Nazarin jinsi

**Nazarin [[jinsi]]** wani bangare ne na ilimi wanda aka sadaukar don nazarin asalin jinsi da wakilci jinsi. Nazarin jinsi ya samo asali ne a fagen karatun mata, game da mata, mata, jinsi, da Siyasa. Yankin yanzu ya haɗu da nazarin jinsi da karatun maza. Hawan sa zuwa shahararren, musamman a jami'o'in Yammacin Turai bayan 1990, ya dace da hauhawar rushewa.

Darussan da ke ba da gudummawa akai-akai ga nazarin jinsi sun mata da fannonin adabi, mata-linkid="1289" href="./Linguistics" id="mwNA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Linguistics">ilimin harshe, ilimin ƙasa na ɗan adam, Tarihi, kimiyyar siyasa, ilimin kimiyyar archaeology, tattalin arziki, ilimin zamantakewa, ilimin halayyar dan adam, sinima, ilimin kiɗa, Nazarin kafofin watsa labarai, Ci gaban ɗan adam, doka, kiwon lafiyar jama'a, da magani. Nazarin jinsi kuma yana nazarin yadda kabilanci, kabilanci، wurin, zamantakewar zamantakewa, ƙasa, da nanakasa suka haɗu da nau'ikan jinsi da jima'i. A cikin nazarin jinsi, ana amfani da kalmar "jima'i" sau da yawa don komawa ga tseren zamantakewa da al'adu na namiji da mace, maimakon fannoni na halitta na namiji ko mace;  duk da haka, wannan ra'ayi ba duk malaman jinsi ba ne ke riƙe da shi.

Jima'i ya dace da fannoni da yawa, kamar ka'idar wallafe-wallafen, karatun wasan kwaikwayo, Ka'idar fim, ka'idodin wasan kwaikwayo, Tarihin fasaha na zamani, ilimin ɗan adam, ilimin zamantakewa, ilimin zamantakewar al'umma da ilimin halayyar dan adam. Wadannan horo a wasu lokuta sun bambanta a cikin hanyoyin da suke amfani da su game da yadda ake nazarin jinsi da kuma dalilin da ya sa ake nazarin jinsi. A cikin siyasa, ana iya kallon jinsi a matsayin magana mai tushe wanda 'yan wasan siyasa ke amfani da shi don sanya kansu a kan batutuwa daban-daban. Nazarin jinsi kuma horo ne a cikin kansa, kunshe da hanyoyi da hanyoyin daga fannoni daban-daban.

Yawancin filayen sun ɗauki "jima'i" a matsayin aiki, wani lokacin ana kiransa wani abu mai aiki. Ka'idar mata ta psychoanalysis, wanda Julia Kristeva da Bracha L. Ettinger suka bayyana,   kuma Sigmund Freud, Jacques Lacan da ka'idar dangantakar abu suka sanar da shi, yana da tasiri sosai a cikin nazarin jinsi.     

## Tasiri

### Ka'idar psychoanalytic
Yawancin masu ilimin kimiyya sun rinjayi fannin nazarin jinsi sosai, musamman dangane da ka'idar psychoanalytic. Daga cikin wadannan akwai Sigmund Freud, Jacques Lacan, Julia Kristeva, da Bracha L. Ettinger . Jima'i da aka yi nazari a ƙarƙashin ruwan tabarau na kowane ɗayan waɗannan masu ra'ayi sun ɗan bambanta. A cikin tsarin Freudian, mata "an lalace kuma dole ne su koyi karɓar rashin azzakari" (a cikin sharuddan Freud "ƙasasshiyar").  Lacan, duk da haka, yana tsara mata da namiji bisa ga tsarin da ba a sani ba. Dukkanin maza da mata suna shiga cikin kungiyar "phallic", kuma bangaren mata na jima'i shine "ƙarin" kuma ba akasin haka ba ko hadin kai. Lacan yana amfani da manufar jima'i (yanayin jima'i), wanda ke nuna ci gaban matsayin jinsi da rawar da yake takawa a ƙuruciya, don magance ra'ayin cewa asalin jinsi an haife shi ne ko kuma an ƙaddara shi ta hanyar halitta. A cewar Lacan, jima'i na mutum yana da yawa, idan ba fiye da haka ba, don yin hulɗa da ci gaban su na jinsi kamar kasancewa namiji ko mace.

Kristeva ta yi jayayya cewa al'adun ubanni, kamar mutane, dole ne su ware na uwa da na mata don su kasance. Bracha L. Ettinger ya canza      ra'ayi a cikin psychoanalysis na zamani tun daga farkon shekarun 1990 tare da Matrixial [4] mata-mahaifiyar da kuma preaternal Eros [4] na borderlinking (bordureliance), borderspacing (bordurespacement) da co-emergence. Bambancin mata na matrixial yana bayyana wani kallo na musamman  kuma shine tushen trans-subjectivity da transjectivity  a cikin maza da mata. Ettinger ya sake tunani game da batun ɗan adam kamar yadda aka sanar da shi ta hanyar haɗin archaic zuwa uwa kuma ya ba da shawarar ra'ayin Demeter-Persephone Complexity.

#### Ka'idar psychoanalytic ta mata
Masana ilimin mata irin su Juliet Mitchell, Nancy Chodorow, Jessica Benjamin, Jane Gallop, Bracha L. Ettinger, Shoshana Felman, Griselda Pollock, [1] Luce Irigaray da Jane Flax sun haɓaka ilimin halayyar mata kuma sun yi jayayya cewa ka'idar halayyar halayyar tana da mahimmanci ga aikin mata kuma dole ne, kamar sauran al'adun ka'idojin, mata su soki ta da kuma su canza ta don 'yantar da ita daga alamun jima'i (watau a tantance ta). Shulamith Firestone, a cikin The Dialectic of Sex, ya kira Freudianism da ba daidai ba kuma ya tattauna yadda Freudianalism kusan cikakke ne, ban da wani muhimmin daki-daki: a duk inda Freud ya rubuta "penis", ya kamata a maye gurbin kalmar da "ikon".

Masu sukar kamar Elizabeth Grosz sun zargi Jacques Lacan da kiyaye al'adar jima'i a cikin psychoanalysis. Sauran, kamar Judith Butler, Bracha L. Ettinger da Jane Gallop sun yi amfani da aikin Lacanian, kodayake a hanya mai mahimmanci, don haɓaka nazarin jinsi. A cewar J. B. Marchand, "Karautar jinsi da ka'idar queer suna da jinkiri, masu adawa da ganin tsarin psychoanalytic. "  Ga Jean-Claude Guillebaud, nazarin jinsi (da masu fafutuka na 'yan tsiraru na jima'i) "sun mamaye" kuma suna la'akari da psychoanalysis da masu nazarin kwakwalwa a matsayin "sabon firistoci, masu karewa na ƙarshe na al'ada, ɗabi'a, ɗabi-hadar ko ma obscurantism. "

Judith Butler ta damu game da hangen nesa na psychoanalytic wanda a ƙarƙashinsa bambancin jima'i shine "ba za a iya musantawa ba" kuma yana nuna duk wani ƙoƙari na ba da shawarar cewa ba shi da mahimmanci kuma ba shi da tabbas ... "  A cewar Daniel Beaune da Caterina Rea, binciken jinsi "sau da yawa ana sukar psychoanalysis don ci gaba da tsarin iyali da zamantakewa na ubanni, bisa ga tsananin tsari na iyaye".

## Manazarta