Rugujewar halittu

**Bioerosion** describes the breakdown of hard ocean substrates &#x2013; and less often terrestrial substrates &#x2013; by living organisms. Marine bioerosion can be caused by mollusks, polychaete worms, phoronids, sponges, crustaceans, echinoids, and fish; it can occur on coastlines, on coral reefs, and on ships; its mechanisms include biotic boring, drilling, rasping, and scraping. On dry land, bioerosion is typically performed by pioneer plants or plant-like organisms such as lichen, and mostly chemical (e.g. by acidic secretions on limestone) or mechanical (e.g. by roots growing into cracks) in nature.&#x5B;&#x5D;

Bioerosion of coral reefs generates the fine and white coral sand characteristic of tropical islands. The coral is converted to sand by internal bioeroders such as algae, fungi, bacteria (microborers) and sponges (Clionaidae), bivalves (including *Lithophaga*), sipunculans, polychaetes, acrothoracican barnacles and phoronids, generating extremely fine sediment with diameters of 10 to 100 micrometres. External bioeroders include sea urchins (such as *Diadema*) and chitons. These forces in concert produce a great deal of erosion. Sea urchin erosion of calcium carbonate has been reported in some reefs at annual rates exceeding 20&nbsp;kg/m2.&#x5B;&#x5D;

Kifi kuma yana lalata murjani yayin cin algae. Parrotfish yana haifar da yaduwar halittu ta amfani da tsokoki masu tasowa, ƙuƙwalwar hakora, da kuma ma'adinin pharyngeal, don niƙa kayan da aka cinye a cikin ƙwayoyin yashi. A cikin wani binciken, an kiyasta cewa lalacewar coral reef 3" href="./Aragonite" id="mwQg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Aragonite">Aragonite ta wani kifi na parrotfish ya faru a cikin adadin 1017.7±186.3 kg / shekara (0.41±0.07 m3/ shekara) don *Chlorurus gibbus* da 23.6±3.4 kg / shekara (9.7*10−3.3*10− 3 m3/ shekara). &nbsp;&nbsp;

Bioerosion kuma sananne ne a cikin burbushin burbushin halittu a kan harsashi da hardgrounds, tare da alamun wannan aikin da ke komawa cikin Precambrian. Macrobioerosion, wanda ke samar da burin da ake gani da ido, yana nuna radiation biyu na juyin halitta. Ɗaya ya kasance a cikin Ordovician na Tsakiya (Ordovician Bioerosion Revolution ) ɗayan kuma a cikin Jurassic. Microbioerosion kuma yana da dogon burbushin burbushin halittu da nasa radiation.

## Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

Fayil:LibertyBorings.jpg|*Trypanites* borings in an Upper Ordovician hardground, southeastern Indiana.
Fayil:Petroxestes_borings_Ordovician.jpg|*Petroxestes* borings in an Upper Ordovician hardground, southern Ohio.
Fayil:CarmelHdgd.jpg|*Gastrochaenolites* borings in a Middle Jurassic hardground, southern Utah.
Fayil:FaringdonCobble.JPG|Numerous borings in a Cretaceous cobble, Faringdon, England.
Fayil:JurRockgd01.jpg|Cross-section of a Jurassic rockground; borings include *Gastrochaenolites* (some with boring bivalves in place) and *Trypanites*; Mendip Hills, England; scale bar = 1&nbsp;cm.
Fayil:Teredolites.jpg|*Teredolites* borings in a modern wharf piling; the work of bivalves known as "shipworms".
Fayil:OrdHdgd03.jpg|Ordovician hardground cross-section with *Trypanites* borings filled with dolomite; southern Ohio.
Fayil:GastrochaenolitesMatmor.jpg|*Gastrochaenolites* boring in a recrystallized scleractinian coral, Matmor Formation (Middle Jurassic) of southern Israel.
Fayil:Osprioneides_kampto1.jpg|*Osprioneides* borings in a Silurian stromatoporoid from Saaremaa, Estonia.
Fayil:Gnathichnus_Cenomanian_020413.JPG|*Gnathichnus pentax* echinoid trace fossil on an oyster from the Cenomanian of Hamakhtesh Hagadol, southern Israel.
Fayil:Geopetal_Structure.jpg|Geopetal structure in bivalve boring in coral; bivalve shell visible; Matmor Formation (Middle Jurassic), southern Israel.
Fayil:Bioeroded_brown_bodies_large.jpg|Borings in an Upper Ordovician bryozoan, Bellevue Formation, northern Kentucky; polished cross-section.


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