open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ditema tsa Dinoko

**'Ditema tsa Dinoko**  (), also known as **isiBheqe soHlamvu** (), and sometimes known as **Xiyinhlanharhu xa Mipfawulo** or **Xifungho xa Manungu** in xiTsonga  and **Luṱhofunḓeraru lwa Mibvumo** or **Vhuga ha Madungo** in tshiVenḓa , is a featural syllable-based writing system created for the  It was developed from the preeminent ideographic traditions of Southern Africa, including *litema* mural art of Lesotho,

al'adar isiNdebele mai alaƙa da   ("rubuce", "don zana", "don fentin zane-zane na gargajiya"), da sauran sana'o'i na alama, kamar aikin yanki wanda ke dauke da Ideograms da morphograms,  wanda a cikin al'adar isiZulu ake kira *Amabheqe*. Ya zuwa 2025, ba a yi wani tsari don yin amfani da rubutun a cikin Unicode ba.

An tsara rubutun ne don phonologies na yarukan *siNtu* gabaɗaya. An halicce shi da manufar ƙirƙirar ingantaccen tsarin rubuce-rubuce na harshe, don magance jinkirin karatun harsunan da ke da alaƙa da yawa na yankin, saboda yawancin Multigraphs da aka yi amfani da su a cikin daidaitattun rubutun su a cikin Rubutun Latin. Harsunan da aka rubuta a cikin rubutun sun haɗa da waɗanda ba su da daidaitattun rubutun Latin, kamar harsunan Sotho na Gabas kamar SePulana da yawancin Harsunan Tekela. Ana ba da alamar da ke nuna sautin sautin, wanda aka sani da *Ingungwanyana*, musamman ga yarukan Tekela. Kamar yadda yake tare da rubutun Latin, babu wani tanadi don sautin, wanda za'a iya fahimta gabaɗaya daga mahallin.

## Sautin sautin
Alamun wasula (*onkamisa*) sun zama tushen kowane *ibheqe* ko ɓangaren syllable, a matsayin tsakiya na kowane syllable.

Hanyar kowane *ibheqe* tana nuna wasula, har zuwa bakwai masu yiwuwa:

* *Intombi*, triangle mai fuskantar sama: 
* *Isoka*, triangle mai fuskantar ƙasa: 
* *Umkhonto*, mai fuskantar sama: 
* *Iphambili*, triangle mai fuskantar hagu: 
* *Imuva*, triangle mai fuskantar dama: 
* Chevron da ke fuskantar hagu:  ko , dangane da yaren
* Chevron da ke fuskantar dama:  ko 

Akwai "sautin" na takwas wanda ke wakiltar chevron mai fuskantar ƙasa, wanda shine wasula mara amfani, wanda aka rubuta / zaki/ a cikin teburin da ke ƙasa. Ana amfani da wannan galibi don kalmomin kasashen waje don wakiltar ma'anar da ba ta da ma'ana ba tare da wasula mai zuwa ba, sau da yawa a matsayin ma'anar syllable, wanda ba ya faruwa a cikin harsunan siNtu.

A saman triangle ko chevron ya dace da sautin sautin ko gaba, tare da manyan wasula /i / da /u / nuna sama da ƙananan wasula /a / nuna ƙasa. Hakazalika, Wasula na gaba  da  suna nunawa a hagu kuma wasula na baya  da  suna nuna a dama.

## Manazarta
Fula haruffa

Fula language (Fula: Fulfulde, *Pulaar*, or *Pular*) is written primarily in the Latin script, but in some areas and contexts is still written in an older Arabic script called the Ajami script or in the recently invented Adlam script.

## Tarihi
A cikin karni na 10, an gabatar da Islama a Sahel na Yammacin Afirka kuma ya zama addinin malamai da 'yan kasuwa a biranen da suka yi ciniki sosai tare da' yan kasuwa na Arewacin Afirka. A lokaci guda da Islama ta iso Alkur'ani da Rubutun Larabci, wanda malaman Afirka ta Yamma suka yi nazari wanda ya koyi karatu, rubutu da magana da Larabci. Tare da wannan, ɗalibai da yawa da ke wucewa ta hanyar ilimin Koranic za su rubuta bayanan rubutu a cikin yarensu na asali, yawanci a gefen littattafai.

An san cewa wasu malaman Fulani suna daga cikin daliban da ke karatu a biranen kamar Timbuktu da Gao, saboda haka yana yiwuwa cewa an rubuta Fulfulde tun daga karni na 16 zuwa 17. Yayin da Islama ta isa ƙasashen Fulani a ƙarni na 17 da 18, Jihads na Fula sun kirkiro jihohin Islama da yawa a Yammacin Afirka wanda ya canza yawan jama'a kuma ya kirkiro aji na malaman da za su yi muhawara, magana, rubutu da karatu a cikin Fulani. Jihohin Imamate na Futa Jallon daga 1725 da Khalifancin Sokoto daga 1804 duka sun kasance cibiyoyin ilimi na Yammacin Afirka, tare da shayari, kimiyya, tarihi, falsafar, da addini da aka yi muhawara a Fulfulde.

## Harafin Latin

### Kalmomin da aka saba amfani da su
Akwai bambance-bambance dangane da manufofin ƙasar ko yaren Fula da aka yi amfani da shi. Akwai wasu ka'idojin da UNESCO ta kafa daga tarurruka na baya:

### Pular Fuuta Jalon (''Guinea'')
Pular Fuuta Jaloo yaren Fula ne da ake magana a Guinea . Bayan samun 'yancin kai, gwamnatin Guinea ta karɓi ka'idojin fassarar ga dukan harsunan Guinea bisa ga haruffa da haɗin diacritic da ke akwai a kan na'urorin buga Faransanci daga wannan lokacin. An yi amfani da haruffa na yarukan Guinea a hukumance don harsunan asalin Guinea har zuwa 1989.

An kafa taron don sake fasalin haruffa a cikin 1988,  kuma an yanke shawarar karɓar rubutun da ya yi kama da haruffa na Afirka wanda aka yi amfani da shi a ko'ina cikin Afirka ta Yamma.   A game da Pular, wannan canjin ya kawo rubutun hukuma cikin jituwa da waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a wasu ƙasashe.

## manazarta =='''Rubutu mai gwaɓi'''
Rubutun Gadabuursi na Somaliya

**Rubutun [[Gadabuursi]]**, wanda aka fi sani da **Rubutun [[Borama]]** (Borama:),  rubutun haruffa ne na Harshen Somaliya. Sheikh Abdurahman Sheikh Nuur na dangin Gadabuursi ne ya tsara shi a shekara ta 1933, kuma an yi amfani da shi a ciki da kewayen garin Borama

## Tarihi

Kodayake ba a san shi da Osmanya ba, rubutun da aka fi sani da Somaliya, Borama ya samar da sanannen wallafe-wallafen da ya kunshi Kasidas.

Rubutun Borama ko Gadabuursi an tsara shi ne a cikin 1933 ta Sheikh Abdurahman Sheikh Nuur, malamin Kur'ani kuma ɗan *qadi* (alƙali) na Borama, wanda ya kirkiro sabon rubutun don fassara harshen Afro-Asiatic Cushitic Somali. tsarin rubuce-rubuce na ainihi, Sheikh Nuur, ƙungiyar abokansa a cikin birni da wasu 'yan kasuwa da ke kula da kasuwanci a Zeila da Borama sun fi amfani da shi. An kuma horar da daliban Sheikh Nuur wajen amfani da wannan haruffa.

## Dubi kuma

* Kaddare
* Osmanya
* Rubutun Somaliya

## Manazarta
Harshen Garay

An tsara haruffa na Garay a cikin 1961, a matsayin tsarin fassarar "[aiki] halaye na zamantakewar harshe na Afirka" a cewar mai kirkirarsa, Assane Faye . Wannan haruffa yana da ƙwayoyi 25 da wasula 14. Ana amfani dashi musamman don rubuce-rubucen Harshen Wolof, wanda aka fi magana a Senegal, kodayake ana rubuta wannan harshe sau da yawa a cikin haruffa Latin kuma zuwa ƙarami a cikin haruffan Larabci (Wolofal). An rubuta shi daga dama zuwa hagu, kuma yana rarrabe haruffa.

## Wasiƙu

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
Ana rubuta kalmomin a matsayin haruffa masu zaman kansu kuma ba a haɗa su kamar yadda yake a Larabci ba.

Akwai alama a sama da wasu haruffa don nuna pre-nasalization. Ana amfani da wasikar da ake kira Alif kamar takwaransa a Larabci, yana zuwa kafin wasula ta farko. Ƙarin ga daidaitattun saitin Wolof shine /ħ/, ana samun sa don kalmomin aro na Larabci. Rashin shi ne /q/, amma /k/ na iya isa ga hakan. Har ila yau babu /nk/, amma ana iya samun sauƙin kafa shi tare da alamar da ke sama, kamar /mb/ da dai sauransu.

A cikin Garay, ana rarrabe manyan haruffa daga ƙananan haruffa ta hanyar ƙwanƙwasawa da aka kara a gefe ɗaya ko ɗayan wasikar. Kowace jumla tana farawa da babban harafi. Sunayen mutum ma ana buga su

## Manazarta
Harshen Bassa Vah

**Bassa Vah** (Bassa: ), also known as simply **** ( ), meaning 'throwing a sign' in Bassa, is an alphabetic script for writing the Bassa language of Liberia. As an old system nearing extinction in the 1900s, it was rediscovered among Bassa in Brazil and the West Indies, then revived in Liberia, by . Type was cast for it, and an association for its promotion was formed in Liberia in 1959. It is not used today and has been classified as a failed script.

## Wasiƙu
An rubuta Vah daga hagu zuwa dama. Harshen haruffa ne na gaskiya, tare da haruffa 23, wasula 7, da kuma sautin sautin 5.

Ana wakiltar cikakken tsayawa / lokaci tare da ː. 

Ana furta harafin a matsayin /ɡ͡b/  lokacin da sautin baki ya biyo , misali ː

Ana furta harafin a matsayin /dj/  lokacin da sautin baki ya biyo Sanya, misali ː  (*yaro*). Koyaya, ana furta shi a matsayin /ɲ/  lokacin da sautin hanci ya biyo Sanya - ̊  (*huɗu*).

Ana furta harafin a matsayin /ɡ͡b/  lokacin da sautin baki ya biyo Sanya, misali ː  (*don kulle*). Koyaya, ana furta shi a matsayin /ŋ͡m/  lokacin da wasula ta hanci ta biyo Sanya - ː gmã (*doka*).

Ana furta harafin a matsayin /ɾ/ lokacin da aka rubuta shi bayan - - - - kuma ana furta shi a matsayin / / lokacin da aka buga shi bayan duk wani sashi - - - /fu / / / / (tsalle). Wannan wasika ba ta biye da wasula ta hanci nan da nan.     

Ana amfani da harafin da wuya.  wakiltar sauti /ɾ/,  shine allophone na /ɗ/, kuma yana bayyana ne kawai bayan /t/ ko /d/ a cikin 'ƙungiya' ta farko. Amma yawanci ana rubuta wannan da harafin Ō.  

Ana rubuta wasula na hanci tare da harafin ː (n) bayan wasula mai dacewa. 

Vah yana amfani da alamomi guda biyar don nuna sautin wasula. Yana rarrabe sautuna biyar: sama, ƙasa, tsakiya, tsakiya-tsalle, da faɗuwa.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Tone diacritics with all vowels
|{{
|{{
Teburin haruffa  nuna tsari na haruffa na rubutun. Sautunan da ke  suna nuna tsari da suka bayyana a cikin haruffa. Ana ba da umarni ga wasali tare da sautuna kafin wasula ta gaba. Misali, ana bin wasula ta Sin da Sin sannan kuma ana ba da umarni ga wasula ta gaba.   

## manazarta
Harshen Larabci na Berber

**Harshen [[Larabci]] na [[Abzinanci|Berber]]** (Berber) haruffa ne na Larabci wanda aka yi amfani da shi don rubuta Harsunan Berber daban-daban a Zamanin Tsakiya. A zamanin yau masu amfani sun koma ko dai haruffa na Tifinagh a Maroko,  ko haruffa Latin na Berber a Aljeriya. 

## Tarihi
Harshen Larabci ya shiga Maghreb tare da mamayar Musulmi na Maghreb, godiya ga kafa makarantun Kur'ani. An buga rubuce-rubuce da yawa game da tauhidin, shari'a, da kimiyya kuma an fassara su cikin Berber, tare da rubutun daban-daban dangane da marubucin. Yankunan da suka fi amfani da rubutun, wato Kabylia (يگواون), Souss (سوس), da Mzab (الواد نمزاب ko الواد نم́اب), sune yankunan da sukafi amfani da wannan haruffa: na farko (Kabylia) godiya ga cibiyoyin sadarwa na Sufi Zaouias, na ƙarshe saboda al'adun Almoravid, kuma na ƙarshe saboda Rostemids. An yi amfani da rubutun da ya dace a cikin 'yan rubutun Berber da suka wanzu daga ƙarni na 11 zuwa 14 AZ. Wadannan an rubuta su ne a cikin tsohuwar yaren Berber wanda zai iya kasancewa da alaƙa da Tashelhiyt. An rubuta ma'anar 'g' tare da jīm (ج) ko kāf (ک), ẓ tare da ṣād (ص) ko kuma wani lokacin zāy (ز) da ḍ tare da ṭāʼ (ط), to, waɗannan haruffa sun samo asali, an rubuta sautin /g/ bisa ga yankuna a matsayin ک a Maroko, غ a kan tsaunuka da ق a tsakiyar da gabashin Maghreb, sannan waɗannan haruffan sun samo asali ne a cikin Con, ڠ da ːz don rubuta wannan sautin, kamar yadda aka samo asali a matsayin ض. An rubuta sautin a, i, u a matsayin sautin da ke da tsawo ‹ā›, ‹ī›, ‹ū›. Kalmomin karshe wāw yawanci ana tare da alif al-wiqāyah . Alamun sautin fatḥah ko kasrah suna wakiltar sautin shwa /ə/ wanda ya ɓace a cikin yaren post-medieval, misali tuwərmin ‹tūwarmīn› (تووَرمين) 'haɗin kai, magana'. Labialization na iya wakiltar ḍammah, misali tagwərsa ‹tāgursā› (تاكُرسا) 'ploughshare'. Gabatarwa, abubuwan da suka dace da irin su ana rubuta su a matsayin kalmomi daban-daban. Littattafan zamani na tsakiya suna nuna archaisms da yawa a cikin phonology, morphology, da lexicon.

## Rubuce-rubuce da Codification
A cikin tarihi, ba a taɓa tsara haruffa na Larabawa-Berber ba, kuma marubuta sun yi amfani da rubutun Larabci ko, don wasu tsoffin takardu, haruffa ta Perso-Arabic. An yi ƙoƙari mai sauƙi a tsawon lokaci don rubuta Berber a Larabci, amma a banza. Wannan yafi saboda jahilci da rashin sha'awar rubuce-rubuce tsakanin kabilun Berber, musamman Zenata (يزناتن). Koyaya, saboda rashin iyawar yawancin jama'a don fahimtar da karanta Larabci, kodayake yawancin su sun halarci makarantun Alkur'ani kuma sun koyi alamun Larabci. Malamai da masu ilimi sun fara rubuta littattafai a cikin Berber (yayinda yawancin littattafai suna cikin Larabci), tare da misalai masu yawa na ƙarin haruffa da ainihin tsari. Ba har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19 ba ne aka tsara haruffa na Larabawa-Berber

## Manazarta
Janar Alphabet na Harsunan Kamaru

Janar Alphabet of Cameroon ne wani orthographic tsarin da aka kirkira a karshen 1970s ga dukan Kamaru harsuna. Harshen ma'ana da wasula ba za su ƙunshi alamomi ba, kodayake ba na wucin gadi ba ne. Ba a amfani da haruffa sosai don harafin guda ɗaya na musamman, bilbial trill, don a kara shi zuwa Unicode; a kowane hali, an maye gurbin wannan harafin yanzu. 

Maurice Tadadjeu da Etienne Sadembouo sun kasance masu mahimmanci ga wannan ƙoƙari.

## Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
Ba a samar da ma'anar da ba a saba gani ba waɗanda ba sa yin bambancin sauti a cikin harshe tare da irin wannan amma mafi yawan ma'anar. Wadannan sun hada da /ī/, /β/, /θ/, /ð/. Koyaya, haruffa suna ba da tarin digraphs don sautunan da ba a sani ba waɗanda za a iya ganowa tsakanin harsunan da ba su rubuta ba a nan gaba.

Ana rubuta ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden *ph, th, kh* da dai sauransu. Ƙayyadaddunan ƙayyadyadaddun suna *py, ty, ky* da *pw, tw, kw* da dai sauransu, ana rubuta ƙayƙwalwar ƙayyadardun ƙayƙwalwa ko dai *Cr* ko tare da cedilla: tr, sr ko ţ, ş, da dai sauransu ƙayƙarar ƙayyadiddun ƙayyar ƙayyadayirun ƙayyuwa sune ʼb, ʼm da dai sauransu

## Sautin sautin
Sautin da suka bayyana a cikin harsunan Kamaru, amma ba sa yin bambancin sauti, ba a samar da su ba. Wadannan sun hada da .

Bayanan da aka yi game da ita ba su dace ba, tare da ita ko dai IPA ko kuma Iʉ. Bayanan da ke sama sune yadda aka bayyana su da misalai na ainihi. : 27 Ana samun ƙarin wasula na IPA idan an buƙata. 

Ana rubuta sautin dogon lokaci sau . Ana rubuta wasula na hanci tare da cedilla: a̧ da dai sauransu, maimakon tare da tilde don barin wuri don alamar sautin, ko kuma tare da sautin sautin saurin sautin sawun sautin saunin sautin saitin sautin sabili sautin saiti sautin saimin sautin safin sautin saphin sautin sapon sautin sa sautin sahun sautin saɓin sautin. [yanawa da ake buƙata] &#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

An rubuta sautin kamar yadda yake a cikin IPA, tare da ƙara alamar tsaye don sautin tsakiya: Ōá ā a̍ à, â ǎ́́́ da dai sauransu (maɓallin darajar alamar tsaye a wasu wurare). Inda sautunan da ke tashi da faɗuwa ke faruwa ne kawai  dogon wasula, ana rarraba su: Ōáá, aáááá da dai sauransu. Ana amfani da alamar sautin da ke da ƙarfi don damuwa a cikin harsuna waɗanda ba su da sautin.

==manazarta ==**Rubutu mai gwaɓi'''
Harshen haruffa na Guinea

Following independence, the government of Guinea adopted rules of transcription for the languages of Guinea based on the characters and diacritic combinations available on typewriters of that period.&#x5B;**&#x5D; This alphabet was used officially until 1989.

## Rubutun harshen Guinea
Harshen Guinea ya yi amfani da digraphs da yawa (ciki har da ko dai "h" ko "y" a matsayin harafi na biyu), wasu daga cikinsu suna wakiltar consonants da ba su kasance a cikin harsunan Turai ba, da kuma diacritics guda biyu (mai tsanani da diaeresis) don buɗe wasula. 

An yi amfani da wannan tsarin a ko'ina a cikin ƙasar amma ya bambanta da rubutun ƙasashe makwabta na Afirka ta Yamma, kamar yadda aka haɓaka a yayin taron ƙwararru na Bamako na 1966 kan daidaita rubutun Harsunan ƙetare na yankin. 

A shekara ta 1989, bayan wani taro kan sake fasalin haruffa a shekara ta 1988,  an yanke shawarar karɓar rubutun da ya yi kama da haruffa na Afirka da aka yi amfani da su a wasu wurare

Tebur na taƙaitaccen digraphs da diacritics na tsohuwar haruffa, da kuma kwatankwacin Latin a cikin sabon tsarin, sun biyo baya:

## Manazarta
Harshen Goulsse

An ƙirƙiri haruffan Goulsse ko Gʋlse don rubuta harsunan Gur na Yammacin Afirka, musamman don Mooré da Kasem. Wenitte Apiou da Babaguioue Micareme Akouabou na Burkina Faso tare da wasu da dama sun ƙirƙira shi a shekarar 2022, bisa ga tsarin rubutu da mutanen Kassena ke amfani da shi tsawon sama da shekaru ɗari huɗu.[] An kuma ƙirƙiri wasu rubuce-rubuce a Yammacin Afirka a matsayin wani ɓangare na farfaɗo da ƙabilu da harsuna 

Harshen ya ƙunshi haruffa 30,  tare da alamun rubutu, da dots a sama da wasu alamomin wasali don nuna alamar nasalization. An rubuta rubutun daga hagu zuwa dama a cikin layi madaidaiciya. Ba ya rarrabe tsakanin haruffa na sama da na ƙasa. Har ila yau, duk da gaskiyar cewa harsunan Gur suna da bambancin sauti, rubutun ba ya samar da hanyar nuna bambancin sautin.

## Tebur

## Manazarta
ISO 6438

**ISO 6438:1983**, Takaddun - Halin ƙididdigar Afirka wanda aka saita don musayar bayanan littattafai, ma'auni ne na ISO don ƙididdigan halayen 8-bit don Harsunan Afirka. An haɓaka shi daban daga haruffa na Afirka amma a bayyane yake ya dogara da saiti ɗaya na bayanai, ba shi da amfani sosai; ana riƙe siffofinsa a cikin Unicode. FreeDOS ya kira wannan Code Page 65504.

## |[[ǁ]]|u=01C1}}
|
|}&#x20;χ GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI. Kafin Unicode 8.0, taswirar zuwa GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI&#x20;Χ GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI. 

## Manazarta
Hieratic

**Hieratic** (/haɪəˈrætɪk/; Tsohon Girkanci: ːερατικά,  , lit. ) shine sunan da aka ba tsarin rubuce-rubuce da aka yi amfani da shi don Tsohon Masar kuma babban rubutun da aka yi šomišwa don rubuta wannan harshe daga ci gabansa a cikin karni na uku KZ har zuwa tashiwar Demotic a tsakiyar karni na farko KZ. An rubuta shi da farko a cikin tawada tare da burbushin reed a kan papyrus.

Bai kamata a rikita hieratic da rubutun rubutu ba. Su biyun ba su da bambanci a lokacin Tsohon Masarautar amma sun rabu cikin tsarin rubutu daban-daban a lokacin Farko na Tsakanin.  

## Magana
A cikin karni na biyu, masanin Girka Clement na Iskandariya ya yi amfani da kalmar *hieratic* a karo na farko don bayyana wannan tsarin rubutun Masar na Dā. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga Girkanci don 'rubuce-rubuce na firist' (Koine Girkanci) saboda a wannan lokacin, sama da ƙarni takwas da rabi, an yi amfani da hieratic a al'ada kawai don matani na addini da adabi.

*Hieratic* kuma na iya zama adjective ma'anar 'na ko hade da mutane masu tsarki ko ofisoshi; '.

## Ci gaba
Hieratic ya bunkasa a matsayin nau'i na rubutun hieroglyphic a zamanin Naqada III na Tsohon Misira, kimanin 3200-3000 KZ. Kodayake rubutun da aka buga da hannu sun ci gaba da amfani da su a wasu yanayi na al'ada, kamar rubuce-rubucen Littafin Matattu na Masar, rubutun rubutun rubutun da ba a rubuta ba ya zama ya ƙuntata ga rubutun tarihi.

Kusan 650 KZ, Rubutun Demotic da ya fi dacewa ya samo asali ne daga hieratic. Demotic ya tashi a arewacin Misira kuma ya maye gurbin hieratic da taƙaitaccen kudancin da aka sani da abnormal hieratic ga mafi yawan rubuce-rubuce na duniya, kamar haruffa na sirri da takardun kasuwanci. Hieratic ya ci gaba da amfani da shi ta hanyar firistoci don matani na addini da wallafe-wallafen har zuwa ƙarni na uku AZ.

## Tasiri
Hieratic yana da tasiri a kan wasu tsarin rubuce-rubuce da yawa. Mafi bayyane shine a kan Demotic, zuriyarsa kai tsaye. Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da wannan sune alamun Demotic na Rubutun Meroitic da kuma haruffa na Demotic da aka aro da aka yi amfani da su a cikin haruffa Coptic da Tsohon Nubian.

A waje da kwarin Nilu, yawancin alamun da aka yi amfani da su a cikin syllabary na Byblos a bayyane aka aro su daga alamun matsayi na Tsohon Masarautar. Har ila yau, an san cewa Ibrananci na farko ya yi amfani da lambobi na hieratic.

## Manazarta
LGBT+ Rights Ghana

LGBT+ Rights Ghana ƙungiya ce ta Ghana wacce ke fafutukar kare hakkin LGBT a Ghana. Ƙungiyar ta shiga wasu nau’ikan fafutuka, ciki har da ƙirƙirar **Ghana Gay Blackmail List** don yaki da cin zarafi da barazana ga maza masu sha’awar maza. A shekarar 2021, ƙungiyar ta buɗe ofishinta a Accra, abin da ya jawo fushin jama’a da adawa daga ƙungiyoyin da ke kishin addinin da suka yi adawa da LGBT a Ghana. Daraktan Zartarwa na LGBT+ Rights Ghana shi ne Alex Kofi Donkor.

## Yunkurin fafutuka
An kafa LGBT+ Rights Ghana a cikin 2018 a matsayin shafin yanar gizo na gwagwarmayar yanar gizo. A cikin 2020, ta kirkiro shafin kafofin sada zumunta da ake kira "Ghana Gay Blackmail List" don yaki da cin zarafi da cin hanci da rashawa ga maza masu luwadi ta hanyar tsara abubuwan da suka faru da kuma samar da hanyar haɗi ga mutanen LGBT waɗanda aka yi musu cin zarafi don gabatar da rahotanni. Alex Kofi Donkor, Babban Darakta na 'Yancin LGBT + Ghana ya bayyana cewa an kirkiro shafin ne bayan an kai wa 'yan Ghana LGBT hari, an yi musu barazanar bindiga, kuma masu zamba suka sace su, amma ba su sami taimako daga' yan sanda ba.

A cikin 2021, LGBT+ Rights Ghana ta buɗe ofishinta a Accra kuma ta gayyaci wasu diflomasiyya, fitattun mutane, masu gwagwarmaya, da LGBT+ zuwa taron wanda kuma aka yi niyyar tara kuɗi. Wannan taron ya haifar da fushi a duk faɗin ƙasar. Bugu da ƙari, akwai adawa daga kungiyoyin masu adawa da luwadi waɗanda suka yi kira ga gwamnati da ta rufe kungiyar kuma ta nemi Sufeto Janar na 'yan sanda ya kama duk mutanen da ke da alaƙa da kungiyar. A mayar da martani, LGBT+ Rights Ghana ta fitar da wata sanarwa da ke tabbatar da cewa mutanen LGBT a Ghana suna da 'yancin bil'adama, gami da' 'yancin tarayya. A ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 'yan sanda sun rufe cibiyar su.

A watan Maris 2021, ƙungiyar ta yi Allah wadai da buƙatar jama’a na sanya aikin fafutukar hakkin LGBT a Ghana a matsayin laifi.

A watan Yunin 2022, an cire allon talla na LGBT+ Ghana saboda an dauke shi mai laifi, a cewar wasu mambobin majalisa. Kungiyar ta yi alkawarin daukar mataki na shari'a game da jan allon talla ba bisa ka'ida ba.

## Manazarta
Rubutun Kaddare

**Rubutun Kaddare** rubutun haruffa ne wanda ba a san shi sosai ba wanda aka kirkira don fassara Harshen Somaliya. Babu sanannun littattafai da aka rubuta a cikin rubutun.

## Tarihi
Wani Sheikh na Sufi, mai suna Hussein Sheikh Ahmed Kaddare ne ya kirkiro rubutun a shekarar 1952.

Kwamitin Harshen Somaliya, wanda aka ba shi aiki a 1961 tare da yanke shawara kan rubutun ga al'ummar bayan samun 'yancin kai, ya ba da shawarar rubutun Kaddare, amma dole ne ya daidaita da haruffa na Latin saboda matsalolin tattalin arziki. Sun kimanta Kaddare a matsayin mafi kyawun rubutun asali don sake rubuta harshen Somaliya.

## Manazarta
Romeo Oriogun

**Oluwasegun Romeo Oriogun** ɗan Najeriya ne marubucin waƙoƙi da kasidu. Shi ne marubucin The Gathering of Bastards (2023) da Sacrament of Bodies (2020) da kuma littattafan ƙanana guda uku (chapbooks). Ya lashe lambar yabo ta waka ta Afirka ta Jami'ar Brunel ta 2017 da lambar yabo ta Najeriya don wallafe-wallafen 2022 (marubucin farko da ya lashe)  don tarin *Nomad*  kuma ya kasance dan wasan karshe na Lambda Literary Award na 2020 don Waƙoƙin Gay  da Kyautar Afirka ta gaba don wallafe'a. Ya sami tallafi da tallafi daga Ebedi International Writers Residency, Jami'ar Harvard,  Hutchins Center for African and African American Research,  Oregon Institute for Creative Research, da kuma IIE- Artist Protection Fund. Waƙoƙinsa sun bayyana a cikin Gidauniyar Waƙoƙi, Harvard Review, American Poetry Review, Narrative Magazine. Romeo ya sami MFA a rubuce-rubucen kirkira daga Iowa Writers Workshop a cikin 2020. Romeo mataimakin farfesa ne a Jami'ar Florida Atlantic . 

## Bayanan littattafai
• Taron 'Yan Bastards 

*• Sakramenti na Jiki * 

*• Nomad* 

## Manazarta
Bandy Kiki

**Bandy Kiki** (Fabrairu 20, 1991) 'ɗiyar Kamaru ce, mai rubutun blog, mai fafutukar hakkin LGBT, kuma ɗan kasuwanci mai yawa da ke zaune a Birtaniya. Ita ce mai ƙirƙirar Kinnaka's Blog, wani shafin yanar gizo mai yawan ziyara ga masu jin Turanci a Kamaru don labarai da nishaɗi. An san ta a matsayin mutum mai jawo muhawara saboda ra’ayoyinta na siyasa da fafutukar LGBT, kuma an kira ta **"**Mafi Hakan Anglophone a Kafofin Sada Zumunta a Kamaru**."**.  

## Tarihi
An haifi Kiki mai suna Emily Kinaka Banadzem a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 1991 a Jakiri, Cameron.

Kiki ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai rubutun blog a Birtaniya, a cikin blog ɗin da ake wallafa kullum na kan layi mai suna Kinnaka’s Blog da Kinnaka’s TV, wanda aka ƙaddamar a shekarar 2015. Blog ɗinta na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ‘yan Kamaru masu jin Turanci suka fi ziyarta.

A shekarar 2016, an jera ta cikin jerin matasa Cameroonian 50 mafi tasiri ƙarƙashin shekaru 40 ta Avance Media, CELBMD Africa da abokan haɗin gwiwa. Kiki ta samu taken Mafi Kyawun Kafofin Watsa Labarai na Kamaru (CAMEEA) a 2015 kuma ta lashe “Mafi Kyawun Blogger na 2016” daga Diaspora Entertainment Awards. Kiki mai magana ce a madadin Rainbow Equality Hub, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ke tallafawa mutane LGBT a Kamaru. A shekarar 2017, an nada ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Mafi Kyawun Blogger na Afirka na Shekara ta AWA. A cikin wata hira a watan Mayu 2017, Kiki ta sanar cewa za ta taimaka wa Irène Major tare da Gay in Africa Foundation. Haka kuma ta yi hira da mujallar gay ta Hungarian mai suna Humen Online, wadda kuma tana samuwa a harshen Hungarian. &#x5D;

## Rikici da hare-hare
An soki ta saboda takardar da ta yi a shafinta na yanar gizo bayan zanga-zangar Kamaru ta 2016-2017.  Ta sami cin zarafi mai yawa a kan layi, gami da yaduwar jita-jita marasa tushe da ke da'awar cewa Kiki tana da cutar kanjamau kuma ita wakili ce ta gwamnatin Kamaru da ke ƙoƙarin lalata rikicin da ke gudana. Kiki ta musanta waɗannan da'awar. An soki Kiki saboda kasancewa ɗan luwaɗi da tallafawa haƙƙin LGBT a Kamaru.   A cikin misali daya, mai shirya fim Agbor Gilbert Ebot ya bayyana cewa  Idan na kama ka zuwa Kamaru, zan 'yi wa ka fyade' sosai don haka aljanu na lesbianism ya tafi comot don jikinka... Ina samun shirye-shiryen ba ka belle... "  Ta kasance batun barazanar mutuwa. 

## Manazarta
Kashe-kashen Gypsy Hill

Kisan Gypsy Hill wani rukuni ne na kisan kai biyar na mata da 'yan mata a San Mateo County, California, a farkon shekara ta 1976. An san mai kisan a cikin kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin "**San Mateo Slasher**". Daga baya aka tabbatar da cewa akwai akalla masu aikata laifin guda biyu tare da Rodney Halbower da aka yanke musu hukunci kan kisan Baxter, Cascio da Michelle Mitchell da Leon Seymour da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa a kisan Lampe.  An yi imanin cewa Halbower ne ya kashe Blackwell da Booth, amma babu wata shaida da za ta ɗaure shi da waɗannan shari'o'in kuma kisan Friedman ba a warware shi ba tare da waɗannan kisan da ba a warke su ba. 

## Kashewa
A ranar 8 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1976, an gano gawar Veronica Cascio mai shekaru 18 a cikin wani rafi a filin filin wasan golf na Sharp Park a Pacifica. An yi mata wuka sau 30. An kama wani ɗan gajeren lokaci amma an sake shi saboda rashin shaidar.

Bayan 'yan makonni, an ruwaito cewa Tatiana Blackwell mai shekaru 14 ta ɓace bayan ta bar gidanta a Pacifica don gudanar da aiki. An gano gawar, daga baya an gano ta a kan hanyar Sharp Park a cikin sashin Gypsy Hills na birnin a ranar 6 ga Yuni.  An kuma yi mata wuka sau da yawa.

Paula Baxter, mai shekaru 17, ta ɓace a ranar Laraba da yamma a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, bayan kammala wasan kwaikwayo a harabar Makarantar Sakandare ta Capuchino, ta bar motarta a baya. An gano jikinta tsirara a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu a Millbrae a bayan Ikilisiyar Yesu Almasihu na Kiristoci na Ƙarshe a Ludeman Lane . An yi mata wuka sau 4, an yi mata fyade, kuma an buge ta a kai da wani kankare. Kisan da ta yi ya danganta da Cascio.

A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, an gano Denise Lampe mai shekaru 19 na Broadmoor ta mutu bayan bincike a filin ajiye motoci na Cibiyar Serramonte. An yi mata wuka sau 20.

## Wadanda aka azabtar
Wadanda aka kashe guda biyar sune: 

* Veronica "Ronnie" Cascio
* Tatiana Marie "Tanya" Blackwell
* Paula Louise Baxter
* Carol Lee Booth
* Denise Lampe

## Wadanda za su iya kamuwa da cutar

### Michelle Mitchell
Mitchell, mai shekaru 19, an ga ta na karshe da rai a Reno, Nevada, a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 1976, lokacin da Volkswagen Beetle ta fashe a tsakiya na 9th Street da Evans Avenue. Shaidu sun ba da rahoton ganin wani ya taimaka wajen tura motarta zuwa filin ajiye motoci a fadin ginin aikin gona na UNR a kan titin Evans.

An gano jikinta a wannan maraice a cikin garage a titin East 9th tare da hannayenta da aka ɗaure kuma an yanke makogwaronta. Shekaru uku bayan haka, Cathy Woods, mai haƙuri a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Jihar Louisiana, ta furta cewa ta kashe wata mace mai suna Michelle. An tuhumi Woods kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa da Michelle Mitchell .  An sake ta daga kurkuku a shekarar 2015, bayan shekaru 35, tana da shekaru 68 bayan shaidar DNA ta wanke ta. Cathy Woods ita ce mace mafi tsawo da aka daure a cikin tarihin Amurka. Wannan shaidar DNA za ta zargi Rodney Halbower wanda ke da alaƙa da kashe-kashen Gypsy Hill guda biyu kuma shine mai kisan Michelle don haka ya nuna cewa kisan ta yana da alaƙa ne da waɗannan kisan-kashen lokacin da a baya ana zargin shi ne kawai.

## Manazarta
Kashe Louise Jensen

**Kisan Louise Jensen** ya faru ne a ranar 16 ga Satumba 1994 a Ayia Napa, Cyprus, lokacin da Sojojin Burtaniya Allan Ford, Justin Fowler, da Geoffrey Pernell suka kai hari, suka sace, suka yi wa fyade, kuma suka kashe Jagoran yawon shakatawa na Danish Louise Jensen.

## Wanda aka azabtar
An haifi Louise Jensen a ranar 19 ga Maris 1971. Ta girma a garin Hirtshals, Denmark, tare da iyayenta da ƙaramin ɗan'uwanta. Bayan kwaleji, Jensen yana aiki a matsayin Jagoran yawon shakatawa a Cyprus. 

## Kashewa
A daren 16 ga Satumba 1994, Jensen da saurayinta na Cyprus, Michalis Vassiliades, suna hawa babur lokacin da motar da sojoji masu maye Allan Ford, Justin Fowler, da Geoffrey Pernell Saki buga su, suna aiki tare da Royal Green Jackets. Bayan ya doke saurayin Jensen zuwa ƙasa, Pernell ya tilasta Jensen cikin motar, kuma sojoji sun sace ta. Daga nan aka yi mata fyade akai-akai kuma aka yi mata duka da cokali, wanda ya kai ga mutuwarta.

## Shari'a da hukunci
A ranar 27 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1996, an yanke wa Ford, Fowler, da Pernell hukunci kan satar mutane, fyade, da kisan kai kuma an yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai.

Alƙalai sun bayyana laifin a matsayin "marar mutunci lokacin da aka tsara, kuma abin kunya lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi". A kotu kawai bayanin sojoji shine cewa "suna son mace".

A ranar 16 ga Afrilu 1996, iyayen Jensen sun sami takardar neman gafara daga Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Burtaniya a madadin Firayim Minista John Major . 

A shekara ta 1998, babbar kotun ta yanke musu hukuncin zuwa shekaru 25. Dukkanin maza uku an yanke musu hukuncin rai da rai saboda kisan kai, amma an rage shi zuwa shekaru 25 don kisan kai a kan roko, bisa la'akari da cewa an yanke musu hukunci sun bugu sosai don su shirya harin.

A shekara ta 2006, bayan sun kwashe kasa da shekaru goma sha biyu a tsare, an saki sojoji kuma an kore su zuwa Burtaniya.

Bayan kisan, sojojin Burtaniya sun ayyana manyan wuraren shakatawa na yawon bude ido a tsibirin a matsayin ba tare da iyaka ba ga ma'aikatan soja.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
* Jensen appeal hears call for new testimony by Jean Christou, *[[Cyprus Mail]]*, 16 June 1998.
Harshen Boro (Ghana)

**Rubutu mai gwaɓi****Boro** wani yare ne da ba a taɓa magana da shi a tsakiyar gabashin Ghana. A kusa da Worawora da Tapa, Rudolf Plehn ya sami wani tsoho wanda har yanzu zai iya tunawa da wasu kalmomi na wannan harshe, wanda a cewarsa mutane da yawa suna magana a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa. Harshen an san shi ne kawai daga abubuwa 12 da Plehn ya tattara a ƙarshen karni na 19 kuma an buga shi a Seidel (1898). Westermann (1922) ya rarraba shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Togorestsprachen, rarrabuwa da *Glottolog* ya biyo baya,  yayin da Heine (1968:300) ya bar shi ba a rarraba shi ba.

## Dubi kuma

* Harsunan tsaunuka na Ghana-Togo

## Manazarta
Ruwanda da Rundi

**Rwanda-Rundi** ko **West Highlands Kivu** rukuni ne na harsunan Bantu, musamman ci gaba da yare, ana magana da shi a Afirka ta Tsakiya. Yaruka biyu, Kirundi da Kinyarwanda, an daidaita su a matsayin harsunan ƙasar Burundi da Ruwanda bi da bi. Waɗannan yarukan maƙwabta suna iya fahimtar juna, amma sauran yarukan da suka fi nisa ƙila ba za su kasance ba. Sauran yarukan ana magana da su a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (Kanyabwisha a Arewacin Kivu ), Uganda (Rufumbira, wanda Bafumbira ke magana a gundumar Kisoro ), da Tanzaniya ; Ha, mai magana da miliyan ɗaya, shine mafi yawan magana.

## Kwatanta Kinyarwanda da Kirundi
Kinyarwanda da Kirundi suna da kama da juna a fannoni da yawa, amma sun bambanta a hanyoyi da yawa.

### Alamar sauti
 

### Rubuce-rubuce

### Halitta da kalma
Akwai lokuta da yawa inda nau'ikan magana guda biyu na harsuna biyu suna da kalmomi da suka ɗan bambanta. Koyaya, waɗannan bambance-bambance ba sa ci gaba da maimaitawa. Dole ne mutum ya haddace irin waɗannan bambance-bambance kamar "-anga" a cikin Kinyarwanda ya bambanta da "-anka" a cikin Kirundi (ma'ana rashin son ko ƙiyayya), saboda sauyawa daga "g" zuwa "k" yana da matukar wuya, tare da hujja kasancewa kalmomi kamar "inka" (cow), "inkono" (pot) da sauran kalmomi da yawa inda "nk" ya zama ruwan dare a cikin yarukan biyu. Irin waɗannan ƙananan bambance-bambance sun haɗa da ƙamus daban-daban, wasula ko tsawon wasula, sautuna ko ƙididdiga.

## Manazarta
Jáde Osiberu

**Jádesola Osiberu** marubuciya ce 'yar Najeriya, darakta kuma furodusa kuma wacce ta kafa Greoh Studios. An san ta da *[[Isokin|Isoken]]* (2017), *[[Sugar Rush (fim)|Sugar Rush]]* (2019), *[[Brother hood 2022)|Brotherhood]]* (2022) da *[[Gangs of Legas|Gangs of Lagos]]*, fim na farko na asali na Najeriya da za a nuna shi kawai a kan Amazon Prime Video . A watan Satumba na shekarar 2022, kamfanin Greoh Studios na Osiberu ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku da Amazon don haɓakawa da kuma samar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na asali da fina-finai masu fasali. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haife ta a gidan sarauta a shekarar 1985, mahaifin Osiberu, Oba Adewale Osiberu, shi ne *Elepe na Epe Sagamu* .  Osiberu ta yi karatun sakandare a Ibadan, kafin ta sami digiri a Injiniyan Tsarin Kwamfuta daga Jami'ar Manchester .  Ita kuma ɗaliba ce ta Jami'ar Pan-Atlantic, inda ta yi karatun Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai da Sadarwa. 

## Sana'a
Duk da cewa ta yi aiki a matsayin mai haɓaka software bayan kammala karatunta, Osiberu ta yanke shawarar canza sana'arta zuwa yin fina-finai.  Don murnar Watan Tarihin Mata, *Pulse* ta saka ta cikin jerin mata goma da ke yin fice ta hanyar haɓaka abubuwan da ke cikin masana'antar fina-finan Najeriya.  Osiberu ta fara kamfanin shirya fina-finanta; Tribe85 Productions a shekarar 2017 da nufin "bayar da labaran Afirka ga masu sauraro na duniya".  A lokacin wata hira da BellaNaija ; ɗabi'arta ta aiki, kulawa da cikakkun bayanai da kuma himmar kirkire-kirkire ta samu yabo daga mai yin hira. 

A shekarar 2018, ta jagoranci bikin fina-finan Nollywood a Scotland. 

A shekarar 2017, Osiberu ta rubuta kuma ta bada umarni *[[Isokin|Isoken]]*, wani fim game da ƙalubalen da ƙwararrun mata marasa aure ke fuskanta a tsakanin matsin lamba daga iyali, da kuma alaƙar soyayya tsakanin kabilu daban-daban a yanayin zamani na Najeriya. Saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin darakta, ta lashe kyautar darakta mafi kyau a 2018 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards kuma ta sami kyautar Africa Movie Academy Award don takarar Darakta mafi kyau . 

Fim ɗin ya kuma kasance batun tattaunawa ta ilimi game da jarumar da aka siffanta da halayen mata .  *Culture Custodian* ta nuna yadda aka shirya jigon fim ɗin don yaƙi da ƙiyayya a cikin al'ummar uba ta Najeriya.  Fim ɗinta na Kirsimeti da aka shirya a Legas, zai fara fitowa a Prime Video a ranar 20 ga Disamba, 2024. 

## Fim ɗin fim

## Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Osiberu ta yi bikin aurenta a ranar 11 ga Mayu 2019 a Sagamu, Jihar Ogun . 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya
* Jerin Daraktocin Fina-finai na Najeriya
* Shiloh Godson

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*
Impulsoria

***Impulsoria*** wata motar dawakai ce da aka gina a shekarar 1850 wanda aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar akwatin gearbox da dawaki ɗaya zuwa biyu zuwa huɗu a kan injin motsa jiki bayan ƙirar Clemente Masserano. Ya yi gwaje-gwaje a Landan a shekarar 1850 kuma an baje kolinsa a Babban Nunin a shekarar 1851.

## Bayyanawa
Clemente Masserano ne ya kirkiro motar motsa jiki mai cin nasara daga Pignerol a Italiya. Tunanin ba sabon abu ba ne, amma yunkurin da aka yi a Ingila, Faransa, da Spain ba su yi nasara ba. Yin amfani da ƙirar Masserano, an gina Impulsoria a Italiya kuma an kai shi Ingila. An kafa wata ƙungiya kuma an gwada ta a tashar Nine Elms na layin Railway na Kudu maso Yamma a London inda ta samu nasarar kammala hawan dutse. Daraktocin Kudancin Yammacin Railway ne suka goyi bayan gwaje-gwajen kuma Babban Injiniyarsu John Gooch ne ya taimaka musu. An ce na'urar ta fi rahusa a gudanar da ita fiye da locomotive na tururi. Na'urar ta ba da izinin maye gurbin motar tururi da wannan abin hawa, wanda ya yi amfani da ikon dawakai biyu ko hudu waɗanda dole ne su yi tafiya a kan treadmill, wanda Masserano ya kira *pedivella*. An canja wutar zuwa ƙafafun ta hanyar sarƙoƙi  kuma musamman ƙafafun suna da roller-bearings  da akwatin gearbox wanda ya ba shi damar hawa. An ce zai iya jan motoci 30 a kan tudu kuma ana iya amfani da shi tare da dawakai biyu ko hudu.

Akwatin kayan aiki ya ba da damar dawakai suyi tafiya a mafi kyawun saurin su yayin da abin hawa zai iya samun saurin gudu da jujjuyawar. Saboda gears, saurin saman ba a iyakance shi ga saurin dawakai ba. Garin ya ba da damar dawakai su fitar da abin hawa gaba da kuma baya, kuma yana yiwuwa a cire motar don abin hawa ya tsaya yayin da dawakai suka ci gaba da tafiya a kan hanyar motsa jiki. 

A lokacin gwaji a Tashar Nine-Elms na Kudancin Yammacin Railway, Impulsoria mai doki biyu ya yi tafiya a  (11 km / h) yana jan motar daya a cikin tashar. An yi tunanin cewa sigar ƙarshe za ta kai 15 zuwa 20  km / h)  za ta wuce injin tururi.

## Farashi da inganci
An kwatanta ingancin na'urar da kyau tare da locomotives na tururi na yanzu, waɗanda aka yi tunanin suna ɓata makamashi mai yawa. An kiyasta farashin aiki da Impulsoria a shillings biyu a kowace rana ga kowane doki. A wannan rana ta sa'o'i takwas an kiyasta cewa dawakai za su iya motsa Impulsoria sau takwas a kan hanyar kilomita talatin.

## Nuni
Wani Farfesa na Falsafa na Italiya, Dokta Andrea Crestadoro, ya inganta ƙirar wannan na'urar mai ban mamaki, kuma daga baya ya fitar da takardun shaida masu alaƙa a 1852.  Tare da ci gabansa, ya nuna shi a Babban Nunin a Fadar Crystal a 1851.  Daga baya ya yi sha'awar wallafe-wallafen kuma ya zama mai kula da ɗakin karatu a Manchester. Irin wannan abin hawa, wanda ake kira Impulsoria, an nuna shi a 1853 a Jamus kuma an ce mallakar Mista Steinheil ne.

## Dubi kuma

* Cycloped, motar Ingila mai amfani da doki wacce ta yi gasa a gwajin Rainhill a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1829.
* Flying Dutchman, jirgin saman Amurka mai amfani da doki na 1830.

## Manazarta
Gundumar Bia ta Gabas

**Gundumar Bia ta Gabas** tana ɗaya daga cikin gundumomi tara a Yammacin Arewa, Ghana . Ta kasance wani ɓangare na Gundumar Bia mafi girma a lokacin har sai an raba ɓangaren Gabas a cikin 2012 don kafa Gundumar Biya ta Gabas yayin da aka sake sunan Yammacin Yammacin Gundumar Bia ta Yamma. Taron gundumar yana cikin arewa maso yammacin Yankin Yammacin Arewa kuma yana da Sefwi Adabokrom a matsayin babban birninta. An kirkiro Gundumar Bia mafi girma daga tsohuwar Gundumar Sefwi-Bibiani a shekara ta 2004.

## Yanayin ƙasa
Gundumar Bia ta Gabas tana da iyaka da Gundumar Dormaa zuwa gabas, Gundumar Asunafo ta Arewa zuwa arewa, Juabeso zuwa kudu da Gunduma ta Bia ta Yamma zuwa yamma.

## Manazarta
Seth Ago-Adjetey

**Seth Ago-Adjetey** ɗan asalin ƙasar Ghana ne kuma ma'aikacin gwamnati. Ya kasance Darakta Janar na Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Ghana daga 2000 zuwa 2002.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Ago-Adjetey a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 1945. Ya yi karatun Gudanar da Kasuwanci a Jami'ar Ghana inda ya kammala a shekarar 1971. Yana da takardar shaidar ACCA wanda ya samu yayin da yake karatu a Makarantar Accountancy da Applied Economics, Leeds Polytechnic (yanzu Jami'ar Leeds Beckett). 

## Ayyuka
Ago-Adjetey ya fara ne a matsayin Mataimakin Manajan Asusun a Kamfanin Kasuwancin Masana'antu na Ghana daga Yuli 1971 zuwa Satumba 1971. Daga baya ya shiga Kamfanin Otal din Jiha daga 1971 zuwa 1974, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin mai lissafi kuma daga baya mai lissafi. A watan Maris na shekara ta 1978, Ago-Adjetey ya kasance mai lissafin kuɗi a Metal Box Limited, kamfani da ke Shipley-Bradford, Burtaniya.

Ago-Adjetey ya koma Ghana inda ya sami aiki a matsayin mai lissafin kuɗi a kamfanin Tema Food Complex Corporation a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1978. Daga baya ya zama mukaddashin manajan darektan kamfanin daga 1983 zuwa 1987. A shekara ta 1989, ya shiga E. O. Mensah & Co (Chartered Accountants) a matsayin Junior Partner. Kafin nadin sa a Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Ghana, ya kasance Manajan Abokin Hulɗa na kamfanin. Ago-Adjetey ya yi aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar na Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Ghana daga 15 ga Satumba 2000 har sai an cire shi daga aikinsa a watan Agustan 2002 .  An yi zargin cewa Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Kasa ta dakatar da kwangilarsa ba tare da wani bayani ba. Eva Lokko ce ta gaje shi.

Ago-Adjetey ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na Bankin Ghana ga Shirin Sabunta Bankin Karkara na Duniya, USAID da kuma, Micro-projects na Tarayyar Turai. Ya kuma yi aiki a kan allon daban-daban na kungiyoyin jama'a da yawa tun daga shekara ta 1972. 

## Manazarta
Metropolitan Edison Co. v. Mutanen da ke adawa da makamashin nukiliya

***Kamfanin Metropolitan Edison da ya yi Allah wadai da Makamashin Nukiliya***, 460 US 766 (1983), shari'a ce da Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukunci a kanta.

## Tarihi
Bayan narkewar reactor na lamba 2 a tsibirin Three Mile, Mutanen da ke adawa da makamashin nukiliya (PANE) sun yi jayayya cewa sake farawa na reactor na 1 zai haifar da mummunan rauni ga mazaunan garuruwan da ke kusa. Lokacin da NRC ta kasa la'akari da wannan shaidar a cikin Bayanan tasirin muhalli da ake buƙata, PANE ta nemi bita a kotun daukaka kara, ta yi nuni da Dokar Manufofin Muhalli ta Kasa (NEPA) kariya ga yanayin halitta. Kotun ta amince da karar don sake dubawa, kuma ta amince da PANE cewa NRC ta yi aiki ba daidai ba wajen kasa la'akari da shaidun su.

## Tsayawa
Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa Hukumar Kula da Nukiliya ba ta yi aiki ba daidai ba ba ba idan ba ta la'akari da yanayin PANE ba.

A cikin la'akari da irin wannan damuwa kamar ruwan dumi da aka saki cikin Kogin Susquehanna, da kuma sakin ƙananan radiation, NRC ta yi aiki yadda ya kamata a karkashin sakin layi na 102 (C) na NEPA a cikin la'azin haɗarin muhalli.

### Yarjejeniya
Mai Shari'a Brennan ya gabatar da ra'ayi mai jituwa, ya yarda da tunanin Kotun, amma ya lura cewa gardamar PANE ta fadada sarkar haifar da gaske ta hanyar ƙoƙarin haɗa sake farawa da reactor tare da raunin tunanin mutum na "ra'ayi na haɗari".

## Dubi kuma

* *Jackson v. Metropolitan Edison Co.* (1974) 
* Jerin shari'o'in Kotun Koli ta Amurka, kundi na 460

## Manazarta

* Text of *Metropolitan Edison Co. v. People Against Nuclear Energy*, 460 U.S. 766 (1983) is available from: CourtListener Findlaw Justia OpenJurist
Gundumar Kwahu Afram Plains ta kudu

**Gundumar Kwahu Afram Plains South District** tana ɗaya daga cikin gundumomi talatin da uku a Yankin Gabas, Ghana .    Da farko, a da, tana cikin **[[Kwahu North District|Gundumar Kwahu North]]** wacce a wancan lokacin ta fi girma a shekarar 1988 (wanda daga baya aka fi sani da **Gundumar Afram Plains** ), har sai da aka raba yammacin gundumar don ƙirƙirar **Gundumar Kwahu Afram Plains South** a ranar 19 ga Yuni 2012; don haka aka sake wa sauran yankin suna zuwa **[[Gundumar Kwahu Afram Plains ta Arewa|Gundumar Kwahu Afram Plains North]]** . Majalisar gundumar tana cikin arewacin Yankin Gabas kuma tana da Tease a matsayin babban birninta.

## Manazarta
Shari'ar fyade ta Kannur Kotta

**Shari'ar fyade ta Kannur Kotta** tana nufin fyade da mijinta ya yi wa wata mace musulma mai aure tare da abokansa a Kannur Fort a shekara ta 1993. Wannan shari'ar ta kasance muhimmiyar lamari a tarihin Kerala tare da masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata da ke shirya ƙungiyar Kitchen da kuma kamfen ɗin da aka ci gaba don kawo masu laifi ga adalci. An yanke wa mijin Ibrahim da abokansa huɗu hukunci kuma an ɗaure su na tsawon shekaru 7, kuma an umarce su da su biya Rs 50,000 kowannensu a matsayin maidowa ga wanda aka azabtar.

## Manazarta
Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka (Ghana)

**Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka** hukuma ce ta Gwamnatin Ghana a karkashin Ma'aikatar Lands da Natural Resources . 

Hukumar tana da bangarori uku da cibiyoyi biyu: 

* Sashen Kula da dazuzzuka
* Sashen namun daji
* Sashen Ci gaban Masana'antar Katako

* Cibiyar Horar da Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka: An kafa ta ne a Akywkrom-Ejisu, Hukumar Kula da Fitar da Itacen Ghana da Ofishin Binciken Kayayyakin dazuzzuka tare da tallafi daga Bankin Duniya.
* Cibiyar Taimako ta Gudanar da albarkatu: Wannan ita ce reshen fasaha na Hukumar.

## Shugabannin

* Dokta Hugh C. A Brown

## Manazarta
Malalai Kakar

**Malalai Kakar** (Pashto; 1967 - 28 Satumba 2008) ita ce 'yar sanda mafi girma a Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Afghanistan (2001-2021) a lokacin wanzuwarta.

A matsayinta na Lieutenant Colonel, ita ce shugabar sashen aikata laifuka a kan mata na Kandahar. Kakar, wanda ya sami barazanar kisa da yawa, Taliban ta kashe shi a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2008.

Kakar ta shiga rundunar 'yan sanda a shekarar 1982, tana bin sawun mahaifinta da' yan uwanta. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta kammala karatu daga Kwalejin 'Yan Sanda ta Kandahar, kuma ta farko da za ta zama mai bincike tare da Sashen' yan Sanda na Kandahar.

## Batutuwan jinsi a cikin tilasta bin doka ta Afghanistan
A ƙarshen shekara ta 2009 akwai kimanin 'yan sanda 500 masu aiki a Afghanistan, idan aka kwatanta da kimanin' yan sanda 92,500. Wasu 'yan kalilan sun yi aiki a lardunan kudancin Kandahar da Helmand, inda tasirin Taliban ya fi karfi.

'Yan sanda mata sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a bayan mamayewar Amurka da hadin gwiwa da kuma hambarar da Masarautar Musulunci ta Afghanistan. A cikin al'adun da aka nuna ta hanyar tsananin rabuwa tsakanin maza da mata, jami'an tsaro suna buƙatar mata su yi ayyuka na musamman, kamar binciken mata da gidaje. Suna da mahimmanci don gudanar da bincike a gida, tunda 'yan Afghanistan suna da matukar damuwa lokacin da sojoji maza ko' yan sanda suka shiga wurin da mata ke wurin, kuma a wuraren dubawa maza ba za su iya bincika mata don ɓoyayyun makamai da sauran smuggling ba.

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2009, Kanal Shafiqa Quraisha, shugaban sashin batutuwan jinsi na 'yan sanda na Afghanistan, ya bayyana wani Harin inda masu tayar da kayar baya suka tattara mata a cikin dakin da aka ɓoye makamai. Kakar ya sami damar bincika mata da ɗakin, ya sami makamai. Yin hari a gida, lokacin da jami'in mace shine na farko da ya shiga, mazauna maza ba za su iya gunaguni cewa 'yan sanda sun keta doka ta hanyar shiga gidan tare da mata a ciki ba.

Hanifa Safi da Najia Sediqi, shugabannin harkokin mata a Lardin Laghman, an kashe su a shekarar 2012.  A ranar Alhamis 4 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2013, an kashe Islam Bibi, wata uwar 'yar shekara 37 da ke da yara uku kuma babbar jami'in' yan sanda a Lardin Helmand, a kan hanyar zuwa aiki. Bayan 'yan watanni, a ranar 15 ga Satumba, an harbe magajin Bibi mai shekaru 38, Negar; ta mutu washegari.

## Mutuwa
An harbe Malalai Kakar ta mutu tsakanin karfe 7:00 na safe da 8:00 na safe a cikin motarta a waje da gidanta yayin da take kan hanyar zuwa aiki a ranar 28 ga Satumba 2008.  Lokacin da aka kashe Kakar an ruwaito cewa tana cikin ƙarshen 30s  ko farkon   zuwa tsakiyar 40s  kuma tana da 'ya'ya shida.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin kisan da ba a warware su ba (2000-yanzu) 

## Manazarta