Sakamakon bala'in Chernobyl a Faransa

**Sakamakon Bala'in Chernobyl a [[Faransa]]** ya kasance batun muhawara tun lokacin da bala'in ya faru a shekara ta 1986. A hukumance, babu wani mummunan sakamako na kiwon lafiya a Faransa, amma wannan yana jayayya da wasu ƙungiyoyi, galibi kusa da ƙungiyoyin yaƙi da makaman nukiliya, waɗanda ke yin kira da a nuna gaskiya a ɓangaren hukumomin gwamnati.

## Gudun fuka-fukan rediyo a kan Faransa

### Sanarwar bala'in
Ranar 28 ga Afrilu, 1986, da misalin karfe 1 na rana, Swedes sun sanar da Hukumar Tsaro ta Tsakiya don Kariya daga Ionizing Radiation (SPRI), wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Lafiya (amma kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Turai don Ma'auni na Low Level Radioactivity), na gurɓatar yanayin su, wanda suka danganta ga hadarin nukiliya na Soviet. A wannan maraice, Kremlin ta amince da cewa wani hatsari ya faru a cikin wani nau'in reactor na RBMK a tashar wutar lantarki ta Chernobyl, ba tare da tantance kwanan wata, iyaka, ko musabbabin ba. A wannan maraice, farfesa Pierre Pellerin, darektan SCPRI, ya sa jiragen Air France da ke zuwa arewaci da gabashin Turai an sanya su da abubuwan tacewa, ta yadda, bayan dawowar su, za a iya tantance nau'ikan gurɓataccen abu tare da bayyana su. An gayyace shi don bayyana a Antenne 2 washegari, Afrilu 29, Pierre Pellerin ya ruwaito game da abokan hulɗarsa tare da masana Sweden, ya yi tir da bala'in kafofin watsa labaru a gaba, kuma ya ba da kalmomi masu ƙarfafawa: "Ko da Scandinavia, kiwon lafiya ba a yi barazana ba. A wannan maraice, mataimakinsa, Farfesa Chanteur, ya amsa tambaya daga mai gabatarwa, tabbas za mu iya gano wasu kwanaki na gaba: ra'ayin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, babu hadari". A Faransa, hasashen yanayi sun kasance masu kyau, kuma mai gabatar da yanayi, Brigitte Simonetta, ya sanar a kan Antenna 2, a daren 30th, cewa ya kamata Azores anticyclone ya jinkirta yiwuwar isowar fuka-fuki na rediyo.

Ba da daɗewa ba kalmar "girgije" ta shahara a Faransa, maimakon "plum". Tumbun, wanda ya kunshi dukkan hayakin rediyo da aka fitar a kwanakin da suka biyo bayan hadarin, hade da iska mai zafi daga wutar lantarki, yana dauke da tururin ruwa kadan. Yana dilutes a cikin yanayi, aikin rediyo yana raguwa bisa ga rabin rayuwar abubuwan da aka saki. Zubar da yanayin bushewa ya dogara da yawan barbashi ko aerosols da ƙasa. Koyaya, gajimare na gaske suna taka muhimmiyar rawa: idan sun karye sama da ɗigon ruwa, ɗigon ruwan su yana ɗaukar barbashi na rediyoaktif da yawa. Haɗuwar waɗannan biyun, wanda ke da wahalar hangowa, yana haifar da jika mai ban sha'awa na geographically a cikin siffar damisa.

### Zuwan gashin gashin gashi
Gano iskar rediyo da ke shawagi a kan Faransa bayan hadarin ya yi sauri. Ma'auni na p-total ayyuka (ma'auni na ayyukan duk beta-emitting radionuclides) a cikin iska da ke kewaye da cibiyoyin Commissariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA) an dauki su a cikin sa'o'i 24 na gano su (tsakanin Afrilu 29 da 30). Ya zuwa ranar 1 ga Mayu, mun san wani tashin hankali na iska a ranakun 29 da 30 ga Afrilu.

### Bayanan hukuma
Gwamnatin Faransa ta yi la'akari da cewa babu wani matakan tsaro na musamman da ya zama dole. Sabis na Central de Protection Contre Les Rayonnements Ionisants (SCPRI), wanda Farfesa Pierre Pellerin ke jagoranta kuma yana ba da rahoto ga Ma'aikatar Lafiya, ya ba da sanarwar farko a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 1986, yana sanar da cewa "ba a sami wani gagarumin tashin hankali na rediyoaktif ba". Shekaru goma sha bakwai bayan haka, wani bincike na ma'aunin da aka ɗauka a lokacin ya tabbatar da wannan ganewar asali: "Ma'auni na aerosol na yanayi, wanda aka fi sani da SCPRI da CEA, ya sa ya yiwu a kwatanta yawan iska mai gurbataccen iska da sauri, yana ba da kyakkyawar alamar matakan aiki da aka kai. Wadannan ma'auni [...] sun ba da damar da adadin da aka samu ta yawan jama'a yayin da girgije ya wuce a cikin ƙananan adadin lokaci fiye da lokacin da aka ƙayyade. 0.5 μSv don haskakawa na waje da ƙasa da 20 μSv don inhalation, baya buƙatar kowane matakai na musamman don kare yawan jama'a (matsuguni ko rarraba tsayayyen iodine)".

A ranar 2 ga Mayu, 1986, Farfesa Pellerin ya ba da sanarwar manema labarai yana mai cewa "maganin rigakafi na iodine bai dace ba kuma bai dace ba" kuma "dole ne mu yi tunanin girman sau goma ko ɗari fiye da yadda matsalolin kiwon lafiyar jama'a suka taso."

### Rikici na girgije na rediyo
A ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 1986, mai gabatarwa Brigitte Simonetta ta sanar a cikin sanarwar yanayi na Antenne 2 cewa ya kamata a kare Faransa daga "girgije" ta hanyar anticyclone na Azores kuma zai iya kasancewa haka har tsawon kwanaki uku masu zuwa.

*<nowiki/>'Yanci*' jayayya ya biyo baya, tare da maganganu da yawa da aka yi niyya musamman ga Pierre Pellerin,  sau da yawa ana taƙaita shi a matsayin "girgije ya tsaya a kan iyaka"). Libération ya tabbatar da cewa "kotu na jama'a sun yi ƙarya a Faransa" kuma "Profesor Pellerin  yarda da yawa", yayin da jaridar ta bayyana a sarari a ranar 2 ga Mayu, 1986, cewa ya sanar da cewa "karin rediyo da aka rubuta a ko'ina cikin Faransa ba shi da haɗari ga lafiya".[had]

Daga baya, Farfesa Pellerin ya shigar da kara a kan kafofin watsa labarai da mutane daban-daban waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa ya bayyana cewa "girgije na Chernobyl ya tsaya a kan iyakar Faransa". Kamar yadda bai taba furta wannan sanarwa ba,  ya lashe dukkan shari'arsa a farkon shari'a, a kan roko da kuma cassation.  Kotun Turai ta 'Yancin Dan Adam ta amince da hukuncin da aka yanke a kotun Faransa game da "ƙazantar da ma'aikacin gwamnati" na Noël Mamère saboda maganganun da aka yi a 1999, wanda ya yanke hukuncin cewa a 1999 "SCPRI ba ta wanzu kuma, yana da shekaru 76, ma'aikaciyar gwamnati da ake tambaya ba ta cikin aiki ba".

## Rashin jituwa game da gurɓata

### Matsayin da ba a iya ganewa ba
Don jin daɗin ainihin matakin gurɓacewar nukiliya da aka samu a Faransa, yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa dangane da hasken wuta na waje:

* Rashin gurɓataccen ƙasa na 1 MBq / m2 a cikin cesium 137 (bequerels miliyan ɗaya a kowace murabba'in mita) yana haifar da kashi na 'yan dubban mSv a kowace shekara (1.5 zuwa 4 μSv / h) ga mutumin da ke fuskantar shi har abada.
* Ƙofar da Tarayyar Turai ta kafa, a ƙasa da abin da hasken radiation ke aiki ba shi da mahimmanci daga ra'ayi na kariya ta radiation kuma baya buƙatar sanarwa, shine 1 μSv / h. A Faransa, iyakar fallasawa ga jama'a da ma'aikatan da ba a rarraba su ba a cikin kamfani shine 1 mSv / shekara duka jiki,  watau kusan 80 μSv / wata, wanda yayi daidai da 100 mSv/h idan kun ƙidaya awanni 24 a rana (idan ma'aikatar da ake tambaya ba ta aiki awanni 24 da rana, ya kai ga Mutumin da ya dace da lissafin don shirin zoning su idan suna so). Wannan iyaka tana nufin radiation da kamfanin ya samar a cikin wani yanki wanda ba a tsara shi ba (ba tare da kula da lafiya a asibiti ba, alal misali), kuma yana iya zama sama da 20 mSv / shekara ga wasu ma'aikata. Matsakaicin Faransanci shine 4.5 mSv / shekara, wanda 3 mSv saboda radiyo na halitta ne.

### Matsakaicin adadin da jama'a suka karɓa
Matsakaicin sashi da aka karɓa bayan wucewar "dufa" na Chernobyl a kan Faransa an kiyasta ta wasu tushe a kusa da 0.01 mSv (millisievert), "wanda ya dace da zama na 'yan makonni a cikin duwatsu" (don hasken waje),  kuma ta wasu a tsakanin 0.025 mSv da 0.4 mSv, dangane da wurin ƙasa. Georges Charpak ya lura cewa "mazaunin da jama'ar Faransa suka karɓa a 1986 an kiyasta tsakanin ƙasa da 0.025 mSv a Yamma da 0.4 mSv na Gabas". A duk lokuta, waɗannan allurai sun fada cikin ƙananan radiation.

Shekaru goma sha biyu bayan wucewar girgije, an gudanar da nazarin da ya fi dacewa a fannin ƙasa, kamar aikin CAROL don ƙananan Kwarin Rhône,  wanda ya kammala cewa akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin gurɓataccen ƙasa da ruwan sama a lokacin wucewar girgizar: "Ba a yarda da su a yankin Camargue, waɗannan ajiya sun wuce 15,000 Bq-m-2, da 25,000 Bq-M-2 a cikin mafi yawan wuraren da ake ruwa a farkon Mayu 1986, kamar su Vaison-Romaine. Wannan ya kasance ban da ragowar tsohuwar lalacewa daga gwajin yanayi na makaman nukiliya, na tsari na 1,500 zuwa 2,500 Bq-m-2. Wannan binciken ya kuma bayyana bambancin da ke tsakanin gurɓataccen da aka auna a cikin wannan gari kuma ya gabatar da ra'ayoyi masu yawa, da kuma kimanta rashin tabbas da ke cikin wannan nau'in taswirar.