Tsohon Kabari na Yahudawa, Cieszyn

Tsohon Makabartar Yahudawa (Yaren mutanen Poland: Stary Cmentarz Żydowski w Cieszynie) yana ɗaya daga cikin makabartun Yahudawa guda biyu a Cieszyn, Poland; tare da Sabuwar Makabartar Yahudawa. Yana kan titin Hażlaska 39, kuma shine mafi tsufa daga cikinsu.

An sayi ƙasa don makabartar a cikin 1647 kuma tun daga lokacin ta kasance ta iyalin Singer. A shekara ta 1785, an daina zama mallakar masu zaman kansu kuma an sayar da shi ga al'ummar Yahudawa a Cieszyn. Kabarin karshe a makabartar ya faru ne a 1928. A shekara ta 1986, an kara makabarta a cikin rajistar abubuwan tunawa. Kabari yanzu na al'ummar Yahudawa ne a Bielsko-Biała . 

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2009, makabarta tana da kaburbura sama da 1,500. Kabarin yana da yanki na hekta 1.9 kuma an kewaye shi da shinge na tubali. Marubutan yankin sun yi iƙirarin cewa an kafa makabartar a Zamanin Tsakiya.

## Tarihi

### Kabari mai zaman kansa na iyalin Singer
Asalin makabartar yana da alaƙa da Jacob Singer, wanda ya kafa gidan Yahudawa mafi tsufa kuma wanda ya zauna har abada a Cieszyn. A shekara ta 1631, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ake kira "Cieszyn toll" tare da Gimbiya Elizabeth Lucretia . Wani labarin umarni mai kwanan wata 23 ga Afrilu 1647 ya sanya shi mai karɓar haraji mai yawa tare da gata mai yawa, kamar 'yancin yin ikirarin Yahudanci da karɓar makabartar iyali na na'urar ga marigayi Singer.

A wannan shekarar, Jacob Singer ya sayi yankin da ake kira "Winogrady" daga wani ɗan gari mai suna Jan Kraus. Winogrady ya zama cibiyar makabartar yau. An fara binne Singer a can, amma kabarinsa bai tsira ba har zuwa zamani. Bayan umarnin Charles VI a cikin 1713, akwai haƙuri ga yawan Yahudawa a cikin garin. A sakamakon haka, wadatar wuraren makabarta ta ragu da sauri fiye da baya. A cikin shekara ta 1715, ba tare da wuraren binnewa ba, Singers sun sayi wani yanki na ƙasa da gidansa daga Jan Faber, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1723, wani ɓangare na filin daga Susan Berisch .  Ginin ya sami ma'aikaci wanda ke kula da makabarta.

A lokacin Maria Theresa, Yahudawa daga Cieszyn da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi sun yi amfani da makabartar sosai. A shekara ta 1768, mawaƙa (Hirschel Singer da 'yar'uwarsa, Endel, gwauruwar Jacob Oppenheimie) sun sake faɗaɗa makabarta ta hanyar sayen lambun da ke kusa da tsohon folwark. Sun ci gaba da binnewa a wannan lokacin, kuma an caji manyan caji a kan binnewa, kodayake a kowace shekara ana binne Yahudawa matalauta 20 a kan asusun su tare da ƙara tufafi.

### Kabari mallakar karamar hukumar
A ranar 31 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1785, Musa Hirschel Singer ya sayar da dukiyar ga iyalai 88 na Yahudawa a Cieszyn don 900 florin kuma makabartar ta daina zama mai zaman kanta. An fadada makabarta; an sayi wani fili daga Paul Płoszka a cikin 1802, kuma an sayi ɓangaren ƙasa daga dutsen a cikin 1836, lokacin da makabarta ta kai siffarta ta ƙarshe. A kusa da 1820, an gina asibiti ga Yahudawa matalauta a makabartar, kuma a cikin 1830, an kewaye makabartar da bango na tubali.[1] A rabi na biyu na karni na 19, an gina gidan jana'izar, ɗaki don masu gadi da kuma dakunan dawakai da gawawwakin kuma har yanzu suna nan a yau. Ginin kyauta ce daga Emanuel A. Ziffer, ƙwararren ƙwararren jirgin ƙasa na Australiya, kuma an sadaukar da shi ga ƙwaƙwalwar iyayensa, a cewar hukumar.[2]￼

## Manazarta