Bala'in Doñana

Bala'i na Doñana, wanda kuma aka sani da Bala'in Aznalcollar ko Bala'in Guadiamar (Spanish: Desastre de Aznalcóllar, Desastre del Guadiamar), wani hatsarin masana'antu ne a Andalusia, kudancin Spain. A ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 1998, wani dam mai riƙe da madatsar ruwa ya fashe a ma'adanin Los Frailes, kusa da Aznacóllar, Seville, yana fitar da wutsiyar naki mai tsayin kubik miliyan 4-5 (3,200–4,100 acre⋅ft). Wutsiyar acidic, wacce ta ƙunshi matakan haɗari na ƙarfe masu nauyi da yawa, da sauri ta isa kogin Agrio da ke kusa, sannan kogin mahaifansa, kogin Guadiamar, yana tafiya kusan kilomita 40 (25 mi) tare da waɗannan magudanan ruwa tare da faɗin fili mai girman hekta 4,600 (kadada 11,000) kafin a iya dakatar da su. Guadiamar shine babban tushen ruwa na Doñana National Park, Cibiyar Tarihin Duniya ta UNESCO kuma ɗayan manyan wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa a Turai. Aikin tsaftacewar ya dauki shekaru uku, akan kudi da aka kiyasta ya kai Yuro miliyan 240.

Ma'adinin Los Frailes mallakar Boliden-Apirsa ne (tsohon Andaluza de Piritas, SA), reshen Mutanen Espanya na Boliden, kuma yana samar da kimanin tan  (123,000 tsawo; 138,000 gajeren tan) na zinc da kuma Troy ounces miliyan  (200,000   na azurfa a kowace shekara.

## Tarihi
The park is one of Europe’s best known conservation areas and has been designated a UNESCO biosphere reserve, a Ramsar Wetland Site, and a UNESCO World Heritage site. The park’s past includes a well-chronicled human history stretching back 700 years. In its first year of operation in 1997, Boliden produced  of zinc, lead, copper and silver from  of ore.

Doñana National Park, wanda ke gabas da Portugal, yana tsakanin larduna biyu na Andalucia, Seville da Huelva. Yana da sananne ga ɗimbin ɗimbin halittunsa, musamman magudanar ruwa, rairayin bakin teku, dunes ɗin tsafi da na hannu, goge itace da maquis. A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan rijiyoyin halitta na nahiyar, Donñana kuma tana da tarin nau'ikan nau'ikan tsuntsaye iri-iri. Saboda wurin da yake da kuma kusancin da ke tsakanin Afirka da Turai, sama da tsuntsaye sama da rabin miliyan suna hunturu a wurin shakatawa a kowace shekara, kuma watakila ana iya ganin rabin nau'in tsuntsayen Turai a nan a wani lokaci ko wani lokaci.

## Tasirin muhalli

A sakamakon bala'in muhalli, babu wani abu da ya tsira saboda babban acidity na sharar gida, wanda ya ƙunshi cakuda gubar, jan ƙarfe, zinc, cadmium da sauran karafa, tare da sulphides,  Bala'in masana'antu ya haifar da jerin manyan batutuwan muhalli a yankin Andalusia. Wani sarkar guba da ba a ganuwa sosai ya bazu ta hanyar yanayi wanda yake da wahala a rushe. Har yanzu ana saka manyan matakan ƙarfe a cikin ƙasa da ruwa kuma sun sami hanyar shiga cikin namun daji. Wani babban matsala ya kasance a cikin lafiyar dabbobin da ke zaune a kusa da wurin shakatawa. A cikin wannan cakuda na maras kyau da gandun daji, nau'in tsuntsaye 300 suna haifuwa, ciyarwa ko tsayawa a kan hanyar ƙaura tsakanin Arewacin Turai da Afirka. Wannan ƙaura nan da nan ya zo ƙarshe lokacin da madatsar ruwan ta fashe; an kashe kusan tsuntsaye 2,000, kaji, ƙwai, da gidaje kuma an lalata  kg (82,500  na kifi da suka mutu (musamman carps, mullets, Andalusian barbels, da eels) a bayan haka.

## Sakamakon tattalin arziki
Boliden-Apirsa, wanda ya mallaki ma’adinan, ya kashe sama da dalar Amurka miliyan 52 wajen tsaftace muhalli, da gyara barnar da aka yi, da kuma biya manoman amfanin gonakin da suka bata. Yawancin tsaftacewa da ma'aikatan tsaftacewa suka yi an jefa su cikin wani babban rami wanda babu kowa. Sakamakon haka, yawancin wuraren da abin ya shafa yanzu sabo ne kuma tsabta. Wannan shi ne bala'in muhalli mafi muni a kasar. Kudin tsaftacewa kamar na 2002 an ba da rahoton cewa ya kai Yuro miliyan 276. A cikin 2014, The Guardian ta ruwaito cewa Spain ta yanke shawarar kara kashe Yuro miliyan 360 don maido da shimfidar wuri.

## Ayyuka
Ko da yake bala'in Donñana ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi munin bala'i a Turai, an yi ta cece-kuce game da sake buɗe ma'adinan da suka daɗe. Wani dalili na adawa shi ne yankin na da dubban tsuntsaye da ke yin hijira daga nahiyoyi daban-daban. Babban dalilin sake bude ma'adinan shi ne na tattalin arziki; cewa har yanzu akwai ma'adinai mai riba a can, kuma sake bude ma'adinan zai iya samar da ayyukan yi 1,000. Hanyar ba ta da sauƙin cim ma kamar yadda wasu ke ba da shawara, sake buɗe ma'adinan na iya haifar da wani fashewa. Duk da haka, babban sakatare na Innovation, Masana'antu da Makamashi na Andalucía, Vicente Fernández Guerrero, ya bayyana cewa lasisin na ma'adinan zai nuna cewa kawai dabarun hakar ma'adinai na zamani ne kawai za a yarda. Hakanan ya nuna cewa Boliden-Apirsa ba zai iya neman kwangilar ba. Shekaru 26 bayan afkuwar hatsarin bangarorin biyu na ci gaba da kasancewa a kulle saboda neman biyan diyya  Fernández Guerrero ya kuma haɗa da cewa babu wani ruwa da za a iya amfani da shi a ƙarƙashin aikin fasaha mafi kyau a duniya, wanda zai guje wa ƙirƙirar wutsiya mai guba.

## Dubi kuma

* Ruwan cyanide na Baia Mare (2000) 
* Matsalar kiwon lafiya
* Ruwan madatsar ruwan Val di Stava (1985) 
* Hadarin shuka na Ajka alumina (2010) 

## Bayanan da aka ambata

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## Haɗin waje

* Rashin madatsar ruwan Los Frailes (Aznalcóllar, Spain) daga Sabis ɗin Bayanai na Duniya kan Makamashi