Sallie W. Chisholm

**Sallie Watson** " **Penny** " **Chisholm** (an Haife ta a shekara ta 1947)  yar ƙasar Amurka ce  masanin ilimin teku ne a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts . ƙwararriya ce a fannin ilimin halitta da juyin halitta na ƙwayoyin cuta na teku . Binciken nata ya mayar da hankali musamman akan phytoplankton na ruwa da ya fi yawa, *Prochlorococcus ,* wanda ta gano a cikin 1980s tare da Rob Olson da sauran masu haɗin gwiwa.  Tana da magana ta TED game da gano su da mahimmancin su da ake kira "Ƙaramar halittar da ke iko da duniya a asirce". 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi

An haifi Chisholm a Marquette, Michigan kuma ya sauke karatu daga Marquette Senior High School a 1965.  Ta halarci Kwalejin Skidmore kuma ta sami digiri na uku daga SUNY Albany a 1974. Bayan ta Ph.D., ta yi aiki a matsayin mai bincike na gaba da digiri a Scripps Institution of Oceanography daga 1974 zuwa 1976.

## Sana'a
Chisholm ya kasance memba a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts tun 1976 kuma masanin kimiyyar ziyara a Cibiyar Woods Hole Oceanographic tun 1978. Binciken ta ya mayar da hankali kan ilimin halittu na phytoplankton na ruwa.  Aikin farko na Chisholm ya mayar da hankali ne kan hanyoyin da irin wannan plankton ke ɗaukan abubuwan gina jiki da kuma yadda hakan ke shafar tsarin rayuwarsu akan ma'auni na lokutan rana. Wannan ya sa ta fara amfani da cytometry mai gudana wanda za a iya amfani da shi don auna kaddarorin sel guda ɗaya.

Yin amfani da cytometry mai gudana zuwa samfuran muhalli ya jagoranci Chisholm da abokan aikinta (musamman Rob Olson da Heidi Sosik ) zuwa gano cewa ƙananan plankton (musamman *Prochlorococcus* da *Synechococcus* ) sun kasance mafi mahimmanci na samar da ruwa fiye da yadda aka sani a baya. . A baya can, masana kimiyyar halittu sun mai da hankali kan diatoms silicaceous a matsayin mafi mahimmancin phytoplankton, wanda ke lissafin gigatons 10-20 na ɗaukar carbon kowace shekara. Ayyukan Chisholm sun nuna cewa an zagaya mafi girman adadin carbon ta hanyar waɗannan ƙananan algae, wanda kuma yana iya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin zagayowar nitrogen ta duniya.

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Chisholm ya taka rawar gani wajen adawa da yin amfani da takin ƙarfe a matsayin gyarar fasaha don canjin yanayi na ɗan adam . 

A cikin 1994, Chisholm na ɗaya daga cikin malamai 16 mata a Makarantar Kimiyya a MIT waɗanda suka tsara tare da sanya hannu kan wata takarda zuwa ga Shugaban Kimiyya na lokacin (yanzu Chancellor na Berkeley) Robert Birgeneau, wanda ya fara kamfen don haskakawa da ƙalubalantar jinsi. nuna bambanci a MIT. 

## Kyaututtuka da karramawa
Chisholm ya kasance memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Amurka (NAS) tun daga 2003 kuma ɗan'uwan Cibiyar Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka tun 1992.

A cikin Janairu 2010, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Alexander Agassiz Medal, don "nazari na farko na manyan halittu masu daukar hoto a cikin teku da kuma haɗa sakamakonta zuwa sabon fahimtar tekun duniya." 

Ta kasance mai karɓa a cikin 2012 na lambar yabo ta Ruth Patrick daga Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Kimiyya na Limnology da Oceanography . 

Chisholm ya sami lambar yabo ta Kimiyya ta ƙasa daga Shugaba Barack Obama a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2013. 

A cikin 2013, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Ramon Margalef a cikin Ilimin Halittu, "saboda kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin masu fa'ida, kwarjini da masu bincike masu aiki akan ilmin halitta da ilimin halittu na ruwa". 

A ranar 24 ga Mayu, 2018, Jami'ar Harvard ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Doctor of Science. 

A cikin 2019 ta sami lambar yabo ta Crafoord a cikin Biosciences, "don ganowa da kuma nazarin majagaba na mafi yawan kwayoyin halittar photosynthesis a Duniya, Prochlorococcus".  Ana ɗaukar wannan kyautar daidai da kyautar Nobel (wanda babu wani nau'in Biosciences). Chisholm an girmama shi a Crafoord Prize Symposium in Biosciences  wanda 6 mashahuran masana kimiyya na duniya suka yi magana (domin gabatarwa): Alexandra Worden (sannan a GEOMAR Helmholtz Cibiyar Nazarin Tekun Kiel, Jamus), Corina Brussaard (NIOZ Royal Netherlands). Cibiyar Nazarin Teku, Netherlands), Ramunas Stepanauskas (Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, US), Rachel Foster (Jami'ar Stockholm, Sweden), Francis M. Martin (INRA French National Institute for Agricultural Research, Faransa) da David Karl (Jami'ar Hawaii, Amurka).

## Zaɓi ayyuka

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## Duba kuma

* *Prochlorococcus*
* *Synechococcus*
* Zagayen Carbon
* dumamar yanayi

## manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Chisholm Lab a MIT
* Lakcar Chisholm Kan layi
* Bidiyo na Chisholm yana magana game da aikinta, daga Gidauniyar Medal Science & Technology na ƙasa