Masana'antar Amazon

A cikin tatsuniyoyin Helenanci, Amazonomachy (Fassarar Turanci: "yaƙin Amazon"; jam'i, **Amazonomachiai** (Girkanci na dā) ko **Amazonomachies**) yaƙi ne na tatsuniyoyi tsakanin Helenawa na dā da Amazons, al'ummar mayaƙan mata. Batun Amazonomachies ya shahara a cikin fasahar Girka da Fasahar Romawa ta dā.

## Amazonomachy a cikin Labari
A duk zamanin d ̄ a, an dauki Amazons a matsayin tseren mayaƙan mata da suka fito daga Ares, masu cin gashin kansu da ƙwarewa a farauta, hawa, harbi, da yaƙi. Sun bauta wa Ares da Artemis, bi da bi allahn yaƙi da allahiyar farauta, kuma wuraren da suke da alaƙa da Scythia da Asia Minor.

A cikin labaran Girkanci, an ga Amazons a matsayin wadanda ba jaruman Girka ba wadanda suka kalubalanci ƙarfin da namiji na jaruman Girkanci a fagen yaƙi, kamar Achilles, Bellerophon, Heracles (Hercules), Theseus, da Atheniyawa.

### Yaƙin Trojan, Achilles
A cikin tarihin Girkanci da ya ɓace *Aethiopis*, wanda aka buga a ƙarni na 8 KZ kuma an danganta shi da Arctinus na Miletus, Achilles ya yi yaƙi kuma ya kashe Penthesilea, sarauniyar Amazons wacce ta zo ta taimaka wa Troy bayan mutuwar Hector. Labaran baki da sake ba da labari game da wannan faɗuwar Troy da ke ambaton Amazons sun ba da gudummawa ga *Iliad* da *Odyssey* na Homer.

### Aikin na tara, Hercules
A lokacin aikin Hercules na tara, Eurystheus ya ba Hercules aikin dawo da belin sarauta na sarauniyar Amazon Hippolyta ga 'yarsa. Kodayake Hercules da Amazons sun kasance a buɗe don tattaunawa ta zaman lafiya, mugun makircin Hera ya haifar da rashin fahimta tsakanin Amazons da Hercules, wanda ya haifar da yaƙin jini wanda aka ci Amazons.

### Yaƙin Attic, Theseus
A wasu sassan almara, Theseus ya bi Hercules a kan aikinsa na tara kuma ko dai ya tsere tare da ko ya sace Antiope, 'yar'uwar Hippolyta (ko Hippolyta kanta). Daga nan ne Theseus ya kai Antiope zuwa Athens, wanda ta auri kuma ta haifi ɗa, Hippolytus. A sakamakon satar, Amazons sun mamaye Girka, wanda ya haifar da Yaƙin Attic tsakanin Amazons da Athenians, wanda ya ƙare a cikin nasarar Amazons.

## Alamar Amazonomachy
Amazonomachy yana wakiltar manufa ta Girka ta wayewa. An nuna Amazons a matsayin tseren daji da barbaric, yayin da aka nuna Helenawa a matsayin tsere mai wayewa na ci gaban ɗan adam. A cewar ra'ayin Bruno Snell game da Amazonomachy:

A cewar Josine Blok, Amazonomachy yana ba da mahallin daban-daban guda biyu don bayyana jarumin Girka. Ko dai Amazons suna daya daga cikin bala'o'in da jarumin ya mamaye kasar bayan nasarar da ya samu a kan wani dodon, ko kuma suna nuna alamar Attis wanda jarumin ya guje wa jima'i na ɗan adam a cikin aure da haihuwa.

J.J. Bachofen ya fahimci tatsuniyoyin Amazon a matsayin ragowar mulkin mallaka na prehistoric. A wasu kalmomi, kamar yadda ya shahara a karni na 21, ya tsara matriarchy ta hanyar kalmar "Mother Right". Ya yi la'akari da cewa Amazons ba kawai halittu ne na almara ba amma an samo su ne daga bayyanar tarihi na lokacin da mata ke da iko mai girma a cikin al'umma. A ra'ayinsa, al'umma da farko ta kewaye da rinjayar mata, wanda aka nuna a cikin haɗin gwiwar Helenawa tare da abubuwan Amazon a cikin fasaha. Koyaya, ya yi imanin cewa al'umma ta sauya zuwa shugabanci a farkon wayewa, ganin rinjayar namiji kamar yadda ya zama dole don ci gaba.

Rubutun Bachofen ya kasance mai tasiri sosai, kuma an haɗa shi cikin makarantu da yawa na tunani, gami da Freudians, Structuralists, da Feminists. A ƙarshen karni na 19, masana halayyar dan adam na Amurka da ke sha'awar Amazonomachy sun haɗa manufofin Bachofen tare da tsarin psychoanalytic na Sigmund Freud. Schultz Engle ya yi jayayya cewa ana nuna mayaƙan Amazon a kan dawakai a matsayin martani ga rashin iyawar maza na Scythian.[1] Ta yi la'akari da cewa maza na Scythian sun raunana saboda orchitis, yanayin da ke haifar da kumburi na testicles, wanda ta danganta da yin sa'o'i masu tsawo a kan doki. Yin amfani da Amazonomachy a matsayin almara ta jima'i da ta tunani, sai ta nuna cewa Amazons, akasin haka, sun sami jin daɗin masturbatory daga hawa dawakai.[1]

'Yan mata kamar Page DuBois sun fahimci Amazonomachy da tatsuniyoyinta a matsayin alamomin gwagwarmayar mata da shugabanci. Ya nuna cewa an tsara mulkin mata na Amazonia a matsayin kayan aiki don magance zalunci na maza.

Har ila yau, masu tsara tsarin sun fadada gardamar Bachofen game da matriarchy, suna tabbatar da cewa Amazons suna wakiltar akasin polis na Girka, wanda mulkin maza ya tsara al'umma a cikin "kungiyar maza". Wannan tsarin binary ya jaddada cewa aure na mata ne, yayin da yaki na maza ne. Daga baya, malamai za su yi amfani da tsarin binary don nazarin Amazonomachy da tatsuniyoyinta, suna fahimtar adawa kamar "barbarians" da "civilization" da "maza" da "mata".

Masu sukar sun kalubalanci fassarar Amazonomachy a matsayin zargi na alama na shugabancin Athens da damuwa na maza. Mary Lefkowitz ta nuna wanzuwar Amazonomachy a cikin tatsuniyoyi da suka gabata kafin tsananin rarrabewar jima'i na Athens, don haka ta ki amincewa da ra'ayin cewa ya kamata a fassara Amazons a matsayin martani ga ka'idodin jinsi. Bugu da ƙari, a duk wani yaƙi da Helenawa za su yi da Amazons, maza da mata za su sha wahala a lokacin rikice-rikice, wanda ya sabawa ra'ayin cewa Amazonomachy ya yi aiki ne kawai a matsayin kayan aiki a kan shugabancin Athens. Ta kuma kwatanta yakin da Helenawa suka yi da Amazons da yakin da suka yi da Centaurs don kara nuna kuskuren da suka dace a cikin muhawara ta mata. Idan, kamar yadda 'yan mata ke jayayya, Amazonomachy alama ce ta murkushe mata, to ta wannan layin tunani, Centauromachy ya kamata ya zama alama ce ta mummunar dawakai. Koyaya, dawakai suna da daraja sosai kuma ana girmama su a tsohuwar Girka. Ta nuna cewa tsarin mata a fahimtar Amazonomachy yana fassara shi a waje da ma'anar tarihi da al'adu, a maimakon haka yana sake fasalinsa don ya dace da nasu ajanda.

Tarihin tarihi don mayar da martani ga irin wannan zargi ya canza mayar da hankali ga fahimtar Amazonomachy a matsayin alama ta 'na musamman'. Andrew Stewart ya fahimci shi a matsayin ra'ayi mai rikitarwa na ɗayan a alamance wanda Farisawa suka riƙe a zahiri. Kamar yadda a bayyane yake, a cikin Karni na 5 BC, Daular Achaemenid ta fara jerin hare-hare a kan Girka. Saboda wannan, wasu malamai sun yi imanin cewa a mafi yawan fasahar Girka ta wannan lokacin, an nuna Farisa ta hanyar almara ta hanyar adadi na centaurs da Amazons.

Littattafai irin su *Epitaphios* na Lysias da *Panegyrikos* na Isocrates sun kara karfafa wannan daidaituwa da cin nasarar Farisawa, yayin da sassan su na Yaƙin Attic suka ƙare tare da cikakkiyar hallaka sojojin da suka mamaye.

Stewart ya tabbatar da cewa Amazons sun yi aiki a matsayin kwatanci ga Farisawa, suna ba da damar Helenawa su gabatar da kansu a matsayin mafi girma ga "barbarians". Tattaunawarsa ta samo asali ne daga halaye na Amazons kamar *Parthenoi,* waɗanda mata ne marasa aure ba tare da ƙwarewar jima'i ba. Ba kamar ra'ayi na zamani na budurwa ba, tsarin zamantakewa a Tsohon Girka yana nufin yanayin mata kamar yadda ba su manyanta ba kuma ba a gama ba. Jikin parthenoi ya fi dacewa, yana kama da na yaro maimakon mace. Ba za su iya cikakkiyar siffofin mata na taushi da ƙwarewa ba, duk da haka ba su da cikakken namiji, ba su da siffofi masu mahimmanci da ke da alaƙa da ƙarfi da tsokoki. Saboda haka, halaye na parthenoi, daji, ba a sarrafa su ba, ba a kula da su ba, kuma ba a hana su ba, sun kalubalanci ka'idojin al'ummar Atina da kuma tsammanin gargajiya na mata. Ya nuna cewa 'ya'ya mata kamar parthenoi suna barazanar kwanciyar hankali na iyali da ikon uba, wanda ya zama kwatanci mai tsawo ga al'umma gaba ɗaya. Ya ki amincewa da rubutun Bachofen na matriarchy kuma a maimakon haka ya ba da shawarar cewa Amazonomachy yana wakiltar babbar barazana ga tsarin al'umma na Atina, yana nuna alamar "ƙaddamarwa" a cikin mahallin mamayar Farisa.

Bayan Yaƙin Graeco-Persian, an sami hauhawar Amazonomachies a cikin fasahar Athens, gami da ninka al'amuran Amazon a kan tukwane a kusa da 450 KZ. Parthenon (447-432 KZ), wani abin tunawa da ke murna da nasarar Athens a kan Farisa, ya kuma nuna hotuna biyu na Amazonomachy - daya a yammacin metopes ɗayan kuma a kan garkuwar Pheidias" mutum-mutumi na Athena a cikin haikalin. Stewart ya kuma yi jayayya cewa hauhawar Amazonomachy a cikin fasaha yana da alaƙa da Perikles, babban dan siyasa na Athens, da Dokar 'yan ƙasa ta 451 KZ. Wannan dokar ta bayyana asalin Athens ta hanyar ƙuntata 'yan ƙasa ga mutanen da ke da iyayen Athens guda biyu. Wataƙila martani ne ga kwararar baƙi waɗanda suka zauna a Athens bayan Yaƙin Graeco-Persian, wanda ya kai kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na yawan jama'a. Amazons mata ne wadanda ba Helenawa ba da ke da alaƙa da Asia Minor, waɗanda suka yi yaƙi kamar maza, kuma sun kasance abokan gaba ga Helenawa. Don haka, karuwar Amazonomachy don kara karfafa manufar "sauran" a kan Helenawa na iya nuna damuwa na Perikles da kuma al'ummar Girka game da zama ɗan ƙasa.

A cewar Jeremy McInerney, labarin Kleidemos game da Yakin Attic ya kasance a siyasa ta hanyar da Theseus ya ci Farisa ba wai kawai ya wakilci nasarar Athens gaba ɗaya ba, har ma ya sake tabbatar da wasu dabi'u na dimokuradiyya ta Athens, mai yiwuwa a lokacin tashin hankali na siyasa da tarihi a karni na 4 BC.

Fassarar zamani kuma suna kallon amazonomachy a matsayin alama ce ta rikici tsakanin tsohuwar tsarin Girka na wayewa da (tasirin) baƙo, mace mai cin zarafin jinsi. Ana kammala amazonomachiai daban-daban a cikin tatsuniyoyin Helenawa tare da nasarar wasu jarumi maza na Atina (kamar Hercules ko Theseus) a kan sanannun Amazons, waɗanda aka kashe a yaƙi ko kuma mazajen Helenawa suka mamaye su ta hanyar jima'i. A cewar wadannan malaman zamani, nasarar da jarumin namiji ya yi wa Amazons a cikin tatsuniyoyi (kazalika da alamun kabari na Amazon) ya karfafa kuma ya tunatar da mutanen Girka game da mafi girman tsarin Athens na wayewa da al'umma.

## Amazonomachy a cikin Fasaha
Yaƙi ya kasance sanannen batu ne a cikin fasahar Girka ta Dā, wanda aka wakilta a cikin manyan siffofi a kan temples amma kuma da yawa daga cikin tukwane na Girka. Tare da al'amuran daga Homer da Gigantomachy, Amazonomachy sanannen zaɓi ne, yana nuna yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin mazajen Girka da mata baƙi. Daga baya, a cikin Fasahar Romawa, akwai zane-zane da yawa a gefen sarcophagus na Romawa na baya, lokacin da ya zama salon nuna zane-zane na wuraren yaƙi. An kuma nuna hotuna a kan mosaics. Yawancin hotuna na zamani sun karu a Renaissance, kuma musamman a zamanin Baroque.

### Garkuwar Girka ta Farko
Fasahar Girka ta farko yawanci tana nuna Amazons a yaƙi, sau da yawa ana nuna su hawa dawakai ko amfani da makamai kamar baka da kibiyoyi, takobi, mashi, da garkuwar. Dangane da shaidun da ke akwai, alamun farko na waɗannan mayaƙan mata da suka shiga fasaha sun kasance a cikin garkuwar zabe da kayan ado na garkuwar, tare da misalin farko yana kan garkuwar yumɓu daga Tiryns daga kusan 700 BC.

## Gidan hotuna

Fayil:Oinochoe_MET_sf06102161l.jpg|Heracles in the battle, 6th century BC
Fayil:Akhilleus_Penthesileia_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2688_n2.jpg|Achilles killing Penthesilea. Tondo of an Attic red-figure kylix, 470–460 BC. From Vulci
Fayil:Amazonomachia_Pio-Clementino_Inv896.jpg|Amazonomachy, marble sarcophagus, c. 160–170 AD, Vatican Museum
Fayil:Amazona_y_bárbaro.JPG|Amazon attacking a Barbarian, sculptural group found in the Anzio Villa, Antonian era – c. 138-192 AD, Roman copy of Greek original. Palazzo Massimo Alle Terme.
Fayil:Amazonomachy_Halicarnassus_BM_n3.jpg|Relief from the ruins of the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus
Fayil:NAMA_136&151_158_Amazonomachy.JPG|Fragments of the Amazonomachy on the west pediment of the temple of Asklepios. About 380 BC
Fayil:Kutahya_archaeological_museum_Amazonomachy_sarcophagus_8837_Panorama.jpg|Kutahya archaeological museum Amazonomachy sarcophagus 8837
Fayil:Sousse_mosaic_Amazons_(cropped).JPG|Detail of an early 3rd-century mosaic from modern Tunisia
Fayil:Arpi_(daunia_meridionale),_figurine_di_amazzonomachia,_300_ac._ca._04.JPG|Amazon from a group of terracottas making up an Amazonomachy, c. 300 BC
Fayil:Sarcophagus-from-Salonica.jpg|Amazonomachy marble sarcophagus, Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki
Fayil:Histoires_de_Troyes_-_Combat_de_Thesee,_Hercule_et_des_Amazones.jpg|15th century miniature from a *Histoires de Troyes*; Theseus is shown as a contemporary knight.
Fayil:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Battle_of_the_Amazons_-_WGA20302.jpg|Interpretation by Rubens, 1617–18
Fayil:1873_Feuerbach_Amazonenschlacht_anagoria.JPG|one of two versions by the German Anselm Feuerbach, 1873
Fayil:Wounded_Amazon_Sosikles_type_Louvre_Ma552_n1.jpg|Wounded Amazon, Sosikles type. Roman copy of 5th century BC Greek original.


## Dubi kuma

* Don tattaunawar irin waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe, duba Amazons a cikin tarihin tarihi
* Don shahararren Amazonomachy, duba Attic WarYaƙin Attic
* Don wakiltar Amazonomachies kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin tsohuwar fasahar gani, duba Amazons in art da Warfare in Ancient Greek ArtYaƙi a cikin Fasahar Girka ta Dā
* Nau'ikan siffofi na Amazon
* Centauromachy
* Gigantomachy

## Manazarta