Bruce Ackerman

**Bruce Arnold Ackerman** (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Agusta, 1943) ƙwararren lauya ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda ke aiki a matsayin Farfesa Sterling a Makarantar Shari'a ta Yale . A shekara ta 2010, mujallar *Foreign Policy* ta sanya shi cikin jerin manyan masu tunani a duniya.   kuma ta gano Ackerman a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu tunani 50 na zamanin COVID-19 . 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Ackerman a birnin New York a ranar 19 ga Agusta, 1943 ga iyayen Yahudawa waɗanda iyalansu suka gudu daga Gabashin Turai a cikin shekarun da suka gabata don guje wa kisan gillar Yahudawa .  Ya girma a Bronx, ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Kimiyya ta Bronx . Ya ci gaba da samun digiri na farko a fannin Fasaha, *wato digiri na biyu* a fannin Shari'a, daga Jami'ar Harvard a shekarar 1964, sannan ya sami digiri na farko a fannin Shari'a (daidai da digiri na farko a fannin Shari'a ) daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Yale a shekarar 1967.

## Sana'a
Ackerman ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka Alkali Henry Friendly daga 1967 zuwa 1968, sannan kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Alkalin Kotun Koli ta Amurka John Marshall Harlan II daga 1968 zuwa 1969.

Ackerman ya shiga sashen koyar da shari'a na Jami'ar Pennsylvania a shekarar 1969.  Farfesa ne a Jami'ar Yale daga 1974 zuwa 1982 da kuma a Jami'ar Columbia daga 1982 zuwa 1987. Tun daga 1987, Ackerman ya kasance Farfesa Sterling na Shari'a da Kimiyyar Siyasa a Yale. Yana koyar da darussa a Yale kan ra'ayoyin adalci da kuma ka'idojinsa na sauya tsarin mulki. Yana daukar kansa a matsayin mai aiwatar da dokoki . 

An zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekarar 1986.  Shi ne kuma Kwamandan Order of Merit na Jamhuriyar Faransa .

An sanya Ackerman a matsayin lauya a cikin karar Kyaftin Nathan Michael Smith na Sojan Amurka kan Shugaba Barack Obama .  Karar ta tabbatar da tuhume-tuhume guda biyar da ake yi wa Shugaban kasa: cewa Operation Inherent Resolve ya karya kudurin karfin yaki, cewa Sashe na Take Care na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya bukaci Shugaban kasa ya buga hujjar shari'a mai dorewa kan ayyukansa, cewa Izinin Amfani da Karfin Soja a Kan 'Yan Ta'adda bai ba da izinin aikin a kan ISIS ba, cewa Kudurin Iraki bai ba da izinin aikin a Iraki ba, kuma Babban sashi na Kwamandan bai ba Shugaban kasa izinin aikin ba.  Lauyoyin Kyaftin Smith sun yi zargin cewa yana da damar shigar da kara saboda zai dauki alhakin duk wani diyya da ya yi a yakin da ba bisa ka'ida ba.  Fadar White House ta amsa cewa karar ta haifar da "tambayoyi masu inganci".  Bayan kotun gundumar ta yi watsi da karar a matsayin tambaya ta siyasa, Ackerman ya daukaka kara. 

A shekarar 2022, Ackerman ya rubuta wani labari *na Politico* tare da Gerard Magliocca yana hasashen cewa zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka na 2024 zai raba kasar zuwa jihohi 'yan Democrat wadanda suka hana Donald Trump bayyana a kuri'ar kaɗa ƙuri'a a ƙarƙashin Kwaskwarima ta Sha Huɗu ga Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka don harin da aka kai a ranar 6 ga Janairu a Majalisar Dokokin Amurka da kuma jihohin 'yan Republican wanda hakan ba zai haifar da hakan ba, wanda hakan zai iya haifar da rikicin kundin tsarin mulki wanda babu wani ɗan takara da ya sami rinjayen ƙuri'u a Kwalejin Zaɓe ta Amurka kuma a ciki Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka ko dai ta naɗa Trump a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara duk da rashin nasarar ƙuri'un zaɓe ko kuma ba ta da ikon warware matsalar ta hanyar zaɓen da aka tsara kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulki ya tanada.  Wannan hasashen ya gaza cimma nasara bayan da Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci a *shari'ar Trump da Anderson* cewa jihohi daban-daban ba za su iya yanke hukunci kan cancantar ɗan takara ba.

### Sukar bita kan shari'a
Sandrine Baume ta bayyana Bruce Ackerman a matsayin babban mai suka kan "daidaito na bitar shari'a da ƙa'idodin dimokuradiyya," sabanin marubuta kamar John Hart Ely da Ronald Dworkin .  Saboda matsayinsa kamar yadda Baume ya rubuta, Ackerman ya shiga ra'ayinsa game da bitar shari'a daga Larry Kramer da Mark Tushnet a matsayin manyan masu goyon bayan ra'ayin cewa ya kamata a takaita bitar shari'a sosai kuma a mayar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki "ga mutane." 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Ackerman yana da aure da Susan Rose-Ackerman, farfesa a Makarantar Shari'a ta Yale, wacce ke koyar da azuzuwan shari'a kan harkokin gudanarwa . Ɗansu, John M. Ackerman, wanda shi ma ƙwararre ne a fannin ilimi, yana zaune kuma yana aiki a Mexico. 'Yarsu, Sybil Ackerman-Munson, ƙwararre ce a fannin muhalli a Portland, Oregon .

## Littattafai
Shi ne marubucin littattafai goma sha tara da kuma labarai sama da casa'in. Abubuwan da yake sha'awa sun haɗa da ka'idar tsarin mulki, falsafar siyasa, shari'a da siyasa ta kwatantawa, doka da tattalin arziki, tarihin kundin tsarin mulkin Amurka, muhalli, tattalin arzikin zamani da adalci na zamantakewa.

Ayyukansa sun haɗa da:

* 1980: *Adalci na zamantakewa a cikin Jihar 'Yanci* (  )
* 1991: *Mu Mutane, Juzu'i na 1, Tushen* (  )
* 1995: *Shin NAFTA ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki ce?*, tare da David Golove (  )
* 1998: *Mu Mutane, Juzu'i na 2, Sauye-sauye* (  )
* 1999: *Ƙungiyar Masu Ruwa da Tsaki*, tare da Anne Alstott (  )
* 2002: *Zaɓe da Dala*, tare da Ian Ayres (  )
* 2004: *Ranar Tattaunawa*, tare da James S. Fishkin (  )
* 2005: *Rashin nasarar Ubannin da suka kafa* (  )
* 2006: *Kafin Hari na Gaba: Kare 'Yancin Bil Adama a Zamanin Ta'addanci*
* 2010: *Faduwar Jamhuriyar Amurka da Rushewarta* (  )
* 2014: *Mu Mutane, Juzu'i na 3: Juyin Juya Halin 'Yancin Bil Adama* (  )
* 2018: *Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Juyin Juya Hali: Jagoranci Mai Kyau da Tsarin Shari'a* (  )
* 2024: *Matsalolin Bayan Zamani: Kalubalen Zamani na Karni na Ashirin da Daya* (  )

*Mu Mutane: Gidauniyar* ta fi shahara saboda hujja mai ƙarfi cewa " canzawa cikin lokaci ", inda wani memba na Kotun Koli ta Amurka ya canza falsafar shari'arsa zuwa wacce ta ba da damar ƙarin dokokin Sabon Yarjejeniya don mayar da martani ga abin da ake kira shirin tattara kotu, misali ne na ƙudurin siyasa na ma'anar kundin tsarin mulki. Ackerman ya gabatar da laccoci na Oliver Wendell Holmes na 2006 a Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard. 

*Ƙungiyar Masu Ruwa da Tsaki* ta yi aiki a matsayin tushen gabatar da Asusun Tallafawa Yara a Burtaniya . 

Jami'ar Tehran ta gudanar da wani taro a watan Mayun 2019, game da *Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Juyin Juya Hali: Jagoranci Mai Kyau da Tsarin Shari'a* tare da Ackerman da Nadia Maftouni a matsayin manyan masu jawabi. Maftouni ta kuma rubuta sharhi kan littafin wanda aka buga a cikin wasiƙar labarai ta *The Socratic Inquiry*  da kuma wani takarda mai nazari game da wasu sassan littafin wanda aka buga a cikin *Mujallar Nazarin Zamani kan Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci* . 

## Duba kuma
 

## Manazarta