Adelaïde Labille-Guiard

**Adélaïde Labille-Guiard** ( née **Labille** ; 11 Afrilu 1749 - 24 Afrilu 1803),kuma Wanda aka sani da **Adélaïde Labille-Guiard des Vertus**, 'yar karamace 'yar Faransa ce kuma mai zanen hoto. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga mata don samun dama iri ɗaya da maza don zama manyan masu zane-zane.Labille-Guiard ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka zama memba na Royal Academy, kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta sami izini don kafa ɗakin studio ga ɗalibanta a Louvre.

## Rayuwar farko da karatutuka

An haifi Adélaïde Labille a ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 1749 a birnin Paris . Mahaifinta, Claude Labille ya kasance mai haberdasher.  

Labille-Guiard ta zama kwararriya, pastels,da zanen mai.Ba a san komai ba game da horon da ta yi saboda ayyukan karni na 18 wanda ya sa malamai (waɗanda galibi maza ne) kada su ɗauki yara mata.A wannan lokacin,ana ganin mata ba za su iya bin umarni tare da maza ba.A lokacin kuruciyarta, Labille-Guiard ta yi karatun ƙaramin zane tare da mai zanen mai François-Élie Vincent kuma an nuna aikinta na farko a Académie de Saint-Luc.

Labille-Guillard ta auri Louis-Nicolas Guiard a 1769, amma ta rabu da shi shekaru takwas bayan haka,ta riga ta iya tallafawa kanta ta hanyar zane-zane.  Ta koyi tare da pastel master Quentin de la Tour har zuwa 1774.Daga 1776 zuwa 1780,ta fara nazarin zanen mai tare da kawarta François-André Vincent (ɗan babbn François-Élie Vincent), wanda zai zama mijinta.  

## Nasara

### Nunin nune-nunen a Académie de Saint-Luc
An shigar da Labille-Guiard a Académie de Saint-Luc a cikin 1767 lokacin tana da shekaru ashirin. Kundin shigarta ya ɓace tun lokacin kuma abin baƙin ciki babu wani bayanan wanzuwarta da ya tsira a yau. Académie de Saint-Luc ya ba Labille-Guiard sarari don yin fasaha A 1774,ta nuna aikinta a Salon. Wannan wasan kwaikwayon ta yi nasara sosai har makarantar Royal Academy ta yi laifi,kuma tare da goyon bayan masarautar,ta ba da wata doka a cikin Maris 1776 ta soke "guilds, 'yan uwantaka,da al'ummomin da fasaha", ta tilasta wa Académie de Saint-Luc rufe ta.kofa a 1777.Koyaya, wannan bai dakatar da burin Labille-Guiard a matsayin mai zane ba.

### Kasancewa memba na Royal Academy
Da zarar makarantar Académie de Saint-Luc ta rufe kofofinta, Labille-Guiard ta fara koyon zanen mai, don haka za ta iya nema zuwa Royal Academy wanda ta buƙaci ta gabatar da aƙalla zanen mai don shiga.A cikin ƙarshen 1770s,ta zana hotuna da yawa na manyan malaman ilimi,ƙirƙirar lambobin sadarwa tare da Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture. 

Labille-Guiard ta zaɓi nuna wasu ayyukanta a Salon de la Correspondance a 1779 da 1783.Wannan ya hada da hoton kanta a cikin hotuna na pastel da na mai,wanda masu suka ya samu karbuwa sosai.Da sauri aka lura da baiwar Labille-Guiard a matsayin mai zanen mai da kuma pastellist, kuma ta sami karɓuwa ta ƙasa,wanda hakan ya kai ga karɓe ta a Kwalejin Royal.A ranar 31 ga Mayu, 1783,an karɓi Labille-Guiard a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Faransa Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture.An kuma zabi abokin takararta, Elisabeth-Louise Vigée Le Brun a wannan rana; su biyun su ne mata na farko da aka kaddamar.  Dukansu Labille-Guiard da Vigée Le Brun nan da nan an soki su bayan shigarsu da wadanda suka fusata a shigar mata; Labille-Guiard ta sha fama da hare-hare a kan fasaharta da halayenta.  Ɗayan ƙasidar da ba a bayyana sunanta ba *Suite de Malborough au Salon 1783,* ta zargi Labille-Guiard da musanya ni'imar jima'i don taimakon zane.An buga ƙasidar a kan sunan François-André Vincent (ko da yake har yanzu bata yi aure ba,shi ne jita-jita da ake yi mata),tana mai cewa Labille Guiard tana da "vignt cents" (daruruwan ashirin,ko dubu biyu) masoya.  Duk da haka, samun karɓuwa a cikin Royal Academy ta buɗe kofa ga Labille-Guiard yayin da ta sami tallafi daga dangin sarauta.

### Mai zanen gidan sarauta
Ta hanyar tsantsar iyawar fasaha da hazaka, Labille-Guiard ta zama mai zanen gidan sarauta. Ma'abota sarautarta sun hada da kanwar Louis XVI na Faransa, Gimbiya Marie Adélaïde da 'yar uwarta Victoria Louise, da 'yar'uwar Sarki Elizabeth kuma ta sami fensho na gwamnati na rayuwa 1,000. A cikin 1787, ta zama *peintre des mesdames*, matsayin da ta kai ta yin zanen Madame Adélaïde da Madame Victoire.  Hoton Adélaïde da aka kammala a cikin 1787 tana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma kuma mafi girman aikin Labille-Guiard har zuwa yau. Daga baya an ba ta izini a cikin 1788 ta ɗan'uwan Sarki,Count of Provence (daga baya Louis XVIII na Faransa ).An umurce ta da ta zana shi a tsakiyar babban aikin tarihi, Réception d'un chevalier de Saint-Lazare par Monsieur, Grand maître de l'ordre.A cikin 1795 ta sami masaukin masu fasaha a Louvre (bayan kamfen na tsawon shekaru goma)  da sabon fansho na rayuwa 2,000.Ita ce mace ta farko mai fasaha da aka ba wa izinin kafa ɗakin studio don kanta da ɗalibanta a Louvre. 

## Salo da mahallin
Labille-Guiard sau da yawa ba ta dace da kwanciyar hankali a cikin iyakokin kyawawan halaye na mata a ƙarni na 18.  Domin ta jawo hankalin masu kallo iri-iran ciki har da manyan maza da mata,ta kan shigar da kayan zamani na baya-bayan nan a cikin zane-zanenta, wanda ya ba ta damar nuna iya fasaharta.Ta yi kyau wajen ba da cikakkun bayanai, kamar nuna folds na alatu da yadudduka na siket masu rikitarwa waɗanda ke cikin salo a lokacin.Duk da haka,sau da yawa takan yi fenti tare da murɗawa kamar yadda mata suna fuskantar kai tsaye a wurin kallo ko kuma da ƙananan wuyansa, wanda ba a saba ba a karni na 18 lokacin da aka nuna mata.

Ana iya ganin ƙarin shaidar jajircewar Labille-Guiard a cikin hotunanta, wanda ya sa ta ɗan fallasa fiye da yadda aka saba, amma bai isa ya haifar da zargin lalata ba.Ana ganin wannan a cikin zanen hotonta *na kai da almajirai biyu*.Ba kamar wasu zane-zane na mata masu fasaha ba a karni na 18, Labille-Guiard ta zaɓi ta nuna kanta tana aiki sosai maimakon mai hutawa. Labille-Guiard ta kuma nuna adawa da wasu hane-hane,kamar waɗanda ke iyakance adadin matan da za su iya zuwa Royal Academy.Ta hanyar zana ɗalibai mata biyu a cikin *Hoton Kai tare da Almajirai Biyu*,Labille-Guiard ta ba da shawarar a ba da ƙarin mata damar shiga Kwalejin Sarauta.Ta wannan ma'ana, Labille-Guiard ta kasance mai ƙarfin hali,amma ba ta da ƙarfin hali don zubar da mutuncinta da kuma rasa girmamawar da ta yi aiki tuƙuru don samun a cikin duniyar fasaha.

A lokacin, mata masu fasaha suna da alaƙa akai-akai da gunkin Minerva. Saboda haka, Labille-Guiard da abokin hamayyarta Vigée Le Brun duk an kira su "Minervas na zamani."  Ƙwararriyar tasu ta samu kwarin guiwar masana ilimi da majiɓinta a kotu. 

## Mai ba da shawara ga matasa mata masu fasaha
Labille-Guiard ta yi tasiri a kan matasan mata masu fasaha.A cikin wata wasika da wata uwa ta rubuta da diyarta ta yi karatun zanen zane tare da wata mata mai ilimi, (wanda bisa ga bayanin,da alama Labille-Guiard ne) ta bayyana cewa malamin ta dage kan kiyaye mafi girman matakan ladabi a dakin karatun ta.  Jajircewarta ga dalibai mata ta bayyana a duk lokacin da take zama a Royal Academy.A wani taro da aka yi a ranar 23 ga Satumba, 1790,Labille-Guiard ta ba da shawarar cewa a shigar da mata ba tare da iyaka ba kuma a ba su izinin yin aiki a hukumar gudanarwar cibiyar.An amince da dukkan kudurori biyun.  Duk da haka, masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Kwalejin sun yi watsi da shi kuma suka soki Labille Guiard a matsayin "Jeanne d'Arc", da "kaza a cikin zakara," kuma masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun yi Allah wadai da ita. 

Labille-Guillard ta ci gaba da ba da shawarwari ga mata,inda ta gabatar da Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa tare da wani abin tunawa game da ilmantar da matasan mata da aka hana su arziki, wanda Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord ta yi nuni a cikin aikinsa. 

## Ta fuskar juyin juya hali

Maimakon gudu a lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa na 1789,Labille-Guiard ta zauna a Faransa.Sai dai alakar sarautar da ta yi a tsawon rayuwarta ya sa ta zama abin zargi a siyasance.Ta yi ƙoƙarin sanya kanta a matsayin mai fasaha ga Jamhuriyar. Ta ba da gudummawar kuɗi ga baitul malin ƙasar kuma ta zana mambobi goma sha uku na Majalisar Dokokin ƙasar (Faransa juyin juya halin Musulunci), ciki har da Maximilien Robespierre da Alexandre de Beauharnais .   A cikin 1791,ita da Jacques-Louis David sun ba da izini daga majalisa don su zana Louis XVI tana ba da kundin tsarin mulki ga dansa,wanda ba a kammala ba.   Daga 1792, ta raba lokacinta tsakanin Paris da ƙauyen Pontault-en-Brie,inda ta gudu tare da Vincent, ɗalibai biyu, da sauransu.   A cikin 1793 an umurce ta da ta lalata wasu ayyukanta na sarauta,ciki har da hukumar da ba a gama ba na Count of Provence.Yin gudun hijira na Comte na Provence yana nufin Labille-Guiard ba kawai ta rasa majibincinta na sarauta na ƙarshe ba, amma kuma ba ta sami kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari 30,000 da aka amince da ita ba.  Juyin juya halin ya kara cutar da aikinta lokacin da 'yan'uwan sarauta suka yi hijira a watan Fabrairun 1791 ba tare da biyan kuɗin hotuna da yawa da suka ba Labille-Guiard damar yin fenti ba. Labille-Guillard ta bar Paris a takaice na tsawon shekaru a wannan lokacin, amma ta dawo.A cikin 1795, ta sami masauki a Louvre,kuma ta ci gaba da yin zane da nuna hotuna a Salon har zuwa 1800, shekarar da ta auri tsohon malaminta, François-André Vincent a 1800.   Hotunan pastel na Marie Adélaïde, Victoire-Louise,da Élisabeth sun zauna a cikin mallakar Labille-Guiard har sai da ta mutu daga rashin lafiya a ranar 24 ga Afrilu,1803. 

## Legacy
Daga cikin tarin jama'a da ke rike da ayyukan Adélaïde Labille-Guiard sune Gidan kayan gargajiya na Getty, Gidan kayan gargajiya na Phoenix, Gidan kayan tarihi na Jami'ar Harvard, Gidan kayan tarihi na Honolulu na Art,Kimbell Art Museum (Fort Worth, Texas), Gidan kayan gargajiya na Los Angeles County Museum of Art, da Louvre, Gidan kayan gargajiya na Metropolitan, Gidan Tarihi na Kasa (Washington, DC), Gidan Tarihi na Kasa a Warsaw, Gidan Tarihi na Mata a cikin Arts (Washington, DC), Gidan Tarihi na Speed (Kentucky) da Versailles.

Labille-Guiard wata mutum ce da aka fito da ita akan sashin shigarwa na Judy Chicago *The Dinner Party*, wanda ake wakilta a ɗaya daga cikin fale-falen 999 na *bene na Heritage.*An jera ta a ƙarƙashin wurin saitin Artemisia Gentileschi  

## Manazarta

## Littafi Mai Tsarki

* Auricchio, Laura. *Adélaïde Labille-Guiard: Mawaƙi a zamanin juyin juya hali*, Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2009.
* Baetjer, Katharine. "Adélaïde Labille-Guiard (1749-1803)" a *Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History*, www.metmuseum.org, wanda aka buga Yuni 2016.
* Chicago, Judy. *Dinner Party: Daga Ƙirƙiri zuwa Tsare*, London: Merrell, 2007. ISBN&nbsp;
* Passez, Anne-Marie. *Adélaïde Labille-Guiard: Biography et catalog raisonné*, Paris: 1973.
* Portalis, Roger (1901). "Adélaïde Labille-Guiard" a cikin *Gazette des Beaux-Arts*, Lausanne: 1901, shafi.&nbsp;352-367.
* Portalis, Roger (1902). ''Adélaïde Labille-Guiard'', Paris: Imprimerie Georges Petit, 1902.
* Kallon, Jean. "Hoton Madame Adélaïde na Faransa, 'yar Louis XV," *Mujallar Burlington* (vol.3, Maris 1969), supp.i-vi.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Labille-Guiard, Adélaïde a Benezit Dictionary of Artists
* Labille-Guiard (née Labille), Adélaïde ta Kathleen Nicholson a Grove Art Online
* Masu sarauta zuwa Romantics: Haskaka kan Adélaïde Labille-Guiard a Gidan Tarihi na Mata a cikin Fasaha
* Tarihin Adélaïde Labille-Guiard daga Société Internationale pour l'Étude des Femmes de l'Ancien Régime
* Labille-Guiard, Adélaïde a Neil Jeffares, Kamus na pastellists kafin 1800, bugun kan layi