Yanayin Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan ƙasa ce da ba ta da iyaka a Asiya ta Tsakiya, da ke kan iyakar Tekun Caspian a yamma, Iran da Afghanistan a kudu, Uzbekistan a arewa maso gabas, da Kazakhstan a arewa maso yamma. Ita ce jamhuriya mafi kudancin Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), ƙungiyar da aka kirkira a ƙarshen 1991 ta yawancin jihohin da suka gabata.

Yanayin ƙasa yana tsakanin 35 ° 08' da 42 ° 48' arewacin latitude, 52 ° 27' da 66 ° 41' gabas longitude. Yankin da ya fi tsayi shine tare da Tekun Caspian (  ).  Sauran iyakoki suna da Iran (a kudu,   ), Afghanistan (a kudu),   ), Uzbekistan (a arewa da gabas,   ) da Kazakhstan (a arewa,   ).  Turkmenistan ya ɗan fi girma fiye da Kamaru a cikin yankin, yana da  kilomita 491,120 (189,620 sq .  Ta hanyar yanki, Turkmenistan ta kasance ta huɗu a cikin tsoffin jamhuriyoyin Soviet, bayan Rasha, Kazakhstan, da Ukraine. Mafi girman ƙasar daga yamma zuwa gabas shine   , kuma mafi girman arewa zuwa kudu shine  km (400 . 

## Yanayin jiki

Yankin Turkmenistan ya ƙunshi hamada mai laushi, Karakum, tare da dunes dinsa da sannu a hankali suna tashi zuwa kudu; a lokacin da suka isa iyaka da Iran, sun zama duwatsu da aka sani da Kopet Dag . Tekun Caspian yana wanke gabar yammacin wannan ƙasa mafi yawan busasshiyar.

Matsakaicin tsawo na Turkmenistan shine mita 100-220 (330-720  sama da matakin teku, tare da mafi girman ma'anarsa shine Dutsen Hayrybaba (   a cikin Köýtendag Range na Pamir-Alay sarkar a kudu maso gabas, kuma mafi ƙasƙanci shine Akjagaýa Depression a cikin Tafkin Sarygamysh, kusa da mita 100 (330 ft) ƙasa da matakin teku (ainihin matakin ruwa a cikin Tafkunan Sarygamiash yana da yawa daga -110 m zuwa -200 m mafi zurfi). Dutsen Arlan ya tashi sosai sama da matakin teku a cikin Babban Balkan Range a yammacin Turkmenistan (Lardin Balkan), kuma yana da matsayi na ƙasa wanda ya fi guntu fiye da tsayinsa. Kusan kashi 80% na jamhuriya yana cikin Turan Depression, wanda ke gangara daga kudu zuwa arewa kuma daga gabas zuwa yamma.

Duwatsun Turkmenistan sun haɗa da kilomita  (370  na arewacin Kopet Dag Range, wanda yake rabawa da Iran. Yankin Kopet Dag wani yanki ne wanda ke da tuddai, tuddai masu bushewa da yashi, tsaunuka masu tsawo, da kwari masu tsawo; Dutsen Şahşah (  ), wanda aka fi sani da Dutsen Rizeh, kudu maso yammacin Ashgabat, shine mafi girman tsawo na Kopet Dag Range a Turkmenistan .  Kopet Dag yana fuskantar canjin tectonic, ma'ana cewa yankin yana fuskantar barazanar girgizar ƙasa kamar wanda ya lalata Ashgabat a cikin 1948.  Filayen Krasnovodsk da Üstýurt sune shahararrun siffofin arewa maso yammacin Turkmenistan.

Babban fasalin yanayin jamhuriya shine Garagum Desert (wanda aka fi sani da Karakum), wanda ke da kusan  kilomita 350,000 (140,000 sq .  Iska mai sauyawa yana haifar da tsaunukan hamada waɗanda ke tsakanin mita biyu zuwa ashirin (5 zuwa 65  a tsawo kuma suna iya zama kilomita da yawa a tsawon. Sashin irin waɗannan tsarin sun zama ruwan dare gama gari, kamar yadda tsaunuka masu tsawo da santsi, ajiyar yumɓu mai kama da kankare wanda aka kafa ta hanyar saurin ruwan ambaliyar ruwa a wannan yanki na shekaru da yawa. Manyan filayen gishiri, waɗanda aka kafa ta hanyar aikin capillary a cikin ƙasa, suna cikin ɓacin rai da yawa, gami da Garaşor, wanda ke da  kilomita 1,500 (580 sq  a arewa maso yamma. Yankin Sandykly a yammacin kogin Amu Darya shine iyakar kudancin Yankin Qizilqum, mafi yawansu suna cikin Uzbekistan zuwa arewa maso gabas.

## Yanayi

Turkmenistan tana da Yanayin hamada mai sanyi wanda yake da matukar damuwa. Lokacin bazara yana da tsawo (daga Mayu zuwa Satumba), mai zafi, kuma ya bushe, yayin da hunturu gabaɗaya yana da sauƙi kuma ya bushewa, kodayake wani lokaci sanyi da danshi a arewa. Yawancin hazo yana faɗuwa tsakanin Janairu da Mayu; hazo yana da ɗan ƙarami a duk faɗin ƙasar, tare da matsakaicin shekara-shekara daga  in)  Kopet Dag zuwa  in) a arewa maso yamma. Babban birnin, Ashgabat, kusa da iyakar Iran a kudu maso tsakiyar Turkmenistan, yana da matsakaicin  in) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi na shekara-shekara ya kasance daga  ° C (63.5 ° F) a Ashgabat zuwa  ° C (55.0 ° F) A Daşoguz, a kan iyakar Uzbek a arewa maso tsakiyar Turkmenistan. Kusan iskõki na yau da kullun suna arewa, arewa maso gabas, ko yamma.

A ranar 28 ga watan Yulin 1983, Repetek Biosphere State Reserve, kudancin Turkmenabat, ya rubuta zafin jiki na  ° C (122.2 ° F), wanda shine mafi girman zafin jiki da aka taɓa yin rikodin a Turkmenistan.

### Misalan

### Yanayin ruwa
Kusan kashi 80% na ƙasar Turkmenistan ba shi da madaidaicin tushen kwararar ruwa.  Manyan kogunansa suna cikin yankunan kudanci da gabas ne kawai; ƙananan koguna a kan gangaren arewacin Kopetdag ana karkatar da su gaba ɗaya zuwa ban ruwa.  Mafi mahimmanci kogin shine Amu Darya, wanda ke da tsayin jimlar  daga mafi nisa tributary, sanya shi kogin mafi tsayi a tsakiyar Asiya.  Amu Darya ya ratsa arewa maso gabashin Turkmenistan, daga nan ya nufi gabas ya samar da iyakar kudancin Uzbekistan da Tajikistan .  Latsawa da ban ruwa na Amu Darya sun yi mummunar illa ga muhalli a Tekun Aral, wanda kogin ke shiga.  Matsakaicin kwararar kogin na shekara-shekara shine  .  Sauran manyan koguna su ne Tejen (  ); Murgab (  ); da kuma Atrek (  ). 

## Batutuwan muhalli

### Tarihi
Tun lokacin da aka rushe Tarayyar Soviet, Tsarin muhalli ba a canza shi ba a Turkmenistan. Sabuwar gwamnati ta kirkiro Ma'aikatar Amfani da albarkatun kasa da Kare Muhalli a watan Yulin 1992, tare da sassan da ke da alhakin kare muhalli, kare tsire-tsire da dabbobi, gandun daji, hydrometeorology, da kuma tsarin gudanarwa. Kamar sauran jamhuriyoyin CIS, Turkmenistan ta kafa Asusun Muhalli wanda ya dogara da kudaden shiga da aka tattara daga tarar muhalli, amma tarar gabaɗaya sun yi ƙasa da yawa don tara kudaden shiga masu yawa. Godiya ga tsohuwar tsarin kiyaye wasanni na Soviet da kokarin Society for Nature Conservation da Kwalejin Kimiyya, tsire-tsire da dabbobi suna samun kariya a cikin jamhuriya; duk da haka, "farauta mai wuya" ta masu arziki na Yamma da Larabawa sun riga sun gaji da dabbobi a kan kiyayewa.&nbsp;

### Yunkurin hamada
Bisa kididdigar da aka yi, sakamakon hanyoyin kwararowar hamada da gurbatar yanayi, yawan amfanin halittu na tsarin muhalli a Turkmenistan ya ragu da kashi 30 zuwa 50 cikin dari a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.  Hamadar Karakum da Kyzyl Kum suna fadadawa a wani matsayi da ya zarce ma'aunin duniya kawai ta hanyar kwararowar hamada a yankunan Sahara da Sahel na Afirka.  Tsakanin 8,000 zuwa 10,000&nbsp;kilomita  na sabon hamada yanzu yana bayyana kowace shekara a tsakiyar Asiya. 

Mafi nau'in kwararowar hamada da ba za a iya gyarawa ba shine tsarin salinization wanda ke samar da tukwane na gishiri.  Babban abin da ke ba da gudummawa ga waɗannan yanayi shine rashin amfani da ruwa mai kyau saboda ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi da gazawar cajin ruwan da ake amfani da shi.  Amfani da ruwa a cikin filayen yana da ƙasa, amma babbar matsalar ita ce malalewa a manyan magudanan ruwa da na sakandare, musamman ma babban mashigin ruwa na Turkmenistan, Canal Karakum .  Kusan rabin ruwan magudanar ruwa yana shiga cikin tafkuna kuma gishiri ya mamaye hanyarsa.  Ruwan ruwa mai yawa yana kawo gishiri a saman, yana haifar da marurasan gishiri wanda ya bushe ya zama filayen yumbu da ba za a iya amfani da su ba.  A cikin 1989 Cibiyar Nazarin Hamada ta Turkmenistan ta yi iƙirarin cewa yankin irin waɗannan gidaje ya kai    . 

Irin hamada da aka haifar ta hanyar kiwo na shanu a duk shekara an kira shi mafi muni a Asiya ta Tsakiya, tare da mafi munin yanayi a Turkmenistan da Kazakh steppe tare da gabar gabashin da arewacin Tekun Caspian. Rugujewar iska da hamada suma suna da tsanani a yankunan da aka zauna tare da Garagum Canal; iska da aka dasa sun mutu saboda cikawar ruwa da / ko salinization. Sauran abubuwan da ke inganta hamada sune rashin isasshen tsarin mai tarawa da aka gina a cikin shekarun 1950 da kuma amfani da sunadarai mara kyau.

### Tekun Aral
Turkmenistan duka suna ba da gudummawa kuma suna fama da sakamakon bushewa Tekun Aral. Saboda yawan ban ruwa, aikin gona na Turkmen yana ba da gudummawa ga raguwar matakan teku. Hakanan, bushewar Tekun Aral, wanda ya rage wannan ruwa da kimanin  kilomita 59,000 (23,000 sq  a shekara ta 1994, yana shafar yawan tattalin arziki da lafiyar jama'ar jamhuriya. Baya ga farashin inganta wuraren da suka lalace da kuma asarar akalla wani ɓangare na saka hannun jari na farko a cikinsu, salinization da chemikalization na ƙasa sun rage yawan aikin gona a Asiya ta Tsakiya da kimanin 20-25%. Rashin ruwan sha shine babban haɗarin kiwon lafiya wanda irin wannan lalacewar muhalli ke haifar. A cikin Lardin Dashhowuz, wanda ya sha wahala mafi girman lalacewar muhalli daga bushewar Tekun Aral, matakan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ruwan sha sun wuce sau goma na matakin tsabta; 70% na yawan jama'a sun fuskanci cututtuka, da yawa tare da Hepatitis, kuma Mutuwar jarirai yana da yawa. Masana sun yi gargadin cewa mazauna za su kwashe lardin a ƙarshen ƙarni sai dai idan an gudanar da cikakken shirin tsaftacewa. Turkmenistan ta sanar da shirye-shiryen tsaftace wasu daga cikin kogin Aral tare da tallafin kudi daga Bankin Duniya.

### Rashin gurɓataccen sinadarai
Yankunan auduga mafi yawan amfanin gona a Turkmenistan (tsakiyar da ƙananan Amu Darya da Murgap oasis) suna karɓar kusan kilo 250 na taki a kowace hekta ( lb / ), idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin aikace-aikacen kilo talatin a kowace hekita (27 lb / acres).  Bugu da ƙari, yawancin taki ba a yi amfani da su sosai ba har masana sun kiyasta cewa kawai 15-40% na sunadarai zasu iya shawo kan shuke-shuke na auduga, yayin da sauran ke wankewa cikin ƙasa, sannan kuma cikin ruwan kasa. Har ila yau, auduga tana amfani da magungunan kashe kwari da defoliants fiye da sauran amfanin gona, kuma aikace-aikacen waɗannan sunadarai sau da yawa manoma ba sa kula da su. Misali, makiyaya na yankin, ba tare da sanin haɗarin DDT ba, an ruwaito sun haɗu da maganin ƙwayoyin cuta da ruwa kuma sun yi amfani da shi a fuskokinsu don hana sauro. A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, an fara fitarwa a Asiya ta Tsakiya don rage amfani da agrochemical. A Turkmenistan kamfen ɗin ya rage amfani da taki 30% tsakanin 1988 da 1989. A farkon shekarun 1990s, amfani da wasu magungunan kashe kwari da defoliants sun ragu sosai saboda karancin kudin kasar.&nbsp;

### Rashin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta
Darajar leakage na methane a cikin 2019/20, wani nau'i na fitar da iskar gas, an kiyasta shi azaman dala biliyan 6.

## Manazarta