open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kathryn Jeffery

**Kathryn Elaine** Jeffery jami'ar ilimi ce ta Amurka wacce ke aiki a matsayin babban jami'in gudanarwa/shugaban Kwalejin Santa Monica da ke California tun watan Fabrairun 2016.

## Ilimi
Jeffery ta sami digirin farko a fannin Ilimin Kiɗa (tare da babban digiri a fannin piano da ƙaramin digiri a fannin murya) da kuma digirin Master a fannin nazarin ɗabi'u masu amfani a fannin ilimi (ba da shawara) daga Jami'ar Jihar Oklahoma . Ta sami digirin Doctor of Philosophy a fannin gudanar da ilimi (tare da mai da hankali kan jagorancin kwalejin al'umma) daga Jami'ar Texas da ke Austin .  Takardar digirin digirgir ɗinta mai taken *Matsayin kwalejojin al'umma a cikin gyaran walwala da buƙatun horo na masu karɓar jin daɗi: Kwalejojin al'umma a California* (1999).  Mai ba ta shawara kan digirin digirgir ita ce William Moore Jr. 

## Sana'a
Jeffery ya taɓa yin aiki a matsayin babban jami'in gudanarwa na Kwalejin Sacramento City da kuma Kwalejin Fasaha ta Hennepin, a matsayin shugaban jami'a kuma babban mai kula da harabar Kwalejin Kudancin Nevada, da kuma mataimakin shugaban Kwalejin Columbia da ke Sonora, California . Jeffery ya kasance shugaban malamai da ma'aikata daban-daban da ci gaba, kuma shugaban ayyukan ɗalibai a ofishin shugaban jami'a na tsarin Kwalejin Al'umma ta California . 

A ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 2016, Jeffery ta fara wa'adinta a matsayin sufeto/shugaban Kwalejin Santa Monica .   A ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2025, ta sanar da niyyarta ta yin ritaya daga aiki daga ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2026. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin mata shugabanni ko shugabannin jami'o'i na co-ed

## Manazarta
Maddah (mawaki na addini)

**<span lang="fa" dir="ltr">Maddah</span>** ( Farisa: مداح), wanda aka fassara a matsayin masanin ilimin euphrist ko panegyrist;   an danganta shi da mawaƙin addini.  Akwai wani nau'in mawaƙi(s) na addini a cikin al'adun Musulunci waɗanda ake kira Maddah waɗanda galibi ke shiga cikin bukukuwan jana'izar Musulmai -- na tunawa da ranar tunawa, musamman ga shahararrun haruffa tsakanin annabin Musulunci Muhammad da limamai goma sha biyu na Shi'a ; kuma suna karantawa ko rera waƙa cikin Musulunci/baƙin ciki ga mutane (a matsayin nau'in makoki). Asalin kalmar "Maddah" ita ce "Madh" wanda ke nufin bayyana kyawawan halaye na hali ko wani abu. 

Maddah (ko Dhakir )  mutum ne wanda ke ambaton/yabon manyan mutane da ilimin addini a tarukan (addini); kuma aikinsa ya kamata ya kasance cike da Eulogy / Marsiyya ; baya ga haka, Maddahi ba shi da jinsi, shekaru, rukuni ko ƙabila ta musamman. 

A taƙaice, Maddah yana nufin mutum mai suna Dhakir ko kuma mai bin addinin Kirista wanda (sau da yawa) yake tsaye a gefen mimbari, yana yabon ko kuma ya zama waƙa game da Ahlul-Bait     (da Muhammadu )   da bala'in da suka faru, musamman game da bala'o'i/mummunan yaƙin Karbala, da kuma irin shahadar da Husayn ibn Ali ya yi wanda maƙiya suka kashe shi a can tare da abokansa.  

## Manyan madahs

* Mahadi Rasuli
* AbdulReza Helali

## Manazarta
Ajvatovica

**Ajvatovica** shi ne babban taron gargajiya, addini da al'adu na Musulunci a Turai. Tana kusa da Prusac, Bosnia da Herzegovina. An sanya mata suna bayan Ajvaz-dedo (*Kakan Ajvaz*), wani Musulmi mai ibada wanda ke aiki don wayar da kan jama'a da cimma ci gaba a yankin.

## Tarihin Wurin Tsarki na Ajvatovica
Ajvaz-dedo ɗan kabilar Sufi ne wanda ya isa Akhisar (wanda a yau ake kira Prusac, Bosnia da Herzegovina ) tare da sojojin Ottoman da suka ci nasara a shekara ta 1463. 

Labarin raba dutsen ya samo asali ne daga tatsuniyar Ajvaz-dedo, wani dattijo wanda ya yi addu'ar neman ruwa a lokacin fari mai tsawo wanda ya yi barazana ga ƙaramin ƙauyen dutse na Prusac a shekarar 1510, a lokacin mulkin Ottoman. Duk da haka, Ajvaz Dede ya sami wata maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai ƙarfi kusa da ƙauyen a kan dutsen Šuljaga.  An rufe maɓuɓɓugar da wani dutse mai tsawon mita 74 da faɗin mita 30, wanda ya hana gina tsarin ruwa mai gudana. Ajvaz-dedo ya yi kwana 40 yana roƙon Allah ya raba dutsen.  A safiyar ranar arba'in, bayan sallarsa, Ajvaz Dede ya yi mafarkin cewa fararen raguna biyu sun yi karo suka raba dutsen. Da ya farka, sai ya ga dutsen ya rabu biyu. An sanya bututun katako a gefen sabon kwarin don ɗaukar ruwa zuwa Prusac. Ganin hakan a matsayin alamar mu'ujiza da albarkar Allah, mutane suka fara zuwa wurin da dutsen ya rabu.

A shekarar 1947, a farkon shekarun mulkin gurguzu na Yugoslavia, kotun gundumar Travnik ta yanke wa mutane goma sha uku hukunci saboda "halartar jerin gwanon da ba a ba da izini ba a lokacin bikin addini na Ajvatovica, jami'an gwamnati masu adawa da kuma karya dokar hana tashi da tutocin addini."  An kuma zargi mutane goma sha uku da kai hari kan 'yan sanda biyu da suka yi kokarin wargaza jerin gwanon tare da yi musu barazana da wukake yayin da suke kan doki. Bayan wannan lamarin, gwamnatin kwaminisanci ta Yugoslavia ta hana kula da wurin addini har sai da aka sabunta al'adar a watan Yunin 1990.   Akwai bukukuwa na shekara-shekara a Prusac don tunawa da taron.  Ya zama babban wurin shakatawa na yawon bude ido da addini da ake kira "Kwanakin Ajvatovica". An yi bikin cika shekaru 500 na taron a watan Yunin 2010.  

## Manazarta
Masallacin Al-Mash'ar al-Haram

**Masallacin Al-Mash'ar al-Haram** yana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman wurare na aikin Hajji, wanda ke cikin Muzdalifah, yammacin Saudiyya.

Masallacin ya mamaye fadinsa kimanin   , mai tsawon kusan  da faɗin  . Ya haɗa da babban farfajiyar addu'a wadda za ta iya ɗaukar masu ibada sama da 12,000, kuma tana da minarets guda biyu waɗanda tsayinsu ya kai kimanin .

Masallacin yana tsakiyar Muzdalifah, tsakanin Dutsen Arafat da Mina, tare da hanyar da ta haɗa wurare biyu. Yana zama babban wurin taruwa ga mahajjata bayan sun tashi daga Arafat a ƙarshen Ranar Arafah.

Tarihin masallacin yana da alaƙa da ayyukan Annabin Musulunci Muhammad a lokacin Aikin Hajjin Ban Kwana, da kuma umarnin Alƙur'ani na tunawa da Allah a nan lokacin da ake ƙaura daga Arafat zuwa Muzdalifah. An gina masallacin a ƙarni na 3 bayan Hijira a wurin da Muhammadu ya kwana a Muzdalifah, ya yi sallar Asuba, ya kuma tuna da Allah har zuwa wayewar gari. Tun lokacin da aka fara gina masallacin, an yi faɗaɗa shi da gyara shi da dama a tarihin Musulunci, wanda daga ƙarshe ya kai ga yanayinsa na yanzu. 

Muhimmancin masallacin ya samo asali ne daga ambatonsa a cikin Alqur'ani ( 2 :198)  a matsayin  :

Wannan wuri ne da Annabi ya yi salla ya kwana a Muzdalifah, wanda hakan ya sanya shi wuri na halitta da ma'ana ga mahajjata bayan sun tsaya a Arafat.  Masallacin yana aiki a matsayin wurin tunawa da Allah, yin sallar Maghrib da Isha tare, da kuma kwana a Muzdalifah kafin a tafi Mina a safiyar Idi. Kowace shekara, miliyoyin mahajjata suna ziyartar masallacin a matsayin wurin addu'a da ibada mai albarka.
Fayil:Masy'aril_Haram_Mosque_in_Muzdalifah;_January_2015.jpg|alt=The mosque in 2015| Masallacin a shekarar 2015
Fayil:مسجد_المشعر_الحرام.jpg|alt=The mosque in 2018| Masallacin a shekarar 2018


## Manazarta
Kathleen Redding Adams

**Kathleen Redding Adams** (11 ga Yuli, 1890 - 15 ga Yuni, 1993)  malami ce a Makarantun Jama'a na Atlanta da kuma a Carrie Steele Pitts Home, wanda gida ne ga marayu, haka kuma fitaccen memba ne na Cocin Congregational na Farko a Atlanta . 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Kathleen Redding a ranar 11 ga Yuli, 1890, ga Wesley Chapel Redding da matarsa, Ellen, babbar 'ya'ya huɗu.  'Yan Reddings sun kasance fitattun 'yan asalin Baƙar fata a Atlanta. Tun tana ƙarama, ta zauna a Auburn Avenue da ke Atlanta, wata unguwa mai wadata ta baƙar fata, kuma ta halarci makarantar gwamnati. 

Kathleen Redding ta ci gaba da zuwa Jami'ar Atlanta a shekarar 1906, inda ta yi karatu a ƙarƙashin WEB DuBois da George A. Towns.  Ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Atlanta a shekarar 1911.  Bayan kammala karatunta, Kathleen Redding ta koyar a Makarantar Roach Street da ke Atlanta na tsawon shekaru goma sha biyu, sannan ta bar aikinta na koyarwa a makarantar gwamnati don ta auri William D. Adams, wani ma'aikacin gidan waya na jirgin ƙasa.  Sun sake aure a shekarar 1935. Ta koma aikinta na malamar makarantar gwamnati, a wannan karon a Gundumar Makarantar Gundumar Fulton, na tsawon shekaru 17. A wannan lokacin ta koyar a Carrie Steele Pitts Home don kula da marayu. Ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1957. 

Adams ta adana tarihin iyalinta ta hanyar takardu da abubuwan tunawa.  Wani lokaci tana ba da rancen waɗannan kayan ga Birnin Atlanta don nunawa, kuma ta yi kaset game da tarihin makarantun gwamnati a Atlanta.  A matsayin abin sha'awa, Adams ya rubuta "ayoyi" don bayyana mutane da abubuwan da suka faru, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu aka buga a cikin *Atlanta Daily World* .

Tun daga shekarar 1977, ita ce mamba mafi tsufa a Cocin Farko da ke Atlanta kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin masanin tarihin cocin a lokacin da Henry H. Proctor yake hidimar cocin.   

## Mutuwa
Kathleen Redding Adams ta rasu a ranar 15 ga Yuni, 1993, tana da shekaru 102.  &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Ƙarin karatu
Kathleen Redding Adams, "Shigar da Cocin Ikilisiya na 1, Atlanta a Angola—Hukumar Tsakanin Kabilar Atlanta—Gidan marayu na Carrie Steele—Carrie Steele-Pitts Gida kamar na 1938", Oktoba 1975, rubutun da ba a buga ba, Proctor Papers. Cibiyar Bincike ta Amistad.

## Manazarta
Frances Mary Albrier

**Frances Mary Albrier** (Satumba 21, 1898 - Agusta 21, 1987) ƙwararriyar mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a ce ta Amurka kuma shugabar al'umma.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Albrier a Mount Vernon, New York a shekarar 1898, kuma kakanninta ne suka girma a Tuskegee, Alabama . Ta halarci Cibiyar Tuskegee har zuwa makarantar sakandare. Ta sami digiri na farko daga Jami'ar Howard a shekarar 1920, sannan ta koma Berkeley, California, inda ta halarci Jami'ar California, Berkeley .  Bayan kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, Albrier ta sami horo na zama ma'aikaciyar jinya na tsawon shekaru biyu, amma ta sha wahala wajen samun aikin ƙwararru bayan horon. Wannan wahalar neman aiki ya haifar da shigar Albrier cikin UNIA, inda ta zama ma'aikaciyar jinya ga Black Cross. 

## Sana'a

Albrier ta fara taka rawa a harkokin siyasa a cikin gida a shekarar 1938 a Gundumar Alameda, California, inda aka zaɓe ta don ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar Kwamitin Tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Democrat.  Saboda ƙarfinta na ƙara bambancin ma'aikata a Berkeley, Albrier ta tsaya takarar majalisar birnin Berkeley a shekarar 1939, amma daga ƙarshe ta sha kaye a zaɓen. Bayan ta tsaya takarar majalisar birni, ta kafa ƙungiyar kula da walwalar mata ta East Bay a wani yunƙuri na ƙara yawan malaman baƙar fata da ke aiki a makarantun Berkeley.  Shiga Albrier a cikin al'ummar Berkeley ya samo asali ne daga lura da cewa baƙar fata masu biyan haraji na Berkeley ba su da wakilci sosai a gwamnatin birni, makarantu, ko cibiyoyin nishaɗi.  

Albrier ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kawar da wariya da ake nunawa ga ɗaukar malamai baƙaƙe a makarantun gwamnati na Berkeley, California . 

A shekarar 1942, Albrier ta yi horo a matsayin mai walda, domin ta bayar da gudummawa ga yakin duniya na biyu . Da farko ƙungiyar Boilermakers Union ba ta son karɓarta a matsayin memba ba, duk da cewa ta kammala ninki biyu na lokutan horo da ake buƙata. Duk da haka, bayan barazanar ƙara daga Albrier da matsin lamba daga al'umma, ƙungiyar daga ƙarshe ta karɓe ta a matsayin memba kuma ta zama mace baƙar fata ta farko da aka ɗauka aiki a Kaiser Shipyards a Richmond, California . Duk da shigarta cikin ƙungiyar Boilermakers Union, an canza Albrier zuwa ƙungiyar taimako a Oakland, California saboda rashin wani mai taimakon baƙar fata da aka ware a Richmond.

Ta sami kyautar NAACP "Fight for Freedom" a shekarar 1954. 

## Manazarta
Aisha al-Adawiya

**Aisha al-Adawiya**, wacce aka fi sani da **Sister Aisha**, mai fafutuka ce a tsakanin addinai kuma ta kafa kungiyar Mata a Musulunci, wata kungiya da ke fafutukar kare mata Musulmai . Ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Bincike a Al'adun Bakar Fata ta Schomburg tsawon sama da shekaru 30.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Al-Adawiya kuma ta girma a Alabama.  Ta bayyana Kudancin Amurka a shekarun 1940 da 1950 a matsayin " masu rabe-rabe sosai, kuma marasa daidaito sosai" amma ta ce iyalanta da sauran mutanen da ke cikin al'ummarta sun kare ta daga wannan girma. 

## Al'ummar Musulunci
Bayan kammala karatun sakandare a farkon shekarun 1960, al-Adawiya ta ƙaura zuwa Harlem da ke birnin New York don neman aikin mawaƙin jazz .  al-Adawiya ta fuskanci Nation of Islam yayin da take neman aski, kuma ta shiga wani shagon aski mallakar membobin Nation of Islam. Ta ambaci wannan gogewar a matsayin gabatar mata da Elijah Muhammad, Pan-Africanism, da kuma ikon Baƙar fata .  

Da wahayi daga saƙon Malcolm X na "adalci a matsayin kira na ruhaniya", ta musulunta ba da daɗewa ba.  al-Adawiya kuma ta kasance kusa da matar Malcolm X kuma daga baya bazawara, Betty Shabazz . 

## Sana'a
Al-Adawiya ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Bincike a Al'adun Baƙar fata ta Schomburg tsawon sama da shekaru 30. Ta kasance mai alhakin daidaita ayyukan Musulunci a cikin aikin Kiyaye Takardun Gado na Addinin Baƙar fata . al-Adawiya ta yi aiki don adana bayanan Malcolm X kuma ta kasance jami'in bayar da tallafin karatu.

A martanin da ta mayar kan fyaden kisan kare dangi da aka yi wa Musulmai a kisan kare dangi na Bosnia, Al-Adawiya ta kafa Mata a Musulunci a shekarar 1992,  wacce ita ce "ƙungiyar mata ta farko ta ƙasa da aka kafa ta kuma a madadin mata Musulmai ". Al-Adawiya ta kafa wani kamfen na ƙasa don fafutukar ƙirƙirar masallatai masu dacewa da mata, tana kira ga masallatai da su maraba da mata don yin addu'a tare da ɗaukar mata aiki a hukumomin kula da masallatai.  al-Adawiya kuma memba ce ta kafa Gidan Tarihi na Malcolm X. 

al-Adawiya ya yi ritaya daga Schomburg a shekarar 2021. 

## Lambobin yabo da girmamawa

* A shekarar 2016, an nada al-Adawiya a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan Shugabannin Adalci na Jama'a na Musulmi 100 ta MPower Change, babbar kungiyar kare hakkin Musulmi ta yanar gizo a Amurka 
* A shekarar 2017, al-Adawiya ta sami kyautar Clara Lemlich Award saboda shekaru arba'in na fafutukar da ta yi kan addinai daban-daban 
* A shekarar 2018, Majalisar Hulɗa da Musulunci ta Amurka ta ba wa al-Adawiya kyautar Nasarar Rayuwa ta shekara-shekara 
* A shekarar 2022, al-Adawiya ta sami kyautar jin kai daga Emine Erdogan, Uwargidan Shugaban Turkiyya, saboda fafutukarta a fannin kare hakkin dan adam da adalci a zamantakewa 

## Manazarta
Kimberly Clarice Aiken

**Kimberly Clarice Aiken Cockerham** (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 1974) ƙwararriyar mai ba da shawara kan harkokin hoto ce ta Amurka, mai gabatar da shirye-shirye, kuma ta kasance Miss America a shekarar 1994. 

## Shagali

### Miss South Carolina 1993
Ta lashe gasar Miss Columbia da Miss South Carolina a shekarar 1993 a lokacin da take kan hanyarta ta zuwa gasar Miss America ta shekarar 1994. Ita ce mace 'yar Afirka ta farko da aka naɗa a matsayin Miss South Carolina . 

### Miss America 1994
Duk da cewa ba ta lashe kowace kyauta ta farko ba, har yanzu an zaɓe ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa 10 na ƙarshe kuma ta yi fice a lokacin gasar kai tsaye tare da rera waƙar "Summertime" mai daɗi saboda baiwarta, da kuma nuna ban mamaki a cikin wasan ninkaya, rigar yamma, da gasannin hira. Aiken tana da shekaru 18 lokacin da ta lashe kyautar Miss America, kuma ita ce mace ta biyar kacal daga Afirka da aka naɗa. Kocin gasar Aiken shine CB Mathis na CB's Limited a Lancaster, South Carolina .  Aiken ta yi amfani da halin rashin matsuguni a matsayin dandamalinta.

Aiken ya yi fitowa a talabijin sau da yawa kuma mujallar  Magazine ta taɓa amincewa da shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "Mutane Hamsin Mafi Kyawun A Duniya". 

## Ilimi da aiki
An fara ta a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar agaji ta Delta Sigma Theta a reshen Epsilon Tau. Bayan kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar New York, Aiken ta ci gaba da aikin lissafin kuɗi na jama'a tare da Ernst & Young LLP, ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin lissafin kuɗi na Big Four . A yau, ita ce mai ba da shawara kan hoto kuma mai ba da shawara kan motsa jiki. Ta kasance ƙwararriyar mai magana tsawon kusan shekaru goma, tana nishadantar da masu sauraro da kuma ƙarfafa su da shirye-shiryenta, tana amfani da gogewarta daban-daban da kuma raba labarai na shawo kan cikas, kamar tiyatar kwakwalwa. Ita kuma marubuciya ce a kullum a mujallar Pageantry .

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Ita 'yar Valerie ce da Charles Aiken na Columbia, South Carolina . &#x5B; ** &#x5D; Ita ce ta kafa Gidauniyar HERO. Ta auri Haven Cockerham a shekarar 1998 kuma tana da 'ya'ya biyu.  

## Manazarta
Edna Alexander (mai kirkiro)

**Edna Belle Alexander** (1892–1972) mawaƙiya ce 'yar Amurka kuma mawaƙiya mai waƙa. Baya ga yin waƙa, ta zama mawaƙiya kuma ta buga waƙa a ƙarƙashin sunan **Alex Belledna** .  

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Alexander a Ottumwa, Iowa a ranar 19 ga Maris, 1892   ga iyayensa Mary Ann ( née Hamilton) (1868–1916) da Price Alexander.    Edna tana da 'yan'uwa mata takwas, ciki har da 'yan'uwa mata huɗu da 'yan'uwa maza huɗu, masu suna James Leonard, Archie A., Mary Colleen Jones, Harriet Louise, Leland Russell, Harold Creighton, Ida Helen, da Doris Elaine.   Ɗan'uwanta, Archie Alexander, daga baya ya zama gwamnan Virgin Islands .  Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta North Des Moines, ta kammala karatunta a 1911.  

A lokacin da take zaune a Des Moines, Iowa, ta kasance memba na Des Moines Negro Lyceum kuma ta rera waƙa a tarurruka daban-daban na gida. [1] [2] [3] A watan Nuwamba 1911, ta auri William Beach a gidan iyayenta da ke Highland Park, Iowa. Bayan shekaru biyu, ta shigar da ƙarar neman saki daga William bisa dalilin "mugunta da rashin tausayi, da kuma zina".

Daga baya Alexander ta auri abokin aikinta mawaƙiya kuma marubuciya Maceo Pinkard a shekarar 1917.  Ta yi amfani da sunan barkwanci Alex Belledna don rubuta waƙoƙi, gami da waƙoƙin da ta rubuta tare da mijinta.   A ƙarƙashin sunan "Alex Belledna", ta tsara waƙar "It's Right Here for You (If You Don't Get It—Tain't No Fault of Mine)", wadda aka haɗa a cikin waƙar *Crazy Blues* ta 1920, wadda Okeh Records ya yi rikodin ta kuma Mamie Smith ta rera. Waƙar da ba a saba gani ba a farkon shekarun 1900, ƙungiyar mata baƙaƙe ne suka ƙirƙiro ta, yayin da Alexander ya rubuta waƙar tare da mawaƙin Marion Dickerson . 

Alexander da mijinta sun yi aiki tare a shirin sabon salon kiɗa *na Pansy* na shekarar 1929, wanda ya sami karbuwa mara kyau a lokacin da aka fara shi, kuma an rufe shi da sauri, duk da waƙar da Bessie Smith ta rera.  Wasan kwaikwayon ya fara ne a Broadway a ranar 14 ga Mayu, 1929 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Belmont kuma ya gudana don wasanni uku, wanda ya ƙare a ranar 16 ga Mayu, 1929.   Alexander da mijinta sun mallaki kamfanin buga waƙoƙi a ƙarƙashin sunayensu. 

Alexander ta mutu a shekarar 1972.  Daga baya aka haɗa wakokinta a cikin waƙar da aka yi ta baya-bayan nan, *One Mo' Time*, wanda ya fara daga 1979 zuwa 1987, da kuma shirin *Blues in the Night* na 2002.  

## Kundin Waƙoƙi

* " Sugar: That Sugar Baby O'Mine " (1926), ya rubuta tare.    Ya zama babban abin birgewa a wani rikodin Ethel Waters . 
* "Granny" (1919) - mawaki,  wanda mawaka da yawa suka yi rikodinsa
* "Yana Nan Ne Don Kai" (1920) - mawaki;  ya fara fitowa a vaudeville tare da Sophie Tucker, wanda Mamie Smith da wasu suka yi rikodin 
* "Tain't Nothing But Jazz" (1921) - ya rubuta tare da Maceo Pinkard da William Tracey 
* "Ka sa waɗannan idanu masu girman kai su yi hali" (1925) 
* "Shin Mai Zakina Yana Yi—Kuma Yaya" (1925) - ya rubuta tare da Sidney Holden da Maceo Pinkard 
* "Mutumin Kitchen" (1929) - ya rubuta tare da Andy Razaf, wanda Bessie Smith ta rubuta 
* "Squealin' Pig Blues" 

## Manazarta
Wilhelm Molly

**Wilhelm Molly** (1838-1919) likita ne, mai ba da kyauta, mai fafutuka, kuma Esperantist . 

Ya kasance babban likita na kamfanin hakar ma'adinai na Vieille Montagne.

A matsayinsa na mai son yin amfani da littattafai, ya yi ƙoƙari ya shirya sabis na gidan waya na gida tare da hatimi nasa. Wannan kamfani ya sami cikas da sauri ta hanyar shiga tsakani na Belgium.

A cikin 1908, Molly ta ba da shawarar yin Neutral Moresnet jihar farko a duniya tare da Esperanto a matsayin harshen hukuma, mai suna *Amikejo* ( *Wurin Abokantaka*). 

## Dubi kuma

* Tarihin Esperanto

## Bayanan littattafai

* 

## Manazarta
Forrest J Ackerman

**Forrest James Ackerman**  (Nuwamba 24, 1916 - Disamba 4, 2008) ya kasance editan mujallar Amurka; Marubucin almara na kimiyya, kuma wakilin wallafe-wallafen; wanda ya kafa almara na kimiyyar fiction; babban gwani a kan almara na science, tsoro, da fina-finai na fantasy;  shahararren mai ba da shawara game da harshen Esperanto; kuma daya daga cikin masu tara littattafai masu yawa a duniya na nau'i da abubuwan tunawa da fim. Ya kasance a Los Angeles, California .

A matsayinsa na wakilin wallafe-wallafen, ya wakilci marubutan almara na kimiyya kamar Ray Bradbury, Isaac Asimov, A. E. van Vogt, Curt Siodmak, da L. Ron Hubbard.  Fiye da shekaru 70, ya kasance daya daga cikin masu magana da yawun fiction na kimiyya da masu tallatawa. Shi ne editan da ya kafa kuma babban marubucin mujallar Amurka Famous Monsters of Filmland, wanda Warren Publishing ya buga. Ya kirkiro halin Vampirella, wanda ya samo asali ne daga fim din Jane Fonda na 1968 *Barbarella* . 

Ackerman ya kuma yi fim daga shekarun 1950 zuwa karni na 21. Ya bayyana a cikin shirye-shirye da yawa da suka shafi wannan lokacin a cikin al'adun gargajiya, kamar Famous Monster: Forrest J Ackerman (wanda Michael R. MacDonald ya jagoranta kuma Ian Johnston ya rubuta), wanda aka fara a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Masar a watan Maris na shekara ta 2009, a lokacin harajin Forrest J J Ackermann; The Ackermonster Chronicles!  (wani shirin 2012 game da Ackerman na marubuci da mai shirya fina-finai Jason V. Brock); da Charles Beaumont: The Short Life of Twilight Zone's Magic Man, game da marigayi marubuci Charles Beaumond, tsohon abokin ciniki na The Ackerman Agency . 

## Shekaru na farko
An haifi Ackerman **Forrest James Ackerman** (ko da yake ya kira kansa daga farkon shekarun 1930 zuwa gaba a matsayin "Forrest J Ackerman" ba tare da wani lokaci ba bayan farkon tsakiya), a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 1916,  a Los Angeles, zuwa Carroll Cridland (née Wyman; 1883-1977)  da William Schilling Ackerman (1892-1951). 

Mahaifinsa, William, babban masanin lissafi kuma mataimakin mataimakin shugaban da ke kula da sufuri na Kamfanin Man Fetur  ya fito ne daga New York kuma mahaifiyarsa (ɗan masanin gine-gine George Wyman) ta fito ne daga Ohio; ta girme mijinta da shekaru tara.

Ackerman ya halarci Jami'ar California, Berkeley, a lokacin shekara ta 1934-1935; bayan haka, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai nunawa fina-finai kuma a wasu ayyuka tare da abokai. A ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, 1942, ya shiga cikin Sojojin Amurka,   inda ya hau matsayin sajan ma'aikata kafin a sallame shi da mutunci a shekarar 1945. Ya shafe dukkan lokacinsa yana aiki a Fort MacArthur a unguwar San Pedro ta Los Angeles, daga ƙarshe ya zama editan jaridar.

## Manazarta
Pauline Adams

**Pauline Forstall Colclough Adams** (29 ga Yuni, 1874 - 10 ga Satumba, 1957) 'yar asalin ƙasar Irish ce wacce ta ɗauki hanyar tayar da kayar baya ga kamfen ɗin sannan ta tafi kurkuku saboda imanin siyasa.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Pauline Forstall Colclough a Dublin, Ireland . Ta koma Amurka a shekara ta 1898,  tana zaune a Brunswick County, North Carolina,  sannan daga baya ta zauna a Norfolk, Virginia. Ta auri likitan Norfolk Walter J. Adams; ya kafa aikin likita kuma ta haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu.

An shirya kungiyar Norfolk Equal Suffrage League a lokacin wani taro a gidanta a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 1910.  An zabe ta a matsayin shugabar farko ta Norfolk League kuma ta yi karin wa'adi biyu kafin ta ki sake tsayawa takara. Ba kamar sauran 'yan adawa da Amurka ba, ta ba da shawarar tsarin yaƙi, ta guje wa damar yin magana a hanyar ilimi a lokacin rantsar da Shugaba Woodrow Wilson a Washington, DC. Matsayinta na yaƙi ya haifar da rikici a cikin Norfolk League kuma zai sami tsawata daga hedkwatar League a Richmond.

## Ayyukan zaɓen
A watan Agustan 1913, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 300 zuwa taron zaɓen a Washington, DC; ta kasance ɗaya cikin mambobi uku daga jihar Virginia.

## Sauran ayyukan
Adams ya kasance mai goyon bayan Harshen Esperanto.

A cikin 1913, ta kirkiro shahararrun wasannin sufuri guda biyu waɗanda aka sayar a Virginia da Maryland; an yi amfani da kudaden da aka tara don tallafawa aikinta na sufuri.

Bayan wucewar Kwaskwarima ta goma sha tara a watan Agustan 1920, ta nemi sabbin kalubale. Ta wuce jarrabawar lauya a 1921 kuma ta zama mace ta biyu da ta yi aiki a Norfolk. Ta kuma shiga siyasa, tana aiki a yakin neman zabe na Sarah Lee Fain kuma tana gudana ba tare da nasara ba ga majalisar birni. Ta mutu ne sakamakon gazawar myocardial a shekara ta 1957 kuma an binne ta a Kabari na Elmwood a Norfolk . 

## Manazarta
Agnes Baldwin Alexander

**Agnes Baldwin Alexander** (1875-1971) marubuciya ce ta Amurka kuma fitacciyar memba ce ta Bangaskiyar Bahá'í .

## Rayuwa
An haifi Agnes Baldwin Alexander a ranar 21 ga Yuli, 1875, a cikin Masarautar Hawaii . Ita ce ƙarama cikin yara biyar da William DeWitt Alexander da Abigail Charlotte Alexander, née Baldwin suka haifa. Miss Alexander ta kasance zuriyar manyan iyalai biyu na mishan Kirista na Hawaii - Alexanders da Baldwins . Mahaifinta yana daya daga cikin shahararrun maza na Hawaii a matsayin Shugaban Kwalejin Oahu, marubucin A Brief History of the Hawaiian People, kuma na farko Surveyor-General na Tsibirin Hawaiian.

Alexander ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Oahu a shekara ta 1895, daga baya ya yi aikin digiri a Kwalejin Oberlin da U.C. Berkeley .  Bayan koyarwa na 'yan shekaru, ta fada cikin rashin lafiya mai tsanani. A shekara ta 1900, ta shiga ƙungiyar 'yan tsibirin da ke tafiya a yawon shakatawa a Turai. Yayinda take Roma a watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar, ta sadu da wata mace Bahá'í ta Amurka da 'ya'yanta mata biyu da ke dawowa daga aikin hajji na Bahá'i a Land mai tsarki, kuma sun raba tare da ita game da bangaskiya. A sakamakon wani labari a wata dare, wanda ta bayyana a matsayin "ba mafarki ko hangen nesa ba", ta rungumi Wahayin Bahá'í kuma ta yarda da shi a matsayin sabon saƙon Allah ga bil'adama kamar yadda Bahá'u'lláh ya yi shelar.

## Itacen iyali
Agnes Alexander tana da alaƙa da sanannun mutane da yawa ciki har da: Amos Starr Cooke, David Dwight Baldwin, William Owen Smith, Samuel T. Alexander, Henry P. Baldwin, da Annie Montague Alexander . Iyayenta sune William P. Alexander da Mary Ann McKinney, kuma iyayen mahaifiyarta sune Dwight Baldwin da Charlotte Fowler .

## Ayyuka
Kafin ta koma kasashen waje, Miss Alexander ta mallaki sanannen gidan cin abinci a Honolulu. A shekara ta 1912 ta wallafa littafin dafa abinci mai taken "Yadda za a yi amfani da 'ya'yan itacen Hawaiian".

A buƙatar Shoghi Effendi, Agnes Alexander ta rubuta tarihi guda biyu: "Tunanin Mutum na Rayuwar Bahá"í a Tsibirin Hawaiian: Shekaru arba'in na Bahá" Cause a Hawaii, 1902-1942"  da kuma "Tarihin Bangaskiyar Bahá'í a Japan, 1914-1938". Dukkanin waɗannan kundin an buga su bayan mutuwarsu.

## Dubi kuma

* Bangaskiyar Bahá'í a Japan

## Manazarta
M. S. Arnoni

**Menachem Samuel Arnoni** (Fabrairu 1, 1922 - Fabrairu 10, 1985), wanda aka fi sani da **M. S. Arnoni**, ɗan gwagwarmayar siyasa ne, ɗan jarida, kuma masanin falsafa. An fi saninsa da gyarawa da ƙirƙirar mujallar hagu The Minority of One .

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Arnoni a Łódź, Poland a shekara ta 1922.  An haife shi a matsayin Meniek Sztajer, ɗan injiniya. A shekara ta 1944, an tsare Arnoni da iyalinsa a cikin Łódź Ghetto . A watan Agusta na wannan shekarar, an tura shi Auschwitz kafin a sake shi a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1945. Daga baya ya rubuta wani abin tunawa game da lokacinsa a cikin Łódź Ghetto da Auschwitz, wanda ake kira Moeder was niet [...] voor enterfenis (Mahaifiyar ba ta kasance a Gida don jana'izarta). 

## Yunkurin siyasa da aikin jarida
Arnoni ya koma Amurka a shekara ta 1954.  A shekara ta 1959, Arnoni ya kafa mujallar kowane wata The Minority of One,  wanda ya bayyana a matsayin mujallar mai zaman kanta "wanda aka keɓe don kawar da duk ƙuntatawa kan tunani.  Kwamitin masu tallafawa mujallar ya haɗa da Bertrand Russell, Albert Schweitzer, da Linus Pauling. An san shi da labaransa game da yunkurin zaman lafiya, 'yancin farar hula, da kuma sukar manufofin kasashen waje na Amurka da Soviet. A shekara ta 1967, mujallar tana da yaduwar 26,000. Oleg Kalugin ya yi zargin cewa Arnoni ba tare da saninsa ba ya yarda da labarai game da manufofin kasashen waje don bugawa wanda KGB ta shirya.

Arnoni na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan jarida na farko da suka soki Yaƙin Vietnam .  A shekara ta 1965 ya yi kira ga shirya Kotun laifukan yaki, wanda aka tsara a kan shari'ar Nuremberg, don yin hukunci da laifukan yakin Amurka a Vietnam. Arnoni ya gabatar da wannan ra'ayin ga Bertrand Russell wanda da farko ya ki amincewa da ra'ayin amma Russell daga baya ya yi amfani da shi azaman wahayi ga Kotun laifukan yaki na kasa da kasa a shekarar 1966. A watan Mayu 1965, Arnoni ya ba da jawabi a zanga-zangar sa'o'i 35 a Jami'ar California, Berkeley wanda Kwamitin Ranar Vietnam ya shirya, inda ya ba da shawarar masu sa kai su shiga Arewacin Vietnamese kuma su yi yaƙi da sojojin Amurka. A wani zanga-zangar adawa da yaki a watan Oktoba 1965, ya sa tufafin sansanin fursunoni kuma ya gaya wa taron cewa wadanda Holocaust ya roki su "kada su yi shiru a fuskar mummunan kisan kare dangi da aka aikata wa mutanen Vietnam". Ya shiga muhawara tare da Sidney Hook game da yaƙin, ta hanyar jerin wasikun zuwa ga editan, wanda aka buga a cikin Satumba 25 da Oktoba 23, 1967 na The New Leader . 

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Arnoni ta auri mawakiyar Holland Tera de Marez Oyens a shekara ta 1976.  Ya kasance Esperantist kuma memba na Esperanto League na Arewacin Amurka. Shi ne mai suna MS Arnoni Award, wanda mujallar Jewish Currents ta gabatar.

## Manazarta
Leon Bankoff

**Leon Bankoff** (13 ga Disamba, 1908 - 16 ga Fabrairu, 1997), an haife shi a Birnin New York, New York, ya kasance likitan hakora na Amurka. A matsayinsa na masanin lissafi ya gina da'irar Bankoff. Ya kuma kasance Esperantist.

## Rayuwa

Bayan ziyarar da ya kai Kwalejin Birnin New York, Bankoff ya yi karatun likitan hakora a Jami'ar New York. Daga baya, ya koma Los Angeles, California, inda ya koyar a Jami'ar Kudancin California; yayin da yake can, ya kammala karatunsa. Ya yi aiki sama da shekaru 60 a matsayin likitan hakora a Beverly Hills. Yawancin marasa lafiyarsa sun kasance sanannun mutane.

Tare da sha'awar Bankoff a fannin ilimin hakora sune Piano da guitar. Ya kasance mai iya magana da Esperanto, ya kirkiro zane-zane, kuma yana da sha'awar ci gaban fasahar kwamfuta. Fiye da duka, ya kasance kwararre a duniyar lissafi kuma ana girmama shi sosai a matsayin gwani a fagen lissafi mai laushi. Tun daga shekarun 1940, ya ba da lacca kuma ya buga labarai da yawa a matsayin marubuci. Bankoff ya haɗu da Paul Erdős a cikin takarda na lissafi sabili da haka yana da lambar Erdős 1.

Daga 1968 zuwa 1981, Bankoff ya kasance editan Sashen Matsala na Jaridu na Pi Mu Epsilon, inda yake da alhakin buga wasu matsaloli 300 a fannin lissafin jirgin sama, musamman Morley's trisector theorem, da arbelos na Archimedes.  Daga cikin abubuwan da ya gano tare da arbelos shine da'irar Bankoff, wanda yayi daidai da yankin da'irorin tagwaye na Archimedes.

## Littattafai

* *Ta yaya Pappus ya Yi Shi?* The Mathematical Gardner, David A. Klarner ed.  (Hotuna a shafi na gaba.) 
* The Metamorphosis of the Butterfly Theorem, Mujallar Lissafi, Ƙungiyar Lissafi ta Amurka, Oktoba 1987.
* "The Asymmetric Propeller," (tare da Paul Erdős da Murray S. Klamkin) Mujallar Lissafi, 46 (1973), 270-272.

## Manazarta
William Sol Benson

**William Sol Benson** (Agusta 24, 1877 - Oktoba 21, 1945) ya kasance Esperantist.

An haifi Benson a Kyiv . Ya yi hijira daga Daular Rasha zuwa Amurka a 1889. Ya kasance likitan osteopathic a Newark, New Jersey . Ya kuma kasance marubucin hanyar asali don koyar da Esperanto ta amfani da hotuna  kuma mai mallakar Makarantar Esperanto ta Benson. Ya rubuta *10 Kajerojn na Universala Esperantigilo* (1925-1927) da Bensona Universala Esperanto-Metodo (1932).  Benson ya kasance memba na Kwalejin Esperanto ta Amurka (Amerika Esperanto-Akademio) a cikin shekarun 1940.

## Ayyuka

* *Makarantar Esperanto ta Benson* (22 shafi) 
* *Darasi na sirri na Dr. Benson mai amfani Esperanto*
* *Universala Esperantistigilo* (1925) 
* Universala Esperanto-hanyar (1932) 
* Kyakkyawan Esperanto na Dokta Benson (1925-1932) 
* Universala farfaganda: samfurin thuna (1928, 22 p., hoto.) 

## Manazarta
Richard Bartholdt

**Richard Bartholdt** (2 ga Nuwamba, 1855 - 19 ga Maris, 1932) ya kasance Wakilin Amurka daga Missouri . 

An haife shi a Schleiz, Principality of Reuss-Geray, Bartholdt ya halarci makarantun jama'a da Kwalejin Schleiz (Gymnasium). Ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1872 kuma ya zauna a Brooklyn, New York.

Ya koyi sana'ar bugawa kuma ya zama marubucin jarida da mai bugawa. Ya koma Missouri kuma ya zauna a St. Louis a 1877. An haɗa shi da takardu da yawa a matsayin mai ba da rahoto, wakilin majalisa, da kuma edita, kuma a lokacin da aka zabe shi zuwa Majalisa shi ne babban edita na *[[St. Louis Tribune]]* . Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Hukumar Ilimi ta St. Louis daga 1888 zuwa 1892, yana aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa daga 1890 zuwa 1892.

An zabi Bartholdt a matsayin dan jam'iyyar Republican a jam'iyyar Ciniki da uku da kuma jam'iyyun majalisa goma da suka biyo baya (Maris 4, 1893 - Maris 3, 1915). Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin shige da fice da Naturalization (Majalisar Kasuwanci ta Kasuwanci da Kasuwanci na Kogin Mississippi (Majalisa ta Kashi hamsin da biyar zuwa majalisa ta Kashe hamsin da takwas), kwamitin gine-ginen jama'a da filaye (Majjabta da tara zuwa majalisa na sittin da daya). A shekara ta 1911 Shugaba Taft ya nada shi a matsayin wakilin musamman ga Sarkin sarakuna na Jamus don gabatar da mutum-mutumi na Baron von Steuben a matsayin kyauta daga Majalisa da mutanen Amurka. Bai kasance dan takara ba don sakewa a shekara ta 1914.

Bartholdt ya kasance Esperantist, kuma a shekara ta 1914 ya ba da shawarar ƙuduri don a koyar da Esperanto a makarantun Amurka. A lokacin yakin duniya na farko, ya kasance shugaban kungiyar 'yancin kai ta Amurka, wacce ta yi kamfen don hana kamfanonin Amurka sayar da makamai ga kasashe masu fada. Ya rubuta tarihin kansa mai taken *Daga Steerage zuwa Majalisa* (Philadelphia: Dorrance, 1930).

Ya mutu a St. Louis, Missouri, a ranar 19 ga Maris, 1932. An ƙone jikinsa kuma an binne toka a Kabari na Concordia.

## Manazarta
Virginia Ali

**Virginia Ali** ( née Rollins ; an haife ta a ranar 17 ga Disamba, 1933) wata ƴar kasuwa ce ƴar Amurka wanda aka san ta da haɗin gwiwar kafa Ben's Chili Bowl a Washington, DC.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Ali a ranar 17 ga Disamba, 1933, kuma asalinta ɗan Afirka-Amurka ce kuma ƴar asalin ƙasar Amurka .  Ta girma ne a karkarar Virginia kuma ta yi karatu a tsarin makaranta daban-daban.  Ta ƙaura tare da iyalinta zuwa Washington, DC, a shekarun 1950. 

## Sana'a
Bayan ta koma Washington, Ali ta yi aiki a matsayin mai karɓar kuɗi a Bankin Masana'antu, wani kamfani mai tarihi mallakar Baƙar fata .  A can ne ta haɗu da mijinta Ben Ali lokacin da ya ziyarci bankin don ya saka kuɗi daga wani gidan cin abinci na gida inda yake aiki. 

Ali da Ben sun buɗe Ben's Chili Bowl a titin U a Washington, DC, a ranar 22 ga Agusta, 1958.   Shahararrun masu nishadantarwa sun ziyarci gidan cin abinci na iyali, a tsakiyar unguwar Shaw . Gidan cin abincin ya zama wurin da ake yawan taruwa da daddare ga mutane kamar Duke Ellington, Dinah Washington da Redd Foxx .  Martin Luther King Jr., Jesse Jackson, da Stokely Carmichael galibi suna cin abinci tare a Chili Bowl. 

A lokacin tarzomar da aka yi a Washington, DC a shekarar 1968 bayan mutuwar King, Ali ya ci gaba da buɗe Chili Bowl bisa buƙatar Stokely Carmichael . 

Ali ya yi aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na kungiyoyi da dama, ciki har da For Love of Children. 

## Lambobin yabo da girmamawa
An shigar da Ali da mijinta cikin DC Hall of Fame a shekarar 2002.  Ita da Ben sun karɓi Key to the City daga magajin gari Adrian Fenty don girmama bikin cika shekaru 50 na gidan abincin a shekarar 2008. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Virginia da Ben Ali sun yi aure a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 1958; tare suka haifi 'ya'ya maza uku. Kowanne daga cikin 'ya'yansu an ba shi sunan tsakiya Ben idan sun karɓi gidan abincin. Daga ƙarshe dukkansu ukun suka shiga cikin gudanar da gidan abincin bayan mutuwar Ben.

## Manazarta
Rudolf Carnap

**Rudolf Carnap** (/ˈkɑːrnæp/;   []; 18 ga Mayu 1891 - 14 ga Satumba 1970) masanin falsafa ne na Jamus wanda ya kasance mai aiki a Turai kafin 1935 kuma a Amurka bayan haka. Ya kasance babban memba na Vienna Circle kuma mai ba da shawara game da positivism mai ma'ana.

## Tarihin rayuwa

Mahaifin Carnap ya tashi daga kasancewa matalauci mai saƙa layin ya zama mai mallakar masana'antar yin layin. Mahaifiyarsa ta fito ne daga dangin ilimi; mahaifinta mai gyara ilimi ne kuma dan uwanta na fari shine masanin binciken tarihi Wilhelm Dörpfeld . Yayinda yake dan shekara goma, Carnap ya bi Wilhelm Dörpfeld a wani balaguro zuwa Girka. Carnap ta girma ne a cikin iyalin Furotesta masu zurfin addini, amma daga baya ta zama mai musun wanzuwar Allah.

Ya  karatunsa na yau da kullun a Barmen Gymnasium da  Gymnasium a Jena .  Daga 1910 zuwa 1914, ya halarci Jami'ar Jena, yana da niyyar rubuta rubutun a fannin kimiyyar lissafi. Ya kuma yi nazarin Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason a lokacin darasi da Bruno Bauch ya koyar, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibai kalilan da suka halarci darussan Gottlob Frege a cikin ilimin lissafi.

A lokacin da yake jami'a, ya zama mai sha'awar Ƙungiyar Matasan Jamus.

## Abubuwan tushe na farko
Rubutun Rudolf Carnap sun ƙunshi dubban haruffa, bayanin kula da rubuce-rubuce, da kuma littattafai. Yawancin takardunsa an sayi su ne daga 'yarsa, Hanna Carnap-Thost a shekara ta 1974, ta Jami'ar Pittsburgh, tare da ƙarin shiga. Takardun da ke dauke da bayanan kudi, kiwon lafiya, da na mutum an ƙuntata su. An rubuta waɗannan a duk rayuwarsa da aikinsa. Carnap ya yi amfani da wasikar a kai a kai don tattauna matsalolin falsafa tare da daruruwan wasu. Mafi sanannun sune: Herbert Feigl, Carl Gustav Hempel, Felix Kaufmann, Otto Neurath, da Moritz Schlick . Hotuna ma suna cikin tarin kuma an ɗauke su a duk rayuwarsa. Hotunan iyali da hotuna na takwarorinsa da abokan aiki suma ana adana su a cikin tarin. Wasu daga cikin wasikun an dauke su sanannun kuma sun kunshi bayanan ɗalibansa, tarurrukansa tare da Frege (bayyana Begriffsschrift da ma'ana a cikin lissafi). Bayanan Carnap daga taron Russell a Birnin Chicago, da kuma bayanan da ya dauka daga tattaunawa tare da Tarski, Heisenberg, Quine, Hempel, Gödel, da Jeffrey suma suna cikin Jami'ar Pittsburgh Library System's Archives and Special Collections. Abubuwan da aka tsara sun haɗa da:

* Bayanan kula (tsohon), 1958-1966 

## Manazarta
Sara Jane Ayyuka

**Sara Jane Crafts** (née, **Timanus**; sunan alkalami, Mrs. Wilbur F. Crafts; Agusta 15, 1845 - Mayu 2, 1930) ta kasance mai gyara zamantakewar jama'a ta Amurka, marubuciya, malami, kuma malami.  Ta koyar kuma ta koyar a Chautauquas, da kuma malami a taron Makarantar Lahadi na Jiha da na Duniya. Crafts ya kasance edita kuma mai ba da gudummawa ga littattafai daban-daban, kuma ya buga littattafai da yawa tsakanin 1876 da 1911.  Craft ya kasance mai gyara zamantakewar al'umma wanda ya yi tafiya a duniya yana ba da shawara a madadin makarantun Lahadi, kamewa, da kuma anti-opium. Ta kuma kasance "ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka gudanar da zaman taro" a Amurka.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Sara Jane Timanus a Cincinnati, Ohio, a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, 1845. Sara tana da 'yan uwan biyu, John da Fannie .  Iyayenta sune Jesse da Jane (Means) Timanus.

Ta yi karatu a makarantun jama'a na Cincinnati, a Kwalejin Mata ta Ohio Wesleyan, da kuma Jami'ar Iowa, Grinnell . 

## Ayyuka

Kusan 1865 har zuwa 1870, an koyar da shi a makarantun jama'a. Daga 1870 zuwa 1874, ta kasance malama a Makarantar Ma'aikata ta Jihar Minnesota . 

A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1874, a Plainfield, New Jersey, ta auri Rev. Wilbur Fisk Crafts (1850-1922).

Bayan aure, ta yi aiki tare da mijinta a Makarantar Lahadi Union aiki da kuma samar da wallafe-wallafen sake fasalin zamantakewa. Ta kasance malama a makarantun sakandare daban-daban na Lahadi, tarurrukan Jiha, da tarurrukan Chautauqua. A shekara ta 1895, an sanya ta mai kula da Sashen makarantar Lahadi na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Mata ta Duniya (WCTU).  Ta kasance mai shirya kuma shugabar girmamawa ta Ƙungiyar Firamare ta Duniya ta malaman makarantar Lahadi . 

Tsakanin 1880 da 1913, ta yi tafiya sosai a Turai da Gabas don sha'awar kamewa, anti-opium, da ƙungiyoyin sake fasalin. A cikin 1904, ta kasance a Gabas da Falasdinu. Shekaru uku bayan haka, ta kasance a Australia, China, Japan, da Koriya. A shekara ta 1910, ta kasance a Norway da Sweden. Ta shirya makarantun Lahadi a Iceland a 1913. Tafiye-tafiye sun hada da Holland, Switzerland, da Italiya.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Ayyukan hannu sun goyi bayan 'yancin mata. A cikin addini, ta kasance Presbyterian.

An cire sana'o'in zuwa Washington, DC a cikin 1896. Ta mutu a can a asibitin tunawa da Garfield, a ranar 2 ga Mayu, 1930.  An binne shi a Westerly, Rhode Island . 

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

* Wasiku masu budewa ga Malaman Firamare: Tare da Hints for Intermediate Class Teachers, 1876 (Rubuce-rubuce) 
* *Abubuwan da suka dace na farko*
* *Darasi a cikin Esperanto*

## Manazarta
Sidney S. Culbert

**Sidney Spence Culbert** (Mayu 14, 1913 - Oktoba 28, 2003) masanin harshe ne, masanin halayyar dan adam kuma Esperantist .

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife shi a Miles City, Montana, Culbert ya koma Tacoma, Washington tare da iyalinsa a 1923 kuma ya zauna a Tacoma da Seattle ga mafi yawan rayuwarsa.

Ya yi bincike sosai game da yawan masu magana da harsuna daban-daban a duk faɗin duniya (ta hanyar samfurori), kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga sashin *[[World Almanac|Almanac na Duniya]]*' akan "Manyan Harsuna na Duniya". Mataimakin Farfesa na ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Washington (Seattle) don mafi yawan aikinsa na ilimi, ban da bincikensa game da yawan harsuna masu magana ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga nazarin fahimta, gudummawar da ta kasance mai tasiri a cikin ƙirar bangarorin kayan aikin jirgin sama a cikin jirgin saman Boeing 707. Kafin ya sami digirin digirinsa kuma ya karbi matsayin farfesa, Culbert ya yi aiki na shekaru da yawa a matsayin injiniya tare da Kamfanin Boeing. A lokacin da yake aiki a Jami'ar Washington ya kasance yana da hannu sosai wajen kafa Sashen Harshe na jami'ar, amma ya zaɓi ya kasance a cikin Sashen Ilimin Halitta saboda babban abin da ya mayar da hankali ga harshe, wanda ya shafi batutuwan fahimta, ya kasance a fagen ilimin halayyar mutum, wanda aka gani a matsayin batun ilimin halayya fiye da na harshe.

Ya mutu a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 2003.

## Tushen

* Bincike da Hanyoyi ga masu magana da Esperanto
* Labari mai tsawo game da Sidney da matarsa Ruth
Florence Wysinger Allen

Florence Wysinger Allen (Maris 14, 1913 - Yuni 1, 1997) ta kasance samfurin masu fasaha 'yan Afirka-Amurka fiye da shekaru 30. Ana kiranta da "samfurin mawakan San Francisco da aka fi so".

## Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Florence Wysinger Allen a Oakland, California a shekarar 1913. Mahaifinta, Marion, ɗan wani majagaba ne a California , Edmond Edward Wysinger .  Mahaifiyarta, mai suna Moore, ƙwararriyar mai buga piano ce a fannin kade-kade. Allen ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Fremont kuma ta zama mai himma a cikin al'ummar fasaha ta San Francisco kuma ta zama mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a da kuma marubuciyar jarida. Abokan hulɗarta sun haɗa da Paul Robeson, Paul Newman, Harry Belafonte da Allen Ginsberg .  Lokacin da ba ta yin tallan kayan kwalliya ba, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai masaukin baki a gidajen cin abinci na North Beach kamar Washington Square Bar and Grill . A shekarar 1987, wata babbar mota ta buge ta yayin da take ketare titi kusa da Fisherman's Wharf, ta karya ƙafafunta biyu kuma ta takaita zirga-zirgarta.  Ta mutu a El Sobrante, California a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 1997. 

## Samfurin masu fasaha

Allen ta fara yin tallan kayan kawa a shekarar 1933, saboda buƙatar kuɗi,  kuma ta yi aiki ga masu zane kamar Mark Rothko, Diego Rivera, Gertrude Murphy da Wayne Thiebaud . Ta kuma yi tallan kayan kawa a azuzuwan makarantun fasaha a Cibiyar Fasaha ta San Francisco, Jami'ar California-Berkeley, Jami'ar Stanford, Kwalejin Fasaha da Sana'o'i ta California da Kwalejin Mills . Allen ta fi son yin tallan kayan kawa a tsirara, tana mai cewa nasarar yin tallan kayan kawa tana da wahala, wanda ya haɗa da ladabi da tunani. Kamar yadda ta ce, "Ba za ka iya tunani da tufafinka ba."  Yin tallan kayan kawa a tsirara shi ma ya sa ta sami ƙarin kuɗi; an biya ta 75 cents a kowace awa idan aka kwatanta da 50 cents a kowace awa don yin tallan kayan kawa. A shekarar 1945 ta jagoranci kafa ƙungiyar San Francisco Models' Guild, wata ƙungiya da a yanzu aka sani da ƙungiyar Bay Area Models' Guild.  Ya yi tasiri wajen inganta albashin masu zane-zane.  A shekarar 1965, Jami'ar California-San Francisco ta gudanar da wani baje kolin fasaha mai taken "Florence Allen Herself" wanda ya nuna aikin Allen na tsawon shekaru talatin.  A shekarar 1987 ta zama Mai Gudanar da Samfura kuma malamar Bita na Takaddun Shaida na Samfura a Kwalejin Fasaha ta California . 

## Manazarta
David Gaines (mai kirkiro)

**David Gaines** (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 1961) mawaƙi ne na Amurka.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Ya rubuta waƙoƙin kiɗa na farko don haɗa matani da aka rubuta a Esperanto, da kuma waƙar mawaƙa ta Esperanto, Povas Plori Mi Ne Plu ("Zan iya kuka ba tare da daɗewa ba"), wanda ya shafi tsohon yanayin soja a Bosnia da Herzegovina. Wannan waƙar ta lashe lambar yabo ta farko a 1995 World Esperanto Association's Belartaj Konkursoj (ƙungiya a fagen kyawawan haruffa) a Tampere . Gaines tana da digiri a cikin kiɗa daga Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma, Jami'ar Amurka, da Jami'ar Johns Hopkins ta Peabody Conservatory of Music.

Waƙarsa ta Esperanto, wanda ke samuwa a matsayin CD tare da Vit Micka da Kimball Wheeler yana raira waƙa mezzo-soprano, an fara shi ne ta hanyar Moravian Philharmonic a Olomouc, Jamhuriyar Czech a watan Oktoba 2000. Ƙungiyoyin guda huɗu suna da matani da sanannun Esperantists suka rubuta ciki har da L. L. Zamenhof da Marjorie Boulton, da kuma mawaki na Bulgarian Penka Papazova da Gaines da kansa. A cikin ƙungiyar Esperanto, Gaines yana aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin ba da shawara na Gidauniyar Nazarin Esperantic kuma yana riƙe da taken Shugaban girmamawa na Kungiyar Esperanto ta Kiɗa (*Muzika Esperanto-Ligo*).

## Manazarta
Harsunan Gogodala-Suki

Harsunan **Gogodala-Suki** ko Suki - Aramia River ƙananan yare ne na Papua New Guinea, ana magana da su a yankin Aramia River .

## Harsuna
Harsunan sune:
 
Harsunan Gogodala-Suki da bayanan jama'a da Evans ya lissafa (2018) an bayar da su a ƙasa.

## Harshe na asali

### Fasahar sauti
Tsarin sauti da aka sake ginawa shine, 

Ba a san ko akwai alamomi *w ko *j daban daga *u da *i ba.

### Wakilan sunaye

### Lexicon
Proto-Suki-Aramia (watau, Proto-Gogodala-Suki) sake fasalin ƙamus na Usher (2020) sune: 

## Kwatanta ƙamus
Kalmomin ƙamus masu zuwa sun fito ne daga McElhanon & Voorhoeve (1970),  Voorhoeve (70), da Reesink (1976), kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin bayanan Trans-New Guinea. 

Kalmomin da aka ambata sun zama kwatankwacin fassarar, ko suna da alaƙa (misali *ato*, ato, atu don "mace") ko a'a (misali Cunəpila, *Poso*, *tamki* don "ƙashin haƙori").

## manazarta