Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3

**Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3,**wata gada ce mai ruguza masonry dutse a kan Plunketts Creek a cikin Garin Plunketts Creek, gundumar Lycoming a jihar Pennsylvania ta Amurka. An gina shi tsakanin 1840 zuwa 1875, mai yiwuwa kusa da 1840, lokacin da aka gina titin da ke kan rafin da ke tsakanin ƙauyukan Barbours da Proctor da ba a haɗa su ba. Tafiya daga baki,gadar ita ce ta uku da ta haye rafin, saboda haka sunanta.

Gadar ta kasance  tsawo, tare da baka wanda ya kai   fadi, da fadin titin  .Ya ɗauki hanya ɗaya ta zirga-zirga. A cikin karni na 19, katako, fata, da masana'antun kwal da ke aiki tare da rafin sun yi amfani da gadar da hanyarta. A farkon karni na 20, waɗannan masana'antu sun kusan barin gaba ɗaya, kuma ƙauyuka sun ƙi. Yankin da gadar ta yi aiki ya koma mafi yawa zuwa gandun girma na biyu kuma an yi amfani da shi don shiga filayen Wasannin Jihar Pennsylvania da kuma gonar ciyawar jiha.

Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 an dauke shi "mahimmanci a matsayin cikakken misali na ginin gada na tsakiyar karni na 19",  kuma an ƙara shi zuwa National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 1988. Ko da yake an gyara ta bayan wata babbar ambaliyar ruwa a shekara ta 1918, ambaliya mai tarihi a ranar 21 ga Janairu, 1996, ta lalata gadar sosai, kuma ta rushe a cikin Maris 1996. Kafin ambaliya ta 1996 kimanin motoci 450 ne ke wucewa a kowace rana. Daga baya waccan shekarar, an gina gada mai maye gurbin kuma an rubuta tsohon tsarin dutse ta Tarihin Injiniya na Amurka . An cire shi daga NRHP a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2002.

## Tarihi

### Mazaunan farko da suna
Plunketts Creek yana cikin Kogin Susquehanna na Yammacin Kogin Susquehanna , farkon mazaunan da aka yi rikodin su ne Susquehannocks . Yawansu ya ragu sosai saboda cututtuka da yaƙe-yaƙe da Al'ummai biyar na Iroquois, kuma a shekara ta 1675 sun mutu, sun ƙaura, ko kuma an haɗa su cikin wasu kabilu. Kwarin Kogin Susquehanna na Yamma ya kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Iroquois,  waɗanda suka gayyaci ƙabilun da suka yi gudun hijira, ciki har da Lenape (Delaware) da Shawnee don zama a cikin ƙasashen da Susquehannocks suka bar. Yaƙin Faransanci da Indiya (1754–1763) ya haifar da ƙaura na ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka da yawa zuwa yamma zuwa rafin Kogin Ohio.  Ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, 1768, Birtaniya sun sami Sabon Sayi daga Iroquois a cikin Yarjejeniyar Fort Stanwix, ciki har da abin da yake yanzu Plunketts Creek.  Matsala ta farko tare da rafin da turawan mulkin mallaka ya yi tsakanin 1770 da 1776. 

Ana kiran Plunketts Creek don Kanar William Plunkett, likita, wanda shine shugaban farko na alƙali na Northumberland County bayan an kafa shi a 1772. A lokacin rikice-rikice da ’yan asalin ƙasar Amirka, ya yi wa mutanen da suka ji rauni ya yi yaƙi da ’yan ƙasar. Plunkett ya jagoranci wani balaguro na Pennsylvania a cikin Yaƙin Pennamite-Yankee don tilastawa ƙaura daga Connecticut, waɗanda suka yi iƙirari kuma suka zauna a filaye a cikin Wyoming Valley kuma Pennsylvania ta yi iƙirarin. Don ayyukansa, an bai wa Plunkett fili fili guda shida wanda ya kai  a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 1776, kodayake ba a bincika ƙasar ba har sai Satumba 1783. Ƙasar Plunkett ta haɗa da bakin raƙuman ruwa, don haka an ba Plunketts Creek sunansa.   Ya mutu a shekara ta 1791, yana da kimanin shekaru 100, kuma an binne shi a Northumberland ba tare da wani alamar kabari ko abin tunawa ba (sai dai rafin da ke ɗauke da sunansa).  

An kafa gundumar Lycoming daga gundumar Northumberland a cikin 1795. Lokacin da aka kafa garin Plunketts Creek Township a cikin gundumar Lycoming a cikin 1838, asalin sunan da aka gabatar shine "Plunkett Township", amma rashin goyon bayan Plunkett ga juyin juya halin Amurka wasu shekarun baya ya sa wasu suyi imani da amincinsa yana tare da Daular Burtaniya. Zargin da ake yi na nuna juyayinsa na aminci ya sa aka ƙi sunan da aka tsara. Bayar da sunan garin don rafi maimakon sunan sa ana ganin sa a matsayin sulhu mai karbuwa.  

### Kauyuka da hanya
A cikin 1832, John Barbour ya gina katako a kan Loyalsock Creek kusa da bakin Plunketts Creek. Wannan ya ci gaba zuwa ƙauyen Barbours Mills, a yau da ake kira Barbours. A cikin karni na 19th, Barbours yana da maƙera da yawa, otal mai zafin rai, ofis ɗin gidan waya, masana'antar katako da yawa, makaranta, kantin sayar da kaya da kera wagon. A cikin 1840, an gina wata hanya daga arewa daga Barbours tare da Plunketts Creek, ta haye ta sau da yawa. Wannan ita ce ranar farko da za a fara aikin ginin gadar, amma tashar titin gundumar da ta tsira a kan ginin ba ta ambaci gadoji ko mashigar ruwa don tsallaka rafin ba. 

Gadar tana bakin Coal Mine Hollow,  kuma hanyar da take kan itacen katako ne da masana'antun kwal waɗanda ke aiki a cikin garin Plunketts Creek Township a cikin ƙarni na 19 da farkon 20th.  Creeks a cikin garin sun ba da wutar lantarki zuwa niƙa 14 a cikin 1861, kuma zuwa 1876 akwai injinan katako 19, injin shingle, masana'antar woolen, da masana'anta .   A ƙarshen rabin karni na 19, waɗannan masana'antu sun tallafa wa mazauna ƙauyuka biyu a cikin Garin Plunketts Creek.

A cikin 1868 an kafa ƙauyen Proctorville a matsayin garin kamfani na masana'antar fata ta Thomas E. Proctor, wanda aka kammala a cikin 1873.   Proctor, kamar yadda aka sani yanzu,  arewa da Barbours tare da Plunketts Creek,  kuma babbar hanyar zuwa gare ta ta haye gada. An yi amfani da bawon bishiyar hemlock na gabas wajen aikin tanning, kuma ƙauyen ya fara zama a tsakiyar dazuzzukan dazuzzuka.  Ma'aikatar fatu ta dauki ma'aikata "daruruwan" aiki a kan albashi tsakanin cent 50 zuwa $1.75 a rana. Wadannan ma'aikata sun rayu a cikin 120&nbsp;gidajen kamfanoni, wanda kowannensu yakan biya dala 2 a wata don yin haya.    A cikin 1892, Proctor yana da shagon aski, maƙera biyu, tsayawar cigar, Independent Order of Odd Fellows hall, shagon fata, tashar labarai, gidan waya (wanda aka kafa a 1885), makarantar ɗaki biyu, shaguna biyu, da kantin wagon. .  

Hanyar da ke tsakanin Barbours da Proctor ta ratsa Plunketts Creek sau hudu kuma gadoji hudu an lissafta su cikin tsari, suna farawa daga kudu maso kudu a Barbours kusa da baki kuma suna hawa sama. Yayin da shaidu irin su taswirori ke nuna cewa an gina gada ta uku kusa da 1840, tabbataccen tabbaci na farko na wanzuwarsa shine binciken da aka yi don mayar da hanyar tsakanin gadoji na biyu da na uku a 1875. An maye gurbin gada ta farko akan Plunketts Creek da gada da aka rufe a 1880, kuma gada ta biyu ta maye gurbin a 1886. A wannan shekarar, hanyar da ke tsakanin gadoji ta biyu da ta uku ta sake motsawa, ta koma matsayinta na farko a yammacin rafin. 

Ƙarshen fata ta tafin kafa an ɗauko ta a kan gada ta keken doki kudu  zuwa Little Bear Creek, inda aka musanya shi da "kore" boye da sauran kayayyaki da aka kawo arewa daga Montoursville .  Daga nan aka kai su arewa gadar zuwa Proctor. Fatukan, waɗanda aka yi wa tangar fata don yin fata, sun fito ne daga Amurka, har zuwa Mexico, Argentina, da China . Bawon Hemlock, wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen aikin tanning, an ɗauko shi zuwa masana'antar fatu daga har zuwa  nesa da lokacin rani da hunturu, ta amfani da keken keke da sleds.  Haɓakar katako akan Plunketts Creek ya ƙare lokacin da katakon budurwar ya ƙare. A shekara ta 1898, tsohuwar hemlock na girma ya ƙare kuma an rufe shi kuma an rushe kamfanin Proctor Tannery, wanda ke da kamfanin Elk Tanning. 

### Karni na 20

Ƙananan katako ya ci gaba a cikin magudanar ruwa a cikin karni na 20, amma an yi ta shawagi na ƙarshe a ƙarƙashin gadar Plunketts Creek zuwa Loyalsock Creek a 1905.  A cikin 1918, ambaliya a kan rafin ya lalata hanya tsawon  a bangarorin biyu na gadar, kuma ya haifar da "tsattsauran ra'ayi da fashe gada kanta".  Gadar ta bukaci gyara da sake ginawa. A cikin 1931, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ta zartar da doka wacce ta ba wa jihar alhakin farashin titi da gada don yawancin manyan tituna na kananan hukumomi. Wannan ya fara aiki a cikin 1932, tare da sauke Plunketts Creek Township da Lycoming County na alhakin. 

Ba tare da katako da masana'antar fatu ba, al'ummar Proctor da Barbours sun ragu, haka kuma zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a kan hanya da gadoji a tsakanin su. Ofishin gidan waya na Barbours ya rufe a cikin 1930s kuma ofishin gidan waya na Proctor ya rufe a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1953. Kauyukan biyu kuma sun rasa makarantunsu da kuma kusan dukkanin kasuwancinsu.   Proctor ya yi bikin cika shekaru ɗari a 1968, kuma labarin jarida na 1970 akan taron shekara-shekara na "Proctor Homecoming" karo na 39 ya kira shi "tsohon garin tannery da ke kusa".   A cikin 1980s, kantin sayar da na ƙarshe a Barbours ya rufe, kuma tsohon otal (wanda ya zama kulob na farauta) ya tsage don yin hanyar sabuwar gada a kan Loyalsock Creek. 

Plunketts Creek wuri ne na katako da yawon shakatawa tun lokacin da aka kafa ƙauyuka, kuma yayin da masana'antu suka ragu, yanayin ya dawo.  Dazuzzuka na biyu na girma tun daga lokacin sun mamaye mafi yawan wuraren da aka yanke. Majalisar dokokin jihar Pennsylvania ta ba da izinin mallakar filaye da aka yi watsi da ita don filayen Wasannin Jihar Pennsylvania a cikin 1919, kuma Hukumar Wasannin Pennsylvania (PGC) ta sami dukiya tare da Plunketts Creek don Lamba na Ƙasar Wasan Jiha 134 tsakanin 1937 da 1945.   ]  Babban kofar shiga Lands Game Lands 134 tana arewa da wurin gadar, a gefen gabas na rafin.  

PGC ta kafa Farmakin Wasannin Jiha ta Arewa ta Tsakiya a cikin 1945 a wani yanki na filayen Wasan Jiha 134 don kiwon turkey daji. An canza gonar zuwa samar da pheasant na ringneck a cikin 1981, kuma, tun daga 2007, ɗaya ce daga cikin gonakin wasan wasan Pennsylvania guda huɗu waɗanda ke samar da dabbobi kusan 200,000 kowace shekara don sakin ƙasa a buɗe don farautar jama'a.  Farmakin Wasannin Jiha ta Arewa ta Tsakiya yana cikin kwarin Plunketts Creek, kudu da Proctor da arewacin gada.   Bude karshen mako na lokacin kamun kifi yana kawo ƙarin mutane zuwa ƙauyen Barbours a bakin Plunketts Creek fiye da kowane lokaci na shekara. 

A ranar 22 ga Yuni, 1988, an ƙara gadar zuwa National Register of Places Historic Places (NRHP), a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ƙididdiga da yawa (MPS) na Babbar Hanya Mallaka ta Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Sashen Sufuri, TR. MPS sun haɗa da gadoji 135 mallakar Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Pennsylvania (PennDOT), 58 daga cikinsu na nau'in baka ne na dutse. Yayin da mutum NRHP form na gada ya kawo rahoton bincike na 1932 (shekarar da jihar ta karɓi kulawar ta),  form ɗin MPS cikin kuskure ya ba da ranar ginin gadar a matsayin 1932.  

### Ambaliyar ruwa da halaka

A cikin Janairu 1996, an yi babban ambaliyar ruwa a duk faɗin Pennsylvania. Farkon lokacin sanyi na 1995–1996 ya yi sanyi da ba a saba gani ba, kuma ƙanƙara mai yawa da aka samu a cikin rafukan gida. Babban guguwa a ranar 6-8 ga Janairu&nbsp;An samar da har zuwa  na dusar ƙanƙara, wanda aka biyo bayan Janairu 19-21&nbsp;da fiye da  ruwan sama tare da yanayin zafi sama da  da iska har zuwa  . Ruwan sama da narkewar dusar ƙanƙara sun haifar da ambaliya a ko'ina cikin Pennsylvania da cunkoson kankara ya sa hakan ya fi muni a koguna da yawa. A wani wurin kuma a gundumar Lycoming, ambaliyar ruwa a Lycoming Creek a ciki da kusa da Williamsport ta kashe mutane shida tare da haddasa asarar miliyoyin daloli. 

A kan Plunketts Creek, cunkoson kankara ya haifar da rikodin ambaliya, wanda ya haifar da babbar lahani ga gadar dutsen tsakiyar karni na 19.  A ƙasa a cikin Barbours, ruwan ya kasance  a cikin abin da ake kira "ƙauyen mafi muni a tarihi".   Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 daya daga cikin biyu da aka lalata a gundumar Lycoming, kuma a ranar 31 ga Janairu an nuna hoton gadar da ta lalace a shafin farko na *Williamsport Sun-Gazette* tare da taken "Wannan tsohuwar gadar dutsen da ke kan Plunketts Creek dole ne. canza."  A cikin gundumar Sullivan da ke maƙwabta, gadar Sonestown Covered, kuma a kan NRHP, ambaliyar ta lalace sosai har ta kasance a rufe don gyarawa har zuwa ƙarshen Disamba 1996.  A duk faɗin Pennsylvania, waɗannan ambaliya sun yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 20 da kuma gadoji 69 na birni ko na jihohi ko dai an “lalata ko kuma an rufe su har sai an tabbatar da amincin su”. 

Lokacin da ya bayyana a fili cewa ba za a iya gyara gadar ba, PennDOT ya ba da kwangilar gaggawa don gadar wucin gadi kafin karshen watan Janairu, yana mai nuni da "motocin gaggawa wadanda ba za su iya tafiya kai tsaye daga Barbours" zuwa Proctor da kuma bayan haka ba.  Gadar wucin gadi ta kashe $87,000 kuma ta kasance  fadi.  Hotunan shigar da gadar a cikin Tarihin Injiniya na Tarihi na Amurka (HAER) an ɗauki su a cikin Janairu, kuma HAER "an shirya fakitin takardu a matsayin raguwa don rushewar gaggawa" na gadar, wacce ta rushe a watan Maris.  An kammala gadar maye gurbin dindindin a cikin 1996,  kuma an cire tsohuwar gadar daga NRHP a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2002. 

## Bayani da gini

Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 wata gada ce mai tarkace masonry dutse gada, wacce take fuskantar gabas – yamma akan Plunketts Creek. Gabaɗaya tsayinsa ya kasance  kuma bakansa na madauwari guda ɗaya ya kai  .  Faɗin benen gadar ya kasance , kuma hanyarsa ta kasance  fadi, wanda zai iya ɗaukar hanya ɗaya kawai na zirga-zirga.  Kafin ambaliyar ruwan da ta kai ga lalata gadar, motoci kusan 450 ne ke tsallaka gadar a kullum.  Kusurwoyin waje na bangon reshe sun kasance  baya, wanda ya haɗu tare da tsayin tsayin  ya jagoranci zuwa jimlar yanki na    ana jera su akan NRHP. 

Gadar ta ta'allaka ne a kan abubuwan da aka yi wa ado da siminti bayan an fara gina ta. An goyan bayan baka ta hanyar voussoirs da aka yi da "dutsen tarkace marasa tsari", ba tare da dutsen maɓalli ba.  Har ila yau, babu wani dutse da ya ba da kwanan wata ko wasu bayanan ginin. Hannun hanyoyin sun kasance gefen bangon fuka-fuki da aka gina da duwatsun tsage- tsafe, kuma bangon spandrel ya kasance saman da tarkace da aka yi da “tsararrun duwatsu masu kauri”.  Titin titin gadar ya tsaya kai tsaye a saman bakanta. Wannan ya haifar da "ƙunƙuntaccen bango a kambin baka" da kuma "tushen dutse mai fitowa" a saman wannan bangon spandrel na kowane gefe.  Yawancin gadoji na dutse suna da ɗorewa masu ƙarfi ba tare da ado ba; wannan gada ta dandali crnellation kasance a ado siffa.  Gine-gine da bayyanar da aka yi wa gadar ta zama ta musamman tsakanin gadajen dutse 58 na Pennsylvania wanda aka zaɓe ta don NRHP. 

Pennsylvania tana da dogon tarihin gadoji na dutse, gami da mafi tsufa irin wannan gada da ake amfani da su a cikin Amurka, gadar 1697 Frankford Avenue akan Pennypack Creek a Philadelphia .  Irin waɗannan gadoji yawanci suna amfani da dutse na gida, tare da nau'ikan ƙarewa iri uku. Rubble ko ginin gine-gine na aji na uku sun yi amfani da duwatsu kamar yadda suka fito daga dutsen; dutse mai murabba'i ko masonry na aji na biyu sun yi amfani da duwatsun da aka yi wa ado da murabba'i; kuma ashlar ko masonry na farko sun yi amfani da duwatsun da aka yi musu ado da kyau kuma a tsanake. Rubble masonry shine mafi sauri kuma mafi arha don gini, kuma yana da mafi girman juriya . Yawancin tsoffin gadoji na dutse a Pennsylvania an gina su ne ta amfani da fasahohin ginin gine-gine. 

An fara aikin ginin gadar dutse tare da tono harsashin ginin ginin. Sannan wani tsari na wucin gadi da aka sani da cibiya ko tsakiya zai kasance da katako ko ƙarfe. Wannan tsari ya goyi bayan baka na dutse yayin gini. Da zarar an gina baka na dutse, ana iya ƙara ganuwar spandrel da bangon reshe. Sa'an nan kuma aka gina gadon titin, tare da cika (dutse maras kyau ko datti) don tallafawa shi yadda ake bukata. Gabaɗaya an saita bangon bango da duwatsun baka a bushe don tabbatar da dacewa mai kyau, sannan an saita su a turmi . Da zarar an gama gadar kuma turmin ya taurare sosai, sai a sauke cibiyar a hankali sannan a cire. A cikin Maris 1996, bayan tsayawa tsakanin shekaru 156 zuwa 121, baka na gada mai lamba 3 ta rushe. 

## Lura
 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin gadoji da Rubutun Injiniya na Tarihi na Amurka ya rubuta a Pennsylvania
* Jerin gadoji akan Rajista na Wuraren Tarihi na Ƙasa a Pennsylvania

## Nassoshi