John L. Leal

**John Laing Leal** (Mayu 5, 1858 - Maris 13, 1914) ya kasance likitan Amurka ne kuma masanin maganin ruwa wanda, a cikin 1908, ke da alhakin yin ciki da aiwatar da maganin farko na samar da ruwan sha na Amurka ta amfani da chlorine. Ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan shaidu masu ƙwarewa a gwaje-gwaje biyu waɗanda suka bincika ingancin samar da ruwa a Jersey City, New Jersey, kuma wanda ya kimanta aminci da amfani da chlorine don samar da ruwan sha "mai tsabta da lafiya". Hukuncin shari'a na biyu ya amince da amfani da chlorine don kashe ruwan sha wanda ya haifar da fashewar amfani da shi a cikin samar da ruwa a duk faɗin Amurka.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi John L. Leal a Andes, New York, a cikin shekara ta 1858. A shekara ta 1862, mahaifinsa, John R. Leal wanda likita ne, ya shiga rundunar sojan sa kai ta 144 ta New York. John R. Leal ya ga sabis a wurare da yawa a lokacin yakin basasa ciki har da tsibirin Folly a lokacin Siege na Charleston, South Carolina .  Ya kamu da cutar amoebic dysentery (watakila daga ruwan sha mai gurbatawa) a tsibirin Folly wanda ya sha wahala na shekaru 19 masu zuwa kafin cutar ta haifar da mutuwarsa a 1882. 

A shekara ta 1867, Dokta John R. Leal ya ƙaura da iyalinsa daga Andes zuwa birnin masana'antu mai saurin girma na Paterson, New Jersey. John L. Leal ya sami ilimin firamare a makarantar sakandare ta Paterson . Ya halarci Kwalejin Princeton (yanzu Jami'ar Princeton) daga 1876 zuwa 1880.  John L. Leal ya halarci makarantar likita a Kwalejin Likitoci da Likitoci ta Columbia daga 1880 zuwa 1884 inda ya sami digiri na likita.

## Ayyuka
Bayan ya sami digiri na likita, Leal ya buɗe aikin likita a Paterson, New Jersey, kuma an nada shi Likita na Birni a 1886. Tare da wasu likitoci, ya kafa asibitin asibiti a asibitin Paterson a 1887 kuma ya yi aiki a can har zuwa 1892. A shekara ta 1888, ya auri Amy Arrowsmith kuma an haifi ɗansu guda ɗaya, Graham, a cikin shekara. Ayyukan Leal a gwamnatin birnin Paterson sun ci gaba tare da nadinsa a matsayin Sufetocin Lafiya a 1891 da Jami'in Lafiya a 1862. A matsayinsa na Jami'in Lafiya, Leal yana da alhakin gano annobar cututtukan da ke yaduwa da kuma kashe cututtukani a gidajen wadanda abin ya shafa. Ya kuma kula da samar da ruwa ga jama'a kuma yana da alhakin gina cibiyar sadarwa mai girma don cire sharar gida da masana'antu daga Birnin. Don hana yaduwar cututtukan da ke yaduwa, shi ne ke da alhakin gina asibitin Isolation a Paterson a cikin 1897, wanda, a lokacin, an dauke shi a matsayin misali. Ya wallafa takardu da yawa a lokacin da yake aiki a matsayin Jami'in Lafiya ciki har da wanda ya bayyana dalilin barkewar zazzabin typhoid a Paterson.

A shekara ta 1899, Leal ya bar aikin birni kuma ya zama mai ba da shawara kan tsabta ga Kamfanin Ruwa na Gabashin Jersey. Shawararsa ta mayar da hankali kan al'amuran kiwon lafiyar jama'a da amincin ruwan sha ya haifar da wani bangare ta abubuwan da ya samu da kuma tasirin Garret Hobart, wanda ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka na 24 a 1896. Zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa, Leal ya kasance Shugaban Hukumar Lafiya ta Birnin Paterson .

## Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru
Leal na cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru da yawa. A shekara ta 1884, an zabe shi memba na Medical Society of New Jersey, kuma ya kasance memba mai aiki na Passaic County Medical Society. A shekara ta 1900, ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban wannan kungiyar. Duk da mayar da hankali kan harkokin kula da ruwa bayan 1899, har yanzu yana cikin kungiyar likitancin Passaic County, yana aiki a Kwamitin Shari'a a 1900 kuma a 1901 ya kasance Shugaban kasa. A cikin 1905, ya kasance mai aiki a cikin Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jiha kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin dindindin daga yankin Passaic . 

A cikin 1903, Leal ya kasance shugaban kungiyar New Jersey Sanitary Association . A kan shirin taron kungiyar kiwon lafiya a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1903, an lura da Leal don ba da jawabin shugaban kasa kan "Halin yanzu na Kimiyya ta kiwon lafiya". Moses N. Baker ya kasance shugaban kwamitin zubar da shara na kungiyar kuma a wani taro mai taken zubar da ruwa a New Jersey, masu magana sun hada da Rudolph Hering, Allen Hazen, George W. Fuller da masanin samar da ruwa na New Jersey Charles A. Vermeule .  Wadannan kwararru sun yi hulɗa da juna a duk lokacin da suke aiki.

Ya kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Amirka da Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Amirka . A taron shekara-shekara na APHA a shekara ta 1897, Leal ya karanta takarda mai taken, "House Sanitation with Reference to Drainage, Plumbing, and Ventilation". A taron shekara-shekara na APHA na 1902 a New Orleans, an zabi Leal a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kungiyar na biyu.

## Ruwan Jersey City
A shekara ta 1899, Jersey City ta shiga kwangila tare da Patrick H. Flynn don gina samar da ruwa don maye gurbin wanda ya gurɓata sosai ta hanyar datti. An gina babban madatsar ruwa a kan Kogin Rockaway wanda ya haifar da kafa tafkin Boonton wanda ke da damar fiye da lita biliyan 7 na ruwa. A lokacin gini, kamfanin Jersey City Water Supply Company (JCWSC) ne ya karɓi aikin, wanda kamfani ne mai zaman kansa wanda ya ɗauki John L. Leal a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan tsabta. An haɗa shi a cikin alhakin Leal shine cire wuraren da aka gina ba bisa ka'ida ba da sauran hanyoyin gurɓataccen ruwa daga ruwa a sama da tafkin Boonton. An kammala madatsar ruwan, tafkin da bututun mai mai nisan kilomita 23 kuma a ranar 4 ga Mayu, 1904, an fara isar da ruwa daga aikin zuwa Jersey City. Kamar yadda ya saba a wannan lokacin, ba a ba da wani magani na kowane irin ga samar da ruwa ba. Jami'an birni ba su gamsu da aikin ba kamar yadda JCWSC ta bayar kuma sun shigar da kara a Kotun Shari'a ta New Jersey. Daga cikin korafe-korafe da yawa da jami'an Jersey City suka yi akwai jayayya cewa ruwan da aka yi wa birnin ba "mai tsabta da lafiya" ba ne kamar yadda kwangilar ta buƙaci.

An gudanar da shari'ar farko a gaban Frederick W. Stevens, Mataimakin Shugaban Kotun Shari'a ta New Jersey. Ranar farko ta shari'ar ita ce Fabrairu 20, 1906, kuma ba a kammala shari'ar ba har sai an ji shaidu da yawa a cikin kwanaki 40 na shari'ar da ta ƙunshi daruruwan abubuwan da aka nuna da dubban shafuka na shaidu. A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1908, Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Stevens ya ba da ra'ayi na shafi 100 wanda ya goyi bayan yawancin ikirarin kwangilar da JCWSC ta yi amma, mafi mahimmanci, ya sami (ga masu shigar da kara) cewa sau biyu zuwa uku a kowace shekara, an kawo ruwan da ba za a iya la'akari da shi "mai tsabta da lafiya" zuwa Jersey City daga samar da ruwa na Boonton. A cikin umarninsa na ƙarshe mai kwanan wata 4 ga Yuni, 1908, Stevens ya umarci JCWSC da ta biya don gina magudanar ruwa don cire gurɓataccen ruwa daga kogin Rockaway ko ƙirƙirar "sauran tsare-tsare ko na'urori" wanda za'a iya amfani dashi maimakon samar da ruwa na tsarkakar da ake buƙata. An ba JCWSC watanni uku don kawo "sauran tsare-tsare ko na'urori" da kuma gabatar da su ga wani maigidan na musamman, Mai Shari'a William J. Magie .

## Manazarta