Minna Faßhauer

**Minna Faßhauer** (an haife shi **Minna Nikolai** ; 10Oktoba 1875 28Yuli 1949) ta kasance mai fafutukar siyasa da mata a ɓangaren hagu . Kafin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, ta yi fafutukar tabbatar da daidaito tsakanin jinsi a ciki da wajen Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party mai tasowa cikin sauri, wadda ta yi nasarar zama memba a cikinta a 1903. A lokacin yaƙin, ta kasance mai himma a cikin ƙungiyar Spartacus League mai adawa da yaƙi. A cikin yanayin juyin juya hali na 1918/19, ta yi aiki a matsayin Volkskommissarin für Volksbildung ( *"Commissar People's for People's Education"* ) a  tsakanin Nuwamba 1918 da Fabrairu 1919, wanda ya sa masu sha'awar suka gane ta a matsayin mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a matsayin minista a gwamnatin yankin Jamus.   

Fiye da ƙarni guda bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Ilimi na Jama'a, har yanzu tana raba ra'ayin siyasa. A watan Fabrairun 2012, ƙungiyar 'yan hagu a majalisar birnin Braunschweig ta gabatar da wata shawara cewa ya kamata a girmama Faßhauer, wataƙila ta hanyar sanya mata suna a matsayin titi don girmama ta. Amma ƙungiyar CDU mai matsakaicin ra'ayi a majalisar ta yi adawa da cewa za a iya fassara wannan a matsayin gabatar da Faßhauer a matsayin abin koyi ga matasa. Duk da haka, wannan hujja ta ci gaba, wanda ya samo asali ne daga rashin amincewa kan yanayi da girman shigar Faßhauer cikin jerin hare-haren ta'addanci da suka shafi siyasa, wanda aka kama ta sau da yawa tsakanin 1920 da 1924. A wani lokaci aƙalla an yanke mata hukunci kuma aka yanke mata hukuncin ɗaurin watanni huɗu a gidan yari (wanda ba ta taɓa yi ba, saboda afuwa mai faɗi).  A shekarar 2018, an shawo kan shugabannin birnin Braunschweig da su amince da nadin "Frauenort Minna Faßhauer" ( *wanda a zahiri "Women Place Minna Faßhauer"* ), wanda aka gabatar a madadin Kwamitin Mata na reshen yanki na DGB (  ) . Nadin yana tare da wani gagarumin aikin ilimi da bayanai da ake ci gaba da yi. Yaƙin neman amincewa da nasarorin siyasa na Faßhauer a garinta ya yi tasiri sosai wajen tallata nasarorin da ta samu, amma babu wani dalili da zai sa a yi imani da cewa ba ta da ce-ce-ku-ce a cikin wannan tsari.  

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Tsarin kula da yara
An haifi Minna Nikolai a cikin iyali mai aiki a  (kamar yadda aka san Egeln-Nord kafin 1950), ƙauye a cikin ƙauyen da ke kudu da Magdeburg . Theodor Nikolai, mahaifinta, ya mutu a 1878 lokacin tana da shekaru 3 kacal. Tsakanin 1881 da kimanin 1889 ta halarci makarantar gida a ƙauyen, tana haɗa halartar makaranta da aikin yau da kullun don tallafawa kasafin kuɗin gidan mahaifiyarta. Ta girma a cikin yanayin wahalar tattalin arziki, ta bar makaranta don yin aiki a "aikin gida". Daga baya za ta danganta fafutukar siyasa da wahalar tattalin arziki da rashin daidaito da ya nuna ƙuruciyarta. Ta san cewa "[a wancan lokacin] mata ba su da daidaito a siyasance".  

### Shiga siyasa ta farko
Aikin masana'antu ya fi samun albashi mai tsoka, a shekarun ƙarshe na ƙarni na sha tara, fiye da duk wani aikin da ake da shi a ƙauye na Jamus, kuma sakamakon haka, ma'aikata da yawa na karkara sun ja hankalin zuwa biranen. Nikolai tana da shekaru 18 lokacin da ta ƙaura zuwa Braunschweig da ke kusa don neman aiki kuma nan da nan ta same shi, da farko tana hidimar gida sannan daga baya ta yi aiki a  . A ranar 16 ga Afrilu 1899, a  a cikin  na Braunschweig -"  ", Minna Nikolai ta auri Johannes Georg Faßhauer, wani maƙerin Braunschweig.  'Ya'yan ma'auratan Otto da Walter an haife su a 1903 da 1906: dukansu sun rayu har zuwa lokacin girma.  Minna Faßhauer ta bar makaranta har yanzu ba ta iya karatu ba, amma ta sami ƙarfafawa daga kayan karatun gurguzu da mijinta ya ba ta, tun tana ƙarama ta ƙware a karatu kuma ta saba da wasu daga cikin yanayin siyasa na lokacin. 

Ba da daɗewa ba ta fara fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata masu aiki, musamman ma, don daidaita daidaito tsakanin jinsi. A wani matakin yanki, ta bayar da gagarumar gudummawa wajen samun goyon baya ga ɗage haramcin siyasa da mata suka yi, wanda a ka'ida ya yaɗu a duk faɗin Jamus har zuwa lokacin da aka ɗage shi a hukumance a shekarar 1908 (kodayake a aikace a bayyane yake cewa tun daga shekarar 1890, an aiwatar da haramcin da ƙarfi sosai a wasu sassan Jamus - musamman a Prussia - fiye da sauran. [1] Bayan shekarar 1918, Hermann Wallbaum, memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis kuma mai lura da abin da ake kira "juyin juya halin Nuwamba" a Braunschweig, ya bayyana gudummawar siyasa ta Minna Faßhauer a waɗannan shekarun farko kamar haka:

## Manazarta