Laifin Fararen Fata

**Laifin fararen fata**    shine imani cewa fararen fata suna da alhakin cutar da ta samo asali daga tarihi ko halin yanzu na wariyar launin fata ga mutanen da ke cikin wasu kabilu, misali a cikin yanayin cinikin bayi na Atlantic, mulkin mallaka na Turai, da kuma kisan gillar da aka yi wa 'yan asalin.

A wasu yankuna na yammacin duniya, ana iya kiransa **laifin farar fata**,  **laifin mulkin mallaka**,  da sauran bambance-bambancen, wanda ke nufin laifin da ya fi dacewa dangane da ƙaurawar Turai da mulkin mallaka. Manufar laifin farar fata yana da misalan tarihi kuma a halin yanzu a Amurka, Ostiraliya da kaɗan a Kanada, Netherlands, Afirka ta Kudu, Faransa, da Ingila .  Masana ilimin halayyar dan adam kamar Lisa Spanierman da Mary Heppner sun bayyana jin laifin farar fata a matsayin daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da wariyar launin fata ga fararen fata tare da tausayawa wadanda ke fama da wariyar launin fata da tsoron wadanda ba farar fata ba. 

## Tarihi

### Amfani da farko
Kalmar "fararen laifi" an fara gabatar da ita ne a matsayin zargi, kamar lokacin da James Baldwin ya rubuta cewa "Babu labulen da ke ƙarƙashin sama da ya fi wannan labulen nauyi da kuma karya wanda fararen Amurkawa ke boye" a cikin rubutunsa "Laifin White Man", wanda aka fara bugawa a 1965.   Hakazalika Martin Luther King ya ci gaba da cewa wariyar launin fata abin kunya ne na kasa baki daya, maimakon na kashin kai, yana mai cewa a cikin 1965 cewa "Rashin adalcin launin fata har yanzu nauyin Negro ne kuma abin kunya na Amurka."  Ko kuma, kamar yadda ya ce a cikin 1968, "Kowa dole ne ya shiga cikin laifin a matsayin daidaikun mutane da kuma hukumomi. Dole ne gwamnati ta raba laifin; dole ne mutane su raba laifin; ko da coci dole ne su raba laifin." 

An yi amfani da kalmar ta hanyar tunani, don bayyana jin daɗin da fararen fata ke yi. Judith Katz, marubucin littafin 1978 *White Awareness: Handbook for Anti-Racism Training*, yana da mahimmanci ga abin da ta kira gyare-gyaren fararen fata masu cin gashin kansu. Damuwarta game da laifin farar fata ya sa ta tashi daga haduwar rukunin fararen fata zuwa kungiyoyin fararen fata a horon da ta yi na yaki da wariyar launin fata . Ta kuma kaucewa yin amfani da mutanen da ba farar fata ba wajen sake ilmantar da farar fata, domin ta gano hakan ne ya sa turawan suka mayar da hankali wajen samun karbuwa da gafara maimakon sauya ayyukansu ko imaninsu.  

Wani rahoto a cikin The Washington Post daga 1978 ya kwatanta cin zarafi na farar laifi da masu fasaha farar fata ke yi na wakiltar kamfanoni ko wallafe-wallafen marasa rinjaye: "Lauyoyin waya da wasiku, cinikin 'fararen laifi' da kuma matsin lamba na gwamnati don yin talla a cikin wallafe-wallafen marasa rinjaye, suna jawo dubban 'yan kasuwa su sayi tallace-tallace a cikin hotuna." Kamfanonin da ke siyar da talla sun yi amfani da ƴan wasan farar fata da ke saka lafazin Baƙi ko na Mexiko don siyar da sararin talla a cikin littattafan da ba a taɓa yaɗawa ga jama'a ba.

### Binciken ilimi
A cikin 1999, binciken ilimi da aka gudanar a Jami'ar Pennsylvania yayi nazarin girman jin daɗin farin ciki na al'umma, yiwuwar tushen laifin da aka rigaya, da kuma alaƙar laifin fari ga halaye don tabbatar da aiki . Nazarin guda hudu sun nuna cewa "Ko da yake ma'anar Farin Laifi ya kasance mai ƙasƙanci, tare da ma'anar kasancewa a ƙasa da tsakiyar ma'auni, kewayon da sauye-sauye ya tabbatar da wanzuwar jin daɗin farin ciki ga wasu". Sakamakon binciken ya kuma nuna cewa laifin farar fata yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da "mafi ƙarancin kimantawa na sirri" na mutanen farar fata gabaɗaya, da kuma girman tunanin mutum na laifin fari da kansa ya annabta halaye ga farar gata, wariyar launin fata da kuma tabbatar da aiki. 

Binciken 2003 a Jami'ar California, Santa Cruz, a cikin bincikensa na farko, ya kwatanta haɗin kai tsakanin laifin fari da ƙarfin imani ga farin gata. Nazarin na biyu ya nuna cewa laifin farar fata "ya samo asali ne daga ganin Amurkawa Turai a matsayin masu cin zarafin wariyar launin fata", kuma yana da tsinkaya na goyon bayan kokarin diyya ga Amurkawa 'yan Afirka . 

Wata takarda ta ilimi ta nuna cewa a Faransa, laifin farar fata na iya zama fasalin gama gari na gudanar da dangantakar launin fata - sabanin sauran ƙasashen Turai. 

Wani bita na 2019 na bincike guda biyu ya gano cewa "a cikin masu sassaucin ra'ayi na zamantakewa, koyo game da Farin gata yana rage tausayi, yana ƙara zargi, da kuma rage halayen waje ga fararen fata masu fama da talauci." 

## Yankuna

### A Amurka
Bayard Rustin mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a na Amurka ya rubuta cewa diyya ga bautar zai zama cin zarafin farar fata da kuma lalata "mutuncin baki".  A shekara ta 2006, Sanata Barack Obama na lokacin ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa *The Audacity of Hope* cewa "dama ko kuskure, laifin farar fata ya ƙare kansa a Amurka".  Ra'ayinsa game da batun ya dogara ne akan wata hulɗa da aka yi a Majalisar Dattijan Amurka, inda ya shaida wani dan majalisa farar fata ya koka game da sanya shi "jin farin ciki" lokacin da abokin aikin baƙar fata ya tattauna batun wariyar launin fata tare da su. 

Shelby Steele, marubucin siyasa baƙar fata mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, ya soki ra'ayi a cikin littafinsa na 2006 *White Guilt: Yadda Blacks da Whites Tare suka Rusa Alkawarin Zaman Zaman Lafiya .* Steele ya zargi wasu bakar fata da yin amfani da laifin farare ta hanyar nuna a matsayin wadanda aka yi wa wariyar launin fata. Steele ya kira hakan a matsayin wani yunkuri na neman mulki na siyasa ta hanyar amfani da farar laifi don da'awar keɓancewar ɗabi'a. 

George F. Will, ɗan ra'ayin siyasa na Amurka mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, ya rubuta: "[Farin Laifi] wani nau'i ne na taya kai murna, inda fararen fata suka fara 'manufofin tausayi' ga mutane masu launi, don nuna rashin laifi ga wariyar launin fata." 

A cikin 2015, lokacin da aka yi la'akari da cewa mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a Ba'amurke Rachel Dolezal ta kasance a matsayin Ba'amurke Ba'amurke, 'yar jaridar *Washington Post* Krissah Thompson ta bayyana ta a matsayin "babban laifin farar fata da aka buga har zuwa karshensa". Thompson ya tattauna batun tare da masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Derald Wing Sue, kwararre kan asalin launin fata, wanda ya ba da shawarar cewa Dolezal ya sha'awar wariyar launin fata da al'amurran da suka shafi adalcin launin fata da ta "fiye da su" tare da baƙar fata.  A cikin 2016, gundumar makaranta na Henrico County, Virginia ta daina amfani da bidiyon ilimi na gaba, *Tsari Tsari: Race Race Dama*, wanda ya hango farin gata da tsarin wariyar launin fata . Iyaye sun koka, inda suka kira shi bidiyon laifi na fari, wanda ya kai ga dakatar da Sufeto na gundumar. 

Tun daga 2016, masu sassaucin ra'ayi masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun ƙididdige ƙungiyoyin da ba fararen fata ba fiye da yadda suke yi. Duk sauran ƙungiyoyin launin fata suna jin daɗi game da kabilancinsu fiye da yadda suke yi game da sauran jinsi, bisa ga ƙuri'un da aka gudanar da Nazarin Za ~ e na {asashen Amirka a cikin 2018.  An danganta hakan ne da son raba kansu da salon wariyar launin fata na shugaban kasar na lokacin Donald Trump da wasu mabiyansa. 

A cikin Oktoba 2018, *The Economist* ya ba da shawarar cewa karuwa a cikin Amurkawa da ke da'awar asalin asalin asalin Amurkawa, galibi ba daidai ba, ana iya bayyana su ta hanyar ƙoƙarin "warke su daga laifuffukan gama gari na Turai don kisan kare dangi na 'yan asalin ƙasar ".  A cikin 2019, an yi zargin cewa laifin farar fata ne ke rinjayar Amurkawa farar fata masu sassaucin ra'ayi, canza yanayin siyasa da zamantakewa don zama mafi hada launain fata bayan zaben Donald Trump . Wannan ya hada da hanyoyin da aka yi la’akari da ‘yan jam’iyyar Democrat a zaben shugaban kasa na 2020.  

A watan Oktoba na 2019, ɗalibai a wata makarantar sakandare a Massachusetts sun tara kuɗi don Ƙabilar Mashpee Wampanoag, bayan sun sami labarin cin zalin kakannin ƙabilar da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka yi. Daraktan makarantar ya ce "ya bar dukkan dalibanmu da wannan tunanin na laifin Turawa, ko wani abu", wani dalibi ya ce "Idan ba a yi kokarin gyara abin da kakanninmu suka yi ba, kabilu za su mutu". 

### A Ostiraliya
Marubuciya Sally Morgan 1987 ta littafin *My Place*, wanda ya binciko asalin Aboriginal, ya zo ƙarƙashin zargi don samar wa 'yan Australiya na Turai da labarin mulkin mallaka a Ostiraliya wanda, masu sukar suna jayayya, ya rage girman laifin fararen fata.  Marcia Langton ta bayyana littafin a matsayin wani nau'i ne na yarda da laifin Turai: "Littafin catharsis ne. Yana ba da saki da sauƙi, ba sosai ga mutanen Aborigin da aka zalunta ta hanyar wariyar launin fata ba, kamar yadda fararen fata suka shiga cikin sani kuma ba tare da sani ba ". 

### A New Zealand
A cikin New Zealand, gadon mulkin mallaka na New Zealand daga mazauna Turai ya haifar da ma'anar farar fata a cikin gida dangane da sakamakon lalacewar al'adun Māori da aka rigaya da kuma cin zarafin ƴan asalin ƙasar Māori .   Sai kuma shugaban 'yan adawa Bill English ya ba da jawabi a shekara ta 2002 inda ya ki amincewa da "laifi mai girma" da aka ce ana ji a tsakanin  sakamakon mulkin mallaka na *Aotearoa* da kakanninsu suka yi.  Jawabin na Ingilishi ya zo ne a matsayin mayar da martani ga kwamishinan dangantakar jinsi na gwamnati, wanda ya kwatanta tasirin mulkin mallaka na New Zealand da lalata Buddha na Bamiyan da ' yan Taliban suka yi. 

Masanin ilimin kimiyya Elizabeth Rata ya ba da shawarar cewa "ba tare da hoton madubi na laifin da ba a sani ba, wani tsari mai mahimmanci a cikin ganewa da kuma tabbatar da gaskiyar da aka raba,  Laifi ya motsa, ba zuwa mataki na gaba na rashin kunya na waje ba, amma zuwa cikin narcissism na ciki da rufewa. " A cikin bincikenta, ta ba da shawarar cewa Kotun Waitangi ta kasance an rasa damar da za ta sasanta fararen fata a New Zealand. 

## Mahimman ra'ayi
Mai sharhi Sunny Hundal, ya rubuta wa *[[The Guardian]]*, ya bayyana cewa "mai rahusa" ne don sanya ra'ayoyin siyasa zuwa ga laifin gama kai irin su "laifi mai laushi" da kuma 'yan mutane a gefen hagu a zahiri suna riƙe da ra'ayoyin da marubuta masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suka bayyana a kan manufar "fararen laifi" da kuma abubuwan da ke tattare da su. Hundal ya kammala da cewa: "Ba abin da ya bata min rai ba fiye da ra'ayin cewa zama mai sassaucin ra'ayi shine cike da laifi. Don zama mai sassaucin ra'ayi a cikin al'umma, a ganina, shine mafi yawan kulawa da *tausayi* da *jin tausayi* ga wasu ... don lakafta cewa kawai laifi ne kawai ... cin mutunci." 

A cikin 2015, Gary Younge ya binciko rashin rashin ƙarfi na fararen fata a cikin al'umma, yana rubutawa: "Ba zai rufe ratar biya ba, rashin aikin yi, ratar dukiya ko rashin daidaituwa tsakanin ɗaurin baki da fari. Ba zai dawo da Walter Scott, Trayvon Martin ko Brandon Moore ba."  Coleman Hughes ya nuna cewa laifin farar fata yana haifar da kuskuren kokarin nuna wariyar launin fata, yana rubuta cewa "inda laifin fararen fata ke da yawa, buƙatun gyara wariyar launin fata zai fi karfi, ba tare da la'akari da yawan wariyar launin fata ba". 

## Yana aiki game da laifin fari

* *Hawaye na Farin Mutum: Tausayi kamar Rani*, Littafin 1983 na masanin falsafar Faransa Pascal Bruckner
* *The Tyranny of Guilt: An Essay on Western Masochism*, Littafin 2006 na Pascal Bruckner
* *Laifin Farin Ciki: Yadda Baƙar fata da Fari Tare Suka Rusa Alkawarin Zaman Zaman Lafiya*, Littafin 2006 na marubucin Ba'amurke Shelby Steele
* *Farar fata, Yahudawa, da Mu: Zuwa Siyasar Ƙaunar Juyin Juya Hali*, Littafin 2016 na ɗan gwagwarmayar siyasa na Faransa-Algeriya Houria Bouteldja
* *Farin ciki: Me yasa yake da wahala ga fararen fata suyi magana game da wariyar launin fata* ; Littafin 2018 na Robin DiAngelo game da dangantakar launin fata a Amurka

## Manazarta

## Ƙara karatu
* White Guilt: Its Antecedents and Consequences for Attitudes Toward Affirmative Action
* White Guilt and Racial Compensation: The Benefits and Limits of Self-Focus
* Teaching White Students About Racism: The Search for White Allies and the Restoration of Hope
* White Guilt: Race, Gender, Sexuality and Emergent Racisms in the Contemporary United States