Amnesty International

**Amnesty International** (ana kuma kiranta **Amnesty** ko **AI** ) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta duniya wadda ke da *helkwatarta* a ƙasar Burtaniya, kuma kungiyar ta mai da hankali akan 'yancin ɗan adam. Ƙungiyar ta ce tana da mambobi da magoya baya sama da miliyan bakwai (7) a faɗin duniya. 

Manufar ƙungiyar ita ce yakin neman zaɓe ga "duniyar da kowane mutum ke jin daɗin dukkan haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam da ke cikin Yarjejeniyar ofan Dan Adam ta Duniya da sauran kayan haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya ." and the United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights in 1978.

An kafa Amnesty International a Landan a cikin shekara ta 1961, biyo bayan buga labarin "fursunonin da aka manta da su” a *cikin jaridar mai lura da kallo* a ranar 28 ga Mayun shekara ta 1961,  daga lauya Peter Benenson . Amnesty ta ja hankali kan take hakkin bil adama kuma tana fafutukar bin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa. Yana aiki don tattara ra'ayoyin jama'a don haifar da matsin lamba ga gwamnatoci inda cin zarafi ke faruwa.  Amnesty ta dauki hukuncin kisan kai a matsayin "karshe, na kin amincewa da hakkin dan adam." Kuma  an ba wa kungiyar lambar yabo ta Nobel ta zaman lafiya ta shekara ta 1977 saboda "kare mutuncin dan adam daga azabtarwa,"  da lambar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a fagen 'Yancin Dan Adam a shekara ta 1978. 

A fagen ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya, Amnesty tana da tarihi mafi tsayi na uku, bayan Tarayyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Dan-Adam  da Ƙungiyar Kare Hakkin Bauta .

 

## Tarihi

### Shekarun 1960
Barrister Peter Benenson ɗan Ingila ne ya kafa kungiyar Amnesty International a Landan a watan Yulin shekara ta 1961.  Benenson ya sami tasirin ne daga abokinsa Louis Blom-Cooper, wanda ya jagoranci kamfen ɗin fursunonin siyasa.  

A cewar nasa asusun na Benenson, yana tafiya ne a jirgin karkashin kasa na London a ranar 19 ga Nuwamban shekara ta 1960 lokacin da ya karanta cewa an yanke wa ɗaliban Fotigal biyu daga Coimbra hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru bakwai a Fotigal saboda zargin "sun sha giya a cikin 'yanci". Masu bincike ba su taɓa gano labarin jaridar da ake zargi ba. A cikin shekara ta 1960, Estado Novo na gwamnatin António de Oliveira Salazar ke mulkin Portugal.  Gwamnati ta kasance mai karfin iko a yanayi kuma tana tsananin adawa da kwaminisanci, tana danne makiyan jihar a matsayin mai adawa da Portugal. A cikin mahimmin labarinsa na gidan kaso "fursunonin da aka manta da su", daga baya Benenson ya bayyana abin da ya aikata kamar haka:Buɗe jaridar ka kowane rana a mako kuma za ka sami labari daga wani wuri na ɗaure wani, azabtarwa ko kashe shi saboda ra'ayinsa ko addininsa ba zai karɓi gwamnatinsa ba. . . Mai karanta jarida yana jin rashin lafiyar rashin ƙarfi. Amma duk da haka idan waɗannan abubuwan ƙyamar zasu iya haɗuwa zuwa aiki ɗaya, za a iya yin wani abu mai tasiri. Benenson yayi aiki tare da abokin sa Eric Baker . Baker ya kasance memba ne na kungiyar Addinai ta Abokai wanda ya kasance yana bayar da gudummawa wajen yakin Kamfen din Burtaniya don kwance damarar nukiliya tare da zama shugaban Quaker Peace da Shaidar Jama'a, kuma a cikin bayanan nasa, Benenson ya bayyana shi a matsayin "abokin tarayya a wajen kaddamar da aikin ".  A cikin shawarwari tare da sauran marubuta, malamai da lauyoyi kuma, musamman, Alec Digges, sun rubuta ta hanyar Louis Blom-Cooper ga David Astor, editan jaridar *The Observer*, wanda, a ranar 28 ga Watan Mayun shekara ta 1961, ya buga labarin Benenson "fursunonin da aka manta". Labarin ya jawo hankalin mai karatu ga wadanda "aka daure su, aka azabtar da su ko kuma aka kashe su saboda ra'ayinsa ko addininsa abin karba ne ga gwamnatinsa"  ko kuma, a wata hanyar, ga take hakki, da gwamnatoci, na shafuffuka na 18 da 19 na sanarwar duniya ta 'Yancin Dan Adam (UDHR). Labarin ya bayyana wadannan take hakkokin da ke faruwa, a duniya baki daya, a mahallin takaita 'yanci na' yan jarida, da masu adawa da siyasa, da gabatar da shari'ar jama'a a kan lokaci a gaban kotunan da ba na son kai, da kuma neman mafaka. Hakan ya nuna ƙaddamar da "Rokon neman afuwa ga Amnesty, 1961", wanda manufar sa shi ne tattara ra'ayoyin jama'a, cikin hanzari da yaduwa, don kare waɗannan mutane, waɗanda Benenson ya ba wa suna "Fursunonin Lamiri". Da yawa daga cikin jaridun duniya sun sake buga "Rokon neman afuwa". A cikin wannan shekarar, Benenson yana da wani littafi da aka buga, *Tsanantawa 1961*, wanda ya ba da cikakken bayani game da shari'ar fursunoni tara na lamiri da Benenson da Baker suka bincika kuma suka tattara (Maurice Audin, Ashton Jones, Agostinho Neto, Patrick Duncan, Olga Ivinskaya, Luis Taruc, Constantin Noica, Antonio Amat da Hu Feng ).  A watan Yulin Shekara ta 1961, shugabannin sun yanke shawarar cewa roƙon zai zama tushen tushen dindindin kungiya, Amnesty, tare da taron farko da za a yi a London. Benenson ya tabbatar da cewa dukkan manyan jam'iyyun siyasa uku sun samu wakilci, inda ya nemi mambobin majalisar daga Labour Party, Conservative Party, da Liberal Party .  A ranar 30 ga Satumba 1962, a hukumance aka sanya mata suna "Amnesty International". Tsakanin "Rokon neman Afuwa, A shekara ta 1961" da watan Satumban shekara ta 1962 an san ƙungiyar kawai da "Amnesty". 

* *A na Auschwitz ne*
* *A Kofar Gidan Mutuwa*
* *Lu'u-lu'u na jini* 
* *Bordertown*
* *Kama Wuta*
* *A Kurkuku Duk Rayuwata*
* *Invictus*
* *Ubangijin Yaƙi*
* *Rendition*
* *Mai Adalcin Kullum*
* *Tibet: Fiye da Tsoro*
* *Matsalar Ruwa*
* *Shekaru 12 Bawa*
* *Django Ba a Koyar da shi ba*
* *Taimako*

## Duba kuma

* Kyautar Jakadan lamiri
* Gangamin Kwana 100
* Amnesty International UK Media Awards
* Jerin sunayen wadanda suka ci lambar yabo ta kafofin yada labarai na Amnesty International UK
* Jerin masu gwagwarmayar zaman lafiya
* Hadin kan Duniya da Hukumcin Mutuwa
* Masana cikin Hadari

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗin waje

* Shafin yanar gizo na Amnesty
* Shin Amnesty International tana nuna son kai?, Tattaunawar 2002 ta Dennis Bernstein da Dr. Francis Boyle
* Littafin adana kayan tarihin Amnesty International, wanda aka gudanar a Cibiyar Rikodi na Zamani, Jami'ar Warwick
* Shugabar Amnesty International Irene Khan a kan Gaskiya Ba a Ji ba: Talauci da 'Yancin Dan Adam - bidiyo ta *Dimokiradiyya Yanzu!*
* Gaggawar Amnesty International don Kawar da Hukuncin Mutuwa - bidiyo ta TBWA / Paris da Pleix ga Amnesty International Faransa
*  a Cibiyar Nazarin Tarihin Jama'a ta Duniya
* Amnesty International