Grace Lee Boggs

**Grace Lee Boggs** (27 ga Yuni, 1915 - 5 ga Oktoba, 2015) marubuciya ce 'yar Amurka, mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a, masanin falsafa, kuma mai rajin kare hakkin mata .  An san ta da shekarunta na haɗin gwiwa a siyasance da CLR James da Raya Dunayevskaya a shekarun 1940 da 1950.  A shekarun 1960, ita da mijinta, James Boggs, sun ɗauki alkiblar siyasa ta kansu, suna mai da hankali kan haƙƙin jama'a da 'Yancin Baƙar fata, 'Yan Asalin Amurka, da sauran ƙungiyoyin adalci na zamantakewa. A shekarar 1998 ta rubuta littattafai huɗu, ciki har da tarihin rayuwarta. A shekarar 2011, har yanzu tana da shekaru 95 a duniya, ta rubuta littafi na biyar, *The Next American Revolution: Sustainable Activism for the Twenty-First Century*, tare da Scott Kurashige, wanda Jami'ar California Press ta buga. Ana ɗaukarta a matsayin babbar jigo a cikin ƙungiyoyin ' yan asalin Asiya, Black Power, da Civil Rights .

## Iyali da yarantaka

### Rayuwar farko
An haifi Boggs Grace Lee Chin  a ranar 27 ga Yuni, 1915, a Providence, Rhode Island, a saman gidan abincin mahaifinta. Sunanta na kasar Sin Yu Ping (玉平), ma'ana Jade Peace. Ita 'yar Chin Lee ce (1870–1965) da matarsa ta biyu, Yin Lan Ng. Iyayenta duka asali daga Taishan, Guangdong, a daular Qing ta kasar Sin .  'Yan uwan Boggs sun hada da 'yar'uwa daya, Katherine, da 'yan'uwa hudu: Edward, Philip, Robert, da Harry. Chin Lee da Yin Lan Ng sun yi hijira daga kasar Sin zuwa birnin Seattle, Washington na kasar Amurka a shekarar 1911.

A farkon aikinta, Boggs ta fassara ayyukan Karl Marx kuma ta kasance mai himma a cikin ƙungiyoyi da dama na masu ra'ayin hagu, ciki har da Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata, Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Gurguzu, da kuma ƙungiyar Trotskyist . Daga baya ta yi aiki tare da masu juyin juya hali kamar CLR James da Raya Dunayevskaya a cikin nazarin harshe mai rikitarwa, tana kwatanta Tarayyar Soviet a cikin kalmomi daban-daban kamar " ƙasa da ma'aikata " ko "tsarin jari-hujja na jiha ".

### Ilimi
A kan tallafin karatu, Boggs ta ci gaba da karatu a Kwalejin Barnard ta Jami'ar Columbia, inda ra'ayin Darwin game da juyin halitta ya yi mata tasiri.  Ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1935 sannan a shekarar 1940 ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin falsafa daga Kwalejin Bryn Mawr, inda ta yi karatu tare da Paul Weiss kuma ta rubuta rubutunta na digiri a kan George Herbert Mead . 

### Haɗin gwiwa da James Boggs
A shekarar 1953, Grace Lee Boggs ta auri James Boggs, wani ɗan fafutukar siyasa kuma ma'aikacin mota na Amurka. Sun yi aure na tsawon shekaru 40 har zuwa mutuwar James Boggs a shekarar 1993. Tare suka buga littattafai, littattafai, kuma suka kafa Ƙungiyar Juyin Juya Halin Amurka (NOAR).   

An yi hira da shi ta hannun Ibram X. Kendi game da tarihin rayuwarsa ta haɗin gwiwa, Stephen M. Ward ya bayyana cewa tare, Grace Lee Boggs da James Boggs "sun gina haɗin gwiwa mai ɗorewa wanda a lokaci guda ya kasance na aure, na ilimi, da na siyasa. Haɗin gwiwa ne na gaske na daidaito, abin mamaki ba kawai saboda haɗin kai na musamman ko tsawon rayuwarsa ba, har ma da ikonsa na ci gaba da samar da tunani da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa na masu fafutuka." 

## Ƙungiyoyin fafutuka
Tana fuskantar manyan matsaloli a duniyar ilimi a shekarun 1940, ta ɗauki aiki mai ƙarancin albashi a ɗakin karatu na Jami'ar Chicago Falsafa. Sakamakon fafutukar da suke yi kan haƙƙin masu haya, ta shiga Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta hagu mai juyin juya hali, wacce aka san ta da matsayinta na Sansanin Uku game da Tarayyar Soviet, wanda take gani a matsayin mai haɗaka da gwamnati . A wannan lokacin, ta fara hanyar da za ta bi har tsawon rayuwarta: mai da hankali kan gwagwarmaya a cikin al'ummar Baƙar fata-Amurka. 

Ta haɗu da CLR James a lokacin wata tattaunawa ta tattaunawa a Chicago kuma ta ƙaura zuwa New York. Ta haɗu da masu fafutuka da yawa da kuma masana al'adu kamar marubuciya Richard Wright da ɗan rawa Katharine Dunham . Ta kuma fassara da yawa daga cikin kasidu a cikin Littafin Karl Marx na *Tattalin Arziki da Falsafa na 1844* a karon farko. Ba da daɗewa ba ta shiga Johnson-Forest Tendency wanda James, Raya Dunayevskaya da Lee ke jagoranta. Sun fi mai da hankali kan ƙungiyoyin da aka ware kamar mata, mutanen launin fata da matasa, da kuma karya ra'ayin jam'iyyar da ke kan gaba. Ta yi rubutu ga Johnson-Forest Tendency a ƙarƙashin sunan jam'iyyar **Ria Stone** . Yayin da suke aiki a matsayin wata al'ada ta Ma'aikata, sun sake komawa Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Socialist na ɗan lokaci kafin su bar Trotskyist gaba ɗaya, suka kafa Kwamitin Buga Wasiku a 1951.  Ta auri ma'aikacin mota ɗan Afirka-Amurka kuma mai fafutukar siyasa James Boggs a 1953.

A wannan shekarar ita da James suka ƙaura zuwa Detroit, inda suka ci gaba da mai da hankali kan fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a da kuma fafutukar kare haƙƙin baƙar fata . Kamar yadda masanin kimiyya Brian Doucet ya bayyana a hirarsa da Boggs a shekarar 2014: "Zama a Detroit ya rinjayi tunanin Boggs game da rawar da ke takawa wajen sarrafa kansa, da kuma wariyar launin fata."  Boggs ya taimaka wajen kafa ƙungiyar siyasa ta Detroit Asian a shekarar 1970. 

Lokacin da CLR James da Raya Dunayevskaya suka rabu a tsakiyar shekarun 1950 zuwa Kwamitin Buga Wasiku karkashin jagorancin James da News and Letters karkashin jagorancin Dunayevskaya, Grace da James sun goyi bayan Kwamitin Buga Wasiku wanda James ya yi ƙoƙarin ba da shawara yayin da yake gudun hijira a Birtaniya. A shekarar 1962, Boggses sun rabu da James suka ci gaba da Kwamitin Buga Wasiku tare da Lyman Paine da Freddy Paine, yayin da magoya bayan James, kamar Martin Glaberman, suka ci gaba a matsayin sabuwar ƙungiya idan ba ta daɗe ba, Fuskantar Gaskiya . Ana iya ganin ra'ayoyin da suka kafa tushen rabuwar 1962 kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin littafin James Boggs, *The American Revolution: Shafuka daga Littafin Rubutu na Ma'aikata Baƙar fata* . Grace ba ta yi nasarar ƙoƙarin shawo kan Malcolm X ya tsaya takarar Majalisar Dattawan Amurka a 1964 ba. A cikin waɗannan shekarun, Boggs ta rubuta littattafai da dama, ciki har da *Juyin Juya Hali da Juyin Halitta a ƙarni na Ashirin* tare da mijinta kuma ta mai da hankali kan fafutukar al'umma a Detroit inda ta zama sananniyar mai fafutuka.

A shekarar 1979, Grace Lee Boggs da mijinta James Boggs sun ba da gudummawa wajen kafa National Organization for an American Revolution (NOAR). 

A cikin gabatarwar wata tattaunawa mai zurfi, wata daliba Karín Aguilar-San Juan ta bayyana wani bangare na fafutukar Boggs: "Kodayake ta yi imanin cewa rashin daidaito tsakanin launin fata da jinsi zai buƙaci gwagwarmaya koyaushe, Grace ta dage cewa fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ba za ta haifar da canje-canje masu yawa a cikin al'umma da babban yanayin juyin halittar ɗan adam ke buƙata ba." Ta ci gaba da bayyana cewa "hanyar siyasa" ta Boggs an "jagoranci ta ne ta hanyar nazarinta na canjin duniya da na tarihi, tare da shiga kowace rana a cikin da kuma lura da gwagwarmayar mutane a matakin farko." A cikin wannan hirar, Boggs ta tattauna dangantakarta da gadonta na 'yan asalin Asiya, gogewarta da ƙungiyar Black Power, da sauran batutuwa da yawa. 

Ta kafa Detroit Summer, wani shiri na matasa masu al'adu daban-daban, a shekarar 1992, kuma ta sami kyaututtuka da dama. Bugu da ƙari, gidan Boggs da ke Detroit shi ma yana aiki a matsayin hedikwatar Cibiyar Boggs don Kula da Jagorancin Al'umma. Abokan Grace Lee da James Boggs ne suka kafa Cibiyar Boggs a farkon shekarun 1990 kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa cibiyar ayyukan al'umma, shirya ƙungiyoyin jama'a, da fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a a cikin gida da kuma ƙasa baki ɗaya. 

## Mutuwa
Grace Lee Boggs ta mutu a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 2015, tana da shekaru 100. Wani rahoto da aka fitar a jaridar The New York Times ya ruwaito cewa Boggs "ya yi yakin kwarin gwiwa ga kare hakkin jama'a, aiki, mata, muhalli da sauran dalilai tsawon shekaru saba'in tare da imani mara misaltuwa cewa adalcin juyin juya hali yana gab da kusantowa."

Shugaba Barack Obama ya fitar da sanarwa game da mutuwar Bogg, yana yaba wa aikinta na Detroit da kuma "jagorancinta a cikin ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin jama'a, ga ra'ayoyinta waɗanda suka ƙalubalanci mu duka mu yi rayuwa mai ma'ana." Ya ƙara da cewa Boggs "ta fahimci ikon tsara al'umma a cikin zuciyarta". 

## Gado

### Daraja

* A shekarar 1999, an shigar da Boggs cikin zauren shahararru na mata na ƙasa 
* A shekarar 2013,  An buɗe Makarantar James da Grace Lee Boggs a Detroit, Michigan. Makarantar Boggs tana koyar da ɗalibai daga aji na kindergarten zuwa aji takwas, kuma daga cikin muhimman ɗabi'unta akwai tunani mai zurfi, haɗin gwiwa, da kuma ƙudurin kai. 
* A shekarar 2014, Cibiyar Adalci ta Jama'a da aka buɗe kwanan nan a Cibiyar Jami'a ta Sabuwar Makaranta an sanya mata suna Cibiyar Baldwin Rivera Boggs bayan masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam Boggs, James Baldwin, da Sylvia Rivera . 
* A shekarar 2014, an shigar da Boggs cikin Zauren Shahararrun Mata na Michigan . 
*  Boggs ya sami digirin girmamawa daga Jami'ar Michigan, Kwalejin Wooster, Kwalejin Kalamazoo da Jami'ar Jihar Wayne. 

### Wakilci a kafofin watsa labarai

* *Cikin Soyayya Da Gwagwarmaya: Rayuwar Juyin Juya Halin James da Grace Lee Boggs* na Stephen M. Ward (Jami'ar North Carolina Press, 2016) 
* *Muna Nan: 'Yan Asalin Asiya 30 da 'Yan Tsibirin Pacific Masu Kwarin gwiwa waɗanda suka tsara Ƙasar Amurka* (na Naomi Hirahana) (Philadelphia: Running Press Kids, 2022 

#### Tarihin Rayuwa

* Juyin Juya Halin Amurka: Juyin Halittar Grace Lee Boggs,  wani shirin gaskiya na tarihin rayuwar Lee Boggs na 2013, wanda Grace Lee ta jagoranta.

#### Wani

* A cikin fim ɗin *Barry* (2016), wani fim na wasan kwaikwayo game da shekarun Barack Obama a Jami'ar Columbia, Marion Kodama Yue ce ta fito a cikinsa.

#### Takaitaccen Bayani
Sauran littattafanta sun haɗa da Juyin Juya Hali da Juyin Halitta a ƙarni na Twentieth (1974, tare da James Boggs), Women and the Movement to Build a New America (1977), Living for Change: An Autobiography (1998), da kuma The Next American Revolution: Sustainable Activism for the Twenty-First Century (2011, tare da Scott Kurashige).

## Littattafan tarihi

### Littattafai

* *George Herbert Mead: Masanin Falsafa na Mutum na Jama'a* (New York) : King's Crown Press, 1945)
* ''Ƙungiyar 'Yan Gurguzu Masu Mamayewa'' (tare da CLR James da Raya Dunayevskaya) (1947)
* *Tsarin Jari-hujja na Jiha da Juyin Juya Halin Duniya* (tare da CLR James da Raya Dunayevskaya) (1950).
* *Fuskantar Gaskiya* (tare da CLR James da Cornelius Castoriadis ). (Detroit: Wasiƙa, 1958).
* *Juyin Juya Hali da Juyin Halitta a Karni na Ashirin* (tare da James Boggs). (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1974).
* *Mata da Ƙungiyar Gina Sabuwar Amurka* (Detroit: Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Juyin Juya Halin Amurka, 1977).
*  *Tattaunawa a Maine: Binciken Makomar Al'ummarmu* (tare da James Boggs, Freddy Paine, da Lyman Paine). (Boston: South End Press, 1978).
* *Sharuɗɗan Zaman Lafiya: Tambaya: Tsaro, Dimokuraɗiyya, Ilimin Halittu, Tattalin Arziki, Al'umma* (Washington DC: Expro Press, 1991)
* ** (Minneapolis: Jami'ar Minnesota Press, 1998).
* ''Juyin Juya Halin Amurka na Gaba: Gwagwarmayar Dorewa don ƙarni na Ashirin da Ɗaya'' (tare da Scott Kurashige). (Los Angeles: Jami'ar California Press, 2011)

### Hira da bayyanar

* A shekarar 2005, Boggs ya yi jawabi a taron kan fafutuka, nazarin ƙabilanci, ƙasashen waje da kuma bayan haka da aka gudanar a Jami'ar Northwestern . Jawabin wanda daga baya aka sake buga shi a cikin *CR: Sabon Nazarin Shekaru* . 
* A shekarar 2012, an cire jawabinta da Angela Davis a ɗakin wasan Pauley da ke Jami'ar California mai taken "On Revolution: A Conversation Between Grace Lee Boggs and Angela Davis" a cikin mujallar *Race, Poverty, and the Environment* . 

## Duba kuma

* Tarihin 'Yan Amurkan China a Metro Detroit
* Revolutionary Action Movement § Max Stanford

## Manazarta