Isabelle Eberhardt

**Isabelle Wilhelmine Marie Eberhardt** (17 ga Fabrairu 1877 - 21 ga Oktoba 1904) ta kasance mai binciken Switzerland kuma marubuciya. Yayinda take matashiya, Eberhardt, wacce mahaifinta ya yi karatu a Switzerland, ta wallafa gajerun labaru a karkashin sunan namiji. Ta zama mai sha'awar Arewacin Afirka, kuma an dauke ta marubuciya mai ƙwarewa a kan batun duk da koyo game da yankin kawai ta hanyar wasiƙa. Bayan gayyatar mai daukar hoto Louis David, Eberhardt ya koma Aljeriya a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1897. Ta yi ado kamar namiji kuma ta tuba zuwa addinin Musulunci, daga ƙarshe ta ɗauki sunan Si Mahmoud Saadi . Halin da Eberhardt ya yi ya sa ta zama mai fitarwa tsakanin mazauna Turai a Aljeriya da Gwamnatin Faransa.

Amincewar Eberhardt da Qadiriyya, tsarin Islama, ya shawo kan gwamnatin Faransa cewa ita 'yar leƙen asiri ce ko mai tayar da hankali. Ta tsira daga yunkurin kisan kai jim kadan bayan haka. A cikin 1901, gwamnatin Faransa ta umarce ta da ta bar Aljeriya, amma an ba ta damar dawowa a shekara mai zuwa bayan ta auri abokin aikinta, sojan Aljeriya Slimane Ehnni . Bayan dawowarta, Eberhardt ta rubuta wa jaridar da Victor Barrucand ya buga kuma ta yi aiki ga Janar Hubert Lyautey. A shekara ta 1904, tana da shekaru 27, ambaliyar ruwa ta kashe ta a Aïn Sefra .

A cikin 1906, Barrucand ta fara buga sauran rubuce-rubucenta, wanda ya sami yabo mai mahimmanci. An gan ta bayan mutuwarta a matsayin mai ba da shawara game da mulkin mallaka, kuma an sanya wa tituna suna a Béchar da Algiers. Rayuwar Eberhardt ta kasance batun ayyuka da yawa, gami da fim din 1991 *Isabelle Eberhardt* da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na 2012 Song from the Uproar: The Lives and Deaths of Isabelle Eperhardt .

## Rayuwa ta farko da tarihin iyali
An haifi Eberhardt a Geneva, Switzerland, ga Alexandre Trophimowsky da Nathalie Moerder (née Eberhardт). Trophimowsky ya kasance ɗan Armeniya ne, mai koyarwa, kuma tsohon firist na Orthodox wanda ya zama mai musun wanzuwar Allah,   kuma Nathalie 'yar haramtacciyar yar wani ɗan Jamus ne mai tsakiya kuma Bayahude ne na Rasha.  An dauki Nathalie a matsayin wani ɓangare na aristocracy na Rasha,  ma'ana tabbas an ɓoye haramtacciyarta.  Ta auri gwauruwa Pavel de Moerder, Janar na Rasha mai shekaru arba'in da ya girme ta, wanda ya hayar da Trophimowsky don koyar da 'ya'yansu Nicolas, Nathalie, da Vladimir.

A kusa da shekara ta 1871 Nathalie ta yara yaran kuma ta bar mijinta ga Trophimowsky, wanda ya watsar da matarsa ​​da iliminsa.[1][1] Sun bar Rasha, sun zauna a Turkiyya sannan Italiya kafin su zauna a Geneva.[1] A kusa da 1872 Nathalie ta haifi Augustin; de Moerder, wanda ya zo Switzerland a cikin wasan da ya gaza don sulhunta da Nathalie, ya mabiya ɗa a cikin nasa kuma ya ba shi damar samun sunansa, amma 'yan uwan ​​yaron sun yi imanin cewa Trophimowsky shine mahaifinsa. Janar de Moerder ya mutu da yawa bayan haka, kuma duk da rabuwa da su shirya shirinsa ta biya Nathalie babban kudin shiga na yau da kullun.[1][1] Iyalin sun kasance a Switzerland. Shekaru hudu bayan haka aka haifi Eberhardt, kuma an yi rajista a cikin 'yar Nathalie. Mai ba da labari Françoise d'Eaubonne ya yi alamar cewa mahaifin Eberhardt shine mawaki Arthur Rimbaud, wanda ya kasance a Switzerland a lokacin. Sauran masana tarihi sun yi la'akari da wannan ba zai yiwu ba kuma sun ga Trophimowsky shine mahaifin, suna lura da cewa Nathalie da Trophimowsksky ba su da yawa, cewa haihuwar Eberhardt ba ta da tasiri mara kyau ga kayan lambu su, kuma cewa Eberhardn shine yaron da Trophimoxsky ya fi so.[1] Mai ba da labari Cecily Mackworth ya yi alamun rashin izini na Eberhardt ya kasance ne saboda imanin nihilist na Trophimowsky, wanda ya tsare ra'ayoyin gargajiya na iyali.[1]

Eberhardt ta sami ilimi sosai; tare da sauran yara a cikin iyali, Trophimowsky ne ya koya mata karatu a gida. Tana iya magana da Faransanci, tana magana da Rasha, Jamusanci da Italiyanci,  kuma an koya mata Latin, Girkanci, da Larabci na gargajiya. Ta yi karatun falsafar, metaphysics, ilmin sunadarai,  tarihi, da yanayin ƙasa, kodayake ta fi sha'awar wallafe-wallafen, tana karatun ayyukan marubuta ciki har da Pierre Loti, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Leo Tolstoy, Voltaire da Emile Zola yayin da take matashiya,  kuma tana sha'awar mawaƙa Semyon Nadson da Charles Baudelaire. Tun tana ƙarama ta fara sa tufafin namiji, tana jin daɗin 'yancinta, kuma mahaifinta marar bin doka bai hana ta ba. Yaran de Moerder sun yi fushi da mahaifinsu, wanda ya hana su samun sana'o'i ko barin gida, kuma ya yi amfani da su a matsayin bayi don kula da lambunsa masu yawa. 'Yar'uwar Eberhardt Nathalie ta yi aure ba tare da son Trophimowsky ba a 1888, kuma daga baya aka yanke ta daga sauran dangin. Tafiyar Nathalie ta yi tasiri sosai a yarinta Eberhardt, saboda tana da alhakin mafi yawan ayyukan gida; daga baya iyalin suka sha wahala daga rashin tsabta da abinci na yau da kullun.

## Ka ƙaura zuwa Arewacin Afirka
Wani lokaci kafin 1894, Eberhardt ya fara rubutu tare da Eugène Letord, wani jami'in Faransa da ke zaune a Sahara wanda ya sanya tallan jarida don abokiyar alkalami. Eberhardt ya tambaye shi kowane daki-daki da zai iya ba ta game da rayuwa a cikin Sahara, kuma ya sanar da shi mafarkinta na tserewa daga Geneva tare da ɗan'uwanta da ya fi so, Augustin. Letord ya ƙarfafa su biyu su koma Bône, Aljeriya, inda zai iya taimaka musu wajen kafa sabuwar rayuwa. A cikin jerin yanayi da ba a bayyana ba duk da cewa sun haɗa da basussukan kuɗi da alaƙa da kungiyoyin juyin juya halin Rasha waɗanda yake da alaƙa, Augustin ya gudu daga Geneva a shekara ta 1894. Eberhardt mai yiwuwa ya taimaka masa da farko amma bai iya lura da inda yake ba duk da yin bincike akai-akai. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1894 an sanar da Eberhardt ta hanyar wasika cewa Augustin ya shiga rundunar kasashen waje ta Faransa kuma an sanya shi zuwa Aljeriya. Kodayake da farko ta yi fushi da shawarar Augustin, fushin Eberhardt bai daɗe ba;  ta nemi ya aiko mata da cikakken littafin abin da ya gani a Arewacin Afirka. 

A shekarar 1895, Eberhardt ta buga gajerun labarai a cikin mujallar La Nouvelle Revue Moderne a ƙarƙashin sunan Nicolas Podolinsky; "Infernalia" (aikinta na farko da aka buga) yana game da sha'awar ɗalibi a fannin likitanci ga mace da ta mutu.[1] Daga baya a wannan shekarar ta buga "Vision du Moghreb" [sic] (Turanci: Vision of the Maghreb),[1] labari game da rayuwar addini ta Arewacin Afirka.[1][1] Eberhardt tana da "fahimta da ilimi mai ban mamaki" game da Arewacin Afirka[1] ga wanda ya san yankin kawai ta hanyar wasiƙu, kuma rubutunta yana da babban jigon adawa da mulkin mallaka. Louis David, wani mai ɗaukar hoto ɗan ƙasar Aljeriya-Faransa wanda ke yawon shakatawa a Switzerland wanda aikinsa ya burge shi, ya haɗu da ita. Bayan jin labarin sha'awarta ta ƙaura zuwa Algiers, ya yi tayin taimaka mata ta kafa kanta a Bône idan ta ƙaura zuwa can.[1][1] A shekarar 1895, ya ɗauki hoton Eberhardt sanye da kayan matukin jirgi, wanda zai zama sananne sosai da ita a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.[1][1]

Eberhardt ta koma Bône tare da mahaifiyarta a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1897.    Da farko sun zauna tare da David da matarsa, wadanda dukansu ba su yarda da yawan lokacin da Eberhardt da mahaifiyarta suka yi tare da Larabawa ba. Eberhardt da mahaifiyarta ba sa son halin Davids, wanda ya kasance na mazauna Turai a yankin, kuma daga baya ya guje wa mazaunan Faransa na ƙasar, yana hayar gidan salon Larabci da ke nesa da kwata na Turai. Eberhardt, yana sane da cewa mace musulma ba za ta iya fita ba ita kaɗai ko kuma a bayyana ta ba, tana sanye da namiji a cikin burnous da turban. Ta fadada karatun da ta yi a baya na Larabci, kuma ta zama mai iyawa a cikin 'yan watanni. Ita da mahaifiyarta sun tuba zuwa addinin musulunci. Mackworth ya rubuta cewa yayin da Eberhardt ya kasance "masu sihiri na halitta", juyowa ta bayyana ya kasance saboda dalilai masu amfani, saboda ya ba ta karɓa mafi girma tsakanin Larabawa. Eberhardt ya sami sauƙi a yarda da Islama; Trophimowsky ya kawo ta a matsayin Mai ƙaddara kuma Islama ta ba ta ƙaddara ma'ana. Ta rungumi ra'ayin Islama cewa komai an ƙaddara shi da kuma nufin Allah. Kodayake Eberhardt ta ba da kanta ga hanyar rayuwar musulmi, tana yawan cin wiwi da barasa  kuma tana da masoya da yawa. A cewar wani aboki, Eberhardt "ya fi zama Legionnaire, ya sha sigari fiye da mai shan miyagun ƙwayoyi kuma ya yi soyayya ga soyayya da yin soyayya". Ta kasance mai jima'i, amma sau da yawa tana kula da jima'i a matsayin rashin mutunci. Dalilin da ya sa abokan rayuwarta na Larabci suka yarda da salon rayuwarta ya yi muhawara daga masu ba da labari. A cewar Mackworth, "hankali mai kyau na Larabawa" ya jagoranci su bi da Eberhardt a matsayin mutum saboda tana so ta rayu a matsayin daya. Halin Eberhardt ya sa ta zama mai fitarwa tare da mazauna Faransa da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka, waɗanda ke kula da ita sosai. Ba tare da ganin dalilin da ya sa mace za ta zaɓi ƙungiyar Larabawa matalauta a kan 'yan uwanta na Turai ba, daga ƙarshe sun kammala cewa dole ne ta zama wakilin Ingilishi, wanda aka aiko don tayar da fushi ga Faransanci.

Eberhardt ta fara rubuta labaru, gami da rubutun farko na littafinta Trimardeur (Turanci: Vagabond). Labarin ta *Yasmina*, game da wata matashiyar Bedouin da ta fada cikin soyayya da wani jami'in Faransa da kuma "matsalolin da wannan soyayya ba za ta yiwu ba ta kawo cikin rayuwarta", an buga shi a cikin jaridar Faransa ta gida. Mahaifiyarta, wacce ke fama da matsalolin zuciya, ta mutu a watan Nuwamba 1897 daga ciwon zuciya, kuma an binne ta a ƙarƙashin sunan Fatma Mannoubia. Eberhardt ya yi baƙin ciki. Trophimowsky, wanda aka kira lokacin da lafiyar abokin aikinsa ta lalace amma ya zo bayan mutuwarta, bai nuna tausayi ga Eberhardt ba. Lokacin da ta gaya masa cewa tana son mutuwa kuma ta koma mahaifiyarta, sai ya amsa ta hanyar ba ta bindigarsa, wanda ta ƙi.

## Tafiya zuwa Turai
Eberhardt ta kashe kuɗin ta ba tare da la'akari ba a Algiers, kuma da sauri ta gaji da kuɗin da mahaifiyarta ta bari mata;  sau da yawa tana ciyar da kwanaki da yawa a lokaci guda a cikin kief dens.  Augustin, wanda aka kore shi daga rundunar kasashen waje saboda lafiyarsa, ya koma Geneva tare da Eberhardt a farkon 1899. Sun sami Trophimowsky cikin rashin lafiya, yana fama da ciwon daji na makogwaro kuma ya damu da asarar mahaifiyar Eberhardt da Vladimir, waɗanda suka kashe kansu a shekarar da ta gabata. Eberhardt ta kula da mahaifinta, tana kusa da shi. Ta kuma fara dangantaka kuma ta yi alkawari da Riza Bey, jami'in diflomasiyyar Armenia wanda ta kasance abokai da kuma yiwuwar masoya lokacin da take da shekaru goma sha bakwai. Kodayake Trophimowsky ya amince da alkawarin, dangantakar ta ƙare ba da daɗewa ba. Masanin tarihi Lesley Blanch ya danganta faduwar dangantakar ga Bey da aka sanya shi a Stockholm. Trophimowsky ya mutu a watan Mayu. Blanch ya danganta mutuwar ga yawan shan miyagun ƙwayoyi, wanda Eberhardt na iya kashe shi da gangan. Eberhardt ya yi niyyar sayar da gidan, kodayake matar Trophimowsky ta yi adawa da aiwatar da nufin. Bayan makonni da yawa na jayayya ta shari'a, Eberhardt ya ba da jinginar dukiyar kuma ya koma Afirka a kan jirgin farko da ke akwai. Tare da iyayenta biyu sun mutu, ta ɗauki kanta ba tare da haɗin kai ba kuma tana iya rayuwa a matsayin Mai yawo. Eberhardt ta bar sunan mahaifiyarta, kuma ta kira kanta Si Mahmoud Saadi. Ta fara sa tufafin namiji ne kawai kuma ta haɓaka halin namiji, tana magana da rubutu a matsayin namiji. Eberhardt ya nuna kamar mutumin Larabawa, yana kalubalantar jinsi da ka'idojin launin fata. Da aka tambaye ta dalilin da ya sa ta yi ado kamar mutumin Larabawa, ta ci gaba da amsawa: "Ba zai yiwu a gare ni in yi ba haka ba. "  Bayan 'yan watanni, kuɗin Eberhardt ya ragu, kuma ta koma Geneva don sayar da gidan; saboda matsalolin shari'a akwai kadan ko babu kuɗi.  

## Manazarta