open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Jorge Sangumba

**Jorge Ornelas Isaac Sangumba** (1944-1982) shi ne ministan harkokin wajen UNITA a lokacin yakin 'yancin kai na Angola.

## Tarihi
Sangumba ya yi karatu a Amurka kafin ya shiga kungiyar ɗaliban Angolan (UNEA) a farkon shekarun 1960. A cikin shekarar 1965 ya zama wakilin UNEA mai kula da harkokin waje, wanda ya kasance mafarin naɗa shi nan gaba a matsayin Ƙungiyar  'Yancin Ƙasa ta Angola (UNITA's) Ministan Harkokin Wajen Angola a watan Agustan 1969. 

A ranar 9 ga watan watan Fabrairun shekarar 1976, Sangumba ya sanar a hukumance cewa birnin Huambo na tsakiyar ƙasar Angola, inda wasu kungiyoyin 'yan kishin ƙasa guda biyu masu goyon bayan ƙasashen yamma suka shelanta kafa gwamnati a watan Nuwamban da ya gabata, ya faɗa hannun sojojin Angola da Tarayyar Soviet ƙarƙashin jagorancin sojojin Cuba.

## Mutuwa
Jonas Savimbi, shugaban UNITA, ana zargin shi ne ya bayar da umarnin kashe Sangumba tare da wasu da dama masu kishin shugabancin UNITA a lokacin yakin basasar Angola.

Iyalan Sangumba dai sun yi ta kokarin gano dalilan da suka sa aka kashe shi, amma ba su gano komai ba. An buga bidiyon haraji game da shi a shafuka irin su YouTube.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin kisan da ba a warware ba

## Manazarta
Wilson dos Santos

**Fernando Wilson dos Santos** (ya rasu a watan Nuwamba 1991)  ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), wata kungiyar 'yan gwagwarmayar samun 'yanci kai a Angola, zuwa Portugal.  Surukinsa, Tito Chingunji, ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren harkokin wajen UNITA, babbar kungiyar 'yan tawaye da ta yaki gwamnatin dos Santos a yakin basasar Angola.  Ya karanci shari'a a Jami'ar Lisbon da Jami'ar Coimbra a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, sannan ya karatu a Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙasa da Ƙasa  da ke Geneva. 

## Mutuwa da bincike
An kashe Wilson dos Santos a watan Nuwamba 1991 da wasu mutane da ba a san ko su waye ba.  A cikin shekarar 1990s, Ministan Harkokin Wajen UNITA Tony da Costa Fernandes da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na UNITA Janar Miguel N'Zau Puna sun gano gaskiyar cewa Jonas Savimbi ya ba da umarnin kashe Dos Santos da Chingunji. Mutuwar Dos Santos da Chingunji da sauya sheka na Fernandes da Puna sun raunana dangantakar UNITA da Amurka tare da cutar da martabar Savimbi a duniya. Savimbi ya musanta zargin.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin kisan da ba a warware ba

## Manazarta
Ray Kroc

**Raymond Albert Kroc** (5 ga Oktoba, 1902 – 14 ga Janairu, 1984) ya kasance ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan ƙirƙira na Amurka, wanda aka fi sani da rawar da ya taka wajen haɓaka kamfanin McDonald's daga ƙaramin gidan cin abinci zuwa ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin abinci masu saurin ci a duniya. 

## Farkon Rayuwa da Ayyuka
An haifi Kroc a Oak Park, Illinois, ga iyaye 'yan asalin Czech.  A lokacin yana da shekaru 15, ya ƙarya shekarunsa don shiga aikin Red Cross a matsayin direban motar jinya a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya.  Bayan yaƙin, ya yi ayyuka da dama, ciki har da sayar da kofunan takarda da injinan haɗa milkshake.  A cikin 1954, yayin da yake sayar da injinan milkshake, ya gano gidan cin abinci na 'yan uwan McDonald a San Bernardino, California, wanda ya burge shi da tsarin saurin aiki da inganci.  

## Haɗin Gwiwa da McDonald's
Kroc ya shawo kan 'yan uwan McDonald su ba shi damar ya fara tsarin lasisi (franchise) na gidan cin abincinsu.  A ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 1955, ya buɗe shagon McDonald's na farko a Des Plaines, Illinois.  A cikin 1961, ya sayi cikakken ikon kamfanin daga 'yan uwan McDonald akan dala miliyan 2.7.  A ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, McDonald's ta faɗaɗa zuwa ƙasashe da dama, tare da kafa ƙa'idodi masu tsauri kan yadda ake shirya abinci da kula da abokan ciniki.  

## Rayuwa ta Karshe da Gado
Bayan ya yi ritaya daga shugabancin McDonald's a 1973, Kroc ya sayi ƙungiyar kwallon baseball ta San Diego Padres a 1974.  Ya rasu a 1984 sakamakon bugun zuciya, yana da shekaru 81.  A lokacin mutuwarsa, McDonald's tana da fiye da shaguna 7,500 a ƙasashe 32, tare da jimillar tallace-tallace na dala biliyan 8 a shekarar 1983.  

## Girmamawa da Tasiri
Kroc ya kafa gidauniyar Kroc Foundation, wadda ta tallafa wa bincike da ilimi kan cututtuka kamar ciwon sukari da arthritis.  Hakanan, ya taimaka wajen kafa Ronald McDonald House, wani gida mai ba da masauki kyauta ga iyalan da yaransu ke samun jinya.  

## A Al'adu
A shekarar 2016, an fitar da fim ɗin The Founder, wanda Michael Keaton ya fito a matsayin Ray Kroc, yana nuna tarihin yadda ya haɓaka Mc"The Mc Donald's Man: What Ray Kroc Hath Wrought Around the World". People. May 19, 1975. Archived from the original on March 30, 2016. Retrieved November 9, 2013.￼Donald's.  

## Manazarta
Long boi

**Long boi** (kafin 2018 - Afrilu 2023) wani doki ne mai tsayi wanda ba a saba gani ba wanda ya rayu a Kwalejin Derwent, Jami'ar York, Ingila. An yi tunanin giciyen Gudun Gudun Indiya ne-Mallard, wanda ya yi fice a cikin sauran agwagi a harabar saboda tsayinsa. Ya shiga hoto kuma ya zama memba na intanet a 2021. Shahararsa ta gan shi ya zama mascot mara izini ga jami'a. Aƙalla wani mai sharhi ya yi masa lakabi da 'Shahararren agwagi na Biritaniya'. A cikin Mayu 2023, Long Boi an yi zaton ya mutu, ba a gan shi a harabar ba tsawon makonni.[4][5] An gudanar da taron tunawa da Long Boi a ranar 26 ga Satumba 2024, wanda Greg James ya jagoranta kuma aka watsa shi kai tsaye a gidan rediyon BBC 1, kuma ya ƙare tare da buɗe wani mutum-mutumi na tagulla na Long Boi.h

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An san kadan game da asalin Long Boi, kodayake an yi imanin cewa an bar shi a harabar Jami'ar York a matsayin dabbar da ba a so.[7] Dalibai sun ciyar da shi don taimaka masa ya zauna a cikin sabon gidansa, suna lura cewa da farko bai dace da sauran agwagi ba.[8] Long Boi ya ciyar da mafi yawan lokacinsa a kusa da Heslington Fish Pond kusa da Kwalejin Derwent, inda a ƙarshe ya haɗa tare da sauran tsuntsayen ruwa na harabar. Abokansa sun haɗa da wani ɗan ƙaramin gwangwani ɗan gudun hijira na Indiya mai suna Chonky Boi, wasu mallards mata, da agwagwan mandarin namiji mai suna Fancy Boi.

## Manazarta
Liam Delap

**Liam Rory Delap** (an haife shi ranar 8 ga watan Fabrairu, 2003) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Ingila wanda ke buga wasansa a matsayin dan wasa Na gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta EFL ta Ipswich Town.

## Manazarta
Mohammed Ariful Islam (mai wasan ƙwallon ƙafa)

Mohammed Ariful Islam (Bengali; an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Disamba  shekara ta 1987) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kasar  Bangladesh da ya yi ritaya wanda ya yi wasa a matsayin mai tsaron gida na 'yan uwa a Gasar Firimiya ta Bangladesh . Yawancin lokaci yana taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya, duk da haka a farkon aikinsa an kuma tura shi a matsayin mai baya na dama. Ya wakilci tawagar kasar Bangladesh a matsasiyin da wasan na  tsakanin 2006 da 2016. 

## Ayyukan kulob din
Ariful ya fara aikinsa tare da Little Friends Club, sannan ya ci gaba da buga wa minnows Young Men's Fakirerpool da Farashganj SC, kafin ya sami babban motsi zuwa Mohammedan SC kuma a ƙarshe Brothers Union. Ya ji rauni a idonsa na dama yayin da yake wasa a Mohammedan a farkon shekarun aikinsa. A lokacin da yake a Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club a shekarar 2012, an yi wa Ariful tiyata a gwiwarsa ta dama kuma a shekarar 2014, an yi masa tiyata a gwiwa ta hagu. Kuma kodayake ya ci gaba da cin abinci mai tsauri kuma ya yi horo na yau da kullun tun daga farko, bai iya dawo da aikinsa ba, yayin da ya fice daga tawagar kasa a shekarar 2013. Ya jagoranci Abahani Limited Dhaka zuwa Gasar Firimiya ta 2016 kuma ya sake dawowa ga tawagar kasa. A shekara ta 2017, ya shiga sabuwar Saif SC, yayin da suka kashe kudi sosai bayan an inganta shi. Shekaru hudu masu zuwa sun ga Ariful ya canza kungiyoyi sau uku, kafin ya koma Brothers Union a 2021, bayan shekaru 13. Ariful ya ga mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin aikinsa, yayin da kungiyar 'yan uwa ta tarihi, waɗanda aka taɓa la'akari da su a matsayin kulob na uku mafi girma a ƙasar, an sake su daga Gasar Firimiya ta Bangladesh. Wannan shi ne kulob din na farko da ya taɓa ɗanɗano na raguwa a cikin shekaru 72 da ya kasance.

## Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Arif ya kasance fuska na yau da kullun a cikin 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 da 23, kafin ya fara buga wasan farko na kasa a gasar cin kofin Asiya ta AFC ta 2007 da Qatar, a ranar 6 ga Satumba 2006. Daga nan sai ya ci gaba da buga gasar cin Kofin Nehru na 2007 da kuma Gasar Zakarun SAFF ta 2008. A lokacin gasar cin kofin Nehru, kocin Syed Nayeemuddin ya soki shi sosai daga masana na gida saboda tura Arif a matsayin dama-baya a cikin layi na hudu, a lokacin dukkan wasannin hudu. Ariful ya lashe Wasannin SA na 2010, a karkashin kocin Serbia Zoran Đorđević, wanda shine kawai taken kasa da kasa a cikin shekaru 11 da ya yi wa Bangladesh wasa. Ya kuma taka leda a Gasar Zakarun SAFF ta 2013 da kuma gasar zakarar SAFF ta 2013, a lokacin da ya kasance mataimakin kyaftin din. An kira Ariful na karshe zuwa tawagar kasa a shekarar 2016 don bala'in Bangladesh na gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2018, ta Lodewijk na Kruif. A lokacin da aka kammala gasar Bangladesh ta ba da kwallaye 13 a wasannin biyu da Ariful ya buga, ciki har da cin nasara 8-0 a hannun Jordan.

## Daraja
**Ƙungiyar Abokai ta Ƙananan**

* Dhaka Division Division na Uku: 2003

**Mohammedan SC**

* Super Cup: 2009, 2013

**Abahani Limited Dhaka**

* Gasar Firimiya ta Bangladesh: 2016
* Kofin Tarayya: 2016

**Bangladesh U23**

* Medal na zinare na Wasannin Kudancin Asiya: 2010

## manazarta
Babban Teku

Babban (lafazin lafazin Jamus: [ˈmaɪn] ⓘ) ita ce mafi tsayin rafin Rhine, ɗaya daga cikin manyan *kogin* Turai. Ya tashi a matsayin White Main a cikin tsaunin Fichtel na arewa maso gabashin Bavaria kuma yana gudana zuwa yamma ta tsakiyar Jamus na kilomita 525 (326 mi) don saduwa da Rhine da ke ƙasa Rüsselsheim, Hesse. Biranen Mainz da Wiesbaden suna kusa da taron.

Manyan biranen kan Main sune Frankfurt am Main, Offenbach am Main da Würzburg. Shine kogin mafi tsayi wanda ke kwance gaba ɗaya a Jamus (idan ana ɗaukar Weser-Werra daban).

## geography
Babban ya bi ta arewa da arewa maso yammacin jihar Bavaria sannan ya ratsa kudancin Hesse; A karo na biyu ya keɓance jiha ta uku, Baden-Württemberg, gabas da yamma na Wertheim am Main, garin arewacin jihar.

Ƙarshen ƙarshen kwandon sa yana adawa da na Danube inda masana kimiyyar halitta suka gane magudanar ruwa, nazarin ruwan gishirin teku (da kimiyyar ruwa mai zurfi) kamar Ruwan Ruwa na Turai.

Babban yana farawa kusa da Kulmbach a cikin Franconia a haɗuwa da manyan hanyoyin ruwa biyu, Red Main (Roter Main) da White Main (Weißer Main). Babban Red Main ya samo asali ne daga tsaunin Franconian Jura, mai tsawon kilomita 50 (31 mi) kuma yana tafiya ta Creussen da Bayreuth. Farin Main ya samo asali ne daga tsaunin Fichtel; tsayinsa kilomita 41 (mil 25). A cikin sashin sama da na tsakiya, Main yana tafiya ta cikin kwaruruka na tsaunukan Jamus. Sashinsa na ƙasa ya haye Ƙananan Ƙananan Ƙananan Ƙasa (Hanau-Seligenstadt Basin da arewacin Upper Rhine Plain) zuwa Wiesbaden, inda yake fitowa cikin Rhine. Manyan yankunan Babban su ne Regnitz, da Franconian Saale, da Tauber, da Nidda.

Sunan Main ya samo asali daga Latin Moenis, Moenus ko Menus. Ba shi da alaƙa da sunan birnin Mainz (Latin: Mogontiacum ko Moguntiacum).

## Tashoshi
Tashoshi da kananan hukumomi

A kusa da Frankfurt akwai manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na ciki da yawa. Domin kogin ya fi kunkuntar a kan mafi yawa na sama, kewayawa tare da manyan tasoshin ruwa da ayarin turawa na buƙatar fasaha sosai.

Manyan biranen da ke kusa da Main sune Frankfurt am Main, Offenbach am Main da Würzburg. Babban kuma ya wuce garuruwan da suka biyo baya: Burgkunstadt, Lichtenfels, Bad Staffelstein, Eltmann, Haßfurt, Schweinfurt, Volkach, Kitzingen, Marktbreit, Ochsenfurt, Karlstadt, Gemünden, Lohr, Marktheidenfeld, Wertheim, Miltenberg, Erbernburg, Obermalen, Ochsenfurt Seligenstadt, Hainburg, Hanau, Hattersheim, Flörsheim, da Rüsselsheim.

Kogin ya sami mahimmanci mai girma a matsayin muhimmin yanki na "Corridor VII" na Turai, hanyar hanyar ruwa ta ciki daga Tekun Arewa zuwa Bahar Bahar 

## Manazarta
Vito Mannone

**Vito Mannone** (an haifeshi ranar 2 ga watan Maris, 1988) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Italiya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida a ƙungiyar Ligue 1 ta Lille. An haife shi a Desio, Mannone ya kasance memba a makarantar Atalanta kafin ya koma Ingila a 2005, ya koma Arsenal. Ya buga wasansa na farko a Arsenal a shekara ta 2009 kuma ya buga wasanni takwas a 2009-10 kafin ya shafe zaman aro biyu da Hull City. Ya bar Arsenal a shekara ta 2013 zuwa Sunderland.
## Manazarta
Fadama

**Famawa** yanki ne mai dazuzzuka. Ana ɗaukar fadama a matsayin yankunan canji saboda ƙasa da ruwa suna taka rawa wajen samar da wannan yanayi. Famawa sun bambanta da girma kuma suna cikin ko'ina cikin duniya. Ruwan fadama na iya zama ruwa mai dadi, ruwa mara nauyi, ko ruwan teku. Ruwan ruwa mai ɗorewa yana tasowa tare da manyan koguna ko tafkuna inda suke dogaro sosai kan ruwan sama da ambaliya na yanayi don kiyaye yanayin yanayin ruwa. Ana samun gulmar ruwan gishiri tare da wurare masu zafi da bakin teku. Wasu fadama suna da hamma, ko busasshen busasshiyar ƙasa, da ciyayi na ruwa suka rufe su, ko ciyayi waɗanda ke jure komowar ƙasa lokaci-lokaci. Manyan nau'ikan fadama guda biyu su ne "gaskiya" ko dazuzzukan fadama da "canzawa" ko fadamar shrub. A cikin yankuna na Kanada, ana amfani da kalmar fadama ga abin da ake kira bog, fen, ko muskeg. Ana samun wasu manyan fadama a duniya tare da manyan koguna kamar Amazon, Mississippi, da Kongo.

## Ilimin kimiyyar ruwa
Ana siffanta fadama da cikakkar kasa da ruwa mai tafiya a hankali. Ruwan da ke taruwa a cikin fadama yana fitowa daga wurare daban-daban da suka hada da hazo, ruwan karkashin kasa, tides da/ko ambaliya. Wadannan hanyoyin ruwa na ruwa duk suna ba da gudummawa ga yadda makamashi da abubuwan gina jiki ke gudana a ciki da waje daga cikin halittu. Yayin da ruwa ke gudana ta cikin fadama, abubuwan gina jiki, laka da gurɓata yanayi ana tace su ta halitta. Sinadarai irin su phosphorus da nitrogen waɗanda ke ƙarewa a cikin magudanar ruwa suna shanye kuma tsire-tsire na ruwa a cikin fadama suna amfani da su, suna tsarkake ruwa. Duk wasu sinadarai da suka yi saura ko fiye da haka za su taru a kasan fadama, a cire su daga cikin ruwan a binne su a cikin ruwan. Halin yanayin ruwa na fadama wani muhimmin abu ne a cikin muhallin halittun halittu, wanda ya hada da matakan da wadatar albarkatu kamar oxygen, abinci mai gina jiki, pH, da guba.

## Manazarta

## Manazarta
Henrique N'zita Tiago

**Henrique N'zita Tiago** (14 Yuli 1927  - 3 Yuni 2016)   ya kasance kwamandan rundunar sojojin Cabinda, kungiyar 'yan tawaye da ke fafutukar kwato 'yancin kan Cabinda daga Angola.  Ya mutu a Paris a ranar 3 ga watan Yuni 2016.   An ba da rahoton cewa Tiago yana da shekaru 88 a duniya lokacin da ya rasu, kuma an binne shi a Faransa. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa

An haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Yuli, 1927,  a aikin San Jose de Luali a yankin Dinge,  ko kuma a cikin Mboma Lubinda,  Cabinda, cikin dangi mai girman kai. 

A shekara ta 1963, ya kafa kungiyar 'yantar da 'yantar da yankin Cabinda (FLEC), kungiyar siyasa da ta yi yaki, a lokacin, 'yan mulkin mallaka na ƙasar Portugal.  Domin yana cikin FLEC, an kama shi a cikin shekarar 1970 ta PIDE na mulkin mallaka.  Ya yanke hukuncin ne a gidan yarin São Nicolau da ke Bentiaba.  An sake shi a cikin shekarar 1974, ya buɗe ofishin FLEC a Tchiowa, babban birnin Cabinda;  kuma bayan shekara guda, an naɗa shi shugaban FLEC. 

Bayan da aka samu labarin cewa gwamnatin ƙasar Portugal na shirin haɗa Cabinda a matsayin wani ɓangare na Angola, N'zita ya fara yaki da kungiyoyin masu ɗauke da 'yancin kai na Angola.  Matsayin da yake da shi a cikin tattaunawar game da matsayin Cabinda, ya zaɓi hanyar soja kawai, ya sa FLEC ta rabu zuwa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban. 

Ya tafi gudun hijira zuwa Faransa.  N'zita ya mutu a birnin Paris a ranar 3 ga watan Yuni, 2016.   An yi jana'izarsa a ranar 10 ga watan Yuni.  Bayan mutuwarsa, dansa, Emmanuel N'zita, ya gaje shi a matsayin kwamandan sojojin Cabinda bayan 'yan kwanaki.  

## Duba kuma

* Gaba don 'Yantar da Enclave na Cabinda
* Yakin basasar Angola

## Manazarta
Ta'addancin samar da ruwa

**Ta’daccin samar da ruwa** ya kunshi ayyukan zagon kasa ga tsarin samar da ruwa, ta hanyar yakin sinadarai ko na halitta ko zagon kasa. A cikin tarihin soji da tarihin ta'addanci, kungiyoyin siyasa ne ke kai hare-haren samar da ruwa, da nufin tsoratarwa, haddasa mutuwa, ko fari.

## Manazarta.
Amancio otega

**Amancio Ortega Gaona** (an haife shi ranar 28 ga Maris, 1936) ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan ƙasar Sifaniya wanda ya kafa kuma tsohon shugaban kamfanin Inditex, wanda ya fi shahara da kantin sayar da kaya na Zara.  A halin yanzu, shi ne mutum mafi arziki a Sifaniya kuma ɗaya daga cikin attajirai a duniya, tare da dukiyarsa da ta kai dala biliyan 107 a watan Mayu 2025.  

## Farkon Rayuwa da Sana'a
An haifi Ortega a Busdongo de Arbas, León, Sifaniya, kuma ya girma a Tolosa, Gipuzkoa.  A lokacin yana da shekaru 14, ya bar makaranta kuma ya fara aiki a matsayin mai taimakawa a wani shagon dinki a A Coruña, inda ya koyi yadda ake dinkin tufafi da hannu.  

## Kafa Zara da Inditex
A shekarar 1963, Ortega ya kafa kamfanin Confecciones Goa don sayar da rigunan wanka masu ɗinki.  A shekarar 1975, tare da matarsa Rosalía Mera, ya buɗe kantin Zara na farko a A Coruña.  Kamfanin ya ci gaba da bunƙasa, kuma a shekarar 1985, Ortega ya kafa rukunin kamfanoni na Inditex, wanda ya haɗa da Zara, Massimo Dutti, Bershka, Pull & Bear, Stradivarius, Oysho, da Zara Home.  

## Dabarun Kasuwanci
Ortega ya gabatar da tsarin "fast fashion", wanda ke nufin ƙera da rarraba sabbin kayayyaki cikin sauri don biyan bukatun kwastomomi.  Inditex na sabunta kayayyakin Zara kowane mako biyu, tare da ƙarancin tallace-tallace, wanda ke sa kwastomomi su ziyarci kantuna akai-akai.  

Zuba Jari da Gidauniyar Amancio Ortega

Bayan ya yi ritaya daga shugabancin Inditex a 2011, Ortega ya mai da hankali kan zuba jari, musamman ta hanyar kamfaninsa na Pontegadea, wanda ke da kadarori a birane kamar Madrid, London, da New York.  A shekarar 2001, ya kafa Gidauniyar Amancio Ortega, wadda ke tallafawa ilimi da walwalar jama'a, ciki har da bayar da tallafin karatu ga ɗalibai su yi karatu a Kanada da Amurka.  

## Rayuwa ta Karshe da Gado
Ortega mutum ne mai matuƙar sirri, wanda bai cika bayyana a idon jama'a ba.  Ya yi aure da Rosalía Mera, wadda suka rabu daga baya, kuma daga bisani ya auri Flora Pérez Marcote a 2001.  Yana da 'ya'ya uku: Sandra, Marcos, da Marta.  A halin yanzu, Marta Ortega Pérez ita ce shugabar Inditex.  

## Manazarta
Telmatology

**Telmatology** wani reshe ne na labarin kasa wanda ya shafi nazarin wuraren dausayi, kamar marshes ko fadama.

## Manazarta
Wanki

Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta

Nemo wanka a cikin Wiktionary, ƙamus na kyauta.
Wanke ko Wankin na iya komawa zuwa:

Abubuwan da ke ciki
1 Masana'antu da tsaftar muhalli
2 Wurare
2.1 Ingila
2.2 Amurka
3 Mutane
4 Art, nishaɗi, da kafofin watsa labarai
4.1 Fim da talabijin
4.2 Kiɗa
5 Hoton hoto
6 Duba kuma
Masana'antu da tsaftar muhalli
WANKA ko wanki, "ruwa, tsafta da tsafta", batutuwan kiwon lafiyar jama'a guda uku masu alaƙa
Wanke (distilling), ruwan da aka samar ta hanyar fermentation mataki a cikin samar da distilled abubuwan sha
Wanke lemun tsami ko farar fata, fentin masana'antu mai rahusa.

## wurare
Wurare
Ingila
Wash, wurin da yake da murabba'in baki a gefen arewa maso yamma na Gabashin Anglia a Ingila
Wash, Derbyshire, ƙauye a cikin Derbyshire, Ingila
Amurka
Wash Creek, rafi a Arewacin Carolina
Washington (jihar), jihar Amurka wani lokaci ana takaitawa da "Wash."
Blanchard Park, Kwalejin Pomona, California, wanda aka fi sani da Wash
Clio, California, wanda aka fi sani da Wash.

## Mutane
Kamun kifi

## KAMUN KIFI
Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta 
 Tailrace kamun kifi a Wirtz Dam, Texas Kamun kifin tailrace yana tafiya nan da nan ƙasa da madatsun ruwa na halitta ko na ɗan adam ko ƙuntatawa ga kwararar ruwa a kan koguna, magudanar ruwa, rafuka ko duk wani magudanar ruwa. Kamun kifi a cikin keken wutsiya yana buƙatar ƙware daban-daban a cikin wannan larurar ko kwato dole ne a motsa ta cikin ruwa mai gudana zuwa wuraren ciyarwa a cikin igiyoyin ruwa. Hydro tailrace kamun kifi yana faruwa ne a cikin fitar da tashoshin wutar lantarki da ke ƙasa da dam. Kamun kifi a ƙarƙashin magudanar ruwa wani nau'i ne na kamun kifin wulaka wanda ruwan da ke ƙarƙashin dam ɗin ke haifar da aljihu na ruwa wanda ke kama kifin da ke jan hankalin kifin nama.

## Nau'o'in kamun kifi na tailrace
Tailrace kamun kifi a Mansfield Dam, Texas Hydro tailrace kamun kifi wani nau'in kamun kifi ne na zamani na kamun kifin ruwan da ke ƙarƙashin tafki. Kalmar samar da ruwa tana nufin manyan janareta da ke cikin tsarin dam da ke motsawa ta hanyar ƙarfin nauyi da jirgin ruwa ke turawa ta wani injin motsa jiki wanda ke jujjuya na'urar da ke haifar da layukan maganadisu ta haka ne ke haifar da wutar lantarki da ake iya watsawa a matsayin wutar lantarki. Lokacin da aka buɗe bawuloli ko bawul ɗin nan da nan ruwan yana gudana daga tafki na sama, yana haifar da rudani a ƙarƙashin tsarin dam. Ƙirƙirar da zarar an fara farawa na iya ɗaukar mintuna kaɗan zuwa watanni a wasu lokuta idan ana buƙatar duk yanayin injina da buƙatun kasuwa daga ma'aikatar gwamnati ko gundumar. Hydro tailrace kamun kifi yana karkata da sanda da reel ta amfani da bat ɗin wucin gadi ko raye-raye ta cikin wannan ruwa mai sauri. Kinetic tailrace kamun kifi yana karkata da sandar kamun kifi da kuma reel a ƙarƙashin dam, malalewa ko magudanar ruwa ko duk wani tsari wanda ke da digo a tsayi wanda ke haifar da tashin hankali ko motsi mai sauri a gindinsa. Misali zai zama Dam din Kwarin Ofishin Jakadancin akan Kogin Guadalupe a arewacin ƙarshen tafkin Dunlap a New Braunsfels, Texas. Rafukan da ke gudana kyauta da koguna da ke gudana a kan tsarin Dam sune nau'ikan madatsun ruwa na yau da kullun waɗanda ke iya samar da kamun kifin wulakanci.
Shiga Masu kamun kifi na Hydro tailrace suna fuskantar cikas da yawa wajen samun haƙƙinsu a matsayin ƙungiyar masunta. Misali daya na maido da hakkokin da aka bata shine Dokar 'Yancin Kifi da ta fito daga takaddama da Rundunar Injiniya na kokarin hana shiga karkashin madatsun ruwa.
## Manazarta
http://www.alaska.org/detail/eklutna-tailrace

http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=fishingSportAnglerAccessSouthcentral.eklutna
Tidal wetland

**Ruwan ruwa** (wanda kuma aka sani da nau'in "ƙasa mai laushi") wani kwararo ne da ake samu tare da koguna, bakin ruwa da magudanan ruwa waɗanda ke ambaliya da magudanar ruwa ta hanyar motsin raƙuman ruwa na kusa, teku ko teku. Marshes na tidal suna fuskantar juzu'i masu jujjuyawa da yawa, gami da raƙuman ruwa na rana da na tsakar rana, canjin yanayin zafin rana da dare, raƙuman ruwan bazara, ci gaban ciyayi na yanayi da lalacewa, kwararar ciyayi, bambancin yanayi na shekaru, da yanayin shekara ɗari zuwa yanayin ƙarni a matakin teku da yanayi.

Ana yin tafsirin magudanar ruwa a wuraren da ke da mafaka daga raƙuman ruwa (kamar gefen gefuna na bays), a cikin gangaren sama na tsaka-tsaki, da kuma inda ruwa yake da sabo ko gishiri. Har ila yau, tashin hankali na wucin gadi kamar guguwa, ambaliya, guguwa, da gobarar da ke sama ke shafar su.

Halin ɓarkewar ruwa na iya dogara ga tsarin halitta da na ɗan adam. A cikin 'yan lokutan baya-bayan nan, ayyukan ɗan adam, ƙanana da manya, sun haifar da canje-canje a cikin yanayin yanayin da ke da tasiri mai mahimmanci ga kiyaye yanayin yanayin marsh. Wasu ƙananan canje-canje sun haɗa da gaba (watau sama) zaizayar ƙasa da haɓakar bakin teku. Manyan canje-canjen tsarin sun haɗa da gurɓataccen ruwa da hawan matakin teku (daga sauyin yanayi). Wadannan canje-canjen duk suna sanya matsin lamba a kan magudanar ruwa.

## Nau'ukan
Za a iya samun tudun ruwa a manyan wurare guda biyu: bakin teku da kuma tudu. Tafsirin magudanan ruwa na bakin tekun suna kwance a bakin tekun kuma kogin ruwa na estuarine yana kwance a cikin lungu da sako. Ana samun raƙuman ruwa na bakin teku a cikin magudanan ruwa na bakin teku kuma sun ƙunshi nau'ikan iri daban-daban waɗanda suka haɗa da sabbin marshes da gishiri, ɗumbin katako na ƙasa, swamps na mangrove, da wuraren dausayin palustrine. Ana samun magudanar ruwa na Esturine a cikin magudanan ruwa, wuraren da kogunan ruwa ke kwarara zuwa wuraren da ba su da ƙarfi.

Ana iya rarraba su bisa ga matakin gishiri, tsayi, da matakin teku. Marshes yawanci ana karkasa su zuwa ƙananan marshes (wanda ake kira intertidal marshes) da na sama/maɗaukakin marshes, dangane da hawansu sama da matakin teku. Hakanan akwai yankin marsh na tsakiya don magudanar ruwa. Wuri yana ƙayyadad da tsarin sarrafawa, shekaru, tsarin tashin hankali, da dawwama na magudanar ruwa a nan gaba. Ana bambance ɓangarorin magudanar ruwa zuwa ruwa mai daɗi, da gishiri, da gishiri gwargwadon gishirin ruwansu.

## Manazarta
Kogin Dutse

Kogin dutse kogi ne wanda ke gudana galibi a cikin tsaunuka, a cikin kunkuntar kwari, zurfin kwari mai tudu, gadon rafi mai dutse, da tarin tarkacen dutse.

Kogunan tsaunin suna da girman gangara da saurin gudu, zurfin da ba shi da mahimmanci, yawan raƙuman ruwa da magudanan ruwa, gami da mamaye hanyoyin da aka wanke. Ana ƙididdige girman kogin dutse a 60-80 m/km a cikin rafi na sama da 5-10 m/km a ƙasa. Daidai daidai ya fi ko daidai da 0.002 m/m tare da yawancin tsawon rafinsa. Ana auna saurin rafi a 1 zuwa 4.5 m/s kuma mafi girma.

Kogunan tsaunuka suna da ƙarfin samar da makamashi na ruwa kuma a cikin yanayi mai ƙazanta galibi ana amfani da su don ban ruwa.

Suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara yanayin da ke kewaye ta hanyar zazzagewa da jita-jita, ƙirƙirar kwaruruka masu zurfi, kwazazzabai, da magudanan ruwa.

Siffofin Kogin Dutse:

1. Tuƙaƙƙe: Kogin yana saukowa da sauri daga tudu mai tsayi, sau da yawa yakan haifar da saurin gudu da raƙuman ruwa.

2. Ruwan Sanyi da Tsaftace: Ruwa yawanci sabo ne, sanyi, kuma mai wadatar iskar oxygen, yana tallafawa rayuwar ruwa daban-daban.

3. Tashoshin Dutsi: Wadannan koguna sukan gudana ta cikin tudu mai kauri da duwatsu da tsakuwa a cikin gadajensu.

4. Powerarfin Cross: Saboda saurin su da kuma ƙarar su, sun kuskure dutse da jigiƙasa.

## Manazarta

* National Geographic Society, Rivers and Streams.

* Reference: Ellen Wohl, "Mountain Rivers Revisited," American Geophysical Union, 2010.

[Available on AGU's website or academic repositories]

* Springer Link, "Hydrology of Mountain Rivers."
Hasumiyar nazarin tafki

Hasumiyar nazarin tafki wata tsani ce da ake ginawa a cikin tafki ko dam domin nazarin yanayin muhallin ruwa (limnology).  Ana amfani da su wajen lura da canje-canjen yanayi kamar yawan tsabani, zafin ruwa, da kuma iskar shaka a matakai daban-daban na ruwa.  Wannan yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye ingancin ruwa, musamman a wuraren da ake amfani da ruwa domin sha. 

Manufar hasumiyar nazarin tafki 

Wannan tsari yana ba da damar saka na'urori masu auna yanayi da kuma na'urorin daukar samfurin ruwa a matakai daban-daban na zurfin ruwa.  Hakan yana taimakawa wajen fahimtar yadda ruwa ke canzawa a cikin tafki ko dam, da kuma yadda hakan ke shafar rayuwar halittun ruwa.  Misali, idan akwai yawan tsabani, hakan na iya toshe matatun ruwa ko kuma canza dandano da kamshin ruwa.  Idan na'urorin suna kaiwa har kasa, ana iya lura da hypolimnion (matakin kasa na ruwa) wanda a wasu lokuta kan rasa iskar shaka, wanda zai iya shafar halittun ruwa.  

Misalan Amfani

Ruwan Rutland , Ingila: An gina wata hasumiyar nazarin tafki a cikin wannan dam domin lura da yanayin ruwa.  Wannan tsari yana auna zafin ruwa, yawan iskar shaka, da kuma haske maikarfi (wanda ke nuna yawan tsabani) a matakai daban-daban na zurfin ruwa.  Hakanan yana da ikon daukar samfurin ruwa daga matakai daban-daban domin gwaji.  Bayanai daga wannan tsari suna taimakawa wajen yanke shawarar yadda za a sarrafa ruwa domin hana yaduwar algae.  

Babban tafki, Arewacin Amurka: A shekarar 1961, an kafa tsare-tsare guda shida a cikin tabkunan tafkin Huron, tafkin Ontario, da tafkin Erie domin lura da yanayin ruwa da kuma yanayin iska.  Wadannan tsare-tsare sun hada da na'urori masu auna saurin iska, zafin iska, da kuma ruwan sama, tare da auna zafin ruwa da kuma gudun ruwa a matakai daban-daban.  

Muhimmancin hasumiyar nazarin tafki 

Hasumiyoyin nazarin tafkuna suna da muhimmanci wajen: 

Lura da canje-canjen yanayi a cikin ruwa. 

Hana yaduwar tsabani wanda zai iya toshe matatun ruwa ko kuma canza dandano da kamshin ruwa. 

Taimakawa wajen yanke shawarar yadda za a sarrafa ruwa domin kiyaye ingancinsa. 

Fahimtar yadda halittun ruwa ke rayuwa a matakai daban-daban na zurfin ruwa. 

## Manazarta
Henderson-Sellers, Brian (1984). Engineering limnology. Pitman Advanced Pub. Program. .

Harper, David (1978). "Limnology of Rutland Water". Internationale Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie: Verhandlungen. 20 (3): 1604–1611. doi:10.1080/03680770.1977.11896738. ISSN 0368-0770.

Ferguson, A. J. D.; Harper, D. M. (1 March 1982). "Rutland water phytoplankton: the development of an asset or a nuisance?". Hydrobiologia. 88 (1): 117–133. doi:10.1007/BF00008304. ISSN 1573-5117. S2CID 42102241.

Hale, A. M. (1973). "On the near-shore thermal structure in Lake Huron, Canada". *Tellus*. **25** (4): 400–409. Bibcode:1973Tell...25..400H. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v25i4.9674. ISSN 0040-2826.
Tugay

**Tugay** wani nau'i ne na gandun daji ko ciyawar daji da ke da alaƙa da magudanar ruwa da wuraren ambaliya a cikin yanayi mara kyau. Wadannan wurare masu dausayi suna fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa lokaci-lokaci, kuma sun dogara da ambaliya da ruwan karkashin kasa maimakon kai tsaye daga ruwan sama. Mazaunan Tugay suna faruwa ne a cikin ɓangarorin ɓangaro da hamada a tsakiyar Asiya. Saboda mazaunin Tugay yawanci layi ne, bin darussan koguna a cikin busasshiyar shimfidar wurare, al'ummomin Tugay galibi suna aiki azaman hanyoyin namun daji. Sun ɓace ko sun ɓarke ​​fiye da yawancin tsoffin kewayon su.

## Manazarta
Unguwan Rimi

**Uguwar Rimi** unguwa ce da ke cikin birnin Kaduna, Najeriya. Unguwa ce da ta shahara kusan duk mazaunin Kaduna yasan da unguwar. Unguwar Rimi tana karkashin karamar hukumar Kaduna ta Arewa.

## Ilimi
Manyan Makarantu da suke a Unguwar rimi sun hada da:
# Jami'ar jihar Kaduna
# Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha Kaduna
# Kwalejin Rimi
# Almannar

## Manazarta
Wine zuwa ruwa

## '''wine zuwa ruwa'''
Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta
Wine Zuwa Ruwa
Nau'in kamfani Ƙungiya mai zaman kanta
An kafa 2004
Wanda ya kafa Doc Hendley
hedkwatar Boone, North Carolina
Yawan wurare na cikin gida da na waje
Yankin da ke hidima a Jamhuriyar Dominican | Nepal | Tanzaniya
Ayyuka Tsabtace rarraba ruwa da horar da tsafta
Yawan ma'aikata 20 na cikakken lokaci na gida, 20 na cikakken lokaci na duniya, da dama na masu sa kai da kungiyoyin agaji na duniya
Yanar Gizo wtw.org
Wine To Water kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke da alhakin rarraba ruwa mai tsafta da horar da tsafta. Doc Hendley ne ya kafa kungiyar a cikin 2007.
## '''Tarihi'''
An haifi ra'ayin Wine zuwa Water tare da farko na tattara kudade da aka gudanar a Raleigh, North Carolina a farkon shekarar 2004. Wanda ya kafa, Doc Hendley ya kasance mashawarci a Raleigh, kuma yana da sha'awar yin amfani da mashaya da masana'antar dare a matsayin wata hanya ta kawo canji mai kyau a duniya. Bayan ya fahimci matsalar ruwa a duniya, Hendley ya gudanar da masu tara kudade a wurin dandana ruwan inabi da mashaya a yankin Raleigh. Za a yi amfani da kudaden daga abubuwan da suka faru don aiwatar da ayyukan ruwa mai tsabta a duniya. Ayyukan da aka bayar sun hada da hakar rijiyoyi da gyara rijiyoyi, samar da wuraren tacewa da kwantena, da wayar da kan jama’ar yankin yadda za su kula da ruwan sha.
Kusan mutane biliyan daya a duk duniya ba sa samun ruwa mai tsafta,  kuma kusan mutane miliyan 3.5 ke mutuwa a kowace shekara saboda matsalolin da suka shafi ruwa.Kusan rabin waɗannan mutuwar ana danganta su da gudawa."Frequently Asked Questions : Survival Expert : Discovery Channel". Discovery Channel. Dsc.discovery.com. 2011-12-01. Retrieved 2012-05-16.
Wine To Water yana tushen a Boone, North Carolina, kuma yana da ayyukan ruwa mai tsafta da ke gudana a wurare da yawa na duniya. Wine To Water ya sami babban kulawar kafofin watsa labarai akan matakan gida, na ƙasa, da na duniya. CNN ta zaɓi Doc Hendley a matsayin babban ɗan wasan ƙarshe na shekara ta 2012 CNN Heroes.[6] Tun daga 2009, Wine zuwa Water ya aiwatar da shirye-shiryen ruwan sha mai dorewa ga mutane sama da 25,000.[7] har zuwa watan  Oktoba shekara ta  2014, Wine zuwa Water ya haɓaka don haɗa ayyuka a cikin ƙasashe 18 na nahiyoyi huɗu, samar da ruwa mai tsafta ga mutane sama da 300,000.
 
## '''Ayyuka'''
Ana haƙa mai kyau a Trujillo, Peru
Sudan
Ayyukan Wine To Water a Sudan sun hada da gyaran rijiyoyi, kai ruwa zuwa yankunan da yaki ya daidaita, da kuma kafa tsarin ruwan da suka gina na gidan marayu dake babban birnin kasar. Hendley da ƙungiyarsa sun ba da agaji ga wurare a cikin Sudan waɗanda ake ganin ba su da aminci ga ayyukan jin kai.[8]
## Manazarta
Lambeth Waterworks (kamfani)

**Kamfanin Lambeth Waterworks** kamfani ne a Landan, mai samar da ruwa ga wasu sassan kudancin London a Ingila. An kafa kamfanin ne a shekarar 1785 tare da wasu ayyuka a arewacin Lambeth kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na Hukumar Ruwa ta Metropolitan mallakar jama'a a shekarar 1904.

## Asali
Kamfanin Lambeth Waterworks, wanda aka kafa ta dokar Lambeth Water Works Act 1785 (25 Geo. 3. c. 89) don samar da ruwa zuwa kudu da yammacin London, ya kafa gidaje a gefen kudu na Kogin Thames kusa da ginin Hungerford Bridge inda Royal Festival Hall. Samar da ruwa na farko na kamfanin ya kasance a gefen kudu da kogin, wanda aka kawo kai tsaye daga kogin. Bayan korafe-korafe cewa ruwan ba shi da kyau, ana tura ruwan zuwa tsakiyar kogi. Kamfanin ya fadada don samar da ruwa a Kennington a cikin 1802 kuma game da wannan lokacin ya maye gurbin bututun katako da na ƙarfe.

## Manazarta
Mohammed Trik

**Mohammed Trik** shine mai mulki na 7 kuma Dey na Algiers . Ya yi mulki shekaru goma sha ɗaya a matsayin Dey na farko na Regency na Algiers

## Doka
Ya rage ikon Ottoman zuwa rawar bikin, kuma ya kori Janissary aghas tare da taimakon Raises.

A cikin wani rahoto daga shekara ta 1676, an lura cewa ya auri tsohuwar ƙwaraƙwarar, wadda aka bayyana a matsayin "mace mai son zuciya ta Ingila, wacce za ta sayar da ita don Bribe", tare da ita Ingilishi ya kalli shi a matsayin "mai caji don ƙudan zuma a madadin ta... don Countrysake".

A shekara ta 1677, ya ayyana yaƙi da Ingila kuma ya kai hari kan jigilar kayayyaki na Ingila.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Jeremie Frimpong

**Jeremie Agyekum Frimpong** (An haife shi ranar 10 ga watan Disamba, 2000) kwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na kasar Holland wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ko winger ga kulob din Liverpool na Premier League da kuma tawagar kasar Netherlands. An san shi da saurinsa, gudu kai tsaye, ikon dribbling da kimar aiki, ana daukarsa a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun masu baya a duniya.

## Aikin kulob
Farkon aiki Frimpong ya fara buga kwallon kafa a kungiyoyin gida, AFC Clayton da Clayton Villa.Ya kama idon yan wasan Manchester City da Liverpool a gasar matasa, inda aka ba shi kyautar dan wasa mafi kyau. A karshe, ya zabi ya shiga Manchester City, saboda suna kusa da garinsu.Frimpong ya shiga Manchester City yana da shekaru tara kuma ya ci gaba ta hanyar matasa na kungiyar, tare da buga wasanni akai-akai a Premier League 2 da UEFA Youth League.

## Manazarta
Tudun Wada (Jihar Kaduna)

**Tudun Wada** wata unguwa ce dake cikin karamar hukumar Kaduna ta kudu dake cikin garin Kaduna babban birnin jihar Kaduna a Arewacin Najeriya, kasar Najeriya.  Lambar gidan waya na yankin ita ce 800. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin kauyukan jihar Kaduna

## Manazarta
Turbary

**Turbary** ita ce tsohuwar haƙƙin yanke turf, ko peat, don mai a wani yanki na bogi. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da kalmar don siffanta guntun bogi ko ƙasa mai alaƙa da, da ƙari, kayan da aka ciro daga turbary. Hakkokin Turbary, waɗanda aka fi bayyana su bisa doka a matsayin gama-gari na turbary, galibi ana danganta su da gama-gari, ko, a wasu lokuta, haƙƙoƙin kan ƙasar wani.

Turbary ba koyaushe ba ne haƙƙin da ba a biya ba (sauƙaƙawa), amma, aƙalla a Ireland, ƙa'idodi suna tafiyar da farashin da za a iya caji.

An yi amfani da Turf sosai a matsayin mai don dafa abinci da dumama cikin gida amma kuma don kasuwanci kamar fitar da brine don samar da gishiri. Haƙƙin ɗaukar peat yana da mahimmanci musamman a wuraren da itacen wuta ba su da yawa. Haƙƙin tattara itacen an kiyaye shi ta hanyar estovers.

A cikin sabon gandun daji na kudancin Ingila, wani haƙƙin turbary ba na mutum ɗaya ba ne, mazaunin ko fili, amma na wani murhu da bututun hayaƙi ne.

## Ilimin halittu
A baya-bayan nan, yayin da aka fi fahimtar ma’anar muhallin wuraren da ke cikin bogin, da kuma yadda adadin da ya rage ke raguwa, wani bangare na amfani da man fetur, wani bangare kuma saboda amfani da peat a matsayin taki, da kuma kutsawar gonaki a cikin wuraren da ba su da tushe, wasu daga cikin fatun sun kasance karkashin kariya ta muhalli. Wannan ya haifar da cece-kuce a kan hakkin turbaya, a wasu lokutan kuma a kashe hakki.

## Manazarta
Tainter gate

Ƙofar Tainter wani nau'i ne na ƙofofi na hannu na radial da ake amfani da shi a cikin madatsun ruwa da makullin canal don sarrafa kwararar ruwa. An ba shi suna don mai ƙirƙira ta, injiniyan tsarin Wisconsin Jeremiah Burnham Tainter.[1] Tainter, ma'aikacin kamfanin katako na Knapp, Stout and Co., ya ƙirƙira ƙofar a cikin 1886 don amfani da dam ɗin kamfanin da ke samar da Lake Menomin a Amurka.[1]

## Bayani
Duban gefen ƙofar Tainter yayi kama da yanki na kek tare da ɓangaren yanki mai lanƙwasa yana fuskantar tushen ko tafkin ruwa na sama da titin yana nuni zuwa wurin da aka nufa ko ƙaramin tafkin. Fuskar mai lanƙwasa ko farantin fata na ƙofa tana ɗaukar nau'in yanki na silinda. Madaidaitan ɓangarorin siffar kek, hannayen trunnion, suna komawa baya daga kowane ƙarshen sashin silinda kuma su haɗu a wani tudu wanda ke aiki a matsayin maƙalli lokacin da ƙofar ke juyawa.[2]

## Ka'ida
Ƙarfin matsi a jikin da ya nutse yana aiki daidai da saman jiki. Zayyana Ƙofar Tainter yana haifar da duk wani ƙarfi mai matsa lamba da ke aiki ta tsakiyar da'irar da ƙofa ta zama sashe, ta yadda duk wani ƙarfin da zai haifar da matsa lamba yana aiki ta hanyar pivot na ƙofar, yin gini da zane cikin sauƙi. Lokacin da aka rufe ƙofar Tainter, ruwa yana ɗaukar gefen madaidaicin (na sama). Lokacin da ƙofar ke jujjuya, guduwar ruwan da ke wucewa a ƙarƙashin ƙofar yana taimakawa wajen buɗewa da rufe ƙofar. Fuskar da ke zagaye, dogon hannaye masu radial da bearings suna ba shi damar rufewa da ƙarancin ƙoƙari fiye da ƙofa mai lebur. Yawancin ƙofofin Tainter yawanci ana sarrafa su daga sama tare da sarkar / akwatin gear / taron motar lantarki.
Muhimmin abu mai mahimmanci a ƙirar ƙofar Tainter shine yawan damuwa da aka canjawa wuri daga farantin fata ta hannun radial da kuma ƙugiya, tare da ƙididdigewa dangane da sakamakon gogayya da aka fuskanta lokacin ɗagawa ko rage ƙofar. Wasu tsofaffin tsarin dole ne a canza su don ba da damar samun karfin juzu'i waɗanda ƙirar asali ba ta yi tsammani ba.[3] A cikin 1995, damuwa da yawa yayin buɗewa ya haifar da gazawar kofa a Dam ɗin Folsom da ke arewacin California. Wani fa'idar ƙofar Tainter shine ikonta na haɓaka ƙarfin tafki da daidaita yawan ruwan da ya wuce. Lokacin da ƙofar Tainter ta buɗe, ana ɗaga wani adadi sama da magudanar ruwan dam ɗin har sai an sami adadin da ake so. Ga kowace ƙafar da aka buɗe kofa, duk matakin tafki yana ƙaruwa sosai da daidai adadin. Don haka yayin da matakin ruwa a cikin tafki ya kusanto saman kofofin malalar, ana iya buɗe ƙofofin don rage matakin tafki. Idan shigar da tafki ya fi abin da ake zubewa, matakin ruwa na iya tashi sama da kofofin karfe. Ana iya amfani da wannan ƙarin ƙarfin don jinkirta aika ruwa zuwa ƙasa, misali idan kogin da ke ƙasa yana fuskantar babban ambaliya. Ƙofofin Tainter na iya taimakawa wajen riƙe da baya fiye da yadda aka tsara ƙarfin da aka ƙera na ruwa, yana ba da damar ƙarin lokaci don zubar da ruwa na halitta.

## Manazarta
Álvaro Carreras

**Álvaro Fernández Carreras** (an haife shi 23 ga Maris 2003), wanda aka fi sani da **Álvaro Carreras**, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Spain wanda ke taka leda a matsayin **mai tsaron baya na hagu (left-back)** .
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## Rayuwar Farko
An haifi Carreras a garin Ferrol na ƙasar Spain. Ya fara taka leda a matakin matasa tare da Racing de Ferrol kafin ya koma makarantar horas da ‘yan wasa ta Real Madrid a shekarar 2017.  Ya fara taka leda a matakin matasa tare da Racing de Ferrol kafin ya koma makarantar horas da ‘yan wasa ta Real Madrid a shekarar 2017.

## Aikin Ƙwallon Ƙafa

### Manchester United
A shekarar 2020, Carreras ya koma Manchester United daga Real Madrid domin cigaba da bunƙasa ƙwarewarsa a matakin matasa. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a ƙungiyar matasa ta kulob ɗin, inda ya taimaka musu wajen lashe gasar FA Youth Cup a kakar 2021–22. 

### Preston North End (aro)
A watan Yuli 2022, an ba shi aro zuwa Preston North End domin samun damar buga wasa a matakin manya. Ya buga wasanni da dama a gasar Championship, inda ya nuna ƙwarewa a bangaren tsaron baya da kuma kai hari daga gefen hagu.

### Granada (aro)
A kakar 2023–24, Carreras ya koma ƙungiyar Granada ta Spain a matsayin aro domin samun ƙarin gogewa a gasar La Liga. 

### Benfica
A shekarar 2024, ya koma Benfica ta Portugal bayan yarjejeniyar dindindin daga Manchester United, domin ci gaba da taka rawarsa a gasar Primeira Liga.

### Real Madrid
A karshen shekaran 2025 ya koma taka leda a gasar Laliga karkashin Real madrid, kuma ya samu nasarar shiga cikin manyan yan wasa na Madrid in, kuma yanzu shine ke jagorantar buga lamba 3.

## Aikin Ƙasa
Carreras ya wakilci Spain a matakin ƙananan shekaru, ciki har da Spain U16 da Spain U17. 

## Salon Wasan
Álvaro Carreras ana saninsa da saurin gudu, iya kai hari daga baya, da kuma iya tsallake abokan hamayya. Yana da ƙwarewa wajen aika ƙwallaye cikin akwatin bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida.

## Manazarta
Ruwan yamma

Ruwan sharar gida (ko sharar ruwa) shine ruwan da aka samar bayan amfani da ruwa mai kyau, danyen ruwa, ruwan sha ko ruwan gishiri a cikin aikace-aikace ko matakai daban-daban na gangan. Wani ma'anar ruwan datti shine "Ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi daga kowane haɗin gida, masana'antu, kasuwanci ko ayyukan noma, zubar da ruwa / ruwan guguwa, da kowane magudanar ruwa ko magudanar ruwa.
Water table

**Tebur na ruwa** shine saman saman yankin phreatic ko yankin jikewa. Yankin jikewa shine inda ramuka da karaya na ƙasa ke cike da ruwan ƙasa, wanda zai iya zama sabo, saline, ko brackish, dangane da wurin. Hakanan za'a iya bayyana shi kawai azaman zurfin ƙasa wanda ƙasa ta cika. Yankin da ke sama da teburin ruwa shine yankin vadose. Ana iya ganinsa a matsayin "surface" na kayan da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa waɗanda ke cike da ruwan ƙasa a wani wurin da aka ba su.

## Manazarta.
Vítor Baía

**Vítor Manuel Martins Baía** (an haifeshi a ranar 15 ga watan oktoba a shekarar 1969) tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa ne dan kasar Portugal wanda ya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida. Daya daga cikin mafi kyawun masu tsaron gida na kowane lokaci, aikinsa yana da alaƙa da FC Porto, wanda ya fara wakiltar har yanzu yana matashi, yana taimaka mata zuwa taken 26 kuma a ƙarshe ya kasance tare da ƙungiyar a matsayin jakada. Har ila yau, ya buga wa Barcelona wasa, Baía ya bayyana tare da tawagar kasar Portugal a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai guda biyu da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2002.

## Manazarta
Hukumar kula da madatsun ruwa na duniya

## Hukumar kula da madatsun ruwa ta duniya
Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta Hukumar kula da madatsun ruwa ta duniya (WCD) ta kasance tsakanin Afrilu 1997 da 2001, don yin bincike kan tasirin muhalli, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na ci gaban manyan madatsun ruwa a duniya. WCD mai suna da kanta ta ƙunshi membobin ƙungiyoyin farar hula, masu ilimi, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru da wakilin gwamnati ɗaya, don auna tasiri da tasiri na babban madatsar ruwa, gami da tasirin dam ya shafi al'ummomi da masu haɓaka ayyukan. Misali ne na mulki na masu ruwa da tsaki.[1] Sakamakon ƙarshe na WCD shine fitar da rahoto na ƙarshe wanda aka ƙaddamar a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Nelson Mandela a cikin Nuwamba 2000. WCD ta ba da shawarar jagorori goma don gina madatsar ruwa.[2]
## Manazarta
https://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00687
http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/way-forward/world-commission-dams/world-commission-dams-framework-brief-introduction
Ibrahim Mohammed Kamba

Alhaji Ibrahim Mohammed Kamba dan jihar Kebbi ta Najeriya. Shine mai rike da sarautar Hausawa  a FCT mai suna “Wazirin”. Shi dillalin filaye ne a Abuja.

## Manazarta
Vangelis Pavlidis

**Vangelis Pavlidis** (an haife shi 21 Nuwamba 1998) kwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na kasar Girka wanda ke taka rawa a matsayin dan wasan gaba ga kulob din Primeira Liga Benfica da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasaar Girka.An haife shi kuma ya girma a Thessaloniki, Girka, Pavlidis ya fara aikinsa na kwararru tare da VfL Bochum a cikin 2016 sannan ya wakilci Willem II kafin ya rattaba hannu da AZ Alkmaar a 2021, ana saran ya zama babban mai zura kwallaye a Eredivisie a 2024. A cikin Yuli 2024, ya sanya hannu tare da Benfica akan kudi miliyan 18. Pavlidis ya wakilci Girka a matakai daban-daban na matasa kuma ya fara buga wa Girka wasa a shekarar 2019.

## Aikin kulob
VfL Bochum A kan 9 Afrilu 2016, Pavlidis ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar sana'a har zuwa lokacin rani na 2019. A kan 15 May 2016, ya fara halarta a karon tare da kulob din a matsayin mai maye gurbin a cikin 2. Bundesliga 4-2 nasara a kan 1. FC Heidenheim. Loan zuwa Borussia Dortmund  A kan 26 Janairu 2018, Pavlidis ya shiga Borussia Dortmund a kan aro don rabin na biyu na kakar. A ranar 22 ga Yuni 2018, an tsawaita lamunin Pavlidis har zuwa lokacin bazara na 2019.

## Manazarta
Tafkin Tréné

**Tafkin Tréné** wani karamin tafki ne da ke yankin Mayo-Kebbi Ouest na kudu maso yammacin Chadi. Tafkin na da kimanin nisan kilomita 6 da kilomita 2 kuma kogin Mayo Kébbi ne ke bashi ruwa wanda ke bangaren kusa da Lere kuma yana bi ta hanyar Tafkin Léré mafi girma.

## Manazarta
Tafkin Léré

**Tafkin Léré** tafki ne a yankin Mayo-Kebbi Ouest a kudu maso yammacin Chadi kimanin nisan kilomita 6 da gabashin iyakar da Kamaru. &nbsp;Tafkin Mayo Kébbi ne ke bashi ruwa, wanda ke ɓarin kusa da Lere karamin Tafkin Tréné.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin hadi na Waje
* http://www.geonames.org/2429157/lac-de-lere.html
Saminaka

**Saminaka** birni ne kuma hedkwatar karamar hukumar Lere  kuma saminaka masarautar al'ummar Akurmi ne a kudancin jihar Kaduna a yankin Middle Belt a Najeriya.   Lambar gidan waya na yankin ita ce 811. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin kauyukan jihar Kaduna

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Wetland

Ƙasar dausayi wani yanki ne na yanki na ruwa na musamman wanda rufin ƙasa ke ambaliya ko cika cikin ruwa, ko dai na dindindin, na shekaru ko shekaru da yawa, ko kuma na yanayi kawai. Ambaliyar ruwa yana haifar da matakan oxygen-malauci (anoxic) da ke faruwa, musamman a cikin ƙasa. Ƙasar dausayi sun zama wani yanki na tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin ruwa da busasshiyar ƙasa, kuma sun bambanta da sauran halittun ƙasa ko na ruwa saboda tushen ciyayi da suka dace da ƙasa mara ƙarancin iskar oxygen. Ana la'akari da su a cikin mafi bambance-bambancen ilimin halitta na duk yanayin halittu, suna aiki a matsayin wuraren zama zuwa nau'ikan tsire-tsire na ruwa da na ruwa da dabbobi, tare da ingantaccen ingancin ruwa sau da yawa saboda tsirran kawar da wuce gona da iri irin su nitrates da phosphorus.
## Ma'anoni da kalmomi

Sau da yawa ana lura da wuraren Marsh a cikin wuraren dausayi, kamar yadda aka gani a nan Jamaica Bay Gudun Gudun namun daji da ke birnin New York.
Ma'anar fasaha
Sauƙaƙen ma'anar dausayi shine "yankin ƙasar da yawanci ke cike da ruwa"[14]. Hakazalika, wuraren dausayi sune wuraren da “ruwa ke rufe kasa, ko kuma ya kasance ko dai a kusa ko kusa da saman kasa duk shekara ko kuma na lokuta daban-daban a cikin shekara, ciki har da lokacin girma”[15]. Facin ƙasar da ke tasowa tafkunan ruwa bayan guguwar ruwan sama ba lallai ba ne a yi la’akari da shi a matsayin “ƙasar datti”, duk da cewa ƙasar tana da ruwa. Ƙasar dausayi suna da halaye na musamman: gabaɗaya an bambanta su da sauran jikunan ruwa ko tsarin ƙasa bisa ruwansu

## Manazarta