Pythagoreanism

Pythagoreanism ya samo asali ne a karni na 6 BC, bisa ga koyarwa da imani da Pythagoras da mabiyansa, Pythagoreans. Pythagoras ya kafa al'ummar Pythagorean ta farko a cikin mulkin mallaka na Girka na dā na Kroton, a cikin Calabria na zamani (Italiya) a kusa da 530 BC. Al'ummomin Pythagorean na farko sun bazu a duk faɗin Magna Graecia. 

Already during Pythagoras' life it is likely that the distinction between the *akousmatikoi* ("those who listen"), who is conventionally regarded as more concerned with religious, and ritual elements, and associated with the oral tradition, and the *mathematikoi* ("those who learn") existed. The ancient biographers of Pythagoras, Iamblichus () and his master Porphyry ( ) seem to make the distinction of the two as that of 'beginner' and 'advanced'. As the Pythagorean cenobites practiced an esoteric path, like the mystery schools of antiquity, the adherents, *akousmatikoi*, following initiation became *mathematikoi*. It is wrong to say that the Pythagoreans were superseded by the Cynics in the 4th century BC, but it seems to be a distinction mark of the Cynics to disregard the hierarchy and protocol, ways of initiatory proceedings significant for the Pythagorean community; subsequently did the Greek philosophical traditions become more diverse. The Platonic Academy was arguably a Pythagorean cenobitic institution, outside the city walls of Athens in the 4th century BC. As a sacred grove dedicated to Athena, and Hecademos (Academos). The academy, the sacred grove of Academos, may have existed, as the contemporaries seem to have believed, since the Bronze Age, even pre-existing the Trojan War. Yet according to Plutarch it was the Athenian strategos (general) Kimon Milkiadou () who converted this, "waterless and arid spot into a well watered grove, which he provided with clear running-tracks and shady walks". Plato (less known as Aristocles) lived almost a hundred years later, circa 427 to 348 BC. On the other hand, it seems likely that this was a part of the re-building of Athens led by Kimon Milkiadou and Themistocles, following the Achaemenid destruction of Athens in 480–479&nbsp;BC during the war with Persia. Kimon is at least associated with the building of the southern Wall of Themistocles, the city walls of ancient Athens. It seems likely that the Athenians saw this as a rejuvenation of the sacred grove of Academos.

Bayan rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa a Magna Graecia, wasu masana falsafa na Pythagorean sun koma ƙasar Girka yayin da wasu suka sake haɗuwa a Rhegium. Kimanin  yawancin masana falsafar Pythagoras sun bar Italiya. Ra'ayoyin Pythagorean sun yi tasiri sosai a kan Plato da kuma ta hanyarsa,  a duk Falsafar Yamma. Yawancin tushen da suka tsira akan Pythagoras sun samo asali ne daga Aristotle da masana falsafa na Makarantar Peripatetic.

A matsayin al'adar falsafa, an farfado da Pythagoreanism a karni na 1 BC, wanda ya haifar da Neopythagoreanism. Bautar Pythagoras ta ci gaba a Italiya kuma a matsayin al'ummar addini Pythagoreans sun tsira a matsayin wani ɓangare na, ko tasiri sosai, Addinin Bacchic da Orphism.

## Tarihi

Pythagoras ya riga ya zama sananne a zamanin d ̄ a saboda nasarorin da ya samu na lissafi na Pythagorean theorem .  An yaba wa Pythagoras da gano cewa a cikin triangle mai kusurwa madaidaiciya murabba'in hypotenuse daidai yake da jimlar murabba'i na sauran bangarorin biyu. A zamanin d ̄ a an kuma lura da Pythagoras saboda bincikensa cewa kiɗa yana da tushe na lissafi. Tushen tsohuwar da suka yaba wa Pythagoras a matsayin masanin falsafa wanda ya fara gano lokutan kiɗa kuma ya yaba masa a matsayin mai kirkirar monochord, sandar madaidaiciya wacce za'a iya amfani da igiya da gada mai motsi don nuna alaƙar lokutan kiɗan.

Yawancin tushen da suka tsira akan Pythagoras sun samo asali ne daga Aristotle da masana falsafa na Makarantar Peripatetic, wanda ya kafa al'adun ilimin tarihi kamar tarihin rayuwa, doxography da Tarihin kimiyya. Tushen da suka tsira na karni na 5 BC akan Pythagoras da farkon Pythagoreanism ba su da abubuwa masu ban mamaki, yayin da suka tsira daga karni na 4 BC akan koyarwar Pythagoras sun gabatar da labari da tatsuniyoyi. Masana falsafa waɗanda suka tattauna Pythagoreanism, kamar Anaximander, Andron na Afisa, Heraclides da Neanthes suna da damar yin amfani da rubuce-rubucen tarihi da kuma al'adar baki game da Pythagoreans, wanda a ƙarni na 4 BC ya ragu. Masana falsafa na Neopythagorean, waɗanda suka rubuta yawancin tushen da suka tsira akan Pythagoreanism, sun ci gaba da al'adar almara da mafarki.

Tsohon tushen da ya tsira game da Pythagoras da mabiyansa shine satire na Xenophanes, akan imanin Pythagorean game da ƙaurawar rayuka. Xenophanes ya rubuta game da Pythagoras cewa:

A cikin wani sashi da ya tsira daga Heraclitus, an bayyana Pythagoras da mabiyansa kamar haka:

## Manazarta