Mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya

**Mai ba da rahoto na musamman** (ko **gwani mai zaman kansa**) shine taken da aka ba masana haƙƙin ɗan adam masu zaman kansu waɗanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) ta kira ƙwarewarsu don bayar da rahoto ko ba da shawara game da haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa daga hangen nesa ko takamaiman ƙasa.

Dangane da takamaiman umarni, akwai kuma ƙungiyoyin aiki waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙwararren mai zaman kansa daga kowane ɗayan ƙungiyoyin yanki biyar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya: Afirka, Asiya, Latin Amurka da Caribbean, Gabashin Turai, da ƙungiyar Yamma.  Ayyukansu sun fada cikin ikon "hanyar musamman" a karkashin Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma gudummawar su na iya inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam ta hanyar ayyuka iri-iri, gami da, amma ba'a iyakance su don inganta damar gyarawa ba, sake fasalin manufofi, haɓaka haƙƙin ɗan Adam, da kuma yin aiki don hanawa ko dakatar da keta haƙƙin ɗanɗano. 

Umurnin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi shi ne "bincike, saka idanu, ba da shawara, da kuma bayar da rahoto a fili" game da matsalolin haƙƙin ɗan adam ta hanyar "ayyukan da aka gudanar ta hanyar hanyoyin musamman, gami da amsawa ga korafe-korafe na mutum, ayyukan tunani da magudi ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai da ilimi, gudanar da karatu, ba da shawarwari game da hadin gwiwar fasaha a matakin ƙasa, da shiga cikin ayyukan ingantawa gaba ɗaya" 

## Ikon nadawa
Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne ya nada su, waɗannan masu riƙe da umarni suna aiki da kansu daga gwamnatoci kuma saboda haka suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen saka idanu kan kasashe masu zaman kansu da gwamnatoci da manufofi da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokuradiyya. Na farko irin wannan nadin shi ne 1980 Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances mayar da martani ga Hukumar kan 'Yancin Dan Adam Resolution 20 (XXXVI).  Mai ba da rahoto na musamman na farko, wanda ke da alhakin saka idanu kan kisan kai, taƙaitaccen kisan kai ko na wucin gadi, ya fara aiki a shekara ta 1982 biyo bayan amincewar Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta shekarar 1982/35. &nbsp;

Masu ba da rahoto ba sa karɓar diyya ta kuɗi don aikinsu daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kodayake suna karɓar ma'aikata da tallafin da aka tsara daga Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkinobho kuma galibi ana tallafa musu da kungiyoyi masu agaji da kamfanoni.

Kowace shekara, masu ba da rahoto suna taruwa don taron shekara-shekara a Geneva, inda suke tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi kowa, daidaita ayyukansu kuma su hadu da masu ruwa da tsaki da dama, gami da Jihohi da kungiyoyin farar hula.

## Matsayi
Masu bayar da rahoto na musamman galibi suna gudanar da ayyukan bincike na gaskiya ga ƙasashe don bincika zarge-zargen keta haƙƙin ɗan adam. Za su iya ziyartar ƙasashen da suka amince da gayyatar su ne kawai. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

Baya ga ayyukan bincike na gaskiya, masu ba da rahoto a kai a kai suna tantancewa da tabbatar da korafe-korafe daga wadanda ake zargi da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam. Da zarar an tabbatar da korafin a matsayin halal, ana aika wasika ta gaggawa ko roko ga gwamnatin da ake zargin ta aikata laifin. Idan ba a yi korafi ba, masu ba da rahoto na iya shiga tsakani a madadin mutane da kungiyoyin mutane da kansu.

Ana nada masu ba da rahoto na musamman don yin aiki na shekaru uku; bayan haka za a iya tsawaita wa'adin su na wasu shekaru uku. Ana nada masu ba da rahoto na musamman na ƙasa don yin aiki na shekara guda; ana iya sabunta wa'adin su kowace shekara. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

In June 2006, the United Nations Human Rights Council, which replaced the UN Commission on Human Rights, extended the mandates of all special rapporteurs by one year to enable it to conduct a review of the mandates and seek ways of strengthening their roles. However, special rapporteurs for countries which did not approve a special rapporteur came under question and the mandates of the special rapporteurs for Cuba and Belarus were not renewed.&#x5B;**&#x5D;

Sauran rikice-rikice tsakanin masu ba da rahoto na musamman da majalisa sun haɗa da gabatar da ka'idar halayyar da ta fara hana masu ba da rahoton na musamman yin magana da kafofin watsa labarai. Koyaya an cimma matsaya kuma yanzu akwai ka'idar halayyar ga masu ba da rahoto na musamman. Kwanan nan, an kuma yi tambaya game da kudade na masu ba da rahoto na musamman, yayin da masu ba da rahoton na musamman da yawa suka bayyana cewa jami'o'i da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo masu zaman kansu sun ba da gudummawa. Gidauniyar Ford da Gidauniyoyin Open Society misali sun ba da tallafin kuɗi da kayan aiki ga takamaiman masu ba da rahoto, wanda zai iya yin tambaya game da 'yancin aikin su. Bugu da ƙari, 52 daga cikin masu riƙe da umarni a 222 tun daga Shekara ta 2010 suna aiki, ko kuma sun yi aiki a cikin Open Society Foundations ko wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da Open Society ko Ford Foundation ke tallafawa. The Open Society Foundations ya yarda a bayyane cewa yana so ya rinjayi mai ba da rahoto na musamman a cikin tallafin da aka ba Cibiyar Jagorancin Mata ta Duniya a cikin Shekara ta 2017.

A cewar masu ba da rahoto na musamman da kansu, wannan halin yana da kyau saboda rashin hanyoyin da OHCHR ta bayar. Takamaiman kudade na wasu umarni yana haifar da rashin daidaito tsakanin su: yayin da wasu ke gwagwarmaya don biyan kuɗin aiki, wasu suna iya shirya tarurruka a duk faɗin duniya don inganta ayyukansu.

## Takaddun jigogi na yanzu da kuma dokokin ƙasa
Hanyoyi na Musamman na Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam a halin yanzu suna kula da takamaiman takardun kasa 45 da 13 wanda zai iya sanya masu ba da rahoto na musamman, masana masu zaman kansu, da kungiyoyin aiki.

## Dubi kuma

* Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
* Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam
* Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam
* Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
* Mai ba da rahoto na musamman

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Hanyar Musamman ta Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam a Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
* Labaran BBC na Musamman akan Masu Ba da rahoto na Musamman
* Hanyoyi na Musamman na 'Yancin Dan Adam: Masu Tabbatar da Tasiri An adana 2015-03-09 a  Universal Rights Group 2014
* Tarihin Hanyar Musamman ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Hanyar: Asalin, Juyin Halitta da Gyara  An adana 2015-03-08 a  Universal Rights Group 2014
* Matsayin Mai ba da rahoto na Musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya