John L. Thornton

**John Lawson Thornton** (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Janairu, 1954) ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan Amurka kuma farfesa kuma darektan Shirin Jagoranci na Duniya a Jami'ar Tsinghua da ke Beijing .  Shi ne kuma shugaban Barrick Gold Corporation,   shugaban RedBird Capital Partners kuma shugaban PineBridge Investments wanda ba shi da iko.  Thornton ya sauka daga mukaminsa na mataimakin shugaban Goldman Sachs a shekara ta 2003. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Thornton ɗa ne ga John V. Thornton, tsohon mataimakin shugaban kamfanin Consolidated Edison Company, da kuma Edna Lawson Thornton, lauya.   Ya halarci Makarantar Hotchkiss, kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban kwamitin amintattu na makarantar. 

Thornton ya sami digirin farko a fannin fasaha a tarihi daga Kwalejin Harvard a shekarar 1976, digirin farko a fannin fasaha a fannin shari'a (wanda aka tallata shi ta hanyar babban matsayi zuwa Master of Arts ) daga Kwalejin St John, Oxford a shekarar 1978, wanda ya ba shi cancantar zama lauya, da kuma digirin farko a fannin gudanarwa na gwamnati da na masu zaman kansu (MPPM) daga Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Yale a shekarar 1980.  An ba shi digirin girmamawa daga Kwalejin Ilimi ta Bank Street a shekarar 2003.  Thornton memba ne na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekarar 2007 kuma memba ne na girmamawa na Kwalejin St. John, Jami'ar Oxford a shekarar 2009. 

## Sana'a
Thornton ya shiga Goldman Sachs a shekarar 1980.  A shekarar 1983, ya kafa kasuwancin hadewa da siye na Goldman Sachs na Turai. Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban Shugaba na Goldman Sachs International a Landan daga 1995 zuwa 1996. Thornton ya kasance Shugaban Goldman Sachs Asia daga 1996 zuwa 1998, inda ya fadada ikon mallakar kamfanin a yankin a lokacin rikicin kudi na Asiya na 1997. Ya zama shugaban Goldman Sachs a 1999.  Lokacin da babban Shugaba Henry Paulson na wancan lokacin ya jinkirta ritayarsa da kuma ci gaban da ake sa ran samu daga Thornton, Thornton ya bar Goldman Sachs a 2003 ya zama farfesa a Jami'ar Tsinghua da ke Beijing . Thornton shi ne farfesa na farko wanda ba dan kasar Sin ba a Jami'ar Tsinghua tun 1999,  kodayake bai iya harsunan Sinanci ba a lokacin nadinsa.  Jaridar New York Times ta ruwaito cewa ficewar Thornton daga Goldman "ba ta gamu da adawa daga manyan shugabannin gudanarwa ba". 

Thornton ta kasance shugabar da ba ta da iko a kamfanin sayar da kayan kwalliya na Laura Ashley, kamfanin sayar da kayan kwalliya na Birtaniya, tsakanin 1995 da 2002.

Thornton ya shiga kwamitin gudanarwa na Kamfanin Motocin Ford a shekarar 1996. William Clay Ford, Jr. - a lokacin Shugaba kuma shugaban Ford - sun kasance abokai da Thornton tun lokacin da suka fara shirin makaranta tare a Makarantar Hotchkiss . Alaƙarsu ta sirri ta kasance ƙarƙashin "bincike mai zurfi"  lokacin da Ford, Jr. ya sami hannun jari 400,000 a cikin IPO na Goldman Sachs na 1999, mafi girman kyautar mutum ɗaya ta wannan IPO da babban riba.  A shekara ta 2002, jerin bincike da zaman sauraren ƙararraki na majalisar dokoki sun nuna cewa Goldman Sachs ya "yi amfani da hannun jarin IPO mai zafi ga abokan cinikin da aka fi so", galibin manyan kamfanoni, a matsayin "wani abin ƙarfafa gwiwa don cin nasarar kasuwancin banki na saka hannun jari" daga waɗannan abokan cinikin. Goldman Sachs ya tara dala miliyan 87 a cikin kuɗin saka hannun jari daga Kamfanin Motocin Ford tsakanin 1996 da 2002. Wani mai fallasa ɗabi'a na hukumar ya bayyana rawar da Goldman ya taka a ayyukan bankin tare da Ford a matsayin "alkali da mai jefa ƙuri'a a wasa ɗaya".   Thornton ya ci gaba da kasancewa memba na kwamitocin diyya, kuɗi da naɗawa da kuma shugabanci na Ford kuma shi ne daraktan Ford mai zaman kansa mafi daɗewa.  Thornton ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimaka wa Ford ta tsira daga koma bayan tattalin arziki na COVID-19 . 

A shekara ta 2005, Thornton ya zama shugaban kafa kungiyar Nelson Mandela Legacy Trust a Amurka. 

A watan Disamba na 2008, Thornton ya zama memba na kwamitin gudanarwa a HSBC kuma ya sauka a 2013. Thornton ya kuma yi aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na Intel, ICBC, China Unicom, IMG, BSkyB, DirecTV, News Corp., da kuma kwamitin ba da shawara na McKinsey .

An naɗa Thornton a kwamitin gudanarwa na Barrick Gold a watan Mayun 2012 kuma ya zama Shugaban Gudanarwa na Barrick Gold  a shekarar 2014.  A watan Mayun 2017, gwamnatin Tanzania ta zargi Acacia Mining, wani reshe na Barrick Gold, da "rashin bayar da rahoton fitar da zinare da kashi goma cikin ɗari". Binciken ya nuna cewa ba a bayar da rahoton jan ƙarfe da azurfa sosai ba, kuma akwai sulfur, iron, iridium, titanium da zinc, amma ba a yi la'akari da su ba. Daga nan gwamnatin Tanzania ta sanya dokar hana fitar da zinare da jan ƙarfe. Zargin da aka yi da kuma haramcin sun rage darajar kasuwar Acacia.  A watan Oktoban 2017, Thornton ta gana da John Magufuli, shugaban ƙasar Tanzania na lokacin, na tsawon awanni shida, inda ta cimma yarjejeniyar farko da ta haɗa da biyan dala miliyan 300 na harajin da Acacia ta biya wa gwamnatin Tanzania, da kuma gwamnatin Tanzania da ta ɗauki kashi 16% na hannun jari a ma'adinan Acacia.  An ruwaito cewa Thornton bai gaya wa Acacia sharuddan shawarar ba sai bayan an sanar da yarjejeniyar, duk da cewa Acacia, ba Barrick ba, ce za ta dauki alhakin biyan kudin.  Jim kadan bayan an sanar da yarjejeniyar Thornton da Magufuli, manyan jami'an Acacia - Shugaba Brad Gordon, CFO Andrew Wray da COO Mark Morcombe, wadanda a karkashin mulkinsu dangantakarsu da gwamnatin Tanzania ta tabarbare - sun yi murabus.  Kudurin ya bai wa Acacia da Barrick damar ci gaba da aiki a Tanzania. A watan Janairun 2020, Barrick ya kafa wani kawance da gwamnatin Tanzania wanda ya shafi ma'adanai na North Mata, Bulyanhulu da Buzwagi . 

A ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2018, Barrick Gold  ta sanar da shirin mallakar Randgold Resources da ke cikin jerin sunayen London a cikin yarjejeniyar canji da ta kai sama da dala biliyan 6.5.   Haɗin gwiwar ya ƙarfafa matsayin Barrick a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin hakar zinare a duniya, tare da ingantattun kuma yiwuwar adana oza miliyan 78 na zinariya da kuma manyan filayen ƙasa a yawancin manyan yankunan samar da zinare a duniya.  Thornton ya jagoranci haɗin gwiwar hannun jari, babu-premium, wanda ya sami goyon bayan fiye da kashi 95% na masu hannun jari na kamfanonin biyu. 

A watan Fabrairun 2019, Barrick Gold ya sanar da tayin dala biliyan 19 mai tsauri don mallakar Kamfanin Newmont Mining Corporation, wani kamfani na Amurka da ke Denver, Colorado .   Hukumar gudanarwa ta Newmont ta yi watsi da tayin gaba daya, inda ta bayyana "shawarar Barrick mai girman kai" a matsayin "wanda aka tsara don canja wurin darajar daga masu hannun jari na Newmont zuwa na Barrick".  Shugaban kamfanin Newmont Gary Goldberg ya ce, "[O] ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka hana ikon Barrick na ƙirƙirar ƙima a baya har yanzu yana nan... John Thornton har yanzu yana da iko sosai."  Daga baya Newmont ya sauya wannan matsayin kuma ya amince ya shiga wani haɗin gwiwa da Barrick a Nevada . 

A watan Agusta na 2020, Berkshire Hathaway na Warren Buffett ya bayyana cewa ya sayi hannun jari miliyan 20.9 na Barrick Gold, wani matsayi da darajarsa ta kai dala miliyan 563.5 a ƙarshen kwata na biyu na 2020.  Watanni uku kacal bayan haka a watan Fabrairu na 2021, Berkshire Hathaway ta sayar da dukkan hannun jarinta na Barrick Gold. 

A shekarar 2023, Thornton ya shiga RedBird Capital Partners, wani kamfanin saka hannun jari mai kadarori sama da dala biliyan 10 a ƙarƙashin gudanarwa, a matsayin shugaba.  A wannan shekarar, an kuma naɗa Thornton a kwamitin kamfanin Lenovo, a matsayin darektan gudanarwa mai zaman kansa. 

A halin yanzu Thornton tana aiki a matsayin Shugabar Emeritus  na Cibiyar Brookings kuma shugabar haɗin gwiwa ta Ƙungiyar Asiya .  Baya ga waɗannan alaƙar ilimi da bincike, Thornton ta kuma rubuta gabatarwa ga littattafai uku, waɗanda suka haɗa da "Ɗabi'ar Zamantakewa a Cikin Canjin China",  "China a 2020"  da kuma "Dimokuraɗiyya Abu ne Mai Kyau". 

## Sha'awa a China
Sha'awar Thornton ga China ta kai akalla Nuwamba 1997, lokacin da Goldman Sachs ya taimaka wa China Telecom da dala biliyan 4.2 na IPO, ɗaya daga cikin jerin kamfanoni na farko na ƙasashen duniya mallakar gwamnatin China.  A lokacin da Thornton ya bar mukaminsa a Goldman, bankin ya zama babban mai ba da tallafi ga manyan kamfanonin mallakar gwamnatin China. 

Thornton ya shiga kwamitin amintattu na Brookings Institution a watan Mayu na 2000,  kuma ya zama shugaba a watan Yuni na 2003.  Brookings ya kafa John L. Thornton China Center a shekarar 2006 da gudummawar farko ta dala miliyan 12.5 daga John Thornton.  Cibiyar tana da ofisoshi a Washington DC da Beijing kuma tana ba da shawarwari ga masu yanke shawara a China da Yamma.   A watan Nuwamba na 2018, Thornton ya sauka daga mukaminsa na shugaban kwamitin kuma ya zama shugaban kwamitin. 

A shekarar 2009, Thornton ya zama memba na farko a Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Duniya ta asusun saka hannun jari na China Investment Corporation .  An kuma sanya shi a matsayin shugaban Hukumar Kula da Kuɗi ta Silk Road. 

Thornton babban mai ba da shawara ne  na Cibiyar Confucius .

Thornton memba ne na asali na kwamitin amintattu na Schwarzman Scholars, wanda Stephen A. Schwarzman ya kafa a shekarar 2013.  An nada ɗan Thornton, JR Thornton, a matsayin Schwarzman Scholars a shekarar 2017. 

A watan Satumba na 2017, Thornton ya taimaka wajen shirya taro tsakanin Steve Bannon da Wang Qishan, abokin Thornton kuma tsohon shugaban Bankin Gine-gine na China kuma tsohon memba na Kwamitin Dindindin na Jam'iyyar Politburo ta CCP, a hedikwatar Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta China (CCP) da ke Zhongnanhai 'yan makonni bayan an tilasta wa Bannon barin aikinsa na ba da shawara a gwamnatin Shugaba Donald Trump ta farko . Bannon, wanda shi ma tsohon ma'aikacin Goldman ne, ya bayyana Thornton a matsayin aboki kuma mai ba da shawara.

Thornton, tare da Sakataren Baitulmali, Steve Mnuchin, da Wakilin Ciniki na Amurka Jakadan Robert Lighthizer, sun yi aiki a matsayin daya daga cikin wadanda suka tsara yarjejeniyar ciniki ta Mataki na I tsakanin Amurka da China.  Abokin Shugaban Amurka Donald Trump  kuma makwabcin Palm Beach,  Thornton ya wakilci Amurka a lokacin yakin cinikayya na wa'adin shekaru hudu na Trump, ciki har da wani taron sirri a shekarar 2018 da Mataimakin Firayim Minista Liu He da kuma kwamitin ba da shawara na kasa da kasa na asusun arzikin kasar Sin. 

A shekarar 2025, dangantakar Thornton da Cai Qi, darektan Babban Ofishin CCP, ta shiga cikin bincike bayan da RedBird ya yi niyyar siyan *Jaridar Daily Telegraph* . 

## Sha'awa a Mongolia
A tsawon aikinsa, Thornton ya gina dangantaka da shugabannin ƙasashen da kamfanoninsa na yanzu da na baya suka gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci a cikinsu. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan alaƙar sun haɗa da Shugaban Amurka Donald Trump,  Babban Sakataren CCP Xi Jinping,  Firayim Ministan Australiya Malcolm Turnbull,  Shugaban Afirka ta Kudu Nelson Mandela,  Shugaban Mongolia Nambaryn Enkhbayar,  Shugaban Kongo Félix Tshisekedi  da Shugaban Tanzaniya John Magufuli .  Thornton ya ƙulla abota da Enkhbayar, wanda hukumar yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa ta Mongolia ta kama a watan Afrilun 2012 bayan an zarge shi da yin amfani da kadarorin gwamnati ba bisa ƙa'ida ba yayin da yake kan mulki.  Thornton ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a wani kamfen da Sanata Dianne Feinstein (D-CA) ta jagoranta  don samun goyon bayan ƙasashen duniya ga Enkhbayar, wanda kotun gwamnati ta yanke masa hukunci a watan Agusta na 2012.   Sanata Feinstein ya ɗauki matsayin cewa ba a bi tsarin shari'a ba a shari'ar Enkhbayar.  Sabon Shugaban Mongolia ya saki Enkhbayar kuma ya yafe masa 

## Ganewa
A shekara ta 2007, *Mai Zuba Jari na Cibiya* ya sanya John Thornton a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mutane arba'in waɗanda suka fi tasiri wajen tsara kasuwannin kuɗi na duniya a cikin shekaru arba'in da suka gabata.  Ya sami lambar yabo ta 2009 ta Ƙungiyar Tennis ta Intercollegiate (ITA),  wacce kowace shekara ke girmama wani tsohon ɗan wasan tennis na kwaleji wanda ya ba da gudummawa ta musamman ga al'umma da kuma cimma nasara a ayyukansu.

Thornton ya bayyana a cikin Jerin Manyan Mutane Masu Tasiri a Kan Harkokin Kasuwancin Kanada na 2017 na National Post . Jaridar ta lura cewa Thornton ya "sa ido kan wani gagarumin gyara a Barrick da ke Toronto" wanda hakan ya sa kamfanin "ya zubar da biliyoyin daloli na bashi kuma ya samar da kyakkyawan sakamako na kuɗi."

A shekarar 2008, an ba shi lambar yabo ta abokantaka ta Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, mafi girman girmamawa da aka bai wa wanda ba ɗan ƙasar Sin ba.  Gwamnatin Sin ta kuma naɗa shi ɗaya daga cikin "ƙwararrun ƙasashen waje" goma sha biyar waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa mafi girma ga ci gaban China a cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Thornton ta auri Margaret Bradham Thornton; suna da 'ya'ya huɗu. 

A shekarar 2011, *Jaridar Wall Street Journal* ta ba da rahoto game da yawan shan ruwa da mazauna Palm Beach masu arziki ke yi a lokacin fari mai ban mamaki.  An lissafa Thornton a cikin manyan masu amfani da ruwa guda biyar, bayan ya cinye  tsakanin watan Yunin 2010 da Mayun 2011. Matsakaicin mazaunin Palm Beach yana cin galan 108,000 a kowace shekara. 

## Manazarta