Susan Carey

**Susan E. Carey** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1942 ) masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce ta Amurka wadda take  farfesa ce a fannin ilimin halayya a Jami'ar Harvard . Tana nazarin ilimin harshe, ci gaban yara na ra'ayoyi, canje-canje na ra'ayi a tsawon lokaci, da kuma muhimmancin Ayyukan zartarwa.Ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje a kan jarirai, yara, manya, da wadanda ba mutane ba. Littattafanta sun haɗa da Conceptual Change in Childhood (1985)  da The Origin of Concepts (2009). 

Daga cikin ra'ayoyin da Carey ya bunkasa sune taswirar sauri, inda yara ke koyon ma'anar kalmomi bayan bayyanar guda ɗaya;  taswirar da aka faɗaɗa, ka'idodin mutane,  da kuma Quinian bootstrapping.  Ana ɗaukar aikinta a matsayin "maɓallin farawa ga kowane mahimmin ka'idar zamani na ci gaban ra'ayi".

A shekara ta 2009, Carey ita ce mace ta farko da ta karbi Kyautar David E. Rumelhart don gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga tushen ka'idojin ilimin ɗan adam. Carey ta sami lambar yabo ta Atkinson ta 2020 a cikin ilimin halayyar mutum da kimiyyar fahimta saboda ka'idarta game da canjin ra'ayi, wanda aka yaba mata da "sake sauya fahimtarmu game da yadda mutane ke gina fahimtar abubuwa, adadi, nau'ikan rayuwa, da duniyar zahiri".

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Susan Carey a shekara ta 1942 ga William N. Carey Jr., injiniyan bincike tare da Hukumar Bincike ta Hanyar (HRB),  da matarsa ta farko, Mary Champine.  Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Ottawa Township a Ottawa, Illinois, ta kammala a shekarar 1960.

Susan Carey ta sami BA daga Kwalejin Radcliffe a shekarar 1964. Carey daga nan ya halarci Jami'ar Harvard. A matsayinta na dalibi ta yi aiki tare da Tzotzil, mutanen Mayan a Chiapas. A cikin ƙaramar shekarunta ta ɗauki darussan tare da George Armitage Miller da Jerome Bruner, kuma ta yi aiki a lokacin rani a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike tare da Peter Wason, wanda ke ziyara daga Kwalejin Jami'ar, London. Carey ta yi aiki tare da 'yan gudun hijira a Tanzania kafin ta karɓi tallafin Fulbright a 1965 don yin aiki a kan MA a Jami'ar London. Ta yi karatun tarihin Afirka a Makarantar Nazarin Gabas da Afirka (SOAS) kuma ta halarci tarurrukan dakin gwaje-gwaje na Wason a cikin nazarin fahimta. Carey ta fara aikin digiri a Harvard a 1967,  ta sami digirinta na PhD a ilimin halayyar gwaji a 1971. [1]

## Ayyuka
Carey ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT) daga 1972 zuwa 1996 a Sashen Kimiyya da Kimiyya. Carey ta yaba wa Hans-Lukas Teuber a matsayin muhimmiyar mai ba da shawara ga aikin da ta taimaka wajen tantance jagorancinta da Jerry Fodor a matsayin mai ba da shawarar ilimi wanda ta yi jayayya da shi game da yiwuwar canjin ra'ayi. A MIT, Carey ya yi aiki tare da George Miller, Jerome Bruner, da Roger Brown kuma ya fara saduwa da Elizabeth Spelke. Carey ta kasance mataimakiyar farfesa a MIT daga 1972 zuwa 1977, mataimakiyar furofesara daga 1977 zuwa 1984, kuma cikakken farfesa daga 1984 zuwa 1996.   Carey ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Society for Philosophy and Psychology a 1983-1984. 

A shekara ta 1994, Carey na ɗaya daga cikin mata 16 a Makarantar Kimiyya a MIT waɗanda suka tsara kuma suka sanya hannu kan wasika ga Dean na Kimiyya na lokacin (yanzu Shugaban Berkeley) Robert Birgeneau, wanda ya fara kamfen don haskakawa da kalubalantar nuna bambancin jinsi a MIT.

A shekara ta 1996, Carey ta shiga Jami'ar New York, inda ta kasance farfesa a sashen ilimin halayyar dan adam daga 1996 zuwa 2001. A shekara ta 2001 ta shiga bangaren koyarwa a Jami'ar Harvard . Ta zama Henry A. Morss Jr. da Elisabeth W. MorsS Farfesa na Psychology a Harvard tun daga shekara ta 2004, mace ta farko da ta karbi kyautar.

Carey ta yi aiki a kan allon edita ciki har da Cognition,  Development Psychology, Memory and Cognition. 

## Bincike
A cikin 1978 Susan Carey da Elsa Bartlett sun kirkiro kalmar nan "taswirar sauri". Wannan kalmar tana nufin tsarin tunani inda aka koyi sabon ra'ayi (misali sunan launi) bisa ga bayyanar guda ɗaya kawai. Sun kuma tattauna "ƙaddamar da taswirar", tsarin da yara a hankali suka kawo sabon ra'ayi cikin daidaituwa tare da fahimtar da suka gabata game da sararin samaniya. Carey ya yi jayayya cewa tsawo taswirar yana buƙatar ƙirƙirar sabbin asali don kalmomi da gwajin ra'ayi game da ma'anar kalma. Taswirar sauri ta zama babban ra'ayi a cikin ka'idodin ci gaba game da koyon kalmomi da ke haifar da "babban ci gaba da ka'idoji". Nazarin taswirar tsawo yana da wahala kuma ba a yawan ƙoƙarin yin hakan.

A cikin 1985 Carey ta rubuta Conceptual Change in Childhood, wani littafi game da bambance-bambance tsakanin yara da manya. Nazarin lamari ne game da samun ilimin halittu na yara kuma tana nazarin hanyoyin da ake sake fasalin ilimin yayin ci gaba. Littafin ya sulhunta aikin Jean Piaget a kan animism tare da aiki daga baya a kan ilimin yara game da ra'ayoyin halitta. Carey ta ba da shawarar cewa fahimtar yara na farko game da ra'ayoyin halitta kamar "dabba" yana nuna tunanin ɗan adam ko ra'ayin jama'a wanda ake sa ran mutane su zama samfurin wadanda ba mutane ba.  (Masu bincike na gaba sun yi jayayya cewa irin wannan tunanin anthropomorphic ba na duniya ba ne, yana jaddada tasirin al'adu da gogewa.)  Carey ta kuma kwatanta hanyoyin da yara da manya ke sake fasalin ilimin. Ta yi jayayya cewa irin wannan tsarin tunani yana da hannu a ci gaban ra'ayi a cikin yara da kuma ci gaban ka'idojin da masana kimiyya suka nuna ta hanyar tarihin kimiyya.

A shekara ta 2001, Carey da Elizabeth Spelke dukansu sun koma Harvard, inda suka fara Laboratory for Developmental Studies. Yin aiki tare da jarirai, yara, manya, da wadanda ba mutane ba, sun haɓaka mahimmin ilimin ilimi. Dangane da ra'ayin mahimmancin fahimta, jarirai na ɗan adam suna fara rayuwa tare da saiti na mahimman hanyoyin sarrafawa ko tsarin ilimi na asali, don magance abu, wakili, lamba, kuma mai yiwuwa causality da sarari. Wadannan wakilci na farko suna ba da tushe don ƙarin fahimta, tunani, da ci gaban manyan tsarin tunani.

A cikin 2009 Carey ta buga The Origin of Concepts, "wani abu mai kyau, wanda aka rubuta da kyau, da kuma haɗin kai"  tare da burin samar da cikakken bayani game da tsarin ra'ayi, samun ra'ayi da canji, da ci gaban fahimta.  A ciki Carey ya kirkiro kalmar "Quinian bootstrapping" don ka'idar yadda mutane ke gina ra'ayoyi masu rikitarwa daga masu sauki. Littafin ya lashe lambar yabo ta Cognitive Development Society a shekara ta 2009  da kuma lambar yabo ta Eleanor Maccoby Book na American Psychological Association a shekara ta 2011. 

Da farko a cikin 2012, Carey da Deborah Zaitchik sun jagoranci aikin Zartarwa da Canjin Tsarin Mulki,  don nazarin yadda mutane ke haɗa ilimin da suke da shi tare da sabon ilimin da ke buƙatar canjin ra'ayi. Sun gano aikin zartarwa a matsayin babban abin da ke tasiri ga tsarin ilmantarwa da canjin ra'ayi. Ayyukan zartarwa sun haɗa da mahimman matakai na tunani kamar mayar da hankali kan bayanai a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar aiki, hana martani ga bayanai, da saiti-switching tsakanin mahallin.  Matsayin yara na aikin zartarwa yana hango ikon su na koyon ra'ayin da ya shafi canjin ra'ayi, kamar ra'ayin halittu cewa wani abu yana da rai. Yara da ke da ƙimar EF mafi girma sun fi tasiri a koyo. Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa horo na iya inganta aikin zartarwa kuma ya haifar da nasarori masu zuwa a lissafin yara, karatu, da ƙamus.

Abin mamaki, masu bincike sun nuna cewa tsofaffi suna yin kurakurai a cikin tunani kamar waɗanda yara ƙanana suka yi. A cikin manya wannan na iya nuna gazawar aikin zartarwa maimakon rashin ra'ayoyin da suka dace. Yara a kasa da shekara 5, manya da ke fama da cutar Alzheimer, da manya masu lafiya tsakanin shekaru 65 zuwa 81 sun nuna irin wannan alamu na kuskuren rarrabuwa a wasu ayyuka. Lokacin da aka tambaye su tsara abubuwa bisa ga ko suna da rai ko a'a, membobin dukkan kungiyoyi uku sun saba da rarraba abubuwan da ke motsawa - gami da jiragen sama, agogo, da kekuna - a matsayin "rayayyu". Carey tana nazarin tambayar yadda aikin zartarwa ke tasiri ga ikon manya na bayyana ilimin da suka koya a baya.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Carey ta auri farfesa na falsafar Ned Block (NYU). 

## Kyaututtuka da girmamawa

* 2020, Kyautar Atkinson a cikin Kimiyya ta Halitta da Kimiyya, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa 
* 2014, Kyautar Mentor a cikin Ci gaban Halitta, Ƙungiyar Halitta ta Amirka 
* 2011, Kyautar Littafin Eleanor Maccoby, Ƙungiyar Psychological ta Amirka 
* 2009, Kyautar David E. Rumelhart 
* 2009, Kyautar Kyautar Kyautattun Kimiyya, Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halitta ta Amirka 
* 2009, Kyautar Littafin Cibiyar Ci Gaban Kimiyya, Cibiyar Ci gaban Kimiyya, don *Asalin ra'ayoyi* 
* 2007. Wakilin Fellow (FBA), Kwalejin Burtaniya 
* 2007, memba, American Philosophical Society, 
* 2002, memba, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa ta Amurka 
* 2002, Kyautar William James Fellow, Ƙungiyar Kimiyya ta Halitta 
* 2001, memba, Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka 
* 1999, Guggenheim Fellowship 
* 1998, Kyautar Jean Nicod don falsafar tunani, Institut Jean Nicod (IJN) 
* 1998, George A Miller Lecture, Society of Cognitive Neuroscience 
* 1995-1996, James McKeen Cattell Fund Fellowship 
* 1984-1985, Fellow, Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba a cikin Kimiyya ta Halin 
* 1976-1978, Cibiyar Radcliffe 

## Takardun da aka zaɓa
**Takardun da aka rubuta a matsayin marubuci**

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## Manazarta