Penina Muhando

**Penina Muhando**, wanda aka fi sani da **Penina Mlama** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1948), marubuci ne ta Kiswahili ta Tanzania, masanin ilimin kimiyya kuma mai aiki da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ci gaba a Tanzania .

## Rayuwa da aikin wallafe-wallafen
An haifi Muhando a Berega, Yankin Morogoro a Tanzania a shekarar 1948. Ta sami digiri na BA a fannin wasan kwaikwayo, BA a fannonin ilimi, da PhD a fannin harshe da ilimin harshe daga Jami'ar Dar es Salaam . 

Muhando na daga cikin ƙungiyar marubuta na wasan kwaikwayo na Tanzania a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 da farkon shekarun 1970 waɗanda suka fito bayan Sanarwar Arusha ta Shugaba Julius Nyerere a shekarar 1967. *[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= ujamaa]*" id="mwHA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ujamaa">Ujamaa socialism ya zama jagorancin falsafar kasar. A cikin wannan yanayi, an hana gidajen wasan kwaikwayo daga yin wasan kwaikwayo ta masu zane-zane na kasashen waje. Nyerere ya kira masu rubutun wasan kwaikwayo na gida da su yi amfani da fasahar su a matsayin hanyar yada manyan ra'ayoyin ujamaa ga mutanen Tanzania da kuma fasaha don zama hanyar ci gaba. Muhando ya fuskanci matsala tsakanin rubuce-rubuce a Turanci da Kiswahili. Ayyuka a Turanci za su buɗe abokan ciniki na duniya amma sun kasance ba za a iya isa ga yawancin Tanzanians waɗanda ba su magana da yaren ba. Swahili zai buɗe waɗannan masu sauraro na ƙasa a kan kuɗin duniya. Ta yanke shawarar mayar da hankali kan rubuce-rubuce a cikin Kiswahili saboda ta ji cewa gidan wasan kwaikwayo shine kayan aiki na sadarwa na jama'a kuma kasancewa mai sauƙi ga jama'ar Tanzania ya fi muhimmanci.

Ayyukan Muhando na baya, kamar Haitia (Guilt, 1972), suna da sha'awar yiwuwar gurguzu. Koyaya, a ƙarshen 1970s da 1980s, ya fara bayyana a fili cewa tsammanin da ujamaa ya kirkira game da zurfafa dimokuradiyya da ci gaba ba a cika su ba. Muhando, tare da sauran marubutan sun zama masu sukar a wannan lokacin. A cikin wasannin kamar Nguzo Mama (Uwar, babban ginshiƙi, 1982), Lina Ubani (Akwai maganin lalacewa, 1984), da Mitumba Ndui (The Pox, 1989), ta yi rajistar takaici ta hanyar mayar da hankali kan cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa, tsere don ikon siyasa da neman riba ta mutum akan ci gaban al'umma.[1][2]

A cikin 2013, Shugaba Jakaya Kikwete ya nada Muhando a matsayin shugaban BASATA (National Arts Council) na tsawon shekaru uku.

## Ayyukan ilimi
Muhando ya tashi ya zama Farfesa kuma Shugaban Sashen Fasaha a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam . 

Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu gabatarwa na Gidan wasan kwaikwayo don ci gaba a Afirka - ƙungiyar da ke neman ƙarfafa mutanen da aka ware su yi amfani da wasan kwaikwayo don shiga cikin batutuwan da suka dace da rayuwarsu a cikin al'ummominsu da kuma masana. Tare da abokin aikinta Amandina Lihamba, ta fara wani zurfi na musamman tare da aikin su na Oxfam "Theatre for Social Development", wanda ya faru sama da watanni goma sha takwas a Malya, a yankin Mwanza na arewacin Tanzania. A cikin 1996, aikin Muhando da Lihamba na *Tuseme* sun yi aiki don karfafa 'yan mata na makarantar sakandare ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo.

Her most important publication, *Culture and development: the popular theatre approach in Africa* (1991), gives a historical overview of community performance and popular theatre in Tanzania, and explores the methods and practices that she developed throughout her community theatre work.

Ta kuma yi muhimmiyar aiki a kan kyawawan maganganun Afirka.

## Ayyuka

### Wasanni
Tushen: 

* *Hatia* (Mai Laifi), 1972
* *Tambueni haki*, 1973
* *Heshima saty*, 1974
* *Pambo* (Kayan ado), 1975
* *Harakati za ukombozi* (Yakin 'Yanci), tare da Amandina Lihamba da Ndyanao Balisidya, 1982
* Nguzo mama (Mahaifiyar Pillar), 1982
* Abjadi a shekara ta 1983
* Lina ubani (Antidote to Rot), 1984
* Talaki si FM (Woman, Na saki ka) 

### Labarai

* "Digubi: Tsarin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na asalin Tanzania", The Drama Review, 1981 
* "Manufofin Al'adu na Tanzania da Tasirinta Ga Gudummawar Fasaha ga Ci gaban Socialist", *Utafiti*, 1985 
* "Creating in the Mother-Harshe: The Challenges to the African Writer Today", Research in African Literatures, 21.4, 1990,: 5-14 
* "Hadin gwiwar mata a Sadarwa don Ci gaba: shahararren gidan wasan kwaikwayo a Afirka", *Bincike a cikin Littattafan Afirka,* 1991 
* "Hanyoyin Afirka akan Shirye-shiryen Daliban Arewacin Amurka a Afirka: Kwarewar Jami'ar Dar es Salaam", African Issues, 2000 
* "Maganar gidan wasan kwaikwayo da ƙalubalen ci gaba don nan gaba: Kwarewar Tanzaniya", Contemporary Theatre Review, 2002 

## Manazarta