Harshen Siwai

**Motuna**, ko **Siwai**, yare ne na Papuan na Lardin Bougainville, Papua New Guinea . Ana magana da shi da farko a Siwai Rural LLG . Adadin masu magana na yanzu yana da wuyar kimantawa ko kirgawa  tun lokacin da sabon adadi sama  (6,000 + 600) ya fito ne daga ƙidayar shekara ta  1970.

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin sautin

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

Tsarin harshe shine CV (C), tare da coda kasancewa archiphoneme wanda aka fahimta a matsayin tsayawar glottal, fricative glottal ko hanci (homorganic zuwa na gaba ko velar idan kalma-ƙarshen). 

## Harshen harshe
Siwai yare ne mai haɗuwa wanda ke fuskantar adadi mai yawa na haɗuwa da morphophonological. Shugabannin da masu dogaro dukansu suna da alama. Yana nuna shari'a a kan NPs. Yana da ergative / absolutive. Yana nuna ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden ƙayyadamuran ƙayyadamsun ƙayƙwalwa a cikin kalmomi, kalmomin dangi, masu rarrabawa, da lambobi. Yana da alama ya zama kalma-ƙarshe, tare da A da O a kowane tsari. Ana iya cire NPs idan aka fahimta daga mahallin.

### Jima'i
Siwai yana nuna jinsi biyar: namiji, mace, karami, yanki, da kuma hanya. Wadannan suna da alama a cikin siffofi guda ɗaya kawai tunda siffofi biyu da ƙananan duk suna da alama kamar ƙananan kuma ana nuna yawa kamar namiji. Wadannan jinsi suna tare da nau'ikan ma'ana guda hamsin da daya, waɗanda masu rarrabawa suka yi alama. Wadannan a bi da bi an haɗa su da lambobi, masu nunawa, da sunayen sarauta.

### Adadin
Harshen yana da lambobi huɗu: guda ɗaya, biyu, paucal, da jam'i. Sunaye suna nuna duk hudu yayin da sunayen suna da mutum ɗaya kuma ba na mutum ɗaya ba. Mutum na farko wanda ba na musamman ba yana nuna bambanci a cikin hadawa da na musamman.

### Kalmomin
Kalmomin suna nuna mutum da yawan mahimman muhawara. Ya raba yanayin S da bambancin murya mai aiki / tsakiya. Kalmomin kuma suna nuna ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan TAM goma sha huɗu.

#### Tsarinsa
Tsarin aikatau ya kunshi da farko na suffixes:

: (i) maɓallin aikatau
: (ii) sassan da aka ɗaure, ƙetare-ƙetare mutum da yawan mahimman jayayya (s) 
: (iii) a TAM suffix
: (iv) kalmomin da ba na tsakiya ba waɗanda ke da cikakkiyar juyawa suna nuna jinsi na gardamar batutuwa.
: (iv′) wasu kalmomin da ba na tsakiya ba da kuma kalmomin tsakiya guda ɗaya ba su nuna wani abu ba
: (iv′′) kalmomi na tsakiya daban-daban suna da nau'in da ke nuna bangare da sauyawa.

Akwai wasu kalmomi waɗanda suka bambanta da wannan tsari, kamar su Definite Future suffix wanda ba ya buƙatar alamar jinsi, da wasu nau'ikan TAM a cikin kalmomi na tsakiya.

#### Valence

: (a) masu sauyawa suna ɗaukar A da O
: (b) tsawo transitives dauki A, O, da E
: (c) masu sauƙi suna ɗaukar S
: (d) tsawo intransitives dauki S da E

Wasu aikatau suna da ambitransitive kuma suna ɗaukar ko dai murya mai aiki ko na tsakiya. Tsarin murya na harshe shine "diathesis na magana" inda tsarin mahimman muhawara ke ƙayyade murya mai aiki ko na tsakiya.

#### Darussan
Akwai manyan nau'o'in aikatau guda biyar, waɗanda aka ƙayyade ta hanyar ƙididdigar ƙididdigal da suke ɗauka: :-6

: (1) Kalmominsa
: (2) Kalmominsa
: (3) Kalmomin da ba na yau da kullun ba ('ka kasance, wanzu', 'tafi', 'tafiya', 'kira') 
: (4) Kalmomin Ambitransitive (mai aiki-tsakiya) 
:: (a) 'aiki mai nunawa' (S=O=A) 
:: (b) 'tsarin kai tsaye / abin da ya faru' (S=O) 
:: (c) 'ƙananan aiki' (S=A) 
: (5) Kalmomin tsakiya kawai
:: (a) 'aiki na jiki'
:: (b) 'tsarin kai tsaye / abin da ya faru'
:: (c) 'aiki mai rikitarwa'

### Rubuce-rubuce
Kamar sauran harsunan Papuan da yawa, Siwai yana da kalmomi na tsakiya waɗanda ke tsakiyar jumla kuma suna nuna TAM da sauyawa-tushen.

## Haɗin waje

* 
* Paradisec yana da tarin abubuwa biyu na kayan Arthur Cappell (AC1, AC2) waɗanda suka haɗa da kayan yaren Siwai.

## Manazarta