Ilimin ruwa na muhalli

Ecohydrology (daga Girkanci, *oikos*, "gida (goma) "; Ōδωρ, *hydōr*, ""; da , -logia) wani fannin kimiyya ne wanda ke nazarin hulɗar tsakanin ruwa da Tsarin muhalli. An dauke shi a matsayin wani bangare na ilimin ruwa, tare da mayar da hankali ga muhalli. Wadannan hulɗa na iya faruwa a cikin ruwa, kamar koguna da tafkuna, ko a ƙasa, a cikin dokan daji, game da sauran yanayin halittun ƙasa. Yankunan bincike a cikin ilimin halittu sun haɗa da transpiration da amfani da ruwa na shuka, daidaitawa da kwayoyin zuwa yanayin ruwa, tasirin ciyayi da tsirrai na benthic akan kwararar rafi da aiki, da gumi abubuwan dake tsakanin matakai na muhalli, carbon sponge na ƙasa da sake zagayowar ruwa.

## Muhimman ra'ayoyi
Tsarin hydrologic yana bayyana cigaba da motsin ruwa a kan, sama, da ƙasa a ƙasa a duniya. Wannan kwararar tana canzawa ta hanyar yanayin halittu a wurare da dama. Transpiration daga shuke-shuke yana samar da mafi yawan ruwa zuwa yanayi. Ruwa yana rinjayar shuke-shuke yayin da yake gudana a kan ƙasa, yayin da tashoshin kogi za a iya tsara su ta hanyar shuke- shuke-huke a cikinsu. An haɓaka ilimin Ecohydrology a ƙarƙashin Shirin Hydrological na UNESCO.

Masana ilimin halittu suna nazarin tsarin ƙasa da na ruwa. A cikin yanayin halittu na ƙasa (kamar gandun daji, hamada, da savannah), hulɗar tsakanin ciyayi, ƙasa, Yankin vadose, da ruwan ƙasa  sune babban abin da aka mayar da hankali. A cikin yanayin halittu na ruwa (kamar koguna, rafi, tabkuna, da wuraren dake da ruwa), ana mai da hankali kan yadda ilmin sunadarai na ruwa, ilimin ƙasa, da ilimin ruwa ke shafar tsarin su da aiki.

### Ka'idoji
Babban zato na ilimin muhalli shine don rage lalacewar yanayin halittu ta amfani da ra'ayoyin dake haɗa hanyoyin ƙasa da na ruwa a fadin sikelin. An bayyana ka'idodin Ecohydrology a cikin abubuwa uku na jerin:

# Hydrological (Framework): Ƙididdigar sake zagayowar ruwa na kwandon, ya kamata ya zama samfurin don haɗin gwiwar aiki na hanyoyin ruwa da halittu. Wannan hangen nesa ya haɗa da batun sikelin, ruwa da yanayin zafin jiki, da kuma hulɗar matsayi tsakanin abubuwan dake tattare da halittu da abiotic.
# Muhalli (Manufar): Za'a iya jagorantar matakai masu haɗuwa a sikelin tafkin kogi ta hanyar inganta ƙarfin ɗaukar tafkin da ayyukan yanayin muhalli. Wannan bangare yana hulɗa da fannoni na juriya da juriya.
# Injiniyanci na Muhalli (Hanyar): Tsarin tsarin ruwa da muhalli, bisa ga tsarin tsarin hadin kai, don haka sabon kayan aiki ne don Gudanar da Ruwa. Wannan hanyar ta haɗa tsarin ruwa da manufofi na muhalli don inganta ingancin ruwa da sabis na muhallu, ta amfani da hanyoyin injiniya kamar digues, biomanipulation, sake dasa bishiyoyi, da sauran dabarun gudanarwa.

Ana iya ganin maganganun su a matsayin ra'ayoyin da za a iya gwadawa (Zalewski et al., 1997) kamar haka:

* H1: Hanyoyin ruwa gabaɗaya suna sarrafa halittuhalittu masu rai
* H2: Biota za a iya siffanta shi azaman kayan aiki don daidaita hanyoyin ruwa
* H3: Wadannan nau'ikan ka'idoji guda biyu (H1 & H2) za a iya haɗa su tare da kayan aikin fasaha na ruwa don cimma matsaya da ayyukan muhalli.

Za'a iya tantance ilimin muhalli a cikin takamaiman tsarin ta hanyar amsa wasu tambayoyin asali  Ina ruwa ya fito kuma ina yake tafiya? An bayyana wannan a matsayin hanyar kwarara da ruwan dake shiga cikin ruwa ya ɗauka ana kimantawa. Yaya tsawon lokacin da ruwa ke tsayawa a cikin takamaiman ruwa ko tafkin ruwa? An bayyana wannan a matsayin lokacin zama, inda za'a iya lura da yawan ruwan da ke shiga, fita, ko adanawa. Waɗanne halayen da canje-canje ne ruwa ke fuskanta ta hanyar waɗannan matakai? An bayyana wannan a matsayin halayen biogeochemical, wanda ke da damar canza solutes, abubuwan gina jiki, ko mahadi a cikin ruwa. Ana amfani da hanyoyi da yawa don lura da gwada wuraren ruwa don amsoshin waɗannan tambayoyin. Wato, hydrographs, muhalli da tracers, ko lissafi kamar Dokar Darcy. Wadannan abubuwa uku suna hulɗa kuma suna dogara da juna. Haɗin ruwa sau da yawa yana bayyana yadda waɗannan halaye za su yi hulɗa. Kamar yadda yanayi ko ma'auni na taron ke faruwa, canje-canje a cikin haɗin ruwa yana shafar hanyar ruwa, lokacin zama, da halayen biogeochemical. Wuraren babban aikin amsawa a takamaiman wuri ko lokaci ana kiransu wurare masu zafi ko lokutan zafi (Pedroli, 1990) (Wand et al., 2015) (Krause et al., 1997) (Fisher et al., 2004) (Trauth et al., 2014).

### Shuke-shuke da damuwa na ruwa
Wani muhimmin ra'ayi a cikin ilimin halittu shi ne cewa ci gaban carbon sponge na ƙasa da ilimin lissafi na shuka yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da wadatar ruwa. Inda akwai isasshen ruwa, kamar yadda yake a cikin gandun daji, ci gaban shuke-shuke ya fi dogara da wadatar abinci mai gina jiki. Koyaya, a cikin yankunan da ba su da ruwa, kamar savannah na Afirka, nau'in ciyayi da rarraba suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da adadin ruwan da shuke-shuke zasu iya cirewa daga ƙasa. Lokacin da babu isasshen Ruwa na ƙasa, yanayin damuwa na ruwa yana faruwa. Tsire-tsire a ƙarƙashin damuwa na ruwa suna rage duka gumi da photosynthesis ta hanyar amsawa da yawa, gami da rufe stomata. Wannan raguwa a cikin gandun daji, ruwan da ke gudana da kuma carbon dioxide na iya rinjayar yanayin da ke kewaye da shi.

Rashin isasshen danshi na ƙasa yana haifar da damuwa a cikin shuke-shuke, kuma wadatar ruwa tana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwa guda biyu (zazzabi shine ɗayan) waɗanda ke ƙayyade rarraba jinsuna. Iska mai ƙarfi, ƙarancin zafi na yanayi, ƙarancen carbon dioxide, zafin jiki mai girma, da ƙarancin haske duk suna ƙara ƙarancin danshi na ƙasa. Hakanan ana rage wadatar danshi a yanayin zafi na ƙasa. Ɗaya daga cikin martani na farko ga rashin isasshen danshi shine raguwar matsin turgor; ana hana fadada tantanin halitta da girma nan da nan, kuma tsire-tsire marasa tsire-shire nan da nan sun bushe.

Ma'anar karancin ruwa, kamar yadda Stocker ya bunkasa a cikin shekarun 1920,    alama ce mai amfani da ma'auni a cikin shuka tsakanin ɗaukar ruwa da asarar ruwa. Rashin ruwa mai sauƙi na al'ada ne kuma baya lalata aikin shuka, yayin da mafi girma ya rushe tsarin shuka na al'adu.

Karin damuwa a cikin matsakaiciyar tushe (ƙasa carbon sponge) kamar yadda ƙananan yanayi biyar ke shafar girma, gumi, da ma'aunin ruwa na ciki a cikin shuke-shuke. Wannan yana shafar tsiro na Norway fiye da birch, aspen, ko Scots pine. Rage yawan daidaituwa yafi girma a cikin spruce fiye da sauran jinsuna, kuma, daga cikin waɗannan jinsunan, kawai spruce ba ya nuna karuwa a cikin amfani da ruwa yayin da ƙasa ta zama bushe. Conifers guda biyu Norway spruce da Scots pine suna nuna manyan bambance-bambance a cikin yiwuwar ruwa tsakanin ganye da substratum fiye da hardwoods. Rashin gumi ya ragu ƙasa a cikin Norway spruce fiye da sauran nau'o'i uku yayin da matsin ruwa na ƙasa ya karu har zuwa yanayi 5 a cikin yanayin da aka sarrafa. A yanayin filin, allurar Norway spruce ta rasa sau uku da yawa ruwa daga cikakkiyar yanayin turgid kamar yadda birch da aspen ganye suke yi, kuma sau biyu fiye da Scots pine, kafin a bayyana rufe stomata (ko da yake akwai wasu matsaloli wajen tantance ainihin ma'anar rufewa).  Saboda haka daidaitawa na iya ci gaba da tsawo a cikin spruce fiye da pine lokacin da matsin ruwa na shuka ya yi yawa, kodayake spruce zai kasance na farko da zai "yi gudu daga ruwa".

### Tsarin ruwa na ƙasa
Rashin ƙasa kalma ce ta gaba ɗaya dake kwatanta adadin ruwa dake cikin Yankin vadose, ko ɓangaren ƙasa da ba a cika shi ba. Tunda tsire-tsire sun dogara da wannan ruwa don aiwatar da matakai masu mahimmanci na halitta, danshi na ƙasa yana da mahimmanci ga nazarin ilimin muhalli. Ana bayyana danshi na ƙasa gabaɗaya a matsayin abun ciki na ruwa. 

θ 

{\S\theta } 

, ko satar, 

S 

{\displaystyle S} 

. Wadannan kalmomi suna da alaƙa da ƙuƙwalwa, 

n 

{\n 

, ta hanyar lissafin 

θ = n S 

{\displaystyle \theta =nS} 

. Canje-canje a cikin danshi na ƙasa a tsawon lokaci an san su da ƙarfin danshi na kasa.

Nazarin duniya na baya-bayan nan ta amfani da isotopes na ruwa ya nuna cewa ba duk danshi na ƙasa yake daidai ba don sake caji na ruwa ko don tsire-tsire.

Ana iya ƙara ruwan dake cikin ƙasa mai yashi ta wurin kasancewar yumɓu.

### Tsarin abinci mai gina jiki da Lafiya na Ruwa
Tsarin abinci mai gina jiki yana bayyana yadda aka haɗa tsarin halitta da na jiki don sarrafa jigilar abinci mai gina ciki ko sarrafa kayan abinci mai gina abinci. Ruwa yana tafiya zuwa ƙasa yana musayar abubuwan gina jiki ta hanyar wadataccen abubuwan gina jiki da wadataccen iskar oxygen. Maimakon ci gaba ko musayar sannu a hankali, abubuwan gina jiki suna sake zagayowar a cikin ɗakuna a gefen kogin. Cikakken tsawon juzu'i (S) ya ƙunshi tsawon ɗaukar (Sw) da tsawon juyawa (Sp da Sc). Sw shine matsakaicin tsawon abin gina jiki da aka narke a cikin ruwa kafin a sake ɗauka. Ana iya fahimtar wannan hanyar a matsayin mai juzu'i mai ban mamaki. Za'a iya rinjayar jujjuyawar abinci ta hanyar rafi saboda mafi girma ko ƙananan ma'amala na ruwa tare da gadon tashar inda zagaye na abinci ke faruwa. Ƙananan ma'amala mai gina jiki a cikin babban mataki da kuma babban ma'amala da abinci mai gina jiki. (

Rashin ruwa na iya ƙaruwa da raguwa don sake zagayowar abubuwan gina jiki a cikin tsarin su gaba ɗaya saboda darajar su, fitarwa da saurin su. Koyaya, bil'adama ma yana da tasiri sosai a wannan yanki, wanda ke haifar da lalacewar tsarin kiwon lafiya a lokuta da yawa. "Aikin noma, birane, da kuma hakar albarkatun sun kara yawan kayan abinci masu gina jiki da kuma canza isar da kwayoyin halitta (DOM) da samarwa....A cikin shekaru 60 da suka gabata, aikin ɗan adam ya ninka fiye da ninki biyu na nitrogen na duniya da kuma ninka nauyin phosphorus sau huɗu. A lokaci guda, amfani da ƙasa na ɗan adam ya dame rabin ƙasa na duniya kai tsaye, yana canza ƙarfin yanayin halittu don sarrafawa [ko sake zagayowar] waɗannan abubuwan gina jiki. " 

### Bayani na lokaci dana sararin samaniya
Ka'idar Ecohydrological kuma tana bada mahimmanci ga la'akari da dangantakar lokaci (lokaci) da sarari (sarari). Hydrology, musamman lokacin abubuwan da suka faru na hazo, na iya zama muhimmiyar mahimmanci a cikin hanyar da yanayin halittu ke tasowa a tsawon lokaci. Misali, wuraren da ke Bahar Rum suna fuskantar lokacin rani da hunturu mai laushi. Idan tsire-tsire suna da lokacin girma na rani, sau da yawa suna fuskantar damuwa na ruwa, kodayake jimlar ruwan sama a duk shekara na iya zama matsakaici. Tsarin halittu a cikin waɗannan yankuna yawanci sun samo asali ne don tallafawa yawan ruwan da ake buƙata a cikin hunturu, lokacin da wadatar ruwa ta yi yawa, da kuma bishiyoyi masu dacewa da fari a lokacin rani, lokacin da yake ƙasa.

Ecohydrology kuma ya damu da kansa tare da abubuwan dake tattare da ruwa a bayan rarraba sararin samaniya na tsire-tsire. Mafi kyawun sarari da tsarin sararin samaniya na tsire-tsire aƙalla an ƙayyade su ta hanyar wadatar ruwa. A cikin yanayin halittu tare da karancin danshi na ƙasa, itatuwa yawanci suna nesa da su fiye da yadda zawu kasance a wuraren da ke da ruwa sosai.

## Ƙididdigar asali da samfuran

### Daidaitaccen ruwa a wani wuri
Wani muhimmin daidaituwa a cikin ilimin halittu shine ma'aunin ruwa a wani batu a cikin wuri mai faɗi. Ma'aunin ruwa ya bayyana cewa adadin ruwan da ke shiga ƙasa dole ne ya zama daidai da adadin ruwan da ya bar ƙasa tare da canjin yawan ruwan da aka adana a cikin ƙasa. Ma'aunin ruwa yana da manyan abubuwa huɗu: shigar da hazo a cikin ƙasa, evapotranspiration, leakage na ruwa a cikin ɓangarori masu zurfi na ƙasa da ba a iya isa ga shuka ba, da kuma runoff daga ƙasa. An bayyana shi ta hanyar lissafi mai zuwa:

nZ_{r} \frac{ds(t)}{dt}=R(t) - I(t) - Q[s(t),t]- E[s(t)] - L[s(t)] 

Kalmomin dake gefen hagu na daidaitattun suna bayyana jimlar ruwan da ke cikin yankin tushe - carbon sponge na ƙasa. Wannan ruwa, mai sauƙin isa ga ciyayi, yana da girman daidai da ƙuƙwalwar ƙasa ( 

n 

{\nhttps://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b 

) ya ninka ta hanyar satar sa ( 

s 

{\displaystyle s} 

) da zurfin tushen shuka ( 

Z 

r 

{\displaystyle Z_{r}} 

Rashin amfani da shi Daidaitawar bambanci 

d s (t)  

/ 

d t 

{\displaystyle ds (t) /dt} 

ya bayyana yadda satar ƙasa ke canzawa a tsawon lokaci. Kalmomin dake gefen dama suna bayyana yawan ruwan sama ( 

R 

{\Rhttps://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed" xmlns="">R{\displaystyle R}https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33 

), tsayarwa ( 

Na 

{\I 

), runoff ( 

Q 

{\displaystyle Q} 

), evapotranspiration ( 

E 

{\displaystyle E} 

), da kuma ɓarkewa ( 

L 

{\displaystyle L} 

Rashin amfani da shi Wadannan galibi ana ba dasu a cikin millimeters kowace rana (mm / d). Runoff, evaporation, da leakage duk sun dogara ne sosai ga satar ƙasa a wani lokaci.

Don warware daidaitattun, dole ne a san yawan evapotranspiration a matsayin aikin danshi na ƙasa. Misali da akayi amfani dashi don bayyana shi ya bayyana cewa sama da wani saturation, evaporation zai dogara ne kawai da abubuwan yanayi kamar hasken rana. Da zarar ƙasa da wannan batu, danshi na ƙasa yana sanya iko akan evapotranspiration, kuma yana raguwa har sai ƙasa ta kai inda ciyayi ba zata iya cire ruwa ba. Wannan matakin ƙasa galibi ana kiransa "maɓallin bushewa na dindindin". Amfani da wannan kalmar na iya haifar da rikice-rikice saboda yawancin nau'ikan shuke-shuke ba su da "wilt".

### Lambobin Damköhler
Lambar Damkohler wani rabo ne wanda bashi da yawa wanda ke hasashen ko tsawon lokacin da wani abu mai gina jiki ko solute yake a cikin takamaiman tafki ko ruwa zai zama isasshen lokaci don takamaiman martani ya faru.

 Da = {\frac{T_{transport}}{T_{reaction}}} 

Inda T shine lokacin ko dai sufuri ko amsawa. Za'a iya maye gurbin lokacin sufuri don fallasa T don sanin ko wani martani zai iya faruwa da gaske dangane da lokacin da za'a iya fallasa mai amsawa ga yanayin da ya dace don amsawa. Lambar Damkohler da tafi 1 tana nuna cewa martani yana da lokaci don amsawa gaba ɗaya, yayin da akasin haka gaskiya ne ga lambar Damkohler ƙasa da 1.

### Dokar Darcy
Dokar Darcy itace daidaituwa wanda ke bayyana kwararar ruwa ta hanyar matsakaici. Henry Darcy ne ya tsara dokar a farkon shekarun 1800 lokacin da aka tuhume shi da aikin kawo ruwa ta hanyar ruwa zuwa garin Dijon, Faransa. Henry ya gudanar da gwaje-gwaje daban-daban akan kwararar ruwa ta hanyar yashi don samun daidaitattun.

 Q = -KA{\frac{H}{L}} 

Inda Q shine fitarwa da aka auna a cikin m3/sec. K shine hawan ruwa (m / s). A yanki ne na ɓangaren giciye wanda ruwa ke tafiya (m2). Inda H shine canji a tsawo a kan nisan dake cikin ruwa (m). Inda L shine tsawon ruwa ko nisan ruwa yana tafiya (m).

### Rubuce-rubucen ruwa
Hydrographs sune samfuran da ake amfani da su don nazarin fitar da ruwa a wani lokaci a cikin kogi. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da su bayan ruwan sama ko ambaliyar ruwa don nuna yadda kwararar ruwa ta canza. An auna shi a cikin Volume ⁄Time . 

Akwai manyan axis 3 a cikin hydrograph. Su ne Lokaci, Rashin Ruwa, da Ruwan sama.

### Daidaitaccen Ruwa
Wannan daidaitattun ya shafi kiyayewa ga tsarin ruwa kuma ana amfani dashi don lissafin tsarin rufe ruwa / shigarwa.

P = R + ET + ΔS

Inda P shine hazo. R shine gudana. ET shine evapotranspiration. ΔS shine canji a ajiya.

## Dubi kuma

* Hanyar halayyar
* Gudanar da ciki
* Zafin ciki

## Manazarta

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