Arthur de Gobineau

**Arthur de Gobineau, Count de Gobineaux** ( [ɡɔbino]; Joseph Arthur de Gobino; 14 ga Yulin 1816 - 13 ga Oktoba 1882) marubucin Faransa ne kuma diflomasiyya wanda aka fi sani da taimakawa wajen gabatar da ka'idar tseren kimiyya da "ƙididdigar launin fata", da kuma bunkasa ka'idar Aryan master race da Nordicism . Ya kasance masu daraja wanda, nan da nan bayan Juyin Juya Halin 1848, ya rubuta An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races . A ciki ya yi jayayya cewa aristocrats sun fi talakawa kuma cewa aristocrates suna da wasu halaye na Aryan saboda karancin haɗuwa da ƙananan kabilu.

Gobineau an haife shi ne a cikin dangin aristocratic na ƙididdiga a ƙarƙashin Ancien Régime . Ya kasance Mai bin doka Gwada ya goyi bayan mulki mallaka ta Gidan Bourbon kuma ya yi adawa da Juyin Juya Halin Faransa, Dimokuradiyya, da mulkin Gidan Orléans Gwada ya zo mulki bayan juyin juya hali na Yuli na 1830. Ya fara aikin diflomasiyya a ƙarshen shekarun 1840, kuma ya fara a 1861, ya yi aiki a matsayin minista ga Farisa, Brazil, Girka, da Sweden. A matsayinsa na marubuci, Gobineau ya rubuta litattafai da gajerun labaru, da kuma rubuce-rubucen tafiye-tafiye marasa fiction, rubutun jayayya da sauran ayyukan ilimin harshe da ɗan adam, gami da Essai . An yi watsi da rubutun nasa a matsayin pseudoscience ta hanyar ilimin zamani. Gobineau da kansa bai taba samun cancanta a ilimin ɗan adam ba.

Kodayake rubuce-rubucen Gobineau ba a karɓa sosai a Faransa ba, masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na fararen fata, masu goyon bayan bautar Amurkawa kamar Josiah C. Nott da Henry Hotze, waɗanda suka fassara littafinsa zuwa Turanci sun yaba musu da sauri. Sun watsar da kusan shafuka 1,000 na littafin na asali, gami da waɗancan ɓangarorin da suka kwatanta Amurkawa a matsayin yawan launin fata. Ya karfafa wani yunkuri na zamantakewa a Jamus mai suna Gobinism,  ayyukansa sun kasance masu tasiri ga shahararrun Masu adawa da Yahudawa kamar Richard Wagner, surukin Wagner Houston Stewart Chamberlain, ɗan siyasan Romania Farfesa A. C. Cuza, da shugabannin Jam'iyyar Nazi, waɗanda daga baya suka gyara kuma suka sake buga aikinsa.

## Rayuwa ta farko da rubuce-rubuce

### Asalin
Gobineau ya fito ne daga tsohuwar iyali mai daraja. Mahaifinsa, Louis de Gobineau (1784-1858), ya kasance jami'in soja kuma mai tsayin daka. Mahaifiyarsa, Anne-Louise Magdeleine de Gercy, 'yar wani jami'in haraji ne wanda ba mai daraja ba. Iyalin de Gercy sun zauna mai mulkin mallaka na Faransa na Saint-Domingue (Haiti na zamani) na wani lokaci a karni na 18.

Da yake nuna ƙiyayya da ya yi wa Juyin Juya Halin Faransa, Gobineau daga baya ya rubuta: "Ranar haihuwata ita ce ranar 14 ga Yuli, ranar da aka kama Bastille - wanda ya tabbatar da yadda masu adawa zasu iya haɗuwa". Yayinda yake yaro da saurayi, Gobineau yana son Zamanin Tsakiya, wanda ya gani a matsayin zamanin zinariya na jaruntaka da jaruntaka wanda ya fi dacewa da lokacinsa. Wani wanda ya san Gobineau a matsayin matashi ya bayyana shi a matsayin mai soyayya, "tare da ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa da ruhun jarumi, yana mafarkin abin da ya fi daraja da girma".

Mahaifin Gobineau ya himmatu ga maido da Gidan Bourbon kuma ya taimaka wa 'Yan uwan Polignac mai mulkin mallaka su tsere daga Faransa. A matsayin horo 'yan sanda na sirri na Napoleon sun ɗaure shi amma an sake shi lokacin da Allies suka kwace Paris a 1814.  A lokacin Kwanaki Ɗari dangin de Gobineau sun tsere daga Faransa. Bayan juyin mulkin Napoleon na karshe bayan Yaƙin Waterloo, an ba da lada ga Louis de Gobineau saboda amincinsa ga gidan Bourbon ta hanyar sanya shi kyaftin a cikin Royal Guard na Sarki Louis XVIII. Albashi ga Royal Guardsman ya kasance ƙasa sosai, kuma dangin de Gobineau sun yi gwagwarmaya akan albashinsa.

Magdeleine de Gobineau ta watsar da mijinta ga mai kula da 'ya'yanta Charles de La Coindière. Tare da ƙaunatacciyarta ta ɗauki ɗanta da 'ya'ya mata biyu a kan yawo mai tsawo a gabashin Faransa, Switzerland da Grand Duchy na Baden. Don tallafa wa kanta, ta juya zuwa zamba (wanda aka ɗaure ta). Mahaifiyarsa ta zama abin kunya ga Gobineau, wanda bai taɓa magana da ita ba bayan ya cika shekaru ashirin.

Ga matashi de Gobineau, wanda ya himmatu ga tabbatar da dabi'un aristocratic da Katolika na gargajiya, rushewar auren iyayensa, dangantakar mahaifiyarsa da ƙaunatacciyarta, ayyukan zamba, da rikice-rikicen da aka ɗora ta hanyar kasancewa koyaushe a kan gudu da rayuwa cikin talauci duk sun kasance masu matukar damuwa.

### Samartaka
Gobineau ya shafe farkon shekarunsa na balaga a garin Inzligen inda mahaifiyarsa da ƙaunatacciyarta ke zaune. Ya zama mai iya magana da Jamusanci. A matsayinsa na mai goyon bayan gidan Bourbon, an tilasta wa mahaifinsa ya yi ritaya daga Royal Guard bayan Juyin Juya Halin Yuli na 1830 ya kawo Gidan Orléans Sarki Louis-Philippe, Le roi citoyen, ("Sarkin Citizen") zuwa mulki. Ya yi alkawarin sulhunta al'adun juyin juya halin Faransa tare da mulkin mallaka. Idan aka ba da tarihin iyalinsa na tallafawa Bourbons, saurayi Gobineau ya ɗauki juyin juya halin Yuli a matsayin bala'i ga Faransa. Ra'ayoyinsa sune na Legitimist da ya himmatu ga Katolika Faransa da gidan Bourbon ke mulki. A cikin 1831, mahaifin de Gobineau ya kula da 'ya'yansa uku, kuma ɗansa ya shafe sauran shekarunsa a Lorient, a Brittany.

Gobineau bai son mahaifinsa ba, wanda ya kore shi a matsayin jami'in soja mai banƙyama da ba shi da ikon motsa tunani.[1] An kafa Lorient a shekara ta 1675 a matsayin tushe ga Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya na Faransa kamar yadda Sarki Louis na 14 ke da babban burin sanya Faransa babbar ikon siyasa da tattalin arziki a Asiya.[1] Kamar yadda waɗannan burin ba su cika ba, Gobineau ya haɓaka ɗaukakar da ta ɓace yayin da ya girma a cikin birni da aka gina don zama babban cibiyar cinikin Turai da Asiya. Wannan mafarki bai cika ba, yayin da Indiya ta zama wani ɓangare na Birtaniya ba daular Faransa ba.[1]

Yayinda yake saurayi, Gobineau yana sha'awar Gabas, kamar yadda aka sani da Gabas ta Tsakiya a Turai a karni na 19. Yayinda yake karatu a Collège de Bironne a Switzerland, wani ɗan'uwansa ya tuna: "Dukan burinsa sun kasance ga Gabas. Ya yi mafarki ne kawai game da Masallatai da minaret; ya kira kansa Musulmi, a shirye ya yi aikin hajji zuwa Makka". Gobineau yana son labaran Gabas ta Tsakiya ta mai fassara na Faransa Antoine Galland, sau da yawa yana cewa yana so ya zama Masanin Gabas. Ya karanta labarun Larabci, Turkiyya da Farisa a cikin fassarar, ya zama abin da Faransanci ke kira "un orientaliste de pacotille" ("rubbish orientalist"). A cikin 1835, Gobineau ya kasa jarrabawar shiga Makarantar soja ta St. Cyr.