Tarihin mulkin mallaka na Angola

**Tarihin mulkin mallaka a Angola** yawanci ana la'akari da cewa ya gudana ne daga bayyanar Portuguese a ƙarƙashin Diogo Cão a 1482 (Kongo)  ko 1484 (Gabashin Angola)  har zuwa lokacin da Angola ta sami 'yancin kai a cikin watan Nuwamba 1975. Ba a fara zama ba har sai da Novais ya kafa São Paulo de Loanda (Luanda) a cikin shekarar 1575, duk da haka, amma gwamnatin Portugal kawai ta shigar da Angola a matsayin mulkin mallaka a shekarar 1655. ko kuma ranar 12 ga watan Mayu, 1886.  

## Ƙarni na 16
An kafa Luanda a shekara ta 1576 tare da iyalai dari na mazauna da sojoji 400. An kafa Benguela a matsayin kagara a shekarar 1587.

## Ƙarni na 17

An ba Luanda matsayin birni a cikin shekarar 1605. A cikin 1617, Benguela ta ci gaba zuwa birni. A cikin shekarar 1618 Portuguese sun gina sansanin Fortaleza São Pedro da Barra, sai kuma sansanin Fortaleza de São Miguel a shekarar 1634. Luanda ita ce cibiyar gudanarwa ta Angola ta Portugal daga shekarun 1627, ban da ɗaya.

A lokacin yakin 'yancin kai na Portuguese da Spaniya, Holland sun mallaki Luanda daga shekarun 1640 zuwa 1648 a matsayin Fort Aardenburgh. Turawan Portugal sun nemi sake tabbatar da ikonsu a kan Angola bayan mamayar da Netherlands ta yi a shekarun 1640.  Angola wani yanki ne na yammacin Afirka ta Portuguese daga mamaye yankuna da dama a yankin a matsayin 'yan mulkin mallaka a 1655 har zuwa lokacin da aka naɗa shi a matsayin lardin ketare, daga ranar 20 ga watan Oktoba, 1951.

Tasirin Brazil a Angola ya karu sosai bayan shekara ta 1650, inda wasu masu sharhi suka kwatanta dangantakar Angola da Brazil a matsayin mulkin mallaka da daularta.  Tuntuɓar Brazil ya haifar da jigilar rogo daga Kudancin Amirka zuwa Angola da kuma sauyin aikin noma na Angola, da haɓaka bambancin abincin gida da rage tasirin fari ga girbin manoma. 

A cikin shekarar 1656, Portuguese sun rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Sarauniya Nzinga na Ndongo, abokin adawar Portuguese wanda Imbagala ta kora daga Masarautar a cikin shekarar 1620s.

Portuguese sun tafi yaƙi da Masarautar Kongo a shekarar 1660. António I ya gaji mahaifinsa, Garcia II, a matsayin Sarkin Kongo a 1661.  António ya jagoranci Kongo a kan Portuguese har zuwa mummunar asararsa a yakin Mbwila a ranar 29 ga watan Oktoba 1665.  Turawan Portugal sun sha mummunan kaye a yakin Kitombo lokacin da suka yi yunkurin mamaye Kongo a shekara ta 1670. António ya mutu a Mbwila kuma Portuguese sun soke sojojinsa. Kongo ya sha wahala daga rarrabuwa da raguwa bayan mutuwar António.

Babban abokiyar kawancensu a yakin da aka yi da Sarauniya Nzinga, ta sauya sheka lokacin da Portugal ta amince ta amince da ikirarinta na Sarauniyar Ndongo a shekarar 1657. Ta yi tawaye a 1670. Ko da yake 'yan Portugal ɗin sun yi nasarar kayar da ita a wani dogon zango da suka yi wa babban birnin ƙasar, Mpungo Andongo, a shekara ta 1671, wannan nasara ce mai tsadar gaske. Ƙara tsangwama a Matamba da al'amuran Matamba da Kasanje a shekarun 1680 ya kai ga sake shan kaye a yakin Katole a shekarar 1684. Bayan wannan al'amari, Portugal ta kawar da hankalinta daga yakin arewa ko dai da Kongo ko Ndongo.

A shekara ta 1684, an ƙaura kujerar bishop zuwa São Paulo de Luanda, kuma São Salvador ya ƙi muhimmanci, musamman bayan watsi da shi a shekara ta 1678 yayin da yaƙin basasa ya tsananta a ƙasar. Ko da Pedro IV ya mayar da birnin kuma ya sake mamaye shi a shekara ta 1709, cibiyar majami'a a Angola ta kasance tare da 'yan mulkin mallaka na Portugal.

## Mulkin mallaka na Benguela
Hankalin Portuguese ya kasance, haka ma, yanzu ya koma musamman ga gundumomin kudancin Angola. Gwamna Manuel Cerveira Pereira ne ya kafa masarautar Benguela a shekara ta 1617. Da farko, ya yi fatan mayar da ita wani yanki na soja mai tsanani kamar Angola, amma bayan rashin nasara a kawance da Ibangala na gida, ya yi watsi da waɗannan tsare-tsaren. Shirye-shiryensa na kara karfafa mulkin mallaka ta hanyar kwace ma'adinan tagulla da ake kyautata zaton akwai a Sumbe shima ya ci tura. Sauran yunƙurin faɗaɗa daga Benguela, kamar dogon yaƙin neman zaɓe na Lopo Soares Lasso a 1629 ya kasa samar da bayi da yawa ko cin nasara.

A cikin shekarar 1680s, bayan gazawar yakin arewaci, gwamnonin Portugal sun sake yin kokarin yin yaki a kudu. Sun tsunduma kansu cikin siyasar Masarautar Ovimbundu da ke tsakiyar tsaunuka ( Bihe Plateau ) na Angola. Wadannan kamfen, musamman masu buri a cikin shekarar 1770s, sun haifar da yarjejeniyoyin vassalage na yau da kullum tsakanin wasu mafi mahimmancin masarautu, irin su Viye da Mbailundu, amma ba su kasance ko dai manyan tushen bayi ba ko cin nasara na gaske daga abin da za a iya samun albarkatu ko haraji.

## Ƙarni na 18

A ƙarni na 18, gwamnonin Portugal sun nemi su takaita abin da suka dauka ba bisa ka'ida ba ta 'yan kasuwa a yankinsu tare da abokan hamayyar Turawa 'yan kasuwa wadanda suka ziyarci masarautun arewacin Kongo da Loango akai-akai. Don haka, sun kafa katanga da zama a Encoje (kusa da Mbwila ) don toshe tafiye-tafiye ta hanyar tsaunuka wanda ya ba 'yan kasuwa damar ketare zuwa Kongo. A cikin shekarar 1783-1784 sun nemi mamaye Cabinda a bakin tekun arewa, amma aka kore su, kuma daga shekarun 1789 zuwa 1792 gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Portugal ta fara yaki da Marquisate na Mussolo (gundumar nan da nan kudu da Ambriz a cikin yankin Kongo) ba tare da nasara sosai ba. A cikin shekarar 1791 sun gina katanga a Quincolo akan Loje, kuma sun yi aikin ma'adinai na Bembe.

A sa'i ɗaya kuma, ƙasar Portugal ta yi kokarin fadada dangantakarta zuwa cikin gida, musamman ma kasashen da ke bayan kogin Kwango. Matamba da Kasanje sun ci gaba da toshe yunƙurin da 'yan kasuwar Portugal suka yi na kutsawa cikin ƙasashensu, kuma a cikin shekarar 1755-1756, Manuel Correia Leitão, ya ziyarci Kasanje kuma ya ba da rahoto game da filaye a fadin Kwanza. Daga cikin su har da daular Lunda mai karfi wadda sojojinta suka mamaye yankuna da dama a can. Daga karshe Lunda ya shiga huldar diflomasiyya da Portugal, inda ya aika ofishin jakadanci a farkon karni na sha tara kuma ya karbi ofisoshin jakadanci daga Luanda.

Turawan Portugal daga Benguela sun nemi ƙara faɗaɗa ikonsu da samun albarkatu a cikin Bihe Plateau a cikin ƙarni na goma sha takwas, kuma bayan shiga tsakani da suka yi a yakin Mbailundu a cikin shekarar 1770s sun sami dangantakar yarjejeniya (wanda suka bayyana a matsayin vassalage) da jihohi daban-daban a can. Waɗannan tsare-tsare sun haɗa da tara ƴan kasuwan Portugal a manyan biranen ƙasar da yin dindindin a manyan biranen waɗannan jahohin. Daga waɗannan sansanonin, Portugal ta nemi bincika dangantakar kasuwanci da Lunda wanda ya kauce wa jihohin Kwango.

## Ƙarni na 19
Fotigal ba su da wani sansani ko ƙauye a bakin tekun zuwa arewacin Ambriz, wanda aka fara mamayewa a cikin shekarar 1855, har sai da "scramble for Africa" a shekarar 1884. Sojojin Portugal sun shiga cikin yakin basasa tsakanin shekarun 1855 zuwa 1856, inda suka taimaka wa Pedro V Água Rosada ya hau gadon sarautar Kongo. Sun bar wani kagara a Sao Salvador, wanda suka ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 1866. Pedro V ya yi sarauta sama da shekaru talatin. A cikin shekarar 1888 wani mazaunin Portugal ya tsaya a Salvador, lokacin da Pedro ya amince ya zama ɗan ƙasar Portugal. Ya yi fatan yin amfani da Portuguese ɗin don taimakawa a ƙoƙarinsa na sake gina ikon sarauta a wasu sassan Kongo.

Cikakkun ikon mallakar Portuguese na cikin gida bai faru ba har zuwa farkon ƙarni na 20, lokacin da aka shawo kan juriya daga yawan ƙungiyoyin jama'a. Babban daga cikin wadannan shi ne tashin hankalin Kwanyama, wanda shugabansu Mandume Ya Ndemufayo ya jagoranta.

A cikin shekarar 1884 Biritaniya, wacce har zuwa wannan lokacin ta ci gaba da ƙi amincewa da cewa Portugal ta mallaki haƙƙin yanki a arewacin Ambriz, ta ƙulla wata yarjejeniya da ta amince da ikon mallakar Portuguese akan bankunan Kongo na ƙasa, amma yarjejeniyar, ganawa da 'yan adawa a Biritaniya da Jamus, ba a amince da su ba. Yarjejeniyar da aka kammala tare da Kongo Free State, Jamus da Faransa a 1885-1886 (gyara a cikin cikakkun bayanai ta hanyar shirye-shiryen da suka biyo baya) sun daidaita iyakokin lardin, sai dai a kudu maso gabas, inda iyakar tsakanin Barotseland (Northern Rhodesia) da Angola an ƙaddara ta hanyar yarjejeniyar Anglo-Portuguese na shekarar 1891 da kuma 1991 Sarkin Italiya.

Har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 19th riƙon Portugal a kan cikin lardin ya ɗan ɗanɗana,  ko da yake tasirinsa ya kai ga kwandon Kongo da Zambezi. Kawar da cinikin bayi daga waje ya yi illa sosai ga cinikin tashoshin jiragen ruwa. Daga shekara ta 1860 zuwa gaba, an bunkasa albarkatun noma na kasar tare da karuwar makamashi, aikin da 'yan kasuwa na Brazil suka jagoranci. Bayan tabbatacciyar rarrabuwar kawuna a tsakanin kasashen turai, Portugal ta yi amfani da kanta da wani muhimmanci wajen cin gajiyar Angola da sauran kayayyakinta na Afirka. Amma duk da haka, idan aka kwatanta da arzikin da take da shi, ci gaban kasar ya yi tafiyar hawainiya.

Bauta da cinikin bayi sun ci gaba da bunƙasa a cikin gida a farkon ƙarni na 20, duk da haramcin da gwamnatin Portugal ta yi. Tsawaita iko a kan ƙabilun cikin gida ya ci gaba a hankali kuma ba a cimma shi ba tare da juyawa lokaci-lokaci ba. A cikin watan Satumba 1904 wani shafi na Portuguese ya rasa fiye da mutane 300, ciki har da Turawa 114, a yakin Cunene, gamuwa da Kunahamas a kan kogin Kunene, ba da nisa da iyakar Jamus ba. Ƙila Kunahamas sun fi rinjaye ta hanyar tawaye na maƙwabtansu na kudancin, Hereros, da Jamusawa. A cikin shekarar 1905 da kuma a cikin shekarar 1907, an sake yin yaƙi a wannan yanki.

Har zuwa farkon ƙarni na 19, babban burin Portugal ga Angola shine bauta. Tsarin bauta ya fara ne a farkon ƙarni na 16 tare da sayan daga shugabannin Afirka don yin aikin noman sukari a Sao Tomé, Principe, da Brazil. Ƙabilar Ibangala da Mbndu, masu farautar bayi masu ƙwazo, sun kasance tsawon ƙarni a cikin manyan masu ba da bayi a kasuwar Luanda. ’Yan kasuwa na Brazil ne suka sayo waɗannan bayi kuma aka tura su zuwa Amurka, gami da mulkin mallaka na Portugal na Brazil.

Duk da yake ba a yi watsi da ci gaban tattalin arzikin ƙasar gaba ɗaya ba kuma an gabatar da samfuran abinci masu amfani da yawa, wadatar lardin ta dogara sosai kan cinikin bayi tare da mulkin mallaka na Portugal na Brazil, wanda ba a soke ta bisa doka ba har zuwa shekara ta 1830 bayan samun 'yancin kai na Brazil daga Portugal (1822) kuma a gaskiya ya ci gaba shekaru da yawa daga baya. Masana da yawa sun yarda cewa a karni na 19, Angola ita ce babbar tushen bayi ba kawai ga Brazil ba, amma ga Amurkawa, ciki har da Amurka. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, babban tsarin aikin tilastawa ya maye gurbin bautar kuma zai ci gaba har sai an haramta shi a 1961. Turawan mulkin mallaka na Portugal a karni na ashirin yana da halin kaka-nika-yi na mulkin kama-karya da cin gajiyar ayyukan Afirka.

Wannan aikin tilastawa ne ya samar da tushen ci gaban tattalin arzikin shuka da kuma, a tsakiyar karni na 20, babban fannin hakar ma'adinai. Turawan Portugal ne suka yi aikin tilas don gina hanyoyin jirgin kasa guda uku daga bakin teku zuwa ciki. Mafi mahimmancin waɗannan shi ne titin jirgin ƙasa na Benguela wanda ya haɗa tashar jiragen ruwa na Lobito da yankunan jan ƙarfe na Kongo Belgian da kuma abin da ke yanzu Zambia.

Babban ci gaban tattalin arzikin 'yan mulkin mallaka bai rikiɗe zuwa ci gaban al'umma ba ga yawancin ƴan ƙasar Angola. Mulkin Portuguese ya ƙarfafa baƙi baƙi, musamman bayan 1950, wanda ya tsananta adawa da launin fata; sababbin mazauna Portuguese sun zo bayan yakin duniya na biyu.

### Kongo da Cabinda
Fotigal Kongo (Cabinda) an kafa kariyar Portuguese ta Yarjejeniyar Simulambuco ta shekarar 1885. Wani lokaci a cikin 1920s, an haɗa shi cikin mafi girman mulkin mallaka (daga baya lardin ketare) na Portuguese Angola. Da farko dai ƙasashen biyu sun kasance masu haɗe da juna, amma daga baya suka rabu da wani dan karamin fili wanda kasar Portugal ta mikawa kasar Beljiyam wanda ya baiwa Belgian Congo damar shiga Tekun Atlantika. Bayan yanke mulkin Angolan Portuguese tare da 1975 Alvor Yarjejeniyar, Jamhuriyar Cabinda mai ɗan gajeren lokaci ta ayyana 'yancin kanta. Duk da haka, ba da jimawa ba aka sami galaba a kan Cabinda kuma sabuwar jamhuriyar jama'ar Angola da aka yi shela ta sake hadewa kuma ba ta samu karbuwa a duniya ba.

## Duba kuma

* Tarihin mulkin mallaka na Angola
* Tarihin Angola
* Bauta a Angola
* 1940s a Angola
* 1950s a Angola

## Manazarta