Gidan zubar da shara na Edgemere

Edgemere Landfill tsohon wurin zubar da shara ne na birni wanda ke cikin Edgemere a kan yankin Rockaway a cikin Queens, New York City. Tana kan wani tsibiri da ɗan adam ya yi a gabar tekun Jamaica Bay, a ƙarshen gabas na tsibirin Rockaway. Wani yanki na rukunin yanar gizon yana buɗewa ga jama'a azaman Parkaway Community Park (tsohon Edgemere Park). Gabaɗayan rukunin yanar gizon mallakar Ma'aikatar Wuta da Nishaɗi ce ta birnin New York.

An fara aikin share fage a watan Yunin 1938, inda ya haɗa tsibirai da dama a cikin Marshland na Jamaica Bay tare da haɗa su zuwa babban yankin Rockaway Peninsula. Jim kadan bayan haka, an yi amfani da wani yanki na wurin a matsayin filin jirgin sama na Rockaway. Kwamishinan Parks na Birnin New York Robert Moses ne ya yi cikinsa Edgemere Park don wurin zubar da shara a cikin 1950s, a matsayin wani ɓangare na abubuwan more rayuwa na aikin gidaje na Edgemere na kusa. Wurin, tare da wasu wuraren shakatawa da dama da aka tsara a cikin birnin, sun ci gaba da aiki a matsayin wurin zubar da shara domin cike lungu da sako domin raya wuraren shakatawa. An haɓaka ƙaramin yanki na Parkaway Community Park kusa da Gidajen Edgemere a cikin 1960s. A lokacin da ake gudanar da aikin, wurin zubar da shara ya kasance wurin da ake zubar da sinadarai masu guba da mai, kuma ya zama hadari ga filin jirgin sama na John F. Kennedy da ke kusa da shi ta hanyar jan hankalin tsuntsaye. Bayan gano ganguna masu guba a cikin rumbun shara a cikin 1983, an ayyana wurin a matsayin wurin Superfund. An rufe shi a cikin 1991 kuma an rufe shi daga baya.

Tushen shara shine mafi tsawo a cikin Rockaways, yana auna   tsawo. : 5  An yi iƙirarin cewa wurin zubar da shara shine "mafi tsawo da ke ci gaba da aiki a Amurka", yana karɓar sharar gida daga 1938 zuwa 1991.  : 50  Har ila yau, yana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin wuraren zubar da shara a Birnin New York,   kuma shine na biyu zuwa na ƙarshe na birni don ci gaba da aiki. Wurin zubar da shara na ƙarshe, Fresh Kills Landfill a Staten Island, an rufe shi a shekara ta 2001.

## Bayyanawa

Edgemere Landfill yana gefen arewa na Rockaway Peninsula a cikin unguwar Edgemere kusa da Arverne a gabashin ƙarshen Rockaways. Wurin da ake zubar da shara ya ƙunshi ƙaramin tsibiri, wanda ya shimfiɗa arewa zuwa Jamaica Bay a ƙarshen ƙarshen bay. Ƙananan raƙuman ruwa a cikin gaɓar sun zama ɓangarorin yamma da gabas. A yamma shine Somerville Basin wanda ke gudana tsakanin tsibiri da Dubos Point a Arverne zuwa yamma. A gabas akwai Norton Basin wanda ke gudana tsakanin wuraren zubar da ruwa da Bayswater zuwa gabas. A ƙarshen ƙarshen Norton Basin akwai ƙananan ruwa guda biyu, Conch Basin (tsohon Little Bay) zuwa yamma a gindin wurin zubar da ƙasa, da ƙaramin Norton Basin zuwa gabas kusa da Bayswater Park. Dukkanin jikunan ruwa guda uku suna ƙarewa a kusan tashar Tekun Teku.  : 16−17, 19 

Za'a iya bayyana wurin zubar da shara a matsayin babban sashi na "kai", wanda ya ƙunshi babban tudun zubar da ƙasa  ya kai cikin Jamaica Bay, da kuma sashi na" wuyansa" wanda ke haɗa tsibirin zuwa Rockaways.   A cewar Ma'aikatar Gidajen Gidajen Kasa da Wasanni ta Birnin New York, wurin shakatawa da wurin zubar da shara yana da kadada 255.40 (103.36  a girman. Girman zubar da shara ana yawan bayyana shi a matsayin kadada 173 (ha 70).   Yankin bakin tekun ya kai kilomita 2 (3.2).  An rufe wurin zubar da shara da ciyawa, tare da hanyoyi da yawa da ke kewaye da shafin, kuma suna gudana a fadin wurin zubar. : 32  Ana yanka ciyawa sau ɗaya a shekara, yana ba da damar bincika wurin zubar da shara don neman gas. Tushen sharar gida yana da tsawo  , mafi girman matsayi a kan Rockaway Peninsula. Saboda wannan, yana daya daga cikin shafuka kawai a yankin da ba a cikin yankin da ke fama da ambaliyar ruwa ba. : 5, 27−31, 50 Har yanzu mafi girma ne fiye da mafi girma na tsohon Fresh Kills Landfill a Staten Island, wanda ke da ƙafa 170 (52 m). 

A lokacin aikinta, Edgemere Landfill ya sami jimlar cubic yadudduka miliyan  (cubic mita miliyan 6.9) na sharar gida. : 36  Wurin zubar da shara yana daya daga cikin manyan wuraren zubar da ruwa guda uku da ke kusa da Jamaica Bay. Sauran biyu sune Pennsylvania Avenue da Fountain Avenue Landfills da ke Brooklyn. Ana zaune kai tsaye a fadin zubar da shara zuwa arewa shine ƙarshen Runways 4L da 4R na Filin jirgin saman John F. Kennedy. A lokacin aikin zubar da shara, kasancewar gulls da ke ciyar da shara a shafin ya haifar da haɗari ga jiragen da ke aiki zuwa da kuma daga filin jirgin sama. : 37−39   Nau'in tsuntsaye da aka samo a wurin zubar da shara sun haɗa da American herring gull da laughing gull, da kuma gajeren kunne. 

### Gidan shakatawa

A gindin babban wurin zubar da shara shine kawai ɓangaren bude na Rockaway Community Park, wanda ke gefen arewacin Almeda Avenue a fadin aikin gidaje na Ocean Bay Apartments, wanda aka fi sani da Edgemere Houses .  : 9, 17, 50  Gidan shakatawa mai tasowa ya mamaye kusan kadada 15 (6.1  na ƙasa. Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta saki ƙarin kadada 25 (10  na ƙasa don amfani da nishaɗi a cikin 2010.  "Yankin halitta" yana arewacin wurin shakatawa mai tasowa, wanda ke cikin yankin "kashin" tsakanin wurin shakatawa da tsohon wurin zubar da shara.  

Ƙananan sassan biyu na filin shakatawa da ba a inganta ba sun kai kudu a yamma da gabashin gefen wurin shakatawa zuwa Beach Channel Drive. Yankin yammacin shi ne wani rectangular mãkirci tsakanin Beach 58th Street da Somerville Basin . Yankin da ya fi gabashin yana da siffar triangular, a kan iyakar Conch Basin tsakanin Beach 51st Street da Elizabeth Avenue. : 9, 17, 50 : 32 Wadannan makirci guda biyu ana daukar su a matsayin "Yamma" da "Gabas" wuraren halitta na wurin shakatawa.  Ana amfani da ɓangaren kudancin ɓangaren yammacin a matsayin Gidan Al'umma na Rockaway Youth Task Force .  : 32 Kusan kudu da gabashin gabashin shi ne Conch Playground, wanda ke kusa da Makarantar Jama'a 105 tsakanin Beach Channel Drive da Elizabeth Avenue. 

Yankin da aka haɓaka na wurin shakatawa kusa da rukunin gidaje yana da filin wasan ciyawa mai lu'u lu'u-lu'u da filin wasan kurket. Filin wasan cricket shine kaɗai a kan Rockaway Peninsula. Lu'u-lu'u na baseball na biyu a baya ya wanzu. Gidan shakatawa kuma ya ƙunshi kwando, ƙwallon hannu, da kotunan wasan tennis da filin wasa. : 22   An sami tashar kamun kifi guda biyu a bakin tekun Sommerville Basin a ƙarshen yammacin yankin arewacin. : 32  Hanyar tafiya ta ratsa yankin arewacin.  : 16−19, 32−34   Ana amfani da babban wurin zubar da shara a matsayin wurin kallon tsuntsaye, saboda kusanci da Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge. 

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan batutuwan da ke shafar wurin shakatawa shine yawan sauro, wanda ke haifar da wurin shakatawa da ba a yi amfani da shi ba. : 16−17, 32   Kasancewar sauro a cikin wurin shakatawa da kuma kusa da Dubos Point an danganta shi da wurin da suke tare da Jamaica Bay, da kuma muhimman ciyayi. Gidan shakatawa da sauran sanannun wuraren kiwon sauro a cikin birni lokaci-lokaci suna fuskantar maganin larvicide da kuma fesawa don yaƙi da sauro,    kodayake yaduwar kashe ƙwayoyin cuta yana faruwa ne kawai lokacin da aka gano kwayar cuta kamar West Nile a cikin yawan sauro na gida. Har ila yau, akwai magungunan sauro a cikin wurin shakatawa don taimakawa wajen sarrafa yawan jama'a. : 32 Gidan shakatawa kuma yana fama da kasancewar nau'ikan shuke-shuke masu mamayewa kamar su phragmites .  : 32  Bugu da ƙari yawancin wuraren shakatawa suna cikin lalacewa, gami da filayen wasa da kotuna waɗanda suka cika da ciyayi. : 32   A halin yanzu, gefen arewacin Almeda Avenue kusa da wurin shakatawa ba shi da wata hanya, yana mai da wuya a isa wurin shakatawa. : 32  Hakanan akwai rikice-rikice na hayaniya daga Filin jirgin saman JFK da ke kusa.  Batutuwan da ke tattare da sauro da phragmites sun shafi wurin shakatawa tun daga shekarun 1960 lokacin da aka kirkiro wurin shakatawa.

Shirye-shiryen wurin shakatawa na asali don babban wurin zubar da shara shine ƙirƙirar tashar jiragen ruwa da filin golf a shafin. Shirye-shiryen zamani na Rockaway Community Park suna neman a ƙarshe haɓaka babban wurin zubar da shara a matsayin wani ɓangare na wurin shakatawa. : 32  Ba za a iya haɓaka wurin zubar da shara a matsayin wurin shakatawa ko don tsarin dindindin har zuwa 2021.

### Ma'aikatar Tsabtace Yanayi

Wani bangare na shafin a kan Conch Basin ya ci gaba da aiki da Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Birnin New York (DSNY). Ana amfani da wani ɓangare na shafin a matsayin wurin cire iskar gas don tattara iskar gas da aka fitar daga wurin zubar da shara. Shafin kuma ya ƙunshi DSNY Queens East District 14 Garage .  An buɗe garage a shekara ta 2009. A ranar 14 ga Disamba, 2010, DSNY ta sake ba da sunan garage "Stephen Dixon Garage" bayan Stephen Dixon, ma'aikaci daga garage wanda ya mutu a kan aiki a watan Maris na shekara ta 2009.   Gidan ajiye motoci na baya yana kan titin Beach 72nd da Amstel Boulevard a Arverne, yanzu ana amfani dashi azaman tashar Access-A-Ride.  

### Sufuri
Hanyoyin bas na Q22 da Q52 SBS suna ba da wurin shakatawa da filin ajiye motoci, waɗanda ke aiki a kan tashar tashar Teku a ƙarshen ƙarshen gidajen Edgmere. Q22 yana aiki a fadin Rockaway Peninsula tsakanin Far Rockaway zuwa gabas da Roxbury zuwa yamma. Q52, wanda ya ƙare a Titin Beach 54th, yana tafiya arewa ta Woodhaven da Cross Bay Boulevards ta hanyar Broad Channel zuwa "Mainland" Queens. Tashar jirgin karkashin kasa ta New York mafi kusa ita ce tashar titin Beach 60th akan layin IND Rockaway (A jirgin kasa), wanda yake kudu maso yamma na wurin shakatawa a titin Beach 59th kusa da Rockaway Beach Boulevard. 

## Magana
Sunan Edgemere ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Anglo-Saxon, ma'ana "gefen teku".   Kalmar Rockaway ta samo asali ne daga kalma a cikin yarukan Algonquin Native American . An ba da ma'anoni da yawa, gami da "wurin mai laushi", "wurin ruwan dariya", "wannan mutanenmu", ko "wuyar ƙasar". : 6 : 9 : 11 Wannan shine sunan kabilar Lenape, wadanda suka kasance wani ɓangare na kabilar Canarsee (Canarsie), wanda ya mamaye yawancin yankin da ke kusa da Jamaica Bay. : 11 

## Tarihi

### Tarihin Farko

Kafin ƙirƙirar filin, wurin Edgemere Park ya ƙunshi tsibirai dabam-dabam da yawa a cikin ƙaramin ƙaramin ruwa mai girma tsakanin Dubos Point zuwa yamma da Bayswater Point zuwa gabas. Tun asali an san shi da "Little Bay Marsh". Norton Basin (wanda kuma ake kira Norton's Creek) asalinsa an haɗa shi da Tekun Atlantika ta wani rafi da ake kira Wave Crest Inlet, wanda ya raba yankin yamma da babban yankin. : 11-14, 17, 37 : 83, 95−96 Yankin da ke kusa da Jamaica Bay ciki har da Rockaways an nuna shi da marshland.   : 83 A ƙarshen 1872, unguwanni na Edgemere da Arverne sun cika da itatuwan al'ul. : 32 

The area around Jamaica Bay including the Rockaway Peninsula was initially inhabited by the Canarsie and Rockaway Native American groups, who were often referred to erroneously as the "Metoac" or "Mantinecocks". The Rockaway primarily controlled the eastern and southern shores of Jamaica Bay in present-day Queens and Nassau County, while the Canarsie controlled the northern and western shores in modern-day Brooklyn. In 1685, the Rockaway Peninsula was sold to English Captain John Palmer by two tribal chiefs, Tackapausha and Paman. Palmer was said to have purchased the land for "31 pounds, 2 shillings". The land was considered to be "barren", consisting of meadow and marsh used for grazing. At the time, the peninsula stretched from the modern Rockaway Turnpike west to the modern Wavecrest neighborhood, making up the greater Far Rockaway area of Queens and what is now Five Towns, Nassau County (then called "Rockaway Neck"). The peninsula would later be extended west to Rockaway Point by the natural accretion of sand from tidal action.

A cikin 1687 Palmer ya sayar da ƙasar ga ɗan ƙasar Ingila Richard Cornell, wanda danginsa zasu sami Jami'ar Cornell daga baya. A sakamakon haka, Palmer ya sami ƙasa a cikin "Madnan's Neck", yanzu Ƙananan Neck, Queens da Great Neck, Nassau County. A baya Cornell ya sayi abin da zai zama Flushing, Queens. Cornell ya gina wani gida da ke kallon Tekun Atlantika wanda aka fi sani da "Cornell house" ko "Cornell homestead", wanda aka ce shine tsarin dindindin na farko a yankin. : 6  : 9−12  : 146−147 Gidan yana kusa da Central Avenue (Beach 20th Street), Beach 19th Street, da Empire Avenue a Far Rockaway na zamani. Wannan shi ne wurin Cibiyar Ibrananci ta zamani ta Long Island a Beach 17th Street da Seagirt Boulevard .   Har ila yau, dangin sun kirkiro wani wurin binnewa da ke kusa da Caffrey Avenue da New Haven Avenue.

Bayan rabuwa da dukiyar Cornell a cikin 1809, a cikin 1830 John Leake Norton ya sayi ƙasa daga dangin Cornell, wanda ya ƙunshi Edgemere da Far Rockaway. Norton ya kafa kungiyar Rockaway tare da wasu fitattun mutanen New York, kuma kungiyar ta gina otal a tsohon shafin gidan Cornell da ake kira Marine Pavilion .  : 6   : 20−21, 83−85 An buɗe ɗakin a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 1833. Kodayake ya ƙone a ranar 25 ga Yuni, 1864,  : 84   otal ɗin ya haɓaka ci gaban Rockaways zuwa garin shakatawa. : 6 : 20−21, 83−85 An buɗe hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta Far Rockaway ta Kudu Side Railroad na Long Island a 1869 tsakanin Valley Stream da Far Rockaby, kuma an faɗaɗa shi zuwa Seaside House a Rockaway Park a 1872.  : 6 : 6 : 34−38 : 74 New York, Woodhaven & Rockaway Railroad sun buɗe layin su daga Brooklyn da "mainland" Queens zuwa Rockaway Park a cikin 1880  : 34−38 : 48, 74−76    The Ocean Electric Railway ya buɗe layin titin ta hanyar waƙoƙin Far Rockaway Branch a cikin 1897.  : 34−38 

Har zuwa shekarun 1880, yankunan Edgemere da Arverne galibi ba a inganta su ba kuma suna daga cikin na ƙarshe da za a bunkasa a tsibirin. : 5−6 : 6 : 98 Edgemere, wanda ake kira "New Venice", Frederick J. Lancaster ne ya haɓaka tun daga 1892, tare da buɗe Otal Edgemere a 1894.  : 21, 95−99 Remington Vernam ne ya haɓaka unguwar Arverne. An gina Otal din Arverne a cikin 1888. An buɗe tashar jirgin ƙasa a unguwar a Gaston Avenue a 1888, kuma ta biyu a Straiton Avenue a 1892.   : 21, 95−99 The Wave Crest Inlet, wanda kuma ake kira Wave Crent Lake, an cika shi a cikin 1911 don ci gaba da bunkasa unguwar Edgemere. : 83, 95−96