open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Gidajen mangroves na Tekun Pacific

Yankin **mangroves mai laushi a Tekun Pacific** (WWF ID:NT1423) ya ƙunshi jerin wuraren mangroves da aka yanke tare da gabar tekun Pacific na Costa Rica da Panama . Waɗannan wurare galibi suna faruwa ne a kan tuddai na bakin teku da ke kewaye da tafkuna, musamman inda koguna daga tsaunukan cikin gida suka isa teku, suna kawo ruwa mai kyau zuwa dazuzzukan bakin teku. Yankin yana cikin yankin sauyawa daga bakin teku mai bushewa zuwa arewa; ruwan sama a cikin waɗannan yankuna yana sama da 2,000 mm/shekara, kuma yana kaiwa sama da 3,600 mm/shekara a ƙarshen kudu.   

## Wuri da bayanin
Ana samun bishiyoyin mangrove na wannan yankin muhalli a gefen gabar teku mai tsawon kilomita 500, daga Jacó, Costa Rica zuwa kusurwar kudu maso yammacin yankin Azuero da ke Panama . Tsibirin mangrove sun faɗaɗa cikin ƙasa kaɗan kilomita inda tasirin ruwan gishiri ya canza zuwa ruwan sha mai tsabta. Yankin muhalli da ke kewaye da shi shine yankin dazuzzukan da ke da danshi a Isthmian-Pacific . Takamaiman wuraren mangrove sun haɗa da:

* **Jacó, Costa Rica**, ƙaramin yanki a kudancin garin
* **Isla Damas**, tare da bishiyoyin mangrove a kusa da bakin teku
* **Wuraren Ruwa na Térraba-Sierpe**, wani yanki mai dausayi na RAMSAR mai mahimmanci a duniya, inda Kogin Sierpe da Kogin Térraba suka haɗu a bakin teku
* **Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica**, a ƙarshen gabashin gabar tekun Costa Rica
* **Tekun Chiriquí**, a ƙarshen yammacin gabar tekun Panama
* **Tsibirin Coiba**, a gefen Tekun Montijo
* **Gundumar Montijo** da kuma gefen Tekun Montijo, wani yanki mai dausayi na RAMSAR mai mahimmanci a duniya. 

## Yanayi
Yanayin yanayin muhalli shine *yanayin ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi* ( Köppen climate classification (Am) ). Wannan yanayi yana da yanayin zafi mai daidaito a duk shekara (duk watanni sun fi  girma). matsakaicin zafin jiki), da kuma lokacin rani mai ƙarfi. Watan da ya fi bushewa yana da ƙasa da mm 60 na ruwan sama, amma ya fi (100-(matsakaicin/25) mm. Wannan yanayi yana tsakanin dazuzzukan ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi da kuma savannah na wurare masu zafi. Watan bushewa yawanci yakan faru ne a ko bayan hunturu a Arewacin Duniya.  

## Manazarta
Carol Tambor Kyautar Kyautar Edinburgh

**Kyautar Carol Tambor Best of Edinburgh** kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo ce da ake bayarwa kowace shekara a bikin Edinburgh Festival Fringe .

## Tarihi
Gidauniyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Carol Tambor ce ke bayar da wannan kyautar tun daga shekarar 2004. A cikin wata yarjejeniya ta hukuma da kungiyar Fringe Society, za a bayar da ita har abada. 

## Dokoki
Duk shirye-shiryen da suka sami sharhi mai tauraro huɗu ko biyar a jaridar *The Scotsman* kuma ba a gabatar da su a baya a birnin New York ba sun cancanci samun kyautar. 

An sanar da wanda ya yi nasara a bikin kyautar Fringe First Award na ƙarshe na *The Scotsman*, wanda za a gudanar a safiyar Juma'a ta ƙarshe ta bikin Fringe. Wanda ya yi nasara zai sami damar yin wasanni na tsawon makonni huɗu a wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Off-Broadway da ke New York, duk kuɗin da aka kashe, gami da: kuɗin biza; sufuri na 'yan wasa, ma'aikata da kayan aiki; otal don 'yan wasa da ma'aikata; kowace rana; kuɗin da aka tabbatar; da rasitin ofishin akwatin. 

Gasar da za a yi a birnin New York ta yi daidai da taron Ƙungiyar Masu Gabatar da Wasannin Kwaikwayo a kowace watan Janairu don ƙarin fallasa da kuma damar canja wurin zuwa wasu gidajen sinima. Gidauniyar ba ta da wata sha'awa ta kasuwanci game da makomar shirin. 

## Masu cin kyaututtuka
Wadanda suka yi nasara a baya sune: 

* 2004: *<nowiki/>'Yan'uwa Mata, 'Yan'uwa Mata Masu Daukaka* na Russell Barr; da *Rosebud* na Mark Jenkins
* 2005: *Rashin Zuwa da Kasancewa* ta Andrew Dawson
* 2006: *Nagarta* ta Michael Redhill
* 2007: *Tsakanin Shaidan da Tekun Shuɗi Mai Zurfi* a 1927
* 2008: *Takwas* ta Ella Hickson
* 2009: *Little Gem* na Elaine Murphy
* 2010: *Takaitaccen Tarihin Ovid*, ta hanyar Wando a Wuta
* 2011: *Leo*, ta Circle of Eleven
* 2012: *Mies Julie* ta Yaël Farber ; *Midsummer* ta David Greig
* 2013: *Abubuwan da suka faru* na David Greig
* 2014: *Darasin Abu*, na Geoff Sobelle
* 2015: *Babban Sauyi* daga Catrina McHugh
* 2016: *Rayuwa A cewar Saki* ta Katherine Rundell 
* 2017: *Masu Tafiya da Kaya na Vitebsk* ta Kneehigh ;  *Borders* ta Henry Naylor 
* 2018: *Ulster American* ta David Ireland 
* 2019: *Bakin magana* daga Keiran Hurley 
** Jerin Sunaye: *Babban Nunin Karin Kumallo Mai Girma* daga White Room Theatre; *Burgerz* daga wasan kwaikwayo Travis Alabanza; *Rarraba Rigunans* akan Rigar Ja, da *Knot* daga Nikki Rummer da JD Broussé 

## Manazarta
Ma'aikatar Koun-Fao

**Sashen Koun-Fao** sashe ne na Yankin Gontougo a Gundumar Zanzan, Ivory Coast. A shekarar 2021, yawan jama'arta ya kai 167,881 kuma mazauninta shine garin Koun-Fao . Ƙananan gundumomin sashen sune Boahia, Kokomian, Kouassi-Datékro, Koun-Fao, Tankessé, da Tienkoikro.

## Tarihi
An ƙirƙiri Sashen Koun-Fao a shekarar 2005 a matsayin wani yanki na mataki na biyu ta hanyar rabuwar kai daga Sashen Tanda. A lokacin ƙirƙirarsa, yana cikin Yankin Zanzan .

A shekarar 2011, an gabatar da gundumomi a matsayin sabbin ƙananan hukumomi na Ivory Coast. A lokaci guda, an sake tsara yankuna kuma suka zama ƙananan hukumomi na mataki na biyu kuma dukkan sassan an mayar da su zuwa ƙananan hukumomi na mataki na uku. A wannan lokacin, Sashen Koun-Fao ya zama wani ɓangare na Yankin Gontougo a Gundumar Zanzan .

## Manazarta
Kwasi Buokrom

**Kwasi Buokrom** gari ne da ke yankin Brong Ahafo na Ghana . Garin ya shahara da Makarantar Sakandare ta Our Lady of Providence.   Makarantar cibiya ce ta zagaye na biyu . 

## Manazarta
Mark Loane

**Dr Mark Edward Loane** AM FRANZCO FRACS (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Yuli, 1954) likitan ido ne na Australiya kuma tsohon ɗan wasan rugby. Ya kammala karatun likitanci kuma ya yi horo a matsayin likitan ido a Queensland, inda ya ci gaba da aiki a tsarin kiwon lafiya na gwamnati da na masu zaman kansu . An nada Loane a matsayin memba na Order of Australia a shekarar 2011 saboda hidimarsa ga likitanci, musamman lafiyar ido ta ' yan asalin ƙasar.

A lokacin da yake ƙungiyar ƙwallon rugby, Loane ya buga wasanni 89 a ƙungiyar Queensland da kuma wasanni 28 na gwaje-gwaje ga ƙungiyar Wallabies. Bret Harris ya bayyana aikinsa na wasanni a matsayin "abin da ya fi kusanci da gwarzon jama'a da Queensland ta gani", kuma an san shi da yawan bugunsa da ya lashe a wasanni.

## Rayuwar farko da iyali
An haifi Mark Loane a Ipswich, Queensland, ɗa ga wani alkali wanda ya yi ƙaura a Arewacin Queensland kan harkokin shari'a. Ya fara zuwa Gympie Christian Brothers kafin a tura shi Kwalejin St. Joseph's Nudgee a matsayin mai kula da kan iyaka.  Yana auren Elizabeth Loane kuma yana da 'ya'ya mata biyu.

## Aikin Rugby
Wasan rugby na Loane na babban ɗan wasa ya fara ne a shekarar 1973 a Jami'ar Queensland Rugby Club inda tsoffin Wallabies, Jules Guerassimoff da Chilla Wilson suka horar da shi. Kocin jihar da na ƙasa Bob Templeton yana da hannu sosai a ƙungiyar. Loane ya zo hankalin Templeton yana ɗan shekara goma sha takwas don wakiltar Ostiraliya lokacin da Tonga ta yi rangadin a shekarar 1973. Ya buga duka gwaje-gwajen. A shekara mai zuwa ya buga wasa da All Blacks. 

A shekarar 1975 ya buga wasan gwaji da Japan da kuma gwaje-gwaje biyu da ya yi da wata tawagar Ingila da ke yawon shakatawa. An zaɓe shi a wannan shekarar don yin rangadin ƙungiyar rugby ta Australiya a Burtaniya da Ireland a tsakanin 1975 zuwa 1976, wanda John Hipwell ya jagoranta. Loane ya buga wasanni 1 zuwa 4 a jere, amma ya ji rauni a wasan da suka yi da London Countys, kuma bai buga wasanni da dama ba, ciki har da gwajin Scotland da Welsh. Ya buga wasanni takwas a jere lokacin da ya warke, ciki har da gwajin da suka yi da Ingila da Ireland. 

A shekarar 1976, Loane ya buga dukkan wasannin Tests guda uku da ' yan Fijian da suka zo daga baya, sannan ya jagoranci Queensland a fafatawa da su. An kuma zaɓe shi a ɗan gajeren rangadin ƙungiyar rugby ta Australiya a Turai a shekarar 1976 a ƙarƙashin kyaftin Geoff Shaw . Shekaru biyu bayan haka lokacin da Wales ta ziyarci Loane, ya sake jagorantar Queensland a kan baƙi, kuma ya buga wasanni biyu masu cike da mugunta a Test, dukkansu sun yi nasara. Ya yi rangadin ƙungiyar rugby ta Australiya a New Zealand a shekarar 1978, kuma duk da cewa Loane yana cikin kyaftin ɗin Queensland mai ci, kocinsa Daryl Haberecht ya zaɓi abokin hamayyarsa Tony Shaw a matsayin kyaftin ɗin ƙungiyar. [1] Raunin ya hana Loane buga wasanni biyu kacal a zagayen da Hawkes Bay da Manawatu.

## Manazarta
Susan Smythies

**Susan Smythies** (an haife ta ranar 13 ga Janairu 1720) marubuciyar labarai ce 'yar Birtaniya daga Colchester da ke Essex.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Smythies a Colchester a shekara ta 1720. Iyayenta sune Susan Puglet da Palmer Smythies. 

A shekarar 1753, Smythies ta buga littafin *The Stage-coach ...* wanda ya kasance littafin farko da aka yaɗa domin ba mutum ba ne amma abu ne. A wannan yanayin, littafin shine mai koyar da mataki. Littafin ya ƙunshi labarin Mr. Manly da sauran fasinjojin jirgin ƙasa.  An sake shirya littafin a matsayin labari na littattafai biyu don bugu na biyu da kuma littafi mai juzu'i uku don bugu na uku a shekarar 1789. Wani mai rubuta tarihin rayuwa ya ga tana ƙoƙarin zama mace Samuel Richardson,  yayin da wani kuma ya ga littafin a matsayin kafa sabuwar hanya tsakanin labarin aikin Richardson na mutum na farko da kuma ra'ayin mutum na uku na Henry Fielding . 

Littafin Smythies na gaba shine *The History of Lucy Wellers, Written by a Lady* wanda aka buga a shekarar 1754 kuma ya shafi labarin Lucy wadda ba a san asalinta ba. Ta ƙi kula da hankalin wani mutum kuma ta ƙare da yin aure cikin farin ciki da mai filaye. 

Labarinta mafi shahara "The Brothers" kusan ba a buga shi ba saboda da yawa sun ƙi shi. Smythies ta tuntuɓi Samuel Richardson kuma ya ba ta shawara da ta yi watsi da masu wallafawa. Ya gaya mata ta tattara jerin masu biyan kuɗi kuma a cikin wannan ta yi nasara sosai. Buga "The Brothers" ya haɗa da sunayen masu biyan kuɗi sama da shafuka 26. Richardson ba wai kawai ya yi rajista ba, har ma ya ƙara sunayen 'ya'yansa. Sauran sunayen da suka shahara a cikin jerin sun haɗa da William Franklin na Pennsylvania, Tobias Smollett, Garrick da Dodsley .  An buga littafin a shekara ta 1758 kuma 35 daga cikin masu biyan kuɗi daga Colchester ne. 

Ta kasance ba ta saba da rubutu ba kuma mace ce. Jerin littattafan da mata suka buga suna da ɗan ƙarami kuma yana iya yiwuwa an sanya wasu daga cikin ayyukan Smythies a cikin alkalamin ta duk da cewa shaidar ba ta da tabbas.

Ba a san cikakkun bayanai game da rayuwarta ta baya ba, kodayake an buga *tarihin wani fil, kamar yadda aka danganta shi da* "Na marubucin 'Yan'uwa'" a matsayin labarin yara a cikin 1798 da 1799. Wannan littafin zai iya kasancewa bayan mutuwarta amma ba a fayyace shi ba.  Wata majiya ta tabbata cewa tana da rai a 1774 lokacin da mahaifinta ya mutu kuma ya mutu a 1798 lokacin da aka buga labarin 'ya'yanta. 

## Manazarta
Tsaro na Kasa na Samburu

**Wurin ajiye namun daji na Samburu** wani wurin ajiye namun daji ne da ke bakin kogin Ewaso Ng'iro a Kenya . Yana da    a girmansa kuma yana da  daga Nairobi . Tana da tsayi daga  .  A fannin yanki da kuma gudanarwa, wani ɓangare ne na Gundumar Samburu . Gwamnatin Gundumar Samburu ce ke da iko da ita kuma take kula da ita.

A tsakiyar wurin ajiyar, Ewaso Ng'iro yana ratsawa ta cikin bishiyoyin dabino da kuma dazuzzukan ruwa masu kauri. Yana samar da ruwa ga namun daji da ke wurin ajiyar.

Ma'ajiyar Kasa ta Samburu tana ɗaya daga cikin yankuna biyu da masu kula da kare muhalli George da Joy Adamson suka renon Elsa the Lioness, wacce aka shahara a cikin littafin da ya fi sayarwa da kuma fim ɗin *[[Born Free]]* . Sansanin Kula da Elephant Watch, wanda Saba Douglas-Hamilton ke jagoranta, yana cikin wurin shakatawa. Ma'ajiyar Kasa ta Samburu kuma gida ce ga Kamunyak, wata zakanya da ta shahara da ɗaukar 'yan maruƙan oryx .

## Mazauni
Ma'ajiyar Kasa ta Samburu ta ƙunshi tsaunuka biyu, Koitogor da Ololokwe, kogin Ewaso Ng'iro (ma'ana "ruwan kasa") yana ratsa ta cikin ma'ajiyar da kuma cakuda itacen acacia, dajin kogin, bishiyoyin ƙaya da ciyayi . Ewaso Ng'iro yana kwarara daga tsaunukan Kenya kuma yana kwarara zuwa cikin fadamar Lorian . Natsuwar da ke bayyane a nan ta faru ne saboda nisan da yake da shi daga masana'antu da kuma rashin isa ga wurin da ma'ajiyar take da shi tsawon shekaru da yawa.

## Namun daji

Akwai nau'ikan dabbobi da tsuntsaye iri-iri da ake gani a Samburu National Reserve. Ana iya samun manyan nau'ikan dabbobi da dama da suka zama ruwan dare a filayen arewacin Kenya a nan, ciki har da namun daji masu busassun wurare: gerenuk, zebra na Grevy, oryx da giraffe na reticulated . Duk manyan kuliyoyi uku, zaki, cheetah da damisar Afirka, da kuma giwa, bauna na Cape da kuma dorinar ruwa . 

Sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa da ake yawan gani a wurin shakatawa sun haɗa da birai na zaitun, warthogs, gazelle na Grant, dik-dik na Kirk, impala, da waterbuck . An sake shigar da wani baƙar fata karkanda cikin wurin shakatawa bayan shekaru 25 da ba a yi farautar ba. 

Akwai nau'ikan tsuntsaye sama da 350. Waɗannan sun haɗa da kifin kifi mai kai toka, tsuntsayen rana, masu cin ƙudan zuma, stork na Marabou, mikiya mai launin toka, mikiya mai launin Verreaux, bateleur, vulturine guineafowl, spurfowl mai launin yellow-necked, lilac-breasted roller, secretary bird, superb starling, northern red-billed hornbill, yellow-billed hornbill, da ungulu daban-daban, gami da ungulu mai launin palm-nut .

Kogin Ewaso Ng'iro yana ɗauke da adadi mai yawa na kaji na Kogin Nilu . 

Tun daga shekarar 2005, yankin da aka kare yana cikin Sashen Kula da Zaki . 

## Duba kuma

* Filin Jirgin Sama na Samburu
* Gundumar Samburu
* Harshen Samburu
* Mutanen Samburu
* Ewaso Ng'iro

## Manazarta
Deborah Smith (mai fassara)

**Deborah Smith** FRSL (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga Disamba, 1987) ma'aikaciyar fassara ce ta ƙasar Birtaniya a fannin almara ta Koriya. Ta fassara littafin *The Vegetarian* ta hannun marubucin Koriya Han Kang, wanda ita da marubucin suka kasance tare a matsayin waɗanda suka lashe kyautar Man Booker International Prize a shekarar 2016.  

Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Cambridge,  Smith ya fara koyon harshen Koriya a shekara ta 2009, bayan ya gano cewa akwai ƙarancin fassarar adabin Koriya ta Turanci.   A shekara ta 2015, Smith ya kafa Tilted Axis Press, wani gidan buga littattafai mai zaman kansa wanda aka keɓe don littattafan da "ba za su iya shiga Turanci ba."  Ta kasance mai bincike a SOAS . 

A watan Yunin 2018, an zaɓi Smith a matsayin memba na Royal Society of Literature a cikin shirinta na "40 Under 40".

## Muhawara kan fassara

A cikin wani labarin da aka buga a shekarar 2017, marubuci kuma malami Charse Yun (이화여대 교수) ya ba da rahoto game da suka a kafofin watsa labarai na Koriya game da fassarar Turanci ta *The Vegetarian* saboda rashin daidaito, ƙawata ta, da kuma fassarar da ba ta dace ba. Bayan karanta fassarar a kan ainihin, Yun ya yi mamaki,Shin fassarar ta ɗauki abubuwa da yawa? Wani fitaccen mai fassara ya gaya mini cewa yana jin cewa mahallin da salon sun bambanta sosai har ya fi dacewa a yi maganar aikin Smith a matsayin daidaitawa, ba fassara ba.Duk da cewa Yun ya kira fassarar "abin mamaki," ya yarda cewa ga wasu masu karatu waɗanda suka saba da ainihin "fassarar ta kauce zuwa yanzu ... cewa rashin daidaiton ya ɓata musu ido kuma ya lalata musu jin daɗinsu."  Smith ta kare fassararta, tana mai cewaA ce fassarar Turanci ta littafin *The Vegan* "littafi ne daban-daban" daga asalin Koriya, ba shakka, a wata ma'ana, daidai ne gaba ɗaya. Tunda babu wani abu kamar fassarar zahiri - babu daidaito tsakanin nahawu na harsuna biyu, kalmomin su sun bambanta, har ma da alamun rubutu suna da nauyi daban - babu wani abu kamar fassarar da ba ta "ƙirƙira ba." Kuma yayin da yawancinmu masu fassara muke ɗaukar kanmu a matsayin "masu aminci," ma'anar aminci na iya bambanta. Saboda harsuna suna aiki daban-daban, yawancin fassarar tana game da cimma irin wannan tasirin ta hanyoyi daban-daban; ba wai kawai bambanci, canji, da fassarar ba ne gabaɗaya, amma a zahiri suna da mahimmanci a cikin aminci. Marubucin Han Kang ya tsaya tsayin daka kan fassarar Smith. 

## Fassarori

### [[Han Kang]]

* *Mai Cin Ganyayyaki* (2015)
* *Ayyukan Ɗan Adam* (2016)
* *Littafin Fari* (2017)
* *Darussan Girka* (2023) - tare da Emily Yae Won

### Bae Suah

* *Babban Waƙa* (2016)
* *Karatu* (2017)
* *Tashar Arewa* (2017)
* *Rana da Dare Marasa Kyau* (2020)

### Wasu

* Ahn Do-Hyun, *Kifin Salmon Wanda Ya Yi Ƙoƙarin Yin Tsalle Mai Kyau* (2015)
* Bandi, *Zargin* (2017)

## Manazarta
Jerin shafukan Superfund a Florida

Wannan **jerin wuraren Superfund ne a Florida** da aka ware a ƙarƙashin Dokar Amsawa da Muhalli, Diyya, da Alhaki ta Cikakken Dokar (CERCLA). Dokar tarayya ta CERCLA ta 1980 ta ba wa Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) izinin ƙirƙirar jerin wuraren da suka gurɓata waɗanda ke buƙatar magani na dogon lokaci don tsaftace gurɓatattun abubuwa masu haɗari.  Waɗannan wurare ana kiransu wuraren Superfund, kuma an sanya su a cikin Jerin Fifiko na Ƙasa (NPL).

Hukumar NPL ce ke jagorantar EPA wajen "ƙayyade waɗanne wurare ne suka cancanci ƙarin bincike" don gyara muhalli .  Ya zuwa ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2010, akwai wurare 52 na Superfund a cikin Jerin Fifiko na Ƙasa a Florida .  An gabatar da wasu shafuka uku don shiga cikin jerin kuma an tsaftace wasu 23 kuma an cire su daga ciki.  Akwai kuma wurare goma sha biyu na Superfund Madadin a jihar. 

## Shafukan Superfund

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: 
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## Manazarta
Atwima Nwabiagya Municipal District

**Gundumar Atwima Nwabiagya** tana ɗaya daga cikin gundumomi arba'in da uku a Yankin Ashanti, Ghana . An fara ƙirƙirar ta a matsayin majalisar gundumomi ta yau da kullun a shekarar 1988 lokacin da aka san ta da **[[Atwima District|Gundumar Atwima]]** . Daga baya, an raba wani ɓangare na gundumar ta hanyar umarnin shugaban ƙasa John Agyekum Kufuor a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 2003 (wanda aka fara a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 2004) don ƙirƙirar **[[Gundumar Atwima Mponua]]** ; don haka aka sake canza sauran ɓangaren zuwa **Gundumar Atwima Nwabiagya** . Duk da haka, a ranar 15 ga Maris 2018, an raba arewacin gundumar daga baya don ƙirƙirar **[[Atwima Nwabiagya North District|Gundumar Atwima Nwabiagya ta Arewa]]** ; yayin da aka ɗaga sauran ɓangaren zuwa matsayin majalisar gundumomi a wannan shekarar don zama **Gundumar Atwima Nwabiagya** . Gundumar tana cikin yammacin Yankin Ashanti kuma tana da Nkawie a matsayin babban birninta.

## Manazarta
Hebe Spaull

**Hebe Spaull** (1893 - 1974) 'Yar jarida ce ta Birtaniya, mai ilimi, kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama wadda aka san ta da aikinta na haɓaka fahimtar ƙasashen duniya, musamman tsakanin matasa, a lokacin yaƙin basasa. Ta kasance mai goyon bayan Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya kuma ta sadaukar da aikinta wajen haɓaka al'adun zaman lafiya ta hanyar rubutu, lacca, da shiga cikin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban.

## Aiki da fafutuka
An haifi Spaull a shekara ta 1893 a Landan. 

A shekarar 1929 ta haɗu da Simon Sherman don rubuta "The United World". Sherman ta yi aiki a ƙungiyar League of Nations kuma an bayyana ta a matsayin yunƙurin farko na bayyana koyarwa a makarantu a ƙasashe daban-daban. George Peabody Gooch ne ya rubuta gabatarwar. Shekaru biyu bayan haka ta rubuta tarihin ƙungiyar League of Nations. 

Spaull ta sadaukar da aikinta wajen haɓaka haɗin gwiwa da zaman lafiya na ƙasashen duniya, musamman tsakanin matasa, bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya . Ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar jarida. Tsawon shekaru goma sha bakwai kafin barkewar yaƙin duniya na biyu, jami'ar watsa labarai ce ta Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Ƙasashe (LNU).  Ƙungiyar LNU ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a siyasar tsakanin yaƙi. A cewar wata majiya, ta yi nasara wajen mayar da manyan ƙungiyoyin jama'ar Birtaniya, ciki har da ma'aikata, majami'u da manyan jaridu, zuwa ga ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Ƙasashe. 

A shekarar 1949, an kama ƙawarta Edith Bone a matsayin mai leƙen asiri a Hungary. Bone ɗan gurguzu ne kuma an tsare ta tsawon shekaru bakwai ba tare da an yi mata shari'a ba. Spaull tana ɗaya daga cikin mutane kaɗan da suka yi fafutukar ganin an sake ta daga gidan yari. Spaull ta aika da tambayoyi akai-akai ga ofishin jakadancin Birtaniya da ke Budapest.

A shekarar 1958 ta rubuta wani kasida ga UNESCO mai taken "Hanya mafi santsi ga baƙi masu launin fata na Birtaniya". Ya shafi batutuwan da suka taso daga yawan baƙi ba fararen fata da suka isa Landan. 

Ta rubuta game da goyon bayan da ƙasashen duniya ke bayarwa ga ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa a shekarun 1960.  Spaull ya mutu a shekarar 1974 a Landan. 

## Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka
Ta yi bayani game da ayyukan ƙungiyoyi kamar Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya .

### Littattafai

*  
*  
*  
* Peeps at the League of Nations, 1928
*  
*  
*  
*  
* *Pioneering for Peace*, 1931
*  
*  
*  
*  
*  
*  
*  
* This is Morocco, 1953
* The Cooperative Movement in the World Today (London 1965 ) .
*  

## Manazarta
Antonio Kaufusi

**Antonio Kaufusi** (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 1984) tsohon ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙungiyar rugby . Ɗan ƙasar Australia da Tonga kuma prop Queensland State of Origin, ya buga wa Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, Melbourne Storm, North Queensland Cowboys da Newcastle Knights a NRL, da kuma London Broncos, Huddersfield Giants da Bradford Bulls a gasar Super League. 

## Bayani
An haifi Kaufusi a Matahau, Tonga. Ƙungiyarsa ta ƙarami ita ce 'Yan'uwa a Bundaberg kuma ya buga ƙwallon rugby a Kwalejin Nudgee da ke Brisbane a shekarar 2002. 

## Sana'ar wasa

### Guguwar Melbourne
Kaufusi ya fara buga wasa a aji na farko a zagaye na 22 da Bulldogs a ranar 10 ga Agusta 2003.

A shekara ta 2006, an kira Kaufusi cikin tawagar 'yan wasan ƙasa da ƙasa na Australiya bayan da Reni Maitua ya ji rauni a idon sawunsa a gwajin farko da suka yi da New Zealand. Ya buga wasa a matsayin mai taimakawa a gasar Grand Final ta farko a shekara ta 2006, lokacin da ƙungiyar Brisbane Broncos ta sha kashi a hannun Storm, 15-8.

Ya buga wa Queensland State of Origin wasa, inda ya fara wasa a wasa na farko a shekarar 2007.

Raunin gwiwa mai tsanani ya hana Kaufusi shiga cikin ƙungiyar da Storm ta lashe gasar Premier a shekarar 2007.[1] Ya buga wasa a wasan ƙarshe na NRL na 2008 da Manly ya sha kashi a hannun sa. [2] Ya buga wasansa na farko ga Tonga da Kiwis a layin gaba a wasan ɗumama gasar cin kofin duniya .

An sanya shi cikin tawagar Tonga don gasar cin kofin duniya ta Rugby League ta 2008. 

### Kaboyi
A shekarar 2009, ƙungiyar North Queensland Cowboys ta sanya hannu kan Kaufusi a kan babban kwangila. Duk da haka, zamansa tare da Cowboys bai yi nisa ba, an sake shi shekara guda bayan haka.

### Jarumai
A ranar 25 ga Yuni 2010, an sallami Kaufusi daga kwangilarsa da North Queensland Cowboys don ya koma Newcastle Knights har zuwa sauran shekarar 2010 da kuma wasu shekaru biyu.   Ya yi nasara a wasan farko ga Knights a zagaye na 18 da Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks.

## Manazarta
Daniel Leach

**Daniel Leach** (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Janairu 1986) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Ostiraliya wanda ya buga wasa na ƙarshe a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Barnet a matsayin mai tsaron baya.

## Sana'a
Ya halarci Kwalejin St. Joseph's Nudgee da ke Virginia, Queensland, kuma ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta jiha a Queensland. Ya koma Kwalejin Wasanni ta Queensland, sannan ya buga wa Brisbane Strikers . A wannan lokacin an kuma kira shi zuwa gasar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta Australia bayan ya lashe gasar ƙasa ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 16 tare da Queensland. Daga nan ya ɗauki dogon hutu daga ƙwallon ƙafa, ya koma London, Ingila, daga baya kuma ya koma Amurka, inda ya shiga Jami'ar Jihar Oregon. Ya kuma buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta amateur a Portland Timbers 'yan ƙasa da shekara 23.

A watan Yulin 2009, ya buga wasan sada zumunta da Barnet ta yi da Arsenal, kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara guda da Bees bayan 'yan kwanaki. A watan Fabrairun 2010, ya koma kungiyar Dover Athletic ta Conference South a kan yarjejeniyar aro ta wata daya. Barnet ya sallami Leach a karshen kakar wasa ta 2009-10, amma ya ci gaba da zama a filin wasa a karkashin sabon kocin kungiyar Mark Stimson kuma ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragi a watan Yulin 2010. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Barnet a wasan da suka doke Crewe Alexandra da ci 2-1. A watan Janairun 2012, an tilasta masa yin ritaya daga wasa saboda raunin da ya samu a gwiwa.

## Bayan ƙwallon ƙafa
Bayan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa, Leach ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Fasaha da ke Landan, inda ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin fina-finan gaskiya.

## Ƙididdigar aiki

## Manazarta
Robert Jozinović

**Robert Jozinović** ( ; an haife shi a ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 1979) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na fina-finai da talabijin na Australiya.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haife shi a Mackay Australia, babban ɗansa daga cikin 'ya'ya huɗu ga iyayensa ' yan Croatia waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa Ostiraliya, ya zauna a Moranbah. Ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare a Kwalejin St Joseph's Nudgee kuma yana da digiri na farko guda biyu daga Jami'ar Queensland a fannin Falsafa da Ilimin Jijiyoyin Jiki.

## Mai wasan kwaikwayo

### Aikin Farko 2000–06
An horar da shi na tsawon shekaru huɗu a The Actors Workshop Australia, a ƙarƙashin malamin riƙo Lyn Kidd. Yin fim a Ostiraliya ya ƙunshi yawancin shekarunsa na ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, yana aiki a kan gajerun fina-finai masu zaman kansu (fina-finan da suka lashe kyaututtuka da aka nuna a bukukuwan fina-finai a duk faɗin duniya  ), tallace-tallace a talabijin (wanda aka fi sani da tallan Mitsubishi Pajero na Australiya wanda ke nuna waƙar  ta Big Audio Dynamite,  bidiyon kiɗa (ƙungiyoyin Australiya The Superjesus, The Living End, da kuma shirin ARIA na Silverchair mai suna *The Greatest View* ) da ƙananan ayyuka a cikin fina-finan da suka shahara (  wanda Spierig brothers ya jagoranta). 

### Turai 2006–11
Bayan ya tsaya a Munich da London, ya sami babban rawar da ya taka a talabijin a Croatia. Jozinović ya taka rawar magana ta Turanci a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin guda uku na Croatia. A cikin shirin Ponos Ratkajevih, ya taka rawar Randy, wani matukin jirgi na yakin duniya na biyu na Birtaniya wanda aka harba a yankunan da 'yan Nazi suka mamaye, kuma a Zakon Ljubavi ya taka rawar Will Markovich, wani ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda ya kammala karatun lauya a Harvard (dukansu suna nunawa a ƙasashe biyar). A cikin shirin talabijin na Croatia, Larin Izbor Jozinović ya taka rawar jami'in 'yan sanda na Afirka ta Kudu, Inspector Camden (an nuna shi a ƙasashe 17 [1] ).

## Manazarta
Babban Yammacin Loop

**Babban yammacin Loop** hanya ce ta tafiya mai nisan  tsayi, kuma yana ratsa jihohi da dama na yammacin Amurka .

## Hanya
Yana haɗa hanyoyi guda biyar masu nisa na tafiya: Hanyar Pacific Crest, Hanyar Pacific Northwest, Hanyar Continental Divide, Hanyar Grand Enchantment, da Hanyar Arizona . Yana ratsa Hamadar Mojave, Hamadar Sonoran, Wuraren Shakatawa na Ƙasa 12, da yankunan daji 75.

Tana ratsa jihohi tara: Arizona, California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, da New Mexico .

## Tafiye-tafiye masu nasara
An san cewa an kammala hanyar sau da yawa kawai:

* Andrew Skurka, ƙwararren mai ɗaukar jakar baya, shi ne na farko da ya kammala Great Western Loop. A ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 2007, Skurka ya fara hanyar daga Grand Canyon . Matsakaicin  a kowace rana, Skurka ya dawo Grand Canyon a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 2007, kwanaki 208 bayan ya fara.  
* Jeff Garmire ya zama mutum na biyu da ya kammala hanyar, inda ya yi hakan a shekarar 2018. Jeff Garmire ya fara aiki a ranar 30 ga Afrilu kuma ya kammala a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, jimillar kwanaki 208 a kan hanyar. 
* A shekarar 2021, Niels Rabe ya kammala wani sabon salo na Great Western Loop saboda gobarar daji da ta barke a Washington da California. Ya zama mutum na farko da ya kammala hanyar a akasin agogo bayan kwana 222 a kan hanya.  
* Haka kuma a shekarar 2021, Logan Demas ("Sandman") ya kammala 'Greatest Western Loop' ta hanyar hawa kan madaurin farko da kuma ƙara sassa don kammala PCT da CDT. Yana da kusan shekaru 40, shi ne kuma mutum mafi tsufa da ya kammala madaurin. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>
* Wani mai tafiya a ƙasa na uku a shekarar 2021, Garry ("Phish Out of Water") Teesdale, ya kammala wata hanya mai layi da ta kai mil 6200 a gefen agogo wanda ya koma Grand Canyon daga CDT ta hanyar Hayduke Trail/AZT maimakon hanyar GET/AZT da Skurka da Garmire suka biyo baya da farko. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;
* A shekarar 2022, Nick ("Chezwick") Gagnon ya kafa sabon lokaci mafi sauri kuma ya kammala hanyar cikin kwanaki 197 da sa'o'i 11, inda ya doke lokacin Jeff Garmire na 2018 da lokacin Andrew Skurka na 2007 (dukansu sun kammala hanyar cikin kwanaki 208). 

## Manazarta
Campbell Magnay

**Campbell Magnay** (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 1996) ɗan wasan rugby ne na Australiya wanda a halin yanzu yake taka leda a matsayin cibiyar Suntory Sungoliath a gasar Japan Top Rugby.   Ya kuma wakilci Queensland Country a gasar National Rugby Championship ta farko. 

## Sana'a
Bayan ya wakilci Queensland da Ostiraliya a matakin ɗalibi, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Queensland GPS ta ɗauke shi aiki bayan kammala karatunsa a Kwalejin St Joseph, Nudgee. Wasansa a gasar Rugby ta Queensland Premier ya jawo hankalin sabuwar ƙungiyar Queensland Country NRC, kuma ya zama ɗan wasa mafi ƙarancin shekaru da aka ƙulla yarjejeniya da shi a ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi biyu na Queensland NRC. Wannan shine tasirinsa a wasanni 6 da ya buga wa Country a 2014, an ba shi kwangilar Super Rugby yana da shekaru 17 kacal daga Reds da ke Brisbane kafin kakar wasa ta Super Rugby ta 2015.[1]

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Magnay a halin yanzu yana karatun digirin farko a fannin kasuwanci a Jami'ar Deakin . 

## Ƙididdigar Super Rugby

## Manazarta
Gidan shakatawa na gari (Diekirch)

**Municipal de Diekirch** (Luxembourgish) wani wurin shakatawa ne mai layi a Diekirch, a arewacin Luxembourg .

## Bayani
Wurin shakatawar ya miƙe a ɓangarorin biyu tare da Sauer daga kan iyakar gundumar Diekirch zuwa Ingeldorf (a kudu maso yamma) zuwa kan iyakar gundumar zuwa Gilsdorf (Bettendorf) (a arewa maso gabas). Wurin shakatawa, wanda faɗinsa ya kai kimanin mita 100 kuma tsawonsa ya kai kilomita ɗaya da rabi, ana iya shiga cikinsa cikin 'yanci duk shekara.

A ƙofar wurin shakatawa, a *Avenue de la Gare*, akwai yanayin ruwa . A gefen dama na Sauer akwai kadada 11.2 *Parc découverte de la yanayi A cikin Bedingen* . Dikricher Béierfest ("Diekirch Beer Festival") yawanci yana faruwa a kowane lokacin rani a wurin shakatawa na birni. 

Wurin shakatawa shine wurin da aka gina wasu abubuwan tarihi da fasahar jama'a:

A cikin 1961, Charles Kohl da Edmond Lux sun kirkiro wani abin tunawa don girmama ɗan siyasar Diekirch Paul Eyschen ( *Monument Paul Eyschen* ). Kohl ya ƙirƙiri babban taimako na tagulla (fasin Eyschen), Lux ya ƙirƙiri cikakken sassaka daga tubalan dutsen yashi na Ernzern.  

A shekarar 1981, Wenzel Profant ya gina wani abin tunawa ga 'yan gudun hijirar Luxembourg a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Farin dutsen ya ƙunshi gawawwakin basalt guda biyu masu lanƙwasa waɗanda suka yi kama da suna guduwa suna iyo; ana tsammanin za su zama abin tunawa ga 'yan gudun hijira. 

Wani *wurin tunawa da Amurka*, wanda aka ƙaddamar a shekarar 1984, don tunawa da 'yancin Luxembourg da sojojin Amurka suka yi a watan Satumba na 1944, shi ma yana cikin wurin shakatawa. 

## Manazarta
Tralee-Fenit Greenway

Hanyar **Tralee-Fenit Greenway** hanya ce ta kore da layin dogo a Ireland,  wadda ake sa ran za ta zama wani ɓangare na EuroVelo EV1 da Babban Hanyar Kudu . An shirya kammala hanyar mai tsawon kilomita 14 nan da shekarar 2021, amma an jinkirta ta saboda annobar COVID-19,  tare da sake tsara buɗewa a lokacin bazara na 2022.  Sashe na farko na hanyar kore, wacce take da tsawon kilomita 6.5, an buɗe ta a watan Yunin 2022.  An tsawaita ta zuwa kilomita 11.2 daga baya a shekarar 2022,  kuma tsawonta ya kai kimanin kilomita 13.6 nan da shekarar 2025. 

## Tarihi

A shekarar 2017, CIÉ ta amince ta mayar da layin dogo na Tralee-Fenit da North Kerry zuwa Majalisar Gundumar Kerry,   domin sauƙaƙe kammala Kerry Greenways. Da farko an shirya buɗe shi a shekarar 2021, an sabunta ranar kammala aikin zuwa 2022 saboda "batun tsara".   Hanyar da aka tsara ta buƙaci haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa. 

An buɗe matakin farko na hanyar kore, wacce ta ƙunshi kilomita 6.5 na hanyar, a watan Yunin 2022.  An faɗaɗa wannan zuwa kilomita 11.2 a watan Oktoban 2022.  

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan buɗewar hukuma, wasu ɓangarorin uku sun rufe ƙofar da ke kan titin kore a lokuta akalla biyu a watan Oktoba da Nuwamba 2022.  

Tun daga tsakiyar shekarar 2025 aka gabatar da shawarar bude wasu wuraren shiga da kuma sanya alamun wurin da za a bi a gefen hanya. 

## Babban Southern Greenway
Ganin cewa layin dogo **na Tralee-Fenit** da **Tralee-Limerick** sun raba layin dogo iri ɗaya daga Tralee,  kilomita 3 na farko na **Tralee Fenit Greenway** shi ma ya zama wani ɓangare na Babban Hanyar Kudancin da EuroVelo EV1 .  

## Manazarta
Neal Macrossan

**Neal William Macrossan** (1889–1955) lauya ne, alkali kuma Babban Alkali na Kotun Koli ta Queensland.

## Shekarun farko
An haifi Macrossan a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 1889 a Lutwyche da ke Queensland . Shi ne ɗan siyasa na takwas kuma ƙarami ga ɗan siyasan Australiya John Murtagh Macrossan da Bridget Macrossan (née Queely). Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Al'ada da ke Brisbane. A can ya sami tallafin karatu kuma ya halarci Kwalejin St. Joseph's Nudgee. A shekarar 1904 yayin da yake karatu a St Joseph's, an ba shi lambar yabo ta TJ Byrnes saboda samun maki mafi girma a Queensland. A shekarar 1906 ya sake lashe gasar State a matakin sakandare. Ya kuma lashe lambar azurfa ga Girka kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin malamin Rhodes a Queensland a shekarar 1907.

Macrossan ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Magdalen, Oxford . Ya sami digirin farko a fannin Fasaha da girmamawa a shekarar 1910  kuma ya sami digirin farko a fannin Fasaha a shekarar 1914 daga Oxford. Jami'ar Queensland ta ba shi digirin farko a fannin Fasaha Ad Eundem Gradum a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 1911 don bikin kafa Jami'ar Queensland,  kodayake ɗakin karatu na Kotun Koli ta Queensland ya ambaci hakan a matsayin digirin farko a fannin Fasaha.

Bayan ya dawo Queensland, ya sami aiki a Ofishin Lauyan Sarauta na Queensland. Ya ci jarrabawar shiga Hukumar Lauyoyi kuma aka kira shi zuwa Lauya a ranar 27 ga Agusta 1912. Bai yi nasara ba wajen tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dokoki ta Queensland a shekarar 1915 don zama kujerar Cairns, inda ya tsaya takarar Jam'iyyar Liberal. A Brisbane ya auri Eileen Elizabeth Beirne a ranar 14 ga Disamba 1921. Ya sayi Glen Alpine a shekarar 1931 a Toowoomba. Glen Alpine ne ya gina wurin wanka na farko a cikin gida a yankin Toowoomba. Gidan da lambuna yanzu mallakar gwamnatin Queensland ne.

Macrossan ya wakilci tsohon firayim minista William McCormack a shari'ar Mungana Mines. An yi shari'ar McCormack tare da tsohon ma'ajin kuɗi Ted Theodore da wasu mutane biyu. An gabatar da shari'ar ne bayan wani kwamiti na Royal Commission a ranar 4 ga Yuli 1930 wajen siyan ma'adinan. [1] Hukumar masarautar ta gano cewa duk waɗanda ake tuhuma sun aikata rashin gaskiya wajen siyan ma'adinan. Shari'ar makircin ta fara ne a Kotun Koli a ranar 22 ga Yuli 1931 kuma ta haifar da hukuncin da juri ya yanke na goyon bayan McCormack da Theodore a ranar 25 ga Agusta.[2]

Macrossan ya kuma bayyana a shari'ar Kundin Tsarin Mulki ta Hukumar Peanut da Hukumar Rockhampton Harbour  da aka yi a Babbar Kotun Ostiraliya. Shari'ar ta shafi ko Gwamnatin Queensland za ta iya sarrafa sayar da gyada a Queensland ta hanyar Hukumar Peanut. Macrossan ya bayyana a matsayin ƙarami a Hukumar. Bai yi nasara ba wajen jayayya kan dokar tallatawa kuma an yanke hukuncin cewa dokar ta saba wa kundin tsarin mulki.

Macossan ya yi lacca a Jami'ar Queensland kan roƙo da aiki har zuwa lokacin da aka naɗa shi a matsayin benchi. Ya kuma kafa wani tallafi ga Jami'ar don laccocin Macrossan.

## Naɗin alkalai

## Manazarta
Rukunin Muhalli, Sabuntawa da Haɗin Kai

**Ƙungiyar Muhalli, Makamashi Mai Sabuntawa da Haɗin Kai (GERES)** ƙungiya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban ƙasa da ƙasa da aka kafa a Marseille a shekarar 1976.

## Bayani
Ƙungiya zuba l'Exploitation Rationnelle de l'Energie Soldaire (Group for the Rational Use of Solar Energy) an kafa shi a ranar 14 ga Satumba 1976, bayan rikicin man fetur na farko, bisa ga shirin malamai/masu bincike da ke aiki tare da Georges Peri. Manufarta ita ce a tuntuɓi masu bincike da ƙwararru domin samar da mafita kan makamashin hasken rana.

GERES ta canza sunanta da farko a 1986 (*Rukunin Makamashi Mai Sabuntawa* / Rukunin Makamai Masu Sabuntawa), kuma a 1994 (Rukuncin Makamashi Masu Sabunta da Muhalli / Rukuncin Makamai Masu sabuntawa da Muhalli), sannan a ƙarshe a 2008 (Rukunni Masu Sabunta Makamashi, Muhalli da Solidarity / Rukunni don Muhalli, Makamashi mai Sabuntawa da Solidaridad) yayin da ya fadada yankunan sa hannu.

A shekara ta 2004, GERES ta ƙaddamar da CO2Solidaire, shirin farko na Faransa na rage gurɓatar carbon 

## Ayyuka
A matsayinta na ƙungiya mai ƙwarewa a fannin makamashi mai ɗorewa da sabuntawa, sauyin yanayi  da kuma kare muhalli, GERES tana aiki don sauyi a fannin makamashi, tare da kiyaye albarkatun ƙasa da inganta yanayin rayuwa ga mutanen yankin, a Turai da kuma a ƙasashe masu tasowa.

A matsayinta na babbar hukumar Kwamitin Daidaito da Ci Gaban Yanayi na SUD, tsakanin 2013 zuwa 2016, GERES tana aiki tare da sauran kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu don shiga cikin fafutukar neman goyon baya ga hukumomi da nufin jagorantar manufofin sauyin yanayi na ƙasa da na duniya.

GERES tana haɓaka amfani da makamashi mai sabuntawa da haɓaka tattalin arzikin gida a fannoni huɗu na ƙasa:  Turai da Bahar Rum, Yammacin Afirka, Tsakiyar Asiya da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya .

Yana nan a ƙasashe da dama ko makamancin haka, yana aiki tare da masu ruwa da tsaki a fannin ci gaban ƙananan hukumomi, a kan manyan jigogi guda biyar:

* samar da makamashi mai tsabta 
* Ingancin makamashi da kuma tanadin makamashi 
* ci gaban tattalin arziki 
* manufofin gida da amfani da ƙasa 
* sauyin yanayi 

## Manazarta
Alex Mafi

An haifi **Joshua Alekisio Mafi** a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 1996 a Brisbane, Ostiraliya, ɗan wasan rugby ne na Australiya wanda ke buga wa Hooker wasa a Queensland Reds a Super Rugby.

## Sana'a
Bayan shekaru uku na ƙwarewar First XV a Kwalejin St. Joseph's Nudgee daga 2012 zuwa 2014, Jami'ar Bond ta ba shi tallafin karatu na John Eales Rugby don taimakawa wajen ci gaba da kasancewa a gasar rugby ta Gold Coast. [ ana buƙatar ambato ]

A kakar wasa ta 2015 yana wasa a Jami'ar Bond, ya sanya hannu a Queensland Country don Gasar Rugby ta Ƙasa ta 2015. 

Mafi ya sami kwangilarsa da Queensland Reds na tsawon shekaru 3 tun daga shekarar 2016. 

## Ƙididdigar Super Rugby

## Manazarta
Green na Philippines

Ƙungiyar **Greens ta Philippine** ƙungiya ce ta masu fafutuka a Philippines waɗanda suka tsara kansu a hukumance a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 1996, tare da abin da suka kira "Ra'ayin Duniya na Green" a matsayin tushen haɗin kai. Ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi masu fafutukar siyasa waɗanda suka sami ƙarin fahimtar muhalli da kuma masu fafutukar kare muhalli waɗanda suka sami ƙarin fahimtar siyasa.

Babban takardar kafa ƙungiyar kore ta Philippines ita ce Manifesto na ƙungiyar kore ta Philippines, wadda ke taƙaita ra'ayinsu na asali.

A shekarar 1999, ƙungiyar kare muhalli ta Philippine Greens ta buga shirinta na aiki a ƙarƙashin taken Society, Ecology and Transformation: wani shiri na canza al'ummar Philippines bisa ga ra'ayin kare muhalli.

Ƙungiyar ta kasance mai himma sosai a kan batutuwan haƙar ma'adinai, sufuri, kula da sharar muhalli, iska mai tsabta da kuma kare muhalli, injiniyan kwayoyin halitta, noma mai ɗorewa da sauran batutuwa. Daga cikin manyan matakan da ƙungiyar kare muhalli ta Philippines ta ɗauka sun haɗa da zanga-zangar adawa da haƙar ma'adinai, zanga-zangar adawa da Bill Gates, wanda suka kira "mai kula da yanar gizo", da kuma yajin cin abinci na kwanaki 30 a kan masarar Bt da aka ƙera ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta . 

Jam'iyyar Greens ta Philippine ta mayar da hankali kan batutuwan muhalli kuma ba ta shiga cikin zaɓen Philippines ba. Sun dogara ne akan bincikensu cewa ayyukan zaɓen Philippines sun yi barna sosai har shiga zaɓe ya zama ruwan dare ga masu fafatawa kuma sakamakon ba ya nuna ainihin ra'ayin jama'a.

A shekara ta 2004, babban sakataren jam'iyyar Greens ta Philippine Roberto Verzol ya buga wani bincike wanda ya nuna yadda magudi a cikin jadawalin zaɓe ya iya canza sakamakon zaɓen shugaban ƙasa. Verzola ya kuma nuna kurakuran da ƙungiyar National Movement for Free Elections (NAMFREL) ta yi a zaɓen ranar 10 ga Mayu, 2004 a cikin bincikensa mai shafuka 12. 

Daga baya wasu daga cikin membobin 'yan kore na Philippine sun fara kafa wata kungiyar sa ido kan zabe mai zaman kanta, *Halalang Marangal* (Cibiyar 'Yan Kasa don Zaɓe Mai Gaskiya da Kididdiga Mai Gaskiya), don yin aiki don zaɓe mai tsafta da gaskiya.

A yau, ƙungiyar kare muhalli ta Philippine ta ci gaba da mai da hankali kan batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli da kuma damuwarsu. Membobinsu sun bazu a cikin sauran ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli a Philippines kuma suna gudanar da tarurrukan zumunci akai-akai don raba abubuwan da suka faru, tattauna halin da ake ciki a yanzu, tsara matsayi ɗaya, da kuma tsara shirye-shiryen ƙarfafawa da faɗaɗa fafutukar kare muhalli.

A shekara ta 2007, an zaɓi Reido Panaligan, mai kula da ƙungiyar Ecowaste Coalition of the Philippines, bisa ga yarjejeniya, don ya zama babban sakataren ƙungiyar.

## Manazarta
Florence Stacpoole

Florence Stacpoole (1850 - 2 ga Disamba 1942) marubuciya ce kuma malamar Irish da ke zaune a Ingila. Ayyukanta sun mayar da hankali kan kiwon lafiya da shawarwari kan kasafin kuɗi ga mata.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Florence Stacpoole a Dublin, 'yar Rev. William Church Stacpoole da Charlotte Augusta Mountjoy.  Mahaifinta shugaban Kingstown ne kuma likitan addini a Kwalejin Trinity Dublin . 'Yan'uwanta biyu marubuta ne; William Henry Stacpoole ya rubuta littattafan yara kuma Henry de Vere Stacpoole ya rubuta littattafai ciki har da *The Blue Lagoon* (1908).   Surukinta Henry Bremridge Briggs shi ma marubuci ne.  'Yar'uwarta Lillie Stacpoole Haycraft mai zane-zane ne.  Wasu rassan iyali suna amfani da rubutun "Stackpole". 

## Sana'a
Stacpoole ta ƙaura zuwa Gosport da ke Hampshire.  Ta yi rubutu kuma ta yi lacca sosai kan lafiyar mata, kula da yara, da kuma kula da gidaje. Stacpoole kuma ƙwararriya ce a fannin zaɓe.  Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Ƙasa ce ta buga ta inda ta kasance malamar makaranta.   Stacpoole memba ce a Ƙungiyar Kula da Mata ta Landan kuma ta yi aiki a Majalisar Ilimin Fasaha a matsayin malamar makaranta. Stacpoole memba ce a Ƙungiyar Kula da Taurari ta Burtaniya ; ita ma tana da addini kuma ɓangare ne na Ƙungiyar Mabiya Cocin Zamani . 

Stacpoole ya mutu a ranar 2 ga Disamba 1942, yana da shekaru 92, a Gosport, Hampshire.    

## Ayyuka
Baya ga littattafanta da ƙasidunta na Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Ƙasa, Stacpoole ta kuma buga labarai a cikin mujallu da mujallu, ciki har da  .  Ta rubuta wani labari na kasada, *The King's Diamond*, wanda aka tsara a cikin jaridu tsakanin 1902 da 1905.  An buga littattafai biyu na Stacpoole, *The Mystery of the Manor House* da *The Unvited Guest*, a matsayin jerin shirye-shirye.  

* *Tattaunawa da Iyaye Mata Matasa* (1890) 
* *Marasa Lafiyarmu da Yadda Za a Kula da Su* (1892)
* *Rashin narkewar abinci* (1892) 
* *Shawara ga mata kan kula da lafiyarsu kafin, lokacin, da kuma bayan an ɗaure su* (1894) 
* *Kula da jarirai da ƙananan yara da kuma ciyar da marasa lafiya* (1895)
* *Littafin Jagora na Kula da Gidaje don Ƙananan Kuɗi* (1898) 
* *Shawarwari Masu Kyau ga Masu Ziyarar Gundumar* (kimanin 1897) 
* *Kula da Gidaje Masu Kyau* (1898) 
* *Girki a Gida* (1898, 1906)  
* "Gidajen Jinya Masu Zaman Kansu" (1901) 
* *Lu'u-lu'u na Sarki* (1902, labari) 
* *Cututtukan mata da 'yan mata* (1904) 
* *Gida Mai Lafiya da Yadda Ake Kiyaye Shi* (1905)
* *Lafiyar mata da yadda ake kula da ita* (1906)
* *Littafin Uwa Kan Kula da Yara Masu Lafiya* (1912) 
* *Jariranmu da Yadda Za Mu Kula da Su*
* *Likitan Gida*
* *Ra'ayin Lafiya game da [[Motsi na tsauraran ra'ayi|Juriya]]* 

## Manazarta
Will Magnay

**Will Scott Magnay** (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Yuni 1998) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ne na Australiya a ƙungiyar JackJumpers ta Tasmania ta National Basketball League (NBL). Ya buga kakar wasa ɗaya na ƙwallon kwando ta kwaleji don Tulsa Golden Hurricane.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Magnay a Brisbane, Queensland,  inda ya halarci Kwalejin Nudgee. Ya buga wa Northside Wizards wasa a matsayin ƙarami. Ya koma Cibiyar Wasanni ta Australiya da ke Canberra,  inda ya buga wa BA Center of Excellence a gasar ƙwallon kwando ta Kudu maso Gabashin Australiya a 2016.

## Aikin kwaleji
Magnay ya buga ƙwallon kwando ta kwaleji a Tulsa Golden Hurricane a kakar wasa ta 2016-17. Ya samu matsakaicin maki 3.9 da kuma bugun ƙwallo 3 a wasanni 32 da ya buga.

## Sana'ar ƙwararru

### NBL
A watan Oktoban 2017, Magnay ya bar shirin Tulsa Golden Hurricane kuma ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku da ƙungiyar garinsu, Brisbane Bullets of the National Basketball League (NBL).   Ya yi kakar wasan NBL ta 2017–18 a matsayin ɗan wasan ci gaba.  A kakar wasan NBL ta 2018–19, an ɗaga Magnay zuwa cikakken ɗan wasa. 

Magnay ya samu shekara mai kyau a kakar wasa ta 2019-20 ta NBL wadda ta sa ya shiga jerin 'yan wasan da za su fara buga wasa a Bullets kuma ya sami kulawa daga masu leƙen asiri na Ƙungiyar Kwando ta Ƙasa (NBA).   Daga baya aka naɗa shi ɗan wasa mafi kyau na NBL a kakar wasa ta 2019-20  kuma da farko ya sake rattaba hannu da Bullets kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. 

A ranar 6 ga Mayu 2021, bayan kammala kakar wasa ta NBA, Magnay ya sanya hannu da Perth Wildcats a sauran kakar wasa ta 2020–21 ta NBL .  Ya samu matsakaicin maki 4.7, bugun ramuwar gayya 2.9 da kuma taimakawa wajen taimakawa a wasanni 1.7 a wasanni 15 da ya buga da Wildcats. 

A ranar 12 ga Yuli, 2021, Magnay ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara ɗaya da Tasmania JackJumpers, sabuwar ƙungiya da ta shiga NBL a karon farko a 2021–22 . [1] An takaita shi ga wasanni 11 a 2021–22 saboda raunin gwiwa. [2] Daga baya ya sake rattaba hannu da JackJumpers kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu a ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 2022. [2]

Magnay bai buga wasan NBL na 2023-24 ba saboda raunin ƙafa.  Ya ci gaba da taimaka wa JackJumpers lashe gasar NBL ta farko da nasara a jere 3-2 a kan Melbourne United, 

A ranar 10 ga Maris 2024, Magnay ya sake rattaba hannu da JackJumpers kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu.  A ranar 19 ga Disamba 2024, an cire shi daga buga wasa na tsawon makonni shida zuwa takwas bayan ya samu karyewar ƙafarsa a lokacin atisaye. 

An nada Magnay a matsayin kyaftin na JackJumpers a kakar wasa ta NBL ta 2025–26 .  A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2025, an dakatar da shi daga buga wasa saboda raunin da ya samu a gwiwa. 

## Manazarta