Isosporiasis

**Isosporiasis**, Ya kadance shi ne wanda kuma aka sani da **cystoisosporiasis**, cuta ce ta hanji na mutum ta hanyar ƙwayar cuta *Cystoisospora belli* (wanda aka sani da *Isospora belli*). Ana samunsa a duk duniya, musamman a wurare masu zafi da wurare masu zafi. Kamuwa da cuta sau da yawa yana faruwa a cikin mutanen da ba su da rigakafi, musamman majinyata kanjamau, kuma an ba da rahoton bullar cutar a cikin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a Amurka. Shari'ar farko da aka rubuta ta kasance a cikin 1915. Yawancin lokaci ana yada shi a kaikaice, ta hanyar gurbataccen abinci ko ruwa (CDC.gov). 

## Alamomi
Kamuwa da cuta yana haifar da zawo mai tsanani, wanda ba na jini ba tare da ciwon ciki mai raɗaɗi, wanda zai iya wucewa na makonni kuma yana haifar da malabsorption da asarar nauyi. A cikin marasa lafiya na rigakafi, da kuma jarirai da yara, zawo na iya zama mai tsanani. Eosinophilia na iya kasancewa (bambanta da sauran cututtuka na protozoan). 

## Dalili
Coccidian parasite *Cystoisospora belli* yana cutar da kwayoyin epithelial na ƙananan hanji, kuma shine mafi ƙanƙanta na coccidia na hanji guda uku wanda ke cutar da mutane ( *Toxoplasma*, *Cryptosporidium*, da *Cystoisospora* ).

### Watsawa
Mutane suna kamuwa da cutar ta hanyar haɗiye balagaggen parasite; wannan yakan faru ne ta hanyar shan gurɓataccen abinci ko ruwa. Wanda ya kamu da cutar sai ya samar da wani nau’in kwayar cutar da bai balaga ba a cikin najasarsu, kuma idan kwayar cutar ta balaga, tana iya cutar da mai gidan na gaba, ta hanyar abinci ko ruwan da ke dauke da kwayar cutar.

### Zagayowar rayuwa
A lokacin fitarwa, oocyst wanda bai balaga ba ya ƙunshi yawanci sporoblast (mafi wuya biyu). A cikin ƙarin balaga bayan haɓakawa, sporoblast ya rabu biyu, don haka oocyst yanzu ya ƙunshi sporoblasts guda biyu. sporoblasts suna ɓoye bangon cyst, don haka ya zama sporocysts; kuma sporocysts suna raba sau biyu don samar da sporozoites hudu kowace. Kamuwa da cuta yana faruwa ne ta hanyar shigar da sporocyst-dauke da oocysts: sporocysts suna motsawa a cikin ƙananan hanji kuma suna sakin sporozoites, wanda ke mamaye sel epithelial kuma ya fara schizogony . Bayan katsewar , an saki merozoites, mamaye sabbin ƙwayoyin epithelial, kuma suna ci gaba da zagayowar haɓakar jima'i. Trophozoites suna haɓaka zuwa  waɗanda ke ɗauke da merozoites da yawa. Bayan mafi ƙarancin mako guda, matakin jima'i yana farawa tare da haɓakar gaetocytes maza da mata. Haɗuwa yana haifar da haɓakar oocysts waɗanda ke fitowa a cikin stool. *Cystoisospora belli* yana cutar da mutane da dabbobi.

## Bincike
Bayyanar ƙananan ƙananan manyan oocysts yawanci shine tushen ganewar asali. Domin ana iya wucewa da oocysts a cikin ƙananan adadi kuma a lokaci-lokaci, ana ba da shawarar sake duba stool da hanyoyin maida hankali. Idan gwaje-gwajen stool ba su da kyau, ana iya buƙatar gwajin samfuran duodenal ta hanyar biopsy ko gwajin kirtani (Enterotest). Ana iya ganin oocysts a kan tudun ruwa ta hanyar microscopy tare da filin haske, bambancin tsangwama (DIC), da epifluorescence. Hakanan ana iya lalata su ta hanyar tabo mai saurin acid da aka gyara.

Nazarin dakin gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun sun haɗa da:

* Microscope
* Kwatancen ilimin halittar jiki da sauran cututtukan hanji
* Bench taimako ga *Cystoisospora*

## Rigakafi
Gujewa abinci ko ruwa wanda zai iya gurɓata da stool zai iya taimakawa wajen hana kamuwa da cutar *Cystoisospora* (Isosporiasis). Hakanan ya kamata a yi amfani da kyawawan wanke hannu, da ayyukan tsaftar mutum. Ya kamata mutum ya wanke hannayensu da sabulu da ruwan dumi bayan amfani da bayan gida, canza diapers, da kuma kafin sarrafa abinci (CDC.gov).  Hakanan yana da mahimmanci a koya wa yara mahimmancin wanke hannaye, da yadda za su wanke hannayensu yadda ya kamata.

## Magani
Maganin zaɓi shine trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim). 

## Bincike
Duk da yake isosporiasis yana faruwa a ko'ina cikin duniya, ya fi kowa a wurare masu zafi da wurare masu zafi. Cystoisospora cututtuka sun fi kowa a cikin mutanen da ke da tsarin rigakafi, kamar HIV ko cutar sankarar bargo.

## Manazarta