Harshen Sora

**Sora** yare ne na kudancin Munda na harshen Austroasiatic na Mutanen Sora, watan  kabilanci na gabashin Indiya, galibi a cikin jihohin Odisha da Andhra Pradesh  suke magana da shie . Sora ya ƙunshi ƙananan wallafe-wallafen al'ada amma yana da yalwar tatsuniyoyi da al'adu. Yawancin ilimin da aka ba da shi daga tsara zuwa tsara ana watsa shi ta baki. Kamar harsuna da yawa a gabashin Indiya, an lissafa Sora a matsayin 'mai saukin kamuwa da halaka' ta UNESCO. Masu magana da Sora suna mai da hankali ne a Odisha da Andhra Pradesh. Harshen yana cikin haɗari bisa ga Cibiyar Harshen Uwar Duniya (IMLI). 

## Rarraba
Masu magana sun fi mayar da hankali a Gundumar Ganjam, Gundumar Gajapati (ciki har da yankin Gumma Hills na tsakiya (Gumma Block),  da Gundumar Rayagada, kuma ana samun su a yankunan da ke kusa da su kamar gundumomin Koraput da Phulbani; wasu al'ummomi suna cikin arewacin Andhra Pradesh (Gundumar Vizianagaram, Gunduma Parvatipuram Manyam da Gunduma).

## Tarihi
Harshen Sora ya fuskanci tsarin amfani mai kama da motsi - wato, yawan mutanen da ke magana da Sora ya hau a hankali tsawon shekaru kafin ya fadi. A zahiri, yawan mutanen da ke magana da Sora ya tashi daga dubu 157 a 1901 zuwa dubu 166 a 1911.  A cikin 1921, wannan adadin ya tashi zuwa dubu 168 kuma ya ci gaba da hawa. A cikin 1931, lambobin masu magana sun tsalle zuwa dubu 194 amma a cikin 1951, wani lokaci na ci gaba mai yawa ya faru, tare da lambobin masu jawabi sun tsalle har zuwa dubu 256. a 1961, lambobin sun kai masu magana dubu 265 kafin su fadi a 1971 lokacin da lambobin masu magana suka sauka zuwa dubu 221.

## Al'adu
Mutanen Sora ne ke magana da Sora, waɗanda suke daga cikin Adivasi, ko mutanen kabilanci, a Indiya, suna mai da Sora harshen Adivasi. Ana samun Sora a kusa da mutanen Odia da Telugu don haka yawancin mutanen Sora suna da harsuna biyu. Sora tana da ƙananan wallafe-wallafen sai dai 'yan waƙoƙi da labarun gargajiya waɗanda galibi ana watsa su ta baki.

## Fasahar sauti
A kan irin wannan bayanin, fahimtarmu game da ilimin sauti na Sora yana da iyaka a mafi kyau amma akwai wasu ƙididdigar da za a iya yi. Yawancin sassan suna da nau'ikan Consonant, Vowel, Consonant da morphemes yawanci suna ƙunshe da ɗaya zuwa uku. Akwai 18 consonants masu ganewa kuma sun fada cikin mafi yawan asalin sauti. Ƙididdiga biyar sun samo asali ne daga fadar yayin da ƙididdiga ɗaya kawai ta samo asali ne kawai daga glottis. Wani bangare mai ban sha'awa na consonants na Sora shine cewa suna dauke da wata wasula ta asali. Kodayake ana iya furta wasula daban, akwai wasula shida kawai a Sora. Babu alamomi kuma burin ya bambanta dangane da mai magana. Wataƙila tasirin Turanci, Odia, da Telugu sun shafi furcin wasula yayin amfani da Sora. Har ila yau, furcin yana canzawa a cikin prevocalic (yana faruwa a gaban wasali) da kuma yanayin da ba na prevocalic ba.

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

## Ilimin sauti
Sautin Sora da wasula na iya fuskantar tsari na sauyawa na sauti a matakin prosodic bisa ga canjin damuwa da yanayin morphosyntactic lokacin da sassan da wasula suka daidaita don dacewa da sautin da ya gabata ko na gaba, ko hanci na ƙarshe tare da farkon abin da ke gaba. Ta hanyar yin wannan, wasu ƙididdigar za su haɗu da aikatau na phonotactically kuma kalma na iya samun allomorphs da yawa dangane da halaye na morphological na farkon morpheme da codas da aka samar yayin magana mai sauƙi ko mai sauri.

## Harshen harshe

### Bayani na gaba ɗaya
Sora yana da polysynthetic kuma yana da suna. Kalmar Sora guda ɗaya na iya isar da ma'anar jimlar gaba ɗaya. Koyaya, yayin da masu bincike ke la'akari da kalmomin jumla na Sora a matsayin kalmomi guda ɗaya, masu magana da harshen Sora suna ganin su a matsayin jimloli kuma suna karya su cikin jerin kalmomin iambic tare da haɓakawa.

Misali, *ǝdmǝltijdariŋdae*:
 
Hanyar da ta dace a cikin Sora duk da haka tana buƙatar batun:
 
Cikakken jumla a Sora:

: *Ňen ǝdmǝljomjɛlyɔajtenay .* 
Sora uses grammatical devices, including subject and object agreement, word order, and noun compounding to show case. It is seen as a predominantly nominative-accusative language and once again differs from most other languages with its lack of a passive structure. However, just because Sora lacks a passive case does not mean other established forms of grammatical case are also missing. Rather, Sora has some complex grammatical cases (In Nominal morphology).

## Manazarta