Watkin Tench

Laftanar Janar **Watkin Tench** (shidda 6 ga watan Oktoba shekarar alif dubu daya da dari bakwai da hamsin da takwas 1758 - zuwa bakwai 7 ga watan Mayu shekarar alif dubu daya da dari takwas da talatin da uku 1833) wani jami'in soja ne na Biritaniya wanda aka fi sani da buga littattafai guda biyu da ke bayyana abubuwan da ya samu a cikin Jirgin Ruwa na Farko, wanda ya kafa mazaunin Turai na farko a Ostiraliya a cikin shekarar alif dubu daya da dari bakwai da tamanin da takwas 1788. Asusunsa guda biyu, *Labarin balaguron balaguro zuwa Botany Bay* da *Cikakken Asusu na Matsala a Port Jackson* sun ba da lissafin zuwa da shekaru huɗu na farkon mulkin mallaka.

## Rayuwar farko da aiki
An haifi Tench a ranar shidda 6 ga watan Oktoba shekarar alif dubu daya da dari bakwai da hamsin da takwas 1758 a Chester a cikin lardin Cheshire, Ingila, ɗan Fisher Tench, masanin rawa wanda ya yi makarantar kwana a garin da Margaritta Tarleton ta Liverpool Tarleton.  Watkin kani ne ga ɗan siyasa Banastre Tarleton . Da alama mahaifinsa ya sanya wa Watkin suna bayan wani hamshakin mai gida, Watkin Williams Wynn, wanda watakila danginsa sun taimaka wajen fara aikin soja na Tench.

Tench ya shiga Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa na Mai Martaba, Plymouth division, a matsayin Laftanar na biyu a ranar who shirin da biyar 25 ga watan Janairu shekarar alif dubu daya da dari bakwai da saba’in da shidda 1776, yana da shekaru sha’bakwai 17. An kara masa girma zuwa laftanar farko a ranar 25 ga Janairu 1778 yana da shekaru 19 da watanni 3. Ya yi yaki da sojojin Amurka a yakin 'yancin kai, lokacin da aka kama shi lokacin da An koro  zuwa gabar tekun Maryland a Tsibirin Assateague kusa da babban mashigin Sinepuxent a safiyar ranar 8 ga Yuli 1778 ta Faransanci karkashin Comte d'Estaing . Tench ya kasance shugaban rundunar sojojin ruwa a cikin jirgin HMS *Mermaid* . An kai shi da sauran jami'an zuwa Philadelphia, an tsare shi da kuma musayar su a watan Oktoba 1778.

## Aikin mulkin mallaka
Ba a san shi ba har sai da ya yi tafiya a matsayin wani ɓangare na Farko na Farko a cikin shekarar alif dubu daya da dari bakwai da tamanin da bakwai 1787, ko da yake ya rubuta a cikin Babi na 13 na *Asusun* cewa ya shafe lokaci a Yammacin Indies,  kuma rikodin sabis ɗin ya nuna cewa an inganta shi zuwa Laftanar kyaftin a watan Satumba 1782 kuma ya ci gaba da biyan rabin albashi a watan Mayu 1786.

### A cikin Jirgin Ruwa na Farko
### Ritayar ba ta daɗe ba, kamar yadda a cikin Oktoba na wannan shekarar Admiralty ya yi kira ga masu sa kai don yawon shakatawa na shekaru uku tare da sabuwar kafa ta New South Wales Marine Corps don hidima a Botany Bay . An yarda da tayin Tench don sake shiga gawarwakin a watan Disamba na 1786, kuma ya tashi a kan jirgin ruwan Charlotte a watan Mayu 1787.
### A cikin mulkin mallaka na New South Wales
Kafin ya yi tafiya tare da jiragen ruwa, Tench ya shirya tare da kamfanin buga Debrett na London don rubuta littafi da ke kwatanta kwarewarsa na tafiya da farkon watanni na mulkin mallaka. John Shortland ya dawo da rubutunsa a cikin Yuli 1788 kuma aka buga shi azaman *Narrative of Expedition to Botany Bay* ta Debrett's a 1789. Ya gudana zuwa bugu uku kuma an fassara shi cikin sauri zuwa Faransanci, Jamusanci, Yaren mutanen Holland da Yaren mutanen Sweden . 

A cikin Oktoba shekarar alif dubu daya da dari bakwai da tamanin da takwas 1788, Robert Ross ya yi jerin sunayen ma'aikatan ruwa da suke so su zauna a Ostiraliya ko dai a matsayin sojoji ko mazauna. Tench ya jagoranci jerin sunayen a matsayin "soja na yawon shakatawa daya fiye da shekaru uku." Daga cikin nasarorin da ya samu a sabon mulkin mallaka na New South Wales Tench shine Bature na farko da ya ci karo da kogin Nepean . 'Yancin ra'ayin Jean-Jacques Rousseau da kuma ra'ayin mai mutunci sun yi tasiri a kan asusun Tench. Ya yi ba'a game da ra'ayin Rousseau game da ɗan ƙazamin ɗan adam kuma ya yi cikakken bayani game da yadda ƴan mulkin mallaka ke mu'amala da mutanen Aborigin. Rubuce-rubucensa sun haɗa da bayanai da yawa game da Aborigines na Sydney, Gadigal da Cammeraygal (waɗanda ya kira "Indiyawa"). Ya kasance abokantaka da Bennelong, Barangaroo da wasu da yawa. Ya zauna a Sydney har zuwa Disamba 1791 lokacin da ya tashi zuwa gida akan , ya isa Plymouth a cikin Yuli 1792. A cikin 1791 ya yi nazarin ci gaban mulkin mallaka a matsayin bincike na littafinsa na biyu, ziyartar, da dai sauransu, gonar mai laifi Thomas William Parr, wanda ya gano cewa ya yi gyare-gyare kamar yadda sharuddan tallafin ya buƙaci, kuma ya kasance mai wuyar gaske. ma'aikaci, amma bai gamsu da aikin noma ba. 

## Daga baya rayuwa

### Komawa Ingila
A cikin Oktoba shekarar alif dubu daya da dari bakwai da casa’in da biyu 1792, Tench ya auri Anna Maria Sargent, wanda ita ce 'yar Robert Sargent, likitan likitan Devonport .  A shekara ta gaba ya buga *asusunsa na Matsala a Port Jackson*, wanda aka karɓa sosai a matsayin littafinsa na farko. Ya shiga  a matsayin babban brevet, yana aiki a ƙarƙashin Admiral Richard Rodney Bligh a cikin shingen tashar jiragen ruwa na Brest .

### Yakin Napoleon
A cikin Nuwamba 1794, Bligh ya mika HMS *Alexander* bayan aikin 6 Nuwamba 1794, yakin da aka yi da jiragen ruwa uku na Faransa. An daure ma'aikatan da farko a kan jiragen ruwa a tashar jiragen ruwa na Brest, amma daga baya aka koma Tench da Bligh zuwa Quimper kuma aka daure su a kurkuku (Bligh ya kiyaye Tench kusa da saboda Tench ya iya Faransanci). A wannan lokacin, Tench ya rubuta (amma mai yiwuwa bai aika ba) wasiƙun da suka kafa tushen littafinsa na uku, *Wasiƙun da aka rubuta a Faransa zuwa Aboki a London* . An musanya shi a watan Mayu 1795 bayan an tsare shi na tsawon watanni shida.

Bayan ya dawo aiki, Tench ya yi hidimar shekaru huɗu akan  yana rakiyar ayarin jiragen ruwa a cikin Tekun Atlantika da Tashar. Ya koma cikin jirgin ruwa na Channel blockade a 1801 akan  kuma ta kasance a can har sai aikin sa ya ƙare a cikin 1802. Bayan wannan, ya bayyana ya ɗauki ofisoshin bakin teku a Chatham, Plymouth da Woolwich har sai da ya yi ritaya tare da matsayi na babban janar a ƙarshen 1815.

### Bayan shekaru da mutuwa
An sake kunna Tench a matsayin kwamanda a sashin Plymouth a cikin Oktoba 1819 yana da shekaru 61. Ko da yake shi da matarsa ba su da ’ya’ya na kansu, amma a cikin 1821 sun dauki nauyin ‘ya’ya uku da ’yar uwa a lokacin da yaran hudu suka kasance marayu; A lokacin, Watkin Tench yana da shekaru 63 kuma matarsa ta kasance 56. Watkin Tench ya zauna a titin Chapel, Penzance (a cikin gidan da kakan Richard Oxnam ya gina). Ya zauna a can daga 1818 zuwa 1828.

Tench ya yi ritaya da mukamin Laftanar Janar a cikin Yuli 1827 kuma ya mutu a Devonport (kusa da Plymouth ), Devon, Ingila, a ranar 7 ga Mayu 1833, yana da shekaru 74. 

## A cikin shahararrun al'adu

* *The Watch on the Headland* (1940) - wasan rediyo
* Eleanor Dark, *Ƙasar maras lokaci* (labari na 1941)
* Kate Grenville, *Lieutenant* (labari) a matsayin Kyaftin Silk
* Timberlake Wertenbaker, *Kyawun Ƙasarmu* (wasa 1988). An kwatanta Tench a matsayin hali mara tausayi wanda bai yarda da kowane bege na fansa ko gyarawa ga kowane daga cikin masu laifin Ingilishi da aka yi jigilar su na Fleet na Farko ba.

Tench Reserve a Penrith, New South Wales, ana kiransa bayansa, kamar yadda Watkin Tench Parade ke Pemulwuy, New South Wales .

## Duba kuma

* Jarida na Fleet na Farko

## Manazarta

* Fitzhardinge, LF, *Gabatarwar Edita* a cikin *Shekaru Hudu na Farko na Sydney*, Laburare na Tarihin Australiya, 1979, 
* Edwards, G., *Gabatarwa* a *Wasiƙu daga Faransa Juyin Juyi*, UWP, 2001. ISBN&nbsp;
* Phillip, A., *Tafiya zuwa Botany Bay* (bugu na facsimile), Hutchinson, 1982, 
* Tench, W., **', (1788)
* Tench, W., **'
* 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Works by Watkin Tench at Project Gutenberg
* Works by or about Watkin Tench at the Internet Archive
* Works by Watkin Tench at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) 
* A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay
* A Complete Account of the Settlement at Port Jackson
* On the track of Watkin Tench