Helen Blau

**Helen Blau** FRS masanin kimiyyar halitta ce kuma mai binciken ƙwayar halitta da aka sani da aikinta kan Cututtukan tsoka, sake farfadowa da tsufa. Ita ce Farfesa ta Donald E. da Delia B. Baxter Foundation kuma Darakta na Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology a Jami'ar Stanford .  An san Blau da juyar da ra'ayi na yau da kullun cewa da zarar tantanin halitta ya ɗauki wani ƙwarewa a cikin jiki - ko bambancin yanayin - kamar fata ko tantanin hanta, ba za a iya canza shi ba. Binciken da ta yi ya tabbatar da cewa za'a iya canza makomar ƙwayoyin dabbobi masu shayarwa. Binciken da ta yi cewa za a iya haifar da ƙwayoyin halitta na musamman don kunna shirye-shiryen kwayoyin halitta na wasu jihohin da suka bambanta ya ba da shaidar farko cewa sake tsara ƙwayoyin dabbobi masu shayarwa yana yiwuwa kuma ya buɗe ƙofar don amfani da sake tsarawa a cikin ilmin halitta.Ayyukanta sun kafa mataki don ci gaban ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta masu yawa da kuma hanyoyin warkar da ƙwayoyin halitta masu alaƙa.

Blau kuma an san ta a duniya saboda aikinta a kan kwayoyin halitta na manya da kuma yadda suke kiyayewa, gyarawa da sake farfado da ƙwayoyin jiki, musamman tsoka.Ta bayyana rawar da microenvironment na niche, mafi mahimmanci tsananin nama, a cikin daidaita aikin tantanin halitta kuma ta nuna yadda aikin tantanin abu ya ragu a cikin tsufa da cututtukan tsokoki na gado. Ta gano hanyoyin da za a sake farfado da aikin tsohuwar ƙwayar halitta.Blau ta gano sabon aji na enzyme mai alaƙa da tsufa da ta kira "gerozyme" kuma ta nuna cewa ƙaddamar da magunguna na gerozyme a cikin tsufa na tsoka na iya sake farfado da tsarin nama da metabolism da kara ƙarfi.

## Ilimi da rayuwar farko
An haifi Blau a Landan kuma ɗan ƙasa ne na Amurka da Biritaniya. Ta sami B.A. daga Jami'ar York a Ingila da kuma MA da Ph.D. a ilmin halitta daga Jami'an Harvard tare da Fotis C. Kafatos . 

## Ayyuka da bincike
Bayan wani postdoctoral fellowship tare da Charles J. Epstein a cikin sassan Biochemistry da Biophysics da kuma Division of Medical Genetics a Jami'ar California, San Francisco (UCSF), ta shiga bangaren a Jami'an Stanford a shekarar 1978. An ba ta lambar yabo a 1999 kuma an ba ta suna Darakta na Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology a 2002.

### Sake tsarawa da filastik
An daɗe ana tunanin cewa yanayin bambancin yana da tsayayya kuma ba za a iya juyawa ba. A cikin shekarun 1980s, Blau ta kalubalanci wannan ra'ayin ta amfani da tsarin haɗin sel da ta kirkira don shiga sel na nau'o'i daban-daban guda biyu da jihohi daban-daban.Gwaje-gwajen da ta yi sun nuna cewa za a iya kunna kwayoyin halitta da ba su da sauti a baya. Musamman, lokacin da fata na mutum, nama mai haɗawa, ko ƙwayoyin hanta suka haɗu da ƙwayoyin tsoka na linzamin kwamfuta, ƙwayoyin ɗan adam sun fara yin samfuran ƙwayoyin halitta na tsoka. Wannan aikin ya nuna cewa yanayin da ya bambanta yana buƙatar ci gaba da ƙarfafawa, kuma cewa canji a cikin ma'auni na sunadarai masu sarrafawa da ake kira Abubuwan fassarar a cikin tsakiya na iya sake tsara tantanin halitta don zama nau'in tantanin halitta daban.Wannan binciken da ba a tsammani ba, ko sassauci, a cikin makomar tantanin halitta ya kasance tushe ga ci gaban fannin ilmin halitta da kuma maganin sake farfadowa.An nuna shi a matsayin "Plasticity of the Differentiated State" a kan murfin Frontiers in Biology na musamman na mujallar Science a shekarar 1985. 

### Kwayoyin halitta na tsokoki
Ana samun ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin manya a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta a ko'ina cikin jiki. Lokacin da suka rabu a lokacin ci gaba, ko don gyara lalacewar bayan rauni, ɗayan 'yar halitta ya kasance tantanin halitta (yana sabunta kansa), yayin da ɗayan ya bambanta (yana da ƙwarewa) don zama ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan tantanin halitta waɗanda suka ƙunshe da wannan nama.

A cikin shekara ta 2008, Blau ya buga sigogi na farko don ware Kwayoyin ƙwayar tsoka, wanda aka fi sani da ƙwayoyin tauraron dan adam, ta amfani da cytometry. Labinta ya fara amfani da hotunan bioluminescence don saka idanu kan tasirin ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar ƙwaya a cikin tsokoki a cikin beraye masu rai kuma ya tabbatar da cewa Kwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta ne na gaskiya, wanda ke iya sabunta kansa da bambancin. Sun kuma tsara hydrogel mai ƙwarewa tare da tsananin da ke kwaikwayon tsokoki masu lafiya. Ba kamar tsananin kayan al'adun filastik ba, hydrogel mai laushi yana adana tsokoki na sel lokacin da ya girma a cikin al'ada. Wannan binciken ya samar da haɗin aiki na farko tsakanin sassauci da kuma kula da kaddarorin sabuntawa na sel kuma ya kafa tsarin da ke da fa'ida mai yawa don haɓaka ƙarfin sake farfadowa na ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta na musamman da suka girma a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje.

### Sabuntawar tsoka bayan rauni
A cikin 2014 dakin gwaje-gwaje na Blau ya ba da shaidar farko cewa aikin tantanin halitta yana raguwa yayin tsufa saboda lahani na ciki, ban da abubuwan waje. Sun gano wani ƙaramin kwayar halitta, SB202, wanda ke hana wani enzyme da ke da alaƙa da tsufa da ake kira p38-MAP kinase kuma ya nuna cewa za'a iya sake farfado da kaddarorin sabuntawa na tsofaffin ƙwayoyin tsoka ta hanyar haɗuwa da siginar biophysical (girma a kan bioengineered hydrogels Blau's lab tsara) da kuma siginar biochemical (toshe p38MAPK). Kwanan nan, Blau ya nuna cewa ƙwayoyin ƙwayar tsoka suna nuna karuwar da ke dogara da shekaru a matakan CD47, kuma wannan karuwar alama ce ta dysfunction na ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwa. CD47 furotin ne da aka samo a saman sel da yawa a cikin jiki wanda ke kare su daga hari daga tsarin rigakafin jiki; karuwar yawan kwayoyin CD47 a kan tsofaffin kwayoyin ko marasa lafiya na iya hana jiki zubar da su yadda ya kamata. Shawo kan wannan karuwa a matakan CD47 ya haifar da karuwa mai ƙarfi a cikin ƙarfin tsoka bayan rauni. Wadannan hanyoyin suna ba da misali ga dabarun maganin sel don magance lalacewar tsoka.

A cikin 2017 dakin gwaje-gwaje na Blau ya gano prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) a matsayin wani muhimmin bangare na amsawar kumburi wanda ke tsara tsarin gyaran tsoka na halitta.Sun nuna cewa toshe ikon ƙwayoyin tsoka don amsawa ga PGE2, ko magani tare da magungunan rigakafin kumburi marasa steroid kamar ibuprofen wanda ke hana kira na PGE2, yana haifar da asarar ƙarfin tsoka bayan rauni. Injection na PGE2 a cikin tsokoki masu rauni yana haifar da ƙwayoyin tsokoki na tsokoki don ƙaruwa da yawa kuma yana inganta gyaran tsoka. Wadannan gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa ana buƙatar PGE2 kuma ya isa don aikin ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwa a cikin murmurewa bayan rauni.

### Gerozymes
A cikin 2021 Blau ya gano cewa tare da tsufa tsokoki suna tara adadi mai yawa na enzyme 15-PGDH, enzyme mai lalata prostaglandin wanda ke rushe PGE2. Wannan enzyme ya bayyana a matsayin babban mai kula da tsufa na tsoka.Idan 15-PGDH ya wuce gona da iri a cikin tsokoki na ƙananan beraye, suna nuna ƙarancin tsoka da rauni wanda ke kwaikwayon tasirin shekaru na tsufa. Sabanin haka, amfani da ƙaramin kwayar halitta don rage aikin 15-PGDH a cikin tsoffin beraye yana ƙara nauyin tsoka, ƙarfi da jimiri yayin gudu a kan treadmill. Wadannan gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa 15-PDGH shine mahimmin kwayar halitta na tsufa a cikin tsoka - sabon aji na kwayar halitta Blau da ake kira "gerozyme".

Lokacin da tsokoki na kwarangwal suka rasa synapses, wuraren hulɗa tare da jijiyoyi, suna raguwa kuma suna raunana, wanda ke lalata motsi kuma yana shafar ingancin rayuwa. Denervation na iya zama kwatsam saboda rauni mai rauni wanda ke matsawa ko karkatar da jijiyoyi ko zai iya faruwa a hankali tare da cuta ko shekaru.Jimlar 3 zuwa 5% na yawan jama'a a Amurka suna fama da irin waɗannan cututtuka, kuma zaɓuɓɓukan magani da ke akwai suna da iyaka.Gidan gwaje-gwaje na Blau ya nuna cewa hana gerozyme yana dawo da haɗin neuromuscular bayan ko dai asarar synapses saboda rauni ko tsufa.

Ƙarin gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa toshe aikin gerozyme yana da tasiri mai fa'ida a kan tsoka: haɓaka yawan da aiki na masana'antun makamashi na sel da ake kira mitochondria, sake tsara tsarin filaments na furotin da ake kira myofibrils waɗanda ke samar da fiber na tsoka, da kuma hana hanyoyin da ke da alaƙa da tsufa. Haɗe da tasirinsa a kan ƙwayoyin tsokoki da axons na motsi, 15-PGDH yana wakiltar babban manufa don jiyya da aka tsara don haɓaka ƙarfin tsoka a cikin waɗanda ke da rauni saboda rashin amfani da tsoka, cututtukan kwayar halitta, ko shekaru. Blau yana da hannu sosai a kokarin fassara waɗannan binciken zuwa asibitin.

### Sabuntawa
Blau mai kirkiro ne mai ƙwazo wanda ke riƙe da takardun shaida na Amurka 16 da kuma takardun mallakar ƙasa da ƙasa da yawa waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan gwaje-gwaje na hulɗar furotin, hanyoyin fadada telomere da sake farfadowa da nama. Ta sami lambar yabo ta Inventor mai ban sha'awa daga Ofishin Lasisin Fasaha na Jami'ar Stanford kuma an san ta a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu kirkiro na Stanford. An zabe ta a Kwalejin Inventors ta Kasa a shekarar 2017.  Blau yana ba da shawara ga kamfanonin biotechnology da magunguna kuma shine wanda ya kafa kamfanoni biyu da suka mai da hankali kan maganin sabuntawa don kara yawan kiwon lafiya.

### Koyarwa da Jagora
An san Blau da goyon bayanta ga mata a kimiyya da nasarar da ta samu wajen jagorantar matasa masana kimiyya da yawa waɗanda suka hada da ƙarni na gaba na shugabannin ilimi a cikin ilmin halitta na tsoka, ilmin halitta da kuma maganin sake farfadowa.Ta horar da dalibai sama da 95 da malaman postdoctoral kuma tana jagorantar matasa masana kimiyya a kowane mataki.

### Sauran Ayyuka
Blau ya yi aiki a kan manyan allon ba da shawara na kimiyya da majalisun, gami da Kwamitin Masu Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci na Harvard, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa, Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta Kasa, NIH National Institute on Aging, Kwalejiyar Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka, American Society for Cell Biology, American Society of Gene Therapy, Ellison Medical Foundation, da International Society for Stem Cell Research. Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar American Society for Developmental Biology da kuma shugabar International Society of Differentiation . Ta shirya tarurruka da yawa na kasa da na kasa kuma ta kasance zaɓaɓɓen memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Pontifical wanda ke ba da shawara ga Paparoma Francis a Vatican.

Blau mai goyon baya ce mai aiki game da amfani da ƙwayoyin halitta, ƙwayoyin jariri da dabbobi a cikin bincike kuma ta ba da gudummawa ga labarai da yawa a cikin New England Journal of Medicine da ke tattauna manufofin binciken dabbobi  da kuma amfani da ƙwararrun ɗan adam a cikin magani.  Kwanan nan, ta taimaka wajen aiwatar da International Society for Stem Cell Research ta 2023 "Hanyoyi don Stem Cell bincike da fassarar asibiti".

### Daraja da Kyaututtuka
**Daraja** - zaɓaɓɓen memba

* Ƙungiyar Amurka don Ci gaban Kimiyya (1991),
* Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa (1995) 
* Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka (1996) 
* Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa (2016) 
* Kwalejin Inventors ta Kasa (2017) 
* Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Pontifical (2017) 
* Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amirka (2018) 
* Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiya da Injiniyan Halitta ta Amurka (2019) 
* Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Austriya (2024) 
* Royal Society (2024) 
* Medal na Kimiyya na Kasa (2025) 
* Ƙungiyar Kwayoyin Kwayoyin Turai (EMBO)  (2024) 
* Shugaba, The Society for Developmental Biology (1994) 
* Shugaba, Ƙungiyar Bambanci ta Duniya (2002) 

**Dokta na girmamawa**

* Jami'ar Dokta ta girmamawa ta Nijmegan, Holland (2003) 
* Jami'ar Doctorate ta girmamawa ta York, Ingila (2018) 

**Kyaututtuka da aka zaɓa**

* Masanin zama, Cibiyar Nazarin Bellagio ta Gidauniyar Rockefeller, Italiya (1992) 
* Kyautar MERIT, Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Kasa (1995) 
* Kyautar FASEB a Kimiyya (1999) 
* Gidauniyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Ellison Babban Masanin (2001) 
* McKnight Fasahar Fasaha a cikin Kyautar Neuroscience (2001) 
* Rolf-Sammet-Fonds Ziyarar Farfesa, Jami'ar Frankfurt (2003) 
* Ƙungiyar Amurka don Binciken Ciwon daji Irving Weinstein Foundation Distinguished Lecture (2011) 
* Babban Mai magana, Chromatin, Replication da Chromosomal Stability Conference, Stockholm, Sweden (2011) 
* Taron cika shekaru 50 a kan samfurin Jacob da Monod (don girmama Francois Jacob), Institut Pasteur, Paris, Faransa 2011 
* Kyautar Binciken Canji ta NIH (2012) 
* Bikin cika shekaru 60 na gano DNA (don girmama J.D. Watson), Cold Spring Harbor, NY (2013) 
* Yvette Mayent-Rothschild Ziyarar Farfesa, Institut Curie, Paris (2013) 
* Ofishin Fasaha na Stanford Kyautar Mai Kyau Mai Kyau (2015) 
* Kyautar Glenn don Bincike a cikin Hanyar Halitta na Tsufa (2015) 
* Kyautar Gidauniyar Li Ka Shing (2015) 
* Ray A. da Robert L. Kroc Lectureship kan Ciwon Cutar, Cibiyar Ciwon Ciki ta Joslin (2018) 
* Kyautar Gidauniyar Milky Way (2021) 
* Ernest McCulloch Lectureship,  don girmamawa ga masanin kimiyyar halitta, Shugaban kasa, International Society for Stem Cell Research (2023) 
* Medal na Kimiyya na Kasa (2025) 

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Shafin yanar gizon Blau Lab a Jami'ar Stanford
* Brian K. Kennedy a cikin tattaunawa da Helen M. Blau - bidiyo
* "Helen Blau: Tarihin Magana," Shirin Tarihin Tarihin Tarihi na Stanford, 2015.