History of Northern Nigeria

**Tarihin Arewacin Najeriya**Ya kunshi tarihin yankin sun kasance kafin tarihi zuwa zamanin Arewacin Najeriya.""

## Pre-Tarihi

Al’adar Nok, tsohuwar al’ada ce da ta mamaye mafi yawan abin da a yanzu Arewacin Najeriya ke yi tun kafin zamanin tarihi, an gano abubuwan da suka gada a matsayin mutum-mutumi na terracotta da megaliths a Sakkwato, Kano, Birinin Kudu, Nok da Zariya. Al’adar Kwatarkwashi, bambancin al’adun Nok da aka fi sani a zamfara a cikin Lardin Sakkwato, wasu na ganin irin wannan ne ko kuma wani sashe ne na Nok"

## Daular Kanem-Bornu
Tarihin Borno yana da alaƙa da na Kanem, wanda ya girma ya zama daula a cikin tafkin Chadi a ƙarni na 13. A wasu lokuta, ta kai har zuwa Fezzan a kudancin Libya. Mai (sarkin) Kanem da fadarsa sun karɓi Musulunci a ƙarni na 11, kamar yadda daulolin yamma suka yi. An yi amfani da Musulunci don ƙarfafa tsarin siyasa da zamantakewar ƙasa, kodayake yawancin kwastam da aka kafa an kiyaye su. Don haka mata suka ci gaba da yin tasiri mai yawa a siyasance, musamman Magira (Sarauniya Uwar) da Magara ('yar'uwar 'yar'uwar Mai).": 72-73 "

Sarkin Kanem na farko shi ne Saif, wanda ya kafa daularsa, wato Sayfawa, wadda ta yi mulkin daular tsawon shekaru dubu (800 AD zuwa 1846 AD)." 74  Sarkin Kanem Musulmi na farko shi ne Mai Umme Jilmi (r. 1085-1097), wanda ya rasu a hanyarsa ta zuwa Makka. An ce dansa kuma magajinsa Dunama I (r. 1097-1150) ya yi hajji biyu zuwa Makka kuma Masarawa sun nutse a kusa da Suez a hajjinsa na uku. A karshen karni na 12, Kanem ya ci gaba da kulla huldar jakadanci da Tunisia. A wannan lokacin, Kanem kuma ya kula da makarantar sakandare (hostel) a birnin Alkahira, wanda aka tsara don dalibai da alhazai daga yankinsa. Saboda yadda Kanem yake da girma a Arewacin Afirka da kuma fadada yankin da ya samu a karni na 12 da 13, daular ta yi suna sosai a duniyar Musulunci ta lokacin." 75

Mai/Sarki ya tura jami’an tsaronsa da rundunonin sojoji domin mika mulki daga Kanem zuwa Borno. Yakin basasar da ya tarwatsa Kanem a rabin na biyu na karni na 14 ya kai ga samun ‘yancin kai na Bornu."Sayfawa, wadanda suka gudu zuwa Bornu, sun sami rauni sosai sakamakon gwagwarmayar daular da aka yi a karshen karni na 14 da farkon karni na 15. Mai Ali Ghaji (r. 1470-1508) ya kafa babban birni mai suna Birnin N'gazargamu, wadda ita ce cibiyar Bornu. Ali Ghaji ya gudanar da gyare-gyaren gwamnati tare da kawo karshen tashe tashen hankula. Tare da kara kwarin gwuiwar dakaru, ya fadada ikon Bornu zuwa yankunan da ke makwabtaka da shi, har ma ya bukaci a karrama shi daga wasu jihohin Hausa. Ya kuma sake kulla huldar diflomasiya da Arewacin Afirka. Magada Ali sun rike Kanem a matsayin lardin Bornu har zuwa karni na 19." 77–78.

Lokacin da ya fi kowa arziki a tarihin daular shine mulkin Idris Alauma (1571-1603). Takardun ta ya samo asali ne daga Imam Ahmed bn Fartua, wanda ya rubuta shekaru goma sha biyu na farkon mulkin Alauma. Alauma ya hau kan karagar mulki ne bayan da aka yi ta yi da Bornu a karkashin mahaifiyarsa Aicha. Jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya siyo mawaki na Turkiyya daga Arewacin Afirka da kuma dawakai da rakuma da makamai iri-iri ga dakarunsa domin karfafa karfin soja na Bornu. Ya jagoranci yaƙin neman zaɓe da dama don kwantar da maƙwabtan Bornu da mamaye yankuna. Sojojinsa sun yi kamfen mai nisa: a arewa daga Fezzan a kudancin Libya zuwa Kawar a arewacin Nijar; a gabas daga yankin Kanem a gabashin Chadi zuwa yankin Mandara a arewacin Kamaru; a kudu ya murkushe tawayen wani basarake Marghi; kuma a yamma ya mamaye kano ya nemi a karrama jihohin Hausa. Baya ga yakin, Alauma ya kuma gudanar da gyare-gyaren harkokin mulki. Ya fara maye gurbin dokokin al'ada da Shari'a (Dokar Musulunci) a wasu al'amura, ya nada alkadi (alkalai) don yanke hukunci a kan al'amuran shari'a ba tare da sarakunan gargajiya ba. Ya ba da kwarin gwiwar gina masallatai da dama, wadanda aka gina su da bulo da aka toya maimakon ciyawa. Ya kuma gudanar da aikin hajjin Makkah tare da bayar da kudin gina masauki ga mahajjatan Bornu a can."79-82

Tattalin arzikin Borno ya mamaye cinikin bayi da ake yi a Trans-Sudan da cinikin gishiri da kiwo a hamada. Bukatar kare muradunta na kasuwanci ya tilastawa Borno shiga Kanem tun daga karni na 15 zuwa 16. Duk da irin raunin da aka samu a siyasance a wannan lokaci, kotuna da masallatai na Borno sun samu suna a matsayin cibiyoyi na al'adun Musulunci da ilimi a karkashin kulawar kwararrun sarakuna."

## Masarautu Goma Sha Hudu

A cikin karni na 9 an kafa masarautu a Arewacin Najeriya domin maye gurbin Kabara, wadannan masarautu suna da irin wannan karfin tarihi na kabilanci wanda ya tabbatar da imaninsu ga asali daya. Labarin Masarautu Goma Sha Huɗu ya haɗa al'adun Arewacin Najeriya iri-iri zuwa tsarin haɗin kai. Bakwai daga cikin wadannan masarautu sun samo asali ne daga gadon Kabara na Hausawa. Kamar yadda manyan cibiyoyin kasuwanci da ke fafatawa da Kanem – Bornu da Mali sannu a hankali a Sudan ta Tsakiya, wasu masarautu suka hade suka mamaye manyan filayen savannah na kasar Hausa, kayayyakin da suke fitarwa na farko sune fata, zinare, tufa, gishiri, goro, fatun dabbobi, da henna". Ƙasashen Hausa Bakwai sun haɗa da:"

Daura
Kano 998-1807
Katsina c. 1400-1805
Zazzau (Zaria) c. 1200-1808
Gobir ?–1808
Rano
Biram c. 1100-1805

Ci gaban Hausawa Bakwai da cin galaba a kai ya haifar da kafuwar wasu jahohi tare da masu mulki suna bin zuriyarsu ga wata kuyangar uban Hausawa Bayajidda. Don haka ake kiran su 'Banza Bakwai ma'ana Bastard Bakwai. Banza Bakwai sun yi amfani da yawancin al'adu da cibiyoyi na Bakwai Bakwai amma mutanen da ba Hausawa ba suna ganin ba su da izini ko kwafi. Waɗannan jahohin sun haɗa da:"

Zamfara
Kebbi
Yauri (wanda ake kira Yawuri)
Gwari (wanda ake kira Gwariland)
Kwararafa (a Jahar jukun)
Nupe (na mutanen Nupe)
Ilorin (Jahar yaruba)

## Kasar Hausa

Tsakanin shekara ta 500 zuwa 700 AZ, al’ummar Hausawa da ake tunanin sun tashi daga Nubia sannu a hankali tare da cudanya da al’ummar yankin Arewa ta Tsakiyar yankin, sun kafa jihohi da dama a yankin Arewacin Nijeriya da Gabashin Nijar. Da faduwar Nok da Sakkwato, wadanda a baya suka mallaki Tsakiya da Arewacin Najeriya a tsakanin 800 KZ zuwa 200 AD, Hausawa suka samu damar fitowa a matsayin sabon iko a yankin. Suna da alaka ta kut-da-kut da mutanen Kanuri na Kanem–Bornu, Tafkin Chadi, Bassa, Birom, Gwari, Nupe da Jukun. Sarakunan Hausawa, karkashin daular Ghana sun karbi Musulunci a karni na 11. A karni na 12 miladiyya, Hausawa sun zama daya daga cikin manyan kasashen Afirka. Gine-ginen ƙasar Hausa ƙila yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙanƙanta amma mafi kyawun zamanin da. Yawancin masallatai da fadojinsu na farko suna da haske da launuka kuma galibi sun haɗa da sassaƙaƙƙen zane-zane ko ƙayyadaddun alamomi waɗanda aka ƙera a cikin facade. A shekara ta 1500 CE, Hausawa sun yi amfani da ingantaccen rubutun Larabci da aka fi sani da Ajami don yin nadin nasu; Hausawa sun hada rubuce-rubucen tarihi da dama, wanda ya fi shahara shi ne tarihin Kano"

## zamanin Sokoto
A karni na 19, 'yan Fulani sun jagoranci jerin jihadi a fadin Afirka ta Sudan. A Arewacin Najeriya da kuma tsakiyar Sudan, Usman dan Fodio ya jagoranci Fulani a yunkurin kifar da Sarakunan Hausawa. A shekara ta 1803, wata sabuwar jiha da aka fi sani da Khalifancin Sakkwato ta maye gurbin mafi yawan tsoffin sarakunan da suka yi mulkin yankin. Daular Sakkwato ta kasance karkashin jagorancin Amirul Muminin. Karkashin Dan Fodio, Daular ta kasance bicephalous kuma ta kasu kashi biyu yankuna kowane wanda aka nada shi ke sarrafa shi. Kowane yanki an ƙara raba shi zuwa Masarautu masu cin gashin kansu a ƙarƙashin manyan sarakunan gida na gado. Daular Bornu ta fara shiga cikin Halifancin Usman dan Fodio na Sokoto, amma ta balle bayan wasu shekaru"

## Zamanin Mulkin Mallaka

Tunanin farko da Arewacin Najeriya ya yi da Turawan mulkin mallaka ya shafi kasuwanci ne, kuma ya ta’allaka ne a kan fadada kamfanin Royal Niger Company, wanda yankunan cikinsa suka bazu arewa daga wajen da kogin Neja da Benue suka hade a Lokoja, wurin da ake kira (Dutsen Patti). Yankin Kamfanonin Neja ba ya wakiltar barazana kai tsaye ga daular Sokoto ko kuma jahohi da dama na Arewacin Najeriya. Wannan ya canza, lokacin da Fredrick Lugard da Taubman Goldie suka gindaya wani gagarumin shiri na tabbatar da zaman lafiya a cikin Nijar da kuma hada shi da sauran daular Birtaniyya a shekarar 1897 Lugard ya shelanta yankin Arewacin Najeriya da yaki duk da cewa ba a jima ba; Halifanci da kansa bai taba mayar da martani ga harin Lugards ba, wannan ya ba shi damar kwantar da Masarautar daya bayan daya. A watan Fabrairun 1903, kagaran Kano ya fadi, aka rufe kasuwar bayi, Sokoto da sauran yankuna suka biyo baya. A farkon 1920s an daidaita aljihu na ƙarshe na juriya da ke cikin Kanem.

## Lokacin kariya

Fredrick Lugard ya shelanta yankin Arewacin Najeriya a Ida a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1897. Tushen mulkin mallaka shi ne yerjejeniyar Berlin ta 1885 wadda ta bai wa Arewacin Najeriya gabaɗaya ga Biritaniya, bisa tushen kare su a Kudancin Najeriya. Ba da dadewa ba aka yi ta fama da daular Sakkwato mai karfi." Masarautar Kabba, Kontagora da Ilorin sune na farko da turawan Ingila suka mamaye. A watan Fabrairun 1903, aka kwace babban katangar Kano, mazaunin masarautar Kano, Sokoto da sauran da yawa daga cikin Halifancinta nan da nan suka mamaye. A ranar 13 ga Maris, 1903, babbar Shura ta Khalifanci daga karshe ta amince da bukatar Lugard, ta kuma ayyana sarauniya Victoria, sarauniya kuma mai mulkin halifanci da dukkan kasashenta"

Gwamna Frederick Lugard, da karancin albarkatun kasa, ya yi mulki ne tare da amincewar sarakunan yankin ta hanyar siyasar mulkin kai tsaye wadda ya bunkasa ta zama sahihiyar ka’idar siyasa. Lugard ya bar yankin kare bayan wasu shekaru, yana aiki a Hong Kong, amma daga karshe aka dawo da shi aiki a Najeriya inda ya yanke shawarar hadewar yankin Arewacin Najeriya da Kudancin Najeriya a shekarar 1914." Tashin hankali don samun 'yancin kai daga mabambantan kariyar Kudancin Kudancin duk da haka ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin 1940s. Kundin tsarin mulkin Richards, wanda aka shelanta a shekarar 1945 ya ba wa Arewa ‘yancin cin gashin kai, daga karshe a fannin huldar waje da manufofin kwastam."

## Interregnum shekaru 40

Daga 1914 zuwa 1953, Arewacin Najeriya mafi girma ya hade da Kudancin Najeriya a cikin Mallaka da Kariya na Najeriya, kuma kusan ana sarrafa gwamnatinsa daga Kudu. A wannan lokacin, an gudanar da ayyukan ƙananan hukumomi ta hanyar manyan hakimai da manyan kwamishinoni. A cikin 1940s tashin hankali na Arewa ya kai ga Richards kuma daga karshe zuwa ga tsarin mulkin Macpherson na 1953, wanda ya ba da ikon gudanar da mulki na musamman (ciki har da fannin manufofin waje, kwastam da kula da iyakoki) ga Arewa."

## 'Yanci

Arewacin Najeriya ya samu 'yancin kai a ranar 15 ga Maris, 1953, inda Sir Ahmadu Bello ya zama firayim minista na farko. Jam’iyyar Arewa Peoples Congress karkashin Sir Ahmadu Bello ce ta mamaye majalisa yayin da Northern Elements Progressive Union ta zama babbar jam’iyyar adawa."
## Manazarta