Doria Shafik

**Doria Shafik**  ( Arabic   &#x200E; 14 Disamba 1908 - 20 Satumba 1975) ɗan ƙasar Masar mata ne, mawaƙi kuma edita, kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan jagororin gwagwarmayar 'yantar da mata a Masar a tsakiyar 1940s.  Sakamakon kokarinta kai tsaye, kundin tsarin mulkin Masar ya bai wa matan Masar 'yancin kada kuri'a.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Doria Shafik a ranar 14 ga Disamba 1908 ga Ahmad Chafik da Ratiba Nassif a Tanta, Misira . : 3 Ta yi karatu a makarantar firamare ta Faransa a Tanta da makarantar sakandare ta Tanta don 'yan mata har zuwa shekaru 16. Daga nan sai ta yi karatun shekaru 2 na karshe na ilimin sakandare da ake kira bacaloria a Alkahira. A lokacin da take da shekaru 18 ta zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan mata na farko na Masar da suka sami digiri na bacaloria don makarantar sakandare. Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Masar ta ba ta tallafin karatu don karatu a Jami'ar Sorbonne da ke Paris . Ta kuma yi karatun PhD a fannin falsafa a Sorbonne .  Ta rubuta takardu guda biyu, daya yana ƙaryata ƙarshen amfani kawai da ke da alaƙa da fasahar Masar ta Dā, kuma na biyu, yana jayayya game da amincewa da daidaiton hakkokin mata. An ba ta lambar yabo ta PhD tare da manyan cancanta (Mention très honorable). A shekara ta 1935 a matsayin yarinya a Misira, ta shiga gasar kyakkyawa, wanda ya haifar da gardama.

Yayinda yake a Paris, Shafik ya auri Nureldin Raga'i, dalibi na shari'a wanda shi ma yana kan tallafin karatu kuma yana aiki a kan PhD.

## Ayyuka da gwagwarmaya
Bayan dawowarta daga Faransa zuwa Misira a 1940, Shafik ta yi fatan ba da gudummawa ga ilimin matasa na kasar ta, amma Dean na Faculty of Literature na Jami'ar Alkahira ya hana ta matsayin koyarwa a kan uzuri cewa tana da "mai sassaucin ra'ayi".

A cikin 1945, Gimbiya Chevicar, matar farko ta tsohon Sarki Fuad na Masar na lokacin, ta ba Shafik mukamin babban editan *La Femme Nouvelle*, mujallar al'adu da adabi ta Faransa da ke magana da manyan kasar. Shafik ya karɓi matsayin, kuma tare da mutuwar Chevicar a 1947, ya ɗauki cikakken alhakin mujallar, gami da kuɗaɗensa. A karkashin jagorancinta *La Femme Nouvelle* ta sami matsayin yanki. Har ila yau, a cikin 1945, Shafik ya yanke shawarar buga wata mujalla ta Larabci, *Bint Al Nil* (ma'ana *<nowiki/>'yar Nil* a Turanci), da nufin ilmantar da matan Masar da kuma taimaka musu su sami mafi kyawun matsayi a cikin iyalinsu da kuma al'ummarsu.   Fitowar farko ta fito a watan Nuwamba 1945 kuma kusan nan da nan aka sayar da ita.

A cikin 1948 Shafik ta kirkiro kungiyar Bint Al Nil Union don taimakawa wajen magance matsalolin zamantakewar mata da kuma tabbatar da shigar da su cikin manufofin ƙasarsu. Har ila yau, ƙungiyar ta yi aiki don kawar da jahilci ta hanyar kafa cibiyoyin don wannan dalili a duk faɗin ƙasar, kafa ofishin aiki da wurin cin abinci ga mata masu aiki.

### Majalisar da ta yi guguwa
A watan Fabrairun 1951, ta sami nasarar tara mata 1500 a asirce daga manyan kungiyoyin mata biyu na Masar (Bint Al Nil da Kungiyar Mata ta Masar). Ta shirya wani yunkuri na mutane wanda ya katse majalisa na tsawon sa'o'i hudu bayan sun taru a can tare da jerin bukatun da suka shafi haƙƙin zamantakewar mata. An zabi Mufidah Abdul Rahman don kare Shafik a kotu game da wannan. Lokacin da shari'ar ta tafi shari'a, magoya bayan Bint al-Nil da yawa sun halarci kotun, kuma alƙalin ya jinkirta sauraron har abada.

Koyaya, duk da karɓar alkawura daga Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai, haƙƙin mata bai sami ci gaba ba.

### Rukunin Sojojin Mata
A shekara ta 1951, Shafik "ya fara rundunar soja ta Daughter of Nile". A watan Janairun 1952, ta jagoranci brigade na mambobinta don kewaye da rufe reshe na Bankin Barclays, kodayake 'yan sanda sun kama ta lokacin da zanga-zangar ta zama "mai banƙyama".

### Jam'iyyar Bint Al Nil
Bayan Juyin Juya Halin Masar na 1952, Doria Shafik ta nemi gwamnati ta amince da Bint Al Nil a matsayin jam'iyyar siyasa, tare da Doria Shafic kanta a matsayin shugabanta, wanda gwamnati ta yarda ta bayar.

### Yajin aikin yunwa na farko
A ranar 12 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1954, Doria Shafik ta yi yajin aikin yunwa na kwana takwas a kungiyar 'yan jarida, don nuna rashin amincewa da kirkirar kwamitin kundin tsarin mulki ba tare da mata a ciki ba. Ta ƙare yajin aikinta bayan ta sami wata sanarwa da aka rubuta cewa Shugaba Naguib ya himmatu ga kundin tsarin mulki wanda ke girmama haƙƙin mata.

### Tafiya a duniya
A sakamakon sha'awar da yajin aikin yunwa ya haifar, an gayyaci Doria Shafik don yin lacca a Asiya, Turai da Amurka game da matan Masar. Ta yi tafiya zuwa Italiya, Ingila, Faransa, Amurka, Japan, Indiya, Ceylon da Pakistan.

### Hakkin jefa kuri'a
A sakamakon kokarin Doria Shafik, an ba mata damar yin zabe a karkashin kundin tsarin mulki na 1956, tare da tanadin, duk da haka, cewa dole ne suyi karatu da rubutu, wanda ba wajibi ba ne ga maza.

### Yajin aikin yunwa na biyu
A shekara ta 1957 Shafik ya yi yajin cin abinci na biyu a ofishin jakadancin Indiya, don nuna rashin amincewa da mulkin kama-karya na Shugaba Gamal Abdel Nasser. A sakamakon haka, Nasser ya tsare ta a gida, an dakatar da sunanta daga manema labarai kuma mujallu daga watsawa.

### Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen
Baya ga mujallu, Shafik ta rubuta wani labari, L'Esclave de Sultane (Bautar Sarki) game da bautar mace ga namiji,  kundin waƙoƙi da yawa da Pierre Fanlac ya buga, da kuma tarihin kansa waɗanda aka fassara cikin harsuna da yawa. Nadeen Shaker ta fassara waƙoƙin daga kwanakinta na ƙarshe kuma an buga su a cikin The Cairo Review: 

## Keɓewa da mutuwa
Bayan kama ta a gidan Doria Shafik ta yi rayuwa mai zaman kanta, koda kuwa ba a hana motsi ba. Ta shafe shekarunta na ƙarshe tana karatu, da rubutu. Ta mutu bayan ta fadi daga baranda a shekara ta 1975.  *[[New York Times|Jaridar New York Times]]* ta yi nadama ba tare da buga labarinta ba kuma a ƙarshe ta buga ɗaya a cikin 2018.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Shafik ya auri Nureldin Ragai a Paris a 1937. Zai ci gaba da zama fitaccen lauya a Misira kuma ya goyi bayan duk kokarin da ta yi. Sun kasance tare na tsawon shekaru 31 har zuwa 1968 lokacin da suka sake aure, kuma suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Jehane da Aziza. Doria Shafik tana rayuwa mai zaman kanta kuma 'ya'yanta mata da jikoki sun ziyarce ta.

## Kyauta
A ranar 14 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2016, Google ta keɓe Doodle ga marubucin don bikin cika shekaru 108 da haihuwarta. Doodle ya kai dukkan kasashen Larabawa. A cikin 2018, The New York Times ta buga wani labari game da ita.

## Manazarta

## Ƙarin karantawa

* Asunción Oliva Portoles, dawo da muryar da aka manta, Madrid: Huerga da Fierro editoci, 2010.   ISBN&nbsp;
* Cynthia Nelson, Doria Shafik, Masanin mata na Masar: Wata mace Baya, Gainesville: Jami'ar Jami'ar Florida (Amurka), 1996.   ISBN&nbsp;

## Haɗin waje

* Shafin yanar gizon tunawa da Doria Shafik
* "Doria Shafik (1908-1975", mujallar 'yar'uwa, - 9 ga Agusta 2016
* Zaɓuɓɓuka daga mujallar Bint al-Nil