open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Stephen Allott

**Stephen Allott** (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1958) shi ne babban jami'in kasuwanci na Burtaniya kuma wanda ya kafa Cambridge Computer Lab Ring . 

## Ayyuka
A cikin 1995, a kan barin McKinsey & Company,  Allott ya shiga Micromuse inda ya kula da fadada mai ba da software na gudanar da cibiyar sadarwa ta London.  Bayan IPO a kan Nasdaq a shekarar 1998, an nada Allott a matsayin Shugaban Micromuse kuma babban darektan kwamitin ban da matsayinsa na Babban Jami'in Kudi.

A shekara ta 2002, Allott ya kafa Cambridge Computer Lab Ring, wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan aikin Cambridge Ring (cibiyar sadarwa ta kwamfuta) wanda Maurice Wilkes ke jagoranta.  A cewar Jami'ar Cambridge Sashen Kimiyyar Kwamfuta da Fasaha, ya zuwa watan Oktoba na 2025 akwai kamfanoni 360 da ma'aikatan sashen suka kafa. 

Allott ya gabatar da laccar birnin Jami'ar Cambridge ta 2006 mai taken " *Daga Kimiyya zuwa Ci Gaba - menene ainihin hanyar da binciken kimiyya ke rikidewa zuwa ci gaban tattalin arziki?"* inda aka fara amfani da kalmar "Hanyar Kula da Mutane".  

A shekarar 2011, an naɗa Allott a matsayin Wakilin Sarauta na Kananan da Matsakaitan Kamfanoni ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar Cameron da Clegg .  Allott ya jagoranci haɓaka kasuwanci na G-Cloud Marketplace na Gwamnatin Burtaniya, shirin Ofishin Majalisar Ministoci don siyan ayyukan girgije ta yanar gizo.  

## manazarta
Tex Wanganeen

**Tex Wanganeen** (an haife shi 10 ga Oktoba 2003) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Australiya wanda ya zuwa 2025 ke buga wa kungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallonallon ƙafa ta Port Melbourne a cikin Victoria Football League (VFL). 

Ya taba buga wa Essendon wasa a gasar kwallon kafa ta Australia (AFL), kuma shi ne dan dan wasan Australian Football Hall of Fame Gavin Wanganeen.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Tex Wanganeen a ranar 10 ga Oktoba 2003, ɗan tsohon ɗan wasan Essendon da Port Adelaide Gavin Wanganeen.

## Ayyuka
Wanganeen ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa tare da Walkerville Junior Football Club a yankin Adelaide na Walkerville, Kudancin Australia, kafin ya buga wasan kwallon kafa tare da Sturt a Kudancin Kudancin Australiya.[1]

Ya shiga Essendon a matsayin Rookie ta hanyar karin zabin kafin kakar wasa ta 2022. An kira shi a matsayin mai maye gurbin likita a kan Brisbane a zagaye na biyu na kakar 2022 amma ba a yi amfani da shi ba. Ya fara mako mai zuwa a kan Melbourne, inda ya zira kwallaye na farko a kwata na uku.

Essendon ya cire Wanganeen a ƙarshen kakar AFL ta 2024. Bayan ya fice, ya shiga Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Port Melbourne a Gasar kwallon kafa ta Victoria a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024.

## Kididdiga
*Sabuntawa zuwa ƙarshen 2024*.

## Manazarta
Charles Uwadia

**Charles Uwadia** farfesa ne a sashen Kimiyya na Kwamfuta, a Jami'ar Legas. Shi ne president kuma shugaban majalisar hukumar rajistar masu sana'ar Kwamfuta ta Najeriya.  

## Ilimi
Charles ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a fannin Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta a Jami'ar Ibadan a shekarar 1979, kuma ya sami digiri na biyu a Kimiyya a shekarar 1983, sai kumaDokta na Falsafa a Kimiyya na Kwamfuta daga Jami'ar Legas a shekarar 1990. 

## Ayyuka
Ya yi aiki a matsayin mukaddashin shugaban sashe a Jami'ar Legas 1996 - 1998, kuma ya biyo baya a matsayin mukamin darektan cibiyar kwamfuta  2003 - 2005.

Shi memba ne na Ƙungiyar Injin Kwamfuta (ACM) da Cibiyar Injiniyoyin Lantarki da Injiniyoyin Injiniya (IEEE), kuma mabiyi na Ƙungiyar Kwamfuta ta Najeriya (NCS). Ya rike mukamai da yawa na jagoranci a cikin bangaren fasahar bayanai na Najeriya, ciki har da zama Shugaban Kungiyar Kwamfuta ta Najeriya daga shekarar 2007 zuwa 2011, kuma a matsayin president da Shugaban Majalisar Rijistar Kwararrun Kwamfuta ta Nigeria (CPN) daga shekarar 2017 zuwa yanzu. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Eko-Konnect da Ilimi. 

## Manazarta
British Entomological and Natural History Society

**Ƙungiyar Tarihin Halitta da Ilimin Halitta ta Burtaniya** ko **BENHS** ƙungiya ce ta nazarin halittu ta Burtaniya.  Tana da hedikwata a Dinton Pastures Country Park da ke Reading, Ingila. 

## Tarihi
An kafa BENHS a shekarar 1872 a matsayin ƙungiyar nazarin halittu da na halitta ta Kudu ta Landan.  

## Littattafai
BENHS tana buga mujallar kwata-kwata, ***Mujallar British Journal of Entomology and Natural History*** (British Journal of Entomology and Natural History)  ),  a da, Dokokin da Mu'amala na Ƙungiyar Tarihin Halitta da Natural ta Burtaniya, da Dokokin da Mu'amala na Ƙungiyar Tarihin Halitta da Natural ta Kudu ta London. 

BENHS ta buga littattafai da dama. Daga cikin shahararrun akwai jagororin gano kwari guda biyu da aka zana a zane-zane game da kwari na Burtaniya:

* Stubbs, Alan E. da Steven J. Falk (1983) *[[British Hoverflies, an illustrated identification guide|British Hoverflies, jagorar gano abubuwa da aka zana]]* 
* Stubbs, Alan E. da Martin Drake (2001) *Sojan Burtaniya da abokansu* 

Wani taken da BENHS ta buga shi ne *[[New British Beetles - species not in Joy's practical handbook|New British Beetles - nau'in da ba a cikin littafin aikin Joy]]* na Peter J. Hodge da Richard A. Jones ba, wani littafi ne na Norman H. Joy 's *A Practical Handbook of British Beetles* .

A shekarar 2024, BENHS ta buga *[[A checklist of the Lepidoptera of the British Isles (2nd Edition)|jerin abubuwan da suka shafi Lepidoptera na Tsibirin Burtaniya (Bugu na 2)]]* wanda David JL Agassiz, Stella D. Beavan da Robert J. Heckford suka shirya.

## Ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa
Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna da alaƙa da BENHS:  

* Ƙungiyar Rikodin Ƙwayoyin Kudan zuma, Zamba da Tururuwa
* Ƙungiyar Nazarin Arachnology ta Burtaniya
* Ƙungiyar Myriapod da Isopod ta Burtaniya
* Ƙungiyar Gall ta Tsirrai ta Burtaniya
* Ƙungiyar Masu Rarraba Coleopterists ta Birtaniya da Ireland
* Dandalin Masu Ra'ayin Dipterism
* Ƙungiyar Tsutsotsi ta Burtaniya

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Herpetological ta Burtaniya

**Ƙungiyar Herpetological ta Burtaniya** (**BHS**) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ke da hedikwata a Burtaniya . BHS ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke da burin tallafawa kiyayewa, ilimi da kula da dabbobi masu rarrafe da masu ruwa da tsaki . Ƙungiyar tana buga *Mujallar Herpetological* da *Herpetological Bulletin* a kowane kwata. Tana ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin ƙungiyoyin herpetological na duniya kuma an san ta a duk duniya saboda tallafinta a fannin kiyayewa, bincike da sauran ayyukan da suka dace.

## Tarihi
An kafa ƙungiyar a shekarar 1947 tare da taimakon Dr. Malcolm A. Smith, likita ne wanda ke aiki a Kotun Sarauta ta Siam. A lokacin da yake Siam ( Thailand a yanzu), Dr. Smith ya yi karatun herpetofauna da kuma na kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya koma Birtaniya inda ya fara sha'awar dabbobi masu rarrafe na asali da kuma halittu masu ruwa da tsaki. Wannan ya sa ya kafa ƙungiyar a matsayin hanyar haɓaka dabi'un da ya ga sun dace dangane da herpetofauna na Tsibirin Burtaniya da kuma faɗin yanayin ƙasa. 

### Tsoffin Shugabannin Ƙasa
Tsoffin shugabannin ƙungiyar British Herpetological Society, waɗanda aka lissafa bisa ga ranar ritaya:

* Dr. MA Smith (1956)
* Dr. JFD Frazer (1981)
* Earl na Cranbrook (1990)
* Farfesa JL Cloudsley-Thompson (1996)
* Dr. R. Avery (1997)
* Dr. H. Robert Bustard (2005)
* Farfesa TJC Beebee (2013)
* Farfesa RA Griffiths (2018)

## Littattafai
BHS tana buga ƙananan wallafe-wallafe  kamar:

* *Mujallar Herpetological* (tsohon *Mujallar Herpetology ta Burtaniya* )
* *Bulletin Herpetological* (wanda a da ake kira *The British Herpetological Society Bulletin* )
* *Natterjack*
* *Rahoton Ƙungiyar Herpetological ta Burtaniya*

## Manazarta
Ashley Woodcock

**Ashley James Woodcock** (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1947) tsohon dan wasan cricket ne na Australiya wanda ya taka leda a Wasan gwaji daya da kuma One Day International a shekara ta 1974. Dan wasan kwallon kafa na hannun dama daga Adelaide, ya buga wa Kudancin Australia wasa a wasan kurket na cikin gida na Australia tsakanin 1967 da 1979, inda ya zama kyaftin din jihar a shekarunsa na ƙarshe.

## Rayuwa ta farko
Woodcock ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Prince Alfred kuma ya zama babban aboki tare da kyaftin din gwajin Greg Chappell na gaba. Woodcock ya halarci Jami'ar Adelaide . 

## Ayyukan wasan cricket
Woodcock ya buga wasanni biyu na kasa da kasa da New Zealand a cikin 'yan watanni na farko na shekara ta 1974. Gwajin da ya yi shi ne na uku a Adelaide a watan Janairu, lokacin da aka zaba shi don buɗe batting tare da Keith Stackpole  Woodcock ya zira kwallaye 27 a cikin wasansa kawai.

Woodcock bai sake fitowa a cikin layin Australiya ba har sai kungiyar ta tafi New Zealand a watan Maris kuma ta buga jerin ODI guda biyu. Na farko, wanda masu yawon bude ido suka lashe ta hanyar wickets bakwai, ya nuna duck mai kwallon biyu ta Ian Redpath.[1] Woodcock ya maye gurbin Redpath a wasan na biyu, kuma ya fashe 53 daga kwallaye 66 tare da hudu biyar da shida yayin da Ostiraliya ta kai 265. Ostiraliya ta ci nasara da gudu 31. Ya lashe wasan tare da wannan wasan kwaikwayon Wisden ya kira bugawa na Woodcock a matsayin "mai daɗi". [2][3]

Woodcock ya taka leda a wani "gwaje-gwaje" ba bisa ka'ida ba ga Ostiraliya a kan Sauran Duniya X1 a 1971-72, inda ya zira kwallaye 5 da 16.

Ya ci gaba da buga wa Kudancin Australia har zuwa 1978-79, kuma ya kasance kyaftin a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, kafin ya yi tafiya zuwa Amurka don kammala digiri na biyu da PhD.

## Shekaru na baya
Daga nan sai ya tafi Amurka don kammala digiri na biyu da digiri na PhD, ya dawo a tsakiyar 80s zuwa kocin a cikin kulob din wasan kurket na gida, shirye-shiryen aiki masu girma da ƙarfi da kuma yanayin Newcastle Falcons da Adelaide 36ers. Daga baya ya zama malami a Jami'ar La Trobe.  A shekara ta 2017, ya zama Darakta na Koyarwa a Kensington Cricket Club a Adelaide. 

## Manazarta
Tsuntsaye na Devon

**Devon Tsuntsaye**, wanda aka sani da **Devon Tsuntsaye Masu Kallon Tsuntsaye da Kare su** tun daga kafuwarta a shekarar 1928 har zuwa lokacin da aka sake mata suna a shekarar 2005,  yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin nazarin tsuntsaye na yankin Burtaniya.

## Tarihi da aiki
An kafa ƙungiyar ne don masu lura da tsuntsaye da masu ilimin tsuntsaye a Devon, Ingila, a shekarar 1928, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin ƙungiyoyin nazarin tsuntsaye a ƙasar. Tana shirya laccoci, tafiye-tafiyen fili da bincike, kuma tana buga wasiƙun labarai sau biyu a wata da kuma rahotanni sau uku a shekara. Ƙungiyar agaji ce mai rijista, mai lamba 228966.  Tambarin ƙungiyar ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa ta Montagu . George Montagu, wani masanin kimiyyar halittu da ke Kingsbridge ne ya fara bayyana bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin tashar jiragen ruwa ta hen harrier da ta Montagu.

Tana da alhakin, ko kuma tana da hannu a cikin wasu ajiyar wurare da dama. Waɗannan sun haɗa da South Milton Ley ;  wani wuri a Prawle Point ;  wani ɓuya a Fernworthy Reservoir a Dartmoor ; wani wuri a Bradiford ; da wani bukka mai ban sha'awa a Slapton Ley, wanda aka mika bayanan daga gare shi ga British Trust for Ornithology tun 1960 don haɗawa a cikin bayanan ƙasa da na duniya. 

Ƙungiyar memba ce ta Ƙungiyar Jagorancin Bambancin Halittu ta Devon  kuma tana ba da bayanai ga tsare-tsaren muhalli daban-daban da Majalisar Gundumar Devon ta fara - misali, a shekarar 2005 ta ba da bayanai ga Tsarin Aiki na Bambancin Halittu na Devon. https://web.archive.org/web/20120306004302/http://www.devon.gov.uk/index/environmentplanning/natural_environment/biodiversity/devon_biodiversity_action_plan.htm  A cikin 1993 da 2003 ƙungiyar ta kasance babban abokin tarayya a cikin binciken mujiya na barn da aka gudanar a Devon ta Barn Owl Trust,   kuma a cikin 2009 tana taimakawa wajen ba da kuɗaɗen wani aiki don haɓaka adadin tsuntsaye a Yammacin Devon. 

A shekara ta 2002, an ruwaito a cikin jaridun ƙasa cewa Gordon Vaughan, shugaban ƙungiyar, kuma ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun masu kiwon tsuntsaye na Devon,  ya gano cewa ɗakin kwana, wanda ya fito daga rashin barci, yana cin ƙwai na masu kama da tsuntsayen da ba a saba gani ba a Devon. 

## Manyan membobi

* Tony Soper – Shugaban DBWPS 1969–1970
* Dr. Janet Kear OBE - Shugabar DBWPS 1995-2003

## Littattafai

* *Mujallar Wasiƙa* ta Wata-wata https://web.archive.org/web/20090519201759/http://www.devonbirds.org/publishing
* **Devon Birds** yana bugawa sau uku a shekara kuma yana haɗa da *Rahoton Shekara-shekara* https://web.archive.org/web/20090106064356/http://www.devonbirds.org/node/119

## Duba kuma

* Lundy - Aikin kiyayewa wanda Devon Birds ke daukar nauyinsa
* Kudancin Milton Ley - Devon Birds ne ke kula da wani yanki na SSSI a matsayin wurin ajiyar yanayi

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Masu Halitta ta Burtaniya

**Ƙungiyar Masu Rarraba Halitta ta Burtaniya** ( **BNA** ), wacce E. Kay Robinson ya kafa a shekarar 1905 a matsayin **Ƙungiyar Masu Rarraba Halitta ta Masarautar Burtaniya** ( **BENA** ), ƙungiya ce a Burtaniya don haɓaka nazarin tarihin halitta. Tana buga mujallar da ake kira *Country-side* . 

## Asalin
Ƙungiyar, ba kamar sauran waɗanda suka ƙware kawai a kan tsire-tsire, tsuntsaye, malam buɗe ido ko wasu ƙungiyoyi ba, an yi ta ne don faɗaɗa manufarta ta haɓaka nazarin dukkan rassan tarihin halitta.  Editan wata ƙungiya ta zamani da ke rubutu a 1907 bai yi wa ƙungiyar kallon kirki ba, yana mai nuna cewa sayar da mujallarta da sauran nau'ikan talla ya zama babban burinta.  A ƙasa, tana shirya tarurruka, ranakun karatu, makonni na filin da ƙarshen mako, laccoci, da nune-nunen. A matakin reshe, akwai tattaunawa da yawon bincike na namun daji inda sabbin shiga za su iya koyo, kuma inda ƙwararrun masana halitta ke raba ƙwarewarsu. Tana buga mujallar *Country-Side* .

Ƙungiyar tana taimakawa ta hanyar tsara bayanai, buga littattafai kan tarihin halitta, da kuma taimakawa littattafai da mujallu da yawa daga ko'ina cikin duniya.

## Littattafai
Mujallar su ta *Country-side* ana buga ta sau biyu a shekara ga membobin BNA, kodayake ana samunta a ɗakunan karatu. Jaridar *British Naturalist* ta kowace shekara ta kasance ta membobi ne kawai.

Jerin littattafan BNA "Yadda Ake Fara Nazarin ...", wanda ya haɗa da *Yadda Ake Fara Nazarin Tarihin Halitta*, *Yadda Ake Fara Nazarin Mosses da Liverworts* da *Yadda Ake Fara Nazarin Slugs da Snails*, yana bawa masu sha'awar ilimin halitta damar koyo game da yanayin muhallin Birtaniya.

## Tsarin gini
Shugaban BNA shine Roger Tabor.

## Kyaututtuka

### Kyautar Tunawa da Peter Scott
An kafa wannan kyautar ne bayan mutuwar Peter Scott, mataimakin shugaban BNA na dogon lokaci, domin tunawa da nasarorin da ya samu. Ana bayar da kyautar ga waɗanda suka bayar da gudummawa mai kyau ga fahimtarmu game da tarihin halitta da kiyayewa. Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, waɗanda suka karɓi kyautar sun haɗa da: David Attenborough ; Chris Baines ; Trevor Beebee; David Bellamy ; Gordon Benningfield; John Clegg; John Cloudsley-Thompson ; Richard Fitter ; Max Hooper ; Harold Hughes; Simon King; Richard Mabey; George C. McGavin; Ian Newton; Bill Oddie ; Oliver Rackham; Tony Soper ; Richard Southwood ; Roger Tabor; Kenneth Watkins; Sarah Wanless . 

### Kyautar David Bellamy
Kyautar David Bellamy kyauta ce da ake bayarwa kowace shekara ga wani masanin kimiyyar halitta.

### Kyautar Richard Fitter
Ana ba da lambar yabo ta tunawa da Richard Fitter kowace shekara ga mutumin da ya ƙware a fannin kimiyyar halitta.

## Manazarta
Ronald Berndt

**Ronald Murray Berndt** AM (14 ga Yulin 1916 - 2 ga Mayu 1990) masanin ilimin ɗan adam ne na Australiya wanda, a cikin 1963, ya zama farfesa na farko na ilimin ɗan adam a Jami'ar Yammacin Ostiraliya.

Shi da matarsa Catherine Berndt sun ci gaba da haɗin gwiwar sana'a na shekaru hamsin, suna aiki tsakanin 'Yan asalin Australiya a Ooldea (1941), tashoshin shanu na Arewacin Yankin (1944-46) da Balgo (1957-81), kuma tare da' yan asalin New Guinea (1951-53).

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Ronald Murray Berndt a ranar 14 ga Yuli 1916 a Adelaide, Kudancin Australia. 

Ya halarci makarantar sakandare a makarantar Pulteney Grammar. Ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Sydney a 1951 tare da digiri na farko na Arts, ya biyo bayan Master of Arts a 1954. An ba shi lambar yabo ta PhD don rubutun da ya danganci aikinsa na ilimin ɗan adam a New Guinea. 

## Ayyuka
Berndt ya kasance mai ba da shawara na farko don amincewa da doka da kariya ga Wuraren tsarki na Aboriginal, kuma ya yi karo a 1980 tare da Firayim Minista na Liberal Sir Charles Court kan takaddamar Noonkanbah a yankin Kimberley.[1] Sha'awarsa ta fi girma fiye da kowane takamaiman wuri ko taron, kuma ya mai da hankali kan girman ƙasa na Batun haƙƙin ƙasa.[2]

## Littattafai
Wasu daga cikin rubuce-rubucen da ya rubuta sun hada da *Kunapipi* (1951), *Djanggawul* (1952), da Man, land and myth in Northern Australia (1970).

### Ayyukan hadin gwiwa tare da Catherine Berndt
Berndts sun rubuta littafi na farko a 1952 a matsayin The First Australians,  wanda ya shiga cikin bugu uku - na ƙarshe an buga shi a 1974. Irin wannan taken The World of the First Australians ya shiga cikin bugu biyar.

Littattafan su sun kasance masu yawa. Gudummawar da suka bayar ga 1979 Sesquicentenary of Western Australia shine littafin Aborigines of the West. 

## Karramawa da girmamawa
An ba Berndts lambar yabo ta Edgeworth David a cikin 1950, kuma a cikin girmamawar ranar Australia ta 1987 an nada kowannensu memba na Order of Australia don "hidima ga ilimin ɗan adam, musamman dangane da al'ummar Aboriginal da al'adu".

A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1987, daya daga cikin tsoffin ɗalibansa, Robert Tonkinson, ya gabatar da Berndt tare da digiri na Doctor of Letters na girmamawa, wanda ya gaji shi a matsayin farfesa na ilimin ɗan adam a UWA a shekarar 1984.

## Manazarta
Carbon Clear

**Carbon Clear** kamfani ne mai ba da shawara kan dorewa . Carbon Clear memba ne na kafa International Carbon Reduction and Offset Alliance (ICROA). 

Kamfanin EcoAct Group ne ya sayi Carbon Clear a shekarar 2017. 

## Tarihi
A shekara ta 2005, ƙwararre kan makamashi mai dorewa  Jamal Gore da ɗan kasuwa Mark Chadwick sun ƙirƙiri Carbon Clear. Tun daga lokacin kasuwar ayyukan kula da dorewa ta ƙaru daidai da buƙatar ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da na gwamnati su rage hayakin da ke gurbata muhalli, don mayar da martani ga sabbin dokokin sauyin yanayi da kuma wajibin ɗaukar matakin son rai.

Hedikwatar kamfanin tana Landan, Birtaniya, kuma yanzu haka kamfanin yana da ofisoshi a Amurka, Spain, Faransa da Turkiyya. Rahoton ENDS ya amince da shi a shekarar 2008 a matsayin Mai Ba da Kaya Mai Inganci. 

## Ayyuka da kayayyaki
Carbon Clear tana ba da ayyukan dorewa, ciki har da kula da makamashi, ayyukan sawun ƙafar carbon, dabarun da kuma tsara manufofi da kuma nazarin haɗarin sauyin yanayi da damammaki. Tana haɓaka ayyukanta na rage gurɓatar carbon.

Kamfanin yana kuma bayar da ayyukan ba da shawara ga ƙungiyoyi waɗanda dole ne su bi dokoki, ciki har da Dokar Inganta Makamashi ta CRC ta Gwamnatin Burtaniya, Tsarin Damar Ajiye Makamashi, Rahoton Iskar Gas ta Greenhouse da Tsarin Ciniki na Haɗakar da Tarayyar Turai.

## Duba kuma

* Tsaka-tsakin carbon
* Sauyin yanayi
* Daidaitawar Carbon
* Sawun Carbon

## Manazarta
Lafiyar Dabbobi

Hukumar **Kula da Lafiyar Dabbobi (Animal Health** ) wata hukuma ce ta gwamnatin Burtaniya da ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa dabbobin da ake noma a Burtaniya suna da lafiya, ba su da cututtuka kuma suna da kyakkyawan kulawa.

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukanta shine aiwatar da manufofin gwamnati da nufin hana ko magance barkewar cututtuka masu tsanani na dabbobi. Ta hanyar yin hakan, ta tallafa wa masana'antar noma, ta kare lafiyar dabbobin da ake nomawa da kuma kare lafiyar jama'a daga cututtukan da dabbobi ke haifarwa.

A Ingila da Wales, ta kuma yi aiki don kare lafiyar jama'a ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa an cika ka'idojin tsaftar kiwo da samar da kwai.

Ta tsara cinikin nau'ikan halittu masu fuskantar barazanar karewa ta hanyar CITES .

A da, an san lafiyar dabbobi da suna Hukumar Kula da Dabbobi ta Jiha .

Ƙungiyar Scotland ta kasance memba na SEARS (Ayyukan Muhalli da Karkara na Scotland) .

A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2011, ta haɗu da Hukumar Dakunan Gwaje-gwajen Dabbobi don kafa Hukumar Dakunan Gwaje-gwajen Dabbobi da Dabbobi. 

## Duba kuma

* Maganin dabbobi
* Ofishin Kula da Lafiyar Dabbobi na Ƙasa

## Manazarta
Walter Lewis Bridgland

**Walter Lewis Bridgland** AM OBE JP (23 Maris 1908 - 30 Yuli 1987) ya kasance fitaccen ɗan kasuwa na Kudancin Australia kuma Ubangiji Magajin garin Adelaide.

## Tarihi
An haifi Wally a garin ma'adinai na Greenbushes, Yammacin Ostiraliya, inda iyayensa da suka yi aure Harrie Walter Bridgland (31 ga Mayu 1879 - 17 ga Oktoba 1947) da Hannah Maud Bridgland, née Cohen, (1876 - 13 ga Yuni 1958) suka kafa kantin sayar da kayayyaki. Bayan shekara guda sai suka koma Adelaide, suna zaune a yawancin rayuwarsa ta farko a Barnard Street, Arewacin Adelaide gidan kakanni masu karɓar baƙi Lewis da Selina Cohen; mahaifiyarsa ta taimaka wajen gudanar da gidan. A kusa da 1925 Cohens sun koma wani gida a Colley Terrace, Glenelg da iyayen Wally sun koma 59 Partridge Street, Glenelg

Ya kasance dalibi a Pulteney Street School (daga baya ya zama Pulteney Grammar School), sannan a Kwalejin Sarauniya a Arewacin Adelaide . Ya yi fice a wasan motsa jiki na makaranta, wasan kurket da kwallon kafa amma kamar mahaifinsa, sha'awarsa ita ce yin iyo, daga ƙarshe ya zama shugaban kasa kuma memba na rayuwa na SA Amateur Swimming Association. A shekara ta 1932 ya taimaka wajen ceton mutumin da ke nitsewa a cikin teku a Glenelg  kuma Royal Humane Society ta ba shi lambar yabo. Gidansa na mafi yawan rayuwarsa ya kasance a Pier Street Glenelg, kawai 'yan mintoci kaɗan daga rairayin bakin teku.

Wally ya shiga Cadets yayin da yake makarantar sakandare, sannan bayan ya bar makaranta a 1924, yayin da yake aiki a matsayin mai lissafi na kamfanin kudi na mahAIF, ya shiga CMF, kuma ya yi aiki a cikin AIF a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, da farko tare da Light Horse Regiment, wanda ya zama Armoured Corps. Saboda kwarewarsa a CMF ya sami kwamiti kuma daga baya ya zama kyaftin. An tura shi zuwa RAEME a cikin Kamfanin Docks Operating Company wanda ke kula da tashar jiragen ruwa a Madang. Daga baya an tura shi a wani otal a Willunga a matsayin mai kula da POWs na Italiya waɗanda ke aiki a gonaki a kudancin Adelaide. Bayan yakin ya koma CMF, ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1957.

A shekara ta 1946, bayan rushewa, ya kafa kasuwanci a 91a Gawler Place "W. L. Bridgland yara kayan aiki" yana sayar da kayan yara. Shagon ya girma ya ƙware a cikin kayan wasa, kayan wasa da abubuwan shaƙatawa. Ɗansa Michael ya shiga kasuwancin a shekara ta 1951 kuma an sanya shi abokin tarayya a shekara ta 1957 kuma an buɗe shagon na biyu a cikin 81 Gawler Place wanda ke ƙwarewa a cikin samfuran, musamman ma an buɗe jiragen ƙasa masu salo kuma kamar yadda "Bridgland's Hobbies" ya zama hanyarsu kawai a wani lokaci a kusa da 1970. Kasuwancin ya rufe a shekarar 1986.

## Manazarta
Harry Blinman

**Harry Blinman** MVO, ISO (30 Disamba 1861 - 23 Yuli 1950) ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Australiya, mai gudanar da ƙwallon ƙwallon, kuma babban ma'aikacin gwamnati a Kudancin Australiya.

An haife shi a Adelaide, Blinman ya yi karatu a makarantar Pulteney Grammar a karkashin Shugaban W.S. Moore. Ya buga wasanni 23 na farko a Kudancin Australia. Ya kuma buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Australiya ga Norwood Football Club a Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kudancin Australia (SAFA). 

Blinman yana da dogon aiki a matsayin babban ma'aikacin gwamnati a Kudancin Australia, wanda aka ba shi lambar yabo ta memba na Royal Victorian Order a shekarar 1920. Ya kasance Sakataren Firayim Minista kuma Sakataren Majalisar Zartarwa daga 1916 har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a 1931. Ya kasance mai shirya ziyarar Yarima na Wales a 1920 da Duke da Duchess na York a 1927.[1] An ba shi lambar yabo ta Imperial Service Order a 1928. [2]

Blinman ya yi aiki a Kungiyar Cricket ta Kudancin Australia (SACA) daga 1900 har zuwa 1950. Ya kuma kasance memba na Hukumar Kula da Cricket ta Australiya daga 1907 zuwa 1919. Ya kasance amintacce na SACA daga 1924, kuma shugaban kasa daga 1940 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1950.

Ya mutu a gidansa a East Terrace, Adelaide, inda ya zauna shekaru 68, a ranar 23 ga Yuli 1950. Ya kasance baƙo.

## Manazarta
Henry Chesson

**Henry Chesson** (15 ga Satumba 1862 - 12 ga Yulin 1948) ɗan siyasan Australiya ne. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Kudancin Australia daga 1905 zuwa 1918, yana wakiltar Port Adelaide har zuwa 1915 da West Torrens daga baya. Ya wakilci Jam'iyyar United Labor Party har sai an kore shi a cikin rarrabuwar Labour ta 1917, sannan daga baya ya wakilci jamʼiyyar National Party har zuwa lokacin da aka ci shi a Zaben 1918.

## Farkon rayuwa
An haifi Chesson a Adelaide kuma ya yi karatu a Grote Street Model School da Pulteney Street School. Ya fara aiki a masana'antar takalma yana da shekaru goma sha biyu, kuma ya bar makaranta yana da shekaru biyar don ya zama masanin gine-gine da brickmaker. Ya yi aiki a Melbourne daga 1885 zuwa 1892 kafin ya koma Adelaide. Ya kasance shugaban kasa da kuma sakataren kudi na Kudancin Australia Masons da Bricklayers' Society, kuma ya kasance wakilin su a Majalisar Kasuwanci da Kwadago, wanda shi ma shugaban kasa ne da mataimakin shugaban kasa. Chesson ya kuma yi aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na Adelaide Trades Hall da Kwamitin Sa'o'i Takwas, kuma a matsayin shugaban kasa da mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar United Labor Party.  

An zabi Chesson a Majalisar Dokoki a Zaben 1905 a kujerar Port Adelaide, ya koma sabon kujerar West Torrens bayan sake rarraba zaben a shekarar 1915.[1][2] Ya kasance shugaban kwamitoci daga 1915 zuwa 1918.[3] Chesson ya bar Jam'iyyar Labor zuwa sabuwar Jam'iyyar National a cikin 1917 Labor split on conscription.[undefined] Wani dan takarar Labour ne ya kayar da shi lokacin da ya sake tsayawa takara a Zaben 1918.[4]

Bayan ya bar siyasa, ya kasance magatakarda na ayyuka a sashen Babban Masanin Gine-gine.

Ya mutu a gidansa a Croydon a watan Yulin 1948, yana da shekaru 85. Ya yi bikin bikin bikin aurensa na lu'u-lu'u a wannan watan Janairu.

## Manazarta
Barry John Conn

**Barry John Conn**, an haife shi a shekara ta 1948, masanin ilimin shuke-shuke ne na Australiya. An ba shi Ph.D. daga Jami'ar Adelaide a 1982 don aiki a kan *Prostanthera.*

 

## Ayyuka
Alƙawari na farko na Conn a matsayin masanin tsire-tsire ya kasance tare da Lae Herbarium a shekara ta 1974. Daga nan sai ya zama mai kula da herbarium kuma malami a Kwalejin Forestry ta Papua New Guinea, Bulolo (1976-1979). Shi mai ba da shawara ne na kimiyya ga Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona. A Ostiraliya, ya kasance babban masanin ilimin shuke-shuke a National Herbarium na Victoria (1982-1987), kuma masanin ilimin tsire-tsire (kuma babban masanin kimiyya na bincike) a National Herbarum na New South Wales (1987-2015). A cikin 1994-1995, ya kasance Jami'in Hulɗa na Botanical na Australiya a Kew . Yayinda yake tare da National Herbarium na New South Wales, ya gudanar da aikin Virtual Herbarium Project na Australia don New South Wales. Ya kasance editan kimiyya na mujallar ''Telopea'' daga 2013 zuwa 2015.

## Wasu sunayen da aka buga

* *Acacia aureocrinita* B.J.Conn & Tame, Austral. Tsarin. Jirgin ruwa. 9(6): 851 (1996) (1996).
* *Acacia cremiflora* B.J.Conn & Tame, Austral. Tsarin. Jirgin ruwa. 9(6): 853 (1996) (1996).
* An samo asali ne daga littafin nan.
* *Dasymalla chorisepala* (Munir) B.J.Conn & Henwood, Austral. Tsarin. Jirgin ruwa. 24(1): 6 (2011).
* *Drosera hookeri* R.P.Gibson, B.J.Conn & Conran, J. Adelaide Bot. Garkuwa da mutane. 24: 41 (2010).
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9]

Dubi IPNI.  (Kimanin nau'o'in 174 da aka jera, ba duk an yarda da su ba a halin yanzu) 

## Shuke-shuke da aka sanya masa suna don girmama shi

* *Prostanthera conniana* (kuma don girmama matarsa)

## Manazarta
Bill Cornish

**William Rodolph Cornish** CMG QC (Hon) FBA (9 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1937 - 8 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2022) masanin shari'a ne kuma masanin kimiyya wanda ke zaune a Ingila. Ya kasance Farfesa Herchel Smith na Dokar Dukiya a Jami'ar Cambridge daga 1995 zuwa 2004.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haife shi a Kudancin Australia a ranar 9 ga watan Agustan 1937,  Cornish ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na shari'a a Jami'ar Adelaide a shekarar 1960 sannan ya zo Ingila don gudanar da karatun digiri; ya kammala digiri na farko na Shari'ar Jama'a a Jami'ar Oxford, ya kammala a shekarar 1962. 

## Ayyuka
A shekara ta 1962, an nada Cornish a matsayin Malami a Shari'a a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London (LSE) kuma an kira shi zuwa mashaya a Lincoln's Inn a shekara mai zuwa. Ya ƙaura daga LSE zuwa Kwalejin Sarauniya Maryamu, London, a 1969 don zama Mai karatu na Shari'a, amma ya koma LSE a 1970 lokacin da aka nada shi Farfesa na Dokar Ingilishi. A shekara ta 1990, ya zama Farfesa na Shari'a a Jami'ar Cambridge kuma ɗan'uwan Kwalejin Magdalene, Cambridge. A shekara ta 1995 an nada shi Farfesa Herchel Smith na Dokar Dukiyar Ilimi kuma ya yi aiki a wannan kujera har sai ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 2004. Ya kuma kasance Shugaban Kwalejin Magdalene daga 1998 zuwa 2001 da kuma Darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Shari'a ta Turai a Kwalejin Shari'a na jami'ar daga 1991 zuwa 1994.

### Daraja da kyaututtuka
Cornish shine batun Festschrift, Dukiyar Ilimi a cikin Sabon Millennium: Essays in Honour of William R. Cornish, wanda David Vaver da Lionel Bently Ruwa shirya kuma Cambridge University Press ta buga shi a shekara ta 2004.  Jami'ar Cambridge ta ba Cornish digiri mafi girma (LLD) a shekarar 1997,  kuma ya sami LLD mai daraja daga Jami'ar Edinburgh a shekarar 2005.  An nada shi mai ba da shawara na Sarauniya mai daraja a shekarar 1997  kuma mai kula da Gray's Inn a shekara mai zuwa.  A shekara ta 1984, an zabi Cornish a matsayin Fellow na Kwalejin Burtaniya  kuma an nada shi Aboki na Order of St Michael da St George a cikin girmamawar ranar haihuwar 2013. 

## Rayuwa da mutuwarsa
Cornish ya mutu a Cambridge, Ingila a ranar 8 ga Janairun 2022, yana da shekaru 84. 

## Manazarta
Harold Young (ɗan siyasa)

**Sir Harold William Young** KCMG (30 Yuni 1923 - 21 Nuwamba 2006) ɗan siyasan Jam'iyyar Liberal ta Australiya ne wanda ya wakilci Kudancin Australia a Majalisar Dattijai daga 1968 zuwa 1983, yana aiki a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Dattijan daga 1981 zuwa 1983.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Harold Young a Port Broughton, Kudancin Australia a ranar 30 ga Yuni 1923 kuma ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Prince Alfred a Adelaide. Kafin ya shiga majalisa, ya kasance manomi ne na alkama kuma yana da hannu tare da ƙungiyoyin masana'antu daban-daban, gami da aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ƙungiyar Kudancin Australia na Ƙungiyar Manoma da Masu Gida.[1]

## Siyasa
An zabi Young don wakiltar Kudancin Australia a Zaben Majalisar Dattijai na 1967, wa'adinsa a matsayin Sanata ya fara a ranar 1 ga Yulin 1968, kuma an sake zabarsa a 1974, 1975 da 1977. 

Daga 18 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1981 Young ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai. Ya rasa kujerarsa a Zaben rushewa sau biyu na 1983, shugaban majalisar dattijai na Australiya na farko da ya yi hakan.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
An nada shi Kwamandan Knight na Order of St Michael da St George (KCMG) a cikin New Year's Day Honours na 1983, "don hidimomi ga Majalisar Dokokin Australia".

Sir Harold ya mutu a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 2006 kuma an gudanar da jana'izarsa a Norwood a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba. Matarsa Lady (Margaret) Young da 'ya'yansu huɗu, Sue, Scott, Andrea da Rob sun mutu.

## Manazarta
Ismaila Ahmed Gadaka

An naɗa Alhaji **Ismaila** **Ahmed Dala Ibn Madugu Khaji II** a matsayin Sarki na 20, ko kuma sarkin gargajiya, na Masarautar Gudi a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta 2025.Fadar sarkin tana cikin Gadaka, Jihar Yobe, Najeriya .  Sarkin (ko Mai a yaren gida) shine shugaban mutanen Ngamo.

## Farkon aiki
Ismaila Gadaka ya fara aikinsa a bangaren banki kuma *[[United Bank for Africa]]* (UBA) ta yi masa aiki sannan ya haye zuwa *Standard Trust Bank* inda ya tashi ya zama Manajan Kasuwanci. Daga 2007 zuwa 2010, ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Hon. a gwamnatin jihar Yobe . A cikin zaɓen 2011, ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayyar Najeriya wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Fika / Fune ta Tarayya a Jihar Yobe . Shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin Kula da Ayyukan Karamar Hukumar daga 2024 zuwa yau. Shi ne kuma Shugaban Majalisar Gudanarwa, Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya, Yawuri, jihar Kebbi, daga 2024 zuwa yau.

## Sarkin sarakuna
Kafin a nada shi sarkin, Ismaila Gadaka ya rike taken Yariman Gudi . Ya zama sarkin da ya maye gurbin Alhaji Isa Bunuwo Madugu Ibn Khaji a watan Agustan shekara ta 2025 bayan Gwamnan Jihar Yobe, Mai Mala Buni,  ya zaɓi sunansa daga jerin 'yan takara da sarakunan masarautar Gudi suka gabatar.

## Tsofaffi

## Manazarta
Matt Cowdrey

**Matthew John Cowdrey** (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1988) ɗan siyasan Australiya ne kuma mai yin iyo a gasar Paralympic . A halin yanzu yana da Tarihin duniya da yawa. Yana da yankewar hannunsa na hagu; yana tsayawa a ƙasa da wuyan hannu. Cowdrey ta fafata a Wasannin Paralympic na 2004, wasannin Commonwealth na 2006, wasannin Paralympics na 2008, wasannin Commonwealth nke 2010, da Wasannin Paralympic na 2012. Bayan wasannin London na 2012, shi ne dan wasan Paralympic na Australiya mafi nasara, bayan ya lashe lambobin zinare na Paralympic goma sha uku da lambobin Paralympic ashirin da uku a duka. A ranar 10 ga Fabrairu 2015, Cowdrey ya sanar da ritayar sa daga yin iyo.

Cowdrey ya yi takara kuma ya lashe kujerar Colton a Zaben jihar na 2018 a Kudancin Australia na Jam'iyyar Liberal. A watan Yunin 2025, Cowdrey ya ba da sanarwar cewa ba zai sake tsayawa takarar Colton a Zaben jihar na 2026 ba. 

## Na Mutum
An haifi Cowdrey a ranar 22 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1988  tare da wani ɓangare na hannunsa ya ɓace  saboda yankewa. Ya halarci Kwalejin Engavour  kuma ya buga wasan kwando lokacin da yake ƙarami. Ya koma Canberra kuma ya fara yin iyo don Cibiyar Wasanni ta Australiya, yayin da yake ci gaba da wakiltar Norwood Swimming Club na Adelaide a matakin kulob din. A shekara ta 2011, ya kuma wakilci Kawana Waters Swimming Club. Ya gama aikinsa na yin iyo don Marion Swimming Club.

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2015, Cowdrey ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Adelaide tare da digiri biyu a fannin shari'a da kafofin watsa labarai. A shekara ta 2013, ya yi aiki na watanni uku tare da 'yar majalisa ta Amurka Ileana Ros-Lehtinen .  A cikin 2015, a lokacin da ya yi ritaya daga yin iyo, yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan gudanarwa ga KPMG a Adelaide.

## Yin iyo
Cowdrey ta yi gasa a cikin S9 na Kwamitin Paralympic na Duniya (freestyle, backstroke da butterfly,) SB8 (breaststroke), da SM9 (mutumin medley),  wanda ya ƙunshi masu iyo tare da rauni mai tsanani, masu iyo tare le ƙananan matsalolin daidaitawa da masu iyo tare gaɓoɓin ɗaya. Cowdrey ya fara yin iyo lokacin da yake dan shekara biyar, kuma yana yin hakan a gasa ba da daɗewa ba a shekarar 1994. Ya karya rikodin budewa na farko na Australiya lokacin da yake dan shekara goma sha ɗaya,  kuma ya kafa rikodin duniya na farko yana da shekaru goma sha uku.

## Manazarta
Ikon kogi

**Hukumomin koguna** sun kula da magudanar ruwa ta ƙasa, kamun kifi da gurɓatar koguna a koguna, rafuka da ruwan cikin ƙasa a Ingila da Wales tsakanin 1965 da 1973.

## Bayani
Kwamitin sarauta, wanda Lord Bledisloe ke jagoranta, ya ba da rahoto game da yanayin dokar magudanar ruwa ta ƙasa da ta shafi Ingila da Wales a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 1927.  Ta kammala da cewa dokokin da ke akwai "ba su da tabbas kuma ba a fayyace su ba, cike da abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba, ba a san su ba, ba su da daidaito, har ma da rudani."  Ta ba da shawarar ƙirƙirar allunan magudanar ruwa waɗanda ke da alhakin manyan koguna, kuma ta zama tushen Dokar Magudanar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ta 1930, kodayake allunan magudanar ruwa 47 ne kawai daga cikin 100 da hukumar ta ba da shawara aka sanya su a cikin dokar.  

Dokar Hukumar Kula da Kogin Ruwa ta 1948 ta nemi kafa allunan koguna a duk faɗin Ingila da Wales, tare da ɗaukar nauyin magudanar ruwa ta ƙasa, kamun kifi da gurɓatar koguna. Allunan koguna talatin da biyu sun gaji ayyukan allunan magudanar ruwa da ke akwai,  ko kuma sun karɓi ayyukan hana ambaliya a manyan koguna daga hukumomin yankin inda babu hukumar kula da magudanar ruwa. Banda su ne Hukumar Kula da Magudanar Ruwa ta Kogin Thames da Hukumar Kula da Magudanar Ruwa ta Lee, waɗanda suka ci gaba da wanzuwa a ƙarƙashin ikon Dokar 1930. 

## Dokar Albarkatun Ruwa ta 1963
An kafa hukumomin kogin ne ta hanyar Dokar Albarkatun Ruwa ta 1963 (1963 C. 38), wadda ta zama doka a ranar 31 ga Yuli, 1963. A ƙarƙashin tanade-tanaden ta, hukumomin koguna ashirin da bakwai sun maye gurbin allunan koguna 32 a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1965, kuma an soke Dokar 1948. Sabbin hukumomin sun karɓi ikon allunan koguna na yanzu, kuma an ba su ƙarin ayyuka don sa ido kan ingancin ruwa da kuma kare albarkatun ruwa. Don haka suka zama masu alhakin ruwan cikin ƙasa da kuma sassan ƙarƙashin ƙasa waɗanda ke cikin yankinsu. Dokar ta yi tanadi na musamman ga allunan koguna na Kogin Thames da Lee Conservancy, wanda ya ba su damar yin aiki kamar su hukumomin koguna ne kuma yankunan da ke magudanar ruwa yankunan ikon koguna ne. Akwai kuma tanadi na musamman ga sassan London, wanda aka ayyana a matsayin yankin da aka keɓe a London a ƙarƙashin sashe na 125 na Dokar. 

### Manazarta
William Cade

**William Richard Cade** (30 Yuni 1883 - 4 Agusta 1957),  wanda aka fi sani da **Bill Cade**, ɗan wasan violin Australiya ne kuma mai gudanarwa, wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Adelaide Symphony Orchestra.

## Tarihi
An haifi Cade a Adelaide kuma ya yi karatu a makarantar Pulteney Street (yanzu makarantar Pultaney Grammar School).

Ya yi karatu a Elder Conservatorium daga 1899 zuwa 1909, a karkashin Hermann Heinicke.  Daga 1904 zuwa 1910 ya kasance mai kunna violin da kuma malamin kiɗa. Ya yi karatu a Max Pohl Conservatorium a Berlin a 1910, ya zama shugaban ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Quinlan Opera Company a London a 1911, kuma ya yi karatu tare da Sir Thomas Beecham .  Ya koma Adelaide a 1912 kuma ya yi aure a wannan shekarar. Shekaru 16 masu zuwa ya kasance yana da alaƙa da kamfanin J. C. Williamson, yayin da yake gudanar da ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta fina-finai  da kuma gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal Orchestra .  A shekara ta 1929 ya koma Melbourne don ya jagoranci ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Regent da Plaza, ya jagoranci fiye da sau 7,000, kuma ya zama mai gudanarwa na ƙungiyar mawaƙa na Victoria Professional Symphony Orchestra, ƙungiyar 'yan wasa 80. A shekara ta 1929 ya kafa Adelaide Wireless Chorus (daga baya aka sake masa suna Adelaide Singers).

A shekara ta 1936, shi ne mai gudanarwa na Adelaide Studio Orchestra, wanda ya kunshi 'yan wasa 16 kuma ya yi kiɗa mai sauƙi ga masu sauraron rediyo.[undefined] An kara girmansa ta hanyar haɗuwa da 'yan wasa daga tsohuwar ƙungiyar Orchestra ta Kudancin Australia, kuma an sake masa suna Adelaide Symphony Orchestra. Ya jagoranci ƙungiyar mawaƙa na shekaru 12 masu zuwa, har sai da ya yi ritaya a 1948.[1] A wannan lokacin ya kuma gudanar da wasu ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Australiya (ABC) a kusa da Ostiraliya.[2]

Norman Chinner ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakinsa na shekaru da yawa kafin a raba nauyin su, tare da Chinner ya zama mai kula da mawaƙa. Bayan ya yi ritaya an nada shi memba na rayuwa mai daraja na kungiyar mawaƙa ta Australiya. 

Cade ya mutu a garinsu a shekara ta 1957, yana da shekaru 74. Shi da matarsa suna da 'ya'ya mata uku.

## Manazarta
Dan Cregan

**Daniel Cregan** lauya ne na Australiya kuma Dan siyasa mai zaman kansa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Kakakin Majalisar Dokokin Kudancin Australia kuma a matsayin Ministan majalisar ministoci.

## Rayuwa ta farko
Cregan ya girma a Kudancin Australia da Yammacin Australia, yana halartar Jami'ar Adelaide, inda ya kasance mai aiki a siyasar dalibai, gami da a matsayin darektan Kungiyar Jami'ar Adélaïde da kuma shugaban kungiyar daliban Jami'ar Jami'ar Adala. Ya kuma yi tafiya don Adelaide University Boat Club First VIII.

Cregan ya sami tallafin Cambridge Commonwealth Trust don nazarin doka a Peterhouse, Cambridge.

## Ayyuka
Bayan kammala karatunsa, an nada Cregan a matsayin abokin alƙali ga John Doyle AC QC (Babban Mai Shari'a na Kudancin Australia) kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Jakadan Matasan Australiya na Ci Gaban a Jakarta.

Yayinda yake dalibi Cregan ya yi aiki a matsayin abokin aiki na rani a Allens Linklaters, daga ƙarshe ya shiga kamfanin a matsayin lauya mai digiri kuma ya zama babban abokin aiki a cikin ayyukan kamfanin da ƙungiyoyin rikice-rikice.

Cregan ya kuma gudanar da alƙawura da yawa tare da Cibiyar Kula da Gidajen Australiya kuma a matsayin darektan kamfanin iyali.

## Ayyukan majalisa
Bayan zaben gwamnatin Steven Marshall a watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, an sanya Cregan a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Ayyukan Jama'a na Kudancin Australia tare da kula da manyan ayyukan ababen more rayuwa.

A watan Oktoba na 2021, Cregan ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sake tsayawa takarar kujerarsa a matsayin mai zaman kansa a zaben jihar Kudancin Australia mai zuwa na 2022 yana mai cewa Gwamnatin Jihar ta kasa tsarawa don bukatun al'ummar yankin da ke ci gaba da sauri.

## Zaɓin a matsayin Kakakin
A ranar 12 ga Oktoba 2021, an yi wa Dokar Kudancin Australia gyare-gyare don karɓar al'adar Burtaniya ta buƙatar Kakakin mai zaman kansa. Bayan wucewar canje-canjen kundin tsarin mulki, an zabi Cregan a matsayin Kakakin Majalisar Dokokin Kudancin Australia

Bayan zaben jihar Kudancin Australia na 2022, Gwamnati da 'yan adawa sun zabi Cregan a matsayin Kakakin Majalisar dokokin Kudancin Australia na 55. 

A ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2024, Cregan ya yi murabus daga aikinsa a matsayin Kakakin Majalisar Dattijai kuma an nada shi Ministan Ministoci bayan memba mai zaman kansa Geoff Brock ya sauka daga majalisar saboda rashin lafiya.

A ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2025, Cregan ya sanar da cewa ba zai nemi sake zaben a zaben na gaba ba saboda shekara ta 2026.

## Manazarta
Finlay Crisp

**Leslie Finlay Crisp** (19 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1917 - 21 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 1984) masanin kimiyya ne kuma masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Australiya.

The son of Leslie Walter Crisp (1884–1965), and Ruby Elizabeth Crisp (1896–1951), née Duff, Leslie Finlay Crisp was born in Sandringham, Victoria on 19 January 1917. He married Helen Craven Wighton (1916–2002), whom he had met at university in Adelaide, on 22 June 1940 in Oxford, England. He suffered a heart attack on 19 December 1984, and died in Canberra on 21 December 1984.

Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Jihar Black Rock, Makarantar Grammar ta Caulfield da Kwalejin St Peter, Adelaide, inda ya kammala a 1934, Crisp ya sami digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar siyasa da tarihi daga Jami'ar Adelaide . Yayinda yake a jami'a, shi da matarsa, daga baya, Helen (a lokacin Helen Wighton) sun kafa Ƙungiyar Ɗaliban Jami'ar Australiya ta Kasa.

A shekara ta 1938, an ba shi Kyautar Rhodes Scholarship kuma ya ci gaba da karatu a Kwalejin Balliol a Jami'ar Oxford, kodayake an katse karatunsa yayin da yake aiki ga Ma'aikatan Jama'a na Australia a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu . A shekara ta 1945, ya kasance memba na Wakilin Australiya don kafa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Ya sami digiri na farko na Arts da Master of Arts daga Oxford a shekarar 1948.

Ayyukansa sun haɗa da matsayi tare da Short-wave Broadcasting Service (daga baya Rediyo Australia) da Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da Ayyuka na Kasa, kuma ya zama shugaban Ma'aikatu na Ginin Bayan Yaƙi a cikin 1949. 

A shekara ta 1949, Crisp ya buga rubutun MA daga Jami'ar Adelaide a matsayin Gwamnatin Majalisar Dokoki ta Commonwealth na Australia . An tsara shi sosai a matsayin littafin siyasa, an faɗaɗa shi kuma an sake masa suna Gwamnatin Ƙasar Australiya a shekarar 1965.  Daga 1950, ya kasance farfesa a fannin kimiyyar siyasa a Kwalejin Jami'ar Canberra sannan kuma a Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia a Canberra, yana aiki a matsayin shugaban sashen daga 1950 zuwa 1970. Kodayake ya kara takaici da canje-canje a jami'o'in Australiya, ya ci gaba da koyarwa har sai da ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1977.  An nada shi darektan Bankin Commonwealth a shekara ta 1974, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin daga 1975 zuwa 1984.

A shekara ta 2005, Crisp da matarsa sun kasance biyu daga cikin 17 na farko da aka shigar a cikin Gidan Girma na Babban Birnin Australiya, suna fahimtar gudummawar da suka bayar ga ci gaban Canberra. 

An sadaukar da Crisp Circuit a cikin unguwar Canberra ta Bruce da sunansa.

## Manazarta
Michael Crisp

**Michael Douglas Crisp** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1950) farfesa ne mai daraja a Makarantar Bincike ta Biology a Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia da ke Canberra . A shekara ta 1976, ya sami digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Adelaide, yana nazarin canje-canje na tsire-tsire na dogon lokaci a yankunan busassun Kudancin Australia. A cikin 2020, Crisp ya koma Brisbane, inda yake da matsayi na girmamawa a Jami'ar Queensland. Tare da abokan aiki, ya sake duba nau'ikan legume daban-daban (*Daviesia*, *Gastrolobium*, *Gompholobium* na *Pultenaea* da *Jacksonia*).

Ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ilmin halitta,    phylogeny   da juyin halitta na shuke-shuke.

## Wasu takardun da aka rubuta

* Dubi Category:Taxa mai suna Michael Crisp

## Manazarta
Lynton Crosby

**Sir Lynton Keith Crosby** AO (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1956)   masanin dabarun siyasa ne na Australiya wanda ya gudanar da kamfen din zabe ga jam'iyyun dama a kasashe da yawa.

An bayyana Crosby a matsayin "maigidan zane-zane na siyasa", "Wizard na Oz", da kuma "Karl Rove na Australiya". A *Shekarar* ta 2002, The Age ya kira shi "daya daga cikin manyan mutane da tasiri a cikin al'umma".

Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Adelaide, Crosby ya fara shiga siyasa tare da Jam'iyyar Liberal ta Ostiraliya, daga ƙarshe an nada shi darektan tarayya na jam'iyyar a shekarar 1997. Ya kula da nasarar kamfen din jam'iyyar a zaben tarayya na 1996, 1998, 2001, da 2004, wanda ya sanya Gwamnatin Howard ta zama Gwamnatin tarayya ta biyu mafi tsawo a Australia. A shekara ta 2002, Crosby ya bar matsayinsa na al'ada a cikin jam'iyyar don kafa Kamfanin ba da shawara, Crosby Textor Group .

Crosby ya fara shiga siyasa ta kasashen waje a Babban zaben Burtaniya na 2005, inda ya jagoranci yakin neman zabe na Jam'iyyar Conservative da bai yi nasara ba. Tun daga wannan lokacin ya kuma gudanar da kamfen na Conservative don zaben magajin gari na London na 2008 da 2012, da kuma Babban zaben 2015, dukansu sun haifar da nasarori ga jam'iyyar. Yaƙin neman zaɓe bai yi nasara ba a Zaben magajin gari na London na 2016 (wanda dan takarar Labour, Sadiq Khan ya lashe)  da kuma Babban zaben 2017 wanda Conservatives suka kasance jam'iyya mafi girma amma sun rasa kujeru 13 da mafi rinjaye a majalisa. 

## Rayuwa ta farko da aiki
An haifi Crosby a Kadina, Kudancin Ostiraliya, kuma ya girma a wani yanki na karkara na jihar, inda mahaifinsa Dudley Crosby ya yi aiki a matsayin manomi na hatsi da mai mallakar shagon zane-zane da sana'o'i. Ya yi karatun tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Adelaide.

## Ayyukan siyasa

### Farkon aiki da Ostiraliya
Crosby ya fara aikinsa a shekarar 1976 a matsayin mai sharhi kan kasuwa tare da Kamfanin Golden Fleece Petroleum . Daga nan ya koma siyasa a matsayin mai taimakawa bincike a shekarar 1978 ga Sanata Baden Teague . A shekarar 1980, Crosby ya zama mataimakin babban jami'i ga Harold Allison, Ministan Ilimi da Harkokin 'Yan Asalin Aboriginal a lokacin. Crosby ya zama mataimakin babban jami'i ga Martin Cameron a shekarar 1992, wanda a lokacin Shugaban 'Yan Adawa ne a Majalisar Dokokin Kudancin Australia . Tsakanin 1986 da 1991, Crosby ya rike mukamai da dama na harkokin kamfanoni a fannin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na Australiya.

## Manazarta