Girman Orographic

Orographic lift yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka tilasta iska daga ƙasa zuwa mafi girma yayin da yake motsawa a kan ƙasa mai tasowa. : Yayin da iska ke samun tsawo da sauri yana sanyaya adiabatically, wanda zai iya ɗaga yanayin zafi zuwa 100% kuma ya haifar da girgije kuma, a ƙarƙashin yanayin da ya dace, hazo. : 472 

Girman orographic na iya samun sakamako da yawa, gami da hazo, inuwa mai ruwan sama, iskõki na leeward, da girgije masu alaƙa.

## Ruwan sama

Ruwan sama da aka haifar ta hanyar ɗagawa yana faruwa a wurare da yawa a duk duniya. Misalan sun hada da:

* Mogollon Rim a tsakiyar Arizona
* Yankin yammacin tsaunukan Sierra Nevada a California.
* Yankin yammacin Wasatch Range a Utah. Musamman Little da Big Cottonwood Canyons.
* Duwatsun da ke kusa da Baja California North - musamman La Bocana zuwa Laguna Hanson .
* Tuddan iska na Khasi da Jayantia Hills (duba Mawsynram) a jihar Meghalaya a Indiya.
* Yammacin tsaunuka na Yemen, wanda ke samun ruwan sama mafi yawa a Arabiya.
* Yammacin Ghats da ke gudana a yammacin Indiya.
* Yankin arewacin Pontides wanda ke kaiwa ga Tekun Baƙi, a Bulgaria, Turkiyya da Georgia.
* Babban Yankin Rarraba na Gabas da Kudu maso Gabashin Ostiraliya wanda ke tilasta sanyi, mai laushi a yammacin gangaren ciki, wanda ya samo asali ne daga Kudancin Tekun.
* Duwatsun New Zealand, waɗanda ke fuskantar yaduwar yamma daga Tekun Tasman.
* Duwatsun yammacin Tasmania waɗanda kuma suna fuskantar yaduwar yamma.
* Kudancin Andes, wanda ke fuskantar yaduwar yamma daga Tekun Pacific.
* Duwatsun Sashen Chocó a Colombia, waɗanda ke fuskantar yaduwar yammaci daga Tekun Pacific kuma suna ɗaya daga cikin wurare mafi zafi a Duniya.
*
* Yankin yammacin Biritaniya, gami da Dutsen Grampian, Gundumar Lake, Snowdonia, Brecon Beacons da Dartmoor waɗanda ke fuskantar yaduwar yamma daga Tekun Atlantika.
* Arewa maso yammacin Amurka da Kanada (Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, da Kudancin Alaska) suna ganin yaduwar yamma daga arewacin Tekun Pacific. Wuraren da ke gefen teku na tsaunuka na bakin teku suna ganin fiye da inci 140 (sama da 3.5 m) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara. Wadannan yankuna suna gefen duwatsu waɗanda ke cikin hanyar tsarin guguwa, sabili da haka suna karɓar danshi wanda aka matse shi yadda ya kamata daga girgije.&nbsp;

* Yankin Kasar kankara na New York da Pennsylvania, musamman tare da dusar ƙanƙara.
* Gundumar Transylvania, Arewacin Carolina, wanda ke samun ruwan sama mafi yawa a ko'ina a Gabashin Amurka (90 inci [2,300 ).
* Duwatsun Appalachia a Yammacin Virginia (musamman tuddai na yamma).
* Gabashin Tekun Madagascar.
* Table Mountain, Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu. Rashin iska mai sanyi na Atlantic yana gudana a kan fuskar arewa maso yamma zuwa ƙafa 3,500 (1,100  sama da matakin teku kuma yana haɗuwa da iska mai dumi na Tekun Indiya daga gefen kudu maso gabashin dutsen wanda ke samar da sanannen "Table Cloth".
* Yankin tsaunuka na Oppland, Norway.
* A Colorado yammacin Denver an rubuta mafi girman dusar ƙanƙara a ƙananan tsaunuka, a kusa da Idaho Springs, Genesee, Evergreen, har ma da ƙananan Golden da Castle Rock.

## Inuwa na ruwan sama
Ana samun mafi girman ruwan sama dan kadan daga iskõki masu yawa a saman tsaunuka, inda suke sauƙaƙe sabili da haka ɗagawa sama ya fi girma. Yayin da iska ke saukowa a gefen dutsen, yana da dumi kuma ya bushe, yana haifar da inuwa mai ruwan sama. A gefen dutsen, wani lokacin kamar kilomita 15 (25 km) daga yankunan ruwan sama mai yawa, ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na iya zama ƙasa da inci 8 (200 mm) a kowace shekara.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Yankunan da ake lura da wannan tasirin sun hada da:

* Yankin Himalayas yana toshe danshi daga Dutsen TibetFilin Tibet
* Yankin hamada na Atacama a Peru da Chile
* Kwarin Rhone na Switzerland
* Yankunan gabashin Cascade Range a cikin Pacific Northwest (Washington da Oregon) 
* Yankunan gabashin Dutsen Olympic a jihar Washington, (watau Sequim, Washington) :
* Babban Basin na Amurka, gabashin Sierra Nevada
* Yanayin ƙasa na Tsarin Dutsen Pacific na Amurka
* Yankin tsaunuka na Pacific
* Kwarin Tsakiya na California
* Yankin KanadaFilayen Kanada
* Yankunan leeward na Tsibirin Hawaiian. Dukan tsibirin Kaho'olawe yana cikin inuwa na ruwan sama na Maui
* Arewa maso gabashin Ingila yana cikin inuwar ruwan sama na gabashin Pennines, saboda iska mai karfi na Burtaniya da ke fitowa daga Kudu maso Yamma. Wannan ya bayyana manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin ruwan sama tsakanin Arewa maso Yamma da Arewa maso Gabashin Ingila. Wannan tasirin kuma yana faruwa a digiri daban-daban a gabashin Dutsen Grampian, a Herefordshire da kan iyakar Ingila Wales da Devon zuwa gabashin Dartmoor.
* Tsakiyar Tsakiya, Cumberland Plain, Illawarra, New South Wales)">Monaro da yankunan Kudancin Kudancin a kudu maso gabashin Australia a New South Wales; yayin da dusar ƙanƙara ke zuwa yammacin kudu maso yamma (Babban Bight na Australia) kuma a kan kewayon ana tilasta su zuwa ga tuddai na ciki na Babban Rarraba Range, filin bakin teku ya bushe kuma yana da zafi sosai fiye da kan tuddai na cikin ƙasa a daidai da tsawo. Wannan a bayyane yake yayin kwatanta Batlow a kan gangaren iska zuwa Cooma a kan filayen bakin teku, duka a kusa da mita 800 (2,600 .  Sabanin haka, idan gaban polar ko ruwan sama ya zo daga kudu maso gabas (Tasman Sea), to filin bakin teku zai kasance a gefen iska kuma gangaren ciki suna a gefen leeward.
* Yankin hamadar Yahudiya a ƙasar Isra'ila da Tekun Gishiri.
* Kudancin Alps na New Zealand

## Iska ta Leeward
 
Iskar da ke gangarowa tana faruwa ne a gefen shingen tsaunuka lokacin da aka ɗauki tsayayyen iska mai ƙarfi akan dutsen ta hanyar iska mai ƙarfi wanda ke ƙaruwa da ƙarfi da tsayi. Ana cire danshi kuma ana fitar da zafi mai ɓoye yayin da ake ɗaga yawan iska. Yayin da yawan iska ya sauko, yana zafi zafi. The dumi foehn iska, a cikin gida da aka sani da Chinook iska, Bergwind ko Diablo iska ko Nor'wester dangane da yankin, bayar da misalan irin wannan iska, kuma ana kore su a wani ɓangare ta latent zafi saki ta orographic-daga-jawo hazo. &#x5B;&#x5D;

Irin wannan nau'in iska, da Sirocco, da Bora da Santa Ana, misalai ne inda hawan orographic yana da iyakacin tasiri tun lokacin da akwai ƙarancin danshi don cirewa a cikin Saharan ko wasu iska; Sirocco, Bora da Santa Ana ana sarrafa su da farko ta hanyar dumama matsawa ( adiabatic ). &#x5B;&#x5D;

## Girgije mai alaƙa
Yayin da iska ke gudana a kan shingen tsaunuka, ɗagawar orographic na iya haifar da tasirin girgije iri-iri.

* An kafa hazo na Orographic yayin da iska ta tashi sama da gangaren kuma sau da yawa za ta mamaye taron. Lokacin da iska ta yi zafi, wasu daga cikin danshi za su faɗo a kan gangaren iska da kuma a saman dutsen.
* Lokacin da iska ta kasance mai ƙarfi, ana samar da girgije mai ban sha'awa a ƙarƙashin iska daga gangaren sama na tsaunuka masu tsawo. An halicce shi ne ta hanyar ƙananan matsin lamba a cikin iska mai iska wanda ke jawowa a cikin iska mara zafi daga ƙananan gangaren dutsen. Wannan raguwar matsin lamba idan aka kwatanta da iska da ke kewaye da shi yana ƙara ƙuntatawa, kamar yadda fuka-fukan jirgin sama ke motsawa. Mafi shahararrun irin wannan girgije suna cikin Matterhorn. 

* Yankin leeward na babban tarin girgije na orographic na iya zama daban. A gefen leeward na dutsen, iska da ke gudana zuwa ƙasa an san ta da iska mai iska. Saboda wasu daga cikin danshi da suka taru a saman dutsen sun fadi, foehn (ko föhn) ya bushe, kuma ƙananan danshi suna haifar da iska mai saukowa ya yi dumi fiye da yadda ya sanyaya a lokacin hawa. Layin yankewa daban wanda ke tare da layi daya da layi daya zuwa layin dutse wani lokacin ana kiransa *bango na foehn* (ko *bango na föhn*). Wannan shi ne saboda gefen ya bayyana tsaye kuma sau da yawa yana da gefen bango. : 676-677 Ganuwar foehn alama ce ta yau da kullun tare da Front Range na Colorado Rockies . 
* Wani lokaci ana samar da *girgije mai juyawa* a ƙarƙashin iska kuma a ƙasa da matakin tudun. Yana da bayyanar nau'in girgije mai laushi amma ya haifar da rikice-rikice mai laushi, watau iska tana da matukar damuwa.
* Girgije na lenticular girgije ne mai kama da ruwan tabarau wanda aka kafa a cikin iska na duwatsu ta hanyar raƙuman ruwa idan iska tana kusa da raɓa. Yawanci ana daidaita su a kusurwoyi na dama zuwa hanyar iska kuma an kafa su a tsawo har zuwa mita 12,000 (39,370 .
* Girgije mai ƙwanƙwasawa wani nau'i ne na musamman na girgije mai ƙanƙanta tare da tushe mai ƙanchanta wanda ya zama a kusa da kuma rufe saman, yana rufe shi.
* Girgije mai zurfi na Chinook girgije ne mai zurfi. Yana da wannan sunan na musamman a Arewacin Amurka inda yake da alaƙa da Iska ta Chinook. Yana samuwa a sama da tsaunuka, yawanci a farkon iska mai suna chinook sakamakon ɗagawa a kan kewayon. Ya bayyana lokacin da aka gani daga iska don samar da bakan a kan tsaunukan tsaunuka. Layer na iska mai tsabta ya raba shi daga dutsen.

## Manazarta