Kogon Verteba

**Verteba Cave** ( Ukrainian     ) wani kogon karstic ne kusa da ƙauyen Bilche-Zolote, Chortkiv Raion, Ternopil Oblast, Ukraine. Yana zaune kusa da kogin Seret, a kan tudu mai tsayi da aka sani da Podolian Upland, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin irin waɗannan koguna da yawa a yankin da aka kafa a cikin gypsum . Verteba shine kawai kogo a cikin wannan tari don nuna alamun aikin riga-kafi . A cikin shekarun Copper Turai, al'adun Cucuteni-Trypillia sun mamaye kogon lokaci-lokaci. Dubban kayan tarihi, da suka haɗa da tasoshin yumbu, figurun yumbu, ƙasusuwa, da kayan aiki, an samu a ciki. Gawarwakin mutane—wanda galibi ya ƙunshi ƙoƙon jikinsu—an sami raunuka daidai da wanda aka kashe shi da gangan. 

Tsakanin Oktoba 1942 zuwa Afrilu 1943, Yahudawa 28 daga Bilche-Zolote da Korolivka sun ɓoye a cikin kogon don tserewa Holocaust . Lokacin da Gestapo suka afka cikin kogon, an tilasta wa kungiyar ta ƙaura zuwa Grotto Firist ; mafi yawansu sun tsira daga yakin, inda suka boye a karkashin kasa kusan shekaru biyu.  Matsalarsu ita ce batun wani littafi na 2007, *Asirin Firist Grotto: Labarin Rayuwa na Holocaust* ; da wani shirin gaskiya na 2012, *Babu Wuri a Duniya* .

Verteba wani bangare ya buɗe wa jama'a a matsayin kogon nuni a cikin 2004.  A ciki, kogon yana ba da masaukin kayan tarihi na Al'adun Trypillian, wanda ke nuna abubuwan binciken archaeological daga shekaru 200 da suka gabata.

## Bayani
Kogon Verteba yana kusan  daga ƙauyen Bilche-Zolote, Chortkiv Raion, Ternopil Oblast, Ukraine. Yana daya daga cikin kogon karstic da yawa dake cikin Podillia–Bukovynian ko Transnistrian karst yankin [ 4 ] akan Yukren Podolian Upland, wani tudu mai tudu da koguna da dama suka yanke. Verteba da kanta yana gefen gabas na Seret, wani tributary na Dniester .  Ƙofa ɗaya ce kawai, tana cikin ɓacin rai sakamakon rugujewar nutsewa. Kogon yana da labyrinth na hanyoyin shiga tsakani.  Ƙididdiga na jimlar tsayin hanyoyin ya tashi daga   zuwa  .  Gabaɗaya saman bene na kogon yana da kusan    kuma karfin kogon ya kai kusan    . 

## Tarihi

### Ganowa da hakowa

A cikin karni na 19, ƙasar da kogon ke zaune a kai wani yanki ne na wani kadara mallakar dangin Sapieha mai daraja ta Poland.  Jan Khmeletsky ya gano kogon a cikin 1822.  Yarima Leon Sapieha yana cikin Kwamitin Anthropological na Kwalejin Kimiyya da Kimiyya ta Poland a Kraków kuma ya ba Adam Kirkor damar gudanar da bincike na farko a cikin 1876 da 1878. Wadannan binciken archaeological ya haifar da ƙarin kwarangwal na mutum guda biyu. An gudanar da ƙarin karatu kai tsaye tsakanin shekarun 1890 zuwa 1900 na  . da , tsakanin 1914 da 1928, da kuma bayan yakin duniya na biyu.  Bayan yakin, kogon ya sake fara jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido don sha'awar yanayin kasa da archaeological,  kuma an bude shi a hukumance a matsayin kogon nuni ga jama'a a cikin 2004. 

Tun daga shekara ta 1996, Mykhailo Sokhatskyi daga Gidan Tarihi na Gidan Tarihi na Borshchiv ya jagoranci balaguron kayan tarihi na lokaci-lokaci. A shekara ta 2010, ƙungiyar ta hako    na kogo.  Wasannin kakar wasa ta 2018 sun fito da sabon murhu da buhun tukwane . Dutsen ba daga ƙwanƙolin gida ba ne amma a maimakon haka ya samo asali ne daga yankin Volyn kuma daga baya aka kawo shi cikin kogon Verteba. 

### Aikin Holocaust
A ranar 12 ga Oktoba 1942,  Yahudawa 28 daga iyalai bakwai sun gudu daga Bilche-Zolote da ƙauyen Korolivka da ke kusa zuwa kogon Verteba, suna neman mafaka daga kisan gilla da Nazis suka yi, waɗanda suka isa shekarar da ta gabata .   An dakatar da yawon shakatawa zuwa kogon don watannin hunturu. Bayan isowar, kungiyar ta zabi dakin da ya kai  a haye kuma an rufe shi da tarkace.  Sau ɗaya a mako, uku daga cikin maza - waɗanda suka sami lasisi na musamman don su kasance a yankin suna tattara tarkacen ƙarfe - sun yi gudun hijira, suna kawo wagon da kayayyaki a ƙarƙashin duhu. Da yake kogon ba shi da amintaccen tushen ruwa—mazaunan sun tattara kwararar ruwa daga bangon—kuma ‘yan Nazi sun shirya ci gaba da neman dajin don boye Yahudawa a cikin bazara mai zuwa, ‘yan gudun hijirar sun ɗauki Verteba a matsayin mafaka na wucin gadi. Don guje wa ganowa, a cikin Fabrairu 1943, sun matsa zurfi cikin kogon,  daga ƙofar. Sun kuma haƙa wata ƙaramar ƙofar shiga ta biyu a matsayin hanyar tserewa ta gaggawa, inda suka sassaƙa matakai a cikin dutsen.  A wani ɓangare na kogon, wani wanda ya tsira ya rubuta   ('majiɓinci') a cikin Ibrananci akan bango. 

A ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 1943, an gano wurin da suke buya kuma Gestapo suka afka cikin kogon. Sai dai dukkan Yahudawa biyar da ‘yan Nazi suka kama, sun yi nasarar tserewa ta kofar shiga baya; Daga baya kuma wasu uku sun tsallake rijiya da baya suka koma cikin kungiyar.  Wadanda suka tsira sun kwashe 'yan makonni suna boye a kusa da Bilche-Zolote da Korolivka kafin makwabcinsu ya gaya musu game da Grotto na Firist .  A can, sun jira sauran yakin da Holocaust har sai sojojin Soviet sun isa Afrilu 1944. 

Ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka tsira, Esther Sterner, ta buga wani abin tunawa mai suna *Mu Fight to Survive* game da kwarewa a cikin 1975. Christos Nicola daga baya ya buga wani littafi, *Asirin Firist Grotto: A Holocaust Survival Story*, game da wahalar kungiyar da balaguron da ya yi a cikin kogo don tabbatar da labarinsu. A cikin 2012, an fitar da wani shirin gaskiya, *Babu Wuri a Duniya* .  Wasu daga cikin kayayyakin tarihi na aikinsu, da kuma wasu na ’yan Nazi, su ma masu binciken kayan tarihi sun karbo su. 

## Geology
Verteba Cave, kamar yadda yake tare da sauran kogon gida a cikin samuwar Transnistrian, an saita shi a cikin jerin gypsum wanda ya haɓaka ƙarƙashin teku mara zurfi a zamanin tsakiyar Miocene . [ 19 ] Ƙirar ruwa daga ƙarshe zuwa cikin lagoons daban-daban ya bar baya da manyan ma'auni na gypsum, farar ƙasa, yumbu, da sauran yadudduka na dutse .  A taƙaice, wannan gypsum Layer yana tsakanin Gabashin Turai Platform da Carpathian Fordeeep . Bayan lokaci, gypsum maras ƙarfi ya haifar da rushewa a saman, ɗayan waɗannan yana haifar da baƙin ciki mai zurfi wanda ya haifar da ƙofar kogon na yanzu. Ko da yake galibin kogon yana rufe da ƙasan Quaternary na zamani da dutsen farar ƙasa, ana iya ganin wasu ɓangarorin gypsum a kusa da ƙofar. 

Tsarin kogon ya ƙunshi ɗumbin ɗumbin mashigin mashigai da ɗakunan ajiya. An gabatar da ra'ayoyi da yawa game da samuwar kogon. Ɗaya daga cikin rukuni na farko na masana ya nuna cewa ya samo asali ne a lokacin Farko-Tsakiya Pleistocene, ta hanyar lalacewar kogunan karkashin kasa da Seret na kusa da ke ciyar da shi, wanda ya lanƙwasa kusa da wurin. A shekara ta 2000, wata sabuwar ka'ida ta fito wacce ta samo asali daga magudanan ruwa na karkashin kasa sun samar da kogon ta hanyar kwararar artesian, inda ruwan karkashin kasa da kuma kewayen kogon ya ratsa ta cikin ginshikan duwatsu masu ratsa jiki a cikin gypsum kuma ya sassaka tashoshi. Wannan tsari zai iya faruwa tsakanin Late Pliocene da Farkon Pleistocene . 

Adadin kayayyaki daban-daban-wasu na geologic, wasu biogenic - su ne ke samar da saman kogon. An lulluɓe benaye da ƙasa mai laushi ko chernozem ƙasa. Gabaɗaya, duka saman ƙasa da dutsen gypsum da ke sama da kogon suna haifar da wani wuri mai yuwuwar rugujewa, ta inda ruwa da ƙasa za su iya shiga; Yunkurin ruwa ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna da tarkacen dutsen da ke tarwatsa kogon.  Waɗannan rugujewar sun kuma sa wasu kogo waɗanda da za a iya amfani da su a tarihi ba su da isarsu, kuma wasu hanyoyin shiga cikin kogon na iya kasancewa a lokacin.  Verteba ya shiga cikin lokuta na yau da kullun na ambaliya mai nauyi ta silt, yana haifar da ajiyar ƙasa mara lalacewa har ma tsakanin matakan aikin ɗan adam na farko. 

## Archaeology

Kodayake Verteba ɗaya ce daga cikin kogon karst da yawa a yankin, ita kaɗai ce aka san tana da aikin riga-kafi. [ 23 ] Kasancewar ɗan adam na farko a Verteba ya kasance wani ɓangare na babban tsarin daidaitawa na al'adun Cucuteni-Trypillia, mafi rinjaye, al'adun noma na Copper Age Gabashin Turai a lokacin.  Kimanin shekaru 5,000 kafin yanzu (BP), mutane sun fara zama, noma, da kiwo tare da koguna na gida, gina gidaje na adobe da ƙirƙirar tasoshin yumbu .  A cikin  na rukunin yanar gizon, an gano aƙalla wasu ƙauyuka 16 daga wannan al'ada, waɗanda ke tsakanin 3700–2750 BC .  A cikin Dneister Canyon, yawan yawan jama'a ya auna kimanin mutane 12 a kowace murabba'in kilomita, wanda ya sa ya zama yanki mafi yawan jama'a na Turai a lokacin. 

Aikin tarihi na Verteba Cave ya faru a cikin lokuta daban-daban guda uku.  Ƙungiyoyi daban-daban daga al'adun Cucuteni-Trypillian sun mamaye kogon a lokuta daban-daban. Lokacin zama a kogon Verteba ya faɗi cikin sararin sama daban-daban guda uku: BII ( 4100–3600 BC ), CI ( 3600–3200 BC ), da CII ( 3400–2750 BCE ) hangen nesa.  Yawancin masu bincike sun yarda cewa Verteba Cave ba a yi amfani da shi azaman wurin zama na dindindin ba kuma yana yiwuwa ya yi aiki a matsayin mafaka na wucin gadi, ko ma cibiyar addini.   Duk da haka, binciken 2018 na murhu na dindindin mai kama da waɗanda ke cikin ƙauyuka na sama na iya ba da shaidar zama na dogon lokaci. 

Yawancin kayan tarihin da aka tono ana ajiye su ko dai a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Archaeological na Kraków ko kuma a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Gidan Tarihi na Borshchiv. [ 30 ] Tarin Kraków yana ƙunshe da takaddun da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da abubuwan da suka faru na farko na archaeological, fiye da 35,000 yumbura sherds da 300 da ba a taɓa gani ba, kusan nau'ikan yumbu 120, wasu abubuwa na yumbu kamar ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa da masu kamun kifi, da ɗaruruwan sauran kayan tarihi .  Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani da kayan tarihi na kayan tarihi yana faruwa a cikin wani yanki na kogon da aka sani da Site 7. A nan, an gano kayan aikin yumbu, siffofi na anthropomorphic, kasusuwa, da antler ko kayan aikin dutse .  An gano manyan gine-gine irin su ramukan sharar gida, dugouts, da murhu-da gobara ta gobara-kuma an gano su. 

### Ceramics

Cucuteni-Trypillian yumbu nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan yumbu iri uku, waɗanda suka yi daidai da lokutan zama, an gano su a cikin tukwane na kogon Verteba: Schypynetska (  3900–3450 KZ ), Koshylovetska (  3450–3100 BC ), da Kasperivska (  3200–3000 BCE ).  Wurin ya fi yawan aiki a kusa da lokacin miƙa mulki na farko,  3500 BC . 

#### Binciken kwayoyin halitta
Binciken DNA na Mitochondrial (mtDNA) ya sanya ragowar Cucuteni-Trypillian tsakanin haplogroups R0, ciki har da HV da H ; JT da ƙananansa, T da J ; K ; V ; kuma ku .   [ 67 ] Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin da mitocinsu sun yi daidai da Cucuteni-Trypillian da sauran wuraren Neolithic a duk faɗin tsakiyar Turai a wannan lokacin, musamman suna nuna kamanceceniya da al'adun Funnelbeaker. Dukkanin banda haplogroup U ana tsammanin sun taso ne daga ƙaura da manoman Anatoliya suka yi zuwa ƙasashen Balkan da Bahar Rum na Turai kafin su bazuwa arewa zuwa tsakiya da arewacin nahiyar, tare da kawo noma tare da su. [ 68 ] Duk da haka, haplogroup U ya riga ya yi hijirar Anatolian kuma yana da asalin Mesolithic mafarauci . Idan aka kwatanta da haplogroups na noma, kasancewarsa a Verteba ba kasafai ba ne, kuma yana nuna cewa ƙungiyoyin ƙaura sun maye gurbin mazauna yankin. Hatta kasancewar zuriyar mafarauta ana tunanin ba daga al'ummar yankin ba ne, a maimakon haka daga kungiyoyin mafarauta a yammacin Turai. 

A duk matakin kwayoyin halittar, zuriyar Trypillian galibi an samo su ne daga manoma Neolithic na Turai kuma, a ƙarshe, daga Anatolia, tare da 14% admixture daga masu tattara mafarautan Balkan da kakannin 5% daga ƙaura na Caucasus-Lower Volga a yankin Pontic arewa maso yamma. 

Zamanin Bronze ya rage a Verteba yana da ƙarin zuriya daban-daban. Ragowar shekarun Bronze na farko da aka gwada yana da mitochondrial haplogroups na H da U5a1a; kasancewar H haplogroup a duk tsawon shekarun Copper da Bronze na iya ba da shawarar zuriyar mahaifa ta gama gari.  Saiti ɗaya na Zamanin Bronze na Tsakiya ya ragu zuwa 1960–1770 BCE yana da alaƙa da al'adun Yamna da Corded Ware, yana ba da shawarar asalin Carpathian na gida fiye da sauran Cucuteni-Trypillian na farko. Saitin na biyu na Late Bronze Age ya rage yana da kamanceceniya da al'adun Bell Beaker, wanda ya riga ya ƙare, fiye da kowane rukuni. 

#### Abinci
Binciken tsayayyen isotope na haƙoran ɗan adam da aka gano a wurin ya nuna cewa mazauna kogon sun girma a cikin gida. [ 72 ] Daga cikin ragowar Neolithic, mai yiwuwa abinci ya kasance mafi kyawun wakilcin tsire-tsire da tsire-tsire, irin su dabbobi; duk da wurin da kogon yake a kusa da kogin Seret, an sami ƙaramin shaida don tallafawa abinci mai tushen kifi. 

## Zoology

Hakanan an gano ƙasusuwan da ba na ɗan adam ba a lokacin da ake tono kayan tarihi na tarihi. Nau'in da aka wakilta sun haɗa da mammoth,  aurochs, kaji, aladu,  kuren Turai, Equus, Caprinae, da kunkuru na kandami na Turai .  An rubuta ƙashin kare gida zuwa aikin Scythian Iron Age, kuma ɗaya daga cikin kasusuwan kajin da aka gano shine na zamani . 

A zamanin nan, kogon yana da dabbobi iri-iri, musamman ma wani babban yankin jemagu, wanda ya ba da gudummawar tarin guano a cikin kogon.  Mafi yawan nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in doki ne, amma akwai jemagu masu kunnen linzamin kwamfuta da kuma jemagu masu launin ruwan kasa . Yawan jemagu ya ragu sosai bayan mutanen zamani sun fara ziyartar kogon a kai a kai, inda aka kirga jemagu 12 a shekarar 1996. Yunkurin kiyayewa ya kara girman yankin.  Wasu dabbobi, irin su rodents, foxes, da martens, an kuma rubuta su a matsayin ziyartar kogon. 

## Manazarta