open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Heraclides Ponticus

**Heraclides Ponticus** ( Greek   *Herakleides* ; c. 390 BC - c. 310 BC)  wani masanin falsafa ne kuma masani ilimin taurari na Girka wanda aka haife shi a Heraclea Pontica, Karadeniz Ereğli, kasar Turkiyya ta yau, kuma ya yi hijira zuwa Athens. An fi tunawa da shi da shawarar cewa Duniya tana jujjuyawa a kan kusurwoyinta, daga yamma zuwa gabas, sau ɗaya a kowane sa'a 24.  Ana kuma yaba masa a matsayin wanda ya kafa ka'idar heliocentric, kodayake wasu suna shakkar hakan.

## Rayuwa
Mahaifin Heraclides shine Euthyphron,  hamshakin attajiri ne wanda ya aika dansa karatu a Kwalejin Platonic da ke Athens karkashin wanda ya kafa a wato Plato kuma karkashin magajinsa Speusippus. A cewar *Suda*, Plato,  akan hanyar zuwa Sicily a 361/360 BC, ya bar makarantar a karkashin kulawar Heraclides. An kusa zaɓe Heraclides a matsayin magajin Speusippus don jagorancin makarantar a shekarar 339/338 BC, amma ya yi rashin nasara ga Xenocrates . 

## Aiki
Dukkan rubuce-rubucen Heraclides sun ɓace; 'yan gutsun-gutsun ne kawai suka rage. Kamar daliban Pythagoras irinsu Hicetas da Ecphantus, Heraclides ya ba da amince da cewa an halicci taurari ne ta hanyar jujjuyawar duniya akan hanyoyinta sau ɗaya a rana. Wannan ra'ayi ya ci karo da ra'ayin mabiya Aristotle da aka yarda da shi na akan duniyoyi, wanda ya ce duniya ta daidaita kuma taurari da sauran duniyoyi da ke cikin sassansu ma suna a daidaice ne. Simplicius ya ce Heraclides ya ba da shawarar cewa za'a iya bayyana motsin duniyoyi idan Duniya tana motsi yayin da ita kuma Rana ke tsaya a waje daya. 

Duk da cewa wasu masana tarihi  sun ayyana cewa Heraclides ya koyar da cewa Venus da Mercury suna kewaye da Rana, cikakken bincike na majiyoyin sun nuna cewa "babu wani wuri a cikin tsohuwar wallafe-wallafen da ke ambaton Heraclides na Pontus da ke da cikakken bayani game da goyon bayansa ga wadannan koyarwa. na matsayin zahayar rana da duniyoyii". 

## Bayanan kula

## Nassoshi
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

## Kara karantawa

* Diogenes Laërtius trans. CD Yonge (1853) "Rayuwa na Fitattun Falsafa"
* O. Voss (1896) *De Heraclidis Pontic vita et scriptis*
* Wehrli, F. (1969) *Herakleides Pontikos.* *Die Schule des Aristoteles* vol. 7, 2 ta edn. Basel.
* *Heraclides na Pontus.* *Rubutu da fassarori* , editan Eckart Schütrumpf; masu fassara Peter Stork, Jan van Ophuijsen, da Susan Prince, New Brunswick, NJ, Masu Buga Ma'amala, 2008
* *Heraclides na Pontus.* *Tattaunawa* , Edited by William W. Fortenbaugh, Elizabeth Pender, New Brunswick, NJ : Masu Buga Kasuwanci, 2009
* Hans B. Gottschalk (1980) *Heraclides na Pontus*, New York, Oxford University Press
*  
* O. Neugebauer (1975) *Tarihin Tsohuwar Taurari na Lissafi*

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*
Rigakafin gurbacewa

Ana iya samun abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da **[[Rigakafi|rigakafin]] gurɓacewa** a, misali:

* Gurɓacewar ruwa
* Gurbacewar iska
* Lalacewar robobi

## Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da matakai

* Tattalin arziƙin madaumi
* Kura (particulate) sarrafawa
* Sake kerawa
* Rage tushe
* Marufi mai dorewa
* Masu guba suna amfani da raguwa
* Rage sharar gida

## Ta yankin wuri

* Rigakafin gurɓatar yanayi a Amurka
* Dokar Rigakafin Guba ta 1990
Haƙƙin janyewa

**Haƙƙin janyewa,** Ra'ayi ne a cikin ɗabi'un bincike na asibiti cewa ɗan binciken da ke cikin gwaji na asibiti yana da haƙƙin kawo ƙarshen shiga cikin waccan gwajin yadda ya so. Dangane da jagororin ICH GCP, mutum na iya janyewa daga binciken a kowane lokaci kuma ba a buƙatar ɗan takara ya bayyana dalilin dakatarwa.

## Yara a cikin bincike
Lokacin da yara suka shiga cikin bincike na asibiti dole ne iyayensu ko masu kula da su su ba su izinin shiga, amma xa'a nuna cewa ko da a cikin wannan yanayin yana da kyau a sami amincewar batun binciken. Nazarin ya nuna cewa yaran da ke shiga cikin bincike ba su da ƙarancin fahimtar 'yancin janyewa lokacin da aka gabatar da su tare da zaɓi. 

## Rayuwar bankuna
Janyewa daga shiga binciken bankin biobakin yana da matsala saboda dalilai da yawa, gami da cewa yawan bayanan ɗan takara ba a tantance shi don ba da sirrin ɗan takara na bincike .

## Manazarta
Haƙƙin Gudanarwa (Nakasassun Ingila, 2010-2013)

Kusan a shekara ta 2010 akwai hanyoyin samar da kuɗaɗe da yawa a Ingila da Wales waɗanda za a iya biya wa nakasassu don buƙatunsu daban-daban a gida da wurin aiki, amma wani lokacin waɗannan kuɗin sun yi aiki da juna. Manufar 'Hakkin Gudanarwa' shine ƙoƙarin ba da haɗin kai ga waɗannan kudade, da kuma sanya nakasassu a tsakiyar shirinsu.

## Wuraren matukin jirgi bakwai
A matsayin wani ɓangare na Dokar sake fasalin Lafiya ta 2009, Haƙƙin nakasassu na **Haƙƙin Sarrafa** (Tsarin Gwajin) (Ingila) Dokokin 2010  sun yi ƙoƙarin sanya haƙƙin nakasassu don neman zaɓi da iko akan kewayon albarkatun jama'a da ake buƙata. tallafawa rayuwa mai zaman kanta a cikin al'umma. Gwamnati ta kafa wani shiri na gwaji na ayyuka bakwai a Ingila wanda ta kira Trailblazers.

Ƙididdigar ayyukan sun haɗa da **samun damar samun kudaden aiki** da JobCentre Plus, wata hukumar gwamnatin tsakiya, da kuma **biyan kuɗi kai tsaye**  don farashin rayuwa mai zaman kanta ciki har da ma'aikatan mataimaka, biya ga nakasassu ta sassan sabis na zamantakewa. na majalisa.  Kashi na farko na ayyukan gwaji ya gudana daga Disamba 2010 zuwa Disamba 2012.

## Babban Manchester
Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan matukan jirgi ana kiransa Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Yankin Manchester, wanda ya ƙunshi biyar daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi (majalisun) goma a Greater Manchester:

* binne,
* Manchester,
* Oldham,
* Stockport, da
* Trafford.

An amince da tsawaita wa'adin watanni 12 ga matukan jirgin zuwa 2013 bayan tuntubar juna,   duk da haka majalisar Oldham ta yanke shawarar janye sa hannun ta kuma ta bar ranar 12 ga Disamba 2012.

## Manazarta
Konda Venkatapayya

**Konda Venkatappayya** ko **Konda Venkatappaiah** (an haifeshi a shekara ta 1866 ya rasu a shekara ta 1948) fitaccen lauya ne  a kasar Indiya, ɗan gwagwarmayar yanci, kuma ɗan siyasa daga yankinAndhra Pradesh na zamani. Ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kuma editan farko na *Krishna Patrika*, babbar mujallar Telugu a mako-mako a farkon karni na 20.

## Rayuwar farko

An haife shi a cikin dangin Brahmin a tsohuwar Guntur zuwa Kotayya da Butchamma a shekarar 1866. Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare, Guntur, da Madras Christian College. Ya sauke karatu daga BL

## Sana'a
Venkatappayya ya fara aikin doka a Machilipatnam. Bayan an raba gundumar Krishna da kafa guntur na Guntur, ya koma Guntur. 

### Krisna Patrika
Ya kafa *Krishna Patrika* a cikin shekara ta 1902 tare da Vasu Narayana Rao kuma ya shirya mujallar mako-mako har zuwa shekara ta 1905. Ya ba Mutnuri Krishna Rao aikin edita lokacin da ya koma Guntur.

### Harkar Yancin Indiya
Ya bar aikin ya koma jam’iyyar Congress. Ya kasance sakataren taron Andhra Mahasabha na farko da aka gudanar a Bapatla a cikin shekara ta  1913 kuma shugaban taron Nellore a shekara ta 1917. Ya kasance shugaban kwamitin majalisar guntur na Guntur kuma ya kai matsayin sakatare na Kwamitin Majalisar Indiya a shekara ta  1923. Ya kasance shugaban kwamitin Majalisar Andhra Pradesh tsakanin shekara ta 1918 zuwa shekara ta 1923. Ya shiga cikin ayyuka daban-daban na gwagwarmayar 'yancin Indiya kuma an daure shi a cikin shekara ta 1930,zuwa  1932 da 1942.

Ya fassara "Tashi na Jamhuriyar Holland" (1856) na John Lothrop Motley, zuwa harshen Telugu a 1922, yayin da yake fursuna a kurkukun Cuddalore.  An zana shi zuwa ga jarumtar saga na Dutch wanda William the Silent ya jagoranta a karni na 16 akan Mutanen Espanya. Ya kuma rubuta tarihin rayuwar sa a juzu'i biyu. Ya rubuta *Adhunika Rajyanga Samsthalu*, wanda aka buga a 1932.

Lokacin da Mahatma Gandhi ya ƙaddamar da ƙungiyoyin rashin biyayya a cikin 1930-31, ya kasance shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Andhra Pradesh kuma mai kula da motsi a cikin Jiha. 

An zabe shi a Majalisar Dokokin Madras daga Guntur-Tenali a 1937 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Jam'iyyar Congress.

## Iyali

Venkatappayya ya auri Venkata Subbamma. Sun haifi ‘ya’ya 6, mata hudu da maza biyu. Yara maza biyu da mata biyu sun mutu a farkon rayuwarsu. 'Ya'yansa mata biyu Konda Buchi Laxmamma da Konda Parvathi Devi. Diyarsa Konda Parvathi Devi ta sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Hindu Benares . An zabe ta a majalisar dokokin Andhra Pradesh.  Ta ba da gudummawar "Desa Bhakta Bhawan" ga Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti a cikin shekara ta 1987.  Yana da abin tunawa na tarihi kuma shugabanni kamar Mahatma Gandhi, Annie Besant, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Patel da sauransu sun kasance a cikin wannan ginin yayin motsin 'yancin Indiya .

## Manazarta


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*  a Taskar Intanet .
Kasuwar Sufurin Jiragen Sama Na Afirka Guda Daya

**Kasuwar Sufurin Jiragen Sama na Afirka guda daya** ( **SAATM** ) wani shiri ne na kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka na samar da kasuwa guda na zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a Afirka. Da zarar an fara aiki da shi, ya kamata kasuwa guda ɗaya ta ba da damar ƴancin ƴancin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a Afirka, don ciyar da ajandar AU ta 2063.

Da farko, makasudin SAATM shine cikakken aiwatar da 1999 Yamoussoukro Decision . Wannan yana nuna cewa duk mahalarta sun yarda su ɗanɗana ƙuntatawa na kasuwa, sun ba da izinin hani na biyar, da kuma iyakokin jirgin sama da iyakancewar tashar jirgin ruwa. Dukan fasinja da na jigilar kaya an haɗa su.  Hakanan yana neman daidaita ka'idojin aminci da tsaro a cikin jirgin sama, bisa buƙatun ICAO .  Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka, Ƙungiyoyin Tattalin Arziki na Yanki, da Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Afirka (AFCAC) ne ke kula da SAATM. 

## Tarihi
Amfanin 'yanci na zirga-zirgar jiragen sama, musamman ' yanci na biyar, an fara yarda da shi a cikin Sanarwar Yamoussoukro na 1988.  An sake tabbatar da wannan sanarwar a cikin 1999, lokacin da Tarayyar Afirka ta zartar da shawarar Yamoussoukro .  Sai dai aiwatar da shawarar ya fuskanci cikas, domin hukumomin ba su fara aiki ba kamar yadda yarjejeniyar ta tanada.  Yawancin kasashe mambobin ba su ba da 'yanci na biyar ga kamfanonin jiragen sama daga wasu ƙasashe ba. 

A cikin 2015, Declaration for the Establishment of a Single African Air Transport Market ta ɗora tsarin kasuwanci ɗaya na aiwatar da shawarar Yamoussoukro da za a kafa nan da shekara ta 2017.  Daga baya an tsawaita wannan wa'adin tare da shirin kaddamar da kasuwar bai daya a yayin taron kolin kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka karo na 30 a Addis Ababa
 A can ne shugaban kasar Rwanda Paul Kagame ya ba da sanarwar kaddamar da SAATM a hukumance a ranar 28 ga Janairu 2018 a matsayin sabon shugaban kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka. Kungiyar ta nemi samun mambobi 40 a karshen shekarar 2019.

## Shiga
Kasashe 23 membobi na Tarayyar Afirka sun amince da su shiga SAATM a matsayin farkon mahalarta.   akwai kasashe 34 da suka halarci:

## Kimantawa
Wasu gwamnatocin Afirka da kamfanonin jiragen sama sun soki aikin. Musamman kananan kamfanonin jiragen sama, da kuma gwamnatin Uganda, sun yi zargin cewa yarjejeniyar za ta sa wasu manyan kamfanonin jiragen sama su ka mamaye kasuwa, ta yadda za a dakile gasa.

Bankin Raya Afirka, tare da sauran manazarta, sun yi hasashen cewa SAATM zai haifar da tashin jirage masu rahusa, yawan fasinja da fa'idar tattalin arziki.

Kungiyar zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ta kasa da kasa ta yabawa kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka kan kaddamar da kasuwar bai daya, amma ta yi gargadin cewa za a bukaci karin aiki domin aiwatar da manufar yadda ya kamata.

Abdérahmane Berthé, sakatare-janar na kungiyar kamfanonin jiragen sama na Afirka, ya ce cutar ta COVID-19 ta taimaka wajen aiwatar da SAATM.

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* 
* SAATM information page  at IATA.org
* African Civil Aviation Commission website
Spencer Barrett (masanin juyin halitta)

**Spencer Charles Hilton Barrett** (an haife shi a watan Yunin 7, 1948)  masanin ilimin juyin halitta ne na kasar  Kanada, wanda ya kasance Shugaban Bincike na Kanada a Jami'ar Toronto, a cikin 2010, an kira shi Babban Farfesa a Jami'ar Stellenbosch.  

## Ilimi
Barrett ya sami ilimi a Jami'ar Karatu  da Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda aka ba shi PhD a 1977   don bincike kan tsarin kiwo na shuke-shuke *[[Eichhornia]]* da *[[Pontederia]] .* Herbert Baker ne ya kula da shi.

## Bincike da aiki
Bukatun Barrett suna cikin ilimin halittun juyin halitta, kwayoyin halitta na juyin halitta, ilimin halitta da kuma haifuwar tsirrai .  Bincikensa yana neman fahimtar yadda furanni ke tasowa da kuma irin hanyoyin da ke da alhakin sauye-sauyen tsarin jima'i a cikin tsire-tsire masu furanni .  Tun daga 2017, ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Edita na *[[Abubuwan da suka faru na Royal Society|Proceedings of the Royal Society]]* series B,  mujallar kimiyya ta flagship na Royal Society.

Barrett masanin ilimin juyin halitta ne kuma mai iko a duniya kan ilimin halittu da kwayoyin halittar tsiro. Ayyukansa sun mayar da hankali kan ƙara fahimtar yadda furanni ke tasowa da kuma hanyoyin da ke da alhakin sauye-sauyen tsarin mating a cikin tsire-tsire masu furanni.

Barrett ya ba da shaidar gwaji ta farko don kawar da ƙwayoyin halitta masu lalacewa bayan haɓakar tsire-tsire. Ya kuma nuna cewa hadi da kai saboda manyan baje kolin furanni a cikin tsirrai na iya yin illa ga haifuwar namiji. Ƙungiyar bincike ta Barrett a Jami'ar Toronto ta mayar da hankali kan fahimtar hanyoyin da ke da alhakin juyin halittar dabarun shuka, kuma ya shirya littattafai masu yawa a cikin filin.

## Kyaututtuka da karramawa
An zaɓi Barrett a matsayin ɗan'uwa na Royal Society of Canada a 1998 kuma ɗan'uwan Royal Society of London a 2004.  Ya kasance Shugaban {ungiyar Kanadiya don Ecology da Juyin Halitta daga 2010 zuwa 2011. 

A shekara ta 2006, Ƙungiyar Botanical ta Kanada ta ba shi lambar yabo ta George Lawson don samun nasarar rayuwa a fannin ilimin kiwo.  A cikin 2008 ya sami lambar yabo ta Sewall Wright daga Ƙungiyar 'Yan Adam ta Amirka .  A cikin 2014, ya sami Medal Flavelle daga Royal Society of Canada.  A cikin 2020 Linnean Society of London ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Darwin – Wallace . 

A cikin Afrilu 2020 an zaɓi Spencer Barrett Memba na Ƙasashen Duniya (Mataimaki na Ƙasashen waje) na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa . 

## Manazarta
Black River Gorges National Park

**Black River Gorges National Park** sanannen yawon shaƙatawa ne, daya daga cikin National Park a cikin Mauritius, kudu maso yammacin kasar .     An yi shelarta a ranar 15 ga Yuni, 1994 kuma Hukumar Kula da Wuta da Kulawa ta Kasa ce ke sarrafa ta. Ya ƙunshi yanki na 67.54&nbsp;km² ciki har da gandun daji mai danshi, busasshiyar dajin lowland da kuma marshy heathland . Kayayyakin don baƙi sun haɗa da wuraren ba da labari guda biyu, wuraren shakatawa da nisan kilomita 60. Akwai tashoshin filayen guda huɗu a cikin wurin shakatawa waɗanda ake amfani da su don ayyukan gandun daji na ƙasa da sabis na kiyayewa da kuma ayyukan bincike na gidauniyar namun daji na Mauritius .

Dajin na kare yawancin dazuzzukan dajin da ke tsibirin ko da yake yawancin wannan ya lalace ta hanyar samar da tsire-tsire irin su guava na kasar Sin da masu zaman kansu da dabbobi irin su rusa barewa da aladun daji . An katange yankuna da dama kuma an kawar da nau'ikan masu cin zarafi daga cikinsu don adana namun daji na asali. Yawancin tsire-tsire masu tsire -tsire da dabbobi har yanzu suna faruwa a cikin wurin shakatawa ciki har da fox mai tashi na Mauritian da duk tsuntsayen tsibiri na tsibiri: Mauritius kestrel, pigeon ruwan hoda, Parakeet Mauritius, Mauritius cuckooshrike, Mauritius bulbul, Mauritius zaitun farin-ido, Mauritius da farin launin toka . Mauritius abinci. BirdLife International ta ayyana wurin shakatawa a matsayin Mahimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye (IBA).

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Lonelyplanet.com
Kungiyar Kasuwancin Tarayyar Afirka ta tasa

**Ƙungiyar Kasuwancin Tarayyar Afirka ta ƙasa** memba ce ta Afirka ta Kudu da aka kafa a cikin 1964, wadda ta mayar da hankali kan ɗaukakar 'yan kasuwa baƙar fata a lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata . Yana da'awar kasancewa memba na dubu ɗari da yawa kuma yana sarrafa kuɗaɗen saka hannun jari.

## Fage
An kafa shi a Johannesburg a cikin 1964 don haɓaka kasuwancin baƙar fata da kasuwanci.  :77Asalinsa ya fito ne daga ƙungiyar 1955, Ƙungiyar Kasuwancin Afirka.  :77An sake fasalin ƙungiyar ƙasa a 1969 tare da rassan yanki.  :77Shugaban da ya kafa ta shi ne babban dan kasuwa marigayi Richard Maponya .  :77Fitaccen dan kasuwa, Patrice Motsepe tsohon shugaban kasa ne, inda a halin yanzu (2020) fadar shugaban ƙasa ke hannun fitaccen dan kasuwa Sabelo Macingwane wanda kuma tsohon shugaban ƙungiyar ne.

## Manufar
Ƙungiyar tana da manufofi kamar haka: 

# soke matakan nuna wariya ga bakar fata 'yan kasuwa;
# ci gaban babban birnin baki;
# taimaka kafa baƙar fata tsakiyar aji.

## Nassoshi
Fasfo na Tarayyar Afirka

**Fasfo na Tarayyar Afirka** Takardar fasfo ce ta gama-gari wacce aka tsara don maye gurbin fasfot ɗin ƙasashe membobin Tarayyar Afirka da ke ba da izini da kuma keɓe masu riƙe da duk wani biza na duk jihohi 55 na Afirka. An kaddamar da shi ne a ranar 17 ga watan Yuli, 2016, a babban taron kungiyar tarayyar Afrika karo na 27 wanda shugaban ƙasar Rwanda Paul Kagame da marigayi shugaban kasar Chadi Idriss Deby suka gudanar a birnin Kigali na kasar Ruwanda. Tun daga watan Yuni 2018, an shirya fitar da fasfo ɗin kuma a shirye don amfani da shi a kan iyakokin duniya nan da 2020,  duk da haka an jinkirta fitar da fasfo ɗin zuwa 2021.

## Nau'ukan
Akwai nau'ikan fasfo na Tarayyar Afirka guda uku da za a bayar:

Fasfo na yau da kullun

; Fasfo na hukuma/Sabis
: Ana ba da waɗannan fasfo ɗin ne ga jami'an da ke da alaƙa da cibiyoyin gwamnati waɗanda dole ne su yi balaguro a kan kasuwanci.

; Fasfo na diflomasiyya
: Bayar da jami'an diflomasiyya da na jakadanci don balaguron aiki, da masu dogaro da su.

Fasfo na wucin gad.i

## Zane
Fasfo din yana da rubuce-rubuce a cikin Larabci, Ingilishi, Faransanci, Fotigal, da Swahili.  Ana buga wakokin kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka a shafin nan da nan bayan shafin hoton.

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Manoma ta Ƙasar Aljeriya

**Ƙungiyar Manoma ta Ƙasar Aljeriya** (, **UNPA** a takaice) kungiyar manoma ce a Aljeriya. An kafa UNPA a cikin shekarar 1973 kuma Ƙungiyar  'Yanci ta Ƙasa (FLN) ta haɗa a hukumance, UNPA tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin taro na ƙasa shida na lokacin FLN.  Gwamnatin Aljeriya ta dauki matakin kafa UNPA a shekarar 1972.  UNPA tana da babban sarkakiyar kungiya, tana da kungiyoyi masu alaka da gudanarwa a matakin kananan hukumomi da yanki. 

Idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙungiyoyin jama'a na ƙasa na lokacin FLN (irin su UGTA da UNJA) UNPA ba ta da 'yancin cin gashin kanta saboda yawancin ayyukanta da aka sani tuni Ma'aikatar Noma ta karɓe su. Yawancin filayen noma sun kasance ƙasa a ƙarƙashin shugabancin Houari Boumediène. Mambobin UNPA sun kasance manoma waɗanda ko dai ba su da filaye kaɗan ko kuma ba su da tarin yawa. Tun da UNPA ba ta da wani gado na ayyukan ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kafin kafuwarta da kuma shigar da ita cikin tsarin siyasar babbar jam'iyyar siyasa, UNPA ba ta da fa'ida a siyasance, ba ta da haɗin kai, da rashin tasiri fiye da wasu ƙungiyoyin jama'a na Aljeriya na zamani.

A cikin watan Afrilu 1978, UNPA ta gudanar da taron kasa, gabanin taron jam'iyyar FLN. An gudanar da taron UNPA na uku a watan Janairun 1982.

A karkashin shugabancin Chadli Bendjedid, an yi yunkurin mallakar filaye kuma an watse mallakar wani babban yanki na filaye da aka ware. Wasu sassa sun balle daga UNPA, kuma suka kafa nasu ƙungiyoyi bayan 1988. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin sun gabatar da buƙatu na gama tattara bayanai. UNPA, a madadinta, ta ɗauki ra'ayi mara kyau game da mallakar filaye. A cikin shekarar 1995 ta goyi bayan sa hannun jari, amma wannan manufar ta koma baya. Tun daga shekarar 2004, UNPA ta goyi bayan hayar da kuma rangwame na filayen jiha, amma ba sabbin nau'ikan mallakar mallaka ba.

## Manazarta
Jerin kamfanonin Angola

Angola kasa ce a Kudancin Afirka kuma ta bakwai mafi girma a nahiyar.

Angola tana da dimbin ma'adinai da albarkatun man fetur, kuma tattalin arzikinta na daga cikin kasashe mafi saurin bunkasa a duniya, musamman tun bayan kawo karshen yakin basasa. Duk da haka, yanayin rayuwa ya ragu ga mafi yawan jama'a, kuma tsawon rai da mutuwar jarirai a Angola na cikin mafi muni a duniya.  Ci gaban tattalin arzikin Angola bai yi daidai ba, inda akasarin arzikin al'ummar kasar ya ta'allaka ne a cikin karamin yanki na al'ummar kasar. 

## Fitattun kamfanoni
Wannan jeri ya haɗa da fitattun kamfanoni masu babban hedikwata dake cikin ƙasar. Masana'antu da kuma sashin suna bin tsarin Taxonomy na Rarraba Masana'antu. Ƙungiyoyin da suka daina aiki an haɗa su kuma an lura da su a matsayin sun lalace.

## Duba kuma

* Sadarwa a Angola

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Portal das Empresas do Governo (Gidan Kamfanoni)
* Rukunin Kasuwancin Amurka-Angola
Kungiyar Ma'aikatan Abinci ta Aikin Gona da Allied Democratic Workers Union

**Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Abinci ta Aikin Gona da Allied Democratic Workers Union** ( **AFADWU** ) ƙungiya ce ta kasuwanci da ke wakiltar ma'aikatan sarrafa abinci a Afirka ta Kudu.

An kafa ƙungiyar ne a shekara ta 2016 bayan korar sojojin shugabannin ma'aikata, masu kula da shaguna da jami'an kungiyar ma'aikatan abinci da hadin gwiwar FAWU.  FAWU ta kuma yi watsi da Ƙungiyar Congress of African Trade Unions (COSATU). 

AFADWU ƙungiya ce ta ma'aikata wadda babbar manufarta ita ce dai-daita dangantaka tsakanin ma'aikata da masu ɗaukan ma'aikata, gami da kowace ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata. A ranar 17 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 2018, AFADWU ta sami rajista bisa doka da Sashen Aiki da Kwadago  dangane da Dokar Hulda da Ma’aikata mai lamba 66 ta shekarar 1995 kamar yadda aka yi wa gyara.

A cikin shekarar 2018, an karɓi AFADWU a matsayin haɗin gwiwa na kungiyar COSATU. 

## Jagoranci

### 2020 (Ma'aikata na Yanzu)

#### Masu rike da mukamai na kasa na yanzu

#### Sakatarorin Lardi na Yanzu
Gabashin Cape: Victor Mbaza | free state: Thulani Klass | Gauteng: Lucas Mbambo | KwaZulu-Natal: Mtokhona Ngcobo | Limpopo: Jan Maifala | Mpumalanga: Elias Mgwenya | Western Cape: Michael Helu 

### 2018 (Ma'aikatan da suka gabata)

#### Masu rike da mukamai na kasa a baya

## Campaigns
Buy Local Campaign

AFADWU, FairPlay Movement, Proudly African South da sauran kungiyoyin kwadago sun kaddamar da wani gangami na inganta cin kajin gida.  

## Manazarta
Jerin kamfanonin Benin

Benin kasa ce a yammacin Afirka. Tana iyaka da kasar Togo a yamma, Najeriya a gabas, da kasar Burkina Faso da Nijar a arewa. Yawancin jama'ar ta suna zaune ne a ƙaramin bakin tekun kudancinta akan Bight of Benin, wani yanki na Gulf of Guinea a yankin arewa mafi zafi na Tekun Atlantika.  Babban birnin Benin Porto-Novo ne, amma kujerar gwamnati tana Cotonou, birni mafi girma kuma babban birnin tattalin arzikin ƙasar. Kasar Benin tana da faɗin ƙasa murabba'in kilomita 114,763  kuma an kiyasta yawanta a shekarar 2015 ya kai kusan miliyan 10.88.  Kasar Benin kasa ce mai zafi, kasa ce dake kudu da hamadar sahara, ta dogara sosai kan noma, tana da dimbin ayyukan yi da samun kudin shiga daga noman noma. 

## Fitattun kamfanoni
Wannan jeri ya haɗa da fitattun kamfanoni masu babban hedikwata dake cikin ƙasar. Masana'antu da sashin suna bin tsarin Taxonomy na Rarraba Masana'antu. Ƙungiyoyin da suka daina aiki an haɗa su kuma an lura da su a matsayin sun lalace.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin kamfanonin jiragen sama na Benin
* Jerin bankunan da ke Benin

## Manazarta
Jerin kamfanonin Botswana

Botswana kasa ce da ba ta da kasa a Kudancin Afirka. Kasa mai matsakaicin girman mutane sama da miliyan 2, Botswana tana daya daga cikin kasashen da ba su da yawa a duniya. Kusan kashi 10 cikin 100 na yawan jama'a suna zaune ne a babban birni kuma mafi girma, Gaborone. Tsohuwar ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi talauci a duniya-wanda ke da GDP na kowane mutum kusan dalar Amurka 70 a kowace shekara a ƙarshen shekarun 1960—Botswana tun daga nan ta rikiɗe zuwa ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu saurin bunƙasa tattalin arziki a duniya. Tattalin arzikin ya mamaye ma'adinai, shanu, da yawon shakatawa. Botswana tana alfahari da GDP (daidaitan ikon siyan) kowane mutum kusan $18,825 a kowace shekara , wanda yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma a Afirka.  Babban yawan kuɗin shiga na ƙasa (ta wasu ƙididdiga na huɗu mafi girma a Afirka) yana ba ƙasar matsakaicin matsayin rayuwa da mafi girman ƙimar ci gaban ɗan adam na Nahiyar Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara. 

## Fitattun kamfanoni
Wannan jeri ya haɗa da fitattun kamfanoni masu babban hedikwata dake cikin ƙasar. Masana'antu da sashin suna bin tsarin Taxonomy na Rarraba Masana'antu. Ƙungiyoyin da suka daina aiki an haɗa su kuma an lura da su a matsayin sun lalace.

## Duba kuma

* Tattalin arzikin Botswana
* Jerin kamfanoni a Gaborone
* Jerin batutuwan da suka shafi Botswana

## Manazarta
Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya

**Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Afirka** ( **UNECA** ko **ECA**; ,  CEA) an kafa ta ne a cikin shekarar 1958, ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya Tattalin Arziƙi da Zamantakewa don ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziƙi tsakanin ƙasashe membobinta (al'ummomin nahiyar Afirka)  biyo bayan shawarar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. 

Tana ɗaya daga cikin kwamitocin yanki guda biyar.

ECA na da kasashe membobi 54, daidai da kasashe 54, na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke cikin nahiyar Afirka ko kuma cikin tekuna da ke kusa da nahiyar.

## Shirin.
An tsara aikin hukumar zuwa sassan shirye-shirye guda bakwai:

* Cibiyar Kididdiga ta Afirka.
* Manufar Macroeconomic.
* Manufar ci gaban zamantakewa.
* Innovation da Fasaha.
* Haɗin kai na yanki da Kasuwanci.
* Ci gaban iyawa.

## Wurare.

* Addis Ababa, Habasha (Hedikwata, Afirka Hall, opened 1961) 
* Yaoundé, Kamaru (hedkwatar reshen Afirka ta Tsakiya)
* Kigali, Rwanda (hedkwatar yankin Gabashin Afirka)
* Rabat, Maroko (helkwatar yankin Arewacin Afirka)
* Lusaka, Zambia (Hedkwatar yankin Kudancin Afirka)
* Yamai, Niger (helkwatar yankin yammacin Afirka)

## Kasashe da membobi.

## Sakatarorin Zartarwa.

## ManazartaManazarta.
Bankin Botswana

**Bankin Botswana** (**BoB**; Tswana) shi ne babban bankin kasar Botswana.

Lokacin da Botswana ta sami 'yancin kai daga Biritaniya a shekarar 1966, ƙasar tana cikin yankin Rand Monetary Area (RMA).  A cikin shekarar 1974 Botswana ta fice daga RMA, kuma Bankin Botswana da Ayyukan Cibiyoyin Kuɗi sun kafa tsarin doka don babban banki a Botswana da za a kafa a cikin watan Yuli 1975, tare da Christopher HL Hermans a matsayin Gwamna na farko.  An kaddamar da pula a matsayin kudin kasa a shekarar 1976, kuma a shekarar 1977 Bankin Botswana ya zama ma'aikacin banki na gwamnati. 

Bankin yana kula da asusun arziƙi na Botswana, Asusun Pula.

## Tarihi

## Gwamnonin Bankin Botswana

* Yuli 1975-1978: Christopher HL Hermans  
* Janairu 1978-1980: Brenton C. Leavitt 
* Nuwamba 1980-1981: Festus Mogae 
* Janairu 1981-Yuni 1987: Charles Nyonyintono Kikonyogo 
* Yuli 1987-1997: Christopher HL Hermans 
* Yuli 1997-Satumba 1999: Baledzi Gaolathe 
* Oktoba 1999-2016: Linah Mohohlo 
* 21 Oktoba 2016-yanzu: Moses Pelaelo 

## Duba kuma

* Babban bankuna da kudaden Afirka
* Tattalin arzikin Botswana
* Ministan Kudi (Botswana)
* Jerin manyan bankunan tsakiya

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Bank of Botswana official site
Jerin kamfanonin Burkina Faso

Burkina Faso, wacce kuma aka fi sani da sunan gajeriyar suna Burkina, kasa ce marar iyaka a Afirka ta Yamma, kimanin  in size. Burkina Faso wata bangare ce ta kungiyar hada-hadar kudi da tattalin arziki ta yammacin Afirka (UMEOA) don haka ta karbi kudin CFA, wanda babban bankin kasashen yammacin Afirka (BCEAO) ke bayarwa, dake Dakar, Senegal. Akwai ma'adinai na jan karfe, baƙin ƙarfe, manganese, zinariya, cassiterite (kullin tama), da phosphates. 

## Fitattun kamfanoni
Wannan jeri ya haɗa da fitattun kamfanoni masu manyan hedikwata dake cikin ƙasar. Masana'antu da sashin suna bin tsarin Taxonomy na Rarraba Masana'antu. Ƙungiyoyin da suka daina aiki an haɗa su kuma an lura da su a matsayin sun lalace.

## Duba kuma

* Tattalin Arzikin Burkina Faso
* Kungiyoyin kwadago a Burkina Faso
* Jerin kamfanonin jiragen sama na Burkina Faso
* Jerin bankuna a Burkina Faso

## Manazarta
Jerin kamfanoni na Burundi

Burundi, a hukumance Jamhuriyar Burundi, kasa ce  a yankin manyan tabkuna na Afirka a kudu maso gabashin Afirka, tana iyaka da Rwanda daga arewa, Tanzaniya a gabas da kudu da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo daga yamma. Babban masana'antu na Burundi shi ne noma, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 30% na GDP.  Noma na rayuwa shine kashi 90% na noma.  Babban tushen samun kudaden shiga a kasar shine kofi, wanda shine kashi 93% na kayayyakin da Burundi ke fitarwa.  Burundi na daya daga cikin kasashen da suka fi talauci a duniya, saboda wani bangare na yanayin kasa,  rashin tsarin shari'a, rashin 'yancin tattalin arziki, rashin samun ilimi, da yaduwar cutar HIV/AIDS. Kimanin kashi 80% na al'ummar Burundi na fama da talauci. 

## Fitattun kamfanoni
Wannan jeri ya haɗa da fitattun kamfanoni masu babban hedikwata dake cikin ƙasar. Masana'antu da sashin suna bin tsarin Taxonomy na Rarraba Masana'antu. Ƙungiyoyin da suka daina aiki an haɗa su kuma an lura da su a matsayin sun lalace.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin bankuna a Burundi

## Manazarta
Kamaru Development Corporation

**Hukumar Development Cooperation ta Kamaru** (CDC), wacce aka fi sani da Commonwealth Development Cooperation, tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu fitar da kayayyaki da ma'aikata na Kamaru. An kafa kamfanin ne a shekara ta 1947, da nufin bunkasa da gudanar da noman amfanin gona na wurare masu zafi a kasar. CDC, kamfani ne na kasuwancin noma kuma manyan ofisoshin ta suna cikin Bota, Limbe. Manyan kayayyakin ta sun hada da roba, dabino mai, ayaba, kwakwa, shayi, da sauransu.

CDC ita ce mafi girman ma'aikata a Kamaru kuma ta taimaka wa 'yan Kamarun da kuma kasar ta hanyar al'adu. Yawancin ma'aikata na farko a Kamaru sun yi aikin gonakinta. Daga albashin da ake samu a kan wadannan gonaki, miliyoyin 'yan Kamaru sun sami ilimi kan gurbatar yanayin shugabanci.

CDC tana aiki ne a rukuni, tare da kowace ƙungiya tana sarrafa amfanin gonar ta. Misali Hukumar Kula da Dabino tana kula da dashen dabino, da girma, da girbin dabino da kuma samar da dabino don fitar da su da kuma amfani da su cikin gida.

Ma'aikata suna aiki a matakai 3: Babban sabis, sabis na tsakiya da Leburori.

A shekarar 2019, sakamakon rikicin makami a yankin Arewa maso Yamma da kuma Kudu maso Yamma na kasar Kamaru, ya yanke rabin ayyukanta 22,000.  A karshen shekarar 2016, gonakinta ya kai hekta 38,537, wadanda suka hada da hekta 20,695, a cikin itatuwan roba (Rubber), hekta 13,945, a cikin bishiyar dabino, hekta 3,897,a gonakin ayaba. 

## Manazarta.


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Kamaru Development Corporation
Jerin kamfanonin Kamaru

Kamaru kasa ce a Afirka ta Tsakiya. GDP na kowane ɗan ƙasa na Kamaru (Purchasing power parity) an kiyasta ya kai dalar Amurka 2,300 a cikin shekarar 2008,  tana ɗaya daga cikin kasashe goma mafi girma a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara.  Manyan kasuwannin fitar da kayayyaki sun hada da Faransa, Italiya, Koriya ta Kudu, Spain, da Ingila.  Kamaru na shirin zama kasa mai tasowa nan da shekarar 2035.

Kasar Kamaru tana da karfin tattalin arziki na tsawon shekaru goma, tare da karuwar GDP a matsakaicin kashi 4% a kowace shekara. A cikin shekarun 2004-2008, an rage bashin jama'a daga sama da 60% na GDP zuwa kashi 10% kuma asusun ajiyar hukuma ya ninka zuwa sama da dalar Amurka 3.&nbsp;biliyan.  Kamaru wata bangare ce ta Bankin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya (wanda ita ce ke da karfin tattalin arziki),  Kungiyar Kwastam da Tattalin Arziki ta Afirka ta Tsakiya (UDEAC) da kuma kungiyar daidaita dokar kasuwanci a Afirka (OHADA).  Kudinta shine CFA franc. 

## Fitattun kamfanoni
Wannan jeri ya haɗa da fitattun kamfanoni masu manyan hedikwata dake cikin ƙasar. Masana'antu da sashin suna bin tsarin Taxonomy na Rarraba Masana'antu. Ƙungiyoyin da suka daina aiki an haɗa su kuma an lura da su a matsayin sun lalace.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin kamfanonin jiragen sama na Kamaru
* Jerin bankuna a Kamaru

## Manazarta
Jerin kamfanonin Cape Verde

Cape Verde, a hukumance **Jamhuriyar Cabo Verde**,  ƙasa ce ta tsibiri da ke kewaye da tsibiran  volcanic guda 10 a tsakiyar Tekun Atlantika. Wuri ne mai nisan  kusa da gabar tekun Afirka ta Yamma, tsibiran sun mamaye yanki mai faɗin  .

Yawancin GDP na ƙasar sun fito ne daga masana'antar sabis. Tattalin arzikin Cape Verde yana ci gaba da habaka tun daga karshen shekarun 1990, kuma a hukumance ana daukarta a matsayin kasa mai matsakaicin ci gaba, kasancewar kasa ta biyu da ta samu irin wannan sauyi, bayan Botswana a shekarar 1994. Cape Verde tana da babban haɗin gwiwa tare da Portugal a kowane matakin tattalin arziki, wanda ya sa ta haɗa kuɗinta (Cape Verdean escudo ) da farko zuwa escudo na Portuguese kuma, a cikin shekarar 1999, zuwa Yuro.

## Fitattun kamfanoni
Wannan jeri ya haɗa da fitattun kamfanoni masu manyan hedikwata dake cikin ƙasar. Masana'antu da sashin suna bin tsarin Taxonomy na Rarraba Masana'antu. Ƙungiyoyin da suka daina aiki an haɗa su kuma an lura da su a matsayin sun lalace.

*SA* (*Sociedade Anónima* ) yayi daidai da *Ltd*. Yawancin waɗannan kamfanoni suna kasuwanci a Bolsa de Valores de Cabo Verde (BVC).

## Manazarta
Jerin kamfanonin Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya

Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya ƙasa ce da ba ta da landlocked a Afirka ta Tsakiya. Duk da ma'adinan ma'adinai masu mahimmanci da sauran albarkatu, kamar ajiyar uranium, danyen mai, zinariya, lu'u-lu'u, cobalt, katako, da wutar lantarki,  da kuma yawan filayen noma, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya na cikin kasashe goma mafi talauci. a duniya. A shekarar 2014, bisa ga kididdigar ci gaban bil Adama (HDI), kasar ta kasance kasa ta biyu mafi karancin ci gaban bil'adama, inda ta kasance ta 187 a cikin kasashe 188. 

## Fitattun kamfanoni
Wannan jeri ya haɗa da fitattun kamfanoni masu babban hedikwata dake cikin ƙasar. Masana'antu da sashin suna bin tsarin Taxonomy na Rarraba Masana'antu. Ƙungiyoyin da suka daina aiki an haɗa su kuma an lura da su a matsayin sun lalace.

## Duba kuma

* Tattalin arzikin Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya

## Manazarta
Correios de Cabo Verde

**Correios de Cabo Verde** (lit. Post of Cape Verde&#x27; ) kamfani ne da ke da alhakin sabis na gidan waya a Cape Verde. Hedkwatar kamfanin yana tsakiyar birnin Praia, a Rua Cesário Lacerda, nº 2. 

## Tarihi
A lokacin mulkin Portuguese a Cape Verde wanda ya kasance har zuwa shekarar 1975, Correios de Portugal (Portuguese Post) ya yi duk ayyukan gidan waya. An buɗe ofishin gidan waya na farko a Praia a cikin shekarar 1849.  Karkashin doka no. 9-A/95 da aka yi a ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairu 1995, kamfanin jama'a na posts da sadarwa (Empresa Pública dos Correios e Telecomunicaçöes, (CTT-EP) ya kasu kashi biyu: Correios de Cabo Verde (sabis na gidan waya) da Cabo Verde Telecom (labaran sadarwa).  Dukansu sun zama al'ummomin da ba a san su ba tare da iyakacin alhaki. 

## Sunaye da lambobi
Fiye da kashi 90% na hanyoyin Cape Verde ba su da sunaye.  Don haka, yawancin mutane suna amfani da akwatunan gidan waya. Don ba da damar bayarwa a gida, tsarin Buɗaɗɗen Wuri da Google ya ƙirƙira ya sami karbuwa a hukumance ta hanyar gidan waya na Cape Verde, gami da tsarin da ke kan gidan yanar gizon su don danganta wurin gida a hukumance tare da bayanan sirri a ofishin gidan waya. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin lambobin gidan waya a Cape Verde

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* correios.cv Yanar Gizo na hukuma
Bankin Jamhuriyar Burundi

**Bankin Jamhuriyar Burundi** (Kirundi, ; **BRB**) babban bankin kasar Burundi ne. An kafa bankin a shekarar 1966 kuma ofisoshinsa suna Bujumbura.

Bankin yana aiki don haɓaka manufofin haɗa kuɗin kuɗaɗe kuma memba ne na Alliance for Financial Inclusion. Har ila yau, yana ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin gudanarwa na 17 na asali don yin takamaiman alkawurran kasa don hada-hadar kuɗi a ƙarƙashin sanarwar Maya  yayin taron a shekarar  2011 Global Policy Forum da aka gudanar a Mexico.

Gwamnan na yanzu shine Jean Ciza. 

## Tarihi
Babban bankin ya samo asali mataki-mataki:

* Royal Decree ta 27 ga watan Yuli 1887 ta kafa franc a matsayin kuɗin asusun ƙasar Kongo mai zaman kanta, kuma Burundi ta haɗa da ita.
* Yarjejeniyar Heligoland ta 1890 ta sanya Ruwanda da Burundi cikin tasirin Jamus a Afirka; Rupi na Gabashin Afirka na Jamus shine kudin hukuma; Ana ci gaba da zagayawa cikin franc na Faransa duk da haka.
* Sakamakon abin da Belgium ta yi, Kongo ta Belgian ta zama memba na Ƙungiyar Lamuni ta Latin a shekarar 1908.
* An kafa bankin Belgian Kongo a cikin shekarar 1909.
* Bankin Kongo na Belgian ya fitar da takardun banki na farko a cikin shekarar 1912.
* Ruwanda da Burundi sun hade da yankin Franc Franc na Congo bayan da Jamus ta sha kashi a yakin duniya na daya; 1927
* Mulkin mallaka na Kongo Belgian da Bankin Kongo na Belgian sun haifar da sabuwar dangantaka; 1927-1952
** Zamanin yakin duniya na biyu: shiga na wucin gadi na Bankin Ingila ; Farashin Congo Franc a London.
* Belgian Kongo da Babban Bankin Ruanda-Urundi (BCCBRU) 1952-1960
* Banque d'Emission du Rwanda et du Burundi (BERB) / (Bankin Ruwanda da Burundi)-1960-1964
* Banque du Royaume du Burund (BRB) / Royal Bank of Burundi da Banque Nationale du Rwanda (BNR) sun buɗe a 1964.
* Banque de la République du Burundi (BRB) ya buɗe a shekarar 1966.

## Gwamnoni

* Bonaventure Kidwingira, 1967-1977
* Elisee Ntahonikora, 1977-1980
* Aloys Ntahonkiriye, 1980-1986
* Isaac Budabuda, 1987-1992 
* Mathias Sinamenye, 1992-1998
* Grégoire Banyiyezako, 1998-2003
* Salvator Toyi, 2003-2006
* Gabriel Ntisezerana, 2006-2007
* Isaac Bizimana, 2007
* Gaspard Sindayigaya, 2007–2012
* Jean Ciza, 2012-

## Duba kuma

* Burundi Franc
* Babban bankuna da kudaden Afirka
* Tattalin arzikin Burundi
* Jerin manyan bankunan tsakiya

## Manazarta


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*  Banque de la République du Burundi
Ƙungiyar ma'aikatan Bankin Raya Ƙasa ta Botswana

**Ƙungiyar ma'aikatan Bankin Raya Ƙasa ta Botswana** (BNDBU) ƙungiyar ƙwadago ce ta ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta Botswana a Botswana .

## Nassoshi
*
*
Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Cibiyar Alurar rigakafin Botswana

**Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Cibiyar Alurar riga kafi ta Botswana** (BVSU) ƙungiyar ƙwadago ce ta ƙungiyar ƙan kasuwa ta Botswana a Botswana. Tun daga farkon ƙasƙantar da shi a cikin 1978, BVI na yau kamfani ne wanda ya girma cikin tsalle-tsalle amma bai yi nisa ba daga manufofin kafa dabarun sa na farko domin tabbatar da cewa cinikin naman sa a Botswana ya ci gaba (har yanzu ana fitar da naman Botswana zuwa Tarayyar Turai). ) ta hanyar kula da dabarun magance cututtukan dabbobi masu wucewa da kuma cututtukan da ke damun lafiyar jama'a. Ta hanyar bin ƙa'idojin allurar rigakafi na ƙasa da ƙasa (OIE), samun ingantaccen tsarin gudanarwa mai inganci da tsarin kula da abokin ciniki a yau ana fitar da kashi biyu bisa uku na dukkan allurar rigakafin da aka samar a BVI kowace shekara zuwa ƙasashe sama da 15 na Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Yawancin waɗannan ƙasashe sun kasance suna amfani da allurar BVI don shirye-shiryen magance cututtuka na shekara-shekara na ƙasa shekaru da yawa. BVI a yau yana da faɗaɗa umarni wanda yanzu ya sa ta zama ɗan wasa na ƙasa, yanki da na duniya waɗanda ke ba da ɗorewa lafiyar lafiyar dabbobi. BVI na alfahari da kasancewa jagorar yaki da buda baki a Afirka ta hanyar kare cututukan dabbobi wadanda shekaru da yawa ke kawo cikas ga ci gaban wannan fanni. https://bvi-bw.com/about-us/ 

## Nassoshi
Enerca

Energie Centrafricaine wanda kuma aka fi sani da **Enerca** shine babban kamfanin samar da makamashi na Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya. An kafa kamfanin ne a shekarar 1963 kuma shi ne kamfani na farko a kasar da ke gudanar da ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki, watsawa da rarraba wutar lantarki.  Kamfanin mallakin gwamnati ne a karkashin ma’aikatar bunkasa makamashi da albarkatun ruwa. 

Enerca yana aiki da tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu a Boali da tashar wutar lantarkin diesel a Bangui. Babban cibiyar amfani da wutar lantarki shine babban birnin kasar Bangui. Layukan isar da wutar lantarki masu ƙarfi sun haɗu da yankin ruwan kogin Mbali na Boali zuwa babban birnin ƙasar. A wajen babban birnin kasar, ana amfani da injinan dizal wajen samar da wuta.  Kamfanin dai ya kasance yana neman saka hannun jarin kasashen waje daga bankin duniya da hukumomin raya kasashe daban-daban na Turai domin inganta ababen more rayuwa na tsufa. 

## Ayyuka
Jimillar karfin da aka girka na kamfanin ya kai kusan MW 28 wanda megawatt 18 kawai ke aiki.  Saboda rashin kulawa, tsadar aiki, hasara mai yawa da kuma rashin tara lissafin kuɗi, ENERCA ta yi ƙoƙari don tara jari don kula da abubuwan more rayuwa. Adadin lissafin  yana tsaye a 60% kuma farashin dawo da samarwa yana kan 55%.

Kamfanin yana da shigar kasuwa kashi 18% a Bangui da kashi 4% a duk fadin kasar. Kamar yadda na shekarar 2016, kamfanin yana da kusan abokan ciniki 30,000 masu aiki.  Rashin ingancin sabis ya tilasta masu amfani da ko dai yin amfani da na'urorin janareta na diesel ko tsarin hasken rana don bukatunsu na wutar lantarki.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Shafin Enerca a cikin Annuaires Afrique, littafin wayar Afirka
* Binciken ESI na Ƙarfin Ruwa na CAR
Jerin Tashoshin Wutar Lantarki A Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya

Shafi na gaba ya jero dukkanin **tashoshin wutar lantarki a [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]]**.

## Wutar lantarki

## Thermal

## Solar

## Duba kuma

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Afirka
* Jerin manyan tashoshin wutar lantarki a duniya
* Makamashi a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya

## Manazarta
Jerin kamfanonin kasar Chadi

Chadi kasa ce da landlocked  a Afirka ta Tsakiya. Kudin Chadi shine CFA franc. A cikin shekarar 1960s, masana'antar ma'adinai ta Chadi ta samar da sodium carbonate, ko natron. Haka kuma an sami rahotanni na quartz mai ɗauke da zinari a cikin yankin Biltine. Duk da haka, yakin basasa na shekaru ya tsoratar da masu zuba jari na kasashen waje; Wadanda suka bar kasar Chadi tsakanin shekarun 1979 zuwa 1982 ne kawai suka fara samun kwarin gwiwa kan makomar kasar. A shekara ta 2000 an fara manyan saka hannun jarin kasashen waje kai tsaye a fannin mai, wanda ya kara habaka tattalin arzikin kasar.   

## Fitattun kamfanoni
Wannan jeri ya haɗa da fitattun kamfanoni masu manyan hedikwata dake cikin ƙasar. Masana'antu da sashin suna bin tsarin Taxonomy na Rarraba Masana'antu. Ƙungiyoyin da suka daina aiki an haɗa su kuma an lura da su a matsayin sun lalace.

## Duba kuma

* Tattalin arzikin Chadi

## Manazarta
Jerin Kamfanonin Ƙasar Comoros

Comoros, a hukumance Ƙungiyar Comoros, ƙasa ce ta  tsibiri mai cikakkiyar ikon  a cikin Tekun Indiya, wacce ke arewacin ƙarshen tashar Mozambique kusa da gabar da tekun gabashin Afirka, tsakanin arewa maso gabashin Mozambique da arewa maso yammacin Madagascar. Noma, da suka hada da kamun kifi, farauta, da gandun daji, sune kan gaba a fannin tattalin arziki. Tana ba da gudummawar kashi 40% ga GDP, yana ɗaukar kashi 80% na ma'aikata, kuma yana ba da mafi yawan abubuwan da ake fitarwa zuwa waje. Kasar ba ta da kanta wajen samar da abinci; shinkafa, babban kayan abinci, lissafin yawancin kayan da ake shigo da su. Comoros na daya daga cikin kasashe mafi talauci a duniya. Haɓaka tattalin arziƙi da rage talauci sune manyan abubuwan da gwamnati ta sa gaba.

## Fitattun kamfanoni
Wannan jeri ya haɗa da fitattun kamfanoni masu manyan hedikwatoti dake cikin ƙasar. Masana'antu da sashin suna bin tsarin Taxonomy na Rarraba Masana'antu. Ƙungiyoyin da suka daina aiki an haɗa su kuma an lura da su a matsayin sun lalace.

## Duba kuma

* Tattalin Arziki na Comoros
* Jerin kamfanonin jiragen sama na Comoros
* Jerin bankuna a cikin Comoros

## Manazarta
Jerin Sunayen Kamfanoni na Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo

Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo kasa ce da ke yankin manyan tabkuna na Afirka a tsakiyar Afirka. Ita ce kasa ta biyu mafi girma a Afirka ta yanki kuma ta goma sha ɗaya mafi girma a duniya. Tana kuma da yawan jama'a sama da miliyan 75,  Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kwango ita ce kasa ta goma sha tara mafi yawan jama'a a duniya, kasa ta hudu mafi yawan jama'a a Afirka, haka kuma ita ce kasar da ta fi yawan jama'a a hukumance ta Faransa.

Kasar da ba ta da yawan jama'a dangane da yankinta, kasar na da dimbin albarkatun kasa da ma'adanai, an kiyasta yawan ma'adinan da ba a yi amfani da su ba ya kai dalar Amurka tiriliyan 24, duk da haka tattalin arzikin Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kongo ta ragu sosai tun tsakiyar shekarun 1980. A lokacin da ta samu 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960, Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango ita ce kasa ta biyu mafi arzikin masana'antu a Afirka bayan Afirka ta Kudu; ta yi alfahari da fannin hakar ma'adinai mai bunkasuwa kuma bangaren noma ya yi matukar amfani.  Tun daga wannan lokacin, duk da haka, cin hanci da rashawa, yaki da rashin zaman lafiya na siyasa sun kasance mummunar illa ga ci gaban ci gaba, a yau ya bar DRC da mafi ƙarancin GDP a duniya.

## Fitattun kamfanoni
Wannan jeri ya haɗa da fitattun kamfanoni masu manyan hedikwata dake cikin ƙasar. Masana'antu da sashin suna bin tsarin Taxonomy na Rarraba Masana'antu. Ƙungiyoyin da suka daina aiki an haɗa su kuma an lura da su a matsayin sun lalace.

## Duba kuma

* Tattalin Arzikin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo
* Jerin kamfanonin jiragen sama na Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo
* Jerin bankuna a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo
* Masana'antar hakar ma'adinai na Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*
Jerin Bankuna A Jamhuriyyar Demokradiyyar Kongo

Waɗannan sune **jerin [[Banki|bankunan]] kasuwanci  a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]]**, har zuwa ranar 31 ga watan Maris 2020. 

## Bankuna

# Equity Banque Commerciale du Congo (Equity BCDC): Mafi yawan mallakar Equity Group Holdings Limited 
# Bankin Duniya na Afirka a Kongo (French: "Banque Internationale pour l'Afrique au Kongo") (BIAC)
# FBN Bank DRC SA, reshen First Bank of Nigeria.
# Citibank, tun 1971
# Standard Bank Congo
# Rawbank
# Ecobank RDC
# Amintaccen Bankin Kasuwanci
# Afriland First Bank
# Access Bank DRC
# Solidaire Banque SA
# SofiBanque
# Advans Banque Kongo
# RDC Bank of Africa
# United Bank for Africa Congo DRC
# BGFIBank DRC
# CRDB Bank DR Congo SA (Mafi rinjaye mallakar CRDB Bank Group of Tanzania)  

## Bankunan Defunct

# Bankin Ciniki na Afirka (ATB)
# Bankin Amincewa da Zinare (Bancor)
# Bankin Kasuwancin Kongo A Waje (BCCE)
# Bankin Continental na Congo (BanCoC)
# Bankin Ciniki da Raya Kasa (BCD)
# Bank of Crédit Agricole (BCA)
# Compagnie Banciare de Commerce et de Credit (COBAC)
# First Bank Congo Corporation (FBC)
# New Bank of Kinshasa (NBK)
# Ryad Bank (RB)
# Ƙungiyar Bankunan Kongo (UBC)
# Bankin Continental in Zaire (BACAZ)
# Bankin Kongo (BC)
# Mining Bank of Congo
# La Cruche Banque

## Duba kuma

* Babban Bankin Kongo
* Jerin bankunan Afirka
* Jerin kamfanoni masu tushe a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Yanar Gizo na Babban Bankin Kongo (Faransa)
Jerin Kamfanoni Na Jamhuriyar Kongo

Jamhuriyar Kongo ƙasa ce da ke a Afirka ta Tsakiya. Tana da iyaka da Gabon, Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kwango da kuma Cabinda na Angolan. A farkon shekarun 1980, hauhawar kudaden shigar man fetur cikin sauri ya baiwa gwamnati damar samar da kudaden gudanar da manyan ayyukan raya kasa tare da karuwar GDP da ya kai kashi 5% a duk shekara, daya daga cikin mafi girma a Afirka. Gwamnati ta jinginar da wani kaso mai tsoka na arzikin man fetur, wanda ya haifar da karancin kudaden shiga. Rage darajar yankin Franc na ranar 12 ga watan Janairu, 1994 da kashi 50% ya haifar da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da kashi 46 cikin 100 a shekarar 1994, amma hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ya ragu tun daga lokacin. 

## Fitattun kamfanoni
Wannan jeri ya haɗa da fitattun kamfanoni masu manyan hedikwata dake cikin ƙasar. Masana'antu da sashin suna bin tsarin Taxonomy na Rarraba Masana'antu. Ƙungiyoyin da suka daina aiki an haɗa su kuma an lura da su a matsayin sun lalace.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin kamfanonin jiragen sama na Jamhuriyar Kongo
* Jerin bankuna a Jamhuriyar Kongo
* Jerin sarkokin manyan kantuna a Jamhuriyar Kongo 

## Manazarta