Jesse Livermore

**Jesse Lauriston Livermore** (26 ga Yuli, 1877 - 28 ga Nuwamba, 1940) ɗan kasuwar hannun jari ne na Amurka.  Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wanda ya fara ciniki a rana  kuma shine tushen babban jarumin littafin *Reminiscences of a Stock Operator*, littafin da Edwin Lefèvre ya fi sayarwa. A wani lokaci, Livermore yana ɗaya daga cikin mutane mafi arziki a duniya; duk da haka, a lokacin da ya kashe kansa, yana da alhaki fiye da kadarorinsa. 

A lokacin da ba a cika buga ingantattun bayanan kuɗi ba, samun ƙimar hannun jari na yanzu yana buƙatar babban aiki, kuma magudin kasuwa ya yi yawa, Livermore ya yi amfani da abin da yanzu ake kira nazarin fasaha a matsayin tushen kasuwancinsa. Ana ci gaba da nazarin ƙa'idodinsa, gami da tasirin motsin rai akan ciniki.

Wasu daga cikin kasuwancin Livermore, kamar ɗaukar matsayi na ɗan gajeren lokaci kafin girgizar ƙasa ta San Francisco ta 1906 da kuma kafin Faduwar Wall Street ta 1929, abin tarihi ne a cikin da'irar masu zuba jari. Wasu masu lura sun ɗauki Livermore a matsayin babban ɗan kasuwa da ya taɓa rayuwa, amma wasu sun ɗauki gadonsa a matsayin labarin gargaɗi game da haɗarin leverage don neman manyan riba maimakon dabarun da aka mai da hankali kan ƙananan riba amma mafi daidaito. 

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Livermore a Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, ga iyali mai fama da talauci kuma ya koma Acton, Massachusetts, tun yana yaro.  Livermore ya koyi karatu da rubutu tun yana ɗan shekara uku da rabi.  A lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 14, mahaifinsa ya fitar da shi daga makaranta don ya taimaka masa da gonar; duk da haka, da albarkar mahaifiyarsa, Livermore ya gudu daga gida. 

## Sana'a
A shekara ta 1891, yana da shekaru 14, ya sami aiki, a matsayin "  ," yana buga farashin hannun jari a wani reshe na kamfanin PaineWebber, Boston, a kan farashin dala 5 a kowane mako. A shekara ta 1892, yana da shekaru 15, Livermore ya fara yin cinikinsa lokacin da ya yi fare a kan hannun jari biyar na Chicago, Burlington da Quincy Railway akan dala 5   a wani shagon bokiti, wani nau'in kamfani wanda bai saya ko sayar da hannun jari ba, amma ya yi fare a kan ko farashin wani takamaiman hannun jari zai tashi ko ya faɗi  - a zahiri, wurin caca - caca wanda ya dawo da riba ta dala uku da santi goma sha biyu. 

Yana da shekaru 16, ya bar aikinsa, ya fara ciniki na cikakken lokaci, kuma daga 1893 zuwa 1894, Livermore, wanda abokan aikinsa suka yi wa laƙabi da "The Boy Plunger" ("plunger" kalma ce ta magana ga mai caca ko mai hasashe), yana samun kusan dala 200 a kowane mako a shagunan bokiti a Boston, fiye da albashinsa a Paine Webber.  Ya kawo wa mahaifiyarsa $1,000 gida don ta biya dala 5 da ta ba shi kafin ya gudu, duk da haka ta ƙi amincewa da " caca " ɗinsa; ya mayar da martani cewa ba yana yin caca ba ne, amma yana " hasashe ". 

Daga 1895-1897, yana da shekaru 18-20, ya tara ribar ciniki ta dala $10,000, ribar da ta kai kashi dubu cikin ɗari a cikin shekaru uku na ciniki. Duk da haka, a ƙarshe yawancin shagunan bokiti na yankin Boston sun hana shi, saboda nasarar da yake samu akai-akai. Yin amfani da ɓoye-ɓoye da sunaye na ƙarya don ciniki ya tsawaita haramcin da ba makawa a duk faɗin birnin. 

Daga 1898 zuwa 1900, yana da shekaru 21-22, ya ci gaba da ciniki da Haight & Freese, shagon sayar da giya na ƙarshe a yankin Boston wanda bai hana shi ba. Duk da haka, Haight & Freese a hankali ya faɗaɗa yawan neman tayin kuma ya sanya ƙa'idodi masu tsauri waɗanda suka sa ya zama da wahala da haɗari ga Livermore ta sami kuɗi. 

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1900, yana da shekaru 23, ya koma New York, inda ya isa lokacin da zai samu kasuwa mai ƙarfi a hannun jari. Ya yi ciniki cikin nasara, a gefe guda, a Harris, Hutton & Company, inda ya mayar da dala 10,000 zuwa dala 50,000 cikin kwana biyar. A watan Mayu na 1901, ya yi tsammanin gyara kuma ya gaza, ta amfani da ribar kashi 400%. Ya rasa dukkan hannun jarinsa, saboda ba a sabunta tef ɗin da sauri don yanke shawara kan ciniki na yanzu ba. Ya aro dala 2,000 daga Edward Francis Hutton ya koma St. Louis, inda ba a san shi ba, kuma ya koma yin fare a shagunan bokiti. 

Babban nasararsa ta farko ta zo ne a shekarar 1901 yana da shekaru 24 lokacin da ya sayi hannun jari a Kamfanin Jiragen Ruwa na Northern Pacific . Ya mayar da dala 10,000 zuwa dala 500,000. 

A shekarar 1906, ya yi hutu a Palm Beach, Florida, a kulob din Edward R. Bradley .  Yayin da yake hutu, bisa umarnin Thomas W. Lawson, ya dauki wani babban aiki a Union Pacific Railroad kwana daya kafin girgizar kasa ta San Francisco ta 1906, wanda ya haifar da ribar dala $250,000.  Bayan wani lokaci, Livermore ya dade yana sayen hannun jari; duk da haka, abokinsa, kuma mamallakin gidan dillalan kayayyaki inda ya yi yawancin cinikinsa, Edward Hutton, ya shawo kan Livermore ya rufe aikinsa, kuma ya rasa dala $40,000. 

A cikin tashin hankalin shekarar 1907, manyan mukamai na Livermore sun sa ya samu dala miliyan 1 a rana guda.  Duk da haka, mai ba shi shawara, JP Morgan, wanda ya ceto dukkan Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta New York a lokacin hatsarin, ya roƙe shi da ya daina sayar da hannun jarin. Livermore ya amince kuma maimakon haka, ya ci riba daga ribar, wanda ya ƙara darajar dukiyarsa zuwa dala miliyan 3. 

Ya sayi jirgin ruwa mai darajar dala $200,000, motar jirgin ƙasa, da kuma wani gida a Upper West Side . Ya shiga ƙungiyoyi na musamman kuma yana da mata masu aure. 

A shekarar 1908, ya saurari shawara daga mai sayar da auduga Theodore H. "Teddy" Price, wanda ya gaya masa ya sayi auduga, yayin da Price ya sayar a asirce. Ya yi fatara amma ya sami damar dawo da duk asarar da ya yi. 

A shekarar 1915, ya sake shigar da ƙarar fatara. 

Bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, Livermore ya ɓoye kasuwar da auduga a ɓoye. Shugaba Woodrow Wilson ne kawai ya shiga tsakani, sakamakon kiran da Sakataren Noma na Amurka ya yi masa, wanda ya nemi ya je Fadar White House don tattaunawa wanda ya dakatar da tafiyarsa. Ya amince ya sayar da audugar a daidai lokacin da farashin auduga ya faɗi, don haka ya hana tashin farashin auduga mai wahala. Da aka tambaye shi dalilin da ya sa ya rufe kasuwar auduga, Livermore ya amsa, "Ina ganin zan iya, Mr. President." 

A tsakanin 1924 zuwa 1925, ya shiga cikin harkar yaudarar kasuwa, inda ya sami dala miliyan 10 na cinikin alkama da masara a wani yaƙi da Arthur W. Cutten  kuma ya ƙirƙiro ɗan ƙaramin ma'aunin hannun jari na Piggly Wiggly . 

A farkon shekarar 1929, ya sami manyan mukamai na ɗan gajeren lokaci, inda ya yi amfani da dillalan hannun jari sama da 100 don ɓoye abin da yake yi. A lokacin bazara, ya faɗi ƙasa da dala miliyan 6 a kan takarda. Duk da haka, a lokacin Faɗuwar Wall Street ta 1929, ya sami kusan dala miliyan 100.  Bayan jerin labaran jaridu da aka buga a kansa wanda aka ayyana shi a matsayin "Babban Bear na Wall Street", jama'a sun zarge shi da laifin faɗuwar kuma suka sami barazanar kisa, wanda ya sa ya ɗauki hayar mai tsaron gida mai makamai. 

Saki na biyu a shekarar 1932, harbin da matarsa ta yi wa ɗansa ba tare da mutuwa ba a shekarar 1935,  da kuma ƙara daga uwar gidansa 'yar Rasha ya haifar da raguwar lafiyar kwakwalwarsa, yayin da ƙirƙirar Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar Kuɗi ta Amurka a shekarar 1934 ya sanya sabbin ƙa'idoji waɗanda suka shafi cinikinsa. Duk da cewa ba a san ainihin yadda lamarin ya faru ba,  daga ƙarshe ya rasa dukiyarsa kuma ya shigar da ƙarar fatara a karo na uku a shekarar 1934, inda ya lissafa kadarorin dala 84,000 da basussukan dala miliyan 2.5.   An dakatar da shi daga aiki a matsayin memba na Hukumar Kasuwanci ta Chicago a ranar 7 ga Maris, 1934. 

A shekarar 1937, ya biya kuɗin harajinsa na dala $800,000. 

A shekarar 1939, ya buɗe wani kasuwancin ba da shawara kan harkokin kuɗi, yana sayar da tsarin nazarin fasaha . 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Ɗaya daga cikin littattafan da Livermore ta fi so shi ne littafin *Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds*, wanda Charles Mackay ya rubuta, wanda aka fara bugawa a shekarar 1841. Wannan kuma shine littafin da Bernard Baruch ya fi so, wani ɗan kasuwan hannun jari kuma abokin Livermore. 

Yana jin daɗin kamun kifi kuma, a shekarar 1937, ya kama kifin takobi mai nauyin fam 486. 

### Aure
Livermore ya yi aure sau uku kuma yana da 'ya'ya biyu. Ya auri matarsa ta farko, Netit (Nettie) Jordan, daga Indianapolis, yana da shekaru 23 a watan Oktoban 1900. Sun san juna 'yan makonni kacal kafin su yi aure. Ba da shekara guda ba, ya rasa aiki bayan wasu munanan sana'o'i. Don samun sabon hannun jari, ya nemi ta yi amfani da tarin kayan ado da ya saya mata, amma ta ƙi, wanda hakan ya lalata dangantakarsu ta dindindin. Sun rabu jim kaɗan bayan haka, amma Livermore ya ba da kuɗin kare surukinsa, Chester S. Jordan, wanda aka tuhume shi da kashe matarsa. Daga ƙarshe suka sake a watan Oktoban 1917.

A ranar 2 ga Disamba, 1918, yana da shekaru 40, Livermore ta auri Dorothea (Dorothy) Fox Wendt mai shekaru 22-23, tsohuwar 'yar Ziegfeld a Ziegfeld Follies .  Livermore ta yi mu'amala da wasu 'yan rawa.  Ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu: Jesse Livermore II, wanda aka haifa a 1919 da Paul, wanda aka haifa a 1922.  Daga nan ya sayi gida mai tsada a Great Neck kuma ya bar matarsa ta kashe duk abin da take so a kan kayan daki.  A 1927, an yi fashi da makami a gidansa da shi da matarsa.  Dangantakar ta yi tsami sakamakon shan giyar Dorothy, harkokin Livermore da sauran 'yan matan Ziegfeld, da kuma kashe kuɗi mai yawa da suke yi.  A 1931, Dorothy Livermore ta shigar da ƙarar saki kuma ta zauna na ɗan lokaci a Reno, Nevada, tare da sabon masoyinta, James Walter Longcope. A ranar 16 ga Satumba, 1932, aka amince da saki kuma nan take ta auri saurayinta. Ta riƙe riƙon 'ya'yansu maza biyu kuma ta sami sulhu na dala miliyan 10.  Dorothy ta sayar da gidan da ke Great Neck, inda Livermore ta kashe dala miliyan 3.5, akan dala 222,000. Daga nan aka rushe gidan, wanda hakan ya ɓata wa Livermore rai. 

A ranar 28 ga Maris, 1933, Livermore, wacce yanzu take da shekaru 56, ta auri mawaƙiya kuma mai sha'awar zamantakewa Harriet Metz Noble mai shekaru 38 a Geneva, Illinois . Sun haɗu a shekarar 1931 a Vienna, inda Metz Noble ke yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma Livermore yana cikin masu kallo a lokacin hutu. Metz Noble ya fito ne daga wani fitaccen dangin Omaha wanda ya sami kuɗi a Kamfanin Metz Brewery . Livermore shine mijin Metz Noble na biyar; aƙalla maza biyu na baya na Metz sun kashe kansu, ciki har da Warren Noble, wanda ya rataye kansa bayan hatsarin Wall Street na 1929.  

## Littattafai
A ƙarshen shekarar 1939, ɗan Livermore, Jesse Jr., ya ba mahaifinsa shawara ya rubuta littafi game da ciniki. Duell, Sloan da Pearce ne suka buga littafin, *Yadda Ake Ciniki a Hannun Jari*, a watan Maris na 1940. Littafin bai yi kyau ba yayin da ake Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu kuma sha'awar da ake da ita a kasuwar hannayen jari ta yi ƙasa. Hanyoyin saka hannun jarinsa sun kasance masu ce-ce-ku-ce a lokacin, kuma littafin ya sami sharhi iri-iri bayan an buga shi. 

## Mutuwa
A ranar Godiya, 28 ga Nuwamba, 1940, jim kaɗan bayan ƙarfe 5:30 na yamma, Livermore ya harbe kansa da bindiga kirar Colt automatic a ɗakin ajiye kaya na otal ɗin Sherry-Netherland da ke Manhattan, inda ya saba shan giya. 'Yan sanda sun sami takardar kashe kansa ta wasu ƙananan shafuka takwas da aka rubuta da hannu a cikin littafin rubutu na Livermore da aka ɗaure da fata.   An aika takardar ga matar Livermore, Harriet (wadda Livermore ta yi wa lakabi da "Nina") kuma an rubuta, "Nina ƙaunatacciyata: Ba zan iya taimakawa ba. Abubuwa sun yi min muni. Na gaji da faɗa. Ba zan iya ci gaba da rayuwa ba. Wannan ita ce kawai hanyar fita. Ban cancanci ƙaunarki ba. Ni gazawa ce. Yi haƙuri da gaske, amma wannan ita ce kawai hanyar fita a gare ni. Ina son Laurie." 

## Manazarta