open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Michael Mbabuike

Michael Chikelu Mbabuike (Agusta 1943 - Disamba Shekara ta 2006) mawaki ne na Najeriya, farfesa, kuma masanin harshe. Ya rike kujerar Nazarin Afirka a Sashen Humanities a Kwalejin Jama'a ta Hostos na Jami'ar Birnin New York, kuma ya kasance shugaban Majalissar Dattijai a can.

Wani dan Ibo, Mbabuike ya sami digiri na farko tare da girmamawa daga Jami'ar Najeriya, harabar Nsukka . Ya sami digiri na biyu da digiri na biyu a fannin adabi a Sorbonne, Paris, Faransa. Ya zo Amurka a ƙarshen shekarun 1970s. Baya ga kasancewa farfesa ya kasance darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Igbo a Kwalejin Jama'a ta Hostos. Ya kasance shugaban kungiyar nazarin Afirka ta New York (NYASA) sau biyu.

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

* 1988 "Binciken canje-canje na al'adu da na al'ada a cikin tsarin iyalin Ibo a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata" 
* 1995 "Tsarin wallafe-wallafen kasa a Afirka: Matsalolin Gaskiya da Tsarin" 
* 1997 *Najeriya shekaru talatin bayan yakin basasa* 
* 1998 *Waƙoƙin Tunawa* Tafiye-tafiye 

## Ƙarin karantawa

* Uwazurike, P. Chudi (2007) "A kan tafiye-tafiye na ilimi na Najeriya na Amurka: Daraja ta Mutum" Dialectical Anthropology 31: shafuka 111-125

## Haɗin waje

* Takaitaccen tarihin Michael C. Mbabuike daga KWENU, wanda aka samu a ranar 30 ga Disamba 2008
* Obaze, Oseloka (2007) "Rana ta sauka da tsakar rana: An elegy for Prof. Michael Chikelu Mbabuike" KNENU, 7 Janairu 2007, isa 30 Disamba 2008
Ope Ajayi

**Ope Ajayi** Mai shirya fim-finai ne kuma mai tallata fina-fakkaatu a Najeriya. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma Shugaba na Cinemax Distribution Limited da Kyaftin na Sea Productions .  An fi saninsa da Babban Mai gabatarwa na jerin abubuwan ban mamaki na kisan gilla na Najeriya, The Party wanda aka saki a Netflix Mayu 2025, shi ma babban mai gabatarwa ne na fim din Queen Lateefah, wanda aka samar tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Wumi Toriola . Har ila yau, babban furodusa na fina-finai Brotherhood, *Ada Omo Daddy*  da Thinline, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo da furodusa Mercy Aigbe . Ya ba da lasisi ga fina-finai masu nasara da yawa zuwa dandamali da yawa kamar Sista ta Biodun Stephen, da Silence ta Yemi Filmboy Morafa .

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Ope Ajayi a Legas, Najeriya . Ya kammala karatun sakandare a Makarantar Kasa da Kasa, Jami'ar Legas, kuma ya sami digiri a Kimiyya ta Actuarial daga Jami'ar Lagos . Ya kuma kasance tsohon jami'in makarantar Kasuwancin Legas .

## Ayyuka
Ajayi ya fara aiki a bangaren sabis na kudi kafin ya koma Genesis Cinemas . 

An nada Ope Ajayi a matsayin babban darakta a Genesis Group . A watan Yulin 2022, an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban Kasa na Kungiyar Masu Nunin Cinema ta Najeriya . 

## Hotunan fina-finai

## Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Yunkurin Dimokuradiyya don Ƴanci na Kunama na Eritrea

**Jam'iyyar Democrat Movement for the Liberation of the [[Eritrea]] Kunama** (abbreviated **DMLEK**) kungiya ce ta siyasa da makamai ta Kunama da ke aiki a Eritrea .  Wannan yana ba da shawara ga haƙƙoƙi da ikon cin gashin kai na mutanen Kunama, ɗaya daga cikin kabilun tara a ƙasar. Kungiyar galibi tana samun tallafi daga Eritrean Diaspora  kuma tana da alaƙa da Red Sea Afar Democratic Organisation . 

An kafa DMLEK a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1995, bayan Eritrea ta sami 'yancin kai daga Habasha. Kungiyar ta fito ne don mayar da martani ga warewa da nuna bambanci da mutanen Kunama ke fuskanta a karkashin gwamnatin Eritrea. DMLEK ta shiga cikin rikici da aka yi da gwamnatin Eritrea, tare da manufar tabbatar da ikon cin gashin kanta, 'yancin kai da wakilci ga mutanen Kunama. Koyaya matsayin DMLEK game da rabuwa yana da ɗan rikitarwa,  tare da wasu membobin da ke ba da shawara don 'yancin kai ga yankin Kunama ta hanyar rikici. 

Mutanen Kunama suna da al'ada da yare daban-daban, kuma a tarihi sun fuskanci nuna bambanci da warewa a karkashin gwamnatocin Eritrea da suka biyo baya. DMLEK ta kasance mai sukar manufofin gwamnatin Eritrea ga kungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru, kuma ta yi kira ga girmamawa ga' yancin mutanen Kunama da sauran al'ummomin da aka ware a kasar.

DMLEK ta shiga cikin rikice-rikice daban-daban da aka yi da gwamnatin Eritrea, kuma an zarge ta da aikata laifukan 'yancin ɗan adam. Gwamnatin Eritrea ta sanya kungiyar a matsayin kungiyar ta'addanci, kuma ta kasance ƙarƙashin zalunci da zalunci.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Mayombe

**Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Mayombe** ( Portuguese: Aliança Nacional do Mayombe; **ALLIAMA** ) rusasshiyar ƙungiyar 'yan aware ce wacce ta yi fafutukar neman 'yancin kan lardin Cabinda daga Portugal. ALLIAMA ya haɗu da Kwamitin Ayyuka na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Cabinda da Ƙungiyar Movement for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda a shekarar 1963 don kafa Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC). Cabinda yanzu lardi ne kuma yanki ne na Angola.

## Duba kuma

* 1960 a Angola
* Yaƙin 'Yancin Angola
* Mayombe

## Manazarta
Sidama National Liberation Front

**Sidama National Liberation Front**,    wanda aka fi sani da **Sidama Liberation Front**   (abbreviated SNLF ko SLF) kungiya ce ta 'yan tawaye a Yankin Sidama na Habasha .  [4] SNLF ta haɗa kai da Oromo Liberation Front a cikin 2012  da Ogaden National Liberation Front na 2015  a kan Tigray People's Liberation Front.

Ya zuwa 2021, ACLED ta ayyana SNLF a matsayin kungiyar "marasa aiki" wacce "ba a san ta sosai ba kuma ba ta ci gaba sosai ba har ma a cikin al'ummarta".

## Halitta
An kafa kungiyar Sidama National Liberation Front a shekara ta .

## Manufofi
SNLF ta bayyana manufarta a matsayin Ƙaddamar da kai na Mutanen Sidama. A cikin 2016, wakilan SNLF sun haɗu da wasu kungiyoyi a Asmara, inda suka kirkiro People's Alliance for Freedom and Democracy, wanda ya nuna rashin amincewa da "kusa da masu zanga-zangar da ba su da makamai a Oromia ta TPLF". Kungiyar ta yi zanga-zanga game da kamfanoni masu yawa da kuma gwamnatin da ke karkashin TPLF da ke kwace albarkatun kasa daga al'ummomin noma da makiyaya matalauta da kuma fitar da mazauna.

## Jagora
A cikin 2017, Denboba Natie ya kasance memba na kwamitin zartarwa na SNLF . 

## Alkawari
A cikin 2012, SNLF (a lokacin, SLF), ta yi wata sanarwa ta hadin gwiwa tare da Oromo Liberation Front, tana zargin TPLF da gangan ta haifar da rikici tsakanin Sidama da kungiyoyin Oromo "ta hanyar hare-hare da yawa". SNLF da OLF tare sun yi kira ga "mutane masu rinjaye gabaɗaya" da Oromo da Sidama don guje wa shiga rikici kuma "maimakon su kafa kwamitin dattawa na tarihi da kuma warware rikice-rikicen su ta hanyar gargajiya".

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2015, SNLF ta haɗa kai da wasu kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye guda biyu, Ogaden National Liberation Front da Oromo Liberation Front, kuma suna yaƙi da Gwamnatin Habasha, wanda Jam'iyyar Democrat Revolutionary Front (EPDRF) ta mamaye.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Tawayen Alkahira

**Tawayen Alkahira** tawaye ne da ya faru a ranakun 21–22 ga watan Oktoban n shekarar 1798 da al'ummar Alkahira suka yi kan mamayar da Faransa ta yi wa Masar ƙarƙashin jagorancin Napoleon Bonaparte. 

## Tawayen
Halin da sojojin Faransa ke ciki na da matuƙar muhimmanci&nbsp;– Turawan Ingila sun yi barazanar mamayar Faransa a Masar bayan nasarar da suka samu a yakin kogin Nilu, Murad Bey da sojojinsa har yanzu suna cikin fagen fama a Upper Masar, kuma Janar Menou da Dugua sun kasance kawai suna iya ci gaba da kula da Lower Misira. Mazaunan Masar suna da dalili guda ɗaya tare da waɗanda ke adawa da Faransawa a Alkahira&nbsp;– Duk yankin ya kasance cikin tawaye.

Faransa ta mayar da martani ta hanyar kafa manyan bindigogi a Citadel tare da harba su a yankunan da ke ɗauke da dakarun 'yan tawaye. Da daddare ne sojojin Faransa suka zagaya birnin Alkahira inda suka lalata duk wani shinge da kagara da suka ci karo da su.  Ba da daɗewa ba aka fara tunkarar ‘yan tawayen da karfin sojojin Faransa, inda kuma a hankali suka rasa iko da yankunansu na birnin. Bonaparte da kansa ya yi farautar 'yan tawaye daga titi zuwa titi tare da tilasta musu neman mafaka a Masallacin Al-Azhar. Bonaparte ya ce “Shi [wato Ubangiji] ya makara&nbsp;– kun fara, yanzu zan gama!”. Daga nan sai ya umurci 'yan bindigarsa da su buɗe wuta a Masallacin. Faransawa sun fasa kofofin kuma suka kutsa cikin ginin, inda suka yi wa mazauna garin kisan gilla. A ƙarshen tawayen Masarawa 5,000 zuwa 6,000 ne suka mutu ko suka jikkata.

## Bayan haka
Komawa cikin cikakken ikon Alkahira, Bonaparte ya nemi marubuta da masu tada fitina. An yanke wa shehunai da dama, tare da wasu masu faɗa aji daban-daban hukuncin kisa da masu hannu a cikin wannan makirci, aka kuma kashe su. Bayan kuma gama hukunta su, an saka haraji mai yawa a kan birnin kuma aka maye gurbinsa da dian garin da hukumar sojoji. Don kawar da tasirin Ubangiji Mai Girma, Faransawa sun buga shela a duk garuruwan Masar da ke ƙarƙashin ikonsu, suna ƙarewa da kalmomin:

## Sources

* Chandler, David G. (1966). *Yakin Napoleon.* New York: Macmillan.ISBN&nbsp; .
* Pigeard, Alain (2004). *Dictionnaire des batailles de Napoléon: 1796-1815*, Paris: editions Tallandier.ISBN&nbsp;

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*  

## Manazarta
Tawayen Masisi da Lubutu

A cikin shekarar 1944, an yi tawaye a Kivu a gabashin Kongo na Belgian. Dalilin tawayen ya kasance a cikin tsarin haraji na hukumomin Belgian da manufofin ƙwadago na gama gari, waɗanda Ƙungiyar Hasumiyar Tsaro ta yi tir da cewa ba ta bin Ubangiji.  Tawayen da aka yi a lokacin bazara, ya kasance wani “mummunan tashin hankali” wanda ya yi sanadin kashe ɗaruruwan mutanen Congo da fararen fata uku. An rataye ’yan tawaye biyu da suka haɗa da shugaban masu tayar da kayar baya Ngoie Mukalabushi. 

## Duba kuma

* Belgian Kongo a yakin duniya na biyu

## Manazarta
Tawayen Mbwila na 1691-1693

**Tawayen Mbwila na 1691-1693** rikici ne tsakanin sojojin Ndembu na Mbwila, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Sebastião Afonso, da hukumomin 'yan mulkin mallaka na Portugal daga shekarun 1691 zuwa 1693 a Angola. Tawayen ya ga nasarar Ndembu da wuri kafin wani hari na Portugal ya murkushe shi, wanda ya lalata yankin kuma ya sake tabbatar da ikon Portuguese.

## Tarihi
A ƙarshen ƙarni na 17, Masarautar Kongo tana raguwa saboda rarrabuwar kawuna na cikin gida da kuma tasirin ikon 'yan mulkin mallaka na Portugal a Angola. Mbwila, wani lardi a cikin Kongo, a al'adance ya kasance shahararrun ƴan ƙasar Portugal, amma tashin hankali ya fara tashi yayin da faɗaɗawar Portuguese ta yi karo da ƙungiyoyin 'yancin kai a yankin. 

## Tawaye

### Korar Portuguese, 1691
A shekara ta 1691, Sebastião Afonso, mai mulkin Mbwila, ya bayyana mubaya'arsa ga Kongo da Sarauniya Njinga ta Matamba, ya nisanta kansa da 'yan mulkin mallaka na Portuguese. Sebastião ya kori babban kyaftin ɗin Portugal da limamin coci, wanda aka ajiye a Mbwila, ya kona coci kuma ya toshe hanyoyin kasuwanci.   

### Yakin farko, 1691
Turawan Portugal sun shirya gangamin murkushe tawayen. Dakarun 'yan bindiga 800 da maharba 40,000, da suka haɗa da sojojin Portugal da abokansu na Afirka, sun mamaye Mbwila.  Sun kori ƙauyukan yankin tare da yunkurin mamaye yankin.  Duk da haka, 'yan tawayen sun tsira, kuma duk da karfin farko na sojojin Portugal, ruwan sama mai yawa da kuma ɓarkewar cututtuka na wurare masu zafi sun raunana Portuguese, suna fama da hasara mai yawa, tare da kwamandan yayin da suke sansanin a Camolemba. 

### Yaƙin na biyu, 1692-1693
A shekara ta 1692/1693, Portuguese ta sake haɗuwa kuma suka kaddamar da farmaki a ƙarƙashin Pascoal Rodrigues.  Turawan Portugal sun kai hari da karfin tsiya, inda suka lalata yankin. A shekara ta 1693, Portuguese sun ci nasara da tawaye, suka tilasta Mbwila komawa cikin biyayya da sake kafa vassalage zuwa Portugal. 

## Bayan haka
Sojojin Portugal, bayan murkushe tawayen Mbwila, sun tilastawa Ndembu sabunta mulkinsu zuwa Portugal. 

### Ayyukan da aka ambata
 
* 
* 
* 

## Manazarta
Sojojin Tsaro na Kudancin Kamaru

**Sojojin Tsaro na Kudancin Kamaru** (wanda aka fi sani da **SOCADEF**) bangare ne mai dauke da makamai na Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Jama'ar Afirka, ƙungiyar 'yanci ta Ambazonian. Ebenezer Akwanga ne ke jagoranta,  wanda ke zaune a Amurka,  Tare da Sojojin Tsaro na Ambazonia, yana daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan bindiga da ke fada a farkon rikicin Anglophone.  Yafi aiki a Meme  da Fako. 

## Tarihi
A shekara ta 2019, SOCADEF ta yi iƙirarin cewa tana da sojoji 3,500, kodayake Ƙungiyar Crisis ta Duniya ta yi jayayya cewa 'yan bindiga suna da aƙalla' yan bindiga 500. Sojojin sun yi wasu kanun labarai a watan Maris na 2020 lokacin da suka ayyana tsagaita wuta na makonni biyu don ba mutane lokaci don a gwada su don coronavirus.

Bayan shan wahala a cikin rikice-rikicen 'yan tawaye tare da Fako Mountain Lions a watan Yunin 2021,  SOCADEF an yi jita-jita cewa ya rushe. A zahiri, 'yan bindiga sun shiga karkashin kasa na watanni da yawa yayin da suke samun makamai mafi kyau da sabon jagoranci. A watan Oktoba 2021, SOCADEF ta kaddamar da "Operation No Rest For You", da aka yi niyya ga sojojin Kamaru a Ikiliwindi kuma an ruwaito sun kashe tara. A watan Yulin 2022, 'yan tawaye a karkashin "Janar Mai Shiga" sun sake kai hari kan jami'an tsaro a Ikiliwindi; a lokacin, Janar Mai Shiga ya kasance mai aminci ga SOCADEF.

## Ƙungiya
Kodayake Ebenezer Akwanga ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban SOCADEF tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, yana zaune a gudun hijira; saboda haka, kungiyar tana da jerin kwamandojin sojojin ƙasa waɗanda suka jagoranci dakarun a yankin yaƙi. A shekara ta 2018, babban jami'in 'yan bindiga shi ne "Janar Molua C",  daga baya "Janar" Andrew Ngoe ya maye gurbinsa. A ranar 24 ga watan Janairun 2019, an kashe Janar Andrew Ngoe a Matoh, Mbonge, inda ya bar Nsom Hilary (wanda ake kira "Janar Opobo") a matsayin mai kula. Bayan mutuwar Janar Opobo a hannun masu adawa a watan Yunin 2021, "Janar Jason" ya zama sabon kwamandan SOCADEF.

SOCADEF ba ta shiga Majalisar Tsaro ta Ambazonia ba, ƙungiyar laima da Gwamnatin Wakilai ta kirkira. Koyaya, bangaren siyasa, African People's Liberation Movement (APLM), ya shiga cikin kafa Majalisar 'Yanci ta Kudancin Kamaru a watan Maris na 2019, yadda ya kamata ya haɗa kai da Gwamnatin wucin gadi a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar laima.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Tsayayyar Jihar Somaliya

The Somali State Resistance (Somali: ),  wanda aka fi sani da MGS, kungiya ce ta adawa da ke wakiltar Yankin Somaliya na Habasha wacce ta shiga United Front of Ethiopian Federalist and Confederalist Forces a 2021 a lokacin Tigray War       Jam'iyyar Resistance ta Jihar Somaliya ta fito ne a matsayin ƙungiya a cikin 2021 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mahamud Ugas Muhumed, wanda ya haɗa kungiyar tare da Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) da wasu bangarori takwas a lokacin Yaƙin Tigray .   Jam'iyyar Resistance ta Jihar Somaliya ta bayyana shirye-shiryen su na amfani da karfi da tattaunawa don cimma burinsu. Kungiyar ta fitar da wata sanarwa ga mutanen yankin Somaliya a ranar 3 ga Disamba 2021.

## Tarihi
A cikin 2021, ƙungiyar da aka sani da Somaliya State Resistance, wanda ba a san asalinsa ba, ya shiga United Front of Ethiopian Federalist and Confederalist Forces (UFEFCF) a kan Gwamnatin Habasha a lokacin Yaƙin Tigray .

Jam'iyyar Resistance ta Jihar Somaliya ba ta wanzu ba kafin bikin sanya hannu a Washington, DC. Wakilin Mahamud Ugas ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Yankin Shirye-shiryen da Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki na Yankin Somaliya daga 1991 har zuwa 1995. Daga 1995 har zuwa 2000, Ugas ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara da mai bincike ga kungiyoyin jin kai daban-daban. A cewar tarihin rayuwarsa, Mahamud ya bar Habasha a shekara ta 2000 kuma ya nemi mafaka ta siyasa a Kanada. Mohamud Ugas ko kuma Somali State Resistance ba su da wata alaƙa ta hukuma da Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF), duk da haka Mohamud Ogas ya ruwaito cewa ya halarci tattaunawar zaman lafiya ta Nairobi ta 2012 tsakanin gwamnatin Habasha da tawaye ta ONLF a matsayin wakilin kwamitin kare hakkin dan Adam na Ogaden. 

Kungiyar ba ta aiki tun daga ranar 19 ga watan Disamba na 2021, tana nuna cewa wata kungiya ce mai wakilci da aka gina a kan burin siyasa don maye gurbin jam'iyyar Prosperity Party mai mulki.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Harin tashar man fetur ta Beira

**Harin da aka kai a tashar man fetur ta [[Beira]]** wani hari ne a tashar mai a Gundumar Munhava ta Beira a ranar 23 ga Maris, 1979, kuma sojojin Rhodesian SAS ne suka gudanar da shi wadanda suka samu taimako daga rundunar Four-Recce ta Afirka ta Kudu. Harin ya haifar da miliyoyin daloli na lalacewar tankunan mai na Beira na kamfanonin Mozambican da na kasashen waje da kuma karin talla ga ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye ta RENAMO. Kodayake RENAMO ta yi ikirarin alhakin kuma Rhodesia ta yaba da ita ga harin, harin ya kasance kusan dukkanin Rhodesian da Afirka ta Kudu sai dai ga kasancewar wakilin RENAMO guda ɗaya a kan aikin.[3]

## Harin
An zaɓi mutane 20 daga A Squadron a cikin Rhodesian SAS a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kyaftin Bob McKenzie don shiga cikin harin. Kungiyar ta tashi daga Salisbury, Rhodesia zuwa sansanin Afirka ta Kudu 4 Recces a Cape Town don fara horo kafin tafiya zuwa Durban inda za su tashi zuwa Beira a cikin SAS Frederick Creswell, Jirgin hari mai sauri. Masu saboteurs sun shiga Beira da misalin karfe 11 na yamma kuma sun isa wuraren samar da man fetur ba tare da an gano su ba. Rhodesians sun yi amfani da bama-bamai, RPGs da bindigogi don lalata tankunan mai tare da babbar wuta da ta mamaye wurin. Birnin ya fashe cikin rikici yayin da ƙungiyar ta tsere daga wurin tare da harbe-harbe da bindigogin jirgin sama da ke harba cikin iska. Squadron ya dawo cikin sana'a ba tare da wata matsala ba sai dai wakilin RENAMO Marco Cinco wanda ya mutu a yaƙi.

## Sakamakon haka
An aika da ƙungiyar kashe gobara ta Afirka ta Kudu zuwa Beira don kashe wutar da ta yi kusan awanni 40 kafin a kashe ta. Koyaya, an dawo da wutar lantarki ga birnin ne kawai 4 hours bayan an yanke shi. Kimanin farashin lalacewar ya kasance daga dala miliyan 3 zuwa dala miliyan 16 tare da tankunan mai mallakar Mobil Oil, Shell, Caltex da Petrolmoc duk sun lalace.[3] Ana nufin a aika man a cikin ajiyar zuwa Malawi.

An ba Kyaftin Bob McKenzie lambar yabo ta Silver Cross of Rhodesia saboda shiga cikin harin wanda shine lambar yabo ta biyu mafi girma ta soja ta Rhodesia.

### Halin da aka yi

* Robert Mugabe: Shugaban ZANU-PF Robert Mugabe ya yi Allah wadai da harin yana mai cewa "an yi niyyar rushe Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Mozambique don daga baya ta rage goyon bayanta ga gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Zimbabwe" 

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Bayanan littattafai

* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] La'ana a kan Land: Tarihin Yakin basasar Mozambican (PDF). Perth. : CS1 maint: wurin da ya ɓace mai bugawa (link) Attack:
Raid on Reghaïa (1837)

*Raid on Reghaïa* a watan Mayu 1837, lokacin da Faransa ta mamaye Aljeriya, ta fafata da masu mulkin mallaka na Faransa a yankin Reghaïa da sojojin Kabyle na ƙungiyar Igawawen.  

## Tarihi
Kafin mulkin mallaka Igawawen, wanda aka fi sani da Zwawas ya yi aiki a matsayin sojoji a ƙarƙashin Deylik na Algiers. Bayan juyin mulkin da Ali Khodja ya yi sun ƙara samun tasiri a cikin ƙasar. A cikin shekarar 1830 Faransa ta mamaye Algiers, kuma ta fara mamaye Faransa na Aljeriya. Zwawa sun yi aiki a ƙarƙashin sojojin ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ibrahim Agha, musamman a yakin Staouéli. Bayan faɗuwar Algiers, Faransawa sun fara mamaye yankin Mitidja da ke kewaye da birnin. Da farko sun ci sojojin Mostéfa Boumezrag a Médea, ba da daɗewa ba Mohamed ben Zamoum ya dakatar da su a Yaƙin Blida na farko. A shekara ta 1837 aka kwace yawancin Mitidja, kuma Faransa ta fara mamaye ƙasashen Zwawa.

## Mercier da Saussine Farm
 
Bayan da Kanar Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg (1784-1838) ya yi kisan kiyashi a El Ouffia a shekarar 1832, sai da taki na cin zarafi da kwace filaye da kadarori na Aljeriya ya ƙaru domin samar da ƙarin manoman Faransa a Mitidja daga shekara ta 1836.  Don haka, a cikin Reghaïa, an ba wa Faransawa biyu, Mercier da *Saussine wani yanki na sama da hectare 3,000, don kafa babban cibiyar noma a wannan fili mai dausayi. * 'Yar kasuwa *Mercier* wacce ta zo daga Amurka a cikin shekarar 1836 ta riga ta ƙware a cikin harkokin kasuwanci da ayyukan irin wannan.

## Kai hari
Sarki Mustapha (1814-1863) ya shirya wani hari da aka kai tun ranar 8 ga watan Mayu 1837 a gonar Reghaia, dake tsakanin  da  a cikin filin Mitidja. Ƙungiyoyin Zwawa, musamman Beni Aïcha, Issers da kuma ƙabilar Amraoua sun wawashe Reghaïa.  Wasu ‘yan mulkin mallaka na Faransa guda biyu ne Zwawa suka kashe a cikin gonakin noma, kuma an kwashe shanu masu yawa daga wuraren da aka yi garkuwa da su zuwa yankin Oued Isser. Duk da haka, an samu nasarar kare gonar *Reghaïa* daga masu mallakarta da kuma sojojin gida daga wannan hari na farko a cikin layin da aka raba tsakanin *Mitidja* da Kabylia, kamar yadda ya kasance na gaba a lokacin harin na biyu a shekarar 1839, sannan a karkashin Sarki Abdelkader, da Ahmed ben Salem.

## Hotuna

Fayil:Abd_al-Qadir.jpg| Emir Abdelkader
Fayil:Damrémont_par_Julien.jpg| Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont
Fayil:Colonel_Maximilien_Joseph_Schauenburg_4.jpg| Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg
Fayil:Col_de_Ténia.jpg|alt=Expedition of the Col des Beni Aïcha (1837)| Balaguro na Col des Beni Aïcha (1837)
Fayil:Photo_boudouaou_marine_08102014.jpg|alt=First Battle of Boudouaou (1837)| Yakin farko na Boudouaou (1837)


## Duba kuma

* Faransa ta mamaye Aljeriya
* Masarautar Abdelkader
* Emir Mustapha
* Balaguro na Col des Beni Aïcha (1837)
* Yakin farko na Boudouaou (1837)
* Yaƙin Iss na Farko (1837)

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Littattafai

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Manazarta
Kisan kiyashi na Maluana

**kisan kiyashi na Maluana** kisan kiyashi ne na fararen hula da ke tafiya a kan babbar hanyar Arewa-Kudancin kusa da garin Maluana, Mozambique wanda ke da kusan kilomita 30 a arewacin babban birnin Maputo . 'Yan tawayen RENAMO ne suka yi kisan kiyashi wadanda suka yi wa babban motar farar hula kwanton bauna wanda ke tafiya zuwa arewa. Irin wannan kisan kiyashi ya faru a kusa a cikin watanni da suka gabata kamar kisan kiyashin Taninga tare da RENAMO da nufin yanke babban birnin Maputo daga sauran ƙasar. 

## Kisan kiyashi
Harin ya faru ne da yamma a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba lokacin da babban rukuni na 'yan tawaye na RENAMO suka bude wuta daga bangarorin biyu na hanya zuwa babban motar motar da ke dauke da bindigogi da bazookas. Jirgin farar hula ya kasance tare da rundunar soja wanda ya zama ruwan dare saboda wasu kisan kiyashi a kusa a cikin watanni da suka gabata, duk da haka sojoji sun fi ƙarfin makamai kuma ba su iya yin tsayayya da 'yan tawaye ba. Sai kawai har sai da sojoji suka kira tallafi daga rundunar sojan sama cewa 'yan tawaye sun warwatse. A ƙarshen kisan kiyashi 'yan tawaye sun kashe fararen hula 71 kuma sun ji wa wasu 78 rauni tare da lalata jimlar motoci 32, gami da motar USAID. Sojojin sun rasa sojoji 2 kuma sun kashe 'yan tawaye 4 na RENAMO. Wadanda suka tsira daga harin sun kuma ba da labarin yaduwar fashi da 'yan tawaye suka yi.

## Sakamakon haka
Bayan kisan kiyashi an gudanar da bukukuwan jana'iza guda biyu a babban birnin Maputo wanda dubban 'yan ƙasa suka halarta.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Majalisar ƴan Democrat ta Afirka ta Kudu

Kungiyar 'yan Democrat ta Afirka ta Kudu (SACOD) kungiya ce mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, mai adawa da wariyar launin fata da aka kafa a Afirka ta Kudu a 1952 ko 1953 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ƙungiyar yan launin fata, bayan Kungiyar 'Yan Kasa ta Afirka (ANC) ta gayyaci fararen fata su zama wani ɓangare na Kungiyar Majalisa.  

Kafawar COD ta nemi nuna adawa da wariyar launin fata tsakanin fararen fata. COD ta bayyana tare da ANC kuma ta ba da shawarar daidaito na launin fata da zaɓen duniya. Ko da yake karami, COD babbar kungiya ce ta Alliance Congress. COD ta shiga cikin kowane kamfen na Alliance na Congress har sai gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta Afirka ta Kudu ta haramta shi a watan Satumbar 1962. 

## Dangantaka da ANC da SACP
ANC ta kalli COD a matsayin hanyar da za ta gabatar da ra'ayinta kai tsaye ga fararen jama'a. Bugu da ƙari, kamar yadda Nelson Mandela ya rubuta, "COD ya yi aiki mai mahimmanci ga 'yan Afirka; baƙi waɗanda suka shiga cikin gwagwarmaya saboda suna adawa da fararen fata sun gano cewa hakika akwai fararen fata masu kirki waɗanda suka bi da' yan Afirka daidai. "  Ko da yake COD kanta ba kungiya ce ta kwaminisanci ba, yawancin mambobin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Afirka ta Kudu (SACP) da aka haramta sun shiga COD.

## Mambobin
COD ba ta da mambobi sama da 700 kuma an kafa ta ne a Johannesburg da Cape Town. Mambobin COD sun hada da: 

* Michael Harmel
* Bram Fischer
* Joe Slovo
* Ruth ta Farko
* Denis Goldberg
* Albie Sachs
* Baruch Hirson
* Pieter Beyleveld, wanda aka zaba shugaban kasa na farko
* Ben Turok
* Harold Strachan
* Rusty Bernstein
* Hilda Bernstein
* Arthur Goldreich
* Helen Joseph
* Hauwa'u Hall
* Tony Hall

## Tushen

## Haɗin waje

* "Bayanin mutuwarsa: Hauwa'u Hall"
* "Bayanin mutuwarsa: Tony Hall"
Kungiyar Ba da Shawara ta Dyck

**Dyck Advisory Group** (**DAG**) kamfani ne na soja mai zaman kansa wanda ke zaune a Velddrif, Afirka ta Kudu, wanda Lionel Dyck ya kafa a shekarar 2012,  tsohon kwamandan soja  wanda ya yi aiki a cikin Sojojin Tsaro na Rhodesia sannan kuma a rundunar Sojojin Zimbabue. Ya yi yaƙi a matsayin wani ɓangare na sojojin Zimbabwe da suka taimaka wa gwamnatin Mozambican a kan RENAMO a lokacin yakin basasar Mozambican . A lokacin, ya kafa kyakkyawar dangantaka a cikin jam'iyyar FRELIMO mai mulki ta ƙasar Mozambique kuma tare da shugaban Zimbabwe Emmerson Mnangagwa daga baya. Bayan yaƙin basasar Mozambican, ya kasance a cikin ƙasar.

DAG tana ba da aiyuka na lalata da hana farauta ga abokan ciniki a duk duniya. Daga 2019, DAG ta zama mai aiki a Cabo Delgado, Mozambique, inda suka taimaka wajen yaki da tayar da kayar baya na Islama. Shugaban 'yan sanda Bernardino Rafael ne ya hayar kamfanin don taimakawa horar da' yan sanda na cikin gida da yaki da 'yan tawaye. Sojojinsa suna aiki kuma suna ba da hayar jiragen sama masu sauƙi na *Bat Hawk*, kuma sun tura Aérospatiale Gazelles guda uku, Eurocopter AS350 Écureuils guda biyu da Aérospaiale Alouette III guda ɗaya a Cabo Delgado.

A cikin 2021, Amnesty International (AI) ta ba da rahoton cewa a lokacin ayyukan a Mozambique, ma'aikatan DAG sun harbe bindigogi daga jirage masu saukar ungulu kuma sun jefa grenades na hannu ba tare da nuna bambanci ba a cikin taron mutane, da kuma harbe-harbe a kan kayan aiki farar hula, gami da asibitoci, makarantu da gidaje.

A cikin Yaƙin Palma na Maris da Afrilu 2021, kamfanin ya taimaka wa sojojin Mozambican da 'yan sanda wajen yaki da masu tayar da kayar baya. A cewar Dyck, jami'ansa sun shiga da dama daga cikin 'yan ta'adda da kuma ceto' yan sanda da suka ji rauni da fararen hula da aka kama. Ceto, wanda DAF ta gudanar a wani bangare, ya ceci fararen kwangila a gaban fararen hula na cikin gida, in ji AI.  

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Kama Palestro (1871)

**Kame Palestro** yaki ne da ya faru a lokacin tawayen Mokrani tsakanin 'yan tawayen Aljeriya da Faransa a shekara ta 1871.

## Tarihi
Yayin da tashin hankalin ya mamaye yankunan bakin teku tun farko kuma daga baya zuwa tsaunukan gabashin Mitidja, ya kai har zuwa Constantine, ya ci gaba da tafiya zuwa tsaunin Belezma. Yana da alaƙa da tawayen ƴan asalin ƙasar, har zuwa hamadar Sahara. Gudun waɗannan abubuwan sun ci gaba da tafiya a hankali zuwa birnin Algiers da kansa, daga ƙarshe suka isa Lakhdaria.

## Yaƙi
An gudanar da taron shugabannin 'yan tawayen Aljeriya kuma a cikin wannan majalissar ne aka yanke shawarar kai hari a ƙauyen Palestro, wanda ya faru a ranar 20 ga watan Afrilu da ya ɗauki tsawon sa'o'i arba'in da takwas. Bayan haka, birnin ya gabatar da mugayen gidajen gani da aka lalata, wasu kayayyaki sun warwatse a ƙasa. Wani bayani mai ratsa zuciya: Faransawa 46 da harin ya rutsa da su ba su da rai, yayin da wasu kuma suka ɓace ba tare da an gano ko wane irin yanayi ba, daga nan ne maharan suka kwace birnin.

## Bayan haka
Tafiya daga Palestro zuwa Algiers, 'yan tawayen sun fuskanci dakatarwa a Boudouaou a ranar 22 ga watan Afrilu, 1871, wanda Kanar Alexandre Fourchault ya dakile a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar Orphis Léon Lallemand. Wannan haɗuwar da aka yi a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu ta haifar da mummunar kaye ga Cheikh Mokrani.

## Manazarta
Kama Touggourt (1871)

**Kame Touggourt** wani farmakin soji ne da 'yan ƙabilar Chaamba suka kai wa birnin Touggourt a lokacin tawayen Mokrani, inda aka kashe sojojin Faransa na birnin da kwamandojinsa. Ya faru daga watan Mayu 14-15, 1871.

## Tarihi
Bouchoucha makiyayi ne mai sauki dan ƙasar Aljeriya wanda ya samu matsala da Faransa saboda sata. Ya yi nasarar tserewa zuwa Ain Salah, inda ya haɗa kai da wata ƙabila mai suna Chaamba, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Bennacer Benchohra, tare da su suka fara turjiya, inda suka kame N'Goussa a ranar 5 ga watan Maris 1871  kafin su kai wa Ouargla hari a cikin watan Maris na wannan shekarar.  Babban makiyinsu shi ne wani Ali Bey, Agha na Touggourt  a ƙarƙashin Faransa, wanda ya kame birnin a shekara ta 1854, Bayan Ali ya gane ikonsu.  Bayan haka, sun nufi Touggourt na Faransa da ke iko da shi don kama shi, tare da shugaban Chaamba Benchohra.

## Yaƙi
Garin yana da Tirailleur na Faransa 66 da Sajan guda biyu, wanda Laftanar Mousseli ɗan asalin ƙasar ke jagoranta. An san Mousseli da karfin soja amma ba shi da hankali kuma bai yi wani kokari ba wajen kare birnin, ko da ya san Bouchoucha na gabatowa, lokacin da Bouchoucha ya isa bangon Touggourt a safiyar ranar 14 ga watan Mayu, ya ga wasu magoya bayansa sun buɗe kofofin. Ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba ya mamaye birnin. Ya nufi Casbah, sai ya tarar da wata ƙaramar runduna har ma da iyayen Ali-Bey a wurin. Ma'aikatan Bouchoucha sun kai hari ga sansanin, kuma a lokacin hargitsi, an kashe Sajan Basile na Faransa a farkon yakin. Wannan ya sa Mousseli ya fahimci cewa ya riga ya rasa shida daga cikin Tirailleurs 66. Mousseli ya karɓi wasiƙar da ba a bayyana sunansa ba tana ba shi shawarar ya ƙaurace wa kagara ya nufi arewa tare da sojojinsa, inda Bouchoucha ba zai bi ba. Ya bi shawarar kuma ya tafi a ranar 15 ga watan Mayu, amma ba su ma yi nisan kilomita 5 daga birnin ba, lokacin da suka fahimci ma'aikatan Cherif na Touggourtian sun kewaye su. Mousseli na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka kashe na farko, kuma an yi wa sansanin kisan kiyashi, inda Tirailleurs huɗu kawai suka samu nasarar tserewa. A halin da ake ciki kuma, iyayen Ali-Bey gaba ɗaya sojojin garin Casbah sun bar su gaba ɗaya. Sun yi yaki sosai da Cherif, amma da suka samu labarin mutuwar Mousseli, sai suka mika wuya ga Bouchoucha. Daga baya, an miƙa su ga sabon Khalifa na Bouchoucha, Bounchemal ben Goubi.

## Manazarta
Tankeu Noé

**Tankeu Noé** (ya rasu a ranar 3 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1964) ya kasance memba na kungiyar haɗin kan ƙasashen Kamaru (UPC) a ƙasar Kamaru da ke yaki da gwamnatin 'yan mulkin mallaka na Faransa da farko sannan kuma da gwamnatin Ahmadou Ahidjo a yankin Douala.

Tankeu Noé ɗan ƙabilar Bamileke ne.  Ya zama kwamandan UPC's Armée de liberation nationale Kamerounaise (ALNK) a lardin Littoral.  Kungiyar ALNK a Kamaru ba ta da tsari sosai kuma ba ta da karfin makamai, amma tana da aikin yi, ta san ƙasar sosai kuma tana da wayar hannu sosai, ta hanyar amfani da dabarun yaki.  Da farko dai 'yan tawayen UPC suna yakar sojojin Faransa yan mulkin mallaka. Bayan da ƙasar Kamaru ta samu 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960, sun ci gaba da yakar gwamnatin shugaba Ahmadou Ahidjo, wanda suka ɗauka a matsayin 'yar tsana ga Faransawa. 

A ranakun 27 da 28 ga watan Yunin 1959 arba'in daga cikin mayakan Tankeu Noé sun kai hari sansanin soji na Mboppi a Douala inda suka ɗauki bindigogi 19. A cikin harin, an ɗauki takardun UPC wanda ya bari Faransawa ta kama kimanin mutane 100 da ake zargi. A sakamakon wannan mataki, babban kwamandan Faransa na Kamaru ya yanke shawarar kiran kamfanonin dakaru biyar da kuma rundunonin jandarmomi biyar a matsayin karfafawa.  Tun daga shekarar 1960, sojojin sabuwar rundunar sojojin Kamaru sun yi aiki kafaɗa da kafaɗa da sojojin Faransa 'yan mulkin mallaka ƙarƙashin Janar Max Briand wajen murkushe 'yan tawayen.  A ranar 24 ga watan Afrilun 1960 jami'an tsaro sun kona kwata-kwata na Kwango na Douala, babban birnin Tankeu, a hukumance an kashe mutane 19 sannan wasu 5,000 sun rasa matsuguni. 

An kama Tankeu Noé kuma aka same shi da laifi a ranar 9 ga watan Satumba 1963.  Dokar ta 30 ga watan Oktoba 1963 ta ba gwamnati ƙarin iko don magance 'yan adawa. Tankeu Noé da Makanda Pouth, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci amma ba wani laifi ba, an yanke musu hukuncin aiki tukuru. Yin amfani da ikon sabuwar dokar, gwamnati ta gabatar da su gaban kotun soja da ta yanke musu hukuncin kisa.  An kashe Tankeu Noé a ranar 3 ga watan Janairu 1964 a Douala.   An harbe shi a bainar jama'a, an ɗaure shi da igiyar wutar lantarki a yankin Kwango na birnin. 

## Sources
 
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## Manazarta
Félix-Roland Moumié

**Félix-Roland Moumié** (1 Nuwamba 1925 - 3 Nuwamba 1960)  wani shugaban Kamaru ne mai adawa da ƴan mulkin mallaka, wanda wakilin SDECE (sabis na sirri na Faransa) ya kashe shi a Geneva a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamba 1960 tare da thallium, bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Faransa a farkon wannan shekarar.   Félix-Roland Moumié ya gaji Ruben Um Nyobé, wanda aka kashe a watan Satumba na 1958, a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar *Union des Populations du Cameroun* (UPC - ko kuma *Union du Peuple Camerounais* &#x2014; "Ƙungiyar Jama'ar Kamaru").

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Félix Moumié a cikin shekarar 1925 a asibitin Furotesta na Njissé a Foumban, ɗa ne ga Samuel Mekou Moumié, mai bishara a aikin Furotesta, da Suzanne Mvuh. Ya fara karatun firamare a makarantar Bandjo, ya ci gaba da su a makarantar Furotesta da ke Njissé, sannan a makarantar gwamnati da ke Bafoussam (CMI), sannan ya kammala su a makarantar yankin Dschang (CMII) inda ya samu takardar shedar firamare da hazaka. 

An wayar da kan shi ga ra'ayoyin masu adawa da mulkin mallaka da gurguzu a lokacin karatunsa, musamman tare da Gabriel d'Arboussier (Mai Gabatar da Babban Sakatare na Jam'iyyar Democratic Rally) da kuma masanin tarihi Jean Suret-Canale.

A watan Afrilun 1958, ya halarci taron "Conference of Independent African States" wanda shugaban Ghana Kwame Nkrumah ya shirya. Ya yi abota da Frantz Fanon, wanda ya wakilci FLN na Aljeriya. Tare da rakiyar Osendé Afana, ya je Kongo a shekara ta 1960 don ganawa da shugaba Patrice Lumumba, wanda ya nuna juyayi ga jam'iyyar UPC, amma sojojin Kanar Mobutu suka yi masa juyin mulki, suka kore su daga ƙasar.

Sanin cewa har kullum jami'an leken asirin Faransa suna sa ido a kai, ya tabbatar da cewa bai taɓa shawagi a cikin ƙasar Faransa ba kuma ya kauce wa sararin samaniyar ƙasashen da ke cikin kungiyar Faransawa. Ya ji tsoron kada a katse jirginsa, kamar yadda jirgin Ahmed Ben Bella da shugabannin FLN ke cikin shekarar 1956. Ya zauna ne a tsakanin Ghana da Guinea inda ya nemi goyon bayan jam'iyyar UPC.

## Duba kuma

* Mulkin mallaka
* Jerin jagororin adawa da mulkin mallaka da aka kashe daga labarin *Decolonization*
* Ƙungiyar Jama'ar Kamaru (UPC)
* Jacques Foccart
* Marthe Ekemeyong Moumié

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* "Cameroun: Il faut tuer l'UPC et Félix Moumié", daga mujallar *Marianne*, Maris 30, 2005
* "Yakin Datti na Faransa a Kamaru: Kisan Félix-Roland Moumié" daga *[http://www.dibussi.com/ Scribbles daga Den]* 

## Manazarta
Kabyle myth

**Kabyle myth** wani yanki ne na 'yan mulkin mallaka wanda Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka yaɗa a Aljeriya ta Faransa bisa tsarin da ake tsammani tsakanin al'ummar Larabawa da Kabyle, wanda ya kunshi nau'ikan ra'ayoyin da ake zaton bambance-bambance a tsakaninsu.   

Tatsuniya ta ɓullo ne a ƙarni na 19 tare da turawan Faransa yan mulkin mallaka a Aljeriya, inda aka nuna cewa mutanen Kabyle sun fi na larabawa hankali su haɗe da "wayewar Faransa".  

## Tarihi
Yayin da abubuwa za a iya gano su zuwa rubuce-rubucen Abbé Raynal da matafiya na mulkin mallaka, ƙwararrun ƴan mulkin mallaka na Faransa sun bayyana tatsuniyar da gaske tsakanin shekarun 1840 da 1857.  Ya fito da yawa a cikin rubuce-rubucen sojojin Faransa, irin su  da  .  An baza tatsuniyar Kabyle tsakanin shekarun 1860 da 1871, ta kai ga kololuwarta tsakanin shekarun 1871 da 1892   kafin daga bisani a yi watsi da ita a matsayin tushen manufofin zamantakewa a shekarar 1915. 

Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa sun zo ne don yin la'akari da yawan mutanen Kabyle da suka fi shirye su shiga cikin wayewar Faransa "ta hanyar ɗabi'ar da ake zaton Dimokuraɗiyya na al'ummarsu, da Musulunci na sama, da matsayi mafi girma na matan Kabyle,"  da kuma imani cewa su Kiristoci ne na d¯a, na asalin Celtic, waɗanda za a iya sake komawa Kirista cikin sauƙi. 

Daga cikin masu wannan tatsuniyar akwai  jami'in Faransa, wanda ya yi iƙirarin: "A cikin shekaru ɗari, Kabyles za su zama Faransa!"  , mai ra'ayin 'yan mulkin mallaka na "Berber Separatism" da wariyar launin fata, ya yi iƙirarin cewa *qanuns* (dokokin al'ada) na Kabyles sun fito ne daga wani wanda ba "ba na dangin Mohamed da Moses ba amma na Montesquieu da Condorcet." 

Eugène Daumas da Paul-Dieudonné Fabar da aka buga a cikin shekarar 1847: "A ƙarƙashin kwasfa na musulmi, mutum ya sami iri na Kirista. Mun gane yanzu cewa mutanen Kabyle, wani ɓangare na autochthonous, wani ɓangare na Jamusanci a asali, a baya gaba ɗaya Kirista, bai sake canza kansa tare da sabon addininsa ba ... gashin fuskarsa da yake nunawa a gabanmu, ba tare da saninsa ba, alamar Cross" (Daumas da Fabar 1847: I, 77).

## Martaba
An buga wani kwatankwacin dichotomy a cikin manufofin Berber na Faransa a Maroko (1912-1956).  A cewar Edmund Burke III, wanda ya bayyana shi a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke dawwama na zamantakewar  Islama na Faransa, tatsuniyar da abin da ake zaton Larabawa-Berber dichotomy ya kasance mai mahimmanci ga maganganun 'yan mulkin mallaka a Arewacin Afirka, kuma tasirinsa ya haifar da maganganun siyasa na bayan 'yan mulkin mallaka.  

Littafin Alfred Rosenberg na shekarar 1930 *The Myth of the Twentieth Century*, jigon falsafar Nazi, ya haɗa da Berbers tare da Aryans na Nordic da manyan azuzuwan tsohuwar Masar a matsayin manyan tsere.&#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Duba kuma

* Dokar Cremieux
* Raba da mulki
** Dabarun yanka Salami
** Ruwanda mai cin gashin kanta da asalin kungiyoyin Hutu, Tutsi da Twa
** Batun tsinke
** Goralenvolk, yunkurin Nazi na raba kasar Poland
* *Évolué*
* Model tsiraru
** Tatsuniyar tsirarun samfuri

## Manazarta
'Yan Australia na Kenya

**<nowiki/>'Yan Australiya na Kenya** ƴan Australiya ne kuma mazauna asalin Kenya da zuriyarsu. Suna iya zama na ƴan asalin Afirka, Turai, ko Indiyawa. 

## Tarihi
Rashin tabbas game da makomar Kenya mai mulkin mallaka ya sa yawancin mazauna Kenya mazauna Turai da Indiya yin ƙaura zuwa wasu ƙasashe ciki har da Australia. Haka kuma akwai ƴan ƙasar Kenya da yawa masu jin Swahili na asalin asalin Afirka.  Yawancin irin waɗannan bakin hauren ba su da wahalar samun aiki da zama cikin al'ummar Australiya. 

Yawancin 'yan Australia na Kenya ƙwararru ne kuma masu ilimi, tare da kashi 72.5% na ƴan asalin ƙasar Kenya masu shekaru 15 kuma sama da su sun mallaki manyan cancantar waɗanda ba na makaranta ba, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 55.9% na al'ummar Australiya. 

## Yawan jama'a
Ƙididdigar 2016 ta lura cewa akwai mutane 17,652 da aka haifa a Kenya a Ostiraliya.   Kusan ɗaya cikin biyar 'yan Australiya da ke da'awar zuriyar Kenya suna zaune a Sydney. 

### Harsuna
Harsunan da ƴan asalin ƙasar Kenya haifaffun Ostireliya suka fi yin magana a gida su ne Ingilishi da Swahili, duk da haka Kikuyu, Luo, Kalenjin, Gujarati, Dinka da sauran harsuna ba bakon abu ba ne.  Kikuyu yaren Kenya ne da 'yan Australiya sama da ɗari ke magana a gida, kuma Luo kuma kusan ɗari ɗari ne ke magana da shi. 

Kimanin 'yan Australia 5,000 da aka haifa a Kenya suna magana da yare na asali na Afirka a gida. Wasu daga cikin sama da 10,700 haifaffun Australiya waɗanda ke magana da yaren Afirka na iya magana da yaren Kenya.

Harsuna 74 da Sabis ɗin Watsa Labarai na Musamman ke watsawa a ciki sun haɗa da Swahili da Dinka, duka harsunan da ƴan asalin ƙasar Kenya da yawa ke magana da su.

## Fitattun mutane

* Mark Ochieng, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa 
* Tsohuwar Sanata Lucy Gichuhi, 'yar siyasan Jam'iyyar Farko ta Iyali 
* Rashid Mahazi, ƙwallon ƙafa na Diaspora Coordinator 

## Duba kuma

* Australiya na Afirka
* Dangantakar Australia da Kenya

## Manazarta
Kisan kiyashi na Monte Arruit

**Kisan gilla na Monte Arruit** ya faru ne a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta 1921 a Al Aaroui a lokacin Rif War, lokacin da, bayan yakin shekara-shekara na Yuli 1921, sojojin Riffian sun kashe yawancin sojojin Spain da suka mika wuya a wannan rana.

## Tarihi
Sojojin Riffian sun ci gaba da sauri zuwa wurare da dama bayan murkushe sojojin Spain a yakin shekara ta 22 ga watan Yuli 1921 kuma a farkon watan Agusta sun riga sun kwace Zeluán da Nador.   ya koma Arruit a ranar 29 ga watan Yuli,  tare da kusan 2,201 shirye-shiryen sojoji da 252 suka ji rauni, tare da shiga sansanin sojoji 964. 

Bayan kwanaki 12 na kewaye,  An ba Janar Navarro damar yin shawarwari kan sharuɗɗan mika wuya.  Ya amince a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta game da isar da makaman a madadin wucewa kyauta.  Duk da haka, Riffian sun kasa girmama yarjejeniyar (ko dai daga cin amana daga shugabannin Riffian waɗanda suka yi shawarwari da sharuɗɗan ko tayar da hankali ta hanyar rashin jin daɗi da ƙananan Riffian)  da kuma yawancin sauran sojojin Spain (sama da 2,000)  an kashe su a wannan rana bayan da aka kama wasu.  Kimanin 400 (ko 600),  galibin jami'ai - ciki har da Janar Navarro - an kare su don a tsare su don neman fansa. 

Sojojin Riffian sun bijirewa umarnin Abd el-Krim wanda ya yaba da kyakkyawar kulawar fursunoni da waɗanda suka jikkata. 

Da zarar bayan aiwatar da sake kwato yankin Sipaniya da aka yi hasarar bayan shekara ta fara a ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba 1921, sojojin da José Sanjurjo ya jagoranta waɗanda suka tabbatar da matsayin Monte Arruit a ranar 24 ga watan Oktoba sun sha fama da warin gawawwakin. 

## Littattafai
*  
* 
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## Manazarta
Yakubu Garba

**Yakubu Garba** Ma'aikacin Najeriya ne wanda shine mataimakin gwamnan Jihar Neja a yanzu tun daga ranar 29 ga Mayun 2023. Mohammed Umar Bago ne ya zaɓi Garba a matsayin mataimakinsa da za suyi takara tare, kuma shine shugaban jam'iyyar shugaban NLC a Jihar Neja.

## Manazarta
Gidan Tarihi na Sojoji (Angola)

Gidan **kayan gargajiya na Sojojin** ( Portuguese:  Museu das Forças Armadas) yana cikin Fortaleza de São Miguel de Luanda, a cikin gundumar Ingombota na Luanda, Angola.

An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1975, bayan samun ƴancin kai na Angola, gidan kayan gargajiya ya haɗa da jiragen sama guda biyu, motocin yaki, da makamai da kayan tarihi daban-daban da aka yi amfani da su a lokacin yakin 'yancin kai na Angolan (1961-1974), yakin iyakar Afirka ta Kudu (1966-1991), da yaƙin basasar Angola (1975-2002).

Gidan kayan tarihin ya kuma ƙunshi statuary wanda ya ƙawata hanyoyi da filayen Luanda na 'yan mulkin mallaka, waɗanda aka cire bayan samun ƴancin kai. Waɗannan sun haɗa da mutum-mutumi na Diogo Cão, Bature na farko da ya kafa ƙafa a Angola, na Paulo Dias de Novais, wanda ya kafa birnin São Paulo da Assunção de Luanda, na Vasco da Gama, da kuma sanannen mawaƙin Portuguese Luís de Camões, da sauransu. 

Filin gidan kayan gargajiya da abubuwan nunin waje, tsayin daka a cikin yanayin lalacewa, an gudanar da babban aikin sabuntawa a wani lokaci tsakanin shekarun 1997 da 2013. 

## Jerin abubuwan nune-nunen

### Motoci

* BRDM-2 
* BTR-152 
* Buffel 
* Eland-90 
* GAZ-66 
* Panhard AML-90 
* Renault 6 
* UAZ-469 
* Motar Farfadowa ( SAMIL-100 ) 

### Artillery da aka jawo

* 15 cm SFH 18 

### Daban-daban

* 9K38 Igla 
* Kawar shanu 
* T-6 Texan 
* Rushewar Rukunin Sojojin Sama na Afirka ta Kudu Puma da Mirage IIIRZ 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Gidan kayan tarihi na Sojoji, taƙaitaccen bayanin Turanci  angolamarket.com
* Roteiros Turisticos
* Museu das Forças Armadas

## Manazarta
Strike in Baixa do Cassange

**Yajin aikin a Baixa do Cassange** wanda kuma ake kira **tawayen Mariano** da **yaƙin Maria**, yajin aiki ne wanda ake la'akari da yunkurin siyasa na farko da zai haifar da yaƙin neman 'yancin kai na Angolan bayan wata ɗaya da yaƙi da 'yan mulkin mallaka na Portugal a cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa a lardunan ƙasar Portugal na ketare. An fara zanga-zangar ne a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 1961 a yankin Baixa do Cassanje, gundumar Malanje, na ƙasar Portugal ta Angola. Washegari, hukumomin Portugal sun yi nasarar murkushe tawayen.  A ranar 4 ga watan Janairu yanzu ita ce Ranar Damuwar Shuhada &#x5D; ** &#x5B; ( *Dia dos Mártires da Repressão Colonial* ), ranar hutu ta ƙasa a Angola.

## Tawaye

### 3 ga watan Janairu
A ranar 3 ga watan Janairun 1961, ma'aikatan aikin gona da ke aiki da Cotonang, wani kamfanin noman auduga na Portugal-Belgium, sun gudanar da zanga-zangar neman a inganta yanayin aiki.  Zanga-zangar wacce daga baya ta zama tawaye ta Baixa de Cassanje, ta samu jagorancin wasu mutanen Angola biyu da ba a san su ba, António Mariano da Kulu-Xingu.  A yayin zanga-zangar, ma'aikatan 'yan ƙasar Angola sun kona katin shaida tare da kai hari ga 'yan kasuwar Portugal a harabar kamfanin. Zanga-zangar ta haifar da wani babban bore, wanda hukumomin Portugal suka mayar da martani da wani hari ta sama a washegari a ƙauyuka ashirin da ke yankin, inda aka kashe ɗimbin mutanen ƙauyen. Yayin da jam'iyyar People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) ta yi ikirarin cewa harin da aka kai ta sama ya kashe mutane kusan dubu goma, yawancin alkaluma sun kai daga 400 zuwa 7,000.   Ana tunawa da ranar danniyata shahidan i'yqn  mulkin mallaka  suka kashe kowace shekara tare da hutun jama'a a ranar 4 ga watan Janairu.  

### 15 ga watan Maris
A ranar 15 ga watan Maris, wata biyu bayan haka, *União das Populações de Angola* (UPA), ƙarƙashin jagorancin Holden Roberto, sun yi wata gagarumar tawaye a yankin Bakongo da ke arewacin Angola. Manoman Bantu 'yan Angola da masu aikin noman kofi ne suka shiga bore, kuma a fusace suka kashe fararen hular Angola kimanin 1,000 a cikin 'yan kwanaki, tare da wasu 'yan ƙasar da ba a san adadinsu ba.  Masu tarzomar sun kona filayen noma, gadoji, cibiyoyin gwamnati, da ofisoshin 'yan sanda, tare da lalata jiragen ruwa da jiragen ruwa da dama.  Hotunan da aka zana na mutanen da aka yi wa fyaɗe da yankan rago sun harba wa jama'ar Portugal wuta, kuma Sojojin Portugal sun kafa wani kamfen na yaki da ta'addanci wanda ya lalata ƙauyuka da dama tare da kashe wasu mutane 20,000 kafin a kawo ƙarshen tashin hankalin a watan Satumban 1961.  

## Manazarta
Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile

**Gwamnatin juyin juya hali ta Angola a gudun hijira** (Portuguese  Govêrno revolucionário de Angola no exílio, ko **GRAE**) wata gwamnati ce da ta yi shelar kanta a gudun hijira da ke Léopoldville (Kinshasa ta zamani) a Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kwango a lokacin Yaƙin neman ’Yancin kai na Angola. Ya jagoranci jam'iyyar National Liberation Front of Angola (*Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola*, FNLA) kuma shugabanta shine Holden Roberto. An kafa ƙungiyar ta GRAE a watan Afrilun 1962 kuma ta sa dakarunta sun girke a Kongo inda ta kuma gudanar da horon soji.  An rage tallafin da Kongo ke baiwa GRAE sannu a hankali da zarar Moise Tshombe ya zama Firayim Minista. A cikin watan Yuli 1964, Ministan Harkokin Wajen GRAE, Jonas Savimbi, ya yi murabus (a cikin shekarar 1966 zai kafa gwagwarmaya na kansa, UNITA). 

Da farko dai dakarun GRAE sun gwabza ne a dazuzzukan Dembo da ke arewacin ƙasar. Duk da haka, a farkon shekara 1969 GRAE ya buɗe gaba na biyu a kan iyakar Zambia.

## Amincewar OAU
Lokacin da aka kafa Kungiyar Haɗin kan Afirka a cikin shekarar 1963, an ba GRAE yabo ta musamman a matsayin halaltacciyar gwamnatin Angola, matakin da ya zaburar da gwamnatin Kongo don korar sojojin MPLA (wata kishiya ta 'yantar da FNLA) daga yankinta.  Duk da haka, a cikin shekarar 1964 OAU ta kuma amince da MPLA a matsayin halaltacciyar ƙungiyar 'yanci, kuma sannu a hankali an rage tallafin GRAE.  A cikin shekarun 1971-1972 GRAE ta sami fam 61,666 daga OAU, kashi 5.69% na adadin kuɗaɗen da OAU ta bayar ga ƙungiyoyin 'yantar da Afirka daban-daban a lokacin. A daidai wannan lokacin, OAU ta ba MPLA fam 180,334.

## Alakar ƙasa da ƙasa
GRAE ta kasance ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyin Afirka, tare da Majalisar Pan-Africanist Congress (Afrika ta Kudu), Kwamitin Juyin Juya Hali na Mozambique da Zimbabwe Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka. Ta hanyar wannan haɗin gwiwar, GRAE ta ba da taimakon soja ga takwararta ta Mozambique. A cikin shekarar 1960s, GRAE ta sami kaso mai yawa na taimakon jin kai ga 'yan gudun hijirar Angola daga kafofin Yamma. Ƙasar Sin ta tallafa wa GRAE. GRAE kuma ta sami wasu taimako daga Tarayyar Soviet.

## Duba kuma

* Gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Jamhuriyar Aljeriya (1958-62)

## Manazarta