open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Flour Mills na Najeriya

**Flour Mills of Nigeria** (FMN) wani kamfani ne na kasuwancin noma na Najeriya, wanda George S. Coumantaros ya kafa a shekarar 1960. FMN na daukar ma'aikata sama da 12,000.

George S. Coumantaros ne ya kafa FMN a shekarar 1960 a matsayin kamfani mai zaman kansa kuma a shekarar 1978 ya zama kamfani na jama'a, wanda aka jera hannun jarinsa a kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya. 

Shugaban FMN tun daga 2014, kuma tsohon Shugaba shine ɗan wanda ya kafa, John Coumantaros. Shugaba Omoboye Olusanya. 

Flour Mills a yau, kamfani ne mai riko da tsarin kasuwanci a tsaye. 

Babban alamar kamfanin shine Golden Penny Flour.

## Tarihi
Kamfanin Flour Mills ya fara aiki a shekarar 1962, masana'antar sarrafa alkama ta farko a Najeriya, an gina ta ne kan kudi £2.5m daga babban birnin kasar Girka da Amurka  ta hannun kamfanin Southern Star Shipping.  Farkon samarwa na shekara shine ton 120,000.  Rukunin Apapa na kamfanin yana da yawan saukewa da damar ajiya tare da injin niƙa don sarrafa gauran alkama ta Arewacin Amurka. A shekara ta 1964, kamfanin ya faɗaɗa samarwa tare da kafa masana'antar masana'antar polypropylene wanda ke yin ciniki a ƙarƙashin sunan kasuwanci na Kamfanin Kera Jaka na Najeriya Limited.  Ginin farko ya kuma sarrafa kayan alkama don fitar da shi zuwa ketare. 

A shekara ta 1971, ƙarfin aikin niƙan alkama na shekara ya kai tan 300,000.  A cikin 1975, kamfanin ya sayi ribar 'yan tsiraru a Arewacin Najeriya Flours Mills, Kano, daga baya kuma ya sami riba a Niger Mills na Calabar. A ƙarshen 1970s, an jera kamfanin a kan musayar hannayen jarin Najeriya.

Tambarin FMN ya samo asali ne daga kamfani guda ɗaya na kayan masarufi, zuwa ƙungiyar da ke aiki a muhimman sassa na tattalin arzikin Najeriya. Suna aiki a manyan sassa hudu na Abinci, Su, Agro-allied, Port Operations da Logistics, Packaging da Real Estate. Suna gudanar da tsarin samar da abinci a tsaye a tsakanin sauran kasuwancin su.

A shekarar 1990, an sake kafa wata sana’ar kera polypropylene a shekarar 1997 a Arewacin Najeriya ana kasuwanci da sunan kasuwanci mai suna Northern Bag Manufacturing Company, bayan shekaru biyu aka kafa Kamfanin jigilar kayayyaki na Golden. A cikin 1997, fadada ayyukan kasuwanci ya haifar da kafa kasuwancin tallan taki,  ya ci gaba da haɓaka tare da ƙaddamar da haɗin gwiwar siminti UNICEM a cikin 2002, kasuwancin sarrafa tashar jiragen ruwa a ƙarƙashin sunan Apapa Bulk Terminal a 2004, Golden Transport a 2008 da Premier Feeds a 2010.  A cikin watan Agustan 2015, an kafa kamfani mai riƙewa, Excelsior Shipping don gudanar da al'amuran wasu rassansa.  Apapa Bulk Terminal yana aiki da Terminal A da B a tashar tashar Apapa.

Kamfanin ya gudanar da aikin buhunan siminti mai yawa a kasuwar Apapa ta Burham Cement, biyo bayan bin ka’idojin gwamnati na inganta masana’antar siminti na cikin gida wanda kamfanin ya daina aiki da kamfanin ya hada gwiwa da Orascom don kafa wurin siminti a Mfanmosing, jihar Cross River. 

A cikin 2021, FMN ta sami kashi 71.6% na Kamfanin Honeywell na Honeywell Flour Mills Plc.

## Kamfanoni

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Maia Majumder

**Maimuna (Maia) Majumder,** ƙwararriyar masaniyar ilimin lissafi ce kuma memba ce a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta makarantar Harvard da Shirin Ilimin Kiwon Lafiyar Kiwon Lafiya na Yara na Boston (CHIP). A halin yanzu tana aikin akan daƙile yaduwar cutar a COVID-19.

## Ilimi da farkon aiki
Majumder ta sami digiri Digiri a kimiyya|na farko na Kimiyya daga Jami'ar Tufts a fannin injiniya a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha uku 2013, da kuma jagoran Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a daga Makarantar Magunguna ta Jami'ar Tufts|Makarantar Magungunan Jami'ar Tufts . Daga nan ta halarci Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts don Jagoran Kimiyya|Jagoranta na Kimiyya da Digiri na Digiri na Falsafa a cikin injiniyan tsarin karkashin kulawar Richard Larson . Don aikin karatun digirinta na Jagora, ta yi amfani da bayanan da ake samu a bainar jama'a don yin ƙima da kuma nuna alamun cutar MERS a Saudi Arabiya .  Ta Ph.D. Rubutun ya mayar da hankali kan yin ƙirar hanyoyin watsa cututtuka a lokacin barkewar annoba ta duniya, la'akari da cewa akwai bambancin ra'ayi tsakanin al'umma, don haka wasu mutane sun fi wasu kamuwa da kamuwa da cuta.  Ƙirar ta ta ƙare a cikin shawarwarin manufofi ga waɗanda ke aiki a cikin lafiyar jama'a don inganta samun damar samun bayanai game da kamuwa da cuta, ta yadda masu kididdigar za su iya kwatanta yaduwar cututtuka, da kuma yin tunani game da ainihin adadin haifuwa na cututtuka a matsayin ma'anar bazuwar.

Yayin da yake a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts, Majumder ya shiga HealthMap, ƙungiyar masu bincike, masu ilimin cututtuka, da masu haɓaka software a Asibitin Yara na Boston wanda ke amfani da bayanan lantarki kyauta don yin sa ido da kuma sa ido kan barkewar cutar. A can, ta yi amfani da rahotannin labarai na cikin gida don bin diddigin cututtuka irin su kyanda da sankarau da kuma yin ƙira da tasirin adadin allurar rigakafin cutar kan yaduwar su, ta hanyar amfani da haɗin ƙirar lissafi da bayanan sa ido. .

A cikin 2015, ta buga wani rahoto wanda ya gano cewa ya danganta barkewar cutar kyanda da ke gudana a Anaheim, California, wanda ya fara wani lokaci a cikin Disamba 2014, da rashin allurar rigakafi.  Ta ba da rahoton cewa adadin allurar rigakafin ya kasance a wani wuri tsakanin kashi 50 zuwa 86—ya yi ƙasa da daidaitaccen adadin kashi 96 da ake buƙata don ba da rigakafin garken garken ga jama'a.   A cikin 2016, ta yi amfani da rahoton *[[Arkansas Democrat-Gazette]]* don bin diddigin fashewar mumps na Agusta 2016 a Arkansas .   Ita da abokan aikinta sun kiyasta cewa adadin allurar rigakafin MMR ya yi ƙasa da kashi 70 cikin ɗari. . Tare da HealthMap, Majumder ya kuma sa ido tare da buga hasashen kamuwa da cutar cutar Ebola da mace-mace a lokacin annobar cutar Ebola ta yammacin Afirka ta 2014.  Ƙungiyarta ta kuma yi aiki don ƙididdige girma da dawwama na barkewar cutar, baya ga yin ƙirar yadda sa baki zai iya canza adadin watsawa.  .

Bayan aikinta na digiri, Majumder ta shiga dakin gwaje-gwajen Kimiyyar Bayanan Kiwon Lafiya na Jami'ar Harvard a matsayin abokiyar karatun digiri tsakanin 2018 da 2019.

## Manazarta
Kasuwar Masoya Abinci

**Kasuwar Lover's Market** sarkar babban kanti ce ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce ke gudanar da shagunan sayar da kayan marmari da kantuna masu dacewa a Kudancin Afirka.  Kamfanin memba ne na Ƙungiyar Franchise na Afirka ta Kudu.  Ya zuwa 2022, akwai shaguna sama da 300 a Afirka ta Kudu, 2 a Botswana da 3 a Namibiya.

## Tarihi
An kafa kamfanin a cikin 1993 a matsayin kantin ' **ya'yan itace & Veg City** guda ɗaya a Access Park, rukunin masana'anta a cikin yankin Kenilworth na Cape Town. An canza hanyar fita daga kasuwancin da ke gudana, The Carrot King, zuwa kantin 'ya'yan itace & Veg City. 

An kafa Kasuwar Masu Ƙaunar Abinci ta 'yan'uwa Brian da Mike Coppin, waɗanda mahaifinsu ya kasance Daraktan OK Bazaars,  sarkar dillalan da Kamfanin Shoprite ya samu a 1997. Lokacin da aka bude, kamfanin ya samo kayayyakinsa kai tsaye daga manoma da kasuwannin kananan hukumomi tare da sanya musu farashi mai tsanani domin su yi girma a kasuwa yayin da suke fafatawa da manyan kantunan sayar da kayayyaki. 

A shekara ta 1995, wani da yake son yin wani shago a Port Elizabeth ya zo wa ’yan’uwa, kuma aka buɗe kantin sayar da hannun jari na farko. Franchises a Gabashin London, Durban, Bloemfontein, da Pretoria sun biyo baya.  Kamfanin ya buɗe kantin sayar da shi na farko a Johannesburg a cikin 1999. 

A cikin 2012, Kasuwar Masu Ƙaunar Abinci ta faɗaɗa tayin ta don haɗa abubuwan da ba abinci ba kuma ta sanar da cewa za ta canza duk kantunan Fruit & Veg City zuwa alamar Kasuwar Mai Ƙaunar Abinci.  A cikin 2014, kamfanin ya sanar da cewa zai fara sayan kayayyaki a cikin nau'ikan kayan abinci da yawa daga dillalan Burtaniya Waitrose . 

A cikin 2015, kamfanin ya sami R 760 miliyan zuba jari daga kunno kai kasuwa mai saka jari Actis,  kamfanin ta Shugaba, Brian Coppin, ya bayyana cewa kamfanin ya janyo hankalin Actis' tarihin aiki tare da iyali-mallakar kasuwanci.

## Alamomi
Har ila yau, kamfanin yana aiki da shaguna masu dacewa na sa'o'i 24 a ƙarƙashin alamar FreshStop a sama da tashoshin mai na Caltex 200 a fadin Afirka ta Kudu.  Hakanan tana siyar da barasa a shagunan sayar da barasa na Kasuwa kusa da zabar kantunan Masoyan Abinci  kuma tana gudanar da gidajen cin abinci irin na cafeteria a wuraren cin abinci na Lover's Eatery.

## Abokan hulɗa
Kasuwar Masu Ƙaunar Abinci tana karɓar wasu samfuranta daga kamfanin Cape Roasters na Afirka ta Kudu kuma tana samar da shagunan ta FVC International , kamfanin shigo da kaya na Afirka ta Kudu. 

Sarkar kofi na Afirka ta Kudu Kamfanin Coffee na Seattle yana da kantuna a Kasuwar Ƙaunar Abinci da shagunan FreshStop a duk faɗin ƙasar.

Kasuwar Masu Ƙaunar Abinci tana da haɗin gwiwa tare da bankin Afirka ta Kudu ABSA, ta yadda abokan cinikin ABSA za su iya samun kuɗin kuɗi ta hanyar amfani da debit da katunan kiredit ɗin su a shagunan masu son Abinci.

## Nassoshi
Hadi mai ban mamaki

**Haɗin kai mai ban mamaki** Kayan lantarki ne na mabukaci kuma dillalin IT mai aiki a Kudancin Afirka.

An kafa haɗin software a cikin 1989 ta 'yan kasuwa Michael Glezerson (Ostiraliya) da Michael David Smith (Australia). Shagon farko yana cikin Sandton City, Johannesburg. A cikin 1995 an buɗe haɗin kai na farko a Woodmead, Johannesburg.
Kamfanin yanzu shine babban mai siyar da kayan lantarki da IT a Afirka ta Kudu da nahiyar Afirka. A ranar 15 ga Disamba 1998, Connection Group Holdings Limited ya sami Haɗin Haɗin Kai kuma yanzu yana aiki a matsayin reshen wannan kamfani, da kansa wani reshe ne na JD Group Limited. Kamar na 2018, Ƙarfafa Haɗin kai yana da kantuna 78 a kudancin Afirka, daga 34 a cikin 2005.

## Kayayyaki
A cikin 2009 Dell ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai samar da samfuran sa ga Haɗin Haɗin Kai.

A ƙarshen 2010 ya fara ba da tarin bayanan ADSL ga abokan cinikin da ke siyan PC ko litattafan rubutu ta hanyar rarar kashin bayan Intanet daga SAT3 da Seacom.

A cikin 2011, Lenovo ya ba da sanarwar cewa kwamfyutocin ThinkPad da aka farfado za su kasance a Haɗin Haɗin Kai.

## Nassoshi
Kishinchand Chellaram

**Kishinchand Chellaram** ɗan kasuwa ɗan Indiya ne wanda ke gudanar da hanyar sadarwar kasuwanci ta duniya, K. Chellaram & Sons. An kafa kamfanin a cikin 1915, wani yanki ne na dangin ciniki na sindwork a Indiya.

## Rayuwa da kasuwanci
An haifi Chelleram a Madras ga dangin Gianchand Chellaram, dan kasuwan Sindhi.  Shi da ’yan’uwa uku sun yi makarantar firamare a Hyderabad kuma suna horon shiga sana’ar iyali. Yana da shekaru goma sha biyar, Chellaram ya fara aiki a cikin kasuwancin iyali kuma an horar da shi a fannoni da yawa na kasuwanci.

A cikin 1915, ya kafa kansa tare da kafa K. Chellaram da Sons a Madras, kamfanin siliki na siliki da wasu 'yan kasuwa. Bayan ƴan shekaru an buɗe reshe a Yokohama. Fadada yamma ya kai ga kafa ofis a Legas a 1923. Kamfanin na Legas ya yi ciniki da masaku daga Indiya da Japan a cikin 1920 da 1930s  yana fafatawa da kamfanonin Turai. Kafin yakin duniya na biyu, kamfanin ya kafa ofishin gida a Saliyo.

Chellarams sun kasance Hindu daga lardin Sindh a Indiya kafin rabuwa, lokacin da aka raba ƙungiyar zuwa Indiya da Pakistan, Chellaram ya sayar da mafi yawan kadarorinsa a Sindh kuma ya kara sha'awar Najeriya.

Chellaram ya yi rijistar kasuwanci a Najeriya a hukumance a shekarar 1947 kuma a cikin shekarun 1950, ya kafa rukunin shaguna. 

Chellaram ya mallaki gida a yankin babban brow na Ikoyi a Legas a mulkin mallaka  sannan ya yi ritaya zuwa Pedhi a Hyderabad. Kafin mutuwarsa, ya kafa amincewar ilimi a Indiya wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban Kwalejin Kishinchand Chellaram .

## Nassoshi
Cokodeal

**Cokodeal** sabis ne na kasuwancin e-commerce na kasuwa wanda ke haɗa 'yan kasuwa a Afirka zuwa duniya.Tana da hedkwata a Najeriya mai lamba: 1165256. Sabis ɗin yana taimaka wa 'yan kasuwa da abokan ciniki na Afirka.  Tare da Cokodeal, daidaikun masu amfani, ƙungiyoyi da kasuwanci na iya ƙirƙirar shagunan kan layi don tallata hajoji da sabis na Afirka. Wadanda suka kafa ta sun yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Neoteric, wani kamfani na Birtaniya, don kula da ci gabanta da goyon bayansa. A halin yanzu, babban kasuwancin sa yana cikin Ghana, Najeriya, Tanzania, Afirka ta Kudu, da Kenya. Cokodeal wata hanya ce ga 'yan kasuwa na Afirka don saduwa da abokan cinikin duniya da yin ciniki.

## Tarihi
An kafa Cokodeal a cikin 2012 ta Mike Dola  kuma an ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2014. Ta yi amfani da Najeriya a matsayin hanyar shiga Afirka, sannan ta fadada zuwa wasu kasashen Afirka.

cokodeal.com ta shiga cikin dalar Amurka miliyan 1 SpeedUPAfrica bootcamp da aka gudanar a Accra, wanda DraperDarkFlow, 500startups, Jami'ar Singularity ta shirya.

### Ƙirƙirar ƙirƙira
Cokodeal ya kirkiro bankin kayayyaki na Afirka, a matsayin wani dandali da ke magance kalubalen da mutane a Turai da sauran sassan duniya ke fuskanta wajen gano 'yan kasuwa na Afirka da Afirka ta samar da kayayyaki da ayyuka. Yana nufin nemo kasuwanci, samfura, kaya da wuri.

### Musamman
An tsara Cokodeal don haɓaka abun ciki na gida na Afirka kawai,  watau Kayayyaki da sabis na Afirka da aka kera kamar kayayyakin noma, masaku, sana'a, ayyukan fasaha, injina, da ma'adanai. Cokodeal yana sauƙaƙe 'yan kasuwa na Afirka saduwa da abokan ciniki, kuma yana haɗa 'yan kasuwa na Afirka zuwa Afirka da kasuwannin duniya. Yana da nufin warware wasu ƙalubalen zamantakewa  kuma yana ba SMEs da kasuwanci damar yin amfani da dandamali don adana farashi da isa sabbin kasuwanni.  Yana aiki azaman haɗin kasuwa don kasuwancin Afirka don kasuwanci na duniya da haɓaka abubuwan cikin gida.

Masu kasuwanci a Najeriya za su iya tallata hajojin da aka kera a Najeriya a kan cokodeal don shiga sabbin kasuwanni. Koyaya, dandamali yana buƙatar haɓakawa a cikin yadudduka da ƙirar ƙira. 

A cikin lokutan tattalin arziki na baya-bayan nan tare da faɗuwar abubuwan haƙoran mai a kasuwannin duniya, manufar rarrabuwar kawuna ga ƙasashen Afirka ya zama babbar buƙata. Cokodeal ya goyi bayan Ma'aikatun gwamnati, Ci gaba da Hukumomi (MDAs) don samun sayayya ta hanyar samar da masu siye na duniya don masu kera na gida,  da kuma na masu siye na duniya.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Gidan yanar gizon kungiyar
* Kamfanoni House
* Ƙofar bashi
* Kamfanoni a Burtaniya

## Nassoshi
Eulalie Nibizi

**Eulalie Nibizi** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1960) yar ƙungiyar ƙwadago ce kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. A shekarar 1991, ta ba da gudummawa wajen kafa kungiyar kwadago ta farko a Burundi, Union des travailleurs du Burundi, sannan ta ci gaba da kafa kungiyar malamai ta Syndicat des Travailleurs de l'Enseignement du Burundi. A shekarar 2015, yayin da take kasar Denmark, ta samu labarin cewa hukumomin Burundi na daukar ta a matsayin mai tayar da kayar baya. Ta kuma yanke shawarar cewa bai kamata ta koma ƙasarta ba, tun lokacin tana gudun hijira. Tuni Nibizi ta kai rahoto ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan take hakkin dan Adam a Burundi. A matsayinta na mai kula da kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Coalition Burundaise des Défenseurs des Droits de l'Homme, ta ci gaba da fafutukar ganin an samu ci gaba kan hakkin dan Adam ga dukkan 'yan Burundi.   

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife ta a shekarar 1960 a Kiryama a cikin gundumar Songa ta Burundi, Eulalie Nibizi ta kammala karatun digiri a cikin harshen Faransanci da adabi.  Ta ba da gudummawa ga kafa kungiyar kwadago ta farko ta Burdundi, Union des travailleurs du Burundi, a shekarar 1991, da fatan kare muradun malamai a makarantar da ta yi aiki. Amma a gwamnati ta bukaci dukkan jami'ai su zama mambobi, ba da jimawa ba ta nisanta kanta daga kungiyar saboda ta daina tunanin za ta iya aiki a matsayin kungiyar kwadago.  Maimakon haka ta mayar da hankalinta ga kungiyar Syndicat des Travailleurs de l'Enseignement du Burundi (STEB) a matsayinta na shugaba.  Ta taka rawar gani ta musamman wacce ta kai ga zaman gidan yari a shekarun 1997 da 2004. 

Ta samu nasara musamman a shekara ta 2002 lokacin da yajin aikin ya samar da yarjejeniya ta musamman da kuma biyan diyya ga malamai a sakamakon matsin lamba daga kungiyar.  An sake zaɓen ta a matsayin shugabar STEB, a watan Yuni 2015 an gayyaci ta zuwa wani taro a Denmark. Bayan da ta caccaki shugaban kasar Burundi Pierre Nkurunziza, an sanya ta cikin jerin bakaken sunayen makiyan kasar.  Ta bayyana cewa ba ta iya komawa Burundi saboda ta na fafutukar ganin kungiyar ta samu damar gudanar da zanga-zanga.  Tun daga lokacin ba ta dawo ba, inda ta shafe mafi yawan lokutanta a kasashen Rwanda da Uganda. 

A watan Satumban 2018, a wani taron gefe dangane da taron kwamitin kare hakkin bil adama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva, ta ba da rahoto kan yanayin Burundi.  Tawagar Burundi ta bukaci Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta janye lambarta ta ECOSOC. 

Nibizi kwanan nan ta yi kira ga masu kare hakkin bil'adama na Burundi da ke gudun hijira da su tabbatar da hadin gwiwa mai amfani a nan gaba: "Mambobin kawancenmu sun warwatse a ko'ina cikin duniya. Yana da matukar muhimmanci a ba su goyon baya da kuma alaka da su, ta yadda tare, za mu iya gina kyakkyawar makoma ga kasarmu, bisa tushen zaman lafiya da hakkin dan Adam.” 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Short gabatarwar bidiyo a cikin Faransanci ta Eulalie Nibizi daga Unite for Quality Education (2014)
Ketty Nivyabandi

**Ketty Nivyabandi** (an kuma haife ta a shekara ta 1978) mawakiya ce 'yar kasar Burundi kuma mai fafutukar kare Hakkin dan adam da ke zaman gudun hijira a Kanada.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife ta a Belgium kuma ta girma a Bujumbura, Burundi, inda kuma ta karanci dangantakar ƙasa da ƙasa kuma ta yi aikin jarida.  Waƙarta ta harshen Faransanci ta kuma fito a cikin mujallu na adabi irin su *Adabin Duniya a Yau*  da *Words Without Borders*,  da kuma a cikin tarihin tarihi da suka haɗa da We have crossed many rivers*: New Poetry* (2012)  da  Margaret Busby *[[New Daughters|New Daughter]]*  (2019).  A shekarar 2012 Nivyabandi ta wakilci Burundi a cikin waƙar London Parnassus a matsayin wani ɓangare na gasar Olympics ta bazara. 

Nivyabandi ta zama mai fafutuka a lokacin rikicin tsarin mulkin Burundi na shekarar 2015. Ta jagoranci zanga-zangar mata kawai ta farko a Burundi kuma ta kasance memba a ƙungiyar mata da 'yan mata don zaman lafiya da tsaro a Burundi. An kuma tilasta mata barin ƙasar a lokacin da gwamnati ta kai mata hari.  Ta ba da shaida a gaban komitin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa na majalisar dokokin kasar Canada kan take hakkin bil adama a kasar Burundi, kuma ta sha yin jawabi akai-akai kan hakkokin bil adama, musamman ‘yancin mata da illar rikice-rikice ga rayuwar mata.  A shekarar 2016 an sanya ta a cikin Kate Schatz 's *Rad Women Worldwide*. 

A shekarar 2017, Nivyabandi ta shiga cikin ma'aikatan Shirin Mata na Nobel a matsayin Abokin Watsa Labarai.  A cikin watan Maris 2019 ta kasance mai magana a taron Geneva don 'yancin dan adam da dimokuradiyya.  An nada ta a matsayin Sakatare Janar na Amnesty International Canada (Reshen Turanci) a cikin 2020, wacce ta gaji Alex Neve. A halin yanzu, Nivyabandi tana zaune kuma tana aiki a Ottawa, Kanada. 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin hadi na waje

*  "Mouvement de Femme et Filles pour la Paix et Securite au Burundi" mffpsburundi.org (in French). Archived from the original on 2019-01-01. Retrieved 2019-04-29.
Lydia May Ames

**Lydia May Ames** (1863 - Oktoba 1, 1946) yar wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurkiya ce daga Cleveland, Ohio. Ta ƙware a kan ƙanana-ƙananan zanen mai, kuma tana cikin ƴan wasan fasaha na farko na Cleveland ban da kasancewarta 'ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ta farko.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Ames a Cleveland a cikin shekara ta 1863, a cikin wajen da yake a lokacin Newburgh, ga mai ba da sabis na rayuwa mai suna Ashley Ames.  Tana da ’yar’uwa ɗaya, wadda ta zama ma’aikaciyar ɗakin karatu a Cleveland. Aikinta na zane ya fara tun kusan shekara ta 1885. A shekara ta 1900 ta sauke karatu daga Cleveland School of Art tare da zane-zanen hoto a matsayin abinda tafi ƙwarewa akai. Bayan kammala karatun ta, ta ci gaba da koyarwa a can har tsawon shekaru 27. Ta ci gaba da karatun zane-zane a Makarantar Zane ta Rhode Island. Bayan ta yi ritaya daga koyarwa, ta buɗe nata studio art kuma ta ci gaba da ba da darussa. Aikinta na ƙarshe ya faru kusan a cikin 1940. Ba ta taɓa yin aure ba, ta mutu a Cleveland a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, shekara ta 1946. 

## Salo
An santa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƴan wasan mata na farko daga Cleveland, Ames' ta sami karɓuwa a ƙasar Amurka saboda ƙwaƙƙwaran zanen mai na shimfidar wurare.  Waɗannan shimfidar wurare an yi su ne a matsayin ƙanana, samfurin ƙasa da girman katin waya. Banda ƙananan kayan mai ta kuma yi fenti. Yawancin lokacin aikinta ta yi amfani da shi a Cleveland, ko da yake ta yi balaguro don yin zane-zane zuwa New England da Bahar Rum.

A wasu lokuta  Ames an dauke ta  a matsayin "mai zane ta farko na Cleveland". Batun da ta fi so shine Garfield Park a Cleveland, wanda ke kusa da gidanta a kan Miles Avenue.

A wani lokacin ɗaya a cikin aikin Ames, ita kaɗai ce mace memba a Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta New York.

Koyarwarta ta mayar da hankali kan ilmin jikin mutum da tarihin fasaha da ci gaba, wanda a ƙarshe ta zama ƙwararriyar masaniya. 

## Manyan nune-nune

* Louis M. Sealand Gallery, Cleveland, 1900 
* Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru, New York, 1917 
* Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru, New York, 1921 
* Lindner Store, Cleveland, Agusta 1925 

## Manazarta
Hakkin Ɗan Adam a Kamaru

Kundin tsarin mulkin **[[Kamaru]] ya yi magana game da Kamaru dan Adam.** Sai dai, Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na shekara ta 2009, da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta fitar ya nuna damuwa dangane da kura-kuran zabe, da jami'an tsaro azabtarwa da kuma kame ba bisa ka'ida ba. 

## Batutuwa.
Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2002, da wata kungiyar agaji ta ‘Freedom from Torture’ ta Birtaniya ta fitar ta ce, “Yawancin azabtarwa a Kamaru ya kasance ne don ba da izinin ziyarar kasa daga Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan azabtarwa a 1999. Ya bayyana yadda ake azabtar da mutane a Kamaru a matsayin  

A cikin bita na shekara ta 2012, Freedom from Torture ya bayyana cewa sun sami 33, masu ba da shawara ga wadanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa daga Kamaru don jinya ko wasu ayyuka.

Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Amnesty International ta bayyana damuwa game da tashin hankalin da jami'an tsaro ke yi. A shekarar 2009, an kashe kusan fararen hula 100, yayin zanga-zangar. 

A cikin watan Afrilu 2010, Germain Cyrille Ngota Ngota, editan *Cameroun Express*, ya mutu a kurkuku a Kondengui Central prison.  An daure shi a gidan yari har zuwa lokacin da za a yi masa shari’a a watan Fabrairun 2010, tare da editocin wasu jaridu guda biyu, bisa zargin “hadin gwiwa” na sa hannun wani jami’in fadar shugaban kasa. Daya daga cikin editocin ya ce takardar da ake magana a kai an yi ta ne kawai a kan bukatar hira, yayin da dan jaridar da ya kirkiro takardar ya gudu.  "Kungiyar 'yan jarida ta Afirka bayan sun ziyarci kasar ta bayyana Kamaru a watan Mayun 2010, a matsayin 'daya daga cikin masu tsare 'yan jarida mafi muni a Afirka."  

Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, Kamaru "a halin yanzu tana tuhumar masu auren jinsi iri daya fiye da kusan kowace kasa a duniya". 

A ranar 27, ga watan Yunin 2022, kungiyar *[[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|kare hakkin bil’adama ta Human Rights Watch]]* ta bayar da rahoton cewa mayakan ‘yan awaren dauke da makamai sun kashe tare da raunata mutane, suka yi wa wata yarinya fyade, tare da aikata wasu munanan laifukan cin zarafin bil adama a fadin yankin Anglophone na kasar Kamaru. ‘Yan awaren sun kuma kona makarantu, sun kai hari a jami’o’i, sun kuma yi garkuwa da mutane kusan 82, ba tare da wata fargabar cewa ko dai shugabanninsu ko jami’an tsaron Kamaru za su iya daukar nauyinsu ba. 

A watan Maris na 2024, kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch (HRW) ta yi Allah wadai da "mummunan danniya" da gwamnatin Kamaru ta yi kan 'yan adawa, bayan da gwamnatin Paul Biya ta ayyana hada kan manyan jam'iyyunta a bangarori biyu "ba bisa ka'ida ba". 

## Tarihi.
Teburi mai zuwa yana ba da ƙimar Kamaru tun 1972, a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Makin 1 shine "mafi kyauta" kuma 7 shine "ƙananan kyauta".  1

## Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya.
Matsayin Kamaru game da yarjejeniyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa kamar haka:

## Duba kuma.

* 'Yancin addini a Kamaru.
* Fataucin mutane a Kamaru.
* Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Kamaru.
* Hakkin LGBT a Kamaru.

## Manazarta.
Eleanor Bergstein

**Eleanor Bergstein** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1938) marubuciyace a Amurka, wacce aka fi sani da rubuce-rubuce da kuma samar da *Dirty Dancing*, sanannen fim ɗin 1980 wanda ta danganta da yarinta. 

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Bergstein a cikin 1938 a gundumar Brooklyn na birnin New York . Tana da 'yar'uwa ɗaya, Frances, a cikin danginta Bayahudiyace Mahaifinsu, Joseph, likita ne wanda ta bar yawancin kulawar 'yan matan ga mahaifiyarsu, Sarah. Iyalin sun shafe lokacin bazara a wuraren shakatawa na alfarma Grossinger's Catskill Resort Hotel a cikin tsaunukan Catskill; kuma, yayin da iyayenta ke wasan golf, Bergstein tana rawa.

Bergstein ta kasance matashiyar Mambo Sarauniya, tana fafatawa a gasa na cikin gida. Yayin da take kwaleji, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai koyar da raye-raye a ɗakunan raye-raye na Arthur Murray. Bergstein ta  sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Pennsylvania a 1958.

A cikin 1966, ta auri Michael Paul Goldman kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin marubuciya, gami da *Ci gaba Paul Newman*. Wannan labari ya ƙunshi jigogi da yawa na shahararren fim ɗinta. Ta kuma gwada hannunta a rubuce-rubuce kuma ta sami nasara tare da *It's My Turn*, wani fim mai suna Michael Douglas da Jill Clayburgh￼￼.A lokacin samarwa, masu samarwa sun yanke wurin rawa mai ban sha'awa daga rubutun. Hakan ya sa Bergstein ta rubuta labari mai fa'ida, tana mai da hankali kan "rawan datti".

An saki fim ɗin *Dirty Dancing* a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin 1987.

A cikin 2004, Bergstein kuma ta daidaita fim ɗin a cikin wani mataki na *Dirty Dancing*, wanda ya zama kiɗa. An buɗe wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2004 a Ostiraliya.

## Ayyuka

* *Rawar Datti: The Musical*, 2004 mataki samar
* *Bari Ya Kasance Ni*, 1995 fim
* *Tsohon Masoyi: Novel*, 1989 labari
* *Dance Dancing*, 1987 film
* *Juya na ne*, wasan allo na 1980
* *Ci gaba Paul Newman*, 1973 labari

## Nassoshi
Edith Covensky

**Edith Covensky** (an haife ta Sha hudu ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da biyar, אדית קובנסקי a cikin Ibrananci, **Idit Ḳovensḳi** a cikin Romanian) mawaƙin Ibrananci ne da ke zaune a Amurka kuma babban malami a cikin Nazarin Ibrananci da Isra'ila a Jami'ar Jihar Wayne. Ta rubuta litattafai na wakoki guda talatin da hudu, a cikin Ibrananci, harshe biyu a cikin Ibrananci da Ingilishi,  cikin harsuna uku cikin Ibrananci, Larabci da Ingilishi,  kuma cikin Romanian da Sifaniyanci. 

## Kuruciya
An haifi Covensky a Bucharest, Romania, ta girma a Haifa, Isra'ila, kuma a halin yanzu tana zaune a Bloomfield Hills, Michigan.  Ta girma a Haifa,  ta je makarantar firamare "Maalot Ha'neveem" ("Mataki na Annabawa"), kuma ta ci gaba da sakandare a Alliance Francaise Israelte (Kol Israel Haverim) inda ta mai da hankali kan adabin Ibrananci da Faransanci.  Ta yi aiki a cikin Sojojin Isra'ila (IDF, 1963-1965) a matsayin mai karya lamba.  Bayan sallamarta ta soja a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sitin da biyar, ta tafi Amurka. 

## Sana'ar sana'a
Tun shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da bakwai Covensky tana koyar da Ibrananci da Nazarin Isra'ila a Jami'ar Jihar Wayne a Detroit, Michigan . 

Ita memba ce ta Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Farfesa na Ibrananci, da kuma Ƙungiyar Marubuta Ibraniyawa a Isra'ila ;  editan *Pseifas*, Jarida na adabi na Isra'ila da aka sadaukar don waƙar gargajiya da na Ibrananci;  kuma memba na Associationungiyar Alexander Dumas Uba, wanda ke cikin Paris, Faransa.

Covensky ta fara rubuta waƙar Ibrananci a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da daya, inda ta buga waƙarta ta farko "Ƙananan Albarka" (Ibrananci: "Al Hassadim Ktanim") a cikin *Bitzaron*, wata fitacciyar mujallar adabi da Jami'ar New York ta fitar, a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da biyu. Ta buga littafan kasidu guda talatin da hudu har yau. An buga wakokinta guda ɗaya a Isra'ila, Kanada, da Amurka.

Farfesan Faransa Michael Giordano, ta gabatar da waƙarta a cikin juzu'i *A Farko* (Ibrananci: Breeah; Faransanci: Genese), Gvanim, Tel-Aviv, 2017. Jeffrey L. Covensky ta gabatar da *Rayuwa a matsayin Almara* (Gvanim, 2017. ) An buga sigar Ibrananci a cikin *Pseifas*, 2017.

## Amsa mai mahimmanci
Sharuɗɗan waƙar Covensky ta kasance batun *juzu'in Ƙarƙashin Silky Sky: The Symbolist Poetry of Edith Covensky*,  wanda masani kuma mai sukar adabi  ta rubuta. .  ta kwatanta aikinta a cikin bita na 1996 a matsayin "waƙar waƙa", yana yaba mata don "ƙaddarar daɗaɗɗa" a cikin "haɗawa, jigo, da kuma zane-zane".  A cikin bita na shekara ta dubu biyu da goma Sha biyu ta bayyana aikinta a matsayin "waƙar metaphysical".  ta kwatanta shi da aikin masu zane-zane masu ban sha'awa, wanda dole ne a kiyaye shi daga nisa daidai don a gani sosai.
Jaclyn Friedman

**Jaclyn Friedman** / / ˈfr iːdmən / ; an haife ta ne a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da daya) marubuciya Ƴar ƙasar Amurka ne kuma Yar gwagwarmaya wanda aka sani da babban edita (tare da Jessica Valenti ) na *Ee Yana nufin Ee: Hangen Ƙarfin Jima'i da Duniyar da ba ta da Fyade* da *Ku yarda da ni: Ta yaya Amintattun Mata za su iya Canja Duniya*, marubucin *Unscrewed: Mata, Jima'i, Ƙarfi da Yadda za a Dakatar da Bar Tsarin Ya Rushe Mu duka* da *Abin da Ake So: The Smart Girl's Kunya-Free Guide to Jima'i da Tsaro*, mai magana a harabar kan batutuwan mata, 'yancin jima'i da gwagwarmayar fyade, da kuma wanda ya kafa kuma tsohon darektan zartarwa na Mata, Action & The Media.

## Fage
Friedman ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Wesleyan, kuma ta  sami MFA a cikin rubutun ƙirƙira daga Kwalejin Emerson a shekara ta dubu biyu da hudu. Tana zaune a yankin Boston.  Ita bisexual ce .  

## Mata, Aiki da Kafafen Yada Labarai

Friedman ita ne wanda ta kafa kuma tsohuwa Babbar Darakta na Mata, Action da Media (WAM!), Ba da riba na Arewacin Amurka da ke mai da hankali kan adalcin jinsi da al'amuran watsa labarai.  Abubuwan da WAM! ta samu sun hada da nasarorin da aka samu na matsin lamba ga Facebook da ya tilasta wa Facebook aiwatar da sharuɗɗan ayyukansa game da ingiza cin zarafin mata  da kuma matsawa tashar Clear Channel ta soke shawarar da ta yanke na kin gudanar da tallace-tallacen Cibiyar Mata ta Kudu Wind, asibitin mata. in Wichita .  WAM! Hakanan ya gudanar da babi a Boston, New York, Chicago, LA, DC, Ottawa da Vancouver. 

## Sauran gwagwarmaya
Friedman tana magana akai-akai a harabar jami'a akan batutuwan jima'i, jima'i, al'adun fyade, da ƙirƙirar al'adun jima'i mai kyau game da yarda mai daɗi. Hakanan tana ɗaukar faifan podcast na mako-mako "Ba a kwance ba." 

A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma an zaɓi Friedman a matsayin wakiliyar a tawagar zaman lafiya ta mata ta Nobel a Isra'ila da Falasdinu.  An yi wani shirin gaskiya, *Abokan Hulɗa don Aminci*, game da tawagar, kuma Friedman yana cikin fim din. 

A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma Sha tara, an kama Friedman a matsayin wani bangare na Never Again Action, gungun Yahudawa da kawaye da ke zanga-zangar ICE da yadda gwamnati ke mu'amala da bakin haure.  A cikin wata hira da Taskar Matan Yahudawa, ta gano wani babi na kungiyar matasan Yahudawa na Reform a New Jersey, wanda aka sani da NFTY, a matsayin tushen tsarin adalci na zamantakewa. 

Friedman ita ne mai fafutuka na 2019-2020 a wurin zama a Jami'ar Suffolk. 

## Rigima
A cikin Disamba 2010, Friedman tayi muhawara Naomi Wolf akan *Dimokuradiyya Yanzu!* game da zargin fyade ga wanda ya kafa WikiLeaks Julian Assange,    wanda Wolf ya kwatanta zargin sata a kan Assange a matsayin wakiltar "samfuran shawarwarin jima'i."

A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma Sha biyu, Friedman ta shiga wuta saboda yanki nata, *Shawara mara izini ga Blue Ivy Carter*,  wanda matan Ba-Amurke suka yi kakkausar suka akan zargin nuna wariyar launin fata.  Daga baya Friedman ta ba da uzuri ga jama'a a shafinta, kuma ta ba da gudummawar kuɗin da ta samu na guntun ga SisterSong, ƙungiyar fafutuka da ke hulɗa da mata masu launi .
Hinde Bergner

**Hinde Bergner** ( née Rosenblatt ) (ranar 10 watan Oktoba shekara ta 1870 - 1942) marubuciya ce na Yadish daga Galicia . 

## Tarihin Rayuwarta
An haife ta a ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta 1870 a Radymno, Galicia (awani yanki na Daular Austro-Hungary ), daya daga cikin 'ya'ya shida na Yusufu da Bluma Rosenblatt. Mahaifinta ya mallaki rumbun ajiya na gida, kuma ana saran Hinde zata taimaka da lissafin kasuwancin iyali. Ta girma acikin dangin Hasidic, ko da yake mahaifinta yana da ɗan buɗe ido ga sabbin abubuwa na zamani, yana biyan Hinde don koyon yaren Poland, Jamusanci, da darussan duniya.  Tun tana yarinya, Hinde ta gudu zuwa Jaroslaw don ta zauna da wata inna a lokacin da take tunanin iyayenta zasu hanata cigaba da karatunta. 

A shekara ta 1891, ta auri Efrayim Bergner, wanda ta haifi 'ya'ya maza uku. An haifi Moshe Bergner (daga baya Harari) a shekara ta 1892, kuma daga baya yayi hijira zuwa Falasdinu na wajibi, inda ya halarci makarantar fasaha ta Bezalel kafin ya kashe kansa yana da shekaru 21. Zakariya Bergner a shekara ta (1893-1976), ya koma Warsaw, daga baya kuma Montreal, inda ya zama fitaccen marubuci kuma mawaƙi na Yiddish a ƙarƙashin sunan alƙalami Melech Ravitch. Ɗansa Yosl Bergner acikin shekara ta(1920-2017), sanannen mai zanen Isra'ila ne. Ƙaninta, Herz Bergner cikin shekara ta(1907-1970) marubucin Yaddish marubuci ne wanda yayi hijira zuwa Ostiraliya kafin yakin duniya na biyu.

A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, iyalin sunyi shekara uku a Vienna a matsayin ’yan gudun hijira. Mijinta Efrayim yayi ƙoƙari dabam-dabam sana’o’i don ya cigaba da samun kwanciyar hankali, gami da sarrafa barasa da buga rubutu, kafin mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1939. Da farkon yakin duniya na biyu, Hinde ta gudu zuwa Tarayyar Soviet, na farko zuwa Rawa Ruska ( Rava-Ruska ), Przemyśl, sa'an nan kuma zuwa Przemyślany ( Peremyshliany ), kusa da Lemberg (Lwów / Lviv). Anyi imanin cewa ta mutu a shekara ta 1942 a sansanin halakar Belzec . 

Kafin mutuwarta ta aika da saƙo ga ɗanta, ta hanyar Red Cross, "Ina da rauni sosai… kwana kusa zanyi latti." 

## Rubutunta
Hinde ta fara rubuta littafin tarihin iyali ne a cikin shekara ta 1937, wanda ta aika wa 'ya'yanta maza da yawa. Wasikunta na ƙarshe shine a cikin shekara ta 1941. Tarihinta, *In di lange vinternekht, mishpokhe-zikhroynes fun a shtetl in galitsye, a shekarar 1870-1900* (A cikin dogon lokacin hunturu, abubuwan tunawa da iyali daga wani gari a Galicia, a shekara ta 1870-1900) ta bayyana kwarewar zamani da zamanantar da jama'a, da tashin hankali. hakan ya biyo baya, a yarinta shtetl .  Yana da mahimmanci ga hangen nesanta na mata game da canjin al'adu da haɓakawa a cikin al'ummar Yahudawa.  An buga shi bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta cikin 1946, tare da kalmar gaba ta 'ya'yanta. Daga baya Justin Cammy ne ya fassara littafin daga Yiddish .  An buga fassarar Ibrananci ta Arye Aharoni, mai suna *Belelot haḥoref haarukim, zikhronot mishpaḥa meayara begalitsya*, a cikin shekara ta 1982.  Otto Müller ta buga fassarar Jamusanci a cikin shekara ta 1995. Fassarar Turanci, tare da gabatarwar Justin Cammy, Jami'ar Harvard Press ta buga a 2005. 

## Nassoshi
Sabina Citron

**Sabina Citron** (An haifta a shekara ta 1928) ta tsira daga Holocaust. Itace mai kafa kuma mai magana da yawun kungiyar Tunawa da Holocaust na Kanada, ta tuhumi wani mai yada farfagandar Nazi a karkashin  Kanada da yada labaran karya dangane da Holocaust, kuma tayi nasara acikin karar farar hula don cin zarafi ga mai laifin yakin Hungarian Imre Finta. Ta rubuta *The Indictment.*

## Rayuwarta ta farko
An haifi Citron a Łódź, Poland.  Tayi aikin tilastawa a masana'antar harsashi a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. 

Daga baya a lokacin Holocaust, an tsareta a sansanin taro na Auschwitz, inda babban yayanta ya mutu.   Ko da yake sauran 'yan uwan Citron sunyi nasarar tsira, an kashe kusan dukan danginta.  Ta ƙaura zuwa Isra'ila a shekara ta 1948, daga baya tayi hijira zuwa Toronto, Kanada, kuma yanzu tana zaune a Urushalima, Isra'ila. 

## Daga baya rayuwarta
Citron ta zama mai kafa kuma mai magana da yawun Ƙungiyar Tunawa da Holocaust ta Kanada.     

A cikin shekara ta 1983 Citron ta fara gabatar da kara na sirri a ƙarƙashin Dokar Laifukan Kanada a kan farfagandar Nazi Ernst Zündel, mai hana Holocaust da ƙasida, tana tuhumarsa da yada labaran ƙarya. 

Ana tuhumar su ne a kan ƙasidu biyu da ya wallafa. Citron tayi zargin cewa wallafe-wallafen "suna iya haifar da ɓarna ga sha'awar jama'a game da zamantakewa da kabilanci".      Ofishin Lauyan Mai Shari’a ne ya dauki nauyin shari’ar, kuma an yanke wa Zündel hukuncin daurin watanni 15 agidan yari. 

Duk da haka, akan daukaka kara zuwa Kotun daukaka kara ta Ontario, an ajiye hukuncin agefe kuma ansake yin shari'ar, saboda kurakuran tsarin da alkalin kotun yayi.  An sake gurfanar da Zündel da laifi aka sake shari’ar kuma ya ɗaukaka ƙara, da farko zuwa Kotun daukaka kara ta Ontario, wadda ta yi watsi da ƙarar, sannan kuma zuwa Kotun Koli ta Kanada, wadda tabada izinin ƙara, ta soke hukuncin kotunan da ke ƙasa.  A hukuncin da ta yanke, Kotun Koli ta ce tuhumar da akeyi na yada labaran karya ya sabawa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, domin ya sabawa garantin 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki a cikin Yarjejeniyar 'Yanci da 'Yanci ta Kanada .

Citron ta kumayi nasara a karar da aka shigar da shi kan zargin cin mutuncin Imre Finta, bayan da ya zargeta da zama makaryaci saboda ta ce ya aikata laifukan yaki.   

Citron itace marubuciyar *The Indictment: Rikicin Larabawa da Isra'ila a Ma'anar Tarihi* (Gefen Publishing House Ltd, shekara ta 2006).  

## Nassoshi
Inez Bensusan

**Inez Bensusan** An haife ta a cikin shekara ta( dubu daya da tamanin da saba'in da daya – dubu daya da dari tara da sitin da bakwai) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Bayahude, haifaffiyar Australiya, marubuciya kuma mai takara a Burtaniya. Ta kasance shugabar ƙungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Franchise League da Ƙungiyar Yahudawa don Suffrage na Mata .

## Rayuwa
An haifi Bensusan a Sydney, Ostiraliya a ranar Sha daya ga watan Satumba alif dubu daya da dari takwas da saba'in da daya. Mahaifiyar ta, Samuel Levy Bensusan wakili ne ga masu hakar ma'adinai kuma mahaifiyarta ita ce Julia Rosa, née Vallentine.  Bayan yin karatu a Jami'ar Sydney, ita da danginta sun ƙaura zuwa Ingila a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da casa'in da hudu kuma ba da daɗewa ba, ta shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a duniya, a Ingila, Amurka da Australia. Tsakanin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da shida har zuwa shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da takwas, za ta ci gaba da fitowa a cikin wasanni fiye da hamsin a West End . 

Ta zama memba na Emmeline Pankhurst's Women Social and Political Union kuma a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da bakwai ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Franchise League .  Ta rubuta wasan kwaikwayo guda uku don League kuma ita ce shugabar sashin wasansu. 

A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da Sha daya masu rinjaye suna adawa da ƙidayar jama'a. A wani bangare na zanga-zangar *ta Apple* an yi ta ne da karfe daya na safe. Wannan shi ne karo na biyu da ake yin wasan kwaikwayo. 

A shekara ta gaba ta kasance cikin kwamitin zartarwa na Ƙungiyar Yahudawa don Suffrage na Mata .

A cikin Disamba 1913 ta kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta mata a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Coronet . Kungiyar ta samu nasara a kakar wasanni guda daya amma an katse aikin sakamakon barkewar yaki. *Kamfanin Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Mata* ya ci gaba da nishadantar da sojojin Ma'aikata a Cologne. 

A cikin 1946 ta haɗu da kafa House of Arts a Chiswick.
Violette Lecoq

**Violette Lecoq** (1912 - 2003) ma'aikaciyar jinya ce ta Faransa,mai zane,kuma memba na juriya a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu .An san ta da zane-zane daga sansanin taro na Ravensbrück, waɗanda kuma aka yi amfani da su azaman shaida a gwaji na Ravensbrück na farko a 1946.

## Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu
A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu Lecoq ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya tare da Red Cross.Ita ma tana da alaƙa da ƙungiyar juriya ta Faransa.  An kama ta a cikin 1942 kuma ta yi shekara guda a warewa, sannan aka kawo ta sansanin rani na Ravensbrück a 1943,  a matsayin fursuna Nacht und Nebel. Ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a block goma a fursuna,toshe don tarin fuka da tabin hankali.  Daga wannan bukka ta ga yadda aka kashe mata wadanda ba su iya aiki.  Lecoq ta yi nasarar shirya fensir da takarda,kuma ta yi zane-zane da yawa daga rayuwar da ke cikin sansanin,da niyyar buga zanen wata rana. 

An fitar da ita tare da Red Cross ta Sweden a cikin Afrilu 1945.  A cikin 1946,ta kasance mai shaida a Ravensbrück Trials a Hamburg,tare da Odette Sansom,Irène Ottemard, Jaqueline Hereil,Helene Dziedziecka, Neeltje Epker da sauransu.  An yi amfani da zane-zanenta a matsayin shaida a gwaji. 

A cikin 1948 ta buga *Ravensbrück, 36 dessins à la plume*,tarin zanenta daga sansanin Ravensbrück. Hotunan zane-zanen fensir ne daga "rayuwar yau da kullun" a cikin sansanin. Misalai sune jerin "-Barka da zuwa...",  da "Deux heures après",  suna nuna mata guda ɗaya da ke shiga sansanin,da canjin sa'o'i biyu bayan haka. Zane "  " (a cikin English:) ta nuna wulakancin fursunonin ta hanyar zalunci daga ma'aikata. 

An haɗa da dama daga cikin kwatancenta a cikin littafin Sylvia Salvesen Tilgi *– men glem ikke*  1947 

An ba Lecoq lambar yabo ta Resistance Faransa,da kuma Croix de guerre na Faransa.  Ta mutu a Paris a shekara ta 2003.

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

* *Ravensbrück, 36 dessins à la plume* (1948)

## Manazarta
Souleymane Guengueng

**Souleymane Guengueng** dan kasar Chadi ne wanda aka azabtar da shi kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam, wanda ya taka rawar gani wajen gabatar da shari'a kan tsohon dan mulkin kama karya Hissène Habré. An haife shi a shekara ta 1952. 

A shekara ta 2006 shi da wasu fiye da 90 sun ba da shaida kan Habré a wata kotu a Senegal. Sama da mutane 90 ne suka bayar da shaida a wannan kotun.  Ya bayyana kansa a cikin fim din 2007 "The Dictator Hunter" na darekta Klaartje Quirijns. Shi ne shugaban wanda ya kafa AVCRP. Souleymane ya shafe shekaru uku na rayuwarsa a gidan yari. 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* 'He Bore Up Under Torture. Now He Bears Witness', New York Times, March 31, 2001
* Bio notes, 2003 event at London School of Economics
Jerin yabo da Evita ya samu (fim na 1996)

*Evita* fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa na Amurka na 1996 wanda ya dogara da Tim Rice da kiɗan Andrew Lloyd Webber mai suna iri ɗaya game da Uwargidan Shugaban ƙasar Argentina,Eva Perón. Alan Parker ne ya jagoranci kuma Parker da Oliver Stone suka rubuta,fim din ya buga Madonna,Antonio Banderas,da Jonathan Pryce a cikin manyan ayyukan Eva,Ché da Juan Perón.Shinkafa da Webber ne suka tsara kidan fim din,yay in da Darius Khondji ya kasance mai daukar hoto.Vincent Paterson ne ya kirkiri kide-kide na fim din kuma Gerry Hambling ne ke da alhakin gyarawa.Penny Rose ta tsara kuma ta ƙirƙira kayan ado na zamani don fim ɗin, kuma Brian Morris shine mai tsara saiti.

An yi shi akan kasafin kuɗi na $56 miliyan (daidai da $ 104 miliyan a 2022 ),An saki *Evita* a ranar 25 ga Disamba,1996, kuma ya tara sama da dala miliyan 141 (daidai da $ 263 miliyan a 2022 ) a duk duniya.Tumatir Rotten,mai tarawa na bita,yayi nazari akan sake dubawa 37 kuma ya yanke hukunci 62% ya zama tabbatacce.Fim ɗin ya sami lambobin yabo da zaɓe a sassa da yawa kuma ya sami lambobin yabo 19 daga jerin sunayen 40,tare da karramawa na musamman ga Madonna,Parker,Rice, Webber,da waƙar"Dole ne ku So Ni"daga fim ɗin.

A bikin 69th na Academy Awards,An zabi *Evita* a cikin nau'o'i biyar,kuma ya ci gaba da lashe Mafi kyawun Waƙar Asali don "Dole ne ku So Ni"(don Rice da Webber). Waƙar ta lashe nau'i iri ɗaya a lambar yabo ta Golden Globe Awards karo na 54 kuma an ba da ita a wasu nau'o'i huɗu, ciki har da Best Motion Picturenbsp;– Musical ko Barkwanci da Mafi kyawun Jarumanbsp;– Motion Hoton Comedy ko Musical,tare da Madonna ta ci nasara.An kuma jera ta a cikin kundin tarihin duniya na Guinness a karkashin rukunin Mafi Sauye-sauyen Kaya a Fim—ta yi sauye-sauyen kayan kwalliya 85 gaba daya,kuma ta sanya huluna 39,takalmi guda 45,‘yan kunne 56 da zanen gashi 42.*Evita* ta sami sunayen mutane takwas a bikin karramawar fina-finai na British Academy karo na 50, amma ba ta ci ko ɗaya daga cikinsu ba. Don jagorancinsa,Parker ya sami lambar yabo ta Ribbon Azurfa ta Turai a Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Italiya.Hukumar Bita ta Kasa ta lissafa *Evita* a matsayin daya daga cikin Fina-finansu Goma na 1996 da suka sanya shi a lamba hudu.Ya lashe kyautar mafi kyawun fina-finai a lambar yabo ta tauraron dan adam ta 1st Golden Satellite.

## Yabo

## Duba kuma

* 1996 a cikin fim

## Bayanan kula

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*
Kristin Feireiss

**Kristin Feireiss**(an haife shi 1 ga Yuli 1942)ɗan ƙasar Jamus ne mai tsara gine-gine da ƙira,marubuci,kuma edita. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da haɗin gwiwar kafa dandalin Aedes Architecture Forum a Berlin,yana aiki a matsayin darekta na Cibiyar Gine-gine na Netherlands,da kuma shiga a matsayin mai shari'a na kasa da kasa da kwamishinan a Architecture Biennale a Venice.A cikin 2013,Feireiss ya zama juror Pritzker Architecture Prize.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Feireiss a Berlin.Ta fara wani kwas a Tarihin Fasaha a Jami'ar Johann Wolfgang Goethe da ke Frankfurt a 1963, kuma ta sauke karatu daga Freie Universität Berlin a 1967.

## Sana'a
A ƙarshen 1960s,Feireiss ya fara aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida don mujallun al'adu da shirye-shiryen rediyo.Ta yi aiki da  tsakanin 1976 da 1980.A cikin 1980,ta haɗu da kafa Aedes a Berlin,dandalin gine-gine.Ta yi aiki a wurare daban-daban don wasu kungiyoyi da dama ciki har da Cibiyar Gine-gine ta Netherlands (darektan;1996-2001),Venice Biennale of Architecture(kwamishina,Dutch Pavilion, 1996 da kuma a 2000;International Jury, 2012), Pritzker Kyautar Architecture (juror, 2015),da Majalisar Al'adun Turai (tun 2007).Feireiss shine marubuci ko marubucin marubucin ayyuka daban-daban,ciki har da *Architecture a lokutan buƙatu:Yi Daidai sake gina New Orleans 'Ƙananan Ward na tara*,tare da Brad Pitt.

## Girmamawa
A cikin 1995,Feireiss ya sami na DAI,kuma a ranar 23 ga Maris 2001 ta sami lambar yabo ta Federal Cross of Merit.Feireiss an girmama shi a matsayin Knight na Order of the Netherlands Lion(2013).A ranar 26 Oktoba 2007,Kristin Feireiss ya sami digiri na girmamawa daga Carolo-Wilhelmina Technische Universität a Braunschweig.A cikin bayar da wannan digiri, TU Braunschweig ta ba da girmamawa ga Feireiss saboda ayyukanta a matsayin ɗan jarida,mai kula da shi, kuma wanda ya kafa Aedes Architecture Forum (Berlin),da kuma yin hidima fiye da shekaru 25 a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin binciken gine-gine na ilimi da kuma tsaka-tsaki.,jama'a na duniya.A cikin 2016 an ba ta lambar yabo ta girmamawa ta Cibiyar Sarauta ta Burtaniya ta Architects. 

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa
* Kristin Feireiss; Lukas Feireiss: *Gine-gine na canji: dorewa da ɗan adam a cikin yanayin da aka gina.* Die Gestalten, Berlin 2008,  .
* Kristin Feireiss; Brad Pitt: *Gine-gine a lokutan bukata: Yi Daidaita sake gina New Orleans 'Ƙananan Ward na tara.* Prestel, München 2009  .
* *Wie ein Haus aus Karten.* *Die Neckermanns - meine Familiengeschichte.* Ullstein, Berlin 2012.

## Nassoshi