Adam Ulam

**Adam Bruno Ulam** (an haife shi a ranar ta 8 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1922 -ya mutu a ranar  28 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2000) ya kasan ce ɗan tarihin Ba’amurke ne ɗan asalin Bayahude kuma masanin siyasa a Jami’ar Harvard . Ulam  yana daya daga cikin marubuta  duniya ta farkon na hukumomi da kuma saman masana a Sovietology da Kremlinology, ya wallafa littattafai da mahara da articles a cikin wadannan ilimi tarbiyya.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Adam B. Ulam an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Afrilun, shekara ta 1922, a Lwów lokacin babban gari a Poland, yanzu Lviv a cikin Ukraine, ga iyayen wani mawadaci dangin yahudawa masu haɗin kai. Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, na shekara ta 1939 ko kusa da 20, ƙaninsa ɗan shekaru 30 Stanisław Ulam, sanannen masanin lissafi kuma mahimmin gudummawa ga Manhattan Project, ya dauke shi zuwa Amurka don ci gaba da karatunsa. Mahaifinsu, a minti na ƙarshe, ya canza ranar tashi daga ranar 3 ga watan Satumba zuwa ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, mai yiwuwa ya ceci ran Adam tun a ranar 1 ga watan Satumba Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ya fara, tare da mamayar Jamus ta Nazi ta Poland . Ban da 'yan'uwan Ulam, duk sauran dangin da suka rage a Poland sun halaka cikin Holocaust .

Adam ya kasance dan kasar Amurka ne daga shekara ta 1939, kuma ya yi kokarin shiga cikin sojojin Amurka sau biyu bayan Amurka ta shiga yakin, amma da farko an ki amincewa da shi saboda yana da "dangin da ke zaune a yankin abokan gaba" daga baya kuma suka koma myopia. Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Brown kuma ya koyar a taƙaice a Jami'ar Wisconsin – Madison . Bayan karatu a Jami'ar Harvard a shekara ta (1944-1947), ya sami digirin digirgir a karkashin William Yandell Elliott don *darasinsa na Idealism da Development of English Socialism*, wanda aka ba shi kyautar 1947 Delancey K. Jay Prize. Ya zama malami a Harvard a cikin shekara ta 1947, ya karbi aiki a shekara ta 1954, kuma har lokacin da ya yi ritaya a  shekara ta 1992 shi ne Gurney Farfesan Tarihi da Kimiyyar Siyasa. Ya jagoranci Cibiyar Nazarin Rasha (1973-1974) kuma ya kasance masanin bincike na Cibiyar Nazarin Duniya a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts a shekara ta (1953-1955).

Ya yi aure a shekara ta 1963, aka sake shi a 1991, kuma ya haifi ’ya’ya maza biyu. Ranar 28 ga watan Maris, na shekara ta 2000, ya mutu daga cutar kansa ta huhu a Cambridge, Massachusetts, yana da shekara 77 kuma an binne shi a Makabartar Mount Auburn a ciki.

## Ayyuka
Ulam wallafa mahara littattafai da asidu, da kuma rubuce-rubucen da aka musamman sadaukar domin Sovietology, Kremlinology da Cold War . Littafin da ya fi saninsa shi ne *Fadadawa da Zama tare: Tarihin Siyasar Kasashen Soviet, 1917-67* (1968).

A cikin littafinsa na farko, *Titoism da Cominform* (1952), bisa dogaro da karatun digirin digirgir, ya yi iƙirarin cewa mayar da hankali ga kwaminisanci a kan wasu manufofi ya makantar da su daga mummunan tasirin tattalin arziki wanda ke da ƙarfin raunana ikon su. Littafinsa *The Unfinished Revolution: Wani Labari game da Tushen Tasirin Marxism da Kwaminisanci a shekara ta* (1960) ya binciki tunanin Markisanci. Littattafansa guda biyu *The Bolsheviks* : *Tarihin Hankali da Siyasa na Tattalin Arzikin Kwaminisanci a Rasha a shekara ta* (1965) da *Stalin: The Man and His Era* a shekara ta (1973) an yarda da su a duniya azaman daidaitaccen tarihin Vladimir Lenin da Joseph Stalin, bi da bi. Ya kuma rubuta jerin abubuwa biyu, *Abokan hamayya: Amurka da Rasha tun yakin duniya na II* (1971) da *Dangantaka Mai Hadari: Tarayyar Soviet a Siyasar Duniya, a shekara ta 1970-1982* (1983).

Ya kuma rubuta wani labari, *The Kirov Affair a shekara ta* (1988), game da Soviet 1930s. A cikin daya daga cikin litattafansa na karshe, ' *Yan Kwaminisanci: Labarin Iko da Rasa Hasashe a shekara ta 1948-1991*, wanda aka buga a cikin shekara ta 1992, shekarar da ya yi ritaya, ya yi tsokaci game da faduwar Tarayyar Soviet, inda ya rubuta cewa' yan kwaminisanci sun fadi daga mulki saboda akidarsu ita ce bata gari da kuma yadda manyan masu fada a ji suka kara fahimtar kuskurensu wanda hakan ya haifar musu da lalacewa, wanda hakan ya haifar da rikice-rikice da rikice-rikice tsakanin da tsakanin jihohin kwaminisanci.

Babban banda cikin littattafan sune: *Tushen Falsafa na Gurguzu na Ingilishi* da *Faduwar Jami'ar Amurka*, mai sukar babbar ilimin Amurka, wanda aka rubuta a 1972.

## Littattafai
Yawancin littattafan suna kan layi kuma kyauta ne don aron sati biyu

* *Tarihin Soviet ta Rasha (1997)*
* *Dangantaka Mai Haɗari: Tarayyar Soviet a Siyasar Duniya, 1970-82* (1983)
* *Fadadawa da Zama tare, Tarihin Manufofin Kasashen Waje na Soviet, 1917-67* (1968), kan layi kyauta don ara
* *Tunani da Tunani: Tunanin Juyin Juya Hali daga Herzen zuwa Solzhenitsyn* (1976), kyauta kan layi don bashi
* *Da Sunan Mutane: Annabawa da Maƙarƙashiya a cikin Rikicin Juyin Juya Hali na Rasha* (1977) kan layi kyauta don ara
* *Alamar Gwamnati* : *Manyan Tsarin Siyasar Turai*, tare da Samuel H. Beer, Harry H. Eckstein, Herbert J. Spiro, da Nicholas Wahl, an shirya su da SH Beer (1958)
* *Tushen Falsafa na Gurguzancin Ingilishi* (1964)
* *Juyin Juya Halin Rasha: Daga 'Yan Yaudara zuwa Wadanda Aka Yarda (1981)*
* *Stalin: Mutumin da Zamaninsa* (1973), kan layi kyauta don ara
* *Bolsheviks: Tarihin Ilimi da Siyasa na ofaunar Commungiyar Kwaminisanci a Rasha* (1965)
* *<nowiki/>'Yan kwaminisanci: Labarin Powerarfi da Rashin Tunani, 1948-1991 (1992)*
* *Faduwar Jami'ar Amurka* (1972)
* *Halin Kirov* (1988) - bayanin kula: labari, kyauta akan layi don bashi
* *Sabuwar Fuskar Soviet Totalitarianism* (1963)
* *Masu Kishin.* *Amurka da Rasha tun yakin duniya na II* (1971), akan layi kyauta don ara
* *Tsarin Siyasar Rasha* (1974), kan layi kyauta don ara
* *Juyin Juya Halin da ba a kammala ba: Labari a kan Tushen Tasirin tasirin Markisanci da Kwaminisanci* (1960), kyauta a kan layi don ara
* *Titoism da Cominform* (1952)
* *Fahimtar Yakin Cacar Baki: Tunani Na Musamman na Tarihi* - bayanin kula: abin tunawa (2000)

## Manazarta

* *An sake yin la'akari da Daular Soviet; Matsaloli a Daraja Adam B. Ulam*, edita daga Sanford R. Lieberman, David E. Powell, Carol R. Saivetz, da Sarah M. Terry, Routledge, 1994
* Kramer, Mark, "Sanarwar Tunawa: Adam Bruno Ulam (1922-2000)", *Jaridar Nazarin Yakin Cacar Baki*, vol. **2**, babu. 2, bazara 2000, pp.&nbsp;130-132

## Hanyoyin haɗin waje

* ''Crystal Reference Encyclopedia'' akan Adam (Bruno) Ulam
* Labaran Harvard da Abubuwan da suka faru: Minti na Tunawa: Adam Bruno Ulam wanda Timothy J. Colton ya karanta a 2002 kuma aka buga shi a cikin *Harvard University Gazette*
* Shafin tunawa da Adam Ulam, tare da rasuwa, tarihin rayuwa, haruffa da sauran abubuwa
* ''Harvard Gazette ya'' mutu
* ''Tarihin Washington Post''
* ''Jaridar New York Times ta'' mutu
* Bayanai a