Miriam Rothschild

**Dame Miriam Louisa Rothschild** DBE FRS (5 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1908 - 20 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2005)  masanin kimiyyar halitta ce ta Burtaniya kuma marubuciya ce tare da gudummawa ga ilimin dabbobi, ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta, da ilimin tsire-tsire.

An haifi Miriam Rothschild a shekara ta 1908 a Northamptonshire" id="mwGw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ashton, North Northamptonshire">Ashton Wold, kusa da Oundle a Northamptonshire, 'yar Charles Rothschild na dangin banki na Rothschild daga Ingila na bankuna Yahudawa da Rózsika Edle Rothschild (née von Wertheimstein), 'yar wasan Hungary, ta zuriyar Austrian-Yahudawa.  Ɗan'uwanta shi ne Victor Rothschild, Baron Rothschild na 3 kuma ɗaya daga cikin 'yan uwanta (Kathleen Annie) Pannonica Rothschild (Baroness Nica na Koenigswarter) daga baya za ta zama mai sha'awar jazz na bebop kuma mai kula da Thelonious Monk da Charlie Parker.

Mahaifinta ya bayyana kimanin sababbin nau'ikan ƙwayoyin ƙuda 500, kuma kawunta Lionel Walter Rothschild ya gina gidan kayan gargajiya na tarihin halitta a Tring. A lokacin da take 'yar shekara huɗu ta fara tattara kwari da kwari kuma ta dauki kwari don kwana da ita. Yaƙin Duniya na I ɓarke a ranar haihuwar Miriam ta shida a shekara ta 1914, yayin da Rothschilds ke hutu a Austro-Hungary. Sun yi hanzari zuwa gida a cikin jirgin kasa na farko zuwa yamma amma, ba za su iya biyan kuɗi ba, dole ne su ranta kuɗi daga wani fasinja na Hungary wanda ya yi sharhi "Wannan shine lokacin da ya fi alfahari da rayuwata. Ban taɓa tunanin cewa ya kamata a nemi in ranta kuɗi ga Rothschild ba!" Mahaifinta ya kashe kansa lokacin da take da shekaru 15, bayan haka ta kusanci kawunta. Ta yi karatu a gida har zuwa shekara 17, lokacin da ta nemi zuwa makaranta. Daga nan ta halarci darussan maraice a fannin ilimin dabbobi a Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Chelsea da kuma darussan rana a cikin adabi a Kwaleji ta Bedford, London.

## Rayuwa ta mutum

A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, an dauki Rothschild don aiki a Bletchley Park a kan codebreaking tare da Alan Turing kuma gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba ta lambar yabo ta tsaro saboda kokarin da ta yi. Bugu da ƙari, ta matsa wa Gwamnatin Burtaniya da ta yarda da karin Yahudawa na Jamus a matsayin 'yan gudun hijira daga Nazi Jamus. Ta shirya gidaje ga yara Yahudawa 49, wasu daga cikinsu sun zauna a gidanta a Ashton Wold .   Ginin ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin asibiti ga ma'aikatan soja da suka ji rauni, gami da mijinta na gaba, Kyaftin George Lane . Lane, sojan Burtaniya da aka haifa a Hungary, ya canza sunansa daga Lanyi idan aka kama abokan gaba.   Suna da 'ya'ya shida, hudu na halitta: Mary Rozsiska (1945-2010), Charles Daniel (an haife shi a 1948), Charlotte Teresa (an haifa ta 1951) da Johanna Miriam (an haifu ta 1951);  da biyu da aka karɓa.  An rushe auren a shekara ta 1957 amma ma'aurata sun kasance cikin kyakkyawan yanayi.

Rothschild Mai cin ganyayyaki ce kuma tana da alaƙa ta kusa da dabbarta da da dabbobin daji da ta yi abota. Rothschild ya goyi bayan dalilai da yawa na zamantakewa ciki har da jin daɗin dabbobi, madara kyauta ga yara a makarantu, da kuma haƙƙin ɗan luwaɗi ta hanyar ba da gudummawa ga Rahoton Wolfenden wanda ya haifar da kawar da "halayyar ɗan luwaɗi tsakanin manya masu yarda a cikin sirri".

## Bincike
A cikin shekarun 1930 Rothschild ta yi wa kanta suna a Marine Biological Station a Plymouth, tana nazarin mollusc *Nucula* da cututtukan trematode (Rothschild 1936, 1938a, 1938b).

Rothschild ya kasance babban jagora a kan kwari. Ita ce mutum na farko da ya yi aiki da tsarin tsalle-tsalle na ƙuda. Ta kuma yi nazarin sake zagayowar haihuwa kuma ta haɗa wannan, a cikin buns, zuwa canje-canjen hormonal a cikin mai masaukin. Littafinta na New Naturalist game da parasitism (Fleas, Flukes da Cuckoos) babban nasara ne. Za'a iya bayyana sunansa kamar haka: kwayar cuta ta waje (misali kwari), kwayar cuti ta ciki (misali flukes) da sauransu (cuckoo 'kwayar cuta ce'). Tare da Farfesa G. Harris, Rothschild ya ƙaddara cewa myxomatosis, kwayar cutar da ke shafar tapeti da buns, an yada ta da ƙwayoyin cuta, ba sauro ba kamar yadda aka fahimta a baya. The Rothschild Collection of Fleas (wanda Charles Rothschild ya kafa) yanzu yana daga cikin tarin Tarihin Tarihi na Halitta da kundin kundin sa shida na tarin (tare da haɗin gwiwar G. H. E. Hopkins kuma Arthur Smith ya kwatanta shi) ya ɗauki shekaru talatin don kammalawa.

Baya ga aikinta a kan kwari da sauran kwayar cuta, Rothschild ta yi nazarin kwari a cikin tsari na Lepidoptera . Musamman, tana da sha'awar ilmin muhalli na sinadarai da kwaikwayon. Don ƙarin koyo game da kwaikwayon da rawar da yake takawa a cikin Lepidopteran predation da tsuntsaye, Rothschild ya daidaita greenhouses a kan Ashton Wold estate don zama aviaries ga owls da sauran masu cin nama. Wannan ya haifar da ci gaba da aiki don gano mahadi da kwari suka hada kamar Burnet moth da haɗin gwiwa tare da Tadeusz Reichstein don nuna cewa guba ta malamin sarki ta fito ne daga milkweed, tsire-tsire masu karɓa. Har ila yau, ya haifar da aiki don nuna muhimmancin carotenoids da aka samo daga shuka a cikin launi na kwari. Rothschild ya gano cewa manyan kwari masu cin abinci ba tare da carotenoids ba su dace da asalin su kamar yadda suke yi kuma kwari na kwari na Monarch suna da zaren azurfa maimakon zinariya.

Wani yanki na binciken Lepidoptera wanda Rothschild ya bi shi ne na samar da maganin rigakafi ta hanyar malam buɗe ido. Wannan aikin da farko ya samo asali ne daga abubuwan da Rothschild ya yi a lokacin barkewar cutar anthrax a cikin shekarun 1930, amma bai fara da gaske ba har sai kusan shekaru 60 bayan haka. Rothschild ya rubuta wani rubutun hannu a kan batun kuma an buga sakamakon shekaru 12 bayan mutuwarta.

Rothschild ta kasance memba na makarantar ilimin kwayoyin halitta ta Oxford a cikin shekarun 1960, inda ta sadu da masanin ilimin kwayoyin muhalli E.B. Ford . 

Rothschild ta rubuta littattafai game da mahaifinta (*Rothschild's Reserves - lokaci da yanayin rauni*) da kawunta (*Dear Lord Rothschild*). Ta rubuta kimanin takardu 350 a kan ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta, ilimin dabbobi da sauran batutuwa.

Daga baya a cikin aikinta, Rothschild ta karu da sha'awar maido da hay meadow. A mayar da martani ga wani sharhi cewa zai dauki shekaru 1,000 don sake haifar da wani ciyawa na zamani, ta ce "Zan iya yin koyi mai kyau a cikin goma... ya dauke ni goma sha biyar. " [1] Ta haɓaka cakuda iri da yawa a kan gidan Ashton Wold, gami da wanda ta kira "Farmer's Nightmare". Yarima Charles, Yarima na Wales, ya yi amfani da wani nau'in iri a kan Highgrove Estate.[2]

## Kyaututtuka / girmamawa
A cikin 1973. An zabi Rothschild a matsayin memba na girmamawa na kasashen waje na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka. Ta sami digirin digirin digirgir na girmamawa daga jami'o'i takwas, ciki har da Oxford da Cambridge, kuma ta kasance mai girmamawa na Kwalejin St Hugh, Oxford.  Ta ba da Romanes Lecture na 1984-5 a Oxford . An zabi Rothschild a matsayin Fellow na Royal Society a shekarar 1985 kuma an ba shi taken Dame Commander na Daular Burtaniya a shekarar 2000.

Rothschild ta kasance majagaba a tsakanin mata a cikin ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta kuma ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama mai kula da Gidan Tarihin Halitta (1967-1975),  mace ta farko ta zama shugabar Royal Entomological Society (1993-1994),  mace ta farko don aiki a Kwamitin Kula da Tsaro na Kasa,  kuma mace ta farko a cikin Kungiyar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta mai mambobi takwas.

A cikin 1986 an kafa John Galway Foster Human Rights Trust; a cikin 2006 an faɗaɗa sunan amincewar zuwa The Miriam Rothschild & John Foster Human Rights trust. Wannan yana tallafawa lacca na shekara-shekara game da haƙƙin ɗan adam. Har ila yau, an girmama ta da Farfesa a fannin ilmin halitta a cikin sunanta a Jami'ar Cambridge . 

## Manazarta