Hilda Petrie

**Hilda Mary Isabel, Lady Petrie** (née **Urlin** ; 1871-1957), haifaffen Irish Masanin Masarautar Biritaniya ce kuma matar Sir Flinders Petrie,  mahaifin kimiyyar kayan tarihi . Bayan da ta yi karatun ilimin geology, Flinders Petrie ta hayar ta a lokacin da yake da shekaru 25 a matsayin mai zane-zane, wanda ya haifar da aurensu da haɗin gwiwar aiki wanda ya jure tsawon rayuwarsu.

Hilda ta yi tafiya ta yi aiki tare da Sir Flinders Petrie don hakowa da yin rikodin wurare da yawa a Masar, daga baya kuma a Falasdinu . Wannan ya haɗa da jagorantar wasu ayyukan tono da kanta, da kuma yin aiki a cikin yanayi mai wuya da haɗari don samar da kwafin kabari da tsare-tsare, da kuma yin rikodin aikin don rahoto ga Asusun Binciken Masar . Lokacin da Flinders Petrie ya kafa makarantar British School of Archaeology a Masar a cikin 1905 a Landan, ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatariyarta da mai ba da kuɗi don samun tallafi ga makarantar da ci gaba da tona su. Hilda ta shiga aikin tona kayan tarihi da bincike a tsawon rayuwar aurenta, sai dai na wani lokaci yayin da ‘ya’yansu biyu ke kanana. An buga aikinta, kuma ta ba da laccoci na jama'a a London da sauran wurare.

## Ilimi da rayuwar iyali
An haifi Hilda Mary Isabel Urlin a Dublin a cikin shekara ta 1871, ƙaramar 'ya'ya mata biyar na ma'auratan Ingilishi sun daɗe a Ireland, (Richard) Denny Urlin da Mary Elizabeth (née Addis) Urlin. Lokacin da Hilda tana da shekaru huɗu, danginta sun koma Landan kuma wata gwamnati ta koyar da ita tare da wasu yara masu shekaru iri ɗaya. Yayin da ta girma ta kan tafi yawon shakatawa tare da kawarta Beatrice Orme. Tare, sun binciko yankunan karkara, suna ziyarta da zanen tsoffin majami'u, da yin shafan tagulla . Wata kawayenta na yarinta ita ce Philippa Fawcett wadda mahaifiyarta, Dame Millicent Fawcett, ita ce jagora a yunkurin zaɓen mata. Daga baya Philippa ya tafi Cambridge don karanta ilimin lissafi kuma zai zama mace ta farko Senior Wrangler . 

Petrie ta fi son rayuwar ƙasar kuma da farko ba ta son Landan, amma yayin da ta girma tana jin daɗin ziyartar gidajen tarihi da wuraren fasaha. A lokacin kuruciyarta ana daukarta a matsayin yarinya mai jajayen kai kuma ta zauna wa mai zanen zane Henry Holiday a dakin daukar hotonsa da ke Hampstead, tana yin kwaikwayon siffar wata yarinya a cikin zane-zanensa guda biyu. Ta yi karatu a King's College for Women, inda ta dauki Farfesa Seeley 's geology course, kuma za ta tafi tafiye-tafiye na fili sanye da littafin rubutu da guduma. Ta kuma yi kwasa-kwasan zane-zane, wanda ta nuna bajinta sosai. 

Lokacin da take da shekaru ashirin da biyar, Henry Holiday ya gabatar da ita ga Farfesa Flinders Petrie a Egiptology a Kwalejin Jami'ar London, wanda ke buƙatar ɗaukar wani wanda ke da cikakkiyar ƙwarewar kwafin da Hilda ta samu a lokacin. Wannan gabatarwar ta haifar da aurensu a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba 1896, tare da ma'auratan sun tafi Masar washegari. 

Petries suna da 'ya'ya biyu, John (1907-1972) da Ann (1909-1989), kuma sun zauna a Hampstead, inda wani al'adun gargajiya na Turanci ya tsaya a 5 Cannon Place, inda suke zaune.  Ɗansu shine John Flinders Petrie, masanin lissafi, wanda ya ba da sunansa ga Petrie polygon . A cikin shekara ta 1957, Lady Petrie ta mutu sakamakon bugun jini a Asibitin Kwalejin Jami'ar, a gefe guda na hanyar zuwa inda ita da mijinta suka yi aiki don ganowa da kuma ba da kuɗin abin da ke makarantar horarwa ta farko ta Ingila don masu binciken kayan tarihi. 

## Aikin archaeological

### Masar
Hilda ta tashi zuwa Masar a karon farko a ranar 25 ga Nuwamban shekara ta 1896,  kuma daga baya ta kasance tare da mijinta zuwa cikin filin kowace shekara sai dai lokacin da ɗansu da ƴar su suna kanana. 

Bayan 'yan kwanaki da suka shafe a Alkahira, da suka hada da ziyarar Giza, Petries sun yi tafiya zuwa Upper Masar a matsayin wani bangare na balaguron tono a madadin Asusun Binciken Masar a cikin makabarta a bayan haikalin Dendera, 70 .&nbsp;km arewa da Luxor . 

A lokacin wannan balaguron, Hilda ta yi aiki a cikin zurfafan ramukan kaburburan da ake hakowa, inda ta hau kan tsani na igiya don kwafi al'amuran da rubuce-rubucen da aka samu a ƙarƙashin ƙasa.  Wani babban sarcophagus yana da wasu hieroglyphs 20,000 don yin rikodin, kuma Hilda ya kwashe kwanaki yana kwance a ƙasa don kwafa su.  Har ila yau, aikin rikodin ta ya haɗa da zana bayanan bayanan tukwane, beads, scarabs da sauran ƙananan abubuwan da aka gano na tono, kuma wani lokacin rubuta jarida na yau da kullum wanda aka aika mako-mako don bayar da rahoton ci gaba ga Kwamitin, da kuma taimaka wa Flinders Petrie don rubuta rahotannin hako.  Ayyukanta ba su haɗa da gudanar da aikin gida na balaguron ba, wanda Flinders Petrie ya yi kamar yadda aka yi shekaru da yawa, tare da masu tono da za su zauna a kan abincin gwangwani da biskit na jirgin ruwa. 

A cikin tono makabartar Abadiyeh da Hu a shekarar 1898, Hilda ta taimaka wajen binciken wurin.  Ta yi amfani da faranti na Naqada don gano siffar tukwane, sulke da duwatsu, kuma da zarar Flinders ta shigar da waɗannan abubuwan a cikin shirin, Hilda ita ce ke da alhakin rubutawa akan kowane adadin kabari da aka gano a ciki.  Flinders Petrie ya lura da aikinta a cikin gabatarwar rahoton hakowa na waccan shekarar: "Matata ta kasance tare da ni koyaushe, tana taimakawa a cikin bincike, kasida, da yin alama na abubuwa, da kuma zana duk tsare-tsaren kabari a nan da aka buga."  Ayyukanta a wurin sun ci gaba har zuwa 1898-9, kuma ta zana kusan dukkan alamun tukwane da tsara faranti, tare da ci gaba da yin aiki na ci gaba da yin rajista da halartar tukwane, da ƙididdige kwarangwal.  An yi wani shiri na kagara a wannan lokacin da Petries biyu suka yi. 

A cikin hunturu na shekara ta 1902, lokacin ƙarshe da aka kashe don yin tono a Abydos, an ba Hilda ikon sarrafa tono nata.  Ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi Margaret Murray, da Miss Hansard, mai zane-zane, da kuma Hilda, kuma sun yi ƙoƙari na tono mai wuya da haɗari bayan ganowa a cikin shekarar da ta gabata na abin da ya bayyana a matsayin hanyar zuwa wani babban kabarin ƙarƙashin ƙasa da aka gano a wani yanki a bayan haikalin Seti I.  Ƙirƙirar rami mai zurfi ya kasance cikin haɗari na yau da kullum, lokacin da dutsen yashi ya kasance a cikin hadari, lokacin da yashi ya tashi. ya yi barazana ga ma'aikatan da ke ƙasa; aikin ya yi watsi da shi.  Rahoton waccan shekarar zuwa asusun Binciken Masar ya taƙaita gudummawar Hilda Petrie ga aikin kamar haka:

"Matata ta shagaltu sosai da yin zane kusan duk lokacin kakar wasa; musamman akan zana zane-zane kusan 400, da ainihin kwafin rubutun." 

A cikin shekara ta 1904, Hilda Petrie ya shiga cikin aikin Ehnasya, yana ba da gudummawar kusan rabin faranti na ƙarar sakamako, da ziyartar Buto.  A shekara ta gaba ta zauna a Saqqara don kwafi abubuwan taimako a wasu kaburburan Tsohon Mulki, kamar yadda Margaret Murray ta kasance a shekarar da ta gabata.  Ta tafi daga Saqqara don shiga Flinders Petrie da Lina Eckenstein a wani wurin haikali a kan tudu a Serabit el-Khadim, inda akwai adadi mai yawa na rubuce-rubucen duwatsu, mutummutumai da sulke.  Wasu daga cikin waɗannan suna cikin rubutun da ba a sani ba har zuwa yanzu, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da Sinaitic, kuma an yi maraba da aikinta na kwafi.  Hilda da 48 polymath Lina Eckenstein sun yi tafiya a cikin Sinai tare da jagora guda. Eckenstein za ta rubuta littattafai da yawa game da lokacinta a Sinai. 

### Yi aiki a Makarantar Archaeology ta Burtaniya a Masar
Lokacin da Flinders Petrie ya kafa makarantar British School of Archaeology a Masar a shekara ta 1905 a Landan ta Flinders Petrie, Hilda ta yi aiki a wurin a matsayin sakatare don tara kudade da kuma daukar sabbin masu biyan kuɗi, kuma a wannan lokacin ne aka haifi 'ya'yanta biyu.  Musamman ta rubuta wa fitattun mutane da masu hannu da shuni don ba da goyon baya ga aikin Flinders Petrie, kuma ta kula da buga shi, kuma ta ba da laccoci na jama'a a London da sauran wurare a Burtaniya.

### Ƙarin aiki a Misira
Ta sake komawa Masar a cikin Janairun shekara ta 1913 don komawa Flinders Petrie a Kafr Ammar; An gano kaburburan daular Goma sha biyu fenti guda uku a nesa da Riqqeh kuma ana buƙatar yin rikodi cikin gaggawa.  Aikin ya sake zama mai wahala da haɗari, amma ya yiwu kuma ta buga wani babi a cikin rahoton karshe game da kaburbura da hada da tsare-tsarenta da kwafin zane-zane na bango da akwatunan gawa  

### A lokacin yakin duniya na farko
Lokacin da yaki ya barke a shekara ta 1914, Hilda ta mai da hankalinta ga kungiyoyin mata da dama, ciki har da yin amfani da kwarewar tattara kudade a matsayin Sakatariyar Daraja ta Asibitocin Mata na Scotland, wadda ta kula da hidimar asibiti na sashen Serbia na sojojin Rasha; Daga baya aka ba ta lambar yabo ta Serbian na St Sava .  The Petries suma a wannan lokacin sun yi nazari akan sassaƙan tarihi da aka yanke a cikin alli na Downland a Burtaniya. 

A cikin shekara ta 1919 Hilda da Flinders sun sake ci gaba da tonawa a ƙasar Masar, kuma a cikin lokacin 1921, Hilda ta tono tantanin halitta na 'yan Koftik a cikin tsaunukan Yamma a Abydos, tare da buga tsare-tsarenta da zanen kogon a cikin rahoton hakowa na waccan shekarar, tare da bayaninta na kogon da fenfentin.

### An yi tonon sililin a kewayen Falasdinu da Kudus
An mayar da hankali kan tono na Petries a cikin 1926 zuwa sansanonin kan iyaka a Falasdinu, biyo bayan ƙuntatawa da aka sanya akan tono gawarwakin a Masar da kuma fitar da kayan tarihi bayan gano kabarin Tutankhamun a 1922.  Hilda ta isa Gaza a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba 1926, inda ta yi rajista, ta biya mafi yawan ma'aikata  shekaru uku masu zuwa a Ingila suna neman tara kuɗaɗe don aikin, wanda, abin takaici, ba su da irin wannan kira ga magoya bayanta kamar aikin a Masar. 

Lokaci na ƙarshe na lokacin haƙa na Petries a Gaza shine a cikin 1931 tare da babban tudun da ake kira Tell el Ajull wanda ake tsammanin zai samar da aiki na wasu shekaru.  Duk da haka, hakan bai kasance ba kuma tashin hankali a kan tononin ya sa aikin hako su ya daina. 

sansanA shekara ta 1933 Petries sun ƙaura zuwa Urushalima inda, tsawon yanayi biyu tsakanin 1935 zuwa 1937, sun tono tudun Sheikh Zoweyd, wanda ya kasance sansanin iyaka tsakanin Masar da Asiya.  An dakatar da wani tono da aka shirya a shekarar 1939 lokacin da ‘yan bindiga suka kai hari tare da wawashe sansaninsu 

### Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu zuwa gaba: gyare-gyare da wallafe-wallafen ƙarshe
Flinders Petrie ya mutu a ranar 29 ga Yuli 1942, kuma Hilda Petrie ta ga sauran yakin da ke zaune a Makarantar Amurka ta Falasdinu yayin da take gyara takardunsa, wanda ta yanke shawarar aika zuwa sabon ɗakin karatu na Sashen Tarihi na Tarihi a Khartoum . 

A cikin 1947 Hilda ta koma Hampstead, Ingila inda ta lalata lamuran Makarantar Burtaniya kuma a cikin 1952 ta kasance a ƙarshe ta sami damar buga kayan aikin kabari da ta kwafi a 1905 a Saqqara, kafin mutuwarta a 1957. 

## Ayyukan da aka aiwatar

* *Hieroglyphs na Masar na farko da na biyu*, wanda Hilda Petrie ya zana, Quaritch, London 1927
* *Majami'un kabari bakwai na Memphite*, Rubutun Margaret A[lice] Murray. Zane na F. Hansard, F. Kingsford, da L. Eckenstein. Zane da tsare-tsare na HF Petrie, Makarantar Biritaniya na Masanin Archaeology da Quaritch, London 1952
* *Bayanan Side akan Littafi Mai-Tsarki: Daga Flinders Petrie's Discoveries*, Kamfanin Bugawa Nema Limited, London 1933.

## Adabi

* Morris L. Bierbrier: *Wanene Wane ne a cikin Egyptology* . 3. Auflage, London 1995, S. 329 (mit Verzeichnis der Nachrufe).
* Margaret S. Drower: *Flinders Petrie: rayuwa a ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi* . Victor Golancz, London 1984, S. 231–248.
* Margaret S. Drower: ''Hilda Mary Isabel Petrie.''  A cikin: ''Ƙarshe Filaye.'' ''Mata a Tsohon Duniya Archeology''  (mit Schriftenverzeichnis; PDF; 408&nbsp;kB)
* Margaret S. Drower: *Wasiƙu daga Hamada - Maganar Flinders da Hilda Petrie.* Aris & Philips, London 2004  .
* Andrea Rottloff: *Die Berühmten Archäologen* Bd. 1). von Zabern, Mainz 2009, , S.&nbsp;77-82.

## Manazarta