Yanayin muhalli na nishadi

Ilimin muhalli na nishaɗi shine binciken kimiyya na tasirin muhalli wanda ya haifar da ayyukan nishaɗi a wuraren da aka kiyaye. Wannan fagen binciken ya haɗa da bincike da saka idanu game da canje-canje na biophysical, bincike don gano abubuwan da ke haifar da tasiri ko tallafawa tsarawa da gudanarwa, da bincike game da tasirin ayyukan ilimi, tsari, da kuma gudanar da shafin da aka tsara don rage tasirin nishaɗi. Wadannan fahimtar muhalli game da tasirin muhalli na nishaɗin waje yana da mahimmanci ga gudanar da nishaɗi, yawon shakatawa na muhalli da ziyartar wurare na halitta. Binciken ilimin muhalli na nishaɗi ya kalli tasirin muhalli yawon shakatawa, sansani da sauran ayyukan nishaɗi na waje inda aka mayar da hankali ga amfani da ziyara. Kamar yadda nishaɗin waje ke nuna karuwar shiga a duniya, ana tayar da tambayoyi da damuwa wanda za'a iya sarrafa waɗannan yadda ya kamata tare da ƙaramin tasiri ga muhalli.

## Tarihi
Duk da yake ana iya gano nazarin kimiyya game da tattakewar ɗan adam zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1920, yawancin wallafe-wallafen muhalli na nishaɗi ba su tara ba har zuwa shekarun 1970 lokacin da ziyarar waje ta tashi, tana barazanar yanayin muhalli da wuraren da ke cikin yanayi. Tun daga shekarun 1970s da 1980s, wannan horo ya sannu a hankali ya tara ƙarfin, yana ƙara sabbin masu horo a kowace shekara. Yawancin ayyukan wannan fagen sun fito ne daga Turai, kodayake karatun Arewacin Amurka yana girma cikin sauri. Wasu shahararrun shirye-shiryen digiri da digiri na Amurka sun hada da Jami'ar Jihar Oregon, Jami'ar Jiha ta Utah, Jami'an Illinois-Urbana Champaign, da Kwalejin Fort Lewis, da ke Colorado. Sauran jami'o'i ma sun fara bunkasa shirye-shirye, tare da fatan sauya yadda mutane ke hulɗa da albarkatun halitta da na nishaɗi. Kudancin Duniya ya sami kulawa sosai, kodayake musamman, al'ummomin Rwanda da suka saka hannun jari a cikin hanyoyin nishaɗi masu ɗorewa da yawon bude ido da suka shafi ingancin mazaunin gorilla na dutse sun yi la'akari da tasirin muhalli. 

Ilimin muhalli na nishaɗi a matsayin filin karatu ya fara ne a farkon shekarun 1960  kuma J. Alan Wagar ya yi magana sosai a cikin aikinsa mai taken The Carrying Capacity of Wild Lands For Recreation , wanda aka buga a 1964 a cikin Society of American Foresters . A cikin wannan littafin, Wagar ya gabatar da tambaya: shin ƙasashen daji suna da damar ɗaukar kaya don amfani da nishaɗi? Wagar ya magance wannan tambayar dangane da: (1) tasirin nishaɗin waje akan mutane (2) tasirin mutane a cikin waɗannan sararin samaniya da (3) hanyoyin gudanarwa don magance batutuwan yawan jama'a a cikin ƙasashen daji don nishaɗi.

## Bincike
Abubuwan albarkatun da aka bincika sun haɗa da ƙasa, ciyayi, ruwa, kuma kwanan nan, dabbobin daji da ƙwayoyin cuta, tare da yawancin binciken da aka gudanar a kan hanyoyi, wuraren shakatawa, da wuraren shakatawa. Dangantakar amfani da tasiri, juriya da juriya na muhalli, tasirin gudanarwa, dabarun saka idanu, da ƙarfin ɗaukar su ne wasu daga cikin manyan jigogi a cikin ilimin muhalli. Tasirin tattakewa daga ƙafa, keke, doki, ko duk wata hanyar zirga-zirga a cikin sararin samaniya shine mafi yawanci kuma ana gudanar da bincike a fagen ilimin muhalli. Ƙarin tasirin muhalli da ake yawan nazarin su a fagen ilimin muhalli sun haɗa da:

* shuke-shuke na shuke-huke
* shuke-shuke da rikice-rikice na itace 
* tattakewa da shuke-shuke 
* rikice-rikice ga tsarin ruwa 
* rikice-rikice ga namun daji 
* Rashin ƙasa 

### Rashin tsire-tsire
Tasirin tattakewa daga ƙafa, keke, doki, ko duk wata hanyar zirga-zirga a cikin sararin samaniya shine mafi yawanci kuma ana gudanar da bincike a fagen ilimin muhalli. Ana nazarin tattakewar ciyayi sau da yawa dangane da asarar ƙasa, asarar shuka, da rushewa. Nazarin dogon lokaci ya nuna yadda rikice-rikicen rikice-rikice na yau da kullun ke shiga cikin matakai na gaba, a ƙarshe yana shiga cikin sauye-sauyen al'umma..s.
## Manazarta