Permaculture

**Permaculture** wata hanya ce ta gudanar da ƙasa da ƙirar ƙauyuka wanda ke ɗaukar shirye-shiryen da aka lura a cikin yanayin halittu masu tasowa. Ya haɗa da ka'idojin ƙira da aka samo ta amfani da tunanin tsarin duka. Yana amfani da waɗannan ka'idoji a fannoni kamar aikin gona na sabuntawa, tsara gari, sake ginawa, da juriya na al'umma. Kalmar ta samo asali ne a cikin 1978 ta hanyar Bill Mollison da David Holmgren, waɗanda suka tsara manufar a adawa da hanyoyin masana'antu na zamani, a maimakon haka suna karɓar hanyar gargajiya ko "al'ada" ga aikin gona.

Masu tunani da yawa a farkon da tsakiyar karni na 20 sun binciki aikin lambu mara tonowa, aikin gona mara noma, da kuma manufar "aikin noma na dindindin", wanda shine farkon wahayi don fagen permaculture. Ayyukan Mollison da Holmgren daga shekarun 1970 da 1980 sun haifar da littattafai da yawa, farawa da Permaculture One a cikin 1978, da kuma ci gaban "Permaculture Design Course" wanda ya kasance ɗayan manyan hanyoyin yada ra'ayoyin permaculture. Farawa daga mayar da hankali kan amfani da ƙasa a Kudancin Ostiraliya, permaculture tun daga lokacin ya bazu a cikin iyaka don haɗawa da wasu yankuna da sauran batutuwa, kamar fasahar da ta dace da ƙirar al'umma da gangan.

Yawancin ra'ayoyi da ayyuka sun haɗa da hanyoyi masu yawa da aka lakafta a matsayin permaculture. Mollison da Holmgren's three foundational ethics da Holmgran's goma sha biyu design principles ana yawan ambaton su kuma a sake su a cikin permaculture wallafe-wallafen. Ayyuka irin su shuka aboki, amfani mai yawa na amfanin gona na yau na kullum, da kayayyaki irin su shuke-shuke na shuke-huke an yi amfani da su sosai ta hanyar masu shuke-tsuke.

Permaculture a matsayin sanannen motsi an ware shi sosai daga wallafe-wallafen kimiyya, kuma an soki shi saboda rashin ma'anar ma'ana ko ingantaccen tsari. Duk da dogon rarrabuwa, wasu karatun karni na 21 sun goyi bayan da'awar cewa permaculture yana inganta ingancin ƙasa da bambancin halittu, kuma sun gano shi a matsayin motsi na zamantakewa wanda zai iya inganta sauye-sauyen agroecological daga aikin gona na al'ada.

## Tarihi

### Tarihi

A cikin 1911, Franklin Hiram King ya rubuta Farmers of Forty Centuries: Ko Aikin Gona na Dindindin a China, Koriya da Japan, yana kwatanta ayyukan noma na Gabashin Asiya da aka tsara don "aikin noma na dindindin". A cikin 1929, Joseph Russell Smith ya kara wa'adin Sarki a matsayin subtitle na Tree Crops: A Permanent Agriculture, wanda ya rubuta don mayar da martani ga yaduwar gandun daji, noma, da rushewa a gabashin tsaunuka da yankunan tsaunuka na Amurka. Ya ba da shawarar dasa 'ya'yan itace da kwayoyi a matsayin amfanin abinci na mutum da dabba wanda zai iya daidaita ruwa da kuma dawo da lafiyar ƙasa. Smith ya ga duniya a matsayin wani abu mai alaƙa da juna kuma ya ba da shawarar tsarin haɗin bishiyoyi tare da amfanin gona. Wannan littafin ya yi wahayi zuwa ga mutane kamar Toyohiko Kagawa wanda ya fara aikin gona a Japan a cikin shekarun 1930. Wani majagaba, George Washington Carver, ya ba da shawarar ayyukan da suka zama ruwan dare a yanzu a cikin permaculture, gami da amfani da juyawa na amfanin gona don dawo da nitrogen zuwa ƙasa da gyaran gonakin da suka lalace, a cikin aikinsa a Cibiyar Tuskegee tsakanin 1896 da mutuwarsa a 1947 .

A cikin littafinsa na 1964 Water for Every Farm, masanin ilimin noma da injiniya na Australiya P. A. Yeomans ya gabatar da ma'anar aikin gona na dindindin a matsayin wanda za'a iya ci gaba har abada. Yeomans ya gabatar da tsarin lura da amfani da ƙasa a Ostiraliya a cikin shekarun 1940 kuma a cikin shekarun 1950s Keyline Design a matsayin hanyar sarrafa wadata da rarraba ruwa a yankuna masu tsaka-tsaki. Sauran tasirin farko sun haɗa da ayyukan Stewart Brand, Ruth Stout da Esther Deans, waɗanda suka fara aikin lambu ba tare da tonowa ba, da Masanobu Fukuoka wanda, a ƙarshen shekarun 1930 a Japan, ya fara ba da shawarar gonaki da lambuna da aikin noma na halitta.

A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, Bill Mollison, babban malami a fannin ilimin muhalli a Tasmania" id="mwnQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="University of Tasmania">Jami'ar Tasmania, da David Holmgren, dalibi mai digiri a Kwalejin Tasmanian ta lokacin sun fara haɓaka ra'ayoyi game da tsarin aikin gona mai ɗorewa a tsibirin Tasmania na kudancin Australia. Sanarwarsu game da yanayin da ba za a iya jurewa ba na hanyoyin masana'antu na zamani da kuma wahayi daga asalin Tasmanian da sauran ayyukan gargajiya sun kasance masu mahimmanci ga tsarin su na permaculture. A ra'ayinsu, hanyoyin masana'antu sun dogara sosai da albarkatun da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba, kuma sun kasance da guba da ƙasa da ruwa, rage bambancin halittu, da kuma cire biliyoyin tan na ƙasa daga wuraren da ke da kyau a baya. Sun amsa da permaculture. An fara bayyana wannan kalmar ne tare da buga littafin su na 1978 Permaculture One 

## Manazarta