John Archer (Dan siyasar Burtaniya)

**John Richard Archer** (8 Yuni 1863 - 14 Yuli 1932) ɗan siyasan Biritaniya ne kuma ɗan gwagwarmayar siyasa. A shekara ta 1913 an zabe shi magajin garin Battersea, ya zama baƙar fata na farko magajin gari a wata unguwa a Landan. Ya kasance sanannen ɗan Afirka na Pan-African kuma shugaban ƙungiyar ci gaban Afirka.

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Archer a Liverpool, Lancashire ga Richard Archer, daga Barbados, da Mary Theresa Burns, daga Ireland. Shekaru da yawa ya yi tafiya a duniya a matsayin jirgin ruwa, yana rayuwa na lokaci-lokaci a Amurka da Kanada. Ya auri Bertha, ɗan ƙasar Kanada baƙar fata, kuma a cikin shekarar 1890s, ya dawo tare da ita Ingila, yana zaune a Battersea yayin da yake cikin shekaru talatin. Ya fara karatun likitanci  amma yana tallafa wa kansa ta hanyar ƙaramin ɗakin ɗaukar hoto.

Maharba ya shiga harkokin siyasar gida; ya kasance mai goyon bayan masu ra'ayin sassaucin ra'ayi John Burns da abokantaka da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na London. A cikin shekarar 1906 an zaɓe shi a matsayin mai ci gaba (Mai sassaucin ra'ayi) zuwa Majalisar gundumar Battersea na gundumar Latchmere; a dai dai lokacin ne Henry Sylvester Williams na Indiya ya yi nasara a gasar Marylebone. Archer ya yi nasarar yakin neman mafi karancin albashi shilling 32 a mako ga ma’aikatan kansila amma ya rasa kujerarsa a shekarar 1909; An sake zaɓe shi a shekarar 1912.

A cikin shekara ta 1913, an zaɓi Archer a matsayin magajin gari (a wancan lokacin wani matsayi da ke nuna cewa shi ne shugaban siyasa na majalisar Battersea, maimakon rawar da aka saba yi a Ingila daga shekarun 1920). Akwai abubuwa marasa kyau da wariyar launin fata a yakin, tare da zargin cewa ba shi da dan kasar Burtaniya. Ya yi nasara da kuri'u 40 zuwa 39 a tsakanin 'yan majalisarsa, sannan ya yi jawabin nasara mai ban mamaki:

“Zaben da na yi a daren yau yana nufin sabon zamani ne, kun kafa tarihi a daren yau, a karon farko a tarihin kasar Ingila an zabi wani mutum mai launin fata a matsayin magajin gari a wata karamar hukuma ta Ingila.

"Hakan zai kai ga kasashe masu launi na duniya kuma za su dubi Battersea su ce Battersea ya yi abubuwa da yawa a baya, amma babban abin da ya yi shi ne nuna cewa ba shi da wariyar launin fata kuma ta gane mutum don aikin da ya yi."

An ba da rahoton nasararsa a cikin mujallar Amurka The Crisis a cikin Janairun shekarar 1914. Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Mutane (NAACP) da aka kafa kwanan nan ta buga ta.

Archer ya koma hagu a cikin shekarunsa a Battersea kuma a cikin 1919 an sake zaɓe shi a majalisa a matsayin wakilin Labour. A cikin 1918 an zabe shi a matsayin shugaban farko na kungiyar ci gaban Afirka, yana aiki don "ci gaban ra'ayoyin Afirka a cikin ilimin 'yanci". A cikin 1919 ya kasance wakilin Biritaniya zuwa Majalisar Pan-African Congress a Paris  kuma bayan shekaru biyu, ya jagoranci Majalisar Pan-African Congress a London.

A cikin shekarar 1922, Archer ya bar kujerar majalisarsa don zama wakilin zaɓe na jam'iyyar Labour na Shapurji Saklatvala, ɗan gwagwarmayar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci da ke tsayawa takarar majalisa a Arewacin Battersea. Ya shawo kan Jam'iyyar Labour ta amince da Saklatvala, wanda aka zaba - daya daga cikin 'yan majalisar Indiya na farko a Biritaniya. Shi da Saklatvala sun ci gaba da aiki tare, inda suka sake yin nasara a shekara ta 1924 har sai da jam'iyyun gurguzu da na Labour suka rabu. A cikin babban zaben 1929, Archer ya kasance wakilin dan takarar jam'iyyar Labour, wanda ya doke Saklatvala.

Archer yayi aiki a matsayin gwamnan Battersea Polytechnic, shugaban ƙungiyar Nine Elms Swimming Club, shugaban kwamitin ma'aikatan majalisar Whitley, kuma memba na Hukumar Kula da Wandsworth.

An sake zaɓe shi a cikin 1931, don gundumar Nine Elms. A lokacin mutuwarsa a 1932, ya kasance mataimakin shugaban majalisar Battersea. Ya mutu a ranar 14 ga Yulin shekarar 1932, 'yan makonni bayan cikarsa shekaru 69. An yi jana'izar sa a Cocin Our Lady of Karmel a Battersea Park Road a ranar 19 ga Yuli. An binne shi a makabartar majalisa a Morden.

Jane Roberts, matar tsohon shugaban Laberiya Joseph Jenkins Roberts, ta yi tafiya zuwa Ingila a ƙarshen rayuwa kuma ta sadu da ma'auratan Archer. Ta zauna tare da Archer da matarsa ​​har zuwa mutuwarta a 1914, tana da shekaru 95.

An yi tunanin Archer shine Bakar fata na farko da aka zaba a matsayin magajin gari a Biritaniya. Amma, Littafin Shekarar Negro na Amurka na 1914, a cikin rahoton zaɓen Archer, shi ma ya ruwaito hakan

A cikin 1904, Mista Allen Glaser Minns [sic], mai launin fata daga Yammacin Indies, an zaɓi shi magajin gari na gundumar Thetford, Norfolk.

## Baya
Archer House, wani yanki na ƙauyen Battersea, an yi masa suna bayan Archer akan ginin a cikin 1930s. A cikin 1986 an kafa Makarantar John Archer daga haɗakar Makarantar Wandsworth da Makarantar Spencer Park  amma an rufe ta a 1991. Akwai John Archer Way a Wandsworth kuma a Liverpool, John Archer Hall.

A cikin 2004, an zaɓi John Archer don jerin "Baƙar fata Birtaniyya 100", yana zuwa na 72 a cikin ƙuri'ar jama'a.

A cikin 2010, an yi bikin tunawa da Archer da alamar shuɗi daga Nubian Jak Community Trust.

A cikin Afrilu 2013 Archer yana ɗaya daga cikin mutane shida da Royal Mail ta zaɓa don fitowar tambarin tunawa da "Britaniyya".

A cikin Nuwamba 2013 Archer ya sami karramawa ta Heritage na Ingilishi tare da alamar shuɗi a tsohon gidansa, 55 Brynmaer Road, Battersea.

A cikin Maris 2018 Cibiyar Sadarwar Ark Academy ta sake suna High View Primary school a Battersea a matsayin Ark John Archer Academy.

## Manazarta