Bill McKibben

**William Ernest McKibben** (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 1960)  ɗan asalin Amurka ne, marubuci, kuma ɗan jarida wanda ya rubuta da yawa game da tasirin dumamar yanayi. Shi ne Schumann Distinguished Scholar a Kwalejin Middlebury  kuma shugaban ƙungiyar kamfen ɗin yanayi 350.org . Ya wallafa littattafai da yawa game da muhalli, ciki har da na farko, The End of Nature (1989), game da Canjin yanayi, da Falter: Has the Human Game Begun to Play Itself Out?  (2019), game da yanayin kalubalen muhalli da ke fuskantar bil'adama da kuma abubuwan da za su faru a nan gaba.

A shekara ta 2009, ya jagoranci kungiyar 350.org ta zanga-zangar 5,200 a lokaci guda a kasashe 181. A cikin 2010, McKibben da 350.org sun ɗauki 10/10/10 Global Work Party, wanda ya tara abubuwan da suka faru sama da 7,000 a kasashe 188,   kamar yadda ya fada babban taro a Kwalejin Warren Wilson jim kadan kafin taron. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010, 350.org ta tsara aikin zane-zane na duniya, tare da yawancin ayyukan 20 da ake gani daga tauraron dan adam. A cikin 2011 da 2012 ya jagoranci kamfen ɗin muhalli game da aikin bututun mai na Keystone XL  kuma ya kwashe kwanaki uku a kurkuku a Washington, DC. Makonni biyu bayan haka an shigar da shi cikin sashin wallafe-wallafen Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka. 

An ba shi lambar yabo ta Gandhi Peace a shekarar 2013. Mujallar Foreign Policy ta sanya shi a cikin jerin sunayen farko  na manyan masu tunani na duniya 100 a cikin 2009 kuma MSN ta sanya shi daya daga cikin mutane goma sha biyu da suka fi tasiri a cikin 2009. A shekara ta 2010, The Boston Globe ya kira shi "watakila babban mai kula da muhalli na kasar"  kuma mai nazarin littafin mujallar Time Bryan Walsh ya bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗan jarida mai kore a duniya".  A shekara ta 2014, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Right Livelihood Award don "tabbatar da karuwar goyon baya a Amurka da kuma duniya baki daya don aiki mai karfi don magance barazanar canjin yanayi na duniya".  An ambaci shi a matsayin mai yiwuwa Sakataren Cikin Gida ko Sakataren Makamashi na gaba idan aka zabi Shugaban kasa mai ci gaba. 

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Bill McKibben a Palo Alto, California .  Daga baya iyalinsa suka koma yankin Boston na Lexington, Massachusetts, inda ya halarci makarantar sakandare. Mahaifinsa, wanda sau ɗaya, a cikin 1971, an kama shi yayin zanga-zangar goyon bayan tsoffin sojan Vietnam da ke adawa da yakin, ya rubuta wa Business Week, kafin ya zama editan kasuwanci a The Boston Globe, a cikin 1980. A matsayinta na dalibi a makarantar sakandare, McKibben ya rubuta wa jaridar gida kuma ya shiga gasar muhawara ta jihar. Ya shiga Kwalejin Harvard a 1978, ya zama editan The *Harvard Crimson* kuma an zabe shi shugaban jaridar a shekara ta 1981. 

A shekara ta 1980, bayan zaben Ronald Reagan, ya yanke shawarar sadaukar da rayuwarsa ga yanayin muhalli.

Ya kammala karatu a shekarar 1982, ya yi aiki na shekaru biyar ga The New Yorker a matsayin marubucin ma'aikata, yana rubuta yawancin shafi na Talk of the Town daga 1982 zuwa farkon 1987. Linjilar Matiyu ce ta yi wahayi zuwa gare shi, ya zama mai ba da shawara game da juriya ba tare da tashin hankali ba. Yayinda yake yin labari game da marasa gida, ya zauna a kan tituna; a can, ya sadu da matarsa, Sue Halpern, wacce ke aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga marasa gida. A shekara ta 1987, McKibben ya bar The New Yorker bayan an tilasta editan William Shawn daga aikinsa. Shi da iyalinsa jim kadan bayan sun koma wani wuri mai nisa a kudu maso gabashin Adirondacks na arewacin New York, inda ya fara aiki a matsayin marubuci mai zaman kansa.

## Rubuce-rubuce
McKibben ya fara aikin rubuce-rubuce na kansa a kusan lokaci guda da canjin yanayi ya bayyana a kan ajanda na jama'a bayan bazara mai zafi da gobara na 1988 da kuma shaidar da James Hansen ya yi a gaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai na Amurka kan Makamashi da albarkatun Halitta a watan Yunin wannan shekarar. Gudummawarsa ta farko ga muhawara ita ce taƙaitaccen jerin wallafe-wallafen kan batun da sharhi da aka buga a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1988 a cikin The New York Review of Books da tambaya, "Shin Duniya tana Getting Hotter?"  

Ya zama kuma ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa akai-akai ga wallafe-wallafe daban-daban, gami da The New York Times, The Atlantic, *Harper's*, *Orion*, Mother Jones, The American Prospect, The New York Review of Books, *Granta*, National Geographic, Rolling Stone, Adbusters, da Outside. Ya kuma kasance memba na kwamitin kuma mai ba da gudummawa ga *Grist* . 

Littafinsa na farko, The End of Nature, an buga shi a cikin 1989 ta Random House bayan an tsara shi a cikin The New Yorker . Ray Murphy na *Boston Globe* ya bayyana shi a matsayin "mai adalci," littafin ya ba da labari mai yawa, pro da con; ga mutane da yawa shine gabatarwa ta farko ga batun canjin yanayi;  da kuma wahayi don rubuce-rubuce da bugawa da yawa daga wasu.  An buga shi a cikin harsuna sama da 20. An fitar da bugu da yawa a Amurka, gami da sabuntawa da aka buga a shekara ta 2006.

A cikin 1992, an buga The Age of Missing Information . Labari ne na gwaji wanda McKibben ya tattara duk abin da ya zo a fadin tashoshin 100 na talabijin na kebul a kan tsarin Fairfax, Virginia (a lokacin daga cikin mafi girma a kasar) na rana ɗaya. Ya shafe shekara guda yana kallon sa'o'i 2,400 na shirye-shirye, sannan ya kwatanta shi da rana da ya yi a saman dutsen kusa da gidansa. An yi amfani da wannan littafin sosai a kwalejoji da makarantun sakandare kuma an sake buga shi a cikin sabon bugu a shekara ta 2006. 

Littattafan da suka biyo baya sun haɗa da Hope, Human and Wild, game da Curitiba, Brazil, da Kerala, Indiya, wanda ya ambaci a matsayin misalai na mutanen da ke rayuwa da sauƙi a duniya; The Comforting Whirlwind: Allah, Ayuba, da Scale of Creation, wanda ke game da Littafin Ayuba da muhalli; *Wataƙila Ɗaya*, game da yawan mutane; Tsawon Tsakanin: Shekara na Rayuwa da Ƙarfi, game da shekara guda da horo don abubuwan da suka faru a matakin ƙwarewa; da *Ya isa*, game da abin da yake gani a matsayin haɗarin da ke cikin injiniyan halitta da nanotechnology. Da yake magana game da Long Distance a Cambridge Forum, McKibben ya ambaci aikin Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi da ra'ayin Csikszentemihalyi na "ruwa" dangi ga yadda McKibben yake da shi - "sake hutu daga ceton duniya", ya yi ba'a - yayin da ya nutse kansa a gasar tseren kankara.

Wandering Home game da tafiya mai tsawo ne daga gidansa a cikin duwatsu a gabashin Tafkin Champlain a Ripton, Vermont, ya koma unguwarsa ta dogon lokaci a Adirondacks. Littafinsa mai suna Deep Economy: the Wealth of Communities and the Durable Future, wanda aka buga a watan Maris na shekara ta 2007, ya kasance mafi kyawun littafi na kasa. Yana magance abin da ya gani a matsayin gazawar tattalin arzikin ci gaba kuma yana tunanin sauyawa zuwa kamfanoni na gida.

A cikin kaka na shekara ta 2007, ya buga, tare da membobin ƙungiyarsa ta Step It Up, Fight Global Warming Now, littafin hannu ga masu gwagwarmaya da ke ƙoƙarin tsara al'ummominsu. A shekara ta 2008, ya zo The Bill McKibben Reader: Pieces from an Active Life, tarin rubutun da suka shafi aikinsa. Har ila yau, a cikin 2008, ya shirya wa Library of America tarihin, American Earth: Environmental Writing Since Thoreau . A shekara ta 2010, ya wallafa wani littafi mafi kyawun ƙasa, Eaarth: Yin Rayuwa a kan Tough New Planet, wani asusun da ya fara saurin canjin yanayi. An cire shi a cikin Scientific American . 

A cikin 2019, McKibben ya buga Falter: Shin Wasan Mutum ya fara wasa da kansa? , wanda ke ba da cikakken bayani game da karuwar damuwa game da Canjin yanayi, yadda Koch Brothers ke ba da gudummawa ga karuwar hayakin carbon ta hanyar tallafawa Kamfanonin mai, da kuma damuwarsa game da 'yanci, wanda ya yi jayayya cewa siyasa ta Juyin Juya Halin Reagan ta haifar da shi. Sau da yawa yana jayayya cewa tsarin Nordic ya fi dacewa da tsarin jari-hujja, kuma cewa saurin kirkire-kirkire na iya cutar da bil'adama.

A cikin 2022, ya wallafa littattafai biyu. We Are Better Together littafi ne na hoto ga yara da ke murna da ikon hadin kan mutane da kyawawan rayuwa a Duniya, wanda mai zane Stevie Lewis ya kwatanta. The Flag, the Cross, and the Station Wagon: A Graying American Looks Back at His Suburban Boyhood and Wonders What the Hell Happened wani abin tunawa ne na mutum wanda kuma ya tono cikin tarihin Amurka don yin tunani game da abin da ya kawo mu ga rikicin muhalli na yanzu.

Wasu daga cikin ayyukan McKibben sun shahara sosai;   wani labarin a cikin Rolling Stone a watan Yulin 2012 ya sami fiye da 125,000 likes a Facebook, 14,000 tweets, da kuma 5,000 comments.

McKibben shi ne editan baƙo na fitowar 2024 na The Best American Science and Nature Writing anthology . 

## Kamfen na muhalli

### Ɗauki Shiga
Step It Up 2007 ya kasance kamfen ne na muhalli na kasa, wanda McKibben ya shirya,  don neman mataki kan dumamar duniya ta Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka.

A ƙarshen lokacin rani na shekara ta 2006 ya taimaka wajen jagorantar tafiya ta kwana biyar a fadin Vermont don yin kira ga aiki kan dumamar duniya. Da farko a watan Janairun 2007, ya kafa Step It Up 2007, wanda ya shirya tarurruka a daruruwan birane da garuruwan Amurka a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2007, don neman Majalisa ta kafa takunkumi kan hayakin hayaki da kashi 80 cikin dari nan da shekara ta 2050. Yaƙin neman zaɓe nan da nan ya sami goyon baya mai yawa daga ƙungiyoyin muhalli, ɗalibai, da addinai iri-iri.

A watan Agustan 2007, McKibben ya sanar da Mataki It Up 2, wanda zai faru a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 2007. Baya ga taken 80% zuwa 2050 daga kamfen na farko, na biyu ya kara da "10% [ragewar hayaki] a cikin shekaru uku ("Hit the Ground Running"), dakatarwar sabbin tashoshin wutar lantarki, da Green Jobs Corps don taimakawa gyara gidaje da kasuwanni don a iya cimma waɗannan manufofi" (wanda ake kira "Green Jobs Now, and No New Coal"). 

### 350.org
Bayan nasarorin da Step It Up ya samu, wannan ƙungiyar ta sanar da sabon kamfen a watan Maris na shekara ta 2 da ake kira 350.org. Ƙoƙarin shirya, wanda aka yi niyya ga dukan duniya, ya samo sunansa daga jayayya ta masanin kimiyyar yanayi 2" href="./James_E._Hansen" id="mwAWo" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="James E. Hansen">James E. Hansen a farkon wannan hunturu cewa duk wani taro na yanayi na carbon dioxide (CO2) sama da kashi 350 a kowace miliyan ba shi da aminci. "Idan bil'adama suna so su adana duniyar da ta yi kama da wacce wayewa ta bunkasa kuma wacce rayuwa a Duniya ta dace da ita, shaidar paleoclimate da canjin yanayi na ci gaba sun nuna cewa CO2 zai buƙaci a rage shi daga 385 ppm na yanzu zuwa a kalla 350 ppm, amma mai yiwuwa ƙasa da hakan. " Hansen et al. sun bayyana a cikin Abstract zuwa takarda.

350.org, wanda ke da ofisoshi da masu shirya taron a Arewacin Amurka, Turai, Asiya, Afirka da Kudancin Amurka, sun yi ƙoƙari su yada wannan adadin 350 kafin taron yanayi na duniya a watan Disamba na 2009 a Copenhagen. An rufe shi sosai a cikin kafofin watsa labarai. A ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 2009, ta tsara zanga-zangar sama da 5,200 a kasashe 181, kuma an yaba da ita sosai saboda amfani da kayan aikin intanet, tare da shafin yanar gizon Critical Mass yana bayyana cewa "ɗaya daga cikin misalai mafi karfi na inganta kafofin sada zumunta da duniya ta taba gani".  Mujallar Foreign Policy ta kira shi "mafi girman taron da aka tsara a duniya na kowane nau'i". 

Daga baya, kungiyar ta ci gaba da aikinta, tare da Jam'iyyar Ayyuka ta Duniya a ranar 10/10/10 (10 ga Oktoba 2010). Ya zuwa 2022, McKibben babban mai ba da shawara ne ga 350.0rg kuma May Boeve shine babban darakta.

### Maɓallin XL
McKibben na ɗaya daga cikin masu kula da muhalli da ke adawa da shirin Kanada-U. S. Keystone XL pipeline project.

### Tafiya ta Yanayi na Jama'a

A ranar 21 ga Mayu, 2014, McKibben ya buga wata kasida a shafin yanar gizon mujallar Rolling Stone (daga baya ya bayyana a cikin mujallar ta buga ta Yuni 5), mai taken "A Call to Arms",  wanda ya gayyaci masu karatu zuwa babban tafiyar yanayi (daga baya aka kira People's Climate March) a Birnin New York a karshen mako na Satumba 20-21, a matsayin wani ɓangare na People's Weather Movement. [bayanin 1] A cikin labarin, McKibben ya kira canjin yanayi "babban rikicin da wayewarmu ta taɓa fuskanta", kuma ya yi hasashen cewa tafiyar za ta zama "babban zanga-zangar da ta kasance ta ƙudurin ɗan adam a fuskar canjin yanayi".

A ranar Lahadi, 5 ga Yuli, 2015, McKibben ya jagoranci irin wannan tafiya ta yanayi a Toronto, Ontario, tare da goyon bayan shahararrun mutane daban-daban.

### Mataki na Uku
A watan Satumbar 2021, McKibben ya ƙaddamar da Dokar ta Uku, rukuni da kamfen don masu gwagwarmayar canjin yanayi masu shekaru 60 ko sama da haka, suna fatan yin amfani da lokacin 'yanci na yawan jama'a da kuma tara dukiya don matsin siyasa a kan gwamnati. Magoya bayan kamar Bernie Sanders da Jane Fonda sun inganta aikin.

### Siyasa ta zabe
A lokacin yakin neman zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat na 2016, McKibben ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin siyasa na Sanata Bernie Sanders na Vermont. Sanders ya nada shi a kwamitin da ake tuhuma da rubuta dandalin Jam'iyyar Democrat na shekara ta 2016. Bayan da Hillary Clinton ta ci Sanders, McKibben ta goyi bayanta kuma ta yi magana a taron hadin gwiwa na farko a Portsmouth, New Hampshire .  An ambaci shi a matsayin mai yuwuwar memba na majalisar ministoci na gaba idan Sanders ya lashe shugabancin.

### Kalmomin da ke tattare da shi
A cikin 2020, McKibben ya gabatar da babban jawabi a 2020 Vision: Finding Hope in Climate Action . 

A cikin 2016, McKibben ya rubuta a cikin The New York Times cewa yana "a karkashin sa ido" ta hanyar "masu bin dama" waɗanda ke ɗaukar hoto, bi, da kuma tambaya game da shi da danginsa don neman lokuta na munafuncin muhalli. "Ana kallon ni", in ji shi. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, ya rubuta a cikin Times cewa yana karɓar Barazanar mutuwa tun daga shekarun 1990.

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, tare da wasu manyan al'adu 42, McKibben ya sanya hannu kan wata wasika da ke goyon bayan Jam'iyyar Labour ta Burtaniya a karkashin jagorancin Jeremy Corbyn a Babban zaben 2019. Wasikar ta bayyana cewa "Manufar zaben ma'aikata a karkashin jagorancin Jeremy Corbyn tana ba da shirin canji wanda ke ba da fifiko ga bukatun mutane da duniya akan ribar masu zaman kansu da kuma bukatun 'yan kaɗan".

## Rayuwa ta mutum
McKibben yana zaune a Ripton, Vermont, tare da matarsa, marubuciya Sue Halpern . An haifi ɗansu guda ɗaya, Sophie, a 1993 a Glens Falls, New York. Shi masanin kimiyya ne na Schumann a Kwalejin Middlebury, inda kuma yake jagorantar Middlebury Fellowships a Jaridar Muhalli. McKibben kuma ɗan'uwa ne a Cibiyar Post Carbon . Ya kasance Methodist na dogon lokaci.

Tun daga shekara ta 2013, an jera McKibben a cikin Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Cibiyar Ilimi ta Kimiyya ta Kasa.

## Kyaututtuka

* McKibben an ba shi kyautar Guggenheim Fellowship (1993) da Lyndhurst Fellowsship .
* Ya lashe lambar yabo ta Lannan Literary Award don rubuce-rubuce a shekarar 2000.
* A cikin 2010, mujallar Utne Reader ta lissafa McKibben a matsayin daya daga cikin "25 Visionaries Who Are Changing Your World".
* Yana da digiri na girmamawa daga Kwalejin Whittier (2010),  Kwalejin Marlboro, Jami'ar Colgate, Jami'an Jihar New York, Kwalejin Sterling, Kwaleji ta Green Mountain, Kwalejin Unity, da Kwalejin Lebanon Valley.
* Ya lashe kyautar Puffin / Nation don Creative Citizenship a shekara ta 2010, saboda aikinsa tare da 350.org 
* McKibben ita ce mai karɓar girmamawa mafi girma na Sierra Club a cikin 2011, lambar yabo ta John Muir . 
* A shekara ta 2012, ya lashe kyautar Sam Rose da Julie Walters don Gwagwarmayar Muhalli ta Duniya a Kwalejin Dickinson;  karɓar kyautar, ya gaya wa ɗaliban Dickinson masu digiri cewa, ban da kasancewa babbar matsala a rayuwarsu, canjin yanayi na duniya shine babbar ƙalubale da ta taɓa fuskantar al'ummar ɗan adam. 
* A shekara ta 2013, ya lashe Kyautar Sophie Prize ta duniya da ci gaba.
* McKibben da 350.org an ba su lambar yabo ta Right Livelihood Award a cikin 2014 don tattara karuwar goyon baya a Amurka da kuma duniya baki daya don aiki mai karfi don magance barazanar canjin yanayi na duniya. "
* A cikin 2018, an ba McKibben lambar yabo ta John Steinbeck a Jami'ar Jihar San Jose. 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
* Labaran Bill McKibben a The New YorkerJaridar New Yorker
* 
* Appearancesa kanC-SPAN
* Binciken 'Duniya: Yin Rayuwa a kan Sabon Duniyar' Mayu 25, 2010 Cibiyar Halitta ta UwarCibiyar Yanayi ta Uwa
* Keystone: Yadda Bill McKibben ya juya bututun mai zuwa wani wuri na muhalli Maris 5, 2012
* Yakin Bill McKibben da ke adawa da bututun mai na Keystone XL Fabrairu 28, 2013 BusinessWeekKasuwanciWeek
* "The Singularity", fim din da ke nuna McKibben
* "Focus; The End of Nature", Nuwamba 29, 1989, WILL Illinois Public Media, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (GBH da Library of Congress), Boston, MA da Washington, DC