Philipp Otto Runge

**Philip Otto Runge** (  ; 1777–1810) ɗan ƙasar Jamus ne mai zane, mai zane, mai zane, kuma mai nazarin launuka. Sau da yawa ana ɗaukar Runge da Caspar David Friedrich a matsayin manyan masu zane na ƙungiyar soyayya ta Jamus .   Masana tarihi na fasaha kan kwatanta shi da William Blake sau da yawa, kodayake ɗan gajeren aikin Runge na shekaru goma ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba kamar aikin Blake.   A dukkan alamu yana da hankali mai hazaka kuma ya ƙware a fannin adabi da falsafar zamaninsa. Ya kasance mai rubuta wasiƙu masu yawa kuma yana ci gaba da yin wasiƙu da abota da mutanen zamaninsa kamar Carl Ludwig Heinrich Berger, Caspar David Friedrich, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe,  Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, Henrik Steffens, da Ludwig Tieck . Zane-zanensa galibi suna cike da alamomi da misalai.   Tsawon shekaru takwas ya tsara kuma ya inganta aikinsa na musamman, *Tageszeiten* ( *Times of Day* ), manyan zane-zane guda huɗu masu girman murabba'in mita 50 kowannensu, waɗanda kuma wani ɓangare ne kawai na babban haɗin gwiwa na Gesamtkunstwerk wanda ya haɗa da waƙa, kiɗa, da gine-gine, amma har lokacin mutuwarsa bai cika ba.  Da shi ya yi burin yin watsi da al'adar Kiristanci a fannin zane-zane na Turai ya kuma sami sabuwar hanyar bayyana dabi'un ruhaniya ta hanyar alamomi a cikin shimfidar wurare.  Wani masanin tarihi ya ce "A cikin zanen Runge, a bayyane yake cewa muna magana ne game da yunƙurin gabatar da falsafar zamani a cikin fasaha."  Ya rubuta wani littafi mai tasiri kan ka'idar launi a shekarar 1808, *Sphere of Colours*, wanda aka buga a shekarar da ya mutu. 

An haifi Runge a shekara ta 1777 a Wolgast, wani gari a arewa maso gabashin Jamus a Tekun Baltic (a wancan lokacin, Sweden Pomerania ). Ya kamu da cutar tarin fuka ta huhu tun yana ƙarami kuma yana cikin rashin lafiya a duk rayuwarsa. Tun yana ƙarami, ya halarci makaranta a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ludwig Gotthard Kosegarten . Mahaifinsa ɗan kasuwa ne mai nasara kuma mai jirgin ruwa, kuma an horar da Philipp da ɗan'uwansa Daniel su bi shi a harkokin kasuwancinsa. Daniel ya koma Hamburg don gudanar da wani reshe na kasuwancin iyali, kuma Philipp ya biyo baya don yin aiki a matsayin mai koyon aiki (kimanin 1793 - 96). A can ya fara hulɗa da mawaƙa, masu wallafa littattafai, da masu tattara fasaha kamar Matthias Claudius, Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock, Justus Perthes, da Johannes Michael Speckter waɗanda suka ƙarfafa Runge a fannin fasaha, falsafa, da kuma sha'awar ilimi. Ya fara ɗaukar darussan zane a Hamburg a shekarar 1797 tare da Heinrich Joachim Herterich da Gerdt Hardorff the Elder kuma bayan shekaru da yawa a Hamburg, a farkon shekarunsa na ashirin, ne Runge ya yanke shawarar yin aiki a matsayin mai fasaha.    

Runge ya yi karatun zane na tsawon shekaru uku a Kwalejin Copenhagen (wanda yanzu ita ce Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal Danish ), daga 1798 zuwa 1801 tare da Jens Juel da Nicolai Abildgaard, inda Caspar David Friedrich, wanda ya cika shekaru uku a matsayin babba, ya riga shi kwanan nan. Daga nan sai Runge ya halarci Kwalejin Fasaha ta Dresden daga 1801 zuwa 1804 yana karatu tare da Anton Graff kuma ya yi hulɗa da wasu mutane da yawa a cikin ƙungiyar soyayya mai tasowa. Mawaki kuma marubuciya Ludwig Tieck ya yi tasiri sosai wajen gabatar da Runge ga sabbin adabi da ra'ayoyin sihiri na Jakob Böhme da Novalis . Runge ta haɗu da Pauline Bassenge a Dresden a 1801 lokacin tana da shekaru 16. Sun yi aure a Dresden a ranar 3 ga Afrilu, 1804, kuma ba da daɗewa ba suka koma Hamburg. Suna da 'ya'ya huɗu, ƙaramin da aka haifa bayan mutuwar Runge. Runge ya mutu sakamakon shan tabar wiwi (cutar tarin fuka) a shekarar 1810, yana da shekaru 33, aikinsa na rayuwa bai wuce shekaru goma ba. An ba da gudummawar mafi yawan ayyukansa ga Hamburger Kunsthalle ta hannun bazawararsa Pauline Runge née Bassenge a shekarar 1872. [1] :435, 443–452 pp.[2] :70–75, 80, & 88 pp.[3] [4]

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