open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kurnool Ultra Mega Solar Park

**Kurnool Ultra Mega Solar Park a cikin Andhra Pradesh** filin shakatawa ne na hasken rana wanda aka shimfida a kan jimlar yanki na  a Panyam mandal na gundumar Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, mai karfin  . Babban ministan kasar Andhra Pradesh Nara Chandrababu Naidu ne ya kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2019  An gina wurin shakatawa a kan zuba jari na kusan ₹ biliyan 70  ta masu samar da wutar lantarki ta hasken rana da gwamnatocin tsakiya da na Jihohi. Masu haɓaka wutar lantarki na hasken rana sun kashe ₹ biliyan 10 , yayin da sauran ₹ 60 biliyan  APSPCL ne ya tallafa shi ta hanyar ₹ biliyan 2  tallafi daga Gwamnatin Tarayya. 

## Bayani
Wurin shakatawa na hasken rana na Kurnool ya bazu a kan jimlar yanki    a kauyukan Gani da Sakunala na gundumar Kurnool.  Yankin ba shi da bushewa. Wurin shakatawa yana amfani da fale-falen hasken rana sama da miliyan 4 tare da ikon 315 da 320 watts. An haɗa bangarorin zuwa hudu 220/33&nbsp;KV tashoshi 250&nbsp;MW kowane da 400/220&nbsp;KV grid substation ta kusan  na igiyoyi. A cikin rana mai zafi, Kurnool Solar Park yana iya samar da fiye da 8&nbsp;GW⋅h na wutar lantarki, wanda ya isa ya biya kusan dukkanin buƙatun wutar lantarki a gundumar Kurnool. 

## Auction da ƙaddamarwa
Kamfanin NTPC Limited ya gayyaci masu samar da wutar lantarki mai amfani da hasken rana a kashi na farko na wurin shakatawa a ranar 29 ga Afrilu 2015, da kuma kashi na biyu a ranar 21 ga Mayu 2015.   Gaba ɗaya, NTPC ta yi gwanjon 1,000.&nbsp;MW na iya aiki ta hanyar gwanjon baya .  An ba da kwangilolin ga masu haɓaka wutar lantarki a tsakiyar Disamba 2015.  500&nbsp;An ba da MW ga SunEdison (a matsayin wani ɓangare na fatarar kuɗi da Greenko ya samu) da 350&nbsp;MW zuwa Softbank Energy (dukansu a farashin ₹ 4.63/kW), 100&nbsp;MW zuwa Azure Power da 50&nbsp;MW zuwa Adani Power (a farashin ₹ 5.12/kW⋅h da ₹ 5.13/kW⋅h bi da bi). 

350&nbsp;An ba da damar MW a ranar 29 ga Maris 2017 ta Softbank Energy.   Azure Power ya fara gina 100&nbsp;Ƙarfin MW a wurin shakatawa a watan Disamba 2016, kuma ya ba da izini ga shuka ta 13 Yuni 2017.     Ƙaddamar da 100&nbsp;MW ta Azure Power yana ɗaukar ƙarfin samar da wurin shakatawa zuwa 950&nbsp;MW, wanda ya sanya ta zama wurin shakatawa mafi girma a duniya, a lokacin . 

Girgizar kasa da tsawa da aka yi a yankin Kurnool a ranar 7 ga Mayu 2017 ta lalata filin shakatawa na hasken rana. Iska mai karfi ya tayar da wasu na'urorin hasken rana da Softbank da Greenko suka sanya, sannan kuma sun lalata wuraren ma'aikata da wuraren ma'aikata. An yi kiyasin barnar da filin shakatawa na hasken rana ya haifar da ₹ miliyan 20  . 

Sauran 50&nbsp;An ba da damar MW ga Prayatna Developers, wani reshe na Adani Power. Kamfanin ya samar da 30&nbsp;MW na iya aiki a wurin shakatawa a ranar 28 ga Yuni da sauran 20&nbsp;MW a watan Yuli 2017. 

Sama da ƙwararrun ma'aikata 2,500 da ƙwararrun ma'aikata aka yi amfani da su don gina wurin shakatawa na Kurnool Ultra Mega Solar Park. 

## Manazarta
Cancantar Mata (County da Borough Councils) Dokar 1907

**Dokar Cancantar Mata (Majalisun gundumomi da gundumomi) 1907** ( 7 Edw. 7 . c. 33) wata doka ce ta majalisar dokoki da ta fayyace haƙƙin wasu mata masu biyan kuɗi na zaɓe su zuwa gundumomi da gundumomi a Ingila da Wales . Ya biyo bayan shekaru na rashin tabbas da rudani, wanda ya haɗa da ƙalubale a kotuna lokacin da mata suka fara ƙoƙarin tsayawa takarar Majalisar gundumar London. 

An zabar mata don raba kwamitocin da suka shafi Dokar Talauci da Dokar Ilimi ta 1870 kuma suna da damar yin aiki a sabbin majalisun gundumomi na birni da na karkara daga 1894. Mata sun rasa tasirinsu a kan kwamitocin ilimi lokacin da kwamitocin masu 'yanci suka shiga cikin sabbin majalisun da aka kafa. Mata kuma sun rasa wurare lokacin da garuruwa suka girma kuma suka sami matsayin Borough.  Dokar 1907 wadda ake ganin nasara ce ga al'ummar kananan hukumomin mata  ta ba wa matan da mazansu suka mutu da wadanda ba su yi aure ba 'yancin tsayawa a ko'ina a cikin kananan hukumomi . 

An zabi mata biyar a 1907: Elizabeth Garrett Anderson a Aldeburgh, Edith Sutton a Karatu, Sarah Elizabeth Woodward a Bewdley, Sophia Merivale a Oxford, da Mrs Dove a Wycombe. An zabi Marjory Lees a matsayin mai ba da shawara a Oldham a zaben fidda gwani jim kadan bayan zabukan da aka saba gudanarwa. Adadin ‘yan majalisar ya karu a hankali, inda Mrs Hughes a Oxford da Margaret Ashton a Manchester suka lashe kujeru a 1908, Eleanor Rathbone a Liverpool, Helen Hope in Bath, Miss Coulcher a Ipswich da Mrs Chapman a Worthing a 1909, Ada Newman a Walsall, Elizabeth Tyster a Southend da Maud Burnet 10 a cikin Pins. da Marjorie Pugh a Birmingham, Mrs Redford a Manchester da Alison Ogilvy a Godalming a 1911. 

Dokar Gwamnatin London ta soke dokar ta 1939, wadda ta ayyana wakilcin Dokar Jama'a ta 1918 a matsayin ma'auni na zabe.

## Manazarta
Kogin Tarihin Amurka

Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka ta sanya **Kogin Tarihin Amurka** a cikin shekarun 1990s don karɓar kulawa ta musamman (haɗin gwiwar hukumomin gwamnati da yawa) don ƙarin manufofi uku: albarkatun halitta da kariya ta muhalli, farfado da tattalin arziki, da adana tarihi da al'adu. 

## Kafawa
Shirin Kare Kogin Tarihin Amurka an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar Dokar Zartarwa, Lamba 13061, wanda Shugaba Bill Clinton ya sanya hannu a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 1997. An haɓaka ƙa'idodin zaɓin a ƙarƙashin Shugaban Majalisar kan Ingancin Muhalli (CEQ), tare da haɗin gwiwar gwamnati da ƙwararru, kuma suna nuna ra'ayoyi iri-iri, gami da waɗanda ke wakiltar albarkatun ƙasa, al'adu, da tarihi; abubuwan da ke faruwa, muhalli, da nishaɗi; yawon shakatawa, sufuri, da abubuwan ci gaban tattalin arziki; da masana'antu kamar noma, masana'antu, hakar ma'adinai, da kula da gandun daji. Kogunan da aka ba da shawarar sun wakilci nau'ikan rafi iri-iri, wurare daban-daban, da kuma saituna masu yawa daga birane zuwa yankunan karkara kuma tabbatar da cewa an yi la'akari da kokarin sake farfadowa, da kuma koguna masu lalacewa da ke buƙatar gyarawa.

## Ka'idoji don sanyawa
An zaɓi koguna don sanyawa bisa ga ka'idoji masu zuwa:

* Halayen albarkatun halitta, tattalin arziki, noma, shimfidar wuri, tarihi, al'adu, ko nishaɗi na kogi wanda ke sa ya bambanta ko na musamman;
* Tasirin da al'umma ta bayyana shirin aikinta da kuma yadda shirin ke magance, ko dai ta hanyar ayyukan da aka tsara ko abubuwan da suka gabata, duk manufofi uku na Kogin Tarihin Amurka.
* Ƙarfi da bambancin goyon bayan al'umma don gabatarwa kamar yadda wasiƙu daga zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai suka tabbatar; masu mallakar ƙasa; 'yan ƙasa masu zaman kansu; kasuwanci; kuma musamman gwamnatocin Jiha, na gida, da na kabilanci. Tallafin al'umma mai zurfi yana da mahimmanci don karɓar sunan Kogin Tarihin Amurka; da
* Rashin hankali da iyawar al'umma don ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwa da yarjejeniyoyi don aiwatar da shirin su don cimma burinsu da manufofinsu.

## Koguna da aka tsara

Shugaba Clinton ya sanya koguna 14 (ko tsarin kogi) a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 1998. 

* Kogin Blackstone da Woonasquatucket (MA, RI) 
* Kogin Connecticut (NH, VT, MA, CT) 
* Kogin Cuyahoga (OH) 
* Kogin Detroit (MI, ON) 
* Kogin Hanalei (HI) 
* Kogin Hudson (NY, NJ) 
* Lower Mississippi River (MS, LA, TN, AR) Wolf River a cikin babban birnin Memphis an haɗa shi da Lower Mississippi.
** Kogin Wolf a cikin babban birnin Memphis an haɗa shi da Lower Mississippi .
* Kogin Potomac (DC, MD, VA, WV) 
* Sabon Kogin (NC, VA, WV) 
* Rio Grande (CO, NM, TX) 
* Kogin St. Johns (FL) 
* Kogin Upper Mississippi (IA, IL, MN, MO, WI) 
* Kogin Upper Susquehanna da Lackawanna (PA) 
* Kogin Willamette (OR) 

## Manazarta
Dokar Canjin Yanayi (Austria)

**Dokar Ayyukan Canjin Yanayi** ( Yaren Jamus : , **KSG** ) wata doka ce ta tarayya ta Ostiriya da aka yi niyya don tabbatar da cikar burin rage sauyin yanayi na ƙasa da kuma bin manufofin Turai.

Gina kan Dabarun Yanayi na Austriya, Majalisar Kasa ta zartar da Dokar Ayyukan Yanayi a matsayin lissafin gwamnati a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 2011, a lokacin lokacinta na 24th na majalisa. Manufarta ita ce ta ba da damar aiwatar da haɗin gwiwar aiwatar da ingantattun matakan kare yanayi.  Ministan noma, dazuzzuka, muhalli da kula da ruwa dole ne ya kafa kwamitin ba da shawara kan kare yanayi na kasa.  Ana ƙara dokar ta hanyar ƙarin makamashi da matakan manufofin yanayi. Sai dai an yi kakkausar suka ga gyaran dokar kare yanayi, kuma jam'iyyar Green Party ta kada kuri'ar kin amincewa. Gyaran ya tsara rage maƙasudin fitar da hayaki mai gurbata yanayi a Ostiriya na tsawon lokacin 2013-2020 kuma ya keɓe su ta fannin.

Ostiriya ta kasance tana gudanar da shekaru da yawa ba tare da dokar kariyar yanayi ba, watau ba tare da maƙasudin 2030 ba.  A cewar rahoton ci gaban 2022 2020 ita ce shekarar da ta fi dacewa don samun bayanan ƙididdiga masu inganci. Idan Ostiriya ta gaza cimma burinta na fitar da hayaki na EU, za ta fuskanci hukunci. An sanar da Kunshin Zafi Mai Sabuntawa a cikin Oktoba 2023. Wannan ana nufin yin la'akari da tattalin arziki da kariyar yanayi.  A baya can, Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta ƙi amincewa da aikace-aikacen da aka yi game da Dokar Kare Yanayi kamar yadda ba za a yarda da shi ba saboda ba dukkanin sassan doka ba, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da juna ba, an kalubalanci su. 

A mafi kyawun yanayin, Dokar Canjin Yanayi za ta kafa tsarin tafiyar da yanayi, watau tsara yadda masu yanke shawara na siyasa a matakin tarayya da jihohi suka amince da matakan, yadda suke sa ido kan aiwatar da su da kuma yadda suke daidaita matakan idan ya cancanta;  amma jihohin tarayya ne ke da alhakin duk abin da ba a ba gwamnatin tarayya ba a cikin kundin tsarin mulki.  Haƙƙin ƙaƙƙarfan haƙƙin kariyar yanayi a cikin kundin tsarin mulki kuma yana da cece-kuce. 

A cikin Oktoba 2023, Hukumar EU ta amince da sake fasalin tsarin farfadowa da juriya na Austria don asusun dawo da. 

## Manazarta
Yungas guan

**Yungas guan** ( *Penelope bridgesi* ) wani nau'in tsuntsu ne a cikin iyali Cracidae, chachalacas, guans, da curassows . Ana samunsa a cikin tsaunin Andean na Argentina da Bolivia .

## Taxonomy da kuma tsarin
Kafin ƙarshen 2020, Yungas guan ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin nau'in guan mai dusky ( *Penelope obscura* ). Wani bugu na 2018 ya yi bayani dalla-dalla bambance-bambancen ilimin halittar jiki da yawa a tsakanin su.  Wani littafin da aka buga a baya ya ba da haske game da muryoyinsu daban-daban.  Dangane da waccan shaidar da ilimin sirri na membobin, Kwamitin Rarraba Kudancin Amurka na Ƙungiyar Ornithological Society ta haɓaka shi zuwa matsayin jinsin a cikin Disamba 2020, kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ornithological Congress ta bi sahun Janairu 2021.  

## Bayani
Yungas guans namiji da mace iri ɗaya ne. Su ne chestnut sama da maras ban sha'awa ja ja a kasa. Ciki yana da launin ruwan kasa zuwa lemu a kwance alamun wutsiya kuma launin ruwan kasa. Kai da baya na wuyan baki ne. Fuka-fukan wuyansa, baya, da kirji suna da fararen gefuna waɗanda suka fi girma fiye da na *P. obscura* . Fatar fuskar da ba a santa ba ce slate ja, jajaye kuma jajaye. 

Yungas guan ya fi *P. obscura* girma; Tsawon samfurori tara ya kasance tsakanin  da kuma  idan aka kwatanta da  da kuma  don samfurori guda biyu na *P. obscura* . 

## Rarraba da wurin zama
Ana samun Yungas guan a gabas na Andes a Kudancin Andean Yungas na kudu maso yammacin Bolivia da arewa maso yammacin Argentina. Tana zaune a cikin dazuzzukan dazuzzukan da ke ƙasa da  har zuwa kusan  . 

## Hali da muhalli
Yungas guan yana cin 'ya'yan itace da ganye tare da rabbai da nau'in kowannensu ya bambanta a cikin kewayon sa. Duk da cewa tsuntsun ba ya da yawa, ana tunanin zai canza girmansa a yanayi daban-daban. Lokacin kiwo nau'in ya fi girma tsakanin Oktoba da Disamba. 

## Matsayi
Yawan jama'ar Yungas guan na iya kaiwa mutane 100,000. Duk da haka, Dirección General de Fauna na Argentina yana ɗaukan cewa yana da rauni a wannan ƙasa saboda ana farautar ta don abinci da wasanni.  IUCN ba ta tantance nau'in ba.

## Manazarta
Ayyukan Tsabtace Teku

Clean Ocean Action (COA) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke aiki don kare ingancin ruwan teku a cikin New York Bight ta hanyar bincike mai zurfi na kimiyya, ilimi na jama'a, da ayyukan mazauna a matsayin ainihin aikinsu. An kafa shi ne a cikin 1984 ta hanyar hadin gwiwar kamfanoni masu kula da muhalli, kungiyoyi, da kungiyoyi.

## Tarihi
New Jersey's Shore ya cika da adadi mai yawa na sharar gida wanda ya haifar da rufe rairayin bakin teku kuma an san shi da ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren zubar da teku a cikin 1984.  Bayan damuwa da yawa sun faru game da hauhawar shara a shafin, an kafa Clean Action Ocean don taimakawa wajen ilmantarwa, bayar da shawarwari, da kuma daukar mataki kan tsaftacewa a bakin tekun don mayar da shi zuwa yanayin halitta.

Tun daga wannan lokacin, Clean Ocean Action ya rufe shafuka 8 na zubar da teku kuma ya ci gaba da tallafawa manufofin Clean Ocean Zone da Dokar BEACH.   A lokacin ayyukan tsaftacewa na Clean Ocean Action, kungiyar tana tattara bayanai don fahimtar da kuma gano dalilin cutar da ke haifar da muhalli ta hanyar tattara sharar gida. Ana nuna binciken su ga shirye-shiryen tarayya da na jihohi don tabbatar da tilasta aiki kan kare teku.

## Manufofin
Manufar Tsabtace Tekun Action ita ce hana duk wani lahani da zai iya lalata gurɓataccen ruwa a kusa da gaɓar New Jersey.    Ƙungiyar tana ba da shawarar kare namun daji na ruwa, rairayin bakin teku masu tsabta, da kuma adana duk albarkatun da za su cutar da muhalli ta hanyar kafa yakin da dama, shirye-shirye, abubuwan da suka dace, tarurruka masu aiki, da koyarwa.    Babban Darakta, Cindy Zipf, ya ba da shawarar cewa 'yan ƙasa su yi amfani da abubuwan da za a sake amfani da su, sake yin amfani da su, kauce wa zubar da ruwa, da kuma shiga cikin tsabtace gida.   Wadannan ayyuka suna rage yawan gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin teku kuma suna rage haɗarin haɗarin namun daji na ruwa.   Clean Ocean Action yana ɗaukar ƙarin mataki ta hanyar shawo kan hukumomin jama'a don tabbatar da amincin rairayin bakin teku da namun daji.   Tsabtace Tsabtace Tsabtace Tsabtace Tsabtace yana rinjayar 'yan ƙasa da yawa, daga kowane zamani da shekaru, don ba da gudummawa ga tsaftace bakin teku da kuma inganta kiyaye albarkatun ƙasa .   

## Mai ba da gudummawa
Masu sa kai don tsaftace Tekun Tsaro na Tsaro tare da burin ƙirƙirar yanayi mai tsabta da kuma ceton namun daji na ruwa daga haɗari. Masu sa kai sun hada da dalibai, iyalai, kasuwanci, sauran kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da sauransu.   Yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 12 suna iya ba da gudummawa muddin suna tare da babba. Miliyoyin tarkace masu cutarwa an cire su daga rairayin bakin teku da hanyoyin ruwa ta hanyar masu sa kai.

## Manazarta
Kariya ta kogi

Kariya ta coral reef shine tsari na canza ayyukan ɗan adam don kauce wa lalacewar coral reifs masu lafiya da kuma taimakawa lalacewar reefs murmurewa. Muhimman dabarun da aka yi amfani da su a cikin kariya ta reef sun haɗa da bayyana manufofi masu auna da kuma gabatar da gudanarwa mai aiki da kuma shiga cikin al'umma don rage damuwa da ke lalata lafiyar reef. Ɗaya daga cikin dabarun gudanarwa shine ƙirƙirar Yankunan Kare Ruwa (MPAs) waɗanda ke iyakance ayyukan ɗan adam kai tsaye kamar kamun kifi.

Rashin nutsewa na nishaɗi na iya samun mummunar tasiri a kan coral reefs na wurare masu zafi, galibi saboda lalacewar hulɗa na corals masu laushi da rassan dutse. Mafi yawan lalacewar murjani yayin nutsewa yana faruwa ne saboda fuka-fukan da ke buga murjani da kuma hannaye, gwiwoyi, da ma'aunin kayan aiki. Ana iya rage wannan ta hanyar inganta kwarewar ruwa da ƙwarewar gyare-gyare, da kuma ilimantar da masu ruwa da ruwa kan sakamakon halayyar da ba ta dace ba a kan yanayin halittu. Masu nutsewa da aka ba da gabatarwa ta minti 45 a kan ilmin halitta na murjani da wuraren da aka kare tare da taƙaitaccen zanga-zangar ruwa an nuna su don haifar da ƙananan lalacewa ga murjani yayin nutsewar su.

Yana ɗaukar kimanin shekaru dubu 10 don coral polyps don samar da kogi, kuma tsakanin shekaru 100,000 zuwa miliyan 30 don cikakkiyar kogi don samarwa.

## Ruwan murjani
Coral reefs suna daga cikin mafi yawan samar da halittu daban-daban a Duniya. Bambance-bambance a cikin bayyanar alamu na raƙuman ruwa suna haifar da nau'ikan mazaunin iri-iri. Coral yana buƙatar dangantaka ta juna tare da Zooxanthellae algae don gina reef. Ɗaya daga cikin algae yana samun abubuwan gina jiki ta hanyar amfani da photosynthesis, kuma murjani yana ba da mafaka ga algae don dawo da wasu abubuwan gina jiki. Jama'ar Zooxanthellae na iya mutuwa tare da canza yanayin muhalli, wanda ke haifar da murjani ya rasa launi, wanda aka sani da murjaniyar murjani. Yanayin muhalli kamar hauhawar zafin jiki na ruwa yana haifar da damuwa a kan murjani wanda ke haifar da fitar da su Zooxanthellae. Rashin Zooxanthellae ya sa murjani su mutu saboda sun rasa tushen abinci sukari da Zooxantherae ya bayar. Corals da ke buƙatar algae na symbiotic suna karɓar launuka masu haske daga nau'ikan Zooxanthellae daban-daban da ke zaune a cikinsu.

## Ayyukan muhalli
Corals suna ba da miliyoyin mutane da sabis na yanayin halittu kamar kamun kifi, magani, yawon bude ido da nishaɗi, kariya ta bakin teku da kuma fa'idodin kyawawan abubuwa da al'adu,  duk da haka suna da kashi 0.2% kawai na yanayin halitte na duniya. 

### Biodiversity
Har ila yau an san shi da "bishiyoyi na teku", coral reefs sun rufe ƙasa da 10% na teku duk da haka suna ba da mazauni ga fiye da nau'in miliyan 9, kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na duk rayuwar ruwa, don abinci, mafaka, har ma da wuraren farauta ga masu cin nama. Dabbobi da aka samo a kan coral reefs sun hada da kifi, invertebrates, tsuntsaye, da megafauna kamar sharks, sea turtles, da marine mammals. A ƙarshe, suna aiki a matsayin mahimman wuraren haifuwa, jinya, da wuraren haifuwar kwayoyin halitta da yawa.

## Manazarta
Ruwan murjani na Jamaica

Jamaica, tsibirin da ke cikin Tekun Caribbean, wanda aka sani da kasancewa sanannen wurin yawon bude ido saboda rairayin bakin teku na farin yashi, yanzu yana fuskantar batun raguwar murjani. Dukkanin abubuwan muhalli da na ɗan adam suna ba da gudummawa ga lalacewar waɗannan murjani, wanda ba za a iya gujewa ba ya shafi dorewar muhalli na Jamaica da tattalin arziki. An sanya matakai don magance mummunan sakamako da ke tattare da asarar murjani, wanda ke aiki a matsayin alama ce ta bege don farfado da yanayin Jamaica.

Halin ɗan adam yana da babban tasiri a kan murabba'in kilomita 479 na murabba'i na murabbaʼin murabba'ی na Jamaica, wanda ke da nau'ikan murabba'ikan murjani daban-daban 60. Wadannan reefs sune manyan abubuwan jan hankali ga masu yawon bude ido ga kasar, suna da asusun 27% na GDP. Saboda dogaro da tattalin arzikin Jamaica a kan wuraren ajiyar bakin teku, lalacewar coral reefs ya fi girma saboda ci gaba da lalacewar mazaunin.

## Yankin
 na Jamaica na bakin teku    na murjani reefs kamar na 2014.  Duk da haka, raƙuman ruwa sun kasance mafi girma. Kimanin kashi 85% na murjani na Jamaica an rasa a tsakanin 1980 &#x2013; 2000.  Rarraba ruwan Coral reef a arewacin gabar tekun Jamaica ya tashi daga Morant Point a gabas zuwa Negril a yamma. A bakin tekun kudu, raƙuman ruwa sun fi ƙuntatawa, suna faruwa galibi a yankin gabas na shelf na nahiyar kusa da Old Harbor da Port Royal . Reefs a gabar tekun kudu a wajen wannan yanki ƙanana ne tare da rarrabawa. 

## Bambancin murjani
Ana samun nau'o'in murjani mai wuya a cikin reefs na Jamaica, gami da iyalai masu zuwa: 
 

## Dalilan raguwa
Coral reefs suna cikin barazana saboda matsalolin muhalli kamar Yawan kamun kifi, gurɓata, guguwa, da cututtuka. Tun farkon matsakaiciyar su a cikin 1972, murfin murfin murjani na Jamaica ya ragu fiye da 50%. A shekara ta 2005, har zuwa kashi 95% na murjani an yi musu haske a wasu wurare.

### Ruwan murjani

Haɓakawar matakan carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi kai tsaye yana da alaƙa da karuwar yanayin zafi na teku, wanda aka gani yana da mummunar tasiri ga lafiyar murjani. Canjin yanayi shine direba na murfin murjani wanda ke haifar da yanayin zafi na teku wanda ke tashi sama da matakan al'ada, don haka yana tilasta polyps na murjani su fitar da algae da suka raba dangantaka ta endosymbiotic tare da su. Corals na wurare masu zafi sun fi son ruwa mai zafi kuma yawanci suna zaune kusa da farfajiyar a iyakar zafi, sabili da haka lokacin da Yanayin teku ya fara tashi sama da ma'auni na al'ada ya zama damuwa. Da zarar yanayin muhalli ya zama mara kyau, murjani suna fuskantar wannan tsari a matsayin mafita ta ɗan gajeren lokaci na rayuwa, amma kasancewa mai tsawo ga yanayin da aka ambata na iya haifar da mutuwar murjani. Ba tare da babban mai ba da makamashi ba, corals za su fuskanci yunwa sannan su rasa launi, wanda zai haifar da gadaje na fararen corals "mai tsabta".

## Manazarta
Hakkin muhalli na kamfanoni

**Hakkin muhalli na kamfanoni** (**CER**) yana nufin ayyukan kamfani don kauce wa lalata mahalli na halitta. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga alhakin zamantakewar kamfanoni (CSR). 

## Tarihi
An yi muhawara game da yanayin muhalli na alhakin zamantakewar kamfanoni a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, yayin da masu ruwa da tsaki ke ƙara buƙatar ƙungiyoyi su zama masu sanin muhalli da alhakin al'umma. A cikin tsarin kasuwanci na gargajiya, an yi la'akari da kariya ta muhalli ne kawai dangane da "Sha'awar jama'a". Ya zuwa yanzu, gwamnatoci sun ci gaba da babban alhakin tabbatar da kula da muhalli da kiyayewa.

An mayar da hankali ga bangaren jama'a kan ci gaban ka'idoji da sanya takunkumi a matsayin hanyar sauƙaƙe kare muhalli. Kwanan nan, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun karɓi tsarin haɗin kai game da rigakafi da sauƙaƙe lalacewar muhalli. Sassan da matsayinsu suna canzawa, tare da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suna ƙara ƙwazo wajen kare muhalli. Gwamnatoci da yawa, kamfanoni, da manyan kamfanoni yanzu suna ba da dabarun kare muhalli da ci gaban tattalin arziki.

## Dangantaka da alhakin zamantakewar kamfanoni
Akwai ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da alhakin zamantakewar kamfanoni tsakanin gwamnati, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da al'umma gabaɗaya, kuma ta haka ne, manufar ba ta da ma'anar ma'ana ɗaya.

**Hakkin zamantakewar kamfanoni na iya rufewa:**

* A company running its business responsibly in relation to internal stakeholders (shareholders, employees, customers and suppliers)
* The role of business in relation to the state (locally and nationally) as well as to inter-state institutions or standards
* Business performance as a responsible member of the society in which it operates and the global community."

Tarayyar Turai ta bayyana alhakin zamantakewar kamfanoni a matsayin "...ma'anar cewa kamfani yana da alhakin tasirinsa ga duk masu ruwa da tsaki. Ci gaba ne da sadaukarwar kasuwanci don nuna halin kirki da alhakinsa da kuma ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban tattalin arziki yayin inganta ingancin rayuwar ma'aikata da iyalansu da kuma al'umma da al'umma gaba ɗaya. "  Bisa ga wannan ma'anar, dabarun CSR ya fi mayar da hankali kan al'amuran zamantakewa, musamman ga abubuwan da ke da hannu.

## Direbobin da ƙalubale
Daga cikin manyan direbobi na CER akwai manufofi da ka'idojin gwamnati. Jihohi da yawa suna ba da nasu dokoki, ka'idoji da manufofi, waɗanda ke da mahimmanci wajen ƙirƙirar halin muhalli mai kyau a cikin kamfanoni. Gudummawa, haraji da haraji suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen aiwatar da waɗannan manufofi. Wani muhimmin abu shine yanayin gasa tsakanin kamfanonin da kafofin watsa labarai, jama'a, masu hannun jari da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da kungiyoyin ba da agaji, wadanda su ma manyan direbobi ne na CER. Wani muhimmin direba na alhakin kamfanoni shine cewa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suna da alhakin ci gaban fasahar kore da hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa ma'ana suna ba da gudummawa ga rage sauyin yanayi yayin da suke aiki a matsayin kasuwanci.

## Manazarta
Poloniny Dark-Sky Park

**Poloniny Dark-Sky Park** (Slovak) shine wurin shakatawa na farko na sararin samaniya a Slovakia. Ya zama wurin shakatawa na sararin samaniya na 20 a duniya.

Dukkanin duhu na dare, wanda ba zai shafi hasken wucin gadi ba, ba ya wanzu a Slovakia saboda gurɓataccen haske, amma har yanzu akwai wuraren da wannan tasirin yake da ƙanƙanta. Irin wannan wuri shine Poloniny National Park, wanda shine dangane da gurɓataccen haske wuri mafi duhu a Slovakia. Saboda haka, kungiyar Slovak Union of Astronomers ta fara wani shiri na kafa wurin shakatawa na sararin samaniya a can.

## Wurin da yanki
Poloniny Dark-Sky Park yana cikin arewa maso gabashin Jamhuriyar Slovak a kan iyaka da Yankin wurin shakatawa da kansa an bayyana shi ta yankin Poloniny National Park (2.05 km2) da kuma yankin buffer (109.73 km2) da yankunan birni na Kolonica, Ladomirov, Kalná Roztoka, Klenová, Ruská Volová (77.41 km2). Jimlar yankin ya kai 485.19 km2. Yankin wurin shakatawa yana da ƙarancin yawan jama'a (mazauna 6 a kowace km2). Har ila yau, ita ce wurin shakatawa na kasa mafi ƙarancin ziyarta a Slovakia, don haka Tasirin ɗan adam akan muhalli kaɗan ne.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Dangane da gurɓataccen haske, Poloniny National Park shine mafi duhu a Slovakia. Duhu na dare na halitta da biorhythms na dare na dukkan halittu masu rai suna damuwa a can.

## Gidan shakatawa na Poloniny
Poloniny National Park ( Slovak   ) wani wurin shakatawa ne na kasa a arewa maso gabashin Slovakia a kan iyakokin Poland da Ukraine, a cikin tsaunin Bukovské vrchy, wanda ke na Gabashin Carpathians . An ƙirƙira shi a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1997 tare da yanki mai kariya na 298.05&nbsp;km2 da yankin buffer na 109.73&nbsp;km2 . An haɗa wuraren da aka zaɓa na wurin shakatawa a cikin dazuzzukan Beech na Primeval na Carpathians UNESCO Heritage Site .

## Kafawa
An ayyana Poloniny Dark-Sky Park a hukumance a ranar 3 ga Disamba, 2010, a Snina . An kafa shi ne a lokacin Shekarar Duniya ta Biodiversity 2010 a matsayin wuri na farko na sararin samaniya a Slovakia. An ayyana Poloniny Dark-Sky Park ta yarjejeniyar kungiyoyi masu haɗin gwiwa guda shida.

## Manazarta
Umurni na 2012/18/EU

Umurnin 2012/18 / EU ko **Umurnin Seveso-III** (cikakken taken: Umurnin 2012/18/EU na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai da na Majalisar na 4 ga Yuli 2012 kan kula da manyan haɗarin haɗari da suka shafi abubuwa masu haɗari, gyarawa da kuma soke umarnin Majalisar 96/82/EC) umarnin Tarayyar Tarayyar da ke da niyyar sarrafa manyan haɗarin sinadarai. An aiwatar da shi a cikin dokokin ƙasa kuma hukumomin tsaro na sinadarai na ƙasa ne ke aiwatar da shi.

Umurnin Seveso-III yana da niyyar hana irin waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru da kuma rage haɗarin su. Dukkanin Kasashen EU suna da alhakin daukar matakai a matakin kasa da na kamfanoni don hana manyan hatsarori da kuma tabbatar da shirye-shiryen da suka dace da martani idan irin waɗannan hatsarori sun faru. Tsire-tsire na masana'antu a cikin Tarayyar Turai suna rufe da tanadinta idan abubuwa masu haɗari suna ko zasu iya kasancewa a cikin "tsarin" a cikin adadi da ya wuce iyakar da aka bayyana. Fiye da cibiyoyi 12,000 a cikin EU suna rufe da bukatun. ya maye gurbin Seveso'I na baya (Directive 82/501/EC) da Seveso -II (Direction 96/82/EC), sabunta dokokin saboda canje-canje a cikin ka'idojin rarraba sunadarai, misali. Seveso-III ya sami sunansa daga Bala'in Seveso, wanda ya faru a 1976 a Italiya. Seveso-III ya kafa mafi ƙarancin ƙofofi don bayar da rahoto da izinin aminci.

## Cibiyoyin da aka rufe
A yau fiye da 12,000 cibiyoyi a cikin EU an rufe su da Dokar Seveso-III. 

Cibiyoyin da Seveso ya rufe sun kasu kashi biyu:

* Ƙananan matakin: Abubuwa masu haɗari suna nan sama da wani ƙofar da aka tsara a cikin Ƙaddamarwa na I na Umurnin.
* Upper-tier: Cibiyoyin da ke da abubuwa masu haɗari da ke cikin adadi mafi girma, suna buƙatar ƙarin kulawa mai tsauri don hanawa da rage sakamakon manyan haɗari.

Babban bangarorin da aka rufe sune samar da wutar lantarki, wadata da rarraba (13% na cibiyoyin); ajiyar man fetur (10%); masana'antar sunadarai gaba ɗaya (9%) da kuma siyarwa da siyarwa (8%).

### Manyan hatsarori
Wutar masana'antar Lubrizol a Rouen a cikin 2019 ta biyo bayan fashewar masana'antun sinadarai na Ethylene Oxide na 2020 a Tarragona.

## Ayyuka

### Duk masu aiki da kafa

* Sanar da ikon da ya dace game da lissafin abubuwa masu haɗari, ƙayyade yawan, siffar jiki da kuma abubuwan haɗari na abubuwa masu haɗarin yanzu a cikin kafa
* Rarraba babban manufofin rigakafin hatsari (MAPP) 
* Aiwatar da MAPP ta hanyar da ta dace da kuma Tsarin Gudanar da Tsaro
* Bayar da bayanai ga hukumomi masu ƙwarewa don gano haɗarin tasirin domino
* Samar da rahoton tsaro ga cibiyoyin sama
* Samar da tsare-tsaren gaggawa na ciki don cibiyoyin sama

## Manazarta
Kasashen Farko na gargajiya na Australiya

Ma'anar kula da al'adun gargajiya na al'ummomin Australiya na farko ya samo asali ne daga haɗin gargajiya na Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander tare da ƙasashe da tekuna da suke zaune, wanda aka sani gaba ɗaya a matsayin "Ƙasar".    Kalmar " da gargajiya" galibi ana amfani da ita tare da "mai mallakar gargajiya" a cikin mahallin Taken asali a Ostiraliya, gami da amincewa da Kasar.  Matsayin mai kula, duk da haka, yana nuna alhakin kula da Kasar, yana nuna ra'ayi na duniya wanda ba lallai ba ne ya dace da ra'ayoyin Yammacin mallaka da haƙƙin dukiya.

Duk da yake takamaiman ayyuka da fassarori na kulawa na iya bambanta tsakanin daruruwan kungiyoyin Aboriginal Australiya da Torres Strait Islander, dukansu suna da alaƙa da ƙasa da kuma alhakin kula da ita. Tun daga shekarun 1980,  Masana kimiyya na Australiya da wadanda ba na farko ba sun haɓaka fahimtar wajibin kulawa mai zurfi, ko ɗabi'ar kulawa, wanda ke tallafawa al'adun Aboriginal Australia, kuma zai iya ba da fa'idodi masu mahimmanci ga kula da ƙasa mai ɗorewa da sulhu a Ostiraliya.   

## Ma'anar a cikin wallafe-wallafen Australiya
Masana ilimin Aboriginal Australia Joann Schmider (Mamu), Samantha Cooms (Nunukul) da Melinda Mann (Darumbal) suna ba da ma'anar sauƙi game da masu kula da gargajiya: "ya'yan asalin asalin wani wuri kafin mulkin mallaka". Koyaya, sun ƙara gargadi cewa "ra'ayoyin duniya na yamma suna cikin harshen Ingilishi kuma suna amfani da kalmomin yamma don haskaka hanyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar na sani, kasancewa da yin shine abin da ba za a iya gujewa ba tare da fassarar kuskure da fahimta mara kyau". Kamar yadda masanin Wiradjuri Yalmambirra da masanin kimiyyar Australiya na Turai Dirk Spennemann suka lura: "kafin farawar gwamnatin Turai, babu wani ra'ayi na hadin gwiwa ga masu kula da wannan nahiyar, kuma kowane al'umma, wanda ya bambanta da al'adu daga maƙwabtanta, yana da nasa ainihi".

## Fahimtar Kasashe na Farko game da kula

'Yan asalin Australiya sun bayyana fassarorin su game da kula da gargajiya ta hanyar rubuce-rubucen ilimi, shawarwarin siyasa, labarun gargajiya, shayari da kiɗa.

Yawancin al'adun Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander suna da fahimtar cewa, sabanin ra'ayoyin Yammacin Turai game da mallakar ƙasa, ƙasar "ta mallake mu". Dattawa ciki har da mace Quandamooka Oodgeroo Noonuccal, Gai-mariagal da mutumin Wiradjuri Dennis Foley, da mutumin Yankunytjatjara Bob Randall suna tattauna wannan taken a tsawon lokaci, sau da yawa a cikin mahallin ruhaniya, suna magana game da Kasar a matsayin mai shi ko kuma mahaifiyar uwa, da kuma ainihin bangare na al'adun al'adu. Noonuccal ya ba da muhimmancin gaske ga wannan ka'ida: "Ba za mu iya mallakar ƙasar ba don ƙasar ta mallake mu".

## Manazarta
Kwamitin Kare dazuzzuka

Kwamandan Tsaro na Gida (Jamusanci: ), daga baya Kungiyar Tsaro ta Gida (German: Forst Schutzkorps), runduna ce mai dauke da makamai da kayan aiki da Janar Gwamnati ta kirkira wacce ke da alhakin kare gandun daji a Poland daga sabuntawa da kuma sintiri gandun daji don hana amfani da su ta hanyar juriyar Poland. An kafa shi a cikin 1939 kuma galibi ya kunshi mazaunan kabilun Jamus na Poland.

## Laifukan Yaƙi
A watan Yulin 1941, FSK ta mallaki Dajin Bialowieza. An kwashe fararen hula, an ƙone gonaki da ƙauyuka, kuma an hallaka ƙananan al'ummomin Yahudawa guda biyu. Tare da Battalion 322 na 'yan sanda *Forstschutzkommando-Abteilung Bialowies*  sun shiga ƙauyuka a cikin gandun daji, sun tilasta mazauna su bar cikin minti 30 kuma sun ƙone gidaje da sauran gine-gine. An kori mutane dubu bakwai kuma an lalata ƙauyuka 34. An kai mata da yara Yahudawa zuwa ghetto na Kobryn yayin da aka kashe maza da yara maza 584 kai tsaye.

## Alamar matsayi

## Dubi kuma

## Manazarta
Dutsen Ajax

**Ajax Peak** babban koli ne  wanda ke cikin gundumar San Miguel na kudu maso yammacin Colorado, Amurka.  Tana kan ƙasar dajin Uncompahgre na ƙasa ne ke gudanarwa, kuma ita ce tambarin filin da ake gani mil uku gabas da al'ummar Telluride . An saita Ajax nan da nan kudu da Savage Basin da garin fatalwa na Tomboy, mil daya kudu maso yammacin Chicago Peak, da mil daya yamma da Telluride Peak. Hakanan nan take arewa maso gabas na Bridal Veil Falls, mafi girman ruwan ruwa na Colorado a tsayin ƙafa 365.  Yana daga cikin tsaunukan San Juan wanda yanki ne na tsaunukan Rocky . Taimakon yanayi yana da mahimmanci yayin da bangaren yamma ya tashi  sama da rafin akwatin a kusan mil ɗaya. Tsohuwar garin niƙa na Pandora a gindin Ajax Peak ya fuskanci dusar ƙanƙara a kowane lokacin hunturu, kuma wani mummunan lamari a 1884 ya zo kan Ajax Mine kuma ya lalata masana'antar. 

## Yanayi
Bisa ga tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, Ajax Peak yana da yanayi mai tsayi mai tsayi tare da sanyi, lokacin sanyi, da sanyi zuwa lokacin zafi.  Saboda tsayinsa, yana samun hazo duk shekara, kamar dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin sanyi, da kuma kamar tsawa a lokacin rani, tare da lokacin bushewa a ƙarshen bazara. Ruwan hazo daga dutsen yana magudanar ruwa zuwa magudanan ruwa da magudanan ruwa na kogin San Miguel .

## Gallery

Fayil:Ajax_Peak_refection.jpg|alt=Ajax Peak's west aspect (centered) in late winter| Ajax Peak's yamma fannin yamma (a tsakiya) a ƙarshen hunturu
Fayil:Telluride's_main_street.jpg|alt=Ajax Peak from Telluride's Colorado Avenue| Ajax Peak daga Telluride's Colorado Avenue
Fayil:Ajax Peak, San Juan Mountains, Telluride, Colorado 2014.jpg|alt=Detail of lower southwest cliffs of Ajax Peak| Cikakkun bayanai na ƙananan dutsen kudu maso yamma na Ajax Peak
Fayil:Ajax_Peak,_San_Miguel_River.jpg|alt=Ajax with San Miguel River| Ajax tare da kogin San Miguel
Fayil:San_Miguel_River,_Ajax_Peak.jpg|alt=Ajax left of center, with San Miguel River| Ajax hagu daga tsakiya, tare da San Miguel River
Fayil:Peaks_over_Telluride_(5868861382).jpg


## Manazarta
Dutsen Amak

**Dutsen Amak** wani basaltic andesite stratovolcano a cikin Aleutian Islands na Alaska, Amurka,  daga Anchorage .  Yana kan tsibirin da ake kira da suna,  daga Frosty Volcano kuma kusa da gefen yammacin gabar tekun Alaskan . Jiragen ruwa ne kawai aka yarda su shiga tsibirin tare da takamaiman izini.

Blocky (wanda aka ɗora tare da lebur tubalan na ma'adanai da lu'ulu'u) lava yana gudana  daga kololuwar sa zuwa gefensa. An yi fashewar fashewar tarihi guda uku - biyu a cikin karni na 18, na farko daga 1700 zuwa 1710, na karshen kuma a 1796. An yi imani da fashewar tarihi na farko tsakanin 3050 da 2050.&nbsp;BC

## Samun dama
Cold Bay, birni mafi kusa Amak, ana samun sauƙin shiga ta jirgin sama. Ana samun damar Amak ta jirgin ruwa kawai; ba a yarda jiragen sama su sauka a tsibirin ba. Ana samun hawan jirgin ruwa masu zaman kansu zuwa Amak a cikin Cold Bay, amma don samun damar shiga tsibirin Aleutian, ana buƙatar izini daga Sabis na Kifi da Namun daji na Amurka . 

## Geography da Geology
Tsibirin Amak yana cikin Tekun Bering, arewacin babban tsibiri na Aleutians. Yana ɗayan tsibiran guda biyu (tare da tsibirin Bogoslof ) waɗanda ke da  arewa  na babban kewayo. 

Amurka ce ke da tuhume-tuhumen masu aman wuta a duniya, yawancinsu matasa ne a fannin kasa.  A Alaska, akalla 50 volcanoes, ciki har da wadanda ke cikin tsibirin Aleutian, sun barke a lokacin tarihi.  Jihar tana lissafin ~ 80% na dutsen tsaunuka na Amurka, ban da tsaunukan teku a yankin, ~ 8% na dutsen mai aman wuta na duniya, kuma yawancin waɗannan suna cikin tsibiran Aleutian.  Tsibirin Aleutian arc yana aiki a matsayin iyakar arewa na Ring of Fire na Pacific,  inda ayyukan tectonic ke haifar da girgizar ƙasa da fashewar volcanic a cikin talakawa.

Dutsen mai aman wuta basaltic - andesitic a cikin abun da ke ciki.  Ƙarƙashin dutsen wuta ne,  yana tashi sama da  sama da matakin teku.  Dutsen dutsen mai aman wuta ya bambanta, kuma ya barke a lokutan tarihi, kawai "toshe" lava yana gudana.  Charles Wood da Jürgen Kienle, masu binciken volcano, sun ba da shawarar cewa ayyukan da suka gabata, 4,000-5,000 da suka wuce, sun ƙunshi lavas na ethereal (fine) platy da lokacin farin ciki.  Amak Volcano na musamman ne a cikin cewa lavas na andesitic, yayin da aka haɗa shi da sauran Aleutians, ya ƙunshi yalwar potassium . Hakanan za su iya ƙunsar ƙarin sodium carbonate da ma'auni na ƙasa mai wuya fiye da ka'idar Aleutian.  Tsakanin Bogoslof, sauran tsibirin Aleutian arewacin babban baka, da Amak, lavas na Amak sun fi alkalic da silicic . 

Glaciation ya faru a kusa da dutsen mai aman wuta kimanin shekaru 6700 BP, yana sassaka kwaruruka masu siffar U. A gefen kudu maso yamma na tsibirin, ana iya samun wani rami mai yuwuwa maar, a cikin wani fili mai cike da rudani . 

### Tarihi mai fashewa
Dutsen Dutsen Amak ya fashe sau uku a tarihi: kusan 2550 BC, daga 1700 zuwa 1710, kuma a cikin 1796; An gano farkon waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru tare da tephrochronology . Kowane fashewa yana da siffa ta lafa, kuma fashewar biyu na baya-bayan nan sun haɗa da fashewar ramuka. 

## Manazarta
Kalee Kreider

**Kalee Kreider** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1971) 'yar asalin Amurka ce kuma mai ba da shawara kan muhalli. Ita ce Shugabar Ridgely Walsh, wata hukumar kula da harkokin jama'a da ke zaune a Washington, DC. Ta kasance Shugabar Abun ciki a The National Geographic Society . Ita ce tsohuwar mai ba da shawara kan muhalli kuma mai magana da yawun Al Gore. A cikin wannan rawar, ta taimaka wajen bunkasa kayan don Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa . Ita ce babban mai ba da shawara ga Gidauniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya .

## Ilimi da farkon aiki
An haifi Kreider a Columbus, Ohio .  Ta yi karatun Tarihi a Kwalejin Rollins, wanda ta kammala a shekarar 1992.  Ta shiga Kwalejin Rollins saboda Pedro Pequeño, masanin ilimin ɗan adam. Ta fara aikinta a matsayin Truman Fellow a cikin Gwamnatin Clinton .  An zaba ta a matsayin White House Scholar-in-Residence, inda ta yi aiki a kan Clinton Crime Bill .  Ta bar Fadar White House don kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ake kira Ozone Action .  Ta yi aiki ga Greenpeace da National Environment Trust (yanzu daya daga cikin The Pew Charitable Trusts).   A lokacin da take Greenpeace, Kreider ta tattauna Yarjejeniyar Kyoto.

## Ayyuka
Bayan Zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka na 2000, ya zama bayyananne cewa ba za a tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Kyoto ba. Kreider ya bar manufofin yanayi, kuma ya fara matsayi a Fenton Communications .  An dauke ta cikin tawagar Al Gore don taimakawa wajen rubuta jawabi game da Yaƙin Iraki . 

Kreider ta koma Nashville, Tennessee, inda ta koma a 2006 don shiga Ofishin Al Gore .  Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan muhalli ga Gore. A wannan lokacin, ta yi bincike da kuma tallata littattafan Al Gore da aka fi sayar da su da fim din An Inconvenient Truth .  Ayyukan da ta yi tare da Gore ya ba da gudummawa ga Kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya.

A cikin 2013 Kreider ta kafa nata mai ba da shawara, Kreider Strategies LLC . Masu ba da shawara sun ba da bayani game da Canjin yanayi da fasaha. A cikin 2019 an sanya ta Shugabar Abun ciki a National Geographic Society, inda za ta jagoranci sadarwa ta kamfanoni da harkokin jama'a. 

Ita ce Babban Mai ba da shawara ga Gidauniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Vulcan Inc. .  Ta yi kira ga karin mata da su shiga cikin saka idanu da rage Canjin yanayi.

### Rayuwa ta mutum
Kreider ta auri Jack Pratt, manomi wanda ya zama ɗan siyasa.

## Manazarta
Filin wasa na MOSiR (Stalowa Wola)

**Filin wasa na Miejskiego Ośrodka Sportu i Rekreacji w Stalowej Woli**, wanda aka fi sani da **MOSiR Stadium**, filin wasa ne kuma tsohon wurin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa dake Stalowa Wola, Poland. Ya zama filin gida na Stal Stalowa Wola har sai da kulob din ya koma Cibiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Subcarpathian a cikin 2020. A halin yanzu, Cibiyar Wasanni da Nishaɗi ta Municipal a Stalowa Wola tana kula da wurare daban-daban, ciki har da filin wasan motsa jiki da ke kusa da kogin San da wuraren wasanni kusa da titin Hutnicza.  

## Tarihi
Filin wasan, wanda aka gina a ƙarshen 1930s, yana ɗaya daga cikin gine-gine na farko a Stalowa Wola, yana ɗaukar matsakaicin ƙarfin 12,000. An yi gyare-gyare a cikin 1968 da 2006. Musamman, a cikin 1994, ta karbi bakuncin Legia Warsaw a lokacin nasarar Stal Stalowa Wola da ci 1-0 Ekstraklasa, wanda ya jawo yawan halartar 12,000. 

Bayan sanya kujeru, an rage karfin filin wasan zuwa 10,000. A lokacin da aka ruguje tashoshi na ƙarshe, ƙarfin ya ragu zuwa 2,937.  Tsarin rushewar ya kasance har zuwa 2016, bayan haka an fara gina Cibiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Subcarpathian . An adana ɗan ƙaramin yanki na baka, gami da ɓangaren baƙo, har zuwa ƙaddamar da sabon fage a cikin 2020. 

A cikin Yuli 2020, Filin wasa na MOSiR ya karbi bakuncin Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta Poland ta Subcarpathian . 

## Magana
Abin tunawa da 'yanci huɗu

Shugaban Kasa Franklin D. Roosevelt ne ya ba da umarni ***na Mutuwar 'Yanci guda Hudu*** bayan furucinsa na "' Yanci Hudu " a cikin Jawabinsa na Jiha na 1941 . Wannan ya kasance har yanzu kafin harin da aka kaiwa Pearl Harbor da kuma shigar da Amurka a yakin duniya na biyu . Roosevelt ya ji cewa, ta hanyar fasahar fasaha, yawancin mutane za su iya yin wahayi zuwa ga fahimtar manufar 'Yanci Hudu. 

A cewar Roosevelt, 'yanci na asali guda huɗu sune:

* 'Yancin magana da magana
* 'Yancin ibada
* 'Yanci daga bukata
* 'Yanci daga tsoro

Wani sculptor Walter Russell ne ya kirkiro wannan mutum-mutumi daga baya a waccan shekarar, kuma Cibiyar Mata ta Kasa ce ta dauki nauyinsa. A cikin 1943 an sadaukar da shi ga Colin P. Kelly, ɗaya daga cikin jaruman Amurka na farko da aka sani na Yaƙin Duniya na II, a gaban taron mutane 60,000 a Madison Square Garden a birnin New York. Ranar 14 ga Yuni, 1944, an sake sadaukar da abin tunawa a garin Kelly na Madison, Florida, tare da jawabin Gwamna Spessard Holland . 

## Abubuwan tarihi masu alaƙa

Babban abin tunawa da 'Yanci huɗu a Evansville, Indiana, Evansville Architecture Rupert Condict ne ya tsara shi. Ya ƙunshi tsayin ƙafafu huɗu na ƙafa 24, ginshiƙan limestone ionic Indiana, kowanne tare da rubutun ɗaya daga cikin 'yanci guda huɗu. Kewaye da waɗannan ginshiƙai na tsakiya akwai tubalan 50 masu siffa iri ɗaya waɗanda ke wakiltar jihohi 50 na Amurka. Kowane katanga yana wakiltar jiha kuma yana nuna hatimin jiha da ranar zama jiha. An ƙaddamar da abin tunawa a cikin 1976 don tunawa da Amurka Bicentennial . 

Abin tunawa na 'Yanci huɗu na Cleveland, Ohio, yana cikin unguwar Tremont . Ya ƙunshi ginshiƙi guda ɗaya, tare da ɗaya daga cikin 'yanci guda huɗu da aka buga a kowane gefe. A saman ginshiƙi akwai wani sassaken hannaye biyu masu riƙe da duniyar duniya. 

## Manazarta
Ekwueme Michael Thelwell

**Ekwueme Michael Thelwell** (an haife shi **Michael Miles Thelwell** ; 25 ga Yuli 1939) marubuci ne ɗan Jamaica, marubuci, farfesa kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a. Ya kasance a cikin 1970 wanda ya kafa shugaban Sashen Nazarin Afro-Amurka a Jami'ar Massachusetts Amherst . 

## Rayuwar farko
An haife shi **Michael Miles Thelwell** a Ulster Spring, Jamaica, ya halarci Kwalejin Jamaica kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin hulda da jama'a na Kamfanin Ci gaban Masana'antu na Jamaica (1958-59).  A cikin 1959, ya koma Amurka, inda ya sami ilimi a Jami'ar Howard (yana samun BA, 1964) da Jami'ar Massachusetts Amherst (MFA, 1969).

## Ayyukan aiki
Thelwell ya kasance mai aiki a cikin Black Freedom Movement, Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), kuma a cikin 1963 ya kasance Daraktan ofishin Washington na Kwamitin Gudanar da Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ( SNCC ). A cikin shekarun 1980 na gwagwarmayar yaki da wariyar launin fata ya haifar da dokar da ta kafa doka da ta haramta harajin kamfanoni ga kamfanoni na Amurka da ke biyan haraji ga gwamnatin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu.

A cikin hirar rediyon 2005 da Amy Goodman na *Dimokuradiyya Yanzu!*, Thelwell ya ce: "A gaskiya ban zama bakar fata ba har sai da na sa kafa a kasar nan (Amurka). 

## Rubutu
Thelwell sananne ne ga littafinsa na 1980 *The Harder Sun Zo*, bisa fim ɗin taken guda ɗaya game da rayuwa da mutuwar ɗan adam na ɗan Jamaica Ivanhoe " Rhyging " Martin. Marubuci dan Najeriya Chinua Achebe ne ya yaba wa littafin (wanda ya baiwa Thelwell sunan Igbo Ekwueme, ma’ana “mutumin da yake aikata abin da ya ce zai yi”)  da kuma kwararre a fannin adabi Harold Bloom, wanda ya hada shi a shafi nasa na *The Western Canon* .

Thelwell ya kuma buga kasidu, zargi da sharhi a cikin *[[The Black Scholar|Black Scholar]]*, *[[New York Times|The New York Times]]*, *[[Village Voice]]*, *[[The Massachusetts Review]]*, *[[Temps Modernes]]*, *[[Partisan Review]]*, *[[Présence Africaine]]* (Paris) da kuma *Afirka Sharhi* . Ƙirar gajerun labarunsa da kasidunsa, *Ayyuka, jin daɗi, da rikice-rikice: Essays in Struggle*, an sake shi a cikin 1987. Ya kuma taimaka wajen shirya da kuma gyara tarihin siyasar baƙar fata Stokely Carmichael, *Shirye don juyin juya hali: Rayuwa da gwagwarmaya na Stokely Carmichael* (2003). A halin yanzu Thelwell yana rubuta wani muhimmin bincike na Chinua Achebe, wanda ya sadaukar da tarin kasidun sa na *[[Hopes and Impediments|bege da cikas]]* ga Thelwell na 1988.

Har ila yau, Thelwell ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu ( *Wakilin Washington*, 1972; *Girl Beneath the Lion*, 1978, tare da Paul Carter Harrison ). Ya kasance babban mai ba da shawara kan jerin talabijin *Eyes on the Prize* (sashe na II; 1990).

## Kyauta
Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Thelwell ya samu sun haɗa da haɗin gwiwa daga Gidauniyar Rockefeller, Society for Humanities, National Endowment for Arts da Medal Centennial na Cibiyar Jamaica.

## Magana
Kukatja (Yammacin Ostiraliya)

Mutanen Kukatja, kuma an rubuta Gugadja, ƴan asalin Ostiraliya ne na yankin Kimberley na Yammacin Ostiraliya.

## Kasar
Yankunan gargajiya na Kukatja a koda yaushe sun kasance, a cewar, kusan murabba'in kilomita 11,900 (31,000 ), suna kewaye da Tafkin Gregory, kuma suna gudana zuwa gabas har zuwa Balgo. Yankin arewa ya kasance ne Billiluna, da ruwa a Ngaimangaima, alamar iyaka tsakanin maƙwabtansu  a arewa Dyaru, da Ngardi daga gabashin su. Sun kasance a yamma a kan Canning Stock Route, daga Koninara (Godfrey Tank) zuwa Marawuru (Well 40). A kan iyakokinsu na yamma sune al'ummar Nangatara, tare da su suna da dangantaka ta ƙiyayya.

### Da'awar ƙasa ta hadin gwiwa
A ranar 21 ga Agusta 1980 masu suka fada  90 sun gabatar da da'awar filaye a madadin al'ummar Warlpiri, Kukatja da Ngarti, a matsayin masu mallakar gargajiya, a ƙarƙashin Dokar 'Yancin Ƙasar Aboriginal (Yankin Arewa) 1976, don yanki mai faɗin murabba'in kilomita 2,340 (900 sq mi).  Shi ne da'awar filaye na gargajiya na 11 da Majalisar Tsakiya ta gabatar a madadin masu mallakar gargajiya na Aborigin.  Ƙasar ta yi iyaka da yankunan da kowane harshe - Ngarti, Warlpiri, da Kukatja - ya mamaye.  Mutanen da suka fito daga ƙungiyoyin yare daban-daban sun sami tasiri a junansu yayin da suke zaune a Balgo, Western Australia da Lajamanu, yankin Arewa.  An gabatar da da'awar a Balgo Mission.  Shawarar da Mai Shari'a Sir William Kearney ya bayar a ranar 23 ga Agusta 1985 [1] kuma aka gabatar a ranar 19 ga Agusta 1986 shine cewa "dukkan yankin da'awar za a ba da shi ga Amintacciyar ƙasa don amfanin Aboriginan da ke da haƙƙin al'ada don amfani da shi ko sana'a, ko haƙƙin gargajiya ya cancanci wuri, lokaci, ko dalili.". 

Mutanen Kukatja suna magana da Yaren Kukatja na yaren Yammacin  Ostiraliya.

A zuwa 2019, masana kimiyya daga Jami'ar Queensland suna gudanar da aikin bincike kan yaren Kukatja a garin Balgo, harshen da ake magana da shi "ta mazauna kowane zamani kuma a fadin akalla kungiyoyi bakwai". Masu bincike suna yin rikodin tattaunawa da taswirar harshe, suna gaskata cewa Kukatja na iya samar da alamomi game da yadda harsuna ke yaduwa a duniya. Dokta Luis Miguel Rojas Berscia ya yi imanin cewa aikin, kamar yadda yake a wasu wurare kamar Amazon da Yammacin Afirka na iya zama zaren gama gari, yana kawo kabilun daban-daban tare a wurare masu nisa. Berscia, tare da matar Balgo Melissa Sunfly da sauran mazauna, suna aiki a kan haɓaka ƙamus na harshe da jagorar malami, kafin ƙaramin ƙarni ya ɗauki Turanci sosai.

## Nazarin Ethnographic
Sylvie Poirier ya rubuta wani littafi mai suna wanda aka sadaukar don nazarin mafarkai (kapukurri) a cikin al'adun Gugadja. Yawancin Kukatja yanzu suna zaune a cikin al'ummar Mulan &#x5B;**&#x5D;
 

## Dubi kuma

* Ngururrpa, rukunan na mutane na kungiyoyin harsuna ciki har da Kukatja
 

## Sources