open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ilimi na gogewa

**Ilimi na gogewa** falsafar ilimi ce wacce ke bayyana tsarin da ke faruwa tsakanin malami da dalibi wanda ke ba da gogewa kai tsaye tare da Yanayin ilmantarwa da abun ciki. Wannan ra'ayi ya bambanta da ilmantarwa na kwarewa, duk da haka ilmantarwa ta kwarewa wani yanki ne kuma tana aiki a ƙarƙashin hanyoyin da ke da alaƙa da ilimin kwarewa. Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta Kwarewa ta ɗauki ilimin gogewa a matsayin "falsafar da ke sanar da hanyoyi da yawa inda malamai ke shiga da manufa tare da masu koyo a cikin gogewa kai tsaye da kuma mayar da hankali don haɓaka ilimi, haɓaka ƙwarewa, bayyana dabi'u, da haɓaka ikon mutane na ba da gudummawa ga al'ummominsu". *Jaridar Ilimi ta Kwarewa* ta buga binciken ilimi da aka sake dubawa a cikin fagen.

## Tushe
Falsafar ilimin gogewa tana da alaƙa da wasu ka'idoji na ilimi da yawa, amma bai kamata ta haɗu da ilimi mai ci gaba ba, koyarwar kirkire-kirkire, ƙarfafa matasa, ilimin da ya dogara da mata, da kuma tsarin ginawa . Ci gaban ilimin gogewa a matsayin falsafa ya kasance tare da haɓaka waɗannan ka'idojin ilimi amma akwai bambance-bambance a tsakaninsu.

John Dewey shi ne fitaccen mai goyon bayan ilmantarwa ta hannu ko ilimin gogewa,  wanda aka tattauna a cikin littafinsa *Experience and Education ,* wanda aka buga a 1938. Ya bayyana ra'ayoyinsa game da ka'idar manhaja a cikin mahawarar tarihi game da tsarin makarantu da kuma buƙatar samun gogewa a matsayin muhimmin al'amari. Shaharar Dewey a wannan lokacin ta dogara ne akan sukar ilimin jama'a ba tare da kakkautawa ba da kuma nuna cewa tsarin ilimi na gargajiya na zamani mai kama da kama, mai tsauri, ya damu sosai da isar da ilimi, kuma bai isa ya fahimci gogewar ɗalibai ba. 

Dewey ya yi kira da a gina ilimi bisa ga ingancin gogewa. [1] Domin wani gogewa ya zama ilimi, Dewey ya yi imanin cewa dole ne a cika wasu sigogi, mafi mahimmanci daga cikinsu shine cewa gogewar tana da ci gaba da hulɗa. Ci gaba shine ra'ayin cewa gogewar ta fito ne daga kuma tana haifar da wasu gogewa, a zahiri tana tura mutum ya ƙara koyo. Hulɗa ita ce lokacin da gogewar ta cika buƙatun ciki ko manufofin mutum. Dewey kuma tana rarraba gogewa a matsayin mai yiwuwa ba ta da ilimi kuma ba ta da ilimi. Kwarewa mara ilimi ita ce wacce ke dakatar ko karkatar da ci gaba don gogewa ta gaba. Kwarewa mara ilimi ita ce wacce mutum bai yi wani tunani ba don haka bai sami komai don ci gaban tunani wanda ke dawwama ba.

Ayyukan Dewey sun yi tasiri ga wasu fitattun samfura da masu fafutukar ƙwarewa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, ciki har da Foxfire,  koyon hidima,  Kurt Hahn da Outward Bound,  da Paulo Freire, wanda galibi ana ambatonsa a cikin ayyukan ilimin gogewa.  Friere ya mai da hankali kan shigar ɗalibai cikin ƙwarewa da dimokuraɗiyya mai tsauri, da ƙirƙirar *ƙwarewa* tsakanin ɗalibai.

## Manazarta
Ilimi na ɗan adam

**Humanistic education** (also called **person-centered education**) is an approach to education based on the work of humanistic psychologists, most notably Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. Rogers is regarded as the founder of humanistic psychology and devoted much of his efforts toward applying the results of his psychological research to person-centered teaching where empathy, caring about students, and genuineness on the part of the learning facilitator were found to be the key traits of the most effective teachers&#x5B;**&#x5D;. He edited a series of books dealing with humanistic education in his "Studies of the Person Series," which included his book, *Freedom to Learn* and *Learning to Feel – Feeling to Learn – Humanistic Education for the Whole Man,* by Harold C. Lyon, Jr. In the 1970s the term *humanistic education* became less popular after conservative groups equated it with secular humanism and attacked the writings of Harold Lyon as being anti-Christian. That began a successful effort by Aspy, Lyon, Rogers, and others to re-label it "person-centered teaching", replacing the term *humanistic education*.  In a more general sense, the term includes the work of other humanistic pedagogues, such as Rudolf Steiner, and Maria Montessori. All of these approaches seek to engage the "whole person": the intellect, feeling life,  social capacities, and artistic and practical skills are all important focuses for growth and development. Important objectives include developing children's self-esteem, their ability to set and achieve appropriate goals, and their development toward full autonomy.

## Tarihi
Ilimin ɗan adam ya samo asali ne daga masana falsafa na Renaissance waɗanda suka jaddada nazarin ilimin ɗan adam : nahawu, magana, tarihi, waƙa, da falsafar ɗabi'a ; waɗannan kuma an gina su ne akan tsarin ilimi na gargajiya . 

## Ka'idoji

### Zabi da iko
Tsarin ɗan adam yana mai da hankali sosai kan zaɓin ɗalibai da ikonsu a tsawon karatunsu . Ana ƙarfafa ɗalibai su yi zaɓi tun daga ayyukan yau da kullun zuwa tsara manufofin rayuwa a nan gaba lokaci-lokaci. Wannan yana ba wa ɗalibai damar mai da hankali kan wani takamaiman batu mai ban sha'awa na tsawon lokacin da suka zaɓa, cikin hankali. Malaman ɗan adam sun yi imanin cewa yana da mahimmanci ga ɗalibai su kasance masu himma da himma a cikin abubuwan da suke koya, kuma wannan yana faruwa ne lokacin da batun ya kasance wani abu da ɗalibai ke buƙata kuma suke son sani.

## Manazarta
Yadda za a karanta littafi

***Yadda za a karanta littafi*** littafi ne na masanin falsafa na Amurka Mortimer J. Adler . An buga shi ne a 1940,  an sake shi sosai don fitowar 1972, wanda Adler ya rubuta tare da editan Charles Van Doren.  Binciken 1972 ya ba da jagororin don karanta littattafai masu kyau da manyan littattafai na kowane al'ada. Bugu da ƙari, yana hulɗa da nau'o'i (ciki har da, amma ba'a iyakance shi ba, shayari, Tarihi, kimiyya, da fiction), da kuma dubawa da karatu.

## Bayani game da bugu na 1972
*Yadda Ake Karanta Littafi* An raba shi zuwa sassa huɗu, kowannensu ya ƙunshi surori da dama.

### Kashi na 1: Girman Karatu
A nan, Adler ya gabatar da hanyarsa ta karanta littafin da ba na almara ba domin samun fahimta. Yana da'awar cewa dole ne a yi hanyoyi guda uku daban-daban, ko karatu, domin a samu mafi kyawun sakamako daga littafi, amma yin waɗannan matakai uku na karatu ba lallai bane ya nufin karanta littafin sau uku, domin mai karatu mai ƙwarewa zai iya yin dukkan ukun a lokacin karanta littafin sau ɗaya kawai. Adler ya ambaci karatun a matsayin "tsari", "fassarar", da kuma "masu suka", a cikin wannan tsari.

Matakin Tsarin : Mataki na farko na karatun nazari yana da alaƙa da fahimtar tsari da manufar littafin. Yana farawa da tantance jigon littafin da kuma nau'in littafin da ake karantawa, don a yi hasashen abubuwan da ke ciki da kuma fahimtar littafin tun daga farko. Adler ya ce dole ne mai karatu ya bambanta tsakanin littattafan aiki da na nazari, da kuma tantance fannin nazarin da littafin ya taɓo. Bugu da ƙari, Adler ya ce dole ne mai karatu ya lura da duk wani rarrabuwa a cikin littafin, kuma waɗannan ba a takaita su ga rarrabuwar da aka tsara a cikin jadawalin abubuwan da ke ciki ba. A ƙarshe, mai karatu dole ne ya gano matsalolin da marubucin ke ƙoƙarin magancewa.

*Matakin Fassara* : Mataki na biyu na karatun nazari ya ƙunshi gina hujjojin marubucin. Wannan na farko yana buƙatar mai karatu ya lura kuma ya fahimci duk wani jimla da kalmomi na musamman da marubucin ya yi amfani da su. Da zarar an gama hakan, Adler ya ce mai karatu ya kamata ya nemo kuma ya yi aiki don fahimtar kowace shawara da marubucin ya gabatar, da kuma goyon bayan marubucin ga waɗannan shawarwari.

*Mataki na Musamman* : A mataki na uku na karatun nazari, Adler ya umurci mai karatu ya yi suka ga littafin. Ya tabbatar da cewa bayan fahimtar shawarwari da hujjojin marubucin, an ɗaga mai karatu zuwa matakin fahimtar marubucin kuma yanzu yana iya (kuma dole ne) ya yi hukunci kan cancantar littafin da daidaitonsa. Adler ya yi kira da a yi hukunci a kan littattafai bisa ga ingancin hujjojinsu. Adler ya ce mutum ba zai iya jayayya da hujja ba sai dai idan zai iya samun kuskure a cikin dalilansa, hujjojinsa, ko kuma hujjojinsa, kodayake mutum yana da 'yancin ƙi shi a kowane hali.

## Manazarta
Bessarion

**Bessarion** (Girkanci; 2 ga Janairu 1403 - 18 ga Nuwamba 1472) ya kasance ɗan adam na Byzantine Greek Renaissance, masanin tauhidi, Katolika kuma ɗaya daga cikin sanannun malaman Girka waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga farfado da haruffajiyar a ƙarni na 15. Gemistus Pletho ne ya ilimantar da shi a Falsafar Neoplatonic kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin babban Latin Patriarch na Constantinople . Daga bisani aka nada shi kadinal kuma an dauke shi sau biyu don papacy.&nbsp;

Sunan baftismarsa shine **Basil** (Girkanci: Βασίλειος,  *Basileios*  ko *Basilios* ). Ya ɗauki sunan Bessarion lokacin da ya shiga gidan ibada. An kuma san shi da kuskure da **Johannes Bessarion** (Italiyanci: ) saboda fassarar kuskure na Gregory III Mammas .

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Bessarion a Trebizond, tashar jiragen ruwa ta Black Sea a arewa maso gabashin Anatolia wanda shine zuciyar al'adun Pontic Girka da wayewa a lokacin Byzantine da Ottoman. An ba da shekarar haihuwarsa a matsayin 1389, 1395 ko 1403.

### Neoplatonism na Bessarion

Bessarion ya yi karatu a Constantinople, sannan ya tafi a 1423 zuwa Mystras, Peloponnese don nazarin Neoplatonism a ƙarƙashin Gemistus Pletho .  A karkashin Pletho, ya "ta hanyar karatun zane-zane na sassaucin ra'ayi..., tare da jaddadawa ta musamman kan lissafi...gami da nazarin ilimin taurari da yanayin ƙasa" wanda zai danganta "falsafa zuwa kimiyyar lissafi...cosmology da astrology" da kuma "mathematics na Pletho zai haɗa da lissafin lissafi na Pythagorean, lissafi na Plato da lissafin Neoplatonic wanda ya haɗa da duniya na Plato's Forms mai ban mamaki kuma cewa Blatonic ...[and]

Neoplatonism na Bessarion ya kasance tare da shi duk rayuwarsa, har ma a matsayin kadinal. Ya saba da kalmomin Neoplatonist kuma ya yi amfani da shi a cikin wasikar da ya yi wa 'ya'yan Pletho maza biyu, Demitrios da Andronikos, a kan mutuwar malaminsa da yake ƙauna a shekara ta 1452.  Wataƙila abu mafi ban mamaki game da rayuwarsa shi ne cewa Neoplatonist na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Cocin Katolika na akalla ɗan gajeren lokaci, kodayake yawancin malaman Katolika na Orthodox sun kai masa hari saboda ra'ayoyinsa jim kadan bayan mutuwarsa.

### Matsayi a Majalisar Ferrara

Lokacin da ya zama ɗan majami'a, ya ɗauki sunan Bessarion na Masar, wanda ya ba da labarin. A shekara ta 1436 ya zama masanin wani gidan ibada a Constantinople kuma a shekara ta 1437, Sarkin sarakuna na Byzantine John VIII Palaeologus ya sanya shi Babban birni na Nicaea, wanda ya bi shi zuwa Italiya don kawo haɗuwa tsakanin majami'u na Gabas (Orthodox) da Yamma (Katolika). Sarkin sarakuna yana fatan yin amfani da yiwuwar sake haɗa majami'u don samun taimako daga Yammacin Turai a kan Daular Ottoman. Bessarion ya shiga cikin tawagar Byzantine zuwa Majalisar Ferrara-Florence a matsayin babban wakilin 'yan ƙungiyar, kodayake da farko ya kasance na jam'iyyar masu adawa da ƙungiyar. A ranar 6 ga Yulin 1439, ya karanta sanarwar kungiyar Ikklisiyoyin Girka a babban coci na Florence, a gaban Paparoma Eugene IV da John VIII.

## Dubi kuma

* Masanan Girka a cikin Renaissance
* John Chortasmenos

## Manazarta
Jami'ar kyauta

Jami'ar kyauta kungiya ce da ke ba da kyauta, ɗalibai na jama'a ba tare da ƙuntatawa ga wanda zai iya koyarwa ko koyo ba. Sun bambanta da tsari. A cikin 1980 a Amurka, kusan rabin suna da alaƙa da jami'ar gargajiya, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku sun kasance masu zaman kansu, kuma sauran suna da alaƙar ƙungiyar al'umma. Kimanin rabin a wannan lokacin yana aiki ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba. Farawa tare da Jami'ar California, Berkeley's Free Speech Movement a cikin 1964, daruruwan **jami'o'i** kyauta sun taso a cikin al'ummomin jami'a a cikin shekarun 1960 a matsayin kungiyoyi don gwagwarmayar karkashin kasa da ilimin siyasa. An kuma san su da **Kwalejojin gwaji**, musayar ilimi, da jami'o'i. Bayan shekarun 1960s gwagwarmayar dalibai ta ragu, jami'o'i masu kyauta sun motsa shirye-shiryen su daga harabar kuma sun ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin wurin karatu na rayuwa. Bayan ɗan kwanciyar hankali a farkon shekarun 1970s, rajista ya karu a tsakiyar shekaru goma a matsayin wani ɓangare na yunkurin ilimi na manya.

## Jami'ar Kyauta ta Moscow
Bayan dannewa a Makarantar Koyon Tattalin Arziki ta Higher School of Economics, furofesoshi da dama, Gasan Gusejnov, Elena Lukyanova, Kirill Martynov ya yanke shawarar kafa sabuwar jami'a. [1] Sun ce "Mu, farfesoshi da malamai na jami'o'i daban-daban, muna haɗa ƙarfi don yin aiki tare da ɗalibai ta wata hanya daban. A lokacin bazara na 2020 duk mun rayu cikin mawuyacin hali a fannin ilimi a cikin shekaru da yawa."

## Duba kuma

* Jami'ar Kyauta ta New York
* Jami'ar hana yaduwar cututtuka ta London
* Jami'ar Kyauta ta Midpeninsula

## Manazarta
Jonathan Hirtle

**Jonathan Jacob Hirtle** babban jami'in masana'antar saka hannun jari ne wanda ya fara amfani da tsarin Babban Jami'in Zuba Jari (OCIO) na waje.  Saboda sabbin abubuwan da ya yi a OCIO, an yi wa Hirtle lakabi da "Oracle of Outsource."

A shekarar 1988, Hirtle ta kafa Hirtle, Callaghan & Co. tare da haɗin gwiwa, wanda aka amince da shi a matsayin kamfanin OCIO na farko da ya yi wa ƙungiyoyin iyali da ƙungiyoyin da ba sa ɗaukar ma'aikata masu cikakken ma'aikata aiki.  Kamfanin yana da sama da dala biliyan 20 a ƙarƙashin gudanarwa. 

Jon yana aiki a matsayin Shugaban Gudanarwa na Hirtle, Callaghan & Co., LLC.  Haka kuma yana aiki a Hukumar Daraktocin Gidan Tarihi na Juyin Juya Halin Amurka kuma yana aiki a Cibiyar Buffalo Bill ta Yammacin Cody, Wyoming.

## Bayani
An haifi Jonathan Hirtle a Cheswick, Pennsylvania a shekarar 1952 kuma ya kammala karatunsa daga makarantar sakandare ta Springdale da ke Springdale, PA .

Hirtle ta sami digirin BA a shekarar 1974 da kuma digirin MBA a shekarar 1982 daga Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania. Daga 1975 zuwa 1982, Hirtle ta yi aiki a matsayin jami'i a Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Amurka . 

Kafin kafa Hirtle Callaghan a shekarar 1988, Hirtle ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa a Goldman, Sachs &amp;amp; Co. na tsawon shekaru shida, tana ba da shawara ga ƙungiyoyin iyali da cibiyoyi kan dabarun saka hannun jari da zaɓin hannun jari. 

Hirtle ta haɗu ta kafa Hirtle Callaghan tare da Donald E. Callaghan, wani mataimakin shugaban Goldman Sachs, don yin aiki kawai a matsayin Babban Jami'in Zuba Jari na waje da kuma sashen saka hannun jari ga ƙungiyoyin iyali da cibiyoyi waɗanda suka zaɓi kada su haɓaka da kuma biyan kuɗin sashen saka hannun jari na cikin gida mai cikakken ma'aikata. 

## Hirtle, Callaghan & Co.
Hirtle, Callaghan & Co. tana tsara da kuma kula da shirye-shiryen saka hannun jari masu cikakken tsari ga iyalai da cibiyoyi, kuma tana tsara tsarin saka hannun jarin ga kowane abokin ciniki. 

Kamfanin yana kula da sama da dala biliyan 20 a ƙarƙashin umarnin da aka tsara, wanda aka raba daidai tsakanin abokan ciniki na iyali da na cibiyoyi.  

Hirtle tana aiki a matsayin Shugaban Gudanarwa na kamfanin kuma tana jagorantar Kwamitin Gudanarwa na kamfanin, wanda ke jagorantar da aiwatar da dabarun kamfani da kuma tabbatar da ingantaccen shugabanci a dukkan fannoni na kasuwancin.

### Tsarin Babban Jami'in Zuba Jari na Waje
A Hirtle Callaghan, Jonathan Hirtle ya fara amfani da tsarin Babban Jami'in Zuba Jari (OCIO) wanda yanzu ya shahara a ƙasashen waje. 

## Tushen kafofin watsa labarai
A matsayinsa na wanda ya fara amfani da tsarin saka hannun jari na OCIO, Jonathan Hirtle ya zama ƙwararre a fannin OCIO a fannin kafofin watsa labarai kuma an nuna shi a mujallun saka hannun jari, gidajen watsa labarai na ƙasa, da kuma wallafe-wallafe da yawa. Ana neman Hirtle don yin sharhi kan sabbin abubuwan da ke faruwa kuma a kai a kai yana ba da shawarwari kan saka hannun jari ga wasu a cikin masana'antar.  

## Manazarta
Ilimi na yau da kullun

**Ilimi na yau da kullun** kalma ce ta gabaɗaya ga ilimi wanda zai iya faruwa a waje da lacca ta gargajiya ko tsarin ilmantarwa na makaranta.  Kalmar ta haɗa da ilmantarwa na musamman bisa ga sha'awar ɗalibi ɗaya a cikin manhaja a cikin aji na yau da kullun, amma ba'a iyakance ga wannan yanayin ba.  Yana iya aiki ta hanyar tattaunawa, da bincike da faɗaɗa ƙwarewa. Wani lokaci akwai alaƙa mai ma'ana zuwa wani babban tsari, amma ba koyaushe ba. Manufar ita ce samar wa ɗalibai kayan aikin da suke buƙata don cimma abubuwa masu rikitarwa.  Yana iya nufin nau'ikan ilimi daban-daban, kamar rashin zuwa makaranta ko koyar da gida, autodidacticism (koyar da kai), da aikin matasa .

Ilimi na yau da kullun na iya haɗawa da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa bisa ga sabbin bayanai ba zato ba tsammani da kuma niyya.  Yana iya zama bisa ga tattaunawa kuma yana mai da hankali kan cike gibin da ke tsakanin yanayin aji na gargajiya da rayuwa a wajen aji.

## Matsayin
Mutane suna fassara bayanai ta hanyoyi daban-daban, saboda haka manhajar da aka tsara ba za ta ba wa dukkan ɗalibai damar fahimtar bayanin ba. Ilimi na yau da kullun ba shi da iko fiye da matsakaicin yanayin aji, shi ya sa ilimin yau da kullun zai iya zama mai ƙarfi. [1] Ilimi na yau da kullun na iya taimaka wa mutane su koyi amsawa da sarrafa yanayi da yanayi daban-daban. Bugu da ƙari, yana haɗa ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa waɗanda ke da mahimmanci don koyo. Ana iya ɗaukar ilimin yau da kullun a matsayin ilmantarwa da ke zuwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin matasa da al'umma. [2] Wannan nau'in ilimi tsari ne na kwatsam, wanda ke taimaka wa mutane su koyi bayanai ta wata hanya. Yana taimakawa wajen haɓaka al'ummomi, ƙungiyoyi da alaƙa waɗanda ke haifar da kyakkyawan yanayin koyo. [3]

## Manazarta
Ilimi na bincike

**ilimi na bincike** (wani lokacin ana kiransa **Hanyar bincike**) hanya ce ta ilimi ta ɗalibai da ke mai da hankali kan yin Tambayoyi. Ana ƙarfafa ɗalibai su tambayi tambayoyin da ke da ma'ana a gare su, kuma waɗanda ba lallai ba ne su sami amsoshi masu sauƙi; ana ƙarfafa malamai su guji ba da amsoshi lokacin da hakan zai yiwu, kuma a kowane hali don guje wa ba da amtan kai tsaye don neman ƙarin tambayoyi. Ta wannan hanyar yayi kama da Hanyar Socratic a wasu fannoni. Neil Postman da Charles Weingartner ne suka ba da shawarar wannan hanyar a cikin littafin su Teaching as a Subversive Activity .

Duk da cewa ilimin da aka yi bisa bincike wata hanya ce ta koyarwa wadda ta kasance da alaƙa da ka'idar Piaget ta ci gaban fahimta da sauran masu ginawa kamar Jean Piaget, akwai wasu shaidu da ke nuna cewa malaman addini sun riga sun yi amfani da wannan hanyar tun zamanin da (tare da Passover Seder wanda ya zama misali na irin waɗannan hanyoyin ilimi). [1]

## Bayani
Hanyar bincike ta samo asali ne daga ra'ayin Postman da Weingartner cewa ɗalibai masu ƙwarewa da masu tunani mai zurfi suna mai da hankali kan tsarin bincike mai ƙarfi, maimakon mai da hankali kawai kan samun ilimin da ba ya canzawa. Sun rubuta cewa wasu halaye sun zama ruwan dare ga duk ɗaliban kirki, suna cewa duk ɗaliban kirki suna da: 

:* Amincewa da kai ga iyawarsu ta koyo
:* Jin daɗin magance matsaloli
:* Jin daɗin dacewa sosai
:* Dogara ga hukuncin kansu akan na wasu mutane ko al'umma
:* Babu tsoron yin kuskure
:* Babu gaggawa wajen amsawa
:* Sassauci a mahangar ra'ayi
:* Girmama gaskiya, da kuma ikon bambance tsakanin gaskiya da ra'ayi
:* Ba sai an sami amsoshin ƙarshe ga duk tambayoyi ba, da kuma ta'aziyya wajen rashin sanin amsar tambayoyi masu wahala maimakon a sami amsa mai sauƙi

## Manazarta
Darussan Masters

***Darussan Masters*** littafi ne na 2004 na George Steiner . Wani bangare ne na tarihi, wani bangare na nazarin dangantakar mai ba da shawara da mai karewa. Ya haɗa da Socrates da Yesu ga Husserl, Heidegger da Arendt, ba tare da barin Plotinus, Augustine, Shakespeare, Dante, Marlowe, Kepler, Wittgenstein, Nadia Boulanger da Simone Weil ba.

Littafin ya dogara ne akan laccocin Steiner na Norton .

## Manazarta
Yunkurin makarantar kyauta

**Yunkurin makarantar kyauta**, wanda aka fi sani da **sabbin makarantu** ko kuma wasu makarantu, wani yunkuri ne na sake fasalin ilimi na Amurka a cikin shekarun 1960 da farkon shekarun 1970 wanda ke neman canza manufofin makarantar ta hanyar makarantu masu zaman kansu.

## Asali da tasirinsa

Yayin da rashin sha'awar cibiyoyin zamantakewa ta yaɗu tare da al'adun gargajiya na shekarun 1960, makarantun madadin sun bunƙasa a wajen tsarin makarantun gwamnati na gida. Suna samun tallafin kuɗi daga kuɗin makaranta da tallafin jin kai,  iyaye, malamai, da ɗalibai ne suka ƙirƙira su, suna adawa da ayyukan makaranta na zamani a faɗin Amurka, kuma an tsara su ba tare da ƙungiya ta tsakiya ba, yawanci ƙanana da ƙananan tushe tare da manhajoji na madadin.  Tasirin falsafarsu ya samo asali ne daga al'adun adawa, AS Neill da Summerhill, ilimin ci gaba mai da hankali kan yara na Zamanin Ci gaba, Makarantun Zamani, da Makarantun 'Yanci .  Muryoyi masu tasiri a cikin wannan motsi sun haɗa da Paul Goodman, Edgar Z. Friedenberg, Herb Kohl, Jonathan Kozol, da James Herndon, tare da lakabi kamar *Summerhill* na 1960 na AS Neill, *Rayuwar Yara* na 1969 na George Dennison, da *Makarantun Kyauta* na Jonathan Kozol na 1972.  An bi diddigin yadda ƙungiyar ta canja ra'ayoyin ta hanyar *musayar sabbin makarantu* da kuma ƙungiyar American Summerhill Society. 

Ba a taɓa fayyace ma'anar da iyakokin makarantun da aka rarraba kansu a matsayin "makarantu masu 'yanci" da kuma motsin da ke da alaƙa da su ba, kuma saboda haka, akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin makarantu. [1] Ƙungiyar ba ta amince da akida ɗaya ba, amma "makarantun 'yanci" sun fi faɗawa cikin nau'ikan ko dai janyewar al'adun utopian daga damuwar waje, ko kuma ginawa bisa gadon makarantun 'yanci tare da magance rashin adalci na zamantakewa kai tsaye. [1] An kuma ga wannan bambancin a cikin nau'in ɗaliban da makarantar ta jawo hankalin su tare da tsoffin ɗaliban fararen fata, matsakaicin aji da na ƙarshe galibi talakawa, baƙi, da kuma cikin gari. [1] Wasu makarantu sun yi amfani da dimokuradiyya mai shiga tsakani don mulkin kai. [1] An kuma san ƙungiyar "makarantun 'yanci" da "sabbin makarantu" ko "motsin makarantu madadin". [1] Marubuci Ron Miller ya bayyana ƙa'idodin ƙungiyar 'yanci a matsayin barin iyalai su zaɓi 'ya'yansu, da kuma barin yara su koya yadda suke so. [1]

## Girma
Allen Graubard ya yi hasashen ci gaban makarantun kyauta daga 25 a 1967 zuwa kusan 600 a 1972, inda aka ƙiyasta cewa an ƙirƙiri 200 tsakanin 1971 da 1972.  Waɗannan makarantun suna da matsakaicin ɗalibai 33 da suka yi rajista.  Kusan dukkan makarantun kyauta na farko na Amurka an gina su ne bisa ga Summerhill da littafin da ke da alaƙa da su.  An fara yawancin makarantun a wurare marasa al'ada, ciki har da wuraren shakatawa, majami'u, da gine-gine da aka yi watsi da su. 

Yunkurin ya kai kololuwa a shekarar 1972 inda daruruwan makarantu suka buɗe kuma jama'a suka yi sha'awar ilimin buɗe ido . 

## Manazarta
Farin Ciki na Kimiyya

Farin Ciki sanannen bidiyo ne da jerin shirye-shiryen sauti, wanda ya ƙunshi laccoci 60, kowannensu na minti 30, wanda Robert Hazen na Jami'ar George Mason da Cibiyar Carnegie ta Washington suka gabatar. Shirin, wanda aka fara gabatar da shi a shekara ta 2001, yana daga cikin jerin manyan darussan, kuma Kamfanin Koyarwa ne ke samar da shi kuma ke rarraba shi, wanda ke Chantilly, Virginia, a Amurka.

## Bayani

A matsayinsa na Farfesa Clarence B. Robinson a Jami'ar George Mason, Robert Hazen ya ƙirƙiro darussa masu ƙirƙira don haɓaka ilimin kimiyya ga masana kimiyya da waɗanda ba masana kimiyya ba. [1] A cikin haɗin gwiwa da masanin kimiyyar lissafi James Trefil, ya rubuta littattafan karatu guda uku na farko: Kimiyyar: Tsarin Haɗaka (1993), [2] Kimiyyar Jiki: Tsarin Haɗaka (1995), [3] da kuma Ma'anonin Physics: Gabatarwa ga Tsarin Physics (2004). [4] Hazen ya yi amfani da waɗannan a matsayin tushen wani kwas na bidiyo da sauti mai lakca 60 mai suna The Joy of Science . [5] [1]

## Bayani

## Manazarta
Kiwon yara na Kibbutz da ilimi na rukuni

**Tarbiyar yara ta al'umma** ita ce hanyar ilimi da ta yi kaurin suna a cikin al'ummomin gama gari a Isra'ila ( kibbutz ; jam'i: kibbutzim), har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1980.

Ilimi na gama gari ya fara ne a ranar haihuwa kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa lokacin girma. A lokacin ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin sakamako na halitta na ƙa'idar daidaito, wanda wani ɓangare ne na rayuwar kibbutz. Hukumar ilimi ta kibbutz ita ce ke da alhakin kula da lafiyar dukkan yaran da aka haifa a kibbutz, tana kula da abincinsu, tufafinsu, da kuma maganinsu. Kowa ya sami rabo ɗaya na komai. Iyaye ba sa shiga cikin harkokin tattalin arziki wajen renon 'ya'yansu.

Rayuwar yara ta ƙunshi muhimman abubuwa guda uku: gidan yara, gidan iyaye, da kuma dukkan kibbutz. Suna zaune a gidan yara, inda suke shirya kwanciya a wuri ɗaya kuma suna ziyartar iyayensu na tsawon awanni 2-3 a rana.

Rashin zaɓe babban ƙa'ida ne na ilimi na gama gari; kowane yaro ya sami shekaru 12 na karatu, ba su yi jarrabawa ko kaɗan ba, kuma ba a rubuta maki ba. Waɗanda suka kafa kibbutz a zahiri sun yi niyyar ƙirƙirar "sabon mutumin" na al'ummar utopian. 

## Da'irori uku na rayuwa masu ma'ana
An gudanar da ilimin gama gari a cikin iyakokin da'irori uku masu ma'ana: gidan yara, gidan iyaye, da kuma al'ummar kibbutz.

### Gidan yara

Ƙungiyar yara, waɗanda shekarunsu ɗaya ne, suna zaune a gidan yara kuma suna da mai kula da yara wanda ke kula da bukatunsu na yau da kullun. Kowanne gida yana da ɗakin cin abinci, aji, ɗakunan kwana (yara 3-4 a kowane ɗaki), da kuma bandaki. Yara maza da mata suna yin wanka tare a lokacin makarantar firamare har zuwa aji shida, kuma yawanci suna raba ɗakunan kwanansu har zuwa ƙarshen makarantar sakandare.

Wannan shine gidan yara na kibbutz, inda suka koyi, suka ci abinci, suka yi wanka, suka yi barci, sannan suka tashi da safe. Nan ne suka sami tufafinsu masu tsabta, daga nan aka aika musu da kayan wankinsu masu datti, duk an ɗaure su a babban akwati, aka mayar da su wurin wanki na gama gari.

Kowanne yaro yana da tawul a kan abin rataye a banɗaki da ƙaramin tawul a kusa da wurin wanka, tare da ƙaramin kofi don buroshin haƙora. Kowannensu kuma yana da ɗakunan ajiya guda biyu, ɗaya don kayan safe da ɗayan kuma don kayan rana. Mai kula da yara ita ce ke kula da ayyukan yau da kullun a gidan yara.

## Matsayin al'ummar Kibbutz da kuma masu ilimi
Kibbutz al'umma ce ta gama gari, haka nan tsarin iliminta. Hukumomin kibbutz suna samar da daidaito ga duk yaran da aka haifa wa membobinta kuma suna raba komai daidai gwargwado. Samar da lafiya da kulawar hankali ya dogara ne akan takamaiman buƙatu. Membobin Kibbutz waɗanda aka ɗauka mafi ilimi da daraja sun sami matsayin malamai. Matsayin mai kula da yara koyaushe shine aikin mace. Matsayin malamai na mata ne da maza.

## Manazarta
MicroMasters

Shirye-shiryen **MicroMasters** jerin darussan digiri ne na kan layi da jami'o'i ke bayarwa ta hanyar edX wanda mutum zai iya ɗauka don haɓaka ƙwarewar kai tsaye don ci gaban aiki ko samun takardar shaidar digiri.

An fara ƙaddamar da shi a watan Satumba na 2016 tare da shirye-shiryen MicroMasters 19 daga jami'o'i daban-daban 14 a matsayin faɗaɗa shirye-shiryen MOOC .  Ya zuwa watan Fabrairu na 2019, ana bayar da shirye-shiryen MicroMasters daban-daban guda 52, tare da 48 a Turanci, 3 a Sifaniyanci, da 1 a Faransanci.  Kowane shirin MicroMasters yana samun tallafin akalla abokin hulɗa ɗaya a masana'antu, gami da GE, Microsoft, IBM, Hootsuite, Fidelity, Bloomberg, Walmart, PWC, Booz-Allen Hamilton, da Ford . 

## Bayani

### Tarihi
An fara ƙirƙiro ci gaban MicroMasters a MIT ta hannun Sanjay Sarma da Erdin Beshimov, [undefined] inda Erdin ya zama Daraktan Kafa [2] na shirin. A farkon matakinsa, MIT ta ba da MicroMasters a matsayin gwaji a cikin shirinta na sarrafa sarkar samar da kayayyaki, tare da ba da shawara ga shugabannin masana'antu. Manufar shirin MicroMasters ta fara ne a matsayin sake fasalin tsarin MOOC da ke akwai lokacin da Coursera ta fara bayar da ƙwarewa don fannoni daban-daban na aikinta da kuma martani ga canjin yanayin aiki da kuma manyan ƙarancin ƙwarewa da ke shafar kasuwanci a faɗin duniya. [3] edX daga baya ya nemi alamar kasuwanci ta "MicroMasters" don mayar da martani ga Udacity da ta yi rijistar "nanodegree" a matsayin alamar kasuwanci a 2014. [4] Daga baya an ƙaddamar da shirye-shiryen MicroMasters 19 na farko a watan Satumba na 2016, tare da haɗin gwiwar jami'o'i 14 daban-daban. Wannan kuma ya haɗa da MicroMasters na Cibiyar Fasaha ta Rochester a cikin gudanar da ayyuka, yana ba wa ɗalibai damar amfani da shi don cika sharadin ilimin gudanar da ayyuka don takardar shaidar PMP . [1]

A shekarar 2017, General Electric ya yi alƙawarin yin hira da duk wani mazaunin Massachusetts wanda ya kammala shirin MicroMasters a fannin kula da sarkar samar da kayayyaki, tsaron yanar gizo, kwamfuta ta girgije, ko fasahar wucin gadi .  

A shekarar 2018, MIT ta shigar da rukunin farko na ɗalibai 40 cikin shirinta na kula da sarkar samar da kayayyaki daga waɗanda suka kammala karatunsu a shirin MicroMasters, wanda ya rage shirinta na watanni 10 zuwa watanni 5.  Wannan gwaji ya kuma ga mutane 200,000 sun yi rijista, 19,000 sun sami takaddun shaida da kuma 800 sun zauna don jarrabawar ƙarshe mai tsaro.  An ruwaito a watan Yulin 2018 cewa ɗaliban da aka shigar a cikin shirin haɗin gwiwa sun sami maki mafi kyau fiye da matsakaicin maki a duk faɗin hukumar fiye da waɗanda ke cikin shirin zama. 

## Manazarta
Makarantar Anarchist ta Duniya

**Makarantar Anarchist ta Duniya** wata cibiyar ilimi ce da 'yar Faransa mai suna Louise Michel ta kafa a London a 1891, don ilimantar da 'ya'yan' yan gudun hijirar siyasa.

## Tarihi

### Bayani
Michel ƙwararriyar malamar makaranta ce wadda ta taɓa ilmantar da yaran ma'aikatan masana'antu a Paris. Ganin kanta a ƙasar Ingila a shekarun 1890, sai ta so ta kafa makaranta kan ƙa'idodin 'yan gurguzu, ta guji addini, maimakon haka ta jagorance ta bisa ga tunanin kimiyya, tunani mai 'yanci da kuma girmama 'yancin ɗan adam. 

### Kafa
Michel ta kafa Makarantar Ƙasa da Ƙasa a kaka ta 1891, da farko ta yi amfani da harabar Ƙungiyar Autonomie . Saboda rashin iya Turanci sosai, Michel ta amince cewa Auguste Coulon, wata daliba mai yawan ɗalibai da ta haɗu da ita a Ƙungiyar Autonomie, za ta iya zama sakataren makarantar kuma malamin harsuna. [1] Aikin ya sami goyon bayan Peter Kropotkin, wanda ya yi laccar tara kuɗi a zauren Athenaeum, [2] Errico Malatesta da William Morris . Sabuwar makarantar da aka kafa ba da daɗewa ba ta koma wani wuri na dindindin a Fitzrovia . [3]

Makarantar Michel wani aiki ne na ƙasashen waje wanda masu fafutuka daga ƙasashe daban-daban suka kafa, kuma a buɗe take ga yaran 'yan gudun hijirar siyasa waɗanda aka jawo daga ko'ina cikin nahiyar Turai. Koyarwar da kanta kyauta ce don shiga, tana bisa ƙa'idodin ilimi na Bakuninist, tare da samun tasiri mai mahimmanci daga aikin malamin addini Paul Robin .  Darussa a makarantar sun haɗa da harsuna daban-daban, sana'o'i, fasaha, da kiɗa. 

Mai zane Walter Crane ne ya tsara takardar neman gurbin karatu ta Makarantar Duniya, wanda ya yi amfani da kalmar Louis Blanc "Daga kowanne gwargwadon iyawarsa, ga kowanne gwargwadon buƙatunsa" a matsayin taken makarantar.  Waɗanda suka koyar a makarantar sun haɗa da Victorine Brocher, Agnes Henry, Rachel McMillan  da ƙanwarta Margaret McMillan,  da Nannie Dryhurst . 

## Manazarta
Koyon M

M-learning, ko ko ilmantarwa ta hannu, wani nau'i ne na ilimi na nesa ko ingantaccen ilmantarwa inda masu koyo ke amfani da na'urori masu ɗaukar hoto kamar wayoyin hannu don **Koyon M** ko'ina kuma a kowane lokaci. Bincike na binciken 97 da aka buga tsakanin 2014 da 2023 ya nuna cewa ingantaccen ilmantarwa na wayar hannu na iya inganta aiki, ilimi, da ƙwarewa a matakai daban-daban na ilimi. Kayan aiki da na'urorin hannu ke bayarwa yana ba da damar ilmantarwa a ko'ina, saboda haka kalmar "mobile" a cikin "**Koyon wayar hannu**".  Na'urorin M-koyon sun haɗa da kwamfutoci, 'Yan wasan MP3, wayoyin hannu, da kwamfutar hannu. M-koyon na iya zama muhimmin bangare na ilmantarwa na al'ada.

Koyon M-learning yana ba da damar samun damar abubuwan ilimi daga wurare daban-daban, ya danganta da samuwar hanyar sadarwa. Yana ba da damar raba ra'ayoyi da shawarwari nan take tunda galibi ana haɗa na'urorin hannu da intanet. Koyon M-learning yana ba da ƙarfi ta hanyar maye gurbin littattafai da bayanan kula da ƙananan na'urori da aka cika da abubuwan ilmantarwa na musamman. Bugu da ƙari, yana da ƙarin fa'idar kasancewa mai rahusa, kamar yadda farashin abubuwan dijital akan allunan ke raguwa sosai idan aka kwatanta da kafofin watsa labarai na gargajiya kamar littattafai, CDs, DVDs, da sauransu. Misali, littafin karatu na dijital yana kashe kashi ɗaya bisa uku zuwa rabin farashin littafin rubutu na takarda, tare da sifili. [1]

A cewar Fombona, Pascual-Sevillana, da González-Videgaray, wannan hanyar tana ba da damammaki daban-daban, gami da samun damar bayanai mai yawa da kuma daban-daban. Hakanan tana gabatar da sabbin abubuwa masu mahimmanci, kamar ƙaruwar ayyukan da ba na yau da kullun ba da kuma na wasa, zama memba na kama-da-wane, da hanyoyin sadarwa na hulɗar abokantaka a cikin sabbin ma'auni na dabi'u. 

## Bayani
Ana ɗaukar koyon wayar hannu a matsayin ko dai "isarwa" ilimi, ko "samar" tallafi akan wayoyin hannu, PDAs, ko kwamfutar hannu. Sabbin fasahar wayar hannu, kamar na'urorin hannu, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sake fasalta yadda mutane ke karɓar bayanai da sarrafa su. 

### Tarihin M-koyo
Alan Kay ya gabatar da ra'ayoyin ilmantarwa ta m a shekarun 1970 lokacin da ya shiga Cibiyar Bincike ta Palo Alto ta Kamfanin Xerox kuma ya kafa ƙungiya don ƙirƙirar "Dynabook," kwamfuta mai ɗaukuwa da hannu. Manufar ita ce samar wa yara damar shiga duniyar dijital.  Duk da haka, wannan aikin ya gaza saboda rashin tallafin fasaha a wancan lokacin. A shekarar 1994, Mitsubishi Electric Corp. ta ƙirƙiri wayar salula ta farko mai suna IBM Simon, wacce aka ayyana a matsayin mai sadarwa ta hannu.  Bayan haka, kamfanonin fasaha daban-daban sun fara tsara abin da muka sani a yanzu a matsayin " wayoyin hannu ." Ƙirƙirar wayoyin hannu sun kafa harsashin koyon wayar hannu, kuma sabbin abubuwa a cikin na'urorin hannu sun tura koyon wayar hannu zuwa fagen ayyuka da bincike.

## Manazarta
Ryshiem Henderson

**Ryshiem Henderson** tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba . Henderson ya buga aƙalla kakar wasa biyu a USISL da wasanni uku a Major League Soccer tare da San Jose Clash .

## Rayuwar farko
Henderson ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Blackford inda ya kasance ƙwararren mai tsaron baya na ƙwallon ƙafa da kuma mai tsaron baya na ƙwallon ƙafa.  A shekarar 1990, ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Silicon Valley Youth Classic na shekara-shekara. 

## Aikin kwaleji
Daga nan Henderson ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta kwaleji a Cal Poly San Luis Obispo daga 1990–91 zuwa 1994–95. Ya kammala karatunsa da digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki.

A matsayinsa na ɗan shekara ɗaya a shekarar 1990, an zaɓe shi cikin Ƙungiyar Biyu ta All- CCAA . Sannan a matsayinsa na ɗan shekara biyu, ya sami matsayin ƙungiyar farko a duk gasa. Kafin wasan ƙarshe na aikinsa na kwaleji, inda ya taka rawar gani a ƙungiyar farko ta Cal Poly a matakin Division I, Henderson ya ji rauni a jijiyar cruciate ta gaba a gwiwarsa ta hagu. Raunin ya buƙaci a maye gurbinsa da ACL ɗinsa.

## Sana'ar ƙwararru
A shekarar 1995, Henderson ya yi tafiya zuwa Turai inda ya yi atisaye da ƙungiyoyi kamar FC Nurmberg da Bayern Munich na gasar Bundesliga ta Jamus kafin ya koma Amurka. A shekarar 1996, Henderson ya rattaba hannu da California Jaguars a USISL, inda ya jagorance su zuwa Gasar Cin Kofin Ƙasa ta ɗaya tilo a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a raga. Wannan ya sa ya sanya hannu a San Jose Clash . Ya shiga ƙungiyar kafin gasar cin kofin duniya ta 1996.

Ya buga jimillar mintuna 78 tare da Clash kafin a dakatar da shi a ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 1996, tare da raunin gwiwa mai tsanani.  A shekarar 1998, ya buga wa San Francisco Bay Seals faɗaɗa wasa.  Ya yi ritaya daga buga wasa a matsayin ƙwararru a shekarar 1998  sannan ya shiga ɓangaren ayyukan kuɗi. 

## Manazarta
Jagora

Mentorship shine tallafawa, tasiri, **Jagora**, ko jagora da **mai ba da shawara** ya bayar. Mai ba da shawara shine wanda ke koyarwa ko ba da taimako da shawara ga wanda ba shi da ƙwarewa kuma sau da yawa ƙarami. A cikin tsarin ƙungiya, mai ba da shawara yana rinjayar ci gaban mutum da ƙwarewa na mentee. Yawancin jagoranci na gargajiya sun haɗa da samun manyan ma'aikata masu ba da shawara ga ƙananan ma'aikata, amma masu ba da umarni ba lallai bane su kasance mafi girma fiye da mutanen da suke ba da shawara. Abin da ke da mahimmanci shi ne cewa masu ba da shawara suna da gogewa wanda wasu zasu iya koya daga gare su.

A cewar Kamus na Kasuwanci, mai ba da shawara mutum ne babba ko kuma gogagge wanda aka sanya shi ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara, mai ba da shawara, ko jagora ga ƙaramin yaro ko ɗalibi. Mai ba da shawara yana da alhakin bayar da taimako da ra'ayoyi ga mutumin da ke ƙarƙashin kulawarsa. Aikin mai ba da shawara, bisa ga wannan ma'anar, shine amfani da ƙwarewarsa don taimaka wa ƙaramin ma'aikaci ta hanyar tallafa masa a aikinsa da aikinsa, bayar da sharhi kan aikinsa, kuma, mafi mahimmanci, bayar da jagora ga waɗanda aka ba da shawara yayin da suke fuskantar matsaloli da yanayi a wurin aiki. 

Hulɗa da ƙwararre na iya zama dole don samun ƙwarewa a fannin kayan aikin al'adu.  Kwarewar jagoranci da tsarin dangantaka suna shafar "adadin tallafin zamantakewa, jagorancin aiki, abin koyi, da sadarwa da ke faruwa a cikin dangantakar jagoranci da masu ba da shawara da masu ba da shawara ke hulɗa da ita". 

Mutumin da ke karɓar jagoranci ana iya kiransa da *protégé* (namiji), *protégée* (mace), almajiri, mai koyo ko kuma, a shekarun 2000, mai taimako. Jagoranci tsari ne wanda koyaushe ya ƙunshi sadarwa kuma yana da alaƙa, amma ainihin ma'anarsa ba ta da tabbas,  tare da ma'anoni sama da 50 da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu,  kamar:

Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga halin Mentor a cikin Homer's *Odyssey* . Kodayake an nuna Mentor a cikin labarin a matsayin tsohon mutum mara inganci, allahiya Athena ta ɗauki bayyanarsa don jagorantar saurayi Telemachus a lokacin wahalarsa.

Tsarin jagoranci mai mahimmanci a tarihi ya haɗa da al'adar malamai da almajiranci da ake yi a cikin Hindu da Buddha,  Dattawa, tsarin almajiranci da Yahudawan Rabbinical da cocin Kirista ke yi  da kuma koyon aiki a ƙarƙashin tsarin ƙungiyoyin ƙarni na da . 

A Amurka, masu fafutukar tabbatar da daidaito a wurin aiki a rabin na biyu na karni na ashirin sun yaɗa kalmar "mai ba da shawara" da kuma ra'ayin jagoranci a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban ƙamus na jari- hujja na zamantakewa wanda ya haɗa da kalmomi kamar rufin gilashi, rufin bamboo, [1] hanyar sadarwa, abin koyi, da mai tsaron ƙofa, wanda ke taimakawa wajen gano da magance matsalolin da ke hana ƙungiyoyi marasa rinjaye samun nasarar ƙwararru. Littattafan kasuwanci na yau da kullun sun karɓi sharuɗɗa da ra'ayoyi kuma sun tallata su a matsayin hanyoyin samun nasara ga duk masu hawa aiki. Waɗannan kalmomin ba su cikin ƙamus na Amurka gabaɗaya ba har zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1990. [2]

## Manazarta
Yan Huo

**Yan Huo** ( Sinanci : 霍焱) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1968) ɗan kasuwa ne kuma mai taimakon jama'a. Shi ne babban abokin hulɗa kuma babban jami'in saka hannun jari na Capula Investment Management .

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Yan a birnin Beijing a shekarar 1968.   Ya sami digirin farko a fannin kimiyyar lissafi daga Jami'ar Fudan, kuma a shekarar 1993 ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin injiniyan lantarki daga Jami'ar Princeton . 

## Sana'a
Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Princeton, Huo ya shiga JPMorgan, inda ya yi aiki a fannin bincike kafin ya gina da kuma jagorantar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta kamfanin mai samun kuɗin shiga.  A shekara ta 2005, ya haɗu da Masao Asai, wani kamfanin zuba jari na Capula Investment Management, wanda ke London. 

A shekarar 2018, Huo ya sami fam miliyan 36.4, rabin abin da ya samu a shekarar 2017.  Shi amintaccen Jami'ar Fudan ne da Jami'ar Princeton.  A watan Disamba na 2023, an zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban hukumar Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha ta Metropolitan . 

## Taimakon jama'a
A shekara ta 2009, Huo ta kafa Gidauniyar Iyali ta Huo da manufar tallafawa ilimi, al'ummomi da kuma neman ilimi. Wadanda suka samu gudummawa sun hada da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Old Vic, gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Tate, gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal National, Gidan Tarihin Halitta da kuma Kungiyar Orchestra ta London Symphony .  A shekara ta 2022, gidauniyar ta bayar da tallafin dala miliyan 7 ga gidajen tarihi da gidajen tarihi na London guda biyar.  Gidauniyar ta bayar da fam miliyan 4.3 ga wadanda suka samu tallafin, ciki har da Royal Academy of Arts, Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya, Gidan Opera na Royal da kuma Gidan Tarihi na Kasa a shekara ta 2024.  Tun lokacin da aka kafa gidauniyar, ta bayar ko kuma ta yi alkawarin sama da dala miliyan 75 ga ayyukan agaji.   

A watan Disamba na shekarar 2020, Huo ya sanya hannu kan Alƙawarin Ba da Gudummawa, yana mai tabbatar da alƙawarinsa na bai wa ƙungiyoyin agaji mafi yawan dukiyarsa. A watan Yulin 2025, Huo ya sanya hannu kan wata wasiƙa ta haɗin gwiwa da aka buga a jaridar The Telegraph kafin taron bayar da Gudummawa da Tasiri, inda ya yi kira ga gwamnati da ta binciko hanyoyin sauƙaƙa tsarin bayar da Gudummawa, don ƙarfafa al'adar bayarwa tsakanin masu ba da agaji masu tasowa.

Huo amintaccen Jami'ar Princeton ne.  Ya ba da kuɗin Huo Pavilion, gidajen tarihi guda uku da aka keɓe don zane-zane na Asiya, a sabon Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Jami'ar.  A shekarar 2025, Huo ya kasance shugaban taron "Mutane da yawa, Masu Yawa" na Jami'ar, wani taron tsofaffin ɗalibai. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Huo ya bayar da gudummawar fam 200,000 ga Jam'iyyar Conservative ta Burtaniya a lokacin babban zaɓen Burtaniya na 2019.   Huo ya bayar da gudummawar fam 50,000 ga Jam'iyyar Conservative a 2020.  A cewar *jaridar The Times*, dukiyar Huo ta kai fam biliyan 1.215 a shekarar 2023. 

## Manazarta
Koyon ta hanyar koyarwa

A fagen koyarwa, ilmantarwa ta hanyar koyarwa hanya ce ta koyarwa inda ake sanya ɗalibai su koyi kayan aiki da shirya darussan don koyar da shi ga sauran ɗalibai. Akwai karfi mai karfi kan samun ƙwarewar rayuwa tare da batun.

## Bayani

Hanyar da ɗalibai ke bi wajen koyar da wasu ɗalibai ta kasance tun zamanin da.  Sau da yawa wannan ya faru ne saboda rashin albarkatu. Misali, Tsarin Kulawa hanya ce ta ilimi wadda ta shahara a duniya a farkon ƙarni na 19. An ƙirƙiro ta a layi ɗaya ta hannun ɗan Scotland Andrew Bell wanda ya yi aiki a Madras da Joseph Lancaster wanda ya yi aiki a Landan; kowannensu ya yi ƙoƙarin ilmantar da yara matalauta waɗanda ba su da isassun albarkatu ta hanyar sa manyan yara su koya wa ƙananan yara abin da suka riga suka koya. 

Binciken da aka gudanar cikin tsari don inganta ilimi da gangan, ta hanyar sa ɗalibai su koyi ta hanyar koyarwa ya fara ne a tsakiyar ƙarni na 20. 

A farkon shekarun 1980, Jean-Pol Martin ya ƙirƙiro manufar sanya ɗalibai su koyar da wasu a cikin mahallin koyon Faransanci a matsayin harshen waje, kuma ya ba shi tushen nazari a cikin wallafe-wallafe da yawa, wanda aka kira shi da Jamusanci Lernen durch Lehren, wanda aka taƙaita shi zuwa LdL . [1] Da farko an yi watsi da hanyar, saboda tsarin ilimin Jamus gabaɗaya ya fi mai da hankali kan ladabi da koyo na yau da kullun. [2] Duk da haka, hanyar ta zama ruwan dare a Jamus a fannin ilimin sakandare, kuma a cikin shekarun 1990 an ƙara yin amfani da ita kuma an fara amfani da ita a jami'o'i. [1] A shekarar 2008 Martin ya yi ritaya, kuma duk da cewa ya ci gaba da aiki, Joachim Grzega ya jagoranci haɓakawa da kuma ƙaddamar da LdL. [2] [3]

## Hanyar LdL
**Fannin ma'ana** : Babban abin da ke cikin ka'idar Martin gaba ɗaya, duka ga LdL da kuma ga Sabuwar 'Yancin Dan Adam, su ne waɗannan ra'ayoyin masu hulɗa:  tunani (sarrafa bayanai da fahimtar ra'ayi ) - iko - abubuwan da ba su dace ba - tunanin dialectical - halayyar bincike - taswirar fahimta - tasirin kwarara - sama-ƙasa/ƙasa-sama - ƙarfin centripetal/centrifugal - halayyar neuronal - layiarity/nonlinearity - homeostasis - haɗin kai/bambanci - tsakiya/babban tsari - ambaton kai - haɗin kai .

Bayan shiri daga malami, ɗalibai za su ɗauki nauyin koyo da koyarwa da kansu. An raba sabon kayan zuwa ƙananan sassa kuma an kafa ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai waɗanda ba su wuce mutane uku ba. 

Ana ƙarfafa ɗalibai su yi gwaji don nemo hanyoyin koyar da sauran kayan. Tare da tabbatar da cewa ɗalibai sun koyi kayan, wani burin hanyar shine a koya wa ɗalibai dabarun rayuwa kamar girmama wasu mutane, tsarawa, magance matsaloli, ɗaukar haɗari a bainar jama'a, da kuma dabarun sadarwa.     Malamin zai ci gaba da shiga tsakani, yana shiga tsakani don ƙarin bayani ko bayar da tallafi idan ɗaliban koyarwa suka gaza ko kuma ɗaliban da ke koyo ba su fahimci kayan ba. 

Hanyar ta bambanta da koyarwa domin ana yin LdL a aji, wanda malami ke tallafawa, kuma ya bambanta da koyarwar ɗalibai, wanda wani ɓangare ne na ilimin malamai . 

## Manazarta
Ron Heller (tight end)

**Ronald Jeffrey Heller** (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 1963) tsohon ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta San Francisco 49ers, Atlanta Falcons, da Seattle Seahawks . Ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta kwaleji a Jami'ar Jihar Oregon .

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haife shi a Grass Valley, California, ya ƙaura tare da iyalinsa zuwa Clark Fork a arewacin Idaho lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 12,  kuma ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Clark Fork a 1981,  a aji na ƙarshe na 18. Ya kasance fitaccen ɗan wasa a fannin ƙwallon ƙafa (All-state), ƙwallon kwando (All-state), da kuma waƙa (ya lashe kambun jihar a tseren mita 200). Ya buga wasa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta 'yan wasa 8.

Heller ya karɓi tallafin karatu na ƙwallon ƙafa a Jami'ar Jihar Oregon . Ya buga wa Beavers wasa daga 1981 zuwa 1985, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin mai tsaron hanci (ɗan shekara ɗaya) da kuma mai tsaron baya (ɗan shekara biyu da kuma ƙarami), kafin a mayar da shi zuwa tight end a matsayin ɗan shekara ta farko.  

A shekarar 2005, an shigar da shi cikin Zauren Shahararrun 'Yan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Idaho.

## Sana'ar ƙwararru

### Dallas Cowboys
Ba a zaɓi Heller a cikin daftarin NFL na 1986 ba, kuma Dallas Cowboys ta sanya masa hannu a matsayin wakilin 'yanci wanda ba a ba shi izini ba .   An sake shi kafin farkon kakar wasa.

### San Francisco 49ers
San Francisco 49ers ta yi iƙirarin cewa ya yi hakan ne bisa shawarar da Paul Hackett ya bayar, amma raunin da ya samu a wuyansa kafin kakar wasa ya sanya shi cikin jerin 'yan wasa da suka ji rauni a lokacin kakar wasa ta 1986.  Tare da 'yan wasa 49ers, ya kasance ɗan wasa na musamman kuma ɗan wasa ne na ɗan lokaci.

### Atlanta Falcons
Ya sanya hannu da Atlanta Falcons a matsayin mai ba da kwangila ta Plan B a shekarar 1989. Ya fara wasanni 13 da kuma liyafarsa sau 33 na tsawon yadi 324, inda ya sanya shi a matsayi na shida a taron ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa . 

### Seattle Seahawks
A shekarar 1990 bayan an sake barinsa ba tare da kariya ba, ya sanya hannu a matsayin wakilin Plan B ba tare da wata matsala ba tare da Seattle Seahawks .  An yafe masa a ranar 26 ga Agusta, 1991.  Bayan ya shafe shekara guda ba tare da buga kwallon kafa ba, Seahawks ta sake daukarsa a ranar 10 ga Maris, 1992 .

## Ƙididdigar aiki na NFL

### Lokacin yau da kullun

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Heller ya bar ƙwallon ƙafa a shekarar 1993 kuma ya yi shekaru biyu a Smith Barney a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin kuɗi . A shekarar 1995, ya kafa Peritus Asset Management tare inda ya kasance Shugaba kuma Babban Mai Ba da Shawara kan Fayiloli. A halin yanzu shi ne shugaban Ci gaban Abokan Hulɗa a PlanMember da ke Carpinteria, CA.

## Manazarta