Bernard Magubane

**Bernard Makhosezwe Magubane** (26 Agusta 1930 – 12 Afrilu 2013) ɗan Afirka ta Kudu malami ne kuma ɗan gwagwarmayar yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata. Ya yi koyarwa a Jami'ar Zambiya daga shekarun 1967 zuwa 1970 sannan a Amurka a Jami'ar Connecticut na tsawon shekaru 27. Magubane ya ba da gudummawa ga fannin ilimi mafi girma na Afirka ta Kudu bayan mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata a shekarunsa na baya. Magubane ƙwararren masanin ilimin zamantakewa ne wanda ya buga matani waɗanda ake ci gaba da yin ishara da su. Shi ne uban malami Zine Magubane.   

Magubane shine marubucin wallafe-wallafen ilimi da yawa da aka ambata da ke bincika alakar da ke tsakanin mulkin mallaka, turawan mulkin mallaka, da ƙabilanci da aji a Afirka ta Kudu da tsarin duniya. Fitaccen malami ne a fannin zamantakewar zamantakewar Afirka. Dissertation ɗinsa na PhD ya mayar da hankali ne kan Sanin Afirka na Amurka. Wannan shine tushen aikinsa na seminal littafin da ya sami lambar yabo, *The Ties That Bind* da aka buga a shekarar 1987.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Magubane 26 ga watan Agusta 1930, zuwa Xhegwana Elliot Magubane da Ella Magubane a Colenso, Afirka ta Kudu. Iyayensa ma'aikata ne a wata gona mallakar farar fata. Ya ciyar da ƙuruciyarsa a nan kuma a Cato Manor, Durban, inda iyayensa suka sake zama.

Magubane ya ci gaba da koyarwa a Kwalejin Horar da Malamai ta Mariannhill, KwaZulu-Natal, sannan ya kammala karatunsa na Standard Ten a Kwalejin Sastri da ke Durban. Bayan haka, ya sami haɗin gwiwa don halartar Jami'ar Natal, wanda ke da sassan ga ɗaliban farar fata da waɗanda ba fararen fata ba. Magubane ya sami digiri uku a Jami'ar Natal. Ya yi karatun digirin digirgir (BA) da digirin girmamawa sannan ya yi digiri na biyu a fannin zamantakewa. A shekarar 1961, ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, inda ya sami digiri na biyu (1963) da PhD (1966).

## Sana'ar koyarwa
Bayan horonsa, Magubane ya koyar a Mariannhill. Bayan gabatar da Dokar Ilimi ta Bantu na 1953, Magubane da wasu abokan aiki sun yanke shawarar daina aikin koyarwa. Magubane ya koma karatu a matsayin dalibin digiri na biyu a wannan lokacin.  

## Harkar siyasa
A cikin shekarar 1979, Magubane ya buga *The Political Economy of Race and Class in Africa ta Kudu* wanda aka haramta a Afirka ta Kudu. Farfesa Magubane shi ne wanda ya kafa kungiyar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata ta Connecticut wacce ta mamaye jihar Connecticut ta fice daga mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. 

## Hukumomi da Gudanarwa
Source: 

* Shugaban gidan kayan tarihi na Luthuli a KwaDukuza 
* Amintaccen wurin kayan tarihi na Liliesleaf Farm a Rivonia
* Memba na Majalisar Ba da Shawarwari a Park Freedom

## Wallafe-wallafe game da Magubane

* Nyoka, B. 2016. Bernard Magubane's "Making of a Racist State" An Sake Ziyara: Shekaru 20 Kan 
* Reifer, T. (2020). Magubane, Bernard Makhosezwe (1930-2013). A cikin: Ness, I., Cope, Z. (eds) The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
* 
* Tanyanyiwa, P. 2023. Canja wurin dogaro na ilimi: Gudunmawar Bernard Magubane ga tsere da muhawarar aji a Afirka ta Kudu. JARIDAR DUNIYA 
* Ƙungiyar zamantakewa ta Afirka ta Kudu ( https://sociology.africa/images/stories/Adesina_2013_Magubane_obituary.pdf )

## Wallafe-wallafe

* Magubane, B, M. 1979*.* *Tattalin Arzikin Siyasa na Ƙabilanci da Daraja a Afirka ta Kudu.* *Labaran Duniya na Afirka.* (2nd ed). (978-0865430372)
* Magubane, B. 1987. *Dangantakar da ke ɗaure, Hakuri na Afirka-Amurka na Afirka*. Labaran Duniya na Afirka.
* Magubane, B. 1996. *Ƙirƙirar Ƙasar wariyar launin fata: mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya da Ƙungiyar Afirka ta Kudu, 1875-1910* . Trenton: Labaran Duniya.
* Magubane, B. 1999. *Ilimin zamantakewar al'umma na Afirka: zuwa ga hangen nesa mai mahimmanci*. Trenton: Labaran Duniya na Afirka.
* Magubane, B. 2001. Race da Dimokuraɗiyya a Afirka ta Kudu: Wasu tunani. A cikin YG Muthien, MM Khosa, & B. Magubane (Eds.), *Dimokuradiyya da Bitar Mulki: Gadon Mandela, 94–99* (shafi.&nbsp;17-36). Pretoria: Majalisar Binciken Kimiyyar Ɗan Adam.
* Magubane, B. (2007). *Race & gini na dispensable sauran*. Scottsville: Jami'ar KwaZulu-Natal Press.
* Magubane, B. (2010). *Rayuwata & lokuta*. Scottsville: Jami'ar KwaZulu-Natal Press.
* Magubane, B., Jerin ed. , *Hanyar Dimokuraɗiyya a Afirka ta Kudu*, Juzu'i na 1-6, Afirka ta Kudu Dimokuraɗiyya Education Trust, shekaru daban-daban. 

## Tambayoyi

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## Manazarta