Yanayin ƙasar Jamaica

Jamaica tana tazarar kilomita 140 (mil 87) kudu da Cuba da mil 118 (kilomita 190) yamma da Haiti.  A iyakarta, Jamaica tana da nisan mil 146 (kilomita 235), kuma faɗinta ya bambanta tsakanin 34 da 84 kilomita (21 da 52 mi).  Jamaica tana da ƙaramin yanki na murabba'in kilomita 10,992 (4,244 sq mi).[ Koyaya, Jamaica ita ce tsibiri mafi girma na Commonwealth Caribbean kuma mafi girma na uku mafi girma na Babban Antilles, bayan Cuba da Hispaniola.  Yawancin ƙananan tsibiran suna kusa da gabar kudancin Jamaica, irin su Port Royal Cays.  Kudu maso yammacin kasar Jamaica ya ta'allaka ne da bankin Pedro, wani yanki na teku mara zurfi, tare da yawan cays (tsibirin tsibirai ko rafuffuka), wanda ya mamaye gabaɗaya gabas zuwa yamma na sama da kilomita 160 (99 mi).  Zuwa kudu maso gabas ya ta'allaka ne da Bankin Morant, tare da Morant Cays, kilomita 51 (32 mi) daga Morant Point, gabas mafi gabacin ƙasar Jamaica.[1]  Alice Shoal, mai nisan kilomita 260 (160 mi) kudu maso yamma na babban tsibirin Jamaica, ta faɗo a cikin tsarin haɗin gwiwar Jamaica-Colombia.  Tana da Yankin Tattalin Arziki Na Musamman na murabba'in kilomita 258,137 (99,667 sq mi).

## Geology da siffofin ƙasa
Jamaica (which is a very mountainous country) and the other islands of the Antilles evolved from an arc of ancient volcanoes that rose from the sea millions of years ago. During periods of submersion, thick layers of limestone were laid down over the old igneous and metamorphic rock. In many places, the limestone is thousands of feet  thick. The country can be divided into three landform regions: the eastern mountains, the central valleys and plateaus, and the coastal plains.

Yankin da ya fi girma shine Blue Mountains range. Wadannan tsaunuka na gabas an kafa su ne ta hanyar tsakiya na dutse mai laushi wanda ke gudana daga arewa maso yamma zuwa kudu maso gabas daga inda yawancin tsaunuka masu tsawo suka fito zuwa arewa da kudu. Don nisan sama da kilomita 3 (1.9 , saman tudun ya wuce mita 1,800 (5,900 .  Matsayi mafi girma shine Blue Mountain Peak a mita 2,256 (7,402 .  Blue Mountains sun tashi zuwa waɗannan tsaunuka daga filin bakin teku a cikin sararin kusan kilomita 16 (9.9 , don haka suna samar da ɗaya daga cikin tsaunuka mafi girma a duniya. A wannan bangare na kasar, tsohuwar dutsen metamorphic ta bayyana kanta ta hanyar dutsen da ke kewaye da ita. A arewacin Blue Mountains akwai tsaunuka masu tsawo da ke samar da Dutsen John Crow .  Wannan kewayon ya tashi zuwa tsawo sama da mita 1,000 (3,300 ft).  A yamma, a tsakiyar ƙasar, akwai tsaunuka biyu masu juyawa: Dry Harbour Mountains a arewa da Manchester Plateau a kudu. Tsakanin su biyu, ƙasar tana da tsaunuka kuma a nan, kuma, tsofaffin duwatsu sun karya yadudduka na dutse. Kogunan da ke tashi a yankin suna gudana waje kuma suna nutsewa ba da daɗewa ba bayan sun kai ga yadudduka na dutse.

Dutsen dutse ya rufe kashi biyu bisa uku na ƙasar, don haka tsarin karst ya mamaye tsibirin. Karst an kafa shi ne ta hanyar rushewar dutse a cikin mafita. Ramin ruwa, koguna da koguna, koguna masu ɓacewa, tuddai masu tasowa, da ƙasa mai laushi (ja mai laushi) a cikin kwari suna rarrabe siffofi na yanayin karst; duk waɗannan suna cikin Jamaica. A yammacin duwatsun akwai tsaunuka masu tsawo na Cockpit Country, daya daga cikin misalai masu ban mamaki na duniya na yanayin karst.

The Cockpit Country is pockmarked with steep-sided hollows, as much as  deep in places, which are separated by conical hills and ridges. On the north, the main defining feature is the fault-based "Escarpment", a long ridge that extends from Flagstaff in the west, through Windsor in the centre, to Campbells and the start of the Barbecue Bottom Road (B10).&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup> The Barbecue Bottom Road, which runs north–south, high along the side of a deep, fault-based valley in the east, is the only drivable route across the Cockpit Country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D; However, there are two old, historical trails that cross further west, the Troy Trail, and the Quick Step Trail, both of which are seldom used  and difficult to find.&#x5B;**&#x5D; In the southwest, near Quick Step, is the district known as the "Land of Look Behind," so named because Spanish horsemen venturing into this region of hostile runaway slaves were said to have ridden two to a mount, one rider facing to the rear to keep a precautionary watch. Where the ridges between sinkholes in the plateau area have dissolved, flat-bottomed basins or valleys have been formed that are filled with terra rosa soils, some of the most productive on the island. The largest basin is the Vale of Clarendon,  long and  wide. Queen of Spains Valley, Nassau Valley, and Cave Valley were formed by the same process.

## Yankin bakin teku
Yankin bakin tekun Jamaica yana daya daga cikin bambance-bambance da yawa. Tekun ya lalata bakin tekun arewa maso gabas sosai. Akwai ƙananan ƙwayoyin ruwa da yawa a cikin bakin tekun da ke da tsaunuka, amma babu filin bakin teku na kowane mataki. Wani karamin yanki na filayen da ke gefen gabar teku na arewa yana ba da teku mai natsuwa da rairayin bakin teku. Bayan rairayin bakin teku akwai fili mai laushi mai laushi na murjani mai laushi.

Yankin kudancin yana da ƙananan filayen da ke kewaye da rairayin bakin teku. Wadannan suna da goyon baya daga dutsen dutse inda tsaunuka suka ƙare. A wurare da yawa ba tare da fili na bakin teku ba, tsaunuka sun faɗi mita 300 (980  kai tsaye zuwa teku. A kudu maso yamma, filayen da ke da faɗi sun kai kilomita da yawa. Kogin Black yana da nisan kilomita 70 (43  ta hanyar mafi girma daga cikin wadannan filayen. Rio Minho yana da tsawon kilomita 92.8 kuma shine kogi mafi tsawo a Jamaica (a baya, Black River an yi la'akari da shi mafi tsawo).  Yankunan ruwa na Babban Morass da Upper Morass sun cika yawancin filayen. Yankin yammacin bakin teku ya ƙunshi rairayin bakin teku mafi kyau na tsibirin.&nbsp;
 

Ana samun nau'ikan yanayi guda biyu a Jamaica. Yanayin zafi na sama yana da yawa a gefen iska na duwatsu, yayin da yanayin tsaka-tsaki ya fi yawa a gefin leeward. Iska mai zafi daga gabas da arewa maso gabas yana kawo ruwan sama a duk shekara. Ruwan sama ya fi tsanani daga Mayu zuwa Oktoba, tare da tsawo  waɗannan watanni biyu. Matsakaicin ruwan sama shine 1,960 millimeters (77.2 in) a kowace shekara. Ruwan sama ya fi girma a yankunan tsaunuka da ke fuskantar arewa da gabas, duk da haka. Inda tsaunuka mafi girma na Dutsen John Crow da Dutsen Blue suka kama ruwan sama daga iskar da ke cike da danshi, ruwan sama ya wuce 5,080 millimeters (200 in) a kowace shekara. Tun da rabin kudu maso yammacin tsibirin yana cikin inuwa mai ruwan sama na duwatsu, yana da yanayi mai tsaka-tsaki kuma yana karɓar ƙasa da millimeters 760 (29.9 in) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara.

Yanayin zafi a Jamaica yana da daidaituwa a ko'ina cikin shekara, matsakaicin 23.5 zuwa 30 ° C (74.3 zuwa 86.0 ° F) a cikin ƙasƙanci da 15 zuwa 22 ° C (59.0 zuwa 71.6 ° F) als mafi girma. Yanayin zafi na iya raguwa zuwa ƙasa da 10 ° C (50 ° F) a tsaunukan Blue Mountains. Tsibirin yana karɓar, ban da iskar kasuwanci ta arewa maso gabas, iska mai sanyaya a bakin teku a rana da kuma sanyaya iska mai sanyayuwa da dare. Wadannan an san su a Jamaica a matsayin "Doctor Breeze" da "Undertaker's Breeze," bi da bi.

Jamaica tana cikin Babban Yankin Ci Gaban don aikin Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi a cikin Tekun Atlantika, kuma a sakamakon haka, wani lokacin yana fuskantar mummunar lalacewar guguwa. Guguwa mai karfi wanda ya buge tsibirin kai tsaye wanda ya haifar da mutuwa da lalacewa sun hada da Guguwar Charlie a cikin 1951  da Guguwar Gilbert a cikin 1988.  Sauran guguwa masu karfi da yawa sun wuce kusa da tsibirin tare da lalacewa. A cikin 1980, alal misali, Guguwar Allen ta lalata kusan dukkanin amfanin ayaba na Jamaica. Guguwar Ivan (2004) ta wuce tsibirin ta haifar da mummunar lalacewa da mutuwar mutane da yawa;  a cikin 2005, Guguwar Dennis da Emily sun kawo ruwan sama mai yawa a tsibirin.  Wani guguwa na Category 4, Guguwar Dean, ta haifar da wasu mutuwar da mummunar lalacewa ga Jamaica a watan Agustan shekara ta 2007.  

Guguwa na farko da aka rubuta da ta mamaye Jamaica ta kasance a cikin 1519. Tsibirin ya sami guguwa ta wurare masu zafi a kai a kai. A cikin lokuta biyu mafi sanyi a cikin shekaru 250 da suka gabata (1780s da 1810s), yawan guguwa a yankin Jamaica ya kasance mai girma. Wani matsayi na aiki ya faru a cikin 1910s, shekaru goma mafi sanyi na karni na 20. A gefe guda, tsarin guguwa ya ragu sosai daga 1968 zuwa 1994, wanda saboda wasu dalilai ya dace da babban fari na Sahel.

## Shuke-shuke da namun daji
Kodayake an cire mafi yawan tsire-tsire na Jamaica don samar da wuri don noma, an bar wasu yankuna kusan ba tare da damuwa ba tun lokacin mulkin mallaka na Turai. Ana iya samun ciyayi na asali a bakin tekun arewa, daga Rio Bueno zuwa Discovery Bay, a cikin mafi girman sassan Blue Mountains, kuma a cikin zuciyar Cockpit Country.

Kamar yadda yake game da ciyayi, asarar dabbobin daji mai yawa ya faru, wanda ya fara da zama na Taíno a yankin dubban shekaru da suka gabata. Misali, hatimi na Caribbean (*Neomonachus tropicalis*) ya taɓa faruwa a cikin ruwan Jamaica, kuma yanzu an kore shi zuwa halaka. Mongooses (*Urva auropunctata*), wanda aka gabatar a Jamaica a cikin 1872 don rage yawan bera da suka lalata amfanin sukari na kasuwanci (Saccharum officinarum), ganima a kan nau'ikan Jamaica da yawa, gami da iguana na Jamaica (*Cyclura collei*), kuma an haɗa su da raguwar yawan jama'a da kuma lalacewar wasu da yawa.

Sauran nau'ikan namun daji da ke zaune a tsibirin sun haɗa da manatee na Yammacin Indiya (*Trichechus manatus*), giwa na Amurka (*Crocodylus acutus*), da kuma nau'in da ke cikin haɗari  Homerus swallowtail butterfly (*Papilio homerus*), wanda shine mafi girman nau'in malam buɗe ido a Yammacin Hemisphere. 

* Yankin arewacin: Half Moon Point, Saint James Parish 
* Yankin kudu: Portland Point, Clarendon Parish 
* Yammacin Yamma: Kudancin Negril Point, Westmoreland Parish 
* Yankin gabas: Morant Point, Saint Thomas Parish 

## Manufofin muhalli
Akwai manufofin da ake aiwatar da su don taimakawa wajen kiyaye teku da rayuwar da ke ƙarƙashin ruwa.  Manufar hadedde ta shiyyar bakin teku (ICZM) ita ce inganta rayuwar al'ummomin bil'adama wadanda suka dogara da albarkatun bakin teku tare da kiyaye bambancin halittu da kuma samar da kayan aiki na yankunan bakin teku.  Gine-gine fiye da kima, wanda masu karfin kasuwa ke tafiyar da su da kuma talauci a tsakanin wasu sassa na jama'a, da kuma barnatar da al'umma na taimakawa wajen durkushewar albarkatun teku da na bakin teku.  Wasu daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan sun haɗa da: Haɓaka ayyukan kiwon kamun kifi mai ɗorewa, tabbatar da dorewar dabarun noman noman noma, da sarrafa jigilar kayayyaki, da haɓaka ayyukan yawon buɗe ido.[1]  Dangane da yawon bude ido, yawon bude ido ita ce hanya ta daya ta samun kudaden musaya a kasar Jamaica, don haka yana da matukar muhimmanci ga tattalin arzikin kasa.[1]  Masu yawon bude ido yawanci suna zuwa kasashe ba tare da sanin al'amura da yadda suke tasiri ba.  Masu yawon bude ido ba za su yi amfani da salon rayuwa daban da na kasarsu ba.  Ayyuka kamar: samar da wuraren kula da najasa ga duk wuraren yawon bude ido, ƙayyade ɗaukar ƙarfin yanayi kafin tsara ayyukan yawon shakatawa, samar da wasu nau'ikan ayyukan yawon shakatawa na iya taimakawa wajen samun sakamakon da ake so kamar haɓaka madadin yawon shakatawa wanda zai rage matsin lamba na yanzu akan albarkatun da ke tallafawa ayyukan yawon shakatawa na gargajiya.  Maimakon amfani da kudaden yawon bude ido za su kira su kudaden muhalli.  Wannan binciken yana nufin sanar da masu ruwa da tsaki game da yuwuwar aiwatar da kuɗaɗen muhalli da kuma yuwuwar tasirin irin waɗannan kayan aikin samar da kudaden shiga akan adadin ziyarar yawon buɗe ido a tsibirin na yanzu Haɓaka tsarin biyan kuɗin mai amfani zai taimaka wajen samar da kulawa da kare muhalli.  Sakamakon ya nuna cewa masu yawon bude ido suna da ragi mai yawa na mabukaci da ke da alaƙa da hutu a Jamaica, kuma suna da ƙarancin niyyar biyan harajin yawon buɗe ido idan aka kwatanta da harajin muhalli.  Sakamakon binciken ya nuna cewa "lakabin" haraji da kuma wayar da kan masu amsa game da hanyoyin kare muhalli da yawon shakatawa suna da mahimmanci ga tsarin yanke shawara[2].  Masu yawon bude ido sun fi son biyan kudaden muhalli maimakon kudaden harajin yawon bude ido.  Haraji mai girma wanda zai iya ba da kuɗi don kula da muhalli da kariya amma ƙarancin isa don ci gaba da kawo masu yawon buɗe ido zuwa Jamaica.  An nuna cewa idan aka gabatar da harajin muhalli na $1 ga kowane mutum ba zai haifar da raguwar adadin ziyarar ba kuma zai samar da kudaden shiga na dalar Amurka miliyan 1.7 a shekara..