VMware

VMware LLC kamfani ne na lissafin girgije da fasahar virtualization na Amurka wanda ke da hedikwata a Palo Alto, California, Amurka.[1] A ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 2023, Broadcom ta sami VMware a cikin ma'amala ta tsabar kudi da hannun jari mai daraja a dala biliyan 69, tare da sashen End-User Computing na VMware sannan aka sayar wa KKR kuma aka sake masa suna zuwa Omnissa.[2] VMware ita ce kamfani na farko da ya ci nasara a kasuwanci don inganta tsarin x86.[3]

Software na tebur na VMware yana gudana akan Microsoft Windows, Linux, da macOS. VMware ESXi, mai kula da software na kamfanoni, tsarin aiki ne [1] wanda ke gudana akan kayan aikin uwar garken. [2]

## Tarihi

### Tarihin Farko
A cikin 1998, [1] Diane Greene, Mendel Rosenblum, Scott Devine, Ellen Wang, da Edouard Bugnion ne suka kafa VMware. [2] Greene da Rosenblum sun kasance dalibai masu digiri a Jami'ar California, Berkeley . CTO 2, 2007). "}}" id="cite_ref-9" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[3] Edouard Bugnion ya kasance babban gine-gine da CTO na VMware har zuwa 2005 kuma ya ci gaba da kafa Nuova Systems (yanzu wani ɓangare na Cisco).[3] VMware ta yi aiki a cikin Yanayin ɓoye don shekara ta farko, tare da kusan ma'aikata 20 a ƙarshen 1998. An ƙaddamar da kamfanin a hukumance a farkon shekara ta biyu, a watan Fabrairun 1999, a Taron DEMO wanda Chris Shipley ya shirya.[4] An gabatar da samfurin farko, VMware Workstation, a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1999, kuma kamfanin ya shiga kasuwar uwar garken a shekara ta 2001 tare da VMware GSX Server (wanda aka shirya) da VMware ESX Server (ba tare da mai masauki ba). [4][5]

A cikin shekara ta 2003, VMware ta ƙaddamar da Cibiyar Virtual ta VMware, vMotion, da fasahar Virtual Symmetric Multi-Processing (SMP). An gabatar da tallafin 64-bit a cikin shekara ta 2004.

### Samun ta hanyar EMC
A ranar 9 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2004, a karkashin sharuddan yarjejeniyar da aka sanar a ranar 15 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 2003, EMC (yanzu Dell EMC) ta sayi kamfanin tare da dala miliyan 625 a tsabar kudi. A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta, 2007, EMC ta sayar da 15% na VMware ga jama'a ta hanyar bayar da jama'a na farko. An saka hannun jari a US $ 29 a kowace hannun jari kuma an rufe ranar a US $ 51.

A ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2008, bayan rashin jin daɗi na kudi, kwamitin daraktoci ya kori co-kafa VMware, shugaban kasa da Shugaba Diane Greene, wanda Paul Maritz ya maye gurbinsa, tsohon soja na Microsoft mai shekaru 14 wanda ke jagorantar sashin kasuwancin lissafin girgije na EMC. Greene ya kasance Shugaba tun lokacin da aka kafa kamfanin, shekaru goma da suka gabata. A ranar 10 ga Satumba, 2008, Mendel Rosenblum, wanda ya kafa kamfanin, babban masanin kimiyya, kuma mijin Diane Greene, ya yi murabus.

A ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2008, VMware ta ba da sanarwar haɗin gwiwa tare da Cisco Systems .  Ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon shine Cisco Nexus 1000V, sauyawar software mai kama da juna, wani zaɓi mai haɗa kai a cikin kayan aikin VMware.

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2011, EMC ta sauya iko da sabis na madadin Mozy zuwa VMware.

A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2011, VMware ta fitar da tsarin dandamali mai budewa-a-service da ake kira Cloud Foundry, da kuma tsarin sabis ɗin da aka shirya. Wannan ya goyi bayan tura aikace-aikacen don Java, Ruby a kan Rails, Sinatra, Node.js, da Scala, da kuma tallafin bayanai don MySQL, MongoDB, Redis, PostgreSQL, da RabbitMQ.

A watan Agustan 2012, an nada Pat Gelsinger a matsayin sabon Shugaba na VMware, wanda ya zo daga EMC. Paul Maritz ya tafi EMC a matsayin Shugaban Dabarun kafin ya ci gaba da jagorantar Pivotal spin-off . 

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2013, VMware ta ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da kamfanoni na Pivotal Software, tare da Janar Electric saka hannun jari a cikin kamfanin. Yawancin samfuran aikace-aikacen VMware da masu haɓakawa, gami da Spring, tc Server, Cloud Foundry, RabbitMQ, GemFire, da SQLFire an canja su zuwa wannan ƙungiyar.

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2013, VMware ta ƙaddamar da nasa sabis na IaaS, vCloud Hybrid Service, a sabon hedkwatarta na Palo Alto (an sake sanya sunan vCloud Hybrid Service kuma daga baya aka sayar da shi ga mai ba da girgije OVH), yana sanar da shirin samun dama da wuri a cibiyar bayanai ta Las Vegas. An tsara sabis ɗin don aiki a matsayin tsawo na shigarwar vSphere na abokin ciniki, tare da cikakken jituwa tare da na'urori masu kama da juna da aka tsara tare da software na VMware da haɗin kai. Sabis ɗin ya dogara ne akan Darakta na vCloud 5.1/vSphere 5.1. 

A watan Satumbar 2013, a VMworld San Francisco, VMware ta ba da sanarwar samar da sabis na vCloud Hybrid da fadada zuwa Sterling, Virginia, Santa Clara, California, Dallas, Texas, da kuma beta na sabis a Burtaniya. Ya sanar da sayen Desktone a watan Oktoba 2013. 

### Samun da Dell ya samu
A watan Janairun 2016, a cikin tsammanin sayen Dell na EMC, VMware ta ba da sanarwar sake fasalin don rage kusan matsayi 800, kuma wasu masu gudanarwa sun yi murabus. Dukan ƙungiyar ci gaba a bayan VMware Workstation da Fusion an rushe su kuma an kori duk masu haɓaka Amurka nan da nan. A ranar 24 ga Afrilu, 2016, an saki sakin gyare-gyare 12.1. A ranar 8 ga Satumba, 2016, VMware ta ba da sanarwar sakin Workstation 12.5 da Fusion 8.5 a matsayin ingantawa kyauta don tallafawa Windows 10 da Windows Server 2016. 

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2016, shugaban VMware kuma COO Carl Eschenbach ya bar VMware don shiga Sequoia Capital, kuma Martin Casado, babban manajan VMware na kasuwancin Networking da Security, ya bar don shiga Andreessen Horowitz. Masu sharhi sun yi sharhi cewa al'adu a Dell da EMC, da kuma EMC da VMware, sun bambanta, kuma sun ce sun ji cewa haɗarin al'adu na kamfanoni da ke gabatowa da yiwuwar haɗuwa da kayan aiki, zai sa yawancin ma'aikatan EMC daVMware su bar;  Shugaba na VMware Pat Gelsinger, biyo bayan jita-jita, ya musanta cewa zai bar. 

A watan Agustan 2016 VMware ta gabatar da shafin yanar gizon VMware Cloud Provider . 

An canja Mozy zuwa Dell a cikin 2016 bayan hadewar Dell da EMC. 

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2017, a cewar Glassdoor, VMware ta kasance ta 3 a cikin jerin kamfanonin da suka fi biyan kuɗi a Amurka.

A cikin Q2 2017, VMware ya sayar da vCloud Air ga mai ba da sabis na girgije na Faransa OVH . 

A ranar 13 ga watan Janairun 2021, VMware ta ba da sanarwar cewa Shugaba Pat Gelsinger zai bar ya shiga cikin Intel. Intel shine inda Gelsinger ya shafe shekaru 30 na aikinsa kuma shine babban jami'in fasaha na farko na Intel. CFO Zane Rowe ya zama Shugaba na wucin gadi yayin da kwamitin ke neman maye gurbinsa.

### Spinoff daga Dell
A ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 2021, an ba da rahoton cewa Dell za ta cire ragowar hannun jarinsa a VMware ga masu hannun jari kuma kamfanonin biyu za su ci gaba da aiki ba tare da manyan canje-canje ba aƙalla shekaru biyar. An kammala wasan ne a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2021.  A ranar 12 ga Mayu, 2021, VMware ta ba da sanarwar cewa Raghu Raghuram zai zama Shugaba. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2022, VMware ta ba da sanarwar cewa kamfanin ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙungiyar tseren motoci ta Formula One, McLaren Racing . 

### Samun ta Broadcom
A ranar 26 ga Mayu, 2022, Broadcom ta ba da sanarwar niyyar samun VMware don kusan dala biliyan 61 a tsabar kudi da hannun jari ban da ɗaukar dala biliyan 8 na bashin VMware, kuma Broadcom Software Group za ta sake fasalin kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin VMware.&nbsp;&nbsp;

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2022, Hukumar Kula da Kasuwanci da Kasuwancin Burtaniya ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta bincika ko sayen zai "saboda raguwar gasa a cikin kowane kasuwa ko kasuwanni a Burtaniya don kayayyaki ko ayyuka".  

An rufe ma'amala a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 2023,  bayan jinkiri mai tsawo wajen samun amincewa daga Mai kula da kasar Sin a kan ƙarin yanayin cewa software na uwar garken VMware ya kamata ya kula da jituwa tare da kayan aikin ɓangare na uku kuma baya buƙatar amfani da samfuran kayan aikin Broadcom.  Bayan kammala, Broadcom ta sake tsara kamfanin zuwa kashi huɗu: VMware Cloud Foundation, Tanzu, Software-Defined Edge, da Application Networking da Tsaro,  kuma daga baya ta kori ma'aikata sama da 2,800.  Broadcom kuma ta sake komawa hedkwatarta daga Arewacin San Jose zuwa harabar hedkwatar VMware a Palo Alto.

A ranar 13 ga Disamba, 2023, VMware ta ƙare wadatar samfuran lasisi na dindindin kamar su vSphere da Cloud Foundation, suna motsawa ne kawai zuwa ga tayin biyan kuɗi. Kamfanin ya bayyana cewa an shirya wannan a matsayin abin da ya faru kafin sayen Broadcom.

A watan Fabrairun 2024 kamfanin masu zaman kansu KKR da Broadcom sun amince da KKR don samun Broadcom's End-User Computing (EUC) Division, wanda a baya ya kasance wani ɓangare na VMware, kusan dala biliyan 4. Rukunin EUC, wanda aka sake masa suna **Omnissa**, ya haɗa da samfurin tebur da aikace-aikacen Omnissa Horizon da kuma tsarin gudanar da na'urar Workspace ONE UEM (tsohon AirWatch).&nbsp;

A ranar 14 ga Mayu, 2024, an ba da sanarwar cewa za a yi VMware Workstation Pro da VMware Fusion Pro kyauta don amfanin mutum, tare da amfani da kasuwanci har yanzu yana buƙatar biyan kuɗi. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024, VMware ta ba da sanarwar cewa amfani da kasuwanci zai zama kyauta.

### Abubuwan da aka samu

### Shari'a
A watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, Software Freedom Conservancy ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana tallafawa shari'ar da Christoph Hellwig ya yi a Hamburg, Jamus a kan VMware saboda zargin keta haƙƙin mallaka a cikin samfurin ESXi. Babban da'awar Hellwig shine cewa ESXi aiki ne wanda aka samo daga GPLv2- lasisin Linux kernel 2.4, sabili da haka VMware ba ya bin GPLv2 saboda ba ya buga lambar tushe ga ESXi. VMware ya bayyana a fili cewa ESXi ba wani abu ne da aka samo daga kernel na Linux ba,  yana musanta ainihin ikirarin Hellwig. VMware ya ce ya ba da hanyar amfani da direbobi na'urar Linux tare da ESXi, kuma wannan lambar tana amfani da wasu lambar lasisi ta Linux GPLv2 don haka ya buga tushen, yana biyan bukatun GPLv2.

Kotun ta yi watsi da karar a watan Yulin 2016  kuma Hellwig ya sanar da cewa zai shigar da kara.  An yanke shawarar daukaka kara a watan Fabrairun 2019 kuma kotun Jamus ta sake watsi da shi, bisa ga rashin cika "ka'idojin tsari don nauyin tabbatar da mai shigar da kara".

In May 2023, VMware was ordered to pay $84.5 million for patent infringement on two patents belonging to Densify, a Canadian software company.

## Kayayyakin yanzu
Mafi sanannun samfuran VMware sune masu kula da su. VMware ya zama sananne ga mai kula da nau'in 2 na farko da aka sani da VMware Workstation. Wannan samfurin tun lokacin da ya samo asali ne a cikin ƙarin layin samfurori masu amfani da hypervisor guda biyu: VMware's type 1 hypervisors running direct on hardware (ESX / ESXi) da kuma dakatar da su da aka shirya nau'in 2 hypervisors (GSX).

Software na VMware yana ba da cikakken kayan aiki ga tsarin aiki na baƙo. Software na VMware yana sarrafa kayan aiki don mai daidaita bidiyo, mai daidaita cibiyar sadarwa, da masu daidaita diski mai wuya. Mai karɓar bakuncin yana ba da direbobi masu wucewa don baƙon USB, serial, da na'urorin layi daya. Ta wannan hanyar, na'urorin kirkirar VMware sun zama masu ɗaukar hoto tsakanin kwamfutoci, saboda kowane mai masaukin yana da kusan kama da baƙo. A aikace, Mai kula da tsarin na iya dakatar da ayyukan a kan baƙon na'ura mai kama da juna, motsawa ko kwafin wannan baƙon zuwa wani kwamfuta na zahiri, kuma akwai ci gaba da aiwatarwa daidai a lokacin dakatarwa. A madadin haka, ga sabobin kasuwanci, fasalin da ake kira vMotion yana ba da damar ƙaurawar na'urorin baƙi masu kama da juna tsakanin masu karɓar kayan aiki masu rarraba ajiya iri ɗaya  (ko, tare da ajiyar vMotion, ana iya amfani da ajiya daban, ma). Kowane ɗayan waɗannan sauye-sauye gaba ɗaya a bayyane yake ga duk wani mai amfani a kan na'ura mai kama da juna a lokacin da ake ƙaura.

Samfurori na VMware sun riga sun wuce tsawo na virtualization zuwa saitin umarnin x86, kuma ba sa buƙatar masu sarrafawa masu ba da damar virtualization. A kan sabbin masu sarrafawa, yanzu an tsara hypervisor don amfani da kari. Koyaya, ba kamar sauran masu kula da hypervisors ba, VMware har yanzu yana tallafawa tsofaffin masu sarrafawa. A irin waɗannan lokuta, yana amfani da CPU don gudanar da lambar kai tsaye a duk lokacin da ya yiwu (kamar, alal misali, lokacin da yake gudanar da yanayin mai amfani da lambar 8086 mai kama da juna akan x86). Lokacin da aiwatarwa kai tsaye ba zai iya aiki ba, kamar tare da matakin kernel da lambar real-mode, samfuran VMware suna amfani da fassarar binary (BT) don sake rubuta lambar da sauri. Ana adana lambar da aka fassara a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, yawanci a ƙarshen sararin adireshi, wanda hanyoyin rarraba zasu iya karewa da sanya marar ganuwa. Saboda wadannan dalilai, VMware yana aiki da sauri fiye da emulators, yana gudana a fiye da 80% na saurin da tsarin aiki na baƙo mai kama da juna zai gudana kai tsaye akan wannan kayan aiki. A cikin wani binciken VMware ya yi iƙirarin raguwa akan 'yan asalin daga 0-6 kashi don VMware ESX Server.

### Software na tebur

* VMware Workstation, wanda aka gabatar a 1999, shine samfurin farko da VMware ta ƙaddamar. Wannan software suite yana bawa masu amfani damar gudanar da lokuta da yawa na x86 ko x86-64-da suka dace da tsarin aiki a kan kwamfuta guda ɗaya. An saki sigar 17.0 a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 2022. Asalin aikace-aikacen kasuwanci, VMware Workstation ya zama kyauta a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024.
* VMware Fusion yana ba da irin wannan aiki ga masu amfani da dandalin Intel Mac, dandalin Apple Silicon da aka gina akan ARM, tare da cikakken jituwa tare da injunan kama-da-wane da wasu samfuran VMware suka kirkira. Asalin aikace-aikacen kasuwanci, VMware Fusion ya zama kyauta a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024.

### Software na uwar garken

* VMware ESXi,  samfurin software na kasuwanci, na iya isar da aiki mafi girma fiye da sabar VMware kyauta, saboda ƙananan tsarin lissafi. VMware ESXi, a matsayin samfurin "karfe-karfe", yana gudana kai tsaye akan kayan aikin uwar garken, yana bawa sabobin kama-da-wane damar amfani da kayan aiki kai tsaye. Bugu da kari, VMware ESXi ya haɗu cikin VMware vCenter, wanda ke ba da ƙarin ayyuka.

### Software na sarrafa girgije

* VMware  Suite - dandalin gudanar da girgije wanda aka gina don girgije mai haɗari. An samo VMware vRealize Hyperic daga SpringSource  kuma daga baya an dakatar da shi a cikin 2020. 
* VMware Go sabis ne na yanar gizo don jagorantar masu amfani da kowane matakin ƙwarewa ta hanyar shigarwa da daidaitawa na VMware vSphere Hypervisor .
* VMware Cloud Foundation - Cloud Foundation yana ba da hanya mai sauƙi don turawa da aiki da girgije mai zaman kansa akan tsarin SDDC.
* vSphere+ da vSAN+ - suna kunna ƙarin sabis na girgije don aikace-aikacen kasuwanci masu mahimmanci da ke gudana a cikin gida, gami da dawo da bala'in IT da kariya ta ransomware 

#### Gudanar da aikace-aikace

* VMware Workspace Portal wani kantin sayar da aikace-aikacen kai ne don gudanar da sararin aiki.

* Bayarwa
** **PlateSpin** (yana samar da kayayyaki) 

### Adanawa da samuwa
Kayayyakin ajiya da wadatar VMware sun hada da kayan aiki guda biyu:

* VMware vSAN (wanda ake kira VMware Virtual SAN a baya) ajiya ne na software wanda aka saka a cikin VMware's ESXi hypervisor. Software na vSphere da vSAN suna gudana a kan sabobin x86 na masana'antu don samar da kayan aikin da aka haɗu da su (ko HCI). Koyaya, masu aiki da cibiyar sadarwa suna buƙatar sabobin daga HCL (Hardware Compatibility List) don sanya ɗaya cikin samarwa. An saki saki saki na farko, sigar 5.5, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2014.   An saki ƙarni na 6, sigar 6.6, a watan Afrilun 2017.   Sabbin fasalulluka da ke cikin VMware vSAN 6.6 sun haɗa da bayanan asali a ɓoyewar hutawa, kariya ta cikin gida don ɗakunan da aka shimfiɗa, nazari, da ingantaccen aikin motsa jiki. An saki sigar VMWare 6.7 a watan Afrilun 2018.
* VMware Site Recovery Manager (SRM) yana sarrafa kansa da gazawar na'urori masu kama da juna zuwa kuma daga wani shafin na biyu ta amfani da gudanarwa na manufofi.  

### Cibiyar sadarwa da samfuran tsaro

* VMware NSX shine samfurin virtualization na cibiyar sadarwa na VMware wanda ake tallatawa ta amfani da kalmar Cibiyar Bayanai ta software (SDDC). Fasahar ta haɗa da wasu da aka samu daga sayan Nicira na 2012. Software Defined Networking (SDN) yana ba da damar manufofi iri ɗaya waɗanda ke sarrafa Identity and Access Management (IAM) don ƙaddamar da matakan samun dama ga aikace-aikace da bayanai ta hanyar cikakkiyar kayan aikin da ba zai yiwu ba tare da hanyar sadarwar gado da hanyoyin samun damar tsarin.

### Sauran kayayyaki

* VIX (Virtual InfrastruC eXtension)  API yana ba da damar sarrafa kansa ko rubutun kwamfuta ta amfani da VMware's vSphere, Workstation, Player, ko samfuran Fusion. VIX yana ba da ɗaurewa ga yarukan shirye-shirye C, Perl, Visual Basic, VBScript da C #.
* **Herald** wata yarjejeniya ce ta sadarwa daga VMware don ingantaccen sadarwa ta Bluetooth da kuma ganowa don na'urorin hannu. Ana samun lambar Herald a ƙarƙashin lasisin budewa kuma an aiwatar da shi a cikin aikace-aikacen COVIDSafe na Gwamnatin Australiya don bin diddigin lamba a ranar 19 ga Disamba 2020.

## Tsohon kayayyakin

### Software na tebur

* VMware Workstation Player (an dakatar da shi)  kyauta ce don amfani da ba na kasuwanci ba, ba tare da buƙatar lasisi ba, kuma ana samun sa don amfani da kasuwanci tare da izini. Yana kama da VMware Workstation, tare da wasu fasalulluka da ba a samu ba, gami da tallafi ga UEFI Secure Boot, snapshots, na'urori masu kama da juna, da wasu fasalin ci gaba.

### Software na sarrafa girgije

* VMware Horizon View samfurin kayan aikin tebur ne mai kama da juna (VDI), amma ya kasance wani ɓangare na sashen UEC wanda aka sayar wa KKR kuma aka sake masa suna Omnissa.

### Sauran kayayyaki

* Workspace ONE UEM yana bawa masu amfani da wayar hannu damar samun damar aikace-aikace da bayanai,  amma ya kasance wani ɓangare na sashen UEC wanda aka sayar wa KKR kuma aka sake masa suna Omnissa.

## Abubuwan da suka faru
Beginning in January 2022, hackers infiltrated servers using the Log4Shell vulnerability at organizations who failed to implement available patches released by VMware according to *PCMag*. ZDNET reported in March 2022 that hackers utilized Log4Shell on some customers' VMware servers to install backdoors and for cryptocurrency mining. In May 2022, *Bleeping Computer* reported that the Lazarus Group cybercrime group, which is possibly linked to North Korea, was actively using Log4Shell "to inject backdoors that fetch information-stealing payloads on VMware Horizon servers", including VMware Horizon.

CVE-2025-22230 rauni ne a cikin nau'ikan VMWare Tools don Microsoft Windows. CVE-2025-22230 wani rauni ne na tabbatarwa wanda, tare da wasu raunana, na iya ba da damar na'ura mai kama da juna don yin tserewa na'ura. CVE-2025-22230 yana da CVSSv3 na 7.8. Broadcom ta bayyana matsalar a ranar 25 ga Maris, 2025. Positive Technologies ne suka fara bayyana matsalar.

## Dubi kuma

* Kwatanta software na dandamali
* Kayan aiki na yanar gizo
* Mai ba da gudummawa
* VMware VMFS

## Manazarta
.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:27em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:22.5em}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-alpha]{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-roman]{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-alpha]{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-greek]{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-roman]{list-style-type:lower-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-alpha .references{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-roman .references{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-alpha .references{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-greek .references{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-roman .references{list-style-type:lower-roman}

## Haɗin waje

*