Charlotte Auerbach

**Char**Lotte**** "Lotte" **Auerbach** FRS FRSE (14 ga Mayu 1899 - 17 ga Maris 1994) masanin ilimin kwayoyin halitta ne na Jamus wanda ya ba da gudummawa wajen kafa kimiyya na mutagenesis . Ta zama sananne bayan 1942 lokacin da ta gano, tare A. J. Clark da J. M. Robson, cewa iskar mustard gas iya haifar da maye gurbi a cikin kwari. Ta rubuta takardun kimiyya 91, kuma ta kasance Fellow na Royal Society na Edinburgh da na Royal Society na London .

A shekara ta 1976, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Darwin ta Royal Society . Baya ga gudummawar da ta bayar a kimiyya da kuma ƙaunar kimiyya, ta kasance mai ban mamaki a wasu hanyoyi da yawa, gami da sha'awarta, 'yancin kai, tawali'u, da gaskiya.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Charlotte Auerbach a Krefeld a Jamus, 'yar Selma Sachs da Friedrich Auerbach. Wataƙila masana kimiyya a cikin iyalinta ne suka rinjaye ta: mahaifinta Friedrich Auerbach (1870-1925) masanin sunadarai ne, kawunta masanin kimiyyar lissafi ne, kuma kakanta, masanin ilimin jikin mutum Leopold Auerbach . 

Ta yi karatun ilmin halitta da ilmin sunadarai a jami'o'in Würzburg, Freiburg da Berlin .  Karl Michael Haider da Max Hartmann ne suka koya mata kuma suka yi mata wahayi zuwa gare ta a Berlin, sannan daga baya a Würzburg ta Hans Kniep. Bayan gwaje-gwaje masu kyau a ilmin halitta, ilmin sunadarai, da kimiyyar lissafi, da farko ta yanke shawarar zama malamin kimiyya na makarantar sakandare, ta wuce jarrabawar don haka, tare da bambanci a 1924. 

Ta koyar a Heidelberg (1924-1925) kuma a takaice a Jami'ar Frankfurt, inda aka kore ta - watakila saboda ita Bayahude ce. A cikin 1928 ta fara bincike na digiri na biyu a Cibiyar Nazarin Halitta ta Kaiser Wilhelm (Berlin-Dahlem) a cikin ilimin Halitta a karkashin Otto Mangold . A shekara ta 1929 ta watsar da aikinta tare da Mangold: daga baya zai shiga Jam'iyyar Nazi, kuma Auerbach ya sami halin mulkin kama karya mara kyau. Da yake amsawa ga shawararta ta canza jagorancin aikinta, ya amsa "Kai ɗalibana ne, kuna yi kamar yadda nake fada. Abin da kuke tsammani ba shi da wani sakamako!" 

Ta sake koyar da ilmin halitta a makarantu da yawa a Berlin - har sai jam'iyyar Nazi ta kawo karshen wannan ta hanyar doka saboda ita Bayahude ce. Biye da shawarar mahaifiyarta, ta bar kasar a 1933 kuma ta gudu zuwa Edinburgh inda ta sami digirin digirgir a 1935  a Cibiyar Nazarin Dabbobi a Jami'ar Edinburgh.  Za ta kasance tana da alaƙa da wannan cibiyar a duk lokacin da take aiki.

## Ayyukan bincike: Edinburgh
Rubutun PhD na Auerbach ya kasance a kan ci gaban kafafu a cikin *Drosophila* .  Bayan rubutunta ta zama mataimakiyar Francis Albert Eley Crew, wanda ya haɗa ta da ƙungiyar masana kimiyya da ya tara, da kuma gayyatar masana kimiyya ciki har da Julian Huxley, JBS Haldane, kuma mafi mahimmanci ga Lotte, ga Hermann Joseph Muller .  Shahararren masanin kwayoyin halitta da mai binciken maye gurbi ya zauna a Edinburgh 1938-1940 kuma ya gabatar da ita ga binciken maye gurbin.

Da farko, ta ki yin aiki tare da Muller lokacin da Crew ya gaya mata ta yi haka. Muller, duk da haka, wanda ke wurin lokacin da ta yi adawa da shugabanta, ya tabbatar mata cewa zai so kawai ya yi aiki tare da mutanen da ke da sha'awar ayyukan. Amma tunda tana da sha'awar yadda kwayoyin halitta ke aiki, Muller ta lura cewa fahimtar wannan zai zama mahimmanci a fahimci abin da ke faruwa idan kwayoyin halitta sun canza - wannan ya shawo kanta.[1] Ta ce kanta "Ƙaunar da take da ita ga binciken maye gurbi ta kasance mai kamuwa da cuta kuma daga wannan rana na sauya zuwa binciken maye gurbin. Ban taɓa yin nadama ba".[2]

Binciken maye gurbin kwayar halitta na Auerbach ya kasance ba a buga shi ba har tsawon shekaru da yawa saboda aikin da aka yi da iskar mustard an dauke shi a matsayin ajiya ta gwamnati. Daga karshe ta sami damar bugawa a shekarar 1947.

Bayan ta kasance mataimakiyar malami a cikin kwayoyin halitta na dabba, Auerbach ta zama malami a 1947, Farfesa na kwayoyin halitta a 1967 kuma ta ƙare aikinta na sana'a a matsayin Farfesa Emeritus a 1969. 

## Koyarwa
Duk da yake ta sami koyarwa a makarantu wani lokacin da wahala, tana jin daɗin koyarwa a jami'a kuma laccocinta misali ne na bayyanawa, yawanci ana ba da shi ba tare da wani bayanin kula ba. Ta yi magana da iko, amma ba ta damu da tambayoyi ba, kuma ta ba da lokaci don tattaunawa.

Ta rubuta littattafai da yawa don koyar da kwayoyin halitta, an fassara da yawa daga cikinsu zuwa wasu harsuna. Littafinta, Genetics in the Atomic Age (1956) ya sami yabo daga The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists saboda kyakkyawan bayani game da "al'amarin fasaha".

## Manazarta