open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kisan Elin Krantz

**Elin Krantz** wata mace ce 'yar shekara 27 a Sweden wacce aka kashe a gundumar Biskopsgården ta Gothenburg a ranar 26 ga Satumba 2010.  Ephrem Yohannes, wani ɗan gudun hijirar Habasha mai shekaru 23, ne ya kashe Krantz a Biskopsgården inda aka sami jikinta. 

An sami Yohannes da laifin kisan Krantz kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 16 a kurkuku da kuma korar shi bayan an sake shi.

## Tarihi
A ranar 26 ga Satumba 2010, **Elin Terese Krantz** (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1983) daga Falköping, ta dauki motar zuwa gida tare da aboki bayan wani maraice yana jin daɗin Rayuwar dare ta Gothenburg. Hotunan CCTV sun nuna cewa bayan abokiyarta ta sauka daga motar sai wani mutum ya bi ta wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi mata fyade kuma daga baya ya buge ta har ya mutu. An gano gawar Krantz da aka yi wa duka washegari a gundumar Biskopsgården ta Gothenburg.  A ranar 28 ga watan Satumba, **Ephrem Tadele Yohannes** (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1987) ɗan ƙasar Habashawa ne tare da izinin zama tare da tufafi da kamannin da ya yi kama da na mutumin da aka kama a kyamarorin tsaro, 'yan sanda ne suka kama shi a tashar Gothenburg Central Station. An gano DNA na Krantz a kan tufafinsa kuma an gano DNA na Yohannes a jikinta.

## Shari'a
An yanke wa Yohannes hukunci saboda kisan kai da yunkurin fyade  kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 16 a kurkuku da kuma fitar da shi.  An yi kira ga hukuncin farko ga Hovrätt yayin da wanda ake tuhuma ya ce ba shi da laifi. Mai gabatar da kara Stina Lundberg ta yi jayayya da hukuncin rai da rai da kuma mummunar cin zarafin jima'i. A cikin kaka na shekara ta 2011, Kotun daukaka kara ta amince da hukuncin asali. A lokacin da ake ci gaba da kotun Hovrätt, labarai sun fito cewa matar da 'ya'yan Yohannes sun bar Turai saboda barazanar da yawa ga rayukansu. Iyayen Elin Krantz da 'yan uwanta biyar an ba su kyautar lalacewar laifi kusan € 60,000.

Da farko an tsare Yohannes a kurkuku a Norrtälje, wani babban kurkuku na tsaro a Norrt Hälje, amma bayan ya kai hari ga wani fursuna an tura shi kurkukun Salberstalgaanten a Sala. Yohannes ya sami gargadi da yawa game da halayyar da ba ta dace ba.

## Sakamakon haka
An binnewa jikin Krantz a makabarta *Sankt Olof kyrkogård* a garinsu na Falköping .  A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2010, sama da mutane 1000 sun taru a gundumar - inda aka sami jikinta - don tunawa da ita da kuma nuna rashin amincewa da tashin hankali.

## Dubi kuma

* Shari'ar kai hari ta Skellefteå

## Manazarta
Kashewar Bano Satakzai da Ehsanullah Samalani

A ranar 4 ga Yuni 2025, an harbe sababbin ma'aurata Bano Satakzai (an haife su a ranar 1 ga Yulin 1985) Balochistan: In Degari, identity documents of Bano Bibi, who was killed in the name of honour, along with her husband Noor Muhammad's CNIC and their children's B-form, have surfacedquot;},quot;urlquot;:{quot;wtquot;:quot;;quot;},quot;languagequot;:{quot;wtquot;:quot;ur-PKquot;}},quot;iquot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwkg\">nbsp; Double murder in Balochistan: In Degari, identity documents of Bano Bibi, who was killed in the name of honour, along with her husband Noor Muhammad's CNIC and their children's B-form, have surfaced.  (in Urdu). 26 July 2025 2025."}}" id="cite_ref-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[1] da Ehsanullah Samalani har lahira a Sanjidi, yankin Degari na Balochistan, Pakistan. [1] [2][3] A cewar rahotanni na cikin gida, ma'auratan sun yi aure kwanan nan ba tare da son iyalansu ba, kuma an yi zargin an kashe su bisa umarnin Sardar (shugaban kabilanci). An bayyana kashe-kashen a matsayin kashe-kisan girmamawa. Koyaya, wasu kafofin sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su yi aure ba.[4][5]￼

Mutuwarsu ta zama sananne ta hanyar bidiyon kwayar cuta, wanda ake zargin kashe ma'auratan, wanda ya bazu ko'ina a fadin dandamali na kafofin sada zumunta kamar X.

A cewar rahotanni na cikin gida, Bano Bibi ta auri Ahsan Ullah ba tare da izinin iyalinta ba;  kafofin watsa labarai suna kwatanta kashe-kashen a matsayin kashe-kisan girmamawa.   An gayyaci su biyu zuwa wani ƙauye a ƙarƙashin uzuri na cin abinci. Bayan isowa, an gaya musu cewa dattawan kabilanci sun ba su hukuncin kisa,  tare da kisan da Sardar Satakzai, Sardar (shugaban kabilanci) ya ba da umarni.  

A cewar jami'in Balochistan Shahid Rind, babu wani iyali da ya ba da rahoton mutuwar ma'auratan.

Binciken gawa Bano Satakzai da Ehsanullah Samalani ya nuna cewa Bano ya sami raunuka bakwai, yayin da aka harbe Ehsanullah sau tara. Dukkanin wadanda abin ya shafa sun mutu saboda raunin da suka samu a wurin.

Ya zuwa 21 ga Yuli, 2025, 'yan sanda na Pakistan sun kama mutane 13, tare da wasu mutane tara da ake nema.

## Halin da aka yi
Masu amfani da kafofin sada zumunta sun yi Allah wadai da wadanda suka harbe ma'auratan, ciki har da shahararrun Annural Khalid, Minal Khan, da Hadiqa Kiani. Babban Ministan Balochistan Sarfraz Bugti ya wallafa a kan X cewa "an yi rajistar shari'ar ta'addanci a madadin jihar, kuma an kama wani mai zargin kisan kai; doka za ta bi tafarkinta a cikin wannan mummunan al'amari!". 

## Dubi kuma

* Kashewa mai daraja a Pakistan

## Manazarta
Joy Grant-Ekong

**Joy Grant-Ekong** wacce aka fi sani da Joy Aiyegbeni  ita ce mai shirya fina-finai da talabijin ta Najeriya,  darektan, mai kula da rubutun kuma mai ba da shawara kan samarwa,  wanda aka sani da fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2020 Mama Drama  da One Too Many [4]  

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Joy Grant-Ekong a Legas, Najeriya .  Ta kuma fara samarwa a shekara ta 2003 lokacin da ta shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Ojo Ladipo sannan ta koma Wale Adenuga Productions a matsayin manajan ci gaba. Joy Grant-Ekong ta shiga wasan kwaikwayo na yau da kullun na M-Net mai suna *[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]* daga kakar wasa ta biyu kuma ta zama shugaban sashen mataimakan darektan zuwa kakar wasa ta huɗu.

## Ayyuka
A cikin shekarar 2016, ta samar da fim mai taken Babysitting Ejiro, fim din M-Net na Victor Sanchez Aghahowa, da fim mai suna *InLine* wanda Tope Oshin ya jagoranta, wanda aka watsa a cikin fina-finai a duk faɗin ƙasar a cikin shekara ta 2017. Joy Grant-Ekong ta samar da fim mai tsawo Mama Drama da Echoes a cikin 2019.  A cikin shekarar 2020, ta samar da Hell Ride, wanda ya lashe kyautar Best First feature na kasa da kasa a 2022 Toronto International Nollywood Film Festival (TINFF).  A cikin 2020, an ambaci sunanta daga cikin masu shirya fina-finai da ke tsara masana'antar fina-falla ta Najeriya ta hanyar Vanguard . A cikin 2021, ta samar da One Too Many .  

## Hotunan fina-finai

## Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa

## Manazarta
Makarantar Malmö da wuka

A ranar 21 ga Maris, 2022, an yi wa wata mata daba a Makarantar Latin ta Malmö da ke Malmö, Sweden, inda Fabian Cederholm, mai shekaru 18, ya daba mata daba tare da kashe malamai mata biyu da gatari da wuka kafin ya kwace bindigarsa, ya kira jami'an agajin gaggawa sannan aka kama shi da masu bayar da agajin gaggawa.

Wannan shi ne hari na uku mafi muni da aka kai wa wata makaranta a tarihin Sweden, bayan harin da aka kai wa makarantar Risbergska da ke Örebro a shekarar 2025, inda aka kashe sama da mutane 10 da kuma harin da aka kai wa makarantar Trollhättan shekaru shida da suka gabata a shekarar 2015, inda aka kashe mutane uku.

## Dakatarwa
Da misalin karfe 5:10 na yamma,[3] Cederholm ya shiga Makarantar Latin ta Malmö ya kashe malamai mata biyu, Victoria Edström da Sara Böök da gatari.[3][4][5][6]

Da karfe 5:15, Cederholm ya kira jami'an agajin gaggawa yana mai bayanin cewa ya kashe malamai biyu.[3][6] Masu bayar da agajin gaggawa sun isa da karfe 5:25 na yamma. kuma sun kama Cederholm a hawa na uku na ginin.[4][3] Cederholm ya kwanta a ƙasa kuma bai yi tsayayya da kamawa ba.[2]

Masu amsa laifin farko sun kuma gano gawarwakin Edström da Böök. An kai su asibiti ta hanyar motar asibiti amma an tabbatar da mutuwarsu.[5]

## Mai laifin
An gano Fabian Vidar Cederholm (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Disamba 2003) a matsayin wanda ya aikata laifin kuma yana da shekaru 18 a lokacin da aka kai harin. 'Yan sanda ba su san wata daliba a Makarantar Malmö Latin School, Cederholm ba kuma ba ta da tarihin aikata laifuka a baya.[6]

## Shari'ar shari'a
A watan Satumba na 2022, an tuhumi Cederholm da laifuka biyu na kisan kai kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai, wanda hakan ya sanya shi matashi na farko a tarihin Sweden da ya sami irin wannan hukuncin.[7][8][9]

## Martani
Firayim Minista Magdalena Andersson ta ce ta sami labarin da "baƙin ciki da damuwa". A cikin wani rubutu da ta wallafa a shafinta na Facebook, ta rubuta: "Yanzu 'yan sanda da masu gabatar da kara dole ne su gano abin da ya faru, domin a hukunta wanda ke da hannu a wannan lamari." Daga baya, an soke dukkan azuzuwan da aka tsara don washegari.[5]

## Duba kuma
Harbe-harben Malmö na 2009–10

An daba wa makarantar Eslöv wuka da wuka a makarantar Kristianstad wuka, biyu daga cikin wukake na makaranta da ba su yi kisa ba a Sweden a cikin watanni kafin harin Malmö

## Manazarta
Abin da Ya Yi Game da Mu (fim)

***What About Us*** is a 2024 Nigerian film produced by Emmanuel Iren. The film which doubles as Emmanuel Iren's debut production was released to cinema nationwide on July 12, 2024. The film centers around complexities of marriages and how a Christian couple struggle to keep their marriage features in lead character; Kunle Remi, Uzor Arukwe, Folu Storms, Seyi Awolowo, Teniola Aladese and others.

## Synopsis
What About Us tells the story of a Christian couple who struggle to keep their marriage together, but more problem ensued when a new couple moves in next door and this further heightened the problem in their marriage. The story expands on the complexities of marriages as shown through the lenses of the two interwoven Christian couples.[1][2]

* Kunle Remi
* Uzor Arukwe
* Folu Storms
* Seyi Awolowo
* Teniola Aladese
* Atlanta Bridget Johnson
* Marycolette Unamka

## Production
Fim ɗin wanda Kayode Kasum ya bada umarni, ya nuna babban fasto na cocin Celebration Church International, wanda ya bayyana cewa wannan sabon tsarin shirya fim ɗin da ya yi ya nuna "sabon babi a cikin manufarsa ta yaɗa saƙonsa da kuma tsara al'adarsa". 

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar namun daji ta Ghana

**Ƙungiyar Namun Daji ta Ghana** ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta mai rajin kare namun daji da ke neman tallafawa nau'ikan namun daji na Ghana don taimakawa wajen samar da "muhalli mafi kyau" da kuma "inganta rayuwa ga dukkan mutane." Ita ce abokiyar hulɗar BirdLife International a Ghana. An kafa ƙungiyar a farkon shekarun 1970 amma ta sha wahala sakamakon dakatarwar ayyukanta. An sake fara aikinta a shekarar 1991 ta hanyar "Ceton Seashore Tsuntsaye Project - Ghana (SSPC-G)". Wannan aikin ya ƙare a watan Yunin 1994 kuma Ƙungiyar ta karɓi aikin wannan aikin.

Kamfanin yana da hannu tare da ayyukan kiyayewa da yawa ciki har da: Muhimman Yankunan Tsuntsaye - Ghana, Amanzuri Community Integrated Project, Dutsen Afadjato Community Forest Conservation Project, Wetlands da Waterbird Conservation Project (Shirin Kula da Tsaro a makarantu da al'ummomi, da Shirin Kula da Turtle na Marine). Ayyukan suna tallafawa da masu ba da gudummawa na ƙasashen waje ciki har da: Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, UNDP da Royal Netherlands Embassy a Ghana.

## Dajin Ghana
Dabbobin daji a Ghana sun bambanta kuma suna da yawa, tare da dabbobi masu shayarwa iri-iri, dabbobi masu rarrafe, kwari da nau'ikan ruwa da aka samu a wurare masu yawa a duk faɗin ƙasar. Abin takaici, babu 'shop-daya' don kallon namun daji a Ghana, kuma yawancin wuraren kallon namun daji mafi kyau suna buƙatar dogon tafiye-tafiye. Duk da yake akwai dabbobi iri-iri da ke zaune a sassa daban-daban na Ghana, taswirori masu zuwa suna nuna inda za ku iya samun su.

**Giwa**

Gidan shakatawa na ƙasa na Mole shine mafi girma, mafi tsufa kuma mafi kyawun wurin kallo na wasan Ghana, kuma yana da kwanaki 2 kawai daga Accra. Duk da yake ana iya samun giwaye a wurare masu nisa da yawa na Ghana, kawai zaka iya sa ran ganin su a wurin shakatawa na Mole. Ana amfani da giwaye a kusa da Mole Lodge ga mutane, don haka zaka iya samun kusanci sosai da ƙafa, wanda yake da wuya a Afirka. Antelope, bushbuck, biri, warthog, baboon, da sauran ƙananan wasanni suma suna nan, dangane da kakar. Lokaci mafi kyau don ziyartar shine tsakanin tsakiyar Disamba da tsakiyar Afrilu, yayin da rashin ruwa ke kawo dabbobi kusa da sanannun hanyoyin ruwa.

**Wuraren Wuri Mai Tsarki**

Boabang-Fiema gida ce ga yawancin birai na Mona waɗanda suka saba, da kuma birai na Black da White waɗanda ba su saba da su ba. Ana girmama birai na Mona sosai ga al'ummar yankin, don haka ba a farautar su ko kashe su ba. Suna da makabartar inda aka binne birai na Mona a wata hanya ta musamman. Idan kuna neman wurin da za ku ga birai na Mona ko Patas, Tafi Atome shine wurin da za a je. Yana daga cikin yankin kiyayewa na gargajiya na Yankin Volta, kuma birai sanannu ne sosai. Mutane da yawa suna ɗaukar su alloli, kuma al'ada ce ke kare su.

**Tsuntsaye a Ghana**

Tafi Atome yanki ne na kiyayewa a yankin gargajiya na yankin Volta . Gida ce ga biri na Mona da biri na Patas. Monkeys sun saba sosai saboda ana daukar su alloli kuma ana kiyaye su ta hanyar al'ada.

## Manazarta
Gundumar Kwahu ta kudu

**Gundumar Kwahu ta Kudu** tana ɗaya daga cikin gundumomi talatin da uku a Yankin Gabas, Ghana . An ƙirƙiri ta a matsayin majalisar gundumomi ta yau da kullun a shekarar 1988, kuma an ƙirƙiri ta ne daga tsohuwar Majalisar Gundumar Kwahu . Daga baya, an raba yankin kudu maso yamma na gundumar don ƙirƙirar Gundumar Kwahu ta Yamma a watan Agusta na 2004 (wanda daga baya aka ɗaga shi zuwa matsayin majalisar gundumomi a ranar 1 ga Yuli na 2007 (wanda ya fara a ranar 29 ga Fabrairu na 2008) don zama Gundumar Kwahu ta Yamma); don haka an riƙe sauran ɓangaren a matsayin Gundumar Kwahu ta Kudu. Sannan aka raba yankin arewa maso yamma na gundumar don ƙirƙirar Gundumar Kwahu ta Gabas a ranar 29 ga Fabrairu na 2008; don haka har yanzu ana riƙe sauran ɓangaren a matsayin Gundumar Kwahu ta Kudu. Majalisar gundumomi tana cikin yammacin Yankin Gabas kuma tana da Mpraeso a matsayin babban birninta. Shafin yanar gizon hukuma na Majalisar Gundumar Kwahu ta Kudu shine https://kwahusouth.gov.gh

## Jerin ƙauyuka
Gundumar Kwahu ta Kudu ta ƙunshi ƙaramin garin Atibie . Sauran manyan ƙananan garuruwa na Gundumar Kwahu ta Kudu sun haɗa da Bepong da Obo . Gundumar Kwahu ta Kudu ta shahara ne don hutun Ista na Kwahu, a wannan lokacin mutanen Gundumar Kudancin Kwahu sun cika.  

## Manazarta
Musicians United for Safe Energy

**Musicians United for Safe Energy**, ko **MUSE**, kungiya ce mai fafutuka da Jackson Browne, Graham Nash, Bonnie Raitt, Harvey Wasserman da John Hall suka kafa a shekarar 1979. Kungiyar ta yi kira game da amfani da makamashi na nukiliya, wanda aka kafa jim kadan bayan hadarin nukiliya na Three Mile Island a watan Maris na shekara ta 1979. MUSE ta shirya jerin kide-kide biyar na No Nukes da aka gudanar a Madison Square Garden a New York a watan Satumbar 1979. A ranar 23 ga Satumba, 1979, kusan mutane 200,000 sun halarci babban taro da MUSE ta shirya a arewacin ƙarshen Battery Park City a New York.

Sauran mawaƙa da ke yin wasan kwaikwayo a kide-kide sun haɗa da Crosby, Stills da Nash, Bruce Springsteen da E Street Band, James Taylor, Carly Simon, Chaka Khan, Doobie Brothers, Jesse Colin Young, Gil Scott-Heron, Tom Petty, Dan Fogelberg, Poco da sauransu. Kundin No Nukes, da fim, wanda ake kira No Nukes، an sake su a cikin 1980 don yin rikodin wasan kwaikwayon. An kuma yi fim din cikakken No Nukes wanda ke nuna Browne da Crosby, Stills & Nash a kusa da rairayin bakin teku a Ventura, California, a Ventura County Fairgrounds, amma babu wani daga cikin Ƙananan fim din da ya shiga cikin yanke na karshe.

Wani gardama ya tashi bayan wasan kwaikwayon mawaƙin reggae na Jamaica Peter Tosh yana sanye da Tufafin Palasdinawa (thawb da *keffiyeh*) kuma yana shan wiwi a bayyane. An dauki bayyanar Tosh a matsayin abin ƙyama ga Al'ummar Yahudawa a Birnin New York, yayin da kide-kide suka faru a lokacin hutun Sabuwar Shekara. Duk da cewa an tallata aikinsa don bayyana a cikin fim din da ke tare da shi kuma a kan kundi na kai tsaye sau uku, an cire Tosh daga duka sakonni biyu.  

A cikin zaɓen tsakiyar shekara ta 2006, an zabi Hall a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka daga Gundumar majalisa ta 19 ta New York, a kan dandamali wanda ya haɗa da saka hannun jari mai zurfi a madadin makamashi. Ya kayar da mai mulki, Sue Kelly .

A cikin 2007, Raitt, Nash, da Browne, a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar No Nukes, sun rubuta bidiyon kiɗa na waƙar Buffalo Springfield "For What It's Worth".  

Shekaru talatin da biyu bayan wasan kwaikwayo na No Nukes a New York, a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta, 2011, an gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo na MUSE a Shoreline Amphitheater a Mountain View, CA. don tara kuɗi don MUSE da kuma taimakon tsunami / bala'in nukiliya na Japan. Masu zane-zane sun hada da Jackson Browne, Bonnie Raitt, John Hall, Graham Nash, David Crosby, Stephen Stills, Kitaro, Jason Mraz, Sweet Honey in the Rock, Doobie Brothers, Tom Morello, da Jonathan Wilson. An nuna wasan kwaikwayon daga tashar.

## Dubi kuma

* Alliance for Nuclear Responsibility
* Yunkurin adawa da nukiliya a Amurka
* Abalone Alliance
* Shad Alliance
* zanga-zangar adawa da nukiliya a Amurka
* Babban Yunkurin Zaman Lafiya don Kashe Makaman Nukiliya na Duniya
* Iyaye don Zaman Lafiya
* Clamshell Alliance

## Manazarta
Gundumar Bia ta Yamma

**Gundumar Bia ta Yamma** tana ɗaya daga cikin gundumomi tara a Yammacin Arewa, Ghana . Da farko ya kasance wani ɓangare na Gundumar Bia mafi girma a watan Agustan shekara ta 2004, wanda aka kirkira daga tsohuwar Gundumar Sefwi-Bibiani, har sai an raba yankin arewa maso gabashin gundumar don ƙirƙirar **[[Gundumar Bia ta Gabas]]** a ranar 28 ga Yuni 2012; don haka an sake sunan sauran ɓangaren a matsayin **Gundumar Bia ta Yamma**. Taron gundumar yana cikin arewa maso yammacin Yankin Yammacin Arewa kuma yana da Sefwi Essam a matsayin babban birninta.

## Tushen

*  
* Gundumar Bia ta Yamma

## Manazarta
Ikorodu Oga Festival

**The [[Ikorodu]] Oga** biki ne na al’adu da ake gudanarwa duk shekara a Ikorodu, wani birni da ke Jihar Legas, Najeriya. An kafa bikin ne a shekarar 1992 ƙarƙashin jagorancin **Asiwaju B. O. Benson (SAN)**, kuma yana daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin jadawalin bukukuwan al’adu na birnin, inda yake nuna wadatacciyar gadon al’adu da kuma al’adun mutanen Ikorodu. Haka kuma, shi ne bikin da ya fi samun halartar jama’a a cikin dukkan bukukuwan da ake yi a Ikorodu.

## Tarihi
Bikin Ikorodu Oga ya samo asali ne daga tarihin birnin, wanda ya samo asali daga karni na 16 lokacin da Ikorodu ta kasance babbar cibiyar kasuwanci. Bikin zai fara ne da Woro Carnival, sannan Oga Social Night. Sauran ayyukan da aka shirya don mako na bikin sun haɗa da binciken likita na kyauta, fiesta na kiɗa da wasan kwaikwayo, da ranar haɗuwa da 'yan asalin ƙasar. Wadannan abubuwan za su ƙare a babban wasan karshe a ranar Asabar, 19 ga Nuwamba, wanda za a gudanar a Ayangbure Palace Pavilion, yana nuna ƙarshen bikin.

## Bikin
Ana yin bikin Ikorodu Oga a tsawon kwanaki bakwai, wanda ke nuna ayyuka da yawa, gami da jerin al'adun gargajiya da ke nuna masu rawa na gargajiya, mawaƙa, da masquerades. Ayyukan al'adu sun haɗa da Kiɗa, rawa, da wasan kwaikwayo da ke nuna al'adun al'adun birni.

## Ma'anar
Bikin Ikorodu Oga yana da mahimmanci saboda dalilai da yawa. musamman, adana al'adu, fa'idar tattalin arziki, gina al'umma.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Opobo Nwaotam Festival

***Opobo Nwaotam Festival***' bikin al'adu ne wanda yawanci mutanen masarautar Opobo ke yin bikin don haɗa baki da mazauna ƙauyen. Ana yin bikin Opobo Nwaotam a kowace ranar 25 ga watan Disamba sai dai a ranar Lahadi na wannan rana. wannan bikin al'adu ya samo asali ne daga al'adun mutanen Ibani. Ana buga wannan bikin al'adu a kan rufin ginin ba tare da la'akari da yadda ginin yake ba.

## Asalin
Ana iya danganta asalin **Bikin Opobo Nwaotam** da mutanen **Ndoki** a Jihar Abia. Mutanen Ndoki sun taɓa kasancewa da dogon lokaci na alaƙa da mutanen **Ibani** na **Bonny** da kuma **Opobo**. 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Iria ceremony

**Iria ceremony** biki ne da kabilar **Ijaw** ke gudanarwa a Jihar Rivers, Najeriya.[1] Muhimmin biki ne na al’adu wanda ke nuna sauyin mace daga wani mataki na rayuwar mata zuwa wani a cikin al’ummar Ijaw. Ana fi gudanar da bikin ne a masarautun **Ibani** da ke cikin Kananan Hukumomin **Bonny** da **Opobo-Nkoro** na Jihar Rivers.

Mataki na farko na bikin Iria ana ɗaukarsa al'ada ce ta wucewa ga 'yan mata yayin da suka kai ga balaga kuma suka fara girma a jiki. Kafin wannan matakin, yarinya yarinya tana gudu tsirara a kusa da unguwar, amma da zarar ta kai shekarun balaga, iyayenta suna samun murfin mata. Gabatar da wannan murfin ga yarinyar alama ce ta musamman, kuma ana yin bikin da babbar sha'awa. Ana kiran mai farawa na Iria a cikin Harshen Ibani a matsayin *Iriabo* . 

Bikin yana da matakai uku, kowanne yana dacewa da rukunin shekaru daban-daban. Idan wani mai shirin shiga mataki na ƙarshe na **Bibite** bai taɓa gudanar da wani daga cikin matakan da suka gabata ba, kamar yadda hakan ke faruwa a wasu lokuta, to dole ne a fara aiwatar da dukkan waɗannan matakan kafin a wuce zuwa mataki na ƙarshe.: 

#
# *Opu-Egerebite*: Wannan matakin an yi shi ne ga 'yan mata masu shekaru tsakanin 18 zuwa 21, da kuma wadanda suka girme su. A lokacin bikin Opu-Egerebite, matasan mata suna ɗaure murfin wuyan da ake kira Ikaki, tare da popo da yadudduka na damask, tare da riguna masu dacewa.
# Bibite: An tanadar Bibite ga mata masu shekaru 40 da sama. A wannan matakin, mata suna sa tufafin gargajiya kamar su intorica George wrapper da lili-inji wrapper. Mataki na Bibite yana da matsayi mafi girma na girmamawa da girmamawa a cikin bikin Iria a Bonny da Opobo, kuma yana samun kulawa da girmamawa ta musamman.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Boat Regatta

**Boat Regatta** biki ne da mutanen yankunan bakin ruwa na **Niger Delta** a Najeriya ke gudanarwa.. Mutane ne ke bikin daga Jihar Rivers, Jihar Akwa Ibom, Jihar Bayelsa, da Jihar Cross River  .

.

## Ayyuka
Mutanen da ke cikin kogi ne ke yin bikin a yankin delta na Nijar kuma lokaci ne na nuna al'adun ruwa a cikin al'ummomi. Wadannan mahalarta sun bayyana a cikin kyawawan kayan ado na asali kuma suna amfani da shi don nuna tsarin kare al'ummomi kafin mulkin mallaka, bukukuwan da addininsu.

Baya ga yin ado da kyawaan tufafi da kayan ado na gida, wasu fannoni na bikin sun haɗa da harbi na canons a kan jiragen ruwa da wasan kwaikwayo na masquerade don faranta wa taron rai a taron.

Kwanan nan a Jihar Rivers, Gwamna Nyesom Wike ya bayyana cewa ya kamata a yi bikin a kowace shekara a ranar 27 ga Mayu don nuna alamar kirkirar Jihar Rives da kuma nuna al'adu da al'adun mutanen Jihar Riers.

## Dubi kuma
Henley Royal Regatta

## Manazarta
Atakpo Festival

**Atakpo** **Festival** biki ne na shekara-shekara da mutanen Akwa-Ibom, musamman kabilar Uruan, ke gudanarwa don girmama allahansu. Manufar wannan bikin ita ce ƙarfafa yadawa da riƙe gadon al’adun Uruan. Ana shirya wannan biki na shekara-shekara ne a Karamar Hukumar Uruan, ɗaya daga cikin kananan hukumomi a Jihar Akwa-Ibom, Najeriya. 

## Manazarta
Christmas Unplugged Festival (Akwa Ibom State)

**Christmas Unplugged Festival** Biki ne na shekara-shekara na kwanaki 32 na Kirsimeti, wanda ke haɗa al’adu da nishadi, ana gudanar da shi a Uyo, Jihar Akwa Ibom, Najeriya . Ana gudanar da bikin ne daga 1 ga Disamba zuwa 1 ga Janairu a Unity Park (wanda aka fi sani da ƙauyen Kirsimeti na Akwa Ibom) kuma yana nuna wasan kwaikwayo na yau da kullun, nune-nunen, da ayyukan nishaɗi da ke nuna al'adun al'adun jihar. 

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya
An gabatar da Kirsimeti Unplugged a matsayin bikin wata daya da aka tsara don inganta yawon bude ido, kasuwancin gida, da musayar al'adu a Jihar Akwa Ibom. Kowace rana ta bikin tana nuna ɗayan yankuna 31 na karamar hukuma ta jihar ta hanyar kiɗa na gargajiya, rawa, abinci, sana'o'i, da nune-nunen.

Kirsimeti Unplugged ya zama ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan biki a kudu maso kudancin Najeriya, yana jan hankalin mazauna, baƙi, baƙi da masu dawowa. Ya jaddada kan al'adun al'adu

Bikin yawanci yana da:

* Ayyukan al'adu da nune-nunen al'adu
* Abincin gida da nunin abinci
* Nuni na fasaha da sana'a
* Nunin wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo na mataki, da gasa na rawa
* Kayan kide-kide na kai tsaye na masu zane-zane na yanki da na ƙasa
* Babban kasuwar dare da ƙauyen nishaɗi

## Wuri
Ana gudanar da wannan taron ne a **Unity Park**, wanda ake kuma kira **Akwa Ibom Christmas Park**, wani fili ne na jama’a mai amfani da dama a **Uyo** da aka tsara don yawon shakatawa da tarukan jama’a masu yawa. A lokacin bikin, filin yana daukar ɗaruruwan **kiosks** na wucin gadi da kananan da matsakaitan 'yan kasuwa ke haya..

## Dubi kuma

* Bikin Kirsimeti na Akwa Ibom
* Garin Kirsimeti na Akwa Ibom
* Yawon shakatawa a Najeriya

## Manazarta
Akwa Ibom Christmas Carols Festival

**Bikin Kirsimeti na [[Akwa Ibom]]** babban taro ne na mawaƙa a Najeriya. Wani kide-kide da ke dauke da mawaƙa 25,272 a Filin wasa na Akwa Ibom, Uyo, Akwa Ibon, Najeriya, tare da wakilan Guinness World Records da suka halarta, an tabbatar da shi a matsayin mafi girma a duniya ta Guinness World Records  a ranar 13 ga Disamba, 2014, a kan tsohon rikodin mawaƙa 15,674 wanda aka samu a shekarar da ta gabata (Disamba 15, 2013) ta ƙungiyar da ake kira CENTI a Bogotá, Colombia.

## [[Godswill Akpabio|Tarihi]]

### Buga na 2012-2013
Bikin na 2012 ya nuna masu zane-zane kamar Alvin Slaughter da Donnie McClurkin daga Amurka da Chorale Devine de Merveilles na Jamhuriyar Kongo. Bishop Oyedepo na Living Faith Church Worldwide (Winners' Chapel) da kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam, Rev. Jesse Jackson, sun halarci fitowar 2013 kuma sun hada da National Choir na Tarayyar St. Kitts da Nevis, mawaƙa na kasa da kasa kamar Lionel Peterson da Isra'ila Houghton, da mawaƙa na Najeriya kamar Bongos Ikwue, Frank Edwards, Nathaniel Bassey, Aity Dennis Inyang, el Mafrex, Freke Umoh, da Fadabasi.
### 2014 editional
A shekarar 2014, wannan taron ya karya Guinness World Record ya zama “Taron Mawaƙa Masu Rera Kwalolin Kirsimeti Mafi Girma a Duniya”. A cikin wadanda suka halarta akwai Don Moen, mawakin waƙoƙin bishara na ƙasa da ƙasa, da Cardinal John Onaiyekan na Diocese Katolika ta Abuja. Taron ya ƙunshi nune-nunen musamman daga ƙungiyoyin Quartet na ƙungiyoyin ƙoralen ƙasa da ƙasa guda biyar da suka yi nune-nune a baya. Haka kuma, mawaka kamar Angela Christie (saxophonist na waƙoƙin bishara), Lionel Peterson, Sinach, Harmonious Chorale. da wasu da dama sun yi nune-nune. Labari game da wannan sabon rikodi ya sanar wa mutanen Akwa Ibom ta bakin gwamna, Godswill Akpabio. A cikin jawabin sa, ya ce: "A wannan wata, mun karya Guinness Book of World Records, don samun mafi yawan mawaƙa masu rera kwalolin Kirsimeti a duniya. An cimma wannan babban nasara ne lokacin da mutanen Akwa Ibom daga ko’ina cikin jihar suka haɗu cikin ruhin ƙauna da ɗan’uwantaka. Ina da yakinin cewa idan muka rungumi dabi’ar ƙauna kuma muka tsaya tare cikin ɗan’uwantaka a Sabuwar Shekara, za mu ci gaba da kafa rikodi, kuma katangar rabuwar da wasu ‘yan siyasa masu son kai suka gina za ta rushe."

### 2016 editionli
A shekarar 2016, Gwamnatin Jihar Akwa Ibom ta sake shirya wannan kide-kide a ranar 17 ga Disamba, 2016.  " "An samu baƙi daga ko’ina cikin duniya kamar Don Moen, mawaki mai lashe lambobin yabo na waƙoƙin bishara, ƙungiyar PRM Band, The Kayamba Africa Choral Ensemble da Kenya Boys Choir. Haka kuma, wasu mawaka na cikin gida daga Najeriya kamar Sammie Okposo, Buchi, Steve Crown, Elijah Oyelade, Rev. Fr. Patrick Edet, Esther Edoho, Julius Nglass da Perfecta Ekpo sun halarci taron.

## Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

Fayil:Akwa_Ibom_Christmas_Carol_Ground,_Uyo,_Akwa_Ibom_state.jpg
Fayil:Akwa_Ibom_Christmas_Carol_Ground,_Uyo,_Akwa_Ibom_state3.jpg


## Manazarta
GTBank Food and Drink Festival

**GTBank Food and Drink** wani taron abinci ne na shekara-shekara da ake gudanarwa tsawon kwanaki da dama, wanda **Guaranty Trust Bank** ke daukar nauyi, kuma ake shirya shi a **Lagos**. An gudanar da fitowar farko na wannan biki tsawon kwanaki biyu a shekarar 2016, yayin da sauran taruka na shekara-shekara ke gudana tsawon kwanaki hudu. A wannan taro, masu saye suna haɗuwa da masu sayarwa a masana’antar abinci da abin sha daga sassa daban-daban na Najeriya da wasu ƙasashe. Masu nuna kayan abinci suna nuna da sayar da kayayyaki iri-iri na abinci, daga kayan lambu masu ɗanɗano na halitta, abincin busasshe, kayan zaki, pastries, kayan amfani na yau da kullum, kayan girki, giya da champagnes.

Baya ga nune-nunen, wasu fannoni na taron sun haɗa da abubuwan da suka faru na abinci kamar dandano abinci da ruwan inabi, manyan darussan dafa abinci tare da sanannun masu dafa abinci na duniya da na Najeriya, da kuma nishaɗin kiɗa. An gudanar da wurin ne a Ligali Ayorinde, yankin Kamfanin Ruwa na Oniru-Lekki, Tsibirin Victoria tun lokacin da aka kafa shi.

A matsayin mafi girman baje kolin abinci na Afirka,   taron ya nuna shahararrun chefs da foodies daga Najeriya da sauran sassan duniya ciki har da Alex Oke, Gbubemi Fregene, Tiyan Alile, Ozoz Sokoh, Marcus Samuelsson da Phil Howard da sauransu.  

## Manazarta
Babatunde Agunloye

**Babatunde Faruk Agunloye** (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Yulin shekarar 1977), daraktan fina-finai ne na Najeriya kuma mai shirya fina-finai da ke zaune a Kanada  .  An san shi da fim ɗinsa na *Aajule keji Realm 2* wanda ya ba shi kyautar mafi kyawun fina-finai na duniya a bikin fina-finai na Toronto International Nollywood (TINFF). 

## Rayuwar farko
Babatunde ya fito ne daga jihar Ogun kuma an haife shi kuma ya girma a Legas. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Ire-Akari Estate model, Isolo da makarantar sakandare ta rundunar sojin sama, Ikeja sannan ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Jihar Legas Ojo sannan ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Makarantar Fina-finai ta Toronto, Toronto. 

## Sana'a
A shekarar 2022, Babatunde Agunloye ya lashe kyautar Mafi kyawun fina-finai na duniya a bikin fina-finai na Toronto International Nollywood (TINFF) tare da fim ɗinsa mai suna 'Aajule keji Realm 2'  ’

A shekarar 2024, an sanya Babatunde a cikin manyan masu shirya fina-finan Afirka a cikin ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tsara sabuwar hanya a masana'antar fina-finai ta hanyar Leadership .  A wannan shekarar, ya shirya fim na farko da aka yi da yawancin 'yan wasan baƙar fata a talabijin na Kanada.  

## Fim ɗin fim

## Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*
Kisan Uyinene Mrwetyana

**UyiNene** "Nene" **Mrwetyana**  (20 Afrilu 2000 - 24 Agusta 2019)   ya kasance dalibi ne na Afirka ta Kudu a Jami'ar Cape Town . A ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, 2019, an yi mata fyade kuma an kashe ta a unguwar Claremont, Cape Town . Kisan da aka yi mata ya nuna babbar matsalar kasa ta tashin hankali da Kisan mata a Afirka ta Kudu,    kuma an yaba da "canja hankalin jama'ar Afirka ta Kudu" da kuma "ƙone motsi".  

## Tarihi
An haifi Mrwetyana a Gabashin London, Gabashin Cape ga iyayen Noma da Philip Mrwetyana .  Ta girma a unguwar Beacon Bay a Gabashin Landan kuma ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Hudson Park a [Vincent],  inda ta jagoranci majalisar dalibai ta makarantar kuma an ba ta kyautar "Hudsonian of the Year". Mrwetyana ta halarci makarantar sakandare a Kwalejin Kingswood inda ta kammala karatu a shekarar 2018, bayan mutuwarta ta sami lambar yabo ta Neil Aggett Memorial Award a shekarar 2020.   Ta fara karatun fim da kafofin watsa labarai a Jami'ar Cape Town jim kadan bayan kammala karatun sakandare.

## Abubuwan da suka faru da kuma shari'a

### Kisan kai da bacewar
A ranar 24 ga watan Agustan 2019, wani mai kula da gidan waya da kuma mai kisan ta na gaba, Luyanda Botha, ya gaya wa Mrwetyana cewa jakarta ba ta shirya don tattarawa ba kuma ya kamata ta dawo daga baya da rana, duk da cewa ofishin gidan waya ya rufe da karfe 1 na yamma. Botha ya shirya harin da ya kai a gaba, ya shirya tare da abokin aikinsa na gidan waya, Soraya Abdullah don ta bar aiki a baya. Lokacin da Mrwetyana ta isa bayan lokacin rufewa na hukuma, Botha ta kulle ƙofar a bayanta kuma ta fara keta ta. Ya yi mata fyade kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya maƙure ta, kafin a ƙarshe ya buge ta har ya mutu tare da nauyin kilo biyu da ke kaiwa kanta kuma a ƙarshe ya buga ta ba tare da sanin komai ba. Ya dawo washegari don dawo da jikinta kuma ya tuka zuwa wani filin da ke kusa inda ya zuba jikinta da man fetur kuma ya ƙone shi.

An ga Mrwetyana na karshe a Claremont yana barin karamin taksi a waje da Ofishin Jakadancin Clareinch jim kadan kafin mutuwarta. Ta ɓace na kwana tara kuma ta sami babban adadin kafofin watsa labarai da kuma kulawar jama'a a Cape Town. A wannan lokacin ne hashtag #BringNeneHome ya fara zama sananne a kafofin sada zumunta. An gano gawar Mrwetyana a cikin rami kusa da hanyar jirgin kasa da ba a yi amfani da ita ba a gari Lingelethu West a Khayelitsha. An gano shi a ranar 26 amma an gano shi ne kawai bayan 'yan kwanaki.  

### Shari'a
An kama wani wanda ake zargi, wanda daga baya aka gano shi a matsayin ma'aikacin gidan waya Luyanda Botha, kuma ya furta wa Kotun Majalisa ta Wynberg cewa ya aikata kisan a ofishin gidan waya a Claremont. Bayan kama shi da kuma ikirarin da ya biyo baya, an gano Botha ya yi mata fyade kuma ya maƙure ta, kafin a ƙarshe ya buge ta har ya mutu. A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba 2019, Luyanda Botha ta sami hukuncin rai da rai uku saboda fyade da kisan Mrwetyana .  Zai cancanci a sallami bayan ya yi shekaru 25 na hukuncinsa.

## Amsa

### Halin kasa

## Manazarta
Kalmomin Kalmomin

Kpelle syllabary an kirkireshi ne a shekara ta 1935 ta Cif Gbili na Sanoyie, Laberiya. An yi niyya ne don rubuta yaren Kpelle, memba na ƙungiyar Mande na yarukan Nijar-Congo da kusan mutane 490,000 ke magana a Laberiya da kusan mutane 300,000 a Guinea a wannan lokacin.

Syllabary ya ƙunshi zane-zane 88 kuma an rubuta shi daga hagu zuwa dama a cikin layuka masu kwance. Yawancin glyphs suna da nau'i fiye da ɗaya.

Masu magana da Kpelle a Laberiya da Guinea sun yi amfani da shi har zuwa wani lokaci a cikin shekarun 1930 da farkon shekarun 1940 amma ba su taɓa samun karbuwa ba. An rarraba shi a matsayin rubutun da ya gaza.

A yau an rubuta Kpelle tare da sigar haruffa na Latin.

## Manazarta
Harshen Libyco-Berber

**Harshen Libyco-[[Abzinawa|Berber]]** tsarin rubutu ne na abjad wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin karni na farko BC ta mutane daban-daban na Berber na Arewacin Afirka da Tsibirin Canary, don rubuta tsoffin nau'ikan harshen Berber kamar Harshen Numidian.

Amfani da haruffa na Libyco-Berber ya mutu a yankunan arewa a lokacin ko bayan mulkin Daular Romawa da Daular Byzantine, amma ya bazu kudu zuwa hamadar Sahara kuma ya samo asali a can a cikin haruffa Tuareg Tifinagh da Tuareg Berbers ke amfani da shi har zuwa yau.

Har ila yau an san shi da **Rubutun Numidian** ko **Tsohon rubutun Libya**, batun shine kauce wa zaton cewa Numidian yana da ci gaba tare da kowane yaren Berber na zamani.

## Asalin
Asalin rubutun Libyco-Berber har yanzu ana muhawara ta masu bincike na ilimi. Babban ra'ayoyin game da asalinsa sun nuna shi a matsayin ko dai an canza shi sosai na haruffa na Phoenician, ko kuma wani abu da aka kirkira na gida wanda ya rinjayi na ƙarshe,  tare da ra'ayi mafi goyan baya shine cewa ya samo asali ne daga samfurin gida wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar Phoenician ko archaic Semitic model.  Sauran bayanin da ba za a iya tsammani ba sun haɗa da tasirin Girkanci, Punic ko Kudancin Larabawa.

Ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin bambance-bambance da aka sani na rubutun an samo shi a rubuce-rubuce a Dugga wanda ya kasance daga zamanin Numidian.

## Bambance-bambance
Akwai bambance-bambance da yawa na rubutun Libyco-Berber; wasu binciken sun raba waɗannan bambance-nunen zuwa gabas da yamma, yayin da wasu suka gano fiye da 25 "harsuna" da aka haɗa a cikin iyalai 5 daban-daban.

The eastern variant was used in what is now Constantine and the Aurès regions of Algeria and in Tunisia, and to an extent Kabylia. It is the best-deciphered variant, due to the discovery of several Numidian bilingual inscriptions in Libyco-Berber and Punic (notably so-called KAI 100 and 101 at Dougga in Tunisia). Since 1843, 22 letters out of the 24 have been deciphered.&#x5B;**&#x5D;

An yi amfani da bambancin Yammacin tare da gabar Bahar Rum daga Kabylia zuwa Tsibirin Canary. Ya yi amfani da ƙarin haruffa 13. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2002, yawancin bambancin Yamma ba a bayyana su ba. An kuma lura da alamun bambancin Yammacin da za a yi amfani da su a hade tare da yiwuwar hotuna dabbobi.

## Rubuce-rubuce
Ana samun rubutun Libyco-Berber a cikin dubban rubutun dutse da zane-zane a ko'ina cikin Maroko, arewacin Aljeriya, Tunisiya, arewacin Libya da tsibirin Canary, tare da rubuce-rubuce na bambancin Saharan daga baya (na canji) a cikin dutsen dutse a Mali da Nijar.

Baya ga dubban ƙananan rubuce-rubuce, wasu sanannun rubuce-buce na Libyco-Berber suna cikin Haikali na Massinissa (wanda aka gano a 1904) da kuma Yarima Ateban Mausoleum a Dougga / Thugga (TBGG), arewacin Tunisia. Sauran mahimman rubutun Libyco-Berber sune Azib N'Ikkis  da Oukaimeden,  dukansu an samo su a cikin tsaunukan High-Atlas na Morocco.
## manazarta
Rubutun Mandombe

**Mandombe** ko **Mandombé** rubutun ne da aka gabatar a 1978 a Mbanza-Ngungu a lardin Bas-Congo na Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo ta Wabeladio Payi, wanda ya ba da labarin cewa Simon Kimbangu, na Ikilisiyar Kimbanguist ya bayyana masa a cikin mafarki. Mandombe ya dogara ne akan "tsarkaka siffofi" kuma an yi niyya ne don rubuta harsunan Afirka kamar Kikongo, da kuma harsunan ƙasa huɗu na Kongo, Kikongo ya leta, Lingala, Tshiluba da Swahili, kodayake ba shi da isasshen wasula don rubuta Lingala cikakke. Ana koyar da shi a makarantun Cocin Kimbanguist a Angola, Jamhuriyar Kongo, da Jamhuriwar Demokradiyyar Kongo. Har ila yau, Cibiyar Kimbanguist de l'Écriture Négro-Africaine (CENA) ce ke inganta shi. Kwalejin Mandombe a CENA a halin yanzu tana aiki a kan sake rubuta wasu harsunan Afirka a cikin rubutun. An rarraba shi a matsayin rubutun asali na uku mafi inganci na rubutun asalin Afirka ta Yamma, bayan kawai Sai syllabary da haruffa N'Ko.

An gabatar da shawarar farko don haɗa wannan rubutun a cikin halayen da aka haɗa ISO 10646/Unicode .  Andrij Rovenchak, Helma Pasch, Charles Riley, da Nandefo Robert Wazi ne suka rubuta wani tsari na Unicode a watan Fabrairun 2016.

## Sautin saututuka
H*ao*">i sa**'u**' ya ƙunshi sassa biyu: ainihin siffar 5 na rubutun Mandombe tare da lamba, ko - a cikin yanayin *ü* (/y/) - ta hanyar canza wasula na u. Wasula 1 ita ce i, wasula 2 u, wasula 3 e, wasula 4 o, da wasula 5 a.

A &#x5D;

## Rukunin wakoki da iyalai
Akwai siffofi huɗu na asali. Kowane siffar (halayyar tushe) za a iya nunawa shi a kwance, a tsaye, ko duka biyu don wakiltar ma'anar daban-daban; ma'anar huɗu da aka kafa ana ɗaukar su ƙungiya ce, kuma ma'anar da aka nuna ta wannan hanyar ana ɗaukar su iyali ne. Wadannan consonants an haɗa su da wasula, waɗanda aka nuna su iri ɗaya, don ƙirƙirar kalmomi
## manazarta
Rubutun Meroitic

**Rubutun Meroitic** ya ƙunshi rubutun alphasyllabic guda biyu waɗanda aka haɓaka don rubuta Harshen Meroitic a farkon zamanin Meroittic (karni na 3 BC) na Masarautar Kush. Rubutun guda biyu sune Meroitic Cursive, wanda aka samo daga Demotic Egyptian, da Meroittic Hieroglyphs, wanda aka samu daga hieroglyphes na Masar. Meroitic Cursive shine rubutun da aka fi tabbatarwa, wanda ya zama ~90% na duk rubutun,  kuma ya riga ya wuce, da ƙarni ɗaya ko fiye,  rubutun Meroittic na farko da ya tsira. Masanin tarihin Girka Diodorus Siculus (kimanin 50 BC) ya bayyana rubutun biyu a cikin Bibliotheca historica, Littafin III (Afirka), Babi na 4. Rubutun Meroitic na ƙarshe da aka sani shine rubutun Meroittic Cursive na sarki Blemmye, Kharamadoye, daga wani shafi a cikin Haikali na Kalabsha (REM 0094), wanda kwanan nan aka sake shi zuwa AD 410 / 450 na karni na 5. Kafin zamanin Meroitic, an yi amfani da rubutun Masar don rubuta sunayen Kushite da abubuwa masu mahimmanci.

Kodayake Masarau Kush ta ƙare tare da faduwar babban birnin sarauta na Meroë, amfani da harshe da rubutun Cursive ya ci gaba na ɗan lokaci bayan wannan taron. A lokacin karni na 6th Kiristanci na Nubia, an maye gurbin harshen Kushite da rubutun Cursive da Byzantine Greek, Coptic, da . Tsohon rubutun Nubian, wanda aka samo daga rubutun Uncial na Girkanci, ya  haruffa uku na Meroitic Cursive: Ōn, kuma mai yiwuwa Ōnkh, don Tsohon Nubian [ɲ], [w - u], da [ŋ] bi da bi. Wannan ƙarin haruffa na Meroitic Cursive ya nuna cewa ci gaban Tsohon rubutun Nubian ya fara akalla ƙarni biyu kafin cikakken shaidar farko a ƙarshen karni na 8 da / ko kuma an riƙe ilimin harshen Kushite da rubutun har zuwa karni na 8.

Francis Llewellyn Griffith, masanin kimiyyar Masar na Burtaniya, ya fassara rubutun a cikin 1909, bisa ga rubutun Meroitic na sunayen Masar. Koyaya, yaren Meroitic da kansa ya kasance ba a fahimta ba. A ƙarshen shekara ta 2008, an sami cikakkiyar sadaukarwar sarauta ta farko,  wanda zai iya taimakawa tabbatarwa ko karyata wasu ra'ayoyin yanzu.

Rubutun da ya fi tsayi da aka samu yana cikin Gidan Tarihi na Fine Arts, Boston.

Akwa**i** siffofi biyu na zane-zane na Meroitic alphasyllabary: alamomi masu mahimmanci, da kuma cursive. Yawancin matani suna da mahimmanci. Ba kamar rubuce-rubucen Masar ba, akwai rubutu mai sauƙi tsakanin nau'ikan Meroitic guda biyu, sai dai a cikin nau'ikan cursive, ana haɗa ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin a cikin ligatures zuwa wasula mai zuwa.

## manazarta
Rubutun Mwangwego

**Rubutun Mwangwego** tsarin rubuce-rubuce ne na abugida wanda masanin harshe Nolence Mwangwego ya kirkira don Harsunan Malawi da sauran harsunan Afirka a shekarar 1977.  Yana daya daga cikin rubutun asali da yawa da aka kirkira don al'ummomin yaren gida a Afirka.

## Tarihi

### Game da mahalicci
An haifi Nolence Moses Mwangwego a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1951, a Gundumar Mwinilunga a cikin abin da ke Arewacin Rhodesia (yanzu Zambia ta zamani); tushensa sun fito ne daga ƙauyen Yaphet Mwakasungula a yankin Paramount shugaban Kyungu a Gunduma na Karonga na tsohon Nyasaland (yanzu Malawi ta zamani).  Yana magana da rubutu Chewa, Tumbuka, Kyangonde, Turanci, Faransanci, da Portuguese. A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin malamin Faransanci a Cibiyar Al'adu ta Faransa, a Blantyre . 

### Ci gaba da yaduwa
Tunanin rubutun Malawi ya zo ne a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1977, a Paris, lokacin da Mwangwego ya gano cewa akwai tsarin rubuce-rubuce daban-daban a duniya, kuma ya yi tunanin cewa kalmomin da ke nufin "rubuce" a cikin yarukan Malawi sun kasance shaida cewa sun taɓa samun rubutun kansu.

An kirkiro rubutun Mwangwego a cikin 1979, tare da ƙarin alamomi da Mwangwego ya kirkira har zuwa 1997.   An ci gaba da sake fasalin wannan har sai an kammala shi a shekara ta 2003. An ƙaddamar da rubutun tare da tallace-tallace musamman tare da masu sauraro daga Ministan Matasa, Wasanni da Al'adu na Malawi, Mista Kamangadazi Chambalo, an nakalto shi yana cewa:

Mutumin farko da ya koyi rubutun shine Mwandipa Chimaliro;  wasu dalibai goma a wannan shekarar sun koyi rubutun kuma wadanda suka ci gaba da koyar da wasu. A shekara ta 2007 an kafa kungiyar Mwangwego wacce membobinta ke buɗewa ga waɗanda suka koyi rubutun. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, akwai kimanin mutane 395 da ke amfani da shi. An taɓa buga littafi ɗaya kawai ta amfani da rubutun wanda shine A Malawi Tili Pati ("Malawians, ina muna?") na Nolence Mwangwego da kansa a Chichewa a cikin 2011. Mwangwego ya ci gaba da gudanar da laccoci da nune-nunen jama'a a cibiyoyin ilimi kuma yana koyar da rubutun.

## Manazarta
Rubutun Nwagu Aneke

**Rubutun Nwagu Aneke** kundi  ne da wasu rubutun da Nwagu Anike ya kirkira don yaren Umuleri na Ibo a ƙarshen shekarun 1950. Aneke, mai mallakar ƙasa mai cin nasara kuma mai duba, ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba shi da ƙwarewar karatu ko rubuce-rubuce, kuma ruhohin da suka bayyana masa haruffa sun yi wahayi zuwa gare shi. Rubutun ba shi da wasula amma yayi kama da sauran rubutun Yammacin Afirka da aka kirkira a ƙarni na 19 da 20, kamar syllabary na Vai, saboda yana da haruffa don sautunan da ba a cikin rubutun Latin ba. Aneke ya rubuta litattafai sama da 100 na ayyukan sharhi na adawa da mulkin mallaka da kuma rubutun yau da kullun, ciki har da The Spirits Implore Me to Record All They Koyar da Ni da Na je kewaye Duniya, kafin mutuwarsa a 1991.

## Manazarta
Harshen Lepsius

**Lepsius Standard** Alphabet haruffan Latin ne wanda Karl Richard Lepsius ya haɓaka. Da farko Lepsius ya yi amfani da shi wajen rubuta hiroglyphs na Masar a cikin littafinsa na Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien, kuma ya tsawaita shi don rubuta harsunan Afirka, wanda aka buga a 1853, [ana hujja hujja] 1854 da 1855, kuma a cikin bugu da aka yi bita a cikin 1863 ba a yi amfani da shi da yawa ba, amma an yi amfani da shi da yawa. alama kuma yana da wahalar karantawa da rubutawa a lokacin. Ya kasance, duk da haka, yana da tasiri a cikin ayyuka na baya kamar Ellis's Paleotype, da diacritics irin su m accent for palatalization, under-dot for retroflex, ja layi don jaddada Larabci, kuma latsa haruffa ya ci gaba a cikin amfani na zamani.

## Sautin sautin
Tsawon wasula ana nuna shi ta *Sanya* macron (*ā*) ko taƙaitaccen (ă) don dogon da gajeren wasula, bi da bi. Ana nuna wasula masu buɗewa ta hanyar layi a ƙarƙashin harafin (*e̱*), yayin da maɓallin da ke *Yana da* harafin ya sa ya zama wasula mai kusa (ẹ). Ana rubuta Wasula na gaba da zagaye tare da umlaut (*ö*  da *ü* ), gabaɗaya a sama, amma a ƙasa lokacin da ake buƙatar sararin sama da harafin don alamun tsawon wasula (saboda haka). Ana nuna wasula na baya da ba a zagaye ba ta hanyar 'hook' (ogonek) a kan *ę* ko į . Ana iya rubuta wasula na tsakiya a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan jerin, ko kuma a matsayin ƙananan wasula.

Ana amfani da ƙaramin da'irar da ke ƙasa da harafi don nuna alamar duka schwa (a, kuma da dai sauransu don wasu ƙananan wasula) da ƙayyadaddun syllabic (a, misali).

Diphthongs ba sa karɓar wata alama ta musamman, ana haɗa su ne kaw*ai* (ai ). Ana iya amfani da ɗan gajeren alama don rarrabe wane ɓangaren diphthong ne a kan- ko a kan-glide (*uĭ, ŭi*). Za'a iya nuna sautin a cikin hiatus tare da diaeresis lokacin da ya cancanta (*aï* ).

## Manazarta
Rubutun Osmanya

**Osmanya** (, , wanda aka fi sani da *Faromaya*, "Rubuce-rubucen Somaliya")  kuma a cikin Larabci kamar *al-kitābah al-ʿuthmānīyah* (; "Rubucen Osman"), rubutun haruffa ne da aka kirkira don fassara Harshen Somaliya.  Osman Yusuf Kenadid ne ya kirkireshi, ɗan Sultan Yusuf Ali Kenadid kuma ɗan'uwan Sultan Ali Yusuf Kenadid na Sultanate na Hobyo. Abubuwan da aka rubuta a cikin rubutun 'kusan ba su wanzu ba,' don haka yana da wahala a bayyana amfani da shi da tabbaci.

## Tarihi

Duk da yake Osmanya ya sami karɓa mai ma'ana don wasiƙa da lissafi a matakin gida, ya sadu da tsananin juriya a matsayin rubutun ƙasa saboda dalilai da yawa: an gano shi tare da dangin Majeerteen, waɗanda suka goyi bayan gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Italiya, maimakon tare da al'ummar Somaliya gaba ɗaya (ra'ayin da ya canza kaɗan a cikin karni na 21), akwai adawa da yin Somaliya maimakon Larabci harshen hukuma na ƙasar, kuma ban da haka akwai adawa ga amfani da kowane Rubutun Larabci maimakon ko dai Larabci, wanda aka yi amfani da shi da daɗewa don rubuce-rubuce a Larabci.

Bayan samun 'yancin kai an kafa kwamiti na gwamnati don yanke shawara kan tsarin rubuce-rubuce na hukuma don Somaliya. Ya fi son Rubutun Kaddare, amma ya yanke hukunci cewa ba zai yiwu ba ga al'umma mai tasowa. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1972 an karɓi haruffa na Latin na Somaliya a matsayin tsarin rubuce-rubuce na hukuma don Somaliya saboda sauƙin sa, ikon magance duk sautuna a cikin harshe, da kuma kasancewar injuna da na'urorin buga takardu da aka tsara don rubutun Latin. Gwamnatin Shugaba Mohamed Siad Barre daga baya ta kaddamar da kamfen din karatu da rubutu wanda aka tsara don tabbatar da karbar ta, wanda ya haifar da raguwar amfani da Osmanya.

## Bayyanawa

### Kalmomi
Ba a daidaita tsari na haruffa gaba ɗaya ba, kamar yadda ka*w* haruffa da suka dace da rubutun Larabci ana rubuta su a cikin wannan tsari. Harafin ̆ *alef*, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don nuna dogon wasula *da kuma* tsayawar glottal, an sauke shi a lokacin da aka kara haruffa don *aa*, *ee*, *oo*, da w, y sun zo don amfani da *uu*, ii. Umurnin da ke ƙasa shine - ban da riƙewar wasikar alef - kamar yadda ɗan mai kirkirar Yaasiin ya rubuta, kodayake an tabbatar da wasu umarni daban-daban.

## manazarta