Mkhuseli Jack

**Mkhuseli** " **Khusta** " **Jack** (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu 1958) ɗan siyasan Afirka ta Kudu ne, ɗan kasuwa kuma mai fafutukar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata. Jack a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin shugaban Build One South Africa.  Ya taɓa zama mataimakin magajin garin Nelson Mandela Bay.

An san shi a cikin shekarar 1980's saboda shigarsa a cikin gwagwarmayar yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata da kuma kokarinsa a *yakin ƙauracewa masu amfani*. A halin yanzu shi ɗan kasuwa ne a Port Elizabeth, Afirka ta Kudu.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Mkhuseli Jack a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu 1958, a gonar Mosskraal a Humansdorp, wani ƙaramin gari a ɗaya daga cikin gundumomin da ke kewaye da Gabashin Cape a Afirka ta Kudu.  An haifi Fikile da Alice Jack, shi ne ƙarami na biyu cikin yara takwas. Lokacin da yake ɗan shekara shida, Jack da iyalinsa sun ƙaura zuwa wata gona a Klipdrift kusa da Oyster Bay. A nan ya halarci makarantar Anglican Slangriver Bantu, inda ya kammala Standard Four. Ya kammala Standard Five da Shida a wani gari da ke bakin ruwa mai suna Jeffreys Bay saboda rashin takardar izinin da ya buƙaci ya kammala karatunsa a Humansdorp. A shekarar 1975, ya koma Port Elizabeth don zama tare da kawunsa.  Bayan an hana su shiga makaranta, Jack da wasu yara da ke cikin yanayi guda suka shiga zanga-zangar neman ilimi. Tare da goyon bayan kungiyoyin gida ya sami damar shiga makarantar a shekarar 1975. Kafin yin digiri a cikin shekarar 1982 a Makarantar Sakandare ta Cowan, Jack ya kammala Seven Standard  da Eight a Makarantar Sakandare ta Loviso. Duk da yake har yanzu yana makaranta, daga shekarun 1979 zuwa 1980, an kama shi sau da yawa, sau ɗaya a lokacin ƙauracewa makaranta a shekarar 1980.

## Farkon shiga siyasa
Mkhuseli Jack ya koyi tsarin mulkin wariyar launin fata ne kawai a Afirka ta Kudu lokacin da ya koma birnin Port Elizabeth don ci gaba da karatunsa na sakandare. Dokokin wariyar launin fata sun hana shi shiga makaranta, amma tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyin cikin gida ya sami damar shiga cikin shekarar 1975, inda ya ci gaba a matsayin jagora a tsakanin takwarorinsa. Daga baya, ya taimaka ƙirƙira da jagorancin Port Elizabeth Youth Congress, wani ɓangare na United Democratic Front (UDF) kuma ya shiga cikin ƙungiyoyi masu tasowa.  Jack ya taimaka kafa United Democratic Front a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 1983. Ƙungiya ce da ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago, ƙungiyoyin mata da ƙungiyoyin matasa. Hukumar ta UDF ce ta hada wadannan kungiyoyi, yayin da take mai da hankali kan warware matsalolin da ke faruwa a yankin Port Elizabeth.

The United Democratic Front da farko ta sami kulawa ta hanyar ƙananan maɓalli, ayyukan rashin ƙarfi kamar ƙauracewa haya da yajin aikin. Mambobin kungiyar sun karfafa mutane su shiga cikin matsalolin da suka addabe su kai tsaye. Taken kungiyar shi ne: "To ku ba ku goyon baya kan abin da ya shafe ku kuma za ku iya tallafa mana kan abin da ya shafe mu."  Bukatun ƙungiyar sun kasance daidai da na mutanen da suke aiki da su. Ta taimakon da suka bayar, sun sami bangaskiya da kuma goyon bayan waɗanda suka taimaka.

A wannan lokacin, yayin da Jack ke aiki a cikin Ƙungiyar Dalibai na Afirka ta Kudu (SASM) da Black Consciousness Movement (BCM), ya haɗu da Barney Pityana lauya mai kare hakkin ɗan Adam kuma masanin tauhidin Afirka ta Kudu. Dangantakar Mkhuseli Jack da Barney Pityana ta tsara ra'ayinsa na farko na siyasa da aikinsa.

## Shiga cikin gwagwarmayar yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata
Ayyukan rashin biyayya na al'umma wanda Nelson Mandela ya jagoranta a farkon matakan yaki da wariyar launin fata ya dauki hankulan duniya. Duk da cewa an karbe su da kyau, amma ba su yi wani abin da ya dace wajen kawo karshen mulkin wariyar launin fata ba. Reshen jam'iyyar ANC mai dauke da makamai, Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation), da kuma wasu kungiyoyi da suka yi adawa da gwamnatin da tashe-tashen hankula a lokutan baya na kungiyar Anti-Apartheid, sun gaza. Amfani da tashin hankali ya baiwa gwamnati karin kwarin guiwa wajen murkushe masu zanga-zanga a duk faɗin ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu.  A duk faɗin ƙasar adawa da nuna wariyar launin fata ya bazu ko'ina cikin ƙasar kuma ya sami karbuwa bayan tawayen Soweto na 1976. A cikin shekarar 1985, tashin hankali ya mamaye garuruwan baƙaƙen fata a Afirka ta Kudu. Jami'an tsaro sun yi kokarin shawo kan tarzomar ta hanyar amfani da manufar hana ta da tada hankali da tada tarzoma.  Mkhuseli Jack ya fahimci cewa tashin hankali ba zai yi tasiri a kan gwamnatin da ke da makamai masu ƙarfi ba kuma ya jaddada mahimmancin haɗin kai da haɗin kai tsakanin waɗanda ke adawa da mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata. Ya fara kafa kwamitocin tituna inda ’yan uwa za su hadu a kan tituna ba tare da bata lokaci ba don ganin kamar ba na yau da kullum ba ne kuma kada a tayar da zato. Ya kuma ɗauki shugabannin unguwanni domin su sasanta rigima da wakiltar muradunsu. Jack ya tsaya tsayin daka kan rashin tashin hankali da yajin aiki haɗe, kauracewa da maci.  Saboda shigarsa, Jack yakan sami kansa a kurkuku. Ɗaurin da aka yi masa tare da yajin yunwa ya sa ya ƙaunaci baƙar fata kuma a sakamakon haka, mahimmancin Jack ya karu.

A karshen wariyar launin fata Jack ya shiga cikin wargaza tsarin mulki a lokacin tattaunawar daga shekarun 1990 zuwa 1993. 

### Yunkurin Kauracewa Masu Amfani
Ƙauracewa Tattalin Arziki, na cikin gida da kuma na duniya, sun taka rawa wajen ruguza tsarin mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata. Mkhuseli Jack yana ɗaya daga cikin mutane kaɗan a Afirka ta Kudu a lokacin da suke amfani da su. Yana da shekaru ashirin da bakwai, Mkhuseli Jack ya kasance mai magana da yawun kuma daya daga cikin manyan jagororin kungiyar, wanda za a san shi da Campaign na kauracewa masu amfani. Zai taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tada tsarin mulki.

Rikicin da ke faruwa ya shafa, baƙar fata mazauna Port Elizabeth sun fara dagewa kan neman wata hanyar juriya. Sakamakon haka, a cikin shekarar 1985, UDF ta shirya kauracewa kasuwancin da ke da fararen fata. Babban makasudin kauracewa taron shi ne tabbatar da cewa babu wani kasuwanci da zai iya gudanar da ayyukansa ba tare da wani rudani da rashin daidaito a tsakanin al'umma ba. Ta hanyar kai hari ga farar fata kasuwanci, masu shirya ƙauracewar sun kuma yi kira ga lamirin ’yan ƙasar, inda suka fahimci irin wahalhalun da bakar fata ke sha. Ta hanyar ɗimbin kwamitocin tituna, UDF ta tabbatar da cewa an sanar da duk wanda zai shiga yadda abubuwan za su gudana. Ta hanyar ɗaukar masu kasuwancin gida da daidaita farashin a cikin garuruwa, an tabbatar da cewa waɗanda suka shiga ba za su shafa ba.  A ranar 15 ga watan Yulin 1985, duk baƙar fata a Port Elizabeth sun bi kuma kasuwancin fararen fata, yawanci cike da abokan cinikin baƙi, sun tsaya babu komai. A wancan lokacin, masu amfani da bakaken fata sun kai kusan kashi 47% na karfin saye a ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu idan aka kwatanta da kashi 40% na farar fata, sauran kashi 13% na Indiyawa da mutanen da ke da bambancin launin fata. Bayan kwanaki biyar, a wani yunƙuri na kashe ƙauracewar, gwamnati ta ayyana dokar ta-ɓaci  a garuruwan Port Elizabeth a ranar 21 ga watan Yulin 1985. Hakan bai hana tafiyar ba, a maimakon haka ya nuna wa shugabanninta cewa ƙauracewar na yin tasirin da ake bukata.

Bukatun farko da jagororin ƙauracewa zaɓen suka gabatar masu sauki ne kuma sun hada da buɗe wuraren zaman jama'a ga kowane jinsi, korar sojoji daga garuruwa, sakin Nelson Mandela da kuma cewa bakar fata da fararen fata suna da tsarin ilimi guda daya.  Buƙatun sun kasance wani al'amari, wanda ya haifar da irin wannan nasara da haɓakar shiga cikin kauracewa. Sun yi daidai da abin da mutanen garuruwan da ke kusa da Port Elizabeth suke so.

Kamar yadda Kamfen ɗin  Ƙauracewa Masu Amfani ya ci gaba, goyon bayansa ya ƙaru. Sakamakon yakin gaba daya da kuma bukatunsa ya karu. Gwamnati ta ayyana dokar ta baci ta biyu a ranar 12 ga watan Yunin 1986. Keɓewar ƙasa da ƙasa da tasirinsa kan tattalin arziƙin, haɗe tare da abubuwan cikin gida na yaƙin neman zaɓe na kauracewa masu amfani, sun tilasta wa gwamnatin fara shawarwari.

Mkhuseli Jack, tare da wasu shugabannin kauracewa, an daure shi a watan Agusta 1986 saboda rawar da ya taka a yakin kuma an sake shi kusan shekaru uku bayan haka a cikin Mayu 1989. 

## Ayyukan bayan mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata da tasiri
A farkon shekarun 1990, Mkhuseli Jack ya sami digiri na girmamawa a fannin Tattalin Arziki & Ci Gaba a Jami'ar Sussex a Ingila.  Ya yi aiki da kamfanoni daban-daban, musamman a fannin haɓakawa da gudanarwa, gami da:

* Ilnge Development Services (Proprietary) Limited, a matsayin manajan darakta kuma memba mai kafa.
* African Brick Center Ltd. http://www.africanbrickbloemfontein.co.za/ a matsayin darekta mara zartarwa daga 1 ga watan Satumba 2007 har zuwa 25 ga Satumba 2009.
* Ukuvula Investment Holding a matsayin darekta mara zartarwa.

Shi memba ne na Hukumar Bayar da Shaida ta Gabashin Cape, Hukumar Kula da Kifi ta Ƙasa, Majalisar Kididdigar SA http://www.statssa.gov.za/about_statssa/statistics_council.asp, Algoa FM, Irvin & Johnson da Omega Risk Solutions. Hakanan yana aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kwalejin Fasaha ta Port Elizabeth, St Francis Hospice da Emfuleni Resorts.  A cikin shekarar 2009, Mkhuseli Jack an naɗa shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin gungun manyan 'yan kasuwa na Gabashin Cape waɗanda suka fito a matsayin 'yan banki na jam'iyyar siyasa ta ɓallewa, Congress of the People (COPE), wacce ta rabu da ANC a ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba 2008.

A yau, Mkhuseli Jack ɗan kasuwa ne a Port Elizabeth. Shi ma malami ne a Makarantar Sahihiyar Jarida ta 2013. Daidai da wancan, Jack yana renon iyali tare da matarsa Karen wanda yake da yara biyu tare. A ranar 19 ga watan Yuni, 2013, ya sami lambar yabo ta Lawson, sadaukar da kai ga mutanen da ke jagorantar kare muhalli, kare 'yan asalin ƙasa, 'yancin siyasa, da yaƙi don kawo ƙarshen wariyar launin fata.   A cikin shekarar 2006 kawancen kungiyoyin fararen hula na Falasɗinu fiye da 70 sun kaddamar da kiran ƙauracewa kai tsaye sakamakon matakin Mkhuseli Jack, kan ƙasar Isra'ila, wanda aka fi sani da yakin BDS. 

## Manazarta