open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Irene Manton

**Irene Manton**, FRS  FLS (an haife ta Irène Manton; 17 ga Afrilu 1904, a Kensington - 13 ga Mayu 1988) ta kasance masanin ilimin tsire-tsire na Burtaniya wanda ya kasance Farfesa na Botany a Jami'ar Leeds . An san ta da nazarin ferns da algae.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Irene Manton 'yar likitan hakora ce, George Manton da kuma mai zane-zane da mai tsarawa, kuma zuriyar aristocracy na Faransa, Milana Manton (née D'Humy). An fara furta sunanta na farko kuma an rubuta shi a cikin hanyar Faransanci; amma a shekara 18 ta bar wannan kuma ta zaɓi "Irene". 'Yar'uwarta ita ce masanin ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta Sidnie Manton FRS . Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Nunin Froebel da Makarantar 'yan mata ta St. Paul, Hammersmith .  Yayinda take makaranta ta karanta littafin Edmund Beecher Wilson (1902) The Cell in Development and Heredity wanda ya haifar da sha'awar farko ga chromosomes.

Yawancin aikinta na ilimi an yi amfani da shi a Jami'ar Leeds inda ta kasance Farfesa a fannin Botany daga 1946 har zuwa 1969 kuma Farfesa Emeritus daga baya [1] kuma inda ta mai da hankali kan ferns da algae. Ayyukan tare da ferns sun magance hybridisation, polyploidy, da apomixis kuma sun haifar da littafinta na 1950, Problems of cytology and evolution in the pteridophyta . Kazalika da shiga cikin chromosomes don dalilan binciken juyin halitta, Manton ya gudanar da bincike game da tsarin tsarin morphological ta amfani da microscope na ultraviolet.[2] Wannan kamfani ya zama muhimmiyar matakai ga binciken da ta yi na baya game da tantanin halitta.

Ayyukanta a kan algae sun kasance sanannun amfani da microscope na lantarki kuma aikinta na cytological ya zama sananne a duk duniya saboda tsarin cilia da flagella da ta bayyana.

Irene Manton ta ba da tarin fasahar zamani da ta gabas ga Jami'ar Leeds. Yawancin waɗannan hotuna sun rataye a bangon Botany House a Jami'ar Leeds a lokacin aikinta a can.

Manton ya kasance mai kula (tare da David Jennings) ga dalibi na Ph.D. Evan Benjamin Gareth Jones, wanda ya kammala karatu a 1963 kuma daga baya ya zama sanannen masanin ilimin halittu,  da kuma Patrick Brownsey, wanda ya zama Curator of Botany a Gidan Tarihi na New Zealand.  Ta kuma koyar da Mary Gibby yayin da Gibby ke karatun digiri a Jami'ar Leeds . 

## Manazarta
Jenny Nelson

**Jenny Nelson** FRS FInstP Farfesa ce a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Blackett kuma Shugaba ne na ƙungiyar rage sauyin yanayi a Cibiyar Grantham - Canjin Yanayi da Muhalli a Kwalejin Imperial ta London .   

## Ilimi
Nelson ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Cambridge  da Jami'ar Bristol inda ta sami digirinta na PhD a shekarar 1988 don bincike kan fasahar gani na fractal clusters karkashin kulawar Michael Berry. 

## Bincike da aiki
Binciken Nelson  an sadaukar da shi don nuna kayan da aka yi amfani da su don gina da inganta na'urorin photovoltaic, waɗanda ke canza makamashi daga Sun zuwa wutar lantarki. Tana amfani da kayan aiki da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da samfuran jiki, kwaikwayon da gwaje-gwaje don inganta aikin irin waɗannan na'urorin ta hanyar kayan aikin su.

A cikin shekaru ashirin da biyar da suka gabata, Nelson ya yi aiki tare da nau'ikan kayan canza makamashi da yawa, daga kayan kwayoyin zuwa kayan inorganic kamar nanocrystalline oxides, da kwayoyin halitta-inorganic hybrids. Tana amfani da bayanai da ke kwatanta kayan lantarki, na gani da na tsarin waɗannan kayan don sanar da ƙirar na'urorin ta, hanyar da ta sami sha'awa mai ƙarfi daga masana'antu.

Tun daga shekara ta 2010, Nelson ya kuma yi nazarin yiwuwar fasahar photovoltaic don rage adadin carbon dioxide da ake fitarwa yayin samar da wutar lantarki, rage tasirin canjin yanayi. Ita ce marubucin wani shahararren littafi, The Physics of Solar Cells . 

Binciken Nelson ya mayar da hankali kan ci gaban cikakkun bayanai na jiki na kayan nanostructured ko rikice-rikice (na lantarki), ƙididdigar tabbatar da sakamakon samfurin akan bayanan gwaji, kuma sama da duka, aikace-aikacen kimiyyar jiki don magance ƙalubalen samar da makamashi, musamman, a yankin jujjuyawar makamashi. Ayyukanta a kan fahimtar aiki na kayan aikin photovoltaic da na'urori sun kasance abin da ta mayar da hankali tun daga shekara ta 2000.

Cibiyar Bayanan Kimiyya ta sanya Nelson a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masana kimiyya 100 a duniya bisa ga tasirin (ƙididdigar kowace takarda) na takardun mujallar da aka buga tsakanin 2000 da 2010.

A cikin 2013 Nelson ya shiga shirin Sêr Cymru na Gwamnatin Welsh, shirin fam miliyan 50 don inganta ikon binciken hasken rana a Wales. Tare da kujerarta a Imperial, Nelson ita ce Sêr Cymru Joint Chair kuma Farfesa a Physics a SPECIFIC, Jami'ar Swansea . [1] SPECIFIC tana cikin Cibiyar Innovation da Ilimi a Baglan Energy Park, kuma ana yin bikin ne a matsayin alamar ci gaba a kimiyyar Welsh.[2]

### Kyaututtuka da girmamawa
An zabi Nelson a matsayin Fellow na Royal Society (FRS) a shekarar 2014.  Zaben da ta yi ya ce:

## Manazarta
Alison Noble

**Julia Alison Noble** (an haife ta a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1965) injiniya ce ta Burtaniya. Ta kasance Farfesa ta Technikos na Injiniyan Biomedical a Jami'ar Oxford kuma abokiyar Kwalejin St Hilda   tun daga shekara ta 2011, kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Sashen Lissafi, Jiki da ɗan'uwa a jami'ar. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2017, ita ce babban jami'in fasaha na Intelligent Ultrasound Limited,  wani Oxford spin-off a cikin Hoton likita  wanda ta kafa. Ta kasance darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Injiniya ta Oxford (IBME) daga 2012 zuwa 2016.   A cikin 2023 ta zama Sakatariyar Harkokin Waje ta Royal Society (tare da Mark Walport). 

## Ilimi
An haifi Julia Alison Noble a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 1965 a Nottingham, Ingila, ga James Bryan Noble da Patricia Ann Noble .  Ta yi karatu a Maidstone Grammar School for Girls  a Kent kuma ta kasance dalibi ne na farko a Kwalejin St Hugh, Oxford, inda aka ba ta digiri na farko [1] digiri na farko na Arts a Kimiyya ta Injiniya a 1986 sannan ta sami digiri na Doctor of Philosophy a 1989 don bincike kan hangen nesa na kwamfuta da Rarraba hoton wanda J. Michael Brady ke kula da shi.

## Ayyuka da bincike
Noble ta fara aikinta a matsayin masanin kimiyya a Cibiyar R&D ta General Electric a Schenectady, New York, inda ta yi aiki daga 1989 zuwa 1994 a kan bunkasa tsarin dubawa don injunan jirgin sama.[1][2][3] Ta koma Jami'ar Oxford a matsayin malami a 1995 don yin aiki a kan aikace-aikacen likita na hangen nesa na kwamfuta [1] kuma an inganta ta zuwa Farfesa a shekara ta 2001, a matsayin Farfesa na farko a fannin Injiniya a Oxford.[3][4]

Noble ta ba da gudummawa ga lissafin hoton likita, inda abubuwan da take so na bincike suka haɗu da ilimin hotunan likita da kimiyyar lissafi don tallafawa yanke shawara a cikin maganin asibiti. Binciken ta ya ci gaba da fahimtar cire bayanai masu amfani da asibiti daga binciken Ultrasound na likita da kuma inganta hanyoyin ilmantarwa na inji ga manyan matsaloli a cikin nazarin hoton kiwon lafiya.

Noble ya kula ko kuma ya kula da daliban PhD sama da 50 da suka ci nasara har zuwa kammala ciki har da Miklós Gyöngy, Nathan Cahill, Ramón Casero Cañas, da Grace Vesom. Kwamitin Bincike na Turai (ERC) ,  Kwamitin Bishirin Kiwon Lafiya (MRC), Kwamitin Bindiken Injiniya da Kimiyya na Jiki (EPSRC) da Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya ta Kasa (NIHR)  sun ba da kuɗin bincikenta. 

A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikinta a cikin AI ta kafa Jami'ar Oxford, Intelligent Ultrasound, tare da abokin aikinta na dogon lokaci, Aris Papageorghiou .

### Daraja da kyaututtuka
An zabi Noble a matsayin Fellow na Royal Society (FRS) a shekarar 2017. An nada ta Jami'in Order of the British Empire (OBE) a cikin girmamawar ranar haihuwar 2013, an zabe ta Fellow na Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng)  a 2008  da kuma Fellow na Cibiyar Injiniya da Fasaha (FIET)  a 2001.  An gabatar da Noble zuwa Kwamandan Order of the British Empire (CBE) a cikin girmamawar ranar haihuwar 2023 don sabis ga injiniya da hotunan kiwon lafiya.

Noble ta kasance coxswain na Kungiyar Mata ta Jami'ar Oxford a cikin Henley Boat Races a shekarar 1985.

## Manazarta
Anne O'Garra

**Anne O'Garra** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1954)  Masanin rigakafi Burtaniya ce wacce ta yi muhimman abubuwan da ta gano game da tsarin aikin Interleukin 10.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife ta ne a Gibraltar ga Louis O'Garra da Theresa O'Garr a shekara ta 1954. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&#x5B;**&#x5D;

A Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa (NIMR), ta sami Ph.D. a cikin ilimin microbiology, ta zauna a can don shekaru hudu Bayan digiri a cikin rigakafi.

A shekara ta 1987, O'Garra ta bar Ingila zuwa Palo Alto, California, don yin aiki a Cibiyar Nazarin DNAX, inda ta zama babban ma'aikaciyar masanin kimiyya a sashen immunobiology. A shekara ta 2001, ta zama shugabar Sashen Immunoregulation a Majalisar Binciken Kiwon Lafiya NIMR a London. Tun daga shekara ta 2015, ta kasance mataimakiyar darektan bincike da kuma jagoran kungiyar a Cibiyar Francis Crick, cibiyar da ta maye gurbin NIMR.

## Bincike
An san O'Garra da gudummawar da ta bayar wajen fahimtar cibiyar sadarwa mai rikitarwa na sel-cell da kuma hulɗar cytokine da ke tsara shigarwa da kuma murkushewar martani na rigakafin sel. Ita ce ta farko da ta gano ayyukan rigakafi na Interleukin-10 (IL-10), wanda ke hana gabatarwar antigen ta sel dendritic da macrophages kuma yana rage samar da cytokines na proinflammatory. Ta kuma gano cewa Kwayoyin dendritic suna samar da interleukin mai mahimmanci don kunna T-cell (IL-12) da kuma kawar da cututtukan intracellular kuma IL-10 yana sarrafa wannan samarwa.[1]

## Kyaututtuka da girmamawa
Ita 'yar'uwa ce ta Royal Society, Ƙungiyar Amurka don Ci gaban Kimiyya da Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya . Ita memba ce mai daraja ta British Society for Immunology .  A cikin 2020, Ƙungiyar Cytokine da Interferon ta Duniya ta ba da lambar yabo ta Membership Award ga O'Garra saboda gudummawar da ta bayar a fagen. 

## Manazarta
Maria Silva Cruz

**Maria Silva Cruz** (20 Afrilu 1915 &#x2013; 23 ga Agusta 1936) ƴar kishin Andalus ce kuma jarumar tawayen Casas Viejas a Spain. An kuma san ta da "La Libertaria." 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Silva Cruz kuma ta girma a Casas Viejas (wanda yanzu ake kira Benalup-Casas Viejas) a Andalusia .  Iyayenta ma'aikata ne na yini kuma mahaifinta, Juan Silva Gonzalez da kawunta dukkansu membobin Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT), wata ƙungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi wadda ke goyon bayan gyare-gyare ga ma'aikata. 

A watan Janairun 1933, CNT ta yi zanga-zanga a Casas Viejas kuma ta yi ƙoƙarin sa Jami'an Tsaron Farar Hula na gwamnati su bar ikonsu. [1] Silva Cruz da abokanta, Manuel Lago da Gallinito, sun kasance cikin zanga-zangar a ranar 11 ga Janairu. [2] A lokacin zanga-zangar, an raunata masu gadi biyu. [1] An tura ƙarin sojoji daga Jami'an Tsaron Farar Hula da Masu Tsaron Assault don dakatar da CNT. [3] Da yawa daga cikin mazauna ƙauyen sun gudu, amma wasu masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun yi ƙoƙarin ɓoyewa a gidan kakan Silva Cruz, Francisco Cruz Gutiérrez, wanda ake wa lakabi da Seisdedos ("Yatsu Shida") . [2] Jami'an 'yan sanda sun ƙone gidan kuma an kashe duk wanda ke ciki, sai Silva Cruz da wani ɗan'uwa. [4] Ta fito, ta ƙone ta ɗauke yaron zuwa mafaka. [2] Ta shawo kan mai gadi kada ya kashe ta ko yaron sannan ta gudu zuwa gidan mahaifiyarta. [2] An kama Silva Cruz a ranar 14 ga Janairu, 1933. [1]

An daure Silva Cruz a Medina Sidonia sannan aka mayar da shi Cadiz na tsawon wata guda a gidan yari.  Ta haɗu da Miguel Perez Cordon, wani memba na CNT a lokacin da take Medina Sidonia.  Perez Cordon ya yi mata soyayya kuma bayan watanni biyu, ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Madrid .  A watan Mayu na 1935, sun haifi ɗa, Juan Perez Silva.   Iyalin sun koma Andalusia, suna zaune a Ronda . 

Daga ƙarshe 'yan Fascist sun mamaye Ronda a watan Yulin 1936, kuma Perez Cordon ya gudu zuwa tsaunuka yayin da Silva Cruz ya zauna tare da ƙaramin ɗanta a gida.  Jami'an Tsaron Farar Hula suka kama ta kuma aka kwace ɗanta daga hannunta. An kashe ta da wasu mutane biyu a ranar 23 ga Agusta 1936 da asuba. 

Kamar mutane da yawa da suka shiga juyin juya halin Spain, ba a taɓa gano gawar Silva Cruz ba.  Ba a kuma taɓa lissafa ta a matsayin wadda ta mutu a hukumance ba har zuwa shekarar 2010.  Ɗanta, wanda ya girma tare da goggon Silva Cruz, ya yi aiki a tsawon rayuwarsa don ƙoƙarin nemo gawar Maria Silva Cruz domin binne ta da kuma dasa mata furanni. 

## Manazarta
Fanny Schoonheyt

**Fernanda Wilhelmina Maria Albertina** " **Fanny** " **Schoonheyt** (15 Yuni 1912 - 23 Disamba 1961), 'yar jarida ce ta ƙasar Holland, mai ɗaukar hoto kuma mai aikin sa kai na ƙasashen waje na Kwaminisanci wadda ta yi yaƙi a Yaƙin Basasa na Spain .  

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Rayuwar farko
An haifi Schoonheyt a ranar 15 ga Yuni, 1912 a Rotterdam, Netherlands .   Iyayenta sune Jules Alphonse Schoonheijt da Johanna Maria Luise Gehring. Ta fito daga iyali mai arziki, amma daga baya ta rabu da su saboda imaninta na gurguzu da kwaminisanci . 

### Lokaci a Spain
A farkon shekarun 1930, Schoonheyt, wacce ke son zama wakiliyar ƙasashen waje, ta bar Netherlands ta zauna a Barcelona, Spain, kuma ta zauna tare da marubucin Surinamese-Holland Albert Helman . Ta bar Netherlands ne saboda ta ji cewa jaridu a can suna son ta rubuta game da kiɗa da al'adu ne kawai maimakon siyasa.   Ta taimaka wajen shirye-shiryen Olimpiada Popular in Barcelona, madadin Gasar Olympics da aka yi a Nazi-Germany a 1936; duk da haka, Gasar Olympics ta Barcelona ba ta taɓa faruwa ba saboda barkewar yaƙin.  Ta shiga ƙungiyar 'yan bindiga a 1936 kuma aka tura ta ta yi yaƙi a filin Aragon da Tardienta, kuma ta koyi harba bindigogi daga 'yan gurguzu na Jamus.   A watan Satumba na 1936 ta ji rauni, ko kuma wataƙila ta yi rawar jiki, kuma an kwantar da ita a asibiti.   A lokacin bazara na 1938 ta je Paris don yin horo don zama matukin jirgi amma ba ta sami damar komawa Spain ba kafin nasarar Nationalist. Daga baya gwamnatin Francois ta kwace wa Schoonheyt izinin zama ɗan ƙasa daga baya kuma ta yi ƙaura zuwa Jamhuriyar Dominican a watan Fabrairun 1940.

### Jamhuriyar Dominican da Rayuwa Daga Baya
Bayan ta shiga matsala da 'yan sandan Dominican a shekarar 1947, ta sami izini daga Ofishin Jakadancin Holland don yin zama na ɗan lokaci a yankin Curaçao na ƙasar Holland a wancan lokacin, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto a ƙarƙashin sunan Fanny Lopez. A kusan shekarar 1955, ta koma Netherlands tare da 'yarta, wacce aka ɗauka a cikinta a shekarar 1938, kuma ta zauna tare da mahaifiyarta a Rotterdam.

Ta mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya a Rotterdam a ranar 23 ga Disamba, 1961.   

## Manazarta
Ruth Zernova

**Ruth Aleksandrovna Zernova** (Russian: Руфь Александровна Зернова; 1919–2004) also known as **Rufʹ Zernova** and **Ruth Zevina**, was a Soviet-born Israeli author and interpreter. She wrote short stories and novels.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Ruth Zernova a Călărași, Bessarabia, a shekarar 1919. Bayahudiya ce kuma ta girma a Odessa .  Ta halarci Jami'ar Jihar Leningrad a shekarar 1936,  inda ta yi karatun adabi. Ta kuma yi azuzuwan Sifaniyanci. Sakamakon haka, a shekara ta biyu ta jami'a, an tura ta zuwa Spain don yin aiki a matsayin mai fassara ga shugabannin sojojin Rasha a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Spain . 

## Aiki da matsakaicin rayuwa
Bayan ta dawo daga Yaƙin Basasa na Spain, ta yi aiki a Ofishin Binciken Sojojin Ruwa. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ta yi aiki a TASS . 

Zernova ta auri Ilya Serman . Ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu tare. An kama su a shekarar 1949 kuma an tuhume su da yada "farfagandar kin jinin Soviet." An yanke wa dukkansu hukuncin daurin shekaru goma sha biyar a gidan yari, inda aka yanke wa Zernova hukuncin shekaru goma sha biyar. An tura 'ya'yansu su zauna tare da kakanni. An saki Zernova a shekarar 1954, bayan mutuwar Joseph Stalin . A lokacin da take gidan yari, ta rubuta game da abubuwan da ta fuskanta, ciki har da labaran matan da ta yi mu'amala da su yayin da take gidan yari. [1]

Bayan an sake ta daga kurkuku, Zernova ta fassara littattafai daga Faransanci da Sifaniyanci zuwa Rashanci a gida. Ba a buga aikinta ba sai a shekarun 1960. Ta buga gajeren labarinta na farko, "Skorpionovy Yagody" a *Ogoniok* a farkon shekarun 1960. Aikinta na asali da aka buga ya haɗa da labaran rayuwa a sansanonin aikin kwadago na Soviet da rayuwar yau da kullun ta Soviet. 

## Rayuwa daga baya da gado
Daga ƙarshe Zernova ta ƙaura zuwa Isra'ila. A shekarar 1991, Rutgers University Press ta buga littafinta mai suna *Mute Phone Calls* . 

Ta rasu a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2004. 

A shekara ta 2005, an gudanar da wani taron tunawa da Zernova a Bowery Poetry Club da ke birnin New York. 

Ana gudanar da tarin Ruth Zernova a Cibiyar Hoover . 

## Rubuce-rubuce

* Kiran Waya a kunne (1991)

## Manazarta
Antònia Adroher da Pascual

**Antónia Adroher i Pascual** (22 Yuni 1915 - 7 Satumba 2007) malami ne ɗan Spain kuma ɗan gwagwarmayar siyasa daga Catalonia, Spain . 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Antònia ta yi karatun koyarwa a Makarantar Malaman Al'ada ta Girona yayin da take memba a Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Ilimi ta Spain (FETE) a cikin UGT. 

Tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa POUM kuma a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Spain, ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama Mai Ba da Shawara kan Al'adu da Farfaganda a Majalisar Birnin Girona. 

A ranar 21 ga Oktoba 1936, da wannan umarni, ta kafa tsarin ilimi ta amfani da dabarun ilimi masu inganci da ci gaba bisa ga "ka'idodin aiki masu hankali" da kuma 'yan'uwa. A aikace, tana shirya makaranta ta gwamnati da kyauta ga kowa da kowa da ke samar da ilimi a Catalonia . da kuma tabbatar da kula da yara da lafiyarsu, bisa ga ka'idojin tsafta, da daidaito ga yara maza da mata ta hanyar bambancin jinsi . [1]

A shekarar 1939, an kore ta daga ƙasar Toulouse a lokacin a birnin Paris inda ta kafa gwamnati, tare da mijinta Carmel Rosa Baserba, Casal de Catalunya. Ta koma Catalonia a shekarar 1977, shekaru biyu bayan ƙarshen mulkin kama-karya na Franco .

## Kyaututtuka
Antonia ta lashe kyautar Premi Mestres mai lamba 68 saboda nasarorin da ta samu a gyaran tsarin koyarwa a Catalonia . 

Hakanan a cikin 2006, ta karɓi Creu de Sant Jordi . A Girona, ɗakin karatu na jama'a (wanda aka buɗe a cikin Janairu 2008) da titi ana kiran su da sunan Antònia Adroher. 

## Manazarta
Adelaida ta ƙunshi Izquierdo

**Adelaida Abarca Izquierdo** (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba 1923), wacce aka fi sani da laƙabin **Deli**, 'yar fafutukar siyasa ce ta jam'iyyar Republican ta Spain . Mace 'yar fafutukar Juventudes Socialistas Unificadas (JSU) kuma memba ce a ƙungiyar Las Trece Rosas, an yanke mata hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 20 a gidan yari a hannun Francoist Spanish state a shekarar 1939. Ta tsere daga kisa tare da 'yan ƙasarta 13 saboda ƙuruciyarta. An tsare ta tsawon shekaru masu zuwa a gidajen yarin Ventas da ke Madrid, Oblatas da ke Tarragona, gidan yarin Girona, da gidan yarin Les Corts da ke Barcelona, a shekarar 1946 ta shirya tserewa daga gidan yarin Les Corts da ke Barcelona, sannan ta tsere jim kaɗan bayan haka tare da Ángela Ramis. 

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Adelaida Abarca Izquierdo a Madrid a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba 1923. 

## Yaƙin Basasa na Spain da Francoist Spain
A shekarar 1937, a tsakiyar Yaƙin Basasa na Spain, Adelaida Abarca Izquierdo, mai shekaru 14 kacal, ta zama memba na Juventudes Socialistas Unificadas (JSU) a Madrid. 

Da kayar da bangaren Republican ya sha a yakin basasar Spain a shekarar 1939, shugabannin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Spain sun yi gudun hijira. An nada Matilde Landa, shugabar Socorro Rojo, don ci gaba da wanzuwar kungiyar. Yawancin 'yan tsagerun Republican ba su yarda da sabuwar gwamnatin Francois ba kuma sun yi kokarin sake hadewa, suna ƙirƙirar hanyar sadarwa ta sirri ta bayanai da juriya. 

Bayan faduwar Madrid a hannun sojojin Franco a ƙarshen Yaƙin Basasa, Kwamitin Lardin Madrid na JSU ya yi ƙoƙarin sake tsara tsarin a ƙarƙashin jagorancin José Peña Brea mai shekaru 21. An ci amanarsa aka kama shi. A lokacin azabtarwa ya bayyana sunayen abokan aikinsa, wanda ya haifar da kama membobin JSU da yawa a Madrid. Abarca, mai shekaru 16, tana cikin membobin JSU da yawa da 'yan sanda suka kama kuma suka tsare. An kama ta a farkon watan Mayu 1939 a gidanta da ke Madrid. 

## Daurin siyasa
An mayar da ita ofishin 'yan sanda da ke Titin Núñez de Balboa, ta sha wahala da kuma tambayoyi masu tsauri kafin a tsare ta a gidan yarin mata da ke Ventas. A can aka tsare ta tare da María del Carmen Cuesta Rodríguez da wasu abokan aikinta daga ƙungiyar Las Trece Rosas . A ranar 4 ga Agusta, an gurfanar da Abarca a gaban kuliya aka yanke mata hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 20 a gidan yari. [1] An harbi 'yan mata matasa 13 daga cikin ƙungiyar a ranar 5 ga Agusta, 1939 bayan an yi musu shari'a a kotun soji . An ceci Abarca da Cuesta daga kisa saboda ƙuruciyarsu. [2]

Bayan an daure ta na ɗan lokaci a Oblates da ke Tarragonan, a watan Mayu na 1940, an mayar da Abarca gidan yarin Girona, sannan a watan Afrilu na 1944 zuwa gidan yarin Les Corts da ke Barcelona.  Duk da ƙuruciyarta, ta yi fice saboda jagorancinta da haɗin kai da abokanta marasa taimako. ’Yan uwanta fursunonin siyasa María Bigordà Montmany da Tomasa Cuevas sun lura da hakan.  

## Manazarta
Isabel Martínez Blaya

**Isabel Martínez Blaya** ( Vall de Uxó, 1914 - Castellón de la Plana, Maris 18, 1989) yar gwagwarmayar mata ce, 'yar tsaurin ra'ayi, mai adawa da fascist, kuma ' yar siyasar Spain . 

Da kafuwar dimokuradiyya a Spain, ta zama Sakatariyar Ayyukan Jin Dadin Jama'a ta Kwamitin Zartarwa na Gundumar Jam'iyyar Gurguzu ta Ƙasar Valencian-PSOE (PSPV– PSOE ) a Castellón. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Isabel Martínez Blaya a Vall de Uxó . Tun tana ƙarama, ta shiga siyasa a matsayin memba na Unified Socialist Youth (JSU). An ƙirƙiri ƙungiyar ta hanyar haɗa ƙungiyoyin matasa na gurguzu da na kwaminisanci kuma an kafa ta a hukumance a watan Maris na 1936. 

A farkon Yaƙin Basasa na Spain, yana da shekaru 22, Martínez ta shiga aikin soja don yin yaƙi a Teruel tare da Matteotti Column. Tare da 'yan uwanta Rosa Fenollosa, ta bayyana sha'awarta ta ɗaukar makamai don yaƙi da mulkin kama karya kuma ta ƙi shiga aikin jinya a fannin likitanci, ba tare da son a kore ta daga yaƙi kai tsaye ba. Sun je fagen daga bayan sun sami horon makamai. 

Lokacin da aka hana mata yin aiki a gaba daga baya, Martínez da wasu sun tafi Castellón, inda ta shiga Kwamitin Lardi na JSU. Ta taimaka wajen kafa ƙungiyar matasa masu adawa da farkisanci Unión de Muchachas (" Ƙungiyar Matan Matasa "). An kafa wannan ƙungiyar a Madrid a watan Mayun 1937 ta JSU da nufin haɗa kan mata matasa 'yan hagu da kuma horar da su don taimakawa gwamnatin Popular Front wajen cin nasarar yaƙin. [1]

A Castellón, Milagros Segarra ne ke jagorantar sakatariyar lardin a matsayin shugaba, tare da Martínez a matsayin Sakataren Ƙungiya. Emilia Betoret, Clara Díaz, Pepa Perona, Teresa Vives, Lola Mañá, da Vicenta Navarro ne suka jagoranci sassan da suka shafi fafutuka da farfaganda, al'adu, wasanni, taimako, noma da samar da kayayyaki, da gudanarwa—yawancinsu membobin JSU ne. 

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan Martínez, wanda wani lokacin yake aiki a matsayin shugaba, shine shirya agaji ga matan da aka kora daga ko'ina cikin Spain, da yawa daga cikinsu masu dogaro da kansu kuma ba su da aikin yi. Ta yi aiki don nemo musu ayyukan yi kuma ta yi Allah wadai da rashin son maza da yawa, waɗanda ke jin tsoron cewa bayan yaƙin ba za su sake samun matsayin da mata ke ɗauka ba. Wannan wani lokacin yana haifar da cikas ga mata shiga wurare daban-daban. 

A wata hira da aka yi da shi a jarida a shekarar 1938, Martínez ya tattauna batun shigar mata cikin ma'aikata a Castellón:

## Manazarta
Mary Pickford (masanin ilimin lissafi)

**Lillian Mary Pickford** FRS FRSE (14 ga watan Agustan 1902 - 14 ga watan Agusta 2002) ta kasance likitan neuroendocrinologist na Burtaniya. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaba a cikin Pharmacological Society kuma mace ta farko ce da aka nada a matsayin farfesa a Jami'ar Edinburgh.

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Pickford a Jubbulpore, Indiya a ranar 14 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1902 'yar Herbert Arthur Pickford, mai shuka shayi da indigo, da matarsa, Lillian Alice Minnie Wintle . 

An tura ta zama tare da kawunta da kawunta a Surrey, Ingila tana da shekaru biyar.[1] Abokin iyali, Sir Cooper Perry ya ƙarfafa ta ta zama likita amma ya hana ta zama mai bincike, yana cewa, 'Kada ku yi tunani game da shi. Mata ba su da amfani ga irin wannan abu.[2] Ta yi karatu a makarantar Wycombe Abbey . A shekara ta 1925 ta kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Bedford, London, bayan ta karanta ilimin lissafi, ilimin dabbobi, da ilmin sunadarai. [1] [2] Bayan kammala karatunta karancin aiki ga mata masana kimiyya ya nuna tana da wahalar samun ko ɗaya, amma ta sami aikin koyarwa na ɗan lokaci kafin a karɓa a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike a Kwalejin Jami'ar London. [1][3] Kyauta daga mahaifiyarta ta £ 120 a shekara tana nufin za ta iya karatun likitancin asibiti na ɗan lokaci a Asibitin Kwalejin Jami'ar kuma an shigar da ita MRCS da LRCP a 1933 [2][3] A shekara ta 1935 ta zama likitan gida a Babban Asibitin Stafford .

A cikin 1936 an ba Pickford kyautar Beit Memorial Fellowship kuma a cikin 1939 ya ba da rahoton tasirin antidiuretic na yin allurar acetylcholine a cikin kwakwalwa.

A shekara ta 1939 ta zama malama a sashen ilimin lissafi a Jami'ar Edinburgh, inda ta kasance har sai da ta yi ritaya a shekara ta 1972. Ta kammala karatun DSc a shekara ta 1951, an inganta ta zuwa Reader a shekara ta 1952 kuma a 1966 ta zama Farfesa a fannin ilimin lissafi  

### Kyaututtuka da girmamawa
A shekara ta 1954 an zabe ta Fellow na Royal Society na Edinburgh (FRSE).  Masu gabatar da ita sune David Whitteridge, John Gaddum, Reginald Passmore da Philip Eggleton . A shekara ta 1966 ta zama Farfesa a fannin ilimin lissafi a Jami'ar Edinburgh . An zabe ta Fellow na Royal Society a shekarar 1966. 

Baya ga takardu sama da 60 da surori 13 na littafi, Pickford ya buga wani sanannen littafi The Central Role of Hormones (1969). 

Pickford ta sami digiri na girmamawa (DSc) daga Jami'ar Heriot-Watt a shekarar 1991. 

Farfesa Pickford ta mutu a ranar haihuwarta ta cika shekaru 100 a shekara ta 2002. A cikin 2021, The Physiological Society ta kafa takardar tunawa mai launin shudi, a Jami'ar Edinburgh Old Medicine Quad don girmama ta, ta farko ga mace, ta fahimci cewa ita masanin kimiyya ce wacce 'ta ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban horo ta hanyar abubuwan da suka gano, ta bar gado fiye da rayuwarsu.'

## Littattafai

* *Matsayin Tsakiya na Hormones* (1969) 

## Manazarta
Rosalind Pitt-Rivers

Rosalind Venetia Lane Fox Pitt-Rivers FRS[1] (née Henley; 4 Maris 1907 - 14 Maryamu 1990) , SANARAREN ALIYU KAN SAMUN SAUKI.[2] Ta zama shugabar cutar Thyroid ta Turai ta biyu a 1971, ta gaji Jean Roche kuma ta gabaci Jack Gross a kamar; su ukun sun taka rawa wajen gano thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3).[3]

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Pitt-Rivers Rosalind Venetia Henley a ranar 4 ga Maris 1907 a 18 Mansfield Street, London, babba cikin 'ya'ya mata hudu na Hon. Anthony Morton Henley, Kyaftin a cikin 5th Lancers, da matarsa Hon. Sylvia Laura Stanley .  Mahaifinta shi ne ɗan na uku na Anthony Henley, Baron Henley na 3  kuma mahaifiyarta 'yar Lord Stanley na Alderley.

Ta yi karatu a gida kuma daga baya a Makarantar Sakandare ta Notting Hill tana da shekaru goma sha uku. Sha'awarta ga ilmin sunadarai ta fara ne tun tana 'yar shekara goma sha biyu lokacin da kawunta ya ba ta ilmin sunada. Daga baya ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Bedford (Jami'ar London), inda aka ba ta lambar yabo ta Bachelor of Science a 1930 tare da girmamawa na farko da MSc a 1931.

## Ayyuka
Bayan ta rabu da Pitt-Rivers a 1937, ta koma karatu kuma ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin ilmin sunadarai daga makarantar likitancin Kwalejin Jami'ar a 1939.[1] Ta shiga ma'aikatan kimiyya na Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa (NIMR) a Mill Hill London a 1942, babbar cibiyar Cibiyar Nazaren Kiwon Lafiyar Burtaniya (MRC). [2] Daga baya ta zama shugabar Sashen Chemistry, kuma ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1972.[3]

Bayan ta yi aiki tare da Jack Gross a kan ganowar hormone na T3 da kuma buga binciken su a cikin The *Lancet* a 1952,  ta sami karbuwa ta duniya.  An zabe ta Fellow na Royal Society (FRS) a shekara ta 1954.  A shekara ta 1973 an sanya ta abokiyar Kwalejin Bedford, London, a 1983 abokiyar girmamawa ta Royal Society of Medicine, kuma a 1986 abokiyar girmamawar Royal College of Physicians .  Littattafan da ta wallafa tare da Jamshed Tata sun hada da The Thyroid Hormones (1959); The Chemistry of Thyroid Diseases (1960); da kuma (tare da W. R. Trotter) The Thyroit Gland (1964). 

## Rayuwa ta mutum
A shekara ta 1931, ta yi aure, a matsayin matarsa ta biyu, George Pitt-Rivers (1890-1966), masanin ilimin ɗan adam da eugenicist, ɗaya daga cikin maza mafi arziki a Ingila  kuma jikan Augustus Pitt Rivers (1827-1900), wanda ya kafa gidan kayan gargajiya na ɗan adam mai suna bayan shi a Oxford. Ta zama mahaifiyar 'ya'ya maza biyu daga aurensa na farko, Michael da Julian . Ta haifi ɗa, Anthony Pitt-Rivers, a cikin 1932, amma an rushe auren a cikin 1937  .

A lokacin aurensu, mijinta ya zama mai goyon bayan eugenics da adawa da Yahudawa, yana kusantar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Jamus kuma yana yabon Mussolini da Hitler; a shekara ta 1940 an tsare shi a karkashin Dokar Tsaro 18B .

Ta mutu a ranar 14 ga watan Janairun 1990, tana da shekaru 82, a Hinton St Mary, Dorset, Ingila.

## Manazarta
Amalia Abad Casasempere

**Amalia Abad Casasempere** (11 ga Disamba 1897 - 21 ga Satumba 1936) mace ce mai bin addinin Katolika da aka kashe a Alcoy, Spain, a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Spain . An haife ta a Alcoy kuma bazawara ce kuma uwa ga 'ya'ya mata biyu, kuma tana da himma sosai wajen hidimar cocin. Ta ɓoye 'yan mata biyu a gidanta a lokacin barkewar yakin basasa. [1] [2] Saboda wannan ne aka kama ta aka kashe ta da ƙarfi. [2] Tana ɗaya daga cikin mutane 233 da Paparoma John Paul na Biyu ya yi wa yabo a ranar 11 ga Maris 2001, [3] a matsayin shahidai na Yaƙin Basasa na Spain (sunan da Cocin Katolika ya ba wa waɗanda 'yan Republican suka kashe saboda imaninsu).

## Manazarta
Concha Espina

**María de la Concepción Jesusa Basilisa Rodríguez-Espina y García-Tagle**, gajeriyar hanyar **Concha Espina** ( , 15 Afrilu 1869  ko 1877  ko 1 Afrilu 1879  ko 15 Afrilu 1879  a Santander &#x2013; 19 Mayu 1955 a Madrid ), marubuciya ce 'yar Spain. An zaɓe ta don kyautar Nobel a fannin adabi sau 25 cikin shekaru 28. 

## Rayuwa
An haifi María de la Concepción Jesusa Basilisa Rodríguez-Espina y García-Tagle a Santander, na bakwai na 10 na Víctor Rodríguez-Espina y Olivares da Ascensión García-Tagle y de la Vega. A ranar 12 ga Janairu 1893 ta auri Ramón de la Serna y Cueto, kuma sun ƙaura zuwa Valparaíso, Chile a cikin wasu shekaru. Auren yana da 'ya'ya 5: Ramón, Víctor, José, Josefina (matar Regino Sainz de la Maza ) da Luis. Ma'auratan sun rabu a shekara ta 1909, kuma bisa doka a 1934. A 1940 ta makanta, amma ta ci gaba da rubutawa. Ta mutu tana da shekaru 86, a ranar 19 ga Mayu 1955 a Madrid.

Littafinta da ta fi shahara shi ne That Luzmela Girl ( La niña de Luzmela ) kuma ya bayyana rayuwa a ƙauyen Mazcuerras na Cantabrian, wanda a yau ake kira Luzmela da sunan ta. Tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Madrid mai lamba 9, Concha Espina, an sanya mata suna. Babban titin da ke wannan yanki ana kiransa Avenida de Concha Espina.

## Manazarta
Fiona Powrie

**Dame Fiona Margaret Powrie** DBE FRS FMedSci (an haife ta a shekara ta 1963) a halin yanzu ita ce shugabar Cibiyar Nazarin Ruwa ta Kennedy a Jami'ar Oxford .  A baya ita ce Farfesa ta farko ta Sidney Truelove a fannin Gastroenterology a Jami'ar Oxford . Har ila yau, ita ce shugabar Sashen Magungunan Gwaje-gwaje na Ma'aikatar Magungunan Asibiti ta Nuffield.

## Ayyuka
Powrie ta yi karatun ilmin sunadarai a Jami'ar Bath,  kafin ta kammala digiri na DPhil a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Don Mason ne Makarantar Sir William Dunn, Jami'ar Oxford. 

## Ayyuka masu ban sha'awa

### Kwayoyin T masu sarrafawa
Powrie ya yi aiki tare da Don Mason a Makarantar Sir William Dunn ta Pathology yana nazarin hulɗar nau'ikan CD4 + T cells a cikin beraye. Wannan aikin ya gano cewa CD4 + OX22hi (OX22 shine CD45 a cikin beraye kuma daidai da CD45RB a cikin berayen, duka isoforms na CD45 ) T sel sun ƙunshi aikin pathogenic yayin da CD4 + Tlo sel sun ƙunshi aiki na sarrafawa kuma zasu iya hana aikin pathogensic na CD4 + X22hi T sel  Waɗannan su ne nazarin tushe kuma suna wakiltar wasu ayyukan sarrafawa akan T sel (Treg).

### Rashin kumburi na hanji
Powrie ya yi karatun post-doctoral tare da Robert L. Coffman a DNAX a Palo Alto, California. A nan, ta fadada aikinta na baya a cikin beraye zuwa beraye kuma ta haɓaka samfurin "T cell transfer", ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun samfuran kumburi na hanji inda canja wurin CD4 + CD45RBhi T cells zuwa Rag deficiency ko beraye SCID ya haifar da ci gaban kumburi mai tsanani na hanji da cutar lalacewa. Ana iya hana wannan ta hanyar canja wurin sel na CD4 + CD45RBlo T. Yin amfani da wannan samfurin Powrie ya kara gano rawar da IFN-γ da TNF-α suka taka a cikin kumburi na hanji da kuma yiwuwar warkarwa na IL-10  kuma ya nuna abin da ake buƙata don TGF-β a cikin rigakafin colitis ta hanyar CD4 + CD45RBlo mai sarrafawa T cell subset  Bayan dawowa zuwa Jami'ar Oxford a cikin 1996, da farko zuwa Sashen Nuffield na Surgery kuma daga baya, Sir William Dunn School ya yi amfani da tsarin TLA mai sarrafawa don gano tsarin Treginal don hanawa na T4 don hanawa don gano ƙwayoyin cuta na T4 na ciki har da ƙwayoyin rigakafin T4 don gano ƙirar T4 don ƙwayoyin halitta don hanawa da ƙwayoyi na ciki har zuwa ƙwayoyin T4 don kawar da ƙwayohin T4 don tabbatarwa na ciki har Mai da hankali kan hanyoyin cututtukan cututtuka a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Powrie. gano muhimmiyar rawar da cytokine IL-23 ke takawa a cikin cututtukan motsa jiki a cikin hanji 

### Halin warkarwa na Tregs
Ayyuka daga dakin gwaje-gwaje na Powrie. An gano cewa Treg ba zai iya hana cututtukan kumburi ba amma zai iya warkar da kumburi da aka kafa.[1] Bugu da ƙari, Powrie na daga cikin na farko da ya gano yawan CD4 + CD25 + T cells a cikin jinin ɗan adam wanda ke da ikon sarrafawa, yana tabbatar da waɗannan ƙwayoyin a matsayin ainihin T cell subset a cikin mutane.[2]

## Daraja da kyaututtuka
An nada Powrie a matsayin Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) a cikin girmamawar ranar haihuwar 2022 don hidimomi ga kimiyyar kiwon lafiya.
Sally Price (masanin kimiyyar)

**Saratu** "**Sally**" **Lois Price** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1956)  FRS  masanin kimiyyar Burtaniya ce wacce Farfesa ce a fannin ilmin sunadarai a Kwalejin Jami'ar London.

## Ilimi
Price ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Cambridge, inda aka ba ta digiri na farko a 1977 sannan ta sami digiri na biyu a 1980. [1][2] Binciken digirin ta ya tsara ƙarfin intermolecular tsakanin Kwayoyin diatomic kuma Anthony Stone ne ke kula da shi.[3]

## Kyaututtuka da membobin
An zabi Price a matsayin Fellow na Royal Society (FRS) a shekarar 2017  kuma Royal Society of Chemistry ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Interdisciplinary a shekarar 2015.  Farashin memba ne na American Chemical Society da British Crystallographic Association . A shekarar 2018 an zabi Price a matsayin memba na Academica Europea . 

## Manazarta
Aïcha Bah Diallo

**Aïcha Bah Diallo** (an haife ta a shekarar 1942 a Kouroussa) ministar ilimi ce ta ƙasar Guinea kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata, wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Ilimi daga shekarun 1989 zuwa 1996, kuma ita ce ke da alhakin aiwatar da manyan gyare-gyaren da ke inganta ilimi a tsakanin ƙananan yara mata. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Diallo, jikanyar uba ga Thierno Aliou Bhoubha Ndian, ta ce game da rayuwarta ta farko da ci gabanta a matsayin shugaba: "An ba ni iko a matsayin shugaba tun ina ƙarama, kuma na ci gaba da tafiya. Ni ce yarinya ta farko da aka haifa bayan maza uku, kuma iyayena za su ce mini, 'Ke shugaba ce. Dole ne ki zama mai kyau a makaranta, ba na biyu ba, amma koyaushe ka zama na farko, domin mun san cewa za ki iya yin hakan'".  Diallo ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin ilmin sinadarai daga Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania kuma ta sami difloma ta gaba a fannin ilmin sinadarai daga Jami'ar Gamal Abdel Nasser ta Conakry ta Guinea. 

## Aiki
A lokacin da take a matsayin Ministar Ilimi daga shekarun 1989 zuwa 1996, adadin 'yan mata da suka yi rajista a makarantu a Guinea ya karu daga 113,000 zuwa 233,000.  A shekarar 1992, ta taimaka wajen kafa Dandalin Masana Ilimi na Matan Afirka (FAWE), kuma daga shekarun 1996 zuwa 2005 ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar shugabar ilimi a UNESCO, inda aka naɗa ta don taimakawa wajen inganta shigar mata a ilimin mata a wasu daga cikin ƙasashen da ba su da ci gaba. A shekarar 2005, ta taimaka wajen kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙarfafa Ilimi Mai Girma ga Mata a Afirka (ASHEWA) kuma aka naɗa ta Mai Ba da Shawara ta Musamman ga Darakta Janar na UNESCO na Afirka, matsayin da ta riƙe har zuwa shekara ta 2009. Tana cikin Kwamitin Hulɗa na Ƙungiyoyi Masu Zaman Kansu, wanda ke haɗin gwiwa da UNESCO, Kwamitin Kyauta na Gidauniyar Mo Ibrahim don Shugabanci Mai Kyau da Jagoranci a Afirka, kuma memba ce a Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Shugaban Bankin Ci Gaban Musulunci (PAP/IDB). 

Diallo ta yi magana a fili game da cin zarafin da mata ke fuskanta a Afirka, kuma an ambato ta tana cewa a shekarar 2008: "Daga cikin dukkan cikas da ke kawo cikas ga hanyar 'yan mata zuwa ga koyo akwai cin zarafin jinsi: cin zarafin jinsi a bayyane kamar cin zarafin jima'i, cin zarafi, cin zarafi, cin zarafi da fyaɗe, da kuma cin zarafin jinsi a ɓoye kamar azabtarwa ta jiki, cin zarafi, cin zarafin baki da na tunani. Dole ne mu yi yaƙi da duk waɗannan nau'ikan tashin hankali a ciki da wajen aji". 

## Yabo
Diallo ta sami yabo mai yawa saboda aikinta a fannin ilimin Afirka, ciki har da Faransa Ordre des Palmes Académiques, 'yar ƙasar Ivory Coast Officer de I'Ordre, da kuma Chevalier de l'Ordre du mérite da Médaille d'Honneur du Travail na Guinea. Mujallar New African ta sanya mata suna ɗaya daga cikin 100 na Afirka mafi tasiri a shekarar 2013  da 2014. A shekarar 2015 da 2017, ta sami kyautar WISE don Ilimi.  An sanya wa makarantu masu zaman kansu da na gwamnati suna a Guinea, kuma akwai wata makaranta da sunan ta a Senegal. 

## Manazarta
Carol Prives

**Farfesa Carol L. Prives** FRS ita ce Farfesa ta Da Costa a fannin kimiyyar halittu a Jami'ar Columbia .  An san ta da aikinta a cikin halayyar p53, wani muhimmin furotin mai hana kumburi wanda ke sauyawa akai-akai a cikin ciwon daji.

Farfesa Prives ya kasance zaɓaɓɓen memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa (wanda aka zaba a shekara ta 2008). 

## Ilimi
Prives ta yi karatu a Kanada, ta sami BSc da PhD  a 1966  daga Jami'ar McGill, tana gudanar da bincike a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Juda Hirsch Quastel .  Ta bi postdoctoral fellowships a Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Albert Einstein da Cibiyar Weizmann a karkashin jagorancin Farfesa Michel Revel . bayan haka ta zama memba a Cibiyar Weizmann .  Ta sami digiri na Doctor of Sciences na girmamawa daga Jami'ar McGill, alma mater, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2014 saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga fahimtar p53.

## Bincike da aiki
A shekara ta 1995, an nada ta a matsayin Farfesa na Da Costa na ilmin halitta a Jami'ar Columbia .  Ta kasance shugabar Sashen Kimiyya na Biological daga 2000 zuwa 2004. 

Sha'awar da ta fara da Kwayar cutar ciwon daji ta SV40 a matsayin abin koyi don bayyana kwayar halitta ta eukaryotic da canjin oncogenic ya kai ta ga nazarin p53.  Tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1980, dakin gwaje-gwaje ta mayar da hankali kan kwayar cutar p53, daya daga cikin wadanda ke sauya sau da yawa a cikin cututtukan daji na mutum.

Prives ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayar cuta da Sashen Nazarin Kwayoyin Kwayoyin Kwayar cutaa na Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Kasa. Ta kasance memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Kimiyya na Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Kasa-Farber, Cibiyar Cibiyar Ci gaban Sloan Kettering, Cibiyar Nazarin Ciwon daji na Massachusetts, Cibiyar Kula da Ciwon daji Ta Kasa, [1] da Cibiyar Weizmann. [2] Ta kasance memba na kwamitin daraktoci na Ƙungiyar Amurka don Binciken Ciwon daji daga 2004 zuwa 2007. Ta kuma yi aiki a cikin juri na Life Sciences don Kyautar Infosys a cikin 2010.

Ita memba ce ta allon edita na Cell,  *Oncogene*  da kuma Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 

## Kyaututtuka

* 1996 NIH MERIT AwardKyautar NIH MERIT
* 2000 Zaɓaɓɓen Fellow, Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka
* 2001 Zaɓaɓɓen Fellow, Kwalejin Microbiology ta AmurkaKwalejin Kwalejin Microbiology ta Amurka
* 2005 Zaɓaɓɓen memba, Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya
* 2008 Zababben memba, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa 
* 2009 Rosalind E. Franklin Award for Women in Science,  Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Kasa
* 2010 Kyautar Paul Janssen a cikin Biotechnology da Medicine, Cibiyar Ci gaban Biotech Technology da Medicine
* 2011 AACR-Mata a cikin Binciken Ciwon daji Charlotte Friend Memorial Lectureship 
* 2015 Zaɓaɓɓen Fellow, Kwalejin AACR 
* 2020 Zaɓaɓɓen Fellow, The Royal Society 
* 2021 Mai karɓar AACR-G. Kyautar H.A. Clowes don Binciken Ciwon daji na Musamman

## Manazarta
Sheena Radford

**Sheena Elizabeth Radford** masanin kimiyyar halittu ne na Burtaniya, kuma Farfesa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi na Astbury kuma Farfesa ne a fannin binciken Royal Society a Cibiyar Astbury don Ilimin Kwayoyin Kwayoyin Kwayar Kwayar Kwalejin Kwalejin, Makarantar Kwalejin kwayar Kwaleji da Kwalejin a Jami'ar Leeds .    Radford shi ne Mataimakin Edita na Jaridar Molecular Biology . 

## Ilimi
Radford ta sami BSc a fannin ilmin sunadarai a Jami'ar Birmingham  a shekarar 1984,  kuma ta sami PhD a fannin ilimin sunadarai na ilmin sunada a Jami'war Cambridge a shekarar 1987. Radford ya kammala karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Oxford.

## Ayyuka da bincike
Radford ya kasance postdoc kuma Royal Society University Research Fellow a Jami'ar Oxford, sannan ya yi aiki a matsayin Malami a Biochemistry da Molecular Biology a Jami'an Leeds a 1995, ya ci gaba zuwa Reader a 1998 da Farfesa a 2000. Ta zama mataimakiyar darakta na Cibiyar Astbury ta Tsarin Kwayoyin Kwayoyin Kwayar halitta a cikin 2009 sannan Daraktan a cikin 2012 - 2021. Binciken Radford  yayi bincike kan ninkawar furotin, Haɗin furotin da cutar amyloid. Binciken da ta yi na fannoni da yawa ya haɗa da fannoni kamar su biochemistry, ilmin sunadarai da magani.

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da aka mayar da hankali ga bincike shine rawar da furotin ke takawa a farkon cututtukan amyloidogenic, gami da amyloidosis da ke da alaƙa da dialysis, Alzheimer, Parkinson da Type II ciwon sukari. An yi wannan ne tare da amfani da nau'ikan nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta na asali, NMR da hanyoyin kwayoyin guda ɗaya don nuna alamun matsakaici na ninkawar furotin da kuma a cikin samar da amyloid.[1] Bincike na biyu da aka mayar da hankali shine a kan ninkawar sunadarai na membrane na waje na kwayoyin Gram-negative. Fahimtar injiniyoyin yadda waɗannan sunadarai suka ninka zai taimaka wajen samun sabbin maganin rigakafi. Hannun na uku yana kallon yadda za'a iya tsawaita rayuwar magunguna.

## Kyaututtuka da girmamawa
An zabi Radford a matsayin Fellow na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya (FMedSci) a cikin 2010,  Fellow na Royal Society (FRS) a cikin 2014  kuma memba na kasa da kasa na Kwaleji ta Kimiyya ta Kasa, Amurka, a cikin 2024.

Radford memba ne na Faculty na 1000 . 

An nada Radford a matsayin Jami'in Order of the British Empire (OBE) a cikin girmamawar ranar haihuwar 2020 don hidimomi ga binciken ilmin halitta.

## Manazarta
F. Gwendolen Rees

**Florence ****Gwen**** Rees**, (Gwendolen ko Gwen) Royal Society">FRS  (3 ga Yulin 1906 - 4 ga Oktoba 1994) masanin ilimin dabbobi ne kuma Masanin ilimin kwayar cuta. Ita ce mace ta farko ta Welsh da ta zama abokiyar Royal Society .  A lokacin da take da shekaru 80, ta wallafa takardu 68.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Rees a garin Welsh na Abercynon a cikin 1906, kuma ta halarci Makarantar Tsakanin 'Yan Mata a Aberdare, (1918-24).[1][2] Ta halarci Kwalejin Jami'ar, Cardiff (wanda yanzu ake kira Jami'ar Cardiff) tare da tallafin karatu guda uku. A lokacin da take can, ta yi karatun ilmin sunadarai, ilmin halitta da ilimin dabbobi, inda ta sami girmamawa a ilimin dabbobi.[1] Rees daga nan ta ci gaba da kammala digirin digirin ta a cikin watanni 18, tana nazarin cututtukan trematode a cikin nau'ikan kwari daban-daban. A cikin kwanaki 100 ta tattara fiye da kwari 5,000 daga kusan wurare 90 a cikin Glamorgan da Monmouthshire counties a Wales.[1]

## Ayyuka
Ayyukan Rees sun kasance a Sashen Zoology na Kwalejin Jami'ar Wales, Aberystwyth, inda ta ci gaba da rike mukamai na Mataimakin Malami (1930-7), Malami (1937-47), Babban Malami (1947-66), Mai karatu (1966-71) da Farfesa (1971-3), ta zama farfesa mai ritaya a 1973. Ta kuma kasance Shugabar Makarantar Nazarin Biological (1972-3) kuma mukaddashin Shugaban Sashen (1948, 1969, 1970).  A lokacin da take ma'aikaci a Kwalejin Jami'ar Wales, Aberystwyth Rees ta kula da dalibai 215 da dalibai 25 da suka kammala karatun digiri.

Binciken ta ya kasance a fannin helminthology, yana mai da hankali kan tsarin, kwatankwacin yanayin aiki, histology da rayuwar rayuwar trematode da Cistoda parasites. Ayyukanta suna da mahimmanci wajen bayyana alaƙar waɗannan kwayar cuta tare da mahaukatan da ba na kashin baya ba.

Daga 1960 zuwa 1981 Rees ya shiga cikin littafin Parasitology . A cikin shekaru 10 na farko, ta kasance memba na kwamitin edita sannan ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin shugabar kwamitin editan har zuwa 1981. [1] Ta kasance memba na kafa kungiyar British Society for Parasitology, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugabanta (1970-72) da shugabanta (1972-74). [1][2]

Rees ya mutu a Aberystwyth, a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1994.

## Kyaututtuka da girmamawa
Rees ya zama Fellow na Royal Society a 1971, mace ta farko ta Welsh da aka zaba. An kuma zabe ta Fellow na Cibiyar Nazarin Halitta a wannan shekarar.  Ta sami lambar yabo ta Linnean, babbar lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar Linnean, a shekarar 1990. An kuma nuna ta a cikin wani labarin *Vogue* na 1975 game da mata masu tasiri da ban sha'awa na Burtaniya.

## Manazarta
Mariama Cire Sylla

**Mariama Cire Sylla** 'yar kasuwa ce 'yar ƙasar Guinea, ƙwararriyar masaniya a fannin banki kuma 'yar siyasa, Ministar Tattalin Arziki, Kuɗi da Kasafin Kuɗi ta ƙasar Guinea tun daga shekarar 2026. Ta taɓa yin aiki a matsayin Ministar Noma tsakanin shekarun 2025 da 2026 kuma ta yi aiki a Ƙungiyar Bankin Duniya.

## Ilimi
Sylla ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin manufofin jama'a daga Jami'ar Oxford, digiri na biyu a fannin manufofin tattalin arziki daga Kwalejin Williams da ke Amurka, da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki da gudanar da kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne. 

## Aiki
Ta fara aikinta a fannin kuɗi, tana aiki a kamfanin BRED Banque da ke Faransa da kuma KPMG a Guinea, kuma ta riƙe muƙamai daban-daban na gudanar da kasuwanci a kamfanoni kamar Maersk Line da ke Guinea da Safmarine a Belgium. 

Sylla ta shiga ƙungiyar Bankin Duniya a shekarar 2014 kuma ta jagoranci shirye-shirye don inganta yanayin kasuwanci da haɓaka kasuwancin gida, da kuma fasahar dijital, samar da kuɗaɗen tallafi ga 'yan kasuwa na gida da ƙananan masana'antu, gyare-gyare don buɗe saka hannun jari a fannin haƙar ma'adinai da abinci na noma, tallafawa mata da matasa 'yan kasuwa a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na Afirka, da kuma haɓaka kasuwanci a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ta kuma kula da ayyukan Bankin Duniya da Hukumar Kuɗi ta Duniya a Guinea da Yammacin Afirka. Daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin wakiliyar ƙungiyar Bankin Duniya a Namibia.  

Ta kuma yi aiki a IFC a matsayin wakiliya a Burundi, ga ƙasashen da ke fama da rauni da rikice-rikice a yankunan Sahel da Yammacin Afirka, da kuma memba a ƙungiyar ba da shawara kan ƙirƙirar kasuwa ta IFC.  

A ranar 29 ga watan Yuli 2025 aka naɗa ta Ministar Noma, inda ta maye gurbin .   A watan Oktoban 2025 ta halarci taron dabarun Bankin Duniya kan farfaɗo da sabunta fannin noma a Guinea. 

A ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu, 2026 aka naɗa Sylla a matsayin Ministan Tattalin Arziki, Kuɗi da Kasafin Kuɗi, inda ta maye gurbin . 

## Wallafe-wallafe

* *Duniya Mafi Kyau, Mai Hidima, da kuma Duniya Mai Mulki – Tunanin Gaba* (marubucin haɗin gwiwa, 2014) 

## Manazarta