open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Jonathan Pool

**Jonathan Pool**, an haife shi a 1942 a Birnin Chicago, Masanin kimiyyar siyasa ne daga Amurka. Yana aiki a kan sakamakon siyasa da tattalin arziki na yanayin harshe da Manufofin harshe.

Pool ta yi karatun kimiyyar siyasa a Harvard tsakanin 1960 da 1964. Daga nan sai ya shiga Peace Corps kuma ya tafi Turkiyya, inda ya koyar da Turanci. Bayan dawowarsa ya yi karatu a Birnin Chicago, inda ya kammala karatu a shekarar 1968 kuma ya sami digirinsa na PhD a shekarar 1971.

Pool ya yi aiki a jami'o'in Chicago, New York (Stony Brook) , Washington (Seattle) , Stanford da kuma Mannheim, Paderborn, da Bielefeld a Jamus. Bayan 1996 ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mai dabarun Centerplex, wani kamfani a Tukwila, Washington, kusa da Seattle. Yanzu shi ne shugaban Gidauniyar Utilika .

Pool koyaushe yana sha'awar matakin da harshe na farko da ilimin harshe ke tasiri ga rayuwarsu. Lokacin da, yana da shekara tara, yana da aboki wanda iyayensa suka yi hijira daga Brazil, ya yanke shawarar koyon Portuguese yayin da abokinsa ya koyi Turanci, saboda dalilai na adalci. Yayinda yake koyar da Turanci a Turkiyya ya yi mamakin gano yawan mutanen da suka sami ayyukansu bisa ga ilimin harsuna maimakon ƙwarewarsu ta sana'a. Wannan ya rinjayi zaɓin filin bincikensa; a cikin 1981 ya buga takarda game da auna sakamakon nuna bambanci na harshe. A wannan lokacin ya sadu da Reinhard Selten, tare da shi ya yi aiki a kan aikace-aikacen ka'idar wasan kan matsalolin bambancin harshe. A cikin 1991 ya buga takardar bincike da ke ba da shawarar biyan diyya ta tattalin arziki don buƙatar koyon harsuna. Wannan wani nau'i ne na farko na manufar harajin harshe.

## Wasu wallafe-wallafen

* Pool, Jonathan 1977: Daga LMLP zuwa LPLP. Nova vested by the faka revuo, *[[Esperanto (revuo)|Esperanto]]*, 853 (1), shafi na 3-4 &nbsp;
* Reinhard Selten; Jonathan Pool 1995: Enkonduko a cikin ka'idar lingvaj ludoj: musamman na esperanton? Berlin: Akademia Libroservo, 1995   

## Ƙarin karantawa

* PanLex: Jonathan Pool Takaitaccen tarihin rayuwa da jerin Bincike da sauran rubuce-rubuce

## Manazarta
Waƙar Lungi Panchi

**Rawar Lungi Panchi** salon rawa ce ta gargajiya ta mutanen Santal na Yammacin Bengal .  Maza da mata ne ke yin wannan rawa kuma ana tare da waƙoƙin gargajiya .

## Santals
 
Mutanen Santal ƙabilar Munda ce mai yawan jama'a a Indiya da Bangladesh . Yawancin mutanen Santal sun fito ne daga Yammacin Bengal, Jharkhand, da Bangladesh .  Kabilar Santal tana da zuri'a mai kyau ta al'adu kuma suna nuna haɗin kai mai yawa duk da bambancin al'adunsu. Rawa da kiɗa sune manyan sassan al'adunsu. Yawan jama'arsu ya kai kusan miliyan 6, kuma suna cikin Indiya, Bangladesh da Nepal. Suna magana da Santali kuma galibi suna bin addinin Hindu. Sauran dangantakar al'umma ta asali ana kiyaye su a cikin tsarin zamantakewa. Babban aikin noma ne; suna kuma yin farauta da tattarawa. Santals da yawa suna aiki a gonaki, masana'antu, ma'adanai na kwal, da kuma ma'aikatan tashar jiragen ruwa.

## Salon rawa
Asalin rawar Lungi Panchi ba a fayyace ta ba. A al'ada, ana kyautata zaton ta samo asali ne a shekarar 1955 sakamakon haɗakar waƙoƙin merengue da conga a Cuba. Sau da yawa ana kiran mawaƙin Cuba, Eduardo Davidson, uban rawar pachanga, amma masu adawa da wannan ra'ayi suna ɗaukar irin waɗannan kalamai a matsayin kuskure, tunda an rubuta waƙa ta farko ta Davidson a cikin wannan salon ne kawai a shekarar 1959.

Lokacin rawa, matan Santal suna sanya sari mai launin lungi -panchi ko kuma farin sari mai gefen ja, wanda shine asalin sunan rawan Lungi Panchi. Mazan masu rawa na Santhali suna sanya dhoti kuma suna amfani da kayan haɗi kamar rawani, ganyen bishiyoyi, furanni, da bishiyoyi yayin rawan. 

Wani abin lura a cikin rawar Lungi Panchi shine jituwar motsi. Mata masu rawa suna tsaye a layi suna riƙe da hannuwa suna tafiya zuwa ga sautin madal yayin da mazan Santal ke ba da rakiyar kiɗan. 

## Kayan kida
Rawar Lungi Panchi tana tare da waƙoƙin gargajiya da kayan kida na gargajiya daban-daban kamar madal, sarewa, dhamsa, jhanj, kartal, da shehnai . Maza da samari suna amfani da nau'ikan ganguna guda biyu - madal da lagra.

## Manazarta
Lasya

**Lasya** ( Sanskrit     ) rawa ce ta mata wadda ta samo asali daga Indiya .  A cikin tatsuniyoyin Hindu, Lasya tana nufin rawa da allahiya Parvati ta ƙirƙira kuma ta yi, wadda aka bayyana a matsayin mai laushi da kyau.  An bayyana ta a cikin Natya Shastra, rawa ta mace ta Lasya da Parvati ta yi an kwatanta ta da rawa ta Tandava ta maza ta abokiyarta, Shiva .  

## Asalin Ma'anar
Kalmar *lāsya* ta samo asali ne daga tushen ' *las* ' ma'ana a yi wasa ko a yi wasa. An kuma fassara ta da cewa mai rai ne.

## Tatsuniya
A cewar tatsuniya, Parvati ce ta koyar da Lasya ga Usha, 'yar Banasura . Ana ganin Usha ta koyar da rawa ga masu shayarwa da aka sani da gopikas, waɗanda ake kyautata zaton sun yaɗa wannan dabarar ga mata a duk faɗin ƙasar.

## Bayani
An bayyana Lasya a matsayin samfurin dukkan rawan mata, ana rawa ta hanyoyi daban-daban, waɗanda mafi yawansu sun ƙunshi ƙananan motsin ƙafafu masu jan hankali. Wasu nau'ikan Lasya sun ƙunshi jerin ƙananan matakai cikin sauri, waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin abubuwan sha'awa. A lokacin wasan rawa, ana sa ƙafafun a layi ɗaya kuma kusa da juna, kowace ƙafa tana bin ɗayan daidai lokacin. Misalin wannan rawa shine Mohiniyattam na Kerala . 

An bayyana nau'ikan Lasya guda huɗu: Srinkhala, Lata, Pindi, da Bhedyaka. 

Farfesa Inayat Khan a cikin littafinsa *Munqar Musicar* (1912) ya rubuta: "Mata da maza duka suna yin wannan rawa kuma akwai wasu ƙwararrun mashahuran rawa ( ustad ) da aka sani a Indiya. Lasya tana tare da 'yan wasan sarangi guda biyu da tabid, wani lokacin kuma manjira (ƙananan kuge na Indiya). Mace ɗaya ce ke rawa, ko kuma biyu tare". 

## Manazarta
Gombhira

**Gombhira**, **Gambhira** ko **Gamvira** ( Bengali   ) wani nau'in waƙar gargajiya ce ta Bengali da rawa da ta samo asali daga yankin Bengal, daga abin da a yau ake kira arewa maso yammacin Bangladesh da arewa maso gabashin Yammacin Bengal, Indiya .    

A Yammacin Bengal (Indiya), wasannin gombhira sun mayar da hankali ne a gundumar Malda yayin da gundumar Chapai Nawabganj ita ce babbar cibiyar wasannin Gambhira a Bangladesh. Al'adar kuma ta shahara a gundumomin da ke kusa da Rajshahi da Naogaon .  Ana yin ta da salon rawa na musamman da kuma rawa tare da mawaka biyu, suna nuna mutum da kakansa na uwa, suna tattauna wani batu don wayar da kan jama'a.

## Abin rufe fuska na Gambhira
Ana yin rawar Gambhira a duk faɗin gundumar Malda ta Arewacin Bengal a lokacin bikin Chaitra Sankranti. Al'ummar Bengali Sutradhar na yankin neem da fig ne ke yin abin rufe fuska na rawan Gambhira. Wani lokaci kuma ana yin abin rufe fuska na yumbu.

## Aiki
Wakokin Gambhira kan yi amfani da barkwanci mai zafi don yin ba'a da kuma yi wa mutane ba'a, har ma da waɗanda ke da iko kuma suna halarta.   

## Duba kuma

* Masks na Yammacin Bengal
* Bukukuwan Kiɗan Jama'a a Bangladesh

## Manazarta
Biyelgee

**Biyelgee** ( Mongolian Cyrillic : Биелгээ) ko **Bii** ( Mongolian Cyrillic : Бий), rawa ce ta gargajiya daga Mongolia . Yawancin yankunan ƙasar suna da nasu nau'ikan. Mongolian Yammacin ( Oirats ) sun shahara musamman saboda rawar Biyelgee.

## Asali
Ana yin Biyelgee yayin da ake zaune rabin kujera ko kuma a haɗa ƙafafu. Motsin hannu, kafada da ƙafa yana bayyana fannoni na rayuwar yau da kullun na makiyayan Mongol kamar su shayar da shanu, girki, farauta, aikin gida, al'adu da al'adu, da sauransu, da kuma halaye na ruhaniya da ke da alaƙa da ƙabilu daban-daban.

Rawar Mongoliya ta samo asali tun da wuri, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin wani bayani a cikin *Tarihin Sirrin Mongol* : "'Yan Mongqol suna bikin rawa da biki. ... suna rawa a kusa da Bishiyar Qorqonaq Mai Ganyayyaki da Yawa har sai sun tsaya a cikin gashin kansu har zuwa haƙarƙarinsu kuma suka yi raunuka har zuwa gwiwoyinsu." 

## Kayan kida
Kiɗa yana da mahimmanci a Biyelgee. Kayan kida da aka fi amfani da su don raka su ne tovshuur, morin khuur (fiddle mai kan doki), da ikhel, wani lokacin tare da wasu kayan kida.

Akwai kuma raye-rayen da ake yi kawai bisa rakiyar muryar ɗan adam, misali, rawar Buryat Yohor.

## Wasan kwaikwayo
Ana yin wasan Biyelgee a al'ada a kan ƙaramin sarari kafin murhu, don haka masu rawa ba sa amfani da ƙafafunsu. Madadin haka, masu rawa galibi suna amfani da ɓangaren saman jikinsu kawai, kuma ta hanyar motsinsu na rawa suna bayyana fannoni daban-daban na asalinsu, kamar jinsi, ƙabila, da ƙabila.

Kowace ƙabilar Mongoliya tana da nata salon magana. Misali:

* Dörvöd da Torguud suna raka rawansu da waƙoƙi;
* Suna rawa da gwiwoyinsu suna durƙusawa a waje, suna daidaita kansu da kofuna cike da madarar mare mai tsami ( airag );
* Kofunan Dörvöd cike da airag a kawunansu da hannayensu;
* Masu rawa na Zakhchin suna tsugunnawa suna rawa, jikinsu yana karkata gaba;
* Buryat suna rawa a da'ira, suna tafiya a ko da yaushe zuwa ga rana; wani mawaƙi yana yin waƙoƙi biyu sannan ƙungiyar mawaka ta rera waƙar.

## Manazarta

## Ƙarin karatu

* Marsh, Peter K. (2004). Wasan Doki-Kai da kuma sake fasalin Mongolia. ISBN&nbsp; .
* Pegg, Carole (2003) Kiɗan Mongolian, Rawa, da Labarin Baka: Farfado da Al'adun Aiki (tare da faifan sauti)
Harsunan Sepik na Ƙananan

Harshen Lower Sepik a.k.a. Harshen **Nor-Pondo** ƙananan yare ne na lardin East Sepik a arewacin Papua New Guinea . K Laumann ne ya gano su a matsayin iyali a cikin 1951 a ƙarƙashin sunan Nor-Pondo, kuma an haɗa su a cikin iyalin Sepik-Ramu na 1973 na Donald Laycock.

## Rarraba
Tunanin asali na iyali, a ƙarƙashin sunan *Nor-Pondo*, kamar haka:

Malcolm Ross (2005) ya rushe reshen Nor (kuma don haka ya sake sunan iyalin Lower Sepik) saboda Murik ba ya raba halayen /p / s na sunayen mutum na farko da na biyu na Kopar da yarukan Pondo, don haka na ƙarshe na iya zama rukuni: Murik vs Kopar-Pondo. Ross ya rarraba Lower Sepik a matsayin reshe ɗaya na dangin yaren Ramu-Lower Sepik.

Foley (2005) ya ba da shawarar cewa Chambri da Angoram na iya zama rassa na farko: Nor, Chambari, Karawari-Yimas, Angoram. Usher, yana bin Foley, ya kiyaye Nor tare kuma ya raba Pondo. Babu wanda ya yarda da alaƙar da ke tsakanin su da Ramu.

### Foley (2018) da Usher (2020)
Foley (2018) da Usher (2020) sun yarda da wannan rarrabuwa.

Foley ya lura cewa Angoram ya bayyana yana kusa da Murik-Kopar, kuma Chambri zuwa Karawari-Yimas, amma Foley (2018: 213) ya bar su a matsayin rassa daban-daban suna jiran ƙarin shaida.

## Fasahar sauti
Sai dai ga Yimas-Karawari, yarukan Lower Sepik yawanci suna da tsarin sautuna shida masu zuwa.
## manazarta
Lule–Vilela languages

Harsunan **Lule-Vilela** guda biyu sun zama karamin, wanda ya ƙare, dangin harsuna masu alaƙa da arewacin Argentina. Kaufman ya sami dangantakar mai yiwuwa kuma tare da yarjejeniya ta gaba ɗaya tsakanin manyan masu rarraba harsunan Kudancin Amurka. Viegas Barros ya buga ƙarin shaidu daga 1996-2006. Koyaya, Zamponi (2008) yayi la'akari da Lule da Vilela kowannensu a matsayin harshe mai zaman kansa, tare da kamanceceniya saboda lamba.

## Rarrabawar ciki
Rarrabawar ciki na yarukan Lule-Vilela ta Mason (1950): 

Harsunan da ba a tsara su ba sune Tonocoté, Matará, da Guacará.

## Kalmomin kalmomi
Loukotka (1968) ya lissafa abubuwa masu mahimmanci na Lule, Vilela, da Chunupí.

## Harshe na asali
Don sake fasalin Proto-Lule-Vilela na Viegas Barros (2006),  duba Labarin Mutanen Espanya mai dacewa.

## Manazarta
Maiduan languages

**Maiduan** (kuma **Maidun**, **Pujunan**) ƙaramin iyali ne na yaren da ba a taɓa gani ba na arewa maso gabashin California .

## Rarrabawar iyali
Maiduan ya ƙunshi harsuna huɗu:

Harsunan suna da irin wannan tsarin sauti amma sun bambanta sosai dangane da harshe. Ba su da fahimtar juna, kodayake ayyuka da yawa galibi suna magana da duk masu magana da waɗannan harsuna a matsayin *Maidu*. Yaren Chico ba a san su sosai ba saboda karancin takardun, don haka ba za a iya tantance ainihin dangantakarsu ta kwayar halitta da sauran harsuna ba (Mithun 1999), kuma a kowane hali bazai kasance yaren Maiduan na huɗu ba, amma yarukan Konkow (Ultan 1967).

Uku daga cikin harsuna sun ƙare a kusan shekarar 2000. An ruwaito Konkow yana da tsofaffi masu magana uku a cikin shekarar 2007.

## Dangantakar kwayar halitta
Sau da yawa ana la'akari da Maiduan a cikin shawarwari daban-daban na Penutian. Yana daya daga cikin mambobi na asali na California Penutian (Penutian "core").

## Manazarta
Harsunan Mairasi

Harsunan **Mairasi**, wanda aka fi sani da Etna Bay  ƙananan iyali ne mai zaman kansa na yarukan Papuan a cikin rarrabuwa na Malcolm Ross da Timothy Usher, wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na shawarar Stephen Wurm na Trans-New Guinea. An sanya musu suna ne bayan Etna Bay, wanda ke cikin kusurwar kudu maso gabashin lardin West Papua, a Indonesia.

## Harsuna
Harsunan Mairasi suna da alaƙa da juna.

* Iyalin **Mairasi**: Semimi, Mer, Mairasi, Arewa maso gabashin Mairasi

Ba za a iya danganta Mairasi da wasu iyalai ta hanyar sunanta ba. Koyaya, Voorhoeve (1975) ya haɗa shi da harshen Sumeri (Tanah Merah), ko dai yare ne mai zaman kansa ko reshe mai zaman kansa na iyalin Trans-New Guinea.

Pawley da Hammarström (2018) ba su yi la'akari da cewa akwai isasshen shaida don a rarraba harsunan Mairasi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Trans-New Guinea ba, kodayake sun lura da kamanceceniya tsakanin Mairasi, Semimi, da proto-Trans-New Guinea.

### Fonoems
Usher (2020) ya sake gina kayan aiki kamar haka: 

Wasula sune *a *e *i *o *u. *ns ba sabon abu ba ne.

### Wakilan sunaye
Usher (2020) ya sake gina sunayen sarauta na kyauta kamar haka: 

### Kalmomin asali
Wasu sake fasalin ƙamus na Usher (2020) sune: 

## Kwatanta kalmomi
Da ke ƙasa akwai teburin ƙamus na asali na yarukan Mairasi (Mairasi, Mer, Semimi) tare da yiwuwar wasannin cognate, daga Peckham (1991a,b), wanda aka nakalto a cikin Foley (2018): 

Tsarin Usher na abubuwa 20 mafi tsayayyen  a cikin Jerin Swadesh sun haɗa da masu zuwa. 

* Harsunan Papua

## Manazarta
Elizabeth Cardozo Barker

**Elizabeth Cardozo Barker** (1900–1981) ita ce ta kafa Cardozo Sisters Hairlists a Washington, DC   Ita ce kuma shugabar Hukumar Kula da Kayan Kwalliya ta DC.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Elizabeth Cardozo Barker a Washington, DC, inda ta zauna har sai da ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1970.  An yi mata hira da ƙungiyar Baƙar fata ta Tarihin Baka tare da 'yan'uwanta mata biyu, Margaret Cardozo Holmes da Catherine Cardozo Lewis. A shekarar 1928, ta kafa, kuma su ukun sun yi aiki tare, wato Cardozo Sisters Hairlists.   Barker ta yi aiki a matsayin mai buga rubutu a Jami'ar Howard da kuma manaja a reshen Washington, DC na Kamfanin Inshorar Rayuwa na Liberty Life na Chicago. Da farko Barker ta fara salon a ɗakinta na sama amma daga baya ya girma ya zama yana da shaguna biyar a Washington, DC   Barker da 'yar uwarta Margaret Cardozo Holmes za su halarci bikin baje kolin fararen fata don koyon sabbin dabaru da kuma nemo sabbin kayayyaki don kasuwancinsu. Dokokin Jim Crow yawanci suna hana su shiga waɗannan baje kolin amma 'yan'uwan mata "sun yi watsi da fararen fata".  'Yan'uwan mata sun sayar da kasuwancin bayan shekaru 50 a shekarar 1978. An naɗa Elizabeth Cardozo Barker a hukumar kula da kwalliya ta DC a shekarar 1963 kuma an naɗa ta shugaba a shekarar 1967. Ta kuma kasance memba a kwamitin gudanarwa na Cibiyar Ci gaban Ƙananan Kasuwanci.   Ta hanyar wannan rawar da kasuwancinta mai nasara, ta yi fafutukar kawar da rarrabuwar kawuna da kuma kawo ƙarshen ayyukan nuna wariya a wannan fanni.   Ta yi ritaya a Osterville, Massachusetts a shekarar 1970. Mijinta na biyu, Beltran Barker, ya mutu a shekarar 1979. Ta mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya a shekarar 1981 a Asibitin Al'umma na Cape Cod da ke Hyannis, Massachusetts . To amma kuma a cikin wannan wata mai zuwa hausa to zan iya samun cikakken bayani game da rubutun dake jikin wannan hoton a matsayin babban birnin al'adu na nahiyar Turai sun zo t

## Manazarta
Gwendolyn T. Britt

**Gwendolyn T. Britt** (29 ga Nuwamba, 1941 - 12 ga Janairu, 2008) ta kasance memba a Majalisar Dattawan Jihar Maryland, wacce aka fara zaba a 2003, don wakiltar Gundumar 47 a Gundumar Prince George, Maryland, Amurka, inda ta lashe kashi 99.4% na kuri'un da aka kada.  Britt ta mutu ba zato ba tsammani a watan Janairun 2008 saboda dalilai na halitta. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

Adelphi, Buck Lodge, Langley Park, Chillum, Avondale, Ridgecrest, Carole Highlands, Brentwood, North Brentwood, Colmar Manor, Cottage City, Cheverly, Kentland, Bladensburg, Landover Hills, West Lanham Hills, da Lanham .

== Ilimi ==
Britt ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta McKinley, Washington, DC. Ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin kimiyyar siyasa daga Jami'ar Jihar Bowie . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

## Sana'a
Britt ta kasance manajan ofishin kasuwanci na AT&amp;amp;T daga 1968 zuwa 1984. Daga baya ta rike aiki a matsayin dillalin gidaje a Long &amp;amp; Foster Realtors daga 1984 zuwa 1988. Daga baya, ta kasance manajan albarkatun ɗan adam da ma'aikata tare da Giant Food daga 1988 zuwa 2002. Ta yi fice a kanun labarai a shekarun 1960 lokacin da aka kama ta a Glen Echo Amusement Park saboda kin tafiya. Tana ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban Jami'ar Howard guda biyar waɗanda suka shigar da ƙara a ƙarar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka saurara a gaban Kotun Ƙoli suna jayayya kan raba wurin shakatawa . &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

Ta kuma kasance 'yar [[Masu Hanyar 'Yanci|tseren Freedom Rider]] a shekarun 1960 kuma ta shafe kwanaki 40 a gidan yari a Jackson, Mississippi . Ta kuma kasance mai aikin sa kai na rijistar masu jefa ƙuri'a a McComb, Mississippi, tana taimaka wa 'yan Afirka Ba'amurke waɗanda aka hana su 'yancin yin rijista don kaɗa ƙuri'a saboda rashin iya fassara Kundin Tsarin Mulki a gaban masu rijistar fararen fata. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

A shekara ta 2007, Britt ta ɗauki nauyin wani kudiri mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce, tare da Wakilin Jiha Justin Ross, don ba wa masu laifi da aka yanke wa hukuncin 'yancin kaɗa ƙuri'a,  kuma ta zama jagora wajen ɗaukar nauyin wani kudiri don halatta auren jinsi ɗaya a Maryland .  Tsohon kudirin ya yi nasarar zartar da dukkan majalisun dokokin jihar Maryland,  duk da haka, ba zato ba tsammani ta mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya ko bugun jini kafin a gabatar da kudirin na ƙarshe.  Ta kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Baƙar fata ta Maryland, kuma shugabar Wakilan Majalisar Dattawa ta Gundumar Prince George.

## Mutuwa
Britt ta mutu a ranar 12 ga Janairu, 2008, a Lanham. 

## Manazarta
Harsunan Malibu

**Harsunan [[Malibú language|Malibu]]** ƙungiya ce da ba a tabbatar da ita ba ta da kyau ta harsunan da suka mutu da aka taɓa magana a Kogin Magdalena a Colombia. Abubuwan sun wanzu ne kawai ga harsuna biyu da yawa da aka ambata a cikin wallafe-wallafen: Malibú da *Mocana* .

## Rarraba
Harsunan Malibu a baya an haɗa su da Harshen Chimila. Koyaya, an san Chimila yanzu a matsayin yaren Chibchan, kuma Adelaar & Muysken suna ɗaukar rukuni na Chimila tare da yarukan Malibu a matsayin "ba tare da wani tushe ba".

## Rarrabawar iyali
Rivet ya lissafa kabilun Malibu guda uku, kowannensu yana da nasa harshe: 

* **Malibu**,  ana magana a kusa da Kogin Magdalena daga Tamalameque zuwa Tenerife
* **Mocaná**, wanda mutanen Mokaná ke magana a yankin gabashin Cartagena (Rivet 1947b; Simón 1882-1892, kundi na 4, shafi na 298, kalmomi biyu kawai.) &nbsp;
* **Pacabuey**, wanda aka fi sani da **Sompallón** ko **Laguna Malibu**, ana magana da shi a kusa da tafkin Zapatoza (Unattested.) 

Ga wannan jerin, Loukotka ya kara da wasu harsuna shida, dukansu ba su da shaida (ban da Chimila): 

* **Papale**, wanda aka yi magana a kan Kogin FundaciónGidauniyar Kogin
* **Coanoa** ko **Guanoa**, ana magana a Kogin Cesar
* **Zamirua**, ana magana a Kogin Ariguaní
* Cospique, ana magana a wani wuri a cikin Sashen Magdalena
* **Mompox**, wanda ake magana a kusa da birnin Santa Cruz na Mompox (wanda aka tabbatar da shi ta Rivet 1947) 
* **Calamari**, ana magana a bakin tekun kudu da Cartagena zuwa Coveñas

## Kalmomin kalmomi
Rivet ya ba da taƙaitaccen jerin kalmomi daga Malibú da Mocana .  Zaɓin waɗannan an bayar da su a ƙasa:

* *tahana* - itacen manzanilla
* *Malibú* - shugaban
* *Mutumin* - ƙaramin jirgin ruwa
* *Ytaylaco* / *Yteylaco* / yntelas / *ytaylas* - shaidan, allahn
* *entaha* / enbutac - cassava

## Manazarta
Maudelle Bass Weston

**Maudelle Bass Weston** (1908 - 11 ga Yuni, 1989), wacce aka fi sani da **Maudelle**,  yar rawa ce ta Amurka, mai yin kade-kade, kuma fitacciyar jarumar al'adu a cikin al'ummar fasaha ta Los Angeles a ƙarni na 20.

## Rayuwar farko da iyali
An haifi Bass Weston a Early County, Georgia, 'yar wata uwa 'yar Afirka-Amurka daga Georgia kuma mahaifinta daga South Carolina. Mahaifinta ɗan asalin Yammacin Indiya ne, salon rawanta ya samo asali ne daga asalin Caribbean.  Ita ce ƙarama cikin 'ya'ya 10 da Brutus Bass da Elizabeth "Lizzie" ( *née* Holmes) suka haifa, waɗanda dukkansu manoma ne. 

## Sana'a
A shekarun 1920, matashiyar ta yi rangadin Mexico, inda mai zane Diego Rivera ya gan ta, wanda aka ruwaito yana matukar sha'awar kyawunta. Rivera ta nemi gabatarwa ta Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka, kuma ya sami damar yi mata hidima a matsayin abin koyi ga hotunansa. 

Bass ta shafe shekaru uku tana rangadin Amurka ta Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka tare da ƙungiyar *Folklórico* . Rawanninta sun yi tasiri ga waƙoƙin Afirka, Masar, Cuba, Brazil da Amurka.  A birnin Mexico, ta kasance masoyiyar 'yan jarida bayan wasanta a shahararren gidan rawa na Palacio de Bellas Artes . Mujallar *Hoy* ta rubuta, "Maudelle ita ce babbar firist ta rawa. Tana da wani irin sihiri na ruhaniya," yayin da *Últimas Noticias* ta rubuta, "Tana ba da labarin rawan da farin ciki da sha'awa." 

Bass Weston ta koma Los Angeles a kusan shekarar 1933, inda ta ci gaba da horonta a Kwalejin Kiɗa ta John Gray da ke Los Angeles,  kuma Isobel Keith Morrison ta horar da ita a fannin rawa.  Ita ce Ba’amurke Ba’amurke ta farko da ta yi karatu tare da mai tsara rawa na zamani Lester Horton .  A LA, ta kafa kanta a matsayin sananniyar samfurin studio ga makarantun fasaha da kuma ga masu fasaha kamar Rivera, Johan Hagemeyer, da Edward Weston .  

Ta ci gaba da yawon shakatawa tsawon shekaru da yawa kuma an san ta a duk faɗin ƙasar saboda wasanninta. Shahararriyar 'yar rawa La Meri, ƙwararriya a fannin rawa ta ƙabila, ta ce, "Maudelle ƙwararriya ce mai son gaskiya mai ban mamaki. Fuskantarta abin ƙarfafa gwiwa ne ga dukkan masu fasaha."

Bass Weston shi ma ya kasance batun aikin mai sassaka Ba'amurke Ba'amurke ɗan Afirka *Maudelle* na Beulah Woodard .

## Mutuwa
Bass Weston ya mutu yana da shekaru 81,  a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Muhlenberg da ke Plainfield, New Jersey . 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin 'yan rawa
* Jerin mutanen Georgia (jihar Amurka)
* Jerin mutanen Los Angeles

## Manazarta
Matsalolin ma'aurata

A yau ma'aurata da yawa sun tsinci kansu a matsala ta rashin kasa gamsar da junansu bukata irin ta aure. Wanda hakan kan debe farin ciki a gidan dake da irin wannan matsalar,Wanda a wani lokaci har takan kai ga rabuwar aure.
 To shin mai ke kawo irin wannan matsalar?
Ga wasu daga cikin abubuwan dake kawo hakan;
1-rashin lafiya(na jinnu ko na dabi'a)
2-amfani da maganin kara kuzari daga daya daga cikin ma'aurata.
3-jahilci(rashin samun ilimin jima'i na shari'a
4-shiga halin kunci da damuwa.
 Wadannan duk da ba suke nan ba,amma suna daga abun dake haifar da wannan matsala.
 Domin magancewa ko samun saukin wadancan matsaloli,sai a dage da neman magani da addu'o'i da neman ilimi da kuma kokarin kawar da damuwa a duk lokacin da aka shirya mu'amalar aure.
Al Mahmood

**Al Mahmoud (Arabic)** iyali ne na Sunni Larabawa da ke zaune a Qatar, UAE daga kabilar Banu Tamim daga (Arabic: ال معاضيد) su da Al Thani . wanda ya yi ƙaura daga Najd Hotat Bani Tamim

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Roberta Byrd Barr

**Roberta Byrd Barr** (Janairu 4, 1919 - Yuni 23, 1993) 'yar Amurka ce mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a, mai fafutukar talabijin, mai ilimi, kuma mai kula da laburare. Daga tsakiyar shekarun 1960 zuwa farkon shekarun 1970, ta dauki nauyin wani shirin talabijin na Seattle na mako-mako, *Face to Face*, wanda ya kunshi baki masu jawabi suna tattauna batutuwa kamar launin fata, ilimi, da walwala. A shekarar 1973 ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama shugabar wata makarantar sakandare a Seattle.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Roberta Spencer a Tacoma, Washington a ranar 4 ga Janairu, 1919.  

Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Lincoln da Jami'ar Wilberforce .  Ta kuma halarci Sabuwar Makarantar Bincike Kan Jama'a.  Daga baya ta sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimin zamantakewa da ilimin firamare da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin laburare daga Jami'ar Washington . 

## Aiki a matsayin mai ilimi da kuma mai kula da ɗakin karatu
Barr ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta kuma mai kula da laburare a makarantu da dama a Seattle.  A lokacin kauracewa makarantun Seattle na 1966, ta jagoranci ɗaya daga cikin Makarantun 'Yanci da aka kafa don nuna rashin amincewa da rashin ci gaba wajen kawar da wariya.  A wannan shekarar, an naɗa ta a matsayin memba na Hukumar Yaƙi da Wariya ta Jihar Washington. 

An naɗa ta mataimakiyar shugabar makarantar sakandare ta Franklin a shekarar 1968, bayan da ɗalibai 150 suka yi zaman dirshan suna zanga-zangar korar ɗaliban mata baƙaƙe waɗanda suka zaɓi sanya gashin kansu a salon da ya dace da yanayinsu.   A shekarar 1973, Barr ta zama shugabar makarantar sakandare ta Lincoln, ta zama mace ta farko kuma 'yar Afirka ta farko da ta zama shugabar makarantar a gundumar Makarantun Jama'a ta Seattle . 

## Aiki a wasan kwaikwayo da talabijin
Aikin Barr a fannin wasan kwaikwayo ya fara ne lokacin da ta fito a wani shirin Cirque Theatre na A Raisin in the Sun tare da Greg Morris .  Ta dauki nauyin wani shirin KCTS-TV mai suna *Let's Imagine* inda ta ba da labarai ga yara ƙanana. 

Ta jagoranci wani shirin shiga masu kallo mai suna Face to Face a KING-TV daga 1965-1970 da kuma a KCTS daga 1971-1972. Barr ta yi hira da mutanen da aka dauke su masu tsattsauran ra'ayi fiye da sauran shirye-shiryen talabijin, ciki har da Cesar Chavez . Furodusan shirin, Jean Walkinshaw, ya bayyana Barr a matsayin "mai farkar da al'umma ga duk wani abu da aka yi watsi da shi."

## Gado
An sake wa ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin jama'a ta Seattle suna Byrd Barr Place (wanda asali shi ne Shirin Motsa Jiki na Tsakiya wanda ke cikin Tashar Kashe Gobara ta Seattle mai lamba 23) a shekarar 2018 don girmama Barr, wanda a wani lokaci ya kasance marubuci ga jaridar wata-wata ta ƙungiyar; ƙungiyar ta mai da hankali kan inganta rayuwar mutanen da ke da ƙarancin kuɗi a duk faɗin Jihar Washington. 

Hoton Barr yana rataye a reshen Douglass-Truth na ɗakin karatu na Seattle domin girmama ƙoƙarinta na haɓaka tarin littattafan Afirka-Amurka na ɗakin karatu. 

## Manazarta
FRTC Frankfurt

**FRTC Frankfurt** (, ) is a firefighting training facility at Eckenheim in  Frankfurt am Main, Germany.   It is notable for having its own standard gauge rail system and mock-Frankfurt U-Bahn underground station.

Bayan shekaru biyu na aikin, cibiyar ta buɗe a cikin 2013 tare da taron "gidan budewa" ga jama'a a ranar 15 ga Yuni 2013. Ya zuwa 2019 an bude wurin na tsawon shekaru shida, kuma ya kasance daya daga cikin na zamani a Jamus.

Gidan kuma yana ba da horo kai tsaye na shekaru uku a matsayin mai kashe gobara.

## Tsarin jirgin kasa

Tsarin layin dogo na ma'auni yana gudana daga arewa zuwa kudu ta hanyar kayan aiki na mita 150. An shimfiɗa ƙarshen kudu a matsayin hanyar jirgin ƙasa a cikin wani yanki mai zaman kansa,  tare da tashar loading a gefen da ke gaba don horar da masana'antu.

A cikin ɓangaren tsakiya akwai saiti na maki tsakanin S-bends guda biyu.

Kai tsaye a arewa  saitin maki shine ginin da aka rufe wanda ke dauke da tashar karkashin kasa. Tashar U-Bahn tana sanye take da ainihin jadawalin lokaci. Alamar tashar tashar ta dindindin tana nuna layin U10 zuwa Frankfurt (Main) Hauptbahnhof, ta hanyar Tashar Frankfurt Konstablerwache da  [de].

A yammacin ginin tashar U-Bahn shine saitin masana'antu da tashar loading tare da wutar lantarki kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi a kan babbar hanyar Jirgin ƙasa a Jamus.

### Kayan aiki
Ya zuwa 2021  guda biyu na kayan aiki sun kasance har abada a kan tsarin jirgin kasa, kuma ana iya tura su a kusa dangane da yanayin horo da ake buƙata. 

Jirgin  na Frankfurt U-Bahn U5 na ƙarni na biyar Frankfurt U- Bahn U5 jirgin kasa [de] lamba 602 ya dogara ne a wurin. An lalata rukunin a lokacin ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa a masana'antar kuma an mayar da shi da kayan kwalliya kuma an cire shi da sassa masu amfani kafin a sayar da shi ga ƙungiyar wuta ta Frankfurt.

An kai rukunin ta hanyar VGF [de] zuwa tashar U-Bahn ta Messe (Nunin Nuni) don tattarawa daga rundunar kashe gobara. A lokacin aikin ceto na dare, rundunar kashe gobara ta ja jirgin ƙasa mai lamba 602 a kan layin U-Bahn A zuwa Eckenheim Depot [de]. An yi amfani da jigilar hanya a tsawon mita na ƙarshe zuwa wurin horon..

Kashi na biyu na kayan aikin jirgin ƙasa na dindindin shine motar tanki mai ƙafa huɗu da Deutsche Bahn ta samar. An kai motar (kyauta) ta hanyar layin dogo na tashar jiragen ruwa ta Frankfurt (Frankfurt City Link Line) zuwa Gabashin Harbour don a tattara ta daga rundunar kashe gobara..

## Bayanan da aka ambata




## Ƙarin karantawa
 

## Haɗin waje
Holly Bass

**Holly Bass** mawaƙiya ce 'yar Amurka, mai zane, marubuciya kuma 'yar jarida da ke zaune a Washington, DC 

## Ilimi
Bass ta yi karatun rawa ta zamani a ƙarƙashin Viola Farber da kuma rubuce-rubuce masu ƙirƙira a Kwalejin Sarah Lawrence, inda ta kasance mai jawabi a farkon karatunta daga ajin 1993.   Tana kuma da digiri na biyu a fannin aikin jarida daga Jami'ar Columbia (1994).  

## Aiki
Motsinta da kuma kalaman da take furtawa sun nuna sha'awar "nuna fifiko, lura, da kuma kayan fasaha da jiki."  Holly ta yi wasa a faɗin Amurka da kuma ƙasashen duniya.   Ita ma'aikaciya ce a Gidauniyar Cave Canem kuma an buga waƙoƙinta, muƙaloli da labaranta a cikin wallafe-wallafe da dama, ciki har da , *The Washington Post*, *Callaloo* da  ;   kuma a shekarar 1999 ita ce mutum ta farko da ta yi amfani da kalmar "Hip-Hop Theater" a rubuce.   

Ayyukanta sun haɗa da shigar da Black Space a ɗakin karatu na Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library da ke Washington DC, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙaramin gida da aka sanya a kan taswirar birnin, yana mai nuni ga motsi na ƙaramin gidan da matsalolin gidaje a DC.

Ta rubuta kuma ta yi rawar mutum ɗaya mai suna *Diary of a Baby Diva*  a Washington DC a shekarar 2005, wani labari mai ban mamaki da aka rubuta a ƙarshen shekarun 1970 da farkon shekarun 1980. *Jaridar Washington Post* ta lura da "mummunan barkwanci" da take yi wajen amfani da kayayyakin al'adu masu ban dariya na wannan zamani, amma kuma wani salon waƙa da ya nuna ta a matsayin "mawaƙiya mai iya magana". 

An zaɓi Bass a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Mawakin Kwarewa na *Washington City Paper* na 2012. 

A shekarar 2018 ta rubuta kuma ta yi waka a The Trans-Atlantic Time Traveling Company, wanda ke magana game da ' yan'uwantaka tsakanin mata uku waɗanda ke tafiya daga yanzu zuwa shekarun 1860 lokacin da suka zama 'yan mata masu 'yanci, don neman ma'anar 'yanci."

Kwanan nan, a shekarar 2020, ta rubuta kuma ta yi wasan *Moneymaker* a New York Live Arts da ke birnin New York. An bayyana wannan wasan a matsayin "wani ɓangare na sharhin siyasa da kuma wani ɓangare na bikin rawa na zamantakewa, *Moneymaker* ta haɗa wani ɓangare na fasahar baƙar fata tare da sukar tarihin cin zarafi, kayayyaki, da kuma ƙin yarda da mata baƙar fata."  *American Woman*, wani wasan kwaikwayo na tsawon lokaci na yini da bidiyo na dijital tare da sauti, an zaɓe ta don Gasar Zane-zane ta Outwin Boochever ta 2022 a National Portrait Gallery .  A shekarar 2025, an haɗa aikinta a cikin babban baje kolin "Mata Masu Fasaha na DMV"  wanda F. Lennox Campello ya shirya.

## Manazarta
Belt mai laushi

**Mildred Beltré Martinez** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1969) ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce 'yar Amurka da ke zaune a Brooklyn, wadda aka san ta da ayyukan masu fafutuka waɗanda suka mayar da hankali kan yadda adalci da ƙungiyoyin jama'a za su iya sake tsara al'umma. Ita ce wadda ta kafa Brooklyn Hi-Art! Machine  

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Beltre a birnin New York a shekarar 1969 kuma ta girma a can. Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin fasaha da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a Kwalejin Carleton  kuma ta sami digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Iowa .  Ita farfesa ce mai taimakawa wajen zane da buga takardu a Jami'ar Vermont .

## Aiki
Haɗin gwiwar Beltré da Oasa Duverney, Brooklyn Hi-Art! Machine, ya fara ne a matsayin hanyar bai wa yara a unguwar Crown Heights ta Brooklyn wani wurin sayar da kayayyaki masu ƙirƙira. Sansanin fasahar unguwa na musamman ya taimaka wajen gudanar da ayyukan haɗin gwiwa kamar shigar da lambun ganye da aka dasa a cikin kwalaben da aka sake yin amfani da su don ratayewa daga titunan Franklin Avenue Shuttle . Baya ga nune-nunen kaɗaici, Beltré ta kasance wani ɓangare na nune-nunen rukuni a Gidan Tarihi na Brooklyn, Gidan Tarihi na Everson da ke Syracuse, NY; Cibiyar Bugawa ta Duniya ta New York, da Gidan Tarihi na DeCordova da ke Lincoln, MA. Ta buga labarai a cikin Bugawa Today .

## Lambobin yabo da kuma zumunci
Daga cikin kyaututtukan da Mildred Beltré ta samu akwai:

* Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai (2018) 

## Nunin da aka zaɓa
Beltré ta yi nune-nunen kai kaɗai a gidajen tarihi da cibiyoyi, ciki har da:

* Gidan Tarihi na Eli Marsh, Amherst, MA *Mildred Beltre: Sauƙin Canzawa* (2015) 
* Burlington City Arts, Burlington, VT *Mildred Beltre: Aikin Mafarki* (2014) 
* Kentler International Drawing Space, Brooklyn: *Kimiyyar Duniya* (2019) 

## Tarin abubuwa
Ana gudanar da ayyukan Mildred Beltré a cikin tarin abubuwa na dindindin, ciki har da: 

* Gidan Tarihi na Brooklyn, Brooklyn, New York, Amurka
* Cibiyar Fasaha ta Walker, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Amurka

## Manazarta
Georgia Benton

**Georgia W. Benton** malamar makaranta ce ta Amurka, 'yar kasuwa, kuma mai tarihi. A shekarar 2013, ta zama memba ta farko 'yar Afirka-Amurka a cikin United Daughters of the Confederacy a Georgia.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Benton kuma ya girma a Savannah, Georgia . Ta girma ne a lokacin wariyar launin fata . Kakanta, George W. Washington, bawa ne daga Sumter, South Carolina wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin bawan ɗan bawansa, Laftanar William Alexander McQueen, daga 1862 zuwa kwanakin ƙarshe na Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka, ganin Yaƙin Antietam, Yaƙin Gettysburg, da kuma Kawancen Petersburg . Tun tana ƙarama, tana ziyartar kabarin kakanta kowace shekara, wani kabari mai tsayin ƙafa huɗu a Makabartar Walker.

## Sana'a
Tun tana matashiya, ta shiga cikin fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a a Port Wentworth, Georgia . 

Benton ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar lissafi a Tsarin Makarantun Jama'a na Gundumar Savannah-Chatham .  Ta koyar a makarantun Chatham da Effingham County sama da shekaru talatin.  Bayan ta yi ritaya daga koyarwa, ta buɗe sashen haraji da lissafi. 

Benton lauya ce da kotu ta naɗa musamman ga yara da aka ci zarafinsu da kuma waɗanda aka yi watsi da su.  Ita ce kuma masanin tarihi na Cocin Baptist na First Bryan . 

### Haɗaɗɗiyar 'Ya'yan Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Ƙasa
A shekarar 2013, Benton ta nemi shiga ƙungiyar United Daughters of the Confederacy, wata ƙungiya ta iyali da ke tallata labarin Lost Cause na karya, tana miƙa shaidar zuriyarta ga Washington da kuma shaidar hidimar soja ta amfani da littafinta na iyali, kabarinta, bayanan haihuwa, bayanan aure, bayanan mutuwa, da bayanan ƙidayar jama'a.   An karɓi buƙatarta a watan Oktoba na 2013, wanda ya sanya ta zama memba ta farko 'yar Afirka-Amurka a Savannah Chapter kuma ita kaɗai 'yar Afirka-Amurka a sashin Georgia na United Daughters of the Confederacy.   Shugabar reshen, Elizabeth Piechocinski, ta shigar da ita cikin Sashen Savannah na Biyu na ƙungiyar a ranar 14 ga Disamba, 2013, yayin wani cin abincin rana na Kirsimeti.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Benton tana zaune a Savannah, Georgia kuma tana da 'ya'ya biyar.  Ita Baptist ce kuma tana halartar cocin First Bryan Baptist.

## Duba kuma

* Mattie Clyburn Rice, Baƙar fata 'yar ƙungiyar United Daughters of the Confederacy
* HK Edgerton, Ba’amurke Ba’amurke ɗan ƙungiyar Sons of Confederate Veterans
* Nelson W. Winbush, Baƙar fata ɗan ƙungiyar 'Ya'yan Tsohon Soja na Confederate

## Manazarta
Mataimakin gwamnan jihar Ribas

Mataimakiyar gwamnan jihar Ribas itace ta biyu mafi girma a bangaren zartarwa na jihar Ribas bayan gwamna.Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na 1999 ya bukaci dan takarar gwamna na jam’iyya ya zabi mataimakinsa ko mataimakinsa wanda zai tsaya takara bayan zaben fidda gwani.Ayyukan mataimakin gwamnan sun hada da taimaka wa gwamna da maye gurbinsu ta fuskar mutuwa, murabus, kora, tsigewa, rashin aiki ko rashin iya aiki saboda rashin lafiya.

Tun 1999, daidaikun da suka rike wannan mukami sun kasance ‘yan PDP.Ngozi Odu ita ce mataimakiyar gwamna a yanzu tun daga 29 ga Mayu 2023

## cancanta
Kamar yadda ya shafi gwamna, idan mutum ya cancanta a zabe shi a matsayin mataimakin gwamna, dole ne:
*zama akalla shekaru talatin da biyar (35);
*zama dan Najeriya ta hanyar haihuwa;
*zama memba na jam'iyyar siyasa tare da amincewa da waccan jam'iyyar siyasa;
*yana da Certificate na Makaranta ko makamancinsa.
## Zabe da wa'adi
Ana zaben mataimakin gwamnan ne ta hanyar kuri’ar jama’a kan tikitin takara tare da gwamnan na tsawon shekaru hudu.Za a iya sake zaɓe su a karo na biyu amma ba za su yi aiki fiye da wa'adi biyu a jere ba.

## Manazarta
Catalina Berroa

**Catalina Berroa Ojea** (28 Fabrairu 1849 - 23 Nuwamba 1911) yar wasan pian Cuba ce, malamin kiɗa kuma mawaki. Mace ta farko shugabar Cuba.  María Catalina Prudencia Román de Berroa Ojea "Catalina Berroa" Trinidad, Las Villas, Cuba. Una mujer que se constituyó en un patrimonio histórico de la enseñanza musical, reconocida también como la primera mujer que dirigió una orquesta en la isla de Cuba. Ita ce shugabar mace ta farko a Cuba kuma ta kware da kayan kida guda bakwai.

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Catalina Berroa a Trinidad, Las Villas, kuma ta yi karatu tare da malamai na gida don ta ƙware a fannin kayan kida da dama. Ta gudanar da makarantar kiɗa a Trinidad inda ta koyar da ɗalibai, ciki har da ɗan uwanta, mai buga piano da kuma mawaƙi Lico Jimenez . [ ana buƙatar ambato ] Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai koyar da organ a Cocin St. Francis na Assisi, da kuma mai koyar da organ da kuma jagoran mawaka na Cocin Holy Trinity.

Berroa ta buga cello a cikin ƙungiyoyi uku tare da Manuel Jimenez tana buga goge da kuma Ana Luisa Vivanco tana buga piano. Ta kuma yi wasa a matsayin mai buga goge na ƙungiyar makaɗa ta Brunet Theater.

## Ayyuka
Berroa ya rubuta waƙoƙi, waƙoƙin guaracha, waƙoƙin yabo da kuma waƙoƙin ibada da na tsarki.  Zaɓaɓɓun ayyukan sun haɗa da:

* *Waƙar Triniti*, 1867
* *Song, Waƙar Belisa da Josefa*, 1902
* *An La'ane, Mai Talisman, Sanin kai, Kira, Rosa Gentile*, duk murya da guitar
* *Guaracha Cerro De La Habana*, abincin dare
* *Maris na Conchita*
* *Kiɗan Cocin Mayu na Flowers*, don ƙaho da piano
* *Budurwar Cuba*, don waƙar yabo
* *Osalutaris*, don murya da gaɓar jiki
* *Ajiye don muryoyi biyu*, don murya da kuma gangar jiki
* *Cecilia Waltz,* ƙungiyar mawaƙa da piano
* *Baƙar fata Michael da Furanni*, don piano

An yi rikodin waƙoƙinta kuma an fitar da su a kafofin watsa labarai, ciki har da:

* *Recital Vocal: Provedo, Lucy - Palau, RL/Sanchez, JP/De Blanck, H./Anckermann, C./Aguero, G./Jimenez, JM (La Perla)* Colibri CD-091

## Manazarta
Ashley Nicole Black

**Ashley Nicole Black** (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga Yuni, 1985)   yar wasan barkwanci ce ta Amurka, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, marubuciya kuma furodusa. Ta kasance marubuciya kuma wakiliya a *Full Frontal tare da Samantha Bee* (2016–2019), wanda a dalilinsa ta sami lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award don Rubutun da ya Fi Kyau don Tsarin Musamman .

Black marubuciya ce ga *Ted Lasso ,* *The Amber Ruffin Show*, da kuma *A Black Lady Sketch Show*, inda ta kuma fito a fim ɗin.   

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Baƙar fata a Los Angeles, kuma ya girma a yankin Walnut da ke kusa da California . 

Ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar California, Santa Cruz, a shekarar 2007 da digiri a fannin fasahar wasan kwaikwayo. Daga nan ta halarci Jami'ar Northwestern, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin nazarin wasan kwaikwayo .  Black tana da shekaru huɗu a shirin PhD a Jami'ar Northwestern lokacin da ta yanke shawarar daina aiki ta kuma ci gaba da burinta na yin barkwanci. 

## Sana'a
Aikin barkwancin Black ya fara ne a Second City, inda ta fara halartar azuzuwan ingantawa.  

A shekarar 2016, an ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin wakiliya a shirin *Full Frontal tare da Samantha Bee* . Ta yi aiki a shirin tsawon shekaru uku, a lokacin ta sami jimillar sunayen jarumai shida na kyautar Primetime Emmy Award, inda ta lashe gasar Excellence Writing a shekarar 2017 don Variety Special. Shirinta na ƙarshe a shirin *Full Frontal* ya kasance a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 2019.

Black ya kuma fito a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Comedy Central 's *Drunk History*  da kuma a cikin fim ɗin 2014 *An American Education* . &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

A shekarar 2019, Black ya haɗu da sauran marubutan WGA wajen korar wakilansu a matsayin wani ɓangare na matakin da WGA ta ɗauka na adawa da ATA da kuma tsarin marufi . 

Ita mamba ce a cikin jarumai kuma marubuciya a shirin HBO na *A Black Lady Sketch Show*, wanda ya fara fitowa a shekarar 2019.  Black ta haɗu da *Ted Lasso* a matsayin marubuciya kuma furodusa a kakar wasa ta biyu ta shirin kuma ta shiga ma'aikatan rubutu na shirin *Amber Ruffin Show* a shekarar 2021. 

A watan Disamba na 2021, ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar gabaɗaya da Warner Bros. Television Studios don ƙirƙirar da kuma samar da shirye-shirye don HBO Max da sauran ayyukan yaɗa shirye-shirye da tashoshin watsa shirye-shirye na kebul da na rediyo. 

Ta karɓi ragamar mulki a matsayin muryar Ms. Jacobson a kakar wasa ta 12 ta Bob's Burgers inda ta maye gurbin Melissa Bardin Galsky . Tun daga kakar wasa ta 13, ta kuma karɓi ragamar aikin Harley, inda ta maye gurbin Katie Crown .

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Baƙar fata yana zaune a Los Angeles, California . 

## Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai

* Black ta lashe kyautar Emmy don Kyaututtukan Rubutun Musamman na Musamman a 2017 saboda aikinta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin marubutan shirin Not the White House Correspondents' Dinner na musamman don *Full Frontal tare da Samantha Bee* . 
* An zaɓi Black a matsayin wacce za ta lashe kyaututtuka uku na Primetime Emmy Awards saboda aikinta na marubuciya kuma wakiliya a shirin *Full Frontal tare da Samantha Bee*, sau ɗaya a shekarar 2016 da kuma sau biyu a shekarar 2017. 

## Manazarta
Kizziah J. Bills

**Kizziah Jones Bills** (kimanin 19 ga Janairu, 1860 - 24 ga Fabrairu, 1924), wanda aka fi sani da **Mrs. KJ Bills**, **Kizziah J. Stith**, **Kizzie J. Bills**, ƙwararriyar 'yar asalin Amurka ce mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, wakiliya kuma marubuciya a jaridar Black Press a Chicago, kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a . An san ta a matsayin memba na farko na Ida B. Wells Club, Alpha Suffrage Club kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Civic League. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Sunanta a lokacin haihuwa shine **Kizziah Jones**, an haife ta a ranar 19 ga Janairu, 1860 (ko 1862), a Florence, Alabama, ga Patsey (ɗan Hendricks) da Poindexter Jones.   An rene ta a gundumar Davidson, Tennessee a cikin wani ɗaki.  Tun tana ƙarama take aiki a matsayin mai dinki . 

A kusan shekarar 1880, ta auri Dr. Nathan J. Stith kuma tare suka haifi ɗa, Andrew Haydn Stith (an haife shi a shekarar 1889).  A shekarar 1891, ta zama bazawara kuma ta fara amfani da sunan "Kizzie".  Ta yi aiki a tsakanin 1891–1892 a Makarantar Meigs, wata makarantar gwamnati da aka ware a Nashville . 

### Kungiyoyin mata
A shekara ta 1893, ta auri Satto Bills kuma suka koma Chicago .  Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai dinki kuma Satto Bills ta yi aiki a matsayin mai dafa abinci daga baya kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin jirgin ƙasa .  Ta shiga ƙungiyoyin mata da yawa a Chicago kuma ta kasance memba na farko na Ida B. Wells Club (wanda a da ake kira da ƙungiyar mata ta zamanin *)* kuma Bills ita ce shugabar farko ta Julia Gaston Club.  Satto Bills ta mutu a shekara ta 1901, inda ta sake barin ta a matsayin bazawara. 

A shekarar 1905, ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar Civic League, ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatariyar rikodin ƙungiyoyin Tennessean, sannan ta shiga ƙungiyar Grand Foundation United Order of True Reformers a matsayin memba.

A shekarar 1913 ta shiga ƙungiyar Alpha Suffrage Club, wadda ake kyautata zaton ita ce ƙungiyar mata baƙar fata ta farko da za ta yi zaɓe.  Tun daga shekarar 1914, Bills ta yi aiki a matsayin editan jaridar ƙungiyar, *The Alpha Suffrage Record* .  Daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin marubuciya a shekarun 1930 don shafin "Kungiyoyi da Al'umma"  *The Alpha Suffrage Record* . 

### ''Mai tsaron baya na Chicago''
Tsakanin 1910 zuwa 1915, a ƙarƙashin sunan "Mrs. KJ Bills", ta rubuta wa jaridar *The Chicago Defender* .  Fim ɗinta mafi shahara shine a shekarar 1915 a farkon fim ɗin *The Birth of a Nation* in Chicago, wani fim mai ban sha'awa na Amurka wanda ba a san shi ba wanda kuma wani ɓangare ne na tarihi, yana ba da labarin kisan gillar da John Wilkes Booth ya yi wa Abraham Lincoln da kuma dangantakar iyalai biyu a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa da Zamanin Sake Ginawa a cikin shekaru da dama.  Bills ta yi bitar fim ɗin da ido mai kyau kuma ta yi watsi da yawancin labarin saboda rashin gaskiyar tarihi, yayin da take tunani game da abubuwan da ta fuskanta a matsayinta na Baƙar fata da ke rayuwa a lokacin Zamanin Sake Ginawa a Kudancin Amurka.   

Ta rasu a Chicago a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 1924, bayan rashin lafiya.  

## Manazarta
Ethel Cuff Black

**Ethel Cuff Black** (17 ga Oktoba, 1890 - 17 ga Satumba, 1977) malamar makaranta ce ta Amurka kuma ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar Delta Sigma Theta .  Ita ce malamar makaranta ta farko ta Baƙar fata 'yar Amurka a Richmond County, New York . 

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Ethel L. Cuff a Wilmington, Delaware a shekarar 1890.   Mahaifinta Richard Cuff ne, ma'aikacin banki kuma mai kasuwanci, wanda hakan ya ba ta damar girma a matsayi na farko a cikin al'ummar Baƙar fata 'yan Amurka.   Kakanninta masu filaye ne kuma 'yantacce na ƙarni na biyu.  Kakanta na mahaifiyarta tsohon soja ne na Yaƙin Basasa .   Ta halarci makarantun gwamnati a Wilmington.  Ta halarci Makarantar Masana'antu don Matasa Masu Launi a Bordentown, New Jersey . 

Ta halarci Jami'ar Howard, ta kammala karatun digiri a fannin ilimi a shekarar 1915.   A Howard, ta kasance memba a cikin mawaka, shugabar reshen Howard na YWCA, kuma mataimakiyar shugabar kungiyar sorority ta Alpha Kappa Alpha .    A shekarar 1913, ita da wasu 'yan'uwa mata 'yan kungiyar asiri 21 sun kaɗa ƙuri'ar janyewa daga Alpha Kappa Alpha da kuma kafa sabuwar kungiyar asiri, Delta Sigma Theta, wacce ta sadaukar da kanta ga ayyukan al'umma da fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a.     Ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar sabuwar kungiyar asiri. 

## Sana'a
Bayan kammala jami'a, Baƙar fata ta koyar a Kentucky; Sedalia, Missouri, da Oklahoma City, Oklahoma .    Ta zama malamar Baƙar fata ta farko a Makarantar Jama'a ta 108 (PS 108) a Richmond Hills, Queens, New York, tana koyarwa a can tsawon fiye da shekaru 27.  

Baƙar fata ta yi aiki a Ofishin Ƙidayar Jama'a na Amurka a Washington, DC daga 1920 zuwa 1922 da kuma a Trenton, New Jersey daga lokacin bazara na 1928 zuwa lokacin bazara na 1928.  Ta zama mamba a ma'aikatar Kwalejin Jihar Delaware daga 1930 zuwa ritayarta a 1957.  

## Daraja
Delta Sigma Theta ta karrama Black a bikin cika shekaru 60 na Ranar Masu Kafa Ƙasa.  Duk da cewa ba ta da lafiya sosai don halartar bikin, an yi mata rikodin.  Bayan rasuwarta, reshen tsofaffin ɗalibai na Wilmington, Delaware ya kafa ɗakin karatu na Kiwanis na gida don girmama ta.  A shekarar 2013, an haɗa ta cikin wani kuduri na Majalisar Dattawan Amurka wanda ya taya Delta Sigma Theta murna na shekaru 100 na hidima. 

A shekarar 2023, an sake sanya mata suna a gefen gabashin Foch Boulevard, tsakanin titin 170th da Merrick Boulevard, kusa da Roy Wilkins Park .

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Baƙar fata ta zauna a Jamaica, New York tsawon shekaru arba'in.  Ta auri dillalin gidaje David Horton Black a shekarar 1939. Ya riga ya rasu.

A watan Yunin 1951, ta taimaka wajen kafa reshen ɗaliban Queens na Delta Sigma Theta.

A shekarar 1974, ta koma gidan kula da tsofaffi na Franklin da ke Flushing, New York .  A shekarar 1977, ta rasu a can tana da shekaru 86.  An yi jana'izarta a Cocin St. Albans Congressional.  An binne ta a Makabartar Cypress Hill da ke Brooklyn, New York .  

## Manazarta