Mary Chandler Atherton

**Mary Alderson Chandler Atherton** ( née, **Alderson** ; bayan auren farko, **Chandler** ; bayan auren na biyu, **Atherton** ; Afrilu 16, 1849 - Satumba 9, 1934) malamar Amurka ce, marubuciyar littafin karatu, kuma mai buga mujallu. Ta isa Boston, Massachusetts a 1881. A can, ta kafa "Makarantar Gida don Shorthand da Rubutu" (1883), kuma bayan shekaru goma, "Makarantar Chandler Normal Shorthand", musamman don horar da malamai, makaranta ta farko irinta a Amurka. A 1895, Atherton ta kira "Taron Makarantun Jama'a na Shorthand", na farko a tarihin ilimin shorthand . Hakanan a wannan shekarar, ta kafa Ƙungiyar Tunani ta Chandler don ƙarfafa tunani mai zaman kansa. Ta buga mujallu biyu da littattafan karatu biyar.    

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Mary Alderson kusa da Le Raysville, Pennsylvania, a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 1849. Iyayenta, John Alderson (1805–1881) da Margaret (Wilson) Alderson (1805–1888),   dukkansu 'yan asalin Sedbergh ne, Ingila.  Wurin haihuwar Atherton yana da  daga kowace gari mai mahimmanci, wanda kawai abin da ke da alaƙa da shi shine motar hawa . Lokacin da sauran yara na shekarunta ke cin riba ta hanyar kusanci da layin dogo, talabijin, kiɗa, fasaha, adabi da sauran kayan aiki don ilimi, tana leƙen asiri ta ƙananan tagogi na gidanta na dutse, tana mafarkin wurare daban-daban a bayan gida. Iyayenta mutane ne na yau da kullun, waɗanda, a da, dukiyarsu ta fi ta 'ya'yansu, waɗanda akwai maza takwas da 'yan mata uku,  'Yan'uwan Atherton sune James, Joshua, Elizabeth, Henry, George, Franklin, da Frederick. 

Iliminta ya fara ne a makarantar ƙauye ta yau da kullun, wacce ake buɗewa watanni uku a lokacin hunturu da kuma uku a lokacin rani. An ci gaba da karatun a makarantar ƙauye a zango ɗaya, sannan a makarantar Orwell Hill ta sami maki uku, sannan aka ba ta takardar shaidar malami tana da shekaru goma sha biyar. Tana da shekaru goma sha shida, ko kuma da zarar dokar Jihar Pennsylvania ta ba da izini, ta fara koyarwa a wata ƙaramar makarantar ƙauye a cikin abin da ake kira "Gundumar Cleveland". 

Wasikar ta fito ne daga wani babban ɗan'uwa, wanda shekaru da yawa da suka gabata ya je neman bayanai a Yamma. Wasikar ta ce wani ɓangare:— 

Atherton ta yi amfani da damar da ba a zata ba da himma, ta shiga Makarantar Al'ada ta Jihar, Mansfield, Pennsylvania  (yanzu, Jami'ar Mansfield ta Pennsylvania ), ta kammala karatunta da lambar yabo ta ajin ta a bazara na 1868. 

## Sana'a

### Malamin makarantar gwamnati
Shekaru uku na farko na rayuwarta ta jama'a ta yi ta koyarwa a birnin Venango (tun lokacin da aka haɗa ta da Oil City, Pennsylvania ) da Franklin . Daga nan ta ƙaura zuwa California . Cikin makonni huɗu bayan isowarta, ta fara koyarwa a Galt, akan albashin  a kowane wata. A shekara mai zuwa ta same ta, tare da ƙarin albashi, a San Jose, inda ta riƙe matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar makaranta a makarantar Empire tsawon shekaru da yawa. Daga baya, ta tafi birnin Oakland, inda aikinta na malamar makaranta a makarantun gwamnati ya ƙare a ƙarshe.  

### Majagaba na shorthand
Tana sha'awar ci gaba, ta hau jirgin ruwa mai saukar ungulu a shekarar 1880 ta kuma tashi daga San Francisco da niyyar shiga sabuwar sana'a mai faɗi, mai amfani. Da farko ta je Philadelphia a shekarar 1880, ta yi shekara ɗaya tana karatu a wannan birnin a Makarantar Koyon Magana da Wa'azi ta Ƙasa, kuma ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1881. 

A shekara ta 1881, bayan sun yi aure, Mr. da Mrs. Chandler sun zo Boston a matsayin abokan aiki. Saboda larura, kasancewar bazawara a shekara ta 1889, ta sadaukar da kanta ga wannan aikin ilimi kuma ta samar da ƙwararrun masu rubutu don jawo hankali ga jama'a.  Tsarin da ta ƙirƙira ba na matsayi ko na layuka masu sauƙi ba ne, amma tana amfani da wasali masu haɗe da waɗanda ba a haɗa ba. A matsayinka na doka, kowace jeri tana wakiltar kalma ɗaya kawai, kuma sakamakon haka ana iya karantawa sosai. Saboda daidaitonsa, daidaitonsa da kuma sauƙin musayar bayanai, duk wanda ya san tsarin zai iya karanta bayanan wani marubucin Chandler cikin sauƙi.

## Manazarta