open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Merid Wolde Aregay

**Merid Wolde Aregay** (1934 ko 1935&nbsp;- 2008) masanin tarihi ne na Habasha kuma masani a fannin karatu da ilimi na ƙasar Habasha.  

An haifi Merid Wolde Aregay a garin Adwa a shekarar 1927 bisa kalandar Habasha. Ya sami BA a shekara ta 1956 daga  University College of Addis Ababa, a yanzu Jami'ar Addis Ababa. Daga nan ne aka tura shi don samun digiri na biyu a fannin ilimi daga Jami’ar Harvard (1957), sannan ya yi digiri na biyu a fannin tarihi daga Jami’ar Chicago (1959). Ya kammala digirinsa na uku a Makarantar Nazarin Gabas da Afirka da ke Landan (1971).

Ya koyi harsuna iri-iri, na Habasha da na waje: "ban da Amharic (Tigriñña, Geʽez, wasu Oromo) da kuma harsunan Turai da dama bayan Ingilishi (Italiyanci, Faransanci, Fotigal)".  Tare da iliminsa na Fotigal, ya kasance ƙwararren masani kan tarihin tasirin Katolika na Portuguese da mu'amala a tarihin Habasha.

Rubuce-rubucensa sun shafi batutuwa daban-daban, yankuna, da lokutan tarihin Habasha. Ana kuma tuna masa da kyakkyawar mu’amalarsa da dimbin ɗalibansa, domin ya shafe tsawon lokaci a ofishinsa har ya zama “gidansa na biyu”.  A lokacin mulkin Dergi a kasar Habasha, ya taimaka wajen kula da Bahru Zewde, wanda aka ɗaure shekaru biyar. 

## Manazarta
Taddesse Tamrat

**Taddesse Tamrat** ( ; 4 Agusta 1935 - 23 Mayu 2013)   masanin tarihi ne na  Habasha kuma masani na nazarin Habasha.  An fi saninsa da marubucin littafin *Coci da Jiha a Habasha 1270-1520* (1972, Jami'ar Oxford Press), littafi ne wanda ya mamaye fagen karatun Habasha. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Taddesse Tamrat a Addis Ababa daga dangi na magatakardar Cocin Orthodox na Habasha.  Ya sami ilimi ta hanyar tsarin gargajiya na Cocin Orthodox na Habasha, inda aka naɗa shi a matsayin diacon. Tun yana matashi ya yi karatu a Holy Trinity Cathedral a Addis Ababa, amma mahaifinsa ya dage cewa ya yi karatu a makarantar cocin gargajiya don ya koyi yaren Ge'ez yadda ya kamata. Ya koma Addis Ababa kuma ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Haile Selassie I tare da digiri na farko a Tarihi a shekarar 1962. Bayan haka, ya sami gurbin karatu a Makarantar Gabas da Nazarin Afirka (School of Oriental and African studies) a Landan inda ya sami digiri na uku a fannin tarihi. A matsayinsa na ɗalibi a can, ya gabatar da wata takarda ta taron ƙarawa juna sani na wasu bayanai a ƙarni na sha biyar Stefanite heresy a cikin Cocin Habasha, wanda bisa shawarar mashawartansa Roland Oliver da Edward Ullendorf aka sallama kuma aka wallafa a *[[Rassegna di Studi Etiopici]]*, labarinsa na farko. aka wallafa a wajen Habasha. Ya nuna arziƙin sa a cikin tushen al'adun Orthodox na Habasha da kuma hulɗar sa tare da duniyar ilimi.

Ya koyar da tarihi a jami'ar Haile Selassie na ɗaya, wacce ta zama jami'ar Addis Ababa bayan juyin juya halin shekarar 1974. Ya zama darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Habasha a jami'a kuma ya kasance mai himma a cikin shirya tarurrukan taron ƙasa da ƙasa na Nazarin Habasha. 

Ya sami lambar yabo ta girmamawa a Colège de France kuma an naɗa shi a matsayin mai daraja a Makarantar Gabas da Nazarin Afirka. An sanya sunan Sashen Rubutun na Cibiyar Nazarin Habasha don girmama shi. Shi da matarsa Almaz da suka yi shekara 45 sun yi aure wanda wasu ke sha’awar irinsa. 

A cikin shekarun baya, Taddesse ya yi jinyar rashin lafiyarsa a asibiti a Chicago. Matarsa mai shekaru 45 ta rasu a watan Yulin 2012. Ya rasu a ranar 23 ga watan Mayu 2013, kuma ya bar ‘ya’yansa mata uku. 

## Manazarta
Violet Showers Johnson

**Violet Showers Johnson** farfesa ce ta tarihi kuma darektan nazarin Africana a Jami'ar Texas A&M . An haife ta a Legas, Najeriya ga iyayenta me suna Saliyo Creole, kuma ta girma a Najeriya da Saliyo .￼

## Ilimi
Johnson ta sami BA (girmama a tarihi) daga Kwalejin Fourah Bay, Jami'ar Saliyo ; MA daga Jami'ar New Brunswick, Kanada ; da kuma Ph.D. daga Kwalejin Boston . Ta koyar a Kwalejin Fourah Bay kafin ta koma Amurka a 1985 akan Kwalejin Fulbright . Bayan shekaru ashirin a Agnes Scott College a Decatur, Georgia, ta koma Jami'ar Texas A&M a watan Yuli 2012. Ita mataimakiyar shugaba ce kuma farfesa a tarihi a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Liberal .  

## Bincike da wallafe-wallafe
Ba'amurkiya da ta zama ɗan adam, asalin Johnson na da na ilimi ya tsara yawancin ayyukanta na Malanta da ƙwarewa. Ta mai da hankali kan kabilanci, ƙabilu da hijira, tarihin Amurkan Afirka, tarihin Afirka, da tarihin ƴan Afirka . Ta yi rubuce-rubuce da yawa kan kwarewar baƙi  a Amurka. Littattafanta sun haɗa da *Sauran Baƙar fata Boston: Indiyawan Yamma a Boston (Indiana University Press, 2006)* ; *To, menene Ba’amurke Ba’amurke?* *Asalin Afirka da Afro-Caribbean a cikin Baƙar fata Amurka (Jarida na Tarihin Kabilanci na Amurka, 2008)* ; tare da Marilyn Halter,  *Ba'amurke & Ba'amurke: Afirka ta Yamma a cikin Bayan-Yancin Jama'a Amurka (NYU Press, 2014)* . Ta yi aiki a matsayin editan jagora don kundin kasidu mai suna *Deferred Dreams, Defiant Struggles: Critical Perspectives on Blackness, Belonging, and Civil Rights (Liverpool University Press, 2018)* . 

Johnson itace shugabar Collegium for African American Research (CAAR), ƙwararrun ƙungiyar bincike da ke Turai. 

## Manazarta
Asfaw Yemiru

**Asfaw Yemiru** (an haife shi 1941–1943–ya mutu a ranar 8  ga watan Mayu 2021) malami ne ɗan ƙasar Habasha wanda ya kafa makarantar Asra Hawariat don talakawa.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Yemiru daga shekarun 1941 zuwa 1943  a Bulga, Habasha. Mahaifinsa limamin Coptic ne. Lokacin da yake ɗan shekara tara, ya yi tattaki zuwa Addis Ababa, tafiyar , da 50 cents. Yemiru ya yi aiki a kan tituna, yana barci a Cathedral na St. George na kusan watanni goma sha hudu. Daga karshe ya sami aiki a matsayin bawa ga wata Baturkiya kuma ya sami ilimi. Yemiru ya tafi makarantar kwana ta Janar Wingate akan tallafin karatu wanda ya samu nasara. A makarantar ya fara ba wa mabarata abincin da ba su ci ba a kusa da ginin, kuma tun yana ɗan shekara 14 ya fara koyar da su bayan kammala karatunsa. A cikin shekara ta 1960, azuzuwan Yemiru na da ɗalibai kusan 300, kuma a shekara ta gaba Haile Selassie ya ba shi fili don gina makaranta — bayan Yemiru ya yi tsalle a gaban limousine na sarki don murna. Lokacin da aka kammala ginin, yana da kayan aiki na yau da kullun, wanda ya ƙunshi ajujuwa goma.   

Domin tara kuɗaɗe ga makarantar Asra Hawariat na talakawa, Yemiru ya yi tattaki tsakanin Addis Ababa da Harar, tafiyar  . Makarantar ta sami tallafi daga wurare daban-daban, ciki har da cin caca da ba a yi nasara ba, Kwalejin Winchester, da Haile Selassie. An gina harabar karatu na biyu tun daga shekarar 1972.  A shekara ta 2001, an ba shi lambar yabo ta yara ta duniya don 'yancin yara.   Makarantar ta koyar da yara sama da 120,000 a shekara ta 2020. Ta girma ta ƙunshi azuzuwa 64, ɗakin karatu, da ɗakunan kwanan ɗalibai.   

Yemiru ya auri Senayet kuma ya haifi ‘ya’ya uku.

## Manazarta
James Tarkowski

**James Alan Tarkowski** (an haife shi 19 Nuwamba 1992) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Ingila wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan baya na ƙungiyar Premier League Everton.  

## Manazarta
Jordan Pickford

**Jordan Pickford** (an haife shi 7 Maris 1994) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Ingila wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida don ƙungiyar Premier League Everton da kuma   tawagar ƙasar Ingila.

## Manazarta
Mustapha Ahmad Isa

## Mustapha Ahmad Isa
Malami ne kuma shine mataimakin shugaban Jami'ar Yusuf Maitama Sule.Mustapha yayi aiki na tsawon shekara biyar 2015 zuwa 2020 wanda Farfesa Mukhtar Atiku Kurawa ya gaje shi.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Mustapha a watan Mayun 1965 a Yola Quarters, karamar hukuma a Jihar Kano, Najeriya . Ya fara karatun firamare a makarantar firamare ta Shahuci (1977). Ya yi makarantar Yolawa Union School kuma ya samu takardar shaidar Islamiyya a can. Mohammed ya yi karatun BA a harshen Hausa (1987) a Jami'ar Bayero, Kano. Ya sami Masters (1990) da Digiri na Digiri (1994) a Jami'ar Indiana, Bloomington, Indiana, Amurka, tare da ƙarami da babba a cikin Ingilishi da ilimin harshe bi da bi.

## Sana'a
Mustapha Farfesa ne a fannin Ingilishi. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Daraktan Tsare-Tsare na Ilimi sannan kuma memba a Majalisar Gudanarwa a Jami'ar Bayero, Kano.

## Labarai
Mustapha yana da wallafe-wallafe daban-daban waɗanda ya rubuta kuma ya haɗa su.

## Manazarta
Bahru Zewde

**Bahru Zewde** an haife shi a shekara ta 1947 a Addis Ababa, masani ne a fannin tarihi ne kuma marubuci ɗan ƙasar Habasha.  Ya yi rubuce-rubuce da yawa game da tarihin Habasha na zamani (1855 zuwa yanzu) kuma a yanzu malami ne na farko a Jami'ar Addis Ababa inda ya taɓa zama Shugaban Sashen Tarihi da Daraktan Cibiyar Nazarin Habasha. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Ya sami BA a Tarihi tare da distinction daga Jami'ar Haile Selassie I (yanzu ana kiranta Jami'ar Addis Ababa) a shekara ta 1970 ya samu Ph.D. a fannin tarihin Afirka daga Makarantar Gabas da Nazarin Afirka (School of Oriental and African Studies) a Jami'ar London a shekarar 1976. 

## Sana'a
Baya ga shi farfesa ne a Jami'ar Addis Ababa, Zewde ya kasance malami mai ziyara a Jami'ar Illinois a Urbana-Champaign a shekara ta 1992 da Jami'ar Hamburg a shekara ta 2002.  Har ila yau, ya yi abokantaka a Kwalejin Burtaniya, Jami'ar Oxford, da Gidauniyar Japan.

## wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa

* *Tarihin Habasha ta zamani 1855-* *1991* . Suffolk: James Currey . 1991.  
* Pioneers of Change In Ethiopia: the Reformist Intellectuals of the Early Twentieth Century.  Athens: Jami'ar Ohio Press. 2002; Oxford: James Currey. 2002.
* *<nowiki/>'Between the Jaws of Hyenas': A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia 1876-1896. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 2002., editor.*. 
* Land, Gender and the Periphery: Themes in the History of Eastern and Southern Africa. Addis Ababa: Organisation for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa. 2005., editor..
* Documenting the Ethiopian Student Movement: an Exercise in Oral History. Addis Ababa: Forum for Social Studies. 2010..
* Documenting the Ethiopian Student Movement: an Exercise in Oral History. Addis Ababa: Forum for Social Studies. 2010.
* Society & State in Ethiopian History. Los Angeles: TSEHAI Publishers. 2012..
* The Quest for Socialist Utopia: The Ethiopian Student Movement, c. 1960-1974. Suffolk: James Currey. 2014.

## Manazarta
Zeynep Fadıllıoğlu

**Zeynep Fadıllıoğlu** (shekara 1955, Istanbul ) ƴar ƙasar Turkiyya ce mai zanen gine-gine kuma mai shiga da fuce a kamfanin kera gine-gine na Turkiyya. A shekarar 2009 ne ta kera gine-ginen masallacin Şakirin na Istanbul don yabon duniya, mai yiwuwa ta zama mace ta farko da ta fara zayyana masallaci.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Fadillioglu ta yi karatun kimiyyar kwamfuta a Jami'ar Sussex kuma tana Cibiyar Kula da Bayanai. A cikin shekara 1978, ta zama mai sha'awar ƙirar ciki, ta kammala kwas a tarihin fasaha da ƙira a Makarantar Zane ta Inchbald ta London. Kasancewar ta sha’awar duniyar gidajen abinci da kulake sakamakon sana’ar maigidanta, ta ci gaba da zayyana wasu cibiyoyi ashirin 20 kafin ta kafa kamfani nata mai suna Zeynep Fadıllıoğlu Design ko ZF Design, inda ta kammala ayyuka sama da 140. Tare da ma'aikatan 18, kamfaninta yana hada gine-gine, masu zanen ciki da masu fasaha. Tana da lasisi a Qatar, Netherlands, Indiya da Turkiyya.   Ana iya ganin misalan gidajen cin abinci nata, otal-otal da gidajen alatu a New Delhi, Abu Dhabi da London.  An yaba da zanen da Fadillioglu ta yi na masallacin Şakirin duk da cewa da alama shi ne karon farko da mace ta kera wani masallaci.  Baya ga kula da ɗakin studio ɗinta, Zeynep Fadıllıoğlu tana koyarwa a Jami'ar Istanbul Bilgi. 

## Zana Masallacin Şakirin
Fadıllıoğlu itace  mai zanen ciki na Masallacin Şakirin da ke Istanbul, inda ta hada fasahohin zamani da fasahar Musulunci. Gudumawarta sun haɗa da bada wani babban yanki na ƙarfe a sama da ƙofar shiga, wata maƙala mai lanƙwasa mai kyan gani da chandelier na gilashin da aka kera a China. Bisa la'akari da kulawa ta musamman ga mata, ta tabbatar da cewa babban hoton mata ya dace da yankin maza na masallacin cikin Yana  da girma da kyau. An raba shi da sauran masallatai kawai ta hanyar tsattsauran ramuka. Chandelier ya ƙunshi dunƙule masu siffa kamar ɗigon ruwa, yana tunawa da addu'ar cewa hasken Allah ya faɗi kamar ruwan sama. Manyan tagogin suna da zane-zanen zinare masu tunawa da shafuffuka na Alqur'ani. Gabaɗayan ra'ayi shine ɗayan haske, sarari da ladabi. An gina masallacin ne domin tunawa da Ibrahim da Semiha Şakir daga zuriyarsu. Zeynep Fadıllıoğlu a haƙiƙanin ƙanwarsu ce.  

Zanen da Fadıllıoğlu

Ta yi a masallacin ya sa ta zama mace ta farko da ta fara zayyana cikin masallacin, da kuma mace ta farko da ta fara zayyana masallaci a kasar Turkiyya ta zamani.  

## Kyauta
Daga cikin kyaututtukan da Fadıllıoglu ta samu akwai:  

* Andrew Martin International Designer of the Year Award shekara (2002)
* House & Lambun Mai Zane na Cikin Gida na Shekarar (2002)
* Mai Zane Na Zamani Na Shekara, Kyaututtukan Ƙira da Ado (London, shekara2005) don wani gida da ke kallon Bosphorus
* The Wifts Foundation International Visionary Award shekara (2011)

## Nassoshi
Albert Ondo Ossa

**Albert Ondo Ossa** ɗan siyasar ƙasar Gabon ne, memban ƙungiyoyin jama'a kuma mataimakin farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Omar Bongo.

## Sana'a
A cikin shekarar 1987, Albert Ondo Ossa ya ci jarrabawar gasa a faculties of Economics and Management a Dakar (Senegal). Daga nan ya wuce dukkan maki a jami'a a Jami'ar Omar Bongo Ondimba inda ya zama shugaban sashen tattalin arziki daga shekarun 1988 zuwa 1990 sannan a shekarar 1990 ya zama shugaban tsangayar shari'a da tattalin arziki. A cikin shekarar 1993, ya kafa, a cikin wannan jami'a, Laboratory of Applied Economics (LEA) wanda shi ne darekta, kuma wanda aka buga mujallar tun a shekarar 2013. A shekarar 1996 ya samu muƙamin cikakken farfesa. Wannan aikin sa na ilimi kuma yana da fa'idar gwagwarmayar ƙungiyar. Ya kasance memba na SNEC (Ƙungiyar Malamai da Masu Bincike) daga shekarun 1990 zuwa 1998. Wannan ita ce ƙungiya ta farko ta 'yanci wacce ta ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci, a cikin shekarar 1990 a Gabon.

Albert Ondo Ossa ya ba da gudummawar da/ko gudanar da aiki a cikin yanki game da tambayoyin daidaitawa na manufofin kasafin kuɗi, manufofin kuɗi, da sauran batutuwan tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da siyasa. Ya yi aiki musamman a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga ma'aikatar tsare-tsare ta Gabon da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan aikin Gabon na shekarar 2025.

## Aikin siyasa
A cikin shekarar  2006, Albert Ondo Ossa ya shiga gwamnati, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Shugaba Omar Bongo da Firayim Minista Jean Eyeghe Ndong. Ya kasance Ministan Ilimi na Ƙasa da Ilimi Mai Girma (2006), Ministan Ilimi da Bincike (2007), Ministan Bincike na Kimiyya da Ci gaban Fasaha (2008). Ya kasance ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa a zaɓen 2009 bayan mutuwar shugaba Omar Bongo Ondimba.

### 2023 babban zaɓe da juyin mulki
A gabanin babban zaɓen Gabon na shekarar 2023 da aka gudanar a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, jam’iyyun adawa shida sun haɗe wuri guda don kafa Alternance 2023.  Bayan tattaunawa a cikin Alternance 2023 gamayyar, an zaɓe shi a matsayin babban ɗan takarar adawa Ali Bongo Ondimba.    An soke sakamakon zaɓen bayan juyin mulkin bayan kwanaki hudu.  

Bayan juyin mulkin, Ossa ya bayyana cewa yana fatan sojoji su mika masa mulkin ƙasar Gabon.  Ya kuma soki juyin mulkin, yana mai kiransa "abin takaici", "al'amarin iyali" da "juyin sarauta", yana mai cewa 'yar'uwar Bongo ce Pascaline Bongo ce ta shirya shi kuma ya lura cewa Janar Brice Oligui ne ya jagoranta. shima ɗan uwan Bongo. A tare da zaɓen, ya kira abubuwan da suka faru a baya-bayan nan "juyin mulki biyu a ɗaya".

## Manazarta
Yoko Alender

**Yoko Alender** (an haife ta sha uku ga watan 13 Yuni shekara 1979)ita  yar  ƙasar Estoniya ce, ma'aikaciyar gwamnati kuma yar  siyasa. Ita memba ce ta XIV Estoniya Majalisar da Riigikogu, kuma tayi aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin muhalli. Ta kuma kasance memba a majalisar XIII na Estoniya a cikin shekara 2015-19. Tun shekara 2014, ta kasance memba na jam'iyyar Reform Party mai sassaucin ra'ayi . Daga shekara 2013 zuwa shekara 2014, Alender ta kasance a Pro Patria mai ra'ayin mazan jiya da Res Publica Union.

## Ilimi

Daga shekara 1986-1989, ta halarci Makarantar Tallinn No. 7. A shekara 1989, ta fara karatu a makarantar Estoniya a Stockholm, inda ta ci gaba har zuwa shekara 1995. Ta halarci dakin motsa jiki na Södra Latins daga shekara 1995 zuwa -shekara 1999. A cikin shekara 1999, ta fara karatu a Estoniya Academy of Arts, a cikin Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, ta kammala karatun digiri a shekara 2010 tare da digiri na biyu a gine-gine da tsara birni.

## Sana'a
A cikin shekara  2001, ta kasance memba ta kafa Cibiyar Buda ta Estoniya, inda ta ci gaba da kasancewa memba. Daga 2008-2012 ta yi aiki a Sashen Al'adu na Tarihi da  Tallinn, a matsayin Babban ƙwararrun Hukumar, tana aiki tare da wuraren tarihi. 2013-2014 ta yi aiki ga Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta Estoniya, a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan gine-gine da ƙira.

Hakanan ana horar da ita kuma tana aiki a matsayin malamin yoga kuma mai ba da shawara kan haɓaka mutum, yoga da tunani.

## Na sirri

Ita ce 'yar shahararren mawakin Estoniya, Urmas Alender. Lokacin da Alender ya kai 15, mahaifinta ya mutu a nutsewar *MS Estonia* a Tekun Baltic. Alender yana da yara hudu. Mijinta mawaƙi ne, DJ Julm kuma mai cin abinci (F Hoone & Frank & Tabac). Ta buga labarin mai suna "Mafarkina na Estoniya na 2050". 

## Nassoshi
Horace W. Babcock

* An zabe shi zuwa Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kasa ta Amurka(1954)
* An zabe shi zuwa Cibiyar Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka(1959)
* An zaɓa ga Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amirka(1966)
Kirsteen Mackay

**Kirsteen Mackay** ita yar Biritaniya ce kuma yar 

Ostiraliya, wadda itace mai  Gine-ginen Gwamnatin Australiya ta Kudu .

Ita ce mai rijistar gine-gine a cikin Burtaniya da Kudancin Ostiraliya.

Mackay ta yi karatun gine-gine a Makarantar Fasaha ta Glasgow kuma ta kammala karatun ta na digirinta na biyu  fannin zane a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal da ke Landan. Ta na da gogewar shekaru 15 a cikin ayyukan sirri, irin su Marks Barfield Architects, kuma ta kasance tsohuwar shugabar Binciken Zane a Hukumar Gina Gine-gine da Muhalli ta Burtaniya (CABE) na tsawon shekaru hudu. Mackay ta kasance darekta na kamfanin gine-gine na Springett Mackay Architecture.

Ta kasance abokiyar aikin gine-ginen gwamnati a cikin Office for Design and Architecture SA (ODASA). A cikin Nuwamba shekara 2014 an nada ta Mukaddashin Architect na Gwamnati kuma Mukaddashin Manaja, Gine-gine da Gina Muhalli.

A cikin Yuli shekara 2015 an nada Mackay a matsayin mai Gine-ginen Gwamnatin Kudancin Ostiraliya. A cikin wannan rawar da ta taka ta jagoranci Cibiyar Gine-gine da Gina Muhalli na Sashen Tsare-tsare na Sufuri da Kayan Aiki na SA, tare da shirin Sake Tsara na SA.   

## Nassoshi
E. F. B. Forster

**Edward Francis Bani Forster**, FRSA, FWACP, likita ne dan ƙasar Gambia kuma mai ilimi a Ghana. Shi ne likitan mahaukata na farko ɗan ƙasar Gambia, kuma farfesa a fannin masu taɓin hankali a Jami'ar Ghana. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Kwalejin Likitoci ta Yammacin Afirka daga shekarun 1983 zuwa 1984.

Forster ya kasance memba na Cibiyar Nazarin Likita ta Likitoci, kuma ɗan gidauniyar Kwalejin Likitoci ta Yammacin Afirka. Ya kasance memba  na Royal Society of Arts,  memba na Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy, Amurka, memba na Royal College of Psychiatry, kuma memba na Association of Psychiatrist na Afirka. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Forster a ranar 16 ga watan Disamba 1917 a Banjul, Gambia. Ya yi karatunsa na farko a makarantar firamare ta St. Mary da ke Banjul a ƙasar Gambia daga shekarun 1923 zuwa 1932. A cikin shekarar 1932, an yi masa rajista a Makarantar Grammar Society ta Church a Freetown, Saliyo, da karatun sakandarensa kuma ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1937.  A waccan shekarar ya shiga Kwalejin Trinity, Dublin, Ireland,   inda ya sami Licentiate of Medicine a shekara ta 1943, da Diploma a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a shekara ta 1950.    Daga baya ya cancanci zama memba na Royal College of Physicians, kuma memba na kungiyar likitocin Burtaniya.

## Sana'a
Forster ya fara aikinsa a matsayin likita na gida a Asibitin Hatsari na Birmingham, a cikin West Midlands na Ingila, a cikin shekarar 1943. A cikin shekara ta 1944, ya shiga Asibitin Mental na Warlingham Park a matsayin likitan gida.  A wannan shekarar, an naɗa shi mataimakin jami’in kula da lafiya a babban asibitin Mental da ke Hatton.  Ya yi aiki a can na kimanin shekaru biyu, bayan haka ya zama babban likita a Birmingham, Ingila. Forster ya koma Gambia a cikin shekara ta 1946 kuma ya yi aiki a karkashin ayyukan likitancin mulkin mallaka har zuwa 1951.   Ya shiga Ma'aikatar Lafiya a Accra,  Ghana inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara a fannin taɓin hankali sannan daga baya, likita mai kula da Asibitin masu taɓin hankali na Accra.    Ya yi aiki a wannan matsayi har zuwa 1970 lokacin da ya sami aiki a Jami'ar Ghana. 

Bayan ya yi aiki na kimanin shekaru 19 a matsayin likitan da ke kula da Asibitin Masu taɓin hankali na Accra, an naɗa Forster mataimakin farfesa a fannin ilimin Masu taɓin hankali a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Ghana. A cikin shekarar 1972, an ɗaukaka shi zuwa matsayin farfesa kuma shugaban sashin kula da masu taɓin hankali na Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Ghana.     Ya kasance shugaban Kwalejin Likitoci ta Yammacin Afirka daga shekarun 1983 zuwa 1984.

Forster ya kasance mai karɓar babbar lambar yabo ta Ghana a shekara ta 1973.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Forster shi ne ɗan Hannah Forster; 'yar siyasa mace ta farko 'yar Gambia, kuma ɗan'uwan Catherine Collier; Ma'aikacin Radiyon Gambia na farko.  Ya auri Essi Matilda Forster ( *née* Christian, wacce ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama lauya a Gold Coast) a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba 1944.   Tare, sun haifi 'ya'ya uku: mace ɗaya da maza biyu.  Abubuwan sha'awar Forster sune tafiya, da karatu.

## Manazarta
Badara Joof

**Badara Alieu Joof** (1957/1958 - 17 Janairu 2023)  ɗan siyasar Gambia ne kuma ma'aikacin gwamnati, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ƙasar Gambiya daga shekarar 2022 har zuwa rasuwarsa.Ya taɓa riƙe muƙamin Ministan Ilimi mai zurfi, Bincike, Kimiyya da Fasaha daga shekarun 2017 zuwa 2022.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Joof ɗalibi ne a makarantar sakandare ta Armitage kuma ya sami horo ne a matsayin malami da kansa a Kwalejin Malamai ta Yundum.Ya yi digirin farko na ilimi a jami'ar Bristol, da digiri na biyu a fannin adabin Ingilishi a jami'ar Landan, sannan ya yi digiri na biyu a fannin raya tattalin arziki a jami'ar Bath.

## Sana'ar sana'a
Joof ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ƙwararren malami, yana koyar da Turanci a Kwalejin Gambia. Sannan ya kasance shugaban sashen harsuna da adabi a makarantar sakandare ta Nusrat. Ya kasance babban sakatare a ma’aikatar ilimi tsawon shekaru. A cikin watan Maris 2002, an ba da rahoton cewa an mayar da shi babban sakatare a ma'aikatar ƙananan hukumomi da filaye. 

Joof ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in hulda da bankin duniya a Gambia.  A cikin wannan rawar, ya taimaka wa ministar ilimi mai zurfi Mariama Sarr-Ceesay wajen gabatar da sabuwar manufar ilimi ga Gambia.  Ya kuma bukaci ɓangaren yawon buɗe ido na Gambiya da su “tashi daga yawon buɗe ido na yau da kullun kuma su kara kaimi."  Ya jagoranci wani shiri na Bankin Duniya, Support to NGO Network Tango, wanda ke da kasafin Kuɗi na $220,000 kuma ya ci gaba daga shekarun 2010 zuwa 2013, manufar da aka bayyana shine "don inganta inganci da kuma riƙon sakainar kashi na kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGO's). ) wajen isar da muhimman ababen more rayuwa ga talakawa a cikin ƙasashen kungiyar."  A cikin shekarar 2013, Joof ya ziyarci wurare daban-daban na ayyukan a Gambiya tare da jami'an ma'aikatar noma don samun kyakkyawar fahimta game da kalubale daban-daban da suka fuskanta.  A cikin shekarar 2014, an naɗa Joof a matsayin ƙwararren mai Ilimi a Dakar, Senegal a Bankin Duniya.

## Sana'ar siyasa
A ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu 2017, Shugaba Adama Barrow ya naɗa Joof a matsayin Ministan Ilimi mai zurfi, Bincike, Kimiyya da Fasaha.

## Manazarta
Ethelwyn Manning

**Ethelwyn Manning** (23 Nuwamba 1885 - 1 Yuni 1972)ta kasance Babban Laburaren Laburaren Rubutun Frick Art na biyu.A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu,ta taimaka wa Kwamitin Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun ta Amirka (ACLS)kan Kariya na Al'adu a yankunan Yaƙi, wanda daga baya aka sani da Monuments,Fine Arts,and Archives shirin (MFAA).

## Ilimi

Manning ta sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Smith a 1908 da makarantar Kimiyyar Laburare a Kwalejin Simmons a 1911.Ta kuma yi karatu a Makarantar Koyarwa don Ma'aikatan Karatun Yara a Makarantar Carnegie,Pittsburgh.

## Sana'a
Manning ta fara aikinta a matsayin Ma'aikaciyar Laburare ta Yara a Laburaren Jama'a na Brooklyn a cikin 1909.Daga baya ta rike mukamai a dakunan karatu na Burlington, Iowa,Cedar Rapids,Iowa,da Milton,Massachusetts.A cikin 1917,an nada ta Shugabar Kataloji na Makarantar Kolejin Amherst a Massachusetts.

A cikin Satumba 1924,an nada Manning a matsayin Babban Librarian na biyu na Frick Art Reference Library,cibiyar bincike da aka sadaukar don haɓaka nazarin tarihin fasaha da batutuwa masu alaƙa waɗanda Helen Clay Frick ta kafa shekaru huɗu da suka gabata a matsayin abin tunawa ga mahaifinta.mai tarawa Henry Clay Frick.Manning tayi aiki a dakin karatu na Frick Art Reference na tsawon shekaru ashirin da hudu,tana kula da canjin cibiyar daga asalin wurin da take a cikin ginin labari biyu da rabi a titin 6 Gabas 71st zuwa ginin labari na yanzu goma sha uku dake 10 East 71st Street.A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu,lokacin da Kwamitin Ƙungiyar ta Amirka (ACLS) kan Kare Al'adu a Yankunan Yaki ta kasance a ɗakin karatu,ta yi aiki tare da masana tarihi na fasaha a cikin Kwamitin don shirya taswirar da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da wurin da kayan fasaha. da alamun ƙasa a yankunan yaƙi da kuma cikin haɗarin fashi na Nazi.Har ila yau Manning ta taka rawar gani wajen bunkasa tarin hotunan nazarin ayyukan fasaha na cibiyar,inda ta samu dubunnan gyare-gyare daga masu daukar hoto na Turai da daukar masu daukar hoto a Amurka don yawo cikin kasar da kuma daukar hotunan da ba za a iya isa ba a cikin tarin sirri.Tarin da aka samu,wanda a halin yanzu ya ƙunshi hotuna sama da miliyan ɗaya,ya rubuta al'adar fasaha ta Yamma.
Éva Circé-Cote

**Éva Circé-Côté** (1871-1949),an haife ta **Éva Circé** a Montreal,yan jarida ce, mawaƙiyi, kuma ma'aikacin ɗakin karatu wanda ta kafa ɗakin karatu na jama'a na farko na Montreal a cikin 1903.Ta rubuta a ƙarƙashin wasu sunaye masu yawa a lokacin rayuwarta,ciki har da Colombine,Musette,Jean Nay,Fantasio, Arthur Maheu, Julien Saint-Michel,da Paul S.Bédard.

## Ayyuka
 

## Manazarta
Fiona Kelleghan

**Fiona Kelleghan** (An Haife shi Afrilu 21,1965, a West Palm Beach, Florida )  ƙwararriyar masaniya ce ta Amurka kuma mai sukar almarar kimiyya da fantasy.Ta kasance ma'aikaciyar ɗakin karatu na metadata kuma ma'aikaciyar kasida a Laburaren Otto G.Richter na Jami'ar Miami.Ta bar jami'a a 2011.

## Sana'a
Rubuta a cikin *Washington Post*,mai sukar Michael Dirda ta kira Kelleghan "kwararre a kan jin dadi a cikin almara na almara," kuma an jera ta a kan shafin yanar gizon Jami'ar Miami a matsayin ƙwararren masani a kan "Labaran Kimiyya,Fantasy & Horror."Har ila yau,tana sha'awar yin fim a ciki da wajen nau'in almara-kimiyya,kuma ƙwararren masanin ilimin halitta ne.

Ta gano wani motsi na adabi na satiri a cikin nau'in almara na kimiyya wanda ta kira "SavageHumanism." Tarihinta mai mahimmanci *The Savage Humanists* (Robert J. Sawyer Books, 2008) ta fara da rubutun kalmomi 17,000 ta hanyar kwatanta motsi da masu aiki,kuma ta tattara labarun Gregory Frost, James Patrick Kelly, John Kessel,Jonathan Lethem,James Morrow, Kim Stanley Robinson, Robert J. Sawyer, Tim Sullivan, da Connie Willis, tare da gabatarwa ga kowane ta Kelleghan.  An sake buga wannan maƙalar,"Ma'anar Savage Humanism, tare da Bayanan Halittu," an sake buga shi a matsayin labarin da aka buga a cikin Nuwamba 2008 na *New York Review of Science Fiction*,kuma tana ɗaukar mafi yawan wannan batu na mujallar.

Sauran littattafan Kelleghan sun haɗa da *Mike Resnick : An Annotated Littattafai da Jagora ga Ayyukansa* (Farthest Star, 2000),kuma,a matsayin edita, *100 Masters of Mystery and Detective Fiction* (Salem Press,2001, 2 kundin) da *Magill's Choice:Kimiyyar Kimiyya da Littattafan Fantasy* (Salem Press, 2002).

Aikinta na ilimi ya bayyana a cikin *Extrapolation*,*Journal of Fantastic in Arts*,*The New York Review of Science Fiction*, *Nova Express*,*ParaDoxa: Nazarin a cikin nau'o'in wallafe-wallafe duniya*, *Nazarin Kimiyyar Kimiyya*,da *SFRA Review* (buga na Binciken Kimiyya.Ƙungiyar, wadda ita mamba ce).

Ta ba da gudummawa ga litattafan *Mawallafin Mata na Amirka* ;  *Marubuta na zamani [Bugu na bakwai]* (wanda ita ce ikon Ray Bradbury,Jonathan Lehem,da Connie Willis, da sauransu); *Jagorar Magill zuwa Fiction Science da Fantasy Literature* ;*Fantasy da Horror:Jagora mai Mahimmanci da Tarihi ga Adabi,Hoto,Fim, TV, Rediyo, da Intanet*,editan Neil Barron;  *St. James Jagora ga Laifuka & Marubutan Asiri* ;*Jagoran St. James zuwa Marubuta Almarar Kimiyya* ;*Marubutan Almarar Halittu:Fantasy na Zamani da Tsoro* ; da *Kamus na Motsin Adabi na Karni na Ashirin* ;da kuma,tare da Daryl F.Mallett, zuwa *Genre da Ƙungiyoyin Kabilanci: Tattaunawar Tattaunawa*, kuma ta kasance mafi yawan alhakin taimakawa Mallett da Hal Hall tare da kammala *Mahajjata &amp;amp; Majagaba: Tarihi da Magana na Kimiyyar Kimiyya. Masu Nasara Kyautar Ƙungiyar Bincike* (Borgo Press, 1999). Bita na littafin Fiona ya bayyana a cikin *The Washington Post* kuma a matsayin bita na hukuma don BarnesandNoble.com,kuma ta ba da gudummawar taƙaitaccen labari da ƙaramin tarihin rayuwa ga Database ɗin Fina-Finan Intanet (IMDb).
Honorine Ngou

**Honorine Ngou** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1957) marubuciya ce. kuma masaniya a fannin ilimi 'yar ƙasar Gabon ce. 

## Rayuwa
An haifi Ngou a shekarar 1957, ita ce  babba a cikin yara goma sha ɗaya a danginta. Iyayenta sun karfafa mata gwiwa, duk da cewa mahaifiyarta ba ta taɓa zuwa makaranta ba, kuma mahaifinta ya yi makarantar firamare shekaru biyu kacal. Lokacin da ta kai shekara sha shida ta auri Albert Ngou, ɗalibin jami'a a Libreville. Ta yi karatu tare da mijinta a Libreville, kuma lokacin da ta halarci jami'a a Faransa a shekarar 1974 ta shiga cikin Grenoble lycée. Ta koma Gabon tare da mijinta a shekarar 1978, ta yi karatun digiri a jami’ar Omar Bongo kafin ta samu digiri na uku a Faransa. A shekarar 1985 ta zama Farfesa a Jami'ar Omar Bongo, kuma ba da daɗewa ba ta zama shugabar Sashen Faransanci a can. 

Ta na zaune a ɗaya daga cikin unguwannin Libreville mafi talauci, Nzengayong, inda ta buɗe kantin sayar da littattafai, Le Savoir. 

## Ayyuka

* *Quatorze clés zuba réussir son ma'aurata* . Libreville: Maison gabonaise du livre, 2003.
* *Mariage et tashin hankali dans la société traditionalnelle fang au Gabon* . Paris: Harmattan, 2007.
* *Féminin interdit* . Paris: Harmattan, 2007.
* *Afép: l'étrangleur-séducteur: Roman* . Paris: Harmattan, 2010.
* *50 contes educatifs fang* . Libreville, Gabon : Editions Odette Maganga, 2013. Tare da gabatarwa ta Bonaventure Mvé-Ondo.
* *Mon mari, mon salaud: essai* . Libreville: Les Editions Le Savoir, 2017. Tare da gabatarwa ta Claudette Oriol-Boyer.
* *Ils ne pensent qu'à ça: roman* . Rungis: la Doxa, 2017.

## Manazarta
Bubacarr Bah

**Bubacarr Bah,** masani ne ɗan ƙasar Gambia kuma shugaban Kimiyyar Bayanai a Cibiyar Nazarin Lissafi ta Afirka (AIMS).   Mataimakin farfesa ne a Jami'ar Stellenbosch kuma memba na majalisar ba da shawara ta waje ta fasaha ta Google. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Bah a Gambia.  Ya karanci ilimin lissafi a Jami'ar Gambia kuma ya kammala karatun summa cum laude a shekara ta 2004.   An ba shi digiri na Master of Science (MSc) daga Jami'ar Oxford,  inda ya karanta ilimin lissafin lissafi a matsayin ɗalibi na digiri na biyu na Kwalejin Wolfson, Oxford.   Ya shiga Jami'ar Edinburgh, inda yayi digirinsa na PhD    ya bincike sa kuma kula da shi.   Ya kasance memba na Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM).  Aikinsa akan matrices Gaussian an ba shi kyautar SIAM mafi kyawun takardar ɗalibi.

## Bincike da aiki
Tsakanin shekarun 2012 zuwa 2014 Bah ya kasance mai bincike na gaba da digiri a École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, inda ya ci gaba da bincikensa kan Compressed Sensing.  Ya kasance memba na Laboratory for Information and Inference Systems. 

A cikin shekarar  2014 Bah ya shiga Jami'ar Texas a Austin, inda ya yi aiki a kan sarrafa sigina, koyan injina da dabarun yin samfura a cikin manyan bayanai.    Ya ƙirƙiri matrix don rage girman girma wanda ke amfani da abubuwan sakawa bi- Lipschitz, wanda zai iya yin amfani da redundancy data.   

A cikin shekarar 2016 Bah an naɗa shi shugaban Jamus a fannin lissafi a Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Lissafi ta Afirka (AIMS), wanda Gidauniyar Humboldt ke tallafawa.  Ƙungiyar AIMS ta yi maraba da wannan matsayi, waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa Afirka na buƙatar ingantattun kayan aikin kimiyyar bayanai.  Bah ya shirya taron injiniyan software na ilimin lissafi na ilimin lissafi, wanda ke koyar da shirye-shirye na asali da shirye-shiryen bincike.   Yana da alhakin haɗa AIMS a Afirka ta Kudu da Afirka ta Tsakiya da jami'o'in Jamus.  Tun daga shekarar 2019, Gidauniyar Alexander von Humboldt ta tallafa da kujeru biyar a cibiyoyin AIMS.  Ya rike matsayi na hadin gwiwa a Jami'ar Stellenbosch, inda yake aiki akan ka'idar bayanai da zurfafa ilmantarwa.  

A cikin watan Maris 2019 an naɗa Bah a cikin majalisar ba da shawara ta waje ta fasaha ta Google, tarin ƙwararrun waɗanda za su yi la'akari da ƙa'idodin bayanan ɗan adam (AI) na Google.

## Manazarta
Flora Belle Ludington

**Flora Belle Ludington** (12 ga Nuwamba, shekarar 1898 - Maris 1967) ma'aikaciyar dakin karatu ce kuma marubuciya Ba'amurke.Ludington ta yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ɗakin karatu na Kwalejin Mount Holyoke a South Hadley, Massachusetts,daga 1938 har zuwa 1964.

## Rayuwa
An haife ta a gundumar Huron,Michigan,Ludington ta koma Wenatchee, Washington, yana yarinya.A shekaru goma sha huɗu,ta fara aikin ɗakin karatu a matsayin mai ba da agaji a ɗakin karatu na jama'a na Carnegie a Wantchee.Ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiya a cikin ɗakin karatu na Jami'ar Washington,inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin laburare a 1920.Ta bar Washington don zama ma'aikaciyar laburare a Kwalejin Mills, inda ta ci gaba da karatu kuma ta sami digiri na biyu a cikin tarihi fin 1925. A wannan shekarar,ta sami digiri na biyu a Makarantar Laburare ta Jihar New York.Ludington ta yi aiki a Kwalejin Mills a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a kan littattafan littattafai sannan kuma ma'aikacin ɗakin karatu.A cikin 1936 ta tafi ta zama ma'aikacin laburare a Kwalejin Mount Holyoke,inda ta yi aiki har sai da ta yi ritaya a watan Yuni 1964. 

Tsohuwar memba na Ƙungiyar Laburare ta Amirka,Ludington ita ce shugabar hukumar kula da dangantakar ƙasa da ƙasa (1942-1944), inda ta yi aiki a kan gyaran dakunan karatu na Turai bayan yaƙi da haɓaka shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa tare da ɗakunan karatu a Latin Amurka.A matsayinta na shugabar Ƙungiyar Lantarki ta Amirka daga 1953 zuwa 1954,ta yi aiki don kafa Kwamitin Littattafai na Ƙasa don " inganta rarraba littattafai da hikima da kuma kiyaye 'yancin karantawa."A cikin 1957 ta sami lambar yabo ta ALA ta Joseph W.Lippincott don "babban nasara." 

## Labarai

* Littattafai da ɗakunan karatu; kayan aikin duniyar ilimi (Ƙungiyar Laburare ta Amurka, 1958)
*  a cikin *Tsarin Tarihi na Oregon*, 1925.
Sidia Jatta

**Sidia Sana Jatta** (an Haife shi a shekara ta 1945) ɗan siyasa ne na ƙasar Gambiya, masani a fannin ilimi, kuma marubuci.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Mandinka, Jatta a Sutukoba, gundumar Wuli. Ya yi karatu a gida kuma a makarantar Sakandare ta Nungua, kusa da Accra, Ghana daga shekarun 1961 zuwa 1963, kafin ya koma Gambia don halartar Kwalejin Yundum daga shekarun 1964 zuwa 1966. Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin malamin makaranta a makarantun firamare da sakandare daban-daban har zuwa shekara ta 1972, ya shiga Jami'ar Grenoble daga shekarun 1973 zuwa 1978, inda ya sami digiri na farko da na biyu a fannin ilimin harsuna. Ya sake komawa Faransa don ci gaba da karatunsa a shekarar 1983.

## Sana'a
Bayan ya koma Gambiya, Jatta ya yi aiki da Cibiyar Bunƙasa Manhaja daga shekarun 1978 zuwa 1983, daga baya ya zama babban jami'in raya manhajoji, sannan ya kasance ma'aikacin bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka ta Duniya, London daga shekarun 1980 zuwa 1982. Ya yi murabus daga gwamnati a shekara ta 1986 don nuna adawa da yadda gwamnatin jam'iyyar People's Progressive Party mai mulki ta yi.

Jatta ya kafa jam'iyyar People's Democratic Organization for Independence and Socialism a shekarar 1986, jam'iyyar adawa ga shugaba Sir Dawda Jawara mai mulki kuma an zaɓe shi shugabar ta na farko a shekarar 1987. Shi ne mawallafin jaridar jam’iyyar, *Foroyaa*. Ya tsaya a mazaɓar Wulli na PDOIS a zaɓen majalisar wakilai na shekarar 1987 ya sake tsayawa a shekarar 1992 amma ya kare a na karshe a zaɓukan biyu. Tare da Halifa Sallah, ya ki amincewa da tayin muƙamin a gwamnatin Soja ta wucin gadi ta mulki a shekarar 1994. An tsare shi na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin watan Agusta 1994 don bijirewa dokar hana ayyukan siyasa da gwamnati ta yi.

A shekarar 1997, an raba mazaɓar Wulli zuwa mazaɓu biyu (Wulli East da Wulli West) kuma ya lashe mazabar Wulli ta Yamma a zaɓen shekara ta 1997 na 'yan majalisar ƙasa. Bayan haka, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu sukar lamarin gwamnatin APRC a majalisar dokokin ƙasar.

Shi ma ɗan majalisar tarayya ne daga Wuli West. Jatta kuma shi ne Babban Sakatare Janar na Kungiyar Cigaban Karatun Manya ta Wulli.

## Manazarta
Florence Mendheim

**Florence Mendheim** (Janairu 13, 1899 - Agusta 1984)wata ma'aikaciyar dakin karatu ce ta Jama'a ta New York sananniyar  saboda sa ido a boye na kungiyoyin Nazi na Amurka a kafin yakin duniya na biyu 1930s.Ita ce 'yar baƙi Jamus-Yahudawa kuma Bayahude mai lura da ke aiki da dokokin abinci na kosher.Takardun ta na sirri,gami da takaddun ayyukan leƙen asirinta,suna cikin ma'ajiyar tarihin Cibiyar Leo Baeck da ke New York.

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haife ta a Illinois,ɗaya daga cikin yara uku na Baƙi-Jamus-Yahudawa Baƙi Bettie da Max Mendheim,ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Washington Irving a Birnin New York kuma ta kammala horar da Laburaren Jama'a na New York a 1918.Ta yi aiki a wurare daban-daban na NYPL a cikin shekaru ashirin da biyar masu zuwa,inda ta sami lambar yabo ta tagulla da ta azurfa don sanin shekarun aikinta.Takaddama daga masu kula da ɗakin karatu da masu kula da ɗakin karatusun nuna Ms.Mendheim tana da matsalolin lafiya na yau da kullun wanda ya kai ga yin ritaya da wuri a ƙarshen 1940s,kodayake ba a san komai game da rayuwarta ta sirri ba.Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin sakatariyar Kwamitin Fahimtar Larabawa-Yahudawa,ƙungiyar da ke ƙoƙarin yin sulhu game da halin da ake ciki a Falasdinu a ƙarshen 1930s da 1940s.Rukunan tarihin Mendheim sun ƙunshi shaidun burinta na adabi kuma,a cikin nau'ikan rubuce-rubuce masu yawa don labarai,wasan kwaikwayo,waƙoƙi,da labaru.Ba ta yi aure ba,kuma ƙanenta Arthur ne ya ba ta takardunta bayan rasuwarta tana shekara 85.

## Aiki a boye
Ayyukan sa ido na Mendheim sun fara ne a cikin 1933 (ko jim kaɗan bayan haka),tare da kafa gwamnatin Nazi a Jamus da kuma kafa ƙungiyoyin goyon bayan Nazi a New York.Shigarta ta kasance tare da ƙungiyar Abokan Sabuwar Jamus da ƙungiyar da ta gaje ta Jamus American Bund.A karkashin sunan Gertrude Mueller,Mendheim ya halarci tarurruka da tarurruka masu goyon bayan Nazi, kuma daga bisani ya tara tarin farfagandar kyamar Yahudawa da aka samar a cikin gida, na kasa,da kuma waje. Dangane da takardun tarihin,  Rabin Jacob Xenab Cohen na Majalisar Yahudawan Amurka ya biya kuɗin da Mendheim ya saya na farfagandar Nazi da wallafe-wallafen,wanda ta gabatar da rahotanni na yau da kullun na ayyukanta.Wannan haɗin gwiwar na iya kasancewa wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin Majalisar Yahudawan Amurka don sa ido kan tashin hankali na Yahudawa da kuma ƙauracewa Naziism a Amurka  Bayanan ayyukan sirri na Mendheim, kuma watakila aikin da kansa, ya bayyana ya ƙare a 1939.

## Manazarta
Vitaliy Mykolenko

**Vitaliy Serhiyovych Mykolenko** (Ukrainian: Виталий Серьгиович Миколенко; an haife shi 29 ga Mayu 1999) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Ukraine wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan baya na hagu ga kulob din Premier League na Everton da tawagar kasar Ukraine.  

## Manazarta
Florence Ward Stiles

**Florence Ward Stiles** (1897 – 1981), yar asalin Amurka ce kuma ma’aikaciyar karatu wanda a cikin 1939, aka naɗa ta mai ba da shawara na farko ga ɗalibai mata a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT).An ba ta digiri na gine-ginea matsayin memba na ajin MIT na 1923.Bayan kammala karatunta,ta shiga cikin kamfanin Howe, Manning &amp;amp; Almy, Inc.  Ayyukanta sun haɗa da aiki a kamfanin Stone &amp;amp; Webster.Daga baya ta kafa wata sana'a ta sirri tare da mai da hankali kan kananan gidaje da sake fasalin gidajen tarihi.A cikin 1931 ta zama ma'aikaciyar ɗakin karatu a MIT's Rotch Library of Architecture and Planning.Ta shiga Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-gine ta Amirka a 1943.A cikin 1948 ta yi murabus daga matsayinta na ma'aikacin laburare na Rotch don ci gaba da aikin gine-gine na sirri.
Ashely Young

**Ashley Simon Young** (an Haife shi 9 ga Yuli 1985) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Ingila wanda ke taka leda a matsayin cikakken 'dan baya ko winger don ƙungiyar Premier League Everton. 

## Manazarta
Sulayman S. Nyang

**Dr. Sulayman S. Nyang** (1944 — 12 Nuwamba 2018 )  farfesa ne kuma tsohon shugaban Sashen Nazarin Afirka a Jami'ar Howard da ke Washington, DC Ya kasance babban jami'in bincike na Project MAPS sannan kuma tsohon mataimakin Ambasada kuma shugaban ofishin jakadancin Gambia a Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.  Nyang ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga hukumomi da dama na ƙasa da ƙasa kuma a kan allo na Ƙungiyar Nazarin Afirka, Majalisar Amirka da Nazarin Ƙungiyoyin Musulunci, Gidan Tarihi na Musulunci na Amurka, da Ƙungiyar  Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Musulmi.   Ya yi rubuce-rubuce da yawa kan harkokin Musulunci, Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ya yi karatun digiri na biyu a fannin gwamnati da kuma digiri na uku (Ph.D) a cikin gwamnati daga Jami'ar Virginia. Nyang ya kasance malami mai ba da shawara ga wanda ya lashe kyautar, PBS-watsa shirye-shiryen  *Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet* (2002) da *Prince Daga cikin bayi* (2007), wanda Unity Productions Foundation ya samar. 

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

* *Musulunci, Kiristanci da kuma asalin Afirka* (1984)
* *Layi a cikin Yashi: Matsayin Saudi Arabiya a Yaƙin Gulf* (1995), tare da Evan Hendricks ya rubuta
* *Jama'a na Addini a Afirka: Rubuce-rubucen Girmamawa na John S. Mbiti* (1993 da haɗin gwiwa tare da Jacob Olupona).

## Duba kuma

* Dr. Nyang a Jami'ar Howard

## Manazarta
Dwight McNeil

**Dwight James Matthew McNeil** (an haife shi a ashirin da biyu 22 Nuwamba 1999) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Ingila wanda ke taka leda a matsayin winger don ƙungiyar Premier League Everton.

## Manazarta
Frances Clarke Sayers

**Frances Clarke Sayers** (Satumba 4, 1897 - Yuni 24, 1989)ma'aikaciyar laburare ce na yara Ba'amurke, marubuciyar littattafan yara,kuma malami kan adabin yara.A cikin 1999,*Dakunan karatu na Amurka* sun sanya mata suna daya daga cikin "Mafi Muhimman Shugabanni 100 da Muke da su a Karni na 20".

## Tarihin Rayuwa

An haifi Frances Clarke a ranar 4 ga Satumba, 1897,a Topeka, Kansas,ga iyaye Oscar Lincoln Clarke da Marian Busby.Lokacin da take ƙarama ta ƙaura tare da danginta zuwa Galveston,Texas,wanda daga baya zai tabbatar da zama babban tushen kwarin gwiwa ga littattafan yara da yawa.A cikin wata maƙala da aka buga a cikin Satumba 15,1956,edition of *Library Journal*,ta tuna game da wata mace da ke ba ta labarin Mutumin Gingerbread.Sayers ya ce, "Ba zan iya tunawa sunanta ba,amma idanunta sun yi launin ruwan kasa,gashin kanta daidai inuwar idanuwanta ne,gajarta ce kuma mai tsiro,kuma zan san muryarta idan har na ji a cikin aljanna." 

## Sana'a
Yayin da take a farkon shekarunta ta ƙaunaci fasahar ba da labari,ba sai lokacin da ta kai shekaru goma sha biyu ba,lokacin da ta karanta wani labarin a cikin St.Nicholas *Magazine* game da hidima ga yara a cikin Laburaren Jama'a na New York,cewa Frances Clarke ta yanke shawarar zama ma'aikacin laburare na yara.Ta halarci Jami'ar Texas a Austin,amma bayan da ta yi shekaru biyu kacal a can ta tafi don halartar Makarantar Laburare ta Carnegie a Pittsburgh saboda wannan jami'ar "an lura da ita ga ma'aikatanta masu sadaukarwa da kuma imani da daukar littattafai ga yara a duk inda suke".Bayan kammala karatun,ta fara aikinta a cikin ɗakin karatu lokacin da Anne Carroll Moore, Mai kula da Sashen Ayyuka tare da Yara a Makarantar Jama'a ta New York,ta gayyace ta zuwa aiki a can.

A cikin 1923,bayan shekaru biyar tare da NYPL, Frances Clarke ta yanke shawarar ƙaura zuwa California don zama kusa da danginta.A nan ne ta auri abokinta Alfred HP Sayers.Ma'auratan sun koma Chicago inda Alfred Sayers ya mallaki kantin sayar da littattafai.A Birnin Chicago,Sayers ya taimaka wa mijinta ya gudanar da kantin sayar da littattafansa kuma ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin mataimakiyar edita na Ƙungiyar Lantarki ta Amirka.Abin baƙin ciki,Babban Mawuyacin ya haifar da rashin kasuwanci ga kantin sayar da littattafai na Sayers kuma sun yanke shawarar komawa California.Ba da da ewa Sayers ya fara rubuta littattafan yara waɗanda za su faranta wa yara rai da sihiri, da kuma manya, cikin shekaru.  Littattafanta galibi na ɗan adam ne,galibi suna dawo da abubuwan gani, ƙamshi, da sautunan ƙuruciyarta a Texas.
Frances E. Henne

**Frances E. Henne** (Oktoba 11, 1906 - Disamba 21,1985) ma'aikaciyar laburare Ba'amurke ce. Henne ta bi rayuwar ilimi kuma ta zama jagora kuma ƙwararre wajen ƙirƙirar ƙa'idodi ga masu karatu na makaranta. A cikin 1999, *Dakunan karatu na Amurka* sun sanya mata suna daya daga cikin "Mafi Muhimman Shugabanni 100 da Muke da su a Karni na 20."

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Henne a Springfield,Illinois a watan Oktoba 1906.Henne ta sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Illinois a 1929 tare da digiri na BA, sannan ta ci gaba da samun digiri na biyu a Turanci a 1934.A lokacin karatunta,an gabatar da Henne ga aikin ɗakin karatu yayin da take aiki a ɗakin karatu na Jama'a na Lincoln.

Da Henne ta kammala digirinta na biyu a Turanci, sai ta yunƙura zuwa birnin New York don samun digiri na farko a Librarianship a Jami'ar Columbia.A lokaci guda tana aiki a Laburaren Jama'a na New York yayin da take kammala karatunta,Henne ta sami fahimi mai mahimmanci da gogewa wanda zai tsara aikinta da kuma babbar gudummawa ga fannin Kimiyyar Laburare.

Bayan kammala karatun karatunta na Laburare,Henne ta koyar da karatun laburare na makaranta a Albany daga 1937 zuwa 1939.A cikin 1939 Louis Round Wilson, shugaban jami'ar Chicago Graduate Library School, ya gayyaci Henne don koyarwa a makarantar ɗakin karatu na jami'a.Henne ta karɓi tayin,kuma ta yin hakan,ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama mamba a jami’a.Koyaushe mai himma ga karatunta da neman ilimi mai zurfi,Henne ba ta takaita aikinta ga koyarwa a jami'a ba. Henne da kanta ta rubuta, "Ilimi, gami da horar da ƙwararru, tsari ne na tsawon rai."  Ta yi abin da ta yi wa'azi kuma ta fara karatun digirinta a 1939 kuma ta sami digiri na uku a 1949.Karatun digirinta ya mayar da hankali ne kan ɗakunan karatu na makaranta da ka'idojin ɗakin karatu na makaranta,kuma ta ci gaba da mai da hankali kan ɗakunan karatu na makaranta tare da sake tsarawa tare da sake fasalin matsayinta a duk sauran ayyukanta. 

## Manazarta