open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Mhamed Yazid

**Mhamed Yazid** (an haife shi a Blida, 1923–2003) ɗan ƙasar Aljeriya ne mai Fafutukar neman 'yanci kuma ɗan siyasa. Ya shiga jam'iyyar 'yan kishin ƙasa Parti du Peuple Algérien (PPA) a shekara ta 1942, daga baya kuma, bayan ya koma birnin Paris na ƙasar Faransa don yin karatun jami'a, ya shiga kungiyar da ta gaje ta, MTLD, inda ya zama memba na kwamitin tsakiya. An kama shi a shekara ta 1948 kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru biyu a gidan yari saboda "ɗauke da takardun tuhuma". Daga baya ya jagoranci yajin cin abinci a gidan yari.

Shugaban PPA/MTLD Messali Hadj ya zarge shi da cewa yana da alaka ta kut-da-kut da jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Faransa (PCF), kuma bayan da ya jagoranci tawagarsa zuwa birnin Alkahira domin tattaunawa da jagoran gwagwarmayar kishin ƙasa mai adawa, Front de Liberation nationale (FLN), ya sauya sheka ya shiga kungiyar a matsayin wakilinta na birnin New York. Daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin ministan yaɗa labarai a gwamnatin FLN na gudun hijira (GPRA) da aka kafa a shekarar 1958, yana riƙe da muƙaminsa ta hanyar sake fasalin majalisar ministocin biyu (a cikin shekarar 1960 da 1961).

Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekara ta 1962, bayan yakin shekaru takwas, ya kasance memba a majalisar dokokin da aka fi sani da roba har zuwa 1965, lokacin da juyin mulkin soja karkashin jagorancin Col. Houari Boumédiène ya girgiza tsarin. Bayan haka, ya yi aiki a mukaman diflomasiyya daban-daban a kasashen Larabawa, da muƙamai na gwamnati da na ba da shawara. Ya koma siyasar jam’iyya na ɗan lokaci kaɗan a matsayin memba na kwamitin tsakiya na jam’iyyar FLN a shekarar 1989, bayan tashe-tashen hankula da matsalolin tattalin arziki da suka addabi ƙasar.

## Manazarta
Lakhdar Ben Tobbal

**Slimane Bentebal** (1923, Mila, Algeria - 21 ga watan Agusta 2010 ), wanda aka fi sani da **Lakhdar Bentobal**, tsohon mayaƙin adawa ne na Aljeriya.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Lakhdar Bentobal memba ne na Parti du peuple Algérien (PPA) mai kishin ƙasa, kuma daga baya ya koma ƙungiyar sa-kai ta (*Organisation spéciale*, OS) wacce ta zama amfrayo na Front de Liberation nationale (FLN). Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ainihin "shugabannin tarihi" na FLN's a ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba 1954 tawaye ga 'yan mulkin mallaka na Faransa.

Wani babban jigo ne na cikin gidan FLN a cikin yakin Aljeriya na shekarar  1954-62. Ya kasance memba na dukkanin batutuwa guda uku na gwamnatin gudun hijira ta FLN, GPRA, a matsayin minista daban-daban. Ya kasance babban mai shiga tsakani a tattaunawar Evian wanda ya dage kan amincin ɗaukacin yankin Aljeriya ciki har da Sahara da albarkatunsa.  A kan neman 'yancin kai a shekarar 1962, ya yi adawa da nasarar da sojoji suka yi wa Ahmed Ben Bella, kuma aka kama shi. A lokacin da aka sake shi, ya bar siyasa, kuma ya shafe sauran ayyukansa a wasu muƙaman mulki da na kasuwanci da ba na siyasa ba.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Ben Tobbal ɗan asalin Turkiyya ne.

## Manazarta
Mohammed Seddik Benyahia

**Mohammed Seddik Benyahia** or **Ben Yahia** (Janairu 30, 1932 &#x2013; Mayu 3, 1982) ɗan siyasan Aljeriya ne kuma ɗan gwagwarmayar kishin ƙasa a lokacin yaƙin Aljeriya. Bayan samun 'yancin kai ya zama Ministan Labarai (1967-1971), Ilimi mai zurfi (1971-1977), Kuɗi  (1977-1979), da Harkokin Waje (1979–1982 &#x2013; ). 

## Rayuwar farko
An haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Janairu, 1932, a Jijel.  A lokacin yakin Aljeriya, ya taka rawar gani wajen fafutukar neman 'yancin kai na ƙasarsa. Ya kasance babban sakataren fadar shugaban ƙasa na gwamnatin wucin gadi ta jamhuriyar Aljeriya (GPRA) kuma memba na tawagar Aljeriya a shawarwari da gwamnatin Faransa a Evian a shekarar 1962.  Shi ne ke da alhakin jagorantar taron CNRA a Tripoli (Libya) a shekarar 1962. Bayan samun 'yancin kai na ƙasarsa, ya riƙe muƙamin jakadan Moscow da London. Ya jagoranci tawagar Algeria da suka kulla yarjejeniyar Algiers.

## Ma'aikatun da ya riƙe

* Ministan Yaɗa Labarai daga shekarun 1967 zuwa 1971, Lokacin da ya shirya bikin Pan-African na farko a shekarar 1968.
* Ministan Ilimi da Bincike na Kimiyya daga shekarun 1971 zuwa 1977.
* Ministan Kuɗi  daga shekarun 1977 zuwa 1979. 
* Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekarun 1979 har zuwa rasuwarsa.

## Mutuwa
A ranar 3 ga watan Mayun 1982, an harbo jirginsa a kan iyakar Iran da Turkiyya a lokacin da ya shiga tsakani a yakin Iran da Iraki.  Iran da Iraki dai sun musanta alhakinsu.

## Manazarta
Taïeb Boulahrouf

**Taïeb Boulahrouf** (9 Afrilu 1923 &#x2013; 26 Yuni 2005)   ɗan siyasan Aljeriya ne kuma ɗan gwagwarmayar kishin ƙasa a lokacin yaƙin neman Aljeriya na 'yancin kai.

## Haihuwa da kuruciya
An haifi Boulahrouf a ranar 9 ga watan Afrilu 1923 a yankin Oued Zenati (Guelma). Ya taso ne a cikin iyali mai saukin hali, ya yi karatunsa a Annaba, amma bai da lokacin da zai ci gaba da karatunsa bayan an kore shi daga makaranta a zagaye na farko.   

## Shekarun farko
Boulahrouf ya kuma kasance mai karanta jaridar al-Umma, kungiyar jam'iyyar Star of North Africa, kuma ya ba da gudunmawa wajen kafa kungiyoyin musulmin Scout na farko a yankin Annaba.  Ya kuma shiga cikin shirya zanga-zangar nuna goyon baya da Jam'iyyar Destour ta Tunisiya kuma an kama shi a shekara ta 1938. Da aka ruguje jam'iyyar Aljeriya, Boulahrouf ya fara gudanar da ayyukansa a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, inda ya yi kokarin faɗaɗa tushen jam'iyyar. Ya shiga cikin kafa ƙungiyar Abokan Manifesto da 'Yanci. Yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka shirya abubuwan da suka faru a ranar 8 ga watan Mayu, 1945, wanda ya sa aka sake kama shi don a sake shi bayan ayyana yin afuwa ga fursunonin siyasa.   

Lokacin da ya bar kurkuku, Boulahrouf ya shiga tare da abokansa wajen ƙirƙirar Ƙungiya ta Musamman wacce aka sanya ta a matsayin alhakin yankin da ya ƙunshi Annaba, Skikda, Ain Beida. A cikin shekarar 1948 an kama shi a karo na uku kuma aka ɗaure shi a Barbarossa inda ya shiga yajin cin abinci, yana neman hakkin siyasa na 'yan kishin Aljeriya. A cikin shekarar 1949 an naɗa shi memba na kwamitin tsakiya na Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Freedoms. Bayan gano Ƙungiyar Musamman, an kama shi sannan aka sake shi a cikin shekarar 1951. Ya shiga tarayyar jam'iyyar a ƙasar Faransa a cikin kamfanin M'hamed Yazid a shekarar 1952, kuma a can ne ya jagoranci jaridar "Free Algeria", kungiyar tarayyar. Lokacin da rikicin ya ɓarke MTLD, ya yi adawa da Messali el Hadj kuma, bisa zargin keta tsaron waje na ƙasar Faransa, an kama shi a farkon shekara ta 1954 kuma an sake shi kawai a watan Agusta 1954.

## Gwagwarmayar Siyasa da Soja
A lokacin ɓullar juyin juya hali, Boulahrouf ya kasance a ƙasar Faransa kuma ya shiga sahun sahun gaba a matsayin wani ɓangare na kungiyar 'yantar da 'yancin ƙasar Faransa don yaɗa da kuma yaɗa manufofin juyin juya halin da ra'ayin al'ummar Faransa. Don haka, ya yi aiki don kulla tuntuɓar mutane masu ra'ayin gurguzu a Faransa, yana ƙoƙarin samun goyon bayan Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Faransa, amma ya gaza a ƙoƙarinsa. Ya kuma yi aiki tare a cikin Jaridar gwagwarmayar Aljeriya a Faransa da Switzerland.

A ƙarƙashin gwamnatin wucin gadi dole ne ya ɗauki ayyuka da yawa. Don haka aka naɗa shi wakilin FLN a Rome da Geneva, inda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tuntuɓar farko da hukumomin Faransa. Waɗannan lambobin sadarwa sun kambi da yarjejeniyar Evian, inda ya shiga cikin matakai daban-daban, daga lambobin sirri a Geneva a shekarar 1961 har zuwa lokacin da aka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tabbatacciyar yarjejeniya a ranar 18 ga watan Maris, 1962.

## Manazarta
Abdelhamid Mehri

**Abdelhamid Mehri** (Afrilu 1926 - 30 Janairu 2012) ɗan gwagwarmaya ne na Aljeriya, soja kuma ɗan siyasa.

An haife shi a cikin dangi marassa galihu a Constantine, Algeria, Abdelhamid Mehri ya shiga jam'iyyar Aljeriya (PPA) tun yana ƙarami. Ya yi karatu a Tunisia, kuma ya ci gaba da tuntuɓar juna tare da jam'iyyar Neo Destour mai kishin ƙasa. A Aljeriya, ya zama fitaccen memba na kungiyar PPA ta maye gurbin Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties (MTLD), sannan ya ci gaba da shiga cikin kungiyar 'yan tawayen Aljeriya (FLN), kungiyar  'yan tawaye da ke fafutukar neman 'yancin kai daga turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa. An zaɓe shi memba na GPRA, gwamnatin gudun hijira ta FLN, a matsayin ministan harkokin Maghreb a shekarar 1958; a shekarar 1961, ya zama ministan zamantakewa da al'adu. Bayan da Aljeriya ta samu 'yancin kai a shekarar 1962, ya bar siyasa a takaice, amma a hankali ya samu tasiri bayan juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a shekarar 1965 da Col. Houari Boumédiène. A cikin shekarar 1979, ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwar Boumédiène, ya zama memba na kwamitin tsakiya na FLN kuma a hankali ya tashi a cikin muƙamai a ƙarƙashin shugaba Chadli Bendjedid. Bayan tarzomar shekarar 1988 a Aljeriya, ya gaji Mohammed Cherif Messaâdia a matsayin sakatare-janar na FLN.

Bayan canji na gaba zuwa tsarin jam'iyyun da yawa, da juyin mulkin soji na shekarar 1992, ya kawo FLN a cikin 'yan adawa, kuma ya goyi bayan dandalin Sant'Egidio yana kira ga sulhu na ƙasa tare da masu kishin Islama na yanzu da kuma FIS a matsayin mafita ga yakin basasa na Aljeriya, a cikin wani ƙalubalen ƙalubale ga eradicater soja elite wanda ya rinjayi siyasar Algeria a bayan fage. Ba da daɗewa ba, a hankali aka kore shi daga kwamitin tsakiya na jam’iyyar, wanda daga baya ya koma goyon bayan samar da tsaro. Ya mutu yana da shekaru 85 a Algiers.

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Malakal

**Yaƙin Malakal** ya faru ne a ƙarshen Nuwamba 2006 a garin Malakal na kudancin Sudan . Rikicin da ke tsakanin sojojin gwamnatin Sudan da Sojojin 'Yanci na Jama'ar Sudan shine mafi girman karya yarjejeniyar 2005 don kawo karshen Yaƙin basasar Sudan na Biyu. 

## Yaƙi
A cewar SPLA, shugaban 'yan bindiga Gabriel Tang ya fara rikice-rikicen ta hanyar kai hari kan SPLA sannan ya nemi mafaka a sansanin Sojojin Sudan. Bayan da ba a cika bukatar mika Tang ba, SPLA ta kai hari kan sansanin, wanda ya sa sojojin Sudan su kai hari da tankuna. Sojojin Sudan sun kuma zargi SPLA da fara yakin. Bayan kwana uku na fada yakin ya ragu, kuma bangarorin biyu sun amince da janyewa zuwa matsayinsu na kafin yaƙi.

## Sakamakon haka
Sojojin Tang za su sake yin rikici da SPLA a Malakal a 2009 da kuma Jonglei a 2011,  kafin su mika wuya ga SPLA jim kadan bayan haka.  Rikicin na 2006 bai karu zuwa matakin haɗari ba, kuma an gudanar da raba gardama na 'yancin kai na Sudan ta Kudu na 2011 kamar yadda aka tsara kuma bisa ga Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta 2005, wanda ya haifar da' yancin Sudan ta Kudu.

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

* Sudan: Kwanciyar hankali Bayan Gwagwarmaya Mai tsanani a Kudancin Birni
Ƙungiyar Ceto ta Ƙasa

**Ƙungiyar Ceto ta Ƙasa** (Faransanci: Mouvement patriotique du salut, **MPS**; Larabci:الحركة الوطنية للإنقاذ) ita ce Jam'iyyar siyasa mai mulki a Chadi .

## Tarihi
Bayan Idriss Déby, kwamandan sojoji wanda ya shiga cikin wani makirci mara nasara a kan Shugaba Hissene Habré a shekarar 1989, ya gudu zuwa Sudan, shi da magoya bayansa, wanda aka fi sani da 1 ga Afrilu Movement, sun yi aiki daga Sudan tare da goyon bayan Libya kuma sun kai hare-hare a fadin iyakar zuwa Chadi. An kafa MPS a Sudan a ranar 11 ga Maris 1990 ta hanyar haɗuwa da 1 ga Afrilu Movement tare da wasu kungiyoyin masu adawa da Habre a gudun hijira. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a watan Nuwamba 1990, Déby da MPS sun zo mulki a ranar 2 ga Disamba 1990, lokacin da sojojin su suka shiga N'Djamena, babban birnin Chadi. 

Idriss Déby ya kasance dan takarar MPS a Zaben shugaban kasa na 1996 kuma ya lashe a zagaye na biyu. Ya sake zama dan takarar MPS a Zaben shugaban kasa na 20 ga Mayu 2001, inda ya samu kashi 63.2% na kuri'un. A cikin Zaben majalisar dokoki da aka gudanar a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 2002, MPS ta lashe bisa ga IPU Parline 113 daga cikin kujeru 155. A Zaben shugaban kasa na Mayu 2006, an sake zabar Déby da kashi 64.7% na kuri'un, da kuma a 2011, 2016, da 2021.

Bayan an harbe Idriss Déby kuma ya mutu a lokacin Yakin Arewacin Chadi a 2021, dansa Mahamat Déby Itno ya gaje shi, tare da dakatar da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar. A cikin zaɓen Disamba na 2024, jam'iyyar ta sami kujeru 124 daga cikin 188 na majalisa a cikin wani tsari da aka yi wa ba'a a matsayin zamba kuma kawai yana gabatar da bayyanar dimokuradiyya.

A ranar 25 ga watan Janairun 2025, Mahamat Idriss Deby ya kira wani taron MPS na musamman don 29 ga watan Janairu, 2025. 

## Tarihin zabe

### Zaben shugaban kasa

### Zaben Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Yaƙin Aba

**yaƙi Aba**, wanda ya faru a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta 1881, shine yaƙin buɗewar Yaƙin Mahdi . Wannan lamari ya ga 'yan tawayen Mahdi, karkashin jagorancin Muhammad Ahmad, wanda ya ayyana kansa Mahdi, ya kori sojojin Masar da suka sauka a Tsibirin Aba.

## Tarihi
A watan Maris na shekara ta 1881, Muhammad Ahmad, wanda ke zaune a Tsibirin Aba a kan White Nile, kafin "ƙungiyar ciki" (wanda ya haɗa da Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, wanda za a san shi da "Khalifa"), ya sanar da cewa shi ne Mahdi. Ya kafa wannan ne daga mafarkin da yake da shi inda Muhammadu da Yesu suka ziyarce shi. Gwamna Janar na Sudan, Ra'uf Pasha, nan da nan ya aika da Mohammad Bey Abu Sa'ud don bincika halin da ake ciki. Da ya isa tsibirin Aba a ranar 7 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1881, Abu Sa'ud ya nemi Muhammad Ahmad ya zo Khartoum (babban birnin Sudan) don saduwa da Gwamna Janar. Mahdi ya ki kuma Abu Sa'ud ya gargadi shi cewa "dole ne ya bar da'awarsa na zama Mahdi" sannan ya bar tsibirin.

## Yaƙi
Bayan wannan taron, an tura "kungiya mai kamawa" na sojoji 200 na Masar (da bindiga daya) zuwa tsibirin Aba a cikin jirgin *Isma'iliyya* . Ba a san ko wanene shugaban balaguron ba, Abu Sa'ud ko babban jami'in soja, 'Ali Effendi, kuma biyun sun yi jayayya. Jirgin ya isa Aba a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta 1881 kuma ya rataye kusan kwata na mil daga ƙauyen Mahdi. Da zarar sun isa can, Abu Sa'ud da 'Ali Effendi sun sami kansu cikin rashin jituwa game da lokacin da za su kai hari. Tsohon yana so ya jira har zuwa rana mai zuwa don kai farmaki, yayin da na ƙarshe (wanda ya lashe gardamar) yana so ya fita nan da nan.

Dakarun Masar sun isa bukkar Muhammad Ahmad suna amfani da wasu 'yan kasuwa a matsayin jagorori, sai Ali Effendi ya kutsa cikin gidan, ya harbe mutumin da ke ciki,  wanda ya zama bako na Mahdi.  Muhammad Ahmad da mabiyansa suna jira "a cikin kurmin daji a wajen ƙauyen."  Mahdi masu kishi, "masu makamai, da sanduna, da duwatsu, da fartanya, da wukake na dabino, da wasu 'yan kadan dauke da mashi da takuba " suka afkawa Masarawa kuma suka mamaye su gaba daya.  Ƙasar ta kasance da laka (aka yi ruwan sama a lokacin tattakin Masarawa zuwa ƙauyen  ) kuma hakan ya fifita ƴan tawayen Mahdist masu ƙafafu akan sojojin gwamnati masu sanye da takalma. Masarawan da aka fatattake sun yi wa *Isma’il tuwo a kwarya.* Masarawan sun sami raunuka 120 tare da kama tara daga cikinsu fursuna.  A cikin dakarun Mahdi, goma sha biyu ne aka kashe  kuma Muhammad Ahmad, da kansa, ya samu rauni bayan harbinsa a kafadar dama. 

Bayan ya ji labarin bala'in, Abu Sa'ud ya umarci Isma'iliyya da su harbe ƙauyen. Mahdists sun isa bakin kogin don yin ba'a ga Masarawa. Harsashi na farko ya rasa 'yan tawaye da yadudduka ashirin, kuma, bayan haka, Mahdists sun fita daga iyakar Isma'iliyya, suna kawo karshen rikici.

Mahdi ya kwatanta nasararsa da Yaƙin Badr, nasarar farko ta Mohammad a yaƙi.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Mohamed Bach Hamba

**Mohamed Bach Hamba** (1881-1920) marubuci ne ɗan kishin ƙasa ɗan ƙasar Tunisiya kuma ɗaya daga cikin jagororin matasan Tunisiya. Shi ne editan *"Revue du Maghreb*", wata mujalla ta wata-wata, wacce ta buƙaci a yi gyare-gyare a ƙarƙashin 'yan mulkin mallaka na Faransa. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Mohamed Bach Hamba a shekara ta 1881 a cikin iyali na asalin Turkiyya; ɗan uwansa, Ali Bach Hamba, shi ne wanda ya kafa Matasan Tunusiya.   Bayan tafiya a Constantinople, a watan Mayu 1916, Bach Hamba ya kaddamar da "*Revue du Maghreb*" mai kishin ƙasa a Geneva.  Wannan mujallar na wata-wata da nufin yin kira ga sauye-sauye a Tunisia da Aljeriya, wanda ya kai ga daidaito ga kowa a ƙarƙashin mulkin Faransa. To sai dai kuma ana kwace kwafin kwafin da aka aika zuwa Tunisiya saboda tsananin sukar da take yi na ga 'yan mulkin mallaka. Mujallar wacce Turkiyya ta ba da tallafi, ita ma ta ci gaba da yin kira da a tabbatar da kai.  A cikin shekarar 1918, Bach Hamba ya buga wani abin tunawa a ƙarƙashin taken "*Le Peuple algéro-tunisien et la France*" inda ya yi tir da manufar "haɗawa" tare da Kariyar Faransa kuma ya yi jayayya da 'yancin kai na al'ummar Aljeriya-Tunisiya. Ya mutu a ranar 27 ga watan Disamba 1920, kuma an binne shi a makabartar Hasenheide kudu maso gabashin Berlin.

## Wallafe-wallafe

* *Le Peuple algéro-tunisien et la France* (1918)

## Littattafai
 

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## Manazarta
Movement for the Liberation of Saguia el Hamra and Wadi el Dhahab

The **Movement for the Liberation of Saguia el-Hamra da Wadi el Dhahab**, wanda kuma ake kira da **Liberation Movement** **Movement for the Liberation of the Sahara**, **Advanced Organization of the Sahara**,  ko kuma kawai **jam'iyyar musulmi**,  wani yunkuri ne na Sahrawi wanda Muhammad Bassiri ɗan jarida ne kuma malamin kur'ani ya kirkiro a ƙarshen shekarun 1960.

Manufarta ita ce a hambarar da 'yan mulkin mallaka na Spain cikin lumana da cin nasarar samun 'yancin kai na yammacin Sahara. Da farko dai ta shirya kuma ta yi aiki a asirce, amma ta bayyana wanzuwarta a wata zanga-zanga a El-Aaiun (Laayoune) don nuna adawa da mulkin Spain a shekarar 1970, inda ta yi yunkurin miƙa takardar koke ga masu mulkin mallaka na Spain na neman a samar da kyakkyawar kulawa da kuma samun ‘yancin kai na yammacin Sahara.

Nan take sojojin 'yan mulkin mallaka suka murkushe zanga-zangar. An sanya wa kisan kiyashi da hargitsin sunan Zemla Intifada, ko tayar da zaune tsaye, bayan wurin da aka gudanar da zanga-zangar. Farautar 'yan kungiyar a duk faɗin ƙasar ya biyo baya: An kama Bassiri da kansa kuma "ya bace" a hannun sipanya. Ana kyautata zaton cewa fursunonin gidan yari ne suka kashe shi, kuma kungiyar ‘yan kishin ƙasa ta Sahrawi a yau ta kirga shi a matsayin shahidin farko na wannan zamani (Moroco, wacce ke ikirarin yammacin Sahara a matsayin lardinta, ita ma ta yi yunƙurin dacewa da gadonsa, yana mai cewa Harakat Tahrir ya fi sha’awar korar Spain, ba don samun ‘yancin kai a matsayin al’ummar da ta rabu da Maroko ba).  

Bayan murkushe Harakat Tahrir, masu kishin ƙasa na Sahrawi sun yi watsi da fatan kawo ƙarshen 'yan mulkin mallaka cikin lumana. A cikin watan Mayun 1973 kungiyar Polisario mai fafutuka ta kafa ƙarƙashin jagorancin El-Ouali, tana kira da a yi juyin-juya-hali da makami a kan 'yan mulkin mallaka na Spain. Kungiyar Polisario, wacce har yanzu tana aiki, daga baya zata juya bindigoginta kan sojojin Morocco da na Mauritania waɗanda suka mamaye yammacin Sahara kan tafiyar Spain a shekarar 1975.  

## Manazarta
Ayo Adebanjo

**Ayo Adebanjo** (10 Afrilu 1928 - 14 Fabrairu 2025) lauyan Najeriya ne, mai kishin ƙasa kuma wanda ya kafa kungiyar Afenifere. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Adebanjo ne a garin Ijebu Ogbu Oke, yanzu haka a ƙaramar hukumar Odogbolu a jihar Ogun, a Najeriya ƙarƙashin 'yan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya ɗa ne ga Cif Joel Adedairo Adebanjo da Salawatu Anomo Adebanjo. Ya fara karatunsa ne a makarantar firamare ta Saint Saviors, Elegbaata a Legas, tsakanin shekarun 1934 zuwa 1935. Daga shekarun 1937 zuwa 1941, ya yi makaranta a Holy Trinity School, Ebute Ero, sannan ya wuce makarantar Cathedral da ke Legas har zuwa shekara ta 1943. Aikinsa na farko ya haɗa da aikin jarida da kuma takaitaccen aiki a ma'aikatar lafiya, inda aka kore shi saboda shiga zanga-zangar neman 'yancin kai. 

Ya yi rajista a Majalisar Ilimin Shari'a kuma an kira shi Bar Ingilishi a Lincoln's Inn a shekarar 1961.  Daga nan ya dawo Najeriya ya shiga zauren Cif Obafemi Awolowo.  

## Aikin siyasa
Adebanjo ya kasance memba na kungiyar Action Group (Egbe Afenifere) da aka kafa a shekarar 1951 a Ibadan, gabanin zaben Yanki. An sake kirkiro Afenifere a shekarar 1989. Kungiyar ta fito ne daga gadon kungiyar Action Group, jam’iyyar siyasa da Awolowo ya kafa a shekarar 1951, kuma ta zama babban mai bayar da shawara ga akidar ci gaba. moriya da gyare-gyaren Dimokuraɗiyya. 

A matsayinsa na shugaban Afenifere, Adebanjo ya yi fafutukar ganin an sake fasalin Najeriya a matsayin ƙasa ta tarayya, yana mai cewa tsarin mulki na tsakiya ya ƙara ta’azzara rikicin ƙabilanci da rashin daidaiton tattalin arziki.   Zamansa ya ga ɓangaranci na cikin gida, ciki har da rikicin 2025 inda wani ɓangaren Afenifere mai hamayya ya ayyana tsige shi a matsayin shugaba. 

Afenifere a ƙarƙashin Adebanjo sun yi adawa da mulkin soja, sun goyi bayan National Democratic Coalition (NADECO) a lokacin gwagwarmayar tabbatar da dimokuraɗiyya a Najeriya,  kuma ta amince da Peter Obi na Jam'iyyar Labour a zaɓen shugaban Najeriya na 2023. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa
Adebanjo ya auri Cif Christy Ayo-Adebanjo sama da shekaru 60, kuma ya haifi ‘ya’ya, jikoki, da jikoki.  Ya rasu a gidansa da ke Lekki, Legas a ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairu, 2025, yana da shekaru 96. 

## Duba kuma

* Edwin Kiagbodo Clark

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Kassala

An yi **Yaƙin Kassala** a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 1894, tsakanin sojojin mulkin mallaka na Italiya da sojojin Mahdist Sudanese. 

## Gabatarwa
Gwamna Oreste Baratieri ya nemi kama Kassala, don hana hare-haren Mahdi a kan Eritrea.  A watan Yulin shekara ta 1894, Baratieri ya ga lokacin da Kogin Atbarah ya fara tashi, kuma ya yi tafiya da ƙaramin rundunarsa ta " jami'an Italiya 56, NCOs 41 da sojoji 2510 da ke karkashin jagorancin Bukbashis 16" zuwa Kassala.

## Yaƙi
An buga wani labarin kama Kassala a cikin The New York Times a ranar 20 ga Yuli, 1894: 

"Roma, Yuli 19.- ...An ba da umarnin kai hari kan ayyukan ƙasa na Mahdists nan da nan kuma an yi gwagwarmaya sosai. Mahdists sun yi yaƙi sosai, amma a ƙarshe an kore su daga matsayinsu, suna barin daruruwan matattu da rauni a ciki da kuma game da intrenchments. Da yake ana bin su sosai, Mahdists suka warwatse a ƙarƙashin wuta mai ci gaba, kuma da yawa daga cikinsu a kokarin su tsere sun shiga cikin Kogin Adbara, suna fatan isa gefen."

## Sakamakon haka
Italiyanci sun kama tutoci biyu da wasu bindigogi,  ban da haka Italiyanci suka 'yantar da mutanen da aka kama, gami da "mazauna fari da yawa da kusan ɗari daga cikin ragowar tsohuwar sojojin Masar; har ma da yawa daga kabilun da ke kewaye. "

A ranar 23 ga watan Yulin Janar Oreste Baratieri ya tafi, ya bar garuruwan mutane dubu tare da bindigogi biyu a karkashin Colonel Turitto . Shekaru uku bayan haka, a cikin 1897, Italiyanci sun mayar da iko da Kassala ga Birtaniya, don samun amincewar duniya game da mulkin mallaka na Eritrea. Sojojin Italiya da ke Kassala sun koma Eritrea.

## Manazarta
1947 Kisan kiyashi na Casablanca

**Kisan Kisan 7 ga Afrilu, 1947** (wanda aka fi sani da Moroccan *darbat saligan* 'Yajin Senegal,' a hukumance:  'Kisan Kisan 7 ga watan Afrilu' ko  'Abubuwan da suka faru a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilu') kisan kiyashi ne na fararen hula 'yan Morocco masu aiki a Casablanca da Tirailleurs na Senegal suka yi a cikin hidimar daular Faransa ta mulkin mallaka.   Hukumomin Faransa ne suka kaddamar da harin da nufin kawo cikas ga ziyarar da Sultan Mohammad V ya kai yankin Tangier na ƙasa da ƙasa  domin gabatar da jawabin Tangier na neman ‘yancin kan ƙasar Maroko da kuma haɗe yankunanta. 

## Tarihi
A kwanakin baya gabanin jawabin Sarkin, sojojin Faransa na mulkin mallaka a Casablanca, musamman ''Tirailleurs'' na Senegal da ke yiwa daular Faransa ta 'yan mulkin mallaka aiki , sun aiwatar da kisan kiyashi kan 'yan Morocco masu aiki. Kisan kiyashin ya ɗauki kusan awanni 24 daga ranakun 7-8 ga watan Afrilu 1947, yayin da ‘yan *tirailleurs* suka yi harbi ba kakkautawa a cikin gine-ginen zama a unguwannin masu aiki, inda suka kashe farar hula 180 na Morocco. Rikicin dai ya taso ne da nufin yi wa tafiyar Sarkin Musulmi zagon ƙasa zuwa Tangier, ko da yake bayan ya koma Casablanca domin ta'aziyyar iyalan waɗanda lamarin ya shafa, Sarkin Musulmi ya zarce zuwa Tangier don gabatar da jawabi mai cike da tarihi.  

A ranar 7 ga watan Afrilu  Plaza (  ) in  ana kiransa a cikin abin tunawa da abubuwan da suka faru.

## Manazarta
Assou Oubasslam

**Assou Oubasslam** ya kasance jagoran gwagwarmaya da makamai a kudu maso gabashin Maroko, mai adawa da 'yan mulkin mallaka na Faransa daga mamayar Maroko har zuwa farkon shekara ta 1930s. Shi ɗan ƙabilar Berber ne daga ƙabilar Aït Atta kuma an haife shi a shekara ta 1890 a Ksar Taghya, Morocco. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Assou Oubasslam a shekara ta 1890    a Ksar Taghya, kudu da Tinghir. Cikakken sunansa **Aissa Ou Ali n Ait Baslam**. Mahaifinsa shi ne shugaban ( *amghar n-tmazirt*) na gidan Ilimshan na Ait Atta.  Shi Sufi ne, shugaba mai kwarjini, wanda aikin mahaifinsa ya rinjayi shi. A shekarar 1919, an naɗa shi a matsayin shugaban kabilar "Ilm Chan". Yayin da 'yan mulkin mallaka na Faransa ya ci gaba kuma yana yin barazana ga Gabashin High Atlas, ya ɗauki kwamandan tsayin daka na Amazigh a kan masu mulkin mallaka na Faransa da masu haɗin gwiwa. Assou Oubasslam ya sha faɗace-faɗace da dama, musamman yakin Bougafer a shekarar 1933, inda ya samu gagarumar nasara a kan Faransawa.

## Yaƙin Bougafer
A cikin shekarar 1932, kabilun Ait Atta sun taru a Ksar Taghya suka zaɓi Assou Oubasslam a matsayin babban jagoran jihadi. Da akasarin ƙasar Maroko ƙarƙashin mamayar Faransa, sojojin ‘yan mulkin mallaka sun yi yunkurin kutsawa kudu maso gabashin Maroko tare da fatattakar yankin Saghro da kuma ƙabilun Ait Atta. Juriyar da Assou Oubasslam ya yi ya zama shinge ga faɗaɗa su. Assou Oubslam ya jagoranci gwagwarmayar Islama a kan turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa, inda ya shiga faɗace-faɗacen da suka nuna goyon baya ga tsayin daka. Ya yi hasarar gagarumar hasarar sojojin mamaya tare da jan hankalin maharan zuwa ga gumurzun faɗace-faɗace a wurare kamar "Taouza", "Al Nif", "Tazarin" da "Naqoub."   A cikin shekarar 1933, bayan fafatawar da yawa, yakin Bogafar ya ɓarke a yankunan Saghro, Asef Mulul, da Dutsen Baddou a gabashin High Atlas. Ya kare ne da nasarar tirjiya a kan Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa.

Dubban 'yan Moroko ne suka rasa rayukansu a wannan yakin, kuma sojojin Faransa sun yi amfani da kisan kare dangi. Fararen hula da aka kashe a Bougafer sun kai dubu huɗu, da suka haɗa da yara da mata.  Juriya na Assou Oubasslam ya miƙa wuya ne kawai a ranar 25 ga watan Maris, 1933,  bayan ya jimre da tsayin daka ta ƙasa da iska. Juriyar Assou Oubasslam ta zo ƙarshe.

## Mutuwa
Bayan doguwar gwagwarmaya da ciwon sukari, ɗan gwagwarmayar  Moroko Assou Oubasslam ya mutu a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta, 1960.  An binne shi a makabartar kakanninsa da ke yankin Imilchan Commune. 

## Duba kuma

* 
* Abd el-Krim
* Mouha ou Hammou Zayani
* Ahmed al-Hiba
* 

## Manazarta
Abdesalam Bennuna

**Abdesalam Bennuna** ( Arabic   ) mutumin Moroko ne mai wasiƙa. An bayyana shi a matsayin "uban 'yan kishin ƙasa na Moroko."   

Shi ne ya assasa  (  *Freedom*), jaridar arabophone, tare da Abdelkhalek Torres. 

Ya yi rubutu da Shakib Arslan. 

Da yake zana wahayi daga Alliance Israélite Universelle da makarantar da ta kafa a Tetuan a cikin shekarar 1862, ya tuntuɓi masana, , da masana adabi a Maroko kuma ya kafa Ƙungiyar Kimiyya ta Moroccan ( ) a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba, 1916. 

Tare da Mohammed Daoud, Bennouna ya kafa kungiyar al Muslihun ('yan canji) a shekarar 1926. 

A lokacin 'yan mulkin mallaka na Spain a Moroko, Bennouna ya yi kira da a yi gyare-gyaren demokraɗiyya ga 'yan Morocco. Da farko, Bennouna bai  nemi 'yancin kai ko cin gashin kai ba, amma a sake fasalin 'yan mulkin mulkin mallaka kamar zaɓaɓɓun majalissar gundumomi, majalisar gamayya, ƴan jaridu, ƴancin ƙungiyoyi, ingantaccen tsarin ilimi, damar Moroccan kan muƙaman gudanarwa da matakan yaƙi da talauci. 

## Manazarta
Rowland Percy Moss

**Rowland Percy Moss** (1928-1993) masanin tattalin arziki ne kuma mai bincike a Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai sha'awar dangantakar da ke tsakanin yanayin ƙasa da wadata. An san shi da aikinsa a kan Ci gaba a Afirka mai zafi. 

## Littattafai

* (a matsayin edita) albarkatun ƙasa na Afirka mai zafi: wani taro na Ƙungiyar Nazarin Afirka ta Ƙasar Ingila. London, Jami'ar Cambridge Press, 1968.   Abstract
* An shirya shi tare da M. R. Kettle . *Nazarin Kudancin Afirka: rahoto na taron da aka gudanar a Makarantar Nazarin Gabas da Afirka a Jami'ar London a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 1969, ta Kungiyar Nazarin Afirka ta Burtaniya.* A cikin: Taron Nazarin Kusancin Afirka, London, 1969. Birmingham, Ƙungiyar Nazarin Afirka ta Burtaniya, 1970.  ISBN&nbsp;
* *Ilimin muhalli na al'ummomin mutane.* Birmingham: Jami'ar Birmingham, 1974.  ISBN&nbsp;
* An shirya shi tare da R. J. A. R. Rathbone . *Abubuwan da ke tattare da yawan jama'a a cikin nazarin Afirka: abubuwan da suka faru na taron da Kungiyar Nazarin Afirka ta Ingila ta shirya, Satumba 1972.* London: Jami'ar London Press, 1975.  ISBN&nbsp;
* *Tunanin da ka'idar a cikin kimantawa na ƙasa don tsara amfani da ƙasa a yankunan karkara.* Ma'aikatar Geography, ? , 1978.
* Wani babi game da ƙasa da kula da ƙasa. A cikin: Cocin Ronald James Harrison . *Yammacin Afirka: nazarin muhalli da yadda mutum ke amfani da shi.* London/New York: Longman, 1980.  ISBN&nbsp;
* An shirya shi tare da William Basil Morgan da G. J. Afolabi Ojo . *Tsarin makamashi na karkara a cikin wurare masu zafi: ayyukan Taron Taron Farko na Shirin Makamashi na Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Ife, Najeriya, 10-12 Agusta 1978.* Tattaunawar Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Rural Energy Systems Project (Ife, Najeriya, 1978.) Tokyo, Japan: Jami'ar United Nations, c1980.  ISBN&nbsp;
* Tare da William Basil Morgan.*Fitar da samar da makamashi da wadata a cikin wurare masu zafi: rahoto ga Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tare da ambaton musamman ga Tropical Afirka da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya.* Dublin: An buga shi don Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Tycooly International, 1981.  ISBN   &nbsp;
* *Tunanin game da dangantakar da ke tsakanin gandun daji da savanna a wurare masu zafi na Yammacin Afirka.* Salford: Sashen Geography, Jami'ar Salford, 1982.
* Duniya a hannayenmu 1982 
* *Matsalolin muhalli akan Ci Gaban a cikin Tropical Afirka.* A cikin: *[[M. B. Gleave]] (edita). * Ci gaban Afirka mai zafi: Halin Yanayi. Burnt Mill, Harlow: Longmans; New York: John Wiley &amp;amp; Sons, 1992, shafi na 50-92.  &nbsp;ISBN&nbsp;

: Binciken littafi A cikin: *[[Third World Planning Review|Binciken Shirye-shiryen Duniya na Uku]].* Liverpool University Press,   vol. 15, No. 4, 1993. shafi na 429-

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Global Afrikan Congress

**Global Afrikan Congress** (GAC) kungiya ce ta kasa da kasa da aka kirkira da kuma ga 'yan Afirka da mutanen da suka fito daga Afirka. Babban burin GAC shine sake rarraba albarkatun duniya da kuma tsayayya da ci gaba da zalunci; yana neman cimma waɗannan burin ta hanyar neman diyya don cin zarafin mutanen da ke da al'adun Afirka, tallafawa manufofi don yaki da wariyar launin fata, da kuma aiki don karɓa da girmamawa ga 'yan Afirka da mutanen da' yan asalin Afirka.

## Game da
GAC ta bayyana sake dawowa da maidowa kamar haka:

: "tsarin gyaran kai, warkarwa da maido da mutanen da suka ji rauni saboda asalin rukunin su, da kuma keta haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali ta mutane, kamfanoni, addini da sauran cibiyoyin, gwamnatoci da sauran ƙungiyoyi. "

An shirya GAC a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2002  a Bridgetown, Barbados kuma ya fito ne kai tsaye daga kungiyar 'yan Afirka da Afirka (AADC) da aka kafa kafin taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2001 kan wariyar launin fata (UNWCAR). Bayan UNWCAR babu wani ci gaba daga bangaren wadanda aka zaba don ci gaba da aikin AADC da aka fara a lokacin taron shirye-shirye (PREPCOMS) wanda ya kai ga UNWCAR. Lauyan Roger Wareham ne ya shirya, AADC ta zama babbar muryar 'yan Afirka a duk faɗin duniya a lokacin UNWCAR. AADC ta taimaka wajen samun cinikin bayi na Transatlantic ya ayyana "laifuka a kan bil'adama", kuma ya buɗe ƙofar kai tsaye, hari na shari'a a kan kasashe da kamfanoni waɗanda suka amfana daga Cinikin bayi na Atlantic.

GAC ta ci gaba da aikin AADC kuma yanzu an shirya ta a cikin kasashe 35, kuma ita ce "mafi girman kungiyar Pan-African Black Nationalist a duniya. " Taron kundin tsarin mulki, wanda aka gudanar a watan Oktoba 2004 a Paramaribo, Suriname, ya tabbatar da takardar da mutane da yawa suka ɗauka don tsara hanyar da ya kamata ƙungiyar Pan-Afirka ta motsa a cikin karni na 21.

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

* Shafin yanar gizon hukuma
Rahal Meskini

**Rahal Meskini** (1926 &#x2013; Disamba 17, 1956) ɗan gwagwarmayar ƙasar Maroko ne mai adawa da 'yan mulkin mallaka na Faransa. Ya kafa kungiyar asiri tare da Ibrahim Rudani a ƙarshen shekarun 1940. An kashe shi ne a birnin Casablanca na ƙasar Maroko da 'yan  . 

Rahal Meskini ya fito daga ƙabilar Beni Meskin a Chaouia-Ouardigha. Ya shiga kungiyar Kenitra na jam'iyyar Istiqlal a shekara ta 1947, yana ɗan shekara 21 a duniya.

Ya zauna a Casablanca a cikin shekarar 1952 kuma ya kafa kungiyar asirin Moroccan. Makamai da ɗan tawaye, ya yi suna don rashin tausayi ga Faransawa da masu biyayya gare su. An kama shi a shekara ta 1954, amma ya sami damar tserewa bayan kwanaki 40 na azabtarwa.

## Kisa
A cikin lokacin da aka samu 'yancin kai, gwagwarmayar juriya ta rabu. ‘Yan kungiyar Black Crescent sun kai masa hari suka harbe shi a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba, 1956. 

## Manazarta
Abdelkhalek Torres

**Abdelkhalek Torres** (1910 - Mayu 27, 1970) ɗan jarida ɗan Moroko ne kuma jagora mai kishin ƙasa wanda ke zaune a Tetouan, Maroko a lokacin 'yan mulkin mallaka na Spain a lokacin Maroko. 

Ya kafa jaridar larabci mai suna  (  *Freedom*) tare da Abdesalam Bennuna. 

Wasan Torres na shekarar 1934 *Intissar al haq* (Nasara na Dama), "har yanzu ana ɗaukarsa wasan farko na Moroccan da aka buga," in ji masani Kamal Salhi. 

Ayyukansa na siyasa tun daga shekarar 1930s ya ƙare a cikin samun 'yancin kai na Maroko a shekarar 1956.   A cikin shekarunsa na baya, Torres ya fara zama jakada a Spain da Masar, sannan ya zama Ministan Shari'a. 

## Manazarta
Hajji Ali Zniber

**Hajj Ali Zniber** (1844-1914), cikakken suna **Ali bin Ahmed bin Abd al-Qadir Zniber Lettam**, marubucin Moroko ne kuma mai kishin ƙasa. An san shi, tare da Abdellah Bensaid, saboda gabatar da kundin tsarin mulki na farko don inganta yanayin siyasa a Maroko a shekarar 1904. : *Kare 'yancin kai da kin 'yan mulkin mallaka*. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Bayan ya yi tattaki zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya domin gudanar da aikin hajji a Makkah Ali ya koma Masar inda ya zauna a harkar shigo da kayayyaki inda ya samu damar sanin malaman Masar daidai gwargwado na zamaninsa. Shekaru 23 da ya yi a Masar ya ba shi damar zaburar da ra'ayoyin tsarin mulki na Gabas ta Tsakiya don yin la'akari da wasu sauye-sauyen siyasa da ya ke adawa da sasantawa da masu fafutukar kare 'yancin kai.  "Ya kasance da wuri da sanin hatsarin da 'yan mulkin mallaka na Faransa ke da shi kuma ya ba da jerin shawarwari ga Sultan Moulay Abdelaziz. Ya kuma miƙa wa Babban Moulay Youssef daftarin tsarin mulki. Gidan ɗakin karatu na Sbihi a Salé ya ƙunshi rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce da dama da mutumin da kansa ya rubuta.  "Rayuwarsa gaba ɗaya har yanzu ba a sani ba ga masana tarihi. Bayan ya koma Maroko, yayin da yake ci gaba da tuntuɓar masana kimiyyar Saletin, ya ƙaura zuwa Tangier inda ya gana da Ministan Harkokin Waje da kuma Fez inda yake da alhakin bugawa da rarraba jaridun Moroccan kuma ya buga littattafai da yawa a can. Bayan tsarin mulkin da aka gabatar a gaban Sarkin Musulmi, Ali Zniber ya jaddada kare martabar ƙasa da kare harshen Larabci.

## Wallafe-wallafe
Ɗan kishin ƙasa na Slaoui Boubker El Kadiri ya rubuta tarihin rayuwarsa:

A harshen larabci Boubker El Kadiri, *Hajj Ali Zniber: A scholar of modern Morocco died in 1914 and its constitution: Saving the independence and control of colonization* ["الحاج علي زنيبر: رائد من أعلام المغرب الحديث المتوفى عام 1914 م ودستوره : حفظ الإستقلال ولفظ سيطرة الإحتلال "] Printing Najah Casablanca, 2004, 86 p (.  )  
Informations  on the original book in Arabic, published in 2004.

## Manazarta
Kishin ƙasa na Tunusiya

**Kishin ƙasa na Tunusiya** yana nufin kishin ƙasa na Tunisiya da al'adun Tunisiya.  Asalin kishin ƙasa na Tunisiya tun daga ƙarni na 19; duk da haka, kishin ƙasa na Tunusiya ya zama wani gagarumin karfi na siyasa bayan shekarar 1908 tare da kafa kungiyar matasa Tunisia, kuma mafi mahimmancin Destour (Larabci don "Constitution") da aka kafa bayan yakin duniya na ɗaya.  Jam'iyyar Destour ta yi kira ga ƙasar Tunisiya ta samu 'yancin cin gashin kai a cikin daular Faransa, kuma bai kamata Faransa ta mamaye siyasa da al'ummar Tunisia ba.  Faransa ta mayar da martani ta hanyar haramta jam'iyyar Destour a shekarar 1933, wanda ya haifar da karuwar jam'iyyar 'yan kishin ƙasa, an kafa jam'iyyar Neo-Destour a shekarar 1934 ƙarƙashin jagorancin Habib Bourguiba.  Jam'iyyar Neo-Desour ta buƙaci ƙasar Tunisiya ta samu 'yancin kai daga Faransa, duk da cewa tana mutunta al'adun Faransa da na yammacin Turai tare da neman kulla alaka ta kut da kut da Faransa bayan samun 'yancin kai. 

## Duba kuma

* Aljeriya kishin kasa
* Balarabe kishin kasa
* Kishin kasa na Masar
* Kishin kasa Libya

## Littattafai

*  

## Manazarta
Ramadan Asswehly

**Ramadan Sewehli**, also spelled as **Ramadan al-Suwayhili**,    *Ramaḍān al-Swīḥlī* (c. 1879 – 1920) ya kasance fitaccen ɗan kishin ƙasa na Tripolitaniya a farkon mamayar Italiya a shekarar 1911 kuma ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Jamhuriyar Tripolitaniya.    

Ya yi yaƙi da Daular Usmaniyya da Italiya a lokacin Yaƙin Italo-Turkiyya, amma bayan kammala yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta shekarar 1912, ya jagoranci tawaye ga ruƙunin Italiya a Sirte. Da ɓarkewar yakin duniya na ɗaya, Italiyawa sun janye daga Misrata. Ganin wannan fa'ida, daga baya ya shiga yakin Gasr Bu Hadi da Italiya. Shekaru da dama, ya yi nasarar karfafa garin Misrata a matsayin mafaka ga dakarun Ottoman da gundumar siyasa mai cin gashin kanta. A cikin shekarar 1916, sojojinsa sun yi arangama da sojojin Senussi da aka aika zuwa Sirte don karɓar haraji daga jama'ar yankin.  Kakan Abdulrahman Sewehli ne.

## Manazarta
Vy Vato Sakelika

***Vy Vato Sakelika*** wata ƙungiyar asiri ce ta kishin ƙasa da aka kafa a Madagascar a shekara ta 1913 ta *Hova* *Merina* elites don tayar da tawaye ga 'yan mulkin mallaka na Faransa a tsibirin.

Mulkin mallakar da Masarautar Madagaska ta yi a shekara ta 1896 ya haifar da boren da jama'a suka yi wa Faransawa, wanda ake kira tawayen ''Menalamba''. Sarauniya Ranavalona III, mijinta da Firayim Minista, Rainilaiarivony, da kuma babban ruƙuni na kotunan Hova sun kasance masu alhakin. Rainandriamampandry (magajin garin Toamasina) da wasu da dama an kashe su ta hanyar harbe-harbe, yayin da aka kwashe sarauniya da firaminista. An kwace wa ’yan kungiyar Protestan Hova, waɗanda suka kafa rukunin masu mulkin ƙasar gaba ɗaya, gata da dukiyoyinsu. An yi tashe-tashen hankula da dama makamancin haka a wasu sassan tsibirin a cikin shekaru goma na farko na 'yan mulkin mallaka.

Kisa da zalunci na Hova elite sun haɗa wannan hanyar sadarwa na iyalai na Furotesta Merina a kan hukumomin 'yan mulkin mallaka. Ministan Furotesta Ravelojaona yana cikin na farko da ya buga editoci a fili da ke inganta manufar kishin ƙasa; Daga cikin na farko kuma mafi tasiri har da waɗanda aka buga a ƙarƙashin jerin da ya yi wa suna "Jafan da Jafananci" wanda ya yaba da nasarar haɗa al'ada da zamani a zamanin Meiji.  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan an buga waɗannan guda, a cikin watan Yuli 1913 ɗalibai bakwai a makarantar likitanci a Antananarivo  sun kafa ƙungiyar masu kishin ƙasa ta farko ta Madagascar, ƙungiyar asirin *Vy Vato Sakelika* (VVS, "Iron, Stone, Network").  Ba da daɗewa ba ƙungiyar ta jawo ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a cikin ƙwararrun ajin, ciki har da ma'aikatan ofis na Merina, ma'aikatan kantuna da malaman firamare.  Ta wannan hanyar, membobin tsohon fitattun Hova sun kafa ainihin memba na VVS a farkon lokacinsa.  Kodayake a wasu lokuta kungiyar ta gabatar da kanta a matsayin kungiyar al'adu,  ta yi amfani da jaridu na ƙasa don yin kira ga jama'a da su sadaukar da kansu don 'yanci da mutuncin *tanindrazana* (ƙasar kakanninsu). 

Yayin da Faransa ta shiga yakin duniya na, an ga waɗannan kiran na ƙasa a matsayin abin kunya wanda ba za a iya jurewa ba. Manufofin Faransa game da VVS sun yi tauri a shekarar 1915 biyo bayan jita-jita game da makirci a kan jihar. An kama mambobi da yawa kuma an yanke musu hukuncin aiki;  daga ƙarshe an sake su a shekarar 1918  kuma an gafarta musu a shekarar 1922 . Hukumomin 'yan mulkin mallaka sun tsananta wa mambobin VVS. An tura wasu kurkuku a Nosy Lava, wani ƙaramin tsibiri a kudu maso yammacin gabar teku; an kori wasu daga muƙaman gwamnati ko kuma an yanke musu hukuncin aiki tuƙuru. An haramta VVS a farkon shekara ta 1916 kuma an rufe jaridar mallakar masu goyon bayan VVS. Wannan mummunar martani ya tilasta muhawara game da kishin ƙasa da daidaito ga mutanen Madagascar, wanda ya haifar da bunƙasawar ƙungiyar kishin ƙasa a duk faɗin tsibirin wanda ya yanke tsakanin ƙabilanci, addini da rarrabuwar ƙasa. Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan sun haɗa kai a bayan Jean Ralaimongo, tsohon shugaban VVS wanda ya jagoranci turawa don daidaito ga mutanen Madagascar.

## Littattafai

* 
* 
*  
*  

## Manazarta
Bashir Saadawi

**Bashir Saadawi** (ALA-LC : Bashir al-Sa'dāwī; 1884 - 17 ga watan Janairu 1957) ɗan siyasan Libya ne kuma wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban jam'iyyar National Congress Party na unitarist. 

Bashir Saadawi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutanen da suka ba da gudunmuwa wajen samun 'yancin kai a Libiya. Sai dai bayan da aka naɗa Sarki Idris I a matsayin Sarkin Libya, an wargaza dukkan ɓangarorin kuma aka kai Saadawi gudun hijira zuwa Beirut inda ya rayu har tsawon rayuwarsa, a can ya rasu a ranar 17 ga watan Janairun 1957. 

An dawo da gawarsa don binne shi a Libya a cikin shekarar 1970.

## Manazarta
Yarjejeniyar Nakuru

**Yarjejeniyar Nakuru**, wacce aka sanya hannu a ranar 21 ga watan Yuni, 1975, a Nakuru, Kenya, ƙoƙari ne na ceto yarjejeniyar Alvor, wacce ta bai wa Angola 'yancin kai daga 'yan mulkin mallaka na Portugal da kuma kafa gwamnatin riƙon kwarya. Yayin da Yarjejeniyar Nakuru ta haifar da sulhu tsakanin ƙungiyoyin masu kishin ƙasa guda uku - Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA), and National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) - shi ne sulhu mai rauni da ya wargaje a ranar 9 ga watan Yuli, 1975. 

## Sulhuntawa
Manyan shugabannin 'yan awaren uku, Agostinho Neto na MPLA, Jonas Savimbi na UNITA, da Holden Roberto na FNLA sun haɗu a Nakuru daga ranakun 15-21 ga watan Yuni. Shugaban Kenya Jomo Kenyatta ne ya jagoranci tattaunawar. Shugabannin sun yi Allah-wadai da yin amfani da karfi a matsayin hanyar magance matsalolin, sannan suka sake amincewa da ajiye makamansu da kuma kwance ɗamarar fararen hula.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Rubutun duk yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ga Angola 

## Manazarta
Kishin ƙasa na Kongo a Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango

**Kishin ƙasa na Kongo a Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango** kuma an daɗe ana kiransa da **kishin kasa na Zairian** a lokacin mulkin Mobutu Sese Seko. Kishin ƙasa na Kongo yana ci gaba da wanzuwa a tsakanin al'ummar Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango, duk da yakin basasa da rashin cikakken ma'anar abin da ake nufi da zama ɗan Kongo. 

## Tarihi
Sarakuna 'yan mulkin mallaka na Belgium ne suka kirkiro yankin Kongo waɗanda suka ari sunan da masarautar Kongo mai tarihi ke amfani da ita. A lokacin babu wani ra'ayi na al'ummar Kongo duk da haka, saboda mutanen da ke zaune a yankin sun rabu zuwa ƙabilu.  Kishin ƙasa a Kongo ya fara ɓarkewa ne a shekara ta 1959 a lokacin tarzomar adawa da 'yan mulkin mallaka na Belgium.  Yunkurin tabbatar da ƙasar ya ruguje cikin sauri bayan samun 'yancin kai lokacin da Mobutu Sese Seko ya yi tawaye ga gwamnatin Patrice Lumumba a shekarar 1960.  Bayan shekaru da dama yana mulki Mobutu ya sake sunan ƙasar Zaire a shekara ta 1971 kuma ya nemi ayyana tare da kafa ƙasa ɗaya tak ta hanyar manufofinsa na sahihanci, wanda ya haɗa da kokarin tsarkake addinin Kiristanci daga Zaire - domin ita ce mulkin mallaka.  Akwai masu sukar kishin ƙasa na Zairian/Congo da ke ganin cewa wata dabara ce ta Mobutu don samun halaccin mulkinsa, ko da yake an ƙalubalanci wannan suka saboda dagewar kishin ƙasa bayan Mobutu bayan faɗuwar Mobutu daga ƙaragar mulki tare da mayar da ƙasar suna zuwa Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango.

## Manazarta
Kogon Mau-Mau

Yana kusa da Nanyuki, kusan 199.2&nbsp;km Arewa maso Gabashin Nairobi  a Lardin Tsakiyar Kenya, **Mau Mau Cave** an yi amfani da shi a matsayin maɓoya daga mayaƙan masu neman 'Yancin Kenya a lokacin tashin hankalin Mau Mau na shekarun 1952 zuwa 1960. Tana kusan kilomita 18 kudu da equator a cikin kauri na Dutsen Kenya National Park.

## Tarihi
An gano kogon ne a shekara ta 1953 daga hannun mayakan 'yancin Mau Mau da ke yakar gwamnatin 'yan  mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya jim kaɗan bayan ayyana dokar ta-ɓaci  a shekarar 1952. Sojojin Birtaniyya ne suka kai harin bam a shekarar 1959 bayan da aka samu wurin daga wani memba na Sojan Ƙasa da neman 'Yanci. Kimanin mutane 200   ne suka rasa rayukansu a cikin kogon yayin tashin bam, ɗin kuma ana iya ganin gawarwakinsu a cikin baraguzan ginin. Gidan kayan tarihi na Kenya ya duba shi a cikin shekarar 2003 kuma ya ayyana shi a matsayin abin tunawa na ƙasa.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

# Kogin Nairobi Mau Mau Cave
# Gidajen tarihi na Kenya 

## Manazarta
Eastern Revolt

**Tawayen Gabas** (Portuguese   Revolta do Leste; **RDL**) ƙungiya ce ta Angola mai kishin ƙasa da ta yi yakin neman 'yancin kai daga Portugal karkashin jagorancin Daniel Chipenda.  RDL ta samu goyon bayanta daga ƙabilar Ovimbundu. 

A watan Mayun 1966, Chipenda, wanda a lokacin memba ne na Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), ya kafa Gabas ta Gabas, wanda ya kara faɗaɗa isar MPLA a Angola. Lokacin da EF ta rushe, Chipenda da shugaban MPLA Agostinho Neto kowanne ya zargi ɓangaren ɗayan. A shekarar 1972, Tarayyar Soviet ta yi kawance da ɓangaren Chipenda, inda ta ba shi taimako. Tawayen Gabas kuma sun sami taimako daga gwamnatocin Zambia  da Afirka ta Kudu.  Chipenda ya bar MPLA a cikin shekarar 1973, ya kafa Tawayen Gabas tare da tsoffin mabiyan MPLA 1,500.  Ya yi adawa da shugabancin mestizo na MPLA kuma ya yi kaffa-kaffa da Tarayyar Soviet, duk da goyon bayanta.

A cikin shekarar 1973, Tarayyar Soviet ta gayyaci Neto zuwa Moscow kuma ta gaya masa Chipenda yana shirin kashe shi.  Ko da yake Chipenda ya shiga Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Ƙasar Angola (FNLA) a cikin watan Satumba 1974,  wanzuwar Gabas ta ci gaba kuma dakarun RDL sun yi yaƙi da MPLA a cikin watan Fabrairu 1975. 

## Manazarta
Operation Jock Scott

**Operation Jock Scott** ya faru jim kaɗan bayan ayyana dokar ta-ɓaci  a cikin Tawayen Mau Mau. Sojojin Birtaniya 'yan mulkin mallaka sun dakatar da shugabannin siyasar Afirka tare da tattara shugabannin da ake zargin da haddasa tawayen Mau Mau. 

## Manazarta
Carcase for Hounds

***Carcase for Hounds*** labari ne na marubucin Kenya Meja Mwangi wanda aka fara buga shi a cikin shekarar 1974. Littafin ya shafi gwagwarmayar ‘yantar da Mau Mau a zamanin karshen 'yan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya da ƙoƙarin da manyan jaruman suka yi, na nuna yadda aka tsara Mau Mau da kuma dalilin da ya sa aka ɗauki tsawon lokaci kafin gwamnatin 'yan mulkin mallaka ta fatattake su.  *Carcase fr Hounds* ya sami ra'ayoyi iri ɗaya. Har ila yau, littafin Ola Balogun, *Cry Freedom* (1981; kada a gauraye shi da fitaccen fim ɗin 1987 mai suna iri ɗaya) ya canza shi zuwa fim ɗin.&#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Makirci
Littafin ya shafi rikicin da ke tsakanin a Janar Haraka, shugaban Mau Mau, da sojojin Birtaniya da ke wakiltar gwamnatin 'yan mulkin mallaka, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kyaftin Kingsley. Haraka tsohon hakimin ƙauye ne wanda rashin jituwarsa da Kingsley, kafin rikicin, ya sa ya yi tunanin yin tawaye ga Birtaniya.

An kafa ta ne a yankuna masu nisa na Kenya, inda faɗan ya faru a dazuzzukan ruwan sama da kuma kan tsaunuka.

## Amsa daga jama'a
Littafin ya sami sharhi iri ɗaya daga masu suka.  J. Burns, yana rubutawa ga mujallar *Littattafai a Ƙasashen waje*, ya soki littafin don zama babban aiki, tare da makirci da haruffa kawai. Burns ya yi, duk da haka, ya yaba da lafazin Mwangi da iya siffantawa. GD Killam ya soki littafin saboda dalilai masu kama da Burns, yana nuna rashin jin daɗin ci gaban halayen wasu fiye da waɗanda ke da hannu a manyan mukamai na Birtaniyya da sojojin tawaye. 

Akasin haka, Charles R. Larson, wanda kuma ya rubuta wa *Littattafai a Ƙasashen waje*, ya ce gaskiyar cewa littafin ya canza tsakanin ra'ayi na Mau Mau da sojojin Birtaniya, wanda Charles R. Larson, wanda kuma ya rubuta wa *Littattafai a Ƙasashen waje*, ya ce ya ba da gudummawa ga kyakkyawan tunani da sauri. 

## Manazarta