Gidan shakatawa na Bale Mountains

**Bale Mountains National Park** wurin shakatawa ne na kasa a Habasha . Wurin shakatawa ya ƙunshi yanki kusan    a cikin tsaunin Bale da Saneti Plateau na tsaunukan Habasha.

Gidan shakatawa na Afromontane yana da ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman abubuwan da suka faru na dabbobi na kowane mazaunin ƙasa a duniya. An zabi wurin shakatawa a cikin Jerin Tarihin Duniya a cikin 2009.

## Yanayin ƙasa

Gidan shakatawa na Bale Mountains yana cikin kudu maso gabashin Habasha, kilomita  (250  kudu maso gabobin Addis Ababa da kilomita  (93  gabashin Shashamene a Yankin Oromia . 

## Ilimin ruwa

Dutsen Bale suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kula da yanayi na yankin ta hanyar jan hankalin ruwan sama mai yawa, wanda ke da tasiri ga dabbobi da samar da aikin gona. Wasu 600-1,000 in) suna fadowa a kowace shekara ƙananan yankuna, yayin da 1,000-1,400 in) ke fadowa cikin yankuna masu tsawo, kuma sama da mutane miliyan 12 daga Kenya, Somalia da Habasha sun dogara da ruwa daga Bale massif.

Jimlar koguna 40 sun tashi a yankin BMNP, suna ba da gudummawa ga manyan koguna biyar: Web, Wabe Shebele, Welmel, Dumal da Ganale. Bugu da ƙari, tsaunukan Bale shine tushen maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da yawa a cikin ƙasƙanci, waɗanda ke da mahimmanci saboda su ne kawai tushen ruwa a duk shekara. Mutanen da ke zaune a kudancin wurin shakatawa na kasa sun dogara ne gaba ɗaya akan kyakkyawan gudanar da albarkatun ruwa daga yankunan tsaunuka. Idan an canza kwararar waɗannan koguna ta kowace hanya - ta hanyar sare daji, yawan kiwo da / ko kuma a kan ban ruwa (dukansu suna faruwa a halin yanzu) - rashin daidaituwa na tsaunuka / ƙasa yana haifar da asarar ruwa mai ɗorewa a cikin ƙasashe. Idan irin wannan yanayin ya taso, lokacin fari na mutane da dabbobinsu ya ragu sosai kuma suna mai da hankali kan duk wani tushen ruwa da ya rage. An san ko'ina cewa irin wannan rarrabawar mutane da dabbobi ba daidai ba yana haifar da saurin lalacewa na dindindin. Saboda haka, mutane suna iya zama masu dogaro da taimakon abinci idan wuraren da ke da ruwa na Dutsen Bale ba su da isasshen kariya. An riga an sami shaidar cewa a kan rashin ruwa a cikin Dutsen Bale yana faruwa.

Koguna biyu da ke fitowa daga Bale, Kogin Shebelle da Yadot suna da tsarin wutar lantarki. Dam din a kan Kogin Yadot yana ba da wutar lantarki ga Delo-Mena, yayin da madatsar ruwan a kan Wabe Shebele ke ba da wutar wutar lantarki ga Yankin Bale.

## Yanayi
Yanayin zafi ya bambanta ko'ina cikin BMNP: a kan tudu, yanayin zafi na rana yawanci yana kusa da 10 ° C (50 ° F) tare da iskõki masu ƙarfi; a cikin Gaysay Valley matsakaicin yanayin zafi na yau da kullun yana kusa da 20 ° C (68 ° F), kuma Harenna Forest yana kusa da 25 ° C (77 ° F). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Koyaya, yanayin yana canzawa akai-akai kuma wani lokacin yana da ƙarfi sosai. A cikin tsaunuka sama da mita 3,000, sanyi na dare ya zama ruwan dare. Lokacin ruwan sama yana daga Mayu zuwa Nuwamba.

## Muhalli

### Gidajen zama
An raba wurin shakatawa zuwa wurare biyar daban-daban da na musamman: Arewacin Grasslands (Gaysay Valley), Arewacin Juniper Woodlands (Park Headquarters), Afro-alpine Meadows (Sanetti Plateau), Erica Moorlands, da Harenna Forest.

Gidajen da ke cikin Dutsen Bale National Park sun fito ne daga wuraren ciyawa a kusa da  m (9,800  a tsawo zuwa Dutsen Tullu Demtu, matsayi na biyu mafi girma a Habasha a   .

An kewaye shi da itatuwan Juniperus procera na Gabashin Afirka da St. John's wort, furanni da ciyawa da ke tsayi suna girma a Arewacin Grasslands da Woodlands. Itacen itace ()  asalin ƙasar Habasha ce a cikin wurin shakatawa.

Yankin Afro-alpine na Sanetti Plateau shine mafi girman yankin da ke ci gaba da tsawo a duk nahiyar Afirka. An rufe shi da duwatsu da aka rufe da lichen, kuma an sanya shi da Giant lobelia (Lobelia rynchopetalum) wanda ke girma zuwa tsawo har zuwa mita 12. Har ila yau, Filayen yana cike da tabkuna da rafi na alpine, suna ba da mahimman albarkatun namun daji, da kuma hunturu da tashoshin wucewa don tsuntsaye masu ban sha'awa da na yanki.

Harenna Forest plant community ya zama kusan rabin wurin shakatawa, wani gandun daji na bishiyoyi da aka rufe da moss da lichens waɗanda suke da alama suna drip off rassan. Yankin yana rufewa akai-akai a cikin hazo, kuma dabbobin daji ba su da tabbas.

### Tsirrai

Dajukan tsaunukan Bale suna da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen kare asalin tsiron ruwan ƙahwa na jeji (*Coffea arabica*) da kuma tsirran magunguna a ƙasar Habasha. An gano wurare guda uku da ke da yawan tsirran magani: biyu a yankin Gaysay da ɗaya a yankin Angesu, waɗanda ke kan iyakar filin shakatawar. Furen mata na tsiron hagenia na ƙunshe da sinadarin da ke kashe ƙwari a ciki, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen magance tsutsar ciki a tsakanin al'ummar yankin.

### Dabbobi
#### Dabbobin Mammals
Irin dabbobin mammals da ake samu a Filin Kare Muhalli na Dutsen Bale sun haɗa da kurciya ta Habasha (*Canis simensis*), rago na tsauni (*Tragelaphus buxtoni*), beran ƙasa mai babbar kai, bushbuck na Menelik, duiker na gama gari, klipspringer, Bohor reedbuck, zomo na tsaunin Habasha, honey badger, biri, janƙwano, kare mai ɗigo, da serval, da kuma karnin daji na Dutsen Bale (*Chlorocebus djamdjamensis*).

Wasu dabbobin mammals da ake samu a cikin dajin Harenna a Dutsen Bale sun haɗa da karnin zinariya na Afirka, alade mai girma daga daji, guereza, zaki, damisa na Afirka, da karnin daji na Afirka. Kusan kashi ɗaya cikin uku daga cikin dabbobi 47 da ke rayuwa a BMNP su ne beraye. Al’ummar beraye, musamman a saman dutsen Afro-alpine, suna da matuƙar muhimmanci a tsarin rayuwa na Dutsen Bale.

#### Tsuntsaye
Dutsen Bale na da nau’in tsuntsaye fiye da 282, ciki har da tara daga cikin nau’i 16 da ke da asali daga Habasha. Haka kuma, an rubuta fiye da 170 daga cikin tsuntsaye masu kaura a cikin filin shakatawar. Filin Kare Muhalli na Dutsen Bale na da kusan kowane irin tsuntsun da ke da alaƙa da tsaunukan Abyssinia da na Habasha.

Tare da nau’in tsuntsaye fiye da 863 da aka rubuta, wanda ke wakiltar kusan kashi 9.5% na nau’in tsuntsaye a duniya da kashi 39% na na Afirka, Habasha na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da ke da yawan tsuntsaye a nahiyar. Goma sha shida daga cikin nau’in tsuntsaye na Dutsen Bale na da asali daga Habasha, ciki har da gaggafa mai fikafikai shuɗi (*Cyanochen cyanoptera*), tsuntsu mai ɗigo a ƙirji (*Vanellus melanocephalus*), tsuntsun koko mai rawaya a goshi (*Poicephalus flavifrons*), longclaw na Abyssinia (*Macronyx flavicollis*), catbird na Abyssinia (*Parophasma galinieri*), Bale parisoma (*Parisoma griseiventris*), siskin na Habasha (*Serinus nigriceps*), tsuntsun fawn-breasted waxbill (*Estrilda paludicola*), da gaggafa mai ido mai duhu na Abyssinia (*Asio abyssinicus*).

#### Dabbobin Rana da Masassara
Nau’in dabbobin macizai da kadangaru masu wuya da aka gano kwanan nan a dazukan Dutsen Bale da ke da asali daga Habasha sun haɗa da macijin gida na Habasha (*Lamprophis erlangeri*), macijin dutsen Habasha (*Bitis parviocula*), chameleon mai ƙahoni biyu na Bale (*Trioceros balebicornutus*), chameleon mara ƙaho na Harenna (*Trioceros harennae*), da chameleon mara gemu na tsaunukan Habasha (*Trioceros affinis*), da kuma chameleon na Wolfgang Böhme (*Trioceros wolfgangboehmei*).

Aƙalla nau’i 7 na dabbobin masassara masu asali daga Habasha an gano su a wuraren dazuka masu yumbu da kwazazzabai a cikin Filin Kare Muhalli na Dutsen Bale. Wadanda aka fi sani daga ciki sun haɗa da ruwan rana mai haƙa daga Habasha (*Leptopelis gramineus*), ruwan rana na ciyayi na Erlanger (*Ptychadena erlangeri*), da na Neumann (*Ptychadena neumanni*). Sai dai kuma, akwai wasu nau’in dabbobin masassara da ke rayuwa a wuraren kamar ruwan rana na Bale (*Ericabatrachus baleensis*), ruwan rana na banana daga Habasha (*Afrixalus enseticola*), ruwan rana na Ragazzi (*Leptopelis ragazzii*), ruwan rana mai layi na kwarin Kouni (*Paracassina kounhiensis*), kurciyar Malcolm na Habasha (*Altiphrynoides malcolmi*), kurciyar Osgood na Habasha (*Altiphrynoides osgoodi*), da ruwan rana na itatuwan Dutsen Bale (*Balebreviceps hillmani*) waɗanda ke cikin haɗari saboda asarar muhalli da sare dazuka.

## Mutanen Bale
Mutanen wannan yanki galibinsu manoma ne da makiyaya masu amfani da harshen Oromo. Jimillar yawan jama’ar Bale Zone kusan miliyan 1.5 ne. Afan Oromo shi ne harshen hukuma a Oromia. Wannan harshe yana daga cikin harsunan Cushitic, kuma yana zama tamkar yaren sadarwa ga fiye da mutane miliyan 25 na kabilar Oromo. Duk da haka, yawancin mutane a tsaunukan Bale na iya jin harshen Amharic kadan. Marubucin Amurka Paul B. Henze ya ziyarci tsaunukan Bale a farkon shekarun 90 kuma ya ce ya hadu da wani mai gadin gandun daji daga kabilar Harari.

Addinin da ya fi rinjaye a tsaunukan Bale shi ne Musulunci (77%), sai Kiristocin Orthodox (20%) da kuma Protestant (1%). Tsaunukan Bale su ne ainihin tsohon gidan kabilar Oromo, wadda ita ce mafi yawan jama'a daga kabila guda a yankin Horn of Africa. A matsayin makiyaya da manoma, al’ummar ta samu ci gaba cikin sauri kuma ta bazu zuwa sassa daban-daban na ƙasar tun daga ƙarni na 16.

Ba a daɗe da samun cikakken bayani ba game da mutanen Oromo na wannan yanki da kuma yadda suka isa can. Su na daga cikin mutanen Cushitic na gabas da suka samo asali daga reshen jinsin Caucasoid (wanda ya hada da mutane daga Asiya ta Yamma, Larabawa da Turawa), kuma ana samun su daga Wello a arewacin Habasha, har zuwa Mombasa a ƙasar Kenya a kudu. Kimanin shekaru 3,000 da suka wuce, sun yada wasu al’adu kamar bikin yanka kaciya da guje wa cin kifi ga mutanen Nilotic na yammacin ƙasa. Haka kuma, sun haɗa tsarin Gadaa da kiwon shanu cikin al’adunsu. Tsarin Gadaa yana dogara ne da raba al’umma zuwa rukunai 11 na zamantakewa, kowanne yana da rawar da yake takawa da matsayin da yake da shi.

A halin yanzu, yawancin mutane na rayuwa ne da aikin noma. Suna bin wata tsohuwar hanyar kiwo ta gargajiya da ake kira tsarin Godantu, wanda shi ne muhimmin ɓangare na amfani da tsaunukan Bale da bil’adama ke yi. A wannan tsari, ana tura dabbobi, musamman shanu, zuwa wuraren kiwo mafi tsayi yayin da amfanin gona ke girma a ƙasa ko kuma a cikin daji don samun inuwa a lokacin bazara. Amma ba a kamata a ruɗe wannan tsarin da yadda ake motsa shanu saboda ƙarancin filayen kiwo a wajen filin shakatawar ba, wanda hakan ke tilasta a shigo da shanun cikin filin domin su ci ciyawa.

Gidajen Bale suna da siffar zagaye kuma ana kiran su da “mana citaa”. Ana amfani da itacen juniper da wani lokaci eucalyptus wajen gina bangon gida da rufin sa. Ana rufe rufin da ciyawar da aka sare daga “citaa” (tussock grass) ko shara, musamman na sha’ir, sannan ana dafa shi da itacen da ke tsaye a tsakiyar dakin. Ana raba gidan zuwa ɗakuna ta hanyar bangon bamboo ko laka da aka gauraya da shara na sha’ir ko ciyawa.

## Barazana
Gandun dajin Bale na fuskantar barazana da dama da ke da alaka da Habasha da ke ci gaba da samun yawan jama'a.  Ɗayan babbar barazana ga wurin shakatawa shine kiwo.  Misali, a cikin kwarin yanar gizo, babban mazaunin kerkeci na Habasha, an kiyasta yawan shanu a 250 a kowace murabba'in kilomita.  Sauran barazanar sun haɗa da haɓaka ƙauyuka a cikin wurin shakatawa.  A halin yanzu, sama da mutane 40,000 ne ke zaune a cikin iyakokin dajin, wanda hakan ke kara matsa lamba kan albarkatun yankin da rage matsugunin namun daji.  Tare da waɗannan matsugunan suna zuwa karnukan gida, waɗanda ke yin babbar barazana ga kerkeci na Habasha.  Karnuka suna yada cutar hauka da cututtukan daji, kuma a cikin 2010 sun kashe mutane 106 (kimanin 40% na yawan mutanen Bale na wolf na Habasha).  Sauran munanan barazanar sun haɗa da yin amfani da wurin kiwo da dabbobi ke yi don kiwo wanda ke rage yawan ganimar romon.  Sama da mutane miliyan 12, dabbobinsu, da muhalli a kudancin Habasha da ma Somaliya da arewacin Kenya sun dogara da ruwan da ya samo asali daga kogin Bale.  Amfani da rashin dawwama da gurɓata yanayi sune manyan barazana.  Masu rajin kare muhalli sun ba da shawarar cewa, idan ba a yi nasara ba a kokarin kiyaye muhalli a tsaunukan Bale kuma mutane suka ci gaba da yin amfani da albarkatun ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba, da yawa nau'in dabbobi masu shayarwa za su bace fiye da kowane yanki mai girman kwatankwacinsa a doron kasa.

## Manazarta

## Mahaɗa

*Balemountains.org: '''Bale Mountains National Park'''
*[Call from the Wild.org: Bale Mountains National Park](http://www.callfromthewild.org/Wildlands/Bale_Mountains_(Ethiopia)/Introduction) 
*Addis Tribune.com: The National parks of Ethiopia − Bale Mountains Park (Part I) 
*Addis Tribune.com: The National parks of Ethiopia − Bale Mountains Park (Part II: Harena Forest)
*Black-maned lion in Ethiopia