open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Sìleas a Ceapaich

Sìleas a Ceapaich (wanda aka fi sani da Cicely Macdonald na Keppoch, Silis na Keppoch), Sìleas MacDonnell ko Sìleas Nic Dhòmhnail a Ceapaich) mawakiya ce na Scotland wanda aka rubuta da suka tsira sun kasance gudummawa marar mutuntunwa ga wallafe-wallafen Gaelic na Scotland. Ta rayu tsakanin kusan shekarar ta 1660 da 1729. Sunan da aka ba ta Sìleas an Anglicised daban-daban kamar Cicely ko Julia .

## Rayuwa
Sìleas was born into the Scottish nobility () of the Gàidhealtachd of Scotland. She was the daughter of the 15th Chief of Clan MacDonald of Keppoch, Archibald (Gilleasbuig) Macdonald, and Mary Macmartin of the Macmartin branch of Clan Cameron. Her brother Coll was 16th Chief. Although the Clan had lost some of its status, they were still considered to be part of the upper levels of Gaelic society. She grew up in Lochaber.

A shekara ta 1685, ta auri Alexander Gordon na Camdell, mai mallakar Duke na Gordon, kuma ta rayu sauran rayuwarta a Beldorney Castle, Banffshire . An san ta da aƙalla 'ya'ya takwas, maza biyar da mata uku.

Masanin kimiyya Colm Ó Baoill ya tuna abin da muka sani game da ita daga al'adar baki ta yankin:

*"[...] a cikin ƙuruciyarta ta kasance mai ban sha'awa, mai ban dariya kamar yadda aka rubuta shi a Turanci: kuma ba a san cewa babu gaskiya ba; akwai mutane da suka yi imanin cewa ɗanta na fari ɗan banza ne. Bakin ba zai gaya mana abin da tasirin auren Siléas (a cikin 1685) ya yi a kan wannan beadra [watakila daga Gàidhlig "beadarach" ma'anar "cikin nishaɗi, mai ban shaʼawa"), amma an ce tana da 'tutuwa' tare da halayenta, ta zama mai addini kuma ta fara rubuta waƙoƙi a can ba.*

## Ayyuka
Ta fi shahara da waƙoƙi 23 da ta rubuta a cikin harshen Gaelic na Scotland. Yawancin waƙoƙinta na siyasa ne, suna da jigon Jacobite mai ƙarfi. Sauran sun haɗa da gunaguni na adawa da yaki ga abokai da aka kashe a cikin tashin hankali na Jacobite na lokacin, shawara mai ban dariya ga mata marasa aure, da kuma Waƙoƙin Kirista na ibada. Daga cikin waƙoƙin Jacobite da aka danganta da ita ita ce *Tha mi ne chadal*, "Ina barci", wanda ke da alaƙa da iska ta Irish Táimse im' chodladh .  Waƙarta da aka fi sani da ita ita ce waƙarta ta 1723 ga Alasdair Dubh, 11th Chief of Clan MacDonald of Glengarry, Barda ke yabo marigayi don bin ka'idar halayyar da aka saba buƙata daga wani Shugaba dangin Scotland kuma ya dawo da waƙoƙin Tsohon Irish wanda aka danganta ga almara Amergin Glúingel. Kamar sauran ayyukanta, da alama an yi wa masu sauraron Jacobite musamman a cikin rassa daban-daban na Clan Donald.

Ita ce babbar mawakiyar yaki a cikin tashin hankali na farko na Jacobite na 1715 amma kuma an san ta da Waƙoƙin Kirista kamar "Hymn On The Death Of Her Husband And Daughter".

Her surviving poems are in a mixture of classical Gaelic syllabic metres (Dán Díreach) and the newer stressed metres (), and were clearly intended to be sung, with some being based on popular folk song tunes of the time.

## Manazarta
Catrìona Lexy Chaimbeul

**Catrìona Lexy Chaimbeul** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1982), wanda aka fi sani da **Catriona Lexy Campbell**, mawakiya ce ta Scotland, kuma ita marubuciyace ta wasan kwaikwayo, kuma yar wasan kwaikwayo, tana aiki galibi a cikin Gaelic na Scotland.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Chaimbeul ne a cikin sanannen iyalin marubuta a Ness, Lewis. Mahaifinta, Tormod Caimbeul (wanda aka fi sani da Tormod a' Bhocsair da Norman Campbell), da kawunta Alasdair Caimbeul duka marubuta ne da aka buga a cikin Gaelic, kamar yadda kakanta Aonghas Caimbeul, da kakanta, mawaki na yaki kuma mai ba da labari, AonghasCaimbeul (Am Puilean). Mahaifiyarta, Mary Jane Campbell, mawaƙiya ce ta Gaelic Traditional.

Chaimbeul yayi halarci a Jami'ar Edinburgh ( MA a cikin Falsafar tunani) . Ta yi aiki a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai koyarwa a wasan kwaikwayo na Gaelic, ciki har da shekaru biyu tare da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kotun Eden a Inverness a matsayin Gaelic Drama Artist don Skye da Lochalsh,  kuma a cikin 2011-12 ya kasance Gaelic Associate Artist a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasa na Scotland . Haɗin dangi tare da Sabhal Mòr Ostaig, Cibiyar Nazarin Harshen Gaelic da Al'adu, yanzu wani ɓangare na Jami'ar Highlands da Islands, ya haɗa da lokaci a matsayin marubucin zama na Tormod da Alasdair Caimbeul, kuma Mary Jane malami ne a cibiyar. A cikin Janairu 2013 an nada Catrìona na tsawon shekara guda a matsayin marubuci-in-mazauni a Sabhal Mòr.

## Kyaututtuka da kyaututtuka

* 2006 Wigtown Book Festival Gaelic poetry prize

## Bayanan littattafai
Chaimbeul ta bayyana manyan jigogi na aikinta a matsayin "dangantaka tsakanin mutane, asirin da ƙarya, da allahntaka".

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2012 BBC Scotland ta watsa wani wasa wanda ya danganci littafinta SamhraDS.

## Manazarta
Diorbhail Nic a' Bhriuthainn

**Dorothy Brown** (Scottish Gaelic; ya mutu a shekara ta 1644) mawakiyace ta Gaelic, Scotland kuma marubuciya wacce ta rayu a Isle of Luing, Argyll, Scotland.

## Rubuce-rubucen waƙa
Ta kasance marubuciya ce mai yawan waƙoƙi, amma kawai biyu daga cikin waƙoƙinta suka tsira:

*Alasdair a Laoigh   mo chill* ("Alasdair, son zuciyata"), game da Alasdair Mac Colla, wani janar a rundunar Montrose, wanda ta rubuta bayan ta ga jiragensa suna wucewa ta cikin sautin Luing a kan wani balaguro da Cambpells.  Wakar dai tananan cikin salon wakokin troubadour ne, inda marubuciya ta zaburar da soyayyar wani hali bisa tatsuniyoyi na suna. 

## Mutuwa
Brown ta mutu a shekarar 1644. An binneta a tsohuwar chochin Iuing

## Manazarta
Alda na Alania

Alda ( Georgian ) ko Alde ( ალდე ) Gimbiya Alan ce a ƙarni na 11 kuma matar Sarki George I na Jojiya na biyu (r. 1014–1027). Ma'auratan suna da ɗa, Demetre, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tashin hankali na Jojiya a lokacin mulkin ɗan'uwansa Bagrat IV . [1]

"Matar ta biyu" ta George I an ambaci ta cikin tarihin Georgian na zamani a cikin wani sashi da ya danganta da yunkurin banza na wata ƙungiya mai daraja don inganta ɗanta, wanda ke zaune a Anakopia a bakin tekun Abkhazia, zuwa kursiyin Georgia bayan mutuwar George. Daga baya, Demetre ya sauya sheka ga Byzantines kuma ya mika Anakopia ga sarki Romanos III Argyros (c. 1033). A cikin wannan nassin, ana kiranta "ɗan sarkin Ossetes", "Ossetes" kasancewar sunan Georgian na Alans. An san sunanta Alda (Girkanci) daga asalin Byzantine na zamani. John Skylitzes, yana tabbatar da tarihin Georgian, ya ba da rahoton cewa Alda, "matar George... na tseren Alan" ta mika "ƙarfin karfi na Anakopia" ga sarki wanda ya girmama ɗanta Demetre tare da matsayi na *magistros*.

Kamar yadda babu wata magana kai tsaye game da watsi da George ga matarsa ta farko Mariam da aka samu a cikin tarihin Georgian, wasu masana tarihi suna tunanin Alda, kamar Marie-Félicité Brosset,  sun kasance ƙwaraƙwarar, amma ba a yi tambaya game da halattaccen auren George da Alda a cikin kafofin na zamani ba.  Bayan dawowar Mariam zuwa matsayi na musamman bayan mutuwar George da kuma shiga cikin mulkin danta Bagrat IV, Alda da ɗanta Demetre sun gudu zuwa daular Byzantine. Demetre ya shafe kusan shekaru ashirin a kokarin kwace kambin Georgia, wanda mai iko mai suna Liparit na Kldekari da Byzantines suka goyi bayan gwagwarmayarsa. Ya mutu a shekara ta 1053. Bayan wannan, a cewar masanin tarihin Georgia na karni na 18 Prince Vakhushti, kakansa (watau, Alda, ba a ambaci sunanta ba) ya kai dan Demetre David zuwa Alania, inda zuriyarsa suka bunƙasa, suna samar da layin "gidan sarauta" na gida, wanda ya zo David Soslan, mijin na biyu na Sarauniya Tamar na Georgia (r. 1184-1213).

## Bayani

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Alde, matar Giorgi I na Abchasia / Georgia  An adana shi 2011-07-22 a . *Bayanan Bayani na Duniya ta Byzantine* . An samo shi a ranar 29 ga Mayu, 2011.
Borena na Alania

Borena (Georgia_yarem Georgian) 'yar'uwar sarki Alan ne na Durgulel "Babban", kuma Sarauniya ce ta Georgia, a matsayin matar Bagrat IV (r. 1027-1072).[1][2]

Al'adar tarihin Georgian ta zamani ta ba da ɗan bayani game da Borena. Bagrat ya auri Borena wani lokaci bayan mutuwar matarsa ta farko a farkon shekarun 1030, Elene (ɗan'uwa na sarki na Byzantine Romanos III Argyros). Haihuwar 'ya'yansu a cikin 1050s alama ce cewa aurensu ya kasance a cikin 1040s ko farkon 1050s. Wannan yana daya daga cikin auren da yawa tsakanin Bagratids na Georgian na zamani da abokansu na halitta, gidan sarauta na Alania. Borena da alama ta riƙe wasu lambobin sadarwa tare da asalinsa Alania: tarihin Georgian sun ba da rahoton cewa lokacin da Durgulel ya ziyarci Bagrat IV, ya kuma shirya masu sauraro tare da 'yar'uwarsa Borena. Na karshe da muka ji game da Borena shine kasancewarta a gadon mutuwa na Bagrat a cikin 1072.

An san Borena da farko a matsayin mai tallafawa da mai gabatar da al'adun Orthodox na Georgia da rayuwar monastic. Ta dauki nauyin gina Masallacin Kapata na Georgia a Dutsen Sihiyona a Urushalima . Ana gane ta akai-akai tare da Borena wanda ya kasance marubucin waƙar yabo mai sha'awa da motsawa ga Budurwa Maryamu, wanda aka samo shi azaman rubutun a kan gunkin Theotokos daga wannan lokacin (yanzu an kiyaye shi a Cocin Lenjer a cikin tsaunuka Svaneti). 

Bagrat IV da Borena sune iyayen:

* George na biyu na Georgia, magajin Bagrat a kursiyin Georgia 
* Martha-Maria, sarauniya ta gaba ta Daular Byzantine
Ashkhen

Ashkhen (ana kiranta Armenia_ wato Sarauniyar Armenia kuma memba na Daular Arsacid ta auri Sarki Tiridates III na Armenia.[1][2]

## Iyali da asalinsa
Ashkhen sarki ne na asalin Sarmatian. Ita 'yar ce kuma sanannen ga ɗan Sarkin Alans, Ashkatar [1] wanda aka fi sani da Ashkhadar [2] [3] ta matar da ba a san sunanta ba. An haifi Ashkhen a ranar da ba a sani ba tsakanin kimanin 260-280 kuma an haife ta a Masarautar Alani . Ba a san komai game da rayuwarta ba, kafin ta auri Tiridates III.

Sunan *Ashkhen* sunan mace ne na Armeniya wanda ya samo asali ne daga kalmar akhsen, 'gris', ko Zend akhsaena wanda ke nufin 'baƙar fata' ko 'black-black'.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Tiridates III ya yi aiki a matsayin abokin ciniki na Romawa sarkin Armenia daga 287 zuwa 330, kuma ya auri Ashkhen a cikin 297.  A lokacin addinin jihar Armenia shine Zoroastrianism . Tiridates III da Ashkhen suna da 'ya'ya uku: ɗa, Khosrov III, 'yar, Salome, da kuma 'yar da ba a san sunanta ba wacce ta auri St. Husik I, Katolika na farko (shugaban Ikilisiyar Manzanni ta Armenia).

A cewar labari, bayan da Tiridates ya kashe wani rukuni na Kiristoci, 'Yan majami'ar Hripsimeyan,   ya rasa hankalinsa. A halin yanzu Ashkhen da 'yar'uwar Tiridates Khosrovidukht na iya zama sun riga sun tuba zuwa Kiristanci ta hanyar kokarin 'Yan majami'ar Hripsimeyan da sauransu a cikin Kirista na Armeniya. Labarin ya ce bayan Khosrovidukht ya shawo kan Tiridates ya 'yantar da Kirista Gregory the Illuminator (daga baya aka dauke shi a matsayin mai kula da Armeniya), wanda ya ɗaure shi, Gregory ya warkar da shi daga hauka. Sa'an nan kuma, Tiridates ya tuba kuma ya ayyana Kiristanci addinin gwamnati na Armenia, yana mai da shi al'umma ta farko da ta karɓi Kiristanci a hukumance. Wani lokaci bayan baftismar Tiridates III, Gregory ya yi wa iyalin Tiridates II baftisma, gami da Ashkhen da dukan kotunsa da sojojinsa a Kogin Yufiretis. 

Don taimakawa wajen biyan kuɗin gina Cocin Saint Gayane da Cocin Saint Hripsime, Ashkhen da Khosrovidukht sun ba da kayan ado.

Zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarta, Ashkhen ta yi ritaya zuwa gidan sarauta na Garni tare da Khosrovidukht .  Ashkhen da Khosrovidukht ana daukar su a matsayin fitattun mutane a cikin al'ummar Armeniya kuma suna da muhimmanci a Kristanci a Armenia. Ashkhen, Tiridates III, da Khosrovidukht tsarkaka ne a cikin Ikilisiyar Manzanni ta Armenia kuma ranar bikin su a ranar Asabar ce bayan Lahadi ta biyar bayan Fentikos. A wannan ranar biki ana raira *Ga Sarakuna*. ranar biki su yawanci kusan 30 ga Yuni ne.

## Dubi kuma

* Cocin Manzanni na Armenia
* Daular Arsacid ta Armenia
* Cocin Saint Gregory the Illuminator, Yerevan

## Manazarta
Harshen Walmajarri

**Walmajarri** (sauran sunaye da yawa; duba ƙasa) yaren Pama–Nyungan ne wanda Walmadjari da sauran al'ummomi ke magana da shi a yankin Kimberley na Yammacin Ostiraliya .

UNESCO  ta ayyana Walmajarri a matsayin yare mai hatsarin gaske dangane da ma'aunin Muhimmancin Harshe da Kuma Hatsari. 

## Sunaye
Sunaye na wannan harshe sun rabu tare da yaruka uku:

* Walmajarri, Walmatjari, Walmatjari, Walmadjari, Walmatjiri, Walmajiri, Walmatjeri, Walmadjeri, Walmadyeri, Walmaharri, Wolmeri, Wolmera, Wulmari
* Bililuna, Pililuna
* Jiwarliny, Juwaliny, Tjiwaling, Tjiwarlin

## Masu magana
Al'ummomin da ke da yawan Walmajarri sune:

* Bayulu
* Djugerari ( Cherrabun )
* Junjuwa ( Fitzroy Crossing )
* Looma
* Kadjina (Millijidee)
* Mindibungu ( Bililuna )
* Mindi Rardi ( Fitzroy Crossing )
* Mulan
* Ngumpan
* Wangkajungka ( Christmas Creek )
* Yakanara
* Yungngora

Mutanen Walmajarri sun kasance suna zama a cikin Babban Hamadar Sandy . Tasirin mulkin mallaka ya kai su wuraren kiwon shanu da garuruwa da ayyukan da suke a Arewa ya warwatsa su a fili.  Tazarar da ke tattare da yankin ya nuna cewa akwai yarukan da dama, wadanda rashin tuntubar juna ya ƙara yin tasiri da harsunan makwabta.

## Ilimin sauti

### Wasula

### Consonants

Ana ba da izini a matsayin sautin ƙarshe na kalma a mafi yawan lokuta. 

## Ilimin Halitta
Warlmajarri yare ne mai ma'ana. Babu prefixes.

Aƙalla ƙamus ɗaya na Walmajarri yana kan layi, wanda Eirlys Richards da Joyce Hudson suka haɗa. 

## Daidaitawa
Warlmajarri yana da shari'o'i guda huɗu na haɗe-haɗe: naɗaɗɗen matsayi, naɗaɗɗen ra'ayi, dative da kuma shari'ar tantancewa. Matsalolin suna ba da ma'anoni daban-daban ga jimlolin sunaye na jumla. Saboda haka, tsarin kalma na iya bambanta sosai da yardar rai. Maudu'i, Abu ko Fi'ili na iya fitowa na farko, na ƙarshe, na tsakiya a cikin jumla.

Koyaya, matsayi na biyu na jimla koyaushe ana keɓance shi don Taimakon Verbal. Wani lokaci ana magana da shi azaman mai haɓakawa, Verbal Auxiliary yana nuna yanayin jimla (mai kama da na turanci), amma kuma yana nuna jumlolin sunansa. Mutum da adadin jimlolin suna a cikin shari'o'in su na aiki ana nuna su a cikin Verbal Auxiliary.

## Kalmomi
Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin ƙamus na asali daga Blake (1981). 

## Albarkatu
Ana Kuma iya samun wasu albarkatu na harshen da ake magana a cikin ma'ajiyar bayanai daban-daban ko ma'ajin bayanai, kamar su Rukunin Rubutun Fasifik da na Yanki don Kasuwar Dijital a cikin Al'adu Masu Kashewa (PARADISEC). 

## Duba kuma

* Ngurara, ƙungiyar jama'ar ƙungiyoyin harsuna ciki har da Walmajarri

## Manazarta

## Littafi Mai Tsarki

* Hudson, Joyce. (1978). *Walmatjari: Gabatarwa ga Harshe da Al'adu* . Darwin: Cibiyar Nazarin Harsunan bazara
* Hudson, Joyce. (1978). *Jigon Walmatjari nahawu* . Cibiyar Nazarin Aboriginal ta Australiya. New Jersey, Amurka: Humanities Press Inc.
* Hudson, Joyce & Richards, Eirlys. (1969). *phonology na Walmatjari* .
* Hudson, Joyce & Richards, Eirlys. (1990). *Walmajarri–Kamus na Turanci* . Darwin: Cibiyar Nazarin Harsunan bazara

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Littafin Jagora na Harsunan Yammacin Ostiraliya Kudancin Kimberly (Walmajarri)
Harshen Wambaya

**Wambaya** yaren Ba-Pama-Nyungan West Barkly Ostiraliya ne na ƙungiyar harshen Mirndi  wanda ake magana da shi a cikin Barkly Tableland na Yankin Arewa, Ostiraliya .  Wambaya da sauran mambobi na harsunan Barkly na Yamma ba su da ɗan ban mamaki domin suna ƙaranci harsuna, ba kamar yawancin harsunan da ba na Pama-Nyungan ba waɗanda ke yin prefixing . 

An ba da rahoton cewa harshen yana da masu magana kimanin 12 a shekarar 1981, kuma wasu rahotanni sun nuna cewa harshen ya ɓace a matsayin harshen farko.  Koyaya, a cikin ƙidayar Australiya ta shekarar 2011 mutane 56 sun bayyana cewa suna magana da Wambaya a gida.  Wannan adadin ya ƙaru zuwa 61 a cikin ƙidayar shekarar 2016. 

Rachel Nordlinger ta lura cewa jawabin mutanen Wambaya, Gudanji da Binbinka "a fili yare ne" na harshe daya, wanda ta kira "McArthur", yayin da Ngarnga yana da alaƙa ta kud da kud amma "watakila an fi ganin yare ne na kansa".

## Fassarar sauti

### Consonants

* Sauti /ɡ, ŋ/ ana jin su kamar yadda ake jin su [ɡʲ, ŋʲ] a gaban wasulan gaba.
* /ɾ/ ana jin shi azaman trill [r] lokacin da yake cikin matsayi na farko.

### Wasula

* Ana iya jin /a/ kamar [æ] lokacin da bayan sautin palatal /ɟ, ɲ/ da kafin /j/.
* /ɪ/ ana jin kamar [i] lokacin kafin /j/. 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Littafin littafin mutanen Binbinga da albarkatun harshe , a Cibiyar Nazarin Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander ta Australiya
* Littafin littafin mutanen Gudanji da albarkatun harshe , a Cibiyar Nazarin Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander ta Australiya
Harshen Wanda

**Wanda** (kuma, wanda aka fi sani da Ichiwanda, Iciwanda, Kiwanda, Vanda, Wandia ) yare ne na Bantu na Tanzania . An ɗauke shi harshe ne mai rauni tare da ƙasa da masu magana na asali kimanin 43,000 a duk duniya. Aƙalla rabin Mutanen Wanda suna magana da iyakantaccen Swahili, ɗaya daga cikin harsunan hukuma na Tanzania. Masu magana da shi sun fi mayar da hankali a yankin Kamsamba a Majalisar Gundumar Momba da kuma yankin Kipeta a Gundumar Sumbawanga.

## Manazarta
Harshen Wemba Wemba

**Harshen Wemba** Wemba wani yaren Aboriginal na Australiya ne wanda aka taɓa magana a gefen Kogin Murray da yankunan da ke Arewa maso Yammacin Victoria da Kudancin Tsakiyar New South Wales .

Rachel Nordlinger ta lura cewa jawabin mutanen Wambaya, Gudanji da Binbinka "a fili yare ne" na harshe ɗaya, wanda ta kira "McArthur", yayin da Ngarnga yana da alaƙa ta kud da kud amma "watakila an fi ganin yare ne na kansa".

**Jardwadjali** (tare da yaruka Jagwadjali, Nundadjali, Mardidjali ) na iya zama Wemba-Wemba, [1] ko kuma yana iya zama kusa da nau'in Madhi-Ladji-Wadi .,

## Fassarar sauti

### Consonants

### Wasula

Sautunan murya suna faruwa ne kawai a cikin tsayarwa. Harshen pre-nasal sun haɗa da: /mb/ /nd/ /ndy/ /ng/ da /rnd/ . A cikin nau'in sauti ana furta su a matsayin [mb] [nd] [ɲɟ] [ŋɡ] da [ɳɖ].

## Kalmomi
Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin ƙamus na asali daga Blake (1981). 

## Tasiri kan Turanci
Aƙalla kalmomin botanical guda huɗu a cikin Ingilishi na Ostiraliya ana kuma tsammanin an gabatar da su cikin jawabin gida daga Wemba-Wemba:

* *dilanj* = nitre daji/dillon
* *lerep* = lerp / zuma ko manna kurji 
* *gambang* = bulrush/cumbungi 
* *mali* = mallee 
* Kalmar yabby, nau'in crayfish, ta fito ne daga Wemba-Wemba. 

## Farfadowar harshe
Ya zuwa 2020 , yaren Nari  yana ɗaya daga cikin harsuna 20 da aka ba da fifiko a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Taimako na Harsuna na Farko na Ostiraliya da Ma'aikatar Sadarwa da Fasaha ke gudanarwa. Shirin yana da niyyar "bayyanawa da kuma rubuta harsunan da ke cikin haɗari - waɗancan harsunan waɗanda kaɗan ko babu takardun da suka wanzu, inda ba a taɓa yin rikodin ba, amma inda akwai masu magana da rai".

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Wemba Wemba language

## Magana
Joanna Maycock

**Joanna Maycock** (an haife ta 22 Janairu 1971) yar gwagwarmayar kare haƙƙin mata ce ta Turai. 'Yar kasar Birtaniya ce kuma 'yar kasar Belgium.  Maycock ta kasance Sakatare-Janar na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Turai na tsawon shekaru bakwai, har zuwa Yuli 2021. 

Maycock ya isa Brussels a 1992. Ta kasance shugabar ofishin Brussels na kungiyar ActionAid na kasa da kasa na tsawon shekaru 12 da aka sadaukar domin yaki da talauci.  Ta karbi ragamar jagorancin zauren mata na Turai a cikin 2014.  Politico ya bayyana Maycock a matsayin "mafi karfi a kan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na Brussels da fagen siyasa". 

## Yin Allah wadai da gibin jinsi a cikin al'umma
Maycock ya yi Allah wadai da gibin albashin jinsi, wanda a hade tare da wasu dalilai kamar rage yawan aikin da mata ke yi, wanda aka fassara zuwa fansho na mata a Turai kusan kashi 40% ya fi na maza. Saboda matakan tsuke bakin aljihu sun shafi mata fiye da maza, manufofin tsuke bakin aljihu a Turai sakamakon rikicin kudi ya ba da gudummawa wajen haifar da Pink Ghetto . [1]

A cewar Maycock, akwai gibin jinsi a cikin ɗaukar cutar ta COVID-19, kama da tazarar ɗaukar hoto na rikicin tattalin arzikin duniya a 2009, wanda Maycock ya bayyana a matsayin "kulob ɗin sharhin yara maza." 

## Shigar mata a siyasance
Maycock ya kasance yana ba da shawara ga adadin kwamishinonin mata da maza a Hukumar Tarayyar Turai .  Maycock ta kasance tana jagorantar ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarcen ƙasashen Atlantika don ƙara shigar mata cikin siyasa. 

## Jagorancin mata
Maycock ya yi gargadi game da sakaci a tsakanin kungiyoyin fararen hula game da rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi a cikin shugabancin kungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a da kansu. Ko da a saman wakilcin mata a cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a irin su Civicus da alama an tabbatar da su sosai, Maycock ya yi kira ga jagororinsu da su ci gaba da ƙalubalantar shingen bayyane da ganuwa a cikin abubuwan yau da kullun na mata. 

A cikin 2019, Maycock ya ba da gudummawa don ƙaddamar da shirin *W100* a matakin birnin Brussels . Shirin yana da nufin haɗa mata a cikin birni daban-daban na zamantakewa da al'adu daban-daban, don faɗakar da muryarsu a cikin siyasar gida da kuma amincewa da gudummawar mata a cikin al'umma, musamman a lokacin bala'in COVID-19 . 

## Yaki da cin zarafin maza da mata
A cikin rawar da ta taka a zauren mata na Turai, Maycock ta ba da shawarar a amince da dokar yaki da cin zarafin mata. Ta yi kamfen a Turai don goyon bayan Yarjejeniyar Istanbul, yarjejeniyar Majalisar Turai game da cin zarafin mata da cin zarafi a cikin gida, da kuma gabatarwar da Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta EU na umarnin EU kan yaki da cin zarafin mata da cin zarafin gida .  

## Manazarta
Harshen Wagaya

**Wagaya** (Wakaya) yaren Aboriginan Australiya ne na Queensland . **Yindjilandji** (Indjilandji) ƙila ya kasance yare dabam.  Masanin ilimin harshe Gavan Breen ya rubuta yaruka biyu na yare, na Gabas da na Yamma iri-iri, ya haɗa bayaninsu a cikin nahawunsa na shekarar 1974. 

## Rabewa
Wagaya na cikin rukunin Warluwarric (Ngarna) na dangin Pama–Nyungan na harsunan Ostiraliya . Yana kuma da alaƙa da Yindjilandji, Bularnu, da Warluwarra . Gavan Breen ƙungiyoyin Wagaya tare da Yindjilandji cikin ƙungiyar "Ngarru", yayin da Bularnu da Warluwarra suka samar da ƙungiyar "Thawa" (kowace ta bayan kalmar gama gari na 'mutum, ɗan asalin Aborigin').  Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin biyu tare sun haɗa reshen Ngarna/Warluwarric na kudu, wanda Yanyuwa da aka dakatar suna da alaƙa a matakin babba na duka rukunin rukunin.

Catherine Koch a shekarar (1989) An yi aiki akan proto-Warluwarric (1989),  Daniel Brammall (1991),  Margaret Carew (1993),  da Gavan Breen (2004). 

## Sauti

## Tarihi
Akwai rahotanni kusan 10 'yan asalin duniya har zuwa 1983, amma harshen a halin yanzu ya ƙare. 

## Rarraba yanki
Yayin da endangeredlanguages.com ya bayar da rahoton masu magana da wannan harshe guda 10 tun daga shekarar 1983, ethnologue.com ta bayyana ƙarara cewa harshen ya bace.

A faɗin magana, harshen gargajiya na ƙasar Wakaya yana arewa maso gabas da gabas na Tennant Creek, Alyawarre yana gabas da kudu maso gabas, Kaytetye yana kudu, da Warlpiri a yamma. 

**Daidaitawa**

Latitude: -20.33 Longitude: 137.62

## Nahawu

A hannun dama akwai misalin kwatancen nahawu na Wakaya da sauran harsunan Australiya a cikin iyali guda. 

Harshen Wambaya makwabci ne ga ƙungiyar Wakaya don haka akwai kamanceceniya da yawa a cikin nahawu da tsarin kalmomi tsakanin harsunan biyu. Dr. Rachel Nordlinger ce ta rubuta *Grammar na Wambaya* da fatan taimaka wa matasa masu magana da harshen Wambaya su koyi wani abu na yarensu ko kuma aƙalla samun damar yin amfani da harshensu yayin da ba a magana da shi a kusa da su tun da akwai 8 zuwa 10 masu iya magana da kyau na harshen a ƙarshen shekarar 1990s. 

Akwai nassoshi da yawa game da halayen harshe na Wakaya kamar tsarin ƙamus ɗin sa da tsarin nahawu da yadda suke kwatanta su da sauran yarukan Australiya a cikin rukunin dangi guda a cikin Harsunan Australiya: Rarrabawa da hanyar kwatantawa.

"Kungiyar Ngumpin-YAPA" labarin ne ta Cibiyar Nazarin Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander ta Australiya da Jami'ar Queensland wacce ke ba da sabbin sabbin abubuwa a cikin yarukan Ngumpin-Yapa kamar su phonological, morphological, da lexical canje-canje. Akwai abubuwa da yawa gama gari tsakanin ƙungiyoyin NGY da na Warluwarric (waɗanda Wakaya ƙungiya ce ta) don haka wannan labarin ya gabatar da wasu halaye na harshe kamar ƙamus da kwatancen rubutun harshen Wakaya. 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Paradisec yana da tarin kayan Gavin Breen guda biyu waɗanda suka haɗa da kayan Yindjilandji, gami da ( GB31 da GB34 )

## Manazarta
Harshen Wakka

Harshen **Wakka Wakka**, wanda kuma aka rubuta **Waga**, ko kuma **Wakawaka**, ɓataccen harshe ne na Pama–Nyungan wanda mutanen Wakka Wakka ke magana a da shi, al'ummar Aboriginal na ƙasar Australiya kusa da Brisbane, Ostiraliya.  Kaibara/Gayabara, Nguwera/Ngoera, da kuma Buyibara na iya zama iri ko kuma ace madadin sunaye.

## Ilimin sauti
### Consonants

### Wasula

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin hadi na Waje
*
Burdukhan na Alania

Burdukhan (Georgia da Yaren Georgian), wanda aka fi sani da Bordokhan(ბორ__wol____wol____wol__), (ta mutu kafin shekara ta 1184) yarima ce ta Alan kuma sarauniya ce ta Georgia a matsayin matar George III, Sarkin Georgia (r. 1156-1184). Ita ce mahaifiyar Sarauniya Tamar, wacce ta jagoranci mulkin mallaka na Georgia na zamani.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Burdukhan 'yar Khuddan ce, wanda tarihin Georgia ke kira "sarki na Osi", sunan Georgian na kabilar Alan a Arewacin Caucasus. Ta auri George, wanda a lokacin shi ne sarauniyar Georgia, a rayuwar mahaifinsa, Sarki Demetrius I, a cikin 1150s. Ta haifi Tamar, daga baya sarauniya mai mulki na Georgia. Yana yiwuwa ma'auratan suna da wata 'yar Rusudan; amma an ambaci ta sau ɗaya kawai a duk bayanan zamani na mulkin Tamar. Masana tarihi na zamani sun yaba da ibada da aminci na Burdukhan. Ɗaya daga cikinsu, marubucin da ba a san sunansa ba na Tarihi da Eulogies of Sovereigns, ya kwatanta ta da tsarkakan Kirista Catherine da Irene-Penelope.

Burdukhan ta mutu kafin mijinta, wato, kafin 1184. Baya ga tarihin zamani, sunanta ya tsira a kan Icon na Theotokos na Khobi, yanzu ana nuna shi a Gidan Tarihi na Dadiani a Zugdidi, kuma a cikin rubutun bango daga Ruisi, inda aka ambaci ta a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa ga babban coci na gida.

## Bayani

## Manazarta

* Eastmond, Antony (1998), Royal Imagery a cikin Georgia ta Tsakiya . Penn State Press,  . 
* Qauxčišvili, Simon (ed.; Vivian, Katharine, trans.; 1991), *Tarihin Georgian: Lokacin Giorgi Lasha* . Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert.
Madrasa Thaalibia

Ginin wannan madrasa an tsara shi ne ta hanyar gine-ginen Henri Petit [fr] (1856-1926). [1] Wannan salon ya bi tsarin gine-ginen Moorish Revival a karkashin jagorancin Jonnart, [2]

## Gine-gine

Gumakan hudu suna kewaye da ginin tsakiya,wani wurin shiga da kuma wani baranda suna bude tsakanin gumakan biyu na babban façade. Dukkan bangon suna lulluɓe, daga tsakiyar  hanya, da fale-falen  ƙasa kuma tayilda . Duk bangon suna da layi har zuwa rabin tsawo, da kayan ɗaki na yumbu mai zane da fale-falen buraka.  

Kimanin shekaru hamsin tun 1954, ginin ba shi da aikinsa a matsayin mafi girma ga Medersians.

## Malamai

* Abdelhalim Bensmaia
* Mohamed Bencheneb
* 
* 
* 
* Abderrazak Ashraf
* Mohamed Saïd Ben Zekri

## Dalibai

* Omar Racim
* Idan Kaddour Benghabrit
* 
* Noureddine Abdelkader

## Dubi kuma

* Charles Jonnart

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje
Al-Nadirah

Labarin **al-Nadirah** na zamani game da faduwar Hatra da yarima, wanda ya ƙaunaci saurayi sarki Shapur I yayin da yake kewaye da birnin.

Wannan labarin da ba a sani ba an rubuta shi a cikin asalin Farisa da Larabci na farkon zamanin Islama, kuma wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke ciki sun yi wahayi zuwa ga wasu labarun zamani. Babban jigonsa yana da siffofi iri ɗaya tare da wasu tatsuniyoyin Helenanci da Roman.

## Makirci

According to early Islamic traditions, al-Nadirah (; ) was the daughter of al-Dayzan or Satirun (Sanatruq II), the king of Araba. She betrayed the fortified capital, Hatra, to the Persian king Shapur I after seeing and falling in love with him while he was besieging the city. She did this by intoxicating her father and the guards of the city gates, or by revealing to the enemy the talisman on which the city's ownership depended. Shapur I captured and destroyed Hatra and killed its king. He departed with al-Nadirah and married her at Ayn al-Tamr. One night al-Nadirah could not sleep, complaining that her bed is too rough for her. It then turned out that a myrtle leaf was stuck in her skin and was irritating her. Astonished by her softness, Shapur I asked her how did her father bring her up, and she described how well he treated her. Shapur I realizes al-Nadirah's ingratitude towards her father and has her executed in a brutal manner.

## Tushen
An ambaci labarin a cikin wallafe-wallafen Larabci da Farisa da kuma shayari na farkon zamanin Islama, gami da Tarikh al-Tabari, Mirkhond's *Rawzat as-Safa*', Ibn Khallikan's *Wafayāt al-Aʿyān*,  da kuma Ferdowsi's *Shahnama*, inda aka rubuta ta a matsayin *Mālikah* (), 'yar sarki Tā'ir (), yayin da Sarkin Farisa shine Shapur II, maimakon Shapur I.

## Bincike
A cewar Theodor Nöldeke, labarin al-Tabari ya samo asali ne daga labarin Helenanci na Scylla da mahaifinta Nissos .  Wasu suna la'akari da shi a matsayin sigar Gabas ta Tsakiya na taken Tarpeia. An yi amfani da taken labarin Al-Nadirah a cikin labarin Hans Christian Andersen "The Princess and the Pea"  da kuma Ahmed Shawqi's *Waraqat al-As* (The Myrtle Leaf). 

## Manazarta
Apranik

**Apranik** (*fl.* 651 AD) ya kasance kwamandan soja na Sasanian. Ta umurci sojojin Yazdegerd III a kan mamayar Larabawa ta 651 AD.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Ita 'yar Piran ce.

Lokacin da Daular Sasanian ta mamaye ta Musulunci Rashidun Caliphate, Apranik ya shiga rundunar Sasanian don yaƙi da su. An ci Farisa, amma Apranik ya ɗauki umurni da dakarun da suka tsira kuma ya fara yakin basasa da ke gudana a kan KHalifa.

An ce ta mutu a yaƙi.

## manazarta
Ayyukan Mata na Dominican

**Acción Feminista Dominicana** **(AFD)**, kungiya ce ta mata a Jamhuriyar Dominica, wacce aka kafa a 1931.

Yunkurin mata a Jamhuriyar Dominica ya shirya a 1931 tare da kafa Acción Feminista Dominicana (AFD) a karkashin Abigail Mejia . Manufar AFD ita ce yin aiki don daidaito na doka tsakanin maza da mata, daga cikinsu akwai 'yancin mata. Don cimma burinsu AFD ta haɗa kai da mai mulkin kama karya Rafael Trujillo, wanda ya yi amfani da AFD a cikin farfaganda don samun goyon baya ga mulkinsa tsakanin mata, da kuma gabatar da siffar zamani na mulkinsa, kuma "mata" saboda haka ya zama daidai da "Trujillista" (mata mai goyon bayan Trujillo) a Jamhuriyar Dominica.

Trujillo a ƙarshe ya cika alkawarinsa ga AFD don goyon bayanta bayan shekaru goma sha ɗaya, lokacin da ya gabatar da zaɓen mata a Jamhuriyar Dominica a 1942, kuma an zabi mata na farko - Milady Félix de L'Official, Isabel Mayer da Josefa Sánchez de González - a majalisar.

## Manazarta
Afternoon (wasa)

**Afternoon** wasa ne na mata wanda Ouida ta rubuta a 1883. Ya ƙunshi wani mutum, Earl L'Estrange, wanda ya auri wata yarinya manomi, Claire Glyon . L'Estrange ta yi sanyin gwiwa da ita kuma da alama ta nutsar da kanta. Koyaya, shekaru ashirin bayan haka ya ƙaunaci wani mai zane-zane mai zaman kansa wanda ya shahara da aikinta, wanda ya zama Claire kanta, wanda bai nitse ba. Ga sauran wasan, Claire da abokinta Laura sun yi wa L'Estranger ba'a da basira, kuma shi ma ya yarda cewa bai darajar matarsa ba kamar yadda ya kamata.

Wani hali a cikin wasan, Aldred Dorian, ya yi wahayi zuwa ga Dorian Grey na Oscar Wilde.

## Manazarta

*
Patricia Akhimie

**Patricia Akhimie** mataimakiyar farfesa ce a Jami'ar Rutgers wacce aka sani da aikinta a rubuce-rubucen tafiye-tafiye na mata na zamani da rubuce-bucen Shakespearean.

## Ilimi da aiki
Akhimie tana da BA daga Jami'ar Princeton (2000), MA daga Jami'an Michigan (2002), MA (2003) da Ph.D. (2011) daga Jami'a ta Columbia. Akhimie ya yi aiki a matsayin masanin zama na bikin St. Louis Shakespeare .  Ya zuwa 2022, ta kasance farfesa a Jami'ar Rutgers a cikin sassan Turanci, mata da nazarin jinsi,  kuma an nada ta darakta na Cibiyar Folger a watan Nuwamba 2022.

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa
Littafinta na farko, Shakespeare da Cultivation of Difference: Race, Conduct, da Early Modern World an buga shi ne ta hanyar Routledge a cikin 2018. Tarin da ta wallafa (tare da Bernadette Andrea), Tafiya da Aiki: Mata na zamani na farko, Wasan kwaikwayo na Turanci, da Wider World, Jami'ar Nebraska Press ce ta buga shi a cikin 2019.
*
*
*

## Manazarta
Bang (mujalla)

***Bang*** wata mujallar al'adun mata da al'umma ce ta Sweden, wacce ake kira Feministisk Kulturtidskrift .  An fara shi a cikin 1991  ta dalibai a Jami'ar Stockholm. Babban editocin da suka gabata sun hada da Sanna Samuelsson da  [sv]. An sanya sunan mujallar ne bayan Barbro Alving, wanda sa hannun sa "Bang". Akwai batutuwa huɗu a kowace shekara tare da yaduwar 7,500. An buga fitowar bugawa ta ƙarshe a watan Disamba na 2019, kuma mujallar ta ci gaba da tsarin kan layi kawai. Mujallar ta shiga fatarar kuɗi a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2020.

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Gidan yanar gizon mujallar (a cikin Yaren mutanen Sweden)
Ƙungiyar Ƴancin Matan Boston

**Ƙungiyar Ƴancin Matan Boston** kungiya ce ta mata mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ta Amurka da aka kafa a Boston a shekarar 1968. Kungiyar ta buga The Second Wave, wanda ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "mujallar sabon mata. " Fim na farko ya kasance a cikin bazara na shekara ta 1971.

## Manufar
An buga shi a cikin wannan mujallar shine "A Statement About Female Liberation," wanda ya ce a wani bangare:Female Liberation kungiya ce wacce ta kunshi dukkan fannoni na gwagwarmayar mata, gami da ilimi, ayyukan wayar da kan jama'a, da kuma aiki game da irin waɗannan bukatun motsi kamar kula da yara, zubar da ciki da daidaitaccen albashi. Babu wata mace da aka cire daga 'yancin mata wacce ke da sha'awar ci gaban karfi, ƙungiyar mata masu cin gashin kansu da za su iya kawo canji a kowane matakin.

## Ayyuka
Kungiyar ta shiga cikin ayyukan kare Hakkin mata na zabar zubar da ciki   da kuma kyauta, kula da yara na al'umma har zuwa sa'o'i ashirin da hudu a rana.  'Yancin Mata ya ba da shawara kuma ya inganta kare kai. A watan Satumbar 1970, ta shiga cikin "Symposium on Feminism" a Jami'ar Pittsburgh, mambobi biyu na Female Liberation sun nuna dabarun karate.

Ƙungiyar ƴancin matan Boston ta shiga cikin zanga-zangar adawa da shigar Amurka a cikin Yaƙin Vietnam kuma ta taimaka wajen gina rundunar mata. A wani taro a Boston, Nuwamba 1971, Pat Galligan ya yi magana a madadin kungiyar yana gaya wa taron, "Mata na Amurka da mutanen kudu maso gabashin Asiya suna da abokin gaba iri ɗaya. Muna son gwamnati daga yaƙi, daga cikin mahaifarmu, kuma daga hanyarmu".

Har ila yau, kungiyar ta taimaka wajen gina tarurruka kan 'yancin mata a makarantun yankin Boston daban-daban. A Jami'ar Boston a cikin fall of 1970, yana tallafawa "makarar ilimi da tattaunawa ga dukkan mata. " Batutuwan bita sun haɗa da, "Black da Third World Women, "Auren," da "Shin Feminism Revolutionary?" 

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Boston Female Liberation 1968-1998
* Tunawa da Taron 'Yanci na Mata na 1969
Maxine Molyneux

**Maxine Deirdre Molyneux** CMG (an haife shi 24 ga Mayu 1948 a Karachi, Pakistan ) ƙwararren masanin zamantakewar ɗan Burtaniya ne wanda aikinsa ya mai da hankali kan motsin mata . 

Cewa sha'awar mata da sha'awar jinsi daban-daban nau'i ne daban-daban shine binciken da Maxine Molyneux ya fi yawan ambatonsa. Hankalinta ita ce harkar mata, kuma babbar tambayarta ita ce yadda su da jihar ke yin tasiri a kan juna. Sha'awa da doka su ne nau'ikan da ta yi nazarin alaƙar canji da siffa ta tsarin jinsi da ƙasa. Tana so ta dawo da jihar da batun siyasa cikin tunani game da zamani, dimokuradiyya da ci gaba.

Molyneux ya yi karatun ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Essex kuma yanzu Farfesa ne a fannin ilimin zamantakewa kuma Daraktan Cibiyar Amurka, Kwalejin Jami'ar London. Bincikenta, da kuma banbance banbance mai tasiri tsakanin buƙatun jinsi da sha'awa, ya shafi batutuwa irin su al'umma da ci gaba, talauci da rashin daidaiton zamantakewa, da jinsi da siyasa a Latin Amurka. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga ƙungiyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da dama, da kuma Oxfam da sauran kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu . A matsayin mai haɗin gwiwa a cikin 1979 na mujallar *Feminist Review* da aka sani da editan mujallar *Economy and Society*, ta shiga cikin ci gaba da muhawara a kan ka'idar. 

An nada Molyneux Abokin odar St Michael da St George (CMG) a cikin Sabuwar Shekarar Girmamawa ta 2023 don ayyukan ci gaban ƙasa da ƙasa da dangantakar Burtaniya/Latin Amurka. 

Molyneux ta auri Fred Halliday, wanda ta haifi ɗa, Alex.  

## Labarai
Molyneux ya yi rubuce-rubuce da yawa a fagen ilimin zamantakewar siyasa da jinsi da nazarin ci gaba . Ita ce marubuciyar a cikin wasu:

* *Ƙungiyoyin Mata a Fannin Ƙasashen Duniya* (ILAS/Palgrave) 2000
* *Canji da Ci gaba a Kariyar Jama'a a Latin Amurka: Uwa a Sabis na Jiha?* (UNRISD) 2007

Ta yi hadin gwiwa:

* *Yin Abubuwan Hakki* (tare da Sian Lazar) (ITDG) 2003
* *Juyin Juyin Juya Halin Habasha* NLB/Verso 1980 (tare da Fred Halliday)

Ita ce mawallafin:

* *Hidden Histories of Gender and State in Latin America* (2000) Duke UP
* *Adalci na Jinsi, Ci gaba da Haƙƙin* 2003 (OUP)
* *Jinsi da Dimokuradiyya a Latin Amurka* (Palgrave 2002)
* *Siyasar Hakkoki: Dilemmas of Feminist Praxis* (2009)

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Molyneux's UCL homepage
* wallafe-wallafen Maxine Molyneux   ya tsara
Maenad: Jaridar Rubuce-rubucen Mata

**Maenad: Jaridar Rubuce-rubucen Mata** wata jarida ce ta mata ta Amurka da aka buga a Gloucester, Massachusetts a farkon shekarun 1980. Abubuwan da ke cikin mujallar sun haɗa da rubutun mata masu mahimmanci, zane-zane, da rubuce-rubuce masu ban sha'awa. Har ila yau, a kai a kai yana nuna sake dubawa na littafi, wasiƙu ga masu gyara, da tallace-tallace ga wasu wallafe-wallafen mata kamar HERESIES. *Jarumai. Maenad* ya daina bugawa bayan 'yan shekaru.

An ce taken jaridar ya samo asali ne daga Maenads daga tatsuniyoyin Helenawa. Kamar mabiya mata "mai tsananin tashin hankali" na allahn Girka Dionysus, *Maenad: Jaridar Littattafan Mata* ta bayyana duka "hauka da wahayi a cikin fatar shafukanta".

Mujallar sau da yawa tana ba da shawara ga masu ba da gudummawa a cikin jagororin gabatarwarsu:"Muna neman ra'ayoyi da ra'ayoyin mata masu rikitarwa da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, gami da rubuce-rubucen 'yan mata da na duniya ta uku. Yankunanmu na damuwa suna da yawa: labaran gaskiya da na ka'idoji, aikin tarihin rayuwa da tarihi, fiction, sake dubawa, zargi da kuma tarin littattafai. "*Maenad* ta nuna ayyukan daga mata daban-daban kamar Adrienne Rich, Zita N. Dressner, da Elaine Wing. 

A shekara ta 1983, *Maenad* ta rufe saboda rashin kudade da bashi.

## Manazarta
Gidauniyar Aurat

**Gidauniyar Aurat**, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1986, kungiya ce ta kare hakkin mata da ke zaune a Islamabad, Pakistan . Wadanda suka kafa shi sune Nigar Ahmed da Shahla Zia . 

## Duba kuma

* Mata a Pakistan

## Manazarta


## Haɗin waje

*
Alianza Femenina

**Alianza Femenina**, kungiya ce ta kare hakkin mata ta Colombia, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1945. Tare da Union Femenina de Colombia, tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyin mata biyu da ke yin kamfen don zaɓen mata a Colombia. 

## Tarihi
An kafa Alianza Femenina a shekarar 1945. Manufarta ita ce ta yi kamfen don kare hakkin mata, musamman 'yancin mata da cikakken' yan ƙasa. Manufarta da aka bayyana ita ce "ta kawo dukkan matan Colombia tare da burin samun cikakken 'yan ƙasa da' yanci".Yawancin mambobin Alianza Femenina suna da alaƙa da 'yan gurguzu, amma manufar su ita ce ta haɗa mata daga duk ra'ayoyin siyasa. 

An gabatar da 'yancin mata a Colombia a shekara ta 1954. 

## Manazarta
Asibitin Ƙwaƙwalwa na Tarayya, Maiduguri

**Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Maiduguri** asibiti ne na gwamnatin tarayya na musamman dake Maiduguri, jihar Borno, Najeriya . Babban daraktan lafiya na yanzu shine Ibrahim Abdu Wakawa.  

## CMD
Babban daraktan lafiya na yanzu shine Ibrahim Abdu Wakawa.

## Magana
Deborah Beidel

**Deborah C. Beidel** masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce wadda ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Florida ta Tsakiya .  Ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin halayyar asibiti a shekarar 1986 daga Jami'ar Pittsburgh .  Daga baya ta kammala karatun postdoctoral a binciken asibiti a Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Yamma da Cibiyar Kulawa da Lafiya a Pittsburgh. Beidel tana da diflomasiyya a cikin ilimin halayyar asibiti da ilimin halayya daga Hukumar Kwararru ta Amurka. Har ila yau, ita ce Fellow na Ƙungiyar Psychological ta Amirka da Ƙungiyar Kimiyya ta Psychological . 

Beidel ta wallafa littattafan kimiyya sama da 275 ciki har da labaran mujallu, littattafai, da surori. Binciken da ta yi shi ne maganin damuwa da rikicewar damuwa.  Kwanan nan, aikinta ya mayar da hankali kan bunkasa jiyya ga tsoffin soji na PTSD, ma'aikatan aiki, da masu amsawa na farko. Ta ci gaba da amfani da fasaha don inganta magani a cikin al'ada na asibiti.  Binciken da take so a yanzu ya haɗa da damuwa ta iyali yayin tura sojoji da kuma yiwuwar rawar da ake takawa ta hanyar fasaha a taimakawa wajen kula da yara masu fama da rikice-rikicen damuwa. A cikin aikinta, Beidel ta sami sama da dala miliyan 19 a cikin tallafin bincike.

Kafin ta shiga Jami'ar Tsakiyar Florida, Beidel ta kasance memba a bangaren ilimi a Jami'ar Pittsburgh, Jami'ar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kudu Carolina, Jami'an Maryland, da Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiyar Jihar Penn. A cikin shekara ta alif dari tara da casa'in 1990, ta kasance mai karɓar Kyautar Sabon Mai Bincike ta Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Halin Halin Halitta . A shekara ta alif dari tara da casa'in da biyar 1995 ta sami lambar yabo ta Distinguished Educator daga Association of Medical School Psychologists . Kwanan nan, a cikin 2007, ta sami lambar yabo ta APA Division 12 Samuel M. Turner Clinical Research Award .

## Dubi kuma
Rinad Beidas

**Rinad  S. Beidas** (an haife ta a watan Janairu 1, 1982) masaniyar ilimin halayyar yara ce ta asibiti na Amurka kuma masaniyar kimiyya ta aiwatarwa. A halin yanzu ita ce kujera kuma Farfesa Ralph Seal Paffenbarger na sashen Kimiyya na Kiwon Lafiya a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jami'ar Arewa maso Yammacin Feinberg . Ta kasance tsohuwar farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam da ka'idojin kiwon lafiya da manufofin kiwon lafiya a makarantar likitancin Perelman a Jami'ar Pennsylvania; Daraktan kafa Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Penn (PISCE@LDI); da kuma Daraktan Penn Medicine Nudge Unit. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Darakta a Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya da Tattalin Arziki ta Jami'ar Pennsylvania (CHIBE). 

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Beidas a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1982, a Amman, Jordan .  Ta sami digiri na farko na Arts daga Jami'ar Colgate a shekara ta 2003 da kuma digiri na biyu da PhD daga Jami'an Haikali. Yayinda take kammala digirin digirin digirinta, ta sami lambar yabo ta Majalisar Masanin Kimiyya / Mai Kwarewa ta 2008. Ta kuma yi aiki a karkashin jagorancin Philip C. Kendall a asibitin Child and Adolescent Anxiety Disorders Clinic, inda ta kula da yara masu damuwa ta amfani da hanyar fahimta-halayyar.

## Ayyuka
Bayan kammala karatunta na PhD, Beidas ta shiga bangaren koyarwa a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Perelman a Jami'ar Pennsylvania a shekarar 2012.  A farkon shekarunta a makarantar, daya daga cikin danginta ya mutu ta hanyar kashe kansa ta hanyar amfani da bindiga. Wannan ya kai ta ga yin bincike kan ayyukan tabbatar da tsaro na bindiga da kuma nazarin lafiyar bindiga a cikin kulawar farko ta yara. A matsayinta na mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam, Beidas ta jagoranci wani binciken da ake kira A Hybrid Effectiveness-Implementation Trial of an Evidence-Based Exercise Intervention for Breast Cancer Survivors wanda ke da niyyar gano shingen don aiwatar da aikin motsa jiki da ilimi na tushen shaida ga wadanda suka tsira daga cutar kansar mama. A shekara mai zuwa, ita ce mai karɓar Kyautar Sabon Mai Bincike na Shugaban kasa na 2015 na Ƙungiyar Halin Halin Halitta da Magana. 

A cikin 2017, Beidas shine babban marubuci a kan binciken da aka fi sani da kallon ra'ayin kashe kansa bayan maganin halayyar fahimta (CBT) a cikin matasa. Sakamakon binciken ya gano cewa marasa lafiya da ba su amsa CBT ba a lokacin yaransu a matsayin magani ga damuwa sun fi jimre da tunanin kashe kansa shekaru bakwai zuwa 19 bayan magani. Ta kuma sami tallafi daga Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa don aikinta na ƙarfafa masu warkarwa su yi amfani da ayyukan da suka danganci shaida sau da yawa a zaman su. A cikin 2020, Beidas shine babban mai bincike na Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa da ke da alaƙa da aikin bincike da nufin inganta aiwatar da shirin tsaro na bindigogi.

A cikin 2022, ta koma Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma don shiga bangaren koyarwa a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Northwestern Feinberg . 

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

* Yaduwa da Aiwatar da Ayyukan da suka danganci shaida a cikin Lafiya ta Yara da Matasa (wanda aka tsara) 

## Manazarta
Marlene Behrmann

**Marlene Behrmann** (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 1959) Farfesa ce a Sashen Ilimin Ilimin ido a Jami'ar Pittsburgh . Ta kasance Farfesa a fannin Ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon . Ta ƙware a cikin ilimin kimiyyar kwakwalwa na fahimta, tare da takamaiman mai da hankali kan ganewar abu.

## Ilimi
An haifi Marlene Behrmann a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu, a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 1959. Ta sami B.A. a cikin MA da maganin ji daga Jami'ar Witwatersrand a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu a 1981; MA a cikin ilimin magana daga Jami'an Witwatersand a 1984, da Ph.D. a cikin Psychology daga Jami'in Toronto a 1991. 

## Ayyuka da bincike
Daga 1991 zuwa 1993, Behrmann ta yi aiki a Sashen ilimin halayyar dan adam da magani na Jami'ar Toronto, kuma a 1993, ta karɓi matsayi a matsayin memba na malama a Sashen halayyar ɗan adam a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, inda ta kasance har sai ta koma Sashen ilimin ido a Jami'iyyar Pittsburgh a 2022. Ta kuma rike farfesa a Sashen Neuroscience da Sadarwar Sadarwa a Jami'ar Pittsburgh, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa mai ziyara a Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Weizmann a Isra'ila a 2000-2001 da Jami'ar Toronto a 2006-2007. Behrmann memba ne na Cibiyar Kula da Tushen Neural na Cognition da Cibiyar Neuroscience .

Binciken Behrmann ya magance takamaiman tambaya: Ta yaya kwakwalwa ke tattara fassarar ma'ana da daidaituwa game da bayanan da aka karɓa daga idanu?An dauke shi a matsayin mai ba da labari da kuma jagora a duniya a fagen fahimta ta gani, Behrmann yana amfani da neuroimaging da psychophysics don nazarin tsarin gani na mutum a cikin kiwon lafiya da cututtuka don amsa wannan tambaya.

## Kyaututtuka da girmamawa

* 2015, zaɓaɓɓen memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa 
* 2019, memba, Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka 
* Fellow, Society of Experimental Psychologists, 
* Fellow, Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kimiyya 
* Fellow, Cognitive Neuroscience Society 

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## Manazarta
Jill Becker

**Jill B. Becker** mai binciken ilimin halayyar dan adam ce ta Amurka, tana nazarin bambancin jima'i a cikin jaraba ta amfani da samfuran preclinical. Becker ita ce Shugaban Yankin Biopsychology kuma Patricia Y. Gurin Farfesa na Psychology a Jami'ar Michigan .  .Ta yi kira ga bincike mai zurfi game da bambancin jima'i / jinsi, musamman a fannin Rashin Amfani da Magunguna.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Becker ta sami digirinta na PhD daga Jami'ar Illinois .

A shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha shida 2016, ta sami lambar yabo ta Ting-Kai Li Lecture daga Cibiyar Bincike kan Alcoholism .  A cikin 2019, an gayyace ta don gabatar da Neal Miller Distinguished Lecture ta American Psychological Association . 

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

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## Manazarta
Tirgatao

**Tirgatao** (Scythian: ; Tsohon Girkanci: , romanized: ) yarima ne na masarautan  Maeotes da Polyaenus ya ambata. Ita ce matar farko ta Sarkin Sindian Hecataeus, kuma ta kasance sananniyar mahalarta yaƙe-yaƙe na Bosporan.

## Sunan
Sunan Tirgataō shine Hellenisation na sunan harshen Scythian , ma'ana "tare da ƙarfin kibiya. "

## A cikin matani
Polyaenus ya gaya mana labarin Tirgatao a cikin littafinsa *Stratagems*:

## manazarta