open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Developed country

**[[Ƙasa, yanki|ƙasar]] da ta ci gaba**, ko ƙasa mai ci gaba,   ƙasa ce da ke da ingancin rayuwa, tattalin arziki mai ci gaba da ci gaba da kayan aikin fasaha dangane da sauran ƙasashe marasa masana'antu. Mafi yawanci, ka'idojin kimanta matakin ci gaban tattalin arziki sune babban samfurin cikin gida (GDP), Babban samfurin ƙasa (GNP), Kudin shiga na kowane mutum, matakin masana'antu, adadin kayan aikin da aka yadu da kuma yanayin rayuwa gaba ɗaya. Waɗanne ƙa'idodi za a yi amfani da su kuma waɗanne ƙasashe za a iya rarraba su a matsayin masu tasowa sune batutuwan muhawara. Ma'anoni daban-daban na kasashe masu tasowa suna bayarwa ta Asusun Kuɗi na Duniya da Bankin Duniya; Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da Matsayi na HDI don nuna alamar rayuwa, ilimi, da samun kudin shiga ga kowane mutum. A cikin 2025, kasashe 40 sun dace da dukkan ka'idoji uku, yayin da ƙarin kasashe 22 suka dace da biyu daga cikin uku.

Kasashe masu tasowa suna da tattalin arzikin masana'antu, ma'ana bangaren sabis yana ba da wadata fiye da bangaren masana'antu. Sun bambanta da kasashe masu tasowa, waɗanda ke cikin tsarin masana'antu ko kuma sun kasance kafin masana'antu kuma kusan gaba ɗaya na aikin gona, wasu daga cikinsu na iya fadawa cikin rukunin Kasashe masu tasha. Ya zuwa 2023, tattalin arzikin ci gaba ya ƙunshi 57.3% na GDP na duniya bisa ga ƙimar ƙididdiga da 41.1% na GDP na Duniya bisa ga daidaito na sayen-ikon (PPP) bisa ga IMF.

## Ma'anar da ka'idoji
Ka'idodin tattalin arziki sun kasance suna mamaye tattaunawar. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan ma'auni shine samun kudin shiga ga kowane mutum; ƙasashe masu yawan kuɗin cikin gida (GDP) ga kowane mutum za a bayyana su a matsayin ƙasashe masu tasowa. Wani ma'auni na tattalin arziki shine masana'antu; ƙasashen da bangarorin masana'antu na uku da na huɗu suka mamaye za a bayyana su a matsayin masu tasowa. Kwanan nan, wani ma'auni, Human Development Index (HDI), wanda ya haɗu da ma'aunin tattalin arziki, kudin shiga na ƙasa, tare da wasu ma'aoni, alamun tsammanin rayuwa da ilimi ya zama sananne. Wannan ma'auni zai bayyana kasashe masu tasowa a matsayin wadanda ke da matsayi mai girma (HDI). Alamar, duk da haka, ba ta la'akari da dalilai da yawa, kamar dukiyar kowane mutum ko ingancin kayan da ke cikin ƙasa. Wannan halin yana rage matsayi na wasu daga cikin kasashe masu ci gaba, kamar membobin G7 da sauransu.

### Irin waɗannan kalmomi
Kalmomin da ke da alaƙa da manufar *Kasar da ta ci gaba* sun haɗa da "ƙasar da ta ci nasara", "ƙasar mai tasowa" (MDC), "ƙasar ci gaba da tattalin arziki" (MEDC), "ƙasa ta Arewa ta Duniya", "ƙasa ce ta duniya", da kuma "ƙasar bayan masana'antu". Kalmar kasar da ta masana'antu na iya zama mai rikitarwa, saboda masana'antu tsari ne mai gudana wanda yake da wuyar bayyanawa. Kasar farko mai masana'antu ita ce Ingila, Belgium ta biyo baya. Daga baya ya bazu zuwa Jamus, Amurka, Faransa da sauran kasashen Yammacin Turai. A cewar wasu masana tattalin arziki kamar Jeffrey Sachs, duk da haka, rarrabuwar da ke tsakanin kasashe masu tasowa da masu tasowa ya fi zama abin mamaki na karni na 20.

## Manazarta
Phyllis Paul

**Phyllis Paul** (1903 - 1973) marubuciyar marubuciya ce ta Ingila. 

## Sana'a
Ta buga littattafai goma sha ɗaya tsakanin 1933 da 1967.  Ita da kanta ta yi la'akari da cewa littattafai biyu na farko, *We Are Spoiled* da *The Children Triumphant*, waɗanda na biyun suka buga a 1934, juvenilia ne kuma littattafanta na baya ba su lissafa su ba.  Martin Secker ne ya buga littattafanta na farko guda biyu, amma littattafanta na gaba na Heinemann .  An bayyana ayyukanta masu girma a matsayin "wasan kwaikwayo na adabi na allahntaka",  "da kyau wajen sarrafa makircinsu".  An siffanta ta a matsayin "mawallafiyar marubuciya mai wayo, aikinta yana haifar da yanayi na allahntaka kuma sau da yawa yana ba da damar fassara allahntaka",  kuma a matsayin "rubutu daga tunani mai daidaituwa da daidaito". 

## Mutuwa da gado
Paul ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Agusta, 1973  lokacin da babur ya buge ta yayin da take ketare hanya a Hastings, asalinta ya samo asali ne kawai saboda wani rubutu da ke kan mayafinta.  Magajinta shine kawarta Lydia M. Lee, wacce aka bar wa 'yar uwarta kadarorinta.  Littattafan ta sun faɗi bayan mutuwarta, kuma daga baya masu tattarawa suka daraja kwafin, suna sayar da ɗaruruwan daloli.   A cikin 2012 Sundial Press ta sake buga *A Cage for the Nightingale*,  wanda shi ma ya sake buga *Pull Down* a 2021.  McNally Editions ta sake buga *Twice Lost* a 2023.  

## Ayyuka

* *Mun lalace*, 1933
* *The Children Triumphant*, 1934
* *Camilla*, 1949
* *Constancy*, 1951
* *Zakin Cooling Bay*, 1953
* *Rox Hall mai haske*, 1956
* *Keke don Nightingale*, 1957
* *Twice Lost*, 1960 (wanda WW Norton &amp;amp; Company ta buga a Amurka)
* Littafin *A Little Treachery*, 1962 (wanda WW Norton &amp;amp; Company ta buga a Amurka)
* *Pull Down*, 1964 (wanda kuma aka buga a matsayin *Echo of Guilt* ta Lancer Books a 1966)
* *Duhu Mai Ganuwa*, 1967

## Manazarta
Desakota

**Desakota** kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin Yanayin birane don bayyana yankuna a cikin tsawo da ke kewaye da manyan birane, inda birane da nau'ikan noma na amfani da ƙasa da zama tare kuma suna da haɗuwa sosai.

## Magana
Mai binciken birane Terry McGee na Jami'ar British Columbia ne ya kirkiro kalmar a kusa da 1990. Ya fito ne daga Indonesian desa "ƙauyen" da kota "birni".

Yankunan Desakota yawanci suna faruwa a Asiya, musamman Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. Ana iya samun misalai a cikin yankunan birane na Java,  yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a, yankunan da suka yi kama da delta a kan iyakokin Jakarta ("Jabodetabek"), amma kuma yankunan birni na Bangkok ko Manila.  A waje da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, an bayyana yankunan da ke da siffofi masu kama da juna a kasar Sin, Indiya, Nepal, Japan, Taiwan, da Koriya ta Kudu.

## Halaye
Yankunan Desakota suna waje da yankunan da ke kusa da birane, daga inda tafiye-tafiye na yau da kullun ke da sauƙin yiwuwa, watau fiye da kilomita 30 zuwa 50 (19 zuwa 31  daga tsakiyar gari. Sau da yawa suna yaduwa tare da hanyoyin arterial da sadarwa, wani lokacin daga ɗayan gari zuwa na gaba. Ana nuna su da yawan jama'a da kuma amfani da aikin gona mai zurfi (musamman noman shinkafa mai laushi), amma sun bambanta da yankunan karkara masu yawan jama'awa ta hanyar halaye masu kama da birane. Wadannan ka'idoji sune: cibiyoyin sufuri masu tasowa, yawan motsi na jama'a, karuwar aiki a waje da bangaren noma, kasancewar nau'o'i daban-daban na amfani da ƙasa, ƙarin shiga mata a cikin aikin da aka biya, da kuma amfani da ƙasa mara tsari.

Idan aka ba su girman su da iyakokin da ba a bayyana ba, fitowar yankunan Desakota ya kawo matsaloli ga gwamnati, kamar yadda tsare-tsaren uniform, ka'idoji ko kayayyaki ba su da tabbas. Yankunan Desakota suna da halayen manyan kayayyaki da aiyuka da saurin canji a cikin tsarin sulhu. Yawancin lokaci suna kauce wa rarrabuwa a cikin yankuna na musamman waɗanda aka saba amfani da su a cikin yanayin birane. Hanyoyi daban-daban na amfani, kamar misali aikin gona na gargajiya, babban sikelin da masana'antar gidaje, wuraren shakatawa da wuraren golf, cibiyoyin cin kasuwa da wuraren shakatawa, da kuma siffofin sulhu daga garuruwan shanty zuwa al'umma masu ƙofar suna tare a cikinsu kusa da juna.

## Dubi kuma

* Tsayar da birane
* Ci gaban Ribbon
* Yaduwar birane
* Ƙauyen birni (China)

## Manazarta
Alexander Donski

**Alexander Donski** (Bulgarian; an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1998) ɗan wasan Tennis ne na Bulgarian wanda ke fafatawa a kan ATP Challenger Tour da ITF Tour . Donski tana da matsayi na biyu mafi girma na ATP ta Bulgarian, ta sami matsayi mafi girma a duniya No. 120 a ranar 1 ga Disamba 2025 da kuma matsayi na No. 525 da aka samu a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2022. Grigor Dimitrov ne kawai ya sami matsayi mafi girma na ATP ga dan wasan Bulgarian, ya kai No. 66.

Donski ya lashe lambar yabo ta 1 ATP Challenger da 20 ITF World Tennis Tour a cikin ninki biyu  kuma memba ne na ƙungiyar Davis Cup ta Bulgaria. 

## Tashar YouTube
A ƙarshen 2016, Donski ya fara tashar YouTube da ake kira Operation Liftoff wanda ya rubuta ci gabansa a wasannin Futures a kan ITF Pro Circuit tare da nuna wasu ƙalubalen da al'amuran rayuwar ƙwararren ɗan wasan tennis a kan yawon shakatawa.

An yi tashar ne tare da hadin gwiwar dan uwansa, Lazar Dokov, wanda ya yi tafiya tare da shi kuma ya yi gasa tare da shi a Kudu maso gabashin Turai har zuwa Oktoba 2017.

Ya zuwa Janairu 2025, tashar tana da bidiyo 40, sama da masu biyan kuɗi 6,000, da kuma ra'ayoyi sama da 800,000 gabaɗaya.

## Ayyukan ITF Junior
Donski ya kai matsayi mafi girma na ITF na No. 92  a ranar 24 ga Oktoba 2016.

Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa game da aikinsa a cikin 'yan wasa a kan ITF Junior Tour sun hada da: 

A cikin sau biyu ya lashe lakabi uku ciki har da taron Grade 1 a Maroko, taron Grade 4 a Amurka, taron Grate 5 a Bahamas, kuma ya sake yin wasan karshe a taron Grade 2 a Girka.

Overall, in international junior competition, Donski compiled a cumulative win/loss record of 68-47 in singles and 33-40 in doubles. Donski represented Canada in international competition until June 2016, after which he began representing Bulgaria, citing heritage and favorable player development opportunities. &#x5B;**&#x5D;

## Ayyukan sana'a
Donski a hukumance ya zama mai sana'a a shekarar 2017, duk da haka, a farkon shekarar 2014,  ya buga wasanni masu iyaka a gasar ITF Pro Circuit don samun kwarewa tare da babban aikinsa a kan ITF Junior Tour.  A matsayinsa na mai son, ya cancanci sau biyu don babban zane na gasar Futures, sau ɗaya a Jamhuriyar Dominica a ƙarshen 2015  kuma a karo na biyu a Girka shekara guda bayan haka. 

### 2017: Abubuwan ATP na farko
A cikin 2017, Donski ya sami maki biyu na farko na ATP wanda ya ɗaukaka shi zuwa matsayi na ƙarshen shekara na No. 1575.  Dukkanin maki sun zo ne a lokacin rani a abubuwan da suka faru na $ 15K da aka gudanar a Istanbul,   wanda ya samu nasarar cancanta. A matsayinsa na mai cancanta a cikin babban zane, ya kayar da wani dan Turkiyya mai sa'a don lashe maki na farko na ATP, sannan a taron na gaba ya kayar leƙen ɗan'uwansa, kuma daga Turkiye, don lashe na biyu. Donski ya sanya kansa don ya buga wa maki na ATP a wasu lokuta 6 a wannan shekarar, duk da haka bai iya samun karin maki ba.

## manazarta
Developing country

**[[Ƙasa, yanki|ƙasar]] da ke tasowa** ƙasa ce da ke da tushen masana'antu marasa ci gaba da ƙananan Ci gaban Dan Adam (HDI) dangane da ƙasashe masu tasowa. Koyaya, wannan ma'anar ba a yarda da ita ba a duniya. Har ila yau, babu wata yarjejeniya a kan waɗanne ƙasashe suka dace da wannan rukuni. Kalmomin ƙasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaici (**LMIC**) da **sabon tattalin arziki mai tasowa** (**NEE**) galibi ana amfani da su sau da yawa amma suna nufin tattalin arzikin ƙasashe kawai. Bankin Duniya ya rarraba tattalin arzikin duniya zuwa kungiyoyi huɗu, bisa ga yawan kuɗin shiga na ƙasa ga kowane mutum: manyan, matsakaicin matsakaici, da ƙasashe masu karamin kuɗi. Kasashe masu tasowa, kasashe masu tasha da ke kewaye da teku, da Ƙananan tsibirai masu tasowa duk ƙananan rukuni ne na kasashe masu ci gaba. Kasashe a wancan gefen bakan galibi ana kiransu Kasashe masu samun kudin shiga ko Kasashe masu tasowa.

Akwai rikice-rikice game da amfani da kalmomin, kamar yadda wasu ke jin cewa yana ci gaba da tsohuwar ra'ayi na "mu" da "su". A cikin shekara ta 2015, Bankin Duniya ya bayyana cewa "ƙaddamarwa / haɓaka duniya" ya zama mara amfani kuma za su kawar da amfani da wannan mai bayyanawa. Maimakon haka, rahotannin su za su gabatar da tarin bayanai ga yankuna da kungiyoyin samun kudin shiga. Kalmar "Kudancin Duniya" wasu suna amfani da ita azaman madadin kalma ga kasashe masu tasowa.

Kasashe masu tasowa suna da wasu halaye iri ɗaya, galibi saboda tarihin su ko yanayin ƙasa. Waɗannan su ne halaye da aka kama ta hanyar bayanai da ma'anar Bankin Duniya da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A gefe guda, rarrabawar IMF tana mai da hankali ne kawai kan hadin kan kudi da kwanciyar hankali kuma ba a kan matakin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na kasar ba. Har ila yau, ana nuna shi ta hanyar ma'anar IMF wanda ke amfani da kasuwanni / tattalin arziki ba kasashe ba. Bugu da ƙari, karɓar Yuro ya sami ƙasashen Turai da yawa da IMF ta inganta nan take zuwa zama tattalin arziki mai ci gaba (ainihin aiki na IMF) bisa ga haɗin kuɗi mafi girma ba tare da la'akari da wasu abubuwan tattalin arziki ko ci gaban zamantakewa ba.

## Kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su don rarraba ƙasashe
Akwai kalmomi da yawa da aka yi amfani da su don rarraba ƙasashe zuwa matakai masu tsanani na ci gaba. Rarrabawar kowace ƙasa da aka ba ta bambanta a cikin tushe, kuma wani lokacin, waɗannan rarrabuwa ko takamaiman kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su ana ɗaukar su da banƙyama.

## Manazarta
Robert Wilson Dron

**Robert Wilson Dron** FRSE MA MICE PIME (1869-1932) masanin ilimin ƙasa ne na Scotland kuma injiniyan hakar ma'adinai, yana rubuta littattafai masu yawa game da hakar kwal. Ya kasance Farfesa na Fasahar Ma'adinai a Jami'ar Glasgow . Shi ne wanda ya kafa kamfanin hakar ma'adinai na **R W Dron & Sons** . Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Cibiyar Ma'adinai ta Scotland daga 1923 zuwa 1925.

## Rayuwa
An haife shi a Glasgow a 1869, ɗan Alexander Dron injiniyan masana'antu. A shekara ta 1893 ya bayyana a matsayin Manajan Coal da Fire Clay Mine a Provanhall kusa da Glasgow, mallakar R & J Mather.

cikin 1901 ya kafa R W Dron & Sons, yana da ofisoshi a 55 West Regent Street a Glasgow. A wannan lokacin ya zauna a cikin babban gida: Utica a kan Thorn Drive / Westbourne Drive a Bearsden .  Ya kasance memba na Glasgow Geological Society .

Ya ba da shawara game da hakar ma'adinai a wurare daban-daban na kasashen waje daga Dutsen Caucasus zuwa Spitzbergen, da kuma daga Nova Scotia zuwa California.

An zabe shi Fellow na Royal Society na Edinburgh a shekarar 1917. Masu gabatar da shi sune John Horne, Ben Peach, Sir John Smith Flett da Thomas James Jehu . 

A shekara ta 1922 an nada shi Farfesa na Ma'adinai a Jami'ar Glasgow kuma ya ci gaba da wannan rawar har zuwa mutuwarsa. Jami'ar ta ba shi digiri na girmamawa (MA) don nuna godiya ga aikinsa.

## Manazarta
Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Aspley

**Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Aspley** makaranta ce ta sakandare da ke yankin arewacin Brisbane, a jihar Queensland ta Ostiraliya. Ya zuwa watan Agusta na 2023, tana da ɗalibai 1,081.

## Tarihi
An buɗe Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Aspley a ranar 29 ga Janairu 1963. Da farko ana kiranta da Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Zillmere amma an sake mata suna a ranar 17 ga Janairu 1963 jim kaɗan kafin a buɗe ta.[1]

## Abubuwan da suka faru
Ɗaliban makarantar sakandare ta Aspley suna shiga cikin tarurruka da dama a duk tsawon shekarar makaranta, kamar bikin ninkaya, bikin motsa jiki na wasanni (taron filin wasa da na tsere) da kuma gasar Cross Country.

An raba ɗaliban zuwa gidaje huɗu.

## Littattafai
Aspley High ta fitar da wasiƙar labarai ta mako biyu ga ɗaliban makaranta, wadda ke ba da damar rarraba labarai na yanzu da na baya-bayan nan. A watan Disamba, an buga wani littafin shekara-shekara mai suna *Toora* . *Toora* ita ce littafin da Aspley ya fi daɗewa da aka buga, wanda aka fara fitar da shi a shekarar farko ta makarantar.

## Shugabannin makaranta

## Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai

* Mick Doohan (zakarar tseren babur ta duniya ta Grand Prix) 
* Marcia Langton, AO FASSA FTSE, ɗan fafutukar 'yan asalin ƙasar kuma malami, wanda aka kora bayan ya ƙi nuna wariyar launin fata a cikin wani rubutu na makaranta, duk da cewa ɗalibi ne mai cikakken iko kuma nagari 
* Rosanna Natoli (mai gabatar da talabijin kuma 'yar siyasa) 
* Greg Norman (ɗan wasan golf) 
* Leigh Sales (ɗan jaridar ABC kuma mai masaukin baki *7.30* ) 
* Brad Thorn (ɗan wasan Rugby League da kuma ɗan wasan rugby Union dual international) 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin makarantu a Queensland
* Ilimi a Ostiraliya

## Manazarta
Yanayin ci gaba

**Yanayin ci gaba** reshe ne na Yanayin ƙasa wanda ke nufin yanayin rayuwa da ingancin rayuwa mazaunanta. A cikin wannan mahallin, ci gaba tsari ne na canji wanda ke shafar rayuwar mutane. Yana iya haɗawa da ingantaccen ingancin rayuwa kamar yadda mutanen da ke fuskantar canji suka fahimta. Koyaya, ci gaba ba koyaushe tsari ne mai kyau ba. Gunder Frank ya yi sharhi game da karfin tattalin arzikin duniya wanda ke haifar da ci gaban rashin ci gaba. Wannan an rufe shi a cikin ka'idar dogaro.

A cikin yanayin ci gaba, masu ilimin ƙasa suna nazarin tsarin sararin samaniya a ci gaba. Suna ƙoƙari su gano ta hanyar waɗanne halaye za su iya auna ci gaba ta hanyar kallon abubuwan tattalin arziki, siyasa da zamantakewa. Suna neman fahimtar abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙasa da kuma *Sakamakon* ci gaba daban-daban. Nazarin ya kwatanta Kasashen da suka ci gaba da tattalin arziki (MEDCs)  tare da Kasashen da ba su da Tattalan Arziki (LEDCs). Bugu da ƙari ana kallon bambance-bambance a cikin ƙasashe kamar bambance-mbance tsakanin arewa da kudancin Italiya, Mezzogiorno .

## Alamun ƙididdiga
Alamun ƙididdiga sune alamun lambobi na ci gaba. Alamun tattalin arziki sun haɗa da GNP (Gross National Product) ga kowane mutum, yawan rashin aikin yi, Amfani da makamashi da kashi na GNP a masana'antu na farko. Daga cikin wadannan, GNP na kowane mutum shine mafi yawan amfani yayin da yake auna darajar duk kayayyaki da aiyuka da aka samar a cikin ƙasa, ban da waɗanda kamfanonin kasashen waje suka samar, don haka auna ci gaban tattalin arziki da masana'antu na ƙasar. Koyaya, amfani da GNP ga kowane mutum yana da matsaloli da yawa.

Misali, GNP na kowane mutum ba ya la'akari da rarraba kuɗin wanda sau da yawa zai iya zama ba daidai ba kamar a cikin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa inda masu arziki suka tattara kuɗin mai kuma bai gudana zuwa yawancin ƙasar ba.

### Sauran alamomi
Alamun zamantakewa gabaɗaya sun haɗa da samun ruwa mai tsabta da tsaftacewa (wanda ke nuna matakin ababen more rayuwa da aka haɓaka a cikin ƙasar) da kuma yawan karatun manya, auna albarkatun da gwamnati ke da su don biyan bukatun mutane. Alamun yawan jama'a sun haɗa da yawan haihuwa, yawan mutuwar da yawan haihuwa.  Wannan yana nuna matakin Masana'antu.

Alamun kiwon lafiya (wani ɓangaren alamun yawan jama'a) sun haɗa da Abinci mai gina jiki (kalori a kowace rana, adadin kuzari daga furotin, kashi na yawan mutanen da ke fama da rashin abinci mai ginafi), Mutuwar jarirai, tsammanin rayuwa, da yawan jama'ar kowane likita, wanda ke nuna kasancewar wuraren kiwon lafiya da tsabta a cikin ƙasa.

## Manazarta
Dunkin' Donuts

Dunkin 'donuts, yana kasuwanci a matsayin **Dunkin**',  kamfani ne na kofi da doughnut na Amurka, da kuma Gidan cin abinci mai sauri. Bill Rosenberg ne ya kafa shi a Quincy, Massachusetts, a cikin 1950. Kamfanin mallakar Baskin-Robbins Allied Lyons ne ya sayi sarkar a cikin 1990. Samun sarkar Mista Donut da kuma sauya wannan sarkar zuwa Dunkin 'Donuts ya sauƙaƙa ci gaban alama a Arewacin Amurka a wannan shekarar.

Dunkin' da Baskin-Robbins daga ƙarshe sun zama rassa na Dunkin 'Brands, hedkwatarsu a Canton, Massachusetts, a cikin 2004. Dunkin 'Brands ta sayi Inspire Brands a ranar 15 ga Disamba, 2020. An fara sake fasalin sarkar a matsayin "kamfanin da ke jagorantar abin sha", kuma an sake masa suna Dunkin' a watan Janairun 2019. Yayinda shagunan a Amurka suka fara amfani da sabon sunan, kamfanin yana da niyyar fitar da sakewa ga duk wuraren da yake da su a duniya.

Tare da kusan wurare 14,000 a cikin ƙasashe 39, Dunkin' yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan shaguna na kofi da shaguna a duniya. Baya ga nau'ikan kofi da doughnuts da yawa, samfuran da aka siyar sun haɗa da bagels, sandwiches na safe, Muffins, da ramukan doughnut da ake kira Munchkins.

## Tarihi
Bill Rosenberg ya buɗe Open Kettle a cikin 1948, gidan cin abinci da ke sayar da doughnuts da kofi a Quincy, Massachusetts (wani yanki na Boston), amma a ƙarshen Mayu 1950,  ya canza sunan zuwa Dunkin 'Donuts bayan tattaunawa tare da shugabannin kamfanin. Ya yi tunanin ra'ayin gidan cin abinci bayan abubuwan da ya samu wajen sayar da abinci a masana'antu da wuraren gini, inda doughnuts da kofi suka fi shahara. Kamfanin ya gabatar da tambarin sa na farko a 1953, da kuma mascot Dunkie a 1954.  Gidan cin abinci ya ci nasara, kuma Rosenberg ya sayar da franchises ga wasu tun daga shekarar 1955. A wannan lokacin ne Johnny Spartos, daya daga cikin mutanen da ke gudana a asalin Quincy, ya shawo kan Rosenberg don samar da donut tare da hannunsa musamman don nutsewa cikin kofin kofi.

### 1963-1998: Bob Rosenberg
A cikin 1963, ɗan Rosenberg Bob ya zama Shugaba na kamfanin yana da shekaru 25, kuma Dunkin 'Donuts ya buɗe wurinsa na ɗari a wannan shekarar. Dunkin 'Donuts wani reshe ne na Universal Food Systems a lokacin, wani rukuni na ƙananan kasuwancin sabis na abinci 10, kuma wuraren Dunkin' Donuts sun bambanta sosai a cikin zaɓin menu, tare da wasu suna sayar da cikakken karin kumallo da wasu suna ba da doughnuts da kofi kawai.

cikin 1901 ya kafa R W Dron & Sons, yana da ofisoshi a 55 West Regent Street a Glasgow. A wannan lokacin ya zauna a cikin babban gida: Utica a kan Thorn Drive / Westbourne Drive a Bearsden .  Ya kasance memba na Glasgow Geological Society .

## manazarta
Tattaunawa a cikin Yanayin Dan Adam

**Dialogues in Human Geography** wata mujallar ilimi ce ta shekaru uku da ake nazari da ita wanda ke rufe Yanayin ɗan adam. An kafa shi a cikin 2011 kuma SAGE Publishing ce ta buga shi. Editan da ya kafa mujallar shine Rob Kitchin (Jami'ar Maynooth) kuma Babban Edita na yanzu shine Reuben Rose-Redwood (Jami'ar Victoria). A cewar Jaridar Citation Reports, mujallar tana da tasirin tasirin 2023 na 8.2, wanda ya sanya shi na 2nd daga cikin mujallu 172 a cikin rukunin "Geography".

A cikin 2022, an fara mujallar Dialogues in Urban Research, tare da masanin ilimin ƙasa na Jami'ar Clark Mark Davidson a matsayin Babban Edita.

## Manazarta
Alexander Forbes (mai bincike)

**Alexander Forbes** (1778–1862) was a 19th-century Scottish merchant, explorer, and author. His book *California: A History of Upper and Lower California*, published in 1839, is perhaps the first full account in English of California. He is the brother of distinguished Scottish physician Sir John Forbes.

Forbes ya girma a cikin yankunan Banffshire da Aberdeenshire . A wani lokaci, ya yi hijira zuwa Tepic, Mexico, inda ya yi rayuwa a matsayin dan kasuwa. An kuma rubuta shi a matsayin wakilin Burtaniya a Mexico. A lokacin da yake nan ne ya rubuta littafinsa. Ɗaya daga cikin fannoni masu ban mamaki na littafin shine Forbes ya rubuta shi ba tare da ya ziyarci California a lokacin ba.

A lokacin da Forbes ke rubutu, California lardin Mexico ne. Forbes ya yi amfani da asusun Franciscan Padres na California don sanar da aikinsa, da kuma wasu wakilai, ciki har da kudancin California da mai mallakar ƙasa Abel Stearns. Ayyukansa sun ƙunshi cikakkun bayanai game da California ta Mexico, gami da asusun aikin gona na California da shimfidar wuri. Forbes ya ba da shawarar cewa Ƙasar Ingila ta mallaki California, kuma ta ba da shawarar que za a iya ba da yankin ga Burtaniya don dawo da bashin Mexico ga Gwamnatin Burtaniya

A cikin 1846, Barron, Forbes & Co., wanda ya ƙunshi Forbes, Eustace Barron (wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara a gabansa), da mataimakin mai ba da izini na Burtaniya a California, James Alexander Forbes (babu dangantaka), sun sayi ma'adanai na New Almaden daga Andrés Castillero, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa yana da fa'ida sosai. Koyaya, wani mutum, José de los Reyes Berreyesa, shi ma ya yi ikirarin ma'adinin ne bisa ga cewa ya kasance a ƙasar da gwamnan Mexico na Alta California ya ba shi a cikin Kyautar ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, Justo Larias ya kuma yi ikirarin mallakar, har ma gwamnatin Amurka ta shiga don da'awar cewa ma'adinin ya kasance a ƙasar jama'a. Wani shari'a mai rikitarwa da ya shafi dokokin Mexico da Yarjejeniyar Guadalupe Hidalgo wanda The New York Times ta bayyana a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin manyan shari'o'in farar hula a wannan ko kowace ƙasa",  *[[United States v. Andres Castillero|Amurka v. Andres Castillero]]* daga ƙarshe ya kai Kotun Koli ta Amurka inda a ƙarshe aka yanke shawarar a 1862 cewa, ma'adinin yana kan tallafin Larias, kuma cewa murhu da ci gaban kamfanin a ƙasa da tudun suna kan tallafin Berreyessa. Kamfanin ya sayi waɗannan lakabi guda biyu sannan ya sayar da duk aikin a 1864 ga Kamfanin Ma'adinai na quicksilver.

Forbes, duk da haka, ya koma Landan a 1848 don zama tare da ɗan'uwansa. Sun yi ritaya zuwa Whitchurch-on-Thames a shekara ta 1859 bayan ɗan'uwansa ya sha wahala da jerin bugun jini. Forbes ya mutu a shekara ta 1862 yana da shekaru 84.

## Manazarta
Dubovë da Vogle

**Dubovë da Vogle** (Albanian, ƙayyadadden tsari: **Dubova da Vogël**), **Malo Dubovo** (Serbian), ƙauye ne na garin Istok, a Yammacin Kosovo . Ƙauyen yana da yanki na 243,23 ha.

Sunan asalinsa na Slavic ne, daga kalmar *Dub* wanda ke nufin *itacen oak*.

## Yawan jama'a
Tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe na duniya guda biyu, iyalai bakwai na Serbian da Montenegrin da Bosniaks sun zauna a ƙauyen.

A ƙidayar jama'a ta 1921, ƙauyen yana da mazauna 121, a ɗaya na 1948 yana da mazauka 160, da mazauna 346 a cikin 1981 (cikin su: 310 Albanians, ko 89,5% na yawan jama'a; 30 Montenegrins, ko 8,67% na yawan jamaʼa; 6 Bosniaks, ko 1,73% na yawan jama" 

Iyalan da ke zaune a ƙauyen a halin yanzu sune:

* Bacaj (Albanian) 
* Daci (Albanian) 
* Demaj (Albanian) 
* Hasaj (Albanian) 
* Kelmendi (Albanian) 
* Lajci (Albanian) 
* Mahaj (Albanian) 
* Sallka (Albanian tare da asalin Bosniaks) 

## Yaƙin Kosovo
A lokacin Yaƙin Kosovo mutanen Albanian da Bosniaks na ƙauyen sun bar kuma sun nemi mafaka a Montenegro; wani ɓangare ya tafi Albania.

Iyalan Serbian sun bar ƙauyen kafin dawowar 'yan gudun hijirar Albanian a 1999.

A cikin 1999, a lokacin yakin Kosovo, an kashe mutane biyar a ƙauyen: 

* Kelmendi Atifete, farar hula
* Kelmendi Ismet, farar hula
* Kelmendi Ramiz, farar hula
* Kelmendi Xhevdet, farar hula
* Vasovic Milisav, soja
* Demaj Hajrije, farar hula (mazaunin Dubovë e Vogël / Malo Dubovo, an kashe ta a ƙauyen Kaliqan / Kaličane yayin tserewa a ranar 13 ga Afrilu 1999) 

## Manazarta
Douglas Flint

**Sir Douglas Jardine Flint**, CBE  (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1955) ɗan bankin Burtaniya ne kuma tsohon shugaban HSBC Holdings . Ya yi aiki daga 2011 zuwa 2017, bayan da ya kasance darektan kudi tun 1995. Shi ne shugaban Aberdeen . 

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Ilimi
Flint ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko tare da girmamawa a lissafi daga Jami'ar Glasgow . Ya kuma kammala karatun PMD a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard a shekarar 1983. Flint memba ne na ƙungiyoyi masu sana'a da yawa kamar Cibiyar Chartered Accountants of Scotland, Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Masu Ba da Kuɗi ta Burtaniya kuma kwanan nan, Cibiyar Kudi ta Duniya, inda yanzu yake aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin. Ya kuma kasance Fellow na Cibiyar Chartered Institute of Management Accountants . 

### Ayyuka
Flint ya fara aikinsa a Peat Marwick Mitchell & Co. (yanzu KPMG), kuma an nada shi abokin tarayya na kamfanin a shekarar 1988. Ya zama Daraktan Kudi na Ƙungiyar HSBC a shekarar 1995. Ya kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Rahoton Kudi na Binciken Turnbull Guidance a kan Kula da Cikin Gida daga 2004 zuwa 2005 kuma ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Ka'idojin Lissafi da Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Ka'idoji na Gidauniyar Kwamitin Ka-ka'idojin Kasa da Kasa daga 2001 zuwa 2004. 

A watan Yunin shekara ta 2006, don nuna godiya ga ayyukan da ya yi wa masana'antar kudi, an nada shi Kwamandan Order of the British Empire (CBE). 

Flint ya zama shugaban kungiyar HSBC a ƙarshen shekara ta 2010. A cikin shekara ta 2014, ya soki ka'idojin banki a matsayin "marasa daidaituwa", "Rashin haɗari mara ma'ana [wanda] ke barazanar ƙuntata damar shiga tsarin kuɗi na yau da kullun ga mutane da yawa waɗanda zasu iya amfana daga gare ta".

Ya zama Shugaban Ƙungiyar IP a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2018. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2018 an sanar da cewa zai zama sabon shugaban Standard Life Aberdeen a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2019, wanda ya gaji Sir Gerry Grimstone.

A cikin 2023, an haɗa Flint a cikin kwamitin mambobi goma don ba da shawara ga shugaban adawa Keir Starmer . 

## Manazarta
Kwalejin Jihar Earnshaw

**Kwalejin Jihar Earnshaw** makaranta ce ta gwamnati, mai haɗin gwiwa, P-12, wacce ke cikin yankin Brisbane na Banyo, a Queensland, Ostiraliya.  Ma'aikatar Ilimi ce ke gudanar da ita, tare da ɗalibai 856 da ma'aikatan koyarwa 68, tun daga shekarar 2023. Makarantar tana hidimar ɗalibai daga shirin zuwa aji na 12,   a harabar jami'o'i uku.

## Tarihi
An kafa shi a shekara ta 2003, bayan haɗakar makarantar jihar Nudgee gaba ɗaya (28 ga Yuni 1875 - 31 ga Disamba 2002) da kuma makarantar sakandare ta jihar Banyo (2 ga Fabrairu 1954 - 31 ga Disamba 2002). 

### Makarantar Jihar Nudgee
Makarantar ta sami gyare-gyare da yawa a shekarar 1922, ciki har da shinge da kuma gina sabon gini, wanda ke ɗaukar ɗalibai 120. 

### Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Banyo
A shekarar makaranta ta 1961, makarantar ta sami ɗalibai 980, maza 580 da mata 400.  Makarantar ta bayar da shirye-shiryen wasanni da dama ga maza da mata. Tun daga shekarar 1961, an bai wa yaran gasar Rugby League, ƙwallon ƙafa ta Australiya, wasan Hockey, wasan Tennis, da kuma wasan kurket. An bai wa 'yan mata ƙwallon kwando, wasan Hockey, wasan Tennis, da kuma (har zuwa 1962) ƙwallon Softball.

Ƙungiyoyin ɗaliban Earnshaw daga aji 10, 11 da 12 sun lashe gasar Global Enterprise Challenge ta 2010, 2011, da 2012.

A shekarar 2013, an kwashe daliban makarantar daga makarantar saboda yawan malalar iskar gas a yankin, an kai mutane uku daga kwalejin asibiti. An ci gaba da darasi daga baya a wannan rana. 

## Gidajen wasanni
Kwalejin tana da gidaje uku na wasanni, Bradman, O'Neil, da Rafter. An sanya wa Bradman suna ne bayan Donald Bradman kuma launin da ke wakiltar gidan shuɗi ne. An sanya wa O'Neill suna ne bayan Susie O'Neill kuma launin da ke wakiltar gidan kore ne. A ƙarshe, an sanya wa Rafter suna ne bayan Patrick Rafter kuma launin da ke wakiltar gidan ja ne. [ ana buƙatar ambato ]

## Manazarta
Sydney Padua

**Melina Sydney Padua**  ƙwararriyar mai zane ce kuma mai zane-zane da ke zaune a Burtaniya . Ita ce marubucin littafin barkwanci mai suna *The Thrilling Adventures of Lovelace da Babbage* steampunk, kuma aikinta na zane-zane ya bayyana a cikin wasu fina-finan Hollywood da suka shahara.

Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane a cikin fina-finai kamar *Marmaduke*, *Clash of the Titans*, *[[The Golden Compass (fim)|The Golden Compass]]*, *The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian*, *The Iron Giant*, *Quest for Camelot*, da *The Jungle Book* .  

An nuna ayyukanta a BBC Tech Lab  da kuma a wani baje kolin steampunk da Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Kimiyya na Oxford ya shirya.  Ta yi wani taro kan bayar da labarai a *The Story*,   wani taron da aka raba tare da Cory Doctorow, Tim Etchells, David Hepworth, Aleks Krotoski, da Tony White da sauransu. A watan Disamba na 2015, an ba ta kyautar Neumann Prize ta shekara biyu ta ƙungiyar British Society for the History of Mathematics for *The Thrilling Adventures of Lovelace and Babbage* .  A watan Afrilun 2016, an zaɓe ta don kyautar Eisner Award a cikin Mafi Kyawun Marubuci/Mai Zane, da kuma *The Thrilling Adventures of Lovelace da Babbage* a cikin Mafi Kyawun Kundin Zane-zane—Sabon rukuni. 

A shekara ta 2004, Padua ta yanke shawarar koya wa kanta yadda ake yin zane-zane a kwamfuta. Ta fara da zana zane-zanen wani ɗan gajeren fim. Sakamakon ƙarshe shine *Rahoton Noma* na mintuna 2.5.  An nuna wannan fim ɗin a bukukuwa sama da 200 kuma ya lashe kyaututtuka kaɗan, ciki har da Mafi Kyawun Fim ɗin Gajere a Bikin Fina-finai na Taormina da Kyautar Masu Sauraro don Mafi Kyawun Fim na Farko a AnimaMundi Brazil.

## Rayuwar farko
Padua ta girma a birnin Mexico da kuma yankin da ke kewaye da Kanada (Yammacin Kanada). Yanzu haka tana zaune a Edinburgh, Scotland, tare da mijinta.

## ''Kasadar Lovelace da Babbage Mai Ban Sha'awa''
Sydney Padua ta rubuta littafin barkwanci mai suna steampunk Webcomic *2D Goggles ko kuma The Thrilling Adventures of Lovelace and Babbage* .   Yana da wani abu mai ban sha'awa inda Ada Lovelace da Charles Babbage suka gina injin nazari kuma suka yi amfani da shi don "yaƙi da laifuka" bisa buƙatar Sarauniya Victoria .  A watan Afrilun 2015, an buga littafin barkwanci mai shafuka 320 mai taken *The Thrilling Adventures of Lovelace and Babbage* by Penguin Books in the United Kingdom da kuma Pantheon Books in the United States. 

An yi wannan barkwancin ne bisa cikakken bincike kan tarihin rayuwa da kuma yadda aka yi rubutu tsakanin Babbage da Lovelace, da kuma wasu sassan farkon Victoriana, waɗanda aka juya su zuwa wani abu mai ban dariya. Ya fara ne a matsayin wani abu na musamman ga Ranar Ada Lovelace, bikin mata a fannin kimiyya, fasaha, injiniyanci da lissafi.

Wannan barkwanci shine tushen buga takardu masu iyaka guda 25 don tara kuɗi don Shirin Ada a watan Yulin 2011. 

Ana kuma samun shirye-shiryen Episodes a matsayin manhajar iPhone .

An tsara barkwancin a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo na mataki, *A Note of Dischord*, ta Theatre Paradok a bikin Edinburgh Fringe na 2013  da kuma a matsayin opera ta Guerilla Opera a 2023. 

## Manazarta
David McHattie Forbes

**David McHattie Forbes** (21 ga Yulin 1863 - 23 ga Maris 1937) ya kasance masanin ilimin tsire-tsire na Scotland, masanin ilimin kabilanci, manajan gonar sukari kuma mai bincike a tsibirin Hawai'i . Ya yi aikin gandun daji, agronomy, da horticulture kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da gandun daji na farko na Kudancin Kohala a cikin 1905, kuma shekaru ashirin bayan shuka an nada shi alƙali a Waimea.

A cikin 1905, shi ne mai ganowa, tare da abokan aiki biyu, na mafi girman tarin kayan tarihi na Polynesia da aka taɓa samu. Wurin da aka gano ya zama sananne da Forbes Cave kuma iyalinsa sun adana kashi na uku na abubuwan da aka gano har tsawon rabin karni har sai sun ba da gudummawa ga Volcanoes National Park a shekarar 1956. Tarin Forbes ya kasance a gaban jama'a na tsawon shekaru 34 har zuwa 1990, lokacin da aka zartar da dokar NAGPRA kuma an kimanta kowane abu. An gano su kayan tarihi ne na al'adu masu daraja amma kuma suna ƙarƙashin sake dawowa kuma an cire su har abada daga kallon jama'a. Sauran kashi biyu bisa uku na abubuwan da aka samu an sayar da su ga Gidan Tarihin Bishop ta hanyar abokan tafiyar Forbes guda biyu: Wilhelm Wagener da Friedrich Haehnisch . 

## Shekaru na farko
An haife shi a Scotland, ɗan Alexander da Maryamu (McHattie) Forbes, ya yi karatu a makarantun yankin. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] &#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

== Ayyuka ==
Ya fara aiki a wuraren kiwon dabbobi masu zaman kansu na [[Morayshire|Moray, Scotland]], a shekarar 1879, daga baya kuma a cikin dazuzzukan wannan gidan. A shekarar 1882, ya yi aiki a wuraren kiwon dabbobi na Dixon & Co., [[Edinburgh]] . A shekarar 1883 ya zama Foreman Forester na gidan Fletcher's [[Saltoun Hall]], wurin da dakin karatu mafi tsufa kuma mafi girma a Scotland yake. <sup>&#x5B; **'

A shekara ta 1887, bisa umarnin William H. Purvis, David Forbes ya yi tafiya zuwa Kukuihaele kusa da Kwarin Waipio, Hawaii, ta hanyar Cape Horn, don gudanar da gwaji a cikin noman cinchona sama da layin sukari. Purvis, wanda ya riga ya gabatar da kwai na macadamia daga Ostiraliya, ya fahimci fa'idodin da za a iya samu na gano nau'in itace wanda zai bunƙasa a cikin ƙasar sama da sukari, sama da ƙafa 1500, wanda ake kira layin sukari. Yankin itacen cinchona da aka shigo da shi daga Ceylon yana da kyakkyawan rabo tsakanin bark da quinine. Lokacin da aka sauya gonar Purvis zuwa Kamfanin Sugar Mill na Pacific, wanda Samuel Parker ya saka hannun jari a 1879, D. M. Forbes ya gaji C. Von Mengersen a matsayin manajan, yana gudanar da Pacific Sugar Mill daga 1893 zuwa 1907. 

Forbes ya koma Scotland a shekarar 1910 amma bai ci gaba da zama ba. A shekarar 1912, ya koma Hawaii, a Waiakea, a Hilo, inda ya karɓi muƙamin manajan Kamfanin Waiakea Mill na Hilo . A ƙarshe, ya zauna a Waimea . A shekarar 1929, an naɗa shi a matsayin Alkalin Gundumar, South Kohala,  kuma aka sake naɗa shi a shekarar 1932.  Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa Scouting a Waimea.  Ya mutu, a Hilo, a shekarar 1937. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## manazarta
Charles Fraser (ɗan kasuwa)

**Sir Charles Annand Fraser** KCVO WS DL FRSE (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 1928) ɗan kasuwa ne na Scotland kuma tsohon Shugaban, Lothian da Borders Enterprise, cibiyar sadarwar Scottish Enterprise .

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Charles Annand Fraser a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 1928 a Humbie a Gabashin Lothian, Scotland, kuMA ya yi karatu a tsohuwar Kwalejin Hamilton. Mahaifinsa a wannan lokacin Minista ne a Hamilton Old Parish Church . Charles Fraser ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Jami'ar Edinburgh, inda ya kammala MA da LLB.

## Ayyukan kasuwanci
Abokin tarayya (1965 zuwa 1992) a cikin masu ba da shawara na Edinburgh W. & J. Burness WS, Fraser tsohon darakta ne na British Assets Trust PLC; Scottish Media Group (tsohon Scottish Television PLC); Scottish Business in the Community da Stakis PLC. Ya kuma kasance Mataimakin Shugaban United Biscuits (Holdings) tsakanin 1986 da 1995 kuma Shugaban bankunan Morgan Grenfell (Scotland) da Adamu da Kamfanin. Fraser ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin darektan Asusun Widows na Scotland, (1978-94).

## Sauran alƙawura
Daga 1966 zuwa 1972 Fraser ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Law Society of Scotland, kuma daga 1969 zuwa 1988, a matsayin Mai ɗaukar Purse ga Babban Kwamishinan Ubangiji zuwa Babban Taron Ikilisiyar Scotland, yana aiki kuma, daga 1972 zuwa 1978, a Kotun Jami'ar Heriot-Watt . 

A shekara ta 1991, an nada Fraser a matsayin Shugaban Lothian & Edinburgh Enterprise, wani ɓangare na cibiyar sadarwar Scottish Enterprise, mukamin da ya rike har zuwa 1994, daga wannan shekarar, zuwa 1997, ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sakataren Gwamnati na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Scotland kan Ci Gaban Ci gaba. Daga 1997 zuwa 2000, Fraser ya kasance mai kula da Asusun Kula da namun daji na Duniya (UK). 

## Daraja
An nada Charles Annand Fraser a matsayin LVO a shekarar 1968; CVO a shekarar 1985  kuma an ba shi lambar yabo, a matsayin KCVO a shekarar 1989.  An kuma nada shi Mataimakin Lieutenant na East Lothian a 1984  kuma an zabe shi Fellow na Royal Society na Edinburgh a 1993. 

## Manazarta
Chinwe Isaac

**Chinwekene Isaac Udokporo** 'Yar wasan kwaikwayo ce a Najeriya. Ta lashe kyautar fim ta City People Award ta shekarar 2019 domin fuskar  Igbo Movie of the Year, wanda mujallar *City People Magazine* ta gabatar.  

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Isaac a Owerri, Jihar Imo. Tana yin bikin murnar zagayowar ranar haihuwarta a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba.

Issac ta sami takardar shaidar difloma ta ƙasa a fannin kiɗa daga Jami'ar Najeriya ta Nsukka.  Bayan haka, ta yi karatun kimiyyar siyasa a Jami'ar Jihar Legas (LASU) na ɗan lokaci yayin da take yin wasan kwaikwayo. 

## Sana'a
Aikin Isaac na wasan kwaikwayo ya fara ne a shekarar 2008, inda ta shahara lokacin da aka nuna ta a fim ɗin Nollywood *mai suna One Last Feeling.*  Duk da haka, ta ƙara shahara lokacin da ta fito a fim ɗin *Isioma Scotland.* Saboda rawar da ta taka a wannan fim ɗin, ta sami lambar yabo a matsayin Fuskar Fim ɗin Igbo na Shekarar.  Sha'awar Isaac ga wasan kwaikwayo ta fara ne tun tana ƙarama. Ta taka rawa sosai a wasannin kwaikwayo a makaranta.  A bisa kuskure, iyayenta biyu 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ne. Sun saba yin wasan kwaikwayo a coci, don haka sun goyi bayanta sosai. 

A cikin jerin sunayen jaruman fina-finan Nollywood guda biyar da *[[Vanguard (Nijeriya)|Vanguard]]* ta tattara a shekarar 2012, an saka Isaac a cikin jerin jaruman fina-finan Nollywood guda biyar da ya kamata a kula da su.  Isaac ta bayyana niyyarta ta daina yin fim domin mayar da hankali kan sabuwar alkibla ga rayuwarta. Shawarar da ta yanke na daina yin fim shine saboda tana son gina gida mai kyau na aure.  Daga baya ta fito a wasu fina-finai. Ta zama jarumar da ta fi kowa shahara shekaru uku bayan ta shiga masana'antar fina-finai.  Yayin da take jihar Imo, ta yi rijista da reshen jihar na kungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya (AGN) kafin ta koma jihar Legas domin karatunta. 

## Rayuwar sirri
Isaac ta daina wasan kwaikwayo domin ta yi aure.  Ta haɗu da masoyinta, Laclass Ozuogwu, wani furodusa da ke Enugu, a ofishin Actors Guild of Nigeria da ke Surulere. 

## Fim ɗin da aka zaɓa

* *Uncomfortable Truth* (2014) a matsayin Maya
* *Painted Lies* (2014) a matsayin Maya
* *Icheke Oku (2016)* a matsayin Nwaka
* *Loud Silence*(2016) a matsayin Thelma
* *Isioma Scotland (*2017)
* *Queen of the Sun (2018)* a matsayin Adaku
* *A Taste of Grief* (2019) a matsayin Juliet
* *Mr Lover Lover*(2020)
* *Please Say No (2023)* a matsayin Diane
* *Far In-between*(2023) a matsayin Sophy
* *Sweet16*
* *Girls War*
* *Leave my Wife*
* *Twisted Desires*
* *Untamed*
* *Cobra*
* *Destitute*

## Lambobin Yabo

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗin waje

* https://m.imdb.com/name/nm6334451/
*
*
Angus Graham (ɗan kasuwa)

**Angus John Malise Graham** (9 ga Fabrairu 1937 - 2 ga Nuwamba 2023) ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan ƙasar Scotland wanda ya kafa ɗakin karatu na Thomas Graham a Strathblane . 

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haife shi a Landan, Angus Graham ɗan John Graham ne, babban likita, kuma Yvonne Dubois daga dangin masu yin agogo na Switzerland. Ya shafe shekarunsa na farko a Seaford, Gabashin Sussex kuma daga baya ya gaji mallakar Ballewan a Scotland, dukiyar da iyalinsa ke riƙe da ita.

Graham ya yi karatu a Makarantar Charterhouse . Ya bi aiki a fannin lissafi bayan ya kasa samun shiga Jami'ar Oxford.

## Ayyuka
A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, Graham ya yi aiki ga Koracorp, kamfanin masana'antu, a Paris. A shekara ta 1976, ya shiga Inver House Distillers, wanda a lokacin ba shi da kyau, kuma a shekara ta 1988 ya jagoranci sayen gudanarwa, yana jagorantar kamfanin zuwa ƙwarewa a cikin whiskies guda ɗaya. An sayar da kamfanin ga Pacific Spirits a shekara ta 2001.

Graham ya ba da gudummawa ga shirye-shiryen al'umma, gami da babban aikin dasa bishiyoyi da kuma shirin shirin hydro-electric. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa cibiyar al'umma ta fam miliyan 1 a Strathblane, wanda ya haɗa da sabon ɗakin karatu wanda gudummawarsa da gudummawar gida suka tallafa.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Graham ya auri Catherine Sword, kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyu.

## Manazarta
Louis Stewart Gumley

Sir **Louis Stewart Gumley** LLD (7 ga Mayu 1870 - 30 ga Satumba 1941) ya kasance wakilin mallakar Scotland wanda ya kafa kamfanin **Gumleys** kuma wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Lord Provost na Edinburgh daga 1935 zuwa 1938. Gumleys sun haɗu a cikin 1989 don zama Speirs Gumley . 

## Rayuwa

An haife shi a Dublin a Ireland a ranar 7 ga Mayu 1870 ɗan Thomas Franc Sadler Gumley da matarsa Wilhelmina Moffat . 

Ya koma Edinburgh a kusa da 1890 tare da mahaifiyarsa, bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, kuma sun zauna a cikin ɗaki a 11 Howe Street.

Ya kafa Gumleys a cikin 1898 a 84 Leith Walk . 

A cikin 1910 yana gudanar da kasuwancin dukiya a 89 Leith Walk kuma yana zaune a 3 Dundas Street a New Town na biyu na Edinburgh.

In 1935 he succeeded Sir William Johnston Thomson as Lord Provost of Edinburgh.&#x5B;**&#x5D;

Ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Satumba 1941 a Bowness-on-Windermere a cikin Gundumar Lake amma an mayar da shi Edinburgh don binnewa a Kabari na Warriston a arewacin birnin. Kabarin yana a ƙarshen yammacin ɓangaren sama kusa da babbar hanyar shiga.

## Sanarwar fasaha
An zana hotonsa na Stanley Cursiter a 1937 kuma Majalisar Birnin Edinburgh ce ke gudanar da shi.

## Sanarwa
Sarki George V ne ya ba shi daraja a lokacin da yake Lord Provost .

## Iyali
A shekara ta 1901, ya auri Catherine Isabella Horne Lindsay (1876-1951). 'Ya'yansa maza sun hada da Charles Stewart Gumley WS (1908-1977) da Ronald Guthrie Tait Gumley (1912-1998).

## Manazarta
Lara Owen

**Lara Owen** daliba ce a Jami'ar St Andrews .  Tana bincike da rubutu game da jinin al'ada da al'ada da jinin al'ada . 

Owen tana da digirin PhD a fannin Gudanarwa da Nazarin Ƙungiyoyi daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Monash da ke Melbourne . Digirinta na PhD ta yi bincike kan yadda ake amfani da manufofin wurin aiki na haila da kofunan jinin haila .

A shekarar 1993, Owen ya buga littafin *Her Blood Is Gold: Awakening to the Wisdom of Menstruation.*  Tun daga lokacin an fassara shi kuma an sake buga shi sau da yawa.

## Manazarta
David Ramsay Hay

**David Ramsay Hay** FRSE (Maris 1798, Edinburgh - 10 Satumba 1866) ya kasance mai zane-zane na Scotland, mai ado na ciki kuma mai ba da launi.

## Rayuwa

David Ramsay Hay was the son of Rebekah or Rebecca Carmichael, a published poet and friend of Robert Burns. They lived at the foot of Monteith's Close off the Royal Mile in Edinburgh. After her husband died prematurely and penniless, David was educated at the expense of her brother, David Ramsay, a banker and owner of the *Edinburgh Evening Courant*, then apprenticed as a reading-boy in Ramsay's printing office in Edinburgh. Instead though (around 1813), Hay moved to join Gavin Beugo (son of John Beugo) a decorative artist, based on West Register Street in Edinburgh's New Town. His fellow-apprentice was his friend, the topographical artist David Roberts. In April 1820 he commenced work at Abbotsford for Walter Scott. In 1850 he decorated Holyroodhouse for Queen Victoria. In the 1920s, Queen Mary had these decorative schemes painted over, but watercolours commissioned by Victoria in 1863 give some idea of their appearance.

Hay ya kasance mai ba da shawara game da kammalawa irin su hatsi da marmara, da kuma fentin da aka yi don yin koyi da masana'antun brocade. Daga 1828, ya haɓaka ka'idarsa game da jituwa ta launi a kan bugu shida na littafinsa, The Laws of Harmonious Colouring Adapted to Interior Decorations .  Hay ya rubuta game da kwarewarsa na yin ado da Abbotsford ga Walter Scott a cikin bugu na shida na Harmonious Colouring . 

A cikin shekarunsa na ƙarshe yana da gidaje na musamman a 90 George Street a tsakiyar New Town na Edinburgh.

Ya mutu a Edinburgh a ranar 10 ga Satumba, 1866.  An binne shi a Makabartar Warriston da ke arewacin birnin. Babban dutsen kabari yana kudu maso yammacin ƙofar gabas da aka rufe. An lalata abin tunawa kuma an sace sassaka na tagulla na asali na bayanin martabarsa. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Littattafai

* *Dokokin Harkokin Kasuwanci a cikin Hoton Gida* (1828) 
* *Ka'idodin Halitta da Misali na Harmony of Form* (1842) 
* *Rarraba: ko ka'idar Geometric na Kyau* da aka Bincika (1843) 
* Ka'idoji na Farko na Kyakkyawan Kyakkyawar (1846) 
* *Kimiyya ta Kyau* (1856) 

## Manazarta