Dokar Shari'a ta Yara (Kariya da Kare Yara), 2000

**Dokar Shari'a ta Yara (Kariya da Kare Yara), 2000** ita ce tsarin doka na farko don shari'ar yara a Indiya. Dokar ta samar da wata hanya ta musamman game da rigakafi da kuma kula da laifukan yara kuma tana ba da tsari don kariya, magani da kuma farfadowa da yara a cikin tsarin shari'ar yara. Wannan dokar, wacce aka kawo ta bin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 1989 kan 'Yancin Yara (UNCRC), ta soke Dokar Shari'ar Yara ta 1986 bayan Indiya ta sanya hannu kuma ta tabbatar da UNCRC a shekarar 1992. A cikin tashin hankali na Delhi (16 Disamba 2012), dokar ta sha wahala a duk faɗin ƙasa saboda rashin taimako game da laifuka inda Matasa ke shiga cikin laifuka masu ban tsoro kamar fyade da kisan kai. A cikin 2015, don amsa ra'ayin jama'a, duka gidajen majalisa a Indiya sun kara gyara lissafin da ya ba da shawarar maganin manya ga matasa masu shekaru 16-18 sama da ake zargi da aikata laifuka masu ban tsoro. Ƙananan majalisar, watau Lok Sabha ta zartar da lissafin a ranar 7 ga Mayu 2015 kuma babban gidan, watau Rajya Sabha a ranar 22 ga Disamba 2015. Shugaba Pranab Mukherjee ya amince da lissafin a ranar 31 ga Disamba 2015.

Dokar an dauke ta a matsayin doka mai ci gaba sosai kuma Dokokin Model 2007 sun kara da tasirin wannan dokar jin dadin jama'a. Koyaya, aiwatarwa babbar damuwa ce har ma a cikin 2013 kuma Kotun Koli ta Indiya tana ci gaba da bincika aiwatarwa ta wannan doka a cikin Sampurna Behrua Versus Union na Indiya da Bachpan Bachao Andolan Versus Union of India. Baya ga Kotun Koli, Kotun Kofi ta Bombay da Allahabad suma suna sa ido kan aiwatar da Dokar a cikin shari'ar shari'a. Don inganta Tsarin Gudanar da Shari'a na Yara, Gwamnatin Indiya ta ƙaddamar da Tsarin Tsaro na Yara (ICPS) a cikin 2009-10 inda aka kara rabon kuɗi kuma an haɗa tsare-tsaren da ke akwai a ƙarƙashin makirci ɗaya.

Wani korafi daban mai taken Deepika Thusso Versus State of Jammu and Kashmir kuma yana jiran la'akari a gaban Kotun Koli kan aiwatar da Dokar Shari'a ta Yara, 1997 wanda ya dace a Jihar Jammu da Kashmir.

Dangane da ƙuduri da aka zartar a shekara ta 2006 kuma aka sake maimaita shi a shekara ta 2009 a Taron Babban Alkalai na Indiya, manyan kotuna da yawa sun kafa "Kwamitin Shari'a na Yara" karkashin jagorancin alƙalai masu zaman kansu na Babban Kotuna. Wadannan kwamitocin suna sa ido da kuma saka idanu kan aiwatar da Dokar a cikin ikonsu.

## Tarihin dokokin shari'ar yara a Indiya
Dokar Shari'a ta Yara ta asali kawai ta sanya yara daga 7-12 da ke da alhakin laifukansu idan laifukun sun kasance masu banƙyama, kuma yara daga 12-14 da ke da alaƙa da laifukinsu na wasu laifukuntaka. Wadannan yara an hukunta su da matsakaicin shekaru uku a cibiyar farfadowa, ba tare da la'akari da girman laifin ba. Babban tasirin Dokar Shari'a ta Yara ta 2000 shi ne cewa ya sauya ma'auni na shekaru don ma'anar doka na yaro daga shekaru 14 da ƙasa zuwa shekaru 18 da ƙasa. Akwai wasu gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci game da auren yara da fataucin lalata.

Bayan wucewar Dokar 2000, an sake fasalin Dokar Shari'a ta Yara a cikin Lok Sabha a ranar 7 ga Mayu 2015 bayan shari'ar Rape ta Delhi ta Disamba, 2012 inda aka sami ƙarami da laifi. Sabon lissafin zai kara matsakaicin hukuncin zuwa shekaru bakwai don manyan laifuka, kuma ya ba da damar a gwada yara masu shekaru 16-18 a matsayin manya idan sun aikata laifuka masu ban tsoro. Kwamitin Shari'a na Yara zai bincika mummunar laifin don tabbatar da ko an aikata laifin ne a matsayin 'yaro' ko 'babba'.

## Gyara
Don farfadowa da haɓaka matasa kamar yadda Dokar Shari'a ta Yara, 2000, ta ba da umarni, an kafa kwamitocin gudanarwa kafin a saki matasa da aka yanke musu hukunci. Dangane da haka an gabatar da 'tsarin saki' don wannan a kotun.

## Tattaunawa da Rikici
Tattaunawar da ake buƙata don wuce wannan lissafin ya haifar da rikici mai tsanani. Shawarwarin yin sabon shekarun yara a kasa da 18 an ayyana shi a matsayin yanke shawara na son kai ta mutane da yawa. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana cewa shekarun "matasa" na kasa da kasa ya kai 18, kuma yawancin 'yan Indiya sun ji cewa bin wannan doka ya nuna abubuwan da ba su da fifiko (daidaita Majalisar Dinkinobho akan bukatun' yan ƙasa). Laifuka da yawa a Indiya ana aikata su ne ta hanyar wadanda ba su kai shekara 18 ba, kuma wannan na iya barin su duka a 'yanci. Saboda wannan muhawara, yawancin mambobin Lok Sabha da Rajya Sabha a zahiri suna jinkirin zaɓar 18 a matsayin iyakar shekaru, amma suna bin jagororin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Wannan yanke shawara tana da mahimmanci a cikin muhawara da ke kewaye da sake fasalin dokar ta 2015, wanda daga nan ya tattauna yiwuwar banbanci ga wannan doka saboda tsananin laifi.

Ma'aikatar Mata da Ci gaban Yara ta fara yin la'akari da kawo gyare-gyare da yawa da ake so a cikin 2011 kuma an fara aiwatar da shawarwari tare da masu riƙe da hannun jari daban-daban. An shirya daftarin Bill a wannan batun kuma yana jiran a gaban Ma'aikatar Shari'a da Adalci don bincike kuma an sanya shi a shafin yanar gizon Ma'aikatu na Mata da Ci gaban Yara a watan Yunin 2014 don shigar da jama'a. Shari'ar fyade ta Delhi a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2012 ta yi tasiri sosai ga fahimtar jama'a game da Dokar. An gano daya daga cikin wadanda aka yanke musu hukunci matashi ne kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 3 a gidan gyarawa. Kotun Koli ta Indiya ta saurari takardun shaida guda takwas da ke zargin Dokar da tanadinta da yawa da ba su dace da kundin tsarin mulki ba a cikin mako na biyu na Yuli 2013 kuma an sallame su, suna riƙe da Dokar ta zama tsarin mulki. Kotun Koli ta kuma ki amincewa da buƙatun rage shekarun yara daga shekaru 18 zuwa 16, lokacin da Gwamnatin Indiya ta bayyana cewa babu wani tsari don rage shekarun yara.

A watan Yulin 2014, Indian Express ta ruwaito cewa kungiyar ta'addanci ta Pakistan Lashkar-e-Taiba ta nemi mambobinta su bayyana shekarunsu bai kai shekara 18 ba. Wannan zai tabbatar da cewa ana gwada su a karkashin Dokar Shari'a ta Yara maimakon Dokar Shari'ar Indiya (IPC). Matsakaicin hukunci a karkashin Dokar ya kasance shekaru uku.