Eliza McCardle Johnson

Eliza McCardle Johnson (4 ga Oktoba, 1810 - 15 ga Janairu, 1876) ita ce matar shugaban Amurka daga 1865 zuwa 1869 a matsayin matar Shugaba Andrew Johnson . Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin matar shugaban Amurka daga Maris har zuwa Afrilu 1865 lokacin da mijinta yake mataimakin shugaban kasa. Johnson ba ya aiki sosai a matsayin matar shugaban kasa, kuma ta kasance ba a bainar jama'a ba tsawon lokacin shugabancin mijinta. Ita ce matar shugaban kasa mafi karanci da ta yi aure, tana yin hakan ne tana da shekaru 16.

Johnson ta ba da gudummawa sosai ga aikin mijinta na farko, tana ba shi ilimi da kuma ƙarfafa shi ya ƙarfafa ƙwarewarsa ta magana da neman mukami. Duk da haka, Johnson ba ta shiga cikin harkokin zamantakewa na siyasa ba, ta ci gaba da zama a gida yayin da mijinta ya hau mulki. A lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka, an tilasta mata barin gidanta saboda amincin iyalinta na Unionist . Tarin fuka ya shafe ta a tsawon rayuwarta, kuma duk wani aiki da ta zaɓa ta yi yana da iyaka saboda lafiyarta.

Johnson ta kasance matar shugaban ƙasa ta biyu a Amurka na ɗan lokaci kafin ta zama matar shugaban ƙasa, a matsayinta na matar shugaban ƙasa har zuwa lokacin da aka kashe Abraham Lincoln . Bayan ta zama matar shugaban ƙasa, Johnson ta bai wa 'yarta Martha Johnson Patterson ayyukan zamantakewa na wannan matsayi. Duk da cewa ta bayyana a bainar jama'a sau biyu kacal a lokacin da take matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa, Johnson ya kasance mai tasiri sosai ga mijinta, kuma yana tuntubar ta akai-akai don neman shawara. Johnson ta koma gidanta na Greeneville, Tennessee tare da iyalinta bayan ta bar Fadar White House, tana zaune cikin hutu cikin natsuwa. Ta mutu watanni shida bayan mijinta kuma aka binne ta kusa da shi.

## Rayuwar Farko da Aure
An haifi Eliza McCardle a Greeneville, Tennessee a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 1810.  : 108 Ita kaɗai ce 'ya ga John McCardle, mai gyaran takalma da mai kula da masauki, da kuma Sarah Phillips.  : 116 Iyalan sun ƙaura zuwa Warrensburg, Tennessee yayin da McCardle ke ƙarama, amma sun koma Greeneville bayan mutuwar mahaifinta.  : 191 Mahaifiyarta bazawara ta rene McCardle, wacce ta tallafa mata da kuɗi ta hanyar saka  kuma ta koya mata karatu da rubutu.  : 116 McCardle ta halarci makaranta kuma ta sami ilimin firamare.  Ana kyautata zaton ta halarci Rhea Academy da ke Greenville.  : 203 

McCardle ya haɗu da Andrew Johnson lokacin da iyalinsa suka ƙaura zuwa Greeneville a watan Satumba na 1826. An ce ta fara ganinsa ne yayin da take magana da abokanta, waɗanda suka fara yi mata ba'a lokacin da ta nuna sha'awarta ga mai koyon dinki.  : 191  McCardle da Johnson sun fara soyayya nan take. Johnsons sun bar birnin daga baya a wannan shekarar, kuma ma'auratan sun yi musayar wasiƙu har sai da ya dawo a shekarar 1827. Sun yi aure a ranar 17 ga Mayu, 1827.  : 117 Mordecai Lincoln, ɗan uwan Abraham Lincoln, wanda ya taɓa zama ɗan uwan Abraham Lincoln, shi ne ya jagoranci bikin auren.  McCardle tana da shekaru 16, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama ƙarama a cikin dukkan matan shugabannin Amurka .  : 117  : 231 Bayan sun yi aure, ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa wani gida mai ɗakuna biyu, inda ɗaya daga cikin ɗakunan ya yi aiki a matsayin shagon dinki.  : 130 

Eliza Johnson ta samar wa mijinta da mafi yawan iliminsa na yau da kullun,  : 117 duk da cewa wani tatsuniya da aka saba da ita ta nuna cewa ta koya masa karatu da rubutu.  : 193 Suna da 'ya'ya biyar tare: Martha a shekarar 1828, Charles a shekarar 1830, Mary a shekarar 1832, Robert a shekarar 1834, da Andrew Jr. a shekarar 1852. Da zarar sun fara haihuwa, yawancin lokacin Johnson yana kula da gida yayin da mijinta ke kula da shagon dinki.  : 117 A shekara ta 1831, sun sayi babban gida da kuma wani wuri daban na shagon. Sun sake komawa wani babban gida a shekara ta 1851.  : 193 

## Matar ɗan siyasa

### Shekarun Antebellum
Da ƙarfafawar Eliza, mijinta ya nemi mukamin siyasa.  Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a farkon aikinsa na siyasa, tana taimaka masa a fannin iliminsa da kuma iyawarsa ta magana.  : 231 Yayin da ya sami manyan mukamai na siyasa, Johnson ya guji rawar da matar ɗan siyasa ke takawa a zamantakewa, maimakon haka ya kula da gidansu.  A wannan lokacin, gidan ya haɗa da bayi takwas ko tara.  : 194 Ba a san yadda Johnson ya ji game da mallakar bayi ba.  : 232 Yayin da 'ya'yan Johnson suka girma, ta ji daɗin ganin 'ya'yanta mata suna neman mazajensu da kuma fara iyalai na kansu.  : 232 A lokaci guda kuma, manyan 'ya'yanta maza biyu sun zama abin damuwa saboda shan giya ya shafe su.  : 117 

Yayin da yake gida, Johnson ne ke da alhakin kula da harkokin kuɗin iyalin, gami da jarin da suka zuba.  : 203 Duk da cewa ba ta raka mijinta lokacin da yake tafiya don aikinsa ba, ta tallafa masa, tana ƙarfafa shi da kuma taimaka masa da jawabansa.  : 118 Ta kamu da cutar tarin fuka, wanda hakan ya haifar da rashin lafiya.  Lafiyarta ta inganta kuma ta tabarbare a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, amma ba ta warke gaba ɗaya ba. Daga ƙarshe ta yi tafiya zuwa Washington, DC a shekarar 1860 tare da 'ya'yanta maza, suka zauna har sai lokacin da Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka ya fara a shekara mai zuwa.  : 194 

### Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka
A lokacin yaƙin, Johnson ya zama mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin 'yan gurguzu da ke zaune a ƙasashen Confederate na Amurka .  : 118 An tilasta mata ƙaura bayan da Sojojin Jihohin Confederate suka mamaye yankin.  Ta koma gonar 'yarta Mary bayan da sojojin Confederate suka kwace gidan Johnson. Duk da cewa da farko an umarce ta da ta fice daga yankin cikin awanni 36 a watan Mayun 1862, ta amsa da cewa "Ba zan iya bin ƙa'idar ba", kuma an ba ta ƙarin watanni biyar.  : 204 

Daga ƙarshe Johnson ta yi tafiyar makonni uku zuwa Nashville, Tennessee, inda aka ci zarafinta aka kuma yi mata barazana saboda kasancewarta matar wani sanata na Unionist. Tafiyar ta shafi lafiyarta sosai, amma da ta isa Nashville ta sake haɗuwa da mijinta, wanda ba ta taɓa ganinsa ba kusan shekara guda.  : 204 Daga baya ta yi tafiya zuwa arewa, ta ratsa layin Confederate ba tare da rakiya ba, ta je Ohio da Indiana don ziyartar 'ya'yanta.  : 119 Ta koma Nashville a watan Mayu na shekarar 1863. An kashe babban ɗan Johnson, Charles, daga baya a wannan shekarar bayan an jefa shi daga kan dokinsa.  : 195 Ba ta da isasshen lokaci a Nashville, ba kasafai take ganin mijinta ba, musamman bayan ya fara yakin neman zabe a zaben shugaban kasa na 1864.  : 233 

Johnson's husband was sworn in as the Vice President of the United States in March 1865.: 195  The following month, President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated, and her husband ascended to the presidency.: 109  This had a severe emotional effect on her; in one letter, her daughter Martha described her as "almost deranged" with worry that her husband would be assassinated as well.: 203  She also lamented the idea of becoming first lady, effectively rejecting the role.: 109 

## Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka
Johnson ta yi tafiya zuwa Washington tare da 'ya'yanta da suka rage, surukinta David T. Patterson, da jikokinta.  : 119 Sun isa a ranar 6 ga Agusta, 1865.  : 196 Bayan ta isa, ta zaɓi ɗaki a hawa na biyu da ke fuskantar ofishin shugaban ƙasa.  : 129 Johnson ba ta sami damar yin aiki yadda ya kamata a matsayin uwargidan shugaban ƙasa ba saboda rashin lafiyarta, kuma ta kasance a ɗakin kwananta, inda ta bar ayyukan zamantakewa ga 'yarta Martha.  : 196 Duk da cewa ba ta son zama matar shugaban ƙasa, ta ji daɗin yadda dukkan iyalinta suka zauna tare.  : 109 

Johnson za ta karɓi baƙon mijinta a Fadar White House,  : 109 amma ta bayyana a bainar jama'a a matsayin uwargidan shugaban ƙasa sau biyu kacal: bikin Sarauniya Emma ta Hawaii a shekarar 1866 da kuma wasan yara don cika shekaru sittin da shugaban ƙasa ya yi a shekarar 1868.  : 120 A duka lokutan biyu, ba ta tashi yayin da take karɓar baƙi ba.  : 131 Ta kuma sami wasiƙu da yawa daga jama'a a lokacin da take matar shugaban ƙasa, sau da yawa tana neman alfarmar siyasa ko kuma samun damar ganawa da shugaban ƙasa. 'Yarta da ma'aikatan Fadar White House ne ke kula da wasiƙunta. Duk da cewa ba ta da himma a bainar jama'a, Johnson ta sami damar yin ayyuka akai-akai tare da iyalinta tare da wasu taimako.  : 197 

A lokacin da take zaune a Fadar White House, Johnson ta kan dinka da saka, kuma tana yawan karatu.  Kowace rana, za ta ratsa gidan White House, tana duba mijinta da ma'aikatan ko kuma ta yi zaman tare da jikokinta.  : 198 Tana kusa da ma'aikatan, tana ɗaukar ma'aikatan fari da baƙi a matsayin "masu gidan".  : 205 Johnson ta ɗauki nauyin ayyukanta, ciki har da gudummawar kuɗi ga gidajen marayu a Baltimore, Maryland,  : 198 da Charleston, South Carolina .  : 233 Ta kuma sami damar yin tafiya a lokacin da take matar shugaban ƙasa, tana ziyartar biranen da ke kusa kamar Boston, New York, da Philadelphia a shekarar 1867.  : 198 

Johnson ba ta taka rawa sosai a siyasar gwamnatin mijinta ba, duk da cewa ta ba shi cikakken goyon baya a lokacin shugabancinsa, har ma a lokacin tsige shi .  Ta nuna sha'awarta a shari'ar,  : 120 kuma shugaban ƙasa zai ziyarce ta kowace safiya don neman shawararta.  : 128 Tana da tasiri mai ƙarfi a kan shugaban ƙasa, kuma yana yawan la'akari da shawararta.  : 205 Tana yawan lura da labaran da jaridu ke bayarwa game da fadar shugaban ƙasa, tana yanke labaran da ta ga sun cancanci kulawar shugaban ƙasa. Tana tsara su kowace rana, tana nuna masa labarai masu kyau kowace dare sannan ta ba shi labarai marasa daɗi washegari da safe.  : 57 

Johnson ya taimaka wa shugaban ƙasa da jawabansa kamar yadda ta yi a mukaman siyasa na baya, kuma ta yi aiki don hana tashin hankalin da fushinsa ya haifar.  : 120 Tsoronta game da lafiyar mijinta ya ci gaba da wanzuwa a tsawon shugabancinsa, domin kuwa kisan gillar da aka yi wa Abraham Lincoln har yanzu yana nan a cikin tarihi.  : 119 Duk da rashin lafiyarta, za ta ci gaba da kula da mijinta a wasu wurare, tana zaɓar masa kayansa kuma tana tabbatar da cewa ya gamsu da abincin da aka tanadar masa.  : 129 Johnson ba ta son zama a Fadar White House, kuma ta yi farin ciki da lokacin da wa'adin mijinta ya ƙare.  : 131 

## Daga baya rayuwa da mutuwa
Iyalan Johnson sun koma Greenville bayan sun bar Fadar White House a watan Maris na 1869. Ɗansu Robert ya kashe kansa a wata mai zuwa.  : 199 Johnson ta rayu cikin natsuwa bayan ta ƙare a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa, sau da yawa tana yin lokacinta tare da 'ya'yanta da jikokinta.  : 234 Ta ji daɗin 'yancin kai, wani lokacin tana tafiya ba tare da mijinta ba.  : 120–121 Lafiyarta ta ragu lokacin da aka zaɓe mijinta a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka a 1875, kuma ta ƙaura tare da 'yarta Mary. Ta rasu jim kaɗan bayan haka a ranar 31 ga Yuli, 1875.  : 199 Rashin lafiyar Johnson da baƙin cikinta sun hana ta halartar jana'izar,  : 121 amma an naɗa ta don ta aiwatar da dukiyarsa.  : 58 Ta rasu a ranar 15 ga Janairu, 1876, tana da shekaru 65,  : 121 kuma an binne ta kusa da mijinta a Makabartar Ƙasa ta Andrew Johnson .  : 234 

## Gado

Johnson tana ɗaya daga cikin matan shugabanni marasa himma, ba ta taka rawar gani sosai a fannin siyasa ko zamantakewa na Fadar White House ba. Tasirinta ya kasance na mai ilimi da mai ba mijinta shawara.  : 121 Ba ta canza matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa a lokacin da take kan mulki ba.  : 200 Masana tarihi gabaɗaya suna kwatanta Johnson a matsayin wanda ba shi da girman kai kuma ba zai iya cika matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa ba, amma kuma a matsayin abokiyar hulɗa mai ilimi ga mijinta. Duk da cewa suna da mijinta ya ragu sosai a cikin ƙarni da ya biyo baya, suna da Johnson a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa bai canza ba.  An rasa takardun Johnson na sirri, galibi saboda Yaƙin Basasa.  : 230 Yawancin manyan takardu da ke da alaƙa da ita suna cikin takardun mijinta.  : 200 A cikin kuri'ar jin ra'ayin masana tarihi ta Cibiyar Bincike ta Kwalejin Siena ta shekarar 1982, an sanya Johnson a matsayin mace ta 21 cikin mata 42 na shugabanni. 

Johnson ta koma ga al'adar da aka saba gani a tsakanin matan shugabanni na ƙarni na 19, inda ta bar wata ƙaramar mai maye gurbinta ta yi yawancin ayyukanta, ta sake kafa al'adar bayan wa'adin da Mary Todd Lincoln ta yi a bainar jama'a.  Ita ce matar shugaban ƙasa ta ƙarshe da ta kamu da rashin lafiya ta wannan hanyar har zuwa Ida Saxton McKinley daga baya.  : 58 Wataƙila Johnson ta guji jan hankalin jama'a musamman saboda sukar da ake yi wa magajinta da kuma yiwuwar samun irin wannan sukar idan aka yi la'akari da shugabancin mijinta mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce. Tana kuma iya jin tsoron cewa ba ta da baiwar zamantakewa da ake buƙata daga mai masaukin baki.  : 56 A ƙarshen wa'adin mulkinta, an bayyana ta a matsayin "kusan tatsuniya" saboda ƙarancin hulɗa da jama'a.  : 57 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Eliza McCardle Johnson at Find a Grave
* Eliza Johnson at 'History of American Women'
* The White House Web Site
* National First Ladies' Library Archived May 9, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
* Eliza Johnson at C-SPAN's *First Ladies: Influence &amp;amp; Image*

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