Harshen Toto

**Toto** (Bengali: , Toto: )Yaren Sino-Tibet ne da ake magana a kan iyakar Indiya da Bhutan, ta kabilar Toto a Totopara, West Bengal tare da iyaka da Bhutan. Hakanan ana magana a Subhapara, Dhunchipara, da Panchayatpara hilllocks akan iyakar Indiya da Bhutan a gundumar Jalpaiguri, West Bengal (Ethnologue).

## Matsayi
UNESCO ta jera Toto a matsayin yare mai hatsarin gaske, mai yiwuwa masu magana 1,000. Koyaya, yawancin iyalai a cikin al'umma suna magana Toto a gida. Yawancin yara suna koyon Toto a gida, kodayake suna amfani da Bengali a makaranta.

Cibiyar Nazarin Anthropological na Indiya (AnSI) ta shirya gudanar da bincike a kan harshen kabilar Toto, wanda yawansu ya ragu zuwa 1,536, ba su fahimci cewa harshen ya fi ƙabilanci ba. Masu bincike da kuma membobin al’ummar Toto sun yarda cewa harshen na fuskantar barazana kuma tasirin wasu harsuna, musamman Nepali da Bengali, na karuwa kowace rana.

Aikin Harsunan Himalayan yana aiki akan zanen nahawu na farko na Toto.

## Fassarar sauti
Toto ya ƙunshi ƙananan wayoyi 25, waɗanda 19 baƙaƙe ne shida kuma wasula ne. Wayoyin wannan harshe sune kamar haka:

**Wasula**

Akwai wayoyi guda shida a cikin harshen Toto: /i/, /e/, /ə/, /a/, /o/, /u/. Ana iya rarraba su:

* a kwance zuwa rukuni uku a matsayin gaba maras zagaye, na tsakiya mara zagaye da baya;
* a tsaye zuwa kungiyoyi hudu kusa, kusa-tsaki, bude-tsaki da budewa.
* Akwai diphthong guda takwas da aka gane a cikin Toto, waɗannan su ne:
* /eu/ - yana faruwa a matsayi na farko da na tsakiya,
* /au/, /ou/ - yana faruwa ne kawai a matsayi na tsakiya,
* /ei/, /əi/, /ai/, /oi/ - yana faruwa a matsakaici da matsayi na ƙarshe, da
* /ui/ - yana faruwa a kowane matsayi.

Ƙananan nau'i-nau'i masu zuwa suna tabbatar da matsayin sautin wasali:

/i/~/e/

/iŋ/ 'dan'uwan suruki', vs. /eŋ/ 'ginger'

/ciwa/ 'Tear', vs. /cewa/ 'cut' (tufafi)

/i/~/a/

/guJi/ 'mujiya', vs. /guJa/ 'aljihu'

/nico/ 'wuta', vs. /naco/ 'biyu'

/i/~/u/

/Jiya/ 'rat', vs. /Juya/ 'tsuntsu'

/ei/~/əi/

/e/~/a/

/lepa/ 'kwakwalwa', vs. /lapa/ 'Ganye betel na daji'

/kewa/ 'haihuwa', vs. /kawa/ 'sauti'

/e/~/o/

/je/ 'ciyawa', vs. /jo/ 'nono'

bi..

## Kamus
A ƙasa akwai wasu kalmomin Toto daga van Driem (1995), wanda ya yi amfani da waɗannan kalmomi don ba da shawarar cewa Toto na iya zama harshen Sal..

* 'to drink'
* 'shoulder'
* 'cooking pot' (second syllable), cf. Dzongkha  'jug'
* 'seed'
* 'today'
* 'moon'
* 'fall' (cf. Benedict's PTB  'dive, sink, drown')
* 'big' (first syllable)
* 'shit'
* 'right' (vs. 'left')
* 'stomach' (first syllable); the second syllable  is cognate with Toto  'meat'
* 'meat'
* 'bamboo species' (first syllable), Nepali 
* 'paddy'
* 'wing'
* 'sun'
* 'stand'
* 'yesterday'
* 'navel'
* 'bring'
* 'to shit'
* 'sleep'
* 'urine'
* 'dog'
* 'name'
* 'horn'
* 'flower'
* 'snake'
* 'stone'
* 'tongue'
* 'to dream'
* 'ear'
* 'eye'
* 'fish'
* 'body hair'
* 'I'
* 'sole of the foot'
* 'pig'
* 'thou'
* 'tooth'
* 'die'
* 'eat'
* 'be sweet, taste sweet'
* 'mango' (suffix: )
* 'jackfruit' (suffix: )
* 'kill'
* 'dig'
* 'egg'
* 'sit, stay'
* 'water'
* 'tear'
* 'spit'
* 'rain'
* 'blood'
* 'milk'
* 'buffalo'
* 'come down, descend'
* 'neck'
* 'weave'
* 'cry'
* 'monkey'
* 'mouse, rat'

### Karin magana

### Sunan Toto na sirri sune (van Driem 1995)

### Lambobi

### Lambobin Toto sune (van Driem 1995)

*

## Nau'in Rubutu

An buga rubutun haruffan da dattijon al'umma kuma marubuci, Dhaniram Toto ya haɓaka don harshen a cikin 2015, kuma ya ga iyakance amma ana ƙara amfani da shi a cikin adabi, ilimi, da lissafi; Mafi mahimmanci, an ƙara haruffan Toto zuwa ma'auni na Unicode a cikin Satumba, 2021. Kafin buga wannan rubutun, Dhaniram Toto da sauran membobin al'umma (waɗanda adadin karatunsu kamar yadda binciken samfurin da aka gudanar a 2003 ya kasance kawai 33.64 bisa dari). ) rubuce-rubucen littattafai da kasidu a cikin rubutun Bengali.

### Unicode

### Samfura: Babban haruffan Toto an ƙara shi zuwa Matsayin Unicode a cikin Satumba, 2021 tare da sakin sigar 14.0.

### Tushen Unicode na Toto shine U+1E290–U+1E2BF

## Duba
* (Wiktionary)

## Don Karatu

## Manazarta

*Amitabha, S. (1993). Toto, Society and Change: A Sub-Himalayan Tribe of West Bengal. Firma KLM.
*Basumatary, C. (2014). The Phonological Study of Toto Language. Language in India, 14:6, 59–84. Retrieved February 9, 2015, from http://languageinindia.com/june2014/chibiramtotophonology1.pdf
*Chaudhuri, B. (1992). Tribal Transformation in India. New Delhi, India: Inter-India Publications.
*Doherty, B. (2012, April 29). India's Tribal People Fast Becoming Lost for Words. Retrieved February 8, 2015, from http://www.smh.com.au/world/indias-tribal-people-fast-becoming-lost-for-words-20120429-1xted.html
*
*Mehrotra, R. (1974). Endangered Languages in India. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 105–114. Retrieved February 9, 2015, from https://web.archive.org/web/20111016074549/http://www.degruyter.de/journals/ijsl/detailEn.cfm
*Perumalsamy P (2016) "Toto Language" in Linguistic Survey of India West Bengal Volume I by Office of the Registrar General India: New Delhi pp 628–702 https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/34826
*Singh, S. (2014, August 1). Toto Language More Endangered Than Tribe. Retrieved February 8, 2015, from http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/toto-language-more-endangered-than-tribe/article6270931.ece
*van Driem, G., & Bronkhorst, J. (2001). Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the  Greater Himalayan Region Containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language (pp.&nbsp;559–760). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Pub.
*van Driem, G. (2007). South Asia and Middle East. In C. Moseley (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages (pp.&nbsp;289–348). London and New York: Routledge.
*van Driem, George. 1995. *The Ṭoṭo language of the Bhutanese duars*. Paper presented at ICSTLL 28.

## Mahadan Waje
*India's Tribal People Fast Becoming Lost for Words
*About Toto People
*Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
*World Oral Literature Project
*Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th Edition (2009)
*http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-documents/lsi/lsi_wb/5TOTO.pdf