Zaɓuɓɓuka a Nijar

**Zaben a Nijar** suna faruwa a cikin tsarin Tsarin Shugaban kasa. Jama'a ne ke zabar Shugaban kasa da Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, tare da zaɓen da Hukumar Zabe ta Kasa mai zaman kanta (CENI) ta shirya.

## Tarihin zaɓe
Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, sauye-sauyen siyasa na Faransa ya nuna cewa Nijar ta fara zabar mambobi zuwa Majalisar Dokokin Faransa. na farko daga cikin wadannan zaben ya faru ne a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 1945, tare da Nijar da makwabciyar Faransa Sudan (yanzu Mali) sun haɗu cikin mazabar guda. An zabi 'yan majalisa biyu ta hanyar amfani da kwalejojin zabe daban-daban ga' yan ƙasar Faransa da' yan Afirka. Zaben da ya biyo baya na mazabar da aka hada a watan Yuni 1946. A zaben Nuwamba na shekara ta 1946, Nijar ta zama kujerar memba ɗaya, wanda Hamani Diori na Jam'iyyar Progressive Party (PPN) ta lashe.

An kafa Babban Majalisar a wannan lokacin kuma an fara zabarsa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1946 da Janairu na shekara ta 1947.  A shekara ta 1948 an ba Nijar kujerar ta biyu a Majalisar Dokokin Faransa, wanda aka cika shi a zaben da aka yi a watan Yunin wannan shekarar, tare da Georges Condat na Union of Nigerien Independents and Sympathisers da aka zaba. An sake gudanar da zaben Faransa a shekarar 1951, tare da UNIS ta lashe kujerun biyu. An canza Babban Majalisar zuwa Majalisar Yankin a 1952, tare da Zaben farko ga sabon jiki wanda ya haifar da nasara ga UNIS, wanda ya lashe dukkan kujerun Kwalejin Na Biyu 35.

An gudanar da zaben karshe na Majalisar Dokokin Faransa a Nijar a shekarar 1956, tare da PPN da kawancen Nigerian Action Bloc (BNA) da Nigerian Progressive Union (UPN) na Condat sun lashe kujerar daya kowannensu. Sawaba ce ta lashe zaben Majalisar Dokoki na Yankin na 1957, wanda ya dauki 41 daga cikin kujeru 60. Koyaya, a farkon zaɓen shekara mai zuwa, Union for the Franco-African Community alliance ta ci Sawaba, wanda ya haɗa da PPN.

Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960, PPN ta zama jam'iyya daya tilo. An gudanar da Zaben Shugaban kasa na farko a watan Satumbar 1965, tare da Diori a matsayin dan takara daya. Zaben majalisar dokoki daga baya a cikin shekarar ya haifar da PPN ta lashe dukkan kujeru 50. An gudanar da zaben shugaban kasa da na majalisa a shekarar 1970 a karkashin wannan tsarin tare da sakamako iri daya.

Wani Juyin mulki na 1974 ya cire PPN daga mulki, kuma ba a sake gudanar da zabe ba har zuwa 1989, lokacin da aka kira Babban Zabe, tare da National Movement for the Society of Development (MNSD), wanda aka kafa a farkon shekarar, a matsayin jam'iyya daya. An sake zabar Ali Saibou (wanda ke mulki tun shekara ta 1987) a matsayin shugaban kasa, tare da MNSD ta lashe dukkan kujeru 93 a Majalisar Dokoki.

A shekara ta 1993 an halatta wasu jam'iyyun siyasa, kuma an gudanar da zaben majalisa na farko tun bayan samun 'yancin kai a watan Fabrairun 1993.  MNSD ta fito ne a matsayin jam'iyya mafi girma, amma ta lashe kujeru 29 kawai daga cikin 83; jam'iyyun adawa daga baya sun kafa Alliance of the Forces of Change, wanda ke da rinjaye a majalisa. A cikin Zaben shugaban kasa ba da daɗewa ba, an zabi Mahamane Ousmane na Jam'iyyar Democrat da Social Convention a zagaye na biyu, inda ya ci Mamadou Tandja na MNSD (wanda ya sami mafi yawan kuri'u a zagaye ya farko). Bayan rabuwa a cikin AFC, an gudanar da zaben 'yan majalisa na farko a shekarar 1995,  amma bai canza tsarin Majalisar Dokoki ba.

Wani juyin mulki a watan Janairun 1996 ya haifar da Zaben shugaban kasa a watan Yuli, inda aka zabi shugaban juyin mulki Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara. Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Kai ta Kasa don Sabuntawa ta Democrat, wacce aka kafa don tallafa masa, ta sami rinjaye a zaben' yan majalisa daga baya a cikin shekarar a cikin kauracewa na adawa. Wani juyin mulki a 1999 ya haifar da Babban Zabe a wannan shekarar. An zabi Tandja a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma MNSD ta fito a matsayin babbar jam'iyya a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa tare da 38 daga cikin kujeru 83. Zaben 2004 ya ga Tandja ya sake zabarsa kuma MNSD ta kasance babbar jam'iyya.

Wani raba gardama na shekara ta 2009 ya haifar da dakatar da kundin tsarin mulki da kuma jinkirta zaben shugaban kasa. Zaben majalisar dokoki ya ci gaba, tare da kauracewa na adawa wanda ya ba MNSD damar lashe rinjaye. Koyaya, an cire Tandja daga ofishin a Juyin mulki na 2010 kuma an gudanar da Babban Zabe a 2011, wanda ya ga Mahamadou Issoufou na Jam'iyyar Nijar ta Dimokuradiyya da Socialism (PNDS) ya zama shugaban kasa kuma PNDS ta zama babbar jam'iyya a Majalisar Dokoki. An sake zabar Issoufou a Babban zaben 2016, tare da zagaye na biyu na zaben shugaban kasa da 'yan adawa suka kaurace wa. PNDS ta sami gagarumin nasara a zaben 'yan majalisa, amma ta kasa samun rinjaye.

## Tsarin zabe
Ana zabar Shugaban kasa na tsawon shekaru biyar ta amfani da tsarin zagaye biyu. Ana zabar mambobi 171 na Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa ta hanyoyi uku. Mafi rinjaye, 158, an zabe su ne daga mazabu takwas masu yawa bisa ga yankuna bakwai da yankin Niamey; ana rarraba kujerun ta amfani da sauƙi mai sauƙi da kuma mafi girman matsakaicin hanya a ƙarƙashin wakilci mai daidaituwa, kuma akwai ƙofar zaɓe ta 5%. Ana zabar wasu mambobi takwas daga mazabar mutum daya don wakiltar 'yan tsiraru, yayin da aka zaba biyar daga mazabar memba daya don wakilci' yan Najeriya da ke zaune a kasashen waje, tare da mazabar daya ga kowace nahiya. Ana zabar mazabar memba guda ɗaya a kan tushen farko-da-mutum (FPTP). 

## Tattaunawar raba gardama
A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Faransa, 'yan ƙasar Faransa a Nijar sun sami damar jefa kuri'a a cikin raba gardama na Faransa da aka gudanar a 1945, Mayu 1946 da Oktoba 1946. A shekara ta 1958 an gudanar da raba gardama na kundin tsarin mulki a duk faɗin mulkin mallaka na Faransa; kin amincewa zai haifar da 'yancin kai nan take, yayin da amincewa zai kai ga yankin ya shiga cikin Al'ummar Faransa. A Nijar, kashi 78% na masu jefa kuri'a sun amince da raba gardama.

An gudanar da raba gardama na gaba a shekarar 1987 a kan Yarjejeniyar Kasa wacce za ta kafa cibiyoyin ba da shawara a matakin kasa da na gida ba, tare da sakamakon hukuma da ke nuna 99.6% na kuri'a a cikin ni'ima. Wani raba gardama na kundin tsarin mulki bayan shekaru biyu ya ga sabon kundin tsarin mulki ya amince da irin wannan gefen. Wani raba gardama na kundin tsarin mulki a shekarar 1992, wanda ya ba da shawarar sake gabatar da dimokuradiyya ta jam'iyyun da yawa, 90% na masu jefa kuri'a sun amince da shi.

Juyin mulkin na 1996 ya haifar da raba gardama wanda ya ga sabon kundin tsarin mulki da kashi 92% na masu jefa kuri'a suka amince da shi, yayin da juyin mulkin 1999 ya haifar da wani sabon kundin tsarin mulkin da ya sami amincewa kashi 90% na masu jefa jefa kuri'u. Wani raba gardama a shekara ta 2009 ya ba da shawarar dakatar da kundin tsarin mulki har sai an sake rubuta shi, kuma kashi 92.5% na masu jefa kuri'a sun amince da shi, kodayake ya haifar da rikicin kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya haifar da wani juyin mulki da kuma wani raba gardama na kundin tsarin mulki a shekara ta 2010, tare da kashi 90% na goyon bayan sabon kundin tsarin mulki.

## Bayanan da aka ambata