Josippon

***Josippon*** (ko ***Sefer Yosippon***, *Littafin Yosippon*, Hebrew   ) yana ɗaya daga cikin tarihin tarihi mafi tasiri a zamanin da a tarihin Yahudawa, wanda aka fassara zuwa harsuna da yawa kuma aka sake buga shi a bugu da yawa, kuma alama ce ta tarihin ƙasa ta Yahudawa.  Tarihi ne na Daular Romawa da mazaunanta Yahudawa tun daga tarihin Littafi Mai Tsarki na Adamu har zuwa zamanin Titus .  Marubucin ya rubuta cewa yana kwafi ayyukan masanin tarihi na Romawa-Yahudawa Josephus wanda sunansa yake nufi. An rubuta shi a ƙarni na 10 a Italiya ta Byzantine . Sigar Ethiopic ta *Josippon* ko Zena Ayhud (Zan፡ Ayhud) an amince da ita a matsayin canonical ta Cocin Tewahedo na Habasha da Cocin Tewahedo na Eritrea .  &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup> Hakanan ɓangare ne na Littafi Mai Tsarki na Coptic .  

== Tarihi ==
Marubucin aikin wanda ba a san sunansa ba ya rubuta cewa yana kwafi ne daga rubuce-rubucen tsohon masanin tarihi na Yahudawa-Roman Josephus, wanda marubucin ya kira Josephus ben Gorion (  ). An ba wa sunan ''Yusufu'' sunan Girkanci da ya ƙare ''a'', wanda ya haifar da laƙabin littafin ''Josephon'', ''Joseppon'', ko ''Josippon'' . Sunansa [[Larabci|na Larabci]] ''Yusibus'', a cewar Wellhausen, yayi kama da " Hegesippus ". Wani abu mai sheƙi ya ba da siffar daga ''Giuseppe'' ɗan Italiya. Trieber yana da ra'ayi ɗaya tilo cewa marubucin ya rayu a ƙarni na huɗu kuma ya samo mafi yawan kayansa daga Hegesippus. A cikin fassarar Larabci da Yemen, ana kiran marubucin ''"Yusuf ibn Qaryun."''

Sigar rubutu ta farko da ta rage a yau ta fito ne daga Cairo Geniza, gutsuttsuran da aka rubuta tun ƙarni na 11.  [[Shulamit Sela]] ta gabatar da cewa sigar da ta fi daɗewa za ta kasance kayan da aka samo daga Littafin Maccabees ne kawai. 

An tattara ''Sefer Josippon'' a cikin [[Ibrananci]] a farkon ƙarni na 10 ta hannun wani Bayahude ɗan asalin al'ummar Catepanate ta Italiya da ke Kudancin Italiya, wanda a wancan lokacin ɓangare ne na Daular Byzantine .  Yehudah ibn Moskoni (1328-1377), wani Bayahude ɗan Romanote daga Ohrid, a yankin Balkan, ya gyara kuma ya faɗaɗa sigar a Constantinople a cikin 1510 kuma aka fassara ta zuwa Turanci a cikin 1558.   Moskoni wani ɓangare ne na yanayin Girka-Yahudawa na Byzantine wanda ya samar da ayyukan falsafa da yawa a cikin Ibrananci da kuma al'ummar ilimi ta Yahudawa a Bahar Rum.  Sigar Moskoni ta ''Josippon'' ta zama littafi mafi shahara da Yahudawa suka buga kuma game da Yahudawa ga waɗanda ba Yahudawa ba, waɗanda suka danganta sahihancinsa ga Josephus na Romawa, har zuwa ƙarni na 20. 

An buga bugu na farko a cikin Mantua a shekara ta 1476. Daga baya littafin ya bayyana ta hanyoyi da yawa, ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun shine a cikin Yiddish, tare da zane-zane masu ban sha'awa.  Kamar yadda marubucin Musulmi [[ibn Hazm]] (d. 1063) ya saba da fassarar Larabci daga wani Bayahude ɗan Yemen, Daniel Chwolson ya gabatar da cewa marubucin ya rayu a farkon ƙarni na tara. ''Muqaddimah'' na [[Ibn Kaldun|Ibn Khaldun]] (1332-1406) (1377) ya kuma ƙunshi tarihin Yahudawa bayan Littafi Mai Tsarki na "Isra'ilawa a Siriya" kuma ya dogara da majiyoyin Yahudawa, kamar fassarar Larabci ta ''Josippon'' ta [[Zachariah ibn Said]], Bayahude ɗan Yemen, a cewar Khalifa (d. 1655).   [[Saskia Dönitz]] ta yi nazarin wani tsohon sigar Masar da ya tsufa fiye da sigar da David Flusser ya sake ginawa, tana amfani da aikin wani layi na Judaeo-Arabic ''Josippon'' na [[Shulamit Sela]] da kuma guntu a Cairo Geniza da Genizat Germania, wanda ke nuna cewa ''Josippon'' rubutu ne mai hadewa wanda aka sake gyara shi sau da yawa..     

''Josippon'' kuma wani aiki ne mai farin jini ko kuma volksbuch, kuma yana da ƙarin tasiri kamar fassarar Latin ɗinsa ta Kirista Hebraist Sebastian Münster wanda Peter Morvyn, abokin Kwalejin Magdalen da ke [[Jami'ar Oxford|Oxford]] da Canon na Lichfield suka fassara zuwa Turanci, wanda Richard Jugge, mai buga littattafai ga Sarauniya a Ingila ya buga, kuma a cewar Lucien Wolf, shahararsa na iya taka rawa a sake tsugunar da Yahudawa a Ingila .   Munster ya kuma fassara aikin tarihi na ibn Daud wanda aka haɗa shi da bugu na Morwyng.  Steven Bowman ya lura cewa ''Josippon'' wani aiki ne na farko wanda ya zaburar da ƙabilancin Yahudawa kuma yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan adabin midrashic da masu rubuta tarihin Talmudic da kuma masana tarihi na duniya, kodayake tunanin Yahudawa ya ɗauki aggadah a matsayin rubutu na ur-text na ƙoƙarin ƙarni na 19 a tarihin ƙasar Yahudawa. 

== Abubuwan da ke ciki ==
Daga [[Adam|Adamu]] da yanayin ƙasa na ƙarni na farko kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), marubucin ya koma ga tarihin almara na Roma da Babila, zuwa ga labarin Daniyel, Zerubbabel (bisa ga Apocrypha ), Haikali na Biyu, da [[Cyrus the Great|Cyrus Mai Girma]], da kuma tarihin [[Alakszandira|Alexander Mai Girma]] da magadansa. Sannan ya ba da tarihin Yahudawa har zuwa halakar Haikalin. Kashi na ƙarshe ya ƙunshi, a tsakanin wasu abubuwa, ɗan gajeren tarihin [[Hannibal]] da labarin naɗin sarki, wanda, a cewar Basnage  yana nufin na Otto I, Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki (wanda aka naɗa a matsayin sarki na 962); wannan zai zama tushen bayanai masu mahimmanci game da wannan lamari. Idan zato na Basnage daidai ne, za a iya sanya ranar da aka rubuta "Yosippon" a ƙarshen ƙarni na 10. An rubuta "Yosippon" a cikin Ibrananci mai tsarki na Littafi Mai Tsarki, yana nuna fifiko ga wasu jimloli na Littafi Mai Tsarki da tarihin tarihi, kuma yana da wadataccen nassoshi na waƙa da kuma a cikin manyan kalmomi da hasashe na falsafa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

## Daraja a matsayin tushen tarihi

"Yosippon" yana ɗaya daga cikin majiyoyin tarihi mafi daraja a tarihin Yahudawa a Zamanin Tsakiya, kuma ana sake buga shi akai-akai.   Ya dogara ne akan Hegesippus (ko Pseudo-Hegesippus ), mai fassara Latin na *Antiquities* da *Yaƙin Yahudawa* na Josephus.  Marubucin ya sami damar samun ingantaccen ɗakin karatu na kayan aiki kuma ya yi amfani da Maccabees 1, Maccabees 2, fassarar Jerome na Eusebius, Aeneid, Macrobius, Orosius, da Livy .  Kamar suna da wahayi, aikin ya haɗa tarihin Romawa da tarihin Yahudawa. 

Joseph Justus Scaliger a cikin littafinsa "Elenchus Trihæresii Nicolai Serarii" shi ne na farko da ya yi shakkar ingancinsa; Jan Drusius (wanda ya rasu a 1609) ya ɗauke shi a matsayin mara amfani a tarihi saboda kurakuran tarihi da yawa; Zunz da Delitzsch sun sanya wa marubucin suna a matsayin mayaudari. Rubuce-rubucen da aka buga da kuma bugu da aka buga sun ƙunshi kurakuran tarihi da dama, bambance-bambance ko kuskuren fahimta idan aka kwatanta da ainihin Josephus da sauran majiyoyin da ya samo asali daga gare su, da kuma sharhin ra'ayi daga marubucin. Amma da kyar akwai wani littafi a cikin adabin Yahudawa wanda ya fuskanci ƙarin canje-canje a hannun masu kwafi da masu tarawa; Judah ibn Moskoni ya san aƙalla tarin littattafai ko gajerun bayanai guda huɗu daban-daban. Bugun da aka buga daga baya ya fi girma kashi ɗaya bisa uku fiye da editio princeps na Mantua .

Duk da haka, a zamanin yau, an sake gane *Josippon* a matsayin muhimmin tushe a cikin ikonsa.  Ana ɗaukar *Josippon* a matsayin tushe mai mahimmanci ga wasu batutuwa, kamar daular Hasmonean da tarihin Yahudawa a Italiya da Daular Byzantine, kuma yana fassara yawancin Josephus.  David Flusser da Steven Bowman sun rubuta bugu na zamani na suka, kuma na biyun yana ɗaukarsa a matsayin cakuda tarihi da midrash .   

## Sukar adabi

Bugun Sebastian Münster  ya cire gabatarwar tatsuniya  tare da jerin tarihin zuriyarsa,  da kuma ch. lxvii. har zuwa ƙarshe, yana ba da labarin balaguron Vespasian da Titus a kan Urushalima. Azariah dei Rossi ya kuma fahimci cewa an shigar da Romance na Alexander Romance na Pseudo-Callisthenes a cikin fassarar Ibrananci cikin bugu na farko; kuma, bayan David Kimchi, Rapoport ya nuna cewa babi na ƙarshe na Ibrahim ibn Daud ne.  Zunz ya nuna wasu sassa da yawa na aikin a matsayin ƙarin Sifaniyanci, waɗanda aka yi a ƙarni na sha biyu. Trieber ya tabbatar da kusan dukkan labarin Alexander Mai Girma da magajinsa daga baya ne. A cewar wannan mai suka, ɓangaren aikin asali tare da marubucin ya ƙare da ch. lv. (ƙaddamar da Haikalin Hirudus ), mafi yawan sauran an ɗauko su daga Pseudo-Hegesippus, kuma wataƙila an ƙara su tun farkon ƙarni na 5. Wannan zai bayyana sabani da bambance-bambancen salo iri-iri tsakanin waɗannan sassa biyu.

Akwai sauran, a matsayin tushen tarihin duka, tarihin Haikali na Biyu, wanda ya fara da labaran apocryphal game da Daniyel, Zerubbabel, da sauransu, kuma ya ƙare da gyara Haikalin a ƙarƙashin Hirudus. Duk da haka, wani mai kwafi na Pseudo-Hegesippus, ya gano "Joseph ben Gorion" (Josephum Gorione Genitum), wani shugaba na Urushalima, wanda aka ambata a cikin iii. 3, 2 da seq., tare da masanin tarihi Josephus ben Mattithiah, a wannan lokacin gwamnan sojojin Galili . Wannan na iya zama dalilin gaskiyar cewa an danganta tarihin ga Yusufu b. Gorion.

Julius Wellhausen, wanda ya yarda da Trieber, ya musanta cewa ainihin ɓangaren yana da wani darajar tarihi ko kaɗan. Trieber ya yi iƙirarin cewa marubucin bai ɗauko bayanansa kai tsaye daga Josephus ko daga Littafi na Biyu na Maccabees ba, kamar yadda aka saba yi imani da shi, kuma kamar yadda Wellhausen ya tabbatar. Ya yi imanin cewa Maccabees na Biyu da "Yosippon" sun yi amfani da aikin Jason na Cyrene, da Josephus da kuma "Yosippon" na Nicholas na Damascus . &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

Littafin ya jaddada girman kan ƙasa maimakon ibada ta addini. Wannan shine karo na farko da aka juya kalmar Littafi Mai Tsarki " kamar tumaki zuwa yanka " aka yi amfani da ita don adawa da shahadar masu zaman lafiya: sabanin labaran da suka gabata, an yaba wa Matityahu a matsayin wanda ya ce, "Ku yi ƙarfi mu ƙarfafa, mu mutu muna yaƙi, kada mu mutu kamar yadda tumaki suka jagorance su zuwa yanka" a lokacin Tawayen Maccabean . 

## Bugu-da-wane

# An buga bugu na farko na "Yosippon" a cikin Mantua ta hannun Abraham Conat (1476–79), wanda shi ma ya rubuta gabatarwa game da shi. Sauran bugu sune:
# Constantinople, 1510; an shirya shi kuma an faɗaɗa shi, tare da gabatarwar Tam ibn Yahya ben David. An aro shi sosai daga na Judah Leon ben Moses Mosconi (haihuwa 1328), wanda aka buga a *Otzar Ṭob,* 1878, i. 017 *et seq.*  An raba rubutun da ke cikin wannan bugu zuwa surori casa'in da bakwai.
# Basel, 1541; tare da gabatarwar Latin, da kuma fassarar daga rubutun editio princeps, na Sebastian Münster. Duk da haka, bugu ya ƙunshi surori iv kawai zuwa lxiii.; sauran surori an fassara su zuwa Latin ta David Kyberus ( *Historia Belli Judaici*, a cikin De la Bigne 's *Bibliotheca Patrum*, Paris).
# Venice, 1544; an sake bugawa daga bugu na Constantinople, kamar yadda aka yi duk bugu masu zuwa.
# Cracow, 1588 da 1599.
# Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1689.
# Gotha, 1707 da 1710; tare da gabatarwar Münster da fassarar Latin da bayanin kula daga Friedrich Breithaupt. Sauran bugu sun bayyana a Amsterdam (1723), Prague (1784), Warsaw (1845 da 1871), Zhitomir (1851), da Lvov (1855). 

Ya zuwa shekarar 2025, sabon bugu na zamani mai sharhi, wanda aka fassara zuwa Turanci, Bowman ne ya wallafa shi:

*  

## Fassara da tattarawa

An buga fassarar Yiddish mai zane-zane ta Michael Adam ( Zürich, 1546; Prague, 1607; Amsterdam, 1661); daga baya Menahem ben Solomon ha-Levi ya yi masa gyara, kuma aka buga shi a ƙarƙashin taken Keter Torah (Amsterdam, 1743). Joseph Gagnier ne ya buga wata fassarar Latin, tare da gabatarwar Tam ibn Yahya ( Oxford, 1706); an buga fassarar Faransanci ta ƙarin Latin na Kyberus ta F. de Belleforest a cikin fassarar Faransa ta Gilbert Génébrard ta Josephus (Paris, 1609). An yi wani taƙaitaccen bayani a kudancin Italiya, kimanin 1150, ta Jerahmeel ben Solomon [undefined] da fassarar wani ɓangare ta Moses Gaster, a cikin Tarihin Jerahmeel . [1] An buga wani taƙaitaccen bayani, wanda Abraham ibn Dauda ya rubuta a shekara ta 1161 kuma aka yi amfani da shi a matsayin littafi na uku na littafinsa Sefer Seder ha-Qabbalah ( Mantua, 1513; Venice, 1545; Basel, 1580, da sauransu), tare da fassarar Latin ta Münster, a Worms (1529) da Basel (1559).

Peter Morvyn ne ya yi fassarar Turanci na wannan ɗan littafin (London, 1558, 1561, 1575, 1608). An buga lissafin Yiddish na Edel bat Moses a Kraków a cikin 1670; mafi tsufa na Jamus, a ƙarƙashin taken "Joseppi Jüdische Historien" (marubuci ba a san shi ba) an kwatanta shi a cikin Wolf, "Littafi Mai Tsarki Hebr." (iii. 389). An ba da wasu gajerun abubuwan cirewa, a cikin Jamusanci, a cikin Joseph Zedner, *Auswahl aus Hebräischen Schriftstellern* (shafi.&nbsp;16 et seq.), Kuma a cikin Winter da Wünsche, *Die Jüdische Litteratur.* (iii. 310 da sauran su).

A watan Nuwamba na 2022, Bowman ya fitar da fassararsa ta Turanci ta Sepher Yosippon, wadda fassara ce ta bugun rubutun da David Flusser ya buga. 

## Manazarta