open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Risalah Ramadaniyya

Larabcin Risalah (رسـالـة) kalma ce ta Larabci da ke nufin wani littafi ko kuma rubutun falsafa a cikin Musulunci . A cikin Tayyibi Isma'ilism, **Rasāʾil Ramaḍāniyya** yana nufin ayyukan da Da'i al-Mutlaq ya rubuta a mafi yawan lokuta a cikin watan Ramadan.

## Salo
Kowanne Risalah an raba shi zuwa sassa biyu: na farko ya ƙunshi addu'a da yabo, na biyu kuma, batutuwa daban-daban waɗanda suka dace da jigon Risalah gabaɗaya. Kowace Risalah (wasiƙa) an ba ta lakabi mai kama da shekarar Hijri ta buga ta: "Ba a bar mahallin rubutun da aka ambata ga mai karatu ya tantance ba, kamar yadda yake a cikin jerin littattafan guda biyu da aka ambata a sama. Kowace rubutu ana gaba da ita ko kuma ana binta da sharhi wanda ke sanya ta cikin wani jigo ko batu na musamman, kamar tsarin da'awa a ƙarƙashin limamai da dā'īs, yanayin ikon da'awa da manyan da'awa (ḥudūd), da kuma rawar da muminai ke takawa da matsayinsu a wannan duniyar. Bugu da ƙari, kowace Risala tana farawa da tahīmīd na gargajiya na gabatarwa, waƙoƙin asali don yabon Annabi da limamai, da kuma addu'o'i masu yawa waɗanda ke nuna ƙwarewar magana ta harshen Larabci. Risala yawanci yana ƙarewa da ra'ayoyi kan al'amuran shari'a daga marubucin ko kuma daga manyan da'awa da da'awa na baya."

## Marubuta

### Syedna Taher Saifuddin
Syedna Taher Saifuddin "mai yiwuwa yana da rubuce-rubucen Ismāʿīlī da yawa fiye da kowane malamin Ṭayyibī da ya gabace shi. Arziki da nau'ikan rubuce-rubucen da aka ambata sun sanya Rasāʾil al-Ramaḍāniyya tarin rubuce-rubuce, waɗanda in ba haka ba ba za a iya samun su ga waɗanda ba su fara ba da kuma jami'an da'awa marasa matsayi ba." 

An gabatar da wani rukunin Rasāʾil ga ɗakin karatu na Bodleian da ke Jami'ar Oxford a madadin Syedna Taher Saifuddin a ranar 12 ga Yuli 1949.

### Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin

### Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin

## Manazarta
Myrta Lockett Avary

**Myrta Lockett Avary** (Disamba 7, 1857 - Fabrairu 14, 1946) marubuciya ce kuma 'yar jarida 'yar Amurka mai ra'ayin fifita fararen fata . Littattafanta sun haɗa da *Dixie After the War* (1906), *The Recollections of Alexander H. Stephens* (1910) da *Uncle Remus and the Wren's Nest* (1913). Ta mutu a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 1946, a Atlanta.  

## Rayuwa
An haifi Myrta Lockett a gundumar Halifax, Virginia a ranar 7 ga Disamba, 1857. An haife ta ga Harwood da Augusta Lockett. Ta auri likitan Georgia James Corbin Avary a shekara ta 1884 sannan ta ƙaura zuwa Atlanta, Georgia.  Sun haifi ɗa wanda ya mutu tun yana ƙarami. 

A Atlanta, Avary ta rubuta littattafai da dama, ciki har da *Atlanta Journal*, *Atlanta Constitution*, da *Atlanta Georgian* .  A shekara ta 1880, ta ƙaura tare da Dr. Avary zuwa New York kuma suka rabu a shekara ta 1911.  Avary ta rubuta ƙarin littattafai a can, kamar *Christian Herald* .

A shekarar 1908, ta koma Atlanta, kuma ta ci gaba da aiki a fannin aikin jarida.  Ta rasu a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 1946, a Atlanta. 

Avary ya yi aikin agaji a gida,  amma kuma a Indiya, China, da Cuba. 

## Ayyukan Avary
Avary ita ce marubucin littafin *A Virginia Girl in the Civil War*, wanda aka buga a shekarar 1903. 

Ta kuma kasance ɗaya daga cikin editocin littafin Mary Boykin Chesnut *Diary From Dixie (1905)* . 

A shekarar 1906, Avary ta buga *Dixie After the War*, wani tarihin zamanin sake ginawa . A cikin wannan littafin wariyar launin fata, ta yi korafin cewa tasirin kawar da bauta shi ne cewa "masu mugunta, *a ko'ina*, sun sake komawa cikin rashin imani na Afirka nan take. Abubuwan ban mamaki na motsin rai, waɗanda saboda lafiyarsa da hankalinsa, ko da ba don komai ba, masu shi sun riƙe su, an yi musu ba tare da kamewa ba."  Ta ɗaukaka lynchings da ta'addancin Ku Klux Klan da - tare da wasu marubuta kamar Thomas Dixon Jr. - "sun lalata gaskiyar juyin juya halin fararen fata a lokacin sake ginawa". 

Shekaru huɗu bayan haka, a shekarar 1910, aikin da Avary ya buga na gaba shine The Recollections of Alexander H. Stephens . Stephens ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasashen Confederate na Amurka kuma, yayin da yake hannun Tarayyar Turai, ya ajiye wani mujalla, wanda Avary zai buga daga baya.

Aikin ƙarshe na Myrta Lockett Avary shine *Uncle Remus and the Wren's Nest, na Joel Chandler Harris da Gidansa* a shekarar 1913. 

## Zuriya
Marubucin fina-finai, furodusa, kuma darakta Roger Avary, wanda ya lashe kyautar Academy, zuri'ar Myrta Lockett Avary ce. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Manazarta
Oshosi

**Oshosi** ( Yarbanci : **Ọ̀ṣọ́ọ̀sì**, Portuguese : **Oxóssi** ) Orisha ne na addinin Yarbawa a Yammacin Afirka sannan daga baya a Brazil da Cuba .   

## Candomblé
Oshosi shine ruhin da ke da alaƙa da farauta, dazuzzuka, dabbobi, da wadata. Shi ruhin abinci ne, domin shi ne ke samar da abinci. Yana da alaƙa da sauƙi, basira, hikima, da dabara a farauta. Shi ne tushen tunani, yana son fasaha da kyawawan abubuwa. Yana farauta da baka da kibiya (wanda ake kira an ofá), yana neman kyawawan tasiri da kuzari masu kyau. Dabbobin da aka yanka wa al'adun Oxóssi sune akuya, alade da aka dafa, da kuma kaji na Guinea. Gaisuwar Ososi a cikin al'adar Yoruba ita ce "Èku, aro".

Halaye:

* Ranar da aka keɓe: Alhamis
* Launi: shuɗi a ƙasar Ketu, in ba haka ba kore
* Tufafin al'ada: shuɗi
* Abinci mai tsarki: axoxô (masara da aka dafa da kwakwa), wake baƙi, doya, wake da aka gasa (na nau'in *Vigna sinensis* ) 
* Abun Wuya: beads masu shuɗi
* Nau'in ƙaya: iko, yanki
* Alamomi: baka da kibiya  

An haɗa Oxóssi da Saint Sebastian a yankin Rio de Janeiro, waliyyin birnin. Yana da alaƙa da Saint George a yankin Bahia . 

## Santería
A Santería, an haɗa Ochosí da Saint Norbert . An haɗa Oshosi da Saint Hubert : hoton St. Hubert yana da baka da kibiya da kuma barewa kusa da shi waɗanda alamu ne na Oshosi. Wani waliyin Katolika da aka haɗa da Oshosi a Santeria shine Saint Sebastian wanda aka nuna jikinsa da kibiyoyi, wata alama ce ta Oshosi.

## Nassoshi
Nonna Bannister

**Nonna Bannister** ( *née* **Lisowskaja** ; 22 Satumba 1927 - 15 Agusta 2004)  marubuciya ce 'yar Rasha-Amurka kuma wacce ta tsira daga kisan kiyashi . An fi saninta da tarihin rayuwarta, *The Secret Holocaust Diaries: The Untold Story of Nonna Bannister* (2009, Tyndale House :  ), tarin rubuce-rubucen tarihin rayuwarta da tarihin rayuwarta da ta rubuta kafin, lokacin, da kuma bayan lokacinta a sansanin aikin yi na Jamus a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, kuma ta ɓoye a cikin matashin kai.  

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Mahaifin Bannister ɗan ƙasar Poland ne, mahaifiyarta kuma 'yar Rasha ce, kuma ta girma a cikin addinin Orthodox na Rasha .  Iyalinta masu arziki sun rasa komai lokacin da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ya ɓarke.  A shekarar 1942, Bannister da mahaifiyarta, Anna, ba su da zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa don haka suka tafi aiki da son rai a Jamus. 

Duk da haka, tayin aikin ya kai su sansanin kurkuku maimakon masana'anta.  A shekarar 1943, Bannister da mahaifiyarta suna aiki a wani asibiti suna kula da fursunonin yaƙi .  Ta iya yin harsuna shida don haka lokacin da ta fara ajiye bayanan abubuwan da ta fuskanta a sansanin, ta rubuta su da harsuna daban-daban don kada ' yan Nazi su gano su.  Ta ɓoye bayanan a cikin matashin kai wanda ta riƙe a jikinta a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. 

Daga baya aka kai mahaifiyarta sansanin azabtarwa inda Bannister ta yi zaton ta mutu bayan shekaru biyu.   Bannister ita ce kaɗai daga cikin 'yan uwa 35 da suka tsira.  Mahaifiyarta ta tsira daga sansanin, amma matan biyu ba su sake ganin juna ba.  Lokacin da aka ceto Bannister daga sansanin, lafiyarta ta tabarbare kuma ta yi ɗan lokaci a wani asibiti na Katolika na Jamus. 

## Amurka
Bannister ta haɗu da mijinta na gaba, Henry Bannister, a shekarar 1950 a Jami'ar Tulane .  Sun yi aure a shekarar 1951.  Ma'auratan sun ƙaura daga Louisiana zuwa Houston, Texas a shekarar 1971, sannan bayan wasu shekaru suka koma Memphis a shekarar 1978.  A duk lokacin da Henry ya ga cewa ƙaura yana da wahala ga matarsa. 

Bannister ba ta son ta raba tarihin rayuwarta da Henry ba, amma a shekarun 1980, Henry ya shawo kanta ta tsara wa 'ya'yanta tarihin iyali.  Wannan ya sa Bannister ta raba sirrin bayanan rayuwarta a baya.  Lokacin da ta gabatar wa Henry bayanan, ta ce, "Ina so ka sadu da iyalina."  Henry ya yi ƙoƙarin a buga tarihin rayuwarta a shekarun 1990, amma ba a karɓi littafin ba.  Yayin da lafiyarta ta ragu, ta nemi Henry kada ya buga komai har sai bayan ta mutu, don kada ta sake tunawa da abubuwan da suka faru.  

## Gado
Bannister ta mutu a Jackson, Tennessee a ranar 15 ga Agusta 2004, tana da shekaru 76. Bayan ta mutu, Henry ya fara rubuta labarinta a matsayin tarihin rayuwa. Ya nemi wata maƙwabciya, Carolyn Tomlin, a shekarar 2007 ta taimaka masa da rubutun.

Rubutun ya kai ga buga wani littafi game da rayuwar Bannister da gogewarsa mai suna *The Secret Holocaust Diaries: The Untold Story of Nonna Bannister* (2009).  Littafin ya kai ga mijin Bannister da 'ya'yansa sun haɗu da dangin da suka tsira a Ukraine .  Ɗanta, John, ya ci gaba da ba da labarinta game da Holocaust. 

## Manazarta
Tharida

**Tharida** (wanda kuma ake kira **Thareidat Ghassan**)  shine miya a cikin Abincin Larabawa da aka shirya tare da broth, nama da gurasar gurasa da aka rushe ta amfani da yatsun mutum; gurasar gurasar tana aiki don kauri sopo. Wani lokaci ana shirya shi ta amfani da kwakwalwa don nama. Ƙarin sinadaran da za a iya amfani da su sun haɗa da wake, walnuts, yogurt, mint da kayan yaji. Yana iya samun bayyanar madara. Akwai daruruwan bambance-bambance da girke-girke don abincin.

## Tarihi
Tharida ta yi aiki a matsayin alama ce ta asalin Larabawa a lokacin "shekaru na farko na Islama". Muhammadu ya ce tharida ta wuce sauran jita-jita kamar yadda Aisha, matarsa da ya fi so, "ta fi sauran mata".  

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin abinci da abinci na dā
* Jerin miya

## Bayani

## Manazarta
Dawud al-Ta'i

**Abu Sulaiman Dawud ibn Nusair al-Tā'ī**, (Arabic: ابو سلیمان داؤد بن نصیر الطائي) usually referred to as **Dawud Tā'ī**, (died between 776 and 783 CE) was an Islamic scholar and Sufi mystic. He resided in Kufa and was a prominent student of Abu Hanifa. His disciples included many influential personalities of Islamic mysticism, e.g., Maruf Karkhi. His master was Habib al-Ajami.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Ta'i ya yi karatun hadith da fiqh na shekaru da yawa tare da Imam Azam Abu Hanifa a Kufa, kuma kasancewa daya daga cikin ɗaliban da ya fi so, ya kai matakin da ya fi girma a kimiyya da fiqh. Har ila yau, yana da ingancin magana. Wataƙila ma yana da ɗan ƙyama. A zahiri, lokacin da ya bugi wani da sandarsa, malaminsa Abu Hanifa ya tsawata masa: "Abu Suleiman, hannunka da harshinka suna girma da tsawo!" Dawud al-Tai ya sha wahala sosai daga wannan gargadi kuma bai yi magana ba a shekarar da ta gabata ta zama dalibi; bai tambayi ko amsa kowane tambaya ba. Kodayake al-Tai shine "mafi yawan masu magana a lokacinsa kuma wanda ya san Larabci mafi kyau", kuma "ɗaya daga cikin manyan Imamai a cikin fiqh da ra'ayi", ya jefa littattafansa cikin Kogin Yufiretis saboda wasu dalilai waɗanda aka nuna daban a cikin tushe kuma ya koma zuhd da bauta.   Ya nisanta kansa gaba ɗaya daga al'amuran jama'a da na duniya, ya kulle kansa a gidansa, kuma ya shiga ikilisiya ne kawai a lokutan addu'a.

Daga cikin mutanen da ya sadu da su akwai Fudayl b. Iyaz, Jafar al-Sadiq da Ibrahim ibn Adham . Ya kuma sadu da KHalifa Harun al-Rashid na Abbasid a cewar Imam Abu Yusuf . A cewar Fariduddin Attar, Fudayl b. Iyaz ya yi alfaharin samun girmamawa na saduwa da shi sau biyu. Ɗaya daga cikin tsaransa yayin da yake kwatanta girmansa ya ce, "Idan Dawud al-Tai ya rayu a cikin Zamanin Farin Ciki [lokacin Annabi Mai Tsarki], Alkur'ani tabbas zai ambaci zuhd da taqwa. "

Maruf Karkhi, sanannen almajirinsa, ya gabatar da ubangijinsa ta hanyar cewa, "Ban taɓa ganin wani wanda ba ya darajar duniya kamar Tai. " Gaskiyar cewa ya yi amfani da kalmar nan "Bari mutuwarku ta zama bikinku" yayin da yake fatan wani da kyau kuma ya ga mutuwa a matsayin ceto daga kurkuku na wannan duniya yana nuna halayyar rayuwar asceticism a wannan lokacin. Wannan kyakkyawar fahimta game da mutuwa ta zama Shab-i Arus (Ranar Rashin Rashin Rana) a cikin lokutan baya. Dawud al-Tai, wanda ya ba da kabarinsa don a gina shi a wani wuri da ba a yi amfani da shi ba kuma don haka yana son ɓoyewa a duniya ya ci gaba a can, ya kasance yana ba da muhimmancin gaske ga bauta, amma ya ce bai kamata mutum ya ga bautar mutum a matsayin cikakke ba kuma bai kamata ya amince da bautarsu ba. A cewarsa, bautar mutumin da ba shi da karimci da muruwa ba cikakke ba ne. A zahiri, bayan ya juya zuwa Sufism, ya kashe kuɗin da mahaifinsa ya bari tare da abokansa.

Al-Tai ya mutu yayin da yake karanta Alkur'ani a gidansa, wanda ya lalace. A cikin tushe, an ba da labarin cewa ya yi rashin lafiya kuma ya mutu saboda tasirin aya game da jahannama wanda ya karanta wata dare har zuwa safe.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin Sufis
* Suhrawardiyya

## Manazarta
Rawar gargajiya na Danish

Ana siffanta **rawar gargajiya ta Denmark** da sauƙin kai, laushi, da sauƙin koyo. Rawar gargajiya ta Denmark galibi rawa ce ta zamantakewa da ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi ko ƙungiyoyin ma'aurata na masu rawa, waɗanda galibi aka tsara don manyan taruka. An yi tsammanin rawar ta kasance mai sauƙi ga kowa ya shiga.  Rawar gargajiya ta Denmark an yi ta ne don dalilai na zamantakewa da ilimi, gabaɗaya ba don dalilai na baje koli ba. 

Tarihin rawar gargajiya ta Denmark da aka tsara ya nuna wani wasan kwaikwayo da Philochoros ya yi a Copenhagen a shekarar 1899 tare da wasu ɗaliban Denmark a cikin masu sauraro a matsayin abin da ya jawo hankali. Nan da nan ɗaliban suka sami kwarin gwiwa sosai har suka kafa ƙungiyar rawa ta gargajiya. A shekarar 1901, wasu daga cikin ɗaliban da yanzu suka zama ɗaliban motsa jiki sun kafa wata ƙungiya ta musamman, wato Ƙungiyar Tallafawa Rawar Jama'a ta Denmark (Foreningen har zuwa Folkedansens Fremme). 

Adadin ƙungiyoyin rawa da al'ummomi na gargajiya ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa a duk faɗin Denmark tsawon shekaru ashirin da suka biyo baya. An kafa ƙungiyar rawa ta gargajiya ta Denmark a shekarar 1929, kuma ƙungiya ce da har yanzu take shirya darussa ga masu rawa ta gargajiya, kuma kowace shekara ana shirya bukukuwan rawa ta gargajiya.

Tasirin duk wannan ya haifar da wani daidaito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya na Denmark, wanda hakan ya rage bambance-bambancen yanki tsakanin raye-rayen gida da al'adu a cikin Denmark.  Waɗannan al'ummomi da ƙungiyoyi sun kuma ba da gudummawa don taimakawa wajen kiyaye kayan gargajiya na Denmark da kuma rawar gargajiya .  Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin suna samar da mujallu, littattafai, hotuna, girke-girke, kayan ado, kayan ado, da sauran kayan tarihi na al'adu. Sun shirya zanga-zanga, nune-nunen wasan kwaikwayo, bukukuwa, gidajen buɗe ido don rawa, da sauran abubuwan zamantakewa. 

## Manazarta
Raye-rayen gargajiya na Dutch

**Rawar gargajiya ta ƙasar Holland** ta ƙunshi raye-rayen gargajiya da jama'a suka yi.

Duk da cewa 'yan ƙasashen waje da 'yan ƙasar Holland galibi suna danganta rawa ta gargajiya ta Holland da rawa ta clog, amma rawa ta clog tana iyakance yawan rawa. Saboda haka, rawa yawanci ana yin ta ne da takalma. A tarihi, rawa ta gargajiya ta Holland wani ɓangare ne na tufafin cocinsu, wanda ya haɗa da takalma. An ajiye sandunan ƙarfe don aiki, amma a lokacin bukukuwan girbi bayan girbi, manoma za su yi rawa da sandunan ƙarfe, kamar yadda suke sanye da su tsawon yini.

A Gabashin Netherlands, raye-rayen kamar *Driekusman*, *Hoksebarger*, *Veleta*, *Kruispolka* da *Spaanse Wals* suna da asali da raye-rayen Jamus, amma wasu ma ana rawa a ƙasashen da ke nesa, kamar Poland da Lithuania. Ko kuma aƙalla ana amfani da waƙoƙi iri ɗaya. Rawar na iya bambanta.  "Veleta" ta kasance rawa gama gari a sassa da yawa na Netherlands a shekarun 1950 zuwa 1970 a kan bukukuwan aure har ma a cikin rawa, kamar rawa na ɗakin rawa kamar Waltz, Quickstep da Tango.

A zamanin yau, ana ci gaba da ƙirƙirar sabbin raye-rayen gargajiya. Ya shafi sabbin salon rawa (tsari) waɗanda suka samo asali daga raye-rayen gargajiya.

Ba a cika yin rawa irin ta gargajiya ba. Wasu bukukuwan aure na manoma na gargajiya har yanzu suna nuna su, kuma a gidajen tsofaffi ana amfani da rawa a matsayin motsa jiki. Duk da haka, akwai ƙungiyoyin rawa da yawa da har yanzu suna yin rawa irin ta gargajiya ta Holland. Akwai nau'ikan ƙungiyoyin rawa iri biyu a Netherlands: waɗanda ke son kiyaye raye-rayen gargajiya na gida, waɗanda galibinsu tsofaffi ne (50+) kuma akwai ƙarancin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin a lokaci guda. Kuma waɗanda ke son nuna tatsuniyar Dutch a kan dandamali tare da sabbin waƙoƙin rawa bisa ga kayan asali. Na ƙarshen yawanci suna da ƙananan 'yan rawa daga shekaru 8 zuwa 50, kuma galibi suna zuwa bukukuwa a Netherlands da ƙasashen waje.

## Duba kuma

* Klompendansen
* Rawa a Netherlands

## Manazarta
26 Yuni 2015 hare-haren Islama

A ranar 26 ga Yuni 2015, hare-hare sun faru a Faransa, Kuwait, da Tunisia, kwana daya bayan kisan kiyashi a Siriya. Ranar hare-haren an kira ta "Jinin Jumma'a" ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai na Anglophone    da kuma "Black Friday" (Faransanci: Vendredi Noir) tsakanin kafofin watsa labarai da Francophone a Turai da Arewacin Afirka.     

Wani hari a wani wurin shakatawa na bakin teku na Tunisia ya kashe mutane 29; wani bam a wani masallacin Shia a Kuwait City ya kashe mutane 27 kuma ya ji wa mutane da yawa rauni; yayin da a Kobanî wani babban kisan kiyashi da ISIL ta yi ya haifar da kashe fararen hula sama da 223, a layi tare da masu kai hari sama da 79 (ciki har da masu fashewar bama-bamai masu kashe kansu 13) da 'yan Kurdawa 23 sun kasance kisan kiyasta na biyu da ISIL suka yi tun lokacin rani na 2014; wani harin kisan kai da ISIL ya ji rauni a Al-Hasak al-Shaba, kuma a Siriya, kuma a Syria, ya kashe mutane da dama da dama; An kashe mutane 70 da dama da yawa; An kashe Sojojiyar Afirka da dama da suka kashe-Shaba a Siriya a Siriya.

Babban shugaban Jihar Islama ta Iraki da Levant Abu Mohammad al-Adnani ya fitar da saƙon sauti kwana uku da suka gabata yana ƙarfafa 'yan ta'adda a ko'ina su kai hari a watan Ramadan. ISIL kuma ta dauki alhakin hare-haren da aka kai a Tunisia, Siriya da Kuwait.

## Tarihi
A ranar 7 ga Yuni, Cibiyar Nazarin Yaƙi ta fitar da wata sanarwa da ke hango cewa hare-haren ta'addanci na lokaci guda za su faru a kusa da 29 ga Yuni, suna nuna bikin cika shekaru guda na kungiyar ta'addancin ISIL da ta ayyana kanta a matsayin jiha. Sanarwar ta lura cewa kungiyar ISIL ta farko Al-Qaeda a Iraki (AQI) tana da tarihin karuwar tashin hankali a lokacin Ramadan. Jaridar ta ce ISIL "mai yiwuwa tana shirya yaduwar ayyuka" a lokacin Ramadan don tayar da yakin addini da na addini na yanki, da kuma haifar da karfin soja. Jaridar ta jaddada cewa AQI tana da tarihin inganta tashin hankali na ɗarika duk da fashewar bam a masallacin al-Askari na 2006, kuma ISIL za ta yi amfani da motsi na mahajjata na addini a lokacin Ramadan don shigar da sojoji cikin yankunan Shi'a, da kuma "watakila ana niyya ga mutanen Shi'a a waje da Iraki da Siriya, musamman a Yemen da Saudi Arabia kuma mai yiwuwa a kasashen waje".

## Tambayar daidaita hare-haren
Hare-haren sun faru ne kwana uku kafin bikin cika shekaru daya na ISIL da ta ayyana kanta a matsayin Khalifa a ranar 29 ga Yuni 2014.   A rubuce-rubuce ga *[[The Guardian]]*, ɗan jarida Kareem Shaheen ya rubuta cewa, "Babu wata shaida cewa an daidaita hare-haren da aka yi kusan lokaci guda, amma sun nuna karuwar barazanar hare-harun da masu jihadi suka yi, wasu daga cikinsu sun yi wahayi zuwa gare su ta hanyar Isis, a duk faɗin Turai, Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Farfesa na Burtaniya Sajjan Gohel, darektan tsaro na kasa da kasa da kasa na Asie-Pacific Foundation think tank, sun kara da "ran da ba a lokacin da ba a taɓa gani ba don IS IS ba" sun hada da ita ba a lokacin IS IS IS IS ba a lokacin nan gaba da ya faru ba.
Chaand Raat

***Chaand Raat*** (Hindustani: [t͡ʃãːd̪ ɾaːt̪], lit. 'Night of the moon') bikin al'adu ne na Kudancin Asiya a ranar bikin Eid al-Fitr; kuma yana iya nufin dare tare da sabon wata don sabon Watan Musulunci Shawwal . Chaand Raat lokaci ne na bikin lokacin da iyalai da abokai suka taru a wuraren budewa a ƙarshen ranar ƙarshe ta Ramadan don ganin sabon wata, wanda ke nuna zuwan watan Musulunci na Shawwal da ranar Eid. Da zarar an ga wata, mutane suna fatan juna *Eid Mubarak* ("Albarka ta ranar Eid"). Mata da 'yan mata suna yin ado da hannayensu da Mehndi (henna), kuma mutane suna shirya kayan zaki don washegari na Eid kuma suna yin zagaye na ƙarshe na sayayya. Hanyoyin birni suna da kyan gani, kuma manyan kantuna da kasuwanni da aka yi wa ado da kyau sun kasance a buɗe har zuwa dare. Chaand Raat ana yin bikin ne da murna da sha'awa ta Musulmai (kuma a wasu lokuta wadanda ba Musulmai ba) a duk Kudancin Asiya, kuma a muhimmancin zamantakewa da al'adu, ana iya kwatanta shi da Kirsimeti Kirsimeti.

## Magana

Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga Hindu *chānd rāt* (Devanagari), a zahiri fassara zuwa 'dare wata'. Kalmomin biyu a cikin kalmar sun samo asali ne daga kalmomin Sanskrit *Candra.*

## Tarihi
Bikin *Chaand Raat* yana faruwa a ranar Eid ul-Fitr, wanda ake yi bikin a ranar 1 Shawwal. Ya samo asali ne a Kudancin Asiya,  farkon watan Musulunci ya dogara da ganin farko na wata kuma ta haka ne watan Ramadan na iya zama ko dai kwanaki 29 ko 30. Chaand Raat yana faruwa a wannan maraice wanda aka lura da farkon watan Shawwal. Kamar yadda ainihin ranar Eid ul-Fitr ta dogara da ganin wata, Chaand Raat galibi ana ɗaukarsa mafi biki a kan Eid ul'Fitr fiye da Eid ul -Adha, wanda aka sani sosai a gaba.

## Bukukuwan
Da zarar an ga sabon wata, ana yin sanarwa daga Masallatai, da kuma ta hanyar talabijin da rediyo. Bikin yana farawa kusan nan take kuma yana ci gaba duk dare har zuwa addu'ar Fajr da safe. Dukan iyalai suna tafiya zuwa kasuwar gida, kasuwanni da manyan kantuna. Masu siyarwa galibi suna siyan abubuwa na ƙarshe don Eid, kamar shalwar kameez, bangarori, kayan ado, jaka, da takalma. Ana kawo kyaututtuka da kayan zaki ga abokai yayin da ake kawo kayan wasa ga yara. Ana kuma ziyartar shagunan aski da wuraren kyawawan abubuwa da yawa da yamma don shirya washegari. A gida, mata da 'yan mata suna yin ado da hannayensu da mehndi. Mutane kuma suna yin ado da gidajensu kuma suna fara shirya abinci don hutun. Ana sanya fitilu masu ado a kasuwanni da kuma gine-ginen gwamnati, bankunan da masallatai. Chaand Raat kuma yana ba da dama ga mutane su sadu da abokai da dangi.

## Manazarta
Du'a al-Baha

**[[Du'a]] al-Baha** (Arabic) (wanda aka fi sani da Du'a a al-Sahar (Arabic), Du'a ne da aka ba da shawarar ga Musulmai su karanta a cikin asuba a lokacin Ramadan, lokacin da Musulmai yawanci suke cin Suhur. Tun da yake ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin Shia, an san shi da Dua al-Sahar (bayarwa kafin asuba), duk da cewa akwai wasu addu'o'i don kafin asuba na Ramadan.

## Tsarin iko
Du'a da aka danganta ga Muhammad al-Baqir, Imam na biyar na Shia,   kuma Ali ibn Musa al-Riḍha, Imam na takwas na Shia ya ruwaito. 

## Gaskiya
An ambaci shi a cikin Mafatih al-Jinan ta Abbas Qumi . 

## Abinda ke ciki
Dua al-Baha yana da sakin layi 23 wanda ke farawa da "Ya Allah, ina rokon ku ... " kuma ina rokon duk ɗaukakarsa, kyawawan halaye, tsawo, girma, haske, tausayi, kalmomi, kammala, sunaye, iko, son rai, iko duka, ilimi, jawabai, tambayoyi, girmamawa, hukuma, mulkin mallaka, girman kai, kyaututtuka da alamomi. Sa'an nan kuma an ce: "Ya Allah, ina rokonka ka ka ba ni inda ka ba da amsa ga roƙona a duk lokacin da na juya zuwa gare ka; saboda haka, ka saurari addu'o'ina, Ya Allah!"

## Fassara
Masana da yawa ciki har da Ruhollah Khomeini, wanda ya kafa Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci, sun rubuta wasu littattafai don bayyana rokon. Bayani na addu'ar Dawn (Sharhe Du'a al-Sahar) shine littafin farko na Khomeini.

## Dubi kuma

* Addu'ar Abu Hamza al-Thumali
* Mujeer Du'a
* Jawshan Kabir
* Dua Ahd
* Du'a Kumayl
* Du'a Nudba

## Manazarta
Eid Mubarak

**Eid Mubarak** (Arabic: عِيد مُبَارَك, romanized: ʿīd mubārak) is an Arabic phrase that means "blessed feast or festival". The term is used by Muslims all over the world as a greeting to celebrate Eid al-Fitr (which marks the end of Ramadan) and Eid al-Adha (which is in the month of Dhu al-Hijjah). This exchange of greetings is a cultural tradition and not part of any religious obligation.

## Bambancin yanki
Akwai wasu gaisuwa da yawa ga Eid al-Adha da Eid al'Fitr a duk faɗin Duniyar Musulmi. Abokan Muhammadu sun saba gaya wa juna a Larabci lokacin da suka hadu a kan Eid al-Fitr: *Taqabbalallâhu minnâ wa minkum* (wanda ke nufin "[Bari] Allah ya karɓi daga gare mu da ku [azumi da ayyukanmu]"). A duk faɗin duniyar musulmi, akwai bambance-bambance a cikin gaisuwar Eid.

### Duniyar Larabawa
Musulmai Larabawa suna amfani da kalmar Eid Mubarak kuma suna da wasu hanyoyin da za su yi fatan hutu mai farin ciki. Wasu Larabawa sun kara da "kul 'am wantum bikhair" (كل عام و__ayr____ayr____ayr__), wanda ke nufin "Bari ku kasance da kyau tare da kowace shekara mai wucewa". Akwai wani lokaci na yau da kullun a cikin jihohin da ke kusa da Tekun Farisa, wanda shine "Minal Aidin wal Faizin" (), jumla ta Larabci da ke nufin "Sai mu kasance mai tsarki [wani lokaci] kuma za mu yi nasara.

### Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan

Masu magana da Farisa (Iranians, Afghans da Tajiks) suna amfani da kalmar Farisa: عید شما ماند,   ko Farisa: عید ماند, romanizated: eid mobarak don takaice.

### Bosnia da Herzegovina da Serbia
Musulmai na Bosnia da Musulmai na Serbia galibi suna cewa "Bajram Šerif mubarek olsun"; amsar ita ce "Allah rāzi আহ আহ আহ আহ". Wani gaisuwa na yau da kullun na Eid da Musulmai na Bosnia ke yi shine "Bajram barećula".

## Manazarta
Masu sha'awar

ko **Fanoos** (Arabic: فانوس  [], pl.  ), wanda aka fi sani da Fanous Ramadan (Arabic),  mutanen Masar ne da kuma fitilar gargajiya da aka yi amfani da ita don yin ado da tituna da gidaje a watan Ramadan. Tare da asalin su a Misira, tun daga lokacin sun bazu a duk faɗin duniyar musulmi kuma alama ce ta kowa da ke da alaƙa da watan mai tsarki.

## Magana
Kalmar "*Fanous*" (wanda aka rubuta *fanos*, Phanous da *Fanoos*) kalma ce da ta samo asali daga Helenanci, phanós . Yana nufin 'haske' ko 'lantern'. An yi amfani da shi a tarihi a ma'anar "hasken duniya," kuma alama ce ta bege, kamar "haske a cikin duhu".

## Tarihi

Amfani da gargajiya na fanous a matsayin kayan ado da ke da alaƙa da Ramadan ya fito ne daga Masar ta Tsakiya,  kamar yadda aka ce mutanen Masar sun fito cikin taro suna riƙe da fitilu don maraba da zuwan Fatimid Caliph Al-Muizz a Alkahira a lokacin watan Ramadan mai tsarki, kamar yadda tsohuwar al'ada ce a Misira don yin bikin ta hanyar haskaka tituna da fitilu. Amfani da shi yanzu ya bazu zuwa kasashe Musulmi da yawa.

A zamanin d ̄ a yayi kama da fitila, kuma zai haɗa ko dai kyandir ko mai. An samo asali ne daga fitilu da aka yi amfani da su a bukukuwan Fir'auna da ke murna da fitowar tauraron Sirius. Kwanaki biyar, Tsohon Masarawa sun yi bikin ranar haihuwar Osiris, Horus, Isis, Seth da Nephtys - daya a kowace rana - ta hanyar haskaka tituna da fanous (torches).  An kuma yi amfani da fitilu ko kyandir a cikin Kiristanci na farko, wanda masanin tarihin Masar Al-Maqrizi (1364-1442) ya rubuta, wanda ya lura a cikin littafinsa, "Al Mawaiz wa al-'i'tibar bi dhikr al-khitat wa al-'athar", cewa an yi amfani da waɗannan fitilu ko byandir a Lokacin Kirsimeti don bikin.

## Amfani da shi
Ana amfani da Fanous a ko'ina cikin duniya - musamman a yankunan Asiya da duniyar Larabawa - ba kawai don takamaiman dalilai na addini ba har ma a matsayin kayan ado ko a matsayin suna. Ana iya samun su a gidaje, gidajen cin abinci, otal-otal, malls, da dai sauransu. Sau da yawa ana shirya su azaman rukuni na fitilu daban-daban a cikin ƙira da siffar. Ana amfani da ƙarfe da gilashi galibi don gina su.

## Manazarta
Hijab tsafta

**Dokar Hijabi da Tsafta** (a hukumance: **Dokar Tallafawa Iyali Ta Hanyar Inganta Al'adar Tsafta da Hijabi** ) wani kudiri ne da aka tsara don Hijabi a Iran. 

Kotun shari'a ta Iran ce ta tsara wannan kudiri bayan rufe rundunar 'yan sanda ta Guide Patrol kuma a tsakiyar ƙungiyar mata, rayuwa, 'yanci . Gwamnatin Seyyed Ebrahim Raisi ta aika da shi ga Majalisar Shawarar Musulunci. Daga ƙarshe Majalisar ta amince da shi amma Majalisar Koli ta Tsaron Ƙasa ta dakatar da kudirin, wanda hakan ya sa ba doka ba ce ta hukuma. 

## Tsarin lokaci
An tsara kudirin a watan Mayu na 2023 kuma aka aika wa Shugaba Ebrahim Raisi . Majalisar ministoci ta yi gyare-gyare tare da duba kudirin, inda ta kara wasu kasidu 6. Daga nan aka aika wa Majalisar a ranar 1 ga Yuni. Kwamitin Shari'a na majalisar ya sauya kudirin sosai kuma ya fadada shi, inda ya kara shi daga kasidu 15 zuwa 74. 

Majalisar dokoki ta buga gyaran karshe na kudirorin a ranar 8 ga watan Yuni. 

A watan Oktoban 2024, an ruwaito cewa mata a tsakiyar birnin Isfahan waɗanda ba sa sanya hijabi sun sami saƙonnin tes na barazana daga hukumomi, suna cewa za a gurfanar da su a gaban kuliya idan suka sake fita ba tare da hijabi ba.  

## Bayani
Dokar tana da sassa biyar da babi 74.  Dokar ta ba wa gwamnatin Iran damar tara da kuma daure mutane da 'yan kasuwa da suka kasa bin umarnin hijabi. Ta sanya ƙarin hukunci ga mata waɗanda suka karya waɗannan ƙa'idodi, ciki har da tara da ɗaurin shekaru 10/15 ko kuma tarar kuɗi har zuwa miliyan 165 da 168 na toman. 

An yi ta suka sosai kan kudirin dokar saboda tasirinta kan 'yancin mata, da takaita 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, taro, da kuma shiga cikin harkokin jama'a tare da ci gaba da nuna wariya ga mata. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya da gwamnatoci daban-daban sun yi Allah wadai da dokar, suna masu cewa ta saba wa ka'idojin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya.     

Hukumomin gwamnati 30 ne aka ɗora wa alhakin doka. 

A ƙarƙashin wannan doka, mutane za su iya kai ƙarar wasu saboda keta haƙƙoƙinsu.  

## Suka
*Etemad* ya yi iƙirarin cewa dokar za ta sami matsalolin tsaro ga Iran. 

## Manazarta
Malamai a cikin Islama

Akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa game da **malamai a Musulunci** . Musulunci ba shi da tsari bayyananne, don haka ra'ayoyi da sunayen malaman ruhaniya da ayyukan duniya galibi suna gauraye kuma cikin sauƙi a rikitar da su. Jerin kalmomin da ake amfani da su a cikin al'adun Musulunci daban-daban sun biyo baya:

* Marja lakabi ne da al'ummar Shi'a ke amfani da shi, ma'ana tushe ne da za a bi.
* An yi wa Marjas da aka fi girmamawa suna Allamah . Wannan sunan Farisanci na malami wasu mabiya Sunni suna amfani da shi don nuna malami mai girmamawa na musamman.
* Malamai /Ulama lakabi ne da ke nuna cewa malami ya fahimci ra'ayin jama'a, wato ijma'i, na al'ummar al'umma . Umma ita ce al'ummar dukkan mabiya Allah kamar yadda al'ummar Musulmi suka fahimta (cf. Sangha, Ecclesia ).
* Mufti mutum ne mai fassara ko bayyana dokokin Musulunci ( Shari'a da Fiqh )
* Muhaddith mutum ne mai zurfin ilimin Hadisi, kuma yana koyarwa ta hanyar Labari, ko bayar da labari .
* Hend galibi shine sunan malamai a makarantun Madrasah, wato makarantun Musulunci. Mullah malami ne dangane da girmamawa a matsayinsa na babban malami kuma mai kula da Alƙur'ani da al'adun Musulunci.
* Mawlawi kalma ce ta Farisa wadda ke nufin malami, ma'ana Jagora .
* Sheikh shine sheikh kalma ce ta girmamawa ta Larabci wadda a zahiri take nufin Dattijo . Muhawara ce mai tsawo a tarihi a cikin al'adu da yawa ko dattijon da kansa yana nufin matsayi da matsayin malami.
* Shaikh shine ingantaccen malamin Alqur'ani.
* Ayatollah wani babban matsayi ne da ake bai wa malaman Shi'a.
* Mujaddid wani ne Allah ya aiko don taimaka wa al'umma da kuma farfaɗo da Musulunci a farkon kowace ƙarni.
* Marabout malamin addinin Musulunci ne kamar yadda ake koyarwa a Yammacin Afirka da Maghreb, Kalmar ta fito ne daga ra'ayin Berber na Saint . Ana kiran "marabout" da " Sayyed " (سيد) zuwa ga mutanen Maghrib da ke magana da Larabci.
## manazarta
Bikin Jeddah na Tarihi

Bikin Tarihi na Jedda biki ne na shekara-shekara da ake gudanarwa a Gundumar Al Balad ta Jeddah, yammacin Saudi Arabia, kuma yawanci yakan dace da watan Ramadan. Bikin yana murna da al'adu da al'adun Jeddah.

## Ayyuka
Ayyuka da abubuwan da suka faru a cikin Tarihin Jeddah sun fi mayar da hankali kan rayuwar yau da kullun a tsohuwar Jeddah a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. Yankin da ake gudanar da bikin ya hada da gine-ginen tarihi da masallatai da kuma wuraren bude tarihi, kamar Al-Mazloom, Al-Sham, Al-Yemen, da Al-Bahr Haras . 

## Dubi kuma

* Al-Balad, Jeddah

## Manazarta
Iftar Cannon

**[[Iftar (Budar Baki)|Iftar]] Cannon** (Madfa al-ifṭār, Larabci: مدفع الافطار, a zahiri "cannon for break the fast") wata al'ada ce da aka dade ana gudanar da ita wacce ta fara a Misira kuma ta bazu zuwa duk Daular Ottoman. Kowace maraice a kan Maghrib adhan (kira da rana zuwa addu'a), wani canon zai harba harbi daya don sanar da mutane game da farkon Iftar a cikin Ramadan, lokacin da Musulmai suka karya azumi na rana yayin da rana ta fadi.

## Asalin
Duk da cewa ana yin wannan al'ada a yau a mafi yawan sassan duniyar Musulmi, an fara amfani da fashewar bindigar ne don sanar da birnin gaba ɗaya lokacin buda baki, kafin ƙirƙirar agogon ƙarfe da kafofin watsa labarai na yau da kullun. Ana fara harba bindigar ne don nuna farkon watan Ramadan mai tsarki, sannan kowace rana don sanar da buda baki a lokacin sallar Magrib ta faɗuwar rana. Yawancin masana tarihi sun yarda cewa wannan al'ada ta samo asali ne daga Masar, inda wasu ke da'awar cewa ta samo asali ne tun ƙarni na 10, lokacin da ɗaya daga cikin khalifofin Fatimiyya ya ba da umarnin a sanya bindiga a kan Tudun Muqatam na Alkahira don duk Musulmi su ji alamar buda baki, kodayake wannan ba abu ne mai yiwuwa ba domin ba a ƙirƙira bindigogi ba tukuna. &#x5B; ** &#x5D; Wasu masana tarihi sun gano al'adar ta samo asali ne daga sarkin Mamluk Sayf ad-Din Khushqadam a ƙarni na 15, amma labarin da aka fi sani ya nuna asalin al'adar a ƙarni na 19, a zamanin gwamnan Ottoman na Masar Muhammad Ali . 

## Sauran ƙasashe

* - 3 cannons suna cikin Bahrain, waɗanda yawanci ana harba su kowace rana a Riffa Fort (Video),  Arad Fort da The Avenues, Bahrain.
* - An sanya bindigogi a Souq Waqif, Katara, Muhammad Ibn Abdulwahhab Grand Mosque, da Souq Al Wakrah, a karkashin kulawar Sojojin Qatari.
* - Akwai bindigogi da yawa a Saudi Arabia, musamman a biranen yankin Hejaz kamar Makka, Jedda da Madina.
* - An harbe bindigar farko a Sharjah a karni na 19 a karkashin mulkin Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi .  Kowace masarautar yanzu tana harba akalla bindiga ɗaya, tare da uku mafi yawan jama'a (Abu Dhabi, Dubai, da Sharjah) suna karbar bakuncin shafuka da yawa a cikin biranen su.
* - An taɓa jin sautin Iftar Cannon a babban birnin Sana'a, kodayake tare da Yakin basasa da ke gudana ba a tabbatar da ko wannan aikin yana ci gaba ba.
* - Fadar Naif

## Manazarta
Salah Sultan

**Salah Sultan** (wanda aka fi sani da **Salah Soltan**; an haife shi a shekara ta ) masanin addinin Musulunci ne, mai wa'azi, kuma masanin kimiyya. Daga cikin lakabi da mukamai da ya rike sune farfesa na Shari'ar Musulunci a Jami'ar Alkahira, babban sakatare na Majalisar Koli ta Masar don Harkokin Musulunci,  shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Musulunci ta Amurka, Columbus, Ohio, kuma memba na Majalisar Turai don Fatwa da Bincike, memba na Majalisar Fiqh ta Arewacin Amurka (FCNA),  kuma "babban memba" na Ƙungiyar Musulmi ta Duniya.

An san shi a Misira a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin masanan Islama da aka fi girmamawa a kasar",  amma daga bisani aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa bayan an same shi da laifin tayar da kisan kai a watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, a cikin shari'ar da aka sani da "Rabaa control room"  ko "Rabaa Operation Trial". 

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife shi a Misira, Soltan ya halarci Jami'ar Jihar Ohio a Amurka, kuma ya kammala karatu tare da digiri a fannin tattalin arziki. Ya koma Masar don aiki a matsayin manajan kasuwanci a kamfanin sabis na man fetur, 'yarsa Hanaa Soltan ta bayyana a shekarar 2013. Daga baya ya zama farfesa a fannin Shari'ar Musulunci a Jami'ar Alkahira . Da ya koma Amurka inda ya zauna ya yi aiki a Amurka sama da shekaru goma kuma ya zama mazaunin dindindin na Amurka, ya kafa kuma ya yi aiki azaman shugaban Jami'ar Musulunci ta Amurka a Dearborn, Michigan daga 1999 zuwa 2004. Wasu shafukan yanar gizo sun zarge shi da tsattsauran ra'ayi,   kuma *[[Los Angeles Times]]* ta kira shi "mai rikitarwa" saboda ayyukansa a Bahrain.

A shekara ta 2013 ya koma Masar kuma ya shiga cikin zanga-zangar adawa da Juyin mulkin soja na 2013 wanda ya kori zababben shugaban kasar Mohamed Morsi,  sau da yawa yana tweets game da ayyukansa.  An kama shi a watan Satumbar 2013 saboda rashin amincewarsa. Ya kasance daga cikin manyan mambobi 50 na Muslim Brotherhood da aka caje su da kafa "gidan sarrafawa" don jagorantar " tashin hankali da rikici" a duk fadin Masar a lokacin tashin hankali bayan juyin mulkin soja na 2013 wanda ya hambarar da Shugaba Muslim Brotherhood Mohamed Morsi .  A watan Satumbar 2017 wata kotun Masar ta yanke masa hukuncin rai da rai a kurkuku biyo bayan "gidan shari'a da aka lalata ta hanyar tsari mai yawa da cin zarafin shari'a mai kyau".

Ya zuwa 2023, Human Rights Watch ta ruwaito cewa an tsare shi a kurkuku na Badr 1, yana fama da " cututtukan zuciya da hanta masu barazana ga rayuwa da sauran matsalolin kiwon lafiya masu rikitarwa" da kuma "marasa" isasshen kiwon lafiya.

Sultan ya halarci taron da kungiyar Musulunci ta shirya a Sweden, wanda Omar Mustafa da Abdirizak Waberi suka jagoranta. Kasancewarsa ya kasance batun zargi.

'Ya'yansa maza, ciki har da Mohamed Soltan da jikoki duk 'yan ƙasar Amurka ne. Mohamed, kamar mahaifinsa, ɗan gwagwarmayar Masar ne.

## zanga-zangar adawa da maganin da ya yi
A cewar Kwamitin Nazarin Gabas ta Tsakiya kan 'Yancin Ilimi, Sultan

A ranar 14 ga Satumba 2022, MESA ta aika da wasika ga jami'an Masar da ke nuna rashin amincewa da maganin Sultan, tsarin shari'ar Masar, rashin magani, da sauransu da kuma neman a sake shi.

## Manazarta
LALMA

**LALMA** ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta wadda ba ta neman riba ba wadda aka kafa a shekarar 1999 don mayar da martani ga buƙatar albarkatun da ke yaren Sifaniyanci kan Musulunci . Da farko, LALMA tana wakiltar **Ƙungiyar Musulman Latino ta Los Angeles**, amma bayan sake fasalinta don daidaita ci gabanta, an sake canza sunan LALMA zuwa **La Asociacion Latino Musulmana de America** .     

LALMA ta fara ne da ƙungiyar Musulmai biyar 'yan Latino daga Los Angeles ƙarƙashin jagorancin Marta Felicitas Galedary ta fara yin tarurruka akai-akai don koyo game da Musulunci a cikin harshen Sifaniyanci.  Ƙungiyar nazarin Musulunci mai magana da Sifaniyanci ta fara haɗuwa a Cibiyar Musulunci ta Kudancin California .  

Kowace safiyar Lahadi, membobin LALMA suna taruwa don halartar darussan Larabci, suna karɓar koyarwa kan Alƙur'ani da tarihin rayuwar Muhammad ( sirah ), da kuma tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi Musulmai da suka tuba.   Suna yin laccoci na baƙi akai-akai kan fannoni daban-daban na Musulunci, suna haɗuwa a masallatai daban-daban a Kudancin California. Suna kuma ba da darussan CPR, taimakon gaggawa, da darussan tsaron al'umma da kuma ba da shawara ga matasa da tallafi ga shirye-shiryen dawaki na Latino. LALMA tana ɗaukar nauyin tarurruka kamar tarurruka kan tushen Musulunci na Spain da ayyukan shekara-shekara a lokacin Ramadan .  

## Manazarta
Fast-a-Thon

**Fast-A-Thon** wani taron ne da aka gudanar a watan Ramadan a makarantun jami'o'i a Arewacin Amurka don wayar da kan jama'a game da batun yunwa, da kuma hanyar rayuwar Islama da Musulmai. Kungiyoyin daliban musulmi, yawanci Ƙungiyar Dalibai Musulmi (MSA) suna samun ɗalibai na dukan bangaskiya don yin azumi na rana ɗaya bisa ga al'adun Musulunci, kuma ga kowane mutumin da ke azumi, ana yin shirye-shirye don wani adadin da za a ba da gudummawa ga sadaka a madadin mutumin da ke Azumi. Yawancin lokaci ana gayyatar su karya azumi tare da sauri Musulmai a ƙarshen ranar azumi.

Ƙungiyar Dalibai Musulmi ta Jami'ar Tennessee ta gudanar da Fast-a-Thon ta farko a cikin 2001 bayan Hare-haren Satumba 11, 2001 kuma ta kafa taron ƙasa wanda ya haɗa da ɗalibai a sama da kwalejoji da jami'o'i 230 a cikin 2006. Ana kuma gudanar da taron don taimakawa wajen kawar da kuskuren ra'ayoyi game da Islama da Musulmai. An gudanar da wani taron a Jami'ar Michigan a kowace shekara sama da shekaru goma. Sauran cibiyoyin da ke tallafawa wannan taron sune Jami'ar Florida,  Jami'ar Washington,  da Jami'ar Waterloo. 

Fast-a-Thon yanzu wani taron shekara-shekara ne da ake gudanarwa a lokacin Ramadan. Idan watan Ramadan ya fadi a waje da kalandar ilimi ta jami'o'i, MSA na iya zaɓar wani lokaci don gudanar da Fast-A-Thon. Kungiyar agaji ta duniya Action Against Hunger ce ke tallafawa shirin,  kuma ana amfani da shi a kowace shekara a matsayin wani ɓangare na kokarin tara kuɗi ga kungiyoyin agaji daban-daban. 

## Dubi kuma

* Ramadan a Amurka

## Manazarta
Flaouna

***Flaouna*** (Girka: φλαούνα)  (Turkiyanci: Pilavuna) burodi ne mai cike da cuku daga Cyprus, wanda kuma ake cinyewa a wasu sassan Girka. Yawancin girke-girke na iya haɗawa da 'ya'yan inabi ko kuma a yi musu ado da tsaba na sesame. Ana shirya flaounes a al'ada don Easter. Sunayen yanki don flaouna sun haɗa da *Vlaouna*, *Fishudki* (Girkanci:*φεσούδκι*) a Karavas, da *aflaouna* a Karpasia . 

## Tarihi
Ana ba da flaounes a al'ada a Cyprus, wasu sassan Girka (musamman Arcadia) kuma a ko'ina a cikin Girka a matsayin abinci na biki don karya azumi na Lenten, ana shirya shi a ranar Jumma'a Mai Girma'a da Mai Tsarki don amfani a ranar Lahadi na Easter. Ana cinye su a maimakon burodi a ranar Lahadi ta Easter, kuma ana ci gaba da yin su kuma a ci su na makonni masu zuwa. Samar da flaounes sau da yawa al'adar iyali ce da aka raba tare da tsararraki da yawa.

Har ila yau, 'Yan Cyprus na Turkiyya suna cinye flaounes akai-akai,  sau da yawa ana cinye su a Ramadan ko tare da abubuwan da suka faru na musamman.

Guinness World Records yana da rikodin mafi girma da aka taɓa yi. Kamfanin Carrefour ne ya kafa shi a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2012 a Limassol. Gishiri ya auna mita 2.45 (8.0  tsawo da mita 1.24 (4.1  fadi, yana da nauyin kilo 259.5 (572 .  A matsayin wani ɓangare na bukukuwan, kashi 20 cikin 100 na tallace-tallace na flaounes a cikin shagunan Carrefour a ranar a Cyprus sun tafi sadaka.

An nuna flaounes a matsayin ƙalubalen fasaha a cikin Babban Birnin Burtaniya Bake Off na mako na kakar wasa ta shida.

Sunan Flaouna ya samo asali ne daga tsohuwar Girkanci παλάθη  (paláthē> > fladoonis> flauna), cake na 'ya'yan itace da aka adana ko bushe.

## Kayan girke-girke
Flaounes wani cakulan ne da aka cika da cuku wanda aka saba da shi tare da mastic, mahleb da spearmint. An bayyana burodi kamar yadda yake kama da gajeren ƙwayoyin cuta. Cuku na tumaki da awaki da aka sani da *tiri flaounas*  ko cuku na flaouna, wanda aka yi a yankin Paphos,  shine al'ada babban cuku da aka yi amfani da shi a cikawa. Duk wani cakuda na Graviera, halloumi,   sabon anari ko kefalotyri   za a iya ƙarawa zuwa cakuda.

Ana iya ba da flaounes zafi ko sanyi. Dangane da yankin tsibirin da aka yi su, girke-girke sun bambanta don yin burodi ko dai gishiri ne, mai ɗanɗano ko mai daɗi. Hakanan wani lokacin suna iya samun tsaba na sesame da aka yayyafa a saman ko Sultans da aka haɗa da cuku.

## Dubi kuma

* Mandelbrot (cookie) 

## Manazarta
Imsakiah

***Imsakiah*** (Larabci na Masar: إمساكية رمضان) jadawalin ne wanda ya haɗa da duk lokutan addu'a, *[[Iftar (Budar Baki)|Iftar]]* da *[[Sahur|Suhur]]*, da kuma yawan sa'o'in azumi a rana kuma ana la'akari da shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin bayyanar Ramadan a duk ƙasashe na duniya.

## Tarihi
Tunanin *Imsakiah* ya fara ne a Misira a lokacin mulkin Daular Ottoman, da kuma lokacin mulkin Muhammad Ali na Misira da shekaru biyu kafin mutuwarsa a watan Ramadan 1262 AH / 1846 AZ. An fara buga shi a gidan bugawa a Boulaq, Misira, kuma takarda ce mai launin rawaya mai faɗin 27 cm da tsawon 17.5 cm.  &nbsp;&nbsp;

## Manazarta
Iʿtikāf

**Iʿtikāf** (Arabic, kuma  ko ) wani aikin Islama ne wanda mutum ke keɓe kansa a cikin Masallaci na wani lokaci, yana ba da kwanaki don bauta da kuma nisanta daga al'amuran duniya. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga tushen Larabci  (ع-ك-ف), ma'ana mannewa, mannewa, ko sadaukar da kai ga wani abu. Wannan aikin yana da alaƙa da kwanaki goma na ƙarshe na Ramadan, a lokacin da aka ruwaito cewa Muhammadu ya janye zuwa masallacin a kai a kai yana neman Laylat al-Qadr (Daren Dokar). 

### Alkur'ani

### Hadisi
Hadisai da yawa a cikin Sahih al-Bukhari da Sahih Muslim sun ba da rahoton cewa Muhammadu ya kiyaye  a cikin kwanaki goma na ƙarshe na Ramadan a kowace shekara don sauran rayuwarsa bayan an kafa aikin. A shekarar mutuwarsa, ya kiyaye shi na kwanaki ashirin. Aisha, matarsa, ta ba da rahoton cewa zai shiga wurin da yake ɓoyewa bayan Addu'ar Fajr a safiyar ranar ashirin da ɗaya ta Ramadan.

Babban manufar  na Annabi shine neman Laylat al-Qadr. Hadisi da Abu Sa'id al-Khudri ya ba da labarin cewa Muhammadu da farko ya kiyaye  a tsakiyar kwanaki goma na Ramadan, amma bayan an sanar da shi cewa Dare na Dokar ya kasance a cikin goma da suka gabata, sai ya faɗaɗa ɓoyewarsa daidai kuma ya umarci sahabbansa: "Bincika shi a cikin daren da ba a cikin kwanaki goma da suka wuce" 

## Shari'a

Akwai yarjejeniyar masana (*ijma*) cewa  aiki ne na ibada wanda aka tsara a cikin dokar Islama. Masana ciki har da al-Nawawi, Ibn Qudamah, da Ibn Taymiyyah duk sun tabbatar da wannan yarjejeniya.

## Yin aiki
A lokacin ,  yana shagala da ayyukan ibada: addu'a, karatun Alkur'ani, Tunawa da Allah, da addu'a. An yi la'akari da shi don kauce wa maganganu marasa amfani da tattaunawar duniya. Masallatai da yawa a duk duniya suna karɓar adadi mai yawa na mahalarta a cikin kwanaki goma na ƙarshe na Ramadan, suna ware wuraren masallacin ga waɗanda ke ɓoye.

## Dubi kuma

* Khalwa (Sufism) 
* Laylat al-Qadr
* Ramadan
* Komawa (na ruhaniya) 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Elaine Barrie

**Elaine Barrie** ( *née* **Jacobs** ; 16 ga Yuli, 1915 - 1 ga Maris, 2003) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka wadda ta fito a fina-finai da dama da kuma wani wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway. Ita ce matar jarumi John Barrymore ta huɗu, kuma ta ƙarshe.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Barrie was the daughter of a traveling salesman named Louis Jacobs. She claimed to have fallen in love with Barrymore in 1931, when she was 16, after seeing his film, the classic *Svengali*. She met him when, while a sophomore at Hunter College, she visited his hospital room on the pretense of needing to interview a celebrity for a class assignment. They married in 1936 at Yuma, Arizona, but the marriage was a rocky one and they finally divorced in 1940.

A shekarar 1937, jim kaɗan kafin rabuwar aurenta ta ƙarshe, EK Nadel ya kai ƙararta domin hana ta bayyana a cikin littafin Dwain Esper mai suna How to Undress in Front of Your Husband, bisa dalilin cewa Sherill C. Coben ne ya mallaki haƙƙin mallaka na taken.

Ta koma Port-au-Prince, Haiti a kusan shekarar 1958, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara jakunkuna. Ta zauna a Haiti na tsawon shekaru da ba a san adadinsu ba kafin ta koma Amurka.  Barrie ta mutu a birnin New York tana da shekaru 87.

## Fim ɗin fim

## Manazarta