open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Frank Kelly (masanin ilimin lissafi)

**Francis J. Kelly** farfesa ne na Burtaniya na kiwon lafiya da manufofi kuma Shugaban Kungiyar Binciken Muhalli (cibiyar duniya da aka keɓe don binciken gurɓata iska) a Kwalejin Imperial ta London .  Yana da iko a kan tasirin kiwon lafiya na gurɓataccen iska.

## Ayyukan ilimi da bincike
Kelly ya sami digiri na farko daga Jami'ar Sarauniya ta Belfast, kafin ya dauki Ph.D. a fannin ilimin lissafi a can. Daga nan sai ya shiga Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania, a matsayin abokin karatun postdoctoral. Bayan ya yi aiki a Amurka, ya koma Burtaniya a matsayin malami a Jami'ar Southampton . A farkon aikinsa, bincikensa ya mayar da hankali kan ilmin halitta da cututtukan ɗan adam, da lalacewar huhu a cikin jarirai da marasa lafiya na Cystic fibrosis.

A shekara ta 1992, Kelly ta koma London kuma ta haɓaka sabon sha'awar bincike game da tasirin gurɓataccen iska akan huhu da lafiyar numfashi. Ya zama Babban Malami a Asibitin St Thomas, inda sha'awar bincikensa ta haɗa da tasirin kiwon lafiya na bitamin E,  kafin ya koma Kwalejin Sarki, London, inda ya kasance Farfesa na Kiwon Lafiya da Darakta na Kungiyar Binciken Muhalli.  Kelly da ƙungiyarsa sun koma Kwalejin Imperial a shekarar 2020. Ayyukansa na yanzu sun haɗa da WellHome, babban binciken yadda gurɓataccen iska na cikin gida ke shafar asma na yara a cikin birane.

Kelly tana aiki tare da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya kan batutuwan gurɓataccen iska kuma memba ne na Kwamitin Binciken Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya (HEI). Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Masana Lafiya na Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Burtaniya kan Tasirin Kiwon Lafiya na Air Pollutants (COMEAP), Shugaban Kungiyar Turai don Binciken Radical kyauta, da Shugaban Kungiyar Burtaniya don Bincike na Lung . 

Kelly ta wallafa takardu sama da 450 da aka sake dubawa.

## Kyaututtuka
Kelly ta lashe lambar yabo ta Royal Society of Chemistry Toxicology ta 2019 don "bincike mai ban sha'awa game da hanyoyin toxicological na kyauta da antioxidant da suka dace da guba ta huhu". Har ila yau a wannan shekarar, ya raba kyautar Elsevier Haagen-Smit tare da Julia Fussell don takarda game da guba na gurɓataccen iska. An zabe shi Fellow na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya a shekarar 2018  kuma ya zama abokin girmamawa na Cibiyar Gudanar da Ingancin Air a shekarar 2021.  An sanya Kelly a cikin CBE a watan Janairun 2025 "don sabis ga binciken gurɓataccen iska da lafiyar ɗan adam".

## Bayyanar kafofin watsa labarai
Kelly mai sharhi ne na kafofin watsa labarai akai-akai kan batutuwan ingancin iska, kamar gurɓataccen yanayi a London,    gurɓatawar da ke haifar da sufuri na hanya,   ko sauyawa zuwa motocin lantarki na iya magance ingancin iska, amfani da haraji don inganta ingancin iska,'  gurɓata iska a wasu sassan duniya, [4] da tasirin iyakokin gurɓatacciyar iska da jagororin.

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### Takardun kimiyya

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## Manazarta
Joseph LaDou

**Joseph LaDou** (Agusta 19, 1938 - Nuwamba 10, 2023), wani Ba'amurke ƙwararren likita ne da likitancin muhalli wanda ya yi aiki a Silicon Valley a farkon shekarun semiconductor da masana'antar kwamfuta. A cikin 1983, an nada shi Shugaban farko na Jami'ar California, San Francisco (MC) Sashen Ma'aikata da Magungunan Muhalli, kuma shi ne babban darektan shirin zama a can daga 1982-1991. 2005. A cikin waɗannan shekarun, LaDou ya kasance darektan Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya ta UCSF.

## Sana'a
Daga 1983 zuwa 2002, baya ga sauran nauyin da ya rataya a wuyansa, LaDou ya kasance darektan "Ci gaba a Magungunan Ayyuka da Muhalli", ci gaba da karatun ilimin likitanci wanda ya horar da likitoci fiye da 3,000 (500 daga kasashe masu tasowa) a cikin aikin likitancin sana'a.

Nazarin LaDou game da ƙaura na duniya na masana'antu masu haɗari [abubuwa da ake bukata] ya haifar da ƙoƙari na sarrafa hatsarori na sana'a da muhalli. Bayan yin ritaya, LaDou ya kasance Farfesa Emeritus na Medicine a UCSF.

LaDou ya mutu a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2023, yana da shekaru 85.

## Ayyuka
Daga cikin fitattun littattafan LaDou:

LaDou, Joseph, ed. 1986. Batu na musamman akan "Masana'antar Microelectronics," Matsayin Jigo na Fasaha: Magungunan Ma'aikata 1 (1, Janairu-Maris). Philadelphia: Hanley da Belfus.

LaDou, Joseph, da Timothy Rohm. 1998. "Masana'antar Lantarki ta Duniya," Jarida ta Duniya na Lafiyar Ma'aikata da Muhalli 4 (1): 1-18.

Ladou, Joseph. 2003. "Kiwon Lafiyar Ma'aikata na Duniya," Jarida ta Duniya na Tsafta da Lafiyar Muhalli 206: 303-313.

Ladou, Joseph. 2004. "Annobar Asbestos Cancer", Ra'ayin Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli 112 (3): 285-90.

Ladou, Joseph. 2006. "Magungunan Sana'a a Amurka: Shawarwari don Kawar da Ma'aikata 'Daya da Sake Samar da Tsarin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a," Jarida ta Duniya na Lafiya da Lafiyar Muhalli 12 (2): 154-168.

LaDou, Joseph, da John C. Bailar III. 2007. "Ciwon daji da Haihuwa Hatsari a cikin Semiconductor Masana'antu," International Journal of Aiki da Muhalli Lafiya 13 (4): 376-385.

LaDou, Joseph, da Sandra Lovegrove. 2008. "Electronics Waste Export," International Journal of Aiki da Lafiyar Muhalli 14 (1): 1-10.

Ladou, Joseph. 2010. "Sakamakon Ma'aikata a Amurka: Canjin Kuɗi da rashin daidaituwa a cikin Tsarin Rashin aiki," New Solutions 20 (3): 291-302.

Ladou, Joseph. 2011. "Tasirin Turai akan Gyaran Ma'aikata a Amurka", Lafiyar Muhalli 10 (1): 103.

Ladou, Joseph. 2012. "Ma'aikata' Reforme Reformed," Int J Occup Muhalli Lafiya 18 (2): 92-5.

LaDou, Joseph, Leslie London, da Andrew Watterson. 2018. "Lafiyar Ma'aikata: Duniya na Ƙarya Alkawari," Lafiyar Muhalli 17 (1): 81. doi: 10.1186 / s12940-018-0422-x.

LaDou, Joseph, da Robert J. Harrison, ed. 2021. Bincike na Yanzu & Jiyya: Sana'a & Magungunan Muhalli, 6th ed. McGraw-Hill Medical, New York. 

## Girmamawa
Kyautar Ramazzini, wanda Collegium Ramazzini, Carpi, Italiya ta ba shi, don nasarorin da aka samu a fagen aikin likitanci, 1998

Harriet Hardy Award, Kwalejin Aikin Ma'aikata da Magungunan Muhalli na New England, 2005

## Manazarta
Rafin Smite

**Kogin Smite**, wani yanki ="River Devon, Nottinghamshire">Kogin Devon, yana gudana na kilomita 20 (kilomita 32) ta hanyar Leicestershire da kudu maso gabashin Nottinghamshire, Ingila. Tushen yana kusa da ƙauyen Holwell, Leicestershire  ya haɗu da Devon kusa da Shelton, *Nottinghamshire*. Smite da yankunan da ke kusa da shi, kamar River Whipling, Stroom Dyke, da Dalby Brook, suna zubar da yanki na  kilomita 193 (75 sq  na gonar gona a cikin *Kwarin Belvoir*.

## Sunan
A cikin karni na 17 an san kogin da Snite . Wannan da rubutun zamani ana zaton sun samo asali ne daga Tsohon Turanci *smita*, wanda ke nuna mummunan wuri ko wuri mai laushi. Wannan yana da alaƙa da wani tsohuwar kalmar Turanci *smitan*, wanda ke nufin daub ko gurɓata. Yana nuna cewa Smite ya kasance mai datti, mai cike da ruwa.

## Tushen
Kogin ya samo asali ne daga maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da yawa kusa da Holwell, tare da layin bazara inda dutsen ƙarfe na gida ya haɗu da ƙananan duwatsun laka a gefen Bleak Hills, waɗanda suka zama wani ɓangare na Belvoir Ridge. Koyaya, tushen Smite kuma an danganta shi da wani bazara 1 km zuwa arewa da ake kira Holwell Mouth, wani chalybeate ko ma'adinai a cikin wani kwari mai itatuwa a arewacin Holwell. Yanzu ba a amfani da maɓuɓɓugar ba, amma a ƙarni na 17 da 18 an yi tunanin cewa tana da kayan warkarwa kuma tana da wurin zama na dutse ga waɗanda ke shan ruwa. Ya ƙunshi gishirin ƙarfe wanda ke ba shi launin ja da kuma dandano mai ɗanɗano. Sunan Holwell, na asalin Saxon, yana nufin "maɓuɓɓugar ko rafi a cikin rami".   &nbsp;

## Hanyar da ake ciki
Rarraba iri-iri da ke gangarowa daga tsaunin Bleak sun haɗu da Smite yayin da yake gudana ta hanyar arewa-maso-yamma, kafin su juya zuwa arewa-maso gabas a ƙasan ƙwanƙolin, zuwa cikin ƙasan Vale na Belvoir.  An kewaye ta da wani magudanar ruwa na Canal Grantham, sannan ya ci gaba a hanyar arewa maso yamma don saduwa da Dalby Brook.  Wannan tafsiri yana magudana kudu-maso-yamma na magudanar ruwa, yana tashi kusa da Old Dalby, sannan yana gudana tsakanin Upper da Nether Broughton kuma ya wuce Hickling zuwa mahadar tare da Smite.  Bayan wannan mahaɗar kogin yana gudana ta Colston Bassett da kuma kusa da Wiverton Hall, inda Stroom Dyke ke haɗuwa da shi.  Yana ci gaba ta ƙasar noma, har ya isa A52, inda ya ratsa tsakanin ƙauyukan Whatton-in-the-Vale da Aslockton.  Kogin Whipling yana haɗuwa da shi yayin da yake wucewa da ragowar motte da beli na Aslockton Castle.  Kogin yana ci gaba da arewa maso gabas, kusa da kauyukan Orston, Thoroton, Flawborough da Shelton, inda ya hadu da Kogin Devon. . 

Kogin Whipling shine babban mai ba da gudummawa ga Smite kuma mai nisan mil 6 (9.7 . Tushenta shine haɗuwa da magudanan ruwa guda biyu, Rundle Beck da Grimmer, waɗanda suka haɗu kusa da Granby. Whipling sa'an nan kuma yana gudana a kusa da ƙauyen, kafin ya ɗauki hanyar arewa maso gabas don shiga Smite kusa da Whatton.

Whipling da masu ba da gudummawa suna zubar da kimanin  kilomita 52 (20 sq  na kwarin Belvoir, suna ba da guddina game da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na yankin Smite.
Rafin Swere

Kogin Swere rafi ne a cikin Oxfordshire, Ingila, mai tsayin kilomita 2.09 [1] da tsayin ƙafa 322.  Tushen kogin yana kusa da Swerford.  Tana gangarowa arewa zuwa Wigginton, sannan ta juya gabas, ta wuce sama da South Newington, Barford St. Michael da Deddington kafin ya shiga cikin kogin Cherwell da ke yammacin M40, gabanin Aynho.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
KP Makamashi

**KP Energy Limited** kamfani ne na makamashi na iska na Indiya wanda ke da hedikwata a Gujarat, Indiya.  

## Tarihi
An kafa KP Energy a cikin shekara ta 2010.  A shekara ta 2012, ta sami rabon wuraren haya 56 don gonakin iska a Gujarat. A tsawon lokaci, kamfanin ya fadada ayyukansa ta hanyar saye da Yarjejeniyar Ci Gaban Haɗin gwiwa (JDAs) tare da abokan hulɗa daban-daban don gina da sarrafa tashoshin wutar lantarki. A cikin 2015, kamfanin ya sauya zuwa wani bangare na jama'a kuma an sake masa suna K.P. Energy Limited. A cikin 2018, KP Energy ta ba da sanarwar yarjejeniya tare da GE India don kafa aikin wutar lantarki na 300-megawatt (MW) a Kutch, Gujarat .  

A cikin 2019, KP Energy ta kafa haɗin gwiwa tare da CLP India, babban mai saka hannun jari na kasashen waje a bangaren wutar lantarki na Indiya, don haɓaka aikin iska na 250.8 MW a Dwarka, Gujarat. Wannan aikin ya sami nasarar CLP India ta hanyar siyarwa ta VIII da kamfanin Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI) ya gudanar. Tun da farko a watan Yunin wannan shekarar, CLP India da KP Energy sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Fahimtar (MoU) don ci gaban wuraren iska daga 50 MW zuwa 300 MW.

A watan Satumbar 2022, kamfanin ya shiga yarjejeniya tare da Aditya Birla Renewables don bunkasa ayyukan iska a Bhungar da Fulsar, wanda ke cikin Gundumar Bhavnagar ta Gujarat .  Kamfanin ya mallaki 8.4MW na makamashi na iska kuma kwanan nan ya ba da aikin samar da hasken rana na 10MW.

KP Energy ta ba da umarnin sabon tashar wutar lantarki ta 10.5 MW (Phase-V) da ke da alaƙa da ISTS a Devbhumi Dwarka, Gujarat, wanda ya ƙunshi raka'a biyar na turbine na iska na 2.1 MW.

## Ayyuka
Kasuwancin kamfanin a halin yanzu ya kasu kashi uku. Sashe na farko shine injiniya, sayarwa, gini, da kuma kwamishina (EPCC). A cikin wannan ɓangaren, kamfanin yana da alhakin gano wuraren samar da wutar lantarki mafi kyau da shirya su don gini.

Baya ga kasuwancin EPCC, kamfanin ya mallaki 8.4MW na makamashi na iska  kuma kwanan nan ya ba da umurni da aikin hasken rana na 10MW. 

## Manazarta
Yankin daji

**Yankin gandun daji** kalma ce da ake amfani da ita don bayyana yankunan gudanarwa waɗanda ke ƙunshe da gandun daji ɗaya ko fiye (yawanci) da aka rarraba kuma (yawance) kariya ko sarrafa albarkatun. Ana amfani da kalmar a Indiya ta Burtaniya, sabili da haka Indiya, Pakistan da Bangladesh suna amfani da wannan kalmar don dalilai na gudanarwa.

## A Indiya

A Indiya, gandun daji da aka haɗu a cikin ɓangaren gandun daji an raba su gaba ɗaya zuwa yankunan da ba su da alaƙa don manufar gudanarwa da daidaitawa, a cikin irin wannan hanyar raba yankin siyasa na raguwa zuwa tubalan. Haɗin kewayon zuwa iyakokin siyasa ba lallai ba ne, saboda gandun daji galibi suna mamaye iyakokin siyasa - amma kewayon ɗaya ba zai iya wucewa fiye da jiha ɗaya ba.

Kowane kewayon yana sarrafa wuraren da aka kiyaye da kuma sarrafa albarkatun da ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa, kuma Jami'in Forest Range ne ke jagoranta. Za'a iya raba yankin gandun daji zuwa ɗaya ko fiye da 'ƙananan' ko 'ginshiƙai'.

## Manazarta
Lemuel Shattuck

**Lemuel Shattuck** (15 Oktoba 1793, a Ashby, Massachusetts - 17 Janairu 1859, a Boston, Massachusetts) malami ne Ba'amurke, ɗan siyasa, ɗan tarihi, mai sayar da littattafai, kuma mawallafi. An san shi sosai don haɓaka nazarin kididdiga na yawan jama'a, gami da kafa tsari a Massachusetts wanda ya zama abin koyi, da tsara jadawalin hirar don ƙidayar jama'a ta 1850.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Shattuck ya koyar a Troy da Albany, kuma daga 1818 zuwa 1821, ya kasance a bakin iyakar Detroit, inda ya koyar a makarantar Lancasterian mai alaƙa da Catholepistemiad, wanda daga baya ya zama sananne da Jami'ar Michigan.

Shattuck ya zama ɗan kasuwa a matsayin mai sayar da littattafai kuma mawallafi a Concord, Massachusetts, a cikin 1823 kuma an zabe shi a matsayin memba na Ƙungiyar Antiquarian Society ta Amurka a 1831. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Birnin Boston kuma ya yi aiki na shekaru da yawa a matsayin wakili a Majalisar Wakilai ta Massachusetts. A cikin 1844, ya haɗu da ƙungiyar New England Historic Genealogical Society, yana aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugabanta na shekaru biyar. Ya kuma kasance memba na al'ummomi iri-iri iri-iri.

Yana da shekaru 46, Shattuck ya yi ritaya daga kasuwanci don sadaukar da kansa ga sauran bukatunsa. Bincikensa na littafinsa na 1835 akan tarihin Concord ya nuna masa rashin kula da muhimman bayanai. Wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin dalilansa na shiga wasu don kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙididdiga ta Amirka a 1839. Ya kuma inganta dokokin da ke buƙatar ingantaccen tsarin yin rajistar muhimman bayanai. An zartar da wannan doka a shekara ta 1842. Aikin da ya yi kan ƙidayar jama'a a Boston a 1845 ya sa aka gayyace shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga ƙidayar Amurka ta 1850. Ya taimaka wajen shawo kan Majalisa don samar da ƙidayar ƙidayar da ta fi rikitarwa, kuma ya tsara yawancin fom ɗin tambayoyin da masu zane-zanen gida-gida ke amfani da su.

Rahotonsa game da yanayin tsafta na Massachusetts a shekara ta 1850 game da binciken tsafta na Massachusetts ya kasance mai hangen nesa mai ban mamaki. Ya yi bayanin yadda za a kawar da katon tudun datti da datti da ke taruwa a birane masu saurin girma, da kuma karfafa gyare-gyare a jihohi da dama.

A cikin 1825, ya auri Clarissa Baxter, kuma ya bar ’ya’ya uku.

## Ganewa
Sunan Lemuel Shattuck kamar yadda ya bayyana akan frieze na Makarantar Tsabtace & Magungunan Wuta na London.

Sunan Lemuel Shattuck kamar yadda ya bayyana akan Frieze na Makarantar Tsabtace da Magungunan Wuta na London.

Ana tunawa da Lemuel Shattuck a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya da Lafiya ta London inda sunansa ya bayyana akan frieze na makarantar. An zaɓi sunayen majagaba 23 na kiwon lafiyar jama'a da magungunan wurare masu zafi don karramawa lokacin da aka gina Makarantar a 1929.

An sanya wa Asibitin Lemuel Shattuck a Boston sunan sa.

Titin Shattuck a Boston, titin da Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard ke zaune, shi ma ana kiransa da sunan Lemuel Shattuck.

## Ayyuka
Tarihin Concord, Mass. (Boston, 1835)

Mahimman ƙididdiga na Boston (1841)

Ƙididdiga na Boston (1845)

Rahoton Halin Tsaftar Massachusetts (1850)

Tunawa da Zuriyar William Shattuck (1855)

## Manazarta
Tunawa

**Tunawa** shine tsarin kiyaye  abubuwa na musamman a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, na mutane ko na taro da suka faru. Zai iya zama a nau'i na tunawa, kwatance  (adireshi) ko Ƙorafi, ko bikin tunawa ko jimami.

## Tunawa da Adalci me ɗorewa
A cikin ma'anar adalci me ɗorewa, Tunawa yana girmama wadan ya fuskanci  cin zarafin 'yancin ɗan adam. Tunawa na iya  taimaka wa gwamnatoci su sulhunta rikici ta hanyar nuna kulawa da girmamawa ga  wadanda abin ya shafa dakuma  hahimatar da abin da ya gabata. Hakanan zasu iya taimakawa wajen samar da  tarihi bayanan faruwar abun domin  hana sake faruwar cin zarafi.

Tuna baya mafi na iya zama karfin zamantakewa da siyasa a kokarin Gina dimokuradiyya.

Tuna baya har ila yau  wani nau'i ne na ƙyale fansa ko ƙoƙarin biyan diyya ga  wanda  a keyi domin nuna  cin zarafin bil'adama da akayi.  Manufar su shine niyyar samar da diyya ko fansa sakamakon asarar da wadanda aka azabtar yayi ko ya  jimre saboda cin zarafin.

kuma a hukumance suna kallon wanda akaci zarafin matsayin wanda yake da kima kuma wanda zai iya bin haƙƙin shi.  Dokar majalisar ɗinkin duniya ta "Yancin ramuwa ko ƙyalewa"  sun  Fahimci Jajantawa  ga waɗanda cin zarafi ya shafa" a matsayin wani nau'in fansa.

Akwai nau'ikan tunawa ga wanda akaci zarafi da yawa da ake amfani da su domin shirya  adalci me ɗorewa. Sun haɗa da abubuwan tunawa na gine-gine, gidajen tarihi, da sauran taruka na jimami. Misali, a arewacin Uganda, an kirkiro abubuwan tunawa, taron addu'a na shekara-shekara, da haƙa  kabari don tunawa  da ka aka gudanar da tsakanin masu adawa da masu goyon bayan  Sojojin Tsayayya na sarki.

Wani misalin shine Gidan Tarihi da 'Yancin Dan Adam na Chile, wanda aka kirkira don  ajiye tarihin cin zarafi a  tsohon mulkin kama-karya na soja a can.

## Kalubalen Tuna baya
Tuna baya  na iya tayar da rikici kuma ya janyo wasu haɗura. A cikin yanayin siyasa mara Tabbas  tunawa da abubuwan tarihi na iya ƙara sha'awar ramuwa kuma su kara tashin hankali da hargitsi. Su ne matakai masu girma da ake siyasantarwa domin wandan ke da  mulki azukatan al'umma 

Guy Beiner ya gabatar da ra'ayi na decomemorating dangane da ƙiyayya ga ayyukan *tunawa* wanda zai iya haifar da hare-hare masu tsanani da kuma lalata ko lalata abubuwan tunawa. Nazarin Beiner ya nuna cewa maimakon kawar da tunawa, decommemorating na iya aiki a matsayin wani nau'i na tunawa mai rikitarwa, ci gaba da sha'awar abubuwan tunawa masu rikitarwa. Halakar abubuwan tunawa na iya haifar da sabunta ayyukan tunawa (wanda Beiner ya lakafta "sake tunawa").
Dukanmu Muna Tsayawa Tare

"We All Stand Together" (wani lokacin ana kiranta Frog Song ko Frog Chorus) waƙa ce ta mawaƙin Ingila Paul McCartney da Frog Chorum .

## Tarihi
"We All Stand Together" ya fito ne daga fim din Rupert and the Frog Song kuma ya kai lamba ta uku a cikin UK Singles Chart a shekarar 1984.  The King's Singers da mawaƙa na St Paul's Cathedral ne suka ba da goyon bayan "Frog Chorus" a kan waƙar. Yankin B na ɗayan ya ƙunshi "Humming Version" na waƙar da Finchley Frogettes suka yi.

Waƙar ta sake shiga cikin UK Singles Chart a cikin 1985, ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙi uku da za a yi hakan wanda aka tsara shi a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1984.  ("Shin Sun san Kirsimeti ne?" na Band Aid da "Kirsimeti na Ƙarshe" na Wham! sune sauran biyun.) 

Peter Kay ya yi waƙar a kan Burtaniya ta Got the Pop Factor... kuma Mai yiwuwa Sabon Celebrity Yesu Kristi Soapstar Superstar Strictly on Ice, satire na wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin.

Kodayake an yi niyya ne kawai a matsayin waƙar yara a cikin tsarin Beatles 'Yellow Submarine', "We All Stand Together" wani lokacin ana ba'a a matsayin misali na McCartney da ba shi da kyau ta masu sukar sa. A cikin wani zane-zane na Stephen Collins na *[[The Guardian]]* a cikin 2012, an nuna McCartney yana tunawa da haɗin gwiwar da ya yi da John Lennon a cikin shekarun 1960, kafin ya kammala: "Lokaci ne mai kyau, ka sani ... sannan na ci gaba da yin The Frog Song. "

Waƙar ta kasance muhimmiyar Rediyon Kirsimeti a Ireland kuma tana karɓar iska mai yawa a kan KirsimetiFM na Ireland. 

Waƙar ta sami ƙarancin iska a Burtaniya a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan.

## Saki
An bayar da hotunan hotuna guda biyu a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 1984  da 1985, bambancin kawai shine bayyane a kan sigar baya. A shekara ta 1987, an haɗa waƙar a cikin UK / Kanada na kundin tarihin McCartney All the Best! Har ila yau, ya bayyana a cikin fitowar Deluxe na kundin tarihinsa na 2016 Pure McCartney . A watan Oktoba 2020, don bikin cika shekaru 100 na halin Rupert, an sake yin amfani da shi don yawo da sake fitar da faifan hoto, tare da maido da 4K na gajeren lokaci.

## Shafuka
 

## Waƙoƙi tare da Manufar
 
A cikin 2017, Choirs with Purpose, tarin mawaƙa masu ba da agaji da yawa, sun taru don sakewa na "We All Stand Together". Rubuce-rubucen su sun haɗa da mawaƙan Scotland Michelle McManus a cikin ƙoƙari na saman sashin Kirsimeti na UK Singles Chart kuma ya lashe lambar Kirsimeti ta Burtaniya da ake so a shekarar 2017;  ya kasa yin saman 100.  An raba ribar daga ɗayan daidai tsakanin mawaƙa masu halarta don taimakawa aikin sadaka.

Kwararrun da suka shiga cikin rikodin tare da McManus sun hada da:

* Anstee Bridge Choir
* Cystic Fibrosis Virtual Choir
* Gidauniyar Daniel Spargo-Mabbs
* Wasanni Mai Gidauniyar Wasanni
* Homelink Carers Choir
* Lewisham da Greenwich NHS Choir
* Lucy Lintott / MND Scotland Choir
* Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Maggies (Yammacin London) Choir
* Kwararrun mutanen da suka ɓace
* Parrs Wood High School Harmony Group
* Pop Up Purpose Choir
* UK Hospices Choir

## Manazarta
Kogin Ruwa

kogin Swilly (Irish) ko kuma rafi wani kogi ne a cikin County Donegal, Ireland, wanda ke gudana a gabas ta hanyar Letterkenny . Letterkenny, birni mafi girma a County Donegal, an gina shi a kan kogi kuma ya zama wurin ƙetare na farko a kan kutan a karni na 17.

## Sunan
Kogin ya ɗauki sunansa *Suileach* ("mai kaifi" ko "ganin daya"), wani dodon ruwa mai idanu da yawa wanda Saint Columba ya kashe shi. Letterkenny DJ kuma furodusa Diarmuid O'Doherty sun samar da waƙa, "A Monster in the River Swilly", game da wannan labari.  

Rafin Swilly ya na kusa da Glendore, dutse ne a cikin County Donegal, kuma yana gudana kusan kilomita 41.8 (26.0 mi) (26 , yana gudana ta hanyar Letterkenny, kafin ya dauki cikin Tekun Atlantika a Lough Swilly  Correnagh Burn, wanda yake gudãnar a hanyar hanyar Derry (wani dokar na N56), yana shiga kogi a Bonagee a gefen shinge Letterkenny .  

## Gudanarwa da amfani
Kogin yana da kusan kilomita 42 (26  tsawo. Masana'antar jigilar kayayyaki ta taɓa aiki a kan Swilly a Letterkenny. Kogin ya kasance da wuyar gaske ga manyan jiragen ruwa su kewaya, saboda yana da ƙanƙanta kuma yana da yawa a kusa da Letterkenny. An rufe tashar jiragen ruwa don jigilar kayayyaki a cikin shekarun 1960 kuma an rushe ɗakunan ajiya a cikin shekara ta 2001. Har yanzu filin kwal yana kan tsohon shafin da ke gaban Otal din Mount Errigal. Newmills Masara da Flax Mills suna aiki ne daga ruwan kogin.

### Kifi
Swilly na al'ada yana samar da kusan salmon 300-400 a kowace shekara.  Salmon mafi nauyi da aka rubuta yana da nauyin kilo 24 (kg 11);  An kuma yi rikodin kiwo mai nauyin kilogiram 12 (kg 5.4).  Ana ɗaukar kogin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun kogunan kamun kifi a arewa maso yammacin Ireland. 

## Hanyar wucewa
Kogin Swilly yana da gadoji da yawa galibi suna buɗewa ga zirga-zirgar hanya. A cikin Letterkenny akwai gadoji huɗu a fadin kogi:

Hanyar Devlin, gada ta farko da aka gina a kan Kogin Swilly, an buɗe ta a Letterkenny a watan Nuwamba 2006. Ya haɗa yankin Oldtown da ke kusa da gari. TS McLaughlin Structural Engineers ne suka tsara gadar kuma Bonnar Engineering ne ya gina aikin ƙarfe. Ya kashe Yuro 100,000 don ginawa. Tsarin ƙarfe mai launi mai launi mai laushi wanda ke Maruna tsawon mita 28 da faɗin mita 2.2, fitilar da aka jefa daga baƙin ƙarfe ta ƙone gadar kuma tana ƙunshe da wurin zama na dutse mai tunawa tare da takarda. Ginin makwabta ne ga tsohuwar Oldtown Bridge. An sanya sunan gadar ne don girmama dangin Devlin waɗanda ke zaune kusa da gadar kuma sun ba da wani ɓangare na ƙasarsu don a gina gadar.
Rafin Somer

Kogin ya tashi a Chilcompton kuma yana gudana zuwa Midsomer Norton inda ya haɗu da Wellow Brook, wanda ke gudana ta Wellow kuma ya haɗu le Cam Brook a Midford don samar da Midford Brook kafin ya haɗu við Kogin Avon kusa da Dundas Aqueduct da ragowar Somerset Coal Canal.

## Sunan Midsomer, ambaliyar ruwa da hanyoyi masu tsananin gaske
Akwai muhawara game da asalin sunan "Midsomer".  Mazhabobin tunani daban-daban sun hada da wahalar tafiya zuwa yankin a lokutan ambaliya sabanin matsayin garin a reshen kogin Somer.  Eilert Ekwall ya rubuta cewa ƙauyen "an ce ana kiransa da sunan bikin da aka yi a tsakiyar bazara a ranar St.  John Wesley ya rubuta game da mummunan yanayin hanya na gida wanda ya tabbatar da cewa ana iya isa ga "a tsakiyar lokacin rani kawai."  Kamar yadda Simon Winchester ya lura a cikin littafinsa The Map that Changed the World, “...hanyoyin da ke wannan yanki na Somerset sun kasance mugu, masu kauri da laka kuma sun yi kauri kamar saman wata”.

## Gudanar da ambaliyar ruwa da ingancin ruwa
A cikin 1974 da 1975 an gina ramin Midsomer Norton Flood Alleviation wanda ke dauke da ruwa daga tsakiyar gari a lokutan ruwan sama mai yawa.

Damuwa game da yanayin kogin da kuma yiwuwar ambaliyar ruwa ya haifar da kirkirar ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta cikin gida a cikin 2007. Sun yi aiki tare da majalisar Bath da North East Somerset da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin yankin Riparian don inganta kwararar da bayyanar kogin. Wannan ya haɗa da cire weirs, gina sabon tashar, cire silt daga gadon kogi da ƙirƙirar gadaje don shuke-shuke a gefen kogi.

Bincike bayan aikin binciken ya kalli tasirin da ke faruwa a kan muhalli da namun daji. An ga ci gaba ga kifi, invertebrates na ruwa, tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu shayarwa (watakila ciki har da otters) da ƙudan zuma da invertebrates. Ana kimanta ingancin ruwa a matsayin matsakaici dangane da muhalli da kyau dangane da gurɓataccen sinadarai,  wanda shine ingantaccen da aka yi akan ma'aunin da aka yi a cikin 1996.
Yankin halitta na Andes

**Yankin Andean**, wanda ke tsakiyar Colombia, shine yanki mafi yawan jama'a na Colombia . Tare da tsaunuka da yawa, Andes sun ƙunshi yawancin cibiyoyin biranen ƙasar.  Su ne kuma wurin da aka fi samun matsugunan ƴan asalin ƙasar ta Columbia . Bayan Massif na Colombia a cikin sassan kudu maso yammacin Cauca da Nariño, Andes na Colombia ya raba zuwa rassa uku da aka sani da "cordilleras" (daga Mutanen Espanya don *tsaunuka* ): West Andes suna tafiya kusa da gabar tekun Pacific kuma gida ne ga birnin Cali . Andes na tsakiya yana gudana tsakiyar ƙasar tsakanin kwarin Cauca da Magdalena (zuwa yamma da gabas bi da bi) kuma ya haɗa da biranen Medellín, Manizales da Pereira . Gabashin Andes ya miƙe arewa maso gabas zuwa yankin Guajira, kuma ya haɗa da biranen Bogotá, Bucaramanga da Cúcuta .

Yanayi da ciyayi na yankin sun bambanta sosai bisa ga tsawo, amma a matsayin doka ta gaba ɗaya ana iya raba ƙasar zuwa tierra caliente (ƙasa mai zafi) na kwarin kogi da kwari a ƙasa da 1,000 m; yanayin da ya fi dacewa na tierra templada (ƙasa ta matsakaici, kusan 1,000 m zuwa 2,000 m) da tierra fría (Ƙasa mai sanyi, 2,000 m zuwa 3,200 m), wanda ya haɗa da mafi yawan yawan jama'a; da yanayin alpine na zona forestada (yanki mai sanyi, 3,600 m zuwa 3,900 m), m; da kuma m; da m; da terra framosda (yanki na m).

## Yankunan rayuwa

* Gishiri mai tsawo
* Dutsen Colombia
* Yammacin Andes
* Tsakiyar Andes
* Gabashin Andes
* Kwarin Kogin Cauca
* Kwarin Kogin Magdalena

## Biodiversity

## Yankunan da aka kare
Yammacin Andes daga kudu zuwa arewa: Munchique, Farallones na Cali, Tatamá, Las Orquideas, Paramillo

## Manazarta
Asibitin Ruhu Mai Tsarki, Warsaw

**Asibitin Ruhu Mai Tsarki a Warsaw** (Szpital Świętego Ducha w Warszawie) asibiti ne da aka gina a 1442, a cocin St. Martin a titin Piwna a Tsohon Birni Warsaw . Anna Fiodorówna (gimbiya ta Duchy na Masovia) ce ta kafa ta a matsayin mafaka ga matalauta. Bayan sauye-sauye da yawa, ya zauna a titin Elektoralna.

## Tarihi
An gina ginin da ke 12 Elektoralna Street tsakanin 1859 zuwa 1861 bisa ga wani sabon salo na Renaissance na Józef Orlowski.  Wurin ya kasance tsohuwar masana'anta da karusai.  Shi ne asibiti na farko a Warsaw tare da rumfuna masu kyauta.  Daga 1861 har zuwa yakin duniya na biyu, yana daya daga cikin mafi zamani asibitoci a cikin birnin.  An kai harin bom a ranar 25 ga Satumbar 1939, an sake lalata shi daga baya yayin Tashin Warsaw.

Kafin yaƙin, Vilém Dušan Lambl ne ke gudanar da asibitin tare da Samuel Goldflam a matsayin mataimakinsa. A shekara ta 1881, shugaban dakin gwaje-gwaje na sinadarai shine Leon Nencki .

Asibitin an  sake canja shi: na farko a titin Piwna, sannan Przyrynku, titin Konwiktorska, Elektoralna kuma a cikin 1940 zuwa Asibitin Wola.  A cikin 1941, an mayar da asibitocin biyu zuwa gine-ginen al'ummar Yahudawa.  An yi amfani da gine-ginen da aka yi watsi da su azaman asibitin sojojin Jamus.  A cikin 1946, Asibitin Ruhu Mai Tsarki ya sake mamaye gine-gine.  A cikin 1957, an canza sunan zuwa Asibitin City No. 1.

A shekara ta 1953, an sake gina ginin da ke titin Elektoralna don dalilai na al'adu. Na farko, ƙungiyar kwadago ta mamaye shi, daga baya ya zama Cibiyar Al'adu ta Warsaw (Warszawski Ośrodek Kultury). Yanzu yana da gidaje:

* Cibiyar Al'adu da Fasaha ta Yankin Mazovia (Mazowieckie Centrum Kultury i Sztuki) - haɗuwa da Cibiyar Kayan Kayan Kudancin Al'adu ta Kasa da Ofishin Nuni na Metropolitan
* Makarantar Musamman No. 63 Makarantar Firamare No. 213 - an canja shi zuwa 12/14 Elektoralna Street a watan Satumbar 1969 Gimnazjum No. 62
** Makarantar Firamare No. 213 - an canja shi zuwa 12/14 Elektoralna Street a watan Satumbar 1969
** Gimnazjum Na 62
* Makarantar Musamman No. 85 - ta koma 12/14 Elektoralna a 1975 Makarantar Firamare ta Musamman No . 243 Makarantar Sakandare ta Musamman Na No. 146 Makarantar horar da aiki ta shekaru uku No. 5
** Makarantar Firamare ta Musamman No. 243
** Makarantar Sakandare ta Musamman No. 146
** Makarantar horar da aiki ta shekaru uku No. 5

## Manazarta
Mokoli'i

**Mokoli ʻ i** (  ), wanda kuma aka sani da **Hat ɗin Chinaman**, tsibiri ne na basalt a cikin Kāneʻohe Bay, Hawaii . Mokoli ʻ i wani yanki ne na Kualoa Regional Park kuma yana nan   bakin tekun Kualoa Point, Oahu .  tsibirin ya kasance wani lokaci wani yanki na ginshiƙin basaltic akan Oahu kafin yazawar ruwa ta raba ta. 

## Magana
Mokoliʻ ya fassara daga Hawaiian a matsayin "ƙaramin lizard". "Moko" tsohuwar nau'in kalmar "mo'o" kuma tana nufin "lizard" ko halitta mai kama da dragon; "li'i" tana nufin "ƙaramin" ko "ƙaramin. "  A cewar Pele epic a cikin tatsuniyoyin Hawaiian, yayin da allahiya Hi'iaka ke tafiya don dawo da masoyin Pele, Hi'iaki ya kashe wani mummunan giant lizard a Kuala.  Wani ɓangare na jikinsa ya faɗi cikin bay kuma ya zama Mokoli'i: tsibirin shine ƙarshen wutsiya da ke fitowa daga cikin ruwa.  Ƙasar da ta fi kusa a kan babban tsibirin ita ce Hakipu'u, wanda ke ɗauke da karyewar kashin lizard, tare da "haki" ma'u ma'anar karya ko karye kuma "Pu'u".

Sunan da aka saba amfani da shi, Chinaman's Hat, ya samo asali ne daga kwatanta siffarsa da hat din Asiya. Daga wannan madadin sunan, masanin kuʻualoha hoʻomanawanui ya rubuta: "Yana share gaba ɗaya hangen nesa na 'inaina a matsayin mo'o, wani abu mai rai wanda Hi'iaka - mace, ba ƙasa da ita ba - ya mamaye ... Mokoli'i ba ya wanzu a ware kamar yadda 'Chinaman's Hat' ya yi. "An gabatar da ƙuduri' a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Hawaii a cikin 2007, yana neman cewa Hukumar Kula da Hawaii ta hana amfani da sunan "Chinaman' yawon shakatawa na tarihi ba.

## Tsire-tsire da dabbobi
Dukkanin namun daji da tsire-tsire na Mokoli'i sun shafar kasancewar jinsunan da ba na asali ba, musamman baƙar fata da tururuwa mai launin rawaya. Kodayake wasu nau'ikan tsuntsaye a baya sun kasance a can, shearwater mai wutsiyar wutsiyar ita ce kawai nau'in tsuntsaye da ke yin gida a Mokoli'i. An gano nau'ikan shuke-shuke saba'in da biyu, mafi yawansu nau'ikan da ba na asali ba ne. Tsire-tsire na asali suna bunƙasa a gefen bakin teku kuma sun haɗa da ahu awa (*Cyperus javanicus*), naupaka (*Scaevola taccada*), da ilima (Sida fallax).  Tsire-tsire masu mamayewa waɗanda suka mamaye gangaren sune Lantana camara, allurar Mutanen Espanya (*Bidens alba* var. *radiata*), da kuma christmasberry .  An sanya tsibirin a matsayin muhimmiyar wurin zama ga ciyawa ta Carter (*Panicum fauriei* var. carteri) ta Hukumar Kifi da namun daji ta Amurka (USFWS) a cikin 1983.  A shekara ta 2002, USFWS ta fara shirin kawar da beraye daga Mokoliʻi . 

## Tarihi
Binciken Bincike na Amurka na 1840 ya zana ginshiƙi na Kaneohe Bay Harbor inda ya lakafta Mokoliʻi a matsayin "Namu Island".

Mokoli'i yana ƙarƙashin mallakar masu zaman kansu har zuwa shekarun 1970, lokacin da City da County na Honolulu suka sayi shi.

## Samun dama
Mokoli'i mallakar City da County na Honolulu ne kuma ana kiyaye shi ta hanyar ka'idojin wurin shakatawa na jihar da na tarayya. Yana buɗewa ga jama'a daga asuba zuwa faɗuwar rana. Ana iya isa ta hanyar kayak, jirgin ruwa, allon ruwa, ko ta hanyar yin iyo, ko wading a low tide. Har ila yau, akwai tafiya ta minti 20 zuwa saman tsibirin.

## Manazarta
Doki (geology)

**doki**, a cikin ilimin ƙasa, kowane dutse ne wanda aka raba shi gaba ɗaya daga dutsen da ke kewaye da shi ko dai ta hanyar ma'adanai ko jiragen sama. A cikin hakar ma'adinai, doki wani yanki ne na dutsen ƙasar gaba ɗaya wanda aka rufe shi a cikin ma'adinin ma'adanai. A cikin ilimin ƙasa na tsari an fara amfani da kalmar don bayyana ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa da aka samo a cikin duplex. A cikin wallafe-wallafen da suka biyo baya ya zama kalma ta gaba ɗaya don kowane toshe wanda ke da iyaka da kurakurai, ko nau'in lalacewa gaba ɗaya ya raguwa, mai tsawo ko yajin aiki a cikin yanayi.

## Manazarta
Cefn Sidan

Cefn Sidan (Welsh don 'silk ridge'; (wanda kuma aka sani da Pembrey Beach) wani dogon bakin teku ne mai yashi tare da dunes, wanda ya zama gefen gefen Pembrey Burrows tsakanin Burry Port da Kidwelly, yana fuskantar kudu maso yamma sama da Carmarthen Bay a Kudancin Wales. Tekun Cefn Sidan yana da goyon bayan dunes, marshes na gishiri, dajin Pembrey da filin shakatawa na Pembrey.

## Yanayin ƙasa
Cefn Sidan ya kai kusan kilomita takwas daga garin Burry Port zuwa Tywyn Point a bakin Kogin Gwendraeth kusa da Kidwelly. Yankin yana da ƙananan hatsi kuma rairayin bakin teku yana da goyon baya daga dunes na yashi mai iska. Akwai sanduna masu yashi da ke nunawa a matsayin raƙuman ruwa a cikin Carmarthen Bay a kowane ƙarshen rairayin bakin teku. Yankin rairayin bakin teku yana da mai tsaron rai wanda ke sintiri a lokacin watanni na rani kuma ana iya samun damar ta hanyoyi goma inda sanarwa ke ba da bayanai ga baƙi. Garin Pembrey, wurin ajiyar yanayi na Saltings da Pembrey Country Park suna cikin ƙasa daga rairayin bakin teku, kuma RAF Pembrey ma yana nan.

## Rushewar jirgin ruwa

Yankin ya kasance mai cin amana ga jiragen ruwa kuma jiragen ruwa da yawa sun ɓace a kusa da Pembrey, gami da "La Jeune Emma" wanda aka ɗaure daga West Indies zuwa Faransa kuma ya hura sosai a cikin 1828. 13 daga cikin 19 da ke cikin jirgin sun nitse, ciki har da Adeline Coquelin, 'yar uwargidan matar Napoleon Bonaparte mai shekaru 12 Josephine de Beauharnais .  An binne ta a Cocin St. Illtyds, Pembrey . Babban jirgi na karshe da ya ɓace shi ne matattarar iska guda huɗu, SV Paul, dauke da kaya na katako da kuma sauka a cikin guguwa a cikin 1925. A yau Cefn Sidan ya zama wani ɓangare na Pembrey Country Park nishaɗi da yanayi.

Masu amfani da rairayin bakin teku suna amfani da su, kodayake majalisar karamar hukuma ba ta karfafa wannan ba.

Yankin rairayin bakin teku yana da ban sha'awa saboda kyakkyawan tsari na yashi - duk da haka, wannan ya sa bai dace da yin tsari mai ɗorewa ba bayan gidajen yashi masu sauƙi. A ranar Lahadi 3 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2008 wani yaro mai shekaru 16 ya makale lokacin da ramin da yake tonowa a cikin yashi a bayan rairayin bakin teku ya rushe. Swansea Coastguard ya ce an tayar da ƙararrawa a kusa da 19:10 BST, kuma ƙungiyar masu tsaron bakin teku ta Burry Port ta isa cikin minti 15. Bayan canja wurin motar asibiti zuwa Asibitin Morriston da ke Swansea, likitoci sun bayyana cewa ya mutu.

## Manazarta
Yankin rairayin bakin teku

**Yankin **rairayin bakin teku****, wanda aka fi sani da ko dai rairayin rairayin ƙanƙara ko rairayin dutse, wani rairayin mallaka ne wanda ya kunshi dutse mai laushi, mai laushi. Girgizar (*shingle*) yawanci ya kunshi mai santsi, spheroidal zuwa shimfiɗa, duwatsu, shimfiɗawa, kuma wani lokacin ƙananan duwatsu, gabaɗaya  20 zuwa 200 millimeters (0.8 zuwa 7.9 in) girman kewayon. Yankunan **rairayin bakin teku** yawanci suna da gangara mai tsawo a bangarorin su na ƙasa da na teku. Yankunan rairayin bakin teku sun samo asali ne a wuraren da ke cike da raƙuman ruwa inda tsaunuka masu tsayayya ke samar da tarkace-girka. Hakanan ana samun su a cikin manyan latitudes da gabar teku inda rushewar ajiyar glacial na Quaternary ke samar da raguwar dutse mai girman dutse. An fi amfani da wannan kalmar a Biritaniya.

Duk da yake ana samun irin wannan rairayin bakin teku a Turai, ana samun misalai a Bahrain, Arewacin Amurka, da sauran yankuna na duniya, kamar yammacin gabar tekun Tsibirin Kudancin New Zealand, inda suke da alaƙa da magoya bayan shingle na koguna. Kodayake an halicce su a bakin teku, bayan sake dawowa na kankara na iya ɗaga rairayin bakin teku har zuwa mita 200 (660  sama da matakin teku, kamar yadda yake a kan Babban Tekun a Sweden. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&#x5B;

Tsarin halittu da aka kafa ta wannan haɗin dutse da yashi ya ba da damar mulkin mallaka ta hanyar nau'o'in da ba su da yawa da ke cikin haɗari.

## Kafawa
Yankin rairayin bakin teku na Shingle yawanci suna da tsayi, saboda raƙuman ruwa suna gudana cikin sauƙi ta hanyar rairayin kan rairayin rairayin mallaka, suna rage tasirin rushewar baya da kuma kara yawan samar da laka a cikin rairayin da ke da tsayi.

## Yawon shakatawa
 
Yankin rairayin bakin teku na Shingle ba su da yawa, sun ƙunshi dubban duwatsu masu santsi tare da halaye daban-daban na yanayin ƙasa. Tekun ta halitta yana sassauƙa da duwatsu daban-daban a tsawon lokaci tare da raƙuman ruwa. Yankin rairayin bakin teku na Shingle sananne ne ga nau'ikan dutse daban-daban da za'a iya samu.

## Manazarta
Ikon OMC

OMC Power kamfani ne na rarraba makamashi wanda ke da hedikwata a Gurgaon, Haryana, Indiya.   Rohit Chandra, Sushil Jiwarajka, da Anil Raj ne suka kafa shi a cikin shekara ta 2011.

## Tarihi
OMC Power an kafa ta ne a cikin 2011 ta Rohit Chandra, Sushil Jiwarajka, da Anil Raj tare da nasu kudade a Gurgaon, Haryana. Har zuwa 2024, Kamfanin ya kafa sama da microgrids 400 a cikin gundumomi goma sha takwas na Uttar Pradesh, tare da damar da ke tsakanin 36 zuwa 50 kW.&nbsp;

A watan Janairun 2015, OMC Power tare da wasu manyan Makamashi mai sabuntawa sun sanya hannu kan wasika zuwa ga Barack Obama don yin aiki tare da Firayim Minista Narendra Modi don bunkasa shirin "Power India".

A cikin 2016, Gidauniyar Rockefeller, wani tushe mai zaman kansa na Amurka da ƙungiyar bincike ta kiwon lafiya ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da OMC Power don ginawa da saita minigrids 100 da ayyukan al'umma a yankunan karkara na Uttar Pradesh, Indiya.

A cikin 2017, OMC Power ta haɗu da kamfanin Japan Mitsui &amp;amp; Co.. 

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2022, kamfanin Chubu Electric Power na Japan ya sayi wasu hannun jari daga OMC Power a farashin da aka amince da shi na yen biliyan 5 ($ 39 miliyan).  Kuma a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024, Chubu Electric ta fadada saka hannun jari a cikin OMC Power don bunkasa canjin makamashi a Indiya.

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024, Jakson Group ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da OMC Power don ayyukan hasken rana na 50 MW wanda ya kai 200 Cr. 

## Ayyuka
OMC Power ta fara ayyukan rarraba makamashi a cikin 2012 daga yankunan karkara na jihar Indiya Uttar Pradesh. Har zuwa 2024 Yana aiki a ƙauyuka 400.

A cikin 2023, OMC ta fara sabon tsarin samar da sabis na hasken rana a cikin sashin kiwon lafiya. Ya fara ne tare da KGMU, Lucknow kuma ya karu zuwa kwalejojin kiwon lafiya 9 tare da damar 1MW + a Uttar Pradesh . 

## Kyaututtuka

* Kyautar wutar lantarki ta Asiya ta 2023 

## Manazarta
Kudancin gandun daji na Cauca Valley

Kyakkyawan gandun daji na Cauca Valley yanki ne mai bushewa mai zurfi a Colombia.

## Wurin da yake
Kyakkyawan gandun daji na Cauca Valley yana da yanki na  kilomita 7,300 (2,800 sq , yana faɗaɗa a cikin dogon, kunkuntar layi tare da Kogin Cauca. Kwarin Cauca yana tsakanin Cordillera Occidental da Cordillera Central a arewacin Andes. Wadannan kewayon suna haifar da Inuwa mai ruwan sama, wanda ke sa kwarin Cauca ya bushe fiye da gandun daji da ke kewaye. Kyakkyawan gandun daji na Cauca Valley suna ƙasa da mita 1000; tsaunuka mafi girma suna zaune da gandun daji masu ban sha'awa na Caucas Valley. Yawancin waɗannan gandun daji an share su don noma a tsawon shekaru yana mai da shi ɗayan yankunan da ke cikin haɗari a Colombia. Laguna de Sonso Nature Reserve yana da karamin yanki na gandun daji mai kariya.

## Muhalli
Yankin yana daga cikin  kilomita 103,000 (40,000 sq  Tumbesian-Andean Valleys Dry Forests ecoregion na duniya, wanda ke riƙe da yankuna shida na ƙasa: Tumbes-Piura busassun gandun daji, Ecuador busassun daji, Patía Valley busassun dazuzzuka, Magdalena Valley busassin gandun daji da Cauca Valley busasshiyar gandun daji na Marañón busassun. Dabbobi da tsire-tsire na yankin duniya suna da manyan matakan endemism.

### Tsire-tsire
Manyan al'ummomin shuke-shuke sune gandun daji, gandun daji mai bushe, gandun dajin da ke da ruwa, gandun ruwa da wuraren da ke da santsi. Shuke-shuke na halitta sun kusan kawar da su gaba ɗaya ta hanyar ayyukan ɗan adam, musamman noma.

### Dabbobi
Tsuntsaye guda uku da aka samo a cikin yankin sune tsuntsaye masu launin fari * (Cypseloides lemosi) *, mai launin toka * (Picumnus granadensis) *, mai kama tsuntsaye * (Myiarchus apicalis) *.

## Amfani da Mutum
An fi mayar da gandun daji masu bushewa na kwarin Cauca zuwa gonakin noma. Birnin Cali yana cikin yankin ecoregion.

## Manazarta
Nubbin (ƙasa)

A cikin ilimin ƙasa **nubbin** ƙaramin tudu ne mai laushi wanda ya ƙunshi ainihin dutse wanda ke cike da tubalan da suka rage. Blok din sun samo asali ne daga rushewar dutse da aka rushe. Musamman ana zaton cewa duwatsun nubbins sune raguwa kwarangwal guda ɗaya ko biyu da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa - kodayake wasu yanayi na iya ci gaba da faruwa da zarar an fallasa duwatsun a saman.

Nubbins suna samuwa a cikin irin wannan hanyar zuwa castle koppies da bornhardts, kuma ana iya ganin siffofin ƙasa guda uku a matsayin maganganu daban-daban na wannan abin mamaki. Nubbins suna faruwa sau da yawa a cikin ƙungiyoyi masu tsari.

Ana iya samun Nubbins a wurare masu zafi da yanayin zafi. A cewar masanin ilimin ƙasa C. R. Twidale wannan shine yanayin da yawancin nubbins ke samuwa. Nubbins a waje da zafi ko yanayi mai zafi sune siffofin ƙasa da aka kafa a cikin zafi da na wurare masu zafi ko kuma a wuraren da ke da zafi sosai. Misalan yankuna tare da nubbins sun haɗa da Kudu maso yammacin Amurka, MacDonnell Ranges a Tsakiyar Ostiraliya da Namaqualand a Kudancin Afirka.

Duk da yake nubbins yawanci an yi su ne da dutse akwai kuma rahotanni na nubbins da aka yi da ignimbrite.

## Duba kuma

* Grus (geology) - Yankin yashi da raguwar dutse tarawa
* Inselberg - Tsayawa, dutsen dutse mai tsawo a kan fili mai faɗi
* Saprolite - Dutse mai cike da sinadarai

## Manazarta
Hanyar dama Little Kanawha River

Kogin Right Fork Little Kanawha ya tashi a kudu maso gabashin Upshur County, kimanin kilomita 4 (6.4) yammacin Helvetia, kuma yana gudana gabaɗaya zuwa yamma tare da iyakar tsakanin yankunan Upshur da Webster; sannan tare da iyaka tsakanin yankunan Lewis da Webster, ta hanyar al'ummar Cleveland. Kusa da bakinsa yana gudana ta wani karamin yanki na gabashin gabashin Braxton County, kuma yana gudana cikin Little Kanawha River daga kudu kusa da iyakar tsakanin Braxton da Lewis counties, kimanin kilomita 2 (3.2  kudu maso yammacin al'ummar Wildcat.

Upstream na Cleveland da Right Fork ya tattara wani tributary mai suna Left Fork Right Fork Little Kanawha River,  wanda ke gudana zuwa yamma don mil 7.1 (11.4   ta kudancin Upshur County.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin koguna na West Virginia

## Manazarta
Kasancewar ɗan ƙasa

**Ɗan ƙasa na sarari** yana bayyana ikon mutane da ƙungiyoyi na hulɗa da shiga cikin yanke shawara a sararin samaniya ta hanyar samarwa da amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na ƙasa (kafofin watsa labarai na ƙasa kamar taswira, duniyoyin kama-da-wane, GIS, da Geoweb ). 'Yan ƙasa na sarari masu amfani ne waɗanda ke iya amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na ƙasa don yin tambaya game da ra'ayoyin da ake da su game da aiki a sararin samaniya (misali ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, tsara sararin samaniya ) da kuma samar da, sadarwa, da kuma yin shawarwari kan wasu hangen nesa na sararin samaniya.

Ɗan ƙasa a sarari hanya ce ta ilimi a mahadar ilimin ɗan ƙasa da ilimin ƙasa. Manyan abubuwan da ake amfani da su a ka'idar su ne siffofin ' yantar da ɗan ƙasa da kuma "raba sarari mai sassauci". [1]

## Mahimman bayanai a fannin ilimin zama ɗan ƙasa
Za a iya bambanta ɗan ƙasa a sarari daga hanyoyin ilimin ɗan ƙasa na gargajiya ta hanyoyi da yawa:

* Kasancewar ɗan ƙasa a sarari yana girmama tsare-tsare daban-daban na hukumomi da na wurare. An cire shi daga "ƙasa" na gargajiya na ƙasa saboda ba a haɗa shi da ƙasa ko jihar gida a matsayin ƙungiyoyin sarari da aka riga aka ayyana ba. Kasancewar ɗan ƙasa a sarari ya dogara ne akan ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam da tattaunawar dimokuraɗiyya don tabbatar da tushen sulhu da sulhu. &#x5B; ** &#x5D; Ya dogara ne akan ra'ayin zama ɗan ƙasa mai fafutuka (sabanin zama ɗan ƙasa mai aiki ) wanda Katharyne Mitchell da Sarah Elwood suka tsara, waɗanda suka ƙalubalanci ƙa'idodin zamantakewa marasa tambaya waɗanda ke iyakance shiga. 
* Kasancewar ɗan ƙasa a sarari yana nufin fahimtar cibiyoyin zamantakewa a buɗe da sassauƙa. Yana maye gurbin ra'ayin kasancewa a wuri ɗaya na musamman da ra'ayin kasancewa cikin al'ummomi masu yawa da masu sassauci waɗanda ƙila ko ba za a iya danganta su da wani takamaiman wuri a saman Duniya ba. Angharad Stephens da Vicki Squire sun yi jayayya cewa hanyoyin tattaunawa na zamantakewa sun canza daga al'ummomi masu tsayayye saboda sabbin fasahohin bayanai.  
* Kasancewar ɗan ƙasa a sarari yana jawo hankali musamman ga al'ummomin yanar gizo da hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa. Ɗan ƙasa a sarari mutum ne mai 'zaman kansa' wanda, sabanin ra'ayin 'ɗan ƙasa mai himma' na baya, yana iya amfani da aikace-aikacen Web 2.0 da girgije don kwatanta hanyoyin bayanai daban-daban da waɗanda za su iya saba wa juna da kuma isar da ra'ayoyinsa na madadin ta hanyar kayan aikin yanar gizo na haɗin gwiwa .  

## Manazarta
Tsakiyar Andean bushe puna

Tsakiyar Andean dry puna (NT1001) yanki ne na ecoregion a cikin tsaunuka da shrublands biome, wanda ke cikin Andean Altiplano (babban tudu) a Kudancin Amurka. Yana daga cikin ciyawa na Puna. 

## Saitawa
Wannan yankin yana zaune a yankin kudu maso yammacin Altiplano kuma yana gabashin hamadar Atacama . 

Gidan gishiri, wanda aka sani da *Salar*, alama ce ta wannan yankin. Daga cikin manyan salares sune Coipasa, Uyuni, Atacama, da Arizaro. Sauran manyan siffofin ƙasa sune tabkuna Poopó da Coipasa, da kuma tsaunuka masu yawa da ke kan altiplano, gami da Parinacota, Nevader Sajama, Tata Sabaya, Ollagüe, Licancabur, Lascar, Aracar, Socompa da Llullaillaco. Bugu da kari, ƙananan tabkuna da tafkuna masu launi da yawa sun mamaye wannan yankin. Wadannan na yanayi ne da kuma na dindindin, kuma suna da digiri daban-daban na salinity.

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2023, masana kimiyya, a karo na farko, sun ba da rahoton wani yanki da aka gano kwanan nan a Duniya duniya ta yanzu, musamman a yankin Puna de Atacama, wanda zai iya zama kama da tsohuwar duniya, da kuma yanayin da ya shafi nau'ikan rayuwa na farko a duniya - da kuma - kama da yiwuwar yanayin karɓar baƙi a duniyar Mars a farkon zamanin Martian.

## Yanayi
Wannan yankin yana da yanayin bushewa daga tsaunuka masu sanyi zuwa hamada mai sanyi.

## Tsire-tsire
Yankunan ciyawa sun mamaye nau'ikan jinsunan *Stipa* da *Festuca*. Yankunan ruwa na Andean sune *Bofedales* . Wadannan wuraren marshy suna da alamun kasancewar shuke-shuke na cushion bog. Yareta yana girma a cikin ƙasa mai kyau.

Tsakiyar Andean busassun puna gida ne ga nau'in *Polylepis*, gami da *Polylepis tarapacana*, wanda shine shuka mai katako wanda ke girma a mafi girman tsawo a duniya.

Halitta Menonvillea, Nototriche, Pycnophyllum, da *Werneria* sune halayen busassun puna.

## Dabbobi
Camelids, kamar su llamas, alpacas, & vicuñas, ana samun su a cikin wannan yankin. Sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa sun haɗa da Cougar, Andean mountain cat, Andean fox, da Andean hairy armadillo.

Uku daga cikin nau'ikan flamingo suna zaune a nan. Su ne Flamingo na Andean, Flamingo na James, da Flamingo na Chile. Sauran tsuntsaye masu ban mamaki sune Darwin's rhea, Andean condor, puna tinamou, puna teal, puna ibis & Andean goose . 

## Yawan jama'a da kiyayewa
15.3% na yankin yana cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye. Wadanda suka hada da: 
 

## Manazarta