Dokar Shige da Fice ta kasar Sin, 1885

***Dokar Shige da Fice ta China, 1885*** wani aiki ne na Majalisar Kanada wanda ya sanya harajin kai na $50 ( equivalent to $1,749 a cikin 2023 ) kan duk baƙi 'yan China da ke shiga Kanada. Ya dogara ne akan shawarwarin Hukumar Sarauta kan Shige da Fice ta China, wadda aka buga a 1885.

An ba da izinin sarauta a ranar 20 ga Yuli 1885,  kuma ta bi dokar keɓancewa ta Sinawa ta Amurka, wacce aka zartar a cikin 1882. 

## Tarihi
A farkon shekarun 1880, lokacin gina layin dogo na Kanada (CPR), bakin haure 17,000 na kasar Sin sun zo Canada don yin aiki a matsayin ma'aikata .  Mutane da yawa sun zo daga kasar Sin, amma wasu sun zo daga jihohin Amurka da suka hada da Washington, Oregon, da California, bayan aikin da suka yi a kan layin dogo da kuma sansanonin hakar ma'adinai.  Shigowar Sinawa a Kanada wani bangare ne sakamakon neman aiki mai arha a kasashen Yamma. Manyan karancin ma'aikata a British Columbia sun yi barazanar dorewar tattalin arzikin Kanada.  Don haka, a matsayin wata hanya ta kawo ingancin tattalin arzikin yammacin duniya, an ƙarfafa shige da ficen Sinawa a farkon shekarun 1880. Bugu da ƙari, an kafa CPR don haɗa kan Kanada ta jiki, kuma masu masana'antu suna son aiki mai arha don kammala gininsa. An kafa shi a cikin 1881, an kammala CPR a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 1885, "shekaru shida kafin lokacin tsarawa, lokacin da aka kori karan karshe a Craigellachie, BC"  Bayan kammala shi, buƙatun shige da fice na kasar Sin ya ragu sosai.

Shige da fice zuwa Kanada ya kuma haifar da damun siyasa da yanayin zamantakewa a China.  Sama da baƙi 44,000 sun isa Kanada tsakanin 1858 zuwa 1923,  yawancinsu "maza ne, marasa ilimi, kuma marasa ƙwarewa."  Yawancin 'yan gudun hijira na kasar Sin a wannan lokacin suna zaune a lardin British Columbia, musamman a biranen New Westminster da Victoria.  Baya ga aikin su a kan CPR, an yi amfani da baƙi na farko a cikin ayyukan da suka haɗa da hakar ma'adinai, gandun daji, da kamun kifi. 

Ko da yake an maraba da farko a Kanada, ana ƙara fargabar cewa baƙi za su karɓi ayyukan yi daga mutanen Kanada, da kuma tsoron jama'ar Sinawa gabaɗaya,  ya haifar da kyama ga al'ummar Sinawa da yin kira ga sake fasalin shige da fice. An kuma ce su "sun kasance suna fama da cututtuka masu banƙyama da halaye masu raɗaɗi"  kuma an ɗauke su a matsayin "mutane maras kyau."   amincewa da jama'a na 'yan gudun hijirar kasar Sin, lardin British Columbia ya sake nazarin matsayinsu na shari'a tsakanin shekarun 1872 da 1885. 

Rashin gamsuwa da shige da ficen kasar Sin ya karu, kuma a shekara ta 1885, an nada wani kwamiti na masarauta don samun shaidar cewa takaita shige da ficen Sinawa zai kasance mafi alheri ga kasar. Firayim Minista John A. Macdonald da farko ya ƙi gabatar da matakan haramtawa, amma a ƙarshe ya amince kuma ya nada hukumar. Hukumar kula da shige da fice ta kasar Sin a shekarar 1885 ta yi hira da daruruwan mutane da nufin fahimtar ra'ayin mafi rinjaye kan shige da ficen kasar Sin. 

Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau da John Hamilton Gray ne suka jagoranci kwamitin, wadanda suka tattara shaidu game da shige da ficen kasar Sin a taron jama'a a fadin British Columbia kuma suka kwatanta wadannan shaida da wadanda suka taru a gabar tekun Pacific na Amurka . An gabatar da shaidar mutane 51. Shaidu na kasar Sin guda biyu ne aka tuntuba: jami'ai biyu daga karamin ofishin jakadancin kasar Sin a San Francisco . An ba da rahoton ra'ayoyi da yawa, ciki har da wasu masu goyon bayan shige da ficen kasar Sin bisa ma'aunin ingancin tattalin arziki.  Duk da haka, gaba ɗaya yarjejeniya kan yanayin shige da fice na kasar Sin ya kasance bukatu mai ƙarfi na ƙuntatawa.  Da'awar da ake yi wa Sinawa na batanci ne kuma an gano cewa ba su da wata 'yar shaida a bayansu. Duk da wannan, hukumar ta ba da shawarar kafa wata doka mai tsaka-tsaki game da shige da ficen Sinawa tare da ba da shawarar harajin dala 10 . 

### Muhimmanci
Aikin ya kasance mai matukar mahimmanci sakamakon kasancewarsa irinsa na farko a tarihin Kanada kuma daga baya ya aza harsashi na manufofin keɓancewa da ayyuka na gaba. Dokar ta gindaya ka'idojin harajin shugabanni, wanda daga baya aka tace su da tsauri. Don haka, ƙaura daga China ya ragu sosai har zuwa shekarun 1940. 

Manufar kafa wata al'umma ta "farar fata" ga Kanada, kamar yadda Kenneth Munro ya bayyana, "irin wannan wariya ya tashi a gaban wannan muhimmin jigo na al'ummar Kanada, wato, mutunta bambancin al'adu da al'adu." 

## Manazarta