Ellen Sharples

Ellen Wallace Sharples (4 Maris 1769 - 14 Maris 1849) ta kasance mai zane-zane na Ingilishi wanda ya ƙware a cikin hotuna a cikin pastel da kuma a cikin ƙananan ruwa a kan hauren giwa . [1] Ta nuna kananan abubuwa biyar a Royal Academy a 1807, kuma ta kafa Bristol Fine Arts Academy a 1844 tare da kyauta mai yawa.[2]

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Ellen Wallace a Lancaster.  Ta yi karatun zane tare da James Sharples a Bath, makarantar koyon fasaha da ta sani, kuma ta aure shi a shekara ta 1787. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu, dukkansu kuma masu zane ne: James Sharples, Jr. (an haife shi a shekara ta 1788) da Rolinda Sharples (an haife shi a shekara ta 1793).  James, wanda ya yi bazawara sau biyu a baya, yana da 'ya'ya maza biyu daga aurensa na baya, George, tare da matarsa ta farko, da Felix (an haife shi a shekara ta 1786 kuma mai zane) tare da matarsa ta biyu.

### Amurka, 1794-1801

Ma'auratan sun yi hijira zuwa Amurka a kusa da shekara ta 1794 a cikin tafiya mai ban tsoro, inda wani mai zaman kansa na Faransa ya kwace jirgin su. An tsare iyalin a Brest na tsawon watanni bakwai, kuma Ellen daga baya za ta rubuta game da wahalar a cikin rubutunta: "Iyalinmu sun fuskanci; sun fuskanci yawancin wahalarta, kuma mun shaida abubuwa da yawa a lokacin da aka tsare mu na watanni bakwai a Faransa, zuciya ce da za a iya tunawa da ita".

Daga bisani sun isa Amurka a cikin wani yunkuri wanda ya nuna salon masu zane-zane na Ingila waɗanda suka yi amfani da karuwar bukatar hoto a Sabon Duniya. Rayuwa a Washington, DC James ya sami babban nasara wajen zana hotuna na shugabannin Amurka (ciki har da George Washington). A kusa da shekara ta 1797, yayin da suke zaune a Philadelphia, Ellen ta fara zana hotuna da sana'a don kara yawan kuɗin shiga na iyali. Da yake amsawa ga babban buƙata don kwafin da za a iya amfani da shi, aikin Ellen ya bunƙasa wajen kwafin hotunan mijinta na asali a kan kwamiti, kuma an sanya ƙananan kwafinta daidai da na mijinta. Ƙananan hotuna, irin su Sharples sun fito, sun kasance mai yiwuwa kuma mai araha ga manyan hotuna na Gilbert Stuart da John Trumbull. Gasar daga wasu ƙananan masu zane-zane ta kasance mai tsauri, kuma a cikin neman damar samun kwamitoci, iyalin sun zama masu tafiya. Sun zauna kuma sun yi aiki a Philadelphia da Birnin New York, kuma sun yi tafiya ta hanyar New England a cikin karusar da aka gina musamman wacce ta ɗauki iyalin, tarin su, da kayan aikin su.

Lokacin da suke ƙanana sosai, yaran Sharples sun fara zanawa, kuma Ellen ta fara horar da 'yarta, Rolinda, a cikin fasahar zane da zane. Yaran sun shiga kasuwancin iyali lokacin da suke cikin matasa, Felix yana da shekaru 17, James Jr. yana da shekaru 15, kuma Rolinda yana da shekaru 13.

### Komawa Ingila, 1801-1809
A cikin 1801, iyalin suka koma Bath saboda tsoron da suke da shi game da yakin Franco-Amurka. Yawancin bayanan da aka sani game da iyalin a wannan lokacin sun fito ne daga littattafan Ellen Sharples da wasiƙu,  kuma a cikin 1803, Ellen ta rubuta game da 'yarta:Zane, karatu da kuma koyar da ƙaunatacciyar Rolinda ya ci gaba da sha'awar ni sosai, kamar yadda suka yi shekaru da yawa.... Mista S. yana jin daɗin koya mata ilimin lissafi da falsafar halitta. Ina halartar karatun ta, rubuce-rubuce, zane, yanayin ƙasa, Faransanci, da sauransu.A wannan lokacin na wucin gadi, Ellen ta kuma nuna kananan siffofinta a Royal Academy of Arts .

### Amurka, 1809-1811
A cikin 1806, iyalin suna da niyyar komawa Amurka, amma jirgin su ya lalace a cikin guguwa kuma dole ne su koma tashar jiragen ruwa. An ba Felix da James Jr. izinin dawowa a wannan lokacin, kuma James, Ellen, da Rolinda sun shiga tare da su bayan shekaru uku. A lokacin zaman su na biyu a Amurka, sun zauna a New York, New Jersey, da Pennsylvania, suna ci gaba da ayyukan hotunan su. James Sharples ya yi rashin lafiya a shekara ta 1810, kuma a cikin hunturu na 1811, ya mutu. Bayan sun daidaita nufin, Ellen, Rolinda, da James Jr. sun koma Ingila, kuma Felix ya zaba ya kasance a Amurka, yana neman aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane.

### Bristol, Ingila, 1811-1849

Rayuwar Ellen ta tafiye-tafiye ta ƙare bayan mutuwar mijinta, kuma ta zauna har abada a Clifton, inda ita, James Jr. da Rolinda suka yi hayar ɗaki. Mambobin uku na iyali sun mai da hankali kan kafa aikin hoto. Ayyukan Rolinda sun ɗauki wani bangare daban-daban kuma mafi girman burin, domin ta fara fentin manyan hotuna da kuma rikitarwa a cikin mai. James, Jr., wanda ya rayu rayuwa mai zaman kanta daga mahaifiyarsa da 'yar'uwarsa, ya ci gaba da zana hotuna. Ellen ta diary nassoshi ga Felix ya ƙare a 1823, kuma ba ta ambaci cewa 'ya'yanta sun taɓa yin aure ba. Iyalin sun yi nasara, amma 'ya'yanta biyu sun riga ta mutu. Rolinda ya mutu daga ciwon nono a 1838, kuma James Jr. ya mutu daga tarin fuka a 1839. Game da asarar ta, Ellen ta rubuta wa abokinta, Miss Sarjeant:cewa a cikin asarar da na yi kwanan nan, dole ne jin daɗina ya kasance mai wahala; domin kun san yadda ƙaunatacciyar ɗana mai baiwa da 'yarta ga mahaifiyarsu suke da kyau, yadda ta sadaukar da kai, ta sanya duk farin cikinta a cikinsu.... Tana kusa da shekaru 72 lokacin da ta rubuta waɗannan kalmomi. Lokacin da Ellen ta mutu a shekara ta 1849 ta bar dukiya mai yawa na £ 4,000 ga Bristol Academy for the Promotion of Fine Arts wanda ya taimaka wajen tallafawa gidan zane-zane na farko na Bristol, yanzu Royal West of England Academy. Ta taimaka wajen gano Kwalejin shekaru da yawa da suka gabata tare da kyautar £ 2,000.

## Takardun sirri
Wasiƙu, takardun shari'a, littattafan banki da asusun da suka shafi James da Ellen Sharples da danginsu ana gudanar da su a Bristol Archives (Ref. 15395) (katalog na kan layi). Ana iya ganin zane-zane da yawa na Ellen da Rolinda Sharples a baje kolin a Gidan Tarihi na Birnin Bristol da Gidan Tarihin M Shed . 

## Hotuna

Ellen Sharples ta fara aikinta na zane-zane ta yin kwafin hotunan mijinta. Tsakanin shekara ta 1794 da 1810, kwafinta ya bi irin wannan tsari na hotunan 9"x 7" a kan launin toka ko takarda. Ta koya wa kanta yadda za a yi ƙananan kwafin ruwa a kan hauren giwa, kuma tsakanin 1803 da 1810 ta yi ƙananan hotuna ko dai daga kwafin ko daga rayuwa. Kudin shiga daga zane-zanen Ellen da 'ya'yanta ya sa iyalin suka wadata, kuma ta rubuta a cikin littafinta:Ana buƙatar kwafi akai-akai; waɗannan na yi, kuma na yi nasara sosai, har ma da samun kwamitoci da yawa kamar yadda zan iya aiwatarwa; an yi la'akari da su daidai da asali, farashin iri ɗaya: mun rayu cikin salon kirki a cikin al'umma ta farko.

Bayan 1810, Ellen ba ta ambaci aikinta a cikin rubutunta ba, duk da haka iyalin sun ci gaba da aiki a matsayin masu zane-zane a Bristol. Batutuwan Ellen sun hada da Joseph Priestley, Martha da George Washington, Benjamin Rush, John da Mrs. Bard, Eleanor Parke Custis, Alexander Hamilton, Sir Joseph Banks, da Marquis de Lafayette .  A yau, ana iya samun ayyukanta a gidajen tarihi da yawa a Amurka, gami da Gidan Tarihi na Metropolitan, National Gallery of Art, da Independence National Historical Park Collection. Ta mutu a Wybunbury, Cheshire .

'Yar Ellen Rolinda Sharples ta zama mai zane-zane na wasu sanannun mutane. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukanta shine The Trial of Colonel Brereton, wanda aka fentin a 1834, wanda ke nunawa a M Shed a Bristol.

## Hotunan Royal Academy
Daga jerin sunayen a cikin littafin masu baje kolin Royal Academy mutum zai iya ganin cewa Ellen Sharples ta nuna ayyukanta a 1807, lokacin da iyalin suka koma Ingila na ɗan gajeren lokaci. An lissafa ta a matsayin "Mrs. James (Ellen) Sharples, Miniature painter".

* H. Brown, Dr. Priestley
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9]
* Dokta Priestley

## Dubi kuma

* Royal West Academy na Ingila

; Mata masu zane-zane na Ingila daga farkon karni na 19 waɗanda suka nuna a Royal Academy of Art 

## Manazarta

## Ƙarin karantawa

* [Hasiya] "Ellen da Rolinda Sharples: Uwar da 'Yar Ma'aikata", *Jaridar Fasaha ta Mata*, Vol. 16, No. 1 (Spring - Summer, 1995), shafuffuka 3-11.
* Ellen Sharples // Neil Jeffares, Dictionary of Pastellists kafin 1800. Shafin yanar gizo.

## Haɗin waje

* Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don Nazarin Amurka
* The Sharples Family and Legal Papers: 1794 - 1854, Dr. Diane Waggoner An adana shi  
* National Portrait Gallery, Hotunan Ellen Sharples
* Hoton Rt.Hon Russell Gurney, pastel a kan takarda