open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Taron Ilimi na Demokradiyyar Turai

**Taron Ilimi na Dimokuradiyya na Turai** ( **EUDEC** ) taro ne na shekara-shekara na Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta Dimokuradiyya ta Turai, wata ƙungiyar mutanen Turai da ke da hannu a ilimin dimokuradiyya . An gudanar da taron farko   a Leipzig, Jamus, daga 25 ga Yuli - 3 ga Agusta 2008. An shirya taron na 2008 ba tare da haɗin kai da Ƙungiyar EUDEC ba, domin an kafa taron a watan Fabrairun 2008 bayan fiye da shekara guda na aikin taron. Bayan taron farko, Al'umma ce ke tantance ranakun, wurare da abubuwan da taron zai kunsa.

Taron da kuma Al'umma sun samo asali ne daga buƙatar masu fafutukar neman ilimi na dimokuradiyya a Turai don zurfafa hulɗa da haɗin kai. Wurin da taron ya kasance a Turai ya sa ya zama da sauƙi ga mutanen Turai su shiga, saboda ana gudanar da taron Ilimi na Dimokuradiyya na Duniya (IDEC) na shekara-shekara a wurare daban-daban a duk faɗin duniya kuma farashin tafiye-tafiye daga Turai galibi yana da tsauri.

Babban taron shekara-shekara na EUDEC na 2009 ya gudana ne a Cieszyn, Poland.

Babban taron shekara-shekara na EUDEC na 2010 ya gudana ne a Roskilde, Denmark.

Taron IDEC@EUDEC na 2011, a Burtaniya, ya kasance taron IDEC da taron EUDEC wanda ya gudana daga 5 zuwa 14 ga Yuli.

An gudanar da Babban Taron Shekara-shekara na EUDEC na 2012 da Babban Taron a Freiburg, Jamus wanda ya gudana daga 28 ga Yuli zuwa 5 ga Agusta.

An gudanar da Babban Taron Shekara-shekara na EUDEC na 2013 da Babban Taro a Soest, Netherlands tsakanin 28 ga Yuli zuwa 2 ga Agusta. 

## Manazarta
Bayani mai ban sha'awa

An fara amfani da kalmar "bayani mai bincike" a lokacin da Peter Brusilovsky ya rubuta wani takarda a shekarar 1994, [1] amma bai fara amfani da ita ba har zuwa 2011, lokacin da Bret Victor ya buga wani rubutu mai suna [2] (rubutun ya haɗa da bayani mai zurfi game da matattarar dijital ). Victor ya bambanta bayanai masu bincike daga kayan aikin sadarwa da zane-zane masu hulɗa da aka keɓe ta hanyar cewa da gangan suke jagorantar hankalin masu sauraronsu zuwa ga wasu abubuwan da suka faru a cikin kwaikwayon. Wajen bayyana ra'ayin, Victor ya bayyana: [2]

## Ma'anar

## Manazarta
Shirye-shiryen kwaleji na farko

**Shirye-shiryen farko na kwaleji** suna da nufin rufe gibin ilimi tsakanin makarantun sakandare da na kwaleji, musamman ga ɗaliban ƙarni na farko da waɗanda ba su da kuɗi mai yawa. Ta hanyar waɗannan shirye-shiryen, ɗaliban makarantar sakandare za su iya yin rajista a azuzuwan kwaleji, yawanci a harabar jami'a, kuma su sami maki da suka shafi digirin kwaleji da difloma na makarantar sakandare. Babban burin shine a ƙara samun dama ga kwaleji da kuma isa ga mutanen da za su iya fuskantar ƙalubale masu yawa.

Tsarin farko na kwaleji, a cewar Ndiaye da Wolfe, "an tsara su ne don ƙarfafawa da taimaka wa ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai marasa wakilci a al'ada - masu ƙarancin kuɗi, Latino, da Ba'amurke ɗan Afirka - su ci gaba da karatunsu da kuma kammala karatunsu daga makarantar sakandare yayin da suke samun maki na kwaleji." [1] Wannan hanyar tana taimaka wa ɗalibai gina kwarin gwiwa da iyawar da ake buƙata don bunƙasa a manyan makarantu ta hanyar fallasa su ga yanayin kwaleji yayin da kuma inganta aikinsu na ilimi.

## Misalai

# **Kwalejin Farko ta Makarantar Sakandare ta Bard**  (Manhattan, New York; Queens, New York; Bronx, New York; Newark, New Jersey; New Orleans, Louisiana; Cleveland, Ohio; Baltimore, Maryland; da Washington, DC).
#* Dalibai za su iya samun difloma ta sakandare da kuma digiri na Associate in Arts daga Kwalejin Bard.
# **Makarantar Sakandare ta Farko ta Kwaleji**  (Costa Mesa, CA).
#* Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Gundumar Makarantar Haɗaka ta Newport-Mesa da Kwalejin Al'umma ta Coastline, wanda ke ba ɗalibai damar samun maki har zuwa shekaru biyu na kwaleji yayin kammala karatun sakandare.
# **Makarantar Kimiyya da Lissafi ta North Carolina (NCSSM)**  (Durham, NC)
#* Yana bayar da shirin zama ga ɗaliban makarantar sakandare masu ƙwarewa sosai don ɗaukar darussan matakin kwaleji, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu sun cancanci samun maki na kwaleji.
# **Jami'ar Texas a Makarantar Sakandare ta Austin (UTHS)**  (Austin, TX)
#* Yana ba da shirin makarantar sakandare ta yanar gizo tare da zaɓi ga ɗalibai don ɗaukar darussan kwaleji don samun maki ta hanyar shirye-shiryen faɗaɗa UT Austin.
# **Kwalejin Farko ta Simon's Rock**  (Barrytown, NY)
#* Wani ɓangare na Kwalejin Bard shiri ne na farko na kwaleji wanda ke ba ɗalibai damar fara kwaleji bayan aji na 10 ko 11 kuma su sami digiri na Associate of Arts.
# **Shirin Kwalejin Farko na Jami'ar George Washington**  (Washington, DC)
#* Dalibai na shekara biyu da suka manyanta a fannin ilimi da zamantakewa a Makarantar Sakandare ta School Without Walls suna neman shiga Shirin Kwalejin Farko na Jami'ar George Washington don samun damar ɗaukar darussan kwaleji tare da ɗaliban GW da kuma samun aƙalla maki 60 na kwaleji kyauta daga aji na 11 zuwa na 12. Suna samun digiri na Associate of Arts daga Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Columbian ta GW tare da difloma ta makarantar sakandare ta Walls. Shiga makarantar yana iyakance ga ɗalibai 15 a kowace shekara.

## Manazarta
Nazarin Longitudinal na Yara

Shirin Nazarin Tsawon Yara na Farko (ECLS) yana ba da bayanai game da ci gaban yara a Amurka . [1] Cibiyar Kimiyyar Ilimi ce ke gudanar da shi. Yana ba da bayanai kan matsayin yara a lokacin haihuwa da kuma a wurare daban-daban bayan haka. Shirin ECLS kuma yana ba da bayanai don nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin nau'ikan iyali, makaranta, al'umma, da kuma masu canji daban-daban tare da ci gaban yara, koyo a farkon lokaci, da kuma aiki a makaranta.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* ECLS
Desh Ke Mentor

Shirin **Desh Ke Mentor** shiri ne da Gwamnatin Delhi ta fara da babban manufar haɗa masu ba da shawara na sa kai da ɗaliban azuzuwan IX zuwa XII na makarantun Gwamnati na Delhi da kuma kula da su a fannin ilimi da jagoranci a aiki . Za a bai wa masu ba da shawara daga fannoni daban-daban na ƙwararru da na ilimi jerin ɗalibai don a horar da su cikin watanni 2 zuwa 6 bisa ga jinsi da kuma abubuwan da suka shafe su. Ana buƙatar masu ba da shawara su ware lokaci na mintuna 10 a kowane mako don horar da ɗaliban. Ana sa ran shirin zai amfanar da ɗalibai lakh tara kowace shekara.

## Tarihi da manufa
Gwamnatin Delhi ta ƙaddamar da shirin Desh Ke Mentor a watan Oktoban 2021 da manufar haɗa ɗaliban azuzuwan IX zuwa makarantun gwamnati na XII na Delhi [1] tare da masu sa kai waɗanda suka zaɓi zama masu ba da shawara bayan sun cika sharuɗɗan cancantar yin hakan. [2] An tsara shirin ne don sauƙaƙe wa ƙananan ɗalibai jagora kan manyan makarantu da zaɓin aiki da kuma shirya su don jarabawar shiga daban-daban da kuma koyar da su kan yadda za su iya jure matsin lamba daban-daban. [1] [3] A ƙarƙashin shirin, za a bai wa kowane mai ba da shawara ɗalibai 10 bisa ga jinsi da ƙwarewarsu a fannoni daban-daban.

An zaɓi jarumin Bollywood Sonu Sood a matsayin jakadan kasuwanci . Shahararrun mutane kamar ɗan wasan Olympian Ravi Dahiya, Mawaƙi Palash Sen, RJ Adi da kuma ɗan wasan barkwanci Saloni Gaur sun halarci bikin ƙaddamar da shirin kuma sun yi mu'amala da ɗalibai. Kowa zai iya shiga cikin shirin da Daraktan Ilimi ya ƙaddamar a ƙarƙashin shirin "Youth For Education" ta hanyar kiran da ba a yi masa ba a 7500040004 da kuma sauke manhajar "Desh Ke Mentor".  

## Manazarta
Ilimi mai biyan kuɗi

**Ilimi mai diyya** yana ba da ƙarin shirye-shirye ko ayyuka waɗanda aka tsara don taimaka wa yara da ke cikin haɗarin nakasa ta hankali da ƙarancin nasarar ilimi.  

## Yara na cikin haɗarin rashin amfani
Yara matalauta suna yin abin da ya fi muni a makaranta fiye da takwarorinsu masu wadata. Suna iya fuskantar nakasa ta ilmantarwa da jinkirin ci gaba.  Yara matalauta suna samun maki tsakanin maki 6 zuwa 13 ƙasa a gwaje-gwaje daban-daban na IQ, iya magana, da nasara.  Talauci kuma yana da mummunan tasiri ga kammala karatun sakandare  da halartar kwaleji.  Yara da iyaye ɗaya suka rene, yaran da ke da 'yan'uwa sama da biyu, yara daga iyaye matasa da yaran da aka rene su a unguwannin da talauci ya yi wa illa suma suna cikin haɗarin samun ƙarancin nasara a ilimi. 

## Yadda za a taimaki waɗannan yara
An ƙirƙiri shirye-shirye da yawa domin taimakawa yara da ke cikin haɗari su kai ga cikakken ƙarfinsu. Daga cikin shirye-shiryen Amurka na ilimin diyya akwai Head Start, Chicago Child-Parent Center Program, High/Scope, Abecedarian Early Intervention Project, SMART (Start Making a Reader Today), Milwaukee Project da kuma 21st Century Community Learning Center . A Jamus da Great Britain Early Excellence Centres, ana tattauna shirye-shiryen diyya. Ba duk waɗannan shirye-shiryen an tabbatar da cewa suna da tasiri ba. Duk da haka, masana kimiyya sun sami damar gano shirye-shiryen zamantakewa da ke aiki. [undefined] Daga cikinsu akwai High/Scope Perry Preschool Project, [undefined] [1] [2] Abecedarian Project, [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] da SMART. [8] [9]

## Manazarta
Makomar Ilimi

**Shirin Futures of Education** wani shiri ne na duniya baki daya, wanda aka kaddamar a shekarar 2019, kuma UNESCO (Hukumar Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya) ke jagoranta, wanda ke da nufin sake tunani da kuma tsara makomar ilimi.  Manufar aikin da aka bayyana ita ce a tattara bayanan sirri na hadin gwiwa, a samar da muhawara da kuma sake tunani kan yadda ilimi zai iya taimakawa ga alfanun dan adam. 

## Mahalli
UNESCO ta yi jayayya cewa saboda saurin sauyin yanayi, raunin Duniya yana ƙara bayyana kuma rashin daidaito, rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin al'umma, da tsattsauran ra'ayi na siyasa suna kawo al'ummomi da yawa cikin mawuyacin hali. Ta yi jayayya cewa ci gaba a cikin sadarwa ta dijital, fasahar wucin gadi, da fasahar halittu suna da yuwuwa amma suna haifar da damuwa game da ɗabi'a da shugabanci, musamman ganin cewa ƙirƙira da canjin fasaha ba su da daidaito na bayar da gudummawa ga ci gaban ɗan adam. 

## Shirin UNESCO
Shirin UNESCO na Futures of Education an yi shi ne don wayar da kan mutane hanyoyi daban-daban na kasancewa da sanin juna don amfani da basirar jama'a. Ya dogara ne akan tsarin shawarwari wanda ya shafi matasa, masu ilimi, ƙungiyoyin farar hula, gwamnatoci, kasuwanci da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki. [1] Haɗa kai da gudummawar hanyar sadarwa ta shugabannin UNITWIN/UNESCO muhimmin ɓangare ne na tsarin haɗin gwiwa. [2] Kwamitin shugabanni na duniya daga fannoni daban-daban da yankuna daban-daban na duniya ne suka jagorance shi. Kwamitin ya buga wani rahoto kan bincikensa a shekarar 2021 mai taken Sake Tunanin makomarmu tare: Sabuwar kwangilar zamantakewa don ilimi . [3] [4]

## Manazarta
Koyon da aka samo asali daga lambu

**Koyon lambu** ( **GBL** ) ya ƙunshi shirye-shirye, ayyuka da ayyukan da lambun ya zama ginshiƙin ilmantarwa mai haɗaka, a cikin fannoni daban-daban, ta hanyar abubuwan da suka faru masu kayatarwa, masu jan hankali, waɗanda ke da ma'ana ta musamman ga yara, matasa, manya da al'ummomi a cikin yanayin koyo na waje na yau da kullun. Koyon lambu dabara ce ta koyarwa wadda ke amfani da lambun a matsayin kayan aikin koyarwa.

Aikin koyon lambu wani abu ne da ke ci gaba da bunkasa a duniya baki daya a Amurka, Burtaniya da Ostiraliya . Ya zuwa shekarar 2010, Kungiyar Kula da Lambu ta Kasa ta ba da rahoton gonakin makaranta sama da 3,000 a Amurka kadai. 

A wasu wurare, ana amfani da dabarun koyo na lambu gaba ɗaya a matsayin manhajar ilimi ga darussa da yawa, kuma a wasu lokutan yana tallafawa ko kuma yana wadatar da manhajar. Koyo na lambu zai iya ba da gudummawa ga dukkan fannoni na ilimin asali a matakai daban-daban dangane da ɗalibi da kuma daidaiton shirin koyo na lambu. Fa'idodin fa'idodin ilimi na asali sun haɗa da amma ba'a iyakance ga ƙwarewar ilimi ba, ci gaban mutum, ci gaban zamantakewa, ci gaban ɗabi'a, ƙwarewar sana'a da/ko rayuwa, da ƙwarewar rayuwa.

## Manazarta
Shirin Magana na Duniya na Nan Gaba

**Shirin Magance Matsalolin Gaba na Duniya** ( **FPSP** ), wanda aka fi sani da **Shirin Magance Matsalolin Gaba** ( **FPSP** ), wanda galibi ake kira **FPS**, shiri ne na ilimi wanda ba na riba ba wanda ke shirya gasannin ilimi inda ɗalibai ke amfani da dabarun tunani mai zurfi da warware matsaloli ga yanayin da ake tsammani a nan gaba. Shirin yana duba yanayin fasaha, siyasa, da zamantakewa na yanzu kuma yana gabatar da waɗannan yanayin shekaru 20-30 zuwa nan gaba don horar da ɗalibai don haɓaka mafita ga ƙalubalen da za su iya fuskanta a lokacin da suke manya. Mai binciken kirkire-kirkire Ellis Paul Torrance ne ya kafa FPSPI a shekarar 1974.  A yau, dubban ɗalibai daga ƙasashe sama da 14 suna shiga cikin shirin kowace shekara.  Yawancin sassan FPSPI a buɗe suke ga ɗaliban da ke daidai da matakin aji na Amurka na 4 zuwa 12.

## Tsarin gini
FPSPI ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi na jihohi da na ƙasa baki ɗaya da ake kira masu haɗin gwiwa. Kowace mai haɗin gwiwa tana da alhakin gudanar da gasannin da ke gudana a yankinta na ƙasa. Dalibai suna fara shirye-shiryen gasa a farkon kowace shekara ta makaranta. Dangane da mai haɗin gwiwa da nau'in gasar, akwai iya samun matakan gasa na yanki, jiha, ko ƙasa da ke gudana a cikin shekara. Wadanda suka yi nasara a kowace gasa ce kawai suka cancanci ci gaba zuwa mataki na gaba. Mafi girman matakin gasa yana faruwa ne a taron ƙasa da ƙasa na shekara-shekara (IC), wanda ake gudanarwa a watan Mayu ko Yuni, a ƙarshen shekarar makaranta ta Amurka. Ana gudanar da IC a harabar jami'ar gwamnati a Amurka (ƙasar da ke da mafi yawan masu fafatawa), tare da zaɓar sabon wuri duk bayan shekaru biyu.

## Manazarta
Koyon haɗin kai

**Koyo mai haɗaka** ka'idar ilmantarwa ce da ke bayyana motsi zuwa ga darussa masu haɗaka waɗanda ke taimaka wa ɗalibai su haɗu a cikin manhajoji daban-daban . Wannan ra'ayin ilimi mai zurfi ya bambanta da motsi na "manhajar haɗaka" ta firamare da sakandare.

## Kalma da Ma'ana
Ilimi Mai Haɗaka yana zuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban: haɗa ƙwarewa da ilimi daga tushe da gogewa daban-daban; amfani da ƙwarewa da ayyuka a wurare daban-daban; amfani da ra'ayoyi daban-daban har ma da masu karo da juna; da kuma, fahimtar batutuwa da matsayi a mahallinsu.

Nazarin da aka haɗa ya ƙunshi haɗa fannoni daban-daban na gargajiya domin ɗalibai su fahimci fahimtar da ta fi dacewa. Veronica Boix Mansilla, wacce ta kafa Aikin Nazarin Ilimin Digiri na Biyu a Project Zero, ta bayyana "lokacin da [ɗalibai] za su iya haɗa ra'ayoyi, hanyoyi, ko harsuna daga fannoni biyu ko fiye ko fannoni na ƙwarewa don bayyana wani abu, magance matsala, ƙirƙirar samfuri, ko tayar da wata sabuwar tambaya" suna nuna fahimtar fannoni daban-daban. Fiye da shekaru goma, masu bincike na Project Zero a Makarantar Ilimi ta Harvard suna nazarin ayyukan fannoni daban-daban a wurare daban-daban. Sun gano cewa fahimtar fannoni daban-daban yana da mahimmanci ga ɗaliban da ke tunani a zamani.  Ƙirƙirar tsarin fahimta da zamantakewa na ilmantarwa tsakanin fannoni har yanzu ƙalubale ne. 

## Manazarta
Asusun Gudanar da Kudin Ɗalibi na Kwalejin Kwalejin

Shirin Asusun Tallafawa Dalibai **na** Ilimi Mai Girma (Fundo **de Financiamento ao Estudante do Ensino Superior** ) wani shiri ne na Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Brazil da aka kafa a shekarar 1999 da nufin daukar nauyin karatun digiri na gaba ga daliban da suka yi rajista a cibiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Yana ba wa dalibai damar fara biyan kudin karatunsu ne kawai bayan kammala karatunsu.  

## Tarihi
A shekarar 1975, gwamnatin Ernesto Geisel ta ƙirƙiri Programa de Crédito Educativo (Turanci: Shirin Ba da Lamuni na Ilimi), wanda aka sake fasalinsa a shekarar 1999 a lokacin gwamnatin Fernando Henrique Cardoso kuma aka sake masa suna FIES. Gwamnatin Lula ta faɗaɗa a shekarar 2010, an daidaita ƙimar riba ta FIES daga 6.5% zuwa 3.4% pa (ƙasa da ƙimar SELIC ). Hakanan ta kafa lokacin alheri na watanni 18 bayan ƙarshen kwas ɗin don ɗalibin da ya ci gajiyar ya fara biyan kuɗi kuma ta tsawaita lokacin biyan kuɗi zuwa sau uku na tsawon kwas ɗin.     

A shekarar 2014, kashi 26% na ɗaliban da suka yi rajista a manyan makarantu masu zaman kansu sun amfana da FIES, wanda ya nuna jarin da gwamnatin ƙasa ta zuba na kimanin dala biliyan 13. A watan Disamba na 2014 da farkon 2015, gwamnatin ta aiwatar da sauye-sauye ga sharuɗɗan bayar da kuɗi ta hanyar iyakance adadin sake daidaita kuɗin makaranta na shekara-shekara da kuma buƙatar ɗalibai su cimma aƙalla maki 450 kuma kada su faɗi rubutun a Jarrabawar Makarantar Sakandare ta Ƙasa (ENEM). A farkon 2016, shirin ya fuskanci raguwar dala biliyan 2 (16% idan aka kwatanta da kasafin kuɗin 2015) da canje-canje ga dokoki da ƙuntatawa kan samun dama.    

A shekarar 2018, a lokacin gwamnatin Temer, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta sanar da sabbin fasaloli na FIES. An ƙara yawan kuɗin koyarwa da ake kashewa, yanzu ana karɓar darussa masu tsada har zuwa reais 7,000 a kowane wata da kuma reais 10,000 don darussan likitanci, waɗanda aka iyakance zuwa reais 42,900 da 60,000 a kowane zangon karatu, bi da bi. [undefined] [1] [2] [3] Bugu da ƙari, MEC ta jaddada cewa ɗalibai 100,000 za su iya ba da kuɗin karatun ba tare da riba ba, matuƙar suna cikin ƙungiyar da ke da kuɗin shiga na iyali har zuwa mafi ƙarancin albashi uku; ana amfani da makin ENEM a matsayin ma'aunin rarrabuwa don wannan fa'idar. [4] [5]

## Manazarta
Taron Ilimi na Dimokuradiyya na Duniya

**Taron Ilimi na Dimokuradiyya na Duniya** ( **IDEC** ) taro ne na shekara-shekara na ilimi da matasa wanda makarantu da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a birane daban-daban na duniya ke shiryawa. Taro ne na duniya na masu ilimi, ɗalibai, iyaye, da masu fafutuka waɗanda ke da sha'awar ilimin dimokuradiyya.

## Tarihi
An fara gudanar da IDEC a shekarar 1993, kuma an gudanar da shi a duk shekarun da suka biyo baya ban da shekarar 2001 (duba bayanin kula) . Tsawon lokacin tarurrukan ya bambanta tsakanin kwana biyu na taron farko da kwana 15 a shekarar 1997. Makarantar da ke shirya taron ce ta yanke shawarar manufar kowane taro.

## Manazarta
Kwalejin ICT ta Huawei

**Kwalejin ICT ta Huawei** wani aiki ne na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin jami'o'i da kamfanoni na duniya wanda Huawei ke jagoranta. A ƙarshen shekarar 2024, Huawei ta yi haɗin gwiwa da jami'o'i sama da 3,000 don gina Kwalejin ICT ta Huawei, waɗanda suka horar da ɗalibai sama da miliyan 1.3 tare.  

## Tsarin da siffofi

### Cibiyar Tallafawa Kwalejin ICT
Cibiyar Tallafawa Kwalejin ICT (IASC) abokiyar hulɗa ce da Huawei ta ba da takardar shaida kuma ta ba da izini don taimakawa wajen haɓakawa da gudanar da Kwalejin ICT ta Huawei. 

### Albarkatun Kwalejin
Kwalejin ICT ta Huawei tana ba da darussa, haɓaka baiwa, da ƙa'idodin takaddun shaida ga jami'o'i don taimakawa wajen haɓaka ƙwararrun ICT. Shirin ya haɗa da Gasar ICT ta Huawei, wacce ke aiki a matsayin dandamali na gasa da sadarwa na duniya don haɓaka koyo da haɗin gwiwar masana'antu. [1]

## Manazarta
Rashin inabi

GrapeSEED shiri ne na koyon harshe ta baki da kuma sauraron sahihanci wanda ya dogara da bincike [1] ga malamai wanda ke ba ɗalibai damar samun harshen Turanci ta hanyar halitta. [2] Wannan hanyar halitta, wacce Stephen Krashen, masanin harsuna kuma mai bincike a fannoni na koyon harsuna biyu da ilimin harsuna biyu, da Tracy D. Terrell, masanin ka'idar ilimi, suka ƙirƙiro, an yi ta ne don bai wa ɗaliban harshe damar "yin magana da masu magana da harshen asali" ta hanyar sa ɗalibai, waɗanda ake koyarwa a cikin aji, su fara fahimtar harshen, sannan "Samar da magana (da rubutu) ta bayyana yayin da tsarin siyan ya ci gaba." [3]

## Bincike da ka'idoji
Wasu daga cikin bincike da ka'idojin da GrapeSEED ya dogara da su sun haɗa da waɗannan:

* Tsarin aiki-ma'ana:  Mary Finocchario, malami kuma shugabar TESOL (1970-1971), da Christopher Brumfit, malami, "sun gano manhajar aiki-ma'ana [daga Majalisar Turai] a matsayin 'hanyar kirkire-kirkire' (1983:xi) ga koyon harshe da koyarwa wanda shine babban abin da masu koyo da aikin harshe ke mayar da hankali a kai, wato, manufar sadarwa da ɗaliban da ke son bayyanawa da fahimta." 
* Tsarin Halitta:  A cewar Krashen, "samun harshe ya dogara ne akan abin da muka ji kuma muka fahimta, ba abin da muke faɗa ba," wanda ya bayyana a matsayin shigarwa mai fahimta.  Dangane da koyar da koyon harshe, ya yi imanin cewa "Hanyoyi mafi kyau saboda haka sune waɗanda ke samar da ' shigarwa mai fahimta ' a cikin yanayin damuwa mai sauƙi, suna ɗauke da saƙonnin da ɗalibai ke son ji da gaske. Waɗannan hanyoyin ba sa tilasta samarwa da wuri a cikin harshe na biyu, amma suna ba ɗalibai damar samar da shi lokacin da suke 'shirye', suna gane cewa ci gaba ya fito ne daga samar da shigarwa mai sadarwa da fahimta, ba daga tilastawa da gyara samarwa ba." 

## Manazarta
David M. Moffett

**David McKenzie Moffett** (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 1952) ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan Amurka kuma a da shi ne Shugaba na Freddie Mac . Ya kasance babban jami'i a US Bancorp . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara ga Carlyle Group, kuma ya kasance darakta a eBay tun daga watan Yulin 2007.  A ranar 2 ga Maris, 2009, Moffett ya sanar da yin murabus daga mukamin Shugaba na Freddie Mac. 

A halin yanzu yana cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na CSX, CIT Group, eBay, da Columbia Funds, yayin da yake aiki a matsayin babban darektan PayPal . Shi mai ba da shawara ne ga Bridgewater Associates .

## Sana'a
Moffett yana da digirin farko daga Jami'ar Oklahoma da kuma digirin MBA daga Jami'ar Southern Methodist . Ya shiga Kamfanin Star Banc a shekarar 1993 a matsayin Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa, daga Bankin Amurka . Ya zama Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na Kamfanin Firstar lokacin da Firstar ta haɗu da Star Banc a shekarar 1998.  A shekara ta 2001, lokacin da Firstar ta haɗu da US Bancorp kuma ta riƙe sunan Bankin Amurka, ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Kamfanin kuma Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na Kamfanin. 

A shekarar 2007, Moffett ya yi ritaya daga US Bancorp.  A watan Satumba na 2007, ƙungiyar Carlyle ta ɗauke shi aiki don ya zama babban mai ba da shawara ga ƙungiyar ayyukan kuɗi. Daga Satumba na 2008 zuwa Maris na 2009, Moffett ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na Freddie Mac, inda ya karɓi aikin bayan gwamnatin tarayya ta karɓi kamfanin da ke fama da rashin lafiya kuma ta kori shugabanninta.

## Manazarta
Mars Meo

An ƙirƙiro shi a ƙarshen shekarun 1970 da farkon shekarun 1980 ta hannun mai ba da shawara kan ilimi na ƙasar Holland Maria Aarts. Ta fahimci wahalhalun da ake fuskanta wajen bayyana matsalolin da yara ke fuskanta a fannin kimiyya, domin galibi ba sa iya fahimtar kalmomin koyarwa da kuma gano muhimmancin waɗannan fahimta a cikin yanayin rayuwar yau da kullum.

Dabarar da ta ƙirƙiro ita ce ta tattara bayanai game da hulɗar da ke tsakanin yaro da malami ta hanyar bidiyo, sannan daga baya iyaye ko wasu malamai su kalli waɗannan bidiyon don ba da damar tattaunawa tare. Manufar wannan ita ce a sauƙaƙe gane ƙarfi da raunin yara da masu ilimi a cikin hulɗarsu, wanda hakan ke nufin taimaka wa duka biyun su sami ikon magance matsalolin ilimi da kansu. Ingantaccen sadarwa ya zama mafi mahimmancin kayan aiki don cimma wannan.

A shekarar 1987, Maria Aarts ta kafa ƙungiyar *Marte Meo*, wadda ke da nufin koyar da masu ba da shawara kan ilimi yadda ake amfani da hanyar Marte Meo.

Ana gudanar da aikin Marte Meo a ƙasashen Netherlands, Scandinavia, Faransa, Ireland da Indiya. A waɗannan ƙasashe, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai tasiri, mai araha kuma mai amfani.

Masana ilimin likitanci a Amurka sun musanta hakan, inda ake ɗaukar hanyar a matsayin mai ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo idan aka yi la'akari da cewa akwai wasu hanyoyin magance irin waɗannan yanayi.     

## Manazarta
Ilimi na Rayuwa

**Tsarin Ilimi na Rayayyun Dabi'u (LVE)** hanya ce ta fahimtar ilimi wanda ke haɓaka ci gaban al'ummomin ilmantarwa masu tushen dabi'u kuma yana sanya neman ma'ana da manufa a zuciyar ilimi. Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta Duniya (ALIVE) ce ke gudanar da ita, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta a Geneva, Switzerland, wacce ke ƙirƙirar darussan haɓaka ƙwararru na LVE ga yara, masu ilimi, matasa da iyaye da kuma yaran da ke kan tituna da sauran ƙungiyoyin da ke cikin haɗari.

Baya ga ayyukan da ake yi a tarurrukan bita na rukuni, ayyukan aji da ƙungiyoyin karatu, akwai kuma Darussan Wasikun Sadarwa ta LVE ta Intanet.

Ya zuwa watan Nuwamba na 2018, LVE tana da ƙungiyoyi 30 mambobi ("Associates") da kuma maki 15 na musamman don LVE, tare da ƙasashe kusan 40 suna amfani da Hanyar LVE.

## Tsarin gini
An kafa ALIVE a shekara ta 2004 a matsayin ƙungiya mai tsara ayyukan LVE. Dangane da ƙarfin sansanin masu sa kai, LVE ta sami goyon baya daga ƙungiyoyi da yawa, ciki har da UNESCO, hukumomin gwamnati, gidauniyoyi, ƙungiyoyin al'umma da daidaikun mutane. Yana daga cikin ƙungiyoyin duniya na al'adun zaman lafiya bayan shekaru goma na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Al'adun Zaman Lafiya da Rashin Tashin Hankali ga Yara na Duniya . [13]

Yayin da yake mai da hankali kan dabi'u a cikin tsarin ilimin makarantu na yau da kullun, LVE kuma tana tallafawa daidaikun mutane a gida, matasa, iyaye, kasuwanci da al'ummomi wajen fahimtar, haɓakawa da rayuwa bisa ga dabi'u a rayuwar yau da kullun.

## Manazart

## a
Ilimi na ƙwarewar rayuwa

**Ilimi bisa ga ƙwarewar rayuwa** ( **LSBE** ) wani nau'i ne na ilimi wanda ke mai da hankali kan haɓaka ƙwarewar rayuwa ta mutum kamar tunani mai zurfi, tunani mai zurfi, warware matsaloli da ƙwarewar hulɗa da mutane.

A shekarar 1986, Yarjejeniyar Ottawa don Inganta Lafiya ta amince da ƙwarewar rayuwa dangane da yin zaɓin lafiya mafi kyau. Yarjejeniyar 1989 kan Haƙƙoƙin Yara (CRC) an haɗa ta da ilimin ƙwarewar rayuwa.  Sanarwar Jomtien ta 1990 kan Ilimi ga Kowa ta ƙara wannan hangen nesa kuma ta haɗa da ƙwarewar rayuwa a cikin mahimman kayan aikin ilmantarwa don rayuwa, haɓaka iya aiki da ingancin rayuwa. Taron Ilimi na Duniya na Dakar na 2000 ya ɗauki matsayin cewa duk matasa da manya suna da 'yancin ɗan adam na cin gajiyar "ilimin da ya haɗa da koyon sani, yi, zama tare da zama", kuma ya haɗa da ƙwarewar rayuwa a cikin biyu daga cikin Manufofin EFA shida.

Yanzu an gane ilimin da ya danganci ƙwarewar rayuwa a matsayin wata hanya ta magance matsaloli daban-daban na ci gaban yara da matasa da kuma martanin jigo, ciki har da kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin UNGASS kan cutar kanjamau/AIDS (2001), UNGASS kan Yara (2002), Rahoton Matasa na Duniya (2003), Shirin Duniya na Ilimi kan 'Yancin Dan Adam (2004), Shekaru Goma na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ilimi don Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa (2005), Nazarin Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Cin Zarafin Yara (2006), Kwamitin 51 kan Matsayin Mata (2007), da Rahoton Ci Gaban Duniya (2007).

## Manazarta
Wasiƙu ga Masanin kimiyya

**Wasiku Zuwa ga Masana Kimiyya Kafin Zamani** (LPS) shiri ne na abokin karatu na STEM wanda ke haɗa ɗaliban aji na biyar zuwa na sha biyu a makarantun da ke da ƙarancin kuɗi tare da ƙwararrun masu sa kai na STEM, waɗanda ke rubuta wasiƙun wasiƙun wasiƙa akai-akai a duk tsawon shekarar makaranta.  Manufar shirin ita ce taimaka wa ɗaliban kowane fanni su ga kansu a matsayin ƙwararrun STEM na gaba. Ya zuwa shekarar 2021, shirin ya isa ga ɗalibai sama da 6,000 a makarantu a faɗin jihohi 13.

## Tarihi
Wanda ya kafa Macon Lowman ta ƙirƙiri wani sigar shirin da ba ta dace ba a shekarar 2010 don taimaka wa ɗalibanta na aji shida su haɗa abin da suke koya a aji da ainihin duniya. Tare da masanin kimiyya kuma mai haɗin gwiwa da ta kafa Anna Goldstein, sun ɗauki isassun abokan alkalami na STEM ga kowane ɗalibi a ajinta. [1] [2]

A shekarar 2014, shirin ya faɗaɗa zuwa azuzuwa 3 kuma ya ci gaba da bunƙasa, yana gudana a azuzuwa 24 a shekarar makaranta ta 2019-2020.   Duk da cewa shirin yana gudana ne kawai a azuzuwan Amurka, ƙwararrun STEM da ke zaune a ko'ina cikin duniya za su iya shiga.  

Wasikun da aka rubuta zuwa shirin Pre-Scientist sun zama ƙungiyar agaji mai rijista ta 501(c)(3), a ƙarƙashin sunan hukuma na Pre-Scientist, Inc. a shekarar 2019.  

## Haɗin gwiwa
Wasiku ga wani masanin kimiyya na gaba da sakandare sun haɗu da matan Larabawa a STEM a lokacin shekarar makaranta ta 2020-2021 don ƙara yawan wakilcin matan Larabawa a STEM a cikin hanyar sadarwar sa kai da kuma fassara kayan shirye-shirye zuwa Larabci don ɗalibai su iya shiga cikin yaren su na asali. 

## Manazarta
Alamomi don Ilimi

**Labels for Education** wani shiri ne na tallatawa da Kamfanin Campbell Soup ya fara a shekarar 1973 a Amurka, daga baya kuma a Kanada . Shirin yana bawa makarantu damar samun littattafai, kayan kida, kwamfutoci, da sauran kayan makaranta a madadin lakabi ko Universal Product Codes (UPCs) akan kayayyakin da ke da alaƙa.  A cikin 2013, kamfanoni biyar sun shiga cikin shirin: Campbell Soup Company, Diamond Foods, Post Foods, Société Bic, da The Dannon Company (sashen Amurka na Groupe Danone ). Bugu da ƙari, alamar Glad ita ma memba ce a wannan shirin.

Tun daga shekarar 1996, shirin ya sami gasa daga "Box Tops for Education," wani mai fafatawa da kamfanin General Mills ya ƙirƙira wanda ya fi shirin lakabin sauri. A shekarar 2019, wannan shirin ya sanar da cewa zai janye shirin don wani app. 

Kamfanin Campbell's Soup ya sanar a watan Fabrairun 2016 cewa zai kawo karshen shirin Lakabi don Ilimi, yana mai nuni da raguwar shiga. [undefined] Bayan 31 ga Yuli, 2016, babu sabbin makarantu da za su iya shiga shirin, kuma UPCs ne kawai masu tambarin Lakabi don Ilimi za su yi aiki don fansa. Kamfanonin da ke da alaƙa sun ce za su fara cire tambarin Lakabi don Ilimi a tsakiyar 2016 kuma suna tsammanin za a sami ƙarancin adadin kayayyakin da ke ɗauke da waɗannan lakabi a cikin shaguna har zuwa 2017. Duk da haka, makarantun da aka tara maki da aka ajiye a banki ba za su shafi ba. Gabaɗaya, shirin ya ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 110 a cikin kayan makaranta a cikin shekaru 42 na aiki. Campbell's ta kuma sanar da ƙarshen shirin Lakabi don Ilimi a Kanada a cikin 2016. [1]

## Manazarta
Misali na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya

**Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya** ( **MUN** ), wanda kuma aka sani da **Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya**, aiki ne na ilimi wanda ya ƙunshi kwaikwayon ilimi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (MDD). Daliban da suka shiga suna wakiltar ƙasa, ƙungiya, ko mutum ɗaya don yin nazari da kuma bincika hanyoyin hulɗar diflomasiyya da ta ƙasa da ƙasa . A lokacin taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na samfurin, mahalarta (wanda aka fi sani da "wakilai") suna haɗa kai don kwaikwayon yanke shawara kan *batutuwan duniya* . 

Wakilan MUN na iya shiga cikin bincike, yin jawabi a bainar jama'a, yin muhawara, da rubutu a lokacin tarurruka da kuma shirye-shiryen tarurruka. Duk da cewa ana bayar da MUN a matsayin wani aiki na nishaɗi na waje, wasu makarantu suna haɗa shi a cikin manhajar karatunsu. Masu shirya taron sau da yawa suna bayyana cewa manufofin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun haɗa da gina wayar da kan jama'a game da batutuwan duniya da ƙarfafa shiga cikin jama'a . 

Wakilan ɗalibai galibi suna shirya tarurruka ta hanyar gudanar da bincike, rubuta takardun matsayi, da kuma tsara shawarwarin manufofi. Ana tattauna waɗannan takardu kuma ana gyara su a lokacin zaman, sannan a haifar da ƙirƙirar manufofi rubuce-rubuce, waɗanda galibi ake kira "takardun ƙuduri," waɗanda ake kaɗa ƙuri'a a kansu. Dangane da taron, ana iya bayar da kyaututtuka a wasu lokutan bisa ga ka'idojin aikin kwamiti. [1] [2]

Shiga cikin MUN na iya bambanta daga mataki zuwa mataki, tare da shirya tarurruka ga kowace ƙungiya ta shekaru.  Dalibai gabaɗaya suna halartar tarurruka a matsayin wani ɓangare na wakilai daga makarantarsu ko jami'arsu, kodayake wasu suna shiga daban-daban. 

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan manufofin shiga cikin Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya shine haɓaka ƙwarewa a cikin tattaunawa, magana, da sadarwa .   Ana magance matsalolin diflomasiyya da manufofi ta hanyar tsarin ilimi. Kwamitocin rikice-rikice sun haɗa da hanzarta mayar da martani ga yanayin rikice-rikice da ke tasowa, wanda ke buƙatar mahalarta su yanke shawara cikin sauri.  A shirye-shiryen taro, ana zaɓar batutuwa ga kowane kwamiti. Yawanci, masu shirya taro suna samar da jagororin bincike da bayanai. Dangane da waɗannan jagororin, ana sa ran wakilan kowane kwamiti su yi bincike da tsara matsayi ga ƙasar ko ƙungiyar da suke wakilta kuma su gabatar da takardar matsayi.  Takardun matsayi suna bayyana matsayin kowane wakili kan batun kuma suna taƙaita binciken da ya dace. 

## Tsarin aiki

Kwamitocin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Samfura galibi suna amfani da hanyoyin majalisa da aka samo daga Dokokin Umarni na Robert .  Bugu da ƙari, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da gudummawa wajen haɓaka ƙa'idodin tsari na Samfura Majalisar Dinkin Duniya waɗanda suka fi tasiri ga waɗanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi amfani da su.     Tunda babu wata hukumar gudanarwa ta Samfura Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kowane taro ya bambanta a cikin ƙa'idodin aiki, kodayake kowane taro ya bambanta a cikin ƙa'idodin aiki; tarurrukan da ke da alaƙa da tsari iri ɗaya (kamar ƙa'idodi da aka raba) galibi suna amfani da irin waɗannan hanyoyin.  

## Manazarta
Makarantar Talabijin ta Iran

***Iran Television School*** ( Persian   ) wani shiri ne na talabijin da ake watsawa a IRIB Amoozesh wanda ake watsawa ga ɗaliban Iran bayan annobar COVID-19 .  Jadawalin wannan shirin na makarantun firamare ne, na sakandare da na sakandare . 

Wannan shirin ya ƙunshi dukkan darussa na kowane mataki kuma ana watsa shi kowace rana kuma ba zai yiwu a sake maimaita shi ba. Duk da haka, ana iya sauke kowane ɓangare na shirin daga kafofin sada zumunta na cibiyar sadarwa.

## IRIB TV4
Haka kuma, za a watsa wani shiri kamar wannan shirin mai suna *Makarantar Iran* a IRIB TV4 . 

## Alqur'ani na IRIB
Haka kuma, ana watsa irin wannan shiri a cikin Alqur'ani na IRIB, bambancin da ke tsakanin wannan shirin da darussan addini na kowane mataki ne kawai. 

## Manazarta
Binciken Laifi na Misali

An fara shi a shekarar 2008, Binciken Laifuka na Model (ko Model CI, MCI) wani taro ne na ƙasa da ƙasa da ke da alaƙa da ɗalibai. Ana gudanar da Binciken Laifuka na Model kowace shekara a Koriya ta Kudu don haka galibi ana kiransa da KMCI. MCI wani aiki ne na lokaci-lokaci inda ɗalibai ke taruwa don koyo game da yadda sashen 'yan sanda ke aiki, da kuma yadda tsarin shari'a na manyan laifuka ke aiki. A cikin ainihin taron kwaikwayo, mahalarta za su yi muhawara kan shari'o'in farar hula ko na laifuka don nemo masu laifi tsakanin waɗanda ake zargi a cikin kwamitoci. Ba kamar binciken kimiyya ba, a cikin Binciken Laifuka na Model mahalarta yawanci suna yin tambayoyi ga waɗanda ake zargi a cikin muhawara ta baki, kuma suna tattara shaidu na baki. Batutuwan da za a iya tattaunawa za su bambanta daga ƙananan shari'o'i kamar fashi zuwa manyan laifuka kamar ta'addanci na ƙasa da ƙasa. A lokacin zaman, ɗaliban da ke ɗaukar nauyin binciken za su yi aiki akan rantsuwa ta hanyar taƙaita abubuwan da waɗanda ake zargi da shaidu suka bayar, don manufar kawar da laifuka ta hanyar kamawa da/ko ƙara; da kuma gurfanar da waɗanda ake zargi. Tare da Tsarin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, Kotun Moot, Shari'ar Mock, ko Majalisar Model, Binciken Laifuka na Model yana da nufin gina hangen nesa na ɗalibai na duniya.

## Tarihi

* A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2008, aka ƙirƙiri **YMCI** (Matakan Binciken Laifuka na Matasa). A wancan lokacin, YMCI ya yi nufin ɗaliban makarantar sakandare ne kawai a faɗin duniya.
* A ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 2009, an canza sunan zuwa **MCI** (Model Crime Investigations), domin ɗaliban jami'a su iya shiga wani taro. (An takaita shekarun ɗaliban aji 9 zuwa 12 a hukumance.)
* A ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2021, Puzzles Chu Debate Club ta shirya gasar MCI ta farko a Vietnam tare da mahalarta kusan 200 daga ko'ina cikin Vietnam. 

## Aiki

## Manazarta
Misali G20

**Tsarin G20**, wanda aka fi sani da **Tsarin Taron G20**, wani kwaikwaiyo ne na ilimi ga ɗaliban makarantun sakandare da kwaleji. Dalibai suna taka rawar gani a matsayin ministocin gwamnati daga ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen G20 ko baƙi kuma suna tattaunawa kan hanyoyin magance matsaloli da aka ayyana. A lokacin taron G20, ɗalibai suna koyo game da diflomasiyya, hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa, G20, da sauran batutuwa da suka shafi jigon taron. Wasu makarantu suna da ƙungiyoyin G20 na Model ga ɗaliban da ke sha'awar waɗannan batutuwa.

Yana kama da Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . A ƙarshen taron koli, ana ba wa wakilai da dukkan wakilai kyaututtuka saboda aikinsu.

## Jami'ar Amurka
A Jami'ar Amurka da ke Washington, DC, Makarantar Hidima ta Ƙasashen Duniya ta ɗauki nauyin shirya taron G20 tun daga shekarar 2017 [1] ga ɗaliban da ke karatun digiri na farko da na digiri na biyu. [2] Cecilia Nahón, tsohuwar jakadiyar Argentina a Amurka kuma mai halarta a ainihin taron G20 ce ta kafa shi. [1]

## Taron kolin G20 na samfurin Mayo
Taron kolin Mayo Model G20, wanda Kwalejin Mayo ta shirya, wata babbar makaranta ta yara maza masu zaman kansu, a Indiya, wani babban taro ne da ke tattaro masu hazaka daga manyan cibiyoyi a duk fadin duniya don magance matsalolin siyasa, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki na gaggawa yayin da suke koyon hadin gwiwa a fannin diflomasiyya, kirkire-kirkire, da kuma hanyoyin da za su dore. A matsayinsu na shugabannin gobe, mahalarta suna shiga manyan tattaunawa, tattaunawa, da kuma atisayen warware matsaloli wadanda ke kama da ainihin taron G20. Yana da jigo daban-daban kowace shekara kuma wani taron farko ne na irinsa, wanda ke samar da cikakken kwaikwayon ainihin taron G20 a kasar tare da tsari na musamman wanda aka tsara ba tare da wani tunani ba. An tsara wannan taron ne ga shugabannin da za su yi fatan yin tasiri mai kyau ga duniya.

## Manazarta
Green Dot Bystander Intervention

Tsarin **Green Dot Bystander Intervention** wata hanya ce ta ilmantarwa ga masu kallo wanda ke da nufin hana tashin hankali tare da taimakon masu kallo. An gina ta ne bisa ga ra'ayin cewa za a iya auna tashin hankali kuma a rage shi cikin tsari a cikin al'umma.   Tsarin Bystander a matsayin hanyar hana tashin hankali yana samun karbuwa a cikin al'umma.  Manufarta ita ce rage tashin hankali bisa ga iko ta hanyar zama mai hangen nesa da kuma mai hangen nesa da ke mayar da martani.  

## Tarihi
Take na IX na Kwaskwarima ta Ilimi ta 1972 kayan aiki ne da aka yi niyya don yaƙar tashin hankalin harabar jami'a. Dokar ta buƙaci kwalejoji da jami'o'i su yaƙi tashin hankali, cin zarafi, da kuma amsa buƙatun waɗanda suka tsira daga haɓaka samun dama ga ilimi daidai gwargwado.    An kafa Shirin Tsare-tsare na Green Dot Bystander a shekara ta 2006 ta Dr. Dorothy Edwards.      Shirin yana horar da mutane game da cin zarafin mata da cin zarafin mata a cikin makarantu, makarantun firamare da sakandare, da al'ummomi. Yana haɓakawa kuma yana ba da horo don cin zarafin mata da cin zarafin mata a cikin gida.  Hanyar tana koya wa ɗalibai su shiga tsakani ta hanyar amfani da 3 D's: Kai tsaye, Ba da alhakin ga wasu, da ƙirƙirar abin da ke ɓata hankali don rage yanayin da zai iya zama haɗari.  Kamar yadda Green Dot ta bayyana, misali na wannan yana cikin wani yanayi a wurin liyafa, shiga tsakani na iya nufin cewa maimakon kiran ɗalibi da ya bugu, mutum zai iya haifar da abin da zai raba hankali ta hanyar "zubar da abin shansa" ga wanda zai iya kai hari. 

Kafin ta ƙirƙiri shirin, Edwards ta yi aiki a matsayin Daraktan Rigakafin Zalunci da Rigakafi na Jami'ar Kentucky inda ta gano cewa mutane ba su da tabbas kan yadda za su mayar da martani idan suka ga wani hari na jima'i . [1] A shekararta ta farko ta gudanar da shirin, ta horar da mutane 10, amma lokacin da ta bar Jami'ar Kentucky, tana horar da ɗalibai da masu sa kai 3,500. [1] Shirin da Dr. Edwards ke jagoranta ya samu goyon baya daga wani sabon mayar da hankali kan masu kallo a Fadar White House . Green Dot, Bringing in the Bystander, da Coaching Boys Into Men shirye-shiryen rigakafi ne waɗanda suka fara yin canje-canje a al'adu.

## Manazarta
Ilimi na harsuna da yawa

**Ilimi mai harsuna da yawa** (MLE) yawanci yana nufin ilimin "harshe na farko-farko", wato, makaranta wanda ke farawa da harshen uwa, ko harshen farko, kuma yana canzawa zuwa ƙarin harsuna. Yawanci, shirye-shiryen MLE suna cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa inda masu magana da harsunan tsiraru, watau harsunan da ba su da rinjaye, galibi suna fuskantar koma baya a tsarin ilimi na yau da kullun. Akwai ƙaruwar kira don samar da ilimin harshe na farko-farko ga yaran baƙi daga iyayen ƙaura waɗanda suka ƙaura zuwa ƙasashen da suka ci gaba. Lokacin da ɗalibai suka ƙaura zuwa sabuwar ƙasa, shingayen harshe da al'adu na iya shafar ci gaban karatunsu da walwalarsu. Wasu suna ba da shawarar cewa samar da koyarwa a cikin harshensu na farko da farko, a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirye-shiryen ilimi mai harsuna da yawa (MLE), zai iya taimakawa wajen sauƙaƙa musu sauyi. Ta hanyar gane da kuma girmama asalin harshe da al'adunsu, waɗannan shirye-shiryen suna nufin ƙirƙirar yanayin ilmantarwa mai tallafawa inda ɗalibai ke jin daɗi da kwarin gwiwa. Duk da cewa wannan hanyar na iya ba da gudummawa ga kiyaye harsunan gado, aiwatar da shirye-shiryen MLE yana gabatar da wasu fa'idodi da ƙalubale masu yuwuwa.

Baya ga tsarin harshe na farko-farko, wani tsari da ke tallafawa ci gaban harshe a cikin mahallin harsuna da yawa shine ilimin harsuna da yawa. Ilimi na harsuna da yawa yana aiki ta hanyar sa ɗalibai su haɓaka harsuna da yawa a lokaci guda; maimakon amfani da harshe ɗaya, yana amfani da ƙwarewar harshe na harsuna biyu (ko fiye) don cike gibin da ke cikin koyo. 

## Sassan ilimin harsuna da yawa (MLE)

* "Gida Mai Ƙarfi" - Bincike ya nuna cewa yaran da iliminsu na farko yake cikin harshen gidansu suna yin abin da ya fi kyau a ƙarshen karatunsu.  Yin magana da harshensu na farko zai iya zama fa'ida ga ɗaliban da ke koyon harshe na biyu. Lokacin koyon wani harshe, za su iya amfani da ƙwarewa da ilimi a cikin harshensu mai rinjaye don tallafawa koyo.  Duk da haka, ɗaliban da ke da ƙarancin ƙwarewa a cikin harshensu na farko na iya samun sauƙin sauyawar, tunda ba za su iya dogara da tushen harshe mai ƙarfi ba. Don ƙarin bayani game da tasirin "harshen koyarwa", duba ilimin harsuna biyu .
* **"Karfin Gada"** – Babban bambanci tsakanin shirye-shiryen MLE da shirye-shiryen harshen farko shine haɗa da sauyawa mai jagora daga koyo ta hanyar harshen farko zuwa koyo ta hanyar wani harshe. Yayin da hanyar gada mai ƙarfi ke da nufin sauƙaƙe sauyi tsakanin harsuna, wasu ɗalibai na iya fuskantar matsaloli wajen daidaitawa da koyo a cikin sabon harshe. Akwai isasshen tallafi da dabarun koyarwa don tabbatar da cewa ɗalibai za su iya canja ƙwarewarsu da iliminsu yadda ya kamata daga harshe ɗaya zuwa wani.

Dangane da muhimmancin harsunan farko na yara, akwai tabbatar da asalin al'adunsu ko ƙabilarsu ta hanyar ɗaukar harsunan da a da ake ɗaukarsu "ba na yau da kullun ba" da kuma amfani da su sosai a cikin aji. Ilimi mai harsuna da yawa a wannan fanni yana nuna mahimmancin ra'ayin duniya na yara wajen tsara koyo.

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Larabawa ta Misali

**Ƙungiyar Model Arab League** (wanda kuma aka sani da **MAL** ) wani kwaikwaiyo ne na ilimi wanda ɗalibai ke koyo game da diflomasiyya da dangantakar ƙasa da ƙasa ta hanyar muhawara a gasar samfura ta yankuna da yawa, suna fafatawa a matsayin wakilai daga Membobin Ƙungiyar Larabawa . An kafa MAL a cikin 1983 ta Majalisar Ƙasa kan Hulɗar Amurka da Larabawa a matsayin Shirin Ci Gaban Jagoranci Matasa. 

Ana ƙarfafa mahalarta su yi amfani da ƙwarewarsu don haɓaka ƙwarewarsu a fannin magana a bainar jama'a, muhawara da diflomasiyya, ban da babban burin shirin wanda shine koyon siyasa da tarihin ƙasashen Larabawa.

A Amurka, Majalisar Ƙasa kan Hulɗar Amurka da Larabawa (NCUSAR) ce ke gudanar da gasar. A wajen Amurka, Jami'ar Peloponnese tana karɓar baƙuncin Corinth Model Arab League (CorMAL) , Jami'ar Amurka da ke Alƙahira kuma tana karɓar baƙuncin Cairo International Model Arab League (CIMAL). 

## Tsarin gini
Ƙungiyar Larabawa ta Model (MAL) wani kwaikwaiyo ne na muhawara na Ƙungiyar Larabawa, wani tsari makamancin na Ƙungiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Model (Medel UN), wanda ke ƙalubalantar ɗalibai su wakilci buƙatu da muradun ƙasashen da ke cikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (MDD) daidai. 

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da MAL shine cewa na ƙarshen ya ƙunshi ƙasashe 22 mambobi ne kawai  sabanin ƙasashe 193 na Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.   Wannan bambancin girma yana ba da damar yin muhawara mai zurfi da zurfi, amma tare da ikon da aka iyakance ga tarihi da siyasar ƙasashen Larabawa .

Ana gudanar da Model Arab League a tsakiya daga Washington, DC ta Majalisar Ƙasa kan Hulɗar Amurka da Larabawa (NCUSAR), wacce ke aiki tare da masu masaukin baki na gida don tsara da gudanar da tarurruka a faɗin Amurka. Majalisar Ƙasa kuma tana sabunta batutuwa na muhawara da jagororin bincike kowace shekara ta hanyar amfani da shugabannin ɗalibai da aka naɗa a ƙasa waɗanda kuma ke aiki a matsayin sakatare na Babban Taron Jami'o'i na Ƙasa.

## Manazarta
Binciken Aiki

**Shirin Mission Discovery** shiri ne na ilimi na ƙasa da ƙasa da ake gudanarwa ga matasa a ƙasashe da dama a faɗin duniya. Shirin ya fara ne a shekarar 2011 a Kwalejin King's da ke Landan, Ingila, kuma tun daga lokacin ya faɗaɗa zuwa Ostiraliya, Amurka, Indiya da sauran ƙasashe.

ISSET ( *International Space School Educational Trust* ) ce ke gudanar da kuma ba da umarni ga binciken aikin, wata ƙungiyar agaji mai rijista a Burtaniya da Chris Barber ya kafa a shekarar 1998.  Zuwa yanzu akwai shirye-shirye 15 masu nasara: ɗaya a Indiya, goma sha biyu a Burtaniya da biyu a Amurka. Kowane shiri ya bai wa ɗaliban damar yin aiki tare da masana kimiyyar sararin samaniya yayin da suke aiki a matsayin ƙungiya don tsara gwaje-gwaje. A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan shirin, ana aika aƙalla gwaji ɗaya da ɗaliban suka tsara zuwa, kuma ana gudanar da shi a Tashar Sararin Samaniya ta Duniya .  

## Tsarin
Mission Discovery wani taro ne na tsawon mako guda inda aka raba ɗaliban zuwa ƙungiyoyi bazuwar don tsara wani gwaji da za a iya ƙaddamar da shi zuwa sararin samaniya. A cikin wannan makon ƙungiyoyin suna shiga cikin darussan da aka tsara don haɓaka jagorancinsu, gina ƙungiya, da ƙwarewar ci gaban kansu, yayin da kuma ke ba su haske game da fannoni na kimiyya dangane da sararin samaniya. Ɗaliban za su kuma ji jawabai daga 'yan sama jannati daban-daban, masana kimiyya da mutane daga fannoni daban-daban na waje da kimiyya, waɗanda suka shafi batutuwa ciki har da binciken likitanci da kimiyya da NASA ta yi, da gogewar 'yan sama jannati a sararin samaniya, da kuma batutuwa kamar yin magana a bainar jama'a da kuma yadda za a gabatar da bayanai yadda ya kamata. Zuwa ƙarshen makon, shirin ya fi mai da hankali kan ƙirar gwaje-gwajen ɗaliban. Ana ba wa ɗaliban lokaci don tsara wani gwaji da suka yi imanin zai iya aiki a sararin samaniya sannan a ba su aikin gabatar da shi ta hanyoyi biyu, masu ba da labari da ban sha'awa. A ranar ƙarshe, ɗaliban za su gabatar da ra'ayoyinsu ga sauran abokan aiki da masu ba da shawara da kuma masana kimiyya daban-daban, likitoci, da farfesoshi daga jami'o'i. An tsara kuma aka aika da gwajinsu zuwa Tashar Sararin Samaniya ta Duniya inda 'yan sama jannati a can za su gudanar da gwaje-gwaje.    

Zuwa yanzu an yi gwaje-gwaje ashirin daban-daban masu nasara. Sannan an ƙara tsara kowannensu tare da taimakon masu bincike da masana kimiyya. Bayan dogon tsari na tsara gwajin, an gayyaci ƙungiyar da ta yi nasara don kallon harba roka da ke ɗauke da gwajinsu zuwa Tashar Sararin Samaniya ta Duniya. Daga nan sai 'yan sama jannatin da ke cikin jirgin ISS su yi waɗannan gwaje-gwajen. Dangane da sarkakiyar da matsalolin gwaje-gwajen, yawanci suna ɗaukar shekaru uku kafin a harba su kuma a yi su a cikin jirgin ISS. [1]

## Manazarta