Artemisia na biyu na Caria

**Artemisia ta Biyu ta Caria** ( Girkanci : Ἀρτεμισία; ta mutu a shekara ta 351 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa  ) ta kasance mai dabarun yaƙi, kwamanda kuma 'yar'uwa (kuma daga baya mijinta) kuma magajin Mausolus, mai mulkin Caria . Mausolus ya kasance mai kula da Daular Achaemenid, duk da haka ya ji daɗin matsayin sarki ko daular daular Hecatomnid . Bayan mutuwar ɗan'uwanta/mijinta, Artemisia ta yi mulki na tsawon shekaru biyu, daga 353 zuwa 351&nbsp;Kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. Hawan ta kan karagar mulki ya haifar da tawaye a wasu tsibiran da biranen bakin teku da ke ƙarƙashin ikonta saboda ƙin amincewa da wata mace mai mulki.  An gudanar da mulkinta bisa ga ƙa'idodi iri ɗaya da na mijinta; musamman, ta goyi bayan jam'iyyar oligarchical a tsibirin Rhodes . 

Saboda baƙin cikin da Artemisia ke yi wa ɗan'uwanta mijinta, da kuma siffofin da suka yi kama da na ban mamaki, ta zama "misali mai ɗorewa na bazawara mai tsarki da kuma irin soyayya mafi tsarki da ban mamaki", a cikin kalmomin Giovanni Boccaccio .  A cikin zane-zane, yawanci ana nuna ta a lokacin da take shan tokarsa, a gauraya a cikin abin sha.

## Rayuwa

Duk da cewa an san mahaifin Artemisia shine Hekatomnos, asalin mahaifiyarta ba a fayyace ta sosai ba. Akwai yiwuwar mahaifiyarta ita ce Aba,  'yar Hyssaldomos kuma 'yar'uwar Hekatomnos. Duk da haka, wannan ra'ayi yana fuskantar ƙalubale daga masana waɗanda suka yi imani da cewa auren 'yan'uwan Hecatomnids alama ce kawai a yanayi kuma yayin da aka tabbatar da Ada a matsayin matarsa, ba a san ko ita ce uwar 'ya'yan Hekatomnos ba. 

Artemisia ta shahara a tarihi saboda baƙin cikinta na musamman bayan rasuwar mijinta (da ɗan'uwanta) Mausolus .  An ce ta haɗa tokarsa a cikin abin shanta na yau da kullun, kuma a hankali ta ɓace a cikin shekaru biyu da ta tsira daga gare shi. Ta sa fitattun masu magana na Girka su yi shelar yabonsa a cikin jawabinsu; kuma don ci gaba da tunawa da shi da ta gina a Halicarnassus, Kabarin da aka yi bikin a Halicarnassus, wanda Antipater na Sidon ya lissafa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Abubuwan Al'ajabi Bakwai na Tsohuwar Duniya kuma sunansa daga baya ya zama kalmar gama gari ga duk wani abin tunawa na kabari mai ban mamaki. 

An san Artemisia da jagorantar rundunar jiragen ruwa kuma ta taka rawa a harkokin soja da siyasa na Aegean bayan raguwar fifikon sojojin ruwa na Atheniya. [1] :27Jamhuriyar tsibirin Rhodes ta ƙi amincewa da gaskiyar cewa wata mace ce ke mulkin Caria. Rhodes ta aika da jiragen ruwa don yaƙi da Artemisia ba tare da sanin cewa mijinta da ya mutu ya gina tashar jiragen ruwa ta sirri ba. Artemisia ta ɓoye jiragen ruwa masu tuƙi, da jiragen ruwa masu saukar ungulu kuma ta bar Rhodians su shiga babban tashar jiragen ruwa. Artemisia da 'yan ƙasarta sun haɗu da Rhodians a bangon birnin suka gayyace su zuwa birnin. Lokacin da Rhodians suka fara fita daga jiragen ruwansu, Artemisia ta raka jiragen ruwanta ta hanyar mashigar ruwa a cikin teku zuwa babban tashar jiragen ruwa. Ta kama jiragen ruwan Rhodian marasa komai, kuma an kashe mutanen Rhodian da suka sauka a kasuwa. Artemisia ta sa mutanenta a cikin jiragen ruwan Rhodian ta sa su koma Rhodes. An yi maraba da mutanen a tashar jiragen ruwan Rhodian kuma suka kwace Rhodes. [1] :28

Polyaenus, a cikin littafi na takwas na aikinsa *Stratagems*, ya ambaci cewa lokacin da Artemisia (mai yiwuwa yana nufin Artemisia I, amma wataƙila Artemisia II) yana son ya ci Latmus, ta sanya sojoji a cikin kwanton bauna kusa da birnin kuma ita, tare da mata, eunuchs da mawaƙa, ta yi bikin hadaya a wurin bauta na Uwar Alloli,  wanda yake da nisan mil bakwai daga birnin. Lokacin da mazauna Latmus suka fito don ganin gagarumin jerin gwanon, sojoji suka shiga birnin suka mamaye shi. 

## Sauran abubuwan tarihi
An gina wani abin tarihi mai suna Artemisia a Rhodes don tunawa da nasarar da ta samu a tsibirin. Bayan sun sake samun 'yancinsu, mutanen Rhodians sun sanya shi ba za a iya shiga ba, daga nan aka kira shi Abaton (άβατον) wanda ke nufin "Kada ku taka" ko "ba za a iya shiga ba". Wannan mutum-mutumin tagulla yana nuna Artemisia a cikin aikin sanya alamar tsibirin Rhodes, wanda allahiya Rhodos ke wakilta. 

## A cikin zane-zane na baya
Shan tokar mijinta Artemisia wani abu ne da aka yi a zane tun daga Renaissance zuwa gaba, musamman jin daɗin salon zane a zamanin Golden Age na ƙasar Holland a tsakiyar ƙarni na 17, wanda Rembrandt ( Prado ) ya zana da sauransu. Wannan wataƙila ya samo asali ne daga buga fassarar Dutch a cikin 1614 na tarin labaran Valerius Maximus, wanda ya kasance mai aiki a zamanin Tiberius . Ana iya nuna cewa Rembrandt ya karanta kuma ya yi amfani da wannan littafin. 

Ana nuna Artemisia koyaushe da kofi ko murhu, ko dai shi kaɗai ko tare da ƙungiyar masu hidima suna bayarwa ko taimakawa wajen haɗa abin sha. Saboda haka, mutumin yana kama da Sophonisba yana shan guba, kuma Rembrandt, da Donato Creti a cikin National Gallery, misalai ne na ayyukan da mutumin da aka nufa bai tabbata ba tsakanin su biyun. 

## Wasu nassoshi na al'adu

Artemisia ta sami cikakken tarihin rayuwa mai kyau a cikin littafin *De mulieribus claris* ("On Famous Women"), tarin tarihin rayuwar mata na tarihi da na tatsuniyoyi na marubucin Florentine Giovanni Boccaccio, wanda aka rubuta ta 1374. Boccaccio ta cire batun cewa mijinta ɗan'uwanta ne gaba ɗaya ("...&nbsp;sanin iyayenta ko ƙasarta ta asali bai isa gare mu ba&nbsp;..."), kuma ya yabe ta: "ga zuri'a ita misali ce mai ɗorewa ta bazawara mai tsarki da kuma irin soyayya mafi tsarki da ban mamaki". 

### Nau'in tsirrai
A cewar Pliny, an sanya wa nau'in shukar *Artemisia* suna ne bayan Sarauniya Artemisia.&nbsp;II na Caria, wanda kuma masanin tsirrai ne kuma mai binciken lafiya.    Maganin zazzabin cizon sauro na Artemisinin, wanda aka samo daga nau'in shukar *Artemisia annua*, an samo shi ne a kaikaice daga sunan Sarauniya Artemisia.&nbsp;II na Caria.  

## Wakiltar Artemisia a cikin zane-zane

Fayil:Artemisia_Prepares_to_Drink_the_Ashes_of_her_Husband,_Mausolus.jpg|alt=Artemisia Prepares to Drink the Ashes of her Husband, Mausolus (c.1630) by Francesco Furini.| *Artemisia Ta Shirya Sha Tokar Mijinta, Mausolus* (kimanin 1630) na Francesco Furini .
Fayil:Master_Of_The_Story_Of_Griselda_-_Artemisia_-_WGA14632.jpg|alt=Master Of The Story Of Griselda, Siena, 15th century, one of a series of heroes and heroines who behaved well to the opposite sex.| Jagorar Labarin Griselda, Siena, 15th&nbsp;karni, ɗaya daga cikin jerin jarumai da jarumai waɗanda suka yi wa jinsi na daban mu'amala mai kyau.
Fayil:Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_014.jpg|alt=Rembrandt, about 1634 CE.| Rembrandt, kimanin shekara ta 1634&nbsp;CE.
Fayil:Gerrit_van_Honthorst_-_Artemisia_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|alt=Gerrit van Honthorst, about 1635 CE, Princeton University Art Museum.| Gerrit van Honthorst, game da 1635&nbsp;CE, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Jami'ar Princeton .
Fayil:Erasmus_Quellinus_(II)_-_Artemisia.jpg| Erasmus Quellinus II, 1652&nbsp;CE.
Fayil:Domenico_Fetti_013.jpg| Domenico Fetti
Fayil:Arnold_Houbraken_Trauerfeier_der_Königin_Artemisia_für_König_Mausolos.jpg|alt=Arnold Houbraken, before 1719 CE.| Arnold Houbraken, kafin 1719&nbsp;CE.
Fayil:Johann_Heinrich_Tischbein_d.Ä._-_Artemisia_trauert_um_Mausolos.jpg|alt=Johann Heinrich Tischbein, 1775 CE, Portrait of Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf, Queen Victoria's grandmother, as Artemesia.| Johann Heinrich Tischbein, 1775&nbsp;CE, Hoton Countess Augusta Reuss na Ebersdorf, kakar Sarauniya Victoria, a matsayin Artemesia.
Fayil:N01Artemisia.jpg|alt=Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna, 1773–1780 CE.| Fadar Schönbrunn, Vienna, 1773–1780&nbsp;CE.
Fayil:Artémis-Versailles.jpg|alt=Statue of Artemisia II in Versailles.| Mutum-mutumin Artemisia&nbsp;II a Versailles .


## Manazarta