Kare muhalli

**Kare Muhalli,** al'ada ce ta kare halittan muhalli ta daidaikun mutane, kungiyoyi da masu mulki 

. Makasudinsa shine adana albarkatun kasa da yanayin da ake ciki da kuma inda zai yiwu, don gyara lalacewa da jujjuya yanayi saboda matse lamba. 

hauhawan masarufi da tattalin arziki saboda yawan al ummah da hikima da haliltu masu rai dake kewaye damu an dankwafar dasu na wani lokaci, ko Kuma na dindindin. An fuskanci hakan ne, sai gwamnati ta soma sa togaciya ga al'amuran dake kawo rushewar muhalli. Tun a shekarun alif dari tara da sittin (1960), tafiyoyin wayar da Kai akan muhalli ya kawo wayewan Kai dangane da rubdugun matsalolin muhalli. Akwai Rashin amincewa akan tsananin tasirin muhalli akan al'amuran dan'adam, saboda haka ake yawan tattaunawa akan matakan kariya.

## Hanyoyin zuwa kare muhalli

### Yarjejeniyar muhalli na sa kai
A cikin ƙasashen masana'antu, yarjejeniyoyin muhalli nasa kai sau da yawa suna ba da dama ga kamfanoni da za a san su don haura mafi ƙarancin ƙa'idodi don haka suna tallafawa haɓaka mafi kyawun yanayin muhalli. Misali, a Indiya, hukumar Amincewa Inganta Muhalli (EIT) tana aiki don kare muhalli da gandun daji tun 1998.  A cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa, irin su Latin Amurka, ana amfani da waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin don magance mahimman matakan rashin bin ƙa'idodin tilas.

### Tsarin muhalli
Tsarin yanayin muhalli don sarrafa albarkatu da kariyar muhalli yana nufin yin la'akari da haɗaɗɗiyar alaƙar yanayin gaba ɗaya wajen yanke shawara maimakon kawai amsa takamaiman batutuwa da ƙalubale. Mahimmanci, hanyoyin yanke shawara a ƙarƙashin irin wannan hanyar za su kasance hanyar haɗin gwiwa don tsarawa da yanke shawara wanda ya ƙunshi ɗimbin masu ruwa da tsaki a duk sassan gwamnati da suka dace, da kuma wakilan masana'antu, ƙungiyoyin muhalli da al'umma. Wannan dabarar tana goyan bayan ingantacciyar musayar bayanai, haɓaka dabarun magance rikice-rikice da ingantacciyar kiyayewa. Addinai kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kiyaye muhalli. 

### Yarjejeniyar muhalli ta duniya

Yawancin albarkatun ƙasa suna da rauni musamman saboda tasirin ɗan adam a cikin ƙasashe daban-daban yana rinjayar su. Sakamakon haka, ƙasashe suna ƙoƙarin haɓaka yarjejeniyoyin da gwamnatoci da yawa suka sanya hannu don hana lalacewa ko sarrafa tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam kan albarkatun ƙasa. Wannan na iya haɗawa da yarjejeniyoyin da ke tasiri abubuwa kamar sauyin yanayi, tekuna, koguna da gurɓacewar iska . Waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin muhalli na ƙasa da ƙasa wasu lokuta kan zama takaddun ɗaure bisa doka waɗanda ke da tasirin shari'a lokacin da ba a bi su ba kuma, a wasu lokuta, ƙarin yarjejeniyoyin bisa ƙa'ida ne ko don amfani da su azaman ka'idojin ɗabi'a. Waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin suna da dogon tarihi tare da wasu yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa tun daga farkon 1910 a Turai, Amurka da Afirka . 

Yawancin hukumomin fasaha na kasa da kasa da aka kafa bayan 1945 sun yi magana game da batutuwan muhalli. A ƙarshen 1960s, haɓakar motsin muhalli ya yi kira da a haɗa kai da haɗin kai na ƙasa da ƙasa. An gudanar da babban taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan Muhalli na 1972 a Stockholm a shekara ta 1972, wanda ya kafa manufar haƙƙin muhalli mai kyau . Bayan haka ne aka kafa Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a karshen wannan shekarar.  Wasu sanannun yarjejeniyoyin duniya sun haɗa da yarjejeniyar Kyoto ta 1997 da yarjejeniyar Paris ta 2015.

.A ranar 8 ga watan oktoba ta shekarar 2021, hukumar kare haƙƙin dan'adam ta Amurka ta bijiro da mafita Wanda ya kunshi samun daman muhalli Mai koshin lafiya da Kuma cikakken tattali a matsayin yanci na baki daaya. A cikin dokan sashi na 48/13, hukumar tayi Kira ga dukkan kasashen duniya  da su hada karfi da karfe da sauran kungiyoyi don habbaka wannan sabon hakkin.

A ranar 28 ga Yuli 2022, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kada kuri'a don ayyana ikon rayuwa a cikin "tsaftataccen muhalli mai lafiya da dorewa" 'yancin ɗan adam na duniya. Babbar jami'ar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Michelle Bachelet ta yaba da matakin tare da yin kira da a dauki matakin gaggawa domin tabbatar da hakan ga kowa da kowa.  

## Gwamnati

Tattaunawa game da kare muhalli galibi yana mai da hankali kan rawar gwamnati, dokoki, da tilasta bin doka. Koyaya, a mafi girman ma'anarsa, ana iya ganin kare muhalli alhakin dukan mutane ne ba na gwamnati kawai ba. Hukunce-hukuncen da ke yin tasiri ga muhalli zai ƙunshi ɗimbin masu ruwa da tsaki da suka haɗa da masana'antu, ƙungiyoyin ƴan asali, ƙungiyar muhalli da wakilan al'umma. Sannu a hankali, matakan yanke shawara kan muhalli suna tasowa don nuna wannan babban tushe na masu ruwa da tsaki kuma suna samun haɗin gwiwa a ƙasashe da yawa. 

### Tanzaniya
Kundin tsarin mulki da yawa sun amince da Tanzaniya a matsayin wadda take da mafi girman bambancin halittu na kowace ƙasa ta Afirka. Kusan kashi 40 cikin 100 na ƙasar an kafa su a cikin hanyar sadarwa na wuraren da aka karewa, gami da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa da yawa.  Abubuwan da ke damun yanayin yanayi sun haɗa da lalacewa ga yanayin muhalli da asarar muhalli sakamakon haɓakar yawan jama'a, faɗaɗa aikin noma, gurɓata ƙasa, hakar katako da kuma amfani da katako a matsayin mai. 

An fara kare muhallin Tanzaniya a lokacin da Jamus ta mamaye Gabashin Afirka (1884-1919)—An kafa dokokin kiyaye farauta da na mulkin mallaka don kare farauta da dazuzzuka, ta yadda aka sanya takunkumi kan ayyukan 'yan asali na gargajiya kamar farauta, tara itace, da kiwo.  A cikin 1948, Serengeti a hukumance ya kafa wurin shakatawa na farko na kurayen daji a gabashin Afirka. Tun daga shekarar 1983, an kara yin kokari matuka wajen tafiyar da al'amuran muhalli a matakin kasa, ta hanyar kafa Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta kasa (NEMC) da kuma samar da dokar kare muhalli. 

Rarraba biosphere shine babban hukumar gwamnati da ke kula da kariya. Yana yin haka ta hanyar tsara manufofi, daidaitawa da sa ido kan lamuran muhalli, tsare-tsaren muhalli da bincike kan muhalli masu dogaro da kai. Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta kasa (NEMC) wata cibiya ce da aka kafa ta a lokacin da aka fara gabatar da Dokar Kula da Muhalli ta kasa a shekarar 1983. Wannan majalisa tana da rawar da za ta ba gwamnatoci da al'ummomin duniya shawarwari kan batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli. NEMC dalilai masu zuwa: bayar da shawarwarin fasaha; daidaita ayyukan fasaha; haɓaka jagororin tilastawa da hanyoyin; tantancewa, saka idanu da kimanta ayyukan da ke tasiri ga muhalli; inganta da taimakawa bayanan muhalli da sadarwa; da neman ci gaban ilimin kimiyya. 

Manufar Muhalli ta ƙasa ta 1997 tana aiki ne a matsayin tsarin yanke shawarar muhalli a Tanzaniya. Makasudin manufofin shine cimma abubuwa masu zuwa:

* Tabbatar da ɗorewa da yin amfani da albarkatu cikin adalci ba tare da lalata muhalli ko haɗarin lafiya ko aminci ba.
* Hana da sarrafa lalata ƙasa, ruwa, ciyayi da iska.
* Kiyaye da haɓaka kayan gado na halitta da na ɗan adam, gami da bambance-bambancen halittu na keɓaɓɓun yanayin muhalli.
* Inganta yanayi da yawan aiki na gurɓatattun wurare.
* Tada wayar da kan jama'a da fahimtar alakar muhalli da ci gaba.
* Haɓaka haɗin kai na daidaiku da al'umma.
* Haɓaka haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa. 
* Yi amfani da albarkatun muhalli .

Tanzaniya ta kasance mai rattaba hannu kan gagarumin adadin yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa da suka hada da sanarwar Rio kan Ci gaba da Muhalli 1992 da Yarjejeniyar Diversity na Halittu 1996. Dokar Gudanar da Muhalli, 2004, ita ce cikakkiyar tsarin doka da cibiyoyi na farko don jagorantar shawarwarin sarrafa muhalli. Kayayyakin manufofin da ke cikin sassan aikin sun haɗa da yin amfani da ƙididdigar tasirin muhalli, dabarun ƙima na muhalli, da haraji kan gurɓataccen masana'antu da samfurori. Tasirin canza wannan aikin zai bayyana ne kawai a cikin lokaci yayin da damuwa game da aiwatar da shi ya bayyana bisa ga gaskiyar cewa, a tarihi, an sami rashin ƙarfin aiwatar da dokokin muhalli da kuma rashin kayan aiki don kawo kare muhalli. manufofi a aikace.

### China

Taron kare muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 1972 a birnin Stockholm na kasar Sweden ya fara karfafa tsarin kare muhalli a gidan kasar Sin . Bayan haka, sun fara kafa hukumomin kare muhalli da kuma sanya ido kan wasu sharar da masana'anta. Kasar Sin ta kasance daya daga cikin kasashe masu tasowa na farko da suka aiwatar da dabarun ci gaba mai dorewa. A shekarar 1983 majalisar gudanarwar kasar Sin ta sanar da cewa, kare muhalli zai kasance daya daga cikin muhimman manufofin kasar Sin, kuma a shekarar 1984 ne aka kafa hukumar kare muhalli ta kasa (NEPA). Bayan mummunar ambaliyar ruwa da kogin Yangtze ya yi a cikin 1998, an mayar da NEPA zuwa Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Jiha (SEPA) ma'ana ana aiwatar da kare muhalli a matakin ministoci. A cikin 2008, SEPA ta zama sananne da sunan yanzu na Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli ta Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (MEP). 

Gurbacewar muhalli da gurbacewar muhalli sun haifar da asarar tattalin arziki ga kasar Sin. A shekarar 2005, an kididdige asarar tattalin arziki (mafi yawan gurbatar yanayi) da kashi 7.7% na GDP na kasar Sin. Wannan ya karu zuwa kashi 10.3 a shekara ta 2002 kuma asarar tattalin arziki daga gurbatar ruwa (6.1%) ya fara wuce abin da gurbatar iska ke haifarwa.  Kasar Sin na daya daga cikin kasashen da ke kan gaba wajen samun karuwar GDP (9.64% a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata).  Duk da haka, babban ci gaban tattalin arziki ya sanya matsin lamba ga muhallinta, kuma kalubalen muhalli da kasar Sin ke fuskanta ya fi yawancin kasashe yawa. A shekarar 2022 kasar Sin ta kasance matsayi na 160 daga cikin kasashe 180 da ake kididdigar yanayin muhalli sakamakon rashin ingancin iska da hayakin GHG.

LKasar Sin ta dauki matakin kara kare muhalli da yaki da gurbacewar muhalli:

* Yawan jarin da kasar Sin ta zuba kan makamashin da ake sabuntawa ya karu da kashi 18% a shekarar 2007 zuwa dala biliyan 15.6, wanda ya kai ~10% na jarin da duniya ke zuba a wannan fanni; 
* A cikin 2008, kashe kuɗi akan muhalli shine 1.49% na GDP, wanda ya ninka sau 3.4 daga 2000; 
* Fitar da CO (carbon monoxide) da SO2 (sulfur dioxide) ya ragu da kashi 6.61% da 8.95% a 2008 idan aka kwatanta da na 2005; 
* Ma'adinan kariyar yanayin kasar Sin ya karu sosai. A cikin 1978 akwai 34 kawai idan aka kwatanta da 2,538 a 2010. Tsarin tanadin yanayi mai kariya yanzu ya mamaye kashi 15.5% na ƙasar; wannan ya fi na duniya girma. 

Ci gaban GDP cikin sauri ya kasance babban burin kasar Sin cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata, tare da tsarin raya kasa mafi girma na rashin amfani da albarkatun kasa da gurbatar yanayi don samun babban GDP. Domin kasar Sin ta samu ci gaba mai dorewa, ya kamata a dauki kare muhalli a matsayin wani muhimmin bangare na manufofinta na tattalin arziki. 

Magana daga Shengxian Zhou, shugaban MEP (2009): "Kyakkyawan manufofin tattalin arziki kyakkyawar manufar muhalli ce kuma yanayin matsalar muhalli ita ce tsarin tattalin arziki, tsarin samarwa da kuma samar da abin koyi." 

### Tarayyar Turai
Kare muhalli ya zama muhimmin aiki ga cibiyoyi na Tarayyar Turai bayan yarjejeniyar Maastricht na Tarayyar Turai ta amince da dukkan mambobinta. EU tana aiki a fagen manufofin muhalli, tana ba da umarni kamar na kimanta tasirin muhalli da kuma samun damar samun bayanan muhalli ga 'yan ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe membobin.

#### Ireland
Hukumar Kare Muhalli, Ireland (EPA) tana da ayyuka da yawa don kare muhalli, tare da babban nauyinta da suka haɗa da: 

* Bayar da lasisin muhalli
* Ƙaddamar da dokar muhalli
* Tsarin muhalli, ilimi, da jagora
* Sa ido, nazari da bayar da rahoto kan muhalli
* Daidaita fitar da iskar gas a Ireland
* Ci gaban binciken muhalli
* Dabarun kimanta muhalli
* Gudanar da sharar gida
* Kariyar rediyo

### Gabas ta Tsakiya
Kasashen Gabas ta Tsakiya sun zama wani bangare na hadin gwiwar ayyukan kare muhalli na Musulunci, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2002 a Jeddah . A karkashin kungiyar ilimi da kimiya da al'adu ta Musulunci, kasashe mambobin kungiyar suna shiga taron ministocin muhalli na Musulunci a cikin kowace shekara biyu, tare da mai da hankali kan mahimmancin kare muhalli da ci gaba mai dorewa . Ana kuma ba wa kasashen Larabawa lakabin mafi kyawun kula da muhalli a duniyar Musulunci. 

A watan Agustan 2019, Sarkin Musulmin Oman ya sami lambar yabo ta 2018 – 19 a Saudi Arabiya, yana ambaton aikinta "Tabbatar da Shekaru da Girman Ƙananan Taskoki a Gabashin Arewa maso Yamma na Tekun Oman". 

### Rasha
A Rasha, ana ɗaukar kare muhalli a matsayin wani muhimmin sashi na amincin ƙasa . Ma'aikatar albarkatun kasa da ilimin halittu ta tarayya ita ce hukuma mai izini ta jiha mai alhakin kula da kare muhalli. Duk da haka, akwai batutuwan muhalli da yawa a Rasha .

### Latin Amurka
Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP) ta gano kasashe 17 megadiverse . Jerin ya hada da kasashe shida na Latin Amurka: Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru da Venezuela . Mexico da Brazil sun yi fice a cikin sauran saboda suna da yanki mafi girma, yawan jama'a da adadin nau'ikan. Waɗannan ƙasashe suna wakiltar babban abin damuwa ga kariyar muhalli saboda suna da yawan sare itatuwa, asarar muhalli, gurɓata yanayi, da haɓakar jama'a.

Brazil ce ke da mafi yawan dajujjuka masu zafi a duniya, 4,105,401&nbsp;km2 (48.1% na Brazil), an tattara shi a cikin yankin Amazon.  Brazil gida ce ga ɗimbin bambance-bambancen halittu, na farko a cikin manyan ƙasashe na duniya, suna da tsakanin 15% -20% na nau'ikan nau'ikan miliyan 1.5 da aka kwatanta a duniya. 

Ƙungiyar da ke kula da kare muhalli ita ce Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Brazil (a cikin Portuguese: Ministério do Meio Ambiente, MMA).  An fara ƙirƙira shi a cikin shekara ta 1973 tare da sunan Sakatariya na Musamman don Muhalli (Secretaria Especial de Meio Ambiente), yana canza sunaye sau da yawa, kuma yana ɗaukar sunan ƙarshe a cikin shekara ta 1999. Ma'aikatar ita ce ke da alhakin magance batutuwa masu zuwa:

* Manufar kasa game da muhalli da albarkatun ruwa;
* Manufa don kiyayewa, kiyayewa da amfani da ɗorewa na muhalli, bambancin halittu, da dazuzzuka;
* Bayar da dabaru, dabaru, kayan aikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa don haɓaka ingancin muhalli, da ci gaba da amfani da albarkatun ƙasa;
* Manufofin haɗaka samarwa da muhalli;
* Manufofin muhalli da shirye-shirye don Amazon Legal;
* Tsarin muhalli da tattalin arziƙin yanki.

A cikin 2011, wuraren kariya na Amazon sun rufe 2,197,485&nbsp;km 2 (yanki mafi girma fiye da Greenland), tare da raka'a na kiyayewa, kamar wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa, wanda ya kai fiye da rabin (50.6%) da yankuna na asali waɗanda ke wakiltar sauran 49.4%. 

#### Mexico

Tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan 200,000, Mexico tana da kashi 10-12% na nau'ikan halittun duniya, matsayi na farko a cikin halittu masu rarrafe kuma na biyu a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa  -ƙiya ɗaya ta nuna cewa sama da kashi 50% na dukkan nau'ikan dabbobi da shuka suna zaune a Mexico. 

Tarihin manufofin muhalli a Meziko ya fara ne a cikin 1940s tare da kafa dokar kiyaye ƙasa da ruwa (a cikin Mutanen Espanya: Ley de Conservación de Suelo y Agua). Shekaru 30 bayan haka, a farkon shekarun 1970, an ƙirƙiri Dokar Hana da Kula da gurɓacewar muhalli (Ley para Prevenir y Controlar la Contaminación Ambiental).

A cikin shekara ta 1972 shine martani na farko kai tsaye daga gwamnatin tarayya don magance fitattun illolin lafiya daga matsalolin muhalli. Ya kafa ƙungiyar gudanarwa na Sakatariyar don Inganta Muhalli (Subsecretaría para el Mejoramiento del Ambiente) a cikin Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Jin Dadi.

Sakatariyar Muhalli da Albarkatun Kasa (Secretaría del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, SEMARNAT  ) ma'aikatar muhalli ce ta Mexico. Ma'aikatar ita ce ke da alhakin magance batutuwa masu zuwa:

* Haɓaka karewa, maidowa, da kiyaye muhallin halittu, albarkatun ƙasa, kayayyaki, da sabis na muhalli da sauƙaƙe amfani da su da ci gaba mai dorewa.
* Haɓaka da aiwatar da manufofin ƙasa kan albarkatun ƙasa
* Haɓaka kula da muhalli a cikin ƙasa na ƙasa, tare da haɗin kai tare da duk matakan gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.
* Yi kimantawa da ba da ƙuduri ga maganganun tasirin muhalli don ayyukan ci gaba da rigakafin lalacewar muhalli
* Aiwatar da manufofin ƙasa game da sauyin yanayi da kuma kare sararin samaniyar ozone.
* Ayyukan kai tsaye da karatu akan yanayin yanayi na ƙasa, yanayin yanayi, tsarin ruwa, da tsarin geohydrological, da shiga cikin yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kan waɗannan batutuwa.
* Tsara da saka idanu akan kiyaye hanyoyin ruwa

A cikin Nuwamba 2000 akwai 127 yankunan kariya ; a halin yanzu akwai 174, wanda ke da fadin hekta 25,384,818, wanda ya karu da yankunan da gwamnatin tarayya ta kare daga kashi 8.6% zuwa 12.85% na fadin kasar. 

### Oceania

#### Ostiraliya

A cikin 2008, akwai hekta 98,487,116 na yanki mai kariya na ƙasa, wanda ya ƙunshi kashi 12.8% na yankin ƙasar Ostiraliya .  Alkaluman 2002 na kashi 10.1% na yankin ƙasa da 64,615,554 ha na yankin teku mai karewa  an same su da rashin wakilci kusan rabin yankuna 85 na Ostiraliya. 

Ana iya ganin kariyar muhalli a Ostiraliya yayin farawa tare da kafa wurin shakatawa na farko, Royal National Park, a cikin 1879.  Ƙarin ci gaba da kare muhalli ya fara ne a cikin 1960s da 1970s tare da manyan shirye-shirye na kasa da kasa kamar taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli a 1972, Kwamitin Muhalli na OECD a 1970, da Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 1972.  Wadannan abubuwan sun kafa harsashi ta hanyar kara wayar da kan jama'a da goyon baya ga tsari. Dokokin muhalli na jihohi ba bisa ka'ida ba ne kuma sun gaza har sai an kafa Majalisar Muhalli ta Australiya (AEC) da Majalisar Ministocin Kare Halittu (CONCOM) a cikin 1972 da 1974, tare da samar da wani taro don taimakawa wajen daidaita manufofin muhalli da kiyayewa tsakanin jihohi da kasashe makwabta.  Tun daga wannan lokacin an maye gurbin waɗannan majalissar da Majalisar Muhalli da Kula da Muhalli (ANZECC) ta Ostiraliya da New Zealand a cikin 1991 kuma a ƙarshe Majalisar Kare Muhalli da Gado (EPHC) a 2001. 

A matakin ƙasa, *[[Dokar kare muhalli da dokokin kare halittu|Dokar Kariyar Muhalli da Dokokin Kare Diversity 1999]]* ita ce babbar dokar kariyar muhalli ga Commonwealth na Ostiraliya. Ya shafi abubuwan da suka shafi mahimmancin muhalli na ƙasa da na duniya dangane da flora, fauna, al'ummomin muhalli da al'adun gargajiya.  Hakanan tana da hurumi akan duk wani aiki da Commonwealth ke gudanarwa, ko kuma ya shafe shi, wanda ke da tasirin muhalli mai mahimmanci.  Dokar ta shafi manyan fannoni guda takwas: 

* Rukunan Gado na Ƙasa
* Wuraren Tarihi na Duniya
* Ramsar dausayi
* Jinsunan da ke cikin haɗari ko barazanar ƙasa da al'ummomin muhalli
* Ayyukan nukiliya da ayyuka
* Babban Barrier Reef Marine Park
* nau'in ƙaura
* Yankunan ruwan Commonwealth

Akwai ƙasashe da dama da ke da kariya ta Commonwealth saboda haɗin gwiwa tare da masu mallakar gargajiya na gargajiya, kamar Kakadu National Park, na ban mamaki iri-iri kamar Kirsimeti Island National Park, ko gudanar da haɗin gwiwa saboda ketare-jihar wuri, kamar Australian Alps National Parks da Reserves . 

A matakin jiha, yawancin al'amuran kare muhalli an bar su ga alhakin jiha na ƙasa.   Kowace bangare a Ostiraliya tana da nata dokokin kare muhalli da hukumomin da suka dace. Hukuncinsu iri ɗaya ne kuma yana rufe gurɓatar wuri, kamar daga masana'antu ko ayyukan kasuwanci, amfani da ƙasa/ruwa, da sarrafa sharar gida. Jihohi da yankuna ne ke sarrafa galibin filaye masu kariya  tare da ayyukan majalisu na jihohi suna ƙirƙirar digiri daban-daban da ma'anar wuraren kariya kamar jeji, ƙasa ƙasa da wuraren shakatawa na ruwa, dazuzzuka na jihohi, da wuraren kiyayewa. Jihohi kuma suna ƙirƙirar ƙa'ida don iyakancewa da ba da kariya gabaɗaya daga iska, ruwa, da gurɓataccen sauti.

A matakin ƙaramar hukuma, kowane birni ko majalisar yanki yana da alhakin abubuwan da dokokin jiha ko na ƙasa ba su shafi su ba. Wannan ya haɗa da tushe mara tushe, ko gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu, kamar gurɓatacciyar ƙasa daga wuraren gine-gine.

Ostiraliya tana matsayi na biyu a cikin Ƙididdigar Ci gaban Bil Adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 2010  kuma ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarancin bashi ga ƙimar GDP na ƙasashe masu tasowa.  Ana iya ganin wannan yana zuwa a farashin muhalli, tare da Ostiraliya ita ce jagorar duniya a fitar da gawayi  da kuma kawar da nau'in nau'in.   Wasu sun zaburar da su shelar cewa alhakin Australiya ne ta kafa misali na sake fasalin muhalli ga sauran kasashen duniya su yi koyi da su.  

#### New Zealand
A matakin ƙasa, Ma'aikatar Muhalli tana da alhakin manufofin muhalli kuma Ma'aikatar Kulawa tana magance matsalolin kiyayewa . A matakin yanki majalisun yanki ne ke gudanar da doka tare da magance matsalolin muhalli na yanki .

### Switzerland's
Cigaba a  muhalli a Switzerland's ya dangane ga daukan qungiyan (Non Government Organization)da littafaina Kuma na green politics da way idojin muhalli

Kariyar muhalli a kasar Switzerland ta dogara ne kan matakan da za a dauka na yaki da dumamar yanayi. Gurbacewar yanayi a kasar Switzerland galibi gurbatar yanayi ne da ababen hawa ke haifarwa da kuma zubar da shara da masu yawon bude ido ke yi.

### Amurka

Tun daga 1970, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) tana aiki don kare muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam. 

Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) wata hukuma ce mai zaman kanta ta gwamnatin tarayya ta Amurka mai alhakin al'amuran kare muhalli.

Duk jihohin Amurka suna da nasu sassan matakin kariyar muhalli,  wanda zai iya ba da ƙa'idodi masu tsauri fiye da na tarayya.

A cikin Janairu 2010, EPA Administrator Lisa P. Jackson ta buga ta hanyar hukuma EPA blog ta "Bakwai fifiko don makomar EPA", waɗanda suka kasance (a cikin tsari na asali): 

* Daukar mataki kan sauyin yanayi
* Inganta ingancin iska
* Tabbatar da amincin sinadarai
* Tsabtace al'ummomin [Amurka].
* Kare ruwan Amurka
* Fadada tattaunawa game da muhalli da kuma yin aiki don adalcin muhalli
* Gina kakkarfar jaha da kawancen kabilanci

cy's active priorities, as Jackson departed in February 2013, and the page has not been updated in the interim.

### Indiya
Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya yana da tanadi da yawa waɗanda ke ƙayyade alhakin gwamnatocin tsakiya da na jihohi game da Kariyar Muhalli. An ɗora alhakin da ya rataya a wuyan Jiha dangane da kare muhalli a ƙarƙashin sashe na 48-A na kundin tsarin mulkin mu wanda ya bayyana cewa “jahohi za su yi ƙoƙarin kare da inganta muhalli da kuma kare gandun daji da namun daji na ƙasar nan”. 

An sanya kariyar muhalli wani muhimmin aiki na kowane ɗan ƙasar Indiya a ƙarƙashin sashe na 51-A (g) na kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya ce "Ya zama wajibi ga kowane ɗan ƙasar Indiya ya kare da inganta yanayin yanayin da ya haɗa da gandun daji, tafkuna, koguna., da namun daji da kuma jin tausayin halittu masu rai”. 

Sashi na 21 na kundin tsarin mulkin kasa wani hakki ne na asasi, wanda ya ce "Babu wani mutum da za a tauye masa rayuwarsa ko kuma 'yancinsa sai bisa tsarin da doka ta tanada". 

## A cikin adabi
Akwai ayyukan wallafe-wallafe da yawa waɗanda ke ɗauke da jigogi na kare muhalli amma wasu sun kasance masu mahimmanci ga juyin halitta. Guda da yawa irin su *A Sand County Almanac* ta Aldo Leopold, " Masifu na gama-gari " na Garrett Hardin, da *Silent Spring* ta Rachel Carson sun zama na gargajiya saboda tasirinsu mai nisa.  Matar kiyayewa kuma wadda ta samu lambar yabo ta Nobel Wangari Muta Maathai ta sadaukar da littafinta na 2010 Replenishing the Earth to the Green Belt Movement da kuma muhimmancin itatuwa wajen kare muhalli.

Batun kare muhalli yana nan a cikin almara da kuma wallafe-wallafen da ba na almara ba. Littattafai irin su *Antarctica* da *Blockade* suna da kariyar muhalli a matsayin batutuwa yayin da *Lorax* ya zama sanannen misali don kare muhalli. "Iyakokin Trooghaft"  na Desmond Stewart ɗan gajeren labari ne da ke ba da haske game da halayen ɗan adam game da dabbobi. Wani littafi mai suna *The Martian Chronicles* na Ray Bradbury ya bincika batutuwa kamar bama-bamai, yaƙe-yaƙe, sarrafa gwamnati, da kuma irin tasirin da waɗannan za su iya yi a kan muhalli.

## Duba kuma
  A

## Nassoshi


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*