open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Lidia Senra

**Lidia Senra Rodríguez** (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga Yuni 1958) 'yar asalin Galicia ce mai rajin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da siyasa. Ta kasance sakatare janar na Sindicato Labrego Galego (SLG) tsawon shekaru 18 kuma, tun daga shekarar 2014, ta kasance 'yar Majalisar Tarayyar Turai .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Lidia Senra ta yi karatun Baccalaureate a Monforte de Lemos sannan ta fara haɗin gwiwa da Kwamitin Axuda zuwa Loita Labrega a tsakiyar shekarun 1970. A shekarar 1984, a lokacin babban taron Comisións Labregas na biyu, an zaɓe ta don ta zama mai alhakin tsari da kuɗi. Shekaru biyar bayan haka, a babban taron na uku, ta shiga sakatariyar Sindicato Labrego Galego (SLG). A wannan lokacin, Sindicato Labrego Galego-Comisións Labregas tana cikin ƙungiyar Galician People's Union (UPG), jam'iyyar Marxist-Leninist wadda ta kafa tushen ƙungiyar Galician Nationalist Bloc (a zahiri, UPG ce ta zaɓi sakatarorin ƙungiyar), kuma SLG ta kafa ƙungiyar noma ta BNG.  An sake zaɓen Senra sau uku. A shekarar 2007, ta sanar da cewa ba za ta sake tsayawa takara ba.  A matsayinta na sakatare janar na SLG, ta kasance memba na zartarwa na Coordination Paysanne Européenne (wanda aka canza a shekarar 2008 zuwa Coordination na Turai na Via Campesina, ƙungiyar manoma ta duniya wacce ke haɗa ƙungiyoyi daga Amurka, Asiya, Afirka, da Turai).  Bugu da ƙari, ta shiga cikin taron zamantakewa na Turai na Florence (2002), Paris (2003), da London (2004).

Duk da kusancinta da farko da UPG, ta nisanta kanta daga wannan ƙungiyar. Don haka, a lokacin da take ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar biyu ta Galician (2005–2009), ƙungiyar ta ci gaba da fafatawa da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Karkara ta Xunta de Galicia, a hannun UPG.  An haɗa Senra cikin ƙungiyar Encontro Irmandiño ta yanzu a 2009, wacce Xosé Manuel Beiras ya ɗauki nauyinta.  Senra ta bar ƙungiyar Galego Nationalist Bloc a 2012, a lokaci guda da magoya bayan Beiras,  waɗanda daga baya suka kafa ƙungiyar Anova-Nationalist Brotherhood .

Bayan ƙuri'ar cikin gida inda Anova ta yanke shawarar tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dokokin Turai ta 2014 a hannun Ƙungiyar Hagu ta Hagu (wanda ta kafa Galician Left Madadin a Majalisar Dokokin Galicia ), an gabatar da Senra a matsayin shugabar jerin sunayen 'yan takarar Jam'iyyar Hagu ta shugaban Anova, Xosé Manuel Beiras, kuma galibi 'yan bindiga sun amince da su. [1] [2] Senra ta zo ta biyar a takarar, [3] tana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan majalisar wakilai shida da aka zaɓa. Bayan kafa majalisar, ta shiga ƙungiyar Hagu ta Hagu ta Hagu ta Hagu ta Hagu ta Nordic Green Left (GUE-NGL), kuma ta kasance ɓangare na Kwamitin Noma da Ci Gaban Karkara. A ranar 4 ga Maris, 2017, Lidia Senra ta bar ƙungiyar Hagu [4]

## Manazarta
Arantza Urkaregi

**Arantza Urkaregi** (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1954) ƙwararriyar masaniyar lissafi ce, mai shirya ƙungiyoyin kwadago, kuma 'yar siyasa mai ra'ayin mata . A fannin lissafi, tana rubutu, tana bincike, kuma tana koyarwa galibi game da ƙididdiga .  Dangane da aikinta na siyasa, ta kasance cikin jam'iyyar kwaminis a Basque da kuma farkon ƙungiyar mata a can. 

## Rayuwa
An haifi Urkaregi a ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 1954 a San Sebastian, a cikin al'ummar Basque Autonomous a Spain. Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Basque Country . &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Aikin masu fafutuka
A shekarunta na 20, ta shiga cikin EMK (jam'iyyar kwaminisanci ta Basque) da ƙungiyoyin mata na Basque.  Misali, ta kasance cikin manyan tarukan farko na ƙungiyar mata ta Basque a watan Disamba na 1977. Duk da cewa waɗannan tarukan sun dace da jigon ƙungiyoyin mata na shekarun 60 da 70, suna da mahimmanci musamman saboda matsin lamba na musamman na adawa da mata a Basque. Waɗannan tarukan a watan Disamba na 1977 an yi su ne da irin waɗannan tarukan mata na Spain. Gabaɗaya, waɗannan tarukan, waɗanda suka halarci fiye da yadda ake tsammani, sun kasance mabuɗin nuna wanzuwar, da kuma goyon bayan ƙungiyar mata ta Basque. 

Urkaregi ta kuma shiga cikin ƙungiyar malamai ta Basque (Steilas), wacce kwanan nan (a cikin 2020) ta shiga yajin aiki don nuna rashin amincewarta da rashin isasshen tallafi ga koyarwa a tsakiyar COVID-19. [1] [2] Ta kuma kasance a Majalisar Birnin Bilbao a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar Abertzale Sozialistak. [3] Musamman ma, Urkaregi ta kasance mai himma a cikin ƙungiyoyin ' yan awaren Basque, kamar mai magana da yawun Basque Nationalist Action, wanda gwamnatin Spain ta haramta a 2008 saboda zargin da ake yi mata na alaƙa da ETA . [4] A shekarar 2009, an kama ta tare da sauran membobin ƙungiyar. [5]

## Aikin ilimi
Kamar yadda Inguma ta nuna, wanda shine rumbun adana bayanai na wallafe-wallafe a cikin al'ummar kimiyya ta Basque, Urkaregi ta wallafa littattafai da yawa game da ilimin halittu .  Akwai littattafai sama da 50 da aka danganta mata a nan, gami da littafin karatu na ilimin halittu,   labarai game da ilimin mata da lissafi,   da darussa. 

## Manazarta
Teresa Sempere Jaén

**María Teresa Sempere Jaén** (Yuni 1947 - 22 Maris 2023) 'yar siyasa ce ta Sipaniya. Mamba ce a Jam'iyyar Gurguzu ta Ƙasar Valencia, ta yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai daga 1989 zuwa 1996. 

Sempere ya mutu a ranar 22 ga Maris 2023, yana da shekaru 75. [1]

## Manazarta
Ruwa

**Aqualtune** ( ƙasa 1665-75) gimbiya ce ta Kongo wacce 'yar wani Manikongo da ba a san ko waye ba ce. A bisa ga al'ada, ita ce mahaifiyar Ganga Zumba kuma kakar Zumbi ta uwa. 

A shekara ta 1665, Aqualtune ta jagoranci rundunar maza da mata ta Kongo dubu goma a Yaƙin Mbwila, inda aka kashe Sarki Antonio na ɗaya kuma aka kama ta a shan kaye. [1] [2] Daga nan aka kai ta tashar jiragen ruwa ta Recife, wani ma'ajiyar kaya da kuma injin sarrafa sukari. An saye ta a matsayin baiwar kiwon dabbobi, daga baya aka sayar da ita ga wani injin niƙa a Porto Calvo, tana da juna biyu. [3] Daga nan ta tsere daga bauta, ta isa Palmares quilombo . Daga nan ta zama shugaban Subupuira quilombo, wanda ke arewa maso gabashin babban birnin Palmares. Ta haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu, Ganga Zumba da Gana Zona, waɗanda dukansu suka ɗauki mukamai na jagoranci a Palmares. Zumbi ita ce 'yar 'yarta Sabina. Ba a san makomarta da rayuwarta daga baya ba, ta mutu mutuwar da ba a san ta ba a shekara ta 1675. [4]

## Gado
Mawallafi Jarid Arraes ne ya rubuta tarihin rayuwarta a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin cordel 2015 da littafin *Heroínas Negras Brasileiras em 15 cordéis* . 

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Paouingnan

Bayan mamayar da Oyo ta kai wa **Dahomey** a farkon ƙarni na 18, sarkin Dahomean Agaja ya amince ya biya Oyo haraji na shekara-shekara a matsayin bayi, tufafi, da kuma 'yan daba domin a musanya zaman lafiya da 'yancin kai mai iyaka.  Rundunar sojojin Ghezo da aka sake tsara ta musamman ta haɗa da manyan rundunonin sojoji mata da aka sani da Mino ko Dahomey Amazons, waɗanda suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kare masarautar da kuma nuna ƙarfinta na soja.  Yaƙin ya faru ne tsakanin Paouingnan da Ketou . 

Sojojin Dahomean, waɗanda aka ƙarfafa tare da sojojin Ghezo da Mino, sun kori sojojin Oyo masu balaguro a kan iyakar arewa kusa da kan iyakar Benin da Najeriya ta zamani, wanda hakan ya tilasta wa Oyo yin watsi da yunƙurinta na tilasta biyan haraji da kuma tabbatar da 'yancin kai na Dahomey. [1] Wannan tsari ya ci gaba har kusan ƙarni ɗaya, yana nuna ikon Oyo a kan harkokin bakin teku da na cikin gida na ƙasar Yarabawa da masarautar Fon ta Dahomey. [2] Duk da haka, a farkon ƙarni na sha tara, ikon Oyo ya fara raguwa saboda rikice-rikicen cikin gida, matsin lamba daga Fulani daga arewa, da kuma raunin ikon soja [1] Lokacin da Sarki Ghezo (r. 1818–1858) ya hau karagar mulkin Dahomey, ya ƙi ci gaba da biyan harajin. Oyo ya kai hari, kuma rikicin ya kai ga nasarorin Dahomean akan sojojin Oyo da aka aika don sake sanya iko, wanda hakan ya kawo ƙarshen dangantakar Dahomey da ke tsakanin ma'aurata. [3]

Wannan gagarumin yaƙin ya haifar da yaƙin neman zaɓe da dama da kuma hare-haren bayi a kan Egbado da Ketu .  A tsakiyar ƙarni na 19, sojojin Dahomey sun kai hari kan garuruwan Egba, inda suka kama fursunoni, waɗanda daga baya aka yi wa wasu daga cikinsu hadaya, wanda ya haifar da fushi tsakanin mutanen Egba.

## Manazarta
Anita Asmah

**Anita Asmah** (an haife ta a watan Fabrairun 1965) Brigadier Janar ce kuma lauya ' yar Ghana wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Ofishin Jakadanci da Kwamandan Rundunar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tun daga Disamba 2024.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Asmah a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1965. Tana da 'yan uwa shida. Mahaifinta ya kasance Colonel a cikin Sojojin Sojoji kuma ta halarci makarantar shirye-shirye a sansanin Burma da kuma makarantar gwaji ta Sojojin. Daga nan sai ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Aburi Girls.

Asmah ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a cikin harsunan zamani (Turanci, Faransanci da Larabci) daga Jami'ar Ghana .  Ta koma Jami'ar daga baya don samun digiri na farko a fannin shari'a sannan ta sami takardar shaidar aiki daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Ghana .  Ta kammala darussan horo na soja daban-daban ciki har da Darussan Koyarwa na Ofishin Jakadancin a Croatia da kuma Darussan Mata a Jagora a Jami'ar Jihar Kennesaw a Amurka.

## Ayyuka
An ba da izinin Asmah a cikin Sojojin Ghana a shekarar 1992.  Ta tashi ta hanyar matsayi don ɗaukar matsayi ciki har da Darakta na Ilimi, Mataimakin Sakataren Soja, da Daraktoci a Cibiyar Horar da Zaman Lafiya ta Kofi Annan . 

Asmah ta kasance mai lura da soja a Ofishin Jakadancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo daga 2003 zuwa 2004.  Ta kasance jami'in ma'aikata a cikin Sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na wucin gadi a Lebanon daga 2012 zuwa 2013 kuma daga 2015 zuwa 2016.  Ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar a Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tsaro ta Sojojin Ghana daga 2021 har zuwa 2023. 

Asmah ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Kwamandan Sojoji na Sojojin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDOF) daga 2021 zuwa 2023, gami da aiki a matsayin Kwamandan Soja tsakanin Yuli da Nuwamba 2022.[1] A ranar 11 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024, Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya António Guterres ya sanar da Asmah a matsayin Shugaban Ofishin Jakadancin da Kwamandan Sojojin UNDOF.[2] Ita ce mace ta farko ta Afirka da ta rike mukamin.[3] Ta dauki umurni daga Patrick Gauchat a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 2025 a wani bikin HOTO a sansanin Faouar a Siriya . [4]

Asmah mai ba da shawara ne ga daidaiton jinsi kuma ya yaba da dabarun daidaito na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya yana cewa, "Ta hanyar yin fice a cikin alhakinmu kawai za mu iya shirya hanyar da mata za su dauki matsayi na umurni kuma su canza yanayin ayyukan kiyaye zaman lafiya da gaske".

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Asmah tana da 'yar daya.

## Manazarta
Teodora Inácia Gomes

**Teodora Inácia Gomes** (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 1944) 'yar siyasa ce, mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata, wacce ta kasance tsohuwar mai fafutukar neman 'yancin kai daga Guinea-Bissau daga mulkin Portugal, kuma mataimakiyar shugabar jam'iyyar Afirka ta 'yancin kai na Guinea da Cape Verde (PAIGC).

## Rayuwa ta farko
Teodora Inácia Gomes, wanda iyalinta suka ba da lakabi "Obono", an haife ta ne a Guinea-Bissau)" id="mwEA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Empada (Guinea-Bissau)">Empada, a Yankin Quínara na kudancin Guinea-Bissau a ranar 13 ga Satumba 1944. [1] Ɗaya daga cikin yara shida, tana da 'yan'uwa maza huɗu da' yar'uwa ɗaya, Joana Gomes; mahaifinta Inácio Pedro Gomes ne.[1][2] Iyalinta Krista ne kuma ta halarci makarantar Katolika.[1] Lokacin da mahaifinta yake matashi ya yi hijira zuwa Porto, Portugal kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan Guineans waɗanda suka yi karatu a waje da mulkin mallaka na Portugal.[1] Mahaifinta ya yi muhimmiyar alaƙa da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Portugal yayin da yake can. Mahaifiyar Gomes ta fito ne daga wata kabilanci, wacce kungiyar ta kasance ta Matrilineal. Dukansu biyu sun kasance masu aiki a cikin yunkurin 'yanci.[1] Gomes ta jaddada muhimmancin da dangantakar da mahaifinta ke da ita a cikin tsarin siyasa.[1]

## Yunkurin samun 'yancin kai
A shekarar 1962, Gomes ta shiga gwagwarmayar makamai ta kuma zama memba na Jam'iyyar Afirka don 'Yancin Kai na Guinea da Cape Verde (PAIGC), wata ƙungiya da, tsakanin sauran ƙa'idodi, ta kafa daidaito tsakanin maza da mata, tana mai cewa "maza da mata suna da haƙƙoƙi iri ɗaya a cikin iyali, a wurin aiki da kuma a ayyukan jama'a".  A cikin PAIGC, Gomes ta yi aiki tare da Amílcar Cabral kuma ta yi aiki tare da shi.  Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin likita da kuma malamin siyasa.   Ta kuma sami horon soja kuma ta jagoranci wata runduna ta mata 95.  Ɗaya daga cikin matan da ta yi yaƙi tare da su a shekarar 1963 ita ce Titina Silá, wacce mutuwarta a shekarar 1973, a lokacin ketare Rio de Farim, ana tunawa da ita a ranar 30 ga Janairu kowace shekara a matsayin Ranar Ƙasa ta Matan Guinea .   A watan Agusta na 1963, Gomes da Silá sun yi tafiya zuwa Tarayyar Soviet don yin horon siyasa. 

Gomes ta sami tallafin karatu a shekarar 1964 kuma ta je karatu a Kiev, Ukraine.  A lokacin da take a Kiev ta shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa na matasa da mata kuma ta yaɗa manufofi da manufofin ƙungiyar 'yantar da jama'a ta PAIGC da gwagwarmayarta ta makamai.  A shekarar 1966 Gomes ta koma Conakry, inda ta ci gaba da ayyukanta a matsayin malamar makaranta a Jardim Escola de Ratoma (Instituto Amizade); daga 1969 zuwa 1971 ita ce Daraktan makarantar. 

## Manazarta
Fannu

**Fannu bint Umar ibn Yintan** (ta rasu a watan Afrilun 1147) gimbiya ce kuma Kwamandan daular Almoravid . A cikin siffar mutum, sanye da sulke ta shiga cikin kare katangar Marrakesh  a lokacin da Almohad suka mamaye birnin a shekarar 1147. 

## Rayuwa
An rene ta a Fadar Almoravid da ke Marrakesh (a Maroko ta yanzu) a matsayin 'yar Umar ibn Yintan . Matsayinta na gaba ba abin mamaki ba ne, domin mata a lokacin mulkin Almoravid suna da matsayi mafi girma fiye da yadda aka saba a jihohin Musulmi. Mata a kotu an san su da yin tasiri mai yawa a harkokin gwamnati a cikin al'ada da misalin Zaynab an-Nafzawiyyah, wacce ta kafa daular tare: mata ba sa sanya mayafi, kuma ilimin mata ya kasance abin karɓa kuma al'ada ce, tare da fitattun mata kamar Hafsa Bint al-Hajj al-Rukuniyya suna gudanar da kwasa-kwasan ga matan fada da kuma akalla mata biyu da aka san sun kasance likitoci. 

A watan Maris na shekarar 1147, sojojin khalifa Abd-al Mumin, sun isa babban birnin Marrakech a lokacin jihadinsa da Almoravids, suka kutsa kai cikin garin, suka yi yaƙi kan ikon Qasba (sansanin) Fadar Almoravid na tsawon kwanaki. Fannu ta shahara da sanya kayan maza kuma ta shiga cikin kare sansanin, kuma bisa ga al'ada, Almohads ba su sami nasarar mamaye sansanin ba kafin a kashe "wata matashiyar Almoravid, sanye da kayan maza". [1] An ruwaito cewa Almohads sun yi mamakin halayen Fannu da jarumtakarsa a lokacin yaƙin kuma sun yi mamakin cewa ba su san cewa ita mace ce ba kafin ta mutu. [1]

## Manazarta
Marjon Kamara

**Marjon Vashti Kamara** (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta 1949) jami'in diflomasiyya ce kuma 'yar siyasar ƙasar Liberia wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekarun 2016 zuwa 2018.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Kamara a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta, 1949 a Monrovia ɗiya ce ga Jacob da Edith Kamara.  Ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Saint Theresa's Convent High School kuma ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin fasaha a shekarar 1970 da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyyar siyasa a shekarar 1973.  

## Aiki
Kamara ta fara aiki a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Laberiya a shekarar 1974, inda ta yi aiki kafaɗa da kafaɗa da Cecil Dennis, kafin ta yi aiki a ofisoshin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNHCR) a Habasha, Uganda da Geneva daga shekarun 1983 zuwa 1994.  Ta kasance Wakilin UNHCR a Angola daga shekarun 1994 zuwa 1998 da kuma Tanzania daga shekarun 1998 zuwa 2001. Daga nan ta zama Darakta a Sashen Tallafin Ayyuka a shekarar 2001, kafin a naɗa ta Daraktar UNHCR na Afirka a watan Oktoban 2005.

An naɗa Kamara jakadiyar Liberia a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a New York a ranar 8 ga watan Oktoba, 2009.   Ta jagoranci zaman kwamitin kula da matsayin mata na hamsin da shida, kuma an zaɓe ta don ta zama mataimakiyar shugabar taron babban taron Majalisar na sittin da shida.

Shugaba Ellen Johnson Sirleaf ta naɗa Kamara a matsayin Ministar Harkokin Waje a ranar 6 ga watan Janairun 2016.

## Lambobin yabo da girmamawa
A shekarar 2016, an naɗa Kamara a matsayin babbar ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Dame kuma shugabar ƙungiyar Orders in the Humane Order of African Redemption. 

## Wallafe-wallafe

* Kamara, Marjon Vashti; Plano, Jack C. (1974). United Nations Capital Development Fund: poor and rich worlds in collision. Western Michigan University Press. . 
* 

## Manazarta
Yvette Lundy

**Yvette Lundy** (22 Afrilu 1916 - 3 Nuwamba 2019) ta kasance mayaƙan adawa na Faransa a lokacin adawar Faransa ta Yaƙin Duniya na II . Ta ba da wahayi ga halin Mademoiselle Lise Lundi a cikin fim din 2009 *Korkoro*, wanda Tony Gatlif ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haife ta ne a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 1916 a Oger, Faransa;  ita ce ƙarama cikin 'yan uwa bakwai   a cikin dangin ma'aikatan gona da suka fito daga yankin Reims.  A shekara ta 1938 ta fara aiki a matsayin malama a Gionges, kuma a matsayin sakatariyar magajin gari a can. A watan Mayu 1940, yayin da Yaƙin Faransa ya fara, ta tsere daga yankin, amma ta dawo watanni biyu bayan haka.

## Ayyukan da ake yi a lokacin yaƙi
A matsayinsa na ma'aikacin adawa a Faransa da aka mamaye, Lundy ya fara samar da takardun hukuma na karya ga wadanda suka tsere daga sansanin a Bazancourt da kuma iyalan Yahudawa.[1][2] Ta taimaka wa Kwaminisanci Marcel Nautré, [1] da sauransu da ke cikin cibiyar sadarwa ta Possum, don kauce wa ganowa ta hukumomi, da kuma samar da mafaka a gonar ɗan'uwanta Georges ga mayakan Faransa masu kyauta da suka shiga yankin. [3][4]

Yvette Lundy was freed from Schlieben by the Red Army on 20 or 21 April 1945 and, after a march of some 200 kilometres to Halle, was flown back to France, arriving at le Bourget on 8 May 1945.

## Bayan yakin
Lundy ta yi shiru game da abubuwan da ta samu a yaƙi har zuwa 1959,  saboda iyalinta.  Bayan wannan ranar, ta fara zuwa makarantu don raba shaidarta. Ziyararta ta zama sananne sosai ga ɗalibai.

Littafin tarihin Lundy mai suna Le Fil de l'araignée ( ), wanda aka rubuta tare da Laurence Barbarot-Boisson, an buga shi a cikin 2012. 

A lokacin da take da shekaru 101, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Grand Officier de la Légion d'honneur .  Ta mutu a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 2019 a Epernay, tana da shekaru 103.  

## Manazarta
Hélène Mallebrancke

Hélène Mallebrancke (3 Maris 1902 - 30 Agusta 1940) ita ce injiniyar gine-gine mace ta farko 'yar ƙasar Belgium da ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Ghent, kuma ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun mata injiniyoyi a Belgium.[1] Ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar 'yan tawayen Beljium a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, inda ta ci gaba da aiki a yankin Ghent ba tare da wata matsala ba. Gwamnatin Faransa da hukumomin Belgium sun yi mata ado bayan mutuwarta.[2]

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Hélène Mallebrancke a ranar 3 ga Maris 1902 a Molenbeek-Saint-Jean, ga Georges Mallebrancker, injiniya da Caroline Spijers 

Bayan ta yi karatu a makarantar sakandare don 'yan mata a Ghent, ta wuce jarrabawar jihar, le Jury centrale a shekarar 1919. [1] Daga nan sai ta shiga Jami'ar Jihar Ghent, inda ta kammala karatu a 1924 a matsayin injiniya. Mahaifinta, Georges Mallebrancke, ya mutu a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 1924. A shekara mai zuwa ta sami difloma a matsayin Injiniyan lantarki tare da bambanci.

## Ayyuka
In 1926, she joined the Belgian public telephone service, known from 1930 as the Régie des Télégraphes et Téléphones. By May 1940, she had become the chief engineer and was in charge of the Ghent region.

## Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu
A lokacin mamayewar Belgium, kodayake ta san cewa tana fama da rashin lafiya sosai tun farkon shekara, ta ci gaba da aiki dare da rana don ci gaba da sadarwa a yankin Ghent don tallafawa Allies na yakin duniya na biyu.

Da yake ta gaji, an shigar da ita a Cibiyar Marie-Médiatrice a Ghent, inda ta mutu a ranar 30 ga watan Agusta 1940 tana da shekaru talatin da takwas.

Lokacin da ya ji labarin mutuwarta, Charles Huntziger, Ministan Yakin a Gwamnatin Vichy Faransa ya aika wa mahaifiyarta Croix de Guerre tare da dabino  da kuma ambaton da ya danganci na Sojojin Faransa:

## Manazarta
Nelly Martyl

**6Nelly Martyl** (1 ga Afrilu 1884 - 9 ga Nuwamba 1953), an haife ta **Nelly Adèle Anny Martin**, mawaƙiya ce ta wasan kwaikwayo ta soprano ta Faransa da ke zaune a birnin Paris wacce ta halarci wasan kwaikwayo na duniya da yawa. A lokacin yakin duniya na farko da annobar mura ta 1918, ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya kuma ta sami Croix de Guerre don hidimar ta.

## Rayuwa ta farko
Nelly Adèle Anny Martin was born in Paris, the daughter of Jules Edouard Martin and Hélène Fleming. Her mother was English. She trained as a singer at the Conservatoire de Paris, studying with teachers Martini and Jacques Isnardon.

Martyl ta kasance mawaƙan opera soprano a birnin Paris .  Ta fara aikinta na farko a 1907 a Gluck's *Armide* . Ta shiga Opéra-Comique a cikin 1909,  inda ta bayyana a matsayin Micaela a cikin Bizet's *Carmen*, Sophie a cikin Massenet's *Werther*, Mimi a cikin Puccini's La bohème da kuma a cikin rawar da Massenet na taka, da sauransu.  Martyl ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a duniya da yawa, ciki har da La Catalane na Le Borne (1907), La Sorcière na Erlanger (1912), kuma, a Monte Carlo Opera, Massenet's *Amadis* a cikin 1922. Ta bayyana a cikin Royal Opera House Covent Garden na Landan a 1910,  kuma ta yi rikodin duet a 1911. An nuna ta a cikin mujallu na zamani, tana sanye da riguna daga masu *Manon* Paris.

Bayan yakin, Martyl ta kirkiro tushe na kiwon lafiya tare da mai tseren mota Magdeleine Goüin, kuma an bude asibitin Nelly-Martyl a 1929 a Paris; an rushe ginin a 2017, duk da wasu kokarin adana shi.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
A shekarar 1909, Nelly Martyl ta auri mai zane-zane ɗan ƙasar Faransa Georges Scott.[1] Sun ci gaba da aure har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar 1943. Ta mutu a shekarar 1954, tana da shekaru 69, a Versailles. A shekarar 2016, don tunawa da cika shekaru 100 na Yaƙin Verdun, an buga wani littafi game da Martyl, La fée de Verdun na Philippe Nessmann [fr].[2]

## Manazarta
Linda K. Meirs

**Melinda Konover Meirs** (5 ga Yuni, 1884 - 27 ga Nuwamba, 1972), wacce aka fi sani da **Linda K. Meirs**, ta kasance ma'aikaciyar jinya ta Red Cross da Sojoji ta Amurka a lokacin yakin duniya na farko. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin Amurkawa shida da suka karbi lambar yabo ta Florence Nightingale, wacce Kwamitin Red Cross na Duniya ya ba ta a shekarar 1920.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Linda K. Meirs a yankin Cream Ridge na Upper Freehold Township, New Jersey, 'yar Charles Robbins Meirs da Ida Konover Meirs.  Ta girma a Allentown, New Jersey. Ta halarci Makarantar Horar da Asibitin Babban Asibitin Philadelphia don Nurses . 

## Ayyuka
Da farko a cikin aikinta, Meirs ta yi aiki a asibitoci a Illinois, Colorado, Minnesota, da Mexico. A lokacin yakin duniya na, Meirs ya tafi Kiev tare da Red Cross na Amurka a shekara ta 1914,  amma ya shiga rundunar sojin Amurka a shekara de 1916. Ta yi aiki a asibitocin filin kusa da fagen fama, a matsayin shugaban ma'aikatan jinya a Jouy-sur-Morin, Château-Thierry, Toul, da Fleury-sur-Aire . A shekara ta 1917, ta kasance wani ɓangare na aikin Red Cross na Amurka zuwa Romania . A shekara ta 1918 an cire ta daga aiki a cikin Sojojin Nurse Corps, kuma an sanya ta zama Babban Nurse a asibitin Boston ta Hukumar Lafiya ta Amurka. Yayinda take jira a Paris don jigilar gida, ta yi burodi na apple 176 don marasa lafiya su ji daɗi a Kirsimeti bayan Armistice. Wani rahoto na 1921 ya yi sharhi game da shekarunta na yaki, "Ta kasance irin mutumin da ke karfafa marasa lafiya na soja da tsoro, sha'awa, da ƙauna".

A shekara ta 1920 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ma'aikatan jinya shida na Amurka da suka karɓi lambar yabo ta Florence Nightingale daga Kwamitin Red Cross na Duniya . [1] Ta kuma sami girmamawa daga Faransanci (Croix de Guerre), Romania (Sarauniya Marie Cross), Jamus (Medal Red Cross na Jamus), da Medals na Nasara daga Amurka da New Jersey . [2] Ta yi ritaya daga aikin jinya a shekarar 1942, kuma ta zauna tare da 'yar'uwarta Anna a New Jersey. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, ta yi kuki ga maza na cikin gida a cikin sabis ɗin.[3]

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Meirs ya mallaki gida a Stone Harbor, New Jersey a cikin shekarun 1930 da 1940. Bayan 1963 ta zauna tare da ɗan'uwanta gwauruwa, Charley, a Yardley, Pennsylvania . Ta mutu a shekara ta 1972, tana da shekaru 88. 

## Manazarta
Anna V. S. Mitchell

**Anna V. S. Mitchell** (1878-1966) ma'aikaciyar Red Cross ce ta Amurka a Faransa a lokacin yakin duniya na farko, kuma daga baya tsakanin 'yan gudun hijirar Rasha a Istanbul .

## Rayuwa ta farko
Anna Van Schaick Mitchell 'yar Clarence Green Mitchell ce, lauya,  da Sarah Adams Lindley Mitchell . 'Yar'uwarta Lucy Lindley Mitchell ta auri John Charles Molteno, Jr., ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan majalisa a Afirka ta Kudu. 'Yar'uwarta Caroline Green Mitchell Stokes  ta auri Anson Phelps Stokes, Jr.(philanthropist)">Anson Phelps Stokes, kuma ita ce mahaifiyar Olivia Stokes Hatch da Anson P Helps Stokes. Jr. Kakan su Daniel Lindley ya kasance mishan na Amurka a Afirka ta Kudu kuma wanda ya kafa makarantar sakandare ta Inanda; kakan su Jacob Lindley shine shugaban farko na Jami'ar Ohio.  

## Ayyuka
Yayinda take budurwa, Anna V. Mitchell an san ta da "ƙwarewar pianist" kuma "mai aiki a cikin aikin sulhu a New York da London".

A lokacin yakin duniya na Anna Mitchell ta tafi Faransa da Belgium tare da Red Cross ta Amurka . A shekara ta 1916, ta kasance a Monastir, tana aiki tare da 'yan gudun hijirar Serbia.[1][2] Ta kafa kantin abinci a Châlons-sur-Marne tare da Margery Nott . [3] Yar uwarta Mildred Mitchell da mai sa kai Margaret Hall sun yi aiki tare da su.[4][5] Ta kuma shiga cikin aikin agaji bayan yakin a Calais . [6] Ta sami Croix de Guerre daga gwamnatin Faransa saboda aikinta na lokacin yaƙi.[7]

A cikin shekarun 1920, ta yi aiki a Istanbul tare da 'yan gudun hijirar Rasha, kuma a matsayin babban sakatare ga Admiral Mark Lambert Bristol .  Wasiƙunta tare da sanannun alaƙar iyali sun taimaka wajen tara kuɗi, amma kuma ta shirya 'yan gudun hijira su sayar da sana'arsu a kan jiragen fasinja a cikin Tekun Baƙi. A cikin 1929, ita da Alma Ruggles sun ɗauki hutu don ba da laccoci a Amurka don wayar da kan jama'a da kudade don ci gaba da aikin 'yan gudun hijira a Turkiyya. Har ila yau a lokacin wannan ƙoƙari, ta yi amfani da haɗin iyalinta don ƙirƙirar abubuwan da suka faru kamar "shirye-shiryen waƙoƙin Rasha da gypsy da rawa" a taron Junior League a Birnin New York, wanda 'yar'uwarta da surukarta suka shirya, don tara kuɗi ga kungiyar kula da lafiyar yara ta Rasha.

Anna Mitchell ta zauna a Boston a cikin shekarun 1940.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Anna V. S. Mitchell ta mutu a shekarar 1966, tana da shekaru 88. Ɗaya daga cikin takardunta ana gudanar da shi a cikin Tarihin Cibiyar Hoover .  Sauran takardun Mitchell, gami da littattafai daga lokacin 1896 zuwa 1925, suna cikin takardun Olivia Stokes Hatch a ɗakin karatu na Kwalejin Bryn Mawr . 

## Manazarta
Constance Edjeani-Afenu

**Constance Ama Emefa Edjeani-Afenu** (5 Maris 1960 − 24 Janairu 2022; née Edjeani) ita ce birgediya janar mace ta farko a rundunar sojojin Ghana, kuma bayan mutuwarta, babbar janar mace ta farko.

An tura ta zuwa ayyukan kiyaye zaman lafiya da yawa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, gami da manufofi a Lebanon, Laberiya da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo . Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Mai ba da shawara ga Sojoji ga Ofishin Jakadancin Ghana na dindindin a Birnin New York. 

## Rayuwa ta farko

An haifi Constance Ama Emefa Edjeani-Afenu a ranar 5 ga Maris, 1960 a Vane Avatime, Yankin Volta, kuma ta girma a Ho, babban birnin Yankin Volta na Ghana . Ita ce ta shida a cikin 'yan'uwa goma, kuma ƙanwarta 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Ghana, Akofa Edjeani .  Mahaifinta ya yi aiki a soja, kuma 'yan'uwanta biyu suma sun yi aikin soja, duk da cewa sun riga ta rasu. Mahaifiyarta ita ce Mrs. Alice Grette Kwawu-Edzeani.

Edjeani-Afenu ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Kamina Barracks da Makarantar Gwaji ta Sojoji da ke Kumasi kafin ta kammala karatunta na O- da A-levels a Makarantar Sakandare ta Wesley Girls da ke Cape Coast.

## Ilimi
Edjeani-Afenu tana da digirin farko a fannin lissafi daga Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Gudanar da Jama'a ta Ghana (GIMPA) . Ta sami digirin bayan kammala karatun digiri a fannin Gudanar da Ayyuka daga Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Digiri na biyu ta Paris, sannan ta kammala Difloma a fannin Hulɗa da Jama'a da Talla a Cibiyar Jarida ta Ghana (GIJ).

Ta sami takaddun shaida na ƙwararru da dama, ciki har da Takardar Shaidar Gudanar da Gwamnati, Takardar Shaidar Kasafin Kuɗi da Gudanar da Kuɗi, da kuma Takardar Shaidar Ƙirƙirar Arziki daga Cibiyar Nazarin eLearning ta Switzerland.

## Sana'a
Edjeani-Afenu ta shiga Rundunar Sojojin Ghana a shekarar 1978, tana da shekaru 18 kuma ta sadaukar da shekaru 41 na rayuwarta ga aikin soja. Tana ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban mata biyu kacal da ta ɗauka a jami'a, ɗayan kuma ta bar karatun bayan 'yan makonni. An naɗa Edjeani-Afenu a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 1980 a matsayin Laftanar na Biyu bayan watanni 18 na horo a Kwalejin Sojoji ta Ghana. A farkon shekarun 1990, tana aiki a Sashen Matasa na Kwalejin Kwamanda da Ma'aikata ta Sojoji, Daga baya ta shiga Rundunar Biyan Sojoji a matsayin babban jami'in gudanarwa a shekarar 1999. [2]

A watan Fabrairun 1999, an naɗa Manjo Edjeani-Afenu a matsayin Kwamandan Ofishin Biyan Kuɗi na Sojoji, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama Kwamanda a cikin rundunar sojojin Ghana.

An naɗa ta don ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Mai Ba da Shawara Kan Soja na Ofishin Jakadancin Dindindin a New York daga 2013 zuwa 2016. Wannan kuma shine karo na farko da mace ta taɓa riƙe wannan muƙamin.

A matsayinta na wani ɓangare na Bataliyar Ghana, an tura ta zuwa UNIFIL a 1994 da 1998, MONUSCO a 2007, da kuma UNMIL a 2009.

A ranar 7 ga Maris, 2016, an ɗaukaka Edjeani-Afenu zuwa matsayin Birgediya Janar, matsayi mafi girma da mace ta taɓa riƙewa a rundunar sojin ƙasa.

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta naɗa ta a matsayin Mataimakiyar Kwamandan Rundunar Soja a MINURSO a watan Satumba na 2019, inda aka tura ta zuwa Yammacin Sahara.

## Manazarta
Frances Johnson-Morris

**Frances Johnson-Morris** lauya ce 'yar ƙasar Liberia wacce ta kasance shugabar Hukumar Zaɓe ta Ƙasa ta Liberia (NEC) a shekara ta 2005, wacce ta kula da zaɓen da ya haifar da mace ta farko da aka zaɓa ta hanyar dimokuraɗiyya a matsayin Shugabar Liberia da Afirka Ellen Johnson Sirleaf.  Ita ce kuma shugabar Hukumar Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta ƙasar Liberia.    

## Ilimi da aiki
Johnson-Morris ta sami digirin shari'a a fannin shari'a daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Louis Arthur Grimmes da ke Monrovia, da kuma digirin farko a fannin Turanci daga Jami'ar Liberia. Aikinta na shari'a ya fara ne da naɗinta a matsayin alkaliya mai kula da da'ira daga shekarun 1989 zuwa 1997 lokacin da ta zama Babban Alkaliya na Kotun Koli ta ƙasar Liberia. Ta kasance darakta ta ƙasa ta Hukumar Shari'a da Zaman Lafiya ta Katolika a Liberia daga shekarun 2004 zuwa 2005. A shekarar 2006, an naɗa Johnson-Morris a matsayin Ministar Shari'a kuma ta riƙe muƙamin Babbar Lauyar Laberiya.  An mayar da ita Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci da Masana'antu a shekarar 2007.

## Manazarta
Marie-Élisa Nordmann-Cohen

**Marie-Élisa Nordmann-Cohen** (4 ga Nuwamba 1910 - 15 ga Agusta 1993) ta kasance likitan Faransa, mai adawa da Fascist, kuma memba na kwaminisanci na Resistance na Faransa a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu . 

## Tarihin rayuwa
Marie-Élisa Nordmann daliba ce ta masanin kimiyyar lissafi Paul Langevin, wanda ke kula da karatun digirin digirinsa a ilmin sunadarai kafin yakin.

Da farko a shekara ta 1940, ta rarraba wallafe-wallafen sirri daga ƙungiyar adawa ta ilimi Jami'ar Libré . A wannan lokacin, ta kasance kusa da Faransa Bloch-Sérazin, 'yar Jean-Richard Bloch. A shekara ta 1943 aka kore ta zuwa Auschwitz .  Ko da yake ta tsira, Bloch-Sérazin bai tsira ba. Bayan yakin, ta taimaka wajen ganowa kuma ta zama shugabar l'Amicale des anciens déportés d'Auschwitz (The Association of Auschwitz Deportees).

Ita da Frédéric Joliot-Curie sun taimaka wajen kafa Hukumar Makamashi da Makamashi ta Atomic ta Faransa, inda ta kasance Sakatariyar Majalisar Kimiyya. Bayan haka, ta yi aiki a Sorbonne, kuma daga baya a Jami'ar Orsay .

Ta auri ɗan jarida Francis Cohen .  Ta mutu a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta 1993.  'Yarta Isabelle Cohen ta wallafa wani labari mai suna Marie-Elisa Nordmann a cikin 2024 mai taken Revenir Raconter  (Returning Retelling), wanda kafofin watsa labarai na Faransa suka yaba da shi. 

## Daraja

* *Gicciye na Yaƙi 1939-1945*
* Jami'in Legion of Honor

## Manazarta
Paddy O'Sullivan

**Maureen Patricia O'Sullivan** (3 ga Janairun 1918 - 5 ga Maris 1994) ta kasance memba na Babban Jami'in Ayyuka na Musamman (SOE) a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da waya ga Sashen Faransanci.

An haife ta a Dublin, Ireland a 1918, 'yar John Aloysius O'Sullivan (1873-1949), 'yar jaridar Irish kuma mahaifiyar Jamus, Johanna Repen (1889-1919), wacce ta mutu lokacin da Paddy ke da watanni 15 kawai, ta fara karatunta a St Louis Convent a Dublin. A lokacin da take da shekaru bakwai an tura ta zama tare da kawunta a Belgium. A can ta halarci makarantar maigidana a Coutrai sannan kuma Athenée Royale a Ostend .

A farkon yakin ta kasance ma'aikaciyar jinya da ke aiki a asibitin Highgate da ke London. Ta shiga WAAF a ranar 7 ga Yulin 1941, a matsayin Babban Ma'aikacin Jirgin Sama, kuma daga baya aka kara mata matsayi zuwa jami'in Sashen.

Bayan da SOE ta dauki ta aiki saboda yadda take magana da harshen Faransanci, kuma ta zama cikakken mai ba da sabis na mara waya, an sauke Paddy zuwa da'irar FIREMAN (cibiyar sadarwa) kusa da Limoges 'yan makonni bayan isowar Eileen Nearne ta ranar 22/23 Maris 1944. Yanayin ya kasance mai hazo sosai kuma matukin jirgin ya ba da shawarar cewa su koma Ingila, amma Paddy ya ƙuduri aniya kuma ta yi tsalle. Lokacin da ta sauka sosai, ta yi rauni na ɗan lokaci, amma koyaushe tana cewa an ceci rayuwarta ta hanyar dala miliyan 2 da aka ɗaure a bayanta. Sunan Paddy shine Micheline Marcelle Simonet kuma labarinta na rufewa shine cewa ta kasance 'dame de compagnie' na likita a Paris, inda ta taimaka wa likita a cikin tiyata da kuma tare da 'ya'yansa; tana ɗaukar hutun wata ɗaya don neman iyayen Belgium da suka ɓace a yankin Creuse.

Bayan nasarar aiki tare da da'irar FIREMAN, Paddy ya koma Ingila a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 1944. Bayan an rufe ta a watan Yunin 1945 an tura ta zuwa Force 136 a Calcutta a matsayin jami'in hulɗa don yin aiki tare da Faransanci.

## Daraja da kyaututtuka
An ba ta lambar yabo ta MBE Civil, wacce aka buga a ranar 4 ga Satumba 1945, an kuma ba ta lambar girmamawa ta Croix de guerre 1939-1945 (Faransa).



## Iyali
Ta zauna a Ingila kuma ta ci gaba da auren Eric Alvey, mai ba da lissafi, kuma ta zauna kusa da Ilkley, West Yorkshire; ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu, John da Robin.

## Manazarta
Beatrice Atallah

**Béatrice Jeanine Atallah** (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta 1959 ) 'yar siyasa ce kuma 'yar ƙasar Malagasy daga asalin ƙasar Lebanon wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Harkokin Waje na Madagascar tun daga watan Janairun 2015 har zuwa watan Agustan 2017.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Atallah a shekarar 1959  a Anosy.  Mahaifinta babban jami'i ne a gwamnatin mulkin mallaka, don haka tana da shaidar kasancewar 'yar ƙasar Malagasy da Faransa guda biyu.  Tana da digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a na sirri (1988) da kuma takardar shaidar digiri a fannin Diflomasiyya daga Cibiyar Nazarin Dabaru da Diflomasiyya (2009).   

## Aiki
Atallah majistare ce, ta shafe shekaru uku a Kotun Ɗaukaka Kara ta Antananarivo,   kuma tana da'awar cewa ba shi da alaƙa da siyasa.  

Atallah ta kasance memba na Majalisar Zaɓe ta Ƙasa daga shekarun 2002 zuwa 2009,  kuma mai ba da shawara ga Ministan Kuɗi na wancan lokacin Hery Rajaonarimampianina daga  shekarun 2009 zuwa 2013, kafin a naɗa ta shugabancin Hukumar Zaɓe daga watan Disamba 2013 har zuwa watan Janairu 2015, tana kula da zaɓen 2013 wanda Rajaonarimampianina ya lashe.   Akwai wasu zarge-zargen "ba bisa ƙa'ida ba" na kuɗaɗen kwamiti da aka tara a kanta, wanda ta musanta. 

An naɗa Atallah a matsayin Ministar Harkokin Waje a ranar 25 ga watan Janairu 2015 a gwamnatin Jean Ravelonarivo. Olivier Mahafaly Solonandrasana ya sake naɗa ta a watan Afrilun 2016.   Ita ce shugabar Hukumar Tekun Indiya. 

## Manazarta
Germaine Peyroles

**Germaine Peyroles** (22 Maris 1902 - 26 Oktoba 1979) lauya ce kuma 'yar siyasa a Faransa. An zabe ta a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a 1945 a matsayin daya daga cikin rukuni na farko na mata na Faransa a majalisa. Ta yi aiki a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa har zuwa 1951, sannan kuma daga 1954 zuwa 1955.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Peyrolles a Montaigu a Jura .  Mahaifinta, malamin Faransanci, ya karfafa ta, ta yi karatun shari'a a jami'a kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da aka shigar da ita a kotun a Paris a ƙarshen shekarun 1920.  Bayan ta sadu da mijinta na gaba Georges Peyroles, ta shiga Jam'iyyar Popular Democratic Party kuma ta zama babban sakatare na sashin mata.  Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya hudu, daya daga cikinsu (Jacques) ya zama sanannen marubuci a ƙarƙashin sunan Gilles Perrault . A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ta shiga cikin juriya ta Faransa, ta karbi bakuncin 'yan saman Burtaniya a gidan ma'auratan kuma ta taimaka musu su tsere zuwa Spain. Bayan yakin, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Croix de Guerre . 

Daga baya ta kasance dan takarar jam'iyyar Popular Republican Movement (MRP) a sashen Seine-et-Oise a Zaben Majalisar Dokoki na Oktoba 1945. An sanya ta na biyu a jerin MRP, an zabe ta a majalisa, ta zama ɗaya daga cikin rukunin mata na farko a Majalisar Dokoki. An sake zabar ta a zaben Yuni da Nuwamba 1946, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dokoki daga 1946 zuwa 1948 kuma a 1951, mace ta farko da ta jagoranci majalisar dokoki. Ta kuma zama memba na ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai  , tana aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugabanta daga 1947 zuwa 1958.

Kodayake Peyrolles ta rasa kujerarta a Zaben 1951, ta sake shiga majalisa bayan ta lashe zaben a watan Maris na shekara ta 1954, inda ta doke André Stil a zagaye na biyu.[1] Ta sake rasa kujerarta a Zaben 1956, kuma ba ta yi nasara ba a takara a Mazabar Seine-et-Oise ta 10 a Zaben 1958. Da ta janye daga siyasa mai aiki, ta ci gaba da yin kamfen tare da European Movement International . Ta mutu a birnin Paris a shekara ta 1979. [1]

## Manazarta
William Edward Collinson

**William Edward Collinson** (4 ga watan Janairun 1889 - 4 ga watan Mayu 1969) masanin harshe ne na Burtaniya kuma, daga shekara ta 1914 zuwa shekara ta 1954, Shugaban Jamusanci a Jami'ar Liverpool . Kamar Edward Sapir da Otto Jespersen, ya yi aiki tare da Alice Vanderbilt Morris don haɓaka shirin bincike na Ƙungiyar Harshen Taimako ta Duniya (IALA). Daga 1936 zuwa 1939, ya kasance Daraktan Bincike na IALA . A karkashin jagorancin Collinson, an gwada hanyoyin tattara kayan kalmomi na kasa da kasa a Liverpool. A cikin 1939 IALA ta ƙaura daga Liverpool zuwa New York kuma E. Clark Stillman ya gaji Collinson a matsayin Darakta na Bincike. Alexander Gode, editan ƙamus na farko na Turanci-Interlingua da aka buga a 1951, ya kasance yana hulɗa da Collinson wanda ya tattara yawancin kayan harshe a Jami'ar Liverpool.

Collinson ya rubuta wani littafi mai ban sha'awa a Esperanto game da ilimin harshe: La *Homa Lingvo* ("Harshe na Mutum") a cikin 1927.  Ya kuma kasance abokin aiki na Centro por Esploro kaj Dokumentado da Internacia Scienca Universitato inda ya ba da laccoci 7. Ya kasance shugaban *[[Internacia Scienca Asocio Esperantista]]* 1959-1965 kuma memba ne na dogon lokaci na Akademio de Esperanto .  

Shi ne marubucin haɗin gwiwa na The German Language (tare da R. Priebsch) wanda aka fara bugawa a 1934; bugu na biyar Faber & Faber, 1962.

## Littattafai
Falk, Julia S. "Maganar ba tare da ƙamus ba: Masana harshe da ƙungiyar harshe ta duniya a Amurka," *Harshe da Sadarwa*, 15 (3): shafi na 241-259.

## Manazarta
John Flügel

**John Flugel** (13 Yuni 1884 - 6 Agusta 1955), masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam ne na Burtaniya kuma mai aiki da ilimin halayya.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Flügel a Liverpool a ranar 13 ga Yuni 1884, ga mahaifin Jamus da mahaifiyar Ingila.

## Ayyuka
Littafin Flügel na Psychoanalytic Study of the Family (1921) Eric Berne ya yaba da shi saboda fahimtarsa game da hadaddun Oedipus. Ya kuma wallafa Men and their Motives (1934) da The Psychology of Clothes (1930),  wanda ya ci gaba da tasiri ga tunani a kan batun zuwa karni na 21.

A cikin Man, Morals and Society (1945), Flugel ya tsara motsi daga son kai zuwa wayar da kan jama'a ta hanyar abin da ya gani a matsayin matsayi na fadada aminci. Da yake komawa ga tsohon mai ba da shawara, ya kuma jaddada "bambanci da McDougall ya yi wani lokaci tsakanin 'kyakkyawan', wanda ba shi da yawa fiye da amincewar ilimi ga ra'ayi na ɗabi'a, da 'jin ciki', wanda ya haɗa da ainihin tattarawa".

Ya kirkiro kalmar "Great Male Renunciation" (Faransa: Grande Renonciation masculine) a cikin 1930, yana nufin abin da ya faru a tarihi a ƙarshen karni na 18 wanda maza masu arziki na Yamma suka daina amfani da launuka masu haske, siffofi masu kyau da iri-iri a cikin tufafinsu, waɗanda aka bar wa tufafin mata. Maimakon haka, maza sun mai da hankali kan ƙananan bambance-bambance na yanka, da ingancin zane mai sauƙi. An dauke shi babban canji a tarihin tufafi, inda maza suka bar da'awar su ga kayan ado da kyau.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
A shekara ta 1913 Flügel ta auri Ingeborg Klingberg, wanda kuma ya zama masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam. Suna da 'yar daya. Flügel ya mutu a Landan a shekarar 1955.

## Manazarta
Richard H. Geoghegan

**Richard Henry Geoghegan** (/ˈɡeɪɡən/ GAY-gən;  8 ga Janairun 1866 - 27 ga Oktoba 1943) masanin ilimin Anglo-Amurka ne kuma sanannen Esperantist na farko daga duniyar Turanci.  Yayinda yake saurayi, ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka, da farko yana zaune a Jihar Washington sannan a Yankin Alaska.&nbsp;&nbsp;

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Richard Henry Geoghegan a ranar 8 ga Janairun 1866 a Birkenhead, Cheshire, Ingila, Burtaniya.

Lokacin da yake ɗan shekara uku, Geoghegan ya faɗi a kan matakala a gida, sakamakon haka ya nakasa tsawon rayuwarsa, yana tafiya da wahala kuma sau da yawa tare da taimakon sanda. Tun yana ƙarami ya nuna ƙwarewa ta musamman ta ilimi, musamman a fannin koyon harsuna. A lokacin yana ɗan shekara 17, ya fara sha'awar tsarin rubuce-rubuce na Gabas kuma ya shiga Jami'ar Oxford, a watan Janairun 1884, don yin karatun Sinanci . A can ya nuna kansa a matsayin ɗalibi mai hazaka, sau biyu yana samun kyaututtukan karatu, amma bai taɓa samun digiri ba. A Oxford, Sinanci ya kasance fanni na karatu wanda ba na difloma ba har zuwa 1936. 

## Ayyukan Esperanto
A cikin kaka na 1887, lokacin da harshen Esperanto ya bayyana, Geoghegan ya karanta wani labarin game da shi kuma nan da nan ya rubuta wa mahaliccin harshen, L. L. Zamenhof, a cikin Latin. Zamenhof ya aika wa Geoghegan wani Jamusanci na Unua Libro . Bayan ya koyi yaren daga wannan littafin a takaice, wani lokaci daga baya Geoghegan ya karɓi kwafin farko na wannan littafin daga Zamenhof a cikin fassarar Turanci ta J. St. na Warsaw (sunan Julian Steinhaus). Geoghegan ya gargadi Zamenhof cewa wannan fassarar rikici ce, kuma kawai zai yi dariya da Esperanto a cikin duniyar Turanci. Daga baya, Zamenhof ya tambayi Geoghegan don samar da fassarar da ta dace da kansa, wanda ya yi. An janye fassarar da Steinhaus ya yi, kuma a cikin 1889 an buga Geoghegan. A cikin *Unua Adresaro*, wani kundin farko na magoya bayan Esperanto, Geoghegan ya bayyana a matsayin lamba 264.

## Shige da fice zuwa Jihar Washington
Geoghegan ya bar Oxford a ƙarshen 1887 kuma ya kasance malami na harsuna na gargajiya a Landan har zuwa 1891, lokacin da shi - tare da mahaifiyarsa da 'yan uwansa gwauruwa - suka yi hijira zuwa ƙauyen Eastsound a arewa maso yammacin Amurka. Ba tare da samun damar tallafa wa kansa a cikin tattalin arzikin kamun kifi / noma a can ba, a cikin 1893 ya tafi Tacoma, a cikin jihar Washington, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai rubutun ga bishop na Anglican, kuma daga baya a cikin wannan damar ga ofisoshin Ingila da Japan.

## Manazarta
William Henry Harris (masanin kimiyya)

**William Henry Harris** (28 Afrilu 1884 - 23 Janairu 1956) ya kasance firist ne na Birtaniya mai magana da Welsh, masanin kimiyya kuma mai fassara. An nada shi a shekara ta 1914, ya yi aiki mafi yawan rayuwarsa (1919-1941) a matsayin malamin tauhidin a Kwalejin St David, Lampeter, ya zama farfesa na tauhidin a kwalejin a shekara ta 1940 kuma Farfesa na Welsh a shekara ta 1941. A lokaci guda, ya yi aiki a St David's Cathedral a matsayin canon (1937) da kuma mai ba da kuɗi (1948). Ya fassara waƙoƙi da matani da yawa zuwa Welsh. A matsayinsa na masanin tauhidi, ya daraja gadon Katolika a cikin majami'u masu gyara kuma ya inganta wannan gadon a cikin Coci a Wales. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin farfesa na Welsh a Kwalejin St David, Lampeter. 

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haife shi a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 1884 a Pantysgellog, Dowlais, Glamorgan, Wales .  Iyayensa sune John da Anne Harris, kuma ya halarci Makarantar Merthyr County. Ya ci gaBA da samun digiri na farko na BA daga Kwalejin St David, Lampeter a 1910, sannan kuma B.Litt. a 1913 da MA a 1914 daga Kwalejin Yesu, Oxford, inda ya gudanar da Binciken Bincike na Meyrick da Nunin Powis . 

An naɗa Harris a matsayin dikon a 1913 kuma firist a shekara ta 1914. Bayan ya fara zama curate a Ystradgynlais a cikin kwarin Swansea, ya koma Ikilisiyar Kristi, Swansea, a cikin 1917 sannan zuwa All Saints, Oystermouth, Swansea.

A shekara ta 1919 ya ɗauki matsayin malami a fannin tauhidi a Kwalejin St David, Lampeter . Ya zama Canon na St Davids Cathedral a 1937. Ya karbi mukamin Farfesa na tauhidin a Kwalejin St David a 1940, kuma a 1941 na Farfesa na Welsh. A shekara ta 1948, ya zama Canon Treasurer na St Davids Cathedral (ya kasance a matsayin Farfesa a Lampeter).

## Ayyuka
Bayan da aka naɗa shi a 1913, ya yi aiki a matsayin curate a Ystradgynlais har zuwa 1917, lokacin da ya koma Kwalejin St. David don zama malami a tauhidin. Ya ci gaba a Kwalejin, ya zama farfesa na Welsh a 1941 sannan kuma babban malami a 1945. 

Daga 1937 ya yi aiki a matsayin Prebendary da Canon na St. Nicholas, Penffos, a St. David's Cathedral . Ya kasance mai goyon bayan Gorsedd da National Eisteddfod na Wales kuma ya kasance Druid a cikin Gorsedd Beirdd Ynrys Brydain . Ya kuma kasance Fellow na Ƙungiyar Esperanto ta Burtaniya kuma mai ƙwazo na duniya.

Harris ya kasance mai goyon bayan Katolika na Cocin a Wales kuma ya kasance memba ne na kafa St David's Society wanda aka kafa don inganta wannan. Ya rubuta a kan wannan da sauran batutuwa na tauhidi kuma ya yi aiki a kwamitocin Welsh Church Hymnary (yana fassara wasu waƙoƙin kansa) da Littafin Addu'a ta Jama'a . Ya kasance memba na Gorsedd na Bards, tare da sunansa na bardic shine "Arthan". Ya kuma fassara ofishin Compline zuwa Welsh a shekara ta 1941.

## Manazarta