Joan Evans (masanin tarihin fasaha)

**Dame Joan Evans** DBE FSA (22 Yuni 1893 - 14 Yuli 1977)  masaniyar tarihi ce ta Burtaniya a fannin fasahar Faransa da Ingila ta zamanin da, musamman kayan ado na zamani da na zamanin da . An ba da kyautar tarin kayan tarihinta ga Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert da ke Landan. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Joan Evans a Nash Mills, Apsley, Hertfordshire,  'yar tsohon kwale-kwale kuma ɗan kasuwa Sir John Evans da kuma masanin tarihi, masanin kayan tarihi, kuma ƙwararre kan suturar Girka Maria Millington Lathbury (1856–1944). Ta kasance 'yar'uwa ga Sir Arthur Evans, mai haƙa rami a Knossos kuma wanda ya gano wayewar Minoan . Sir Arthur ya girme ta da shekaru arba'in da biyu: ya jawo babban abin dariya a wani taron tsoffin kwale-kwale na manyan mutane masu ilimi lokacin da ya kawo Joan 'yar shekara huɗu don a "nuna ta". 

Iyayenta sun yi tafiya mai nisa suna barin Joan don kula da mai renonta, Caroline Hancock, wacce ta sani tsawon shekaru 67, kodayake, a wasu lokutan, tana tafiya tare da mai renonta don haɗuwa da iyayenta a tafiye-tafiyen kayan tarihi. Ta sadaukar da tarihin rayuwarta, *Prelude da Fugue*, ga Nanny Hancock wanda ya mutu a shekarar 1961, yana da shekaru 97.  

Evans ta yi karatu a Makarantar Corran, Watford,  da Makarantar Berkhamsted ta 'Yan Mata kafin ta je Kwalejin St Hugh, Oxford . Da farko ta yi niyyar karatu don samun difloma a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam amma maimakon haka ta karanta ilmin kayan tarihi na gargajiya, inda ta sami difloma mai daraja a shekarar 1916. An naɗa ta a matsayin mai kula da laburare a Kwalejin St Hugh a shekarar 1917 kuma ta yi bincike tare da rubuta takardar digiri kan kayan ado don takardar shaidar wasiƙunta a shekarar 1919. 

Wannan ya kasance a lokacin da har yanzu mata ba su sami damar yin karatu don digiri daga Jami'ar Oxford ba, don haka ba ta sami cikakken digirinta ba, wato Digirin farko na Haruffa ( B.Litt. ), har zuwa 1920 bayan da masu fafutuka, ciki har da mahaifiyarta, suka yi nasarar sauya hukuncin.  A shekarar 1930 , Jami'ar London ta ba ta lambar yabo ta D.Litt. , kuma a shekarar 1932, Jami'ar Oxford ta ba ta lambar yabo ta D.Litt. 

## tallafin karatu
Bayanan da Cibiyar Sarauta ta Burtaniya ta wallafa sun nuna cewa Evans ita ce mace ta farko da ta gabatar da Jawabin Maraice na Juma'a a Cibiyar: wannan ya faru ne a ranar 8 ga Yuni 1923, taken shine "Jewels of the Renaissance".

Bayan ta buga littattafanta na farko kan kayan ado a shekarun 1920, *Kayan Ado na Ingila daga ƙarni na biyar AD zuwa 1800* da *Kayan Ado na Magical na Tsakiyar Zamani da Renaissance, musamman a Ingila*, Evans ta wallafa littattafai da yawa kan fannoni daban-daban, ciki har da fasaha da gine-ginen Faransa. A shekarar 1950, littafin Evans mai suna *Cluniac Art of the Romanesque Period*, wanda ya shafi zane-zane da sassaka da sufaye na abbey da ke Cluny a gabashin Faransa suka yi,  Cambridge University Press ce ta buga shi; littafinta mai suna *The Romanesque Architecture of the Order of Cluny* an buga shi a shekarar 1938.

Ta kasance memba a ƙungiyar Society of Antiquaries of London, ta buga tarihin ƙungiyar a hukumance a shekarar 1956, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mace ta farko da ta zama shugabar ƙungiyar daga 1959 zuwa 1964. 

## Wani
Evans ta yi tafiya tun tana ƙarama, tafiya tare da mahaifiyarta zuwa Rome lokacin da take da shekaru 21 ya sa ta yanke shawarar yin nazarin ilmin kayan tarihi maimakon ilimin ɗan adam, kuma ta ƙaunaci Faransa tsawon rai. Ta ziyarci Faransa don bincike da jin daɗi, kuma a shekarar 1947 ta sayi Romanesque Chapel of the Monks a Berzé-la-Ville, ta ba da gudummawarta ga Académie de Mâcon.

Ta kasance mai tattara kayan tarihi da kayan tarihi, musamman kayan adon Faransa kafin juyin juya hali, ta kasance mai karimci, ba wai kawai ta ba da gudummawar tarin kayan adonta sama da 800 ba, waɗanda suka fara tun daga Tsakiyar Zamani zuwa farkon ƙarni na sha tara, ga Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert a 1975  har ma da tarin zoben posy da sauran kayan tarihi ga Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya .  Wasiyyarta ta bar tarin kayan tarihi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Ashmolean, Oxford, da Gidan Tarihi na Birnin Birmingham . 

Ta kuma kasance babbar mai bayar da gudummawa ga Kwalejin St Hugh, kuma ta taimaka wajen siyan tudun da ke saman gidanta da ke Wotton-under-Edge don National Trust .  Ta ba da lokacinta da kuɗinta ga dalilai daban-daban, sau da yawa ba tare da an ambaci sunanta ba, kuma, duk da cewa an bayyana ta a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mutane kuma masu tasiri a ƙarni a fannin fasaha da ilimin kayan tarihi" a bikin tunawa da ita a Kwalejin St Hugh a 1977,  an naɗa ta Kwamandan Daular Burtaniya a cikin Jerin Girmamawar Sabuwar Shekara na 1976, ba don aikinta na farko a fannin fasaha ba, amma don ayyukan agaji.  

Evans tana da alaƙa da Cibiyar Fasaha ta Courtauld ; an sanya ta a matsayin mai kula da laburare mai daraja a shekarar 1931  kuma, lokacin da TSR Boase ta bar Courtauld a shekarar 1947, ta koyar a can na tsawon shekara guda, ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibanta ita ce Pamela Tudor-Craig .  Baya ga rubuta tarihin rayuwar ɗan'uwanta Sir Arthur Evans da John Ruskin, da sauransu, ta kuma buga littafin, *The Conways: Tarihin Zamani Uku*, game da dangin da suka haɗa da masanin tarihin fasaha Martin Conway wanda tarin hotunansa suka zama tushen Laburaren Conway a Courtauld. Hotunan da Joan Evans ta ɗauka a Faransa an haɗa su a cikin tarihin Laburaren Conway wanda a halin yanzu ake canza su ta hanyar dijital a ƙarƙashin babban aikin Courtauld Connects. 

### Zaɓin girmamawa da ayyukan jama'a
Baya ga zama mace ta farko da ta zama shugabar ƙungiyar tsoffin kayan tarihi, kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta zinare ta ƙungiyar a shekarar 1973, ta kuma kasance shugabar Cibiyar Tarihin Sararin Samaniya daga 1948 zuwa 1951 da kuma ƙungiyar tsoffin kayan tarihi ta Bristol da Gloucestershire . 

Evans ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta V&A daga 1953 zuwa 1966  kuma a matsayin amintaccen Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya (1963–1967). 

An naɗa ta a matsayin ɗalibi mai daraja a Kwalejin St. Hugh, Oxford; likitar girmamawa ta wasiƙu daga Cambridge ; kuma an ba ta lambar yabo ta *Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur* da kuma kyaututtukan karatu daga Royal Historical Society da Royal Society of Literature .  

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Evans ta sayi Thousand Acres, Wotton-under-Edge, a shekarar 1939 kuma ta zauna a can, inda ta raba lokacinta tsakanin Gloucestershire da gidanta na Landan,  har zuwa rasuwarta a shekarar 1977 tana da shekaru 84. Ba ta yi aure ba. 

## Littattafai

* *Kayan Ado na Ingila daga ƙarni na Biyar AD zuwa 1800*, London, Methuen, 1921
* *Kayan Ado na Sihiri na Tsakiyar Zamani da Renaissance, musamman a Ingila*, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1922
* *Anglo Norman Lapidaries*, 1924
* *Rayuwa a Tsakiyar Zamani Faransa*, Oxford University Press, 1925 (Haka kuma a cikin Faransanci: *Civilization en France au Moyen Age* da kuma a cikin Dutch: *Leven in de Middeleeuwen* ).
* *St Joan na Orleans: abubuwan da suka faru daga ƙarni na 15 "Mystere de Siége d'Orleans"*, na Peter Studer, Joan Evans ya zaɓa kuma ya fassara, Clarendon Press, 1926
* *Jarumin da Ba a Ci Nasara Ba: tarihin ayyukan Don Pero Nino, Count of Buelna, ta hannun mai ɗaukar nauyinsa, Diaz de Gamez*, An fassara kuma aka zaɓa daga *El Vitorial* ta Joan Evans, Routledge, 1928
* *Tsarin, Nazarin Kayan Ado a Yammacin Turai daga 1180 zuwa 1900*, 2 vols, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1931
* *Rayuwar Monastic a Cluny*, 1931; Archon Books, Amurka, 1968
* *Zoben Turanci da Posy* : kundin gabatarwa daga Joan Evans, Oxford University Press, 1931
* *Turancin Zamani na Zamani*, 1933, na Joan Evans da Mary S. Serjeantson (ed.)
* *Tsarin Yanayi Nazarin Halitta a Fasahar Ado, daga Zamanin Tagulla zuwa Renaissance*, London, Oxford University Press, 1933
* *Fadar Minos: Jerin kayayyakin tarihi*, juzu'i na 5, wanda Joan Evans ta tattara tare da haɗin gwiwar Sir Arthur Evans, Cambridge University Press, 1936
* *Tsarin Romanesque na Order of Cluny*, Cambridge University Press, 1938
* *Tarihin Joinville na Saint Louis*, wanda Joan Evans ya shirya, Gregynog Press, 1937; Oxford University Press, 1938
* *Ɗanɗano da Halinsa. Takaitaccen Nazari Kan Nau'ikan Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam dangane da Fasahar Kayayyaki* . Jonathan Cape. 1939.
* *Chateaubriand: Tarihin Rayuwa*, Macmillan, 1939
* *Lokaci da Dama: Labarin Arthur Evans da Kakanninsa*, 1943
* *Neman Farin Ciki: Labarin Madame de Sérilly 1762–1799*, Longmans, Green and Co., 1946
* *Mai Son Kai Mara Son Kai: Rayuwar Joseph Joubert*, Longmans, Green and Co., 1947
* *Fasaha a Tsakiyar Zamani Faransa, 987–1498*, London, Oxford University Press, 1948
* *Fasaha ta Turanci: 1307–1461*, Tarihin Fasaha ta Turanci na Oxford, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1949
* *Cluniac Art of the Romanesque*, Cambridge University Press, 1950; an gyara, tare da John Howard Whitehouse
* *Salo a cikin Kayan Ado*, Oxford University Press, 1950
* *Riga a cikin Medieval France*, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1952
* *Tarihin Kayan Ado, 1100–1870*, Faber & Faber, 1953
* *John Ruskin*, Jonathan Cape 1954: Tarihin Ruskin na farko da wani mai rubuta tarihin rayuwa ya rubuta wanda ke da damar shiga littattafan tarihin Ruskin.
* *Yanar Gizo Mai Ƙarshe: Tarihin John Dickinson & Co. Ltd., 1804–1954*, Jonathan Cape, 1955
* *Tarihin Ƙungiyar Kayayyakin Tarihi*, 1956
* *John Ruskin: Littafin Tarihi*, kundin 3, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1956
* *Fitilar Kyau: Rubuce-rubuce akan Zane-zane na John Ruskin*, Joan Evans ta zaɓa kuma ta gyara, Phaidon, Oxford, 1959
* *Madame Royale*, Gidan Tarihi, 1959
* *Gabatarwa & Fugue: Tarihin Rayuwa*, London, Gidan Tarihi, 1964
* *Gine-ginen Monastic a Faransa daga Renaissance zuwa Juyin Juya Hali*, Cambridge University Press, 1964
* *The Conways: Tarihin Tsararru Uku*, London, Gidan Tarihi, 1966
* *<nowiki/>'Yan Victorian*, Cambridge University Press, 1966
* *The Flowering na Tsakiyar Zamani*, edited by Joan Evans, Thames & Hudson, London, 1966; Har ila yau a cikin Jamusanci kamar *Blüte des Mittelalters* ; a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland kamar *De glorie der Middeleeuwen.* *2*, Den Haag, W. Gaade, sd; in Spanish, trans. Mireia Bofill, 1988
* *Hotunan Monastic a Faransa daga Renaissance zuwa Juyin Juya Hali*, Cambridge University Press, 1970

## Duba kuma

* Mata a fannin tarihin fasaha

## Manazarta