Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Malaysia

Kare ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam yana cikin kundin tsarin mulkin Malaysia . Waɗannan sun haɗa da 'yancin ɗan adam (Mataki na 5) da haramcin bauta da aikin tilastawa (Mataki na 6). A matakin kasa, ana iya samun matakan doka da ke wanzuwa don hana cin zarafi da cin zarafi a cikin ayyuka da dokoki kan batutuwan da ko dai suna da ɓangaren haƙƙin ɗan adam ko kuma suna da alaƙa da wasu ƙungiyoyin al'umma waɗanda za su iya fuskantar haɗarin keta haƙƙinsu. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama gaba daya suna sukar gwamnatin Malaysia da kuma 'yan sandan Royal Malaysia .

Dokokin tsare tsare kamar Dokar Tsaro ta Cikin Gida ta 1960 da Dokar Gaggawa (Dokar Jama'a da Rigakafin Laifuka) Dokar 1969 ta ba da damar tsarewa ba tare da shari'a ko tuhuma ba kuma don haka abin damuwa ne ga ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin ɗan adam kamar Suara Rakyat Malaysia .  Duk da haka, an soke Dokar Tsaron Cikin Gida ta 1960 kuma an maye gurbinta da SOSMA a 2012   kuma Dokar Gaggawa ta 1969 ta ƙare bayan soke sanarwar gaggawa guda uku a 2011.  

## Doka
An ce wasu dokokin Malaysia suna tauye haƙƙin ɗan adam. Canje-canje na baya-bayan nan a cikin waɗannan dokokin gwamnati ta bayyana su a matsayin gyare-gyaren haƙƙin ɗan adam amma, a cewar masu suka, a zahiri, a wasu lamura, sun sanya takunkumi har ma da tsauri.

Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta kare tsauraran matakan da kasar ke dauka kan 'yancin dan adam tare da bayanin cewa al'ummar "ta dauki cikakken tsarin kula da hakkin dan Adam a cikin cewa tana kallon duk hakkokin a matsayin wanda ba za a iya raba shi ba kuma yana dogara da juna. A Malaysia, 'yancin kowane dan kasa yana kare shi ta hanyar tanadi na doka a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Tarayya ... Amma waɗannan hakkoki ba cikakke ba ne kuma suna ƙarƙashin, da sauransu, tsarin jama'a, halin kirki da kuma tsaro na kasar. " Saboda haka, yayin da yake iƙirarin "ɗorawa ... ka'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya," Malaysia ta ga yana da muhimmanci a "la'akari da tarihin ƙasar da kuma bambancin addini, zamantakewa da al'adu na al'ummominta. Wannan shi ne don tabbatar da cewa an kiyaye mutuncin zamantakewar al'umma da kuma kiyaye shi. Ayyukan 'yancin ɗan adam a Malaysia sune nunin tsarin tsarin kima na Asiya mafi girma inda jin dadin jama'a da kuma kwatanta haƙƙin jama'a. " 

### Dokokin hana na gargajiya
Akwai dokoki da yawa masu ƙarfi da share fage waɗanda Malaysia ta daɗe tana amfani da su don tauye haƙƙin ɗan adam don haka kiyaye, a ra'ayinta, tsarin zamantakewa. A cikin 2008, Amnesty International ta taƙaita yanayin 'yancin ɗan adam a Malaysia, a wani ɓangare, ta hanyar lura da cewa gwamnati ta "ƙaratar da ikon 'yan adawa tare da tauye 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da addini ," kama masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tattaunawa, ta yin amfani da Dokar Buga da Bugawa (PPPA) don sarrafa abubuwan da ke cikin jaridu, da kuma kama mutane da yawa a cikin Tsaron Tsaro.  A shekara ta 2012 an sami manyan sauye-sauye a yawancin wadannan dokoki da aka bayyana a hukumance a matsayin gyare-gyaren hakkin dan adam amma kuma aka sha suka ko dai saboda rashin yin nisa ko kuma a zahiri suna kara tauye hakkin dan adam.

### Dokar Tsaro ta Cikin Gida ta 1960 (An soke)
Watakila abin da aka fi sani da wadannan dokokin shi ne dokar tsaron cikin gida, wadda aka kafa a shekarar 1960, shekaru uku bayan da Malaysia ta samu 'yancin kai daga Birtaniya. An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin mai tsauri, yana ba da izinin tsare na dogon lokaci ba tare da shari'a ba, kuma a cikin shekarun da suka gabata an yi amfani da shi bisa tsari kan mutanen da ake kallo, saboda dalilai daban-daban, a matsayin barazana ga gwamnatin Malaysia ko kuma ga "tsarin zamantakewa." 

A cikin 2012, Majalisar Malesiya ta soke Dokar Tsaro ta Cikin Gida ta 1960 a hukumance kuma ta maye gurbinta da Dokar Laifukan Tsaro (Mataki na Musamman) na 2012 .  

### Dokar tada zaune tsaye 1948
Wata doka mai karfi kuma wadda aka fi amfani da ita, wacce ta samo asali tun 1948, lokacin da Malaysia ke mulkin mallaka na Biritaniya, ita ce dokar tada zaune tsaye, wacce ta haramta magana ko rubuce-rubucen da ake ganin na tayar da hankali. Yawancin masu suka da masu adawa da gwamnatin Malaysia an kama su kuma ana tsare da su a karkashin dokar tada zaune tsaye, wanda tasirinta ya kasance na tauye 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki a Malaysia.

### Dokar Buga da Buga ta 1984
An zartar da shi a cikin 1984, Dokar Ma’aikatan Buga da Bugawa, wadda ta sa ya zama laifi buga wani abu ba tare da lasisin gwamnati ba wanda dole ne a sabunta shi a kowace shekara ta Ma’aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida, an yi amfani da shi don rufe bakin masu sukar gwamnati da kuma hana wallafe-wallafe daban-daban saboda dalilai daban-daban. Kamar yadda yake a cikin dokar tada zaune tsaye, tasirin aikin Ma'aikatan Buga da Bugawa ya kasance na tauye 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki a Malaysia. A halin yanzu, a Gabashin Malesiya (Sabah da Sarawak), 'yan jaridu sun fi 'yanci saboda babu damuwa game da takaddama da ke faruwa a can.

### Dokar ƴan sanda 1967
Dokar 'yan sanda ta 1967 ta ba da damar 'yan sanda na Royal Malaysia su tsare mutane ba tare da izini ba, kuma an yi amfani da su musamman don ƙuntata 'yancin yin taro .Kafin 2012 da gabatar da Dokar Taro Mai Zaman Lafiya ta 2012, ƙarƙashin Sashe na 27 na Dokar 'Yan Sanda, ana buƙatar izinin 'yan sanda don taron mutane sama ban da yajin aiki.

### Canje-canje a cikin dokokin ƙuntatawa
A ranar 15 ga Satumba 2011, Firayim Minista Najib Razak ya sanar da cewa za a soke dokar Tsaron Cikin Gida ta 1960 gaba ɗaya   kuma "za a maye gurbinsu da sabuwar doka wacce ta ƙunshi ƙarin kulawar shari'a kuma ta iyakance ikon 'yan sanda na tsare waɗanda ake zargi don dalilai na rigakafi". Gwamnati ta kuma ba da kanta ga soke wasu sanannun kayan aikinta na doka don tauye haƙƙin ɗan adam, gami da Dokar Tausayi ta 1948, Shelar Gaggawa guda uku da Dokar Kora ta 1959. Bugu da kari, gwamnati ta amince ta sake duba wasu dokoki, da suka hada da sashe na 27 na dokar ‘yan sanda, dokar buga jaridu da buga littattafai da kuma dokar sirrin gwamnati. 

Tsakanin 2011 da 2012, an sami sauye-sauye na majalisa da yawa. An soke Dokar Tsaron Cikin Gida ta 1960 a hukumance kuma ta maye gurbinta da SOSMA a ranar 31 ga Yuli 2012.   Har ila yau majalisar ta soke shelar gaggawa guda uku da aka bayar a 1966, 1969, da 1977 a ranar 20 ga Satumba 2011.    Dokar Ƙuntatawa ta 1933 da Dokar Korar 1959, wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba har tsawon shekaru 34 kafin 2011, Majalisar Malesiya ta soke ta bisa ka'ida a cikin Disamba 2011.   Sashe na 27 na dokar 'yan sanda ta 1967, wanda ke buƙatar izinin 'yan sanda don shirya duk wani taron jama'a an soke shi a cikin 2012 kuma an kafa dokar zaman lafiya ta 2012 a cikin wannan shekarar. 

### Laifukan Tsaro (Mataki na Musamman) Dokar 2012
A cikin wata kasida a watan Yuni na 2012 da aka buga a Cibiyar Gabas da Yamma ta Asiya Pacific Bulletin kuma aka sake bugawa a cikin *Bangkok Post* da kuma shafin yanar gizon Human Rights Watch, marubuci Mickey Spiegel ya lura cewa a cikin Afrilu 2012, Majalisar Malesiya ta amince da maye gurbin Dokar Tsaron Cikin Gida (ISA), wanda ake kira Dokar Laifin Tsaro (Special Measures) Act 2012 (Special Measures) Act 2012). Spiegel ta koka da cewa SOSMA "ba ta yi nisa ba wajen kare hakkoki da 'yancin 'yan Malaysia." A gaskiya ma, in ji Spiegel, SOSMA ta kasance "a zahiri ta fi ISA takurawa da koma baya" fiye da ISA ta wasu hanyoyi, alamar da ke nuna cewa gwamnati tana "wasa ' koto-da-switch ' tare da 'yancin ɗan adam." 

Alal misali, "haɗe da gyare-gyare ga wasu dokoki," SOSMA "ta tsaurara takunkumi ko haramta ayyukan da aka riga aka ƙulla, da ƙarin iyaka ga ayyukan da ba a taƙaice a baya, da kuma faɗaɗa ikon 'yan sanda da sa ido ta sabbin hanyoyi." Bugu da kari, yana "kara lalata kariyar 'yan kasa, alal misali ta hanyar mika wa 'yan sanda maimakon yanke hukunci kan ikon da ke da alaka da sadarwa." 

### Dokar Majalisar Zaman Lafiya ta 2012
Dokar zaman lafiya ta maye gurbin sashe na 27 na dokar 'yan sanda, wanda ke buƙatar izinin 'yan sanda don manyan taro. A ƙarƙashin Dokar Taro Mai Zaman Lafiya, irin waɗannan izini ba lallai ba ne. Maimakon haka, dole ne masu shirya taron su ba wa ‘yan sanda sanarwar kwana biyar (a baya sanarwar kwanaki goma kafin 2019) na duk wani taro da aka shirya, bayan haka ‘yan sanda za su ba da amsa, tare da bayyana duk wani hani da suke son sanyawa taron.  Wannan dokar ta haramta wa ‘yan kasa da shekara 15 shiga taruka,  ta haramta wa ‘yan kasa da shekara 21 shirya su,  kuma ta hana su yin kusa da makarantu, masallatai, filayen jirgin sama, tashoshin jirgin kasa, da sauran wuraren da aka kebe.  Duk da cewa an yi la’akari da cewa an yi wa dokar gyaran fuska ta 27 na dokar ‘yan sanda, ‘ yan adawar siyasa da sauran su sun yi kakkausar suka ga dokar majalisar da cewa ta fi dokar da ta maye gurbinsa, inda wani shugaban ‘yan adawa ya ce dokar ta ba ‘yan sanda cikakken iko. 

A shekarar 2019, gwamnatin Pakatan Harapan ta yi gyara ga wannan doka da aka kafa bayan babban zaben 2018, wanda ya ga an rage wa'adin sanarwar masu shirya zanga-zangar lumana daga kwanaki goma zuwa kwanaki biyar, sannan kuma an soke dokar hana zanga-zangar kan tituna. Laifukan da ke karkashin sashe na 9 da na 15 na wannan dokar an kuma mayar da su zuwa laifuffuka masu yawa tare da cin tarar RM5000, wanda ba a sanya shi a matsayin laifi ba kuma 'yan majalisar da aka samu sun keta wadannan sassan ba za su rasa kujerunsu ko cancantar tsayawa takara ba. 

### Sanarwar kare hakkin dan Adam ta ASEAN
A watan Nuwamba 2012, Firayim Minista Najib Razak ya rattaba hannu kan sanarwar haƙƙin ɗan adam na farko da ƙasashen ASEAN suka yi, matakin da a hukumance ya ƙaddamar da Malaysia "ga taronta na farko na ƙasashen waje don haɓaka adalci ga kowane mutum ba tare da la'akari da launin fata, addini da ra'ayin siyasa ba." Wannan rattaba hannu, an lura da shi, ya faru ne a daidai lokacin da Malesiya ta “shiga bin diddigin kasa da kasa saboda zargin ta da karkatar da wasu batutuwan da suka shafi hakkin dan adam na baya-bayan nan,” ciki har da murkushe manyan zanga-zangar neman dimokradiyya guda biyu a watan Yuli 2011 da Afrilu 2012 .  Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Malaysia ta bayyana rashin jin dadin ta da cewa sanarwar ta ba da izinin yin "takewa a kan filaye fiye da abin da aka yarda da ita a duniya," kuma ta yi nuni da musamman ga ka'ida ta 7, "wanda ke bayyana a daya bangaren, cewa dukkan hakkokin bil'adama na duniya ne, ba za a iya raba su ba, masu dogara da juna, sun gane a daya, cewa Membobin kasashe na iya yin la'akari da hakkokinsu na siyasa, tattalin arziki, zamantakewar al'adu da zamantakewar bil'adama. kasashe." 

### Dokar Aiki (Mafi ƙarancin Albashi)
Kamar yadda a ranar 1 ga Mayu 2022, mafi ƙarancin albashin wata-wata ta hanyar odar mafi ƙarancin albashi na 2022 shine RM 1,500 ga kamfanonin da ke da ma'aikata sama da biyar, yayin da mafi ƙarancin albashin sa'a ya kai RM7.21 a kowace awa. 

## Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Malaysia
Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Malaysia, wacce aka fi sani da ita a kasar da sunan Suhakam (wacce gajere ce ga Suruhanjaya Hak Asasi Malaysia), ita ce babbar hukumar da ke kula da al'amuran kare hakkin bil'adama.

## Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam
Babbar kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama a Malaysia ita ce Suara Rakyat Malaysia . A ranar 17 ga Satumba, 2012, wasu dozin kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa sun fitar da sanarwar hadin gwiwa don nuna rashin amincewarsu da abin da suka bayyana a matsayin "ci gaba da cin zarafin gwamnatin Malaysia" kan Suara Rakyat Malaysia. 

## Hakkoki na asali
Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Malaysia ya haramta wariya ga 'yan ƙasa dangane da jima'i, addini, da launin fata, amma kuma ya ba da "matsayi na musamman" a cikin Mataki na 153 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, zuwa Bumiputera, 'yan asalin ƙasar Malaysia ciki har da 'yan kabilar Malay da 'yan kabilu na asali na jihohin Sabah da Sarawak a gabashin Malaysia. Wadanda ba 'yan kabilar Malay mafi rinjaye ba ana kula da su ne bisa ga sashi na 153 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Malesiya inda za a ba da gata ta musamman ga 'yan kabilar Malay da 'yan asalin Sabah da Sarawak a fannin ilimi, aiki, da sauran fannoni. 

### 'Yancin magana
An yi ta cece-ku-ce kan ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki a kasar Malaysia saboda dimbin gangami da zanga-zangar ciki har da Bersih, an ga an kama mambobinsu ba tare da sammaci ba.

A ranar 8 ga Yuli, 2020, Human Rights Watch ta ba da rahoton cewa hukumomin Malaysia sun fara binciken laifuka kan mutanen da ke sukar gwamnati. 'Yan jarida, masu fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a, da talakawa sun fuskanci 'yan sanda tambayoyi don yin magana cikin lumana. 

A ranar 30 ga Yuli, 2020, Human Rights Watch ta yi kira ga hukumomin Malaysia da su saki Mohamed Rayhan Kabir, ma'aikacin bakin haure dan Bangladesh, wanda aka kama saboda sukar manufofin gwamnati game da bakin haure. An nuna shi a cikin wani shirin shirin Al Jazeera wanda aka watsa a ranar 3 ga Yuli game da yadda ake kula da ma'aikatan bakin haure yayin bala'in COVID-19 a Malaysia . 

### 'Yancin taro da motsi