Mary F. Lyon

**Mary Frances Lyon** FRS  (15 ga Mayu 1925 - 25 ga Disamba 2014)  ta kasance masanin ilimin kwayoyin halitta na Ingilishi wanda aka fi sani da bincikenta na X-chromosome inactivation, wani muhimmin abu na halitta.      [5] [6] [7] [7] [5] [6] [5] [6] [7]

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Mary Lyon a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1925 a Norwich, Ingila a matsayin babba cikin 'ya'ya uku na ma'aikacin gwamnati da malamin makaranta. Ta yi karatu a makarantar sakandare a Birmingham . A wannan lokacin, ta ce, ta zama mai sha'awar kimiyya godiya ga malamin makaranta mai kyau  da littattafan yanayi da ta lashe a gasar rubutun.  A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu a 1943, ta fara karatunta a Kwalejin Girton, Cambridge a Jami'ar Cambridge,  inda ta karanta ilimin dabbobi, ilimin lissafi, ilmin sunadarai da ilmin halitta, tare da ilimin dabbobi a matsayin babban batun. A wannan lokacin, kawai 500 (kasa da 10%) mata dalibai aka yarda suyi karatu a jami'ar, sabanin sama da maza 5,000. Bugu da ƙari, duk da yin aiki iri ɗaya da ɗaliban maza, ɗaliban mata sun sami digiri na "titular" kawai, maimakon cikakken digiri na Cambridge wanda zai sa su membobin jami'ar. A lokacin karatunta a Cambridge, ta zama mai sha'awar ilimin embryology. Ta ci gaba da yin PhD tare da Ronald Fisher, wanda ya kasance Farfesa na Genetics a Cambridge, inda ta nuna nau'in beraye mai canzawa tare da maye gurbi 'mai lalacewa' kuma ta buga binciken. A lokacin karatun PhD ta koma Jami'ar Edinburgh, inda ta kammala karatunta a karkashin jagorancin Douglas Falconer . 

## Bincike da aiki
Bayan ta PhD (an ba ta lambar yabo a 1950 ), Lyon ta shiga ƙungiyar Conrad Hal Waddington, tare da ita ta yi aiki a ƙarshen PhD. Kwamitin Binciken Kiwon Lafiya ne ya ba da kuɗin kungiyar, kuma ta yi aiki tare da TC Carter don bincika mutagenesis da haɗarin kwayar halitta na radiation. Baya ga 'pallid' beraye, ta yi nazarin maye gurbi kamar 'ataxia' (muguwar jijiya wacce ta haifar da matsalolin tafiya a cikin beraye) da 'twirler' (musuwa wanda ya haifar da matsalolin kunne na ciki, wanda ya sa beraye su girgiza kawunansu kuma suyi tafiya a cikin da'irori saboda rashin daidaituwa).

A shekara ta 1955, ƙungiyar ta koma sashin radiobiology na MRC a Harwell, inda akwai wuri don ƙarin kayan aikin linzamin kwamfuta. A can ta ci gaba da binciken maye gurbin linzamin kwamfuta. Ta kuma bincika wani 'mottled' mutant, wanda ke da tasiri daban-daban ga beraye maza da zato: namiji embryo wani lokacin yakan mutu, kuma maza da suka tsira suna da fararen riguna, amma mata sun rayu kuma sun bambanta. Ta hanyar lissafi da gangan na haihuwar maye gurbi, ta bincika sauye-sauyen maye gurbi kuma ta kammala cewa an sanya maye gurbi a kan X chromosome. Wannan, tare da sabbin abubuwan da aka gano a wannan lokacin game da X chromosome, ya kai ta ga yin la'akari da shiru na X chromosomes.

Lyon ta wallafa takardu da yawa game da radiation da mutagenesis na sinadarai da kuma nazarin kwayoyin halitta. Ta kuma yi aiki mai yawa a kan linzamin kwamfuta t-complex.

Ta kasance shugabar Sashen Genetics na Sashin Radiology na MRC a Harwell daga 1962 zuwa 1987. Kodayake ta yi ritaya daga bincike a shekarar 1990, bisa ga wata hira daga 2010, har yanzu tana aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje sau da yawa a mako.

### Rashin aiki na X

Yayinda take aiki a kan haɗarin radiation a cikin 1961 ne ta gano inactivation na X-chromosome, wanda aka fi sani da ita,  kuma wani lokacin ana kiran wannan abu da X-linked="131" href="./Lyonization" id="mwnA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Lyonization">Lyonization don girmama ta. Binciken da ta biyo baya ya taimaka wajen bayyana hanyoyin kula da kwayar halitta na X chromosome kuma ya taimaka wajen bayanin dalilin da ya sa mata 'masu ɗaukar' cututtukan kwayar halitta da ke da alaƙa da X zasu iya nuna alamomi masu sauƙi.

### Kyaututtuka da girmamawa
An zabi Lyon a matsayin Fellow na Royal Society a cikin 1973, [1] Abokin hulɗa na Ƙasashen waje na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Amurka, kuma memba mai daraja na Ƙasashe na Kwaleji ta Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amirka. A shekara ta 1994 ta lashe lambar yabo ta Mauro Baschirotto a cikin Human Genetics, a shekara ta 1997 lambar yabo ta Wolf don Magunguna, saboda ra'ayinta game da rashin aiki na X-chromosomes a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa. A shekara ta 1997 ta kuma sami kyautar Amory, don binciken kwayoyin halitta da suka shafi chromosomes na jima'i na dabbobi masu shayarwa.[2] A shekara ta 2004 an ba ta lambar yabo ta Maris na Dimes a cikin ilmin halitta na ci gaba . A shekara ta 2006 ta sami lambar yabo ta Pearl Meister Greengard da Jami'ar Rockefeller ta bayar.

Tun daga shekara ta 2015 The Genetics Society ta ba da lambar yabo ta Mary Lyon don girmama ta.

Sauran kyaututtuka da girmamawa sun hada da:

## Manazarta