Jürgen Moltmann

**Jürgen Moltmann** (8 Afrilu 1926 - 3 Yuni 2024) ɗan Jamus ne mai tauhidin Reformed wanda farfesa ne na tiyolojin tsari a Jami'ar Tübingen kuma ya shahara da littattafansa kamar su Theology of Hope, The Crucified God, God in Creation da sauran su. gudunmawa ga tsarin tiyoloji. An fassara ayyukansa zuwa harsuna da yawa.

Moltmann ya bayyana tauhidinsa a matsayin fadada ayyukan tauhidi na Karl Barth, musamman ma Church Dogmatics, kuma ya bayyana aikinsa a matsayin Post-Barthian. Ya ɓullo da wani nau'i na tauhidin 'yanci wanda ya keɓanta a kan ra'ayin cewa Allah yana shan wahala tare da 'yan adam, yayin da kuma ya yi wa bil'adama alkawarin kyakkyawar makoma ta hanyar begen tashin kiyama, wanda ya lakafta 'tauhidin bege'. Yawancin aikin Moltmann shine haɓaka abubuwan da waɗannan ra'ayoyin ke haifar da fagage daban-daban na tiyoloji. Moltmann ya zama sananne don haɓaka wani nau'i na Trinitarianism na zamantakewa. An ba shi digirin girmamawa da yawa na duniya.
## Rayuwa da aiki
#### Matasa
An haifi Moltmann a Hamburg a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1926. Mahaifinsa malami ne; iyali ba addini ba ne. Kakansa babban mai kula da Freemasons ne. Lokacin da yake matashi, Moltmann ya bauta wa Albert Einstein, kuma ya yi tsammanin karatun lissafi a jami'a.
#### Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu
Moltmann ya yi jarrabawar shiga makarantar don ci gaba da karatunsa amma a maimakon haka an shigar da shi aikin soja a shekara ta 1943 yana da shekaru 16, a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, yana aiki a matsayin mataimakin sojojin sama a cikin sojojin Jamus. "Batun karatun da ya dauke shi tare da shi cikin wahalhalun yaki sune wakokin Goethe da ayyukan Nietzsche." Karfi, harin da ya kashe mutane 40,000, ciki har da wani abokinsa da ke tsaye kusa da shi. An umarce shi zuwa ga Klever Reichswald, wani daji na Jamus a gaba, ya mika wuya a cikin 1945 a cikin duhu ga sojan Birtaniya na farko da ya sadu da shi. Daga 1945 zuwa 1948, an tsare shi a matsayin fursuna na yaƙi (POW) kuma ya ƙaura daga sansani zuwa sansani. 
An fara tsare shi a matsayin POW a Belgium, sannan Scotland, sannan Ingila.A sansanin da ke Beljiyam, an ba fursunonin yi kaɗan. Moltmann da ’yan uwansa fursunoni sun sha azaba da “tunani da tunani mai raɗaɗi”. Sun tsira daga mutuwa amma sun rasa bege da kwarin gwiwa. Bayan Belgium, Moltmann ya koma wani sansani a Kilmarnock, Scotland, inda ya yi aiki tare da wasu Jamusawa don sake gina wuraren da bam ya lalata. Karɓar da mazauna Scotland suka yi wa fursunonin ya bar masa sha'awa sosai. A Scotland, sun kuma ga hotuna, an rataye su da juna a cikin bukkokinsu, na Buchenwald da kuma sansanin taro na Bergen-Belsen. Abin da fursunonin suka yi na farko shi ne cewa waɗannan hotuna farfaganda ce, amma a hankali suka fara ganin kansu ta idanun waɗanda Nazis suka kashe. Wani limamin Ba’amurke ya ba Moltmann ƙaramin kwafin Sabon Alkawari da Zabura kuma karanta waɗannan ya ba shi sabon bege.

A cikin Yuli 1946, an mayar da shi na ƙarshe zuwa Norton Camp, wani gidan yari na Burtaniya da ke ƙauyen Cuckney kusa da Nottingham, UK. YMCA ce ke tafiyar da sansanin kuma a nan Moltmann ya sadu da ɗaliban tauhidi da yawa. A Norton Camp, ya gano Reinhold Niebuhr's The Nature and Destiny of Man. Shi ne littafi na farko na tiyoloji da ya taba karantawa, kuma Moltmann ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana da tasiri sosai a rayuwarsa. Kwarewarsa a matsayin POW ya ba shi kyakkyawar fahimtar yadda wahala da bege ke ƙarfafa juna, suna barin ra'ayi mai dorewa akan tauhidinsa. Daga baya Moltmann ya yi iƙirari, “Ban taɓa yanke shawara ga Kristi ba, kamar yadda ake nema a gare mu sau da yawa, amma na tabbata cewa, sa’an nan kuma, a cikin duhun ramin raina, ya same ni.”
#### Bayan yakin
Moltmann ya koma gida yana dan shekara 22 don ya iske garinsu na Hamburg (hakika, yawancin kasarsa) cikin rugujewar tashin bama-bamai a yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin 1947, an gayyace shi da wasu mutane huɗu don halartar taron Kirista na ɗalibi na farko a Swanwick, cibiyar taro kusa da Derby, Ingila. Taron ya shafe shi sosai. Moltmann ya koma Jamus don yin karatu a Jami'ar Göttingen, wata cibiyar da furofesoshi mabiyan Karl Barth ne da malaman tauhidi waɗanda ke da hannu da Cocin Confessing a Jamus. Ya sami digirin digirgir, wanda Otto Weber ke kula da shi, a cikin 1952. Daga 1952 zuwa 1957, Moltmann shi ne fasto a Bremen-Wasserhorst, kuma fasto na ɗalibai. A cikin 1958 Moltmann ya zama malamin tauhidi a Kirchliche Hochschule Wuppertal wanda Cocin Confessing ke gudanarwa kuma a cikin 1963 ya shiga sashin ilimin tauhidi a Jami'ar Bonn. An nada shi Farfesa na Tiyolojin Tsari a Jami'ar Tübingen a cikin 1967 kuma ya kasance a can har sai ya yi ritaya a 1994. Daga 1963 zuwa 1983, Moltmann ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Bangaskiya da oda na Majalisar Ikklisiya ta Duniya. Daga 1983 zuwa 1993, Moltmann shine Robert W. Woodruff Babban Farfesa na Ziyara na Tiyolojin Tsari a Candler School of Theology a Jami'ar Emory a Atlanta, Jojiya. Ya gabatar da Karatun Gifford a Jami'ar Edinburgh a 1984-1985.