Turanci na Afirka

Turancin Ba-Amurke ( AAE ) shine kalmar laima [1] don yarukan Ingilishi waɗanda Baƙar fata ke magana da yawa a cikin Amurka kuma, ƙasa da yawa, a Kanada; [ 2 ] galibi, yana nufin ci gaba da yare da ya fito daga Turancin Vernacular na Ba-Amurka zuwa ƙarin daidaitattun Ingilishi na Amurka . [2] Kamar duk nau'in yare da ake magana da su, Ingilishi na Afirka-Amurka yana nuna bambancin salo, tsararraki, geographically (wato, fasali na musamman ga birane ko yankuna kawai), a cikin ƙauyuka da halaye na birni, a cikin harshe da daidaitattun rajista, da sauransu.

## Suna
Babban jigon harshen Ingilishi, a cikin nau'o'insa daban-daban, kamar yadda Baƙar fata ke amfani da shi a Arewacin Amurka yana da sunaye daban-daban, ciki har da **Baƙar fata Baƙin Amurka** ko **Turanci Baƙar fata** . Hakanan na kowa shine kalmar  mai rikitarwa kuma, kwanan nan a cikin ilimin harshe na ilimi, **Harshen Amurkan Afirka** ( **AAL** ). 

## Tarihi
Turancin Ba-Amurke ya fara tun farkon karni na 17, lokacin da cinikin bayin Atlantika ya kawo bayin Afirka ta Yamma zuwa yankunan Kudancin (wanda daga karshe ya zama Kudancin Amurka a karshen karni na 18). [ 5 ] A lokacin haɓaka al'adun shuka a wannan yanki, ƙauyuka na Biritaniya suna magana da yarukan da ba daidai ba na Ingilishi, [ 6 ] wanda mai yiwuwa ya haifar da nau'ikan Ingilishi na farko da na biyu waɗanda Baƙin Amurkawa suka haɓaka. [ 5 ] Ƙarni na 19 na haɓaka masana'antar shuka auduga, kuma a ƙarshe Babban Hijira na ƙarni na 20, tabbas ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga yaduwar farkon waɗannan nau'ikan a matsayin yarukan Ingilishi a tsakanin Baƙin Amurkawa.

Yare mafi yaɗuwar yare na zamani ana san shi da Turancin Vernacular na Afirka-Amurka . [ 2 ] Duk da fiye da karni na malaman makaranta, dangantakar tarihi tsakanin AAVE da maganganun harshe na (musamman kudancin) Whites a Amurka har yanzu ba a fahimta sosai ba; a wani bangare, wannan ya faru ne saboda rashin bayanai daga kungiyoyi masu kama da juna, amma kuma saboda dabi'ar kwatanta AAVE zuwa harshen arewaci ko ma daidaitattun nau'in Ingilishi yayin da ake haɗa bambance-bambancen yanki da na kabilanci, da kuma watsi da yanayin tarihin zamantakewa na asalin AAVE. [ 7 ] Misali, fasali na nahawun AAVE kamar hadaddun fi'ili da kuma sifili (bare nau'ikan fi'ili 'be') mai yiwuwa an gaji su daga harsunan Afirka kamar Hausa . AAVE yana raba fasalulluka na harshe da yawa tare da Kudancin White Vernacular Turanci (har ma da ƙarin yarukan Kudancin Kudu ). [ 8 ] Bugu da ƙari kuma, tsarin ba da hayar gonaki wanda ya maye gurbin bautar a Kudancin Amurka ya zana a Kudancin Whites, yana haifar da mahallin dangantakar magana tsakanin kabilanci tsakanin zamantakewar zamantakewar al'umma a ko'ina cikin Kudu kuma yana haifar da abubuwa da yawa da aka raba har zuwa farkon WWII. [ 9 ] A wannan yanayin, canje-canjen da suka zama masu ƙarfi bayan 1930 sun fi nuna bambancin kabilanci a cikin magana. [ 10 ]

## Yaruka

### Turancin Vernacular na Afirka-Amurka
Ba'amurke Vernacular (AAVE) shine nau'in asali na yawancin masu aiki da kuma yawancin jama'ar Afirka na tsakiya, musamman a cikin birane, [ 2 ] tare da nasa lafazi na musamman, nahawu, da fasalin ƙamus. Siffofin nahawu sun haɗa da "sifili" copula (misali, *<nowiki/>'yar'uwata* maimakon *ita 'yar'uwata ce* ),  watsi da ƙwararrun clitic (misali, *abokiyar mahaifiyata* maimakon *abokiyar mahaifiyata* ),  da rikice-rikice na fi'ili da abubuwan da suka wuce na sauran yarukan Ingilishi (misali, gine- *gine* kamar *ni*, *gudanar* *da ni* ).  Abubuwan gama gari na phonology sun haɗa da rashin rhoticity (saukar da sautin *r* a ƙarshen maɗaukaki),  amfani da metathetic na *aks* maimakon *tambaya*,  sauƙaƙan diphthongs (misali, *ido* yawanci sauti kamar *ah* ),  haɓakar sarkar motsi na gaba na gaba da wasalin dy,  alamu fiye da yawancin lafazin Amurkawa na Gaba ɗaya .  AAVE sau da yawa ana amfani da AAVE ta tsakiyar jama'ar Afirka na Amurka a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun, m, da na yau da kullun a matsayin ƙarshen ci gaba da harshe na zamantakewar al'umma,  da AAVE yana nuna wasu ƙananan bambance-bambance ta yanki ko birni. 

### Matsayin Ingilishi na Afirka-Amurka
Harshen Turanci na Ba-Amurke, kalmar da masanin harshe Arthur Spears ya shahara, ita ce babbar daraja da asalin ƙarshen ci gaba na Ingilishi na Ba'amurke na tsakiya wanda ake amfani da shi don ƙarin tsari, hankali, ko saitunan jama'a fiye da AAVE. Wannan nau'in yana nuna daidaitattun ƙamus da nahawu na Ingilishi amma galibi yana riƙe da wasu abubuwa na musamman na lafazin AAVE, [ 20 ] [ 21 ] tare da fasalulluka na ɓoyayyiya ko rhythmic waɗanda aka kiyaye fiye da na phonological.  akai-akai, 'yan Afirka na tsakiya na tsakiya suna da  tsakanin wannan daidaitattun nau'o'in da AAVE, suna kula da yin amfani da tsohon iri-iri a makaranta da sauran wuraren jama'a, ta yadda manya za su kasance akai-akai har ma da codes tsakanin nau'ikan biyu a cikin tattaunawa ɗaya. Fasalolin sautin da ake kiyaye su a cikin wannan daidaitaccen yare suna da ƙarancin alama .  Misali, daya daga cikin irin wannan siffa ita ce keɓance baƙar magana ta ƙarshe a cikin gungu na kalmomi-ƙarshe,  don haka kalmomi kamar *na baya* ko *hannu* na iya rasa sautinsu na ƙarshe. [ 24 ]

### Turanci Appalachian Ba-Amurka
An ba da rahoton Black Appalachian Baƙin Amurkawa yayin da suke ƙara ɗaukar yaren Appalachian / Kudancin da ke da alaƙa da White Appalachian. Waɗannan kamanceceniya sun haɗa da lafazin da ke rhotic, ƙayyadaddun amfani da ginin nahawu "yana aiki" ko "ta tafi" (maimakon AAVE "yana aiki" da "ta tafi"), da ƙamus na Appalachian (kamar *iska* don "iska"). Duk da haka, har ma da Ingilishi na Ba-Amurke a cikin Appalachia ya bambanta, tare da matan Afirka-Amurka da aka raba cikin harsuna tare da al'adun zamantakewa. 

Duk da bambance-bambancensa, AAAE yana raba fasali da yawa tare da wasu nau'ikan Ingilishi na Appalachian, gami da amfani da furci marasa daidaituwa, nahawu, da ƙamus. AAAE kuma tana raba fasali tare da wasu nau'ikan Ingilishi na Amurkan Afirka, musamman waɗanda ake magana a Kudu. Misali, wani bincike na al’ummomin Ba’amurke a yankin Appalachian na Virginia ya gano cewa yarukan waɗannan al’ummomin sun raba fasali da yawa tare da Ingilishi na Ba’amurke da Kudancin Farin Ingilishi. 

### Bankunan waje na Afirka-Amurka Turanci
Turancin Ba-Amurke na Afirka a cikin Bankunan Waje na Arewacin Carolina yana cikin hanzari zuwa birane AAVE ta cikin tsararraki na baya-bayan nan, duk da daidaitawa da Ingilishi na Outer Banks na tsawon ƙarni. 

Masana harshe sun yi nazarin yaren kuma an rubuta su a cikin ayyuka daban-daban, kamar littafin African American Outer Banks English: A Sociolinguistic Study na Elizabeth C. Zsiga (2000). Wannan littafin yana ba da cikakken bayanin harshe, gami da nahawunsa, ƙamus ɗinsa, da furcinsa. Har ila yau, ya ba da tarihin yare da kuma nazarin yadda ya canza a tsawon lokaci. 

### Turanci Nova Scotian Afirka
Harshen Nova Scotian na Afirka ana magana da shi daga zuriyar Black Nova Scotians, baƙi baƙi daga Amurka waɗanda ke zaune a Nova Scotia, Kanada. Ko da yake yawancin masu neman 'yanci na Ba-Amurke a Kanada sun ƙare a Ontario ta hanyar Railroad na karkashin kasa, yare na Nova Scotians na Afirka kawai ke riƙe da tasirin pidgin na Afirka ta Yamma.  A cikin karni na 19, Ingilishi na Nova Scotian na Afirka ba zai bambanta da Ingilishi da ake magana a Jamaica ko Suriname ba.  Duk da haka, an ƙara raguwa tun daga wannan lokacin, saboda hulɗa da tasiri daga yawan mutanen White Nova Scotian. Rarraba kwamitocin makarantun lardi a shekarar 1964 ya kara hanzarta aiwatar da aikin kawar da kai. Harshen dangi dangi ne na Turancin Vernacular Ba-Amurke, tare da bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci na tarihin ƙungiyar a yankin.   &#x5B; ** &#x5D; An lura da bambance-bambance a cikin yarukan waɗanda suka fito daga gundumar Guysborough (Black Loyalists), da waɗanda suka fito daga North Preston (Black Refugees), ƙungiyar Guysborough da ta kasance a lardin ƙarni uku a baya.  

Howe & Walker (2000) use data from early recordings of African Nova Scotian English, Samaná English, as well as the recordings of former slaves to demonstrate that speech patterns were inherited from nonstandard colonial English.[33] The dialect was extensively studied in 1992 by Shana Poplack and Sali Tagliamonte from the University of Ottawa.

Nahawu na ANS ya dogara ne akan daidaitaccen Ingilishi, amma akwai nau'ikan fasali da yawa waɗanda suka bambanta shi da sauran nau'ikan Ingilishi. Waɗannan fasalulluka sun haɗa da yin amfani da ƙaƙƙarfan ra'ayi - wanda shine amfani da kalmomi marasa kyau a cikin jimla don jaddada mummunan - da kuma mummunan abu, wanda shine amfani da kalmomi guda biyu a cikin jumla don bayyana ma'ana mai kyau. Bugu da kari, ANS ita ma tana da nata ka'idojin furuci, kamar yin amfani da harafin "d" maimakon "th" da kuma sauke "g" a cikin kalmomin da suka ƙare a cikin "ing". 

Kamar yadda babu tsarin rubutun da aka kafa don AAVE,  wanda ke nuna shi a cikin wallafe-wallafen ana yin sa sau da yawa ta hanyar canje-canje na rubutun don nuna fasalulluka na sauti,  ko don ba da gudummawa ga ra'ayin cewa ana amfani da AAVE (harshen ido. [57][58][59] Kwanan nan, marubutan sun fara mai da hankali kan alamun ilimin lissafi, har ma da amfani da wasu dabarun maganganu.[47][60]

## Manazarta