Rubutun zane na Musulunci

**Rubutun Musulunci na rubutu** shine aikin fasaha na rubutu da rubutu, a cikin harsunan da ke amfani da haruffan Larabci ko haruffan da aka samo daga gare su . Tsarin rubutun hannu ne mai tsari da tsari wanda ke bin ƙa'idodin fasaha kuma galibi ana amfani da shi don rubuce-rubucen addinin Musulunci, gine-gine, da ado .  Ya haɗa da rubutun Larabci, Farisa, Ottoman, da Urdu .   An san shi da Larabci da  (  ), ma'ana a zahiri "layi", "zane", ko "gina". 

Ci gaban rubutun Musulunci yana da alaƙa da Alƙur'ani, domin surori da ayoyi daga Alƙur'ani rubutu ne na gama gari kuma kusan na duniya baki ɗaya wanda aka gina rubutun Musulunci a kai. Duk da cewa ba a haramta zane-zane na mutane da dabbobi a cikin Alƙur'ani ba, al'adun Musulunci sau da yawa suna iyakance wakilcin siffofi a cikin rubuce-rubucen addinin Musulunci don guje wa bautar gumaka . Wasu masana suna jayayya cewa rubutun Kufic an ƙirƙira shi a ƙarshen ƙarni na 7 a Kufa, Iraki, wanda daga nan aka samo sunansa. Wannan salon farko daga baya ya rikide zuwa siffofi da yawa, ciki har da fure, fure, fenti ko haɗe, da aka haɗa, da iyaka, da kuma siffar Kufic mai siffar murabba'i. A duniyar da, duk da haka, masu fasaha wani lokacin suna kauce wa haramcin da ba a saba gani ba ta hanyar ƙirƙirar abubuwan da aka tsara na rubutun da suka samar da siffofi da siffofi ta amfani da ƙaramin rubutun. Rubutun Kira wani nau'i ne na fasaha mai daraja, kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin abin bibiya da ɗabi'a. Wani karin magana na Larabci na da ya gabata ya nuna wannan batu ta hanyar faɗar da ƙarfi cewa "tsarki na rubutu shine tsarkin rai."

Baya ga mahallin addini, ana amfani da rubutun Musulunci a cikin fasaha, gine-gine, da kayan ado. Shahararta a cikin fasahar Islama ba kawai saboda matsalolin addini a kan hotuna na alama ba ne, amma a maimakon haka yana nuna muhimmiyar rawar rubuce-rubuce da kalmar da aka rubuta a al'adun Islama. Kalmomin Musulunci sun samo asali ne daga manyan nau'o'i biyu: Kufic da Naskh, tare da bambance-bambance da yawa na yanki da salon. A Zamanin zamani, rubutun Larabci da Farisa sun rinjayi Fasahar zamani, musamman a Gabas ta Tsakiya ta mulkin mallaka, kuma sun yi wahayi zuwa ga salon haɗin da aka sani da Kalligraffiti.

## Kayan kida da kafofin watsa labarai
Kayan aikin gargajiya na mai rubuta rubutu na Musulunci shine qalam, alkalami da aka saba yi da busasshen itace ko bamboo. Sau da yawa ana yin tawada a launi kuma ana zaɓa ta yadda ƙarfinsa zai iya bambanta sosai, yana haifar da ƙarfi da motsi a cikin siffofin haruffa. Wasu salo galibi ana rubuta su ta amfani da alkalami mai ƙarfe.

Ana iya amfani da rubutun Musulunci a fannoni daban-daban na kayan ado banda takarda, kamar tayal, tasoshin ruwa, kafet, da dutse.  Kafin zuwan takarda, ana amfani da takarda da takarda don rubutu. A ƙarni na 9, kwararar takarda daga China ta kawo sauyi a fannin rubutun hannu. Laburare a duniyar Musulmi a kai a kai suna ɗauke da ɗaruruwan littattafai har ma da dubban littattafai.  

Tsawon ƙarni da yawa, fasahar rubutu ta cika wani muhimmin aiki a fannin zane-zane na Musulunci.  Duk da cewa al'adar ilimi ta rubutun Musulunci ta fara ne a Baghdad, cibiyar daular Musulunci a lokacin da ta fara yin rubuce-rubuce, daga ƙarshe ta bazu zuwa Indiya da Spain.

Tsabar kuɗi wani tallafi ne ga rubutun hannu. Tun daga shekarar 692, Khalifancin Musulunci ya gyara tsarin tsabar kuɗi na Gabas ta Tsakiya ta hanyar maye gurbin hotunan Kirista na Byzantine da jimlolin Musulunci da aka rubuta da Larabci. Wannan ya kasance gaskiya musamman ga dinari, ko tsabar zinare masu daraja. Gabaɗaya, ana rubuta tsabar kuɗi da ambato daga Alƙur'ani.

A ƙarni na goma, Farisawa, waɗanda suka tuba zuwa Islama, sun fara yin rubutun a kan siliki da aka tsara sosai. Abubuwan da ke dauke da rubutun Larabci suna da daraja sosai har 'yan Salibiyya suka kawo su Turai a matsayin kayan daraja. Wani sanannen misali shine Suaire de Saint-Josse, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don rufe ƙasusuwan St. Josse a cikin Abbey na St. Jossa-sur-Mer, kusa da Caen a arewa maso yammacin Faransa.

Ganin cewa ana girmama rubutun Musulunci sosai, yawancin ayyukan suna bin misalan da ƙwararrun masu rubutun Musulunci suka kafa, ban da ayyukan duniya ko na zamani. A al'adar Musulunci, masu rubutun Musulunci sun sami horo mai zurfi a matakai uku, ciki har da nazarin samfuran malamansu, don samun takardar shaida. 

## Salo

### Kufic
 
Salon Kufic yana jaddada ma'aunin tauri da kusurwa, amma ya bunƙasa tare da rubutun Naskh a ƙarni na 7.   Duk da cewa wasu masana suna jayayya game da wannan, ana zargin an ƙirƙiri rubutun Kufic a ƙarshen ƙarni na 7 a Kufa, Iraki, inda aka samo sunansa daga gare shi.   Salon daga baya ya ɓullo zuwa nau'ikan iri-iri, ciki har da fure, fure, fenti ko haɗe-haɗe, gefuna, da kufic murabba'i. Saboda salon rubutunsa madaidaiciya da tsari, ana yawan amfani da Kufic wajen sassaka duwatsu na ado da kuma tsabar kuɗi.  Shi ne babban rubutun da aka yi amfani da shi don kwafi Kur'ani daga ƙarni na 8 zuwa 10 kuma ya fita daga amfani gabaɗaya a ƙarni na 12 lokacin da salon naskh mai gudana ya zama mafi amfani. Duk da haka, an ci gaba da amfani da shi azaman kayan ado don bambanta salon da ya maye gurbin. 

Babu wata ƙa'ida da aka kafa ta amfani da rubutun Kufic; abin da kawai aka fi sani shi ne siffofi masu kusurwa da layi na haruffan. Saboda rashin daidaito na farkon Kufic, rubutun ya bambanta sosai tsakanin yankuna, tun daga siffofi masu murabba'i da tauri zuwa na fure da na ado. 

Nau'o'in da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da murabba'in Kufic, dabara da aka sani da *Banna'i*. Kalligraphy na zamani ta amfani da wannan salon kuma sananne ne a cikin kayan ado na zamani.

Rubuce-rubucen Kufic masu ado galibi ana kwaikwayon su zuwa jabun Kufic a zamanin da da kuma zamanin Renaissance na Turai. Jabun Kufic sun zama ruwan dare musamman a cikin zane-zanen Renaissance na mutanen da suka fito daga Ƙasa Mai Tsarki . Dalilin da ya sa aka haɗa jabun Kufic ba a fayyace shi ba. Da alama mutanen Yamma sun haɗa rubuce-rubucen Gabas ta Tsakiya na ƙarni na 13-14 da tsarin rubutu da aka yi amfani da su a zamanin Yesu, don haka sun ga ya dace a wakilci Kiristoci na farko tare da su. 

### Nask

Amfani da rubutun cursive ya kasance tare da Kufic, kuma a tarihi ana amfani da cursive don dalilai na al'ada. Naskh ya fara bayyana a cikin karni na farko na kalandar Islama. Naskh yana fassara zuwa "kwafi", kamar yadda ya zama misali don fassara littattafai da rubuce-rubuce. Rubutun shine mafi yawanci a cikin sauran salon, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Alkur'ani, hukuma, da kuma wasiƙu masu zaman kansu. Ya zama tushen bugawa na Larabci na zamani.

Ana kyautata zaton Kufic ya riga naskh, amma masana tarihi sun gano cewa rubutun biyu suna rayuwa ne tun kafin ibn Muqla ya rubuta su, domin su biyun sun yi aiki daban-daban.  An yi amfani da Kufi musamman wajen ado, yayin da Naskh ya yi aiki don amfanin marubuta na yau da kullun. 

### Thuluth

An ƙirƙiro Thuluth a ƙarni na 15 kuma a hankali masana rubutun Ottoman suka gyara shi, ciki har da Mustafa Râkim, Shaykh Hamdallah, da sauransu, har sai da ya zama kamar yadda yake a yau. Haruffa a cikin wannan rubutun suna da dogayen layuka a tsaye tare da faɗin tazara. Sunan, ma'ana "ɗaya bisa uku", wataƙila yana iya zama nuni ga tsayin x, wanda shine kashi ɗaya bisa uku na 'alif', ko kuma gaskiyar cewa alkalami da aka yi amfani da shi don rubuta wasula da kayan ado shine kashi ɗaya bisa uku na faɗin da aka yi amfani da shi wajen rubuta haruffan. 

### Reqāʿ
Salon rubutun hannu na Reqāʿ yayi kama da na Thuluth. Ya fara bayyana a ƙarni na 10. Siffar tana da sauƙi tare da gajerun rubuce-rubuce da ƙananan bunƙasa. Yaqut al-Musta'simi yana ɗaya daga cikin masu rubuta rubutu waɗanda suka yi amfani da wannan salon.   Ana kyautata zaton Balarabe, Ibn al-Bawwab, ne ya ƙirƙiri wannan rubutun.

### Muhaqqaq
Muhaqqaq salon rubutu ne mai girma da ƙwararrun masu rubuta rubutu ke amfani da shi, kuma nau'in thuluth ne. Tare da thuluth, an ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun rubutun, kuma ɗaya daga cikin mafi wahalar aiwatarwa. An saba amfani da Muhaqqaq a zamanin Mamluk, amma amfani da shi ya zama ya takaita ga gajerun jimloli, kamar basmallah, tun daga ƙarni na 18 zuwa gaba. 

### Salo na yanki

Da yaɗuwar Musulunci, an kafa rubutun Larabci a wani yanki mai faɗi, inda yankuna da yawa ke haɓaka salon nasu na musamman. Tun daga ƙarni na 14 zuwa gaba, wasu salon rubutun lanƙwasa sun fara bunƙasa a Turkiyya, Farisa, da China. 

# Rubuce-rubucen '''Maghrebi''' da aka samo daga haruffan Kufic a Maghreb (Arewacin Afirka) da al-Andalus ( Iberia ), ana rubuta rubutun Maghrebi da bakin da aka nuna (القلم المذبب), wanda ke samar da layi mai kauri daidai gwargwado. A cikin dangin Maghrebi, akwai salo daban-daban, ciki har da *mujawher* mai lanƙwasa da kuma *mabsut na bikin.*
## An haɓaka rubutun '''Sudan''' a ''Biled as-Sudan'' (Jam'iyyar Yammacin Afirka ta Sahel ) kuma ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin ƙaramin rukuni na rubutun Maghrebi.
# **Diwani** salon rubutun Larabci ne da aka ƙirƙira a lokacin mulkin Turkawa na farko na Ottoman a ƙarni na 16 da farkon ƙarni na 17. Housam Roumi ne ya ƙirƙiro shi, kuma ya kai kololuwar shahararsa a ƙarƙashin Süleyman I Mai Girma (1520–1566).  Sararin da ke tsakanin haruffa galibi suna da kunkuntar, kuma layuka suna hawa sama daga dama zuwa hagu. Manyan bambance-bambancen da ake kira *djali* suna cike da kayan ado masu yawa na dige-dige da alamun diacritical a cikin sararin da ke tsakanin, suna ba shi ƙaramin kamanni. Diwani yana da wahalar karantawa da rubutu saboda yawan salo kuma ya zama rubutun da ya dace don rubuta takardun kotu saboda yana tabbatar da sirri da hana jabu. 
# **Nasta'liq** salon rubutu ne da aka ƙirƙira da farko don rubuta harshen Farisa don ayyukan adabi da waɗanda ba na Alƙur'ani ba.  Ana tsammanin Nasta'liq ya zama ci gaban naskh da rubutun ta'liq na baya da aka yi amfani da shi a Iran.  Yana samun karbuwa cikin sauri a matsayin rubutun a Kudancin Asiya. Sunan *ta'liq* yana nufin "rataye", kuma yana nufin ingancin layukan rubutu kaɗan a cikin wannan rubutun. Haruffa suna da gajerun bugun tsaye tare da faɗin bugun kwance mai faɗi da zurfi. Siffofin suna da zurfi, kama da ƙugiya, kuma suna da babban bambanci.  An ƙirƙiri wani nau'in da ake kira *Shikasteh* a ƙarni na 17 don ƙarin mahallin da aka saba amfani da su.
# **Sini** wani salo ne da aka ƙirƙira a ƙasar Sin. Siffar rubutun Sinanci ta yi tasiri sosai a kan siffar, ta amfani da goga mai gashin doki maimakon alkalami na yau da kullun. Shahararren mai rubutun zamani a cikin wannan al'ada shine Hajji Noor Deen Mi Guangjiang . 

### Na Zamani
A zamanin mulkin mallaka, masu zane-zane da ke aiki a Arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya sun canza rubutun Larabci zuwa motsi na fasaha na zamani, wanda aka sani da motsi na Hurufiyya .  Masu zane-zane da ke aiki a cikin wannan salon suna amfani da calligraphy a matsayin wani abu mai hoto a cikin zane-zane na zamani.

Masu fasahar Hurufiyya sun haɗa ra'ayoyin fasahar Yammacin duniya da asalin fasaha da kuma fahimtar da aka samo daga al'adunsu da gadonsu. Waɗannan masu fasahar sun haɗa al'adun gani na Musulunci, musamman rubutun hannu, da abubuwan fasahar zamani cikin waƙoƙin zamani masu kama da juna.  Duk da cewa masu fasahar hurufiyyah sun yi fama wajen nemo tattaunawar kansu a cikin mahallin ƙabilanci, sun kuma yi aiki don samar da salon da ya wuce iyakokin ƙasa kuma yana wakiltar alaƙa mai faɗi da asalin Musulunci. 

Salon fasaha na hurufiyya a matsayin motsi ya fara ne a Arewacin Afirka  tare da aikin Ibrahim el-Salahi .  Duk da haka, amfani da fasahar rubutu a cikin fasahar zamani ya bayyana a matsayin wanda ba shi da alaƙa da sauran ƙasashen Musulunci. Masu fasaha da ke aiki a wannan sau da yawa ba su san ayyukan wasu masu fasaha na hurufiyya ba, wanda hakan ya ba da damar bayyanar salon daban-daban a yankuna daban-daban.  A Sudan, misali, ayyukan fasaha sun haɗa da fasahar rubutu ta Musulunci da kuma ƙirar Afirka ta Yamma. 

Yunkurin zane-zane na hurufiyya ba a iyakance shi ga masu zane-zane ba kuma ya haɗa da masu zane-zanen da ke aiki a cikin kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai shine masanin yumbu na Jordan, Mahmoud Taha wanda ya haɗu da kyawawan al'adun gargajiya na calligraphy tare da ƙwarewar sana'a. Kodayake ba ta da alaƙa da ƙungiyar hurufiyya, mai zane-zane na zamani Shirin Neshat ya haɗa rubutun Larabci a cikin hotunan baki da fari, yana haifar da bambanci da duality. A Iraki, an san wannan motsi da *Al Bu'd al Wahad* (ko One Dimension Group) ",  kuma a Iran, an san shi da motsi na Saqqa-Khaneh . 

Fasaha ta Yammacin duniya ta yi tasiri ga fasahar rubutun Larabci ta wasu hanyoyi, tare da siffofi kamar rubutun rubutu, wanda shine amfani da fasahar rubutu a cikin fasahar jama'a don yin saƙonnin siyasa da zamantakewa ko kuma don ƙawata gine-gine da wurare na jama'a.  Shahararrun masu fasahar rubutun rubutu na Musulunci sun haɗa da: Yazan Halwani mai aiki a Lebanon , el Seed yana aiki a Faransa da Tunisiya, da Caiand A1one a Tehran. 

A shekarar 2017, masarautar Oman ta ƙaddamar da *Mushaf Muscat*, wani littafi mai ɗauke da Alƙur'ani mai amfani da kalmomi bayan kulawa da goyon baya daga Ma'aikatar Waƙoƙi da Harkokin Addini ta Oman, memba mai zaɓe a ƙungiyar Unicode Consortium . 

## Hotuna

### Kufic

Fayil:Folio_from_a_Qur’an,_sura_91,14-15;_sura_92,1-5_(F1929.70).jpg|alt=Kufic script in an 11th-century Qur'an| Rubutun Kufic a cikin Alqur'ani na ƙarni na 11
Fayil:Folio_Blue_Quran_Met_2004.88.jpg|alt=Maghrebi Kufic script in the 9th or 10th century Blue Quran| Rubutun Kufic na Maghrebi a ƙarni na 9 ko na 10 na Kur'ani Mai Shuɗi
Fayil:Jame_mosque_yazd_tilework.jpg|alt=Square kufic tilework in Yazd, Iran| Tile na fale-falen ...
Fayil:Cup_votive_inscriptions_MET_40-170-15.jpg|alt=Under-glaze terracotta bowl from the 11th century Nishapur| Kwano mai launin terracotta mai ƙarƙashin gilashi daga ƙarni na 11 na Nishapur
Fayil:Hamdanid_gold_dinar,_Nasir_al-Dawla_and_Sayf_al-Dawla.jpg|alt=Gold dinar from 10th century Syria| Dinarin zinare daga Siriya ta ƙarni na 10
Fayil:An_example_of_Kufic_Calligraphy.jpg|alt=A Kufic calligraphy in Chota Imambara| Karatun littafin Kufic a Chota Imambara


### Naskh da Thuluth

Fayil:Qur'anic_Manuscript_-_Mid_to_Late_15th_Century,_Turkey.jpg|alt=Muhaqqaq script in a 15th-century Qur'an from Turkey| Rubutun Muhaqqaq a cikin Alqur'ani na ƙarni na 15 daga Turkiyya
Fayil:Qur'an_manuscript_Surat_al-Nisa'._(1).tif|alt=Muhaqqaq script in a 13th-century Qur'an| Rubutun Muhaqqaq a cikin Alqur'ani na ƙarni na 13
Fayil:Muhammad_ibn_Pir_Ahmad_al-shahir_bi-Ibn_Arghun_al-Shirazi_-_Text_Page_with_Dedication_to_the_Ottoman_Sultan_Selim_I_-_Walters_W5912A_-_Full_Page.jpg|alt=Naskh script in an early 16th-century Ottoman manuscript dedicated to Selim I| Rubutun Naskh a cikin rubutun Ottoman na farkon ƙarni na 16 wanda aka keɓe ga Selim na Ɗaya
Fayil:Ijazah3.jpg|alt=Diploma of competency in calligraphy, written with thuluth and naskh script| Difloma ta ƙwarewa a fannin rubutun hannu, wanda aka rubuta da rubutun thuluth da naskh
Fayil:Mausolée_de_Touman_Aka_(Shah-i-Zinda,_Samarcande)_(6009410911).jpg|alt=Thuluth script tile in Samarkand| Tile rubutun Thuluth a cikin Samarkand
Fayil:Kalligráfia_Hagia_Sophia.jpg|alt=Calligraphy of Ali decorating Hagia Sophia| Zane-zanen Ali da ke ƙawata Hagia Sophia


### Nau'ikan yankuna

Fayil:مصحف_مخطوط_بالخط_المغربي_المبسوط_٥.jpg|alt=A Moroccan Quran in a mabsūt Maghrebi script| Alqur'ani na Morocco a cikin rubutun *Maghrebi*
Fayil:Folio_Quran_Met_42.63.jpg|alt=Surah "Az-Zumar" in an Andalusi script, from the Nasrid period in Al-Andalus| Suratun Az-Zumar a cikin rubutun Andalusi, daga zamanin Nasrid a cikin Al-andalus.
Fayil:سورة_الأعراف_مكتوبة_بالخط_السوقي_٣.jpg|alt=Surah "Al-A'raf" written in suqi script, named after Essouk| An rubuta suratul " Al-A'raf " da rubutun *suqi*, an sanya mata suna bayan Essouk
Fayil:Bifolium_Mushal_al-Hadina_Quran_Met_2007.191.jpg|alt=Nurse's Quran (Mushaf al-Hadina), from the Zirid period in Tunisia, in a Kufic script| Alqur'anin Ma'aikacin Jinya *(Mushaf al-Hadina)*, daga zamanin Zirid a Tunisia, a cikin rubutun Kufic
Fayil:Bismillah_2.svg| ''Bismillah'' in Thuluth
Fayil:Quran_with_Chinese_translation.jpg|alt=Quran in Sini script with Chinese translations| Alqur'ani a cikin rubutun Sini tare da fassarar Sinanci


### Misalai na zamani

Fayil:Bismillah_2.svg|alt=Bismallah calligraphy. Thuluth Jali| Bismallah karatuna. Thuluth Jali
Fayil:Muhammad_calligraphy.svg|alt=Muhammad calligraphy| Rubutun Muhammad
Fayil:Bismillah_gold.svg|alt=Bismallah calligraphy| Rubutun Bismallah
Fayil:Caligrafia_arabe_pajaro.svg|alt=An example of zoomorphic calligraphy| Misali na rubutun zoomorphic


### Sana'a

Fayil:Learning_Arabic_calligraphy.jpg|alt=The instruments and work of a student calligrapher| Kayan kida da aikin mai rubuta rubutun hannu na ɗalibi
Fayil:Menulis_khat.jpg|alt=Islamic calligraphy performed by a Malay Muslim in Malaysia. Calligrapher is making a rough draft.| Wani Musulmi ɗan ƙasar Malay ya yi aikin rubutun Musulunci a Malaysia. Mai rubuta rubutun yana yin aikin rubuta rubutun da ba shi da wahala.


## Jerin Zanen rubutu na Musulunci
Wasu masu rubuta rubutun gargajiya

## Nassoshi