open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Sarah Friar

**Sarah Jane Friar** OBE (an haife ta a ranar 24 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1972 ) ita ce shugabar kasuwanci ta Irish-Amurka, wacce ta kasance babban jami'in kudi (CFO) na OpenAI tun watan Yunin shekara ta 2024.  Ta kasance babban jami'in zartarwa na kamfanin fasahar Amurka Nextdoor daga 2018 zuwa 2024  da kuma CFO na Block, Inc. (tsohon Square, Inc.) daga 2012 zuwa 2018.  

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haife shi a shekara ta 1972, Friar ya girma a garin Siyon Mills a Arewacin Ireland. Ta halarci makarantar Strabane Grammar School .  Friar ta sami tallafin karatu daga kamfanin lissafi Arthur Andersen bayan ta shiga gasar; sai ta yi aiki a can shekara guda kafin ta bi karatun injiniya a Jami'ar Oxford .  Ta yi karatun metallurgy, tattalin arziki, da gudanarwa a Oxford, sannan ta kammala MBA daga Stanford Graduate School of Business inda ta kasance masanin Arjay Miller.   Friar ta yi aiki a Ashanti Goldfields a cikin shekarun 1990, a lokacin da aka sanya ta aiki a ma'adinin zinariya a Ghana.

## Ayyuka
Friar ya kasance mai sharhi ga McKinsey a Afirka ta Kudu,  manajan darektan bincike a Goldman Sachs, kuma babban mataimakin shugaban kudi da dabarun Salesforce  kafin ya zama babban jami'in kudi a Square a cikin 2012,  sannan ya shiga Nextdoor, sabis na sadarwar zamantakewa na hyperlocal don unguwa, a matsayin Shugaba a cikin 2018. Ta jagoranci kamfanin jama'a ta hanyar kamfani na sayen kaya na musamman a cikin 2021. Nextdoor ya sanar da cewa Friar zai sauka a matsayin Shugaba a tsakiyar 2024. A watan Yankin 2024, ta shiga OpenAI, kungiyar bincike ta wucin gadi wacce ke bunkasa ChatGPT, a matsayin CFO ta farko.

Friar yana kan allon Walmart da ConsenSys,   kuma a baya ya zauna a kan allon Slack Technologies da allon New Relic.  Har ila yau, ta kasance co-shugaban Stanford's Digital Economy Lab kuma tana gudanar da Ladies Who Launch, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke mai da hankali kan 'yan kasuwa mata da ta kafa.  

Ta sami digiri na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Ulster a shekarar 2018. A cikin 2019, an ba ta Order of the British Empire daga Sarauniya Elizabeth II saboda jajircewarta ga kasuwanci da ayyukan kudi.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Friar ta auri David Riley, tsohon abokin tarayya na asusun ajiya. Ma'auratan suna da 'yar da ɗa. Tana zaune a Marin County, California . 

## Manazarta
Bocas del Toro-San Bastimentos Island-San Blas mangroves

**Tsibirin Bocas del Toro-San Bastimentos-San Blas mangroves** equaregion (WWF ID:NT1407) ya mamaye wuraren zama na mangrove (ruwan gishiri da ruwan gishiri) a gefen tekun Caribbean na Costa Rica da kuma a fadin gabar tekun arewacin Panama.    Tsibiran teku da ke kan iyaka na yankin suna taimakawa wajen kare mangrove daga raƙuman ruwa masu lalata. Yankin yana da adadi mai yawa na nau'ikan halittu masu fuskantar barazanar rayuwa, ciki har da kunkuru mai kauri, kunkuru mai launin kore, da kunkuru mai launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi.

## Wuri da bayanin
Yankin muhalli yana da ƙananan wurare guda biyu a Costa Rica, ɗaya a kusa da bakin teku a arewacin Limón, ɗayan kuma a kan iyakar Panama a Jairo Mora Sandoval Gandoca-Manzanillo Mafakar Namun Daji ta Gauraye . A Panama, wuraren an haɗa su ne a kusa da mashigar Kogin Changuinola, da kuma bakin teku da tsibiran Lardin Bocas del Toro . Tsibiran da ke kewaye da Tsibirin Bastimentos suna tsaron ƙofar shiga tafkin Chiriquí, wanda galibi ke kewaye da dausayin mangrove. Daga gabas akwai ƙananan wuraren mangrove a Colón, Panama, Isla Grande ( Bastimentos, Portobelo ), da kuma gefen yamma na Tekun Guna Yala .

Nan da nan cikin ƙasar mangroves na yankin a dazuzzukan dazuzzukan Isthmian-Atlantic masu danshi .

## Yanayi
Yanayin yanayin muhalli shine *[[Tropical savanna climate|yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi - hunturu mai bushewa]]* Rarraba yanayi na Köppen (Aw). Wannan yanayi yana da yanayin zafi mai daidaito a duk shekara, da kuma lokacin rani mai ƙarfi. Watan da ya fi bushewa yana da ƙasa da digiri 60.&nbsp;mm na ruwan sama, kuma ya bushe fiye da matsakaicin wata.   Matsakaicin ruwan sama 2,000&nbsp;mm/shekara zuwa 4,000&nbsp;mm/shekara. Lokacin damina shine daga Mayu zuwa Disamba. 

## Flora da fauna
Bishiyoyin mangrove masu halayyar wannan yankin yanayi sune mangrove ja ( *Rhizophora mangle*, *Rhizophora harrisonii*, farin mangrove (*Lagncularia racemosa*, *Conocarpus erectus*) da black mangrove (*Avicennia germinans*).

Yankin muhalli yana tallafawa dabbobi masu shayarwa guda 24 da ke fuskantar barazanar kamuwa da cutar, ciki har da marasa lafiya masu rauni (*Trichechus manatus*, da kuma Red brocket (*Mazama americana*). Dabbobin da ke fuskantar barazanar kamuwa da cutar sun haɗa da kunkuru mai rauni (*Caretta caretta*), kunkuru mai duhun teku (*Chelonia mydas* ), kunkuru mai duhun teku (*Dermochelys coriacea*), da kunkuru mai duhun teku (*Eretmochelys imbricata*).

## Yankunan da aka kare
Yankunan da aka kare a yankin sun haɗa da:

* Tortuguero National Park, a cikin lardin Limón na Costa Rica
* Jairo Mora Sandoval Gandoca-Manzanillo Garkuwan Gudun Hijirar Namun daji, a Lardin Limón na Costa Rica
* Filin shakatawa na kasa na Isla Bastimentos, a Panama
* San San-Pond Sak, wani yanki mai zaman kansa da ke Panama 

## Manazarta
Alistair Hanna

**Alistair Matthew Hanna** (18 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1945 - 12 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2014)  ɗan kasuwa ne na Arewacin Ireland wanda ya gudanar da aikin shakatawa na golf na Bushmills Dunes.

An haifi Hanna a Holywood, Arewacin Ireland . Ya yi aikinsa na farko a Jami'ar Sarauniya ta Belfast a fannin kimiyyar lissafi kuma ya sami digirin digirinsa a 1972 a fannin ilimin kimiyyar nukiliya a Cibiyar Binciken Makamashi ta Atomic kusa da Harwell, da kuma MBA daga Makarantar Kasuwancin Harvard a shekara ta 1974. 

Bayan ya shiga kamfanin ba da shawara na duniya, McKinsey & Co., ya tashi zuwa matsayin manajan abokin tarayya, na Stamford, Connecticut, ofishin kuma ya jagoranci ayyukan microelectronics da software na kamfanin. Bayan ya yi ritaya a matsayin manajan abokin tarayya a shekarar 1997, ya kasance Shugaban Hukumar har zuwa shekara ta 2004. Daga shekara ta 2004 zuwa gaba ya jagoranci Alpha North America, ƙungiyar Kirista wacce ta ba da horo da yanayin ilimi ga ƙungiyoyin Kirista iri-iri.

Ya mutu daga ciwon daji a watan Yunin 2014, matarsa, Nancy, da 'yarsa ta tsira.

## Manazarta
Myles Humphreys

**Sir Raymond Evelyn** "**Myles**" **Humphreys** JP DL (24 Maris 1925 - 22 Fabrairu 1998)  ya kasance dan siyasa da kuma mai fafutuka na Jam'iyyar Ulster Unionist ta Arewacin Ireland, kuma injiniya da ɗan kasuwa

Ya yi aiki a matsayin Lord Mayor na Belfast daga 1975 zuwa 1977, kuma daga baya ya jagoranci Hukumar 'yan sanda ta Arewacin Ireland na tsawon shekaru goma. An ba shi lambar yabo a cikin Jubilee na Azurfa da girmamawa na ranar haihuwar 1977, don hidimar jama'a a Belfast.

## Matsayi / matsayi

* 1976: Freeman na Birnin London .
* 1946: Injiniyan bincike na Hukumar Arewacin Ireland
* 1948-1955: Injiniyan bincike na Ulster Transport Authority

## Sauran alaƙa / matsayi

* Kwamishinan Tashar Jirgin Ruwa ta Belfast
* Sanata, Junior Chamber International
* Shugaban kasa, Arewacin Ireland Polio Fellowship
* Shugaban, Majalisar Gidaje da Shirye-shiryen Birni ta Kasa
* Babban Sheriff na Belfast (1969) 
* Majalisar Dattijai ta Jami'ar Sarauniya (1975-77) 
* Shugaban, Marathon na Belfast (1981-85) 
* memba na rayuwa, Railway Preservation Society of Ireland (daga 1970 har zuwa mutuwarsa) 
* Shugaba, Ƙungiyar Matasan Birnin Belfast
* Daraktan, Ulster Orchestra Society (1980-81) 
* Hukumar Kula da Yawon Bude Ido ta Arewacin Ireland (1973-80) 
* Shugaban kungiyar Ulster Tourist Development Association (1968-78) 

## Ilimi
Humphreys ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Skegoniell, Makarantar Sakandare ta Londonderry da kuma makarantar Belfast Royal Academy .

## Mutuwa
Sir Myles Humphreys ya mutu a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu 1998, yana da shekaru 72, daga dalilan da ba a bayyana ba.

## Manazarta
Yankin Gudanarwa na Yankin Hagu na Dniester

**Sashen Gudanarwa da Yankuna na Bankin Hagu na Dniester**  yanki ne mai cin gashin kansa na ƙasar Moldova wanda Gwamnatin Moldova ta kafa don ayyana yankin da ƙasar Transnistria da ba a amince da ita ba ke iko da shi, wani yanki da ke ƙarƙashin mamayar sojojin Rasha.

## Tarihi
Bayan rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet a shekarar 1991, Yaƙin Transnistria ya ɓarke tsakanin Jamhuriyar Moldova da ƙasar Transnistria da ba a amince da ita ba a kan yankunan tsohuwar Jamhuriyar gurguzu ta Soviet ta Moldavia .

A ranar 22 ga Yuli 2005, an kafa sashen yanki mai cin gashin kansa mai matsayi na musamman a cikin dokar Moldova.  An yi wannan a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Yushchenko na sake haɗa Transnistria cikin Moldova . 

## Yanki
Yankin Sashen Gudanarwa da Yankuna na Hagu na Dniester galibi ya yi daidai da yankin Transnistria, amma akwai muhimman bambance-bambance guda biyu:  

* An haɗa Bender (Tighina) a cikin jihar Transnistria da ba a san ta ba, amma an cire ta daga cikin Sassan Gudanarwa da Yankuna na Bankin Hagu na Dniester, kasancewarta wani ɓangare na yankin tarihi na Bessarabia ;
* An cire yankunan da Transnistria ke ikirarin mallaka amma Moldova ke iko da su daga cikin yankin da ke da ikon cin gashin kansa. Waɗannan yankuna sun haɗa da sassan gundumar Dubăsari, gundumar Căușeni, da gundumar Anenii Noi .

### Matsugunan zama
Transnistria ta ƙunshi matsugunan 147 (mazauna a gefen gabashin kogin Dniester): ƙaramar hukuma ɗaya, garuruwa tara, matsugunan biyu waɗanda sassan garuruwa ne, ƙauyuka 69 (al'ummomi), da kuma matsugunan 135 waɗanda sassan ƙauyuka ne (al'ummomi). 

## Gwamnati
Gwamnatin Moldova ta kafa Ofishin Sake Haɗa Kai wanda Mataimakin Firayim Minista na Sake Haɗa Kai ke jagoranta. 

Dokar da ta kafa Sassan Gudanarwa da Yankuna na Bankin Hagu na Dniester ta bayyana cewa yankin zai zaɓi Majalisar Koli bisa ga zaɓen 'yanci, gaskiya da dimokuraɗiyya. Sannan Majalisar Koli ta kamata ta amince da Dokar Asali don kafa cibiyoyin zartarwa na yankin a hukumance. 

Yankin yana da 'yancin ɗaukar alamominsa don amfani da su tare da alamomin ƙasa na Moldova. Harsunan hukuma na yankin sune Romanian a cikin rubutun Latin, Rashanci da Yukiren. Yankin zai iya ƙulla alaƙa da wasu ƙasashe don dalilai na tattalin arziki, fasaha, kimiyya da jin kai. 

## Manazarta
Krowor Municipal District

**Majalisar Karamar Hukumar Krowor** tana ɗaya daga cikin Majalisun Dokoki ashirin da tara a Yankin Babban Accra, Ghana .    Da farko dai tana cikin **[[Ledzokuku-Krowor Municipal District|gundumar Ledzokuku-Krowor]]** da ta rushe a ranar 29 ga Fabrairu, 2008 (wanda aka ƙirƙira daga **[[Accra Metropolitan Assembly|Majalisar Karamar Hukumar Accra]]** a shekarar 1988), har sai da aka raba wani ɓangare na gundumar don ƙirƙirar **Majalisar Karamar Hukumar Krowor** a ranar 15 ga Maris, 2018; don haka an sake wa sauran ɓangaren asali suna zuwa **[[Ledzokuku Municipal Assembly|Majalisar Karamar Hukumar Ledzokuku]]** . Karamar hukumar tana tsakiyar yankin Babban Accra kuma tana da Nungua a matsayin babban birninta.

## Manazarta
Michael Maguire (mai ba da shawara)

**Thomas Michael Maguire** CBE ma'aikacin gwamnati ne na Arewacin Ireland kuma tsohon mai ba da shawara kan gudanarwa. Tsakanin Yulin 2012 da Yulin 2019, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da 'yan sanda na Arewacin Ireland. Ya kasance a baya Babban Sufeto na Shari'a a Arewacin Ireland (2008 zuwa 2012). Kafin ya koma aikin gwamnati, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan gudanarwa tare da PA Consulting Group kuma ya kasance Darakta na Price Waterhouse .  

An nada Maguire a matsayin Kwamandan Order of the British Empire (CBE) a cikin girmamawar ranar haihuwar 2019. 

## manazarta
Kyautar Bob Cousy

**Kyautar Bob Cousy**, wacce Kwalejin Holy Cross ke daukar nauyinta,  kyautar kwallon kwando ce ta shekara-shekara da Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame ke bayarwa ga manyan masu tsaron maki na kwaleji .  An sanya mata suna ne bayan zakaran kungiyar kwallon kwando ta kasa (NBA) Bob Cousy, wanda ya buga wasa mai tsaron maki ga Boston Celtics daga 1950 zuwa 1963. Cousy ya lashe dukkan gasanninsa tare da Celtics.

Kowace shekara, manyan masu horar da 'yan wasa na kwaleji, membobin Kwalejoji Masu Sadarwa da Wasanni (CSC), da membobin Ƙungiyar Masu Horar da Kwando ta Ƙasa (NABC) suna zaɓar 'yan wasa.  Kwamitin tantancewa na membobin CSC yana duba sunayen 'yan wasa, kuma yana zaɓar 'yan wasa 16 daga kowace ƙungiya (12 daga Ƙungiyar Wasanni ta Ƙasa (NCAA) Sashe na I, da kuma biyu kowannensu daga Sashe na II da III ). Kwamitin zaɓe da Hall ya naɗa zai zaɓi wanda ya yi nasara. Wannan kwamitin mai mambobi 30 ya ƙunshi Hall of Famers, manyan masu horarwa, daraktocin bayanai na wasanni, kafofin watsa labarai, da kuma Cousy da kansa.

## Maɓalli

## Masu nasara

## Manazarta
Kwalejin 'yan uwan Kirista, Bulawayo

**Kwalejin 'Yan'uwa Kiristoci ta St. Patrick, Bulawayo**, wacce aka fi sani da **Kwalejin 'Yan'uwa Kiristoci** ( **CBC** ), makarantar sakandare ce mai zaman kanta wacce maza kaɗai ke karatu a Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Memba ce a Ƙungiyar Makarantun Amincewa (ATS) kuma Shugaban Makarantu memba ne na Taron Shugabannin Makarantu Masu Zaman Kansu a Zimbabwe (CHISZ).  Ana ɗaukar makarantar a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyau a Afirka. Tana cikin Bulawayo, birni na biyu mafi girma a Zimbabwe.

Makarantar tana da filayen da kewayensu ya kai mita 1,966, kuma tana da ayyuka da yawa, na ilimi da na waje. Tana da filayen wasan tennis guda 6 na waje, filayen wasan hockey guda 2, filayen wasan rugby guda 3, ragar cricket, filayen ƙwallon ƙafa guda 2, filayen wasan squash na cikin gida da kuma filayen wasan ƙwallon kwando guda 2.  

## Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai

* Graham Boynton - ɗan jarida
* David Coltart – Magajin Garin Bulawayo,  tsohon Dan Majalisa, Sanata, Ministan Ilimi, Wasanni da Al'adu na Zimbabwe
* Charles Coventry - Ɗan wasan kurket na Zimbabwe, wanda ya taɓa riƙe tarihin ODI a duniya, ya kafa tarihi mafi girma a duniya a fannin yawan maki a kowane mutum.
* Mark Dekker - Ɗan wasan kurket na Zimbabwe
* Adrian Garvey - ɗan wasan rugby na Springbok
* Tony Johnstone - ƙwararren ɗan wasan golf
* Alexander McCall Smith – marubucin jerin Hukumar Binciken Mata ta 1 .
* Keegan Meth - Ɗan wasan kurket na Zimbabwe
* Obi Mhondera - Marubucin waƙa, furodusa kuma mai sake haɗawa
* Sitholizwe Mdlalose - Manajan Darakta a Vodacom Afirka ta Kudu 
* Daniel Rowland - ɗan tseren marathon na Zimbabwe
* Denis Streak - ɗan wasan kurket
* Mike Williams - Kungiyar Rugby ta Leicester Tigers
* John W. Dold - masanin lissafi

## Manazarta

* John Eppel - marubucin da ya lashe kyautar
John Rounsevell

**John Rounsevell** (c. 1836 - 15 Mayu 1902) ya kasance makiyayi kuma ɗan siyasa a mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya na Kudancin Australia. Ɗan'uwansa William Benjamin "Ben" Rounsevell shi ma ɗan siyasan Kudancin Australia ne.

## Tarihi
An haifi John Rounsevell a Landunna, a Altarnun, Cornwall, kuma ya tafi Kudancin Ostiraliya tare da iyayensa William da Grace Rounsevell a *birnin Adelaide* inda ya isa a ranar 6 ga Yuli, 1839. Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin St Peter, sannan ya fara aiki a kamfanin kula da dabbobi da kuma motar bas na mahaifinsa, inda ya zama abokin tarayya mai alhakin ayyuka a arewacin Kapunda. Ya zama ƙwararren mai doki kuma babban mai goyon bayan bulala.

Ya yi ritaya daga "hanyar" lokacin da aka sayar da kamfanin ga Cobb da Co. Ya kula da kadarar mahaifinsa ta Corryton Park (wanda daga baya ya gada) kusa da Mount Crawford kuma ya mayar da hankalinsa ga cike kwangilolin gwamnati. Ya samar da wurin kwana don aikin jirgin ƙasa da kuma kula da ginin  ɓangare na layin waya na Adelaide zuwa Darwin daga arewa daga Port Augusta, kuma ya samar da adadi mai yawa na sandunan telegrafi da kuma adadi mai yawa na dawaki, bijimai da raƙuma don aikin.

A shekara ta 1864 ya fara kiwon dabbobi a kusa da Warburton Range kuma yana gefen arewa maso gabas da kudu maso gabas, sannan ya kafa wurin da za a yi amfani da shi a kan tsaunin Rounsevell, a arewa maso yamma. Ya kuma sanya wa Gibraltar, babban wurin da ke kan dutse a gundumar, da kuma Sturt's Rock, wanda aka sanya wa suna saboda yawan wake na Sturt a unguwar.

Ya mayar da hankalinsa ga kiwon tumaki, a Corryton Park, inda ya yi nasarar kiwon tumakin da aka yi wa ado da kyau, yayin da aka yi wa gashinsa ado da kyau a Kudancin Ostiraliya da kuma Landan. 

## Siyasa

A shekara ta 1865, an zaɓi John Rounsevell a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Kudancin Ostiraliya don gundumar Haske, amma ya yi ritaya bayan shekaru biyu. 

Daga baya aka zaɓe shi a gundumar Gumeracha, ya yi aiki daga 1865 zuwa 1868 sannan kuma daga 1880 zuwa 1881. 

Ya yi aiki a Majalisar Birnin Adelaide. Gidansa "Landunna" da ke lamba 111 Hutt Street (kusurwar Angas Street ) ya zama gidan Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa, Sojoji & Sojojin Sama ta South Australia Inc. a shekarar 1957. An taɓa mallakar harsasai mallakar HMS Buffalo ne, jirgin da ya kawo Gwamna Hindmarsh zuwa Kudancin Ostiraliya.[1]

## Manazarta
Waterbar

**Wurin ruwa** hanya  ce da ake amfani da ita don hana zaizayar titunan da ke karkata, korarrar hanyoyi ta cikin gandun daji (na kamfanoni masu amfani kamar pylons na wutar lantarki), ko wasu hanyoyin shiga ta hanyar rage tsayin kwarara. Tashar diagonal ce da ke kan titin wacce ke karkatar da ruwan saman (wanda idan ba haka ba zai gudana a duk tsawon titin) daga kan titin zuwa cikin tsayayyen magudanar ruwa.Ta hanyar gina jerin sandunan ruwa a tsaka-tsaki a kan hanya, yawan ruwan da ke gudana a hanyar yana raguwa. Idan ba tare da sandunan ruwa ba, ambaliya, wanki, da gurɓacewar hanya na iya faruwa.

Hanyar magudanar ruwa tana ɗaukar ruwan da idan ba haka ba za a ɗauka ta hanyar. Don aikin da ya dace na sandunan ruwa dole ne ya kasance karko kuma a duba shi akai-akai don tabbatar da cewa ba shi da rarrabuwa ko wasu cikas.

Galibi ana gina sandunan ruwa a wani kusurwa da ke gefen hanya. Su kan sa wucewa ta abin hawa akan hanya da wahala; yawanci ana buƙatar babban abin hawa huɗu mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi. Sandunan ruwa sun zama ruwan dare a kan tituna kamar titin sabis na gandun daji,musamman a yankin tsaunuka mai yawan ruwan sama.

## Manazarta

* 
*
Thomas McMullan

**Sir Thomas Wallace McMullan** (1864-1945) ɗan kasuwa ne kuma ɗan siyasa na Arewacin Ireland.

## Farkon rayuwa
An haife shi a 3 ga Oktoba 1864, shi ɗan Thomas McMullan ne na Belfast da matarsa Susan, 'yar David McMullan. Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Methodist ta Belfast da Kwalejin Sarauniya . Ya shiga kasuwanci, ya zama manajan darektan kuma shugaban mai sayar da kayan masarufi, Thomas McMullan Co. Ltd. na Belfast.

A cikin 1921 an zabi McMullan, wanda ya kasance shugaban kungiyar Ulster Liberal Unionist Association, a matsayin dan takarar Jam'iyyar Ulster Unionist a mazabar Down, ya yi ritaya daga siyasa kuma ya bar kujerarsa a cikin 1929. An ba shi lambar yabo a ranar 10 ga watan Yulin wannan shekarar.

## Mutuwa
McMullan ya mutu a ranar 20 ga Janairun 1945. 

## Iyali
McMullan ya yi aure a shekara ta 1892 Florence Henrietta Maclean, 'yar S. R. MacLean ta Rye, New York. 

## Manazarta
Roy McNulty

**Sir Robert William Roy McNulty**, CBE (born 7 November 1937) is a Northern Irish-born businessman.

Dan Jack da Nancy McNulty, ya yi karatu a makarantar Portora Royal School a Enniskillen, County Fermanagh da Trinity College Dublin . 

McNulty ya kasance Babban Darakta kuma Shugaban Short Brothers plc, kafin Bombardier ta karbe shi. McNulty ya kasance Shugaban Kungiyar Kamfanonin Jirgin Sama na Burtaniya (1993-94) kuma Shugaban Kwamitin Jirgin Sama da Ma'aikatar Ciniki (1995-98). Daga nan ya zama Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Jirgin Sama ta Kasa (1999-01), kuma ya bi wannan shugaban Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Burtaniya (CAA) (2001-09)  Shi ba babban darakta ne na Filin jirgin saman Gatwick ba. 

A matsayinsa na mai ba da gudummawa ga ayyukan bangaren jama'a a matsayin ma'aikacin gwamnati, ya kasance Shugaban Ilex URC, kamfanin sabuntawa na Derry,  da kuma Shugaban Advantage West Midlands tun 2009.  Ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Hukumar Bayar da Wasannin Olympics,  ya kasance Shugaban Nazarin Rail Value for Money wanda Ma'aikatar Sufuri da Ofishin Kula da Jirgin ƙasa suka tallafawa. Wannan rahoto ya ba da shawarwari don makomar jigilar Jirgin ƙasa a Burtaniya, musamman kallon rage farashi da Tsarin franchising da aka sanya bayan mallakar British Rail .  A cikin 2016 an sanar da cewa Sir Roy McNulty zai sauka daga matsayinsa na shugaban Filin jirgin saman Gatwick amma zai ci gaba a kan kwamitin filin jirgin sama.

## Manazarta
Gina Blay

**Gina Ama Blay** (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga Oktoba 1956)  'yar jarida ce kuma jami'ar diflomasiyya ta Ghana kuma mai goyon bayan Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Patriotic Party of Ghana. A halin yanzu ita ce jakadar Ghana a Jamus .  

## Rayuwar ilimi
Gina Blay tsohuwar ɗaliba ce a Makarantar 'Yan Mata ta OLA da ke Ho. Ta sami digirin farko na Fasaha daga Jami'ar Ghana  da kuma difloma ta gaba a fannin Aikin Jarida da Sadarwa.

## Rayuwar aiki
Blay ta fara aikinta a shekarar 1981 a matsayin Jami'ar Hulɗa da Jama'a ta Hukumar Farashi da Haraji. Daga baya ta koma Kamfanin Achimota Brewery Company Limited a matsayin Manajan Hulɗa da Jama'a, inda ta gyara kuma ta buga mujallar kamfanin giya, *ABC News* . Ita ce Babbar Jami'ar Western Publication Limited, wani gidan buga littattafai (masu buga jaridar *Daily Guide* da sauran wallafe-wallafe),  daga 1992 har zuwa lokacin da aka naɗa ta a matsayin Jakadiya a watan Yunin 2017. Ta taimaka wajen haɓaka kasuwancin daga aikin iyali zuwa ɗaya daga cikin manyan gidajen watsa labarai a Ghana.

Ta yi aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na kamfanoni da ƙungiyoyi da dama a Ghana, ciki har da Hukumar Tsaron Jama'a da Inshorar Ƙasa (SSNIT), Hukumar Sadarwa ta Ghana, Hukumar Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai ta Ƙasa, da Ƙungiyar Jaridu ta Duniya. Ta shugabanci Hukumar Kamfanin Talla ta Mokola Marketing Company Limited kuma ta kasance Shugabar Ƙungiyar Masu Buga Jaridu Masu Zaman Kansu ta Ghana (PRINPAG) tsawon shekaru goma.

## Yaƙi da ciwon daji
An gano tana da cutar kansar mama a shekarar 2008 kuma an yi mata jerin magungunan chemotherapy .  

## Naɗin jakada
A watan Yunin 2017, Shugaba Nana Akuffo-Addo ya naɗa Blay a matsayin jakadar Ghana a Jamus . Tana cikin wasu fitattun 'yan Ghana takwas da aka naɗa don jagorantar ofisoshin diflomasiyya daban-daban na Ghana a faɗin duniya.  

## Kyaututtuka

* Kyautar 'Yan Kasuwa ta Sadarwa ta Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai na shekarar 2016 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Kogin Iloilo

**Kogin Iloilo Esplanade** yana da  esplanade na birni da wurin shakatawa na layi tare da Kogin Iloilo a birnin Iloilo, Philippines .  Yana miƙewa a ɓangarorin biyu na kogin, daga gadar Carpenter a gundumomin Mandurriao da Molo zuwa gadar Drilon a gundumomin City Proper da Lapuz . Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wurin shakatawa mafi tsayi a Philippines kuma mai zane-zanen shimfidar wuri kuma wanda ya kafa PGAA Creative Design, Paulo Alcazaren ne ya tsara shi. Aikin wani ɓangare ne na Aikin Gyaran Kogin Iloilo.

Jirgin ruwan esplanade ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun wuraren shakatawa a birnin Iloilo ga mazauna yankin da kuma masu yawon buɗe ido tun lokacin da aka buɗe shi a ranar 18 ga Agusta, 2012. A halin yanzu yana da sassa 13 da gadoji 11 suka haɗa.  Ƙarin sassa sun haɗa da  esplanade a gefen Iloilo Sunset Boulevard da kuma Dungon Creek Esplanade, mai  wurin shakatawa na layi tare da Dungon Creek, wani magudanar ruwa ta Kogin Iloilo.  Tare, hanyar sadarwa ta Iloilo City Esplanade ta mamaye jimillar kimanin  .

## Tarihi

### Titin Dike

An gina hanyar, wacce aka fi sani da **Sanata Efrain Treñas Boulevard**, a shekarar 2008 don taimakawa wajen rage cunkoson ababen hawa a kan titin General Luna da ke cunkoso.  Wurin ya kasance titin kekuna wanda ba shi da inuwa kuma an gina shi ne galibi a matsayin matakin shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa. A gefe guda kuma, mazauna yankin sun yi amfani da hanyar don nishaɗi, kamar gudu da keke. Gwamnatin birnin Iloilo ta fahimci hakan kuma ta sake tunani, kuma ta yanke shawarar gina wurin shakatawa mai layi maimakon hanya. 

### Zane da gyaran kogi

## Sashe da matakai
Ya zuwa shekarar 2024, akwai jimillar sassa 13 na kogin Iloilo Esplanade.

## Hotunan Hotuna

Fayil:Iloilo_River_Esplanade_Welcome_Signage.jpg|alt=Iloilo River Esplanade welcome signage| Alamar maraba ta Kogin Iloilo Esplanade
Fayil:Iloilo_River_Esplanade_I_(view_2).jpg|alt=First phase of the Esplanade| Mataki na farko na Esplanade
Fayil:Iloilo_River_Esplanade.JPG|alt=Iloilo River Esplanade at dusk| Kogin Iloilo Esplanade da magariba
Fayil:Iloilo_River_Esplanade_Phase_6.jpg|alt=Iloilo River Esplanade Phase 6| Mataki na 6 na Kogin Iloilo Esplanade
Fayil:Iloilo_River_Esplanade_Sunrise.jpg|alt=Sunset at the Iloilo River Esplanade 1 Extension (Skate Park)| Faɗuwar rana a Kogin Iloilo Esplanade 1 Extension (Skate Park)
Fayil:Iloilo_River_view_from_Iloilo_Esplanade_(Lapuz).jpg|alt=Iloilo River view from the Esplanade in Lapuz district| Ra'ayin Kogin Iloilo daga Esplanade a gundumar Lapuz
Fayil:Iloilo-River-Esplanade-Fire-Trees.jpg|alt=Fire trees along the esplanade| Bishiyoyin wuta a gefen esplanade
Fayil:Esplanade_Iloilo_-_8764497551.jpg|alt=Trellises along the esplanade| Trellises a kan esplanade
Fayil:Datu_Paiburong_Statue.jpg|alt=Datu Paiburong Monument| Abin tunawa da Datu Paiburong
Fayil:Dinagyang_Mural_at_Iloilo_Esplanade,_Aug_2024.jpg|alt=Dinagyang Mural| Muryar Dinagyang
Fayil:Mangroves_along_the_Iloilo_River_Esplanade.jpg|alt=Mangroves along the esplanade| Mangroves a gefen esplanade
Fayil:Iloilo_River_Esplanade_at_night.jpg|alt=The Esplanade at night| Esplanade da daddare


## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Fabian

Fabian Society (/ˈfeɪbiən/ ) kungiya ce ta gurguzu ta Burtaniya wacce manufarta ita ce inganta ka'idodin dimokuradiyya da dimokuradiyar dimokuradiya ta hanyar kokarin sannu a hankali da sake fasalin a cikin dimokuradiyawa, maimakon ta hanyar juyin juya hali.  Yana da alaƙa da tarihi da wasu daga cikin ƙungiyoyin hagu na tsattsauran ra'ayi, al'adar sassaucin ra'ayi ta hagu.

A matsayin daya daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka kafa Kwamitin Wakilan Labour a cikin 1900, kuma a matsayin muhimmiyar tasiri a kan Jam'iyyar Labour wacce ta girma daga gare ta, Fabian Society ta rinjayi siyasar Burtaniya sosai. Membobin Fabian Society sun hada da shugabannin siyasa daga wasu ƙasashe, kamar Jawaharlal Nehru da Lee Kuan Yew,   wadanda suka karɓi ka'idodin Fabian a matsayin wani ɓangare na ra'ayoyinsu na siyasa. Kungiyar Fabian ta kafa Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London a cikin 1895.

A yau, al'umma tana aiki da farko a matsayin tanki mai tunani kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin gurguzu ashirin da ke da alaƙa da Jam'iyyar Labour. Irin waɗannan al'ummomi suna nan a Ostiraliya, Kanada, New Zealand da Italiya.

## Tarihin ƙungiya
An kafa ƙungiyar Fabian Society a ranar 4 ga Janairu 1884 a Landan a matsayin reshen wata al'umma da aka kafa shekara guda da ta gabata, mai suna Ƙungiyar Sabuwar Rayuwa, wadda ta kasance ginshiƙin ƙungiyoyin ɗabi'a da na ɗan adam na Birtaniya.  Membobin ƙungiyar Farko sun haɗa da fitattun mutane masu hangen nesa na zamanin Victorian, daga cikinsu akwai mawaƙa Edward Carpenter da John Davidson, masanin jinsi Havelock Ellis, da kuma tsohon ɗan gurguzu Edward R. Pease . Suna son canza al'umma ta hanyar kafa misali na rayuwa mai tsabta don wasu su bi. Wasu membobi kuma suna son shiga siyasa don taimakawa sauyin al'umma; sun kafa wata ƙungiya daban, ƙungiyar Fabian Society. Duk membobi suna da 'yancin halartar ƙungiyoyin biyu. Ƙungiyar Fabian ta kuma ba da shawarar sabunta ra'ayoyin Renaissance na Yammacin Turai da kuma yaɗa su a duk faɗin duniya.

An rushe Fellowship of the New Life a shekara ta 1899,  amma Fabian Society ta girma ta zama babbar ƙungiyar ilimi a Ƙasar Ingila a Zamanin Edwardian. Mambobin kungiyar Coefficients na gaba ne suka nuna hakan. An gudanar da tarurrukan jama'a na Society na shekaru da yawa a Essex Hall, wani sanannen wuri kusa da Strand a Tsakiyar London.

An sanya wa ƙungiyar Fabian suna—bisa shawarar Frank Podmore —don girmama janar ɗin Romawa Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus (wanda aka yi wa laƙabi da *Cunctator*, ma'ana "Jinkiri").  Dabarunsa na Fabian ya nemi nasara a hankali a kan rundunar sojojin Carthaginian a ƙarƙashin sanannen janar Hannibal ta hanyar juriya, tursasawa, da kuma sanya abokan gaba cikin damuwa maimakon faɗace-faɗace masu zafi. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## manazarta
Jerin shafukan Superfund a Arizona

Wannan **jerin wuraren Superfund ne a Arizona** da aka ware a ƙarƙashin Dokar Muhalli Mai Cikakken Amsawa, Diyya, da Alhaki (CERCLA). Dokar tarayya ta CERCLA ta 1980 ta ba wa Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) izinin ƙirƙirar jerin wuraren da suka gurɓata waɗanda ke buƙatar magani na dogon lokaci don tsaftace gurɓatattun abubuwa masu haɗari.  Waɗannan wurare ana kiransu wuraren Superfund, kuma an sanya su a cikin Jerin Fifiko na Ƙasa (NPL).

Hukumar NPL ce ke jagorantar EPA wajen "ƙayyade waɗanne wurare ne suka cancanci ƙarin bincike" don gyara muhalli .  Tun daga ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2024, akwai wurare goma na Superfund a cikin Jerin Fifiko na Ƙasa a Arizona .  An tsaftace wasu wurare uku kuma an cire su daga ciki; babu wani rukunin yanar gizo da aka gabatar don ƙarawa zuwa NPL a halin yanzu. 

## Shafukan Superfund

: 
: 

## Manazarta
Nicholas O'Shiel

Dokta **Nicholas O'Shiel** shine shugaban zartarwa na Kamfanin Kamfanin Kamfani na Omagh Ltd, Omagh, County Tyrone, Arewacin Ireland .  Ya kasance shugaban hukumar kula da Kwalejin Kudu maso Yamma tun daga shekarar 2019. A shekara ta 2008, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Sarauniya don Inganta Kasuwanci - wanda kawai ya sami lambar yabo a wannan shekarar.

## manazarta
Hanyar Tekun zuwa Sama

**Hanyar Sea to Sky hanya** ce ta nishaɗi mai tsawon kilomita 180 (mil 110) wacce ake amfani da ita sau da yawa a cikin hanyar Sea-to-Sky Corridor ta British Columbia, Kanada . Hanyar ta fara ne a kudu a kan Howe Sound a Squamish kuma ta ƙare a D'Arcy a kan tafkin Anderson a arewa, ta haɗa al'ummomin Whistler da Pemberton a kan hanyarta.  An tsara hanyar tsakanin Squamish zuwa Pemberton a matsayin wani ɓangare na hanyar Trans Canada, wacce aka haɗa da sauran tsarin hanyar ta hanyar Sea zuwa Sky Marine Trail. 

A halin yanzu, yawancin hanyar har yanzu tana kan ci gaba. Tana da alaƙa da sabbin hanyoyi da na da a yankin. Akwai sassan daji masu tsauri kamar Cheakamus Canyon Trail da Shadow Lake Trail, sassan tsakuwa cike kamar Ray Peters Trail  da kuma sassan hanyoyin birane masu amfani da yawa kamar Corridor Trail a Squamish da Valley Trail a Whistler.   A wannan lokacin, hanyar ta ƙunshi manyan sassan daidaitawa na ɗan lokaci a kan hanyoyi, gami da kan Titin Teku zuwa Sky Highway .  Ya zuwa Disamba 2020, akwai kilomita 126 na hanyar da ba ta da injin a kan hanyar. 

## Tarihi
Kafin hanyar Sea to Sky ta wanzu a halin yanzu, mutanen Squamish suna amfani da hanyoyi a cikin hanyar Sea to Sky tsawon dubban shekaru. Kafin shekarun 1850, lokacin da madatsar lava ta Barrier ta ruguje, wannan ita ce babbar hanyar kasuwanci da ƙasashen farko na cikin gida. An gina layin dogo na Pacific Great Eastern a cikin shekarun 1910  da kuma babbar hanyar Sea to Sky a cikin shekarun 1950, duka biyun suna amfani da wasu daga cikin tsoffin hanyoyin. 

An kafa ƙungiyar Sea to Sky Trail Society a shekarar 1991 a matsayin ƙungiyar sa kai don tsara da gina hanya don haɗa al'ummomi a yankin Sea zuwa Sky. Wannan ra'ayin ya sami goyon baya daga Whistler Resort Municipality kuma a shekarar 2005, an kafa Kwamitin Tsaye a cikin Gundumar Squamish-Lillooet don haɓaka babban tsari da haɓaka hanyar. Nan gaba, da zarar an kammala hanyar, wannan kwamitin yana da niyyar faɗaɗa girman aikin a kudu zuwa Horseshoe Bay da arewa zuwa Lillooet . 

A shekarar 2023, hanyar ta sami tallafin dala 700,000 na larduna da kuma gudummawar dala miliyan 1.37 na masu zaman kansu don tallafawa ayyukan inganta hanyar.  An ware ƙarin hanyoyin samun kuɗi don faɗaɗa hanyar daga Pemberton zuwa al'ummar Mount Curie . 

## Hanya
Lura cewa hanyar ba ta cika ba a wannan lokacin. Hanyar da alamomin kilomita suna da kimanin gaske dangane da yanayin hanyar daga kudu zuwa arewa, kuma za su canza yayin da hanyar ta kusa kammalawa.    

## Manazarta
Hanyar Pan Am

**Hanyar Pan Am** hanya ce mai amfani da yawa wadda ta haɗu da hanyoyi a yankin Greater Toronto a matsayin wani ɓangare na gadon Wasannin Pan American na 2015 da Wasannin Parapan American na 2015. Hanyar ta wuce  a tsawonsa, wanda ya haɗa unguwannin Toronto.

## Tarihi
A ranar 3 ga Yuli, 2013, kwamitin zartarwa na birnin Toronto ya ba da shawarar hanyar a matsayin aikin gado.  A ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2013, a cikin kuri'a 37-1, Majalisar Birnin Toronto ta kuduri aniyar ƙirƙirar hanya mai ci gaba daga Brampton zuwa Kogin Rouge .  Asalin dabarar Hanyar Pan Am ita ce taimakawa Tsarin Aiwatar da Hanyoyin Keke da Majalisar ta amince da shi a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 2012, ta hanyar hanzarta ƙirƙirar haɗin gabas da yamma a faɗin birnin.

An kammala sashe na farko na Pan Am Path, kusa da Cruickshank Park, a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2014.  Ana iya samun sabuntawa kan ginin East Don na yanzu da TRCA ta gina a nan da kuma haɓaka Sashen Highland Creek a nan .

Mutum shida daga cikin mutane bakwai da suka kafa ƙungiyar Friends of the Pan Am Path sun fito ne daga shirin CivicAction 's DiverseCity Fellows: Brent Chamberlain, Caitlin McClung, James Gen Meers, Jonathan Asmis, Salim Rachid, da Tanzeel Merchant .  Devon Ostrom, mai kula da ayyukan, mai zane kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a wanda ke da tarihin ƙirƙirar ayyuka a Toronto ya yi aiki tare da ƙungiyar kan wannan shiri. A matsayinsa na wanda ya kafa tare, Devon ya zana ainihin manufar, ya sanya wa aikin suna kuma ya kasance Babban Mai Kula da Ayyukan daga 2012 zuwa 2017. Ana iya samun takardun ayyukan fasaha, taswira da ci gaba da sabunta ayyukan gina hanyoyin a wurin adana bayanai a nan .

## Hanya
Hanyar Pan Am tana bin hanyoyin da ake da su a Toronto kuma ta haɗa da shirye-shiryen sabbin hanyoyin haɗi don kammala hanyar da ke ci gaba daga Brampton zuwa Pickering. Ta fara daga yamma kusa da madatsar ruwa ta Claireville, hanyar ta bi hanyar Humber Valley zuwa kudu tare da Kogin Humber zuwa Tafkin Ontario . Daga nan, hanyar ta juya gabas ta bi hanyar Martin Goodman ta cikin tsakiyar birnin Toronto. Za a gina sabuwar hanyar haɗi don haɗawa da Ƙauyen 'Yan Wasa kusa da Gundumar Distillery kuma ta haɗu da Hanyar Lower Don Valley. Daga nan hanyar ta bi Kogin Don arewa maso gabas zuwa Taylor-Massey Creek . Za a gina wata sabuwar hanyar tare da reshen gabas na Kogin Don, inda Hanyar za ta haɗu da Hanyar Gatineau Hydro Corridor gabas ta hanyar Scarborough . Wata sabuwar hanyar za ta haɗa Hanyar zuwa Hanyar Highland Creek, ta bi Highland Creek zuwa Tafkin Ontario, inda Hanyar Waterfront ta kammala Hanyar zuwa Pickering . 

Kafin fara wasannin a shekarar 2015, an kammala wata hanya ta wucin gadi ta amfani da hanyoyin haɗin kan titi masu alama a wuraren da ba a kammala sabbin hanyoyin haɗin kan hanya ba tukuna. 

Hanyar Pan Am, musamman a yankin Rexdale, a halin yanzu tana da tashoshi a kan hanyar don masu wucewa su gwada hawan igiya da kuma yin hayaniyar ƙafa. 

## Manazarta
Bantay dagat

**bantay dagat**, wanda aka fi sani da **sintiri na teku**, ƙungiyoyin masu sa kai ne na al'umma a cikin Philippines waɗanda ke aiki tare da jami'an gwamnati na gida da na ƙasa kuma a cikin kilomita 15 daga bakin teku don kare yanayin Ruwa, musamman sintiri game da kamun Kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kuma samar da taimako a ayyukan ceto. Yana ƙarƙashin Ofishin Kifi da albarkatun ruwa (BFAR) na Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Philippines.

Bantay Dagat "tsarin haɗin gwiwa ne da aka tsara don tabbatar da dokokin bakin teku wanda ya wanzu a Philippines tun shekarun 1970."  An kafa tsarin na yanzu a shekarar 1994 bisa ga umarnin Sanata Santanina Rasul ta Philippines.  Suna aiki tare da Ma'aikatar Noma, Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida da Gwamnatin Ƙananan Hukumomi, Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Philippines da Jami'an Tsaron Tekun Philippines, da sauransu.  Zuwa shekarar 2000, akwai masu aikin sa kai na Bantay Dagat sama da 100,000. 

An yi ta samun rahotannin kisan shugabannin Bantay Dagat da dama, kamar a Batangas a shekarar 2009. 

Masu aikin sa kai za su iya samun ƙaramin kyauta da kuma wasu fa'idodi, kamar na tanods na Philippines, masu kula da ƙasa, da kuma masu kula da al'umma.

## Duba kuma

* Jami'an Tsaron Tekun Philippines

## Manazarta
Ma'aikatar Kula da dazuzzuka (Sri Lanka)

**Ma'aikatar Kula da Dazuzzuka** ( Sinhala : වන සංරක්‍ෂණ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව *Vana Sanrakshana Departhamenthuwa* ) wani sashe ne na gwamnati wanda ba na ministoci ba wanda ke da alhakin kula da dazuzzuka a Sri Lanka .  Manufarta ita ce karewa da faɗaɗa dazuzzukan Sri Lanka da kuma dazuzzukanta .  Shugaban sashen shine Babban Jami'in Kula da Dazuzzuka, Dr. KMABandara. Yana ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Kula da Dazuzzuka da Albarkatun Dazuzzuka.

Tana da iyakacin ikon 'yan sanda a yankunan dazuzzuka masu kariya don dakatar da farautar dabbobi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da kuma sare bishiyoyi, tare da ikon kama waɗanda ake zargi.

## Dazuzzuka
Wasu daga cikin dazuzzukan da Ma'aikatar Kula da Dazuzzuka ke kula da su sune:

* Hurulu Man and Biosphere Reserve, 1977
* Sinharaja Man and Biosphere Reserve, 1978
* Kanneliya-Dediyagala-Nakiyadeniya (KDN), 2004

## Duba kuma

* Jami'an tsaro a Sri Lanka

## Manazarta
Italiya Nostra

**Italia Nostra** ( *Italiyarmu* ) ƙungiya ce ta Italiya da ba ta neman riba ba wacce ta sadaukar da kanta don kare da haɓaka tarihin ƙasar, fasaha da muhalli.

## Tarihi
An kafa ƙungiyar a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 1955, ta hannun Umberto Zanotti Bianco, Pietro Paolo Trompeo, Giorgio Bassani, Desideria Pasolini dall'Onda, Elena Croce, Luigi Magnani, Hubert Howard,  da Antonio Cederna, wani ƙaramin rukuni na mutane da aka ɗauko daga masana Romawa da nufin adawa da shirin rushe wani ɓangare na cibiyar tarihi ta birnin. Haɓaka tsarin tsara birane wanda ke kiyaye wuraren gine-ginen tarihi ya kasance babban abin da ƙungiyar ke mayar da hankali a kai; duk da haka, sha'awarta ta faɗaɗa a kan lokaci har ta haɗa da kiyaye dukkan fannoni na al'adun gargajiya da muhalli na Italiya, kuma an kafa rassanta sama da 200 a faɗin ƙasar. Nasarorin sun haɗa da kamfen ɗin da ya kai ga kafa Appian Way Regional Park a 1988. 

A shekarar 1989, Italiya Nostra ta yi adawa da mayar wa Libya Venus na Cyrene .  A wannan shekarar, bayan wani wasan kwaikwayo na Pink Floyd a Venice wanda ya haifar da tabarbarewar wuraren tarihi a birnin, Italia Nostra ta shigar da ƙara a kan jami'an birnin saboda rashin da'a da cin hanci da rashawa.  A shekarar 1999, bayan da ma'aikata suka tono wani tsohon katangar gidan Romawa yayin da suke gina harsashin sabon filin ajiye motoci a Vatican (wanda aka yi wa lakabi da "wurin ajiye motoci na Allah"), Italiya Nostra ta yi ƙoƙarin dakatar da aikin ginin. 

A watan Yulin 2009, ƙungiyar Italiya Nostra ta daina gudanar da Parco delle Cave a Milan saboda dalilai na siyasa.  A shekarar 2011, ƙungiyar Italiya Nostra ta yi kira ga masu yawon buɗe ido 59,000 na Venice da su yi yawon buɗe ido a kowace rana, tana tunatar da manema labarai cewa an sanya iyaka ga masu yawon buɗe ido a kowace rana a birnin zuwa 33,000 tun bayan wani bincike na 1988.  Ƙungiyar ta daɗe tana adawa da manyan jiragen ruwa masu yawo a cikin teku da ke ratsa ta cikin tafkin Venice. 

A matsayin wani ɓangare na babban aikinta na al'adu, Italia Nostra ta goyi bayan ganin bukukuwan gida waɗanda ke nuna al'adun Italiya masu wadata, kamar Palio di Castellanza, wanda aka nuna a cikin littafinsu na 2022, Tallafawa Bikin da Haɗa kan Jama'a. Wannan haɗin kai yana nuna ci gaba da ƙoƙarin ƙungiyar na haɓaka da kiyaye al'adun gargajiya da tarihi na Italiya.

A watan Mayu na 2019, Ƙungiyar Jagororin Yawon Bude Ido ta Italiya da Italiya Nostra sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna don haɓaka haɗin gwiwa na dabaru don karewa da bayyana gadon kakannin Italiya.  A watan Yuli na 2019, Italiya Nostra ta nemi UNESCO ta haɗa Venice da wurinta a cikin jerin Gidajen Tarihi na Duniya da ke cikin Hadari .  A watan Oktoba na 2019, Italiya Nostra ta yi adawa da canja wurin *ɗan Vitruvian* na ɗan lokaci daga Accademia di Belle Arti di Venezia zuwa Louvre da ke Paris. 

## Shugabanni

* 1965–1980: Giorgio Bassani 
* 1998–2005: Desideria Pasolini dall'Onda 
* Carlo Ripa di Meana
* Giovanni Losavio
* ...–Mayu 2017: Marco Parini 
* Mayu 2017-Satumba 2018: Oreste Rutigliano 
* Satumba 2018 - 2020: Mariarita Signorini 
* Tun 2020: Ebe Giacometti 

## Manazarta
CPIE Bocage na Avesnois

**CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois** ƙungiya ce a arewacin Faransa da aka ƙirƙira a ƙarƙashin Loi de 1901 . Yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi 80 da aka sani da **' (CPIE) a Faransa. Ƙungiyar tana da nufin bayar da gudummawa ga ci gaban da ya dace na Arrondissement na Avesnes-sur-Helpe ; tana yin hakan ta hanyar [[Kare yanayi|kiyaye yanayi]], [[Ilimi na muhalli|ilimin muhalli]] da tallafawa wakilan gida don gudanar da ci gaba mai ɗorewa.

== Tarihi ==
A matsayin martani ga haɗakar filaye, a shekarar 1991 mutane talatin suka yanke shawarar ƙirƙirar ƙungiya a ƙarƙashin Dokar 1901 (Nord Nature Bavaisis), suna fara shirye-shiryen [[Ilimi na muhalli|ilimin muhalli]], rangadin jagora, tarurrukan makaranta, da sauransu.

A shekara ta 2004, gwamnati (DIREN ta zama DREALs), majalisar [[Departments of France|sashen]] [[Nord (French department)|Nord]], da kuma [[Regional Council (France)|majalisar yankin]] [[Nord-Pas-de-Calais]] sun amince da aikin ƙungiyar. A wannan lokacin ƙungiyar ta zama CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois.  Yana cikin hanyar sadarwa ta kusan 80 CPIE a Faransa.

An yi haɗin gwiwa da ƙungiyar tun lokacin da aka kafa ta da [[Parc naturel régional de l'Avesnois]] .   Sannan, memba ne na kwamitin yanke shawara. 

Ƙungiyar tana da ma'aikata goma. 

== Ayyuka ==
A cewar aikin al'umma, CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois tana bin manufofi uku na dabaru: 

* don ƙara ilimi game da bambancin halittu domin kare shi
* don haɓaka ɗabi'un muhalli da kuma ƙarfafa himma ga aiki
* don taimakawa wakilan gida



=== Kiyaye yanayi ===
Ƙungiyar ita ce mamallaki kuma mai kula da Wurin Ajiye Nature na Yankin Carrière des Nerviens, wanda aka ware a ranar 25 ga Mayu 2009 ta hanyar shawarar majalisar yankin Nord-Pas-de-Calais .  Bisa ga tsarin kula da muhalli, ana gudanar da sa ido da kula da furanni kowace shekara. Kwamitin gudanarwa yana ba da shawara ga mai aiki.

Kamfanin CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois ya kafa wani katafaren jerin [[Arable plants|tsire-tsire masu shuka]] don shirya tatlas. 

Tun daga shekarar 2007, CPIE, tare da haɗin gwiwar [[Conservatoire botanique national de Bailleul]] da dakin gwaje-gwaje na ilmin halittu na tsirrai na Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Lille, suna sa ido kan tsire-tsire biyu masu daraja a muhalli, daffodil na daji  da kuma gagea na Belgium . Manufar ita ce inganta ilimin muhallinsu da kuma kare su.

CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois kuma yana nazarin lambun dormouse, tare da haɗin gwiwar **',  da kuma babban shukar dodder, wanda ba kasafai ake samunsa a matakin yanki ba. 
Fayil:Narcissus_pseudonarcissus1.jpg|
Fayil:Gagea_spathacea_kz1.jpg|alt=Side view of the Belgian gagea plant|
Fayil:Cuscuta_europaea.jpg|alt=Inflorescence of the greater dodder|


### Taimaka wa wakilan gida
Ƙungiyar tana kuma tallafawa ƙananan hukumomi, ƙungiyoyin ƙananan hukumomi, da sauran kamfanoni.  domin ayyukansu su yi daidai da ƙa'idodin ci gaba mai ɗorewa, musamman Ajanda ta 21 kan kula da muhalli.

Tun daga shekarar 2011, CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois tana tare da ƙananan hukumomi  ko ƙungiyoyin ilimi don cimma nasarar kula da haɗarin da ke tattare da al'umma ko makaranta. Hakanan tana ilmantar da yara game da haɗarin da ke tattare da muhalli. 

## Manazarta
Kungiyar Ornithological ta Japan

Ƙungiyar Ornithological Society of Japan  wata ƙungiyar ilimi ce ta ƙasar Japan da aka kafa a shekarar 1912. Tana buga mujallu da takardu kuma tana taimakawa wajen yaɗa bayanai game da tsuntsayen Japan da kuma ilmin ornithology gabaɗaya. 

## Mujallu

* Tori (鳥) (1915–1986; vols. 1–34)
* Japanese Journal of Ornithology (日本鳥学会誌) (1986–; vols. 35–)
* *Ornithological Science* (2002–; vols. 1–)

## Shugabanni
Shugabannin ƙungiyar tun daga lokacin da aka kafa ta sun haɗa da: 

* Iijima Isao (1912–1921)
* Takatsukasa Nobusuke (1922-1946)
*  (1946–1947)
* Kuroda Nagamichi (1947-1963)
* Yamashina Yoshimaro (1963-1970)
* Kuroda Naghasa (1970–1975)
*  (1975–1981)
* Kuroda Naghasa (1981–1990)

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Manipuri ta Turai

**Ƙungiyar Manipuri ta Turai** *(EMA), * agaji ce mai zaman kanta da ke wakiltar al'ummar Meitei (mutanen da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje na Manipuri) a Turai . An kafa ta ne don haɓaka muradun al'adu, zamantakewa, da jinƙai na mutanen asalin Manipuri,  EMA tana shirya tarurrukan al'umma, tana shiga cikin fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a kan batutuwan da suka shafi Manipur, kuma tana samar da dandamali ga al'ummar da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje don kiyaye asalin al'adu .  

## Tarihi
EMA ta kasance tana aiki tun aƙalla 2013. Tana gudanar da tarurrukan zamantakewa na shekara-shekara da tarurrukan jigogi na jama'a a faɗin Turai don haɗa iyalai na Manipuri, haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a game da al'adu, da kuma ƙarfafa hulɗar al'umma. Abubuwan da take gudanarwa galibi suna nuna abincin gargajiya na Manipuri, ayyukan wasanni, wasannin kwaikwayo na al'adu, da tattaunawa kan batutuwan zamantakewa da siyasa da suka shafi Manipur .   

## Tsarin ƙungiya
Kwamitin zartarwa da aka zaɓa ne ke jagorantar EMA. Mukamai sun haɗa da Shugaba, Babban Sakatare, Sakataren Kuɗi, Sakataren Yaɗa Labarai, Mai Gudanar da Al'adu, Sakataren Wasanni, da Mai Gudanar da Tallafi na Janar. Ana gudanar da zaɓe sau biyu a shekara.  

### Kwamitocin zartarwa na baya

; 2013–2015

* Shugaba: Okram Bishwajit (Sake zaɓe, Jamhuriyar Ireland )

* Babban Sakatare: Khangembam Somorendro ( Jamus )

* Sakataren Kudi: Pinky Hijam (wanda ya yi murabus a tsakiyar wa'adi, wanda aka maye gurbinsa da Rajyalakshmi Downes, London, UK )

* Sakataren Yada Labarai: Tiken Laishram (Nabakumar Salam, UK ya maye gurbinsa)

* Mai Gudanar da Al'adu: Promila Huidrom ( Norway )

* Mai Gudanar da Tallafi na Gabaɗaya: Andrew Nangsha 

; 2015–2017

* Shugaba: Dr. Krishnananda Sharma Shamurailatpam

* Babban Sakatare: Indrasekhar Mayengbam

* Sakatariyar Kudi: Sobita Khangembam

EMA tana shiga cikin fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a game da siyasa, zamantakewa, da kuma matsalolin muhalli a Manipur.   

### Takardar Bayani Kan Rikicin Manipur (2024)
A watan Yulin 2024, EMA ta gabatar da wata takarda ga Vikram K. Doraiswami, Babban Kwamishinan Indiya a Burtaniya, inda ta nuna yadda rikicin kabilanci ke ci gaba da faruwa a Manipur tsakanin al'ummomin Meitei da Kuki .    EMA ta jaddada:

* Gyara da kuma biyan diyya ga mutanen da suka rasa matsuguninsu a cikin gida .

* Katangar kan iyakar Indo-Myanmar da kuma tabbatar da tsaro tare da Rundunar Tsaron Kan Iyakoki (BSF) .

* Yaƙin neman tara kuɗi don ayyukan jin kai a Manipur   

## Ci gaban al'umma
EMA tana tallafawa 'yan ƙasashen waje da ke cikin mawuyacin hali kuma tana ƙarfafa shirye-shirye don jin daɗin zamantakewa, kare muhalli, da kuma shigar da matasa cikin harkokinsu.   Shirye-shiryen sun haɗa da:

* Bita na ilimi ga yara 

* Ayyukan tsaftace muhalli
Lamri Ali

Datuk **Lamri Ali** tsohon darektan Sabah Parks ne. A taron yanki na Ƙungiyar Kare Muhalli ta Duniya (IUCN) da aka gudanar a watan Disamba na 1999 a Pakse, Laos, an ba Ali lambar yabo ta WCPA - IUCN Fred M. Packard . Wannan lambar yabo ta nuna gudunmawarsa ga kiyaye yanayi da kuma motsi na yankunan da aka kare a Malaysia . Datuk Lamri shi ne kaɗai ɗan ƙasar Malaysia da ya sami wannan lambar yabo.

An sanya wa *Nepenthes × alisaptrana*, wani nau'in shukar tukwane guda biyu da aka fi sani da Bornean, suna don girmama shi. 

## Manazarta