open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Jamaican Patois

****Jamaica** Patois** (/ˈpætwɑː/; a cikin gida an fassara Jamaican **Patwah** kuma ana kiranta **Jamaican Creole** ta masana harshe) yare ne na Turanci wanda aka gauraya da yawancin yarukan Yammacin Afirka da wasu tasirin daga Arawak, Mutanen Espanya da sauran harsuna, ana magana da farko a Jamaica da kuma tsakanin jama'ar Jamaica. Ana iya jin kalmomi ko karin magana daga Jamaican Patois a wasu ƙasashen Caribbean, Ingila, Birnin New York da Miami a Amurka, da Toronto, Kanada. Yawancin kalmomin da ba na Turanci ba a cikin Patois sun samo asali ne daga yaren Akan na Yammacin Afirka. Yawancin Jamaicans suna magana da shi a matsayin yaren asali.

Patois ya ci gaba a cikin karni na 17 lokacin da aka fallasa bayi daga Yamma da Afirka ta Tsakiya, suka koyi, kuma suka zama yarukan yaren da masu bautar da masu kula da su ke magana: Turanci na Burtaniya, Hiberno-Ingilishi da Scots. Jamaican Creole ya wanzu a cikin digiri tsakanin siffofin creole masu ra'ayin mazan jiya waɗanda ba su da mahimmanci ga juna tare da Turanci,  kuma siffofin kusan iri ɗaya da Standard English. 

Jamaicans suna magana da yarensu a matsayin , kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita azaman ƙananan kalmomi a matsayin bayanin amfani da yawa na pidgins, Creoles, yare, da harsuna a duk duniya. Creoles, gami da Jamaican Patois, galibi ana nuna su a matsayin harsuna masu daraja ko da lokacin da yawancin mutanen yankin ke magana a matsayin harshen uwa. Maganar Jamaican da ƙamus sun bambanta sosai da Turanci duk da amfani mai yawa na kalmomin Ingilishi ko abubuwan da aka samo asali.

## Fasahar sauti
Lissafin basil na Jamaican Patois (wato, mafi yawan nau'ikan karkara) suna ba da shawarar kusan 21 phonemic consonants  tare da ƙarin phoneme (/ h /) a cikin yaren Yamma.  Akwai tsakanin wasula tara zuwa goma sha shida. Wasu wasula suna iya yin nasalisation kuma wasu za a iya tsawaita su.

## Manazarta
Jamaican Maroon Creole

**Harshen Maroon na Jamaica**, **Harshen Maroon Spirit**, **Kromanti**, **Jamaican Maroon Creole** ko **zurfin patwa** yare ne na al'ada kuma tsohuwar yaren mahaifiyar Jamaican Maroons. Yana da harshen Ingilishi na asali tare da wani bangare mai karfi na Akan, musamman daga Yaren Asante na zamani Ghana. Ya bambanta da Creole na Jamaican na yau da kullun, yana kama da Creoles na Saliyo (Krio) da Creoles masu Surinam kamar Sranan da Ndyuka . Har ila yau, ya fi Akan fiye da Patois na yau da kullun, tare da ɗan gudummawa daga wasu harsunan Afirka. A yau, harshen Maroon Spirit yana amfani da Jamaican Maroons da Surinamese Maroons (yawanci Coromantees). Wani Harshe na al'ada (wanda ake kira Kromanti) wanda ya kunshi mafi yawan kalmomi da jimloli daga yarukan Akan, Jamaican Maroons suna amfani da shi a cikin al'adun Myal ciki har da wasu da suka shafi mallaka da ruhohin kakanninmu a lokacin bukukuwan Kromanti ko lokacin da suke magana da waɗanda aka mallaka kuma wani lokacin ana amfani da su azaman nau'in lambar. Kromanti kuma reshe ne na addinin Myal a cikin al'ummomin Maroko na Jamaica.

Kalmar "Kromanti" tana amfani da mahalarta Maroon a cikin irin waɗannan bukukuwan Myal don komawa ga yarensu da kakanninmu suka yi magana a baya, kafin kirkirar Jamaican Maroon Creole. Ana amfani da wannan kalmar don komawa ga yaren da "a bayyane yake ba wani nau'i ne na Jamaican Creole ba kuma yana nuna ƙarancin abubuwan Ingilishi" (Bilby 1983: 38).  Duk da yake Kromanti ba yare ne mai aiki ba, waɗanda ruhohin kakanninmu ke da ikon yin magana da shi. Ana kwatanta kakannin da suka fi nisa da kakannin da aka yi amfani da su kwanan nan a kan gradient, irin wannan karuwar ƙarfi da iyawa a cikin amfani da Kromanti wanda ba a kirkira ba ana danganta shi ga kakannin da ke nesa (kamar yadda ya saba da Jamaican Maroon Creole da aka yi šomišwa don magance waɗannan kakannin).

## Wasu halaye na sauti na Jamaican Maroon Creole
Bilby ya tattauna bambance-bambance da yawa tsakanin Jamaican Creole da Jamaican Maroon Creole .

**Magana ta sautin**: Wasu kalmomi a cikin Maroon Creole suna da sautin a cikin sashi na ƙarshe, idan aka kwatanta da Jamaican Creole. Wasu misalai sune

## manazarta
Harshen Tanga

**Tanga**, ko **Noho**, harshen Bantu ne na Kamaru da Equatorial Guinea. Masu magana da Limba suna ba da rahoton ɗan fahimtar fahimtar juna kuma suna kiranta "Tsohon Malimba"

## Manazarta
Harshen Yasa

**Iyasa** (Yasa, Yassa) yaren Bantu ne da ake magana da shi a cikin Kamaru da Equatorial Guinea ta mutanen Iyasa da Ndowe masu kamun kifi na bakin teku. Ana kuma amfani da shi ta hanyar Pygmies, watakila Babongo, a Gabon . Kimanin mutane 3,000 suna magana da Iyasa,  ko da yake wasu sun lura cewa wannan adadin na iya zama ƙima. 

Iyasa kuma yana da sunayen Bongwe, Lyaasa, da Maasa. Yaruka sune *Bweko, Vendo, Bodele, Aure, Daya, Asonga, Bomui, Mogana, Mooma, Mapanga* . Yana iya kuma ya zama yaren Kombe . Masu iya magana sun ba da rahoton cewa Kombe da Iyasa sun kusan fahimtar juna. 

## Rabewa
Dieu da Renaud (1993) sun rarraba Iyasa a matsayin harshen Sawabantu (A.30 a cikin rarrabuwar Guthrie). 

## Rarraba Geographic
Ana magana da Iyasa a gabar tekun Kamaru kudu da Kribi, ciki har da birnin Campo . Ana kuma magana a fadin kogin Ntem a Equatorial Guinea.  Ƙauyen Iyasa na arewa shine Lolabe, 31&nbsp;km kudu da Kribi. 

## Ilimin sauti
Iyasa yana da tsarin wasali bakwai: 

Hakanan yana da baƙaƙen sauti guda 22: 

## Nahawu

### Darasi na suna
Iyasa yana da azuzuwan suna 12, kamar yadda aka zayyana a cikin jadawalin da ke ƙasa (wanda aka daidaita daga Bôt 2011 da Bouh Ma Sitna 2004):  

## Manazarta
Aardklop

**Aardklop** wani bikin fasaha ne na shekara-shekara na Afirka ta Kudu da ake gudanarwa a Potchefstroom, Afirka ta Kudu. Potchefstroom ya kasance birni ne na al'adu kuma gida ga sanannun marubuta da masu fasaha na Afirka ta Kudu da yawa.

Bikin Fasaha na Ƙasa na Aardklop ya kasance daga 1998 kuma tun daga lokacin ya zama tushen fasaha da al'adu a Afirka ta Kudu. Bikin ya ƙunshi galibi, amma ba na musamman ba, wasan kwaikwayo na Afirkaans, kiɗa, cabaret da zane-zane na gani, waɗanda aka gabatar a wurare daban-daban a cikin garin.

Babban kasuwar sana'a da wasan kwaikwayo na buda-baki suma sun kasance wani muhimmin bangare na bikin. Taron a kowace shekara yana zana masu fasaha sama da 700 a cikin kwanaki 6.

Bikin ba wai kawai yana taka rawa sosai a cikin tattalin arzikin gida na Potchefstroom ba, har ma yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga tattalin arzikin lardin Arewa maso Yamma .

## Duba kuma

* Kudin aiki
* Hoton Kunstefees
* KKNK
* kykNET
* Mai jarida24
* Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma
* Nassara

## Manazarta
Harshen Bekwil

**Bekwel** (Bekwil) yaren Bantu ne na Jamhuriyar Kongo . Akwai masu magana kusan 10,000 a wurin, wanda kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na adadin a kan iyakar ƙasar Gabon, kuma mai yiwuwa makamancin haka a gefe guda a Kamaru. Yana kusa da Nzime (Koonzime).

Maho (2009) ya ɗauki Nkonabeeb (Konabembe) a matsayin yare na Bekwil maimakon na Mpumpong .

## Manazarta
Harshen Mpumpong

**Mpumpong** (Mpongmpong) yaren Bantu ne na Kamaru. Maho (2009) ya ɗauki Mpiemo a matsayin yare.

Ana kiran digraph  kamar Turanci *p* .

## Iri
Iri-iri na Mpo sune Mezime, Mpobyáng, Mpopó, Bagéto, Kunabeeb, Mpyámó, Mpomam, Esel, da Bijugi. Akwai tsaka-tsakin fahimta tsakanin waɗannan nau'ikan harshe. Mpo yana da kusanci da Nzime . 

A cewar wasu masu magana da Mpobyáng, musamman daga kauyukan Mpak da Zumzazó a cikin gundumar Abong-Mbang, sashen Haut-Nyong, yankin Gabas, Mpo shine babban kakannin dangin Mezime daban-daban: 

* Byon (kwamiyyar Abong-Mbang, sashen Haut-Nyong, yankin Gabas)
* Mpopyeet (kwamiyyar Mbang, sashen Kadey )
* Mpopó (kwamiyyar Yokadouma, sashen Boumba-et-Ngoko, yankin Gabas)
* Kunabeeb (kwamiyyar Yokadouma, sashen Boumba-et-Ngoko, yankin Gabas)
* Mpyámo (kwamiyyar Yokadouma, sashen Boumba-et-Ngoko, yankin Gabas)
* Mpomam (kwamnonin Lomié da Ngoïla, sashen Haut-Nyong, Yankin Gabas)

Kowane iyali yana ɗauke da sunan ɗayan 'ya'yan Mpo takwas. Esál da Bijugi sun bayyana daga baya a cikin zuriyarsu.

Mpo ya mamaye mafi yawan kusurwar kudu maso gabashin Kamaru, watau galibin sashen Boumba-et-Ngoko da gefen kudu na sashen Kadey . Mezime (Medjime) da Bagéto (Bangantou) suna zaune a yankin kudancin Mbang commune (sashen Kadey ), bi da bi zuwa yamma da gabashin babban garin Mbang. 

Duk sauran ƙungiyoyi suna zaune a sashen Boumba-et-Ngoko (Yankin Gabas): 

* Mpyámo (Mbimou) suna zaune a cikin gundumar Gari-Gombo tare da hanyar Gribi zuwa Yokadouma .
* Mpopó (Mbombo) suna zaune zuwa yamma kuma nan da nan kudu da babban garin Yokadouma .
* Bijugi (Bidjouki) suna zaune a gabas da babban garin Yokadouma .
* Kunabeeb (Konabembé) suna zaune a kudu na babban garin Yokadouma .

A cikin garin Moloundou, akwai Mpomam (Boman) a arewa, Esál (Essel) a gabas tare da kogin Ngoko, da Kunabeeb zuwa yamma tare da kogin Dja . A wasu lokutan gwamnatin karamar hukumar ta rikita sunan "Bangatou" da Bageto mai magana da Mpo (a cikin gundumar Mbang) tare da Banandu mai magana da Ubangian da ke zaune a arewacin Moloundou . 

An kiyasta yawan jama'ar MP a masu magana da baki 45,000. 

## Manazarta
Harshen Kombe

**Yaren Kombe**, ko **Ngumbi**, yaren Bantu ne na Coastal Bantu da mutanen Kombe na Equatorial Guinea ke magana, ɗaya daga cikin mutanen Ndowe na bakin teku. Yana da fahimtar juna tare da Yasa .

## Fassarar sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

### Wasula

## Manazarta
Harshen Kwasio

{{

Harshen **Kwasio**, wanda kuma aka fi sani da **Ngumba / Mvumbo**, **Bujeba**, da **Gyele / Kola**, yaren Kamaru ne, wanda ake magana da shi a kudanci a bakin teku da kuma iyakar Equatorial Guinea da kusan 70,000.  Kwasio , Gyele da Mabi . &#x5B; ** &#x5D;    suna kallon Kwasio da harshen Gyele/Kola a matsayin dabam. A cikin Ethnologue, saboda haka harsunan suna karɓar lambobi daban-daban: Kwasio yana da lambar ISO 639-3 *nmg*,  yayin da Gyele yana da lambar *gyi.*  Kwasio, Ngumba, da Mabi manoman ƙauye ne; Gyele (wanda aka fi sani da Kola ko Koya) makiyaya ne masu farautar Pygmy da ke zaune a cikin dajin damina. Bagyeli (sunan masu magana da harshen sun ba wa kansu) galibin mafarauta ne. Suna amfani da karnuka, tarkuna, adduna, mashi, da raga don farauta da kama dabbobi don abinci. Sararin dazuzzukan ya shafi rayuwarsu, kuma a baya-bayan nan sun fara cin gajiyar sayar da kwanduna da nama ga masu yawon bude ido. 

## Yaruka
Yaruka sune Kwasio (wanda kuma aka sani da Kwassio, Bisio), Mvumbo (wanda kuma aka sani da Ngumba, Ngoumba, Mgoumba, Mekuk), da Mabi (Mabea).

Gyele suna magana da ƙananan yarukan Mvumbo da Gyele a arewacin *Giele, Gieli, Gyeli, Bagiele, Bagyele (Bagyɛlɛ), Bagielli,  Bajele, Bajeli, Bogyel, Bogyeli, Bondjiel* .

A kudu, Gyele suna magana da Kola, wanda aka fi sani da Koya, a kudu, kuma ana rubuta su da *Likoya, Bako, Bakola, Bakuele*, da *Bekoe* . Hakanan ana amfani da kalmar wulakanci na gida na pygmies, *Babinga* .

A Equatorial Guinea, ana jin yaren Bujeba a kewayen Kudancin Bata da Kudancin Rio Benito.

### ALCAM (2012)

#### Ire-iren wadanan da ba su yi ba
A cewar ALCAM (2012), mutanen Kwasio wadanda ba muminai ba suna magana da nau'ikan yare biyu, Mvumbo da Mabi, waɗanda ke da matsakaicin fahimtar juna. Ana magana da su a Sashen Ocean, Yankin Kudancin. Ƙungiyoyin Bisio na Kwasio suna zaune a Equatorial Guinea, da kuma Gabon inda aka san su da ƙabilanci Shiwo . 

Kwasio shine mafi yawan yammacin harsunan ci gaba na harshe na Bantu A80-A90. Yana da alaƙa ta kud da kud da Mbwa (Békol) da Bajwe'e, kuma fiye da Méka da Béti. 

Mabi, mafi yare na yamma, ana magana da shi a gabar Tekun Atlantika kusa da Kribi, tsakanin al'ummar Batanga. 

Ana magana da Mvumbo nan da nan zuwa gabas, tare da hanyar daga Kribi zuwa Lolodorf, a cikin garuruwan waɗannan garuruwa biyu, inda masu magana ke gaurayawa da Fang da Ewondo (Beti Fang) masu magana. 

#### Nau'in alayi
A cewar ALCAM (2012), Gyáli da Kola suna kusa da juna sosai kuma suna zama tare a sansani da ƙauyuka guda. A gefe guda kuma, ba su da alaƙa da Baka, Alwani na gabas. 

Bagyáli bisa ga al'ada suna zama cikin dazuzzuka na Sashen Océan (Yankin Kudu), a kusa da Kribi, Bipindi da Lolodorf (a cikin kwaminonin Kribi, Akom II, Bipindi, da Lolodorf), kuma an ƙiyasta mutane 4,250. 

## Manazarta
Ƙungiya ta Musamman na Odor

Grouplearfin sha'awa na musamman (OSIG) babban shiri ne na Tsabtace Australia da New Zealand kuma yana ba da labari don musayar bayanai, iko, sarrafawa, sarrafawa da saka idanu da tasirin ƙanshi.

Shugaban OSIG na yanzu shine Michael Assal na Sashin Odor. Lokacin da ake buƙata, OSIG yana sake fasalin ɗaya ko duka na ƙananan kwamitocinsa guda huɗu. Waɗannan suna da alhakin gudanar da bincike da haɓaka hanyoyin da suka shafi Samfuran Odor, Hannun Samfuran Odor, Kayayyakin Tasirin Al'umma da ƙayyadaddun Rabuwa. Makasudin waɗannan kwamitocin shine don taimakawa haɓaka hanyoyin da hanyoyin tantance yuwuwar tasirin warin da ke bayyane kuma ana iya ambaton su kamar yadda ƙwararrun ingancin iska suka karɓa a hukumance a cikin Ostiraliya da New Zealand.

## Haɗin waje

* Shafin OSIG na shafin yanar gizon CASANZ
Harshe na Fut

**Harshen Bafut**, ***Fut***, harshe ne na Gabashin Grassfields na harsunan Nijar – Kongo, kuma yana da alaƙa da Bamum . Al'adar baka ta samo asali ne daga yankin Ndobo ko Tikari . Mutanen yankin Bafut ne ke magana da shi, Tuba, a yankin Mezam da kuma yankin Metchum a lardin Arewa maso Yamma, Kamaru .

Wani mai ba da shawara na SIL na ƙasa da ƙasa Joseph Mfonyam ya rubuta harafin Bafut a cikin 1982. Tun daga lokacin, an fassara wasu littattafai zuwa Bafut, musamman Sabon Alkawari a 2000.

## Tsarin rubutu

## Manazarta
Harshen Jimi (Kamaru)

**Rubutu mai gwaɓi****Jimi** (Djimi), wanda kuma aka fi sani da **Jimjimən** da *<nowiki/>'Um Falin*, yaren Chadi ne da ake magana da shi a Kamaru a lardin Arewa Mai Nisa a kan iyakar Najeriya a ciki da wajen Bourrha. Yaruka sune Djimi, Jimo, Malabu, Wadi, da Zumo.

Gude na amfani da kalmar *Fali* wajen nufin Jimi, wanda ke nufin 'bawa' a harsuna da dama na yankin. Har ila yau, ana amfani da shi wajen yin nuni ga sauran kabilu, kamar Fali na Mubi, Fali na Mucella, da Fali na Jilvu . 

Ana magana da Jimjimén a cikin Bourrha, sashen Mayo-Tsanaga, Yankin Arewa Mai Nisa. 

## Bayanan kula
Steve Arnold

An haife shi a Welham Green, Hertfordshire,  Arnold ya taka leda a matsayin Mai tsaron gida tun yana ƙarami kuma yana da burin yin koyi da David Seaman da Peter Schmeichel.  Ya kasance mai goyon bayan Tottenham Hotspur na tsawon rayuwarsa.

## Farkon rayuwa

An haife shi a Welham Green, Hertfordshire, Arnold ya taka leda a matsayin Mai tsaron gida tun yana ƙarami kuma yana da burin yin koyi da David Seaman da Peter Schmeichel.  Ya kasance mai goyon bayan Tottenham Hotspur na tsawon rayuwarsa.
Harsunan Momo

**Harsunan Momo** rukuni ne na harsunan Grassfields da ake magana da su a Babban Babban Plateau na Yammacin Kamaru .

Harsunan su ne:

: Meta' (Moghamo)– Ngamambo, Mundani, Ngie (Mengum), Ngoshie, Ngwo (Basa, Konda), Njen, Amasi

*Ethnologue* 16 yana ƙara Menka, amma wannan harshe ne na Kudu maso Yamma Grassfields (West Momo).

Blench (2010) ya lura cewa akwai ƙaramin shaida cewa Momo yana cikin harsunan Grassfields kamar yadda aka tsara shi a al'adance. (Yaren yammacin Momo na yammacin suna a fili a cikin dangin Grassfields.) Momo na iya kasancewa kusa da ƙungiyar Tivoid mara kyau, kodayake hakan yana iya zama tasirin hulɗa. 

## Duba kuma

*  (Wiktionary)

## Manazarta
Dokar Tsabtace Iska ta 1972

Dokar Tsabtace Jirgin Sama ta 1972 dokar ce ta Majalisar Dokoki da aka zartar a New Zealand a cikin 1972. Tana da nufin daidaita gurɓatar masana'antu ta hanyar kafa tsarin ba da izini ga matakan da aka halatta. Wannan doka ta kuma inganta sa ido kan ingancin iska a manyan biranen birni tare da ba da izinin samar da tsaftatacciyar iska daga hukumomin gida, kamar yadda aka yi a Christchurch. Dokar ta wakilci wani yunƙuri na farko don rage gurɓataccen gurɓata daga wuraren zama da masana'antu. Dokar Gudanar da albarkatu ta 1991 ta soke shi.

## Dubi kuma

* Rashin gurɓata a New Zealand

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Harshen Bube

**Yaren Bube** ko **Bubi**, **Bohobé**, **Bube–Benga** ko **Etyö**  yaren Bantu ne da Bubi ke magana da shi, ƴan kabilar Bantu, ƴan asalinsu, kuma sau ɗaya mazaunan Tsibirin Bioko a Equatorial Guinea . An kawo harshen Bioko daga nahiyar Afirka fiye da shekaru dubu uku da suka wuce lokacin da Bubi ya fara zama a tsibirin. 

Tana da kusan masu magana 50,000, tare da bambance-bambancen guda uku: Arewa, Kudu da Gabas ta Tsakiya. An lura da shi don yanayin sautinsa da kuma bambancin kalmomi ta jinsi. Har ila yau, harshen Bubi ne na Gabon da Kamaru .

Harshen Bube ya kasu kashi shida daban-daban yaruka daban-daban da suka bambanta a yankunan arewa da kudancin tsibirin Bioko. Alal misali, a Arewa, mutane suna magana *Rebola* da bambancinsa: *Basile*, *Banapa* da *Basupa* . Duk da haka, a Arewa maso Gabas, *Bakake* ake magana. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

Har ila yau, ana magana da Bube a wani ɗan ƙaramin yanki a cikin ƙasa mafi kusa da tsibirin, inda masu magana ke ƙaura zuwa Wumboko .  An ruwaito wannan a matsayin "Bube", "Bubia" ko "Wovea" (duba mutanen Wovea ).

Ayyukan farko akan harshen Bube sune na ɗan mishan Baptist John Clarke, wanda aka buga a 1846 da 1848.  Daga baya Bube-to-English primer an rubuta shi a cikin 1875 William Barleycorn, ɗan mishan na farko na Methodist na Ibo da Fernandino na zuriyar Bapu, lokacin da yake hidima a ƙauyen Bubi. Wani masanin ƙabilun Bubi Justo Bolekia Boleká ne ya buga ƙamus na hukuma da jagorar nahawu.

## Sauran sunaye
Sauran sunaye da siffofin sunan sun haɗa da Bubé, eVoové, eBubée, Bhubhi, Bubi, Ibubi, Ibhubhi, Pove da Eviia.

## Ilimin sauti

### Wasula
Bube yana da wasula guda 7 waɗanda zasu iya zama gajere ko tsayi:

Wasalan hanci allphone ne na wasulan baka.

### Consonants
Bube yana da baƙaƙe 29. Wasu daga cikinsu ana sanya su kafin haihuwa :

## Manazarta
Harshen Gude

**Gude** harshe ne na Afro-Asiatic da ake magana a Najeriya a jihar Adamawa a karamar hukumar Mubi ta Kudu da kuma jihar Borno a wasu yankunan karamar hukumar Askira-uba. Ana kuma magana a makwabciyar Kamaru . Ana amfani da yaruka daban-daban a Najeriya da Kamaru. 

Hakanan ana magana da Gude a kudancin gundumar Bourrha (sashen Mayo-Tsanaga, Yankin Arewa Mai Nisa) da yammacin ƙarshen gundumar Mayo-Oulo (sashen Mayo-Louti, Yankin Arewa). Kimanin mutane 28,000 ne ke magana da shi. 

## Manazarta
Harshen Mesaka

**Mesaka**, ko **Ugarə**, yaren Tivoid ne da ake magana da shi a ƙasar Kamaru .

**Batomo** na iya zama yare dabam, ko kuma yana iya zama iri ɗaya da Motomo (Oliti, Matchi), yare na Iceve-Maci ( *Ethnologue*, bugu na 22).

## Ilimin sauti

### Wasula
Tsawon wasali sau da yawa yana bambanta a cikin jeri na wasullai iri ɗaya. Ba a lura da jerin wasula masu kama da juna sai dai in akwai baƙar magana a tsakanin.

Har ila yau Mesaka harshe ne na tonal mai sautuna biyu: babba da ƙasa. 

## Manazarta
Harshe na Majera

**Majera** (Maz e ra  ) ya kasance ƙaramin yaren Afro-Asiya ne na Chadi da Kamaru.

A Kamaru, ana magana da Majera a ciki da wajen Majéra a cikin gundumar Zina, Sashen Logone-et-Chari, Yankin Arewa Mai Nisa. A cikin 1980s, akwai masu magana 5,000 ko kaɗan a cikin Kamaru (ALCAM 1984). Ana kuma magana a kasar Chadi. 

## Manazarta
Daucus decipiens

***Daucus decipiens***, **dabino na parsnip**,  baƙar fata,  itace angelica, ko kuma ba mai tsagewa ba,  wani nau'in shuka ne a cikin iyalin Apiaceae.  

## Bayyanawa
Babban tsire-tsire wanda ke tsiro tare da kambi mai yaduwa da itacen itace, kamar itacen kabeji na New Zealand. Yana fure daga Nuwamba zuwa Janairu a Kudancin Kudancin.

Tsuntsaye na iya rayuwa har zuwa shekara guda. Nau'in yana da Shekaru biyu ko kuma yana da shekaru da yawa.

### Cikakken bayanin
Gyara biennial ko perennial. Mai tushe har zuwa tsayin mita 2 da diamita 4 cm., Itace kuma maras ganye a cikin ƙananan sassa tare da tabo na lf daban-daban, tare da pith a tsakiya da rami a sassa. Stem lvs tare da gashin gashi mai kyau akan rachis da midribs, in ba haka ba mai kyau, 2-3-pinnate (seedling lvs 1-pinnate); ɓangarorin ƙarshe sun yi ovate zuwa lanceolate, pinnatisect ko ba lobed, serrate, 15-20 mm tsayi, ɗan gajeren petiolulate ko sessile; lvs na infl.-reshe da yawa an rage; petiole kadan zuwa matsakaici mai gashi, striate. Diamita har zuwa 20 cm; haskoki masu yawa; bracts 10-12, kunkuntar ovate-lanceolate, wani lokacin serrate, har zuwa 5 cm tsayi; bractoles 7-12, lanceolate. Fls da yawa, fari zuwa fari. Fr. launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, mai ɗan gashi, 12-18 mm tsayi.

## Tarihin lissafi
An bayyana wannan shuka a baya a matsayin *Melanosilenum decipiens.* . 

## Yankin
Madeira, Portugal.

An gabatar da shi ga Biritaniya,  da kuma New Zealand a shekarar 1969.  An dauke shi annoba mai mamayewa a yankin Wellington,  kuma yana cikin tsibirin Arewa da Kudancin. 

## Gida
Yana son wuraren da ke da rana, wuraren da ke cike da ruwa. Zai iya girma sosai a gefen hanyoyi.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Harshen Bebele

**Bebele** (Bamvele, *Bëbëlë* ) yaren Bantu ne na Kamaru . Yana da fahimtar juna tare da sauran yarukan Beti kamar Ewondo da Fang .

## Iri
Ƙungiyar Bémbélé ta ƙunshi duk harsunan maƙwabta waɗanda ke da'awar suna cikin ƙungiyar Eki. Waɗannan su ne Bebele (Bembélé), Yasám, Yekaba, Yesamba, Bajia, Bafék, da Yanavok. 

Bémbélé ya rufe, tare da Bébélé (Bamvele), Yébaka, Yesamba, da Bajia, dukan ɓangaren sashen Haute Sanaga, wanda ke kudu da kogin Sanaga (a cikin kwamitocin Minta, Nanga-Ebogo, Bibé, da Nsem). A halin yanzu kuma, "Feuk", Yangavék (Yangafeuk), da Bafék (Bafeuk) suna arewacin kogin Sanaga (a cikin gundumar Ntui), kuma Yasém (Asem) yana cikin ƙauyen Yassem a arewacin ƙarshen commune na Ngoro (sashen Mbam-et-Kim ). Bémbélé kuma ya ƙara zuwa Yankin Gabas a cikin sassan Lom-et-Djerem (Commune Diang ) da Haut-Nyong ( Nguélémendouka commune). 

An kiyasta su a 56,200 masu magana (Djomeni 2004). 

## Manazarta
Agapanthus a New Zealand

An samo asali daga Afirka ta Kudu, Agapanthus-musamman Agapanthus praecox da cultivars-an kawo su zuwa New Zealand kuma daga baya ya zama sanannen tsire-tsire masu cin ganyayyaki.

## Roƙon lambu
Dakarun da suka dawo daga yakin Boer na biyu a cikin 'yan asalin wannan nau'in suna son shuka, wanda ya kara yawan amfani da shi a farkon karni na ashirin. Ana ganin Agapanthus sau da yawa ana shuka shi tare da shinge a cikin lambunan gida da kuma shimfida hanyoyin shiga. Sun kuma sami roƙo mai ɗorewa a baches (gidaje na hutu) a New Zealand, don matsananciyar tauri, juriyar gishiri da ƙarancin kulawa.

## Matsayi na ciyawa
An lissafa shuka a cikin rajistar ciyawa daban-daban tun daga shekara ta 1996, kuma a halin yanzu Ma'aikatar Karewa ta ayyana shi a matsayin ciyawa ta muhalli. Ana samunsa a ƙasar jama'a da DOC ke gudanarwa, gami da Tsibirin Kapiti .

An san A. praecox don cin zarafi a yankin Auckland tun daga shekarun 1990. Tsohuwar Majalisar Yankin Auckland (yanzu an shigar da ita cikin Majalisar Auckland) ta sanya shi a matsayin kwaro mai kula da shuka a cikin 2007. A cikin 2011-2016 Dabarun Kula da Kwari na Yanki Bay of Plenty Regional Council classes it as a contected pest plant.

An yi ƙoƙari don ƙara *A. praecox* zuwa sabuntawar 2006 na Yarjejeniyar Tsire-tsire ta Kasa (NPPA) amma an ƙi aikace-aikacen. Sabuntawar NPPA ta 2011-2012 ta jawo hankalin muhawara lokacin da aka sake ba da shawarar don ƙari. [sabuntawa da buƙatu]

## Dubi kuma

* Yin lambu a New Zealand
* Dabbobi masu mamayewa a New Zealand

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Ƙarin karantawa

* 

## Haɗin waje

* Agapanthus a Weedbusters
* ''Agapanthus''  a Te Ara: Encyclopedia na New Zealand
* Bayanan ''Agapanthus'' a cikin Muhalli Canterbury
Old man's beard a New Zealand

Gemun tsohon mutum (Clematis vitalba) tsiro ne mai mamayewa a cikin New Zealand wanda ke shafar bambancin halittu na asali. An ayyana shi a matsayin kwayoyin da ba a so a ƙarƙashin Dokar Biosecurity 1993 wanda ke nufin ba za a iya sayar da shi, rarrabawa ko yada shi ba.

## Yaduwa
An gabatar da gemu na tsoho a cikin New Zealand a matsayin tsire-tsire masu ban sha'awa wani lokaci kafin 1922 kuma Ma'aikatar Karewa da sauran kungiyoyin gwamnati yanzu suna kashe miliyoyin daloli akan iko. Ana ɗaukar tsaba a kan ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa kuma tana iya kasancewa a kan itacen inabi a cikin watanni na hunturu. Tsuntsaye suna iya tsiro a kan ƙasa mai wahala inda matakin haske ya fi 5% na cikakken hasken rana. Ya fi zama ruwan dare a waje da gandun daji marasa damuwa a kan gandun daji da gefen rafi da gibin gandun daji.

## Tasirin
Gemun tsoho mai hawa ne wanda zai damfarar bishiyoyi da aka kafa kuma ya samar da wani tudu mai yawa wanda zai hana hasken rana isa ga kasa. Wannan yana shafar lafiyar ciyayi da ke akwai kuma yana hana tsiro duk wasu nau'in.

## Gudanarwa
Ana amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban don sarrafa shukar da suka haɗa da kawar da injiniyoyi, maganin herbicides da sarrafa kwayoyin halitta. Ana iya yanke manyan kurangar inabi a matakin ƙasa kuma a shafa gel na maganin ciyawa don hana tsiro. Dole ne a cire kurangar inabin da ke biye tunda za su iya sake toho, kuma ana iya tumɓuke ƙananan ciyayi. An gwada masu kula da kwayoyin halitta.

Ma'aikatar kiyayewa ta gudanar da wani gangamin hidimar jama'a wanda ke nuna barazanar gemun tsoho a cikin shekarun 1980 ta hanyar amfani da masanin dabi'ar Burtaniya David Bellamy a matsayin mai magana da yawun. 

## Dubi kuma

* Dabbobi masu mamayewa a New Zealand
* Biodiversity na New Zealand
* Yin lambu a New Zealand

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Ƙarin karantawa

* Atkinson. I.A.E., (1984). Rarraba da yiwuwar gemu na tsoho, Clematis vitalba, a New Zealand. A cikin: *barazanar* Clematis vitalba shafi na 6-24. Jerin bayanai 11, NZ Dept. na Lands da Survey, Wellington.&nbsp;
* 
* 
* West, C.J. (1992). *Nazarin muhalli na* Clematis vitalba * (gemu na tsoho) a New Zealand*. Ma'aikatar Binciken Kimiyya da Masana'antu, Rahoton Shuke-shuke na Land Resources No. 736, DSIR, Wellington.

## Haɗin waje

* Shigar da gemu na tsoho a kan Yarjejeniyar Tsire-tsire ta Kasa
* Gishiri na tsoho a Cibiyar Kula da Gidajen Royal New ZealandCibiyar Kula da Horticulture ta Royal New Zealand
* Tsohon gemu & New Zealand clematis a Majalisar Birnin Christchurch
* ''Clematis vitalba'' a cikin Gidan Bayanai na Duniya
* "Dole ne gemu na tsoho ya tafi" - sanarwar hidimar jama'a da David Bellamy ya gabatar

; Bayanan Majalisar Yankin

* Auckland 
* Bay of Plenty 
* Canterbury 
* Otago
* Waikato
Gorse a New Zealand

An gabatar da Gorse (Ulex europaeus) zuwa New Zealand a farkon matakan zama na Turai. Yanzu ya zama babban nau'in tsiro mai mamayewa tare da kashe miliyoyin daloli akan sarrafa shi.

## Gabatarwa ga New Zealand
An gabatar da shi daga Yammacin Turai a farkon matakan zama na Turai, Charles Darwin ne ya rubuta shi yayin tafiya ta cikin ruwan New Zealand a 1835 yayin da yake girma a cikin shinge a cikin Bay of Islands.  Yaduwarta da ci gabanta a matsayin sako a cikin yanayin yanayi na New Zealand yana da sauri, amma mazauna sun kasa gane barazanar; An ci gaba da shigo da iri na goro kuma da gangan aka kafa shuka a cikin 1900s.

## Amfani da shi
An yi amfani da Gorse don shinge da iska a kan Filayen Canterbury tun daga shekarun 1850. Wadannan iska suna da jimlar tsawon kilomita 300,000.

An gano Gassan don samar da gandun daji mai amfani ga yawancin nau'ikan halitta don sabuntawar daji. Lokacin matasa, gorse bushes suna da yawa sosai. Yayin da suke girma, suna zama 'ƙafa', kuma suna ba da kyakkyawan yanayi don 'ya'yan asali su yi girma da girma. Tsire-tsire na cikin gida suna girma ta cikin goro, suna yanke haskensa kuma a ƙarshe ya maye gurbinsa. Wannan dabarar tana aiki cikin nasara kuma cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci a Hinewai Reserve akan Bankunan Bankunan.

## Matsalolin

Gabatarwar ta haifar da yaduwar cututtuka a kan daruruwan hekta, wanda ya kai kololuwa a ƙarshen shekarun 1940. An gane shi a matsayin barazana tun farkon 1861 tare da Majalisar Lardin a Nelson ta zartar da wani aiki don hana dasa shuke-shuke na gorse. Iri na iya kwance a ƙasa har zuwa shekaru 50, yana tsiro da sauri bayan an cire manya. Abin takaici, yawancin hanyoyin cire tsire-tsire masu tsayi, kamar ƙonewa ko bulldozing su, suna haifar da yanayi mai kyau ga tsaba na gorse don tsirowa kuma kawar da duka tare da fasahar yanzu ba zai yiwu ba. Gorse yanzu yana daya daga cikin sanannun ciyawa a New Zealand. Ya mamaye hekta 700,000 (1,700,000 acres) a wurare daban-daban - jimlar 5% na yankin ƙasar New Zealand lokacin da ba a haɗa da gandun daji na asali, yankunan sub-alpine da alpine ba. Gorse ya zama ciyawa mafi tsada a New Zealand don sarrafawa, kimanin dala miliyan 22 a kowace shekara a farkon shekarun 1980.

## Kula da kwayoyin halitta
Yankunan bincike na yanzu sune gudanar da ayyukan sarrafawa, ci gaban maganin rigakafi, da kuma amfani da samfurin.

An bincika Kula da cututtukan halittu na gorse tun daga shekarun 1920. An saki jami'ai daban-daban guda bakwai a New Zealand. Sakamakon an gauraye su, amma gabaɗaya babu mai ciyar da iri ko kwari masu ciyar da ganye da ke yin isasshen lalacewa don zama mai yiwuwa a matsayin mai kula da kansa.

## Dubi kuma
* Aikin noma a New Zealand
* Karewa a New Zealand
* Magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta a New Zealand

## Bayanan da aka ambata
 

## Haɗin waje
* ''Ulex europaeus'' a Cibiyar Kula da Noma ta Royal New Zealand
Spongy a New Zealand

An gano asu spongy, wani nau'in cin zarafi daga Eurasia, a New Zealand. Asu mai spongy yana da mummunar illa ga aikin noma na New Zealand; an shirya kuma an aiwatar da wani gagarumin shirin kawar da shi, kuma asu ba ta kafu ba.

Ana yawan samun ƙwai asu a lokacin binciken lafiyar halittu na kan iyaka, galibi akan motocin da aka yi amfani da su, kuma an fara gano su a cikin 1990s.

## 2003 Hamilton spongy asu spray
A shekara ta 2003 an gano wani asu mai rai a cikin yanayin da zai iya aiki a cikin tarkon pheromone na gargadi a cikin birnin Hamilton na Arewacin tsibirin. Tun da Hamilton shine wurin shiga don jigilar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa an ɗauka cewa asu ya shiga New Zealand a cikin jirgin sama. An gudanar da shirin yaduwar kashe kwari ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona da Kudancin daji ta amfani da Foray 48B insecticide a kan birnin daga Oktoba 2003.  An gabatar da damuwa game da kiwon lafiya, amma wani rahoto ga Ma'aikatar Lafiya ya kammala cewa babu wani dalili na waɗannan. A shekara ta 2004, jami'ai a Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona da Kayan daji sun ki amincewa da ikirarin biyan diyya na Hamilton's Fraser High School don kudin malamai na agaji don rufe rashin ma'aikata yayin aikin.

## Dubi kuma

* Dabbobi masu mamayewa a New Zealand
* Tsuntsaye a Amurka

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Ƙarin karantawa

*
Harshe mai ban sha'awa

**Merey** harshe ne na Afro-Asiya da ake magana da shi a arewacin Kamaru . Dugur yare ne. 

Merey [Meri] (10,000) zaune a Musri Massf, wanda nan da nan ya yamma daga garin Méri (Méri Canton, Sashen Kungume, Yankin Armamé, Yankin Arewa, yanki mai nisa. [1]

## Manazarta
Harshen La'bi

**La'bi** shi ne yaren al'ada na esoteric na ƙaddamar da namiji tsakanin Gbaya Kara, da Mbum, da wasu Sara Laka, a yankin Touboro kusa da CAR, Chadi, da Kamaru. Ba shi da masu iya magana, amma mutane 4,400 ne ke amfani da shi. Yana da alaƙa da Mbum, tare da ɗimbin lamuni daga yarukan Sara ɗaya ko fiye.  

An ba da jerin kalmomi a cikin Periquet (1915). 

## Manazarta
Harshen Denya

**Denyang** harshe ne na Kudancin Bantoid na Kamaru Manyu harsuna ( na kabilar Anyang ). Manyan dangi guda biyar ne ke magana da shi: Ayang, Baku, Betieku, Bantah, Awanchi, suna da bambanci sosai don ƙila a ɗauke su wasu harsuna dabam

## Manazarta
Harshen Missong

**Missong** harshe ne na Kudancin Bantoid na yankin Lower Fungom na Kamaru, ana magana da shi a ƙauyen  . Yana da alaƙa da Mungbam . Akwai kusan masu magana 400. 

## Manazarta
Harshe na Mmuock

**Mmuock**, a madadin **Mmock**, shine yaren mutanen Mmuock (Mmock) na yammacin Kamaru . Tsarin rubutu yana dogara ne akan rubutun Latin .
Mmuock harshe ne na tonal : kalmar *a fa lèlā* na iya nufin aƙalla abubuwa huɗu daban-daban dangane da sautin na biyu &#x27E8; &#x27E9; : 

* a fǎ lā. *tayi kuskure tayi kuka*
* a fâ lā. *zatayi kuskure tayi kuka*
* a fa &#x307; lā. *ta [lokacin da take so, ko kuma tana da] ta yi kuskuren kuka*
* a fa lā. *ta [kamar yadda yake a dabi'arta] ta yi kuskuren kuka* .

## Rubutun Rubutu
Haruffan Mmuock da aka ambata a nan yana da bayanai na sautuna goma sha biyar da haruffa arba'in. 

Wasu tsarin aiki kamar Unix kamar Linux suna ba da shimfidar madannai na XKB don haruffan Mmuock. Tsarin madannai nau'in bambance-bambancen shimfidu ne na Ingilishi na Kamaru. 

## Manazarta
Ara Ake

**Ara Ake** (a da Cibiyar Ci gaban Sabuwar Makamashi ta Ƙasa) wata ƙungiya ce da gwamnati ke tallafawa don haɓaka fasahohin makamashi mai tsabta ga New Zealand . 

An sanar da cibiyar a cikin 2019, a matsayin Cibiyar Ci gaban Sabon Makamashi ta Kasa, tare da kudade na $ 27m. A watan Yulin 2020, Firayim Minista Jacinda Ardern ta sanar da canjin sunan zuwa Ara Ake da Dokta Cristiano Marantos a matsayin Shugaba.

Ara Ake ya kafa dangantaka tare da MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Independent Electric Generators Association, Taranaki Chamber of Commerce, Carbon and Energy Professionals New Zealand, National Energy Research Institute and Elemental Excelerator. 

## Dubi kuma

* Canjin yanayi a New Zealand

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Harshen Limba (Kamaru)

**Limba** (Malimba, Mulimba) yaren Bantu ne na Kamaru . Yana da alaƙa sosai da Duala . Masu iya magana sun ba da rahoton ɗan fahimtar fahimtar juna tare da Tanga (Batanga), wanda suke kira "Tsohon Malimba".  Yawancin suna magana Duala a matsayin yare na gida.

## Manazarta
Harshen Bankon

**Bankon** (Abo, Abaw, Bo, Bon) yaren Bantu ne da ake magana da shi a sashen Moungo na lardin Littoral na kudu maso yammacin Kamaru .  Yana da kamanceceniya na ƙamus na 86% tare da Rombi wanda ake magana a cikin sashin Meme kusa da lardin Kudu maso Yamma . 

*Bankon* shine endonym. *Abo* sunan gudanarwa ne.

## Iri
Tare da masu magana 1,300, Lombe da Bankon yaruka biyu ne na yare ɗaya. Akwai sama da 83% fahimtar juna. 

’Yan Barombi suna da’awar cewa sun fito daga ƙasar Abo, su kuma Abo suna da’awar cewa zuriyar Barombi ne. A cewar tatsuniyoyi na ƙabilun ƙasar, da suka fito daga Kongo, Nkon ɗan Lombi, ya zauna a yankin Bankon ko Abo na yanzu, yayin da mahaifinsa Lombi ya ci gaba da ci gaba da yin arewa don samun ƙauyukan Barombi na yanzu. 

Ƙungiya ta arewa ta Abo ta isa kwanan nan kuma ta fito daga Duala ; Wannan ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa ake daukar Abo a matsayin 'yan'uwan Duala, ko ma a rikice da su, duk da cewa harshensu ya fi kusa da kungiyar Basaa . Abo (kamar duk Barombi) suma suna magana Duala.

Lombe, yaren mutanen Barombi, ana magana da shi a yankin Kudu maso Yamma a yankuna uku daban-daban: biyu suna cikin sashen Mémé . Na farko yana arewa da tsaunin Kamaru a kusa da tafkin Barombi-Koto, na biyu kuma yana yamma da Kumba a kusa da tafkin Barombi Mbo (dukansu suna cikin gundumar Kumba ). Na uku, gaba da yamma, yana cikin sashin Ndian, gundumar Ekondo-Titi, arewa maso gabashin birnin Ekondo-Titi. Dukkanin yankuna uku an rufe su a cikin yankin Gabashin Oroko . 

A cikin kabilanci/na al’umma, Lombi kakanni ne ga Nkon, wanda shi ne kakannin Bo, bisa ga zuriyar Dika-Akwa. 

Ana magana da Bankon a arewacin yankin Wouri a duk yankin arewacin kwamandan Dibombari (a cikin sashin Mungo, yankin Littoral ) tsakanin yankin harshen Mbo zuwa arewa da yamma, da yankin yaren Duala a kudu da gabas.

## Manazarta
Tsaunin Gravel

**Dutsen Gravel** wani taro ne mai tsawo 13,596 feet (mita 4,144) a cikin Hinsdale County, Colorado, Amurka. Tana da nisan kilomita tara (14  kudu maso gabashin al'ummar Ouray, a ƙasar da Ofishin Gudanar da Kasa ke gudanarwa. Yana da nisan kilomita takwas (13  a yammacin Continental Divide a cikin Dutsen San Juan waɗanda ke cikin Dutsen Rocky. Ruwan sama daga dutsen ya shiga cikin Henson Creek wanda yake wani ɓangare na Kogin Gunnison. Taimako na taswirar ƙasa da mahimmanci yayin da taron ya tashi 2,800 feet (mita 850) sama da Henson Creek a kusan mil daya (1.6 . Samun damar zuwa dutsen ta hanyar Alpine Loop Back Country Byway. Hukumar Amurka kan Sunayen Yanayi ta karɓi sunan dutsen a hukumance, kuma an rubuta shi a cikin wallafe-wallafen tun aƙalla 1906.

## Yanayi
Dangane da tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, Dutsen Gravel yana cikin yankin yanayi na alpine subarctic tare da sanyi, hunturu mai dusar ƙanƙara, da sanyi zuwa lokacin rani. Saboda tsawo, yana samun hazo a duk shekara, a matsayin dusar ƙanƙara a cikin hunturu, kuma a matsayin tsawa a lokacin rani, tare da lokacin bushewa a ƙarshen bazara.

## Kundin Ma'ajiyar hotuna

Fayil:Gravel_Mountain_from_Engineer_Pass.jpg|Gravel Mountain from Engineer Pass
Fayil:Gravel_Mountain_from_Alpine_Loop.jpg|Northeast aspect of Gravel Mountain from Alpine Loop


## Manazarta
Magana ta Jive

Jive talk, wanda kuma aka sani da Harlem jive ko kuma kawai Jive, da argot na jazz, jazz jargon, vernacular na jazz world, slang of jazz, kuma parlance of hip [1] shi ne wani Ba'amurke Vernacular Turanci slang ko ƙamus wanda ya ci gaba a Harlem, inda "jive" ( jazz ) aka yi wasa a cikin jama'ar Afirka da aka soma da peking a cikin jama'a. 1940s.

A cikin 1938, jazz bandleader da mawaƙa Cab Calloway sun buga ƙamus na farko ta Ba-Amurke ɗan Afirka, *Cab Calloway's Cat-ologue: A "Hepster's" Dictionary*, wanda ya zama littafin magana na jive na hukuma na Library na Jama'a na New York .   A cikin 1939, Calloway ya wallafa wani littafi mai suna *Farfesa Cab Calloway's Swingformation Bureau*, wanda ya umurci masu karatu yadda za su yi amfani da kalmomi da kalmomi daga ƙamus. Ya fito da bugu da yawa har zuwa 1944, na ƙarshe shine *New Cab Calloway's Hepsters Dictionary: Harshen Jive* .  Mawaƙi Lemn Sissay ya lura cewa "Cab Calloway yana ɗaukar mallakar harshe ga mutanen da, ƴan al'ummomi da suka gabata, an ɗauke nasu harsuna." 

Koyaya, HL Mencken a cikin *Harshen Amurka* ya ayyana jive a matsayin "amalgam na Negro-slang daga Harlem da masu shan muggan kwayoyi da kuma manyan masu laifi, tare da kari na lokaci-lokaci daga ginshiƙan tsegumi na Broadway da harabar makarantar sakandare". 

Littafin Dan Burley na *Asalin littafin Harlem Jive* an haɗa shi kuma an buga shi a cikin 1944 bisa shawarar mawaƙin Harlem Langston Hughes . 

A cikin 1953, Albert Lavada Durst ya buga *Jives na Dr. Hep Cat*,  tarin waƙoƙin da aka haɗa lokacin da yake KVET a Austin, inda ya yi R&B da daddare. Bayan magana game da wurin kiɗa, yawancin argot da ke da alaƙa da kwayoyi, irin su marijuana. Mezz Mezzrow ya ba da wannan samfurin:

## Manazarta
Miss Ann

Siffofin da ke da alaƙa da wani da ake kira "Miss Ann" sun haɗa da ɗaukar "ƙauna", ko kuma a cikin yanayin mace baƙar fata, " farar aiki ". [1]

Kamar kalmar takwaransa na namiji *Mister Charlie*, kalmar *Miss Ann* ta kasance ruwan dare tsakanin yawancin Amurkawa na Afirka. Wata hanya ce mai ban sha'awa ta yin tsokaci game da munanan ayyuka da halaye daga fararen mata, musamman idan irin wannan hali ya zo tare da nuna wariyar launin fata. Ba kasafai ake amfani da shi ba a yau matasa 'yan Afirka na Amurka; maimakon haka, irin wannan kalmar *Karen* ta zama sananne a tsakanin Amurkawa na kowane jinsi. 

## A cikin shahararrun al'adu
 
Miss Anne: "Farar mace" - Zora Neale Hurston, *ƙamus na Harlem Slang*

Ann; Miss Ann: An sanya lamba ga kowace farar mace. [watau] "Mahaifiyarsa tana wanke tufafi a ranar Laraba don Miss Ann." - Clarence Major, *Daga Juba zuwa Jive: Kamus na Slang Ba-Amurke*

Ann: (1) Kalmar ba'a ga mace farar fata ... Hakanan "Miss Ann." - Geneva Smitherman, *Black Talk*

Miss Ann da Mister Eddie: 'Yancin bluebloods. -Emmanuel Taylor Gordon, *[[Born to Be (book)|An haife shi don zama]]*

"Zan tunatar dasu don Allah, dubi gwiwowin nan, kun sami gogewar Miss Ann." – Maya Angelou, *Sepia Fashion Show* 

"Oh, oh, oh, Miss Ann, kuna yin wani abu da ba wanda zai iya..." - "Miss Ann" waƙar Little Richard . Anan mawaƙin na iya nufin wata farar mace, Ann Johnson, wadda ta haife shi tun yana matashi, tana karkatar da ma'anar ma'ana ta hanyoyi masu ma'ana. 

"Miss Ann", wani abu na jazz da Eric Dolphy ya rubuta kuma ya rubuta sau da yawa da shi; An fito da asali akan rikodin LP na  (1962). Abun da ke ciki ba shi da alaƙa da batun wannan labarin a ma'ana, maimakon haka "zanen yarinyar da [Dolphy] ya sani."  Duk da haka, wannan ba a bayyane yake ba ga wanda ya ji kiɗan da takensa ba tare da wannan mahallin ba.

## Duba kuma

* Gidan Negro
* Malam Charlie
* Kaka Tom
* Karen (lafiya)

## Manazarta
Mista Charlie

Mister Charlie wata magana ce mai ban sha'awa da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin al'ummar Ba'amurke Ba'amurke don nufin wani bature mai mulkin mallaka. Lokaci-lokaci, yana nufin baƙar fata mai girman kai kuma ana ɗauka a matsayin " fararen aiki ". An rubuta kalmar a wasu lokuta a ] Mista [ , Mister Charley, ko wasu bambancin. [1] Matasan Afirka-Amurka ba safai suke amfani da kalmar a ƙarni na 21st. [2]

An yi amfani da furcin a cikin karni na 19, kamar mace daidai, Miss Ann . Miss Ann wata magana ce da ake amfani da ita a tsakanin bayi don yin nuni ga matar gidan, yawanci matar mai gidan, da duk wata farar mace da bayin suke yi wa hidima. Mister Charlie shi ne ma'abucin bawa, ko duk wani bature da ke cin zarafi, ko kuma tawali'u ga bayi. 

*Kamus na Slang na Cassell* (2005) ya yi jayayya cewa a cikin 1920s, "Mista Charlie" yana nufin "kowane mutumin fari," amma a cikin 1970s ya samo asali zuwa ma'anar "mutumin da ke cikin iko." 

A cikin 1960s kalmar tana da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Bil'adama a Amurka kuma ta zama sananne a cikin ƙasa.  Ya bayyana a cikin taken wasan James Baldwin na *Blues don Mister Charlie* (1964) da kuma a cikin aya ta uku na waƙar zanga-zangar Malvina Reynolds "Ba shi da kyau" (1967):

Har ila yau – kuma ba ta da alaƙa da ma’anar amfani da Ba’amurke Ba-Amurke a matsayin ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan mawaƙin dutsen Grateful Dead sun yi waƙa ta asali a farkon shekarun ƙungiyar su (c. 1970 – 1973) mai suna “Mr. Charlie”. Ya bayyana sau ɗaya kawai akan sakin LP na hukuma azaman waƙa mai rai daga kundin " Turai '72 " sau uku. Ƙungiyar ta dakatar da yin waƙar bayan mutuwar mawallafin waƙar da kuma jagoran mawaƙa, Ron "Pigpen" McKernan . A cikin 2018, an ƙara waƙar a cikin repertoire na Dead &amp;amp; Company, ƙungiyar da ta haɗa da tsoffin matattu matattu, John Mayer ya rera shi. 

## Duba kuma

* Gammon (zagi)
* Gidan Negro
* Miss Ann
* Mutumin
* Kaka Tom

## Manazarta
Helen Gichohi

Helen Wanjiru Gichohi kwararre ce ta kasar Kenya wacce ita ce shugabar gidauniyar namun daji ta Afirka (AWF) daga 2007 zuwa 2013.

## Ilimi
An haifi Helen Gichohi a wata al'ummar noma a tsakiyar Kenya. [1] Ta sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a fannin dabbobi daga Jami'ar Kenyatta da digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin halittu daga Jami'ar Nairobi . Ta wuce Jami'ar Leicester, inda ta sami digiri na uku a fannin ilimin halittu. Yayin da take aiki don PhD, Helen ta yi nazarin tasirin ƙonawa mai sarrafawa akan wuraren kiwo na namun daji a cikin National Park na Nairobi . Ƙarshenta ita ce, sarrafa yadda ya kamata, wuta na iya taimakawa wajen kiyaye saɓanin buɗaɗɗen da ke ba da abinci ga namun daji. [2] Ta ce ta shiga cikin ilimin halittu, wani bangare saboda ta fi son yin aiki a waje fiye da ciki a dakin gwaje-gwaje. [1]

## Sana'a
A cikin 1990, yayin da mai bincike a Cibiyar Kare namun daji ta International (WCI), Helen Gichohi ta shirya bayanin tasirin muhalli kan yankin sarrafa fitar da kayayyaki na kasuwanci ga gwamnatin Kenya.  Ta zama Darakta na Cibiyar Kiyayewar Afirka (ACC), wanda ke samun tallafi daga Ƙungiyar Kula da Namun daji .  A cikin 1998 an nada ta a cikin wani kwamiti mai mutane biyar don ba da shawara ga shugaban Amurka Bill Clinton game da al'amuran muhalli a Afirka .  Ta shiga gidauniyar namun daji ta Afirka a cikin Fabrairu 2001 a matsayin Darakta na Shirin Zuciya na Afirka kuma a cikin Fabrairu 2002 an nada ta mataimakiyar shugabar shirin.  A cikin Janairu 2006 Shugaban Kenya ya ba Dr. Gichohi lambar yabo ta Order of Great Warrior na Kenya don girmamawa ga gudummawar da ta bayar don kiyayewa. 

A cikin Janairu 2007 kwamitin amintattu ya zabe ta a matsayin Shugabar AWF. Ta kuma yi aiki a kwamitin amintattu na Hukumar Kula da namun daji ta Kenya .  Helen Gichohi ta fito a matsayin ƙwararriyar mai magana a cikin kyautar 2009 fim ɗin *Milking the Rhino* .  Tun daga 2011 ta kasance memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Gida a Kenya na Ƙungiyar Ba da Baya ta Duniya .  Ta kasance memba na kwamitin amintattu na Kenya Land Conservation Trust  Archived   and of Beads for Education, kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke taimaka wa iyaye mata samun kudi don tura 'ya'yansu mata zuwa makaranta.   Ta kasance memba na kwamitin Bankin Equity Kenya, wanda ya fara a matsayin ginin jama'a, daga baya ya zama cibiyar kula da ƙananan kuɗi sannan kuma cikakken bankin kasuwanci. 

## Littafi Mai Tsarki

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## Nassoshi
Superspade

Superspade kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita tun farkon shekarun 1900 don kwatanta Baƙin Amurkawa waɗanda ke da hazaka ta musamman a wurare daban-daban. An ba da lakabin farko ga 'yan wasa (misali Jesse Owens, Muhammad Ali ) da masu yin nishadi (misali Jimi Hendrix, Sidney Poitier ). An yi amfani da kalmar don ɗaukar "tushen abin da ake tsammani daga baƙar fata. Dole ne su kasance masu ban sha'awa." (Behee 1974) Ya samo asali ne daga ra'ayin cewa don a gane, yarda da nasara, mutanen da suke baƙar fata sun fi takwarorinsu fararen fata. [ abubuwan da ake bukata ]

## Manazarta

* Bahi, John. *Barka da zuwa ga Nasara!* Ann Arbor: Littattafan Ulrich, 1974.
* Leab, Daniel J. *Daga Sambo zuwa Superspade: Ƙwarewar Baƙar fata a cikin Hotunan Motsi.* Boston: Kamfanin Houghton Miffin, 1975.
Magana da hannu

"Yi magana da hannu" (ko "gaya shi ga hannu" ) jumla ce mai kaifi mai alaƙa da 1990s. Ya samo asali ne a matsayin hanyar ba'a na cewa mutum baya son jin abin da mai magana yake fada. [1]

Sau da yawa ana fadada shi zuwa jumla kamar "Yi magana da hannu, saboda kunnuwa ba sa ji" ko "Yi magana da hannu, saboda fuska ba ta ji." 

## Ma'ana da amfani
Sau da yawa ana la'akari da shi azaman abin ban dariya ko ban tsoro, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma ɗan wasan barkwanci Martin Lawrence ya shahara da kalmar a cikin sitcom *Martin* na 1992.  An ba da rahoto a hukumance tun daga farkon 1995, lokacin da labarin mujallar Indianapolis na gida ya lura "Magana da hannu - Kalmar, wanda ke nufin, ' Rufewa ', yana tare da hannu a gaban fuskar wanda aka azabtar." 

Yawanci yana tare da miqa hannu ɗaya zuwa ga ɗayan, da tafin hannun yana fuskantar wanda ake zagi, ta yadda za a daina. An yi la'akari da yin amfani da kalmar a matsayin yanayin wucewa, kamar yadda Jack Rawlins ya lura a cikin ba da shawara ga marubuta game da yin amfani da sumba: "Slang is trendy. A bara kowane matashi da na sani yana cewa 'Yi magana da hannu'. Yanzu babu wanda ya ma tuna' Magana da hannu ". 

## Duba kuma

## Manazarta
SWATS

SWATS, SWATS ko SWATS ("Southwest Atlanta, too karfi") [1] [2] shine, a titi, hip-hop, ko mahallin gida, Kudu maso yammacin Atlanta, da yankin da ke kusa da garuruwan Kwalejin Kwalejin da Gabas ta Tsakiya . Kalmar "SWATS" ta zo [ ] a kusa da 1996 kuma ƙungiyoyin LaFace Records sun fara shahara da OutKast da Goodie Mob . Wannan shine lokacin da "ATL" ya zama sananne azaman [ ] Atlanta gaba ɗaya. [3]

Kalmar ta dace ba kawai a matsayin mai ganowa ga Kudu maso yammacin Atlanta ba amma a matsayin alamar al'ada da aka saka a cikin waƙoƙin rap da sunayen kiɗa da sauran ƙungiyoyi, tare da tunani ba kawai wurin jiki ba amma al'ada da salon rayuwa.

## Manazarta na SWATS

### Waƙoƙi
Waƙar OutKast " Peaches (Intro) " ta ce: "Ga…da SWATS…Saboda ba nuttin bane amma King Shit, duk rana, ranar kuskure".  Wata waƙar Outkast, "Ova da Wudz" tana faɗin "sanya SWATS, SWATS akan motar ku."

Waƙar Goodie Mob "I Refuse Limitation" ta furta "SWATS GA ta hanyar Cascade Heights", yayin da waƙarsu mai suna "Goodie Bag" ta ce "Saboda a cikin da SWAT's ja hots ba sa drip ko zubar jini", kuma a cikin "All A", ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Cee Lo Green ta ce "Amma kada ku kuskura ku hau ta cikin SWATS0 ba tare da harbi ba". 

Hudubar Erick ta rapped "Ina New York yanzu amma ina wakiltar SWATS da A-Town.", a cikin waƙarsa "Future Thug" daga kundin solo na shida ' Chilltown, New York ' a cikin 2004.

### Mai jarida da masu fasaha masu suna bayan SWATS
SWATS shine sunan jerin gidan talabijin na yanar gizo na 2010 ta Golden Street Entertainment da ke gudana a Kudu maso yammacin Atlanta. 

SWATS sunan waƙa ce ta ƙungiyar rap ta 9.17 akan kundi *na Kudancin Daular* da Motown ya fitar a cikin 2001. 

Matashi Ju King na da SWATS ɗan wasa ne wanda aka nuna akan ReverbNation . 

Hakanan ana ambaton wurin "Gina's Beauty Shop" a cikin fim din "Kyakkyawan Shagon" tare da Sarauniya Latifah.

## Manazarta