Ada Sacchi Simonetta

Ada Sacchi Simonetta (19 Afrilu 1874 – 13 Janairu 1944) ma'aikacin laburare na Italiya ne kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata. A lokacin da take a matsayin shugaba na jama'a library da gidajen tarihi a Mantua, ta gabatar da sababbin ayyuka da shirye-shirye don sa ɗakin karatu ya zama dimokiradiyya da kuma isa ga mutane da yawa, ciki har da ranar Lahadi hours, da jama'a kasida catalog, da kuma asibiti dakunan karatu ga sojoji a lokacin yakin duniya na 1. Kore da wuya tattalin arziki yanayin fuskantar da dakunan karatu a Italiya, Sacchi kafa wata kasa ƙungiya don library da gidan kayan gargajiya jami'an, wanda a ƙarshe ya zama ɗakin ɗakin karatu na Italiyanci da jami'an gidan kayan gargajiya, wanda ya ba da sha'awa ga ɗakin karatu na Italiyanci. Sacchi kuma ta kasance mai aiki a cikin ƙungiyar yancin mata ta Italiya, ta kafa ƙungiyar Mantuan ta Ƙungiyar Mata da kuma yin aiki a matsayin shugabar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Mata ta Italiya da 'Yancin Jama'a da Siyasa.

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Shekarun farko
An haifi Ada Sacchi a ranar 19 ga Afrilu 1874, a Mantua, Italiya, ga Achille Sacchi da Elena Casati. Ita ce auta a cikin yara 10. Bayan da Elena Casati ya mutu a 1882, marubucin Ingilishi kuma mai ba da agaji Jessie White Mario ya zama mahaifiyar Sacchi. Sacchi ta sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare a 1890 kuma ta koma Genoa, inda ta kammala karatunta kuma ta sauke karatu daga kwaleji a 1898. Tare da 'yan uwanta Maria da Stella, Sacchi na ɗaya daga cikin mata 257 na farko da suka kammala kwaleji a Italiya. A 1899, Sacchi ya auri malamin Quintavalle Simonetta. Suna da 'ya'ya uku: Bono (1903-1992), Elena (1905), da Alberto (1907-1910). Har zuwa 1902, Sacchi ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a Modena da Mantova . [1]

### Aikin karatu

#### Jagoran Laburaren Jama'a na Mantua
A ranar 11 ga Janairun 1902 Sacchi ta zama shugabar ɗakin karatu na jama'a da gidajen tarihi na birni a Mantua, matsayinta har zuwa 1925. Ta hanyar aikinta a cikin ɗakunan karatu, Sacchi yana so ya sanya abin da ya kasance cibiyar fitacciyar dimokiradiyya, a cikin al'adar Risorgimento na Italiyanci, yana buɗe shi ga mutane da yawa. Ta nemi ƙara yawan masu karatu, karanta littattafai, lamuni, da sabbin sayayya. A ƙarshen 1902, Sacchi ya ƙara yawan masu karatu zuwa 6,509, daga 2,918 a 1900; adadin littattafan da aka karanta a ɗakin karatu zuwa 7,862 daga 3,695; da adadin lamuni zuwa 843 daga 425. Sacchi ya gabatar da sabbin abubuwa na aiki, kamar sa'o'in Lahadi a 1903, wanda ya kawo ƙarin ma'aikata zuwa ɗakin karatu, kuma, a kusa da 1909, kundin katin da jama'a za su iya tuntuɓar kansu. Ta kuma ba da shawarar ƙirƙirar wani sanannen sashe na ɗakin karatu a cikin 1909, kodayake an yi watsi da wannan shawara har zuwa 1912. A duk kokarin da ta yi, Sacchi ta gano cewa gwamnatin garin ta nuna rashin sha’awarta da kuma rashin goyon bayan aikinta.  Haka kuma an biya ta kasa da na maza mataimakin darakta a ɗakin karatu. 

#### Ƙungiyar ɗakin karatu da jami'an gidan kayan gargajiya
Sakamakon mawuyacin yanayi na ɗakunan karatu a Italiya, Sacchi ya yanke shawarar cewa lokaci ya yi da za a fara ƙungiya don ɗakunan karatu na jama'a, don faɗaɗa muhawara game da makomar tsarin ɗakin karatu na jama'a na Italiya da kuma ba da shawarar samun diyya ta gaskiya daga gwamnatocin gari. Ta aika da wasiƙa zuwa ga daraktocin ɗakin karatu na jama’a 120 a faɗin ƙasar, inda ta yi kira da a kafa irin wannan ƙungiya, kuma a watan Yuni na shekara ta 1911, Sacchi ya kira taron ƙasa na farko na ɗakunan karatu na jama’a. An kafa ƙungiyar National Association for Library and Town and Provincial Museum Jami'an, kuma Sacchi ya zama shugaban farko. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan farko na ƙungiyar shi ne aika wa ƙananan hukumomi nazarin yanayin halin yanzu na ɗakunan karatu na jama'a a Italiya, lura da rashin ma'aikatan ɗakin karatu, da kuma ba da shawarar cewa ɗakin karatu ya zama mahimmanci ga ilimi. Sun kuma bukaci karin tallafin kudi. 

A cikin Disamba 1915, ƙungiyar ta dakatar da ayyukanta saboda yakin duniya na ɗaya, ko da yake a cikin 1917, sun yi nasarar samun keɓewa don biyan kuɗin gidan waya don aika littattafai tsakanin ɗakunan karatu. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, Sacchi ya ƙirƙira ƙananan ɗakunan karatu ga sojojin da suka ji rauni a asibitin Mantua. A shekara ta 1917, an rarraba littattafai 6,000, kuma an buɗe ɗakin karatu da maraice don sojojin da suke hidima a Mantua da ke wajen asibiti. A shekara ta 1920, Sacchi ta yi murabus daga matsayinta na shugabar kungiyar, ko da yake ta ci gaba da ci gaba da aiki a kungiyar. 

#### Ayyukan ɗakin karatu na ƙasa
A cikin 1923, Sacchi ta rubuta labarin a cikin *Il Popolo d'Italia*, "Jihar Laburaren Jama'a a Italiya," wanda ta sake tabbatar da bukatun ɗakunan karatu na Italiya: sake tsara tsarin tsarin ɗakin karatu, ikon sarrafa ikon kansa ga ɗakunan karatu a manyan biranen larduna, kafa makarantun kimiyyar ɗakin karatu, da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin makarantu da ɗakunan karatu. Ta kuma fito ta nuna adawa da samar da dakunan karatu na makaranta, inda ta ce ba ta jin suna da tasiri. 

Duk da cewa Sacchi ba ta halarci taron shekara-shekara na kungiyar ba a 1925, saboda rashin lafiya, shugabar kungiyar Giuseppe Agnelli ta karanta jawabinta a kan "Dangantaka tsakanin Laburaren Jiha da Jama'a da Larduna da Gidajen tarihi dangane da ayyukansu." A cikin wannan jawabin, ta sake nanata mahimmancin wata hukuma ta jiha ta kasance mai kula da wadannan cibiyoyin al'adu. A cikin 1928, ta gabatar da jawabi a Babban Taron Kasa na Biyu na Jama'a da Laburaren Larduna da Gidajen Tarihi da Daraktocin Tarihi, "Dokokin da Ayyukan Laburaren Jama'a," tare da sake tabbatar da buƙatar ɗakin karatu a kowane gari. A wannan taro, kungiyar da Sacchi ya kafa ta kada kuri'ar hadewa da dakunan karatu na jiha a wata sabuwar kungiya. A cikin 1929, Sacchi ya halarci taron "Majalisar Littattafai na Duniya na Farko da Littattafai," inda aka ƙaddamar da sabuwar Ƙungiyar Lantarki ta Italiya (a hukumance a cikin 1930). Sacchi ta ba da gudummawar *kasida ta takarda da kuma yuwuwar yin shawarwari na Jami'ar Ba da shawara*, a cikin abin da ta bayyana hangen nesanta don rarraba bincike kyauta don tallafawa ci gaban kimiyya. Ta bayar da hujjar cewa littattafan da dalibai suka rubuta sun kasance a cikin "kaburburan tarihin Jami'ar," kuma tana so ta samar da su a ɗakunan karatu na jami'o'i ta hanyar samar da fihirisar kasa, wanda za'a iya rarrabawa ga dukkan ɗakunan karatu na larduna, ta hanyar yin musayar duniya. 

### Hakkokin mata
Dukansu Sacchi da 'yar uwarta Beatrice sun shiga cikin gwagwarmayar kare hakkin mata. A cikin 1909, Sacchi ya kafa babi na Mantuan na Ƙungiyar Mace, wanda ya ba da shawarar yin zabe, kawar da karuwanci, saki, da kuma sana'a ga mata. Sannan ta fara makarantar mata da yamma, makarantar dinkin yamma, makarantar ma’aikatan jinya, da sauran tsare-tsare na mata da yara. 

Godiya ga kokarin Sacchi, Mantua ya zama cibiyar kula da mata a Lombardy, wani lokaci ya saba da ilimin kimiyyar mata na Rome, inda 'yar'uwar Sacchi Beatrice ke aiki. A cikin 1917, ƙungiyoyin biyu sun ɓata, lokacin da ƙungiyar daga Mantua, tare da Sacchi a shugabanta, ta rabu da kanta daga dandalin neman zaɓe na hukuma na ƙungiyar, suna adawa da tsawaita jefa ƙuri'a ga mata saboda suna tunanin cewa, a cikin lokacin kafin yaƙin, tsaka-tsakin mata na Italiya na iya kai ƙasar cikin yaƙi. 

Sacchi ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin wakilai goma sha biyu na Italiya a Majalisar Tara ta Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Mata ta Duniya, da aka gudanar a Roma a 1923. A cikin 1928, ta zama shugabar Tarayyar Italiya don Suffrage na Mata da 'Yancin Jama'a da Siyasa (FISEDD), sashin Italiyanci na IWSA. 

### Bayan shekaru
A lokacin mulkin Benito Mussolini, Sacchi bai zama memba na jam'iyyar Fasisti ba. Sakamakon haka, an tilasta mata yin murabus daga ɗakin karatu, kuma, a cikin 1935, an kore ta daga matsayinta na shugabar FISEDD.  A cikin 1939, Sacchi da danginta sun ƙaura zuwa Niteròi, Brazil, inda ta mutu a 1944. 

## Ayyuka

* , Mantova 1902
* , in , n.s., II (1926), 1-4, pp.&nbsp;115–121
* , Bologna 1927
* , Roma 1930
* , Mantova 1932
* , Mantova s.d.

## Manazarta