Susan Leeman

**Susan E. Leeman** (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 1930) Masanin ilimin endocrinologist ne na Amurka wanda aka sani da bincike kan peptide . Leeman Farfesa ne a Sashen Farmace-gidanka da Magungunan Gwaje-gwaje a Jami'ar Boston . Ta ci gaba da aiki har zuwa shekarunta na casa'in kuma a halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin Darakta na Laboratory na Neuropeptide a Sashen Pharmacology a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Chobanian da Avedisian .  Ayyukanta tare da abu P da Neurotensin, dukansu suna da mahimmanci ga aikin juyayi, endocrine, da Tsarin rigakafi, ya haifar da zama ɗaya daga cikin masu gabatarwa na Neuroendocrinology. Binciken da take yi a yanzu yana mai da hankali kan abu P musamman da kuma yadda yake ɗaurewa tare da mai karɓa. An zabi Leeman a matsayin memba a cikin Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa a 1991 kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Fred Conrad Koch ta Kwalejin a 1994.  Leeman memba ne na Endocrine Society, Society for Neuroscience, American Association for the Advancement of Science, da American Physiological Society . 

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Susan Epstein (daga baya ta canza zuwa Leeman ta hanyar aure) a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 1930, a Birnin Chicago, Illinois . An haifi mahaifiyarta a Amurka kuma mahaifinta ya yi hijira daga Rasha zuwa Birnin New York. Mahaifinta masanin ilimin ƙarfe ne kuma mahaifiyarta ta halarci kwaleji a Jami'ar George Washington a lokacin da wasu mata kalilan suka yi. Susan kuma tana da ɗan'uwa ɗaya mai suna Henry. Lokacin da Susan ke da makonni shida ita da iyalinta suka koma Columbus, Ohio, sannan zuwa Baitalami, Pennsylvania lokacin da take da shekaru shida. A can ta girma a cikin dangin Yahudawa na tsakiya. Sau da yawa tana fuskantar nuna bambanci ta hanyar nuna adawa da Yahudawa da jima'i yayin da take neman aiki a kimiyya.

A lokacin yarinta Leeman ta halarci Makarantar Ibrananci kuma ta kasance Girl Scout . Ta yanke shawarar halartar Kwalejin Goucher, wacce makarantar 'yan mata ce a lokacin, daga inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimin lissafi a shekarar 1951. Daga nan sai ta nemi kuma Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard ta karɓa, amma an gudanar da shirin iliminta ta hanyar Kwalejin Radcliffe. Don haka, Kwalejin Radcliffe ita ce inda ta sami digiri na biyu da PhD daga 1954 da 1958 bi da bi. Leeman ita ce kadai mace a cikin ajiyarta da ta yi ta hanyar shirin digiri kuma ta ci gaba da aiki a kimiyya. A lokacin da take makarantar digiri an gabatar da ita zuwa fagen Neuroendocrinology, inda ta sami damar bincika sha'awarta game da yadda hankali ke haɗuwa da jiki. Yayinda take makarantar digiri a cikin shekarun 1960 ta fara aiki a kan hormone" id="mwUg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">corticotropin, kuma yayin da take ƙoƙarin tsarkake wannan hormone daga baya a cikin aikinta ta sami damar samun peptide da ake kira abu P. Wannan taron daga baya ya haifar da aikin rayuwarta na bincike kan abu P da wani peptide da ta ware da sunadarai kuma ta bayyana, neurotensin .

## Ayyukan sana'a
Bayan kammala karatunta a shekara ta 1958, an ba Susan Leeman matsayi na shekara guda a matsayin malami a Sashen Physiology a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard. Da yake fahimtar cewa ita ce kawai mai cikawa, a shekara mai zuwa ta ɗauki aiki a Jami'ar Brandeis inda ta zauna na shekaru 12 masu zuwa. A wannan lokacin ta sami lambar yabo ta ci gaba da aiki wanda ya taimaka mata ta daidaita aikinta da rayuwar iyali.

Binciken Leeman yayin da yake a Jami'ar Brandeis yafi mayar da hankali kan tasirin da wani abu mai fitar da corticotropin (CRF) ke da shi a kan asirin hormone na adrenocorticotrophic (ACTH) daga glandar pituitary ta baya. A lokacin da take kokarin tsarkake CRF, ta gano wani peptide wanda zai iya motsa ɓoyewar hawaye. Wannan ya sa ta canza jagorancin aikin gaba ɗaya, yayin da ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da bincika wannan peptide. Daga ƙarshe Leeman da dakin gwaje-gwaje sun fahimci cewa tana da abu mai suna P - peptide da Ulf von Euler ya gano a cikin shekarun 1930, amma har yanzu ba a bayyana shi da sinadarai ba. Leeman ta ci gaba da gano jerin amino acid na abu P kuma ta buga bincikenta a cikin Journal of Biological Chemistry a cikin 1970. A lokacin tsarkakewa na abu P, Leeman da ɗalibanta na digiri sun gano wani peptide daban wanda aka rarraba a cikin tsarin jijiyoyin tsakiya, gastrointestinal tract, da Tsarin rigakafi, amma har yanzu ba a gano shi ba. Sun yanke shawarar kiran binciken su "neurotensin".

A shekara ta 1972, ba tare da samun cikakken matsayi ba, Leeman ta koma Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa kuma ta ci gaba da karatunta na P da neurotensin a cikin Laboratory of Human Reproduction and Reproductive Biology har zuwa 1980. Daga nan sai ta bar makarantar likita lokacin da ta fahimci cewa ba za a ba ta aiki a can ba, ta sami farfesa a fannin ilimin lissafi a Jami'ar Massachusetts Medical School .  A shekara ta 1992, Leeman ta bar Massachusetts don taimakawa wajen fara sashen ilimin magunguna a Jami'ar Boston, inda ta kasance Farfesa a Sashen Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, da kuma Darakta na Laboratory na Neuropeptide a Sashen Farmacology a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Chobanian da Avedisian. A sakamakon aikinta Leeman an dauke ta a matsayin daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa fagen neuroendocrinology.

## Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan
Ayyukan bincike na yanzu da Leeman da dakin gwaje-gwaje suka gudanar suna kewaye da peptides guda biyu, abu P da neurotensin, wanda ta samo asali, tsarawa, da kuma hadawa. Labinta a Jami'ar Boston tana da manufofi da yawa game da waɗannan peptides na jijiyoyi, gami da taswirar rarraba su a cikin kwakwalwa da Tsarin jijiyoyi na gefe, tsara sassan da ke dauke da abu P ko neurotensin a cikin tsarin jijiyoyin tsakiya, ƙayyade yadda ake fitar da abu P da neurotensin daga nama na jijiyoyi a cikin vitro da in vivo, da kuma gano yankin ɗaurewa na abu P tare da mai karɓa.

## Kyaututtuka
Susan Leeman ta zama mace ta farko da aka zaba a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa a fannin ilimin lissafi da ilimin magunguna a shekarar 1991. An zabe ta a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekarar 1987.  A shekara ta 1993 ta lashe lambar yabo ta FASEB Excellence in Science kuma a shekara ta 2005 ta lashe lambar girmamawa ta Mika Salpeter Lifetime Achievement Award ta Kwamitin Mata a Neuroscience.  

## Manazarta