Rini

Dayi abu ne mai  wanda ke da alaƙa da kayan da ake amfani da shi. Wannan ya bambanta **dye** daga pigments wanda ba ya ɗaure sinadarai ga kayan da suke canzawa. Ana amfani da Dye gabaɗaya a cikin bayani mai ruwa kuma yana iya buƙatar mordant don inganta saurin dye akan fiber.

Yawancin dyes na halitta an samo su ne daga tushen da ba na dabbobi ba kamar tushen, 'ya'yan itace, bark, ganye, itace, fungi da lichens. Koyaya, saboda buƙata mai yawa da ingantaccen fasaha, yawancin dyes da aka yi amfani da su a duniyar zamani ana samar da su ne ta hanyar roba daga abubuwa kamar su petrochemicals. Wasu ana cire su daga kwari da / ko ma'adanai.

Ana samar da dyes na roba daga sunadarai daban-daban. Ana samun mafi yawan dyes ta wannan hanyar saboda tsadar su, kaddarorin gani (launi), da juriya (saurin gudu, daidaitawa).  Dukkanin dyes da pigments suna da launi, saboda suna shan wasu nau'ikan haske ne kawai. Dyes yawanci suna narkewa a wasu kayan narkewa, yayin da pigments ba su narkewa ba. Wasu dyes za a iya sa su zama marasa narkewa tare da ƙara gishiri don samar da launi na tafkin.

## Tarihi

Yin fenti na yadi ya samo asali ne daga zamanin Neolithic. A cikin tarihi, mutane sun canza Kayan ado ta amfani da kayan da ake samu a cikin gida. Rashin dyestuffs da suka samar da launuka masu haske da na dindindin kamar dyes na halitta mai launin ruwan kasa da kuma crimson kermes sun kasance abubuwa masu daraja sosai a duniyar tsohuwar da ta zamani. Dye-dye na shuke-shuke kamar woad, indigo, saffron, da madder muhimman kayan kasuwanci ne a cikin tattalin arzikin Asiya da Turai. A duk faɗin Asiya da Afirka, an samar da masana'antu ta hanyar amfani da dabarun canza launi don sarrafa shawo kan launi a cikin zane mai launi. Dyes daga Sabon Duniya kamar cochinal da logwood an kawo su Turai ta hanyar jiragen ruwa na Spain,  kuma masu mulkin mallaka sun kai dyestuffs na Turai zuwa Amurka. 

An samo fiber din flax a Jamhuriyar Georgia a cikin wani kogo na prehistoric wanda aka rubuta zuwa 36,000 BP. Shaidar Archaeological ta nuna cewa, musamman a Indiya da Phoenicia, an yi amfani da dyeing sama da shekaru 5,000. An samo dyes na farko daga dabba, kayan lambu ko ma'adanai, ba tare da yin aiki ba. Ya zuwa yanzu mafi girman tushen dyes ya kasance daga mulkin shuka, musamman tushen, 'ya'yan itace, bark, ganye da itace, kaɗan daga cikinsu ana amfani da su a kan sikelin kasuwanci.

J. Pullar da Sons ne suka gudanar da masana'antu na farko a Scotland. Dangi na farko na roba, mauve, William Henry Perkin ne ya gano shi a cikin shekara ta 1856  . Binciken mauveine ya fara karuwa a cikin dyes na roba da kuma ilmin sunadarai na kwayoyin halitta gabaɗaya. Sauran dyes na aniline sun biyo baya, kamar su fuchsine, Safrani, da induline. Tun daga wannan lokacin an shirya dubban dyes na roba.

Binciken mauveine a cikin 1856 ya haifar da ci gaban masana'antar dyestuff ta roba. A Manchester, Ingila, mutane da yawa sun kafa masana'antar masana'antu ciki har da Ivan Levinstein, Levinstein Ltd,  Charles Dreyfus, Kamfanin Clayton Aniline,  William Claus, Claus & co. 

Binciken mauve ya haifar da ci gaba a cikin rigakafi da chemotherapy. A cikin 1863 an kafa wanda ya riga ya zama Bayer AG a cikin abin da ya zama Wuppertal, Jamus. A shekara ta 1891, Paul Ehrlich ya gano cewa wasu sel ko kwayoyin sun ɗauki wasu dyes da zaɓaɓɓu. Daga nan sai ya yi tunanin cewa za'a iya yin allurar da ta isa ta kashe kwayoyin cuta, idan dye bai shafi wasu sel ba. Ehrlich ya ci gaba da amfani da fili don yin niyya da syphilis, karo na farko da aka yi amfani da sinadarai don zaɓar kashe ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin jiki. Ya kuma yi amfani da methylene blue don yin niyya ga plasmodium da ke da alhakin zazzabin cizon sauro.

## Sanyen sunadarai
Launi na dye ya dogara da ikon abu don shawo kan haske a cikin yankin da ake gani na bakan lantarki (380-750 nm). Wata ka'idar da aka fi sani da ka'idar Witt ta bayyana cewa launi mai launi yana da abubuwa biyu, chromophore wanda ke ba da launi ta hanyar sha haske a yankin da ake gani (wasu misalai sune nitro, azo, ƙungiyoyin quinoid) da kuma auxochrome wanda ke aiki don zurfafa launi. Wannan ka'idar ta maye gurbin ka'idar tsarin lantarki ta zamani wacce ta bayyana cewa launi a cikin dyes saboda tashin hankali ne na valence π-electrons ta haske mai ganuwa.&nbsp;

## Nau'o'in

Ana rarraba miyagun ƙwayoyi bisa ga solubility da sinadarai.

Acid dyes ne mai narkewa da ruwa wanda ake amfani da shi ga fiber kamar siliki, ulu, nailan da gyaran fiber na acrylic ta amfani da tsaka-tsaki zuwa wanka mai canzawa. Haɗuwa da fiber an danganta shi, aƙalla a wani ɓangare, ga samar da gishiri tsakanin ƙungiyoyin anionic a cikin dyes da ƙungiyoyin cationic a cikin fiber. Acid dyes ba su da mahimmanci ga fiber cellulosic. Yawancin launuka na abinci na roba sun fada cikin wannan rukuni. Misalan dye na acid sune Alizarine Pure Blue B, Acid red 88, da dai sauransu.

Dye-**Daya na asali** sune dyes na cationic mai narkewa da ruwa waɗanda galibi ana amfani da su ga fiber na acrylic, amma suna samun amfani da ulu da siliki. Yawancin lokaci ana ƙara acid acetic zuwa wanka mai launi don taimakawa ɗaukar dye a kan fiber. Ana amfani da dyes na asali a cikin launi na takarda.

**Tsarin zanen kai tsaye** ko kuma **(substantive dyeing)** ana yinsa ne a cikin ruwan da ba shi da ƙwari sosai ko kuma ɗan ɗan ƙwari (alkaline), a wani yanayi da yake kusa da **mafi ƙarancin tafasa**, tare da ƙara sinadarai kamar **sodium chloride (NaCl)**, **sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄)** ko **sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃)**. Ana amfani da irin waɗannan zanen kai tsaye a kan **auduga (cotton)**, **takarda**, **fata (leather)**, **ulu (wool)**, **silk**, da kuma **nylon**. Ana amfani da su kuma a matsayin **ma'aunin pH (pH indicators)** da kuma wajen yin **fenti ga ƙwayoyin halitta (biological stains)**.

Ana amfani da dyes na laser a cikin samar da wasu lasers, kafofin watsa labarai na gani (CD-R), da na'urori masu auna sigina na kyamara (launi mai launi). 

Dye-dye masu laushi suna buƙatar mordant, wanda ke inganta saurin dye akan ruwa, haske da gumi. Zaɓin mordant yana da mahimmanci kamar yadda mordants daban-daban zasu iya canza launi na ƙarshe sosai. Yawancin dyes na halitta sune dyes masu tsayi sabili da haka akwai babban tushe na wallafe-wallafen da ke kwatanta dabarun canza launi. Mafi mahimmancin dyes masu laushi sune dyes masu lalacewa na roba, ko dyes na chrome, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don ulu; waɗannan sun ƙunshi wasu 30% na dyes da aka yi amfani dashi don ulu, kuma suna da amfani musamman ga baƙar fata da inuwa. Ana amfani da potassium dichromate mai cinyewa a matsayin magani bayan magani. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa yawancin mordants, musamman waɗanda ke cikin rukunin ƙarfe mai nauyi, na iya zama haɗari ga lafiya kuma dole ne a kula da su sosai wajen amfani da su.

Vat dyes ba za a iya narkewa a cikin ruwa ba kuma ba za su iya canza fiber kai tsaye ba. Koyaya, raguwa a cikin barasa na alkali yana samar da gishiri ƙarfe na alkali mai narkewa na dye. Wannan nau'in sau da yawa ba shi da launi, a wannan yanayin ana kiransa da launi na Leuco, kuma yana da alaƙa da fiber. Oxidation na gaba ya sake fasalin launi na asali wanda ba a iya narkewa ba. Launi na denim saboda indigo ne, asalin launi.

**Reactive dyes** (zanen da ke yin amsa kai tsaye da zaren) na amfani da wani **chromophore** (sashi mai ba da launi) da aka haɗa da wani **substituent** (ƙari ko madadin abu) wanda ke da ikon yin **amsa kai tsaye da zaren** da ake son yin zanen da shi. Wannan haɗin yana faruwa ta hanyar **covalent bonds** (haɗin sinadarai mai ƙarfi), wanda ke sa wannan irin zanen ya fi ɗorewa fiye da yawancin sauran dyes.

Irin **"cold" reactive dyes** — kamar su **Procion MX**, **Cibacron F**, da **Drimarene K** — suna da sauƙin amfani domin ana iya yin zanen da su a yanayin zafin daki (ba sai an tafasa ba).

Wannan nau'in dye shine **zabi mafi kyau** idan ana so a yi zanen **auduga (cotton)** da sauran zaruruwan da ke ɗauke da **cellulose** (kamar linen da rayon), ko a gida ko a dakin zane.

An samo asali ne daga dyes masu warwatse don canza launi na cellulose acetate, kuma ba za a iya narkewa da ruwa ba. Ana narkar da dyes a gaban wakili mai warwatsawa kuma ana sayar da su azaman paste, ko bushewa kuma ana siyar da su azame foda. Babban amfani da su shine canza polyester, amma ana iya amfani da su don canza nailan, cellulose triacetate, da fiber acrylic. A wasu lokuta, ana buƙatar zafin jiki na  ° C (266 ° F), kuma ana amfani da wanka mai matsin lamba. Girman ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin yana ba da babban yanki wanda ke taimakawa rushewa don ba da izinin ɗaukar fiber. Za'a iya rinjayar yawan dyeing sosai ta hanyar zaɓin wakili mai watsawa da aka yi amfani da shi yayin niƙa.

**Azoic dyeing** wata hanya ce ta canza launin zane ko tufafi inda ake samar da rini (Azo dye) mai wuya ya narke kai tsaye a jikin zaren ko a cikin sa. Ana yin hakan ne ta hanyar amfani da sinadarai guda biyu: **diazoic** da kuma **coupling components**. Idan aka daidaita yanayin ruwa da sinadarai da kyau, wadannan abubuwa guda biyu sukan hade su samar da **Azo dye** da ba ya narkewa.

Wannan hanya ta rini na da banbanci, domin launin karshe da ake samu yana dogara ne da irin **diazoic** da **coupling components** da aka zaba. Amma kuma, amfani da wannan hanyar wajen rina auduga yana raguwa a zamanin yau, saboda sinadarai masu guba da ake amfani da su a lokacin aikin.

Sulfur dyes ne mai arha dyes amfani da shi don canza auduga tare da launuka masu duhu. Ana yin bushewa ta hanyar dumama masana'anta a cikin wani bayani na wani fili na kwayoyin halitta, yawanci nitrophenol derivative, da sulfide ko polysulfide. Magungunan kwayoyin halitta suna amsawa tare da tushen sulfide don samar da launuka masu duhu waɗanda ke manne da masana'anta. Sulfur Black 1, mafi girman siyarwa da launi ta girma, ba shi da tsarin sunadarai da aka bayyana sosai.

**Wasu dyes da aka saba amfani da su a Staining:**

## Daya na abinci
Wani aji wanda ke bayyana rawar dyes, maimakon yadda ake amfani da su, shine dye na abinci. Saboda ana rarraba dyes na abinci a matsayin kayan abinci, ana ƙera su zuwa matsayi mafi girma fiye da wasu dyes na masana'antu. Dye-dye na abinci na iya zama kai tsaye, mordant da vat dyes, kuma amfani da su ana sarrafa su sosai ta hanyar doka. Da yawa azo dyes ne, kodayake ana amfani da mahaɗan anthraquinone da triphenylmethane don launuka kamar kore da shuɗi. Ana kuma amfani da wasu dyes na halitta.

## Sauran mahimman dyes
An kuma kafa wasu azuzuwan da yawa, gami da:

* Tushen oxidation, galibi don gashi da gashi
* Laser dyes: rhodamine 6G da coumarin dyes.
* Daya na Fata, don fata
* Fluorescent brighteners, don yadudduka da takarda
* Dye-dye masu narkewa, don shafawa na itace da samar da lacquers masu launi, tawada mai narkewa.
* Dye-dye masu banbanci, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don hotunan magnetic resonance, daidai suke da launi na tufafi sai dai an haɗa su da wakili wanda ke da kyawawan halaye.
* Mayhems dye, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin sanyaya ruwa don kallo, sau da yawa ana sake sanya shi RIT dye

## Daya na Chromophoric
Ta hanyar yanayin chromophore, ana rarraba dyes zuwa: 

* acridine_dyes" id="mwAXo" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Category:Acridine dyes">Category:Acridine dyes, derivatives na acridine
* anthraquinone_dyes" id="mwAX0" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Category:Anthraquinone dyes">Category:Anthraquinone dyes, derivatives daga anthraquinona
* Arylmethane dyes Category:Diarylmethane dyees, bisa ga diphenyl methane Category:Triarylmethene dyes, derivatives of triphenylmethane
** Category:Diarylmethane dyes, bisa ga diphenyl methane
** Category:Triarylmethane dyes, derivatives daga triphenylmethane
* azo_dyes" id="mwAYc" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Category:Azo dyes">Category:Azo dyes, bisa ga -N=N- tsarin azo
* Dye-dye na phthalocyanine, abubuwan da aka samo daga phthalociyanine
* quinone-imine dyes, derivatives of quinone Category:Azin dyes Category:Eurhodin dyes Category -Safranih dyes,derivatives of safranin Indamins Category:Indophenol dyes, Derivatives of indophenol Category:Oxazin dyes, derivavatives of oxazin Oxazone dyes, derivat of oxazone Category:Thiazine dyes
** Category:Dyains na azin
*** Category:Dya na Eurhodin
*** Sashe:Safranih
*** dyes, derivatives na safranin
** Indamin
** Category: Indophenol dyes, derivatives daga indophenol
** Category:Oxazin dyes, derivatives daga oxazin
** Oxazone dyes, derivatives daga oxazone
** Category:Thiazine dyes
* Category:Thiazole dyes
* Category:Dye-dye na safranin
* Daya na Xanthene
** fluorene dyes, derivatives na fluorene Pyronin dyes
*** Dye-dye na Pyronin
** fluorone_dyes" id="mwAa4" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Category:Fluorone dyes">Category:Fluorone dyes, bisa ga fluorone Category:Rhodamine dyes, derivatives of rhodamine
*** rhodamine_dyes" id="mwAbI" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Category:Rhodamine dyes">Category: Rhodamine dyes, derivatives na rhodamine

## Rashin gurɓataccen yanayi
Dyes da masana'antun masana'antu, bugawa da takarda ke samarwa sune tushen gurɓata koguna da hanyoyin ruwa. Ana samar da kimanin tan 700,000 na dyestuffs a kowace shekara (bayanai na 1990)  Kashe wannan kayan ya sami kulawa sosai, ta amfani da sinadarai da hanyoyin halittu.

## Daya mai mahimmanci
"Dya mai mahimmanci" ko tabo shine dye wanda zai iya shiga cikin kwayoyin halitta masu rai ko kyallen takarda ba tare da haifar da canje-canje masu lalacewa ba. Irin waɗannan dyes suna da amfani a fannonin kiwon lafiya da cututtukan cututtuka don zaɓar launi wasu tsarin (kamar sel) don rarrabe su daga ƙwayoyin da ke kewaye da su don yin nazari (alal misali, a ƙarƙashin microscope). Kamar yadda ake nunawa don ba da damar nazarin sel ko kyallen takarda, yawanci yana da mahimmanci cewa dye ba shi da wasu tasiri a kan tsarin ko aikin nama wanda zai iya lalata lura da manufa.

Ana nuna bambanci tsakanin dyes da ake nufi da amfani da su a kan sel da aka cire daga kwayoyin kafin nazarin (supravital staining) da dyes da aka yi amfani da su cikin jiki mai rai - ana gudanar da su ta hanyar allura ko wasu hanyoyi (intravital stainning) - kamar yadda ƙarshen yake (alal misali) ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin aminci mafi girma, kuma dole ne ya zama sinadarin da aka sani don kauce wa haifar da mummunar tasiri a kan kowane biochemistry (har sai an share shi daga cikin nama), ba kawai ga abin da ake nazarin ba, ko a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci.

Ana amfani da kalmar "mahimmanci mai mahimmanci" a wasu lokuta tare da ma'anar intravital da supravital, ainihin ra'ayi a kowane hali shine cewa sel ɗin da aka bincika har yanzu suna da rai. A cikin ma'anar da ta fi tsananin ma'ana, kalmar nan "mai mahimmanci" tana nufin akasin "mai mahimmanci". Idan ƙwayoyin halitta masu rai suna shan tabo a lokacin da aka shafa, suna cire shi a lokacin "mai mahimmanci"; alal misali, suna canza launi mara kyau yayin da ƙwayoyin da suka mutu kawai ke canza launi mai kyau, kuma ta haka ne za'a iya ƙayyade yiwuwar ƙididdigar kashi na ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke da ba su da kyau. Saboda dye yana ƙayyade ko launi yana da supra-vital ko intravital, ana iya amfani da haɗuwa da dyes na supra-vitals da na mahimmanci don rarraba ƙwayoyin halitta daidai zuwa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban (misali, mai yiwuwa, matattu, mutuwa). 

## Dubi kuma
 

## Manazarta
 

## Ƙarin karantawa
 

* Abelshauser, Werner. *Tarihin Jamus da Kasuwancin Duniya: BASF: Tarihin Kamfanin* (2004) ya rufe 1865 zuwa 2000
* Beer, John J. *Fitowar Masana'antar Dye ta Jamus* (1959) 
*