Zdeněk Mácal

**Zdeněk Mácal** (  ; 8 ga Janairu 1936 - 25 ga Oktoba 2023) madugun wasan kwaikwayo ne na Czech wanda ya yi aiki a ƙasashen waje. Jagoran wasan kwaikwayo mai kyau wanda ya lashe gasannin ƙasa da ƙasa ya bar ƙasarsa ta Czechoslovakia a shekarar 1968 lokacin da Yarjejeniyar Warsaw ta kawo ƙarshen bazarar Prague, ya dawo ne bayan da gurguzu ya ƙare a can. Ya kasance babban madugun wasan kwaikwayo na WDR Symphony Orchestra Cologne daga 1970, NDR Orchestra na Hanover, Sydney Symphony Orchestra a 1986, sannan Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra har zuwa 1995, New Jersey Symphony Orchestra daga 1993, kuma a ƙarshe Czech Philharmonic daga 2003 zuwa 2007. Ya jagoranci dukkan manyan ƙungiyar makaɗa ta duniya kuma ya yi fice a rikodin. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan waƙoƙinsa shine kiɗan Czech, gami da kiɗan zamani.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Mácal a Brno kuma ya fara koyon goge tare da mahaifinsa yana da shekaru huɗu.  Daga baya ya halarci makarantar koyon kiɗa ta Brno da kuma Kwalejin Kiɗa da Fasaha ta Janáček, inda ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1960 da manyan kyaututtuka.   Ya zama babban jagoran ƙungiyar makaɗa ta Prague Symphony Orchestra kuma ya gudanar da kade-kade da wasan opera na symphonic. Ya lashe gasar gudanarwa ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta 1965 a Besançon, Faransa, da kuma  ta 1966. a birnin New York,  a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Leonard Bernstein .  Ya bar aiki mai kyau a Czechoslovakia, ya bar ƙasar bayan mamayar da Soviet ta jagoranta a 1968 ta lalata Prague Spring,  tare da matarsa da 'yarsa. 

An gayyace shi don ya jagoranci Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra inda Rafael Kubelík shine babban jagoran gudanarwa, wanda ya nemi ƙaramin abokin aikinsa ya gudanar da kiɗan zamani, gami da farkon wasan kwaikwayo na Eighth Symphony na duniya wanda Jan Kapr ya shirya. Ya yi nasarar fara wasansa na farko a London a Royal Festival Hall a watan Fabrairun 1969 tare da Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Constantin Silvestri a ƙarshe.  Waƙar ta haɗa da wasan kwaikwayo na *Don Quixote* na Richard Strauss, tare da mai wasan kwaikwayo Paul Tortelier da mai wasan violin Mary Samuel . Matsayinsa na farko a matsayin babban jagoran gudanarwa a Yamma shine a shekarar 1970 WDR Symphony Orchestra Cologne na tsawon shekaru huɗu,  sannan NDR Orchestra na Hanover . 

Mácal ya fara buga wa Amurka wasa tare da Chicago Symphony Orchestra a shekarar 1972.  Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan fasaha na San Antonio Symphony  kuma babban mai shirya bikin kiɗa na Grant Park na Chicago.  Ya jagoranci fiye da ƙungiyar makaɗa 160 a lokacin aikinsa. 

An naɗa Mácal a matsayin babban jagoran ƙungiyar Sydney Symphony Orchestra na tsawon shekaru uku, tun daga kakar wasa ta 1986. [1] Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Australiya ya amince tun farko don daidaita kuɗin Mácal don kada canjin kuɗin Ostiraliya ya shafe shi, ko kuma a cikin shirye-shiryen haraji, kuma duk wani asara zai shafi ABC . Jim kaɗan bayan ya karɓi naɗinsa a watan Maris na 1986, ya nemi a sake shi daga kwangilarsa daga ƙarshen shekara ta farko, kuma an amince da hakan. [1] Amma a watan Yuli na 1986, tare da sauran kade-kade biyar na kakarsa ta farko, ya bar ƙasar ba tare da wani bayani ko ma sanar da ABC ba

Mácal ya zama darektan kiɗa na Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra a shekarar 1986.   Ya ɗauki wannan ƙungiyar makaɗa a rangadin Gabashin Tekun a shekarar 1989, wanda ya haɗa da wasanni a Cibiyar Kennedy da ke Washington, DC da kuma Carnegie Hall da ke birnin New York.  Sun kuma ziyarci Japan a shekarar 1992.  Ya yi rikodin Smetana na *Má vlast* don Telarc Records a shekarar 1991.  Ya jagoranci sabbin kiɗa na Roberto Sierra tsawon shekaru uku yana zama mawaƙi a gidan. Ƙungiyar makaɗa ta buga waƙoƙin symphonies da waƙoƙin sauti da yawa na Antonín Dvořák a lokacin da yake kan mulki. 

## MANAZARTA