open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Félicien Menu de Ménil

**Félicien Menu de Ménil** (16 ga Yulin 1860 - 28 ga Maris 1930) ya kasance mawaki ne na Faransa kuma mai sha'awar Esperanto wanda aka fi sani da saitin kiɗa na waƙar L. L. Zamenhof "La Espero". Ya kuma kasance editan kuma mai ba da gudummawa ga La Revuo.

## Ayyuka

* (a cikin Esperanto) Menu de Ménil, Félicien, "La Mortigстат de Stradella", ɗan gajeren labarin da aka buga a cikin *Mujallar* La Revuo, Satumba 1906
* (a cikin Esperanto) Menu na Ménil, Félicien, *Muzika Terminaro*, 1908
* (a cikin Faransanci) Menu de Ménil, Félicien, *Nuna bambanci game da Esperanto*, 1908
* (a cikin Faransanci) Menu de Ménil, Félicien, L'Héritage Klodarec, wasan kwaikwayo guda ɗaya, 1906

## Manazarta
Simone Téry

**Simone Téry** (Janairu 28, 1897 - Disamba 12, 1967) 'yar jarida ce 'yar Faransa wadda ta rubuta littattafai da dama kuma 'yar jaridar yaƙi ce . Ta yi rubutu a jaridar *L'Humanité*, *Vendredi*, da *[[Bayyanawa|Regards]]* . Ta yi rahoto game da Yaƙin Basasa na Ireland, Faransa tsakanin yaƙi, da Yaƙin Basasa na Spain .

## Iyali
An haifi Téry a ranar 28 ga Janairu, 1897, ga dangin marubuta da 'yan jarida. Mahaifiyarta ita ce Andrée Viollis, ɗan jarida kuma marubuci. Mahaifin Téry Gustave (1870–1928) shi ne wanda ya kafa jaridar ''L'Œuvre'' . 

## Ireland
Yaƙin 'Yancin Kan Ireland ya ɓarke a watan Janairun 1919. Bayan shekaru biyu, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta tsakanin shugabannin 'yan tawayen Ireland da gwamnatin Birtaniya a watan Yulin 1921. Wata guda bayan haka, Téry ta isa Ireland don bayar da rahoto kan yadda yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta ta ci gaba. Tana rubuta takardar mahaifinta, L'Œuvre. Ta yi hira da shugabanni da 'yan siyasa a faɗin ƙasar, ciki har da membobin Sinn Féin ; Éamon de Valera, da Arthur Griffith . An ruwaito cewa ita ce 'yar jarida ɗaya tilo da ta yi hira da Michael Collins .  Ta ɗauki mafi yawan labaranta ta tattara su a cikin littafin: *En Irlande.* *De la guerre d'inde'pendance d la guerre civile* (1914–1923) (1923) ( *A Ireland, daga Yaƙin 'Yanci zuwa Yaƙin Basasa* ). 

Littafinta na gaba ya ƙunshi tarin tambayoyi da marubutan Irish, mawaƙa, da sauran membobin al'adu, ciki har da WB Yeats, George William Russell, JM Synge, James Stephens, George Moore, da James Joyce . Littafin, mai suna L'lle des bardes. Bayanan kula game da litterature irlandaise Contemporaine (1925) shi ma ya kare manufar 'yancin kai na Ireland. A lokacin rubuta littafin, ta zama abokiyar George William Russell, wanda ya koma da sunan laƙabi Æ. Ta sadaukar da littafin a gare shi. [1] [2] Shi ne edita kuma wanda ya kafa Irish Statesman, lokacin da Téry ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Paris na jaridar. [2]

## Interwar
Bayan ta kammala karatunta a ƙasar Ireland, ta koma Faransa don ci gaba da bayar da rahoto. A shekarar 1928, an ba ta kyautar tallafin karatu na Albert Kahn Around-the-World.  

Duk da cewa koyaushe tana karkata zuwa hagu, kamar iyayenta, ba ta rungumi akidar gurguzu gaba ɗaya ba sai bayan tafiya zuwa Tarayyar Soviet a 1935. Ta shiga jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Faransa kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai kwaminisanci har zuwa mutuwarta. 

Bayan tafiyarta zuwa Spain ta rubuta *Front de la liberte.* *Espagne 1937–1938* (1938). Ta shafe lokaci tare da ' yan Republican suna fafatawa da 'yan Nationalist . A shekarar 1945, ta rubuta wani labari bisa ga rahotanninta na *Front de la liberte* .  Ta haɗu da mawaƙin Sipaniya Juan Chabás kuma ba da daɗewa ba ta aure shi a shekarar 1938.  

## Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu
Lokacin da Jamus ta mamaye Faransa a watan Mayu na 1940, ita da mijinta sun sami damar kama jirgin ruwa na ƙarshe zuwa Mexico a ranar 15 ga Yuni, 1940. Ta shafe mafi yawan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a can. Bayan yaƙin, ta koma yin rahoto. Ta rubuta littafi game da Danielle Casanova, wata 'yar gurguzu mai fafutuka wacce memba ce a ƙungiyar Resistance ta Faransa . 

## Manazarta
Ida Sterno

**Ida Sterno** (1902-1964) ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa ce Bayahudiya wacce aka san ta da aikinta tare da Comité de Défense des Juifs (CDJ) a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu .

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haife ta ne a Bucharest, Romania a shekara ta 1902.  Sterno Bayahude ne. Ta yi hijira zuwa Belgium a shekara ta 1914. Ta kasance ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa ga yara a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Spain . 

## Ayyukan Yaƙin Duniya na II
A farkon yakin, an hayar Sterno don matsayi na aikin zamantakewa a Charleroi, Belgium. Koyaya, an kore ta ba da daɗewa ba saboda asalin Yahudawa.

Sterno ita ce shugaban sashen sanya yara na CDJ.[1] Ta sadu da Andree Geulen a cikin CDJ . [2] Su biyun suna da alhakin kare yaran makarantar Yahudawa daga Nazis a Brussels, Belgium. Sun sake mayar da yara Yahudawa ta amfani da lambobin da suka rikitarwa don ɓoye ainihin su. Sterno da Geulen sun raba wani zama ba bisa ka'ida ba a Brussels, inda Sterno ya ajiye bayanan yara da masu masaukin su a ɓoye a ƙarƙashin alfadari.[3] Sterno ta yi aikinta a karkashin sunan Madamoiselle Jeanne . [4]

Gestapo ta kama Ida a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1944 kuma ta daure ta a Malines. An azabtar da ita na tsawon watanni, amma ba ta taɓa bayyana sunayen yaran da aka sake komawa ba. A ƙarshe an 'yantar da Sterno lokacin da Allies suka 'yantar Belgium a watan Satumbar 1944, amma watanni na azabtarwa sun bar lafiyarta ta lalace. 

## Rayuwa da mutuwa bayan yaƙi
Dukansu Sterno da Geulen sun sake haɗuwa cikin shekaru tare da yawancin yaran da suka ceto.    

Ta mutu tana da shekaru 62 a ranar 14 ga Mayu 1964 a Brussels, Belgium, daga ciwon zuciya.

## Manazarta
Marcelle Tiard

**Marcelle Tiard** (18 ga Yuni, 1861 - 1 ga Yuni, 1932) 'yar asalin Faransa ce.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Marcelle Tiard a ranar 18 ga Yuni, 1861, a birnin Paris.

Marcelle Tiard died in Neuilly-sur-Seine, June 1, 1932.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin masu magana da Esperanto

## Manazarta
Raymond Schwartz

**Raymond Schwartz** (8 ga Afrilu 1894 - 14 ga Mayu 1973) ya kasance ma'aikacin banki na Faransa kuma marubucin Esperanto wanda ya rubuta waƙoƙi da litattafai da yawa a Esperanto, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya ba da umarni ga cabarets na Esperanto na Paris.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Schwartz a cikin dangin da ke magana da Faransanci a Metz, wani birni a Alsace-Lorraine (Jamus: *Elsass-Lothringen*) wanda daga 1871 zuwa 1918 ya kasance wani ɓangare na Jamus. Ya sami ilimi mai kyau a Metz kuma yana magana ba kawai Faransanci da Jamusanci ba har ma da Latin da Girkanci.

Tun da wuri ya zama Esperantist kuma ya yi mafarki game da kyakkyawar makoma ta hanyar yada Esperanto. Yaƙin Duniya na I, lokacin da aka kwashe shi cikin sojojin Jamus kuma dole ne ya yi yaƙi a Gabashin Gabas, bala'i ne a gare shi a matsayin mai zaman lafiya da kuma ƙungiyar Esperanto gabaɗaya. Bayan yakin bai kasance a Metz ba, yanzu kuma birni ne na Faransa, amma ya koma Paris, inda ya yi aiki a babban kamfanin banki har sai da ya yi ritaya.

## Rubuce-rubucen Esperanto
Tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe ya buga a cikin littattafai daban-daban, musamman a cikin Literatura Mondo (Literary World), kuma ya rubuta kundin waka guda biyu. Ayyukansa na waka Verdkata testamento (The Will of the Green Cat) (1926) da *Stranga butiko* (The Strange Boutique)  (1931) sune tunanin tunani da ban dariya da suka shafi wasannin kalmomi, halaye da aka samu a cikin Prozo ridetanta (1928) (Smiling Prose).

## Cabaret
Mai tsanani kuma mai ƙwarewa a cikin sana'arsa, ya nuna fuska daban-daban a cikin cabarets na Esperanto, inda ya kirkiro abubuwa da yawa, yana ƙirƙirar ga Esperantists halin mai shan giya mai farin ciki. Tun daga shekara ta 1881 akwai wani shahararren cabaret a birnin Paris da aka sani da Le Chat Noir ("The *[[Le Chat Noir|Black Cat]]*"). A Montmartre, a gefen Paris, ya kafa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1920 wani Esperanto cabaret da ake kira *La Verda Kato* ("The Green Cat"),  wanda ya jagoranci daga 1920 zuwa 1926, da kuma La *Bolanta Kaldrono* ("The Boiling Cauldron"), wanda ya gudana daga 1936 zuwa 1939. A shekara ta 1949 ya kasance haɗin gwiwar da ya kafa *Tri Koboldoj* ("Imm Uku"), wanda ya ci gaba da wanzuwa har zuwa 1956. Ayyukansa da littattafansa suna da ban dariya, na ruhaniya kuma wani lokaci mai haɗari. "Idan mutane ba za su iya dariya da kansu ba, ba su girma ba" shine maganar da ya fi so.

## Manazarta
Gaston Waringhien

**Gaston Waringhien** (20 ga Yuli, 1901 - 20 ga Disamba, 1991) masanin harshe ne na Faransa, marubucin ƙamus, kuma Esperantist . Ya rubuta waƙoƙi da kuma litattafai da littattafai kan ilimin harshe. Ya kasance shugaban Akademio de Esperanto.

## Littattafai

* Plena Vortaro (1930) 
* *Plena Ilustrita Vortaro* (1970) 

## Sauran ayyukan

* *Parnasa gvidlibro* (tare da Kálmán Kalocsay, 1932) 
* Ya haɗa da waka Dekdu Poetoj, 1934
* Plena (analiza) gramatiko (tare da Kálmán Kalocsay, 1935, 1938, 1981) 
* Facilaj esperantaj legajhoj (rubutun, 1935) 
* Maximes de La Rochefoucauld (fassara, 1935) 
* Leteroj na L.L.Zamenhof (rubutun, 1948) 
* *Poemoj na Omar Kajam* (fassara, 1953) 
* *Eseoj I: Beletro* (1956) 
* La floroj de l' malbono ("Les fleurs du mal" (Furen mugunta) na Charles Baudelaire, mai fassara da kuma marubuci, 1957) 
* *Kantoj kaj romancoj* (fassara tare da Kálmán Kalocsay) 
* La trofeoj (fassara 1977) 
* *Tra la parko de la franca poezio: Lokacin renesanca / Lokacin klasika* (fassara, 1977/1980) 
* La *Laĥimeroj* (fassara, 1976) 
* *Lingvo kaj vivo* (rubutu, 1969) 
* Ni kaj ĝi (rubutu, 1972) 
* *1887 kaj la sekvo* (rubutu, 1980) 
* *Kaj la ceter' - nur literary* (rubutun, 1983) 
* Duonvoison (waƙoƙi na asali, 1939 da 1963) 

## Manazarta
Louis-Christophe Zaleski-Zamenhof

**Louis-Christophe Zaleski-Zamenhof** (an haife shi **Ludwik Zamenhof** ; 23 ga Janairu 1925 - 9 ga Oktoba 2019) injiniyan faransa ne ɗan ƙasar Poland, kuma ƙwararre ne a fannin ƙirar ƙarfe da ginin siminti . Ya kasance jikan jirgin ruwan Yahudawan Poland LL Zamenhof, wanda ya ƙirƙiro harshen Esperanto na ƙasa da ƙasa. Tun daga shekarun 1960 har zuwa rasuwarsa, Zaleski-Zamenhof ya zauna a Faransa.

## Shekaru na farko

A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a gonar tumatir tare da wani Pole wanda ya yi magana da Esperanto; wannan mutumin ya taɓa ƙoƙarin ɗaukar shi zuwa ga al'amarin, yana tambayarsa: "Ya ga Esperanton?"  ("Shin kun san game da Esperanto?"). 'Christoph' ya fito fili: Ya je, da kuma na ƙirƙira!  ("Oh yeah, na san shi; kakan na ya ƙirƙira shi!") Nan da nan ya ji tsoron cewa ba shi da hankali kuma za a hukunta shi kuma a kama shi, amma babu wani abu da ya faru.

## Ayyuka
Bayan ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin injiniya da Injiniyan ruwa, ya fara aiki a matsayin ƙwararren injiniya. Da farko a Poland bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II kuma tun daga shekarun 1960 a Faransa, ya tsara tsarin ƙarfe da ayyukan da suka fara daga kayan aikin mai mai mai zurfi, wuraren wasanni, da kuma Charles de Gaulle Memorial, wanda ya mamaye ƙauyen Colombey-les-Deux-Églises. Ya kuma koyar da ka'idar da dabarun gine-ginen ƙasa da teku a cibiyoyin ilimi daban-daban.

A ranar 14 ga Afrilu 1999 Hanna Konopka, shugabar Gidauniyar Zamenhof ta Białystok, ta ba da sanarwar cewa Paparoma John Paul II zai zama na farko da ya karbi lambar yabo ta Gidauniya (Medalo de Toleremo). Kazalika da masu kula da Esperantist na Gidauniyar, kwamitin bayar da kyautar ya haɗa da fitattun mutane kamar Archbishop Stanisław Szymecki; kyautar ta sadu da amincewar jama'a tsakanin mutanen Białystok. Zaleski-Zamenhof ya gabatar da lambar yabo ta Tolerance a ranar 10 ga Yuni 1999, a lokacin ziyarar tarihi ta Paparoma zuwa Poland.

## Manazarta
Heinrich Arnhold

**Heinrich Arnhold**, a cikin cikakke Heinrich Gustav Arnhold (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 1885, a Dresden; ya mutu a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 1935, a Dresder) ya kasance ɗan bankin Jamus, mai tarawa, mai tallafawa da Esperantist.

## Rayuwa da aiki
Arnhold ya fito ne daga dangin banki na Dresden; Georg Arnhold shi ne mahaifinsa, Max Arnhold kawunsa. Dukansu sun gina Arnhold Brothers a cikin babban banki mai zaman kansa a Saxony.

Ya girma ne ta hanyar matsayi na tsakiya da kuma yanayin ci gaba na gidan iyayensa. A shekara ta 1907 ya halarci taron zaman lafiya na duniya na 16 a Munich tare da mahaifinsa, mai kula da Ƙungiyar Zaman Lafiya ta Jamus. Bertha Suttner ce ta yi wahayi, ya koyi Esperanto tun yana ƙarami. Malamin sa shi ne mawakiyar Dresden Esperanto Marie Hankel . A shekara ta 1908 ya kasance daya daga cikin masu shirya taron Esperanto na 4 a Dresden . Daga 1911 zuwa 1914 ya kasance shugaban farko na Saxon Esperanto Federation, daga 1912 kuma mai ba da kuɗi na Jamusanci Esperanto Federation.

Heinrich Arnhold ya yi karatun shari'a kuma ya sami digirin digirinsa a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Leipzig a 1908. Ya shiga bankin a matsayin abokin tarayya a 1910.

A shekara ta 1914 ya auri Lisa, mai suna Mattersdorff (1890-1972), kuma daga dangin banki na Dresden. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyar: Ruth, daga baya ta auri Steiner (1914-2001), Sigrid, daga baya ya auri Edwards († kafin 1992), Rainer († 1993), Esther, daga baya suka auri Seligmann (1918 - Mayu 5, 2000),  da Heinrich-Hartmut (Henry H. Arnhold). Gidan iyali a kan Tiergartenstraße wuri ne na taruwa da kuma shafin yanar gizon Arnhold. A cikin 1927, Arnhold yana da lambun gidan da Erwin Barth ya sake tsarawa. Heinrich da Lisa Arnhold sun gina tarin fasahar zamani da kuma, tare da ƙarfafawa daga saka hannun jari na iyali a masana'antar yumbu da yumbu, tarin yumbu na Meissen.  

Lokacin da Nazis suka hau mulki a 1933, an tsananta wa Arnhold, iyalinsa da kasuwancinsa saboda al'adun Yahudawa.

Da farko ya yi ƙoƙari ya kare kansa daga farkon tsanantawa ga Yahudawa bisa doka da kuma ta hanyar korafe-korafe. Arnhold ya sha wahala daga bugun jini a cikin 1934 da 1935, sakamakon haka ya mutu. Daga baya aka gane mutuwarsa da alaƙa da tsanantawar Nazi da Yahudawa. Matarsa Lisa, tare da taimakon surukinta Kurt Arnhold, ta sami nasarar ceton iyalin da tarin kayan kwalliya, da farko zuwa Switzerland sannan ta hanyar Portugal da Brazil zuwa Amurka.

## Kyauta
Dan Arnhold, Henry H. Arnhold ya tsere wa Norway da Jamus ta mamaye zuwa Amurka a shekarar 1941. A can, a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, ya yi aiki a cikin leken asiri na sojojin kasar a matsayin daya daga cikin Ritchie Boys .  Bayan yaƙin ya shiga iyalin Arnhold da S. Bleichroeder na New York yanzu; ya zama shugaban da ba shugaban zartarwa ba a cikin shekarun 1970s.

Tun daga shekara ta 2001, dan Henry Arnhold ya sauƙaƙa lacca da jerin tattaunawa da aka shirya tare da Kwalejin Amurka a Berlin ta Dresden Heritage e.V. da ake kira Lisa da Heinrich Arnhold Lecture .  Abubuwan da ke faruwa suna faruwa sau biyu a shekara.

## Manazarta
Otto Dix

**Wilhelm Heinrich Otto Dix** ( [ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈhaɪnʁɪç ˈʔɔtoː ˈdɪks] i; 2 ga Disamba 1891 - 25 ga Yulin 1969)  ya kasance mai zane-zane da mai buga takardu na Jamus, wanda aka sani da rashin tausayi da rashin tausaya wa al'ummar Jamus a lokacin Jamhuriyar Weimar da kuma zalunci na yaƙi. Tare da George Grosz da Max Beckmann, an dauke shi daya daga cikin manyan masu fasaha na Neue Sachlichkeit.

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Otto Dix a Untermhaus, Jamus, yanzu wani ɓangare na garin Gera, Thuringia . Ɗan fari na Franz Dix, ma'aikacin ƙarfe, da Louise, mai sutura  wanda ya rubuta waka tun yana ƙarami, an fallasa shi ga fasaha tun yana ƙarama.  Sa'o'in da ya yi a cikin ɗakin studio na dan uwansa, Fritz Amann, wanda ya kasance mai zane, ya kasance mai yanke shawara wajen samar da burin saurayi Otto ya zama mai zane; ya sami ƙarin ƙarfafawa daga malamin makarantar firamare. Tsakanin 1906 da 1910, ya yi aiki tare da mai zane Carl Senff, kuma ya fara zanen shimfidar wuri na farko. A shekara ta 1910, ya shiga Kunstgewerbeschule a Dresden, yanzu Kwalejin Fine Arts ta Dresden. A wannan lokacin makarantar ba makarantar zane-zane ba ce amma makarantar kimiyya ce da ke mai da hankali kan zane-zane da sana'o'i.

Yawancin ayyukan farko na Dix sun mai da hankali kan shimfidar wurare da hotuna waɗanda aka yi a cikin ainihin abin da daga baya ya canza zuwa nunawa.

### Ayyukan Yaƙin Duniya na I
Lokacin da Yaƙin Duniya na farko ya ɓarke, Dix ya ba da kansa ga Sojojin Jamus. An sanya shi a cikin rundunar bindigogi a Dresden .  A cikin kaka na 1915 an sanya shi a matsayin jami'in da ba a ba shi izini ba na ƙungiyar bindiga a Yammacin gaba kuma ya shiga cikin Yaƙin Somme . A watan Nuwamba 1917, an tura ƙungiyarsa zuwa gabashin Gabas har zuwa ƙarshen tashin hankali da Rasha, kuma a watan Fabrairun 1918 an tura shi Flanders. Komawa a yammacin gaba, ya yi yaƙi a cikin hare-haren bazara na Jamus. Ya sami Iron Cross, aji na 2, kuma ya kai matsayin *Vizefeldwebel* . A watan Agusta na wannan shekarar ya ji rauni a wuyansa, kuma jim kadan bayan ya dauki darussan horar da matukin jirgi.

## Dubi kuma

* Gurlitt Collection
* Jerin masu zane-zane na Jamus

## Manazarta
Dutsen Bazardüzü

**Dutsen Bazardüzü** (Azerbaijanci: *Bazardüzü dağı*; Rashanci: *Базардюзю*) wani tsaunin dutse ne a cikin Babban Tsarin Caucasus a kan iyakar Azerbaijan da Rasha (Dagestan). Tsawonsa ya kai 4466 m sama da matakin teku, shine mafi tsayin dutse a Azerbaijan da Dagestan, kuma yana cikin yankin Qusar . Mafi kusancin kudu na Dagestan (sabili da haka Rasha) yana kusa da kilomita bakwai kudu maso yamma na tsaunin. An fassara shi daga Azerbaijan, Bazardüzü yana nufin "fagen kasuwa", mafi daidai a matsayin takamaiman wuri - "juya zuwa kasuwa, kasuwa". A zamanin Tsakiya a kwarin Shahnabad, wanda ke gabashin wannan kololuwar, ana gudanar da manyan bukukuwan ƙasa da ƙasa na shekara-shekara. 

## Hawan dutse

G. P. Baker da G. Yeld sune maza na farko da suka hau Dutsen a cikin 1890 lokacin da aka rubuta hawan farko. Lokacin bazara ana ɗaukarsa mafi dacewa don hawa saman. Akwai hanyoyi biyu zuwa Dutsen: daya daga arewa maso gabas ɗayan kuma daga kudu maso yamma. A cikin arewa maso gabas hawa na iya farawa daga ƙauyukan Khynalyg (yankin Guba) da Laza (yankin Gusar). Hanyar kudu maso yamma ta fara ne daga tsakiyar yankin Gabala - daga ƙauyuka biyu: ɗayan shine Laza (sunan ɗaya tare da ɗayan a Gusar) ɗayan kuma shine Gamarvan . Filin ambaliyar kogin Yatukhdere (Yatuxdərə) shine farkon taron a 2800 m.

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* "Bazar Dyuzi, Azerbaijan/Russia" a kan Peakbagger
Leopold Einstein

**Leopold Einstein** (an haife shi **Leopold Löb**, 1833, ya mutu 8 Satumba 1890 a Nuremberg) malamin Yahudawa ne, mai siyarwa, kuma marubuci. Ya kasance daya daga cikin masu goyon bayan Esperanto na farko.

Shi ne shugaban farko na "Nürnberger Weltspracheverein", kungiyar Volapük da aka kafa a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 1885, kuma ya kasance shugaban har sai ya yi murabus saboda rashin lafiya a ranar 22 ga Fabrairun 1888. Ya kasance mai goyon bayan Volapük, kuma ya rubuta game da labarai 200 na harshen Jamusanci game da shi. A shekara ta 1885, ya wallafa wani littafi na Jamusanci game da yunkurin kirkirar harshen duniya daga Leibniz zuwa yanzu.

Lokacin da Einstein ya karanta L. L. Zamenhof's Unua Libro a 1888, ya zama Esperantist kuma ya fara rubutu tare da Zamenhof. Ya fara aiki tuƙuru ga ƙungiyar Esperanto duk da hare-haren abokan aikinsa na Volapükist. Littattafansa na Jamusanci sun zama tushe ga ƙungiyar Esperanto a Jamus duk da cewa ana hana Esperanto a Rasha saboda dalilai na siyasa. Saboda tasirinsa, Nürnberger Weltspracheverein ya zama Esperantist a 1888. Einstein ya rubuta littafi na farko na ainihi a kan Esperanto, inda ya gabatar da sunayen harshe da adverbs a cikin tebur. Ya kuma gabatar da canje-canje ga kalmomin asali da yawa na harshe.

Bayan mutuwar Einstein, Zamenhof ya rubuta cewa ya kamata a rubuta sunansa da haruffa na zinariya a tarihin Esperanto. Koyaya, daga baya, a lokacin sake fasalin Esperanto na 1894, Zamenhof ya koka da cewa yunkurin sake fasalin ya fara ne lokacin da membobin kungiyar Nuremberg ta Einstein "ba da Volapük kuma suka zama Esperantists, tare da yanayin cewa za a yi gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci (a ra'ayoyinsu) ga Esperanto."

A ranar cika shekaru 100 da mutuwar Einstein, an rataye takarda a Nuremberg don tunawa da gidan da yake zaune.

## Bayanan littattafai

* Misali internacia als beste Lösung des internationalen Weltspracheproblems: Vorwort, Grammatik und Styl nebst Stammwörter-Verzeichniß nach dem Entwurf des Pseudonymen Dr. Esperanto / zum ersten Male methodisch geordnet und ausgearbeitet von Leopold Einstein. - Nürnberg: Verl. Buch- & Kunsthandlung na von J. A. Stein, 1888. - 78 shafi.

## Manazarta
Fatoumata Binta Diallo

**Fatoumata Binta Diallo** 'yar siyasa ce a Guinea. Tsohuwar Ministar Makamashi da Ruwa ce kuma Ministar Masana'antu, Ƙanana da Matsakaitan Kamfanoni da Haɓaka Sassan Masu Zaman Kansu, a halin yanzu ita ce shugabar ƙungiyar mata 'yan majalisar dokokin Guinea.

## Aiki
Fatoumata Binta Diallo 'yar tsohon shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasar Guinea Boubacar Biro Diallo ce.  Ita 'yar Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasar Guinea ce mai wakiltar mazaɓar Koundara.   Binta Diallo 'yar ƙungiyar Union of Democratic Forces of Guinea ce.

Binta Diallo ta yi aiki a majalisar ministocin Guinea a matsayin Ministar Makamashi da Ruwa.  A shekarar 2015 da 2016 ta kasance Ministar Masana'antu, Ƙanana da Matsakaitan da Haɓaka Sassan Masu Zaman Kansu a ƙarƙashin Shugaba Alpha Condé.   Binta Diallo ta sauya sheƙa zuwa Majalisar Al'ummar Guinea a watan Oktoban 2017.

An zaɓi Binta Diallo a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar mata 'yan majalisar dokokin Guinea a watan Yulin 2016, ta taɓa yin aiki a matsayin ma'ajin kuɗin hukumar.  Her aims are to improve the representation of women in the Guinean parliament, local government and judiciary.  Manufarta ita ce inganta wakilcin mata a majalisar dokokin Guinea, ƙananan hukumomi da kuma shari'a. 

Binta Diallo ta ƙarfafa marubuciya Adnan Qureshi da ta yi tafiya zuwa Guinea don yin rikodin annobar cutar Ebola ta Yammacin Afirka ta shekarar 2013-1016.

## Manazarta
Jan Fethke

**Jan Fethke** (26 ga Fabrairu 1903 - 16 ga Disamba 1980) ya kasance darektan fina-finai na Jamusanci-Poland kuma, a ƙarƙashin sunan alkalami **Jean Forge**, marubuci mai cin nasara. Ya kuma kasance sanannen mai goyon bayan harshen Esperanto. 

## Rayuwa
An haife shi a Oppeln, Silesia, Jan Fethke ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Oppeln. Tare da 'yan uwansa Stefan da Edmond, Fethke ya koyi Esperanto a 1919, lokacin da yake da shekaru goma sha shida. Bayan ya bar makarantar sakandare, ya shirya jaridar *Esperanto Triumfonta* na shekaru da yawa.

Tsakanin 1923 da 1924 ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Danzig kuma ya yi aiki a wata jarida ta gida kafin ya koma Berlin.

A shekara ta 1921, yana da shekaru 18, ya rubuta littafinsa na farko, harshen Jamusanci Der ausgestopfte Papagei (The Stuffed Parrot). Bayan 1923, ya rubuta litattafansa a Esperanto kuma ya yi amfani da sunan *Jean Forge* . Ayyukansa mafi muhimmanci na Esperanto sune *[[Abismoj]]* (Abysses, 1923), *[[Saltego trans Jarmiloj|Saltego trans jarmiloj]]* (A Leap across the Millennia, 1924) da kuma Mr. Tot Aĉetas Mil Ok investigar (Mr. Tot Buys a Thousand Eyes, 1931), waɗanda aka fassara su cikin harsuna da yawa. Littattafansa sun kasance masu kirkiro, masu wadata da ra'ayoyi, kuma wakilin mai ban sha'awa na wallafe-wallafen haske mai ban shaʼawa tare da baiwa don lura da tunanin mutum da kuma cikakken ilimin tasirin.

Bayan ya koma Berlin a 1928, Fethke ya yi aiki a matsayin marubuci da mataimakin Ufa. Fim din da ya fi cin nasara shi ne *Mutter Krausens Fahrt ins Glück* (Mommy Krause's Trip into Happiness) da *Jenseits der Straße* (On the Far Side of the Street), wanda ya rubuta rubutun. A Ufa, ya kuma sadu da Fritz Lang, wanda daga baya ya yi amfani da littafinsa na Mr. Tot don fim dinsa na karshe, The Thousand Eyes of Dr. Mabuse (1960).

Ya kuma ci gaba da aikinsa a Esperanto . A cikin 1932 ya fara koyar da darussan a Sweden, ta amfani da Hanyar Cseh. A shekara ta 1934 ya yi wa fim din Jamusanci Morgen beginnt das Leben (*Rayuwa Za Ta fara Gobe*) cikin Esperanto kuma, a ƙarƙashin taken Mor敦 ni komencos la vivon, wanda aka nuna a lokacin 26th World Esperanto Congress a Stockholm.

Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Fethke ya sami shahara a matsayin darektan fim a Poland. A shekara ta 1960, ya koma Berlin ta Yamma.

Ya kasance mai haɗin gwiwa na bita Literatura Mondo (Literary World) da sauran littattafai da yawa.

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

### Littattafai

* *Abismoj* (Abysses), 1923
* *Saltego trans Jarmiloj* (Talle a fadin Shekaru Dubu), 1924
* Mista Tot Aĉetas Mil Ok ya bincika (Mista Tot Buys a Thousand Eyes), 1931

## Manazarta
Wera Blanke

**Wera Blanke** (née Paintner) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta ƙamus kuma Esperantist . An haife ta a shekara ta 1933 ga 'yan wasan kwaikwayo biyu, ta yi aiki a kan mataki da talabijin a duk lokacin da take aiki. Blanke ya fara aiki a cikin Al'ummar Esperanto a shekara ta 1976, yana rubuta littattafai da yawa game da kalmomin harshen Esperanto.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Blanke a Leipzig a ranar 2 ga Maris 1933, ga 'yan wasan kwaikwayo  da Ruth Trumpp . [de] Ta fara wasan kwaikwayo ne tun tana 'yar shekara shida, a matsayin yarinya a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a Bochum . Sau da yawa tana motsa birane ta hanyar yarinta bisa ga inda iyayenta ke yin wasan kwaikwayo: sau da yawa tana fitowa a kan mataki tare da iyayenta, misali a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo a Königsberg da Munich.

## Ayyuka
Bayan kammala karatunsa a 1951 a Wera BlankeBavaria, Blanke ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fasaha a Bavaria Film  da Aktiengesellschaft für Filmfabrikation [de], kafin ya nemi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Staatlichen Schauspielschule Berlin (wanda aka sani a yau da Ernst Busch Academy of Dramatic Arts) a Berlin. A shekara ta 1956, ta ƙaura daga Munich zuwa Leipzig a Gabashin Jamus, inda mahaifinta ke yin wasan kwaikwayo. A lokacin karatunta, ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Volksbühne a Berlin, kuma daga 1958 gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya Young World a Leipzig, Landestheater Altenburg, da Nationaltheater Weimar . [de] Blanke ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin shirye-shiryen Deutscher Fernsehfunk, irin su Maria Diehl's Daring (), aukuwa da yawa na jerin masu bincike *Polizeiruf 110*, da Der Staatsan hatwalt das Wort .

## Esperanto
Blanke ya fara aiki tare da harshen Esperanto na kasa da kasa a shekara ta 1976, ya gamsu da iyawarsa bayan ya ziyarci Taron Esperanto na Duniya na 1978 a Varna, Bulgaria. Fara aiki a kan batutuwan ƙamus a cikin Esperanto a farkon shekarun 1980,  a cikin 1985, Blanke (sa'an nan a ƙarƙashin sunan Wera Dehler)  ya ba da shawarar cibiyar ƙamus ta Esperanto, tare da Humphrey Tonkin,  a cikin wani rahoto mai taken Terminologia Esperanto-Centro: Spertoj, Problemoj, Perspektivoj (Esperanto Terminological Center: Experiences, Problems, Perspectives), wanda ya haifar da Terminologia Esperantu-Centro da aka kafa kuma ya ba da tallafi ta Universal Esperanto Association a cikin 1987.

## Manazarta
Detlev Blanke

**Detlev Blanke** (30 ga Mayu 1941 - 20 ga Agusta 2016)  ya kasance dan asalin Jamus. Ya kasance malami ne na Interlinguistics a Jami'ar Humboldt ta Berlin . Ya kasance daya daga cikin masanan ilimin Esperanto na Jamus kuma daga 1991 zuwa 2016 ya kasance shugaban Gesellschaft für Interlinguistik ("Interlinguistics Society") da kuma editan wasikar, Interlinguistische Informationen . Shi da matarsa, Wera Blanke, suna da sha'awar juyin halitta na harshe, musamman a ci gaban ƙamus don harshen da aka gina, Esperanto, da tambayoyin zamantakewar harshe. Blanke ya yi nazarin aikin Eugen Wüster game da ma'anar kasa da kasa da daidaitawa ta duniya.

## Ayyukan ilimi
Bayan kammala karatunsa na farko a jami'a ya yi aiki a matsayin malamin Jamusanci da Yanayin ƙasa. Ya sami digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Humboldt ta Berlin a 1976 tare da rubutun sa kan kwatankwacin kalmomin Esperanto da Jamusanci. A shekara ta 1985 ya sami digiri na biyu daga Humboldt a kan Harsunan da aka gina.  (A tsohuwar Gabashin Jamus irin wannan digiri na biyu an san shi da "dissertation B", wanda ya dace da mafi girman cancantar ilimi na "habilitation" da aka ba wa cikakken farfesa a kasashe da yawa na Turai.) A cikin 1988 jami'ar ta nada shi "Malami mai daraja na Interlinguistics".

## Ayyukan Esperanto
Da yake ya fara koya wa kansa Esperanto a shekara ta 1957, daga baya ya zama sakatare (1968 zuwa 1990) na Centra Laborrondo de Esperanto-Amikoj ("Central Working Circle of Friends of Esperanto"), ƙungiyar da gwamnati ta amince da ita ta Ƙungiyar Al'adu ta Gabashin Jamus (*Deutsche Kulturbund*). Bayan 1981 kungiyar ta zama wani ɓangare na sabuwar ƙungiyar Jamusanci ta Jamusanci (Esperanto-Asocio de GDR, GDREA). Daga 1970 zuwa 1990 Farfesa Blanke ya kasance editan jaridar waɗancan kungiyoyin, *[[Der Esperantist]]* . A cikin 1991 Esperantists na tsohuwar Gabashin Jamus sun haɗa kai da Ƙungiyar Esperanto ta Jamus (Germana Esperanto-Asocio) wacce a baya ta yi aiki ne kawai a Yammacin Jamus.

## Manazarta
Helmar Frank

**Helmar Gunter Frank** (19 ga Fabrairu 1933, Waiblingen – 15 ga Disamba 2013, Paderborn ) ƙwararren masanin lissafi ne kuma masanin tarbiyya na Jamus. Yana cikin masana kimiyya na farko da suka yi amfani da hanyoyin lissafi a koyarwa da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. Ya kafa wata hanya don auna hankali a kan sikelin cikakke kuma iri ɗaya maimakon ta hanyar kwatantawa tsakanin mutane, duba ka'idar sarrafa bayanai, kuma ta haka ne ya zama wanda ya kafa Makarantar Ilimin Halayyar Bayanai ta Erlangen .

Frank ya sami digirinsa na PhD daga Jami'ar Stuttgart a shekarar 1959, yana aiki a kan ka'idodin ƙwarewar bayanai. Daga 1961 zuwa 1963 ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar bincike kan "koyon atomatik" a Jami'ar Karlsruhe . A shekara ta 1963 an nada shi farfesa a fannin kimiyyar bayanai (daga baya cybernetics) a Pädagogische Hochschule Berlin (ya kasancewar shi ne farfesa mafi ƙanƙanta a Jamus, yana da shekaru 30) kuma ya kafa Cibiyar Cybernetics.

A shekara ta 1972 ya zama ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Jami'ar Paderborn inda ya ci gaba da aikinsa a kan ka'idar cybernetic na ilimin halayyar mutum da koyarwa. A shekara ta 1985 ya kafa, tare da Reinhard Selten, Ivo Lapenna, Fabrizio Pennacchietti, Humphrey Tonkin, da sauransu, Akademio Internacia de la Sciencoj San Marino (AIS), makarantar kimiyya ta duniya. Ya kasance shugabanta har zuwa Disamba 2007.

A ƙarshen 1970s da farkon 1980s shi ne mai farawa da kuma mai kimanta kimiyya na gwajin koyarwa na kasa da kasa akan darajar propaedeutic na Esperanto.

A shekara ta 1998 an ba shi lambar yabo ta 1st class Bundesverdienstkreuz . Frank ya koyar a matsayin baƙo ko farfesa mai daraja a Technische Universität Berlin da jami'o'in Guangzhou, Nitra, Prague, Rosario, da Sibiu. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma babban editan mujallar kimiyya *Grundlagenstudien aus Kybernetik und Geisteswissenschaft.*

Matar Frank, Věra Barandovská-Frank, sananniyar yar Czech ce.

## Manazarta
Rudi Graetz

**Rudi Graetz** (1907 - 1 ga Oktoba 1977) ɗan asalin Jamus ne. Ya kasance shugaban *"Central Workers' Circle of Friends of Esperanto"*, wani ɓangare na Kungiyar Al'adu ta Gwamnati a tsohuwar Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Jamus, kuma memba na kwamitin Ƙungiyar Esperanto ta Duniya.

Ya koyi Esperanto tun yana saurayi, kuma ya kasance memba mai aiki a ƙungiyar ma'aikatan Esperanto tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe biyu na duniya. Bayan farfadowar Esperantism a cikin GDR, a cikin 1965, an zabi Graetz a matsayin wakilin sa a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran tarurruka na kasa da kasa. Har ila yau, ya kasance ma'aikacin Mondpaca Esperantista Movado (Movement Esperantist na Zaman Lafiya na Duniya). Labaransa sau da yawa suna bayyana a cikin mujallu PACO da Der Esperantist . Ya mutu a Berlin yana da shekaru 70.

## Manazarta
Martin Haase

**Martin Haase** (an haife shi a 25 ga Oktoba 1962) farfesa ne na ilimin harshe na Jamusanci a Jami'ar Bamberg da kuma masanin harshe, polyglot, da podcaster.

## Ilimi
Bayan kammala karatun sakandare daga Helene-Lange-Gymnasium (Dortmund, 1982), Haase ya yi karatun ilimin harshe na gaba ɗaya, harsunan Romance da ilimin harshe da na tarihi da na kwatankwacin a Jami'o'in Toulouse da Cologne, yana rubuta rubutun Ph.D. na 1991 game da hulɗar harshe da Canjin harshe: *Die Einflüsse des Gaskognischen und Französischen auf das Baskische* ("Tushen Gascon (Occitan) da Faransanci akan Harshen Basque").

Bayan ci gaba da karatu a Jami'ar Hamburg a shekarar 1992, Haase ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a Jami'an Osnabrück . A shekara ta 1997 ya sami izininsa tare da rubutun na biyu, *Dialektdynamik a cikin Mittelitalien: Sprachveränderungsprozesse im umbrischen Apenninenraum* ("Dialectal dynamics in central Italy: Language evolution in the Umbrian Apennines"). Daga baya ya ɗauki farfesa a Jami'ar Albert Ludwig ta Freiburg, Jami'ar Free ta Berlin da Technische Universität Berlin .

## Ayyukan sa kai
Haase ta himmatu ga ayyukan bude tushen da buɗe abun ciki. Shi marubucin Wikipedia ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin ba da shawara na Wikimedia Jamus (2005-2007); bai tsaya takara ba don sake zaben. Yana zaune galibi a Berlin, memba ne na Chaos Computer Club, bayan ya yi aiki tun 2009 a matsayin wakilin kwamitin ga kungiyoyin musayar gogewa (Erfahrungsaustauschkreise).  Tun daga shekara ta 2009 ya kasance memba na jam'iyyar Pirate;   jam'iyyar tana goyon bayan nuna gaskiya ga gwamnati, haƙƙin sirri na bayanai da kuma kawo ƙarshen takardun shaida na kwayoyin halitta da kuma tantance Intanet a Jamus amma ba shi da kujeru a Bundestag.

## Motsi na Esperanto
A matsayinta na dalibi na digiri na farko Haase ta koyi harshen Esperanto na kasa da kasa. Ya kasance mai aiki a cikin ƙungiyar matasa ta Esperanto Germana Esperanto-Junularo, yana aiki a cikin wata ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Kia koincido ("Yaya daidai ne"), kuma yana aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙasa daga 1988 zuwa 1990. A yau shi ne darektan Cibiyar Esperanto ta Jamus kuma memba ne na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Duniya, San Marino, inda babban harshen aiki shine Esperanto.

## Manazarta
Reinhard Haupenthal

**Reinhard Haupenthal** (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 1945; ya mutu a ranar 29 ga Satumba, 2016  ) ƙwararren ɗan ƙasar Jamus ne, ƙwararren ɗan ƙasar Esperanti (ko kuma ƙwararren masanin ilimin harsuna ), mai fassara, kuma masanin harsuna. Donald J. Harlow ya bayyana salon rayuwar Haupenthal a cikin gargaɗi ga masu karatu masu yuwuwar karanta fassarar Haupenthal na *Young Werther* na Goethe: "ƙamus ɗin da Haupenthal ke amfani da shi ba shi da tsari, kuma a wasu lokutan Esperanto yana karkata zuwa ga abin da ba a iya fahimta ba." 

## Manazarta

## Littattafai

* *Menade bal püki bal. Festschrift zum 50. Geburtstag von Reinhard Haupenthal. Festlibro ta hanyar 50a出生ĝ-tago na Reinhard Haupenthal. 1995-02-17.* Antaŭparolo na Henri Vatré. Saarbrücken: Iltis Edition.

## Manazarta
Makalé Camara

**Hadja Makalé Camara** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1956) lauya ce, jami'ar diflomasiyya kuma 'yar siyasa 'yar ƙasar Guinea wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Harkokin Waje na ƙasar Guinea daga ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 2016 zuwa 2017.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Camara a Mamou a shekarar 1956. Ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Gamal Abdel Nasser da ke Conakry a fannin shari'ar Labour a shekarar 1980.  Ta kasance Humphrey Fellow. 

## Aiki
Camara ta yi aiki a wurare daban-daban na ayyukan gwamnati daga shekarun 1980 zuwa 1985. A shekarar 1986, an naɗa ta Sufeto Janar a Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a, mai alhakin dokokin aiki da kuma sasantawa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago da ma'aikata. Daga shekarun 1991 zuwa 2002, ta kasance memba na Kwamitin Sauyi na Ƙasa na Farfaɗo wa. 

An naɗa Camara a matsayin minista a lokacin da Guinea ke ƙarƙashin mulkin soja, a shekarar 1992 a matsayin Sakatariya ta Harkokin Jama'a, Ci gaban Mata da Yara, sannan a shekarar 1994 a matsayin Ministar Noma, Dabbobi da Gandun Daji.   Daga shekarun 1997 zuwa 2000 ta shugabanci Hukumar Daraktocin Ofishin Aiki da Ma'aikata na Ƙasa, kuma a lokacin yaƙin Liberia da Sierra Leone ta kasance Sakatare Janar na Réseau des Femmes Africaines Ministres et Parlementaires (REFAMP) a Guinea. 

An naɗa Camara a matsayin Jakadiyar  Guinea a Senegal, Gambia, Cape Verde da Mauritania a shekarar 2002, inda ta shafe shekaru biyar tana aiki. A shekarar 2007, an naɗa ta a matsayin Jakadiyar Guinea a Faransa, Spain, Portugal da Monaco  kuma ita ce wakiliyar Guinea a UNESCO, Organization internationale de la Francophonie da IBE.  Ta yi aiki a matsayin Sakatare Janar na REFAMP daga shekarun 2012 zuwa 2015 kuma ta yi magana kan daidaiton jinsi. 

An naɗa Camara a matsayin Ministar Harkokin Waje a gwamnatin Alpha Condé a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 2016.   Ita memba ce a kwamitin gudanarwa na ƙasa na "Yaki da Kaciyar Al'aura". 

## Lambobin yabo da girmamawa
An naɗa Camara a matsayin memba na National Order of Merit a watan Yulin 2008. 

## Manazarta
Loffo Camara

**Loffo Camara** (  1925 - 25 ga Janairu 1971) babbar 'yar siyasa ce ta ƙasar Guinea kuma memba a Ofishin Siyasa na Jamhuriyar Farko ta Guinea a cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan samun 'yancin kai. Bayan rashin jituwa da Shugaba Sékou Touré, an kore ta daga majalisar ministoci, kuma daga baya aka kama ta aka kashe ta.

An horar da Loffo Camara a matsayin ungozoma, kuma ta zama mai fafutuka a Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Guinea (PDG) a Macenta. An zaɓe ta a matsayin memba a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa, kuma ta zama memba a Kwamitin Tsakiya na PDG.  A watan Yulin 1960 ta ziyarci Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyyar Jamus a wata tafiya ta tattara bayanai.  Daga shekarun 1961 zuwa 1968 ta kasance Sakatariyar Harkokin Jama'a ta Ƙasa. 

A wani taron jam'iyya a watan Nuwamban 1962, Loffo Camara da wasu mutane biyu sun gabatar da shawarar cewa ya kamata a zaɓi membobin Politburo daga cikin masu fafutuka sannan a zaɓe su daga dukkan membobin jam'iyya. Wannan martani ne ga burin Shugaba Sékou Touré na naɗa Toumany Sangare da Fodéba Keita a matsayin shugabannin jam'iyyar, waɗanda ba su riƙe muƙamai a cikin jam'iyyar ba.  A babban taron jam'iyya na 8 a shekarar 1967, Sékou Touré ya ƙarfafa ikonsa, kuma aka ayyana shi a matsayin babban jagoran juyin juya hali. Ya rage yawan 'yan siyasa daga 15 zuwa 7. Loffo Camara tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka sallama. 

Loffo Camara tana cikin waɗanda aka kama a watan Disamba na shekarar 1970 bayan wani hari da sojojin Portugal suka kai wa Guinea a cikin teku wanda bai yi nasara ba.  An mayar da ita daga Kindia zuwa Conakry a ranar 24 ga watan Janairun 1971 kuma aka harbe ta a ranar 25 ga watan Janairun 1971. Rundunar masu harbin ta haɗa da Mamadi Keita, surukin shugaban ƙasa. Ita ce kaɗai mace da aka kashe a wannan lokacin.

## Manazarta
Marie Hankel

**Marie Hankel** (née Dippe; 1844-1929) marubuciya ce ta Jamusanci ta adabin Esperanto . An san ta da kafa Esperantista Literatura Asocio (Esperanto Literature Association) Ta kuma ba da shawara ga zaɓen mata.  Ta auri masanin lissafi na Jamus Hermann Hankel.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Hankel née Dippe a shekara ta 1844 a Schwerin, Jamus. A shekara ta 1905 ta koyi Esperanto sannan daga baya ta rubuta waƙa da rubutun waƙa a wannan yaren. Lakabinta sun haɗa da *La simbolo de l' amo* (Alamar ƙauna), *Tri unuaktaj komedioj* (Wasannin kwaikwayo guda uku), da Sableroj (Sands).  A shekara ta 1909 ta shiga gasar adabi *[[Internaciaj Floraj Ludoj|ta Internaciaj Floraj Ludoj]]* (Wasannin Fure na Duniya). A shekara ta 1910 ta yi jawabi don goyon bayan zaɓen mata a taron shekara-shekara na Esperanto na Duniya da aka yi a Washington, DC. A shekara ta 1911 ta kafa kuma ta zama shugabar farko ta *Esperantista Literatura Asocio* (Ƙungiyar Adabi ta Esperanto) a taron shekara-shekara na Esperanto na Duniya a Antwerp. 

Hankel ya mutu a shekara ta 1929.

## Kyauta
A shekara ta 2003 an sanya wa wata titi a gundumar Laubegast a Dresden suna don girmama ta.

## Manazarta
Cathie Martin

**Catherine Rosemary Martin** (an haife ta a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1955)  Farfesa ce a fannin kimiyyar shuke-shuke a Jami'ar East Anglia (UEA) kuma jagorar aikin a Cibiyar John Innes, Norwich, tana daidaita bincike game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin abinci da kiwon lafiya da kuma yadda za'a iya ƙarfafa amfanin gona don inganta abinci da magance karuwar cututtukan da ke faruwa a duniya.

## Ilimi
Martin ya sami digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar halitta daga Jami'ar Cambridge . Daga nan sai ta ci gaba da samun digirinta na PhD a fannin kimiyyar halittu a 1981, kuma daga Cambridge.

Binciken ta ya haɗa da aiki a kan Orange na jini  da tumatir mai launin ruwan kasa mai suna anthocyanin.

Bayan wani lokaci a matsayin mai bincike na postdoctoral a Jami'ar Cambridge  ta koma sashen kwayar halitta na Cibiyar John Innes a shekarar 1983. Ita ce ta farko da ta gano kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke sarrafa siffar tantanin halitta a cikin tsire-tsire.

Tun daga shekara ta 2000, binciken Cathie ya mayar da hankali kan abinci da kiwon lafiya, yana binciken yadda za'a iya ƙarfafa amfanin gona don yaki da cututtukan da ba su da tsanani a duk duniya. Wannan binciken ya mayar da hankali kan tsire-tsire waɗanda ke ƙunshe da sinadarai na halitta, wanda za'a iya gani a matsayin 'magunguna na halitta'. A cikin 2022 dakin gwaje-gwaje na Martin ya samar da tumatir da aka sarrafa ta hanyar kwayar halitta wanda ke dauke da matakan farko na Bitamin D. An tsara waɗannan don gwaje-gaje na filin, kuma an yi niyyar inganta cin abinci na bitamin C.

Tare da Liam Dolan, Alison Mary Smith, George Coupland, Nicholas Harberd, Jonathan Jones, Robert Sablowski da Abigail Amey ita ce marubuciyar littafin Plant Biology . 

Ita ce babban edita na The Plant Cell, da kuma mace ta farko kuma ta farko da ba ta Amurka ba da ta rike wannan mukamin.[1] Tana da takardun shaida guda bakwai kuma ta kafa kamfanin Jami'ar Norfolk Plant Sciences tare da Jonathan Jones, don kawo fa'idodin fasahar shuka zuwa Turai da Amurka. [1] [2] Tsoffin ɗalibanta na digiri sun haɗa da Beverley Glover .

### Kyaututtuka da girmamawa
An nada Martin a matsayin memba na Daular Burtaniya (MBE) a cikin girmamawar ranar haihuwar 2013 don "hidimomin shuka biotechnology"  da kuma Biotechnology da Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) mafi kyawun mai kirkiro 2014 . Binciken Cathie game da Purple Tomatoes ya sami ta da Eugenio Butelli BBSRC mafi kyawun lambar yabo a shekarar 2014. Har ila yau, an san ta da:

* Society for Experimental Biology (SEB) Medal na Shugaban kasa, 1990 
* An ba da kyautar memba na EMBO a cikin 2011 
* Kyautar zumunci ta Ƙungiyar Amurka don Ci gaban Kimiyya (FAAAS), 2012 
* memba na Order of the British Empire (MBE), 2013  
* BBSRC mafi kyawun mai kirkiro, 2014 
* Ya zama ɗan ƙungiyar American Society of Plant Biologists 2017 
* An zabe shi Fellow na Royal Society (FRS) a shekarar 2018 
* An ba shi lambar yabo ta Rank don Abinci a cikin 2021 

## Manazarta
Irene Miguel-Aliaga

**Irene Miguel-Aliaga** FRS FMedSci masanin ilimin lissafi ne na Mutanen Espanya-Birtaniya wanda shine Farfesa a fannin kwayoyin halitta da ilimin lissafi a Kwalejin Imperial ta London .  Binciken ta yana bincika filastik na gabobin manya, da kuma dalilin da ya sa wasu gabobin ke canza siffar don mayar da martani ga canje-canjen muhalli. An zabe ta Fellow na Royal Society a shekarar 2022.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
Miguel-Aliaga ya fito ne daga Spain kuma ya girma a Barcelona .  Ta kammala digiri na Doctor of Philosophy a Jami'ar Oxford,  wanda Kay Davies ke kula da shi a kan samfuran cututtukan ɗan adam.  

## Bincike da aiki
Bayan ta PhD, ta koma Amurka don Binciken postdoctoral, ta shiga dakin gwaje-gwaje na Stefan Thor a Jami'ar Harvard. Miguel-Aliaga daga nan ta koma Jami'ar Linköping, inda ta nuna neurons na *Drosophila* .  An ba ta kyautar Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions fellowship kuma ta shiga Alex Gould a Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa, inda ta yi nazarin ƙayyadaddun ƙwayoyin neurons masu samar da insulin. A shekara ta 2008, Miguel-Aliaga ta fara aikin bincike mai zaman kanta a Jami'ar Cambridge . An ba ta suna Wellcome Trust Career Development Fellow, kuma daga ƙarshe ta koma Kwalejin Imperial ta London. A Imperial, Miguel-Aliaga yana aiki a matsayin Farfesa na Genetics da Physiology . 

Binciken Miguel-Aliaga ya binciki filastik na gabobin mutum, kuma musamman, yadda cikakkun gabobin manya ke da tasiri ta hanyar canje-canjen muhalli.[1] Don fahimtar waɗannan matakai, Miguel-Aliaga yana amfani da hanyar gastrointestinal, [1] yayin da yake ba da damar nazarin yadda kwayar halitta ke jin sigina daga mahallinta na ciki da na waje.[2] Don fahimtar ma'anar aiki na gabobin daban-daban, Miguel-Aliaga ya kwatanta epithelium na hanji na maza da mata. Ta gano cewa jinsi daban-daban na halitta suna nuna sadarwa daban-daban ta kwakwalwa, musamman a lokacin samarwa da kuma samar da kumburi.[3] A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan aikin, ƙungiyar ta gano hanyoyin sadarwa da ke tsakanin gastrointestinal tract da sauran gabobin. Ta ci gaba da amfani da kwayar halitta Drosophila, saboda tana raba sama da 60% na kwayoyin halitta tare da mutane

## Manazarta
Anne Mills

**Dame Anne Jane Mills** (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1951) wata hukuma ce ta Burtaniya kan tattalin arzikin kiwon lafiya. Ita ce Farfesa Emeritus na Tattalin Arziki da Manufofin Lafiya a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya da Magungunan Tropical ta London . 

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Mills a ranar 26 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1951.  Ta yi karatu a makarantar firamare ta Aston Clinton, makarantar sakandare ta Aylesbury, makarantar sakandaren mata, da kuma makarantar sakandarin Oxford, makarantar sakataren mata. Ta yi karatun tarihi da tattalin arziki a Kwalejin St Hilda, Oxford, kuma ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Oxford tare da digiri na farko na Arts (BA) a 1973; kamar yadda al'ada ta ce, daga baya aka inganta BA zuwa digiri na Master of Arts (MA (Oxon)). Ta kammala digiri na biyu a Nazarin Kula da Lafiya a Jami'ar Leeds a shekarar 1976. Ta gudanar da bincike na digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arzikin lafiya a Jami'ar London, kuma ta kammala digiri na Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) a shekarar 1990.

## Bincike
Babban yanki na bincike na Mills yana kan hanyoyin samar da ingantaccen kulawa ta kiwon lafiya a cikin ƙasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaici. Ayyukanta sun fara ne a cikin shekarun 1980 a Nepal kan tasirin tsada na tsoma baki don zazzabin cizon sauro.

Ta kasance memba na Shirin Kula da Cututtuka . Mills ya kasance Mataimakin Darakta sannan kuma Mataimakin Daraktan da kuma Provost na London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine daga 2011 zuwa 2023. Ta zama Mataimakiyar Kasashen Waje ta Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya a shekara ta 2006, Shugabar Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya a shekara ta 2012 kuma ta shiga Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya a wannan shekarar.[1]

## Daraja
A shekara ta 2009, an ba Mills lambar yabo ta Yarima Mahidol don Magunguna don nuna godiya ga gudummawar da ta bayar ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin kiwon lafiya da binciken tsarin kiwon lafiya a Afirka da Asiya. An zabe ta zuwa Fellowship na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya a shekara ta 2009. 

A cikin girmamawar Sabuwar Shekara ta 2007, an nada Mills a matsayin Kwamandan Order of the British Empire (CBE) "don hidimomi ga Magunguna". A cikin 2015 New Year Honours, an nada ta Dame Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (DCMG) "don hidimomi ga lafiyar kasa da kasa".  

An zabi Mills a matsayin Fellow na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya (FMedSci) a shekara ta 2009. An zabe ta Fellow na Royal Society (FRS) a shekarar 2013. 

## Rayuwa ta mutum

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

### Littattafai

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## Manazarta