Bill Freund (masanin tarih)

**William Mark Freund** (6 Yuli 1944).17ga Agusta 2020) ɗan tarihi ne na ilimi na Amurka wanda aka fi sani da shi mai iko kan tarihin tattalin arziki da ƙwadago na Afirka.Bincikensa ya fi mayar da hankali kan Afirka ta Kudu .Yawancin aikinsa,ya koyar a Jami'ar Natal da kuma cibiyar da ta gaje ta Jami'ar KwaZulu-Natal.

Mai son jari-hujja wanda ya bayyana kansa, Freund ya fi saninsa da *Making of Contemporary Africa* (1984) wanda aka yaba da shi a matsayin wani bincike na malanta kan tarihin zamantakewa da tattalin arzikin Afirka a zamanin mulkin mallaka da bayan mulkin mallaka.Ya yi rubuce-rubuce sosai kan batutuwan da suka shafi aikin Afirka da tarihin birane.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Freund a Chicago,Illinois a ranar 6 ga Yuli 1944.Iyayensa 'yan gudun hijira Yahudawa ne 'yan kasar Ostiriya wadanda suka isa Amurka a cikin 1939. Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Chicago daga baya Jami'ar Yale inda ya sami digiri na uku a 1971 kan mulkin Dutch a Cape a karkashin Jamhuriyar Batavian (1803-).06).Daga baya ya yi iƙirarin cewa Eric Hobsbawm ya kasance kwararren ilimi. Daga baya Freund ya yi aiki a wasu mukamai na gajeren lokaci a Amurka da Afirka,musamman a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Najeriya daga 1974 zuwa 1978 da kuma a takaice Jami'ar Dar es Salaam ta Tanzania.Duk da hakaya yi gwagwarmaya don tabbatar da wa'adin mulki har zuwa buga littafin *The Making of Contemporary Africa* (1984) wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "alama a tarihin Afirka".

*Making of Contemporary Africa* ya ba da bayyani kan tarihin zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin Afirka na mulkin mallaka da bayan mulkin mallaka kuma an yaba masa sosai saboda zurfin bincikensa,gami da littafin littafinsa wanda ya yi shafuka 55.An kwatanta shi a matsayin "littafin rayuwarsa". 

Freund ya sami lambar yabo ta farfesa a tarihin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Natal (daga baya Jami'ar KwaZulu-Natal) a Durban,Afirka ta Kudu a 1986,kuma ya zama mai sha'awar karatun ci gaba.Ya haɗu da haɗin gwiwar mujallar *[[Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa|Canji]]* a wannan shekarar,wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ga *Sabon Bita na Hagu*.

An fi sanin Freund a matsayin masanin tarihin tattalin arziki,musamman sha'awar tara jari da danganakar aiki. Ya ayyana tsarin nasa a matsayin "' yan jari-hujja" maimakon Markisanci a bayyane. Ayyukansa na farko shine *Babban Jarida da Labour a cikin Tin Mines na Najeriya* (1981),wanda aikin Charles van Onselen ya yi wahayi. Ya kuma buga wani sanannen tarihin ƙwadago a cikin *The African Worker* (1988) da kuma kan tarihin birane a Afirka,musamman tarihin Durban kanta.

A tsakiyar karshen wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu, Freund ya yi aiki a matsayin kwararre kan tattalin arzikin siyasa a cikin kwamitocin da majalisar dokokin Afirka ta kafa domin tattauna manufofin tattalin arziki na gaba . Ko da yake yana jin tausayin kishin Afirka, Freund ya kalli ANC da nisa mai mahimmanci kuma yana da shakku game da manufofin ci gaba.  An sadaukar da wani festschrift gare shi a cikin 2006 kuma an ba da wani batu na musamman na *Nazarin Afirka* don tantance aikinsa.  Ya rubuta tarihin tarihin kansa mai suna *Bill Freund: An Historian's Passage to Africa* wanda ya bayyana bayan mutuwa a 2021.  Ya mutu a Durban a ranar 27 ga Agusta 2020.

## Manazarta