Pavel Chioru

**Pavel Chioru**, **Chior**, ko **Kior**, wanda aka fi sani da **Pavel Ivanovici Chioru-Ianachi**    ( Russian  , ko Павел Кьору; 2 ga Afrilu 1902 –  ), ɗan jarida ne, kuma ɗan siyasar Soviet . Yana cikin matasan Bessarabiyawa da suka ki amincewa da haɗin gwiwar yankin da Romania, kuma saboda haka ya gudu zuwa cikin Jamhuriyar Socialist ta Ukrainian Soviet Socialist, inda ya shiga mahaifinsa mai ra'ayin gurguzu. Chioru Jr ya yi aiki a cikin Red Army da Cheka, ganin ayyuka a yakin basasar Rasha ; horarwa a matsayin kwamishina na siyasa, kuma sananne ga jagorancin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci (CPSU), ya fito daga yakin a matsayin marubucin farfagandar Soviet tare da abubuwan da suka shafi wallafe-wallafe da na kiɗa. Mahaifinsa ya zama mutumin da ya kafa Jamhuriyyar Socialist Socialist ta Moldavia (MASSR), wanda aka kafa a cikin yankin Ukrainian a matsayin bayanin da'awar yankin Soviet a kan Bessarabia; ko da yake Chioru Sr ya mutu a 1926, dansa ya ci gaba da aikinsa na siyasa, ya koma Balta .

Chioru da kansa ya kula da wasu manyan cibiyoyin Soviet " Moldovenism " - koyaswar da ta ɗauka cewa Moldovans (ko Moldavia) sun bambanta da na Romawa . Waɗannan sun haɗa da jaridar *Plugarul Roșu*, Mujallar adabi *Moldova Literarî*, da Ƙungiyar Marubuta ta gida . Chioru ya kasance MASSR Commissar don Ilimi tsakanin 1928 zuwa 1930, kuma a cikin wannan damar ya yi aiki don ƙirƙirar " harshen Moldova " na proletariat, musamman ta hanyar wuce gona da iri tsakanin yaren Moldavian da Romanian zamani. Ya gyara ƙamus na Gavril Buciușcan, wanda ya tsaya a matsayin matsakaicin samfurin Moldovenism, amma a kusa da 1929 ya ɗauki nauyin aikin na kansa, tare da amincewa da zurfin rarrabuwar kawuna ta hanyar Russification na ƙamus. A farkon shekarun 1930, Chioru ya sake daidaita ra'ayinsa, yana ba da shawarar yaren adabi wanda yaren archaic ya rinjaye shi. Wannan ya sa shi sha'awar zaɓen noman litattafan wallafe-wallafen Romanian, Vasile Alecsandri da Mihai Eminescu . Ya sami kulawa a Greater Romania don bincikensa game da labarun almara, kuma an gan shi a can a matsayin zakara na kishin Romanian da bai sani ba.

A cikin 1932, Chioru ya goyi bayan kamfen ɗin Latinization na Soviet, inda MASSR ta karɓi haruffan Romanian yadda ya kamata. An dakatar da fafutukarsa na al'adu a shekara ta 1934, lokacin da ya ɗauki ofisoshin siyasa a gundumar Rîbnița kuma mai yiyuwa an yi masa ado ya zama shugaban MASSR. Wannan wa'adin ya ƙare ba zato ba tsammani a lokacin Babban Tsabta, lokacin da aka yi masa lakabi da ɗan kishin ƙasa na Romania da Trotskyist . An kore shi daga CPSU a watan Maris 1937, an yanke masa hukuncin kisa a watan Oktoba. An san cewa ya samu hukuncin kisa, amma har yanzu ba a san makomarsa ba. Bayanan hukuma, wanda aka watsa a tsayin De-Stalinization, sun nuna cewa ya mutu a Gulag a 1943; Mawallafa sun yi musu tambayoyi da suka yi jayayya cewa an fi samun harbe shi kafin karshen 1937.

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Asalin da farkon aiki
Chioru dan asalin kauyen Cartal ne a kudancin Bessarabia ; a lokacin, yankin yana cikin gundumar Bessarabia na Daular Rasha, ta hanyar Izmailsky Uyezd (yanzu a cikin Izmail Raion na Ukraine).   Ainihin ranar haihuwarsa, bisa ga malanta daga baya, shine 2 Afrilu 1902.   Mahaifinsa, wanda aka fi sani da Romanian a matsayin Ivan Nicolaievici Chior-Ionache kuma a cikin Rashanci kamar Ivan Nikolaevich Kior-Yanaki, ya kasance mai mahimmanci a cikin motsi na Bolshevik na yanki, yana taimakawa wajen tsara tsarin gurguzu a Yekaterinoslav .  Pavel yaro ne mai hazaka da kide-kide, wanda ya ci gaba da yin waka a cikin mawaka mai son, da kuma zama dan wasa da yawa (yana iya buga piano, maballin accordion, mandolin, da garaya Bayahude ).  An san shi ya yi rajista a makarantar sakandare ta Bolhrad a daidai lokacin da Bessarabia ta sami 'yancin kai a matsayin Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyya ta Moldavian .  

Ya bar yankin a cikin 1918, yayin da ya haɗu da Romania. Ya yi iyo a fadin Dniester kuma ya ba da kansa don hidima a cikin Red Army, yana ganin aikin a yakin basasar Rasha.  Da yake zaune na ɗan lokaci a Soviet Rasha, an maraba Pavel cikin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Rasha (CPSU na gaba) a 1919, sa'an nan kuma ya shiga mahaifinsa a Yekaterinoslav; Anan, an sanya shi ga 'yan sandan sirri na kwaminisanci, Cheka, yana aiki a tsakanin 1920 zuwa 1922.  Chioru Jr ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Kwaminisanci ta Sverdlov a Moscow a 1924.   Ya bayyana a matsayin mawaƙa na waƙoƙin jama'a don yawan kide-kide na fa'ida, tattara kuɗi don waɗanda suka tsira daga yunwar Volga .  Daga shekara ta 1924 mahaifin Chioru ya kasance mai yawan aiki a Soviet Ukraine, yana shiga kwamitin yanki na jam'iyyar Bolshevik ta Ukrainian a Odesa, sannan aka maraba da shi cikin kwamitin tsakiya na Tarayyar Soviet . An kuma kira shi da ya taimaka wajen kafa MASSR na karkashin kasa, wanda ke yammacin wannan birni, amma sai Afrilu 1926, lokacin da ya mutu a Kislovodsk .  A cikin 1924-1925, Chioru Jr ya koma Red Army a matsayin kwamandan siyasa a tsakanin Red Cossacks .  Sannan ya zama sakatare na farko na rukunin Komsomol na Yukren a cikin sabuwar siyasar Moldavia; wannan lokacin ya ga gudunmawarsa ta farko ga farfagandar Soviet, ƙasidu *Что такое комсомол* ("Menene Komsomol?", 1925) da *Наша смена - пионе-ры* ("Our Shift: The Pioneers ", 1926). 

Bayan ya zauna a Balta, Chioru ya taimaka wajen kafa jaridar *Plugarul Roșu*, yana aiki a matsayin babban editanta, kuma ya zama Kwamishinan Jama'a na MASSR na Ilimi, wanda a cikinsa ya taimaka wajen kafa Ƙungiyar Marubuta .   Wataƙila shi ne babban mai ba da gudummawar adabi a *Plugarul Roșu*, tare da ginshiƙi mai suna *Ungherașul poeziei norodnice moldovenești* ("Little Corner of Moldavian People's Poetry"), daga baya *Pagina Literarî* ("Shafin Adabi"). Daga ƙarshe ta zama mujalla mai zaman kanta, *Moldova Literarî* ("Literary Moldavia") - wanda ba a saba gani ba a cikin mahallin Tarayyar Soviet don kasancewa mai zaman kansa na edita.  Zuwansa ya zo a daidai lokacin da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun MASSR ke rarraba zuwa Romanianizers da Moldovenizers . Kamar yadda masanin Rasha Oleg Grom ya lura, tsohon rukuni, wanda har yanzu yana jin dadin dangi, ba su la'akari da Romawa da Moldova kamar yadda aka bambanta da kabilanci ba, kamar yadda a cikin aji: "'Romaniyawa' a cikin wannan fassarar su ne, da farko, boyars da 'yan jari-hujja wadanda suka 'wautar' mutanensu ". Moldovenizers, maimakon haka, rayayye yunƙurin haifar da " Moldovan harshe ", da fatan canza aji sani a cikin wani sabon kabilanci kishin kasa .  Sha’awar da Chioru yake da shi ga fannin yare ya sa ya zama mawallafin ƙamus na Rasha-Moldovan, wanda Gavril Buciușcan ya haɗa a shekara ta 1926; ya raba kimar edita tare da marubuci Dmitrii Milev .  Da yake bitar wannan gudummawar, ɗan tarihi Marius Tărîță ya lura cewa, duk da cewa yana riƙe da rubutun Cyrillic na gida, har yanzu bai amince da iƙirarin cewa "Moldovan" ya bambanta da Romanian ba. 

### Ƙirƙirar harshe
Gwajin yaren Chioru ya fara ne a watan Satumba na shekara ta 1926, lokacin da aka nada shi a matsayin darekta na Kwamitin Kimiyya na MASSR — wannan cibiya tana da sashe guda ɗaya kawai mai aiki, wanda aka keɓe ga ilimin harshe kuma ɗan nahawu Leonid Madan ya jagoranta.  Idan aka waiwayi wannan aiki bayan wasu shekaru hudu, Chioru ya bayar da hujjar cewa Romanian ba kawai ta bambanta da Moldovan ba, amma kuma "mara fahimta" ga masu magana na karshen (ko da yake ya kuma ba da rahoton bacin ransa cewa yawancin mazaunan MASSR, ciki har da "masu daraja na kimiyya", "yi imani da cewa Moldovan da Romanian harsuna") daya ne kuma harsunan Romanian).  Ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishina na Ilimi tsakanin 1928 zuwa 1930, lokacin da, kamar yadda masanin ilimin falsafa Vasile Bahnaru ya lura, ya yi jayayya da tsarin siyasa na ilimin harshe; ya goyi bayan banbance banbancen da ke tsakanin yaren Moldavia na zamani da harshen Romaniya na zamani, yana mai ba da shawarar cewa 'yan gurguzu za su iya injiniyan harshen Moldovan daga tsohon; A kan haka, Chioru ya ba da shawarar cewa Romanian harshe ne na "masu cin zarafi", yayin da Moldovan ya kasance ɗaya ga "wadanda aka yi amfani da su".  Ya ɗauki nauyin aikin na kansa, inda ya maye gurbin ƙamus na Buciușcan tare da nasa ayyukan a cikin ƙamus da warƙa, *Dispri orfografia linghii moldovinești* (wanda ya bayyana a Bîrzu a 1929); "ko dai ta zabi na Chior ko ta hanyar ƙari da gyare-gyare ta masu gyara", waɗannan sun ba da shawarar ƙamus na Russified, tare da kalmomi irin su *soiuz* don "ƙungiya" (maimakon *Unire* na Romanian). 

A cikin rahotonsa na Nuwamba 1929, Chioru ya tabbatar da cewa ƙirƙirar sababbin harsuna wani tsari ne na ƙungiyar gamayya, wanda ya ƙunshi yawancin harsunan Soviet ; A cikin gabatarwar sa ga ɗaya daga cikin littattafan littafin Madan, ya yi tir da ƙa'idar Buciușcan a matsayin ma Romanian.  Dangane da rubutun kalmomi, Chioru ya yarda da sake sabunta Cyrillic tare da aro kai tsaye daga haruffan Rasha - gami da я da ю - yana jayayya cewa wannan hanya ce ta "dimokiraɗiyya, sauƙaƙan da kimiyya". Da yake bitar gudummawar da ya bayar, masanin ilimin harshe Anatol Lența ya lura cewa ya "canza gaba ɗaya" daidaitattun ka'idodin haruffan Cyrillic na Romanian, suna da amfani da Russification.  Chioru da Milev sun amince da Madan, wanda kuma ya gayyaci marubuta don ƙirƙirar ƙamus na "Socialist Moldova".  Tare da I. Cușmăunsă, sun haɗu da rubuta roko wanda ya ba da hujjar cewa: "Ba mu da buƙatar nahawu na adabi na Romania, tun da irin wannan nahawu zai hana mu harshen Moldova gaba ɗaya" ( Ноауы aшэ граматикы ной om ыnaboushы da liemba noastrы moldovynyasы). 

A cikin 1930, Chioru ya yarda cewa ya fi sha'awar ƙirƙirar "harshen uwa" da "harshen rai", maimakon cikakken harshen wallafe-wallafen Moldovan; ya kuma bayar da rahoton cewa ba shi da sha'awar tarihin tarihin MASSR, yana mai bayyana batun a matsayin "mai wuya".  Da zarar ya mayar da hankali kan magana ta adabi, sai ya daidaita matsayinsa, yana fifita tsoffin kafofin Romania da kuma dogaro da salon magana na ƙasarsa Bessarabia — don haka keɓe kansa daga sauran masu fafutuka, waɗanda ke son yaren da ya dogara da yanayin magana mai ban mamaki na Dubăsari .  Har ila yau, Chioru ya yi sha'awar masanin tarihin Rumaniya Vasile Alecsandri, yana so ya yi koyi da aikinsa a fagen.  Ya yi ta ƙarfafa dukan ’yan gurguzu na gida da su san abin da ya kira “ adabin Moldavia ”, da kuma inganta shi a ƙauyuka. 

Kamar yadda mai kula da kabilanci Maria Ciocanu ta lura, aikin Chioru nasa "mai ra'ayin tarihin Soviet Moldovan na farko" ya kasance mai launi da sauran ainihinsa, na "mai gwagwarmayar akidar Marxist ". Bincikensa na tarihin Romaniya, ciki har da littafin 1927 *Zicătoarele moldovenești* ("Maganar Moldavia"), kawai ya tattara abin da "ya yarda da akidar Soviet".  Fitowarsa a matsayin masanin kida ya haɗa da littafin "waƙoƙin juyin juya hali", wanda aka rubuta tare da mawaki Mihail Bak kuma aka buga a Balta a wani kwanan wata da ba a sani ba (wataƙila a ƙarshen 1920s). Chioru da kansa ya gudanar da fassararsu zuwa Rashanci, kuma ya rubuta adadin mawakan da suka dace, yana mai bayyana fatan cewa za a kafa mawakan "a kowane ƙauye".  Littafin da ba a saba gani ba ya ƙunshi waƙar kishin ƙasa ta Romania, *Hora Unirii*, wanda aka gabatar a nan a matsayin " Hora na Ma'aikata". 

A cikin 1928, Chioru ya shiga cikin yakin Moldovanization, wanda Iosif Badeev ya sanar a matsayin madaidaicin manufofin Kwamitin Yanki na Kwaminisanci na Moldavia (Obkom) . Dukansu Badeev da Chioru sun bayyana cewa Tarayyar Soviet tana shirye-shiryen yaƙi da Masarautar Romania, kuma ta tsaya don cin nasara da Bessarabia (wanda aka ayyana a matsayin "ɓangaren Soviet Moldavia wanda ba za a iya raba shi ba").  Lokacin da ya nemi ma'auni na wallafe-wallafen ya dogara ne akan ainihin yaren Bessarabian, ya lura cewa irin wannan zaɓin "zai sauƙaƙe 'yantar da ƙasa na dukan Moldova."  Chioru ya ba da shawarar Moldovenization a matsayin "babban rehearsal", a karshen abin da MASSR "cadres" za su kasance a shirye su "shiga cikin Bessarabia" kuma su karbi ragamar mulki.  Duk da abin da ke cikin juyin juya hali na *Zicătoarele* (ciki har da murfin da ke nuna taken proletarian-internationalist, " Ma'aikata na duniya, haɗin kai! "), Ya sami kansa a cikin zargi don haɗawa da samfurori daga ko'ina cikin yankin Moldavia (ciki har da Western Moldavia ), da kuma daidaitawar waƙoƙin Mihai Eminescu .  Masanin tarihi Petru Negură ya yi imanin cewa Chioru, kamar ɗan uwansa marubuci Samuil Lehtțir, ko dai bai sani ba, ko kuma ya yi kamar bai sani ba, cewa waƙar Eminescu ba tatsuniyar ƙauye ba ce.  Tarin Chioru ya sami yabo daga masanin 'yan gudun hijirar anti-kwaminisanci, Nichita Smochină, wanda ya lura cewa ya kwashe ka'idodin Alecsandri a cikin MASSR, yayin da a lokaci guda ya gabatar da Romawa zuwa tarihin Moldavian daga nesa kamar Caucasus . 

### Faduwa da zuriya
Hanyar da Chioru ya yi, wanda ya haɗa da gano ƙwaƙƙwaran harshe a cikin tarihin tsohuwar gwamnatin Moldavia, ya sami yabo daga wani ɗan uwansa shugaban gurguzu, Ion Ocinschi. Na karshen ya tuna cewa Chioru ya kuma rubuta ƙamus, wanda a cikin kansa "mai ci gaba ne, kuma yana da tasiri mai kyau" (duk da cewa marubucin "ba shi da shiri sosai").  Wasu suka soki lamirin sa game da Moldovanization, Chioru ya baratar da kansa kamar yadda *Korenizatsiia* ya goyi bayansa. A cikin wata wasiƙa ta Yuni 1928 zuwa Lazar Kaganovich, wanda ke aiki a matsayin Sakatare na farko na Ukraine, Chioru ya bayyana: "Na ga Ukrainization a matsayin mafi muni fiye da Moldovanization, alal misali, kuma zan aiwatar da 'Georgianization' ba kasa da Georgian idan an aiko ni aiki a Jojiya gobe, saboda fahimtar wannan bukatar da aka cusa a gare ni a matsayin makaranta na juyin juya hali ".  A shekara ta 1931, shi da Madan sun sake inganta tsarin su ga al'amuran rubutun kalmomi da ƙamus. Har yanzu sun ci gaba da mai da hankali kan yanayin "dimokiradiyya" na ma'aunin da aka samu, amma sun soki ɗimbin ɗimbin yawa na Rasha, wanda suka fi son ƙayyadaddun kalmomin Romanian.  A wasu lokuta, Chioru ya bi ƙa'idar Kwalejin Romania, amma ya soki ƙauran kwaminisanci na Romania zuwa MASSR saboda amfani da kalmomin Faransanci .  Daga 1932, Chioru ya kasance mai goyon bayan kamfen na Latinization na Soviet, wanda ya kawo harafin Romani a cikin MASSR yadda ya kamata. 

Masanin tarihi Valeria Chelaru yana ganin wannan lokacin yana nuna gagarumin sauyi a manufofin Soviet: yana ƙarfafa umarninsa na akida, Joseph Stalin a hankali ya juya baya daga *Korenizatsia* da "ƙananan ƙasa", yana mai son kishin Soviet .  Bugu da ƙari: "A cewar wasu mahalarta a cikin abubuwan da suka faru, yunƙurin Latinization da kusanci na Moldovan da al'adun Romanian sun fito ne daga Stalin kansa."  Sakamakon wannan sauyi, da kuma saboda hasashe da aka samu na kishin ƙasa na Moldovan, Chioru ya rasa matsayinsa a Kwamitin Kimiyya a 1931. Wanda ya gaje shi nan da nan shine Ochinschi, wanda ya ci gaba da kai hari kan Madan a matsayin wanda ake zargi da "mai adawa da juyin juya hali", kuma ya bukaci a bi Latinization tare da rarrabuwar kasidu; kamar yadda Chelaru ya lura: "A takaice, sabon harshen hukuma a cikin MASSR bai bambanta da yaren da ake magana da shi a Romania ba."  A lokacin kololuwar irin wannan kamfen, Chioru ba ya nan a cikin jamhuriyar, bayan an aika shi zuwa Moscow. Kamar yadda ɗan tarihi Oleg Galushenko ya faɗa, mai yiyuwa ne ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin babban matsayi a cikin na'urorin gudanarwa na MASSR.  Ochinschi ya ba da rahoton cewa an sanya Chioru don ya sha suka, kuma ya kasance a Moscow don karɓar horon akida. 

Bayan ya dawo a 1934, Chioru ya zama sakataren Moldavian Obkom a gundumar Rîbnița .  Duk da haka ya saka hannun jari a cikin haɓaka tarihin almara na Moldovan, ya ba da fifikon halartar wasan kwaikwayo ta wani sanannen gida *Lăutar*, Gheorghe Murgu.  An sake mayar da manufar Latinization da sauri a gaban Babban Tsabta, tare da magoya bayansa da aka yi watsi da su a matsayin wadanda ake zargi - kuma an zarge su da ɗaukar nauyin kishin ƙasa na Romania. Chioru da kansa an saukar da shi, ana kwatanta shi a lokaci guda a matsayin wakili na masu goyon bayan Romawa da Trotskyist .  An kori marubucin daga jam’iyyar a ranar 20 ga Maris 1937. Wannan shawarar ta fito ne kai tsaye daga All-Union Politburo - lokaci guda a tarihi da ofishin siyasa ya shiga cikin kansa wajen rage girman dan takarar lardin MASSR.  NKVD ta kama Chioru a cikin watan Yuni  ko Agusta  (dukkan sauran ma'aikatan *Plugarul Roșu* an tara su a cikin dare ɗaya).  A lokacin tambayoyinsa, shi da Ivan Krivorukov duka "sun furta cewa sun kasance wani ɓangare na shirin kishin ƙasa" wanda ɗan gurguzu Grigore Starîi ya jagoranta. 

Daga baya tarihin tarihin sau da yawa sun ba da rahoton cewa an tura Chioru zuwa Siberian Gulag, kuma ya mutu a can a 1943, yana da shekaru 41.    Masanin kimiyya Iurie Colesnic ya lura cewa wannan kuskure ne mai ma'ana daga hukumomin Soviet, wanda, a lokacin De-Stalinization, ya zo ganin Babban Tsarkakewa a matsayin abin kunya. Kamar yadda Colesnic ya rubuta, Chioru hakika NKVD ya harbe shi a Tiraspol, ranar 11 ga Oktoba 1937;  Galushenko ne ya ƙididdige wannan asusun, wanda ya lura cewa an yanke hukuncin kisa a ranar 8 ga Oktoba.  Masana tarihi Gheorghe Negru da Mihail Tașcă sun tabbatar da ranar ƙarshe, amma kuma lura cewa a kan Chioru da Badeev, tare da wasu fursunoni 16 da aka yanke hukuncin kisa, a zahiri sun sami hukuncin kisa a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, ta hanyar shawarar da Nikolai Yezhov ya yanke.  Smochină ya rubuta iƙirarin cewa hukumomin Soviet sun kona kwafin ayyukan Chioru, tunda sun nuna “haɗin kai na ruhaniya na Romawa a dukan ƙasashe.” 

Hukuncin Chioru ya faru ne kasa da shekaru uku kafin Tarayyar Soviet ta mamaye Bessarabia, wacce ta hada mafi yawan MASSR da yankin Romania a da, inda suka kafa Jamhuriyar Socialist ta Moldavian Soviet Socialist . De-Stalinization a cikin wannan sabon tsarin kuma ya nuna alamar gyaran Chioru, wanda ya ba shi damar gane shi a matsayin wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Marubuta a duk Soviet Moldavia. Tambayoyi da KGB suka yi a lokacin Khrushchev Thaw, Ocinschi ya nuna godiya ga magajinsa: "Mutumin kwaminisanci, Chior ya yi gwagwarmaya sosai don kula da layin jam'iyyar gaba daya."  Wannan sabon tsarin mulki ya ciyar da ɗan Chioru mai rai, Georgy Pavlovich Kior, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan tashar wutar lantarki ta Cuciurgan .  A cikin 1960s, Ivan Bodiul, wanda ya jagoranci Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Moldavia, ya karfafa sake buga ayyukan Chioru da sauran marubutan da suka rasa zuwa Babban Tsabta, wanda aka ruwaito yana ba da fifiko ga wannan aikin akan kowane littafi na Bessarabian Roman classic.  Irin wannan tsayin daka an yi masa ba'a a cikin wani almara mai ƙin yarda, wanda Arhip Cibotaru ya samar; An lura cewa wallafe-wallafen Moldovan gaba ɗaya, sun dogara da, ƴan gwagwarmayar Soviet guda biyu masu suna na farko: Pavel Chioru da Pavel Boțu .  A cikin 1990, a tsayin Perestroika ' yanci, an ba da izinin Gidan Tarihi na Chișinău ya nuna wani nuni na tunawa da waɗanda Stalinism ya shafa. Ya haɗa da hoton Chioru, wanda aka ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗan gudun hijira, maimakon a matsayin wanda aka kashe.  Da yake rubutawa a cikin 2021, Galushenko ya bayar da hujjar cewa gudummawar da Chioru ya bayar a cikin karatun almara "sun riƙe mahimmancin kimiyya har yau." 

## Bayanan kula

## Manazarta