open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Blu Greenberg

**Blu Greenberg** (an haife shi a watan Janairu 21,1936,a Seattle,tare da sunan Bluma Genauer,daga baya bisa doka ta canza sunanta na farko zuwa Blu  ) marubuciya Ba’amurke ce ta kware kan Yahudanci na zamani da al'amuran mata.Littattafanta da aka fi sani sune *Akan Mata da Yahudanci:Ra'ayi Daga Al'ada* (1981),da *Baƙin Bread:Waƙoƙi,Bayan Holocaust* (1994).

Tana da BA a cikin kimiyyar siyasa daga Kwalejin Brooklyn, MA a cikin ilimin halin ɗan adam daga Jami'ar City ta New York,da MS a cikin tarihin Yahudawa daga Jami'ar Yeshiva.  Ta auri Irving Greenberg, wanda kuma sanannen marubuci ne kuma farfesa.

Greenberg da aiki a cikin motsi zuwa gada Yahudanci da mata.A cikin Fabrairun 1973, ta ba da jawabin buɗe taron a taron mata na Yahudawa na farko na ƙasa,wanda aka gudanar a birnin New York.A cikin 1997 da 1998,ta jagoranci taron kasa da kasa na farko da na biyu akan Feminism da Orthodoxy,kuma ita ce ta kafa kuma ita ce shugabar farko ta ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta Orthodox na Yahudawa.Ta kuma yi kokarin gina gadoji tsakanin mata masu addinai daban-daban,ta hanyar taimakawa wajen kafa "Matan Imani", da kuma yadda ta shiga cikin shirin "Dialogue Project",wanda ke neman hada kan matan Yahudawa da Falasdinu.Ta yi karatu a jami'o'i da al'ummomin Yahudawa a Amurka da sauran wurare. Ita ma ta kirkiro wannan shahararriyar magana:“Inda akwai wasiyyar Rabi’a,akwai hanyar halak.

Ta sami lambar yabo *ta macen da ta yi bambanci* a ranar 26 ga Janairu,2000,daga Hukumar Majalisar Dokokin Yahudawa ta Amurka don daidaiton mata a lokacin wani biki a Knesset na Isra'ila a Urushalima.

 

## Labarai

* (2004) Babi na 16 na Canza Imani na Ubanninmu: Matan da Suka Canja Addinin Amurka.Ann Braude ta gyara.
* (2000) *[http://www.bjpa.org/Publications/details.cfm?PublicationID=7955 Orthodox Feminism da Ƙarni na gaba]* . Sh'ma:Jaridar Alhakin Yahudawa Juzu'i na 30/no.568.
* (1998) Sarki Sulemanu da Sarauniyar Saba. Pitspopany Press; Littafin & Buga Abin Wasa: 
* (1994) Baƙar Gurasa: Waƙoƙi, Bayan Holocaust. Gidan Bugawa na Ktav. ISBN&nbsp;
* (1992) *Shin Yanzu Lokaci ne don Rabawan Matan Orthodox?* . *Lokacin* Dec. 1992: 50-53, 74.
* (1985) Yadda ake Gudanar da Gidan Yahudanci na Gargajiya. Wuta gefen. ISBN&nbsp;
* (1984) *Shin Za A Samu Mata Rabi'u?* . *Yahudanci* 33.1 (Winter 1984): 23-33.
* (1981) Akan Mata da Yahudanci: Ra'ayi daga Al'ada. Jama'a Publication Society of America. ISBN&nbsp;
* (1976) *[https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:P9niPqN28xYJ:jwa.org/feminism/_html/_pdf/JWA031a.pdf+&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgen_EQ-WY_JhXMl0PsoZQ5i9gdl6-oykYRWjCzY95vcVpY1SLzggGyR9A_RZ8Z7F2xj-h7WRRkwzbLXnXiIcNCX8_8XoV4GO67_64gji9FDSvyU36rF5LlxdLuCp6rd9yB5V2P&sig=AHIEtbRwVWzgL6PCeUaS1lYHhKeBVSxzjA Mata: Shin yana da kyau ga Yahudawa?]* . *Hadassah*, Afrilu 1976.
* (1974) *[http://www.bjpa.org/Publications/details.cfm?PublicationID=8870 Zubar da ciki - Muna Bukatar Halittar Halachic]* . Sh'ma: Jaridar Alhakin Yahudawa. Juzu'i na 5/no.81.
Hedwig Jahnow

**Hedwig Jahnow** (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Maris,1879, a Rawitsch, ya rasu a ranar 22 ga Maris,1944,a cikin Theresienstad) malami Bajamushe ne kuma masanin tauhidin Tsohon Alkawari wanda ya yi karatun Dirge Rabbinic,musamman Kinah. A shekarar 1919 bayan lashe zabe a shekarar farko da aka baiwa mata damar kada kuri'a ta zama mace ta farko a majalisar dokokin birnin Marburg. Daga baya ta zama mataimakiyar shugabar makarantar Marburg Elisabeth. Hedwig ta binciko matsayin mata a cikin Tsohon Alkawari kuma ta ba da gudummawar ayyuka da yawa kan wannan batu da ke tabbatar da kanta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin malaman Littafi Mai Tsarki mata na farko a Jamus.Masana ilimin tauhidi na zamani sun ambata aikin Jahow a matsayin tushen binciken zamani akan littafin Makoki.    

## Family
An haifi Hedwig Jahnow Hedwig Inowraclawer.Mahaifinta Alfred,wanda malami ne a Oelser Gymnasium a Oleśnica, Silesia,Domin samun damar zama ma'aikacin gwamnati ya bar asalin sunan Bayahude na Haruna Inowraclawer kuma ya tuba daga bangaskiyar Yahudawa zuwa bangaskiyar Furotesta.Ɗan’uwan Hedwig,Reinhold Jahnow,majagaba ne na jirgin sama na Jamus wanda ya ci jarrabawar matuƙin jirgin a 1911 kuma ya mutu a watan Agusta 1914 a matsayin memba na farko na Sojan Sama (Laftanar Farko na Landwehr).

## Ilimi

## Dauri da mutuwa

Yahaya, H. (1923).Das hebräische Leichenlied im Rahmen der Völkerdichtung (Jana'izar Jana'izar Hebra a cikin tatsuniyoyi).Giessen: A.Töpelmann.
Tehilla Lichtenstein

**Tehilla Lichtenstein**  (1893-1973) ya kasance mai haɗin gwiwa kuma jagorar Kimiyyar Yahudanci,haka kuma marubuci.  An haife ta a Urushalima kuma ta yi hijira zuwa Amurka lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha ɗaya. Iyayenta sune Hava (Cohen) da Rabbi Chaim Hirschensohn.Ta sami digiri na BA a Classics daga Kwalejin Hunter da kuma digiri na MA a fannin adabi daga Jami'ar Columbia. 

Lichtenstein ta fara gudanar da makarantar addini ta Society of Jewish Science a New York,inda ta kuma koyar da Ibrananci da Littafi Mai Tsarki. Ta zama shugabar ruhaniya na Society of Science Yahudawa lokacin da mijinta Morris,wanda ya kasance shugabanta, ya mutu a 1938. Wasikar Morris ta bayyana cewa matsayin ya kamata ya je ga ɗayan ’ya’yansu,ko kuma zuwa Tehilla idan ɗayan ’ya’yansu ba su yarda ba, wanda kamar yadda ba su yi ba. Don haka Lichtenstein ta zama mace Bayahudiya Ba’amurke ta farko da ke da mimbari (ko da yake ba ta taɓa nema ko karɓar naɗin rabbi ba) kuma ta farko da ta zama shugabar ruhaniya na ikilisiyar Yahudawa mai gudana. A ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1938,Lichtenstein ta ba da huɗubarta ta farko a matsayin sabuwar shugabar Ƙungiyar Kimiyyar Yahudawa.An yi masa taken “Ikon Tunani.” A cewar *[[New York Times|jaridar New York Times]]*,wacce ta ba da taƙaitaccen sanarwa ga taron,sama da mutane ɗari biyar ne suka halarci wannan wa'azin. Ta ci gaba da wa’azi tun daga kan mimbari har zuwa 1972. Ta yi huduba sama da dari biyar gaba daya.

Ta dauki nauyin shirin rediyo na mako-mako a cikin 1950s wanda ya kasance hade da shawarwari masu amfani da koyarwar Kimiyyar Yahudanci. 

## Further reading

* "Aikace-aikacen Yahudanci," na Tehilla Lichtenstein (1989)
* "Kimiyyar Yahudawa a cikin Yahudanci,"na Tehilla Lichtenstein da Morris Lichtenstein (1986)
* "Rayuwa da Tunanin Tehilla Lichtenstein,"na Rebecca Alpert
* "Abin da za ku gaya wa abokanku game da Kimiyyar Yahudawa," na Tehilla Lichtenstein (1951)

## Manazarta
Benay Lappe

**Benay Lappe** ( Ibrananci: בִּנֵיילַפֶּה/בנאי לאפה) limamin Ba’amurke ne kuma malamin Talmud a Amurka.A cikin 2016,Gidauniyar Alƙawari ta ba Lappe lambar yabo ta Alkawari don ƙididdigewa a cikin iliminYahudawa.  

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Lappe a ranar 13 ga Afrilu,1960,kuma ya girma a Evanston,Illinois.Ta sami BA a cikin adabi na Italiyanci da kuma MA a cikin ilimi daga Jami'ar Illinois,MA a cikin haruffan Ibrananci daga Jami'ar Yahudanci,da MA a cikin adabin rabbi,da kuma *semicha* (sarkin rabbin) daga Makarantar Tauhidi ta Yahudawa.na Amurka. 

Lappe farfesa ne a Jami'ar Illinois,Jami'ar Temple,Jami'ar Yahudawa ta Amurka,Kwalejin Rabbinical Reconstructionist,da Cibiyar Dinner ta Richard S.Dinner Union na Nazarin Yahudawa mai alaƙa da Jami'ar California,Berkeley. Ita ce farfesa na Talmud a Cibiyar Nazarin Ibrananci a Skokie,Illinois,kuma tana aiki a matsayin babban darektan da Rosh Yeshiva na SVARA (Ibrananci :סְבָרָא),yeshiva a Chicago. 

## References
Drorah Setel

**Drorah Setel** Wata masani ce ta Littafi Mai Tsarki kuma ƙwararriyar tauhidin mata daga Buffalo, New York,wanda a da ya kasance rabbi a Temple Bet El a Niagara Falls, NY.A halin yanzu tana hidima a matsayin rabbi ga Haikali Emanu-El a Cibiyar Jama'ar Yahudawa a Brighton,wani yanki na Rochester, New York.

Ma'aikacin zamantakewa kuma mai kula da ruhaniya, Setel an san shi a matsayin mawallafi,tare da Debbie Friedman, na" Mi Shebeirach wanda aka rera a cikin al'ummomin Yahudawa na Gyara a yau. Ellen Umansky ta jera Setel a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun malaman tauhidin mata na Yahudawa.
Raysh Weiss

**Raysh** **Weiss** (An Haife shi 1984) Babban Babban Malami ne na Haikali na Isra'ila na Natick,MA. A baya can,Weiss ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Rabbi na Bet El na gundumar Bucks a Yardley,PA  kuma a matsayin shugaban ruhaniya na majami'ar Shaar Shalom a Halifax,Nova Scotia,  da kuma limamin Yahudawa.a Jami'ar Dalhousie da Jami'ar King's College. Weiss kuma shine wanda ya kafa da kuma darektan YentaNet   kuma mai fafutuka ne na zamantakewa;  makadi;da marubucin da aka buga akan shahararrun da batutuwa na ilimi don irin kafofin watsa labaru kamar *Mujallar Tablet ,*  *JewSchool,Zeramim:An Online Journal of Applied Jewish Studies,* and *My Jewish Learning.*  Weiss tsofaffin ɗalibai ne na Bronfman Fellowship (2001)  da shirin Wexner Graduate Fellowship (aji 25).  Ta yi aiki a kan kwamitocin ƙasa na duka T'ruah:Kiran Rabbinic don yancin ɗan adam da Kwamitin Havurah na ƙasa. 

A cikin 2012,Weiss,wacce ta rubuta takardar shaidar digirinta game da wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗan Yiddish na farkon karni na 20, ta sami digirinta na digiri a cikin adabi da karatun al'adu a Jami'ar Minnesota,inda a baya ta sami MA tare da ƙaramin maida hankali.Nazarin Kiɗa.A cikin shekarunta a Minnesota,Weiss ya kafa kuma ya taimaka wajen jagorantar al'ummar Yahudawa masu zaman kansu,Uptown Havurah. 

## Manazarta
Flora Sassoon

**Flora Sassoon** (18 Nuwamba 1859-14 Janairu 1936) yar kasuwa ce Bayahudiya 'yar kasuwa,ƙwararriya, Hebraist kuma mai ba da taimako.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Flora Gubbay a cikin 1859 a Bombay,Indiya.  Mahaifinta shi ne Ezekiel Abraham Gubbay (1824-1896),ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan kasuwa wanda ya zo Indiya daga Baghdad,Iraki,kuma mahaifiyarta Aziza Sassoon (1839-1897). Kakan mahaifiyarta shine Albert Abdullah David Sassoon (1818-1896). A sakamakon haka,kakanta na uwa shine David Sassoon (1792-1864),babban mai sayar da auduga da opium wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'ajin Bagadaza tsakanin 1817 zuwa 1829,kuma kakarta ta uwa ita ce matarsa ta farko,Hannah Joseph.(1792-1826).   Ta na da 'yan'uwa biyar (da kuma rabin 'yan'uwa tare da matar farko na kakanta).

Sassoon ya tafi makarantar Katolika kuma an koyar da shi a asirce daga malamai daga Baghdad. A cikin shekaru goma sha bakwai,ta yi magana da Ibrananci,Aramaic,Hindustani,Turanci,Faransanci da Jamusanci. *Jaridar Cairns Post* ta bayyana ta a matsayin daya daga cikin mata masu ilimi a duniya.

## Sana'a da ayyukan jama'a
Sassoon ta dauki nauyin kasuwancin mijinta a Indiya, David Sassoon & Company,jim kadan bayan mutuwarsa.

Bayahudiya mai lura da al'ada,koyaushe tana tafiya da nata taron addu'o'i na manyan Yahudawa maza goma  kuma ta kasance mai ƙarfi mai goyon bayan Sanarwar Balfour kuma mai kishin sahyoniya.  Ta kuma yi nazarin Attaura kuma ta rubuta labarai game da Rashi,waɗanda aka buga a *Dandalin Yahudawa*.  A cikin 1924,ta jagoranci Ranar Magana ta Shekara-shekara a Kwalejin Yahudawa,tana jaddada mahimmancin ilimin Yahudawa.Ta sau da yawa karbar bakuncin Gabas ta Tsakiya/Indiya luncheons da abincin dare tare da abinci Yahudawa, da kyau shirya bin kashrut matsayin; don tabbatar da hakan,koyaushe tana tafiya tare da mai yankanta na al'ada.

Yayin da yake zaune a Indiya,Sassoon ya kasance mai goyon bayan Waldemar Haffkine (1860-1930), wanda ya ƙirƙira maganin cutar kwalara,kuma ya ƙarfafa Hindu da Musulmai masu jinkirin ɗaukar ta.Da zarar ta ƙaura zuwa Ingila,ta kan ba da gudummawa ga Yahudawa a faɗin duniya waɗanda suke roƙon ta kuɗi a cikin sa’o’in da suke bukata. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa
Sassoon ya auri Solomon David Sassoon (1841–1894),ɗan David Sassoon (1792–1864) ta matarsa ta biyu, Farha Hyeem (1814–1886);don haka ta auri kawun uban mahaifiyarta.     Sun haifi 'ya'ya uku:

* David Solomon Sassoon (1880-1942;yana da ɗa,Solomon David Sassoon (1915-1985), da jikan,Isaac SD Sassoon) 
* Rachel Sassoon Ezra (1877-1952,ta auri Sir David Ezra)
* Mozelle Sassoon (1884-1921)

Sun zauna a Bombay. Bayan mutuwar mijinta, ta koma Ingila.  Ita da 'ya'yanta sun ziyarci Bagadaza don babban hutun Yahudawa a cikin 1910,kuma waliin Baghdad Hussain Nadim Pasha,Babban Malami Ezra Dangoor ya gabatar da ita.  Akwai wasiku a rubuce tsakanin dangi da Hakham Joseph Hayyim,babban masanin Baghdad,wanda ake girmamawa saboda tsoronsa kuma sanannen aikinsa mai farin jini,Ben Ish Hai.Ƙarshen ya mutu a cikin 1909 kuma ba zai iya kasancewa ba don ziyarar iyali na Sassoon a 1910.

Sassoon ta mutu a shekara ta 1936 a gidanta a London. 

## Manazarta
Linda Vero Ban

**Linda Vero Ban** (Hungarian;an haife shi 1976) marubuci ɗan ƙasar Hungary ne,rebbetzin, kuma malamin Yahudawa. An haife ta a Budapest, inda har yanzu take rayuwa.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An kuma haifi Ban a cikin shekarar 1976 a Budapest a cikin dangin Yahudawa na gargajiya.An bayyana ta a matsayin "cikin farkon wanda ya sake gina rayuwar Yahudawa a Budapest,tun tana matashiya bayan zamanin Kwaminisanci, tana taka rawa sosai a farfaɗo da ita a Hungary a cikin shekarar 1990s."Ba za ku iya yin addininku a ƙarƙashin tsarin gurguzu ba,don haka sai bayan da gwamnatin ta yi murabus ne mutane suka fara ƙoƙarin gano sunayensu,"in ji ta."Ba sa zuwa majami'a,amma har yanzu suna son bayyana al'adun Yahudawa,"ta bayyana wa wani ɗan jarida a 2013.

Linda Ban ta sauke karatu a Jami'ar Ibrananci ta Kudus a fannin Tarihi na Fasaha da Sashen Nazarin ɗan adam.

## Early career
Ta yi aiki a matsayin *shlicha* (wakili) na ƙungiyar Masorti Olami, sannan ta shafe shekara guda a cikin shirin tallafin karatu na Cibiyar Nazarin Yahudawa ta Turai (Paideia) a Stockholm,Sweden.

## Iyali da ƙarin aiki

A cikin shekara ta 2002 ta auri Rabbi Tamás Verő kuma tun daga nan take aiki a cikin ilimin Yahudawa na yau da kullun da ginin al'umma a Majami'ar Frankel a Budapest.A can tana gudanar da Makarantar Lahadi da Family Kabalat Shabat,kuma a cikin Satumba 2015 ta kafa BBYO Hungary don matasa masu shekaru 12 zuwa 16. 

## Sana'ar rubutu
A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata Ban ya rubuta kuma ya buga littattafai 13 ga iyalai matasa game da al'adun Yahudawa da asalinsu. Waɗannan su ne littattafan yara na Yahudawa na ilimi na zamani da aka buga a cikin Harshen Hungarian tun lokacin Shoah.An fassara wasu daga cikin littattafanta zuwa Turanci da Jamusanci, Slovak,Faransanci,Rashanci da Croatian.

Ban's "Menene Ma'anar Yahudawa?" An kuma ware shi don yabo a matsayin littafin Yahudawa a kan *Huffington Post*,wanda marubucin rubutunsa ya zaba a matsayin "Mafi kyawun Littafin Yahudawa na 2010." 

## Akwai littattafai cikin Turanci

* *Menene Ma'anar Yahudawa?* 
* *Sannu Allah!* *- Littafin Addu'ar Yahudawa mai hulɗa don Yara* 
* *Hotunan Iyalin Becca-Rayuwar Yahudawa a Budapest* 
* *Rayuwar Al'ummar Yahudawa a Budapest* 

## Nassoshi
Hakkokin Yara a Chile

Ana kiyaye **[[Haƙƙoƙin yara|haƙƙin yara]] a [[Chile|ƙasar Chile]]** ta hanyar wasu tsare-tsare na ƙasa da ke tallafawa a duk matakan gwamnati. 

## Fage
A Chile ilimi na duniya ne, wajibi ne, kuma kyauta ne daga aji na farko zuwa na 12. Alkalumman gwamnati na baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa a shekarar 2002 matsakaicin matakin ilimi ya kai shekaru 10 amma ya bambanta a yanki da kuma yawan shekaru. Bankin Duniya ya ba da rahoton cewa a shekara ta 2004 fiye da kashi 90 cikin 100 na yaran da suka isa makaranta sun halarci makaranta. Kashi uku bisa hudu na al'ummar kasar sun kammala karatun firamare (shekaru takwas), kuma kashi 61 cikin dari sun yi karatun sakandare (shekaru 12).  Gwamnati tana ba da tsarin kula da lafiya ta hanyar tsarin jama'a, wanda ya haɗa da dubawa akai-akai, alluran rigakafi, da kula da lafiyar gaggawa. Yara maza da mata sun sami damar samun kulawar lafiya daidai. 

Cin zarafin yara ya kasance matsala a Chile. Wani bincike da gidauniyar zaman lafiya ta Citizens's Peace Foundation ta gudanar a shekara ta 2003 ya nuna cewa kashi 60 cikin 100 na yaran da aka yi wa binciken a tsakanin shekaru bakwai zuwa 10 sun fuskanci cin zarafi a kansu ko kuma kayansu na ciki ko wajen gidajensu. Binciken UNICEF na shekarar 2006 ya ba da rahoton cewa kashi 75 cikin 100 na masu shekaru 13- da 14 sun ba da rahoton cewa suna fuskantar wani nau'in tashin hankali na jiki ko na hankali daga iyaye ɗaya ko duka biyun, gami da kashi 26 cikin ɗari waɗanda suka ba da rahoton cewa sun fuskanci mummunan tashin hankali (misali, duka, yanke, da konewa). 

Daga watan Janairu zuwa Nuwamba, Ma'aikatar Jama'a ta ba da rahoton shari'o'i 197 na lalata da yara kanana na kasuwanci, idan aka kwatanta da shari'o'i 195 a duk shekara ta 2005. Tun daga watan Yuni 2003 Hukumar Kula da Yara ta Gwamnati (SENAME) ta taimaka wa mutane fiye da 2,100 da aka yi musu lalata da su. SENAME, Carabineros, da PICH sun yi aiki tare, tare da makarantu da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, don gano yara a cikin mummunan yanayi, samar da yara da aka zalunta da shawarwari da sauran ayyukan zamantakewa, da kuma kiyaye iyalai. 

Karuwanci na yara a Chile ya kasance matsala, da kuma aikin yara a cikin tattalin arziki na yau da kullun. 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* The rights of the child in Chile: an historical view, 1910-1930 full text in English 
* The rights of the child in Chile: an historical view, 1910-1930 full text in Spanish
Jerin Sunayen Mazabun Karamar Hukumar Darazo

Karamar Hukumar Darazo ta jihar Bauchi tanada Mazabu goma sha daga (11) ga jerin Sunayen su kamar Haka.

DARAZO.
TAUYA.
GABARIN.
KONKIYAL.
LAGO.
SADE.
LANZAI.
YAUTARE

### Manazarta
Gazawar zuciya

**Cutar gazawar zuciya** ( **HF** ), wanda kuma aka sani da **ciwon zuciya na ''congestive heart failure***  ( *'CHF*' ), ciwo ne, rukuni na alamu da alamomin bayyanar cututtuka, wanda ya faruwa a dalilin illolin bubbugar jini daga zuciya. Alamomin cutar sun haɗa da ƙarancin numfashi, yawan [[Rashin karfi|gajiya]], da kumburin ƙafafu. Ƙunƙarar numfashi na iya faruwa yayin aiki ko a yanayin  kwanciya, kuma yana iya hana mara lafiya baci da dare .  Ciwon ƙirji, gami da angina, ba [[Ciwo|yawanci ciwon]] zuciya ne ke haifar da shi ba, amma yana iya faruwa idan ciwon zuciya ya haifar da cutar [[Ciwon zuciya|zuciya]] *(heart attack)*.  Ana gano tsananin cutar gazawar zuciya ta hanyar gwajin *ejection fraction'' da kuma auna ta da tsananin alamominta.  Sauran yanayi waɗanda zasu iya samun alamun bayyanar cututtuka irin su gazawar zuciya sun haɗa da kiba, gazawar koda, cututtukan hanta, anemia, da cutar thyroid.

## Manazarta
Hankyu Corporation

**Hankyu Corporation** hukuma ce ta zirga-zirgar jiragen kasa ta Japan.
An kafa kamfanin a shekarar 1907. Yana da jirgin kasa 1283.

## Manazarta
Sophie Kyagulanyi

**Sophie Kyagulanyi** ƴar fafutukar kare hakkin ɗan Adam kuma Lauya ce, ta na aiki da Oxfam a Uganda.

## Ilimi.
Kyagulanyi ta sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a, a Jami'ar Makerere inda ta yi karatu daga shekarun 1998, zuwa 2001. 

## Sana'a.
Kyagulanyi tayi aiki  a matsayin mai kula da harkokin mulkin demokraɗiyya da Action Aid Uganda da kuma Manajar Shirin Jagoranci na Mata a Dandalin a Dimokuradiyya.  Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai Gudanar da Bincike da Shawarwari na Shari'a tare da Foundation for Human Rights Initiative daga e 2001, zuwa 2005.    yanzu ita ce Manajar Gudanarwa da Kulawa a Oxfam a Uganda.  Ta kasance memba ta kafa DefendDefenders   kuma ta zama shugaba a shekarar 2019. 

Kyagulanyi tana da muƙaloli da ambato da yawa.    A watan Yuni 2020, ta rubuta wani shafi mai taken *COVID19 -A reminder why access to water is a human right*.

## Manazarta.
William Leslie Amanzuru

**William Leslie Amanzuru** dan rajin kare hakkin dan adam dan kasar Uganda ne kuma shugaban tawagar abokan Zoka a Uganda.    

## Fage
An haife shi a gundumar Adjumani a arewa maso yammacin Uganda, Amanzuru ya girma a yankin dajin Zoka wani gandun daji a yammacin Nilu Uganda.   

## Sana'a
A cikin damuwa da yadda ake amfani da dazuzzukan ba bisa ka'ida ba, Amanzuru ya yanke shawarar yin wani abu don tabbatar da cewa an kiyaye dajin Zoka. A shekara ta dubu biyu da sha biyar 2015, Amanzuru tare da al'umma sun kafa wata kungiya mai suna "abokan Zoka", kungiyar masu fafutukar kare muhalli da ke kaunar gandun daji na Zoka don dakatar da fashin ba bisa ka'ida ba daga masu saran katako, dillalan katako da dillalan gawayi.    

A farkon abokan Zoka, kungiyar ta hada ayyukansu a wata kungiya ta watsap domin bin diddigin masu sara da kuma sanar da juna duk wani aiki da ya dace a dauki mataki.    

Amanzuru ya gamu da turjiya mai karfi daga sojojin Uganda da jami'an 'yan sanda masu karfi da suka yi kaurin suna wajen cinikin katako. Ya fuskanci barazanar kisa, ya shiga gidansa kuma ya kwashe danginsa 500&nbsp;km nesa don neman aminci.    

Shi da sauran masu fafutuka sun shirya taruka domin wayar da kan jama'a game da illolin sauyin yanayi. A shekara ta 2019 sun shirya 470&nbsp;Tafiya mai nisan kilomita don ceto dajin Zoka, tattakin ya fara ne daga Kampala babban birnin kasar Uganda har zuwa dajin Zoka a gundumar Adjumani kuma ya dauki tsawon kwanaki 15.  

## Kyauta
Amanzuru ya kasance wanda ya karbi lambar yabo ta masu kare hakkin bil'adama ta Tarayyar Turai na shekarar 2019 a Uganda saboda aikin da ya mayar da hankali kan kare muhalli da tabbatar da adalci.  

## Manazarta
Caroline Adoch

**Caroline Adoch** lauya ce 'yar Uganda kuma mai kare hakkin bil'adama. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta sami digiri na uku (LL. D) digiri daga Jami'ar Makerere wanda aka ba ta a ranar 23 ga watan Mayu 2022.   

## Ilimi
Adoch ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Katolika ta Naggalama, inda ta sami takardar shaidar kammala firamare. Ta halarci Maunt St. Mary's Namagunga don karatun O-level da A-level.   Ta halarci Jami'ar Dar es Salaam dan Bachelors of Laws daga shekarun 2004 zuwa 2007,   kuma ta sami digiri na biyu na Dokokin (LL. M) a shekarar 2010 daga Jami'ar Cambridge a Burtaniya bayan an ba ta tallafin karatu na Commonwealth.    Ta sami digiri na Dokoki (LL. D) daga Jami'ar Makerere a ranar 23 ga watan Mayu 2022, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama mace ta farko da ta samu digirin digirgir (LL. D) daga jami'a. 

Kundin karatun digirinta na da taken "Samar da Shari'ar Jinsi a Uganda: Binciken Mata na Ƙwararrun  waɗanda aka yi wa fyade a cikin Ba da rahoto da Tsarin Gabatarwa" wanda Farfesa Sylvia Tamale ta sa ido.   

## Sana'a
A cikin 2012, Adoch ta shiga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Makerere a matsayin mataimakiyar koyarwa. Daga baya ta zama mataimakiyar malama a wannan jami'a inda ta gabatar da kwasa-kwasan da suka hada da kare hakkin dan adam, dokokin cikin gida, dokokin gudanarwa da tsarin mulki.  A watan Maris 2019, Ta zama babbar abokiyar tarayya a CivSource. 

## Duba kuma

* Sylvia Tamale

## Manazarta
Sun Television

**Sun Television** tashar talabijin ce ta Japan.
An kafa kamfanin a shekarar 1969. An kafa a Kobe.

## Manazarta
Tashar Tennoji

**Tashar Tennoji** (天王寺駅, Tennoji-eki) tashar jirgin kasa ce ta fasinja dake cikin birnin Osaka, Japan, wanda Kamfanin Railway na Yammacin Japan (JR West) ke gudanarwa.

## Tarihi
An bude tashar Tennoji a 14 ga Mayu, 1889. Tare da keɓantawar Layin Jirgin ƙasa na Japan (JNR) a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1987, tashar ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Kamfanin Railway na Yammacin Japan.

## Kididdigar fasinja
A cikin kasafin kuɗi na 2019, matsakaicin fasinjoji 740000 ne ke amfani da tashar kowace rana. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin tashoshin jirgin kasa a Japan

## Manazarta
Catherine Newman

**Catherine Newman** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1968) marubuciyar littattafan yara da manya ce 'yar kasar Amurka.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Newman ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Fieldston a cikin Bronx kuma ta kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Amherst a 1990. Newman ta sami Ph.D. a fannin rubutun Littattafai daga Jami'ar California,Santa Cruz .

Newman ya yi aiki a cikin kulawar asibiti. Littafin da ta fi so shine Adrienne Rich's *Mafarkin Harshe gama gari*. 

### Sana'ar rubutu
Newman ta rubuta don *dandana* da *Washington Post*.

Bayananta *da Jiran Birdy:hekarar Frantic Tedium, eurotic Angst, a Wild Magic na Girman Iyali* (Penguin, 005) sun karbi bita na tauraro daga *Mawallafin Mako-mako*, anda ya kira shi "gaskiya, ai tausayi da ban dariya". *Kirkus Reviews* ya ce, "abin da ke karfafa mai karatu shi ne ci gaba da barkwanci da ake nunawa a cikin muryar wacko na Newman, kwakkwaran kuma a shirye koyaushe don ɓata".

*Kirkus* ta kira tarihinta na biyu,*Bala'i Farin Ciki:Neman Farin Ciki a Tsawon Shekarun Yaranta* (Little,Brown & Co.,2016),"littafin da ya wuce kima".

## Selected works

* *Jiran Birdy: Shekarar Frantic Tedium, Neurotic Angst, da sihirin daji na Haɓaka Iyali* . Littafin Penguin, 2005.  
* *Yaro ne* . (Mai ba da gudummawa na "Pretty Baby". ) Latsa Hatimi, 2006. 
* *Murnar Bala'i: Neman Farin Ciki a Tsawon Shekarun Yari* . Kananan, Brown & Co., 2016.   
* *Sansanin Stitch: Ayyuka 18 masu fasaha don Yara & Tweens* . (Ta hanyar Nicole Blum da Catherine Newman. ) Storey Publishing, 2017.   
* *Yadda Ake Zama Mutum: 65 Mai Amfani Mai Girma, Kwararrun Masu Mahimmanci don Koyo Kafin ku girma* . Wallafar Storey, 2020.  
* *Me zan iya cewa?* *Jagorar yaran zuwa Super-amfani zamantakewa na zamantakewa don taimaka muku samun kai tsaye: Yi magana, yi magana game da abubuwa masu kyau, kuma ku kasance aboki na gari* . Wallafar Storey, 2022. 
* *Dukanmu Muna Son Abubuwan da Ba Su yuwuwa* . Harper, 2022.
## Manazarta
Ephraim Bagenda

**Ephraim Kalyebara Bagenda** injiniyan jirgin sama ne na Uganda kuma babban jami'in kasuwanci, wanda ke aiki a matsayin Daraktan Injiniya da Kulawa a Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Uganda, kamfanin jirgin saman Ugandan da aka farfado da shi, mai tasiri ga watan Oktoba 2019. 

Kafin haka, daga watan Janairun 2018, har zuwa Oktoba na shekarar 2019, ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan darakta kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na kamfanin jiragen sama na kasar Uganda.  Ya ɗauki wannan matsayi a cikin 2018, bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin Daraktan Kula da Injiniya a Rwandair, har zuwa ƙarshen 2017.  

## Ilimi da ɗaukar horo
Bagenda ƙwararriyar Injiniyar jirgin sama ne.  

## Sana'a
A shekara ta 2017, ta yi aiki a matsayin Daraktar kulawa da injiniya a Rwandair,   tana aiki a can kusan shekaru shida. 

A cikin 2018, an nada ta a matsayin Manajar Darakta kuma Babbar Daraktar Kamfanin Jirgin Ruwa na Uganda,  ko da yake an yi la'akari da wani memba na ƙungiyar da aikin. 

A cikin watan Yuli 2018, yayin da take Farnborough Airshow, ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna biyu, tare da masana'antun jiragen sama na jiragen sama shida dan sake bude kamfanin jirgin sama. 

Yarjejeniyar farko ta kasance tare da Bombardier Commercial Aircraft na Kanada don tsayayyen odar siyan jiragen CRJ900-ER guda huɗu akan jimilar farashin dalar Amurka miliyan 190. Jiragen saman guda huɗu za su ƙunshi Cabin Bombardier Atmosphère; Kamfanin jiragen saman Ugandan ne na farko da ya fara gudanar da irin wannan jirgin a nahiyar Afirka. 

Yarjejeniyar ta biyu ta kasance tare da kamfanonin jiragen sama na Turai, Airbus SA don siyan jiragen A330-800 guda biyu, wanda ke nuna ingantacciyar inganci da ingantaccen mai na Rolls-Royce Trent 7000.  Jiragen na daukar dogon zango za su kunshi gidaje masu aji uku masu matsakaicin karfin fasinjoji 261, wadanda suka hada da kujeru 20 a fannin Kasuwanci, 28 a cikin tattalin arziki na Premium da 213 a cikin Ajin Tattalin Arziki. 

A watan Oktoba na 2019, an nada ta darektan injiniya da kulawa a kamfanin jirgin saman Uganda kuma Cornwell Muleya ya maye gurbinta a matsayin Shugaba. 

## Duba kuma

* Sufuri a Uganda
* Jerin filayen jiragen sama a Uganda
* Michael Etyang

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Website of Revived Uganda Airlines
* Uganda Airlines Orders Two A330neo
Auwal Jatau

**Mohammed Auwal Jatau** ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne, wanda shine mataimakin gwamnan jihar Bauchi tun daga ranar 29 ga watan Mayun 2023. An taɓa zabar Jatau a zaben gwamnan jihar Bauchi a shekarar 2023, haka zalika da kwamishinan lafiya.

## Manazarta
Soraya Hakuziyaremye

**Soraya Hakuziyaremye** 'yar kasuwa ce 'yar Rwanda, ƙwararriyar mai kula da harkokin kuɗi kuma ƴar siyasa wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Kasuwanci da Masana'antu a majalisar ministocin Rwanda tun daga watan 18 Oktoba 2018.  

## Tarihi da ilimi
Hakuziyaremye ta samu shaidar kammala karatunta na sakandare daga Ecole Belge de Kigali (Kwalejin Belgian na Kigali) inda mafi kyawun darussanta su ne ilimin lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi. 

Ta koma Brussels, Belgium, inda ta yi karatu a Vlerick Business School. Daga baya, ta kammala karatu tare da Master of Science degree in Finance and Marketing, daga Makarantar Kasuwancin Solvay na Jami'ar Libre de Bruxelles. Har ila yau, tana da Certificate na Advanced Studies in International Management, wanda Thunderbird School of Global Management, a Jami'ar Jihar Arizona, a Phoenix, Arizona a Amurka. 

## Sana'a
Tsawon kusan shekaru huɗu, tun daga watan Disamba 2002, Hakuziyaremye ta yi aiki a Bankin New York. Daga nan sai ta koma Brussels kuma ta shiga BNP Paribas Fortis, inda ta shafe shekaru shida masu zuwa. 

A watan Yunin 2012 ta koma Rwanda kuma ta yi shekaru biyu da rabi tana hidimar babbar mai ba da shawara ga ministan harkokin waje da hadin gwiwa, wanda ke Kigali.  Bayan wani ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin shawarwari masu zaman kansu a Brussels, ƙungiyar kuɗi ta Holland ta hayar ta, ING, inda ta tashi zuwa matsayi na Vice President, Financial Institutions & Financial Markets Risk Management, wanda ke London, United Kingdom.

A wani sauyi a majalisar ministocin da aka yi a ranar 18 ga watan Oktoba 2018, an nada ta a matsayin ministar kasuwanci da masana'antu.

## Duba kuma

* Germaine Kamayirese
* Espérance Nyirasafari
* Marie-Solange Kayisire

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Yanar Gizo na Ma'aikatar Ciniki da Masana'antu ta Rwanda  Archived   (Minicom)
Enos Kagaba

**Enos Iragaba Kagaba** (an haife shi a shekara ta alif 1954, lardin Kibuye)  ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan ƙasar Rwanda, wanda a shekarar ta 2001, aka kama shi a filin jirgin sama na Minneapolis-Saint Paul lokacin da ya yi ƙoƙarin shiga Amurka. 

## Tsarewa da kotunan Gacaca
Da farko dai an tuhume shi da laifin zamba da yunkurin shiga kasar da sunan karya. Da zarar Hukumar Kula da Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Shige da Fice da Kwastam (HRVPSU) ta fahimci cewa Rwanda ta bayar da sammacin kama Kagaba na kasa da kasa kan laifin kisan kare dangi a yakin 1994 a Rwanda, an kuma kara da tuhumar kisan kare dangi.  Daga nan aka ba da umarnin cirewa.

Wannan shi ne karo na farko da aka ba da umarnin cire kasar daga zargin kisan kare dangi a Amurka. Amurka ta yi amfani da 18 USC §2340a don kafa ikon Kagaba.  Wannan doka ta ba da hukunce-hukunce kan wanda ake zargi idan ya: a) ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne KO b) yana nan a Amurka (ko da kuwa shi ko waɗanda abin ya shafa ƴan ƙasar Amurka ne).

A watan Oktoban 2011 an yanke masa hukuncin daurin rai da rai saboda muhimmiyar rawar da ya taka a kisan kiyashin da aka yi a Rwanda. 

## Annobar cutar covid-19
A watan Maris din shekarar 2021 ne aka yi masa alluran rigakafi, Kagaba ya nuna godiyarsa ga gwamnati, inda ya yi godiya da tunaninsu. 

## Manazarta
Dr Abbas Tajudden

Dr Abbas Tajudden Phd (iyan zazzau)
anhaifeshi a ranan 1st GA Watan October 1965  a kwarai (B) dake birnin Zaria,

Yayi makarantan primary a LEA primary school lemu Zaria a Alif 1970-1976 yayi makarantan GABA Da primary school a government secondary school makarfi a Alif 1970-1978 daganan kuma yatafi  daganan yatafi Katsina teachers college a alif 1978-1981,

Sannan yasake dawowa jami'ar Ahmadu Bello inda ya yi diploma a fannin accounting Daga shekaran alif 1982-1984,

Sannan yayi B.sc ɗinshi a business administration a alif 1985-1988, Bayan haka yadora Da masters dinshi a fannin business admin a Alif  1991-1993 sannan yatafi Usman danfodiyo Sokoto yayi yayi pH.D a business management a Alif 2004-2010 Dr Abbas Tajudden yasha gwagwarmayan rayuwa inda yayi ayyuka agurare daban daban afadin kasarnan kafin ayanzu Dr Abbas Tajudden Dan kasuwane Kuma Dan siyasa ne sannan shine mamallakin gurin saukan baki Na Teejay palace dake Garin Zaria Kuma shine peaker Na Nigeria a wannan lokaci Bayan tsallake zabubbuka a matsayinshi Na Dan majalisan tarayya Mai wakiltan mazabar Zaria
SkyReach Aircraft

**Rainbow SkyReach (Pty) Ltd** wani kamfani ne na Afirka ta Kudu mai kera jirgin sama a  Springs Airfield  a Dal Fouche, Springs, Gauteng. A da an san shi da **Rainbow Aircraft (Pty) Ltd.** Kamfanin ya ƙware a cikin ƙira da kera jirgin sama mai light-sport.       

Mike Blyth ne ya kafa kamfanin a Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin *Rainbow Aircraft (Pty) Ltd.* Vladimir Chechin ya zo ne a matsayin baƙo a ƙasar daga Rasha a shekarar 1994 sannan kuma ya yanke shawarar yin hijira, inda kuma ya sami aiki a kamfanin Blyth. A shekara ta 2002 Chechin ya sayi kamfani daga Blyth. 

An canza sunan kamfanin zuwa *Rainbow SkyReach (Pty) Ltd* a shekarar 2010s kuma an haɓaka Rainbow Cheetah zuwa SkyReach BushCat.  

## Jirgin sama

## Manazarta
Sling Aircraft

**Sling Aircraft (Pty) Ltd**, wanda a da ake kira **The Airplane Factory (Pty) Ltd.**, wani kamfani ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke kera jirgin sama a Tedderfield Airpark, Eikenhof, Johannesburg ta Kudu. Kamfanin ya ƙware a ƙira da kera jiragen sama masu haske a cikin nau'ikan kayan amateur construction  da kuma shirye-shiryen tashi da jirgin sama a Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight da nau'ikan jiragen sama na light-sport aircraft na Amurka.    

Kamfanin kamfani ne na mallaka a ƙarƙashin dokar Afirka ta Kudu. 

Kamfanin yana da masu hannun jari guda uku: Mike Blyth, Darakta; James Pitman, Shugaban; Andrew Pitman, Manajan Darakta.

Sling Aircraft yana amfani da ƙira mai sarrafa lamba da ƙira mai taimakon kwamfuta a ƙirar jirginsa da ayyukan samarwa.   

Kamfanin yana samar da Sling 2 mai kujeru biyu, wanda ya fara tashi a shekarar 2008 da Sling 4 mai kujeru hudu, wanda aka gabatar a shekarar 2011    da Sling TSi wanda aka fara fitarwa a shekarar 2018.  Sabuwar samfurin da ake ƙera shi ne sabon samfurin babban reshe mai suna Sling HW wanda ya yi jirginsa na farko a shekarar 2020. 

A cikin Yuli 2013, Mike Blyth da ɗansa sun yi jigilar Sling 4 daga Afirka ta Kudu zuwa AirVenture a Oshkosh, Wisconsin, Amurka. Jirgin ya haɗa da ƙafar ruwa na sa'o'i 14 ta amfani da gyare-gyaren Sling 4 na sa'o'i 20 na juriyar mai. 

A cikin watan Yuli 2022, uku Sling High Wings (one tail dragger, two with tricycle gear) ya tashi daga Afirka ta Kudu zuwa AirVenture a Oshkosh, Wisconsin, Amurka. 

## Jirgin sama

## Manazarta
Oghara-Iyede

**Oghara-Iyede** kauye ne a karamar hukumar Isoko ta Arewa a jihar Delta, Najeriya. Garin yana da cibiyar ilimi mai suna Atebo Primary School.
## Shahararrun mutanen
*Sunny Ofehe, dan siyasa kuma mai fafutukar kare muhalli

*Isaiah Ogedegbe, faston kuma marubuci

## Manazarta
Sunny Ofehe

**Sunny Ofehe** (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 1972) dan siyasa ne kuma mai fafutukar kare muhalli a Najeriya. Yana yaki da gurbatar muhalli a yankin Neja Delta na Najeriya mai arzikin man fetur. Ya fito daga Oghara-Iyede.
Jerin kasashen Afirka tattalin arziki (ta kima)

Bunƙasar Tattalin Arziki wato *Gross domestic product (GDP)* shine darajar kasuwa na duk kayan ƙarshe da ayyuka daga wata al'umma a cikin shekara. Kasashe a Afirka ana rarraba su bisa ga bayanai daga Asusun Kudi na Duniya. 

Adadin da aka gabatar a nan ba su la'akari da bambance-bambance a cikin farashin rayuwa a kasashe daban-daban ba, kuma sakamakon na iya bambanta sosai daga shekara ɗaya zuwa wani bisa ga sauye-sauye a cikin musayar kuɗin ƙasar. Irin wannan canjin na iya canza matsayin ƙasa daga shekara guda zuwa na gaba, kodayake sau da yawa suna yin ɗan bambanci ko babu bambanci ga yanayin rayuwar jama'arta.

Wasu ƙasashe na iya samun 'yan ƙasa waɗanda ke da matsakaicin arziki. Wadannan ƙasashe / yankuna na iya bayyana a cikin wannan jerin kamar yadda suke da karamin GDP. Wannan zai kasance saboda ƙasar / yankin da aka lissafa yana da ƙananan jama'a, sabili da haka ƙananan tattalin arziki; GDP ana lissafa shi kamar yadda yawan jama'a ya ninka darajar kasuwa na kayayyaki da aiyuka da aka samar ga kowane mutum a cikin ƙasar.

Saboda haka ya kamata a yi amfani da waɗannan adadi da hankali.

Ana kuma yin kwatankwacin dukiyar ƙasa akai-akai bisa ga daidaiton ikon siye (PPP), don daidaitawa don bambance-bambance a farashin rayuwa a kasashe daban-daban. PPP ya fi cire matsalar musayar, amma yana da nasa matsala; ba ya nuna darajar fitar da tattalin arziki a cinikin duniya, kuma yana buƙatar ƙarin kimantawa fiye da GDP mai suna. Gabaɗaya, adadi na PPP na kowane mutum ya fi yaduwa fiye da adadi na GDP na kowane mutum.

Kimanin 2022 kamar haka:

## Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su
Kamfanin Volta Aluminum

**Kamfanin Volta Aluminum**, wanda aka fi sani da **VALCO**, wani kamfani ne na aluminium wanda ke Tema, Babban yankin Accra wanda Kaiser Aluminum ya kafa kuma yanzu gabaɗaya mallakar gwamnatin Ghana.

## Tarihi
VALCO wani kamfani ne na haɗin gwiwa tare da Kaiser Aluminum da ALCOA, manyan kamfanonin aluminium waɗanda ke cikin Amurka, a cikin mulkin mallaka na Gold Coast na Burtaniya a shekarar 1948.

A shekara ta 1961, Kaiser Aluminum & Gwamnatin Ghana sun saka hannun jari a aikin Akosombo Hydroelectric Project don samar da makamashi da samar da aluminium. Kamfanin ya yi shawarwari masu dacewa don siyan wutar lantarki da gwamnati. An kuma sake sasanta yarjejeniyar a shekarar 1985, ta gwamnatin Rawlings, don nuna karuwar darajar makamashin lantarki. 

A watan Mayun shekarar 2003 VALCO ta rufe gaba daya saboda matsaloli wajen yin shawarwarin samar da wutar lantarki. A ranar 4 ga Agusta, 2004, Alcoa da gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Ghana sun sanar da cewa sun kammala yarjejeniyar sake fara aikin narkar da na'urar VALCO a Tema, Ghana. Shirin, wanda ya haɗa da sake farawa potlines 3 a VALCO, wanda ke wakiltar metric ton 120,000 a kowace shekara (mtpy), za a aiwatar da shi a farkon kwata na shekarar 2006.  ].

An sake buɗewa a farkon shekarar 2006.  

A watan Yunin 2008, ALCOA ta sayar da hannun jarinta na kashi 10 na VALCO ga gwamnatin Ghana. 

## Ayyuka
VALCO yana narkar da alumina don samar da ingots na aluminium a wurin narkarwarsa a Tema. A cikin gida, babban abokin ciniki na Ghana na **VALCO** shine Aluworks. Yayin da wani dalili na kafa masana'antar shine kasancewar bauxite na gida, babban kayan albarkatun alumina, VALCO ya shigo da alumina don samar da aluminum.

Na'urar tana da karfin metric ton 200,000 a kowace shekara na ingots amma an rufe ta a tsakanin shekarun 2007 da 2011. A farkon shekara ta 2011, ta fara sake yin aiki a kusan kashi 20% na ƙarfinta, tana samar da tan 3,000 a kowane wata, galibi don amfanin gida, tare da shirye-shiryen kunna potlines na biyu dan kawo samar da ton 6,000 kowane wata a Tema. 

## Duba kuma

* Aluminum a Afirka

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Volta Aluminum at Alcoa website
Abdoulaye Ndiaye (ɗan kasuwa)

**Abdoulaye** "Gounass" **Ndiaye** (an haife shi a ranar 15  ga watan Maris 1952) ɗan kasuwa ɗan Senegal ne kuma ɗan kasuwan zamani wanda ke Kitwe, Zambia.  

## Sana'a
Kamfanonin Abdoulaye sun samar da ayyukan yi da kasuwanci sama da 800ga &nbsp;jama'ar Zambiya da Senegal, wannan kuma yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga kudaden shiga na gwamnati, ta fuskar haraji daban-daban. 

Abdoulaye ya zo Zambiya a shekarar 1972 ya fara sana’ar saye da sayar da emerald daga Lufwanya da ke gabar tekun Zambia har sai da ya sayi ma’adinan Emerald a shekarar 1997.   Babban samfurin da ma'adinan Abdoulaye ke samarwa shi ne danyen da aka sarrafa shi da emeralds da beryl  (Emeralds na Zambia galibi suna da wata inuwar kore mai launin shuɗi).

Abdoulaye kuma babban mai hannun jari ne a kamfanoni na kasa da kasa irin su Ontario Group of Companies SA, wani kamfani na mallakar gidaje da ke Dakar, Senegal, da Gounasse International Inc., kamfani mai hannu da shuni da kuma masana'antar baƙi. 

### Gemcanton
Gemcanton yana cikin Kitwe kuma mallakar Abdoulaye ne. Kamfanin yana ba da gudummawa a cikin haƙar ma'adinai na gemstone ciki har da emerald da samar da beryl.

Kamfanin yana mai da hankali kan inganta rayuwar ƴan asalin ƙasar da ke zaune a kusa da wuraren ma'adinai. Gemcanton ya saka hannun jari a fannin ilimi ta hanyar gina makarantun al'umma guda biyu a gundumar, daya daga cikinsu kuma tuni aka mika shi ga ma'aikatar ilimi. Kamfanin yana shiga cikin aikin gyaran hanya na shekara-shekara a duk gundumar.  Gemcanton shine babban mai tallafawa Kitwe Afrisport Club tun a shekarar 2012, wanda yanzu ke wasa a rukuni&nbsp;2. An dauki nauyin Kitwe United har zuwa Disamba&nbsp;2012. 

### Grizzly Mining
Abdoulaye ne ya haɗa Grizzly Mining Limited a matsayin kamfanin hakar ma'adinai a shekarar 1997 kuma daga baya aka haɗa wasu kamfanoni.  Kamfanin yana da hedkwatarsa a Kitwe. Grizzly Mining Limited ana kasuwanci dashi a shafukan yanar gizo na kasuwanci daban-daban.  

#### Emeralds na Zambia
Emeralds na Zambiya suna da mafi yawan blush cast fiye da Emeralds na Brazil ko Colombia, kuma suna nuna ɗan ƙaramin grayish cast, wanda baya cikin ko dai na Colombia ko na Brazil. 

Emeralds na Zambiya da na Brazil kuma ana iya yin launin su ta hanyar vanadium, yayin da emeralds na Colombia yawanci suna da launin chromium.  

## Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Abdoulaye a shekarar 1952 a kauyen Médina Gounass na kasar Senegal, inda ya halarci makarantar Islamiyya. Lakabinsa "Gounass", daga garin da ya girma ne.

Bayan ya sayi ma'adinin Emerald nasa, Abdoulaye ya zauna a Kitwe, Zambia, inda ya kafa sauran kasuwancinsa.

Abdoulaye ya yi aure sau da yawa kuma yana da yara 13.

## Manazarta
Synagogue Church building collapse

**Synagogue Church building collapse** wani lamari ne mai ban tausayi wanda ya faru a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2014. A ranar ne wani masaukin baki ya rufta a unguwar SCOAN da ke Legas, inda aka kashe akalla mutane 115, 84 daga cikinsu 'yan kasar Afirka ta Kudu ne.

Babban limamin cocin, T. B. Joshua ya ce ya yi hasashen lamarin makonni uku kafin faruwar lamarin. Shi ma wani Fasto dan Najeriya, Isaiah Ogedegbe ya ce ya yi hasashen lamarin watanni takwas kafin faruwar lamarin.
Shire Haji Farah

**Shire Haji Farah Yusuf** ( Somali,  ) ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan ƙasar Somaliya ne. Shi ne ministan tsare-tsare da huldar kasa da kasa na Puntland.

## Tarihin Rayuwa

Farah ya fito ne daga yankin Puntland mai cin gashin kansa a arewa maso gabashin Somaliya. Shi dan kabilar Cali Saleebaan ne na Majeerteen Harti Darod. 

Ta hanyar sana'a, Farah ƙwararren ɗan kasuwa ne mai nasara. Shi memba ne na kwamitin zartarwa na Majalisar Kasuwancin Somaliya mai hedkwata a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. 

A shekara ta 2013, Farah ya gabatar da kansa a matsayin dan takara a zaben shugaban kasa na Puntland na shekarar 2014, wanda ya faru a ranar 8 ga watan Janairu 2014 a Garowe.  An fitar da shi ne a zagayen farko na zaben, inda tsohon Firaministan Somaliya Abdiweli Mohamed Ali ya bayyana wanda ya yi nasara. 

## Ministan Kudi

### Naɗi
A ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2014, sabon shugaban yankin Abdiweli Mohamed Ali ya nada Farah a matsayin ministan kudi na Puntland. Ya maye gurbin Farah Ali Jama a mukamin. 

## Ministan tsare-tsare da huldar kasa da kasa

### Naɗi
a ranar 17 ga watan Yunin 2015 shugaba Abdiweli Mohamed Ali ya nada Farah a matsayin ministan tsare-tsare da huldar kasa da kasa. 

### Gyaran harajin yanki
A watan Afrilun 2014, Ma'aikatar Kudi ta Farah ta sanar da cewa gwamnatin Puntland za ta fara biyan haraji ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da ke aiki a Puntland. A cewar shugaban sashin haraji na jihar ta Nugal Abdiwahab Farah Ali, wannan shi ne karo na farko da aka fara gudanar da irin wannan aiki a yankin, kuma ana sa ran za a samar da kudaden shiga ga ayyukan raya kasa da sabbin hukumomin Puntland za su yi. Matakin na daga cikin alkawarin da shugaban Puntland Abdiweli Mohamed Ali ya yi na kara yawan kudaden raya kasa da gwamnati ke samu ta hanyar karin haraji. A karshen wannan, gwamnatin Puntland ta riga ta kara haraji kan kamfanonin kasuwanci da ke aiki a jihar domin cimma ma'auni na kudade na yanki. 

### Rundunar soji

A watan Disamba 2016, Farah ya jagoranci farmakin da Dakarun Tsaron Puntland suka kai wa garin Qandala da ISS ta mamaye a lokacin yakin Qandala. Sojojinsa sun yi nasarar kwato Qandala a ranar 7 ga watan Disamba 2016. Daga nan Farah ya bukaci 'yan gudun hijira da su dawo garin, su zo; muna so mu gaya musu cewa garin na da zaman lafiya, za mu taimaka musu su sake tsugunar da su. 

## Duba kuma

* Ibrahim Artan Ismail
* Hussaini Mohammed

## Manazarta
Jerin Sunayen Mazabun Karamar Hukumar Dass

Karamar Hukumar Dass ta jihar Bauchi tanada mazabu guda goma a karkashinta ga Jerin Sunayen su kamar haka.
* BAGEL/BAJAR.
* BUNDOT.
* BUNUNU CENTRAL.
* BUNUNU SOUTH.
* BARAZA.
* DOTT.
* DURR.
* POLCHI.

## Manazarta
Jerin Sunayen Mazabun Karamar Hukumar Alkaleri

Ƙaramar Hukumar Alkaleri ta jihar Bauchi tana da mazabu guda Goma a karkashinta.

ALKALERI.
PALI.
GAR.
GWARAM.
MAIMADI.
DAN KUNGIBAR.
BIRIN/ GIGARA/ YANKARI.
YULI/ LIM.

### Manazarta
Ogedegbe (surname)

**Ogedegbe** sunan mahaifi ne na Najeriya. Shahararrun mutane masu suna sun hada da:
* Best Ogedegbe (1954-2009), mai tsaron ragar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya
* Gbenga Ogedegbe, likitan dan Najeriya dan Amurka
* Ogedegbe of Ilesa (1822-1910), sarkin Yarbawa kuma jarumi
Dalar Gyada

**Dalar Gyada** tari ne na buhunhunan gyada da aka yi. An gina pyramids a biranen arewacin Najeriya kamar Kano, inda samar da groundnut ya kasance babban bangare na tattalin arziki. An kalli su a matsayin jan hankalin yawon bude ido da kuma alamar wadata. A cikin shekarun 1960 da 70, yayin da samarwa a Najeriya ta sauya daga noma zuwa mai, pyramids na groundnut sun ɓace. Kwanan nan, gwamnatin Najeriya ta yi ƙoƙari ta farfado da masana'antar nut da sake gina pyramids.

## Tarihi
Alhassan Dantata sanannen ɗan kasuwa ne ka kafa dalar gyaɗa. Dantata ya zo Kano a cikin 1919 kuma a cikin shekaru biyar ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƴan kasuwar da suka yi nasara, ya samar da Kamfanin Royal Niger (RNC) da mafi yawan abincin su. 

Kamfanin Dantata ya ajiye nutsu a wani wurin aiki a Kofar Nassarawa, kuma suna tara dalar buhuna kafin a tura su. Za'a iya yin dala ɗaya daga buduna 15,000. Wani ɗan jarida wanda ya ziyarci tsohon wajen dalar a Kano ya ba da rahoton cewa ƙasar yanzu filin ƙwallon ƙafa ne.

An gina dalolin na ƙasa a duk faɗin arewacin Najeriya, a biranen kamar Kofar Mazugal, Brigade, Bebeji, Malam Madori da Dawakin Kudu. Dalolinsun zama daidai da arzikin noma na Najeriya; hatimi har ma ya nuna dala mai laushi. Koyaya, yayin da samar da gyaɗa ya ragu a cikin shekarun 1970 da 80 dalolin gyadar sun ɓace kuma an maye gurbinsu da gine-gine.

## Ƙoƙarin zamani
A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2014, Dokta Akimwumi Adesina, Ministan Noma da Ci gaban Karkara sun ƙaddamar da aikin cibiyar farfaɗo da darajar gyaɗa. Wannan aikin haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya da Cibiyar Nazarin Amfanin Gona ta Duniya domin Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). Manufarsu ta ninki biyu ne: don ƙara yawan Najeriya Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya sake jaddada sha'awar gwamnati ta sake gina dalolin a cikin jawabin keɓewar gada a watan Maris na shekara ta 2015.

## Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su
Gbenga Ogedegbe

**Gbenga Ogedegbe** wani likitan Amurka ne dan Najeriya wanda manufarsa ita ce "kawo kiwon lafiya a cikin unguwanni daban-daban na birnin New York don biyan bukatun kiwon lafiya na musamman".
Shi Farfesa ne a fannin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a da Magunguna a Jami'ar New York kuma yana rike da wasu mukaman likitanci a kasar.
## Farkon rayuwa da ilimi
An haifi Ogedegbe a Legas. Ya halarci Hussey College, Warri. Ya yanke shawarar cewa yana son zama likita yana dan shekara takwas. Bayan ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare, ya yi karatun likitanci a jami'ar Donetsk ta kasar Ukraniya. Ba da dadewa ba bayan ya kammala karatun likitanci ya koma Amurka, inda ya kansance dalibin likitanci a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Montefiore. Daga baya ya shiga Jami'ar Columbia, inda ya kammala digiri na biyu a fannin lafiyar jama'a. Ya gudanar da hadin gwiwar bincike a duka Kwalejin Magunguna ta Weill Cornell da Kwalejin Magunguna ta Albert Einstein.

## Manazarta
Jerin Sunayen Mazabun Karamar Hukumar Jama'are

Karamar Hukumar Jama'are ta jihar Bauchi tana da mazabu Guda Goma (10). 

*JAMA’ARE ‘A’
*JAMA’ARE ‘B’
*JAMA’ARE ‘C’
*JAMA’ARE ‘D’
*DOGON JEJI ‘A’
*DOGON JEJI ‘B’
*DOGON JEJI ‘C’
*HANAFARI
*GALDIMARI
*JURARA

## Manazarta