Collard (shuka)

**Collard** rukuni ne na ganyayyaki masu laushi na *Brassica oleracea* (jinin iri ɗaya da yawancin kayan lambu na yau da kullun kamar kabeji da broccoli ). Wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar acephala cultivar (ko ƙungiyar kale ), ana kuma rarraba collard azaman nau'in *B.&nbsp;oleracea* var. *viridis* .

Ana shuka tsire-tsire a matsayin amfanin gona na abinci don manyan, duhu-kore, ganye masu cin abinci, waɗanda ake dafa su kuma ana ci a matsayin kayan lambu. An noma ganyen collard azaman abinci tun zamanin da .  

## Sunayen suna
Kalmar *colewort* kalma ce ta tsakiya don amfanin gonakin brassica marasa kan gado.  

An yi amfani da kalmar collard don haɗa yawancin amfanin gonakin *Brassica oleracea* marasa kan gado. Yayin da aka fi sanya ƙuƙumma na Amurka a cikin rukunin amfanin gona *na Viridis*,  ana amfani da acephala ( Hellenanci don 'ba tare da kai ba') ƙungiyar cultivar kuma ana amfani da ita game da rashin kusancin tushen ganye (wani "kai") kamar kabeji ya yi, yana sa collars su kasance masu jurewa da matakan zafi mai zafi kuma ba su iya kamuwa da cututtukan fungal. 

A Afirka, ana kiranta da *sukuma* (gabashin Afirka), *muriwo* ko *umBhida* (Afirka ta kudu). A Kashmir, ana kiranta *haakh* ( Kashmir ).

## Bayani
Itacen itace biennial inda sanyin hunturu ke faruwa; wasu nau'ikan na iya zama perennial a cikin yankuna masu zafi. Yana da tsintsiya madaurinki guda, sau da yawa yana girma sama da ƙafa biyu tsayi kuma har zuwa ƙafa shida don cultivars na Portuguese. Shahararrun cultivars na ƙwanƙwasa ganye sun haɗa da 'Georgia Southern', 'Vates', 'Morris Heading', 'Blue Max', 'Top Bunch', 'Butter Collard' ( *couve manteiga* ), *couve tronchuda*, da *Groninger Blauw* . 

## Haraji
An kwatanta Collard gabaɗaya a matsayin ɓangare na ƙungiyar cultivar Acephala ( kale ),   amma kuma an lasafta shi azaman nau'in *B.&nbsp;oleracea* var. *viridis* . 

## Noma

Ana noma shukar ne ta kasuwanci don kauri, ɗan ɗaci, ganyen da ake ci. Suna samuwa a duk shekara, amma sun fi dadi kuma sun fi gina jiki a cikin watanni masu sanyi, bayan sanyi na farko.Don mafi kyawun rubutu, ana tsintar ganyen kafin su kai girman girmansu, a ** &#x5D; &#x5B; ya fi girma kuma ana dafa shi daban da sabon ganye. Shekaru ba ya shafar dandano.

Har ila yau, dandano da laushi sun dogara da cultivar ; *Couve manteiga* da *couve tronchuda* ana yaba su musamman a Brazil da Portugal. Yawan nau'in iri da ake nomawa a Amurka ya ragu yayin da mutane ke ƙaura zuwa garuruwa bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, inda suka bar iri biyar ne kawai ake nomawa. Koyaya, irin nau'ikan iri da yawa sun kasance masu amfani da kowane ɗayan manoma, masu noma da masu adana iri da kuma cikin tarin iri na gwamnatin Amurka.  A cikin yankin Appalachian, *ƙwanƙarar kabeji*, wanda ke da launin rawaya-koren ganye da kuma wani ɓangare na tsarin tsarin ya fi shahara fiye da nau'in duhu-kore maras kai a cikin kudancin bakin teku.  Akwai ayyuka daga farkon 2000s don adana iri na nau'ikan da ba a saba gani ba kuma suna ba da damar ƙarin nau'ikan su koma noma. 

### Kwari
Neman nematode, *Belonolaimus gracilis* da awl nematode, *Dolichodorus spp.* duka ectoparasites ne da ke iya cutar da kwala. Tushen bayyanar cututtuka sun haɗa da stubby ko tushen tushen da ke da duhu a tukwici. Alamomin harbi sun haɗa da rashin ci gaba, daɗaɗawa da wuri, da chlorosis (Nguyen and Smart, 1975). Wani nau'in tsutsa mai tsutsawa, *Belonolaimus longicaudatus*, wani kwaro ne na kwalabe a Georgia da North Carolina (Robbins da Barker, 1973). *B.&nbsp;longicaudatus* yana cutar da tsire-tsire da dashewa. Kimanin nematodes uku a cikin  na ƙasa lokacin dasawa na iya haifar da asarar yawan amfanin ƙasa akan tsire-tsire masu saurin kamuwa. Sun fi yawa a cikin ƙasa mai yashi (Noling, 2012).

Tushen nematodes *Trichodorus* da *Paratrichodorus* suna haɗe da ciyarwa kusa da ƙarshen taproots na collard. Lalacewar da aka yi tana hana haɓakar tushen tushen da ya dace wanda ke haifar da matsugunan matsuguni waɗanda zasu iya bayyana kumbura, saboda haka yana haifar da “tushen stubby” (Noling, 2012).

Yawancin nau'ikan tushen kullin nematode *Meloidogyne spp.* harba kwalaba. Waɗannan sun haɗa da: *M.&nbsp;javanica*, *M. incognita* da kuma *M. fagen fama* . Matasan mataki na biyu suna kai hari ga shuka kuma su zauna a cikin tushen. Koyaya, da alama cutar tana faruwa a ƙananan mutane idan aka kwatanta da sauran tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire. Alamomin tushen sun haɗa da nakasawa (galls) da rauni wanda ke hana ingantaccen ruwa da abinci mai gina jiki. A ƙarshe, wannan na iya haifar da ƙumburi, wilting da chlorosis na harbe. 

Tushen tushen ƙarya nematode *Nacobbus aberrans* yana da faffadan rundunar kewayon har zuwa nau'ikan 84 gami da ciyawa da yawa. A kan Brassicas an ba da rahoto a cikin jihohi da yawa, ciki har da Nebraska, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Montana, South Dakota, da Kansas (Manzanilla-López et al., 2002). A matsayin kwaro na collards, girman lalacewar ya dogara ne akan yawan nematode a cikin ƙasa.

Wasu cultivars cultivars suna nuna juriya ga ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta wanda *Pseudomonas cannabina* pv. *Alisalensis* ( *Pca* ). 

## Amfani

### Abinci mai gina jiki
 
Raw collard ganye ne 90% ruwa, 6% carbohydrates, 3% gina jiki, kuma ya ƙunshi negligible mai (tebur). Kamar Kale, ganyen collard sun ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na bitamin K (339% na ƙimar Daily, DV) a cikin  bauta. Ganyen Collard sune tushen albarkatu (20% ko fiye na DV) na bitamin A, bitamin C, da manganese, da matsakaicin tushen calcium da bitamin B6 .  A   nuni hidima na dafaffen collard ganye yana ba da  na makamashin abinci .

### Dafa abinci

#### Gabashin Afirka
Ganyen Collard ana kiransa *sukuma* a cikin Swahilli kuma suna ɗaya daga cikin kayan lambu da aka fi sani a Gabashin Afirka.  *Sukuma* ana soya su sosai a cikin mai har sai an soya, sai a daka shi da albasa da gishiri, sai a yi amfani da su ko dai a matsayin babban abinci ko a gefe da nama ko kifi. A Kongo, Tanzaniya da Kenya (Gabashin Afirka), ƙwanƙolin ƙwanƙwasa ƴaƴan santsi sune manyan abubuwan da aka fi sani da *sima* ko *ugali* (wanda aka yi da garin masara).

#### Kudanci da Gabashin Turai
An noma kwalabe a Turai tsawon dubban shekaru tare da ambaton Helenawa da Romawa a ƙarni na farko AZ .  A Montenegro, Dalmatiya da Herzegovina, ƙwanƙarar ganye, wanda aka fi sani da *raštika* ko *raštan*, sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin kayan lambu masu mahimmanci. Ya shahara musamman a cikin hunturu, stewed tare da kyafaffen naman naman ( *kaštradina* ) ko naman alade da aka warke, tushen kayan lambu da dankali.  An san shi a Turkiyya a matsayin *kara lahana* ("kabeji mai duhu"), babban abu ne a yankin Tekun Bahar Rum. Hakanan yana da mahimmanci a cikin miya da miya da yawa na Mutanen Espanya, kamar pote asturiano, daga lardin Asturian.

#### Amurka
Ganyen Collard babban kayan lambu ne a cikin abincin Kudancin Amurka .    Ana shirya su sau da yawa tare da wasu irin kayan lambu masu launin kore irin su alayyafo, Kale, turnip greens, da mustard ganye a cikin tasa da ake kira "gauraye gauraye". Yawanci ana amfani da su a hade tare da ganyen abin wuya ana kyafaffen da nama mai gishiri ( naman alade, kyafaffen turkey drumsticks, kyafaffen wuyoyin turkey, wuyan naman alade, fatback ko sauran nama mai kitse ), albasa diced, vinegar, gishiri, da barkono baƙar fata, farin barkono, ko murkushe ja barkono, da wasu masu dafa abinci ƙara karamin adadin sukari. A al'ada, ana cin kwalabe a ranar Sabuwar Shekara, tare da baƙar fata-ido ko peas da kuma gurasar masara, don tabbatar da wadata a cikin shekara mai zuwa.  Ana amfani da gurasar masara don jiƙa " giyar tukunya ", broth mai wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki. Hakanan ana iya yayyafa ganyen ƙwanƙwasa ƴaƴan ƴaƴan ƴaƴan ƙwanƙwasa kuma a haɗe su don yin sauerkraut mai wuya wanda galibi ana dafa shi tare da dumplings . Landrace collard in-situ bambancin jinsin halitta da ethnobotany batutuwa ne na bincike don ƙungiyoyin kimiyar ɗan ƙasa . 

A lokacin bauta a Amurka, kwalabe na ɗaya daga cikin tsire-tsire da aka fi girma a cikin lambunan dafa abinci kuma ana amfani da su don ƙarin kayan abinci da masu shuka ke bayarwa.  An yi amfani da ganye sosai saboda tsire-tsire na iya wucewa ta yanayin hunturu kuma suna iya jure zafin lokacin rani fiye da alayyafo ko latas. 

Gabaɗaya, ganyen ƙwanƙwasa alama ce ta al'adun Kudu da al'adun Ba-Amurke da kuma ainihi. Alal misali, mawakin jazz da pianist, Thelonious Monk, ya buga wani leaf kwala a cikin takalminsa don wakiltar al'adunsa na Afirka-Amurka.  A liyafar cin abincin farko na shugaba Barack Obama a jihar, an saka kwalabe a cikin menu. Mawallafin marubuci kuma mawaƙi Alice Walker sun yi amfani da igiyoyi don yin la'akari da haɗin gwiwar al'adun Ba'amurke da mata baƙar fata.  An yi bukukuwa da yawa waɗanda ke bikin asalin Ba-Amurke, ciki har da waɗanda ke Port Wentworth, Georgia (tun 1997), Gabas Palo Alto, California (tun 1998), Columbus, Ohio (tun 2010), da Atlanta, Jojiya (tun 2011). A cikin 2010, Gidan kayan gargajiya na Latibah Collard Greens ya buɗe a Charlotte, North Carolina . 

Yawancin masu bincike a ƙarshen karni na sha tara sun yi rubuce-rubuce game da yaɗuwar kwalabe a cikin dafa abinci na Kudancin Amurka musamman a tsakanin bakaken fata Amurkawa. A shekara ta 1869, Hyacinth, matafiyi a lokacin yakin basasa, alal misali, ya lura cewa ana iya samun kwalabe a ko'ina a kudu.  A cikin 1972, wani mai kallo, Stearns, ya sake maimaita wannan ra'ayin yana iƙirarin cewa ƙulla suna nan a cikin kowane lambun baƙar fata na Kudu.  A shekara ta 1883, wani marubuci ya yi tsokaci a kan cewa babu wata kalma ko tasa da ta fi shahara a tsakanin masu fatara da baƙar fata fiye da koren kwala.  Sanwicin kwala—wanda ya ƙunshi soyayyen gurasar masara, ganyen kwala, da mai kitse - sanannen abinci ne a tsakanin mutanen Lumbee a gundumar Robeson, North Carolina . 

#### Brazil da Portugal

A cikin kayan abinci na Portuguese da na Brazil, ganyen collard (ko *couve* ) suna tare da kifaye da nama. Suna yin daidaitaccen abinci na gefe don *feijoada*, sanannen naman alade da wake -style stew.  Wadannan cultivars na Brazil da na Fotigal suna iya kasancewa membobi ne na wani rukunin cultivar na musamman na *Brassica oleracea*, musamman ƙungiyar Tronchuda.

Har ila yau, ganyen ƙwanƙwasa ƴaƴan ƴaƴan leƙen asiri sune babban sinadari na sanannen miya na Portuguese, *caldo verde* ("koren broth"). Don wannan broth, ana yayyafa ganye a cikin tube.     (wani lokaci ta hanyar mai sayar da kayan abinci ko mai siyar da kasuwa ta hanyar amfani da yanki na musamman na hannu) kuma a saka sauran sinadaran minti 15 kafin a ba da shi.

#### Kwarin Kashmir
A Kashmir,   an haɗa ganyen collard (wanda ake kira *haakh* ) a yawancin abinci.  Ana girbe ganye ta hanyar tsinkewa a farkon bazara lokacin da ƙwanƙwasa suka tsiro suna ba da ganye masu laushi da aka sani da *kaanil haakh* . Lokacin da tsayin daka ya sami madadin ganye cikin sauri a lokacin girma, ana girbe tsoffin ganye lokaci-lokaci. A ƙarshen kaka, an cire ɓangaren apical na tushe tare da ganyen da ba a gama ba. Akwai jita-jita da yawa da aka yi da *haakh* . Abincin da ake ci tare da shinkafa shine *haak rus*, miya na ganyen collard gabaɗaya an dafa shi kawai da ruwa, mai, gishiri, kore barkono da kayan yaji.

#### Zimbabwe
A Zimbabwe, ana kiran kollard da sunan  in Ndebele da  in Shona. Saboda yanayin, shukar tana bunƙasa a kusan kowane yanayi, tare da yawancin mutane suna girma a cikin lambun su.  Ana yawan cin shi tare da sadza ( ugali a Gabashin Afirka, pap a Afirka ta Kudu, fufu a Afirka ta yamma da polenta a Italiya) a matsayin wani ɓangare na abinci mai mahimmanci.   ana soya shi da ruwan tafasasshen ruwa kafin a soya a hada shi da albasa ko tumatir da aka soya. Wasu (fiye da al'ada, mutanen Shona) suna ƙara naman sa, naman alade da sauran nama a cikin  Mix don nau'in stew.  Yawancin mutane suna cin  akai-akai a Zimbabwe, saboda yana da tattalin arziki kuma ana iya shuka shi da ɗan ƙoƙari a cikin lambunan gida. 

## A cikin adabi
Ana yawan ambaton ganyen Collard a cikin adabi daga Kudancin Amurka. William Faulkner ya ambaci ganyen kwala a matsayin wani ɓangare na abincin Kudu a cikin littafinsa *mai shiga cikin kura* . Walker Percy ya ambaci ganyen kwala a cikin gajeren labarinsa na 1983 "The Last Donohue Show." Collars sun bayyana a littafin Clyde Edgerton 's novel *Lunch a Piccadilly* . A cikin novel *Gone With the Wind*, mai fama da yunwa Scarlett O'Hara ya tuna da wani abincin da aka yi kafin yakin basasa wanda ya hada da "collards na yin iyo sosai a cikin tukunyar giya iridescent tare da man shafawa."  A cikin ɗan gajeren labari na Flannery O'Connor "A Stroke of Good Fortune," babban hali shine mace mai aiki mara jin daɗi wacce ba da son rai ba ta dafa ɗan'uwanta, wanda ta ɗauki tsattsauran ra'ayi da rashin ladabi. 

## Duba kuma

* Barasa na Collard

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

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