Edith Bülbring

**Edith Bülbring**, Royal Society">FRS (27 Disamba 1903 - 5 Yuli 1990) masanin kimiyya ne na Burtaniya a fannin ilimin lissafi tsoka, ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da aka karɓa a Royal Society a matsayin ɗan'uwa (FRS). Ta kasance farfesa a fannin ilimin magunguna a Sashen Farma, Oxford" id="mwEw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="University of Oxford">Jami'ar Oxford (1967-71) kuma farfesa a Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, daga baya farfesa mai daraja (1971-1990).

An haife ta a Bonn, Jamus, Bülbring 'yar Hortense Leonore ce da Karl Bülbring, farfesa na Turanci. Ta yi karatu a fannin kiwon lafiya a jami'o'in Bonn, Munich da Freiburg, kuma ta zama mataimakiyar bincike ga masanin ilimin likitanci Ulrich Friedemann . Lokacin da shi da sauran abokan aikin Yahudawa suka sallami daga Nazis, da farko an yi watsi da ita, saboda ita ma Bayahude ce (mahaifiyarta Bayahude),  amma a ƙarshe an sallami ta ma.

Tare da 'yan uwanta mata Luci da Maud, ta yi tafiya zuwa Ingila a 1933, inda ta shiga dakin gwaje-gwaje na Joshua Harold Burn a Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, Jami'ar London . Lokacin da aka ba Burn mukamin farfesa na ilimin magunguna a Oxford a 1938, ta tafi tare da shi. Ta kasance a matsayin mataimakiyar Burn har zuwa 1946, lokacin da aka nada ta a matsayin mai zanga-zangar jami'a da malami, kuma ta fara gudanar da bincikenta da kanta. Daga 1950 har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a 1971 ta jagoranci ƙungiyar bincike mai tasowa da ke bincika ilimin lissafi na tsoka mai santsi, yankin da aka yi watsi da shi.

An zabe ta a matsayin abokiyar Royal Society a shekarar 1958.

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Yaronta
An haifi Edith Bülbring a Bonn a ranar 27 ga Disamba 1903 ga Hortense Leonore Bülbring (née Kann; 1868-1938), 'yar Dutch ce ta wani bankin Bayahude daga The Hague, da Dokta Karl Bülbring, Farfesa na Jamusanci na Turanci a Jami'ar Bonn (1863-1917). Kodayake mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga asalin Yahudawa kuma mahaifinta Furotesta ne, Edith ba ta yarda da Allah ba. Ita ce ƙarama cikin yara huɗu (Hans, Luci, Maud da Edith). A lokacin da take da shekaru shida, Edith ta fara koyon piano kuma ta bayyana tana da baiwa sosai. A lokacin yakin duniya na (WWI; 1914-1918) Edith da 'yan uwanta mata biyu sun koma The Hague, Netherlands don zama tare da kawunansu, sanannen bankin Royal Jacobus Henricus Kann . Hans, ɗan'uwanta, soja ne a Yaƙin Duniya na I kuma an kashe shi a shekara ta 1918.  Kodayake ta zama ƙwararren mai kunna piano, ta yanke shawarar yin karatun likita maimakon kiɗa, gaskiyar da ta ba malaminta mamaki kamar yadda Edith ta nuna ainihin baiwa.

### Rayuwar jami'a
A cikin 1923 Bülbring ya shiga Jami'ar Bonn don nazarin ilimin lissafi yana fatan a ƙarshe ya karanta magani. Ƙaunar da take da ita ga ilimin histology ta kai ta ga aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Boeke, sanannen masanin ilimin jikin mutum. Hanyoyin da ta samu a wannan lokacin aiki sun zama tushen aikinta na farko da kuma digiri a fannin kiwon lafiya.

Bülbring ya shafe shekara guda a Munich yana mai da hankali kan maganin ciki, ilimin yara da tiyata wanda ya jawo hankalin Friedrich von Müller, Farfesa na Magungunan Cikin Gida. A shekara mai zuwa ta koma Freiburg don semester, inda ta halarci laccocin Paul Trendelenburg . Daga nan sai ta koma Bonn don shekara ta ƙarshe.

A Bonn Farfesa Ceelen ne ya kula da ita, masanin ilimin cututtukan jiki. Don rubutun ta, ta yi amfani da wata dabara da ta koya daga Boeke kan yadda za a shafa ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi zuwa sel na phaeochromocytoma, yana nuna cewa sun kuma fitar da ƙwayoyin juyayi. An gabatar da shi a ranar 3 ga Mayu 1928 kuma an buga shi a matsayin kundi na 268 na *Virchows Archiv* . 

Bayan kammala karatunta ta koma Berlin don aiki a matsayin likitan gida. Bayan shekara guda, Paul Trendelenburg ya rinjaye ta ta yin aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje a Berlin. Yayinda take cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje an buƙaci ta nuna zuciyar kwayar cutar da za a iya sarrafa tsayayyar shigowa da fita. Ta yi amfani da wannan shiri daga baya a cikin karatunta na aikin miyagun ƙwayoyi (wanda aka buga a 1930). 

Bayan rasuwar mai ba da shawara, Paul Trendelenburg, ta bar Berlin na shekara guda kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin likitan yara a Jena. Ta koma Berlin bayan shekara guda (a 1932) don yin aiki a sashin cututtukan cututtuka a cikin Virchow Krankenhaus . Yayinda take zaune a Berlin, tashiwar Jam'iyyar Nazi ta fara damuwa ne ga Bülbring saboda kakanninta na Yahudawa. An kore ta daga asibiti, saboda an haramtacciyar doka ga mutanen da ke da asalin Yahudawa su riƙe jami'a ko wasu mukamai masu sana'a. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan an kore ta ta ta tafi Ingila tare da 'yan uwanta mata, Luci da Maud . 

### Muscle mai laushi 1950-1990
Sha'awar Bülbring game da tsoka mai santsi ya samo asali ne daga takaici tare da amsoshin da ba a iya tsammani ba. An nakalto ta tana cewa: "Yin amfani da su [tsokoki mai laushi] don gwaji kuma koyaushe ina samun su gaba ɗaya ba a fahimta ba; Ba zan iya fahimtar halayensu ba: dalilin da ya sa za su kwangila sau ɗaya kuma su huta sa'a mai zuwa zuwa zuwa wannan sashi, a wannan zafin jiki, a cikin yanayi ɗaya, da sauransu. Duk waɗannan abubuwa sun dame ni har na so in yi aiki tare da su ta wannan hanyar sai dai idan na sake fahimtar su. "

A shekara ta 1953 Gustav Born ta shiga Bülbring a cikin aikinta ta fara hadin gwiwa wanda ya zama asalin ƙungiyar tsoka mai santsi. Tun da farko tare da ƙungiyar, ta yi bincike kan metabolism da kayan lantarki na tsoka mai santsi. Ta kuma yi nazarin rawar da serotonin ke takawa a cikin peristalsis a cikin ƙananan hanji. Ta kirkiro na'urar raguwa ta biyu wanda ta yi amfani da ita a cikin gwaje-gwajen ta. Bülbring ya damu da tasirin da Neurotransmitters, musamman acetylcholine da adrenaline, ke da shi a kan tashin hankali mai laushi.[1] Ta wallafa takardu uku a kan taeniae a cikin 1969 wanda ya kammala cewa hyperpolarisation na membrane wanda za'a iya lura da shi biyo bayan aikace-aikacen adrenaline shine sakamakon karuwar membrane zuwa chloride da potassium.[1]

An san Bülbring da girmamawa sosai ga abokan aikinta da aikinsu. Ta karfafa mutane su bunkasa dabarun su, ƙwarewa da zama masana kimiyya masu zaman kansu. Kullum tana nuna babban iyawa don samun kudade don aikinta, ƙirƙirar dangantaka da kungiyoyin agaji, majalisun da abokan masana'antu. Wadannan damar da aka haɗu sun ba da damar ƙungiyar ta gina babban ƙungiyar bincike.

Tasirin Bülbring da aikinsa a cikin shekaru 40 ya ba da damar karuwar tsokoki masu santsi. Hanyoyin da aka haɓaka a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje sun haifar da haɓaka ilimin lissafi na tsoka mai santsi, kuma ayyukan masana kimiyya da yawa waɗanda suka yi aiki tare da ita sun yada sha'awarta da sha'awar zurfin nazarin irin wannan ƙwayoyin a duk duniya.