Sergei Korolev

**Sergei Pavlovich Korolev** (, ; , ; 14 Junairun  1966) jagorar injiniyan roket ne na lokacin Soviet kuma mai  kera jirgin sama a lokacin Tseren Sararin Samaniya tsakanin Amurka da Rasha da kuma Kungiyar Soviet a shekarun 1950s da 1960s. Ya kirkiri R-7 Rocket, Sputnik 1, kuma yana daga cikin wanda suka kaddamar da  Laika, Sputnik 3, na’urar dan adam na farko da ta fara riskar wata duniyar, Belka and Strelka, mutane na farko, Yuri Gagarin, zuwa sararin samaniya, Voskhod 1, da kuma mutum na farko Alexei Leonov, wanda suka fara kaddamar da tattaki a duniyar sama.

Kodayake Korolev ya samu horo a matsayin mai kera jirgin sama, kwarewarsavya fi karfi a wajen inganta ƙira, tattarawa da kuma tsarin dabaru. An kama shi a kan zargin karya a hukumance a matsayin "memba na ƙungiyar adawa da juyin juya halin Soviet" (wanda daga baya aka nuna  shi matsayin "mai lalata fasahar soja"), an daure shi a 1938 kusan shekaru shida, gami da 'yan watanni a sansanin aiki na Kolyma. Bayan da aka sake shi ya zama sanannen mai tsara roket kuma babban mutum a ci gaban shirin makami mai linzami na Soviet Intercontinental. Daga baya ya jagoranci Shirin sararin samaniya na Soviet kuma an sanya shi memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Soviet, yana kula da nasarorin farko na ayyukan Sputnik da Vostok ciki har da aikin mutum na farko na Yuri Gagarin a ranar 12 ga Afrilu 1961. Mutuwar Korolev ba zato ba tsammani a shekarar 1966 ta dakatar da  aiwatar da shirye-shiryensa na sauka a duniyar wata ta Soviet kafin misan na Amurka na 1969.

Kafin mutuwarsa an bayyana shi ne kawai a matsayin Glavny Konstruktor (Mahimmanci), ko  ko kuma babban mai kira, don a kare shi daga yiwuwar kisan mummuke daga Amurka a lokacin yakin-baka. Har sauran cosmonauts da suka yi aiki tare da shi ba su san sunansa na asali ba; kawai ana kiransa da *Babban Mai tsarawa.*  Bayan mutuwarsa na kawai a shekarar 1966 aka bayyana asalinsa kuma ya sami amincewar jama'a a matsayin mai motsawa a bayan nasarorin Soviet a binciken sararin samaniya a lokacin da kuma bin Shekarar Geophysical ta Duniya.

## Rayuwa ta farko

An haifi Korolev a garin Zhytomyr, babban birnin Gwamnatin Volhynian na Daular Rasha ( Ukraine a yau). Mahaifinsa, Pavel Yakovlevich Korolev, an haife shi ne a Mogilev ga sojan Rasha da uwa ‘yar  Belarus. Mahaifiyarsa, Maria Nikolaevna Koroleva (Moskalenko / Bulanina), 'yar wani attajiri ne daga garin Nizhyn, da al’adun Yukren, Girka da Poland.[2]

Mahaifinsa ya koma Zhytomyr inda ya zama malamin yaren Rasha. Shekaru uku bayan haihuwar Sergei ma'auratan sun rabu saboda matsalolin kudi. Kodayake Pavel daga baya ya rubuta wa Maria yana neman daman ganawa da ɗansa, mahaifiyarsa ta gaya wa Sergei cewa ana zargin mahaifinsa ya mutu. Sergei bai taba ganin mahaifinsa ba bayan rabuwar iyalin, kuma Pavel ya mutu a 1929 kafin ɗansa ya san gaskiya.

Korolev ya girma a Nizhyn,  a karkashin kulawar kakanninsa Nikolay Yakovlevich Moskalenko wanda ya kasance dan kasuwa na Kungiya na biyu da Maria Matveevna Moskalenko (née Fursa), 'ya ce ga wani dan kasuwan garin. Mahaifiyar Korolev tana da 'yar'uwa Anna da' yan'uwa biyu Yuri da Vasily. Maria Koroleva ta kasance sau da yawa tana halartar darussan ilimi na mata a Kiev, don haka Sergei sau da yawa yana da kansa kuma ya girma yaro mai kaɗaici tare da abokai kaɗan. A shekara ta 1914 Yaƙin Duniya na 1 ya fara ne da tashin hankali na zamantakewa a yankin Kiev. Babu wanda ya damu da Korolev dan shekaru bakwai a wannan lokacin kuma an dauke shi matsayin mara ji, mai taurin kai, da jayayya. Korolev ya fara karatu tun yana ƙarami daga jaridu na kakansa, kuma malaminsa na makarantar sakandare ya lura cewa yana da kyakkyawan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya tare da ƙwarewa a lissafi, karatu da rubutu. Mahaifiyarsa ta rabu da Pavel a 1915 kuma a 1916 ta auri Grigory Mikhailovich Balanin, injiniyan lantarki wanda ya yi karatu a Jamus amma dole ne ya halarci Jami'ar Polytechnic ta Kiev saboda ba a san difloma na injiniyan Jamus a Rasha ba. Grigory ya kasance mahaifiya mai mutunci, yana da tasiri sosai ga halaye da yanayin alakar Korlev.[11] Bayan samun aiki tare da kamfanin jirgin kasa na yanki, Grigory ya yi ƙaura da iyalin zuwa Odessa [1] a cikin 1917, inda suka jimre da wahala tare da wasu iyalai da yawa a cikin shekarun rikice-rikice bayan Juyin Juya Halin Rasha da ci gaba da gwagwarmaya har sai Bolsheviks suka ɗauki iko ba tare da wata matsala ba a cikin 1920. An rufe makarantun cikin gida kuma matashi Korolev ya ci gaba da karatunsa a gida, inda ya sha wahala daga cutar typhus a lokacin matsanancin farin abinci na 1919. [1]

## Manazarta