Pauline Newman (mai fafutukar aiki)

**Pauline M. Newman** (18 ga Oktoba, 1887 - 8 ga Afrilu, 1986) 'yar fafutukar kwadago ce ta Amurka. Ana tunawa da ita sosai a matsayin mace ta farko da ta shirya babban taron kungiyar ma'aikatan tufafi ta mata ta duniya (ILGWU) kuma ta shafe shekaru sittin tana aiki a matsayin darektan ilimi na Cibiyar Lafiya ta ILGWU.

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Shekarun farko
An haifi Pauline M. Newman a Kaunas, a Lithuania ta yanzu, a farkon shekarun 1890. Ita ce ƙarama a cikin 'ya'ya huɗu. Mahaifinta malami ne kuma mahaifiyarta tana sayar da kayan lambu a kasuwar gida. 

Newman ta yi fafutukar neman iliminta na farko. Makarantar gwamnati ta yankin ta ƙi Yahudawa, kuma makarantun Yahudawa sun ƙi mata. Ta shawo kan mahaifinta ya bar ta ta zauna a cikin azuzuwansa. Ta koyi karatu da rubutu da Ibrananci da Yiddish . Ta kuma ƙalubalanci al'adar mechitza, ta raba ikilisiya bisa ga jinsi.  Bayan mutuwar mahaifinta, Newman, mahaifiyarta da 'yan'uwanta mata suka yi ƙaura zuwa birnin New York inda babban ɗan'uwanta ya zauna. Tana da shekaru tara, Newman ta tafi aiki a masana'antar buroshi. Tana da shekaru 11 ta sami aiki a Triangle Shirtwaist Factory.  Saboda mummunan yanayin, Newman ta shiga Jam'iyyar Gurguzu ta hanyar shahararren jaridar Yiddish *The Jewish Daily Forward .*  Tana da shekaru 15, ta shiga ƙungiyar Adabin Gurguzu, kuma ta kafa ƙungiyoyin nazarin bayan aiki a masana'antar Triangle. Waɗannan sun zama tushen ƙungiyoyin mata da za ta shirya nan ba da jimawa ba. 

### Ƙoƙarin farko na fafutukar aiki
A shekarar 1907, yayin da birnin New York ke cikin mawuyacin hali kuma dubban mutane ke fuskantar korarsu daga gidajensu, Newman mai shekaru ashirin ta kai wasu gungun "mata masu tallafawa kansu" zuwa sansani don lokacin bazara a kan Palisades da ke saman Kogin Hudson. A can, sun shirya kai hari kan "tsadar rayuwa".  A ƙarshen 1907 - farkon 1908, Newman da ƙungiyarta sun jagoranci yajin aikin haya na hunturu wanda ya shafi iyalai 10,000 a ƙananan Manhattan. Waɗannan iyalai sun ƙi biyan kuɗin haya kuma wannan yajin aikin ya zama mafi girman yajin aikin haya da birnin New York ya taɓa gani, kuma ya haifar da fafutukar 'yan haya na tsawon shekaru, wanda daga ƙarshe ya haifar da kafa tsarin kula da haya. A matsayinta na jagoran yajin aikin, Newman ya sami kulawa sosai kuma *[[New York Times]]* ta yi masa lakabi da *East Side Joan of Arc* . 

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, tana da shekaru ashirin da ɗaya, Newman ta lashe zaɓen Sakataren Harkokin Waje na Jam'iyyar Gurguzu ta Jihar New York. Mata ba su sami ƙuri'u a New York ba tukuna, amma Newman ta yi amfani da yakin neman zaɓen ta na 1908 a matsayin wata dama ta tsayawa takara ga mata. Ta yi imanin cewa ma'aikata mata suna buƙatar ikon siyasa na ƙuri'ar don tallafawa ƙarfin tattalin arzikin da suka samu ta hanyar shiga ƙungiyoyin kwadago. Ta amfani da su biyun tare, za su taimaka wa ma'aikata su sami 'yancin tattalin arziki. [1]

Yaƙin neman zaɓen Newman na kan gaba a kullum ana gudanar da shi ne ta hanyar tsara mata ma'aikata. Shekaru biyu bayan babban yajin aikin haya, Newman da sauran ma'aikatan tufafi sun je siyayya a Lower Manhattan suna shirya mata matasa waɗanda ke ƙara rashin gamsuwa da yanayin aiki kamar ƙaruwar yawan samarwa, ana cajin zare da wutar lantarki, da kuma rage albashinsu duk lokacin da suka yi kuskure. 

## Manazarta