Joséphine Nyssens Keelhoff

**Joséphine Nyssens Keelhoff** (1833-1917) 'yar gwagwarmayar Belgium ce kuma mai gyara zamantakewar al'umma da aka gano tare da kamewa, mata, da kungiyoyin kare hakkin mata. Ta kuma kasance edita na wallafe-wallafen da ke tallafawa ayyukanta. Gwagwarmayarta don sake fasalin zamantakewar al'umma ta haɗa da hanyoyin farfaganda na zamani: gabobin, kwayoyin, da tarurruka. Keelhoff ya rubuta labarai ga ƙungiyar   (Belgian Women's Union Against Alcoholism) 's gabobin: L'Action sociale first, La Clairière, da Het Geluk des Huisgezins, suna tallafawa waɗannan wallafe-wallafen kanta. Mutuwarta babbar asara ce ga yunkurin kamewa a Belgium.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi

An haifi Joséphine Nyssens a Lokeren, Gabashin Flanders, 4 ga Afrilu 1833. [1] An haife ta ne a cikin yanayin Katolika, dangin talakawa, inda mahaifiyarta ta haifi babban iyali na yara goma sha biyar, wanda Joséphine ta kasance ta tara.[2] Mahaifinta ya gudanar da masana'antar auduga.[3]

A lokacin da ba a ba da izinin ilimi na tilas ba, matashiyar Joséphine kamar ta amfana daga ilimi mai inganci,  a wurin da ake yi a Kortrijk. 

## Ayyuka
Tsakanin 1866 da 1869, ta yi aiki a cikin shayi da masana'antar kayan kwalliya ta kasar Sin a "À la Porte Chinoise", wanda 'yar'uwarta, Hélène, ke gudanarwa a Brussels.

A lokacin gajeren Yakin Franco-Prussian (1870-1871), bisa ga al'adar baki ta iyali, [1] ta shiga cikin aikin jinya na sa kai a cikin kungiyar Belgium don Taimako na Sojojin da suka Raunata A lokacin Yakin, wanda ya kunshi galibi sanannun mutane. [2]

A shekara ta 1875, ta auri François Keelhoff, mai zane daga Limbourg kuma ɗan notary na .[nl] Tana da shekaru 42 a lokacin, mijinta 55. Ta zauna a Neerhaeren, garin mijinta, kuma ta saka hannun jari a ilimin yara matalauta.

### Rashin hankali
Gwauruwa a shekara ta 1893,  kuma ba tare da zuriya ba, Keelhoff ta sayar da babban ɓangare na dukiyarta kuma ta koma Brussels don ba da kanta ga yaki da barasa da kuma tattara mata. A matsayinta na shugabar Union des femmes belges contre l'alcoolism wanda ita ma ta kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa ta, tsawon lokacin da ta yi mulki (1899-1914) ya ba da shaida ga ingantaccen jagorancin wannan al'umma. Ita ce ta kafa mujallar *La Clairiere* da kuma littafin Flemish *Het Geluk der Huisgezin* (Lafiya ta Iyali). Daga 1904 zuwa 1914, ta ba da umarnin buga L'almanach de la femme (The Woman's Almanac), kuma ta rubuta ƙananan littattafai da yawa, da sauransu "La Poupee Humaine" (The Human Doll). 

Manufofin Tarayyar sun hada da batutuwan ci gaba kamar matsayin ma'aikaci, hakkin mata, da ilimi na tilas. Manufar ita ce inganta tsarin zamantakewa na lokacin. Wadannan manufofi sun zama na kasa da kasa, kuma Keelhoff ya shiga cikin manyan zanga-zangar yaki da barasa a Paris a 1900, Geneva a 1903, Budapest a 1905, da Milan a 1907. Ta sami girmamawa a wadannan abubuwan: difloma na girmamawa a Budapest da difloma na zinare guda uku a Milan .  Daga baya Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta ba da tallafin kungiyar.

Babban nasarar Keelhoff ita ce bude gidan cin abinci na Hygiénique, a ranar 3 ga Disamba 1901,  a Place du Sablon a Brussels. Tare da kudadenta, Keelhoff ta dauki matakin hayar bene na farko na lamba 40 da kuma kafa gidan cin abinci da ke ba da cikakken abinci a farashi mai araha. Gidan cin abinci na Hygienic kuma yana da ɗakin karatu, ɗakin karatu, da ɗakin taro. A cikin waɗannan ɗakunan ne masu magana da mata za su ba da jawabai, domin aikin Keelhoff na farko kuma mafi mahimmanci shine na mata. Gidan cin abinci mai tsabta ya ci nasara sosai har aka gina irin waɗannan cibiyoyi da yawa a duk faɗin ƙasar.

Na ɗan lokaci, ta kasance memba na babban majalisa na La Ligue patriotique contre l'alcoolisme (The Patriotic League Against Alcoholism). Ta halarci Taron Kasa da Kasa na shida game da Alcoholism, a Brussels, a 1897, da kuma Taron Na takwas, a Vienna, a 1901. A taron na karshe, ta karanta takarda a Faransanci, "A kan Kasancewar Mata a cikin Yaki da Alcoholism". A cikin 1905, Keelhoff ya zama memba na Conseil Général du Comité National contre l'Alcoolisme (Janar Majalisar Kwamitin Kasa game da Alcoholism).

### Mata
Yunkurin mata na Keelhoff ya kasance fadada kamfen dinta na yaki da barasa. Ta gudanar da taron mata a cikin gidan cin abinci na Hygiénique kuma ta gabatar da jawabai waɗanda suka kasance na zamani sosai a lokacin, suna kira ga daidaito tsakanin jinsi a kowane mataki da kuma sukar zaluncin maza.

A shekara ta 1899, Keelhoff ta shiga Ligue belge du droit des femmes (Belgian League for Women's Rights). Ta ƙara shiga cikinta. A cikin 1905, ta shiga Conseil national des femmes belges (CNFB) a karkashin jagorancin Marie Popelin, wanda ya kafa ta. Wannan majalisa ta hada da Ligue belge du droit des femmes .  Keelhoff ta ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban mata na Belgium, yayin da a lokaci guda ke nuna zaman lafiya da ke cike da babban bil'adama. A cikin wannan shekarar, ta ɗauki matsayin Kwamishina a cikin , ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi goma sha ɗaya da CNBF ta haɓaka, tana ba da gidaje ga iyalai da ke zaune a cikin ƙauyuka. A cikin 1909, ta zama memba na Jam'iyyar Labour ta Belgium kuma ta ba da rayuwarta ga kare zaman lafiya na ƙungiyar mata ta Belgium.

## Rayuwa ta baya
Keelhoff ta yi amfani da kanta don hana shan giya. Ta yi aiki ba tare da gajiyawa ba har zuwa shekara ta 1914. Yayin da Turai ta shiga cikin yakin duniya na, Keelhoff ta yi ritaya zuwa Neerhaeren, inda ta mutu a ranar 14 ga Maris 1917. 

## Kyaututtuka da girmamawa

* Diploma na girmamawa, Budapest (1905) 
* Digiri na zinare guda uku, Milan (1907) 

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

* "Répertoire de la presse féminine et féministe en Belgique 1830-1944", Action sociale, Brussels, Inbel, vol. I, 1903-1914, shafuffuka na 2, 87.&nbsp;
* "Repertorium van de feministische en vrouwenpers 1830-1994", *Het Geluk Des Huisgezins*, Brussels, Inbel, vol. II, 1994, shafuffuka na 76-77.&nbsp;

## Bayani

## Manazarta

### Tushen

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