open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Tierra fría

Acikin Latin Amurka, **tierra fría** (Mutanen Espanya don *ƙasa mai sanyi*) wurare ne na tsaunuka inda tsayin ke haifar da yanayi mai sanyi sosai fiye da wanda aka fuskanta acikin tsaunuka a dai-dai latitude. Haɗin ƙananan latitude da tsayi mai tsayi&#x2014;yawanci tsakanin kusan 2,000&nbsp;m(kimanin 6,500 ft)da 3,500&nbsp;m(kimanin 11,500 ft) acikin wurare acikin 10° na equator &#x2014;yana samar da yanayi wanda ya faɗa cikin nau'i ɗaya kamar yawancin yanayin teku da aka samu a yammacin gabar tekun nahiyoyi acikin Yankuna masu zafi &#x2014; ƙananan yanayin zafi duk shekara, tare da matsakaici na kowane wata daga kusan 10°C (50 °F) acikin watanni mafi sanyi zuwa kusan 18°C (64.4°F) acikin watanni mafi zafi (a wuraren da ke daɗaɗa iyakar tsayin daka. inda wannan yanayin ya kasance yana raguwa a hankali). Abubuwan amfanin gona na yau da kullun waɗanda ake girma a cikin tierra fría sune dankali, alkama, sha'ir, hatsi, masara, da hatsin rai.

Bayan *tierra fría* wani yanki ne da aka sani da *suni*, *puna*, ko *páramos*; kusa da Equator wannan ya ƙunshi wurare masu tsayi tsakanin kusan 3,500&nbsp;m (11,500&nbsp;ft) da 4,500&nbsp;m (15,000&nbsp;ft), wakiltar layin itace da layin dusar ƙanƙara bi da bi. Tsire-tsire anan yayi kama da wanda aka samo a tundra na yankunan polar. Har yanzu mafi girma shine *tierra Nevada*, inda dusar ƙanƙara da ƙanƙara ke mamayewa. Masanin yanki na Peruvian Javier Pulgar Vidal (yanayin Altitudinal) yayi amfani da tsaunuka masu zuwa: 2,300 m (ƙarshen gandun daji na Cloud ko *Yunga fluvial*), 3,500 m (Treeline) da 4,800 m (ƙarshen Puna).

Wasu daga cikin manyan biranen Latin Amurka ana samun su a cikin tierra fria, musamman Bogotá, Colombia, tsayin mita 2,640, Mexico City, Mexico, tsayin 2,240 m da Quito, Ecuador, tsayin 2,850 m; dukkan garuruwan ukun kuma manyan biranen kasashensu ne.

Noma a yankin ya yi kama da wanda ake gudanarwa a yankunan kwari a cikin yankuna masu zafi, yana nuna irin amfanin gona kamar sha'ir da dankali .

## Duba kuma

* Tsarin yanayi na Köppen
* Altitudinal zone
* Tierra caliente
* Tierra templada
* Tierra helada
* Tashar tudu

## Adabi
Kogin Hikurua

**Kogin Hikurua** kogine dake arewa mai nisa na tsibirin Arewa wanda yake yankin New Zealand . Yana gudana kudu maso gabas daga tsaunuka kudu da tashar jiragen ruwa na Whangaroa, ta isa teku a Takou Bay,  kudu da tsibiran Cavalli .
## Nassoshi
Kogin Horahora

**Kogin Horahora** ɗan gajeren kogi ne dake Northland,wanda yake yankin New Zealand .An kafa ta ne daga haɗuwar kogin Waitangi da kogin Taheke, waɗanda ke haɗuwa kusa da gabar Tekun Pasifik mai nisan  arewa maso gabashin Whangarei . Yana kwarara zuwa cikin tekun Pacific a bakin Ngunguru, kilomita uku kudu da Ngunguru .

## Nassoshi
Tierra helada

**Tierra Helada** (Mutanen Espanya "daskararren guri"), kuma aka sani da **Tierra Nevada** (Mutanen Espanya a  "ƙasar dusar ƙanƙara"),kalma ce da ake amfani da ita a Latin Amurka don komawa zuwa mafi girman wuraren da aka samu acikin tsaunukan Andes.

*Tierra Helada* ya ƙunshi ciyayi na montane da ciyayi, sunis, punas da páramos tsakanin layin bishiyar da layin dusar ƙanƙara. Kalmar *tierra helada* daidai ce ta mahangar yanayi, saboda ƙasarta ta kasance "daskararre", tana saman layin dusar ƙanƙara. A arewacin Andes, na karshen yana kan tsayin kusan 15,000&nbsp;ft (ko kusan 4,500 m). 

Masanin yanki na Peruvian Javier Pulgar Vidal ( yanayin Altitudinal ) yayi amfani da tsaunuka masu zuwa:

*  as the border between the tropical rainforest and the subtropical cloud forest
*  m as the end of the subtropical cloud forest (*[[Yungas|Yunga fluvial]]*)
*  m as the tree line
*  m as the puna end

## Duba kuma

* Altitudinal zone
* Tsarin yanayi na Köppen
* Yankunan rayuwa na Peru
* Tierra caliente, iyakar ecoregion: 2,500&nbsp;ft ko 1,000 m (Javier Pulgar Vidal)
* Tierra templada, iyakar ecoregion: 6,000&nbsp;ft ko 2,300m (Javier Pulgar Vidal)
* Tierra fría, iyakar ecoregion, layin itace: 12,000&nbsp;ft ko 3,500 m (Javier Pulgar Vidal)

## Manazarta
Tierra templada

**Tierra templada** (Harshen Espanya don *ƙasa mai zafi*) kalma ce da ake amfani da ita a Latin Amurka don yin nuni ga wuraren da ko dai suna cikin wurare masu zafi a wurare masu tsayi, ko kuma a waje da wurare masu zafi, suna samar da yanayi mai sanyi gaba ɗaya fiye da yankunan da ke kasa.. An samo shi acikin ƙananan wurare masu zafi, wanda yankin da aka sani da tierra caliente.

A cikin ƙasashe da ke kusa da *equator*, *tierra templada* yawanci yana da tsayin tsakanin . Waɗannan ƙofofin suna zama ƙasa yayin da latitude ke ƙaruwa. Masanin geographer dan kasar Peru Javier Pulgar Vidal yayi amfani da tsaunuka masu zuwa:

* 1,000 m a matsayin iyaka tsakanin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi da dajin gajimare masu zafi
* 2,300 m a matsayin ƙarshen dajin gajimare mai zafi ( *Yunga fluvial* )
* 3,500 m kamar itacen itace
* 4,800 m a matsayin ƙarshen puna

*Tierra templada* yana da matsakaicin zafi/sanyi tsakanin . Ana noman kofi da yawa a matsayin amfanin gona na kuɗi, tare da noman hatsi irinsu alkama da masara don dalilai na rayuwa - ya bambanta da warmer *tierra caliente*, inda 'ya'yan itatuwa masu zafi suka fi yawa. Xalapa a Mexico misali ne na birni da ke cikin *tierra templada*, yana da yanayin tsaunuka masu zafi a ƙarƙashin rarrabuwar yanayi na Köppen.

## Duba kuma

* Tsarin yanayi na Köppen
* Altitudinal zone
* Tierra caliente, iyakar ecoregion, 2,500&nbsp;ft ko 1,000 m (Javier Pulgar Vidal)
* Tierra fría, iyakar ecoregion, 6,000&nbsp;ft ko 2,300m (Javier Pulgar Vidal)
* Tierra helada, iyakar ecoregion, layin itace: 12,000&nbsp;ft ko 3,500 m (Javier Pulgar Vidal)
* Tashar tudu

## Manazarta
Ƙanƙarar Patagonian Sheet

**Sheet ɗin Ƙanƙara na Patagonian** babban ƙanƙara mai tsayi kuma kunkuntar takardar kankara wacce ke tsakiyar kudancin Andes wacce ta wanzu alokacin glaciation LlanquihueGilashin Ƙanƙara ya rufe dukan ƙasar Chile a kudancin Puerto Montt da yammacin Patagonia na Argentine.

Gilashin ƙanƙara ya wuce iyakar Andes zuwa Ajantina, amma saboda bushewar yanayi bai wuce tafkunan yau ba kamar Yagagtoo,Musters, da Colhue Huapi. Alokacin da yake ƙololuwa (kimanin shekaru 18,000-17,500 da suka wuce),takardar Ƙanƙara ta Patagonia ta rufe kusan 480,000.&nbsp;km² na ƙasa mai kiyasin girman ƙanƙara fiye da 500,000&nbsp;km³,wanda kusan kashi 4% ya kasance mai haske a yau acikin ɓangarorin biyu da aka sani da filayen kankara na Patagonia na Arewa da Kudancin.

Rage girman ƙanƙara ya bada gudummawa ga hawan tekun duniya na kusan mita 1.2. Duk da haka, a lokacin farkon lokacin glacial a farkon Pleistocene Ƙanƙara ya mika zuwa gaɓar tekun Argentine na yau. Tare da kowane glaciation na gaba an san cewa ƙanƙara ta tsaya gaba da gaba zuwa yamma, tare da ɓacin rai koyaushe yana aiki a matsayin ƙaƙƙarfan abin da ke dakatar da yaɗuwar dusar ƙanƙara: anyi imanin cewa hazo gabas-yamma a lokacin glacial sun kasance ma fi tsayi fiye da na musamman. masu tsayi na Patagonia na yanzu.

Ba kamar Sheet ɗin Kankara na Laurentide ko kankara na Arewacin Turai ba, Rukunin Kankara na Patagonia bai haifar da ɓarna ko hasarar rayayyun halittu ba . Wannan shi ne saboda flora da suka rage zuwa arewacin ƙanƙara sun keɓanta da Desert Atacama kuma sun sami damar yin bayani da sauƙi a duk inda microclimates masu dacewa suka faru. A gaskiya ma, yawancin tsire-tsire na Antarctic na asali suna rayuwa a yau a kan ƙasar da kankara ta mamaye. Duk da haka, akwai alamun cewa a lokacin lalatawar ƙarshe (shekaru 17,500 da suka wuce), saurin narkewar narkar da iyakar arewa na ƙanƙara na Patagonian Ice Sheet ya haifar da sakin ruwa mai ban mamaki zuwa tekun da ke kusa da shi, yana rage gishirinsa da kuma canza wurare dabam dabam., yana haifar da gagarumin canje-canjen muhalli a gida da kuma nesa.

## Manazarta

## Duba kuma

* Zancen kankara
* Filin Kankara na Arewacin Patagonia
* Filin Kankara na Kudancin Patagonia
* Katalalixar National Reserve
* Geography na Argentina
* Geography na Chile
Fararen Ruwa

**Ancohuma** ko **Janq'u Uma** (Aymara *janq'u* fari, *uma* ruwa,"fararen ruwa",wanda kuma aka rubuta Janq'uma, sauran haruffa, *Jankho Uma*, *Jankhouma*) shine dutse na uku mafi girma a Bolivia (bayan Sajama da Illimani). Yana cikin yankin arewa na Cordillera Real, wani yanki na Andes, gabas da tafkin Titicaca. Ya ta'allaka ne a kudu da ɗan ƙaramin Illampu, kusa da garin Sorata.

Duk da kasancewar sa sama da Illampu, Ancohuma itace ƙololuwa a hankali,tareda ƙarancin jin daɗi na gida,kuma yana da ɗan sauƙin hawa. An fara hawan ƙololuwar acikin 1919, ta Rudolf Dienst da Adolf Schulze. Hanyarsu, har yanzu mafi sauƙi, ta hau fuskar kudu maso yamma, kuma an ƙididdige PD (ba mai wahala ba). Sauran hanyoyin kuma akwai a kan tudun arewa maso yamma da fuskar yamma.Dangane da hanyar da ake so, ana tunkarar dutsen ko dai daga yamma ko kuma daga arewa maso gabas; kowace hanya tana buƙatar kwana biyu zuwa uku daga Sorata.

## Manazarta
Dutsen Illampu

**Illampu** shine dutse na huɗu mafi tsayi a Bolivia. Yana cikin yankin arewa na Cordillera Real,wani yanki na Andes,gabas da tafkin Titicaca.Yana arewa da Janq'u Uma mafi tsayi kusa da garin Sorata . Laguna Glaciar, dake cikin Illampu-Janq'u Uma massif, shine tafki na 17 mafi girma a duniya.

Duk da kasancewar sa ƙasa da Janq'u Uma, Illampu yana da ƙololuwar, tare da ƙarin jin daɗi na gida, kuma ya ɗanfi ƙarfin hawan. A zahiri tana da hanyar al'ada mafi wahala akan kowane kololuwar mita 6,000 a Bolivia. Hanya mafi sauƙi, ta Kudu maso Yamma Ridge, tana da ƙimar AD (Mai wahala), tare da gangaren dusar ƙanƙara har zuwa digiri 65. Ana isa gare shi daga wani babban sansani a arewacin babban taron jama'a. An fara hawan kololuwar a ranar 7 ga Yuni, 1928 ta wannan hanya, ta Hans Pfann, Alfred Horeschowsky, Hugo Hörtnagel (Jamus) da Erwin Hein (Austriya). Sauran hanyoyin sun hada da "Hanyar Jamus" a fuskar kudu maso yamma da kuma hanyar Fuskar Kudu, dukkansu sun tunkari daga yammacin babban kogin.

## Manazarta
Dutsen Mururata

**Mururata** dutse ne acikin Cordillera Real na Bolivia. Kimanin 35&nbsp;km Gabas da La Paz, Mururata ya ta'allaka ne ga Arewacin Illimani. Mururata ana iya hawan, saboda siffarsa ba ta ƙunshi cikas masu wahala ba.

Tatsuniyar cikin gida ta bayyana cewa siffar Mururata, mai kyan gani idan aka kwatanta da Illimani makwabciyarta, ya zama haka ne saboda wani kishi. Da alama Mururata ya fi Illimani tsayi, sai Illimani ya sare kan Mururata.

Wata sigar ta ce Mururata ya raini kan Inca. A sakamakon haka ne Inca ya fusata har ya harbe Mururata tareda katafarensa ya aika saman Mururata zuwa Altiplano don ƙirƙirar dutse mafi tsayi a Bolivia mai suna Sajama.

## Duba kuma

* Chakaltaya
* Pirqa Pata
* Sirk'i Qullu

## Bayanan kula
Dutsen Kimsa Chata (Bolivia-Chile)

**Kimsa Chata** ko **Kimsachata** ( Aymara da Quechua *kimsa* uku, Dutsen Pukina *chata*, "dutse uku", *Quimsa Chata Hispanicized, Quimsachata*)  ne.-Tsarin dutse mai tsayi a kan jeri na arewa zuwa kudu tare da iyaka tsakanin Bolivia da Chile, mai kula da tafkin Chungara. Ya ƙunshi kololuwa uku, dukkansu stratovolcanoes.

An kafa kungiyar - daga arewa zuwa kudu - ta Umurata (, Acotango (  da Capurata ( ) (kuma aka sani da Cerro Elena Capurata). Dutsen mai aman wuta Guallatiri (Wallatiri) yammacin Capurata baya cikin rukunin.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin duwatsu masu aman wuta a Bolivia
* Jerin duwatsu masu aman wuta a Chile
* Kuntur Ikiña

## Manazarta


*
Kunturiri (Los Andes)

**Kunturiri** ( Aymara *kunturi* condor  *-(i) ri* a suffix, Hispanicized spelling *Condoriri*) dutse ne acikin Cordillera Real na Bolivia, kimanin  babba. Har'ila yau, shi ne sunan dukan massif. Kunturiri yana cikin Sashen La Paz, Lardin Los Andes, Municipality na Pukarani, kudu maso gabashin Chachakumani da arewa maso yammacin Huayna Potosí.

An kafa tsakiyar ƙungiyar Kunturiri ta ƙololuwa uku waɗanda suke kama da condor mai shimfiɗa fuka-fuki:

* Kunturiri da kansa, wanda kuma ake kira *Cabeza de (l) Condor* ( Spanish don "shugaban condor") (  ),
* *Ala Izquierda* ("reshen hagu"), *Ala Norte* ("reshen arewa") (  ), Kunturiri yamma kololuwa da
* *Ala Derecha* ("reshen dama") ko *Ala Sur* ("reshen kudu") (  ).

Kuchillu Khunu (wuka Aymara *kuchillu* (daga Spanish *cuchillo*), *dusar* ƙanƙara khunu, "dusar ƙanƙara wuƙa") shine sunan kololuwar kudu na "shugaban condor" a.

Sauran kololuwa a cikin babban dutsen Kunturiri sune Pico Reya (), Qallwani (Yugoslavia) (  2&nbsp;km arewa da Kunturiri, Wintanani ( , Pico Eslovenia ( , Pequeño Alpamayo (, Pico Medio ( ), Ilusión ( , Aguja Negra (Jist'aña ( , Diente ( , Ilusioncita ( , Tarija ( da Titicaca ( . Sunayen Mutanen Espanya na kololuwa ba sa faruwa a taswirar Bolivian IGM *(Instituto Geográfico Militar)*.

Tafkunan Ch'iyar Quta da Juri Quta suna kudu da b hiabban birnin.

## Duba kuma

* Jist'aña

## Manazarta
Qala Phusa

**Qala Phusa** (Aymara *qala* dutse, *phusa* siku,"dutse siku",kuma ya rubuta *Khala Phusa*) ko **Q'ululu** (Aymara for stallion of a llama, alpaca or vicuña, Hispanicized spelling *Cololo*) yana da dutse a cikin tsaunukan Apolobamba a Bolivia. Tana cikin Sashen La Paz, Lardin Franz Tamayo, Municipality na Pelechuco. Qala Phusa yana kudu maso yammacin Waracha da kudu maso gabashin Jach'a Waracha.

## Manazarta
Dutsen Calzada

**Calzada** (yiwuwar daga Aymara , duwatsu; ko sifananci , hanya) wani dutse ne a cikin Andes, game da 5,874&nbsp;m (19,272&nbsp;ft)babba, yana cikin Cordillera Real na Bolivia.Ya ta'allaka ne a Sashen La Paz, Lardin Larecaja, akan iyakar gundumar Sorata da Gundumar Guanay.Tana kudu maso gabas da Ancohuma, tsakanin dutsen Q'asiri a arewa maso yamma da Chearoco a kudu maso gabas, da gabashin tafkin San Francisco.

## Duba kuma

* Chachacomani
* Illampu
* Jerin tsaunuka a cikin Andes

## Manazarta
Saltuni

**Saltuni** yana da dutse a cikin Cordillera Real a cikin Andes Bolivian. Tana cikin Sashen La Paz, Lardin Murillo, Gundumar La Paz, kusa da iyaka da Lardin Los Andes, Municipality na Pucarani. Saltuni yana kudu maso yammacin Jach'a Chukita da kudancin Jisk'a Chukita. Sunan tafki kadan Janq'u Quta (Aymara na "farin tafkin") yana kwance a ƙafafunsa, kudu da shi.

## Manazarta
Juyawar Yanayin super

**Atmospheric super-rotation** shine yanayin da yanayin duniya ke jujjuyawa fiye da duniyar kanta.Yanayin Venus misali ɗaya ne na matsanancin juyi; Yanayin Venusian ya zagaya duniya a cikin kwanaki hudu kawai na Duniya, wanda ya fi sauri fiye da ranar Venus na kwanakin duniya 243.An kuma lura da jujjuyawar yanayi akan Titan, wata mafi girma na Saturn.

Anyi imanin cewa ma'aunin zafi da sanyio na duniya yana da ƙaramin juzu'i mai ƙarfi fiye da saurin jujjuyawar saman ƙasa, kodayake ƙiyasin girman abin ya bambanta sosai. Wasu samfura suna ba da shawarar cewa ɗumamar yanayi na iya haifar da haɓakar jujjuyawa a nan gaba, gami da yuwuwar jujjuyawar iska.

## Manazarta
Bernardo Glacier

**Bernardo Glacier** yana daya daga cikin manyan glaciers a cikin Kudancin Patagonia Ice Field. gabas na Témpano Glacier, a cikin wurin shakatawa na Bernardo O'Higgins a cikin Chile. Dusar kankara tana gudana zuwa yamma Bernardo Fjord.

## Manazarta
Colonia Glacier

**Colonia Glacier** (Mutanen Espanya: *Glaciar Colonia* ko *Ventisquero Colonia*) wani glacier ne na kwari wanda ke cikin Filin Ƙanƙara na Arewacin Patagonia,Chile. Dusar kankara ta malalo zuwa kudu maso gabas daga tudun kankara a arewacin Cerro Arenales kuma tana da iyakarta kusan .daga Kogin Colonia. *Colonia Glacier* Dams tafkuna biyu; Cachet II da Arco Lake. Dam din kankara da ke dauke da ruwan tafkin Cachet II yana kasawa akai-akai, wanda ke haifar da barkewar ambaliya.

A ranar 31 ga Maris, 2012, a karo na biyu a waccan shekarar, kusan dukkan mitoci kubik miliyan 200 na ruwa a tafkin Cachet II sunyi hasarar ƙasa da sa’o’i 24, sakamakon ratsa jikin bangon dusar kankara,sakamakon hauhawar yanayin zafi. ta canjin yanayi. Tafkin ya zube har sau 11 tun daga shekarar 2008 kuma masana sun yi hasashen zai karu matuka.

## Manazarta
Dutsuna biyu Payachata

**Payachata** ko **Paya Chata** (Aymara *pä, paya* biyu, Pukina *chata* tsaunin, dutse biyu) wani yanki ne na arewa-kudu mai tasowa na yuwuwar tsaunukan tsaunuka a kan iyakar Bolivia da Chile, kai tsaye arewacin tafkin Chungará. Rukunin ya ƙunshi kololuwa biyu, Pomerape zuwa arewa da Parinacota a kudu. A gefen Bolivia dutsen mai aman wuta yana cikin Sashen Oruro, Lardin Sajama, Curahuara de Carangas Municipality,kuma a gefen Chilean suna kwance a yankin Arica y Parinacota, Lardin Parinacota.

Dangane da yanayin helium, Parinacota ya fashe acikin 2000 na ƙarshe&nbsp;shekaru, yayin da Pomerape ne Pleistocene.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin duwatsu masu aman wuta a Bolivia
* Jerin duwatsu masu aman wuta a Chile

## Manazarta

*  

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Los Payachatas har zuwa tafkin Chungará.  Dubi hanyar kuma kallon su da kyau a ranar 9 ga Agusta, 2008
Exploradores Glacier

**Glacier Exploradores** wani glacier ne da ke kan gangaren arewa maso gabashin Monte San Valentin,acikin Aysén del Janar Carlos Ibáñez del Campo na Chile. Wurin da ke kusa da glacier shine *Puerto Río Tranquilo*, wanda ke yammacin gabar tafkin Janar Carrera.

Gilashin glacier yana cikin Laguna San Rafael National Park.

## Manazarta
Jorge Montt Glacier

**Jorge Montt Glacier** wani dusar ƙanƙara ne na ruwan tide wanda ke cikin yankin Aisén na ƙasar Chile, kudu da garin Caleta Tortel.Ya ta'allaƙa ne a ƙarshe ƙarshen Kudancin Patagonian Ice Field,tsakanin wurin shaƙatawa na Bernardo O'Higgins. Bakin kogin Pascua yana kusa da gaban glacier calving gaba.

Jimlar magudanar ruwa na glacier kusan . Ƙanƙarar glacier yana raguwa sosai a ƙananan tudu, inda zafin iska yafi girma.Tsakanin Ƙanƙara tsakanin 1975 zuwa 2000 yakai  a kowace shekara akan dukkan glacier, kuma ya kai kowace shekara a mafi ƙasƙanci mafi ƙasƙanci.Gaban glacier calving ya sami babban koma baya na  acikin waɗancan shekaru 25 sakamakon raguwa da sauri. Ƙanƙarar ƙanƙara tana kashe kankara zuwa cikin tashar Baker.

Acikin 2000,NASA *ta rubuta cewa:An kwatanta bayanan al'ada na al'ada daga 1970s da 1990s tare da bayanan NASA na Fabrairu 2000 Shuttle Radar Topography Mission don auna canje-canje a cikin kundin 63 mafi girma glaciers a yankin na tsawon lokaci.Masu binciken sun ƙaddamar da raguwar ƙimar filayen Icefields na Patagonia fiye da ninki biyu a cikin lokacin daga 1995 zuwa 2000 tare da lokacin daga 1975 zuwa 2000.*

A cikin Disamba 2011, an buga sabon bincike. "Masanin glaciologist da mai bincike na CEC Andrés Rivera ne ya gabatar da binciken, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan bincikensa kan canje-canje a cikin glacier tsakanin Fabrairu 2010 da Janairu 2011. Yin amfani da jerin hotuna 1,445 da aka ɗauka a tsawon wannan lokacin, masana kimiyya sun gano cewa glacier yana raguwa kusan ƙafa 82 a kowace rana, yana raguwa fiye da rabin mil a cikin shekara." 

Binciken Rivera ya nuna ƙimar ja da baya na glacier na musamman aikin fjord na musamman ne na wanka; na biyu sakamakon dumamar yanayi. A shekara ta 2010 an gano ragowar nothofagus (kudanci beeech) kuma daga baya an rubuta kwanan wata, "ƙaramar shekarun binnewa tsakanin 460 da 250 cal yrs BP."A cewar Rivera: "Sakamakon zobe na bishiya ya nuna yankin ya rufe yankin da wani tsohon daji mai girma wanda Nothofagus betuloides ya mamaye ("coigue de Magallanes" - Beech kudanci na Magellanic) tare da mutane masu matsakaicin shekaru kusan shekaru 150, tare da kasancewa tare da juna. kusan shekaru 300 ( jimlar tsayin tarihin lokaci). Shekarun radiocarbon tsakanin shekaru 250 da 450 BP daga bishiyu daga cikin bishiyoyin da aka zayyana sun nuna cewa an ɗauki samfuran zoben itacen daga wani daji mai girma wanda Glaciar Jorge Montt ya lalata a lokacin LIA." 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin glaciers
* Komawar glaciers tun 1850

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Hoton iska na Jorge Montt Glacier
* spiegel: Hotunan da ba su wuce lokaci ba suna nuna yadda saurin ja da baya na wannan glacier ya faru a cikin shekara guda
* spiegel.de: Bidiyo
* Narkewar Jorge Montt Glacier
Nef Glacier

**Nef Glacier** wani glacier ne a Laguna San Rafael National Park, acikin Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo na Chile. Yana tasowa kudu maso gabas daga Cerro Largo zuwa ƙarshen tafkin daya raba sunansa.

Ita ce glacier na biyar mafi girma a cikin Filin Kankara na Patagonia ta Arewa, bayan San Quintín, San Rafael, Steffen da Colonia . 

## Duba kuma

* Glacier na Chile

## Manazarta
Yadda za a furta O'Higgins

**O'Higgins Glacier** sanannen gurin yawon shakatawa ne, ɗaya daga cikin Glacier acikin Bernardo O'Higgins *National Park*, Chile. Yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan glaciers na Kudancin Patagonia Ice Field. Koli na dutsen maifitadda wuta na Lautaro shine saman yankin tarin glacier. Mafi yawan dusar ƙanƙara yanki ne na tudun kankara. Yana gudana zuwa gabas zuwa tafkin O'Higgins kuma yana kusan  fadi a tasha.

## Duba kuma

* Pío XI Glacier
* Jerin glaciers

## Manazarta
San Quintin Glacier

**Glacier San Quintín** shine mafi girman glacier dake fitowa daga filin Ƙanƙara na Patagonia na Kudancin Chile. Ƙarshenta shine lobe na piedmont gajeriyar Tekun Penas akan Tekun Pasifik kuma kusa da arewacin 47°S.

## koma baya na baya-bayan nan
Kamar yawancin glaciers a duk duniya acikin ƙarni na ashirin, San Quintín ya bayyana yana rasa taro kuma yana ja da baya cikin sauri.

Waɗannan hotuna guda biyu da 'yan sama jannati suka dauka shekaru bakwai kacal a tsakaninsu sun nuna sauyi a bayyane. Ma'aikatan jirgin na STS-068 ne suka dauki na farko a watan Oktoban 1994 sannan na biyun ta hanyar Increament 4 na tashar sararin samaniya ta kasa da kasa a watan Fabrairun 2002.

San Rafael Glacier a gaba da **San Quintín Glacier** a baya, yana nuna canji akan tazarar kusan 1990-2000. Duka manyan glaciers suna ja da baya cikin sauri acikin 'yan shekarun nan (labarin BBC).

## Duba kuma

* Jerin glaciers

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
* National Aeronautics and Space Administration

* San Quintín Glacier daga kogin San Tadeo
Filin Ƙanƙara na Arewacin Patagonia

**Filin Kankara na Arewacin Patagonian**, wanda ke kudancin Chile, shine ƙarami na ragowar sassa biyu waɗanda za'a iya raba Sheet ɗin Ƙanƙara na Patagonian acikin tsaunin Andes na Kudancin Amurka. An ƙunshe shi gaba ɗaya acikin iyakokin Laguna San Rafael National Park.

## Bayani
Filin Ƙanƙara na Patagonian na Arewacin Patagonian shinge ne na Sheet ɗin Ƙanƙara na Patagonian, babban takardar ƙanƙara wanda ya rufe dukkan Patagonia na Chile da kuma yammacin yammacin Patagonia na Argentine a lokacin glaciations Quaternary. Ayau, tareda dusar ƙanƙara mafi yawa a cikin ja da baya kuma kawai yanki na , har yanzu shine mafi girma na biyu mafi girma na ci gaba da yawan Ƙanƙara a wajen yankunan polar. Rayuwarta ya dogara da girmansa (, yanayi mai kyau da sanyi, danshi, yanayin teku. Filin kankara yana da glaciers fita 28, mafi girma biyu - San Quintin da San Rafael - sun kusan kai matakin teku zuwa yamma a Tekun Pacific.Ƙananan glaciers na fita, kamar San Valentin da Nef, suna ciyar da koguna da yawa da tafkunan da aka sassaƙa glacily zuwa gabas.

Eric Shipton tare da ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya Miguel Gómez da ’yan kasar Chile Eduardo García da Cedomir Marangonic sun haye kan kankara daga San Raphael Glacier zuwa Argentina a lokacin rani na 1963–64. Acikin 1972/73 wani balaguron haɗin gwiwa wanda Kyaftin CH Agnew na Lochnaw yr,yanzu Sir Crispin Agnew na Lochnaw,ya shafe watanni 5 yana gudanar da bincike na kimiyya a kan da kewayen kankara,ciki har da Benito Glacier, da mambobi uku na balaguron. An gudanar da tsallaka arewa zuwa kudu daga ƙafar Monte San Valentin har zuwa snout na Steffen Glacier.Martin Session, masanin glaciologist akan balaguron 1972/3 ya koma Benito Glacier tare da wasu a 2007 da 2011 don cigaba da bincikensa.

Filin kankara na Patagonia na Arewa yana kwance a cikin shinge mai iyaka wanda aka ɗaga. Zuwa yamma ya ta'allaka ne da Yankin Laifin Liquiñe-Ofqui, zuwa arewa yankin Fault na Exploradores kuma zuwa gabas Fault Cachet . A kudu akwai yuwuwar akwai yanki na laifuffuka masu tsawo a kusa da Tortel Fjord . 

## Duba kuma

* Filin Kankara na Kudancin Patagonia
* Jerin glaciers

## Manazarta
 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Filin Ƙanƙara na Patagonia ta Arewa, Duniya
* USGS
Limankara

**Limankara** Wani kauye ne da ke cikin garin Borno a karamar hukumar Gwoza wanda yake da boda kuma wani gefe daga garin yana hade ne da karamar hukumar Madagali wacce take a Adamawa wannan gari ya kasance a akwai wurin koyan aiki na yan sandan turnuku wato (Mobile Police force) wannan gari ya shahara a wurin yan sanda saboda wurineh wanda ake shan matukar wahalar koyon horon aiki. Garin yana zagaye neh da manyan duwatsu da bishiyoyi da mutaneh daban daban. Garin yakasance gari na manoma da kadan daga cikin makiyaya.

### Ta'addancin [[Boko Haram|boko haram]] a garin limankara
Boko haram sun kai hari a garin limankara in da suka kai harin harda cikin wurin horar da yan sandan turnuku wato (mobile police force camp) sun kai harin ne a misalin karfe 8 na dare ranar alhamis, ana tsammanin wasu daga cikin yan sandan sun bata ba'a gansu ba, hakan ya farune a lokacin da sukaci galabar yan sandan, shugaban wurin a lokacin shine Kamikudeen Sanu. Hakika Boko Haram ta sha gwagwarmaya a garin limankara, hasali ma itace kadai kauyen da ta rage tsakanin gwoza da madagali, amma ta gaza samun tsaro ta kwarai.

Kowacce rana ana ta kashe manoma kuma an hanasu noman dawa ko masara sai gyada da wake,kuma Boko Haram suna girbewa Baki dai akasa basuci ba kuma basu barwa mutane ba.
Hakika Muna kira ga gwamnatin tarayya da ta dauki mataki Mai tsauri,domin idan babu limankara,to hakika gwoza da madagali suna cikin tsaka Mai wuya.

### Karin bayani

limankara hanyace daga garin Adamawa zuwa garin Borno wannan hanyan zai kaika har zuwa birnin Borno wato Maiduguri daga limankara zuwa Maiduguri ya kai kilomita 69 mi, daga kuma limited zuwa babban birnin tarayya abuja yakai kilomita 709 /440 mi.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
* https://www.thecable.ng/boko-haram-insurgents-attack-mobile-police-training-college-in-borno
* https://nigeria.places-in-the-world.com/2332007-place-limankara.html#:~:text=Limankara%20is%20located%20in%20the,(as%20the%20crow%20flies)
* https://dailytrust.com/borno-re-opens-pulka-gwoza-limankara-road/

## Manazarta
Steffen Glacier

**Steffen Glacier** babban glacier ne na Arewacin Patagonia Ice Field a Aysén del Janar Carlos Ibáñez del Campo yankin Chile. Ita ce glacier mafi kudu maso kudu na Filin Ƙanƙara na Patagonia ta Arewa, kuma ya ƙare acikin wani rafi daga inda aka haifi kogin Huemules. Ana kiran wannan dusar ƙanƙara bayan Hans Steffen ɗan ƙasar Jamus wanda ya binciko yankin Aysén del Janar Carlos Ibáñez del Campo a madadin gwamnatin Chile kafin babban yarjejeniyar sasantawa tsakanin Chile da Jamhuriyar Argentina ta 1902 .

## Duba kuma

* Katalalixar National Reserve
* Cerro Arenales
* Jerin glaciers

## Manazarta

* Dubi Hoto na 55 a cikin wannan binciken na USGS don taswira da tattaunawa game da ci gaban dusar ƙanƙara da koma baya.
Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Jihar Edo

**Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Jihar Edo** wata hukuma ce a Jihar Edo, Najeriya da ke da alhakin magance bala'o'i.  Hukumar tana ba da haɗin kai da Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Kasa don daidaita hanyoyin magance bala’o’i.  An sake fasalin hukumar ne a shekarar 2017 domin haɗa ta da sauran hukumomin tsaro a jihar tare da samar da hanyoyin tunkarar bala’o’i.

## Magance Ambaliyar Ruwa
Hukumar tana daidaita yadda zata magance matsalar ambaliyar ruwa.   Bayan manyan ambaliyar ruwa da yawa, Hukumar ta fara ɗaukar matakan da suka dace dan yin aiki tare da ƙananan hukumomi dan hana ambaliya kafin aukuwar ambaliyar. 

Hukumar bayar da agajin gaggawa ta jihar Edo ta kara da cewa ta yi isassun tsare-tsare don hana afkuwar ambaliyar ruwa tare da magance aukuwar lamarin. Daraktar ta, Mrs Carol Odion a Benin a ranar Larabar da ta gabata cewa hukumar ta gudanar da shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama’a a kananan hukumomi 18 na jihar kan ambaliyar ruwa. Ta ce hukumar ta kuma gina matsugunai na wucin gadi ga ‘yan gudun hijirar (IDP) kafin a kai daukin gaggawa. 

## Manazarta
Aikin Duhun Dusar ƙanƙara

**Aikin Duhun Dusar ƙanƙara** fili ne da bincike don auna tasirin sauya wutar daji da soot, masana'antu da ƙananan ƙwayoyin dusar ƙanƙara akan dusar ƙanƙara da dusar ƙanƙara.

## Aikin
Manufar farko ita ce ta tara kuɗi don jigilar ƙungiyar bincike zuwa Greenland. Gangamin tallafawa taron yayi nasara.An kashe kuɗaɗen ne da farko akan tafiye-tafiyen jiragen sama na kasuwanci da kuma hayar jirgi mai saukar ungulu don jigilar tawagar zuwa kan ƙanƙara ta Greenland. Ɗaya daga cikin membobinta, masanin ilimin yanayi Jason Box, farfesa ne a Cibiyar Nazarin Geological na Denmark da Greenland, kuma yayi aiki a Cibiyar Binciken Byrd Polar da Climate.Peter Sinclair,mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo na YouTube daga Midland,Michigan wanda ke yin bidiyon da ke da alaka da ɗumamar yanayi, an gayyace shi don shiga kuma a ƙarshe ya kasance mai haɗin gwiwa mai ƙarfi na aikin.

Bill McKibben zai shiga tare da tawagar filin Greenland. McKibben ya kasa yin tafiyar. Mujallar Rolling Stone ta goyi bayan Jeff Goodell wanda ya rubuta wani yanki na mujallu akan ayyukan Akwatin da aikin dusar ƙanƙara.An inganta aikin su akan Tashar Yanayi.Idan sun yi nasara wajen tabbatar da cewa toka daga gobarar daji ya taimaka wajen narkar da kankara na Greenland, Box yayi niyyar ƙarfafa sarrafa gobarar daji ta hanyar kai tsaye manufofin rage gurɓacewar iskar gas. Da zarar sun isa Greenland, Box yana fatan yin rawar jiki acikin takardar ƙanƙara na ciki don bincika baƙar fata na carbon da ke zubar da dusar ƙanƙara, don sanin inda yake fitowa: gobarar tundra, shayewa daga jiragen ruwa, ko masana'anta ƙura daga nahiyoyi, domin misali.

## Tallafawa
Akwatin da farko ya nemi tallafi daga shirin tallafin gaggawa na Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta ƙasa, amma anƙi amincewa da buƙatar sa. A sakamakon haka, aikin ya kawo sabon hankali ga manufar tattara kuɗaɗe game da ayyukan bincike. Kamar yadda A waje ya sanya shi, Idan ya tashi, kimiyoyi masu tarin yawa na iya haifar da wani dandali don ƙarin bincike mai zurfi, mai sauri wanda ba a rushe shi ta hanyar bureaucracy.

## Sakamako
Acikin Oktoba 2014, Duhun Dusar ƙanƙara Project ya buga wani shafi akan wasu binciken, kuma ya lura da duhu saman ƙanƙara na Greenland.

Sot yana duhun dusar ƙanƙara da ƙanƙara, yana ƙara yawan kuzarin hasken rana, yana hanzarta narkewa na cryosphere. Zomo yazo a wani bangare daga gobarar daji, wanda akwai da yawa a cikin 2012. Hakanan acikin 2012, kusan dukkanin saman Greenland an lura suna narkewa. Girman gobarar daji na iya kasancewa sakamakon ɗumamar yanayi. Jason Box yana karatun Greenland tsawon shekaru 20.

## Duba kuma

* Ice-albedo feedback

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*  Dark Snow Project
Hasashen Iris

Hasashen **iris** hasashe ne ta Richard Lindzen et al. A shekara ta 2001 wanda ya bada shawarar ƙara yawan zafin teku, acikin wurare masu zafi zai haifar da raguwar gajimare na cirrus, don haka ƙarin yatsancewar infrared daga yanayin duniya. Nazarin sa game da canje-canjen da aka lura acikin kewayon girgije da kuma abubuwan da aka tsara akan hasken infrared da aka saki zuwa sararin samaniya sakamakon ya goyi bayan hasashen.Anyi hasashen wannan yabo na infrared da aka bada shawara don zama ra'ayi mara kyau wanda ɗumamar farko zai haifar da yanayin sanyi gaba ɗaya. Ra'ayin yarjejeniya shine cewa ƙara yawan zafin jiki na teku zai haifar da haɓɓakar gajimare na cirrus da rage zubar da hasken infrared kuma don haka kyakkyawan ra'ayi.

Sauran masana kimiyya daga baya sun gwada hasashen. Wasu sun kammala cewa babu wata shaida dake goyan bayan hasashen.Wasu sun sami shaidar dake nuna cewa ƙara yawan zafin jiki na teku acikin wurare masu zafi ya rage gizagizai na cirrus amma sun gano cewa duk da haka tasirin sakamako ne mai kyau maimakon ra'ayi mara kyau da Lindzen yayi hasashe.

Wani bincike na 2007 daga baya wanda Roy Spencer et al. amfani da sabunta bayanan tauraron dan adam na iya tallafawa hasashen iris.  A cikin 2011, Lindzen ya buga wani rebutt ga manyan zargi.  A cikin 2015, an buga takarda wanda ya sake ba da shawarar yiwuwar "Iris Effect".  Har ila yau, ya ba da shawarar abin da ya kira "tsarin jiki mai yiwuwa don tasirin iris." A cikin 2017, an buga wata takarda wacce ta gano cewa "gizagizai na wurare masu zafi na anvil cirrus suna yin mummunan ra'ayi game da yanayin yanayi a cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da haɓakar hazo".  Idan aka tabbatar to wannan binciken zai kasance mai goyan bayan wanzuwar "Iris Effect".

## Duba kuma

* Kafaffen yanayin zafin tsubbu
* Dimming duniya
* dumamar yanayi

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Takaitacciyar NASA na Dumamar Duniya da Hasashen Iris (Yuni 2002)
Iyakar Komabayashi-Ingersoll

A cikin kimiyyar duniyar duniyar, **iyakar Komabayashi-Ingersoll** tana wakiltar iyakar hasken rana da duniya za ta iya ɗauka ba tare da saitin tasirin greenhouse mai gudu acikin.

Don taurari masu dogaro da zafin jiki na iskar gas, kamar ruwa mai ruwa da kuma yanayin yanayi na zahiri, lanƙwasar igiyar ruwa mai fita(wanda ke nuna yadda za a iya haskaka makamashi cikin sauri ta duniya) yana faɗuwa a yanayin zafi mai zafi, yana kaiwa ga asymptote a kwance-Komabayashi- Ingersoll yana iyakance kansa. Tunda ma'aunin shine mahaɗar wannan lanƙwasa da layin kwance mai wakiltar hasken rana, don jujjuyawar sama da wannan batu duniyar tana yin zafi har abada. Kasting ya kiyasta iyakar duniya zuwa watts 320 a kowace murabba'in mita.

Iyaka yana dacewa don ƙididdige gefen ciki na yankin da za'a iya rayuwa. Koyaya, iyakar kuma ya dogara da girman saman duniya, yana mai da duniyoyi masu nauyi da ɗan juriya ga tasirin gudu.

## Manazarta
San Rafael Glacier

**Glacier San Rafael** yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙanƙara na Arewacin Patagonian Ice Field a kudancin Chile kuma shine glacier na ruwa mafi kusa da equator. Ya shiga cikin Laguna San Rafael kuma yana cikin Laguna San Rafael National Park.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin glaciers

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Kankara ta Patagonia a cikin sauri ta koma BBC News Online
* Hoton Radar sararin samaniya na San Rafael Glacier, Chile NASA Ganuwa Duniya
Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Jihar Kaduna

**Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Jihar Kaduna (KEPA)** ƙaramar hukumar ce a Jihar Kaduna, Najeriya. An kafa ta a cikin 1994.  Tun daga shekarar 2021, Alhaji Jibrin Lawa shi ne babban manajan hukumar.    A 2018, Ibrahim Rigasa ya kasance babban manaja. 

Bayan tantance yuwuwar ambaliya a shekarar 2021, hukumar ta ba da sanarwar sake tsugunar da mutane 305, ga mazauna yankunan da ke fama da ambaliyar ruwa.

## Tarihi.

### Fage.
An kafa ta a cikin shekarar 1994, kuma an sake dubawa a cikin shekarar 1998, KEPA tana magance matsalolin muhalli a cikin jihar dan dalilai masu dorewa.

## Ƙungiya.
Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Jihar Kaduna tana da majalisar gudanarwa da ta kunshi sakataren gwamnatin jihar wanda shi ne shugaba, kuma babban sakataren ma’aikatu daban-daban. Har ila yau, tana da babban manaja, wakilan muhalli daga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ma'aikatar albarkatun ruwa, da kuma mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari'a.

## Hukumar Shari'a.
A shekarar 2009, ne Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kaduna ta kafa wata doka da ta maye gurbin Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Jihar Kaduna Doka mai lamba 1 na shekarar 1998. Wannan gyare-gyaren ya yanke cikin jeri mai zuwa:

* Makasudi, Kafawa da Ayyukan Hukuma.
* Haɗin kai da ayyukan Majalisar Mulki / Manyan Jami'an Hukuma.
* Nadin Babban Manaja, Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa, da sauran Ma'aikatan Hukuma, da kuma ayyukansu.
* Hani da Laifuffuka.
* Laifi.
* Bata bayanin ofishi ko hukuma.
* Auditing na shekara-shekara sanarwa.
* Rarraba Jami’in Hukuma, da dai sauransu.

## Shirye-shirye.

## Manazarta.
Föhn girgije

**Gajimare na Föhn** ko **girgijen Foehn** shine duk wani girgije da ke da alaƙa da Föhn (Foehn),yawanci girgijen orographic, girgije kalaman dutse, ko girgijen lenticular.

Föhn kalma ce ta yanki da ke nufin iskoki a cikin Alps.

## Duba kuma

* Nau'in girgije
* Föhn iska
* Nor'west baka
* Pileus

* Defant, F., 1951: Compendium of Meteorology, 667-669.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* American Meteorological Society
* Manual Of Synoptic Satellite Meteorology
Karangwa

**Karangwa** kogi ne a ƙasar Gabon, gefen hagu na kogin Ivindo .  amsa meshi a shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da uku  

## Sources
Kogin Karanga (Kilimanjaro)

Kogin **Mto Karanga (Kilimanjaro)** ɗaya ne daga cikin kogunan yankin Kilimanjaro ( Arewacin Tanzaniya ).kuma yana da girma.

Kuna da tushe guda biyu akan Dutsen Kilimanjaro, ya wuce kusa da Kibosho ya ƙare a tafkin Nyumba ya Mungu .

## Duba kuma

* Kogin Tanzaniya
* Jerin koguna a yankin Kilimanjaro
Kogin Karakoro

**Karakoro** kogi ne a yammacin Afirka, rafi ne na gefen dama na kogin Senegal kuma ya yi iyaka tsakanin Mali da Mauritania. Tsawon sa ya kai  dari uku da goma kilomita.

## labarin sa
Yana ɗaukar tushen sa a cikin Hodh buttonhole, kusa da Kiffa. Tafsirinsa su ne wadis da ke gangarowa daga Assaba, Regueyba da Afolé .

Yana kwarara zuwa cikin kogin Senegal kusa da garin Ghabou,  dari takwas da arba'in da shida kilomita  daga tushen Senegal  da  dari tara da arba'in da hudu kilomita. daga Tekun Atlantika.

Kogin ya ba da sunansa ga wata ƙauyuka a Mali : Karakoro .

## Manazarta
Tarin -iska mai sanyi

**Tafkin sanyi:** shine tarin iska mai sanyi acikin yanayi kamar kwari ko kwazazzabo. Ana samar da iska mai sanyi ta hanyar sanyaya haske da daddare tare da gangara, kuma tana nutsewa,saboda tana da yawa fiye da yanayin da ke kewaye da ita, tana zaune a ƙasan baƙin ciki. Dome mai sanyi yana kama shi ta wurin babban filin dake kewaye har sai canjin yawan iska ko ɗumama rana ya karya jujjuyawar yanayin zafi. Tun da sanyi-iska pool iya dawwama na dogon lokaci, shi take kaiwa zuwa matalauta ingancin iska da hazo.

## Samuwar
Wuraren sanyi-iska galibi suna samuwa tare da jujjuyawar yanayin lokacin dare a tsayayyen dare da iska mai sanyi. Ƙasa tana rasa kuzari ta hanyar radiation kuma iskar da ke hulɗa da ita tana yin sanyi ta hanyar gudanarwa har zuwa fitowar rana. Lokacin da wannan tsari ya faru akan gangaren dutse, iska mai sanyaya ta zama mai girma fiye da iska kuma ta nitse daga gangara tana haifar da iska mai katabatic.Lokacin da iska mai sanyi ta isa wuri mai faɗi ko wani kwari, sai ya rage gudu ya taru kamar tafki. Sama da wannan tafki wanda zai iya kai tsayin ƙafa ɗari da yawa, dangane da yanayin ƙasa, iska ta kasance mai zafi.

Shingayen da mutum yayi kuma na iya haɓɓaka samuwar wuraren tafkunan sanyi. Misali, layin dogo ko tituna acikin shimfidar wuri mai dan gangare, ginshiki na iya zama babba don kama iska mai sanyi a kan wani muhimmin wuri.

## Tasiri
Tafkunan ruwan sanyi suna da tasiri akan ciyayi da noma, musamman ta haɗarin sanyi, sun kasance batun nazari.

Saboda yanayin wuraren tafkunan sanyi,za su kama gurbacewar muhalli,da haifar da mummunar illa ga lafiya a birane.Tare da jujjuyawar yanayin zafi,ruwan sama da aka samar a tsayi ta tsarin yanayin da ke gabatowa zai zama ruwan sama mai daskarewa a saman idan zafin da ke cikin tafkin yana ƙasa da daskarewa.Iska da yake haske, filayen iska a yankin za su sami ƙarancin samar da wutar lantarki.

## Manazarta
Kabompo (kogi)

**Kabompo** kogi ne a yammacin Zambiya . Madogararsa na da tazarar kilomita ɗari daga arewa maso yamma da birnin Solwezi, kusa da kan iyaka da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, kuma yana kwarara cikin kogin Zambezi. Tsawon kogin yana da kusan kilomita ɗari huɗu da arba'in. Yana gudana a kan iyakar West Lunga National Park .

## Manazarta
Kalungwishi

**Kalungwishi** kogi ne a ƙasar Zambiya. Yana daga cikin tsarin kogin Kongo.

## Hakika
Kogin ya samo asali ne a cikin mita dubu daya da dari shida&nbsp;m tsawo, kusan talatin&nbsp;yammacin garin Kapatu, kilomita ɗari &nbsp;km arewa maso yamma da Kasama a arewacin tsaunukan Zambiya a lardin Arewacinta, mafi daidai a gundumar Lunte . Kalungwishi da farko yana gudana kilomita hamsin &nbsp;km zuwa yamma har sai ta hadu da kan iyaka tsakanin Lardin Arewa da Lardin Luapula, wanda ya kasance tun daga lokacin har zuwa bakinsa. Yana ci gaba da gudana kilomita ɗari da saba'in&nbsp;km zuwa arewa maso yamma kuma, kusan rabin hanya, yana ɗaukar Luangwa daga dama da Lufubu, mafi girma a cikin ruwa, daga hagu. Ba da daɗewa ba ya zama iyakar gabashin Lusenga Plain National Park. Kalungwishi yana kwarara zuwa tafkin Mweru a Ofishin Jakadancin Kafulwe, yanki mai yawan jama'a. Ba da daɗewa ba kafin bakin yana ɗaukar ruwa daga tafkin Mweru Wantipa daga arewa. Kogin ya malala yanki 15,250&nbsp;km².

## Hydrometry
Fitar da Kalungwishi ya kasance a ma'aunin Falls na Kundabwiku, yana da shekaru Tamanin % na wurin kama, wanda aka auna a m³/s tsakanin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da uku da shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da biyu.  Die Darstellung von zane-zane saboda matsalar tsaro.

## Manazarta
Hamzah Titofani

**Hamzah Titofani Rivaldi** (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Agusta shekarar ta 2002) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Indonesiya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin winger a kulob din La Liga 2 Sada Sumut, a kan aro daga kulob din Liga 1 Arema.

## Aikin kulob

### Arema
An sanya hannu kan Arema don taka leda a La Liga 1 a kakar 2021. Tito ya fara buga wasansa na farko ne a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2021 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasa da PSM Makassar a filin wasa na Pakansari, Cibinong. 

#### Sada Sumut (loan)
A ranar 11 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2023, Tito ya koma kulob din La Liga 2 Sada Sumut a matsayin aro. 

## Kididdigar sana'a

### Kulob

; Bayanan kula

## Girmamawa

### Kulob
**Arema**

* Kofin Shugaban Indonesia : 2022 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Hamzah Titofani a Soccerway
* Hamzah Titofani  a La Liga Indonesia
Jetmir Topalli

**Jetmir Topalli** (An haife shi a ranar  7 ga watan Febrairu shekarar  1998) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Kosova wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na ƙungiyar TFF First League Manisa, a kan aro daga İstanbulspor, da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Kosovo .

## Aikin kulob

### Ballkani
A ranar 13 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2018, Topalli ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu tare da Kosovo Superleague club Ballkani .  A ranar 25 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2018, ya fara buga wasansa na farko a cikin rashin nasara da ci 3-0 a gida da Llapi bayan an ambaci sunansa a cikin fara wasa. 

#### Loan a Feronikeli
A ranar 13 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2019, Topalli ya shiga cikin rance na ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da ƙungiyar Kosovo Superleague Feronikeli, kawai don wasannin gasar Turai.  Kwanaki goma sha biyu bayan haka, an nada shi a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Feronikeli a karon farko a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta shekarar2019 – 20 na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na wasan kusa da na karshe da kungiyar Gibraltarian Lincoln Red Imps .  Wasan sa na farko tare da Feronikeli ya zo ne a ranar 28 ga Yuni a gasar cin Kofin Zakarun Turai ta shekarar 2019-20 na wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai da kungiyar Andorran FC Santa Coloma bayan ya zo a madadinsa a minti na 67 a madadin Jean Carioca . 

### Yeni Malatyaspor
A ranar 13 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2020, Topalli ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku tare da kulob din Süper Lig Yeni Malatyaspor,  kuma ya karɓi lambar tawagar 98.  A ranar 12 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2020, ya fara buga wasansa na farko a cikin rashin nasara da ci 3-0 a waje da Fatih Karagümrük bayan da ya zo a madadinsa a minti na 81 a madadin Umut Bulut . 

### Istanbul
A ranar 31 ga watan  Agusta shekarar 2021, Topalli ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar tare da kulob din TFF First League İstanbulspor . 

### Manisa
A ranar 30 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2023, ya rattaba hannu tare da kulob din TFF First League Manisa . 

## Ayyukan kasa da kasa
A ranar 24 ga watan  Disamba shekarar 2019, Topalli ya karɓi kira daga Kosovo don wasan sada zumunci da Sweden,  kuma ya fara halarta a karon bayan da ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin a minti na 46 a madadin Flamur Kastrati . 

## Kididdigar sana'a

### Kulob

### Ƙasashen Duniya

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Jetmir Topalli at FootballDatabase.eu 
* 
* 
*
Kogin Kangen

**Kogin Kangen** yana cikin Sudan ta Kudu, kusa da gandun dajin Boma . kogin yana da girma sosai

Ya haɗu da kogin Pibor kusa da Pibor . Sai ruwanta ya shiga cikin farin Nilu .

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna a Sudan ta Kudu
* Dogayen koguna na Afirka
Kalambo

**Kalambo** kogi ne da ke gudana a Tanzaniya da Zambiya kuma rafi ne na tafkin Tanganyka, don haka wani yanki ne na kogin Kongo .

## Geography
Yana tasowa a Tanzaniya a tsayin  1800 mita akan tsaunukan arewa maso gabas na Mbala . Daga nan sai ta gangara zuwa yamma don shiga tafkin Tanganyika, a karshen kudu maso gabas, a tsayin mita  dari bakwai da saba'in . Kafin shiga tafkin Tanganyika, Kalambo yana da iyaka tsakanin Tanzania da Zambia

Saboda bambancin tsayi ( mita 1030  ) a kan ɗan gajeren hanya ( kilomita hasin ), hanyar Kalambo tana da alamar Kalambo .

## Manazarta
Kogin Kafufu

**Kogin Kafufu** (ko **Kavu** ko **Kavuu** ) ɗaya ne daga cikin kogunan ƙasar Tanzaniya .yana da girma. Yana gudana zuwa kudu maso yamma kuma ya ƙare a tafkin Rukwa, wanda yanki ne mai mahimmanci a Tanzaniya kuma ya shahara da noman shinkafa, masara,da sauran kayan amfanin gona sosai.  

Kogin yana da fadi kuma yana da saurin gudu sosai. Kogin Kafufu yana da tsawon kusan kilomita ɗari biyu kuma yana gudana cikin sauri, tare da magudanan ruwa da magudanan ruwa masu yawa a kan hanyarsa. Kogin kogin wani muhimmin mashigar ruwa ne na ban ruwa da sauran abubuwan amfani a yankin, sannan kuma wani muhimmin wurin rayuwa ne a cikin ruwa da suka hada da kifi da kada.

Kwarin Kafufu, wanda shi ne yankin da ke kewaye da kogin, an san shi da tarin baƙin ƙarfe da gawayi da kyau. An dai hako wadannan ma’adanai a baya, kuma ana kokarin bunkasa albarkatun ma’adinai a yankin.yana da girma sosai.

Baya ga albarkatun da yake da shi, kwarin Kafufu yana da kananan garuruwa da kauyuka da dama, wadanda akasarinsu ke gudanar da ayyukan noma da kananan ma'adanai. Kwarin kuma muhimmiyar hanyar sufuri ce, kuma akwai hanyoyi da gadoji da dama da suka hada garuruwa da kauyukan da ke gefen kogin.yana da kyau sosai.

Gaba daya kogin Kafufu da kwarin da ke kewaye, suna da kyau , wani muhimmin bangare ne na tattalin arziki da muhallin yankin Rukwa, kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar al’ummar yankin.

## Duba kuma

* Kogin Tanzaniya
* Jerin koguna a yankin Katavi
* Jerin koguna a yankin Rukwa

## Manazarta
Kogin Cesstos

**Kogin Cesstos (kogin cess)**, wanda kowa aka sani da **Nuon** ko kogin **Nipoué**  kogin Laberiya ne wanda ya samo asali daga Nimba Range a Guinea kuma yana gudana kudu tare da iyakar Ivory Coast, sannan zuwa kudu maso yamma ta hanyar dajin dajin Laberiya don zuwa. fanko a cikin bakin teku a Tekun Atlantika inda birnin Cesstos yake.

Hippopotamus pygmy ( *Choeropsis liberiensis* ) an san shi yana zama a ƙasa tare da shimfidar kogin  . Ita ce arewa ta uku na iyakar kasa da kasa tsakanin Laberiya da Cote d'Ivoire kuma yana da kyau.

## Han yar Noma
A lokacin yakin basasa na farko na Laberiya, sashin kogin kusa da garin Cestos ya kasance yanki na samar da abinci da ma'adinai na farko na Ƙungiyar Kishin Ƙasa ta Laberiya  .kuma ana noma agen shi.

## Manazarta
Iska mai karfi ta Suetes

**Suetes**, *suêtes*, *les suêtes*, suna da iska mai ƙarfi daga kudu maso gabas foehn a gaɓar yammacin tsibirin Cape Breton. Kalmar "suête" ta samo asali ne daga mazaunan Faransawa na Acadian na yankin Chéticamp a matsayin ƙanƙantar sud est(kudu-gabas).

Gefen yammacin tudun Cape Breton Highlands ya gangara da sauri zuwa matakin teku daga kusan  tsawo. Iskar kudu-maso-gabas tana daga gefen gabas na tsibirin kuma tana gudana a ƙetaren tuddai, akai-akai tana ƙara sauri zuwa manyan gudu akan gangaren gangaren cikin kwanciyar hankali. Tashar yanayi a Grand Etang tayi rikodin saurin iska sama da  a lokuta da yawa.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*  
* Suetes winds on youtube
Kadeyi

**Kadéï** wani yanki ne na Sangha wanda ya ratsa Kamaru da Jamhuriyar Tsakiyar Afirka .yana da girma sosai.

## Geography

Yana ɗaukar tushensa a cikin Adamaoua massif, kudu maso gabas na Garoua-Boulaï . Yana karɓar raƙuman ruwa biyu : Doumé da Boumbé, kafin tafiya zuwa gabas  . A Nola, yana saduwa da Sangha, wani lokaci ana kiransa Mambéré a kan babbar hanya .yana da kyau sosai.

## Manazarta