Gurbataccen ruwa a New Zealand

**Gurbacewar ruwa a New Zealand** shine ƙara samun matsala ga waɗanda ke amfani da kulawa da hanyoyin ruwa da kuma hukumomin New Zealand.  Ƙaruwar yawan jama'a yana da alaƙa da haɓakar gurɓataccen ruwa, saboda dalilai da yawa kamar amfani da filayen karkara, Ruwa mai kyau yana samun matsala (gurbacewa) daga noma, samar da lantarki ta ruwa, gina butane, maganin kwari da canjin yanayi. amfani da masana'antu da ci gaban birane.  Kyakkyawan ingancin ruwa yana fuskantar matsin lamba daga noma, wutar lantarki, ci gaban birane, mamayewar kwari da sauyin yanayi.  Yayin da aka rage gurɓacewar yanayi daga maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa kamar su abinci mai gina jiki, ƙwayoyin cuta da haɓakar magudanar ruwa da kuma ruwan guguwa a garuruwa ba a ƙarƙashin kulawa. Akwai wuraren kula da ingancin ruwa sama da 800 a kusa da New Zealand waɗanda ake yin samfura akai-akai.
 

, Auckland shine yanki da New Zealand's da suka fi kowa gurbattaccen hanyar ruwa, da 62% na ruwan tafi,kududdufi daga mistan kula da wankan ruwa na muhalli, da 0%  na rafi da gududfufi suke da kyau.

A cikin shekarata 2018, hanyoyin ruwa a duk faɗin New Zealand suna nuna haɓakawa a cikin matakan ingancin ruwa da yawa, kamar yadda bayanan LAWA ke kulawa. 

## Jagororin ingancin ruwa
MfE ne ke buga ƙa'idodin jagora don ingancin ruwa. 

## Gurbacewar ruwa ta bangaren

### Noma

Noma shine babban amfani da yankunan ƙasa na New Zealand kuma ya shafi ingancin ruwa. Sannna Kuma  Fadada samar da kiwo mai tsanani ya haifar da babban matakan nitrogen a cikin ƙasa, saman da ruwan ƙasa.

A cikin shekarata 1993, Cibiyar Nazarin Ruwa da Ruwa ta Ƙasa ta taƙaita bayanan da ake da su kan ingancin ruwa a cikin koguna. Sun kammala da cewa *"Wasu kogin da ke kai wa a wuraren da aka bunkasa noma suna cikin mawuyacin hali"* wanda ke nuna *"rashin da ake samu ta hanyar noma da nuna sharar da ake samu a ware ko ban da sharar birane ko masana'antu"* . Kuma Muhimmin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu da aka gano a cikin ƙoramar ƙasa an narkar da nitrogen inorganic, narkar da phosphorus mai amsawa, sediment da coliforms. Kananan koguna a wasu wuraren kiwon kiwo kamar Waikato da Canterbury an gano cewa suna cikin wani yanayi mara kyau. 

Labe daga zaizayar tsaunuka da bakin kogi shi ma yana haifar da gurbatar ruwa. Matsalolin da ke ɗorawa daga tsananin ƙarfi, Kuma  haɓakar guguwa mai yawa da kuma yawan ruwan sama ya haifar da miliyoyin ton na laka da ke canza tsarin mura a cikin hanyoyin ruwa na NZ. Wannan laka tana ƙunshe da manyan abubuwan da ke cikin sinadarai daga zuriyar gandun daji wanda ke canza yanayin ɓarkewa da ƙara kayan gado na gadoji da ajiya a cikin tafkunan NZ da ruwan teku mara zurfi.

Tun daga shekarar 2005 karuwar kiwo na dabbobin kiwo ya zarce noman noman rafi da kuma ikon da wasu majalisun yanki ke da shi don sarrafa da rage tasirin ruwa,  sannan kuma akwai wasu shaidun amfani da urea da ke haifar da matakan nitrogen a magudanan ruwa. Noman noma, noman noma da gandun daji gabaɗaya basu da tasiri fiye da kiwo . 

A cikin shekarata 2001 Kifi da Wasan New Zealand sun fara babban kamfen ɗin ƙazanta na kiwo don ba da haske game da tasirin gurɓatawa daga haɓakar noma akan lafiyar muhalli na muhallin ruwa mai daɗi. A matsayin martani ga wannan yakin Fonterra, babban kamfanin kiwo a New Zealand, tare da wasu hukumomin gwamnati sun kaddamar da Yarjejeniyar Kiwo da Tsabtace Ruwa don magance gurbatar ruwa saboda noman kiwo. Manufar yarjejeniyar ita ce iyakance damar haja zuwa hanyoyin ruwa. Fonterra tana fitar da mafi yawan amfanin gonarta, kuma tana ƙarfafa manoma da su iyakance tasirin muhalli a matsayin hanyar sa masu amfani da muhalli su sayi kayayyakinsu. Sannan kuma Haɓaka binciken noma mai ɗorewa da rage amfani da taki, ƙara dasa shuki na ƙasa, ciyawa, flaxes da bishiyu a gefen rafuka. Wadannan fasahohin na taimakawa wajen dakile kwararar taki, magudanar ruwa da taki da amfani da su don bunkasa ci gaban yankunan da aka dasa.

A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, majalisun yanki sun ƙara ɗora ɗora wasu buƙatun tsari akan manoma don rage tasirin muhallinsu. Majalisun da yawa - ciki har da Canterbury Environment, Horizons Regional Council da Hawke's Bay Regional Council suna buƙatar mafi yawan gonaki su sami Tsarin Muhalli na Farm a wurin, kuma tare da wasu gonaki a Otago da Waikato kuma ana buƙatar samun Tsarin Muhalli na Farm a wurin. Tsare-tsaren na buƙatar manoma su sarrafa haɗarin muhalli a kusa da ayyuka kamar zubar da kiwo na noma, zaizayar ƙasa, magudanar ruwa zuwa magudanar ruwa (ta hanyar dasa shuki da shingen shinge mai cike da ruwa), ban ruwa da kuma amfani da abubuwan gina jiki. Wasu majalisu kuma sun sanya iyakokin abinci mai gina jiki ga manoma.

A cikin shekarata 2016, wani faifan bidiyo mai cike da cece-kuce ta Greenpeace ya nuna irin gudummawar da noman kiwo ke bayarwa ga gurbacewar kogi, inda ya bayyana cewa sama da kashi 60 cikin 100 na kogunan da aka sa ido ba su da hadari don yin iyo a ciki.  DairyNZ ta yi kira ga wannan tallan bidiyo, amma Hukumar Ka'idodin Talla ta sami goyon bayan Greenpeace. 

Canje-canjen don gabatar da tsauraran matakan kula da muhalli a kan manoma an ambaci suna da ba da gudummawa ga abubuwan da suka faru na baya-bayan nan da ke nuna ci gaban hanyoyin ruwa daga Majalisar Yankin Horizons da Canterbury na Muhalli.   Har ila yau, an ambaci su a matsayin bayar da gudummawa ga bincike da Cibiyar Cawthorne ta kammala da ke nuna ingancin ruwa a yanzu yana inganta don yawancin matakan ingancin ruwa dangane da nazarin wuraren LAWA. They have also been cited as contributing to analysis completed by the Cawthorne Institute showing waterway quality is now improving for many water quality measures based on an analysis of LAWA sites.
 

### Na gida

Ruwan ruwa na cikin birni yana gurɓata da kayan wanke-wanke, man datti, datti da kuma najasa. Sannan Kuma Wasu magudanan ruwa na guguwa suna da tambarin kifin da aka zana a gefen titi don haskaka gurɓacewar ruwa.

### Masana'antu
Sarrafa masana'antu akai-akai yana haɗawa da fitar da aikin sharar ruwa zuwa hanyoyin ruwa. Kumar Misali, Fonterra ta kasance tana fitar da ruwan sha mai dauke da madarar nono zuwa cikin kogin Tui, wani rafi na kogin Mangatainoka, kuma yana neman izinin albarkatu don ci gaba da yin hakan.  Tasman Pulp and Paper Mill, Kuma wanda yanzu mallakar Norske Skog, ya kasance yana zubar da sharar gida a cikin Kogin Tarawera tun 1955. 

### Nishaɗi
Yawan masu ziyartar wuraren shakatawa da sauran wuraren da babu bandakuna na kara samun gurbacewar gurbatar muhalli daga sharar dan adam . Sannna Kuma A cikin yankunan tsaunuka, inda anaerobic narkewar al'amarin najasa ke sannu a hankali, Ma'aikatar Kulawa tana da tankuna masu riƙe da magudanar ruwa a bayan gida a bukkoki na baya. Ana fitar da magudanar ruwa ne da jirgi mai saukar ungulu don yin magani a wani waje. Zanga- zangar 'yanci, sanannen aiki a wasu yankuna, ana zarginsa da haifar da gurbatar ruwa saboda zubar da sharar ɗan adam ba daidai ba.

### Yankunan birni
 
Mafi mahimmancin tushen gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin birane shine saboda magudanar ruwa . Kuma Rage magudanar ruwa da haɗin kai mara kyau suna ba da damar magudanar ruwa su shiga tsarin ruwan guguwa.  Har ila yau, a lokacin da aka yi taho-mu-gama tasha na bututun ruwa ya cika da magudanar ruwa tare da sakin magudanar ruwa.

Ruwan da ke gudana daga tituna ya ƙunshi gurɓata kamar su zinc, jan ƙarfe, gubar da kuma hydrocarbons daga lalacewa na abin hawa, hayaƙin abin hawa da kuma daga saman titin kanta.  Yankunan birane suna da shimfidar fili mai yawa don haka akwai yuwuwar cewa ruwa da ya gurbata da kwayoyin halitta ba za a tace shi ta kasa ba.

Rushewar ƙasa daga ƙasƙan da aka fallasa a cikin sabbin yankuna ba ya faruwa kuma idan ya faru saboda keta izinin izinin albarkatu na iya haifar da tuhuma. sannan Kuma Don ƙayyadadden guguwar ruwa a lokacin aikin ƙasa ana amfani da bambaro da magudanar ruwa. Wadannan ba su da isasshen ruwa a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na ruwan sama mai yawa inda masu shiga tsakani suka cika da yawa kuma ruwan da aka kwashe da ruwa yana gudana cikin koguna da koguna.

## Gurbacewar ruwa ta yanki

Majalisun yanki suna da alhakin magance matsalolin amfani da ruwa da rashin amfani da su kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatu, wani muhimmin Dokar Majalisar da ke tsara albarkatun kasa da na jiki kamar ƙasa, iska da ruwa. Kuma Bambancin amfani da ƙasa da yanayi yana nufin gurɓatar ruwa ta bambanta a cikin yankuna.

Teburin da ke sama jimillar yanayin yanayin ruwa ne a yankuna kuma baya nuna wani yanayi na inganta ingancin ruwa ko kuma abin da ya shafi shafe ruwa. Sannan Koyaya, an lura da ingantuwar ingancin ruwa ga wasu rukunan ruwa a wasu lokuta.

### Bay of Plenty
Kogin Tarawera, wanda ake yi wa lakabi da "bakar magudanar ruwa", yana da tarihin gurbatar ruwa, galibi saboda ayyukan masana'antu. A cikin shekarata 2009, Tasman Mill ya sami izini don ci gaba da gurbata kogin har tsawon shekaru 25 masu zuwa. 

Tsakanin shekarar 1950 zuwa 1989, Whakatane Sawmill ya watsar da gurɓataccen sawdust, haushi, katako, da sinadarai a ciki da wajen Whakatane da Rangitaiki Plains, ciki har da Canal na Kopeopeo, wanda ake kira mafi ƙazantar ruwa ta New Zealand.  Wadannan sharar gida sun fito ne daga injin sarrafa katako, inda aka yi amfani da PCP a matsayin abin adana itace. An gurbata PCP da dioxin da furan (PCDD/PCDFs), wanda ya haifar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen dioxin. Ƙoƙarin gyara kan magudanar ruwa (wanda mai fafutukar Ngāti Awa ya fara ne Joe Harawira ) ya sami karɓuwa a duniya a shekarata 2019. 

### Canterbury
A tarihi yawancin Canterbury ya kasance busasshiyar ƙasa da noman noma amma an sami ƙaruwa mai yawa na kiwo a yankin. Kuma Noman kiwo a Canterbury yana buƙatar yawan ban ruwa tun da matsakaicin ruwan sama ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa don tallafawa wuraren kiwo na kiwo.

Kogin Heathcote ya fuskanci matsaloli da yawa na gurbatar yanayi a baya-bayan nan.

Muhalli Canterbury kwanan nan ya gabatar da tsauraran sabbin buƙatun muhalli ga manoman yankin, yana buƙatar mafi yawan gonaki don haɓaka Tsare-tsaren Muhalli na Farm wanda ke nuna yadda gonaki za su ɗauki mataki don rage haɗari kamar leaching na abinci mai gina jiki, Kuma zaizayar ƙasa, haɗarin ƙazanta da kuma kare hanyoyin ruwa ta hanyar ayyuka kamar shinge na hanyoyin ruwa da gudanar da aikin noman rafi. Ana duba tsare-tsaren da kansu. Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da waɗannan sabbin dokoki, hanyoyin ruwa yanzu suna nuna haɓakawa a cikin matakan da yawa.

### Southland
A Southland magudanar ruwa daga wuraren kiwon kiwo da ake amfani da su don fiye da shanu 50 na buƙatar izinin albarkatu . Muhalli Southland ya ba da shawarar a bazu magudanar ruwa a kan adadin hectare takwas a kowace saniya 100 kuma bai kamata a shafa a cikin ƙasa mai rigar ba.  A shekarar 2012, Majalisar yankin Otago ta gudanar da shari’o’i 19 kan abubuwan da suka shafi gurbatar muhalli, wanda ya ninka na shekarar 2011. Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru na gurbatar yanayi sun kasance na zubar da kiwo. 

### Taranaki
A garin Taranaki, akwai rumfunan kiwo guda 1400 inda magudanar kiwo ke zubewa cikin magudanun ruwa a maimakon a fesa su zuwa kasa, bisa ga bayanai daga rahoton muhalli na majalisar yankin Taranaki na shekarar 2012.  A cikin shekarata 2012, shugaban New Zealand Freshwater Sciences Society ya bayyana mamakin adadin da aka yarda da fitar da kiwo zuwa magudanan ruwa, idan aka ba da mafi yawan sauran majalisun yankuna suna tuhumar manoman kiwo waɗanda ke ba da izinin kiwo shiga hanyoyin ruwa.  A cikin shekarar 2019, Majalisar Yanki ta Taranaki ta ba da rahoton cewa ingancin ruwa ya tabarbare, inda kawai biyu daga cikin rukunin sha biyar da aka gwada sun cika ka'idojin ninkaya. 

### Waikato
Waikato ya dade yana noman kiwo kuma yana da wasu kasa mafi fa'ida a kasar. Ingancin ruwa, musamman kamar yadda aka nuna ta masu nunin ɗabi'a da pH, a cikin yankin Waikato yana tabarbarewa. 

Kogin Waikato yana da ƙazantar ƙazanta mai yawa saboda wurare daban-daban da wuraren da ba su da tushe .

### Kogin Yamma
Kogin Yamma yana samun ruwan sama mai yawa don haka duk wani gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu za a shafe shi zuwa wani mataki.

Har ya zuwa kwanan nan ana fitar da magudanar ruwa da ba a kula da su ba a cikin kogin Grey amma an ba da tallafin gwamnati don gina magudanar ruwa.

## Duba wasu abubuwan

* Ruwa a New Zealand
* Dabarun Gudanar da Ruwa na Canterbury
* Muhalli na New Zealand
* Noma a New Zealand#Tasirin Muhalli

## Manazarta

## Ci gaba da karatu

*  
* Ma'aikatar Muhalli - *Muhalli New Zealand 2007* Rahoton Muhalli
* Proffitt, Fiona (1 Yuli 2010). " Yaya tsaftar kogunan mu  ?" . Ruwa & Yanayin. NIWA.
* 
* 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Ingancin Ruwa a NIWA
* Land Air Water Aotearoa
* "Ruwa ya kasa tsabta, gwajin kore" a *cikin New Zealand Herald*, 2003