open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Mordekai Frizis

**Mordekai Frizis** (Girkanci: ; 1 ga Janairun 1893 - 5 ga Disamba 1940) ya kasance jami'in Sojojin Hellenic, wanda ya yi yaƙi a Yaƙin Duniya na I, ya bambanta kansa a Yaƙin Duniya na II, kuma an kashe shi a ranar 5 ga Disambar 1940, ya yi yaƙin da Julia Division .

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Frizis a Chalcis, a tsibirin Euboea, ga dangin Romaniote-Yahudawa, ɗaya daga cikin yara 12 da Yakubu da Iopi Frizis suka haifa. Bayan ya yi karatun shari'a a Jami'ar Athens, ya shiga cikin Sojojin Hellenic a 1916, kuma ya tafi makarantar horar da jami'ai. Ya yi yaƙi a Yaƙin Duniya na I a gaban Makidoniya, kuma ya shiga cikin shiga tsakani na Allied a cikin Yaƙin basasar Rasha, kuma ya zama Lieutenant na biyu a 1919. A shekara ta 1922, a matsayin sabon Lieutenant na farko, ya shiga cikin Yakin Girka da Turkiyya (1919-1922). An kama shi a matsayin fursuna, kuma a matsayin kawai jami'in Girka wanda ba Kirista ba ne wanda Turks suka kama a lokacin yakin, an ba shi 'yancinsa, amma ya ki kuma an zabe shi ya kasance tare da abokan aikinsa, ya jimre da watanni goma sha ɗaya na bauta.

Bayan yakin, an kara Frizis zuwa kyaftin, kuma an tura shi zuwa Paris don yin karatu a École Militaire . Bayan ya dawo Girka, an kara shi zuwa Manjo kuma an tura shi zuwa Rundunar Soja ta Uku da ke zaune a Thessaloniki . 

A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Frizis, yanzu Colonel, ya shiga cikin Yaƙin Girka da Italiya, kuma ya yi nasarar mayar da wani hari na Italiya a kan gadar Kogin Thyamis, wanda ya biyo bayan wani hari na Girka. Lokacin da Italiyanci suka mayar da martani da bama-bamai na sama, mutanensa sun sauka kuma sun ɓoye a cikin rami, yayin da ya ci gaba da hawa doki a duk fagen yaƙi kuma yana ihu "ƙarfi" don tara mutanensa, amma ya ji rauni sosai a cikin ciki, amma ya ci gaba na ƙoƙarin tara mutanenta. Lokacin da jirgin saman Italiya ya janye, an gano cewa ya mutu daga raunin da ya ji.[1]

Bayan mutuwarsa a cikin aiki, Sarkin Girka, shugabanta na lokacin, Ioannis Metaxas, da jaridar ƙasa sun bar girmamawa ga jami'in. Wani mai magana da yawun Sarki George na biyu na Girka ya rubuta wa dangin Frizis: "A kan mutuwar da ta fi girma ga ƙasarsa na ƙaunataccen mijinka, jarumi Colonel Mordechai Frizis, Mai Girma sarki ya umurce ni da in isar da ku da iyalinku ta'aziyya mafi zurfi".

Ioannis Metaxas, Firayim Minista na Girka a lokacin, ya rubuta wasika mai zuwa ga matar Frizis: "Na koyi game da mutuwar a fagen girmamawa na mijinka, kafin ka san shi kuma ban san yadda za a sanar da kai ba. Kai da danginka da kuma waɗancan iyalai, waɗanda suka rasa masu kare su, za su zama iyalai na wannan yanayinmu. Don Allah a tabbatar da cewa kariya ta Girka ba za ta bar ka ko yarinka ba.

A shekara ta 2002, an sami gawarsa a Albania kuma an tura shi zuwa Sabon Kabari na Yahudawa na Thessaloniki .

Jihar Girka ta girmama ƙwaƙwalwarsa ta hanyar gina busts na shi a Gidan Tarihi na Kalpaki da Athens, a garin haihuwarsa na Chalcis, da kuma ba da sunansa ga titin Athens.

## Manazarta
Sara Fortis

**Sara Fortis** (Ibraniyawa; an haife ta a shekara ta 1927) tsohuwar memba ce ta adawa da Girka da Isra'ila. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Fortis ya yi yaƙi a matsayin wani ɓangare na juriya ta Girka a kan ikon Axis mai mamayewa. Daga baya ta koma Isra'ila.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Sara Fortis Sarika Yehoshua a 1927 a Chalkis .  Mahaifiyarta ce ta yi renonta bayan mahaifinta ya mutu da wuri a rayuwarta. Iyalin sun bayyana kansu a matsayin Helenawa, amma suna yin fannoni na bangaskiyarsu ta Yahudawa. Sara 'yar uwar Mordekai Frizis ce, babban jami'in Yahudawa a cikin sojojin Girka wanda daga baya za a kashe shi a Yaƙin Girka da Italiya.

Lokacin da sojojin Jamus da Italiya suka mamaye Girka a cikin bazara na 1941, Sarika da mahaifiyarta sun ɓoye bangaskiyarsu kuma sun haɗu da fararen hula; duk da haka, a cikin 1943 sun tsere daga gidansu kuma suka nemi mafaka a cikin tsaunuka na Euboea. A can, Sara ta shiga cikin yunkurin adawa na Girka a kan sojojin mamayar Jamus. Ta mayar da hankali ga kokarin da ta yi na daukar wasu mata don yin yaƙi da Jamusawa; [1] wannan ya biya, kuma ta sami damar samar da rundunar yaƙi wacce ta ƙware wajen amfani da dabarun karkatarwa don jawo sojojin Jamus daga wuraren da wasu mayakan adawa suka shirya su kai farmaki. Duk da nasarar wadannan ayyukan, Sara da ƙungiyarta ba koyaushe ana yaba musu da nasarorin da suka samu ba, saboda ba za a iya ganewa ba cewa mata za su iya cimma irin waɗannan ayyukan.[2][3][4]

Lokacin da take da shekaru 18, Sara ta kasance sananniya sosai don a kira ta "Kapitan Sarika". Ta ci gaba da yin yaƙi da Jamusawa har zuwa lokacin da aka 'yantar da Girka a ƙarshen 1944. Bayan janyewar sojojin Jamus, Girka ta sauka cikin yakin basasa yayin da bangarorin hagu da dama a cikin ƙasar suka yi yaƙi don iko. Kungiyar 'yan tawaye ta Sara ta kasance a adawa da gwamnatin Girka ta dama, wanda ya haifar da kama ta. Koyaya, an sake ta kuma ta sake zama a Isra'ila.

A shekara ta 1991 wani Makami mai linzami na SCUD na Iraqi ya lalata gidanta a Isra'ila a lokacin yakin Gulf na Farisa . 

## Manazarta
Wasikar Amarna EA 248

A Tsohon Misira, Lokacin Amarna (c. 1350 BC) ya ga wasikun diflomasiyya da aka aika zuwa birnin Akhetaton (Amarna), yana ba da kyakkyawar fahimta game da yanayin siyasa a lokacin.

Wasikar Amarna EA 248 (EA 248) wasika ce ta Yashdata, mai mulki da ya yi gudun hijira, ga Fir'auna, kuma ya ambaci Biridiya na Megiddo.

## Rubutun da aka fassara
Ka ce  sarki, ubangijina, Rana da Allah: saƙon Ya (shd) ata, amintaccen bawan sarki da datti a ƙafafun sarki.[to] Na fada a gaban sarki, ubangijina, Rana da Allah, sau 7 da 7.

[9-22] Bari sarki, ubangijina, ya san cewa duk abin da sarki, ubanniyata, ya ba bawansa, mutanen Than[ak]a [sun kashe ni; sun yanka shanu na kuma sun kore ni.[l][his] Don haka yanzu ina tare da Biridiya. Bari Sarki, ubangijina, ya san bawansa.[1]

## Rubutun Akkadian
EA 248

248:001 [a-na ]m. LUGAL-ri EN-ia

248:002 ko d.UTU ko DINGIR. MEß-ia

248:003 qí-bí-ma um-ma m.**ya-a[$-d]a-ta**

248:004 ÌR ki-it-ti LUGAL-ri

248:005 ne kawai. MEß LUGAL-ri

248:006 a-na GÌR. MEß LUGAL-ri

248:007 EN-ia ko d.UTU ko DINGIR. MEß-ia

## Manazarta
Wasikar Amarna EA 290

**Wasikar Amarna EA 290**, mai taken: "Uku a kan Ɗaya",  tana ɗaya daga cikin gajerun haruffa biyu, na shida, daga Abdi-Heba mai mulki na Urushalima. A cikin wasiƙun Urushalima, Urushalima ita ce "Uru-Salem" ("Birnin-Peace").

Wasikar Amarna EA 285, kamar wasikar Amarna UAE 285 (Soja-Mai mulki na Urushalima) gajerun "rubutu" ne idan aka kwatanta da haruffa masu tsawo na EA 286, EA 287, EA 288, & EA 289.

Takaitaccen wasika na EA 290, ya taƙaita rikice-rikice na cikin gida na jihohin birni makwabta da shugabanninsu, da kuma matsalar Habiru ('Apiru). Harafin ya fi tsayi fiye da tsayi, kimanin 6.1 cm tsawo x 7.3 cm fadi. Yana da wasu lalacewa (lacunae), amma bai isa ya rufe labarin gajeren wasika ba /&nbsp;&nbsp;

Harafin Amarna, kimanin 300, wanda aka ƙidaya har zuwa EA 382, a tsakiyar karni na 14 BC, kimanin 1350 KZ da shekaru 20-25 bayan haka, wasiƙa. An samo tarin haruffa na farko a garin Akhetaton" id="mwJw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaton, a cikin bene na Ofishin Jakadancin Fir'auna; daga baya an sami wasu, suna ƙarawa ga jiki haruffa.

Wasika EA 290 (duba a nan- (A gefe da baya): https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Text&ObjectID=P271092), an ƙidaya shi VAT 1646, daga Gidan Tarihi na Vorderasiatisches Berlin.

## Wasikar

### EA 290: "''"Uku da Ɗaya"''"
EA 290, wasika ta shida daga shida.  (Ba fassarar layi ba, fassarar layi-da-layi, da Ingilishi daga Faransanci.)  (A gefe & baya):

Bayani: (Dubi a nan: https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Text&ObjectID=P271092) 

: (Lines 1-4) - **[Sa]y [t]o sarki, ubangijina: saƙon 'Abdi-Heba, bawanka. ** **Na faɗi a ƙafafun [na dangi]g, ubangijina, sau 7 da sau 7.**  (watau "Mafi yawa") 

: (5-1) - **Ga aikin** da Milkilu da Shuardata suka yi *a kan ƙasar*: a kan ƙasar sarki, ubangijina, *an ba da umarni* ga sojoji 2 daga Gazru, sojoji daga Gimtu, da sojoji daga Qiltu. **Sun kama Rubutu. Ƙasar sarki ta bar Hapiru.**

Reverse & Left Side: (Dubi a nan: https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Text&ObjectID=P271092) (Ko a nan: http://www.amarna.cchs.csic.es/amarna/mainacadioeng.html) 

: (14)
: (15-21) - Kuma yanzu, ban da wannan, wani gari na Urushalima, BitdNIN-URTA da suna, wani birni na sarki, ya wuce zuwa gefen mutanen Qiltu. **Bari sarki ya saurari 'Abdi-Heba, bawanka, kuma ya aika da masu harbi don maido da ƙasar sarki ga sarki.**

: (22-3) - **Idan babu masu harbi, ƙasar sarki za ta bar Hapiru. ** **Wannan aikin** *a kan ƙasar* shine [a]t umarnin Milki[lu da kuma a]t umarni4 na [Shuard]atu, *[tare da]* **[[Ginti|Gint[i]]] .** Don haka sarki zai samar da ƙasar .[his] - (cikakke, EA 290, tare da dawo da ƙananan lacunae, layi 1-30) 

## Manazarta
Wasikar Amarna EA 223

**Wasikar Amarna EA 223**, mai taken: "Gaskiya Tare da Dokoki",  ta kasance gajeren allon yumɓu daga Endaruta na birnin-jiha Achshaph" id="mwEw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Achshaph">Akšapa (Achshaph). Ita ce kawai wasika da Endaruta ta rubuta. Ɗaya daga cikin wasiƙu goma na Fir'auna da aka rubuta wa mutane / ko jihohi a cikin wasiƙun Amarna, ita ce Wasikar Amarna EA 367 (mai taken: Daga Fir'auna zuwa Vassal).

Harafin Amarna, kimanin 300, wanda aka ƙidaya har zuwa EA 382, a tsakiyar karni na 14 BC, kimanin 1350 KZ da shekaru 20-25 bayan haka, corpus" id="mwGw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Text corpus">wasiƙa. An samo tarin haruffa na farko a garin Akhetaton" id="mwHQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaton, a cikin bene na Ofishin Jakadancin Fir'auna; daga baya an sami wasu, suna ƙarawa ga jikin haruffa.

Wasika EA 223 tana da ƙidaya VAT 1870, daga Gidan Tarihi na Vorderasiatisches na Berlin.

## Wasikar

### EA 223: ''"Dubatar da Dokoki"''
EA 223, wasika ta farko ta ɗaya, daga Endaruta na birnin-jiha Akšapa.  (Ba fassarar layi ba, layi-da-layi.) 

A gaba Duba a nan https://cdli.ucla.edu/dl/photo/P271165.jpg; zane na layi, https://cdli.ucla.edu/dl/lineart/P271165_l.jpg

: (Lines 1-) -Ka ce wa k[in]g, ubangijina, Sun fr[om] s[k]y: Saƙon En[d]a[t]a,1 bawanka.[r] Na durƙusa a gaban sarki, ubangijina, sau 7 da 7.

## Manazarta
Wasikar Amarna EA 270

**Wasikar Amarna EA 270**, mai taken: "Kashewa,"  wata wasika ce mai siffar ovate, matsakaici, mai tsayi, kusan 3 a cikin fadi x 4 a cikin tsayi, daga Milkilu magajin gari / mai mulkin Gazru (Gezer), na tsakiyar karni na 14 BC wasikun Amarna.

marubuta sun ziyarci biranen Kan'ana, tare da gajeren 'ra'idojin matsayi' da aka aika wa Fir'auna (Sarki) suna ba da rahoto game da birni ko asusun yanki, misali matsalolin da Habiru, ko wasu al'amuran waje. Yawancin haruffa na Kan'ana gajere ne, tare da wasu kusan iri ɗaya na kalmomi, da kuma shimfidar haruffa allon yumɓu. Milkilu ya rubuta EA 268 ta hanyar EA 271. Harafin Amarna EA 270- (layi 29) kusan iri ɗaya ne a siffar EA 271- (layi 27), tare da layin farawa na gefen, kusan iri ɗaya a cikin kalmomi, da kuma sarari.

Harafin Amarna, kimanin 300, wanda aka ƙidaya har zuwa EA 382, a tsakiyar karni na 14 BC, kimanin 1350 KZ da shekaru 20-25 bayan haka, wasiƙa. An samo tarin haruffa na farko a garin Akhenaton, a cikin bene na Ofishin Jakadancin Fir'auna; daga baya an sami wasu, suna ƙarawa ga jikin haruffa.

Wasika EA 270 (duba a nan: 1-*Hoton* (A gefe & baya): https://web.archive.org/web/20150418201142/http://www.cristoraul.com/ENGLISH/readinghall/UniversalHistory/THE_OLD_WORLD/Library/New-Light-on-the-Bible-and-the-Holy-land-Dateien/image002.jpg, 2-Line art, da dai sauransu.https://web.archive.org/web/20150504064426/http://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view_new.php?ObjectID=P270947 ), an ƙidaya shi BM 29845, daga Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya.

## Wasikar

### EA 270: "Kaddamarwa"''"Kazantawa"''
EA 270, wasika huɗu daga biyar.  (Ba fassarar layi ba, fassarar layi-da-layi, da Ingilishi daga Faransanci.)  (A gefe & baya):

: Lines 1-8) --**Ka gaya wa sarki, ubangijina, allahn ni, Rana: saƙon Milkilu, bawanka, datti a ƙafafunka. ** **Na fada a gaban sarki, ubangijina, allahntaka, Rana, sau 7 da 7.**
: (9-16) -**Bari sarki, ubangijina, ya san ayyukan da Yanhamu ke yi mini tun lokacin da na bar sarki, ubanniyata.**
: (1-21) --Ya gaske yana son shekel 2000 na azurfa daga gare ni, kuma ya ce mini, **"Hand ov[er]** matarka da 'ya'yanka, ko kuma zan kashe (ku)."**Matarka da 'ya'yanka maza, ko kuma zan kashe (ku). "**
: (22-29) -**Bari sarki ya san wannan aikin, kuma bari sarki, ubangijina, ya aika da karusai ya ɗauke ni zuwa gare kansa don kada in hallaka.** -- (cikakke EA 270, ƙananan kawai, maido da lacunae, layi 1-29) -->

## Manazarta

* Moran, William L. *Wasiƙun Amarna.*. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
Wasikar Amarna EA 286

**Wasikar Amarna EA 286**, mai taken: "A Throne Granted, Not Inherited,"  wata wasika ce mai tsawo, mai kyau, kusan 8 a tsayi, da 3.5 a faɗin, daga Abdi-Heba magajin gari / mai mulkin Urushalima, na tsakiyar karni na 14 BC wasikun Amarna. Marubucin wasiƙunsa shida zuwa Masar "marubucin Urushalima" ne ya rubuta su; EA 286 yana da matsakaici, kuma yana da wasika.

Ba kamar irin wannan haruffa mai tsawo ba daga Marubucin Urushalima, (EA 287, EA 288, da kuma gajeren EA 289), EA 286 ya lalace a duk faɗin ta hanyar rushewa, mai yiwuwa daga danshi. Sauran ƙananan sassan allon yumɓu sun ɓace gaba ɗaya, tare da rubutun da mahallin labarin ya bayar.

Harafin Amarna, kimanin 300, wanda aka ƙidaya har zuwa EA 382, wasiƙa ce ta tsakiyar karni na 14 BC daga kimanin 1350 KZ da shekaru 20-25 daga baya. An samo tarin haruffa na farko a garin Akhenaton, Akhetaten, a bene na Ofishin Jakadancin Fir'auna; daga baya an sami wasu, suna ƙarawa ga jikin haruffa.

Wasika EA 286 (duba a nan- (A gefe da baya): https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Text&ObjectID=P271088), an ƙidaya shi VAT 1642, daga Gidan Tarihi na Vorderasiatisches Berlin.

## Wasika

### EA 286: "An ba da kursiyin, Ba a Godiya ba"
EA 286, wasika biyu daga shida.  (Ba fassarar layi ba, fassarar layi-da-layi, da Ingilishi daga Faransanci.)  (A gefe & baya):

A gefe (duba a nan: http://www.amarna.cchs.csic.es/amarna/Tablillas/EA%20287/EA%20287-VAT%201644%20(1).jpg) 

:# Ka ce [t]o sarki, ubangijina:
:# Saƙon Abdi-Heba, bawanka.
:# Na faɗi a ƙarƙashin ƙafafun ubangijina, sarki,
:# Sau 7 da sau 7.
:# Me na yi wa sarki, ubangijina?
:# Sun zarge ni: [ú-ša-a-ru] 
:# a gaban sarki, ubangijina, "Abdi-Heba
:# ya yi tawaye da sarki, ubangijinsa. "
:# Ganin hakan, kamar yadda na damu, ba mahaifina ba
:# ko mahaifiyata ta sanya ni
:# a cikin wannan wuri,
:# amma hannun sarki mai ƙarfi
:# ya kawo ni cikin gidan mahaifina.
:# me ya sa ya kamata in aikata dukkan mutane
:# laifi ne ga sarki, ubangijina?
:# Kamar yadda sarki, ubangijina, yana rayuwa,
:# Ina gaya wa kwamishinan sarki, , ubangiji, "Me ya sa kake son[my]
:# *<nowiki/>'Apiru*, amma magajin gari
:# ka ƙi? "Saboda haka,
:# An yi mini tsegumi a gaban sarki, ubangijina.
:# Domin na ce, "Lost are
:# ƙasashen sarki, ubangijina, "daidai
:# An yi mini tsegumi a gaban sarki, ubangijina.
:# Bari sarki, ubangijina, ya san cewa
:# (ko da yake) sarki, ubangijina ya tsaya
:# garuruwa (a nan),
:# Enhamu ya dauke ni[t al]l. [ ... ]

## Manazarta

* Moran, William L. *Wasiƙun Amarna.*. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
Wasikar Amarna EA 282

**Wasikar Amarna EA 282** ɗan gajeren allon yumɓu ne na ovate wasikar Amarna, wanda ke cikin Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya, lamba ta 29851.

Wasikar ta ƙunshi layi 16 kawai na rubutun cuneiform, a cikin Akkadian, tare da layi 12 zuwa 16 da ke rufe rabin gefen allon. Lura, marubuci, kodayake allon ba shi da sakin layi, ya rubuta layi tare da kasan gefen gaba a ƙasa da layi 11; kuma kamar haka, a farkon wasikar, an rubuta layi sama da saman layi 1, a gaban. (Dubi hoton, A gefe: [1])

Wasika EA 282 ta fito ne daga ki="17" href="./Šuwardata" id="mwEg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Šuwardata">Šuwardata, na Qiltu (ya dace a cikin haruffa Amarna: "Mutum- (LÚ), URU-Qiltu- (ki), "Gwamnati-ko" ko 'Mutum na (URU) -City- (sa) '), ga Fir'auna na Masar, kuma ya fito ne daga ɗayan jihohin da ke cikin Kan'ana. A gani, allon yana da alamun cuneiform da ke da nau'in ovate, kusan a kan dukkan wasikar, maimakon 282 yana da ma'auni, yana da ma da ma'anar, yana da labari na sama. Hoton da aka gano (wanda aka nuna), kuma yana nuna bayyanar fasaha. Yawancin haruffa na Amarna sun fi dacewa, kuma kamar rubutu, kodayake nau'ikan haruffa da yawa, da kuma nau'ikan yumɓu, suna haifar da bambance-bambance masu ban mamaki a bayyanar wasikar Amarna.

Harafin Amarna, kimanin 300, wanda aka ƙidaya har zuwa EA 382, a tsakiyar karni na 14 BC, kimanin 1350 KZ da shekaru 20 bayan haka, wasiƙa. An samo tarin haruffa na farko a garin Akhenaton, a cikin bene na Ofishin Jakadancin Fir'auna; daga baya an sami wasu, suna ƙarawa ga jikin haruffa.

## Wasikar

### Bayani game da EA 282
Yawanci wasika ta Amarna tana bayyana mai aikawa (PN, sunan mutum), mai ba da jawabi (PN), da kuma garin / yankin da suka fito. Ba a ambaci Qiltu, birnin / yankin Šuwardata ba. A cikin gabatarwa, EA 282 yana da ɗan gajeren tsari, (tare da ƙarin "over-flowing", "7 da 7 (lokaci) over-flowed", wanda ba a saba gani a cikin haruffa Amarna). Har ila yau, haruffa da yawa suna amfani da "a gaba, da kuma a baya", suna yin wannan harafin 2 karin layi a tsawon. In ba haka ba, EA 282 shine kusan mafi ƙanƙanta wasika, yana cewa: Mutane, gabatarwa, sanarwa na matsayi, da buƙatar ci gaba da taimakon Archer-sojoji / Fir'auna.

## Manazarta

* Masanin binciken Littafi Mai-Tsarki, lokacin rani na 1982, shafuffuka na 146-147. Ya haɗa da zane-zane na allon yumɓu wanda ke nuna alamar cuneiform.&nbsp;
* Moran, William L. *Wasiƙun Amarna.*. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
Wasikar Amarna EA 330

**Wasikar Amarna EA 330**, mai taken: "Dirt a ƙafafun Sarki"  wata wasika ce mai siffar ovate- (squarish), ƙaramar wasika, daga Šipṭi-Ba'la magajin gari / mai mulkin Lachish (Tel Lachish), na tsakiyar karni na 14 BC wasikun Amarna.

Marubutan sun ziyarci biranen Kan'ana, tare da gajeren 'ra'idojin matsayi' da aka aika wa Fir'auna (Sarki) suna ba da rahoto game da birni ko asusun yanki, misali matsalolin da Habiru, ko wasu al'amuran waje. Yawancin haruffa na Kan'ana gajere ne, tare da wasu kusan iri ɗaya na kalmomi, da kuma shimfidar haruffa allon yumɓu.

Harafin Amarna, kimanin 300, wanda aka ƙidaya har zuwa EA 382, a tsakiyar karni na 14 BC, kimanin 1350 KZ da shekaru 20-25 bayan haka, wasiƙa. An samo tarin haruffa na farko a garin Akhenaton, a cikin bene na Ofishin Jakadancin Fir'auna; daga baya an sami wasu, suna ƙarawa ga jikin haruffa.

Wasika EA 330 tana cikin Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya.

## Wasikar
Wasika 330 ta takaice ce, Abverse yana dauke da layi 10 kawai; Reverse 11. Lines 1-8 na Obverse shine gabatarwar wasika, tare da saƙo ga Sarki (Faraoh), farawa a layin 9, Obverse.

Ɗaya daga cikin bambance-bambance na Gabatarwa, yawancin haruffa na jihohi (daga birni-jihohi) suna amfani da maganganun: "7 da 7 kuma, ... Na sunkuya ƙasa".  (Ina magana da kai (Faraoh), sau da yawa. ) A wasu haruffa na Amarna, EA 64, EA 282, da wannan wasika, EA 330, an kara da rubutun cuneiform, ta hanyar ƙara kalmomin "don ambaliyar ruwa", (Akkadain **mīlu** .  ) Wato "7 da 7 sau da yawa, da yawa, ... *Na sunkuyar da kai"*.  (Ruwa (mīlu), ana amfani dashi a cikin EA 359, Sarkin Yaƙi saga . ) 

## Manazarta

* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
* Rainey, 1970 El Amarna Tablets, 359-379, Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, Alter Orient Altes Testament 8, Kevelaer da Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, shafuka 107.
Wasikar Amarna EA 299

**Wasikar Amarna EA 299**, mai taken: "A Plea for Help",  wani ɗan gajeren allon yumbu ne na Amarna daga *"gwamna"* Yapahu na birnin-jiha Gazru . Yankin allon yumɓu ya lalace, amma har yanzu ana iya karanta cuneiform.

Allon yana da matsakaici a launi (lt tan - matsakaici lt cakulan: (duba a nan: [1])) kuma yana da kimanin 12 cm tsawo, kuma babban allon, kimanin 8.5 cm. Allon yana cikin Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya, lamba ta 29832.  

Harafin Amarna, kimanin 300, wanda aka ƙidaya har zuwa EA 382, a tsakiyar karni na 14 BC, a kusa da 1360 BC da shekaru 30-35 daga baya, wasiƙa. An samo tarin haruffa na farko a garin Akhetaton" id="mwGg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaton, a cikin bene na Ofishin Jakadancin Fir'auna; daga baya an sami wasu, suna ƙarawa ga jiki haruffa.

## Wasikar

### EA 299: "Roka don Taimako"''"Alkawarin Taimako"''
EA 299, wasika lamba uku na hudu daga Yapahu na Gazru.  (Ba fassarar layi ba, layi-da-layi.) 

A gaba (Dubi a nan: https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Text&ObjectID=P270934) (ko High Def: https://web.archive.org/web/20070105053836/http://www.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ355/choi/images/bb005.jpg) 

: Sashe na I

: (Lines 1-11) - **Ga sarki, ubangijina, allahna, Rana, Rana [f] daga sama: Saƙon Yapahu, mai mulkin Gazru, bawanka, datti a ƙafafunka, ango na dawakai. ** **Gaskiya na fada a ƙafafun sarki, ubangijina, allahntaka, Rana, Rana daga sama, sau 7 da sau 7, a cikin ciki da baya.**

## Manazarta
Wasikar Amarna EA 325

Wasikar Amarna EA 325, mai taken: "Kwarewar da aka kammala (2)," [1] ita ce gajeren allon yumɓu na Amarna daga Yidya gwamnan-'mayor' na Ašqaluna. Wasika ce da ke jawabi ga Fir'auna da manyan kalmomi, tare da bayyana cewa 'gwamnan Ašqaluna' yana yin shiri don isowar sojojin Fir'auna, masu harbi (Masar pitati). EA 325 wasika ce ta mulkin mallaka (daga Kan'ana), kuma tana da wasu irin wannan bayyanar, misali bayyana kamar haruffa EA 270 da EA 271.

## Wasikar

### EA 325: ''"An kammala shirye-shirye (2),"''
EA 325, wasika biyar daga bakwai, ta Yidya.  (Ba fassarar layi ba, fassarar layi-da-layi, da Ingilishi daga Faransanci.) 

: (Lines 1-9) --**[Ga] sarki, ubangijina, allahna, Rana, Rana daga s]ky; Saƙon Yidya, bawanka, datti a ƙafafunka, ango na dawakai.[yo] ** **Gaskiya ina durƙusa kaina, a baya da kuma a cikin ciki, a ƙafafun sarki, ubangijina, sau 7 da 7.**
: (10-14) --Ina da gaske ina tsaron wurin sarki, ubangijina, da kuma birnin sarki, ubajina, [inda] nake.[w] **Wanene kare wanda ba zai yi biyayya da umarnin sarki ba, Rana daga sama?**
: (1-19) --Na shirya komai gaba daya - [abinci], abin sha mai ƙarfi, shanu, tumaki, da awaki, **hatsi, kara, duk abin da sarki, ubangijina, ya ba da umarni. **[f] **Gaskiya na shirya shi.**
: (20-22) --**Kuma ni da gaske** ne p*[gyara]* **harajin Rana, daidai da comma[nd] na sarki, ubangijina, Rana daga sama.**

## Rubutun Akkadian
Rubutun Harshen Akkadian: 

## Manazarta

* Moran, William L. *Wasiƙun Amarna.*. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
Wasikar Amarna EA 366

**Wasikar Amarna EA 366** ta fito ne daga sarkin Gath (Šuwardata) zuwa sarkin Masar. Wasikar (wani ɓangare na wasikun Amarna) ta ba da rahoton cewa sarki ya kashe tashin hankali na Habiru.

Wasikar ta fara ne da adireshin da ake zaton ya dace da farkon rahoto na leken asiri.

## [[Habiru|'Apiru]]" id="mwEw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Habiru">Habiru / Apiru

Magana game da Habiru ya nuna rikici na lokacin, kamar yadda Habiru ya mamaye birane ko yankuna. Taswirar ta nuna birane da yankuna daban-daban, da kuma hulɗarsu da Habiru. (Akwai haruffa 3 kawai daga Labaya na Shechem" id="mwHQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Shechem">Šakmu / Shechem.) Magana mafi kusa da Habiru daga haruffa na Urushalima ne na Abdi-Heba, kai tsaye kudu a Urushalima, haruffa EA 286, 287, 288, 289, da EA 290.

## Manazarta
Wasikar Amarna EA 323

**Wasikar Amarna EA 323**, mai taken: A Royal Order for Glass,  ƙarami ne, murabba'i, mafi yawa wasika mai laushi da aka rubuta a bangarorin biyu, amma rabin *baya* ne kawai; an kuma rubuta shi a kasa, kuma wasika ce daga 'gwamna' Yidya, kuma taƙaitacciyar wasika ce kamar yawancin sauran wasikun Amarna, an ƙidaya EA 320 zuwa EA 326.

EA 323 ta yi takaice sosai cewa ana iya bayyana shi kamar haka: tsarin sunkuyar da kai ga Fir'auna (an rubuta wasikar ga Sarki / Fir'auna), sanarwa game da shi yana kula da birninsa na Ascalon- (ASqaluna na haruffa), da kuma batun isar da gilashi ga Sarkin Masar.

Harafin allon yumɓu yana cikin Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya, lamba ta BM 29836.  (A gefe guda, duba a nan: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collectionimages/AN00149//AN00149403_001_l.jpg) 

Harafin Amarna, kimanin 300, wanda aka ƙidaya har zuwa EA 382, a tsakiyar karni na 14 BC, kimanin 1350 KZnbsp; da shekaru 20-25 bayan haka, wasiƙa. An samo tarin haruffa na farko a garin Akhenaton, a cikin bene na Ofishin Jakadancin Fir'auna; daga baya an sami wasu, suna ƙarawa ga jikin haruffa.&nbsp;

## Wasikar

### EA 323: ''"A Royal Order for Glass"''
EA 323, wasika ta huɗu daga bakwai.  (Ba fassarar layi ba, fassarar layi-da-layi, da Ingilishi daga Faransanci.) 

*A gefe guda:*

: (Lines 1-5) --**Ga sarki, ubangijina, allahna, Rana, Rana daga sama: Saƙon Yidya, bawanka, datti a ƙafafunka, ango na dawakai.**
: (6-13) --Na yi wa kaina kwance, a baya da kuma a cikin ciki, a ƙafafun sarki, ubangijina, sau 7 da sau 7. **Gaskiya ina tsaron [pl]ace na sarki, ubangijina da birnin sarki (Ashkelon), bisa ga umarnin sarki, ubbijina, Rana daga sama.**
: (13-16) --Game da sarki, ubangijina ya ba da umarnin**na gilashi.**, na aika wa k[ing], ubangijina, 30 (ƙananan) gilashi.[her][l]

## Manazarta

* Moran, William L. *Wasiƙun Amarna.*. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
* Rainey, 1970 El Amarna Tablets, 359-379, Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, Alter Orient Altes Testament 8, Kevelaer da Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, shafuka 107.
Wasikar Amarna EA 365

**Wasikar Amarna EA 365**, mai taken Furnishing Corvée Workers,  wani nau'i ne mai laushi, mafi yawa allon yumɓu, amma mai kauri (shaped), don ƙunsar rubutu wanda ke ci gaba zuwa gefen dama, gefen dama na gefen gaba, da kuma gefen dama ya gefen baya na allon.

Rubutun yana ci gaba, kamar yadda ake buƙatar layin ƙarshe (layin 31) kuma an rubuta shi a gefen ƙarshe na kwamfutar hannu - don haka ana samun rubutu a kan sassan 5 - A gefe, Bottom Edge, Reverse, Top Edge, da Side.

Wasika EA 365 ta rubuta ta Biridiya na Megiddo kuma an rubuta ta ga Fir'auna na Masar (a cikin karni na 14 BC, Masar da ake kira Mizri / Miṣri). Batun wasikar shine girbi amfanin gona ta hanyar aiki (tilasta) maza / mata.

Harafin Amarna, game da 300, wanda aka ƙidaya har zuwa EA 382, suna tsakiyar karni na 14 BC, game da 1360 KZ da 35? Shekaru bayan haka, wasiƙa. An samo tarin haruffa na farko a garin Akhetaton" id="mwGg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaton, a cikin bene na Ofishin Jakadancin Fir'auna; daga baya an sami wasu, suna ƙarawa ga jikin haruffa.

## Rubutun EA 365, baya

### A baya, rabi na sama

: (Farko na baya) ReverseTop Half

Rubutun Harshen Ingilishi mai zuwa, da Akkadian daga Rainey ne, 1970, El Amarna Tablets, 359-379: 

: (Line 15) --Amma- (=kuma) duba!  (**Amma Dubi!**, babban batun **Ya biyo baya**) 
: (16) --Sarakunan birni
: (17) --waɗanda suke tare da ni
: (18) --ba sa yin hakan
: (19) --kamar yadda ni. Ba su da
: (20) - noma
: (21) --a cikin Šunama (" (birni) -Šunama- (ku) ") 
: (22) --kuma ba su da kayan aiki
: (23) --ma'aikata masu aiki; da kuma
: (ƙarshen hoto na sama da rabi) 
: (24) --kamar yadda yake a gare ni, (gl (AL) (:")).. **watau** (duk da kaina),
: (25) --Ina ba da ma'aikata.
: (26) --Daga Yapû (" (birni) -Yapu- (ku) ") 
: (27) --sun zo, daga th[em]
: (28) -- (da kuma) daga nan, da kuma daga baya[m]
: (29) --Nuribta
: (Side-Lines 30-31) --Kuma bari Sarki, Ubangijinsa, ya sanar da shi game da garinsu.

## Manazarta

* Moran, William L. *Wasiƙun Amarna.*. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
* Rainey, 1970 El Amarna Tablets, 359-379, Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, Alter Orient Altes Testament 8, Kevelaer da Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, shafuka 107.
Leon Yehuda Recanati

**Leon Yehuda Recanati** (Ibraniyawa; 1890-1945)  ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan ƙasar Girka kuma shugaban al'ummar Yahudawa wanda ya zama fitaccen ma'aikacin banki da mai ba da agaji a Mandatory Palestine .

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Leon Yehuda Recanati a cikin 1890 a Thessaloniki . Ya kasance jagora a cikin al'ummar Yahudawa na Girka har sai da ya yi hijira zuwa Mandatory Palestine a 1935. A shekara ta 1936, an zabe shi a matsayin wakilin al'ummar Yahudawa na Girka a Majalisar Yahudawa ta Duniya . [1] 'Ya'yan Recanti, Harry, Daniel, Raphael, da Jacques sun kafa IDB Holding Corporation, ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin saka hannun jari a Isra'ila.[2][1] 'Ya'yansa maza sun ba da gudummawa ga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Leon Recanati a Jami'ar Tel Aviv don girmama shi a shekarar 1966. [1] Bugu da kari, sun ba da sunan Tasalonika da Cibiyar Tarihin Yahudawa ta Girka a cikin ƙwaƙwalwarsa.[3]

## Bankin da gwagwarmayar jama'a
A cikin 1935, Recanati ta kafa Bankin Ragewa na Falasdinu a Tel Aviv; daga baya ma'aikatar za ta zama Bankin Rarraba na Isra'ila. A cikin shekarunsa na baya, ya shiga cikin ayyukan agaji kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin zartarwa na Society of Friends of the Hebrew University kuma shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban Banim L'Gvulam, wanda ya karfafa zaman Yahudawa na Sephardic a Falasdinu.  A shekara ta 1985, an girmama Recanati a kan hatimi na tunawa da Isra'ila.

## Manazarta
Wasikar Amarna EA 364

**Wasikar Amarna EA 364**, mai taken Justified War,  wasika ce ta allon yumɓu daga Ayyab, mai mulkin Aštartu, zuwa Fir'auna Akhenaton (1350s-1330s BC).

Yana ɗaya daga cikin haruffa na Akhenaton" id="mwGw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Akhetaten">Amarna, 382 a duka, wanda ya kasance daga c. 1360 - c. 1332 BC.[1][2] An samo tarin haruffa na farko a garin Amarna, wanda Akhenaten ya kafa, a bene na Ofishin Jakadancin Fir'auna.

Wasikar amsa ce ga Fir'auna Saha nufin wasika daga manzon Fir'auna Tahmassi. A ciki, Ayyab, *mai mulki* (sau da yawa - ("wanda / wanda"- (ša)) -"Mutumin, birni") - Ashtartu, wanda ke kula da ɗayan biranen birni a Kan'ana, yana bayyana jajircewarsa na kare birnin (da yankin), bayan birane uku a yankin sun kai hari daga Habiru.

Allon yana auna kimanin 4 a cikin x 2.3 a cikin kuma yana cikin yanayi mai kyau. Saboda ƙuntataccen sa, kowane layi yana da matsakaicin tsakanin haruffa 4 zuwa 7 na cuneiform a cikin Harshen Akkadian.

Glossenkeils da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin wasika 364:

## Rubutun
Rubutun Harshen Ingilishi mai zuwa, da Akkadian daga Rainey ne, 1970, El Amarna Tablets, 359-379: 

: (Line 1) --Ga "Sarki, Ubangijinmu",
: (2) --don haka (yana magana) Ayyab
: (3) --Bawanka: a
: (4) --ƙafafun ubangijina
: (5) --7 sau (kuma) 7 sau
: (6) --Na fadi. Ni ne bawa
: (7) --na "Sarkin, Ubangijinmu", *"Kuma"*--[ "da"=Ù (wanda Rainey ya watsar) ]
: (8) -- (*a">"kuma"*) **ƙura** (a?) (watau ƙasa) - (ƙura= SAHAR /**: (-gl-) <s a="" href="./Pa_(cuneiform)" rel="mw:WikiLink">pa id="mwcA" typeof="mw:File">[./File:Sumer_ge23.jpg ]
** - (a-pa-ru) - ("And- ("ƙura-da-ƙura") ")) () watau ((7.7-8)) - ("Kuma- ("ƙara-da-karura") ") 
:: watau ((7.7-8)) -- ("Kuma- ("ƙura da ƙura") ") 
: (9) -- (a / kasa) -ƙafafunsa biyu.
: (10) --Na yi biyayya (lit.: na ji) saƙon
: (11) --na "Sarkin, Ubangijinmu",
: (12) --zuwa gare ni daga
: (13) --hannun Atahmaya.
: (14) --Har yanzu zan tsare
: (15) --da ƙwazo
: (16) --[ƙasar] ta "Sarki, Ubangijinmu".
: (Hotunan da ke gaba) 

## Manazarta
Avraham Rakanti

Avraham Shmuel Rakanti (Ibraniyawa; 1888 - 3 Maris 1980) ɗan siyasan Girka-Isra'ila ne kuma ɗan jarida. A Girka ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin magajin garin Thessaloniki tsakanin 1925 da 1933, yayin da yake Isra'ila ya kasance memba na Knesset na Herut tsakanin 1949 da 1951.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife shi a Salonica a cikin Daular Ottoman, Rakanti ya yi karatu a cikin heder. Ya zama memba na ƙungiyar Mizrachi, kuma a cikin 1925 ya shiga ƙungiyar Revisionist Zionism, ya zama shugaban reshen Girka. A wannan shekarar ya zama mataimakin magajin gari na Thessaloniki, matsayin da ya rike har zuwa 1933. Ya kuma kafa kuma ya shirya jaridar Harshen Faransanci, Pro-Yisrael . A shekara ta 1934 ya yi Aliyah zuwa Mandatory Palestine . Wani memba na kwamitin tsakiya na Revisionist Zionist, an zabe shi zuwa Knesset na farko a 1949 a jerin Herut, amma ya rasa kujerarsa a Zaben 1951. Ya mutu a ranar 3 ga Maris 1980. An sanya masa suna a titin da ke unguwar Ramot na Urushalima. 

## Manazarta
Shlomo HaKohen na Girka

Shlomo Hacohen na Girka na iya nufin mutane biyu

* Rabbi Shlomo Hacohen, marubucin responsa, ya buga Salonika-Venice 1586–1730.
* Wani Shlomo Hacohen, wataƙila kimanin 1800, [an buƙata] mekubal da posek, wanda aka san shi da sharhinsa [yaushe?] ga ayyukan kabbalistic na Isaac Luria. Wannan ɗan Shlomo, [an buƙata] Yehudah HaKohen[yaushe?] shi ma ya buga wani aikin kabbalistic Ashmoret HaBoker (1853), da kuma aikin halakhic Oh

*

## Manazarta
Baruki Uziel

**Baruki Uziel** (Ibraniyawa; 1 ga Agusta 1901 - 20 ga Fabrairu 1977) ɗan siyasan Isra'ila ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Knesset na Jam'iyyar Liberal da Gahal tsakanin 1961 da 1969.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife shi a Thessaloniki a cikin Ottoman_Empire" id="mwDw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ottoman Empire">Daular Ottoman (a yau a Girka), Uziel ya yi Aliyah zuwa Falasdinu da ke karkashin ikon Ottoman a shekara ta 1914. Koyaya, a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na I an tura shi gudun hijira zuwa Damascus. Ya koma Falasdinu kuma ya yi karatu a Makarantar Malamai a Urushalima, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a Rehovot da Petah Tikva . Daga baya ya halarci Makarantar Shari'a ta Urushalima, inda aka tabbatar da shi a matsayin lauya, kuma daga 1934 zuwa gaba ya yi aiki a matsayin lauyoyi.

Uziel ya zama memba na Majalisar Ƙasar Yahudawa da Majalisar Wakilai ta huɗu. Ya kasance daga cikin wadanda suka kafa HaOved HaTzioni, kuma ya shiga cikin taimakawa ma'aikatan tashar jiragen ruwa na Yahudawa daga Thessaloniki su yi aliyah, kuma ya kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Baƙi na Girka kuma Shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Yahudawa na Thessaloniki

Wani memba na Jam'iyyar Progressive, ya zama memba na Jam-iyyar Liberal da aka kafa ta hanyar haɗuwa da Jam'iyyar Ci gaba da Janar Zionists. An zabe shi a Knesset a jerin Jam'iyyar Liberal a 1961, kuma an sake zabarsa a jerin Gahal (wanda aka kafa ta hanyar hadin gwiwar Jam'iyyar liberal da Herut) a shekarar 1965. Ya rasa kujerarsa a Zaben 1969.

## Manazarta
 

## Haɗin waje

* Baruch Uziela shafin yanar gizon Knesset
Samuel Valerio

Samuel ben Judah Valerio (Ibraniyawa) likita ne kuma marubuci na Yahudawa wanda ya zauna a Tsibirin Girka a rabi na biyu na karni na sha shida . Ya rubuta Yad ha-Melekh (an kammala shi a Corfu a cikin 1579, an buga shi a Venice a cikin 1586), sharhi game da Littafin Esther, da Ḥazon la-Mo'ed (an kammala su a ƙauyen kusa da Patras a cikin 1580, an buga su a Venice a 1586), sharhin falsafa game da Littafin Daniyel.[1] Akwai wani sashi daga sharhin na ƙarshe a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Amsterdam (1724-27). Valerio ya kuma rubuta Emeḳ ha-Bakha, Pi Ḥakham, da Bet ha-Malkhut, wanda ya kasance a cikin rubutun hannu.

## Manazarta
Betty Robbins

**Betty Robbins** (an haife ta **Berta Abramson**, Afrilu 9, 1924 - Fabrairu 19, 2004) ta kasance sananniyar mawaƙi. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka yi waƙoƙi. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka nada a matsayin cantor a karni na 20.

## Ayyuka
Robbins ya fara waka yayin da yake cikin 1932 yana da shekaru 8 yayin da yake zaune a Poland. Ba a yarda ta raira waƙa a cikin mawaƙa na maza a majami'a ba kuma a maimakon haka ta zauna a gaban yara maza kuma ta raira waƙoƙi da ƙarfi cantor ya sauƙaƙa. Ta yanke gashin kanta don ya dace kuma daga baya ta kasance mai ba da gudummawa a cikin mawaƙa na majami'ar Jamus a Danzig, Poland na tsawon shekaru shida kafin ta tsere wa Nazis.

Robbins wani lokacin ana bayar da rahoton cewa ita ce mace ta farko, kodayake mai ba da izini Julie Rosewald ta riga ta. An nada Robbins a matsayin cantor na Reform Temple Avodah a Oceanside, New York, a cikin 1955, lokacin da take da shekaru 31 kuma haikalin ba shi da cantor don Babban Holidays.

An bayar da rahoton nadin ta a shafin farko na The New York Times .  Baya ga aikinta na cantorial, Robbins ta koyar da ilimin addini a Haikali na Sinai Reform a Bay Shore, Long Island kuma daga baya a Lake Worth, Florida, inda ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin cantor.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
An haifi Robbins a Kavala, Girka a 1924 kuma ta koma tare da iyalinta zuwa Poland lokacin da take 'yar shekara hudu. Robbins ta halarci heder a Poland, ta kalubalanci wani malamin da ya ki ya bar ta shiga da farko amma sai ya ba ta damar halarta idan ta zauna a bayan labule a cikin hallway. A cikin 1939, Robbins da iyayenta sun bar Poland saboda mamayar Nazi kuma suka yi hijira zuwa Ostiraliya saboda Sydney ta yi kama da Bayahude ga mahaifin Robbins, wanda aka haifa a Rasha Samuel Abramson . 

Ta auri wani memba na Sojojin Sama na Amurka mai suna Sheldon Robbins, wanda ta sadu da shi a wani rawa na Haikali Emanu'eel yayin da yake hutu daga sansaninsa na New Guinea. Sun yi aure a wani bikin farar hula a Mackay, Queensland, a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 1943 kuma a wani bikin addini a Ikilisiyar Ibrananci ta Brisbane a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 1943. A ranar 8 ga watan Agusta, 1944, Robbins ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka.[1]

Babban ɗan'uwan Robbins Moishe Abramson ya bar iyalin yayin da suke zaune a Poland don ƙaura zuwa Falasdinu. Ɗanta, Steven Blue Robbins, yana koyarwa a Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Fowler a Jami'ar Jihar San Diego.

## Manazarta
Vicky Safra

**Vicky Safra** (Girkanci: ; an haife ta a ranar 1 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1952)  ƴar Girka ce mai biliyan biliyan kuma memba ne na dangin Safra .

An haifi Safra Vicky Sarfati (Βίκυ Σαφάρτη) a Girka, [1] 'yar Fortunée (née Eskenazi) (1926-2015) da Alberto El Sarfaty (1914-2003). [2] A shekara ta 1969, ta auri Joseph Safra (1938-2020). [3] Mijinta ya mutu a shekarar 2020 ya bar dukiyarsa ga ita da 'ya'yansu.[4] Ta jagoranci Gidauniyar Joseph Safra Philanthropic . [4]

Ita 'yar ƙasar Girka ce amma tana zaune a Crans-Montana, Switzerland .  Tana da 'ya'ya hudu tare da mijinta: Jacob J. Safra, Esther Safra Dayan (ya auri , ɗan Sasson Dayan), Alberto J. Safr, da David J. Sa Fra.[pt] Jacob ne ke da alhakin ayyukan kasa da kasa (Safra National Bank of New York da J. Safra Sarasin na Switzerland) yayin da David ke kula da Banco Safra a Brazil.

Ya zuwa watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024, *Forbes* ta kiyasta darajarta a dala biliyan 18.

## Manazarta
Callinicus na Heliopolis

Callinicus na Heliopolis (Hellenanci na Tsakiya: fl. 620 AD) ya kasance masanin gine-gine na Byzantine kuma masanin ilimin sunadarai na Yahudawa [4] [5] ko asalin Masar. [5] [6][6][7][8] An yaba masa da kirkirar wuta ta Girka, abin da ya gabata na mai kunna wuta.

A cewar Constantine Porphyrogenitus, ya isa Byzantium a lokacin Constantine IV kuma ya raba iliminsa na wuta mai ruwa tare da Byzantines.[1][2] Takamaiman tsari na Callinicus shine sirri mai kulawa, kuma ba a san shi ba a yau. Abubuwan da za a iya amfani da su sun haɗa da resin, asphalt, sulfur, naphtha, mai kyau quicklime, da calcium phosphide.[3]

## Dubi kuma

* 7th century in Lebanon § 670s

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Constantine Bayahude

Constantine Bayahude (kimanin 850[1] - 26 ga Disamba, bayan 886) wani malamin addinin Kirista ne na Byzantine kuma mai wa'azin bishara wanda ake girmamawa a matsayin waliyi a cikin mahallinsa na sufanci da kuma a Constantinople.

An haife shi a cikin Iyalin Yahudawa a Synada, Constantine ya yi fice a Ibrananci da Tsohon Alkawari tun yana ƙarami. An ce an tuba shi zuwa Kiristanci tun yana saurayi ta hanyar ikon Alamar gicciye, wanda ya yi ta hanyar kwaikwayon ɗan kasuwa Kirista. Cikakken juyowa ya kasance a hankali. Ana iya danganta shi da kamfen ɗin da Sarkin sarakuna Basil I (r. 867-886) ya yi don juyawa Yahudawa a farkon mulkinsa. Iyalin Constantine sun shirya masa aure, amma a ranar bikin aurensa ya gudu zuwa gidan ibada na Phlouboute, inda a ƙarshe aka yi masa baftisma.

Constantine, wanda aka fi sani da "tsohon Bayahude" (ό εξ Ιουδαιων, ho ex Iudaion),  ya kasance a Phlouboute na tsawon shekaru goma sha biyu. An naɗa shi firist don yin bishara ga Yahudawa na Nicaea. A cikin wahayin, Saint Spyridon ya gaya masa ya je Cyprus, inda ya sami wani abu na shahadar mai suna Palamon, wanda ya ba da masallacin Saint Hyakinthos a Nicaea. Bayan Phlouboute, ya shiga cibiyoyin monastic na Bithynian Olympus, inda dangin Yahudawa suka yi ƙoƙari su kama shi kuma su dawo da shi a matsayin mai gudu. Daga bisani ya zauna a Olympus, da farko a Atroa kuma daga baya a Balaios. Daga Olympus an ce ya shiga tsakani don sulhunta Sarkin sarakuna Basil I da ɗansa Leo VI, co-sarkin sarakuna tun 870 . 

Wani labari mai suna na Constantine (Acta Sanctorum, Nuwamba IV, 628-656 da Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca 370 [1]) wani ɗan Nicaean ne ya rubuta shi a farkon ƙarni na goma a lokacin mulkin Leo VI, [1] mai yiwuwa a Constantinople. [1][1] Marubucin bai saba da Constantine ba kuma ya dogara da al'adun baki don waƙarsa.[1] Ya tsira a cikin rubutun hannu guda ɗaya.[1] Marubucin ya nuna Constantine a matsayin sananne tare da aristocracy na Byzantine. Mu'ujizai da ya danganta ga tsarkakar Constantine ba na al'ada ba ne. A daya, wata mai yaudara ta fadi lokacin da Constantine ya yi alamar gicciye.[2]

Archbishop Anthony na Novgorod ya rubuta kasancewar cocin da aka keɓe ga Constantine a cikin Yankin Yahudawa na Constantinople a ƙarni na sha uku.

## Manazarta
Hanina na Sepphoris

R. Hanina ( Hananiah) na Sepphoris (Ibraniyawa: , karantawa a matsayin Rabbi Hananiah DeTziporin; madadin rubutun Ibrananci: בי חנינא דציפורי [1]) wani lokacin ana ambaton shi kawai a matsayin R. Hanin [Hananiah] ko Hanina (Hananiah) II, Amora ne na Ƙasar Isra'ila (a Byzantine Galilee a lokacin), na ƙarni na biyar na zamanin Amora.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Ya kasance almajirin Rabbi Mani II. A hankali ya tashi zuwa matakin maigidansa kuma ya tattauna da shi a matsayin "aboki" tambayoyi da yawa na halakhic. Daga bisani ya koma Sepphoris, inda ya zama shugaban addini na al'umma; saboda haka wani lokacin ana kiransa Hanina na Sepphorus . Lokacin da Mani ya koma Sepphoris (saboda tsanantawar Romawa a Tiberiya), Hanina ya yi murabus daga shugabanci a madadinsa - aikin sadaukar da kai wanda Rabbis suka yaba da shi kamar yadda yake da ƙananan kamanceceniya. Hanina, duk da haka, ba ta daɗe a Falasdinu ba. Yayin da tsanantawa ta zama gama gari kuma ba za a iya jurewa ba, sai ya yi hijira zuwa Babila, inda Ashi ke neman bayanai daga gare shi akai-akai. Iyalin Hanina sun bi shi, kuma ana girmama su sosai a ƙasar da suka karɓa. A can ne 'yar Hanina ta auri dan Ravina.

## Manazarta
Musa na tsibirin Krita

**Musa na tsibirin Krita** ya kasance mai ikirarin Almasihu na Yahudawa kuma annabi ne na apocalyptic a karni na 5 AD.

Bayan Yaƙin Bar Kokba da ya gaza, an kawo karshen ƙungiyoyin Almasihu na ƙarni da yawa. Koyaya, fatan Almasihu mai zuwa duk da haka ya ci gaba. Dangane da fassarar Talmud, ana sa ran Almasihu a cikin 440 (Sanh. 97b) ko 471 ('Ab. Zarah 9b).

Wannan tsammanin dangane da rikice-rikice a cikin daular Romawa da ke kula da mamayewa na iya haifar da bege a cikin wani mai ikirarin Almasihu wanda ya bayyana game da wannan lokacin a tsibirin Krita, kuma wanda ya sami Yahudawa a can zuwa motsi. Ya kira kansa Musa, kuma ya yi alkawarin jagorantar mutane, kamar Musa na dā, ta bushe ta cikin teku zuwa tsohuwar ƙasarsu mai tsarki ta Isra'ila da Yahudiya. Mabiyansa, sun gamsu da da'awarsa, sun bar duk dukiyarsu kuma sun jira ranar da aka yi alkawari, inda suka bi Musa zuwa wani dutse da ke kallon teku kuma a kan umarninsa suka jefa kansu: mutane da yawa sun nitse ko kuma sun hallaka su a kan duwatsu da ke ƙasa.[1]

Musa da kansa nan da nan ya ɓace bayan wannan taron. Socrates na Constantinople ya bayyana cewa Musa ya gudu, yayin da *Tarihi* Yahaya na Nikiû ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya mutu a cikin teku. Wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa shi aljani ne, wanda aka aiko don ya ɓata Yahudawa. Yayinda yake kiran kansa "Moses", Tarihi ya ba da ainihin sunansa a matsayin 'Fiskis'.

## Dubi kuma

* Masu da'awar Almasihu na Yahudawa

## Manazarta
Iliya Bashyazi

**Iliya ben [[Moses Bashyazi|Musa Bashyazi]] na Adrianople** ko **Iliya Basyazi** (a cikin Ibrananci; c. 1420 a Adrianople - 1490 a Adrianople) ya kasance hakham na Yahudawa na Karaite na karni na goma sha biyar. Bayan an koya masa a cikin wallafe-wallafen Karaite da tauhidin mahaifinsa (Moses Bashyazi) da kakansa (Menahem Bashyazi), dukansu sun koyi hakhams na al'ummar Karaite na Adrianople, Bashyazi ya tafi Constantinople, inda, a karkashin jagorancin Mordekai Comtino, ya yi karatun rabbi da lissafi, astronomy, da falsafar, a duk abin da ya zama mafi ƙwarewa.

## Hakham a Adrianople
A cikin 1460 Bashyazi ya gaji mahaifinsa a matsayin hakham na al'ummar Karaite a Adrianople . Daga wasiƙu da yawa da ya yi magana a matsayin wakilin al'ummar Karaite na Constantinople, daga 1480 zuwa 1484, zuwa al'ummomin Karaim a Lutsk da Trakai. Neubauer ya kammala cewa Bashyazi ya zauna mafi yawan lokaci a Constantinople. A cikin waɗannan wasiƙu ya bayyana a matsayin mai kare zuciya mai dumi na bangaskiyar Karaite. Ya bukaci 'yan uwansa su aika samari zuwa Constantinople don nazarin hukumomin addininsu, don kada bangaskiyarsu ta mutu, da kuma yin rayuwa mai ibada; in ba haka ba zai yi la'ana ga waɗanda aka watsar da su a ayyukansu. Ya ba da kansa ga inganta yanayin ilimi na Karaite da sauransu, wanda, sakamakon rikice-rikice na ciki game da al'amuran addini, a wannan lokacin yana da ƙarancin gaske.

## ''Aderet Eliyahu''
Don daidaita dokokin addini ya tattara lambar da ake kira *[[Aderet Eliyahu]]* (The Mantle of Elijah). Wannan lambar, wacce ta ƙunshi ka'idojin tilas da haramtacciyar doka, Karaites suna ɗaukar ta a matsayin babbar iko a kan waɗannan batutuwa. A ciki Bashyazi ya nuna ilimi mai ban mamaki, ba kawai na rubuce-rubucen Karaite na farko ba, har ma da duk mahimman ayyukan rabbi, gami da na Saadia Gaon, Ibrahim ibn Ezra, da Maimonides, waɗanda ra'ayoyinsu ya tattauna.

"Aderet" an raba shi zuwa batutuwa kuma an sake raba su zuwa surori. Batutuwan da aka tattauna sune: (1) ƙaddamar da watanni (surori 42); (2) Asabar (22 chaps.); (3) Idin Ƙetarewa (10 chaps.)); (4) Matzah (7 chaps.)); (5) Bikin Makonni (10 chaps); (6) Rosh Hashannah (2 chaps.) ؛ (7) Yom Kippur (5 chaps.) ((8) Sukkot (5 chaps)); (9) Addu'a. Wannan batun na ƙarshe ya ƙunshi sassa uku: tauhidin; ɗabi'a; da dokoki game da addu'o'i, majami'u, yanka, tsabta da ƙazanta, haramtaccen digiri a aure, niddah, shekarun saki da Jubilee, haramtacciyar Shatnez, da rantsuwa. An kammala batutuwa uku na ƙarshe, bayan mutuwar Bashyazi, ta almajirinsa, Caleb Afendopolo.

## Tsarin tauhidi
Bashyazi's theological system is a masterpiece of clarity and logical precision. Following the example of Judah Hadassi and probably of still older masters of Karaism, he set up ten articles of belief, the veracity of which he demonstrates philosophically as follows:

## Manazarta