Mabel St Clair Stobart

**Mabel Annie St Clair Stobart** ( née **Boulton** ; 3 ga Fabrairu 1862 - 7 ga Disamba 1954) 'yar ƙasar Ingila ce mai rajin kare haƙƙin jama'a kuma ma'aikaciyar agaji . Ta ƙirƙiri kuma ta jagoranci sassan lafiya na mata don yin aiki a Yaƙin Balkan da Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya . Ta zama mace ta farko da ta kai matsayin Manjo a kowace rundunar sojojin ƙasa. Ita ce kuma marubuciyar littattafai da labarai da dama.

## Rayuwar farko
An haife ta a cikin iyali mai arziki, a shekara ta 1862 a Ingila, iyayenta sune Sir Samuel Bagster Boulton da Sophia Louisa (ɗan Cooper). 

Ita ce 'ya ta uku a cikin iyali mai 'ya'ya mata biyar da 'ya'ya maza biyu. Ta kasance mai sha'awar wasan golf da wasan tennis kuma ta rubuta littafi kan wasan golf, da kuma wasu labarai kan kamun kifi. Ta yi tawaye ga abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin da ta girma, a wani lokaci ta ƙi a gabatar da ita a Kotun Sarauta . 

Ta auri St Clair Kelburn Mulholland Stobart (1861–1908), wani ɗan kasuwa ɗan ƙasar Ireland wanda aka haifa a ranar 16 ga Yuli, 1884. Sun haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu: An haifi St Clair Eric a shekarar 1885 kuma an haifi Lionel a shekarar 1887; St Clair Eric ya yi ta canza sunayensa biyu na farko a rayuwarsa, wataƙila don guje wa rudani da kuma sauƙi. Kuɗin mijinta ya fara raguwa a shekarar 1902, kuma iyalin suka ƙaura zuwa Transvaal, a shekarar 1903, don kafa gona, bayan Yaƙin Boer . Ta kuma kafa shagon ciniki, amma nan da nan iyalin suka yanke shawarar komawa Ingila.

Ta koma Birtaniya a shekarar 1907, inda ta zauna a Studland Bay, a Dorset, yayin da mijinta ya ci gaba da zama a Transvaal don sasanta harkokin kasuwanci.  A sakamakon haka, St Clair ba zai dawo ba, domin ya mutu a teku a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 1908 a tafiyarsa ta dawowa Birtaniya. 

Bayan 'yan shekaru, a ranar 3 ga Maris 1911, Mabel Stobart ta sake yin aure: ga John Herbert Greenhalgh, wani lauya mai ritaya. Ba a saba gani ba, a wannan lokacin, an san miji da mata suna amfani da sunan mahaɗin Stobart-Greenhalgh.    

Da ta dawo Ingila, Stobart ta jefa kanta cikin sha'awar zaɓen 'yan takara, tana halartar taruka da tarurruka da dama.  A shekarar 1913, ta tsaya takarar kujerar Westminster a zaben Majalisar Gundumar London, inda ta zo ta uku da kuri'u 1,199. Ta tsaya takara a wani dandali na samar da gidaje ga ma'aikata tare da ƙara yawan ayyukan kiwon lafiya na gaggawa. 

## Rundunar Mata Masu Rashin Lafiya da Rauni

Stobart ta ji da gaske cewa babban yaƙi zai zo kuma mata za su iya ba da gudummawa ga wannan ƙoƙarin yaƙi ta hanyar ba da kulawar lafiya tare da sauran ayyukan tallafi. A lokacin rayuwarta, Stobart ba ta taɓa samun wani horo na likitanci a hukumance ba. Da farko ta shiga sabuwar ƙungiyar agajin gaggawa ta gaggawa (FANY) amma ta tafi bayan ɗan lokaci. Tana da matsala da kuɗaɗen ƙungiyar da kuma ra'ayin da ake da shi cewa ba ta yin abin da ya dace don inganta mata a cikin sojoji.  Ba da daɗewa ba ta kafa ƙungiyar mata masu fama da rashin lafiya da raunuka (WSWCC) a shekarar 1910.

Yaƙin Balkan ya ɓarke ne a watan Oktoban 1912 tsakanin Daular Ottoman da tsoffin yankunan Bulgaria, Girka, Montenegro, da Serbia . Ƙungiyar Red Cross ta Burtaniya (BRCS) ta aika da wata tawaga zuwa rikicin, amma a bayyane take ba ta aika da wata mata ba, domin al'umma ta yi tunanin cewa yanayin ba zai dace da mata ba. Stobart ta ƙi amincewa kuma ta nemi hanyar da za a aika da rundunarta. Ta nemi taimakon Noel Buxton, ɗan majalisa kuma Shugaban Kwamitin Agajin Yaƙin Balkan. Stobart ta tuntuɓi Buxton a wani kulob kuma ya ba ta shawarar ta yi tafiya tare da shi cikin 'yan kwanaki don ta gabatar da lamarinta kai tsaye ga gwamnatin Bulgaria. Stobart ta shirya rundunarta cikin sauri cikin kwana biyu. Za su zauna a Ingila su jira labari daga gare ta idan sun sami izini. 

Bayan sun yi tafiya a kan jirgin Orient Express, Stobart, mijinta, Noel Buxton da ɗan'uwansa, Charles Buxton, ɗan majalisa, duk sun isa Sofia, Bulgaria . Stobart ta sami amsa mai kyau daga shugaban Red Cross na Bulgaria, amma har yanzu ana buƙatar izinin shugaban sashin likitancin soja. Maimakon jiransa, Stobart ta tafi gaba don ganinsa. Bayan ta yi jawabi mai cike da sha'awa game da matan Birtaniya, an ba Stobart izinin rundunarta ta zo ta kasance "...kusa da gaba gwargwadon iko".  

Stobart ya aika da labarin ga sashin a Ingila, kuma likitoci mata uku, ma'aikatan jinya shida da suka sami horo sosai, da kuma mataimaka huɗu da aka horar, tare da masu dafa abinci uku, sun yi tafiya zuwa Sofia, Bulgaria .  Bayan isowa, an tura su zuwa layin gaba kusa da Kırklareli . Bayan kwanaki bakwai na tafiya a kan shanu a kan tsaunuka, sun isa suka fara aiki.  Sashen ya yi makonni biyar a ƙasar, yana kula da waɗanda suka ji rauni da marasa lafiya har sai da aka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta.  

Lokacin da ta dawo Ingila, ta buga wani littafi game da WSWCC da mata a yaƙi. Littafin, *Yaƙi da mata, daga gogewa a Balkans da sauran wurare*, an sadaukar da shi ga Tsaritsa (Sarauniya) ta Bulgaria, Eleonore Reuss ta Köstritz . Tsaritsa ma'aikaciyar jinya ce a lokacin yaƙin kuma ta ba da gudummawar kayan gado da kayayyaki ga sashin WSWCC. 

Stobart ta yi wata uku tana ziyara a Kanada. A lokacin da take hutu, membobin WSWCC sun yanke shawarar cewa ya kamata a haɗa rukunin tare da Ƙungiyar Red Cross ta Burtaniya. Stobart ta yi zanga-zanga sosai kuma ta bar ƙungiyar da ta kafa. 

## Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya

### A Belgium
Birtaniya ta ayyana yaƙi a kan Jamus a ranar 4 ga Agusta 1914. Stobart ta yi tafiya zuwa Brussels a ranar 18 ga Agusta 1914, ta isa da yammacin ranar 19 ga wata, ta kuma aika da wayar tarho da ke umurtar rundunar da ta fito nan take. Nan take suka fara gyara gine-ginen jami'a da rundunarta ta ware don amfani da su a matsayin asibiti a ranar 20 ga wata. Da ƙarfe 2 na rana, ta bi taron jama'a zuwa Boulevard des Jardins Botaniquese, kuma ta shaida Sojojin Jamus suna shiga da kuma kwace babban birnin Belgium, suna ɗaukar hotuna cikin wauta. Da ta fahimci halin da ake ciki, Stobart ta yi ƙoƙarin nemo hanyar sadarwa da rundunarta. Bayan ƙoƙari mai ɗorewa, Stobart ta sami damar samun fasfo daga Janar ɗin Jamus, zuwa Venlo a Holland, ta tafi da ƙarfe 6 na yamma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, ta karanta Louvain (Leuven) da ƙarfe 8 na dare, sannan ta yi tafiya washegari da ƙarfe 5 na safe (an lalata Louvain washegari) zuwa Hasselt da ƙarfe 8 na safe.

Bayan sun ci abincin safe, babu wanda zai iya sake tashi, kuma bayan an sake duba fasfo ɗinsu, an kama su a matsayin 'yan leƙen asiri, an kewaye su da sojoji waɗanda aka umarce su da su yi amfani da bindigogi, su gyara bayonets, su kuma harbi idan sun motsa ko sun yi magana da juna. Bayan awa ɗaya, an yi musu tattaki zuwa wani otal, an bincika kayansu kuma an yi musu bincike, kafin a kai su tashar jirgin ƙasa da ƙarfe 5 na yamma tare da 'yan sanda goma sha takwas na Garde Civique da masu laifi shida, aka ɗora su a kan wata motar kwal mai datti, wadda ta yi tafiya har zuwa ƙarfe 7 na yamma, ta isa Tongres .

A can, wani jami'in kwamanda mai adawa da Ingilishi wanda Stobart ya kira 'babban shaidan' ya bayyana cewa taswira da kyamara sun isa a hukunta su a matsayin 'yan leƙen asiri, waɗanda ƙaddara za a harbe su cikin awanni ashirin da huɗu. Yayin da yake ƙoƙarin bayyana lamarinsu, Stobart ya yi mamakin maganar, "Kai Ba'amurke ne, kuma ko kai mai gaskiya ne ko ba daidai ba ne, wannan yaƙi ne na halaka." Sun kwana, bayan sun yi jayayya cewa kada a raba su domin ba a yarda mata su kwana da maza ba (ɓangaren da ya ƙunshi mijinta, limamin coci da kuma wani direban Belgium mai talauci wanda aka kama a cikin lamarin).

Wani jami'in tsaro mai tausayi, wanda ke da aure da wata 'yar Ingila, ya shiga ɗakin, ya yi alƙawarin yin duk abin da zai iya don taimakawa, a madadin ya sanar da matarsa cewa komai yana lafiya. 'Shaidan babban jami'in' ya katse shi kuma ya cire shi da ƙarfi. Washegari da safe, Shaidan babban jami'in, wanda ya fusata da shiga tsakani a cikin shirinsa na kisan kai na wayewar gari, ya yi shiri cikin fushi don a mayar da fursunonin huɗu zuwa Cologne don a yi musu shari'a bisa laifin cin amanar ƙasa.

A lokacin tafiyar, labarin canja wurinsu ya ci gaba da tafiya, kuma a Liège aka cire su daga jirgin, kuma jami'an da suka yi hakan sun yi niyyar gwada 'yan leƙen asirin Ingila da kansu. Yayin da jirgin zai tafi, Stobart ya sami damar tilasta wa ɗaya daga cikin masu tsaronsa ya nuna wa jami'in umarnin a mayar da su Cologne. Bayan an samar da takardun, jami'in ya ƙi amincewa, kuma ya bar su su sake hawa jirgin, amma mafi mahimmanci, ba tare da takardunsu ba waɗanda suka kasance shaidar labarinsu. Tafiyar tasu ta ƙare a Aachen (Aix-la-Chappelle) da ƙarfe 8 na dare, kuma aka yi musu tattaki zuwa gidan yarin bariki aka gabatar da su ga alkali daban.

Shaidar da ta rage kawai ita ce wani rahoto da aka fitar daga jaridar *Morning Post* wanda ya ce "Mrs St. Clair Stobart ta tafi Brussels a wannan ranar bisa gayyatar kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta Belgium, don kafa asibiti ga sojojin Faransa da Belgium."

Kafin a sake kai ta gidan yarin don dare. Da yamma, aka kawo ta gaban alkali a gidan yarin, wanda ya ba ta izinin shiga otal, idan ta yi alƙawarin kada ta yi ƙoƙarin tserewa, yayin da yake bincika maganganunta. Stobart ya amsa cewa za ta yi, sai dai idan an yi wa abokan tafiyarta irin wannan ladabin, wanda aka gaya mata cewa sun riga sun yi haka, kuma aka kai ta otal cikin ladabi, kuma aka naɗa wani jami'i don ya kula da afuwarsu. Bayan wasu saƙonnin waya masu rikitarwa, an yanke hukunci kan rashin laifinsu, kuma bayan ya nemi inda suke so, alkali ya bar su su koma Landan, ta hanyar Flushing . 

Bayan dawowarta Landan, Stobart ta kai rundunarta zuwa wurin da aka kewaye Antwerp, bisa ga buƙatar da Lord da Lady Esher suka karɓa. 

Bayan nasarorin da aka samu a Antwerp, Stobart ta kafa asibiti a Château Tourlaville kusa da Cherbourg, wanda aka gudanar a tsakanin 1914-1915,  amma, bayan ta gaji da aikin da take yi daga gaba, ta bar asibitin da ta kafa ta nemi sabon ƙalubale.

#### Asibitin Farko na Farko na Serbia-Ingilishi
Sakamakon yaƙin da tasirinsa, annobar typhus ta barke a Serbia, inda ta yi sanadiyyar mutuwar kimanin mutane 150,000, ciki har da kusan rabin likitoci a ƙasar.  Stobart, tare da wasu sassan lafiya da dama daga kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross, sun je yankin da abin ya shafa.

Ayyukan Stobart sun ja hankalin Rundunar Sojojin Sarauta ta Serbia . Sashen lafiya, a ƙarshen Satumba 1915, ya nemi Stobart ya jagoranci wani asibiti a filin daga. Tare da wasu likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya, sojoji sittin za su kasance ƙarƙashin jagorancinta. Domin dacewa da wannan matsayi, an ba ta mukamin Manjo, wanda ya sa ta zama mace ta farko da aka sani da matsayi na Manjo a duniya.   An kira sashen da Asibitin Farko na Serbian-English Field (gaba).  

Yaƙin bai yi wa Serbia kyau ba a lokacin kaka na 1915. Bulgaria ta shiga yaƙin da ta yi da Serbia. Bayan yaƙi mai zafi, sojoji tare da fararen hula sun yi ja da baya ta hanyar Albania mai tsaka-tsaki . Ja da baya ya kasance cike da rudani tare da mummunan yanayi na sanyi, hanyoyi masu laka, hare-haren maƙiya akai-akai, da rashin abinci da sauran kayayyaki. Kiyasin ya nuna cewa asarar ta kai ga sojoji sama da 250,000 da suka mutu ko suka ɓace. Babu wani kiyasi kan adadin fararen hula da suka mutu.  

Stobart ta isa gaba da rundunarta tun kafin fara ja da baya. Rundunarta tana ɗaya daga cikin rundunonin ƙarshe da suka fara ketare tsaunuka masu haɗari amma ta sami damar tsayawa tare ba tare da wata asara ba.  

A shekarar 1916, Stobart ta rubuta littafin *The Flaming Sword in Serbia and Across*, wani labari game da wahalar da ta sha a Serbia wanda aka nuna shi da hotunanta kuma ta yi rangadin lacca na Burtaniya, tana ba da gudummawar kuɗin ga Red Cross na Serbia . 

### Daga baya tafiye-tafiye
Bayan da Amurka ta shiga yaƙi a watan Afrilun 1917, Stobart ya yi tafiya zuwa Arewacin Amurka - Amurka da Kanada - don rangadin lacca da aka shirya ta hannun Ma'aikatar Watsa Labarai ta Burtaniya, sannan kuma rangadin lacca a Ireland a ƙarshen 1918.  

## Ruhaniya da rayuwa ta gaba
A shekarar 1918, an bai wa Stobart ikon kula da jikokinta biyu waɗanda iyayensu suka mutu a annobar mura, kuma a shekarar 1928 babban ɗanta da mijinta suka mutu. Sakamakon waɗannan asara da abubuwan da ta fuskanta a lokacin yaƙi, Stobart ta zama babbar jigo a cikin Ruhaniya, ta shiga cikin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na masu ruhaniya kuma ta rubuta littattafai da ƙasidu da dama kan batun, ciki har da Ancient Lights (1923) da Torchbearers of Spiritualism (1925).

Stobart ya zama shugaban Kwalejin Kimiyyar Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Burtaniya kuma a shekarar 1924, Stobart ya kafa kuma ya zama Shugaban Al'ummar Masu Ruhaniya kuma abokin aikinsa Arthur Conan Doyle ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙasa har zuwa mutuwarsa a watan Yulin 1930.  Stobart ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ƙungiyar Al'ummar Masu Ruhaniya daga 1924 zuwa 1941 kuma ya shiga majalisar Majalisar Imani ta Duniya. 

A shekarar 1935, Stobart ta buga tarihin rayuwarta, *Miracles and Adventures: An Autobiography* .

Stobart ta shafe mafi yawan rayuwarta a gidanta da ke Studland, Dorset. Stobart ta mutu a ranar 7 ga Disamba, 1954 tana da shekaru 92.  

## Ayyukan rubutu

* *Yaƙi da mata, Daga Gwaninta a Balkans da Sauran wurare* 1913. London, G. Bell & Sons, Ltd.
* *Takobin Wuta a Serbia da Sauran wurare* 1916. London; New York: Hodder da Stoughton.
* *Hasken Tsoho (ko, Littafi Mai Tsarki, Coci da kimiyyar tunani)* . 1923. Landan: Kegan Paul.
* *Masu ɗaukar fitilun ruhaniya* . 1925.
* *Ko dai ko na ruhaniya* . 1928. London: Rider & Co.
* *Littafin Apocrypha wanda wani mai ilimin ruhaniya ya yi bita a kai* . 1930. London: Kegan Paul.
* *Labarun Littafi Mai Tsarki Masu Tausayi ga matasa da tsofaffi* . 1933?. London: Wright & Brown.
* *Mu'ujizai da Kasada. Tarihin Rayuwa* . 1935. London: Rider & Co.

## Duba kuma

* Mutane a kan takardun kuɗi na Scotland
* Elsie Inglis Memorial Maternity Hospital
* Scottish Women's Hospitals for Foreign Service
* Eveline Haverfield – Ma'aikacin agaji na Burtaniya mai ra'ayin mazan jiya (1867–1920) 
* Elizabeth Ness MacBean Ross – Likitan Scotland (1878 - 1915)
* Leila Paget – Shafukan agaji na Burtaniya 
* Elsie Inglis – Likitan Scotland (1864–1917)
* Josephine Bedford – Mai ba da agaji na Australiya kuma direban motar asibiti ta WWI (1861-1955) 
* Katherine Harley – Ɗan Birtaniya mai ra'ayin mazan jiya
* Isabel Emslie Hutton – Likitan Scotland (1887–1960)

## Manazarta