Batutuwan muhalli a Japan

Batutuwan muhalli sun tashi a Japan tare da masana'antu, farawa a zamanin Meiji (1868-1912). Bayan karuwar gurɓataccen yanayi bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a cikin shekarun 1950 zuwa 1960, Japan ta gabatar da ƙa'idodin muhalli don hana tasirin gurɓatawar muhalli da lafiyar jama'a.

Japan ita ce babbar ƙasa a duniya da ke shigo da albarkatun ƙasa masu amfani da makamashin da za a iya sabuntawa da kuma waɗanda za a iya amfani da su wajen samarwa.  kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu amfani da man fetur.

## Batutuwan tarihi

### Lokacin Meiji (1868-1912)
Ɗaya daga cikin misalai na farko shine guba na jan ƙarfe wanda ya haifar da zubar da ruwa daga Ashio Copper Mine a Tochigi Prefecture, wanda ya fara tun farkon 1878. Ambaliyar ruwa ta faru a cikin Kogin Watarase, kuma kadada 1,600 na gonaki da garuruwa da ƙauyuka a cikin Tochigi da Gunma sun lalace ta hanyar ambaliyar ruwa, wanda ke dauke da mahadi na jan ƙarfe mai yawa daga ma'adinin Ashio. Masu kiwon dabbobi na cikin gida karkashin jagorancin Shōzō Tanaka, memba na Lower House daga Tochigi sun yi kira ga prefecture da gwamnati da su dakatar da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai. Kodayake kamfanin hakar ma'adinai ya biya kuɗi kuma gwamnati ta shiga cikin ayyukan kwantar da hankali na Kogin Watarase, ba a sami mafita ta musamman ga matsalar ba.

### Rashin lalacewar muhalli a cikin shekarun 1960
Manufofin muhalli da ka'idojin Japan na yanzu sun kasance sakamakon bala'o'in muhalli a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960 waɗanda suka halarci ci gaban tattalin arziki mai sauri da ke da alaƙa da Mu'ujizar tattalin arzikin Japan. An gano guba ta Cadmium daga sharar masana'antu a cikin Toyama Prefecture a matsayin sanadin cutar itai-itai mai zafi sosai (イタイイ病, Itai itai byō; "cut ouch"). Birnin Minamata a cikin Kumamoto Prefecture ya ba da rahoton guba da methylmercury ya kawo musu daga masana'antar sinadarai, yanayin da aka sani da *Cutar Minamata*. Adadin wadanda suka mutu a Minamata ya kai 6,500 a watan Nuwamba 2006.

A Yokkaichi, tashar jiragen ruwa a Mie Prefecture, gurɓataccen iska wanda ya haifar da hayakin sulfur dioxide da nitrogen dioxide ya haifar da karuwar yawan mutanen da ke fama da asma da bronchitis. A cikin birane, hayaki na photochemical daga hayaki na mota da masana'antu ya ba da gudummawa ga hauhawar matsalolin numfashi. A farkon shekarun 1970s, guba ta arsenic da aka danganta da ƙura daga ma'adinan arsenic ya faru a Shimane da Miyazaki Prefectures.

A Kitakyushu a cikin shekarun 1960, Kungiyar Mata ta Tobata ta kaddamar da kamfen akan gurɓataccen birni, zuciyar ɗayan manyan wuraren masana'antu na Japan.

Yunkurin kare muhalli ya fara tashi a Japan bayan zanga-zangar Anpo ta 1960, wanda ya ba da ƙarfi ga sabuwar tsara ta masu gwagwarmaya. Wadannan ƙungiyoyi sun sami ƙarfi yayin da Firayim Minista Hayato Ikeda ya sanya fifiko kan ci gaban tattalin arziki a kowane fanni, yana kara matsalolin muhalli.

### Gabatar da ka'idojin kula da gurɓataccen yanayi (ƙarshen shekarun 1960-2000s)
A shekara ta 1969, an kafa Kungiyar Abokan Ciniki ta Japan don magance matsalolin kiwon lafiya da ikirarin karya daga kamfanoni. Za a tuna da zaman majalisar dokokin kasa na 1970 a matsayin "Diet na gurbatawa".  Da yake amsawa ga matsin lamba da fushi, Majalisar ta zartar da dokoki goma sha huɗu na yaki da gurbatawa a zaman daya, a cikin abin da aka gani a matsayin canji a cikin manufofin muhalli. A sakamakon haka, Japan tana da abin da ya kasance a lokacin mafi karfi na dokokin kare muhalli a duniya.

Wadannan sabbin dokoki sun hada da Dokar Ruwa ta Ruwa da ka'idojin kasa da kasa na fitar da guba. An gabatar da ka'idar "mai gurbatawa yana biyan kuɗi". An kafa Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Kasa, wacce daga baya ta zama Ma'aikatar Muhalli, a shekarar 1971. Kudin gwamnati na kasa a kan batutuwan muhalli kusan ya ninka sau biyu tsakanin 1970 da 1975 kuma ya ninka uku a matakin kananan hukumomi. Kasuwancin kasuwanci a cikin Fasahar tsabta ma ya karu sosai.

A ƙarshen rabin shekarun 1970s, Kungiyar Masu Amfani ta Japan ta jagoranci adawa da makamashin nukiliya, tana kira ga Kamfen na Makon Makamin Nukiliya na Kasa. Wannan motsi zai ci gaba da girma a cikin shekaru da yawa masu zuwa zuwa zuwa cikin babban motsi na adawa da makamashin nukiliya a Japan.

A cikin shekarun 1990s, an kara tsauraran dokokin muhalli na Japan. A cikin 1993 gwamnati ta sake tsara tsarin dokar muhalli kuma ta tsara *Dokar Muhalli ta asali* (tsarin muhalli) da dokokin da suka shafi. Dokar ta haɗa da ƙuntata hayaki na masana'antu, ƙuntata samfuran, ƙuntatawa na sharar gida, inganta kiyaye makamashi, inganta sharar gidaje, ƙuntatar amfani da ƙasa, shirya shirye-shiryen kula da gurɓata muhalli, da taimakon waɗanda abin ya shafa da kuma tanadi don takunkumi. An inganta Hukumar Muhalli zuwa Ma'aikatar Muhalli a cikin shekara ta 2001, don magance matsalolin muhalli na kasa da kasa.

A cikin 1984 Hukumar Muhalli ta ba da takarda ta farko. A cikin binciken 1989, 'yan ƙasa sun yi tunanin matsalolin muhalli sun inganta idan aka kwatanta da baya, kusan kashi 1.7% sun yi tunanin abubuwa sun inganta, kashi 31% sun yi tunanin cewa sun kasance iri ɗaya, kuma kusan kashi 21% sun yi tunanin sun kara muni. Kimanin kashi 75% na waɗanda aka bincika sun nuna damuwa game da nau'in da ke cikin haɗari, raguwar gandun daji, fadada hamada, lalacewar layin ozone, ruwa sama mai zafi, da karuwar gurɓataccen ruwa da iska a Kasashe masu tasowa. Yawancin sun yi imanin cewa Japan, ita kaɗai ko tare da hadin gwiwar wasu ƙasashe masu masana'antu, suna da alhakin warware matsalolin muhalli. A cikin binciken ra'ayi na 2007, kashi 31.8% na mutane sun amsa cewa aikin kiyaye muhalli yana haifar da ci gaban tattalin arziki, kashi 22.0% sun amsa ayyukan kare muhalli ba koyaushe suna hana tattalin arziki ba, kashi 23.3% sun amsa kiyaye muhallar ya kamata a ba da fifiko ko da zai iya hana tattalin arziki kuma kashi 3.2% ya amsa ci gaban tattalin arzikin ya kamata a sanya shi gaba da kiyaye muhallu.

## Manazarta