open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Yara ta Kanada

Kungiyar hadin gwiwa Kanada don 'Yancin yara (**CCRC**) tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyin kare hakkin yara na ƙasar Kanada, tun daga shekarar 1989. Kungiyar ta kunshi kungiyoyi sama da hamsin da ba na gwamnati ba.

A cikin 1991, Majalisar Kare Hakkin Yara ta Kanada ta karɓi wannan acronym kamar hadin gwiwar.  CCRC ta fitar da wani rahoto a cikin 1999 mai suna "Yaya Kanada ke auna?" wanda ya soki yadda ake bi da yara a kasar, musamman yana mai da hankali kan yara masu nakasa. A shekara ta 2003, Gwamnatin Kanada ta tuntubi CCRC game da bin ƙasar ga Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Yara (CRC).  CCRC ta buga taƙaitaccen CRC kuma ta yada shi tsakanin matasa na Kanada don inganta wannan kayan aikin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya.

CCRC ta dauki bakuncin wani taro da ake kira "Children: Silenced Citizens?" a cikin 2007 don tattauna CRC.  CCRC ta gabatar da roƙo a madadin Omar Khadr a cikin shari'ar shari'a ta 2009 Firayim Minista na Kanada et al. v. Omar Ahmed Khadr .  Har ila yau a shekara ta 2009, kungiyar ta kafa lambar yabo ta 'Yancin Yara.

A cikin shekara ta 2010, CCRC ta haɗu da YOUCAN da UNICEF Kanada don samar da ɗan Littafin don sanar da matasan Kanada game da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka game da Haɗin Yara a Rikicin Makamai. 

A cikin shekara ta 2011, CCRC ta gabatar da wani rahoto da ake kira "Hakkin Ka'ida, Hakkin Aiki" ga Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Yara, yana ba da shawarwari game da yadda za a inganta Manufofin jama'a Kanada game da haƙƙin yara. Rahoton ya kuma bayyana cewa aiwatar da CRC ta gwamnatin Kanada a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata ya kasance mai saurin gaske 

A cikin 2018, kungiyar ta ba da shawarar harajin gurɓataccen yanayi a madadin yara na Kanada kuma ta shiga hadin gwiwar Janar Squeeze wanda ke da niyyar samun matsayin mai shiga tsakani a cikin shari'o'i biyu da lardunan Ontario da Saskatchewan suka gabatar da kalubalantar ikon doka na gwamnatin tarayya don sanya harajin carbon

## Manazarta
Masu baƙar fata

Mata 'yan Afirka na Amurka sun fara tayar da hankali don haƙƙin siyasa a cikin shekarun 1830, inda suka kirkiro kungiyar Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society, Philadelphia Female Anti'Slavery Association, da New York Female Anti.  Wadannan kungiyoyin launin fata sun kasance maganganu masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na manufofin siyasa na mata, kuma sun kai tsaye ga fafutukar kare hakkin zabe kafin da bayan yakin basasa. A cikin karni na 19, matan Afirka na Amurka kamar Harriet Forten Purvis, Mary Ann Shadd Cary, da Frances Ellen Watkins Harper sun yi aiki a bangarori biyu a lokaci guda: tunatar da maza da mata na Afirka da fararen fata cewa matan baƙar fata suna buƙatar haƙƙin doka, musamman haƙƙin jefa kuri'a.

Bayan yakin basasa, masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata ba su yarda da ko za su goyi bayan tabbatar da Kwaskwarima ta 15, wanda ya ba da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ba, amma wanda bai ba da 'yanci ga mata a bayyane. Sakamakon rabuwa a cikin ƙungiyar mata ya ware dukkan mata da mata na Afirka duk da haka sun ci gaba da gwagwarmayarsu. A cikin shekarun 1890, ƙungiyar mata ta zama mai nuna wariyar launin fata da warewa, kuma matan Afirka ta Amirka sun shirya daban ta hanyar kungiyoyin mata na gida da Ƙungiyar Mata Masu Launi ta Kasa. Mata sun lashe kuri'un a jihohi da yawa a cikin shekarun 1910, kuma matan Afirka-Amurka sun zama ƙungiyar jefa kuri'a mai ƙarfi.

Gwagwarmayar jefa kuri'a ba ta ƙare tare da tabbatar da Kwaskwarima ta goma sha tara a cikin 1920,  wanda ya fadada haƙƙin jefa kuri'u sosai, amma bai magance ta'addanci na launin fata wanda ya hana 'yan Afirka na Amurkawa yin zabe ba, ba tare da la'akari da jima'i ba. Mata kamar su Fannie Lou Hamer, Ella Baker, da Diane Nash sun ci gaba da gwagwarmaya don haƙƙin jefa kuri'a ga kowa, wanda ya ƙare a cikin Dokar 'Yancin Zabe ta 1965.

## Asalin motsi
Asalin yunkurin mata suna da alaƙa da yunkurin Abolitionist. Mata masu fararen fata musamman sun fara bayyana nasu zalunci a cikin aure da kuma masu zaman kansu ta amfani da kwatancin bautar, kuma sun fara haɓaka fahimtar siyasa ta hanyar tattara don tallafawa abolitionism. Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, da Maria Weston Chapman sun kasance daga cikin mata masu adawa da abolitionists na farko. Dalilin Abolitionist ya ba wa mata waɗanda a baya aka ɗaure su da matsayinsu a matsayin mata da uwaye damar kalubalanci jima'i a bainar jama'a da kuma koyon yadda za su shiga siyasa a matsayin masu gwagwarmaya,  kodayake ƙungiyar mata ta Afirka ta Afirka ta kasance wata hanya daban ce ta zaɓen mata, kuma mutum na iya jayayya da wata ƙungiya daban gaba ɗaya. Abolitionists wadanda suka jagoranci Equal Rights Association kamar Elizabeth Cady Stanton da Susan B. Anthony suna da fararen ajanda. Bayan yakin basasa ya bayyana cewa mata baƙar fata da fari suna da ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da dalilin da ya sa haƙƙin jefa kuri'a ya zama dole. Ba kamar fararen sufragists ba, matan baƙar fata sun nemi kuri'a ga kansu da mazaunansu don karfafa al'ummomin baƙar fata da ke kewaye da mulkin ta'addanci wanda ya ɓarke bayan Emancipation a ƙarshen 1800s.

## Manazarta
Taron jama'a

tattarawa farar hula ita ce tilasta wa farar hula suyi aiki, ba tare da tattara sojoji ba. Gwamnatoci da yawa sun yi amfani da shi a lokuta da yawa. Wannan gabaɗaya ya sa yajin aiki ba bisa ka'ida ba har tsawon lokacin da aka tattara.

## Belgium 1964
Don hana yajin aikin likitoci, Gwamnatin Belgium, a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1964, ta ba da umarnin tattara farar hula ga likitocin asibiti da Likitocin soja.

## Girka 2010-2015
A Girka, an ba da umarnin tattara farar hula ga Ma'aikatan tashar jiragen ruwa, malamai  da ma'aikatan wutar lantarki . 

## Isra'ila (1967 da gaba)
A cikin shekara ta 1967, Gwamnatin Isra'ila ta zartar da dokar da ta ba da izinin tattara farar hula na gaggawa. Wannan dokar ta ba da izini ga Ma'aikatar Tsaro, Ma'aikatu ta Cikin Gida kuma tun lokacin Cutar Corona, Ma'aikatan Lafiya da sauransu. Dokar Isra'ila ta ba da izinin daukar ma'aikata a cikin "masana'antu masu mahimmanci", wanda ke da alhakin kiyaye yawan jama'ar Isra'ila da kokarin yaki, kamar abinci, makamai da sauransu. 

## Dubi kuma

* Rukunin shiga soja

## Manazarta
Bald Rock Dome

**Bald Rock** babban taron koli ne da ke cikin gundumar Butte, California, a cikin dajin Plumas National Forest .  Yana kusa da tafkin Oroville, kololuwar dome yana kallon kwarin Sacramento da tsaunukan bakin teku.  

## Tarihi
Yankin ya kasance gida ga Maidu, ƙabilar 'Yan asalin ƙasar. Sun bar dutsen tare da siffofi na musamman da yawa, kamar, metate, ramukan niƙa da aka yi amfani da su don shirya ƙwayoyin cuta da hatsi.

## Nishaɗi
Wani ɗan gajeren hanya yana kaiwa ta cikin dazuzzuka zuwa dutsen, wanda ya haɗa da ɓarke da yawa da ƙirar dutse na musamman. Ana amfani da wurin don yin tafiye-tafiye, hawa, da yin fyade . An ba da izinin yin zango amma bai fi yadi 300 ba daga ruwan famfo. Har ila yau, wurin ya hada da rugujewar wani karamin matsuguni da aka yi daga jikakkun duwatsu.

## Fauna
Yankin yana da nau'ikan dabbobi da yawa da suka hada da macizai, barewa, zaki na dutse, da baƙar fata .

## Manazarta
Tomlinson D. Todd

**Tomlinson D. Todd** (ya mutu a shekara ta 1987) ya kasance dan gwagwarmayar kare hakkin bil'adama na Amurka wanda ke zaune a Washington, DC. Ya kasance mukaddashin darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Tsaro daga shekara ta 1941 zuwa 1951, kuma mahalicci / mai karɓar bakuncin shirin rediyo "American All". Shirin ya mayar da hankali kan sake fasalin ilimi da aiwatar da dabarun karfafa siyasa.

## Rayuwa ta farko
Although Tomlinson was born in Reading, Pennsylvania, he was raised in Washington, D.C.

## Ayyuka
An ba Tomlinson yabo saboda kawo fitowa da dama na matsaloli. Ya yi aiki don kawo ƙarshen wariyar launin fata da dokokin Dokokin Jim Crow ta hanyar zanga-zangar lumana. Ayyukansa a matsayin shugaban da za a naɗa na Cibiyar Kula da Bambancin Launin Fata ya kai shi ga gano wasu dokoki tun daga shekarar 1872 (wanda ake kira "Dokokin da Aka Manta da Su"). Wadannan dokoki sun halatta cin zarafin bakaken fata a gidajen abinci da sauran wuraren taron jama'a bayan yakin basasa na Amurka. Bayan gano wadannan matsaloli, an dauki mataki a kansu kuma wariya ta launin fata ta fara karewa a gidajen abinci a shekarun 1950.

## Rayuwa ta baya
Daga baya a rayuwa, Tomlinson ya yi aiki a al'ummar Washington, DC a matsayin malami na ilimin direba. Ya mutu yana da shekaru 76. 

## Manazarta
Reynisdrangar

**Reynisdrangar** (  ) su ne tarin tekun basalt da ke ƙarƙashin dutsen Reynisfjall  kusa da ƙauyen Vík í Mýrdal a kudancin Iceland . An tsara shi ta bakin tekun yashi baƙar fata  wanda aka sanya shi a cikin 1991 a matsayin ɗayan kyawawan rairayin bakin teku goma waɗanda ba na wurare masu zafi ba a duniya.  A cikin 2021 Reynisfjara  an tantance shi a matsayi na shida mafi kyawun rairayin bakin teku a duniya. 

## Labari
Labarin ya ce tarin ya samo asali ne lokacin da trolls guda biyu suka ja wani jirgin ruwa mai hawa uku zuwa kasa ba tare da nasara ba kuma da tsakar rana suka koma alluran dutse. 

Tatsuniyoyi na zamani sun lura da labarin wani miji da ya tarar da matarsa a daskare, bayan da trolls biyu suka sace da dare. Mijin ya sanya trolls guda biyu sun rantse ba za su sake kashe kowa ba. Matarsa ita ce ƙaunar rayuwarsa, wanda ruhun 'yanci ya kasa samar da gida; Ta sami makomarta a cikin trolls, duwatsu, da teku a Reynisfjara. 

## A cikin shahararrun al'adu
Reynisdrangar ya bayyana sau da yawa a cikin jerin asali na *Katla* na Netflix na Icelandic, kuma yana da mahimmanci ga jerin' jarumi Gríma a matsayin wurin da mahaifiyarta ta mutu. 

## Manazarta
Kolding South (gundumar da aka zaba)

Gundumar Kolding ta Kudu na ɗaya daga cikin gundumomi 92 da aka ƙirƙira don zaɓen Danish bayan sake fasalin 2007 na birni.  t yana daya daga cikin gundumomin zabe guda biyu a karamar hukumar Kolding, daya kuma ita ce Kolding North..

A cikin zaɓuɓɓuka gabaɗaya, gundumar yanki ne mai ƙarfi ga jam'iyyun da ke da alaƙa da rukunin shuɗi.

## Sakamakon babban zabe

### Babban zabe a cikin 2020s
**Babban zaben Denmark na 2015**

### General elections in the 2010s
**Babban zaben Denmark na 2007**

## Sakamakon zaben majalisar dokokin Turai
**Zaben Majalisar Tarayyar Turai na 2024 a Denmark**

**Zaben Majalisar Tarayyar Turai na 2019 a Denmark**

**Zaben Majalisar Tarayyar Turai na 2014 a Denmark**

**Zaben Majalisar Tarayyar Turai na 2009 a Denmark**

## Tattaunawar raba gardama
**2022 Danish Tarayyar Turai ta fitar da kuri'a**

**2015 Danish Tarayyar Turai ta fitar da kuri'a**

**2014 Danish Unified Patent Court membership referendum**

**Dokar Sarautar Danish ta 2009**

## Manazarta
Yin Ɗauki Yara da Muhimmanci

Taking Children Seriously (**TCS**) bincike ne na iyaye da falsafar ilimi wanda babban ra'ayinsa shine cewa yara mutane ne masu cike.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya
Sarah Fitz-Claridge ce ta yi tunanin TCS tsakanin 1988 da 1989,  kuma daga baya ta girma cikin jerin wasiku na kan layi a kusa da 1992. 

TCS ya fara ne da lura cewa yawancin hulɗar gargajiya tsakanin manya da matasa sun dogara ne akan tilasta. Maimakon kallon wasu tushen ra'ayoyi - kamar ra'ayoyin iyaye - kamar suna da iko, Ɗauki Yara Yana ɗaukar ci gaban ilimi da muhimmanci, wanda ke nufin gasa kyauta na ra'ayoyinsu ba tare da la'akari da tushe ba. 

Tsarin TCS na iyaye da ilimi yana kallon tilastawa a matsayin keta nufin yaro, kuma ya ƙi iyaye ko malami "hadaya" a matsayin keta son rai na babba. TCS ya bayyana tilastawa a matsayin: "haɗe-haɗe sau biyu - sanya wasu a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba - ta amfani da basirar ku don hana a warware matsalolin. Hukuma. Yin hulɗa a matsayin matsayi. Dubi ƙasa. "  TCS yana ba da shawarar cewa iyaye da yara suna aiki da ƙira don neman mafita ba tare da karfi ko sulhu ba. 

Falsafar TCS ta sanar da ilimin Karl Popper da David Deutsch, masanin kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Oxford. 

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Shafin yanar gizon da ke ɗauke da yara masu tsanani
* An sake buga shi a cikin Utne Reader*[[Utne Reader|Mai Karɓar Kyauta]]*
* 
* "Mutanen dole ne su fara ɗaukar yara da muhimmanci". Lokaci na Kwalejin. 2022-09-13. An samo shi a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2022. *
Daidaitawa mai ma'ana

Daidaitawa **mai ma'ana** shine gyare-gyare da aka yi a cikin tsarin don karɓar ko yin daidai da tsarin ga mutum bisa ga tabbatar da buƙata. Wannan bukatar na iya bambanta. Gidaje na iya zama na addini, na jiki, na tunani ko na motsin rai, na ilimi, ko na aiki, kuma doka sau da yawa tana ba da umarni. Kowace ƙasa tana da tsarin kanta na masauki masu ma'ana. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi amfani da wannan kalmar a cikin Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Mutanen da ke da nakasa, tana mai cewa ƙin yin masauki yana haifar da nuna bambanci. Ya bayyana "ma'auni mai ma'ana" kamar haka:

## Kasafin kuɗi
Ma'aikata da manajoji galibi suna damuwa game da yiwuwar farashin da ke tattare da samar da masauki ga ma'aikatan da ke da nakasa. Koyaya, wurare da yawa, kamar motsa ma'aikaci zuwa tebur daban ko canza jadawalin aiki, ba su da kuɗin kuɗi kai tsaye (56% a cikin binciken ma'aikata da JAN ta gudanar ), kuma yawancin wasu suna da farashin lokaci ɗaya kawai (misali, don siyan salon kwamfuta daban).  Kudin masauki na iya ragewa ta hanyar tanadi da ke da alaƙa da ɗaukar mutanen da ke da nakasa (mafi girman aiki, ƙananan farashin juyawa). 

## Bukatar masauki masu gasa
Ba sau da yawa, mutane biyu za su buƙaci masauki da ke sabawa juna. Ana iya buƙatar warware matsalar ƙira don neman hanyoyin da za su karɓi mutanen biyu. Misali, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta ba da shawarar cewa idan shirin ya yi wa mutum hidima tare da kare mai hidima da kuma mutumin da ke da rashin lafiyan karnuka, shirin ya raba su a zahiri, ta hanyar tambayar su su zauna a ɗakuna daban-daban ko a bangarorin da suka dace na ɗaki ɗaya. A wasu lokuta, wuraren da ke da amfani bazai zama zaɓi na farko ga duk mahalarta ba. Misali, mutumin da ke da matsalar ji bazai iya fahimtar muryar wucin gadi da aka samar ta hanyar na'urar rubutu zuwa magana da mutum wanda ba zai iya magana ba ya amfani da ita, don haka suna iya neman hanyar sadarwa wacce ba ta dogara da wannan na'urar ba, koda kuwa mutumin da ba ya magana zai fi son amfani da wannan na-urar

## Turai

### Ƙasar Ingila
Dokokin Ingila, Wales, Scotland da Arewacin Ireland suna buƙatar ma'aikata su yi masauki mai ma'ana ga ma'aikatan nakasassu,  da kuma masu ba da sabis daban-daban (ciki har da makarantu, kwalejoji da jami'o'i) don yin haka ga ɗalibai nakasassu. Wannan aikin ya samo asali ne a karkashin Dokar nuna bambanci ga nakasassu ta 1995, kuma yanzu ana magance shi ta Dokar Daidaitawa ta 2010  (sai dai a Arewacin Ireland).  Rashin yin hakan na iya haifar da korafi daga ma'aikaci zuwa Kotun aiki ko kotunan farar hula ko wasu kotuna (a cikin yanayin da ba na aiki ba). 

## Manazarta
Yanayin Yanayin Duniya

The State of World Liberty Index wani matsayi ne na ƙasashe bisa ga matakin tattalin arziki da 'Yanci na mutum da' yan ƙasa ke morewa. Ya kasance tarin irin waɗannan alamomi da yawa waɗanda wasu kungiyoyi suka kirkira. Mawallafin asalin littafin Nick Wilson ya bayyana 'yanci a matsayin "ikon mutum ya rayu rayuwarsa kamar yadda ya zaɓa, muddin ba su keta haƙƙin wasu don yin hakan ba".

Rahoto daya ne kawai (Sashe na 'Yanci na Duniya na 2006, wanda aka fitar a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta 2006) aka samar da shi ta hanyar Shirin' Yancin Duniya kuma shafin yanar gizon na asali yanzu ya ɓace. Koyaya, Patrick Rhamey, farfesa a Ma'aikatar Nazarin Kasa da Kasa a Cibiyar Sojan Virginia,  ya sabunta matsayi har zuwa 2022 ta amfani da wannan ra'ayi, tare da wasu gyare-gyare ga hanyar asali. 

Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam,   kungiyoyin dimokuradiyya,  kungiyoyin labarai,  da sauransu sun ambaci wannan lissafin.

## Hanyar da ake amfani da ita
An kirkiro Cibiyar 'Yancin Duniya ta 2006 ta hanyar hada matsayi na wasu alamomi huɗu na' yancin duniya a cikin ɗaya: Cibiyar "2005 Economic Freedom of the World" (Fraser Institute), "2006 Index of Economic Freedom" (The Heritage Foundation), Cibiyar "Yancin 2005 a Duniya" (Freedom House), da kuma "2005 Press Freedom Index" (Reporters Without Borders).

Ana amfani da waɗannan rahotanni don samun kasashe a cikin rukuni uku: 'yancin mutum,' yancin tattalin arziki, da girman gwamnati tare da haraji. Wadannan maki uku ana kimanta su don ba da jimlar ƙasa.

Matsayi na 2012-2023  ya sake haifar da asalin matsayi ta amfani da tushen bayanai iri ɗaya, duk da cewa daidaita nauyin bayanai don mafi kyawun kama ainihin niyyar auna "ikon mutum don rayuwa rayuwarsu kamar yadda suka zaɓa. " Ana kuma daidaita matakan yadda ya kamata saboda ma'auni daban-daban da aka yi amfani da su a fadin alamomi kuma an taƙaita rukunin nauyin gwamnati cikin babban alamar 'yancin tattalin arziki.

Farawa a cikin 2018, matsayi ya haɗa da ma'auni na yadda Conservative ko Progressive a jihar, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin ko wata jiha ta tsara ko dai al'amuran zamantakewa ko tattalin arziki da yawa.

## Matsayi na 2023
A cikin jerin sunayen 2023,  Switzerland ta kasance mafi kyauta gabaɗaya, yayin da Koriya ta Arewa ta ƙarshe. Bahrain ta kasance mafi yawan masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, yayin da Argentina ta kasance mafi ci gaba.
 

## Manazarta
Canjin yanayi a Manitoba

Canjin yanayi a Manitoba yana shafar yanayi daban-daban da masana'antu, gami da aikin gona. 

## Tushen gas na Greenhouse
Fitarwa a Manitoba ya karu da 20% idan aka kwatanta da 2007. 

## Tasirin sauyin yanayi

### Zazzabi
Ana sa ran zazzafar zafafan za su yi zafi da tsayi a cikin lokaci, kuma ana sa ran ciwon sanyi zai yi sanyi kuma ya daɗe. 

## Martani

### Manufofi
Manitoba ya  tsarin rangwamen motocin lantarki don ƙara ɗaukar nauyi, wanda masana'antar kera motoci suka ba da shawarar  gwamnatin tarayya ta fitar da tsare-tsaren sabbin motocin da za su zama marasa hayaƙi nan da shekarar 

### Doka

#### Dokar Tsarin Yanayi da Green
Gwamnatin Manitoba ta fitar da abin da ta kira "Made-in-Manitoba Climate and Green Plan".  Shirin ya zayyana harajin carbon, tare da keɓancewa don "man mai ruwan hoda". 

An shirya dokar don aiwatar da harajin carbon na ton $25.  An bayyana hakan ne a matsayin gwamnatin Manitoba tana takawa gwamnatin tarayya hanci.gwamnatin, domin ita ce rabin abin da gwamnatin tarayya ke son kaiwa dala 50 kan kowace tan. 

## Manazarta
Gidan shakatawa na Toadstool

**Toadstool Geologic Park** yana cikin Oglala National Grassland a arewa maso yammacin Nebraska . Hukumar kula da gandun daji ta Amurka ce ke sarrafa ta. Ya ƙunshi shimfidar ƙasa mara kyau da gidan sod da aka sake ginawa.  Ana kiran wurin shakatawar ne bayan tsarin dutsen da ba a saba gani ba, wanda yawancinsu yayi kama da toadstools .

## Game da
Toadstool Geologic Park an ce shine " badlands na Nebraska" ko "hamadar Pine Ridge ." Ana buɗe wurin shakatawa sa'o'i 24 a rana. Toadstool Park yana arewacin Crawford, Nebraska ; Don zuwa wurin shakatawa, ɗauki Babban Titin Nebraska 2 / Babban Titin Nebraska 71 zuwa Titin Toadstool. Akwai hanyar madauki mai tsawon mil 1 a cikin wurin shakatawa. Akwai burbushin halittu da yawa a kan hanyar; cire burbushin ba a yarda ba. An samo burbushin manyan dabbobin tarihi kamar su entelodonts da hyaenodons anan. Camping yana samuwa kuma akwai bandakuna biyu.

Hanyar Bison zuwa Hudson-Meng Bison Kill tafiyar mil 3 ce. Hanyar ta ratsa Whitehead Creek, wanda ke samar da kwazazzabo da ke raba fili tsakanin wurin shakatawa na geologic da cibiyar fassarar gadon kisa.

## Manazarta
Kudin dalibi

**Kudin dalibi** ko **Kudin aiki dalibai** shine kuɗin da ake caji ga dalibai a makaranta, kwaleji, jami'a ko wani wuri na ilmantarwa wanda ya kasance ban da duk wani karatun da / ko Kudin karatun. Ana iya cajin shi don tallafawa Kungiyoyin ɗalibai da Ayyukan ɗalibai (wanda za'a iya kiransa kuɗin aiki) ko don shirye-shiryen Intercollegiate kamar wasanni na intramural ko masu ziyara; ko, a jami'ar jama'a ko kwaleji, a matsayin hanyar magance gazawar kudade na jihar (wanda a wannan yanayin ana iya kiransa **Kudin fasaha**).  Za a iya cajin ƙarin kuɗi don fasalulluka da wurare kamar inshora, kiwon lafiya da tanadin ajiye motoci.

## Amurka

### Tsarin mulki na kudaden ayyuka
A Amurka, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci sau da yawa game da Tsarin mulki na kudaden aikin dalibai. Kwanan nan, Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa jami'o'in jama'a na iya tallafawa kungiyoyin siyasa ta hanyar biyan kuɗin aikin ɗalibai muddin yadda ake warwatsa irin waɗannan kudade shine tsaka-tsaki na siyasa.
 
Duk da sharhin Kotun Koli ta Amurka, yawancin kudaden kuɗin aikin ɗalibai a yau ana amfani da su don dalilai marasa siyasa.

### Shari'o'in kuɗin ɗalibai

* *Rosenberger v. University of Virginia,* 515 U. S. 819 (1995)
* *Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth* 529 U.S. 217 (2000)

## Misalan

### Jami'ar New Hampshire
Kudin Ayyukan Dalibai na Jami'ar New Hampshire na musamman ne a tsakanin sauran cibiyoyin da suka dace da ilimin sakandare saboda Gwamnatin dalibai mai cin gashin kanta ce ke gudanar da kuɗin, kyauta daga masu ba da shawara ko ma'aikata. A cikin shekara ta 2019, duk daliban digiri na farko da ke halartar UNH sun biya $ 89 don kuɗin su.
Castle Rock, Yammacin Ostiraliya

**Castle Rock** wuri ne na yawon bude ido a cikin Porongurup Range a cikin Babban yankin Kudancin Yammacin Ostiraliya kuma ya shahara saboda fauna da flora. An taba kiran ginin dutsen "Gidan Alfred" kuma, har zuwa shekara ta 2012, yana da wani rubutu (duba hoto) yana nuna cewa an gano shi. Alfred Meadows Gillam  Alfred Meadows Gillam "ya kafa kasuwancin sufuri a Katanning kuma ya fara jigilar kayayyaki zuwa Dutsen Malcolm da Gabashin Goldfields a farkon karni, ta hanyar amfani da kekuna da ƙungiyoyin raƙuma kafin a gina layin dogo".

Akwai hanyar tafiya zuwa taron wanda ke ba da ra'ayoyin digiri 360,  sama da matakin teku daga kallon da aka sani da Granite Skywalk. Tafiya kuma tana ɗaukar sabon , mai  dutsen dutse wanda aka ruwaito yana auna kusan  duk da haka yana kan tushe kawai . 

Mutumin da ya yi Skywalk ya sake gyara kuma an sake buɗe shi a cikin  shekara ta 2012. gyare-gyaren da ake buƙata yana ba da damar ƙarin ƙwarewar kallo da kuma saukar da ƙarin masu tafiya a kan babban dandamali. Akwai ƙaramin dandali wanda ke isa ga waɗanda ba su da ikon hawa tsani mai tudu.

Wurin sayar da inabi da ke kan gangaren gabas na kewayon ana kiransa sunan wannan alamar.

## Magana
Kiva na Ƙarya

**Ƙarya Kiva** wani da'irar dutse ce da ɗan adam ya yi wanda ba a san asalinsa ba a cikin wani kogo a wani yanki mai nisa na gandun dajin Canyonlands, wanda ke jihar Utah ta Amurka . Masu kula da gandun daji na Canyonlands sun rufe shi a farkon watan Agustan 2018, sakamakon barna. 

Yana buƙatar wasu ilimin tafiya ko kwatance na musamman don nemo.

Ya zama sanannen wuri don masu daukar hoto suna ɗaukar Kudu maso Yamma, suna ba da firam na musamman don tsawa mai ban mamaki ko sararin sama sama.

## Asalin
Yayin da yake a cikin alcove da ke faruwa a zahiri, sunan *Kiva na ƙarya* ya taso ne daga rashin tabbas game da da'irar asalin duwatsu da manufar, ko da gaske ne kiva na gaske, wurin da ake amfani da shi don dalilai na addini.

## Rikicin bayyanawa
Muhawara ta tashi kan ko za a bayyana ainihin wurin Kiva na Ƙarya yayin da yake jin daɗin wani matakin kariya. Ba kula da wurin shakatawa su bayyana wurinsa kuma baya bayyana akan taswirar wurin shakatawa. Saboda nisan wurin, ba a kiyaye wurin daga ɓarna . Manufofin gudanarwa na hukuma na Canyonlands National Park shine rufewar ga jama'a ta hanyar jerin gwano . Shigar da Rubutun Archeological fiye da ma'auni shine cin zarafin Dokar Kariya na Archeological na 1979, kuma masu cin zarafi na iya fuskantar tara da lokacin kurkuku.

Jagororin cikin gida ba za su iya ɗaukar masu sha'awar rukunin yanar gizon ba, suna yin haɗarin rasa izininsu daga Sabis ɗin Parking na ƙasa idan sun yi haka. Hanyar zuwa Kiva na ƙarya ba a yi alama ko sanya hannu daga hanyoyin shakatawa ba, amma hanyar kanta tana da alamar cairns a wurare da yawa, kuma ana iya isa gare ta ba tare da kayan hawan fasaha ba. 

## Art
Logan, ɗan wasan Utah Keith Bond an ba shi izini a cikin 2006 don yin zanen shimfidar wuri don Majalisar Dattijai na Capitol na Jihar Utah . Ya zana Kiva na Ƙarya a cikin wani bango mai suna *Gidan kakanni* wanda ke rataye a ƙarshen silin na yamma a saman benen majalisar dattawa. 

Hoton Kiva na Ƙarya ta Wally Pacholka, mai suna "Hoton Gaskiya na Kiva na Ƙarya,"  an nuna shi a kan NASA 's Astronomy Picture of the Day (APOD) a ranar 29 ga Satumba, 2008,  yana ba da ra'ayi na kusan sauran duniya a cikin Milky Way.

## Manazarta
Tanager mai cike da ciki

Mai **rufous-bellied dutse tanager** ko **rufous-bellied saltator** ( ***Pseudosaltator rufiventris*** ) wani nau'in tsuntsu ne a cikin dangin tanager Thraupidae kuma shine kawai memba na genus ***Pseudosaltator*** . Ana samunsa a gabashin Andes na kudancin Bolivia da matsanancin arewacin Argentina . Yana faruwa mafi yawa a tsayi daga 3000 m zuwa 4000 m.  Wurin zama filin buɗe ido ne, gami da ƙasa da aka noma, wanda ke da faci na goge-goge, itatuwan alder, ko bishiyar *Polylepis* . Ana barazanar asarar wurin zama . 

## Taxonomy
Masanan dabi'un Faransa Alcide d'Orbigny da Frédéric de Lafresnaye ne suka bayyana shi a cikin 1837 a cikin wani samfurin da aka tattara a kusa da ƙaramin garin Sica Sica a yammacin Bolivia. Sun ƙirƙira sunan binomial *Saltator rufiventris* .   Sunan takamaiman ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin *rufus* ma'ana "ruddy" ko "rufous" da *venter* ma'anar "ciki".  An san jinsin da sunan Ingilishi "rufous-bellied dutse gishiri". Wani bincike na kwayoyin halitta da aka buga a 2007 ya gano cewa *Saltator mai suna Saltator* ya kasance a cikin iyalin tanager Thraupidae maimakon Cardinalidae da kuma cewa gishiri mai rufous-bellied dutsen gishiri ba shi da dangantaka da sauran membobin Gent *Saltator* amma a maimakon haka yana da dangantaka da *Dubusia* .  An tabbatar da waɗannan sakamakon ta hanyar cikakken nazarin kwayoyin halitta na tanagers da aka buga a cikin 2014.  Maimakon sanya "rufous-bellied dutse saltator" a *Dubusia*, an kafa wani sabon jinsin *Pseudosaltator* a cikin 2016. An kuma canza sunan gama gari daga "saltator" zuwa "tanager".   Kifi ne monotypic : Babu masu kasawa da aka sani . 

## Bayani
Furen yana da yawa shuɗi-launin toka mai launin ruwan lemu daga ƙasan ƙirjin zuwa murfin wutsiya . Akwai doguwar farin dila akan ido. Kudirin yayi launin toka sai dai kasan gindin mandible kalar nama ne. 

## Manazarta
Kungiyar Yaki da Bautar bayi ta Belgium

Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Bauriya ta Belgium (Faransanci: Société antiesclavagiste de Belgique, Dutch: Antislavernijmaatschappij van België) ƙungiya ce ta ƙarni na 19, da nufin kawo ƙarshen cinikin bayi a Tekun Indiya a nahiyar Afirka. An kafa Ƙungiyar Anti-Slavery ta Belgian a cikin 1888, galibi daga masu ilimin Katolika, wanda ƙididdiga Hippolyte d'Ursel ke jagoranta. Wadanda suka kafa sun sami wahayi ne ta hanyar wa'azin Charles Lavigerie, Cardinal na Faransa, wanda aka gudanar a Cathedral na St. Michael da St. Gudula a watan Agusta 1888. Ya zuwa Janairu 1889 al'umma ta ƙidaya membobin 700 kuma suna da babban birnin aiki na 300.000 francs a hannunta. Akidar kawar da kungiyar Anti-Slavery, duk da haka, tana da alaƙa da mulkin mallaka. Daga 1890 zuwa 1899 Société antiesclavagiste de Belgique ta shirya tare da ba da gudummawar balaguron soji guda huɗu, waɗanda aka aika don yaƙar Larabawa / Zanzibari bayi na yankunan gabashin Kongo Free State.

## Yunkurin yaki da bautar bayi a Belgium
1890-92: Hinck-Van de Kerckhoven-Ectors Expedition, a kan Kogin Kongo da Kogin Lomami, farkon koma baya ya haifar da ƙarshen balaguron ba tare da daɗewa ba.

1891-92: Alphonse Jacques na Dixmude-Storms-Docquier-Renier-Vrithoff, ya kafa Albertville (Kalemie) kuma ya yi yaƙi da Rumaliza a gabashin Kongo.
1892-93: Binciken Long-Duvivier-Demol, ya kaddamar da balaguron su daga Tekun Indiya kuma ya zo don taimakawa balaguron Jacques da Docquier, ya sami nasarar kawo karshen tashin hankali da aka yi a Albertville.
1893-96: Binciken Descamps-Miot-Chargois, ya bi Zambezi sama kuma ya haɗa kai da Jacques, Dhanis da Wouters. Bayan cin nasarar Masu bautar Zanzibari a lokacin Yaƙin Larabawa na Kongo da Congo Free State, balaguron Descamps ya yi yaƙi da aljihun karshe na masu sayar da bayi a yankin.
## Taron Yaki da Bauta Brussels 1889-1890
Kungiyar Anti-Slavery ta Belgium ta buga mujallar Le mouvement antiesclavagiste (redaction by Louis Delmer), a cikin 1899 ta haɗu da Oeuvre des Missions Catholiques au Congo . Har ila yau, kungiyar ta kasance mai goyon bayan taron Brussels Anti-Slavery na duniya na 1889-90 wanda daga ƙarshe ya haifar da Dokar Taron Brussels ta 1890. Sun kuma shirya wani taron da ya biyo baya a Fadar Kwalejin don matsawa kan kasashen da suka ki amincewa da aikin adawa da bautar har zuwa yanzu, galibi Netherlands da Daular Ottoman.
## Manazarta
Yawan jama a a kowace rana

**Ranar Jama'a ta Duniya** taro ne na shekara-shekara, wanda yake gudanarwa a ranar 11 ga watan Yulin kowace shekara, wanda ke neman wayar da kan jama'a game da al'amuran al'ummar duniya.  Majalisar gudanarwa na shirin ci gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ce ta kafa taron a shekarar 1989. Ya samo asali ne daga sha’awar jama’a a ranar Biliyan Biyar a ranar 11 ga Yuli, 1987, kimanin lokacin da yawan al’ummar duniya ya kai biliyan biyar.  Ranar yawan jama'a ta duniya na da nufin kara wayar da kan jama'a kan batutuwa daban-daban kamar mahimmancin tsarin iyali, daidaiton jinsi, talauci, lafiyar mata masu juna biyu da 'yancin ɗan adam..

Dr. K.C.Zachariah ne ya ba da shawarar ranar inda yawan jama'a ya kai biliyan biyar lokacin da ya yi aiki a matsayin Sr Demographer a Bankin Duniya. Duk da yake sha'awar manema labarai da wayar da kan jama'a a duniya suna ƙaruwa a ƙaruwar biliyoyin mutane, yawan mutanen duniya yana ƙaruwa da miliyan 100 kusan kowane watanni 14. An kiyasta yawan mutanen duniya a 7,400,000,000 a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 2016 kuma ya kai 7,500,000,000 a mokolo ta 24 ga Afrilu, 2017. Yawan jama'ar duniya ya kai 7,700,000,000 a cikin 2019.

A watan Nuwamba 2020, UNFPA, tare da gwamnatocin Kenya da Denmark, sun shirya babban taro a Nairobi don hanzarta kokarin cimma wadannan burin da ba a cika ba. A Ranar Jama'a ta Duniya, masu ba da shawara daga ko'ina cikin duniya sun yi kira ga shugabannin, masu tsara manufofi, masu shirya gari, cibiyoyi da sauransu don taimakawa wajen sanya Lafiyar haihuwa da haƙƙoƙi gaskiya ga kowa. Kwanan nan, yawan mutanen duniya ya wuce biliyan 8 a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2022.

## Dubi kuma

* Tasirin noma da iyakokin yawan jama'a daga man fetur
* Jerin ƙasashe da dogaro da yawan jama'a
* Jerin kungiyoyin da suka shafi jama'a
* Yawan jama'a
* Rashin Girman Jama'a
* Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
* *Ramuwar gayya ta Gaia*
Dutsen kogo, Sumner

**Cave Rock** ( Māori   ) wani dutse ne mai aman wuta a Sumner, New Zealand . Fitaccen dutsen dutsen alama ce ta gani a bakin Tekun Sumner, tare da mastayin sigina da aka gina a sama.

## Geology
Kogon Dutsen dutsen dutse ne mai aman wuta, wani yanki ne na dutsen mai aman wuta wanda ya kafa Banks Peninsula .  Dutsen ya ƙunshi yadudduka biyu na basalt lava flow, rabu da tuff Layer.  Ayyukan igiyar ruwa sun lalata dutsen, suna haifar da kogo da ramuka.  Filin dutse a gefen tekun arewa-maso-gabas na kafawar na iya wakiltar kogon da ya rushe. 

## Bayani
Asalin dutsen ya kafa wani abu na tsibiri a bakin teku, ruwan tekun ya kewaye shi gabaɗaya a magudanar ruwa; duk da haka ya zama sila saboda daidaitawar bakin teku kuma a yanzu ta zama tsibiri mai inganci.  Cikin dutsen ya ƙunshi wani kogon ruwa wanda za a iya bi ta cikin ƙananan kogi.  Dutsen da kogon da ke ciki sanannen filin wasa ne ga yara masu ziyartar bakin teku.  Hakanan ana iya hawan dutsen,  da wani dandamali na dabi'a a gefen tekun dutsen yana samar da wuraren tafkuna .

A cikin 1864 an kafa mast ɗin sigina a saman dutsen, don taimakawa kwale-kwale a saman mashaya Sumner, da kuma sanar da su halin ha'inci da saurin canzawa a yankin.  An gina ginin dutse a kan koli a cikin 1898, don ɗaukar kayan aikin sigina da hazo .  A tarihi, an yi amfani da mast ɗin don alamun sigina da fitilu, tare da fitilu daga baya sun zama kayan ado. Mast da ginin sun lalace yayin girgizar kasa ta Christchurch ta 2011 . An maido da su a cikin 2016,  amma ba a maido da fitilun ba har sai Disamba 2021. 

Bayan maido da fitilun, wasu mazauna wurin sun koka da cewa matsi mai haskakawa yana "cikin siffar giciye na Kirista " don haka bai dace da wani abin tunawa da jama'a ba,   tare da wani mazaunin yana kwatanta shi a matsayin " alama ta Kirista ta stealth".  Maido da fitilun mast ɗin wani bangare ne na gidauniyar Breakfree, ƙungiyar agaji ta Kirista; wata wakiliya ta ce ta "mafi shakka" ba ta ga alamar haske a matsayin alamar Kirista ba,  amma kuma ta bayyana shi a matsayin "tunani da bikin babban dan haya [ ** ] na bangaskiyar Kirista - ƙaunar fansa na Allah ga mutane." 

Wani plaque na tunawa da Joseph Day, wani kyaftin din jirgin ruwa na gida wanda, tare da ma'aikatansa, suka ceci rayuka da yawa tsakanin 1867 da 1897.  

## Toponymy
Sunan yaren Māori na dutsen shine , ma'ana 'yanke kamar da wuta'.  Wannan suna yana nuni ne ga labari, wanda wani basarake ya yi  (addu'a ko nasiha) ga wani shugaban da ya zalunce shi. Sakamakon , wani whale ya makale a bakin teku a Sumner. Sa’ad da ƙabilar yankin suka yanke suka cinye kifi, suka yi barci kuma daga baya suka mutu. Saboda haka sunan yana nufin waɗannan matattu, kamar an ‘yanke su da wuta.  Dutsen da kansa yana wakiltar gawar kifin da ke bakin teku.  

Sunan Ingilishi yana nufin ilimin ƙasa na dutse, wanda ya ƙunshi manyan kogo da yawa waɗanda za a iya shiga cikin ƙananan ruwa.  Kyaftin Joseph Thomas, mai binciken kungiyar Canterbury, da farko ya sanya masa suna 'Cass Rock' bayan Thomas Cass, amma sunan bai taba kama shi ba. 

### Manazarta
Rashin da aka rushe

**Las Derrumbadas** (daga Mutanen Espanya, ma'ana 'waɗanda suka ruguje' ko kuma 'waɗanda suka sami faɗuwar dutse') dutsen tsaunuka ne na rhyolitic twin dome volcano  a cikin jihar Puebla ta Mexico . Sau da yawa ana mantawa da kusancinsa da wasu manyan tsaunuka na ƙasar - ciki har da Cofre de Perote, Saliyo Negra da Pico de Orizaba - koli guda biyu duk da haka suna cikin saman 30 na tsaunin mafi girma na ƙasar.

A bisa hukuma, ana kiran tsaunukan biyu *Cerro Derrumbadas* daban-daban. Don bambance su, ana kiran su *Derrumbada Roja* ko *Derrumbada de Fuego* (Red ko Wuta Derrumbada, mazugi na kudu maso gabas, 3480 m asl), da *Derrumbada Azul* ko *Derrumbada de Agua* (Blue ko Water Derrumbada, mazugi na arewa maso yamma, 3420 m asl) ta mazauna yankin. Dutsen na uku, kusa da Cerro Pinto, galibi ana haɗa shi a cikin rukunin Derrumbadas, a ƙarƙashin sunan *Derrumbada Blanca* (White Derrumbada, 3000 m asl).

Saboda aikin fumarolic na dutsen mai aman wuta, an yi nazari kuma an gabatar da shi azaman tushen makamashin ƙasa . 

## Manazarta
Huk, Norway

**Huk** filin shakatawa ne kuma bakin teku mai yashi (Hukodden) a kudu mafi nisa na tsibirin Bygdøy yamma da tsakiyar birnin Oslo, Norway .

gundumar Aker ta mallaki yankin a cikin 1921.  An raba bakin tekun wanka zuwa rairayin bakin teku na jama'a na yau da kullun da yankin bakin tekun naturist . Tekun naturist yana kan shank   arewa maso yamma da Hukodden, tsohon lambun masana'antar goga ta Jordan .  

Gwamnati ta biyu ta Jens Stoltenberg ta siya a cikin 2005 wani katafaren gida wanda ke da iyaka da bakin tekun jama'a a Huk, kuma a cikin 2006 ya buɗe sabon bakin tekun jama'a a wurin.  Daga baya aka sake siyar da villa amma har yanzu bakin tekun a bude yake ga kowa. 

Kusa da yankin rairayin bakin teku akwai zane-zane, *Large Arch* (1963-1969) na Henry Moore  da *Icarus* (1965) da *Døhlen* na Anne Sofie Døhlen (1967). 

Ana iya samun wurin ta hanyar bas mai lamba 30 daga tsakiyar Oslo. 

## Manazarta
Ƙofofin Lodore

**Ƙofar Lodore** ita ce ƙofar filin wasan kwaikwayo na Canyon na Lodore, wani kwarin kan kogin Green a arewa maso yammacin Colorado, Amurka.  Sunan Gates na Lodore ya zama daidai da kwarin da kansa kuma ana amfani da sunaye guda biyu tare. Canyon ya fara ne yayin da kogin Green ya tashi daga wurin shakatawa na Browns kuma ya ratsa cikin tsaunukan Uinta da ke da nisan mil goma sha takwas har zuwa ƙarshensa a Echo Park (Colorado), haɗuwar kogin Green da Yampa.  Powell Expedition ne ya ba shi suna bayan waƙar Turanci *[[Cataract of Lodore|Cataract na Lodore]].*  Yana cikin abin tunawa na kasa na Dinosaur.

## Manazarta
NTPC Haripad Ruwa Mai Ruwa

NTPC Kayamkulam Floating Solar Power Plant tashar wutar lantarki ce mai iyo a Kayamkulama, Indiya .

## Tarihi
An gina tashar samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 92 akan wasu tafkunan tafki mallakar Rajiv Gandhi Combined Cycle Power Plant na National Thermal Power Plant . Kashi na ƙarshe na masana'antar ya tafi kan layi a watan Yuli 2022.   Kamfanin na samar da wutar lantarki ga Hukumar Lantarki ta Jihar Kerala, ta hanyar amfani da tashar GIS 22 0kV. 

Aiwatar da aikin yana kashe ₹ 465 crore  . Za a girka na'urorin hasken rana kusan lakh 2.16 akan masu iyo. An samu tsaiko wajen kammala aikin, wanda tun da farko aka shirya fara aiki a shekarar 2021. Jinkirin ya faru ne sakamakon matsalolin shigo da kwayoyin hasken rana daga kasar Sin, lamarin da ya haifar da koma baya a lokacin aikin. ‘Yan kwangilar da abin ya shafa sun hada da Tata Power Solar na MW 70 da Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd akan MW 22. 

## Manazarta
Rufous-throated dipper

Mai **rufous-throated dipper** ko **Argentine dipper** ( ***Cinclus schulzii*** ) wani tsuntsu ne na ruwa wanda aka samu a Kudancin Amurka, kuma yana daga  cikin dangin dipper .

Tana zaune tare da rafukan duwatsu masu saurin gaske na Kudancin Andean Yungas, a kudancin Bolivia mai nisa da arewa maso yammacin Argentina a tsayin mita 800 zuwa 2500. Tsuntsayen suna haifuwa a yankin alder a tsayin mita 1500 zuwa mita 2500. 

BirdLife International sun rarraba wannan nau'in a matsayin "Masu rauni". Barazanar sun kuma haɗa da gina tafki, madatsun ruwa, da tsarin ban ruwa. An kiyasta yawan jama'a a yanzu a 3,000 zuwa 4,000.

## Taxonomy
Masanin ilimin ornithologist na Jamus Jean Cabanis ya kwatanta dipper mai rufous a cikin 1882 kuma ya ba da sunan binomial *Cinclus schulzii* .  Nau'in wurin shine dutsen Cerro Bayo a arewacin Argentina.  An zaɓi takamaiman ƙayyadaddun *schulzii* don girmama masanin dabbobi na Jamus Friedrich W. Schulz (1866-1933) wanda ya tattara samfurin.   nau'in nau'in nau'in halitta ne.  Daga cikin nau'o'in nau'i biyar da aka sanya a yanzu a cikin jinsin, nazarin kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa ɗigon rufous-throated dipper ya fi dacewa da sauran nau'in Kudancin Amurka, mai launin fari mai launin fari ( *Cinclus leucocephalus* ). 

## Manazarta
Canjin yanayi a Newfoundland da Labrador

Canjin yanayi a lardin Newfoundland na Kanada da Labrador yana shafar yanayi da masana'antu daban-daban, gami da kamun kifi. 

## Tushen gas na Greenhouse
A shekarar 2019, gwamnati ta kuduri aniyar rage fitar da hayaki zuwa tan miliyan 7.4, nan da shekarar 2030, wanda zai zama raguwar kashi 30% idan aka kwatanta da fitar da hayakin da ta yi a shekarar 2005. 

## Tasirin sauyin yanayi
A shekarar 2022, hanyoyin da ke gabar tekun lardin sun ruguje a wurare da dama. 

Za a iya kunna gobarar daji kuma ana sa ran karuwar yawan gobarar dajin. 

## Martani

### Manufofi
A cikin 2022, gwamnatin Newfoundland da Labrador sun amince da adadi mai yawa na ayyukan hako mai.  A matsayin Firayim Minista, Andrew Furey ya halarci COP26 don inganta ayyukan mai da iskar gas a lardin a matsayin makamashi tare da "ƙananan hayaki".  A cikin 2023, Gwamnatin Tarayya ta fitar da sabon tsarin tsarinta tare da amincewa da cewa ayyukan mai da iskar gas na Newfoundland da Labrador sun bambanta saboda kasancewa a cikin teku.  Ga mafi yawan al'ummomi a Newfoundland da Labrador, karamar hukumarsu ba ta fara shirin sauyin yanayi ba, kamar na 2022. 

### Doka

#### Gudanar da Dokar Gas na Greenhouse
 
Gudanar da Dokar Gas na Greenhouse ta tsara yadda masana'antu ke fitar da iskar gas.  Bayan gabatar da kudirin, Ministan Muhalli ya bayyana shi a matsayin "daidaitaccen ma'auni".  Ministan ya kuma bayyana yadda al'amuran da suka faru a baya suka sa lardi ta zama kasala, saboda babu wata dokar lardi da za ta daidaita iskar gas. 

Dokar ta kafa "Green Transition Fund" don tallafawa ci gaban abubuwan sabuntawa. 

## Manazarta
Joseph Knight (bawa)

Joseph Knight (fl. 1769-1778) mutum ne wanda aka haife shi a Guinea (sunan gaba ɗaya na Yammacin Afirka) kuma a can ya shiga Bautar. Ya bayyana cewa kyaftin din jirgin da ya kawo shi Jamaica ya sayar da shi ga John Wedderburn na Ballindean, Scotland. Wedderburn ya sa Knight ya yi aiki a gidansa, kuma ya dauke shi lokacin da ya koma Scotland a shekara ta 1769. A lokacin da Knight ya bar hidimarsa, Wedderburn ya kama shi kuma ya kawo shi gaban alƙalai na zaman lafiya.

An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar Somersett's Case (1772) wanda kotuna suka yanke shawarar cewa bautar ba ta wanzu a karkashin dokar Ingila ba, Knight ya yi tsayayya da da'awarsa. Knight ya lashe da'awarsa bayan daukaka kara sau biyu a cikin shari'ar da ta kafa ka'idar cewa dokar Scots ba za ta goyi bayan kafa bautar ba (sai dai a cikin yanayin bayi da masu gishiri, waɗanda dole ne su jira har zuwa 1799 don 'yanci).
## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Joseph Knight a Guinea, bisa ga roƙon da aka gabatar a madadinsa a Kotun Taron; ba a san wane mutane ba, ko kuma ainihin sunansa. An kai shi mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya na Jamaica tun yana yaro, inda aka sayar da shi a matsayin bawa ga John Wedderburn na Ballendean .
## Knight v. Wedderburn
Yayinda yake Scotland, Knight ya yi baftisma kuma ya auri Ann Thompson, bawa na iyalin Wedderburn, tare da wanda ya haifi akalla ɗa ɗaya. Ya nemi, kuma Wedderburn ya ki amincewa da shi, don zama tare da matarsa a cikin iyali. A lokacin da Wedderburn ya ki, Knight ya bar aikinsa. Wedderburn ya bayyana ya yi fushi, yana jin cewa ya ba da kyaututtuka masu yawa ga Knight ta hanyar ilimantar da shi da kula da shi, kuma ya kama shi. A shekara ta 1774, Knight ya kawo da'awar a gaban alƙalai na kotun zaman lafiya a Perth, shari'ar da za a san ta da Knight v Wedderburn . 
## Manazarta
Bangaskiya Holsaert

**Faith Holsaert** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1943) malami ne kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya a lokacin fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a .

An haifi Holsaert a Birnin New York a cikin 1943.  Mahaifiyarta Bayahudiya, Eunice Spellman Holsaert, wadda aka sake ta, ta girma, da kuma mace mai koyar da kiɗa na Ba'amurke, Charity Abigail Bailey, a gida ɗaya, a kauyen Greenwich .   Da yake ta girma a cikin gida na kabila, masu uwa biyu ne ke shugabantar ta, ta taso ne a cikin tashin hankali da rashin yarda daga wadanda ke kewaye da ita.  Ta ba da gudummawa ga Ƙungiyar 'Yan'uwan Harlem da Kwamitin Gudanar da Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru a matsayin matashi.   Ta yi karatun digiri a Jami'ar Barnard a 1961, lokacin da ta fara shiga wani zama a Crisfield, Maryland don nuna rashin amincewa da wariyar launin fata .   An kama ta a wurin zama.  Ta yi rajistar masu jefa ƙuri'a a gundumar Terrell, Georgia a cikin 1962.   Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga Brown Berets .  Tana zaune a Durham, North Carolina . 

## Labarai

* [Hasiya] Hannun a kan Freedom Plow: Asusun Mutum na Mata a SNCC. Urbana: Jami'ar Illinois Press, 2010.  
* Holsaert, Faith S. *Shekara Har abada a cikin jijiyoyi*. Kwamitin Gudanar da Dalibai ba na tashin hankali ba. Waƙoƙin Bayani. Durham, NC: Backbone Press Inc, 2020. ISBN &nbsp;
* Holsaert, Faith S. Ma Lineal: A Memoir of Race, Activism, and Queer Family . Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press, 2024. ISBN &nbsp;

## Manazarta
Dokar Sarakunan Hindu (Gwamma) ta 2005

**Dokar Nasara ta Hindu, 2005**, wani aiki ne na Majalisar Dokokin Indiya wanda ya gyara dokar cin nasarar Hindu, 1956 . Ta sami amincewar shugaban ƙasar Indiya a ranar 5 ga Satumba 2005 kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 9 ga Satumbar 2005.  An yi gyaran fuska da farko don kawar da tanade-tanade na nuna wariya game da haƙƙin mallaka a ƙarƙashin dokar maye gurbin Hindu, 1956. Ya nuna wani mataki na juyin juya hali a cikin dokokin Indiya game da haƙƙin mata.

## Mabuɗin gyare-gyare

### Gyara zuwa sashe na 4 na babbar doka
A cikin sashe na 4 na Dokar Magajin Hindu, 1956, an cire ƙaramin sashe (2). 

### Gyaran sashe na 6 na babbar doka
An maye gurbin sashe na 6 na babban doka tare da tanadin da aka gyara. Ya haramta wa kotuna "[sanar da] duk wani haƙƙin ci gaba a kan ɗa, jika ko jikan jikansa don dawo da duk wani bashi da ya samu daga mahaifinsa, kakansa ko kakansa kawai a kan tushen wajibi na ibada a ƙarƙashin dokar Hindu ." 

### Banda
Gyara, a ƙarƙashin sashe na 5 na sashe na 6, yana ba da keɓance ga ɓangarorin da aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar ayyuka a ƙarƙashin Dokar Rijista, 1908 ko hukunce-hukuncen kotu.

## Mabuɗin fasali
Gyaran ya daidaita haƙƙin mallaka na 'yan'uwa maza da mata sosai. A shekara ta 2008, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa dokar tana da tasiri a baya, kuma diya mace ta zama abokin tarayya tare da 'yan uwanta maza, ba a buƙatar mahaifin ya rayu a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2005. Kotun koli ta kuma yanke hukuncin cewa gyaran ya shafi duk wasu kararrakin raba gardama da aka shigar kafin 2005 kuma har zuwa lokacin da aka yi gyara.  Gyaran yana cikin jituwa tare da haƙƙin daidaito kamar yadda aka tsara a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 14, 15, da 21 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya. 

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Wilberforce don Nazarin Bautar bayi da 'Yanci

((databox))Cibiyar Wilberforce don Nazarin Bautar da Emancipation cibiyar bincike ce a Jami'ar Hull, a Kingston a kan Hull, Ingila . An kafa shi a Oriel Chambers a Cibiyar Birnin Hull, tun shekara ta 2005, manufarsa ita ce binciken bautar a baya da yanzu.
## Tarihin Cibiyar
Cibiyar Wilberforce don Nazarin Bautar da Emancipation, wanda ke Kingston a kan Hull, Ingila, an buɗe ta a hukumance a shekara ta 2006, don Aiki a matsayin cibiyar bincike ga malamai tare da Jami'ar Hull. Mai kula da cibiyar shine mai adawa da wariyar launin fata, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, kuma tsohon shugaban Ghana, John Agyekum Kufuor ne ya buɗe cibiyar. An samu kudade ta hanyar Asusun Ci Gaban Yankin Turai, Yorkshire Forward, da Asusun Lottery na Tarihi. An buɗe cibiyar ne kafin bukukuwan da ke nuna bikin cika shekaru 200 na Dokar Cinikin Bauta ta 1807 wanda, ta hanyar tsohon memba na Majalisar (MP) da kuma babban dan kungiyar abolitionist William Wilberforce, birnin Hull yana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da shi. Cibiyar babbar cibiyar ce da ke ƙwarewa wajen binciken tarihin bautar, yayin da kuma aiki a matsayin cibiyar bincike game da bautar zamani da cin zarafin ɗan adam a zamanin yanzu. Yana da niyyar inganta alaƙa da wasu jami'o'i a duk duniya, gami da manyan cibiyoyin Amurka, kamar Yale, Harvard da Stanford. Nuni da aka nuna alaƙar birnin da Afirka, musamman ma da Birnin Freetown, Saliyo. A matsayin wani ɓangare na Jami'ar Hull, cibiyar sau da yawa tana gudanar da laccoci na jama'a kan batutuwan bautar tarihi da na zamani, gami da lacca na shekara-shekara na Alderman Sydney Smith, wanda ake kira bayan tsohon dan majalisa na Kingston a kan Hull South West, Sydney Smith. Cibiyar tana cikin ginin tarihi na Oriel Chambers, kusa da gidan tarihi na William Wilberforce, da kansa

A cikin shekara ta 2014, cibiyar ta kasance wani ɓangare na "Long Walk to Freedom", jerin ayyukan fasaha a cikin tarihin Tsohon Birnin Hull, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Bikin 'Yanci na shekara-shekara. A cikin shekara ta 2015, an ba da sanarwar cewa an ba cibiyar lambar yabo ta Sarauniya don Ci gaba da Ilimi mafi girma don "bincike da aka yi amfani da shi wajen yaki da siffofin bautar zamani".
## Ginin Taimako na Cibiyar Wilberforce
Cibiyar Wilberforce ta "Humanitarian Wall" tana tunawa da muhimman mutane, na tarihi da na zamani, daga gwagwarmayar da aka yi da bautar.

An bayyana shi a matsayin "kyauta ta musamman ga yawancin sanannun sunaye a duk tarihin da ke daidai da gwagwarmayar samun 'Yanci da' yanci", Ginin yana nuna sunayen:

Ganuwar tana fuskantar lambunan Mandela waɗanda Sir Shridath Ramphal ya buɗe a watan Mayu 1983. An sanya wa lambunan suna ne bayan fursunonin da ke adawa da wariyar launin fata Nelson Mandela wanda daga baya ya zama Shugaban Afirka ta Kudu.

Jakadan Amurka a Burtaniya, Matthew Barzun, an dauki hotonsa yana girmamawa a bango yayin yawon shakatawa na Hull a farkon 2015, yana kuma yin sharhi cewa "Wilberforce sunan da aka sani a duniya kuma na tabbata wani abu ne da Hull zai iya amfani da shi wajen inganta birnin a cikin shekara ta 2017".
## Manazarta