Vinnette Justine Carroll

**Vinnette Justine Carroll** (Maris 11, 1922 - Nuwamba 5, 2002) marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, kuma daraktan wasan kwaikwayo . Ita ce mace ta farko 'yar Afirka-Amurka da ta jagoranci a Broadway, tare da shirinta na waƙar *Don't Bother Me, I Can't Cope a* shekarar 1972. Har zuwa lokacin da Liesl Tommy ya zaɓi *Eclipsed* a shekarar 2016, Carroll ita ce mace ɗaya tilo 'yar Afirka-Amurka da ta sami zaɓen Tony Award don jagoranci . 

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Carroll a birnin New York ga Edgar Edgerton, likitan hakora, da Florence (Morris) Carroll.  Ta koma Jamaica tare da iyalinta tana da shekaru uku, kuma ta yi yawancin yarintarta a can. An dawo da ita New York tana da shekaru 10, ita da 'yan'uwanta mata biyu su ne kawai ɗaliban baƙar fata a makarantar gwamnati ta New York.  Mahaifiyarta ta kasance mai ƙarfi wacce ta taka rawar Arturo Toscanini a gida kuma ta horar da 'ya'yanta mata uku da hikima.  Mahaifinta ya ƙarfafa 'ya'yansa mata su zama likitoci . Carroll ya yi kasa a gwiwa ta hanyar karatun ilimin halayyar ɗan adam.

Ta bar fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam don yin karatun wasan kwaikwayo, kuma a shekarar 1948 ta karɓi tallafin karatu don halartar taron bita na Erwin Piscator a Sabuwar Makarantar Nazarin Zamantakewa . A can, ta yi karatu tare da Lee Strasberg, Stella Adler, Margaret Barker, da Susan Steele.

Daga baya Carroll ta kafa Urban Arts Corps, wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na al'umma mai zaman kansa, inda, a matsayinta na darakta mai fasaha, ta sami damar samar da bita na ƙwararru ga matasa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo masu tasowa a cikin al'ummomin da ba su da isasshen tallafi.  Ta shirya wasanni sama da 100 ta hanyar Urban Arts Corps daga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na loft da ke West 20th Street a Manhattan. [  Gidan wasan kwaikwayo memba ne na Black Theater Alliance da Off-Off Broadway Alliance, kuma Majalisar Jihar New York kan Fasaha, National Endowment of the Arts, Gidauniyar Edward Noble, da CBS sun tallafa masa.  Ayyukan Urban Arts Corps sun haɗa da *Don't Bother Me, I Can't Cope*, Jean-Paul Sartre 's *The Flies*, da kuma William Hanley 's *Slow Dance on a Killing Ground*, da sauransu da yawa.  Gidan wasan kwaikwayon ya samar da sarari don "haɓaka marubutan wasan kwaikwayo masu tasowa da kuma nuna ayyukansu." 

A shekarar 1968, Carroll ta shiga Majalisar Dokokin Fasaha ta Jihar New York bisa buƙatar babban darakta John B. Hightower . An riga an naɗa ta darakta a Shirin Fasaha na Ghetto na Jihar New York. 

## Ilimi
Carroll ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Wadleigh, wata makarantar sakandare da aka haɗa a Harlem, Manhattan . Daga nan ta sami digirin farko na Fasaha daga Jami'ar Long Island a 1944. A 1946, ta sami digirin Master of Arts daga Jami'ar New York . Ta kasance mai digirin Ph.D. a Jami'ar Columbia, amma ta yanke shawarar kada ta kammala digirin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, maimakon haka ta ci gaba da aikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ilimin halin ɗan adam, duk da cewa ba sana'ar da ta zaɓa ba, kayan aiki ne da ta samu mai mahimmanci wajen aiki tare da mutane.  Ta fara karatun wasan kwaikwayo a New School for Social Research a 1946, inda ta yi burin zama 'yar wasan kwaikwayo. Ta kuma yi karatu a fannonin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na asibiti da na masana'antu, kuma an ba ta tallafin karatu don yin aikin digiri na biyu a New School for Social Research a 1948. 

Falsafarta ta jagoranci da kuma dabararta ta ƙirƙirar wasannin kwaikwayo na gargajiya suna nuna irin wannan ka'idoji, ra'ayoyi, da ƙa'idodin kyau kamar na Bertolt Brecht .  Ta kuma haɓaka ƙa'idodin "salon wasan kwaikwayo na manufa" na Erwin Piscator . Bayan ta yi aiki tare da Piscator, ta yi karatu a ɗakin studio na Strasberg tsakanin 1948 da 1950.  Haɗa waɗannan salon wasan kwaikwayo masu karo da juna ya haifar da dabarar Carroll wajen ƙirƙirar sabon salon wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya. 

## Aikin wasan kwaikwayo
Fitowar Carroll a mataki na farko ta kasance a New School for Social Research a shekarar 1948.  Ta yi wasa a yawancin shirye-shiryen makarantar, ciki har da rawar da Clytemnestra ta taka a , Nurse a *Romeo da Juliet*, da Duchess a *Alice in Wonderland* . Carroll ta fara fitowa a matakin ƙwararru a matsayin Kirista a wani shiri na bazara na *Androcles da Lion* na George Bernard Shaw a Southold Playhouse a Long Island .  Ta taka rawar Addie a cikin Lillian Hellman 's *The Little Foxes* sannan, a shekarar 1949, Bella a cikin Arnaud d'Ussaeu da kuma *Deep Are the Roots* na James Gow . 

A shekarar 1955, Carroll ta shiga sashen koyar da wasannin kwaikwayo na makarantar sakandare da ke birnin New York .  Ta koyar da wasannin kwaikwayo kuma ta ba da umarni a matsayin mamba a makarantar sakandare na tsawon shekaru 11. Daga baya, saboda karancin guraben malamai, Carroll ta ƙirƙiri wani wasan kwaikwayo na mace ɗaya kuma ta yi rangadin Amurka da West Indies har zuwa 1957.

Ta fara fitowa a matakin farko a gasar London a Royal Court Theatre a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1958, a matsayin Sophia Adams a cikin *Moon a cikin Rainbow Shawl* . Daga nan ta lashe kyautar Obie Award saboda rawar da ta taka a cikin fim ɗin Errol John 's *Moon a cikin Rainbow Shawl* . A watan Fabrairun 1963, ta koma Landan a matsayin Mai Ba da Labari a cikin *Black Nativity* a Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Piccadilly .  Carroll kuma ta yi aiki a fina-finai da talabijin . Ta fito a cikin fina-finan *Up the Down Staircase* (1967), *Alice's Restaurant* (1969), da sauransu. A shekarar 1976, ta taka rawar da ba za a manta da ita ba a matsayin Dr. Wynell Thatcher a cikin shirin All in the Family mai sassa biyu "Archie's Operation."  Daga baya ta fito a cikin *The Last Home Run*, wanda aka ɗauki fim a 1996 kuma aka fitar a 1998. A shekarar 1964, ta sami kyautar Emmy Award don *Beyond the Blues*, wanda ya nuna ayyukan mawakan Baƙar fata.  Daga baya ta koma Landan tare da kamfaninta kuma ta yi wasa a cikin fim ɗin Peter Wessel Zapffe mai suna *The Prodigal Son* . 

## A matsayina na marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo kuma darakta
A lokacinta, Carroll tana ɗaya daga cikin mata kaɗan da ke ba da umarni a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na kasuwanci.  Ta yi aiki don haɓaka sabon nau'in wasan kwaikwayo, "waƙoƙin bishara", don ɗaukar wadata da bambancin rayuwa ta hanyar kiɗa, wasan kwaikwayo, da rawa.  A shekara ta 1957, ta kafa jarumanta na farko baƙaƙe don gabatar da fim ɗin Howard Richardson da William Berney mai suna *Dark of the Moon* a Harlem YMCA .  Fim ɗin *Dark of the Moon* na biyu ya ƙaddamar da ayyukan wasu matasan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo 'yan Afirka-Amurka, ciki har da James Earl Jones, Shauneille Perry, da Harold Scott .

A shekarar 1972, ta zama mace ta farko 'yar asalin Amurka da ta jagoranci shirin Broadway tare da shirinta na " *Don't Bother Me, I Can't Cope"* . Carroll ne ya tsara shirin bishara mai kayatarwa, tare da kiɗa da waƙoƙi daga Micki Grant . An zaɓe ta don kyaututtukan Tony guda huɗu. A shekarar 1976, ta yi aiki tare da Grant da Alex Bradford a kan *"Your Arms Too Short to Box with God"*, wanda ya sami zaɓe uku na Tony.  Wannan shirin an yi shi ne bisa ga *[[Matiyu|littafin Gospel According to Matthew]]* . 

Carroll ba ta yi magana a kan matsayinta na darakta mace ba saboda ta ji zai zama abin kunya ga kanta. Ta hanyar ƙoƙarinta da baiwarta, ta bai wa al'ummomi misalai na haɗin kai ta hanyar shirye-shiryenta. Sau da yawa ana yin watsi da gudummawarta a matsayin mai fasaha da marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo. Duk da haka, an san ta da sake fasalin wasan kwaikwayo na waƙa, wanda aka farfaɗo da shi a cikin ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo da yawa. Bayyana asalin mutum ta hanyar kiɗan bishara a cikin ƙwarewar wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka-Amurka a bayyane yake a cikin haɓaka wasan kwaikwayo na waƙa. Aikinta ya kasance game da sake tabbatar da rayuwa da mutane. Ra'ayoyin da aka saba da su game da Baƙar fata 'Yan Amurka sun sa Carroll "ya ƙirƙiri da kuma jagorantar sabbin ayyuka waɗanda ke gabatar da mutane masu launi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da fasaha." Babban abin da take sha'awa shi ne ba da murya ga Baƙar fata 'Yan Amurka da sauran al'ummomin tsiraru waɗanda aka yi shiru a al'ada da fasaha. Carroll ta taɓa cewa game da aikinta: "Sun gaya mini cewa ina da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na dama saboda ni mace ce; sun gaya mini cewa ina da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na dama saboda ni baƙar fata ne, amma ina gaya muku, na yi abubuwa da yawa da sauran kashi ɗaya bisa uku."

## Ritaya da mutuwa
Carroll ta koma Fort Lauderdale, Florida, a shekarun 1980. A can ne ta kafa Kamfanin Vinnette Carroll Repertory, inda ta ci gaba da zama darakta kuma furodusa har sai da rashin lafiyarta ta tilasta mata yin ritaya a shekarar 2001.  Ta mutu sakamakon cututtukan zuciya da ciwon suga a Lauderhill, Florida, a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, 2002, tana da shekaru 80. 

## Wasanni

* *Agamemnon* (1948)
* *Ƙananan Foxes* (1948)
* *Deep Are the Roots* (1949)
* *Kaisar da Cleopatra* (1950)
* *Motar Titin Mota Mai Suna Sha'awa* (1956)
* *Muryar Ciyawar* (1956)
* *Ƙaramin Yaƙi a Murray Hill* (1957)
* *Crucible* (1958)
* *Wata a kan Shawarar Bakan Gizo* (1958)
* *Ci gaban Jolly* (1959)
* *Oktoba* (1961)
* *Wata a kan Shawarar Bakan Gizo* (1962)
* *Baƙar fata na haihuwar Annabi* (1963)
* *Ɗan Bazata* (1965)

## Jagorantar maki

* *Ɗan Bazata* (1965)
* *Baƙar fata na haihuwar Annabi* (1961)
* *Kada Ka Damu Da Ni, Ba Zan Iya Jurewa Ba* (1972)
* *Sha'awa a ƙarƙashin Elms* (1973)
* *Hannunka Sun Yi Gajere Don Yin Kama da Allah* (1976)
* *Amma Ba Za Mu Yi Jam A Yau Ba* (1979)

## Duba kuma

* Jerin sunayen 'yan Afirka-Amurkawa na farko

## Manazarta