open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Yakin Karatun Rubuce-rubuce na Nicaragua

**Kamfen ɗin Ilimi na [[Nicaragua]] (Spanish: Cruzada Nacional de Alfabetización, CNA) kamfen ne da gwamnatin [[Sandinista]] ta kaddamar a 1980 don rage jahilci a Nicaragua .  An ba shi lambar yabo ta UNESCO Literacy Award . Akwai wasu kamfen na karatu da rubutu da yawa a kasar tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da na farko a shekarar 1980.**

## Yakin Karatun Nicaragua na 1980
In 1969, intentions to eliminate Nicaraguan illiteracy were outlined in the Sandinista National Liberation Front's (FSLN) historical program. Prior to the Sandinista Revolution in 1979 some 75% of the rural population of Nicaragua was illiterate.&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup> The total population had an estimated illiteracy rate of 50%.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D; This was exacerbated by dictator Anastasio Somoza García not being in favor of an educated populace: "I don't want educated people, I want oxen." Planning for the literacy campaign began approximately four months after the Sandinista Revolution which overthrew the Somoza political dynasty. Nearly 60,000 youths (high school and college age) and 30,000 adults of varying backgrounds were trained in two weeks for the five-month campaign. Citizen groups, workers' associations, youth organizations, and public institutions provided organizational support for the campaign. The goals of the literacy campaign were of a social-political, strategic and educational nature:

### Yunkurin Karatu
Gwamnatin Sandinista ce ta kaddamar da Kamfen na farko na Ilimi na Nicaraguan kuma ya faru ne tsakanin Maris 3 da Agusta 23, 1980.  "The Year of Literacy" sunan da gwamnati ta bayar ne don komawa zuwa shekara ta 1980.  Yana daya daga cikin manyan shirye-shiryen da gwamnatin Sandinista ta aiwatar a lokacin shugabancin su. 80.80.y.

### Kamfen na karatu da rubutu na 2005-2009
An gudanar da matakin farko na kamfen ɗin karatu da rubutu tare da goyon bayan ofisoshin magajin gari na Sandinista kuma sun yi amfani da kayan aikin audiovisual da kayan koyarwa da Cuba ta bayar da gudummawa da kuma taimakon shawarwari. A wannan lokacin, kusan mutane 70,000 sun koyi karatu da rubutu .
## Manazarta
Joshua Meyrowitz

**Joshua Meyrowitz** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1949) farfesa ne na Sadarwa a sashen Sadarwa a Jami'ar New Hampshire da ke Durham. Ya wallafa ayyuka game da tasirin kafofin watsa labarai, gami da No Sense of Place: Tasirin Kafofin Lantarki akan Halin Jama'a, nazarin tasirin fasahar kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban da suka haifar, musamman talabijin.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi

## ''Babu Ma'anar Ma'ana''
A cikin No Sense of Place, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta 1986 "Best Book on Electronic Media" na National Association of Broadcasters da Broadcast Education Association,  Meyrowitz yana amfani da misalin talabijin don bayyana yadda fasahar sadarwa ta tsara kuma ta rinjayi dangantakar zamantakewar da muke fuskanta a kowace rana, yana ba da shawarar cewa talabijin yana da alhakin canjin mai mahimmanci ga sabon hulɗar zamantakewa. Ya yi jayayya cewa talabijin na'ura ce ta "fitar da sirri" wacce ke bawa mutane damar kallon wasu a cikin hanyar da ba a taba gani ba. A cewar Meyrowitz, sabbin kafofin watsa labarai kamar talabijin sun cire shingen kuma kara samun damar samun bayanai da aka kuntata a baya yana da alhakin sauyawa a cikin shingen al'adu da zamantakewa tsakanin yara da manya, maza da mata, har ma da mutunci da lalata masu iko. Littafin ya dogara ne akan rubutun digirinsa wanda ake kira No Sense of Place, wanda aka kammala a 1978 a cikin shirin digirin digirin Media Ecology a Jami'ar New York; Christine Nystrom ita ce mai ba da shawara ga Meyrowitz, kuma sauran mambobin kwamitin rubutun sa sune Henry Perkinson da Neil Postman. A shekara ta 1982, Postman ya wallafa The Disappearance of Childhood, wanda ya tattauna jigogi masu kama da ɗaya daga cikin binciken shari'ar a cikin rubutun Meyrowitz.

### Bincike da zargi
An bayyana littafin a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin littattafan da suka fi fahimta" game da kafofin watsa labarai da kuma samun "ikon zama" da amfani a matsayin ka'idar. Darajar heuristic da "ikon tsayawa" na littafin an danganta su da gaskiyar cewa littafin yana nazarin batun daga hangen nesa mai zurfi, yana mai da shi hanya mai sauƙin daidaitawa kuma yana aiki sosai. Bugu da ƙari, an rubuta shi a cikin salon da masu karatu za su iya karantawa da fahimta a ciki da waje na ilimi. ry.a.

## Manazarta
Douglas Rushkoff

**Douglas Mark Rushkoff** (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1961) masanin kimiyyar kafofin watsa labarai ne na Amurka, marubuci, farfesa, malami, marubucin littafi, mai shirya shirye-shirye da kuma podcaster. An fi saninsa da alakarsa da al'adun cyberpunk na farko, shawararsa game da mafita ga matsalolin zamantakewa, sukar da ya yi game da fasaha, da kuma kiran da ya yi na dawo da bil'adama a zamanin dijital. 

Rushkoff a halin yanzu Farfesa ne na Ka'idar Media da Tattalin Arziki na Dijital a Jami'ar Birnin New York, Kwalejin Queens. Ya riga ya ba da lacca a Jami'ar New School a Manhattan  da kuma Shirin Sadarwar Sadarwa a Jami'an New York ta Tisch School of the Arts, inda ya kirkiro Lab Lab.  A cikin 2012, an ayyana Rushkoff a matsayin mai tunani na shida mafi tasiri a duniya ta hanyar MIT Technology Review, bayan Steven Pinker, David Graeber, wanda ya lashe Kyautar Nobel Daniel Kahneman, Thilo Sarrazin, da Richard Florida.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Rushkoff a Birnin New York, New York, kuma ɗan Sheila ne, ma'aikacin zamantakewar kwakwalwa, da Marvin Rushkoff, mai kula da asibiti. Babban ɗan'uwansa, Bennett, ya yi aiki a matsayin alƙali na shari'ar gudanarwa a Washington, DC.

Douglas Rushkoff ya yi aiki a cikin kwamitin daraktocin kungiyar Media Ecology Association,  Cibiyar Cognitive Liberty and Ethics,  kuma memba ne na kafa Technorealism,  da kuma kwamitin ba da shawara na The National Association for Media Literacy Education,  MeetUp.com  da HyperWords [4]

## Manazarta
Alice da Jerry

**Alice da Jerry** jerin shirye-shiryen ilimi ne na masu karatu da aka buga kuma aka yi amfani da su a cikin ɗakunan karatu daga tsakiyar shekarun 1930 zuwa 1960. Littattafan sun sayar da kusan miliyan 100 a duk duniya. Wannan jerin sun yi gasa a lokacin tare da jerin ilimin Dick da Jane

Dukkanin jerin Alice & Jerry da jerin littattafan **Dick & Jane** masu fafatawa an tsara su don a koya su ta amfani da hanyar "Dubi da Cewa", maimakon a koya su amfani da hanyar koyarwa ta Phonics.

Ya zuwa 2024, jerin har yanzu suna cikin bugawa,  amma yana iya zama da wahala a gano su.

## Bayanan littafin
Littattafan "Alice da Jerry" sun bi 'yar'uwa da ɗan'uwa, Alice da Jerry, da kuma kare Jip, ta hanyar jerin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin saitunan da ba su da kyau. Jerin "Alice da Jerry" sun bi alamu masu kama da masu karatu na Dick da Jane, waɗanda yanzu sun fi sani a Amurka. Kalmomin da ke cikin masu karatu na "Alice da Jerry" sun kasance gajere, kuma sun yi amfani da kalmomi masu maimaitawa don gina ƙarfin mai karatu da sanin shi. Misali, a nan ne rubutu daga littafin "Skip Along": "Daya, biyu uku. Ku zo ku gani. Ku zo ka gani. Dubi laima na. Dubi, Jerry. Up. // Ɗaya, biyu na uku. Ku tafi ku gani. Ka zo ku gani jirgin sama na. Up, up, up. Down.

## Tarihin bugawa
Row, Peterson da Company ne suka buga littattafan "Alice da Jerry", wanda daga baya ya zama wani ɓangare na HarperCollins. Kusan dukkanin littattafan Mabel O'Donnell ne ya rubuta su, wanda kuma ya rubuta wani Anglicisation na jerin, mai suna Janet da John. O'Donnell malami ne, mai kulawa da kuma mai kula da tsarin karatun makarantun firamare a Gundumar Makarantar Jama'a ta Gabashin Aurora 131. Florence da Margaret Hoopes ne suka kwatanta mafi yawan littattafan. An yi amfani da jerin biyu a Amurka da sauran ƙasashen da ke magana da Turanci. Sau da yawa ana sayar da littattafan a matsayin saiti wanda aji zai iya amfani da shi don tsarin karatun.
## Manazarta
Gidauniyar Duka kasar poland taa lura da yara

Duk Poland tana karantawa ga Yara (Yaren mutanen Poland: Cała Polska czyta dzieciom) yaƙin neman zaɓe ne na zamantakewa, wanda aka fara a watan Yuni 2001 ta Gidauniyar ABCXXI Duk Poland tana karanta wa Yara. Gidauniyar ta yi aiki har zuwa 2005 a matsayin Gidauniyar ABCXXI Shirin Kiwon Lafiyar Zuciya, da nufin haɓaka karatun yau da kullun ga yara a matsayin ingantacciyar hanya, mara tsada, kuma hanyar sada zumunta ta tallafa musu. Sun taimaka inganta ingantaccen tunani, tunani, zamantakewa, da haɓaka ɗabi'a, tare da gina albarkatu na cikin yara: ƙwarewar tunani da tunani.

## Manazarta
Ka'idar haruffa

Bisa ga ka'idar haruffa, haruffa da haɗin haruffa su ne alamomin da ake amfani da su don wakiltar sautin magana na harshe bisa ga tsarin tsari da dangantaka mai tsinkaya tsakanin rubutattun haruffa, alamomi, da kalmomin magana. Ƙa'idar haruffa ita ce ginshiƙi na kowane tsarin rubutun haruffa (kamar nau'in Ingilishi na Latin haruffa, ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan nau'ikan tsarin rubutu da ake amfani da su a yau). A fagen ilimi, an san shi da lambar haruffa.
## Manazarta
Amelia Bedelia (littafi)

Amelia Bedelia ita ce littafi na farko a cikin jerin littattafan hotuna na yara Amelia Bedelia game da ma'aikacin gida wanda ke ɗaukar umarninta a zahiri. Peggy Parish ne ya rubuta shi, wanda Fritz Siebel ya kwatanta, kuma Harper da Row suka buga a 1963. Tunanin littafin ya fito ne daga wani tsohon ma'aikacin gida da kuma ɗaliban Peggy na aji uku a Makarantar Dalton a Manhattan waɗanda suka kasance da rikice-rikicen ƙamus, galibi tare da sakamakon ban dariya. An sayar da litattafai sama da miliyan 35 a cikin jerin. Shekarar 2013 ta yi bikin cika shekaru 50 na littafin da kuma tunawa da shahararsa tare da buga wani sabon layi na littattafan Amelia Bedelia.
## Manazarta
Amsar sauti na nazari

Amsar sauti na nazari (wani lokaci ana kiranta da sautin murya na nazari] ko kuma a fakaice ) yana nufin wata hanya ta gama-gari ga koyarwar karatu wacce ke farawa daga matakin kalma, ba a matakin sauti (phoneme) ba. Ba ya koyar da haɗakar sauti tare kamar yadda ake yi a cikin sautin murya na roba. Hanya ɗaya ita ce a sa ɗalibai su gane sautin gama-gari a cikin jerin kalmomi waɗanda kowannensu ya ƙunshi sauti iri ɗaya. Misali, malami da almajiri suna tattauna yadda kalmomin nan suke daidai: pat, faki, turawa da alkalami. Sau da yawa ana koyar da sautin murya na nazari tare da ingantattun littattafan karantawa, ] aikin duba, da kuma amfani da kayan taimako kamar takaddun aikin sauti
## Manazarta
Victor Pickard (farfesa)

**Victor Pickard** masanin ilimin kafofin watsa labarai ne na Amurka. Farfesa ne a Makarantar Sadarwa ta Annenberg a Jami'ar Pennsylvania . Yana aiki a kan tsinkaye na Amurka da kuma fafutukar kafofin watsa labarai na duniya da siyasa; tarihi da tattalin arzikin siyasa na cibiyoyin kafofin watsa labarai; da kuma ka'idojin ka'idoji na Manufofin kafofin watsa labarai. 

."

## Ayyukan ilimi da aikin manufofi
Kafin koyarwa a Penn, Pickard ya kasance mataimakin farfesa a Sashen Media, Al'adu, da Sadarwa a Jami'ar New York. Ya kuma tsara kuma ya koyar da tsarin manufofin kafofin watsa labarai na Verklin a Jami'ar Virginia.  

t.

## Kyautar karatu
A shekara ta 2009, Pickard shine babban marubucin cikakken rahoto game da rikicin aikin jarida na Amurka, "Saving the News: Toward a National Journalism Strategy" (An buga shi ta Free Press). Rahoton ya rubuta tushen rikicin, yiwuwar wasu samfuran, da shawarwarin manufofi don aiwatar da sake fasalin tsari a cikin tsarin kafofin watsa labarai na Amurka. An bayyana rahoton a matsayin "mafi basira da cikakkiyar hanyar da aka gabatar game da rikicin a cikin aikin jarida"  kuma an jera shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "Matsalolin Media na 2009 game da Media". 

." A cikin 2011 Pickard ya haɗa tare da Robert McChesney littafin Will the Last Reporter Don Allah Ka Kashe Haske: Rugujewar Aikin Jarida da Abin da Za a Iya Yi Don Gyara shi. Littafin ya ba da nazarin yanayin yanayin watsa labarai da ke canzawa tare da tsara taswirar muhawarar da ke gudana game da rashin tabbas na aikin jarida a nan gaba. Littattafai sun kira shi "Bold, meditative, engrossing, wannan jagora ne mai mahimmanci ga mabiyan kafofin watsa labaru na zamani." Wani bita da aka yi a mujallar Laburare ta bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ke nuna “matsalolin aikin jarida a matsayin wani muhimmin ginshiƙi na dimokuradiyya da kuma cibiyar da ke buƙatar ƙarfafawa ... duk wanda ya damu da yanayin aikin jarida ya kamata ya karanta wannan littafi.

## Manazarta
Tushen amintacce

**Tushen amintacce** shine "kalma da aka saba amfani da ita don nuna halaye masu kyau na mai sadarwa wanda ke shafar karɓar saƙo. "  Nazarin ilimi na wannan batun ya fara ne a karni na 20 kuma an ba shi girmamawa ta musamman a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, lokacin da gwamnatin Amurka ta nemi amfani da farfaganda don rinjayar ra'ayin jama'a don tallafawa kokarin yaƙi. Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Carl Hovland da abokan aikinsa sun yi aiki a Sashen Yakin a kan wannan a cikin shekarun 1940 sannan suka ci gaba da karatun gwaji a Jami'ar Yale. Sun gina a kan aikin masu bincike a farkon rabin karni na 20 waɗanda suka haɓaka tsarin sadarwa na Source-Message-Channel-Receiver kuma, tare da Muzafer Sherif, (Muzaffer Şerif Başoğlu) sun haɓaka wannan a matsayin wani ɓangare na ra'ayoyinsu na rinjaye da hukunci na zamantakewa.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya
**Ka'idar amintacce** tushe wata ka'idar da aka kafa ce wacce ke bayyana yadda sha'awar sadarwa ke shafar abin da ake ganin amintaccen tushen sadarwa. Amincewa da duk sadarwa, ba tare da la'akari da tsarin ba, an gano cewa yana da tasiri sosai ta hanyar fahimtar amincin tushen wannan sadarwa

Tunanin amintacce ya fara ne daga Aristotle wanda ya yi jayayya cewa dole ne a gina amincin mai magana kuma a kafa shi a cikin magana kuma abin da mai magana ya yi ko ya ce kafin irin wannan magana ba shi da mahimmanci. Aristotle ya raba fannoni na rinjaye zuwa kashi uku: ethos (gaskiya), pathos (motsa jiki) da logos (mahimmanci). Kamar yadda amintacce ke nufin mutanen da suka yi imani da su, motsin rai da tunani suna nuna alaƙar motsin rai na mutum da hanyar yin tunani don shawo kan ɗaya daga cikin takamaiman gardama da / ko magana. Yankin amincin tushe ana nazarin shi don aikace-aikace masu amfani a cikin sadarwa, tallace-tallace, doka, da kimiyyar siyasa.
## Manazarta
Koyar da kai

**koyar da kai a turance (Autodidacticism) (kuma autodidactism) ko **Koyar da kai** (kuma ilmantarwa, **Nazarin kai** da ****Koyar da kai****) aikin ilimi ne ba tare da jagorancin [[Malami|malamai]] ba. **Masu koyar da kansu*' mutane ne masu koyar da kansu  waɗanda ke koyon batun ta hanyar nazarin kansu.  Tsarin na iya haɗawa, haɓaka, ko zama madadin Ilimi na yau da kullun. Ilimi na yau da kullun da kansa na iya samun ɓoyayyen darussan da ke buƙatar nazarin kai ga waɗanda ba su da ƙwarewa.

Gabaɗaya, masu koyar da kansu mutane ne waɗanda suka zaɓi batun da za su yi nazari, kayan karatun su, da kuma karatun sautin da lokaci. Masu koyar da kansu na iya ko ba su da ilimi na yau da kullun, kuma karatun su na iya zama ko dai kari ko madadin ilimi na yau. An ba da gudummawa da yawa ta hanyar masu koyar da kansu.,

Tsarin ilmantarwa na kai ba shi da iyaka. Mutum na iya neman wasu hanyoyi a cikin ilimi kuma yayi amfani da waɗannan don samun ƙwarewa; nazarin kai na iya saduwa da wasu ka'idojin da ake buƙata don ilimin kwarewa ko koyo.

Hanyoyin ilmantarwa na kai  na iya haɗawa da karatun littattafan ilimi ko shafukan yanar gizo,  kallon bidiyon ilimi da sauraron rikodin sauti na ilimi, ko ta hanyar ziyartar bayanan. Mutum yana amfani da wani sarari a matsayin sararin ilmantarwa, inda mutum ke amfani da tunani mai mahimmanci don haɓaka ƙwarewar karatu a cikin Yanayin ilmantarwa mai zurfi har sai sun kai Yankin ta'aziyya na ilimi.

== Kalmomin ==
Kalmar autodidact ta samo asali ne daga kalmomin Helenanci na Dā  (, lit. ) da  (, lit. "'). Kalmar da ta shafi *koyarwa'' ta bayyana falsafar fasaha ta ilimi.
## Manazarta
Daidaton ilimi

Daidaitaccen ilimin ka'idar ka'idar koyar da karatu da rubuta harshen Ingilishi wanda ya tashi a cikin 1990s kuma yana da fassarori iri-iri. Ga wasu, daidaiton ilimin karatu yana haifar da daidaito tsakanin yare gabaɗaya da sautin murya kuma yana kawo ƙarshen abin da ake kira "yaƙe-yaƙe na karatu". Wasu kuma sun ce madaidaicin ilimin karatu, a aikace, yawanci yana nufin gabaɗayan tsarin karatun harshe
## Manazarta
Makaranci na basel

Basal readers littattafan karatu ne da ake amfani da su don koyar da karatu da dabarun haɗin kai ga ƴan makaranta[1]. Waɗanda ake kira "littattafai masu karatu" ko "masu karatu" yawanci ana buga su azaman tarihin tarihi waɗanda suka haɗa gajerun labarai da aka buga a baya, ban da dogon labari, da ayyukan asali. Madaidaicin jerin basal ya zo tare da ɗaiɗaikun littafai iri ɗaya don ɗalibai, Ɗabi'ar Malami na littafin, da tarin littattafan aiki, kimantawa, da ayyuka
## Manazarta
Kure littafai

BookEnds kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke Kudancin California wacce ke taimaka wa yara tattara littattafai da ba da gudummawarsu ga wasu yara a wuraren da ba su iya karatu ba. An kafa ta a cikin 1998 ta ƙungiyar uwa-da-da ta Robin da Brandon Keefe a Agoura Hills. ] Brandon, ɗan shekara takwas a lokacin kuma yana aji na uku, ya jagoranci ajinsa na makaranta a wani yunƙurin yin wani littafi don gina ɗakin karatu a wani gida don yara da aka zalunta.
## Manazarta
Karatun tilas

**Karatun tilas**, karatun da ake buƙata, ko **Karatun makaranta**, yana nufin aikin wallafe-wallafen da aka buƙatu a cikin tsarin ilimi.
Od Bieruta do Herlinga-Grudzińskiego: wykaz lektur szkolnych w Polsce w latach 1946-1999
## MANAZARTA
Dick da Jane

***Dick da Jane*** sune manyan mutane biyu da Zerna Sharp ya kirkira don jerin masu karatu da William S. Gray ya rubuta don koya wa yara karatu. Harafin ya fara bayyana a cikin Elson-Gray Readers a cikin 1930 kuma ya ci gaba a cikin jerin littattafai masu zuwa ta hanyar sigar ƙarshe a cikin 1965. An yi amfani da waɗannan masu karatu a cikin aji a Amurka da sauran ƙasashe masu magana da Ingilishi kusan kusan shekaru arba'in, sun kai ga girman shahararsu a cikin shekarun 1950, lokacin da kashi 80 cikin 100 na ɗaliban aji na farko a Amurka suka yi amfani da su. Kodayake ana ci gaba da sayar da jerin Dick da Jane har zuwa 1973 kuma sun kasance ana amfani da su a wasu ɗakunan ajiya a cikin shekarun 1970s, an maye gurbinsu da wasu matani na karatu a cikin shekarun 1980s kuma a hankali sun ɓace daga tsarin karatun makaranta.

An san jerin Dick da Jane da rubutun labaran su masu sauƙi da zane-zane na ruwa. Ga ƙarni na Amurkawa masu matsakaicin matsayi, haruffa na "Dick", "Jane", da ƙanwarsu "Sally" sun zama kalmomin gida. Dick da Jane primers sun zama gumakan al'adun Amurka na tsakiyar karni da abubuwan tarawa.

Dick da Jane primers sun koyar da karatu da kuma dabi'un Amurka na tsakiya ga yara masu zuwa makaranta. Labaran sun bayyana rayuwar da abubuwan da suka faru na Amurka mai tsakiya, fararen iyali a cikin gidansu na kewayen gari. "Mahaifin" ya sa kaya, ya yi aiki a ofis, ya yanke ciyawa, kuma ya wanke mota. "Mahaifiyar" ta zauna a gida, ta yi aikin gida, kuma ta tayar da yara. "Dick", babba daga cikin yara uku na iyali, yana aiki kuma yana da hali mai kyau; "Jane", yaro na tsakiya, yana da kyau kuma ba shi da damuwa. Ta kuma taimaka wajen kula da "Sally", jaririn iyali.

## Littattafan da aka buga a cikin jerin
Tunanin hanyoyi biyu don karantawa da ƙarfi

An fara bayyana ka'idar hanyoyi biyu na karatu da ƙarfi a farkon shekarun 1970.  Wannan ka'idar ta nuna cewa hanyoyi biyu daban-daban na tunani, ko hanyoyin fahimta, suna da hannu a karatu da ƙarfi, tare da fitar da duka hanyoyin da ke ba da gudummawa ga furta rubutun motsawa s.s.
## Manazarta
Jerin kalmomin dolch

**Jerin kalmomin dolch** jerin kalmomin Ingilishi ne da ake amfani da su akai-akai (wanda aka fi sani da kalmomin gani), wanda Edward William Dolch ya tattara, babban mai ba da shawara ga hanyar "kalma-kalma" na fara koyarwar karatu. An fara buga jerin ne a cikin wata kasida ta mujallar a 1936  sannan aka buga shi a cikin littafinsa Problems in Reading a 1948. 

Dolch ya tattara jerin bisa ga littattafan yara na zamaninsa, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa sunaye kamar "kitty" da "Santa Claus" suka bayyana a cikin jerin maimakon karin kalmomin da ke cikin yanzu. Jerin ya ƙunshi "kalmomin sabis" 220 waɗanda Dolch ya yi tunanin ya kamata a gane su cikin sauƙi don cimma ƙwarewar karatu a cikin harshen Ingilishi. Tarin ya cire sunaye, wanda ya ƙunshi jerin kalmomi 95 daban. A cewar Dolch, tsakanin 50% da 75% na duk kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin littattafan makaranta, littattafan ɗakin karatu, jaridu, da mujallu wani ɓangare ne na ƙamus na Dolch; duk da haka, tuna cewa ya tattara wannan jerin a 1936.

## Masu sukar
Masu sukar koyar da karatu ta amfani da dukkan kalmomi da hanyoyin harshe (da masu goyon bayan phonics) suna kiyaye cewa haddace dukkan kalmomi na iya yin lahani fiye da nagarta saboda yana ɗaukar lokaci daga muhimmin bangare na yin amfani da dabarun fassara na asali. ts.
Ant da Bee

**Labaran Ant da Bee** jerin ƙananan littattafai ne da Angela Banner ta rubuta (sunan Angela Mary Maddison [nee Lincke], 1923-2014). Ta fara rubuta littattafan don koya wa ɗanta yadda ake karatu. Angela Mary Lincke ta auri Major Lionel Henry Mosse Parsons kuma tana da 'ya'ya biyu.o read.

An buga kundi na farko a Ƙasar Ingila a cikin 1950 kuma na ƙarshe a cikin 1972 ta Edmund Ward Limited, daga baya Kaye & Ward. Akalla an buga wasu kundin a Amurka ta hanyar Franklin Watts Inc. Trafalgar Square Publishing ta sake buga littattafan a ƙarshen 1980s da farkon 1990s. Sabbin bugu na wasu kundin an buga su a cikin 2013 ta hanyar Egmont UK Limited.
## Manazarta
The Fat Cat Sat on the Mat

The Fat Cat Sat on the Mat littafi ne na 1996 na yara na ƙasar Amurka wanda Nurit Karlin ya rubuta kuma ya kwatanta. HarperCollins ne ya buga shi,  littafin labari ne mai raɗaɗi na farkon mai karantawa wanda ke jaddada ikon karanta kalmomi na takamaiman tsari, kamar "a".> Makircin ya kalli wata katuwar katon da ta ki sauka daga kan tabarma, duk da kokarin kwacewa daga bera mai fusata.

## Manazarta
Karatu mai zurfi

karatu **Karatu mai zurfi** (**ER**) shine tsari na karantawa mai tsawo, matani masu sauƙi na dogon lokaci ba tare da rushewar fahimta ba, jin daɗi, ko buƙatar ɗaukar hutu. Ya bambanta da karatun ilimi mai zurfi ko ilimi, wanda aka mayar da hankali kan karatun kusa da matani, gajerun matani, yawanci ba a karanta su don jin daɗi. Kodayake an yi amfani da shi azaman dabarun koyarwa don inganta Ci gaban harshe na biyu, ER kuma ya shafi karatun son rai kyauta da karatun nishaɗi a ciki da waje da aji. ER ya dogara ne akan zaton cewa muna koyon karatu ta hanyar karatu.

Aiwatar da ER galibi ana kiranta karatu mai tsawo (SSR) ko karatu na son rai kyauta; kuma ana amfani dashi a cikin aji na farko- (L1) da na biyu (L2) don inganta karatun karatu da fahimta. Baya ga ƙwarewa da fahimta, ER yana da wasu fa'idodi da yawa ga masu koyo na farko da na biyu, kamar su ƙarin ilimin ƙamus da ƙamus, ƙaruwa a cikin ilimin baya, da ƙarin amincewar harshe da motsawa

Babban jigon ER shine masu koyo suna karantawa kamar yadda zai yiwu daga kayan da suka zaɓa. Richard Day, shugaban kuma wanda ya kafa The Extensive Reading Foundation, ya tsara ƙarin ka'idoji takwas na ER. Ya bayyana cewa ka'idoji biyu na farko sun kafa tushe ga ER tunda suna magance nau'ikan kayan da za a karanta. Ka'idoji biyu na farko sun bayyana cewa kayan karatu ya kamata su kasance masu sauƙi kuma sun bambanta da batun da salon. Babban dalilin shi ne cewa ya kamata masu koyo su shiga kuma su motsa su ta hanyar kayan karatu. Ba za a karanta rubutun da ke da ƙalubale ko rashin ban sha'awa ba kuma ba za su goyi bayan ka'idoji na uku da na huɗu waɗanda ke nuna saurin karatu ya fi sauri maimakon jinkiri kuma babban manufar karatu shine jin daɗi. Tenet biyar ya bayyana cewa aikin karatu na mutum ne kuma ba shi da shiru, kodayake ba duk shirye-shiryen ER suna bin wannan da yawa ciki har da karantawa da kuma karatun rukuni ba. Ya bayyana cewa tunda karatu shine nasa lada, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin ka'idar lamba ta shida, ba lallai ba ne a yi tambayoyi, gwaje-gwaje, ko tambaya ta fahimta daga baya, kodayake akwai kuma ya kamata a sami wani nau'i na aikin bin diddigin. A ƙarshe, tare da ka'idoji biyu na ƙarshe ya mai da hankali ga malamin. A cikin ka'ida ta bakwai ya bayyana cewa malami misali ne na wanda kuma abin da mai karatu yake. A cikin ka'ida ta takwas ya ce malamin ya kamata ya jagorantar ɗalibai ta hanyar bayyana manufar ER, tunda ya bambanta da karatun aji na gargajiya.
Rudolf Flesch

Rudolf Franz Flesch (8 ga Mayu 1911 - 5 ga Oktoba 1986) marubuci ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda aka haifa a ƙasar Austria (wanda aka yi masa laƙabi da littafinsa Why Johnny Can't Read), kuma ƙwararre ne a fannin karatu da rubutu kuma mai ba da shawara kan rubutu wanda ya kasance mai fafutukar kare Turanci a Amurka.

## Manazarta
Karatun jagoranci

Jagirancin akan karatu shine "koyarwar karatu na ƙananan rukuni da aka tsara don samar da koyarwa daban-daban waɗanda ke tallafawa ɗalibai wajen haɓaka ƙwarewar karatu". Samfurin ƙaramin rukuni yana ba wa ɗalibai damar koyar da su ta hanyar da aka yi niyya don su fi mai da hankali kan takamaiman buƙatun su, haɓaka ci gaban su.

## Gabatarwa
An gabatar da karatun jagoranci a matsayin hanyar koyar da karatu a Ingila da Wales a cikin 1993,  ] ta hanyar tasirin Dabarun Rubuce-rubuce na Ƙasa (daga baya Babban Dabaru na Ƙasa ya maye gurbinsa). Ba a sake samun goyon bayan Babban Dabarun Ƙasa aga Sashen Ilimi na Ingila.

A {asar Amirka, Karatun Jagoranci shine mahimmin ginshiƙi ga tsarin karatun Bita na koyarwar karatu. Shirye-shiryen Karatu ya ƙunshi malami da ƙaramin rukuni na yara biyu zuwa huɗu kodayake ƙungiyoyi biyar ko shida ba sabon abu bane. Zaman zai kasance yana da tsarin manufofin da za a koyar yayin zaman da zai dauki kusan mintuna 20. Yayin da ake gudanar da karatun jagora tare da rukuni ɗaya na yara, sauran yaran suna aiki da ingantattun ayyuka masu zaman kansu ko na karatun rukuni da nufin ba wa malami damar mayar da hankali kan ƙaramin rukuni ba tare da tsangwama ba Karatun Jagora yawanci aiki ne na yau da kullun a cikin azuzuwan makarantun firamare na Ingilishi da Welsh kuma yana haɗa kowane yaro a cikin aji a cikin mako guda. A cikin Amurka, Karatun Jagora na iya faruwa a matakin farko da na matsakaici. Kowane rukunin Karatun Jagora yana saduwa da malami sau da yawa a cikin mako guda. Yara yawanci ana haɗa su ta hanyar iyawar ilimi,

## Manazarta
Litaffin tarihin yadda ake karatu

Tarihin koyon karatu ya samo asali ne tun farkon ƙirƙirar rubutu a cikin ƙarni na 4 BC./

Game da harshen Ingilishi a Amurka, John Hart ya fara gabatar da ka'idar koyar da karatu a cikin 1570, wanda ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata koyarwar karatu ta mai da hankali kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin abin da yanzu ake kira graphemes (wasiƙun) da sautin waya (sauti).

A lokacin da Amurka ta yi mulkin mallaka, ba a rubuta abin karantawa musamman ga yara ba, saboda haka abin koyarwa ya ƙunshi Littafi Mai Tsarki da kuma wasu kasidu masu nuna kishin ƙasa. Littafin farko da ya fi tasiri shine The New England Primer, wanda aka buga a 1687. Ba a yi la'akari da mafi kyawun hanyoyin koyar da karatu ko tantance fahimtar karatu ba.
## Karni na 21

A cikin 2000 Kwamitin Karatu na Ƙasa a Amurka ta gano abubuwa biyar na ingantaccen koyarwar karatu: wayar da kan jama'a, phonics, iya magana, ƙamus da fahimta.
Tun daga shekara ta 2000, an buga rahotannin binciken karatu da yawa:

2000 – Ƙungiyar Karatu ta Ƙasa (Amurka) wacce ta gano abubuwa guda biyar na ingantaccen koyarwar karatu: wayar da kan jama'a, sauti, iyawa, ƙamus da fahimta.[
2005 - Rahoton Ostiraliya game da karantarwa na koyarwa wanda ke goyan bayan yin amfani da sauti na tsari.
2006 - The United Kingdom Independent review na koyarwar farkon karatu (Rose Report 2006) wanda ke goyan bayan tsarin sauti na roba.[
## Manazarta
Halloween ABC

Halloween ABC littafi ne na wakoki na yara, wanda Eve Merriam ya rubuta kuma Lane Smith ya kwatanta. Ya ƙunshi waƙa mai alaƙa da jigo mai ban tsoro ko Halloween ga kowane harafin haruffa.

## liyafar
Kirkus Reviews ya kira shi "kyakkyawan ƙira, daidai a hoto, wannan salo ne na zamani wanda ya kamata ya shahara ga batunsa, tare da jan hankali ga kowane zamani da ke jin daɗin ɓangaren macabre na Halloween".[1] Publishers Weekly ya kwatanta waƙoƙin a matsayin "sabon, abubuwan halitta na asali" da "mai kwatanta Smith cikakke ne ..." publishersweekly.com. PWxyz LLC. November 1987. Retrieved 24 June 2015publishersweekly.com. PWxyz LLC. November 1987. Retrieved 24 June 2015The School Library Journal ya ba da shawarar Halloween ABC ga yara K da sama, kuma ya bayyana cewa: "Wannan ba littafi ba ne don yara ƙanana don koyon haruffa, amma yana da ma'ana, mai ban sha'awa, da farin ciki mai ban sha'awa ga littafi mai ban sha'awa ga wani littafi mai ban sha'awa na Halloween kuma yana da lokaci mai ban mamaki. na shekara da kuma hanyar diabolic ga manya masu sha'awar waka don gabatar da aikin ɗayan mafi kyawun mawaƙanmu na zamani [...]"
## Manazarta
Littafin bayan jakin dawa

Bayan Zebra littafi ne na 1955 da aka walafa na yara na Theodor Geisel, wanda aka fi sani da Dr. Seuss. A cikin wata ɗaukar nau'in littafin haruffa, Seuss ya gabatar, maimakon haruffa ashirin da shida na alfabetin Ingilishi na al'ada, ƙarin haruffa ashirin waɗanda ake zaton suna bin su.

Domin tsari, haruffan da halittun da haruffan su ne harafi na farko yayin rubuta sunayensu, sune YUZZ (Yuzz-a-ma-Tuzz), WUM (Wumbus), UM (Umbus), HUMPF (Humpf-Humpf-a-Dumpfer), FUDDLE (Miss Fuddle-dee-Duddle), SNGNUKK, GLIKK, GLIKK, HUMPF. (Sneedle), QUAN (Quandary), THNAD (Thnadners), SPAZZ (Spazzim), FLOOB (Floob-Boober-Bab-Boober-Bubs), ZATZ (Zatz-it), JOGG (Jogg-ons), FLUNN (Flunnel), ITCH (Itch-a-pods), VKKOk (VokYE) (High Gargel-orum).

Littafin ya ƙare da harafin da ba a bayyana sunansa ba wanda ya fi rikitarwa fiye da waɗanda ke da sunaye. Ana nuna lissafin duk ƙarin haruffa a ƙarshen.
Bayan Zebra![1] book ne na yara da aka ƙirƙirar na shekarar 1955 na Theodor Geisel

Bayan Zebra![1] littafi ne na yara da aka kwatanta na 1955 na Theodor Geisel, wanda aka fi sani da Dr. Seuss. A cikin wannan ɗaukar nau'in littafin haruffa, Seuss ya gabatar, maimakon haruffa ashirin da shida na alfabetin Ingilishi na al'ada, ƙarin haruffa ashirin waɗanda ake zaton suna bin su.

## Makirci
Matashin mai ba da labari, bai gamsu da takaitattun haruffa na yau da kullun ba, ya ba da rahoton ƙarin haruffa fiye da Z, tare da kyakkyawar halitta mai dacewa da kowane sabon harafi. Misali, harafin "FLOOB" shine harafi na farko a cikin Floob-Boober-Bab-Boober-Bubs, wanda ke da manyan kawuna masu tasowa kuma suna iyo cikin nutsuwa cikin ruwa.

Domin tsari, haruffan da halittun da haruffan su ne harafi na farko yayin rubuta sunayensu, sune YUZZ (Yuzz-a-ma-Tuzz), WUM (Wumbus), UM (Umbus), HUMPF (Humpf-Humpf-a-Dumpfer), FUDDLE (Miss Fuddle-dee-Duddle), SNGNUKK, GLIKK, GLIKK, HUMPF. (Sneedle), QUAN (Quandary), THNAD (Thnadners), SPAZZ (Spazzim), FLOOB (Floob-Boober-Bab-Boober-Bubs), ZATZ (Zatz-it), JOGG (Jogg-ons), FLUNN (Flunnel), ITCH (Itch-a-pods), VKKOk (VokYE) (High Gargel-orum).

Littafin ya ƙare da harafin da ba a bayyana sunansa ba wanda ya fi rikitarwa fiye da waɗanda ke da sunaye. Ana nuna lissafin duk ƙarin haruffa a ƙarshen.
## Manazarta
Litaffin Runa ABC

Runa ABC na Johannes Bureus shine littafin haruffa na Sweden na farko kuma manufarsa ita ce koyar da haruffan runic a Sweden na ƙarni na 17.

Majagaba na runology Johannes Bureus Kirista ne na addini, amma kuma ya yi tunanin cewa tasirin Kirista ya maye gurbin haruffan runic da haruffan Latin. Sunansa mai kyau da manyan abokansa sun ba shi damar mallakar sarauta cewa ba za a iya buga littattafan haruffa ba tare da koyar da haruffan runic ba kuma ba a yarda kowa ya buga su ba sai shi kansa. Sakamakon shi ne cewa littafin haruffan Sweden na farko da aka taɓa bugawa yana da manufar koyar da runes.

An buga bugu na farko na Runa ABC a shekara ta 1611. Ya ƙunshi haruffan Latin a cikin tsari na ABC da kuma haruffan runic a cikin tsari na futhark da kuma cikin tsari na haruffan Latin. Bureus ya kuma kara sunayen runes, wayoyi da suke wakilta da kuma wasu ka'idojin rubutu. Littafin ya ƙunshi ƙananan rubutun Kirista, waɗanda aka rubuta da runes a gefe ɗaya kuma a cikin haruffan Latin a akasin haka. An buga bugu na ƙarshe a cikin 1624, kuma ya fi ilimin koyarwa fiye da na farko, tunda an sanya haruffan Latin kai tsaye a ƙarƙashin runes. yayin da bugu na farko ya ƙare da wasu addu'o'in da aka rubuta da haruffan Latin, bugun 1624 yana da addu'o'in ƙarshe da aka rubuta da runes, ba tare da fassarar Latin ba[2].
## Manazarta
Labarin appebe

Labarin Appleby Capple wani hadadden littafin haruffan yara ne na Anne Parrish, tare da ba da labari.

Kowane babi yana mai da hankali kan wani harafi dabam da ake amfani da shi wajen ba da labari. Appleby Capple dan shekara biyar ne a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa bikin cika shekaru 99 na Cousin Clement; yana da abubuwan kasada da yawa da ke neman cikakkiyar kyauta: malam buɗe ido na Zebra.

Rubutun yana tare da zane-zane masu kama da zane mai yawa na marubucin An fara buga littafin a cikin 1950 kuma ya kasance mai karɓar Newbery Honor a 1951.

## Manazarta
Dr. Seuss's ABC

Dokta Seuss's ABC, in ba haka ba ana kiransa The ABC, littafi ne na Turanci na 1963 wanda Dr. Seuss ya rubuta tare da taurari biyu na zomaye masu launin rawaya masu suna Ichabod da Izzy yayin da suke tafiya cikin haruffa kuma suna saduwa da haruffa waɗanda sunayensu suka fara da kowane harafi. Dan wasan barkwanci na Burtaniya Rik Mayall ne ya karanta shi azaman littafin mai jiwuwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na sakin sauti na 2000 The Dr. Seuss Collection.

## Tarihin bugawa
Dokta Seuss ya jawo hankali daga tunanin mahaifiyarsa, Nettie Geisel, wanda ya karanta labaru ga Ted da 'yar uwarsa, Marnie Geisel, a lokacin kwanta barci. Shi da Marnie kuma sun ɗauki darussan piano. Marnie ya yi aiki kowace rana yayin da za a iya kwace shi da littattafai. ya yi kyau, duk lokacin da ta kai shi kantin sayar da littattafai ta Johnson kuma ta bar shi ya zaɓi littafi a matsayin lada. An buga Dr. Seuss's ABC a matsayin Littafin Mafari a cikin 1963, tare da Hop on Pop.
## Manazarta
Elementarz

Elementarz littafin karatu ne na Marian Falski [pl] don koyar da karatu da rubutu ga yara ƙanana. An buga bugu na farko mai suna Nauka czytania i pisania dla dzieci (Koyon Karatu da Rubutu don Yara) a shekara ta 1910 a birnin Kraków kuma ya kawo sauyi a tsarin koyarwa a Poland. Jan Rembowski ne ya kwatanta shi. An sake shi a nau'i-nau'i da yawa da kuma sake bugawa da yawa. Ya zama littafin haruffan Yaren mutanen Poland da aka fi buga akai-akai da kuma buga mafi dadewa irinsa a duniya.

## Tarihi
Marian Falski [pl], wanda aka horar da shi a matsayin injiniyanci, ya sami gogewar karatunsa ta hanyar kula da ɗan abokinsa na tsawon shekaru biyu. A wannan lokacin ne ya lura da wasu nau’o’i wajen bunkasa fasahar karatu da rubutu na yara, wadanda daga baya ya yi amfani da su wajen rubuta littafin karatu da rubutu
## Manazarta
Littafin karami na aljihu

Littafin Aljihu karami, wanda aka yi niyya don nishaɗin ƙaramin Master Tommy da Pretty Miss Polly tare da haruffa biyu daga Jack the Giant Killer shine taken littafin yara na 1744 na ɗan Burtaniya John Newbery.
## Tarihi
Gabaɗaya ana ɗaukarsa littafin farko na yara, kuma ya ƙunshi sauƙaƙan waƙoƙi ga kowane haruffan haruffa. Don tallata littafin ga yaran zamanin, littafin ya zo da kamar dai ball ga yaro, ko kuma fitintinu ga yarinya. Littafin ya shahara sosai a Ingila, kuma ya sami sunan Newbery sosai; daga karshe aka sanya masa Medal na Newbery. An sake buga littafin a Mulkin Amurka a 1Dokta A SW Rosenbach ya kira wannan littafi, "Daya daga cikin litattafai masu tasiri da mahimmanci a tarihin adabin yara."

=Manazarta==
Apple Pie ABC

Apple Pie ABC" tsohuwar waƙar haruffan Ingilishi ce mai dawwama ga yara wacce ta bi ta sauye-sauye da yawa tun daga ƙarni na 17. Ayyukanta na ilimi shine bayyana hulɗar yara da kek a cikin tsari na haruffa, yana sanya shi a farkon ƙamus na Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes.

## Tarihi
"Apple Pie ABC" waƙa ce mai sauƙi da ake nufi don koya wa yara tsarin haruffa kuma yana da alaƙa da hanyoyi daban-daban da yara ke amsawa ga kek apple. Bayan layin farko, A shine kek apple, sauran haruffa suna magana ne akan kalmomi. Siffofin da aka buga na farko, tun daga karni na 18, suna da nau'i mai zuwa: "A shine kek Apple; B cije shi; C yanke shi; D magance shi; E ci shi; F ya yi yaƙi da shi; G ya samu; H da shi; J ya haɗa shi; K ya kiyaye shi; L ya yi marmarinsa; M ya yi baƙin ciki; guntu a hannu"

## Manazarta
Littafi mai bayani

Animalia littafi ne na yara da aka kwatanta ta Graeme Base. An fara buga shi a cikin 1986, sannan bugu na cika shekaru goma a 1996, da bugu na 25th a 2012. An sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan huɗu a duniya. An kuma buga bugu na ranar tunawa na musamman mai lamba da sanya hannu a cikin 1996, tare da jakin zinari.

## Takaitaccen bayani
Animalia littafi ne na haruffan haruffa kuma ya ƙunshi misalai ashirin da shida, ɗaya na kowane harafin haruffa. Kowane kwatanci ya ƙunshi dabba daga masarautar dabba (A na alligator da armadillo, B don malam buɗe ido ne, C don cat ne, da sauransu) tare da murƙushe harshe yana amfani da harafin shafin don yawancin kalmomin. Misalan sun ƙunshi wasu abubuwa da yawa waɗanda suka fara da waccan wasiƙar waɗanda mai karatu zai iya ƙoƙarin ganowa (misali fasalin shigarwa na "D", ban da dodanni biyu, Diplodocus dinosaur da pelycosaur Dimetrodon; duk da haka, ba lallai ba ne "abubuwa dubu, ko watakila ƙari", sabanin abin da marubucin ya faɗi; alal misali, shigarwar "A" yana nuna alamar "Agogon C" kamar yadda shigarwar agogon C ya bayyana. a cikin "T" da kuma a cikin "R" shigarwa). A matsayin ƙarin ƙalubale, marubucin ya ɓoye hoton kansa lokacin yaro a kowane hoto.
## Manazarta
Chicka Chicka Boom Boom

Chicka Chicka Boom Boom littafi ne na hoton yara na Amurka wanda Bill Martin, Jr. da John Archambault suka rubuta, Lois Ehlert ya kwatanta, [1] kuma Simon & Schuster suka buga a 1989. Littafin yana koyar da haruffa ta hanyar ma'aurata, kuma ya tsara jerin sunayen mafi kyawun masu sayarwa na New York Times don littattafan yara a cikin [2000].

## Makirci
Ƙananan haruffan anthropomorphic suna hawa bishiyar kwakwa don tsari, amma girman nauyin su yana sa bishiyar ta jingina kuma kowa ya fadi. Ba da daɗewa ba, manyan manyan iyayensu sun garzaya don taimaka wa ƙananan haruffa su cece su daga tari.

Yayin da bishiyar ke komawa a hankali a tsaye, kuma haruffan suna barin tarin, kuma a cikin haruffa, an bayyana wasu daga cikinsu sun sami wasu raunuka daga fadowa. Daga baya a cikin dare, harafin "a" ya dawo ya hau kan bishiyar kwakwa, yana ba da shawara sau biyu a kan sauran haruffa don kama shi.
## Manazarta
Trichocyte (algae)

Trichocyte a cikin algae su ne sel waɗanda suke girma a wajen thallus, daga abin da gashi ke tsiro. A cikin algae, trichocytes suna girma musamman a lokacin rani; Girman su yana daidaitawa ta hanyar zafin ruwa da tsawon rana.

## Manazarta
Kwalejin Plymouth

**Kwalejin Plymouth** makaranta ce mai zaman kanta ta haɗin gwiwa a Plymouth, Devon.

## Tarihi
An kafa makarantar a 1877. A cikin 1896 Kwalejin Plymouth ta sayi Makarantar Mannamead (wanda aka kafa a 1854), kuma an san shi na ɗan lokaci da Plymouth da Kwalejin Mannamead.
Mai dumama ganga

Ana amfani da **[[Danyen mai|mai]] dumama drum** - wanda kuma ake kira band heater, barrel heater, container heater ko canister heater- don rage viscosity na ruwa da gels ta hanyar dumama don cikawa, famfo ko kwalba ruwa mai dacewa ko don hana ruwa daga daskarewa a cikin drum. Ruwa na yau da kullun don aikace-aikacen kwalliya shine tar, varnish, resin, mai, cakulan ko galantine. Ana samun masu dumama drum don drum tsakanin lita 20 zuwa 220.

## Furen dumama drum
An tsara murfin drum don adanawa da zafi yawanci daga hudu zuwa 24 drums, yawanci ana adana su a cikin rukuni na hudu a kan pallets, don sauƙin sakawa da cirewa ta hanyar ɗagawa. Ana amfani da su ta hanyar tururi ko abubuwa masu haske na lantarki, tare da ma'aunin ma'auni guda ɗaya, inda ake buƙatar adanawa na dogon lokaci a zafin jiki don rage ruwa ko kiyaye abubuwa sama da zafin jiki. Hakanan akwai murhun lantarki guda ɗaya.

### Gilashin fiber mats
Ga fassarar wannan sakin layi cikin **Hausa** mai sauki:
----**Na'urorin dumama na masana'antu** irin wannan suna da **ɓangaren dumama (heating element)** da aka killace, wanda aka saka cikin **tabarma (mat) da aka kera da zaruruwan gilashi**.

**Na'urorin dumama gangar jiki (drum heaters)** da aka rufe da **silicone** sun dace da **gangar ƙarfe**, yayin da **rufe da polyester** a ƙarancin zafi za a iya amfani da su don **akwatinan roba**.**heaters)**.

### Jaket mai ɗumi mai ɗorewa
Wadannan masu dumama drum na lantarki suna da wani waje Layer na rufi don kare mai amfani da kuma kara ingancin makamashi kamar yadda aka rasa zafi sosai a cikin yanayi, kuma ta haka ne amfani da wutar lantarki ya fi ƙasa da masu dumama band. Yawanci an tsara su don rufe dukkan bangon ko akwati.

### Mai dumama tushe
Yawancin ruwa masu tsami da abubuwa masu ƙarfi da aka adana a cikin drum din ƙarfe suna buƙatar shigar da makamashi mai yawa kafin cirewa daga akwati don sarrafawa. Wani lokaci yana da fa'ida don ƙara zafi kai tsaye a ƙarƙashin drum, ta amfani da mai dumama. Wadannan suna samuwa a cikin gine-gine daban-daban ta amfani da, dumama, tururi, ko mats na dumama na silicone a cikin jiki tare da isasshen ƙarfin inji don tallafawa nauyin cikakken drum.

### Induction Drum Heater
Ana iya dumama drum din ƙarfe ta hanyar dumamawar shigar da mitar. Filin magnetic da mai dumama ya samar yana samar da raƙuman ruwa a cikin bangon drum, yana haifar da ƙarfe don dumama abubuwan da ke ciki.
Maserati 350S

**Maserati 350S** yana nufin jerin motocin tsere guda uku da masana'antun motocin Italiya suka yi Maserati, Giulio Alfieri ya gina, tare da jikin aluminum wanda Medardo Fantuzzi ya tsara, duka injiniyoyin Maserati. An gina na'urar mai lamba 350S don yin gwaji da sabon injin madaidaiciya-shida yayin da ake kera sabon injin V8 a masana'antar.

## Tarihi
Injin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin motar an yi masa kwaskwarima sosai don yin tsere kuma a ƙarshe bai yi kama da injin da aka gina shi ba. An yi bambance-bambance daban-daban guda biyu: ɗaya tare da busassun sump lubrication, ɗayan kuma tare da rigar sump lubrication. Sakamakon wutar lantarki na injin ya bambanta daga 290 to 325 hp (216 to 242 kW) . An shigar da injin a cikin chassis na tubular karfe bisa na 300S, tare da ƙarin ƙarfafawa. [1]

Chassis na farko, # 3501, an haɓaka shi a cikin 1955 ta amfani da chassis na 300S, da kuma 3.5-litre madaidaiciya-six engine a ƙarƙashin ci gaba don 3500 GT na gaba. Stirling Moss ya fadi a cikin Mille Miglia na 1956, sannan aka sake gina shi a masana'antar a matsayin samfurin 450S na farko kuma an haɗa shi da injin V8. A cikin shekarun 1960s Tom Meade ne ya sayi shi kuma ya canza shi sosai, wanda ya riga ya yi haka zuwa # 3503, kawai don a saya shi kuma a mayar da shi gaba ɗaya a cikin shekarun 1980s ta mai shi na gaba, Franco Lombardi [1] [2][3][4]

Chassis # 3502 ya kasance, kamar # 3501, wanda masana'antar ta inganta zuwa ƙayyadaddun 450S a cikin 1956. Daga nan aka sayar da shi ga Tony Parravano . 

An gina Chassis # 3503 tare da # 3502. Da farko ya yi amfani da madaidaiciya shida, amma daga baya ya sami Injin V12 na lita 3.5. Ya shiga cikin tseren da yawa a cikin 1957 wanda Luigi Piotti, Roberto Bonomi, Hans Herrmann, da Jean Behra suka jagoranci. A farkon shekarun 1960 an sayi shi, an sake gina shi, kuma Tom Meade ya gyara shi, amma ya samu matsala a hatsarin hanya na 1966 a California. Wani nau'in wannan mota, wanda ya dogara da chassis na samar da Maserati 3500 GT, ana nuna shi a wasu lokuta a abubuwan da suka faru kamar 1992 Mille Miglia . [1][2]

## Manazarta
Mercedes-Benz C111

**Mercedes-Benz C111** jerin motocin gwaji ne da Daimler-Benz ya samar a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970. Kamfanin yana gwaji tare da sabbin fasahohin injiniya, gami da Injinan Wankel, injunan diesel, da Turbochargers, kuma ya yi amfani da dandalin C111 na asali a matsayin gwajin gwaji. Sauran fasalulluka na gwaji sun haɗa da dakatarwa ta baya mai yawa, Ƙofofin fuka-fuki da kuma ciki mai kyau tare da gyaran fata da sanyaya iska.

## Tarihi
An kammala fasalin farko na C111 a shekarar 1969, kuma an gabatar da shi a shekarar 1969 IAA a Frankfurt. Motar ta yi amfani da harsashi na jiki na fiberglass kuma tare da tsakiyar-mounted uku-rotor kai tsaye mai Injin Wankel (code da ake kira M950F). C111 na gaba ya bayyana a cikin 1970; an nuna shi a 1970 Geneva International Motor Show . Ya yi amfani da injin rotor guda huɗu wanda ke samar da   .  An ruwaito cewa motar za ta iya kaiwa gudun  km / h (186 . 

Kamfanin ya yanke shawarar kada ya karɓi injin Wankel kuma ya juya zuwa gwaje-gwajen diesel don C111s na biyu da na uku. Injin C111-IID Mercedes-Benz OM 617, kuma ya samar da    a 4200 min-1. Ya dogara ne akan bambancin Mercedes-Benz 85 kW na OM 617 da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Mercedes-Benz W 116 S-Class, amma yana da turbocharger daban ba tare da wastegate ba, wanda ya ba da damar ƙaruwar matsin lamba na 3.3. Daimler-Benz kuma ya kara da wani intercooler wanda ya inganta ingancin zafi na injin.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Misali na C111 III wanda aka kammala a cikin 1978, yana da ƙarin jiki na iska wanda ya ba shi ƙarfin iska na 0.195. Yana da gyare-gyaren 3-litre na Mercedes-Benz OM 617 mai cylinder biyar Diesel, yanzu yana samar da 170 kW (228 hp) kW (228 , da kuma BMEP na 1.68 MPa, wanda ya haifar da matsakaicin jujjuyawar 401 N·m a 3600 min−1. Ya ba da damar C111 III don isa saman gudun 338 kilometres per hour (210 mph) km / h (210 a tsawon kilomita 12.5 (7.8 [1] Nardò Ring a cikin 1978, kuma don matsakaicin amfani da man fetur 16 l/100 km a matsakaicin gudun 325 km / h. [2] An sanya injin tare da famfo na injection na M-type na jerin PE na Bosch tare da matsakaicin matsin allura na 40 MPa.[3]          

C111 IV yana da injin V8 mai nauyin 4.5 L KKK-turbocharged wanda ya samar da     a 6000 / min. Wannan ya kafa wani rikodin a Nardò Ring a 1979, tare da matsakaicin saurin 403.78 km / h (250.958 mph), wanda Hans Liebold ya kori.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Jimlar samarwa ta kasance motoci 16: motoci 13 na farko da na biyu na Wankel, motoci biyu na diesel da aka yi amfani da su a cikin yunkurin rikodin Nardò, da kuma motar V8 guda ɗaya na ƙarni na huɗu.

Mercedes-Benz ta gabatar da C112 a Frankfurt Motor Show a cikin 1991 a matsayin motar motsa jiki da aka tsara. Motar ta yi amfani da injin 6.0 L V12 da aka ɗora a tsakiya. Bayan karɓar ajiya 700, kamfanin ya yanke shawarar kada ya ci gaba da samarwa.&nbsp;

## Manazarta
Ciaron Pilbeam

**Ciaron Pilbeam** injiniya ce ta Formula One ta Burtaniya. A halin yanzu shi ne Daraktan Fasaha, Ayyuka a ƙungiyar Alpine Formula One . 

## Ayyuka
Pilbeam ya fara ne a British American Racing yana aiki a cikin Vehicle Dynamics . Bayan shekara guda, ya yi aiki tare da Jock Clear a matsayin Mataimakin Injiniyan Race ga zakaran duniya na Formula 1 na 1997 Jacques Villeneuve . Pilbeam ya ci gaba da aiki tare da BAR a matsayin Injiniyan tsere zuwa Takuma Sato kafin ya koma Red Bull Racing a 2006 tare da Christian Klien . A shekara ta 2007, Pilbeam ya ɗauki matsayin Injiniyan tseren Mark Webber, yana riƙe da wannan matsayi na tsawon shekaru shida.[1] Ya taimaka wa nasarar tseren tara ga Australiya kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga lambobin zakarun duniya guda uku.[2] Pilbeam ya sami kanun labarai bayan hadarin Webber da Vettel na gasar Grand Prix ta Turkiyya ta 2010, tare da hasashen kafofin watsa labarai cewa Pilbeam ya yi watsi da umarnin kai tsaye daga Christian Horner don ya shawarci Webber ya koma gefe ga Jamusanci.[3][4][5]

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Mahaifin Pilbeam shine Mike Pilbeam wanda ya tsara motocin tsere ga masana'antun da yawa ciki har da BRM, Lotus da Surtees .  Pilbeam yana ba da gudummawa a matsayin mai koyarwa ga ɗalibai a Makarantar Injiniya ta MIA .  Pilbeam ya ambaci gwajinsa na farko tare da BAR a Silverstone a matsayin lokacin da ya shiga Formula One.

## Manazarta