Elementis

**Elementis plc**

Kasuwancin da ya gabace shi, **Harrisons & Crosfield**, an kafa shi a cikin 1844 a matsayin mai sayar da shayi kuma ana yin ciniki a ƙarƙashin wannan sunan har shekaku 150. Ya aga cikin manyan kamfanonin Birtaniyya a masana'antar shukar kudu-maso-gabashin Asiya kafin a hankali ta karkatar da muradunta a zamanin bayan mulkin mallaka. Bambance-banbance da farko ya mai da hankali kan sinadarai, katako da ƴan kasuwan magina da kayan abinci na dabbobi. A ƙarshe, kamfanin ya mayar da hankali kan sinadarai kawai kuma ya canza sunansa zuwa Elementis.

## Tarihin Farko
An kafa haɗin gwiwar Harrisons & Crosfield a cikin 1844 tsakanin Daniel da Smith Harrison da Joseph Crosfield don kasuwanci na shayi da kofi, wanda shine tushen kasuwancin har zuwa ƙarshen karni na sha tara. Daniel, wanda aka haife shi a cikin 1795, shine babban wanda yake kasuwanci a Liverpool tun shekarun 1820. Ɗan uwansa Smith Harrison yana ɗan shekara 23 ƙarami yayin da Joseph Crosfield ya kasance ma'aikacin Daniel a baya. 80% na kasuwancin yana cikin shayi, an shigo da shi daga China, kuma 20% kofi daga Kudancin Amurka . Kamfanin ya koma London a cikin 1854 kuma a cikin 1860s ya kasance na uku mafi girma na dillalan shayi. Sarrafa ya wuce ƙarni na gaba a cikin rabin na biyu na ƙarni, tare da Harrison biyu da abokan Crosfield uku.  

## Shiga Lampard da Clark
Har zuwa 1890s, Harrisons & Crosfield ƙwararren ɗan kasuwa ne na London. A lokacin mutanen biyu da za su kawo sauyi a kasuwancin sun shiga: Arthur Lampard a 1881 da Heath Clark a 1885. Canji na farko shi ne, maimakon yin ciniki kawai, kamfanin ya fara haɗawa da nasa shayi a ƙarƙashin alamar "Nectar" kuma an haɓaka babban kasuwancin fitarwa daga Ceylon Wharf a bankin Kudu . (An sayar da alamar Nectar zuwa Twinings ). Clark ya kula da kasuwannin cikin gida yayin da Lampard ya bude ofisoshi a duniya don gudanar da kasuwancin fitar da kayayyaki da kuma bunkasa kasuwancin gida. Lampard ya ziyarci Rasha a shekara ta 1895 don kafa kasuwancin shayi a can kuma nan da nan ya tashi zuwa Ceylon don shirya fitar da shayin zuwa abin da zai zama babbar kasuwa. Daga nan ya bude reshe a Columbo a karkashin sunan Crosfield Lampard  yana kafa Harrisons & Crosfield akan hanyar zuwa ga abin da zai zama babban aikinsa na kusan karni: shukar shayi na wurare masu zafi, sannan roba, katako da dabino . 

## Hukumomin Shuka
Harrison & Crosfield na ɗaya daga cikin wasu kamfanoni na Biritaniya waɗanda ke sarrafa shuka a kudu maso gabashin Asiya ta tsarin hukumar. Ci gaban shuka yana buƙatar yin babban jari na tsawon shekaru kafin amfanin gona na farko ya girma. Yawanci, hukumar za ta ba da duk ƙwarewar gudanarwa, fasaha, kuɗi da kasuwanci amma za a haɓaka babban birnin a waje. Yawancin lokaci, babban birnin ya fito ne daga kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta London, tare da hukumar ta zama sakatare. Hukumar za ta iya biyan kuɗi kaɗan kawai na babban birnin amma ta aiwatar da ingantaccen iko.  Alamar yawaitar waɗannan kamfanonin shukar da aka ambata shi ne, don ɗaukar shekara guda ba da gangan ba, akwai 79 daga cikinsu a 1935. 

Harrisons & Crosfield sun kula da hukumomi da yawa don daki-daki daban. Kamfanoni na farko shine siyan ƙaramin gidan shayi na Hopton a Ceylon;  Hopton bi da bi yana ɗaya daga cikin gidaje huɗu da aka haɗa su cikin Kamfanin shayi na Lunuva a cikin 1907.  A Indiya, an buɗe reshen Calcutta a cikin 1900 yana haɓaka fitar da shayi zuwa Arewacin Amurka . An yi sayayya mai yawa na filaye a kudancin Indiya wanda ya kai ga kafa Kamfanin Tea da Samfuran Gabashin Indiya, Kamfanin Rubber da Samfuran Malayalam  da Kamfanin Tea na Meppadi Wynaad. 

Juyin karni ya ga ci gaban noman roba, roba na halitta a baya ana buga shi a cikin daji a Kudancin Amurka. Straits Plantations Ltd  (yana aiki a cikin Matsalolin Matsakaici ) an tura shi zuwa hukumar Harrisons & Crosfield a cikin 1902 amma daga baya Harrison ya kafa kamfanoni don siyan ƙananan gidaje kuma a haɗa su cikin manyan tsarin kamfani. An kafa Pataling Rubber Estates Syndicate   a cikin 1903; Golden Hope Rubber Estate da Anglo-Malay Rubber a 1905; da London Asiatic Rubber da Samar a 1907.  A wannan shekarar Lampard ya ziyarci Sumatra kuma ya maimaita tsarin ƙarfafawa da aka yi a Malaya . Kamfanin Tandjong Rubber da United Serdang (Sumatra) Rubber Plantations an kafa su kuma suna iyo. A cikin 1909 hannun jari a yawancin kamfanonin shayi da na roba an mayar da su zuwa Rubber Plantation Investment Trust wanda kuma aka yi iyo. 

## Harrisons ya zama Kamfani
A tsakiyar duk flotations na kamfanin, Harrisons & Crosfield yana da nasa sake fasalin. Ritaya da janye jari ta abokan tarayya ya kasance takura kuma fadada kasuwancin Harrisons yana buƙatar ƙarin jari. A cikin 1908 an canza haɗin gwiwa zuwa kamfani kuma an yi ta iyo a kan Kasuwancin Kasuwanci. Koyaya, batun jama'a ya keɓance ga hannun jari na fifiko; hannun jari na yau da kullun ya kasance tare da abokan tarayya da manyan ma'aikata. Kamfanin ya ci gaba har yau a matsayin Elementis (Holdings). 

Tsakanin shekarun yaƙe-yaƙe sun kasance masu wahala ga kamfanonin shuka, duk da haka Harrisons sun sami nasarar tabbatar da sabbin yankuna don haɓaka. Arthur Lampard ya mutu a shekara ta 1916 kuma Heath Clark ya yi ritaya a 1924 amma sababbin mutane sun kasance a shirye su fuskanci kalubale da dama. Ɗayan musamman shine Eric Macfadyen wanda ya kasance mai aiki a cikin gidajen roba kafin yakin. Ya shiga Harrisons & Crosfield a cikin 1918 don zama jagorar jagorancin shekaru 40; tare da HJ Welch da Eric Miller, mutanen uku sun gudanar da rukunin a cikin shekarun tsakanin yaƙi. Kalubalen sun yi kama da na kowane kamfani kasuwanci na duniya. An sami koma bayan tattalin arziki a 1921 kuma farashin roba ya fadi daga 2s-1d a 1919 zuwa 9d a 1922  Ga shayi, asarar kasuwar Rasha a 1917 ya haifar da durkushewa a fitar da shayin Ceylon. Akwai fahimtar cewa Harrisons ya haɓaka kafin Yaƙin. A cikin 1921 ya zama wakilai na kamfanoni masu yawa na 52 a Malaya, Sumatra, Ceylon, kudancin Indiya, Java da Borneo ; lokaci na ƙarfafawa ya biyo baya. Yunkurin koma bayan tattalin arziki na 1930 ya ma fi tsanani kuma gidajen robar sun yi hasarar kuɗi a cikin shekarun itacen 1930 zuwa 1932. 

Duk da mawuyacin yanayin ciniki, an sami damammaki, ana ɗaukar ƙungiyar zuwa katako, dabino da sinadarai. Ɗaya daga cikin siyayyar dabarun ya faru a ƙarshen Yaƙin lokacin da Harrisons ya sayi Darby & Co, kasuwancin kasuwanci a Arewacin Borneo tare da jerin shuɗi-guntu na hukumomin duniya. Walter Darby, wanda ya kafa, mutum ne wanda shahararsa ta sa ya sami matsayi a kan tambarin gida.  Har ila yau Darby ya kasance shugaban Kamfanin Katakai na Borneo na kasar Sin kuma ya taka rawa wajen kafa Kamfanin Timber na Biritaniya (daga baya Sabah Timber)  a cikin 1920 tare da Harrisons ya mallaki kashi uku na hannun jari. Harrisons yanzu yana cikin kasuwancin katako kuma an baiwa Borneo na Biritaniya ikon mallakar katako akan samar da katako na ƙasa da shekaru 25. 

Sabon aikin noman na biyu shine dabino. A cikin 1926 Harrisons ya sayi Rambong Sialing Estate a Sumatra wanda ya biyo bayan wasu ƙananan gidaje da yawa, sannan samuwar Allied Sumatra Plantations a 1926.  Sayen wasu manyan gidaje a 1928 yana nufin cewa dabino ya zama babban aiki ga Harrisons. 

A cikin wani yunƙuri wanda ya ɗauki Harrisons gaba cikin hanyoyin masana'antu, Wilkinson Process Rubber  an kafa shi a cikin 1926 don haɓaka tsarin da Bernard Wilkinson ya mallaka a cikin 1923. Tsarin ƙananan zafin jiki ya ba da izinin ƙara sabon robar ruwa a kan wuri kuma an sayar da shi a ƙarƙashin sunan Linatex. An gina wata masana'anta a Selangor, wani sashi mallakar Harrisons, wanda kuma ya zama Sakatare kuma wakilin Turai kaɗai. Tun daga ƙarshen 1920 samar da kayayyakin masana'antu zuwa gonaki ya faɗaɗa kasuwancin hukumar kuma musamman ya ɗauki Harrisons cikin sinadarai a Arewacin Amurka. Akwai jerin saye da yawa a ƙarshen 1930s wanda ya ƙare a cikin siyan Kamfanin Dillons Chemical na Kanada  a cikin 1938. 

Ba a yi watsi da kadarori na gargajiya ba kuma an yi siyayya mai mahimmanci a cikin 1925 - gidan roba na Prang Besar kusa da Kuala Lumpur. Wannan kadara ta jagoranci bincike kan ingantacciyar shuka da kiwo kuma an yi amfani da dabarunta ga sauran filayen Harrison. 

## Decolonization da kalubale
Kalubalen sun kasance wani ɓangare na tattalin arziƙi yayin da roba na halitta ke fuskantar ƙarin gasa daga kayan aikin roba. Duk da haka, manyan ƙalubalen sun fito ne daga kawar da mulkin mallaka bayan yaƙi da kuma sha'awar sabbin ƙasashe masu cin gashin kai na sarrafa kayan albarkatunsu. Wannan dai ya kara ta'azzara sakamakon tashe tashen hankula a kasashen Malaysia da Indonesia . Duk da wannan, da ƙudirin da aka yi a baya na rashin dogaro da yanki ɗaya, Harrison ya ci gaba da samun damammaki na bunƙasa a kudu maso gabashin Asiya. 

Ɗaya daga cikin nasarorin da babu shakka shine Arewacin Borneo Timber, daga baya Sabah Timber. Duk da rasa ikon sa a cikin 1950, ingantattun katako na inji ya ɗauki aikin katako daga kusan ƙafar cubic 2m zuwa 19m a 1969. A lokacin da aka kawo karshen cacar a shekarar 1982, Sabah ta kafa sana'ar katako mai habaka a Burtaniya Wata kasuwar ci gaban da ta samu bayan yakin ita ce dabino mai, wanda galibi ana shuka shi a kan tsoffin gidajen robar amma Harrison kuma ya mallaki fili budurci a Sabah kuma ya kafa wata sabuwar kamfani Papua New Guinea, New Britain Palm Oil.  A Indiya, Harrisons yana da gidaje 32, galibi shayi amma wasu roba, ta 1960. Daga nan an sami ƙarin saye-saye amma mayar da hankali kan haɗin gwiwa ya haifar da babban mahalli na Tsirraren Malayalam. 

Duk da rushewar da Gaggawar Malayan ta haifar, kamfanonin hukumar Harrisons sun ci gaba da samun ƙarin gidaje. Kamar yadda yake a Indiya, an sami haɗin gwiwar gidaje cikin abin da aka sani da "'yan'uwa mata uku": Golden Hope, Pataling da London Asiatic. Bayan da aka gwabza yaki mai tsanani da bare, an hade wadannan kamfanoni uku a cikin 1977 zuwa Gidajen Harrisons Malaysian Estates. A Indonesiya, Harrisons sun yi kokawa da sauya buƙatun kishin ƙasa, tare da rasa ikon hukumominta a wasu lokuta. A kusa da 1960 an kafa rukunin Sumatra na London don haɗa kamfanonin hukumar 16; an kara da wasu kuma ya zama daya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin noman noma a duniya. A 1983 Harrisons sun sami cikakken iko. 

A hankali Harrison ya fuskanci ƙarin buƙatu daga gwamnatocin da ke karbar bakuncinsa, daban-daban ta nau'ikan manyan kuɗaɗen masarautu, ƙarin haraji, da sha'awar ganin babban ikon mallakar gida. Abubuwan gonaki a Sri Lanka sune farkon da aka fara zuwa, ana mai da su a cikin 1975. A cikin 1982, an kafa ƙungiyar Harrisons Malaysian Plantations Berhad don samun HME; Harrisons ya riƙe 30% kuma ya karɓi tsabar kuɗi £ 130m. Bayan wasu sakamako mara kyau na shuka, da matsin lamba daga masu hannun jari na waje, Harrisons ya yanke shawarar rage dogaro da gonakin gonaki ta hanyar karkatar da ƴan tsirarun hannun jarinsa a Harrisons Malayalam da Harrisons Malaysian Plantations Berhad amma riƙe da London Sumatra Plantations da Papua New Guinea. A cikin 1983, an sayar da kashi 34% na Tsirraren Malayalam ga Indiyawa, wanda ya bar Harrisons da kashi 40%. A lokaci guda Malayalam Plantations ya haɗu da sauran abubuwan buƙatun Harrison & Crossfield don samar da Harrisons Malayalam .  An sayar da Sumatra na London a cikin 1994 kuma kamfanin Papua New Guinea ya biyo baya a 1996. 

## Bambance-bambance
Bambance-bambancen bayan yaƙin ya fara ne da sinadarai kuma ya haɗa da ƴan kasuwan katako da na magina; da malting da kayan abinci na dabba don yin kamfanin masana'antu mai sassa uku. Daga ƙarshe, an sayar da na'urorin biyu na ƙarshe na barin kamfanin kemikal na musamman wanda yanzu shine Elementis. 

Tushen ginin kamfani wanda ya zama sashin sinadarai shine Durham Chemicals kuma a cikin 1947 Harrisons sun kafa haɗin gwiwa tare da Durham a Kanada don gina kayan aikin masana'antar zinc oxide . Zinc oxide yana da fa'ida mai fa'ida amma abu mai mahimmanci shine a cikin vulcanization na roba, wanda shine farkon jan hankali ga Harrisons. Wani kamfani na haɗin gwiwa shi ne Durham Raw Materials, wanda zai zama kamfanin sayar da kayayyaki na Durham, ciki har da hukumar Neoprene a Birtaniya Duk da cewa kasuwancin Kanada ya gaza, dangantakar da Durham ta bunkasa kuma ta 1962 Harrisons ya sami rinjaye; Sannan kasuwancin ya maida hankali ne kan gishirin zinc da sabulun karfe. A cikin 1973, an sayi kasuwancin chrome na Albright & Wilson kuma an sake masa suna British Chrome & Chemicals  kuma an saka jari mai yawa a cikin samar da chromic oxide . An sayi wani ƙarin kasuwancin a Amurka a cikin 1979 kuma aka sake masa suna Chrome & Chemicals na Amurka, wanda ya sa Durham ya zama jagora a duniya a cikin chrome da baƙin ƙarfe oxide pigments. A farkon 1980s Durham Chemicals ya gina shuka don aluminium chloride kuma zuwa 1984 yana da sama da kashi 60% na kasuwar Burtaniya. 

Bangaren katako da kayan gini ya kasance haɓakar kasuwancin Sabah Timber a ƙasa zuwa Burtaniya. A cikin 1969 an gaya wa Sabah cewa rangwamen aikin sa zai ƙare a 1982. Tun daga nan ne katakon Sabah ya fara wasu ƙananan saye da sayar da katako a Burtaniya. Hannu na uku na rarrabawa ya zo a cikin 1985 tare da siyan Pauls, babban mai kera malting da kayan abinci na dabbobi. Wannan ya ƙara haɓaka ta hanyar siyan Associated British Maltsters akan £14m a 1987. 

## Fadada mai fuska uku
A shekara ta 1986, sinadarai da masana'antu sun zama mafi girma a karon farko. Dabarar da aka bayyana ita ce ta mai da hankali kan manyan yankuna uku - sunadarai, katako da kayan gini da abinci & noma tare da gonakin da aka ajiye. An bi wannan dabara sosai har zuwa 1994, wanda aka kwatanta da "shekarar canji". 

A cikin sinadarai, an kashe fam miliyan 34 wajen siyan kasuwancin iron oxide na Pfizer a shekarar 1990. Durham a yanzu ita ce kasuwanci ta biyu mafi girma na baƙin ƙarfe oxide a duniya; Shugaban Burtaniya don zinc oxide kuma mai kera aluminum chloride kawai. Biritaniya da Chrome sun kasance shugabannin duniya a cikin sinadarai na chromium. Durham Chemicals kuma yana da babban matsayi na kasuwa a cikin abubuwan da suka shafi polymer kuma ainihin Linatex ya kasance muhimmin ƙwararru. 

Bangaren masu sayar da katako da magina, yanzu ana ciniki a ƙarƙashin sunan Harcros, an haɓaka sosai ta hanyar siyan kasuwancin katako na Wodburys a Amurka a cikin 1988, a Burtaniya ta Kudu-Evans akan £85m a 1988 da Crossley Builders Merchants akan £ 113m a shekarar 1990. Wannan ya ba da rassa 255 Harcros a Burtaniya da 315 a duk duniya. An fadada Pauls a cikin 1992 tare da siyan fam miliyan 67 na kasuwancin abinci na dabba na Unilever, Oil na Biritaniya da Cake Mills, ƙirƙirar BOCM Pauls . 

## Elementis - Kamfanin Kemikal
1994 an dauki shekarar canji. Siyar da Sumatra na London, kasuwancin kayan gini a Ireland da kuma kasuwancin abinci na mabukaci ya tara fam miliyan 282. Ko da yake a lokacin nufin zuba jari don mayar da hankali kan sinadarai da katako & kayan gini yayin da ake riƙe malting, kasuwancin da ba na sinadari ba bai daɗe ba. A cikin 1997 an sayar da katako da sassan abinci akan £458m sannan an mayar da £400m ga masu hannun jari. Sauran kasuwancin abinci an sayar da su bayan shekara guda. An canza sunan Harrisons & Crosfield zuwa Elementis kuma manufar ita ce ta mai da hankali kan sinadarai na musamman. 

Siyan Rheox na Amurka a cikin 1998 akan dala miliyan 465 shine ɗayan manyan sinadarai mafi girma.  Elementis yanzu ya tsaya a matsayin babban mai samar da sinadarai na chromium a duniya; Elementis Pigments na biyu mafi girma a duniya na samar da roba baƙin ƙarfe oxide pigments da kuma Rheox kasuwanci ne a duniya mafi girma samar da rheological Additives ga coatings. An ƙara haɓaka Chromium tare da samun kasuwancin sinadarai na chromium na OxyChem a cikin Amurka a cikin 2002, wanda ya sa ya zama mafi girma a ƙasar. Hakan ya biyo bayan gina masana'antar chromium a kasar Sin a shekarar 2004. A cikin wannan shekarar, Elementis ya sayi Sasol Servo na Dutch, mai ba da kayan kwalliya, akan Yuro miliyan 48. Ɗaya daga cikin mummunan shine rashin riba na kasuwancin chromium na Birtaniya kuma an rufe shuka a cikin 2009.  Ƙarin ƙananan sayayya don haɓaka kasuwancin suturar da aka yi a cikin 2012 da 2013: Watercryl Quimica Ltda na Brazil ya ba da izinin shiga Latin Amurka kuma a cikin Amurka, Hi-Mar ya kasance babban mai ba da kayan defoamers ga masana'antar hakowa, gini da masana'antar hako mai.  

Resara yawan ƙwarewa ya haifar da zubar da roba na musamman, alamu na duniya da kasuwancin Surfactants. Wani ƙarin canji na girmamawa ga kasuwancin Elementis ya zo tare da ƙaura zuwa kulawa ta sirri tare da samun Fancor, ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu samar da lanolin da lanolin na Arewacin Amurka.  Wannan wani share fage ne ga samun ƙwaƙƙwaran saye lokacin da a cikin 2017 Elementis ya kusan yin ragin kasuwancin kula da kansa tare da siyan SummitReheis akan $362m; tushenta a Amurka da Jamus ta ƙware a cikin abubuwan da ke hana ƙumburi.  Wannan ya biyo baya a cikin 2018 ta hanyar ƙirƙirar sabon yanki ta hanyar samun $ 600m na Mondo Minerals,  wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "mafi girma na biyu mafi girma na abubuwan haɓaka talc a duniya". Bayan wannan saye, an bayyana manyan sassan kungiyar a matsayin kulawa ta sirri; sutura; talc; chromium; da makamashi. 

A lokacin 2020 da 2021 Elementis ya ƙi tayin uku daga abokan hamayyar Ma'adinan Ma'adinai na Amurka (MTX), da tsabar kuɗi da tayin fan miliyan 929.3 daga kamfanin sinadarai na Amurka Innospec (IOSP). Ya yi watsi da hanyoyin kamar yadda mahimmancin rage darajar kamfanin. 

## Ayyuka
An tsara kasuwancin zuwa sassa huɗu: Rubutun Rubutun, Kulawa na Keɓaɓɓu, Talc da Chromium 

## Duba kuma

* Eric Miller
* Fatan Zinare
* Paul Waterman

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Shafin hukuma