Yawon Buɗe Ido a Masar

**Yawon buɗe ido** na daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samun kudin shiga, mai mahimmanci ga tattalin arzikin Masar. A cikin kololuwar ta a cikin shekarar 2010, sashin ya ɗauki kusan kashi 12% na ma'aikata na Masar,  yana ba da kulawa a kusan baƙi miliyan 14.7 zuwa Masar, kuma yana ba da gudummawar kusan dala biliyan 12.5  tare da ba da gudummawa fiye da 11% na GDP da 14.4 % na kudaden shiga na waje. 

## Tarihi

Yawan masu yawon bude ido a Masar ya kai miliyan 0.1 a shekarar 1952. Yawon buɗe ido ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na tattalin arziki daga shekarar 1975 zuwa gaba, yayin da Masar ta sassauta takunkumin hana bizar ga kusan dukkan kasashen Turai da Arewacin Amurka tare da kafa ofisoshin jakadanci a sabbin kasashe kamar Austria, Netherlands, Denmark da Finland. A cikin shekarar 1976, yawon buɗe ido ya kasance babban jigon Shirin Gwamnati na Shekara Biyar, inda aka ware kashi 12% na kasafin kudin don inganta otal-otal mallakar gwamnati, kafa asusun lamuni na otal masu zaman kansu, da haɓaka abubuwan more rayuwa (ciki har da hanya, dogo, da haɗin iska) don manyan cibiyoyin yawon buɗe ido tare da yankunan bakin teku. A shekarar 1979, an kawo masana harkokin yawon bude ido da masu ba da shawara daga kasar Turkiyya, sannan aka kafa sabbin kwalejoji da dama tare da taimakon Turkiyya tsakanin shekarun 1979 zuwa 1981, don koyar da kwasa-kwasan difloma a fannin karbar baki da yawon bude ido. Yawan yawon bude ido ya karu zuwa miliyan 1.8 a shekarar 1981 sannan zuwa miliyan 5.5 a shekarar 2000. Masu zuwa yawon bude ido sun kai kololuwa a cikin shekarar 2010 ta hanyar kai maziyarta miliyan 14.7.   Kudaden shiga daga yawon bude ido ya kai dala biliyan 12.6 a cikin kasafin kudi na shekarar 2018-2019. A cikin shekarar 2020, kudaden shiga masu alaka da yawon bude ido sun ragu da kusan kashi 70% zuwa dala biliyan 4. Da yake ambaton ministan yawon bude ido da kayayyakin tarihi Khaled El-Enany, masu zuwa yawon bude ido na Masar sun ragu zuwa miliyan 3.5 a shekarar 2020.  A cikin watan Fabrairu 2022, Manajan Darakta na Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF), Kristalina Georgieva a cikin wani ɗaba'ar ta bayyana cewa ɓangaren yawon buɗe ido na Masar shine babban wanda ya yi hasarar barkewar cutar Coronavirus. 

### Tasirin juyin-juya hali kan yawon bude ido

A lokacin juyin juya halin Masar na 2011, adadin masu ziyara ya ragu da sama da kashi 37% a wannan shekarar ya fadi daga miliyan 14 a shekarar 2010 zuwa miliyan 9 a karshen shekarar 2011. Wannan ya shafi nau'o'in kasuwanci daban-daban kai tsaye ko a kaikaice da suka dogara da yawon buɗe ido, tun daga wurin tafiye-tafiye da wuraren yawon buɗe ido zuwa hayar mota da sufurin jiragen sama, da kuma masana'antar lafiya da walwala. Ma'aikatan yawon buɗe ido da ke ba da ragi mai yawa don ƙarfafa masu yawon bude ido da baya sun ɗan yi nasara a wuraren shakatawa na Bahar Maliya inda farashin ya ragu idan aka kwatanta da 2011. 

A farkon rabin shekarar 2014, adadin masu yawon bude ido ya kara raguwa da kashi 25% idan aka kwatanta da daidai wannan lokacin a shekarar 2013, yayin da kudaden shiga ya ragu da kashi 25%.  

A shekarar 2013, Masar ta zama ta 85 a matsayin kasa mafi kyau a duniya a fannin yawon bude ido da tafiye-tafiye, inda ta fadi matsayi goma daga matsayi na 75 a shekarar 2011. Koyaya, ta sake samun ƙasa a cikin martabar 2017 ana ƙima ta 75 gabaɗaya.   Dangane da martabar 2019, Masar tana matsayi na 65 a gaba ɗaya. 

Isra'ilawa za su iya tsallakawa zuwa Masar na tsawon kwanaki 14 ba tare da biza ba a wasu yankuna kusa da Taba kuma suna zuwa jin daɗin wuraren da ke Tekun Riviera.  A cikin shekarar 2017, rukunin farko na Isra'ilawa sun ziyarci wuraren yawon buɗe ido da suka fi shahara tare da taimakon tsaro mai ƙarfi. Watanni 18 kenan da ko wanne rukunin 'yan yawon bude ido na Isra'ila ya ziyarci Masar. 

A cikin shekarar 2017, Bloomberg ya ce Masar ta "zubar da shekarunta na rikice-rikice na zamantakewa da siyasa" kuma ta zo a jerin manyan 20 na wuraren balaguro na 2017.  Hukumar kula da yawon bude ido ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNWTO) na baya-bayan nan ta bayyana cewa kasar Masar na daya daga cikin kasashen duniya da ake samun karuwar yawon bude ido. A shekarar 2017, adadin ya haura zuwa masu yawon bude ido miliyan 8 idan aka kwatanta da shekarar da ta gabata wanda ya kai kimanin miliyan 5.26. 

### Tsaro

Babban jami'in kula da yawon bude ido da 'yan sandan tarihi na Masar ne ke gudanar da ayyukan tsaron yawon bude ido a Masar, wanda ke da alhakin raya tsare-tsare don kare masu yawon bude ido da kuma kare kayayyakin tarihi, gidajen tarihi da wuraren al'adu a cikin tsarin babban shirin ma'aikatar harkokin cikin gida ta Masar.  Don cika sassan wannan manufa, gwamnati ta tabbatar da zirga-zirgar kungiyoyin yawon bude ido ta hanyar ba da sabis na kusa don rakiyar kungiyoyin yawon bude ido, ba da kariya ga wuraren yawon bude ido da wuraren tarihi da wuraren tarihi, ba da kariya ga balaguron  balaguro da Nilu, yakar laifukan yawon bude ido da za a iya fallasa masu yawon bude ido. zuwa da laifukan archaeological, bin kamfanonin yawon shakatawa da shaguna da karɓar sanarwar masu yawon bude ido a kansu, buga motocin ceto 'yan sanda waɗanda ke tabbatar da kasancewar tsaro a duk garuruwan yawon buɗe ido, da tabbatar da kawar da laifukan keta haddi. Idan aka yi la'akari da matsayin Masar a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Afirka, da kuma matsayinta a tsakiyar yankin da ake fama da rikici, an fuskanci ta'addanci da dama, wanda ya fi shahara shi ne lamarin Luxor a 1997, da na Alkahira a 2005, da Sharm . Al-Sheikh lamarin da ya faru a 2005, da Dahab a 2006 da kuma saukar da Metrojet Flight 9268.   Dukkansu sun yi mummunan tasiri a fannin yawon shakatawa a lokacin. Koyaya, sashin yawon shakatawa ya dawo kuma ya dawo da aikinsa cikin sauri a cikin 2010s musamman bayan harin Hurghada na baya-bayan nan na 2017 don cimma mafi girman kudaden shiga na yawon shakatawa na shekara-shekara. 

## Kididdiga

Yawancin masu yawon bude ido da suka isa Masar a cikin 2019 sun fito ne daga yankuna masu zuwa: 

Yawancin masu yawon bude ido a Masar sun fito ne daga kasashe masu zuwa

A cikin shekarar 2020, kudaden shiga na yawon bude ido na Masar ya ragu da kusan kashi 70% zuwa dalar Amurka biliyan 4, wanda ya rage masu zuwa yawon bude ido zuwa miliyan 3.5 daga miliyan 13.1 a shekarar 2019. Kamar yadda Babban Bankin Masar (CBE) ya bayyana, kudaden shigar Masar daga yawon bude ido na watannin kasafin kudin shekarar 2020-2021 ya ragu da kashi 67.4%.  A cewar Khaled al-Anani, matsakaicin adadin masu yawon bude ido da suka ziyarci Masar a watan Afrilun 2021 ya kusan kusan rabin adadin kowane wata na shekarar 2019. 

Mafi yawan adadin masu yawon bude ido zuwa Masar a cikin shekarar 2019 (kafin cutar ta Coronavirus ta duniya) sun fito ne daga Jamus (masu isowa miliyan 2.5) sai Ukraine (miliyan 1.5), Saudi Arabia (miliyan 1.4) da Libya (miliyan 0.75). 

## Manazarta