Sufuri a Birnin New York

Tsarin sufuri na birnin New York cibiyar sadarwa ce ta hadadden tsarin ababen more rayuwa. Birnin New York, kasancewar birni mafi yawan jama'a a Amurka, yana da tsarin sufuri wanda ya haɗa da ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma da kuma tsarin jirgin karkashin kasa mafi girma a duniya; Ramin abin hawa na farko a duniya da injina; da kuma hanyar tram ta iska. Birnin New York gida ne ga tsarin bas mai yawa a cikin kowane gundumomi biyar; tsarin jirgin ruwa na birni da na Jihar Staten; da yawan tasi masu rawaya da tasisin boro a duk fadin birnin. Motoci masu zaman kansu ba su da amfani idan aka kwatanta da sauran biranen da ke sauran Amurka.

Tsarin filin jirgin sama na yankin birnin New York, wanda ya hada da John F. Kennedy International Airport da LaGuardia Airport a Queens da Newark Liberty Airport a Arewacin Jersey, Stewart Airport a Orange County, New York, da wasu ƙananan wurare, yana daya daga cikin mafi girma a duniya. Tashar jiragen ruwa na New York da New Jersey, wanda ya hada da magudanan ruwa na yankin babban birnin New York, na daya daga cikin manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Amurka. 

Akwai tsarin layin dogo guda uku, tsarin saurin tafiya na PATH zuwa New Jersey, da jiragen ruwa daban-daban tsakanin Manhattan da New Jersey. Yawancin tsarin bas daban-daban suna aiki zuwa gundumar Westchester, gundumar Nassau, da New Jersey. Don motoci masu zaman kansu, tsarin manyan hanyoyin mota da wuraren shakatawa suna haɗa birnin New York tare da kewayenta.

## Tarihi

### Tarihi

Tarihin tsarin sufuri na birnin New York ya fara ne da tashar jiragen ruwa na New Amsterdam na Holland. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta kula da hanyoyi da dama; wasu an gina su ne a kan tsoffin hanyoyin Lenape, wasu kuma a matsayin hanyoyin haɗin gwiwar "masu tafiya" zuwa garuruwan da ke kewaye da su, kuma wani ma a shekarar 1658 ya shirya shi daga umarnin Petrus Stuyvesant, a cewar Burrow, et al. Karni na 19 ya kawo canje-canje ga tsarin jigilar tsarin: kafa grid na titin Manhattan ta hanyar Tsarin Kwamishinonin na 1811, da kuma wata hanyar da ba a taɓa ganin irin ta ba tsakanin biranen New York da Brooklyn na wancan lokacin ta hanyar gadar Brooklyn, a cikin 1883. 

Juyin juya halin masana'antu na biyu ya canza birni a asali; ababen more rayuwa na tashar jiragen ruwa sun girma cikin sauri bayan kammala 1825 na Erie Canal wanda birnin New York ya zama mafi mahimmancin haɗin kai tsakanin duk Turai da cikin Amurka. An gabatar da manyan jiragen kasa da sufuri na karkashin kasa, wadanda aka fi sani da 'El Trains' da 'Tubways', tsakanin 1867 zuwa 1904. 

Motoci masu zaman kansu na yau da kullun sun kawo ƙarin canji a cikin birni a kusa da 1930, musamman Ramin Holland na 1927. Tare da samun mahimmancin motoci, haɓakar Robert Moses daga baya ya zama mahimmanci don ƙirƙirar hanyoyin zamani na New York. Musa shi ne ya gina dukkan mil 416 (kilomita 669) na wurin shakatawa, da sauran muhimman hanyoyi, da manyan gadoji bakwai.

### Amfani da zirga-zirgar jama'a da mallakar mota

Birnin New York ya bambanta da sauran biranen Amurka saboda ƙananan mallakar motoci da kuma amfani da Sufuri na jama'a. Birnin New York yana da, ya zuwa yanzu, mafi girman yawan amfani da sufuri na jama'a na kowane birni na Amurka, tare da kashi 55.6% na ma'aikatan da ke tafiya zuwa aiki ta wannan hanyar a cikin 2023. Kimanin daya daga cikin masu amfani da zirga-zirga a Amurka da kashi biyu bisa uku na mahayan jirgin kasa na kasar suna zaune a Birnin New York ko yankunan da ke kusa da ita. Koyaya, Birnin New York kuma yana da mafi tsawo matsakaicin lokacin tafiye-tafiye ga masu tafiya (minti 42.5) tsakanin manyan biranen Amurka.

New York ita ce birni ɗaya tilo a cikin Amurka inda fiye da rabin duk gidaje ba su mallaki mota ba (Rashin mallakar Manhattan ya fi girma, kusan kashi 75%; a ƙasa, ƙimar shine 8%).  Koyaya, cikakken alkaluman mallakar mota har yanzu suna da yawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran birane: a cikin 2019, 55% na gidaje ba masu mota bane, wanda ke nuna cewa kashi 45% na gidaje sun mallaki mota.

### Batutuwan muhalli da zamantakewa

Matsakaicin babban adadin amfani da zirga-zirgar jama'a na birnin New York ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin biranen da suka fi ƙarfin kuzari a cikin Amurka. Amfani da man fetur a cikin birni a yau yana kan matsakaicin matsakaicin ƙasa a cikin 1920s. Yawan amfani da zirga-zirga a birnin New York ya ceci galan biliyan 1.8 (6,800,000 m3) na mai a 2006 da dala biliyan 4.6 na farashin mai. New York ta ceci rabin duk man da aka ajiye ta hanyar wucewa a cikin ƙasa baki ɗaya.

Rage yawan man da aka yi amfani da shi ya nuna cewa tan miliyan 11.8 na carbon dioxide an kiyaye shi daga iska. Cibiyar Brookings ta kasance yankin metro na birnin New York a matsayin yankin metro na Amurka tare da mafi ƙarancin sawun carbon da ke da alaƙa da jigilar jama'a kuma a matsayin na huɗu mafi ƙasƙanci gaba ɗaya ta kowane mutum a cikin 2005 a cikin manyan yankuna 100 mafi girma na Amurka, wanda Honolulu, Los Angeles da Portland suka fi girma.

Tsarin sufuri na birni, da yawan jama'a da ya sa ya yiwu, suma suna da wasu tasirin. Masana kimiyya a Jami'ar Columbia sun bincika bayanai daga manya 13,102 a cikin gundumomi biyar na birnin kuma sun gano alaƙa tsakanin ginin da aka gina a New York da lafiyar jama'a. New Yorkers da ke zaune a cikin jama'a, wuraren abokantaka na masu tafiya a ƙasa suna da ƙarancin matakan jigon jiki (BMI) sosai idan aka kwatanta da sauran 'yan New York. Halaye guda uku na yanayin birni - zama a wurare masu gauraye na zama da kasuwanci, zama kusa da tashar bas da tashar jirgin karkashin kasa da zama a wuraren da yawan jama'a - an gano suna da alaƙa da matakan BMI.

Duk da karfin makamashin da ake samu sakamakon yawan amfani da ababen hawa, ana ganin titunan birnin na da hadari ga masu tafiya a kafa da masu keke. Ya zuwa 2019, akwai a matsakaita 225,000 hadarurruka, 61,000 raunuka, da 200+ mutuwar saboda motoci a kowace shekara a birnin New York. Kimanin kashi 75% na sararin titin birni an sadaukar da shi don motsa motoci da manyan motoci cikin sauri da ajiye waɗannan motocin, yayin da sauran kashi 25% na titin an bar su don masu tafiya a ƙasa, kekuna, da kantuna.

### Tafiya

Daga cikin duk mutanen da suka yi tafiya zuwa aiki a Birnin New York a cikin 2021, 32% suna amfani da jirgin karkashin kasa, 30% tuki kadai, 12% suna ɗaukar bas, 10% tafiya zuwa aiki, 4% tafiya ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa, 5.6% mota, 3.1% suna amfani da taksi, 1.7% suna hawa keke zuwa aiki, da 0.4% tafiya ta jirgin ruwa. Kashi 54% na gidaje a Birnin New York ba su da mota, kuma sun dogara da sufuri na jama'a.

Yayin da al'adun mota suka fi yawa a yawancin biranen Amurka, ana amfani da zirga-zirgar jama'a sosai a cikin birnin New York. Titin jirgin karkashin kasa sanannen wuri ne da 'yan siyasa ke haduwa da masu kada kuri'a a lokacin zabe sannan kuma babban wurin mawaka ne. Kowace mako, fiye da mawaƙa da ƙungiyoyi 100 waɗanda suka fito daga na gargajiya zuwa Cajun, bluegrass, Afirka, Kudancin Amurka da nau'ikan jazz, suna ba da wasanni sama da 150 na Canja wurin New York a ƙarƙashin shirin Music Under New York, 'yan dozin daga cikinsu suna cikin tsarin jirgin ƙasa.

Mutane miliyan 3.7 ne suka yi aiki a Birnin New York; Manhattan ita ce babbar cibiyar daukar ma'aikata tare da kashi 56% na dukkan ayyukan. Daga cikin wadanda ke aiki a Manhattan, kashi 30% na tafiya daga cikin Manhattan, yayin da 17% suka fito daga Queens, 16% daga Brooklyn, 8% daga Bronx, da 2.5% daga Staten Island. Wani 4.5% na tafiya zuwa Manhattan daga Nassau County da 2% daga Suffolk County a Long Island, yayin da 4% ke tafiya daga Westchester County. 5% na zirga-zirga daga yankunan Bergen da Hudson a cikin New Jersey.  Wasu matafiya sun fito daga gundumar Fairfield a Connecticut. Wasu 'yan New York suna juyawa zuwa bayan gari: 3% tafiya zuwa gundumar Nassau, 1.5% zuwa gundumar Westchester, 0.7% zuwa gundumar Hudson, 0.6% zuwa gundumar Bergen, 0.5% zuwa gundumar Suffolk, da ƙananan kaso zuwa wasu wurare a cikin babban birni.

A matsakaita, New Yorkers suna ciyar da sa'a 1 da mintuna 27 a kowace rana don yin balaguro tare da jigilar jama'a. Daga cikin waɗannan, 31% suna hawa sama da sa'o'i 2 kowace rana. Matsakaicin adadin lokacin da mutane ke jira a tasha ko tasha don jigilar jama'a shine mintuna 15, amma kashi 23% na mahayan suna jiran matsakaicin sama da mintuna 20. Matsakaicin tazarar mutane yawanci ke hawa a cikin tafiya ɗaya tare da jigilar jama'a shine kilomita 9.5 (5.9 mi).

## Manazarta