Tsibirin Farallon

**Tsibirin Farallon** (/færəlɔːn/ FA-ra-lon),  ko **Farallones** (daga   ), rukuni ne na tsibirai da tarin teku a cikin Tekun Farallones, a bakin tekun San Francisco, California, Amurka. Tsibirin kuma wani lokacin ana kiransu da masu aikin jirgin ruwa a matsayin **Tsibirin Hanci na Iblis**, dangane da yawancin wuraren da ke kusa da su. Tsibirin suna da nisan kilomita 30 (48) a waje da Golden Gate da nisan mil 20 (32  a kudancin Point Reyes,  ana iya ganinsu daga babban yankin a kwanakin da suka dace. Tsibirin suna cikin Birni da Gundumar San Francisco. Yankin da ke zaune kawai a tsibirin yana kan tsibirin kudu maso gabashin Farallon (SEFI), inda masu bincike daga Point Blue Conservation Science da US Fish and Wildlife Service suka zauna. An rufe tsibirin ga jama'a.

Gidan mafaka na Farallon Islands yana ɗaya daga cikin mafaka na namun daji na ƙasa 63 waɗanda ke da matsayin jeji na majalisa. A shekara ta 1974, an kafa hamadar Farallon (Dokar Jama'a 93-550) kuma ta haɗa da dukkan tsibirai sai dai Tsibirin Kudu maso Gabas don jimlar kadada 141 (57 .  Bugu da ƙari, ana kare ruwan da ke kewaye da tsibirin a matsayin wani ɓangare na Babban Farallones National Marine Sanctuary.

## Tarihi

Ana iya ganin tsaunukan tsibirin Farallon daga yankunan bakin teku na San Francisco da Marin County, don haka 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka da ke zaune a yankin San Francisco sun san su, kuma sun yi imanin cewa su mazaunin ruhohin matattu ne. Ba a yi imanin cewa sun yi tafiya zuwa tsibirin ba.

Mutanen Turanci na farko da suka ga waɗannan tsibirai tabbas sun kasance membobin balaguron Juan Cabrillo na 1542, wanda ya tashi har zuwa arewacin Point Reyes, amma babu wani tushen rikodin binciken Cabrillo game da waɗannan tsibannin da ya tsira. Mutumin Turai na farko da ya kirkiro rikodin tsibirin da ya tsira shi ne mai zaman kansa na Ingila kuma mai bincike Sir Francis Drake, a ranar 24 ga Yuli, 1579. A wannan rana, Drake ya sauka a tsibirin don tattara hatimi na nama da ƙwai na tsuntsaye don jirginsa. Ya kira su Tsibirin Saint James saboda ranar da ya iso ita ce ranar biki ta St James the Great. Sunan St James yanzu ana amfani da shi ga ɗaya daga cikin tsibirai masu duwatsu na Arewacin Farallons . 

A bayyane yake an fara ba da sunayensu "Farallones" (a zahiri, "dutse") daga Friar Antonio de la Ascencion, a cikin binciken Mutanen Espanya Sebastián Vizcaíno na 1603. De la Ascension ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa, "Liga shida kafin ya kai Punta de los Reyes (Point Reyes) babban tsibiri ne, leagues biyu daga ƙasa da leagues uku arewa maso yammacin wannan sune . . . bakwai farallones kusa da juna. "  An yi imanin cewa mai yiwuwa ga ƙarni biyu masu zuwa bayan Drake ya fara rubuta wanzuwarsu, bayyanar su mai ban tsoro, suna kwance a kusa da ƙofar San Francisco Bay, mai yiwuwa ya sa masu aikin jirgin ruwa na baya su fi son kewaye da yamma da ƙofar zuwa bay, don haka daga baya, don haka suna jagorantar da yawa daga ƙofar San Fransisco daga ƙofar zuwa ga ƙofar bay, don ganowa, don haka ya kaiwa ga ƙofar zuwa Bay daga baya, saboda haka daga baya. A shekara ta 1769, an gano bakin kogin ba da daɗewa ba bayan an ga bayin daga abin da ke yanzu yankin Pacifica.

A cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan gano tsibirin, a lokacin cinikin gashin teku, masu farautar hatimi sun yi amfani da tsibirin, da farko daga New England sannan daga baya daga Rasha. Mutanen Rasha sun ci gaba da tashar hatimi a cikin Farallones daga 1812 zuwa 1840, suna ɗaukar hatimi 1,200 zuwa 1,500 a kowace shekara, kodayake jiragen Amurka sun riga sun yi amfani da tsibirin. *Albatross*, wanda Nathan Winship ya jagoranci, da *O'Cain*, wanda ɗan'uwansa Jonathan Winship ke jagoranta, sune jiragen Amurka na farko da aka aiko daga Boston a cikin 1809 don kafa sulhu a Kogin Columbia. A cikin 1810, sun sadu da wasu jiragen ruwa biyu na Amurka a tsibirin Farallon, *Mercury* da *Isabella*, kuma an ɗauki akalla fata 30,000. A shekara ta 1818, hatimi ya ragu da sauri har sai kimanin 500 ne kawai za a iya ɗauka a kowace shekara kuma a cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa, an cire hatimi daga tsibirin. Ko hatimi na gashi na arewa ko hatimi na Guadalupe sun kasance hatimi na asalin tsibirin ba a sani ba, kodayake hatimi na arewa shine nau'in da ya fara sake mamaye tsibirin a cikin 1996.

A ranar 17 ga Yuli, 1827, kyaftin din teku na Faransa Auguste Duhaut-Cilly ya yi tafiya ta kudancin tsibirin Farallon kuma ya ƙidaya "mazaunin kusan ɗari na Kodiaks da Rashawa na Bodega suka kafa a can... Kodiaks, a cikin jiragensu masu haske, suna shiga cikin San Francisco Bay da dare, suna motsawa ga bakin teku da ke gaban sansanin, kuma da zarar a cikin wannan babban kwandon, suna tsaya kansu na ɗan lokaci a wasu tsibirai na ciki, daga inda suke kama otter na teku ba tare da cikas ba.

Bayan da Mexico ta ba da Alta California ga Amurka a cikin 1848 tare da yerjejeniyar Guadalupe Hidalgo, yanayin tsibirin ya kasance yana da alaƙa da haɓakar birnin San Francisco. Tun daga shekara ta 1853, an gina gidan wuta akan SEFI. Yayin da birnin ke girma, yankunan tsuntsayen teku sun shiga cikin mummunar barazana yayin da aka tattara ƙwai a cikin miliyoyin don kasuwannin San Francisco. Sana’ar wadda a zamaninta na iya samun kwai 500,000 a wata, ita ce ta haifar da rikici tsakanin kamfanonin da ke tattara kwai da masu kula da fitilun. Wannan rikici ya rikide zuwa tashin hankali a wata arangama tsakanin kamfanoni masu gaba da juna a shekara ta 1863. Rikicin da aka yi tsakanin kamfanoni biyu masu gaba da juna, wanda aka fi sani da Yakin Kwai, ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane biyu kuma ya kawo karshen kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a tsibirin, ko da yake masu kula da fitilun sun ci gaba da yin kwai.&#x5B;&#x5D;

Daga 1 zuwa 1913, tsohon Ofishin Yanayi na Amurka ya kula da tashar yanayi a tsibirin kudu maso gabas, wanda aka haɗa shi da yankin ta hanyar kebul. Sakamakon binciken meteorological daga baya an buga shi a cikin littafi game da yanayin California. Yanayin zafi a cikin waɗannan shekarun bai taɓa wucewa 90 ° F ( ° C) ko ya sauka zuwa 32 ° F (0 ° C).  Shekaru bayan haka, Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Kasa ta ba da wasu abubuwan lura da yanayi daga hasumiyar wuta a tashar rediyo ta gida.

An kuma ambaci tsibirin dangane da jirgin ruwa na  a matsayin wani wuri mai yiwuwa na Rum Row a lokacin haramtacciyar doka.

Rundunar Sojin Ruwa ta kafa tashar gano jagora mai tsayi (HFDF) a nan lokacin yakin duniya na biyu . Waɗannan rukunin gidajen rediyon da ke bakin teku za su iya bin diddigin jiragen ruwan yaƙi na Japan da jiragen ruwa na 'yan kasuwa har zuwa yammacin Pacific. Sauran tashoshi a California sun kasance a Point Arguello, Point Saint George, da San Diego. Bainbridge Island, Washington kuma ta karɓi tasha.  Jami'an Tsaron Tekun Amurka sun kula da fitilun ma'aikata har zuwa 1972, lokacin da aka sarrafa shi ta atomatik. &#x5B;&#x5D;

### Kashewar nukiliya

Daga 1946 zuwa 1970, an yi amfani da teku da ke kewaye da Farallones a matsayin wurin zubar da shara don sharar gida a ƙarƙashin ikon Hukumar Makamashi ta Atom a wani shafin da aka sani da Farallon Island Nuclear Waste Dump. YawanCi zubar da ruwa ya faru ne kafin 1960, kuma duk zubar da sharar gida ta Amurka an dakatar da shi a shekarar 1970. A lokacin, an zubar da kwantena 47,500 (gallon karfe 55), tare da jimlar aikin rediyo na 14,500 Ci (540 TBq). Abubuwan da aka zubar galibi kayan dakin gwaje-gwaje ne da ke dauke da alamun gurɓata. A shekara ta 1980, yawancin radiation sun lalace.&nbsp;&nbsp;

An tura kwantena zuwa Hunters Point Shipyard, sannan a ɗora su a kan jiragen ruwa don sufuri zuwa Farallones. An auna kwantena da kankare. Wadanda suka yi iyo a wasu lokuta ana harbe su da bindigogi don nutse su. An zubar da kwantena dubu arba'in da hudu a 37°37′N 123°17′W / 37.617°N 123.283°W / 37.717; -123.283, da kuma wasu 3,500 a 37°38′N 123 °08′W / 37,633°N 123,133°W/ 37.633. 

A watan Janairun 1951, an yi amfani da nau'in rediyo na USS Independence, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a gwajin makaman nukiliya na Operation Crossroads sannan aka ɗora shi da ganga na sharar rediyo, a yankin. An sake gano fashewarsa a cikin 2015 .

Ba a san ainihin wurin da kwantenan suke a halin yanzu da kuma haɗarin da kwantenan ke yi ga muhalli ba.  A cewar EPA, ƙoƙarin cire ganga zai iya haifar da haɗari fiye da barin su cikin damuwa.&#x5B;&#x5D;

### Jirgin da ya rushe
Tsibiran sun kasance wurin da jiragen ruwa da yawa suka rushe . Jirgin 'yanci SS *Henry Bergh*, mai ɗaukar sojoji da ya tuba, ya bugi West End a 1944 (duk hannayensu sun tsira). wani jirgin ruwa na Navy na Amurka wanda ya &#x5B;&#x5D;*ma'aikatan* jirgin 56 a 1921, an samo shi a  kuma an gano shi a cikin 2016.

Masu rufe fuska sun ɗauki hatimi na arewacin 150,000 (*Callorhinus ursinus*) daga Farallons tsakanin 1810 da 1813, sannan mafarautan fata na Rasha suka biyo baya waɗanda suka zauna a Farallons kuma suka cire pinnipeds daga tsibirin. A cikin 1996 West End Island ya zama na huɗu na arewacin Amurka lokacin da aka haifi jariri. Masu sake mulkin mallaka sun ɗauki alamomi daga Tsibirin San Miguel a cikin Tsibirin Channel, wanda aka sake mulkin mallatte shi a shekarar 1968. A shekara ta 2006, an haifi kusan yara 100. Fur seal suna da tsananin tashin hankali kuma sun kori manyan zakuna na teku daga yankinsu. Babban ƙididdigar shekara ta 2011 ya kasance mutane 476, ƙaruwa da kashi 69 cikin dari daga shekarar da ta gabata. A shekara ta 2016, adadin karnuka kadai ya kasance 1,126, yana nuna karuwar shekara-shekara ta 21% (amma mai sauyawa sosai) a cikin sabbin karnuka a cikin shekaru 21 tun lokacin sake mulkin mallaka. Idan yawan mutanen tsibirin Farallon na Kudu ya kai kimanin girman tarihi na mutane 100,000, zai iya lissafa kusan kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na yawan mutanen furen arewacin duniya.

Alamun giwayen Arewa (*Mirounga angustirostris*) sun sake mamaye mafaka a 1959 tare da tabbatar da jariri a 1972.  Gidan hatimi na giwa a kudu maso gabashin Farallon mai yiwuwa ya kai karfin ɗaukar kaya.

### Whales
Ana samun nau'ikan cetaceans da yawa a kusa da Tsibirin Farallon, galibi launin toka, blue whales, da humpback whales. Blue whales na humpback whales galibi ana samun su a kusa da tsibirai a lokacin rani da faduwa, lokacin da karfi mai karfi zai iya tallafawa wadataccen abincin abinci. Ana kuma samun Orca whales a kusa da tsibirin. Ana samun whales masu launin toka a kusa da Farallones a lokacin ƙaura bazara zuwa arewa da kuma ƙaurawar faduwa da hunturu zuwa kudu. Ana iya samun wasu Gray whales a lokacin rani, lokacin da wasu whales suka tsallake tafiya zuwa arewa zuwa Alaska kuma suka kwashe watanni na rani daga bakin tekun Kanada da Amurka.

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2005, ma'aikatan Cibiyar Marine Mammal sun cece wani humpback daga rikice-rikice a gabashin Farallones. Ganin karshe na wani humpback, Humphrey, ya kasance kusa da Farallones a 1991. Tsibirin suna cikin Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary, wanda ke kare wuraren ciyar da namun daji na mafaka.

### Sharks
Yawan giwayen da ke rufewa yana jan hankalin manyan fararen sharks zuwa tsibirin. A cikin 1970, masana kimiyyar halittu na Farallon sun ga harin shark na farko, a kan zaki na Steller. A cikin shekaru goma sha biyar masu zuwa, an lura da hare-hare sama da ɗari a kan hatimi da zakuna na teku a kusa. A shekara ta 2000, masana kimiyyar halittu suna yin kusan hare-hare tamanin a cikin kakar wasa daya.

Yayin da mazan ke dawowa kowace shekara, matan suna dawowa ne kawai a kowace shekara, sau da yawa tare da sabo, cizo mai zurfi a kawunansu. Ba a san yawan adadin shark na yanayi a Farallones ba, tare da kiyasi daga talatin zuwa ɗari. Farallones na musamman ne a cikin girman manyan farar fata waɗanda ke jawo hankali. Matsakaicin tsayin babban kifin shark mai girma shine , tare da nauyin , mata gabaɗaya sun fi maza girma. Farallon manyan farar fata suna tsakanin "kananan" maza a  ga mata, wanda yawanci tsakanin  . (Don kwatanta, mafi girma da aka auna babban kifin shark shine macen da aka kama a watan Agusta 1988 a tsibirin Prince Edward kusa da Arewacin Tekun Atlantika kuma ta auna   Stumpy, farar fata mai ƙafa 18, musamman sananne ne saboda fitowarta a cikin shirin shirin BBC mai suna "Great White Shark" wanda David Attenborough ya ruwaito kuma ana amfani da faifan hotunan harin da ta kai kan kayan lalata. , Tom Johnson, wani farin shark mai ƙafa 16 wanda aka nuna a cikin wani labari na kakar Shark na 2012 da ake kira "Great White Highway," an yi imanin shine mafi tsufa fari shark shark ya zuwa yanzu an rubuta komawa zuwa Farallones, wanda aka kiyasta a 25-30 shekaru. 

Wasu sharks an lakafta su  an gano su suna yawo a cikin Pacific har zuwa Hawaii da Guadalupe Island daga Baja California, suna dawowa a kai a kai zuwa Farallones a kowace shekara a cikin kaka. Binciken tauraron dan adam ya bayyana mafi yawan manyan fararen sharks daga Farallones (kuma daga wasu sassan California, Hawaii da yammacin gabar tekun Mexico) suna ƙaura zuwa yankin teku da ake kira White Shark Cafe, kilomita 1,500 (2,400) yammacin Ensenada, Baja California. Babban aikin a wannan wurin shine daga tsakiyar Afrilu zuwa tsakiyar Yuli, amma wasu sharks suna ciyar da har zuwa watanni takwas na shekara a can. Wannan tsibirin yana da sharks masu ƙaura da yawa da ke dawowa cikin ruwansa a kowace shekara.

### Rukunin da ke cikin dabbobi
Tsibirin suna da dubban beraye masu mamayewa waɗanda ke haifar da lalacewa a cikin yanayin halittu na asali. Matsakaicin beraye 500 na Eurasian suna zaune a kowane kadada 120 (49 , tare da kimanin yawan jama'a 60,000.

## A cikin wallafe-wallafen da zane-zane

An ambaci Farallones a takaice a Babi na 2 na littafin Jack London na 1904 The Sea-Wolf a matsayin wurin jirgin ruwa *Ghost* . Mista Johnson ya ba da wannan matsayi na jirgin ga Humphrey Van Weyden.

Littafin Abby Geni na 2016 The Lightkeepers an saita shi ne a tsibirin Farallon . 

Tsibirin Farallon da rawar da suka taka a zamanin Egg War of the Gold Rush an rubuta su a cikin shirin kwasfan fayiloli na 2017 The Kitchen Sisters Present "Egg Wars",  a cikin shirin 2019 "The Egg Wars" a kan kwasfan fayil mai ban dariya The *Dollop*,  kuma a cikin shirin podcast na 2020 Behind the Bastards "The War of the Eggs".

## Manazarta