Tasirin Intanet a kan al'ummomi

al'umma ita ce "jiki na mutane ko abubuwa da aka kalli gaba ɗaya". A cewar Steven Brintgregates na mutanen da ke da alaƙa da ayyukan yau da kullun da / ko imani kuma waɗanda aka ɗaure su tare da alaƙar tasiri, aminci, dabi'u na yau da kullun, da / ko damuwa ta mutum - watau, sha'awar halaye da abubuwan da suka faru na rayuwa na juna. "

Jenny Preece ta ba da shawarar kimanta al'ummomi bisa ga siffofin jiki: girman, wuri da iyakokin da suka kulle su. Lokacin da tafiye-tafiye ya zama hanyar rayuwa kuma sufuri mai rahusa ya sauƙaƙa ga mutane su shiga al'ummomi da yawa don gamsar da buƙatu daban-daban, ƙarfin da nau'in dangantaka tsakanin mutane sun fi dacewa.

Tun da yake an gina babban birnin zamantakewa da amincewa, dokoki, ka'idoji da hanyoyin sadarwa, ana iya cewa babban birnin zamantakewar al'ummomi ya girma. Ƙananan shingen shiga cikin al'umma sun sauƙaƙa zama wani ɓangare na al'ummomi daban-daban. Wannan ya tafi hannu da hannu tare da ka'idar Don Tapscott game da yadda al'ummar dijital ta canza haɗin gwiwa da kirkire-kirkire zuwa duniyar haɗin gwiwa.

Daga haihuwa zuwa mutuwa, al'ummomin da suke ciki suna tsara mutane, suna shafar komai daga yadda suke magana da wanda suke magana da shi. Kamar dai tarho da talabijin sun canza hanyar da mutane ke hulɗa da jama'a, kwamfutoci sun canza sadarwa kuma a lokaci guda sun kirkiro sabbin ka'idoji don babban birnin jama'a.

"al'umma mai kama da juna rukuni ne na mutanen da za su iya saduwa ko ba za su hadu da juna ba fuska da fuska, waɗanda ke musayar kalmomi da ra'ayoyi ta hanyar matsakaici na tsarin allon labaran kwamfuta da sauran hanyoyin sadarwar dijital". Tare da gaskiyar cewa amfani da kwamfuta ya bazu, amfani da al'ummomin kama-da-wane sun karu. Rheingold ya bayyana al'ummomin kama-da-wane a matsayin "ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa waɗanda ke fitowa daga Intanet lokacin da isasshen mutane ke ci gaba da waɗannan tattaunawar jama'a na dogon lokaci, tare da isaskiyar jin daɗin ɗan adam, don samar da shafukan yanar gizo na dangantakar mutum a cikin sararin samaniya". Michael Porter ya bayyana al'umma mai kama da juna a matsayin "taron mutane ko abokan kasuwanci waɗanda ke hulɗa a kusa da sha'awar da aka raba, inda hulɗar ke da aƙalla wani ɓangare da goyon baya da / ko matsakaici ta hanyar fasaha kuma ana jagorantar ta wasu ladabi ko ka'idoji". Al'ummomin kama-da-wane sun kunshi "mutane masu sha'awa ko manufofi waɗanda sadarwa ta lantarki ita ce hanyar hulɗa ta farko" kuma sun kirkiro sababbin nau'ikan haɗin gwiwa. "Mafi ƙwarewa da ƙwarewa membobin al'umma suna ba da jagoranci da taimakawa wajen haɗa gudummawa daga al'umma gaba ɗaya. "Ta wannan hanyar, al'ummomin kama-da-wane na iya amfani da motsawar son rai da ke cikin al'umma don sanya mutumin da ya dace zuwa aikin da ya dace yadda ya kamata fiye da siffofin gargajiya. " 

A cewar Benkler, za mu iya "gona karuwar dangantakar da ta riga ta kasance tare da abokai da dangi, musamman tare da waɗanda suke da wuyar isa a baya". "Hakazalika, muna fara ganin fitowar mafi girma don iyakantaccen manufa, dangantaka mai sauƙi. Ko da yake waɗannan bazai dace da kyakkyawan samfurin al'ummomin kama-da-wane ba, suna da tasiri kuma suna da ma'ana ga mahalarta".

Ƙarin ikon mutum wanda a zahiri yana da ƙarfin zamantakewa ya haifar da damuwa ga mutane da yawa cewa Intanet na ci gaba da rarraba al'umma, yana sa mutane su ciyar da lokacinsu a gaban kwamfutarsu maimakon yin hulɗa da juna. Nazarin da aka yi amfani da shi ya nuna, duk da haka, cewa muna amfani da Intanet da al'ummomi a kan kudin talabijin, kuma wannan musayar ce da ke inganta alaƙar zamantakewa.

## Babban birnin jama'a
Jaridun jama'a wani ra'ayi ne da aka gina daga mahallin cewa wasu ƙima suna fitowa daga shafukan sada zumunta saboda hulɗar zamantakewa wanda zai iya samun tasiri mai kyau a cikin al'ummar daidaikun mutanen da ke cikin rukuni ta hanyar sauƙaƙe ayyukan haɗin gwiwa (Putnam et al., 1993).[1]. [shafi  buƙata] [shafi da ake buƙata] A taƙaice, jarin zamantakewa shine "ikon mutane don yin aiki tare don wata manufa ta gama gari" (Rosenfeld, 1997). Amincewa, ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da hanyoyin sadarwa suna haifar da jarin zamantakewa (Barr, 2000), Narayan (1997).[2][3]

### Bincike
An yi amfani da hanyoyi masu yawa don auna babban birnin jama'a, duk da haka, babu wata hanyar da za a auna shi. Na farko, cikakkun ma'anoni na babban birnin zamantakewa suna da yawa, suna haɗa matakai daban-daban da raka'a na bincike. Na biyu, duk wani yunkuri na auna kaddarorin ra'ayoyin da ba su da tabbas kamar su "al'umma", "cibiyar sadarwa" da "ƙungiya" daidai yake da matsala. Na uku, an tsara wasu binciken da aka yi na dogon lokaci don auna "babban birnin jama'a", wanda ya bar masu bincike na zamani su tattara alamomi daga abubuwa masu yawa, kamar matakan amincewa da gwamnati, yanayin jefa kuri'a, membobin kungiyoyin jama'a, sa'o'in da aka yi amfani da su don sa kai. Sabbin binciken da ake gwadawa a halin yanzu za su samar da alamomi kai tsaye da daidaito.

Auna babban birnin zamantakewa na iya zama da wahala, amma ba zai yiwu ba, kuma kyawawan karatu da yawa sun gano masu amfani da su don babban birnin zamantakewar jama'a, ta amfani da nau'ikan daban-daban da haɗuwa da inganci, kwatankwacin da kuma hanyoyin bincike masu yawa.

Knack da Keefer (1997) sun yi amfani da alamun amincewa da ka'idojin jama'a daga Binciken Darajar Duniya don samfurin tattalin arzikin kasuwa 29. Sun yi amfani da waɗannan matakan a matsayin wakilai don ƙarfin ƙungiyoyin jama'a don gwada shawarwari daban-daban guda biyu game da tasirin babban birnin zamantakewa akan ci gaban tattalin arziki, "Sakamako na Olson" (ƙungiyoyi suna hana ci gaba ta hanyar Neman haya) da "Sakamaki na Putnam" (ƙungiyar suna sauƙaƙa ci gaba ta ƙara amincewa). Inglehart (1997) ya yi aiki mafi girma a kan tasirin sakamakon WVS don ka'idojin zamani da ci gaba.

Narayan da Pritchett (1997) sun gina ma'auni na babban birnin zamantakewa a yankunan karkara na Tanzania, ta amfani da bayanai daga Binciken Babban Birni da Talauci na Tanzania (SCPS).  Wannan babban binciken ya tambayi mutane game da girman da halaye na ayyukansu na ƙungiyoyi, da kuma amincewarsu ga cibiyoyi da mutane daban-daban. Sun dace da wannan ma'auni na babban birnin jama'a tare da bayanai game da kudin shiga na gida a cikin ƙauyuka iri ɗaya (duka daga SCPS da kuma daga binciken gida na baya, Binciken Ci gaban Albarkatun Dan Adam). Sun gano cewa babban birnin zamantakewa na ƙauye yana haɓaka kuɗin shiga na gida.

Haikali da Johnson (1998), suna fadada aikin da Adelman da Morris suka yi a baya (1967), suna amfani da bambancin kabilanci, motsi na zamantakewa, da kuma yaduwar ayyukan tarho a kasashe da yawa na Afirka a yankin Sahara a matsayin wakilai don yawan hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a. Sun haɗu da abubuwa masu alaƙa da yawa a cikin alamar "ƙwarewar zamantakewa", kuma sun nuna cewa wannan na iya bayyana bambancin bambancin ci gaban tattalin arzikin ƙasa.

Auna babban birnin zamantakewa na iya zama da wahala, amma ba zai yiwu ba, kuma kyawawan karatu da yawa sun gano masu amfani da su don babban birnin zamantakewar al'umma, ta amfani da nau'ikan daban-daban da haɗuwa da ingantattun hanyoyin bincike (Woolcock da Narayan, 2000). 

Yadda muke auna jarin zamantakewa ya dogara da yadda muka ayyana shi. Mafi cikakken ma'anar jari-hujja na zamantakewa shine nau'i-nau'i daban-daban, wanda ya haɗa matakai daban-daban da raka'a na bincike. Amintacce, haɗin kai, da sa hannun al'umma gabaɗaya ana ganin su azaman hanyoyin auna jarin zamantakewa. Dangane da ma'anar jarin zamantakewa da mahallin, wasu alamomi na iya zama mafi dacewa fiye da wasu. Da zarar an yanke shawarar yadda za a auna jarin zamantakewa, misali ta hanyar auna ayyukan jama'a ta hanyar binciken gida, ana iya la'akari da abubuwan al'adu wajen zayyana kayan aikin binciken. Karatun jaridu na iya zama mafi kyawun nuni ga haɗin gwiwar jama'a a Italiya (Putnam, 1993) fiye da na Indiya saboda bambancin karatun karatu.[1] [shafi da ake buƙata] [ana buƙata]

Auna babban birnin jama'a tsakanin matalauta, musamman nazarin gidaje iri ɗaya a tsawon lokaci, yana da wahala saboda matalauta galibi suna da hannu a cikin aikin al'ada, bazai da adireshin dogon lokaci ba ko kuma suna iya motsawa.

Robert D. Putnam (2000) suggested a social capital concepts of bonding and bridging. Bonding is viewed as relations among members of the same community. Bridging is viewed as relationships between members among different communities. &#x5B;*nbsp;needed*&#x5D;

### Tasiri a kan al'ummomi
'Cluster' na kasuwanci "an yi amfani da shi don wakiltar tarurruka na kamfanoni waɗanda ke iya samar da haɗin kai saboda kusanci da haɗin kai" (Rosenfeld, 1997).  Steinfield, C. et al. (2010) sun gano, cewa "adadin kuɗin da aka fahimta ya yi hasashen bayyanar kasuwa" na aikin kamfanin a cikin tarin kasuwanci mai zurfi. Babban birnin jama'a yana ƙarfafa hanyoyin samar da yanki.

Adadin sadarwar (wanda aka bayyana a matsayin nau'i daban-daban na ƙawancen dabarun da haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwa) gabaɗaya yana nuna matakan babban al'umma da amana da ke wanzu (Rosenfeld, 1997).[1] Robert Putnam (1993) ya gano cewa jarin jarin zamantakewa yana annabta aikin tattalin arziki.[2] [shafi da ake buƙata] [shafi da ake buƙata] Akwai wasu shaidun da ke nuna cewa alaƙar zamantakewa tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar ƙananan ƴan kasuwa (Granovetter, 1984), duk da haka ba a san irin gudummawar da wasu abubuwan ke bayarwa ba, kamar ƙwarewar gudanarwa da mahallin muhalli.[3]

A matakin ma'aikata, yanayin horo da ka'idojin ilimi da al'ummar makaranta suka kafa da kuma amincewar juna tsakanin gida da makaranta sune manyan nau'ikan babban birnin jama'a. Wadannan nau'ikan babban birnin jama'a suna ba da gudummawa ga sakamakon ilmantarwa na ɗalibai a ƙasashen Gabashin Asiya kamar Singapore, Koriya, da Hong Kong. An nuna cewa suna da tasiri sosai, ba kawai kan ƙirƙirar ilmantarwa da yanayin kulawa na makaranta ba, har ma da inganta ingancin makaranta da rage rashin daidaito na sakamakon ilmantarwa tsakanin kungiyoyin zamantakewa.

Fasahar bayanai da sadarwa (ICT) suna shafar fannoni daban-daban na al'ummomi, gami da sadarwa, babban birnin jama'a, abota da amincewa. Intanet tana da tasiri sosai a kan al'ummomi saboda yanayin hulɗarta da kuma amfani da ita. A cewar Katz, Rice, Aspden (2001) "Intanet yana da halaye na musamman, har ma da canji a matsayin tashar sadarwa, gami da rashin suna da dangi da ikon sauƙaƙewa tare da wasu waɗanda ke da irin wannan sha'awa, dabi'u, da imani".

Intanet, da sadarwa ta kwamfuta suna tallafawa da hanzarta hanyoyin da mutane ke aiki a cibiyoyin bangarori, al'ummomin mutum, da sauyawa da sauri da akai-akai tsakanin kungiyoyi daban-daban (Wellman, 1996).  Amfani da Intanet yana da alaƙa da bangarori masu kyau da marasa kyau ga al'ummomi.

Misali, Bargh da McKenna (2004) sun yi iƙirarin cewa "amfani da Intanet ba ya bayyana don raunana masana'antar unguwa da al'ummomi". Galston (1999) ya yi iƙirarin, cewa Intanet tana "ikon inganta wani nau'i na zamantakewa da ilmantarwa ta hanyar daidaita juna".

Kavanaugh da Patterson (2001) ba su gano cewa karuwar amfani da Intanet ya kara sa hannu da haɗin kai na al'umma ba. A cewar Gilleard, C. et al. (2007), "mallaka da amfani da bayanan cikin gida da fasahar sadarwa suna rage ma'anar haɗewa ga unguwar cikin gida tsakanin mutane 50 da haihuwa a Ingila. " Amma suna ci gaba da cewa "bayanan cikin gida da fasaha na sadarwa na iya zama mafi 'yanci daga iyakar unguwa fiye da lalata babban birnin zamantakewa". 

Sau da yawa ana ambaton Rashin suna a cikin shahararrun kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin yiwuwar haifar da mummunan sakamako. Amma a cewar Bargh da McKenna (2004), rashin bayyana sunansa kuma yana da alaƙa da sakamako mai kyau: "bincike ya gano cewa bangaren rashin bayyana sunanta yana ƙarfafa bayyana kai, kuma rashin ma'anar ma'amala ta jiki da ba ta magana ba (misali, kyakkyawa) yana sauƙaƙa kafa dangantaka a kan wasu, tushen da suka fi zurfi kamar dabi'u da imani. "

Pigg da Crank (2004) sun ba da shawarar yadda Intanet zai iya sauƙaƙa hulɗa a cikin membobin al'umma. Suna ba da shawarar ra'ayi na "ma'amala ta musayar", wanda ke nuna cewa "mutum ɗaya yana ba da wani abu mai daraja ga wani a cikin tsammanin cewa, a wani lokaci, ɗayan zai yi aiki iri ɗaya". An ba da shawarar cewa ICT tana tallafawa ma'amala ta hanyar samar da tallafin zamantakewa ko bayanai masu mahimmanci waɗanda ba a samu ga jama'a ba, da kuma raba ma'ana. Kasancewar da aka haɗa tare da zurfin bayanai yana ba da ma'anar da aka raba (Miranda da Saunders, 2003). 

Amfani da Intanet gabaɗaya ba ya da alaƙa da raguwar hulɗar jama'a. Misali, Katz, Rice, Aspden (2001) sun gano cewa masu amfani da Intanet sun fi dacewa da sadarwa tare da wasu ta hanyar wasu kafofin watsa labarai (musamman tarho) fiye da yin amfani da marasa amfani, kuma amfani da Intanets yana da alaƙa da matakan hulɗar zamantakewa mafi girma (ko da yake wannan ya fi warwatsewa).  Da'awarka, cewa "amfani da Intanet ba ya bayyana don raunana masana'antar unguwa da al'ummomi. " Ellison, Steinfield da Lampe (2007) sun yi iƙirarin cewa hulɗar kan layi ba lallai ba ne ta cire mutane daga duniyarsu ta waje, amma suna tallafawa dangantaka, musamman lokacin da canje-canjen rayuwa ke motsa su daga juna. Sun ce, cewa Intanet "tana da kyau ga aikace-aikacen software na zamantakewa saboda yana bawa masu amfani damar kula da irin wannan alaƙa da arha da sauƙi".

Sadarwar Intanet yawanci tana da rahusa fiye da wayar, fax da sadarwa ta wasiƙa, kuma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin masu arha don ci gaba da kasancewa tare da dangi da abokai a ƙasashen waje (Foley, 2004), don ci gaba tare da abokai na kasuwanci (misali Molony, 2009).

Galston (1999) ya ba da shawarar hanyar nazarin al'ummomin kama-da-wane bisa ga shigarwa da farashin da ke akwai: "lokacin da shingen barin tsoffin kungiyoyi da shiga sabbin suna da ƙarancin gaske, fita zai zama zaɓi da aka fi so; yayin da waɗannan farashin ke ƙaruwa, motsa jiki na murya ya zama mai yiwuwa. "  Ya ba da shawarar, cewa "fitowa [daga al'umma] zai zama babbar amsa ga rashin gamsuwa". Har ila yau, "al'ummomin yanar gizo ba sa inganta ci gaban murya; saboda suna jaddada zaɓin mutum, ba sa yarda da buƙatar iko", kuma ba sa inganta wajibin juna.

### Tasiri a kan dangi, abokai da maƙwabta
An sami amfani mai kyau na Intanet akan dangantakar da ke tsakanin dangin da abokai. Misali, Bargh da McKenna (2004) sun rubuta cewa "Intanet, galibi ta hanyar imel, ya sauƙaƙa sadarwa kuma ta haka ne ya haɗa kai tsakanin dangi da abokai, musamman waɗanda ke da nisa da za a ziyarta a kai a kai".

ICT yana taimakawa wajen ƙirƙirar abota. "Lokacin da dangantakar da aka kafa ta Intanet ta isa ta kusanci (watau, lokacin da aka kafa isasshen amincewa), mutane suna kawo su cikin "duniya ta ainihi" - wato, al'adun gargajiya na fuska da fuska da kuma hulɗar tarho" (Bargh, McKenna, 2004.)  "Intanet yana sauƙaƙa sabbin haɗi, saboda yana ba mutane wata hanya ta hanyar haɗi tare da wasu waɗanda ke raba abubuwan da suke soyayya ko burinsu" (Ellison, Heino, & Gibbs, 2006).

Cummings, Lee da Kraut (2006) sun gano cewa daliban da suka koma kwaleji "sadarwa tare da waɗannan abokai yana hana dangantakar ta ragu da sauri kamar yadda ba za su yi ba. Sadarwa tana da alama tana ba da makamashi cikin dangantaka kuma tana hana shi yin barci. " Imel da saƙon nan take suna da amfani sosai. 

Hampton da Wellman (2001) sun gano cewa, a cikin al'umma mai waya, maƙwabta da yawa sun san juna sosai ta hanyar amfani da cibiyar sadarwar kwamfuta ta gida. Amma a cewar Katz (2001), "amfani da Intanet da kansa ba shi da alaƙa da matakai daban-daban na wayar da kan maƙwabtan mutum".

### Tasiri a kan hanyar sadarwar jama'a
Cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a suna taka muhimmiyar rawa ga masu amfani da Intanet. A cewar Castells (1999), "cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a sun maye gurbin al'ummomi, tare da al'ummomin da ke cikin gida suna ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su don ƙirƙirar da kula da hanyoyin sadarwar jamaʼa, kuma Intanet yana ba da wani irin wannan madadin. "

Cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a suna ba da damar ƙirƙirar sabbin dangantaka, da kuma kula da waɗanda ke akwai. A cewar Lampe, Ellison, Steinfield (2007), masu amfani da sanannen hanyar sadarwar jama'a ta Facebook galibi suna amfani da hanyar sadarwar don ƙarin koyo game da mutanen da suka hadu a layi, kuma ba su da sha'awar fara sabbin haɗi: "Membobin Facebook suna amfani da Facebook a matsayin kayan aikin sa ido don kiyaye dangantakar da ta gabata, kuma a matsayin kayan aiki na "bincike na zamantakewa" wanda suke bincika mutanen da suka sadu da layi".

Haɗin da aka kafa a kan layi wani lokacin ana canza su zuwa dangantakar mutum ta kan layi. Parks da Floyd (1996) sun ba da rahoton cewa kashi 60% na samfurin su na bazuwar "sun ba da rahoton gore sun kafa dangantaka ta sirri ta wani nau'i tare da wani da suka fara tuntuɓar ta hanyar ƙungiyar labarai", kuma cewa "dangantaka da ke farawa a layi ba sa zama a can".

Ana yawan bayar da rahoton batutuwan sirri a cikin shahararrun kafofin watsa labarai. A cewar Gross da Acquisti (2005), "mutane da yawa a cikin hanyar sadarwar mutum ta kan layi ba za a iya bayyana su a matsayin abokai na ainihi ta wannan mutumin ba; a zahiri da yawa na iya zama baƙi cikakke.  Duk da haka, ana ba da bayanai na sirri kuma sau da yawa a fili. " Saboda haka, masu amfani na iya fallasa kansu ga haɗarin jiki da na yanar gizo.

### Tasiri a kan babban birnin jama'a
Amfani da Intanet na iya haifar da sakamako da yawa ga babban birnin zamantakewa, kuma tasirinsa bai riga ya bayyana ba. Misali, Pigg & Crank (2004) sun ba da shawarar cewa nazarin dangantakar da ke tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwar kan layi da kuma babban birnin jama'a har yanzu yana da yawa a cikin jarirai don isa ga kowane sakamako mai amfani. Kodayake ana tunanin cewa Intanet yana shafar babban birnin jama'a, "ma'anar ba a bayyane take ba" (Hampton, Wellman, 1999). 

Amfani da Intanet na iya ƙaruwa da rage yawan jama'a: "mutane suna shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa da zamantakewa lokacin da ke kan layi" (Hampton, Wellman, 1999). 

Misali, Nie (2001) ya yi iƙirarin cewa za'a iya rage babban birnin zamantakewa: "Amfani da Intanet na iya rage hulɗar mutum da sadarwa". Ya kuma yi iƙirarin, cewa "masu amfani da Intanet ba sa zama masu hulɗa; maimakon haka, sun riga sun nuna matsayi mafi girma na haɗin zamantakewa da shiga". Hampton, Wellman (1999) ya yi iƙirarin, cewa "ƙaruwar haɗin kai da shiga ba wai kawai zai iya fallasa mutane ga ƙarin hulɗa da ƙarin bayani ba, zai iya rage jajircewa ga al'umma", saboda "ba da gudummawa na iya juya mutane daga al'umma".

Wasu masu bincike suna da'awar cewa ana iya ƙara yawan kuɗin zamantakewa ta hanyar amfani da Intanet. Misali, Ellison, Heino, & Gibbs (2006) sun yi iƙirarin cewa "Intanet yana sauƙaƙa sabbin haɗi, saboda yana ba mutane wata hanya ta daban don haɗawa da wasu waɗanda ke raba abubuwan da suke so ko burin dangantaka". Hampton, Wellman (1999) ya bayyana cewa Intanet yana ba da gudummawa ga babban birnin cibiyar sadarwa "ta hanyar fadada matakan da ke akwai na fuska da fuska da kuma tuntuɓar tarho. "

Rage farashin sadarwa yana ƙara mitar da tsawon lokacin sadarwa, da kuma kara haɗin kai da haɗin kai.

Cibiyar sadarwa ta dace da ci gaban alaƙa mai rauni da yawa (Castells, 1999), don haka fadada zamantakewa fiye da iyakokin da aka bayyana a cikin al'umma na fahimtar kai. Intanet tana tallafawa alaƙa mai rauni tsakanin mutane, wanda zai iya zama tushe don haɗin babban birnin jama'a (Ellison, Steinfieldm, Lampe, 2007).  Resnick (2001) ya nuna cewa tare da taimakon sabbin fasahohi (misali jerin rarraba, kundin hoto, bincike) sababbin nau'ikan babban birnin jama'a suna faruwa a shafukan sada zumunta na kan layi. Ellison, Steinfield da Lampe (2007) sun ba da shawarar cewa tsananin amfani da Facebook yana da alaƙa da mutane da ake ganin babban birnin zamantakewa: ga ɗaliban digiri, akwai "haɗin kai mai ƙarfi tsakanin amfani da Facebook da nau'ikan babban birnin zamantakewar al'umma guda uku, tare da dangantaka mafi ƙarfi da ke da haɗin gwiwar babban birnin zamantake. 

A cewar Williams (2006), saboda ƙananan farashin sadarwa, akwai yiwuwar yin aiki da haɗin kan layi fiye da kan layi. "Babban birnin zamantakewa da waɗannan hanyoyin sadarwar suka kirkira yana haifar da manyan ainihi da kuma musayar gaba ɗaya". Williams (2006) ya ba da shawarar Scale na Babban Birnin Intanet (ICST) don auna haɗin gwiwar jama'a da haɗin kai. Ellison, Steinfield da Lampe (2007) sun kimanta haɗin gwiwar jama'a ta hanyar amfani da ICST, kuma sun gano, cewa "Facebook yana da alaƙa da ƙoƙarin ɗalibai don haɓaka da kula da haɗin gwiwar zamantakewa a kwaleji, kodayake ba za mu iya tantance jagorancin dalili ba. "

Ƙarfin amfani da Facebook yana da alaƙa da mutane da ake ganin haɗin kai na zamantakewa (Ellison, Steinfield da Lampe, 2007).  Amma sun kuma gano, cewa haɗin zamantakewar jama'a an kuma yi hasashen ta hanyar girman kai, gamsuwa da rayuwar jami'a, kamar yadda yake tare da amfani da Facebook. Sabili da haka, girman kai, da gamsuwa da rayuwar jami'a na iya haifar da haɗin gwiwar zamantakewa, da kuma amfani da Facebook mai nauyi.

Abokai suna amfani da Intanet don kula da alaƙa. "Intanet yana da amfani sosai don ci gaba da hulɗa tsakanin abokai waɗanda suka warwatse a cikin al'umma da ƙasa. ... Har yanzu nesa yana da mahimmanci: sadarwa ta fi ƙasa da abokai masu nisa" (Hampton, Wellman, 1999). 

## Dubi kuma

* Al'ummar kan layi
* Ƙabilar (internet) 
* Kasancewa a kan layi
* Shafin yanar gizo na zamantakewa

## Bayani

## Manazarta

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