Kula da kwayoyin halitta na ciyawa a New Zealand

An dauki New Zealand a matsayin daya daga cikin kasashe mafi wahala a duniya  kuma an yi amfani da kulawar halittu na gargajiya (biocontrol) a matsayin hanya ɗaya don yaki da ciyawa mafi yaduwa da lalacewa na New Zealand.  Kula da shuke-shuke na gargajiya shine inda aka gabatar da wakili na musamman don ciyar da nau'in shuke- shuke-huke, yawanci nau'in kwari masu cin ganyayyaki ko kwayar cuta, a cikin ƙasa ko yanki a cikin ƙoƙari na ɓangare ko cikakken sarrafa yawan shuke-shirye. An san New Zealand a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe / yankuna biyar na duniya waɗanda suka fi aiki a cikin kula da kwayoyin halitta (waɗansu Australia, Hawaii, Arewacin Amurka, da Afirka ta Kudu).  Tun lokacin da aka fara kula da ciyawa a NZ a cikin shekarun 1920, an saki nau'in wakilai na kula da ciwon daji 69 a kan nau'in ciyawa 28. Kwanan nan New Zealand tana sakin jami'an kula da halittu da sauri fiye da kowace ƙasa, wanda aka danganta shi da girman matsalar ciyawa ta ƙasar da kuma goyon bayan jama'a don kula da ciyawa.

An sami nasarar sarrafa ciyawa mai kyau a cikin New Zealand ta hanyar amfani da biocontrol don hazo fure (Ageratina riparia), St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum), da ragwort (Jacobaea vulgaris) (ƙarshen mafi nasarar sarrafawa akan busasshiyar gabas ta NZ). An sami nasarar sarrafa wani yanki don ciyawa shaidan na Mexica (Ageratina adenophora), ciyawa (Alternanthera philoxeroides), heather (Calluna vulgaris), nodding thistle (Carduus nutans), da Scotch tsintsiya (Cytisus scoparius). Sauran ciyawa, musamman gorse (Ulex europaeus), sun kasance sun yaɗu kuma suna da yawa duk da gabatarwar da yawa na jami'an kula da ilimin halitta.  

Kididdigar tattalin arziki ta nuna cewa sarrafa ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin New Zealand gabaɗaya ya kasance mai fa'ida sosai. Misali, saka hannun jari a shekarar 2022 a cikin sarrafa sarrafa ciyawa don samar da shimfidar wurare ya kasance NZ $ 0.69 miliyan kuma ya ba da kiyasin fa'idar NZ dala miliyan 85 a shekara.Adadin tattalin arzikin da aka ƙididdige zuwa New Zealand daga nasarar sarrafa kwayoyin halitta na St John's wort, da kanta, ya fi jimilar saka hannun jarin ƙasar a duk shirye-shiryen sarrafa ƙwayoyin cuta. St John's wort ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi munin ciyawa na NZ har sai an samu nasarar sarrafa su ta hanyar wasu beetles guda biyu da suka yadu a yanzu (Chrysolina hyperici da Chrysolina quadrigemina) tare da taimako a cikin Tsibirin Kudancin Kudancin daga wani kuda da aka gabatar da gall-forming (Zeuxidiplosis giardi). 

Ya yi wuri sosai don yin hukunci game da nasarar wasu shirye-shirye saboda yana iya ɗaukar shekaru zuwa shekaru da yawa don jami'ai su kai ga yawan da ke da tasiri sosai ga yawan ciyawa. Wani sanannen misali na jinkiri wanda wani lokacin zai iya faruwa a cikin nasarar wakili shine biocontrol na heather (*Calluna vulgaris*) ta amfani da kwari na heather.  Heather ta bazu ko'ina a tsakiyar dutsen wuta a tsibirin Arewa. Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli ta fara shirin kula da halittu wanda ya haifar da sakin *L. suturalis* a Tongariro National Park a shekarar 1990. Fiye da shekaru goma bayan haka, a cikin shekara ta 2001, cewa yaduwar kwari ta fara kashe wuraren heather. A shekara ta 2007, barkewar kwari na sheather yana yaduwa da sauri kuma an nuna cewa kwari na heather sun fi tasiri wajen kashe heather fiye da amfani da herbicide, kuma ya haifar da karuwa a rufe tsire-tsire na asali yayin da waɗannan suka ragu a cikin murfin da wadatar jinsuna tare da aikace-aikacen herbicide.

Tare da ciyawa da yawa a cikin New Zealand, akwai damuwa cewa sarrafa nau'in ciyawa ɗaya a ƙasar kiyayewa zai haifar da maye gurbinsa da wani ciyawa maimakon amfanin tsire-tsire na asali. Wannan ya nuna cewa ba haka ba ne tare da nasarar sarrafa fure na hazo, wanda ya zama mai zurfi da yaduwar gandun daji a arewacin New Zealand, sannan kuma an sami nasarar sarrafa shi ta hanyar halitta ta hanyar sakin fararen ƙwayoyin cuta (*Entyloma ageratinae*) da ƙwaro (*Procecidochares alani*).  Fiye da shekaru biyar na saka idanu, wadatar jinsuna da kashi na wasu tsire-tsire da aka gabatar ba su canza ba yayin da wadatar jinsin da kashi na tsire-shire na asali suka karu.

## Tarihi

Masana kimiyyar New Zealand da suka biyo baya sun yi binciken sarrafa ƙwayar cuta, tun daga 1925 a Cibiyar Cawthron a Nelson. Na farko ciyayi da aka yi niyya sune blackberry (Rubus fruticosus agg.), Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea), gorse (Ulex europaeus), ragwort (Jacobaea vulgaris), da kuma wata shuka ta NZ ta endemic, piripiri (Acaena anserinifolia).  Daga cikin kwari 17 da aka shigo da su don nazarin, an saki uku kuma daga cikin waɗannan biyu an kafa su (asu ragwort cinnabar (Tyria jacobaeae da gorse iri weevil (Exapion ulicis),) yayin da piripiri sawfly na Chile (Ucona acaenae) ya kasa.

A cikin shekarun 1940 zuwa 1980s, Ma'aikatar Binciken Kimiyya da Masana'antu ce ta jagoranci aikin kula da ciyawa na New Zealand, sannan Cibiyoyin Bincike na Crown suka biyo baya daga 1992.  Akwai raguwa a cikin saka hannun jari na sarrafa halittu tsakanin 1931 da 1965 saboda mayar da hankali kan sabbin magungunan herbicides, sannan kuma ya sake farfado da sha'awar sarrafa ciyawa biyo bayan karuwar wayar da kan jama'a game da tasirin da ba a yi niyya ba da kuma batutuwan da suka shafi juriya. Har zuwa yau, shekarun da suka gabata tare da gabatarwar kula da ciyawa a cikin New Zealand sun kasance shekarun 1990 da 2000 (tare da wakilai 15 da 13 da aka gabatar, bi da bi). 

Shirye-shiryen sarrafa ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin NZ galibi an fara su ne ta hanyar, kuma galibi masana'antun samar da kayayyaki na farko ko hukumomin da ke da alhakin kula da muhalli kamar majalisun yanki da Sashen Kulawa.

## Manazarta