Mary Jackson (masaniyar injiniya)

**Mary Jackson** ( née Winston ;  9 ga Afrilu, 1921&nbsp;– 11 ga Fabrairu, 2005) injiniya ce ta jiragen sama ta Amurka a Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Jiragen Sama na Ƙasa (NACA), wanda a shekarar 1958 Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama da Sararin Samaniya ta Ƙasa (NASA) ta gaje shi. Ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Bincike ta Langley da ke Hampton, Virginia, tsawon mafi yawan aikinta. Ta fara aiki a matsayin kwamfuta a sashen kwamfuta na Yankin Yamma a shekarar 1951. A shekarar 1958, bayan ta ɗauki darussan injiniya, ta zama baƙar fata mace ta farko da ta zama injiniya a NASA. 

Bayan shekaru 34 a NASA, Jackson ta sami mafi girman matsayi a fannin injiniyanci. Ta fahimci cewa ba za ta iya samun ƙarin matsayi ba tare da ta zama mai kula ba. Ta karɓi raguwar matsayi don zama manaja a Shirin Mata na Tarayya, a Ofishin Shirye-shiryen Daidaito na NASA da kuma Shirin Aiwatar da Aiki na Affirmative . A cikin wannan matsayin, ta yi aiki don rinjayar ɗaukar mata da haɓaka su a cikin ayyukan kimiyya, injiniyanci, da lissafi na NASA .

Labarin Jackson ya bayyana a cikin littafin da ba na almara ba na 2016  . Ita ce ɗaya daga cikin jarumai uku a cikin *Hidden Figures*, wanda aka fitar a wannan shekarar. A shekarar 2019, an ba Jackson lambar yabo ta zinare ta Congressional Medal bayan rasuwarsa.  A shekarar 2021, hedikwatar NASA ta Washington, DC, an sake mata suna zuwa hedikwatar NASA ta Mary W. Jackson .

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Mary Jackson a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 1921, ga Ella Winston ( née Scott) da Frank Winston.  Ta girma a Hampton, Virginia, Amurka, inda ta kammala karatun sakandare da mafi girman matsayi.  Jackson ta sami digiri na farko a fannin lissafi da kimiyyar jiki daga Jami'ar Hampton a 1942.   An fara ta a cikin rukunin Gamma Theta na ƙungiyar Alpha Kappa Alpha a Hampton. 

Jackson ya auri Levi Jackson Sr. a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 1944, ga Levi Jackson Sr., wani ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa a rundunar sojojin ruwan Amurka. Ma'auratan sun ci gaba da yin aure har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar 1992.    Suna da 'ya'ya biyu, Levi Jackson Jr. da Carolyn Marie Lewis. 

## Sana'a

Bayan kammala karatunta, Mary Jackson ta koyar da lissafi na tsawon shekara guda a wata makaranta 'yan Afirka-Amurka a Calvert County, Maryland .  A wancan lokacin, makarantun gwamnati har yanzu suna da rarrabuwa a duk faɗin Kudu. Ta kuma fara koyar da ɗaliban makarantar sakandare da kwaleji, wanda ta ci gaba da yi a tsawon rayuwarta. 

A shekarar 1943, ta koma Hampton, inda ta zama mai kula da littattafai a Cibiyar Al'umma ta Katolika ta Ƙasa a can. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai karɓar baƙi da magatakarda a Sashen Lafiya na Cibiyar Hampton. Tana da ciki a wannan lokacin kuma daga ƙarshe ta koma gida don haihuwar ɗanta. A shekarar 1951, ta zama magatakarda a Ofishin Babban Rundunar Sojojin Sama da ke Fort Monroe .  

A shekarar 1951, Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Jiragen Sama na Ƙasa (NACA) ya ɗauki Jackson aiki, wanda a shekarar 1958 Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama da Sararin Samaniya ta Ƙasa (NASA) ta gaje shi.    Ta fara aiki a matsayin kwamfuta ta ɗan adam, a Cibiyar Bincike ta Langley da ke garinsu na Hampton, Virginia. Ta yi aiki a ƙarƙashin Dorothy Vaughan a Sashen Kwamfuta na Yankin Yamma da aka ware. 

A shekarar 1953, ta karɓi tayin aiki ga injiniya Kazimierz Czarnecki a cikin Ramin Matsi na Supersonic. Tsawonsa , An yi amfani da ramin iska  don nazarin ƙarfi akan samfurin ta hanyar samar da iska sau biyu na saurin sauti .  Czarnecki ta ƙarfafa Jackson ta yi horo don a iya ɗaukaka ta zuwa injiniya. Tana buƙatar ɗaukar darussan digiri na biyu a lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi don cancantar aikin. Jami'ar Virginia ta ba su horo a cikin shirin dare, wanda aka gudanar a Makarantar Sakandare ta Hampton mai farin fata. Jackson ta roƙi Birnin Hampton da ya ba ta damar halartar azuzuwan. Bayan kammala darussan, an ɗaukaka ta zuwa injiniyar sararin samaniya a 1958, kuma ta zama injiniya mace baƙar fata ta farko a NASA.    Ta yi nazarin bayanai daga gwaje-gwajen ramin iska da gwaje-gwajen jirgin sama na gaske a Reshen Ka'idar Aerodynamics na Sashen Subsonic-Transonic Aerodynamics da ke Langley.  Manufarta ita ce fahimtar kwararar iska, gami da ƙarfin turawa da ja, don inganta jiragen Amurka. 

Jackson ta yi aiki a matsayin injiniya a sassa daban-daban na NASA: Sashen Binciken Matsakaici, Sashen Bincike Mai Girma, Sashen Aerodynamics Mai Sauri, da Sashen Subsonic-Transonic Aerodynamics.  Daga ƙarshe ta rubuta ko kuma ta haɗa takardu 12 na fasaha ga NACA da NASA.     Ta yi aiki don taimaka wa mata da tsiraru su ci gaba da ayyukansu, gami da ba su shawara kan yadda za su yi karatu don cancantar samun ci gaba. 

A shekarar 1979, Jackson ta sami matsayi mafi girma a fannin injiniyanci. Ta yanke shawarar yin ritaya daga aiki domin ta yi aiki a matsayin shugaba a fannin kwararru kan daidaiton damammaki. Bayan ta sami horo a hedikwatar NASA, ta koma Langley. Ta yi aiki don yin sauye-sauye da kuma haskaka mata da tsirarun da suka yi fice a fannin. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Shirye-shiryen Mata na Tarayya a Ofishin Shirye-shiryen Daidaiton Damammaki  da kuma Manajan Shirye-shiryen Tabbatar da Aiki, kuma ta yi aiki don tasiri ga hanyoyin aiki na mata a fannin kimiyya, injiniyanci, da lissafi a NASA.   Ta ci gaba da aiki a NASA har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1985. 

Jackson ya mutu a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 2005, yana da shekaru 83. 

## Gado
Fim ɗin Hidden Figures na 2016 ya ba da labarin ayyukan NASA na Mary Jackson, Katherine Johnson, da Dorothy Vaughan waɗanda suka yi aiki a Project Mercury a lokacin Gasar Sararin Samaniya . Fim ɗin ya dogara ne akan littafin Margot Lee Shetterly mai suna iri ɗaya. Janelle Monáe ce ta fito a cikin fim ɗin.

A shekarar 2018, Hukumar Makarantar Salt Lake City ta kaɗa ƙuri'a cewa za a sake wa Makarantar Firamare ta Jackson da ke Salt Lake City, Utah, suna zuwa Mary Jackson maimakon Shugaba Andrew Jackson . 

An sake sanya wa hedikwatar NASA da ke Washington, DC suna zuwa Hedikwatar Mary W. Jackson ta NASA a wani biki ta intanet a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2021.   

## Lambobin yabo, nasarori da girmamawa

* A shekarar 1958, Mary Jackson ta zama mace 'yar Afirka ta farko da ta zama injiniya.
* Kyautar Nasarar Apollo Group, 1969  
* Kyautar Daliban Daniels don Kyakkyawan Hidima ga Matasa Masu Rauni 
* Takardar Shaidar Amincewa da Ayyukan da suka yi wa Al'umma 
* A shekarar 1972, an ba ta lambar yabo ta musamman kan aikinta tare da Haɗaɗɗen Yaƙin Neman Jin Kai na Tarayya da ke wakiltar Hukumomin Jin Kai.
* Kyautar Cibiyar Bincike ta Langley Kyauta Mai Kyau ta Masu Sa-kai, 1975 
* Cibiyar Bincike ta Langley Mai Ba da Agaji ta Shekara, 1976 
* Kyautar Iota Lambda Sorority Award ga fitacciyar mace masanin kimiyya a yankin Peninsula, 1976 
* Kyauta Mai Kyau ta Cibiyar Al'umma ta King Street 
* Kyautar Girmamawa ta Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Ƙasa, 1976 
* Babi na Hampton Roads "Littafin Zinare" don hidima 
* Takardar Shaidar Godiya ta Cibiyar Bincike ta Langley, 1976–1977 
* Lambar Zinare ta Majalisa, 2019   wacce 'yan uwa suka karɓe a bikin 2024 
* A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 2020, an harba wani tauraron dan adam (ÑuSat 17 ko "Mary", COSPAR 2020-079J) wanda aka sanya wa suna zuwa sararin samaniya.
* A lokacin kaka na 2020, an sanya wa injin rami mai ban sha'awa na Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel suna "Mary" don girmama ta 

## Littattafai

* 

## Duba kuma

* Kathaleen Land, mathematician

## Manazarta