Yanayin ƙasar Illinois

Illinois tana cikin tsakiyar yammacin Amurka. jihohin da ke kewaye da su sune Wisconsin a arewa,  da Missouri a yamma, Kentucky a gabas da kudu, da Indiya a gabas. Illinois kuma tana da iyaka da Michigan, amma kawai ta hanyar iyakar ruwa ta arewa maso gabashin a Tafkin Michigan. Kusan dukkanin iyakar yammacin Illinois shine Kogin Mississippi, ban da wasu yankuna inda kogin ya canza hanya. Yankin kudu maso gabashin Illinois da kudancin yana tare da Kogin Wabash da Kogin Ohio, yayin da iyakar arewacinsa da yawancin iyakar gabashinsa layi ne madaidaiciya (longitudinal da latitudinal). Illinois tana da iyakar nisan arewa maso kudu na mil 390 (630 ) da mil 210 (340 km) gabas zuwa yamma. Jimlar yankinta ita ce murabba'in mil 57,918 (150,010 km2).&nbsp;&nbsp;

## Kididdiga

* Illinois tana da iyakar nisan arewa maso kudu na mil 390 (630  da mil 210 (340  gabas zuwa yamma.
* Jimlar yanki shine murabba'in mil 57,918 (150,010 ), wanda ya kasance na  a girman jihohi 50.
* Yankin ruwa yana da murabba'in mil ,325 (6,020 ); Tafkin Michigan yana da asusun mafi yawan wannan.
* Charles Mound a arewa maso yammacin Driftless Area shine mafi girman matsayi a cikin jihar a   sama da matakin teku.
* Kogin Mississippi a Alkahira, Illinois shine mafi ƙasƙanci, a ƙafa 279 (85 .
* Matsakaicin tsawo shine   sama da matakin teku.
* Gundumar McLean ita ce mafi girma dangane da yankin ƙasa (1,184 sq mi.), yayin da Gundumar Cook ita ce mafi girman gundumar dangane da yawan jama'a (5,275,541 a shekarar 2020), kuma mafi girma lokacin da aka haɗa ƙasa da ruwa.

## Yankin ƙasa
Illinois tana da manyan yankuna uku: Arewa, Tsakiya, da Kudancin. Gabaɗaya, tsakiyar da kudancin Illinois galibi ana kiransu a cikin Illinois a matsayin "ƙasa ta Illinois" amma tare da ci gaban siyasa tun lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II "Downstate" yanzu yana nufin *duk* Illinois a waje da yankin Chicago.

### Arewacin Illinois
Arewacin Illinois ya mamaye Tafkin Chicago, gami da Birnin Chicago, yankunan da ke kusa da shi, da kuma yankin da ke kusa wanda babban birni ke fadadawa. "Gundumomin da ke da wuyan" sune yankuna biyar da ke kewaye da yankin Cook County a cikin babban birnin Chicago: DuPage County, Kane County, Lake County, McHenry County, da Will County. Ana amfani da kalmar "Chicagoland" a wasu lokuta don bayyana yankin metro, gami da Chicago, yankunan da ke kewaye da shi a cikin Cook County, da kuma abin da ake kira yankunan collar. An ce mai wallafa Chicago Tribune Robert R. McCormick ne ya kirkiro kalmar. Kamfanin Kasuwanci na Chicagoland ya bayyana shi a matsayin duk yankunan Cook, da DuPage, Kane, Lake, McHenry da Will. Yankin yana da yawan jama'a, yana da yawan mutane, masana'antu, kuma kabilun da suka bambanta sun zauna. Kamar yadda gwamnatin tarayya ta bayyana, yankin Chicago Metropolitan ya hada da yankuna biyu a Indiana, yankuna biyu na Wisconsin, da kuma yankuna 11 masu zuwa a Illinois: Cook, DeKalb, DuPage, Grundy, Kane, Kankakee, Kendall, Lake, LaSalle, McHenry, da Will counties.

Yankin Rockford Metropolitan yana arewa maso tsakiya kusa da Wisconsin, a kan Kogin Rock . Yankin Quad Cities Metropolitan yana a bangarorin biyu na Kogin Mississippi wanda ke raba Illinois daga Iowa. Yankin Illinois ya hada da Henry County, Mercer County, da Rock Island County.

A cikin iyakar arewa maso yammacin Illinois Driftless Zone, yankin da ba a rufe shi ba sabili da haka mafi girma kuma mafi tsayi, yana da karamin ɓangare na jihar. Charles Mound, wanda ke cikin wannan yankin, shine mafi girman tsawo a jihar sama da matakin teku.

### Tsakiyar Illinois
A kudu da yamma, babban rukuni na biyu shine Tsakiyar Illinois, yanki na mafi yawan Filayen filayen ban da yankunan da ke kusa da kogin Illinois da Mississippi waɗanda ke cike da tuddai da bluffs da ke rataye sama da koguna suna ba da ra'ayoyi masu mahimmanci don mil. Yankin yamma (yammacin Kogin Illinois) asalinsa wani bangare ne na Military Tract na 1812 kuma ya zama bambancin yammacin jihar. Tsakiyar Illinois tana da ƙananan garuruwa da birane masu matsakaici. Aikin noma, musamman masara da soya, sun kasance sanannun. Manyan biranen sun hada da Peoria, da Springfield (babban birnin jihar). Yankin Champaign-Urbana yana cikin tsakiyar yankin jihar kuma ya ƙunshi yankunan Champaign, Ford, da Piatt.

### Kudancin Illinois
Sashe na uku shine Kudancin Illinois, wanda ya ƙunshi yankin kudu da Hanyar Amurka ta 50, gami da Little Egypt, kusa da mahaɗar Kogin Mississippi da Kogin Ohio. Ana iya rarrabe wannan yankin daga sauran biyu ta hanyar yanayin zafi, cakuda amfanin gona daban-daban (ciki har da noma auduga a baya), mafi girman yanayin da ba a rufe shi ba, da kuma ƙananan man fetur da hakar kwal.

* Metro-East wani yanki ne a gabashin St. Louis kuma ya haɗa da Jersey, Madison, St. Clair, Macoupin, da sassa na Bond da Calhoun daga St. Louis Metropolitan Statistical Area, da kuma Clinton County.
* Carbondale, Karbon, West Frankfort, Benton, Herrin, Murphysboro, Carterville, da yankin Johnston City.

Dutsen Shawnee ya tashi a kudancin Illinois. Illinoian Stage, kimanin shekaru 132,000 zuwa 300,000 kafin yanzu, ya hau gefen arewacin Shawnee Hills, amma bai kai ga taron ba. Saboda haka mafi yawan tsaunukan Shawnee ba su da dusar ƙanƙara.

Yankin ambaliyar ruwa a kan Kogin Mississippi daga Alton zuwa Kaskaskia_River" id="mwnQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kaskaskia River">Kogin Kaskaskia shine American Bottom, kuma shine shafin yanar gizon tsohuwar birnin Cahokia, kuma yanki ne na farkon zama na Faransa, da kuma shafin yanar gizon babban birnin jihar na farko, a Kaskaskia. Yankin kudancin Illinois yana cikin Gulf Coastal Plain .

## Yanayin siyasa
Birnin Chicago da wasu tsofaffin unguwanni suna da karfi sosai. Duk da yake wannan yanayin ya kasance a tarihi ta hanyar masu jefa kuri'a na Jamhuriyar Republican a cikin unguwanni, 'yan Democrat sun kara yawan goyon bayansu a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Halin karkara na tsakiyar Illinois yana taimakawa wajen ci gaba da tsarin jefa kuri'a na Jamhuriyar Republican da kuma yaduwar ƙiyayya ga Chicago. Haɗin ƙasa mafi talauci, hakar kwal da masana'antu ya sa yankin kudancin ya jingina da siyasa ta Democrat, musamman a yankin birni a kusa da Missouri" id="mwqA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="St. Louis, Missouri">Saint Louis, Missouri.

Rockford, Illinois an san shi da cibiyar 'yan Republican masu sassaucin ra'ayi.
 
Illinois galibi an rufe shi da ƙasa, daruruwan ƙafafu a wurare da yawa. Yawancin wannan ƙasa ana kiranta, yadda ya kamata, "Illite", kuma shine mafi yawan nau'in ƙasa a duniya. Ilimin yanayin ƙasa na jihar galibi Quaternary ne, tare da duwatsu da aka binne sosai. Arzikin jihar yafi fitowa ne daga wannan yalwar ƙasa da kuma yanayin aikin gona mai kyau da yake bayarwa.

Illinois babbar jiha ce mai samar da kwal.  Yawancin saman bedrock na shekarun Pennsylvania ne, gami da "cyclothemes", jeri na yau da kullun na farar ƙasa, shale da yadudduka na kwal.  Sabbin duwatsun ƙila sun taɓa wanzuwa a cikin Jiha, amma an kawar da waɗannan ta lokuta na glaciation akai-akai.  Kananan wurare ne kawai na sabon gadon gado.  Damar gano ƙasusuwan dinosaur a cikin Illinois kusan ba ta cika ba:, Dutsen Pennsylvania sun kasance a nan kafin dinosaur.

Galena, ma'adinai na gubar, an haƙa shi a kusurwar arewa maso yammacin jihar. An sarrafa ma'adinin a kusa da Peru, Illinois, inda ake samun jigilar kogin don kawo ma'adinai zuwa tushen kwal. Kimanin tan shida na kwal ana buƙatar su ga kowane tan na ma'adinai.

Fluorite, calcium fluoride, shine ma'adinin jihar. An haƙa shi a yankin kudu maso gabashin jihar, a kusa da Metropolis. Ana samar da iskar fluorine daga fluorite. Ana amfani da wannan a cikin samar da uranium hexafluoride a Metropolis, Illinois don amfani a masana'antar watsa gas a Paducah, Kentucky.

Ana iya samun Geodes a cikin tsofaffin wuraren Mississippi tare da Kogin Mississippi.

Ana samun intrusions na igneous a yankunan kudancin jihar. Shekaru da yawa da suka gabata Arewacin Amurka ta fara rabuwa kusan tare da layin kogin Ohio da Mississippi. Dutse mai laushi ya gudana cikin fissures, yayin da sabon teku ya fara samuwa. Da wannan ya ci gaba, Illinois na iya zama kamar Yankin Larabawa, ƙasa mai lalacewa tsakanin nahiyoyi biyu. Wannan rabuwa, duk da haka, ta gaza: nahiyar ta sake rufewa, ta bar kawai 'yan intrusions, da wasu filayen mai, a matsayin shaida cewa ya faru.

Arewacin Kogin Illinois dutsen dutse ya fi tsufa da dutse na Ordovician. Wannan sandstone yana samar da yashi na dā wanda ke da amfani sosai wajen samar da gilashi, da kuma yin ƙira don simintin ƙarfe.

### Karfe
Yawancin dutsen ƙasa na Illinois na zamanin Pennsylvania ne, musamman yankin da ke ƙasa. Kimanin kashi 68% na jihar suna da sassan da ke dauke da kwal na wannan lokacin. Dangane da Binciken Geological na Jihar Illinois, an kiyasta tan biliyan 211 na kwalba mai bitumen a ƙarƙashin farfajiya, yana da jimlar ƙimar dumama fiye da ƙididdigar mai a Yankin Larabawa. Koyaya, wannan kwal yana da babban abun ciki na sulfur kuma saboda haka yana buƙatar kayan aiki na musamman don rage gurɓataccen iska.

### Koguna
Illinois galibi tana da iyaka da koguna, kuma Kogin Illinois ya raba jihar. Wasu koguna, ciki har da Fox da Rock Rivers sun shiga jihar daga Wisconsin. Indiya-Illinois)" id="mw3Q" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Iroquois River (Indiana-Illinois)">Iroquois da Kankakee sun tashi a Indiana, amma sun rasa asalin su kafin su isa Mississippi. Arewacin Fork na Kogin Redmilion ya tashi a Indiana, amma ya shiga Vermilion, wanda ke fita daga jihar kafin ya shiga Kogin Wabash a Indiana. Sauran koguna sun hada da Kogin Ohio, Kogin Kaskaskia, Kogin Sangamon da Kogin Chicago. Yankin Kogin Cashe a kudancin Illinois ya zama tushen Yarjejeniyar Ramsar Wetland na Muhimmancin Duniya.

### Ruwa na kasa
Ruwa mai zurfi yana da yawa a Illinois. Koyaya, ajiyar dutse mara kyau daga glaciation na iya haifar da wahalar hango zurfin teburin ruwa.

Mahomet Aquifer babban ruwa ne wanda al'ummomi da yawa a tsakiyar Illinois ke amfani da shi azaman tushen samar da ruwa ga jama'a.

## Tsire-tsire da dabbobi
Manyan nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa da ake samu a halin yanzu a cikin Illinois sun haɗa da barewa da ƙwanƙwasa, tare da na ƙarshen ya zama birni a yankin Chicago, da kuma gama gari a yankunan karkara.  Furbearers yawanci ana samun su sun haɗa da opossum, raccoon, mink, ja da foxes masu launin toka, da muskrat.  Lagomorphs da aka fi gani sun haɗa da zomo na cottontail kuma rodents ɗin da aka saba gani sun haɗa da squirrels.  Tsuntsaye na wasan da aka samo sun haɗa da Goose na Kanada, duck mallard, ruffed grouse, turkey daji, da quail bobwhite.  Cardinal na arewa shine tsuntsun jihar a hukumance.  Jihar tana da kusan nau'in tsuntsaye 300, yawancinsu suna ƙaura a kan titin Mississippi Flyway.  Maido da dausayi mai faɗi tare da Kogin Mississippi da Kogin Illinois yana jawo nau'ikan nau'ikan iri da yawa.

Kimanin kashi biyu bisa uku na jihar asalinsa ne, tare da yawancin yankin da aka canza zuwa noma, yayin da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na kudancin jihar ya kasance da gandun daji da itacen oak, hickory, da maple. Har ila yau, shuke-shuke da yawa na filayen.

Musamman a arewacin kashi uku na jihar, noma mai zurfi ya sa wasu nau'o'in ba su da yawa, yayin da yawan jama'a ke ƙaruwa a kudancin da ba su da ci gaba. Manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa gabaɗaya ba a samo su a cikin daji a Illinois sun haɗa da Bison na Amurka, gray wolf, Baƙar fata ta Amurka, da elk.

## Yanayi

Illinois tana da yanayi na nahiya, tare da matsanancin zafin jiki wanda ko dai tsaunuka ko teku ba su daidaita su ba.  Yanayi yana rinjayar da farko da sanyin iskan Arctic na Kanada a cikin hunturu, da dumi, iska mai laushi daga Gulf of Mexico a lokacin rani.  Babban yanayin zafi a kudancin jihar yana da kusan 10 zuwa 12 °F.  zafi fiye da arewa.  Matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara shine 47 °F.  a arewa da 58 °F.  a kudu.  Zazzabi sama da 90 °F.  yana faruwa kusan kwanaki 45 a kowace shekara a kudu, da kwana 12 a kowace shekara a arewa.  Zazzabi ƙasa da sifili °F.  faruwa kwana daya ko kasa da shekara a kudu, da kuma kwana 12 a kowace shekara a arewa.  Ruwan sama na shekara shine inci 34 (mm 860) a arewa da 46 inci (mm 1,200) a kudu.

Iska mai yawa daga yamma ne. Matsakaicin saurin iska "yana busawa daga filin" ya fi girma a yankin Chicago. A duk fadin jihar, saurin iska yana da matsakaicin mil 8 zuwa 12 a kowace awa (13 zuwa 19 km / h),  ya fi girma a cikin hunturu fiye da lokacin rani.

Snowfall matsakaicin inci 30 (760  a arewa da inci 10 (250  a kudu, kodayake ainihin dusar ƙanƙara ya bambanta sosai ta shekara. A wasu shekaru, kudancin Illinois yana samun dusar ƙanƙara kaɗan, kuma bazai taɓa samun yanayin hunturu na yau da kullun ba.

Yawancin jihar suna da yanayi huɗu daban-daban. Yankin kudancin jihar yana da gandun daji sosai kuma an lura da bishiyoyi don samun kyawawan launuka.

Guguwa haɗari ne na yau da kullun, da farko a tsakiyar jihar, tare da watanni masu yawa a watan Yuni da Afrilu. Ruwan sanyi ya fi yawa a tsakiyar Illinois.

## Rashin daidaituwa na iyaka
Kogin Mississippi shine iyakar yammacin jihar, ban da wuraren da kogin ya canza hanya. Kaskaskia, Illinois, babban birnin jihar na farko, yanzu yana yammacin kogi. Kogin Mississippi, saboda ambaliyar ruwa, ya lalata tsohon garin Kaskaskia, kuma ya mamaye abin da ke cikin ƙananan Kogin Kaskaskia. Wani bangare na Missouri yana gabashin kogi, kusa da Grand Tower, Illinois. Ana samun irin wannan "avulsions" a kan iyakar Kogin Ohio da Kentucky da iyakar Kogin Wabash da Indiya.