2023-2025 taron murjani na duniya

Aikin murjani na Duniya na 2023-2025 bala'in muhalli ne mai gudana wanda ke wakiltar mafi girman abin da ya faru na murjani a tarihin da aka rubuta, wanda ya shafi kusan kashi 84% na yanayin halittu na murjani na Duniya. An sanar da shi ta International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI) a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2025, taron shine taron na huɗu na duniya da aka rubuta a hukumance, kuma ya wuce taron da ya gabata na 2014-17, wanda ya shafi kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na reefs na duniya. Coral reefs a cikin yankunan akalla kasashe tamanin da biyu sun sha wahala sosai don fuskantar farfadowa.

Abin da ke gudana, wanda ya fara a watan Fabrairun 2023, an danganta shi da karuwar Yanayin zafi na teku wanda ke da alaƙa da canjin yanayi na ɗan adam, tare da masu binciken ruwa suna nuna cewa babu wata alama ta lokacin da zai iya kammalawa.

## Tarihi
Coral bleaching yana faruwa ne lokacin da damuwa na muhalli, musamman Yanayin zafi na teku, ya rushe dangantakar da ke tsakanin coral polyps da zooxanthellae, algae da ke zaune a cikinsu. Wadannan algae suna samar da murjani masu mahimmanci ta hanyar photosynthesis kuma suna da alhakin launi mai haske. Lokacin da aka sanya su cikin damuwa mai tsawo, waɗannan algae suna fitar da mahadi masu guba, suna sa murjani ya fitar da su a matsayin matakin karewa. Wannan fitarwa ya nuna kwarangwal na farin dutse na murjani, yana barin kwayoyin sun raunana kuma sun fi fuskantar mutuwa.

Kafin shekarun 2020, an rubuta rubuce-rubuce uku na duniya a hukumance a cikin 1998, 2010, da 2014-2017.  Kashi na coral reefs da suka shafi a duk duniya ta hanyar abubuwan da suka faru uku da suka gabata an kiyasta ya zama 20%, 35%, da 56%. =Chatgpt

## Abin da ya faru
A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024, Hukumar Kula da Kayan Kayan Kudancin Kasa (NOAA) ta tabbatar da cewa wani taron na huɗu na duniya na murjani yana gudana, kuma an kira shi na biyu irin wannan taron a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Mutuwar murjani ta kai kashi 93% a yankuna kamar gabar tekun Pacific kusa da Mexico. Yankunan kamar Florida sun sami cikakkun mutuwar a wasu reefs, inda yanayin zafi na ruwa ya tashi zuwa  ° F (38 ° C). Babban Barrier Reef ya fara fuskantar babban taron sa na biyar tun daga shekara ta 2016. 

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024, wani rahoto na Jihar Oceans na Statista ya ba da rahoton cewa kashi 54% na coral reefs sun sha wahala daga damuwa ta zafi da ya haifar da taron bleaching. Ya zuwa Oktoba 2024, binciken da aka gudanar a kan mahalli na coral reef ya nuna cewa kusan kashi 77% na tsarin reef na duniya suna fuskantar abubuwan da suka faru.

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2025, kungiyar Coral Reef Initiative ta kasa da kasa ta ba da sanarwar cewa kashi 84% na reefs na teku sun shafi hauhawar yanayin zafi na teku, idan aka kwatanta da kusan kashi 67% a lokacin taron 2014-2017. Masana kimiyya daga International Coral Reef Society sun nuna damuwa cewa yanayin zafi na teku bazai sauka ƙasa da ƙofofin bleaching a nan gaba ba, mai yiwuwa yana ci gaba da yanayin bleaching a kan yanayin halittu na ruwa.

Wannan taron ya yi daidai da Yanayin zafi na duniya, tare da 2024 da aka rubuta a matsayin shekarar da ta fi zafi a duniya a rikodin. Yawancin wannan makamashi mai zafi ya shawo kan teku, wanda ya haifar da Yanayin zafi na teku wanda ba a taɓa gani ba. Bayanan yanayi sun nuna cewa matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara a cikin teku ba na polar ya kai  ° C (69.57 ° F) a cikin 2024, ya wuce haƙurin zafi na nau'ikan murjani da yawa.

## Tasirin
Saboda yanayin halittu na coral reef da ke ba da mazauni ga kusan kashi 25% na nau'in ruwa duk da rufe ƙasa da kashi 1% na ƙarƙashin teku, lalacewarsu ta yi barazanar kula da bambancin halittu na ruwa.

NOAA ta ba da rahoton cewa yanayin zafi na teku ya haifar da "nau'o'i da yawa ko kusan cikakkiyar mutuwa" a cikin yanayin halittu na coral reef mafi yawan tasiri. Mai binciken ruwa na Healthy Reefs for Healthy People Melanie McField ya bayyana cewa tsawo da tsananin zafi na ruwa da ke da alhakin faruwar farfadowa ya haifar da tasirin nau'ikan murjani masu ƙarfi, kuma ya bayyana cewa maimaitawar zafin zai hana murfin murjani. McField ta ba da rahoton cewa wani muhimmin murjani a bakin tekun Honduras wanda ya kiyaye kusan kashi 46% na murjani mai rai a watan Satumbar 2023 ya fadi zuwa kashi 5% na murjani masu rai a watan Fabrairun 2024, wanda ta bayyana a matsayin wanda ba a taɓa gani ba a cikin bayanan shirin ta. 

Fiye da 50 zuwa 93% na coral reefs a kusa da Huatulco an kashe su a watan Nuwamba 2023, tare da asarar rayuka masu yawa na kifi da yawan nau'in echinoderm. Yawancin reefs da aka ruwaito a cikin "mazaunin zafi" kamar Gulf of Aqaba da Raja Ampat saboda bayyanarsu ga ruwan sanyi da ke hana yanayin zafi na duniya sun lalace. A cikin Tsibirin Chagos, kashi 85% na coral reefs sun shafi kuma an kashe kashi 23% a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024, tare da har zuwa kashi 95% da aka kashe a yankuna kamar Peros Banhos Atoll .  Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Australiya (AIMS) ta ba da rahoton cewa sama da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na murjani mai wuya mai rai a kusa da Lizard Island da Cooktown a arewacin Great Barrier Reef an kashe su, sun ƙaddara su zama mafi girma a shekara-shekara a cikin kusan shekaru arba'in na rikodin. Shugaban shirin sa ido na murjani na AIMS Dr. Mike Emslie ya bayyana taron a matsayin wanda ya kirkiro "kabari na murjani".

Ayyuka da yawa masu dogara da ruwa, gami da noma na abincin teku, tattalin arzikin yawon bude ido, an bayar da rahoton cewa sun shafi sakamakon haka. Masu binciken ruwa sun kuma yi hasashen cewa furewa da mutuwar da ke biyo baya na yanayin halittu na coral reef zai haifar da mafi girman rushewar bakin teku da kuma rauni ga hadari.

## Amsoshin
Muhimmancin taron farfadowa na 2023-2025 ya sa shirin Coral Reef Watch na NOAA ya fadada sikelin farfadowar farfadowarsa tare da ƙarin nau'o'i uku don wakiltar haɗarin da ba a taɓa gani ba na mutuwar murjani. Wannan gyare-gyare ya zama dole yayin da hanyoyin auna na gargajiya sun tabbatar da rashin isasshen don kama matsanancin yanayin da aka lura a lokacin wannan taron. Jami'ar New South Wales masanin yanayin yanayi Alex Sen Gupta ya bayyana ƙarin rukunoni a matsayin "kayan murjani daidai da ƙara Category 6 da 7 zuwa sikelin guguwa na wurare masu zafi".

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta shirya wani zaman gaggawa na musamman tare da taron koli na COP16 a Cali, Colombia don tantance yiwuwar martani na gaba ga taron bleaching.

## Manazarta