Akhil Reed Amar

Akhil Reed Amar (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1958) ƙwararren lauya ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda aka san shi da ƙwarewa a fannin dokokin kundin tsarin mulki na Amurka . Farfesa ne na Sterling a fannin Shari'a da Kimiyyar Siyasa a Jami'ar Yale, inda ya kasance babban masanin asali, Dokar Haƙƙoƙin Amurka, da kuma tsarin laifuka .

An haifi Amar a Michigan kuma ya girma a California, kuma ya yi karatun digiri na farko a Kwalejin Yale kafin ya sami ilimin shari'a a Makarantar Shari'a ta Yale . Ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin Alkali (daga baya Justice) Stephen Breyer sannan ya zama farfesa a Makarantar Shari'a ta Yale yana da shekaru 26. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup> Shi ne kawai farfesa a Yale da ke raye da ya sami kambun jami'a sau uku: laƙabin Farfesa Sterling don tallafin karatu, lambar yabo ta DeVane don koyarwa, da kuma lambar yabo ta Lamar don hidimar tsofaffin ɗalibai.  

Amar wani reshe ne na Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Amurka  da Ƙungiyar Tarayya,  inda aikinsa ya sami kyaututtuka daga ƙungiyoyi biyu.  A cewar wani bincike na 2021 na ambato na ilimi na rayuwa da Fred R. Shapiro ya yi, Amar shine malamin shari'a na biyu da aka fi ambato a Amurka wanda har yanzu bai kai shekara 70 ba.   An ambaci aikinsa a cikin shari'o'i sama da hamsin [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|na Kotun Koli ta Amurka]] ta hanyar alkalai da ɓangarorin biyu suka naɗa, mafi girman adadin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 70. 

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Amar a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1958, a Ann Arbor, Michigan .  Yana da 'yan'uwa biyu, ɗaya daga cikinsu shine Vikram Amar, wanda shi ma masanin shari'a ne kuma shugaban Kwalejin Shari'a ta Jami'ar Illinois .  Iyayensa matasa likitoci ne daga [[Indiya]] waɗanda suka haɗu a Jami'ar Michigan .  Mahaifinsa ya zama farfesa a Jami'ar California, San Francisco .  Sunan tsakiya ya fito ne daga malamin mahaifinsa, Reed M. Nesbit . 

Amar ya girma a Walnut Creek, California, kuma ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Las Lomas a shekarar 1976.  Daga nan ya halarci Jami'ar Yale, inda ya yi digiri na biyu a [[Tarihi|fannin tarihi]] da tattalin arziki .  Ya kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Muhawara ta Yale, inda ya lashe kyautar Thacher Memorial Prize, kuma ya kasance shugaban Jam'iyyar Liberal ta Ƙungiyar Siyasa ta Yale .  Ya yi abota da ɗan jarida Richard Brookhiser na gaba a shekararsa ta farko a kwaleji,  kuma ya kammala karatunsa a matsayin mazaunin Kwalejin Ezra Stiles .  Amar ya kammala karatunsa daga Yale a shekarar 1980 da digiri na farko a fannin Fasaha, ''summa cum laude'', tare da zama memba a Phi Beta Kappa .  Ya sami sha'awar karatun tarihi a ƙarƙashin farfesoshi Edmund Morgan da John Morton Blum . 

A shekarar 1981, Amar ya shiga Makarantar Shari'a ta Yale, inda ya kasance editan ''Jaridar Shari'a ta Yale'' kuma Robert Bork ya kasance malami.   Ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1984 da digirin digirgir na Juris . Bayan kammala karatun lauya, Amar ya kasance [[Ma'aikacin Shari'a|magatakardar shari'a]] ga alkalin kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka a lokacin Stephen Breyer na Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Amurka ta Da'irar Farko daga 1984 zuwa 1985.  Ya yi hira da Alkali John Paul Stevens don neman aiki amma bai sami tayin ba.

== Aikin ilimi ==

Amar ya shiga sashen koyar da shari'a na Yale Law School a shekarar 1985 a matsayin mataimakin farfesa, sannan ya zama mataimakin farfesa a shekarar 1988 da kuma cikakken farfesa a shekarar 1990. Daga 1993 zuwa 2008, shi ne Farfesa a fannin shari'a na Southmayd na makarantar lauyoyi. Ya sami mukamin Farfesa a fannin shari'a na Sterling a shekarar 2008.  Tsoffin ɗaliban Amar sun haɗa da sanatoci huɗu na Amurka - Cory Booker, Michael Bennet, Chris Coons, da Josh Hawley - da kuma jami'an gwamnati Jake Sullivan da Neal Katyal .  Alkali Brett Kavanaugh shi ma ɗalibi ne na ɗan lokaci a Amar. 

Shi ne marubucin kasidu da littattafai da dama, ciki har da ''The Words That Made Us: America's Constitutional Constitution Conversation, 1760-1840'' da kuma littafinsa mai suna ''Born Equal: Remaking America's Constitution, 1840-1920'' . Littattafansa marasa almara sun sami taurari biyu daga Publishers Weekly da kuma taurari uku daga Kirkus Reviews .  

An zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekara ta 2007.  A shekara ta 2008, ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na Amurka Mike Gravel ya ce zai naɗa Amar a Kotun Ƙoli idan aka zaɓe shi shugaban ƙasa. 

An ba shi kyautar Barry Prize mai daraja saboda Nasarar Fasaha Mai Kyau daga Kwalejin Kimiyya da Wasiku ta Amurka a shekarar 2024. 

Amar, wanda ya bayyana kansa a matsayin mai sassaucin ra'ayi, tun daga lokacin ya shiga cikin fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a yana ɗaukar abin da ke kawo cece-kuce tsakanin masu ra'ayin ci gaba, masu rubutun ra'ayin kanka a yanar gizo, da farfesoshi.    Ya yi jayayya kan nadin Brett Kavanaugh a Kotun Koli  kuma ya yi jayayya cewa soke ''Roe v. Wade'' ba zai shafi wasu haƙƙoƙin sirri ba. 

Tun farkon shekarar 2021, ya kasance yana gabatar da shirin talabijin na mako-mako, wato ''Amarica's Constitution'' tare da wani tsohon dalibin Yale, Andy Lipka. Baƙi sun haɗa da Stephen Breyer,  Bob Woodward,  Kate A. Shaw,  Linda Greenhouse,  da Gary Hart . 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Amar da matarsa, Vinita Parkash, sun yi aure a shekarar 1989. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D; Shi ɗan jam'iyyar Democrat ne mai goyon bayan zaɓe a siyasance. 

## Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka

### Littattafai

* *Kundin Tsarin Mulki da Tsarin Laifuka: Ka'idoji na Farko* (1997) 
* *Ga Mutane* (tare da Alan Hirsch) (1997) 
* *Dokar Haƙƙoƙi: Ƙirƙira da Sake Ginawa* (1998) 
* *Tsarin Shawarwari Kan Tsarin Mulki* (wanda aka yi wa gyara tare da Paul Brest, Sanford Levinson, da Jack M. Balkin ), (2000) 
* *Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka: Tarihin Rayuwa* (2005) 
* *Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka Ba a Rubuce Ba: Abubuwan da suka Gabata da Ka'idojin da Muke Rayuwa a Kai* (2012) 
* *Babban Littafin Haƙƙoƙin 'Yanci: Littafin Jagorar Jama'a ga Dokar Haƙƙoƙin Amurka* (tare da Les Adams) (2013) 
* *Dokar Ƙasa: Babban Yawon Buɗe Ido na Jamhuriyar Tsarin Mulkinmu* (2015) 
* *Kundin Tsarin Mulki a Yau: Darussa Mara Dorewa ga Matsalolin Zamaninmu* (2016) 
* *Kalmomin da Suka Sanya Mu: Tattaunawar Tsarin Mulki ta Amurka, 1760-1840* (2021) 
* *An Haife Shi Daidai: Sake Gyara Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka, 1840-1920* (2025) 

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## Duba kuma

* Yarjejeniyar Ƙuri'ar Jama'a ta Ƙasa Tsakanin Jihohi

## Manazarta