open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ojoto

**Ojoto**   wani gari ne a yankin Idemili ta Kudu ta Jihar Anambra, Najeriya . Yana aiki a matsayin hedkwatar LGA kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa ta gudanarwa da al'adu a yankin. An san Ojoto da cibiyoyin gargajiya, ayyukan noma, ci gaban al'umma, da kuma karuwar ƙauyuka.

## Canjin yanayi
Kamar al'ummomi da yawa a kudu maso gabas Najeriya, Ojoto yana fuskantar tasirin canjin yanayi, musamman a cikin yanayin ruwan sama. Mazauna sun bayar da rahoton:

Ƙarin ruwan sama mara kyau, gami da ruwan sama mai tsanani na kwatsam, Ƙarin zafi a lokacin rani, lokutan rigar da suka fi tsayi da kuma gajeren lokutan bushewa.

Wadannan canje-canje sun rinjayi jadawalin noma, tsarin ruwa, da kuma tsara al'umma. Hukumomin jihohi da na gida galibi suna inganta matakan daidaita yanayin yanayi kamar ingantaccen kula da magudanar ruwa da kamfen ɗin wayar da kan jama'a game da muhalli.

## Ambaliyar ruwa a Ojoto
Ojoto da sauran sassan Idemili South LGA suna mai rauni ga ambaliyar yanayi, musamman a lokacin ruwan sama mai tsanani. Abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa sun haɗa da: Hadari mai tsanani da ke da alaƙa da canjin yanayi, toshewa ko tashoshin magudanar ruwa mara kyau, Runoff daga tsaunuka masu kewaye.

Ambaliyar ruwa a wasu lokuta tana lalata sufuri, tana shafar gidaje a yankunan da ke ƙasa, kuma tana lalata gonaki. Gwamnatin Jihar Anambra ta aiwatar da zubar da ruwa, ayyukan kula da rushewa, da kuma kamfen ɗin gargadi na farko don rage haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa.

## Mutane da Aiki
Manyan Ayyuka sun haɗa da Aikin Gona, kasuwanci da kasuwanci, ƙwarewar aiki, sabis na sufuri, sabis na jama'a. Kusa da Ojoto ga manyan garuruwa kamar Onitsha da Nnewi yana tallafawa ci gaban tattalin arziki da motsi.

## Manazarta
Nadahup languages

**Harsunan Nadahup**, wanda aka fi sani da **Makú** (Macú) ko *Vaupés-Japurá*, sun samar da ƙaramin iyali a Brazil, Colombia, da Venezuela. Sunan *Makú* yana da banƙyama, an samo shi ne daga kalmar Arawak wanda ke nufin "ba tare da magana ba". Nadahup shine acronym na harsuna masu mahimmanci.

Bai kamata a rikita dangin Nadahup da wasu harsuna da yawa da ake kira *Makú* ba. Akwai shawarwari da ke danganta wannan harshe da ba a rarraba ba tare da Nadahup, amma kuma tare da wasu harsuna.

## Dangantaka ta waje
Martins (2005: 342-370) ya haɗa yarukan Arawak da Nadahup tare a matsayin wani ɓangare na dangin **Makúan-Arawakan** (Nadahup-Arawapan) da aka tsara,  amma Aikhenvald ya ƙi wannan shawarar (2006: 237). 

Epps da Bolaños (2017) sun yarda da hadin kan harsunan Nadahup guda huɗu, amma ba su la'akari da Puinave don kasancewa da alaƙa ba.

## Tattaunawar harshe
Jolkesky (2016) ya lura cewa akwai kamanceceniya da iyalan yaren Arawa, Guahibo, da Tupi saboda hulɗa. Ana iya samun tattaunawa game da takardun kalmomi da sauti tsakanin Nadahup (Vaupés-Japurá) da yarukan Tupi a cikin Jolkesky da Cabral (2011).  Harshen Nadahup kuma suna da kalmomin aro daban-daban daga yarukan Tucanoan  da Nheengatu. 

## Harsuna
Nadahup ya ƙunshi kusan harsuna huɗu, bisa ga fahimtar juna. Nadeb da Kuyawi, Hup da Yahup, da Nukak da Kakwa, duk da haka, suna raba kashi 90% na ƙamus ɗin su kuma suna fahimtar juna, don haka harsuna daban-daban ne kawai a cikin ma'anar zamantakewa. Wadannan rassa huɗu ba su da kusa: Ko da yake an fara ba da shawarar iyali a cikin 1906, an sami nau'o'i 300 kawai, waɗanda suka haɗa da sunayen amma babu wasu siffofin nahawu.
## manazarta
Harsunan Nambikwaran

**Harsunan Nambikwaran** iyali ne na harsuna rabin goma sha biyu, duk ana magana da su a jihar Mato Grosso a Brazil. A al'adance an dauke su yaruka na harshe ɗaya, amma aƙalla uku daga cikinsu ba su da fahimta.

Sau da yawa ana ganin nau'ikan Mamaindê a matsayin yaruka na yare ɗaya amma Ethnologue ke bi da su a matsayin harsunan Arewacin Nambikwaran daban-daban. Sabanê al'umma ce ta magana ɗaya kuma saboda haka ba ta da yare, yayin da aka bayyana yaren Nambikwara yana da goma sha ɗaya.

Adadin masu magana an kiyasta kusan 1,000, tare da Nambikwara daidai shine 80% na wannan adadin. Yawancin Nambikwara suna magana da Harshe ɗaya amma wasu samari suna magana da Portuguese. Musamman maza na ƙungiyar Sabanê suna da harsuna uku, suna magana da Portuguese da Mamainde.

## Dangantakar kwayar halitta
Farashin (1978) ya ba da shawarar dangantaka da Kanoê (Kapixaná), amma wannan haɗin ba a yarda da shi ba.

## Tattaunawar harshe
Jolkesky (2016) ya lura cewa akwai kamanceceniya da iyalan yaren Aikanã, Irantx, Itonama, Kanoe, Kwaza, Peba-Yagua, Arawak, Bororo, da Karib saboda hulɗa.

## Iri-iri

### Jolkesky (2016)
Rarrabawar ciki ta Jolkesky (2016): 

### Loukotka (1968)
Da ke ƙasa akwai cikakken jerin nau'ikan yaren Nambikwaran da Loukotka ya lissafa (1968), gami da sunayen nau'ikan da ba a tabbatar da su ba.

## manazarta
Harsunan Yeniseian

**Harsunan Yeniseian** / / ˌjɛn ɪˈ s eɪən / YEN -ih- SAY YEN ; wani lokacin ana kiransa **Yeniseic**, **Yeniseyan**, ko **Yenisei-Ostyak** ;  wani lokacin ana rubuta shi da **-ss** -) dangin harsuna ne da mutanen Yenisei ke magana da su a yankin Kogin Yenisei na tsakiyar Siberia . A matsayin wani ɓangare na dangin harshen Dene-Yeniseian da aka gabatar, an yi jayayya cewa harsunan Yeniseian suna cikin "nunawa na farko na alaƙar asali tsakanin iyalan harsunan Tsohuwar Duniya da Sabuwar Duniya wanda ya cika ƙa'idodin harsunan tarihi na kwatantawa ".  Harshe ɗaya tilo da ya rage a ƙungiyar a yau shine Ket .

Daga bayanan hydronymic da kwayar halitta, an ba da shawarar cewa ana magana da yarukan Yeniseian a wani yanki mafi girma a zamanin d ̄ a, gami da sassan arewacin China da Mongolia. An ci gaba da ba da shawarar cewa rarrabawar yarukan Yeniseian daga karni na 17 zuwa gaba yana wakiltar ƙaura zuwa arewacin kwanan nan, kuma Yeniseian Urheimat yana kudu da Tafkin Baikal.

Yeniseians suna da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Xiongnu, waɗanda masu mulki na iya magana da yaren "Yeniseian na kudancin" mai kama da yaren Pumpokol da ya ƙare yanzu. Jie, wanda ya mallaki jihar Zhao ta arewacin kasar Sin, an kuma yi imanin cewa sun yi magana da Harshen Pumpokol bisa ga bayanan harshe da na al'adu.

Ga waɗanda ke jayayya cewa Xiongnu suna magana da yaren Yeniseian, ana zaton yarukan Yeniseian sun ba da gudummawa da yawa ga kalmomin aro ga harshen Turkic da Mongolian, kamar *[[Khan (title)|Khan]]*, *[[Tarqan]]*, da kalmar 'allah', *[[Tengri]]* .  Wannan ƙaddamarwa da farko an samo shi ne daga nazarin rubutun Xiongnu da aka adana a cikin nau'ikan Haruffa na Sinanci.

## Rarrabe rarrabensa
Rarraba harsunan Yeniseian ya canza daga lokaci zuwa lokaci. An gabatar da rarrabuwa ta gargajiya a ƙasa: 

Georg 2007  da Hölzl 2018  suna amfani da rarrabuwa daban-daban, suna sanya Pumpokol a cikin rassan biyu:

## manazarta
Harsunan Arewacin Bougainville

Harsunan **Arewacin [[Tsibirin Bougainville|Bougainville]]** ko Yammacin Bougainille ƙananan yare ne da ake magana a tsibirin Bougainville a Papua New Guinea . Stephen Wurm ya rarraba su a matsayin yarukan Gabashin Papua, amma wannan ba zai yiwu ba, kuma an watsar da shi a Ethnologue (2009).

Iyalin sun haɗa da yarukan Rotokas da Eivo (Askopan), tare da harsuna biyu da suka fi alaƙa da nesa.

## Harsunan da ake magana

* Keriaka (Ramopa) 
* Konua (Rapoisi) 
* Ofishin reshe na Rotokas Rotokas Askopan (Eivo) 
** Rotokas
** Askopan (Eivo) 

Akwai kusan masu magana 9,000 da aka haɗa don dukkan harsuna huɗu na Arewacin Bougainville.

## Dubi kuma

* Harsunan Papua
* Harsunan Gabashin Papua
* Harsunan Kudancin Bougainville

## Manazarta
Harsunan Arewacin Omotic

**Harsunan Arewacin [[Omotic languages|Omotic]]**, wanda aka fi sani da **Ta-Ne Omotic** ko **Damotic**, mai yiwuwa reshe ne na dangin yaren Afroasiatic da ake magana a Habasha. A al'adance an rarraba su tare da yarukan Aroid, Dizoid, da Mao a cikin dangin "Omotic" mai rikitarwa. 

A cikin Karni na 19 masu ilimin harshe kamar d'Abbadie da Latham sun haɗa mafi yawan abin da yanzu ake rarraba shi a matsayin Arewacin Omotic a ƙarƙashin sunan Gonga (ciki har da Harsunan Ometo) kuma sun bi da su a matsayin "harsunan Hamitic na Babban Damot".  

## Rarrabawar
Yankunan Ta-Ne Omotic (North Omotic) guda huɗu da Güldemann ya bayar (2018) sune: 

## Lambobin
Kwatanta lambobi a cikin harsuna daban-daban: 

## Manazarta
Harsunan arewa maso gabashin Tasmania

**Arewa maso gabashin Tasmania** iyali ne na asalin asalin Tasmania a cikin sake gina Claire Bowern . 

## Harsuna
Binciken Bayesian phylogenetic ya nuna (a ko dai p < 0.15 ko p < 0.20) cewa an rubuta harsuna uku na Arewa maso gabashin Tasmanian a cikin jerin kalmomin Tasmanian 26 da ba a haɗa su ba (daga cikin jerin 35 da aka sani). Dangane da binciken Bowern, jerin Lhotsky da Backhouse / Walker, waɗanda ba su rubuta asalin su ba, tare da jerin "Eastern" Jorgenson, sun tabbatar da yaren da ba a san shi ba a cikin iyalin arewa maso gabas, kamar yadda jerin "Norman" na Charles Sterling. Sauran jerin sun tabbatar da harshe ɗaya, kodayake yaren yankin Tamar River (ƙabilar North Midlands) ya bambanta, kuma Dixon & Crowley suna ɗaukar shi yare ne daban. Don haka akwai harsuna huɗu na Arewa maso gabashin Tasmania:

Harsunan Arewa maso gabashin Caucasus suna da nau'o'i biyu zuwa takwas.[1] A cikin waɗannan harsuna, ana haɗa sunaye a cikin nau'ikan nahawu dangane da wasu halaye, kamar animacy da jinsi. Kowane nau'in suna yana da ma'anar yarjejeniya mai dacewa, wanda zai iya haɗewa da aikatau ko adjectives na wannan sunan. Prefixes na iya samun nau'ikan jam'i, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su daidai da sunan jam'i.[2] Tebur mai zuwa yana nuna tsarin yarjejeniyar ma'anar-adjective a cikin Harshen Tsez.Biyu daga cikin jerin kalmomin da aka ruwaito sun fito ne daga Oyster Bay (duba Harsunan Gabashin Tasmania) sun ƙunshi haɗuwa mai yawa na Arewa maso Gabas, yayin da marubutan suka yi tafiya a bakin tekun tattara kalmomin "Tasmanian", wanda Bowern ya yi imanin cewa yana da alhakin rarrabuwa da yawa da ke haɗa harsunan gabas. Koyaya, da zarar an lissafa wannan cakuda, abubuwan da ke bayyane sun ɓace.

## Manazarta
Northern Tasmanian languages

{{Databox}
**Arewacin Tasmania** iyali ne na asalin asalin Tasmania a cikin sake gina Claire Bowern . 

## Harsuna
Binciken Bayesian phylogenetic ya nuna (a ko dai p < 0.15 ko p < 0.20) cewa harsunan Arewacin Tasmanian guda biyu (Harshen Arewacin Tasmania da Harshen Port Sorell) an rubuta su a cikin jerin kalmomin Tasmanian 26 da ba a haɗa su ba (daga cikin jerin 35 da aka sani). Binciken Bayesian ba ya goyan bayan haɗin zuwa wasu harsunan Tasmanian. Koyaya, kwatancen hannu ya nuna cewa suna da alaƙa da yarukan Yammacin Tasmanian, waɗanda ba a tabbatar da su sosai ba, kodayake kamanceceniya na iya zama saboda rance.

## Manazarta
Harsunan Otomákoan

Otomaco da Taparita harsuna ne guda biyu da ba su da masaniya na Venezuelan Llanos,   wanda ya ƙunshi dangin harshen **Otomakoan**.

Baya ga Otomaco da Taparita, Loukotka (1968) ya kuma lissafa Maiba (Amaygua), wani harshe da ba a tabbatar da shi ba wanda aka taɓa magana a Jihar Apure, Venezuela tsakanin Kogin Cunaviche da Kogin Capanaparo . 

## Kalmomin kalmomi
Loukotka (1968) ya lissafa abubuwa masu mahimmanci na Otomac da Taparita. 

Ƙarin ƙamus don Otomaco da Taparita an rubuta su a cikin Rosenblat (1936). 

## Manazarta
Harsunan Palaihnihan

***'Palaihnih***' (kuma Palaihnih) ƙaramin iyali ne na yaren da ba a taɓa gani ba a arewa maso gabashin California . Ya ƙunshi harsuna biyu masu alaƙa da juna:

 

## Dangantakar kwayar halitta
Iyalin Palaihnihan galibi suna da alaƙa da kayan Hokan. Dangantaka ta musamman da aka gabatar a cikin Hokan sun haɗa da Palaihnihan tare da Shastan (wanda aka sani da *Shasta-Achomawi*) kuma a cikin ƙungiyar *Kahi* (wanda aka fi sani da *Arewacin Hokan*) tare da Shasta, Chimariko, da Karuk.

## Harshe na asali
Ginin asali na proto-Palaihnihan ya sha wahala daga bayanan ƙarancin inganci. David Olmsted's dictionary ya dogara kusan gaba ɗaya akan de Angulo, wanda bai yi rikodin bambance-bambance na phonological ba ko kuma da kyau,  kuma ba tare da kulawa ba ya haɗa da ƙamus na Pomo daga rubutun hannu wanda shi (de Angulo) ya tashi don nuna cewa Achumawi da Pomo ba su da alaƙa.  William Bright ya kuma nuna matsaloli tare da hanyoyin sake ginawa na Olmsted. Ana gyara sake ginawa tare da sabbin bayanai.

### Sautin sautin
Good, McFarland, & Paster (2003) sun kammala cewa akwai aƙalla wasula uku, *a *i *u, kuma mai yiwuwa *e, tare da tsawon wasula da ablaut. 

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
Ma'anar sun kasance kamar haka: 

## Manazarta
Harsunan Pano-Tacanan

**Pano-Tacana** (kuma **Pano-Takana**, **Pano-Takánan**, Pano-Tocana, **Páno-Takána**) wani iyali ne da aka tsara kuma aka yarda da shi a Peru, yammacin Brazil, Bolivia da arewacin Paraguay. Akwai rassa biyu masu kusanci, Panoan da Tacanan (Adelaar & Muysken 2004; Kaufman 1990, 1994), tare da harsuna 33. Akwai kamanceceniya da kamanceceniyar ilimin lissafi tsakanin rassan biyu, amma har yanzu ba a nuna cewa waɗannan sune kwayar halitta ba (Loos 1999).

Yawancin yarukan Panoan ana magana da su a ko dai Peru ko yammacin Brazil; wasu suna cikin Bolivia. Ana magana da dukkan yarukan Tacanan a Bolivia (an kuma yi magana da Esse'ejja a Peru).

## Dangantakar asali
Migliazza ya gabatar da shaidar ƙamus don tallafawa dangantakar kwayar halitta tsakanin yarukan Panoan da Yanomaman. Ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa dangantakar Panoan-Chibchan tana da kyau.

Jolkesky (2016) ya kuma lura cewa akwai kamanceceniya da Harsunan Arawak saboda hulɗa.

## Kwatanta
Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin kalmomin da aka raba tsakanin Proto-Pano da Proto-Takana, suna nuna alaƙar kwayar halitta na rassan Pano da Takana. Har ila yau, rassan biyu suna da nau'ikan nau'ikan nahawu na asali.

## Bayanan littattafai

* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da shi. *Harsunan Andes*. Binciken harshe na Cambridge. Jami'ar Cambridge Press.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] (1997). *Harsunan Indiyawan Amurka: Tarihin harsuna na 'yan asalin Amurka*. New York: Oxford University Press.  .
* Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Tarihin Harshe a Kudancin Amurka: Abin da muka sani da kuma yadda za a san ƙarin. A cikin D. L. Payne (Ed.), ilimin harshe na Amazon: Nazarin cikin yarukan Kudancin Amurka (shafi na 13-67). Austin: Jami'ar Texas Press. ISBN .&nbsp;&nbsp;
* Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). "Harsunan asali na Kudancin Amurka. " A cikin C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (shafi na 46-76). London: Routledge.&nbsp;
* Suárez, Jorge A. (1973). Macro-Pano-Tacanan. A cikin *Jaridar Duniya ta Harshen Amurka*, Vol. 39, Na 3, shafuffuka na 137-154. Jami'ar Chicago Press. An samo shi daga DiACL.&nbsp;

## Manazarta
Harsunan Pauwasi

**Harsunan Pauwasi** suna iya zama dangin yarukan Papuan, galibi a Indonesia. Ƙananan iyali suna da alaƙa da nisa kawai. Harshen Pauwasi da aka fi bayyana shi ne Karkar, a fadin iyaka a Papua New Guinea. Ana magana da su a kusa da Kogin Pauwasi a yankin iyakar Indonesia da GNG.

Dangane da aikin da ya gabata, an rarraba harsunan Pauwasi na Gabas da Yammacin Indonesia tare a cikin Wurm (1975), kodayake shi (da masu bincike daga baya) ba su gane cewa Yuri (Karkar) na Papua New Guinea shi ma Gabashin Pauwasi ne ba. Usher ne ya yi wannan haɗin, kodayake masana ilimin ɗan adam sun daɗe suna san haɗin. Daga baya Usher ya gano yarukan Pauwasi na Kudu, kuma iyalin Pauwasi ta Yamma sun fadada. Wichmann (2013), Foley (2018) da Pawley & Hammarström (2018), suna lura da bambance-bambance masu tsanani tsakanin kungiyoyi uku, suna da alaƙa da ko West Pauwasi, East Pauwasi da South Pauwasi suna da alaƙi.

## Harsuna
Haɗakar da Molof (Poule) musamman gwaji ne (kamar yadda na 2020). 

Harsunan ba su da kusanci: kodayake harsunan Gabas suna da alaƙa a sarari, Yafi da Emumu suna da kashi 25% kawai. Pawley da Hammarström (2018) sun kuma yi tambaya ko Gabashin Pauwasi da Yammacin Pauwasi suna da alaƙa da gaske. Sun kuma lura cewa Tebi da Towei sun bambanta da juna, kuma bazai zama dole a haɗa su da juna ba.

Karkar-Yuri, wanda aka daɗe ana tunanin shi ne mai zaman kansa a Papua New Guinea, yana da alaƙa a sarari kuma yana iya samar da ci gaba da yaren tare da Emumu a Indonesia. A gefe guda, harsunan Yammacin suna da tabbacin cewa ba a tabbatar da cewa suna cikin iyalin Pauwasi (ko ma suna da alaƙa da juna), ko kuma idan kalmomin gama gari rance ne kuma sun zama iyali ko iyalai daban, kodayake haɗin iyali ya bayyana mai yiwuwa.

Ba a sake gina siffofin sunayen ba. Hanyoyin da aka tabbatar sun hada da:

## Rarraba
Stephen Wurm (1975) ya rarraba harsunan Yammacin (Indonesia) a matsayin reshe na Trans-New Guinea (TNG), matsayin da Malcolm Ross (2005) ya riƙe. Rarrabawar TNG ta Ross ta dogara ne akan sunayen mutum. Tun da ba za a iya sake gina sunayen sunaye daga bayanan da ke akwai a kan harsunan Pauwasi na Indonesiya da ba a tabbatar da su ba, waɗanda duk abin da aka gane su ne Pauwasi a lokacin, za a iya yin kimantawa kawai, bisa ga wasu abubuwa masu mahimmanci. Wasu daga cikin sunayen Dubu da Yafi suna kama da TNG. Koyaya, Ross ya ƙidaya Karkar, wanda aka san sunayen, a matsayin mai warewa saboda sunayensa ba su tsara kamar TNG ba. A wannan matakin ba a san asalinsa a matsayin harshen Pauwasi ba.

Pawley da Hammarström (2018) ba su yi la'akari da cewa akwai isasshen shaida don a rarraba harsunan Pauwasi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Trans-New Guinea ba, kodayake sun lura da kamanceceniya tsakanin Tebi, Yafi, da proto-Trans-New Guinea.

Foley (2018) ya lura cewa Yammacin Pauwasi yana da kamanceceniya da Trans-New Guinea fiye da Gabashin Pauwasi. Ya lura cewa Karkar-Yuri yana da wasu kamanceceniya da harsunan Trans-New Guinea, wanda zai iya zama saboda sa'a, lamba, ko gadon kwayar halitta.

## Manazarta
Harsunan Peba-Yaguan

Iyalin yaren **Peba-**Yagua**** (kuma Yaguan, **Peban**, **Yáwan**) suna cikin arewa maso yammacin Amazon, amma a yau Yagua ita ce kawai sauran yaren da ake magana da ita a cikin iyali.

## Tsarin ciki
French ethnologist Paul Rivet had suggested that the Peba–Yaguan family had been divided into two branches, with Yameo in one branch, and Peba and Yagua in the other.&#x5B;**&#x5D; There is extremely little documentation of Yameo and Peba, both of which are now extinct, though the town Pebas on the Amazon River clearly takes its name from this group of people. The available documentation is largely due to the efforts of early Catholic missionaries, as summarized by Rivet.

Čestmir Loukotka (1968), masanin harshe na Czechoslovak, ya kuma lissafa Masamae (Mazán, Parara) a matsayin wani ɓangare na dangin harshe. Ana magana da shi a kusa da Kogin Mazán a Sashen Loreto, Peru, kuma yana da alaƙa da Yameo.

Masanin harshe na Brazil Marcelo Jolkesky (2016) ya haɗa Peba da Yameo a reshe ɗaya, kuma Yagua a wani reshe daban.

## Rarraba

## Tattaunawar harshe
Jolkesky (2016) ya lura cewa akwai kamanceceniya da iyalan yaren Kwaza, Zaparaan, da Nambikwaran saboda hulɗa.

## Kalmomin kalmomi
Loukotka (1968) ya lissafa abubuwa masu mahimmanci masu zuwa.

## Manazarta
Nyulnyulan languages

**Harsunan Nyulnyulan** ƙananan iyali ne na Harsunan Aboriginal na Australiya da ke da alaƙa da juna da ake magana a arewacin Yammacin Australia. Yawancin harsuna a cikin wannan iyali sun ƙare, tare da harsuna uku kawai, dukansu kusan sun ƙare.

## Rarrabawar ciki
Harsunan sun samar da rassa biyu da aka kafa bisa ga ƙamus da ƙwarewar ƙwarewa.

## Kalmomin kalmomi
Capell (1940) ya lissafa abubuwa masu mahimmanci na asali don yarukan Nyulnyulan: 

## Isoglosses na kalmomi
Wasu ƙamus masu kama da juna tsakanin Proto-Western Nyulnyulan da Proto-Eastern Nyulniulan:

## manazarta
Northwest Caucasian languages

**Harsunan Arewa maso **Yammacin Caucasus****,  wanda kuma ake kira YammacinCaucasus, Abkhazo-Adyghean, **Abkhaz-Circassian**,  **Circassic**, ko kuma wani lokacin yarukan Pontic (daga Tsohon Girkanci, puntos, yana nufin Tekun Baƙi, ya bambanta da yarukan Arewa maso gabashin Caucasus a matsayin yarukan Caspian),  iyali ne na yarukan da ake magana a cikin jamhuriyoyin Rasha guda uku (Adygea, Kabardino-Balkhazia, Karamar, Turkiyya, yankin Abkhazia, Turkiyya ta Tsakiya, yankin da ke cikin yankin da ke jayayya.

Dangantakar kungiyar da kowane dangin harshe ba ta da tabbas kuma ba a tabbatar da ita ba. Ɗaya daga cikin harsuna, Ubykh, ya ƙare a cikin 1992, yayin da duk sauran harsuna suna cikin wani nau'i na haɗari, tare da UNESCO ta rarraba duk a matsayin "mai rauni", "mai haɗari", ko "mai haɗarin haɗari sosai". A cikin yarukan Arewa maso Yammacin Caucasus, Abkhaz ne kawai ke da lambar farko a cikin ma'auni na ISO 639.

Harsunan Arewa maso Yammacin Caucasian suna da nau'ikan bambance-bambance masu rikitarwa tare da rashin bambance-mbance na wasali, sau da yawa suna ba da lokuta na Tsarin wasula na tsaye, wanda aka fi sani da tsarin wasula "layi".

## Babban fasalulluka
Sake fasalin harshe ya nuna cewa  wadatar tsarin consonantal da talauci na tsarin murya na iya zama sakamakon tsarin tarihi, inda aka sake sanya fasalulluka irin su Labialization da palatalization zuwa sassan da ke . Misali, kakanninmu  na iya zama /kjə/ kuma  na iya kasancewa /kwə/, rasa tsoffin wasula  da  amma samun sabbin sassan /kj/ da /kw/. Masanin harshe John Colarusso ya ci gaba da cewa wasu lokuta na wannan na iya zama saboda daidaitawar tsohuwar tsarin tsarin lissafi (don haka * / w-ka / na iya zama /kwa /), bisa ga nau'i-nau'i kamar Ubykh /ɡjə / vs. Kabardian da Abkhaz /ɡwə / *zuciya*. Wasu [waɗanda?] suna da'awar wannan tsari don kwance a bayan ci gaban Labovellars a cikin Proto-Indo-Turai, wanda ya taɓa makwabtaka da Proto-NWC. 

#### Rashin sautin da suka bambanta da wadatar sautin da ya bambanta
Dukan iyalin suna da ƙarancin wasula (biyu ko uku, dangane da bincike) tare da tsarin consonantal mai arziki wanda ya haɗa da nau'ikan maganganu na biyu. Ubykh (Ubyx) , alal misali, yana da wasula biyu kuma mai yiwuwa mafi girman lissafin consonants a waje da Kudancin Afirka.

### Harshen harshe
Harsunan Arewa maso Yammacin Caucasian suna da tsarin suna mai sauƙi, tare da ƙananan shari'o'i a mafi yawancin, tare da tsarin magana mai ƙarfi wanda zai iya ƙunsar kusan dukkanin tsarin magana na jumla. Dukkanin kalmomi masu iyaka suna alama don yarjejeniya tare da muhawara guda uku: cikakke, ergative, da abu mara ma'ana,  kuma akwai kuma nau'ikan gine-gine masu yawa. Akwai rabuwa tsakanin kalmomin "dynamic" da "stative", tare da kalmomin da ke da ƙwarewa da ke da rikitarwa. Maganar kalma tana nuna batun da mutum, wuri, lokaci, hanyar aiki, mummunan, da sauran nau'ikan nau'ikan nahawu.
## manazarta
Harsunan Pomoan

**Pomo**, ko Pomo /ˈpoʊmoʊ/,  harsuna ƙananan iyali ne na harsuna bakwai na asali zuwa arewacin California waɗanda Mutanen Pomo ke magana, waɗanda kakanninsu ke zaune a kwarin Kogin Rasha da kwarin Clear Lake. Yawancin harsuna sun ƙare, kuma Kashaya kawai yana da fiye da masu magana goma.

## Yankin rarraba
John Wesley Powell, wanda shine na farko da ya bayyana girman iyalin, ya lura cewa iyakokinta sune Tekun Pacific zuwa yamma, yankin Wintuan a cikin kwarin Sacramento zuwa gabas, shugaban Kogin Rasha zuwa arewa, da Bodega Head da Santa Rosa na yanzu zuwa kudu (Powell 1891:87-88). Sai kawai Arewa maso gabashin Pomo ba ta da alaƙa da sauran yarukan Pomoan, an raba ta da wani yanki na masu magana da Wintuan.

## Dangantaka ta ciki na harsuna

Pomo iyali ne na harsuna bakwai. John Wesley Powell ne ya fara gane dangantakarsu da juna, wanda ya ba da shawarar cewa a kira su "Kulanapan Family" (Powell 1891). Kamar yawancin shawarwarin Powell na ba a san su ba, musamman ga harsunan California, an yi watsi da "Kulanapan". A matsayinsa, Pomo,  kalmar da Indiyawa da White suka yi amfani da ita don Arewacin Pomo, an tsawaita ta hanyar son rai don haɗawa da sauran dangin. 

Dukkanin harsuna bakwai an fara gano su a matsayin Pomo ta hanyar Samuel Barrett (1908). Don kauce wa rikitarwa, Barrett ya ba da sunan kowane ɗayan yarukan Pomoan bisa ga matsayinsa na ƙasa ("Northern Pomo," "Southwest Pomo, da dai sauransu) Wannan taron suna da sauri ya sami karɓa mai yawa kuma har yanzu ana amfani dashi gaba ɗaya, ban da maye gurbin "Kashaya" don "Southwestern Pomo" na Barrett. Sunayen harsunan yankin Barrett galibi suna jagorantar waɗanda ba su saba da yarukan Pomoan ba ga kuskuren cewa su yare ne na yaren "Pomo" guda ɗaya.

An gabatar da ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta daban-daban na iyali, kodayake ƙididdigar gaba ɗaya sun kasance daidai. Ra'ayi na yanzu (cf. Mithun 1999) yana son itacen da aka gabatar a Oswalt (1964), wanda aka nuna a ƙasa.

An gabatar da nau'ikan iri ɗaya na wannan rarrabuwa a cikin Oswalt da McLendon's "Introduction" zuwa surori na Pomo a cikin Heizer, ed.  (1978) kuma a cikin Campbell (1997). Mafi mahimmancin mai adawa shine Ibrahim M. Halpern, ɗaya daga cikin 'yan masana harshe kaɗan tun lokacin Barrett don tattara bayanan kwatankwacin akan dukkan harsunan Pomoan. 

Rarrabawar Halpern ta bambanta da na Oswalt galibi a cikin sanyawa na Arewa maso gabashin Pomo. Maimakon la'akari da shi reshe mai zaman kansa na iyali, Halpern ya haɗa shi da harsunan reshen "Yamma" na Oswalt. Ya ba da shawarar yiwuwar cewa Arewa maso gabashin Pomo yana wakiltar ƙaura na baya-bayan nan na ƙungiyar Pomo ta Arewa (Halpern 1964; Golla 2011:106-7).

## Manazarta
Harsunan Purian

**Harsunan Purian** yare ne guda biyu na harshe guda ɗaya,  na gabashin Brazil:

Coropó (Koropó), wanda aka taɓa magana a Minas Gerais da Rio de Janeiro, Loukotka ya kara shi (1935), amma Ramirez et al. sun sake cire shi (2015). 

Purian da farko ya kasance wani ɓangare na shawarar Macro-Jê. Koyaya, lokacin da aka cire Coropó, babu isasshen haɗin ƙamus don kula da wannan rarrabuwa. Coroado da Puri suna fahimtar juna, kuma ba a sake ɗaukar su a matsayin dangin Macro-Jê ba.

Harsunan Waitaká da Maromomin, dukansu sun ƙare, suna iya kasancewa cikin iyalin Purian, amma wannan ba za a iya tabbatar da shi ba saboda ba a rubuta bayanan harshe ba.

## Yankin rarraba
Ana magana da yarukan Purian a cikin yankin da ke ci gaba daga São Paulo)">Kogin Preto zuwa Kogin Paraíba (daga Queluz, São Paulo zuwa Paraibuna, São Paulo). Puri sun mamaye Kogin Upper Paraíba do Sul har zuwa Queluz, São Paulo, da Coroado daga Kogin Pomba zuwa Kogin Doce a Minas Gerais . 

## Shaida
Harsunan Purian an tabbatar da su ne kawai ta hanyar jerin kalmomi kaɗan daga karni na 19. Jerin sunayen sune: 

* Martius (1863: 194-195), wanda aka tattara a 1818 a São João da Presídio (yanzu Visconde do Rio Branco, Minas Gerais). 
* Eschwege (2002: 122-127), wanda aka tattara a 1815 kusa da São João do Presídio 
* Torrezão (1889: 511-513), wanda aka tattara a 1885 a Abre Campo (kusa da Manhuaçu, Minas Gerais) 

## Kalmomin kalmomi
Loukotka (1968) ya lissafa abubuwa masu mahimmanci masu zuwa.
## manazarta
Saharan languages

**Harsunan [[Sahara]]** ƙananan iyali ne na harsuna a fadin sassan gabashin Sahara, wanda ya kai daga arewa maso yammacin Sudan zuwa kudancin Libya, arewa da tsakiyar Chadi, gabashin Nijar da arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Harsunan Saharan da aka sani sun hada da Kanuri (masu magana miliyan 9.5, a kusa da Tafkin Chadi a Chadi, Najeriya, Nijar, da Kamaru), Daza (masu sadarwa 700,000, Chadi), Teda (masu amfani da 60,000, arewacin Chadi), da Zaghawa (masu faɗi 350,000, gabashin Chadi da Sudan). An rarraba su a matsayin wani ɓangare na dangin Nilo-Sahara mai rikitarwa amma mai rikitar da rikici.

Václav Blažek ne ya tattara jerin kalmomin kwatankwacin yarukan Sahara (2007). 

## Rarrabawar ciki

## Rarrabawar waje
Roger Blench ya yi jayayya cewa yarukan Sahara da Songhay sun samar da reshe na Songhay-Sahara tare da juna a cikin faɗin yaren Nilo-Saharan.

## Sake ginawa
Cyffer (2020:385) ya ba da sake fasalin Proto-Saharan masu zuwa: 

## Kalmomin kwatankwacin
Misali na asali na harsunan Sahara daga Blažek (2007): 
## manazarta
Harsunan Sahaptian

**Sahaptian** (kuma **Sahaptianic**, **Sahaptin**, **Shahaptian**) reshe ne na harsuna biyu na dangin Plateau Penutian da 'Yan asalin Amurka ke magana a yankin Columbia Plateau na Washington, Oregon, da Idaho a arewa maso yammacin Amurka.

Kalmomin *Sahaptian* (iyali) da *Sahaptin* (harshe) galibi ana rikitar da su kuma ana amfani da su a cikin wallafe-wallafen.

## Rarrabawar iyali
Sahaptian ya hada da harsuna biyu:

Nez Perce yana da manyan yaruka guda biyu, Upper da Lower. Sahaptin yana da bambancin ciki mafi girma, tare da manyan yarukansa sune Umatilla da Yakama.

Rarrabawar Noel Rude ta (2012) na Sahaptian kamar haka ne.
 

## Harshe na asali
Aoki (1962) da Noel Rude (2006,  2012 ) sun gudanar da aiki a kan sake gina Proto-Sahaptian.

Harshen Proto-Sahaptian: :

## Bayanan littattafai

* Aoki, Haruo. 1962. Nez Perce and Northern Sahaptin: A binary comparison. International Journal of American Linguistics 28(3). 172–182.
* Aoki, Haruo (1963). On Sahaptian-Klamath Linguistic Affiliations. *International Journal of American Linguistics* 29, no. 2: 107–112.
* Aoki, Haruo (1966). Nez Percé vowel harmony and proto-Sahaptian vowels. *Language*, *42*, 759-767.
* Aoki, Haruo (1970). *Nez Percé grammar*. University of California publications in linguistics (Vol. 62). Berkeley: University of California Press. .
* Mithun, Marianne (1999). *The languages of Native North America*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN&nbsp; (hbk); .
* Rigsby, Bruce (1965). Continuity and change in Sahaptian vowel systems. *International Journal of American Linguistics*, *31*, 306-311.
* Rigsby, Bruce; & Silverstein, Michael (1969). Nez Percé vowels and proto-Sahaptian vowel harmony. *Language*, *45*, 45-59.
* Rude, Noel.  (2012). Reconstructing Proto-Sahaptian Sounds. *University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics*, Vol. 32, pp.&nbsp;292–324.  Papers for the Forty-seventh International Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Languages, Cranbrook, British Columbia, Canada, August 3–5, 2012, edited by Joel Dunham, John Lyon & Natalie Weber.

## Manazarta
Harsunan Senagi

Harsunan **Senagi** ƙananan iyali ne na yarukan Papuan a cikin rarrabuwa na Malcolm Ross, wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na shawarar Stephen Wurm na Trans-New Guinea. Sun kunshi harsuna biyu Angor da Dera.

Harshen Angor ba sabon abu ba ne saboda yana rarrabe jinsi a cikin mutum na biyu da na uku da jam'i (ku da *su),* amma ba a cikin mutum ɗaya ba. Ba a bayyana ba idan Dera ta yi * (ka) *.

A Papua New Guinea, ana magana da su a Amanab Rural LLG na Lardin Sandaun. Ana kuma magana da su a fadin iyaka a Keerom Regency, Indonesia.

## Rarraba
Iyalin Senagi sun ƙunshi harsuna biyu kawai:

Hanyar haɗin waje mafi kyau ita ce tare da yarukan Sepik da Torricelli. An sake gina wakilin "Ni" a matsayin **wan* don duka proto-Senagi da proto-Sepik, yayin da ma'anar maza biyu da jam'i *-fa-* da *-mu-* sun bayyana don nuna ma'anar proto-Sépik da proto-Torricelli biyu da jam-lambar **-p* da **-m.*

## Wakilan sunaye
Wakilan sune: 

## Harshen harshe
Halin magana a cikin harsunan Senagi yana da rikitarwa sosai kuma ba daidai ba ne.

## Manazarta
Mata baƙar fata a cikin Kwalejin: Tsaron Sunanmu 1894-1994

**Mata Baƙaƙe a Kwalejin: Kare Sunayenmu 1894–1994** wani taro ne na ƙasa da ya mayar da hankali kan malaman mata baƙaƙe da aka gudanar a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT) a ranakun 13-15 ga Janairu, 1994. Wannan shi ne taro na farko na ƙasa da ya mayar da hankali kan batutuwan da suka shafi malaman mata baƙaƙe.  An gudanar da shi shekaru 100 bayan da Ƙungiyar Mata Baƙaƙe ta Ƙasa ta haɗu a Boston don ƙirƙirar ƙungiya ta ƙasa da ta mai da hankali kan batutuwan mata baƙaƙe da kuma nuna rashin amincewa da shahararriyar hoton mace baƙaƙe a cikin manema labarai. Sakamakon wannan taron shine ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar Mata Baƙaƙen Amurka . 

Robin W. Kilson, farfesa a fannin tarihi da nazarin mata ta MIT, da Evelynn M. Hammonds, farfesa a fannin tarihin kimiyya ta MIT ne suka shirya taron na 1994. Taron ya samo asali ne daga "bacin rai na sirri da Kilson ya nuna ta hanyar kadaici a matsayinta na mace bakar fata" a fannin ilimi mai zurfi.  Taron ya kasance babban dandalin jama'a na mata bakar fata don tattauna batutuwan bincike, nasara da rashin su a fannin ilimi, da kuma yanayin siyasa mai tsauri na shekarun 1980 da 1990.  Kimanin malamai mata bakar fata 1,500 ne suka halarta daga ko'ina cikin Amurka, tun daga daliban jami'a zuwa farfesoshi har zuwa shugabannin jami'a.  MIT, Kwalejin Wellesley da Kwalejin Radcliffe ne suka dauki nauyinsa, da kuma wasu gidauniyoyi.  Florence Ladd ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Zartarwa na taron. 

## Takardu
Taron ya ƙunshi manyan masu jawabi guda uku: Lani Guinier daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Pennsylvania, Dr. Johnnetta B. Cole, shugabar Kwalejin Spelman ; da Farfesa Angela Davis ta Jami'ar California Santa Cruz .  Guinier, wacce Shugaba Bill Clinton ya janye daga takarar mataimakiyar babban lauya kwanan nan, ta gabatar da jawabi na farko ga mutane uku da suka tsaya cak, tana mai cewa "abin da ke faruwa da ni misali ne na abubuwan da mata masu launin fata da yawa suka fuskanta".  Davis ta gabatar da jawabin rufewa, tana jayayya kan mahimmancin tsayawa tsayin daka ga dukkan mata bakar fata a idon jama'a. "Yayin da mutane masu jarumtaka suka yi fafutukar ganin an rage shiga bangon ilimi, waɗannan nasarorin sun haifar da sabbin matsaloli kuma suna nuna sabbin matsaloli", in ji ta. 

Taron ya kuma ƙunshi fiye da kwamitoci 100, jawabai, da fosta kan batutuwa kama daga mata baƙaƙe a fina-finai da adabi, zuwa siyasa ta launin fata da jinsi a al'adun ilimi, zuwa bincike na musamman kan batutuwa daban-daban da ƙwararrun mata baƙaƙe suka gabatar.  Vinie Burrows, mai zane-zane, ta gabatar da "Sister, Sister," shirinta na mace ɗaya.

A taron, mahalarta taron sun tsara kira ga Shugaba Clinton, suna roƙonsa da ya "haɗa kwamitin shuɗi mai kama da juna kan dangantakar launin fata; don haɓaka binciken mata baƙar fata da kuma faɗaɗa Hukumar Gilashin Rufi don magance mata masu launin fata a fannin ilimi; don faɗaɗa kuɗaɗen tallafi ga ƙungiyoyin agajin zamantakewa na al'umma ga talakawa; don kawo ƙarshen ayyukan ɓoye a kan Haiti da kuma dawo da Shugaba Aristide kan mulki, da kuma ci gaba da tallafawa dimokuraɗiyya a Kudu da Kudancin Afirka."

## Manazarta
Bénédicte Boisseron

Bénédicte Boisseron ƙwararriyar masaniya ce a Faransa. Ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a Jami'ar Montana da Jami'ar Michigan . Ta kasance ƙwararriyar marubuciya a Guggenheim Fellow a 2022, ita ce marubuciyar Creole Renegades (2014) da Afro-Dog (2018).

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Bénédicte Boisseron a birnin Paris.  Mahaifinta baƙar fata ne ɗan asalin ƙasar Faransa kuma mahaifiyarta daga birnin Metropolitan na Faransa .   Bayan ta sami digirin MA a Turanci a Jami'ar Paris Diderot, ta ƙaura zuwa Amurka don samun digirin PhD a fannin nazarin Faransanci da Faransanci a Jami'ar Michigan ;  takardar digirin digirgir ɗinta *ta digirin digirgir. Take Jagorancin Bayan Mulkin Mallaka: Rage Rage Tsarin Metropole ta hanyar Littattafan Martinican* (2006) Frieda Ekotto da Jarrod Hayes ne suka kula da shi. 

Bayan ta shafe wani lokaci a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin nazarin Faransanci da Faransanci a Jami'ar Montana .  ta koma UMich ta zama farfesa a can, da kuma shugabar Sashen Nazarin Afirka da Afirka. 

Boisseron ta ƙware a fannin nazarin Baƙaƙe.  Ta lashe kyautar Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Caribbean ta 2015 don Littafin Fitacce a Adabin Falsafa saboda littafinta *[[Creole Renegades|na Creole Renegades]]* .  A shekarar 2018, ta fitar da wani littafi, *[[Afro-Dog]]* ;  An yi mata wahayi zuwa ga rubuta littafin ne saboda zargin da ake mata game da kare da iyayenta suka kawo tare da su a lokacin da suka ƙaura zuwa Caribbean.  A shekarar 2022, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Guggenheim Fellow a fannin Sukar Adabi. 

A shekarar 2011, ita da Frieda Ekotto sun kasance masu gyara a wani gajeren labari mai suna *[[Voix du monde: Nouvelles francophones]]* .  Ita da Astrid Billat sun rubuta tare *La culture francophone*, wani littafin koyar da harshen Faransanci wanda Hackett Publishing Company ya buga a shekarar 2016. 

## Littattafan Littattafai

* (tare da Frieda Ekotto ) *[[Voix du monde: Nouvelles francophones]]* (2011)   
* *[[Creole Renegades|<nowiki/>'Yan Creole Renegades]]* (2014)    
* (tare da Astrid Billat) *La culture francophone: le monde à l'écoute* (2016) 
* *[[Afro-Dog|Afro-Kare]]* (2018)  

## Manazarta
Babban Masallacin Aqrah

**Babban Masallacin** masallaci ne na Sunni da ke Akrê, a cikin Gundumar Duhok, a Yankin Kurdistan mai cin gashin kansa na Iraki . An kammala shi a shekara 20  , yana ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin masallatai mafi girma a Iraki.

## Tarihi
An kafa masallacin a shekara ta 20  , bayan yaɗuwar Musulunci a Kurdistan na Iraki, a zamanin Khalifa Umar na biyu.

Bayan gyare-gyare da sake gina masallacin da dama, fadin masallacin ya kai  . An yi sabon gyaran ne a shekarar 1965, wanda Ma'aikatar Waƙa da Harkokin Addini ta gudanar tare da taimakon mazauna yankin da malamai.

Akwai makarantu da cibiyoyin addini da dama da ke kewaye da masallacin da ke bayar da takardun shaidar kammala karatu. Ɗaya daga cikinsu Sayeed Munib Ahmad al-Imam ne ke kula da shi, ɗayan kuma Sheikh Abdullah Ahmad Muhammad ne ke kula da shi. Waɗannan cibiyoyin addini da kuma masallacin galibi ana ziyartar su ne don shugabannin addini saboda muhimmancinsa a tarihi.

## Manazarta
Masallacin Jameh na Aradan

Masallacin **Jāmeh na Aradan** masallacin Juma'a ne na ' yan Shi'a ( *jāmeh* ) da Hussainiya, wanda ke Aradan, a lardin Semnan, Iran . An kammala shi a zamanin Qajar, kuma yana kusa da Imamzadeh Shah.  

An ƙara masallacin a cikin Jerin Gidajen Tarihi na Ƙasa na Iran a ranar 16 ga Maris 2002, wanda Hukumar Al'adu, Sana'o'i da Yawon Bude Ido ta Iran ta gudanar.

## Gidan Hotuna

Fayil:تکیه_.jpg|alt=The mosque in 2017| Masallacin a shekarar 2017
Fayil:تکیه_ابوالفضل_ارادان.jpg|alt=Worshippers in front of the mosque, undated| Masu ibada a gaban masallaci, ba tare da an gama ba
Fayil:تعزیه_حر.jpg|alt=Worshippers inside the mosque, undated| Masu ibada a cikin masallaci, ba tare da an gama ba


## Manazarta
Babban Masallacin Al Fateh

**Masallacin Al-Fateh**, wanda kuma aka sani da **Cibiyar Musulunci ta Al-Fateh** da kuma **Babban Masallacin Al Fateh**, babban masallaci ne, wanda ke cikin Manama, Bahrain . Ya ƙunshi , wanda ke da ikon ɗaukar sama da masu ibada 7,000 a lokaci guda, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masallatai a duniya.  Marigayi Sheikh Isa Bin Salman Al Khalifa ne ya gina masallacin a shekarar 1987 kuma an sanya masa suna don girmama Ahmed Al Fateh . A shekarar 2006, Al-Fateh ya zama wurin da aka gina ɗakin karatu na ƙasa na Bahrain .

## Bayani
Masallacin shine mafi girman wurin ibada a Bahrain. Yana kusa da babbar hanyar Al Fateh da ke Juffair, wacce ke unguwa ce ta kewayen birnin Manama. Babban kumbon , wanda aka gina a saman Masallacin Al-Fateh, an gina shi gaba ɗaya da fiberglass kuma shine babban kumbon fiberglass a duniya. Kasan benen marmara ne na Italiya kuma chandelier ɗin daga Austria ne. An yi ƙofofin da teak daga Indiya .  Akwai rubutun Kufic a ko'ina cikin masallacin.

## Laburare
Laburaren Cibiyar Musulunci ta Ahmed Al-Fateh suna da littattafai kusan 7,000, wasu sun kai shekaru 100 ko fiye. Waɗannan sun haɗa da kwafin littattafan koyarwar Muhammadu ko abin da ake kira littattafan Hadith, Kundin Lissafi na Larabci na Duniya, Kundin Lissafi na Shari'ar Musulunci, mujallun Al-Azhar waɗanda aka buga sama da shekaru ɗari da suka gabata, da kuma mujallu da mujallu da dama. 

## Yawon Bude Ido
Bayan kasancewarsa wurin ibada, masallacin yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren yawon buɗe ido a Bahrain. Yana buɗewa daga ƙarfe 9 na safe zuwa 4 na yamma kuma ana gudanar da rangadin yawon buɗe ido a harsuna daban-daban ciki har da Ingilishi, Faransanci, Filipino, Rashanci da sauran harsuna da yawa, ana ƙarfafa shirye-shirye na musamman don tafiya cikin sauƙi. Masallacin a buɗe yake ga baƙi da masu yawon buɗe ido a duk ranakun ban da Juma'a.

## Gidan Hotuna

Fayil:MainPrayerHallAlFatehMosque-sadoonsphotography.jpg|alt=Main Prayer Hall from a decent height| Babban Dakin Addu'a daga tsayi mai kyau
Fayil:Main_Prayer_Hall.jpg|alt=Main Prayer Hall| Babban Zauren Addu'a
Fayil:Main_Al-Fateh_Mosque_Entrance,_Bahrain.jpg|alt=Entering thru Main Gate, Open Area of the mosque| Shiga ta Babban Kofa, Buɗaɗɗen Wurin Masallacin
Fayil:MainEntrance_GateAlFatehMosque-sadoonsphotography.jpg|alt=Main Gate to enter the Mosque| Babban Ƙofar Shiga Masallaci
Fayil:MainPrayerHallFromMehrabofAlFatehMosque.jpg|alt=Main Prayer Hall standing at the Mehrab Side| Babban Dakin Addu'a da ke tsaye a gefen Mehrab
Fayil:Bahrain_-_The_Grand_Mosque_(4499775733).jpg|alt=Interior of the mosque| Cikin Masallacin


## Manazarta
Allahabad Sharif

**Allahabad Sharif**, wanda aka fi sani da **Babban [[Masallaci]] Allahabad** masallaci ne da kuma wurin ibada a Kandiaro, Gundumar Naushahro Feroze, Sindh, Pakistan .  Tana kan babbar Hanyar Kasa mai nisan kilomita 415 (258  daga Karachi. Ginin kuma yana da tsarin ilimi har zuwa matakin Jami'ar Musulunci, asibiti, gidan tsofaffi da gidan marayu.

## Tallafi
Khwaja Muhammad Tahir Bakhshi Naqshbandi (Urdu:  ), wanda kuma aka fi sani da Sajjan Saeen (Urdu: , Sindhi: سڄڻ سائين), fitaccen Shaihin Sufi Naqshbandi a Pakistan shine babban majibincin masallacin. 

## Gine-gine
An samo wahayi daga Babban Masallacin Allahabad daga wuraren gine-ginen Musulunci na gargajiya. Tana kiyaye gadon tayal (Kashi) da aka fentin da hannu na Wayewar kwarin Indus tare da amfani da fasahar zamani ta siminti mai kyau.

Masallacin ya ƙunshi kumbo 101. Babban kumbon yana da tsayin , dome na biyu , sauran dome 99 kuma tsawonsu , tare da minaret ɗaya mai alama a tsayin  yana nuna haɗin kan Allah. Kubba da minaret ɗin da aka gina a kan dutse sun ƙunshi babban tsarin masallacin.

## Gama
Masallacin Allahabad ya kebanta da tsarin siminti mai kyau tare da aikin tayal ɗin fale-falen da aka fenti da hannu. An fi son tsarin furanni fiye da tsarin siffofi waɗanda ke buƙatar cikakkun bayanai inci-inci don canja su zuwa tayal ɗin fale-falen.

Wata ƙungiyar manyan masu fasaha ta yi aikin sa kai don kafa sashen samarwa ta amfani da dabarun zane da hannu, zaɓin launuka da kuma tsarin harbawa don ƙirƙirar kyawawan tayoyin kashi. Sun yi tayoyin kashi na tsawon shekaru 12 kuma suna ci gaba da samar da ƙira na musamman, ƙirar furanni da zane-zanen rubutu a kan tayal ɗin Kashi don ƙawata masallacin.

## Hotunan Hotuna

Fayil:Grand_Mosque_Allahbad_Final_Dome.jpg|alt=The final dome marked the completion of the mosque| Kusufin ƙarshe ya nuna kammala masallacin
Fayil:GMA_Hand_painted_tile_patterns.jpg|alt=Hand-painted tile patterns| Tsarin tayal da aka fentin da hannu
Fayil:Inner_corridor_detail.jpg|alt=Inner corridor detail| Cikakkun bayanai na cikin hanyar


## Manazarta
Babban Masallacin Sultan Qaboos, Al-Buraimi

**Babban Masallacin Sultan Qaboos** Masallacin Juma'a ne a Al-Buraimi, a masarautar Oman; kuma shine babban Masallacin Al-Buraimi.

## Bayani
An buɗe Babban Masallacin a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1993 kuma an sanya masa suna don girmama tsohon Sarkin Oman, Qaboos bin Said Al Said.      Masallacin yana da faɗin    kuma yana iya ɗaukar masu ibada 2,016, ciki har da mata 252. 
Fayil:جامع_السلطان_قابوس_في_البريمي.jpg
Fayil:Oasis_institute.jpg|alt=The Oasis Institute for Training and Development, Al-Buraimi, near the Grand Mosque| Cibiyar Horarwa da Ci Gaba ta Oasis, Al-Buraimi, kusa da Babban Masallaci


## Manazarta
Myrtle Craig Mowbray

**Myrtle Craig Mowbray** (Maris 16, 1883 - Nuwamba 8, 1974),  wacce a da **Myrtle Craig** ce, ita ce mace 'yar Afirka ta farko da ta kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Noma ta Michigan (daga baya Jami'ar Jihar Michigan ) a 1907. Daga baya ta zama malamar makaranta kuma farfesa a kwalejoji da jami'o'i biyu na baƙar fata a Kansas da Missouri .  Shirin Masana Mowbray a Kwalejin Daraja ta Jami'ar Jihar Michigan an sanya mata suna don girmama ta. 

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Mowbray a Adrian, Michigan . Mahaifinta ma'aikacin aika saƙo ne ga sakataren gwamnati a Lansing, babban birnin jihar.  Kafin ta isa East Lansing, ta kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin George R. Smith da ke Sedalia, Missouri, kuma ta shafe shekara guda tana malamar firamare a Missouri. 

## Kwalejin Noma ta Michigan
Mahaifin Myrtle Craig ya shawo kanta ta halarci Kwalejin Noma ta Michigan (MAC) fiye da Jami'ar Michigan . Craig ta yi karatunta a kwaleji ta hanyar teburin jira da kuma yin wasu ayyukan gefe, kuma ba ta zauna a Ginin Mata a harabar jami'ar ba, ko dai saboda ba a ba ta izinin yin hakan ba ko kuma ba za ta iya biyan kuɗin yin hakan ba. Ta fara kwana tare da dangin Addison M. Brown, wacce ita ce sakatariyar Hukumar Noma ta Jiha, kuma ta yi aiki ga iyalin a matsayin mai dafa abinci; daga baya ta yi kwana tare da dangin mataimakin farfesa na Drawing Chace Newman kafin ta fara zama a Lansing.  Tana ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban Baƙar fata 'yan Amurka huɗu a harabar jami'ar, kuma, daga cikinsu, mace ɗaya tilo, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin mata 15 a cikin ajin 1907.  Yayin da Craig take ɗaya daga cikin 'yan Afirka 'yan Amurka kaɗan a jami'ar, ta yi tunani game da abin da ta fuskanta ta hanyar cewa, "Ban ji wani bambanci ba saboda launin fata na, akwai 'yan mata, amma ni talaka ne, ban sami lokaci ko kuɗi don waɗannan abubuwan ba." A lokacin karatunta, tana da alaƙa da Cocin AME da ke Lansing. Ta karɓi takardar shaidarta a ranar 31 ga Mayu, 1907, daga Shugaban Amurka Theodore Roosevelt, mai jawabi kan fara karatun . 

## Aikin koyarwa
Bayan kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Noma ta Michigan, Craig ta shafe shekaru arba'in tana koyar da matasan Baƙar fata 'yan Amurka a Kansas da Missouri. Daga 1907 zuwa 1910 ta koyar a Jami'ar Western da ke Quindaro, Kansas, sannan ta koyar da fasahar gida na tsawon shekaru biyu a Cibiyar Lincoln da ke Jefferson City, Missouri, a lokacin da ta baje kolin a bikin baje kolin Jihar Missouri na 1911, inda ta lashe lambar zinare mai launin shuɗi da sauran kyaututtuka na aikin fasaha na gida. Daga nan ta koyar na tsawon shekaru uku a Makarantar Sakandare ta Sumner da ke Kansas City, Kansas ; ta koma koyarwa a Cibiyar Lincoln daga 1917 zuwa 1922; ta koyar da makarantar firamare a Fulton, Missouri, daga 1922 zuwa 1934; sannan kuma a Cibiyar Lincoln daga 1934 zuwa 1947.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Craig ya auri Rev. WH Bowen a shekarar 1915, kuma ya auri George H. Mowbray a shekarar 1951. A lokacin rasuwarta a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1974, tana zaune a Kansas City, Missouri . 

## Manazarta
Babban Masallacin Akşehir

**Babban Masallacin Akşehir** Masallacin tarihi ne a Akşehir, Turkiyya.

## Wuri
Masallacin yana cikin Akşehir Ilce (gundumar) na Lardin Konya a 38°21′22′′N 31°24′42′′E / 38.35611°N 31.41167°E / 38. 35611; 31.411 67 a kan titin Dudukadın. Yana fuskantar Gidan Tarihi na Akşehir .

## Tarihi
Ba a san ainihin ranar da aka gina ginin ba, kodayake bisa ga rubutun da ke kan ginin, dole ne ya kasance a shekarar 1213 ko kuma a baya.  Kwamishinan minaret shine Ebu Said İbrahim. Wannan ranar ta yi daidai da zamanin Kaykaus I (r. 1211–1220) a masarautar Rum . A zamanin Kayqubad I (r. 1220–1237) na Seljuıks, an faɗaɗa masallacin. An ƙara mihrab mai tayal na yumbu daga baya, wataƙila a ƙarni na 15, yayin da aka ƙara maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da ke kan bangon arewa da shadirvan a cikin farfajiyar a ƙarni na 19 a lokacin Daular Ottoman . Bisa ga rubutun marmaro, Yaralı Yusuf na Cihanbeyli ne ya ba da umarnin gina shi a shekarar 1811. 

## Gini
Fadin ƙasan masallacin mai murabba'i, gami da farfajiyar da kuma ban da minaret, ya kai kimanin    ƙasan minaret ɗin da ke arewa maso gabas shine    . An yi amfani da duwatsun da aka sassaka da duwatsun da aka yi wa ado wajen gina masallacin. 

## Gidan Hotuna

Fayil:Akşehir_Grand_Mosque_2.jpg| Mihrab
Fayil:Akşehir_Grand_Mosque_3.jpg| Shadirvan
Fayil:Akşehir_Grand_Mosque_4.jpg|alt=Fountain| Maɓuɓɓuga


## Manazarta