Polly Higgins

**Pauline Helène** "**Polly**" **Higgins** FRSGS (4 Yuli 1968  - 21 Afrilu 2019) 'yar asalin Scotland ce, marubuciya, kuma mai fafutukar kare muhalli, wanda Jonathan Watts ya bayyana a cikin tarihin mutuwarta a cikin *The Guardian* a matsayin, "ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mutane a cikin green movement".  Ta bar aikinta na lauya don mai da hankali kan fafutukar kare muhalli, kuma ba ta yi nasara ba ta nemi Hukumar Doka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da ecocide a matsayin laifin kasa da kasa. Higgins ta rubuta littattafai guda uku, ciki har da *Eradicating Ecocide*, kuma ta fara ƙungiyar masu kare duniya don tara kuɗi don tallafawa lamarin. 

## Ƙuruciya da ilimi
Higgins ta girma a Blanefield kudu da Highland Boundary Fault  a gindin Dutsen Campsie a Scotland.  Mahaifinta masanin yanayi ne a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu kuma mahaifiyarta ta kasance mai fasaha.  iyalan sun yi aiki game da yanayi da al'amuran kore (climate and green) sun yi tasiri a farkon shekarunta.   Bayan ta halarci makarantar Glasgow Jesuit St Aloysius' College (1986) ta kammala digirinta na farko daga Jami'ar Aberdeen (1990) sannan ta sami Diploma ajin Farko daga Jami'ar Utrecht da Jami'ar Glasgow bayan kammala karatun digiri (1991).   A lokacin shekarunta na jami'a, ta yi aiki tare da Friedensreich Hundertwasser, mai fasaha kuma mai fafutukar kare muhalli daga Austria. Daga baya suka tafi Vienna, inda ta sami tasirantu a kan motsin halittu na Turai.  A cikin 2013, ta sami Doctor Honoris Causa daga Makarantar Kasuwanci Lausanne, Switzerland.

Ta sami horo a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar City da Inns of Court School of Law a London; a 1998, an kira ta zuwa Bar (a Ingila).  Ta yi aiki a matsayin lauya da ke Landan, ta kware a fannin shari'ar kamfanoni da aiki.   

## Shawara (Advocacy)
A ƙarshen shari'ar shekaru uku da ke wakiltar mutumin da ya ji rauni a wurin aiki, Higgins ta bayyana kallon taga a Kotun daukaka kara kuma tana tunanin "Ana raunata da kuma cutar da ƙasa kuma ba a yin komai a kai." da kuma "ƙasa na bukatar lauya nagari".  Bayan haka, ta daina aiki a matsayin lauya don mai da hankali kan bayar da shawarar kafa dokar kasa da kasa da za ta hukunta shugabannin kasuwanci da gwamnatoci ta hanyar sanya su da laifi kan cutar da muhalli da suke haifarwa.  George Monbiot ya bayyana irin tasirin da wannan zai iya yi.

An gabatar da Ecocide a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin laifuffukan yaƙi da zaman lafiya na ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin 1996, amma ba a haɗa su cikin ƙa'idar Rome ta ƙarshe ta Kotun Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya. Higgins ta fara kamfen don haɗa shi a kusan 2009.   Ta bayyana a cikin 2010 cewa ecocide "yana haifar da raguwar albarkatu, kuma inda aka sami raguwar albarkatu, yaƙi yana zuwa a baya. Inda irin wannan halaka ta taso daga ayyukan ɗan adam, ana iya ɗaukar ecocide a matsayin laifi ga zaman lafiya.”  Ta yi kira ga Hukumar Doka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da ecocide a matsayin laifin kasa da kasa, amma a lokacin mutuwarta, ba a cimma wannan buri ba. 

A matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfen ɗinta, Higgins ta rubuta *Eradicating Ecocide* kuma ta fara ƙungiyar tara kuɗi ta Kare Duniya.  Ta kasance wacce ta kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Dokar Duniya.  A cikin 2009, mujallar *Ecologist* ta bayyana Higgins a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu tunani goma a duniya".  An sanya ta lamba 35 a cikin jerin mata 100 masu jan hankali na duniya na 2016 Salt magazine. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Bayan barin Scotland, Higgins ta zauna a London   kuma daga baya ta zauna kusa da Stroud, Gloucestershire.    Ta auri Ian Lawrie, alkali da QC.  

A cikin watan Maris 2019, George Monbiot ya bayyana cewa an gano Higgins da ciwon daji na ƙarshe.  Ta mutu a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilu, 2019, tana da shekaru 50.  An binne ta a Slad, Gloucestershire. 

## wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa
**Littattafai**

* *Kawar da Ecocide: Dokoki da Mulki don Hana Lalacewar Duniyar Mu* (2010) 
* *Duniya Kasuwancinmu ne: Canja Dokokin Wasan* (2012)  )
* *I Dare you to be Great* (2014)  )
* *Dare to be Great* (2020) (  (sake bugawa tare da sabon gabatarwa & appendices)

**Takardu**

* Higgins, Polly; Short, Damien; Kudu, Nigel (2013). "Kare duniya: A tsari na dokar ecocide". Laifuka, Doka da Canjin Jama'a. 59 (3): 251-266. doi: 10.1007/ s10611-013-9413-6. S2CID 145471989.

## Daraja da Karramawa

* 1998 - Kira zuwa Bar
* 2009 - Masanin ilimin halittu - Ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu tunani na hangen nesa goma na duniya wanda "ta nuna kyakkyawan hangen nesa don kyakkyawar duniya"
* 2010-11 - Kyautar Littafin Jama'a - Ban da almara - Kawar da Ecocide ta Polly Higgins
* 2012 - Rachel Carson 50th Anniversary Memorial Lecture 2012 (London da Netherlands) - "Ending the Era of Ecocide" (Ecocide - Laifi na Biyar Against Aminci)
* 2013-14 - Arne Naess Shugaban Farfesa (non-educated) a cikin Adalci na Duniya da Muhalli a Jami'ar Oslo, Norway
* 2016 - Salt magazine: - Salt da Diageo Manyan Mata 100 masu jan hankali na Duniya, #35 Polly Higgins
* 2017 - Daraja na Ekotopfilm, Slovakia, "Shawarwarinta na tsawaita ikon Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa za ta ayyana ecocide a matsayin laifin kasa da kasa tare da kisan kare dangi, laifukan yaki, laifuffukan cin zarafin bil'adama da laifuka na zalunci."
* 2019 - Ekotopfilm, Slovakia - Kyautar Ƙwararrun  Ƙwararru na Polly Higgins

### Kayan ado na Scotland

* Royal Scottish Geographical Society: - Shackleton Medal, 2018

## Kyauta
An zabi *kawar da Ecocide* wanda ba na almara ba wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Littafin Jama'a na kasa a cikin 2011.  Higgins ta gabatar da Laccar Tunawa da Rachel Carson a cikin 2012.  Ta gudanar da digiri na girmamawa (non-academic) Arne Naess Farfesa a Jami'ar Oslo (2013-14)  kuma ta sami digiri na girmamawa daga Makarantar Kasuwanci Lausanne, Switzerland (2013).   An ba ta kyautar zumunci na Royal Scottish Geographical Society a cikin 2018.  Sauran lambobin yabonta sun haɗa da Polarbröd 's Utstickarpriset for Future Leadership (2016)  da lambar yabo ta Ekotopfilm ta Slovakian (2017). 

## Manazarta