open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli da Ci gaban Karkara

**Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu da Ci Gaban Karkara** ( **CERD** ) ƙungiya ce ta Indiya wadda take ɓangare na Dandalin Kimiyya na Pondicherry . An kafa ta ne don ɗaukar matakai a fannin Lafiya, Tsafta, Gudanar da Albarkatun Ƙasa, Makamashi, Gudanar da Ruwa da Fasahar Sadarwar Bayanai.

An kafa CERD a shekarar 1994 ta hanyar Pondicherry Science Forum da Tamil Nadu Science Forum don haɓaka ayyukan ci gaba bisa kimiyya da fasaha don inganta rayuwar karkara. Ayyukan da suka gabata sun haɗa da shiga tsakani a fannin noman gona, gyaran fata na kayan lambu, da na'urorin tattara kifi .

CERD tana da tashar filin wasa a Bahoor mai suna Kalanjiyam (ma'adinan hatsi a Tamil ) wanda ke aiki a matsayin cibiyar zaɓin noma da fasaha ga yankin da ke kewaye.

CERD tana da cikakken tsari tare da ƙungiyar masana kimiyya da ke aiki a fannoni da suka haɗa da fasahar mata, sadarwa ta kimiyya, ci gaba da ilimi, gudanar da ban ruwa ta hanyar cibiyoyin jama'a na dimokuraɗiyya na gida, hanyoyin sadarwar ƙananan bashi na mata da sauransu.

Sabbin ayyukan sun haɗa da AICP Project on BIOFARM, wani aikin gina magudanar ruwa a Sedappatti Block na Madurai wanda NABARD ke ɗaukar nauyinsa, da kuma Tank Rehabilitation Project-Pondicherry.

## Nasarorin/manufofi

### Gudanar da haihuwa a ƙasa
Bincike da haɓakawa kan Tsarin Dabaru na Gudanar da Haihuwa a Ƙasa don amfanin gona da aka yi ban ruwa da busasshiyar ƙasa. An ƙirƙiri Tsarin Tallafawa Shawara (DSS) don Gudanar da Haihuwa a Ƙasa .

### Noma mai hade da albarkatun halittu
Rage yawan kayan da ake shigarwa daga waje, ƙara yawan albarkatun cikin gida a tsarin noma, da kuma tabbatar da tsaron abinci mai gina jiki na tsarin noma.

### Ci gaban magudanar ruwa
An fara shirye-shirye a gundumar Madurai. Tsarin shiga tsakani, aiwatarwa da kuma kula da yankin ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin mutane. Ya bayyana tasirin manyan shirye-shiryen ci gaban yankin ta fuskar tasirin halittu, tasirin muhalli, tasirin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da kuma tasirin tattalin arziki gaba ɗaya. 

### Gudanar da ban ruwa mai shiga tsakani
An haɓaka samfuran don sake gina wuraren sharar gida ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin mata marasa filaye na Ƙungiyar Taimakon Kai (SHG) da ƙungiyoyin manoma. Kuɗi mai ɗorewa ga mata marasa filaye na SHG ta hanyar noma tare.

### Rukunin iskar gas mai tushen biomass
Tare da haɗin gwiwar fasaha daga IISc . Bangalore, CERD ta shirya gina na'urorin biogas . An gina na'urorin ne bisa ga rugujewar biomass da kuma amfani da biogas don girki.

## Manazarta
Gidauniyar Muhalli

**Gidauniyar Ecologic** ƙungiya ce ta muhalli a New Zealand.

Ƙungiyar ta samo asali ne daga Kwamitin Ayyukan Daji na Beech da Majalisar Ayyukan Daji ta 'Yan Asalin (NFAC). A shekarar 1989, NFAC ta canza sunanta zuwa *Ƙungiyar Maruia* : "Maruia" tana nufin "kwarin mafaka" a cikin yaren Māori, kuma akwai kwarin wannan sunan a Tsibirin Kudu na New Zealand. A shekarar 1999, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki wani sabon aiki kuma ta ɗauki sunan Gidauniyar Ecologic. 

A tsawon mafi yawan tarihinta, babban daraktan shine Guy Salmon wanda ya kasance a wurin a duk lokacin da ƙungiyar ta kasance cikin yanayinta. 

Ƙungiyar Maruia ta rasa membobi da yawa a tsakiyar ƙarshen shekarun 1990 lokacin da ta fito don tallafawa ci gaba da niƙa beech a Yammacin Tekun - sabanin ƙungiyar da ta shahara a New Zealand, wacce ke fafutukar hana kula da dazuzzukan da kyau tare da mayar da kuɗi zuwa dazuzzukan don magance kwari.

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Kifi da Wasanni ta Alberta

Alberta Fish and Game Association ("AFGA") kungiya ce mai ba da agaji da aka sadaukar da ita ga kifi da kiyayewa namun daji a lardin Alberta na Kanada .  An kafa AFGA a cikin 1908 lokacin da ƙungiyar masu kamun kifi da mafarauta suka fara haɗuwa a Calgary, Alberta. Ya zuwa 20 ga Oktoba, 2021, kungiyar tana da mambobi sama da 20,000. 

AFGA memba ce da ta kafa wasu ƙungiyoyin kare namun daji na 'yan'uwa mata. A shekarar 1962, tare da wakilan sauran larduna 9, ta taimaka wajen kafa **[[Canadian Wildlife Federation|Ƙungiyar Kula da Namun Daji ta Kanada]] (CWF)** . A lokacin, an ji cewa mafarauta da masunta na Kanada da aka tsara suna buƙatar ƙungiyar ƙasa da za ta wakilci kiyaye namun daji. A yau, har yanzu AFGA da ƙungiyoyin 'yan'uwanta mata daga ko'ina cikin Kanada ne kawai ke zama membobin masu zaɓe na CWF, kodayake ana tara kuɗi mai yawa daga membobin da ba sa jefa ƙuri'a.

A shekarar 1997, AFGA ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa **[[Alberta Conservation Association|Ƙungiyar Kula da Kare Hakkin Bil Adama ta Alberta]] (ACA)** . ACA tana aiki a matsayin ƙungiyar gudanarwa da gwamnati ta wakilta, kuma tana kula da kuɗaɗen da aka karɓa musamman daga sayar da lasisin farauta da kamun kifi. A lokacin, gwamnatin lardi tana cikin wani gagarumin sake tsarawa, kuma ana barazanar karɓar dala miliyan 18 da ke cikin asusun da aka keɓe don kiyayewa daga Ma'ajin Lardi. A matsayinta na wakilin mafarauta da masunta waɗanda ke biyan wannan asusun, AFGA ta ci gaba da shiga cikin ACA. 

## Manazarta
Babban Birnin Bolivia

Cibiyar Bolivia High cibiyar tsakiya ce ta wurare masu zafi da ke da matsin lamba wanda ake samu a Bolivia. Wani ɓangare na tsaunuka masu tsawo ya mamaye tsaunin Altiplano a cikin tsaunukan Andes. Misali ya samar da sakamakon da ya nuna cewa Babban Birnin Bolivia yana da 'yanci daga Altiplano, watau cewa zai kasance ko da ƙasar da ke ƙarƙashin duwatsu marasa.[1] Ayyukan wannan anticyclone ne wanda ke kawo iska mai bushe ta hanyar iskar yamma daga Maris zuwa Nuwamba a kan Altiplano amma sai, lokacin da yake motsawa kudu daga Disamba zuwa Fabrairu yana ba da damar shigar da iska mai laushi daga gabas wanda ke haifar da Lokacin ruwan sama a cikin Altiplano.[2] Lokacin da manyan gabas suka kawar da Babbar Bolivia zuwa kudu lokacin ruwan sama a cikin Altiplano (Disamba-Maris) ya fi karfi fiye da yadda ya saba.[3]

## Manazarta
Jarumai na Honeybee

Ƙungiyar **Honeybee Heroes** ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta ilimi ta masu kiwon zuma da kuma masu kiwon zuma wadda Chris Oosthuizen ya kafa a shekarar 2020 a yankin Overberg na Afirka ta Kudu.  

Heroes na Honeybee Heroes na neman ƙara yawan jama'a na nau'ikan ƙudan zuma na Capensis ( Apis mellifera capensis ), wanda ke ƙara fuskantar haɗari saboda dalilai da dama, ciki har da shukar zuma ɗaya, amfani da magungunan kashe kwari, rashin kula da masu kiwon zuma, asarar muhalli, da sauyin yanayi .  Ayyukan biyu na ƙungiyar sun haɗa da wayar da kan masu amfani da zuma na Afirka ta Kudu game da lalata zuma da kuma ƙarfafa su su saya daga masu samar da kayan lambu na gida. Yin aiki tare da manoma na gida don ƙirƙirar dabarun noma mafi kyau ga muhalli, gami da shuka amfanin gona masu kyau ga masu fure, da sauran ayyukan tallafawa jin daɗin zuma gabaɗaya.   

Ta hanyar shirin Adopt-a-Hive na Jaruman Honeybee, mutane a Afirka ta Kudu ko ƙasashen waje, suna ɗaukar nauyin gidajen zuma, waɗanda aka sanya a gonar Jaruman Honeybee da ke Stanford Valley ( Western Cape, Afirka ta Kudu) ko kuma a gonaki da ke kusa da wuraren ajiyar dabbobi masu zaman kansu. Ƙwararrun masu kiwon dabbobin Honeybee suna kula da gidajen zuma masu ɗaukar nauyin, waɗanda ke cire zuma daga gidajen zuma kuma suna sayar da su a gida don taimakawa wajen tallafawa aikin wurin ibada. 

Honeybee Heroes tana ba da darussan kiwon zuma kyauta da biyan kuɗi kowane wata ga masu farawa masu sha'awar, inda ake horar da baƙi kan tsaro, kula da amya, da kuma cire zuma.   Ƙungiyar tana kuma gudanar da wani shiri na ƙananan manoma na al'umma, inda ake horar da 'yan Afirka ta Kudu masu ƙarancin kuɗi, galibi mata, don kula da amya a filayen da masu filaye ko ajiyar kuɗi masu zaman kansu suka bayar, kuma suna karɓar wani ɓangare na ribar da aka samu daga zumar da aka samar don ciyar da kansu da iyalansu. 

Honeybee Heroes tana da haɗin gwiwa da ƙungiyoyi da dama na cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje, ciki har da shirin ilmantar da masu amfani da kayayyaki tare da babban dillalin lafiya da walwala na Afirka ta Kudu Wellness Warehouse,  haɗin gwiwa na ɗaukar hive tare da ƙungiyar agaji ta Mantis Collection Community Conservation Fund Africa,  haɗin gwiwa na ɗaukar nauyin dabbobin gida tare da ƙananan kasuwancin gida Lomond Wine Estate da Stonehouse Cheese Estate,  da kuma aikin ƙira lakabi tare da masu zane-zane na gida na Afirka ta Kudu ciki har da Lionel Smit, Riaan Van Zyl, da Janko de Beer . 

Wurin ajiye na Jaruman Honeybee yana da amya sama da 700 na zuma. 

## Manazarta
'Yan takarar Green Party na Kanada a zaben tarayya na Kanada na 1993

Jam'iyyar **Green Party of Canada** ta yi takara da 'yan takara saba'in da ɗaya a **zaɓen tarayya na 1993**, amma babu wanda aka zaɓa. Ana iya samun bayanai game da waɗannan 'yan takara a nan.

Shafin ya kuma ƙunshi bayanai game da 'yan takarar Jam'iyyar Green Party a zaɓen maye gurbi tsakanin 1993 da 1997.

## 'Yan takara

### Parkdale—Babban Filin Shakatawa : Richard Roy
Mista Roy babban sakatare ne a lokacin zaɓen. Da alama yaƙin neman zaɓensa ya dogara ne akan manufofin muhalli da jari-hujja . Wani labarin jarida na lokacin ya ambato shi a matsayin wanda ya goyi bayan waɗannan manufofi: sake gyara gine-ginen da ba su da amfani da makamashi, samar da abubuwan ƙarfafa gwiwa na kuɗi ga manoman halitta da rage ko kawar da harajin samun kuɗi (*Toronto Star*, 22 Oktoba 1993). Ya sami ƙuri'u 430 (1.05%), inda ya zo na shida a kan wanda ke kan karagar mulki na Liberal Jesse Flis .

A shekara ta 2002, ya rubuta cewa manufofin takin zamani na Ontario sun bar yiwuwar gurɓatar E. coli a cikin amfanin gona na lardin ( *Toronto Star*, 17 Satumba 2002).

## 'Yan takara a zaɓen maye gurbi na gaba

### Brome-Missisquoi, 13 Fabrairu 1995: Éric Ferland
**Éric Ferland** shine shugaban jam'iyyar Green Party of Quebec a lokacin zaben. Ya sami kuri'u 101 (0.27%), inda ya zo na takwas a kan dan takarar jam'iyyar Liberal Denis Paradis. 

## Manazarta
Robert Overend

**Robert Overend** (Disamba 1930 - 25 Yuni 2017) ya kasance manomi ne na Arewacin Ireland, ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan siyasa na Unionist . Ya kuma kasance mataimakin Babban Jagora na Orange Order .

## Ayyukan siyasa
Overend ya kasance fitaccen memba na Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party a tsakiyar shekarun 1970. A shekara ta 1975, ya ba da shawarar cewa Order ta kafa sabuwar jam'iyya mai haɗin kai, amma an ƙi wannan. An zabe shi a matsayin Vanguard zuwa Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Mulki ta Arewacin Ireland daga Mid Ulster,  A shekara ta 1976, 'yan adawa na Jamhuriyar Republican sun yi ƙoƙari a rayuwarsa, ciki har da Paul McGlinchey, ɗan'uwan Dominic McGlinchey. 

Overend ya shiga Jam'iyyar United Ulster Unionist Party (UUUP) a lokacin da aka kafa ta, kuma an zabe shi a Majalisar Gundumar Magherafelt don sabuwar jam'iyyar a Zaben kananan hukumomi na 1977, yana riƙe da kujerarsa a Zaben kananan hukumomi na 1981. 

Overend ya sake tsayawa ga UUUP a zaben Majalisar Dokokin Arewacin Ireland na 1982, amma bai yi nasara ba. A cikin tseren zuwa zaben, ɗansa, Robert Andrew Overend (an haife shi a shekara ta 1957), bam din Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) ya ji mummunan rauni. A cikin shekarun 1990s, ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Babban Jagora na Orange Order . 

## Rayuwa da mutuwarsa
A waje da siyasa, ya yi aiki a matsayin manomi na alade kuma ya kasance shugaban Ulster Pork da Bacon Forum . Surukinsa, Sandra Overend, memba ne na Ulster Unionist na Majalisar Dokokin Arewacin Ireland . Har ila yau, yana da wasu 'ya'ya maza biyu da 'yar, Wesley, Nigel da Elizabeth.

## Manazarta
Ridge mai tsauri

"Ridiculously Resilient Ridge", wani lokacin an taƙaita shi zuwa "Triple R" ko "**RRR**", ya kasance mai tsayayya da guguwa wanda ya faru a arewa maso gabashin Tekun Pacific, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga fari na California na 2011-2017. An kirkiro sunan laƙabi na "Ridiculously Resilient Ridge" a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013 ta hanyar Daniel Swain a shafin yanar gizon Weather West,  amma tun daga lokacin an yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin shahararrun kafofin watsa labarai      da kuma a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya da An sake dubawa.

## Abubuwan da ke ciki
Ridiculously Resilient Ridge an nuna shi da yanki mai zurfi na tsawo mai kyau a kowane wata zuwa shekara-shekara. Wannan tsarin matsin lamba mai tsawo ya yi aiki don "kullewa" da ke cikin tsakiyar latitude na yamma, yana canza hanyar guguwa zuwa arewa da kuma murkushe aikin Guguwa ta extratropical (guguwar hunturu) tare da Yammacin Amurka. Irin wannan tsari yayi kama da - amma mafi girma da tsawon rai fiye da - yanayin yanayi da aka lura a lokacin fari na California da ya gabata.

## Haɗin kai
Wannan fasalin yanayi mai ban mamaki ya rushe Hanyar guguwa Arewacin Pacific a lokacin hunturu na 2012-13, 2013-14, da 2014-15, wanda ya haifar da yanayin bushewa da dumi sosai a California da kuma yawancin Yammacin Yamma.[1] Ridge ya ƙunshi rabin yammacin jerin ƙayyadaddun yanayi da ke da alaƙa da tsarin "Dipolo na hunturu na Arewacin Amurka", wanda ya kawo sanyi mai tsanani da hazo zuwa gabashin rabin Arewacin Amurka ban da yanayin zafi da fari a California.[2]

This ridge of high pressure was also associated with a blob of high water temperatures in the Pacific Ocean, which resulted in substantial warming along the western coast of North America as well as adverse ecological impacts. However, it is generally thought that "The Blob" of warm ocean water was caused by the persistence of the ridge and subsequent reduction in vertical ocean mixing due to storms, rather than the reverse. On the other hand, recent research suggests that unusual oceanic warmth in the western tropical Pacific Ocean may have played a role in triggering and maintaining the Triple R over successive seasons. High amplitude atmospheric ridge patterns similar to the Triple R have occurred more frequently in recent decades and there is evidence that the occurrence of persistent North Pacific geopotential height anomalies and anomalously dry California winters, will increase due to global warming, although uncertainty remains regarding the magnitude of these future changes.

## Dubi kuma
* Arewacin Pacific High
* Block (Matsayi) 

## Manazarta
Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Karamar Hukuma (New Brunswick)

**Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Gwamnatin Ƙananan Hukumomi** wani ɓangare ne na Gwamnatin New Brunswick . Ana ɗaukarta alhakin kula da dangantaka da ƙananan hukumomin New Brunswick, gudanar da gundumomin Ayyukan Gidaje marasa tsari da kuma gudanar da manufofin muhalli, gami da Dokar Kimanta Tasirin Muhalli ta Lardin. 

An kafa sashen ne a ranar 23 ga Maris, 2000 lokacin da Firayim Minista Bernard Lord ya sake tsara majalisar ministocin New Brunswick . Haɗakar tsohuwar Ma'aikatar Muhalli ce kuma wani ɓangare na tsohuwar Ma'aikatar Ƙananan Hukumomi da Gidaje . A ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 2006 aka raba shi zuwa Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ma'aikatar Ƙananan Hukumomi. A ranar 15 ga Maris, 2012 aka sake kafa shi lokacin da aka haɗa sassan Muhalli da Gwamnatin Ƙananan Hukumomi a ƙarƙashin Ministan Ƙananan Hukumomin Bruce Fitch mai ci.

## Ministoci

* Holder ya ci gaba a matsayin minista a sabon Ma'aikatar Muhalli.  Fitch ya kasance yana aiki a matsayin ministan karamar hukuma.

## Manazarta
Siberian Express

***Siberia Express*** kalma ce ta yanayi a Amurka da ke kwatanta isowar iska mai sanyi sosai na asalin Siberiya. Yana nufin musamman asalin Siberia. Kalmar ta fi amfani da ita ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai lokacin da irin wannan iska mai sanyi ke motsawa cikin filayen arewa ko saman Midwest. A fannin yanayi, yawanci ana danganta shi da wani abu da ake kira Pacific-North American teleconnection pattern (PNA).

"Siberian Express" shine laƙabi da wani masanin yanayin yanayi ya kirkira don bayyana taron guguwar sanyi na Janairu 17, 1982 wanda ya buga yawancin Amurka. Har ila yau ana kiranta "Sunday mai sanyi", taron ya karya yawancin rikodin rikodin lokaci.

Masanin ilimin yanayi na zamani Jack A. Wolfe wanda aka buga a 1992 game da asalin ƙasa. Tekun Arctic mai daskarewa ya samar da iska mai sanyi don "Siberian Express", tsarin matsin lamba a Siberia wanda Himalayas da Tibetan Plateau suka toshe shi zuwa kudu, wanda ya kai iska zuwa Arewacin Amurka.[1]

## Dubi kuma

* Babbar Siberia
* Ruwa mai sanyi
* Yankin sanyi
* Pineapple Express
* Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Jirgin Ruwa na Pacific
* Tashar Siberia 
* Tashar yanar gizon Amurka 

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Hawaiian-Siberian Express
* The Siberian Expressa cikinWayback Machine  (an adana shi a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 2011)
Kyautar Muhalli ta Kanada

An kafa **kyaututtukan muhalli na Kanada** a shekarar 2002 ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Gwamnatin Kanada da Kamfanonin Geographic na Kanada . Shirin ƙasa ya karrama 'yan ƙasar Kanada masu sadaukarwa waɗanda ke aiki a cikin gida don taimakawa wajen karewa, kiyayewa da kuma dawo da muhallin Kanada. Kasancewar waɗanda suka kafa Shell Canada a taron ya haifar da zanga-zanga saboda aikinsu na Klappan Coalbed Methane a arewacin British Columbia . &#x5B; ** &#x5D; A shekara ta 2009, an maye gurbin kyautar da lambar yabo ta 3M Environmental Innovation Award.

## Siffofi
Akwai matakai uku na kyaututtuka: kyaututtukan Al'umma mafi girma, ƙalubalen Green Team Challenge for youth da kuma Citation of Lifetime Achievement, inda aka karrama mutane na musamman. Kamfanin da ya kafa wannan kamfani, Shell Canada, ya ɗauki nauyin kyaututtukan na tsawon shekaru biyar kuma ya goyi bayan shirin kyaututtukan Al'umma inda waɗanda suka sami kyaututtukan Zinare suka sami dala $5,000 da kuma waɗanda suka sami kyaututtukan Azurfa $2,500 don kare muhalli da suka zaɓa.

## Masu karɓa

* Uba na Jesuit John McCarthy, (Conservation, 2002)
* Martha Kostuch, (Al'umma, 2002)
* Maisie Shiell, (2004)
* Lynn Oliphant, (Al'umma, 2005)
* Sheila Watt-Cloutier, (Ambaton Nasarar Rayuwa, 2006)
* Lucie Sauvé, (Community, 2007) 
* Kathleen Martin da Mike James, (Zinare, Conservation, 2007) 
* Ron Dembo, (Zinare, Sauyin Yanayi, 2008)
* Ruth Foster, Mossom Creek Hatchery, (2008)
* Maude Barlow, (Ambaton Nasarar Rayuwa, 2008) 
* Paul Hanley
* John Smith, 2019 don gabatarwa

## Manazarta
Kamfanin Haske da Wutar Arewacin Amurka

Kamfanin Haske da Wutar Lantarki na Arewacin Amurka kamfani ne mai amfani da aka kafa a Kudancin Bend, Indiana kuma shugabanta, Clement Studebaker, Jr., na dangin da suka shahara ga motocin Studebakers ne tun 1916.  Kamfanin mai amfani ya kasance babban reshe na Kamfanin Arewacin Amurka, har zuwa lokacin da aka rushe wannan rukunin a cikin shekarun 1940 ta Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar Amurka (SEC).

## Tarihi
Clement Studebaker, Jr. (1871-1932) an haife shi ɗan Clement Stu debaker (1831-1901), mai kera motoci da motoci na Kudancin Bend, Indiana. 

A cikin 1911, kamfanin da 'yan uwan Studebaker suka kafa ya haɗu da runduna tare da Kamfanin Everitt-Metzker-Flanders na Detroit don kafa Kamfanin Studebaker. [1] A daya daga cikin mukaman zartarwa da yawa, Clement Studebaker, Jr. ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kamfanin E-M-F.[2]

A shekara ta 1916 Clement Studebaker, Jr. ya kafa Kamfanin Haske da Wutar Lantarki na Arewacin Amurka, kuma ya ba da hannun jari, tare da takaddun shaida da Kamfanin Banknote na Amurka ya buga.

Clement Studebaker, Jr. ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban kasa da Shugaban Kwamitin Kamfanin Illinois Power and Light Company (da kuma reshensa, Kamfanin Illinois Traction Company), Kamfanin South Bend Watch, kuma a matsayin Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Chicago ta Kudu da South Bend Railroad . 

### Kamfanin Arewacin Amurka
Kamfanin Arewacin Amurka ya taɓa kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin asali na asali a cikin Dow Jones Industrial Average . 

Hasken Arewacin Amurka da Wutar sun kasance a ƙarƙashin mallakar Kamfanin Arewacin Amurka na shekaru goma masu zuwa bayan mutuwar Clement, a matsayin babban kamfani mai riƙe da wasu layi.

A shekara ta 1940, Kamfanin Arewacin Amurka ya zama kamfani mai riƙe da dala biliyan 2.3 wanda ke jagorantar dala na kamfanoni 80 a lokacin. Tana sarrafa manyan rassa goma kai tsaye a cikin takwas daga cikinsu ta mallaki akalla 79%. Kamfanin Haske da Wutar Lantarki na Arewacin Amurka ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan kamfanoni uku masu riƙewa daga cikin rassa goma kai tsaye.

Kamfanin Arewacin Amurka ya rabu da SEC, biyo bayan hukuncin Kotun Koli ta Amurka na Afrilu 1, 1946. 

## Manazarta
Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Kanada

**Hukumar Kula da Tattalin Arziki ta Kanada**  wani aiki ne na tattalin arziki da aka kafa a shekarar 2014 ta hanyar ƙungiyar masana tattalin arziki ta Kanada daga faɗin ƙasar.   Ƙungiyar, wacce masanin tattalin arziki na Jami'ar McGill Christopher Ragan ke jagoranta, tana neman faɗaɗa tattaunawar gyaran farashin muhalli fiye da fannin ilimi da kuma zuwa fannin aikace-aikacen manufofi. 

## Manufofi
Hukumar ta mayar da hankali kan manyan hanyoyin manufofi guda uku ( Yanayi da makamashi, Ruwa, da Birane Masu Zama). Manyan fannoni na bincike da manufofi sun hada da:

* Farashin Carbon
* Tallafin makamashi
* Farashin ruwa
* Kudaden masu amfani na birni
* Farashin cunkoso
* Farashin zubar da shara da kuma farashin sharar gida

## Rahotanni
A shekarar 2015, Hukumar ta fitar da rahotanni uku kan batun farashin carbon a lardin Kanada - wanda ya zama hujja ga manufar farashin carbon a ƙasa da ƙasa,  ta shimfida ƙa'idodi don ingantaccen manufofin iyaka-da-ciniki a Ontario,  da kuma bayyana gasa a fannin carbon,  bi da bi. A shekarar 2015, hukumar ta kuma fitar da rahoto kan batun farashin cunkoso, wanda ya zama hujja ga ayyukan gwaji a birane huɗu na Kanada: Vancouver, Calgary, Toronto da Montreal .  A shekarar 2016, Hukumar ta fitar da ƙarin rahotanni biyu kan farashin carbon. Na farko ya kasance kan hanyoyi daban-daban na sake amfani da kudaden shiga,  da na biyu kan kwatanta tsauri.  Kuma a kaka na 2016 Hukumar ta fitar da rahoto kan man fetur na biofuels.  A shekarar 2017, Ecofiscal ta fitar da rahotonta na uku mai muhimmanci kan carbon, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan abin da ake buƙata don sauran manufofi don cikakkun fakitin yanayi. Ya gano cewa nau'ikan guda uku suna da ma'ana: abubuwan cike gibi, abubuwan ƙarfafa sigina da kuma waɗanda ke ba da fa'idodi tare. Binciken ya jaddada ingancin farashi. A watan Satumba na 2017, Hukumar ta fitar da rahotonta na farko kan ruwan birni. Rahoton mai taken Kawai Bututun da Ya Kamata a Boye, ya tabbatar da cewa ana biyan kuɗin masu amfani don magance matsalolin da suka shafi gibin ababen more rayuwa, ingancin ruwa da kuma buƙatar ƙarin kiyayewa.

## Kwamitin ba da shawara
Kwamitin ba da shawara na hukumar, wanda ya ƙunshi shugabannin Kanada a masana'antu, muhalli, da kuma fannoni daban-daban na siyasa, yana ba da jagora, da kuma ra'ayoyi daban-daban kan yadda za a tsara manufofin tattalin arzikin muhalli masu amfani ga yanayin Kanada na musamman. 

Masu ba da shawara sun haɗa da:

## Manazarta
Seán Quinn (Dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Gaelic)

**Seán Quinn** (1929 - 27 Janairu 1986) ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Irish Gaelic wanda ya buga wa kungiyoyin Sarsfields da Seán McDermotts kuma a babban matakin Kungiyar gundumar Armagh .

## Ayyuka
An haifi Quinn a Lurgan, County Armagh, kuma ya fara samun karbuwa a matakin kulob tare da Sarsfields . Daga ƙarshe ya sami damar shiga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta manyan Armagh kuma ya lashe lambobin yabo na Ulster Championship a shekarun 1950 da 1953. Quinn shine kyaftin na biyu a cikin waɗannan nasarorin kuma daga baya ya jagoranci ƙungiyar zuwa ga shan kaye na ƙarshe a All-Ireland ta hannun Kerry .  Ya kuma buga wasa tare da ƙungiyar Seán McDermotts da ke Dublin, yayin da shigarsa cikin ƙungiyar Ulster ya sa ya sami lambar yabo ta Railway Cup .  An sanya Quinn a cikin "Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta ƙarni" wadda ta ƙunshi 'yan wasa waɗanda ba su taɓa cin lambar yabo ta All-Ireland ba. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Rayuwa da mutuwarsa
Quinn ya yi aiki a matsayin masassaƙi kuma ya kasance memba na Sojojin Irish. Ya mutu daga ciwon daji a Rathgar" id="mwKw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="St. Luke's Hospital, Rathgar">Asibitin St. Luke a Rathgar a ranar 27 ga watan Janairun 1986.

## Manazarta
Ka'idodin Muhalli na Scotland

**Matsayin Muhalli na Scotland** ( Scottish Gaelic   ) ofishin da ba na ministoci ba ne na Gwamnatin Scotland. An kafa shi a watan Oktoban 2021 don bincika, bincike da tabbatar da ingantawa a cikin ingancin, da kuma bin ƙa'idodin dokokin muhalli. Aikinsa ya maye gurbin aikin bincike da aiwatarwa kan dokar muhalli ta Scotland da Tarayyar Turai ta yi a baya kafin Brexit . 

Ofishin ya shafi dukkan hukumomin gwamnati a Scotland, ciki har da Gwamnatin Scotland da hukumomin gwamnati, da kuma ƙungiyoyi da ke gudanar da ayyuka a madadin hukumomin gwamnati, kuma ya shafi yanayin ƙasa, iska da na ruwa na Scotland. Ba ya ɗaukar nauyin sa ido kan batutuwan muhalli kai tsaye, a maimakon haka yana neman bayanai game da manufofi, tsare-tsare, da bayanan muhalli, daga wasu hukumomi. Idan aka gano cewa dokar muhalli ko ƙa'ida da ke akwai ba ta samar da isasshen kariya ga muhalli ba, Tsarin Muhalli na Scotland zai iya yin rahoton ingantawa, wanda ke buƙatar Majalisar Dokokin Scotland ta samar da tsarin aiki don aiwatar da shawarwarin rahoton.   

Ka'idojin Muhalli na Scotland na da ikon bayar da "sanarwar bayanai" da ke buƙatar wata hukuma ta samar da bayanai masu dacewa, da kuma "sanarwar bin ƙa'ida" da ke buƙatar takamaiman matakai da za a ɗauka. Idan wata ƙungiya ba ta aiwatar da matakan a cikin sanarwar bin ƙa'ida ba, to ESS na iya neman kotu ta nemi a aiwatar da su. Idan an ɗauki shari'a a matsayin "mai tsanani", ofishin yana da ikon neman kotu ta sake duba shari'a . 

## Jikuna masu daidai
Ofishin Kare Muhalli shine hukuma mai daidaito da Ingila da Arewacin Ireland, kuma tana da ikon yin hukunci a duk faɗin Burtaniya (ciki har da Scotland) dangane da abubuwan da aka tanada.

Mai tantance kariyar muhalli na wucin gadi na Wales (IEPAW) ita ce hukumar da ta yi daidai da Wales.

* Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Scotland
* NatureScot

## Manazarta
Ian Parsley

**Ian James Parsley** (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga Mayu 1977) ɗan kasuwa ne kuma tsohon ɗan siyasa na ɗan lokaci daga Arewacin Ireland . Ya kasance dan takarar Jam'iyyar Alliance a Zaben Turai na 2009,  kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Magajin garin North Down 

Ya jawo babban zargi kuma ya haifar da gardama mai yawa ta hanyar amincewa da Conservatives da Unionists  a cikin 2009, amma daga baya ya koma Alliance Party a cikin 2011. Shi abokin adawar Brexit ne.

## Tarihi
Duk da cewa yana da asalin Arewacin Ireland a gefen mahaifiyarsa, an haifi Parsley a Yorkshire kuma ya yi karatu a Makarantar Merchant Taylors da Jami'ar Newcastle, inda ya kammala karatunsa a Harsunan Zamani. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

Parsley a halin yanzu yana aiki a cikin alaƙar jama'a da bincike. Ya kasance Darakta na Arewacin Ireland Screen .  Ya kuma kasance Shugaban Ƙungiyar Turai a Arewacin Ireland .

## Sauran ayyukan
Parsley marubuciya ce a cikin kuma game da Ulster Scots  kuma, duk da cewa ya yi tsere da ita a Babban zaben Burtaniya na 2010, ya yi kamfen tare da Sylvia Hermon kan tallafawa mutanen da ke fama da Rashin hankali da masu kula da su. 

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Parsley ta auri Alliance MLA na Belfast ta Kudu Paula Bradshaw tun 2011. Shi mai sha'awar Arsenal FC ne kuma gwani ne a kan harsunan Yammacin Turai, batun da yake rubutawa akai-akai.

## Manazarta
Jim Semple

**Jim Semple** ( - 20 Satumba 2016) ɗan kasuwa ne na Arewacin Ireland kuma tsohon shugaban Crusaders F.C. .  Ya kuma taba buga wa kulob din wasa a baya. Ya kuma kasance tsohon shugaban Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Irish .  

Semple ya mutu yana da shekaru 81 a ranar 20 ga Satumba 2016 . 

## Manazarta
Phil Solomon (mai kula da kiɗa)

**Philip Raymond Solomon** (27 Afrilu 1924 - 10 Afrilu 2011) Terry" na mawaƙin Ingila Twinkle,  waƙar game da wani saurayi da ya mutu a hatsarin babur. A idanun BBC waƙar misali ne na mummunar dandano, kuma tashar ta ki watsa shi ; duk da haka rikodin ya kai lamba 4 a cikin UK Singles Chart.

Sauran masu zane-zane a ƙarƙashin reshen Solomon sune Phil Coulter,  mai wasan kwaikwayo Freddie Davies da mawaki Pam Ayres .

### Major Minor da Rediyo Caroline
A shekara ta 1966, Solomon ya kafa lakabin rikodin kansa na Major Minor Records .  Lokacin da tashar 'yan fashi ta Rediyo Caroline ta shiga matsala, godiya ga nauyin bashi, ya taimaka wajen share basussukan. A musayar, ya shiga kwamitin daraktoci. Daga yanzu an tilasta wa 'yan wasan disc na Caroline yin wasa da yawa daga manyan rikodin kowace rana. Solomon ya kuma tilasta wa wasu kamfanonin rikodin su biya Caroline don 'ƙaddamar da' sabbin rikodin su. Wadannan matakan sun iyakance 'yancin' yan wasan disc don zaɓar nasu kiɗa. Wasu daga cikinsu sun yi tawaye. Michael Pasternak, wanda ya kira kansa Sarkin sarakuna Rosko, Solomon ya kore shi sau da yawa, saboda ya ki buga manyan rikodin - kuma ya sake aiki da shi ta hanyar babban darektan Caroline Ronan O'Rahilly.

## manazarta
Jam'iyyar Yanayi

Jam'iyyar **Climate Party** wata ƙaramar jam'iyyar siyasa ce mai ra'ayin mazan jiya mai ra'ayin kore a Burtaniya .

An kafa jam'iyyar ne a shekarar 2022 ta hannun Ed Gemmell, kansila a Hazlemere da ke Buckinghamshire .   Gemmell ya bayyana jam'iyyar a matsayin "wani madadin da zai dace da kasuwanci kuma mai matuƙar muhimmanci ga yanayi" ga Jam'iyyar Conservative .   

Jam'iyyar ta tsayar da ƴan takara goma sha uku a babban zaɓen 2024, inda ta yi la'akari da kujerun da 'yan jam'iyyar Conservative ke da rinjaye da kuma 'yan majalisar da ke "hana sauyin yanayi" shiga. 

## Akida
Babban abin da jam'iyyar ta fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne magance sauyin yanayi da kuma rage gurbata muhalli nan da shekarar 2030.  Ta bayyana kanta a matsayin "mai da hankali 100% kan sauyin yanayi".  ] Shawarwarin manufofinta sun hada da soke duk wani tallafin man fetur, aiwatar da "manufofin biyan gurɓata muhalli" da kuma saka hannun jari a fasahar kore.  Tana da nufin jagorantar Birtaniya zuwa ga farfaɗowar tattalin arziki da kuma ƙara wadata ta hanyar alƙawarin cimma sifili nan da shekarar 2030, tare da maido da yanayi da rage gurɓatawa. 

## Tarihin zaɓe
Jam'iyyar Climate Party ta fafata a zaɓen maye gurbin Uxbridge da South Ruislip na Yulin 2023 da kuma Selby da Ainsty, inda Gemmell ya fafata a Uxbridge da kuma Luke Welllock a Selby.   Yan takarar biyu sun rasa kujerunsu.  

Jam'iyyar Climate Party ta tsayar da 'yan takara goma sha uku a babban zaɓen 2024, inda shugabanta Ed Gemmell ke kan gaba a Wycombe .  Duk 'yan takarar jam'iyyar Climate Party sun rasa kuɗin shigarsu, inda Gemmell kawai ya kai sama da kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa a mazabarsa. 

### Zaɓen maye gurbi

#### 2019–2024

### Zaɓen gama gari

## Manazarta
Herbert Whitley

**Herbert Whitley** (1886 - Satumba 15, 1955)  ya kasance mai kiwon dabbobi na Ingila wanda ke da sha'awar kiwon dabba da tsire-tsire, musamman wadanda ke da launin shudi. Abubuwan da yake so sun haɗa da dabbobi, kurciya, karnuka, da dabbobi masu ban sha'awa, da yawa daga cikinsu ya ajiye su a cikin tarin a gidansa a Primley Estate a Paignton, Devon. 

Kwarewarsa ta kiwo ta ba shi kyaututtuka da Ruwa, gami da shanu, kuma greyhound dinsa mai launin shudi, Primley Sceptre, shine na farko da ya lashe gasar a Crufts a 1928.

Girman tarin kansa ya kai shi ga buɗewa ga jama'a a matsayin Primley Zoological Gardens . Ya yi rikice-rikice da Inland Revenue game da kin karɓar "harajin nishaɗi" a kan tikiti zuwa shafin, wanda ya yi imanin cewa ilimi ne maimakon nishaɗi, kuma wannan sau biyu ya kai shi ga rufe gidan zoo ga jama'a na dogon lokaci. Daga karshe ya sake buɗewa har abada bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, kuma ya zama sananne da Paignton Zoo .

## Tarihin iyali
Herbert ita ce ta huɗu cikin 'ya'ya biyar na Edward Whitley,  sanannen lauya, Lord Mayor na Liverpool kuma memba na majalisar daga Liverpool, da matarsa Isabella Greenall, magaji a cikin daular Greenall Whitley & Co. Greenall Whitley har yanzu yana rayuwa a matsayin otal-otal na De Vere, kuma yawancin mashaya har yanzu suna ɗauke da sunan Whitley Greenall. Gādon daga wannan yana nufin cewa Whitley yana da wadataccen arziki kuma yana iya cika burinsa.

Bayan mutuwar Edward, Isabella da 'ya'yanta hudu sun koma Devon, suna tsoron tarin fuka. Da suka isa a cikin 1904, 'yan uwan Herbert da William sun fara samun manyan gonakin noma. An yi tunanin cewa a mafi girma, zaka iya tafiya daga Haytor a kan Dartmoor zuwa Slapton Ley ba tare da barin ƙasar Whitley ba.

## Kiwo
Abinda Herbert ke sha'awar rayuwarsa shine kiwon dabbobi da tsire-tsire - musamman ƙoƙarin kiwon bambance-bambance masu launin shudi. Wannan ya fara ne da kyautar canaries guda biyu daga mahaifiyarsa, amma sha'awarsa ta kai ga dabbobi, karnuka, da sauran nau'o'in halittu.

### Dabbobi
Kiwon Herbert a Primley da farko ya mayar da hankali kan kiwon dabbobi, a matsayin wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwa tare da ɗan'uwa William. Dabbobi na farko sun haɗa da nau'ikan gona masu ban sha'awa kamar tumakin Yakubu da manyan aladu.

### Gidan namun daji na Paignton
Gidan iyali a Primley Estate a Paignton ya cika da tsire-tsire da dabbobi da Herbert ya tattara kuma ya haife su, daga ƙarshe ya faɗaɗa a fadin hanya daga gidan asali kuma ya shiga ƙasar da ya mallaka inda ya gina gine-gine daban-daban don adana tarin sa. Yayinda waɗannan sun kasance nau'o'in da aka saba da su, 1910 sun ga isowar birai na farko, wanda ya fara fadadawa cikin tarin ban mamaki. Ya sami abubuwa da yawa, ciki har da chimpanzee mai suna Bonny Mary, wanda ya bayyana a cikin manema labarai a matsayin "mafi basira a Ingila". An horar da chimpan don zuwa ƙauyen kowace safiya don karɓar madara, an yi ado a matsayin ma'aikaciyar madara.

## manazarta
William Wright (mai kasuwanci)

**Sir William Thompson Wright**, CBE (Satumba 1927  - 24 Yuli 2022) ya kasance mai mallakar kasuwanci na Arewacin Ireland kuma ɗan siyasa na Unionist.

## Rayuwa ta farko
Wright ya girma ne a Ballymena, Arewacin Ireland . Ya fara zama sananne a ƙarshen shekarun 1950, lokacin da ya shiga kamfanin mahaifinsa, kasuwancin gina jiki na Robert Wright & Son . 

## Siyasa
A cikin shekarun 1970s, Wright ya shiga jam'iyyar Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party kuma an zabe shi a matsayin Shugabanta.  Ya tsaya takarar jam'iyyar a Arewacin Antrim a zaben Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Arewacin Ireland a shekarar 1975, kuma an zabe shi. Daga baya ya bi shugabannin jam'iyyar a shiga Jam'iyyar Ulster Unionist Party (UUP), kuma an zabe shi a Majalisar Ballymena Borough don wannan sabuwar jam'iyya a zaben kananan hukumomin Arewacin Ireland na 1981. Ya rasa kujerarsa a Zaben 1985, kuma bai tsaya a 1989,  amma an sake zabarsa a 1993 kuma ya sake lashe a 1997. 

Wright ya tsaya takarar zaben zuwa kungiyar Arewacin Ireland a shekarar 1996, amma ba a zabe shi ba. A shekara ta 1998, ya yi murabus daga UUP, kuma ya tsaya ba tare da nasara ba a zaben Majalisar Dokokin Arewacin Ireland na 1998 a matsayin mai zaman kansa. Ya rike kujerarsa ta majalisa a shekara ta 2001, kafin a ƙarshe ya sauka a shekara ta 2005.

## Kasuwanci
A waje da siyasa, Wright ya karɓi kasuwancin iyali, ya motsa shi cikin gina bas, tsari wanda ya ga ya zama Wright Group, tare da Wrightbus a matsayin sanannen mataimakinsa.

## Daraja
An nada Wright a matsayin Jami'in Order of the British Empire (OBE) a cikin girmamawar ranar haihuwar 2001 don hidimomi ga Masana'antu da al'umma. An ci gaba da shi zuwa Kwamandan wannan Dokar (CBE) a cikin girmamawar ranar haihuwar 2011 don hidimomi ga Masana'antar Bus. Wright daga nan aka ba shi lambar yabo a cikin 2018 New Year Honours don hidimomi ga tattalin arziki da masana'antar bas. An ba shi kyautar Freedom of the Borough of Mid and East Antrim a Arewacin Ireland a ranar 18 ga watan Janairun 2019.  

## Manazarta
Tsarin daidaitawa na Sigma

**Tsarin daidaitawa na sigma** shine tsarin daidaitawa na yau da kullun da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin samfuran lissafi don ilimin teku, yanayin yanayi da sauran fannoni inda yanayin ruwa ya dace. Wannan tsarin daidaitawa yana karɓar sunansa daga mai zaman kansa mai zaman kansa 

σ 

{\displaystyle \sigma } 

An yi amfani da shi don wakiltar matakin matsin lamba.

Misalai da ke amfani da tsarin daidaita sigma sun haɗa da Tsarin Princeton Ocean (POM),  tsarin COupled Hydrodynamical Ecological don tekun REgioNal Shelf (COHERENS) http://www2.mumm.ac.be/coherens/index.php, tsarin hasashen ECMWF, da sauran samfuran hasashen yanayi daban-daban.

## Bayyanawa
Matsi a tsawo 

p 

{\displaystyle p} 

ana iya daidaita shi tare da matsin lamba 

p 

0 

{\displaystyle p_{0}} 

, ko kuma sau da yawa tare da matsin lamba a saman yankin da aka ayyana 

p 

T 

{\displaystyle p_{T}} 

. Darajar sigma a ma'auni shine ta hanyar ma'anar 1: watau, idan an daidaita shi, 

σ 

0 

=
1 

{\displaystyle \sigma _{0}=1} 

.

A cikin tsarin daidaita sigma, idan an raba sikelin sigma daidai, to a kowane batu a saman, kowane layi a kwance a sama da wannan batu yana da kauri iri ɗaya dangane da sigma, kodayake dangane da mita kowane layi na gaba daidai da kauri ya fi kauri fiye da na baya. Girman sigma na kowane Layer yana raguwa tare da tsawo na farfajiyar, ana matse matakan sigma tare (a cikin mita) yayin da aka rage jimlar kewayon tsaye.

Tsarin daidaitawa na sigma yana ba da damar sigma-surfaces don bin samfurin ƙasa; inda ƙasa ke da gangara sosai, haka kuma sigma surface. Wannan yana ba da damar ci gaba da filayen, kamar zafin jiki, don a wakilce su musamman a hankali a mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin samfurin. Bugu da ƙari, tare da yanayin lalacewa na yawa a cikin yanayi, daidaitattun sigma suna ba da ƙuduri mafi girma a tsaye (a cikin mita) kusa da farfajiya. Yanayin karkatawar sassan daidaitawa yana buƙatar ƙarin haɗuwa da ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin matsa lamba, kuma sassauci na ƙasa na iya haifar da shi ya wuce iyakokin ƙasa na gaskiya.

## Sigma mai daidaitawa

### Haɗin sigma-matsi
Wasu samfurori na yanayi suna amfani da tsarin daidaitawa sigma-matsin lamba, haɗakar da yadudduka masu suna sigma a kasa (ƙasa mai biyo baya) tare da  (matsin lamba) yadudduka a sama. Layer na sama na isobaric gabaɗaya sun fi dacewa da lambobi (tun da yake sun fi dacewa), kuma musamman sun fi dacewa don lissafin canja wurin radiative (mai mahimmanci don daidaita abubuwan lura da hasken tauraron dan adam). Wasu samfurori (misali, NAM na 2009) suna da yanki mai tsabta na sigma a kasa da kuma matakin canji, sama da shi duk yadudduka daidai ne isobaric. Sauran samfuran (misali, GFS) sannu a hankali suna canzawa daga sigma zuwa isobaric.

### Hybrid sigma-ƙuƙwalwa
Wasu samfuran oceanographic suna amfani da daidaitattun abubuwan da suka sauya daga yawa (isopycnic) zuwa daidaitattun sigma a cikin yankuna masu zurfi na bakin teku.

## Manazarta
Shortwave (meteorology)

A shortwave ko shortwave trough ne wani embedded kink a cikin trough / ridge pattern. Tsawon ma'auni ya fi karami fiye da na kuma an saka shi a cikin longwaves, wanda ke da alhakin mafi girman sikelin (Mescale synoptic) tsarin yanayi. Shortwaves na iya ƙunshe da ciki ko samun su a gaba longwaves kuma suna daga mesoscale zuwa sikelin synoptic. Sau da yawa ana haifar da gajeren lokaci ta hanyar tafkin sanyi ko matakin gaba na sama. Ana kiran gajeren raƙuman ruwa a matsayin matsakaicin vorticity.[1]

## Yanayi da tasirin
Sau da yawa ana danganta gajeren iska da iska mai dumi (WAA) ko iska mai sanyi (CAA), wanda ke tasiri ga zafin jiki. Saboda yadda suke motsa iska a kusa da su da kuma yadda iska ke motsawa daga gare su, gajeren raƙuman ruwa suna samar da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa mai kyau da ƙuɓɓugar ƙuƙwasawa mai kyau, bi da bi. Kafin gajeren lokaci akwai babban ɗagawa saboda bambanci daga advection mai kyau (PVA). Wannan ɗagawa sau da yawa yana haifar da hazo. A cikin yanayin da aka rufe, ɗagawa da aka samar ta hanyar gajeren lokaci na iya sanyaya Layer na juyawa sakamakon saurin fadada iska (kayan sanyaya na adiabatic), yana ba da damar zurfi, mai laushi. 

### Ci gaban convective
Rashin gajeren lokaci shine dalilin ɗagawa, ko tilasta, wanda ake buƙata don ci gaban tsawa da convection. Convection yana da yawa a kusa da gajeren lokaci saboda ba wai kawai suna ba da tilastawa ba, amma kuma suna da alaƙa da tsarin da ke ba da wasu sinadaran don samar da tsawa, kamar rashin daidaituwa, shear iska, da helicity. Har ila yau, gajeren lokaci yana haifar da Yanayi mai tsanani saboda yawanci ana inganta sinadaran ta hanyar gajeren lokaci saboda waɗannan sun fi ƙarfin matsakaicin yanayi da tsarin yanayi da ke kewaye da su. 

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Menene gajeren ruwa?. Abubuwan da suka shafi Haby.
* NWS.noaa.gov/glossary/index.php?word=shortwave+trough" id="mwQQ" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Rashin gajeren lokaci. NWS Glossary.
Whitney Adebayo

**Whitney Adeshola Adebayo** (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1997) 'yar wasan talabijin ce ta Burtaniya kuma mai mallakar businessowner. Bayan ta kafa kasuwancin wig a Camden Town, ta zama sananniya lokacin da aka jefa ta a jerin na goma na jerin soyayya na ITV2. Ta kai wasan karshe tare da abokin tarayya Lochan Nowacki, inda suka kammala a matsayi na biyu. Ta yi gasa a jerin na biyu na jerin abubuwan da suka faru na Netflix Inside, ta kammala a matsayi na bakwai.*.*

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Whitney Adeshola Adebayo a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1997 a garin Camden, a Arewa maso Yammacin London . Tana da zuriyar Najeriya.    Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Hertfordshire tsakanin 2016 da 2020, inda ta sami BSc 2:1 a fasahar intanet da multimedia.   Daga nan sai ta zama 'yar kasuwa kuma tana da kasuwancin gashi. Ta kafa kasuwancin, CC Hair, yayin da take karatu a shekara ta biyu a jami'a. Sunan yana tsaye ne don Candy Corner .  

A watan Yunin 2023, an sanar da ita a matsayin memba na "bombshell" don jerin na goma na jerin soyayya na ITV2 .  Ta shiga a rana ta uku ta jerin. *A ciki* jerin, ta haɗu da Lochan Nowacki,  Ma'aurata sun kai wasan karshe kuma sun zama 'yan wasan da aka fi so su ci nasara,   amma sun gama a matsayi na biyu. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, ta fara fafatawa a jerin shirye-shiryen Netflix na biyu Inside . 

## Hotunan fina-finai

## manazarta
Hanyar guguwa

Waƙoƙin guguwa sune ƙananan yankuna a cikin teku da teku inda guguwa ke tafiya ta hanyar iskõki masu yawa. 

Atlantic da Pacific suna da waƙoƙin guguwa wanda yawancin guguwar Atlantic ko Pacific ko guguwar wurare masu zafi ke tafiya. Waƙoƙin guguwa yawanci suna farawa a yankunan yammacin Atlantic da Pacific, inda babban zafin jiki ya bambanta tsakanin ƙasa da teku yana haifar da guguwa, musamman a cikin hunturu. Rashin jituwa na ƙasa yana haifar da waɗannan guguwa da sauri su cika da lalace da zaran sun isa ƙasa a ƙarshen gabashin kwandon, suna lissafin gefen gabas na waƙoƙin guguwa.

Waƙoƙin guguwa na iya canza matsayi, yana haifar da mahimman yanayin yanayi. A matsayin misali, a lokacin La Niña hanyar guguwar Atlantic ta sauya zuwa arewa tana haifar da fari a Falasdinu, yayin da a lokacin El Niño ta sauya kudu tana kawo ruwan sama mai yawa zuwa wannan yankin.[1]

Wani misali na hanyar guguwa shine hanyar guguwar da ke kewaye da Antarctic, duk da haka bambance-bambance na ƙasa da teku ba su taka rawa a cikin kafa shi ba.

Idan aka ba da filin ma'auni na tsawo na geopotential, ana iya ganin waƙoƙin guguwa ta hanyar ƙetare matsakaicin daidaitattun sa, bayan an tace bayanan.

## Dubi kuma

* Jirgin ruwan guguwa
* Cyclogenesis na wurare masu zafi
* Guguwa mai zafi

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* NOAA National Weather Service - Hurricane Tracks
Ismail Ahmed (ɗan kasuwa)

**Ismail Ibrahim Ahmed** (Somali: Ismaciil Axmed, Arabic: إسماعيل أحمد) is a Somali-British entrepreneur and the founder and chairman of WorldRemit, a money transfer company, and director of the Sahan Foundation International. &#x5B;**&#x5D;

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Ahmed kuma ya girma a Somaliland, inda ya girma a garin Hargeisa .  Kafin barkewar Yaƙin basasar Somaliya, an ba Ahmed tallafin karatu na Bankin Duniya don nazarin tattalin arziki a Burtaniya a Jami'ar London. Bayan barkewar yaƙi, tare da taimakon iyalinsa an fitar da Ahmed daga Somaliland don isa Ingila a matsayin ɗan gudun hijira.  

Ahmed yana da PhD a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar London da kuma MBA daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta London . 

## Sha'awar ma'amaloli na kudi
Yayinda yake karatu a Burtaniya, Ahmed ya yi aiki a wasu ayyukan ɗan lokaci, gami da karɓar strawberry a Kent, kuma ya aika da kuɗi gida ga iyali a Somaliland .  Ayyukan aikawa da kuɗi gida yana da mahimmanci a gare shi, yana bin al'adar sauran dangin da ke aiki a kasashen waje waɗanda suka yi haka don tallafawa waɗanda ke cikin bukata a gida a Somaliland. Koyaya farashin kuɗi da lokaci na gudanar da ma'amaloli don aika kuɗi gida ya fara zama mai hanawa, wanda ya sa Ahmed ya fara tunani idan akwai "hanya mafi kyau don yin wannan".

Ahmed ya yi aiki a aikin ci gaban aikin gona na Bankin Duniya a Hargeisa, Somaliland,   kafin ya ci gaba da aiki ga Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP), inda ya taimaka wajen gudanar da aikin canja wurin kuɗi. Ya tafi wurin shugabansa tare da zargin cin hanci da rashawa da ya gano a cikin shirinsa na Somalia, "Maigidan na ya ce idan na tafi ya gabatar da fayil ɗin, ba zan sake iya aiki a cikin aikawa ba, kuma na ɗauki wannan barazanar da gaske. Na rasa aikina don gano zamba".   Daga baya an gano cewa UNDP ta bi da shi ba daidai ba kuma ta diyya na £ 200,000.

## Samar da kasuwancin canja wurin kuɗi
Ahmed daga ƙarshe ya fara haɓaka ra'ayin ƙirƙirar tsarin canja wurin kuɗi na hannu wanda zai rage farashin mafi girma na irin waɗannan ayyuka daga bankunan da tsarin canja wurin kuɗin gargajiya. Ya ƙaddamar da WorldRemit a cikin 2010.  Ta hanyar motsa ma'amaloli zuwa wayoyin hannu, ya haifar da dama ga mutane da yawa a duniya waɗanda ba su da asusun banki amma suna iya aƙalla samun damar wayar hannu.

A watan Oktoba 2020, an sanya sunan Ahmed na farko a cikin Powerlist 2020, jerin shekara-shekara na mutane 100 mafi iko na al'adun Afirka a Burtaniya. A shekara mai zuwa, kamfaninsa ya ƙaddamar da Top 10 Mafi Girma na Afirka a cikin jerin Diaspora, don bincikawa da kuma murna da gudummawar baƙi na Afirka zuwa Amurka.

## manazarta
Micheal Ray Richardson

**Michael Ray Richardson** (Afrilu 11, 1955 - Nuwamba 11. 2025), sunan farko da aka fi sani da Micheal wanda aka fi sani da lakabin "Sugar", ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ne kuma babban koci. Ya buga wasan kwando na kwaleji don Montana Grizzlies. Zaɓi na huɗu gabaɗaya a cikin daftarin 1978 NBA, Richardson ya taka leda a cikin Ƙungiyar Kwando ta Ƙasa (NBA) tsawon shekaru takwas tare da New York Knicks, Golden State Warriors, da New Jersey Nets. Ya kasance NBA All-Star sau hudu kuma sau biyu NBA All-Defensive First Team zaɓi wanda ya jagoranci gasar cikin sata a cikin yanayi uku.

A cikin 1986, kwamishinan NBA David Stern ya dakatar da Richardson har tsawon rayuwarsa bayan ya gwada ingancin hodar iblis a karo na uku a cikin yanayi uku. Shi ne dan wasan NBA na farko da kungiyar ta dakatar da shi. NBA ta mayar da shi aiki a 1988, amma ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da aikinsa a Turai kuma bai sake buga NBA ba. Richardson daga baya ya zama babban koci a kungiyar Kwando ta Continental (CBA) da National Basketball League of Canada (NBL Canada).
## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Richardson a ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 1955, a Lubbock, Texas,  ɗan Billy Jack Richardson da Luddie Hicks.Richardson ya kasance 1974 wanda ya kammala karatun sakandare na Manual High School a Denver, Colorado. Ya samu maki 10 a wata kungiya mai hazaka kuma bai fara bugawa kungiyar ba har sai da ya zama babba. Richardson ya taka leda a kungiyar gasar zakarun jihar ta 1972.
## Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa
Richardson ya zauna a Lawton, Oklahoma. Yana da jikoki 11. Richardson ya saka dakunan shan kwando na matasa tare da Otis Birdsong, abokinsa na dadewa kuma tsohon abokin wasansa. Ya yi aiki da wani kamfani na kuɗi, kuma shi da matarsa, Kimberly, sun mallaki salon gyaran fuska. Ɗansa, Amir Richardson, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke wakiltar ACF Fiorentina na Seria A da kuma tawagar ƙasar Maroko.

Ya canza harafin sunansa na farko daga “Michael” zuwa “Micheal” a cikin 1983.

Richardson shine batun fim ɗin TNT Network 2000 Duk abin da ya faru da Micheal Ray?, Chris Rock ya ruwaito. Littafin tarihinsa, An dakatar da shi: Yadda Na Batar da Aikin NBA na Duk Taurari Kafin Neman Fansa Na, an buga shi a cikin 2024.

## Mutuwa
Richardson ya mutu a Lawton a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 2025, yana da shekaru 70, bayan gano ciwon daji na prostate.

## Manazarta