Norma Elizabeth Boyd

**Norma Elizabeth Boyd** (9 ga Agusta, 1888 - 14 ga Maris, 1985) ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Alpha Kappa Alpha, ƙungiyar mata ta farko da ɗaliban mata ' yan Afirka-Amurka suka kafa, a Jami'ar Howard. Ta kuma kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar a shekarar 1913.

Boyd ta kasance malamar makaranta a makarantun gwamnati na Washington, DC, fiye da shekaru talatin, kuma ta faɗaɗa duniyar ɗalibanta ta hanyar kai su zaman sauraren ƙararraki na Majalisar Dokoki . Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fi himma a siyasance a cikin waɗanda suka kafa Alpha Kappa Alpha, tare da sha'awar cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje.

A shekarar 1938, Boyd ta kafa Majalisar da ba ta da jam'iyyar siyasa, ƙungiya ta farko da ke wakiltar tsiraru da suka yi fafutukar kare haƙƙin Majalisar Dokokin Amurka . Saboda ƙoƙarinta na ƙirƙira da kuma jagorantar Majalisar da ba ta da jam'iyyar siyasa, a shekarar 1948 , Majalisar Mata ta Ƙasa ta ba wa Boyd suna "Mace ta Shekara a Fagen Dokoki".

Boyd ya kasance mai himma a cikin kungiyoyi daban-daban, ciki har da da yawa waɗanda suka mai da hankali kan ƙasashen duniya. An naɗa shi mai lura da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Boyd ya wakilci Amurka a kwamitoci da dama, da kuma a wani taro da aka yi a Brazil .

## Rayuwa ta farko
Boyd ta yi karatu a makarantun gwamnati a Washington, DC A watan Satumba na shekarar 1906, an shigar da Boyd Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Jami'ar Howard, inda ta yi digiri a fannin lissafi .  Jami'ar Howard ita ce babbar kwalejin baƙar fata a tarihi a ƙasar. Lokaci ne da kashi 1/3% na 1% na 'yan Afirka da kashi 5% na fararen fata masu shekaru masu cancanta suka halarci kowace kwaleji.  Boyd ya kammala karatunsa da digirin farko a fannin Fasaha a shekarar 1910. 

## Aiki da rayuwa daga baya
Ya kasance ɗalibi na tsawon rai, tsawon shekaru Boyd ya ɗauki kwasa-kwasan digiri na biyu a fannin ilimi da hulɗa da jama'a a Jami'ar Columbia, Jami'ar New York, Jami'ar California da ke Berkeley, Makarantar Harsuna ta Kwalejin Middlebury ta Vermont, Jami'ar Ƙasa Mai Zaman Kanta ta Mexico, Jami'ar Amurka da Jami'ar George Washington .

Fiye da shekaru talatin, Boyd ta kasance malamar makaranta a makarantun gwamnati a Washington, DC. Boyd ta kan kawo jami'an majalisar ɗalibai zuwa zaman sauraron ƙararrakin majalisa, don ilmantar da su game da tsarin siyasa. Ta yi ritaya daga koyarwa a shekarar 1948. 

## Alpha Kappa Alpha

### Shigar da ƙungiyar 'yan gurguzu
A Jami'ar Howard, Norma Elizabeth Boyd ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban makarantar sakandare bakwai da suka fara karatun Alpha Kappa Alpha a watan Fabrairun 1908.  Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar reshen Alpha a lokuta biyu daban-daban.  Bayan wasu 'yan'uwa mata sun sake tsara yadda za su gudanar da makarantar sakandare mai suna da alamomi daban-daban, Boyd, Nellie Quander, Julia Evangeline Brooks, Minnie B. Smith, Nellie Pratt Russell, da Ethel Jones Mowbray sun kafa Alpha Kappa Alpha a ranar 29 ga Janairu, 1913. 

### Shiga cikin ƙungiyar 'yan gurguzu
A shekarar 1913, Boyd ta kasance sakatare mai dacewa a Darakta na farko na Alpha Kappa Alpha.  Ita kuma darakta ce ta yanki a yankin Arewacin Atlantika. Boyd ta yi hayar reshen Xi Omega a Washington, DC, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin shugaba.  A shekarar 1934, ta tara kuɗi don shekarar farko ta aikin lafiya na Mississippi na Alpha Kappa Alpha. 

A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Boyd ya jagoranci taron karawa juna sani guda biyu a Jami'ar Howard: "Kwadago da Mata a Kokarin Yaƙi," wani taron kwana uku, da kuma taron "Tsarin Tsaro don Gaba," taron kwanaki biyar. 

### Majalisar da ba ta da alaƙa da jam'iyyar siyasa

A shekarar 1938, Boyd ya kafa "Ƙungiyar 'Yan Tawaye Masu Zaman Kansu don Haƙƙoƙin Tattalin Arziki da Dimokuraɗiyya" (NPC), wadda ta yi kira ga Majalisa kan batutuwan da suka shafi ayyukan gwamnati, ilimi, haƙƙin zaɓe, da kuma aikin yi da suka shafi 'yan Afirka-Amurkawa .  Daga baya, ƙungiyar ta yi aiki kan batutuwan farar hula, zamantakewa, da siyasa. NPC ta sake duba dukkan kuɗaɗen majalisar dokoki, tana ba da ra'ayoyi ga Majalisa idan ya zama dole. Bugu da ƙari, Majalisar 'Yan Tawaye Masu Zaman Kansu ta taimaka wajen faɗaɗa Shirin Ayyukan Jama'a da kuma kafa mafi ƙarancin albashi ga ma'aikatan wanki, kuma ta goyi bayan ci gaba da Dokar Matasan Amurka. 

A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, majalisar ta yi kira ga a samar da dokokin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam .  Majalisar da ba ta da jam'iyya ta kuma yi kira ga hukumomi kamar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da ƙungiyoyin ilimi, kimiyya, da al'adu na ƙasa, da su jawo hankali ga buƙatar haɗin kai.  Bayan shekaru goma, an rusa ƙungiyar a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1948, ta hannun Babban Basilius Edna Over Gray-Campbell.  

Majalisar da ba ta da jam'iyya ta yi aiki tare da NAACP, Ƙungiyar Urban, Ofishin Haɗin gwiwa da Ma'aikatan Ƙwararru na Amurka, Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Ƙasa, Ƙungiyar Coci-coci ta Amurka, Ƙungiyar Mata Masu Launi, Ƙungiyar 'Yan Uwa Masu Ɗauke da Motoci Masu Barci da Taimako, da Ƙungiyar Masu Zaɓe ta New York. An kafa ta a shekarar 1946, Majalisar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Amurka ta maye gurbin Majalisar da ba ta da jam'iyya.

Saboda ƙoƙarinta na ƙirƙirar da kuma jagorantar Majalisar da ba ta da alaƙa da jam'iyyar siyasa, a shekarar 1948, an naɗa Boyd a matsayin "Mace ta Shekara a Fagen Dokoki" ta Majalisar Mata Masu Ra'ayin Kabilanci ta Ƙasa . 

## Shigar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya

An naɗa Norma Boyd a matsayin mai sa ido a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 1949. Ta shiga cikin kwamitoci da dama, kamar Kwamitin Ba da Shawara ga Wakilin Amurka a Majalisar Mata ta Tsakanin Amurka, Kwamitin Hulɗa da Amurka, da Ƙungiyar Gabas da Yamma. 

A shekarar 1949, Boyd ta yi tafiya zuwa Kudancin Amurka a matsayin mai kallo a Hukumar Mata ta Tsakanin Amurka da ke Buenos Aires, Argentina .  A taron, ta kasance wakiliya da ke wakiltar Ƙungiyoyi Masu Zaman Kansu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Ƙungiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Kwamitin Umarnin Jama'a, da Ƙungiyar Mata ta Duniya don Zaman Lafiya da 'Yanci .  Yayin da take Brazil, Boyd ya kuma kafa wani babi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. 

A matsayinta na mai lura, Boyd tana da sha'awar haƙƙin yara kuma ta goyi bayan ƙa'ida ta 10 ta Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam .  Domin taimakawa wajen ilmantar da ɗalibanta, shekara guda Boyd ta ba da kuɗi ga ashirin da biyar daga cikinsu don tafiya zuwa Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a birnin New York . 

## Rayuwa daga baya
A shekarar 1959, Boyd ya kafa ƙungiyar mata ta duniya ta addini.  Ƙungiyar, wadda ta ƙunshi mata daga asali da al'adu daban-daban, ta taimaka wajen jawo hankali ga lafiyar yara da haƙƙinsu. 

Boyd ta yi tafiye-tafiye sosai a rayuwarta, zuwa biranen Amurka, Kanada, Mexico, Kudancin Amurka, da kuma British West Indies .  Ta rubuta tarihin rayuwarta, *A Love that Equals My Labour* .  Wata malamar makaranta mai ritaya kuma wacce aka fi sani da Ethna Beulah Winston ta zauna tare da Boyd a shekarun ƙarshe na Boyd. 

Norma Elizabeth Boyd, wacce ta rage a duniya, wadda ta kafa Alpha Kappa Alpha (AKA), ta rasu a Washington, DC, a ranar 14 ga Maris, 1985. 

## Memba a wasu ƙungiyoyi
Boyd ya kasance mai himma a cikin kungiyoyi daban-daban:

# Ƙwararren: Majalisar Malaman Lissafi ta Ƙasa, Ƙungiyar Malaman Amurka, da Ƙungiyar Malaman Amurka;
# Na Ƙasashen Duniya: Kwamitin Ƙasashen Duniya na Haikalin Fahimta, Ƙungiyar Addini ta Mata ta Duniya, Kwamitin Hulɗa da Jama'a na Pan-America, da Ƙungiyar Zaman Lafiya da 'Yanci ta Mata ta Duniya; da kuma
# Siyasa: Majalisar da ba ta da alaƙa da jam'iyyar siyasa, Ƙungiyar Gabas-Yamma, da Kwamitin Wa'adin Al'umma. 

Boyd ya kuma kasance shugabar ƙungiyar Majalisar Dokoki ta Duniya a Washington, DC Daga 1958–1959 ta jagoranci Kwamitin Hulɗar Faiths ta Duniya a Cocin All Souls, Unitarian, na Washington, DC 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin masu fafutukar zaman lafiya

## Manazarta

## Nassoshi

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