Harshen Kurame na Poland

**Harshen Alamar Yaren mutanen Poland** ( Polish  , **** ) shine harshen al'ummar kurame a Poland . Harshen Kurame na Poland yana amfani da haruffan hannu na musamman wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Tsohon Harshen Kurame na Faransa don haka da alama yana da alaƙa da Harshen Kurame na Faransa . Hakanan yana iya samun siffofi iri ɗaya tare da Harshen Kurame na Rasha da Harshen Kurame na Jamus, wanda ke da alaƙa da tarihin Poland a lokacin Rarrabuwa, lokacin da Russification da Jamusanci suka rinjayi harshen Poland, kuma yana iya samun aro daga harshen kurame da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin raba Austria. &#x5B; ** &#x5D; Kalmominsa da nahawunsa sun bambanta da na yaren Poland, kodayake akwai sigar Polish mai lamba da hannu wanda aka sani da  ( , ko kuma Signated Polish), wanda masu fassara galibi ke amfani da shi a talabijin da kuma malamai a makarantu.

An fara kafa Harshen Alamar Yaren mutanen Poland / ya zama ruwan dare a kusa da 1817. A wannan lokacin, Jakub Falkowski ya kafa Instytut Głuchoniemych (Cibiyar Kula da Kurare), wanda ya fara koyar da yara kurame bayan ya sadu da wani yaro kurma mai suna Piotr Gąsowski.  A cikin 1879, Józef Hollak da Teofil Jagodziński ne suka buga ƙamus ɗinsa na farko, mai suna " Słownik mimiczny dla głuchoniemych i osób z nimi styczność mających "  ("The Mimic Dictionary for the Contact with the Personm Hatch").

A shekarar 2012, a ƙarƙashin "Dokar Harsunan Kurame", yaren ya sami matsayin hukuma a Poland kuma waɗanda ke buƙatarsa za su iya zaɓarsa a matsayin harshen koyarwa. 

## Tarihi

An fara ambaton Harshen Kurame na Poland a cikin shekaru goma na biyu na ƙarni na 19. A shekara ta 1817, Father Jakub Falkowski ya kafa Cibiyar Kurame da Makafi ( *Instytut Głuchoniemych i Ociemniałych* ) a Fadar Casimir da ke Warsaw. Wannan ya haifar da damar ilmantar da kurame da harshensu na asali.  Daga baya aka mayar da Cibiyar Kurame zuwa Dandalin Three Crosses ( *Plac Trzech Krzyży* ), inda har yanzu take aiki a yau. 

An haɗa da lura da farko da nazarin harshen kurame a Poland—a wancan lokacin ba a kira shi Harshen Kurame na Poland ba—a cikin ƙamus na farko na harshen kurame, wanda aka buga a 1879 ( *J. Hollak, T. Jagodziński, "Mimic Dictionary for the Kurame and those in Contact with Them"*, Warsaw, 1879). 

Harshen Kurame na Poland yana amfani da haruffan hannu guda ɗaya da aka samo daga Tsohon Harshen Kurame na Faransa, wanda hakan ya sa ya yi kama da yana da alaƙa da Harshen Kurame na Faransa. Hakanan yana iya raba fasali tare da Harshen Kurame na Rashanci da na Jamusanci, wanda ke da alaƙa da tarihin Poland a lokacin rabuwar, lokacin da russification da Jamusanci suka yi tasiri sosai ga harshen Poland. Hakanan yana iya ƙunsar aro daga harshen kurame da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin rabuwar Austria. 

Tsawon shekaru sama da 100—daga tsakiyar karni na 19 zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1980—ka'idar masu magana ta mamaye ilimin kurame. A bisa wannan hanyar, ana sa ran kurame su koyi karatun lebe. An haramta sa hannu, kuma a makarantu akwai lokutan da aka daure hannun ɗalibai don hana su sa hannu.  Sakamakon haka, mutane da yawa kurame suna ganin cewa an mayar da harshen kurame saniyar ware ta hanyar jin mutanen da ke ƙoƙarin tilasta ra'ayinsu kan sadarwa da kurame. 

A shekarar 1984, Wacław Kur, wani jami'i da ke aiki kan ilimin kurame a Ma'aikatar Ilimi, ya ziyarci Stockholm, inda ya lura da koyarwa da ake gudanarwa a harshen kurame da kuma sakamakon da ya fi kyau idan aka kwatanta da karatun lebe. Bayan dawowarsa, ya ba da izinin amfani da Tsarin Harsunan Sa hannu ( *tsarin językowo-migowy* ) don koyar da magana ga ɗaliban kurame. An kuma fara horar da malamai a cikin wannan tsarin. Duk da haka, ba a shigar da Harshen Kurame na Poland (PJM) a makarantu ba. Saboda haka, an gabatar da tsarin sadarwa na wucin gadi wanda ya haɗa abubuwan alamu da Polish mai lambar hannu a cikin al'ummar kurame.

## manazarta