David Einhorn (manajan asusun ajiya)

**David M. Einhorn** (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 1968) ɗan Amurka ne mai zuba jari, manajan asusun hedge, kuma ɗan wasan karta na son shiga. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban Greenlight Capital, wani "asusun hedge mai dogon lokaci mai mayar da hankali kan ƙima". 

An haife shi a New Jersey,  Einhorn ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Cornell,  kafin ya fara Greenlight Capital a 1996. A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, asusun ya sami ribar shekara-shekara da kashi 26%, wanda ya fi kasuwa kyau. Kadarorin Greenlight Capital da ke ƙarƙashin kulawa sun ragu daga kimanin dala biliyan 12 na Amurka a 2014 zuwa kimanin dala biliyan 5.5 kamar yadda aka ruwaito a watan Yulin 2018 yayin da asusun ya faɗi da kashi 11.3% daga 2014 zuwa ƙarshen 2017, da kuma ƙarin kashi 34% a 2018.  Ya sami cikakken rahoto a cikin jaridun kuɗi game da aikin asusunsa, dabarun saka hannun jarinsa da matsayinsa . 

An saka Einhorn a cikin jerin "mutane ''100'' mafi tasiri a duniya" na mujallar *[[Time (magazine)|Time]]* a shekarar 2013.  A cewar Investopedia, dukiyarsa ta kai kusan dala biliyan 1.5 a watan Yunin 2019. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Einhorn a cikin dangin Yahudawa a New Jersey, ɗan Stephen da Nancy Einhorn.   Ya girma a Demarest, New Jersey, yana da shekaru bakwai, shi da iyalinsa sun ƙaura zuwa Wisconsin.  Mahaifinsa shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban kamfanin ba da shawara na Einhorn & Associates, da kuma Capital Midwest Fund, wani asusun jari na venture capital asusu.  Yana da ɗan'uwa ɗaya Daniel wanda ke aiki tare da mahaifinsa. A shekarar 1987, Einhorn ya kammala karatunsa daga makarantar sakandare ta Nicolet a Glendale, Wisconsin .  Einhorn ya kammala karatunsa *na summa cum laude* daga Jami'ar Cornell tare da digiri na BA a fannin gwamnati daga Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya a 1991. Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar Sigma Alpha Epsilon a Cornell. 

## Sana'ar saka hannun jari
Einhorn ya fara Greenlight Capital a watan Mayun 1996 da jarin farko na dala $900,000. A watan Mayun 2002, ya yi jawabi a taron bincike kan zuba jari na Sohn inda ya ba da shawarar rage wani kamfanin kuɗi mai matsakaicin riba mai suna Allied Capital daga ƙarshe ya bayyana cewa shi da kansa yana da ƙaramin matsayi. Washegari bayan jawabin, hannun jarin kamfanin ya faɗi da kashi 20 cikin ɗari.  Einhorn ya zargi kamfanin da zambatar Hukumar Ƙananan Kasuwanci yayin da Allied ya ce Einhorn yana shiga cikin magudin kasuwa, kuma ya shiga bayanan wayarsa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ta hanyar amfani da hujja .  A watan Yunin 2007, bayan dogon bincike da Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar Hannun Jari ta Amurka (SEC), ta gano cewa Allied ta karya dokokin tsaro da suka shafi lissafi da kimanta kadarorin da take riƙewa.  Bayan lamarin, Einhorn ya buga wani littafi, *Fooling Some of the People All of the Time* game da wannan yaƙin shekaru shida.  Gabaɗaya sharhin littafin sun kasance masu kyau; *Neman Alpha*, ya ce game da littafin: "an tsara shari'ar da aka yi wa Allied Capital dalla-dalla. Saboda yawan bayanai da ke cikin littafin, ina tsammanin wasu masu karatu za su iya son tsallake shafi a nan da can. Duk da haka, littafin ba shi da ban mamaki ko kaɗan. Wannan littafin ya tabbatar da cewa gaskiya baƙon abu ne fiye da almara."   Einhorn zai zo ya ɗauki Allied a matsayin ƙaramin yanayin kasuwa : "Abin da muka gani shekara guda bayan haka shi ne cewa Allied shine babban dutsen kankara; cewa irin wannan ɗabi'a, falsafa da ayyukan kasuwanci masu tambaya sun fi yaɗuwa fiye da yadda na fahimta a lokacin.&nbsp;... Ƙasarmu, tattalin arzikinmu, tana biyan babban farashi saboda hakan." 

### 'Yan'uwa Lehman
A watan Yulin 2007, Einhorn ya rage darajar hannun jarin Lehman Brothers, yana mai imanin cewa Lehman yana da tarin bayanai game da jarin gidaje marasa inganci waɗanda ba a yi musu lissafin da ya dace ba.  Ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa sun yi amfani da hanyoyin lissafin kuɗi masu ban mamaki a cikin takardun kuɗinsu.  Einhorn ya raba takardarsa ta ƙarshe game da Lehman a watan Nuwamba na 2007 a Majalisar Zuba Jari ta Value Investing. 

Lokacin da Babban Bankin Tarayya ya sallami Bear Stearns a watan Maris na 2008, ana ɗaukar Lehman a matsayin wanda ke cikin mawuyacin hali na kuɗi.  A cikin wani jawabi a wani taro a watan Afrilu, Einhorn ya sanar da ɗan gajeren matsayinsa na Lehman.   A watan Mayu, Babban Jami'in Kuɗi na Lehman, Erin Callan, ya yi wani taron wayar tarho na sirri da Einhorn da ma'aikatansa, waɗanda  suka yi fatan Callan zai iya bayyana bambance-bambancen da suka gano tun bayan shigar da ƙarar kuɗi na baya-bayan nan a kamfanin. Einhorn ya bayyana martanin Callan a bainar jama'a a matsayin mara kyau kuma hannun jarin Lehman ya faɗi sosai. An kori Callan makonni bayan haka lokacin da Lehman ya ba da rahoton asarar dala biliyan 2.8 a kwata. Lehman zai ayyana fatarar kuɗi a watan Satumba na 2008.

### Microsoft
A ranar 26 ga Mayu, 2011, Einhorn ya yi kira ga Steve Ballmer, shugaban kamfanin Microsoft, da ya sauka daga mukaminsa bayan da Google da Apple suka amince da Microsoft a matsayin darajar kasuwa  

### Ma'amalar cikin gida ta Burtaniya
A watan Janairun 2012, Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kuɗi ta Burtaniya (FSA) ta ci Einhorn da Greenlight Capital tarar dala miliyan 11.2 saboda cinikin bayanai na ciki. FSA ta yi ikirarin cewa Einhorn ta sami bayanai kan tara kudaden hannun jari na Punch Taverns Plc (PUB) daga wani dillali da ke wakiltar kamfanin kafin a sanar da jama'a game da taron. A cikin kwanaki hudu da suka biyo baya, Einhorn ta sayar da hannun jari sama da miliyan 11, ta hanyar kauce wa faduwar farashin hannun jari da kashi 29.9% da kuma asarar da ta biyo baya ta kimanin fam miliyan 5.8. 

Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kudi ta bayyana cewa *:*Hukumar FSA ta amince cewa cinikin Einhorn ba da gangan ba ne domin bai yi imani da cewa bayanai ne na ciki ba. Duk da haka, wannan ba imani ne mai ma'ana ba.  Wannan babban lamari ne na cin zarafin kasuwa da Einhorn ya yi kuma ya faɗi ƙasa da ƙa'idodin da FSA ke tsammani, musamman saboda matsayin Einhorn a matsayin Shugaban Greenlight da kuma ƙwarewarsa a kasuwa.  Einhorn ƙwararre ne mai ƙwarewa a fannin. Muna sa ran wani a matsayinsa zai iya gano bayanan ciki lokacin da ya karɓe su kuma ya yi aiki yadda ya kamata. Rashin yin hakan babban karya ne ga ƙa'idodin da ake tsammani na halayen kasuwa. Yana da matuƙar illa ga amincewar kasuwa lokacin da masu hannun jari masu gata suka aikata cin zarafin kasuwa, kuma babban hukunci yana nuna girman keta haƙƙinsa. Einhorn ya kira tarar fam miliyan 7.2 a matsayin "rashin adalci" kuma "ba ta dace da doka ba" amma ya ce zai biya ta "maimakon ci gaba da faɗa mai wahala"  Tarar ita ce ta biyu mafi girma da aka ɗora wa mutum a tarihin Hukumar Kula da Kuɗi ta Burtaniya. 

### Masu gasa kofi na Green Mountain
Da yake jawabi a Majalisar Ba da Tallafin Kuɗi ta Value Investing Congress da ke birnin New York a ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 2011, Einhorn ya bayyana ɗan gajeren matsayinsa a hannun jarin Green Mountain Coffee Roasters a bainar jama'a.  Kafin wannan ranar, farashin hannun jarin kamfanin ya ninka fiye da sau goma tun daga Maris 2009, wanda shine karo na uku mafi girma a cikin Standard &amp;amp; Poor's Midcap 400 Index . A cikin gabatarwarsa, Einhorn ya yi tsokaci cewa kasuwar sabuwar kamfanin yin kofi na Keurig mai kofi ɗaya ta Green Mountain "tana da iyaka", kuma kwafin kofi na K-Cup na injin ya gabatar da "batun haƙƙin mallaka" ga kamfanin. Ya kuma ce Green Mountain tana da "tambayoyi da yawa na lissafi". Bayan jawabin Einhorn, farashin hannun jarin Green Mountain ya faɗi da kashi 10 cikin ɗari, inda ya rufe a wannan ranar a kan $82.50. 

Makonni kaɗan bayan haka a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 2011, rahoton kwata-kwata na Green Mountain ya rasa tsammanin masu sharhi kuma farashin hannun jarinsa ya faɗi zuwa $43.71. Shugaban kamfanin Lawrence J. Blanford ya ambaci "abubuwa da dama da suka haɗa da canje-canje a tsarin siyan abokan ciniki a cikin tashoshin kayan abinci da kulab ɗinmu" saboda rashin aikin kamfanin. Hannun jarin ya kai 157 a watan Nuwamba 2014, kafin farashinsa na ƙarshe a shekarun 1990, kafin a sayar da kamfanin.

### Kamfanin Apple Inc.
A farkon watan Fabrairun 2013, Einhorn ta shigar da ƙara a gaban kotun Manhattan a kan Apple Inc. domin matsa wa kamfanin lamba ya fitar da hannun jarin da ake so na dindindin wanda ke biyan riba a matsayin hanyar raba wasu daga cikin  na tsabar kuɗi ga masu hannun jari.  Daga baya a wannan watan, Einhorn ya kafa abin da wani babban labarin *Wall Street Journal* ya kira "Tsohon Shari'a a Gudanar da Kamfanoni" lokacin da kotun ta yanke hukunci a kan Einhorn kuma ta yanke hukuncin cewa ƙoƙarin Apple na haɗa wani mataki da ke buƙatar kuri'ar masu hannun jari kafin bayar da hannun jarin da aka fi so tare da babban mai hannun jari "yana haɗa 'al'amura daban-daban' don la'akari da masu hannun jari".  

### Masana'antar Fracking
Da yake jawabi a taron zuba jari na Sohn a ranar 4 ga Mayu, 2015, Einhorn ya soki kamfanonin mai da iskar gas marasa riba sosai. Ya ce, "Kasuwancin da ke ƙona kuɗi kuma ba ya girma ba shi da wani amfani."  Musamman, Einhorn ya sanar da gajerun mukamai a kan Pioneer Natural Resources da Concho Resources . Einhorn ya kuma yi barkwanci cewa Pioneer Natural Resources "Motherfracker" ne, yana nuni da fashewar hydraulic ko " fracking " wanda hanya ce ta yau da kullun ta haɓaka samarwa daga dutsen mai da iskar gas. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
A shekarar 1993, Einhorn ya auri Cheryl Strauss, wata 'yar jarida mai bayar da rahoto kan harkokin kuɗi kuma mai ba da shawara kan harkokin watsa labarai; sun rabu a shekarar 2017.  Yana da 'ya'ya uku tare da Strauss.  Einhorn yana zaune a Gundumar Westchester, New York .

David Einhorn ɗan jam'iyyar Democrat ne,  kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga kamfen ɗin siyasa na Democrat,  sabanin iyayensa, waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga 'yan Republican .  A shekarar 2012, Einhorn ya haɗu ya shirya wani taron tara kuɗi don Keeping America Competitive PAC, wanda ɗan jam'iyyar Republican Leonard M. Tannenbaum mai matsakaicin ra'ayi ya jagoranta. 

An ruwaito cewa yana tuka motar Honda Odyssey .  

Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa gasar cinikin hannun jari ta intanet ta ' Portfolios with Purpose' . 

## Arziki da taimakon jama'a
Ya zuwa watan Maris na 2019, mujallar *Forbes* ta ruwaito cewa Einhorn tana da jimillar dukiyar da ta kai dala miliyan 700. 

Einhorn babban mai bayar da gudummawa ne kuma memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na Gidauniyar Michael J. Fox . Ya ba da gudummawar nasarorin da ya samu a shekarar 2006 na poker (sama da dala 650,000). [1] Haka kuma yana cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na Gidauniyar Robin Hood kuma mai ba da gudummawa ga ƙungiyoyin agaji da dama a yankin New York. A lokacin bazara na 2009, kamar yadda aka yi alkawari a cikin littafinsa Fooling Some of the People All of the Time, Greenlight Capital ya ba da gudummawar duk ribar da abokin tarayya ya samu daga raguwar hannun jarin Allied Capital (ƙarin dala miliyan 6 - Greenlight ya riga ya ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 1 a shekarar 2005 ga Asusun Yara na Tomorrows - don samar da jimillar dala miliyan 7) ga ƙungiyoyi uku (Asusun Yara na Tomorrows, The Project On Government Oversight (POGO) da Cibiyar Integrity na Jama'a (CPI)).

### New York Mets
A ranar 26 ga Mayu, 2011, New York Mets ta sanar da cewa Einhorn ta amince ta sayi wani kaso na ƙungiyar ƙwallon baseball kan dala miliyan 200. Einhorn tana da zaɓin siyan hannun jari mafi rinjaye a Mets bayan shekaru uku idan mai rinjaye na yanzu Fred Wilpon da iyalinsa ba za su iya biyan kuɗin da ke kansu ba kafin lokacin. A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2011, Mets ta sanar da cewa ta kawo ƙarshen tattaunawar sayar da mallakar tsiraru ga Einhorn.

### Wasan Poker
A shekarar 2006, Einhorn ta kare a matsayi na 18 a gasar World Series of Poker ta 2006, wadda ta kai dala $659,730. 

A shekarar 2012, Einhorn ya bayar da kyautar da ya samu daga Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2012 ta Big One for One Drop (wanda aka saya dala miliyan daya, kuma a ciki ya lashe dala $4,352,000 saboda kammala gasarsa ta uku) ga Gasar City Year .  &#x5B; ** &#x5D; 

A shekarar 2019, Einhorn ta gabatar da kyautar $50,000 No Limit Hold'em High Roller (Taron #5), wanda kuma aka yi a World Series of Poker, lokacin da ya kare a matsayi na 9 akan $122,551. 

Ya zuwa shekarar 2025, nasarar Einhorn kai tsaye ta lashe gasar ta kai matsayi na 24 a yankin New York da kuma na 171 a jimilla a Amurka (duka matsayi a kowane lokaci). 

## Shari'ar kotu da tsohon ma'aikaci
Tsohon ma'aikacin Greenlight Capital, James Fishback, ya kai ƙarar Greenlight kan mukaminsa a watan Oktoban 2023. A cikin ƙarar, Fishback ya yi iƙirarin cewa a cikin shekaru biyu da rabi da ya yi aiki a Greenlight Capital, an ƙara masa matsayi sau biyu; na farko daga mai nazarin bincike zuwa mai ciniki sannan kuma zuwa "shugaban macro," matsayin da kamfanin ya yi iƙirarin bai taɓa wanzuwa ba.  

A watan Satumba na 2025, an warware takaddamar lokacin da Fishback ya yarda ya raba bayanan sirri kuma ya amince ya karya sharuddan aikinsa ta hanyar aika masa da matsayin Greenlight da dabarunsa ta imel zuwa asusun sirri da kuma kula da asusun ciniki da ba a bayyana ba. A matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar, ya amince ya dawo ko share duk bayanan Greenlight da ke hannunsa tare da biyan kuɗin shari'a da kuɗaɗen kamfanin. 

Manyan kafofin watsa labarai sun yi bayani game da takaddamar da kuma ƙarar da ta biyo baya.  

## Littattafan tarihi

* Einhorn, David (2010). *Yaudarar Wasu Daga Cikin Mutane A Koyaushe* . Wiley Publishing . 

## Manazarta