Matthew Goniwe

**Matthew Goniwe** OLS (27 Disamba 1947 - 27 Yuni 1985) ɗan gwagwarmayar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata ne na Afirka ta Kudu kuma ɗaya daga cikin The Cradock Four da 'yan sandan Afirka ta Kudu suka kashe a shekarar 1985.

## Shekarun farko
Goniwe shi ne auta a cikin yara takwas. Iyayensa, David da Elizabeth Goniwe, ma'aikatan gona ne kuma sun zauna a sashin Emaqgubeni na tsohuwar Cradock, garin Gabashin Cape. Daga baya danginsa sun ƙaura zuwa Garin Lingihle a cikin shekarar 1962 yayin da aka rushe Emaqgumeni ta hanyar Dokar Yankunan Ruƙuni. 

## Ilimi
Goniwe ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta St James da Makarantar Sakandare ta Sam Xhallie, inda ya samu shaidar kammala karatunsa na Junior. Ya samu shaidar difloma ta malamai daga Jami'ar Fort Hare sannan ya koma makarantar Sam Xhallie inda ya koyar da ilimin lissafi da kimiyya. A shekarar 1958 ya shiga jam’iyyar African National Congress a shekarar 1960, a lokacin da yake kammala makarantar firamare ya shiga jam’iyyar gurguzu ta cikin gida. Ya halarci azuzuwan siyasa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa na ANC da Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Afirka ta Kudu. Babban yayansa Jamani Jacques Goniwe ne ya shigar da shi siyasa.  A wannan lokacin, shi ma ya shiga ƙungiyar damben gida kuma ya zama memba na Cradock Male Voice Choir. Daga i 1961 zuwa 1963, ya kammala wani ɓangare na karatunsa na sakandare a Cradock Bantu Secondary. Daga shekarun 1964 har zuwa 1965, ya kammala matsayinsa na matric a Kwalejin Healdtown kusa da Fort Beaufort kuma ya zama memba na Moral Regeneration Movement (ƙungiyar da ke da nufin haifar da ɗabi'a a tsakanin matasa) da kuma na Healdtown Church Choir. Goniwe ya ci gaba da karatunsa a jami'ar Fort Hare inda ya samu shaidar difloma ta malami, inda ya karanci ilmin lissafi, ilimi, physics, da kuma sinadarai.   

## Aiki
Goniwe ya samu gurbin koyarwa na farko a Cradock Bantu Secondary inda ya koyar da lissafi da kimiyya. A cikin shekarar 1972, ya bar aikinsa don yin karatun Digiri na Kimiyya a Fort Hare amma an gaya masa cewa an keɓe sarari ga ɗalibai kai tsaye daga makarantar sakandare. Sannan ya koyar a takaice a Makarantar Sakandare ta Sithebe. A shekarar 1973, ya shiga makarantar sakandare ta Holomisa a Mqaduli a ƙauyen Bityi. Makarantar tana cikin rugujewar ginin coci wanda ya taimaka wajen gyarawa. Sannan ya kafa tsarin ciyarwa, kungiyar mawakan makaranta, al’umma masu muhawara da dambe, rugby da kungiyoyin kwallon kafa. A shekarar 1975, ya auri Nyameka wanda daga baya ya cancanci zama ma'aikacin zamantakewa. Sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu, Nobuzwe da Nyaniso.

## Gwagwarmaya
Reverend Canon James Calata, memba ne wanda ya kafa kuma tsohon sakataren jam'iyyar 'yan asalin Afirka ta Kudu ya yi tasiri akan ra'ayin siyasar Goniwe. Goniwe ya kafa tantanin halitta na Markisanci wacce ƙungiya ce ta karatu wacce ta yi karatun Marxism da Communism, tare da Dumisa da Lungisile Ntsebeza, Meluxolo Silinga da Michael Mgodolozi. Sun kafa sel Marxist a cibiyoyin ilimi kamar Jami'ar Fort Hare da a cikin garuruwa kamar Mqaduli, Mthatha, Whittlesea da Garin King William. A shekarar 1975, an kama Dumisa, Ntsebeza, Silinga, da Mgodolozi bayan wani ɗan kungiyar ya baiwa ‘yan sanda bayanin aikinsu na ƙarƙashin ƙasa. An kama Goniwe a ranar 19 ga watan Yuli 1976. An tuhume su a ƙarƙashin dokar hana gurguzu mai lamba 44 ta 1950 wacce ta haramta jam’iyyar gurguzu ta Afirka ta Kudu, kuma ta bai wa gwamnati ikon hana wallafe-wallafen da ke inganta manufofin kwaminisanci. An tsare su a gidan yarin Wellington har sai an kammala shari'arsu. An yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru huɗu a gidan yarin Mthatha in banda Mgodolozi da aka yanke masa hukuncin dakatarwa.  Yayin da yake kurkuku, ya yi karatu kuma ya sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha ta Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu, inda ya yi fice a fannin kimiyyar siyasa da ilimi. 

An saki Goniwe daga kurkuku a watan Oktoba 1981. Daga nan ya ci gaba da zama shugaban sashen kimiyya da lissafi a Nqweba High a Graaf-Reinet.  A cikin shekarar 1983, an naɗa shi shugaban makaranta a Sam Xhali Secondary a Lingihle. A wannan shekarar, an ƙaddamar da Ƙungiyar  Matasa ta Cradock (CRADOYA) kuma Goniwe ya zama Shugabanta na farko kuma Fort Calata, aboki kuma abokin aiki, ya zama sakatare. Zanga-zangar tasu ta farko ta yi nuni ne ga tsarin hayar da Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Gabashin Cape ta gabatar. A cikin shekarar 1983 Goniwe ya shirya taron jama'a tare da mazauna Cradock don tattauna yadda al'umma ya kamata su amsa yawan haya. Sun kafa kungiyar Cradock Residents Association kuma suka zaɓi Goniwe shugabanta na farko. Kungiyar ta matsa wa hukumar gudanarwar yankin Gabashin Cape, an kuma rage kuɗin hayar. Bayan kafa United Democratic Front a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 1983, CRADORA ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu haɗin gwiwa. Ya kuma fara harkokin siyasa a ƙarƙashin ƙasa bisa buƙatar jam'iyyar ANC mai gudun hijira. A ƙarƙashin UDF, ya kasance a kan gaba wajen yaki da yawan haya, tsarin ƙananan hukumomi na nuna wariyar launin fata (bakar fata), da majalisar dokokin Tricameral da zaɓukan su. Ya jagoranci CRADORA wajen kafa kwamitocin tituna da kwamitocin yanki kuma wannan ya zama sunan Goniwe Plan (G-Plan) wanda UDF ta amince da shi a kasa.  A cikin shekarar 1983, Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horarwa (DET) ta yi ƙoƙarin canza shi zuwa Graaff-Reinet. 'Yan sandan tsaro sun yi taka-tsan-tsan da Goniwe da tasirinsa a matsayinsa na shugaban makarantar Nqweba High. Goniwe ya ki amincewa da canja wurin kuma an kore shi. Jama’a sun tashi domin mara masa baya, inda suka shirya ƙauracewa makaranta wanda a ƙarshe ya ɗauki tsawon watanni goma sha biyar wanda ya bazu zuwa wasu makarantu da suka wuce Cradock. An naɗa Goniwe a matsayin mai tsara yankunan karkara na UDF a cikin watan Maris 1984 wanda ya haifar da sa ido na dindindin daga 'yan sandan tsaro. Bayan CRADOYA an hana tarurruka, al’umma sun mayar da martani ta hanyar tarzoma, wanda ‘yan sanda suka kakkabe su.   A ranar 30 ga watan Maris 1984, an tsare Goniwe, Fort Calata, Madoda Jacobs da Mbulelo Goniwe bisa zargin cewa su ne masu tayar da kauracewa makarantar wanda kai tsaye da kuma a kaikaice ya kai ga ƙara ƙauracewa makaranta a tsakanin al'ummomi da dama a Afirka ta Kudu. Louis le Grange shi ne ministan shari'a da oda a lokacin kuma ya haramta duk wani taro na tsawon watanni uku, wanda ya haifar da ɓarkewar tarzoma. Yayin da yake tsare, an kore shi daga muƙaminsa na koyarwa. An sake Goniwe zuwa ga tarɓa mai ban sha'awa a ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba 1984 kuma ya yi kira ga "Kirsimeti baƙar fata", yana ƙara ƙauracewa shagunan mallakar fararen fata. Daga nan sai ya shiga kungiyar Black Sash wanda ya taimaka da rikicin a makarantun Cradock. An dakatar da ƙauracewa zaɓen a watan Afrilun 1985. A cikin shekarar 1985, an naɗa shi mai shirya UDF kuma ya ci gaba da kafa ƙungiyoyin 'yanci, da ƙungiyoyin sashe a cikin al'ummomin da aka zalunta. Ya yi hakan ne a wurare 56. A ranar 26 ga watan Yuni 1985, CRADORA ta yi bikin cika shekaru 30 na Yarjejeniya Ta 'Yanci inda Goniwe ya gabatar da jawabi mai mahimmanci game da samuwarsa a Kliptown. 

## Kisa
A ranar 27 ga watan Yuni 1985, Goniwe, Fort Calata, Sparrow Mkhonto da Sicelo Mhlauli, waɗanda daga baya aka fi sani da The Cradock Four, sun tafi Port Elizabeth don halartar taron larduna na UDF tare da motar Goniwe. Jami’an tsaro sun yi awon gaba da ‘yan sandan Cradock Four a kusa da Bluewater Bay jim kaɗan bayan tashinsu daga Port Elizabeth sannan ‘yan sandan suka kashe su. An gano gawar Goniwe da aka kona da wuka da kuma yanke jiki kwanaki kaɗan bayan haka.  An gudanar da jana'izar Goniwe, Calata, Mkhonto da Mhlauli a ranar 20 ga watan Yuli 1985 inda Allan Boesak, Beyers Naudé da Steve Tswete suka ba da jawabi mai mahimmanci. An karanta sako daga shugaban jam'iyyar ANC na lokacin Oliver Tambo.

## Abubuwan tunawa
Bayan kawo ƙarshen mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata a shekarar 1994, Goniwe ya kasance abin tunawa ta hanyoyi da dama. An kafa Makarantar Jagoranci da Mulki ta Matthew Goniwe don yin aiki a matsayin sashin horarwa na Sashen Ilimi na Gauteng, > kuma an sanya sunan makarantar sakandare ta Matthew Goniwe Memorial. An kuma gina wani abin tunawa don girmama The Cradock Four.

Kungiyar Malaman Dimokraɗiyya ta Afirka ta Kudu, babbar ƙungiyar malamai a yankin kudancin ƙasar, ta kuma sanya sunan babban ofishinta a matsayin "Matiyu Goniwe House" a matsayin alamar juyin juya hali don tunawa da rawar da ya taka a gwagwarmayar tsara al'ummar Afirka ta Kudu, musamman ilimi.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* http://www.mgslg.co.za/
* http://www.cradock4.co.za/about-the-cradock-4/ 
* Matthew Goniwe Papers. Rubuce-rubucen da Rubutun Rubuce-rubucen, Laburaren Jami'ar Yale.