Ƙarin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙara

Ƙarin ƙarancin ƙasa shine abin da ya faru cewa duk wani canji a cikin ma'aunin radiation (misali ƙarancin ɗakunan ɗakunan ɗakuna) yana haifar da babban canji a zafin jiki kusa da sanduna fiye da matsakaicin duniya. Wannan ana kiransa da rabo na dumama da zafi na wurare masu zafi. A duniyar da ke da yanayi wanda zai iya ƙuntata fitar da radiation na dogon lokaci zuwa sararin samaniya (sakamakon greenhouse), yanayin zafi zai zama mai dumi fiye da lissafin daidaitattun yanayin duniya zai yi hasashen. Inda yanayi ko teku mai zurfi zai iya jigilar zafi zuwa tashar, tashar za ta kasance mai dumi kuma yankunan equatorial sun fi sanyi fiye da ma'aunin radiation na gida. Sandunan za su sami mafi yawan sanyaya lokacin da matsakaicin zafin jiki na duniya ya fi ƙasa da yanayin tunani; a madadin haka, sandunan za su fuskanci mafi girman dumama lokacin da matsakaiciyar zafin jiki ta duniya ta fi girma.

A cikin matsananciyar, ana zaton Duniya Venus ta sami karuwa sosai a cikin tasirin greenhouse a rayuwarta,  sosai har ma da sandunanta sun yi zafi sosai don yin zafin jikinta yadda ya kamata isothermal (babu bambanci tsakanin sanduna da ma'auni).   A Duniya, tururi na ruwa da iskar gas suna ba da ƙaramin tasirin greenhouse, kuma yanayi da manyan teku suna ba da ingantaccen jigilar zafi zuwa pole. Dukkanin canje-canjen yanayi na palaeoclimate da canje-canjin dumama na duniya na baya-bayan nan sun nuna karuwar polar, kamar yadda aka bayyana a ƙasa.

**Ƙarin Arctic** shine ƙarancin polar na Arewacin Pole na Duniya kawai; Ƙarancin Antarctic shine na Kudancin Pole.

## Tarihi
Mikhail Budyko ne ya buga wani binciken da ya danganci fadada Arctic a shekarar 1969,  kuma an taƙaita ƙarshen binciken a matsayin "Rashin kankara na teku yana shafar yanayin zafi na Arctic ta hanyar ra'ayi na albedo. "   A wannan shekarar, William D. Sellers ne ya buga irin wannan samfurin. Dukkanin binciken sun ja hankalin mutane tun lokacin da suka nuna yiwuwar samun kyakkyawan ra'ayi a cikin tsarin yanayi na duniya. A shekara ta 1975, Manabe da Wetherald sun buga samfurin yaduwar yaduwar farko wanda ya kalli tasirin karuwar iskar gas. Kodayake an tsare shi a ƙasa da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na duniya, tare da teku "swamp" kuma ƙasa ce kawai a manyan latitudes, ya nuna zafi na Arctic da sauri fiye da wurare masu zafi (kamar yadda duk samfuran da suka biyo baya suke). 

## Ƙara

### Hanyoyin fadadawa
Bayani da ke da alaƙa da kankara na teku da dusar ƙanƙara ana nuna su a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da fadada ƙasa. Wadannan ra'ayoyin suna da mahimmanci a cikin fadada yankin,  kodayake aikin da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa ra'ayoyi na raguwa mai yiwuwa yana da mahimmanci ga ra'ayoyen kankara-albedo don fadada Arctic.  Goyon bayan wannan ra'ayin, ana kuma lura da karuwa mai girma a cikin duniyar samfurin ba tare da kankara ko dusar ƙanƙara ba. Ya bayyana ya samo asali ne daga (watakila na ɗan lokaci) karuwar jigilar zafi zuwa pole kuma kai tsaye daga canje-canje a cikin ma'aunin radiation na gida. Ma'aunin radiation na cikin gida yana da mahimmanci saboda raguwar radiation na dogon lokaci zai haifar da karuwar dangi mafi girma a cikin radiation na net kusa da sanduna fiye da kusa da ma'auni. Don haka, tsakanin ra'ayoyin raguwa da canje-canje a cikin ma'aunin radiation na gida, ana iya danganta yawancin karuwar polar zuwa canje-canje na radiation mai tsawo.   Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga Arctic, yayin da tsaunuka masu tsawo a Antarctica suna iyakance tasirin ra'ayoyin raguwa.

Wasu misalai na tsarin tsarin yanayi da ake zaton suna ba da gudummawa ga fadadawar polar na baya-bayan nan sun haɗa da rage dusar ƙanƙara da kankara ta teku, canje-canje a cikin yanayin yanayi da na teku, kasancewar hayaki na mutum a cikin yanayin Arctic, da ƙaruwa a cikin girgije da tururin ruwa. Har ila yau, an danganta tilasta CO2 ga karuwar polar. Yawancin karatu suna haɗa canje-Canjin kankara na teku zuwa fadada polar. Dukkanin kankara da kauri suna tasiri ga fadada polar. Misalai na yanayi tare da karamin kankara na teku da kuma karamin kanjin teku suna nuna karuwar polar. Wasu samfurori na yanayi na zamani suna nuna fadada Arctic ba tare da canje-canje a cikin dusar ƙanƙara da rufe kankara ba.

Hanyoyin mutum da ke ba da gudummawa ga dumama suna da mahimmanci don fahimtar Yanayin yanayi. Har ila yau, yanayin zafi yana shafar yanayin halittu da yawa, gami da yanayin halittu na ruwa da na ƙasa, tsarin yanayi, da yawan mutane. Ƙarin ƙwayoyin cuta galibi ana motsa shi ne ta hanyar matakai na ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙasa na gida tare da kusan wani tilasta nesa, yayin da zafin jiki na ƙwayoyi ke sarrafawa ta hanyar tilasta wurare masu zafi da matsakaicin matsakaicin. Wadannan tasirin karfafawa sun haifar da ci gaba da bincike a fuskar dumamar yanayi.

### Gudun teku
An kiyasta cewa kashi 70% na makamashi na iska na duniya ana canja shi zuwa teku kuma yana faruwa a cikin Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC).  A ƙarshe, hauhawar ruwa saboda matsin iska yana jigilar ruwan sanyi na Antarctic ta hanyar halin yanzu na Atlantic, yayin da yake dumama su a kan ma'auni, da kuma cikin yanayin Arctic. Ana lura da wannan musamman a cikin manyan latitudes. Don haka, dumama a cikin Arctic ya dogara da ingancin sufuri na teku na duniya kuma yana taka rawa a cikin tasirin gani na polar.

Rage iskar oxygen da low-pH a lokacin La Niña sune matakai da ke da alaƙa da raguwar samar da farko da kuma yaduwar ruwa na teku. An ba da shawarar cewa tsarin karuwar yanayin zafin jiki na Arctic a lokacin La Niña na ENSO na iya danganta shi da Tropically Excited Arctic Warming Mechanism (TEAM), lokacin da raƙuman Ruwa na Rossby ke yadawa zuwa pole, wanda ke haifar da ƙarfin raƙuman raƙuman ƙasa da ƙaruwa a cikin radiation infrared.

### Faɗin faɗaɗa
Ana ƙididdige ƙarancin ƙarancin polar dangane da ƙarancin ƙarfi na polar, gabaɗaya an bayyana shi azaman rabo na wasu canje-canje a cikin zafin jiki na polar zuwa canji mai dacewa a cikin matsakaicin zafin jiki:

: 

inda 

Δ 

T 

p 

{\displaystyle \Delta {T}_{p}} 

canji ne a cikin zafin jiki na polar kuma 

Δ 

T ̄ 

{\displaystyle \Delta {\overline {T}}} 

shine, alal misali, canji mai dacewa a cikin matsakaicin zafin jiki na duniya.

Aiwatar da aka saba da shi  ya bayyana canje-canjen zafin jiki kai tsaye a matsayin anomalies a cikin zafin iska na sama dangane da lokacin kwanan nan (yawanci shekaru 30). Sauran sun yi amfani da rabo na bambancin zafin iska a kan wani lokaci mai tsawo.

### Mataki na fadadawa

An lura cewa zafi na Arctic da Antarctic yawanci suna ci gaba da kasancewa saboda tilastawar orbital, wanda ke haifar da abin da ake kira tasirin gani na polar.

## Ƙarin yanayi na Paleoclimate
Tsarin glacial / Interglacial na Pleistocene yana ba da tabbacin palaeoclimate mai yawa na fadada polar, duka daga Arctic da Antarctic. Musamman, hauhawar zafin jiki tun lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a ƙarshen shekaru 20,000 da suka gabata yana ba da hoto mai kyau. Bayanan zafin jiki na wakilai daga Arctic (Greenland) da kuma daga Antarctic suna nuna abubuwan fadada polar akan tsari na 2.0. 

## Ƙarin Arctic na baya-bayan nan

Hanyoyin da aka ba da shawarar da ke haifar da fadada Arctic da aka lura sun haɗa da raguwar kankara na teku na Arctic (ruwa mai buɗewa yana nuna ƙarancin hasken rana fiye da kankara na ruwa), jigilar zafi na yanayi daga ma'auni zuwa Arctic,  da kuma ra'ayi na raguwa. 

An bayyana Arctic a tarihi a matsayin warming sau biyu kamar yadda duniya ta kasance,  amma wannan kimantawa ya dogara ne akan abubuwan da suka gabata waɗanda suka rasa hanzarin kwanan nan. Yazo a shekara ta 2021, an sami isasshen bayanai don nuna cewa Arctic ya yi zafi sau uku kamar yadda duniya ta yi - 3.1 ° C tsakanin  shekara ta 1971 da shekarar 2019, sabanin dumamar duniya na 1 ° C a wannan lokacin. Bugu da ƙari, wannan ƙididdigar ta bayyana Arctic a matsayin duk abin da ke sama da 60th parallel north, ko kuma cikakken kashi ɗaya bisa uku na Arewacin Hemisphere: a cikin 2021-2022, an gano cewa tun daga 1979, dumama a cikin Arctic Circle kanta (sama da 66th parallel) ya kasance kusan sau huɗu fiye da matsakaicin duniya. A cikin Arctic Circle kanta, har ma da karuwar Arctic yana faruwa a yankin Barents Sea, tare da hotspots a kusa da West Spitsbergen Current: tashoshin yanayi da ke kan hanyarsa rikodin shekaru goma suna warming har zuwa sau bakwai da sauri fiye da matsakaicin duniya. Wannan ya haifar da damuwa cewa ba kamar sauran kankara na teku na Arctic ba, rufe kankara a cikin Tekun Barents na iya ɓacewa har abada har ma da kusan digiri 1.5 na dumama duniya.

The acceleration of Arctic amplification has not been linear: a 2022 analysis found that it occurred in two sharp steps, with the former around 1986, and the latter after 2000. The first acceleration is attributed to the increase in anthropogenic radiative forcing in the region, which is in turn likely connected to the reductions in stratospheric sulfur aerosols pollution in Europe in the 1980s in order to combat acid rain. Since sulphate aerosols have a cooling effect, their absence is likely to have increased Arctic temperatures by up to 0.5 degrees Celsius. The second acceleration has no known cause, which is why it did not show up in any climate models. It is likely to be an example of multi-decadal natural variability, like the suggested link between Arctic temperatures and Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO), in which case it can be expected to reverse in the future. However, even the first increase in Arctic amplification was only accurately simulated by a fraction of the current CMIP6 models. Recent studies show the Arctic has warmed nearly four times faster than the global average since 1979, with areas like the Barents Sea experiencing rates up to seven times higher, highlighting the urgent need to address polar climate change.

### Tasirin da zai yiwu a kan yanayin tsakiyar latitude

## Dubi kuma

* Rashin daidaituwa na Arctic dipole
* Tsinkaye na Arctic
* Yanayin yanayi na Arctic
* Wurin Wurin Wutar Wutar Wuta
* Kyakkyawan zafi na stratosphere

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

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