Magungunan kiyayewa

**Magungunan kiyayewa** wani bangare ne mai tasowa, wanda ke nazarin dangantakar dake tsakanin lafiya dabbobi da wadanda ba na mutum ba da yanayin muhalli. Musamman, maganin kiyayewa shine nazarin yadda lafiyar mutane, dabbobi, da muhalli keda alaƙa da juna kuma abubuwan kiyayewa sun shafi su. An kuma san shi da Lafiyar duniya, maganin muhalli, ilimin ƙasa na likita, ko maganin muhallu.

Abubuwan dake  haifar da matsalolin kiwon lafiya suna da rikitarwa, duniya, kuma ba a fahimta sosai ba. Masu aikin kiwon lafiya na kiyayewa sun kafa ƙungiyoyi masu yawa don magance waɗannan batutuwan. Ƙungiyoyin na iya haɗawa da likitoci da likitoci dabbobi da ke aiki tare da masu bincike da likitofi daga fannoni daban-daban, gami da masu ilimin microbiologists, masu ilimin cututtuka, masu nazarin yanayin ƙasa, masu nazarin halittu na ruwa, masu guba, masu ilimin cututtuka, masu ilimin yanayin yanayi, masu nazarin halittu, da kuma siyasa masana.

## Yaduwar
Wani likita a cikin 1800s, Rudolf Virchow, ya taɓa cewa "tsakanin dabba da maganin ɗan adam, babu layin raba- kuma bai kamata ya kasance ba". Tsakanin lafiyar dabbobi, mutane, da mahallinsu ya kasance yanki ne na tattaunawa tun daga lokacin. An fara bayyana kalmar maganin kiyayewa a cikin shekarun 1990s tare da fahimtar tasirin yawan mutane, lalacewar muhalli, farauta ba bisa ka'ida ba, da asarar halittu masu yawa sun bada gudummawa ga lafiyar mutanen dake cikin Afirka. Ƙarin sha'awar magani kiyayewa tun daga wannan lokacin yana wakiltar cigaba mai mahimmanci a cikin magani da muhalli.

Duk da yake binciken farko na maganin kiyayewa ya mayar da hankali kan lafiyar yawan namun daji, ya zama bayyananne cewa lafiyar ɗan adam tana da tasiri daga dabbobi da muhalli yayin da mutane suka zama masu sanin cututtukan zoonotic. Cututtukan da suka yadu tsakanin dabbobi da mutane kamar wasu nau'ikan mura, Salmonellosis, Kwayar cutar Nilu ta Yamma, annoba, coronavirus (mai tsanani na ciwon numfashi (SARS) da kuma ciwon numashi na Gabas ta Tsakiya (MERS)), rabies, brucellosis, zazzabin cizon sauro, kwayar tsuntsaye, Cutar Lyme, kwayar cuta ta Nipah, da sauran cututtukan mutane da aka sani suna da alaƙa da muhalli ko lafiyar dabba. Ya zuwa 2023, har zuwa 70% na cututtukan cututtukani masu yaduwa (EID) sun samo asali ne daga dabbobi,  wanda ya kawo manufar maganin kiyayewa zuwa gaba na ra'ayoyin yanzu a kiwon lafiya.

Duk da yake tsarin aiki na magani na kiyayewa a cikin kowane hali yana da rikitarwa, ainihin manufar tana da fahimta sosai, wato, cewa lafiyar ɗan adam, lafiyar namun daji, da Lafiyar yanayin halittu duk suna da alaƙa. Barazanar cututtukan dabbobi da ke tafiya zuwa ga mutane daga dabbobi shine tsakiya. Misali, ƙone manyan wuraren gandun daji don buɗe hanyar gonar na iya kawar da nau'in dabba ta daji, wanda ke kamuwa da dabba ta gida. Dabbobin da aka yi da gida sun shiga cikin jerin abinci na mutum kuma sun kamu da mutane, kuma sabon barazanar kiwon lafiya ya fito. Hanyoyin al'ada ga muhalli, lafiyar dabbobi da ta mutum ba sa bincika waɗannan haɗin. A cikin maganin kiyayewa, irin wannan dangantaka tana da mahimmanci. Kwararrun daga fannoni da yawa da suka shafi dole ne suyi  aiki tare.

## Tarihi da Lafiya Ɗaya
Tun lokacin da ra'ayin maganin kiyayewa ya fito, yawancin likitocin mutane da likitocin dabbobi sun karɓi shirin da ake kira One Health .  One Health ya samo asali ne daga ra'ayin farko na One Medicine, wanda al'ummomin likitan dabbobi suka haɓaka tun farkon shekarun 1900. Da farko, One Health kawai ya inganta haɗin gwiwar lafiyar dabbobi da lafiyar ɗan adam, kuma ya kasa fahimtar rawar da lafiyar yanayin halittu ke takawa a cikin lafiya da jin daɗin dabbobi da mutane. Koyaya, One Health yanzu sananne ne kuma mai daraja don inganta lafiyar mutane, dabbobi, da muhalli, kuma ƙungiyoyi da yawa da hukumomi masu mulki sun karɓa don jagorantar aikinsu wajen kare lafiyar duniya. Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka na Amurka (CDC) da Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Amurka (NIH) suna amfani da hanyar Lafiya guda ɗaya don fahimtar da rage barazanar lafiyar ɗan adam. Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya (WOAH) tana amfani da hanyar One Health don inganta lafiyar dabbobi a duk faɗin duniya ta hanyar bayar da shawarwari da yaduwar bayanan likitan dabbobi. Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ta nuna yadda suke amfani da One Health don kare muhalli yana mai cewa "lokacin da muka kare daya, muna kare kowa".

Ma'anar maganin kiyayewa tana amfani da hanyar Lafiya guda ɗaya, kuma musamman tana aiki don rage cututtuka da haɗarin kiwon lafiya da mutane da dabbobi ke fuskanta saboda lalacewar yanayin yanayi.

## Tasirin zamantakewa
Dubi muhalli da kiwon lafiya tare, maganin kiyayewa yana da damar haifar da canji mai sauri a cikin ra'ayin jama'a akan batutuwan al'umma masu rikitarwa, ta hanyar yin nesa da rashin tabbas, na gida da na matsin lamba. Misali, dumamar duniya na iya bayyana tasirin dogon lokaci, amma tasirin nan take na iya zama karamin hauhawar zafin iska. Wannan kuma yana ɗaga rufin jirgin don sauro masu saurin zafin jiki, yana basu damar cin abinci a kan tsuntsaye masu ƙaura masu tashi fiye da yadda aka saba, wanda hakan na iya ɗaukar cuta daga ƙasa ɗaya ko nahiya zuwa wani.

Hakazalika, babban batun Yaduwar birane ya zama mafi dacewa idan aka gan shi dangane da rashin daidaituwa da yake kawowa ga yanayin halittu na yankunan karkara, wanda ke kara yawan jama'a kuma yana tilasta mutane su shiga kusanci da dabbobi (kamar rodents), yana kara haɗarin sabbin cututtukan jinsuna. Lokacin da aka haɗa shi da ainihin lokuta (kamar SARS ko HIV / AIDS), wannan hangen nesa yana da ƙarfi sosai tare da jama'a fiye da ƙarin bayani.

## Dubi kuma

* Ɗaya Lafiya
* Ciwon dabbobi
* Magungunan wurare masu zafi
* Kwayar cuta mai tasowa
* Kula da muhalli

## Manazarta

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* Motavalli, Jim. "Too Darn Hot Global Warming Accelerates the Spread of Disease", *E—The Environmental Magazine*, November/December 2004.
* Moss, Doug. "E WORD: Conservation Health", *E—The Environmental Magazine*, November/December 2004.
* Pokras MA, Kneeland MK (2009) *[https://www.academia.edu/28223195/Understanding_Lead_Uptake_and_Effects_across_Species_Lines_A_Conservation_Medicine_Based_Approach Lead uptake and effects across species lines: a conservation medicine approach]*. In Ingestion of lead from spent ammunition: implications for wildlife and humans (eds RT Watson, M Fuller, M Pokras, WG Hunt), pp.&nbsp;7–22. Boise, ID: The Peregrine Fund.