open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Santa María de la Paz

**Santa María de la Paz** birni ne, da ke a jihar Zacatecas ta ƙasar Mexiko, mai tazarar  kudu maso yammacin babban birnin jihar Zacatecas City .

## Yanayin ƙasa
Gundumar Santa María de la Paz tana kan tudu tsakanin  a cikin Sierra Madre Occidental a kudu maso yammacin Zacatecas. Tana iyaka da ƙananan hukumomin Tepechitlán a arewa, Jalpa a arewa maso gabas, Apozol a gabas, Juchipila a kudu maso gabas, Teúl de González Ortega a kudu, da Benito Juárez a yamma.  Karamar hukumar ta ƙunshi yanki mai fadin  kuma ya ƙunshi kashi 0.4% na yankin jihar. 

Ya zuwa shekarar 2009, kashi 29.1% na ƙasar da ke Santa María de la Paz ana amfani da ita ne don noma. Sauran ƙasar ya ƙunshi dazuzzuka (42.7%), ciyawa (27.7%), da ciyawa (0.4%). Gundumar tana cikin magudanar ruwa ta Río Grande de Santiago . Yawancin gundumar tana magudanar ruwa ne ta Kogin Tlaltenango, wani magudanar ruwa ta Kogin Bolaños, yayin da gabashin biyar na gundumar ke magudanar ruwa ta Kogin Juchipila .  Akwai ƙaramin magudanar ruwa mai suna El Izote wanda ke gabashin majalisar gundumar. 

Santa María de la Paz tana da yanayi mai zafi tare da hunturu mai bushewa. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi a cikin gundumar yana tsakanin , kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana tsakanin  . 

## Tarihi
Bayan Yaƙin Mixtón, friar  ya kafa asibitin *Nuestra señora de la Limpia Concepción*  a yanzu Santa María de la Paz.  

An fara kafa Santa María de la Paz a matsayin gundumomi a cikin *partido* na Tlaltenango  daga 1869 zuwa 1905.   Ya rubuta yawan mazaunan 2500 a cikin 1894.  Bayan haka an shigar da shi ƙarƙashin gundumar Teúl Tolezá, wanda ya canza sunansa zuwa Teúl. 1935. Tsarin Mulki na 1944 na Zacatecas ya kafa *taron* Ignacio Allende a Teúl de González Ortega.  A ranar 26 Oktoba 2004, gwamnatin jihar ta amince da sake kafa gundumar Santa María de la Paz daga *ikilisiyar* Ignacio Allende, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu 2005. 

## Gwamnati
Gwamnatin birnin Santa María de la Paz ta ƙunshi shugaba, kansila ( Spanish : *síndico* ), da kuma amintattu bakwai ( *regidores* ), huɗu an zaɓe su da rinjayen jama'a da kuma uku bisa ga wakilcin da aka tsara .  Shugaban ƙaramar hukumar na yanzu shine José Manuel González Dorado. 

## Alƙaluma
A cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta Mexico ta 2020, Santa María de la Paz ta ƙididdige yawan mazaunan 2767 da ke zaune a cikin gidaje 860.  Ƙididdigar 2010 ta ƙididdige yawan mazaunan 2821 a Santa María de la Paz. 

Akwai yankuna 19 da ake zaune a cikin gundumar,  wanda kawai aka sanya shi a matsayin birni, wanda kuma ake kira Santa María de la Paz.  Ya ƙunshi yawan jama'a na 1995 a cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta 2020. 

## Tattalin arziki da kayayyakin more rayuwa
Babban ayyukan tattalin arziki a Santa María de la Paz sune noma da kiwon shanu. Babban amfanin gona da ake nomawa shine masara.  

Babbar Hanyar Tarayya ta 23 tana tafiya arewa-kudu ta cikin gundumar, tana haɗa ta da Jerez da Fresnillo a arewa, da kuma Zapopan da Guadalajara a kudu.

## Manazarta
Kasuwar Mallam Atta

**Kasuwar Mallam Atta** babbar kasuwa ce ta kasuwanci a yankin Greater Accra na Ghana .  Tana kusa da titin Accra New Town. Tana bayar da kayayyaki da ayyuka iri-iri. Ana kyautata zaton kasuwar ta fara ne a ƙarshen shekarun 1950 kuma ta girma ta zama cibiyar gidaje ta musamman ga cibiyoyin kuɗi, gidajen bugawa, shagunan sayar da kayayyaki da na siyarwa, makarantar yara da sauran wurare masu taimako.

## Manazarta
Makarantar Sakandare ta Morgan Harare

**Makarantar Sakandare ta Morgan makarantar** sakandare ce ta jiha da ke Harare, Zimbabwe .

## Tarihi
An kafa makarantar a shekarar 1956  kuma an sanya mata suna bayan Leonard Ray Morgan, Sakataren Ilimi na dindindin na farko a Tarayyar Rhodesia & Nyasaland . Tana cikin Arcadia, Harare. An kafa ta ne da farko don biyan buƙatun al'ummomin Launuka da Asiya a Mashonaland . 

A lokacin babban zaɓen Rhodesia na 1979, an yi amfani da Makarantar Sakandare ta Morgan don ɗaukar membobin Rundunar Kula da Jama'a ta Commonwealth a Rhodesia . 

## Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai

* Ali Shah,  ɗan wasan kurket

## Manazarta
Victor Gbeho

**James Victor Gbeho** (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Janairu 1935, a Keta, Ghana ) lauya ne kuma jami'in diflomasiyya ɗan ƙasar Ghana wanda ya kasance Shugaban Hukumar ECOWAS daga 2010 zuwa 2012, wanda aka zaɓe shi a matsayin wanda aka zaɓe shi da haɗin gwiwa a taron koli na 37 na Hukumar Shugabannin Jihohi da Gwamnati na Jihohi 15 na Membobi. 

Ya kasance Ministan Harkokin Waje na Ghana daga 1997 zuwa 2001, a ƙarƙashin Shugaba Jerry Rawlings, kuma ya kasance ɗan Majalisar Dokoki na mazabar Anlo daga Janairu 2001 zuwa Janairu 2005. Daga baya ya zama mai ba da shawara kan manufofin harkokin waje ga gwamnatin Shugaba John Atta Mills . Kafin ya yi ritaya a matsayin jami'in diflomasiyya kuma ɗan siyasa, Gbeho ya yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Gwiwa ta Ghana kuma ya yi aiki a wurare daban-daban a ofisoshin diflomasiyyar Ghana a ƙasashen waje. Mukaman da ya riƙe sun haɗa da ofisoshin jakadancin Ghana a China, Indiya, Najeriya, Jamus, Burtaniya da Switzerland . 

Gbeho ya kasance Mataimakin Babban Kwamishina a Kotun St. James's (Birtaniya) daga 1972 zuwa 1976, Jakadan kuma Wakilin Dindindin na Ghana a ofisoshin Tarayyar Turai na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke Geneva (1978–80), tare da amincewa a lokaci guda ga UNIDO a Vienna, Austria,  kuma ya kasance Wakilin Dindindin na Ghana a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a birnin New York daga 1980 zuwa 1990,  an kuma amince da shi a Cuba, Jamaica, da Trinidad da Tobago a lokaci guda.

A watan Yulin 1994, Babban Sakataren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya naɗa shi wakili na musamman a Somaliya .  A watan Satumba na 1995, Jerry Rawlings, a matsayin shugaban ECOWAS, ya naɗa Gbeho a matsayin wakilin musamman na ECOWAS a Liberia . 

## Ilimi
An yi karatu a Makarantar Achimota, shi ɗan mawaƙi ne Philip Gbeho . 

## Siyasa
Victor Gbeho ɗan majalisar dokoki ne na mazabar Anlo a majalisar dokoki ta 3 a jamhuriya ta 4 ta Ghana a matsayin ɗan takara mai zaman kansa. An zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan majalisar dokoki na mazabar Anlo a babban zaɓen Ghana na 2000, wanda ya kasance ɗan takara mai zaman kansa.  Mazabarsa ita ce ɗan takara na biyu mai zaman kansa da ya lashe zaɓen da aka ambata a Yankin Volta .   

An zabi Gbeho da kuri'u 19,083 daga cikin jimillar kuri'u 28,156 masu inganci da aka kada. Wannan yayi daidai da kashi 68.2% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada. 

An zaɓe shi a kan Clend M. Kwasi Sowu na National Democratic Congress, Esther llan A. Nyamalor ɗan takara mai zaman kansa, Godwin Kwaku Defeamekpor na New Patriotic Party, Clemence Kwami Abotsi na Convention People's Party, Cornelius Kofi Binewoatsor na National Reformed Party, Prince Richard Abotsi na United Ghana Movement, da kuma ɗan takara mai zaman kansa Goyimwole Enukomeko Kpodo. Waɗannan sun sami ƙuri'u 4,223, 3,800, 327, 249, 162, 118 da 0 bi da bi daga cikin ƙuri'un da aka jefa. Waɗannan sun yi daidai da 15.1%, 13.6%, 1.2%, 0.9%, 0.6% da 0.4% na jimillar ƙuri'un da aka jefa.  

## Manazarta
Jerin shafukan Superfund a Indiana

Wannan **jerin wuraren Superfund ne a Indiana** da aka ware a ƙarƙashin Dokar Muhalli Mai Cikakken Amsawa, Diyya, da Alhaki (CERCLA). Dokar tarayya ta CERCLA ta 1980 ta ba wa Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) izinin ƙirƙirar jerin wuraren da suka gurɓata waɗanda ke buƙatar magani na dogon lokaci don tsaftace gurɓatattun abubuwa masu haɗari.  Waɗannan wurare ana kiransu wuraren Superfund, kuma an sanya su a cikin Jerin Fifiko na Ƙasa (NPL). NPL tana jagorantar EPA wajen "ƙayyade waɗanne wurare ne suka cancanci ƙarin bincike" don gyara muhalli .  Tun daga ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2022, akwai jimillar wuraren Superfund 53 a cikin Jerin Fifiko na Ƙasa a Indiana .  A halin yanzu ba a ba da shawarar ƙarin shafuka don shiga cikin jerin ba.  An tsaftace wurare goma sha uku kuma an cire su daga jerin. 

## Shafukan Superfund

: 

## Manazarta
Gundumar Birnin Berekum

**Gundumar Berekum** tsohuwar gunduma ce da ke yankin Brong-Ahafo (wanda a yanzu haka take yankin Bono), Ghana . An fara ƙirƙirar ta a matsayin taron gunduma na yau da kullun a ranar 10 ga Maris 1989, lokacin da aka san ta da **[[Berekum District|Gundumar Berekum]]**, wanda aka ƙirƙira daga tsohuwar Majalisar **[[Berekum-Jaman District|Gundumar Berekum-Jaman]]** . Daga baya aka ɗaga ta zuwa matsayin majalisar gunduma ta birni a ranar 29 ga Fabrairu 2008 don zama **Gundumar Berekum** . Duk da haka, a ranar 15 ga Maris 2018, an raba ta zuwa sabbin gunduma biyu: **[[Berekum East Municipal District|Gundumar Gabashin Berekum]]** (babban birnin: Berekum ) da **[[Berekum West District|Gundumar Yamma ta Berekum]]** (babban birnin: Jinijini ). Gundumar tana cikin yammacin Yankin Brong-Ahafo (wanda yanzu yake yammacin Yankin Bono) kuma Berekum ce babban birninta.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*  
* District: Berekum Municipal District

## Manazarta
Hanyar jirgin kasa ta Hauraki

**Hanyar Jirgin Ƙasa ta Hauraki** tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin hawa keke na tsarin hanyar keke ta New Zealand, tana amfani da sassan layin dogo na ECMT da Thames da aka yi watsi da su a filayen Hauraki Gulf da kuma Coromandel Peninsula .

## Rufe yankuna
Tsawon  hanyar ta fara ne a hukumance daga Kaiaua a arewa, kuma ta bi ta gabar tekun Shorebird tare da Firth of Thames, kafin ta nufi kudu ta hanyar Paeroa sannan ta balle gabas zuwa Waihi (ta kwarin Karangahake) ko kuma kudu zuwa Te Aroha .  A cikin kwarin Karangahake, hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta ratsa ta  dogon rami, wanda aka sanya masa hasken lantarki.

Hanyar tana ɗaukar kimanin kwana uku don kammalawa ga mafi yawan matakan motsa jiki. Ita ce ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin keke mafi sauƙi a New Zealand, kuma tana ba da nau'ikan shimfidar wurare daban-daban, tun daga bishiyoyin pōhutukawa, ta hanyar gonaki masu kyau, da kuma wasu daga cikin tsoffin abubuwan da suka faru a New Zealand. 

## Tsawon lokaci da tsawo
An buɗe hanyar a shekarar 2012, inda kashi 95% na 69 suka shiga.&nbsp;km an kammala shi a ƙarshen shekarar 2012, kuma dukkan tsawon asali an buɗe shi tun daga farkon shekarar 2013 (shafin yanar gizon New Zealand Cycle Trail na hukuma).

A watan Satumba na 2013, an buɗe sashen haɗawa daga Waikino zuwa Waihi,  kuma hanyar sadarwa ta ƙunshi sama da  na hanyoyin keke masu sauƙin hawa. 

Ana sa ran fara aikin wani sashe, daga Kopu zuwa Kaiaua a gefen gabar tekun Firth na Thames a tsakiyar shekarar 2013, wanda zai ƙara wani  zuwa filin jirgin.  An buɗe shi a watan Agusta 2020. 

Sabon  hanyar kudu daga Te Aroha zuwa Matamata an bude ta a hukumance a watan Nuwamba na 2020.  

## Shahara
A shekarar 2013, an bayyana hanyar a matsayin hanyar keke mafi shahara a New Zealand, duk da cewa ta kasance a buɗe ƙasa da shekara guda.  Daga Janairu 2013 zuwa Afrilu 2013, ana amfani da keken wata-wata a ɓangaren da ya fi cunkoso ( Karangakake Gorge ) a matsakaicin masu kekuna sama da 7,000 a wata. Hanyar ta shahara musamman ga "baby boomer", abokan hulɗar iyali daga Auckland da kuma faɗin Waikato, inda kashi 24% na masu amfani suka fito daga Auckland, kashi 15% daga Hamilton, kuma babban adadin masu amfani da kekuna tsofaffi ne - bisa ga wani bincike da Jami'ar Waikato ta gudanar.  Duk 'yan kasuwa na gida da Majalisar sun yarda cewa hanyar tana da fa'ida mai yawa ga tattalin arziki ga yankin, kuma ta riga ta zama babban kadara ga yawon buɗe ido. 

## Kyaututtuka
Sabbin gadojin katako da ke kan hanyar jirgin ƙasa sun sami "Kyautar Dorewa" a cikin Kyautar Zane-zanen Katako a 2012. 

## Manazarta
Gidan shakatawa na Burren

**Burren National Park** yana ɗaya daga cikin wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa guda takwas a Ireland waɗanda Hukumar Kula da Wuraren Shakatawa ta Ƙasa da Namun Daji ke kula da su. Yana rufe ƙaramin ɓangare na Burren, wani yanki mai ban mamaki a County Clare .   

An kafa Burren National Park kuma an buɗe shi ga jama'a a shekarar 1991.  Yana da fadin hekta 1,500 na tsaunuka, ciyayi, ciyawa, filayen kiwo da dazuzzuka. Wurin shakatawa shine mafi ƙanƙanta daga cikin wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa na Ireland.    

## Duba kuma

* Burren da Dutsen Moher Geopark

## Manazarta
Jonas Levien

**Jonas Felix Australia Levien** (28 Maris 1840 - 24 Mayu 1906) ɗan siyasa ne na Australiya, memba na Majalisar Dokokin Victoria daga 1871 zuwa 1877 kuma daga 1880 har zuwa mutuwarsa. 

An haife shi a Williamstown, yankin New South Wales ga Benjamin Goldsmith Levien da Eliza Lindo (waɗanda dukkansu suka isa yankin New South Wales daga Ingila a 1839),  ya halarci Makarantar Grammar Geelong kafin ya zama manomi a Drysdale. Ya yi aiki a matsayin darakta a kamfanoni da dama, kuma nasa babban mai noman gona ne a yankin Mildura. A ranar 15 ga Maris 1871 ya auri Clara (née Levien)  a Sydney, wanda ya haifi 'ya'ya huɗu tare. Ya kasance Kansilan Bellarine Shire daga 1869 zuwa 1975 kuma ya zama shugaban ƙasa daga 1870 zuwa 1872. 

A watan Afrilun 1871.[1] An zaɓi Levien a Majalisar Dokokin Victoria a matsayin memba na South Grant ; ya koma Barwon a 1877 amma bai tsaya takara a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar ba saboda ya biya masu neman taimako. [2] Ya sake yin aiki a matsayin memba na Barwon daga 1880 zuwa 1906. Levien ya kasance Ministan Ma'adinai da Noma daga 8 Maris 1883 zuwa 18 Fabrairu 1886.[1] Ya mutu a St Kilda a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1906.[1]

## Manazarta
Hanyar Cable Bay

**Hanyar Cable Bay ita ce** hanya ta 2&nbsp;Hanyar tafiya mai nisan kilomita tana kan Tsibirin Vancouver, British Columbia, Kanada. An sanya hanyar a cikin manyan hanyoyin tafiya guda goma na gandun daji a Yankin Tsibirin Vancouver. 

Ana shiga hanyar ta hanyar Nicola Road da ke Cedar . Hanyar tana tafiya zuwa gabar teku da ke kallon Tsibirin Gabriola ta cikin dajin Douglas Fir na bakin teku, wanda ke kaiwa Joan Point Park, wani wurin shakatawa na bakin teku mai fadin eka 23 wanda ke ba da damar kallon Dodds Narrows. Dodds Narrows wani kunkuntar hanyar ruwa ce da ta raba Tsibirin Vancouver daga Tsibirin Mudge, wanda ke gudana a cikin alkibla daban-daban bisa ga kwararar ruwa. Tafkunan wuri ne mai zafi don ayyukan ruwa da kuma sanannen hanyar ruwa tsakanin Nanaimo da Tsibirin Kudancin Tekun Gulf. An bayyana hanyar ta Dodds Narrows dalla-dalla a cikin littafin Margaret Sharcott na 1957, "Holiday na Troller. 

## Manazarta
Andreu Mayayo da Artal

**Andreu Mayayo i Artal** (Samper de Calanda, Aragon, 1959) farfesa ne na Tarihin Zamani kuma mataimakin shugaban Faculty of Geography and History a Jami'ar Barcelona . Shi ne babban editan *Segle XX.* Mujallar *Revista Catalana d'Història*, memba na kwamitocin edita na mujallun Catalan *[[L'Avenç]]*, *[[Sàpiens]]* da *El Contemporani* .  Har ila yau, memba ne na Kwamitin Tunawa da Dimokuradiyya na Gwamnatin Catalonia kuma mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullum ga muhawarar kafofin watsa labaru a RAC 1, *Debat de La 1* na Televisión Española, RNE Ràdio 4, Catalunya Ràdio da Barcelona TV . 

A matsayinsa na masanin tarihi, bincikensa ya mayar da hankali ne kan tarihin gida, yankunan karkara, ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da kuma sauyin da Spain ta samu zuwa dimokuradiyya .

A fannin siyasa, ya rike mukamai da dama a cikin jam'iyyun Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia da Initiative for Catalonia Greens . Ya kasance magajin garin Montblanc, Tarragona sau biyu, tsakanin 1991-1993 da 1995-1999.  A shekarar 1998 an tuhume shi da laifin karkatar da adalci.  

## Manyan ayyuka

* *La Conca de Barberà 1890–1939: de la crisi agrària a la guerra civil* (Centre d'Estudis de la Conca de Barberà, 1986)
* *De pagesos da ciutadans. Cent anys de sindicalisme i cooperativisme agraris a Catalunya (1893–1994)* (Afers, 1995)
* *La ruptura catalana. Les eleccions del 15 de juni de 1977* (Afers, 2002)
* *Recuperació de la memòria històrica o reparació moral de les víctimes?* (L'Avenc, na 314, 2006)
* *La veu del PSUC. Josep Solè Barberà (1913–1988)* (L'Avenç, 2007; hi ha versió castellana a RBA, 2008)

### Sauran ayyuka

* Aracil, Rafael; Segura, Antoni; Mayayo da Artal, Andreu. *Tunawa da sauyawa a Spain da Catalonia IV: matasa na sauyawa*. Jami'ar Barcelona. [Hasiya]  .
* Mayayo da Artal, Andreu. *Halakar karkara ta Catalonia, 1880-1980*. Jami'ar Barcelona. Littattafai da Edicions, Janairu 1991. ISBN .&nbsp;
* Mayayo da Artal, Andreu. *Josep Torrents, (1899-1943): pagès na Bellveí del Penedès: shugaban aikin gona na Catalonia*. [Hasiya] ISBN .&nbsp;

## Manazarta
Wild-Touch

**Wild-Touch** ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Faransa da Luc Jacquet ya kafa a shekarar 2010. Wannan ƙungiya tana son haɓakawa da tallafawa ayyukan da za su iya magance matsalolin muhalli, musamman ma wajen shirya fina-finai.

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan (kuma aikin farko na Wild-Touch) shine samar da wani shirin gaskiya na *Once upon a forêt* (*Il était une forêt*),    wani shirin gaskiya game da haɗarin ɓacewar dazuzzukan farko a duniya. An fara wannan fim ɗin ne a watan Agusta na 2010, Luc Jacquet da masanin tsirrai Francis Hallé ne suka shirya shi, tare da goyon bayan jarumar wasan kwaikwayo Marion Cotillard .

## Tarihi
Bayan ya lashe kyautar Academy Award a shekarar 2006 don mafi kyawun shirin gaskiya tare da fim ɗinsa na *[[March of the Penguins]]*, Luc Jacquet yana son sabon sunansa ya zama mai amfani.  A watan Afrilun 2010,  saboda haka ya ƙirƙiri ƙungiyar Wild-Touch, tare da matarsa da abokansa, don taimaka wa mutane su yi magana game da dabbobin da ke fuskantar barazanar lalacewa ko matsalolin muhalli.  Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ƙirƙirar Wild-Touch, Jacquet ya haɗu da shahararren masanin tsirrai na Faransa Francis Hallé wanda ya shafe shekaru 20 yana ƙoƙarin shirya fim game da dazuzzukan farko.  Nan da nan Jacquet ya yanke shawarar taimaka masa kuma dukansu suka yi tafiya zuwa French Guiana a watan Agusta na 2010 inda suka ɗauki hotunan farko na aikinsu na *La Forêt des pluies* .  A cewar Jacquet, wannan fim "wajibi ne na ɗabi'a da fasaha" saboda "dangantakarmu da duniya dole ne ta canza idan muna son tsira".  'Yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Faransa Marion Cotillard, wacce ta riga ta tallafa wa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na muhalli, ta yanke shawarar tallafawa wannan aikin fim.  An riga an nuna gabatarwar fim ɗin a matsayin ɗan gajeren shirin gaskiya, ƙarƙashin taken *C'était la forêt des pluies*, wanda shine fim ɗin buɗewa na Bikin Duniya na Fina-finan Muhalli na Bourges a watan Oktoba na 2011. 

## Manazarta
Sam Lloyd (mai wasan ƙwallon ƙafa)

**Sam Lloyd** (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga Maris 1990) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Ostiraliya. Ya buga wa ƙungiyar Western Bulldogs da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Richmond a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Australiya (AFL). Lloyd ya buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya da kuma ƙaramin ɗan wasan gaba kuma ya shahara saboda ƙarfinsa na cin kwallaye da kuma iyawarsa ta lashe gasar cin kofin gaba ɗaya.  An ɗauke shi daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta jiha a matsayin ɗan wasa mai shekaru da yawa a 2013. Yayin da yake ɗan wasa a Richmond a 2017, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Norm Goss Memorial Medal a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa a filin wasa a lokacin babban wasan ƙarshe na ƙungiyar a gasar VFL.

## Rayuwar farko, ƙwallon ƙafa ta matasa da ƙwallon ƙafa ta jiha
Lloyd ya girma a wata gona a wajen Deniliquin, a yankin Riverina na New South Wales. Ɗan wasa mai hazaka, yana buga ƙwallon ƙafa da ƙwallon ƙafa. Ganin dogayen tafiye-tafiye zuwa da dawowa daga wuraren wasanni na garuruwan, iyayensa sun nemi Sam da ɗan'uwansa Jack su zaɓi wasa ɗaya. Fifikon Jack ya yi nasara ta hanyar jefa tsabar kuɗi a kan juna, kuma Sam bai taɓa buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ba bayan haka.

Bayan shekararsa ta farko a makarantar sakandare, Lloyd ya koma Corio, Victoria don halartar Makarantar Grammar Geelong . [1] Ya buga wasanni 23 na farko a cikin shekaru uku na ƙarshe a makarantar. Shi ne babban mai tsaron raga na makarantar a shekara ta 11 kuma ya jagoranci ƙungiyar a shekararsa ta ƙarshe.[2] A wajen makaranta, Lloyd shi ma memba ne na ƙungiyar Geelong Falcons amma bai sami damar buga wasa ba saboda damuwa game da raunin da ya samu.[1]

Ya ci gaba da buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar kuma a shekarar 2010 yayin da yake wasa da Deniliquin a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Murray, ya zura kwallaye sama da 100 a kakar wasa ta bana. Cikin jimillar kwallayen da ya ci wa Echuca, Congupna da Rumbalara sun haɗa da kwallaye 12, 11 da 10 a wasan da ya buga da Echuca, Congupna da Rumbalara. Ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da ƙungiyar a kakar wasa mai zuwa kuma ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar da ta lashe gasar Premier. 

A shekarar 2012, Lloyd ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar a Mt Eliza, sannan ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta VFL a Bendigo Football Club. A shekarar 2013 ya sake komawa gida, domin ya fara aiki a Frankston Football Club a VFL. Ya zura kwallaye 38 daga wasanni 17 da ya buga a Frankston a shekarar 2013.   

## Manazarta
John Landy

**John Michael Landy**  (12 Afrilu 1930 - 24 Fabrairu 2022) ɗan tseren tsakiya ne na Australiya kuma gwamnan jiha. Shi ne mutum na biyu da ya karya shingen mil na mintuna huɗu a tseren mil kuma ya riƙe tarihin duniya na tseren mita 1500 da tseren mil. Shi ne kuma Gwamna na 26 na Victoria daga 2001 zuwa 2006.

## Iyali
Ɗan Clarence Gordon Landy (1900-1970),  da Elva Katherine Landy (1906-1995), ɗan shekara Ashton,   An haifi John Michael Landy a Melbourne, Victoria, a ranar 12 ga Afrilu 1930. Ya auri 'yar jaridar Ingila Lynne Fisher a Upper Beaconsfield a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 1971. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu.

## Ilimi
Ya halarci Makarantar Grammar ta Malvern Memorial da Makarantar Grammar Geelong . Da farko ya fi sha'awar yanayi, kuma Ostiraliya ta mallaki ƙwallon ƙafa, kodayake a shekararsa ta ƙarshe (1948) ya lashe gasar "Associated Public Schools Mile Championship" a cikin wani gasa mai zafi wanda ya haifar da nasararsa akan PB Quin, na Kwalejin Xavier, wanda daga baya aka kore shi saboda tsoma bakinsa.[1] [2] [3]

Ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Melbourne da digirin farko a fannin kimiyyar noma a watan Maris na 1954.    

## Wasanni
A lokacin da yake makaranta, Landy ya ji daɗin kallon wasannin tsere na matsakaicin zango. Ya zama ɗan tsere mai himma a lokacin karatunsa na jami'a, inda ya shiga ƙungiyar motsa jiki ta Geelong Guild a shekarar 1949. Percy Cerutty ne ya horar da shi, wanda ya horar da shi don rage lokacinsa na yin gudu na mil ɗaya zuwa mintuna 4 da daƙiƙa 11, wanda hakan ya sa ya sami matsayi a ƙungiyar wasannin Olympics ta Australiya a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1952 a Helsinki.   A lokacin da yake gasar Olympics ta Helsinki, Landy ya yi abota da Emil Zatopek, ɗan tseren Czech wanda ya lashe lambar zinare sau huɗu, wanda ya shawo kansa ya ƙara ƙarfin shirin horonsa. Ya ƙara sauri.

A watan Maris na shekarar 1954, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Helms World Cup ga Australasia saboda "gwaninsa na wasanni".   A ranar 21 ga Yunin 1954, a wani taron ƙasa da ƙasa da aka yi a Turku, Finland, Landy ya zama mutum na biyu, bayan Roger Bannister, da ya kai ƙasa da minti 4. Ya sami nasarar yin tseren mita 3:57.9, wanda IAAF ta amince da shi a matsayin 3:58.0 saboda dokokin zagaye da ke aiki a lokacin. Ya riƙe wannan tarihin fiye da shekaru uku. 

## Manazarta
Masu Tsaro na Pearl

Kungiyar kare muhalli **ta Pearl Protectors** wata kungiya ce da matasa ke jagoranta wajen kare muhallin ruwa. An kafa kungiyar kare muhalli ta Pearl Protectors a shekarar 2018, tana kokarin rage gurbacewar robobi da kuma kiyaye muhallin ruwa ta hanyar hada kan matasa, aikin sa kai, wayar da kan jama'a da kuma bayar da shawarwari .

## Ayyuka

### Nurdle Free Lanka
Bayan bala'in jirgin ruwan MV X-Press Pearl, Kamfanin Pearl Protectors ya fara kamfen na Nurdle Free Lanka don tattara masu sa kai don tsaftace nurdles, ilmantar da jama'a da kuma yin kira ga a hana zubewar nurdle a cikin gida tare da koke. 

### 'An Amince da Kariyar Lu'u-lu'u'
An san kamfanin kare Pearl da ƙaddamar da takardar shaidar daidaito ta 'An amince da ita ta 'Pearl Protector'  takardar shaidar da a karon farko ta amince da gidajen cin abinci da masu sayar da abinci a Sri Lanka waɗanda ke kawar da kayayyakin filastik da ake amfani da su sau ɗaya bisa ga matakai uku na alkawurra. Ranbath Organics  da Café Kumbuk sun daidaita takardar shaidar. 

### Sintirin Kunkuru
Kunkuru Patrol aiki ne na shekara-shekara da ƙungiyar kare muhalli ta Pearl Protectors ke gudanarwa wanda ya ƙunshi masu sa kai don yin sintiri a rairayin bakin teku na Colombo a duk lokacin da ake yin gida. Aikin yana taimakawa wajen kare ƙwai kunkuru daga masu farauta ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. 

### Tafkunan Teku Masu Tsabta na Sri Lanka
Masu Tsaftace Teku na Sri Lanka na da nufin kiyaye murjani na Sri Lanka da kuma bakin teku daga gurɓatar filastik.  Kamfanin Pearl Protectors ya samar da wani shirin gaskiya game da gurɓatar filastik a ƙarƙashin ruwa. 

### Yaƙin neman zaɓe
Kungiyar Kare Lafiya ta Pearl tana fafutukar ganin an hana kayayyakin filastik da ake amfani da su sau ɗaya,   tana kula da wani dandamali na sa kai, tana gina bishiyar Kirsimeti kowace shekara daga kwalaben filastik da aka zubar da aka tara daga rairayin bakin teku kuma tana nuna ta a Wellawatte Beach don nuna gurɓatar filastik da ake amfani da su sau ɗaya,  tana tattara masu sa kai don taimakawa wajen tsaftace yayin haɗarin ruwa kamar malalar mai,  tana shirya tarurrukan ilimi,  tana gudanar da tarurrukan wayar da kan jama'a da tarurrukan bita,   tana gudanar da tsaftace bakin teku,  tana gudanar da bincike kan fafutuka,  tana fafutukar ganin an gudanar da Kimanta Tasirin Muhalli don ayyukan ci gaba da kiwon kifaye a yankin bakin teku,   masu sa kai don ceto rayuwar ruwa da ta makale,  tana fafutukar hana ayyukan kamun kifi marasa ɗa'a,  tana haɗin gwiwa da AIESEC Sri Lanka  don shigar da matasa cikin kariyar muhalli ta ruwa da kuma haɓaka sake amfani da su . 

## Manazarta
Majalisar Kare Muhalli ta Haryana

**Majalisar Kare Muhalli ta Haryana** (**HEPC**) kwamiti ne mai ba da shawara wanda aka kafa a shekarar 2006 don ba wa Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Gwamnatin Haryana shawara kan batutuwan muhalli. Hedikwatarta tana Chandigarh . An shirya sake kafa kwamitin a shekarar 2011. 

## Bayani
Bukatar kafa Majalisar Muhalli ta taso ne lokacin da Kotun Koli ta Indiya ta yi ta nuna damuwa akai-akai game da lalacewar muhalli a Haryana. Ganin haka, Gwamnan Haryana, Sh. Jagannath Pahadia, ya kafa Majalisar Kare Muhalli ta Haryana a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2006 a Chandigarh kuma ya karɓi ragamar shugabancin kwamitin.

## Tsarin matsayi
Gwamnan Haryana shine shugaban wannan kwamiti na hukuma. Babban Ministan Haryana shine mataimakin shugaba. Sauran membobin hukuma sune:

* Ministan kuɗi,
* Ministan Noma,
* Ministan Ilimi,
* Ministan Masana'antu,
* Ministan Lafiyar Jama'a,
* Ministan Muhalli,
* Ministan Jiha na Gandun Daji,
* Ministan Harkokin Ci Gaban Birane,

Gwamnan Haryana ya naɗa mambobi 14 waɗanda ba na hukuma ba a kwamitin: 

## Ayyuka
A cewar Ma'aikatar Muhalli, HEPC tana aiki ne bisa ka'ida guda uku:

* Yi bitar ayyukan da suka shafi muhalli da ƙungiyoyin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu ke gudanarwa a jihar.
* Shawara ga gwamnatin jiha game da matsalolin muhalli na jihar.
* Gano wuraren da ke buƙatar bincike, bincike da gyara a fannin muhalli.

## Matsalolin muhalli
Yankunan Haryana da ke kewaye da Delhi NCR sun fi gurɓata. A lokacin hayakin da ya faru a watan Nuwamba na 2017, ma'aunin ingancin iska na Gurugram da Faridabad ya nuna cewa yawan ƙananan barbashi (diamita 2.5 na yamma ) ya kai matsakaicin ƙarfe 400 na yamma kuma matsakaicin Haryana na wata-wata shine ƙarfe 60 na yamma. Sauran hanyoyin gurɓata gurɓatawa sune iskar gas mai fitarwa daga tsoffin motoci, injin niƙa dutse da murhun bulo . Haryana tana da motocin lakh 75 (7,500,000) na tsoffi, waɗanda kashi 40% na su tsoffin motoci  gurɓata ...

Magudanar ruwan kogin Sahibi na Yamuna,    musamman yankinsa mai magudanar ruwa a Delhi da ake kira magudanar ruwa ta Najafgarh, ya kasance mai gurɓata sosai da sinadarai na masana'antu, sharar ɗan adam da kwararar ruwa a fannin noma.    

Farfaɗo da Johads na Haryana, koguna da tafkuna na Haryana ya kasance babban batun muhalli.  

## Nasarorin
Bisa ga shawarar majalisar, ma'aikatar muhalli ta gabatar da sabbin tsare-tsare guda uku: cibiyar tace najasa a jihar Haryana, shirin aiwatar da Ghaggar da Markanda da kuma kafa Cibiyar Horar da Muhalli a Gurgaon a cikin shirin shekaru biyar na 11 (2007-12). Ma'aikatar kudi da tsare-tsare ta bayar da amincewarta game da hakan kuma ta amince da wani adadi mai yawa a tsakanin 2007-08.

## Manazarta
Anwar Fazal

**Anwar Fazal** (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1941 a ƙauyen Malaysia) fitaccen mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a ne a fannoni daban-daban, ciki har da masu amfani da kayayyaki, lafiya, muhalli, mulkin birane, gado da zaman lafiya. A shekarar 1982, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Right Livelihood saboda "yaƙi don kare haƙƙin masu amfani da kayayyaki da kuma taimaka musu su yi hakan." 

A shekarar 1978, ya zama mutum na farko daga Duniya ta Uku da ya zama shugaban Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Masu Amfani da Kaya ta Duniya (IOCU).   A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya ya zama muhimmin mutum a cikin ƙungiyar masu amfani da kaya ta duniya, inda ya kafa ƙungiyoyi da dama na duniya, waɗanda ya kira "sabon motsi na ƙungiyar masu amfani da kaya."   Waɗannan sun haɗa da Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Abinci ta Jarirai ta Duniya (IBFAN), wadda aka kafa a shekarar 1979; Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Lafiya ta Duniya (HAI), wadda aka ƙirƙira a shekarar 1981; da Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Pesticide Action (PAN), wadda aka kafa a shekarar 1982. 

## Girmamawa, amincewa

* An ba shi lambar yabo ta Right Livelihood saboda aikinsa na ingantawa da kare muradun jama'a a shekarar 1982. 
* An ba shi lambar yabo ta "Mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a na shekara" a shekarar 1983 ta mujallar Ralph Nader, Multinational Monitor, sannan aka zaɓe shi a matsayin "Hall of Fame of Environmental" ta Mother Earth News.
* A shekarar 1988, Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP) ta ba shi kyautar "Global 500" saboda aikinsa kan masu amfani da kayayyaki da muhalli.
* An ba shi lambar yabo ta Lafiya ta Duniya a shekarar 1995 daga ƙungiyar La Leche League saboda aikinsa na inganta walwalar iyaye mata da yara a faɗin duniya.
* An ba da lambar girmamawa ta Doctorate a cikin Shari'a daga Jami'ar Kebangsaan Malaysia (Jami'ar Kasa) a Kuala Lumpur a cikin 1997 da Doctorate na Daraja a Falsafa daga Jami'ar Sains Malaysia a Penang a cikin 1999.
* An ba Gandhi, King, kyautar Masu Gina Al'umma ta Ikeda daga Martin Luther King Jr. International Chapel, Kwalejin Morehouse da ke Atlanta, Georgia, Amurka a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 2006 
* A halin yanzu tana cikin alkalan gasar kyautar muhalli ta Goldman, ɗaya daga cikin manyan kyaututtuka ga masu fafutukar kare muhalli na ƙasa.
* An ba shi lambar yabo ta Langkawi ta muhalli ta 2007 daga gwamnatin Malaysia a ranar 5 ga Yuni 2008 tare da bikin Ranar Muhalli ta Duniya.
* An nada Anwar Fazal Daraktan Kwalejin Right Livelihood da ke Jami'ar Sains Malaysia da ke Penang, wadda ta tattaro dukkan waɗanda suka karɓi kyautar Right Livelihood. A lokaci guda kuma yana riƙe da matsayin Farfesa a Cibiyar USM don Manufofin Jama'a da Nazarin Ƙasa da Ƙasashen Duniya (CenPris).
* An ba Anwar lambar yabo ta 2013 International Tower Person Award for Consumer Education ta Technische Universität Berlin, Jamus.
* An bai wa Anwar Fazal lambar yabo ta gabatar da laccar cika shekaru 150 da haihuwar Mahatma Gandhi a Cibiyar Nazarin Indiya ta Jami'ar Chulalongkorn da ke Bangkok a ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2019.
* Anwar Fazal kuma sananne ne a wurin bikin tunawa da ranar haihuwarsa, wanda Uban ƙungiyar agaji ta Malaysia ya yi.

## Manazarta
Gidauniyar Jama'a ta Duniya

An kafa **Gidauniyar Yawan Jama'a ta Duniya** ( **WPF** ) a shekarar 1987 a ƙasar Netherlands ta hannun Diana da Roy W. Brown . Manufarsu ita ce ƙirƙirar ƙungiya don jawo hankali ga tasirin yawan haihuwa da ƙaruwar yawan jama'a cikin sauri akan mace- macen mata da jarirai, al'ummomi da muhalli, da kuma tara kuɗi don ayyukan jama'a da shirye-shirye, da babban burin rage talauci a duniya da inganta rayuwar mutanen da suka fi talauci a duniya.

Daga 1987 zuwa 1994, WPF ƙaramar ƙungiya ce da galibi ke samun tallafi daga waɗanda suka kafa ta da kuma ayyukan ba da shawara. A shekarar 1994, WPF ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tawagar Holland ta taron ƙasa da ƙasa kan yawan jama'a da ci gaba a Alƙahira, Masar . A wannan taron, an amince da Shirin Aiki na Alƙahira wanda har yanzu yake aiki a matsayin tushe ga aikin WPF.

WPF tana aiki don rage mace-macen mata da jarirai, da kuma inganta lafiyar jima'i da haƙƙin haihuwa . Ta yarda cewa kulawa ga waɗannan jigogi da kuma inganta ayyuka za su taimaka wajen yaƙi da talauci a duk duniya. Saboda haka, WPF tana goyon bayan aiwatar da waɗannan jigogi a cikin Manufofin Ci Gaban Millennium na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya .

Daga 2006 zuwa 2009, membobin kwamitin gudanarwa na Gidauniyar Yawan Jama'a ta Duniya sun haɗa da Nafis Sadik, tsohuwar Darakta Mai Kula da UNFPA . Tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu 2011, Rutgers Nisso Groep da Gidauniyar Yawan Jama'a ta Duniya (WPF) sun haɗu da sabon suna Rutgers WPF. Bert Koenders, tsohon ministan haɗin gwiwar ci gaba na Netherlands, shine shugaban Rutgers WPF.

## A cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa
WPF tana tallafawa ƙungiyoyin gida waɗanda ke ba wa matasa da marasa galihu damar samun bayanai da ayyuka game da jima'i da haihuwa.

WPF tana aiki don ƙarfafa ƙarfin ƙungiyoyin gida, tana taimakawa wajen haɓakawa da aiwatar da ayyuka, da kuma ba da horon gudanarwa. Tsarin WPF ya dogara ne akan manufofin Holland kan lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa, musamman game da matasa. Tun daga shekarar 2006, WPF ta tallafa wa ƙungiyoyin sa-kai a ƙasashe tara.

A halin yanzu WPF tana kula da ofisoshin filaye a Pakistan,  Vietnam da Indonesia ( Rutgers WPF Indonesia ).

## Ayyukan bayar da shawarwari
WPF tana shiga cikin fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a tare da masu tsara manufofi a Netherlands, Turai, da kuma a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa, tare da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya . Tallafin kai tsaye ya haɗa da ƙirƙirar wayar da kan jama'a ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai na Holland da kuma tare da ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa.

WPF memba ne mai himma a cikin Share-Net da EuroNGOs. A shekara ta 2004 Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Zamantakewa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba WPF 'Matsayin Shawara na Musamman'.

WPF ta kafa ƙungiyar matasa: ZAƁI don matasa da jima'i. CHOICE ta ci gaba da kafa Ƙungiyar Matasa da YouAct, wata ƙungiyar matasa ta Turai kan lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa da haƙƙoƙi.

A ƙasar Netherlands, WPF tana yaƙin neman zaɓe a ƙarƙashin lakabin MYBODY, tare da taken My Life, My Choice, My Body.

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Switzerland

(Jamusanci: **SGB**; Faransanci: Union syndicale suisse; Italiyanci: **USS**) ita ce babbar cibiyar ƙungiyar kwadago ta ƙasa a Switzerland.

## Tarihi
An kafa ƙungiyar a shekarar 1880.  Ƙungiyar SGB tana da alaƙa ta kud da kud da Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party of Switzerland (SPS). Ruth Dreifuss, tsohuwar Shugabar Ƙungiyar, kuma tsohuwar memba a Majalisar Tarayya ta Switzerland, a da jami'ar SGB ce.

## Masu haɗin gwiwa

### Masu haɗin gwiwa na yanzu
Kungiyoyin kwadago masu zuwa suna da alaƙa da SGB:

### Tsoffin masu haɗin gwiwa

## Shugabanni
Tun daga shekarar 1884, SGB ta sami shugabannin ƙasa 27 kamar haka, ɗaya daga cikinsu mace ce: 

: 1884: Ludwig Witt
: 1886: Johann Kappes
: 1886: Ludwig Witt
: 1888: Albert Spiess
: 1888: Georg Preiss
: 1890: Rudolf Morf
: 1891: Conrad Conzett
: 1893: Eduard Hungerbühler
: 1894: Eduard Keel
: 1896: Lienhard Boksberger
: 1898: Alois Kessler
: 1900: Heinrich Schnetzler
: 1902: Niklaus Bill
: 1903: Karl Zingg
: 1909: Emile Ryser
: 1912: Oscar Schneeberger
: 1934: Robert Bratschi
: 1954: Arthur Steiner
: 1958: Hermann Leuenberger
: 1969: Ernst Wüthrich
: 1973: Ezio Canonica
: 1978: Richard Müller
: 1982: Fritz Reimann
: 1990: Walter Renschler
: 1994: Christiane Brunner da Vasco Pedrina
: 1998: Paul Rechsteiner
: 2019: Pierre-Yves Maillard

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Dokar Muhalli ta Burtaniya

**Ƙungiyar Dokokin Muhalli ta Burtaniya** ( **UKELA** ) wata ƙungiya ce ta agaji da aka yi wa rijista a Ingila,  wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1988 kuma ta sadaukar da kanta ga inganta dokokin muhalli a Burtaniya; aiwatar da su; fahimta da sanin wannan batu, da kuma haɗin gwiwa tsakanin lauyoyi da waɗanda ba lauyoyi ba waɗanda ke da sha'awar wannan fanni. 

UKELA, wacce ke amfani da taken, " *Yin doka ta yi aiki don inganta muhalli* ", tana shirya tarurruka, laccoci da tarurrukan karawa juna sani, kuma tana aiki tare da Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya kan sauye-sauye a fannin dokarsu. Suna kuma buga *e-law*, mujallar lantarki da ake bugawa sau biyu a wata ga membobi, da kuma rahotanni da takardu daban-daban na shawarwari.

Ƙungiyar, wadda majalisar mutane kusan 20 ke gudanarwa, ciki har da mambobi biyar na kwamitin zartarwa, ta kuma ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin yankuna da ƙungiyoyin aiki kan wasu fannoni na dokar muhalli, da kuma jimillar mambobi kusan 800.

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Sabunta Makamashi ta Wadebridge

**Cibiyar Sadarwa ta Zamani ta Wadebridge** (WREN) da ke Wadebridge, Cornwall, wani kamfani ne na zamantakewa da ke da nufin mayar da yankin zuwa birni na farko mai amfani da wutar lantarki ta hasken rana da makamashi mai sabuntawa a Burtaniya.   Kungiyar tana shirin sanya karfin wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 1; tare da sanya ginshiƙai goma da aka riga aka kafa da kuma wasu tsare-tsare casa'in  suna fatan samar da akalla kashi daya bisa uku na wutar lantarki daga hasken rana da iska nan da shekarar 2015. 

Ƙungiyar Gudanarwa ta WREN ta ƙunshi mazauna, kansiloli daga Majalisar Cornwall da Majalisar Garin Wadebridge, tare da wakilan Ɗakin Kasuwanci na Wadebridge. 

Shirin zai iya samar da £450,000 a kowace shekara ga garin tare da kuɗi daga kuɗin shiga wanda ke ba da farashi mai kyau don makamashi mai sabuntawa.  Majalisar gundumar ta ba da izinin tsare-tsare ga sabbin gonakin hasken rana guda huɗu kuma ta aika da tsare-tsare don ƙarin biyar don shawarwari.  A watan Fabrairun 2012 an ba da aikin WREN £68,000 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Asusun Kimanta Makamashi na Gida na Gwamnati  kuma a watan Mayun 2012 ya lashe kyautar Mafi Kyawun Kasuwancin Sashe na Uku a cikin Kyaututtukan Kasuwancin Cornwall na 2012. 

A shekarar 2013, an nada Stephen Frankel (shugaban WREN) a matsayin Zakaran Makamashi Mai Dorewa na Kudu maso Yamma a wani bikin bayar da kyaututtuka a Bath. 

## Manazarta
Ouse Washes Landscape Partnership

Tsarin **Haɗin gwiwar shimfidar wuri na Ouse Washes** (OWLP)  aiki ne na shekaru 3 wanda Asusun Lottery na Heritage ya tallafa wanda ke gudana daga 2014 zuwa 2017. Shirin ya mayar da hankali kan haɓaka yankin da ke kewaye da Ouse Washes, zuciyar Cambridgeshire da Norfolk Fens, da kuma ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar al'umma da al'adun yankin daban-daban.

Tsarin Haɗin gwiwar Ƙasa (LP) shiri ne da aka bayar ta hanyar tallafin Asusun Category Lottery wanda aka bayar a cikin haɗin gwiwa wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi na gida, yanki da na ƙasa waɗanda ke da sha'awar wani yanki. Babban manufar irin waɗannan tsare-tsaren shine don kiyaye yankunan da ke da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa na Burtaniya. Haɗin gwiwar Ƙasa yana dogara ne akan fayil ɗin ƙananan ayyuka, waɗanda tare ke ba da fa'idodi na zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da muhalli na dogon lokaci ga yanayin ƙasa da al'ummominta. Waɗannan ayyukan sun fi mai da hankali kan sakamako masu zuwa:

* Kiyayewa ko gyara fasalin da aka gina da na halitta waɗanda ke ƙirƙirar yanayin tarihi na shimfidar wuri;
* Ƙara yawan shiga cikin al'umma;
* Ƙara samun dama da koyo game da yanayin ƙasa;
* Ƙara damar samun horo a fannin ƙwarewar gado na gida.

Yankin da shirin OWLP ya yi niyya ya mayar da hankali kan yanayin karkara, budewa da natsuwa da ke kewaye da Ouse Washes; wannan yanayin ya haɗa da muhimman wuraren dausayi da wuraren waha da aka sanya a cikin ƙasar noma mai amfani. Aikin ya mayar da hankali kan yankin da ke kewaye da Tsohon Kogin Bedford da Kogin New Bedford a Cambridgeshire da Norfolk Fens kuma ya haɗa da wuraren ajiyar yanayi na RSPB  a kudu, kusa da St Ives da Fen Drayton . Wannan yanki na musamman na shimfidar wuri ya haɗa ko kuma ya ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na ƙananan matsuguni masu haske kuma yana kusa da garuruwa da biranen kasuwa na Downham Market, Chatteris, March, Littleport, Ely, Cambridge da St. Ives.

Tare da haɗin gwiwa mai faɗi na manyan ƙungiyoyi 28, Ouse Washes Landscape Partnership yana da nufin ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa aiki a dukkan matakai da duk abubuwan da suka shafi amfani da filaye; haɓaka haɗin gwiwa mai ƙarfi da ƙarfafawa ga al'umma; da kuma haɓaka yankin OWLP a matsayin wurin baƙi a cikin ikonta.

## Manazarta
Dokar Makamashi ta 2013

**Dokar Makamashi ta 2013** Dokar Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya ce, wacce ta shafi fannin makamashi. Ta maye gurbin Dokar Makamashi ta 2010. Dokar ta mayar da hankali kan kafa manufofin rage gurɓatar iskar carbon ga Burtaniya, da kuma gyara kasuwar wutar lantarki. Sakataren Harkokin Makamashi da Sauyin Yanayi Ed Davey ne ya yi niyyar dokar don "jawo hankalin jari don kawo sauyi a kasuwar wutar lantarki tamu sau ɗaya a cikin tsara". 

## Tarihi
Gwamnati ta gabatar da Dokar Makamashi a Majalisar Wakilai don karatu na farko a ranar 29 ga Nuwamban shekarar 2012,  kuma ta kada kuri'a a karatu na uku tare da goyon bayan jam'iyyu daban-daban a ranar 4 ga Yuni 2013. Dokar ta sami amincewar Royal a ranar 18 ga Disamba 2013.  

## Manufofi
Dokar na da nufin tabbatar da ingantaccen wutar lantarki yayin da aka yi ritaya daga tashoshin wutar lantarki na kwal .  Wannan ya haɗa da sauƙaƙe gina sabbin tashoshin wutar lantarki na nukiliya da kuma kafa sabuwar mai kula da harkokin makamashin nukiliya, wato Ofishin Kula da Ka'idojin Makamashi .

Dokar ta gabatar da jinkiri wajen sanya manufofin rage gurɓatar iskar carbon a ƙarƙashin Dokar Sauyin Yanayi ta 2008, har zuwa 2016. 'Yan kasuwa da masu sharhi sun soki rashin tabbas da wannan ya haifar wa masu zuba jari, musamman Balfour Beatty  da Ernst &amp;amp; Young .  Dan majalisar Conservative Tim Yeo da ɗan majalisar Labour Barry Gardiner sun gabatar da gyare-gyare ga Dokar don sake sanya manufar rage gurɓatar iskar carbon a fannin wutar lantarki ta 2030 nan da 2014.  

Dokar ta kuma ba gwamnati damar mallakar bututun gwamnati da tsarin adanawa na mallakar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu .

## Duba kuma

* Manufar makamashi ta Burtaniya
* Makamashin Nukiliya a Burtaniya

## Manazarta
Haɗin kai a Scotland don Bincike cikin Astronautics

**Ƙungiyar Bincike Kan Sararin Samaniya** ( **ASTRA** ), ƙungiya ce da ke da mambobi waɗanda ke kula da duk wani abu da ya shafi binciken sararin samaniya. Cibiyar ayyukanta ta yanzu tana cikin birnin Glasgow na Scotland kuma tana da alaƙa da wasu ƙungiyoyi da dama, ciki har da Tarayyar Ƙungiyoyin Falaki da Majalisar Glasgow don Sashen Sa-kai. 

Ta hanyar wani tsari da aka gudanar a shekarar 1976, yanzu an yi wa ASTRA rijista a matsayin kamfanin agaji, tare da garantin iyaka (lambar rajista SC005527  ), kuma a lokacin ne Kamfanin Kamfanoni ya tilasta wa ƙungiyar canza sunanta.

ASTRA tana gudanar da tarurruka, tarurruka, da laccoci na baƙi a sansaninta na Glasgow da ke Cibiyar Ogilvie, kuma tana shiga cikin abubuwan da ke faruwa a wasu sassan ƙasar. Membobin ƙungiyar suna haɗuwa sau biyu a wata kuma ana gudanar da tarurruka a ranar Litinin ta farko da ta uku.

Manufar ASTRA, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Mataki na 3, na Takardar Amincewa da Ƙungiyarsu ita ce "haɓaka ci gaban ilimi da yaɗuwar ilimi, musamman yaɗa ilimi kan ayyukan sararin samaniya da dukkan fannoni na kimiyya da suka shafi irin waɗannan ayyukan, da kuma ƙarfafa sha'awar jama'a a ciki". &#x5B; ** &#x5D; An bayyana wannan manufar a shafin yanar gizon ASTRA na hukuma, inda ƙungiyar ta bayyana, a shafinta na "Game da ASTRA", cewa tana da manufofi biyu:

# Domin ƙara haɓaka sha'awar jama'a a kowane fanni na binciken sararin samaniya da sararin samaniya.
# A yi bincike, muddin dai hakan yana da amfani kuma zai yiwu. 

A shekara ta 2006, Hukumar Kula da Lamuni ta Ƙasa ta Burtaniya ta amince ta ɗauki nauyin wani aikin wayar da kan jama'a na ASTRA wanda ke neman jawo hankalin makarantu, ko kowace ƙungiya ta gwamnati, na tsawon watanni 3 kan batun ilmin taurari, ba tare da wani kuɗi ga wanda ya karɓa ba. ASTRA ta yi amfani da manhajar Scotland a matsayin tsarin aikin ilimi kuma ta mai da hankali kan manufar "Duniya & Sararin Samaniya". Yawancin makarantun firamare a Arewacin Lanarkshire ne suka sami damar shiga aikin kuma Hukumar Kula da Lamuni ta Ƙasa ta sake ba da kuɗin shirin a shekara mai zuwa a shekara ta 2007.

## Waverider
Motar sake shiga Waverider, wacce aka gina ta da makami mai linzami na Blue Streak, Farfesa Terence Nonweiler na Jami'ar Queen's Belfast ne ya ƙirƙiro ta, kuma an yi niyya ne ta zama jirgin sama mai ɗauke da ma'aikata a shirin sararin samaniya na Birtaniya . Gwamnatin Macmillan ta soke shirin, amma aikin kan Waverider ya ci gaba a Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough.&nbsp;— musamman don tabbatar da yuwuwar Waverider a matsayin jirgin sama na Mach 6. A wannan lokacin (1960–1965) an gwada aƙalla Waverider ɗaya a Woomera Test Range . Akwai jita-jita cewa an kuma gudanar da gwaje-gwajen jiragen sama kyauta a wannan lokacin. An yi gwaje-gwajen harsasai na X da Y-winged (a zahiri, uku ko huɗu Waveriders da aka ɗora a baya-baya) da suka shafi Waverider a Cibiyar Bincike ta Ames ta NASA. 

## Manazarta
Hukumar Kula da Ruwa da Kifi

**Hukumar Kula da Kamun Kifi ta Ruwa** (**MFA**) hukuma ce mai zartarwa ta gwamnatin Burtaniya, wacce aka kafa a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2005, wacce ke kula da kamun kifi a teku a kewayen Ingila da Wales . Hakkokin sun haɗa da aiwatar da dokokin kamun kifi na teku, ba da lasisin jiragen ruwan kamun kifi na kasuwanci na Burtaniya, ɗaukar samfurin kama kifi, kula da ƙa'idodin kamun kifi na Burtaniya da kuma rawar ba da shawara da kuma haɗin gwiwa gabaɗaya da masana'antar kamun kifi. Ta sami sama da fam miliyan 27 a cikin kuɗi a shekarar 2009  kuma Hukumar Gudanar da Kamun Kifi ta maye gurbinta a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2010.  

A da, Hukumar Kula da Kamun Kifi ta Ruwa, tana da ayyuka daban-daban kuma tana gudanar da ayyukan isar da kaya ga Defra  a fannoni da dama.

A Ingila da Wales, hukumar tana da alhakin aiwatar da Manufar Kamun Kifi ta Tarayyar Turai (CFP) da ƙa'idodi masu alaƙa. Ruwan Ingila da Welsh a cikin Iyakokin Kamun Kifi na Burtaniya sun mamaye kusan   kuma an tsawaita shi har zuwa   daga bakin teku, ko kuma zuwa layin meridian tare da sauran ruwan ƙasashen EU, inda nisan da ke tsakanin ƙasashen bai wuce  . A shekarar 2007, bisa ga kididdigar MFA, akwai masunta 12,729 masu aiki da ke amfani da jiragen ruwa 2,673 a Burtaniya. 

A shekara ta 2009, Hukumar Kula da Kamun Kifi ta kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar ba da shawara ta ƙwararru a lokacin wani rahoto kan gonakin iska na teku na Burtaniya da kuma yiwuwar kawo cikas ga ayyukan kamun kifi na kasuwanci. Rahoton ya ambaci ƙididdiga da Hukumar Kula da Kamun Kifi ta Ruwa ta bayar kuma ya kammala da cewa ya kamata a yi shawarwari da wuri tsakanin masu haɓaka gonakin iska na teku da masunta yayin tsarin tsarawa. 

## Duba kuma

* Hukumar Kare Kamun Kifi ta Scotland
* Yawan kamun kifi

## Manazarta