Mariska Majoor

**Mariska Majoor** ( Hilversum, 2 ga Nuwamba 1968   ) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Holland, mai tallata jama'a, mai jawabi, ɗan kasuwa, kuma tsohuwar mai aikin jima'i .   Ta kafa Cibiyar Bayar da Bayani Kan Karuwanci (1994) da ƙungiyar ma'aikata PROUD (2015) a Amsterdam don tallafawa (sabbin) ma'aikatan jima'i da kuma sanar da masu wucewa/masu yawon buɗe ido da kuma jama'a gabaɗaya, amsa tambayoyi da kuma kawar da ra'ayoyin da ba daidai ba game da duk abin da ya shafi aikin jima'i . Major yana ba da laccoci da gabatarwa kan aikin jima'i, kuma ya rubuta littattafai da dama ciki har da *Als sex werken wordt* (1999; Turanci *Lokacin da Jima'i Ya Zama Aiki*, 2016),  *United Under a Red Umbrella: Sex Work Around the World* (2018), da *Amsterdam Red Light District: The future of our past* (2023). A cikin 2017, Magajin Garin Amsterdam ya ba Mariska Majoor sarautar girmamawa saboda gudummawarta ga haƙƙin ma'aikatan jima'i a Netherlands. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Ma'aikacin jima'i
An haifi Mariska Majoor a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 1968 a Hilversum, kuma ta girma a Laren, Arewacin Holland .  A cewarta, ta sami tarbiyya mai kariya daga Katolika wanda ba a ba ta izinin yin wasu abubuwa ba kwata-kwata.  : 23:30 A lokacin da take 'yar shekara 16, Majoor ta gudu daga gida ta bar makaranta.  Ta zaɓi aikin karuwanci da son rai ba da daɗewa ba.  Tun daga baya, ta fara "ba tare da son rai ba", saboda "dalilin wauta" domin tana buƙatar kuɗi cikin gaggawa don wani abu, kodayake ba ta taɓa yin nadama ba.  : 13:04 Ta ce a shekarar 1994, ta ba da labarin cewa ta "yi nishaɗi sosai, kuma ta fuskanci wasu abubuwa marasa daɗi", musamman game da kyamar jama'a da kuma mummunan yanayin aiki saboda har yanzu sana'a ce da ba ta bisa doka ba.  : 23:17 Duk da haka, ta yi tunanin lokacin da ta fi dacewa shi ne lokacin da take bayan taga kuma daga baya ta yi aiki a wani gida mai zaman kansa saboda abin yana da 'ban sha'awa': 'Kana jin daɗi da abokan aikinka, wanda hakan abin sirri ne. Kana da wani yanayi na iko lokacin da kake kusan shiga cikin jakinka a bayan taga kuma duk duniya za ta iya ganinka. (...) Yana da wuya a bayyana.'  : 23:38 Lokacin da ta yanke shawarar yin murabus, ba ta sami wasu ayyukan da take so ba: 'Na yi ayyuka marasa kyau iri-iri: tsaftacewa, yin kofi. Amma yin aiki a matsayin shugaba, da babban bakina mai wayo, ba nawa ba ne.' 

Bayan shekaru biyar, ta haɗa shirye-shiryenta na kasuwancinta da iliminta da gogewarta game da aikin jima'i.  Daga 1992, ta buga mujallar Turanci-Dutch mai harsuna biyu *Pleasure Guide: mujallar informatief over het betaalde liefdesleven* ("mujallar informative on the payed love life"), wanda *NRC Handelsblad* ta yi mata hira a watan Agusta na wannan shekarar. [   Majoor yana son fitar da karuwanci 'daga wannan kusurwar la'ana ta har abada', ya sanar da abokan ciniki da masu yawon buɗe ido game da ɗabi'u da dokoki da suka yi fice, kuma ya ba abokan ciniki shawarwari masu amfani kan abin da za a iya yi da abin da ba za a iya yi ba: 'Na san yadda abokin ciniki da karuwa ke hulɗa da juna, kuma zai iya zama mafi kyau. Dole ne a yi wani abu game da hakan.'  Ta kuma lura cewa saboda 'yancin mata, karuwai da yawa suna zama masu zaman kansu maimakon (har yanzu) neman kwangilolin aiki tare da masu aikin karuwai : 'Mata sun fara yin zaɓin kansu, haka nan karuwai. Sun zama 'yan kasuwa masu zaman kansu.'  Da farko, *Jagorar Jin Daɗi* ta dogara ne akan kuɗin shiga na talla, shi ya sa da farko Majoor ba ta rubuta game da ƙungiyoyin da ta ga sun cancanci wasu suka ba; za a buga muƙaloli masu suka da zarar an ɗauki mujallar da muhimmanci. 

### Cibiyar Ba da Bayani Kan Karuwanci

A watan Agusta na shekarar 1994, Majoor ya kafa Cibiyar Bayar da Bayanai kan Karuwanci a De Wallen, gundumar ja ta Amsterdam.   A ƙarshen watan Janairu na shekarar 1995, Majoor ya ƙaddamar da kwas na farko a Netherlands ga mata da maza waɗanda ke son zama karuwai, ko kuma waɗanda suka riga suka fara aiki a harkar jima'i kuma suna son ƙarin koyo.   : 7:16 Majroor ya shaida wa *Trouw* game da kwas ɗin: 'Ina ƙaddamar da wannan ne saboda sau da yawa a cikin sana'ar za ka ji mutane suna cewa karuwanci sana'a ce ta gaske (...); to, to ya kamata a sami shirin ilimi a gare shi ma. Domin akwai abubuwa da yawa da za a koya game da su.'  Ga guilders 250, mahalarta sun sami bayani daga Majoor, sauran (tsoffin) masu aikin jima'i, masana ilimin jima'i da sauran ƙwararru kan tarihin karuwanci, irin nau'ikan ayyukan jima'i da ake da su, lafiya, kuɗi suna da mahimmanci da jin daɗin mutum a cikin rabin kwanaki shida da aka raba a cikin makonni shida.   : 10:40 Da kowanne ɗalibi, Majroor ya fara gudanar da hirar shiga makaranta don ya tambayi dalilin da yasa take son yin aikin jima'i da kuma ko dalili ne mai kyau ko a'a; baya ga samun kuɗi, dole ne mutumin ya so aikin.  : 8:08 Ta ga yana da mahimmanci ta yi zaɓi mai kyau ga wannan sana'a, ba wai ta ƙare a can daga wani yanayi mai wahala ba, kamar basussuka ko jarabar miyagun ƙwayoyi.  : 9:25 A ranar 9 ga Yuli 1995, Majoor ya ɗauki matakin barin mata masu aikin karuwanci maza 16 su yi aiki a bayan tagogi a gundumar ja-light a matsayin gwaji. Akwai martani mai kyau da mara kyau ga wannan shiri; duk da haka, saboda ya jawo hankalin ma'aikatan kyamara da yawa kuma ya haifar da hayaniya tsakanin mata masu aikin karuwanci a wuraren da ke kusa, dole ne a dakatar da gwajin da wuri.  

Tsawon shekaru, PIC ta yi aiki a lokaci guda a matsayin teburin bayanai, shagon gundumar ja-haske (gami da kayan wasan jima'i, littattafai da ƙasidu daga Majoor kan tambayoyin da ake yawan yi game da aikin jima'i), ɗakin karatu, ƙaramin gidan tarihi da kuma gidan adana kayan fasaha.   Majroor ta yi magana da manema labarai a can, ta amsa tambayoyi daga masu wucewa, kuma ta yi rangadin gundumar ja-haske.  Saboda wata ma'aikaciyar jima'i daga The Hague ta zo wurinta tana neman ƙarin bayani a cikin littafin, wanda, duk da haka, ba ta samu ba, ita da kanta ta rubuta littafin *Als sex werken wordt* ( *Lokacin da Jima'i Ya Zama Aiki* ) a 1999, tare da shawarwari masu amfani da jerin abubuwan da aka lissafa kamar 'Yaushe saurayinki ya fara kama da mai lalata' da 'dalilai 10 na yin/kada ki yi'. 

Majroor ta goyi bayan soke dokar hana karuwai a Holland a shekarar 2000 kuma ta dauke ta a matsayin "mataki mai ma'ana" wajen kawar da aikata laifukan jima'i .  Amma ta yi shakku game da yadda ake aiwatar da ita: 'Gwamnati da masu gidajen karuwai suna shelanta cikin sauƙi cewa doka ta shafi karuwai ne, amma idan ka duba a aikace, suna da wasu muhimman abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci.'  Ta nuna cewa masu gidajen karuwai suna biyan haraji tun daga shekarun 1950, amma yanzu ne kawai ake aiwatar da wannan doka, sai aka fara kai hari kan duk wani nau'in karuwanci wanda ba a halatta ba tukuna (da nufin yaki da fataucin mutane, wanda kowa ya yarda da shi a ka'ida, amma ba hanyar da ake aiwatar da ita ba) kuma sabuwar manufar ta yi kama da an aiwatar da ita ba tare da son rai ba.  Duk da haka, Majroor ta rubuta sabuwar takardar haraji ga masu gidajen karuwai waɗanda ke son bin sabuwar dokar amma ba su san yadda za su yi ba. 

Bayan da aka ɗage haramcin karuwai a shekara ta 2000, gwamnati ta daina ba da tallafi ga ƙungiyoyi da dama da ke aiki don muradun masu karuwanci, ciki har da Mr. A. de Graafstichting (1960–2005) da kuma gidauniyar The Red Thread (De Rode Draad), waɗanda suka fuskanci matsalolin kuɗi sakamakon haka.  A watan Disamba na 2005, Majoor ta bayyana a tashar talabijin ta Netherlands 3 a shirin tattaunawa na *Woestijnruiters* (wanda ya gabaci *Pauw &amp;amp; Witteman* ), inda ta shiga tattaunawa da Karina Schaapman, wata tsohuwar ma'aikaciyar karuwanci wacce - ba kamar Majoor ba - ta ƙi cinikin tun daga lokacin. 

An gudanar da ranar buɗewa a gundumar De Wallen sau da yawa tun daga shekarar 2006. A ranar buɗewa ta 31 ga Maris 2007, a karo na biyu bisa ga shirin Mariska Majoor, karuwai maza suna bayan tagogi don yin jima'i da mata ko maza a madadin biyan kuɗi.  A wannan rana, bisa ga shirinta, an kuma buɗe wani mutum-mutumi na tagulla mai suna *Belle* ta mai zane Els Rijerse a kan Oudekerksplein a matsayin girmamawa ga ma'aikatan jima'i.  Duk da haka, a cikin 2007, ofishin magajin garin Amsterdam  ) ya ƙaddamar da wani kamfen mai suna Platform 1012, wanda ke da nufin siyan wasu gidajen karuwai na tagogi da maye gurbinsu da shagunan kayan kwalliya da fasaha.  Bayan sukar tallata gundumar De Wallen a gidan yanar gizon yawon buɗe ido na gwamnati, an cire waɗannan shafukan yanar gizo, kuma a cikin 2008 ofishin magajin gari ya yi alƙawarin cire duk wani karuwanci na tagogi da Cibiyar Ba da Bayani kan Karuwai ta Majroor da ke kewaye da Oude Kerk.  Duk da haka, saboda ofishin magajin gari ya kira dukkan unguwannin da duk kasuwancin da ke wurin a matsayin "masu laifi" ko "masu aikata laifuka", hanyar ta koma baya kuma masu aikin tagogi da abin ya shafa, masu shagon kofi da sauran 'yan kasuwa na unguwa sun yi adawa da ita tare. 

A shekarar 2012, wata kungiya mai suna The Red Thread (De Rode Draad) ta fatara.  A martanin da ta mayar, Majoor ta kafa sabuwar kungiyar ma'aikatan jima'i PROUD a matsayin magajinta a shekarar 2015. Sekswerk Nederland (SWN, "Sex Work Netherlands", mai aiki daga 2014–2015), wata kungiyar bincike ta kuma kafa ta Yvette Luhrs,  ta fara aiki da PROUD, daga baya kuma ta hade a cikinta (Luhrs daga baya ya maye gurbin Majoor a matsayin shugabanta).  A matsayinsa na shugaban PROUD, Majoor ya jagoranci wani babban zanga-zanga na daruruwan ma'aikatan jima'i a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2015, inda ya nuna rashin amincewa da shirin ofishin magajin garin Amsterdam na rufe tagogi da dama a gundumar De Wallen mai haske, ba tare da tuntubar masu aikin jima'i da abin ya shafa ba.  Ta shaida wa kamfanin dillancin labarai na Associated Press cewa: 'horeca a shekarar 2020 saboda annobar COVID-19, kuma Koekje uit Amsterdam ta makale ba tare da abokan ciniki ba, Majoor ta bayar da akwatuna da yawa ga matsugunan marasa gidaje, waɗanda ta riga ta kasance cikin haɗin kai tsawon shekaru.  Bayan annobar, kasuwancinta na biskit ya bunƙasa kuma ya zama mai samar da kayayyaki ga wasu fitattun kamfanonin otal-otal da abinci na Amsterdam.  A watan Oktoba na 2023, Majoor ta fara zanga-zangar adawa da shirin gwamnatin Amsterdam na mayar da gidajen karuwai na tagogi zuwa cibiyar batsa; ta miƙa wa magajin gari Manifesto for the Preservation of the Amsterdam Wallen. 

## Ayyuka

### Mujallu

* *Jagorar Jin Dadi: Mujallar bayanai akan het betaalde liefdesleven* (daga 1992). Turanci/Yaren mutanen Holland. Bayani da ilimi ga masu yawon bude ido da abokan ciniki.
* *De Rode Lantaarn* (daga 2005). Mujallar don cinikin jima'i.

### Littattafai

* *Als sex werken wordt* (1999). Daga baya bugu: *Als seks werken wordt: Alles wat iedereen zou moeten weten over sekswerk* .
** Bugun Turanci: *Lokacin da Jima'i Ya Zama Aiki* (2016).
* *10 jaar PIC: in overzicht. Karuwa Informatie Centrum 1994–2004* . (2004)
* (tare da Robin Haurissa, marubuciyar ƙungiyar) *United Under A Red Umbrella: Aikin jima'i a faɗin duniya* (2018).
* *De Wallen: toekomst van ons verleden* (2020).
** Bugun Turanci: *Amsterdam Red Light District: Makomar abubuwan da suka gabata* (2023).

## Bayanan kula

## Manazarta