open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Zera Yacob

**Zara Yaqob** (26 ga Agusta, 1468) ya kasance Sarkin Habasha, kuma memba ne na daular Solomonic wanda ya yi mulki a ƙarƙashin sunan sarauta Constantine I. An san shi saboda wallafe-wallafe na Ge'ez waɗanda suka bunƙasa a lokacin mulkinsa, yadda ya magance al'amuran Kiristoci na cikin gida da kuma yaƙe-yaƙe na waje da Musulmai, da kuma kafa Debre Birhan a matsayin babban birninsa. Ya yi mulki na tsawon shekaru 34 da watanni 2 (r. 1434-1468).

Masanin tarihi ɗan Biritaniya, Edward Ullendorff, ya bayyana cewa Zara Yaqob "ba tare da shakka ba shine babban mai mulkin da Habasha ta taɓa gani tun bayan Ezana, a lokacin daular Aksumite, kuma babu wani magajinsa a kan kursiyin—sai dai sarakuna Menelik II da Haile Selassie—da za a iya kwatanta shi da shi."

## Asali
An haifi Zara Yaqob a Telq a lardin Fatagar. Ya fito daga mutanen Amhara. Shi ne ɗan autan Sarki Dawit I daga matarsa, Igzi Kebra. Mahaifiyarsa Igzi ta rasa ɗanta na farko, kuma saboda tana fama da rashin lafiya a lokacin cikin ta na biyu, ta yi addu'a sosai ga Budurwa Maryamu don Allah ya kiyaye sabon ɗan da za ta haifa. Daga baya ta haifi Zara Yaqob, wanda daga baya ya rubuta wannan a matsayin mu'ujiza a cikin Ta'ammara Maryam, ɗaya daga cikin tarihin Zara Yaqob da aka rubuta a harshen Amharic.

Paul B. Henze ya maimaita al'adar cewa kishin babban ɗan'uwansa, Sarki Tewodros I, ya tilasta wa masu riƙe da muƙaman sarauta su ɗauki Zara Yaqob zuwa Tigray inda aka tashe shi a ɓoye, kuma aka ba shi ilimi a Axum da kuma a gidan sufi na Debre Abbay. Duk da cewa ya yarda cewa wannan al'adar "yana da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen samar da tushen addini ga rayuwar Zara Yaqob", Taddesse Tamrat ya watsar da wannan labarin a matsayin "mai wuyar yarda a cikakkun bayanansa". Farfesan ya lura cewa Zara Yaqob ya rubuta a cikin Mashafa Berhan cewa "an sauko da shi daga gidan yarin sarauta na Dutsen Gishan ne kawai a daidai lokacin da zai hau kursiyin mulki. 
Bayan rasuwar Sarki Dawit, babban ɗan'uwansa Tewodros ya ba da umarnin a kulle Zara Yaqob a Amba Geshen (a wajajen 1414). Duk da haka, magoya bayan Zara Yaqob sun ci gaba da sanya shi a matsayin ɗan takara na dindindin don zama Sarki, wanda hakan ya taimaka saboda saurin maye gurbin 'yan'uwansa a kan mulki cikin shekaru 20 masu zuwa, wanda hakan ya bar shi a matsayin tsohon ɗan takara mai cancanta. David Buxton ya bayyana tasirin da keɓewar da aka tilasta masa ta yi a kan halayensa, "an hana shi duk wata hulɗa da talakawa ko rayuwa ta yau da kullun." Da aka jefa shi cikin matsayin jagoranci "ba tare da wani ƙwarewa a cikin al'amuran jaha ba, [Zara Yaqob] ya fuskanci mulki wanda ke cike da makirce-makirce da tawaye, coci wanda aka raba da rarrabuwar kawunan addini, da kuma abokan gaba na waje waɗanda ke ci gaba da barazanar mamayewa. 

## Manazarta
Tsarin Chessie

**Chessie System, Inc.** kamfani ne mai riƙewa wanda ya mallaki Chesapeake da Ohio Railway (C&O), Baltimore da Ohio Railroad (B&O), Western Maryland Railway (WM), da Baltimore da Ohio Chicago Terminal Railroad (B&OCT). Jirgin kasa ya yi aiki a karkashin sunan Chessie daga 1973 zuwa 1987. 

Hedikwatar a Cleveland, Ohio, Chessie System shine halittar Cyrus S. Eaton da mai kula da shi Hays T. Watkins, shugaban da kuma babban jami'in C&O. Babban tushen kudaden shiga ga Chessie System shine hakar kwal a West Virginia. Wani kuma shi ne jigilar sassan mota da motocin da aka gama.

"Chessie" ya kasance sanannen laƙabi ga C&O tun daga shekarun 1930, an haɗa shi da kamfen ɗin talla wanda ya nuna ɗan barci mai suna Chessie. Kamfanin da ke riƙe da shekarun 1970 ya haɓaka alamar "Ches-C": tsarin ɗan adam da aka ɗora a kan da'irar, yana ƙirƙirar harafin C. An zana wannan alamar a gaban dukkan locomotive na Chessie System, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin "C" a cikin "Chessie System" a gefen locomotive, da kuma a kan wasu kayan aiki.

## Tarihi
Farkon tsarin Chessie ya fito ne daga hadin gwiwa tsakanin Baltimore da Ohio Railroad (B&O) da Chesapeake da Ohio Railway (C&O). Sanarwar daga tashar jirgin kasa ta New York ta tsakiya (NYC) da Pennsylvania (PRR) a watan Nuwamba 1957 cewa suna la'akari da hadawa ya sa B & O da C & O suyi la'akari le irin wannan matakin. Daga ƙarshe, C&O mai ƙarfi a cikin kuɗi ya mallaki B&O a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1962, kodayake hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa guda biyu sun ci gaba da kasancewa daban-daban.

Haɗin C & O / B & O ya sayi hannun jari a cikin Western Maryland Railway har sai ya sami damar karɓar cikakken iko a watan Fabrairun 1967, yana kawo hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta uku a cikin haɗin haɗin gwiwar, wanda a 1973 ya zama sananne a matsayin Chessie System bayan tarihin C & O na Chessie.

An kafa Chessie System a Virginia a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 1973, kuma ta sami layin dogo a ranar 15 ga Yuni. 

A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1980, Chessie System ta haɗu da Seaboard Coast Line Industries don kafa CSX Corporation. Da farko, hanyoyin jirgin kasa guda uku na Chessie System sun ci gaba da aiki daban, koda bayan da aka haɗa hanyoyin jirgin kasa na Family Lines System na Seaboard a cikin Seaboard System Railroad a ranar 29 ga Disamba, 1982. Wannan ya fara canzawa a 1983, lokacin da aka haɗa WM cikin B&O. An ci gaba da amfani da hoton Chessie ga sabbin kayan aiki da sake fentin su har zuwa 1 ga Yuli, 1986, lokacin da CSXT ta gabatar da tsarin fenti na kanta. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1987, an hade B&O cikin C&O. A watan Agustan 1987, C&O ta haɗu da CSX Transportation, wani sabon suna na 1986 na Seaboard System Railroad, kuma an yi ritaya da sunan Chessie System. 

## Manazarta
Erwin N. Hiebert

**Erwin Nick Hiebert** (Mayu 27, 1919 - Nuwamba 28, 2012) wani ɗan ƙasar Kanada Ba'amurke masanin ilimin kimiyyar jiki ne kuma ɗan tarihi na kimiyya. Ya koyar da ɗalibai da yawa waɗanda za su ci gaba da zama manyan jigo a tarihin kimiyya, musamman mata kamar Carolyn Merchant da Mary Jo Nye, a lokacin karatun ilimi a Jami'ar Wisconsin – Madison da Jami'ar Harvard. Ya ba da gudummawa ga aikin Manhattan a matsayin masanin kimiyar bincike kafin ya zama ɗan tarihi.
 

## Manazarta
William whewell

**William whewell**

William Whewell (/ ˈhjuːəl/ HEW-əl; 24 ga Mayu 1794 - 6 Maris 1866) ilimin lissafi ne na Ingilishi. Ya kasance Master of Trinity College, Cambridge. A lokacin da yake dalibi a can, ya samu bambamci a fannin waka da lissafi. Faɗin ƙoƙarin Whewell shine mafi kyawun fasalinsa. A lokacin haɓaka ƙwarewa, Whewell ya kasance a zamanin da ya gabata lokacin da masana falsafa na halitta suka bincika sosai. Ya buga aiki a kan makanikai, physics, geology, falaki, da tattalin arziki, yayin da kuma ya tsara waka, rubuta wata yarjejeniya ta Bridgewater, fassara ayyukan Goethe, da rubuta wa'azi da warƙoƙin tauhidi. A cikin ilimin lissafi, Whewell ya gabatar da abin da a yanzu ake kira da equation Whewell, yana ma'anar siffa mai lankwasa ba tare da yin la'akari da tsarin haɗin kai da aka zaɓa ba. Ya kuma shirya dubban masu aikin sa kai a duniya don nazarin magudanar ruwa, a cikin abin da a yanzu ake daukarsa daya daga cikin ayyukan kimiyyar 'yan kasa na farko. Ya sami Medal na sarauta don wannan aikin a cikin 1837.

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan kyaututtukan Whewell ga kimiyya shine smith na kalmomi. Ya rubuta wasiƙa da mutane da yawa a fagensa kuma ya taimaka musu su fito da ilimin kimiyya don gano abubuwan da suka gano. Whewell ya kirkiro, a tsakanin sauran sharuɗɗan, masanin kimiyya, masanin kimiyyar lissafi, ilimin harshe, ƙarfin hali, bala'i, uniformitarianism, da astigmatism;  ya ba da shawara ga Michael Faraday kalmomin electrode, ion, dielectric, anode, da cathode.

**Rayuwar farko**

An haifi Whewell a Lancaster, ɗan John Whewell da matarsa, Elizabeth Bennison.Mahaifinsa ya kasance gwani kafinta, kuma ya yi fatan ya bi sana'arsa, amma nasarar da William ya samu a fannin lissafi a makarantar Lancaster Royal Grammar School da Heversham grammar school ya ba shi nuni (nau'i na guraben karatu) a Kwalejin Trinity, Cambridge a shekara ta 1812. Shi ne babba a cikin 'ya'ya bakwai yana da 'yan'uwa uku da mata uku da aka haifa bayansa. Biyu daga cikin 'yan'uwan sun mutu suna jarirai yayin da na uku ya mutu a 1812. Biyu daga cikin 'yan'uwansa mata sun yi aure; ya rika rubutawa da su a cikin aikinsa na dalibi sannan kuma Farfesa. Mahaifiyarsa ta mutu a shekara ta 1807, lokacin da Whewell yana da shekaru 13. Mahaifinsa ya mutu a shekara ta 1816, shekarar da Whewell ya sami digirinsa na farko a Kwalejin Triniti, amma kafin manyan nasarorin da ya samu na sana'a.

Whewell ya yi aure, da farko, a cikin 1841, Cordelia Marshall, 'yar John Marshall. A cikin kwanaki na aurensa, Whewell ya ba da shawarar ya zama shugaban Kwalejin Trinity a Cambridge, bin Christopher Wordsworth. Cordelia ya mutu a 1855. A cikin 1858 ya sake yin aure, ga Everina Frances (née Ellis), 'yar'uwar Robert Leslie Ellis kuma gwauruwar Sir Gilbert Affleck, 5th Baronet.[9][10] Ta mutu a 1865. Ba shi da 'ya'ya.

## manazarta
Roony Bardghji

**Roony Bardghji** (Larabci: روني بردغجي; an haife shi 15 Nuwamba 2005) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Sweden wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan dama na ƙungiyar La Liga ta Barcelona.
## Faron Rayuwa
An haifi Bardghji a Kuwait ga dangin Syria daga birnin Aleppo na kasar Syria. Shi dan asalin Armeniya ne ta wurin kakansa na uba. Iyalinsa sun ƙaura zuwa Kallinge, Sweden lokacin yana ɗan shekara 6 don samun ingantacciyar dama.

## Manazarta
Dirk Jan Struik

Jan Struik (Satumba 30, 1894 - Oktoba 21, 2000) ɗan Ba'amurke ne ɗan asalin ƙasar Holland (tun 1934) masanin lissafi, masanin ilimin lissafi, kuma masanin ilimin Marxist wanda ya kwashe yawancin rayuwarsa a cikin Amurka.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Dirk Jan Struik a shekara ta 1894 a Rotterdam, Netherlands. Mahaifinsa Hendrik Jan Struik malamin makarantar nahawu ne mai sha'awar ilimin lissafi da tarihi. Kusan karni guda bayan Dirk ya sami lambar yabo ta Kenneth O. May, ya fara jawabin karbuwarsa tare da jinjinawa Hendrik don bunkasa sha'awar ɗansa na ilimi.[4] Daga shekarar alif 1906 zuwa alif 1911, Dirk ya halarci makarantar Hogere Burgers da ke Rotterdam, inda wani malamin lissafi da ya fi so, GW Ten Dam ya gabatar da shi a fagen siyasar hagu da zamantakewa.

## Sana'a
A shekara ta 1924, haɗin gwiwa ta Rockefeller, Struik ya yi tafiya zuwa Roma don yin haɗin gwiwa tare da masanin lissafin Italiyanci Tullio Levi-Civita. A Roma ne Struik ya fara neman sha'awar tarihin ilimin lissafi. A shekarar alif  1925, godiya ga ƙarin haɗin gwiwarsa, ya yi aiki tare da Richard Courant a Jami'ar Göttingen, inda Struik ya sami damar gyara laccocin Felix Klein da ba a buga ba kan ilmin lissafi na karni na 19.[4]. Yayin da yake can, Struik ya yi amfani da laburaren jami'a da yawa don yin bincike kan masana lissafin Renaissance.[6] Ya kuma sake farfado da sha'awar kuskuren da'awar Aristotle ya yi cewa za a iya tilaye sararin samaniya tare da tetrahedra na yau da kullun. An fara ƙalubalantar kuskuren Aristotle a shekara ta 1435.[9] A shekarar alif  1926, Struik ya sami mukamai a matsayin malami a fannin lissafi a Jami'ar Jihar Moscow da Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT). Ya yanke shawarar yarda da tayin na ƙarshe, kuma ya yi sauran aikinsa na ilimi a can. An ba shi mukamin mataimakin farfesa a shekara ta 1928, mataimakin farfesa a 1931, kuma ya zama cikakken farfesa a 1940.[10]. Yayin da yake a MIT, ya yi aiki tare da Norbert Wiener akan nau'ikan lissafi daban-daban.[11] A shekarar alif 1936, Struik ya haɗu da Kimiyya & Al'umma. Zai zama jarida mafi dadewa a duniya mai ci gaba da gudana na malanta Marxist.[12] Ya kasance yana ba da gudummawar labarai akai-akai ga Kimiyya & Al'umma, da farko akan tarihin kimiyya.

## Manazarta
Otto E. Neugebauer

Otto Eduard Neugebauer (Mayu 26, 1899 - Fabrairu 19, 1990) ɗan ƙasar Austriya Ba'amurke ɗan lissafi ne kuma masanin tarihin kimiyya wanda ya shahara da bincikensa akan tarihin falaki da sauran ainihin ilimomi kamar yadda ake aiwatar da su a zamanin da da tsakiyar zamanai. Ta wajen nazarin allunan yumbu, ya gano cewa ’yan Babila na dā sun san abubuwa da yawa game da lissafi da ilmin taurari fiye da yadda aka sani a dā. Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kasa ta kira Neugebauer "mafi kyawun asali kuma masanin tarihin ainihin ilimin kimiyya, watakila na tarihin kimiyya, na zamaninmu."

## Manazarta
Samikannu Vincent

**Samikannu Vincent** (18 ga Afrilu 1883 - 22 ga Afrilu 1942) ya kasance Mai shirya fim-finai kuma mai nuna fina-fakka daga Coimbatore, Indiya . Ya kasance majagaba a kasuwancin fim a Kudancin Indiya. A cikin 1905, ya kafa gidajen silima inda aka tsara fina-finai a cikin alfarwa na wucin gadi a cikin sarari wanda ya kasance farkon gidan wasan kwaikwayo na zamani. A shekara ta 1914, ya kafa Variety Hall a Coimbatore, wanda shine ɗayan gidan wasan kwaikwayo na dindindin na farko a Kudancin Indiya. Daga baya ya shiga cikin samarwa da kuma jagorancin fina-finai na Tamil.
## Rayuwa ta farko da kuma iyalinshi
An haifi Samikannu Vincent a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1883 ga Thambusamy a Coimbatore, Shugabancin Madras, Indiya. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane tare da Railway na Kudancin Indiya a Ponmalai a Tiruchirappalli . Samikannu yana da mata huɗu tare da su yana da 'ya'ya maza huɗu da mata biyu.[3] Samikannu ya mutu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 1942 . Mai wasan fim na Tamil J. P. Chandrababu ya auri daya daga cikin jikokin Samikannu. 
## Manazarta
Fim din Masala

Fim din Masala na fina-finai na Indiya sune wadanda ke hada nau'o'i da yawa a cikin aiki daya. Fim din Masala ya fito ne a cikin shekarun 1970s kuma har yanzu ana kirkirar su tun daga shekarun 2020. Yawanci waɗannan fina-finai suna haɗuwa da aiki, wasan kwaikwayo, soyayya, da wasan kwaikwayo, ko melodrama. Har ila yau, suna da yawa daga cikin waƙoƙi, sau da yawa sun haɗa da waƙoƙin da aka yi fim a wurare masu kyau.
## Manazarta
Roderick W. Home

**Roderick Weir "R.W"**  (an Haife shi 6 Janairu 1939), masanin ilimin Ostiraliya ne kuma masanin tarihin Kimiyya. Gida ya kasance Farfesa na Tarihi da Falsafa na Kimiyya, Jami'ar Melbourne daga 1975 zuwa 2002 a kan ritayarsa. A baya ya kasance malami sannan kuma babban malami a Sashen Tarihi da Falsafa na Kimiyya. Ya kasance Daraktan Gidauniyar Cibiyar Taswirar Kimiyya ta Australiya (ASAP) 1985-96 kuma Shugaban Hukumar Ba da Shawara ta Kasa. Aikin ASAP yanzu ana gudanar da shi ta Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Australiya, cibiyar da ke kan gaba don rubutun kan layi na tarihin kimiyya da fasaha na Ostiraliya. Farfesa Home ƙwararren marubuci ne, tare da manyan ayyukan tarihi don yabo; alal misali, rubuta nasarorin kimiyya Ferdinand von Mueller, masanin kimiyyar Jamus-Austriya wanda Gwamna Charles La Trobe ya nada masanicin Botanist na Victoria a 1853.

## Karatu da Ayyuka
Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Melbourne (BSc), da Jami'ar Indiana (PhD), DLitt. Jagoran Physics, Kwalejin Haileybury 1960-64. Malami, Sashen Tarihi da Falsafa na Kimiyya, Jami'ar Melbourne 1967-70, Babban Malami 1970-75, Farfesa 1975-2002. Shugaban, Ƙungiyar Australiya don Tarihi, Falsafa da Nazarin zamantakewa na Kimiyya 1977-80. Abokin Kwalejin Ilimin Bil'adama ta Australiya kuma memba mai dacewa na Kwalejin Tarihin Kimiyya ta Duniya. Edita, Bayanan Tarihi na Kimiyyar Australiya 1984-. Darektan Gidauniyar Aikin Tarihi na Kimiyyar Australiya 1985-96 kuma Shugaban Hukumar Ba da Shawarako ta.

Kodayake Farfesa Home ya yi ritaya daga Jami'ar Melbourne a watan Disamba 2002, ya ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rubutawa da kuma adana tarihin kimiyyar Australiya a matsayin Editan Tarihin Tarihi na Kimiyyar Australiya (HRAS), mujallar rikodin tarihin kimiyya, mai tsabta da amfani, a Australia da kudu maso yammacin Pacific.

## Manazarta
 

## Hanyoyin Haɗi na Waje
*Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Melbourne
*Australian Science Archives Project (ASAP)
*Historical Records of Australian Science (HRAS)
*R.W.Home: Archival Holdings
*R.W.Home: Brief Biography
*R.W.Home: Published Works
Rikicin kabilanci a Ghana

Ghana ta fuskanci rikice-Rikicin kabilanci a duk tarihinta. Ghana ta kasance ta 43 a cikin Ƙididdigar Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya .  kuma a matsayin ƙasa mafi zaman lafiya a Yammacin Afirka.

An samu rikice-rikice kamar rikicin Konkomba da Nanumba ,  wanda aka gwabza saboda rikicin ciniki.  An san wannan yakin a Ghana da ma wasu kasashen Afirka. A cikin dukkanin kabilun, an san Ashanti da yaƙe-yaƙe masu yawa da suka yi lokacin da ake kira Ghana da Gold Coast (British Colony) . "Daga 1806 zuwa 1896, Masarautar Ashanti tana cikin wani yanayi na dindindin na yaki wanda ya shafi fadada ko kare yankinta".

An san daular Ashanti da mamaye kasashe da dama da kuma da'awarsu. Sun mamaye ƙasashe da yawa saboda sun mallaki iko fiye da sauran ƙabilun musamman saboda yawansu da kuma girman daularsu. Haka nan sun yi ta fama da turawan Ingila sau da dama, amma yakin da ya fi fice shi ne yakin Yaa Asantewaa da ta jagoranci Ashantis.

## Dubi kuma

* Yawan jama'a na Ghana
* Ƙungiyoyin kabilanci a Ghana

## Manazarta
Yara na Ruhu

**Yaron ruhu** kalma ce Dan Ghana don yaro mai nakasa wanda aka yi imanin yana da ikon sihiri wanda ke haifar da masifa. Naƙasasshi a Ghana an nuna musu mummunan ra'ayi kuma sau da yawa kawai hanyar da ake la'akari da ita don magance yara masu nakasa ita ce kashe su ko fitar da su tare da taimakon likita. Ana kiran yara **Ɗan Ruhu** a matsayin *Chichuru* ko *kinkiriko* a tsohuwar Gundumar Kassena-Nankana ta Arewacin Ghana .  Wadannan yara da farko sun fito ne daga matalauta, yankunan karkara. Koyaya, idan an sami yaro mai ruhu "mai kyau" babu wani hukunci ga yaron ko danginsu.

Irin waɗannan ra'ayoyi da al'adu sun haɗa da "yara maƙaryaci" na Benin, "yara maciji" na Mali da Ivory Coast, da "yara masu banƙyama" na Tanzania. "

## Dalilan da suka haifar

### Halayen jiki
Rashin daidaituwa na haihuwa da yara masu ruhu ke nunawa sune manyan ko ƙananan kawuna, spina bifida, hydrocephalus, hakora da suka yi tsami da kuma karye ko gurɓataccen gaɓoɓin. Ana iya zargi yaro mai ruhu da gazawar amfanin gona ko mutuwar dabbobi na ƙauye. Kisan babba da gangan ana zaton zai sa ruhun dabba da aka ambata ya tsalle cikin rundunar mutum.

### Naƙasasshiyar cuta
Yara masu ruhu galibi suna da nakasa ko wasu cututtuka masu tsanani. Idan mahaifiyar ba ta da lafiya a lokacin daukar ciki, ana iya ganin yaron a matsayin yaro mai ruhu. Idan yaro ya ki cin abinci, suna iya zama yaro na ruhu. Wannan "ƙin bunƙasa" yana nuna cewa yaron na iya zama ruhu mai cutarwa. Iyalai suna tsoron yaransu saboda akwai karancin bayanai game da kula da yara na zamani da za su iya samu  kuma sun yi imanin cewa yaron zai lalata gidan iyali.

### Ruhohi masu jan hankali
An yi imanin cewa mata na iya jawo hankalin ruhu mai cutarwa idan sun yi tafiya yayin da suke cin abinci. An yi la'akari da cewa, waɗannan ruhohi masu cutarwa suna janyo hankalin abinci na ɗan adam kuma za su shiga ciki mahaifar mace. Sauran ayyukan da ke jan hankalin ruhohi masu cutarwa sun haɗa da "amfani da hanyoyin shiga da ba a yarda da su ba da kuma fita zuwa gida", wanke wasu mata a gefen kogi, da wanka da dare. Mutane da yawa suna la'akari da jerin jarirai a cikin ƙauye don zama wannan ruhun yaro da ke dawowa. Lokacin da wannan ya faru, mazauna ƙauyen sun lalata jarirai da aka haifa kwanan nan don yaron ɗaya ba zai iya dawowa ba.

### Abubuwan Al'umma
Membobin al'umma sun bayyana yara masu ruhu a matsayin "masu saurin motsawa, Mai hikima, masu wayo, da kuma masu lalata".  Membobin al-umma sun kuma lura cewa yara masu ruhu galibi suna da cututtukan Rashin abinci mai gina jiki. Daga cikin dukkan kabilun da aka samu a Ghana, mata sun fi maza damar samun imani na maita.

Lalle ne, imani mai ƙarfi na addini da aka haɗa da Rashin tsaro na abinci yana ƙarfafa waɗannan ayyukan. An yi imanin cewa yara masu ruhu ba su cancanci wuri tsakanin mutane ba. Wannan imani mai karfi na addini na bambancin jarirai ya bayyana al'adun al'adu na iyaye da ke kashe yaransu.  

## Manazarta
Jacob Bronowski

**Jacob Bronowski** Yakubu Bronowski (18 Janairu 1908 - 22 Agusta 1974) masanin lissafi ne ɗan Poland-Birtaniya. An fi saninsa da haɓaka hanyar ɗan adam ta kimiyya, kuma a matsayin mai gabatarwa kuma marubucin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na BBC na kashi goma sha uku na 1973, da kuma littafin da ke rakiyar, Hawan Mutum. An yi masa kallon "daya daga cikin hazikan da ake girmamawa a fagen duniya."
Rikicin cikin gida a Ghana

Rikicin cikin gida ya zama ruwan dare a Ghana,  saboda wani bangare na zurfin al'adun al'adu cewa yana da kyau ga maza su horar da matansu a zahiri.   Kusan daya daga cikin mata uku a Ghana na iya fuskantar tashin hankali na gida.

## Yaduwar
Matsalar tashin hankali a cikin gida ta fi yawa a yankunan karkara da yankunan arewacin Ghana.        Dangane da binciken da MICS ta yi a shekarar 2011, kashi 60 cikin 100 na matan Ghana sun yi imanin cewa mazaje suna da adalci wajen doke matansu, saboda dalilai da yawa. A shekara ta 2008, kashi 38.7 cikin dari na matan Ghana tsakanin shekaru 15 zuwa 49 waɗanda suka taɓa yin aure sun fuskanci tashin hankali na jiki, motsin rai ko jima'i daga miji ko abokin tarayya a wani lokaci a rayuwarsu.

Dalilan da aka ambata a cikin rahoton MICS sun haɗa da: "idan ta fita ba tare da gaya masa ba; idan ta yi watsi da yara; idan ta jayayya da shi; idan ta ƙi yin jima'i da shi; Idan ta ƙone shi; idan ya zagi shi; idan tana da wani abokin tarayya; idan ta sata; ko kuma idan ta yi jita-jita. "  Ghanayan mata marasa ilimi kuma daga yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki suna iya gaskata cewa tashin hankali ya cancanci.

## Yanayin al'adu
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan dalilan da suka haifar da wannan lamari shine Mata a Ghana suna rayuwa a cikin al'umma mai matukar shugabanci inda namiji / uba shine shugaban gida kuma yana ɗaukar dukkan manyan yanke shawara na gida. Har ila yau, ma'aurata da yawa ba sa son bayar da rahoto ga 'yan sanda kuma sun fi son tuntuɓar shugabansu na ruhaniya. Har ila yau, ya ga wani lamari ne na sirri fiye da shari'a.

## Kokarin magance tashin hankali na cikin gida
A shekara ta 2007 gwamnatin Ghana ta zartar da Dokar Rikicin Cikin Gida a cikin ƙoƙari na rage tashin hankali ga mata. Dokar ta gamu da gagarumin juriya daga masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na al'adu da shugabannin addinai na gida waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa irin wannan doka za ta lalata dabi'un gargajiya na Afirka, kuma ana aiwatar da dabi'un Yammacin cikin doka.

A cikin 2014 gwamnatin Ghana ta kafa kwamitin tashin hankali na cikin gida don yaki da batun.

## Dubi kuma

* Mata a Ghana
* Laifi a Ghana

## Manazarta
Heinrich Suter

Heinrich Suter Heinrich Suter (4 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1848 a Hedingen - 17 Maris 1922 a Dornach) masanin tarihi ne na kimiyya wanda ya kware a lissafin Islama da ilmin taurari. Tarihin Rayuwa[gyara tushe] Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Schule masana'antu a Zurich, Suter yayi karatu a Berlin (1869/70) da ETH Zurich da Jami'ar Zurich. Ya samu Ph.D. daga Jami'ar Zurich a shekara ta 1871 tare da kasida mai taken "Tarihin Kimiyyar Lissafi daga Farko zuwa Karshen Karni na 16." An buga littafinsa a 1872 a matsayin littafi kuma daga baya aka fassara shi zuwa Rashanci.

A shekarar alif 1874, bayan digirinsa na uku, Suter ya koyar a Kwalejin horar da Malamai ta Wettingen da ke Aargau, sannan kuma a Gymnasium a Schaffhausen, sannan ya koyar daga 1876 zuwa 1886 a Aarau a matsayin malamin ilmin lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi, daga karshe daga 1886 har zuwa ritayarsa a makarantar Zurich ta 1918. Ya fara koyon Larabci a zamaninsa a Zurich. Suter a farkon shekarunsa arba'in ya koyi Larabci kuma ya sami ɗan ilimin Siriya, Farisa da Turkawa. Ya karanci tarihin ilmin lissafi da ilmin taurari a cikin al'ummar Musulunci. A cikin Moritz Cantor's "Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Mathematik" an buga shi a cikin 1892 fassarar Suter na abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da lissafi a cikin Kitāb al-Fihrist na Ibn al-Nadim da kuma a cikin fassarar 1893 Suter na sassan lissafi na kasida na Khedivial Library a Catalog na Khedivial Library. Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman ayyukansa shine aikinsa, wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Royal Danish ta ba da izini, a kan tebur na ilimin taurari na Al-Khwarizmi. A cikin 1904 Suter ya kasance mai gayyata Kakakin ICM a Heidelberg.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Suter ya auri Hermine Frauenfelder. Suna da 'ya'ya mata uku[1].

## Lambar yabo
1922: Digiri na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Zurich

## Wallafe-wallafe

### Books
* 1871. Geschichte der mathematischen  Wissenschaften, Teil 1 : Von den ältesten Zeiten bis Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts. Dissertation, 2. Aufl. 1873. Reprint 1973. Hathi Trust
* 1875. Geschichte der mathematischen Wissenschaften, Teil II : Vom Anfange des 17. bis gegen Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts. Hathi Trust
* 1900. Die Mathematiker und Astronomen der Araber und ihre Werke. Abhandl. zur Geschichte der mathematischen Wissenschaften, Heft 10. Reprint 1972 und 1986. bibalex 

## Manazarta
Mother India

Fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Indiya na shekara ta 1957, wanda Mehboob Khan ya jagoranta kuma ya hada da Nargis, Sunil Dutt, Rajendra Kumar da Raaj Kumar . Wani fim na farko na Khan Aurat (1940), labarin wata mace ce mai talauci mai suna Radha (Nargis), wacce ba tare da mijinta ba, ta yi gwagwarmaya don tayar da 'ya'yanta maza kuma ta tsira daga mai ba da kuɗi a cikin matsaloli da yawa.

## Manazarta
Rikicin Cikin Gida da Ƙungiyar Taimako ga Wadanda aka azabtar

**Rukunin Tashin hankali da Taimako ga Wadanda aka azabtar** (DOVSU) wani bangare ne a cikin Ofishin 'yan sanda na Ghana . Tana da ikon kula da batutuwan Cin zarafin gida ga mata da yara. DOVSU tana da manufa don hanawa, kamawa da gurfanar da masu laifin tashin hankali na gida da cin zarafin yara.

Rukunin yana ba da tallafi da kariya ga wadanda ke fama da cin zarafi gida ta hanyar yin hulɗa da ayyukan tare da Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jama'a, Ƙungiyar Mata ta Duniya da Hukumar Taimako ta Shari'a. DOVSU tana taimaka wa wadanda aka yi wa cin zarafin jima'i, cin zarafin jiki, zamba da sakaci. DOVSU ta ba da umarni, *Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Ghana na 1992, Dokar Kula da 'Yan Sanda, Dokar Laifuka da sauran Laifuka, Dokar 29/60, Dokar Yara, Dokar 560 /98, Dokar Shari'ar Yara, Dokar 653/2003, Dokar Rikicin Cikin Gida ta Ghana (Dokar 732) 2007.*

## Ƙungiya
DOVVSU a baya an gabatar da Mata da Matasa (WAJU) a watan Oktoba 1998 a matsayin na musamman don magance tashin hankali ga masu rauni. An sanya sabon suna ga Sashin Tashin Lafiya da Tashin Tashin Taron Gida a cikin shekara ta 2005, ya ƙunshi ma'aikatan 'yan sanda tare da ofisoshi a duk manyan biranen yanki da tebur a yawancin gundumomi a Ghana.

## Manazarta
Nicki nicole

**Nicole Denise Cucco** (an haife shi a watan Agusta 25, 2000), wanda aka sani da ƙwararru da Nicki Nicole (lafazin Mutanen Espanya: [ˈniki niˈkol]), mawaƙin ɗan Argentina ne kuma mawaƙa-mawaƙi. An haife ta kuma ta girma a Rosario, Santa Fe, ta sami shahara tare da waƙoƙinta "Wapo Traketero", "Colocao", "Mamichula", "Mala Vida", da "Marisola"
## Mafari
An haifi Nicole a Rosario ga dangin aji na tsakiya. Ta nuna sha'awar kiɗan tun tana ƙarama. Ta halarci Colegio Comunidad Educativa La Paz, inda ta kammala karatun ta na yau da kullun.
## Cimma nasarori
A cikin Afrilu 2019, Nicki Nicole ta fito da "Wapo Traketero" a ƙarƙashin aikin Gonzalo Ferreyra. A watan Agusta, mawaƙin ya yi aiki tare da mai shirya wasan Argentine Bizarrap a kan sakin na goma sha uku na "Zaman Kiɗa". Waƙar ta kai kololuwa a lamba uku akan Billboard Argentina Hot 100, wanda ya ɗaga shaharar mawakan biyu a ƙasar. Daga baya a wannan watan, Nicki Nicole ta saki waƙarta ta biyu, mai suna "Años Luz"

## Manazarta
Mehboob Khan

Mehboob Khan Ramzan Khan (9 Satumba 1907 - 28 Mayu 1964) ya kasance fitaccen darektan fina-finai da kuma furodusa na Indiya. An fi saninsa da jagorantar wasan kwaikwayo na zamantakewar al'umma na Uwar Indiya (1957), wanda ya lashe Kyautar Filmfare don Mafi Kyawun Fim da Darakta Mafi Kyawu, lambar yabo ta Fim ta Kasa guda biyu, kuma ya kasance wanda aka zaba don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi Kyautar Fim na Harshen Ƙasashen waje. Ya kafa kamfaninsa na samarwa - Mehboob Productions, kuma daga baya gidan fina-finai - Mehboob Studios a Bandra, Mumbai a cikin 1954 .  Ya kuma kirkiro nau'in Fim din dacoit tare da Aurat (1940) da Uwar Indiya, kuma an san shi da wasu masu tasowa ciki har da wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya Andaz (1949), wasan kwaikwayo na Aan (1951), da kuma Amar (1954).

## Manazarta
Ali Abdullah Al-Daffa

Ali Abdullah Al-Daffa (Larabci: علي بن عبدالله الدفـّاع) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1943 (1362 H) a Unaizah, Al Gassim, Saudi Arabia) masani ne, masanin kimiyya, marubuci, farfesa, kuma kwararre kan tarihin kimiyya da Musulunci. Ali Abdullahi Daffa Haihuwa علي بن عبدالله الدفـّاع 1943 (1362 H) Unaizah (Al Gassim, Saudi Arabia) Almatar Stephen F. Jami'ar Jihar Austin, Jami'ar Jihar Texas ta Gabas, Jami'ar Vanderbilt Ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a Jami'ar Jihar Stephen F. Austin a 1967, digirinsa na biyu na Kimiyya daga Jami'ar Jihar Texas ta Gabas a 1968, da PhD a Kwalejin Peabody na Jami'ar Vanderbilt a 1972.[1]. Bayan ya sami digirin digirgir, Al-Daffa ya shiga jami'ar King Fahd of Petroleum and Minerals da ke Dhahran, Saudi Arabia a 1972 a matsayin mataimakin farfesa. Bayan shekaru biyar, wato a shekarar 1977, ya samu mukamin mataimakin farfesa. Ya kuma rike mukamin Shugaban Sashen Kimiyyar Lissafi, a jami’a guda, daga 1974 zuwa 1977, sannan ya zama shugaban Kwalejin Kimiyya daga 1977 zuwa 1984. A shekarar 1980, ya samu karin girma zuwa cikakken Farfesa, wanda ya zama babban matsayi na ilimi a Saudiyya.

Farfesa na ziyarar a Jami'ar Sarki Saud, Riyadh (1979-1982), kuma a Jami'ar Harvard, Amurka (1989-1981 da 1986-19888888. Farfesa Daffa yana / memba ne na kungiyoyi masu zuwa: Kwamitin Ƙididdigar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Musulunci, Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Ilimin Musulunci ta Royal, Jordan; Kwalejin Harshen Larabci, Jordan (girmama); Majalisar Kimiyya ta Gidauniyar Musulunci ta Kimiyya, Fasaha da Ci Gaba (IFSTAD), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Cibiyar Nazarin Addinin Musulunci ta Sarki Faisal, Riyadh (Saudi Arabia); da kuma Arab Scientific Society, Baghdad, Iraq. [abubuwan da ake bukata] Shi ne marubucin littafai 36 kan ilmin lissafi da tarihin kimiyya (32 cikin Larabci, 4 cikin Ingilishi) da kuma labarai sama da 250 a cikin mujallun duniya da na Saudiyya. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun litattafansa a Turanci shine Gudunmawar Musulmi ga Lissafi (Croom Helm, 1977, [2] wanda Routledge Editions Editions ya sake fitowa a cikin 2015 a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin sa, "Tunanin Musulunci A Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Zamani") [3] An girmama shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun masu bincike a duniyar Musulunci. Dangane da tarihin kimiyya, daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke damun sa shi ne tunatar da mutane cewa a fagage da dama na ilmin taurari, gine-gine, ilmin lissafi da na dabi'a da zamantakewa, ilimin kimiyya ya kiyaye shi daga malaman Larabawa masu fassara daga Girkanci zuwa Larabci;

Al-Daffa' ɗan'uwan da ya kafa "Islamic World Academy of Sciences (IAS)" (1986)

## Magana
edit

# **^** Prof. Ali Abdullah Al-Daffa' Archived 2011-07-24 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 5 January 2011.
# **^** Amazon.com, Particulars of *The Muslim Contribution to Mathematics*. Retrieved 2016-05-05.
# **^** Amazon.com, Particulars of Routledge reissue of *The Muslim Contribution to Mathematics*. Retrieved 2016-05-05.
# **^** Haroon Siddiqui, "Saudis work to define themselves". *Toronto Star*, February 8, 2001: A26.
Stephen Snobelen

Stephen Snobelen farfesa ne na tarihin kimiyya da fasaha a Jami'ar King's College a Halifax, Nova Scotia. Koyarwarsa na yanzu da abubuwan bincike shine Tarihin kimiyya (Farkon Zamani da Karni na sha tara); Ishaku Newton da rubuce-rubucen tauhidi na Newton da rubuce-rubucen annabci, Kimiyya da addini; Yaɗawar kimiyya; Tiyoloji mai tsattsauran ra'ayi a zamanin Farkon Zamani; da Millenariyanci.

An nuna shi a cikin shirin shirin BBC kan wannan batu, mai suna Newton: The Dark Heretic. Snobelen memba ne wanda ya kafa Newton Project, UK kuma darektan Newton Project, Kanada.

A cikin 2002, Snobelen ya sami lambar yabo ta John Templeton Foundation Science and Religion Course Award don kwasa-kwasansa guda biyu a Jami'ar King's College, Kimiyya da Addini: Ra'ayin Tarihi da Kimiyya da Addini: Halayen Zamani.
Gambaga Witch sansanin

**[[Gambaga]] Witch Camp** wata al'umma ce da aka ware a cikin garin Gambaga a Yankin Arewa maso Gabas Ghana da aka kafa a matsayin mafaka don karɓar masu lu'u-lu'u da masu sihiri waɗanda aka kore su daga al'ummominsu.

Sansanin yana da kimanin gidaje 25, kuma yana riƙe da kimanin fursunoni 100. Babu sabis na kiwon lafiya ko famfo na cikin gida.

Mata da yawa a sansanonin mayu na Ghana gwauraye ne kuma ana zaton dangi sun zarge su da maita. Sauran fursunoni a sansanin an zarge su da yin amfani da sihiri don haifar da masifa a cikin al'ummarsu. Mata da yawa ma suna da rashin lafiya, matsala mai ɗan fahimta a Ghana. A Gambaga, shugaban yankin yana ba mata kariya.

Yaba Badoe ya yi fim din, The Witches of Gambaga game da wadanda ake zargi da maita.

## Dubi kuma

* Kayayei
* Zarge-zargen maita a kan yara a Afirka

## Manazarta
Kim H.Veltman

**Kim (Keimpe) Henry** Veltman (5 Satumba 1948 - 1 Afrilu 2020) Wata mai shawara ne na Dutch-Kanada, Mai ba da shawara kuma marubuci wanda kuma ya kasance darektan Cibiyar Manchan An san shi ne saboda gudummawarsa a cikin filayen "layi na" layi da girma na Kimiyya da Art,  Sabuwar kafofin watsa labarai, al'ada ce. 

## Tarihi

An haife shi a cikin aikin a cikin ayyukan Fridesland, Vellman ya yi hijira tare da danginsa a 1951, inda ya sami zama ɗan ƙasa na Kanada. Veltman ta samu a tarihi a tarihi a Jami'ar York a Toronto a shekarar 1969, inda a shekarar 1970 ya kuma samu ma labarin Renaissance. A shekarar 1975 ya karbi wannan PhD a tarihi da falsafar kimiyya a Cibiyar Warburg a London, inda ya sami ilimi daga B.A.R. Carter, Alistair Camer Colombie, Ernst Gombrich, A.I. Sibra, da Charles B. Schmit

## Manazarta
Rajesh Khanna

Rajesh Khanna (An haife shi Jatin Khanna; 29 Disamba 1942 - 18 Yuli 2012) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Indiya, mai shirya fina-finai kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a fina-fakka na Hindi. An dauke shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo masu cin nasara a tarihin fina-finai na Indiya, an dauke shi Superstar na farko na fina-fakka na Hindi. Kyaututtuka sun hada da Filmfare Awards guda biyar, kuma a cikin 2013, an ba shi Padma Bhushan, lambar yabo ta uku mafi girma a Indiya.
## Manazarta
Sansanin mayu

Sansanonin maƙaryaci sune wuraren zama inda mayu a Ghana waɗanda ake zargi da zama maƙaryaciya za su iya guduwa don aminci. Mata a cikin irin waɗannan sansanonin an zarge su da maita saboda dalilai daban-daban, gami da Rashin lafiya na hankali. Ana zaton an kirkiro wasu sansanoni a farkon karni na 20. Gwamnatin Ghana ta aiwatar da matakai don kawar da irin waɗannan sansanonin.

## Bayyanawa
Mata da ake zargi da zama maƙaryaci wani lokacin sukan gudu zuwa sansanin maƙaryaciya don aminci, sau da yawa don kauce wa maƙwabta su kashe su.

Mata da yawa a cikin irin waɗannan sansanonin gwauraye ne; an yi imanin cewa dangi suna zargin su da maita don kwace dukiyar mazajensu da suka mutu. Mata da yawa a cikin sansanonin maƙaryaci suma suna fama da rashin lafiya na hankali, wani abu da ba a fahimta ba a Ghana.   A wani sansani a Gambaga a arewa, mata suna samun kariya daga shugaban yankin, kuma a sakamakon haka, suna biyan shi kuma suna aiki a gonakinsa.

A cikin shekara ta 2015, Kamfen ɗin Anti-Witchcraft Allegations Coalition-Ghana (AWACC-Ghana) ya ba da rahoton cewa yawan waɗanda aka fitar da su da ke zaune a sansanonin maƙaryaci yana ƙaruwa, kuma kayan abinci a can ba su isa ba. Wani rahoto na 2022 da Humanist Global Charity ya lura cewa yanayin har yanzu yana da wahala sosai tare da rashin isasshen gidaje da ababen more rayuwa.

## Wuraren da aka yi
A cikin 2012 akwai akalla sansanonin maƙaryaci shida a Ghana, inda ke da kusan mata 1,000. Sansanonin suna cikin Bonyasi, Gambaga, Gnani, Kpatinga, Kukuo da Naabuli, duk a Arewacin Ghana. Wasu daga cikin sansanonin ana zaton an halicce su sama da shekaru 100 da suka gabata.   

A cikin 2012, Gwamnatin Ghana ta sanar da niyyar rufe sansanonin mayu da kuma ilimantar da jama'a cewa mayu ba su wanzu ba. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, Ministan Jima'i da Tsaro na Jama'a Nana Oye Lithur ta rushe sansanin Bonyasi da ke cikin Gundumar Gonja ta Tsakiya kuma ta sake haɗa mazaunanta cikin al'ummominsu. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2015, gwamnatin Ghana ta rufe sansanonin mayu da yawa.

Ya zuwa 2020, akwai sansani huɗu a Ghana, a Gambaga, Kukuo, Gnani da Kpantiga,  inda mutane sama da 500.
Zeenat Aman

Zeenat Aman Khan (an haife ta a ranar 19 ga watan Nuwamba 1951), wacce aka fi sani da Zeenat Aman, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma samfurin Indiya wacce galibi ke aiki a fina-finai na Hindi. Daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na fina-finai na Hindi,  ta kafa kanta a matsayin daya daga cikin' yan wasan kwaikwayo mafi girma na lokacinta kuma an ambaci ta a cikin kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin Alamar jima'i. Ita ce mai karɓar Kyautar Filmfare daga gabatarwa uku.

## Manazarta
Kwasi Wiredu

Kwasi Wiredu (3 Oktoba 1931 - 6 Janairu 2022) masanin falsafa ɗa Ghana ne. Sau da yawa ana kiransa babban masanin falsafar Afirka na zamaninsa, aikinsa ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙaddamar da ra'ayi na tunanin Afirka.

## Rayuwa da Tasowarsa
An haifi Wiredu a Kumasi, Gold Coast (yanzu Ghana), a cikin 1931, kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Adisadel daga 1948 zuwa 1952. A wannan lokacin ne ya gano falsafa, ta hanyar Plato (wanda ya zaburar da shi sha'awar Psychology Psychology) da Bertrand Russell. Ya sami gurbin karatu a Jami'ar Ghana, Legon. Bayan kammala karatunsa a 1958, ya tafi Kwalejin Jami'a, Oxford don yin karatun B.Phil.

A Jami'ar Oxford, Gilbert Ryle (mai kula da karatunsa), Peter Strawson (Malamin Kwalejinsa), da Stuart Hampshire (mai koyar da shi na musamman) ne ya koyar da Wiredu, kuma ya rubuta kasida kan "Ilimi, Gaskiya, da Dalili". Bayan kammala karatunsa a 1960 an nada shi mukamin koyarwa a Kwalejin Jami'ar North Staffordshire (yanzu Jami'ar Keele), inda ya zauna na shekara guda. Ya koma Ghana, inda ya karbi mukamin koyar da ilimin falsafa a tsohuwar jami'ar sa. Ya ci gaba da zama a Jami'ar Ghana na tsawon shekaru ashirin da uku, inda a lokacin ya zama shugaban sashen na farko sannan kuma Farfesa. Daga 1987 har ya yi ritaya, ya kasance Farfesa Emeritus a Jami'ar Kudancin Florida a Tampa.

Wiredu ya rike da yawa na ziyartar farfesoshi: Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, California (1979-1980) Jami'ar Ibadan, Nigeria (1984) Jami'ar Richmond, Virginia (1985) Kwalejin Carleton, Minnesota (1986) Jami'ar Duke, North Carolina (1994-1995; 1999-2001) Ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Daraktoci na Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Falsafa ta Duniya daga 1983 zuwa 1998. Ya kuma kasance abokin aiki a Cibiyar Masana'antu ta Woodrow Wilson ta Duniya (1985) da Cibiyar Harkokin Bil'adama ta Kasa, North Carolina (1986). Ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Falsafa ta Inter-African Council for Philosophy. Wiredu ya mutu a ranar 6 ga Janairu 2022 a Amurka, yana da shekara 90.

## Manazarta
 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
* 
*  Introduction to and discussion of Wiredu's philosophy.
* 
*
Dirk van Dalen

Dirk van Dalen (an Haife shi 20 Disamba 1932, Amsterdam) masanin lissafin Dutch ne kuma masanin tarihi na kimiyya.

Van Dalen ya yi karatun lissafi da physics da falaki a jami'ar Amsterdam. Ilham da aikin Brouwer da Heyting, ya sami Ph.D. a cikin 1963 daga Jami'ar Amsterdam don matsalolin haɓakawa a cikin intuitionistic jirgin sama Projective geometry.[1] Daga 1964 zuwa 1966 Van Dalen ya koyar da dabaru da lissafi a MIT, sannan Oxford. Daga 1967 ya zama farfesa a Jami'ar Utrecht. A cikin 2003 Dirk van Dalen an ba shi lambar yabo ta Academy Medal 2003 na Royal Dutch Academy of Sciences don kawo ayyukan Brouwer ga hankalin duniya.[2]￼

Ayyuka gyara A matsayin (co-) marubuci gyara Fraenkel, Ibrahim; Bar-Hillel, Yehoshua; Levy, Azriel; (1973) [1958]. Tushen Ka'idar Saita. Nazarin a Logic da Tushen Lissafi. Vol. 67 (bincike na biyu). Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing. . (1963). Matsalolin tsawaitawa a cikin intuitionistic jirgin sama projective geometry (Thesis). -; Monna, Antonie Frans (1972). Saita da Haɗuwa. Bayanin Ci Gaban. Groningen: Wolters-Noordhoff. doi:10.1007/978-94-010-2718-2. . -; Doets, H.C.; De Swart, H.C.M. (1975). Verzamelingen - naïef, axiomatisch en toegepast (a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland). Utrecht: Oosthoek, Scheltema & Holkema. p. 364. . -; Doets, H.C.; De Swart, H.C.M. (1978) [1975]. Saiti: Naive, Axiomatic da Aiwatar. Jaridar Pergamon. . (1978). Filosofische grondslagen van de Wiskunde. Terreinverkenningen in de filosofie (a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland). Vol. 4. Assen: Van Gorcum. . (2013) [1980]. Hankali da Tsarin. Jami'ar (5 ed.). London, Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-4558-5. . (1982). "Braucht mutu konstruktive Mathematik Grundlagen?". Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung (a cikin Jamusanci). 84. Berlin: G. Reimer: 57–78. Farashin 0012-0456.

A matsayin (co-) edita gyara -, ed. (1981). Laccocin Brouwer na Cambridge akan Intuitionism. Jami'ar Cambridge Press. . Freudenthal, Hans (2009). Springer, Tonny A.; - (ed.). Selecta (Al'adun Lissafi na Turai). Tushen da karatu a cikin tarihin lissafi da kimiyyar jiki. Zürich: Ƙungiyar Lissafi ta Turai. . -, ed. (2011). Wasiƙar da aka zaɓa na L. E. J. Brouwer. Tushen da karatu a cikin tarihin lissafi da kimiyyar jiki. London: Springer Verlag. .￼

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje gyara KNAW (21 Mayu 2003). "Berichten aan de pers: Akademiepenning 2003 voor Dirk van Dalen" (a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland). An adana daga ainihin ranar 26 Disamba 2010. An dawo da shi 2 Disamba 2023. "Over Dirk van Dalen". Koninklijke Bibliotheek (KB) (a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland). An adana daga asali a ranar 3 ga Maris 2016. An dawo da shi 2 Disamba 2023. "Dirk van Dalen, Farfesa Emeritus - Logic da Falsafa na Lissafi". An adana daga asali a ranar 28 ga Maris 2010. An dawo da shi 2 Disamba 2023. Dirk van Dalen a aikin Genealogy na Lissafi Hira da Dirk van Dalen kan L.E.J. Brouwer (2015) akan YouTube.￼

## Manazarta
Yaadon Ki Baaraat

Yaadon Ki Baaraat (transl. Procession of Memories) fim ne na masala na harshen Hindi na 1973, wanda Nasir Hussain ya jagoranta kuma Salim-Javed (Salim Khan da Javed Akhtar) ne suka rubuta shi. Ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar da aka yi, tare da Dharmendra, Vijay Arora, Tariq Khan, Zeenat Aman, Neetu Singh.

Fim din ya kasance mai tasiri a tarihin fina-finai na Indiya. An gano shi a matsayin fim na farko na masala, wanda ya haɗu da abubuwa na Laifi, wasan kwaikwayo, soyayya, kiɗa, aikata laifuka da nau'ikan ban tsoro. Fim din Masala ya ci gaba da zama shahararren nau'in fina-finai na Indiya, kuma an gano Yaadon Ki Baaraat a matsayin "na farko" wanda ya fi dacewa da "fim din Bollywood". Har ila yau, ya ƙaddamar da ayyukan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da yawa, a matsayin Fim din Hindi na kasuwanci ga Zeenat Aman da Neetu Singh, waɗanda suka zama manyan' yan wasan kwaikwayo na shekarun 1970, kuma a matsayin fim na farko ga' yan uwan Nasir Hussain Tariq Khan da Aamir Khan, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙarshe wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan taurarin fina-finan Hindi.
## Manazarta
Qurbani

Kurbani (transl. Sacrifice) fim ne mai ban sha'awa na harshen Hindi na 1980 wanda aka samar, aka ba da umarni, wanda Faruz Khan ya rubuta tare (a ƙarƙashin tutar FK International). Fim din ya da Vinod Khanna, Zeenat Aman, Amjad Khan, Shakti Kapoor, Aruna Irani, Amrish Puri da Kader Khan.

Fim ɗin ya fito a ranar 20 ga Yuni 1980 kuma an ayyana shi a matsayin blockbuster. [attribution need] Shi ne fim mafi girma da aka samu a 1980. Wannan fim kuma ya ci Filmfare 2.
## Manazarta
Amar Akbar Anthony

Amar Akbar Anthony fim ne na masala na harshen Hindi na Indiya na 1977 wanda Manmohan Desai ya ba da umarni kuma ya samar kuma Kader Khan ya rubuta shi. An sake shi a Indiya a ranar 27 ga Mayu 1977, fim din ya fito ne daga Vinod Khanna, Rishi Kapoor, Amitabh Bachchan, Neetu Singh, Parveen Babi, Shabana Azmi, Nirupa Roy da Pran. Makircin yana mai da hankali kan 'yan'uwa uku da suka rabu tun suna yara waɗanda iyalai na addinai daban-daban suka karɓa; Hindu, Islama da Kiristanci. Sun girma sun zama Jami'in 'yan sanda, mawaƙi na qawwali da kuma mai mallakar mashaya na ƙasa, bi da bi. Laxmikant-Pyarelal ne ya kirkiro kundin sauti kuma Anand Bakshi ne ya rubuta kalmomin. Fim din ya samu ₹155 miliyan (US $ 17.69 miliyan) a ofishin jakadancin Indiya, ya zama Fim din Indiya mafi girma a wannan shekarar, Tare da Dharam Veer da Hum Kisise Kum Naheen .
## Manazarta
Sut Jhally

**Sut Jhally (an haife shi a shekara ta 1955) farfesa ne a fannin [[Communication studies|sadarwa]] a [[University of Massachusetts Amherst|Jami'ar Massachusetts Amherst]], wanda aikinsa ke mai da hankali kan nazarin al'adu, talla, kafofin watsa labarai, da [[Consumption (economics)|amfani]]. Shi ne mai gabatar da shirye-shirye sama da 40 a kan batutuwan [[Karatun jarida|ilimin kafofin watsa labarai]] kuma wanda ya kafa kuma babban darakta na Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Media** .

An kafa shi a cikin 1992, Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Media (MEF) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke "samar da rarraba fina-finai da sauran albarkatun ilimi don yin la'akari da tasirin zamantakewa, siyasa, da al'adu na kafofin watsa labarai na Amurka". Manufar su ita ce ta karfafa dalibai suyi tunani da kyau kuma a cikin sababbin hanyoyi game da duniyar da ke kewaye da su.

Har ila yau marubucin littattafai shida da kuma mashahuriyar labarai da yawa, Jhally mai magana ne da kuma malami. Ya lashe kyautar "Malami Mai Girma" a Jami'ar Massachusetts, Amherst, inda jaridar dalibai ta zabe shi "Mafi Kyawun Farfesa". Ya nuna fina-finai kuma ya ba da lacca a kwalejoji da jami'o'i da yawa a cikin ƙasa da ƙasa. An lasafta shi daya daga cikin mujallar New Woman ta "Mutanen Shekara" a shekarar 1992.  Jhally ya koyar da karatun digiri da digiri wanda ya mayar da hankali kan kafofin watsa labarai, alaƙar jama'a da farfaganda, da jinsi, jima'i da wakilci.

## Ayyuka
Jhally sau da yawa yana sukar al'adun gargajiya, talla, da kuma bangarori daban-daban na Manufofin kasashen waje na Amurka. 

A cikin bidiyonsa na 1991 Dreamworlds, ya bayyana hoton mata a cikin bidiyon kiɗa a matsayin tunanin matasa na maza: matasa da kyakkyawa, masu son da sha'awar faranta wa maza rai, suna cewa a'a lokacin da ake nufi da eh, sau da yawa ana rage su zuwa bayyanar waje da sassan jiki. Ya kammala cewa halin rashin lafiya game da cin zarafin jima'i na iya bunkasa ta waɗannan bidiyon, kuma yana kira don daidaita su da sauran al'adun al'adu na jima'i. Lokacin da MTV ta koka game da amfani da sassan bidiyon kiɗa na haƙƙin mallaka, ya yi iƙirarin amfani mai kyau kuma ya tuntubi kafofin watsa labarai game da labarin.

### Rashin amincewa
Laurie Meeker na Kwalejin Jihar Evergreen ya soki Sut's Dreamworlds saboda "rashin jawo hankali ga nasa magudi na matsakaici" na bidiyon dutse.

## Manazarta
Estian Calitz

Estian Calitz Estian Calitz (an haife shi 23 Mayu 1949) shine babban darektan kudi [1] kuma farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Stellenbosch, Afirka ta Kudu tun 2003. An haifi Calitz kuma ya girma a garin George na lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu. Bayan ya kammala digirinsa na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Stellenbosch, ya fara shiga bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu, sannan ya shiga Jami'ar Pretoria da Jami'ar Rand Afrikaans[2]. Daga baya ya sami digiri na uku a fannin kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Stellenbosch, Afirka ta Kudu a 1986. A 1989, Calitz ya zama mataimakin babban darakta a ma'aikatar kudi ta Afirka ta Kudu sannan a shekarar 1993 ya zama babban darakta. Ya bar gwamnati ne a shekarar 1996 inda ya zama Farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami’ar Afirka ta Kudu. Calitz ya koma Jami'ar Stellenbosch a 2001 a matsayin shugaban tsangayar ilimi a fannin tattalin arziki da kimiyyar gudanarwa.

## Manazarta