Xenobiotic na muhalli

**xenobiotic na muhalli shine**  mahadi na xenobiotic tare da kwayoyin aiki na halittu waɗanda ake samu a matsayin gurɓataccen yanayi a cikin yanayi.

## Magunguna
Magungunan magani sune sinadarai da ake amfani da su don canzawa, ganewar asali, rigakafi da kuma kula da cututtuka, yanayin lafiya ko tsarin / aiki na jikin mutum.  Wasu mahadi masu aiki da magunguna (PhACs) na iya shiga muhalli ta hanya ɗaya ko wata azaman mahallin mahaifa ko azaman metabolites masu aiki da magunguna.  Ana haɓaka magunguna da nufin samun tasiri mai fa'ida akan kwayoyin halitta wanda ake gudanar da su, amma yawancin irin waɗannan mahadi galibi suna shiga cikin yanayin inda zasu iya haifar da tasirin ilimin halitta maras so.o.

Shekaru da yawa an yi watsi da PhACs yayin da masu binciken muhalli suka mai da hankali kan sanannun sunadarai masu haɗari da muhalli waɗanda aka fi amfani da su a aikin gona da masana'antu. Amma tare da karuwar fasaha don taimakawa a cikin rabuwa da gano mahadi da yawa a cikin cakuda, PhACs da tasirin su sun sami karuwar kulawa. PhACs ba a (har zuwa kwanan nan) an ga su a matsayin masu guba ba saboda ka'idojin da ke da alaƙa da magunguna galibi *kungiyoyin kiwon* lafiya na ɗan adam ne ke kula da su waɗanda ke da ƙarancin ƙwarewa game da batutuwan muhalli.

Kusan dukkanin nau'o'in magunguna ciki har da masu kashe ciwo (analgesics da anti-inflammatory), maganin rigakafi (antibacterial), magungunan anticonvulsant, beta blockers, masu kula da jini na jini, kafofin watsa labaru na X-ray, magungunan cytostatic (chemotherapy), maganin hana haihuwa, da magungunan dabbobi a cikin mahalli da yawa..

## Tushen da asalin
Ana iya shigar da PhACs cikin muhalli ta hanyoyi biyu; kai tsaye da kai tsaye. Tushen da ba a kai tsaye ba shine PhACs waɗanda suka yi tasirin da aka nufa ta hanyar halitta kuma ana ba da su a cikin muhalli ko dai cikakkiyar ko kuma yanayin da aka gyara.

PhAC na iya fitar da shi kai tsaye daga masana'antun magunguna ko magunguna daga asibitoci. Koyaya tare da karuwar ƙa'idodi ta hukumomin sarrafawa na gida, jihohi da na tarayya, fitarwa kai tsaye yana zama ƙasa da batun.

Har ila yau, akwai wasu hanyoyin da ba su kai tsaye na PhACs a cikin muhalli. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da ba a kai tsaye ba na PhACs a cikin muhalli shine wucewar maganin rigakafi, anesthetics  da haɓaka hormones  ta dabbobi masu gida a cikin fitsari da turare. Sau da yawa ana adana wannan a cikin manyan ramuka kafin a kwashe shi kuma a yi amfani da shi a filayen a matsayin taki inda za'a iya wanke yawancin PhACs ta ruwan sama zuwa yanayin ruwa.

Dabbobi na iyali na iya zama tushen kai tsaye na PhACs a cikin muhalli.

Yawancin PhACs a cikin muhalli duk da haka sun fito ne daga tushen mutane. Tushen mutum kai tsaye yana fitowa daga wurin zubar da shara. Sau da yawa magungunan da ke cikin wuraren zubar da shara ana samun su a cikin asalin su, mafi yawan yanayin sunadarai.

Yawancin magunguna ana gudanar da su kuma suna wucewa ta jikin mutum ta ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyi uku:

# Ana sarrafa shi a wani bangare ko gaba ɗaya a cikin jiki kuma an sanya shi mara aiki (Ideal) 
# An yi amfani da shi a wani bangare kuma ya wuce ta cikin tsarin
# Ya wuce ta cikin jiki ba tare da canzawa ba (Mawurst Case Scenario). A kowace hanya ana ba da PhACs zuwa masana'antun tsabtace datti (STPs), inda aka tsara wurare don rushe sharar ɗan adam ta hanyar lalacewar ƙwayoyin cuta. Koyaya, yawancin PhACs suna da tsari mai rikitarwa sosai kuma ba su cika ba a cikin STPs kafin a wuce su cikin muhalli.

## Makomar a cikin muhalli
Da zarar an shigar da PhACs cikin mahalli suna shan wahala ɗaya daga cikin makomar uku:

# Biodegradation zuwa carbon dioxide da ruwa.
# Ku sha wahala daga wasu nau'o'in lalacewa da kuma samar da metabolites.
# Ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin mahalli ba tare da canzawa ba. Adadin fili da aka rushe ya dogara da dalilai da yawa kamar bioavailability da tsarin fili da sauransu da yawa.

## Tasirin
Saboda PhACs sun shiga cikin haske kwanan nan tasirin su akan muhalli ba a fahimta ba. PhACs kuma ba a nufin su shiga hulɗa da muhalli ba, sabili da haka ba a gwada su a cikin muhalli kafin a saki su. Saboda haka ana buƙatar gwaje-gwaje da yawa don ƙayyade hanyoyin daban-daban da tasirin tasirin PhACs a cikin muhalli wanda ke sa gwaje-gaje ba su da amfani.

PhACs da yawa suna da hanyoyi masu yawa na aiki a cikin mutane. Irin wannan, halayen da ba a fahimta ba na iya faruwa a cikin kwayoyin halitta a cikin mahalli waɗanda mutane ba sa ganin su cikin sauƙi. Kyakkyawan takamaiman hanyoyin a cikin mutane na iya neman sakamako mai zurfi a ƙananan maida hankali. Sakamakon da yawa bazai zama dole ba ne a gano su da sauƙi kuma suna haifar da canjin muhalli wanda za a yi kuskuren danganta shi da canjin halitta. Wannan ya ce akwai tasirin da yawa da aka gano a cikin wallafe-wallafen.

Ɗaya daga cikin dogon lokaci, mai yiwuwa tasirin da ba za a iya juyawa ba shine juriya ta microbiological ga maganin rigakafi (tsayayya da maganin rigakafin). Wasu ƙwayoyin cuta na iya rayuwa lokacin da aka ba da maganin rigakafi (musamman a ƙananan).  Wadannan yankuna za su ninka kuma su samar da sabbin yankuna waɗanda ke tsayayya da wannan maganin rigakafi kuma ba za su mutu ba a lokacin da aka ba da maganin rigakafin nan gaba. Saboda koguna da rafi koyaushe abubuwa ne masu gudana su ne hanya mai kyau don maganin rigakafi don isa ga ƙwayoyin cuta sabili da haka samar da tushe da tafki don ƙwayoyin masu tsayayya don bunkasa da kafa kansu.

Wani binciken da aka gano kwanan nan shine masu rushewar endocrine.  Masu rushewar Endocrine na iya maye gurbin ko dagula ma'auni na hormones a cikin kwayoyin halitta kuma an gano cewa suna faruwa a cikin ruwa tare da maida hankali a cikin matakin ng/L don wasu mahadi.  Wasu abubuwan da za su iya haifar da rikice-rikice na endocrine sune haifuwar namiji da mace, mace-mace na maza, mazan mata da ci gaban gwajin da ba a saba ba da sauransu.  Madaidaicin hanyar da ke faruwa na masu rushewar endocrine ba ta da tabbas, duk da haka an ba da shawarar hanyoyi da yawa.

Yawanci ana samun PhACs a cikin ƙananan ƙididdiga, (<1 ug/L) yana haifar da mummunan tasirin da ba zai yuwu ba.  Duk da haka, saboda ci gaba da shigar da su ga muhalli yana yiwuwa tasirin guba na yau da kullun ya faru.  Wani babban yanki na damuwa tare da mahadi da yawa suna kasancewa a ƙananan matakan lokaci guda shine abin da ke faruwa lokacin da mahadi suka haɗu?  Yana yiwuwa kuma da gaske cewa waɗannan gaurayawan za su sami ƙari, tsaka-tsaki ko tasirin daidaitawa.  Amma sake gwadawa zai kasance duka na ɗan lokaci kuma yana da tsada sosai don gwada duk tasirin da aka haɗa.

## Abubuwan da ke aiki a cikin magunguna da aka samo a cikin muhalli

### Analgesics (anti-inflammatory da antipyretic)

# Acetaminophen
# Acetylsalicylic Acid
# Diclofenac
# Codeine
# Ibuprofen

### Magungunan rigakafi

# Magungunan rigakafi na Macrolide
# Sulfonamides
# Fluoroquinolones
# Chloramphenicol
# Tylosin
# Trimethoprim
# Erythromycin
# Lincomycin
# Sulfamethoxazole
# Trimethoprim

### Magungunan da ke hana fashewa

# Carbamazepine
# Primidone

### Beta-blockers

# Metoprolol
# Propanolol
# Betaxolol
# Bisoprolol
# Nadolol

### Kafofin watsa labarai na X-ray

# Iopromide
# Iopamidol
# Iohexol
# Diatrizoate

### Cytostatics (magungunan chemotherapy)

# Cyclophosphamide
# Mycophenolic acid
# Ifosfamide
# Bicalutamide
# Epirubicin

### Steroids da hormones

# 17α-ethinylestradiol
# Mestranol
# 19-norethisterone