar Negro ba har ma da gudummawar da Negro ke bayarwa ga dukiyar al'umma ana buƙata, don haka ta ƙaddamar da shirin ilimi na gani mai suna "The Negro in History."

Ta hanyar jerin zane-zanen da ke nuna gudunmawar mutanen Afirka, ɓangarori sun nuna baƙar fatar Amurka a masana'antu, noma, likitanci, kimiyya, haɗa nama, da sufuri. Har ma akwai wani kwamiti kan gudummawar da mata baƙar fata suke bayarwa  .

Ayyukan Streat sau da yawa yana nuna mahimman adadi a tarihi. Tare da hotuna na sanannun Amirkawa kamar Frank Lloyd Wright, ta zana jerin hotuna na shahararrun mutane na zuriyar Afirka, ciki har da mawaƙiyar wasan kwaikwayo Marian Anderson, mawaƙa / ɗan wasan kwaikwayo / mai fafutuka Paul Robeson, Toussaint Louverture, da Harriet Tubman, da sauransu. A matsayin majagaba a cikin fasahar zamani na Afirka ta Amirka, aikinta ya yi tasiri kuma ya rinjayi Jacob Lawrence, Sargent Johnson, Romare Bearden, William H. Johnson, da sauran shugabannin fasaha na zamaninta.  Ƙarfinta na haɗa raye-raye, waƙa da labarun al'adu daban-daban a cikin kunshin gabatarwa da kuma amfani da su don ilmantarwa da kuma ƙarfafawa a fadin ƙabilanci ya kasance juyin juya hali a lokacinta. 

### Tari
Shahararriyar zanenta mai suna *Rabbit Man*, Alfred Barr ne ya siya don MoMA a 1942.  Streat ita ce mace Ba-Amurke ta farko da aka haɗa zane a cikin tarin dindindin na MoMA.  An ƙara aikin Streat zuwa tarin dindindin na Smithsonian lokacin da suka sayi *Magungunan Magunguna da Sufuri* a cikin shekarata 2016, wanda ke zaune a cikin National Museum of African American History &amp;amp; Culture a Washington, DC    Streat fentin *Magunguna da sufuri* tsakanin shekarar 1942 da 1944, wanda ke nuna gudummawar ayyukan masana'antu a Afirka-Amurka. 

Gidan kayan tarihi na Kwalejin Mills a Oakland, California kuma yana da hoton littafin yara ta Streat mai suna *Robot.* 

Mutanen da suka mallaki ayyukan Streat sun haɗa da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Vincent Price, mawaƙa Roland Hayes, mai zane Diego Rivera, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Fanny Brice, 'yar rawa Katherine Dunham, da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Paulette Goddard .  

### Zaɓi nune-nunen
Hotunan nata sun bayyana a baje koli a gidajen tarihi da gidajen tarihi da suka hada da:

* 1938 – *Uwargida ba ta ji daɗi*, Gidan kayan gargajiya na San Francisco na Art Modern, San Francisco, California 
* 1941 – De Young Museum, San Francisco, California 
* 1942 – Raymond & Raymond Gallery, New York City, New York 
* 1942 – *Sabbin Saye: Zane-zane da sassaka na Amurka,* Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani, Birnin New York, New York 
* 1943 – The Little Gallery, mallakar ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai karɓar fasaha Vincent Price, Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, California 
* 1943 - *Nunin Duniya na Watercolor*, Cibiyar fasaha ta Chicago, Chicago, Illinois  
* 1946 – Wasan kwaikwayo na farko na sabon wasan kwaikwayo, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, California 
* 1991 – *Neman ‘Yanci: Abstraction Ba’amurke 1945-1975*, Kenkeleba Gallery, Birnin New York, New York 
* 2003 – Portland Art Museum, Portland, Oregon
* 2017 kuma gaba - Kayayyakin Hulda) da Kwarewar Kwarewar Amurka, (nunin zane na dindindin), Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi da Al'adu na Amirka na Amirka na Smithsonian, Washington, DC  
* Gidan fasahar zamani na Amurka, Münich, Jamus
* Honolulu Academy of Art, Honolulu, Hawaii
* Cibiyar Albany ta Tarihin Art, Albany, New York

## Dan wasan rawa, mawaƙa, kuma ɗan jarida
Hakazalika da takwararta Katherine Dunham, Streat ta yi tafiya zuwa Haiti tsakanin shekarar 1946 da 1951 don nazarin raye-raye, wanda ta gani a matsayin muhimmin abin da ya shafi sauye-sauyen zamantakewa da kuma ƙaddamar da ƙalubalen ƙa'idodin al'umma.  Ta kuma ziyarci Mexico da Kanada. Streat ta fito da sabon shirinta na wasan kida, wanda tafiye-tafiyenta ya zaburar da shi, a wani wasan kwaikwayo a gidan kayan gargajiya na San Francisco a 1946, wanda ya haxa Afirka, Haitian, Hawai, ɗan asalin Amurka, Fotigal da sauran nau'ikan raye-raye na ƴan asali. 

Streat ya gane cewa ana koyan son zuciya da son zuciya, yawanci a lokacin ƙuruciya. Domin yakar ci gaban son zuciya, a cikin shekarun 1940 zuwa 50, Streat ya yi raye-raye, waƙoƙi, da tatsuniyoyi daga al'adu da dama ga dubban yara a fadin Turai, Kanada, Mexico, da Amurka a ƙoƙarin gabatar da su ga kyau da kimar dukkan al'adu

## Malami kuma mai fafutuka
A cikin shekarar 1945, Streat ya jagoranci wani kwamiti a Chicago don ɗaukar nauyin zane-zane a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar ilimi na "Negro in Labour".  Tsakanin shekarar 1948 zuwa 1950, Streat ta koma Hawaii tare da mijinta na biyu Edgar Kline, kuma sun kafa Birnin Hawai na Yara da Sabuwar Makarantar Magana a Punaluu, Oahu don gabatar da yara ga fasaha da kuma darajar bambancin al'adu.  An kafa makarantar yara ta biyu a tsibirin Salt Spring a British Columbia, Kanada a cikin 1956. 

## Daraja da nasarori

* Ta sami karɓuwa ta ƙasa tana da shekaru 18, lokacin da zanenta mai suna "Firist" ya sami lambar girmamawa a nunin Harmon Foundation a New York City (1929). 
* Matar Ba-Amurke ta farko da ta sami wani zanen da aka baje kolin a gidan kayan tarihi na fasaha na zamani (MOMA) a New York (1942). 
* Ya jagoranci Shirin Ilimin Yara don gabatar da yaran Amurkawa ga gudunmawar Baƙin Amurkawa ta hanyar zane-zane masu launi. 
* Kungiyar KKK ta yi barazanar yin wani zanen da ke mutunta sadaukarwar wani bakar fata na jirgin ruwa. 
* An yi karatun rawa a fadar Buckingham don Sarki da Sarauniyar Burtaniya (1950). 
* Matar Ba'amurke ta farko da ta sami shirin talabijin nata a Paris (1949). 
* Ya yi aiki tare da mawallafin ɗan ƙasar Mexico Diego Rivera akan bangon bangon bangonsa na haɗin kai na Pan American a San Francisco a cikin 1939.   
* A shekara ta 1947, ɗaya daga cikin masu zane-zane na Afirka guda huɗu kawai da suka yi nunin solo a birnin New York. Sauran ukun su ne Romare Bearden, Rose Piper, da Norman Lewis . 

## Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa
Ta auri Romaine Virgil Streat a 1935, kuma sun rabu a 1948.  Streat ta ci gaba da amfani da sunan aurenta don dalilai na sana'a.  Daga baya a wannan shekarar, ta auri John Edgar Kline, manajanta kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai shirya wasan kwaikwayo da fim. 

Streat ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya 21 ga Mayun shekarar 1959, Los Angeles, California.  

## Duba kuma

* Jerin masu fasahar gani na Ba-Amurke
* Jerin mata masu fasaha na ƙarni na 20

## Manazarta

## Kara karantawa

### Littattafai

* Falk, Peter Hastings, ed. (1985). *Wanene Wanene A Amurka Art, 1898-1947* . Connecticut: Sauti View Press. p.&nbsp;602.
* *Katalojin Kamus na Tarin Rawa* . Juzu'i na 9. Laburaren Jama'a na New York. 1974. p.&nbsp;6129.
* *Gidan Tarihi na Fasahar Zamani: Jerin Kayan Laburare*, Sashe na iv. (SZ). 1984. p.&nbsp;318.
* Gibson, Ann Eden (1999). *Abstract Expressionism: Sauran Siyasa* . Jami'ar Yale Press.
* Allen, Ginny; Klevit, Jody (1999). *Oregon Painters: Shekaru Dari Na Farko, 1859-1959* . Ƙungiyar Tarihi ta Oregon.
* *Reference Library of Black America* . Juzu'i na 4. Jami'ar New York. 1971. p.&nbsp;93.
* Ploski, Harry A.; Williams, James, ed. *Negro Almanac: Aiki na Magana akan Ba'amurke Ba-Amurke* . Bakar Artist. p.&nbsp;1076.
*  (1966). *Littafin Jagora na Negro* . Chicago: Johnson Publishing Co.p.&nbsp;355.

### Na lokaci-lokaci

*  
* Jones, Aaron (May 1998). "Treasures from Reed's Collection". *Reed College Magazine*. Reed College, Portland.
* "Obituary—Mrs. John Edgar". *Oregon Journal*. May 14, 1959. p.&nbsp;11.
* "Obituary—Famed Painter-Dancer Dies After Heart Attack". *The Oregonian*. May 24, 1959.
* "Famed Painter-Dancer is Eulogized in Los Angeles". *Baltimore Afro-American*. June 6, 1959. p.&nbsp;15
* "Couple from Hawaii Show Folklore Paintings, Curios". *Bellingham Herald*. May 16, 1958.
* "Hills Folklore Collected By Husband-Wife Team". *Daily Journal*. Rapid City, S.D. June 18, 1958.
* "Visiting Hawaii Child Welfare Leaders See Folklore as Link for All Children". *Sioux City Sentinel*. September 18, 1958. A-3.
* "The Londoner's Diary: Two Yellow Moons". *Evening Standard*. UK. March 7, 1950.
* "The News That's Going Around". *The Irish Press*. Ireland. May 6, 1950.
* "Art and Artists: Thelma Johnson Streat at S.F. Museum of Art". *Oakland Tribune*. March 17, 1946.

### Kayan kayan tarihi

* Wasiƙa zuwa ga Marian Anderson ( kwanan wata Disamba 19, 1938). Tari na Musamman (Tarihin Marian Anderson), Laburaren Van Pelt-Dietrich, Jami'ar Pennsylvania.
* Hotuna, aikace-aikacen sirri da haruffan tunani. The Harmon Collection (The Harmon Foundation). Archives na kasa .

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Thelma Johnson Streat Project gidan yanar gizon hukuma 
* Tattaunawar tarihin baka da Vincent Price, 1992 Aug. 6-14, ta Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution - wannan ya ambaci Streat a cikin hirar, Farashin ya mallaki Little Gallery a Beverly Hills
* Ƙarin bayani game da Diego Rivera akan bangon bangon Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Amurka a San Francisco 
* Streat ya sani kuma ya ziyarci tsohuwar uwargidan shugaban kasa Eleanor Roosevelt. Ms. Roosevelt ta ambaci ziyarar 1951 daga Ms. Streat a cikin mujallarta ta yau da kullun.
* Kalli binciken Binciken Tarihin PBS akan Nazarin Mural na WPA (An watsa shi: Season 7, Episode 9, Detective: Elyse Luray)