Michael Lerner (rabbi)

**Michael Phillip Lerner** (Fabrairu 7, 1943 - Agusta 28, 2024) ɗan gwagwarmayar siyasa ne na Amurka, editan *Tikkun*, mujallar addinai ta Yahudawa mai ci gaba da ke zaune a Berkeley, California, kuma malamin Majami'ar Beyt Tikkun a Berkeley . 

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Michael Lerner a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 1943, kuma ya girma a sashin Weequahic na Newark, New Jersey . [1][a] A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, ya halarci Far Brook Country Day School, makarantar mai zaman kanta wacce ya bayyana cewa tana da "mai wadataccen sadaukarwa ga Kristanci tsakanin addinai".[1] Duk da yake ya rubuta cewa ya yaba da "kyakkyawan kyakkyawa da hikima na Kiristanci wanda ake fallasa shi", ya kuma ji an ware shi da addini, a matsayin ɗan masu sha'awar Zionists waɗanda suka halarci makarantar Ibrananci sau uku a mako, yayin da a lokaci guda yake fuskantar ayyukan al'adun Kirista a makaranta.[he][1] A bukatarsa, a aji na 7 ya sauya zuwa makarantar jama'a a unguwar Weequahic ta Newark, inda takwarorinsa suka kasance, a cikin kimantawarsa, 80% Yahudawa.[1] Ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Weequahic a shekarar 1960.[2] Lerner ya sami digiri na BA daga Jami'ar Columbia . A shekara ta 1972 ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin falsafa daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley . A shekara ta 1977 ya sami digirin digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin likitanci / zamantakewa daga Cibiyar Wright da ke Berkeley .

### Yunkurin dalibai
Yayinda yake a Berkeley, Lerner ya zama jagora a cikin ƙungiyar ɗaliban Berkeley da Free Speech Movement,  shugaban ƙungiyar ɗaliban kyauta,  kuma shugaban daga 1966 zuwa 1968 na reshen Berkeley na Students for a Democratic Society (SDS).  Bayan koyar da falsafar doka a Jami'ar Jihar San Francisco,  ya ɗauki aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa na falsafar a Jami'a ta Washington kuma ya koyar da ɗabi'a, falsafar zamantakewa da siyasa, falsafar adabi da al'adu, da gabatarwa ga falsafar.

Da yake damuwa game da rushewar SDS a shekarar 1969, Lerner ya nemi sake tsara sabbin ma'aikatan hagu da ke da alaƙa da SDS a cikin sabuwar kungiyar da ake kira Seattle Liberation Front (SLF) a ranar 19 ga Janairu, 1970.  Duk da yake SLF ba ta amince da tashin hankali a fili a matsayin dabarar siyasa ba, mambobin SLF ciki har da Roger Lippman, Michael Justesen, da Susan Stern suma mambobi ne na Weather Underground, wanda ke da hare-haren bama-bamai a matsayin babban ɓangare na dabarun siyasa. Bayan zanga-zangar "Day After" da SLF ta yi kira a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 1970 (don nuna rashin amincewa da hukunce-hukuncen da aka yi a shari'ar Chicago Seven) ya zama tashin hankali, an kama Lerner da sauransu kuma an tuhume su da tayar da tarzoma.

Lerner da abokan hamayyarsa sun zama sanannun "Seattle Bakwai". A lokacin shari'arsu, Darakta na FBI J. Edgar Hoover ya fitar da wata sanarwa ta jama'a (wanda aka sake maimaitawa a rediyo da talabijin) wanda ya bayyana Lerner a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin masu aikata laifuka masu haɗari a Amurka", duk da cewa bai taɓa shiga cikin wani tashin hankali ba. Jami'an tarayya da ke ba da shaida a shari'ar daga baya sun yarda cewa sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da tashin hankali da tashin hankali.

Shari'ar ta ƙare a cikin rikici na kotu (a lokacin da Lerner shine kadai wanda ake tuhuma ya zauna), kuma alƙalin da ke jagorantar ya tura wadanda ake tuhuma zuwa kurkuku saboda rashin girmama tuhumar kotu. An kai Lerner zuwa gidan yarin Tarayyar Tarayyar Terminal Island a San Pedro, California, inda ya yi watanni da yawa kafin Kotun daukaka kara ta Tarayyar 9 ta soke hukuncin da aka yanke masa saboda raina kotu kuma ta ba da umarnin a sake shi. Babban zarge-zargen da suka shafi tashin hankali daga baya gwamnatin tarayya ta sauke su.

A wannan lokacin Lerner ya sadu da ɗan dambe Muhammad Ali sau da yawa, wanda kuma ya kasance mai aiki a cikin ƙungiyar adawa da yaƙi, a tarurrukan adawa da yaki da Lerner ya shirya. Lerner ya ba da labarin cewa Ali shine Musulmi na farko da ya taɓa saduwa da shi. Su biyu ba su taɓa saduwa ba ko kuma su sake magana bayan wannan lokacin duk da cewa a cikin 1995 Lerner ya karɓi wasika daga Ali yana nuna godiya ga littafin da Lerner ya rubuta tare da Cornel West, *Yahudawa da Baƙi: Bari Warkarwa ta fara*. Muhammad Ali ya haɗa da gayyatar Lerner don yin magana a wurin tunawa da Ali, don wakiltar bangaskiyar Yahudawa mai ci gaba, wanda ya faru a cikin 2016.  Lerner ya kuma koyi daga lauyan Ali cewa Ali ya kasance "babban fan" na aikin rabbi kuma Ali ya yi nadama da gaske cewa bai yi hulɗa da Lerner ba a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Ali da matarsa sun yi niyyar yin hakan sau da yawa kuma ba su bi ba.

### Farfesa da bincike
Bayan kammala Ph.D. Lerner ya koma Hartford, Connecticut inda ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a fannin falsafa a Kwalejin Triniti har zuwa 1975, lokacin da ya koma Berkeley, ya shiga bangaren koyarwa a Jami'ar California a cikin Shirin Nazarin Filin kuma ya koyar da doka da tattalin arziki har zuwa 1976 lokacin da ya karɓi matsayi a Jami'a ta Jihar Sonoma na shekara guda a cikin ilimin zamantakewa, yana koyar da darussan ilimin halayyar jama'a. A halin yanzu, ya kammala Ph.D. na biyu a shekarar 1977, wannan a cikin ilimin zamantakewa / asibiti a Cibiyar Wright da ke Berkeley.

A shekara ta 1976 Lerner ya kafa Cibiyar Kula da Ayyuka da Lafiya ta Zuciya don yin aiki tare da ƙungiyar ma'aikata da yin bincike kan ilimin halayyar jama'ar Amurka. A shekara ta 1979 ya sami tallafi daga Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa don horar da masu kula da shagon ƙungiyar a matsayin wakilai na rigakafi don cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa, kuma a lokaci guda ya tsawaita binciken da ya gabata game da psychodynamics na al'ummar Amurka. Tare da tallafin da ya biyo baya daga NIMH ya yi nazarin siyasar Amurka kuma ya ba da rahoton cewa "rikice na ruhaniya" ya kasance a cikin zuciyar sauye-sauyen siyasa na al'ummar Amurka da kuma zuciyar yawancin ciwon hankali da ake kula da shi a cikin magani mutum.

Rubutun nasa yana nuna sauya wannan bincike zuwa tattalin arziki ma, wato. "Wannan mayar da hankali kan kudi da iko na iya yin abubuwan al'ajabi a kasuwa, amma yana haifar da babbar matsala a cikin al'ummarmu. Mutanen da suka kwashe rana suna koyon yadda za su sayar da kansu da kuma sarrafa wasu ba su da matsayi don samar da abokantaka mai dorewa ko dangantaka ta kusa... 'yan Amurkawa da yawa suna jin yunwa ga wani nau'i daban-daban na al'umma - wanda ya dogara da ka'idojin kulawa, hankali da ruhaniya, da hadin kai na al'adinsu. Bukatar jama'a. 

### Mujallar ''Tikkun''
Bayan ya yi aiki na shekaru biyar a matsayin dean na makarantar digiri na ilimin halayyar dan adam a New College of California (yanzu ya mutu) a San Francisco,  Lerner da matarsa ta wancan lokacin Nan Fink sun kirkiro mujallar ilimi mai ban sha'awa da ake kira *Tikkun*: Bimonthly Jewish Critique of Politics, Culture and Society. An fara Tikkun ne da niyyar kalubalantar hagu saboda rashin iya fahimtar muhimmancin addini da damuwa na ruhaniya a rayuwar talakawa na Amurka.

Tare da abokin aikinsa Peter Gabel, Lerner ya haɓaka " siyasa na ma'ana": cewa Amurkawa suna jin yunwa ba kawai don tsaro na kayan aiki ba har ma da rayuwar da ke da alaƙa da wasu ma'ana mafi girma, kuma cewa gazawar ƙungiyoyi masu sassaucin ra'ayi da masu ci gaba don samun goyon bayan mafi rinjaye ya dogara ne akan rashin iya fahimtar wannan yunwa da magance shi ta hanyar nunawa da matsakaicin matsakaicin ma'aikata masu aiki a wasu al'ummomin masana'antu masu ci gaba cewa shi ne dabi'aunin gasa da Bottom Line na kudi kuma ya kawo tushen tushen tushen tushen waɗannan dabi'u na ruhaniya a cikin rayuwar jama'a a cikin jama'a.

An yi niyyar yin magana da yunwa don ma'anar da ke tattare da dubban mutane da Lerner da abokan aikinsa ke karatu a Cibiyar Kula da Ayyuka da Lafiya. An kafa *Tikkun* don ilimantar da jama'a game da binciken Cibiyar da kuma bunkasa wasu abubuwan da ke tattare da wannan aikin. Koyaya, saboda yana da sha'awar kasancewa "wani zaɓi ga muryoyin ra'ayin mazan jiya na Yahudawa, wasu kungiyoyin Yahudawa sun soki *Tikkun*.

A shekara ta 1993, Uwargidan Shugaban kasa Hillary Clinton ta haɗa da " siyasa na ma'ana" a cikin taƙaitaccen falsafar siyasa da zamantakewa da take kirkira.

A shekara ta 2002, Lerner ya shirya wata kungiya da ake kira *Tikkun* Community tsakanin masu karatun mujallar Tikkun da wadanda ke da ra'ayi na edita.

### Naɗa na rabbi
Lerner ya sami tsarkakewa na rabbi a cikin 1995 ta hanyar Bet din (kotu ta rabbi) wanda ya ƙunshi malamai uku, "kowane ɗayan sun sami tsarkaka na Orthodox". A cewar j. jaridar labarai ta Yahudawa ta mako-mako, "manyan shugabannin malamai na Reform, Conservative da Orthodox" sun yi tambaya game da tsarkakewa masu zaman kansu kamar na Lerner, suna jayayya cewa tsarkakewar da ba na seminary suna cikin haɗarin samar da malamai marasa ilimi ko masu zamba. Hakazalika, wasu malamai sun kalubalanci shawarar Lerner na kada a horar da shi don rabbinate a cikin makarantar sakandare ta Yahudawa ta gargajiya (ko da yake Lerner ya shafe shekaru uku a matsayin dalibi a makarantar sakandare na tauhidin Yahudawa). An nakalto Lerner a cikin Jewish Weekly Gyara cewa waƙar da ba ta da masallaci ita ce wadda "kowane malamin Chabad ke ɗauka, & kowane malamin ultra-Orthodox". Lerner ya nuna cewa babu wani daga cikin malamai a tarihin Yahudawa da ya taɓa halartar "seminary" har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19, kuma yawancin malamai da ke Isra'ila a yau ba su halarci seminary ba. An naɗa su a cikin wannan hanyar, Beth din wanda ya ƙunshi malamai uku. Lokacin da Lerner ya kai hari ga makarantun tarurruka saboda "mafi sha'awar samar da maza masu ƙungiya don rayuwar Yahudawa fiye da shugabannin ruhaniya da ke da alaƙa da zurfin tunani na ruhaniya da na zamantakewa", Rabbi Alan Lew ya ce "Wannan wauta ce mai girman kai ... Na shafe shekaru shida a cikin nazari mai zurfi, a cikin rubuce-rubucen gargajiya na al'adunmu. Ruhaniya ta Yahudawa tana cikin matani, ba a cikin wasu ra'ayoyin Sabon zamani ko kabbalah ba". Majami'ar Lerner 'Beyt Tikkun' ta zama alama ce ta abin da ya bayyana a matsayin "neo-Hasidism," da sha'awar bin yanayin ruhaniya na addu'o'i maimakon gaggauta su. Manufar, ya nace, ita ce ta haɗa kai da Allah, ba kawai ta baki kowane addu'a a cikin littafin addu'a ba. Majami'arsa ta girma, a cewar membobinta, ba kawai saboda shirye-shiryen Lerner na ɗaukar saƙon adalci na zamantakewa na annabawa da gaske ba, har ma saboda ainihin kwarewar kasancewa cikin addu'a, tunani, raira waƙa da rawa a cikin majami'a ya zama kwarewar farin ciki ga yawancin waɗanda suka halarta. Littafin Lerner na 1994 Jewish Renewal: A Path to Healing and Transformation wanda HarperCollins ya buga (kuma a cikin takarda a matsayin Harper Perennial), ya zama mafi kyawun sayar da ƙasa kuma ya kawo dubban matasa cikin ƙungiyar Sabuntawar Yahudawa. Bayan nazarin asalinsa da cancanta, Hukumar Rabbai ta Arewacin California ta yarda da Lerner a matsayin cikakken memba kuma ya kasance memba tun daga lokacin. Lerner shine malamin Sabuntawa na Yahudawa na farko da ya sami memba a cikin Kwamitin Rabbai na Amurka, amma tun daga wannan lokacin a cikin 1997, yawancin Kwamitin Rabbis na gida sun yarda da malamai Sabuntawa ta Yahudawa a cikin cikakken memba.

## Manazarta