Michael Calvey

**Michael Calvey** (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 1967) ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan Amurka wanda aka san shi da saka hannun jari a Rasha.  Calvey ya kasance tare da kafa kamfanin Baring Vostok, wani kamfani mai zaman kansa mai zaman kansa wanda ya mayar da hankali kan saka hannun jari a Rasha da kuma ƙasashen Commonwealth of Independent States . 

A shekarar 2019, bayan takaddamar kamfanoni da masu hannun jari na Rasha a Bankin Vostochny, FSB na Rasha ya kama Calvey a wata babbar shari'a   wadda jaridar New York Times ta bayyana a matsayin "tuhume-tuhume na bogi".  Bayan dogon shari'a, wani alkali na Rasha a shekarar 2021 ya sami Calvey da laifin karkatar da dukiyarsa kuma ya yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru 5.5 (na wucin gadi).   A shekarar 2024, an yi watsi da hukuncin Calvey, wanda ya share tarihin rayuwarsa. 

An yaɗa shari'arsa sosai a Rasha da kuma duniya baki ɗaya.   Calvey ya rubuta wani littafi mai suna *Odyssey Moscow: One American's Journey from Russia Optimist to Prisoner of the State*, inda ya ba da labarin waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru. 

A shekarar 2022, Calvey ya bar Rasha, ya daina zuba jari bayan mamayar da aka yi wa Ukraine, kuma a halin yanzu shi ne Shugaban Baring Ventures, wani kamfanin hannun jari mai zaman kansa na duniya.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Calvey a shekarar 1967 a Wisconsin kuma ya girma a Oklahoma .  Babban ɗan'uwansa Kevin Calvey lauya ne na Oklahoma kuma ɗan siyasan Republican . 

Calvey yana da digirin farko a fannin kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Oklahoma, da kuma digirin Master of Finance daga Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London .  A cewar Calvey, ya yi niyyar shiga siyasa ya zama Gwamnan Oklahoma wata rana, amma maimakon haka ya ƙare a Wall Street bayan ya kammala karatunsa. 

Calvey ya yi aiki a kan haɗaka da saye a Salomon Brothers, kafin ya ɗauki matsayi a fannin kuɗaɗen ayyukan makamashi, yana mai da hankali kan ƙasashen tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet a Bankin Sake Ginawa da Ci Gaban Turai (ERBD). A cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a shekarar 2019, Calvey ya ce sha'awarsa ga Gabashin Turai ta yi tasiri sakamakon rugujewar katangar Berlin a shekarar 1989. Calvey ya lura cewa yunƙurin juyin mulkin Soviet na 1991 ya faru ne mako guda kafin a fara aiki a Rasha. Juyin mulkin ya faru ne yayin da yake hutu, yana hawan Matterhorn a cikin Alps kuma lokacin da ya dawo kwana uku bayan haka, hotunan juyin mulkin sun ƙarfafa masa gwiwa. Calvey ya koma Moscow a shekarar 1994 don kafa Baring Vostok, wanda daga baya ya gano kamfanoni masu tasowa a matakin farko, gami da kamfanonin fasaha na gaba kamar Yandex, majagaba a bincike da motsi da bankin dijital Tinkoff Bank .    Calvey ya iya magana da Rashanci sosai. 

### Abokan Hulɗa na Baring Vostok Capital
Calvey ya kafa Baring Vostok tare a shekarar 1994, inda kamfanin ya shahara wajen yin saka hannun jari a kamfanonin Rasha, galibi daga fannoni na fasaha da masu amfani.   Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, Baring Vostok ya ƙaddamar da asusu 6 da jimillarsu ta kai dala biliyan 3.7.  Zuwa shekarar 2021, an ruwaito cewa kamfanin ya zuba jari kusan dala biliyan 3 a kamfanoni 80, ciki har da wasu daga cikin kamfanonin fasaha mafi daraja a Rasha kamar Tinkoff Bank, Ozon,  FGI Wireless ( Beeline ), CTC Media, Avito.ru, 1C Company, Ivi.ru, da CarPrice .  A Rasha, Baring Vostok ya fi shahara da saka hannun jarinsa a Yandex : asusun ya dawo da sama da dala biliyan 1 daga farkon siyan hannun jari na 35% a shekarar 2000 akan dala miliyan 5.28. 

Jaridar New York Times ta bayyana Calvey a matsayin wanda ya daɗe yana goyon bayan damar saka hannun jari a Rasha.   Anatoly Chubais, tsohon Mataimakin Firayim Ministan Rasha kuma babban jigo a cikin gyare-gyaren kasuwar Rasha bayan Soviet, ya yaba wa Calvey da jawo hankalin biliyoyin daloli na saka hannun jari a cikin ƙasar.  A cewar Bloomberg, "Calvey ya zama fitaccen mutum a kasuwar Rasha, wani ɓangare saboda ƙiyayyarsa ga duk wani nau'in ɓarna da kuma mai da hankali kan masana'antu da kamfanoni waɗanda ba za su iya jawo hankalin hukumomin Rasha ba." 

### Shari'ar satar kuɗi ta Baring Vostok
Bayan haɗakar Bankin Vostochny (wanda asusun Baring Vostok mallakarsa) da Bankin Uniastrum a shekarar 2017, Babban Bankin Rasha ya duba kamfanin da aka haɗa (wanda har yanzu ake kira Bankin Vostochny) da kyau. An umarci Vostochny da ya samar da ƙarin Ruble biliyan 19.6 daga Babban Bankin Rasha bayan binciken da aka yi, wanda ya gano cewa kashi 85% na tanadin sun faru ne sakamakon ayyukan da "suka yi kama da kwace kadarorin" da masu Bankin Uniastrum suka yi a cikin watanni uku kafin haɗewar da Vostochny.  

An kama Calvey a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 2019, tare da wasu manyan jami'an Baring Vostok guda uku, bisa zargin satar kudin Ruble biliyan 2.5 (dala miliyan 38) daga Bankin Vostochny na Rasha.   A ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, masu gabatar da kara na kasar Rasha sun tuhume shi da zamba a hukumance.  An fara shari'ar laifukan ne bisa ga wata sanarwa daga Sherzod Yusupov, wani dan kasuwa mai hannun jari a Bankin Vostochny.   Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2019, Baring Vostok na Calvey yana da mafi yawan hannun jari na kashi 52.5% a Bankin Vostochny.  An bayyana Avetisyan a matsayin abokin dan Nikolai Patrushev, tsohon Daraktan FSB kuma sakataren Majalisar Tsaro ta Putin.  Calvey yana ƙarar Avetisyan a wata shari'a daban a Landan, kuma ya yi nasara, kuma Calvey ya dage cewa tuhumar da ake yi masa karya ce ta Avetisyan wanda ya yi amfani da alaƙarsa wajen kama Calvey don haka ya kasa kare kansa yadda ya kamata a shari'ar London.  A ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 2019, Radio Echo na Moscow ya yi hira da wakiliyar BBC Rashanci Olga Shamina, wacce ta yi iƙirarin cewa shari'ar da ake yi wa Calvey ta dogara ne akan takardu biyu da aka bayyana a cikin wani mujallar BBC Rashanci  a shafin yanar gizon ta. Ɗaya daga cikin an ce sanarwa ce ta hannun mai hannun jari a Bankin Vostochny Sherzod Yusupov, ɗayan kuma tantancewa ce da lauyoyi a Luxembourg suka bayar wanda Artem Avetisyan ya ba da umarni. 

Kafin a fara tuhumar a Rasha, masu hannun jari na Bankin Vostochny sun shiga cikin takaddama kan yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin masu hannun jari na Vostochny da Uniastrum. A watan Maris na 2019, Kotun Sasantawa ta Duniya ta Landan ta yanke hukuncin cewa ƙoƙarin da Mista Avetisyan ya yi na samun ƙarin kashi 10% na bankin ta hanyar zaɓin kira ya saba wa yarjejeniyar sulhu.

Calvey ya yi ikirarin cewa zargin ba su da tushe kuma ya danganta binciken laifukan da ake yi masa da takaddamar kamfanoni da ya yi da sauran masu hannun jari na Bankin Vostochny. Daga baya masu hannun jarin sun shiga yarjejeniyar sulhu  kuma sun bayyana a bainar jama'a cewa takaddamar masu hannun jarin ba ta da alaƙa da binciken laifuka.   Bayan sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar sulhun, Baring Vostok ya mayar da rubles biliyan 2.5 ga Bankin Vostochny. 

An tsare Calvey a Matrosskaya Tishina ("Gidan Yarin Shiru na Seaman"), wurin da aka san shi da rashin kyawun yanayi da magani - shine gidan yarin da aka tsare lauya Sergei Magnitsky kuma ya mutu a cikin wani yanayi mai ban mamaki.  Haka kuma, an tura shari'ar Calvey ga Arthur Karpov, alkalin da ya gurfanar da Magnitsky a gaban kuliya. Jami'an gwamnatin Amurka a karkashin gwamnatin Trump da Biden sun yi magana a bainar jama'a cewa shari'ar takaddama ce ta kasuwanci wacce bai kamata a warware ta a kotunan laifuka ba, kuma kama Calvey babban shinge ne ga inganta dangantakar kasuwanci tsakanin Amurka da Rasha.   

A watan Afrilun 2019, an saki Calvey zuwa wani nau'in tsarewa na gida, kodayake wasu abokan aikinsa sun ci gaba da zama a gidan yari.  An ɗage tsarewa a gida a watan Disamba na 2020 kuma an maye gurbinsa da wasu ƙuntatawa. 

A watan Agusta na 2021, kotun gundumar Meshchansky da ke Moscow ta same Calvey da laifin karkatar da kudin rubles biliyan 2.5. An yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru 5.5 na zaman gidan yari kuma bai je gidan yari ba. A lokacin hukuncin daurin da aka dakatar da Calvey, an ba shi izinin yin tafiya amma ana buƙatar ya yi rijista kowane wata tare da Hukumar Kula da Laifuka ta Tarayya ta Rasha, kuma ba a ba shi izinin canza wurin zama na dindindin ba tare da sanar da hukumomin Rasha ba.  An yanke wa abokan aikin Calvey hukuncin daurin watanni 42 zuwa 60 na zaman gidan yari.  Makonni biyu bayan haka, Michael Calvey da abokan aikinsa sun daukaka kara kan hukuncin. 

Masu lura da al'amura sun kira hukuncin a matsayin nasara a cikin wannan yanayi, inda majiyoyi ciki har da mai ba da shawara kan harkokin kasuwanci na Rasha Boris Titov suka ce matakin wani yunƙuri ne da jami'an tsaro na Rasha suka yi na "ceton fuska."   

A watan Janairun 2022, kotun ɗaukaka ƙara ta ɗage dokar hana fita daga gidan kotun gundumar Moscow Meshchansky. Daga wannan ranar, an ba Calvey damar barin Rasha ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙasashen waje. A ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2024, an soke hukuncin Calvey kuma an soke shi, wanda ya cire matsayin Calvey na kasancewa mutumin da aka yanke wa hukunci.  A shekarar 2022 bayan mamayar Ukraine, Calvey ya yi gaggawar janye hannun jari daga Rasha, wanda hakan ya jawo wa kamfaninsa asarar biliyoyin daloli. 

An tattauna batun Calvey a cikin *littafin Midnight in Moscow: A Memoir from the Front Lines of Russia's War against the West*, wanda tsohon Jakadan Amurka a Rasha John J Sullivan ya rubuta, a matsayin misali na wata shari'a da ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da aka shigar kan wani fitaccen mai zuba jari na duniya. Sullivan ya rubuta: "Gwamnatin Rasha ta kama babban shugaban kasuwancin Amurka kuma mai saka hannun jari a Rasha, Michael Calvey, bisa zarginsa na bogi". 

### Bayan Rasha
A halin yanzu Calvey shine Shugaban Baring Ventures, wani kamfanin saka hannun jari mai zaman kansa na duniya.  Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, Calvey yana haɓaka kamfanonin farawa ta intanet, a wasu wurare a duniya, yana ɗaukar matasa masu fasaha waɗanda suka tsere daga Rasha. 

Littafin tarihin Michael Calvey mai *suna Odyssey Moscow: One American's Journey from Russia Optimist to Prisoner of the State* an buga shi a watan Maris na 2025 ta The History Press .  Littafin tarihin ya ba da labarin shekaru talatin na Michael Calvey a matsayin mai saka hannun jari a Rasha, yana mai tunani game da sauyin yanayin siyasa da tattalin arziki na ƙasar da kuma yanayin da ya kai ga kama shi a 2019, da kuma soke hukuncin da aka yanke masa a 2024.   A watan Mayu na 2025, Odyssey Moscow ta kasance ta 15 a jerin sunayen marubuta mafi kyau a USA Today .  Wani sharhi a cikin Kirkus Reviews ya tattauna "salon rubutu mai ban sha'awa da jan hankali na Calvey," yana mai cewa yana zana "hoton da za a iya samu, mai tayar da hankali na ƙasar da ke ƙara dogaro da mulkin kama-karya, tashin hankali da gwamnati ta amince da shi". 

## Manazarta