Huhu

**Huhu** su ne farkon gabobin tsarin numfashi a cikin mutane da galibin sauran dabbobi da suka hada da wasu katantanwa da kifaye kadan. A cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa da yawancin kasusuwa, huhu biyu suna kusa da kashin baya a kowane gefen zuciya. Ayyukan su a cikin tsarin numfashi shine fitar da iskar oxygen daga iska da kuma tura shi zuwa cikin jini, da kuma fitar da carbon dioxide daga jini zuwa sararin samaniya, a cikin tsarin musayar iskar gas. Hannun numfashi yana haifar da tsarin tsoka daban-daban a cikin nau'i daban-daban. Dabbobi masu shayarwa, dabbobi masu rarrafe da tsuntsaye suna amfani da tsokoki daban-daban don tallafawa da hadaka numfashi. A cikin tetrapods na farko, tsokoki na pharyngeal suna tura iska zuwa cikin huhu ta hanyar yin famfo, tsarin da har yanzu ake gani a cikin masu amphibians. A cikin mutane, babban tsoka na numfashi wanda ke motsa numfashi shine diaphragm. Hakanan huhu yana samar da iska wanda ke sa sautin murya, gami da magana mai yiwuwa.

Mutane suna da huhu guda biyu, daya a gefen hagu daya kuma a gefen dama. Suna nan a cikin kogon thoracic na kirji. Huhun dama ya fi na hagu girma da nauyi, wanda ke raba sarari a cikin kirji da zuciya. Huhu tare suna yin nauyi kusan . Huhu wani bangare ne na sashin numfashi na kasa wanda ke farawa daga trachea da kuma rassa zuwa cikin bronchi da bronchioles, wanda ke samun iskar da ake shaka ta hanyar yankin da ake gudanarwa. Yankin gudanarwa yana barewa a cikin tasha. Wadannan sun rabu zuwa cikin bronchioles na numfashi na yanki na numfashi wanda ya raba zuwa gajiyoyin alveolar da ke haifar da buhunan alveolar da ke dauke da alveoli, inda musayar gas ke faruwa. Alveoli kuma ba su da yawa a jikin bangon bronchioles na numfashi da ducts na alveolar. Tare, huhu ya kunshi kusan kilomita  na hanyoyin iska da alveoli miliyan 300 zuwa 500. Kowane huhu yana kewaye da shi a cikin jakar pleural na membranes guda biyu da ake kira pleurae ; an raba membranes ta hanyar fim na ruwa mai laushi, wanda ke ba da damar ciki da na waje su zamewa a kan juna yayin da numfashi ke faruwa, ba tare da rikici ba. Pleura na ciki kuma yana raba kowane huhu zuwa sassan da ake kira lobes. Huhun dama yana da lobes uku sannan na hagu yana da biyu. An kara raba lobes zuwa sassan bronchopulmonary da lobules na huhu. Shi huhu na samar da jini wadata ce na musamman, samun deoxygenated jini daga zuciya a cikin huhu wurare dabam dabam domin dalilai na samun oxygen da sakewa carbon dioxide, da kuma raba oxygenated jini zuwa nama na huhu, a cikin Bronchial wurare dabam dabam.

Cututtuka da dama na numfashi na iya shafar nama na huhu, ciki har da ciwon huhu da ciwon huhu. Ciwon huhu na yau da kullun ya hada da mashako da kuma emphysema, kuma yana iya zama alaka da shan taba ko fallasa ga abubuwa masu cutarwa. Yawan cututtuka na huhu na sana'a na iya haifar da abubuwa kamar ƙurar gawayi, filaye na asbestos, da kurar silica crystalline. Cututtuka irin su mashako kuma na iya shafar hanyoyin numfashi. Kalmomin likitanci da ke da alaka da huhu sau da yawa suna farawa da *pulmo-*, daga Latin *pulmonarius* (na huhu) kamar yadda yake a cikin ilimin huhu, ko tare da ciwon huhu - (daga Girkanci *πνεύμων* "huhu") kamar yadda yake a cikin ciwon huhu.

A cikin ci gaban amfrayo, huhu yana fara hadakawa a matsayin budadden gaba, bututu da ke ci gaba da samar da bangaren sama na tsarin narkewa. Lokacin da huhu ya kafa tayin yana rike a cikin jakar amniotic mai cike da ruwa don haka ba sa aiki don numfashi. Hakanan ana karkatar da jini daga huhu ta hanyar ductus arteriosus. A lokacin haihuwa, duk da haka, iska ta fara wucewa ta cikin huhu, kuma tashar diversionary ta rufe, don haka huhu zai iya fara numfashi. Huhu kawai suna girma sosai a farkon guruciya.

## Manazarta