Ayyukan Muhalli na Yammacin Harlem

WE ACT for Environmental Justice (wanda aka fi sani da West Harlem Environmental Action) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta a Harlem, Manhattan, New York City. An kafa kungiyar ne a cikin Maris 1988 don tattara adawar al'umma game da ayyukan da birnin ke yi na Cibiyar Kula da Najasa ta Arewa, da wurin tashar bas ta shida a Arewacin Manhattan. 

WE ACT an sadaukar da shi ne don yaƙi da lamuran adalci na muhalli a cikin al'ummar Arewacin Manhattan. Kungiyar ta mai da hankali kan lamuran rayuwa na birane kamar adalcin yanayi, iska mai tsafta, samun ayyuka masu kyau, kiwon lafiyar jama'a, gurbatar yanayi, da kuma amfani da kasa mai dorewa da daidaito. Yana aiki ta hanyar ƙarfafa ƴan ƙasa, faɗakarwa, ƙararraki, ilimi, da wayar da kan al'umma don cimma burin sa.

A halin yanzu, WE ACT yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi da yawa da ke yin shawarwari don Yarjejeniyar Fa'idodin Al'umma tare da Jami'ar Columbia a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin faɗaɗa Manhattanville na makarantar. Hakanan ana sabunta dutsen launin ruwan kasa da aka yi watsi da shi don canzawa zuwa Cibiyar Adalci na Muhalli ta WE ACT, wacce za ta ba da ofis da sararin samaniya tare da zama nunin fasahohin gine-gine iri-iri.

## Tarihi da tsarawa
A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1986, Cibiyar Kula da Ruwan Ruwan Arewa ta fara aiki a kan tubalan takwas na dukiyar kogi a Yammacin Harlem, Manhattan. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan buɗewa, mazauna yankin daga yawancin Afirka ta Amirka da Latino suka koka game da ƙanshin da ke fitowa daga shuka da kuma kara haɗarin haɗarin lafiya. Peggy Shepard, mazaunin yankin, wanda aka zaba a matsayin shugaban gundumar siyasa a 1985, ya matsa wa hukumomin gida da na jihohi su yi bincike kan tasirin kiwon lafiya na fallasawa ga hayakin magani. Binciken ya gano cewa hayaki na iya haifar da matsalolin numfashi a matakan da suka fi dacewa, wanda ya haifar da martani na jama'a daga mazaunan West Harlem, suna buƙatar a yi gyare-gyare a wurin.

A cikin 1988 Hukumar Kula da Sufuri ta Biritaniya (MTA) ta yi ƙoƙarin gina tashar bas ta biyu a West Harlem, kusa da makarantar tsaka-tsaki. MTA ta fuskanci adawa mai karfi na al'umma, ta hanyar zanga-zangar, kararraki, da bincike na kimiyya.

A cikin wannan lokaci, hankali da rashin jin daɗi game da yadda ake gudanar da aikin kula da magudanar ruwa na kogin Arewa da kuma gina tashar bas na biyu a yammacin Harlem, sun gabatar da buƙatar haɗin kai don magance rashin daidaiton tasirin muhalli ga tsirarun al'umma. Saboda haka, a cikin Maris 1988 Peggy Shepard, Vernice Miller-Travis, da Chuck Sutton sun kaddamar da WE ACT don "samar da albarkatu a cikin al'umma" don ginawa da ilmantar da al'ummar da aka sadaukar don yaki da rashin adalci na muhalli da inganta lafiyar muhalli.

MU ACT yana jaddada mahimmancin shigar da ƴan ƙasa a cikin yaƙin neman zaɓe da haɗin gwiwa. Yana amfani da bincike na haɗin kai na al'umma don magance matsalolin adalci na muhalli da inganta lafiyar muhalli da ingancin rayuwar al'ummar Arewacin Manhattan. WE ACT tayi ƙoƙari don ilimantar da ƴan al'umma da wayar da kan jama'a kan al'amuran da ke tasiri lafiya da ingancin rayuwar al'umma.

## Ayyuka na farko

### Ginin Magunguna na Kogin Arewa
A shekarar 1955 ne aka fara ba da shawarar gina Cibiyar Kula da Najasa ta Kogin Arewa, don wani wuri kusa da kogin Hudson a titin 72nd, al'ummar farar fata da wadata; duk da haka, an ƙi asalin wurin saboda rashin amincewa daga Robert Moses - Kwamishinan Parks na NYC mai ƙarfi, da Mai Gudanar da Gadar Triborough da Tunnel Authority. wanda ya ki amincewa da rukunin 72nd Street saboda kusancinsa da shirinsa na Inganta Tsarin Yammacin Yamma wanda a ƙarshe zai samar da Metropolitan Opera, NYC Ballet, Avery Fisher Music Hall, da sabon gidan Juilliard School of Music. Don haka, wurin da aka zaɓa ya zama bakin ruwan kogin Hudson daga Titin Yamma 137 zuwa Titin 145 na Yamma a Yammacin Harlem, a lokacin al'umma ce mai tarihi, ta tsakiya, yawancin al'ummar Afirka-Amurka. Mazauna yankin sun fusata lokacin da aka bayyana a shekarar 1968, cewa za a gina shukar kogin Arewa, za a yi aiki da shi a tsakanin al’ummarsu, saboda damuwa zai haifar da matsalolin gurbatar yanayi da kuma yin illa ga al’ummarsu. Duk da tsayin dakan al'umma, an fara aikin gina masana'antar a shekarar 1972 kuma an kammala shi a shekarar 1985. Lokacin da kamfanin ya fara gudanar da aikinsa a shekarar 1986, 'yan unguwar sun kara bayyana damuwarsu kan kamshin da ke fitowa daga masana'antar wanda ke da fadin kusan mil biyu. Mazauna yankin sun kasance a cikin gida don tserewa hayakin, wani bangare saboda tsoron da suke da shi na haifar da illa ga lafiya sakamakon kamuwa da hayakin. Wani bincike da Ma'aikatar Kare Makamashi ta New York (DEC) ta gudanar, ya gano fitar da shukar na dauke da matakan hydrogen sulfide sama da kashi 28% sama da ma'auni. Rashin jin daɗin al'umma ya koma cikin gwagwarmaya kuma a cikin 1988 akan Martin Luther King Day, WE ACT co-founders Peggy Shepard da Chuck Sutton, tare da wasu biyar an kama su don toshe zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a kan babbar hanyar West Side a kusa da wurin magani, kuma co-kafa Vernice D. Miller da da yawa sauran mazauna sun toshe zirga-zirga a kusa da Riverside da rashin aikin yi na shuka da kuma gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da rashin aikin yi da shuka.

Saboda karar da We ACT ta shigar tare da haɗin gwiwar Majalisar Tsaro ta Halitta, da juriya daga mazaunan Yammacin Harlem, jami'an birni sun fara magance matsalolin aiki na shuka a cikin 1991, kuma sun gano cewa rashin duk wani tsarin kula da wari a matsayin babban kuskuren ƙira wanda ke haifar da gurɓataccen iska.  Bayan doguwar gwagwarmayar kotu tare da birni da Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli (DEP), WE ACT ta zo ga sasantawar doka game da ayyukan talauci na tashar datti a watan Disamba na 1993 tare da gwamnatin Magajin garin David Dinkins. A sakamakon haka, an ajiye dala miliyan 1.1 a cikin asusun don shirye-shiryen muhalli na al'umma a Yammacin Harlem kuma an sanya WE ACT "mai saka idanu kan yarjejeniyar amincewar dala miliyan 55 ta birnin don gyara shuka".

A cikin wani aiki na jin daɗin jama'ar West Harlem a 1968-1970, jihar New York ta amince da gina wurin shakatawa mai girman eka 28 da aka fi sani da Riverbank State Park a saman shukar najasa. Ya buɗe wa jama'a tare da babban fanfare kan ranar Tunawa da ƙarshen mako a cikin 1993.  Duk da haka, hayaki da wari na ci gaba da fitowa daga shukar wanda ya shafi yankunan yankin.

A yau Kamfanin Kula da Najasa na Kogin Arewa yana ci gaba da inganta kayan aikin su da haɓakawa don saduwa da ingancin iska. A cikin yunƙurin da suka yi na baya-bayan nan kayan aikin sun shigar da sabon aikin bututu da magoya baya don inganta sarrafa wari da kuma ba da rahoton matsalolin iska.

### Diesel mai datti
Arewacin Manhattan gida ne ga kashi ɗaya bisa uku na "manyan motocin bas ɗin diesel (motoci 4,000) mafi girma a cikin ƙasar" wanda MTA ke sarrafa shi. MU ACT muna ganin yawan ma'ajiyar motocin bas yana da mummunan tasiri akan ingancin iska da lafiyar 'yan yankin Arewacin Manhattan. Ƙungiyar ta haɗu da yawan cututtukan fuka a Arewacin Manhattan tare da matakan da suka dace na kwayoyin halitta (PM), gurɓataccen iska da aka saki a lokacin konewar man dizal, wanda ke fitowa daga wuraren ajiyar bas, manyan hanyoyin sufuri, da kuma cunkoson ababen hawa a cikin West Harlem.. WE ACT kuma ta shirya kamfen din kafofin watsa labarai, The Clean Fuel - Clean Air - Good Health Diesel Bus Campaign, don wayar da kan jama'a kan haɗarin da ke tattare da hayakin diesel da ikon sa na haifar da hare-haren asma. Duk da yake ya kasa rinjayar MTA don canza manufofinta don tallafawa hanyoyin man fetur masu tsabta, kamfen ɗin ya sami goyon baya da kulawa da yawa na jama'a,  yana nuna ikon kafofin watsa labarai na jama'ar da kuma fadakar da al'umma.

A cikin Nuwamba 2000, WE ACT, ya shigar da ƙara zuwa Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Amurka (USDOT) yana mai da'awar cewa wuraren ajiyar bas ba su da kyau a cikin al'ummomin tsiraru a Arewacin Manhattan, wanda ke da shida daga cikin jimillar tasoshin bas guda takwas a Manhattan, don haka yana haɓaka haɗarin kiwon lafiya da ke da alaƙa da haɗarin haɗarin dizal mai cutarwa.

USDOT ta gano cewa MTA ta keta taken IV na Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964 kuma ta kasa saduwa da nazarin tasirin muhalli na tarayya wanda ya shafi gine-gine, gyare-gyare, da kuma sarrafa tashoshin bas da sauran wurare. Wannan kamfen ya sa hukumar MTA ta yi gyare-gyaren wuraren ajiye motocin bas da zuba jari a motocin bas masu tsabta, da kuma kara wayar da kan jama’a dangane da illolin hayakin mai da rashin ingancin iska.

## Aikin
WE ACT ta ce manufarta ita ce "gina al'ummomi masu lafiya ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa mutane masu launi da / ko mazauna masu karamin karfi sun shiga cikin ma'ana a cikin samar da ingantacciyar lafiyar muhalli da tsare-tsare da ayyuka."  Ƙungiyar tana aiki a matsayin "albarkar ilimi" don ba da gudummawar ɗan ƙasa da fafutuka kan al'amuran "lafiyar muhalli da ingancin rayuwa". 

## Adalci na muhalli

### Cutar huhu
A Amurka yawan mutanen da ke fama da asma ya karu a kowace shekara. Kwararrun masu kiwon lafiya sun yi magana game da karuwar tashin hankali a cikin cututtukan asma a matsayin "sabon annoba". Cutar numfashi tana da alamun kumburi na huhu mai tsanani da kuma abubuwan da suka faru na ƙuntata hanyar iska.   Duk da yake akwai rashin tabbas game da ainihin dalilin cutar, an yi imanin cewa "abubuwan kwayar halitta da muhalli suna hulɗa don haifar da asma, galibi a farkon rayuwa". Kwanan nan, mayar da hankali ya juya ga tasirin yanayin muhalli, musamman bayyanar gurɓataccen iska na cikin gida da na waje ko allergens. WE ACT ya bayyana cewa bambancin launin fata ya wanzu a cikin gurɓataccen iska, wanda ke haifar da fallasawar ƙarancin ƙarancin al'ummomin da ba su da isasshen kuɗi ga manyan matakan gurɓata iska. WE ACT tana aiki don inganta ingancin iska na al'ummomin Arewacin Manhattan da rage abin da ke faruwa na asma da sauran matsalolin numfashi ta hanyar magance hanyoyin da haɗarin muhalli da ke haifar da gurɓataccen iska.  

WE ACT tana mai da hankali kan asma ko iska mai tsabta a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan wuraren damuwa, saboda yawan asma da aka samu a Arewacin Manhattan. Kungiyar ta nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin haɗarin muhalli a cikin unguwanni na Latino da na Afirka, kamar yadda ake nunawa ga hayakin diesel da ƙanshin da ke ko'ina daga wuraren birni, da kuma mafi girman mutuwar asma da cututtukan cututtuka a New York. WE ACT kalubalen birni da jihar don ganewa da magance matsalolin ingancin iska. A halin yanzu WE ACT, yana aiki tare da kungiyoyin muhalli da yawa na al'umma, kamar su Cibiyar Deep South don Adalci na Muhalli (DSCEJ), Green Door Initiative (GDI), da Yesu Mutanen da ke Tsayayya da Pollution (JPAP), a kan Shirin Rashin Asma na Kasa. Aikin yana da niyyar nazarin bambance-bambance a cikin maganin asma a cikin al'ummomi daban-daban guda huɗu a Amurka, ta hanyar kimanta tasirin Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta (EPA) Tsarin Gudanar da Ayyuka na Tarayya don Rage Bambancin Racial da Ethnic Asthma (Action Plan).  An gabatar da *Shirin Aiki* a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2012, don sake duba kokarin tarayya na magance matsalolin asma da haɓaka haɗin gwiwa mafi inganci tsakanin shirye-shiryen tarayya.

## Haɗin gwiwa

### Cibiyar Bayar da Al'umma da Shiga (COEC)
Ƙungiyar Wayar da Kan Jama'a da Ƙaddamarwa Core (COEC) shiri ne na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta NIEHS a Arewacin Manhattan, WE ACT, da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki na al'umma, suna aiki don fahimta da kuma hana abubuwan muhalli na cututtuka irin su Parkinson, Cancer, Asthma, da ALS ta hanyar manufofi da dokoki.  Ayyukan COEC sun mayar da hankali kan al'ummomin Arewacin Manhattan guda hudu: Central Harlem, West Harlem, Washington Heights, da Inwood. Sauran membobin shirin sun haɗa da ƙungiyoyi da ke kusa da Arewacin Manhattan, kamar Cibiyar Columbia don Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli na Yara (CCCEH) na Jami'ar Columbia, Cibiyar Harlem don Inganta Lafiya da Rigakafin Cututtuka, da Cibiyar Asibitin Harlem. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin COEC da WE ACT shine ci gaban Katin Rahoton Lafiya na Muhalli. Katin rahoton yana ba da maki ga al'ummomin birnin New York bisa ma'auni na ingancin iska na cikin gida/ waje, ingancin ruwa na nishaɗi, ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida, sararin samaniya, da wadatar abinci mai kyau. Ta hanyar sadar da binciken binciken kimiyya da lafiya ta hanyar shirye-shirye irin su abubuwan da suka faru na iyali da biki, tarurruka, tarurruka, da Katin Rahoton Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli, membobin COEC suna neman ƙara wayar da kan al'umma game da haɗarin muhalli da kuma kafa madaidaiciyar shigar gida cikin lamuran muhalli.

Shigar mu ACT a cikin al'ummomin Arewacin Manhattan yana bawa membobin COEC damar samun bayanai game da matsalolin lafiyar muhalli na gida. Hakanan, WE ACT yana aiki azaman gada don isar da bayanai tsakanin ƙungiyoyin bincike da al'ummomin masu karamin karfi a Arewacin Manhattan.

### Shugabannin Bangaskiya don Adalci na Muhalli
WE ACT ta yi aiki tare da mambobi daban-daban na majami'u na Arewacin Manhattan a kokarin wayar da kan jama'a game da batutuwan muhalli. Manufar haɗin gwiwar ita ce ta ƙarfafa mutane masu bangaskiya su kula da batutuwan muhalli da kuma ilimantar da mutane na addini don su iya karfafa gwagwarmayar adalci na muhalli a cikin al'ummomi daban-daban waɗanda, a al'ada, ba su shiga cikin batutuwan adalci na mujalli ba. Shugabannin Bangaskiya don Adalci na Muhalli suna mai da hankali kan mahimman abubuwa guda uku: Adalci na Yanayi, Adalcin Abinci, da Amfani da Makamashi. Ƙungiyar aikin Adalci na Yanayi na neman haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a game da haɗarin sauyin yanayi da kuma sauye-sauyen halayen da za a iya yi don rage tasirin. A cikin haɗin kai tare da ƙungiyar aiki na Amfani da Makamashi, ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan ƙungiyar Adalci na yanayi shine koya wa mutane yadda za su rage yawan kuzarin su da hayaƙin carbon. Kungiyar aikin Adalci ta Abinci tana da nufin ilmantar da mutane game da abubuwan da ke hana cin abinci lafiyayye da mahimmancin siyan abinci mai kyau, tare da kawo ingantaccen tsarin abinci ga al'ummomin masu karamin karfi. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan yunƙurin sun haɗa da ayyukan Aikin Gona na Jama'a (CSA), ayyukan al'umma da lambuna na rufin gida, tuƙin abinci, da isar da tambarin abinci.

### Gida Mai Lafiya Yakin Yara Mai Lafiya
Shirin Lafiyayyan Gida wani shiri ne na bincike na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Jami'ar Columbia (CCCEH). Aikin ya yi niyya ga rashin daidaiton bayyanar da illolin muhalli da yara ke fuskanta a cikin tsiraru ko al'ummomi masu karamin karfi kuma yana aiki don ilmantar da iyalai kan wasu sanannun abubuwan haɗari kamar "sigari, gubar dalma, kwayoyi da barasa, gurɓataccen iska, datti, magungunan kashe qwari, da rashin abinci mai gina jiki". Ilimantar da iyaye game da haɗarin lafiyar muhalli, na iya kare yara daga kamuwa da cutar asma ko ciwon daji ko kuma samun ci gaba ko jinkirin ci gaba, da sauransu. 

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

* WE ACT don shafin yanar gizon Adalci na Muhalli