Gurbatar hasken muhalli

**Gurɓatar hasken muhalli** shine yake tasirin lallata  hasken muhalli  

2akan kwayoyin halitta guda daya da kuma tsarin halittu gaba daya.

Tasiri da hasken wucin gadi ke da shi a kan kwayoyin halitta yana da matukar muni, kuma ya bambanta daga fa'ida (misali karin ikon nau'in maharbi don lura da ganima) zuwa ga mutuwa nan da nan (misali asu da ke sha'awar fitilun wuta kuma zafi ya kashe su). Hakanan yana yiwuwa hasken da dare ya kasance mai fa'ida kuma yana cutar da nau'in halitta. A matsayin misali, mutane suna amfana daga yin amfani da hasken wucin gadi na cikin gida don tsawaita lokacin da ake samu don aiki da wasa, amma hasken yana rushe rudun circadian na ɗan adam, kuma sakamakon damuwa yana lalata lafiya.

Ta hanyar tasirin daban-daban da gurɓataccen haske ke da shi a kan nau'ikan mutum ɗaya, yanayin yanayin yankuna yana shafar. A cikin batun inda jinsuna biyu suka mamaye Niche guda biyu, yawan adadin yawan jama'a na iya canzawa da gabatarwar wucin gadi da dare. Misali, wasu nau'in gizo-gizo suna guje wa wuraren da aka kunna wuta, yayin da wasu nau'ikan suna son gina gidajen yanar gizo kai tsaye akan fitilun. Tun da fitilun fitulu suna jawo kwari masu tashi da yawa, gizo-gizo da ke jure wa haske suna samun fa'ida akan gizo-gizon da ke guje mata, kuma suna iya zama mafi rinjaye a cikin muhalli a sakamakon haka. Canje-canje a cikin waɗannan mitoci na nau'in na iya yin tasiri a kan ƙwanƙwasa, kamar yadda hulɗar tsakanin waɗannan nau'ikan da sauran nau'ikan halittu ke shafar kuma ana canza gidajen abinci. Waɗannan illolin na iya shafar tsirrai da dabbobi na yau da kullun. Misali, canje-canje a cikin ayyukan ƙwari masu aiki na dare na iya canza yanayin rayuwa na tsire-tsire masu furanni na dare,  wanda zai iya ba da abinci ko matsuguni ga dabbobin yau da kullun.

Gabatarwar hasken wucin gadi da dare yana ɗaya daga cikin sauye-sauye masu tsauri ga ɗan adam a Duniya, kwatankwacin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu, canjin amfani da ƙasa, da canjin yanayi saboda haɓakar iskar gas na kore .

## Zagayen haske na halitta
Gabatarwar hasken wucin gadi yana tarwatsa da yawa na hasken halitta wanda ke tasowa daga motsi na Duniya, Wata, da Rana, da kuma daga abubuwan yanayi .

### Zagayowar rana (rana).
Mafi bayyanan canji a cikin gabatar da haske da dare shine ƙarshen duhu gaba ɗaya. Zagayowar rana/dare mai yiwuwa shine siginar ɗabi'ar muhalli mafi ƙarfi, kamar yadda kusan dukkan dabbobi za a iya rarraba su azaman dare ko na rana . Idan dabbar dare tana aiki ne kawai a cikin matsanancin duhu, ba za ta iya rayuwa a wuraren da aka kunna wuta ba. Mafi munin abin da ya fi shafa shine kai tsaye kusa da fitilun tituna da gine-gine masu haske, amma hasken sararin sama zai iya kaiwa zuwa ɗaruruwan kilomita nesa da tsakiyar gari .￼

### Zagaye na yanayi (rana).
Karɓawar axial na Duniya yana haifar da yanayi a waje da wurare masu zafi . Canji a cikin tsawon yini, ko lokacin daukar hoto, shine mabuɗin sigina don halayen yanayi (misali lokacin mating ) a cikin dabbobin da ba na wurare masu zafi ba. Kasancewar haske da daddare na iya haifar da "lokacin da ba su wuce lokaci ba",  canza hali, thermoregulation, da aikin hormonal na kwayoyin da abin ya shafa. Wannan na iya haifar da yanke haɗin kai tsakanin aikin jiki da yanayin yanayi, haifar da rushewa ga haifuwa, barci, da ƙaura.

### Zagayen wata
Halin wasu dabbobi (misali coyotes,    jemagu, kwari ) yana da mabuɗin zuwa zagayowar wata. Kusa da cibiyoyin birni matakin skyglow yakan wuce na cikakken wata, don haka kasancewar hasken da daddare na iya canza waɗannan halayen, mai yuwuwar rage dacewa.

### Gajimare ɗaukar hoto
A wurare masu kyau, gajimare na shafe taurari kuma suna duhuntar da sararin sama, wanda ke haifar da mafi duhun dare. A cikin birane da kewayen birni, akasin haka, gajimare na haɓaka tasirin skyglow, doi: musamman don tsayin igiyoyin ruwa. < Wannan yana nufin cewa matakin haske ya fi girma a kusa da birane, amma kuma yana nufin cewa da gaske dare duhu bai taɓa faruwa a waɗannan wuraren ba.

## Tasirin gurɓataccen haske a kan kwayoyin halitta guda ɗaya

### Muhalli na Duniya

#### Kwari
Shawarar kwari zuwa hasken wucin gadi yana daya daga cikin sanannun misalan tasirin hasken da daddare kan halittu. Lokacin da kwari ke sha'awar fitilu ana iya kashe su ta hanyar gajiya ko hulɗa da fitilar kanta, kuma suna da rauni ga mafarauta kamar jemagu.

Bambance-bambancen tsayin hasken haske yana shafar kwari daban-daban, kuma yawancin nau'ikan suna iya ganin hasken ultraviolet da infrared wanda ba zai iya gani ga mutane. Saboda bambance-bambance a cikin fahimta, asu sun fi sha'awar faffadan fari da maɓuɓɓugan haske masu launin shuɗi fiye da yadda suke fitowa zuwa hasken rawaya wanda ƙananan fitilun sodium-vapor ke fitarwa. 

Haɗin ido na asu yana haifar da jan hankali ga haske.

Dragonflies suna ganin haske a kwance a kwance a matsayin alamar ruwa. Don haka, ba za a iya bambanta tushen ruwa da hanyoyin kwalta tare da gurɓataccen haske a gare su. Duwatsu masu neman ruwa ko dai su sha ko kuma a sanya ƙwai a cikinsa sukan sauko akan tituna ko wasu wurare masu duhu duhu kamar motoci kuma suna kasancewa a wurin har sai sun mutu saboda rashin ruwa da hawan jini.

Rashin gurɓataccen haske na iya kawo cikas ga al'adar ɗaurin aure na gobara, da zarar sun dogara da hasken nasu don yin zawarcin, yana haifar da raguwar yawan jama'a.  

Ƙwayoyin wuta suna da kwarjini (wanda ke da ƙarancin inganci a tsakanin kwari) kuma waɗanda ba ƙwararru ba ne suke iya hange su cikin sauƙi, suna samar da kyawawan nau'ikan tukwane don jawo hankalin jama'a; Kyakkyawan samfurin bincike don tasirin haske akan namun daji na dare; kuma a ƙarshe, saboda hankalinsu da saurin amsawa ga sauye-sauyen muhalli, masu kyau na bioindicators don hasken dare na wucin gadi.

#### Tsuntsaye
Fitilar kan dogayen gine-gine na iya ɓatar da tsuntsayen da ke ƙaura zuwa ga mutuwa. Kimanin mutane miliyan 365-988 ne suka yi karo da gine-ginen tsuntsaye masu saurin kisa a kowace shekara a Arewacin Amurka, wanda ke sa gine-ginen da mutum ya kera ya zama babban taimako ga raguwar jinsunan tsuntsaye. Wurin saman gilashin da ke fitar da hasken wucin gadi da dare shine babban abin da ke haifar da mugunyar karon tsuntsaye da gine-gine, kuma kashe fitulu da daddare na iya rage yawan mace-macen. Shirin Fatal Light Awareness Program (FLAP) yana aiki tare da masu ginin a Toronto, Kanada da sauran biranen don rage mace-macen tsuntsaye ta hanyar kunna fitilu a lokacin ƙaura.

An kuma lura da irin wannan rashin fahimta ga nau'in tsuntsayen da ke ƙaura kusa da samar da wuraren hakowa a teku. Nazarin Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij bv (NAM) da Shell sun haifar da haɓakawa da gwajin sabbin fasahohin haske a cikin Tekun Arewa. A farkon 2007, an shigar da fitilu a kan dandalin samar da Shell L15. Gwajin ya tabbatar da babban nasara tun da yawan tsuntsayen da ke kewaya dandalin ya ragu da kashi 50 &#x2013; 90%.[56] Tsuntsayen teku na kanana kuma fitilu na iya ɓatar da su yayin da suke barin gidajensu da tashi zuwa teku.

Tsuntsaye suna ƙaura da dare saboda dalilai da yawa. Ajiye ruwa daga bushewa a cikin zafin rana yana tashi kuma wani ɓangare na tsarin kewayawa na tsuntsu yana aiki tare da taurari ta wata hanya. Tare da hasken birni yana haskaka sararin sama na dare, tsuntsaye (da kuma game da dabbobi masu shayarwa) ba sa yawo da taurari. 

Ceilometers (fitilolin bincike) na iya zama tarkuna musamman ga tsuntsaye,  yayin da aka kama su a cikin katako kuma suna haɗarin gajiya da karo da wasu tsuntsaye. A cikin mafi munin kisa da aka yi rikodin ceilometer, a ranar 7-8 ga Oktoba, 1954, an kashe tsuntsaye 50,000 daga nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan 53 a Warner Robins Air Force Base.

#### Kunkuru
Fitilar ci gaban gabar teku tana korar iyayen kunkuru na Teku, kuma 'ya'yansu masu kyankyashe suna sha'awar fitilun titi da otal maimakon ga teku.

#### Tsire-tsire
Hasken wucin gadi yana da mummunan tasiri akan bishiyoyi da shuke-shuke, musamman a cikin fall da kaka phenology . Bishiyoyi da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire suna dogara ga photoperiod, ko adadin lokaci a cikin rana inda hasken rana ke samuwa don photosynthesis, don taimakawa wajen ƙayyade yanayi masu canzawa. Lokacin da sa'o'in hasken rana ya ragu, tsire-tsire za su iya gane cewa kaka yana gudana kuma ya fara yin shirye-shirye don kwanciyar hankali na hunturu. Misali, bishiyu masu ɗorewa suna canza launin ganyen su don ƙara girman tsayin haske daban-daban waɗanda suka fi yawa a cikin faɗuwa kafin daga bisani su watsar da su yayin da haske ya yi ƙaranci don photosynthesis ya zama mai daraja. Lokacin da bishiyun da aka fallasa ga gurɓataccen haske, suna kuskuren hasken wucin gadi don hasken rana kuma suna riƙe koren ganyen su daga baya zuwa lokacin kaka. Wannan na iya zama haɗari ga itacen, saboda yana ɓata makamashi don ƙoƙarin yin photosynthesize wanda ya kamata a kiyaye shi don rayuwa ta hunturu. Rashin gurɓataccen haske na iya haifar da stoma na ganye ya kasance a buɗe har cikin dare, wanda ke barin bishiyar ta kasance mai saurin kamuwa da cuta.

Hakazalika, gurɓataccen haske a cikin bazara kuma na iya zama haɗari ga bishiyoyi da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire. Hasken wucin gadi yana sa tsire-tsire suyi tunanin cewa bazara ya isa kuma lokaci yayi da za a fara samar da ganye don sake yin photosynthesizing. Koyaya, yanayin zafi ba zai yi zafi ba tukuna don tallafawa sabbin ganyayen ganye, kuma suna iya kamuwa da sanyi, wanda zai iya lalata samar da ganyen gaba. Ƙananan tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire waɗanda aka fallasa ga hasken wucin gadi na iya fuskantar haɗari mafi girma, saboda yawancin jikinsu yana haskakawa. Sabili da haka, tsarin tushen kawai yana da kariya, kuma zai iya yuwuwa ba zai isa ya ci gaba da ciyar da shuka gaba ɗaya ba yayin da yake ƙoƙarin kasancewa kore ta cikin kaka da hunturu.

### Muhallin Ruwa

#### Zooplankton
Zooplankton (misali Daphnia ) yana nuna ƙaura a tsaye . Wato suna canza matsayinsu na tsaye a cikin tafkunan cikin yini. A cikin tabkuna tare da kifi, babban direba na ƙaura shine matakin haske, saboda ƙananan kifi suna ganima a kansu. Gabatar da haske ta hanyar skyglow yana rage tsayin da zasu iya hawa cikin dare. Saboda zooplankton yana ciyar da phytoplankton da ke samar da algae, raguwar tsinkayar su akan phytoplankton na iya ƙara samun damar furen algal, wanda zai iya kashe tsire-tsire na tabkuna da ƙananan ingancin ruwa .

#### Kifi
Gurɓataccen haske yana tasiri ƙaura a wasu nau'in kifi. Misali, salmon chinook na yara suna jan hankali kuma suna rage gudu ta hanyar hasken wucin gadi. Mai yiyuwa ne hasken wucin gadi ya kusantar da su kusa da bakin tekun, inda suke fuskantar hadarin tsinke daga tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa. Hasken wucin gadi kuma yana jawo babban kifin piscivorous, wanda ke da fa'ida saboda saurin motsin kifin yara. Gurɓataccen haske kuma yana da tasiri akan aikin hormonal na wasu kifi; Turai perch da roach duk sun sami raguwa a cikin samar da hormones na haihuwa lokacin da aka fallasa su ga hasken wucin gadi a cikin yanayin karkara. An kuma nuna hasken wucin gadi yana haifar da tarnaki ga kifaye (da zooplankton) a cikin tsaunukan Arctic, inda kwale-kwalen kamun kifi da fitulu suka haifar da karancin kifin da ya kai mita 200 a kasa da ruwan.

### Mutane
A farkon ƙarni an gano cewa idanuwan ɗan adam suna ɗauke da na'urar daukar hoto mara hoto wanda shine farkon mai daidaita yanayin hawan circadian na ɗan adam. Wannan photoensor yana da tasiri musamman ta launin shuɗi, kuma idan ya lura da haske glandon pineal yana dakatar da fitar da melatonin . Kasancewar haske da daddare a cikin gidajen mutane (ko na masu aiki) yana sa yin barci da wahala kuma yana rage yawan adadin melatonin a cikin jini, da fallasa ga ƙaramin fitila mai haske na mintuna 39 ya isa ya hana matakan melatonin. zuwa 50%.   Saboda melatonin yana da ƙarfi anti-oxidant, ana tsammanin cewa wannan raguwa zai iya haifar da ƙarin haɗarin nono da ciwon daji na prostate.

The effect that artificial light has upon organisms is wavelength dependent.  While human beings cannot see ultraviolet light, it is often used by entomologists to attract insects. Generally speaking, blue light is more likely to be damaging to mammals because the non-imaging photoreceptors in mammalian eyes are most sensitive in the blue region.  This means that if traditional vapor discharge streetlamps are replaced by white LEDs (which generally  more of their radiation in the blue part of the spectrum), the ecological impact could be greater even if the total amount of radiated light is decreased.

## Polarized haske gurbatawa

Fuskokin shirin wucin gadi, kamar tagogin gilashi ko kwalta suna nuna haske sosai. Yawancin kwari suna jan hankalin su zuwa ga sararin samaniya, saboda polarization yawanci alama ce ta ruwa. Ana kiran wannan tasirin gurbataccen haske na polarized, kuma ko da yake yana da wani nau'i na photopollution na muhalli, " gurɓataccen hasken muhalli " yawanci yana nufin tasirin hasken wucin gadi akan kwayoyin halitta.

A cikin dare, polarization na sararin samaniyar wata yana raguwa sosai a gaban gurɓataccen hasken birane, saboda hasken birane da ya tarwatse ba ya da ƙarfi sosai.  Tunda hasken wata da aka yi imani da cewa dabbobi da yawa suna amfani da su don kewayawa, wannan nunin wani mummunan tasiri ne na gurɓataccen haske a kan ilimin halittu.

## Hana da Sarrafawa
Don daidaitawa da sarrafa matsalar gurɓataccen haske, yana buƙatar kafa tsarin kulawa da balagagge. Bisa binciken da Zhou ya yi, gabatar da ka'idoji kamar hasken wutar lantarki, karfafa farfaganda da ilmantar da gwamnoni na iya taimakawa wajen dakile ko rage illar gurbatar yanayi.

## Nassoshi