Juana Azurduy na Padilla

**Juana Azurduy na Padilla** (12 ga Yuli, 1780 - 25 ga Mayu, 1862)  ta kasance shugabar soji daga Chuquisaca, Mataimakin Sarkin Río de la Plata (yanzu Sucre, Bolivia).  Ta yi yaƙi don 'yancin kai na Bolivia da Argentina tare da mijinta, Manuel Ascencio Padilla, inda ta sami matsayin Lieutenant Colonel . An san ta da goyon baya mai karfi da jagorancin soja na 'yan asalin Upper Peru. A yau, an dauke ta a matsayin jarumi na 'yancin kai a Bolivia da Argentina.

A cikin 2015, a Buenos Aires, Argentina, wani mutum-mutumi na Azurduy ya maye gurbin na Christopher Columbus a gaban Cibiyar Al'adu Kirchner, don sanin aikinta da kokarin da ta yi a lokacin Yakin Independence . 

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Juana Azurduy a ranar 12 ga Yuli, 1780, a Chuquisaca, Upper Peru, wani yanki na Mataimakin Sarkin Spain na Río de la Plata .  Mahaifinta, Don Matías Azurduy, fararen Mutanen Espanya ne na asalin Basque, mai kula da hacienda a Toroca. Mahaifiyarta, Doña Eulalia Bermudez, *chola* ce (mace mai mestizo da iyaye na asali) daga iyali matalauta a Chuquisaca .   Iyalinta ba su da yawa a ƙarƙashin tsananin tsarin mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya, wanda a ƙarƙashinsa aka ɗauki Juana a *Matsayi* *mestiza*. Tana da babban ɗan'uwa, Blas, wanda ya mutu tun yana jariri, da ƙaramar 'yar'uwa, Rosalía .  Bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarta a shekara ta 1787,  ta haɓaka kyakkyawar dangantaka da mahaifinta. Duk da matsayin Katolika da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na al'ummar mulkin mallaka, Don Matías ya koya mata ta zama ƙwararren mahayi da mai harbi, kuma ta bi shi don yin aiki a ƙasar tare da ma'aikatan 'yan asalin ƙasar. Kazalika da asalin Mutanen Espanya, ta zama mai iya magana da Quechua da Aymara, yarukan 'yan asalin yankin,   kuma an san ta da ciyar da kwanaki a lokaci a ƙauyukansu.

A farkon shekarunta, mutuwar mahaifinsu ta bar 'yan'uwa mata Azurduy marayu. Sun zama unguwanni na kawunansu Petrona Azurduy da mijinta Francisco Días Vayo, waɗanda ke kula da kadarorin da Don Matías ya bar wa 'yan mata bayan sun girma. Doña Petrona ta sami halin Juana wanda ba a so kuma yana da wuyar sarrafawa. An hayar mai koyarwa don samar mata da ilimi da zamantakewa, amma ya kasa shawo kan Juana ta yawan tawaye. Lokacin da Juana ta yi tawaye da ikon kawunta, an tura ta zuwa babbar Convento de Santa Teresa de Chuquisaca don zama nun. A lokacin da take can, abokan aji suna tunawa da Azurduy tana bauta wa jarumi Saint Joan na Arc kuma tana bayyana burinta na fagen yaƙi. Saboda tawaye da rikice-rikice da Sisters, an kori Azurduy daga gidan ibada yana da shekaru 17.

A shekara ta 1797, Azurduy ta koma zama a gidan mahaifinta, ta kwashe kwanakinta tare da 'yan asalin da ke zaune a ƙasarsa. Ta ga mummunar aikin su a ma'adinan azurfa na Mutanen Espanya, kuma ta zama abokiyar sha'awar juyin juya hali 'yan asalin ƙasar.   A cikin 1805, Azurduy ta auri maƙwabcinta kuma abokiyar yarinta Manuel Ascencio Padilla,  ɗan'uwan juyin juya hali wanda ya bar makarantar shari'a ta Royalist don shiga ƙungiyar 'yancin kai. Aure ya kasance mai ci gaba sosai, tare da Padilla yana tsaye tare da matarsa a ciki da waje da fagen fama. Kafin aikin soja ya fara, Padillas suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu. Dukansu za su mutu da mummunan rauni saboda cututtuka da rashin abinci mai gina jiki a sansanonin soja.

### Rayuwar soja da aiki

A ranar 25 ga Mayu, 1809, Azurduy da mijinta sun shiga Juyin Juya Halin Chuquisaca, wanda ya kori gwamnan Real Audencia na Charcas, Ramón García de León da Pizarro, kuma a watan Satumbar 1810, sun kafa Junta mai mulki na Buenos Aires .  Gwamnatin juyin juya hali ta tilasta fita daga Chuquisaca a cikin 1811 ta hanyar sojojin sarauta, amma a duk faɗin Mataimakin, 'yan tawaye sun ci gaba da kula da yankuna masu zaman kansu. A cikin fada, sojojin Mutanen Espanya sun kama Azurduy kuma sun tsare ta a cikin gidanta, amma Padilla ta kashe masu tsaronta a cikin nasarar ceto. Ma'aurata Padilla sun tsere daga Chuquisaca a cikin 1811 zuwa republiqueta na La Laguna, inda suka ci gaba da shirya sojojin 'yan tawaye.

A shekara ta 1811, ma'auratan sun shiga Sojojin Arewa a karkashin José Castelli da Antonio Balcarce, waɗanda aka aiko daga sabuwar Buenos Aires mai zaman kanta don yaƙi da mamayar Mutanen Espanya ta Upper Peru. [1] Sun yi ƙoƙari su toshe mamayewar Upper Peru da sojojin Mutanen Espanya na Mataimakin Peru, amma sun fi yawa kuma daga ƙarshe an ci su, a cikin Yaƙin Huaqui na 20 ga Yuni. An kwace dukiyar Padillas kuma an kama Juana Azurduy da 'ya'yanta maza, kodayake Padilla ta sami nasarar ceto su, ta nemi mafaka a tsaunuka na Tarabuco.[2]

A cikin 1812 Padilla da Juana Azurduy sun yi aiki a ƙarƙashin Janar Manuel Belgrano, sabon shugaban Sojojin Arewa, ya taimaka masa ya dauki 'yan bindiga 10,000 a duk faɗin tsarin republican. Azurduy sanannen rundunar daukar *Ma'aikata* ce, tana karfafa 'yan asalin ƙasar, criados, da sauran mata, waɗanda aka sani da *Amazonas*,  don shiga cikin lamarin. Lokacin da yankunansu na tsaunuka suka mamaye sojojin sarauta, 'yan bindigarsu sun yi aiki a matsayin masu tsaron baya ga janar Belgrano da Eustoquio Díaz Vélez yayin da suka koma baya kuma suka sake taruwa a Argentina mai zaman kanta.

Azurduy daga nan ya ɗauki alhakin "Loyal Battalions," rundunar yaƙi ta maza da mata 'yan asalin da aka sani da amincinsu ga kwamandan su. Tare da slingshots da mashigai na katako kawai, "Loyals" sun doke sojojin Spain a Yaƙin Ayohuma a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 1813. Janar Belgrano ya burge ta sosai da jagorancinta da jaruntakar sojojinta har ya ba ta takobinsa, alama ce ta ikonsa na soja. Sojojin Argentina na Arewa, wadanda ba su da yawa kuma ba su da bindiga, daga ƙarshe an doke su zuwa iyakarsu, kuma ma'aurata na Padilla sun fara wani bangare na yakin basasa.

## Manazarta