Wendela Hebbe

**Wendela Hebbe** née Åström (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga watan Satumba na shekara ta 1808, Jönköping - 27 ga Agustan shekarar 1899, Stockholm ), ƴar jaridar Sweden ce, marubuciya, kuma mai masaukin baƙi. Ta kasance mace ta farko da ta fara aiki na dindindin a wata jarida ta Sweden.  Ta sami matsayi mai mahimmanci a cikin da'irar adabi na tsakiyar karni na 19 na Sweden kuma ta kasance abin koyi ga macen da aka 'yanta.

## Rayuwar farko
Wendela Hebbe ita ce babba a cikin 'ya'ya mata uku na vicar Anders Samuel Åstrand da Maria Lund. Mahaifinta yana sha'awar wallafe-wallafe da al'adu kuma yana renon 'ya'yansa mata don jin dadin abubuwan da yake da shi, kuma tun tana yarinya, an ƙarfafa ta don karantawa da bincika kiɗa, fasaha da wallafe-wallafe. An bayyana ta a matsayin mai hazaka a cikin kiɗa da wallafe-wallafe kuma ana yi mata lakabi da "Fröken Frågvis" ("Miss Inquisitive"). Esaias Tegnér sanannen mahaifinta ne kuma babban baƙo a gidansu. An ruwaito cewa, ya yi zawarcin Wendela bai yi nasara ba tun tana karama  da kuma bayan aurenta, kuma ya sadaukar da wakokinsa da yawa gare ta. Ta ƙi shi, ta ba shi abota, layin da ta bi.

A 1832, ta auri lauya kuma marubuci Clemens Hebbe (1804-1893), wanda ta haifi 'ya'ya mata uku. A 1839, matar ta yi fatara kuma ta gudu daga ƙasar: na farko zuwa Ingila, ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka, kuma an bar Wendela Hebbe don tallafa wa kanta da 'ya'yanta mata. Ta zauna a Jönköping, kuma ta fara aiki a cikin sana'a daya tilo da ake ganin karbuwar jama'a ga mace mai ilimi a lokacin: ta zama malami kuma ta ba da darussa a cikin kiɗa, waƙa da zane, wanda kawai ya isa don tallafawa kanta.

## Aikin jarida
A cikin shekara ta 1841, littafinta na farko, *Arabella*, ya buga ta Lars Johan Hierta, babban editan jaridar *[[Aftonbladet]]* mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, kuma a wannan shekarar, an yi mata aiki a Aftonbladet  (an ba ta matsayi na dindindin a 1844).

Ana kiran Wendela Hebbe a matsayin 'yar jarida ta farko a Sweden.  Mata sun rubuta labarai da gyara takardu a cikin jaridun Sweden aƙalla tun daga Margareta Momma a cikin 1738, yawancin waɗanda ba a san su ba kamar yadda suka rubuta a ƙarƙashin sunayen da ba a san su ba, amma Wendela Hebbe ita ce mace ta farko mai ba da rahoto da aka ba wa mukami na dindindin a jaridar Sweden kuma ta kasance majagaba a cikin sana'arta: ba har sai a ƙarni na 19 na aikin jarida ba, kuma Muka sami ma'aikacin jaridar Sweden na dindindin. a cikin rajistar ma'aikatan kowane takarda na Sweden.  An jera ta a cikin rajistar ma'aikata na Aftonbladet a tsakanin 1844 da 1851, sannan Marie Sophie Schwartz a *Svenska Tidningen Dagligt Allehanda* a 1851-1859.

Hebbe ya zama mai fassara kuma editan sashen al'adu wanda ke da alhakin ɗaukar al'adu, kiɗa da adabi. Ta yi nazarin wallafe-wallafe da litattafai, kide-kide, wasan kwaikwayo na opera da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, kuma ta gudanar da sashen jerin gwano. An san ta da yin amfani da sashinta don tallata marubutan farko ta hanyar buga littattafansu a matsayin jerin gwano. 

A waje da ayyukanta na al'adu, ta kasance mai aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na zamantakewa, kuma a gaskiya ma ta kasance mai ba da rahoto na farko a Sweden don gabatar da rahoton zamantakewa a Sweden. Wendela Hebbe ya ba da ra'ayoyin 'yanci da jin kai na Aftonbladet a lokacin. Saboda jima'i ta an dauke ta dace da "tambayoyi masu laushi" irin su matsalolin zamantakewa tsakanin matalauta, kuma ta sami kulawa sosai tare da rahoton zamantakewa na farko Biskopens besök (Ziyara daga Bishop) a 1843, wani yanki wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga muhawarar zamantakewar da ta fara a kusa da bambancin aji a Sweden a wannan lokacin. Ta hanyar rahoton rashin adalci na zamantakewa, ta yi nasarar jawo hankali ga yankunan da ke bukatar gyara da kuma taimaka wa mutanen da ke bukatar taimako.

## Aikin adabi
Wendela Hebbe ya yi ritaya a matsayin ɗan jarida a 1851 don mai da hankali kan aikin marubuci. Littafin littafinta na farko *Arabella* labari ne na soyayya na al'ada, amma littattafanta na baya an rubuta su cikin salo na gaske. Littattafanta sun fi mayar da hankali ne kan abubuwan da suka faru maimakon a cikin haruffa, kuma suna da alaƙa da lokacinta sosai. Ta haɗa da masu sukar zamantakewa a matsayin saƙo a cikin litattafanta, kuma an ba da rahoton cewa Dickens da wallafe-wallafen Birtaniyya na ƙarni na 18 sun yi wahayi zuwa gare ta.  An bayyana littafinta *Brudarne* a matsayin mafi shahararta kuma ana kiranta da "labari na farko ga 'yan mata" a Sweden.  A matsayinta na marubuciya, an ɗauke ta a matsayin mai hazaka amma ba ta asali ba, kuma ba ta taɓa samun matsakaicin nasara ba.

Ta fi samun nasara a matsayinta na marubucin waƙoƙi da waƙoƙin yara da matasa. Kuruciyarta mai ban sha'awa a Småland ta rinjayi waƙoƙin 'ya'yanta kuma suna nuna wasannin yara, waƙoƙin yara da tarihin gargajiya. Musamman tatsuniyar ta game da dabbobi Bj Björnson da SH Grundtvig sun yaba sosai. Daga cikin waƙoƙin ta, abubuwan da *Högt deruppe mellan fjällen* (Maɗaukaki tsakanin tsaunuka) da *Linnean* (Linnea) suka shahara sosai. 

A wajen shirye-shiryenta na sirri, ta ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ta tarihi ta rubuta tsofaffin labarun al'adun gargajiya da waƙoƙi. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Hebbe yana da dangantaka mai tsawo da Lars Johan Hierta .  Wannan ya kasance sananne ne kuma ya haifar da zarge-zarge a cikin jaridu da jita-jita cewa an ba ta mukamin ne sakamakon son zuciya . Hebbe da Hierta ba za su iya auren juna ba, kamar yadda dukansu suka yi aure: aurenta da mijinta da aka yi gudun hijira bai wargaje ba sai 1864.  Wendela Hebbe da Lars Johan Hierta suna da ɗa tare, Edvard, a cikin 1852. Ko da mace mai zaman kanta kamar Hebbe ba ta so ta yarda cewa tana da ɗa marar aure.  An haifi Edvard a asirce yayin tafiya Faransa: Hebbe bai yarda da shi ba, amma lokaci-lokaci ya kasance ɗan reno na Hierta a ƙarƙashin sunan da aka ɗauka, kuma yana ziyartar Hebbe lokaci zuwa lokaci, har sai an ba shi gida na dindindin a Jamus.  Danta daga baya ya zama mahaifin mai zane Mollie Faustman .

Wendela Hebbe ya kasance babban jigo a cikin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a Stockholm musamman a shekarun 1840 zuwa 1850, kuma ya dauki nauyin salon adabi da kade-kade wanda ya zama cibiyar adabi da fasaha mai sassaucin ra'ayi, wadanda suka taru don karantawa, kunna kida da tattaunawa.  A da'irar ta Johan Jolin, Gunnar Olof Hyltén-Cavallius da kuma Magnus Jacob Crusenstolpe, wanda ta goyi bayan a gwagwarmayar ' yancin fadin albarkacin baki . Abota ta musamman ita ce ta Carl Jonas Love Almquist,  wanda aikinsa a matsayin marubuci ta sha'awar, yayin da suke raba sha'awar zargi na zamantakewa. Ta kuma bayar da rahoton cewa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin mai ba da shawara da sakatare a cikin ƙirƙirar abubuwan Almquist, musamman *wakokinsa*, a cewar 'yarta Signe Hebbe, wacce ta tuna da mahaifiyarta da Almquist suna zaune kusa da piano a lokacin waƙoƙinsa: "A cikin farkon 40s, lokacin da yawancin waƙoƙin A[lmquist]: aka kammala, Almqvist ya nuna waƙar da ake so a kan maɓalli mai kyau. murya mai dumi ta gabatar da sabbin abubuwan da aka kirkira ga da'irar abokai".  Almqvist ta yi bikinta da abun piano »Vendelas mörka lockar» (duhun curls na Vendela). A cewar Signe Hebbe, mahaifiyarta da Almqvist ba su taɓa samun dangantaka ta soyayya ba, amma sauran wasiƙu da halayen Almqvist sun nuna cewa da alama sun fi abokai  Wendela Hebbe ta nuna goyon bayanta na aminci ga Carl Jonas Love Almquist a lokacin abin kunya na 1851.

Salon nata wani muhimmin bangare ne na rayuwar adabin Stockholm kuma an dauke shi a matsayin muhimmin makoma ga marubucin da ya ziyarci Stockholm: Johan Ludvig Runeberg ya yi haka a lokacin gajeriyar ziyararsa a 1851.  Gidanta ya ci gaba da zama wurin taro shekaru da yawa, ko da bayan rashin lafiya ya sa ta kasa tafiya a 1878, kuma daga baya ta saba da Ellen Key da Herman Sätherberg, wakokin da ta tsara waƙa.  Ta kuma raka diyarta, shahararriyar mawakiyar opera Signe Hebbe, a rangadin da ta yi a kasashen Turai.

Ba a taɓa yin suna Wendela Hebbe a matsayin marubuci ba, amma ta taka rawar gani a matsayin mai masaukin baki, kuma ko da yake ita kanta ba ta taɓa shiga aikin ' yantar da mata ba, ta kasance farkon abin koyi ga macen da aka 'yanta ta hanyar rayuwarta mai zaman kanta da rigima. Gösta Lundström ta ce game da ita:

: "A matsayin marubuci kadai, Hebbe ba za a iya ba da wani babban matsayi a cikin tarihin mu. Amma a matsayin taro da kuma karfafa karfi a cikin al'adu rayuwa na Sweden na karni na 19, ta cancanci tunawa. Har ila yau, a matsayin daya daga cikin na farko wakilan 'yantar da mata a cikin al'ummarmu, ta kare matsayinta a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi sanannun Swedish matan Sweden na karnin da ta nuna rashin lafiya al'amurran da cewa a cikin da yawa romantic al'amurran da mata. zamanin, ta daidaita wannan tare da basirarta da zahirin gaskiya." 

Marubuciya kuma 'yar jarida Jane Gernandt-Claine ta bayyana ta:

: "A kusa da dukkan halittunta akwai iskar da ba za a iya misalta ta ba na gyare-gyaren ruhi, wannan daukakar ruhi, wacce ke cikin abubuwa masu ban sha'awa a rayuwa. Ba ka taɓa samun kusanci da ita da gaske ba kuma ba ka taɓa son gaske ba, kun yi farin ciki da kasancewa nesa da girman ruhi da yawa a cikin wannan harsashi mai laushi da ladabi. 

Maza masu fasaha na zamani sun yi zawarcin Wendela Hebbe da yawa amma an kwatanta shi a matsayin marar banza. Ta yi tsokaci game da kanta da rayuwarta cewa an haife ta "da yawan buri da takaici". 

## Gado
A cikin 1983 ƙungiyar Abokan Wendela Hebbe ( Swedish:   an kafa shi ne don adana ƙwaƙwalwar Wendela Hebbe. Ƙungiyar ta adana gidanta na bazara a Södertälje, wanda Hierta ya ba ta a 1863, kuma ya mai da shi gidan kayan gargajiya .

An sanya mata sunan gidan wasan motsa jiki *[[Wendela Hebbegymnasiet|na Wendela Hebbegymnasiet]]* da ke Södertälje.

## Ayyuka

* *Arabella* (labari, 1841)
* *Svenska skaldestycken för ungdom* (littafin wakoki "ga matasa", 1845)
* *Arbetkarlens hustru* (Matar mai aiki) (Rahoto, 1846)
* *Brudarne* (The Brides) (labari, 1846). Shahararren aikinta.
* *En fattig familj* (Babban iyali) (rahoto, 1850)
* *Tvillingbrodern* (Twin Brother) (labari, 1851)
* *Lycksökarna* (Masu farauta) (labari, 1852)
* *Dalkullan* (wasa, 1858)
* *I Skogen* (A cikin dazuzzuka) (Littafin yara, 1871)
* *Bland trollen* (A cikin ogres) (Littafin yara, 1877)
* *Karkashin hängranarne* (Karƙashin bishiyar rataye) (labari, 1877)

## Duba kuma

* Catharina Ahlgren asalin
* Louise Flodin
* Maria Cederschiöld

## Manazarta