Léger-Félicité Sonthonax

**Léger-Félicité Sonthonax** (7 Maris 1763-23 Yuli shekara ta 1813) ɗan ƙasar Faransa ne kuma Jacobin kafin ya shiga jam'iyyar Girondist,wacce ta fito a cikin shekara ta 1791.A lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa, ya mallaki sojojin Faransa 7,000 a Saint-Domingue a lokacin wani bangare na juyin juya halin Haiti.  Sunansa a hukumance shine Kwamishinan farar hula.Daga Satumba shekara ta 1792,shi da Polverel sun zama *ainihin* masu mulkin Saint-Domingue wadanda ba bayi ba.Domin suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyar Brissot,taron da aka yi a ranar 16 ga Yuli,shekara ta 1793 ya tuhumi su,amma jirgin da zai dawo da su Faransa bai isa ƙasar ba sai Yuni 1794,kuma sun isa Faransa a lokacin.na faduwar Robespierre.An yi musu shari’a ta gaskiya a shekara ta 1795 kuma an wanke su daga tuhumar da turawan mulkin mallaka suka yi musu. Sonthonax ya yi imanin cewa turawan Saint-Domingue ’yan sarauta ne ko kuma ’yan aware,don haka ya kai hari ga ikon soja na fararen fata kuma ta yin hakan ya nisanta mazaunan mulkin mallaka daga gwamnatinsu.Yawancin *gens de couleur* (mazauna masu gauraya na mazauna yankin) sun tabbatar da cewa za su iya kafa kashin bayan soji na Saint-Domingue idan aka ba su hakki,amma Sonthonax ya ki amincewa da wannan ra'ayi kamar yadda ya tsufa bayan tashin bayi na Agusta 1791.Ya yi imanin cewa Saint-Domingue zai buƙaci tsohon sojan bauta a cikin sahu na sojojin mulkin mallaka idan ana so ya tsira.A watan Agusta 1793,ya yi shelar 'yanci ga dukan bayi a lardin arewa.Masu sukarsa sun yi zargin cewa an tilasta masa kawo karshen bautar ne domin ya ci gaba da mulkin kansa.

## Rayuwar farko
An haife shi a Oyonnax,Faransa a ranar 7 ga Maris,1763,ɗan ɗan kasuwa mai wadata,Sonthonax lauya ne a Majalisar Dokokin Paris wanda ya samu matsayi a lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa.Dukiyar Sonthonax ta kasance saboda kasuwancin mahaifinsa,wanda ya ɗauki mutane da yawa daga yankin aiki,kuma ya sa mahaifinsa ya zama mafi arziki a ƙauyen.  Sonthonax ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Dijon,ya zama sanannen lauya tare da taimakon mahaifinsa mai arziki. Memba na Society of the Friends of the Blacks,ya zama mai alaka da Jacques Pierre Brissot kuma daga baya ya daidaita kansa da Girondists.

## Manufar
A cikin watan Agustan 1791, tawayen bayi ( Juyin Juyin Juyin Halitta) ya barke a yankin arewacin Saint-Domingue,zuciyar tattalin arzikin noman sukari na tsibirin.Har ila yau,Saint-Domingue ya fuskanci rikice-rikice tsakanin turawan mulkin mallaka da kuma mutanen da ke da 'yanci (da yawa daga cikinsu sun kasance masu bambancin launin fata),da kuma tsakanin wadanda ke goyon bayan juyin juya halin Faransa da wadanda ke sake kafa Daular Ancien &#x2014; ko kasawa.cewa,don 'yancin kai na Saint-Domingue.

A cikin 1792,Saint-an aika Sonthonax,Étienne Polverel da Jean-Antoine Ailhaud zuwa yankin Saint-Domingue (yanzu Haïti ) a matsayin wani ɓangare na Hukumar juyin juya hali. Sun kasance tare da Jean-Jacques d'Esparbes,wanda aka nada gwamnan Saint-Domingue.  Ya maye gurbin gwamna Philibert François Rouxel de Blanchelande Tawagar ta hada da sojoji 6,000.  Kwamishinonin sun gano cewa da yawa daga cikin masu shukar farar fata sun kasance masu adawa da yunkurin juyin juya hali na karuwa kuma suna shiga cikin 'yan adawa na sarauta.Sun sanar da cewa ba su yi niyyar kawar da bautar ba, amma sun zo ne don tabbatar da cewa ’yantattun maza suna da hakki daidai ko wane irin launi ne. D'Esparbes yayi aiki da kwamishinonin kuma ya zama sananne tare da masu shuka sarauta.  A ranar 21 ga Oktoba 1792,kwamishinonin sun kori d'Esparbès kuma suka sanya sunan vicomte de Rochambeau gwamnan Saint-Domingue. 

Babban burinsu shi ne kiyaye ikon Faransanci na Saint-Domingue da aiwatar da daidaiton zamantakewa da Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa ta Faransa ta ba da kwanan nan ga *gens de couleur* kyauta a matsayin wani ɓangare na dokar 4 Afrilu 1792.Dokar ta sake kafa ikon Faransa na Saint-Domingue,ta ba da cikakken zama dan kasa da daidaiton siyasa don 'yantar da bakar fata maza da maza masu 'yanci, amma ba ta 'yantar da bayi ba.Maimakon haka,an ba shi aikin da ya yi nasara a kan tawayen bayi kuma ya sa bayi su koma gonaki.Da farko Sonthonax ya yi fatali da kawar da bautar don samun goyon bayan turawan da ke tsibirin.Da isowarsa,ya gano cewa wasu fararen fata da ’yan adam masu launin fata sun riga sun ba da haɗin kai ga ’yan tawayen bayi.Ya yi gudun hijira da yawa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi waɗanda ba za su yarda da masu launi ɗaya ba kuma sun sami nasarar shawo kan ta'addancin bayi a wajen Arewa.

An aika Sonthonax da Polverel zuwa Saint-Domingue, kamar yadda suka yi shelar lokacin da suka isa, ba don kawar da bautar ba amma don ba wa ’yantattun maza, ba tare da la’akari da launi na fatar jikinsu ba, daidaiton haƙƙoƙi, wanda aka ba su ta hanyar dokar 4 ga Afrilu.,1792.Amma a ƙarshe, duk bayi a lardin arewa sun sami 'yanci a ranar 29 ga Agusta, 1793, ta Sonthonax, da kuma a lardunan yamma da kudu, daga 27 ga Agusta zuwa 31 ga Oktoba,1793,ta hanyar Polverel.  Bayan shelar,Sonthonax ya rubuta amsa ga waɗanda suka yi hamayya da shawararsa da Polverel a shekara ta 1793 na ba wa waɗannan zaɓaɓɓun bayi wannan sabon ’yanci.Ya bayyana imaninsa mai ƙarewa cewa ya kamata a ba wa waɗannan 'yan Afirka 'yancin ɗan adam kuma ya kare shawararsa na 'yantar bayi ba kuskure ba ne.  *Shelar Sonthonax Au nom de la République* ya bayyana rawar da ya taka a juyin juya halin Musulunci.Ya kuduri aniyar yin tsattsauran shawara don hana Biritaniya da Spain samun nasara a yunkurinsu na karbar ikon Saint-Domingue.

## 'Yanci da rikici
A cikin Fabrairu 1793, Faransa ta shelanta yaki a kan Birtaniya,wanda ya gabatar da sabuwar matsala ga Sonthonax.Duk wadanda ya kebe a kokarin tabbatar da juyin juya halin Faransa a Saint-Domingue sun ci gaba da kokarin tserewa zuwa yankin yammacin Indiyan Yamma na Burtaniya (musamman Jamaica),inda mahukuntan mulkin mallaka suka ba da mafaka ga masu adawa da juyin juya hali na Faransa.Yawan fararen fata a cikin mulkin mallaka ya ragu sosai har sai 6,000 kawai ya rage bayan Yuni 1793.

A ranar 20 ga Yuni 1793 wani yunƙurin da bai yi nasara ba na karɓar iko da babban birnin kasar ta sabon gwamnan soja mai tausayi ga fararen fata,François-Thomas Galbaud,ya kai ga tashin bam da kona Cap-Français (yanzu Cap-Haïtien ).Watakila konawar ta faru ne ta wurin masu ruwa da tsaki 1,000 wadanda ba 'yan asalin kasar ba a cikin sojojin Galbaud.Sonthonax ya nada Janar Étienne Laveaux gwamna kuma ya kori Galbaud daga mulkin mallaka bayan alkawarin ’yanci ga tsoffin bayi da suka amince su yi yaki a madadin kwamishinonin da kuma gwamnatin jamhuriyar Faransa da suke wakilta.Har ya zuwa wannan lokaci kwamishinonin suna ci gaba da fafatawa da bakar fata, wanda tashin hankalinsu ya fara a watan Agustan 1791.'Yantar da su babbar nasara ce ga dukkan sojojin bayi,kuma tarihin baka ya nuna cewa yana kara musu kwarin gwiwa.A ranar 24 ga Yuni,1793,kashi 60% na mutanen farar fata sun bar Saint-Domingue tare da Galbaud,galibi ba su dawo ba.

A ranar 29 ga Agusta,b1793, tare da jita-jita na 'yanci,Sonthonax ya ɗauki mataki mai mahimmanci a shelar 'yancin bayi a lardin arewa (tare da iyakacin iyaka akan 'yancinsu).Daga 27 ga Agusta zuwa 31 ga Oktoba,1793,a gefensa,Polverel ya ci gaba da 'yantar da bayi a lardunan yamma da kudu. 

A wannan lokacin ne,kuma saboda sabon salon ba da haƙƙin baƙar fata,Toussaint Louverture ya fara gyara falsafar siyasarsa don rungumar Faransa maimakon Spain;duk da haka,ya yi taka-tsan-tsan kuma yana jiran amincewar Faransa ta 'yantar da shi kafin ya sauya bangarori a hukumance.Ranar 4 ga Fabrairu,1794, Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa ta Faransa ta amince da wannan doka,tare da yin amfani da shi ga dukan yankunan Faransanci,ciki har da Guadeloupe.

Saboda gaskiyar cewa suna ƙarƙashin dokar tuhuma, a wannan rana, ba a bayyana sunayen Sonthonax da Polverel a cikin taron ba, ko da Dufay,mataimakin Saint-Domingue da Sonthonax ya aiko don bayyana wa wakilan taron. dalilin da ya sa aka kawar da bauta a cikin mulkin mallaka. 

'Yanci ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Amurka.

Yawan bayi na Saint-Domingue ba su yi tururuwa zuwa bangaren Sonthonax kamar yadda ya yi tsammani ba, yayin da masu shuka farar fata suka ci gaba da yi masa turjiya. An haɗu da su da yawa daga cikin ’yan adam masu launi waɗanda ke adawa da kawar da bauta a cikin mulkin mallaka, yawancinsu masu shuka kansu ne. Ba sai da maganar amincewa da 'yantar da gwamnatin Faransa ta dawo cikin mulkin mallaka ba Toussaint Louverture da gawawwakinsa na ƙwararrun bayin yaƙi sun zo ga ƙungiyar Republican ta Faransa a farkon Mayu 1794.

Canji a cikin iskar siyasa a gida ya sa a tuno da Sonthonax zuwa Faransa don kare ayyukansa.Bayan isowarsa a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1794, ya yi iƙirarin cewa ’yan adam masu launi, waɗanda aka aiko shi da farko don ya kare,ba su da aminci ga Faransa,kuma ya kamata Jamhuriyar ta sanya bangaskiyarta ga ’yantattun bayi.Vindicated, Sonthonax ya koma Saint-Domingue a karo na biyu. Faransa ce ta tura Comte d'Hédouville ya zama gwamnan tsibirin,amma daga baya aka tilasta masa ya gudu. 

## Komawa Faransa
Toussaint, a halin yanzu, yana ƙarfafa matsayinsa. Farans Janar din bakar fata ya shirya Sonthonax ya bar Saint-Domingue a matsayin daya daga cikin zababbun wakilansa a shekarar 1797,kuma lokacin da Sonthonax ya nuna rashin jin dadinsa,Toussaint ya sanya shi karkashin wani jirgin ruwa da ya nufi Faransa a ranar 24 ga Agusta.Ya rasu a garinsu bayan shekaru 16.

## Bayanan kula