Ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa

An bayyana Ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa a matsayin "sani da imani game da cututtukan kwakwalwa waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen ganewa, gudanarwa da rigakafi. Ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa ya haɗa da ikon gane takamaiman cututtuka; sanin yadda za a nemi bayanan lafiyar kwakwalwa; sanin abubuwan haɗari da abubuwan da ke haifar da su, na kula da kai, da kuma taimakon kwararru; da kuma halayen da ke inganta ganewa da neman taimako mai dacewa".[1] Manufar ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa ta samo asali ne daga ilimin kiwon lafiya, wanda ke da niyyar kara ilimin haƙuri game da lafiyar jiki, cututtuka, da jiyya.[1]

## Tsarin
Mental health literacy has three major components: recognition, knowledge, and attitudes. A conceptual framework of mental health literacy illustrates the connections between components, and each is conceptualized as an area to target for measurement or intervention. While some researchers have focused on a single component, others have focused on multiple and/or the connection between components. For example, a researcher may focus solely on improving recognition of disorders through an education program, whereas another researcher may focus on integrating all three components into one program.&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

=== Sanarwa ===
Recognition can be broken down into symptom or illness recognition. Symptom recognition is the ability to detect beliefs, behaviors, and other physical manifestations of mental illness, without knowing explicitly which disorder they link to. Specific illness recognition is the ability to identify the presentation of a disorder, such as [[Babban rashin damuwa|major depressive disorder]].<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

Sanin bambanci tsakanin ilimi da halayen wani muhimmin bangare ne na tsarin ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Duk da yake wasu kokarin sun mayar da hankali kan inganta ilimi, wasu masu bincike sun yi jayayya cewa canza halayen ta hanyar rage wulakanci hanya ce mafi mahimmanci ta haifar da canji mai ma'ana a cikin amfani da kiwon lafiya na hankali. Gabaɗaya, duka hanyoyin suna da fa'idodi don inganta sakamako.

Sanin jama'a game da cututtukan jiki da kiwon lafiya galibi ana gane su kuma ana karɓar su sosai amma an yi watsi da ilimin ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Mutane da yawa ba za su iya gane cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa ko damuwa daban-daban na tunanin mutum ba. Idan ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa bai inganta ba, yana iya ci gaba da watsi da kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa, da jin an hana taimakon kai da goyon baya daga al'umma. 

### Ilimi
Ilimi shine mafi girman bangare na ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa, kuma mahimman batutuwa a cikin Lafiya ta kwakwalwa sun haɗa da:

* Yadda za a sami bayanai: cibiyoyin sadarwa da tsarin da mutane ke amfani da su don samun bayanai game da cututtukan hankali. Wannan na iya haɗawa da abokai, dangi, malamai, ko manyan tushe, kamar nishaɗi ko kafofin sada zumunta.
* Abubuwan haɗari: waɗanne dalilai ne ke sanya mutane cikin haɗari mafi girma ga takamaiman cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa. Abubuwan haɗari na iya zama rashin aikin yi, ƙarancin kuɗi, rashin ilimi, nuna bambanci, da tashin hankali.
* Dalilan rikicewar hankali
* Magani da kai ko taimakon kai: menene mafi kyawun mutane zasu iya yi don taimakawa kansu murmurewa ba tare da tuntuɓar masu sana'a ba, gami da amfani da littattafan taimakon kai da kafofin watsa labarai. Kodayake yawancin maganin kai ba su da tasiri kuma har ma da lahani saboda rashin ilimi.
* Taimako na sana'a: inda za a sami taimako na sana'aa da / ko wane taimako na sanaʼa yake.

### Halin da ake ciki
Ana nazarin halayen a cikin ƙananan abubuwa guda biyu: halayen game da cututtukan hankali, ko mutanen da ke da cututattun hankali, da halayen game le neman taimako ko magani. Halin na iya bambanta sosai ga mutum, kuma sau da yawa yana iya zama da wahala a auna ko a yi niyya tare da shiga tsakani. Duk da haka, akwai babban rukuni na wallafe-wallafen bincike a kan bangarorin biyu, kodayake ba koyaushe ba ne a bayyane yake da alaƙa da ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa.

Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya fahimci halaye daban-daban a tsakanin masu sana'ar kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa game da hangen nesa, sakamako na dogon lokaci da yiwuwar nuna bambanci kamar yadda ya fi na jama'a. Halin masu kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa sun bambanta da shiga tsakani, amma wannan bambancin yawanci yana da alaƙa da jagorancin ƙwararru.

## Ra'ayoyin jama'a
An gudanar da bincike na jama'a a kasashe da yawa don bincika ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Wadannan binciken sun nuna cewa ganewar cututtukan kwakwalwa ba su da kuma sun nuna mummunar imani game da wasu daidaitattun hanyoyin kula da kwakwalwa, musamman magunguna. A gefe guda, ana kallon hanyoyin tunani, hadin kai da taimakon kai da kyau. Jama'a sun fi son taimakon kai da kuma salon rayuwa, suna adawa da kiwon lafiya, da kuma shiga tsakani na psychopharmacological.

Sakamakon da ke kewaye da halayen jama'a game da rikice-rikice na hankali sun haɗa da mummunan ra'ayi, Nuna bambanci, ko Stigma. A sakamakon haka, wannan na iya rinjayar halayyar neman taimako ko gazawar neman magani. A Kanada, wani binciken kasa ya gano cewa matasa maza masu girma suna kula da matsalolinsu da kansu kuma ba su da damar neman taimako na yau da kullun. Tasirin kafofin watsa labarai yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ci gaba da tunanin da ba daidai ba game da rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa, kamar ba da umarnin halaye masu barazana. Wani binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna yadda yawancin mahalarta suka lura da kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin tushen imanin su game da rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa da ke da alaƙa da tashin hankali, da kuma yadda wannan halin ya fi yawa ga cututtukan kwakwalwa masu tsanani. Tsoro da fahimtar haɗari da ke da alaƙa da cututtukan kwakwalwa sun karu a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, galibi saboda mummunar cututtukani irin su schizophrenia ana danganta su da yiwuwar tashin hankali da cutarwa ga wasu. Wadannan imani da halayen zasu iya zama shingen neman taimakon kwararru, da kuma tallafawa wasu.

Bugu da ƙari, mummunan kunya game da lafiyar hankali na iya hana ikon wasu samun taimako. Lokacin da mai kula ya guji neman maganin lafiyar kwakwalwa saboda tsoron zargi da ke kewaye da lakabin rashin lafiya na kwakwalwa, ana ganinsa a matsayin zargi mai alaƙa. Wannan sabon abu yana kara tsanantawa a cikin yanayin da yara da ke nuna alamun rashin lafiya na kwakwalwa suna da iyaye waɗanda ke da mummunar imani game da rashin lafiya na hankali. Bincike ya gano cewa mutanen da ke da mummunan ra'ayi game da alamun lafiyar kwakwalwa na iya ƙin neman magani ga kansu ko yaransu don kauce wa lakabin rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Wani bincike a shekarar 2015 ya gano cewa lalacewar alaƙa yana rage yardar iyaye don neman maganin lafiyar kwakwalwa ga yaransu, wanda zai iya haifar da raguwar jin daɗin yara gaba ɗaya. An kuma gano cewa kashe kansa shine na uku mafi girma na mutuwa ga shekaru 15 zuwa 19. Wannan binciken ya gano cewa wasu iyaye suna tsoron cewa likitoci za su hukunta su a matsayin iyaye marasa kyau idan an gano yaransu da ADHD. Wani binciken shari'a daga wani kari ga rahoton likitan Amurka na 2001 game da lafiyar kwakwalwa a Amurka ya nuna misali na karancin ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa da / ko tsoron lalacewar cutar kwakwalwa: "Wani mutum ne mai shekaru 30 mai magana da harsuna biyu, namiji na Vietnam wanda aka sanya shi a cikin rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa don rikicewar hankali. Bayan makwabta sun same shi yana kururuwa da ƙanshin fitsari da ƙanƙantar ƙwaƙwalwa da ƙarancin ƙwaƙwalwa. "  Iyayensa sun haifar da rashin jin daɗin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa da ƙwaƙwalwa na ƙwaƙwalwa ta hanyar tunanin cewa rashin jin daɗin ƙarancin ƙarancin lafiyar ƙwaƙwalwa sun haifar da ƙwaƙwalyar ƙwayar ƙwayar cutaccen ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwa ne da ƙwayar ƙwayawar ƙwayar ƙwa Rashin kunya da rashin ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa na iya haifar da lahani ga waɗanda ke fama da rashin lafiya.

### Soja
Tare da schizophrenia, PTSD kuma cuta ce ta hankali da aka nuna sosai wanda sau da yawa ba a fahimta ba, musamman a tsakanin al'ummar soja. Bincike ya gano cewa akwai shingen da ke hana tsofaffi da yawa neman magani don PTSD da sauran cututtukan kwakwalwa  kamar damuwa cewa wasu za su gan su a matsayin "hauka", imanin cewa magani ba shi da tasiri ko kuma bai cancanci hakan ba, kuma imanin cewa wadanda ke da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa ba za a iya dogaro da su ba. Wadannan imani game da lafiyar kwakwalwa da maganin lafiyar kwakwalwa sun fi yawa a cikin al'ummar soja saboda al'adun soja wanda ke mai da hankali sosai kan tsananin motsin rai, kame kai da stoicism. Kodayake waɗannan dabi'u suna da amfani a cikin yanayin yaƙi, suna iya zama shingen neman magani da bin magani.

## Matakan
Masu bincike sun auna fannoni na ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa ta hanyoyi da yawa. Hanyoyin da aka fi sani sun haɗa da nazarin vignette da gwaje-gwaje na nasara. Nazarin Vignette yana auna ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa ta hanyar samar da taƙaitaccen labarin mutum (ko mutane) da ke da matsalar lafiyar kwakwalwa, da kuma tambayar mahalarta tambayoyi don gano matsalar da mutum ke fuskanta, kuma a wasu lokuta, ƙarin tambayoyi game da yadda mutum zai iya taimakawa kansu.

Achievement tests measure mental health literacy on a continuum, such that higher scores on a test indicate greater overall knowledge or understanding of a concept. Achievement tests can be formatted using multiple-choice, true/false, or other quantitative scales.&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

=== Matakan da aka yi amfani da su ===
An halicci ma'auni daban-daban don auna bangarori daban-daban na ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa, kodayake ba duk an tabbatar da su ba. An auna ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin al'ummomi da yawa, ya bambanta da shekaru, al'adu, da sana'a. Yawancin binciken sun mayar da hankali kan manya da matasa, kodayake inganta karatu da rubutu a cikin yara ya kasance mai mayar da hankali ga kokarin rigakafi.

Za'a iya auna kauce wa lakabin iyaye ta hanyar Stigma na Neman Taimako (SSOSH). 

Ana auna karfafawa ta iyali ta hanyar Scale na Karfafawa na Iyali (FES). 

Matakan ci gaba guda uku 

* Ci gaban ma'auni An haɓaka halayen MHL guda bakwai ta amfani da ilimin halayyar asibiti Sakamakon asibiti ya nuna ƙarancin ilimi a fagen don ba da damar bambancin abubuwan haɗari ga rashin lafiya na hankali da abubuwan da ke haifar da shi.
** An haɓaka halayen MHL guda bakwai ta amfani da ilimin halayyar asibiti
** Sakamakon asibiti ya nuna rashin isasshen ilimi a fagen don ba da damar bambancin abubuwan haɗari ga rashin lafiya na hankali da abubuwan da ke haifar da hakan.
* Gwajin abu Abubuwa ana samar da su daga halayen da ƙungiyar bincike da kwamitin asibiti
** Abubuwa suna samuwa ne daga halayen da ƙungiyar bincike da kwamitin asibiti suka yi
* ingancin ilimin halayyar mutum da kuma hanyar da za a iya gane cututtukan hankali
** Sakamakon ikon gane cututtukan hankali

== Ƙuntatawa ==

Low literacy within a population is a relevant concern, since at the most basic level, mental health literacy is linked to general literacy. Without this foundation, the beneficial effects of mental health literacy are challenging for those who face difficulties with reading and writing. Increased measures to increase literacy rates must be employed to empower and encourage the self-help components of mental health literacy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

Jama'a na iya zama daban-daban, wanda ke nufin shingen, kamar al'adu da zamantakewa, dole ne a magance su. A cikin al'adu da kuma al'adu, abubuwan zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa suna da tasiri sosai ga lafiyar hankali. Akwai abubuwa da yawa na muhalli da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na lafiyar kwakwalwa da cututtukan kwakwalwa, kamar yadda yake ga lafiyar jiki da rashin lafiya na jiki. Abubuwan da ke tattare da lafiyar jiki ciki har da talauci, ilimi da tallafin zamantakewa suma suna aiki ne a matsayin masu tasiri. Don haɗawa da ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa da ra'ayoyi daban-daban, ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike a waɗannan yankuna.

Recognizing uncommon mental disorders is another hurdle that can disrupt mental health literacy within the public. Recent research shows that most studies are limited to identifying depression, generalized anxiety, and schizophrenia. In a recent Canadian study, most participants demonstrated good mental health literacy in regards to most mental health disorders, but a poor understanding of panic disorder. An increased awareness surrounding underrepresented or more uncommon mental disorders is needed to widen public knowledge.&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

Ƙuntatawa ta ƙarshe ita ce rashin bincike game da ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa na yara, kamar yadda yawancin karatun ke mai da hankali kan manya da matasa. Idan masu kula da ba su da ilimi game da ganewa da tallafawa cututtukan kwakwalwa, wannan na iya haifar da rikice-rikice kuma ya haifar da jinkirin magani ko rashin daidaituwa ga masu dogaro. Za a iya aiwatar da shirin ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa na yara (CMHL) don yin niyya ga duk manya a cikin yawan jama'a, da iyaye, malamai, masu sana'a da / ko yara da kansu.

== Hanyoyin ingantawa ==
An gwada hanyoyi da yawa kuma an ba da shawarar inganta ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa, da yawa daga cikinsu suna da shaidar tasiri. Wadannan sun hada da:

# **Dukan kamfen ɗin al'umma**. Misalan sun wuce shuɗi  da dabarun Compass  a Ostiraliya, Gwagwarmayar Rashin Rashin Rashi  a Ƙasar Ingila, da Nuremberg Alliance Against Depression  a Jamus.
# **Harkokin shiga tsakani na makaranta**. Wadannan sun hada da MindMatters  da Ilimi na Rashin Zuciya  a Ostiraliya, da kuma Jagoran Kula da Lafiya & Makarantar Sakandare a Kanada 
# **Shirye-shiryen horo na mutum**. Wadannan sun hada da horar da taimakon taimakon taimakon farko na lafiyar kwakwalwa  da kuma horar da kwarewar rigakafin kashe kansa.  Shirye-shiryen da ke ƙarfafa karfafawa da zabi za su kasance masu fa'ida, kamar maganin kai tsaye na yanar gizo.
# **Shafukan yanar gizo da littattafan da aka tsara don jama'a**. Akwai shaidar cewa duka shafukan yanar gizo da littattafai na iya inganta ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Koyaya, ingancin bayanai akan shafukan yanar gizo na iya zama ƙasa a wasu lokuta.
# **Dangantaka tsakanin masu kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa da abokan ciniki.** Ta hanyar ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwa, masu sana'a na iya inganta ƙwarewa, zaɓin da aka sani, da ilimin da za a iya fahimta ga kowane matakin fahimta, kamar fassara binciken bincike zuwa harshe mai sauƙi.

=== Ƙarfafawa na iyali ===
Yara sau da yawa dole ne su dogara ga iyalansu don samun damar samun sabis na kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa wanda ke haifar da iyaye da ke karɓar kulawa mai yawa daga ƙwararrun masu kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa don ilimantar da su game da lafiyar kwakwalwa. Matsayin karfafawa na iyali (FE) ya ƙunshi nau'o'i biyu: (a) matakan karfafawa (iyali, ilimi, tsarin da al'umma) da (b) gidan da aka bayyana karfafawa. Bincike ya nuna cewa FE yana da alaƙa da aiki mai kyau na yaro. FE kuma tana hulɗa da imanin mutum game da ikon su na aiwatar da halayen da ake buƙata don samar da takamaiman nasarorin aiki, wanda ake kira kai-kai,  musamman game da samun ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Wani binciken da aka gudanar a shekarar 2022 ya gano cewa karuwar ingancin iyaye game da lafiyar kwakwalwa yana da alaƙa da sakamakon jin daɗin yara.

Makarantu na iya koyar da lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin manyan azuzuwan ko haɗa shi a cikin ilimin kiwon lafiya da ake buƙata. Wadannan darussan lafiyar kwakwalwa na iya koyar da ƙwarewar motsa jiki kuma suna da yanayi ga ɗalibai don raba tafiye-tafiyen lafiyar kwakwalwa. A cewar CDC,  koyar da lafiyar kwakwalwa na iya rage wulakanci da inganta ilimin ɗalibai da halin da ake ciki game da lafiyar kwakwa, da kuma neman tallafi. Za su iya yin hakan ta hanyar koyar da cewa lafiyar kwakwalwa za a iya magance ta, koyon yadda za a rage da kuma bayyana dalilin da ya sa muke jin abin da muke ji, da kuma tallafawa ɗalibai da ke buƙatar taimako.

==== Wasanni ====
Har ila yau, ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa ya sami amfani a fagen wasanni. Ma'aikatan zamantakewar wasanni suna inganta ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa na 'yan wasa ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Ma'aikatan zamantakewa suna shiga cikin bincike, ilimi, ci gaban manufofi, bayar da shawarwari ga mutane, shirya al'ummomi, da kuma ta hanyar aiki kai tsaye.

**Haɗuwa da Ilimi na Lafiya'''

Dangane da bita na wallafe-wallafen da aka buga a cikin Canadian Journal of Psychiatry,  ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa yana taimakawa wajen inganta sakamakon kiwon lafiya ga mutane. Ya kamata a yi la'akari da fahimtar da ci gaba don ci gaba da ci gaba a nan gaba don ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Wannan yana nufin ya kamata a sanar da sauye-sauyen ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa tare da ilimin kiwon lafiya. Misali, babu misalai na ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa da aka haɗa a cikin wani littafi na baya-bayan nan na ilimin lafiyar Kanada.

## Dubi kuma

* Taimako na farko na lafiyar kwakwalwa
* Ilimin ilimin halayyar dan adam

## Manazarta

## Ƙarin karantawa

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