Adelaide M. Cromwell

**Adelaide McGuinn Cromwell** (27 ga Nuwamba, 1919 - 8 ga Yuni, 2019) ta kasance masaniyar zamantakewa ta Amurka kuma farfesa mai ritaya a Jami'ar Boston, inda ta kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka a 1959,  kuma ta jagoranci shirin digiri na biyu a nazarin Afirka-Amurkawa daga 1969 zuwa 1985.  Ita ce malamar farko 'yar Afirka-Amurkawa a Kwalejin Hunter da kuma Kwalejin Smith . A 1974 an naɗa ta a matsayin Kwamishinar Laburare ta Baƙar fata-Amurkawa ta farko a Commonwealth of Massachusetts . Ta rubuta littattafai da dama kan tarihin baƙar fata, ciki har da wani bincike mai zurfi kan manyan ajin baƙar fata na Boston da kuma tarihin rayuwar Adelaide Casely-Hayford . Ta mutu a watan Yunin 2019 tana da shekaru 99. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Adelaide Cromwell a cikin wani fitaccen iyali a Washington, DC a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 1919. Kakanta, John Wesley Cromwell, sanannen mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a ne kuma malami, kuma mahaifinta, John Wesley Cromwell Jr., shi ne akawu na farko baƙar fata mai takardar shaidar aiki a Amurka.   Goggon ta, Otelia Cromwell, ita ce baƙar fata ta farko da ta kammala karatun digiri a Kwalejin Smith, kuma ɗan uwanta, Edward Brooke, Sanata ne na Massachusetts kuma Babban Lauyan Jihar Baƙar fata na farko da aka zaɓa. 

Cromwell ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Dunbar a shekarar 1936. Ta sami digirin AB a fannin ilimin zamantakewa daga Kwalejin Smith a shekarar 1940 da kuma digirin MA a fannin ilimin zamantakewa daga Jami'ar Pennsylvania a shekarar 1941. Ta sami takardar shaidar digiri a fannin ilimin zamantakewa daga Kwalejin Bryn Mawr a shekarar 1944, da kuma digirin Ph.D. a fannin ilimin zamantakewa daga Kwalejin Radcliffe a shekarar 1952.

## Sana'a
Bayan kammala karatunta daga Radcliffe, Cromwell ta koyar da ilimin zamantakewa a Kwalejin Hunter, inda ta kasance malamar farko 'yar Afirka-Amurka. Ta sake karya layin launi lokacin da ta koyar a Kwalejin Smith a ƙarshen shekarun 1940.  A shekarar 1951, ta shiga jami'ar Boston, inda ta koyar da ilimin zamantakewa har zuwa 1985. A shekarar 1959, Cromwell ta kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka ta jami'ar tare. Daga 1969 zuwa 1985, ta jagoranci shirin Nazarin Afirka-Amurka. 

A shekarar 1960, Cromwell ta yi tafiya zuwa Ghana don gudanar da taron farko na ma'aikatan zamantakewa na Yammacin Afirka. Ta kuma yi aiki a kwamitin da Cocin Methodist na Amurka ya ba ta umarni don tantance yanayin manyan makarantu a Congo ta Belgium (yanzu Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo ). An naɗa ta a shekarar 1974 a matsayin Kwamishinan Laburare na Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Ba’amurke ɗan Afirka ta farko da ya taɓa yin wannan matsayi.  A shekarar 1983, ta kira taron masu tsara manufofi da malamai a Jami'ar Liberia . 

Cromwell ta yi aiki a majalisar zartarwa ta Ƙungiyar Al'adun Afirka ta Amurka, Taron Shugabancin 'Yan Asalin Amurka a Afirka wanda yanzu ya daina aiki, da Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Taimakon Ƙasashen Waje na Sa-kai (ACVFA) na Hukumar Ci Gaban Ƙasashen Duniya ta Amurka . Ta kasance memba a Majalisar Hulɗa da Ƙasashen Waje, Ƙungiyar Nazarin Afirka, Ƙungiyar Nazarin Rayuwa da Tarihi na 'Yan Afirka ta Amurka (ASALH), da Ƙungiyar Nazarin Zamantakewa ta Amurka . 

Ta kasance shugabar ƙungiyar Heritage Guild, wadda ta kafa tare a shekarar 1975 don yin rubuce-rubuce, adanawa, da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da tarihin baƙar fata na Boston. A wancan lokacin, 'yan Boston kaɗan ne suka fahimci muhimmancin tarihi na wurare kamar Gidan Taro na Afirka a kan Dutsen Beacon, ko kuma sun san cewa West End na Boston ya taɓa zama babban cibiyar ƙungiyar masu fafutukar kawar da mulkin mallaka . Ƙungiyar Heritage ta jawo hankalin jama'a zuwa ga wuraren tarihi da nasarorin mutane kamar Butler R. Wilson, wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar NAACP ta Boston. Cromwell ta rubuta littattafai da dama kan tarihin baƙar fata, ciki har da nazarin manyan ajin baƙar fata na Boston, *The Other Brahmins* . Hukumar Tarihi ta Massachusetts ta karrama ta a shekarar 2015 saboda gudummawar da ta bayar. 

## Rubuce-rubucen da aka zaɓa

### Littattafai

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*   Routledge, 2014, 
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### Labarai

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* Barbour, Floyd B., ed. (1970). "Black Education in the Seventies: A Lesson From the Past". *The Black Seventies.* Porter Sargent Publishers. pp.&nbsp;51–67.
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## Daraja da kyaututtuka

* An ambaci daga Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Côte d'Ivoire 
* Lambar Yabo ta Kwalejin Smith 
* Lambar yabo ta Carter G. Woodson daga Ƙungiyar Nazarin Rayuwa da Tarihi ta Baƙar fata ta Amurka 
* Digiri na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Southeastern Massachusetts, Jami'ar George Washington, Jami'ar Boston, da Kwalejin Smith 
* Kyautar Kare Tarihi daga Hukumar Tarihi ta Massachusetts, 2015 

## Manazarta