Ya zama na al'ada

Habitual be, wanda kuma ake kira invariant be, sune amfani da wani ba a canza shi ba a cikin Turanci na Afirka-Amurka (AAE), Turanci na Caribbean da Hiberno-Ingilishi don nuna al'ada ko tsawo ayyuka a maimakon Standard English inflected siffofin zama, kamar yadda yake da kuma suna. Ana kiran wannan a matsayin al'ada na aikatau "zama". A cikin AAE, amfani da be yana nuna cewa batun yana yin aiki akai-akai ko kuma yana nuna hali. A cikin Turanci na Amurka, duk da haka, amfani da (canjin) zama yana nufin kawai cewa mutum ya yi wani mataki a cikin wani lokaci, kamar a cikin sanarwa "Ta raira waƙa" (abin da aka saba da shi shine "Ta raita").

Kuskure ne na yau da kullun cewa AAE kawai ya maye gurbin *shine* tare da *kasancewa* a duk tsawon lokaci, ba tare da ƙarin ma'ana ba. A zahiri, AAE yana amfani da *zama* don yin alama ga yanayin nahawu na al'ada, wanda ba a bambanta a cikin Turanci Standard ba. Alal misali, *yin waƙa* yana nufin *rera waƙa a al’ada,* ba *wai a yanzu ake rera waƙa ba.* A cikin gwaji ɗaya, an nuna wa yara masu shekaru biyar da shida zanen kukis na Elmo suna cin kukis yayin da Kuki Monster (wani hali a shahararren gidan talabijin na yara na Amurka mai nunin *Sesame Street* wanda ya saba cin kukis) ya duba. 35 daga cikin yaran suna magana da AAE kuma 18 suna magana da Turanci Standard. Duk darussan AAE masu magana da Ingilishi na Ingilishi sun yarda cewa Elmo *yana* cin kukis, amma yaran masu magana da AAE sun ce Kuki Monster *yana* cin kukis.   

## Madogaran hasashe
Tushen al'ada *ya kasance* a cikin AAE har yanzu ana jayayya. Wasu masana ilimin harshe sun ba da shawarar cewa ya fito ne daga ƙaƙƙarfan *zama* a cikin Ingilishi na ƙarni na 17 zuwa 19 na mazauna Birtaniyya (watakila musamman waɗanda suka fito daga Kudu maso Yammacin Ingila, amma amfani yana iya zama " Mummerset " na kwanan nan a cikin wannan mahallin). Wasu masana harsuna sun yi imanin cewa ya fito ne daga baƙi Scots-Irish, waɗanda yaren Ulster Scots suna alama nau'ikan fi'ili na al'ada tare da *kasancewa* da *zama* .

Ɗayan hasashe shine cewa *za'a* iya yada al'ada a cikin New World Black English daga Hiberno-Hausa (HE) ta hanyar tuntuɓar Caribbean. Shaida ta haɗa da gaskiyar cewa duka yarukan sun tsara jimlolin da aka saba da su *kusan* iri ɗaya ne:

(1) *Ko da na kasance tare da abokaina, ina jin tsoro.* (HE)

(2) *Ranar Kirsimeti, da kyau, kowa ya shake sosai saboda kyauta da komai, ba sa jin yunwa sosai.* (AAE) 

Sukar wannan hasashe ya samo asali ne daga gaskiyar cewa babu wata shaida da aka yi amfani da *ita* azaman alamar al'ada ko dai a baya ko a yau a cikin sassan Caribbean na Turanci.  Madadin haka, Ingilishi na Caribbean yana amfani da preverbal *yayi* don alamar al'ada. Ana amfani da su *azaman* mai cikawa ne kawai tsakanin *yi* da ma'anar jumla.

Hasashen ya bayyana cewa bambance-bambancen yanki da ake amfani da su *zama* da *yi (be)*, a Arewa da Kudancin HE, suna ba da bambance-bambancen amfani da *be* da *aikata (be)* a cikin AAE da Caribbean Turanci bi da bi.  A cikin ƙarni na 17th da 18th, masu magana da Arewacin HE sun yi ƙaura zuwa Arewacin Amurka, kuma masu magana da Kudancin HE sun yi ƙaura zuwa tsibirin Caribbean, duka suna aiki tare da baƙar fata. Kodayake fadada don haɗawa da bambance-bambance a cikin yarukan HE na rashi na al'ada *ya kasance* a cikin harsunan Ingilishi na Caribbean, hasashe yana da rashin amfani kuma. Matsala ta farko ita ce rarraba *yi* da *zama* sake. A Kudancin HE, *yi* ya fi kowa da *zama* fiye da sauran fi'ili, amma a cikin Ingilishi na Caribbean, *ba* shi da *yawa* fiye da sauran fi'ili.  Harshen Ingilishi na Hibernia yana nuna al'ada tare da *zama*, kuma Ingilishi na Caribbean da wuya ya yi alama, idan da gaske. Matsala ta biyu ita ce, babu isasshiyar shaida da ta nuna cewa masu magana da harshen Kudancin HE ba su gabatar *da (zama)* ga yankunan Amurka ba tun da akwai masu magana da Kudancin HE a cikin yankunan da suka yi aiki tare da Black Black.

Ƙarin faɗaɗawa da gyare-gyare na lissafin hasashe na yaɗawa don abubuwan *da* ake samu a cikin harsunan Ingilishi na Caribbean. Siffar ta zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin Ingilishi na Biritaniya kuma ta ci gaba a cikin yarukan Ingilishi na Kudu da Kudu maso Yamma waɗanda Turawan mulkin mallaka suka yi amfani da su a yankin Caribbean.  Mutanen Irish da Baƙar fata duk sun koyi Turanci a lokaci ɗaya, kuma ƙungiyoyin biyu sun koyi sabon yare kuma sun ci gaba da yin taron gundumomi na harsunansu na asali. A Amurka, yanayin *al'adar* Irish na iya yaduwa cikin AAE kuma ƙungiyoyin mutane biyu suna cikin kusanci da sadarwa tare da sabon harshe. Mai yiyuwa ne yarukan Birtaniyya na iya samun fasaloli waɗanda suka yi aiki a matsayin samfura na al'ada *(zama)* a cikin ɓangarorin Caribbean, wanda, bi da bi, ya faɗaɗa zuwa AAE a cikin Amurka. Har ila yau, baƙi na Kudu da Kudu maso yammacin Birtaniya sun yi tafiya zuwa yankunan Amurka da kuma yarensu da za a yi amfani da su a matsayin abin koyi ga mutanen Baƙar fata, wanda ya haifar da koma baya, gabatarwa, da asarar al'ada *(kasancewa)* a Amurka, wanda kuma shine matsala tare da farkon fadada hasashe na yadawa.  Wani hasashe don asalin al'ada *ya kasance* a cikin HE sannan kuma cikin AAE shine mafi ma'ana kuma mafi ƙarfi daga cikin kuri'a.

Ka'idar ragewa don fitowar al'ada *kasance* a cikin AAE shine mafi kusantar kuma mafi goyan bayan ka'idodin asalinsa. Ya ƙunshi tsarin ragewa na Creole na Ingilishi na Caribbean, tare da asarar *aikata (be)*, wanda kanta shine raguwar alamar al'ada ta creole da ta gabata da haɗin gwiwa tare da *zama* .  Ana ganin tsarin a matsayin canjin lamba ɗaya a cikin jerin Ingilishi waɗanda baƙar fata suka koya a cikin Sabuwar Duniya. Kasancewar wani nau'i na al'ada a cikin harsunan Caribbean na asali a matakin basilectal ya nuna cewa bayan lokaci, Baƙar fata sun koyi Turanci amma suna kiyaye ƙa'idodin harsunan su na asali har sai code-canjin ya maye gurbin tsofaffin tarurruka da sababbi. Rickford ya ba da shaida:

## Manazarta