Tara Donovan

**Tara Donovan** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1969 a Flushing, Queens, a Birnin New York)  ƴar Amurka ce mai zane-zane wanda ke zaune da aiki a Brooklyn, New York . Babban shigarwarta, siffofi, zane-zane, da bugawa suna amfani da abubuwa na yau da kullun don bincika tasirin canji na tarawa da tarawa. An san ta da jajircewarta ga tsari, ta sami yabo saboda ikonta na amfani da halaye na jiki na wani abu don canza shi zuwa ayyukan da ke haifar da abubuwan fahimta na musamman da tasirin yanayi. Ayyukanta an haɗa su da tarihin tarihi na fasaha wanda ya haɗa da masu zane-zane na Postminimalism da Process kamar Eva Hesse, Jackie Winsor, Richard Serra, da Robert Morris, tare da masu zane na Light da Space kamar Mary Corse, Helen Pashgian, Robert Irwin, da James Turrell.

## Ilimi
Donovan, karatun fasaha na yau da kullun ya fara ne a Makarantar Fasaha (New York) a cikin shekara ta 1987-88. : Donovan ta sami BFA a Kwalejin Fasaha da Zane ta Corcoran (Washington DC) a shekara ta 1991. Bayan kammala karatunta na farko, ta ci gaba da yin ɗakin karatu a Baltimore kuma ta fara shiga cikin nune-nunen rukuni a gallery da wuraren zane-zane marasa riba.

## Ayyuka

### Nuni na farko
Babban nune-nunen ta na farko shi ne ArtSites 96 don *Washington Review,* game da nune-nununen Maryland Art Place a Baltimore, inda ta fara gabatar da cubes dinta. Ta kuma shiga cikin *Zaɓuɓɓuka 1997* a Washington Project for the Arts, inda ta gabatar da aikinta na farko ta amfani da takarda mai laushi, da kuma nune-nunen rukuni a Baumgartner Galleries da Numark Gallery a Washington, DC. A shekara ta 1998, Donovan ta gudanar da nune-nunen farko, Resonances, a Hemphill Fine Arts a Washington DC. A cikin wannan shekarar, ta nuna New Sculpture a Reynolds Gallery a Richmond, Virginia . 

Donovan ta koma karatunta kuma ta sami MFA a VCUarts, wani ɓangare na Jami'ar Commonwealth ta Virginia (VCU)  a cikin 1999, lokacin da ta kuma sami hira ta farko a cikin Articulate Contemporary Art Review . Bayan kammala karatunta, ta kafa babban nune-nunen gidan kayan gargajiya na farko a Corcoran Gallery of Art's Hemicycle Gallery a Washington, DC a 1999, inda ta gabatar da *Whorl*, shigarwa da aka yi da kusan fam 8,000 nailan fiber wanda aka haɗa shi cikin raka'a sannan ya bazu a ƙasa a cikin tsarin fadadawa. Ba da daɗewa ba, ta koma New York *Ruwa* an gayyace ta don shiga cikin 2000 Biennial Exhibition a Whitney Museum of American Art, inda ta gabatar da shigarwar bene (Ripple, 1998) da aka yi da yanke kebul na lantarki.

### Nuni
An kafa manyan nune-nunen kasuwanci na farko na Donovan a Ace Gallery a New York da Los Angeles. An haɗa aikinta a cikin 2000 Whitney Biennial .  Tun da farko, daga 1999 zuwa 2000, Donovan ya nuna *Whorl* a Hemicycle Gallery, Corcoran Gallery of Art a Washington, DC. Bayan karɓar kiran cewa za ta nuna wannan takamaiman shigarwa, an nakalto Donovan yana cewa "Na yi kururuwa kuma na gudu a cikin da'irori ... Menene kuke tunani?"  A cikin bita na wannan nune-nunen, mai sukar fasaha Jessica Dawson ta lura cewa "Kamar *Whorl*, ayyukan da suka gabata na mai zane sun canza adadi mai yawa na kayan yau da kullun - takarda, rufin rufin da aka yi, juyawa na ƙara takarda - cikin ba zato ba tsammani: tsari na halitta, da alama kwayoyin halitta masu rai, taswirar taswirar ƙasa".  Bayan *Whorl*, Donovan ya nuna jerin nune-nunen a Ace Gallery a Los Angeles, CA.

A shekara ta 2003, ta mamaye dukkan sararin Ace Gallery a titin Hudson 274 a New York tare da jerin shirye-shiryen 'site-responsive', da yawa daga cikinsu yanzu sun zo don bayyana aikin mai zane. Misalan sun haɗa da *Haze* (2003), wanda ya ƙunshi gaba ɗaya na filastik masu sha da aka ɗora a kan bango kuma an ƙarfafa shi da bangon da ke kusa don ƙirƙirar abin tunawa tare da tasirin yanayi. An yi shigarwar bene na Nebulous (2002) gaba ɗaya daga tef na Scotch wanda ba a haɗa shi ba kuma an 'sanya shi' a cikin raka'a masu haɗin kai. Transplanted (2001) ya fadada a kan ayyukan da ta gabata tare da ragargaza takarda don ƙirƙirar wani abu mai ban mamaki wanda ke da sawun sama da murabba'in mita 25. Strata (2000) wani babban shigarwa ne na bene wanda aka yi da ɓangarorin da aka bushe na Elmer. Moiré (1999) ya ƙunshi manyan takardu na ƙara takarda na inji waɗanda aka sarrafa su kuma aka shimfiɗa su don samar da alamu masu haske waɗanda ke canzawa tare da matsayin mai kallo. Colony (2000) ya ƙunshi yankan sassan madaidaiciyar fensir a tsawon daban-daban, waɗanda aka shirya a ƙasa don ba da shawarar yaduwar gine-gine na ci gaban birane. Nunin ya sami yabo mai mahimmanci, yana samun sake duba*W* da bayanan martaba a cikin The New York Times, Village Voice, Artforum, Art in America, *Flash Art International*, da W, da sauransu.

Jerin ayyukan gidan kayan gargajiya na solo sun biyo baya a wuraren da suka hada da Rice University Art Gallery a Houston,  Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego, UCLA's Hammer Museum,  Berkeley Art Museum,  Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland,  da kuma Saint Louis Art Museum,  da sauransu.

Donovan ya ce game da aikinta, "Ba kamar ina ƙoƙarin kwaikwayon yanayi ba. Ya fi kama da hanyar yanayi, hanyar da abubuwa ke girma a zahiri. " Abokin zane-zane Chuck Close ya gaya wa wani mai ba da rahoto cewa "A wannan lokaci na musamman a cikin duniyar fasaha, an saukar da kirkirar mutum don neman amfani, na mamaye akwatin kankara na al'adu. Don wani ya fita ya yi ƙoƙarin yin wani abu da ba ya tunatar da ku game da aikin wani ba kuma yana da gaske, kuma yana da gaskiya - aikin Tara yana da gaske - wannan lokacin.

### Gidan shakatawa
A shekara ta 2005, Donovan ta shiga Pace Gallery inda aka haɗa aikinta a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na bazara da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na rukuni Logical Conclusions: 40 Years of Rule-Based Art wanda Marc Glimcher ya tsara. Babban nune-nunen ta na farko a Pace a cikin 2006, *Tara Donovan: Sabon Aiki*, ya gabatar da Untitled (Plastic Cups), shigar da tarin kofuna na filastik da aka taru a sikelin da ya ba da shawarar shimfidar wuri mai juyawa. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, ta gabatar da Tara Donovan: Rubber Band Drawings . Tun daga wannan lokacin ta ci gaba da gabatar da mafi yawan sabbin ayyukanta a cikin nune-nunen solo da na rukuni a Pace da kuma tashoshin haɗin gwiwar duniya a London, Beijing, Hong Kong, Seoul, Menlo Park, da Palo Alto, waɗanda suka haɗa da waɗannan (cikin wasu):

* Haske, Lokaci da Dimensions Uku, Pace Gallery, New York, Yuni 28 - Agusta 24, 2007 
* Tara Donovan: Sabon zane, Pace Gallery, New York, Afrilu 10 - Mayu 2, 2009 
* A kan Square, Pace Gallery', New York, Janairu 8 - Fabrairu 13, 2010 
* Shekaru 50 a Pace, Pace Gallery, New York, Satumba 17-Oktoba 16, 2010 
* *Tara Donovan: Zane (Pins) *, Fabrairu 12, 2011 - Maris 19, 2011 sun haɗa da zane-zane sama da goma sha biyu waɗanda suka ƙunshi dubban fil ɗin ƙarfe masu kaifi da aka soke cikin fararen gatorboard.
* Ba a san shi ba (Mylar), Mayu 4 - Afrilu 9, 2011 
* Beijing Voice 2011: Barin Realism a baya, Nuwamba 9, 2011 - Fabrairu 12, 2012 
* *An kafa shi*, Janairu 17 - Fabrairu 22, 2014 
* *Tara Donovan*, Pace Gallery, New York, Mayu 22 - Agusta 23, 2014 
* *Tara Donovan*, Pace Gallery, New York, Mayu 9 - Yuli 8, 2015 
* Tattaunawa a kan Takarda, tafiya a Beijing, Afrilu 17 - Yuni 18, 2016 
* *Tara Donovan*, Pace a Palo Alto, Janairu 26 - Maris 26, 2017 
* Chewing Gum II, Pace a Hong Kong, Fabrairu 10 - Maris 11, 2017 
* *Tara Donovan*, Pace Gallery, New York, Fabrairu 17 - Maris 18, 2017 
* *Tara Donovan*, Pace a Seoul, Satumba 6 - Oktoba 22, 2017 
* *Tara Donovan: Rubuce-rubuce*, Pace a London, Janairu 24 - Maris 9, 2018  

Baya ga Pace, an haɗa aikin Donovan a cikin nune-nunen solo da na rukuni a wasu tashoshin ciki har da Krakow Witkin Gallery  a Boston, Reynolds Gallery  a Richmond, Galerie Perrotin  a Paris, Stephen Friedman Gallery a London,  da Quint Gallery  a La Jolla, da sauransu.

### Nuni na gidan kayan gargajiya
Donovan ya samar da nune-nunen da yawa a gidajen tarihi. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun shine nune-nunen ta na 2007 a Gidan Tarihi na Metropolitan a New York .  An kira shi Tara Donovan a Met, aikin shine na huɗu a cikin jerin ayyukan tare da masu zane-zane na zamani waɗanda gidan kayan gargajiya ya ba da umarni. Ta samar da shigarwar shafin-mai amsawa ta amfani da madauki na tef na Mylar da aka sanya a cikin ɗakunan ga dukkan ganuwar tashar, wanda ke kewaye da masu kallo a cikin motsi, kwarewar abubuwan da suka faru yayin da suka motsa ta sararin samaniya.

Donovan kuma yana da aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na nune-nunen Material Matters wanda Jami'ar Cornell Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art ta shirya a shekara ta 2005. Wannan wasan kwaikwayon ya nuna aikin masu zane-zane 20 waɗanda suka nuna kayan aiki da tsari amma kuma sun samo asali ne daga ƙamus na fasaha da ƙarancin '60 da '70's. Ayyukan da aka nuna su ne cube da aka yi da dubban fil da aka riƙe tare ta hanyar friction da nauyi.

Babban nune-nunen binciken Donovan na farko ya fito ne daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani, Boston, inda ta buɗe a shekara ta 2008.  Nunin ya yi tafiya zuwa Cibiyar Fasaha ta Cincinnati, Cibiyar Fasahar Des Moines, da Gidan Tarihi na zamani na San Diego a duk sauran 2008 da 2009. Baya ga sababbin maimaitawa na *Haze*, Nebulous, Strata, *Moiré*, Untitled (Plastic Cups), Untitled, da Untitled ("Mylar Tape), nune-nunen ya haɗa da misalai na *Bluffs* (sculptures da aka yi da tarin maɓallan filastik), Untitle (Paper Plates) (wani jerin siffofi waɗanda ke amfani da gefen takarda na takarda don samar da ƙwayoyin da suka haɗu a cikin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cube-kamar da Untitle na Untitled), da aka yi tare (Glass), da ƙwayoyi masu kama da Untitles na Untitles (Gstalline-kamar Untitled na Untitle-ƙwalwa daban-ƙwalwa). Donovan ya kuma gabatar da masu sauraron gidan kayan gargajiya ga sababbin ayyukan kamar Untitled (Mylar), wanda ya ƙunshi takardun da aka ninka na Mylar da aka taƙaita cikin sassan ƙira, da Untitled, shigarwa ta bango wanda ke amfani da takardun fim din polyester da aka ninke da kuma matsa don gina babban allo na kayan da ke wasa da haske, gani da hangen nesa (an sake maimaita wannan aikin don Lever House Art Collection ).

A cikin 2010, Donovan ta yi aiki tare da Gidan Tarihi na Indianapolis don samar da Tara Donovan: Untitled, nune-nunen yawancin ayyukan shigar da kayan aikin da ta gabata (ciki har da Ripple, Colony, Strata, Transplanted, da Untitled (Plastic Cups)) tare da misalai na yawancin zane-zanenta da monoprints da aka samar tun daga 2000. Bugu da kari, gidan kayan gargajiya ya ba da umarnin babban nau'in Untitled (Mylar), wanda yanzu yana cikin tarin.

An shirya baje kolin gidan kayan gargajiya na farko na Turai a cikin 2013 ta Gidan Tarihi na Arp a Remagen, Jamus tare da hadin gwiwar Gidan Tarihin zamani na Louisiana a Humlebaek, Denmark.  Nunin ya gabatar da samfurin shigarwarta da ayyukan zane-zane da aka samar a cikin shekaru goma sha biyar da suka gabata.

A cikin 2015, mai kula da gidan kayan gargajiya Andrea Grover ya gayyaci Donovan don shiga cikin shirin dandalin gidan kayan gargajiya na Parrish, wanda shine jerin ayyukan masu zane-zane na zamani waɗanda ke amsawa ga gine-gine, mahallin, da yanayin muhalli na gidan kayan gargajiya. Donovan ta gabatar da sabbin ayyukan da suka danganci gwaje-gwajen da ta yi tare da Slinkys (abin wasa na yara) a matsayin kayan zane-zane da kayan yin alama. An kuma gayyaci mai zane don shiga cikin nune-nunen farko na Burtaniya a Jupiter Artland a Scotland inda ta gabatar da shigarwar bango na Slinkys tare da maimaita Untitled (Plastic Cups) da Untitled.  An shigar da tarin katunan styrene na Donovan (wanda a baya aka fara a Pace Gallery a cikin 2014) a cikin baje kolin Wonder a Gidan Tarihi na Smithsonian na Fasaha na Amurka na Renwick Gallery, wanda aka buɗe a watan Nuwamba na 2015. Nunin Hyperobjects na 2018 a Ballroom Marfa - wanda aka tsara tare da haɗin gwiwar Timothy Morton - ya yi la'akari da aikin Donovan a cikin tsarin tunani mai zurfi na lokacin ilimin ƙasa da alamar aikin ɗan adam da raguwar kayan sa a yanzu da nan gaba.

Nunin Donovan na 2018 a Gidan Tarihi na zamani na Denver  ya mamaye duk ginin da David Adjaye ya tsara. Mai kula Nora Abrams ya haɗu da tsofaffin ayyukan Donovan na baya-bayan nan na biyu da uku don "buɗe sabbin wuraren tattaunawa a cikin aikinta kuma ya ba masu kallo damar yin haɗi a duk lokacin da batun". Ciki har da zane-zane, zane-zane. Ayyuka a kan takarda, da shigarwar shafin, nune-nunen ya jawo hankali ga yadda gwaje-gwajen kayan Donovan ke haifar da aiki daban-daban.

## Kyaututtuka

* 2008, MacArthur Fellow, John D. da Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation 
* 2005 Kyautar Calder, Gidauniyar Calder  
* 2004 Willard R. Metcalf Award, Kwalejin Fasaha da Harafi ta Amurka 
* Kyautar Shugaban kasa ta 2004, Caucus na Mata don Fasaha  

## Zaɓuɓɓukan tarin jama'a

* Gidan zane-zane na Albright-Knox, Buffalo 
* Gidan Tarihi na Birmingham, Alabama 
* Gidan Tarihi na Brooklyn 
* Cibiyar Pompidou, Paris 
* Gidan Tarihi na Dallas 
* Gidan Tarihi na Indianapolis 
* Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani ta Boston 
* Gidan Tarihi na Los Angeles County 
* Gidan Tarihi na Metropolitan, New York 
* Gidan kayan gargajiya na zamani, San Diego 
* Gidan kayan gargajiya na Fine Arts, Boston 
* Gidan kayan gargajiya na Parrish, Watermill, NY 
* Gidan kayan gargajiya na Virginia, Richmond 
* Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art, Hartford 
* Whitney Museum of American Art, New York 

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

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* Tarihin baje kolin Tara Donovan, Pace Gallery 

## Manazarta