Fasahar wayar hannu a Afirka

**Fasahar wayar hannu a Afirka** kasuwa ce mai saurin girma. Babu inda tasirin ya fi ban mamaki fiye da Afirka, inda fasahar wayar hannu sau da yawa ke wakiltar kayan aikin zamani na farko na kowane irin. Fiye da 10% na masu amfani da Intanet suna cikin Afirka. Koyaya, kashi 50% na 'yan Afirka suna da wayoyin hannu kuma shiga su yana fadada cikin sauri. Wannan yana nufin cewa fasahar wayar hannu ita ce babbar dandamali a Afirka, kuma tana iya samun dama ga kungiyoyin samun kudin shiga da yawa. AppsAfrica ta ba da rahoton sauke aikace-aikacen wayar hannu ya wuce biliyan 98  wanda ke da babbar fa'ida ga masu haɓaka aikace-aikace na hannu a Afirka. 

A sakamakon samun wayar hannu da yawa dangane da wayar tarho, a kasashe da yawa na Afirka, yawancin zirga-zirgar Intanet suna wucewa ta hanyar sadarwar hannu. Misali shine Seychelles, wato ƙasar Afirka da ke da mafi yawan masu biyan kuɗi na Intanet, inda yawancin masu amfani da Intanet ke samun damar shiga yanar gizo ta hanyar hanyar sadarwar hannu.

## Girman wayar hannu a cikin 2000s
Abubuwa da yawa sun ba da gudummawa ga "ƙaruwar" wayar hannu a Afirka a cikin 2000s. 

### Ƙuntatawa na PSTNs na Afirka

Babban nasarar wayar salula a Afirka shine karancin watsa shirye-shiryen PSTNs (cibiyar sadarwar layi). A shekara ta 2000, Afirka ta kudu da Sahara gabaɗaya tana da ƙananan layin tarho fiye da Manhattan kadai. Cibiyoyin sadarwar layin da aka daidaita ba su isa yankunan karkara masu nisa inda yawancin mutanen Afirka ke zaune. Daga cikin kimanin ƙauyuka 400,000 da aka kiyasta a Afirka, ƙasa da kashi 3% suna da damar PSTN. Masu ba da wayar salula sun yi amfani da wannan halin, suna aiwatar da dabarun watsa shirye-shirye masu tsananin gaske don hanyoyin sadarwar hannu. A shekara ta 2006, kashi 45% na ƙauyukan karkara a Afirka suna da ɗaukar GSM. Kwanan nan, ɗaukar hoto ya kai kashi 90% na yankin a kasashe da yawa, gami da Comoros, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Seychelles, Afirka ta Kudu, da Uganda. Sauran ƙasashen da a cikin 2007 suka kai sama da 50% na ɗaukar GSM sune Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cape Verde, Guinea, Namibia, Rwanda, Senegal, Swaziland, da Togo. A sakamakon yaduwar cibiyoyin sadarwar GSM a kan hanyoyin sadarwar layin, "gidan waya na wayar salula" ya zama ruwan dare a wasu yankuna na Afirka.

Kasuwar layin da aka ɗora a Afirka gabaɗaya ta dogara ne akan mallaka (sau da yawa mallakar jihar), tare da 'yan masu aiki da ke aiki waɗanda ba su saka hannun jari wajen yada hanyoyin sadarwar su fiye da manyan birane ba. Duk da yake wannan halin yana canzawa (alal misali, duka Telkom Kenya da Botswana Telecommunications Corporation kwanan nan an mallake su, kuma an fara dabarun sassaucin kasuwa a kasashe da yawa [1]), kasuwar wayar hannu gabaɗaya ta fi gasa da ƙarfi.

Teburin da ke ƙasa ya tsara kashi na ƙasashen Afirka inda kasuwannin sadarwa (tafiyar layin, wayar hannu, Intanet) suna da cikakken gasa, wani ɓangare na gasa, ko kuma monopolistic, ko dai de iure ko *de facto* (bayanai suna nufin 2007). 

### Shirye-shiryen kasuwa

Masu ba da wayar hannu waɗanda suka gabatar da wayar hannu a Afirka a cikin 2000s sun karɓi samfuran kasuwanci da aka tsara a bayyane don isa ga mafi talauci (kuma mafi girma) ɓangaren yawan jama'a, tare da wayoyin hannu masu ƙarancin farashi da ƙananan katunan da aka riga aka biya.

Wani mahimmin nasarar da ke cikin dabarun masu samarwa a Afirka shine rage farashin yawo. Wannan ya fi dacewa a Afirka tunda dangantaka mai karfi sau da yawa tana tsakanin al'ummomin makwabta waɗanda ke faruwa a raba su da iyakokin ƙasa. Celtel shine mai aiki na farko da ya samar da yawo kyauta tare da kamfen ɗin One Network na 2006, inda yawo ya zama kyauta tsakanin Uganda, Kenya, da Tanzania. A shekara ta 2007 an faɗaɗa wannan zuwa Gabon, DR Congo, Congo-Brazzaville, Burkina Faso, Chadi, Malawi, Nijar, Najeriya, da Sudan. Bayan Celtel, wasu masu samar da kayayyaki da ke aiki a kasuwannin Afirka sun sanar da niyyar su rage sannu a hankali kuma a ƙarshe su kawar da farashin yawo ga wasu yankuna.

Orange Guinée tana gina shafukan yanar gizo waɗanda ke inganta hanyar sadarwar salula ta amfani da mastafan da ke amfani da bangarorin photovoltaic, fadada ɗaukar hoto a yankunan karkara da ƙarfafa ɗaukar hoto a cikin birane. Ana tallafawa wannan tare da rancen dala miliyan 30 daga Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai. Wadannan antennaes na sadarwa na hasken rana za su rage amfani da man fetur da fiye da 80% . 

## Fasahar wayar hannu ba tare da riba ba

Ana iya amfani da fasahar wayar hannu, ba kawai don samar da riba daga kungiyoyin masu samun kudin shiga ba, amma don samar da bayanai da ƙirƙirar canjin zamantakewa ga kungiyoyin masu karamin kudin shiga. Misali, ana amfani da fasahar wayar hannu don samar da bayanai game da kiwon lafiya, ilimi, kudi ko don samun dama ga takamaiman kungiyoyi kamar matasa. Koyaya, mutanen da ke da talauci sosai suna da wayoyi masu mahimmanci. Don haka fasahar wayar hannu ba ta da niyya ga wayoyin hannu masu inganci, amma ta kasance daga aika SMS zuwa USSD, shafukan yanar gizo da al'ummomin hannu. AppsAfrica ya rubuta masu amfani da wayar biliyan 1 na gaba za su zo daga yankunan karkara.

Babban manufar fasahar wayar hannu ba tare da riba ba shine ya ba shi kyauta, ko kusa da kyauta, ga mai amfani na ƙarshe. Wannan yana nufin tattara masu ba da gudummawa da samun hanyoyin sadarwar hannu a cikin jirgin. A duniya, kamfanoni irin su TextToChange, FrontlineSMS, RapidSMS, Ushahidi duk suna aiki tare da wayoyin hannu a cikin kiwon lafiya, taimakon bala'i da kuma kula da taimako.

## Inganta kiwon lafiya
mHealth tana amfani da fasahar wayar hannu don samar da kungiyoyi da bayanan kiwon mLafiya. Gidauniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Gidauniya ta Vodafone ne suka fara shi ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da kuma kamfanin zamantakewa na DataDyne, wanda daga nan ya shiga tare da wasu abokan hulɗa wajen kirkirar mHealth Alliance .  Ayyukan mHealth sun zo ne ta hanyar tunatarwa na alƙawari, tattara al'umma da inganta kiwon lafiya, sabis na tarho na gaggawa, cibiyoyin kiran kiwon lafiya، binciken kiwon lafiya.

A watan Yunin 2011, an gudanar da taron koli na farko na kiwon lafiya na Afirka a Cape Town. A taron, WHO ta fitar da rahoto wanda ya nuna cewa kashi tamanin da uku cikin dari na gwamnatocin da aka bincika suna da akalla aikin mHealth guda ɗaya a ƙasarsu. Koyaya, yawancin ayyukan mHealth sun iyakance girman da iyaka.Shirye-shiryen mHealth sun kasance cibiyoyin kiran kiwon lafiya (59%), sabis na tarho na gaggawa (55%), sarrafa gaggawa da bala'o'i (54%), da kuma telemedicine na hannu (49%).

A Afirka ta Kudu, kamfanoni kamar Cell-Life da GeoMed da HealthSMS suna amfani da fasahar wayar hannu don kiwon lafiya.

## Yaki da Cutar HIV / Cutar
Gidauniyar Praekelt misali ne na Afirka ta Kudu na ƙungiyar da ba ta da riba wacce ke amfani da fasahar wayar hannu don ƙirƙirar canjin zamantakewa. Shirye-shiryen su a halin yanzu sun kai mutane miliyan 50 a fadin kasashe 15 a yankin Sahara na Afirka.

Wadanda suka kafa sun ga cewa fasahar da suke kirkira ga abokan ciniki na kamfanoni na iya zama da amfani ga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu don samar da bayanai ga kasuwannin da suka yi niyya. " Cikakken riba yana so ya kai ga mutane saboda dalilai daban-daban, amma bai kamata a caje mutane ba don samun damar samun bayanai masu ceton rai, "in ji Marcha Neethling, shugaban ayyukan a Gidauniyar Praekelt.

Ɗaya daga cikin fasahar wayar hannu da Gidauniyar Praekelt ta haɓaka ita ce al'ummar wayar hannu da ake kira YoungAfricaLive (YAL). Masu amfani ba sa buƙatar samun lokacin iska ko bayanan bayanai akan wayoyin su don amfani da shi. Manufar al'ummar wayar hannu ita ce ƙirƙirar sarari wanda zai zama mai ma'amala da nishaɗi inda matasa za su iya magana da gaskiya kuma su koyi game da soyayya, dangantaka da jima'i da HIV / AIDS.

Al'ummar wayar hannu ta musamman ce ga cibiyar sadarwa ta Vodacom. A ƙarshen shekara ta 2010, dandalin wayar hannu na Vodacom, Vodafone Live, yana karɓar masu amfani na musamman miliyan 3.2 kowane wata. Kamar yadda (matasa) mutane suka riga sun yi amfani da fasahar wayar hannu don yin amfani da yanar gizo da sauke waƙoƙi da dai sauransu. Ya zama kamar cikakkiyar wuri don shiga tare da wannan ƙungiyar da aka yi niyya.

Al'umma an yi niyya ne ga masu amfani tsakanin 16 zuwa 24 kuma masu amfani suna karɓar labarai na yau da kullun da labaran shahara. Duk tare da kiran jama'a don aiki a ƙarshen, suna shiga cikin kuri'u, kallon bidiyo waɗanda ke haɗawa da labaru kuma suna iya shiga cikin ɗakunan tattaunawa marasa suna. Masana suna zuwa ɗakunan tattaunawa don tattauna batutuwan jima'i da kuma ba masu amfani damar yin tambayoyi na sirri ba tare da sunansa ba. Misali, sanannen masanin ilimin jima'i na Afirka ta Kudu Dr Eve yana karbar bakuncin tattaunawa sau ɗaya a mako.

Masu amfani sun shiga cikin al'umma kuma yawancin fasalulluka masu sabuntawa na al'umma sun fito kai tsaye daga shawarwarin mai amfani. Masu amfani sun yi sharhi cewa YoungAfricaLive ya kirkiro wani dandamali a gare su don bayyana ra'ayoyinsu, yana mai da su alfahari da matsayinsu kuma yana ƙarfafa su kasance da alhakin jima'i.

Kalubale da ke gudana tare da al'ummomin wayar hannu da fasaha kyauta suna ci gaba da shiga mai ba da sabis don ba da damar al'umma ta kasance gaba ɗaya kyauta. "Tare da YoungAfricaLive Afirka ta Kudu, Vodacom tana tallafawa bandwidth, wanda shine babban saka hannun jari... (saboda haka) dorewa koyaushe tambaya ce. "

## Yakin aikata laifuka na al'umma
A cikin 2011 Vodacom ta fara aikin a Afirka ta Kudu don yaki da aikata laifuka ta amfani da wayoyin hannu. Sun yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Matasan Khulisa daga Makarantar Ubuntu Club a Tembisa, Johannesburg kuma sun ba da gudummawar kwamfuta da wayoyin hannu guda bakwai ga kulob din. Wadannan matasa masu sintiri a cikin al'umma suna amfani da su don ci gaba da tuntuɓar da kuma bayar da rahoton duk abubuwan da suka faru na aikata laifuka, da kuma sabunta al'umma game da abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu.

Aikin ya dogara ne a yankin Phomolong na Tembisa, wanda aka sani da manyan matakan aikata laifuka. Kowane wayar hannu da aka bayar yana da damar intanet kuma za a ba membobin kulob din wayar hannu wanda za su yi amfani da shi don kama abubuwan da suka faru, yin hira da membobin al'umma da ƙirƙirar shirye-shiryen bidiyo. Za a ɗora waɗannan a shafin su na Facebook da shafin yanar gizon duk a ƙoƙarin bayar da rahoto game da ayyukan aikata laifuka a cikin al'umma.

Ofishin 'yan sanda na Afirka ta Kudu yana gudanar da layin aikata laifuka na kasa wanda ke ƙarfafa' yan ƙasa su aika SMS da kuma bayar da rahoton laifuka a cikin al'ummominsu.

* Intanet a Afirka
* Kyautar dijital ta Afirka

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Bayanan littattafai