Renata Scotto

**Renata Scotto** (24 ga Fabrairu 1934 - 16 ga Agusta 2023) soprano ce ta Italiya, darektan opera, kuma malamin murya. An san ta da ma'anar salon ta, ƙwarewarta ta kiɗa, kuma a matsayin fitacciyar mawaƙa-actress, an dauki Scotto a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mawaƙa na opera na ƙarni.

Fiye da shekaru 40, ta yi wasu matsayi 45, na farko a Italiya, sannan a matsayin jagora soprano na Metropolitan Opera (Met). Ana tunawa da ita musamman saboda rawar da ta taka na Verdi's La traviata, wanda aka yi a karon farko a Milan a 1952, da kuma Puccini's Madama Butterfly, wanda shine rawar da ta fara takawa a Met kuma ta karshe a can a 1987, amma kuma don ayyukan belcanto kamar Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor . Ta bayyana a cikin talabijin na farko daga Met a cikin 1977, a matsayin Mimi a cikin Puccini's La bohème, tare da Luciano Pavarotti kuma James Levine ya jagoranta. Daga baya ta fadada repertoire ta hanyar matsayi kamar Marschallin a cikin Der Rosenkavalier na Richard Strauss, Elle a cikin Poulenc's La voix humaine, da Madame Flora a cikin Menotti's The Medium . A matsayinta na darektan wasan kwaikwayo ta yi aiki ga Met, Arena di Verona, da sauran manyan gidajen wasan kwaikwayo.

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Scotto a Savona, wani gari na masana'antu da tashar jiragen ruwa a Tekun Liguria, a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 1934.  Mahaifinta jami'in 'yan sanda ne kuma mahaifiyarta mai sutura ce. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, mahaifiyarta ta kai ta da 'yar'uwarta zuwa tsaunuka da ke kusa, suna karbar aiki daga masu tayar da kayar baya, Nazis, da Amurkawa. Bayan yakin, yarinyar ta sami wasan kwaikwayo na farko a garinsu, Verdi's *Rigoletto* tare da Tito Gobbi a cikin rawar da take takawa, kuma ta yanke shawarar, tana da shekaru goma sha biyu, cewa za ta zama mawaƙan opera.

Ta yi karatun kiɗa a Milan Conservatory,  tun tana 'yar shekara 16, tana zaune a gidan ibada na nuns, kuma tana rayuwa ta hanyar sutura da tsaftacewa. Ta fara karatu tare da Emilio Ghirardini a matsayin mezzo-soprano .  Ta lashe gasar a shekarar 1952, tare da kyautar farko a Teatro Nuovo a Milan. Ta yi rawar da Verdi ta taka na La traviata, na farko a garinsu a Kirsimeti Kirsimeti a gaban gidan da aka sayar. Kashegari, ta fara wasan kwaikwayo na 'na hukuma' a Teatro Nuovo . 

### Italiya
A shekara ta 1953, Scotto ya yi sauraro a La Scala don rawar da Walter ya taka a cikin Catalani's *La Wally*,  tare da Renata Tebaldi da Mario del Monaco a matsayin jagora. Bayan sauraron ta, an ji daya daga cikin alƙalai, mai gudanarwa Victor de Sabata, yana cewa, "Manna game da sauran. " *La Wally* ta buɗe a ranar 7 ga Disamba 1953, kuma an kira Scotto don kiran labule goma sha biyar yayin da Tebaldi da Del Monaco kowannensu ya sami bakwai. An ba ta karin matsayi na tallafi a La Scala, amma ta ƙi su don neman yin manyan matsayi a gidajen yanki a Italiya. Ta bayyana a Roma Opera a 1955 a matsayin Sophie a Massenet's *Werther*, kuma a La Fenice a Venice a 1956 a matsayin Traviata, kuma a matsayin Micaela a Bizet's Carmen .  A kan shawarar da tenor Alfredo Kraus ya yi ta dauki karin horo na murya tare da Mercedes Llopart . Kraus ya zama abokin tarayya akai-akai a kan mataki da kuma rikodin. Ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar a La Scala daga shekara ta 1957, tana taka rawa kamar Donizetti Adina a cikin L'elisir d'amore da Norina a cikin *Don Pasquale* amma Franco Zeffirelli bai yarda da ita a matsayin La Traviata ba.

Babban ci gaban Scotto ya zo ne a shekara ta 1957 lokacin da ta yi a Bikin Edinburgh a cikin La Scala na Bellini's La *Sonambula*; An jefa Maria Callas a matsayin Amina, kuma ya yi nasara sosai har kamfanin ya kara wasan kwaikwayo na biyar da ba a tsara shi ba. Callas, wacce ke karkashin kwangila don wasanni hudu, ta ki yin wasan kwaikwayon a cikin karin wasan kwaikwayon amma ta ba da damar gudanar da La Scala, wanda ya sanar da ita don wasan kwaikwayon na biyar ba tare da yardar ta ba, don bayyana ficewarta daga bikin saboda rashin lafiya. Scotto, ya shiga a matsayin Amina, ya yi a ranar 3 ga Satumba 1957, kuma ya zama tauraron wasan kwaikwayo na duniya yana da shekaru 23.  

A cikin shekarun 1960 ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan mawaƙa a cikin farfadowar belcanto da Callas ya fara a cikin shekarun 1950. Ta raira waƙar Zaira da La straniera na Bellini, *Maria di Rohan* na Donizetti, a cikin Robert le diable na Meyerbeer, da kuma wasu abubuwan da ba su da yawa. A shekara ta 1964 ta yi tare da La Scala a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bolshoi a Moscow, yawon shakatawa na farko na kamfanin opera zuwa Tarayyar Soviet a lokacin shekarun Yaƙin Cold . A shekara ta 1967 ta bayyana a La Scala a matsayin Giulietta a cikin Bellini's I Capuleti e i Montecchi kuma a matsayin Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor, a 1969 a matsayin Gluck's Euridice, kuma a 1970 a matsayin Elena a cikin Verdi's *I Vespri Siciliani* . 

### Amurka
Farkon Scotto na Amurka ya kasance a matsayin Mimì a cikin Puccini's La bohème a Lyric Opera na Chicago a shekarar 1960. A ranar 13 ga Oktoba 1965, Scotto ta fara fitowa a Metropolitan Opera a matsayin Madama Butterfly, tare da John Alexander a matsayin Pinkerton .  Louis Snyder daga *New York Herald Tribune* ya rubuta:

Ta ci gaba da raira waƙa fiye da 300 a cikin matsayi 26 a can har zuwa 1987  kuma ta zauna tare da iyalinta a kusa da Westchester County. Lokacin da James Levine ya zama babban jagora a 1971, an ba ta sabbin matsayi da yawa a cikin sabbin shirye-shirye,  ciki har da Vitellia a cikin kamfanin na farko na kamfanin na Mozart's La *Clemenza di Tito*, a cikin Meyerbeer's Le prophète, da Zandonai's Francesca da Rimini . [1]

### MANAZARTA