Tawayen M23 (2012-2013)

**Tawayen M23** wani rikici ne da ke dauke da makamai a Arewacin Kivu, na Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango, wanda ya faru tsakanin kungiyar 'yan tawayen 23 ga Maris (M23) da sojojin gwamnatin Kongo tsakanin 4 ga Afrilu 2012 da 7 ga Nuwamba 2013. Ya kawo karshen lokacin da aka cimma yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin kasashen Afirka goma sha daya, kuma sojojin M23 suka mika wuya a Uganda. Tawayen dai wani bangare ne na ci gaba da fada a yankin bayan kawo karshen yakin Kongo na biyu a shekara ta 2003. Rikicin ya barke ne a karshen shekara ta 2021 bayan da shugaban 'yan tawayen M23 Sultani Makenga da mayakan 'yan tawaye 100 suka kai hari kan garin Bunagana da ke kan iyaka amma abin ya ci tura. Bayan 'yan watanni, 'yan tawayen M23 sun sake fara kai farmaki a hukumance, inda suka kara fadada ikonsu cikin sauri a yankuna da dama na Arewacin Kivu.

A watan Afrilun 2012, tsoffin sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Kare Jama'a (CNDP) sun yi wa gwamnatin DRC da tawagar wanzar da zaman lafiya ta tawagar wanzar da zaman lafiya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (MONUSCO). Mutineers sun kafa wata kungiyar tawaye mai suna 23 Maris Movement (M23), wacce aka fi sani da Sojojin Juyin Juya Hali na Kongo. Ya kunshi tsoffin ‘yan tawayen CNDP, kuma ana zargin gwamnatocin kasashe makwabta na Rwanda da Uganda ne suka dauki nauyinsa.

A ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 2012, 'yan tawayen M23 sun karbe ikon Goma, babban birnin lardin Kivu ta Arewa mai yawan jama'a miliyan daya.[16] A karshen watan Nuwamban wannan shekarar, rikicin ya tilastawa mutane fiye da 140,000 barin gidajensu, a cewar hukumar kula da 'yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, baya ga 'yan gudun hijirar da aka riga aka tilasta musu barin gidajensu sakamakon yakin da aka yi a baya a yankin.[17] Bayan dakile wani harin da gwamnati ba ta shirya ba tare da samun wasu nasarori, M23 ta amince da janyewa daga Goma da kan su sannan suka bar birnin a farkon watan Disamba.

A ranar 24 ga Fabrairun 2013, kasashen Afirka goma sha daya suka rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da aka tsara don samar da zaman lafiya a yankin. A watan Oktoban 2013, Kongo ta shaida wa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya cewa an kusa kawo karshen kungiyar ta M23 bayan an tura ta zuwa wani karamin yanki kusa da Rwanda. A ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 2013, bayan gagarumar galaba a kan harin da gwamnatin MDD ke marawa baya, sojojin M23 sun tsallaka zuwa Uganda tare da mika wuya.

## Sharar fage
A watan Maris na shekara ta 2009, ‘yan tawayen na National Congress for the Defence of People (CNDP) sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da gwamnati, inda ta amince ta zama jam’iyyar siyasa domin a saki mambobinta da ake tsare da su.

A ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 2012, an ba da rahoton cewa Bosco Ntaganda da sojoji masu biyayya 300 sun fice daga DRC inda suka yi artabu da sojojin gwamnati a yankin Rutshuru da ke arewacin Goma. A cewar mai magana da yawun kungiyar M23 Vianney Kazarma, sun sauya sheka ne saboda magudin da Joseph Kabila ya yi a babban zaben Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango a shekara ta 2011.

## Rikicin

### Farkon tashin hankali
Jason Stearns ya ruwaito a ranar 4 ga Mayu 2012 cewa Kanar Sultani Makenga ya shiga kungiyar M23. Stearns ya yi tsokaci cewa "wannan wani gagarumin ci gaba ne, tun da Makenga shine babban jami'in CNDP na biyu bayan Ntaganda a tsarin Amani Leo a matsayin mataimakin kwamandan Kudancin Kivu."

A ranar 6 ga Yuli 2012, M23 sun kai hari tare da kwace garin Bunagana kasa da kilomita daya daga kan iyaka da Uganda. Wasu sojojin DRC 600 ne suka tsere suka tsallaka kan iyaka suka fake a Uganda. 'Yan tawayen sun fitar da sanarwar cewa za su daina kai farmakin idan gwamnati ta amince da yin shawarwarin sulhu da su. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi Allah wadai da hare-haren 'yan tawaye a yankin bayan da aka kashe wani sojan kiyaye zaman lafiya na Indiya a yakin.

A ranar 8 ga watan Yuli, 'yan tawayen sun kwace Rutsuru, mai tazarar kilomita 70 daga arewacin Goma, babban birnin lardin Kivu ta Arewa. Zuwa ranar 10 ga Yuli, sun kasance kilomita 40 daga birnin Goma. Shaidu sun ce ga dukkan alamu ‘yan tawaye suna daukar garuruwa da kauyuka cikin sauki, inda sojojin gwamnati sukan narke. Garuruwan Rubare da Ntamugenga ma sun fada hannun ‘yan tawaye.

A ranar 20 ga watan Yuli, M23 da dakarun gwamnati sun yi musayar wuta da manyan makamai a kusa da Kibumba da Rugari, lamarin da ya tilastawa dubban fararen hula tserewa zuwa Goma. An ga jirage masu saukar ungulu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun nufi layin gaba. An bayyana yanayin tsaro a gabashin Kongo yana kara ta'azzara cikin hanzari.

### Nuwamba M23 m
Fadan dai ya sake barkewa a watan Nuwamban shekarar 2012, inda aka samu rahotannin harbe-harbe da fashewar abubuwa a kusa da Goma. Bangarorin biyu dai sun dora alhakin barkewar rikicin. Dakarun gwamnati sun yi ikirarin cewa 'yan tawayen M23 sun kashe mutane 110, ikirarin da 'yan tawayen suka musanta. An bayar da rahoton cewa, sojojin gwamnati sun yi amfani da tankokin yaki da jirage masu saukar ungulu a yakin, inda ‘yan tawaye suka tunkari birnin Goma duk da haka.

A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, an jibge jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu na MONUSCO domin tallafa wa dakarun gwamnati yayin da suke fafutukar dakile wani harin 'yan tawaye a kudancin Kibumba, inda suka yi shawagi 17 tare da harba rokoki da makamai masu linzami sama da 500. Sojojin hadin gwiwa da na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun kashe mayakan M23 kusan 64. Sai dai a washegarin 'yan tawayen sun ci gaba da kai hare-hare kuma da yawa; Ci gaban da suka yi ya sanya su nisan mil 18 daga Goma. Sojojin sun ja da baya ne da kazamin wuta zuwa kudancin Kibumba bayan da 'yan tawayen suka tilasta musu komawa, a cewar gwamnan lardin. Sojojin gwamnati sun fara tattaruwa a kusa da garin Kilimanyoka bayan ja da baya. Daga baya 'yan tawaye sun yi ikirarin kwace ikon Kibumba amma sun ce ba su da wani shiri na kai hari a Goma. Mai magana da yawun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya shaida wa cewa jirgin na M23 ya yi kama da sanye da kayan gani na dare da kuma turmi 120mm.

A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, an ba da rahoton cewa sojojin Kongo da gwamnatin suna barin Goma cikin gaggawa yayin da M23 ke bakin kofar birnin. Gwamnan Kivu ta Arewa ya tashi ne a kan jirgin ruwa a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Kivu ta Kudu. Sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba su mayar da martani ba a lokacin da ‘yan tawayen suka wuce sansaninsu da ke kan hanyar Goma.  Washegari, M23 ta bukaci gwamnatin Kongo ta bude tattaunawar sulhu, ko kuma ta fuskanci kazamin fada.

## Manazarta