Ƴancin addini a Afirka ta Kudu

Afirka ta Kudu ƙasa ce mai zaman kanta, tare da 'yancin addini da aka tsara a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki.

## Shari'a

### Tsarin Mulki
gabatarwa ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu na 1996 ya ƙunshi nassoshi ga Allah a cikin nau'in tunatarwa na harsuna da yawa yana neman kariya da albarka ga Allah. Masanin tauhidin Dutch Johannes van der Ven ya bayyana wannan rubutun a matsayin "addu'ar neman addu'a". Kundin Tsarin Mulki duk da haka ya ba da haƙƙin 'yancin addini.

Babi na 2 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu, Bill of Rights, ya ƙunshi tanadi da yawa da suka shafi 'yancin addini. Sashe na 9, sashi na daidaito, ya haramta nuna bambanci mara adalci a kan dalilai daban-daban ciki har da addini kuma yana buƙatar a kafa dokokin ƙasa don hana ko hana nuna bambanci maras kyau. Sashe na 15 ya bayyana cewa kowa yana da 'yancin lamiri, addini, tunani, imani da ra'ayi. Wannan ɓangaren kuma yana ba da izinin bukukuwan addini a cikin cibiyoyin da ke da tallafi na jihohi da na gwamnati, idan sun bi ka'idojin ikon gwamnati, ana gudanar da su daidai kuma halarta kyauta ce da son rai; kuma tana ba da amincewa da tsarin shari'ar addini da aure waɗanda ba su dace da Kundin Tsarin Mulki ba. Sashe na 31 yana kare haƙƙin mutanen da ke cikin al'ummar addini don yin addininsu tare da sauran membobin wannan al'umma, da kuma kafa, shiga da kiyaye ƙungiyoyin addini na son rai.

Sauran tanadi daban-daban na Kundin Tsarin Mulki sun shafi addini da 'yancin addini. Sashe na 185 da 186 sun samar da kwamiti don ingantawa da kare haƙƙin al'adu, addini da al'ummomin harshe. Bugu da kari, haƙƙin ɗan adam kamar haƙƙin mutuncin ɗan adam, haƙƙin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da haƙƙin' yancin tarayya suna da alaƙa da kai tsaye da kariya ga' yancin addini. Hakkin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki bai kai ga maganganun ƙiyayya ba bisa dalilai daban-daban ciki har da addini.

Hakkin kundin tsarin mulki na 'yancin addini ba cikakke ba ne. A cikin jawabinsa na farko a bikin amincewa da jama'a na Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Addini da' Yanci ta Afirka ta Kudu a Johannesburg a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 2010 Mataimakin Babban Alkalin Dikgang Moseneke ya ce:

### Dokar Daidaitawa
Bisa ga Sashe na 9 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, Dokar Daidaitawa ta 2000 ta haramta nuna bambanci mara adalci a kan dalilai daban-daban ciki har da addini. Dokar Daidaitawa ba ta shafi nuna bambanci mara adalci a wurin aiki ba, wanda Dokar Daidaidaitaccen Aiki ta rufe.

### Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Afirka ta Kudu
Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Afirka ta Kudu (SAHRC) wata hukuma ce ta babi na tara da aka kaddamar a 1995 don tallafawa dimokuradiyya ta tsarin mulki. SAHRC tana binciken korafe-korafe game da nuna bambanci mara adalci kuma tana taimaka wa jama'a tare da shari'o'in da aka ji a Kotun Daidaitawa.

### Hukumar Kare Hakkin CRL
Hukumar Kula da Ingantawa da Kare Hakkin Al'adu, Addini da Harshe Al'adu (CRL Rights Commission) wata hukuma ce ta babi tara da aka kafa a shekara ta 2004 don tallafawa dimokuradiyya ta tsarin mulki.

## Addini a makarantu
Dokokin kasa da manufofi da ke kula da addini a makarantu suna da alaƙa da Ilimi na Addini, bukukuwan addini a makaranta da ka'idojin tufafin makaranta:

* Manufofin Kasa kan Addini da Ilimi da aka karɓa a watan Satumbar 2003 sun ba da Ilimin Addini, watau ilimi game da addinai daban-daban, wanda ba ya inganta wani addini a cikin tsarin karatun Makarantar jama'a. Ilimi na Addini an rufe shi a cikin batun Gudanar da Rayuwa.
* Dangane da Sashe na 15 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, ana ba da izinin bukukuwan addini a makarantun jama'a idan an gudanar da su daidai wanda ya yarda da bambancin addini kuma halartar kyauta ne da son rai.
* Jagororin Kasa na Ma'aikatar Ilimi na asali akan Kayan Makaranta da aka karɓa a watan Fabrairun 2006 sun bayyana cewa tsarin tufafin makaranta ya kamata ya dace da bambancin addini da al'adu.

### Shari'ar OGOD
A watan Agusta 2014, *Organisasie vir Godsdienste-Onderrig en Demokrasie* ("Kungiyar Ilimin Addini da Dimokiradiyya") (OGOD) ta shigar da kara a kotun babba ta South Gauteng don dakatar da wasu makarantu na gwamnati daga kiran kansu Kiristoci ko tallata dabi’un Kiristanci wanda ke sabawa kundin tsarin mulki. Dukkan makarantu guda shida da aka ambata a cikin karar makarantu ne na gwamnati da ke koyar da darussa cikin harshen Afrikaans kuma kungiyoyin kula da su na cikin kungiyar Federation of Governing Bodies of South African Schools (FEDSAS). Hukuncin da aka yanke a wannan shari'ar ya shafi dukkan makarantu na gwamnati. Makarantun da aka ambata sun kalubalanci karar, tare da goyon bayan FEDSAS, AfriForum, jam’iyyar Freedom Front Plus da kuma African Christian Democratic Party. A watan Yunin 2017, kotu ta yanke hukunci cewa ba bisa doka ba ne ga makarantar gwamnati ko hukumar makaranta ta karɓi akidar addini guda ɗaya a cikin al’umma mai bambancin addinai tare da watsi da sauran addinai. Makarantun sun yanke shawarar kada su daukaka ƙarar.

Dokar Cire Maƙaryaci ta 1957 wacce ta dogara da dokokin maita na mulkin mallaka ta aikata laifuka da'awar ilimin maita, gudanar da takamaiman ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da maita ciki har da amfani da sihiri da duba, da kuma zargin wasu da yin maita. A cikin 2007 Hukumar Gyara Dokar Afirka ta Kudu ta karɓi gabatarwar daga Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Al'ada ta Afirka ta Kudu da Kungiyar Masu Magunguna ta Al'ada suna neman bincike kan bin tsarin mulki na dokar kuma a ranar 23 ga Maris 2010 Ministan Shari'a da Ci gaban Tsarin Mulki ya amince da aikin Hukumar Gyara Shari'ar Afirka ta Kudu don sake duba dokokin maita.

Bukukuwan Kirista na Ranar Kirsimeti da Jumma'a Mai Tsarki sun kasance a cikin kalandar hutu na jama'a ta Afirka ta Kudu bayan wariyar launin fata. Hukumar Kare Hakkin CRL ta gudanar da sauraron sauraron jama'a a duk fadin kasar a watan Yunin da Yulin 2012 don tantance bukatar sake dubawa na bukukuwan jama'a bayan karbar korafe-korafe daga kungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru game da nuna bambanci mara adalci. Hukumar Kare Hakkin CRL ta bayyana cewa za su gabatar da shawarwarinsu ga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida, Ma'aikatu, Kwamitocin Kasuwanci daban-daban da Ofishin Shugaban kasa. Hukumar Kare Hakkin CRL ta buga shawarwarinta a ranar 17 ga Afrilu 2013, gami da kawar da wasu bukukuwan jama'a da ke akwai don 'yanci kwanaki don wasu bukukuwannin addini marasa Krista.   A ranar 18 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2015 Hukumar Gyara Dokar Afirka ta Kudu ta wallafa takardar tattaunawa game da dokokin da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ke gudanarwa inda ta ba da shawarar "cewa a sake nazarin waɗannan bukukuwan ko kuma a ba da nauyin daidai ga bukukuwan wasu addinai".

## Shahararrun shari'a

* *Ilimi na Kirista Afirka ta Kudu v Ministan Ilimi* (2000) - Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta gano cewa haƙƙin 'yancin addini bai ba makarantun masu zaman kansu na Kirista damar samun izini daga dokar da ta hana azabtar da jiki a makaranta ba, duk da imanin su cewa Littafi Mai-Tsarki ya ba da umarnin azabtar da mutum.
* MEC for Education: KwaZulu-Natal and Others v Pillay (2007) - Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta gano cewa makarantar sakandare ta Durban Girls ta nuna bambanci ga yarinyar Hindu ta hanyar ba ta bari ta sa hanci.
* Organisasie vir Godsdienste-Onderrig a Demokrasie v Laerskool Randhart and Others (2017) - Babban Kotun Kudancin Gauteng ta gano cewa alamar bangaskiya guda ɗaya ta makarantun jama'a ba bisa ka'ida ba ne.

## Manazarta

## Ƙara karatu
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* This article addresses constitutional provisions relating to language, culture and religion in South African schools.
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* This article addresses the form of secularism emerging in post-apartheid South Africa.