open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Madagaska

Ana kiyaye **haƙƙin ɗan adam a [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]]** ƙarƙashin tsarin mulkin ƙasa. Duk da haka, gwargwadon yadda irin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ke nunawa a aikace yana fuskantar muhawara. Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na shekarar ta alif 2009 na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya lura da damuwa game da dakatar da ayyukan zabukan dimokuradiyya sakamakon rikicin siyasa na baya-bayan nane. Bugu da ƙari kuma, rahotannin cin hanci da rashawa, kama mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma bautar da yara sun nuna yadda al'amuran kare hakkin bil'adama ke yaduwa a kasar. 

## Kundin tsarin mulki da martani na doka
An amince da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madagascar a shekarar alif 2010. Yana magana akan ra'ayi na zaɓe na duniya, 'yancin ɗan adam da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki.

An zartar da dokoki game da mafi ƙarancin shekarun aiki da kuma haramcin aikin yara.

## Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya
Matsayin Madagascar game da yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa sune kamar haka.

## Batutuwa

### Takaddama
Zarge-zargen da ake yi wa kafafen yada labarai sun taso ne saboda takunkumin da ake zargin gwamnatin kasar ta yi na yada labarai na adawa da gwamnati.  A lokacin rikicin shugabanci, Ravalomanana ya ba da umarnin rufe "Viva TV", wanda abokin hamayyarsa Rajoelina ya mallaka. 

### Daidaito
An amince da zaben mata a hukumance a shekarar 1959.  Duk da haka cin zarafin mata da fataucin mutane na ci gaba da zama wani batu a cikin al'umma. 

### Tsarin doka
Kasancewar manyan ka'idojin shari'a kamar bin doka da bin ka'ida, ana tambaya ne saboda karuwar kama-karya na son kai da siyasa yayin rikicin shugabanci. A watan Disamba 2014, *jerin kayayyakin da ake samarwa da aikin yara suka nuna cewa yara a cikin ayyukan dila*, ana yin sahryaring, da ruwan sanyi.

### Talauci
Mutanen Madagascar suna fama da  matsanancin talauci. Ya zuwa shekarar 2005, gabar tekun Gabashin kasar na da matsanancin talauci da ya kai kusan kashi 80% yayin da biranen ke da sama da kashi 50%.  Fiye da kashi 20% na yawan jama'a suna rayuwa a ƙarƙashin $11.25 kowace rana kuma sama da 80% na yawan jama'a akan ƙasa da $15.00 kowace rana kamar na shekarar 2010.

Kasar ta samu babban ci gaba a fannin karatu. Gabaɗaya, akwai alaƙa tsakanin ƙimar karatu da talauci. Idan an ci gaba da samun ci gaba na ƙara yawan masu karatu na Madagascan, ya kamata adadin talauci ya fara raguwa bi da bi. 

## Yanayin Tarihi
Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Madagascar tun 1972 a cikin rahoton Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba".  1

## Duba kuma

* Fataucin mutane a Madagascar
* Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Madagascar
* Hakkokin LGBT a Madagascar
* Siyasar Madagascar
* 2006 yunkurin juyin mulkin Malagasy

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Rahoton Shekara-shekara na 2022, ta Amnesty International
* 'Yanci a Duniya Rahoton 2023, ta Freedom House
* Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Madagascar akan gidan yanar gizon OHCHR
Gamayyar kungiyoyin kasuwanci a Aljeriya

Union générale des syndicats algériens ('General Union of Algerian Trade Unions', ta rage **UGSA**) kungiya ce ta kwaminisanci a Aljeriya daga 1954 zuwa 1957.

## Tarihi
UGSA ta fito ne daga reshen Aljeriya na CGT na Faransa. Ya zuwa 1953, bangarorin masu kishin kasa a cikin CGT na Aljeriya sun nemi canza tsarin siyasa na kungiyar zuwa ga kishin kasa na Aljirai. Sun kasa cin nasara a kan CGT na Aljeriya, amma waɗannan bangarorin sun kafa cibiyar ƙungiyar kwadago mai zaman kanta a 1956 (Union générale des travailleurs algériens, UGTA). CGT ta Aljeriya ta sake gina kanta a cikin UGSA a wani taron da aka gudanar 24-27 ga Yuni, 1954, yayin da ta kasance ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta CGT ta Faransa. A taron akwai wakilai 236 na Aljeriya da 125 na Turai.

## Cibiyar aiki mai zaman kanta
A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1956, UGSA ta yanke alakar ta da CGT ta gari kuma ta zama cibiyar ƙungiyar kwadago mai zaman kanta. CGT ta riƙe kasancewar kanta a Aljeriya har ma bayan rabuwa. Har ila yau, wasu daga cikin kungiyoyin kwadago na UGSA sun riƙe alakarsu da CGT na gari (musamman wadanda ke aiki a bangaren jama'a). Gabaɗaya, raguwa tare da CGT ya haifar da ƙaurawar ma'aikatan Faransa daga UGSA (wasu sun shiga wasu, mafi matsakaici, ƙungiyoyin kwadago, wasu sun bar aikin kwadago gaba ɗaya). UGSA mai zaman kanta ta zama memba na Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya.

## Matsi
A cikin fall of 1956 hukumomin Faransa sun janye rajistar UGSA. Gwamnatin Faransa daga baya za ta bayyana shawarar ta ta hanyar bayyana cewa UGSA reshen ma'aikata ne na jam'iyyar siyasa wacce "ta kasance cikin tawaye da makamai game da dokokin Jamhuriyar Faransa". Hukumomi sun kwace batutuwa da yawa na ƙungiyar UGSA Travailleur Algérien ('Algerian Worker') kuma an dakatar da bugawa.

## Rarraba
UGSA ta ki amincewa da yunkurin farko don haɗuwa cikin UGTA, yayin da UGSA ke ɗaukar kanta tana da tasiri fiye da UGTA. A lokacin, akwai gasa mai tsanani tsakanin UGTA da UGSA game da rinjaye a cikin ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta Aljeriya. Zuwa ƙarshen shekara ta 1957, 'yan kwaminisancin Aljeriya sun sake yin la'akari da matsayinsu na adawa da UGTA. Bayan da UGTA ta shiga taron Leipzig na WFTU, Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Aljeriya ta yi kira ga hadin kan ƙungiyar kwadago, tana roƙon UGSA ta rushe kanta kuma ta yi kira da membobinta su shiga UGTA. UGSA ta bi wannan kira, kuma ta rushe kanta.

## Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su
Brian Lara

**Brian Charles Lara**, TC, OCC (an haife shi 2 Mayu 1969) ɗan Trinidadian tsohon ɗan wasan cricketer ne na ƙasa da ƙasa,   an yarda da shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan bas na kowane lokaci.    Ya ci matsayin Gwajin batting a lokuta da yawa kuma yana riƙe rikodin wasan kurket da yawa, gami da rikodin mafi girman maki a wasan kurket na aji na farko, tare da 501 ba don Warwickshire da Durham a Edgbaston a 1994,  wanda shine kawai quintuple. -dari a tarihin wasan kurket masu daraja ta farko.  A matsayin kyaftin, Lara ya jagoranci tawagar West Indies don lashe kofin gasar zakarun Turai na 2004, karo na farko da kungiyar ta lashe duk wani babban kofi na ICC tun bayan lashe gasar cin kofin duniya ta Cricket na 1979.

Lara kuma tana riƙe da rikodin mafi girman maki na mutum a cikin gwajin gwaji bayan ya zira kwallaye 400 ba a Antigua ba yayin gwajin 4th da Ingila a 2004.  Shi ne kawai dan wasa a tarihin wasan kurket na duniya wanda ya zira kwallaye 400+ a cikin innings. Har ila yau Lara ya rike kambun na cin kwallaye mafi yawa a tsere a daya bayan daya a wasan gwaji na tsawon shekaru 18 a lokacin da ya zura kwallaye 28 a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida da Robin Peterson na Afirka ta Kudu ya yi a 2003 ( Jasprit Bumrah ya doke shi a 2022). 

Lara ta lashe wasan 153 ba tare da Australia ba a Bridgetown, Barbados a 1999 Wisden ya ba shi matsayi na biyu mafi kyawun wasan batting a tarihin wasan kurket na Gwaji, kusa da gudu 270 da Sir Donald Bradman ya zira a cikin Ashes. Gwajin gwajin 1937.  Muttiah Muralitharan ya jinjinawa Lara a matsayin abokin hamayyarsa mafi tsauri a cikin dukkan 'yan wasan jemagu a duniya.  An ba Lara lambar yabo ta Wisden Leading Cricketer a cikin kyaututtukan duniya a cikin 1994 da 1995  kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan kurket guda uku kawai da suka karɓi Gwarzon Wasannin Wasannin Waje na BBC, sauran biyun kuma Sir Garfield Sobers da Shane Warne . 

An nada Brian Lara memba mai daraja na Order of Australia akan 27 Nuwamba 2009.  A cikin Satumba 2012 an gabatar da shi zuwa Hall of Fame na ICC a matsayin mai gabatar da kakar 2012–13.  A cikin 2013, Lara ta sami Memban Rayuwa ta Girmamawa na MCC ta zama Indiya ta Yamma ta 31 don samun karramawa.  A.n yi wa Brian Lara lakabi da sunan "Yariman Port of Spain" ko kuma a sauƙaƙe "Yariman".   Yana da banbancin wasa a cikin mafi girman adadin wasannin gwaji na biyu (63) wanda ƙungiyarsa ta kasance a gefen rashin nasara, a bayan Shivnarine Chanderpaul (68).  

## Manazarta
Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Najeriya (2005)

**Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta Najeriya** (TUC) ƙungiya ce ta ƙungiyar kwadago ta ƙasa a Najeriya, tana mai da hankali kan ƙungiyoyin kwadago da ke wakiltar manyan ma'aikata.

## Tarihi
A shekara ta 1978, an sake fasalin ƙungiyoyin kwadago a Najeriya zuwa ƙungiyoyin masana'antu 42, da kungiyoyi 19 da ke wakiltar manyan ma'aikata.  An kafa Majalisar Ma'aikata ta Najeriya don wakiltar ƙungiyoyin masana'antu.  Manyan ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata sun yi ƙoƙari su kafa Tarayyar Babban Kungiyoyin Ma'aikata na Najeriya, amma gwamnati ta ki amincewa da jikin. A shekara ta 1986, ta ba da izinin kafa wata ƙungiya mai ba da shawara, Babban Ƙungiyar Ba da Shawara ta Najeriya (SECSCAN).

A shekara ta 2005, an canza dokar, ta ba da izinin kafa ƙungiyoyin kwadago na ƙasa da yawa, da kuma manyan ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata su shiga kowace ƙungiya da suka zaɓa. An rushe SECSCAN, tare da mafi yawan masu alaƙa da ita sun kafa sabuwar Majalisar Kwadago ta Najeriya. Ba da daɗewa ba, ta kasance mai haɗin gwiwa na Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya.

Tare da Majalisa ta Najeriya, tarayyar ta goyi bayan Peter Obi da Jam'iyyar Labour a babban zaben Najeriya na 2023, karo na farko da ƙungiyoyin biyu suka goyi bayan jam'iyyar siyasa.

## Abokan hulɗa
Ya zuwa 2020, tarayyar tana da ƙungiyoyi 29:

## Jagora

### Shugabanni

: 2005: Zaman Lafiya Obiajulu
: 2007: Peter Esele
: 2013: Bobboi Bala Kaigama
: 2019: Quadri A. Olaleye
: 2022: Festus Osifo

### Sakatare Janar

: 2005: John Kolawole
: 2012: Musa-Lawal Ozigi
: 2022: Nuhu Toro

## Haɗin waje

* 

## Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su
Édouard Mwe di Malila Apenela

**Édouard Lendje Héritier Mwe di Malila Apenela** (13 Oktoba 1937 - 5 ga Yuni 2014) ɗan kasuwa ne na Kongo, wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban ƙungiyar Woyo Alliance, tsohon shugaban ƙasa kuma mai ba da gudummawa ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta AS Dragons.  

## Na sirri
An haifi Édouard Mwe di Malila Apenela a Moanda, yankin Bas-Congo. Ya kasance ɗa ga wata mace 'yar Kongo da kuma mahaifinsa daga Switzerland. Sunansa na biyu Héritier ya keɓe ga mahaifinsa na haihuwa. Saboda mahaifiyarsa ta kasance 'yar kabilar Woyo, wadanda mambobi suke a Cabinda da Kongo. Wannan kuma shi ne yankin Ngoyo-kingdom da masu mulki da masu fada aji ke rike da taken, "Mwe", "Mwene" ko "Ma". Sunansa "Mwe di" a zahiri yana nufin  "Ubangijin", wani yanki mai daraja.  Ya yi aiki a masana'antar gidaje kuma ya mallaki gine-gine da yawa a tsakiyar birnin Kinshasa. Mwe di Malila Apenela yana da 'ya'ya da yawa, cikinsu har da mataimakin ministan hulda da kasa da kasa da hadewar kasa Franck Mwe di Malila na yanzu.  Mai zane a Jamus Jonathan Mwe di Malila shi ma  zuriyarsa ne (jikansa). 

## AS Dragons

Édouard Mwe di Malila Apenela ya fara sarrafa AS Dragons a shekarar 1969. Da zuwansa ya san 'yan wasa kamar Pembele Ngunza, Magie Mafwala da Romain Bamuleke. A shekarar 1985 ya ba da umarni ga AS Dragons, yanzu ana kiransa Bilima. Hakanan, ta hanyar shigarsa ƙungiyar zata iya lashe gasar Kongo. Godiya ga gudunmawar halin kirki da na kudi, Bilima zai iya taka rawa a karo na biyu a tarihinsa: gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 22 a kan Forces Armées Royales du Maroc, 1986, a jihar Kenya a Lubumbashi (Katanga). Daga baya ya bar shugaban hukumar wasanni ya mika ragamar kulawa ga wasu. Ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai ba da gudummawar kulob din kuma a matsayin shugaban kwamitin koli.  

## Ƙarin bayani
Mwe di Malila ya mutu a ranar 5 ga watan Yuni 2014. Ya bar ’ya’yansa da yawa wata babbar masarautu wacce ta haifar da cece-kuce a tsakaninsu. 'Ya'yansa hudu ne da kansu suka ayyana a matsayin halaltattun magajinsa da magadansa. Wannan shari’a ta kasance a babbar kotun da ke Kinshasa Gombe. Saboda kyakkyawan suna da shaharar mawakin Kwango Kwamy, ya rubuta wata waka wadda aka sadaukar da ita ga Mwe di Malila bayan rasuwarsa kuma mai suna "Véa Mokonzi" Mokonzi shine Lingala kuma yana nufin sarki ko shugaba. 

## Manazarta
Modeste Bahati Lukwebo

**Modeste Bahati Lukwebo** masanin tattalin arziki ne, ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan siyasa a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. Shi ne shugaban kungiyar Alliance des Forces Democratiques du Congo (AFDC). A 2021 ya zama shugaban majalisar dattawa.

## Rayuwa
Modeste Bahati Lukwebo daga Kivu ta Kudu yake. 

Modeste Bahati Lukwebo ya kafa ADFC a 2010. Ya kasance Ministan Aiki, Kwadago da Jin Dadin Jama'a a karkashin Shugaba Joseph Kabila,  tare da ADFC wanda ya kafa Second plank Kabila's Common Front for Congo. 

Koyaya, a cikin 2019 Bahati Lukwebo ya bar sansanin Kabila ya koma kusa da Félix Tshisekedi 's Union for Democracy and Social Progress. Bayan ya shiga cikin rabuwar kai tsakanin Kabila da Tshisekedi, ya kasance daya daga cikin masu gine-ginen 'Sacred Union of the Nation'. A ranar 31 ga watan Disamba 2020 Shugaba Tshisekedi ya zabe shi don ya taimaka wajen samar da sabuwar rinjayen majalisar. A yayin da ake ci gaba da tattaunawa don kafa gwamnatin ‘Sacred Union’, Bahati Lukwebo na cikin jerin sunayen wadanda Tshisekedi ya zaba na zama firaminista, ko da yake wannan ya tafi ga Sama Lukonde Kyenge a watan Fabrairu. A ranar 2 ga watan Maris 2021 aka zabi Bahati Lukwebo a matsayin shugaban majalisar dattawa, wanda ya maye gurbin mai goyon bayan Kabila Alexis Thambwe Mwamba . 

## Manazarta
Martin Parfait Aimé Coussoud-Mavoungou

**Martin Parfait Aimé Coussoud-Mavoungou** (12 Nuwamban shekarar 1959 - 14 Maris 2022) ɗan siyasan Kongo ne kuma ɗan kasuwa.

## Tarihin Rayuwa

Coussoud-Mavoungou ya halarci makarantar firamare a Sashen Kouilou kafin ya halarci makarantar hauza ta Katolika a Loango. Bayan *kammala karatunsa*, ya sami digiri a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Marien Ngouabi a shekarar 1980. Daga nan ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin shari'ar kasuwanci daga jami'ar Bordeaux 1 a shekarar 1982 sannan ya samu takardar shaidar shari'ar Maritime da Aerospace daga Jami'ar Nantes a shekarar 1983. A shekarar 1985, ya sami takardar shaidar difloma kan harkokin ruwa daga Jami'ar Bordeaux, mutum na shida daga Jamhuriyar Kongo ya samu irin wannan digiri. 

Coussoud-Mavoungou ya kasance mai himma a fagen sadarwa na rediyo, nazarin yanayi na teku, bincike da ceto ruwa, ayyukan gurbacewar ruwa, da tsarin majalissar dokokin teku da na Kongo. A cikin watan Fabrairu 1988, ya halarci wani taron karawa juna sani a Kingston, Jamaica a kan shari'ar ruwa (maritime law).

Daga shekarun 1999 zuwa 2002, Coussoud-Mavoungou ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan harkokin sufurin ruwa da kogi zuwa ma'aikatar sufuri da sadarwa. A lokaci guda kuma, ya kasance mai kula da tashar ruwan Pointe-Noire mai cin gashin kansa. Bugu da kari, ya kasance mamba a majalisar wakilai ta kasa daga shekarun 1993 zuwa 1997 da kuma daga shekarun 2002 zuwa 2005. Ya samu amincewar shugaba Denis Sassou Nguesso kuma ya rike mukamin minista Delegate na ma'aikatar Jiha da ma'aikatar sufuri da sadarwa. A cikin watan Janairu 2021, an nada shi sakatare na dindindin a kwamitin tsaka-tsaki kan Ayyukan Jiha a Teku da Ruwa na Nahiyar.

Coussoud-Mavoungou ya mutu bayan tiyatar hanta a Paris a ranar 14 ga watan Maris 2022, yana da shekaru 62. 

## Wallafe-wallafe

* *Pour un système concerté de contrôle des navires en UDEAC* (1994)
* Contribution *pour une relance da relance da revalorisation de la pêche maritime industrielle au Congo* (1994)
* *Anatomie d'une herésie en mer* (2002)
* Contribution *a la connaissance de l'exploitation des droits de trafic maritimes* (2002)
* *Le Congo adhere aux Conventions Maritimes (Courrier des Transports)* (2002)
* *Le Kongo da Code ISPS* (2004)
* *Le Contrôle des marines par l'État du tashar jiragen ruwa Kwarewa da Taimakon Kongolaise* (2004)

## Manazarta
Mamdouh Abbas

**Mamdouh Abbas** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1946) ɗan kasuwan ƙasar Masar ne. An nada shi shugaban Zamalek sau biyu. Nadin nasa na farko ya kasance daga shekarun 2006 zuwa 2008. Ya sake komawa mukamin a karo na biyu lokacin da aka zabe shi a matsayin shugaban kungiyar a watan Mayun 2009. A farkon watan Nuwamba ya yi murabus daga Zamalek saboda takaddamar kwantiragi.   Ya tafiyar da kamfanonin kasuwanci da dama inda jarinsu ya kai tsakanin dalar Amurka miliyan 80 zuwa dalar Amurka miliyan 200.

A halin yanzu shi ne Shugaban Kamfanin Intro Group, wanda ke rike da kamfanoni daban-daban da ke aiki a fannonin mai da iskar gas, makamashi, gidaje.  

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Mamdouh Abbas ya kammala karatunsa na digiri a fannin tattalin arziki da kimiyyar siyasa na Jami'ar Alkahira a shekarar 1967, ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ma'aikacin kamfanin Nasr mai fitar da kayayyaki da shigo da kaya, sannan ya koma aikin kyauta sannan ya kafa kamfani na farko a shekarar 1980, inda ya yi aiki a ciki, fannin kasuwanci, kafin ya bunkasa ayyukansa ya hada da fannin man fetur da fasahar sadarwa.

## Matsayin gudanarwa
Shi ne mai kamfanin Advanced Petroleum Services Company "ADES",  abokin kafa Intro Group, abokin tarayya a Compass Capital, darektan TBS Holding Company, kuma shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na Kamfanin na 10 na Ramadan. Company for Pharmaceutical and Personal Preparations "Rameda".  Shi ma memba ne na Cibiyar Kasuwancin Amurka a Masar. 

## Ayyukan zamantakewa
Mamdouh Abbas ya kafa gidauniyar zaman lafiya da ilimi ta Kemet Boutros Boutros-Ghali tare da wasu kuma ya zama shugaban kwamitin amintattu a shekarar 2018.  Ya rike mukamin ma'ajin hukumar kwallon kafa ta Masar, da kuma ma'ajin Zamalek SC.

## Shugabancin Zamalek SC

### Lokaci na farko (Agusta 2006 - Nuwamba 2008)
A ranar 9 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2006 ne hukumar wasanni ta kasa a kasar Masar ta yanke shawarar rusa hukumar gudanarwar kungiyar ta Zamalek karkashin jagorancin Mortada Mansour tare da nada majalisar wucin gadi da za ta gudanar da harkokin kungiyar na tsawon shekara daya. Matakin dai ya hada da nada Mamdouh Abbas a matsayin shugaban kulob din Zamalek, da Hazem Abdel-Rahman Fawzi a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa, da kuma Yahya Mustafa Kamal Helmy a matsayin ma'aji.  Amma gwamnatin majalisar ta ci gaba har zuwa shekarar 2008, bayan tsawaita wa’adin. 

A wannan lokacin, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta farko ta lashe gasar cin kofin Masar ta 2007/08. 

### Lokaci na biyu (Mayu 2009 - Satumba 2010)
An gudanar da zaben shugabancin kulob din Zamalek, inda Mortada Mansour da Mamdouh Abbas suka fafata, inda Abbas ya lashe zaben shugabancin kulob din Zamalek, amma Mansour ya dage cewa an tabka magudi a zaben kuma ya ki amincewa da sakamakonsu. 

### Ƙarshen lokaci na biyu (Disamba 2011 - Mayu 2013)
A ranar 20 ga watan Disamba, 2011, Kotun Koli ta Gudanarwa ta yanke shawarar mayar da Mamdouh Abbas kan shugabancin kulob din na Zamalek bayan kawo karshen hamayyarsa da Mortada Mansour, kuma a watan Mayun 2013, wa'adin Abbas ya kare, wanda ya sa ma'aikatar wasanni ta yanke shawarar tsawaita ayyukan majalisar har zuwa zabe mai zuwa domin kiyaye zaman lafiyar kungiyar. 

## Manazarta
Mounir Fakhry Abdel Nour

**Mounir Fakhry Abdel Nour** ( ; Coptic; an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta shekara ta alif 1945) ɗan kasuwan Masar ne kuma ɗan siyasa. 

## Ƙuruciya da ilimi
An haifi Abdel Nour a cikin dangin Kirista na 'yan Koftik a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta 1945.  Mahaifinsa, Amin Fakhry Abdel Nour (1912 - 2012), ɗan siyasan wafdist ne. 

Ya kammala makarantar sakandare ta Faransa a Alkahira.  Ya sami digiri na farko a tsangayar tattalin arziki da kimiyyar siyasa ta Jami'ar Alkahira.  Ya yi karatun digiri na biyu a Jami’ar Amurka da ke birnin Alkahira (AUC) tare da kasida mai taken “saba hannun jarin waje masu zaman kansu a matsayin tushen ci gaban tattalin arziki”. 

## Sana'a
Abdel Nour dan kasuwa ne.  Ya fara aikinsa a matsayin wakili a Masar da Gabas ta Tsakiya na bankin Faransa "Banque de l'Union Européenne" sannan ya koma American Express International Banking Corporation a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa a Masar. Daga baya ya kafa Kamfanin Kuɗi na Masar. A shekarar 1983 ya kafa Kamfanin Faransa na Masar don Masana'antu na Agro-Industries (Kamfanin Vitrac )i  Ya kasance memba na hukumar musayar hannayen jari ta Alkahira da Alexandria, Tarayyar Masana'antu ta Masar.,  cibiyar nazarin tattalin arziki na ƙasashe masu tasowa a Alkahira university.

Daga nan Abdel Nour ya shiga siyasa. Ya tsaya takara a zaben shekara alif 1995, amma ya sha kaye. Ya lashe kujera a babban zaben shekara ta alif 2000.  kuma an zabe shi Shugaban 'yan adawa a Majalisa. Daga baya aka zabe shi a matsayin babban sakataren jam'iyyar Wafd.  Bayan juyin juya halin 25 ga Janairu an nada shi ministan yawon bude ido a majalisar ministoci karkashin jagorancin firayim minista Ahmed Shafiq a watan Fabrairun 2011.   Abdel Nour ya gaji Zoheir Garranah a mukamin.  Ya ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayinsa a majalisar ministocin da Essam Sharaf ke jagoranta sai kuma Kamal Ganzouri har zuwa 2 ga watan Agusta 2012.

Ya ki shiga gwamnatin ‘yan uwa musulmi karkashin jagorancin Hisham Kandil ya shiga jam’iyyar adawa. Ya shiga cikin kafa "National Ceto Front" a ranar 23 ga watan Nuwamba 2012 kuma daga baya aka zabe shi a matsayin Babban Sakatare. A wannan matsayi yana cikin wadanda suka shirya zanga-zangar ranar 30 ga watan Yunin 2013 da ta kawo karshen mulkin 'yan uwa musulmi.

A watan Fabrairun 2013 ya shiga majalisar zartaswa karkashin jagorancin Ibrahim Mahlab a matsayin ministan ciniki, masana'antu da zuba jari kuma zai ci gaba da rike madafun ikon kasuwanci da masana'antu har zuwa 18 ga watan Satumba 2015. A ranar 16 ga watan Yuli, 2013, an nada shi a matsayin ministan masana'antu da kasuwancin waje a majalisar ministocin wucin gadi karkashin jagorancin firaminista Hazem Al Beblawi. 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Mambobin Majalisar Pan-African
* Mounir Fakhry Abdel Nour 

## Manazarta
Mahmoud El-Araby

**Mahmoud El-Araby** (an haife shi a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da talatin da biyu1932-Satumba 9, 2021) ɗan kasuwan Masar ne kuma mai tallafawa al'umma. Ya kafa ELARABY Group a shekarar 1964, kamfanin da ke kera da siyar da kayan aikin gida da kayan lantarki masu amfani a Masar da Gabas ta Tsakiya.  

## Rayuwar farko

An haifi Mahmoud El-Araby a shekara ta 1932 a Menoufia, Masar. 

## Sana'a
A shekarar 1974, El-Araby ya sami haƙƙin siyar da samfuran Toshiba. A shekarar Oktoba 1980, Toshiba ya amince da gina masana'anta a Benha don kera da kuma haɗa samfuran su. An kammala ginin Benha a shekarar 1982. An bi shi da babban rukunin Quesna wanda ke da masana'antu tara da masana'antu uku masu tallafi. Daga baya, El-Araby ya sami haƙƙin siyarwa da rarrabawa daga wasu kamfanoni, irin su Sharp, Hitachi, Seiko Watch Corp., Sony, da NEC. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Ya haifi 'ya'ya maza shida da mata biyu. 

## Mutuwa
Mahmoud El-Araby ya mutu a ranar 9 ga watan Satumba, 2021, yana da shekaru 89.  

## Manazarta
Amani Asfour

**Amany Asfour** 'yan kasuwa ce daga ƙasar Masar.

## Sana'a
Ta rike taken:

* Shugabar, Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya da Mata masu sana'a
* Shugabar, Ƙungiyar  Kasuwancin Mata ta Masar (EBWA)
* Shugaba, Ƙungiyar Mata a Kasuwancin OWIT-Alkahira Chapter
* Shugabar, Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Mata ta Afirka
* Shugabar, Afro-Arab Network for Women Epowerment
* Shugabar mata, FEMCOM Federation of Business Women Associations of Common Market for Eastern & Southern Africa (COMESA).
* Mataimakiyar shugabar mata, ta Majalisar Kasuwanci ta COMESA 
* Wacce ta kafa, Hatshepsut Women Business Development Center and Business Incubator for Entrepreneurs
* Shugabar Ma'aikatar,  Kimiyya da Fasaha na AU-ECOSOCC
* Shugaba, Majalisar Rukunin Rukunin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci da Mata masu sana'a
* Sakatare Janar, na Ƙungiyar Afirka don Binciken Kimiyya da Fasaha

## Ƙuruciya

Asfour ta kammala karatun digiri a Faculty of Medicine a Jami'ar Alkahira kuma tana da digiri na biyu da MD a fannin ilimin yara. Ita malama ce a fannin ilimin yara a Cibiyar Bincike ta Kasa ta Masar. Ta shiga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu tun tana yarinya. A cikin 'yan shekaru, ta kuma iya kafa kamfani don kayan aikin likita, tana sayar da fiye da 30 iri daban-daban.

## Sauran abubuwan sha'awa
Bukatar Asfour bai iyakance ga kafa kasuwancinta na sirri ba. Ta fahimci mahimmancin samar da kungiya mai niyya don ƙarfafa tattalin arzikin mata da inganta harkokin kasuwanci. Ta kafa kungiyar ’yan kasuwa ta Masar a shekarar 1995 da manufar inganta matasan mata masu sana’o’i da ba da jagoranci ga mata masu kasuwanci na kanana da matsakaitan masana’antu. Kungiyarta kuma tana tallafawa mata na yau da kullun a kasuwannin duniya. Ta jagoranci yunƙurinta ga ƙarfafa tattalin arziƙi ga mata, haɓaka iya aiki, haɓaka albarkatun ɗan adam, da daidaiton dama ga 'yan mata da mata a fannin ilimi, horarwa, da haɓaka mata da matasa a fannin kimiyya da fasaha.

## Gudunmawar duniya baki ɗaya
Asfour tana aiki a Afirka, Larabawa, da Rum. Ta kafa wata ƙungiya don 'yan kasuwa da ƙwararrun mata a Masar sannan ta kafa Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Mata ta Afirka. Wannan na baya-bayan nan ta mayar da hankali ne ga daukacin nahiyar Afirka, inda aka yi niyya don karfafawa mata da inganta hada-hadar tattalin arziki tsakanin mata da matasa masu sana'ar kasuwanci a Afirka. Asfour kuma ta ƙaddamar da Majalisar Bahar Rum don Kasuwanci da Mata masu sana'a a matsayin dandamali don raba abubuwan kwarewa da ayyuka masu kyau a tsakanin mata 'yan kasuwa a yankin Bahar Rum.

Asfour ta samu kyautuka da dama daga kasashen Masar, Afirka, kasashen Larabawa, da kasashen musulmi. Ta kafa haɗin gwiwa da yawa tare da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da na yanki, ciki har da Mata na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, UNDP, ILO, UNIDO, Tarayyar Afirka, Tarayyar Turai, Kasuwar Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA), da ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci na Bahar Rum daban-daban. Ta kuma yi nasara wajen aiwatar da manyan ayyuka guda 2 don kafa Cibiyar Ci gaban Kasuwancin Hatshepsut da shirin yanki don tallafawa mata 'yan kasuwa a Masar, Sudan, da Habasha.

## Manazarta
Dorothy Henriques-Wells

**Dorothy Henriques-Wells**(1926-5 Maris 2018)yar wasan zanen Jamaica ce kuma malamin fasaha. An san ta da ɗimbin launin ruwanta da ke nuna tsiro da shimfidar wurare na Jamaica.Ta yi aiki a cikin National Gallery na Jamaica kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Musgrave na Azurfa don fasaha a cikin 1987.Henriques-Wells ta sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Fasaha ta Ontario a cikin 1951, inda ta kasance tsohuwar tsohuwar makarantar baƙar fata ta farko.Ta koyar da fasaha a manyan makarantu da kwalejoji na Jamaica sama da shekaru ashirin.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Dorothy Henriques a cikin 1926 a Saint Andrew Parish,Jamaica.Mahaifiyarta Lilieth Henriques mai zanen mai ce kuma mahaifinta Llewellyn mai kayan ado ne.Ta zana wahayi a matsayin mai zane daga mahaifiyarta,wacce ta zana yanayin yanayin da ke kewaye da su da kuma shuke-shuken da ta girma. 

A cikin shekaru 12,Dorothy ta bayyana niyyarta ta zama mai fasaha.Daga 1936 zuwa 1943 ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Wolmer don 'yan mata a Kingston,inda ta sami lambobin yabo da yawa don fasaharta.Koren der Harootian ɗan ƙasar Armeniya ne ya koyar da ita a gidansa a Barbican daga 1939 zuwa 1943.Bayan ta kammala makarantar sakandare,ta koma Toronto inda ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Ontario (Jami'ar OCAD yanzu)daga 1947 zuwa 1951. Ta koyi hoto kuma ta haɓaka salon launin ruwanta na gaske a can.Ita ce Bakar fata ta farko da ta kammala karatun jami'a tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a shekarar 1876. A cikin zanen karatun ta, samfurinta wata Bakar fata ce da ke sanye da kayan kwalliyar gargajiya.Ta kuma yi karatu a Makarantar Fasaha ta Minneapolis.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Henriques-Wells ya auri Carl F.Wells,likitan likitan dabbobi,a 1956.Sun haifi 'ya'ya uku.Diyarta Mary Wells yar fim ce.Henriques-Wells ya kasance sanannen mutum ne a Kingston,wani lokacin yana sanye da"manyan huluna bambaro tare da sabbin furanni makale a baki da riguna masu ruwan hoda mai ban tsoro."Mawaƙin Jamaican Jasmine Thomas-Girvan ta tuna ganin Henriques-Wells tana ƙarama kuma ya yaba mata da ƙarfafa ta ta zama ƴar fasaha. 

## Nassoshi
Mo Gawdat

**Mohammad** " **Mo" Gawdat** (Larabci: محمد جودت) ɗan kasuwan Masar ne kuma marubuci. Shi ne tsohon babban jami'in kasuwanci na Google X kuma marubucin littattafan *Solve for Happy*   da kuma *Sary Smart*. 

## Ƙuruciya
An haifi Gawdat a ƙasar Masar, dan wani injiniyan farar hula ne kuma Farfesan Ingilishi. Ya nuna sha'awar aikin fasaha da wuri. 

## Sana'a
Asalin Gawdat a matsayin injiniya yake, yana da digiri a MBA daga Makarantar Gudanarwa na Maastricht a Netherlands. 

Ya fara aikinsa a IBM Masar a matsayin injiniyan tsarin, kafin ya yi hijira zuwa matsayin tallace-tallace a ɓangaren gwamnati.  Ya ƙaura zuwa Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, ya shiga NCR Abu Dhabi don rufe sashin da ba na kuɗi ba.  A Microsoft, ya ɗauki ayyuka daban-daban a cikin tsawon shekaru bakwai da rabi. 

Gawdat ya shiga Google a shekarar 2007 don fara kasuwancinsa a kasuwanni masu tasowa.

A shekarar 2013, ya koma hannun ƙirƙira na Google, Google X, inda ya jagoranci dabarun kasuwanci, tsarawa, tallace-tallace, haɓaka kasuwanci, da haɗin gwiwa.

Gawdat shine marubucin solve for happy*: Engineering Your Path to Joy (2017)*. Sadaukarwa ga ɗansa Ali, wanda ya mutu a shekarar 2014, littafin ya zayyana hanyoyin sarrafawa da hana rashin jin daɗi. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Gawdat ya rabu da matarsa Nibal, wacce suka haɗu a jami'a. Suna da diya mace, Aya. Ɗansu, Ali, ya mutu a shekara ta 2014, bayan an yi masa tiyata.  

## Manazarta
Beatrice Mukansinga

**Beatrice Mukansinga** wata mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata ce 'yar kasar Rwanda wacce ta mai da hankali kan matan da kisan kiyashin Rwanda ya shafa.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Ta bar Rwanda a lokacin kisan kiyashin ta koma Kenya. Lokacin da ta dawo Rwanda daga Kenya a shekarar 1995, kasa da shekara guda da kisan kiyashin, an kashe danginta da suka hada da iyayenta da ’yan uwanta shida a lokacin kisan kare dangi a shekarar 1994.  

## Sana'a

Ta shiga kungiyar agajin jin dadin jama'a ta Barakabaho Foundation a shekarar 1995 bayan ta koma kasar Rwanda.  Ta fara aiki tare da kungiyar bayar da agajin jin kai ga matan da suka tsira daga kisan kiyashi.  

Daga baya ta kafa kungiyar da ba ta riba ba MBWIRA NDUMVA (Speak, I Am Listening) a shekarar 1996 a matsayin kungiyar hadin gwiwa mai alaka da Gidauniyar Barakabaho. Ta kaddamar da kungiyar ne domin tallafawa da bayar da jagoranci ga marayu da mata da aka yi wa fyade da suka rasa matsugunansu saboda kisan kare dangi na Ruwanda a shekarar 1994. 

An ƙarfafa ta ta kafa ƙungiyar Mbwiran Dumva bayan ta sami gogewa da tunani daga wanda ya tsira daga kisan kiyashi da fyade. An kuma san Beatrice sosai  domin karfafawa da shawo kan matan da aka yi wa fyade a lokacin kisan kare dangi da su yi renon jariransu maimakon su bar yaran.  Amnesty International ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Ginetta Sagan Fund Award a shekarar 1998 don jin daɗin taimakon jin kai ga waɗanda suka tsira daga kisan kiyashin Rwanda.  

A watan Agusta 2021, an sanya ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mata bakwai masu fafutuka na Afirka waɗanda suka cancanci muƙalar Wikipedia ta Global Citizen, ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa da ƙungiyar bayar da shawarwari. 

## Manazarta
Eugénie Musayidire

**Eugénie Musayidire** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1952) 'yar rajin kare Haƙƙin ɗan adam ce kuma marubuciya wacce aka haifa a ƙasar Ruwanda. 'Yar kabilar Tutsi, ta bar kasar a alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da saba'in da uku 1973 bayan da 'yan Hutu masu tsatsauran ra'ayi suka yi mata barazana, inda ta fara zuwa Burundi daga baya kuma zuwa Jamus a matsayin 'yar gudun hijirar siyasa. A shekarar 1994, ta rasa yawancin danginta da danginta a lokacin kisan kare dangi na Rwanda, lamarin da ta yi bayani a cikin littafinta na 1999 *Mein Stein spricht* (My Stone Speaks). A shekara ta 2007, an ba ta lambar yabo ta International Nuremberg Human Rights Prize saboda kokarinta na sulhunta al'ummomin Tutsi da Hutu.   

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife ta a Rwanda a ranar 25 ga watan Disamba 1952, Eugénie Musayidire 'yar kabilar Tutsi ce. A shekarar 1973, lokacin da ta sami labarin cewa 'yan Hutu masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na shirin kama ta, ta gudu zuwa Burundi inda ta halarci Jami'ar Burundi, inda ta karanta fannin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa.  A shekarar 1977, ta isa Jamus a matsayin 'yar gudun hijirar siyasa, ta yi nasarar neman haƙƙin mafaka. Bayan ta kammala horo a matsayin mai fasaha a fannin harhada magunguna a 1985, ta kafa iyali kuma ta yi aiki a sashen ƙaura da haɗin kai na Siegburg. 

Sa’ad da take ƙasar Jamus, ta sami labarin cewa an kashe mahaifiyarta, dangin ’yan uwanta da kuma wasu ’yan’uwa 22 a shekara ta 1994 da wata maƙwabciyarta da ta taɓa zama aminiya ta kud da kud. Gaba ɗaya ta rikice, ta tattauna lamarin a *Mein Stein spricht* {1999) kuma a shekarar cikin 2001 ta yi tafiya zuwa ƙauyenta na asali a Ruwanda inda ta hadu da wanda ya kashe mahaifiyarta.  Tafiyar ta kasance batun shirin  talabijin na Martin Buchholz, *Der Mörder meiner Mutter.* *Eine Frau will Gerechtigkeit* (The Murder of My Mother. A Woman Seeks Justice), wanda ya karɓi Grimme-Preis a shekarar 2003.  

Da take fahimtar mahimmancin sulhu a tsakanin Tutsis da Hutus, a shekara ta 2001 ta kafa   "Hope in Rwanda" tana ba da wuraren taro da taimako na warkewa. A shekara ta 2003, ta kafa "IZERE", cibiyar kula da lafiya a Nyanza mai hidima ga yara da matasa.   Sakamakon wannan yunƙurin, a wani biki a gidan opera na Nuremberg a ranar 30 ga watan Satumba, 2007 Eugénie Musayidire an ba ta lambar yabo ta 'yancin ɗan adam ta Nuremberg ta duniya. 

## Manazarta
Makon Kasuwancin Gabashin Afirka

**East African Business Week** jaridar Uganda ce ta mako-mako da aka buga a Kampala, babban birnin Uganda kuma birni mafi girma. Ita ce kawai mako-mako ta kasuwanci da aka buga a kasar.

## Wurin da yake
Hedikwatar jaridar da babban ofishin suna cikin *Ginin Media Plaza*, a 133 Kira Road, a cikin unguwar Kamwokya, a Kampala, kimanin kilota 4.5 (3 mi) arewacin gundumar kasuwanci ta tsakiya. Hanyar hedkwatar jaridar ita ce 0°20'17.0"N, 32°35'05.0"E (Latitude:0.338053; Longitude:2.584730).

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya
EABW tana da ofisoshin biyar, daya a cikin kowane birni biyar na Gabashin Afirka na Kampala, Nairobi, Kigali, Bujumbura, da Dar es Salaam. Jaridar ta rufe saka hannun jari da labarai na kasuwanci, tare da labarai na kiwon lafiya da fasaha a Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, da Uganda. An buga shi a Turanci kawai. Yana da bugawa da kuma Intanet versions.

## Tarihi
An kafa takarda a shekara ta 2005. Kamfanin East Africa Business Weekly Limited ne ya buga shi.

## Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su

## Haɗin waje

* Shafin yanar gizon Kasuwancin Gabashin Afirka
Monique Mujawamariya

Hon. Dr. **Monique Mujawamariya** (an haife ta a ranar 27 ga watan Yulin shekarar 1955) 'yar fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama ce 'yar Rwanda wacce ta koma Kanada sannan kuma  Afirka ta Kudu. Ta kasance wacce ta tsira daga kisan kiyashin Rwanda kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta duniya a shekarar 1995.  A shekarar 2014 ta kasance a Afirka ta Kudu inda ta damu da a kan 'yancin mata.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Mujawamariya a garin Butare na kasar Rwanda a shekarar 1955. Ta damu da yancin ɗan adam kuma ta kafa ƙungiyar ADL ta Rwanda ( ). 

## Kisan kare dangi
A ranar 6 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1994, shugaban kasar Rwanda Juvenal Habyarimana ya mutu lokacin da aka harbo jirginsa kuma wannan lamarin ya faru nan da nan gabanin abin da ake kira kisan kiyashin da aka yi a kasar Rwanda inda ake tunanin mutane kimanin 800,000 zuwa 1,000,000 suka mutu. Mujawamariya ta kasance mutuniyar da aka kai hari a Kigali, inda Rediyon Télévision Libre des Mille Collines ya kira ta "mai mugun kishin kasa da ta cancanci ta mutu". Ta kasance tana sadarwa tare da Alison Des Forges kowane minti 30 saboda wannan barazanar da tashin jirgin. Des Forges mamba ce ta Human Rights Watch kuma an gaya mata cewa ta kula da 'ya'yanta a lokacin da Mujawamariya ta ƙare kiran don gudun kada kawarta ta ji mutuwarta. Kamar yadda Mujawamariya ta tsira. 

Mujawamariya ta yi nasarar tserewa da gudu ta shiga lambun ta har sojoji suka fice. Daga nan sai ta boye a cikin rufin rufin na tsawon sa'o'i 40 kafin ta zo ga sojojin a cikin kunya kawai dauke da hoton marigayin mijinta sanye da kayan aiki. Bayan ta biya cin hanci mai tsoka, ta sami damar tserewa ta tuntubi Des Forges. Des Forges ta shirya a sanya mata jerin sunayen mutanen da za a kwashe, sannan ta raka Mujawamariya ta cikin sojojin da suka kewaye filin jirgin.  Mujawamariya ta tsere, bayan ta tura ‘ya’yanta zuwa kudancin kasar. Bayan makonni, har yanzu ba ta san abin da ya faru da 'ya'yanta uku ba. 

Mujawamariya ta samu damar tashi zuwa birnin Washington, inda ta hadu da Anthony Lake wanda shine mai baiwa shugaba Clinton shawara.  Ta kasance cikin rukunin da suka hadu da Clinton a watan Disamban da ya gabata.  Duk da haka, an sami ɗan tausayi yayin da aka yanke hukunci cewa Ruwanda, da matsalolinta, sun kasance a waje da muradun ƙasa na Amurka. 

An ba ta lambar yabo ta Dimokuradiyya daga National Endowment for Democracy a shekarar 1995,  kuma a wannan shekarar ta sami digiri na girmamawa ta Kwalejin Amherst. 

## Yau
Mujawamariya a yanzu (2014) tana zaune ne a Cape Town inda take aiki a kan batutuwan da suka shafi 'yancin mata. Ta koma kasar Rwanda don halartar daurin auren danta William a shekarar 2014.

## Manazarta
Bankin noma

Bankin Aikin Gona bankin ci gaba ne na gwamnatin Najeriya wanda ke tallafawa wanda ke ba da kayan aiki ga kananan da manyan manoma da ƙananan kasuwanni a cikin yankunan karkara. Sakamakon sake fasalin cibiyoyin karamin bashi da gwamnati ke tallafawa, an kafa bankin a cikin 2000, kuma ya ɗauki kadarorin Babban Bankin Noma da hadin gwiwa na Kasa, Bankin Jama'a da Shirin Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki na Iyali.

## Tarihi.
Ana iya gano tarihin BOA zuwa kafa Bankin Aikin Gona na Najeriya (NAB) a 1973. NAB wani shiri ne na gwamnati don tallafawa ayyukan ci gaban noma a kasar, musamman masu mallakar gonaki masu karamin gaske waɗanda bazai da isasshen tabbaci don samun wuraren bashi daga bankunan kasuwanci ba. A lokacin, manoma da yawa an dauke su masu ba da bashi mai haɗari ta hanyar masu ba da rance na kasuwanci kuma an kafa NAB don samar da Microcredit ga ƙananan manoma da kuma ba da ranta ga kamfanonin noma.

A shekara ta 1977, lokacin da Umaru Mutallab ya kasance ministan hadin gwiwa, gwamnatin Najeriya (FGN) ta fara sabbin jagororin don tallafawa hadin gwiwa. Bugu da kari, FGN ta ba da ƙarin babban birnin ga NAB don tallafawa al'ummomin hadin gwiwa a kasar. Daga baya, an canza NAB don zama Bankin Aikin Gona da Haɗin Kai na Najeriya. Gwamnati ta kuma ayyana sabbin jagororin bankunan kasuwanci don ajiye mafi ƙarancin kashi na fayil ɗin rance ga bangaren noma. Bankunan da ba su iya biyan ƙofar ba sun canja sauran kudade zuwa babban bankin don ci gaba da biyan kuɗi ga manoma ta hanyar NACB.

A shekara ta 2000, gwamnati ta haɗu da ayyukan NACB, Bankin Jama'a da Shirin Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki na Iyali don kafa Bankin Aikin Gona, hadin gwiwa da Ci gaban Karkara na Najeriya. Kafin haɗuwa, Dukkanin ƙungiyoyi uku sun shiga cikin ƙaramin kuɗi.

BOA ta yi gwagwarmaya don sarrafa yawan rance marasa aiki a cikin fayil ɗin ta, wanda ya hana ikonta na samar da tallafi mai ɗorewa ga bangaren noma.

## Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su.
Muhammad Subail

**Muhammad bin Abdullah Al-Sabil** ( an haife shi a watan Disamba shekara ta 2012), an haife shi a garin Bukayriyah a yankin lardin Al-Qassim. Ya kasance limami kuma mai wa'azi a Masallacin Harami na tsawon shekaru arba'in da huɗu (44) gaba ɗaya, kuma mamba a majalisar manyan malamai a saudiya, har wayau Shi mamba ne a majalisar fiqhun musulunci, kuma shugaban masallacin harami da Al'amuran Masjid al-Nabawi, kuma shugaban kwamitin Al-Haram na kasar Saudiyya. Yana daya daga cikin wadanda aka yi garkuwa da su da suka tsira daga harin da kungiyar Juhayman dauke da makamai suka kai wa babban masallacin Makkah, a lokacin da sabil yake limami, ya jagoranci jama'a wajen sallar asuba.  

Ya yi tafiye-tafiyen bayar da shawarwari sama da 100 a wajen Masarautar, inda ya ziyarci ƙasashe sama da 50, kuma ya rubuta littattafai 27.

## Karatu
Ya haddace Alqur'ani, yayi karatun a hannun mahaifinsa da kuma Sheikh Abd al-Rahman al-Kuraides. Yana ɗan shekaru goma sha hudu, ya inganta karatun Qur'aninsa a hannun Sheikh Saadi Yassin. Yayi Ilimin shari'a daga ɗan'uwansa Sheikh Abdul Aziz Al-Sabeel, Sheikh Muhammad Al-Muqbil da Sheikh Abdullah bin Humaid. 

## Sana'a
Tsakanin shekarar, 1373 AH zuwa shekarar 1385, Subail ya yi aiki a matsayin supervisor a Cibiyar Kimiyya da ke Buraidah. An naɗa shi limami, mai wa’azi kuma malami a masallacin Harami a shekara ta, 1385 bayan hijira, ya tsaya a wannan matsayin har zuwa shekara ta, 1429 bayan hijira. Ya kuma kasance shugaban malamai da masu sa ido a shugabancin kula da Addini na Masallacin Harami. A shekara ta, 1393 bayan hijira ya zama mataimakin janar na shugaban kula da harkokin Addinin Musulunci na masallacin Harami. Daga nan kuma aka naɗa shi shugaban fadar shugaban kasa mai kula da harkokin masallacin harami da masallacin Annabi a shekara ta, 1411 bayan hijira.

Subail ya kasance memba na Majalisar Manyan Malamai a kasar Saudiyya tsakanin shekarar, 1413H zuwa 1427 bayan hijira. Ya ci gaba da zama mamba a Majalisar Fiqhu ta Musulunci ta Kungiyar Hadin Kan Duniya tsakanin 1397H zuwa 1432H. Ya yawaita shiga cikin shirin Noor a kan hanya a gidan radiyon kur'ani mai tsarki a kasar Saudiyya. Dalibansa sun hada da Saleh Al-Fawzan, Abdulrahman bin Abdulaziz Al Kelya da Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i .

Subail ya kirkira Jamiar Asria a Jhelum, Pakistan a shekara ta, 1997. 

Subail ya tsallake rijiya da baya ne a harin da aka ka a Masallacin Harami, wanda aka yi zargin Juhayman da mabiyansa ne a shekara ta, 1400 bayan hijira, inda Limamin ya kasance albashin Sallar Asuba, sannan aka gama Sallar. na guguwar Wuri Mai Tsarki.

## Mutuwa
Ya rasu a ranar litinin 3 ga watan Safar 1434H daidai da 17 ga watan Disamba shekara ta, 2012. 

## Manazarta
Rachel Auerbach

**Rachel Auerbach** (Sha takwas ga Disamba , shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da uku , Lanowitz, Rasha Podolia (yanzu Lanivtsi a Ukraine ) zuwa talatin da daya ga Mayu , shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da shida, Tel Aviv )  yar jarida ce ta Yahudanci, masanin tarihi, marubuci kuma marubuci, wanda ya tsira daga Warsaw ghetto, wanda ya rubuta mafi yawa a cikin Yiddish, kuma ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa don tattarawa da buga shaidar Holocaust . Bayan shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da hamsin ta zauna a Isra'ila .

## Tarihin Rayuwar ta
An haifi Rachel Auerbach a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da uku a Lanowitz, shtetl a Podolia ta Rasha (yanzu Lanovtsy a Ukraine ).

A lokacin ƙuruciyarta ta sami ƙaunar yaren Yiddish da almara. Hakanan tana samun ilimi a cikin yaren Poland.

Ta yi karatun falsafa a Lvov  . A can ta yi abokantaka da mawaƙa Dvora Fogel da Bruno Schulz . 'Yar gwagwarmayar Sahayoniya, ta zama 'yar jarida.

A shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da uku, ta koma Warsaw . Tana aiki a cikin da'irar Yiddish musamman a cikin YIVO. Ta rubuta bitar wallafe-wallafe da labarai kan ilimin halin ɗan adam a cikin Yiddish da Yaren mutanen Poland. Ta zama abokiyar mawaƙi Itzik Manger, wanda ta adana littattafansa a cikin tarihin Ringelblum bayan ya bar Poland a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da takwas.

## Manazarta
Gertrude Berg

**Gertrude Berg** yar wasan kwaikwayo ce Ba’amurke kuma marubucin allo da aka haife uku ga Oktoba shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da casa'in da tara a New York kuma ya mutu a garin guda.

## Tarihin Rayuwar ta
An haifi Gertrude Berg a New York a matsayin Tilly Edelstein a Gabashin Harlem  ga mahaifin Rasha da mahaifiyar Ingila. ; ta zauna a Lexington Avenue . Ta auri Lewis Berg a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da goma sha takwas. ; za su haifi 'ya'ya biyu.

Berg ta fara aikinsa a rediyo. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin da tara, ta fara wasan opera na sabulu na rediyo mai suna *The Rise of the Goldbergs*, kuma an gano ta da jerin wasannin *The Goldbergs* .

A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da hamsin da tara ta sami lambar yabo ta Tony Award a gidan wasan kwaikwayo don wasan kwaikwayo na Leonard Spigelgass *A Mafi yawan Daya*, kuma ta fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu da yawa na talabijin.

Ta mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya a Manhattan a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da shida

## Manazarta
Rachel Beer

**Rachel Beer** yar jarida ce kuma edita haifaffiyar Burtaniya . bakwai ga Afrilu shekara ta dubu ɗaya da ɗari takwas da hamsin da takwas a Bombay kuma ta mutu a Royal Tunbridge Wells .

## Tarihin Rayuwar ta

### Matasa
Rachel Sassoon na cikin dangin Sassoon, dangin ƴan kasuwa Yahudawa ne asalinsu daga Bagadaza, sun zauna a Bombay tun a shekarun dubu ɗaya da ɗari takwas da talatin . Ita ce ɗa ta biyu kuma 'yar Sassoon David Sassoon tilo  da matarsa Farha Rauben  .

Mahaifinsa yar ta bar Indiya zuwa Landan a shekara ta dubu ɗaya da ɗari takwas da hamsin da takwas, mako guda bayan  . Rahila, mahaifiyarta da babban yayanta Yusufu sun haɗu da shi a cikin 1860  . Sai suka zauna a wani gida gabas da Regent's Park 

A cikin Oktoba shekara ta dubu ɗaya da ɗari takwas da sittin da uku, mahaifinsa ya sayi gidan Ashley Park a Walton-on-thames, Surrey 

Mahaifinta ya mutu a ranar ashirin da biyu ga Yuni, shekara ta dubu ɗaya da ɗari takwas da sittin da bakwai kuma ya bar Rahila asusu na £  .

A lokacin ƙuruciyarta, mai koyar da su Arthur Ready ya koyar da Rahila da ’yan’uwanta yayin da wani malami ya zo a kai a kai don ya koya musu addinin Ibrananci da Ibrananci  Rachel kuma tana koyon piano  kuma sau da yawa tana wasa tare da ɗan'uwanta Alfred wanda ɗan wasan violin ne  .

A lokacin kuruciyarta, Rahila ta shiga cikin ayyukan taimakon mahaifiyarta. Ta halarci a watan Yuli shekara ta dubu ɗaya da ɗari takwas da saba'in da biyu a cikin lambu party inda matar da 'ya'yan Firayim Minista William Gladstone sun kasance baƙi na  .
A ƙarshen shekara ta dubu ɗaya da ɗari takwas da tamanin da ɗaya, lokacin da take da shekaru 23, Chappell na Bond Street ne ya buga piano sonata a B flat major kuma an yi shi a zauren St James a ranar 23 ga Mayu shekara ta dubu ɗaya da ɗari takwas da tamanin da biyu  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan gavotte da tarantella na cello da aka yi a Marlborough Rooms kuma shi ne juya na uku na piano, violin da cello da za a yi a watan Disamba shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da tamanin da biyu  .

Lokacin da ɗan'uwanta Joseph ya yi aure a 1884 zuwa Louise de Gunzburg , Rahila da mahaifiyarta dole ne su bar Ashley Park ga sababbin ma'aurata. Daga nan suka ƙaura zuwa Brighton inda kakar mahaifin Rahila da kawunsu biyu suka sayi gidaje 

Daga nan Rachel Sassoon ta fara aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a asibitin Royal Brompton  . Wannan ya ba shi damar rabuwa da mahaifiyarsa kuma ya zauna  a 58 Sloane Street . Ta yi aiki a asibiti tsawon  biyu.

## Manazarta
Samantha Ellis

**Samantha Ellis** marubuciya ce yar Burtaniya da aka fi sani da littafinta Yadda ake zama Jaruma  da wasanta Yadda ake Kwanan Mata 

## Rayuwar farko

An haifi Ellis a Landan ga iyayen Iraqi-Yahudu. Ta yi karatun Turanci a Kwalejin Queens, Cambridge.

## Sana'a da aiki
An yi wasan kwaikwayo na Ellis *The Candy Jar* a Edinburgh Fringe a cikin shekara ta 1996. Ta yi aiki a matsayin yar jarida, kuma ta rubuta wani shafi kan tarihin wasan kwaikwayo ga jaridar *The Guardian.￼￼*

An yi wasanta na *Patching Havoc* a Theatre503 a cikin 2003. Wasan rediyonta *Sugar da Snow*, wanda aka saita a cikin al'ummar Kurdawa a arewacin Landan, an shirya shi a gidan rediyon BBC 4 a 2006 kuma an ba shi karatu a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Hampstead.  Gajerun wasanta *An shirya Ziyarar Bala'i kwatsam* a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Menagerie a 2008. A shekara ta 2010 LAMDA ta shirya wasanta mai suna *The Dubu da Biyu* .A cikin  *Cling To Me Like Ivy*, wanda Nick Hern Books ya buga, gidan wasan kwaikwayon Birmingham Repertory ne ya samar kuma ya ci gaba da yawon shakatawa.  A cikin shekara  ta 2012 ta kasance memba ta kafa kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo na mata Agent 160.

Chatto & Windus ne suka buga littafinta *Yadda ake zama Jarumi* a cikin Janairu shekara ta 2014,  da tarihin rayuwarta na Anne Brontë *Take Courage: Anne Bronte da Art of Life* an buga shi a cikin Janairu shekara ta 2017.

## Nassoshi