Batutuwan muhalli a Uruguay

Wannan shafin yana Magana akan **batutuwan muhalli a [[Uruguay]]** .

## Bayanin
Kasar savanna ta Uruguay ta kasance tana lullube da filayen ciyawa, dabino, da gandun daji na gallery tare da kogin Uruguay, Negro, Yaguarí, Queguay da Tacuarembó . Abin takaici, noma da kiwo sun yi matukar canza wadannan al'ummomi. Savannas suna cikin hadari sosai saboda akwai yan guraben wuraren zama marasa kyau. Gaba dayan yankin ya sami sauyi mai tsanani ta hanyar kiwo, daya daga cikin manyan ginshikan tattalin arzikin kasa a Uruguay . Ana amfani da kusan kashi 80% na yankin Uruguay don kiwo a kan savannas na halitta da na wucin gadi. 

## Abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu

### Gurbatar Ruwan Sha

Kogin Santa Lucia, zai iya zama jikin ruwa wanda ke ba da sama da 60% na Uruguay tare da ruwan famfo, ya sami raguwar inganci tun a Shekarar 2014. Kara yawan zubar da ruwa daga kamfanonin noma a cikin tsarin tsafta ya haifar da adadin masu guba a cikin ruwa, kuma raguwar ruwan sama ba ya ba da damar narkewar wannan sharar ta faru. Yawan yawan takin zamani, zubar da sharar gida da kuma masana'antar sarrafa ruwa da ke aiki da rabin karfinsu su ma manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da gurbatar ruwa a cikin wannan kwandon.

Yawan adadin phosphorus a cikin ruwa yana da yawa don cinyewa ta hanyar phytoplankton (wadanda ke kiyaye yanayin muhalli daidaitacce), don haka ya Kare ya lalata ruwa kuma yana taimakawa habaka cyanobacterias, wanda ke lalata ruwan sha. Sannan kuma Yawancin sharar da ake zubarwa a cikin kwanduna na taimakawa wajen samar da wannan wuce gona da iri na phosphorus.

Wani bincike ya nuna cewa yaran da ke da tace ruwa a gidajensu, suna samun sakamako mai kyau a makaranta, ba tare da la’akari da yanayin zamantakewar su ba. Sannan Kashi 30% na yara a Uruguay suna da yawan gubar dalma a tsarinsu, saboda kasancewarsu a cikin ruwan famfo.

### Bayyanar gubar
Mafi yawan bayyanar da gubar a cikin kasar ya ta'allaka ne a Montevideo inda yawancin masana'antu masu amfani da gubar suka tattara.  Misali, masana'antar batir ta Radesca SA a Montevideo na daya daga cikin mafi munin tushen gubar dalma a kasar, Kuma a wani bangare saboda rashin zubar da ciki. 

Musamman ma, gano cutar gubar a cikin unguwar La Teja daga gurbataccen masana'antu, yana haifar da haifar da motsi na adalci na muhalli a cikin unguwar, sannan wanda aka tsara a karkashin ƙungiyar al'umma Comisión Vivir Sin Plomo (Hukumar Rayuwa ba tare da Jagoranci ba).  Wani malami dan kasar Uruguay dan kasar Amurka Daniel Renfrew ya yi ikirarin cewa al'ummar sun kirkiri motsin adalci na muhalli na farko a kasar. 

]Bayan La Teja, an kafa kwamitocin gwamnati sannan kuma saka hannun jarin jama'a ya kai ga duka biyun nazari da daidaita gubar a yawancin masana'antu da aka yi.  An kafa wani asibiti a asibitin Pereira Rossell a Montevideo, wanda ake kira The Health Clinic for Environmental Chemical Contaminants, wanda ya zama cibiyar kula da gubar. Likitan da ya kafa, Elena Queirolo, Kuma zai cigaba da samun babban adadin gubar a cikin kasar. 

### Dabbobi da tasirinsa akan ruwa

A duk duniya, noman Dabbobi na daya daga cikin masana'antar noma mafi girma cikin sauri. Uruguay yana da dogon tarihi tare da samar da dabbobi, tare da 70-80% na kasar da aka kebe ga makiyaya, na halitta da kuma noma; kuma tun a shekarata 1960, samar ya ninka sau biyu. Wannan yana ƙara matsa lamba akan filayen ciyawa, kuma tare da raguwar ingancin kasa, kuma ana buƙatar amfani da takin mai magani don yaƙar wannan fanko. To Amma wannan yana da sakamako; karuwar noman na iya sa amfanin gona ya katse ruwan da ake samu a cikin gida, saboda ana bukatarsa don noman ruwa wanda hakan ke sa sauran tsirorin ke da wuya su yi girma. Baya ga haka, an kawar da manyan dazuzzukan don samar da sabbin filayen noma, don noman abinci don ciyar da adadin shanun da ke karuwa.  Yin amfani da taki da yawa na iya haifar da lalatar halittun ruwa, yayin da aka wanke takin da ya wuce gona da iri a cikin rafuka ko tafkuna, kuma yana haifar da fashewar algae, wanda a cikin kowane ruwa maras nauyi na iya haifar da raguwar iskar oxygen kuma ya sa ruwan ya zama ba za a iya rayuwa ba ga yawancin halittu. .

### sare itatuwa
Gandun daji na daya daga cikin manyan masana'antu da ake nomawa a kasar, wanda ya yi illa ga ci gaban dajin Uruguay.  Sama da kashi 10% na gandun dajin Uruguay an lalata su, amma duk da haka tare da aiwatar da dokar gandun daji a shekarar 1988 an sami wasu hani kan yadda kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ke iya gudanar da ayyukansu, ta hanyar hana su sare bishiyu. 

Uruguay had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 3.61/10, ranking it 147th globally out of 172 countries.

### Pulp Mills
An kafa Botnia a Fray Bentos a cikin shekarata 2006. Ya cika duk buƙatun muhalli da IFC da MIGA suka gabatar. An kuma nuna yadda Botnia a hakika za ta taimaka wa tsarin tsaftar muhalli na birnin Fray Bentos ta hanyar sanya sharar su ta cikin matatun Botnia. An sayar da Botnia zuwa UPM a cikin shekarar 2009, kuma yanzu sun dauki samar da makamashin halittu a cikin kayayyakinsu.

### Gandun daji

Uruguay kasa ce da ta kunshi galibin filayen gonaki, tare da kashi 3.6% kawai na gandun daji.  Dashen daji shine lokacin da ake dasa bishiyoyi don Kirkirar sabbin wuraren daji. To Amma babbar matsalar ita ce bullo da sabbin nau’o’in da ba na asali ba a cikin wannan tsari, wadanda a wasu wuraren, suna yin takara da na gida. An mayar da manya-manyan yankunan dazuzzukan dazuzzukan dazuzzukan dazuzzukan noma, sannan ana amfani da magungunan kashe qwari da ciyayi masu tarin yawa domin kiyaye bishiyar daga qwari da ciyawa, kuma idan an girbe waxannan itatuwa sai qasar ta zama babu kowa. wanda ke haifar da hadarin gobara.  An kara habaka noman dazuzzuka sakamakon bukatar itacen da masana’antun ke yi, kuma wanda ya kara barna. Gabatar da sabbin gandun daji na iya wargaza dazuzzukan na asali, don haka ya shafi bambancin kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar rabuwar allopatric . 

### Gurbacewar Karfe mai nauyi

Karfe mai nauyi a cikin Uruguay ana iya kwatanta shi ta hanyar gurbataccen ruwa a tashar jiragen ruwa na Montevideo, wani yanki na Montevideo Bay, wanda ke rufe wani yanki na kusa da 12 km2, da kuma wani yanki na Rìo de la Plata estuary. Bay yana da matsakaicin zurfin mita 5 da mahalli mai radadi, tare da iskar da ke sarrafa yanayin ruwa . Sharar da ba a kula da su ba daga kananan hukumomi a sama; da kuma fitar da masana'antu daga masana'antar petrochemical, da kuma wutar lantarki da wutar lantarki ta kwarara zuwa cikin bay. Har ila yau, shi ne mai karbar ruwan Pantanoso da Miguelete, koguna biyu tare da gurbataccen gurbataccen abu a cikin su. Sannna Kuma Fitowar da ba a kayyade ba ya haifar da yawan karafa masu nauyi (Cd, Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ag da Hg) da kuma hydrocarbons da ke taruwa a cikin ruwa, kuma wadannan manyan matakan na iya haifar da mummunar illa ga muhalli, da kuma cutar da mutane. 

Karafa masu nauyi yawanci suna karewa a kasa tare da laka, ko kuma daukar kwayoyin ruwa. Sannan Kodayake kwayoyin halittun ruwa suna bukatar gano adadin ion karfe mai nauyi don aikin jikinsu na yau da kullun, yawan adadin karafa masu nauyi da aka samu a cikin bay da kewayen Rìo de la Plata estuary, ya haifar da habakar tattarawarsu a cikin tsoka, da kyallen hanta na kifi.  Daga nan sai gurbatar yanayi ke tafiya sama da sarkar abinci, daga wannan kwayar halitta zuwa wata, ta haka tana shafar nau'ikan halittu masu yawa, kuma tana kara yawa sosai tare da kowane matakin trophic, a cikin tsarin da ake kira biomagnification.  ’Yan Adam, ta dalilin kasancewar su na cikin sarkar abinci, za su iya samu a cikin abincinsu, Kuma yawan tarin karafa masu nauyi, ya zarce buqatarsu na dabi’a, ta hanyar girma da girma da ke haifar da kewayon tasirin bio-toxic a jiki. Duk da cewa gwamnatin kasar Uruguay ta dauki wasu matakai, domin tantance ma'aunin karafa da ke cikin ruwa; Kuma An yi watsi da tasirin tasirinsa akan kifi da sauran membobin marine biota da yawa. 

## Makamashi

### Makamashin Iska

Kashi 22% na makamashin lantarki ana samar da wutar lantarki ne ta hanyar iska. A shekara ta 2017, sun yi imanin cewa adadin zai karu zuwa 38%, wanda ke nufin na biyu a duniya zuwa Denmark kawai.  A cikin shekaru 10 kacal, Uruguay ta sami damar haɓaka wutar lantarki ta hanyar taimakawa yanayin makamashin ruwa wanda ya ga kansa a koyaushe yana raguwa saboda karuwar fari a yankin. A shekara ta 2005, Uruguay ba ta da wutar lantarki da iska ke samarwa, a shekarar 2015 yawan abin da ya samar ya kai megawatt 580, kuma an yi hasashen kasar za ta samar da megawatt sama da shekara 2000, inda ta zama kan gaba a duniya a fannin makamashin iska.

Saboda shimfidar wuri mai faɗi sosai, Uruguay tana da ƙarfin iska mai tsayi da tsayi. Energyarfin iska na Uruguay yana samarwa daga kashi 40% zuwa 50% na cikakken iya aiki, wato idan injin turbin ya kasance koyaushe yana motsawa cikin cikakken iko. Kuma A gefe guda kuma, makamashin iska na Amurka yana samar da kashi 34% na cikakken ƙarfinsa.

Dukkanin aikin samar da makamashin iskar an shirya kashe dala biliyan 3. 

### Makamashin Solar
Uruguay na da burin bunkasa makamashin hasken rana nan gaba kadan. Wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mai suna Tecnova Renovables tana da tashar wutar lantarki mai amfani da hasken rana wanda a yanzu ke samar da kwatankwacin wutar lantarki na gidaje 100. Sannan Haka kuma gwamnati na samar da tsare-tsare na amfani da hasken rana.  Kasancewar ba a iya hasashen shi ne dalilin da ya sa gwamnati ke ci gaba da zargin zuba makudan kudade a wannan makamashin. 

### Hydro Energy

An yi amfani da makamashin lantarki don samar da sama da rabin makamashi mai dorewa ga Uruguay.  Kuma Manyan madatsun ruwa suna kan kogin Uruguay, mafi girma shine Dam din Salto Grande .

Za a sake gina wasu madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Uruguay, ba tare da motsin kowane gida ko yawan jama'a ba.  Duk da cewa ana gina wadannan madatsun ruwa guda biyu, kasar na da niyyar kawar da wutar lantarki saboda sauyin yanayi. Sannan kuma Fari da ake fama da shi yana shafar yankin da kuma dogaro da wadannan madatsun ruwa ya tilastawa kasar Uruguay sayen dimbin albarkatun mai daga wasu kasashe domin samar da wutar lantarki.

### Biomass Energy
Uruguay tana da ci gaban gandun daji, shanu da masana'antar noma. Daga kasancewa a zahiri babu shi a cikin shekarata 2004, kawai samar da 1% na makamashin lantarki na ƙasar Kudancin Amurka, ya kai kowane lokaci a cikin shekarata 2014, yana samun 13%. Manyan hukumomi guda biyu da suka kirkiro wannan hanyar samar da makamashi sune UPM da Montes del Plata, masana'antun sarrafa kayan marmari guda biyu waɗanda ke ba da himma sosai wajen kula da muhalli.

## Hukumomi
Babban hukumar jihar da ke kula da muhalli ita ce National Directorate for Environment ( Spanish   , DINAMA) wanda ke cikin ma'aikatar gidaje, tsare-tsare da muhalli . 

## Green jam'iyyun
Siyasa kore ba ta kafa tushe a Uruguay na dogon lokaci ba. A zaben 1989 jam'iyyar Green Eto-Ecologist Party ta samu kashi 0.5% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada; gabadaya, kungiyoyin muhalli suna da karancin mahimmancin siyasa, galibi a matsayin ɓangare na sauran manyan jam'iyyu.

A cikin zabe na shekarata2014 wata sabuwar kungiyar siyasa tana shiga, Jam'iyyar Ecologist Radical Intransigent Party . Cesar Vega ne ke jagoranta, suna wa'azi game da adana albarkatun kasa kuma suna adawa da hakar ma'adinai na budaddiyar .

## Duba wasu abubuwan

* Rikicin mirgine kogin Uruguay

## Manazarta