John Curtin

**John Curtin** (8 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1885 - 5 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1945) ɗan siyasan Australiya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na 14 na Australiya daga shekara ta 1941 har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1945. Ya rike mukamin a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar Australian Labor Party (ALP), kasancewar ya fi shahara da jagorantar kasar ta hanyar mafi yawan yakin duniya na biyu, gami da duk sai 'yan makonni na karshe na yaƙi a cikin Pacific. Kwarewar jagorancin Curtin da halin kansa sun sami yabo daga 'yan siyasa na zamani, kuma ana yawan sanya shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan firaministan Australia da shugabannin siyasa.

Curtin ya bar makaranta yana da shekaru 13 kuma ya shiga cikin ƙungiyar ma'aikata a Melbourne. Ya shiga jam'iyyar Labor Party tun yana ƙarami kuma ya shiga cikin jam'iyyar Victorian Socialist Party . Ya zama sakataren jihar na kungiyar ma'aikatan katako a shekarar 1911 kuma shugaban tarayya a shekarar 1914. Curtin ya kasance jagora na kamfen din "A'a" a lokacin raba gardama na 1916 game da aikin soja na kasashen waje, kuma an ɗaure shi a takaice saboda ya ƙi halartar jarrabawar likita ta tilas. Ya koma Perth a shekara mai zuwa don ya zama editan Westralian Worker, kuma daga baya ya zama shugaban jihar na Australian Journalists' Association.

Bayan yunkurin da ba a yi nasara ba sau uku, an zabi Curtin a Majalisar Wakilai a Zaben tarayya na 1928, inda ya lashe Sashen Fremantle . Shi ne kawai Firayim Minista da ya wakilci mazabar a Yammacin Australia. Ya kasance mai aminci ga gwamnatin Labor a lokacin rabuwa ta jam'iyya ta 1931. Ya rasa kujerarsa a nasarar da aka yi wa Labor a Zaben 1940, amma ya lashe shi a 1934. A shekara mai zuwa, an zabi Curtin a matsayin shugaban jam'iyya a madadin James Scullin, inda ya doke Frank Forde da kuri'a daya. Jam'iyyar ta sami kujeru a zaben 1937 da 1940, tare da karshen da ya haifar da majalisa mai rataye. ALP daga ƙarshe ta kafa Gwamnatin 'yan tsiraru a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1941, lokacin da gwamnatin Fadden ta rasa amincewa.

Hare-haren Japan a kan Malaya da Pearl Harbor na Burtaniya sun faru ne watanni biyu bayan Curtin ya zama Firayim Minista, kuma Ostiraliya ta shiga yakin da Japan. Rashin nasarar sojojin Burtaniya da na ruwa a kan Japan da kuma hare-haren bama-bamai a arewacin Australia ya haifar da tsoron mamayewar Japan mai zuwa. Curtin ya fahimci cewa kawai dogaro da Amurka zai iya kare Ostiraliya. Curtin ya jagoranci yunkurin yaki na kasar kuma ya yanke shawara mai mahimmanci game da yadda aka gudanar da yakin. Ya sanya sojojin Australiya a karkashin umurnin Janar Douglas MacArthur na Amurka, wanda ya kafa dangantaka ta kusa da shi. A gaban gida ya sami nasarar tattauna batun kwaskwarima na kasashen waje wanda ya raba jam'iyyarsa a lokacin yakin duniya na farko. ALP ta lashe kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na kujerun a Majalisar Wakilai a Zaben 1943, wanda ya kasance rikodin jam'iyya. Curtin ya mutu a ofis a watan Yulin 1945, bayan watanni na rashin lafiya da aka danganta da damuwa na yaki. Yawancin shirye-shiryen sake ginawa na bayan yaƙin sun aiwatar da magajinsa Ben Chifley, wanda a 1946 ya jagoranci ALP zuwa nasarori a jere a karo na farko.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi

### Haihuwar haihuwa da asalin iyali
An haifi Curtin a Creswick, Victoria, a ranar 8 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1885.  An yi masa baftisma "John Joseph Ambrose", kodayake ba a rubuta sunayensa na tsakiya a takardar shaidar haihuwarsa ba kuma ya daina amfani da su daga baya. A cikin iyalinsa an san shi da "Jack". Curtin shi ne babba a cikin yara huɗu - an haifi ɗan'uwansa George a shekara ta 1887, 'yan uwansa mata Molly da Hannah sun biyo baya a 1889 da 1891.  An haifi iyayensa a County Cork, Ireland. Mahaifinsa, John Curtin Sr., ya isa Kudancin Australia a 1873, tare da 'yan uwansa biyu. 'Yan uwansa sun zauna a Adelaide, amma ya koma Victoria kuma ya sami aiki a matsayin mai kula da gidan yarin Pentridge. Daga baya ya shiga 'Yan sanda na Victoria, inda a cikin shekaru goma sha uku bai taba tashi sama da matsayin dan sanda ba; ya sami tsawata saboda cin zarafi da kuma amfani da karfi mai yawa a kan yara. A shekara ta 1883, ya auri Catherine Agnes Bourke (wanda aka fi sani da "Kate"), wanda ya isa Melbourne a shekara ta 1875. Ita ce 'yar'uwar daya daga cikin abokan aikinsa na' yan sanda.

### Yaronta da ilimi

An haifi Curtin tare da strabismus na haihuwa na idon hagu, wanda ya kasance mai lura a duk rayuwarsa. Ya kasance mafi yawan lahani ne na kayan kwalliya, amma ya kasance mai kula da kansa game da shi. A cewar mai ba da labarinsa David Day, yana da "matsayi mai yawa na tunanin mutum" a kansa, kuma mai yiwuwa ya kara yawan jin kunya. Curtin ya zauna a Creswick har zuwa 1890, lokacin da mahaifinsa ya yi ritaya daga aikin 'yan sanda. Mahaifinsa ya sha wahala daga cututtukan rheumatoid da syphilis, kuma an tantance shi a matsayin wanda ba zai iya ci gaba da aikin 'yan sanda ba. An ba shi zaɓi tsakanin fansho na shekara-shekara da biyan kuɗi, kuma ya zaɓi ƙarshen. Daga baya ya koma iyalinsa zuwa cikin Melbourne, ya karɓi hayar wani mashaya a kan Little Lonsdale Street kuma ya koma cikin gidan haya a Brunswick.

Curtin ya fara karatunsa a makarantar St Francis' Boys, makarantar Kirista Brothers da ke haɗe da Cocin St Francis.[1] Daga baya ya halarci makarantar St Bridget a Fitzroy. Ya kuma halarci makarantar firamare ta Makidoniya a Makidoniya. A shekara ta 1894, Curtin da iyalinsa suka koma Charlton, wani karamin gari a arewa maso yammacin Victoria. Mahaifinsa ya kasa bunƙasa a Melbourne, wanda ke cikin tsakiyar matsalar tattalin arziki. A Charlton, ya karɓi hayar wani mashaya mallakar surukinsa, John Bourke.[1] Curtin ya shiga makarantar jihar, saboda ba a kafa makarantar Katolika ba tukuna. Ya yi fice a ilimi, kuma an gan shi a matsayin mai yuwuwar "yaro mai ilimi". [lower-alpha 1][1] Koyaya, shi da iyalinsa sun bar Charlton a cikin 1896. Da yake fama da kudi, sun shafe shekaru biyu masu zuwa suna motsawa a kasar Victoria, yayin da mahaifinsa ke gudanar da mashaya a Dromana, Drouin, da Dutsen Macedon. Curtin ya halarci makarantun jihar, ya ƙare karatunsa na yau da kullun a 1898 yana da shekaru 13.

## Manazarta