open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Gertrud Hanna

**Gertrud Hanna** (1876–1944) 'yar fafutuka ce kuma 'yar siyasa ta Jamus. Ta kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party (SPD) kuma ta wakilce ta a Landtag na Prussia . Ta kuma ɗauki mukamai daban-daban a ƙungiyoyi daban-daban. Bayan mulkin Nazi a Jamus an kore ta daga dukkan mukamanta kuma ta kashe kanta a 1944. Ta bayyana kanta da sauran abokan aikinta kamar haka: "Mu ne a matsayi na farko 'yan Jam'iyya, na biyu masu ra'ayin haɗin gwiwa, kuma a ƙarshe, idan a kowane hali masu ra'ayin mata ne." 

## Tarihin Rayuwa

An haifi Hanna a Berlin a ranar 22 ga Agusta, 1876, a cikin iyali mai aiki kuma tana da 'yan'uwa mata biyu.  Ta bar makaranta tana da shekaru 14 kuma ta fara aiki a wani gidan buga littattafai. [  Ta shiga ƙungiyar ma'aikata marasa ƙwarewa kuma ta zama sakatare na kwamitin ma'aikata na Berlin a 1907.  A shekara mai zuwa ta shiga SPD.  An zaɓe ta a matsayin shugabar kwamitin ma'aikata a 1909.  Tsakanin 1909 da 1933 ta kasance memba na babban kwamitin ƙungiyoyin kwadago da kwamitin zartarwa na tarayya na ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta Jamus.  A wannan lokacin ta jagoranci sakatariyar mata ta ƙungiyar. 

A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, Hanna ta kasance memba a kwamitin da aka kafa don taimaka wa mata da suka fuskanci yanayin yaƙi. [1] Daga 1916, ta gyara sabuwar ƙungiyar Gewerkschaftliche Frauenzeitung, daga baya ta yi aiki a mujallar Die Arbeiterwohlfahrt . [1] A 1919, ta halarci taron mazabu na Prussian, daga baya aka zaɓe ta a Majalisar Dokokin Prussian a 1921, inda ta yi aiki a can har zuwa 1933. [2] Ta shiga cikin harkokin SPD da ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago waɗanda suka fi mayar da hankali kan matsalolin aiki ga mata da kuma kare su a wurin aiki. [1] Ta kuma halarci taron majalisu na ƙasa da ƙasa, ciki har da taron ƙungiyar mata ta ƙwadago a birnin Paris a 1927. [2] Ta buga labarai a cikin International Labour Review . [2] Hanna ta sami mukamai a Ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta Duniya a matsayin wani ɓangare na tawagar ma'aikatan Jamus da kuma memba na kwamitocinta. [2]

Nan da nan bayan mulkin Nazi a ƙasar Hanna ta rasa dukkan mukamanta kuma ta sami kuɗi ta hanyar yin aikin gyaran fuska tare da ɗaya daga cikin 'yar uwarta, Antonie.   Sojojin Nazi sun yi musu tambayoyi akai-akai kuma suka kashe kansu a Berlin a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 1944. 

## Gado
An shimfida wani abin tunawa ga 'yan'uwan Hanna a gidansu da ke Lüdenscheider Weg a Haselhorst, Berlin, a watan Oktoban 2021. 

## Manazarta
Gabriele Hammelrath

**Gabriele Hammelrath** (an haife ta a ranar 10 ga Maris 1953) malamar makaranta ce kuma 'yar siyasa daga Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party . Ta kasance memba na Landtag na North Rhine-Westphalia daga 2012 zuwa 2022. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Bayan kammala karatu daga  a shekarar 1971, Gabriele Hammelrath ta yi karatun ilimi, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, da kuma ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Cologne, inda ta kammala karatun digiri a fannin ilimi. Takardar shaidar digirinta ta yi magana kan batun aure a cikin al'ummar masana'antu. Daga 1980 zuwa 1985, ta yi aiki a fannin ba da shawara kan harkokin gudanarwa a fannoni kamar albarkatun ɗan adam, tsari, da tallatawa. Tun daga 1985, ta yi aiki a , kuma daga 2005 zuwa 31 ga Mayu, 2012, ta kasance shugabar Ofishin Ci gaba da Ilimi na Birnin Cologne.  Hammelrath tana da aure, tana da 'ya mace kuma tana zaune tare da iyalinta a Cologne-Ehrenfeld. 

## Aikin siyasa
Ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta ÖTV (wanda yanzu take ver.di ) tun 1976. Ta shiga SPD a 1978. A wannan lokacin, ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru bakwai a matsayin shugabar SPD ta gida a Cologne-Ehrenfeld. Ta kasance shugabar ƙaramar hukumar Working Group of Social Democrat Women ( ASF ) a Cologne tsawon shekaru takwas. [1] Tun 2007, ta kasance mataimakiyar shugabar ƙaramar hukumar SPD a Cologne. A zaɓen jihar North Rhine-Westphalia na 2012 da 2017, ta lashe zaɓen kai tsaye a Cologne III (state constituency) [de]mazabar . Daga ranar 31 ga Mayu, 2012, zuwa 31 ga Mayu, 2022, ta kasance memba na Landtag na North Rhine-Westphalia . Ta yi aiki a kwamitocin majalisar dokoki da dama. A shekarar 2013, an naɗa Hammelrath a matsayin mataimakiyar memba na Hukumar Tsarin Mulki ta North Rhine-Westphalia, wadda ta yi taro a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, 2013, kuma ta mai da hankali kan gyara kundin tsarin mulkin North Rhine-Westphalia. [2] [3] A shekarar 2024, ta zama sabuwar shugabar Hukumar Ba da Shawara kan Shirye-shiryen ARD. [4]

## Manazarta
Claire Davinroy

**Claire Davinroy** (née **Clémence Valy**; 14 ga Oktoba 1897, a Paris - 15 ga Fabrairu 1973) na ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka zauna a Majalisar dokokin Faransa . Ta kasance mayaƙan adawa da Faransa kuma memba na Majalisar Shawara ta wucin gadi tsakanin 1944 da 1945. 

Tana riƙe da Croix de guerre 1939-1945 tare da Palme da Medal na Resistance .

## Dubi kuma

* Mata a Majalisar Dattijai ta Faransa

## Manazarta
Kerstin Kassner

**Kerstin Kassner** (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1958) 'yar siyasar Jamus ce. An haife ta a Radebeul a cikin Bezirk Dresden na Gabashin Jamus, tana wakiltar Hagu. Kerstin Kassner ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Bundestag daga jihar Mecklenburg-Vorpommern tun 2013.

## Rayuwa
Kerstin Kassner ta girma a tsibirin Rügen kuma ta koyi sana'ar mai ba da abinci bayan kammala makaranta. A shekara ta 1981 ta zama manajan gidan cin abinci a sabis na hutun FDGB a Binz . Ta kammala karatun karatu na nesa, wanda ta fara a makarantar Leipzig Graduate School of Management a wannan lokacin, a matsayin masanin tattalin arziki a masana'antar otal da gidan abinci. Bayan haka ta ci gaba da aiki a wurare daban-daban ga FDGB-Feriendienst kuma ta gudanar da otal har zuwa 1991. Bayan kammala aikinta na hutu, ta zama mai aiki da kanta kuma ta gudanar da fansho a Putgarten daga 1992 zuwa 2018. Daga 2001 zuwa 2011 ta kasance Mai Gudanar da Gundumar Gundumar Rügen a cikin jihar tarayya ta Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania . Ta zama memba na bundestag bayan Zaben tarayya na Jamus na 2013. [1] Ita memba ce ta Kwamitin Yawon Bude Ido da Kwamitin Karatu.[2][3] A cikin ƙungiyar 'yan majalisa, Kassner ita ce manajan majalisa.[4] Ita ce mai magana da yawun manufofin yawon bude ido da siyasar gida.[5]

## Manazarta
Wilhelmine Kähler

**Wilhelmine Kähler** (née **Mohs** ko **Moss**, 3 ga Afrilu 1864 - 22 ga Fabrairu 1941) 'yar Jamus ce Mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata, kuma 'yar siyasa. 

## Yunkuri da siyasa
Daga 1890, Kähler ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar ma'aikata. Ta kafa kuma ta jagoranci Verband der Fabrik- und Handarbeiterinnen, wanda ya sa ta zama mace daya tilo da ta jagoranci Kungiyar kwadago a Jamus a cikin shekarun 1890. [1] Ta zauna a cikin Babban Kwamitin Kwadago na Jamus.[2] Kungiyar ta zama wani ɓangare na Union of Domestic Workers of Germany, kuma ta kasance mukaddashin shugaban wannan ƙungiyar a shekara ta 1913.[3]

A kusa da 1900 Kähler ta zauna a Dresden, inda ta yi aiki da farko kan inganta yanayin mata masu aiki.

Kähler ta rubuta wa mujallar mata ta zamantakewar dimokuradiyya Die Gleichheit da jaridar Düsseldorf *Volkszeitung* tun daga shekarar 1906. Ta kasance edita na Für unsere Frauen, wata wasika ta motsi na mata, littafin shekara Der Frauenhausschatz . 

Daga 1919 har zuwa 1923 Kähler ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin gwamnati na Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki ta Reich .  A shekara ta 1919 ta kuma zama memba na Majalisar Dokokin Weimar, wanda ya tsara Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Weimar . Daga baya ta kasance memba na Reichstag har zuwa 1921, sannan kuma memba na Landtag na Prussia har zuwa 1924.  Kähler ta wakilci Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD / MSPD). 

## Rayuwa ta mutum
An haifi Kähler a shekara ta 1864 a Kellinghusen, inda ta kuma je makaranta. Ta kasance mai sutura da kuma mai kula da gida. A shekara ta 1882 ta auri mijinta na farko wanda yake ma'aikacin masana'antar sigari.

Kähler daga baya ta sake yin aure a 1924 kuma ta koma Bonn tare da mijinta a 1931, ta yi ritaya daga fafutukar siyasa. Ta mutu a Bonn a shekara ta 1941.

## Manazarta
Luise Kähler

**Luise Kähler** (12 ga watan Janairun 1869 - 22 ga watan Satumbar 1955) 'yar jam'iyyar gurguzu ce ta Jamus, shugabar kungiyar kwadago kuma 'yar siyasa. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan jami'an ƙungiyar mata waɗanda suka riƙe matsayi mai girma a cikin ƙungiyoyin kwadago na Jamus a farkon rabin karni na 20. Ta kasance memba na Landtag na Prussia daga 1923 zuwa 1933. Ta yi adawa da National Socialism kuma ba ta da aiki sosai bayan da Hitler ya hau mulki a 1933. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ta zama memba mai kafa jam'iyyar Socialist Unity Party of Germany, jam'iyyar da ke mulki a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Jamus.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Luise Girnth a Berlin a cikin Masarautar Prussia a 1869. Ita 'yar direban taksi ne mai suna hackney wanda ya samo asali ne a Silesia kuma bai sami ilimi sosai ba bayan makarantar firamare. Ta shiga aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar gida a Berlin a 1883.  A shekara ta 1888, an koya mata aiki a matsayin mai sa tufafi kafin ta koma Hamburg don yin aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar sutura a kusa da shekara ta 1893. Ta yi aiki a kan jirgin kasuwanci na Jamus daga Hamburg, na tsawon shekaru biyu daga 1893 zuwa 1895. Bayan ta dawo Hamburg, ta auri mai zane August Kähler .

## Mai fafutuka
Kähler ya shiga jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party of Germany a 1902 kuma ya kara zama mai aiki da fasaha. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1906, ta zama co-kafa kuma shugabar farko ta wata kungiya ta mata da ke aiki a cikin sana'o'in cikin gida a Hamburg ta hanyar wakiltar mambobinta game da cin zarafin ma'aikata masu zaman kansu da hukumomi. Kungiyar ta karu da sauri a cikin mambobi. A cikin shekara guda, tana da mambobi 480, wanda ya bukaci shiga cikin hukumar kasa a shekara ta 1907. An nada Kähler a matsayin sakataren reshe na de facto na reshen Hamburg a 1909 yana aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa 1913. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan jami'an ƙungiyar mata waɗanda suka haɗa da Wilhelmine Kähler (babu dangantaka) da Emma Apple kuma bayan mutuwar Dear ta zama mafi shahara a lokacin.

A shekara ta 1913, ta zama shugabar kungiyar ma'aikatan gida ta Jamus, wanda ya buƙaci ta koma garinsu na Berlin. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na farko, Kähler ta goyi bayan 'yan siyasa na SPD na hagu, wanda ya hada da Clara Zetkin da Rosa Luxemburg a kin amincewa da manufofin jam'iyyar na *Burgfrieden* (tsayawa tare da gwamnati, ta yi alkawarin guje wa duk wani yajin aiki a lokacin yakin) kuma ta halarci taron mata na kasa da kasa na yaki a Berlin wanda Zetkin ya shirya a shekarar 1915.  Bayan yakin, Berlin da sauran Jamus sun ga wani lokaci na rikice-rikicen farar hula da aka sani da Juyin Juya Halin Jamus wanda Jamhuriyar Weimar ta maye gurbin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. A matsayinta na sanannen mata da jami'in ƙungiyar, Kähler ta taimaka wajen jagorantar ƙungiyar ta ta hanyar rikice-rikicen da tashin hankali ya haifar. Sabuwar jamhuriya a Jamus ta buƙaci sake fasalin dokokin ma'aikatan gida na dā, musamman tun dubban ma'aikatan cikin gida suna barin ayyukansu yayin da tattalin arzikin Jamhuriyar Weimar ya shiga cikin faɗuwar kyauta. Ƙananan ƙungiyoyi da yawa sun tsira ne kawai ta hanyar haɗuwa cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi.

## Manazarta
Susanne Neumann

**Susanne** "**Susi**" **Neumann** (29 ga Mayu 1959 - 13 ga Janairu 2019) marubuciya ce ta Jamus, shugabar ƙungiyar ma'aikata, kuma mai tsabta. Ta sami karbuwa daga jama'a bayan bayyanar da ta yi a cikin shirin tattaunawa na Jamus *Anne Will* .

Neumann an san ta da jawabinta kai tsaye, sukar kwangilar aiki na lokaci-lokaci da kuma bayar da shawarwari don Adalci na zamantakewa. Har ila yau, an san ta da jawabin da ta yi da Mataimakin shugaban kasar Jamus Sigmar Gabriel game da rushewar matsakaicin aji.

Ta rubuta littafi game da damuwarta da abubuwan da ta samu, wanda aka buga a shekarar 2016. A cikin 2018, Neumann ya goyi bayan ƙungiyar Aufstehen.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Neumann a Gelsenkirchen kuma ya fito ne daga dangin ma'aikatan gwamnati. Ta kammala karatu tare da Takardar shaidar barin makaranta ta Mittlere Reife kuma ta fara koyo a matsayin mai ado na gida. Ta watsar da wannan koyo lokacin da ta yi ciki kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai tsabta a Gelsenkirchen daga 1981. 

Ta kasance 'yar ƙungiyar kwadago kuma ta shiga ƙungiyar Building and Construction Union kuma ta zama jami'in ƙungiyar a kwamitocin yanki da tarayya.

## Littattafai
A cikin littafinta Frau Neumann haut auf den Putz - Warum wir ein Leben lang easy und trotzdem verarmen (Ms. Neumann ta ƙusa a kai - dalilin da ya sa muke aiki na rayuwa kuma har yanzu muna talauci) wanda aka buga a cikin 2017, ita da co-marubucin Andreas Hock [de] [de] sun tsara yanayin zamantakewa a Jamus, yadda jihar jin dadin ta lalace kuma dalilin da ya ya sa mutane ke da ayyuka da yawa amma har yanzu ba sa mutane ba sa suke samun isasshen kuɗi. Neumann kuma ta rubuta game da abubuwan da ta samu.

## Manazarta
Ernestine Lutze

**Ernestine Lutze** (17 Yuni 1873 - 27 Afrilu 1948) 'yar ƙungiyar kwadago ce kuma 'yar siyasa ta Jamus. A shekara ta 1919 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata 36 da aka zaba a Majalisar Dokokin Weimar, 'yan majalisa mata na farko a Jamus. Ta kasance memba na majalisa har zuwa shekara mai zuwa.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Lutze a Ernestine Elsterwerda a Merzdorf a shekarar 1873.  Ta yi makarantar firamare a Dresden da Großenhain,  kuma ta fara aiki a matsayin mai hidima tana da shekaru tara. Daga baya ta zama mai sayar da furanni da kuma memba na kwamitin ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Fure kuma ta auri mai zane Karl Otto Lutze. A shekarar 1911 ta halarci makarantar ƙungiyar kwadago a Berlin.  A Dresden, ta zama memba na kwamitin asusun inshorar lafiya na yankin kuma a shekarar 1917 aka naɗa ta a kwamitin gidaje na Majalisar Birnin Dresden.  Bayan barkewar juyin juya halin Jamus a shekarar 1918, ta zama memba na Majalisar Ma'aikata da Sojoji ta birnin. 

Kasancewarta mai magana da yawun jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party (SPD) tsawon shekaru da dama, a watan Janairun 1919 aka zaɓe ta a Majalisar Dokokin Weimar daga mazabar Saxony I a matsayin wakiliyar SPD. Ta rasa kujerarta a zaɓen Reichstag na 1920. A shekarar 1926 ta shiga sabuwar Jam'iyyar Old Social Democratic Party, ta zama memba na kwamitin zartarwa na reshen East Saxony na jam'iyyar. Tsakanin 1926 da 1929 ta yi aiki a matsayin kansilan birni a Dresden. [1]

Ta mutu a Dresden a shekarar 1948.

## Manazarta
Gisela Kessler

**Gisela Kessler** (3 ga Yuni, 1935 - 14 ga Mayu, 2014) Yan kungiyar kwadago ce ta Jamus.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Kessler a Frankfurt am Main . Ta yi aiki a matsayin Magatakarda a Deutsche Bundespost, ta yi karatu a Akademie der Arbeit da ke Frankfurt kuma ta yi aiki a Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Kwadago ta Jamus daga 1967. Daga 1971 zuwa 1991 ta yi aiki a Ƙungiyar Bugawa da Takardu, daga baya ta zama Ƙungiyar Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai . Ta kasance mataimakiyar shugabar IG Medien har zuwa 1995. Gisela Kessler tana da alaƙa da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Jamus . A 2005 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Ƙungiyar Labour and Social Justice - The Electoral Alternative . Ta kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Left .

## Manazarta
Kirsten Lühmann

**Kirsten Lühmann** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1964) 'yar siyasar Jamus ce ta Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party (SPD), mataimakiyar shugabar tarayya ta Tarayyar Ma'aikatan Jama'a ta Jamus kuma, tun daga zaben tarayya na Jamus na shekara ta 2009, memba ne na majalisar dokoki na SPD .

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Lühmann a ranar 28 ga Afrilu, 1964 a Oldenburg da ke Arewacin Jamus. Tana zaune a Hermannsburg a gundumar Celle . A shekarar 1983 ta kammala karatunta na A ( *Abitur* ) kuma ta zama 'yar sanda ta farko da ta shiga rundunar 'yan sandan Lower Saxony, inda ta kai matsayin babban kwamishinan 'yan sanda ( *Polizeioberkommissarin* ). 

## Aikin siyasa
Lühmann ita ce mataimakiyar shugaban gundumar SPD ta Celle, shugabar jam'iyyar SPD a Majalisar Gundumar Celle kuma memba a majalisar parish ta Hermannsburg. A zaɓen tarayya na 2009, ta tsaya takarar mazabar Celle – Uelzen a matsayin magajin Peter Struck wanda, bayan shekaru 29 a Bundestag, bai sake son sake tsayawa takara ba. Da kashi 32.3% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa, ba ta sami damar samun wa'adin kai tsaye ba, kuma mazabar ta koma hannun Henning Otte na CDU. Duk da haka, Lühmann ta shiga Bundestag ta hanyar shiga cikin jerin jihohi.

Tun bayan shiga Bundestag, Lühmann ta mayar da hankali kan aikin yi da siyasa ta zamantakewa da kuma manufar makamashi da ta himmatu wajen kawo karshen makamashin nukiliya. Ta kasance memba a Kwamitin Sufuri tun daga 2009. Ita ma memba ce ta Kwamitin Harkokin Cikin Gida; [1] musamman, ta ƙi goyon bayan tura Bundeswehr a gida. [2] A shekarar 2014, ta zama mai magana da yawun ƙungiyar 'yan majalisar SPD kan harkokin sufuri da kayayyakin more rayuwa na dijital. Baya ga ayyukanta na kwamitin, ta kasance memba a cikin tawagar Jamus zuwa Majalisar Dokokin Faransa da Jamus tun daga 2019. [3]

Tun daga shekarar 2014, Lühmann ta kasance cikin shugabannin ƙungiyar 'yan majalisa a ƙarƙashin shugabanta Thomas Oppermann . A cikin ƙungiyar 'yan majalisa, ta kasance memba a cikin ƙungiyar aiki kan daidaiton jinsi da kuma ƙungiyar aiki ta Afghanistan/Pakistan daga 2009 zuwa 2013.

A tattaunawar kafa gwamnatin haɗin gwiwa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Shugabar Gwamnati Angela Merkel bayan zaɓen tarayya na 2017, Lührmann yana cikin ƙungiyar masu aiki kan harkokin sufuri da kayayyakin more rayuwa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Michael Kretschmer, Alexander Dobrindt da Sören Bartol .

## Manazarta
Pauline Staegemann

**Pauline Staegemann** (née Schuck, 18 Maris 1838 - 5 Satumba 1909) ta kasance 'yar gurguzu ce ta Prussia, mai rajin kare mata da kuma kungiyar kwadago. Ta kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) kuma ta jagoranci kungiyoyin mata na Berlin Workers' Wives' and Girls' Association da Association for the Protection of Female Workers' Interests .

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Staegemann a cikin dangin ma'aikata a shekara ta 1838 a Oderberg, Brandenburg, Prussia.   Ta ƙaura zuwa Berlin ta yi aiki a matsayin mai hidima lokacin tana da shekaru 18.  

Staegemann ta auri mai gyaran bulo Karl-Ludwig Staegemann a shekarar 1865.  Sun haifi 'ya'ya huɗu.  Bayan mijinta ya mutu yana ƙarami, Staegemann tana gudanar da shagon masu sayar da kayan lambu a wata unguwa mai aiki a Berlin don tallafa wa iyalinta.  

## Ƙungiyoyin fafutuka
Shagon Staegemann ya zama wurin taro na yau da kullun kuma na sirri ga membobin ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta farko, amma a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ƙungiyar Prussian an haramta wannan harkar siyasa har zuwa 1908.   Staegemann ta kuma shiga ƙungiyar *Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands* (Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party of Germany) (SPD) kuma 'ya'yanta sun taimaka wajen rarraba takardu ga jam'iyyar. 

Staegemann ta haɗu ta kafa ƙungiyar *Berliner Arbeiterfrauen und Mädchenverein* (Ƙungiyar Matan Ma'aikata ta Berlin da 'Yan Mata),  tare da Berta Hahn, Johanna Schackow da Ida Cantius,  a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, 1873.  Ita ce ƙungiyar mata ta farko ta dimokuraɗiyya ta zamantakewa a Berlin  kuma Staegemann ce ke shugabantarta har zuwa rusawarta.  Ƙungiyar ta gabatar da wani kuduri ga Shugaban Ma'aikata a madadin ma'aikata mata a masana'antar tufafi da tufafi waɗanda aka buƙaci su sayi zaren ɗinkinsu daga ma'aikatansu akan farashi mai tsada. 

A farkon shekarar 1874, lokacin da wani fasto ya ƙi binne wani ma'aikaci da ya mutu a hatsarin ababen hawa kyauta, Staegemann ya soki malaman addini kuma Ƙungiyar ta tara kuɗi don biyan kuɗin jana'izar don ba wa matashiyar gwauruwarsa.  Ta kuma kira wani taron jama'a inda ta gabatar da "mafi ƙarfin zanga-zanga kan sanyi da rashin haƙuri da ba na Kirista ba" wanda wani limami a Rixdorf ya binne wani mutum da ya mutu ta hanyar kashe kansa.  A watan Yunin 1874, an ɗauki Ƙungiyar a matsayin "mai haɗari ga gwamnati" kuma an haramta ta na ɗan lokaci kuma an gurfanar da ita a gaban kuliya.  An kama Staegemann da Cantius kuma an daure su na tsawon watanni tara a gidan yarin mata na Barnim da ke Friedrichshain . 

Bayan dakatar da Ƙungiyar Mata da 'Yan Mata ta Ma'aikata ta Berlin gaba ɗaya a shekarar 1877, [1] Staegemann ta haɗu ta kafa Ƙungiyar Taimakon Mata don Ma'aikatan Hannun Hannu a shekarar 1881, wadda aka haramta jim kaɗan bayan kafa ta. [2] Daga nan Staegemann ta shiga ƙungiyar Verein zur Wahrung der Intersessen von Arbeiterinnen (Ƙungiyar Kare Muradin Ma'aikata Mata) [3] lokacin da aka kafa ta a watan Fabrairun 1885. [4] Ta jagoranci wannan ƙungiyar tare da Emma Ihrer da Marie Hofmann, har sai da aka dakatar da wannan ƙungiyar a watan Disamba na 1886. [1]

## Manazarta
Anni Neumann

**Anni Neumann** (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamba 1926) 'yar siyasar Jamus ta Gabas ce mai ritaya wacce ta yi aiki tsakanin 1967 da 1971 a matsayin memba na Majalisar Jiha ta Gabashin Jamus . 

## Rayuwa
An haifi Neumann a Stettin, Prussia, a shekarar 1926. A farkon rayuwarta ma'aikaciyar noma ce. Tun daga shekarun 1950, ta yi aikin gina jiragen ruwa a Neptun Werft da ke Rostock, kuma ta kammala difloma a Jami'ar Rostock (WPU) a shekarar 1961. Daga ƙarshe ta zama darakta a fannin horar da ma'aikata da kuma horar da su a masana'antar jiragen ruwa a shekarar 1971 har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1981. 

Neumann ta shiga ƙungiyar 'Yancin Kasuwanci ta Jamus (FDGB) a shekarar 1946, ƙungiyar 'Yancin Matasan Jamus (FDJ) a shekarar 1947 da kuma jam'iyyar Socialist Unity Party ta Jamus (SED) a shekarar 1949. Ta riƙe muƙamin shugaban FDJ na tsawon shekaru da dama. 

An zaɓe ta a matsayin memba na Volkskammer a shekarar 1954, daga baya kuma (1976) ta zama wani ɓangare na kwamitin kundin tsarin mulki da shari'a na majalisar. A shekarar 1964 ta zama memba na Majalisar Jiha, wacce ita ce shugabar ƙasa ta Gabashin Jamus, har zuwa 1971. [1]

An ba Neumann lambar yabo ta  da kuma Tsarin Kishin Kasa na Tagulla . 

## Manazarta
Paula Thiede

**Pauline Philippine Thiede** (6 ga watan Janairun 1870 - 3 ga watan Maris 1919) 'yar kungiyar kwadago ce ta Jamus. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta rike mukamin cikakken lokaci a matsayin shugabar kungiyar kwadago a Jamus.

An haife ta a Berlin a matsayin **Paula Auguste**, ta fara aiki a wani gidan buga littattafai tun tana da shekaru 14. Ta yi aure kuma ta haifi 'ya'ya biyu, amma mijinta ya mutu jim kaɗan kafin a haifi ɗanta na biyu. Ba ta iya aiki ba, kuma ba ta da wani kuɗin shiga, ta ƙaura na ɗan lokaci ta zauna a masaukin da ba a kammala ba, yanayin danshi da ya kai ga mutuwar jaririnta. 

Thiede ta kafa ƙungiyar Ma'aikata a Ma'aikatan Buga Littattafai da Buga Littattafai Masu Sauri a shekarar 1890, kuma a shekarar 1891 ta sake samun aiki a ma'aikatan buga littattafai. Ba da daɗewa ba ta shiga babban yajin aikin buga littattafai na tsawon awanni tara a rana. An kayar da yajin aikin, kuma ƙungiyarta ta ruguje. Madadin haka, Thiede ta shiga ƙungiyar mata mata masu taimaka wa ma'aikatan buga littattafai a Berlin, kuma ta zama shugabar ƙungiyar a shekarar 1894. A shekarar 1896, ta shiga yajin aikin da ƙungiyar ma'aikatan buga littattafai ta Jamus ta jagoranta, kuma ta sami sa'o'i tara a rana. [1]

A shekarar 1898, Thiede ta haɗa ƙungiyarta da ƙungiyar maza, don kafa ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Buga Littattafai na Jamus . Ta zama shugabar ƙungiyar, kuma editan jaridarta, *Solidarität* . A ƙarƙashin jagorancinta, ƙungiyar ta yi shawarwari kan yarjejeniyar albashi da yanayin aiki a shekarar 1906, amma ta ci gaba da fama da matsalar kuɗi. Yayin da wasu daga cikin mazan ƙungiyar suka fara adawa da mace ta jagorance su, nasarorin da ta samu ba da daɗewa ba sun sa aka karɓe ta. 

Thiede ta halarci taron mata na gurguzu na duniya a Stuttgart a shekarar 1907, da kuma Copenhagen a shekarar 1910. A taron na ƙarshe, ta yi aiki tare da Clara Zetkin don gabatar da shawarar ƙirƙirar Ranar Mata ta Duniya cikin nasara. 

Thiede ta yi rashin lafiya mai tsanani a shekarar 1917, kuma ta mutu a shekarar 1919. Jim kaɗan kafin rasuwarta, ta sami damar kaɗa ƙuri'a a zaɓen tarayya na Jamus na 1919, karo na farko da mata suka sami damar kaɗa ƙuri'a a ƙasar. 

## Manazarta
Evelyn Schötz

**Evelyn Schötz** (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1961) 'yar siyasar Jamus ce daga Die Linke . A cikin Zaben tarayya na Jamus na 2025, ta yi takara a matsayin Dan takara kai tsaye a mazabar Roth kuma ta lashe kujerar a Bundestag na 21 ta hanyar sanya ta biyar a jerin sunayen jihar Bavaria.

## Rayuwa
Kafin shiga Bundestag, Schötz ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya ta tsofaffi . Ita ce kuma shugabar ƙungiyar gundumar Nuremberg ta jam'iyyar hagu. 

Evelyn Schötz ta kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Masu Zalunci ta Mulkin Nazi - Tarayyar Anti-Fascist (VVN-BdA) tun daga 1996, memba ce ta tsohuwar Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Jama'a, Sufuri da Harkokin Sufuri (ÖTV), wacce yanzu take Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Haɗaka ( ver.di ), da kuma ƙungiyar zamantakewa Sozialverband VdK Deutschland [de] (VdK). [1]

Schötz yana da aure kuma yana da ɗa babba. 

## Manazarta
Sabine Zimmermann

**Sabine Zimmermann** (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga Disamba 1960) 'yar siyasa ce ta Jamus. An haife ta a Pasewalk, Bezirk Neubrandenburg, kuma 'yar jam'iyyar Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht ce. Ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Bundestag daga jihar Saxony tsakanin 2005 da 2021, don The Left . 

## Sana'a
Zimmermann ta zama memba na Bundestag bayan zaɓen tarayya na Jamus na 2005. [1] Ita memba ce a Kwamitin Yawon Bude Ido, Babban Kwamitin da Kwamitin Iyali, Tsofaffi, Mata da Matasa. [2] [3] [4]

Zimmerman shine babban ɗan takara ga Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht a zaɓen jihar Saxony na 2024. 

## Manazarta
Käte Selbmann

**Käte Selbmann** (née Müller; 17 Fabrairu 1906 - 5 Afrilu 1962) 'yar siyasar Jamus ce wacce ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a farkon ci gaban manufofin mata na Gabashin Jamus . Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitocin tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Socialist Unity Party da Democratic Women's League, daga 1950 zuwa 1954.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Käte Selbmann ( née An haifi née a Berlin a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 1906. Mahaifinta jami'in duba layin dogo ne. Selbmann ta halarci makarantun mata na gwamnati a Droyßig da Halle, inda ta yi horo a matsayin malamar makaranta. Daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda da sakatare. Selbmann ta shiga ƙungiyar matasa ta kwaminisanci ta Jamus a 1923 da kuma jam'iyyar kwaminisanci ta Jamus (KPD) a 1929. Selbmann ita ce shugabar gidan yara na birni a Leipzig daga 1929 har zuwa 1931, lokacin da aka kore ta saboda shiga zanga-zanga. Bayan kwace mulki daga hannun 'yan Nazi, an kama Selbmann aka tsare ta a hannun jami'an tsaro daga Maris zuwa Afrilu, 1933. Bayan an sake ta, ta yi aiki a masana'antar kwali a Gotha . An sake kama Selbmann a 1935 kuma aka yanke mata hukuncin ɗaurin watanni goma sha huɗu a gidan yari saboda haɗa kai da aikata babban laifin cin amanar ƙasa a Kotun Yankin Dresden . An sake ta a shekarar 1937. Daga 1942 zuwa 1945, ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta mai zaman kanta.  

A shekarar 1945, bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Selbmann ta zama wani ɓangare na shugabancin ƙananan gundumomi na KPD a Gotha. A shekara mai zuwa, ta shiga sabuwar jam'iyyar Socialist Unity Party (SED) kuma ta zama sakatariya a reshen Leipzig na People's Solidarity . Ita ce kuma sakatariya a rassan SED a Yammacin Saxony da Leipzig. Selbmann ta shiga ƙungiyar mata ta Democratic League of Germany (DFD) a shekarar 1947, ta zama shugabar reshen Saxony kuma memba a kwamitin zartarwa na tarayya a shekarar 1948. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, ta zama mataimakiya ta musamman ga Walter Ulbricht, shugaban gaba na Gabashin Jamus .  

A matsayinta na memba na SED na kwamitin zartarwa na DFD, Selbmann ta ayyana a watan Yulin 1948 cewa DFD za ta inganta rawar da mata ke takawa a masana'antu. A masana'antun da suka riga suka sami ma'aikata mata da yawa, kamar masana'antar Olympia-Werke, DFD ta tsunduma cikin ayyukan da aka keɓe wa ƙungiyoyin kwadago, kamar haɓaka dokoki da inganta zamantakewa. Wannan ya rikide ya zama tushen Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙwadago ta Jamus (FDGB) kuma ya haifar da rikici tsakanin ƙungiyoyin biyu; SED ta goyi bayan DFD a matsayin hanyar tabbatar da ikonta a kan ƙungiyoyin biyu ta hanyar sanya su cikin rashin jituwa da juna. Daga baya Selbmann ya nuna takaici game da matsayin DFD a cikin al'umma, yana jayayya cewa "makarantar yara ce ga mata, ba ta da mahimmanci kamar FDGB ba kuma ba ta fi kowace ƙungiya muhimmanci ga aikin mata ba, kuma tana ƙarƙashin SED gaba ɗaya". [1]

## Manazarta
Anna Simon (ɗan siyasa)

**Anna Simon** (6 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1862 - 23 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1926) 'yar kungiyar kwadago ce kuma 'yar siyasa a Jamus. A shekara ta 1919 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata 36 da aka zaba a Majalisar Dokokin Weimar, 'yan majalisa mata na farko a Jamus. Ta kasance memba na majalisa har zuwa shekara mai zuwa kuma daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Landtag na Prussia daga 1921 zuwa 1924.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Simon a Berlin a shekarar 1862, [1] 'yar wani mai koyon dinki. Ta yi karatu a Hedwigschule, bayan haka ta yi aiki a matsayin Kurbelstepperin (mai sarrafa injunan dinki na Bonnaz) har zuwa 1908. Ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar ma'aikata a shekarun 1880, kuma ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar Verbandes der Kurbelstepper ( Ƙungiyar Kurbelsteppers ), ta zama shugabar ƙungiyar ta biyu daga 1900 zuwa 1904. [2] Ta zama memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na ƙungiyar ma'aikatan yadi na reshen Berlin a watan Janairun 1908 kuma ta fara aiki a ƙungiyar a watan Nuwamba a wannan shekarar, wadda da farko take da hedikwata a Forst, kafin ta koma Brandenburg an der Havel a 1911. [1] Ta kuma shiga jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party (SPD), ta zama memba na hukumar gundumarta a Westhavelland a 1911. [1] Tsakanin 1916 da 1919 ta yi aiki a matsayin jami'ar lissafi na Hukumar Jin Daɗin Jama'a a Brandenburg. [2]

A shekarar 1919 aka zaɓe ta a Majalisar Dokokin Ƙasa ta Weimar daga mazabar Yammacin Prussia a matsayin wakiliyar SPD. Duk da cewa ta rasa kujerarta a zaɓen Reichstag na 1920, an zaɓe ta a Landtag na Prussia a 1921, ta ci gaba da zama memba har zuwa 1924.  Ta mutu a Berlin a 1926.

## Manazarta
Milly Witkop

**Milly Witkop** ( **-Rocker** ) (Maris 3, 1877 23 ga Nuwamba, 1955) Bayahudiya ce 'yar asalin ƙasar Ukraine, mai ra'ayin gurguzu da kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata. Ita ce matar shugaban ƙungiyar gurguzu ta 'yan gurguzu Rudolf Rocker . Ɗan ma'auratan, Fermin Rocker, mai zane ne.

## Rayuwar Farko da Lokacin da Aka Yi a Landan
An haifi Witkopki a cikin shtetl na Ukraine na Zlatopol ga dangin Yahudawa ' yan Ukraine-Russia a matsayin babbar 'yar'uwa mata huɗu. Ƙarama daga cikin huɗun, Rose, ita ma ta zama sanannen mai tsattsauran ra'ayi. A shekara ta 1894, Witkop ya bar Ukraine zuwa London . A cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan kisan gillar Czar Alexander na Biyu a shekara ta 1881, Yahudawa da yawa sun bar Rasha, sakamakon kisan gillar da aka yi wa Yahudawa a duk faɗin Daular. Yawancinsu sun tafi Burtaniya ko Amurka. 

A Landan, ta yi aiki a wani shagon dinki kuma ta tara isassun kuɗi don biyan kuɗin tafiyar iyayenta da 'yan'uwanta mata zuwa Ingila. Wahalar da ta sha a ƙarƙashinta ta sa ta yi shakkar imaninta. Shiga cikin yajin aikin masu yin burodi ya sa ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar da ke kewaye da jaridar Yahudawa *mai suna Arbayter Fraynd* . Ayyukan masanin falsafar anarchist Peter Kropotkin sun yi tasiri a kanta. A shekara ta 1895, ta fara haɗuwa da Rudolf Rocker a lokacin da take aikin siyasa. A watan Mayu na 1898, Rocker ta gayyace ta ta raka shi birnin New York, inda yake fatan samun aiki. Duk da haka, ba a shigar da su ƙasar ba, saboda sun ƙi yin aure bisa doka kuma an mayar da su Birtaniya da jirgin ruwan da suka isa Amurka. An yi ta yaɗa labarai a jaridu a Amurka a lokacin, suna kai hari ga ƙaunar ma'auratan ba tare da aure ba. 

Daga Oktoba 1898, Rocker da Witkop sun yi gyaran Arbeyter Fraynd tare. A watan Maris na 1900, su biyun sun fara buga jaridar Germinal, wacce ta fi mai da hankali kan batutuwan al'adu. A shekarar 1907, an haifi ɗan ma'auratan, Fermin,. Rocker da Witkop sun yi adawa da Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya bayan ya ɓarke a shekarar 1914, ba kamar sauran masu tsattsauran ra'ayi kamar Kropotkin ba, waɗanda suka goyi bayan ƙungiyar kawance. Don rage talauci da talauci da rashin aikin yi da ya biyo bayan yaƙin ya haifar, Witkop da mijinta sun buɗe kicin na miya. Duk da haka, a watan Disamba na 1914, Rocker kamar sauran Jamusawa da Austrians a Burtaniya, an tsare ta a matsayin baƙon maƙiyi . Witkop ta ci gaba da ayyukanta na yaƙi har sai da aka kama ta a shekarar 1916. Ta ci gaba da zama a gidan yari har zuwa kaka ta 1918. Daga nan ta bar Burtaniya don ta haɗu da mijinta da ɗanta a Netherlands. [1]

## Jamus
Da farko, ma'auratan sun yi maraba da Juyin Juya Halin Fabrairu da Oktoba a Rasha, amma bayan juyin mulkin Bolshevik, sun fara sukar ƙa'idar da kuma mulkin kama-karya na abin da zai zama Tarayyar Soviet . A watan Nuwamba na 1918, sun ƙaura zuwa Berlin ; Fritz Kater, shugaban ƙungiyar 'Yancin Ƙungiyoyin Kwadago ta Jamus (FVdG), ya gayyaci Rocker don ya haɗu da shi wajen gina abin da zai zama Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata 'Yancin Jamus (FAUD), ƙungiyar ƙwadago mai ra'ayin gurguzu .  Rocker da Witkop duka sun zama membobin FAUD. 
 

## Manazarta
Monika Werner

**Monika Werner** (10 Maris 1938 - 21 Maris 2024) tsohuwar 'yar siyasa ce ta Jamus wadda ta kasance memba a Majalisar Jiha ta Gabashin Jamus, shugabar ƙasa ta gama gari ta ƙasar, daga 1986 zuwa 1990. 

## Rayuwa
An haifi Werner a Markranstädt kusa da Leipzig cikin iyali mai aiki. Ta kammala  kuma ya yi karatu a , ta kammala difloma a fannin tattalin arziki a 1960. Ta yi aiki a matsayin masanin tattalin arziki kuma ta kasance manaja a VEB Lokomotivbau-Elektrotechnische Werke "Hans Beimler" a Hennigsdorf . 

Ta kasance ma'aikaciyar ƙungiyar matasa 'Yancin Jamus, ta shiga jam'iyyar Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) a shekarar 1958 da kuma ƙungiyar 'Yancin Jamusawa Union Federation a shekarar 1960. Werner kuma jami'ar zartarwa ce ta jam'iyyar SED a Hennigsdorf. Daga 1963 zuwa 1989 ta kasance memba na Volkskammer, inda ta shiga cikin kwamitocin kuɗi da al'amuran zamantakewa, daga baya kuma ta shiga cikin Staatsrat (Majalisar Jiha). [1] A tsakanin 1974–1990, ta kasance magajin garin Hennigsdorf. [2]

An ba Werner lambar yabo ta girmamawa ta ƙasa da ƙasa . A shekarar 1990 ta yi ritaya daga siyasa sannan daga baya ta yi aiki a ɓangaren gidaje. 

Monika Werner ta mutu a ranar 21 ga Maris 2024 a wani gidan tsofaffi a Hennigsdorf. 

## Manazarta
Johanna Töpfer

**Johanna Töpfer** (née **Schrocko** ; 3 Afrilu 1929 &#x2013; 7 Janairu 1990) ɗan siyasan Jamus ta Gabas ne kuma Mataimakin Darakta na FDGB .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Töpfer a Schneidemühl ( Posen-West Prussia ; yau Piła, Poland ) kuma ta fara aiki a matsayin mai tsaftace Waggon ga Deutsche Reichsbahn (Gabashin Jamus) a 1945. Ta zama sakatare a sashen jami'an gwamnati na gwamnatin Reichsbahn da ke Leipzig kuma ta yi karatu a makarantar malamai a Dresden a 1951/52 tare da kwas ɗin wasiƙa a Jami'ar Berlin inda ta kammala karatun digiri a matsayin *Diplom-Wirtschaftlerin* a 1955. Tun daga 1952 Töpfer ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta kuma ta sami digirin digirgir a "Academy of Sociology at the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED)". 

Töpfer ta kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Kwadago ta Jamus 'Yanci (FDGB) tun daga 1945 da kuma SED tun 1949. A shekarar 1955 ta zama mataimakiyar darakta ta makarantun FDGB na Beesenstedt da Grünheide . Töpfer ta kasance memba na kwamitin zartarwa na FDGB a 1956-59 kuma memba ce ta FDGB-presidium a 1968-89. Ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta kuma daga baya Farfesa a kwalejin FDGB "Fritz Heckert". A shekarar 1971 ta kuma zama memba na Kwamitin Tsakiya na SED (har zuwa 1989) kuma a shekarar 1976 ta zama memba na Majalisar Dokokin Gabashin Jamus " Volkskammer ".

Töpfer ya kashe kansa a ranar 7 ga Janairun 1990.

## Manazarta
K. Hemalata

**K. Hemalata** 'yar siyasa ce ta Marxist ' yar Indiya kuma memba a Kwamitin Tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Indiya (Marxist) . Ita ce mace ta farko da ta jagoranci ƙungiyar kwadago a matakin ƙasa a tarihin ƙungiyar kwadago a Indiya .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Kandikuppa Hemalatha a shekarar 1951 a Andhra Pradesh, babbar 'ya'ya shida na Vaikunda Rao da Shankari. [1] Ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta MKCG da Asibiti da ke Berhampur a Odisha . A shekarar 1973, Hemalata ta shiga aikin likita a 'Asibitin Jama'a' na Puchalapalli Sundarayya da ke Nellore . Tun daga lokacin ta kasance mai himma a harkokin siyasar Marx kuma ta fara aikin likita a Machilipatnam . Ta zama kansila a birnin a shekarar 1987 kuma a shekarar 1995 ta bar aikin likita, ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar ƙwadago a matsayin cikakken mai ba da shawara. [2] Hemalata ta zama sakatariyar jiha ta CITU a Andhra Pradesh. An kuma naɗa ta a matsayin sakatare janar na ƙungiyar Ma'aikata da Masu Taimako ta Anganwadi ta dukkan Indiya na tsawon lokacin daga 1998 zuwa 2012. A watan Nuwamba na 2016, an zaɓe ta Hemalata a matsayin shugabar Cibiyar Ƙungiyoyin Kwadago ta Indiya (CITU) a taron ƙasa na 15 da ta gudanar a Puri . [3] [4] [5] A taron jam'iyya na 20 na CPI(M), ta zama memba na sabuwar kwamitin tsakiya da aka zaɓa kuma an zaɓe ta a kwamitin tsakiya a cikin majalisun dokoki huɗu masu zuwa. [6]

## Manazarta
Nalini Nayak

**Nalini Nayak** ƙwararriyar mai fafutuka ce, mai rajin kare hakkin mata kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata, wacce ke zaune a Kerala, Indiya.  Ta shafe sama da shekaru talatin tana hulɗa da al'ummomin bakin teku da batutuwansu,  tana da alaƙa da Protsahan Trivandrum, Mitraniketan Vagamon da Ƙungiyar Mata Masu Aikin Kai .

## Ayyuka
Nayak memba ce ta kafa kungiyar International Collective in Support of Fishworkers, inda ta dauki mataki don hada kai wajen bunkasa hangen nesa na mata a cikin kamun kifi. A halin yanzu, ita ce Babban sakatare na Kungiyar Mata Masu Amfani da Kai, Kerala, wanda ta kasance mai haɗin gwiwa.[1]

## Rubuce-rubuce da bincike

* The Coasts, the Fish Resources and the Fishworkers" Movement by Nalini Nayak da AJ Vijayan
* Samun Ayyukansu Tare: Indiya: Haɗin kai 
* Mata a cikin Ratnagiri Cooperative a Maharashtra, Indiya An adana su   a ICSF (International Collective in Support of Fishworkers) 
* Kwarewar Ayyukan Gida: SEWA Kerala akan Rayuwar Aiki

## Manazarta
Sudha Bharadwaj

**Sudha Bharadwaj** (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1961)  ƙwararriyar ƙwararriyar lauya ce 'yar ƙasar Indiya, mai fafutuka kuma lauya wacce ta rayu kuma ta yi aiki a Chhattisgarh tsawon sama da shekaru talatin. Ita memba ce mai himma a kwamitin Chhattisgarh Mukti Morcha (Kwamitin Mazdoor Karyakrta). 

Tana cikin masu fafutuka, lauyoyi da malaman jami'a da aka kama a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2018 a ƙarƙashin UAPA a shari'ar Bhima Koregaon mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce. A ranar 8 ga Disamba 2021, wata Kotun NIA ta musamman ta ba ta beli. 

## Rayuwa

### Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Sudha a Boston kuma tana zaune a Amurka da Birtaniya tun tana ƙarama.  Mahaifiyar Sudha, Krishna Bharadwaj, sananniyar masaniya ce kuma masanin tattalin arziki, wacce ta kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki da Tsare-tsare a Jami'ar Jawaharlal Nehru . Tana da shekaru 11, ta ƙaura tare da mahaifiyarta zuwa Delhi . 

Ta shiga shirin lissafi mai hadewa (na tsawon shekaru biyar) na IIT Kanpur a shekarar 1979.  A IIT Kanpur ta shiga NSS, tana koyarwa a unguwar karkara mai cunkoson jama'a.  Bayan kammala shirin a IITK a shekarar 1984, ta koyar a DPS, na tsawon shekaru biyu a Delhi. 

### Kama
A ranar 28 ga Agusta 2018, tare da wasu lauyoyi, marubuta da masu fafutuka, an kama Sudha aka kuma tuhume shi da laifin UAPA a shari'ar Bhima Koregaon . [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] Wata kotun musamman ta NIA ta ba wa Sudha Bharadwaj, wacce ake zargi da hannu a shari'ar tashin hankalin Bhima Koregaon, beli, kan lamunin Rs 50,000 a ranar 8 ga Disamba 2021 bayan tsare ta sama da shekaru uku. [6]

## Manazarta
Chitra Mudgal

**Chitra Mudgal** (an haife ta a ranar 10 ga Disamba 1943) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Indiya kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane a fannin adabin zamani na Hindi .

Ita ce mace ta farko 'yar Indiya da ta karɓi kyautar Vyas Samman a shekarar 2003 saboda littafinta *na Avaan* .

A cikin 2019 an ba ta lambar yabo mafi girma ta wallafe-wallafen Indiya, Sahitya Akademi, don littafinta *Post Box No. 203, Naalasopara* .

## Rayuwa ta mutum
An haifi Chitra Mudgal a Chennai a ranar 10 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1943.  Ta sami MA a cikin wallafe-wallafen Hindi daga Jami'ar Mata ta SNDT . Ta auri Awadh Narain Mudgal, tsohon Edita na "Sarika", ba tare da son mahaifinta ba.

## Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen
Littafinta 'Aavaan', ya nuna rayuwar da lokutan ƙungiyar kwadago lokacin da kusan ma'aikata 300,000 da Datta Samant ke jagoranta suka shiga yajin aiki na tsawon shekara na masana'antun masana'antu na Mumbai, wanda a ƙarshe ya ga rushewar masana'antar alamar kasuwanci ta birnin. Wannan aikin ya sami amincewar masu sukar a matsayin babban aikin wallafe-wallafen kuma yana tsaye a matsayin littafi na gargajiya a cikin wallafe-walfinai na Hindi.[1]

An ƙirƙiro labarin littafinta mai suna *Aavaan* ne bayan kisan wani shugaban ƙungiyar ƙwadago mai himma, Shankar Guha Niyogi .  A zahiri kisan nasa ya biyo bayan kisan wani sanannen ɗan ƙungiyar ƙwadago na Bombay, Datta Samant.  Daga baya, an kashe wani shugaban ƙungiyar ƙwadago na Madhya Pradesh, daga Maihar. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

Kisan Datta Samant, wacce ita ce jagoranta kuma masanin falsafa, "ya rushe ta" kuma ya zama tushen littafinta *Aavaan* . 

## Kyaututtuka

* 2000 - Indu Sharma International Katha Samman don littafin 'Aavaan' 
* 2003 - Vyas Samman ta Gidauniyar K. K. Birla don littafinta 'Aavaan'
* 2018 - Sahitya Akademi Award don littafinta "Postbox no.203 Nalasopara".

## Manazarta
Eugénie Djendi

**Eugénie Malika Djendi** (1918 - 18 Janairu 1945) sojan Faransa ne kuma mai gwagwarmayar adawa a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu wanda Gwamnatin Nazi ta kashe.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Djendi a shekara ta 1918 kuma ta zauna tare da iyayenta a Bône, tsohon sashen Faransa a Aljeriya, inda a shekarar 1942 ta shiga "Corps Féminin des Transmissions" (Women's Signal Corps) wanda Janar Lucien Merlin ya kafa, kuma an san shi da "Merlinettes" bayan mahaliccin su. Sauran sabbin sun kasance Marie-Louise Cloarec, Pierrette Louin da Suzanne Mertzizen . Dukkanin hudu an tura su horo a Staouéli, kusa da Algiers.

Lokacin da kiran ya fito don kwararru na rediyo duk mata huɗu sun ba da kansu kuma an aika su zuwa London don ƙarin horo a matsayin masu aikin rediyo ta Burtaniya. Shirin, a St Albans da Manchester, ya rufe irin waɗannan abubuwa kamar saukar da parachute, gudanar da fashewa da yaƙi mara makami da kuma watsa rediyo na asali. An ba ta takardun karya da sunan Jacqueline Dubreuil kuma ta shirya a mayar da ita Faransa a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ofishin Jakadancin Berlin .

Ta tashi daga filin jirgin sama na Tempsford a Halifax a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 1944 kuma ta tashi tare da abokan aiki maza biyu zuwa yankin Sully-sur-Loire, [1] inda ta kafa hulɗar rediyo tare da London da Aljeriya. 'Yan sanda sun kama su washegari tare da kayan aikin rediyo kuma daga baya aka tura ta sansanin Ravensbrück, inda ta tuntubi' yan aikin Marie-Louise Cloarec, Pierrette Louin da Suzanne Mertzizen wadanda suka isa 8 ga watan Agusta 1944.[2]

Bayan an ki amincewa da bukatarsu da za a tura su sansanin fursunoni, an kashe matan hudu  ta hanyar harbi a ranar 18 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1945 kuma an ƙone jikinsu kuma an binne su a cikin gandun daji da ke kusa.

An ayyana Djendi a matsayin "Mort pour la France" kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Croix de Guerre tare da Palme da Medal of the Resistance. An tuna da ita ta hanyar lambu a Paris (Le jardin Eugénie-Djendi) kuma an rubuta sunanta tare da na abokan aikinta a kan Tunawa da Tempsford a Bedfordshire . 

## Manazarta
Jacqueline Fleury

**Jacqueline Marié-Fleury** (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba 1923) tsohuwar memba ce ta Resistance ta Faransa .

## Rayuwa
An haifi Jacqueline Marié a ranar 12 ga Disamba 1923, a matsayin 'yar injiniyan soja, Désiré Marié, wanda ke aiki a Versailles lokacin da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ya ɓarke a 1939. Ita da mahaifiyarta sun rasa gidansu lokacin da Jamusawa suka mamaye Faransa a 1940, kuma ta shiga Resistance, tare da iyayenta da ɗan'uwanta Pierre.

Jacqueline ta shiga ƙungiyar da ke da alhakin buga Défense de la France, kuma tana da alhakina rarraba mujallar karkashin kasa a yankin Versailles, gami da ayyukan Renault. Ta kuma kasance wani ɓangare na "Réseau Mithridate" wanda Pierre-Jean Herbinger ke gudanarwa don ba da bayanai ga MI6. 

Tare da iyayenta, an kama Jacqueline a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 1944, [1] kuma an tsare ta a kurkuku a Fresnes . Ita da mahaifiyarta an tsare su a sansanin fursuna na Ravensbrück, tare da Geneviève de Gaulle-Anthonioz da Germaine Tillion . A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1945, yayin da suke kan tilasta "tafiyar mutuwa" zuwa Czechoslovakia, ita da mahaifiyarta sun tsere; sojojin Soviet sun sake su kuma sun isa Faransa a ranar 30 ga Mayu.[2] A shekara ta 1946, ta yi aure, ta zama Madame Fleury, [1] kuma daga baya ta haifi 'ya'ya biyar.[3]

Bayan yakin, ta shiga kungiyar National Association des anciennes déportées et internées de la Résistance, kuma a shekara ta 2002, ta zama shugaban kasa bayan mutuwar Geneviève de Gaulle-Anthonioz, lokacin da kungiyar ta haɗu da Société des familles et amis des anciennes des déportées da internées de l'Résistance. Ita ce mace ta 31 da aka ba ta lambar yabo ta Grand Officier de la Légion d'Honneur . 

## Manazarta
Brigitte Friang

**Brigitte Friang** (23 ga watan Janairun 1924 - 6 ga watan Maris na 2011) 'yar jaridar Faransa ce, marubuciya kuma memba ne na Resistance ta Faransa . 

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Friang a birnin Paris a shekara ta 1924 kuma nan da nan bayan ya bar makaranta a birnin Paris da 1943 ya shiga ƙungiyar adawa ta Faransa. Tana aiki a cikin wannan rukuni kamar Colonel F. F. E. Yeo-Thomas, Gestapo ta kama ta, ta harbe ta yayin da take ƙoƙarin tserewa, sannan ta kai ta Fresnes Prison kuma ta azabtar da ita, kafin a kore ta zuwa sansanin Ravensbrück.

Bayan yakin, an saki Friang kuma ta koma Paris inda ta yi aiki na shekaru hudu a matsayin mataimakiyar manema labarai ga André Malraux, kafin ta zama 'yar jarida.[1] A shekara ta 1953, an tura ta zuwa Indochina ta Faransa a matsayin wakilin yaki.[2][3] A can ta gudanar da horo na parachute kuma an sauke ta, a cikin sa'o'in budewa na Operation Castor, a cikin Lardin Dien Biên, a kusurwar arewa maso yammacin Vietnam.[2][4] Ta yi tsalle-tsalle da yawa ciki har da ɗaya tare da Lt Col Bigeard's 6th Colonial Paratroop Battalion a Tu-Le bayan haka ta bi 6th a kan komawarsu zuwa layin Faransa. [2] [5] Ta tsira daga yakin kuma ta koma Paris inda ta yi aiki a matsayin marubuciya da 'yar jarida har sai da ta yi ritaya.

A ranar 6 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1954, ta bayyana a matsayin mai kalubalantar shirin talabijin na What's My Line?  (baƙi masu ban mamaki na wannan labarin sune George Burns da Gracie Allen).

Friang ya mutu a ranar 6 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2011 yana da shekaru 87.

## Ayyukan da aka buga

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## Manazarta