Bernetta Adams Miller

**Bernetta Adams Miller** (Janairu 11, 1884 - Nuwamba 30, 1972) mace ce Mai jirgin sama wacce ta kasance mace ta biyar mai lasisi a Amurka. Ta jagoranci rayuwa mai ban sha'awa ciki har da lashe Croix de Guerre a yakin duniya na farko kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da ke tsaye tsakanin Albert Einstein da jama'a a Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba a Princeton, New Jersey .

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Bernetta Miller a Canton, Ohio . Iyalinta sun zauna na ɗan lokaci a Nebraska, amma nan da nan suka koma Yankin Finger Lakes na Jihar New York inda ta ɗan halarci Makarantar Ma'aikata ta Jihar a Geneseo. Ta fita lokacin da kasuwancin mahaifinta ya gaza, kuma sun koma Canton, inda ta halarci Kwalejin Kasuwancin Canton inda ta yi karatun lissafi. Daga nan sai ta koma Birnin New York.

## Jirgin sama
A New York, ta zama mai sha'awar jirgin sama kuma ta ɗauki darussan tashi a 1912 daga Makarantar jirgin sama ta Moisant a Mineola, Long Island . Miller ya koyi aikinsa a filin jirgin sama na Hempstead Plains .  Ta sami lasisin ta a ranar 16 ga Satumba, 1912,  ta zama mace ta biyar a Amurka da ke riƙe da lasisin matukin jirgi (ta riƙe da lambar lasisin Aero Club of America 173). A lokacin gwajin jirgin ta hanyar hasken wata, New York Times ta ruwaitoMasu sukar a nan suna ganin lasisin ta yana da ban mamaki. Shari'ar ta bukaci tsawo na ƙafa 150 kawai, kuma ta tashi zuwa 600. A cikin gwajin saukowa, ana sa ran ta taɓa ƙasa a cikin ƙafa 164 na wani abu da aka tsara, kuma ta sanya wurin a cikin ƙafa 20.Kamfanin Moisant ya yi amfani da ita a matsayin matukin jirgi na zanga-zanga don Blériot monoplanes da suke ginawa a ƙarƙashin lasisi. Ita ce matukin jirgi da aka zaba don nuna jirgin sama na Moisant-Blériot ga Sojojin Amurka a College Park, Maryland a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 1912. Ta rubuta game da shi, daga baya

: Tabbas, ba ni da mafarki game da dalilin da ya sa aka tura ni zuwa Kwalejin Kwalejin don nuna jirgin sama ga jami'an gwamnatin Amurka waɗanda suka ba da kansu ga ra'ayin jirgin sama. ... Moisant a bayyane ya lissafa cewa zan iya shawo kan wasu daga cikin tsoron da wasu zasu iya samu game da jirgin sama. Ina tsammanin wannan ya kasance ne bisa ga ra'ayin cewa idan mace kawai za ta iya koyon tashi daya, tabbas namiji zai iya.

 Wannan a bayyane yake shine zanga-zangar farko ta jirgin sama guda daya ga gwamnatin Amurka. A cikin wani bugu na musamman, New York Times ta ruwaito game da dagewar Miller kan tashi duk da mutuwar 'yan saman soja biyu, Lt. Rockwell da Cpl. Scott, a College Park. A ranar 29 ga Satumba, 1912, jaridar ta nakalto ta tana cewa:Ba na nan don yin jirgin sama mai kyau, amma kawai don nuna wa mutanen Washington cewa jirgin sama ya fi kyau fiye da jirgin sama. Ba zan tashi ba har sai bayan jana'izar maza biyu da aka kashe. Ina tsammanin zai zama rashin girmamawa. Muradata ita ce ta zama babban jirgin sama na kasa. Ba na tashi don samun shahara a matsayin mai tashi mai ban sha'awa ko mai nunawa, amma don nuna mata cewa jirgin sama yana da amfani lokacin da aka nemi ya yi kawai abin da zai yiwu a yi.A ranar 20 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1913 a Garden City, New York ta yi ƙoƙari ta yi rikodin tsawo na mata, amma dole ne ta koma ƙasa lokacin da ma'aunin mai ya fashe kuma mai ya rufe hangen nesa. Tare da karuwar rashin amincewa da mata da ke tashi bayan mutuwar Harriet Quimby, da kuma fama da matsalolin kudi, ta daina jirgin sama ba da daɗewa ba.

## Yaƙin Duniya na I
Bernetta ya tafi gaba a yakin duniya na a matsayin mai sa kai ga YMCA. Ta isar da abinci ga sojojin 326th Infantry na 82nd Division a matsayin ma'aikacin cin abinci, akai-akai a karkashin wuta. An ji mata rauni aƙalla sau ɗaya, amma ta kasance a gaba ta hanyar Argonne har zuwa ƙarshen yaƙin. A shekara ta 1919 gwamnatin Faransa ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Croix de Guerre . Yabo ta karantaAn sanya ta zuwa Tours a farkon shekara ta 1918 sannan aka tura ta zuwa sashin Toul a watan Yunin 1918, ta ba da manyan ayyuka kafin da kuma lokacin da aka kai hari na Saint-Mihiel, tana aiki da taimakawa wadanda suka ji rauni a cikin cibiyoyin agaji. Ta kasance a cikin sashin Argonne a lokacin wannan hari na karshe.A cikin wasikar yabo daga kwamandan 82nd Division a ranar 13 ga Janairun 1919 an ceYayinda take aiki da kantin abinci a kusa da layin gaba, a Noviant, Faransa, a daren 4 ga Agusta, 1918, Miss Miller tana ƙarƙashin wuta mai tsanani, inda ta ba da cakulan mai zafi da sauran kayayyaki ga maza, lokacin da ba zai yiwu a sami waɗannan kayayyaki a wasu wurare ba. A ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 1918, yayin wani hari a kusa da St. Juvin, Faransa, a karkashin wuta ta abokan gaba, ta ziyarci layin gaba, tana dauke da sigari da sauran abubuwan ta'aziyya ga maza. Ta hanyar sadaukar da kai ga aikinta, rashin kula da haɗarin mutum da kuzari mara gajiyawa ta yi abubuwa da yawa don kiyaye ruhun farin ciki tsakanin sojoji a lokacin mawuyacin lokaci.

## Turkiyya da bayan
Daga 1926 zuwa 1933 Bernetta ta kasance Bursar na Kwalejin Amurka don 'yan mata a Istanbul, Turkiyya . Ta yi murabus daga wannan aikin lokacin da aka nada sabon shugaban makaranta wanda ba ta so, kuma ta koma Amurka. Daga 1933 zuwa 1941 ta kasance Bursar na St. Mary's Hall, makarantar masu zaman kansu a Burlington, New Jersey .

## Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba
Daga 1941 zuwa 1948 ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba a Princeton, New Jersey . Ta kasance sakatariyar farko ga darektan Cibiyar da mai kula da littattafai, amma lokacin da hangen nesa ya ragu saboda cututtukan cututtuka an sanya ta mai gaisuwa a ƙofar Cibiyar. Saboda haka, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da ke da alhakin hana baƙi daga damun Albert Einstein. Bayan Robert Oppenheimer ya zama shugaban Cibiyar, sai ya kori Bernetta. Ta ce game da shi "Ina tsammanin mutumin cikakkiyar maciji ne - amma ba zan taɓa cewa ba shi da aminci ba".

Ra'ayinta game da Einstein ya sha bamban gaba ɗaya. Ta kira shi "ƙaunatacce" kuma a cikin wata hira ta 1963 ta ce game da shi:Daga cikin dukkan mazajen da ke wurin shi ne daya daga cikin masu kirki. Yana son kowa da kowa. Shi ne mafi kyau, mafi yawan fita. Babu wani abu game da shi. Dukanmu mun kare shi kuma mun yi ƙoƙarin bincika kiransa da baƙi.Lokacin da aka kore ta Einstein ya rubuta mata wasika.

## Shekaru na baya
Bayan Princeton, Bernetta ta yi aiki a matsayin uwar gida a kwalejoji. An shigar da ita memba a cikin Early Birds, ƙungiyar masu jirgin sama waɗanda suka tashi kafin 1917. Ta yi ritaya zuwa New Hope, Pennsylvania inda ta mutu, bayan ta karye cinyarta a faduwa, a watan Nuwamba 1972. An binne ta a Kabari na West Lawn a Canton, Ohio .  Bernetta ta kasance memba na Kungiyar Ma'aikatan Kasashen Waje ta Mata . 

## Tarin kayan tarihi

Kayan jirgin sama na 1912 An ajiye shi 2006-08-08 a  (a zahiri wanda aka yi don hawa a cikin motoci masu budewa) ana nuna shi a Filin jirgin saman College Park a Maryland. Akwai hotonta a cikin dakin Farko na Gidan Tarihi na Air da Space a Washington, DC

Lasisin matukin jirgi da tambarin Early Bird suna cikin tarin Stark County Historical Society, dba McKinley Presidential Library & Museum, a garinsu na Canton, Ohio.

## Manazarta