open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Maksim Stojanac

**Maksim Stojanac** (an haife shi a watan Disamba 29, 1997) mawaƙi ne, mai gabatarwa kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Kafin ya canza zuwa wasan kwaikwayo, rawa da waƙa a *[[:nl:LikeMe|#LikeMe]]*, inda ya taka rawar Vince Dubois, ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa tare da alkawuran Sint-Job. Maksim kuma zai kasance mai gabatar da shirin *[[:en:The Voice Kids (Belgian TV series)|The Voice Kids of Belgium]]* a cikin 2022 tare da An Lemmens. Tun 6 ga Mayu, 2022, ya fitar da nasa albam *Maksim*.

Maksim ya shiga kakar wasa ta biyu ta BV Darts akan VTM a shekarar 2022, wanda kuma ya ci nasara ta hanyar doke Hans Van Alphen a wasan karshe.

An haifi Stojanac a Antwerp, mahaifinsa ɗan Serbia ne kuma mahaifiyarsa 'yar Rasha ce. Ya karanta harkokin kasuwanci a Karel de Grote Hogeschool.

## Fina-finai
* 2019-yanzu: *[[:nl:LikeMe|#LikeMe]]*
* 2020: *[[:nl:LikeMe|#LikeMe Winterspecial]]* 
* 2021: *[[:nl:LikeMe|Surprise #LikeMe]]* 
* 2021: *[[:nl:Lisa (televisieserie)|Lisa]]*
* 2022: *[[:en:The Voice Kids (Belgian TV series)|The Voice Kids of Belgium]]*

## Manazarta

## Mahaɗa
*Maksim Stojanac a IMDb
*Maksim Stojanac na Instagram
*Maksim Stojanac a The Movie Database (TMDB)
Ilimin zamantakewa

**Ilimin zamantakewa** shine nazarin haƙƙoƙin da kuma wajibcin ƴan ƙasa a cikin al'umma. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin , ma'ana "dangantaka da ɗan ƙasa". Kalmar tana da alaƙa da ɗabi'a da ke shafar sauran ƴan ƙasa, musamman ta fuskar ci gaban birane.

Ilimin jama'a shine nazarin ka'idoji, siyasa da kuma abubuwan da suka dace na zama ɗan ƙasa, da kuma haƙƙoƙinsa da ayyukansa.  Ya hada da nazarin dokokin farar hula da ka'idojin farar hula, da kuma nazarin gwamnati tare da kula da rawar da 'yan kasa ke takawa-sabanin abubuwan waje-wajen aiki da sa ido na gwamnati. 

Kalmar kuma na iya komawa zuwa corona civica, ado na itacen oak da aka sawa a kai kamar rawani, al'ada a zamanin d Roma inda wani wanda ya ceci wani ɗan Roma daga mutuwa a yaƙi ya sami lada da *corona civica* da 'yancin sakawa shi. 

## Ra'ayin Falsafa

### Ancient  Sparta

#### Archidamus
A cikin *Tarihin Yaƙin Peloponnesia*, Thucydides ya ba da jawabi ga Archidamus II inda ya jaddada mahimmanci ga Sparta na ilimin jama'a don kyawawan dabi'un Spartan na tauri, biyayya, wayo, sauƙi, da shirye-shirye:

Mawallafin Faransanci Michel de Montaigne ya yaba yadda Agesilaus II, ɗan Archidamus, ya bi tsarin mahaifinsa sosai:

#### Lycurgus
A cewar masanin tarihin Roman Plutarch, ɗan littafin Lycurgus na Sparta ya ɗauki ilimin ɗan ƙasa a matsayin babban fifikonsa a matsayin mai tsara tsarin mulkin Spartan.  Plutarch ya lura cewa "dukkan karatun [Spartan] na ɗaya ne na ci gaba da motsa jiki na shirye da cikakkiyar biyayya'  a cikinsa "da kyar babu wani lokaci ko wuri ba tare da wani ya halarta ba don sanya su cikin tunanin aikinsu, kuma Ka azabta su da sun yi sakaci. 

Duk da haka, an kuma buƙaci matasa su bayyana ra'ayoyinsu da ƙarfi da taƙaitaccen bayani,  da kuma yin tunani da tunani a kan al'amuran da suka shafi mutuncin jama'a, ciki har da tambayoyi kamar su wanene ko ba dan asalin Sparta ba ne.  Daga baya Montaigne zai yaba wa wannan fasaha ta musamman ta ilimi, tare da sha'awar yadda ƴan ƙasar Spartan ke amfani da lokacinsu don koyon kyawawan halaye kamar jajircewa da halin ɗabi'a, ba tare da yin nazarin kowane fanni ba.  Haka kuma an koyar da yaran Spartan kade-kade da wake-wake domin yabon jaruntaka da kuma Allah wadai da rashin tsoro. 

Ainihin, manufar Spartan na ilimin jama'a shine tsari wanda sha'awar ɗan ƙasa ta zama cikakkiyar haɗin kai tare da sha'awar siyasa, cikin ruhin cikakkiyar kishin ƙasa: 'A ƙarshe, Lycurgus ya haɓaka 'yan ƙasa ta hanyar da ba za su kasance ba. ba za su iya rayuwa da kansu ba; za su mai da kansu daya tare da amfanin jama'a, kuma, tari kamar kudan zuma a kusa da kwamandan su, ta wurin himmarsu da ruhin jama'a za su aiwatar da komai daga kansu, kuma su sadaukar da kansu ga kasarsu. 

Ilimin jama'a don taurin kai da karfin fada ba kawai a cikin ra'ayin maza na Spartan ba ne: Plutarch ya ba da labarin yadda Lycurgus ya ba da umarni ga 'yan mata su yi wasan kokawa, gudu, jefa zance, da kuma bin dart' tare da manufar ƙirƙirar yara masu lafiya don jihar. 

## Manazarta
Mulkin kama-karya

Mulkin kama-**karya** wani nau'i ne na gwamnati da ke siffanta shugaba, ko gungun shugabanni, masu rike da madafun iko na gwamnati da 'yan kadan ba su da iyaka. Ana kiran shugaban mulkin kama-karya mai mulkin kama-karya. Siyasa a cikin mulkin kama-karya mai mulkin kama-karya ne ke tafiyar da ita, sannan kuma ta hanyar wasu  jiga-jigan cikin gida da suka hada da masu ba da shawara, janar-janar, da sauran masu manyan mukamai. Mai mulkin kama karya yana rike da iko ta hanyar yin tasiri da kwantar da hankulan da'ira yayin da yake murkushe duk wani dan adawa, wanda zai iya hada da jam'iyyun siyasa masu hamayya, juriya da makami, ko kuma 'yan da'irar cikin gida marasa aminci. Za a iya kafa mulkin kama-karya ta hanyar juyin mulkin soja da ya hambarar da gwamnatin da ta gabata ta hanyar karfi ko kuma ta hanyar juyin mulkin kai wanda zababbun shugabanni ke mayar da mulkinsu na dindindin. Mulkin kama-karya na mulkin kama-karya ne ko na kama-karya kuma ana iya rarraba su a matsayin mulkin kama-karya na soja, mulkin kama -karya na jam'iyya daya, mulkin kama-karya na son kai, ko kuma cikakkiyar masarautu.

Kalmar kama-karya ta samo asali ne daga amfani da shi a cikin jamhuriyar Rum. Turawan mulkin kama-karya na farko sun samo asali ne a zamanin da suka wuce, musamman a zamanin Shogun na Japan. Mulkin kama-karya na zamani ya fara tasowa ne a karni na 19, wanda ya hada da Bonapartism a Turai da *caudillos* a Latin Amurka. Karni na 20 ya ga bullar mulkin kama-karya na fascists da gurguzu a Turai; An kawar da fascists ne bayan yakin duniya na biyu a shekara ta 1945, yayin da tsarin gurguzu ya bazu zuwa wasu nahiyoyi, inda ya ci gaba da yin fice har zuwa karshen yakin cacar baka a shekarar 1991. Karni na 20 kuma an sami bullar mulkin kama-karya a Afirka da kuma mulkin kama-karya na soji a Latin Amurka, wadanda dukkansu suka yi fice a shekarun 1960 da 1970. Yawancin mulkin kama-karya sun ci gaba har zuwa karni na 21, musamman a Afirka da Asiya.

Masu mulkin kama karya suna yawan gudanar da zabuka domin tabbatar da halaccinsu ko kuma samar da kwarin guiwa ga ‘ya’yan jam’iyya mai mulki, amma wadannan zabukan ba sa gasa ga ‘yan adawa. Ana tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali a mulkin kama-karya ta hanyar tilastawa da danniya na siyasa, wanda ya shafi hana samun bayanai, bin diddigin 'yan adawar siyasa, da ayyukan tashin hankali. Mulkin kama-karya da ya kasa murkushe 'yan adawa yana da saukin rugujewa ta hanyar juyin mulki ko juyin juya hali.

## Manazarta
Cecilia Ezeilo

**Cecilia Ezeilo** (An haifeta a a shekara ta 1967) a Jihar Enugu, Najeriya. Ta kasance yar siyasa, lauya, mai bayar da agaji kuma mai gabatar da shirin talabijin, A cikin 2015 ya yi aiki a Jihar Enugu a matsayin Mataimakin Gwamna na A shekarar 2011, an zabe ta a majalisar dokokin jihar Enugu a matsayin mai wakiltar mazabar Ezeagu.

## Manazarta
Hula Damanga

**Hular Damanga** wata hula ce mai dogon tarihi a ƙasar Hausa. Ana dinka ta da yadi da zare  edomin amfani wajen qawata ado ga manya da yara. Mata sune ssuka hi iyaudinka lar Damanga, sannan Jama'ar qasar maiduguri, garin Mobi, garin Kano da Jigawa suka akafi sani da samarda hula Damaga a fadin Najeriya. 

Hula Damanga na da nau'oi da kaloli daban daban. Mafi sanuwa daga ciki a Arewacin Najeriya sune mai kalan zare guda, mai launukan zare da mai surkin kaloli. Fara, shudiya da kaloli masu haske sunfi yawan karbuwa awajen jama'a. Damanga tana daga cikin hulunan al'ada na Hausa Fulani a yau.

## Manazarta
Ƙofar Makkah

**Ƙofar Makka** ko Ƙofar **Makkah**, kuma a santa da **Qur'an Gate** , babban abin tarihi ne na ƙofar Makkah al-Mukkarramah na babbar titin Jeddah-Makkah . Ita ce ƙofar shiga Makka, wurin da aka haifi fiyayyen halitta Annabi Muhammad kuma yana nuni da iyakar *haramin* birnin Makka, inda aka hana waɗanda ba musulmi ba shiga.

## Tarihi.

A gina ƙofar a shekara ta alif 1979. Dia Aziz Dia ne ya yi zane, kuma maginin ginin shine Samir Elabd.

Magajin garin Makka, Osama bin Fadl al-Bar, yana aiki a matsayin shugaban hukumar gudanarwa na Bawabat Makkah Co.  Complex Bawabat Makkah ya ƙunshi nau'ikan ayyuka guda 5, masu tasowa a halin yanzu: Ayyukan Gwamnati, Ayyukan Ci Gaba na Musamman, Ayyukan Zuba Jari, Ayyukan Sa-kai, da Ayyukan Kuɗi.

## Bayani.
An gina ƙofar a matsayin baka a kan hanyar, kuma ta ƙunshi manyan sassa uku su ne kamar haka:
 
Babban sashi shine tsarin *Littafin* Islama - Kur'ani, yana zaune akan rehal (tsayin littafi).  

An yi amfani da siminti mai ƙarfi azaman kayan gini na farko; filastik, gilashi, itace da sauran kayan kuma suna nan (misali Mosaics masu haske na Islama / vitrails a ƙarƙashin arches, ƙofofin shiga cikin harabar gida da sauransu. ). An ƙawata tsarin gabaɗaya tare da alamu iri-iri kuma ana iya haskakawa da dare ta hanyoyi daban-daban.

A karkashin tsarin akwai itatuwan dabino da aka dasa a layi tare da tsibiri mai rarrab, da kuma wasu ƙananan bishiyoyi da ciyayi na ado da suke girma a *tsibirin* kusa da dabino da kuma filin ƙasa kyauta kusa da wurin shakatawa mai hawa huɗu (hanyar babbar hanya). A gefensa akwai katako mai kyau da aka yanke a cikin lambunan da aka gyara, tare da shinge masu siffa da kewaye, ƙananan wuraren ajiye motoci da sauran kayan taimako waɗanda suka shimfiɗa zuwa babban hadaddun.

## Duba kuma.

* Dragon Gate
* Gateway Arch
* Jamaraat Bridge
* Masjid-u-Shajarah
* Holiest sites in Islam
* Memorial gates and arches

## Manazarta.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*  
* SaudiProjects' Entry (saudiprojects.net) 
* Dia's official website (diafinearts.com) 
* Trip Advisor's review (tripadvisor.co.uk) 
* Nadia Masood's description (nadiamasood.com)
Theocracy

**Theocracy** wani nau'i ne na gwamnati da ake gane ɗaya ko fiye da alloli a matsayin manyan hukumomi masu mulki, suna ba da shiriya ga masu shiga tsakani na ’yan Adam waɗanda ke tafiyar da al’amuran yau da kullun na gwamnati.  

## Asalin kalma
Kalmar theocracy ta samo asali daga    () ma'ana "mulkin god". Wannan, bi da bi, ya samo daga  (theos), ma'ana "god", da  (*krateo*), ma'ana "don mulki". Don haka ma'anar kalmar a Hellenanci ita ce "mulkin god(s)" ko kuma  jiki (s) na god(s).

Flavius Josephus ne ya fara ƙiran wannan kalmar a ƙarni na farko AD don kwatanta halin gwamnatin Yahudawa. Josephus ya yi jayayya cewa yayin da ’yan Adam suka sami tsarin mulki da yawa, yawancin za a iya karkata su ƙarƙashin nau’ukan nan uku: sarauta, mulkin mallaka, da dimokuradiyya. Amma, in ji Josephus, gwamnatin Yahudawa ta kasance na musamman. Josephus ya ba da kalmar “theocracy” don ya kwatanta wannan mulkin da god yake da iko a cikinsa kuma kalmarsa doka ce. 

An yarda da ma'anar Josephus sosai har zuwa lokacin haskakawa, lokacin da kalmar ta ɗauki mummunan ma'ana kuma sharhin Hegel bai sami ceto ba.  An fara yin amfani da Turanci na farko a cikin shekarar 1622, tare da ma'anar "gwamnati ta sacerdotal karkashin wahayi na allahntaka" (kamar yadda yake a cikin Isra'ila na Littafi Mai-Tsarki kafin hawan sarakuna); An rubuta ma'anar "firist ko kungiyar addini mai amfani da siyasa da ikon jama'a" a cikin karni 1825.

## Ma'anarsa
Kalmar *theocracy* ta samo asali daga Koine Greek ,, “Mulkin god”, kalmar da Josephus ya yi amfani da shi don masarautun Isra’ila da Yahudawa,  yana nuna ra’ayin cewa “an san god da kansa a matsayin shugaban” ƙasa.  Amfani da kalmar gama-gari na gama gari, kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama cikin sharuddan mulki ta coci ko shugabancin addini, za a fi bayyana shi daidai a matsayin ecclesiocracy. 

A cikin tsantsar tsarin mulkin, an yarda shugaban farar hula yana da alaƙa da allahntaka ko alloli na addinin ko imani na wayewar, kamar jagorancin Annabi Muhammadu (SWA) na Musulmai na farko tare da annabce-annabce daga Allah. A cikin majami'u, shugabannin addinai suna ɗaukar babban matsayi a cikin jihar, amma ba sa da'awar cewa su kayan aikin wahayi ne na Allah.

Lamarin da ke da alaƙa shi ne gwamnatin da ba ruwanmu da addini da ke tare da addinin jiha ko kuma ba da wasu sassa na dokar farar hula ga al'ummomin addini. Alal misali, a Isra’ila, ƙungiyoyin addini da aka sani a hukumance ne ke gudanar da aure waɗanda kowannensu ke ba da hidimar aure ga mabiyansu da ake girmamawa, duk da haka babu wani nau’i na auren farar hula (ba tare da addini ba), ko kuma auren wasu tsirarun addinai da ba a amince da su ba.

Bisa ga ƙamus na Merriam-Webster, akwai ma'anoni biyu na kalmar "theocracy" : (1) gwamnatin jaha ta wurin shiriya nan take ko kuma ta jami’an da ake ganin shiriya; da (2) jihar da tsarin tsarin mulki ke mulki.

## Manazarta
Abdulrahman AbdulRazaq

**AbdulRahman AbdulRazaq** (an haife shi 5 Fabrairu,Shekara ta 1960) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne, wanda ya yi gwamnan jihar Kwara tun 2019.  A baya shi ne Shugaban Kamfanin First Fuels Limited.  Ya yi takarar gwamnan jihar Kwara a shekarar 2003, 2007 da 2011 a karkashin jam’iyyar Congress for Progressive Change, inda Abubakar Bukola Saraki ya doke shi a shekarar 2003 da 2007, da Abdulfatah Ahmed a 2011.  Sai dai a shekarar 2019, ya sake tsayawa takara a ƙarƙashin jam’iyyar siyasa mai mulki a Najeriya, APC, kuma ya zama gwamnan jihar Kwara, bayan ya lashe zaɓen gwamna a 2019 a jihar.  A cikin 2021 ya gabatar da Kwara LEARN a cikin ilimin asali don ƙarfafa malamai. 

## Rayuwar farko
An haife shi a karamar hukumar Ilorin ta yamma .  AbdulRahman ɗan Alh. AGF AbdulRazaq SAN., Lauyan Arewa na farko a Najeriya. 

Ya halarci makarantar Capital School Kaduna tsakanin 1966 zuwa 1968; Bishop Smith Memorial School Ilorin tsakanin 1970 zuwa 1971; da kuma Government College Kaduna inda aka ce ya ci jarrabawar sa ta sakandare ta yammacin Afirka a shekarar 1976 (WASSCE).  

## Sana'a

### Siyasa
Ya shiga siyasa ne a shekarar 1999 lokacin da Najeriya ta koma kan turbar dimokradiyya. A 2011, bai yi nasara a zaɓen gwamna a jihar Kwara a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar Congress for Progressive Change (CPC)  sannan kuma ya sake tsayawa takarar Sanatan Kwara ta tsakiya a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) a 2011 kuma bai yi nasara ba. 2015.  Ya lashe zaɓen fidda gwani na gwamna na jam’iyyar All Progressive Congress na jihar Kwara a watan Oktoba 2018.  

An zaɓe shi a matsayin gwamnan jihar Kwara a zaɓen gwamna na 2019 da aka gudanar a ranar 9 ga Maris 2019 kuma aka rantsar da shi a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2019. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Yana auren Olufolake Molawa Davies Abdulrazaq  kuma ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya maza uku. 

## Nassoshi
GLO-1

**GLO-1** kebul ne na sadarwa na ƙarƙashin ruwa, na ( Globacom-1 ). kebul ɗin da ke gaɓar tekun yammacin Afirka an jawo shine ta cikin ruwa a tsakanin Najeriya da Birtaniya, kuma kebul ɗin mallakar kamfanin sadarwa ne, na Globacom a Najeriya.

## Tarihi
Kebul na ƙarƙashin tekun na da tsawon kilomita 9,800, kuma ya fara aiki a shekara ta 2011 tare da samar da ƙaramin ƙarfin kimanin 640 Gbit/s.

Aikin kamfanin Globacom, ne na 2 mafi girma a Najeriya a fannin sadarwa, ana tallata jimillar ƙarfin tsarin a matsayin 2.5 Tbit/s. An tsara jawo kebul ɗin izuwa Ghana a cikin watan Afrilu, 2011. 

## Tashoshi
Manyan wuraren tashoshin kebul na kamfanin sune:

* Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
* Accra, Ghana
* Dakar, Senegal
* Nouakchott, Mauritania
* Casablanca, Morocco
* Sesimbra, Portugal
* Vigo, Spain
* Bude, UK

## Rashin tsaro
A cikin Fabrairu 2018, *[[The Sunday Times]]* ta ruwaito cewa kayayyakin da Burtaniya ta kai a wuraren Apollo, GLO-1 da Europe India Gateway  an samu kusan gaba ɗayan kayan ba tare da kula da su ba. Wakilin nasu ya isa harabar ba tare da fuskantar ƙalubale ba, inda ya tarar da kofar dakin janareta a buɗe aka barshi a wajen. Kamfanin Vodafone, wanda ke kula da wurin, ya ce bai kai kayan aiki masu mahimmanci ba kuma "ba zai iya katse aikin ginin ba." 

## Duba kuma
Jerin kebul na sadarwa na ƙarƙashin teku a duniya

Tsarin kebul mai guda ɗaya daga yammacin gabar tekun Afirka sun haɗa da:

* ACE
* Atlantis-2
* Main One
* SAT-2 (cable system)
* SAT-3/WASC
* WACS

## Manazarta

*
*
Diflomasiya

**Diflomasiya** ta ƙunshi sadarwa ta magana ko rubuce-rubuce ta wakilan ƙasashe (kamar shugabanni da jami'an diflomasiyya) waɗanda aka yi niyya don tasiri abubuwan da ke faruwa a tsarin ƙasa da ƙasa.  

Diflomasiya ita ce babban kayan aiki na manufofin ketare wanda ke wakiltar manyan manufofi da dabaru waɗanda ke jagorantar mu'amalar ƙasa da sauran ƙasashen duniya. Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa, yarjejeniyoyin ƙawance da sauran alamun dangantakar ƙasa da ƙasa yawanci sakamakon shawarwari da matakai ne na diflomasiyya. Jami'an diflomasiyya na iya taimakawa wajen tsara kasa ta hanyar ba jami'an gwamnati shawara.

Hanyoyin diflomasiyya na zamani, ayyuka, da ka'idoji sun samo asali ne daga al'adar Turai ta ƙarni na 17. Tun daga farkon karni na 20, diflomasiyya ta zama kwararru; Yarjejeniyar Vienna ta shekarar 1961 kan huldar diflomasiyya, wadda akasarin ƙasashe masu ikon mallakar duniya suka amince da ita, ta samar da tsari na hanyoyin diflomasiyya, hanyoyi, da halaye. Mafi yawan diflomasiyya a yanzu ana gudanar da su ne ta hannun jami'ai da aka amince da su kamar wakilai da jakadu, ta hanyar ofishin kula da harkokin waje da aka sadaukar. Jami'an diflomasiyya suna aiki ta ofisoshin jakadanci, galibin ofisoshin jakadanci da ofisoshin jakadanci, kuma suna dogara da yawan ma'aikatan tallafi; Kalmar diflomasiyya don haka a wasu lokuta ana amfani da ita sosai ga jami'an diflomasiyya da na ofishin jakadancin da jami'an ma'aikatar harkokin waje. 

## Asalin kalma
Kalmar *diflomasiyya* ta samo asali ne daga kalmar *diflomasiyya* na karni na 18 na Faransa ("diflomat" ko "diflomatist"), bisa ancient *difloma* ta Girka, wanda ke nufin "wani abu mai ninke gida biyu".  Wannan ya nuna al'adar sarakunan da ke ba da takarda nannade don ba da wata dama ta hukuma; kafin ƙirƙira ambulan, naɗewa daftarin aiki don kare sirrin abinda ke ciki. Daga baya an yi amfani da kalmar a kan duk wasu takaddun hukuma, kamar waɗanda ke ɗauke da yarjejeniya tsakanin gwamnatoci, don haka aka gano su da alaƙar ƙasashen duniya.

## Manazarta
Imperialism

**Imperialism** ita ce manufar jiha, aiki, ko bayar da shawarwari na tsawaita mulki da mulkin, musamman ta hanyar mallakar yankuna kai tsaye ko ta hanyar samun ikon siyasa da tattalin arziki na wasu yankuna,   sau da yawa ta hanyar amfani da karfi mai karfi (karfin tattalin arziki da soja), amma kuma iko mai taushi (ikon al'adu da diflomasiyya). Yayin da yake da alaƙa da ra'ayoyin mulkin mallaka da daular, mulkin mallaka wani ra'ayi ne na musamman wanda zai iya amfani da wasu nau'o'in fadadawa da nau'o'in gwamnati.

## Asalin kalmar da amfanin ta

Kalmar *Imperialism* ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin *imperium*,  wanda ke nufin iko mafi girma, "sarauta", ko kuma kawai "mulki".  Ya fara zama gama gari a ma'anar yanzu a cikin Burtaniya a cikin shekarun 1870, lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi da mummunan ma'ana.  Hannah Arendt da Joseph Schumpeter sun ayyana mulkin mallaka a matsayin faɗaɗa don neman faɗaɗawa. 

A baya can, an yi amfani da kalmar don bayyana abin da ake ɗauka a matsayin ƙoƙarin Napoleon III na samun goyon bayan siyasa ta hanyar shiga tsakani na soja na kasashen waje.  Kalmar ta kasance kuma an fi amfani da ita ga rinjayen siyasa da tattalin arziki na Yammacin Turai da Japan, musamman a Asiya da Afirka, a cikin karni na 19 da 20. Ma'anarsa tana ci gaba da muhawara da malamai. Wasu marubuta, irin su Edward Said, suna amfani da kalmar dalla-dalla don bayyana duk wani tsarin mulki da na ƙasƙanci da aka tsara a kusa da wani yanki na masarauta da kuma kewaye.  Wannan ma'anar ta ƙunshi duka dauloli masu ƙima da neocolonialism.

## Manazarta
Asusun Tallafawa Noma na Duniya

**Asusun Ci Gaban Aikin Noma na Duniya** ( **IFAD** ;   (FIDA)) cibiyar hada-hadar kudi ce ta kasa da kasa ta kasance kuma hukuma ta musamman ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke aiki don magance fatara da yunwa a yankunan karkara na kasashe masu tasowa. Ita ce kungiya daya tilo da ta ke maida hankali kan tattalin arzikin karkara da samar da abinci. 

Hedikwatarta na a Birnin Rome, IFAD na da ayyukan tallafi a sama da 200 a kusan ƙasashe 100. Tana ba da kuɗi da daukar nauyin tsare-tsare masu inganta tsarin kula da ƙasa da ruwa, haɓaka ababen more rayuwa na karkara, horarwa da ilimantar da manoma kan ingantattun fasahohi, haɓaka juriya kan sauyin yanayi, haɓaka samun kasuwa, da makamantansu. 

IFAD tana da membobin kasashe guda 177 kuma tana aiki tare da kungiyar kasashe masu arzikin man fetur (OPEC) da mambobin kungiyar hadin kan tattalin arziki da ci gaba (OECD). Tun da aka kafa ta a 1977, IFAD ta ba da dala biliyan 22.4 na lamuni da tallafi kuma ta haɗu da ƙarin dalar Amurka biliyan 31 a cikin haɗin gwiwa na ƙasa da ƙasa.

## Tarihi
An kafa IFAD a matsayin cibiyar hada-hadar kudi ta duniya a cikin shekarar 1977 ta hanyar kuduri na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai lamba 32/107 (30 Disamba 1977) a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan sakamakon taron  samar da abinci na duniya na 1974.  Hedkwatarta tana nan a birnin Rome na kasar Italiya, kuma memba ce ta kungiyar raya kasashe ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.  Shugaban IFAD na yanzu shine Alvaro Lario daga kasar Spain, wanda ya karbi mulki daga hannun Gilbert Houngbo a karshen shekara ta 2022. 

## Duba kuma
 

* Tsaron abinci
* Cibiyoyin Kuɗi na Ci gaba
* TSORO

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* IFAD gidan yanar gizo
Harin kuna bakin wake a Madagali

An **kai harin ƙuna baƙin wake na Madagali** a ranar 9 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 2016 lokacin da wasu mata 2 ƴan kuna bakin wake suka kai hari garin Madagali a kasarvNajeriya. Harin ya kashe akalla mutane 57 tare da jikkata 177. Daga cikin waɗanda suka jikkata 120 an ruwaito cewa akwai kananan yara. "Jami'ai sun zargi ƴan kungiyar Boko Haram masu tsattsauran ra'ayin Islama."

## Duba kuma
* Jerin hare-haren yan ta'adda a watan Disamba na 2016
* Jerin hare-haren yan ta'adda dake da alaƙa da ISIL
* Jadawalin abubuwan da suka shafi ISIL (2016)

## Manazarta
Harin bam a Maiduguri, Maris 2016

A ranar 16 ga watan Maris 2016, wasu mata biyu ƴan ƙuna baƙin wake, waɗanda ake kyautata zaton 'yan kungiyar Boko Haram ne, sun kashe mutane 22 da suke ibada a masallacin Molai-Umarari da ke wajen birnin Maiduguri, Najeriya. Bam na farko ya tashi ne da misalin karfe 5 na safe a daidai lokacin da masu ibada ke fara sallar asuba. 

Ɗaya daga cikin matan ta yi kama da namiji don ba ta damar shiga wuraren masallacin da mata ba sa iya shiga. Ta tsaya a layin gaba na masallacin, sannan ta tayar da bama-baman da ke jikinta a lokacin da mutane ke mikewa domin fara sallah. 

Bayan da aka tayar da bam na farko a cikin ginin, na biyun kuma ya tashi nisan mita  daga wajen masallacin, inda ya kashe mutanen da suke yunƙurin tserewa daga ginin, da kuma waɗanda suka zo domin bada agajin gaggawa. 

Hare-haren sun zo ne jim kaɗan bayan shugaban Najeriya, Muhammadu Buhari, ya yi ikirarin cewa "an karya lagon ƴan Boko Haram". Bayan haka, don kare waɗannan ikirari, jami'an soji sun yi watsi da tsananin lamarin a matsayin wani abu na yau da kullun, wanda 'kasashe na duniya' suka fuskanta. 

## Maiduguri
Maiduguri ita ce mahaifar reshen ƙungiyar Boko Haram da ke ɗauke da makamai. Masallacin yana cikin Umarari, ƙauye  daga birnin, wanda aka mayar da shi cibiyar bayar da umarni ga rundunar sojin Najeriya da ke yaki da ƙungiyar. An kai wani hari kusan makamancin haka watanni biyar da suka gabata, inda babban limamin masallacin ya tsira. An sake buɗe masallacin ne kwanaki uku kacal kafin aukuwar lamarin.

## Duba kuma

* Jadawalin hare-haren Boko Haram

## Manazarta
Kumo, Najeriya

**Kumo** birni ne kuma hedkwatar karamar hukumar Akko a jihar Gombe,arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Kumo ita ce cibiyar kasuwanci ta biyu mafi girma a jihar Gombe, tana kan babbar hanyar A345 kusan 40&nbsp;km kudu da Gombe . Ana hidima a matsayin wurin tattara kayan lambu, gyada ( gyada), auduga, da masara (masara) kuma a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci na gida don dawa, gero, saniya, rogo (manioc), gyada, awaki, shanu, tumaki, tsuntsaye, da kuma auduga da Fulani, Tangale, da Hausawa mazauna kewaye. suke nomawa Babban titin da ke tsakanin Gombe da Yola yana hidimar garin.

## Yanayi (Climate)

Daminar Kumo mai tsananine da gajimare, lokacin rani kuma wani bangare ne na giza-gizai, kuma ana zafi duk shekara. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara yana tsakanin 58 °F (14 ° C) da 100 °F (38 °C), da wuya yana faɗuwa ƙasa da 53 °F (12 ° C) ko haɓaka sama da 105 °F (41 ° C).[11]

Kumo, wanda yake a tsayin mita sifili (0 ƙafa) sama da matakin teku, yana fuskantar yanayin jika mai zafi da bushe ko savanna, wanda aka keɓance da Aw. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara a wannan gundumar ya kai 31.08 ° C (87.94 °F), wanda ya zarce matsakaicin Najeriya da 1.62%. Kumo yawanci yana karɓar kusan milimita 68.03 (inci 2.68) na ruwan sama wanda ya bazu a cikin kwanaki 97.97 na ruwan sama a kowace shekara, wanda ya kai kashi 26.84% na jimlar lokacin.[12][13][14][15]

12 Fabrairu zuwa 23 ga Afrilu, wanda shine watanni 2.3, akwai lokacin zafi tare da yawan zafin rana wanda yawanci ya wuce digiri 96 Fahrenheit. Afrilu yana da matsakaicin zafin jiki na 97 ° F (36 ° C) da ƙarancin zafin jiki na 74 ° F (23 ° C), wanda ya sa ya zama watan mafi zafi a shekara a Kumo.[12][13][14]

Matsakaicin yawan zafin jiki na yau da kullun yana ƙasa da 86 °F (30 ° C) a lokacin sanyi na watanni 3.3, wanda ke gudana daga Yuli 4 zuwa Oktoba 13. Disamba, tare da matsakaicin ƙasa na 58 ° F (14 ° C) kuma mafi girma 90°F (32°C), shine watan mafi sanyi na shekara a Kumo.[12][13][14]

Matsakaicin adadin sararin samaniya da gizagizai ya rufe a Kumo ya bambanta sosai a duk shekara.[12][13] Tun daga kusan 5 ga Nuwamba kuma yana ɗaukar watanni 4.0, mafi kyawun ɓangaren shekara a Kumo yana ƙarewa kusan 5 ga Maris.[12][13] A Kumo, watan Janairu shine mafi bayyanannen watan shekara, sararin sama ya rage a sarari, mafi yawa a fili, ko wani bangare ya mamaye kashi 55% na lokaci.[12]. Tun daga ranar 5 ga Maris kuma yana dawwama na tsawon watanni 8.0, lokacin girgije na shekara yana ƙarewa kusan 5 ga Nuwamba.[12] Mayu shine watan da ya fi gajimare a shekara a Kumo, tare da sararin sama yana da gajimare ko mafi yawan gizagizai 78% na lokaci akan matsakaici.

## Manazarta
Kimiyyar zamantakewa

**Kimiyyar zamantakewa,** ɗaya ce daga cikin rassan kimiyya mai sadaukar da kai ga nazarin al'ummomi da alaƙa tsakanin ɗaiɗaikun mutane a cikin waɗannan al'ummomin. An yi amfani da kalmar a da don komawa fagen ilimin zamantakewa, ainihin "kimiyyar al'umma", wanda aka kafa a ƙarni na 19. Bayan ilimin zamantakewa, yanzu ya ƙunshi nau'o'in ilimi iri-iri da suka haɗa da ilimin halin ɗan adam, ilimin kimiya na tarihi, tattalin arziki, yanayin yanayin ɗan adam, ilimin harshe, kimiyyar gudanarwa, kimiyyar sadarwa da kimiyyar siyasa.  

Masana kimiyyar zamantakewar zamantakewa suna amfani da hanyoyin da suka yi kama da na kimiyyar halitta a matsayin kayan aikin fahimtar al'umma, don haka kuma ayyana kimiyya a ma'anarsa ta zamani. Masana kimiyyar zamantakewar fassara akasin haka, na iya amfani da sukar zamantakewa ko tafsirin alama maimakon gina ƙa'idoji marasa ƙarfi, don haka suna ɗaukar kimiyya a cikin ma'anarsa. A cikin aikin ilimi na zamani, masu bincike sau da yawa suna da yawa, ta yin amfani da hanyoyi da yawa (misali, ta hanyar haɗa duka bincike na ƙididdiga da ƙididdiga). Kalmar *bincike ta zamantakewa* kuma ta sami digiri na 'yancin kai kamar yadda masu aiki daga fannoni daban-daban suke raba manufa da hanyoyi iri ɗaya.

## Manazarta
Ilimin ɗan adam

Ilimin ɗan adam, shine **nazarin** kimiyya na ɗan adam, wanda ya shafi halayen ɗan adam, ilimin halittar ɗan adam, al'adu, al'ummomi, da ilimin harshe, a halin yanzu da na baya, gami da nau'ikan ɗan adam da suka gabata.    Ilimin ɗan adam na zamantakewa yana nazarin yanayin ɗabi'a, yayin da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam yana nazarin ma'anar al'adu, gami da ƙa'idodi da ƙima.  Kalmar portmanteau ana amfani da ilimin zamantakewar al'adun ɗan adam a yau.  Ilimin ɗan adam na harshe yana nazarin yadda harshe ke tasiri rayuwar zamantakewa. Ilimin halitta ko ilimin halin ɗan adam yana nazarin ci gaban halittun ɗan adam. 

Archaeological Anthropology, sau da yawa ana kiransa "anthropology na baya," yana nazarin ayyukan ɗan adam ta hanyar bincike na shaidar jiki.   Ana kuma la'akari da shi a matsayin reshe na ilimin ɗan adam a Arewacin Amirka da Asiya, yayin da a Turai ana kallon ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi a matsayin horo a kansa ko kuma an haɗa shi a ƙarƙashin wasu nau'o'in da ke da alaƙa, irin su tarihi da ilmin lissafi. 

## Asalin Kalma
Abstract suna **' an fara tabbatar da shi dangane da [[tarihi]].   Amfaninsa na yanzu ya fara bayyana a cikin Renaissance Jamus a cikin ayyukan Magnus Hundt da Otto Casmann.  Su New Latin **' an samo shi daga haɗa nau'ikan kalmomin Helenanci *ánthrōpos* (  , " mutum") da kuma *logos* (, "nazari ").  Siffar sifa ta bayyana a cikin ayyukan Aristotle.  An fara amfani da shi a cikin harshen Ingilishi, maiyuwa ta hanyar ** na Faransa, a farkon ƙarni na 18.  

## Manazarta
Lafiyar jiki

**Lafiyar jiki** shine yanayin lafiya da jin dadi kuma, musamman, ikon yin abubuwa na wasanni, ayyuka da ayyukan yau da kullum. Ana samun lafiyar jiki gabaɗaya ta hanyar ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki,  motsa jiki mai matsakaicin ƙarfi,  da isasshen hutu tare da tsarin dawo da tsari. 

Kafin juyin juya halin masana'antu, an ayyana motsa jiki a matsayin ikon aiwatar da ayyukan yini ba tare da gajiyawa ko kasala ba. Duk da haka, tare da aiki da kai da kuma canje-canje a cikin salon rayuwa, lafiyar jiki yanzu ana la'akari da ma'auni na ikon jiki don yin aiki da kyau da kuma tasiri a cikin ayyukan aiki da nishaɗi, don zama lafiya, da  cututtuka na hypokinetic, inganta tsarin rigakafi da kuma haduwa da yanayin gaggawa. 

  
 

## Manazarta


## Manazarta
Motsa jiki

**Motsa jiki** wani aiki ne na jiki wanda ke habaka ko kiyaye lafiyar jiki,  da lafiya da kuma lafiya gaba daya. 

Ana yin shi don dalilai daban-daban, don taimakawa girma da hadaka karfi, hadaka tsokoki da tsarin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, kwarewar wasan motsa jiki, asarar nauyi ko kiyayewa, inganta lafiya,  ko kawai don jin dadi. Mutane da yawa sun zabi yin motsa jiki a waje inda za su iya taruwa cikin gungiyoyi, zamantakewa, da inganta walwala da lafiyar hankali.  

Dangane da fa'idodin kiwon lafiya, adadin shawarar motsa jiki ya dogara da manufa, nau'in motsa jiki, da shekarun mutum. Ko da yin karamin motsa jiki ya fi lafiya fiye da yin komai. 

## Rabewa

Gabadayan motsa jiki an hada su zuwa nau'i uku, gwargwadon tasirin da suke da shi ga jikin dan adam: 

* motsa jiki  shine duk wani aikin jiki wanda ke amfani da manyan gungiyoyin tsoka kuma yana sa jiki yayi amfani da iskar oxygen fiye da yadda zai yi yayin hutawa.  Manufar motsa jiki shine don kara karfin zuciya.   Misalan motsa jiki  sun hada da gudu, keke, ninkaya, tafiya mai karfi, tsallake igiya, tuki, yawo, rawa, wasan tennis, ci gaba da horo, da gudu mai nisa.
* Anaerobic exercise wanda ya hada da karfi da kuma juriya horo, iya, karfafa, da kuma kara tsoka taro, kazalika da inganta da yawa yawa, ma'auni, da daidaitawa.  Misalan motsa jiki masu karfi sune tura-ups, ja-up, lunges, squats, latsa benci. Har ila yau, motsa jiki na anaerobic ya hada da horo na nauyi, horo na aiki, horo na eccentric, horo na tsaka-tsakin, sprinting, da kuma horo na tsawon lokaci mai tsanani wanda ke kara karfin tsoka na gajeren lokaci.
* Motsa jiki yana mikewa da tsawaita tsokoki. Ayyuka irin su shimfidawa suna taimakawa wajen inganta sassaucin hadin gwiwa da kiyaye tsokoki.  Manufar ita ce inganta yanayin motsi wanda zai iya rage yiwuwar rauni. 

Hakanan motsa jiki na iya hadaawa da horo wanda ke mai da hankali kan daidaito, karfin hali, karfi, da sauri. 

Nau'in motsa jiki kuma za'a iya rarraba su azaman mai karfi ko a tsaye. Ayyukan motsa jiki na 'Dynamic' irin su tsayuwar gudu, suna haifar da raguwar hawan jini na diastolic yayin motsa jiki, saboda ingantacciyar jini. Akasin haka, motsa jiki na tsaye (kamar daukar nauyi) na iya haifar da matsin lamba na systolic ya tashi sosai, ko da yake na dan lokaci, yayin aikin motsa jiki.

## Manazarta
Addiction

**Addiction** cuta ce ta neuropsychological wacce ke da tsayin daka da matsananciyar sha'awar shiga wasu mummunan halaye marasa kyau, ɗayansu shine amfani da magani, duk da cutarwa da sauran sakamako mara kyau. Maimaita amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi sau da yawa yana canza aikin kwakwalwa ta hanyoyin da ke dawwamar sha'awa, kuma yana raunana (amma baya hanawa gaba ɗaya) kamun kai.  Wannan al'amari-kwayoyi da ke sake fasalin aikin kwakwalwa-ya haifar da fahimtar jaraba a matsayin rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa tare da nau'i-nau'i iri-iri na psychosocial da kuma neurobiological (kuma ba tare da son rai ba)  abubuwan da ke da tasiri a cikin ci gaban jaraba.    Alamu na al'ada na jaraba sun haɗa da tilastawa cikin abubuwan motsa rai, *shagaltuwa* da abubuwa ko ɗabi'a, da ci gaba da amfani duk da mummunan sakamako. Halaye da tsarin da ke da alaƙa da jaraba galibi ana nuna su ta hanyar gamsuwa nan da nan (lada na ɗan gajeren lokaci),  haɗe tare da jinkirin lalacewa (long-term cost). 

Misalai na miyagun ƙwayoyi (ko fiye da gabaɗaya,) jaraba sun haɗa da shan barasa, jarabar shan marijuana, jarabar shan amphetamine, jarabar shan cocaine, jarabar shan nicotine, jarabar shan opioid, da ci ko jarabar cin abinci. A madadin, jarabar ɗabi'a na iya haɗawa da jarabar yin caca, jarabar intanet, jarabar yin wasan bidiyo, jarabar batsa da jarabar jima'i. Iyakar jarabar ɗabi'a da DSM-5 da ICD-10 suka gane shine jarabar caca. Tare da ƙaddamar da jarabar wasan ICD-11 an haɗa.

Ana yawan amfani da kalmar "jaraba" yayin da ake magana akan wasu halaye na tilastawa ko cuta, musamman dogaro, a cikin kafofin watsa labarai.  Bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin jarabar miyagun ƙwayoyi da dogaro shine cewa dogaro da miyagun ƙwayoyi cuta ce wacce ta daina amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi yana haifar da rashin jin daɗi na janyewa, wanda zai haifar da ƙarin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi.  Addiction shine tilasta yin amfani da wani abu ko aiki na wani hali wanda bai dace da janyewa ba. Addiction na iya faruwa idan babu dogaro, kuma dogaro na iya faruwa idan babu jaraba, kodayake su biyun suna faruwa tare.

 

## Manazarta
Francesco Petruccione

**Francisco Petruccione** (an haife shi a shekarar 1961) farfesa ne na Physics a Jami'ar Stellenbosch kuma darektan wucin gadi na Cibiyar Nazarin Ka'idoji da Kimiyya ta Kasa (NITheCS). Ya kasance tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Babban Jami'ar KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya na Afirka ta Kudu kuma Fellow na Royal Society of Africa ta Kudu.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Francisco Petruccione Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin kimiyyar lissafi daga Jami'ar Freiburg, Jamus. Ya sami digirinsa na digiri na uku da na Habilitation daga cibiyar a 1988 da 1994 bi da bi.

Sana'a

A shekara ta 2004 Francesco Petruccione ya zama farfesa a fannin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar KwaZulu-Natal. A cikin 2007 kuma ya zama Shugaban Bincike na Afirka ta Kudu don Gudanar da Bayanai da Fasahar Sadarwa  A cikin 2022 ya kasance Darakta na wucin gadi na Cibiyar Nazarin Ka'idoji da Kimiyya ta Kasa sannan kuma Babban Farfesa a Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Koriya ta Koriya (KAIST). An nada shi a matsayin farfesa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Stellenbosch.

## Adabi na lokaci-lokaci

* *Carsten Blank & *'Francesco Petruccione** Quantum Applications - Fachbeitrag: Vielversprechend: Monte-Carlo-ähnliche Methoden auf dem Quantencomputer.''
* M. Schuld, M. Fingerhuth, **Francesco Petruccione**: ''Implementing a distance-based classifier with a quantum interference circuit.''
* Maria Schuld and **Francesco Petruccione**: ''Machine Learning with Quantum Computers.'' 
* Heinz-Peter Breuer & **Francesco Petruccione**: ''How to build master equations for complex systems.''
* Shivani Mahashakti Pillay, Ilya Sinayskiy, Edgar Jembere & **Francesco Petruccione:** ''Implementing Quantum-Kernel-Based Classifiers in the NISQ Era''
* **Francesco Petruccione** and Heinz-Peter Breuer: ''The Theory of Open Quantum Systems''.
* Camille L. Latune, Ilya Sinayskiy & **Francesco Petruccione*': *Roles of quantum coherences in thermal machines''.

## Manazarta
Ƙwaya

Ƙwaya shine duk wani sinadari da ke haifar da canji a cikin ilimin halittar jiki ko ilimin halin ɗan adam a lokacin sha.   Magunguna yawanci ana bambanta su da abinci da abubuwan da ke ba da tallafin abinci mai gina jiki. Yin amfani da kwayoyi na iya zama ta hanyar inhalation, allura, shan hayaki, ciki, sha ta hanyar faci a kan fata, suppository, ko rushewa a ƙarƙashin harshe.

A cikin ilimin harhada magunguna, magani wani abu ne na sinadari, yawanci na tsarin da aka sani, wanda, lokacin da aka gudanar da shi ga kwayoyin halitta, yana haifar da tasirin ilimin halitta.  Maganin magani, wanda kuma ake kira magani ko magani, wani sinadari ne da ake amfani da shi don magance, warkewa, rigakafi, ko gano cuta ko don inganta jin dadi.  A al'adance ana samun magungunan ne ta hanyar hakowa daga tsire-tsire masu magani, amma kwanan nan kuma ta hanyar hada kwayoyin halitta.  Ana iya amfani da magungunan magani na ɗan lokaci kaɗan, ko akai-akai don rashin lafiya na yau da kullun. 

Sau da yawa ana rarraba magungunan magunguna cikin nau'ikan magunguna-ƙungiyoyin magunguna masu alaƙa waɗanda ke da sifofin sinadarai iri ɗaya, tsarin aiki iri ɗaya (daure da manufa ɗaya ta halitta), yanayin aiki mai alaƙa, kuma ana amfani da su don magance cutar iri ɗaya.   The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (ATC), tsarin rarraba magunguna da aka fi amfani da shi, yana ba wa kwayoyi lambar ATC ta musamman, wanda shine lambar haruffan da ke sanya shi zuwa takamaiman azuzuwan magani a cikin tsarin ATC. Wani babban tsarin rarrabuwa shine Tsarin Rarraba Biopharmaceutics. Wannan yana rarrabuwa magunguna gwargwadon iyawarsu da iyawarsu ko abubuwan sha. 

Psychoactive kwayoyi abubuwa ne na sinadarai waɗanda ke shafar aikin tsarin juyayi na tsakiya, canza fahimta, yanayi ko sani.  Wadannan kwayoyi sun kasu kashi daban-daban kamar: masu kara kuzari, masu rage damuwa, maganin damuwa, anxiolytics, antipsychotics, da hallucinogens. An tabbatar da waɗannan magungunan psychoactive suna da amfani wajen magance yanayin kiwon lafiya da yawa ciki har da rikice-rikice na tunani a duniya. Magungunan da aka fi amfani da su a duniya sun haɗa da maganin kafeyin, nicotine da barasa,  waɗanda kuma ana ɗaukar magungunan nishaɗi, tunda ana amfani da su don jin daɗi maimakon dalilai na magani.  Duk magungunan na iya samun illa masu illa.  Yin amfani da magunguna da yawa na psychoactive na iya haifar da jaraba da/ko dogaro ta jiki.  Yin amfani da abubuwan motsa jiki da yawa na iya inganta haɓakar ƙwayar cuta. Yawancin magungunan nishaɗi haramun ne kuma yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar Yarjejeniya Guda kan Magungunan Narcotic sun wanzu don manufar haramcinsu.

## Asalin kalmar

A cikin harshen Ingilishi, ana tunanin sunan "magungunan" ya samo asali daga "drogue" a kalmar Faransanci, mai yiwuwa ya samo asali daga "droge (vate)" daga kalmar Dutch yana nufin "bushe (ganga)", yana nufin tsire-tsire masu magani da aka adana a matsayin busassun kwayoyin halitta a cikin ganga.

## Manazarta
Abinci mai gina jiki

Abincin cin ganyayyaki da aka tsara yadda ya kamata yana da lafiya da wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki ga kowane mataki na tsarin rayuwar ɗan adam, gami da lokacin daukar ciki, shayarwa, jarirai, ƙuruciya, da samartaka.  Duk da haka, rashin cin ganyayyaki na bitamin B <sub>12</sub> ko adadin kuzari na iya yin illa ga lafiyar yara da ci gaba.   Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Burtaniya ta ba da shawarar cewa abinci mai cin ganyayyaki ya kamata su bi shawarwarin gabaɗaya don abinci mai kyau, irin su ƙarancin mai, gishiri da cin sukari da 'ya'yan itace 5 ko kayan lambu a rana .  Ma'aikatar kula da lafiyar jama'a ta Qatar ta ce, "Ba za a iya zama mai cin ganyayyaki ba ta hanyar zuwa gidan cin abinci mai sauri da ba da odar soya da soda!". 

Abincin ganyayyaki yakan kasance mai arziki a cikin carbohydrates, omega-6 fatty acids, fiber na abinci, carotenoids, folic acid, bitamin C, bitamin E, potassium da magnesium . Wataƙila suna da ƙarancin kitse, cholesterol, da furotin na dabba.

## Manazarta
Kabir Ɓarkiya

**Kabir Abdullahi Ɓarkiya** (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Disamban shekara ta 1960) ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne kuma Sanata.   Ya kasance mai wakiltar Katsina ta tsakiya a majalisar dattawan Najeriya    kuma shine babban darakta na hukumar kula da tituna ta tarayya (FERMA). 

## Manazarta
Unguwar Turaki B

Turaki "B" unguwa ce dake karamar hukumar Jalingo, babban birnin jihar Taraba dake Najeriya.

## Manazarta
Organic chemistry

**Tsarin sinadarai** **ko kwayoyin sunadarai** wani yanki ne a cikin ilmin sunadarai wanda ya ƙunshi nazarin kimiyya na tsari, kaddarorin, da halayen mahaɗi da kayan halitta, watau kwayoyin halitta a cikin nau'ikansa daban-daban waɗanda ke ɗauke da atom ɗin carbon.  Nazarin tsari yana ƙayyade tsarin tsarin su. Nazarin kaddarorin sun haɗa da kaddarorin jiki da sinadarai, da kuma kimanta halayen sinadarai don fahimtar halayensu. Nazarin halayen kwayoyin halitta sun haɗa da haɗakar sinadarai na samfuran halitta, magunguna, da polymers, da kuma nazarin kwayoyin halitta guda ɗaya a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje kuma ta hanyar nazarin ka'idar (in silico).

Mafi yawan sinadarai da aka yi nazari a cikin sinadarai na kwayoyin halitta sun hada da hydrocarbons (haɗin da ke ɗauke da carbon da hydrogen kawai) da kuma mahaɗi dangane da carbon, amma kuma ya ƙunshi wasu abubuwa,    musamman oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus (an haɗa su da yawa biochemicals) da halogens. Ilimin sinadarai na Organometallic shine nazarin mahaɗi masu ɗauke da haɗin carbon-metal.

Bugu da ƙari, bincike na zamani yana mai da hankali kan sinadarai na kwayoyin halitta da suka haɗa da sauran kwayoyin halitta waɗanda suka haɗa da lanthanides, amma musamman karafa na tutiya, jan karfe, palladium, nickel, cobalt, titanium da chromium.

Siffofin halitta sune tushen duk rayuwar duniya kuma sune mafi yawan sanannun sinadarai. Hanyoyin haɗin kai na carbon, tare da ƙimarsa guda huɗu-na yau da kullun, ninki biyu, da haɗin kai sau uku, tare da sifofi tare da na'urorin lantarki waɗanda aka karkatar da su-suna sa ɗimbin mahaɗan kwayoyin halitta iri-iri, da kewayon aikace-aikacen su mai girma. Sun kasance tushen, ko kuma abubuwan da ke cikin, samfuran kasuwanci da yawa ciki har da magunguna; petrochemicals da agrichemicals, da kayayyakin da aka yi daga gare su ciki har da man shafawa, kaushi; robobi; mai da abubuwan fashewa. Nazarin sunadarai na kwayoyin halitta ya mamaye sunadarai na organometallic da biochemistry, amma kuma tare da sunadarai na magani, sunadarai na polymer, da kimiyyar kayan aiki.     

## Manazarta
Unguwar Mayo Goi

Mayo Goi unguwace da ta kasance a cikin babban birnin jihar Taraba, wato Jalingo a Najeriya.

## Manazarta
Unguwar Sintali

Sintali ta kasance wata unguwa ce dake babban birnin Jihar Taraba wato Jalingo a Najeriya.

## Manazarta
Mil

**Mil** guda ɗaya ne na tsayi. Akwai nau'ikan mil daban-daban amma *mil* a kan kansa yawanci yana nufin **mil na doka** .

## Tsayin mil
A cikin Amurka da Burtaniya kalmar *mil* yawanci tana nufin mil na doka.

## Nautical mil
Ana amfani da mil mil na ruwa don tafiya ta ruwa ko ta jirgin sama.

Tun asali an bayyana nisan mil na ruwa a matsayin minti ɗaya na baka tare da layin dogon duniya. Akwai minti 60 na baka a cikin digiri ɗaya ko baka (60')&nbsp;=&nbsp;1°). Don haka akwai mil mil kimanin guda 10,800 na ruwa daga Pole ta Arewa zuwa Pole ta Kudu.

Yanzu an ayyana mil mil na ruwa a matsayin mita 1,852 .

Gudun jirgin da ke tafiyar mil ɗaya na ruwa a cikin sa'a ɗaya ana kiransa kulli ɗaya

## Romawamil
Romawa ne suka fara amfani da mil ɗin. Ya fito daga kalmar Latin *mille passus* (jam'i: *milia passuum* ). Wannan yana nufin "taki dubu ɗaya" (1000). Taki shine nisan da kowace ƙafa ke motsawa yayin tafiya ɗaukar mataki ɗaya.

## Sauran mil
An yi amfani da mil daban-daban a cikin tarihi a sassa daban-daban na duniya. A Norway da Sweden, alal misali, mil shine raka'a mai tsayi wanda yayi daidai da kilomita 10.

## Maganganu
Ko da a cikin ƙasashen turawa waɗanda ke amfani da tsarin awo (misali, Ostiraliya, Kanada, da New Zealand), har yanzu ana amfani da mil ɗin a yawancin karin magana . Waɗannan sun haɗa da:

* Ana amfani da *[https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/country%20mile mil ƙasar baki ɗaya]* don nufin nisa mai nisa sosai.
* *"Rashin nasara yana da kyau kamar mil"* (rashin nasara ta wurin kunkuntar gefe bai fi kowace gazawa ba)
* *"Ba shi inci daya zai kai mil"*&nbsp;- cin hanci da rashawa na *"Ka ba shi inci kuma ya dauki el "*   (mutumin da ake magana a kai zai zama mai kwadayi idan an nuna karamci)
* *"An rasa ta mil ɗaya"* (ɓataccen gefe ya ɓace)
* *"Tafiyarmil a minti daya"* (tafi da sauri)
* *"Yi magana mil a minti daya"* (yi magana da sauri)
* *"Don tafiya da karin mile"* (don yin ƙarin ƙoƙari)
* *"Miles away"* (rasa cikin tunani, ko mafarkin rana )
* *"Milestone"* (wakilin da ke nuna ci gaba da yawa)

## Manazarta
Radiya

**Radiyan** shi ne na'urar ma'auni . Ana nuna ta ta hanyar alamar "rad"  ko, ƙasa da yawa, c (don ma'aunin madauwari). Radian ya kasance ɗayan ƙarin SI, to amma an canza shi zuwa naúrar da aka samu a cikin shekara ta alif Dari Tara da casain da biyar 1995. Tsawon baka na radians yayi daidai da radiyan daga da'irar da yake sashi.

## Amfani

Yawancin mutanen da ke yin lissafi ko kimiyyar lissafi suna amfani da radians, maimakon digiri, saboda wasu nau'ikan lissafin, galibi a cikin trigonometry da ƙididdiga, sun fi sauƙi yayin amfani da radians maimakon digiri. Don haka, yawancin lissafin da ke da alaƙa da mitar angular (kamar saurin angular ) suna amfani da radians a sakan daya.

Mutanen da ke duba ta hanyar na'urar hangen nesa ko maharbi sukan yi amfani da milliradians don kwatanta nisa kamar yadda aka gani ta hanyarsa.

## Juyawa
Radian 1 daidai yake da kusan 57.3°. Akwai radians 2 π (kimanin 6.28 radians) a cikin cikakken da'ira.  Tsarin juya radian zuwa digiri da akasin haka shine: 

: 2\pi\mbox{ rad} = 360^\circ
: 1 \mbox{ rad} = \frac {360^\circ} {2 \pi} = \frac {180^\circ} {\pi} \approx 57.29577951^\circ 

ko:

: 360^\circ=2\pi\mbox{ rad}
: 1^\circ=\frac{2\pi}{360}\mbox{ rad}=\frac{\pi}{180}\mbox{ rad} \approx 0.01745329\mbox{ rad}

kuma muna iya cewa:

: x \mbox{ rad} = \left(\frac{180x}{\pi}\right)^\circ .

## Shafukan da ke da alaƙa

* Steradian
* Tau, ma'aunin cikakken da'irar a cikin radian
* da'irar raka'a

## Manazarta
Suleiman Abdullahi

**Suleiman Abdullahi** (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Disambar shekara ta 1996) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar Bundesliga ta Berlin .

## Sana'a

An haifi Abdullahi a Kaduna, Najeriya.  Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar Viking FK a cikin shekara ta 2015. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko na Viking a ranar 6 ga Afrilun shekara ta 2015 da Mjøndalen, sun yi rashin nasara a wasan da ci 1–0. 

A watan Yunin shekara ta 2016, Abdullahi ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru hudu tare da 2. Eintracht Braunschweig na Bundesliga .  A cikin bazara na 2018 ya ji rauni a idon sawun wanda ya hana shi yin aiki har zuwa karshen kakar shekara ta 2017-18.  A cikin shekaru biyu tare da Braunschweig ya buga wasanni 41 a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai inda ya zira kwallaye 8 kuma ya taimaka 6. 

A watan Agustan shekara ta 2018, bayan da Braunschweig ya yi relegation, Abdullahi ya koma 1. FC Union Berlin a matsayin aro na kakar wasa. Union Berlin ta sami zaɓi don rattaba hannu a kansa har zuwa 2022. An bayyana cewa zai iya komawa atisaye makonni hudu zuwa shida sakamakon raunin da ya samu a idon sawun. 

1 ga Yuni, 2019, 1. FC Union Berlin ta dauki Abdullahi a matsayin aro na dindindin bayan zaman aro a kungiyar. 

A watan Agustan shekara ta 2020, Abdullahi ya koma Eintracht Braunschweig, ya koma aro na kakar 2020-21.   

## Ƙididdigar sana'a

### Kulob

## Manazarta