Dokar kare Muhalli a New Jersey

**Dokar muhalli a New Jersey** ta ƙunshi ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na doka da na tsari don kare yanayi a cikin Jihar New Jersey. Irin waɗannan yunƙurin sun haɗa da dokoki da ƙa'idodi dan rage gurɓataccen iska da ruwa, daidaita tsaftar ruwan sha, gyara gurɓatattun wurare, da kiyaye filaye daga cigaba, musamman a yankunan Pineland na kudancin New Jersey da tsaunuka a arewacin jihar. Ma'aikatar Kariyar Muhalli ta New Jersey (NJDEP) ce ke aiwatar da dokokin muhalli a New Jersey.

## Tarihi
 
Kamar yadda yake da sauran jihohi a Amurka, New Jersey ba ta da tsarin dokokin muhalli na jaha gabaɗaya kafin tsakiyar karni na 20. Har ya zuwa lokacin, an fara aiwatar da al'amuran muhalli a matakin kananan hukumomi, Sannna Kuma ta hanyar dokokin da suka tsara yadda ake zubar da shara da najasa da kuma samar da ruwan sha ga mazauna birnin. Misali, yarjejeniyar 1874 na birnin Trenton ya ce:“Bai halatta ga wani mutum ko wani kamfani ya saka a cikin kowane magudanar ruwa, ko magudanar ruwa, ko rafi a cikin wannan birni, abubuwan da ke cikin kowane rumbun ruwa, na sirri, ko kowace irin kazanta da za ta iya cutar da lafiyar al’umma. birni." Gwamnatin birni ce za ta aiwatar da wannan doka, kuma tana da fa'ida sosai da za a iya amfani da ita don aiwatar da illar lafiyar jama'a daga gurɓacewar ruwa da ke da alaƙa da masana'anta. Koyaya, kamar yadda ake iya gani daga kalmomin doka, sannan kuma an yi niyya ne da farko don daidaita najasa. Misalin da ya yi kama da ka'idojin muhalli na zamani shine dokar shekarata 1927 da Union City ta amince da ita "hana fitar da hayaki mai yawa daga amfani da gawayi mai bituminous a cikin wasu kayan aikin kona mai da kuma sanya hukunci kan keta shi," wanda ke wakiltar yunƙurin farko. don magance gurbacewar iska a cikin birnin. 

New Jersey na daya daga cikin jihohi na farko da suka zartar da dokar da ta shafi gurbatar iska a sikeli. Dokar hana gurbacewar iska a shekarata (1954),” kamar yadda aka kafa ta tun farko, ta kafa hukumar kula da gurbatar yanayi a ma’aikatar lafiya ta kuma umurci hukumar da ta kirkiro ka’idojin gurbacewar iska sannan ta baiwa sashen cikakken ikon aiwatar da dokar.  "Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar iska" har yanzu ita ce babbar dokar gurɓacewar iska ta jihar, kodayake an yi mata kwaskwarima da faɗaɗawa sosai tun shekarar 1954 (duba ƙasa). Har ila yau, a cikin shekarata 1950s, jihar ta fara sha'awar ingancin ruwa da al'amurran samar da ruwa a fadin jihar, ta wuce "Dokar samar da ruwa ta New Jersey, 1958.  

A shekarun 1960s sun ga manyan gyare-gyare ga "Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar iska" da kuma farkon shirin kiyaye ƙasa a duk faɗin Jiha tare da aiwatar da "Dokar Samar da ƙasa ta New Jersey Green Acres na  shekarata 1961."  Wannan dokar ta ba da dala miliyan 60 don adana ƙasa tare da kafa shirin Green Acres a cikin jihar. 1960s kuma sun ga aiwatar da ka'idoji na farko a duk fadin jihar game da gine-gine a wuraren da ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa: "Dokar Kula da Hadarin Ruwan Ruwa."  Wannan doka daga baya za ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan dokokin jihar na amfani da filaye. Sai dai, a tsarinta na farko, wannan doka ta ba wa gwamnati izini kawai ta ware wani yanki da kasancewa cikin haɗarin ambaliya tare da sanar da ƙananan hukumomi da jama'a wannan gaskiyar.

A ƙarshe, a cikin shekarata 1970, an kafa NJDEP don ƙarfafa aiwatar da dokokin muhalli na jihohi, waɗanda aka ba wa hukumomin jihohi da yawa. Wannan, haɗe da haɓakar motsin muhalli a cikin 1970s a duk faɗin ƙasar Amurka, ya haifar da aiwatar da manyan tsare-tsare da tsare-tsare na muhalli a faɗin jihar kamar yadda suke a yau.

## Manyan Dokoki ta Taken

### Kula da gurbataccen iska
NJDEP tana aiwatar da Dokar Tsabtace Jirgin Sama ta Tarayya ta 1963 ta hanyar Shirin Aiwatar da Jiha (SIP), hade da dokoki, ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodin da ke amfani da wurare guda ɗaya a cikin jihar, da tanadin ƙa'idodin ƙa'ida kamar tsare-tsaren da NJDEP ta ƙera don magance takamaiman batu. Ana iya samun SIP na New Jersey a cikin Code of Dokokin Tarayya (CFR) a 40 CFR §52.1570. Wasu daga cikin manyan dokokin da ke cikin shirin sun haɗa da dokokin da ke tsara konewa a buɗe da kuma nau'in man fetur na abin hawa, dokokin da ke buƙatar gwajin hayakin mota, da dokokin da ke buƙatar wuraren da ke samar da adadin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu don neman izini daga NJDEP da bi. bukatun da aka kafa don izini. Kuma Dokar Tsabtace Tsaftar iska ta tsara Ma'aunin Ingantacciyar iska ta ƙasa don ƙaƙƙarfan kwayoyin halitta, sulfur dioxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, da gubar, kuma tana buƙatar kowace jiha ta ɗauki ƙa'idodi don cika ƙa'idodi. A cikin shekarata 2010s, New Jersey ta sami damar cika ka'idojin kowane gurɓataccen abu sai ozone. 

Babbar dokar kula da gurɓacewar iska ta New Jersey ita ce "Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar iska a shekarata (1954)."   Wannan doka ta riga ta fara aiwatar da dokar hana gurɓacewar iska ta tarayya amma an yi mata gyara sosai a shekarar 1967 don mayar da martani ga dokar tsaftar iska ta tarayya da gyare-gyare a 1965 da 1967.  An shigar da tanade-tanaden "Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar iska" a cikin SIP don aiwatar da Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace ta Tarayya. “Dokar hana gurbatar iska” ta kasance mai matukar muhimmanci a kanta, duk da haka, saboda tana ba hukumar NJDEP ikon bincikar wurare da kuma hukunta mutanen da ba su bi ka’idojin hana gurbatar iska ba. 

### Kula da gurbataccen ruwa
An baiwa NJDEP ikon aiwatar da dokar tsaftar ruwa ta tarayya. Dokokin farko na jihar game da gurbatar ruwa shine "Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar Ruwa."   Dokar hana gurɓacewar ruwa ta hana fitar da duk wani gurɓataccen abu a cikin ruwan jihar ba tare da ingantaccen izini ba.  NJDEP tana aiwatar da "Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar Ruwa" ta hanyar Tsarin Kawar da Gurɓacewar Ruwa na New Jersey, tsarin ba da izini ga wuraren da ke fitar da sharar ruwa a cikin ruwan halitta a cikin jihar. Sannan Kuma A cewar gidan yanar gizon NJDEP, " nau'ikan wuraren da aka tsara na iya kasancewa daga ƙananan masu amfani kamar sansani, makarantu, da wuraren sayayya zuwa manyan masana'antu da masu zubar da ruwa na birni." 

### Amintaccen ruwan sha
Babbar dokar ruwan sha ta New Jersey ita ce "Dokar Ruwan Sha Mai Aminci."   Ta ba da izini ga NJDEP don ɗaukar matsakaicin matsakaicin matakin gurɓatawa don gurɓata daban-daban da aka samu a cikin ruwan sha (misali gubar da tagulla). Kuma Waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun fi bin ƙa'idodin da Dokar Ruwa Mai Aminci ta tarayya ta kafa. Koyaya, ka'idodin jihar NJDEP sun fi tsauri ga wasu gurɓatattun abubuwa. Bugu da kari, NJDEP ta karɓi matsakaicin matakin gurɓatawa ga wasu abubuwa (misali perfluorooctanoic acid da perfluorooctanesulfonic acid ) waɗanda gwamnatin tarayya ba ta karɓa ba.  Bugu da kari, NJDEP ta amince da ka'idojin ruwan sha na "na biyu" don abubuwan da ke tasiri dandano, kamshi, da bayyanar ruwan sha. Kuma Waɗannan ƙa'idodin ba za a iya aiwatar da su ba amma suna aiki ne kawai azaman shawarwari ga masu aikin tsabtace ruwan sha. 

### Gyaran wuraren da aka gurbata
Babbar doka game da sarrafawa da tsaftace abubuwa masu haɗari ita ce "Dokar Kula da Zuba Jari."   An kira "Dokar Kashe Kuɗi da Kulawa" a matsayin takwararta ta jiha ga dokar Superfund ta tarayya, kodayake ta riga ta fara dokar Superfund.  "Dokar biyan diyya da sarrafawa" ta ba da izini ga NJDEP don tsaftace wuraren da ke kewaye da wuraren da aka gurbata da abubuwa masu haɗari, kuma, mafi mahimmanci, ta ba da izinin NJDEP don karɓar diyya na farashin gyara daga "duk mutumin da ya sallame shi. wani abu mai haɗari, ko kuma ta kowace hanya ne ke da alhakin" fitarwa.  Har ila yau, tana riƙe mutanen da abin ya shafa "tabbataccen abin dogaro, tare da kuma daban-daban, ba tare da la'akari da laifi ba, kuma don duk farashin tsaftacewa da cirewa,"  wanda shine babban nau'i na abin alhaki. Misali, a cikin Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli ta Jiha v. Ventron Corp, Kotun Koli ta New Jersey ta yanke hukuncin cewa iyayen kamfanin na kamfanin gurbataccen yanayi, da kuma mutane masu zaman kansu da suka sayi wani yanki na gurbataccen kadarorin, suna da alhakin tsaftacewa. 

Inda aka yi niyyar aiwatar da "Dokar Kula da Matsalolin Zuba Jari" a cikin lamuran da aka yi kuskure ko kuma da gangan aka saki abubuwa masu haɗari a cikin muhallin da ke kewaye, musamman ruwan karkashin kasa, "Dokar Farfado da Yanar Gizon Masana'antu" (ISRA) ta shafi wuraren masana'antu waɗanda aka riga aka yi su. gurbata ta hanyar aiki na yau da kullun na wurin.   An kafa ISRA a cikin shekarata 1993, tare da maye gurbin "Dokar Nauyin Tsabtace Muhalli" (ECRA) wanda ba a so da kuma cece-kuce. ISRA tana da manufa iri ɗaya da ECRA, duk da haka, ita ce ta ɗora wa mai gidan masana'antu alhakin tsaftace wurin. Don haka ISRA tana buƙatar wuraren masana'antu waɗanda ke amfani da abubuwa masu haɗari ko samar da samfuran haɗari don tsabtace wuraren su don gamsar da NJDEP, kuma a matsayin sharadi na siyar da kadarorin ko dakatar da samarwa a wurin. Kuma Domin ISRA ta sauƙaƙa kuma ta daidaita ƙa'idodin da ake dasu a ƙarƙashin ECRA, sanarwar sanya hannu kan dokar ta haɗa da jawabin Gwamna Jim Florio cewa "wannan sabuwar doka ana iya kiranta Dokar Farfado da Rukunan Masana'antu, amma ina so in yi la'akari da ita a matsayin Dokar Ƙirƙirar Sabbin Ayyuka." 

### Kiyaye daga ci gaba
Shirin Green Acres, wanda aka fara kafa shi a cikin shekarata 1961, yana bawa jiha, gundumomi, da filayen sa-kai damar siyan filaye don adana dindindin a matsayin sarari. An gyara tsarin mulkin jihar a cikin 1996 kuma a cikin 2014 don ba da wani kaso na kudaden harajin kasuwancin jihar ga shirin Green Acres. Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, NJDEP ta ba da rahoton cewa shirin ya adana fili mai girman eka 650,000.  Bugu da kari, New Jersey ta kafa wasu manyan dokoki guda biyu don sarrafa ci gaba a manyan yankuna biyu na jihar. Kuma Domin kudancin New Jersey, "Dokar Kariya ta Pinelands" tana tsara ci gaba a cikin National Reserve na Pinelands, kuma, a arewacin New Jersey, "Dokar Kariyar Ruwa da Tsare-tsare ta Highlands" tana tsara ci gaba a yankin Highlands, wani yanki mai fadi a arewacin rabin arewa. na jihar da ke dauke da tsaunukan Appalachian da ke da matukar muhimmanci wajen samar da ruwan sha ga jihar. 

Majalisa ta ƙirƙira National Reserve na Pinelands a cikin shakarar 1978 ta hanyar aiwatar da "Dokar Parks da Recreation ta 1978" ta tarayya.  A cikin wannan dokar, Majalisa ta amince da "masu muhalli, dabi'a, al'adu, nishaɗi, ilimi, noma, da fa'idodin kiwon lafiyar jama'a" na yankin Pinelands tare da ayyana shi a matsayin amfanin ƙasa don karewa da adana "waɗannan fa'idodin ga mazaunan baƙi zuwa yankin."  Daga nan ne majalisar dokokin jihar ta kafa dokar “Pinelands Protection Act” domin aiwatar da manufofin dokar tarayya.   Dokar "Pinelands Protection Act" ta kafa hukumar da aka fi sani da Pinelands Commission wanda ke da alhakin tsara tsarin ci gaba a yankin Pineland da kuma amincewa da tsare-tsaren ci gaba na kowace karamar hukuma a yankin. Babban manufar Hukumar Pinelands ita ce ta ba da sabon ci gaba zuwa wasu wuraren da ba su da kula da muhalli, da kuma guje wa ƙarancin ci gaba a kan babban yanki.

An kafa dokar "Kare Ruwa da Tsare-tsare" a cikin shekarata 2004.   Ba kamar Dokar Pinelands ba, doka ce kawai ta matakin jiha kuma baya aiwatar da dokar tarayya. Dokar "Highlands Act" ta kafa Majalisar Kula da Ruwa da Tsare-tsare ta Highlands, wacce ke da alhakin tsara shirin ci gaba a yankin. Har ila yau, dokar ta raba yankin Highland zuwa "tsarin kiyayewa," wanda ake bukata don dacewa da tsarin ci gaban majalisar, da kuma "yankin tsarawa," wanda bin tsarin ci gaban majalisar na son rai ne. Kuma A cikin wurin adanawa, yawancin manyan ci gaba suna buƙatar izini na musamman daga NJDEP kafin su ci gaba. Waɗannan izini gabaɗaya sun fi tsauri fiye da yadda za su kasance don ci gaba a wajen yankin Highlands.

### Binciken muhalli na Jiha
***Dokar Zartarwa ta New Jersey 215 (1989)***

A cikin shekarar 1989, Gwamna Thomas Kean (R) na wancan lokacin ya rattaba hannu kan odar zartarwa mai lamba 215 (EO 215), wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin New Jersey daidai da ayyukan manufofin muhalli na doka a wasu jihohi da kuma dokar NEPA ta tarayya. Manufar EO 215 ita ce "rage ko kawar da duk wani mummunan tasirin muhalli na ayyukan da gwamnati ta fara ko kuma ta ba da kuɗaɗen." Don haka, ana buƙatar duk hukumomin jihohi, sassan, da sauran hukumomin da suka ba da shawara ko ba da kuɗi (> 20%) 'manyan ayyuka' don shirya ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan rahoton muhalli masu zuwa:

# Ƙimar **muhalli (EA)** ita ce mafi ƙarancin fa'ida kuma mafi ƙarancin sifofin rahoton guda biyu. Ba kamar EIS ba, EA baya buƙatar ƙunsar nazarin hanyoyin da aka tsara zuwa babban aikin. Koyaya, bayanin aikin da kayan rakiyar (zane-zane, shuke-shuken rukunin yanar gizo, taswirori, da sauransu) za su kasance iri ɗaya a cikin abu. Ana buƙatar EA don abin da EO 215 ya kira aikin **Level 1**, inda ake sa ran ginin gine-gine ya wuce $ 1 miliyan. A irin waɗannan lokuta, ana iya maye gurbin Gano Babu Muhimman Tasiri ( FONSI ) bisa ga dokar NEPA ta tarayya da New Jersey EA. 
# Bayanin **tasirin muhalli (EIS)** ya fi tsayi kuma ya fi girma. Dole ne EIS ya haɗa da jeri kuma ya bayyana madadin aikin da aka tsara. Ana buƙatar EIS don aikin mataki na 2, inda ake sa ran farashin gini ya zarce dala miliyan 5 *kuma* sawun filaye ya zarce kadada biyar. 

An ƙaddamar da rahotannin EA da EIS (ko FONSIs) zuwa Ma'aikatar Kariyar Muhalli ta New Jersey (NJDEP) . Sashen na bitar waɗannan rahotanni, yana fitar da bincike game da cikar su, kuma (idan ya cika) yana ba da shawarar matakin aiki. Hukumar da ke ba da shawara na iya ba da amsa ta hanyar karɓa ko jayayya da shawarwarin NJDEP. A ƙarshe, EO 215 zai buƙaci kwamishinonin NJDEP da hukumar da ke ba da shawara don cimma matsaya ta "aminci mai kyau" na duk wani ci gaba da rashin jituwa. 

Bukatun bitar muhalli na jihar New Jersey ba su da yawa a kwatankwacin waɗanda ke cikin New York da wasu jihohi, inda ƙayyadaddun nau'in aikin (da madaidaicin zurfin tsarin bitar) ya dogara ne akan ƙarin rarrabuwa na yuwuwar tasirin aikin, maimakon haka. fiye da sauƙi mai sauƙi ko ƙaƙƙarfan yanki na ƙasa wanda New Jersey ke aiki a ƙarƙashin EO 215. Bugu da ƙari, buƙatun bitar muhalli na New Jersey sun shafi ayyukan da hukumomin jiha suka qaddamar ko kuma ba da kuɗaɗe masu yawa, kuma ba ga ayyuka masu zaman kansu waɗanda kawai ke buƙatar matakin sanin yakamata na jiha ba, kamar bayar da izini na jiha ko na gida. Musamman ma, ya kamata masu haɓakawa su sani cewa wasu gundumomin New Jersey sun ƙaddamar da ƙarin, ƙarin ƙaƙƙarfan buƙatun bitar muhalli don ayyukan gida waɗanda suka wuce buƙatun jihar ƙarƙashin EO 215.

## Duba wasu abubuwan

* Dokar New Jersey
* Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli ta New Jersey

## Manazarta