open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Rimma Kuruch

**Rimma Dmitrievna Kuruch** (Russian, 6 Mayu 1938 - 8 Yuli 2019) kwararriya ce a fannin ilimin harshe. Yawancin ayyukanta suna mayar da hankali kan tattara bayanai, adanawa, da ƙarfafa yin amfani da Kildin Sámi. Kuruch ta kuma taimaka wajen kafa kungiyar Kola Sami kuma ta zama mataimakin shugabanta na farko.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Kuruch a ƙauyen Balovo a gundumar Vachsky, yankin Gorky na Rasha. Iyayenta sun kasance 'yan al'adun Moldova. A shekara ta 1961, ta kammala karatu daga Cibiyar Ilimi ta Jihar Bălți a Moldovan SSR tare da digiri a fannin Harshen Rashanci, Adabi, da Turanci kuma ta fara aiki a matsayin malama a makarantun karkara a Moldova. A shekarar 1967, ta kammala karatun digiri a  kuma ta fara aiki a Jami'ar Jihar Chernivtsi a cikin Ukrainian SSR a shekarar 1968. Ta zama cikakkiyar farfesa a can a shekara ta 1971 kuma ta ci gaba a jami'a har zuwa shekara ta 1975.  

## Aikin Harshen/Yaren Sami
A shekarar 1975, Kuruch ta koma Murmansk, inda ta shiga Cibiyar Pedagogical Murmansk (yanzu  ) don yin aiki tare da Cibiyar Nazarin Harsuna na Cibiyar Kimiyya ta USSR. A can Kuruch ta shiga a matsayin edita kuma marubuciya a cikin aikin don ƙirƙirar ƙamus na Sámi–Rasha na farko, *Саамско–Руссkyй Словарь/Са̄мь–Рӯшш Соагкнэһk* (an buga a 1985), wanda ya haɗa da kalmomi 8,400, bstch nahawu, da kuma babban abin tunani.   

A cikin shekara ta 1976, ta zama shugabar ƙungiyar marubutan yanki da ke aiki don kiyayewa da haɓaka harshen Kildin Sami. Ƙungiya ta haɓaka rubutun Cyrillic na zamani don Kildin Sámi, tare da manhajoji da albarkatun don koyar da Kildin Sámi zuwa makarantun firamare. A cikin shekara ta 1995, Kuruch ta buga tare da Nina Afanasyeva *Правила орфографии и пунктуаци саамского языка* (Rubutun Harshen Sámi da Dokokin rubutu).  

A shekara ta 2010, Ƙungiyar ƴan asalin Arewa ta Rasha ta karrama ta da lambar yabo ta aminci ga Arewa tsawon shekaru da dama da ta yi na aikin farfaɗo da harshen Kildin Sami. 

A cikin shekarar 1989, an zabe ta a matsayin mataimakin shugaba (tare da Nina Afanasyeva) na kungiyar Kola Sámi; duk da haka, ta bar muƙamin bayan shekara ɗaya saboda buƙatar kungiyar na cewa jami’an su zama ‘yan kabilar Sami. 

## Harkokin siyasa
Bayan aikinta da yaren Sami, Kuruch ta kasance mai fafutuka a yankin Murmansk. Ta yi aiki tare da Murmansk Regional Reshen na Rasha Party of Pensioners for Social Justice daga shekarun 1998 zuwa 2006, aiki a matsayin shugaba daga shekarun 2002 zuwa 2006. Daga shekara ta 2008, ta jagoranci kungiyar Murmansk Children of the Great Patriotic War kungiyar kuma ta yi aiki a cikin kwamitin shirya bikin cika shekaru 70 da ke nuna ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu da shan kashin da sojojin Nazi suka yi a yankin Arctic.  

## Manazarta
Annie Åkerhielm

**Anna Vilhelmina Elisabet Åkerhielm** (18 Nuwamba 1869 - 20 Yuli 1956) marubuciya ce ta Sweden kuma ƴar jarida. Ta rubuta litattafai da yawa, da kuma jaridun Sweden a duk tsawon aikinta. Littafinta na baiti na 1900 *[[:sv:Bröderna (dikt)|Bröderna]]* ta lashe lambar yabo ta Mindre guldmedaljen daga Kwalejin Sweden . An san Åkerhielm a matsayin mai fafutukar yaƙi da zaɓen mata da dimokuradiyya .

## Rayuwa
An haifi Annie Åkerhielm a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 1869 a Malmö, Sweden . Ita ce ƴa ta biyu na Catharina Quiding da Nils Herman Quiding, wani alkalin kotun gunduma, wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ra'ayin gurguzu na Utopian na Sweden. Ya girma a cikin dangi mai nisa kuma mai tsauri, Åkerhielm ya rayu yana yarinta na keɓewa. A wannan lokacin, ta yi karatu sosai kuma ta sami sha'awar rubutu. 

A cikin 1898, Åkerhielm ta buga littafinta na farko *Hvidehus*, tana da shekara 29. Littafin ya rinjayi fushin Åkerhielm akan yakin Greco-Turkish na 1897 . Ya lashe babbar kyauta a gasar novel na mujallar *Idun* . Karin tarin wakoki guda biyu sun biyo baya a cikin ƴan shekaru masu zuwa. Ta sami lambar yabo ta Mindre guldmedaljen daga Kwalejin Sweden don littafinta na ayar *[[:sv:Bröderna (dikt)|Bröderna]]* (1900).  A cikin 1901, ta buga labari *Ett främmande namn* wanda ya sami wahayi ta hanyar tafiya zuwa Girka. Ta rubuta wasu litattafai kusan 50 a cikin shekaru masu zuwa tare da littafinta na ƙarshe *Katinka gör karriär*, wanda aka buga a 1945. 

Åkerhiem yana da kyakkyawan aiki na adabi.  Masu suka na wannan zamani sun yaba ta saboda bayyana rayuwar mutane a cikin ayyukanta. Rubuce-rubucenta sun sami karbuwa daga wallafe-wallafe irin su *Svenska Dagbladet*, da kuma masu sukar al'ada irin su Carl David af Wirsén, kuma an kwatanta ta da marubucin adabi Selma Lagerlöf . *Stockholms Dagblad* ya yaba jajircewar Åkerhielm wajen furta "tsofaffin tunani" a cikin litattafanta.  

Åkerhielm ya yi kamfen sosai don adawa da zaɓen mata da dimokuradiyya, yana buga labari *Fru Fanny*, da kuma waƙar *Till Skånes kvinna*, a cikin 1904.   Ta auri Dan Åkerhiem, babban editan jaridar *Gefle-Posten*, a cikin 1906. Auren ya taimaka wajen fara aikin jarida. Ta fara aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida a jarida, tana ba da gudummawar labarai kan batutuwan adabi, siyasa, da na waje. A cikin 1912, ma'auratan sun koma Stockholm, inda suka fara aiki da jarida mai ra'ayin mazan jiya *Nya Dagligt Allehanda* . Åkerhiem ta yi aiki da jarida har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a 1936. Ta nuna juyayi ga Adolf Hitler, daga baya ta kira shi mai ceto na Turai.   Ta yi fatan cewa wata rana wani sabon Hitler zai karbi mulki a Turai. 

Åkerhiem ya mutu a Stockholm, a ranar 20 ga Yuli 1956. 

## Manazarta
Solomana Kante

*Rubutun tsutsa*

Solomana Kanté (kuma an rubuta shi azaman Sùlemáana Kántε, [1] Souleymane Kanté ko Sulemaana Kantè ; N'Ko , 1922 – Nuwamba 23, 1987) marubuci ɗan ƙasar Guinea ne, mawallafi, kuma malami, [2] wanda aka fi sani da wanda ya ƙirƙiri haruffan N'Ko don nau'ikan yaren Manding na Afirka.

Kanté ya kirkiro N'Ko, rubutun zamani don, kamar yadda ya gan shi, [1] harshen Manding a cikin shekara ta 1949 bayan shekaru biyar na gwaji tare da tsarin rubutu daban-daban. [2] An fara amfani da rubutun a Kankan, Guinea kuma an yada shi daga can zuwa wasu sassan Afirka ta Yamma masu magana da Manding.

## Manazarta

## Sources

* Conrad, David C. (2001). "Sake Gina Al'adar Baka: Hanyar Souleymane Kanté don Rubuta Tarihin Mande". *Karatun Mande* 3, 147-200.
* Kaba, Diaka Laye (1992). "Souleymane Kanté: l'inventeur de l'alphabet N'ko". *L'Educateur: Trimestriel Pédagogique des Enseignants de Guinée* 11–12, 33
* Kanté, Bourama (1996). "Souvenir de Kanté Souleymane". *Somoya Sila: Jaridar Culturel de l'Association ICRA-N'KO* 19.
* Kanté, Souleymane (1961). "Alphabet de la langue N'ko: 'N'ko sebesun'." In *Méthode pratique d'écriture N'ko* . Kankan, Mamady Keita ta sake bugawa (1995), Siguiri.
* Vydrine, Valentin, ed. (2001). "Letters de Souleymane Kanté et Maurice Houis". *Karatun Mande* 3, 133-146.
Gunilla von Düben

**Gunilla** “Gulli” Antoinetta von Düben (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairu na shekara ta 1862 – 4 May 1923) malamar Sweden ce, mai fassara, marubuci.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Gunilla von Düben a ranar 17 ga Fabrairun shekarar 1862, a Brännkyrka, kudu da Stockholm, Sweden, cikin dangin Duben, wanda ya shahara saboda gudummawar da yake bayarwa ga kiɗan gargajiya. Ta rike mukamin *Freifrau* kuma diya ce ga Adamina von Vegesack da August von Düben, injiniyan injiniya .  Kakaninta su ne Anders Gustaf von Düben a bangaren mahaifinta, da Johan Fredrik Ernst von Vegesack a bangaren mahaifiyarta.

## Sana'a
A 1896, ta kammala karatunta a Royal Seminary kuma ta zama ƙwararriyar malami. Ta kuma rike matsayin stiftsjungfru,  wanda ya kasance mace mai daraja mara aure da ke goyon bayan wani alawus daga tushe na mata masu daraja marasa aure har sai ta yi aure. A farkon ƙarni na 20, Düben ta fassara littattafai zuwa Yaren mutanen Sweden kuma ta rubuta nata ayyukanta. A cikin 1916, ta fito da littafinta mai suna "The Dream of Point Loma." Fassarorinta sun ƙunshi batutuwan da suka shafi ɗan adam, ruhi, da addini, gami da fassarar " Littafin Anuhu " da " Les Déracinés " zuwa Yaren mutanen Sweden.  Bugu da ƙari, ta taka rawa a matsayin mawallafin marubucin mujallar Sweden na mako-mako " Idun ," wanda aka buga a lokaci guda.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Düben aboki ne,  da kuma dangi na mashahurin marubuci Verner von Heidenstam .  Ba ta da wani al'amari kuma ba ta ƙarasa yin aure ba. 

## Ayyuka

### Labarai
* Düben, Gunilla von (1904). Hon, som aldrig gjorde någon ledsen (da harshen Swedish).
Wacce ba ta taba sa kowa bakin ciki ba.
* Düben, Gunilla von (1916). Drömmen om Point Loma: ett år i Katherine Tingleys tjänst (da harshen Swedish). Fr. Skoglund i distribution.
Mafarkin Point Loma: Shekara guda a cikin hidimar Katherine Tingley.
* Düben, Gunilla von; Minckwitz, Marie von (1922). Söndagsbarnet: en ny bilderbok (da harshen Swedish). Sv. bokhandelscentralen.

Ƙaramin yaro na Lahadi: Sabon littafin hoto.

### Fassara

* *Littafin Anuhu* (1901)
* *Zur Diätetik der Seele* na Ernst, Baron von Feuchtersleben (1911)
* *Les Déracinés* na Maurice Barrès (1916)

## Manazarta

## Sources
Elma Danielsson

**Elma Danielsson** née Sundquist (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1865, Falun - 8 ga Fabrairu 1936, Lomma ), ƴar jaridar Sweden ce kuma ƴar siyasa (Social Democrat). Ta kasance editan wucin gadi na takardan dimokuradiyya na zamantakewar al'umma *Arbetet* daga 1887 zuwa gaba, kuma an kira ta a matsayin mace ta farko a cikin latsawar dimokiradiyya ta zamantakewa. 

## Rayuwa
An haifi Elma Danielsson a Falun. Ta yi aiki a matsayin malami a tsarin makarantun gwamnati kuma ta koma Malmö tare da angonta Axel Danielsson, wanda ta kasance da dangantaka ta gaba da kashewa tun daga 1881 zuwa gaba - sun yi aure shekaru goma sha shida bayan haka, a 1897. Ma'auratan suna da ɗa tare, Atterdag (1891-1895).

Danielsson ya buga takarda mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ta zamantakewar demokraɗiyya *Arbetet* a Malmö, kuma Elma ta shiga cikin takardar a matsayin ɗan jarida daga 1887 zuwa gaba. Lokacin da aka tsare Axel a kurkuku saboda sabo a 1889, ta gudanar da takarda har sai an sake shi a 1890. A 1891, ta koma Amurka, amma ta koma Sweden a 1895. An ba da rahoton cewa August Strindberg ya taɓa gaya wa Danielsson cewa ya yi sa'a ya sami "masoyi mai walƙiya". 

Danielsson ta kasance mai magana da yawun haƙƙin mata a cikin ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta Sweden: ita ce ta kafa Kvinnliga arbetarklubben (Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Mata) a 1888, ƙungiyar gurguzu ta farko ga ma'aikatan mata a Sweden, kuma ta kasance shugabar ta a 1888-90. Ta kasance mataimakiyar kafa Malmö kvinnliga diskussionsklubb (Kungiyar Tattaunawar Mata ta Malmö) a cikin 1900.

Bayan da mata suka sami damar shiga zaɓen gundumomi a shekara ta 1909, Danielsson ta zama mace ta farko da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Dokokin birnin Malmö.

## Manazarta
Knud Knudsen (masanin harshe)

**Knud Knudsen** ( an haife shie a watan Janairu 6, 1812  Maris 30, 1895) malami ne na Norway, marubuci, masanin ilimin harshe da ilimin falsafa, wanda aka sani da "Uban Bokmål ". An san shi sosai don ya taru daga Dano-Norwegian ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan rubuce-rubucen hukuma guda biyu na yaren Yaren mutanen Norway, Bokmål, ɗayan nau'ikan rubuce-rubucen hukuma guda biyu na yaren Yaren mutanen Norway . 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An, haifi Knud Knudsen a Tvedestrand a Agder, Norway. Ya kasance Farfesa na farko a Drammen har zuwa 1846, lokacin da aka nada shi shugaban makarantar Christiania Cathedral School, mukamin da ya rike har zuwa 1880. 

Knudsen ya shiga cikin ci gaban muhawarar ƙasa *wanda* ya *haifar* *da* rubutaccen yaren Norwegian *.* A matsayinsa na malami, ya lura cewa ɗalibai suna da wahalar rubutu a cikin yaren Danish, lokacin da suke magana da Yaren mutanen Norway . Ya yarda cewa ya kamata a canza yaren da aka rubuta don ya dace da magana ta gama gari. Game da wannan, Knudsen ya zo don yin tasiri a cikin mutanen zamaninsa, ciki har da Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson .   

Knudsen yana ɗaya daga cikin na farko da ya ba da shawarar Yaren mutanen Norway ( *fornorskninglinjen* ), sake rubuta kalmomin lamuni zuwa rubutun Yaren mutanen Norway (misali, juya chauffeur zuwa *sjåfør* ). Manufarsa ita ce ya ba da ƙarin launin Yaren mutanen Norway ga yaren adabi na Norway ta hanyar daidaita ƙa'idar rubutu da daidaitawa ga yadda ake amfani da Yaren mutanen Norway, da kuma musanya duk inda ya yiwu, kalmomin Yaren mutanen Norway don abubuwan asali na waje. Ya so canje-canje da za su iya faruwa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci mai yiwuwa kuma saboda haka ya gabatar da gyare-gyare da yawa waɗanda ke aiki a cikin rubutun Danish. Ana iya samun mafi kyawun jiyya na batun a cikin *Unorsk og norsk, eller Fremmedords avlösning* (1879-1881).  

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

* *Haandbog na dansk-norsk sproglære* (1856)
* *Shin ko me kuke so?* (1862)
* *Modersmalet som skolefag* (1864)
* *Littafi Mai Tsarki* (1867)
* *Nogle spraak- og skolespörgsmaal* (1869)
* *Den landsgyldige norske uttale* (1876)
* *Unorsk og Norsk ko fremmede ords avlösning*, (1879-1881)
* *Shekarar 1881* (1881)
* *Norsk blandkorn* (3 samlingar, 1882-1885)
* *Latinskole uten Latin* (1884)
* *Me kuke gani?* (1886)
* *Tyskhet i Norsk og dansk* (1888).
* *Norsk malvekst daga 1852 zuwa regne* (1894)

## Duba kuma

* Rikicin harshen Norwegian

## Manazarta

## Wasu kafofin

* Vinje, Finn-Erik (1978) *.* 
* Hyvik, Jens Johan (2009) *Språk Og Nasjon 1739-1868.* *Norsk Målreising.* *Band I* (Det Norske Samlaget) 

## Karatun mai alaƙa

* Haugen, Einar (1966) *Rikicin Harshe & Shirye-shiryen Harshe- Batun Yaren mutanen Norway na zamani* (Jami'ar Harvard Press)
* Jahr, Ernst (2014) *Shirye-shiryen Harshe azaman Gwajin Harshen Zamantakewa: Al'amarin Yaren Yaren Zamani* (Jami'ar Edinburgh Press)
Musa Schulbaum

Moses Schulbaum (an haife shine Hebrew ; c. 1833, Ozeryany, Borshchiv Raion [uk] - 4 Afrilu 1918, Vienna ) marubuci ne na koma Bayahude Bayahude, mai fassara, kuma mawallafin ƙamus .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Moshe Schulbaum a cikin wataAfrilu 1830 [1], 1833, [1] ko 1835 [1] a Gabashin Galicia zuwa Yeshayahu da Devorah Schulbaum. [1] Mahaifinsa hamshaƙin ɗan kasuwa ne, [1] kuma mahaifiyarsa zuriyar Chacham Tzvi ce . Tun yana ƙarami ya ba da kansa ga nazarin Ibrananci, kuma a cikin 1870 ya shiga gidan buga littattafai na Michael Wolf a Lemberg a matsayin mai karantawa . Lokacin da aka kafa makarantun Baron de Hirsch a Galicia, an kira Schulbaum (1889) a matsayin malamin Ibrananci zuwa Kolomea ; a 1897 an canza shi zuwa makarantar Baron de Hirsch a Mikulence .

Laburaren Schulbaum ya ƙone a hargitsi na Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, kuma sojojin Rasha ne suka nemi gidansa. Ya gudu tare da iyalinsa zuwa Vienna, inda ya rasu a shekara ta 1918. 

## Aiki
An fassara Schulbaum zuwa Ibrananci Schiller 's *Die Räuber* (Lemberg, 1871) da Aristotle 's *Nicomachean Ethics* (Lemberg, 1877); da kuma gyara cikakken bita na *Otzar ha-shorashim* na Juda Leib Ben-Ze'ev (5 vols., Lemberg, 1880–82). Juzu'i huɗu na ƙarshe na wannan littafi - wato, Aramaic, Ibrananci na zamani, da ƙamus na Jamusanci-Ibrananci, da ƙamus na sunaye masu kyau - Schulbaum ne ya haɗa su da kansa; Haka kuma sassa masu zuwa waɗanda suka bayyana a bugu na biyu: ƙamus na Ibrananci-Jamus (Lemberg, 1898), da ƙamus na Jamusanci-Ibrananci (Lemberg, 1904). Schulbaum ya yi adawa da gabatar da sababbin kalmomin Ibrananci daga Larabci, kuma a maimakon haka ya bukaci fassarar jumlar Aramaic zuwa Ibrananci. 

## Manazarta

## Sources

*  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; Margel, M. (1905). "Schulbaum, Moses". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 113.
Jaygopal Tarkalankar

**Jaygopal Tarkalankar** ( Bengali an haife shine ; 7 ga watan Oktoba 1775 - 13 Afrilu 1846) marubucin Bengali ne kuma masanin Sanskrit .

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Tarkalankar a cikin 1775 a ƙauyen Ghritapur, Keshiary a Indiya ta Burtaniya . Ya yi karatun firamare a wurin mahaifinsa Pandit Kebalram Tarkapanchanan. [1]

## Sana'a
Tarkalankar ya tafi Benaras kuma ya yi aiki tare da Henry Thomas Colebrooke . Ya koyar da Colebrooke Bengali da Sanskrit kuma ya taimaka masa ayyukan fassara.  Ya yi aiki a karkashin William Carey daga 1805 zuwa 1823 a Serampur inda ya hada *Shikshasar.* Tarkalankar kuma ya yi aiki tare da John Clark Marshman kuma ya buga *Samachar Darpan* .  Nan da nan bayan kafa Kwalejin Sanskrit a 1824 an nada shi a matsayin malami na adabi na Vernacular. A cikin aikin koyarwa na shekaru 22 ya koyar da Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar  da Madan Mohan Tarkalankar. Babban manufarsa ita ce sake haɓaka yaren Bengali ta hanyar kawar da shi daga tasirin Perso-Larabci . Tarkalankar ya sake fasalin nau'ikan Krittivas's Ramayana da Mahabharata na Kashiram Das waɗanda aka buga daga Ofishin Jakadancin Serampore a 1834 da 1836 bi da bi.  

## Ayyuka

* *Shikshasar*
* *Krishvavisayakshlokah*
* *Chandi*
* *Baba Dhara*
* *Babgavidhan*
* *Paraseek Avidhan* 

## Manazarta
Marius Nygaard (masanin kimiyya)

**Marius Nygaard** ( an haife shie 13 ga watan  Satumba 1838 - 7 Fabrairu 1912) malami ne kuma masanin harshe na Norway.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
An haife shi a Bergen a matsayin ɗan mai kula da jirgin ruwa kuma ɗan kasuwa Mads Christensen Nygaard (1793 – 1875) da Maren Behrens (1806 – 1875). A bangaren uwa kuma shi dan uwan farko ne na Johan Diederich Behrens. 

Nygaard ya auri Elise Martin (1842-1923) a watan Agusta 1863 a Bergen. Suna da ɗa William Martin Nygaard,  sanannen ɗan siyasa kuma mawallafin littattafai. Marius Nygaard shi ma kakan Mads Wiel Nygaard ne kuma alkali Marius Nygaard, kuma kakan Agnes Nygaard Haug, Kristen Nygaard da William Nygaard. 

## Sana'a
Ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare a 1855 kuma ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Royal Frederick tare da cand.philol. Digiri na 1861. Ya yi aiki a Makarantar Cathedral na Bergen daga 1862 zuwa 1863 da kuma Christiansand Cathedral School 1864 zuwa 1876, kuma ya kasance shugaban makaranta daga 1876 zuwa 1877. Ya kasance shugaban makarantar sakandare ta Fredrikshald daga 1877 zuwa 1894 da Drammen daga 1894 zuwa 1910. Ya kasance memba na majalisar birni na duka Kiristocin da Fredrikshald da Drammen. 

Ya gudanar da bincike na harshe. Littattafai sun haɗa da *Eddasprogets Syntax*, a cikin juzu'i biyu a cikin 1865 da 1867, game da syntax a Edda, da *Betydningen og Brugen af Verbet* a 1878. Ya kasance memba na Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences da haruffa daga 1877 da Cibiyar Kimiyya da Wasiƙu ta Norwegian daga 1880. A cikin 1887 ya buga ƙamus na Latin-Norwegian *Latinsk Ordbog* tare da Jan Johanssen da Emil Schreiner, littafi wanda har yanzu ana amfani da shi - an sabunta shi kuma an sake fitar da shi, na ƙarshe a cikin 1998.  

Ya buga *Kortfattet Fremstilling af det norske Landsmaals Grammatik* a cikin 1867, nahawun Landsmål da wuri. Ya kasance mai goyon bayan wannan rubutaccen nau'i na Norwegian, da sauransu a matsayin memba na Vestmannalaget . Tare da Jonathan Aars shi ma ya kasance mai tuƙi a baya bayan da Norwegian orthographic gyara na 1907, wanda alama rarrabuwa tsakanin Dano-Norwegian da sabon Riksmål. 

An yi masa ado da odar Royal Norwegian Order na St. Olav a 1890, kuma ya mutu a cikin Fabrairu 1912 a Kristiania. 

## Manazarta
Micurà na Rü

Micura de Rü, an haife shi a Nikolaus Bacher (San Cassiano, Badia, Disamba 4, 1789 - Wilten, Maris 29, 1847), ɗan Ostiriya ne Ladin mai magana da cocin Katolika kuma masanin harshe wanda aka fi sani da rubuce-rubucensa akan yaren Ladin.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife shi a matsayin Nikolaus Bacher a vila Rü a San Ćiascian, yanzu wani ɓangare na Badia, Kudancin Tyrol .

Ya fito daga dangin Ladin, na ƙarshe na yara huɗu, ya yi karatun tauhidi kuma an naɗa shi a matsayin firist a Salzburg a ranar 28 ga Agusta, 1814. Shi malamin soja ne kuma malami a Scuola Militare a Milan. Ya kuma kasance malami na Italiyanci a Jami'ar Innsbruck .

Yana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da asalinsa, ya rubuta, a cikin 1833, littafin nahawu na farko na harshen Ladin, *Versuch einer deütsch-ladinischen Sprachlehre* ("Ƙoƙari na haɗa nahawu na Jamusanci-Ladin"), wanda aka rubuta da nufin haɗa harsuna daban-daban na kwarin Kudancin Tyrol . Ya sanya hannu a sunansa a matsayin "Micurà de Rü", "Micurà" kasancewar ladin Ladin na Nikolaus ko Nicolò, kuma Rü shine wurin haifuwarsa.

Istitut Ladin Micurà de Rü, Cibiyar da aka kafa a 1976 a San Martin de Tor don nazarin, noma, da inganta harshen Ladin, tarihi da al'adu suna suna bayansa. 

## Kara karantawa

*  

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Masar

**Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Masar** (ETUF) ƙungiya ce ta kwadago da ke da mazauni a birnin Alkahira, Masar.

## Tarihi

An kafa ETUF a shekarar 1957, a matsayin ƙungiyar da ke ƙarƙashin ikon ƙasar. Har zuwa shekara ta 2011 an dakatar da dukkan ƙungiyoyin kwadago in ban da ETUF. A lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Masar na shekarar 2011 shugabannin ETUF sun kasance masu aiki don kare mulkin Mubarak, gami da shiga cikin hare-hare kan masu zanga-zangar zaman lafiya.

## Manazarta
Tarihin Mata

**Archives du Féminisme** () kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Faransa da aka kafa a shekara ta 2000 wacce babban burinta shine adana tushen ***Tarihin Mata***. Tarin da aka haɗa, wanda kuma ake kira Archives du féminisme, an buga shi ne ta hanyar Rennes University Press kuma yana inganta yaduwar bincike da binciken game da ƙungiyoyin 'yancin mata.

## Ayyuka
Kungiyar tana tattara takardun tarihi daga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, tana gudanar da taro da kwanakin karatu, kuma tana samar da wallafe-wallafe. Yana samar da albarkatun kan layi, gami da labarai da rahotanni, littattafai, tushen tarihi, nune-nunen (a cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da MUSEA) da kuma "Guide of sources",  bayanan bayanan tushen da suka shafi tarihin Mata na Faransa.

## Haɗin gwiwa
Cibiyar Tarihin Feminism (CAF) tare da hadin gwiwar Bibliothèque Marguerite Durand tana maraba da kudaden da kungiyar Archives du Féminisme ta tattara. An kafa shi a shekara ta 2000, an haɗa CAF, a matsayin asusun na musamman, a cikin ɗakin karatu na Jami'ar Angers. Ya ƙunshi asusun ajiya masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke rufe lokacin daga karni na 19 zuwa 21. 

## Littattafai
Archives du Féminisme yana da ɓangarori biyu na bayanai: gidan yanar gizo da sanarwar labarai.

The Guide to Feminist Historical Sources,  wanda aka tattara a karkashin jagorancin Christine Bard, Annie Metz da Valérie Neveu, wanda ke ba da alamomi da kuma bayyana tarin kayan tarihi da suka shafi mata, a duk faɗin Faransa, an buga shi shekaru shida bayan kirkirar ƙungiyar, a cikin 2006. [1] An haife shi ne daga lura cewa binciken tushe a kan mata ya kasance da wahala saboda raguwar waɗannan tushe  da kuma rashin sani game da wuraren su, wannan jagorar ta lissafa albarkatun mata ga masu bincike kuma an raba shi zuwa sassa huɗu: "hidimomin ajiyar jama'a", "ƙungiyoyin masu zaman kansu, ɗakunan karatu, gidajen tarihi da cibiyoyin ajiya", "tushen bidiyo" da "webography". An gabatar da aiki kan sabunta wannan jagorar a shafin yanar gizon ƙungiyar a cikin sashin "jagoran tushen tushen tushen". Wannan ɓangaren sun haɗa da wuraren su kusan 369 a kan wuraren da abubuwan da ke ciki.

A watan Fabrairun 2017, an saki Dictionary of Feminists in France, 18th-21st century,  wani aikin da Christine Bard ke kula da shi tare da hadin gwiwar Sylvie Chaperon. Abokan aiki ɗari biyu sun shiga cikin rubuce-rubuce da shirya wannan aikin, wanda ke ba da tarihin mutane 550 da suka yi tarihi a cikin ƙungiyar mata.

## Bayanan littattafai
* 
* 
 

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* 
* ''Tarihin mata''
Francišak Skaryna Ƙungiyar Harshen Belarus

**Ƙungiyar**     Belarusian Tavarystva bielaruskaj movy imia Franciška Skaryny, **TBM** ) ƙungiya ce a Belarus . Babban aikin ƙungiyar shine bayar da shawarwari da haɓaka harshen Belarushiyanci . 

## Tarihi da bayanin martaba
An kafa TBM a cikin 1989 a kan wani shiri na ƙungiyar masu ilimin Belarusian ta Ƙungiyar Marubuta Belarusian, Ma'aikatun Ilimi da Al'adu, Cibiyoyin Ilimin Harshe da wallafe-wallafen Belarus Academy of Sciences, Asusun al'adun Belarus, Kwamitin Jiha na 'Yan Jaridu, Ƙungiyar Abokan Hulɗa da Al'adu da Ƙasashen Watsa Labarai na Ƙasashen waje na Gidan Rediyo da Ƙasashen Waje .  

TBM ya shirya kamfen da yawa na haɓaka harshen Belarushiyanci, kamar buƙatun gabatarwar sanarwar Belarushiyanci a cikin jigilar jama'a, bayanin kayayyaki a Belarusian akan alamomin, haɓaka firamare da ilimi mafi girma a cikin harshen Belarushiyanci.

Ko da yake kungiyar na adawa da manufar rusa ta Alexander Lukashenko da kuma fitattun jagororin adawa da masu fafutuka membobin kungiyar TBM ne, amma ta nisanta daga siyasa kuma ta tsaya tsayin daka kan manufofinta.

A cikin Yuli 2021, hukumomin Belarushiyanci sun gudanar da bincike a ofishin jama'a, kuma a watan Agusta Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta nemi a rushe wannan al'umma a Kotun Koli ta Belarus . 

## Shugaba

* daga 2017: Alena Anisim, 'yar majalisa
* 1999 - 2017: Aleh Trusaŭ [kuma: Oleg Trusov], masanin tarihi 
* 1997 – 1999: Henadz Burukin [kuma: Gennady Buravkin, Genadz Burawkin], mawaki
* 1989 - 1996: Nil Hilevich, mawaƙi

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Yanar Gizo na hukuma 
* Leaflet game da Frantsishak Skaryna Belarusian Language Society
Alena Anisim

**Alena Mikalajeŭna Anisim**  ( née **Amelčyc** ;  an haife shi 28 Satumba 1962) yar  siyasan Belarusian 'yar adawa ne, masanin harshe kuma tsohon memba na Majalisar Wakilan Belarus, majalisar ƙasa ta Majalisar Dokokin Belarus . Ita ce kuma shugabar haramtacciyar ƙungiyar Harshen Belarusian Francišak Skaryna .

An haifi Anisim a ranar 28 ga Satumba 1962 a cikin dangin manoma a garin Stoŭbcy, yankin Minsk .

A 1983, ta sauke karatu daga Faculty of Philology na Belarushiyanci Jami'ar Jihar . Sannan ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar yara da sakandare. Daga 1991, ta kasance abokiyar bincike a Cibiyar Yakub Kolas na Linguistics na Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kasa ta Belarus . Tun daga 2017, ta kasance shugabar Ƙungiyar Harshen Harshen Francišak Skaryna Belarusian. Daga 2017 zuwa 2018, ta himmatu wajen inganta ƙirƙirar jami'a ta farko ta harshen Belarushiyanci, mai suna Nil Hilevich, a Minsk . Sai dai ma’aikatar ilimi ta ki amincewa da aikin.

A cikin 2014, Anisim ya zama kodineta na duk-Belarus Congress for Independence. A wannan shekarar ne majalisar masu tunani ta Belarus ta zabe ta a matsayin shugaban kasa. Duk da haka, da ta kafa kamfani, ba zato ba tsammani ta janye daga gasar. 

A cikin 2016, ita da Hanna Kanapatskaya an zabe su a Majalisar Wakilai ta Belarus, 'yan siyasar adawa biyu na farko da suka sami kujeru cikin shekaru ashirin.  A lokacin da suke kokarin yin rajistar takararsu a zaben 2019, Hukumar Zabe ta Tsakiya ta gwamnatin Lukashenko ta ki amincewa da su .

A cikin 2019, ta sanar da takararta na Shugaban Belarus.  Bayan kuma an yi watsi da ita, ta koma Cibiyar Yakub Kolas bayan ta kammala wa’adinta a Majalisar Wakilai.

## Bayanan kula

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*
Indira Bajramović

**Indira Bajramović** 'yar gwagwarmayar Roma ce kuma masanin tattalin arziki wacce ke aiki don inganta yanayin mata Roma a Bosnia da Herzegovina sama da shekaru 20. Ita ce darakta na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Roma 'Mafi Kyawun Makomar' (sunan yankin 'Bolja Destiny') daga Tuzla . 

Bajramović ya yi aiki don samar da taimako da taimako ga ƙauyukan Romawa na ƙauyuka, kuma ya ba da shawarar ga mutanen Roma su sami daidaito a Bosnia da Herzegovina. Musamman, Bajramović ya mayar da hankali kan wayar da kan jama'a game da matsalolin da matan Roma marasa aikin yi da wadanda ke fama da tashin hankali da cin zarafi gida ke fuskanta.

## Yunkurin fafutuka
Kungiyar Bajramović tana mai da hankali kan samar da abinci da kayayyakin tsabta da kuma kayan makaranta ga yara ƙanana a cikin al'ummomin Roma. Bugu da ƙari, ƙungiyar tana aiki don samar da gwaje-gwaje na likita masu zaman kansu ga matalauta, musamman don tantance ciwon nono.

### Cutar COVID-19
A lokacin rani na 2020, a cikin annobar COVID-19, Bajramović da tushe sun haɗa kai da Cibiyar Roma ta Mata ta Bosnia da Herzegovina, Gidauniyar Al'umma ta Tuzla, da Taron Solidarity na Duniya Emmaus don samar da kunshin taimako 700 ga al'ummomin Roma na gida a kusa da Kiseljak. Bajramović ya taimaka wajen daidaita rarraba abinci 400 a rana sau ɗaya a kowace kwana 3 tare da masu sa kai. Ta kuma shiga cikin ayyukan gine-gine da yawa ciki har da Filin kwallon kafa da ɗakin wasa na yara. Bugu da ƙari, ta shiga cikin sake gina tashar da ta lalace, wanda a baya ya haifar da ambaliyar gidaje da yawa.

Baya ga samar da taimako ga al'ummomin Roma a lokacin annobar, Bajramović ya kuma rubuta raunin da ke cikin yankunan karkara waɗanda annobar ta kara tsanantawa. Ta nuna karamin rabo na dalibai daga al'ummomin Roma da ke shiga cikin azuzuwan kan layi, karuwar tashin hankali na gida da nuna bambanci a cikin kiwon lafiya. Ta musamman ta nuna rashin samun gwajin COVID-19 a cikin waɗannan yankunan karkara.[1]

## Siyasa
Bajramović ya gudu don matsayi a majalisar birnin Tuzla a matsayin lamba 9 a kan Union for a Better Future of BiH (Bosnian: Savez za bolju داهاتوو Bosne i Hercegovine). Ba a zabe ta ba. Jimillar mata 20 na Romawa sun gudu, amma babu wanda aka zaba a matsayin masu ba da shawara. A lokacin zaben, maza 47 na Roma sun yi takara, daga cikinsu 6 sun zama masu ba da shawara. Bajramović ya danganta rashin nasarar mata ga mayar da hankali ga aikin al'umma maimakon kamfen ɗin da ake gani. Ta kuma jawo hankali ga rarraba kuri'un tsakanin sabbin jam'iyyun da yawa, kuma ta bukaci Romawa da su karfafa a bayan dan takara daya, kodayake yawancin Romawa da ke neman mukamin sun ƙarfafa ta fiye da shekarun da suka gabata.

## Manazarta
Hienadz Buraukin

**Hienadz Burukin** ( Belarusian  , 28 Agusta 1936 - 30 May 2014) mawaƙin Belarushiyanci ne, ɗan jarida kuma jami'in diflomasiyya.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife shi a ƙauyen Shuliacina a yankin Vitebsk . A 1959, ya sauke karatu daga Belarushiyanci Jami'ar Jihar .

A lokacin aikinsa, ya kasance babban mai ba da rahoto na jaridar Soviet Pravda a Belarus. A cikin 1969, ya taimaka wa Zianon Pazniak don buga labarai da yawa kan adana kayan gine-gine na Belarus.

Daga 1972 zuwa 1978, Burukin ya kasance babban editan mujallar Maladosts ta Belarus, inda ya buga ayyuka da yawa na Vasil Bykaŭ da Uladzimir Karatkievich . Da yake zama memba na majalisar daga 1980 zuwa 1990, ya kasance daya daga cikin masu inganta dokar da ta inganta matsayi na harshen Belarushiyanci a BSSR .

Daga 1978 zuwa 1990, ya kasance shugaban gidan talabijin na kasa da kuma kamfanin Rediyo na Belarus, amma an kore shi daga mukamin saboda ba da damar watsa shirye-shirye ga 'yan adawar dimokuradiyya.

Daga 1990 zuwa 1994, Burukin ya sami damar zama wakilin dindindin na Belarus a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . A cikin 1990s, Burukin kuma ya kasance shugaban kungiyar Harshen Francišak Skaryna Belarusian .

Burukin ya mutu ne daga cutar kansa a ranar 30 ga Mayu 2014 a Minsk yana da shekaru 77. 

## Ayyukan adabi da kyaututtuka
Burukin shine marubucin littafan wakoki da dama. Yawancin wakokinsa sun zama waƙoƙi don waƙoƙi, ciki har da sanannen lullaby . Domin ayyukan wallafe-wallafen, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Leninist Comsomol Preium na Belarus (1972) da kuma Janka Kupala State Literature Premium (1980). 

## Manazarta
Ruwan Ijede

Ruwan Ijede Spring Water  wanda aka fi sani da ( **Odoro Water Spring** in Yarbanci ) ruwa ne na asali da ke cikin al'ummar Ijede da ke yankin Ikorodu a Legas wanda dattijo Baba Odoro ya gano a lokacin wani mummunan fari. A tarihance, an yi imanin cewa ruwan marmaro kyauta ce ta Allah, ta samar da ruwa mai tsafta, mai warkarwa ga al’umma har tsawon tsararraki. 

## Bayani
Al'umma ce ke kula da rafin, yana kusa da bakin teku, kuma yana kwarara kai tsaye cikin tafkin Legas. An lasafta wannan jan hankali a matsayin wurin yawon bude ido da kuma daya daga cikin wurare uku da gwamnatin jihar Legas ta kebe a sashin Ikorodu.  

An gudanar da bugu na farko na taron ne a shekarar 2021 kuma ya samu halartar dubban 'yan yawon bude ido; duk da haka, ana kara nuna damuwa game da rashin kula da wuraren yawon bude ido, kuma maido da aikin yana bukatar kulawa cikin gaggawa daga gwamnati. Duk da yuwuwar da yake da shi a matsayin babban wurin yawon bude ido, Tekun Odoro ya fada cikin halin rashin kulawa. An nuna damuwa daga mazauna yankin, masu yawon bude ido, da masu kiyaye muhalli dangane da rashin kulawa da kula da wurin.

## Magana
Harshen Marrithiyel

**Marrithiyel** (**Marithiel**, kuma Maridhiel, Maridhiyel), wanda aka fi sani da **Berringen** (**Bringen**, **Brinken**), yare ne na asalin Australiya wanda Mutanen Marrithiyal ke magana.

Harsuna ban da Marrithiyel dai-dai sune Nganygit, Marri Amu (Marriammu, Mare-Ammu), Maridjabin (Maredyerbin, Maretyabin, Maridyerbin, Maritjabin), Marridan (Meradan), Marramanindjdji (Marramaninydyi, Marimanindji), da Mariyedi .

Yaren Marri Amu wani bangare ne na aikin farfado da harshe don adana harsuna masu haɗari. Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, Marri Amu yana ɗaya daga cikin harsuna 20 da aka ba da fifiko a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Taimako na Harsuna na Farko na Ostiraliya kuma Ma'aikatar Sadarwa da Fasaha ce ke tallafawa. Shirin yana da niyyar "bayyanawa da kuma rubuta harsunan da ke cikin haɗari - waɗancan harsunan waɗanda kaɗan ko babu takardun da suka wanzu, inda ba a taɓa yin rikodin ba, to amma inda akwai masu magana da rai".

## Sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

* Wataƙila an yi rikodin sautunan Retroflex /ɳ Ō/.
* Ana iya jin sautin alveolar /t/ kamar yadda [[.
* Hakanan ana iya jin fricative /θ/ na hakora a matsayin tsayawa [t̪].

### Sautin sautin

* Ana kuma jin ƙarin sautin tsakiya [ɜ] tsakanin yaruka.
* /i u/ kuma ana iya jin sa a matsayin [ɪ ʊ].
* /u/ na iya samun allophone na [ɔ].
* /a/ na iya samun allophones na gaba da na tsakiya na [a ɒ].

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

* Marrithiyel a Shafin yanar gizon Dalylanguages.org.
* Marri Tjevin (harshe na Marrithiyel) a Shafin yanar gizon Dalylanguages.org.
* Marri Ammu (harshe na Marrithiyel) a Shafin yanar gizon Dalylanguages.org.
* Marri Dan (harshe na Marrithiyel) a Shafin yanar gizon Dalylanguages.org.
* Marramaninjsji (wanda ke da alaƙa da Marrithiyel) a Shafin yanar gizon Dalylanguages.org.
Harshen Mayi-Kulan

Mayi-Kulan wani yaren Mayi ne wanda ya ƙare wanda kuma aka taɓa magana a yankin Cape York na Queensland, Ostiraliya .

Mayi-Kulan da yarukanta na iya zama yarukan Ngawun / Wunumara.

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

* Ba kamar sauran harsunan Mayi ba, /l̠j/ a cikin Mayi-Thakurti, sannan kuma Wunumara yana da sauti.

### Sautin sautin

## Kalmomin kalmomi
Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin ƙamus na asali daga Blake (1981). 

## Manazarta
Nil Hilevich

**Nil Symonavich Hilevich** ( Belarusian     ; Russian     ; 30 Satumba 1931 - 29 Maris 2016) mawallafin Belarusian ne,  koma farfesa ne Jami'ar Jihar Belarus, marubucin littattafai fiye da 80 na shayari, wallafe-wallafe, da fassarorin, kuma ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Ƙungiyar Harshen Francišak Skaryna Belarusian Society . 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Nil Hilevich a ƙauyen Slabada ( *Słabada* ), a cikin gundumar Lahoisk ( *Łahojsk* ) na Lardin Minsk .  Ya yi karatu a wata kwaleji a Minsk (wanda ya sauke karatu a 1951), shirya zama malami. A shekarar da ta gabata a kwalejin ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a daya daga cikin makarantu a Minsk. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Jami'ar Jihar Belarus (Faculty of Philology), kuma ya sauke karatu a 1956. A lokacin 1960-1986 yana aiki a jami'a, kuma daga baya ya zama Farfesa. A 1958 ya fara aiki ga jaridar *Zvyazda* ( **Belarusian** *Звязда* ). A 1978 Hilevich ya shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci. A 1980 ya zama babban sakataren kungiyar marubuta ta BSSR, kuma ya rike wannan mukamin na tsawon shekaru 9. A 1989 ya zama shugaban kungiyar Francišak Skaryna Belarusian Language Society .  Shi ne kuma babban editan bulletin Society *Наша слова* (a zahiri: *Kalmarmu* ). A shekarar 1991, Nil Hilevich samu wani Popular mawaƙi na Belarus. Ya kuma samu wasu kyaututtuka a fannin adabi.

## Ayyuka
Hilevich aka fara buga a 1946. Kuma sai bayan shekaru goma sha ɗaya ya buga tarin ayarsa, *Песьня ў дарогу* ( **a zahiri:** Song of the Road). **Littafin ya biyo bayan Прадвесьне ідзе па зямлі (a zahiri:** A Feeling of Spring *Passes over the Earth* a 1959), *Неспакой* (Disquiet; 1961), *Бальшак* (Hanyar Hanya; 1965), *Пы9* (Exchange) *; дзеж тая крынічанька?* (Kuma Ina Wannan Ƙananan Bahar Rum yake?; 1972), *Актавы* (Octaves; 1976), *У добрай згодзе* (In Good Agreement; 1979), *Повязь* (A Tie; 1987). Hilevich ya kuma buga littattafai masu ban dariya da ban dariya, kamar su

* *Званkovы валет* (The Jack of Diamonds; 1961)
* *Да novыh венікаў* (Zuwa Sabon Wreaths; 1963)
* *Ці грэх, ці 2* *(* Zunubi Ko Biyu; 1970)
* *Русалка на Нарачы* (Mermaid a cikin Narač; 1974).

Nil Hilevich ya fassara Bulgarian, Slovenian, Polish, Lutuanian, Ukrainian, da Rashanci da wakoki zuwa Belarushiyanci. Ya kuma rubuta baitukan wakoki ga yara, kamar

A cikin 1981 an buga zaɓaɓɓen ayyukansa a cikin littafi guda biyu. Hilevich ya rubuta wasu wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda aka buga a matsayin wani littafi daban *Начлег на бусьлянцы* (A Night In The Stork's Nest) a cikin 1980. An buga novel dinsa mai suna *Перажыўшы вайн* (Bayan Cire Yaki) a shekara ta 1988.  Nil Hilevich ƙwararren mawaƙi ne, wanda kuma aka sani da rubuta litattafai da dama na sukar wallafe-wallafe, fassarar al'adun gargajiya kamar su.

* *Наша родная песня* (Waƙar Ƙasar Mu; 1968)
* Вусная народная творчасць і сучасная лірычnaya паэzія ўсходніх і паўднёвыh сlavyan ( *The Folklore And Modern Poetry of the Eastern and Southern Slavic People 8* ).

A shekara ta 2009 an buga zaɓaɓɓen ayyukansa a cikin wani littafi a Minsk. Littafin yana da shafuka 600 kuma ya ƙunshi mafi mahimmancin ayyukan Hilevich. 

## Manazarta
Yakin Downing Street

**Yakin Downing Street** wani yunkuri ne na sufragettes zuwa Downing Street, London, a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 1910. Kungiyar Mata ta Emmeline Pankhurst ce ta shirya wannan tafiya, an gudanar da ita kwana hudu bayan Black Friday, zanga-zangar da 'yan sanda suka kai wa mata hari.

## Sanarwar Firayim Minista
Da yake faruwa a cikin mahallin muhawara game da Dokar sulhu ta 1910 (ba da iyakantaccen adadin mata kuri'a bisa ga dukiya da matsayin aure), tafiyar ta kasance amsa kai tsaye ga wata sanarwa ta Firayim Minista H. H. Da cewa: "Gwamnati za ta, idan har yanzu suna cikin iko, ta ba da kayan aiki a cikin majalisa ta gaba don ci gaba da ingantaccen Dokar da aka tsara don yarda da sake fasalin kyauta", wanda ya ba da lissafin ba zai sami damar wucewa ba.

Emmeline da Christabel Pankhurst sun kasance a Caxton Hall lokacin da labarai suka zo game da jawabin Asquith; Christabel ya sanar da masu sauraro cewa sanarwar yaki ce: "Alkawarin majalisa ta gaba ba'a ce ta alkawari. Sun kasance suna magana game da sanarwar yaki. "Mun kuma bayyana yaki daga wannan lokacin. " Emmeline ya gaya wa taron: "Ina zuwa Downing Street. Ku zo tare, ku duka".

## Maris a kan titin Downing
Kimanin mata 200 sun yi tafiya a kan titin Downing, suna murkushe windows a Ofishin mulkin mallaka da Ofishin Gida, da kuma motar Asquith;  An kama Emmeline Pankhurst da 'yar'uwarta, Mary Clarke, tare da wasu mata 157 da maza uku. An kama Clarke ne saboda jefa dutse ta taga a Ofishin 'yan sanda na Canon Row, inda ake tsare da Pankhurst, bayan da' yan sanda suka ki barin Clarke ta gan ta. Kimanin mata 20 sun kusanci 10 Downing Street, gidan Firayim Minista, daga baya kuma sun taru a kusa da Augustine Birrell, Babban Sakataren Ireland. Ya ce sun "karya ni kuma sun ja ni, sun 'buɗe' fuskata [kuma] suka buga hular ta".[and] A ƙoƙarin tserewa, an bar shi da gwiwoyi mai karkatarwa kuma ya zame. Birrell bai nemi gurfanar da shi ba; ya rubuta wa Sakataren Cikin Gida, Winston Churchill, a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 1911: "[L]et the matter drop but keep your ido on the hags in question" 

## Duba kuma

* Hakkin mata a Ƙasar Ingila

## Manazarta

## Ayyukan da aka ambata
 

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## Ƙarin karantawa

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Harshen Mian

**Mian** yare ne na Ok da ake magana a Gundumar Telefomin na Lardin Sandaun a Papua New Guinea da Mutanen Mian. Yana da wasu masu magana dubu ukku da dari biyar 3,500 da suka bazu a cikin yaruka biyu: *Yammacin Mian* (a.k.a. *Suganga*), tare da kimanin masu magana har dubu daya  1,000 a kusa da Yapsiei, da *Gabashin Mian*, tare da kimanin dubu biyu da dari biyar 2,500 masu magana a ciki da kewayen Timeilmin, Temsakmin, Sokamin, Gubil, Fiak da Hotmin.

## Fasahar sauti
A fannin sauti, Mian yayi kama da sauran Harsunan Papua a cikin girman kayan sautin sa, to amma duk da haka yana da wasu halaye, kamar bambancin da ke tsakanin fili [a] da pharyngealized [a]. Har ila yau kuma harshe ne na sauti.

### Sautin sautin
Harshen Mian yana da wasula shida, gami da wasula na gaba mai buɗewa.

Mian kuma yana da maganganu huɗu:

/ɛ/ an gane shi azaman [ə] a cikin sautin sautin saut na farko, [ɛ] a wasu wurare.

/a/ an gane shi azaman [ɐ] a cikin kalmomin da ba a haɗa su ba, [ə] a cikin kalmomi na farko da ke da sautin sautin saurin sautin saut wanda ya fara da ma'anar, [a] a wasu wurare.

/o/ an gane shi azaman [ɔ] a cikin sautin sautin saut na farko da kuma a cikin sautunan da suka ƙare a cikin murya mara murya ko [ŋ], [o] a wasu wurare.

/u/ an gane shi azaman [ʊ] a cikin sautin sautin saut na farko, [u] a wasu wurare.

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
Harshen Mian yana da ƙwayoyi 16:

 an gane shi azaman  kalma-da farko,  ko [a ƙarshe] syllable-a ƙarshe, [b] a wasu wurare.

: Misalan: **banǒn** [mbànǒn] ƙananan hannu, **mǎab** [mǎab] frog, teběl [thɛbɛ̌l] ant*tururuwa*

/t/ an gane shi a matsayin  kafin wasula,  ko  syllable-a ƙarshe.

: Misalan: *Haikali* [**tam**], mat [mát] gall bladder*hanji*

/k/ ana gane shi a matsayin  kafin wasula,  ko  syllable-a ƙarshe, wani lokacin [x] tsakanin wasula, kafin ].

: Misalan: **kemin** [khèmìn] **Kawa** yin, **manggěk** [maŋɡang] bee, **Ok** [òxòḱ] *aiki*, kaawá [qhàwá] ƙarfe axis*Ƙarfin ƙarfe*

/ɡ/ an gane shi azaman [ŋɡ] kalma-da farko, [ɡ] a wasu wurare.

: Misalan: **gát** [ŋɡát] mole, **manggěk** [màŋɡɛ̌k] bee*ƙudan zuma*

/ɡw/ an gane shi azaman [ŋɡw] kalma-da farko, [ɡw] a wasu wurare.

: Misalan: **Gwan** [ŋɡwàán] *gizo-gizo*, **gwalgwal** [ŋɡ wàlɡwàl] *tagwaye*

### Sauti
Mian yana da nau'o'i biyar:

Sautunan Mian suna da rikitarwa sosai, saboda suna ƙarƙashin matakai daban-daban na sauti, kuma ƙari, ana iya amfani da su don nuna fannoni daban-daban, musamman dangane da aikatau, inda sautunan suke da mahimmanci don fahimta.

Ka yi la'akari da nau'ikan aikatau guda biyu da ke ƙasa, kasancewar ba na yau da kullun ba ne kuma ba cikakke ba ne bi da bi:

: **dolâbībe** [dolábíbè] *Na rubuta*
: **dolâbibe** [dòlábìbè] *Ina rubutu*

## Sunaye
Manyan abubuwa a cikin Mian mata ne, yayin da ƙananan abubuwa maza ne.
  

## Manazarta

## Ƙarin karantawa
 

## Albarkatun dijital

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Harshe na Mnong

Harshen **Mnong** (wanda aka fi sani da **Pnong** ko **Bunong**) na dangin yaren Austro-Asiatic ne. Ƙungiyoyin Mnong daban-daban a Vietnam da ƙungiyar Pnong a Kambodiya suna magana da shi.

## Rarraba
A Vietnam, ana kuma magana da Mnong a gundumomin Đăk Song, Đăk Mil, ĐăK R'L frequ, Krông Nu, Gia Nghĩa, da sauran wuraren da ke kusa da Lardin Đắk Nông (Nguyễn & Trương 2009).

## Iri-iri
A cewar Ethnologue, akwai manyan yaruka huɗu: Tsakiya, Gabas da Kudancin Mnong (duk ana magana da su a Vietnam), da Kraol (wanda ake magana da shi a Cambodia). A cikin ƙungiyar yaren, membobin ba su fahimci wasu yaren ba. Masanin harshe Richard Phillips ne ya fara nazarin yaren Mnong a farkon shekarun 1970s.

Lê, et al. (2014:234-235)  sun lissafa waɗannan rukuni na Mnong da wuraren da suka dace.

* **Mnông Gar**: a arewa maso yammacin Lâm Đồng Lardin da kudancin Lak Lake.
* **Mnông Nong**: a cikin Gundumar Đắk Nông da Gundumar Đắk Min
* **Mnông Kuênh**: a cikin Gundumar Krông Pắk
* Mnông Pré: galibi a cikin Gundumar Đắk Nông da kuma Gundumar Đắk Min, da kuma wasu a Lak Lake.
* **Mông Prâng**: ya warwatse a cikin Gundumar Đắk Nông da Gundumar Đắk Min, da kuma wasu a kudancin Lak Lake da Japan Đon, Gundumar Ea Súp.
* Mnông Rlăm: a cikin Gundumar Lắk. Mutane da yawa suna da dangantaka ta kusa da mutanen Ê-đê.
* **Mnông Bu-đâng**: a cikin Đon, Gundumar Ea Súp
* Mnông a cikin Gundumar Lắk. Mutane da yawa suna da dangantaka ta kusa da mutanen Ê-đê. Wasu kuma suna zaune a Gundumar Lạc Dương da Gundumar Đức Trọng na Lâm Đồng .
* **Mnông Bu Nor**: a cikin Gundumar Đắk Nông da Gundumar Đắk Min
* **Mnông Dih Bri**: ƙananan jama'a a cikin Gundumar Đắk Nông; Êa Krông .
* **Mông Đíp**: Gundumar Đắk Min da arewacin tsohuwar Lardin Sông Bé .
* **Mnông Biat**: ƙananan jama'a a tsohuwar Lardin Sông Bé . Yawancin suna zaune a kusa da iyakar Vietnam-Cambodia.
* **Mnông Bu Đêh**: a cikin tsohon Lardin Sông Bé da Lardin Đắk Lắk
* Mnông Si Tô: rukuni na mutanen Czech (Mạ Tô) a cikin Gundumar Đắk Nông waɗanda suka zama masu haɗuwa da yawan mutanen Mnông ("Mnông-ized" mutanen Czech) 
* Mnông K"ah: wani rukuni na mutanen Ê-đê da suka warwatse a fadin Gundumar Đắk Nông, Gundumar Lắk, da Gundumar M'Đrăk waɗanda suka zama masu kama da mutanen Mnông ("Mnông-ized" mutanen Ê-ðê) 
* **Mnông Phê Đâm**: ƙananan jama'a da ke zaune ne kawai a cikin Garin Quảng Tín, Gundumar Đắk Nông .

Sauran ƙananan kabilun Mnong sun haɗa da **Mnông Rơ Đe**, Mnông R"Ông, da **Mnông K"Ziêng** .

Nguyễn & Trương (2009) sun rufe yarukan M'Nông masu zuwa.

* M'Nông Preh
* Kuênh
* Yaren mutanen Ingila
* M'Nông Nâr (Bu Nâr) 
* M'Nông Noong (Bu Noong) 
* M'Nông R'Lâm
* M'Nông Prâng

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

* Abubuwan da ke tattare da shi na iya bambanta a cikin yaruka.

### Sautin sautin

## Lambobin
Lambobin kwatankwacin da ke biyowa daga yarukan Mnong daban-daban sun fito ne daga Nguyễn & Trương (2009).

## Manazarta

## Ƙarin karantawa
 

## Haɗin waje
* Mnong a www.peoplesoftheworld.org
Harshen Morokodo

**Morokodo** yare ne na yarukan Sudan ta Tsakiya da ake magana a ƙasar Sudan ta Kudu.

## Sunayen
Kodo- Kodo ana kuma amfani dashi azaman taƙaitaccen tsari don Morokodo, yaren da mutanen ƙasar Sudan ta Kudu ke amfani da shi

Mutanen Ma'di-Ma'di suna amfani da wannan a matsayin wakilin na biyu na Morokodo. Sau da yawa mutane suna cewa kalmar "Ma'di Mouth" Da yawa daga cikin ƙungiyoyin harsuna masu alaƙa har yanzu suna gane kansu a matsayin Ma'di kuma suna tsara kansu mutanen Ma'di.

Moru: Kodo- Sunan na uku da aka saba amfani dashi.

## Matsayi
Kodayake akwai masu magana da Morokodo 50,000, akwai masu magana ne kawai 3,400 a duk duniya. Akwai ƙarancin kayan da aka buga na yaren da ke cikin haɗari kuma kawai ayyukan da aka buga sune wallafe-wallafen mishan, kamar fassarar Sabon Alkawari da waƙoƙi / addu'a ta mishaneri na Katolika.Babu alamun sake farfado da harshen Morokodo, kuma wasu harsuna kamar Ingilishi da Larabci suna zama mafi rinjaye a Sudan saboda ƙaruwar bambancin mutane da faɗaɗa kayan mallakar yankin.

## Fasahar sauti
Wannan rukuni na harshe yana da sautin harshe mai ci gaba [+ATR] da kuma sautin harshen da aka janye [-ATR]. Yawan sautunan da aka fi sani da su a cikin dangin harshe shine tara. Tushen harshe da aka janye shi ne ainihin sautin wasula. A cikin sauti, dangane da jituwa na wasula, tushen harshe mai ci gaba ya fi rinjaye. Wasula [+ATR] yana canza furcin makwabta kuma wasula [-ATR] ya dace da wasula [+AT R].

Akwai sautuna uku a cikin harshen Morokodo: tsakiya, ƙasa da sautuna masu girma. Ma'di yana da mahadi da wasu matakai marasa kyau. Bambancin sunan, aikatau, adjective, postposition, da kuma gane kasancewar kalmomin da ba a samun su da sauƙi kamar kowane ɗayan waɗannan ba, kuma mai yiwuwa ana kiransa adverbs. Kalmomin kalmomi na lexical na iya nuna halaye daban-daban, kuma an bambanta su ta hanyar halaye na sauti. Kalmomin aro kuma suna da tsari na musamman. Dukkanin hanyoyin harshe da abubuwan da ke cikin harshe ana kuma samun su.

## Manazarta

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Harshen Ngamini

**Ngamini** wani nau'in yare ne na asalin kasar Australiya na dangin Pama-Nyungan wanda Kuma mutanen Ngamini da mutanen da ke da alaƙar da shi suka taɓa magana.

## Manazarta
Harshen Nayini

**Nayini** (Na'ini), ko **Biyabanak**, yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan Iran ta Tsakiya na Iran, ɗaya daga cikin biyar da aka jera a cikin Ethnologue waɗanda tare suna da masu magana kimanin 35,000. 

Yaren Anarak ya bambanta. Sauran yaruka, ko Kuma harsuna masu alaƙa da juna, sune Abchuya'i, Keyjani da Tudeshki . Tushen ya bambanta kan ko Zefra'i yare ne na Nayini ko na Gazi.

Ethnologue na wucin gadi ya lissafa Khuri a matsayin yaren. Koyaya, wannan ya bayyana yana cikin wani reshe daban na Tsakiyar Iran.

## Manazarta