Cheryl Harris

**Cheryl I. Harris** ƙwararriyar lauya ce a Amurka kuma mai ra'ayin ƙabila . Ita farfesa ce a fannin haƙƙin ɗan adam da 'yancin ɗan adam kuma shugabar Gidauniyar Rosalinde da Arthur Gilbert a Jami'ar California, Makarantar Shari'a ta Los Angeles . 

Harris ta sami karramawa ta ƙasa da takardarta, " Fararen fata a matsayin Kadara ", wadda aka buga a cikin bugun Harvard Law Review na watan Yunin 1993, wadda ke jayayya cewa "dokar ta zo ne don ta ƙunshi kuma ta halatta fa'idodin da ke taruwa ga 'yan ƙasa kawai saboda suna fararen fata" kuma ta bincika yadda asalin launin fata fararen fata ke aiki a matsayin wani nau'in daraja da doka ta kare.  

Harris ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin fasaha daga Kwalejin Wellesley a shekarar 1973 da kuma digirinta na farko a fannin shari'a daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Pritzker ta Jami'ar Northwestern a shekarar 1978. 

Harris ta auri mai fafutuka Keorapetse Kgositsile, tare da mawakin rap Earl Sweatshirt . A ranar 7 ga Disamba, 2024, ita da Earl suka hadu a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani, Los Angeles kuma suka yi magana kan harkokin ilimi da kiɗa. 

## Sana'a
Harris ta yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da ƙara da kuma mai gabatar da ƙara a Chicago, tana aiki tare da manyan kamfanonin kare laifuka da kuma sadaukar da ayyukan pro bono don haɓaka "manyan ayyukan farar hula da na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam."  Daga baya, Harris ta zama babbar mai ba da shawara kan shari'a a Ofishin Lauyan Shari'a na Birnin a lokacin gwamnatin magajin garin Chicago na farko Baƙar fata, Harold Washington, inda ta yi aiki don haɓaka manufofin gwamnatin birni na gaskiya, riƙon amana, da daidaiton launin fata. 

Harris ta fara koyarwa a Kwalejin Shari'a ta Chicago-Kent a shekarar 1990. A shekarar 1991, ta fara aikin inganta musayar ra'ayi tsakanin masana shari'a na Amurka da lauyoyin Afirka ta Kudu yayin tsara kundin tsarin mulkin dimokuradiyya na farko a Afirka ta Kudu . Harris ta shiga a matsayin wakilin kare hakkin dan adam a yankunan rikici na duniya, ciki har da Haiti da Arewacin Ireland . 

Harris ta shiga sashen koyar da shari'a na makarantar UCLA a shekarar 1998. Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa shirin nazarin launin fata na makarantar kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin daraktan malamai a lokuta da dama. Bugu da ƙari, ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar sashen nazarin Afirka-Amurka na UCLA daga 2014-2016, a lokacin ci gaban shirin. A halin yanzu Harris tana aiki a matsayin Shugabar Gidauniyar Rosalinde da Arthur Gilbert kuma tana koyar da Dokar Kundin Tsarin Mulki, 'Yancin Bil'adama, Nuna Bambancin Aiki, Ka'idar Kabila Mai Muhimmanci, da Magunguna Masu Sanin Kabila.

## Farin Halitta A Matsayin Kaya
Harris ta fi shahara da takardarta, " Fara a Matsayin Kadara ." An buga a cikin bugun Harvard Law Review na watan Yunin 1993, takardar ana ɗaukarta a matsayin takarda mai tushe a cikin ka'idar ƙabilanci ta zamani.   A cikin takardar, Harris ta gabatar da ra'ayin cewa "farar fata" ba ta dogara ne akan bambancin halitta kawai ba, amma an gina ta ne akan fifiko da iko, kuma tana aiki a matsayin nau'in dukiya a cikin al'umma ta hanyar damar da ta ba da damar duka a rubuce a cikin doka da kuma ayyukan jama'a, da kuma ware wasu kabilu daga wannan damar. Fahimtar Harris akan takardar an tsara ta ne ta hanyar aikinta na baya a matsayin mai shirya tattaunawa tsakanin masana shari'a daga Amurka da lauyoyin Afirka ta Kudu yayin faɗaɗa tsarin mulkin dimokuradiyya na Afirka ta Kudu . Wannan ƙoƙarin al'adu daban-daban ya ba da ƙarin mahallin yanayin asalin launin fata da kuma yadda tsarin shari'a ke ginawa da kare tsarin launin fata. 

Harris ta yi jayayya cewa manufar fari a matsayin kadarori ta samo asali ne tare da kafa bauta a Amurka, kuma ta ci gaba har zuwa zamanin wariya, inda asalin launin fata ke ƙayyade damar samun 'yanci a kowane fanni. Harris ta yi amfani da fassarar tarihi game da abin da ya cancanci zama kadarori don ƙara fahimtarta, gami da rubutun da aka yi wa Uba James Madison na 1792 mai taken "Gida," wanda Harris ya yi ambaton imanin Madison cewa kadarori "suna rungumar duk wani abu da mutum zai iya dangantawa da wani daraja da kuma samun haƙƙi."  Harris ta yi amfani da faffadan ma'anar Madison don nuna cewa, a zamanin kafa Amurka, an fahimci kadarori ba wai kawai sun haɗa da kayan duniya ba har ma da wasu muhimman 'yancin kai na mutum. Kamar yadda ta bayyana, an ɗauki waɗannan haƙƙoƙi a matsayin masu mahimmanci ga lafiyar ɗan adam, kuma sun haɗa da 'yancin "'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, 'yancin tunani, 'yancin cutar da jiki, da kuma damarmaki na 'yanci da daidaito don amfani da ƙwarewar mutum." 

Harris ya tattauna abin da ya faru a tarihi na " wucewa " launin fata don nuna rashin hankali da kuma yadda aka yi amfani da asalin launin fata. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup> Ta hanyar amfani da abubuwan da kakarta da dubban wasu suka fuskanta a kudu da kuma babbar ƙasar Amurka, Harris ta yi tunani kan yadda waɗannan mutanen suka sami nasarar ketare shingen launin fata duk da cewa an ɗauke su Baƙaƙe bisa ga " ƙa'idar sau ɗaya ."   Harris ta yi jayayya cewa duk da cewa waɗannan mutanen sun bayyana fari kuma an karɓe su cikin al'ummar fararen fata, dokar ta buƙaci a ɗauki jini kaɗai a matsayin mai ayyana launin fata, Harris ta nuna cewa waɗannan rarrabuwar shari'a ba su da tabbas kuma ba su da tabbas, amma a ƙarshe an yi amfani da su don kare farin fata a matsayin wani nau'in kadarori na musamman, mai mahimmanci. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D; Ta hanyar dagewa kan iyakokin doka masu tsauri koda lokacin da hulɗar zamantakewa ta saba wa su, dokar ta ƙarfafa fifikon launin fata ta yadda "har ma baƙar fata waɗanda ba su yi kama da baƙi ba aka ajiye su a madadinsu."  Bugu da ƙari, Harris ta yi bayani dalla-dalla game da tasirin tunanin da "wucewa" ke yi wa waɗanda suka iya, kuma ta bambanta cewa wannan aikin ba da gangan ba ne kuma ɗaya daga cikin duka kiyaye kai da sadaukar da kai. Harris ya rubuta, "Tasirin kare fari a shari'a shine rage darajar waɗanda ba fararen fata ba ta hanyar tilasta musu su musanta asalinsu don su rayu." 

A cikin labarin, Harris ya binciki alaƙar da ke tsakanin asalin launin fata da ajin tattalin arziki, yana bincika sha'awar mutanen fararen fata na aiki don daidaita kansu da manyan farar fata maimakon baƙar fata na aji ma'aikata waɗanda suke da alaƙa da su sosai. Harris ya ambaci Sake Gina Baƙar fata na WEB Du Bois, inda Du Bois ya bayyana fa'idodin wannan haɗin kan launin fata sama da aji. Du Bois ya lura cewa bayan fa'idodin da ke bayyane na ƙarin albashi, akwai wani yanki na biyu, wanda ake iya cewa ya fi muhimmanci na gata na jama'a, wanda ya haɗa da samun damar shiga wuraren shakatawa na jama'a, tilasta bin doka da kuma tausayawa shari'a, da makarantun fararen fata mafi kyau, wanda ke kashe "ko'ina daga sau biyu zuwa sau goma fiye da kowace mutum kamar makarantun launin fata."  Harris ya yi jayayya cewa waɗannan gata sun ƙarfafa ajin ma'aikata fararen fata don daraja da kare asalin launin fata, kuma ta yin hakan, sun taimaka wajen kiyaye tsarin launin fata, don haka, matsayi, wanda ke daraja farin fata a kowane mataki a cikin al'ummar Amurka. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Sauran ayyuka
Whiteness as Property" ya kasance mafi shahara kuma an ambace shi a cikin ayyukan Harris, amma har yanzu tana ci gaba da ba da gudummawa ga fannin ilimi na ka'idar launin fata, tana nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin doka, launin fata, da rashin daidaito. Wasu daga cikin ayyukanta sun haɗa da:

* Farfesoshin Launuka na Shari'a da Kwalejin, 68 *Chicago-Kent Law Review* 331 (1992). An sake bugawa a cikin *Critical Race Feminism* (wanda A. Wing ya gyara, NYU Press, 1997).

* Sharhin Littafi, Bell's Blues, *Sharhin Shari'a na Jami'ar Chicago na* 60 783-93 (1993). Sharhin *Fuskoki a Ƙasan Rijiyar*, na Derrick Bell.

* Baƙar fata 'Yan Amurka da 'Yancin Ƙaddamar da Kai: Ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da 'Yancin Ƙaddamar da Kai, 17 *Hamline Law Review* 60 (1993).

* Tatsuniyoyi game da Kabila da Jinsi a cikin Gwaje-gwajen OJ Simpson da Susan Smith – Abubuwan da ke Faruwa a Zamaninmu, 35 *Mujallar Dokar Washburn* 225-53 (1996).

* Gano Gaskiyar Sojourner: Kabila, Jinsi da Tsarin Bauta, 18 *Cardozo Law Journal* 309-409 (1997).

* Sake Tunani a Al'umma, 47 *UCLA Law Review* 1839-42 (2000).

* Daidaito da Juyawar Rashin Daidaito, 69 *Fordham Law Review* 1753-83 (2001).

* Nazarin Kabila Mai Muhimmanci: Gabatarwa, 49 *Sharhin Shari'a na UCLA* 1215-39 (2002).

* Abin da Kotun Ƙoli ba ta ji ba a cikin Grutter da Gratz, 51 *Drake Law Review* 697-713 (2003).

* Sharhin Littafi, Haƙar Ma'adinai a Hard Ground, 116 *Harvard Law Review* 2487-2539 (2003). Sharhin *The Miner's Canary*, na Lani Guinier da Gerald Torres.

* Labarin Plessy da Ferguson: Mutuwa da Tashin Hankali na Tsarin Kabilanci, a cikin *Labarun Dokar Kundin Tsarin Mulki*, (wanda Michael Dorff ya gyara, Foundation Press, 2004).

* A cikin Inuwar Plessy, 7 Jami'ar Pennsylvania *Mujallar Dokar Tsarin Mulki* 867 (2005).

* Tseren Wanke Fari: Al'adar Scapegoating, 94 *California Law Review* 907-943 (2006). Bitar Tseren *Wanke Fari: Tatsuniya ta Ƙungiyar Makafi Masu Launi*, ta Michael K. Brown.

* 'Too Pure an Air:' Gado na Somerset daga Hana Bauta zuwa Makanta Launi, 13 *Texas Wesleyan Law Review* 439-58 (2007).

* Sabbin Fifikon Ƙabila (tare da Devon Carbado), *California Law Review* 1139-1214 (2008).

* Karatun Ricci: Nuna Bambancin Fari, Gwajin Tseren Tsalle (tare da Kimberly West-Faulcon), 58 *UCLA Law Review* 73-165 (2010).

* Tsarin Laifuka Marasa Takarda (tare da Devon Carbado), 58 *UCLA Law Review* 1543-1616 (2011).

* Iyakance Daidaito: Bambancin da Haɗuwa da Take na VII da Kariya Daidaito, 2014 *Jami'ar Chicago Legal Forum* 95 (2014).

* Ricci da Destefano: An rasa a Mahadar, 91 *Sharhin Shari'a na Jami'ar Denver* 1121 (2015).

* Matsalolin Fisher: Daga Kabila da Aji zuwa Aji Ba Kabila ba, 64 *UCLA Law Review Discourse* 648 (2017)

* Komawa Gaba: Sabuntawa ga Waje na Siyasa, 118 *Columbia Law Review Online* 153 (2018).

* *​*

## Kyaututtuka
Harris ta sami kyaututtuka da dama. A shekarar 2005, ta sami kyautar Farfesa Mai Daraja ta ACLU Foundation of Southern California don Ilimi Kan 'Yancin Bil'adama. A shekarar 2018, ta sami kyautar Rutter ta UCLA don Kwarewa a Koyarwa, shekaru huɗu bayan haka, an ba ta kyautar Koyarwa Mai Daraja ta UCLA .  Baya ga girmamawarta a matsayin farfesa a fannin shari'a, Majalisar Dattawa ta UCLA ta 2024 ta ba Harris kyautar Malamai don Jajircewar Aiki ga Bambancin Ra'ayi, wani ɓangare na kyaututtukan Bambancin Ra'ayi, Daidaito, da Haɗaka da majalisar dattawa ke gudanarwa. 

## Manazarta