Tina Modotti

**Tina Modotti** (an haife ta Assunta **Adelaide Luigia Modotti Mondini**, 16/17, 1896 - 5 ga Janairu, 1942) ta kasance mai daukar hoto na Italiya da Amurka, samfurin, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai fafutukar siyasa na juyin juya hali ga Comintern .  [maɓuɓɓugar mai amfani]   Ta bar asalin ƙasar Italiya a 1913 kuma ta yi hijira zuwa Amurka, inda ta zauna a San Francisco tare da mahaifinta da 'yar'uwarta. A San Francisco, Modotti ta yi aiki a matsayin mai sutura, samfurin, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo kuma, daga baya, ta koma Los Angeles inda ta yi aiki da fim. Daga baya ta zama mai daukar hoto da marubuciya. A shekara ta 1922 ta koma Mexico, inda ta zama memba mai aiki a Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Mexico. 

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Modotti Assunta Adelaide Luigia Modotti Mondini a Udine, Friuli, Italiya.  Mahaifiyarta, Assunta, mai dinki ce; mahaifinta, Giuseppe, mai aikin gini ne.  Bayan ta shafe lokaci tana zaune a Austria, inda iyayenta suka kasance ma'aikata 'yan ci-rani, iyalin suka koma Udine, inda matashiyar Modotti ke aiki a masana'antar yadi.  A shekara ta 1913, tana da shekaru 16, ta yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka don ta haɗu da mahaifinta a San Francisco, California.  Ta tashi daga Genoa a cikin jirgin SS  a ranar 24 ga Yuni, ta yi tafiya ita kaɗai, a cewar Letizia Argenteri, marubucin *Tina Modotti: Between Art and Revolution*, ta isa a ranar 8 ga Yuli a Tsibirin Ellis, inda ta "bayyana kanta a matsayin mara aure, tsayin ƙafa biyar inci ɗaya, cikin ƙoshin lafiya da na jiki, kuma ɗaliba." Ta ɗauki "dala 100 da tikitin jirgin ƙasa zuwa San Francisco, inda mahaifinta da 'yar uwarta Mercedes suka zauna." 

## Aikin wasan kwaikwayo

Modotti ta yi sha'awar wasannin kwaikwayo da al'ummar 'yan gudun hijira na Italiya ke tallafawa a yankin San Francisco Bay, kuma ta gwada yin wasan kwaikwayo.  Ta fito a cikin wasannin kwaikwayo da dama, opera, da fina-finai marasa sauti a ƙarshen shekarun 1910 da farkon shekarun 1920, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin samfurin mai zane.  

A shekarar 1917, ta haɗu da Roubaix "Robo" de l'Abrie Richey. [1] Asalinsu ɗan gona ne daga Oregon mai suna Ruby Ritchie, mai zane da mawaƙi sun ɗauki sunan Roubaix na bohemian. A shekarar 1918, Modotti ya fara soyayya da shi kuma ya ƙaura tare da shi zuwa Los Angeles don neman aiki a masana'antar fina-finai. [1] Duk da cewa ma'auratan sun zauna tare kuma suna rayuwa a matsayin "ma'aurata", ba su yi aure ba. An saka ta a cikin jerin 'yar ƙasar Amurka a ƙidayar jama'a ta garin Los Angeles a shekarar 1920. [2] Sau da yawa tana taka rawar mace, aikin fim na Modotti ya ƙare a fim ɗin The Tiger's Coat na shekarar 1920. Ta yi ƙananan ayyuka a wasu fina-finai biyu. [3]

Ma'auratan sun shiga cikin da'irar abokai na bohemian . Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan 'yan bohemian ɗin shine Ricardo Gómez Robelo. Wani kuma shine mai ɗaukar hoto, Edward Weston .

## Aikin daukar hoto
A lokacin da take ƙarama a Italiya, kawunta, Pietro Modotti, ya kula da ɗakin daukar hoto. Daga baya a Amurka, mahaifinta ya yi aiki da irin wannan ɗakin hoto na ɗan lokaci a San Francisco. A lokacin da take Los Angeles, ta haɗu da mai ɗaukar hoto Edward Weston da abokin aikinta na kirkire-kirkire Margrethe Mather . Ta hanyar dangantakarta da Weston ne Modotti ya zama muhimmin mai ɗaukar hoto da mai shirya fina-finai. A shekarar 1921, Modotti masoyin Weston ne.  Ricardo Gómez Robelo ya zama shugaban Sashen Fasaha na Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Mexico, kuma ya shawo kan Robo ya zo Mexico da alƙawarin aiki da ɗakin studio.

Robo ya tafi Mexico a watan Disamba na 1921.  Wataƙila bai san da alaƙarsa da Modotti ba, Robo ya ɗauki hotunan Weston, yana fatan yin nunin ayyukansa da na Weston a Mexico. Yayin da take kan hanyarta ta zuwa wurin Robo, Modotti ta sami labarin mutuwarsa sakamakon cutar ƙanjamau a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, 1922.  Cikin rashin jin daɗi, ta isa kwana biyu bayan mutuwarsa. A watan Maris na 1922, da ƙudurin ganin an cika hangen nesa na Robo, ta shirya wani baje kolin ayyukan Robo da Weston na tsawon makonni biyu a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Ƙasa da ke Mexico City. Ta sake samun rashin nasara a karo na biyu bayan mutuwar mahaifinta, wanda hakan ya tilasta mata komawa San Francisco daga baya a watan Maris na 1922. A shekarar 1923, Modotti ya koma Mexico City tare da Weston da ɗansa Chandler, inda ya bar matar Weston Flora da ƙananan 'ya'yansu uku.  Ta amince ta gudanar da ɗakin studio na Weston kyauta don ya ba ta jagoranci a fannin daukar hoto. 

Tare suka buɗe wani ɗakin daukar hoto a birnin Mexico. Modotti da Weston sun yi sauri suka nufi wurin bohemian na babban birnin kuma suka yi amfani da alaƙarsu don ƙirƙirar kasuwancin zane mai faɗaɗa. Tare suka sami al'umma ta al'adu da siyasa " masu hangen nesa ", waɗanda suka haɗa da Frida Kahlo, Lupe Marín, Diego Rivera, da Jean Charlot .  Gabaɗaya, Weston ta sami sha'awar yanayin ƙasa da fasahar gargajiya ta Mexico don ƙirƙirar ayyukan zane-zane, yayin da Modotti ya fi sha'awar mutanen Mexico kuma ya haɗa wannan sha'awar ɗan adam da salon zamani, duk da haka ya guji kalmar 'mai zane', yana nace cewa kawai tana son "kama gaskiyar zamantakewa".  Modotti kuma ta zama mai ɗaukar hoto da aka fi so don motsi mai ban sha'awa na zane-zane na Mexico, yana tattara ayyukan José Clemente Orozco da Diego Rivera .  Tsakanin 1924 da 1928, Modotti ta ɗauki ɗaruruwan hotunan zane-zane na Rivera a Sakatariyar Ilimi ta Jama'a a birnin Mexico.  Kalmomin gani na Modotti sun girma a wannan lokacin, kamar gwaje-gwajenta na yau da kullun game da kayan gini, furanni masu fure, shimfidar wurare na birane, musamman a cikin kyawawan hotunanta na manoma da ma'aikata a lokacin mawuyacin hali. A shekara ta 1926, Anita Brenner ta ba Modotti da Weston umarnin yin tafiya a kusa da Mexico da ɗaukar hotuna don abin da zai zama littafinta mai tasiri *mai suna Idols Behind Altars* .  An yi muhawara kan gudummawar da Modotti da Weston suka bayar ga aikin. Ɗan Weston Brett, wanda ya raka su biyun a aikin, ya nuna cewa Edward Weston ne ya ɗauki hotunan.

A shekarar 1925, Modotti ta shiga International Red Aid, wata ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci .  A watan Nuwamba na 1926, Weston ta bar Mexico ta koma California.  A wannan lokacin Modotti ta haɗu da wasu masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na siyasa da Kwaminisanci, ciki har da shugabannin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Mexico guda uku waɗanda daga ƙarshe za su yi alaƙa da ita: Xavier Guerrero, Julio Antonio Mella, da Vittorio Vidali .

Tun daga shekarar 1927, wata Modotti mai himma a siyasa (ta shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Mexico a wannan shekarar) ta ga ta canza ra'ayinta kuma yawancin ayyukanta sun zama masu himma a siyasance.  A lokacin hotunanta sun fara bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafe kamar *Mexican Folkways*, *Forma*, da *El Machete* mai himma sosai, *Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung* (AIZ) ta Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Jamus, da *New Masses* .  Daga shekarar 1929 ta ba da gudummawa ga *Der Kuckuck*, wani littafin Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party ta Austria . 

Mai ɗaukar hoto na ƙasar Mexico Manuel Álvarez Bravo ya raba aikin Modotti a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto zuwa rukuni biyu daban-daban: "Soyayya" da "Juyin Juya Hali", inda tsohon lokacin ya haɗa da lokacin da ta yi a matsayin mataimakiyar ɗakin duhu na Weston, manajan ofis, da kuma, a ƙarshe, abokiyar kirkire-kirkire. Ayyukanta na baya-bayan nan sun kasance abin da aka mayar da hankali a kai a baje kolin da ta yi na mace ɗaya a ɗakin karatu na ƙasa a watan Disamba na 1929, wanda aka tallata shi a matsayin "Baje kolin Hotunan Juyin Juya Hali na Farko a Mexico".

## Manazarta