open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
2600: Hacker Quarterly

2600: The Hacker Quarterly wani littafi ne na Amurka na zamani na bayanai da labarai, da yawa daga cikinsu masu karatu ne suka rubuta su kuma suka gabatar da su, a kan batutuwa daban-daban ciki har da hacking, Tsarin sauya tarho, ladabi da sabis na Intanet, da kuma labarai na gaba ɗaya game da kwamfuta na karkashin kasa.

Tare da asali a cikin al'ummar phreaking na waya da ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, *2600* da taron da ke tattare da shi sun sauya zuwa ɗaukar al'adun ɗan fashi kwamfuta na zamani, kuma mujallar ta zama dandamali don yin magana game da karuwar sa ido na dijital da kuma ba da shawara game da 'yancin mutum da na dijital. Ba

## Tarihin wallafe-wallafen
Sunan mujallar ya fito ne daga binciken phreaker a cikin 1960s cewa watsa sautin 2600 hertz - wanda za'a iya samar da shi daidai tare da furucin ɗan wasa na filastik da aka ba shi kyauta tare da hatsin Cap'n Crunch, wanda abokan John Draper suka gano - a kan haɗin gangar jikin mai nisa ya sami damar yin amfani da yanayin tarho, kuma ba a ba da damar mai amfani ga yanayin sadarwa ba. David Ruderman ne ya ba wa mujallar sunanta, wanda ya kafa mujallar tare da abokinsa na kwaleji, Eric Corley.[2] Ruderman ya ƙare kai tsaye shiga cikin mujallar shekaru uku bayan haka. [abubuwan da ake bukata&#x5B;*>*&#x5D;

&#x5B;&#x5D;

Goldstein ya wallafa tarin labarai daga mujallar mai taken The Best of 2600: A Hacker Odyssey . Littafin, shafi na 888, yana samuwa daga ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2008, a Amurka da 8 ga Agusta, 2008, a Burtaniya kuma Wiley ne ya buga shi.

## Manazarta
Gasar Cin Kofin Japan ta 2014

Gasar Grand Prix na Japan ta 2014 (a hukumance Gasar Grand Prèmi ta Japan ta 2014) tseren mota ne na Formula One da aka gudanar a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2014 a Suzuka Circuit a Suzuka, Mie . Ya kasance tseren 15 na 2014 FIA Formula One World Championship, da kuma 30th Formula One Japanese Grand Prix. Direban Mercedes Lewis Hamilton ya lashe tseren 44-lap farawa daga matsayi na biyu. Abokin aikinsa, Nico Rosberg, ya kammala na biyu kuma direban Red Bull Racing Sebastian Vettel ya kasance na uku. Wannan ita ce nasarar Hamilton ta takwas a kakar kuma ta 30 a cikin aikinsa na Formula One.

Da yake shiga cikin tseren, Hamilton ya jagoranci Rosberg da maki uku a Gasar Direbobin Duniya kuma tawagar su ta jagoranci Gasar Masu Gina ta Duniya da maki 174 a kan Red Bull. Ruwan sama mai yawa daga Typhoon Phanfone ya sa hanya ta yi laushi kuma ya rage ganuwa. Farawa daga bayan motar tsaro, an dakatar da tseren bayan sau biyu kuma an sake dawowa minti 20 bayan haka. Rosberg nan da nan ya toshe wucewa Hamilton zuwa kusurwar farko. Motarsa ta sami wuce gona da iri, kuma Hamilton ya rage karancin lokaci tsakanin su. Hamilton ya kalubalanci Rosberg don jagorantar a cikin zagaye huɗu na gaba, kafin ya wuce shi a zagaye na 29 kuma ya janye.

Nasarar ta ba Hamilton damar kara jagorancinsa a Gasar Direbobin Duniya zuwa maki goma a kan Rosberg, tare da Daniel Ricciardo na uku mai nisa. Mercedes ta kara karfin su a kan Red Bull a gasar zakarun duniya, kuma Williams ta kasance a gaban Ferrari a yakin neman matsayi na uku tare da tseren hudu da suka rage a kakar. vn.

## Tarihi

The 2014 Japanese Grand Prix was the 15th of the 19 races of the 2014 FIA Formula One World Championship, and the 30th running of the event as part of the Formula One World Championship. It was held on 5 October at the  18-turn Suzuka Circuit in Suzuka, Mie. The event's official name was the *2014 Formula 1 Japanese Grand Prix*, and it was scheduled to last 53 laps over a distance of .

Mail samar da taya Pirelli ya kawo nau'ikan taya guda huɗu zuwa tseren: mahadi biyu masu bushewa (zaɓuɓɓuka" masu launin fari da "primes" masu launin orange") da mahadi biyu na yanayi mai laushi (tsakanin da cikakkiyar rigar).  Tsarin rage jan hankali (DRS) yana da yanki ɗaya na kunnawa don tseren, a kan madaidaiciya da ke haɗa kusurwoyi na ƙarshe da na farko. Da'irar ta sami canje-canje bayan tseren Shekarar da ta gabata; an sake fasalin wasu sassan hanya tsakanin juyawa na 14 da 15, an shigar da shingen TecPro a ciki bayan fitowar juyawa 15 kuma an mayar da fitilu kusa da tarkace a waje da juyawa 13 da 14.

## Manazarta
1995 Grand Prix na Pacific

Gasar Grand Prix ta Pacific ta 1995 (a hukumance II Pacific Grand Prix) tseren mota ne na Formula One da aka gudanar a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 1995 a TI Circuit, Aida, Japan . Ya kasance zagaye na goma sha biyar na Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Formula One ta 1995. Michael Schumacher na ƙungiyar Benetton ya lashe tseren 83-lap farawa daga matsayi na uku. David Coulthard, wanda ya fara Grand Prix daga matsayi na pole, ya kammala na biyu a cikin motar Williams, tare da Damon Hill na uku a cikin ɗayan Williams. Nasarar Schumacher ta tabbatar da shi a matsayin Champion na Direbobin 1995, saboda Hill ba zai iya wuce maki na Schumacher ba tare da tseren biyu kawai da suka rage. Wannan kuma shine tseren karshe ga Jean-Christophe Boullion .&nbsp;

Hill ya fara tseren tare da Coulthard a jere na gaba, a cikin matsin lamba daga kafofin watsa labarai na Burtaniya don rashin "mai ƙarfi" a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe. Schumacher ya yi ƙoƙari ya tuka a waje da Hill a kusurwar farko, amma Hill ya dakatar da Schumacher yayin da Jean Alesi, yana tuki don Ferrari, ya wuce duka biyu a cikin layin ciki don ɗaukar matsayi na biyu. A sakamakon haka, Hill ya sauka zuwa na uku kuma Schumacher ya sauka a na biyar a bayan Gerhard Berger. Schumacher ya sami nasarar wucewa Alesi da Hill a lokacin farko na uku. Wannan ya ba shi damar, a kan sabon saiti na taya, ya rufe Coulthard wanda ke kan dabarun tsayawa biyu. Schumacher ya buɗe rata na 21 seconds ta hanyar saurin saurin sa'o'i biyu a kowane lap fiye da Coulthard, don haka lokacin da ya tsaya na uku ya zo, har yanzu yana jagorantar tseren.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

## Tarihi
Gasar, da farko an shirya za a gudanar da ita a matsayin zagaye na uku na kakar a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 1995, an tura ta zuwa Oktoba yayin da ababen more rayuwa da sadarwa suka lalace sosai daga girgizar kasa ta Hanshin. e.

Da yake shiga tseren 15 na kakar, direban Benetton Michael Schumacher yana jagorantar gasar zakarun direbobi tare da maki 82; direban Williams Damon Hill ya kasance na biyu a maki 55, maki 27 a bayan Schumacher. Matsakaicin maki 30 suna samuwa ga sauran tseren uku, wanda ke nufin cewa Hill har yanzu zai iya lashe taken. Schumacher kawai yana buƙatar matsayi na huɗu don zama Champion na Drivers kamar yadda, koda Hill ya ci nasara, Schumacher zai kasance fiye da maki 20 a gaban Hill tare da tseren biyu da suka rage. Bayan Hill da Schumacher a gasar zakarun direbobi, David Coulthard ya kasance na uku a maki 43 a Williams, tare da Johnny Herbert da Jean Alesi duka a maki 40. A gasar zakarun masu ginawa, Benetton suna jagorantar maki 112 kuma Williams na biyu ne a maki 92, tare da matsakaicin maki 48.  A cikin makonni biyu da suka kai ga tseren, an yi zargi mai tsanani ga Damon Hill, tare da masana suna jin cewa Hill bai kasance "mai karfi" ba a cikin yakin da ya yi a Grand Prix na Turai da Schumacher. A cikin wata hira da ta kai ga tseren, direban Ligier na ɗan lokaci Martin Brundle ya ce:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

## Manazarta
Karrill na Antarctic

Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) wani nau'in krill ne da aka samo  ruwan Antarctic na Kudancin Tekun . Yana da karamin, mai yin iyo wanda ke zaune a manyan makarantu, wanda ake kira swarms, wani lokacin yana kaiwa ga yawan dabbobi 10,000-30,000 a kowace cubic mita. Yana ciyarwa kai tsaye a kan minti daya phytoplankton, don haka ta amfani da makamashi na farko wanda phytoplanktan ya samo asali daga rana don ci gaba da sake zagayowar rayuwarsa. Yana girma zuwa tsawon 6 centimeters (2.4 in), yana da nau'o'in har zuwa  , kuma yana iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru shida. Wani nau'in halittu a cikin yanayin halittu na Antarctic kuma dangane da biomass, *E. superba* yana daya daga cikin nau'ikan dabbobi masu yawa a duniya, tare da tarin halittu kusan tan miliyan  (; tan miliyan 490). 

## Tsarin rayuwa

Babban lokacin spawning na Antarctic krill shine daga Janairu zuwa Maris, duka a sama da shelf na nahiyar da kuma a cikin yankin sama na yankunan teku masu zurfi. A cikin al'ada na duk krill, namiji yana ɗaure spermatophore zuwa ga buɗewar jima'i na mace. Don wannan dalili, ana gina pleopods na farko (ƙafafu da aka haɗe da ciki) na namiji a matsayin kayan aikin jima'i. Mata suna sa ƙwai 6,000-10,000 a lokaci guda. Ana shayar da su yayin da suke wucewa daga buɗewar jima'i.

Dangane da ra'ayi na gargajiya na Marriosis De' Abrtona,  wanda aka samo daga sakamakon balaguron sanannen jirgin bincike na Burtaniya RRS Discovery, ci gaban kwai ya ci gaba kamar haka: Gastrulation (ci gaban kwai  tayin) ya saita yayin saukowar   in) kwai a kan shelf a kasa, a cikin yankunan teku a zurfin kusan mita 2,000-3,000 (6,600-9,800 . Kwayar ta fito ne a matsayin larva nauplius; da zarar wannan ya shiga cikin metanauplius, saurayi ya fara ƙaura zuwa farfajiya a cikin ƙaura da aka sani da hawan ci gaba. in depths around t.

## Manazarta
Anthe (wata)

**Anthe** /ˈænθiː/ ƙaramin tauraron dan adam ne na Saturn wanda ke tsakanin hanyoyin Mimas da Enceladus. An kuma san shi da **Saturn XLIX**; sunansa na wucin gadi shine **S/2007 S 4**. An sanya masa suna ne bayan daya daga cikin Alkyonides; sunan yana nufin *furen*. Ita ce wata ta sittin da aka tabbatar da Saturn.

An kuma yi amfani da sunan S/2007 S 4 ba da gangan ba kuma ba daidai ba don tauraron dan adam na Saturnian daban wanda aka gano daga baya. An janye binciken da aka buga bayan 'yan sa'o'i kaɗan kuma an sake buga shi washegari a ƙarƙashin sunan S/2007 S 5.

Kungiyar *Cassini* Imaging Team ce ta gano shi  a cikin hotunan da aka dauka a ranar 30 ga Mayu 2007.  Da zarar an gano, binciken tsofaffin hotunan Cassini ya bayyana shi a cikin abubuwan lura daga Yuni 2004. An fara sanar da shi ne a ranar 18 ga Yulin 2007. 

Anthe yana da tasiri sosai ta hanyar rikice-rikice na 10:11 na matsakaicin matsakaicin tare da Mimas mafi girma. Wannan yana haifar da abubuwan da ke kewaye da shi don bambanta tare da girman kusan kilomita 20 a cikin babban axis a kan lokaci na kimanin shekaru 2 na Duniya. Kusa da hanyoyin Pallene da Methone yana nuna cewa waɗannan watanni na iya samar da iyali mai ƙarfi.&nbsp;

Abubuwan da aka fashe daga Anthe ta hanyar tasirin micrometeoroid ana zaton su ne tushen Anthe Ring Arc, wani ɗan ƙaramin zobe game da Saturn co-orbital tare da wata da aka fara ganowa a watan Yunin 20070.

## Manazarta
Cignature

**Cignature** (Yaren mutanen Koriya: 시그니처; wanda aka saba sawa a duk ƙananan haruffa) ƙungiyar 'yan matan Koriya ta Kudu ce ta ƙunshi Chaesol, Jeewon, Seline, Chloe, Belle, Semi, da Dohee. C9 Entertainment ne suka kafa kuma aka sarrafa su a ƙarƙashin keɓaɓɓen rukunin yarinyar su mai suna J9 Entertainment, ƙungiyar sun fara halarta a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2020, tare da ɗayansu na farko "Nun Nu Nan Na". Kungiyar ta watse a hukumance a ranar 3 ga Disamba, 2024.
Lafiya a Estoniya

Sabon ma'auna ne mai nasaran mutum wanda aka lissafashi domin kasashe195 daga 1990 zuwa 2016 kuma an bayyana shi ga kowane rukunin haihuwa kamar yadda shekarun da ake tsammani suka rayu daga shekaru 20 zuwa 64 kuma an daidaita su don samun ilimi, ilmantarwa ko ingantaccen ilimi, da kuma matsayin kiwon lafiya na aiyikan an buga su a watan Satumbar shekaran 2018. Estonia tana da matsayi na goma sha bakwai mafi girma na Babban birnin ɗan adam da ake tsammani tare da shekaru 24 da suka dace da kiwon lafiya, ilimi, da kuma daidaitaccen ilmantarwa da ake tsammani suna rayuwa tsakanin shekaru 20 zuwa 64.
HNU Hawks

Holy Names Hawks (kuma **HNU Hawks**) sun kasance ƙungiyoyin 'yan wasa waɗanda ke wakiltar Jami'ar Holy Names, da ke Oakland, California, a cikin wasanni na kwaleji a matsayin memba na NCAA Division II, wanda ya fara fafatawa a Taron Yammacin Pacific (PacWest) daga 2012-13 har zuwa 2022-23. Hawks a baya sun fafata a Taron California Pacific (Cal Pac) na National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) daga 1996-97 zuwa 2011-12.

HNU Athletics ta kammala tsarin zama memba na NCAA a watan Yulin 2016 kuma ta kasance memba na NCA Division II har zuwa 2023.

## Tarihi
A cikin Shekara ta 1994 Jami'ar Sunayen Mai Tsarki, sannan Kwalejin Sunayen Masu Tsarki, ta ɗaga wasanninta na kulob din zuwa wasannin motsa jiki ta hanyar shiga Ƙungiyar Wasannin Wasannin Wasannun Wasannin Wasantu (NAIA). HNU ta fara haɗin gwiwar NAIA a cikin fall of 1994 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Taron Tekun Pacific, tana fafatawa a wasan kwando, volleyball, da ƙetare-ƙetare.

A cikin Shekara ta 1995, Jami'ar Holy Names ta yi gasa a matsayin mai zaman kanta kafin ta zama memba mai kafa taron California Pacific (CAL PAC) a cikin Shekara ta 1996.  A matsayinta na memba na CAL PAC, HNU Athletics ta sami: 7 California Pacific Conference All-Sports Awards, 54 taron zakarun kasa na NAIA 36, 26 na gasar zakarun yanki, 3 na yanki, 25 MVPs, 35 NAIA All-Americans, 69 Academic All-Americs, da 26 na shekara.

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2011, an karɓi HNU Athletics don zama memba (na canji) a cikin Taron Yammacin Pacific, wanda ya fara fitowa a shekara ta 2012, kuma a watan Yunin shekara ta 2012, an karɓi "HNU Athletic" don zama memba a cikin Sashe na II na Ƙungiyar Wasanni ta Ƙasa (NCAA). Jami'ar tana cikin shekara ta uku na tsarin membobin.

A watan Yulin na Shekara ta 2016, HNU Athletics ya zama memba mai aiki a taron NCAA DII PacWest .

A cikin Nuwamba 2016, Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Ƙasa ta Maza ta zama ƙungiya ta farko a tarihin makaranta don yin gasa a wani taron bayan kakar wasa a matsayin memba na NCAA D-II.

## Ƙungiyoyin Varsity
HNU ta fafata a wasannin varsity na jami'a guda 13: Wasannin maza sun haɗa da baseball, ƙwallon kwando, ƙetare, golf, ƙwallon ƙafa da wasan tennis;  yayin da wasanni na mata sun haɗa da ƙwallon kwando, ƙetare, golf, ƙwallon ƙafa, ƙwallon ƙafa, wasan tennis da wasan volleyball.  Ana bayar da wasan ƙwallon ragar maza a matsayin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. Wasanni na baya sun haɗa da wasan maza da mata.

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

*
WeThe15

**#WeThe15** ƙungiya ce ta haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya wacce ke da niyyar sanya mutanen da ke da nakasa, waɗanda suka kai kashi 15% na yawan jama'ar duniya (mutane biliyan 1.2), a bayyane. Wani shiri ne na Kwamitin Paralympic na Duniya da Ƙungiyar Naƙasassun Duniya,   kungiyoyi da yawa daga duniyar Wasanni na nakasassu, Hakkin nakasassu da kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba ne ke tallafawa. An ƙaddamar da shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Wasannin Paralympics na bazara na 2020 a cikin 2021. An haskaka alamomi a duk faɗin duniya a cikin purple don dacewa da bikin buɗewa. An ba da motsi na musamman a lokacin bikin rufewa.

Wani kamfen na talabijin a watan Agustan 2021  baje kolin mutanen da ke da nakasa, ba kawai a matsayin "na musamman", ko "mai ban sha'awa", amma a matsayin mutane na yau da kullun-tare da ƙalubale iri ɗaya da waɗanda ba nakasassu ba - waɗanda ba za a yi watsi da su ba, amma sun haɗa da su. 

## Kungiyoyin kafawa
 

* Kungiyoyin wasanni na nakasassu Kwamitin Paralympic na Duniya Wasannin Olympics na Musamman Wasannin Kurma Invictus
** Kwamitin Wasannin Paralympic na Duniya
** Wasannin Olympics na Musamman
** Wasannin kurame
** Wasannin Invictus
* Kungiyoyin masu fafutuka da kirkire-kirkire na kasa da kasa Alliance na kasa da na kasa da ci gaba da ci gaba gaba gaba Zero Project ATscale CTalent The Valuable 500
** Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta nakasassu
** Ƙungiyar Naƙasasshe da Ci Gaban Duniya
** Shirin Zero
** Scale na AT
** CTalent
** Kyakkyawan 500
* Kungiyoyin kasashe da yawa Hukumar Tarayyar Turai UNESCO Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam Manufofin Duniya Ba da shawara Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa Manufofin Aiki Kamfen Alliance of Civilizations
** Hukumar Tarayyar Turai
** UNESCO
** Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam
** Shawarwarin Manufofin Duniya
** Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci Gaban
** Haɗin Kai na wayewa

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

*
Niemat Kuku

**Niemat Kuku** 'yar gwagwarmayar Sudan ce, gwanar ci gaba kuma darakta kuma ta kafa Cibiyar Bincike da Horarwa ta Jima'i (GCRT) a Sudan .  Kuku tana karatu kuma tana  tallafawa haƙƙin mata  da daidaiton jinsi a Sudan kuma ya kasance Reagan-Fascell  Demokradiyya Fellow . 

## Binciken haƙƙin mata
Kuku ta rubuta rawar da mata Sudan ke takawa a cikin jama'a tun farkon karni na ashirin, kafin yakin duniya na farko, a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Anglo-Masar na Sudan.  A shekara ta 2009, a lokacin Babban zaben Sudan na 2010 wanda aka shirya don shekara ta 2009, Kuku ya wallafa wani bincike game da goyon bayan siyasa don tabbatar da aiki ta hanyar ƙididdiga a matsayin hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita don samun damar shiga mata a cikin hanyoyin siyasa. Ta yi nuni da abubuwa na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ƙasa na 2005 wanda ke inganta aiki mai kyau, "yaƙi" da al'adun da ke lalata matsayin mata da mutunci, da kuma samar da haƙƙin haihuwa, sabis na kiwon lafiya da kula da yara ga uwaye. Ta gano cewa manyan jam'iyyun siyasa duk sun goyi bayan ƙididdigar mata a cikin zaɓuɓɓuka, tare da ƙididdigat da suka bambanta daga kashi 25 zuwa 33. Kuku ya ba da cikakken bayani game da takamaiman hanyoyin da ake buƙata don haƙƙin mata da dimokuradiyya don ingantawa ta hanyar waɗannan zaɓuɓɓuka.

## Yunkurin kare hakkin mata
Kuku na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Jima'i da Horarwa (GCRT) a Khartoum . 

A shekara ta 2009, a cikin jagorancin babban zaben Sudan na 2010, Kuku ta kasance mai aiki sosai wajen karfafa mata shiga zaben da kuma samun goyon baya daga 'yan wasan siyasa daban-daban.

## Manazarta
Abdul Wahid al Nur

**Abdul Wahid Mohamed al-Nur** (kuma **Abdel Wahid el-Nur** ko **Abdulwahid Mohammed Nour**; Larabci: عبد الواحد محمد نور, *ʿAbd al-Wāḥid Muḥammad Nūr*; an haife shi a shekara ta 1968) shi ne shugaban ƙungiyar 'yan tawayen Sudan Liberation Movement (al Nur). 

An haife shi a Zalingei, West Darfur, ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Khartoum, inda ya kammala a 1995 tare da digiri na shari'a kafin ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya. An kafa SLM a kusa da shekara ta 2001 tare da rarrabuwa mai mahimmanci a shekara ta 2006 bayan Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Darfur lokacin da al-Nur ya ki sanya hannu yayin da Minni Minawi ya amince. 

## Rayuwa
Abdul Wahid Mohamed al-Nur lauya ne, an haife shi a shekarar 1968 a Zalingei, Darfur, Sudan .

Ya kasance mai goyon bayan Jam'iyyar Kwaminis a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa. Kuma bayan farawar Yaƙin basasar Sudan na yanzu, ya sake yin kawance da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta hanyar samun SLM-al Nur ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar juyin juya hali tare da Jam'iyya.

Al-Nur ya yi aiki tare da ICC kuma ya samar da abubuwa da suka haifar da tuhumar Omar al-Bashir da wasu daga cikin jami'ansa. Ya kasance yana hulɗa da Fatou Bensouda, babban mai gabatar da kara na ICC daga 2012 zuwa 2021. Abdul Wahid Mohamed al-Nur yana goyon bayan karfafa ikon ICC.

## Manazarta
Tambarin haraji na Turawan somali

British Somaliland, mai karewa na Burtaniya a Somaliland na yanzu, ya ba da kudaden shiga ko hatimi na kasafin kudi tsakanin 1900 da 1904. Dukkanin harajin Somaliland sun kasance hatimi na kudaden shiga na Indiya da aka buga BRITISH SOMALILAND.

An buga hatimi na Kotun Indiya ta Burtaniya da ke ɗauke da hoton Sarauniya Victoria (wanda aka bayar a 1882) don amfani da su a Somaliland tsakanin 1900 da 1903. Akwai nau'o'i daban-daban na overprint, kuma an san hatimi ɗaya. A cikin 1904, an yi amfani da irin wannan overprints a kan hatimi na Kotun da ke nuna sabon sarki Edward VII. 

Takardun kudaden shiga na Indiya ta Burtaniya, wanda ke nuna Sarauniya Victoria kuma an bayar da su ne a 1869, an kuma buga su da irin wannan. Har ila yau, akwai nau'ikan overprints guda biyu.

An janye kudaden shiga na Somaliland a cikin 1904,  biyo bayan gabatar da hatimi na takardun shaida da kudaden shiga guda biyu. 

## Dubi kuma

* Takaddun gidan waya da tarihin gidan waya na Somaliland na Burtaniya
* Takaddun haraji na Somalia

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Grace Amponsah-Ababio

**Grace Amponsah-Ababio** (born 22 December 1941) is a Ghanaian Dentist and a retired Diplomat.

## Ilimi
om&nbsp;Grace ta sami karatun sakandare daga 1955 zuwa 1959 Wesley Girls' Senior High School, Cape Coast, Ghana . Daga 1961 zuwa 1962. Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Kasa ta Ukraine "KPI" a Tarayyar Soviet . Daga 1962 zuwa 1966 ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Kiwon Lafiya ta Odessa a Tarayyar Soviet . A matsayinta na likitan hakora, ta ƙware a fannin ilimin hakora.&nbsp;&nbsp; .&nbsp;gy.

## Ayyuka
Daga 1967 zuwa 1969, ta kasance jami'in gida a asibitin koyarwa na Komo Anokye a Kumasi . Daga 1972 zuwa 1974 ta kasance babban likitan hakora a asibitin koyarwa na Korle-Bu . Daga 1974 zuwa 1978 ta kasance babbar likitan hakora a asibitin polyclinic na gari a gundumar Ussher Fort a Accra . Daga Janairu 1979 zuwa Satumba 2001 ta jagoranci aikin likitan hakora na sirri. Daga 1989 zuwa 2001, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu farawa na "Mobile Dental Clinic" da "Social Dental Outreach" tare da ayyukan haƙori ga al'ummomin da ke cikin bukata a Ghana. Daga Satumba 2001 zuwa Satumba 5, 2004, ta kasance jakada a The Hague (Netherlands) kuma kungiyar haramta makamai masu guba ta amince da ita 

## Manazarta
Al-Sadda

***Al Sadda*** (a cikin Larabci الصدى ma'ana The Echo) jaridar wasanni ce ta yau da kullun da aka buga a Sudan .  A watan Satumbar 2011, kwamitin manema labarai na Sudan ya dakatar da jaridar tare da wasu jaridu biyar na wasanni saboda zargin keta dokar manema labarai.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Postage stamps and postal history of British Somaliland

Asalin wasika daga Somaliland na Burtaniya ya yi amfani da hatimi na Masar, sannan Indiya. A cikin 1903, kimanin nau'ikan hatimi 30 na Indiya an buga su "BRITISH / SOMALILAND".

## Takaddun shaida na farko
A cikin 1904 mai karewa ya ba da hatimi nasa, wanda ke nuna bayanin Sarki Edward VII, kuma an rubuta "SOMALILAND PROTECTORATE". Batutuwan George V sun yi amfani da wannan ƙirar tare da bayanin martaba na George.

## George na shida

Bayan George VI ya hau gadon sarauta, sabon jerin dabi'u 12 sun yi amfani da zane-zane guda uku; tumakin Berbera, ƙaramin kudu antelope, da taswirar. Jerin 1938 sun haɗa da 3/4 a kan hoton sarki; a cikin 1942, tare da maido da sabis na gidan waya na farar hula bayan mamayar Italiya, sabbin hatimi sun yi amfani da hoton fuska, kuma an sake zana ƙirar tumaki.

## Canjin kuɗi
A kusa da 1950 kudin ya canza daga annas da rupees zuwa cents da shillings, kuma an ɗari hatimi na 1942 yadda ya kamata. An buga fitowar ranar cika shekaru 75 ta UPU a cikin cents da shillings, amma ranar fitowarsa ta kasance 24 ga Oktoba 1949 (10th Oct. a London), kafin canjin, don haka dole ne a kara wa waɗancan hatimi a cikin tsohuwar kuɗin.

## Sarauniya Elizabeth II
Sarauniya Elizabeth II ta gabatar da sabon jerin da ke nuna nau'ikan namun daji da al'amuran. Wasu dabi'un waɗannan hatimi an buga su a cikin 1957 tare da "Opening / OF THE / LEGISLATIVE / COUNCIL / 1957", kuma a cikin 1960 tare da "LEGISLATIV / COUNOFFICIAL / MAJORITY, / 1960" don nuna abubuwan da suka faru kamar yadda aka kira su ta hanyar overprints.

Dukkanin hatimi na Somaliland" id="mwRw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="British Somaliland">Somaliland na Burtaniya an janye su daga sayarwa a ranar 25 ga Yuni 1960 yayin da Somaliland ta sami 'yancin kai. A cikin mako guda kafin hadin kai tare da Somaliland na Italiya a ranar 1 ga Yuli, an ba da saiti na hatimi na Somaliland na Italy da aka buga "Independence na Somaliland 26 Yuni 1960". 

## Dubi kuma

* Takaddun gidan waya da tarihin gidan waya na Somalia
* Takaddun haraji na Somaliland na Burtaniya

## Bayani da tushe
Nana Araba Apt

**Nana Araba Apt** (1942 - 2017)  marubuci dan kasar Ghana ne, malami kuma ma'aikacin zamantakewa.

Ta kafa wata kungiyar agaji mai suna College for Ama a shekarar 2005 domin taimakawa 'yan matan karkara a Ghana zuwa makaranta. Ta kasance shugabar kula da harkokin ilimi a jami'ar Ashesi kuma farfesa a jami'ar Ghana kafin rasuwarta a shekarar 2017.

## Bayanan littattafai

* Yin fama da Tsofaffi a cikin Canjin Afirka: Canjin Jama'a da Tsofaffi na Ghana (1996)  
* Koyon Yadda Ake Wasa Don Nasara (2007) 
* Matsayin Ghana: Kalubale da Sabuntawa (2015) 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Naa Asheley Dordor

**Naa Asheley Dordor** likita ce ta Ghana kuma Babban Jami'in Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Nova, cibiyar kiwon lafiya da ta haɗa da Chiropractor, abinci mai gina jiki, motsa jiki da tausa don magance marasa lafiya.

## Ayyuka
Ita ce babban jami'in gudanarwa na Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Nova.[1][2] Ayyukanta sun fara ne a matsayin abokiyar chiropractor a chiropractor Glen Huntly, lokacin da ta ci gaba da shirye-shiryen kai tsaye.[3] Ta yi aiki na shekara guda a Chicago, Illinois bayan ta kammala makaranta kafin ta koma Ghana.[4] Ta kara yin aiki tare da asibitin kashin baya a Ghana na tsawon shekara guda kafin ta fara nata cibiyar kiwon lafiya a cikin 2013.[4][1]ms.o Ghana.3.s.o03.

## Ilimi
Dordor ta sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya daga Halifax)" id="mwOA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Saint Mary's University (Halifax)">Jami'ar Saint Mary da ke Halifax, Kanada . Ta ƙware a matsayin Chiropractor a Kwalejin Chiropractic ta Palmer a Davenport Modalities a Amurka.

## Kyaututtuka
Ta lashe lambar yabo ta Babban Jami'in Shekara (Lafiya da Lafiya) a karo na uku na Ghana-Yammacin Afirka Kasuwanci (GWABEA).  A cikin 2018, lambobin yabo na 40 Under 40 sun amince da ita saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga masana'antar Chiropractic a Ghana. Ta lashe kyautar Mata 'yar kasuwa ta shekara a shekarar 2018 ta hanyar Small Medium Enterprises Ghana Awards (SMEGA). A cikin 2017, cibiyar kiwon lafiya, Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Nova, ta lashe mafi kyawun Small & Medium Enterprises (SME) a cikin kiwon lafiya a SMEGA Awards.

## Manazarta
Tlaleng Mofokeng

**Tlaleng Mofokeng** likita ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda shine Mai ba da rahoto na Musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Lafiya . Tana kamfen don samun damar kiwon lafiya na duniya da kula da cutar kanjamau. An lasafta ta daya daga cikin *Mata 100* na BBC a shekarar 2021.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Mofokeng a QwaQwa .  Ta kasance dalibi a Jami'ar KwaZulu-Natal Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine . Ta kammala karatu a shekara ta 2007, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin likita a Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Gauteng .  Ta yi aiki a fannin ilimin yara a asibitin Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg da asibitocin West Rand, tare da kula da ayyuka daban-daban na kiwon lafiya.

## Ayyuka
Mofokeng ta yi aiki a Shirin Ilimi da Horar da HIV / AIDS (HEAIDS) a kan jerin bidiyon ilimi don rage cutar kanjamau a Afirka ta Kudu. Ta kuma gabatar da shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya ga Al Jazeera . A cikin 2015, Mofokeng ta shiga SOS na Duniya, inda take da alhakin kula da lafiya a Johannesburg. A wannan matsayin, ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Kungiyar Shari'a ta Jima'i da Rubuce-rubuce ta Afirka ta Kudu. 

Mofokeng ya mayar da hankali kan daidaito tsakanin jinsi, lafiyar jarirai, da kuma kula da kwayar cutar kanjamau. An sanya ta jagorar kasar ta Likitocin Duniya don Zaɓuɓɓuka a cikin 2017 da Kwamishinan Daidaita Jima'i a cikin 2019. Ta dauki tashin hankali a cikin gida a kotu, ta yi amfani da Kwamitin kan Kaddamar da Nuna Bambanci ga Mata..

A watan Yulin 2020, an nada Mofokeng a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'yancin lafiya. Ita ce mace ta farko kuma ta farko a Afirka da ta rike wannan mukamin. An nada ta a cikin kwamitin daraktocin hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa don Microbicides a cikin 2021, kuma tana aiki a matsayin Malami mai ban sha'awa a Jami'ar Georgetown.

Mofokeng yawanci yana ƙarƙashin taken "Dr. T". Littafinta na farko, Dr. T: A Guide to Sexual Health and Pleasure, littafin da aka fi sayarwa, Picador ne ya buga shi a cikin 2021. The Sunday Sun ya bayyana yadda "sihiri yana ƙunshe da dumi, na uwa, mai rauni da kuma ba tare da hukunci ba". Tana jagorantar isar da Sentebale, aikace-aikacen hannu wanda ke tallafawa lafiyar jiki da tunani na matasa a Afirka da cutar kanjamau ta shafa.

Mofokeng mai ba da shawara ne ga samun damar kiwon lafiya na duniya da lafiyar matasa. Tana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya ta Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . 

Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masana da yawa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya waɗanda suka yi magana game da sayar da makamai ga Isra'ila a watan Yunin 2024 sakamakon rikici a Gaza. Masana sun gargadi masu samar da makamai da kamfanonin kudi cewa za su kasance da hannu a cikin keta haƙƙin ɗan adam. Wadanda suka sanya hannu kan gargadi sun hada da manema labarai na musamman Paula Gaviria Betancur, Margaret Satterthwaite da Francesca Albanese.

## Manazarta
Susan Karanja

**Susan Karanja** likita ce ta Kenya. Bayan kammala karatunta a shekarar 2015, Karanja ta zama mace ta biyu a Kenya.

An haifi Karanja a Nairobi kuma ta girma a Kikuyu, Kenya . Ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Consolata kafin ta ci gaba da karatunta a Precious Blood High Riruta .

s,.y. ay.An rinjaye ta da kamfen ɗin wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar kanjamau / AIDS na farkon shekarun 1990,  ta yi karatun likitanci a Jami'ar Nairobi, inda ta sami digiri na likita.  Bayan kammala karatunta, Karanja ta mayar da hankali daga maganin ciki, wanda ya shafi cutar HIV / AIDS, zuwa fagen tiyata. Ta yi shekaru biyar a Durban, Afirka ta Kudu yayin kammala karatunta a fannin neurosurgery a Jami'ar KwaZulu-Natal

Karanja a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Neurosurgeon a Asibitin Kasa na Kenyatta a Kenya.

Ita memba ce ta ƙungiyoyin neurosurgical da likitoci a Kenya da ƙasashen waje. Ita ce mai ba da kuɗi na yanzu na Kungiyar Likitocin Mata ta Kenya (KAWS). 

Ta kuma koyar a matsayin mataimakiyar malama a Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya, Jami'ar Nairobi . 

## Manazarta
Vitiligo

**Vitiligo** (lafazi: /ˌvɪtɪˈlaɪɡoʊ/, vi-ti-LEYE-goh) wata cuta ce ta fata da ke haifar da asarar launin fata a wasu sassan jiki. Ba a san takamaiman dalilin da ke haddasa vitiligo ba, amma ana danganta shi da sauye-sauyen tsarin rigakafi, gado, damuwa, ko kuma yawan fuskantar hasken rana. Haka kuma, abubuwan da ke cikin muhalli musamman a lokacin farkon rayuwa na iya taka rawa wajen faruwar cutar.

Zaɓuɓɓukan maganin vitiligo sun haɗa da amfani da magunguna na shafawa, maganin haske, tiyata da kuma kayan shafe-shafe. Wannan yanayi yana sa wasu sassan fata su rasa launi su zama masu haske fiye da sauran sassan fata, kuma wannan na iya faruwa a kowanne bangare na jiki. Mafi yawan nau'in vitiligo, wanda ake kira vitiligo mara sashi, yana ci gaba da yaduwa da ɗaukar ƙarin yankunan fata a hankali.

Canjin launin fata da vitiligo ke haifarwa na iya bambanta daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, amma sau da yawa yana ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin waɗanda yankuna ɗaya ne aka fara da su.

## Manazarta
Melanie Perkins

**Melanie Perkins** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1987) ƴar ƙasar Austaraliya kuma ƴar kasuwa ce ɓangaren teknoloji, wadda ta kafa kamfanin  Canva, na yin zane-zane a yanar gizo. A baya ta kafa Fusion Books, wanda ake wallafa littafin shekara-shekara a yanar gizo.

A shekarar 2023, ta kasance ta 89 a cikin jerin Forbes na "Mata 100 mafi ƙarfin faɗa-aji a duniya"  da kuma ta 92 a cikin jerin Fortune na Mata mafi ƙarfin faɗa-aji. 

## Matakin Farko na Rayuwa

An haifi Perkins a shekarar 1987 a Perth, Yammacin Ostiraliya, ga wani malamin da aka haifa a Ostiraliya kuma injiniyan Malaysia na al'adun Filipino da Sri Lanka. Ta halarci Kwalejin (Sacred Heart College),  makarantar sakandare da ke arewacin Perth na Sorrento . Yayinda take makarantar sakandare, Perkins ya horar da ita sosai a wasan kwaikwayo kuma ta fara ƙaramin kasuwanci na sayar da takalma da aka yi da hannu (handmade).

Bayan makarantar sakandare, Perkins ta shiga Jami'ar Yammacin Ostiraliya, inda tayi karatun fannin sadarwa, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da kasuwanci. A wannan lokacin, Perkins ta kasance mai koyarwa mai zaman kanta ga ɗalibai suna koyon zane-zane. Perkins ta ce tsananin ilmantarwa na kayan aikin ƙirar gargajiya ya sa ta bincika hanyoyin da suka fi sauƙi, don zamanantar da aikin ta a yanar Gizo-gizo. Ta kammala karatun jami'a tana da shekaru 19, bayan nan ta fara alaƙa da Cliff Obrecht. 

## Aiki

### Littattafan Fusion
A shekarar 2007, Perkins da Obrecht sun kafa Fusion Books, wanda ke bawa makarantu damar su ƙirƙiri litattafan shekara ta amfani da editan (drag-and-drop) na intanet da ɗakin karatu. Kasuwancin ya samu karɓuwa a Ostiraliya kuma daga baya ta yi aiki a New Zealand da Faransa.

### Canva

Perkins da Obrecht sun fara gabatar da manhajar zane-zane mai zurfi a farkon shekarun 2010 kuma sun haɗu da mai saka hannun jari Bill Tai yayin ziyarar Perth. Ta hanyar wanda ya ƙirƙira Google Maps Lars Rasmussen, wanda ya ba da shawara kan aikin, an gabatar da su ga tsohon mai tsara Google Cameron Adams, wanda ya shiga a shekarar 2012 kuma ya zama mutum na uku da suka kafa Canva kuma babban jami'in samfurin. An ƙaddamar da manhajar zane-zane ta Canva a faɗin duniya a shekarar  2013 kuma ta ba da rahoton lokutan riba yayin da yake ƙaruwa.

## Rayuwar Ƙashin Kai
Perkins da Obrecht sun yi aure a watan Janairun 2021 a Tsibirin Rottnest .  Daga baya a wannan shekarar, sun shiga Giving Pledge, suna ba da akalla rabin dukiyarsu don taimako da jinƙai.

## Manazarta
Sindisiwe van Zyl

**Sindisiwe van Zyl** (née **Mahamba-Sithole**; 3 ga Afrilu 1976 - 10 ga Afrilu 2021) ya kasance likita Afirka ta Kudu da aka haifa a Zimbabue, DJ na rediyo, marubuci, mai fafutukar kiwon lafiya da mai bincike da aka sani da amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na zamantakewa da na al'ada don raba cutar kanjamau, lafiyar hankali, Lafiyar haihuwa, sauran bayanan kiwon lafiya na jama'a da kiwon lafiya. Ta lashe kyaututtuka da yawa saboda aikinta. Saboda yaduwar da take bayarwa ta hanyar kiwon lafiyar jama'a, an san ta da "doctor na mutane".

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Van Zyl a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 1976 a Harare" id="mwWQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Harare">Salisbury, Rhodesia (yanzu Harare, Zimbabwe).  Don karatun sakandare ta halarci Makarantar Arundel .  Don ilimi na sakandare ta halarci Jami'ar Pretoria, inda ta sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a cikin ilimin lissafi da ilimin halayyar dan adam da kuma digiri na farko a fannin kiwon lafiya, digiri na farko. Dokta Sindisiwe Van Zyl ya yi aiki a Asibitin Chris Hani Baragwanath .  A shekara ta 2004, ta auri Marinus van Zyl . 

## Ayyuka
Ta yi amfani da Twitter, galibi, don sanar da shiga game da cutar kanjamau musamman rigakafin yaduwar uwa zuwa yaro. Ta kuma bayyana akai-akai a talabijin, rediyo da sauran dandamali na kafofin watsa labarai. Ta ba da labarin tafiyarta ta sirri tare da baƙin ciki da ƙarancin likita. Dokta van Zyl ya ba da labarin yadda ta rasa kilo 41 yayin da take cin abinci na Banting. Ta kasance mai gajeren Barci na halitta wanda ke buƙatar kimanin awanni 4 na barci a kowace dare yayin da take aiki yadda take. Binciken kimiyya ya haɗa da jagororin don tallafawa mutanen da ke fama da cutar kanjamau da ma'aurata don samun ciki lafiya  da COVID-19 da kamuwa da cutar kansaru.  Ta rike mukamai daban-daban a Kungiyar Likitocin Afirka ta Kudu. Ta kasance memba na Kwamitin Daraktoci na Médecins Sans Frontières na Kudancin Afirka.  Saboda yaduwar da take bayarwa ta kan lafiyar jama'a, an san ta da "doctor na mutane".&nbsp;

* Mawallafin Health24,  *Bona* mujallar*, Choma* mujallar 
* Rediyo DJ, Kaya FM mai karɓar bakuncin Sidebar tare da Sindi 
* Mai zane-zane a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu 7de Laan  

## Mutuwa
On Awoliyi ita ce shugabar reshen Legas na Majalisar Ƙungiyoyin Mata ta Kasa (NCWS) kuma memba ne na kwamitin ƙasa na kungiyar  kuma ta ba da gudummawa ga manufofinsu da ayyukansu. Ta tattauna don kyautar hedkwatar kasa da ke Tafawa Balewa Square kuma ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga asibitin tsara iyali na kungiyar wanda daga baya ya zama ƙungiyar iyaye ta Najeriya. Ta gaji Kofo Ademola a matsayin shugaban NCWS na biyu a shekarar 1964..le.

## Manazarta
Zé Carlos (ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa)

**José Carlos Bernardo** (an haife shi a ranar 28 Afrilu shekarar 1945 - 12 Yuni 2018), wanda aka fi sani da **Zé Carlos**, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Brazil wanda ya yi wasa a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya. Ya buga wasanni hudu a tawagar kasar Brazil daga shekarar ta 1968 zuwa 1975.  Ya kuma kasance daga cikin tawagar Brazil don gasar Copa América ta shekarar ta 1975.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Fouad Abdelmoumni

**Fouad Abdelmoumni** (Arabic: فؤاد عبد المومني) dan gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan Adam ne kuma masanin tattalin arziki dan kasar Morocco. Ya kasance babban sakatare na Transparency Maroc tun daga 13 ga Fabrairu 2016. Ya kasance Darakta Janar na NGO Al Amana daga 1997 zuwa 2010.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Gloria de Mees

**Gloria Monique de Mees** farfesa ce ta Suriname wacce ta zama Mai Rahoto ta OAS akan Haƙƙin Baƙin Afro da kuma adawa da Wariyar launin fata. An zabe ta don yin aiki a Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Inter-American (IAHCR) daga 2024 zuwa karshen 2027.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Mees a babban birnin Suriname Paramaribo,  kuma ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Anton de Kom ta Suriname a shekara ta 2000.

Ta yi aiki a Jami'ar Anton de Kom ta Suriname tana ba da lacca kan dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam. Kasarta ta ba da shawarar cewa ta zama 'yar takarar da za a zabe ta a IACHR. A matsayin wani ɓangare na aiwatar da wani kwamiti mai zaman kansa karkashin jagorancin Claudia Martin na Jami'ar Amurka ta Kwalejin Shari'a ta Washington, ya dubi dukkan masu neman takara a cikin shekara da za a sami sababbin membobin IACHR guda hudu. Kwamitin ya damu da cewa an janye da yawa daga cikin 'yan takarar. Wasu daga cikin waɗanda aka zaɓa sun cika sharuddan, amma de Mees ta gaza cika ƙwarewa tare da ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na IACHR kuma kwamitin ya tuhumi 'yancin kai, rashin son kai, da rashin rikice-rikice".

Babban taron OAS ne ya zabe ta don yin aiki daga farkon 2024 zuwa karshen 2027. Ta gaji lauyan Jamaica Margarette May Macaulay a matsayin mai ba da rahoto kan 'yancin mata da mai ba da rahoto kan 'yancin mutanen Afirka da kuma nuna wariyar launin fata.  Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin sababbin kwamishinonin uku, ciki har da Andrea Pochak, wanda ya maye gurbin kwamishinonin Macauley, Julissa Mantilla Falcón da Esmeralda Arosemena de Troitiño. Shugaban farko na Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Inter-Amurka (IACHR) zai kasance Roberta Clarke wanda kwamishina ne daga Trinidad.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Boli Khela

**Boli Khela** ko **Bali Khela** ( Chittagonian   ) wani nau'i ne na kokawa na gargajiya a Bangladesh, musamman shahararru a yankin Chittagong wanda aka yi la'akari da shi a matsayin wasan kasa na gundumar.  Wani nau'i ne na wasanni na fama da ya haɗa da dabaru irin su clinch fada, jefawa da cirewa, makullin haɗin gwiwa, fil da sauran riko. Yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin al'adun Chittagong . Wasan motsa jiki, wanda aka gudanar a watan farko na shekarar Bengali na ranar 7th, koyaushe yana faruwa a Madarsha Union kamar yadda Mokkaro boli khela & wannan watan na 12th, koyaushe yana faruwa a Laldighi Maidan a matsayin Jabbarer Boli khela.

## Magana
**Boli** yana nufin ɗan kokawa  ko mutum mai ƙarfi a cikin Chittagonian, yayin da **Khela** ke nuni da wasa. Don haka, Boli Khela na nufin wasan mutum mai iko.  
Haque, Mahbubul (2012). "Bali Khela".

## Tarihi
An gabatar da Boli Khela a cikin ƙarni na 19 na karshe ta Kader Boxo. Ya kasance mai gida kuma mazaunin Satkania Upazila a ƙarƙashin Madarsha Union a gundumar Chittagong . An ba da rahoton cewa, ya fara a shekara ta 1879, a cikin watan farko na kowace shekara, ya karɓi kuɗaɗe daga masu haya ya shirya wasan boli khela. Bayan mutuwarsa, 7 ga watan Boishakh, watan farko na shekarar kalandar Bengali, an fara kiransa "Mokkaro Boli Khela"

Wani dan kasuwa na ƙarni na 20, Abdul Jabbar Saodagor daga Chittagong, ya shirya wasan boli khela a shekara ta 1907 don bunkasa wasan da zai shirya matasa don yakar mulkin Birtaniya. Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya fara ne a ƙarshen yakin duniya na farko amma ya ragu a ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu .

A cikin 2020 da 2021, ba a gudanar da taron ba saboda yanayin cutar ta Covid. Bayan shekaru biyu akan 24 Afrilu 2022 bugu na 113 sannan bugu na 114 na tarihi Jobbarer Boli Khela, nau'in kokawa na gargajiya, ya faru a Chattogram akan 25 Afrilu 2023.

## Shiga
Fage ko dai madauwari ce ko murabba'i, wanda ya auna aƙalla ƙafa goma sha huɗu zuwa ashirin. Maimakon yin amfani da tabarma na zamani, 'yan kokawa na Boli suna horarwa da yin fafatawa a kan datti. An fara wasan a cikin filin kokawa mai yashi.   Kowace shekara, Boli Khela yana jan hankalin sababbin masu shiga da magoya baya saboda jin dadin wasanni ba kawai yaduwa ga masu sha'awar gida ba amma yana ƙarfafa masu yawon bude ido zuwa Bangladesh damar samun hangen nesa na wani abu mai ban sha'awa da ban mamaki.

## Dokoki
An fara taron ne da rana cikin yanayi na biki tare da kaɗe-kaɗe na 'Dabor' (nau'in gandun jama'a ɗaya) da 'Sanai' ( sarewa ta jama'a).  Kowane wasa yana ɗaukar kusan mintuna 25-30 amma idan duka masu fafatawa sun yarda, ana iya tsawaita tsawon wasan na ƙarshe har zuwa mintuna 10-15.

## Gasa
• Mokkar Boli Khela

• mai aiki Boli kela

## Manyan kwararru

* Didar Boli, dan kasuwa ne daga Omkhali a karkashin Ramu upazila a gundumar Cox's Bazar
* Oli Hossain na gundumar Brahmanbaria.
* Marma Singh, babban mai kula da ofishin 'yan sanda na Gulshan a Dhaka.

## Duba kuma

* Kabaddi
* Lathi kela

## Manazarta
Ma'aikatar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Illinois

Sashen **Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Illinois** (IDHR) shine sashin lambar na gwamnatin jihar Illinois da ke gudanar da Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Illinois, wacce ta haramta wariya game da aikin yi, bashi na kuɗi, masaukin jama'a da ma'amalar ƙasa bisa kabilanci, launi, addini, jima'i (ciki har da cin zarafin jima'i), asalin ƙasa, zuriyarsu, matsayin soja, shekaru (40 da sama), tsari na matsayin kariya, matsayin aure, rashin daidaituwar jima'i da rashin daidaituwar jiki (wanda ya haɗa da rashin daidaituwar tunani da rashin daidaituwar jima'i) sannan kuma ya haramta cin zarafin jima'i a cikin ilimi, nuna wariya saboda matsayin ɗan ƙasa da rikodin kamawa a cikin aiki, da nuna wariya dangane da matsayin dangi a cikin hada-hadar gidaje. Tun daga shekarar 2019, Jim Bennett shine Daraktan Hakkokin Dan Adam.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Binciken Rubuce-rubuce

***Binciken Rubuce-rubuce*** mujallar ilimi ce da takwarorinsu suka yi bita a cikin kwata-kwata wanda ke rufe ƙima da rubutaccen harshe a cikin ilimin harshe.  An kafa shi a cikin 1994, kuma Elsevier ne ya buga shi.  Babban editan shine Martin East da David Slomp.

## Abstracting da indexing
An cire mujallar kuma an jera ta a cikin:
Zana'ida wasan bidiyo na Atari

**Kabarin [[Wasan Bidiyo|Wasan bidiyo]] na Atari** wani jana'izar ne na katunan wasan bidiyo da ba a sayar da su ba, na'urori, da kwamfutoci a wani wurin zubar da shara na New Mexico wanda kamfanin wasan bidiyo na Amurka da kamfanin kwamfuta na gida Atari, Inc. ya gudanar a 1983. Kafin shekara ta 2014, an yi jita-jita cewa kayan da aka binne ba a sayar da su ba na ET the Extra-Terrestrial (1982), ɗaya daga cikin manyan gazawar wasan bidiyo na kasuwanci kuma galibi ana ambaton su a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi munin wasannin bidiyo da aka taɓa saki,   da kuma tashar jiragen ruwa ta Atari 2600 ta *Pac-Man* ta 1982, wanda ya ci nasara a kasuwanci amma an lalata shi sosai. 

*T.*

In A cikin 2014, Fuel Industries, Microsoft, da sauransu sun yi aiki tare da gwamnatin New Mexico don tono shafin a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin, Atari: Game Over . A ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 2014, binciken ya bayyana wasannin da aka watsar da kayan aiki. An gano karamin bangare ne kawai, kimanin katako 1,300, tare da wani bangare da aka ba shi don warkarwa kuma sauran an sayar da su don tara kuɗi don gidan kayan gargajiya don tunawa da jana'izar.

## Yanayi

### Matsalar kudi
Atari, Inc. ta sayi ta Warner Communications a 1976 don dala miliyan 28, kuma ta ga darajarta ta karu zuwa dala biliyan 2 a shekarar 1982. A wannan lokacin, kamfanin ya kai kashi 80% na kasuwar caca ta bidiyo  kuma yana da alhakin fiye da rabin kudaden shiga na kamfanin iyayensa,  yana samun wasu 65-70% na ribar da suke yi. A cikin kwata na karshe na shekara ta 1982, ana sa ran ci gabanta a cikin shekara mai zuwa zai kasance a cikin yankin 50%. Koyaya, a ranar 7 ga Disamba, 1982, kamfanin ya ba da rahoton cewa ribar da ya samu ya karu da 10-15%, maimakon adadin da aka annabta. Kashegari ya ga farashin hannun jari na Warner Communications ya fadi da kashi ɗaya bisa uku, kuma kwata ya ƙare tare da ribar Warner ta fadi da kashi 56%. Bugu da kari, Shugaba na Atari, Ray Kassar, daga baya aka bincika shi don yiwuwar cajin ciniki na ciki sakamakon sayar da wasu hannun jari dubu biyar a Warner kasa da rabin sa'a kafin ya ba da rahoton Atari mafi ƙarancin kuɗin da ake tsammani. Daga baya aka wanke Kassar daga duk wani laifi, kodayake an tilasta masa ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa a watan Yuli mai zuwa. Atari, Inc. za ta ci gaba da rasa dala miliyan 536 a 1983, kuma Warner Communications ta sayar da ita a shekara mai zuwa.

## Manazarta
Abubuwan da suka faru a shekarar 2012

**Abubuwan da suka faru a shekarar 2012** sun kasance da yawa daga cikin imani na eschatological cewa abubuwan da suka faru na bala'i ko sauyawa zasu faru a ranar 21 ga Disamba 2012. An dauki wannan kwanan wata a matsayin ƙarshen shekara 5,126 a cikin Kalandar Mesoamerica Long Count,  kuma an gudanar da bukukuwan a ranar 21 ga Disamba 2012 don tunawa da taron a cikin ƙasashen da suka kasance wani ɓangare na wayewar Maya (Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras da El Salvador), tare da manyan abubuwan da suka faru a Chichén Itzá a Mexico da Tikal a Guatemala.  

An gabatar da daidaitattun taurari daban-daban da tsarin lambobi don wannan kwanan wata. Wani fassarar Sabon Zamanin ya nuna cewa ranar ta nuna farkon lokacin da Duniya da mazaunanta za su fuskanci canji mai kyau na jiki ko na ruhaniya, kuma cewa 21 Disamba 2012 zai nuna farkon sabon zamani. Wasu sun ba da shawarar cewa ranar ta nuna Ƙarshen duniya ko irin wannan bala'i. Abubuwan da aka ba da shawarar don ƙarshen duniya sun haɗa da isowar hasken rana na gaba; hulɗa tsakanin Duniya da Sagittarius A* *, babban ramin baki a tsakiyar galaxy na Milky Way;  bala'in Nibiru, wanda Duniya za ta yi karo da duniyar da ake kira Nibiru; ko ma dumama na ainihin Duniya.

Masana daga fannoni daban-daban sun yi watsi da tsinkaya game da abubuwan da suka faru yayin da suka tashi. Masanan Mayan sun bayyana cewa babu wani asusun Mayan na gargajiya da ya yi hasashen lalacewa mai zuwa, kuma ra'ayin cewa kalandar Long Count ta ƙare a cikin 2012 ta ɓata tarihin Mayan da al'adun. Masana ilimin taurari sun ki amincewa da abubuwan da suka faru na Ranar ƙarshe a matsayin pseudoscience,   bayan da aka karyata ta hanyar binciken astronomical na asali.

## Kalandar Mesoamerica Long Count
Disamba 2012 ta nuna ƙarshen *[[bʼakʼtun]]* - wani lokaci a cikin kalandar Mesoamerica Long Count, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a Mesoamerica kafin zuwan Turawa. Kodayake mai yiwuwa ne Olmec suka kirkiro Long Count,  ya zama mai alaƙa da wayewar Maya, wanda lokacinsa na gargajiya ya kasance daga 250 zuwa 900 AD. An fassara tsarin rubuce-rubuce na Maya na gargajiya sosai, ma'ana cewa rubutun rubutun rubuce-aikacen su da rubuce-daban sun tsira daga kafin mamayar Mutanen Espanya ta Yucatán.00&nbsp;

## Manazarta
Arctic Boosh

***Arctic Boosh*** wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na 1999 wanda Noel Fielding da Julian Barratt suka rubuta kuma suka yi, tare da Rich Fulcher . Shi ne jiki na biyu na abin da zai zama The Mighty Boosh . Stewart Lee ne ya ba da umarnin.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya
A cikin 1999, bayan da suka zauna a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Hen da Chickens a Islington, London, Noel Fielding, Julian Barratt da Rich Fulcher sun koma Bikin Edinburgh tare da sabon wasan kwaikwayo, *Arctic Boosh*,  wanda aka sayar kowace dare kuma an zabi shi don Kyautar Perrier.

Maimakon nuna masu kula da namun daji kamar a cikin The Mighty Boosh (1998 mataki show), wasan kwaikwayon ya nuna Noel da Julian suna wasa da postmen. Makircin wasan kwaikwayon ya dogara ne akan abin da zai zama "Tundra" na The Mighty Boosh (jerin TV).

Wannan shi ne karo na farko da Dave Brown ya yi aiki a kan wasan kwaikwayo na Boosh yana wasa da haruffa iri-iri, da kuma yin aiki a matsayin mai tsara wasan kwaikwayo da mai daukar hoto.

## Manazarta