Gwajin likita a Afirka

Kasashen Afirka sun kasance wuraren gwaji na asibiti daga manyan kamfanonin harhada magunguna, suna tada matsalolin kare hakkin dan adam. Abubuwan da suka faru na gwaje-gwajen da ba su dace ba, gwajin asibiti da ba su da cikakkiyar masaniyar izini, da hanyoyin likita na tilastawa an yi da'awar kuma an gurfanar da su a gaban kotu.

## Musamman abubuwan da suka faru ta kwanan wata

### Gwajin cutar sankarau a Najeriya: 1990s
Kamfanin Pfizer na Amurka ya yi amfani da maganin Trovan a gwajin asibiti a Kano, Najeriya . Gwajin ya kwatanta sabon maganin rigakafi (Trovan) akan mafi kyawun magani da ake samu a lokacin (ceftriaxone na ciki). Yara 11 sun mutu a cikin gwajin: biyar bayan sun dauki Trovan da shida bayan shan wani tsofaffin kwayoyin cutar da aka yi amfani da su don kwatantawa a cikin gwaji na asibiti. Wasu kuma sun yi fama da makanta, kurame da kuma lalacewar kwakwalwa, abin da ke da wuya a tantance musabbabin sa domin wadannan nakasassun suna da yawa sakamakon cutar da kanta. Bayan haka, kwamitin kwararrun likitocin ya dora Pfizer da hannu a lamarin, inda suka kammala cewa an yi amfani da maganin ne a wani bangare na gwaji na asibiti ba bisa ka’ida ba ba tare da izini daga gwamnatin Najeriya ko kuma amincewa daga iyayen yaran ba. Hakan ya kai ga kara daga gwamnatin Najeriya kan amincewar da aka yi.   Pfizer ya amsa cewa ya cika duk ka'idojin da suka dace.  An amince da maganin don amfani da shi gabaɗaya a Amurka amma a ƙarshe an cire shi saboda ciwon hanta .

### Gwajin HIV/AIDS a Zimbabwe: 1990s
Gwajin AZT da likitocin Amurka da Jami'ar Zimbabwe suka gudanar kan batutuwan Afirka masu ɗauke da cutar HIV an yi su ba tare da cikakken izini ba.  Amurka ta fara gwajin magungunan AZT a Afirka a cikin 1994, ta hanyar ayyukan da Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka (CDC), Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa (NIH) suka bayar. Ya hada da gwajin mata sama da 17,000 don maganin da ke hana kamuwa da cutar kanjamau daga uwa zuwa yaro. Batutuwan ba su fahimci hanyoyin gwaji ba, inganci, haɗarin haɗari, ko yanayin placebo a cikin yanayin gwaji.  An kuma ba su labarin gwajin da aka yi musu .  Rabin wadannan matan sun sami placebo wanda ba shi da wani tasiri, wanda ke iya yadawa. Sakamakon haka, kimanin jarirai 1000 sun kamu da cutar kanjamau ko da yake an riga an sami ingantaccen tsarin ceton rai.  CDC ta ƙare gwajin ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin 1998 bayan sun ba da sanarwar cewa suna da isasshen bayanai daga gwaji na Thailand . 

### Sake aikin jima'i a Afirka ta Kudu: 1970s-1980s
A cikin wani aiki da Aubrey Levin ya jagoranta a tsakanin shekarun 1970 zuwa 1980, rundunar tsaron Afirka ta Kudu ta tilastawa jami'an sojan 'yan madigo da 'yan luwadi yin ayyukan "canjin jima'i". Wannan wani bangare ne na wani shiri na sirri na kawar da luwadi a cikin sojoji. An ƙiyasta 900 na tilasta sake canza aikin jima'i tsakanin 1971 da 1989 a asibitocin soja. shekaru 16 zuwa 24 farar fata da aka sanya su cikin soja a lokacin yakin iyakar Afirka ta Kudu . Mata kuma sun kasance ƙarƙashin gwajin.

### Yin rigakafin tilasta haihuwa a Rhodesia (yanzu Zimbabwe): 1970s
An gwada Depo-Provera a asibiti akan mata baƙar fata Rhodesian (yanzu Zimbabwe) a cikin 1970s.  Da zarar an amince, an yi amfani da maganin azaman ma'aunin hana haihuwa. Matan da ke gonakin kasuwanci na farar fata an tilasta musu karbar Depo-Provera.  A cikin 1981, an dakatar da maganin a cikin abin da yake a lokacin Zimbabwe . 

### Gwaje-gwajen haifuwa a Jamus ta Kudu-Yammacin Afirka (yanzu yanki na Namibiya): Marigayi 1800s-1910s
Eugen Fischer ya gudanar da gwaje-gwajen haifuwa akan matan Herero a Jamus ta Kudu-Yammacin Afirka (yanzu Namibiya, ƙasa da Walvis Bay da sauransu) a farkon shekarun 1900.   Gwajin nasa an yi shi ne akan yara masu gauraya da juna domin samar da hujjar hana auren jinsi . Bayan haka ya shiga jam’iyyar Nazi inda ya yi irin wannan gwaje-gwaje a sansanonin fursunoni na Yahudawa. Daga baya Likita  ya ci gaba da karatun mataki na ƙarshe, wanda ya kafa reshen Jamus na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Iyaye ta Duniya (IPPF) wanda kuma ke da alaƙa da haifuwa na dole a Jamus na Nazi .

## Tasiri kan halaltaccen magani
Marubuciya Harriet A. Washington ta bayar da hujjar cewa gwaje-gwajen likitanci marasa da'a da aka yi sama da karni na iya zama sanadin firgita da rashin yarda da likitoci da magunguna a Afirka.  Misali, cutar shan inna tana karuwa a Najeriya, Chadi, da Burkina Faso saboda mutane da yawa a wurin suna guje wa allurar rigakafi saboda sun yi imanin cewa alluran sun gurbata da kwayar cutar kanjamau ko kuma hana haihuwa, in ji ta.  Sakamakon gwajin cutar sankarau a Kano, yanzu haka ‘yan Najeriya da dama sun ki shiga gwajin asibiti. 

## Matsayin talauci
Yawancin ƙasashen Afirka ba za su iya ba da magunguna ga 'yan ƙasarsu ba tare da tallafi daga kamfanonin harhada magunguna na duniya ba. Don yin shari'a ga waɗannan kamfanonin harhada magunguna, wasu ƙasashen Afirka suna rage ƙa'idodin doka game da gudanar da binciken likita, wanda ke hana yuwuwar faɗar shari'a taso. Marubuciya Harriet A. Washington ta bayar da hujjar cewa wannan ya tilasta wa wasu 'yan Afirka yin zabi na Hobson : "maganin gwaji ko babu magani kwata-kwata". Mutanen da ke zaune a ƙauye ko ƙauye su ma sun fi fuskantar gwaji saboda sun fi jahilci da rashin fahimtar illar gwajin.

## Codes of ethics
Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da dama sun ƙirƙira ka'idojin ɗabi'a don gudanar da gwaje-gwaje da gwaji na asibiti. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ka'idar Nuremberg da sanarwar Helsinki  da kuma ka'idar Yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan 'Yancin Bil Adama da Jama'a akan 'Yancin Mata a Afirka, wanda ke neman haramta duk wani gwajin likita da na kimiyya akan mata ba tare da izininsu na farko ba. 

## Shahararrun nassoshi na al'adu
Littafin da fim ɗin *The Constant Gardener* sun ba da haske game da yanayin ɗabi'a a cikin gwaji na asibiti a Afirka a yankunan marasa galihu. Hakan dai ya samo asali ne daga yadda cutar sankarau ta ta'azzara a Kano ta Najeriya. Littafin mafi kyawun mai siyarwa na  *Medical Apartheid* ta Harriet A. Washington, yana ba da labarin tarihi na gwaji akan Amurkawa na Afirka, amma kuma ya haɗa da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa zuwa gwajin Afirka. 

## Magana