Cibiyar Muhalli, Kifi da Kimiyya ta Aquaculture

**Cibiyar Kimiyyar Muhalli, Kamun Kifi da Kifin Ruwa** ( **Cefas** ) hukuma ce mai zaman kanta ta Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Abinci da Harkokin Karkara ta Gwamnatin Burtaniya (Defra). Tana gudanar da bincike iri-iri, shawarwari, shawarwari, sa ido da kuma horar da abokan ciniki da yawa a duk faɗin duniya. 

Cefas tana ɗaukar ma'aikata sama da 550 waɗanda galibi ke aiki a dakunan gwaje-gwaje guda biyu na musamman a Burtaniya, tare da ƙarin ma'aikata da ke aiki a ƙananan ofisoshin tashar jiragen ruwa a Scarborough, Hayle, da Plymouth. A shekarar 2014 Cefas ta kafa sansanin dindindin a Gabas ta Tsakiya ta hanyar buɗe ofis a Kuwait, kuma tun daga lokacin ta buɗe ofis a Oman. Suna kuma gudanar da wani jirgin ruwa na bincike mai suna *[[RV Cefas Endeavour|Cefas Endeavour]].*

## Abokan ciniki
Babban abokin ciniki na Cefas shine ƙungiyarsu ta asali Defra. Suna kuma yin aiki ga ma'aikatun gwamnatin ƙasa da ƙasa da na Burtaniya (na tsakiya da na gida), Bankin Duniya, Hukumar Turai, Hukumar Abinci da Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (FAO), ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da na muhalli, masu tsara dokoki da hukumomin tilasta bin doka, hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi da sauran hukumomin gwamnati.

Ana ƙara mai da hankali kan binciken kasuwanci da ba da shawara yayin da matakin kuɗaɗen da ake samu daga Defra ke raguwa a hankali.

## Tarihi
An san ta a da a matsayin Daraktan Binciken Kifi, an canza suna da matsayinta a shekarar 1997 zuwa 'Cibiyar Muhalli, Kifi da Kimiyyar Kifi' (Cefas). A wannan lokacin ta zama Hukumar Zartarwa ta abin da a wancan lokacin ake kira Ma'aikatar Noma, Kifi da Abinci (Ƙasar Ingila) kuma yanzu ita ce Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Abinci da Harkokin Karkara (Defra). 

### Dakin gwaje-gwaje na Lowestoft

A shekarar 1902, Ƙungiyar Halittu ta Ruwa ta buɗe wani ƙaramin tasha a Pakefield, wani yanki na Lowestoft, Suffolk, don yin bincike kan masana'antar kamun kifi . Wannan wani ɓangare ne na gudummawar da Birtaniya ta bayar ga sabuwar Majalisar Duniya don Binciken Teku (ICES). Zuwa shekarar 1921, an faɗaɗa tashar don haɗawa da dakin gwaje-gwaje tare da kayan aikin gwaji. 

Binciken farko ya mayar da hankali kan fannoni na ilmin halittu na teku na Tekun Arewa . A lokacin nazarin halittu na shekarun 1920 da 1930, an faɗaɗa ka'idar kamun kifi kuma an fara hasashen yawan kifaye. 

A tsakanin 1927–1928, Ofishin Turawan Mulkin Mallaka ya tura Michael Graham daga dakin gwaje-gwaje na Lowestoft kuma ya gudanar da bincike na farko kan kamun kifi na Tafkin Victoria . 

Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, an kafa cibiyoyin nazarin halittu don ba da shawara kan yadda za a iya zubar da sinadarai masu guba a cikin teku lafiya. Bincike a kan jirgin ruwa mai suna Ernest Holt, wanda aka saya a Arctic, ya kafa muhimmiyar alaƙa tsakanin yawan kifayen cod da za a iya kamawa da yanayin zafi na ruwa, sannan aka gano hanyoyin ƙaura na kifayen cod. An gano hanyoyin ƙaura na kifayen plaice, kuma an binciki lalacewar kamun kifi a Tekun Arewa. Daga wannan aikin da ya haifar da tushe, an samo ka'idojin yanayin kamun kifi da yawan kifaye waɗanda suka zama ruwan dare a duniya. 

Dakin gwaje-gwajen ya koma wurin da yake a yanzu a kan tsaunukan da ke yankin Kirkley a shekarar 1955. An faɗaɗa wurin a shekarun 1960 da 1980 don biyan buƙatun shirye-shiryen aiki masu tasowa da ke sa ido kan ingancin muhallin ruwa. Duk da cewa a lokacin 1964-1982 wataƙila ya ga cikakken bunƙasa binciken kamun kifi, a Lowestoft, ƙara wayar da kan 'yan siyasa da jama'a game da mahimmancin kiyaye ingancin muhallin ruwa, yana nufin cewa ƙaruwar kaso na shirin aikin na wannan lokacin ya kasance kan matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da binciken gurɓataccen rediyoaktif da wanda ba rediyoaktif ba a teku. 

### Jiragen ruwa
Jiragen ruwa da Cibiyar Muhalli, Kifi da Kimiyyar Kifi ke sarrafawa:

### Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai

* Ray Beverton FRS, wanda ya rubuta wani littafi mai suna *On the Dynamics of Exploited Fish Populations* a shekarar 1957 
* David Cushing FRS, an yaba masa da haɓaka hasashen daidaito/rashin daidaito a matsayin bayani game da yadda rashin kyawun ɗaukar kaya zai iya kasancewa da alaƙa da canjin yanayi da rashin albarkatun plankton ga tsutsotsin kifi.
* Walter Garstang, mawaƙi kuma masanin halitta, wanda ya kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje a shekarar 1902 a madadin Ƙungiyar Halittu ta Ruwa ta Burtaniya .
* Michael Graham CMG OBE, tsohon darektan dakin gwaje-gwajen kamun kifi na Lowestoft (1945–1958). Littafinsa na gargajiya, "The Fish Gate", wanda aka buga a shekarar 1943, ya nuna kusan rugujewar masana'antar kamun kifi ta Burtaniya, ta hanyar kamun kifi fiye da kima, wanda ya faru kafin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya da na Biyu.
* John Gulland FRS, fitaccen masanin lissafi wanda ya yi aiki a kan kimanta yawan kamun kifi da kuma kifin whale. 
* Sir Alister Hardy FRS, wanda a lokacin da yake aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje ya yi nazarin herring na North Sea kuma ya ƙirƙiro Continuous Plankton Recorder .
* Ernest William Lyons Holt, wanda ya yi aiki har zuwa 1894 a Grimsby, inda yake kula da wani sabon tashar bincike da aka buɗe don Tekun Arewa (wanda ya riga ya fara aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje a Lowestoft).
* Sidney Holt, wanda ya rubuta wani littafi mai suna *On the Dynamics of Exploited Fish Populations* a shekarar 1957 
* Rosa Lee, mace ta farko da aka dauka aiki a matsayin masanin kimiyya a Hukumar Kula da Halittu ta Ruwa, kuma mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a matsayin masanin kimiyyar kamun kifi na gwamnati a Burtaniya .
* ES Russell OBE, tsohon darektan dakin gwaje-gwajen kamun kifi na Lowestoft (1921–1945). 
* John Shepherd FRS, Mataimakin Darakta na dakin gwaje-gwajen kamun kifi a Lowestoft, ƙwararre a fannin zubar da sharar rediyoaktif a ruwa, ƙirar lissafi na ayyukan jiragen kamun kifi, da kuma yanayin yawan kifaye. Farfesa Emeritus na Kimiyyar Tsarin Duniya, Makarantar Kimiyyar Teku da Duniya, Jami'ar Southampton
* Dorothy Thursby-Pelham, 'Mace ta farko da ta zama ƙwararriyar masaniyar kamun kifi a Ingila' wacce ta gudanar da cikakken bincike kan yankin Tekun Arewa kuma memba ce mai himma a Majalisar Duniya don Binciken Teku a shekarun 1920. 

## Manazarta