Marjory Stephenson

**Marjory Stephenson** (an haife ta a ranar 24 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1885 - ta mutu a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 1948) Masanin kimiyyar halittu ne na Burtaniya. A shekara ta 1945, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu na farko da aka zaba Fellow na Royal Society, ɗayan kuma Kathleen Lonsdale ne. 

Ta rubuta Bacterial Metabolism (1930), wanda ya gudana zuwa bugu uku kuma ya kasance littafi ne na al'ada ga tsararraki na masu ilimin microbiology. Ta kafa Society for General Microbiology, ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta na biyu. A shekara ta 1953, kungiyar ta kafa Marjory Stephenson Memorial Lecture (yanzu Marjory Steven Prize Lecture) a cikin ƙwaƙwalwarta. Wannan ita ce babbar lambar yabo ta Society, wacce ake bayarwa sau biyu don gudummawa mai mahimmanci na muhimmancin yanzu a cikin ilimin microbiology.

## Ayyukan farko da sabis na yakin duniya na farko
Stephenson da farko ya yi niyyar karatun likitanci bayan Newnham, amma shirye-shiryenta sun canza saboda rashin kuɗi kuma ta zama malamin kimiyyar cikin gida, da farko a Kwalejin Horar da Gida ta Gloucester sannan kuma a Kwaleji ta Kimiyya ta Gida, London. A Landan ta raba ɗaki tare da masanin tarihi Myra Curtis, wanda daga baya ya zama Shugaban Kwalejin Newnham . Kamar yadda Stephenson bai sami kimiyyar cikin gida ba, ta yi godiya lokacin da R. H. A. Plimmer, wanda ya kafa Kungiyar Biochemical Club (daga baya Society), ya gayyace ta ta zama mai bincike a dakin gwaje-gwaje a Kwalejin Jami'ar London. A nan ta bincika metabolism mai, kuma ta koyar da abinci mai gina jiki. Nazarinta game da hanji ya mayar da hankali kan enzyme lactase, wanda ake buƙata don narke madara, kuma ya nuna cewa glucose ya hana shi amma ba galactose ba. Ta kuma yi aiki a kan sakamakon metabolism na gwajin Ciwon sukari da kuma kira na palmitic acid esters. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Beit Memorial Fellowship a 1913, amma Yaƙin Duniya na farko ya katse aikinta. 

Bayan ta shiga Ƙungiyar Red Cross ta Burtaniya, Stephenson ta gudanar da gidajen cin abinci na asibiti a Faransa; daga baya ta zama kwamandan Sojojin Taimako (VAD) a Salonica (Thessaloniki). An ambaci ta a cikin sakonni, kuma, a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1918, an nada ta memba na Mafi Kyawun Order na Daular Burtaniya (MBE). [1] Ta kuma sami lambar yabo ta Royal Red Cross (ARRC) don nuna godiya ga hidimar da ta yi. A sakamakon kwarewarta a lokacin yaƙi, ta zama mai zaman lafiya kuma, daga baya, ta kasance memba mai aiki a kungiyar Cambridge Scientists' Anti-War Group.[2]

## Bincike a Cambridge
Bayan karshen yakin, Stephenson ya koma Cambridge don gudanar da bincike da koyarwa a sashen ilmin sunadarai. A karkashin jagorancin Frederick Gowland Hopkins, ƙungiyar masana kimiyya ta zama cibiyar nazarin halittu na zamani. A nan an ƙarfafa Stephenson ya motsa daga metabolism na dabba don haka ya fara bincike kan kwayoyin cuta da metabolism. Wannan shine farkon aikin da ya bunkasa don ta zama daya daga cikin fitattun masana sunadarai na ƙwayoyin cuta a Burtaniya.

Sashen yana da yawan mata da yawa daga cikin masu binciken sa, a kashi 15 cikin dari, amma har yanzu yana da wuya a ba mace alƙawari a Jami'ar. Stephenson ta sami tallafi daga Beit Fellowship sannan daga baya daga Majalisar Binciken Kiwon Lafiya. Daga karshe an nada ta a matsayin malamar jami'a a fannin ilmin sunadarai a shekarar 1943. A halin yanzu, ta zama abokiyar aiki kuma daga baya ta zama aboki na tsohuwar Kwalejin ta, Newnham . A shekara ta 1936 Jami'ar ta ba ta digiri na Doctorate of Science (DSc) don bincikenta.

Babban bangaren binciken Stephenson shine metabolism na ƙwayoyin cuta. Tare da Margaret Whetham da Juda Quastel, ta haɓaka fasahar dakatarwa, wanda ya samo asali ne daga Louis Pasteur, don cire enzymes daga ƙwayoyin cuta. Tare da Leonard Stickland, ita ce ta farko da ta ware enzyme na ƙwayoyin cuta daga tantanin halitta a 1928, lokacin da suka sami lactic dehydrogenase daga *Escherichia coli*. A cikin shekarun 1930, ta ci gaba da aiki tare da Stickland kuma ta nuna cewa wani enzyme, formate hydrogen lyase (EC 1.17.1.9), yana cikin abubuwan da aka cire na tantanin halitta ne kawai lokacin da aka girma kwayar cuta a gaban formate. Wannan yana daya daga cikin misalai na farko na 'enzymes masu daidaitawa,' yanzu an fahimta a matsayin saurin kunnawa na kwayar halitta da ke ƙunshe da tsari hydrogenlyase lokacin da aka kara mai kunnawa, tsari, zuwa al'ada. Daga baya a cikin shekarun 1930 Stephenson ya yi aiki tare da Ernest Gale a kan daidaitawar enzyme da Metabolism na amino acid, kuma tare da Arthur Trim a kan nazarin metabolism na nucleic acid.

Stephenson an fi tunawa da ita saboda littafinta mai mahimmanci, Bacterial Metabolism, wanda ya gudana zuwa bugu uku tsakanin 1930 da 1949. An sake buga shi na ƙarshe a 1966, shi ne ma'auni na aiki a kan batun ga tsararraki na masana kimiyyar microbiology da biochemists.

## Manazarta