John Ogbu

John Uzo Ogbu (Mayu 9, 1939 - Agusta 20, 2003) ɗan Najeriya Ba'amurke masanin ilimin ɗan adam ne kuma farfesa wanda aka sani da ka'idodinsa akan abubuwan da suka faru da suka shafi kabilanci da hankali, musamman yadda kabilanci da bambance-bambancen kabilanci suka taka wajen samun nasarar ilimi da tattalin arziki.  Ya ba da shawarar cewa kasancewa "ƙananan ƙabila-kamar 'yan tsiraru" yana shafar ƙarfafawa da nasara, yana lalata maki IQ . Ya kuma karasa da cewa wasu dalibai ba su yi kasa a gwiwa ba saboda ana daukar babban nasara a matsayin " farar fata " a tsakanin takwarorinsu.  Ogbu ya kuma shiga cikin rigimar 1996 game da amfani da Turancin Ingilishi na Ba'amurke a cikin makarantun gwamnati a Oakland, California . Littafin 2000 Mashahuran Malamai: Nazarin a Tasirin Hankali ya mayar da hankali a kansa a matsayin daya daga cikin "Gwayoyin basira hudu na karni na 20." ￼

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haife shi a ƙauyen Umudomi, cikin ƙaramar hukumar Onicha, ta Jihar Ebonyi,  Ogbu ya halarci Cibiyar Horar da Koyarwa ta Hope Waddell da Kwalejin Horar da Malamai ta Methodist inda ya koyar da harshen Larabci da lissafi da kuma labarin kasa.  Ya shiga makarantar tauhidi ta Princeton da nufin zama minista a Najeriya, amma nan da nan ya koma Jami'ar California, Berkeley don nazarin ilimin halin dan Adam .  A Berkley ya sami digirinsa a 1965, digirinsa na biyu a 1969, da Ph.D. a shekarar 1971. Ya koyar a UC Berkeley daga 1970 har zuwa mutuwarsa. 

## 'Yan tsiraru marasa son rai
Ogbu ya yi jayayya  cewa bambance-bambancen al'adu kadai ba zai iya yin la'akari da bambance-bambancen ilimin 'yan tsiraru ba, tunda wasu tsirarun al'ummomin suna da kyau sosai wasu kuma ba su yi ba. Bugu da ƙari, ya lura cewa a wasu lokuta ƙungiyoyin mutane na kabila ɗaya amma suna cikin ƙasashe daban-daban suna nuna iyawa da / ko matakan nasara daban-daban bisa ga wasu matakan.

Ogbu ya nuna cewa akwai bambance-bambance iri biyu tsakanin al'adu . Akwai bambance-bambance na farko, waɗanda suka wanzu kafin al'adu su haɗu da juna. Bayan haka, akwai bambance-bambance na biyu, waɗanda ke wanzuwa yayin da al'adu biyu ke hulɗa da juna. Ya ce da yawa daga cikin wadannan bambance-bambancen na biyu, wasu kungiyoyi ne ke haifar da adawa da mahangar al'adu na babbar kungiyar.

A cikin mahallin Amurka, Ogbu ya kammala cewa a cikin Amurkawa Amurka akwai "'yan tsiraru na son rai" (rukunin bakin haure da suka zabi zuwa Amurka, da zuriyarsu) tare da 'yan tsiraru "masu son rai" ko "kamar kabila" ( zuriyar kungiyoyin mutanen da suka sami kansu a cikin Amurka, ko ƙarƙashin ikon Amurka, ba tare da son rai ba). Wasu tsiraru na son rai (misali Koriya-Amurkawa) suna nuna bambance-bambancen da ba na adawa ba tare da manyan al'adun gargajiya. A gefe guda, ƴan tsiraru marasa son rai (misali ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka) suna nuna bambance-bambancen bambance-bambance na biyu na adawa tare da manyan al'adu. Koyaya, duka batutuwan al'adu na son rai waɗanda ba 'yan adawa ba da kuma batutuwan al'adun adawa na son rai ana buƙatar su yi biyayya ga filaye (fararen fata) na al'adun Amurka idan suna son samun motsin jama'a zuwa sama. 

A cikin *Ƙananan Ilimi da Caste* (1978), Ogbu ya bayar da hujjar cewa ƴan tsiraru marasa son rai sukan ɗauki asalin adawa ga al'adar al'ada don mayar da martani ga rufin gilashin da fararen fata suka sanya ko kiyaye su akan nasarar iyayensu da sauran jama'a a cikin al'ummominsu. Saboda haka, ya ce, wasu wadanda ba fararen fata ba "sun kasa lura da alakar nasarar ilimi da samun ayyukan yi." 

Sau da yawa, al'adun adawa / ainihi da 'yan tsiraru ba sa son rai suka haifar sun haɗa da haɗakar da halaye, halaye, da salon magana waɗanda ƙungiyar masu rinjaye suka kyamace su, wanda, ba shakka, ya hana waɗanda suka yi amfani da bayyanar da al'adun adawa daga samun nasara a waje. al'adu masu rinjaye. Lokacin da 'yan tsiraru baƙi ('yan tsiraru na son rai) suka sami yaren manyan al'adun gargajiya, ana kallon shi azaman ƙari ga yaren farko (bambance-bambance na farko na adawa). Duk da haka, lokacin da ƴan tsiraru marasa ƙaura ( tsiraru marasa son rai) suka sami yaren manyan al'adun gargajiya, shi ne watsi da al'adun adawarsu, don haka gaskiyar al'adunsu.

## Farar aiki
A cikin 1986 Signithia Fordham tare da haɗin gwiwa, tare da Ogbu, wani binciken da ya kammala cewa wasu ɗaliban Amurkawa na Afirka a makarantar sakandaren Washington, DC, ba su cika damar karatunsu ba saboda tsoron ana zarge su da "yin farar fata." Ogbu ya ci gaba da bayyana wadannan binciken a cikin littafinsa na 2003 *Black American Students in An Afluent Suburb: A Study of Academic Disengagement* (wanda ya taƙaita bincikensa na watanni tara akan tazarar ilimi tsakanin ɗaliban farar fata da ƴan Afirka a gundumar Shaker Heights City School District da ke cikin garin Shaker Heights City School District. Babban yankin Cleveland na Shaker Heights, Ohio ). Littafin nasa ya gabatar da ka'idar al'adu-muhali da ke bayyana abubuwa guda biyu da ke tsara ayyukan ƴan tsirarun dalibai: 1) *tsarin* (yadda al'umma da cibiyoyi suka bi a tarihi da kuma kula da tsiraru) da 2) *sojojin al'umma* (yadda 'yan tsiraru ke amsawa). da fassara maganinsu, wanda ya dogara sosai akan tarihinsu na musamman da matsayinsu na tsiraru a Amurka).  Ya karkare da cewa, dabi’un al’adu na wadannan dalibai na kawo cikas ga ci gaban karatunsu, kuma iyaye, malamai da masu tsara manufofi kan yi watsi da wadannan dabi’un. 

Ko da yake sakamakon binciken ya sami sanannen matsayi kuma an yarda da su ta hanyar irin waɗannan ƙididdiga kamar Bill Cosby, binciken da aka yi daga baya ya sami sakamako daban-daban. A cikin 2003, Karolyn Tyson, masanin ilimin zamantakewa, da William Darity Jr, masanin tattalin arziki, duka a Jami'ar North Carolina da ke Chapel Hill, sun jagoranci nazarin watanni 18 a makarantu goma sha ɗaya na Arewacin Carolina wanda ya gano cewa ɗaliban fararen fata da baƙi suna da gaske iri ɗaya. halaye game da nasarar ilimi; ɗalibai a cikin ƙungiyoyin biyu suna son yin nasara a makaranta kuma suna nuna girman kai yayin da suka yi kyau a makaranta. An buga sakamakon wannan binciken a cikin littafin Stanford masanin zamantakewa Prudence Carter 

Wani bincike na 2006 mai suna *An Empirical Analysis of "Acting White"* na Roland G. Fryer, Jr. a Jami'ar Harvard da Paul Torelli ya nuna cewa al'amarin yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci a kididdiga akan nasarar dalibai baƙar fata, amma a wasu yanayi na makaranta. A makarantun jama'a da ke da babban hulɗar tsakanin kabilanci da kuma tsakanin ɗaliban da suka yi nasara, an yi tasiri, amma babu wani tasiri ko tasiri a yawancin baƙi ko makarantu masu zaman kansu . 

## Turanci Vernacular Ba-Amurka
A cikin 1996, Ogbu ya taka rawar gani a cikin muhawara game da amfanin Ingilishi na Vernacular na Afirka ta Kudu. A matsayinsa na memba na ƙungiyar ɗawainiya kan ilimin Amirka na Afirka a Oakland, California  ya lura cewa masana ilimin harshe (misali, William Labov, John Rickford, Walt Wolfram, da sauransu) sun daɗe da bambanta tsakanin "misali" ko "daidai" Turanci. da ake buƙata a cikin aji da baƙar fata na harshen Ingilishi da ake magana a gida da kuma tare da takwarorinsu. Ogbu ya ƙarfafa malamai da su saba da kuma yin amfani da wannan nau'in (wanda ake kira " Ebonics " ta Oakland Unified School District ) don taimaka wa masu magana da Turancin Ingilishi na Afirka ta Amirka don samun daidaitattun Ingilishi na Amurka ban da "gida" iri-iri.

## Kyauta

* 1979, Margaret Mead Award daga Society for Applied Anthropology . 
* 1997, Zaɓaɓɓen Farfesa na Chancellor a Jami'ar California, Berkeley . 
* 1997, Zaɓaɓɓen Abokin Kwalejin Ilimi na Duniya. 
* 1998, Babban Gudunmawa don Bincike a Kyautar Ilimi daga Ƙungiyar Binciken Ilimin Amurka. 

## Mutuwa
Ya mutu a cikin 2003 bayan fama da ciwon zuciya bayan tiyata a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kaiser Permanente Oakland . Ya bar matarsa, Marcellina Ada Ogbu, da ‘ya’yansa Elizabeth, Nnanna, Grace, Cecilia, da Christina. An binne shi a Najeriya.  

## Duba kuma

* Jerin mutanen jihar Ebonyi

## Nassoshi

## Kara karantawa

* Berube MR (2000). *Fitattun Malamai: Nazari a Tasirin Hankali* . Greenwood Press. ISBN&nbsp; .
* Beuchling O (2012). *Bildung kuma Adaptation?* *John U. Ogbu und der kulturökologische Ansatz der Minderheiten- und Sozialisationsforschung* . Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Berlin. ISBN&nbsp; .
* Brandes S, Dundes A, Nader L. A cikin memoriam: John Ogbu. ta hanyar Jami'ar California.
* Freedberg L (Agusta 23, 2003). John Ogbu-Masanin Nasarar Kabilanci. *San Francisco Chronicle* .
* *Nasarar ɗalibin Baƙar fata na Gardner-Kitt: Tasirin asalin launin fata, asalin kabila, fahimtar yanayin makaranta, da halin kai rahoton* espse.ed.psu.edu/schoolpsych/126
* Gibson MA, Ogbu JU (eds.). *Matsayin tsiraru da Makaranta: Nazarin Kwatancen Ƙungiyoyin Baƙi da Masu Ƙarfi* . New York: Garland, 1991.
* Goleman D (Afrilu 10, 1988). Ka'idar da ke tasowa akan Makin IQ na Baƙar fata. *Rayuwar Ilimi ta New York Times*, p.&nbsp;23.
* Maclay K (Agusta 26, 2003). Farfesa John Ogbu ya rasu yana da shekaru 64 a duniya . *UC Berkeley News* .
* *Ka'idar Ogbu* (Disamba 1996). Batu na musamman na *ilimin Anthropology da Ilimi na Kwata-kwata*, Vol. 27, Na 4.
* Ogbu JU (1978). *Ilimin 'yan tsiraru da kuma Caste: tsarin Amurka a hangen na al'adun gargajiya* . San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
* Ogbu JU (1981). Asalin Ƙarfin Dan Adam: Halin Al'adu-Muhalli. *Ci gaban Yara* .
* Fordham S, Ogbu JU (1986). Nasarar makarantar ɗaliban baƙar fata: Yin jimrewa da "nauyin 'fararen aiki'." *Binciken Birane* .
* Ogbu JU (1992). Fahimtar Bambancin Al'adu da Koyo. *Mai Binciken Ilimi* .
* Ogbu JU (1987). Canje-canje a Ayyukan Makaranta marasa rinjaye: Matsala a cikin Neman Bayani. *Anthropology & Ilimi Kwata-kwata* .
* Ogbu JU (2002). Abubuwan Haɓakawa na Al'adu na Hankali: IQ da Matsayin tsiraru a Ma'anar Al'adu, JM Fish *Race da Hankali: Rarraba Kimiyya daga Tatsuniya.* Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
* Ogbu JU, Davis A (2003). *Daliban Baƙar fata a cikin Ƙungiya mai wadata: Nazarin Rage Ilimi.* Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers. ISBN&nbsp; .
* Ogbu JU, Simons HD (1998). 'Yan tsiraru na son rai da na son rai: Ka'idar Al'ada-Mutane na Ayyukan Makaranta tare da Wasu Ma'anoni ga Ilimi. *Anthropology & Ilimi Kwata-kwata* .
* Rahoton ma'aikata (Nuwamba 21, 1997). "Abinda Manyan Masanan Anthropologists 15 ke Aiki Yanzu." *Littafin Tarihi na Babban Ilimi*, shafi na B7-B8.
* Tang HH (2003) *Sabbin Dalibai A Hong Kong: Daidaitawa da Ayyukan Makaranta* sunzi1.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B29803810