Iblis

**shaidan** shine  na Mugunta kamar yadda aka ɗauka a cikin al'adu da al'adun addini daban-daban. Ana ganinsa a matsayin ƙaddamar da ƙiyayya da ɓarna. Jeffrey Burton Russell ya bayyana cewa ra'ayoyi daban-daban na shaidan za a iya taƙaita su a matsayin 1) ka'idar mugunta mai zaman kanta daga Allah, 2) wani bangare na Allah, 3) halitta mai juyawa mugunta (mala'ika mai faɗi) ko 4) alama ce ta mugunta ta ɗan adam. : 23 : 23 

Kowace al'ada, al'ada da addini tare da Shaidan a cikin tatsuniyoyinsa suna ba da ruwan tabarau daban-daban game da bayyanar mugunta. Tarihin waɗannan ra'ayoyin sun haɗu da tauhidin, tatsuniyoyi, ilimin halayyar dan adam, fasaha, da adabi, suna tasowa da kansu a cikin kowane al'ada. Yana faruwa a tarihi a cikin mahallin da al'adu da yawa, kuma an ba shi sunaye daban-daban - Shaidan (Yahudawa), Lucifer (Kiristanci), Belzebubi (Yahuda-Kiristansi), Mephistopheles (Jamusanci), Iblis (Islama) - da halayen: an nuna shi azaman shuɗi, baƙar fata, ko ja; an nuna shi yana da ƙaho a kansa, da sauransu.

## Magana
The Modern English word **' derives from the Middle English **', from the Old English **', that in turn represents an early Germanic borrowing of the [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] **'. This in turn was borrowed from the Greek  *diábolos*, "slanderer", from  *diabállein*, "to slander" from  *diá*, "across, through" and βάλλειν *bállein*, "to hurl", probably akin to the Sanskrit *gurate*, "he lifts up".

## Ma'anar
A cikin littafinsa The Devil: Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to Primitive Christianity, Jeffrey Burton Russell ya tattauna ma'anoni da matsaloli daban-daban da ake fuskanta yayin amfani da kalmar **'Shaidan**'. Bai yi iƙirarin bayyana kalmar a cikin ma'anar gaba ɗaya ba, amma ya bayyana iyakantaccen amfani da yake da shi ga kalmar a cikin littafinsa - iyakanta don "ƙananan wannan wahalar" da kuma "don bayyanawa". A cikin wannan littafin Russell ya yi amfani da kalmar *shaidan* a matsayin "mutuntaka na Mugunta da aka samu a al'adu daban-daban", sabanin kalmar Shaiɗan, wanda ya ajiye musamman ga adadi a cikin addinan Ibrahim.

Yvonne Bonnetain ta bayyana Iblis a matsayin misali mai ban mamaki, a cikin nau'in ikon allahntaka, don mutuwa, cuta, da duk abin da ke ƙiyayya da bil'adama.

A cikin Gabatarwa ga littafinsa ***'''shaidan***': Tarihi*, Henry Ansgar Kelly ya tattauna ra'ayoyi da ma'anoni daban-daban da ya haɗu da su ta hanyar amfani da kalmomi kamar shaidan da Shaidan, da dai sauransu. Duk da yake ba da ma'anar gaba ɗaya ba, ya bayyana cewa a cikin littafinsa "duk lokacin da aka yi amfani da diabolos a matsayin sunan Shaidan", yana nuna shi ta hanyar amfani leƙen kawuna.

*Oxford English Dictionary'' yana da ma'anoni daban-daban don ma'anar "shaidan", wanda ke goyan bayan wasu nassoshi: "Shaiɗan" na iya nufin Shaiɗan, ruhun mugunta mafi girma, ko ɗaya daga cikin jakadun shaidan ko aljanu waɗanda ke zaune a jahannama, ko kuma ɗaya daga cikin ruhohin da ke da mutum mai aljanu; "shaidan" na iya komawa ga ɗaya daga cikin "alloli masu mugunta" wanda ake tsorata da kuma "mutumi", aljanu, mugun kalma mai tausayi ga mugunta" sau da yawa ana iya amfani da shi ga mugunta.

## Tarihi

### Lokacin da ya gabata zuwa lokacin Archaic
Yawancin tsarin imani na farko ba su da ra'ayi na hadin kai game da mugunta. A cikin tsofaffin rubuce-rubucen da ake da su, mugunta wani bangare ne na yanayi. A Mesopotamiya, wani lokacin ana cewa mugunta ta samo asali ne daga rikice-rikice na farko, amma babu mugun aljanu ko aljanu. Ruhohi da alloli daban-daban na iya yin nagarta da mugunta dangane da sha'awar. Tsohon imani na Masar da aka sani ba su da mugun alloli; alloli suna da halin kirki kuma ana buƙatar su miƙa wuya ga tsarin allahntaka na sararin samaniya, mugunta ta kasance aikin da ke keta jituwa. A cikin tsoffin imani na Hindu, alloli, waɗanda ke nuna gaskiyar gaskiya, suna da alheri kuma suna da ƙarfi. Ko da a cikin Tsohon Alkawari, mugunta, kuma saboda haka halaye na shaidan, suna nuna fushin Yahweh. Daga cikin tsoffin imani na Gabas ta Tsakiya, Zorastrianism shine tsarin imani na farko da aka kafa wanda ya bunkasa ilimin aljanu wanda ke jagorantar ruhun mugunta (Angra Mainyu), watau Iblis.

Kusan 600 KZ, Zarathustra ya bukaci mabiyansa su juya baya daga devas, don neman keɓewa ga Ahura Mazda shi kaɗai. Abin da ya bambanta da wahayi na Zarathustra shi ne cewa ya yi iƙirarin cewa mugunta ba wani ɓangare ne na Allah ba (ko ainihin gaskiyar), amma ka'ida ce mai zaman kanta daga Allah. Don tsara nagarta da mugunta a matsayin ka'idoji daban-daban, Zarathustra ya yi jayayya cewa Allah (Ahura Mazda) ya zaɓi nagarta, yayin da Angra Mainyu ya zaɓi mugunta. Ta hanyar yin haka, ya kafa tsarin cosmological na farko da aka sani, wanda daga baya zai rinjayi wasu addinai, gami da Yahudanci, Kiristanci, Manichaeism, da Islama. An ware su daga sabon allahn guda ɗaya, ruhohin tsarin imani na baya sun zama masu alaƙa da ikon mugunta kuma saboda haka aljanu. A matsayin bayin ruhun hallaka, an yi imanin cewa aljanu suna bin mugunta kawai; suna haifar da zafi kuma suna haifar da hallaka. Rashin tausayi, waɗanda suka sami kansu a cikin yankin mugayen ruhohi bayan mutuwa (watau a jahannama), aljanu suna azabtar da su. Ruhohi da aka samu don daidaitawa da sabon allahn guda ɗaya sannan suka zama Bayin Allah (watau mala'iku).

Don haka, asalin addinin Yahudanci na Kan'ana ya shawo kan wasu sassan dabi'un dualistic na Farisa a lokacin Bayan zaman gudun hijira. Koyaya, addinin Yahudanci na Haikali na Biyu, kuma daga baya Kiristanci, sun bambanta da dualism na Farisa a wasu batutuwa: ƙaddamar da ikon Allah na tsohon ba ya ba da izinin dualism mai tsattsauran ra'ayi kamar yadda Zorastrianism da kuma daga baya Manichaeism suka gabatar. Hadisin Yahudanci-Kirista ya bambanta da imani na farko ta hanyar iyakance ikon Allahn su ta hanyar mugun ka'ida ko karfi, wanda Zorastrianism ya gabatar. Kiristanci musamman, ya yi gwagwarmaya da sulhunta kasancewar Allah tare da alherin Allah. Duk da yake Zorastrianism ya sadaukar da ikon Allah duka don amfanin Allah, don haka ya haifar da ka'idar Iblis a matsayin mai zaman kanta daga Allah, Kiristanci galibi ya nace cewa an halicci Iblis kuma ya dogara da Allah.

## Manazarta