Ilimin yanayin muhalli

**Ilimin Yanayin Muhalli,** wani ƙaramin horo ne na ilimin ɗan adam wanda ke yin nazarin al'adun alaƙa tsakanin mutane da Kuma muhallin da suke ciki. Wannan yana da siffofi da yawa, ko dai yana nazarin yanayin farauta /tara mutane dubun dubatar shekaru da suka wuce, binciken archaeological na farkon masu noma da tasirinsu a kan sare bishiyoyi ko zaizayar ƙasa, ko kuma yadda al'ummomin ɗan adam na zamani ke daidaitawa da sauyin yanayi da sauyin yanayi. sauran al'amuran muhalli na anthropogenic. Wannan ƙaramin fannin ilimin ɗan adam ya samo asali ne a cikin shekarata 1960s daga ilimin kimiyyar al'adu kamar yadda masana ilimin ɗan adam suka aro hanyoyi da kalmomi daga cigaba da haɓakawa a cikin ilimin halitta sannan aka yi amfani da su don fahimtar al'adun ɗan adam.

Ilimin yanayin muhalli wani yanki ne mai girma na ilimin ɗan adam saboda ƙalubalen fahimta da magance ɗan adam ya haifar da matsalolin muhalli kamar sauyin yanayi, ɓarna nau'in, gurɓataccen filastik, kuma da lalata wuraren zama suna buƙatar fahimtar tsarin al'adu, siyasa, da tattalin arziƙi waɗanda suka haifar. wadannan matsalolin da dama.

## Ci gaban tarihi
An ba da izinin kafa kashen ilimin halin ɗan adam ga Julian Steward, masanin ilimin al'adu wanda ya yi nazarin yadda Shosone na Babban Basin tsakanin Saliyo Nevada da Dutsen Rocky ya daidaita yanayin su.   Ƙoƙarin da ya yi na ayyana al'adu ya dogara ne akan yanayin ƙasa, yanayi, da albarkatu da samun damarsu.  Sauran mahimman masana ilimin al'adu na farko sune Roy Rappaport da Marvin Harris.  Ayyukan su sun yi amfani da ka'idodin tsarin don bayyana yadda al'ummomi ke aiki don kiyaye homeostasis ta hanyar madaukai na amsawa. Sannan kuma Ayyukan Harris a Indiya, alal misali, yayi nazarin saniya mai tsarki a Indiya a matsayin daidaitawar muhalli saboda mahimmancinta ga samar da madara, taki don man fetur da taki, da kuma aikin noma.  Tun daga lokacin ake sukar waɗannan hanyoyin don ɗaukar yanayin al'ummomi a matsayin tsayayye da rashin bincika hanyoyin da al'adu ke canzawa da haɓaka kan lokaci. 

Wani muhimmin fanni da ya ba da gudunmawa wajen samar da ilimin halin ɗan adam shi ne kimiyyar al’ada da muhalli. Masana ilimin halittu kamar Harold Conklin, Darrell Posey, da Wade Davis sun kalli ilimin ilimin halittu na gargajiya don fahimtar yadda ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin duniya ke gudanar da yanayin yanayin da suke rayuwa a ciki.  Bincike a cikin ethnobotany ya kuma haifar da samar da sababbin magunguna bisa ga tsire-tsire da ake amfani da su a maganin gargajiya.

Ilimin kimiyyar siyasa, hangen nesa na kimiyyar zamantakewa na tsaka-tsaki kan al'amuran muhalli, sannan kuma yana da muhimmiyar gudummawa ga ilimin ɗan adam na muhalli. Ilimin muhalli na siyasa ya binciko hanyoyin da hanyoyin kimiyya da gudanarwa ga muhalli sau da yawa kan iya rufe dangantakar da ba ta dace ba na iko, kuma musamman a cikin saitunan bayan mulkin mallaka. Misali, ana iya kallon fadada wuraren da aka ba da kariya a matsayin fadada ikon gwamnati zuwa yankunan karkara, maimakon kawai shirin kiyaye namun daji.

## Bincike na yanzu

### Canjin yanayi
An sake samun sabon sha'awa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan don sake nazarin dangantakar al'adu da muhalli a fadin duniya saboda barazanar da ke kunno kai na ci gaban kasa, asarar rayayyun halittu, da karancin ruwa, dukkansu, a bangare guda, saboda sauyin yanayi . 

Yayin da bincike kan zamantakewar al'umma kan sauyin yanayi ke tasowa kuma yana cigaba, kuma akwai yunƙurin fahimtar al'ummomin duniya game da yanayin muhallinsu, da kuma wuraren da suke cikin tarihi.  Bayan haka, a cikin tarihi, yanayin yanayi na takamaiman wurare ya ba wa wasu ƙasashe damar bunƙasa, ko a cikin Crescent mai Haihuwa ko kuma a cikin kwarin Indus shekaru dubbai da suka wuce. 

### Bambance-bambancen al'adu
An sake mayar da hankali kan ilimin ɗan adam na muhalli akan bambancin al'adu da bambancin. Irin waɗannan abubuwan kamar bala'o'in muhalli ( ambaliyar ruwa, girgizar ƙasa, sanyi), ƙaura, farashi & rabo mai fa'ida, lamba / ƙungiyoyi, ra'ayoyin waje (cinikin jari-hujja / bunƙasar jari-hujja),  tare da na ciki, dabaru masu zaman kansu da tasirin haɗin gwiwa a yanzu sun kasance. lura. Roy A. Rappaport da Hawkes, Hill, da O'Connell  na amfani da mafi kyawun ka'idar cin abinci ta Pyke  don aikin ƙarshen wasu misalan wannan sabon mayar da hankali ne.

Wannan hangen nesa ya dogara ne akan ma'auni na gabaɗaya kuma an soki su don rashin magance nau'ikan martanin da Kuma kwayoyin halitta zasu iya samu, kamar "aminci, haɗin kai, abokantaka, da tsarki" da yuwuwar "ƙarfafa ko masu hanawa" cikin alaƙa da ɗabi'a.  Rappaport, wanda sau da yawa ake magana a kai a matsayin mai ragi a hanyoyin nazarin al'adunsa,  ya yarda, "Ƙungiyar zamantakewa ba ta da kyau a koyaushe" yana nuna wani aibi a cikin wannan hangen nesa, ɓarna abubuwan nazari da ƙayyadaddun sharuddan. 

## Jerin shirye-shiryen ilimi a cikin ilimin halin ɗan adam

* **Jami'ar Jihar Portland.** Digiri na biyu da Jagora a cikin Anthropology
* **Jami'ar Utrecht** . M.Sc. Al'adu Anthropology: Dan kasa Mai Dorewa
* **Jami'ar Stanford.** Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Muhalli
* **Kwalejin Jami'ar London.** M.Sc. Ilimin Anthropology, Muhalli, da Ci gaba
* **Jami'ar California, Davis.** Yankunan Digiri na Musamman: Ilimin Halitta na Muhalli
* **Jami'ar Jojiya.** Ilimin Halitta da Muhalli. PhD. Shirye-shiryen Kare Haɗin Kai (ICON). Takaddun shaida na Digiri na farko a cikin Dorewa, Da'a na Muhalli, da Ilimin Kimiya.
* **Jami'ar Kent.** MA a cikin Ilimin Anthropology na zamantakewa: Rikicin Bil Adama da Muhalli
* **Jami'ar Pennsylvania.** Muhalli Anthropology
* **Jami'ar Maine.** BA Anthropology: Girman Mutum na Canjin Yanayi. MA a cikin Tsarin Anthropology da Tsarin Muhalli
* **Jami'ar Maryland.** Ilimin Halitta da Muhalli.  BA, BS, MA. A., da kuma Ph.D. shirye-shirye
* **Jami'ar Texas a San Antonio.** Ph.D. a Environmental Anthropology
* **Makarantar Yale na Gandun daji da Kimiyyar Muhalli da Sashen Nazarin Anthropology.** J oint Shirin Digiri na Digiri a cikin Anthropology da Muhalli

## Duba wasu abubuwan

* Ilimin kwayar halitta dana bangaren kasa
* Ilimin kiyasin al’adu
* Yanayin al'adu
* Yanayin muhalli
* Ilimin yanayin siyasa
* Nazarin Kimiyya da Fasaha
* Adalci na muhalli

## Manazarta