open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Filin wasa na MOSiR (Bystrzyca)

**Filin wasa MOSiR Bystrzyca** wanda kuma aka sani da **filin wasa na Minicpal** ko Z5 filin wasa ne mai amfani da yawa a Lublin, Poland. A halin yanzu ana amfani da shi don hanyar gudun babur da wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa. Filin wasan yana dauke da mutane 13,000. 

Ƙungiyar Motar Lublin ke amfani da wurin,  waɗanda ke fafatawa a Gasar Team Speedway Polish Championship . 

## Tarihi
An gina filin wasan ne a cikin 1948 kuma daga baya ƙungiyar babur ta Lublin ta ƙara filin wasan. Daga 1958 zuwa 1962 filin wasan ya kasance a rufe saboda babu wata tawagar gaggawa da ta wanzu a Lublin. 

Wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ya biyo baya a cikin 1970 kuma wurin ya karbi bakuncin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Motar Lublin, gami da shekarun da suke cikin Ekstraklasa (manyan rukuni) a cikin 1980s. Filin wasan ya gudanar da gasar cin kofin Poland na 1979 kuma a ranar 19 ga Yuni 1983, yawan halartar 30,000 ya ga Motar Lublin yana wasa Resovia . 

A cikin Yuli 2007, filin wasan ya yi gyare-gyare na wani yanki (ciki har da shigar da ƙarin kujeru), wajibi ne don samun lasisi don yin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na biyu a lokacin. An gudanar da babban ɓangare na aikin haɓakawa tare da taimakon taimakon masu sha'awar ƙwallon ƙafa na Lublin. Shirye-shiryen sun hada da kara sabunta filin wasan domin daukar kusan 'yan kallo 17,800. Za a gudanar da ayyukan a cikin shekaru daga 2008 zuwa 2010, kuma an kiyasta kudin sake ginawa a Poland zloty miliyan 115. Babban dan kasuwan Warsaw SPAK Studio Projektowe ne zai gudanar da aikin gaba daya. A ƙarshe, duk da haka, an yanke shawarar cewa a shekara ta 2013 birnin zai gina wani sabon filin wasa na birni mai suna Arena Lublin a harabar tsohuwar Lublin Sugar Plant.

A cikin 2018, babban gyaran wucin gadi wanda aka kammala. 

A cikin 2021, filin wasan ya sami damar karbar bakuncin zagaye biyu na FIM 2021 Speedway Grand Prix (gasar cin kofin duniya), bin kalandar da aka sake tsarawa saboda tasirin cutar COVID-19 a baya.  Bartosz Zmarzlik da Artem Laguta ne suka lashe abubuwan da suka faru. 

## Manazarta
Burnita Shelton Matthews

**Burnita Shelton Matthews** (Disamba 28, 1894 - Afrilu 25, 1988) ta kasance alƙali na gundumar Amurka na Kotun Lardi na Amurka na Gundumar Columbia . Ita ce mace ta farko da aka naɗa ta yi hidima a Kotun Lardi ta Amurka .

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Matthews **Burnita Shelton** a Burnell,  (wata al'ummar da ba ta da haɗin gwiwa a cikin gundumar Claiborne ), Mississippi, a ranar 28 ga Disamba, 1894.  Mahaifinta mai shuka ne kuma alkali na kotu. Tana John L. Shelton. Bayan ta halarci makarantun gida, ta tafi Cincinnati Conservatory of Music, saboda mahaifinta yana son ta sami damar tallafawa kanta ta kiɗa. makarantar lauya. 

A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, ta ƙaura zuwa Washington, DC, ta ɗauki jarrabawar aikin farar hula, kuma ta sami matsayi a Gwamnatin Tsohon Sojoji . A cikin 1917 ta shiga cikin makarantar dare na Makarantar Shari'a ** &#x5D; &#x5B; (a yau Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar George Washington ).  Ta sami Digiri na Dokoki a cikin 1919, Jagorar Dokoki a 1920 kuma ta ci jarrabawar mashaya gundumar Columbia a wannan shekarar.  Ta auri lauya Percy A. Matthews. 

## Sana'a
Matthews ya gamu da juriya; Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararrun lauyoyi maza sun ƙi ta, kuma Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Gundumar Columbia ta mayar da aikace-aikacenta tare da duba haƙƙoƙi. Matthews da sauran mata sun kafa ƙungiyoyin ƙwararrun nasu, gami da Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Mata na Gundumar Columbia da Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Mata ta Ƙasa. 

Bayan da VA ta gaya mata cewa ba za su taba daukar wata lauya a sashen shari'ar su ba, ta kafa kamfanin lauyoyi na Matthews, Berrien, da Greathouse tare da wasu lauyoyi mata guda biyu, wadanda su ma mambobin Jam'iyyar Mata ta Kasa ne kuma za su ci gaba da zama a cikin sirri na doka daga 1920 har zuwa lokacin da aka nada ta a benci na tarayya a 1949.  

Matthews ya yi aiki kafada-da-kafada tare da jam'iyyar 'yan takara ta kasa, ta zama mashawarcin kungiyar tun daga 1921. Ta wakilci jam'iyyar a kokarinta na hana yin Allah wadai da hedkwatarta na Washington daga gwamnatin tarayya; An yi Allah wadai da kasar domin a gina ginin Kotun Koli ta Amurka a wurin. Matthews ya samu nasarar samun sulhu mafi girma da gwamnatin Amurka ta bayar a lokacin, $299,200.  

Bugu da ƙari, Matthews ta kasance mataimakiyar editan Jaridar Lauyoyin Mata daga 1934 zuwa 1935.  Ta kasance farfesa a Kwalejin Shari'a ta Washington a Jami'ar Amirka a Washington, DC daga 1933 zuwa 1939 kuma daga 1942 zuwa 1948. 

## Ma'aikatar shari'a ta tarayya
Matthews ya sami alƙawari na hutu daga Shugaba Harry S. Truman a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 1949, zuwa Kotun Lardi na Amurka don Gundumar Columbia, zuwa sabon wurin zama wanda 63 Stat ya kirkira. 493,  ta zama mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a Kotun Lardi na Amurka .   Shugaba Truman ne ya zabe ta a wannan wurin zama a ranar 5 ga Janairu, 1950.   Dattijan Amurka ta tabbatar da ita a ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 1950, kuma ta karɓi hukumar ta a ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 1950.  Ta ɗauki babban matsayi a ranar 1 ga Maris, 1968. Washington, DC 

### Sanannen lokuta
Matthews ya ji labarai da yawa, ciki har da hana fasfo na ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Paul Robeson da kuma gwajin cin hanci na 1956 na Jimmy Hoffa, babban jami'in Teamster. 

## Manazarta
Hukuncin kisa a Mozambique

An soke Hukuncin kisa a ƙasar Mozambique a shekarar 1990. A ƙarshe da aka aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a ƙasar ya kasance a shekarar 1986 

## manazarta
Mozambik ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Biyu ga Alkawarin Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa a ranar 21 ga Yuli, 1993. Haka kuma, Mozambik ta kada kuri’a na goyon baya ga Dakatarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan hukuncin kisa sau takwas, a shekarun: 2007, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018, da 2020.

## References
Dutsen fuska

**Dutsen Face** shine  babban taron tsaunuka da ke cikin iyakokin iyaka na tsaunukan teku, a jihar Alaska ta Amurka . Kololuwar tana cikin  yamma-arewa maso yamma na Skagway, da  arewa da Dutsen Harding . Ko da yake yana da tsayin daka, taimako yana da mahimmanci tunda Dutsen Face ya hau saman ruwan Taiya Inlet a ƙasa da  . Wannan fasalin yanayin yanki an kira shi "Parsons Peak" a cikin 1897 ta Amurka Coast and Geodetic Survey, kuma yana da sunaye daban-daban "Gnome Mountain", da "Sfinx" da aka yi amfani da su a gida don kwatanta fuska a cikin dutsen.   Sunan dutsen na yanzu da wurin taron koli an karɓi shi bisa hukuma a cikin 1985 ta Hukumar Amurka akan Sunayen Geographic, duk da haka taswirorin USGS har yanzu suna nuna tsohon suna, Parsons Peak, a matsayin taron.  Ruwan hazo daga tsaunin yana zuwa cikin magudanar ruwa na Taiya Inlet.

## Yanayi
Dangane da rarrabuwar yanayi na Köppen, Dutsen Face yana da yanayi mai zurfi tare da sanyi, lokacin dusar ƙanƙara, da lokacin rani mai sanyi.  Tsarin yanayi da ke fitowa daga Tekun Alaska ana tilasta su zuwa sama ta hanyar tsaunin Coast ( ɗaga orographic ), yana haifar da hazo mai yawa ta hanyar ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara. Yanayin hunturu na iya faɗuwa ƙasa da -20&nbsp;°C tare da yanayin sanyin iska ƙasa -30&nbsp;°C. Wannan yanayin yana goyan bayan dusar kankara a arewacin taron. Watanni Mayu zuwa Yuli suna ba da mafi kyawun yanayi don kallo ko hawa Dutsen Face.

## Gallery

Fayil:Face_Mountain_Skagway.jpg|alt=Face Mountain with the "face" to right (formerly Parsons Peak)| Fuskar Fuska tare da "fuskar" zuwa dama (tsohon Parsons Peak)


## Manazarta
Dutsen Aztec (Colorado)

**Dutsen Aztec** yana da  taron a La Plata County, Colorado, Amurka.

## Bayani
Dutsen Aztec yana cikin tsaunukan allura waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin tsaunukan San Juan .  Dutsen mai nisa yana  arewa-maso-gabas na al'ummar Durango kuma ya kafa a cikin jejin Weminuche a ƙasar dajin San Juan National Forest . Ruwan hazo daga tsaunukan arewa da ke gangarowa zuwa Needle Creek wacce ke gabar kogin Animas kuma gangaren kudu ta magudawa zuwa Kogin Florida ta hanyar Missouri Gulch. Taimakon Topographic yana da mahimmanci yayin da taron ya tashi  sama da allura Creek a cikin  . Hukumar {asar Amirka ta kar~i sunan toponym na dutsen akan Sunayen Geographic,  kuma an rubuta shi a cikin wallafe-wallafe tun aƙalla 1906. 

## Yanayi
Dangane da tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, Dutsen Aztec yana cikin yankin yanayi mai tsaunuka mai tsayi tare da sanyi, lokacin sanyi, da sanyi ga lokacin zafi.  Saboda tsayinsa, yana samun hazo duk shekara, kamar dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin sanyi da kuma kamar tsawa a lokacin rani, tare da lokacin bushewa a ƙarshen bazara. Masu hawan hawa za su iya tsammanin ruwan sama da rana, ƙanƙara, da walƙiya daga damina ta yanayi a ƙarshen Yuli da Agusta.

## Manazarta
Gudanar da Kogin Rhine

**Hukumar Kula da Tsaro ta Duniya** (ICPR) da kwangilarta suna nuna daidaituwa tare da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan hanyoyin ruwa na kasa da kasa kuma sun tabbatar da tasiri a cikin burinta na Rhine da Rhine Basin. Ya zama dole yarjejeniya ta zo ta cikin ƙasashe a cikin kwarin Rhine yayin da yake samar da ruwa bisa ga bukatun masana'antu da aikin gona kuma yana samar da ruwan sha ga mutane sama da miliyan 20.

## Gudanar da ruwa na kasa da kasa
Ruwa hanya ce da idan aka raba tsakanin kasashe makwabta ke buƙatar tattaunawa ba don hana rikici ba, amma don taimakawa kiyaye shi don amfani a nan gaba. Bincike ya nuna cewa jayayya game da amfani da ruwa a tarihi ba ya bin tsarin rikici kamar yadda tsarin hadin gwiwa lokacin da tattaunawa ta sauya daga haƙƙin ruwa zuwa bukatun ruwa. Babban mataki don bunkasa ka'idojin daidaitawa don sarrafa ruwa shine Yarjejeniyar kan Dokar Amfani da Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ya yi kira ga daidaito, mai ma'ana, da kuma kariya na amfani da ruwa da aka raba a duniya. Wannan yana buƙatar ƙasashen da suka amince da waɗannan sharuɗɗa don samar da tsari ga waɗannan ka'idojin da za a iya amfani da su ga ruwan da aka raba.

Located yammacin tsakiyar Turai, tare da yanki na   , Basin yana ƙunshe da ƙasashe tara: Austria, Belgium, Faransa, Jamus, Italiya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, da Switzerland (hoto 1).  Waɗannan ƙasashe duk suna da hannu a cikin Yarjejeniyar Kare Rhine (CPR), yarjejeniyar da ke taimakawa wajen magance matsalolin rafin Rhine bayan yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan magudanar ruwa.  Akwai ayyuka na tarihi da suka shafi gurɓatar masana'antu da damuwa da ambaliyar ruwa wanda CPR zai iya ɗauka da samun tushe daga.  

Rhine Basin yana da yawan mutane 48,831,090 waɗanda ke buƙatar ruwa don ban ruwa, dabbobi, wutar lantarki, masana'antu, gida, da kuma amfani da Capita. Adadin ruwa ya fi girma ga Jamus, Netherlands, da Faransa a cikin wannan tsari tare da kashi 100 cikin 100 na yawan jama'ar da ke zaune a cikin birane. An yi manyan gyare-gyare na ruwa a saman tafkin don samar da kula da ambaliyar ruwa, da kuma zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa na Rhine da kuma ƙasar noma. Akwai manyan wuraren masana'antu a wurare daban-daban tare da Rhine waɗanda ke haifar da haɗari ga kwarin Rhine da tsarin halittu da yake riƙewa (Hoto na 2). 

## Yarjejeniya kan Hukumar Kare Rhine ta Duniya 1963
Canje-canje ga kwandon da kasancewar wuraren masana'antu da ke fitar da gurbataccen abu sun ƙare a cikin lalacewar darajar muhalli na kwandon kanta, yana mai da kwandon Rhine mafi gurbatawa da ya taɓa kasancewa a tsakiyar karni na 20. Wannan ya haifar da Yarjejeniyar kan Hukumar Kasa da Kasa don kare Rhine daga gurɓataccen 1963 wanda ya kafa ICPR don magance batun lalacewar tafkin. Haɗin kai a kan babban burin inganta muhalli ya kasance mai girma sosai yayin da ƙasashe, ko kuma masu ruwa da tsaki, suka ga cewa ingancin albarkatun su yana cikin haɗarin rasawa. Matakan gurɓataccen ya ragu sakamakon raguwar fitar da masana'antu, da aiwatar da tsire-tsire na tsabtace ruwa.

## Manazarta
Sanarwar Rio game da Muhalli da Ci gaba

**Sanarwar Rio** kan Muhalli da Ci gaba, sau da yawa an taƙaita shi zuwa Sanarwar Riyo, wani ɗan gajeren takarda ne da aka samar a Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na 1992 kan Muhalli (UNCED), wanda aka sani da Taron Duniya . Sanarwar Rio ta kunshi ka'idoji 27 da aka nufa don jagorantar kasashe a ci gaba mai ɗorewa a nan gaba. Kasashe sama da 175 ne suka sanya hannu a kan shi.

## Tarihi
Taron Rio, wanda ya amince da sanarwar, ya faru ne daga 3 zuwa 14 Yuni 1992. Daga baya, al'ummomin duniya sun hadu sau biyu don tantance ci gaban da aka samu wajen aiwatar da ka'idodin takardar; na farko a Birnin New York a 1997 a lokacin Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, sannan a Johannesburg a 2002. Duk da yake takardar ta taimaka wajen wayar da kan jama'a game da muhalli, shaidu daga 2007 sun nuna cewa an cimma kadan daga cikin manufofin muhalli na takardar a wannan lokacin.

## Abun ciki
Da yake magana game da "haɗin kai da haɗin kai na Duniya, "gidanmu", Sanarwar Rio ta ayyana ka'idoji 27. Ka'idar farko ta bayyana cewa ci gaba mai ɗorewa ya shafi mutane, waɗanda ke da damar rayuwa lafiya da rayuwa mai amfani cikin jituwa da yanayi.  Mataki na 11 ya haifar da tsammanin cewa jihohi za su kafa Dokokin muhalli. Ƙarin sun haɗa da ka'idojin kariya, wanda ya kamata jihohi su yi amfani da shi bisa ga iyawarsu" (ka'idar 15), da kuma ka'idar mai gurbatawa don haka jihohi ba za su karkatar da ita ba za su ba za su yarda da ita ga jama'a karkatar ba za su yi amfani ba da ita ba tare da sha'a ba). Ka'idar ƙarshe ta gayyaci cika sauran ka'idoji cikin ruhun bangaskiya mai kyau.

Sanarwar Rio ta nuna kyakkyawan ra'ayi game da ilimin muhalli na gargajiya. 

## Dubi kuma

* Ƙarnuka uku na haƙƙin ɗan adam

## Manazarta
Shekarar caca

**Shekarar [[Gambling|caca]]** wani bangare ne na Dokar caca - mafi ƙarancin shekaru wanda mutum zai iya yin caca bisa doka a wani iko. A wasu ƙasashe, caca ba bisa ka'ida ba ne ba tare da la'akari da shekaru ba, yayin da wasu ƙasashe suna da iyakokin shekaru daban-daban don nau'ikan caca daban-daban, kuma wasu ƙasashe ba su da mafi ƙarancin shekarun caca.

## Oceania

## Turai

## Asiya

## Africa

## Arewacin Amurka

## Kudancin Amurka

## Antarctica

## Manazarta
Hukuncin kisa a Tajikistan

Hukuncin kisa yana halatta a ƙasar Tajikistan bisa Sashe na 18 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Tajikistan 1999, wanda ya tanada cewa:

Dukkan mutum yana da 'yancin rayuwa. Hukuncin kisa na iya kasancewa a matsayin hukunci ta hanyar doka don laifuffuka mafi tsanani  

## Manazarta
Aloo gobhi

***aloo'' ''gobhi***, **aloo gobi** ko **alu gobhi** (mai suna [äːluː goːbɦiː]) abinci ne mai cike da ganyayyaki daga Yankin kasar Indiya da aka yi da dankali (aloo), cauliflower (g somi), da kayan yaji na Indiya. Ya shahara a cumin Abincin Indiya. Yana da launin rawaya saboda amfani da turmeric, Tumar a wasu lokuta yana dauke da baƙar fata da ganyen curry. Sauran sinadaran da aka saba amfani da su sun hada da tafarnuwa, ginger, albasa, tsintsiya, tumatir, wake, baƙar fata, Asafetida da kumin. Akwai bambance-bambance da yawa da irin wannan jita-jita.

Abincin gargajiya wanda ya samo asali ne a Arewacin Indiya, ya shahara sosai a duk faɗin ƙasar kuma an san shi sosai a cikin abincin Nepal, Bengal da Pakistan

## Dubi kuma

* Aloo gosht
* Dankali na Bombay
* Jerin abincin dankali

## Manazarta
Guguwar bugun jini

**guguwar bugun jini** guguwa ce guda ɗaya mai ƙarfi wanda ke haifar da Yanayi mai tsanani na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Irin wannan guguwa ta raunana sannan ta haifar da wani ɗan gajeren fashewa - saboda haka "pulse". Masu bincike ne suka kirkiro kalmar a National Severe Storms Laboratory a cikin 1979 don bayyana Kwayar guguwa guda ɗaya ta zama mai tsanani a cikin tarin tsawa mai yawa, amma tun daga lokacin an yi amfani da ita don bayyana nau'ikan tsawa da gajeren tsawa tare da halaye masu tsanani da marasa tsanani.

## Bayyanawa
Tsawa guda ɗaya tantanin halitta yawanci yana tasowa a cikin mahalli masu ƙarancin iska da rashin kwanciyar hankali, tare da ƙarancin iska yana ba da gudummawa ga ɗan gajeren matsakaicin rayuwa na ƙasa da sa'a guda.  Lokacin da rashin zaman lafiya, ƙididdigewa ta hanyar samar da makamashi mai ƙarfi (CAPE), yana da ƙarfi, haɓakawa zai kawo adadin iska mai laushi mai girma sama da ƙasa kuma ya haifar da girgije cumulonimbus tare da babban ruwa da abun ciki na kankara.  Lokacin da ruwan sama, har ma da ƙanƙara, ya faɗo daga gare shi, suna iya haifar da mummunar iska da fashewar faɗuwa ta haifar.  Da wuya, mahaukaciyar guguwa mai rauni tana tasowa tare da guguwar bugun jini kamar yadda muhallin ke da rauni kawai, ko a'a. 

## Tsarin rayuwa

* Tsarin: halin da ke sama na tantanin halitta yana karuwa kuma yana ba da damar kwantar da tururin ruwa daga iska mai tasowa. Wannan yana samar da cumulus congestus ko cumulus mai tsawo, sannan cumulonimbus lokacin da lu'ulu'u na kankara suka samo asali a samansa wanda ke yadawa a kwance tare da tropopause.
* Girma: kayan aiki suna fitowa. Wannan mataki yana tare da abubuwan da suka faru kamar walƙiya da tsawa, ruwan sama, da kuma gaba.
* Rarraba: tafkin sanyi da ke saukowa daga girgije ya kai ga farfajiyar Duniya kuma yana taimakawa wajen toshe abinci ta hanyar turawa zuwa ƙasa. fitarwa na iya zama abin da ke haifar da wasu tantanin halitta guda ɗaya ko ma tsawa da yawa don bunkasa saboda iyakar Fitarwa ita ce hanyar ɗagawa don updrafts saboda tana iya tilasta iska mai zafi zuwa cikin yanayi.
Mafi ƙarancin shekarun tuki

mafi ƙarancin shekarun tuƙi shine mafi ƙarancin shekarun da doka ta ba mutum izinin tuka abin hawa akan titunan jama'a, gami da yin gwajin tuƙi da samun lasisin tuƙi.

Ƙananan dokokin shekarun tuki suna aiki a yawancin wurare, kodayake shekarun sun bambanta tsakanin hukunce-hukuncen. A mafi yawan hukunce-hukuncen, mafi ƙarancin shekarun tuki na motoci shine 18. A yawancin lokuta, mutanen da ke ƙasa da ƙaramin shekarun tuƙi na iya yin tuƙi ƙarƙashin kulawa daga ƙwararren direba ko malamin tuki. Mafi ƙarancin shekarun tuki shine a South Dakota a Amurka, inda mutum mai shekaru goma sha huɗu zai iya tuƙi a ƙarƙashin kulawar manya kuma mai shekaru sha huɗu da rabi zai iya samun lasisin tuki da tuƙi ba tare da kulawa ba, duk da cewa yana da ƙuntatawa. A wasu sassan Amurka, ana iya baiwa mutanen da ke da shekaru goma sha huɗu izinin tuƙi inda ba za a iya ba da irin wannan izini ba saboda wahala da ake jira.

Mafi ƙarancin shekarun tuki na iya bambanta da nau'in abin hawa, tare da yawancin hukunce-hukunce da ke aiki da ƙananan shekaru don babura fiye da motoci, misali.

## Afirka

## Amurka

### Arewacin Amurka

### Amurka ta tsakiya

### Kudancin Amurka

### Caribbean

## Asiya

### Yammacin Asiya

### Gabashin Asiya

### Kudu maso gabashin Asiya

## Turai

### Yankin Lasisin tuki na Turai

### Sauran Turai

## Oceania

## Manazarta
Dal makhani

***Dal makhani***(furuci [daːl ˈmək.kʰə.ni]) abinci ne wanda ya samo asali daga yankin Punjab. Wani nau'i ne na zamani mai bambanci da girkin gargajiya na gargajiya, an yi shi da urad dal (baƙar wake) da sauran kayan masarufi, kuma ya haɗa da man shanu da nono (makhani kalma ce ta Punjabi don man shanu).  

## Magana

Dal yana nufin tsabar lentils ko tsaba. Makhan ita ce kalmar mutanen Indiya da ke nufin man shanu. Makhani na nufin man shanu.

## Tarihi

2200

Wani wurin cin abinci na yau da kullun a gidan cin abinci da Jaggi da Gujral suka gudanar ya ba da shawarar cewa za a iya ƙirƙirar wani abu mai ban sha'awa daga tsarin da aka saba amfani dashi a cikin kayan gargajiya, wanda ya haifar da kirkirar *dal makhani*.

## Shirye-shiryen
Ana fara shirya Dal makhani ta hanyar jika tsabar lentils baƙi (urad dal) da jan wake (rajma) da dare. Ana dafa lentils da wake da aka jika ko kuma a dafa su har sai sun yi taushi.

A gefe guda, ana shirya tadka (haɗin mai mai mai zafi) ta hanyar dumama ghee a cikin tukunya, sannan ƙara albasa, ganye, da kuma katako na zaɓi. Ana sautéed albasa har sai launin ruwan kasa, kuma an kara ginger-garlic paste har sai ƙanshin ya ɓace. Tomato puree, Kashmiri chili foda, da garam masala ana motsa su cikin cakuda kuma ana dafa su har sai man ya rabu.

Ana haɗa lentils da wake da aka dafa tare da masala kuma a dafa su a kan wuta mai matsakaicin zafi, a wasu lokuta ana daka lentils don a samar da kalan nono. Kasuri methi (busashhen ganyen fenugreek) da man shanu ana ƙara su daga ƙarshe, kuma ana dafa abincin har sai ya yi kauri kuma yayi maiko.

Yawanci ana yi wa Dal makhani ado da madara ko yogurt da kuma yankakken coriander. Ana cin shi tare da shinkafa ta jeera (shinkafa mai ɗanɗano) ko naan.

## Dubi kuma
 

* Jerin kayan lambu
* Abincin Punjabi

## Manazarta
Duwatsun Bale

**Dutsen Bale** (wanda aka fi sani da **Dutsen Urgoma**) tsaunuka ne a Yankin Oromia na kudu maso gabashin Habasha, kudu da Kogin Awash, wani ɓangare na tsaunukan Habasha. Sun hada da Tullu Demtu, dutse na huɗu mafi tsawo a Habasha (mita 4,377), da Dutsen Batu (mita 4,307). Kogin Weyib, wani yanki na Kogin Jubba, ya taso a cikin waɗannan duwatsu dake gabashin Goba. Gidan shakatawa na Bale Mountains ya rufe murabba'in kilomita 2,200 na waɗannan duwatsu. Babban abubuwan jan hankali na wurin shakatawa sune wurin alpine na daji da kuma yadda baƙi zasu iya ganin tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu kiwo a cikin sauƙi.

## Dabbobi
Tsaunukan Bale gida ne ga yawancin dabbobin Habasha, musamman kerkeci na Habasha (Canis simensis), wanda aka samu a Sanetti Plateau.  Gidan shakatawa kuma ya ƙunshi dajin Harenna, wanda ke kudancin tsaunuka, wanda yanki ne da ba a bincika ba, wanda ake tunanin yana ɗauke da nau'ikan dabbobi masu rarrafe da yawa da ba a gano su ba da kuma zakuna, damisa, kuraye da nau'ikan tururuwa iri-iri.  Bayan namun daji, wurin shakatawa na kasa yana ba da damar yin tafiya daga hedkwatar wurin shakatawa a Dinsho.  (Dodola kuma tushe ne mai amfani don binciken wadannan tsaunuka

Ana samun mafi girman rukuni na kyarketai na Habasha a nan. Sauran halaye na manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa sune nyalas na dutse, Menelik's bushbucks, warthogs, da bohor reedbucks.

## Tsirrai
Dazuzzukan *[[Juniper-Hagenia]]* suna tsakanin mita 2,500 da 3,300m kuma galibi ana samun su a kan gangaren arewa. Wani shuka mai ban mamaki na yankin Dinsho shine fure mai farin Abyssinian. Yankin alpine na Sanetti Plateau an rufe shi da ciyayi mai kama da heath wanda tsire-tsire masu tsayi suka fashe da kuma tsire-tire masu girma waɗanda ke girma har zuwa mita 6 a tsawo. Ɗaya daga cikin tsire-tsire da aka fi sani da su a duk yankin Bale shine jan-hot poker, aloe wanda za'a iya gano shi ta hanyar furanni masu kama da orange.

## Binciken archaeological
Masu binciken ilimin kimiyya sun gano wani ginin dutse na Tsakiyan-Shekarun Duwatsi mai shekaru 30,000 a yankin Fincha Habera a Dutsen Bale na Habasha sama da ƙafa 11,000 sama da matakin teku a cikin 2019. Dangane da binciken da aka buga a cikin mujallar Kimiyya, wannan gidan shine hujja ta farko game da mafi girman aikin ɗan adam. Dubban ƙasusuwan dabbobi, daruruwan kayan aikin dutse, da tsoffin wuraren wuta an bayyana su a ƙasa.

## Manazarta
Dan Wake

**Danwake** (dahn WAH-key), wanda aka fi sani da dumpling na wake, abinci ne na gurasar da aka dafa daga arewacin Najeriya. Yana da ɗanɗano kaɗan na kansa, kuma yawanci ana yin ado da sauce, kwai, kayan lambu, ko chili pepper.

## Asalin
Dan wake ya samo asali ne a garin Nijar, kuma tun daga lokacin ya bazu zuwa yankin Hausa na arewacin Najeriya.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya

Danwake an shirya shi ta hanyar nasa cowpeas na ƙasa, kuku (baobab foda) da potash tare da ruwa don samar da wani abu mai kauri, wanda aka kafa a cikin dumplings kuma ya tafasa. Ana yin kayan kwalliya da kayan lambu, mai, kayan yaji, ƙwai da aka dafa, yaji (wanda ya haɗu da kayan yaji daban-daban ciki har da Cayenne pepper), ko suya pepper￼.

## Dubi kuma

* Abincin Hausa

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Haɗin gwiwar matasa da manya

## Abubuwan da ke haifar da Nasara
Nasarar waɗannan haɗin gwiwa ta dogara da dalilai da yawa. Baya ga sakamako na kankare, haɗin gwiwar matasa / manya suna buƙatar takamaiman tallafin al'adu da tsari a cikin ƙungiyoyi da al'ummomi don samun nasara.

Akwai bukatar girmama juna da haɗin kai a cikin membobin haɗin gwiwa. 

## Yanayin da aka saba amfani da shi
Wadannan dangantaka yawanci suna faruwa a cikin Kungiyoyin matasa, inda ake nuna su ta hanyar Muryar matasa. Ana gane muryar matasa a matsayin muhimmin bangare na haɗin gwiwar matasa da manya. 

### Makarantu
A Makarantun dimokuradiyya, ana nuna su ta muryar dalibi. Ɗaya daga cikin tsammanin daga waɗannan haɗin gwiwar matasa da manya shine cewa ƙungiyoyin da ɗalibai ke jagoranta na iya wakiltar ɗaliban ɗalibai ga gudanarwa da allon makaranta.  Ana iya yin wannan ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kamar ayyukan tsarawa, ƙirƙirar tsarin karatu, da kimanta ci gaba da tasirin shirye-shiryen yanzu a cikin makarantar. 

#### Al'ummomi
Haɗin gwiwar matasa da manya na iya karfafa matasa da manya yayin da suke ilimantar da takwarorinsu da kuma ba da shawara don inganta kiwon lafiya da shiga cikin al'umma.

## Sakamakon
Haɗin gwiwar matasa da manya yana ba matasa damar:

* Bayyana ra'ayoyinsu da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da batutuwan zamantakewa 
* Samun girmamawa ga abokan tarayya manya 
* Neman hanyoyin da za su bayyana kirkirarsu
* Aiki don kyakkyawan dalili
* Ka yi tunani sosai
* Kasancewa da dukiya mai daraja ga aikin da al'umma 
* Tallafa batutuwan da manya zasu iya gujewa, ko kuma ba su sani ba.

Dangantakar da aka kafa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar matasa da manya ta yaki da ephebiphobia da adultism ta hanyar inganta rawar muryar matasa. 

Yawancin jam'iyyun suna amfana daga haɗin gwiwar da aka ambata, gami da kungiyoyin da haɗin gwiwar ke faruwa, da kuma manya da matasa da ke da hannu. Amfanin gaske ya fito ne daga karuwar sadaukarwa, zuwa mafi girman jin daɗin kai,  da kuma karuwar tasirin ƙungiyoyi da haɗin jama'a.  An gano haɗin gwiwar matasa da manya suna da tasiri sosai wajen magance inganta makarantar,   inganta shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya na duniya, da haɗa fasaha a cikin aji.

A cewar Jihar Texas, haɗin gwiwar matasa da manya sun ba matasa damar ɗaukar matsayin masu ba da shawara da masu ba da shawarar ga kungiyoyin matasa, masu fafutukar siyasa, masu shirya al'umma, masu ba da tallafi (kudi) , daraktocin kwamitin ba da riba, da kuma masu ba da sabis na matasa kai tsaye. Ƙarin aiki ya gano muhimmiyar rawa ga haɗin gwiwar matasa da manya a cikin ayyukan haɗin gwiwar jama'a na ƙauyuka  da kuma samar da ingantaccen tallafi ga 'yan mata, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, da kuma tambayar matasa. 

## Dubi kuma

* Ci gaban matasa na al'umma
* Daidaitawar tsararraki
* Ilimin halayyar mutum
* Koyon hidima
* Kasancewar matasa

## Manazarta
Colle bhature

**Colle bhature** abinci ne mai ban sha'awa a yankunan arewacin Yankin Indiya. Haɗin chana masala ne (chickpea curry) da bhatura, gurasar da aka dafa da Maida (gurasar alkama mai tsabta). 

Sau da yawa ana cin Chole bhature a matsayin abincin karin kumallo, wani lokacin ana haɗa shi da lassi. Hakanan yana iya zama abincin titi ko cikakken abinci kuma ana iya haɗa shi da albasa, karoshi, chutney kore ko achaar.

## Asalin
An yi muhawara game da asalin Chole bhature. Wasu kafofin sun ce ya samo asali ne a Delhi, inda ya shahara sosai. Wasu suna da'awar cewa ya samo asali ne a gabashin Uttar Pradesh.

## Shirye-shiryen
Ana shirya chole ta hanyar dafa Chickpeas da ƙara kayan yaji kamar cumin, tsaba na coriander, turmeric foda, da chili foda. Ana kuma ƙara albasa, tafarnuwa, da ginger don ƙarin dandano. Ana shirya Bhature ta hanyar hada gari, gishiri, da mai, da kuma yin amfani da gurasar. Ana mirgine gurasar a cikin da'irori kuma a dafa ta sosai har sai an yi amfani da bhature puff.

## Manazarta
Ingancin rayuwa na birni

City Quality of Life Indices sune jerin birane da aka tsara bisa ga ƙayyadadden Yanayin rayuwa. Baya ga la'akari da samar da ruwa mai tsabta, iska mai tsabta, isasshen abinci da mafaka, yawancin alamomi suna auna abubuwa masu mahimmanci ciki har da ikon birni don samar da ma'anar al'umma da ba da saitunan karɓar baƙi ga kowa, musamman matasa, don haɓaka ƙwarewar zamantakewa, ma'anar cin gashin kai da ainihi.

Dalilin da wasu biranen suka bayyana a cikin matsayi ɗaya amma ba wani ba sau da yawa yana da alaƙa da ka'idoji daban-daban da aka yi amfani da su tsakanin matsayi, amma galibi yana da alaƙar bambancin nauyin da aka ba da irin waɗannan dalilai.

## Ƙididdigar Rayuwa ta Duniya

## Binciken Ingancin Rayuwa na Monocle
Tun daga shekara ta 2006, mujallar salon rayuwa *Monocle* ta buga jerin shekara-shekara na manyan wurare don ingancin rayuwa. Muhimman ka'idoji a cikin wannan binciken sune aminci / laifuka, haɗin ƙasa da ƙasa, yanayi / hasken rana, ingancin gine-gine, sufuri na jama'a, haƙuri, batutuwan muhalli da samun damar zuwa yanayi, ƙirar birane, yanayin kasuwanci, ci gaban manufofi da kulawa ta kiwon lafiya.

## Matsayin Rayuwa na Mercer
Kamfanin ba da shawara kan albarkatun ɗan adam na duniya na Amurka da masu ba da shawara kan harkokin kuɗi na Mercer a kowace shekara yana fitar da Binciken ingancin Rayuwar sa na Mercer, yana kwatanta birane 221 bisa sharuɗɗa 39.  An bai wa birnin New York maki na asali na 100 kuma an kwatanta sauran biranen idan aka kwatanta.  Mahimman sharuɗɗa sune aminci, ilimi, tsabta, kiwon lafiya, al'adu, muhalli, nishaɗi, kwanciyar hankali na siyasa-tattalin arziki, jigilar jama'a da samun kayayyaki da ayyuka.  Jerin an yi niyya ne don taimaka wa kamfanoni na ƙasashen duniya su yanke shawarar inda za su buɗe ofisoshi ko tsire-tsire da nawa za su biya ma'aikata.

Cikakken matsayi ya haɗa da birane 241.

## Motsawa zuwa Ƙididdigar Rayuwa ta Duniya
Wannan lissafin yana amfani da bayanai don samun kwanciyar hankali, kiwon lafiya, al'adu da muhalli, ilimi, da ababen more rayuwa. Sakamakon an haɗa shi cikin ƙididdigar rayuwa ta ƙarshe.

## Ingancin Rayuwa na Numbeo
Numbeo wani tushe ne na duniya wanda aka samo asali daga jama'a game da farashin masu amfani da aka ruwaito, Yawan aikata laifuka, ingancin kiwon lafiya, da sauran kididdigar. Ana sabunta matsayi sau biyu a kowace shekara.

## Ƙididdigar Birni Mai Farin Ciki
Index mai farin ciki birni wanda Cibiyar Rayuwa ta samar da cikakkiyar wurare 23 daban-daban don sanin mahimman abubuwan farin ciki a tsakanin mazaunan kai tsaye.  Matsayin ya haɗa da duk biranen da za a iya auna ayyukansu bisa ga haƙiƙa, bayyanannu, da bayanan tabbatattu.  Har ila yau, ya nuna biranen da ke nuna nasarori na musamman ta fuskar ingancin rayuwa.

## IMD ta Smart City Index
Cibiyar Nazarin Gudanarwa ta Duniya (IMD) da ke Switzerland ta buga Smart City Index, tana tsara abin da ya sa birni ya fi dacewa. Zurich, Oslo, Geneva, Dubai, da Abu Dhabi sun kasance saman 5 a cikin 2025.
Shekarar barin makaranta

**Shekarar barin makaranta** ita ce mafi ƙarancin shekarun da aka ba mutum izinin dakatar da halarta a makarantar sakandare ta tilas. Yawancin ƙasashe suna da shekarun barin makaranta daidai da mafi ƙarancin shekarun aiki na cikakken lokaci, don haka suna ba da damar sauyawa mai sauƙi daga ilimi zuwa aiki, yayin da wasu suka saita ƙasa da shekarun da aka ba da izinin aiki ga mutum.

Sabanin haka, akwai kasashe da yawa waɗanda ke da shekaru da yawa tsakanin shekarun barin makaranta da mafi ƙarancin shekarun aikinsu na doka, don haka a wasu lokuta suna hana irin wannan canji na shekaru da yawa. Kasashen da aka sanya shekarun aikinsu a ƙasa da shekarun barin makaranta (yawanci kasashe masu tasowa) suna iya ba yara damar barin karatunsu da wuri don samun kuɗi ga kansu ko iyalansu.

## Barin shekaru ta ƙasa
Wasu ƙasashe suna da shekaru daban-daban na barin ko aiki, amma a wasu ƙasashe kamar China da Japan, matsakaicin shekarun da mutane ke kammala karatu shine 15, dangane da ilmantarwa ko cikakken lokaci ko aiki. Teburin da ke ƙasa ya bayyana shekarun barin makaranta a ƙasashe a duk faɗin duniya da mafi ƙarancin shekarun aikinsu, yana nuna kwatankwacin ƙasashe da yawa da suka daidaita waɗannan shekarun. Dukkanin bayanai an ɗauke su ne daga teburin Shirin Hakkin Ilimi sai dai idan an nuna in ba haka ba.

### Afirka

### Amurka

### Asiya

### Turai

## Ci gaba da makaranta ta ƙasa

## Dubi kuma

* Ilimi na tilas
* Lissafin Ilimi
* Shekarar aiki ta doka
* Girman shekarun barin makaranta

## Bayani

## Haɗin waje

* Hakkin Ilimi
Tsuntsu na Yungas

**Yungas sparrow** ( ***Rhynchospiza dabbenei*** ) wani nau'in tsuntsu ne a cikin dangin Passerellidae wanda ke da iyaka zuwa Kudancin Andean Yungas na kudu maso gabashin Bolivia da arewa maso yammacin Argentina . A da an yi la'akari da shi a matsayin nau'i na abin da ake kira sparrow-capped ( *R. strigiceps* ). 

## Taxonomy da kuma tsarin
A baya an lasafta gwarzayen Yungas a matsayin wani nau'i na *Rhynchospiza strigiceps*, wanda a lokacin ake kira sparrow-capped. Kafin wannan, *Rhynchospiza* ya kasance cikin jinsin *Aimophila* . Wani bugu na 2009 ya maido da halittar *Rhynchospiza* da littafin 2019 ya raba *R. dabbenei* daga *R. strigiceps* .   Dangane da bugu na 2019, a cikin Yuni 2020 Kwamitin Rarraba Kudancin Amurka (SACC) na American Ornithological Society (AOS) ya karɓi *R. dabbenei* a matsayin sparrow Yungas kuma ya sake suna *R. strigiceps* Chaco sparrow. Ƙungiyar Ornithological Congress (IOC) ta bi sahun Janairu 2021.  

## Bayani
Gwanin Yungas ya fi na tsohon "iyaye" *R. strigiceps* girma. Sassansa na sama suna da launin ruwan kasa mai ɗigon duhu da ɗimbin tsatsa da launin toka. Kodan launin toka ne a ƙasa yana haɗawa don buɗawa a gefe da kuma a cikin wurin huɗawa. Kan yana da launin toka mai kambin kirji da ratsan postocular, baƙar fata, da farar ratsin gashin baki.  

## Rarraba da wurin zama
Yarinyar Yungas tana zaune a duk shekara a Kudancin Andean Yungas, yanki mai kunkuntar a gabashin Andes a kudu maso yammacin Bolivia da arewa maso yammacin Argentina. Yankin yana da yanayin yanayin ƙasa mai zafi da kuma dazuzzukan dajin.  

## Murya
Waƙar ƙwaƙƙwaran Yungas jerin kururuwa ce da ta bambanta da sarƙaƙƙiyar gwarzayen Chaco. 

## Manazarta
Ministan Canjin Yanayi da Makamashi

**Ministan Canjin Yanayi da Makamashi** babban fayil ne a cikin Gwamnatin Ostiraliya . Ministan na yanzu shine Chris Bowen .  Ministan yana gudanar da ayyukansa ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Canjin Yanayi, Makamashi, Muhalli da Ruwa (wanda aka kafa a ranar 1 ga Yuli 2022.  ).

Fayil ɗin babban fayil ne na ministocin tarayya da ke da alhakin daidaitawa da aiwatar da manufofin makamashi mai dorewa ta Gwamnatin Ostiraliya. Wadannan yankunan manufofin sun hada da rage yawan hayaki mai gurbata yanayi, inganta ingantaccen makamashi, da kuma daidaitawa ga sauyin yanayi a cikin gida da waje. Rex Connor ne ya fara rike mukamin a shekarar 1972 a matsayin ministan ma'adinai da makamashi.

## Tarihi
Sakatare Blair Comley ne ya jagoranci wanda ya riga ya fara aiki wanda ya kai rahoto ga Ministan Canjin Yanayi da Inganta Makamashi Greg Combet . Ministan ya samu taimakon sakataren sauyin yanayi da ingancin makamashi, Mark Dreyfus . Mai Tsabtace Makamashi Mai Tsabtatawa wata hukuma ce mai alaƙa da aka kafa a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 2012.

A ranar 25 Maris 2013, alhakin manufofin Canjin Yanayi ya wuce zuwa sabuwar kafa Sashen Masana'antu, Innovation, Canjin yanayi, Kimiyya, Bincike da Ilimin Jami'a, da ayyukan Ma'aikatar Makamashi sun wuce zuwa Sashen Albarkatu, Makamashi da yawon shakatawa . Bayan zaben tarayya na Ostiraliya na 2013 an mayar da alhakin makamashin zuwa ga Ministan Masana'antu, Ƙirƙiri da Kimiyya a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Abbott .

Bayan zaɓen tarayya na Australiya na 2016, an ba da nauyin ga Ministan Muhalli da Makamashi a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Turnbull .  Bayan nada Scott Morrison a matsayin Firayim Minista a watan Agusta 2018, an daukaka Josh Frydenberg zuwa Treasurer na Australia, inda aka raba mukaman ministocin Frydenberg na baya, tare da Melissa Price a matsayin Ministan Muhalli da Angus Taylor a matsayin Ministan Makamashi.

A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 2020, Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta aiwatar da odar Shirye-shiryen Gudanarwa (AAOs). Wannan odar yana buƙatar ƙananan kasuwanci kuma a aika da ayyukan makamashi zuwa Sashen Masana'antu, Kimiyya, Makamashi da Albarkatu . 

## Makasudai
Sashen yana aiki da: 

* Ci gaba da daidaita manufofin sauyin yanayi na cikin gida da na duniya
* Tattaunawar sauyin yanayi ta duniya
* Zane da aiwatar da cinikin hayaki
* Manufofin manufa, tsari, da daidaitawa na wajibi mai sabunta makamashi
* Fitar da iskan greenhouse da rahoton amfani da makamashi
* Dabarun daidaita canjin yanayi da haɗin kai
* Haɗin kai ayyukan kimiyyar canjin yanayi

## Jerin ministocin makamashi
An nada waɗannan mutane masu zuwa a matsayin ministan makamashi, ko kuma ɗaya daga cikin mukaman da suka gabata: 

## Jerin sunayen ministocin sauyin yanayi
Ministan sauyin yanayi ne ke da alhakin samar da hanyoyin magance sauyin yanayi ( dumamar yanayi ), da rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata yanayi, da inganta yadda ya dace da makamashi . An nada wa]annan mutane a kan wannan mukami, ko kuma kowane irin taken sa:  

## Jerin mataimakan ministocin sauyin yanayi da makamashi
An nada waɗannan mutane masu zuwa a matsayin Mataimakin Ministan Sauyin yanayi da Makamashi, ko kowane irin taken da ya gabata: 

## Manazarta
Hukuncin kisa a Oman

Hukuncin kisa a Oman hukuma ce ta doka. A ƙarƙashin dokar Oman, manyan laifukan da za su iya jawo hukuncin kisa sun haɗa da kisa, fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi, kunna gobara da gangan, fashi a teku, ta’addanci, satar mutane, maimaita aikata manyan laifuka da ake yanke hukuncin daurin rai da rai, jagorantar wata ƙungiya mai makami da ke haddasa rikice-rikice (kamar lalata dukiya, fashi ko kisa), leƙen asiri, cin amanar ƙasa da kuma shaidar ƙarya da ta jawo kisa ba tare da laifi ba. Karshe da aka yi hukuncin kisa a Oman shi ne a shekarar 2021. Oman ta kada kuri’a a ƙin amincewa da kudurin Majalisar Dakatarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan hukuncin kisa da hukuncin kisa a shekarun 2007, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018 da 2020. Ana aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a Oman ta hanyar harbi da bindiga, duk da cewa rataya ma an amince da ita.
Hukuncin kisa a Arewacin Makidoniya

Hukuncin kisa a Ƙasar North Macedonia an haramta shi ta hanyar kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar.

## manazarta
Mataki na 10 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin North Macedonia na shekarar 1991 (wanda aka gyara a 2001) yana cewa:

Rayuwar ɗan Adam tana da tsarki. Babu wanda zai rasa rayuwarsa ta hanyoyin da ba bisa doka ba. Hukuncin kisa an haramta shi a kowane hali a cikin Jamhuriyar North Macedonia

North Macedonia memba ce a Majalisar Turai (Council of Europe). Haka kuma, ta rattaba hannu tare da tabbatar da Ƙarin Yarjejeniya ta No. 13 (Protocol No. 13)

## Kashewa tun 1959
Pab

**Pab** na iya nufin;

## Kamfanoni da kungiyoyi

* Ƙungiyar Masu watsa shirye-shiryen Pennsylvania
* Ƙungiyar Pickleball Bermuda
* Ping An Bank
* Kwamitin Gudanar da Shirye-shiryen

## Wuraren da aka yi

* Filin jirgin saman Bilaspur (Lambar filin jirgin sama ta IATA) 
* Cibiyar Parker, tsohon Ginin Gudanar da 'Yan Sanda na Sashen' yan Sanda na Los Angeles
* Port aux Basques, wani gari ne a lardin Newfoundland da Labrador na Kanada

## Kimiyya da magani

* Poly (A) - furotin mai ɗaurewa
* Magungunan rigakafi na polyclonal
* Tasirin Pseudobulbar, rikicewar bayyanar motsin rai

## Sauran

* Balboa na Panama, lambar kuɗi ta ISO 4217
* Kwamitin daukaka kara na Patent, wani bangare na gudanarwa a cikin Ofishin Kula da Ilimin Ilimin Kanada
* Siyarwa da aka biya
Dutsen Hopewell

**Hopewell Rocks**, wanda ake kira Flowerpot Rocks ko kuma kawai **Dutsen**, su ne nau'in dutsen da aka sani da tarin ruwa wanda ya haifar da rushewar ruwa a cikin Hopewell Rocks Ocean Tidal Exploration Site a Hopewell Rocks Provincial Park a New Brunswick, Kanada. Suna tsayin mita 12-21 (40-70&nbsp;ft) tsayi.

Suna kan bakin tekun na sama na Bay of Fundy a Hopewell Cape kusa da ƙarshen jerin wuraren shakatawa na bakin teku na Fundy da suka haɗa da Fundy National Park da Trail Fundy. Saboda matsanancin kewayon magudanar ruwa na Bay of Fundy, tushen tsarin ana rufe shi da ruwa sau biyu a rana. Yana yiwuwa a duba gyare-gyare daga matakin ƙasa a ƙananan tide .

Samfurin ya ƙunshi ja-launin ja-launin ruwan ƙasa, dutsen yashi, da ƙaramin dutsen laka daga Tsarin Carboniferous Hopewell Cape Formation, wani ɓangare na Rukunin Mabou. Girman girman ruwan da ke gudana zuwa ciki da waje na Bay of Fundy yana gyara yanayin da ke kewaye da shi. Bayan ja da baya na glaciers a yankin biyo bayan shekarun ƙanƙara na ƙarshe, ruwan saman da ke tacewa ta hanyar tsagewar dutsen ya ɓata kuma ya raba abubuwan da ke faruwa da sauran fuskar dutsen. A halin yanzu, ci gaba da ja da baya da magudanar ruwa da igiyoyin ruwa da ke da alaƙa sun lalata tushen duwatsun da sauri fiye da na saman, wanda ya haifar da sifofinsu da ba a saba gani ba. 

Fadin jiragen sama na laka a cikin kwandon a cikin Fundy suna tallafawa nau'ikan haɓakar halittu iri-iri. Sau da yawa ana ganin tsuntsaye iri-iri suna tururuwa zuwa gida suna ci a yankin. An shawarci baƙi da su zauna don cikakken zagayowar ruwa don samun cikakkiyar godiyar raƙuman ruwa da gyare-gyare. Ko da yake igiyoyin ruwa sun bambanta daga rana zuwa rana, babban igiyar ruwa na iya kaiwa  yana ba da Hopewell Rocks ɗaya daga cikin matsakaicin matsakaicin raƙuman ruwa a duniya. 

A ranar 14 ga Maris, 2016, wani ɓangare na ɗaya daga cikin Dutsen Hopewell, Dutsen Elephant, ya rushe. Jami’an dajin sun ce kimanin tan 100 zuwa 200 na dutsen ya fado kasa. Kevin Snair, mai kula da ayyukan fassara a Hopewell Rocks ya ce "Wani lokaci bayan ruwan ya fita da safiyar yau, wani muhimmin yanki na Dutsen Giwa ya huce, inda ya rufe wani sashe ko gaba dayan hanyar da muke tafiya."  Irin wannan tsari ya ruguje a Titin Fundy Trail Parkway kusa da ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2022. 

## Manazarta
Ringstead Bay

**Ringstead Bay** buɗaɗɗe ne na tashar Ingilishi mai nisan  gabas da Weymouth a Dorset, Ingila. Bay yana kan gabar Jurassic kuma a cikin yankin Dorset National Landscape, kuma an san shi da yanayin yanayi da burbushin halittu . 

Karamin ƙauyen Ringstead yana ƙarshen ƙarshen bakin tekun, da kuma fitacciyar ƙasa ta White Nothe a ƙarshen gabas. Ya kasance wurin tashar radar RAF Ringstead tsakanin 1942 da 1974.

## Geology
Ringstead Bay yana da dutsen dutse da rairayin bakin teku tare da yashi.   Akwai rafukan da ke cikin teku kusan  tsayi a ƙarshen yamma daura da ƙauyen da ba a gano su a cikin ƙananan ruwa. Waɗannan sun zama yanki mai tsaka-tsaki tsakanin ƙananan duwatsu zuwa arewa da tashar Ingilishi zuwa kudu.

Bed ɗin Ringstead Coral shine ƙirar ƙasa da aka fallasa a Ringstead Bay.    Yana adana burbushin halittu tun daga Jurassic .

Nan da nan zuwa gabas akwai fararen dutsen alli na White Nothe, suna mamaye bakin teku. A ƙasa akwai Dutsen Ƙona.  Yana yiwuwa a yi tafiya zuwa saman White Nothe da baya, tare da ra'ayoyi na bay da haye zuwa tsibirin Portland . 

## Nishadi da yawon bude ido
Ana samun damar Ringstead Bay ta hanyar hanya mai zaman kanta tare da wurin ajiye motoci a ƙarshen kusa da teku da ƙauyen Ringstead. Akwai madadin wurin shakatawa na mota kyauta a cikin National Trust yankin gaba a cikin ƙasa, tare da hanyar ƙafa zuwa teku. Hakanan yana yiwuwa a yi tafiya zuwa Ringstead Bay a kan madauwari tafiya daga Lulworth Cove zuwa gabas, ta Durdle Door da White Nothe. 

Ringstead Bay kuma yana da bakin tekun nudist zuwa gabas na babban bakin tekun Ringstead.  

Hanyar Kudu maso Yamma ta hanyar tafiya mai nisa, wani ɓangare na Hanyar gabar tekun Ingila, yana tafiya tare da ɓangarorin bakin teku. 

## Manazarta
Hanyar Dakota ta Kudu 240

**Hanyar Kudu Dakota&nbsp;240** ( **SD&nbsp;240** ), wanda kuma aka sanya hannu a matsayin **madauki na Badlands**,  babbar titin jiha a kudu maso gabashin Pennington da arewa maso yammacin lardin Jackson a South Dakota, Amurka, wanda ke tafiya ta gabas na Badlands National Park .

## Bayanin hanya

SD&nbsp;240 yana farawa a bango a fita 110 na 90 (I-90). Yana tafiya kudu zuwa Badlands National Park, inda ya juya kudu maso gabas. A Hedikwatar Badlands a Cedar Pass, babbar hanyar ta juya arewa maso gabas, tana ƙarewa a fita 131 na I-90 kusa da Cactus Flat . Saboda babbar hanyar ta shiga wurin shakatawa na kasa, ana cajin kuɗin shiga a kan babbar hanyar a ko wane ƙofar wurin shakatawa. Kudin shine $30 ga kowane motar fasinja, yana da kyau na kwanaki 7. 

## Tarihi
 
Yankunan gabas na babbar hanyar da a halin yanzu ake kira SD 240 (yawanci daga hedkwatar wurin shakatawa zuwa Cactus Flat) sun kasance asali wani ɓangare na asalin SD 40nbsp;. Ginin ya fara ne a farkon shekarun 1930. A shekara ta 1944, wani dutse ya kasance a kan Badlands Loop, kuma a ƙarshen shekarun 1940, an sanya hannu kan Badlands Boop a matsayin US Route 16 Alternate (US 16 Alt.), ban da SD 40 tare da gabashin madauki. An yi amfani da waɗannan lambobi guda biyu har zuwa farkon shekarun 1970, lokacin da aka maye gurbin lambar SD 40 da tsawo na SD 44nbsp; (wanda ya shiga wurin shakatawa daga kudu maso gabas maimakon arewa maso gabas).&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Kusan 1980, Amurka&nbsp;16, wanda yayi tafiya tare da I-90, an yanke shi a ƙarshen gabas zuwa Rapid City . Tun daga Amurka&nbsp;16 Alt. ba a sake saduwa da hanyar iyaye ba, an canza lambar hanya zuwa SD&nbsp;240.

## Manazarta
Hasken rana a Gujarat

**Hasken rana a [[Gujarat]]**, jihar Indiya, masana'antu ce mai saurin bunkasuwa ganin cewa babbar jihar galibi tana da bushewa. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin jihohi na farko don haɓaka ƙarfin samar da hasken rana a ƙasar Indiya .

Ya zuwa watan Yunin shekara ta 2024, jimilar wutar lantarki da aka girka a jihar ya kai MW 14,182. 

## Manufar tsarin hasken rana
Ya zuwa 30 ga Yuni 2022, Gujarat yana da ikon da aka girka na 19,414 MW na makamashi mai sabuntawa, kuma ya haɗa da 9419.42 MW na wutar lantarki, 7806.80 MW na hasken rana, 1990 MW na babban wutar lantarki, 109.26 MW na wutar lantarki da kuma 89.39 MW daga ƙaramin wutar lantarki. 

A karkashin shirin bunkasa wuraren shakatawa na hasken rana da kuma ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki na Ultra-mega Solar ana kan aiwatar da shirin samar da karfin megawatt 40,000 na hasken rana. 

Baya ga tsarin samar da wutar lantarki mai amfani da hasken rana, jihar ta kuma fito da tsarin samar da iska mai amfani da hasken rana, inda ta ke neman kafa irin wadannan wuraren shakatawa guda hudu da biyar masu karfin akalla megawatt 2000. 

Jimlar ikon samar da wutar lantarki mai amfani da hasken rana na jihar ya karu daga 4,431 MW a cikin Maris 2021  zuwa 7,180 MW a cikin Maris 2022. 

## Rufin hasken rana
Jimlar ƙarfin shigar da wutar lantarki a saman rufin rana na jihar shine 3455.90 MW, tun daga watan Afrilu 2024.  Gujarat jiha ce mafi girma a Indiya dangane da rufin hasken rana. 

## Wurin wuraren shakatawa na Solar

Source: SLDC Gujarat 

### 2011 Cikakkun bayanai

### 2012 Generation cikakken bayani

### 2013 Generation cikakkun bayanai

### 2014 Gene bayani dalla-dalla

### 2015 Cikakkun bayanai

### 2016 Gene bayani dalla-dalla

## Jerin ayyukan

Source: GEDA 

## Gujarat Solar Park-1
Gidan shakatawa na hasken rana na Gujarat 1, wanda kuma ake kira Charanka Solar Park, ana gina shi akan fili  kusa da kauyen Charanka a gundumar Patan, arewacin Gujarat. Ya zuwa yanzu, wurin shakatawa ya shaida zuba jari na Rs 5,365 crore kuma ya samar da raka'a miliyan 3,441 har zuwa yau.

Ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki yana kusan 615 MW a halin yanzu, wanda masu haɓaka 31 suka ba da izini a cikin Solar Park. GACL (Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Limited) tana kafa 30 MW Solar PV shuka, kuma GNFC (Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilizers and Chemicals) yana kan aiwatar da aikin MW 10.

Gujarat Power Corporation Limited (GPCL), mai haɓaka aikin, ya ce a cikin Afrilu 2018 cewa ƙarin ƙarfin 150 MW wanda ya ɗauki jimillar MW 790 za a iya zaɓi nan ba da jimawa ba idan aka sami fili a cikin dajin. 

Ana kan gina ayyukan 95MW kuma 30MW a cikin shirin tun daga Disamba 2018. 

## Manazarta