Asusun Tsaro na Muhalli

**Asusun Tsaro na Muhalli** ko **EDF** (wanda aka fi sani da Tsaro na Muhalli) ƙungiya ce ta Amurka mai ba da shawara kan muhalli mai zaman kanta.  An san ƙungiyar don aikinta kan batutuwan da suka haɗa da dumamar yanayi, maido da yanayin muhalli, tekuna, da lafiyar ɗan adam, da masu ba da shawara ta amfani da ingantaccen kimiyya, tattalin arziki da doka don nemo hanyoyin magance muhalli waɗanda ke aiki.  Ba shi da bangaranci, kuma aikinsa yakan ba da shawarar hanyoyin magance matsalolin muhalli na tushen kasuwa

Hedikwatar kungiyar tana cikin Birnin New York, tare da ofisoshi a duk faɗin Amurka, tare da masana kimiyya da masana manufofi da ke aiki a duk duniya. Ofisoshin yanki na Amurka sun haɗa da Austin, Texas; Boston; Boulder, Colorado; Los Angeles; Raleigh, North Carolina; San Francisco; Washington, DC da St. Petersburg, Florida. Kungiyar tana da karuwar kasancewar kasa da kasa, tare da ofisoshi a London, Brussels, Mumbai da Beijing.

Fred Krupp ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta tun shekara ta 1984. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2011 Krupp na cikin ƙungiyar masana da Sakataren Ma'aikatar Makamashi na Amurka Steven Chu ya kira zuwa wani karamin kwamiti na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Makamashi wanda aka caje shi da yin shawarwari don inganta aminci da aikin muhalli na fashewar iskar gas ta halitta daga tsarin shale. Kwamitin ya ba da rahoto na wucin gadi a watan Agusta da rahotonsa na ƙarshe a watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar.

A cikin 1991, The Economist ya kira EDF "Mafi yawan masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama na Amurka".  An sanya kungiyar a matsayi na farko tsakanin kungiyoyin muhalli a cikin binciken duniya na Financial Times na 2007 na haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci ba tare da riba ba.  Charity Navigator, mai kimantawa mai zaman kansa, ya ba EDF darajar taurari huɗu daga cikin huɗu gabaɗaya tun daga 1 ga Yuni, 2012.

## Tarihi
The organization's founders, including Art Cooley, Robert Burnap, George Woodwell, Charles Wurster, Dennis Puleston, Victor Yannacone da Robert Smolker, sun gano a tsakiyar 1960s cewa osprey da sauran manyan raptors suna bacewa cikin sauri.  Binciken da suka gudanar ya bankado wata alaka tsakanin fesa DDT don kashe sauro da bawon kwai na manyan tsuntsaye.  Wataƙila bincikensu ya dogara ne akan littafin Silent Spring na Rachel Carson game da haɗarin DDT da tasirin da yake da shi akan tsuntsaye, wanda aka buga a 1962..&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup> Carson, wanda ya mutu a 1964, an lura da shi a matsayin masanin kimiyya wanda ya karfafa motsin muhalli.  Wadanda suka kafa EDF sun yi nasarar neman haramcin DDT a gundumar Suffolk, Long Island, New York.  Bayan haka, sun yi nasarar hana DDT a duk fadin jihar, sannan suka dauki kokarinsu na kasa baki daya.

A kallon baya game da wucewar Dokar Ruwa Mai Tsarki ta 1974, manyan jami'an EPA da ke da alhakin aiwatar da dokar sun tuna cewa EDF ta buga wani binciken kididdiga wanda ya goyi bayan alaƙar da ke tsakanin gurbataccen kwayoyin halitta da ƙimar ciwon daji a Birnin New Orleans, binciken da ya sami babban hankalin kafofin watsa labarai kuma tabbas ya ba da gudummawa ga aiwatar da dokar.

A ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 2018, kungiyar ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen MethaneSAT, tauraron dan adam don taimakawa wajen gano hayakin methane na duniya, yana mai da hankali kan manyan yankuna 50 na mai da iskar gas da ke da alhakin kashi 80% na samar da methane. An kaddamar da tauraron dan adam a ranar 4 ga Maris, 2024.  EDF ta ce za ta sa bayanan su zama jama'a. Manufar ita ce taimakawa wajen rage hayakin methane da kashi 45% nan da shekara ta 2025. Kudin aikin ya fito ne daga The Audacious Project, wani shiri na kungiyar Taron TED ta duniya. MethaneSAT zai samar da bayanai game da hayakin methane wanda za'a iya haɗa shi da sauran tushen bayanan tauraron dan adam ciki har da Tropomi, [https://www.ghgsat.com/en/ GHGSat] da shirin [https://carbonmapper.org/ CarbonMapper].

== Yankunan aiki ==

* **Haɗin gwiwar kamfanoni** - EDF tana karɓar miliyoyin kuɗi daga ƙungiyoyi masu ƙarfi na kamfanoni, kamar su Walton Family Foundation . 
* **Tattalin arzikin muhalli** - Kungiyar tana inganta amfani da kasuwanni da ƙarfafawa don taimakawa wajen magance matsalolin muhalli. Misalan wannan hanyar a wurin aiki sun haɗa da kamun da aka tsara a cikin Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa (Amurka).[13][13][13]

== Abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci ==
Babban nasarorin Asusun Tsaro na Muhalli sun hada da:

* **1967** - Wani rukuni na masana kimiyya sun kafa kungiyar kuma sun shirya hana DDT (wanda ya faru a 1972).   (Dubi haramcin DDT.) 
* **1970** - Kokarin hana farautar whale.
* **1974** - Wani rahoto na Asusun Tsaro na Muhalli game da yiwuwar haɗarin kiwon lafiya na ruwan [[Mississippi (kogi)|Kogin Mississippi]]  bisa ga nazarin nazarin EPA  yana taimakawa wajen zartar da Dokar Ruwa Mai Tsarki,  wanda ya kafa cikakkun ka'idojin kiwon lafiya don ruwa a duk fadin kasar.
* **1985** - Ya taimaka wajen shawo kan masu kula da tarayya don fitar da gubar daga man fetur,   wanda ya haifar da raguwar guba a cikin yara.
* **1986** - Ya tura McDonald's don kafa kwantena na kayan abinci masu narkewa. 
* **1987** - Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yarjejeniyar don kawar da amfani da CFCs, sunadarai da masu bincike da yawa suka yi imanin sun lalata [[Lemar Sararin Samaniya|Layer na ozone]] na Duniya, kodayake an ci gaba da ba da izinin CFC-22, an sake masa suna H-CFC-22 don kauce wa haramta.
* **1990** - An tsara Title IV na Dokar Tsabtace Iska, wanda ya haɗa da hanyoyin kasuwa don yanke gurɓataccen iska da ruwan sama mai ƙamshi. Matakan sun rage gurɓataccen sulfur dioxide da sauri fiye da yadda ake tsammani, kuma a wani ɓangare na farashin.
* **1990** - Inganta kayan kwalliya na McDonald, rage sharar gida a cikin haɗin gwiwar kamfanoni, wanda ya zo bayan wasu kungiyoyi da yawa sun nuna rashin amincewa da amfani da kayan kwalliya ta McDonald kuma kamfanin yana neman hanyar "ceton fuska" ta hanyar da'awar cewa shawarwarin EDF shine dalilin canjin. Citizens Clearinghouse on Hazardous Waste, wanda Lois Gibbs ta kafa, ta taimaka wajen daidaita zanga-zangar McDonald's.
* **1993** - EDF na ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin muhalli guda bakwai da aka ba da kuɗin tushe don amincewa da Yarjejeniyar NAFTA .
* **1995** - An tsara shirin Safe Harbor  wanda ke ba masu mallakar ƙasa sabon ƙarfafawa don taimakawa nau'in da ke cikin haɗari a kan dukiyarsu.
* **2000** - Bakwai daga cikin manyan kamfanoni a duniya sun shiga Tsaron Muhalli a cikin haɗin gwiwa don magance dumamar yanayi, suna saita manufofi masu ƙarfi don rage fitar da iskar gas.
* **2001, 2004, 2008** - Matakan da suka lashe wanda ya haifar da fitar da motar mai tsabta daga manyan motoci, jiragen ruwa da sauran motoci.
* **2002** - Ya fara kamfen don cire madatsar ruwan O'Shaughnessy a Kwarin Hetch Hetchy a cikin Yosemite National Park.
* **2004** - Ƙarshen haɗin gwiwar shekaru huɗu tare da FedEx don haɓaka da tura motocin lantarki na hybrid. Sabbin motocin sun rage gurɓataccen smog da kashi 65%, rage soot da kashi 96%, kuma suna motsawa da kashi 57% a kan galan na man fetur.
* **2006** - Ya hada hannu da Dokar Maganin Warming na Duniya ta California ta 2006 tare da Majalisar Tsaro ta Halitta.
* **2006** - Ya jagoranci karɓar hannun jari na kamawa, hanyar kimiyya don sarrafa kamun kifi da sarrafa raguwar yawan kifi.
* **2007** - Co-kafa United States Climate Action Partnership (US-CAP), hadin gwiwar manyan kamfanoni da kungiyoyin muhalli da ke tallafawa aiki kan dumamar yanayi, gami da murfin hayaki na carbon na kasuwa. Wadanda suka halarci kamfanoni sun hada da GE, DuPont da Duke Energy; kungiyoyin da ba su da riba da ke da hannu sune Cibiyar Pew kan Canjin Yanayi na Duniya, Majalisar Tsaro ta Halitta da Cibiyar Harkokin Duniya, wanda ya kafa.
* **2007** - Ya taimaka wajen tattauna wani codicil na muhalli a matsayin wani ɓangare na sayen TXU na Texas Pacific.
* 2008-2011 - An kafa kuma ya haɓaka shirin Climate Corps, wanda ya dace da ƙungiyoyi tare da ɗaliban MBA da MPA don gano tanadin makamashi.
* **2011** - Nasarar kamfen don tsaftace man fetur mai gurbataccen gurbataccen a Birnin New York.
* **2011''' - An gina hadin gwiwa don kayar da Shirin 23, wani shirin zabe na masana'antu wanda zai toshe Dokar Maganin Warming na Duniya ta California (AB32). 

EDF ta jawo zargi saboda alakar da take da ita da manyan kamfanoni ciki har da McDonald's, FedEx, Walmart,  da kamfanin makamashi na Texas TXU, wanda kungiyar ta tattauna da shi don rage hayaki da haɓaka ayyukan kasuwanci masu kyau. Falsafar EDF ita ce tana shirye ta yi magana da manyan kasuwanci kuma ta gwada sabbin hanyoyin don samun sakamakon muhalli.

### Kare kifi
Wani labari na 2009 na Ƙungiyar Masu Kifi ta Tekun Pacific a cikin mujallar kasuwanci Fishermen's News ya yi jayayya cewa hanyar EDF game da manufofin kifi a Arewa maso Yammacin Pacific na iya lalata ƙananan, masu aiki na gida waɗanda ke da sha'awar kare kifi da iyakance kamawa. Yawancin masunta suna tsoron cewa hanyar tana ba da fa'ida ga gasa ga manyan ayyukan da ba na gida ba, suna jefa masu aiki masu zaman kansu cikin haɗari, gami da jiragen ruwa, kamun kifi, da tashar jiragen ruwa.

EDF ta yi jayayya cewa yadda muke gudanar da kamun kifi yana buƙatar canzawa idan muna so mu kare masunta, kamun kiɗa, da al'ummomin bakin teku. A cikin wani rahoto da ke ba da shawarar sharar tattalin arziki a wasu wuraren kamun kifi na duniya,  EDF ta ba da shawarar hanyar:  hannun jari na kamawa, wanda ke sanya iyaka ta kimiyya akan jimlar kifin da za a iya kamawa; wannan adadin ana raba shi tsakanin mutane ko kungiyoyi, waɗanda zasu iya sayar da hannun jarin su ko hayar su ga masunta. EDF ta nuna cewa damuwa game da karfafawa ko mallakar kamfanoni na kamun kifi ba shi da tushe.

An zargi EDF da tallafawa da yada karatu  wanda ke amfani da kimiyya da tattalin arziki masu tambaya  a cikin ingantawar gudanar da kamun kifi. Har ila yau, sun yi amfani da manyan 'yan siyasa  don inganta manufofin kamun kifi waɗanda ke tilasta ƙananan kasuwancin kamun kiɗa don tallafawa manyan jiragen ruwa,  yayin da suke musanta duk wani mummunan tasirin waɗannan shirye-shiryen da suke da shi a kan iyalai da al'ummomi.

EDF ta gudanar da tarurruka tare da masu saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu  inda mataimakin shugaban su na West Coast, David Festa, ya inganta sayen haƙƙin kamun kifi a matsayin saka hannun jari wanda zai iya samar da riba 400%, da kuma "darajar zaɓuɓɓuka" duk da ikirarinsa  cewa an tsara waɗannan haƙƙoƙin don samar da ƙarfafa kuɗi ga masunta da kansu. Kungiyoyin da ba na riba ba da yawa sun nuna takaici akai-akai  tare da EDF da inganta waɗannan manufofin gudanarwa. Nazarin da aka yi kwanan nan    ya nuna cewa duk da ikirarin EDF, hannun jari na kamawa ba ya kawo ƙarshen kamun kifi kuma yawanci ba ya haifar da samun riba ta muhalli na dogon lokaci.

Asusun Tsaro na Muhalli yana tallafawa shirin Rigs-to-Reefs a cikin Tekun Mexico, inda aka canza tsoffin dandamali na samar da mai na waje zuwa reefs na wucin gadi na dindindin. EDF tana ganin shirin a matsayin hanyar adana mazaunin da ke akwai na dandamali na mai.

EDF tana ganin iskar gas a matsayin hanyar da za a sauya kwal da sauri, tare da ra'ayin cewa za a maye gurbin iskar gas cikin lokaci da makamashi mai sabuntawa. Kungiyar ta matsawa don tsauraran kula da muhalli a kan hako gas da fashewar ruwa, ba tare da hana su ba. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2013, bayan tattaunawa tare da masana'antar mai, wakilan EDF sun shiga masu magana da yawun Anadarko Petroleum, Noble Energy, da Encana, don amincewa da shawarar da gwamnan Colorado John Hickenlooper ya yi na ingantaccen tsari na hayaki na kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar samar da mai da iskar gas. EDF ta ba da kuɗin karatu tare da masana'antar man fetur kan tasirin muhalli na samar da iskar gas. Wasu masu kula da muhalli sun soki manufofin. Mai ba da shawara na EDF kuma mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo Mark Brownstein ya amsa: Bukatar iskar gas ba ta tafi ba, kuma ba ta lalacewar ruwa. Dole ne mu kasance a bayyane game da wannan, kuma mu yi gwagwarmaya don kare lafiyar jama'a da muhalli daga tasirin da ba a yarda da shi ba. Dole ne mu yi aiki tuƙuru don sanya manufofi don tabbatar da cewa iskar gas tana aiki a matsayin mai ba da damar samar da wutar lantarki mai sabuntawa, ba cikas ga shi ba. Muna tsoron cewa wadanda ke adawa da duk samar da iskar gas a ko'ina, a zahiri, suna sa ya zama da wahala ga tattalin arzikin Amurka ya cire kansa daga kwal.

## Dubi kuma