Sokoto (Birni)

**Sokoto** babban birni ne dake a cikin ƙarshen arewa maso yammacin Najeriya, kusa da mahadar kogin Sokoto da kogin Rima . A  shekarar 2006, tana da yawan jama'a sama da 427,760. Sokoto ita ce babban birnin jihar Sokoto a wannan zamani kuma a baya ita ce hedikwatar jihohin arewa maso yamma. Sakkwato ta zamani ta shahara wajen cinikin fatun tumaki, fatun shanu, sana’ar fata (wani gagarumin fitarwa) da gyada kola da fatun akuya. 

Wurin zama mai cike da tarihi na tsohuwar Khalifancin Sakkwato, birnin yawancin musulmi ne kuma muhimmin wurin koyar da addinin musulunci a Najeriya. Sarkin Musulmin da ke shugabantar halifanci ne yadda ya kamata a matsayin shugaban addinin Musulunci na Najeriya.

## Suna da kirarin asali
 
Sunan Sokoto (wanda shine sunan na zamani/a turance daga sunan asali da mazauna ke faɗa (*Sakkwato* ) asalin Larabci ne, yana nufin (*sooq*,) ma'ana 'kasuwa' . Kuma ana kiranta da *Sakkwato, Birnin [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shaihu]] da [[Muhammadu Bello|Bello]]* ko kuma “Sakoto, Birnin Shaihu da Bello ” (Shaihu yana nufin Sheikh Usman dan Fodio, wanda ya kafa Daular Sakkwato, da Bello dansa/majibinsa, Sultan Muhammad Bello).

## Yanayi
Sokoto tana da yanayi mai zafi mai ratsa ruwa ( Köppen weather classification *BSH* ). Tana cikin busasshiyar Sahel, kewaye da yashi mai yashi da tsaunuka keɓance.

Tare da matsakaicin zafin shekara kimanin , Sokoto na daya daga cikin garuruwan da suka fi zafi a Najeriya. Kodayake, matsakaicin yanayin zafin rana gabaɗaya ba ya haura  a mafi yawa cikin shekara, kuma bushewar yana sa zafi ya iya jurewa.  Mafi yawan watanni shine Fabrairu zuwa Afrilu, inda zafin rana zai iya wuce 40&nbsp;°C. Mafi girman zafin jiki da ake samu shine 45&nbsp;°C. Lokacin damina na daga watan Yuni zuwa Oktoba, wanda a lokacin shawa ke zama ruwan dare a kullum. Ruwan shawa ba ya daɗe yana daɗewa kuma yana da nisa daga ruwan shawa na yau da kullun da aka sani a yankuna masu zafi da yawa. Daga karshen Oktoba zuwa Fabrairu, a lokacin 'lokacin sanyi', yanayin yana gauraye da iska hunturu da ke kada kurar Sahara a cikin kasa. Kurar tana dusashe hasken rana, don haka  zafi ke raguwa sosai.

Hanyar noman amfanin gona a yankin ita ce kwararowar ruwan kogin Sokoto-Rima, wanda ke cike da kasa mai albarka. Sauran amfanin gonakin da ake nomawa a Sakkwato sun hada da gero, dawa, wake watakila ya fi yawa, sai masara, shinkafa, sesame, sauran hatsi da kayan lambu kamar: albasa, tumatir, barkono, attaruhu, latas, da kabeji. [1] [2] Baya ga gero, Sakkwato ce kan gaba wajen noman albasa a Najeriya. Ta fuskar ciyayi, Sakkwato ta fada cikin yankin savannah. Wannan buɗaɗɗen ciyayi ce ta tse-tse mara ciyayi wacce ta dace da noman hatsi da kiwo. Ruwan sama yana farawa a makare kuma yana ƙarewa da wuri tare da matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara tsakanin 500 mm da 1,300 mm. Akwai manyan yanayi guda biyu a Sakkwato, wato jika da bushewa. Lokacin rani yana farawa daga Oktoba, kuma yana ɗaukar har zuwa Afrilu a wasu sassa kuma yana iya ƙara zuwa Mayu ko Yuni a wasu sassa. A daya bangaren kuma lokacin damina yana farawa a yawancin sassan jihar a watan Mayu kuma yana kai har zuwa Satumba, ko Oktoba. Harmattan, busasshiyar iska, sanyi, da ƙura mai ƙura ana fuskanta a cikin jihar tsakanin Nuwamba da Fabrairu. Zafi ya fi tsanani a jihar a watan Maris da Afrilu. Amma yanayi a jihar kullum sanyi ne da safe da kuma zafi da rana, sai dai a lokacin harmattan kololuwa.

Tsarin yanayin jihar ya mamaye filin Hausa na arewacin Najeriya . Fadin qasar da ake nomawa a cikin kogin Sokoto-Rima ya wargaza fili tare da samar da qasa mai cike da albarkar noman amfanin gona iri-iri a jihar. Haka kuma akwai tsaunuka da tsaunuka keɓe a warwatse a duk faɗin jihar.

## Ci gaban tarihi
 

Shehu Usmanu Dan Fodiyo ya yi amfani da Sokoto tun a watan Oktoban 1804 a matsayin wurin ganawa da Galadima, Wazirin Yunfa. Daga bisani, dansa Muhammad Bello ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin wurin shirya hari a Dufua a cikin bazara na 1806. Bovil ya nuna cewa ana iya kiran yankin da Sokoto tun a karni na sha bakwai. Ta fuskar tarihi, an kafa Sakkwato a matsayin ribat (sansanin soja ko iyaka) a shekarar 1809, lokacin da Shehu Usmanu ke Sifawa. Daga baya ta zama hedikwatar halifanci bayan rasuwar Shehu.

A cikin 1820s, Sakkwato ta kasance a kololuwar ci gabanta ya yi daidai da kololuwar ikon ‘sarakunanta’ a tsakiyar halifanci, tana karbar harajin shekara-shekara daga dukkan fifuffuka kafin wani lokaci mai tsawo na raguwa. Mai binciken Hugh Clapperton (1827) ya burge sosai da wannan wadata da tasirinsa a cikin birnin.

Clapperton ya lura da mahimmancin matsugunin Sokoto: Koguna, maimakon kasuwanci mai nisa a cikin tattalin arzikin birnin. Amma a halin yanzu harkokin kasuwanci a Sakkwato ba su da la’akari da shi, saboda tabarbarewar yanayin da kasar ke ciki.

A lokacin da mai binciken Heinrich Barth ya zo a shekarar 1853, Sokoto ta kasance cikin kankanin mazauna kuma ta lalace matuka. Barth a 1857 ya kiyasta yawan jama'a 20,000-22,000 ne kawai, amma har yanzu ana ba da kasuwa kuma ana halarta, kuma wani yanki mai ci gaba a wajen bango ya fi Sokoto kanta.

Bovil ya bayyana Sokoto a matsayin matsayi mai karfi, wanda ke da tudu daga gabas zuwa arewa maso yamma da kuma wani karamin kwari a yamma da kudu maso yamma da ke ba ta kariya daga hare-haren da sojojin dawakai suka kai musu. Garin ya mamaye tudu mai fadi inda koguna biyu, Rima da Sokoto ke haduwa, kasancewar mahadar tituna daga Gobir a arewa, Kebbi a kudu da Burmi Zamfara a gabas.

A farkon karni na 19, an raba garin (Sokoto) zuwa unguwanni. Irin wadannan unguwanni sun hada da unguwar Magajin Gari, unguwar Waziri, unguwar Sarkin Musulmi, unguwar Sarkin Adar, unguwar Magajin Rafi, da unguwar Sarkin Zamfara. A wannan lokaci unguwannin sun kasance kanana kuma an kewaye su da katanga, wadanda suka hada da masallatan Sultan Bello da Shehu, da fadar Sarkin Musulmi da sauran gine-gine da kuma harabar gidan Shehu.

A cikin 1818, an shimfida katangar har ta kai ga tana da ƙofofin da ke shiga da fita daga bangon Birni. Irin wadannan kofofin su ne Kofar-Kade, Kofar-Kware, Kofar-Rini, Kofar-Dundaye, Kofar-Taramniya, Kofar-Aliyu Jedo, da Kofar-Marke.

Yankin Sakkwato na yanzu ya kasance gidan masarautu da masarautu da yawa na yammacin Sudan kafin mulkin mallaka. Wadannan sun hada da masarautun Gobir da Kebbi da kuma shahararriyar khalifancin da ya shafi ruhi da siyasarsa shine hedikwatar jihar.

Bayan mamayar daular halifanci da turawan ingila suka yi a shekarar 1903, an mayar da bangarori daban-daban nata ‘yan cin gashin kansu suka shiga cikin gwamnatin Arewacin Najeriya. Ta haka ne yankin arewa ya kasance mafi yawan sassan daular Sokoto da daular Kanem-Bornu . Wannan ya ci gaba har zuwa Janairu 1967 lokacin da aka kirkiro jihohi don maye gurbin gwamnatocin yankuna da Janar Yakubu Gowon ya yi. Sokoto ta zama hedikwatar jihar arewa maso yamma da aka kirkira a shekarar 1967. A shekarar 1976 bayan kirkiro jihar Neja daga jihar Arewa maso yamma, jihar Sokoto ta zama hedikwatarta. Duk da haka a jihohin Sokoto, Kebbi da Zamfara an sassare su daga Sokoto, a 1991 da 1996 bi da bi. 

Don haka babban birnin Sakkwato ya kasance hedkwatar gwamnatoci daban-daban tun lokacin da Halifa Muhammad Bello ya kafa shi a 1809. 

## Mutane da al'adu
Jihar Sokoto tana da yawan jama'a miliyan 3.7 [1] [2] bisa ga shekara ta 2006. Ƙididdigar da ta ƙunshi ƙabilu biyu wato Fulani da Hausa . Garin Sokoto babban birnin jihar Sokoto yana da yawan jama'a kusan 2.5 miliyan. Baya ga Fulani da Hausawa akwai ‘yan tsiraru na Zabarmawa da Abzinawa a yankunan kananan hukumomin. Duk wadannan kungiyoyi suna magana da Hausa a matsayin harshen gama gari. Fulani ne ke magana da Fulfulde .

Hausawa mazauna jihar sun hada da Gobirawa, Zamfarawa, Kabawa, Adarawa da Arawa. Su kuma Fulanin manyan kungiyoyi biyu ne; garin Fulani ( Hausa   ; Fula   ) da kuma Makiyaya. Na farko ya hada da Torankawa, dangin Shehu Usmanu Danfodiyo, Sullubawa da Zoramawa. Torankawa sune aristocratic ajin tun 1804.

A al'adance jihar tana daya. Al'ummar jihar galibinsu musulmi ne. Tufafinsu kuma asalinsu na Musulunci ne. Ana gudanar da manyan bukukuwa guda biyu wato Eid-el-Fitri da Eid-el-Kabir duk shekara a jihar. Na farko ya kawo karshen azumin watan Ramadan, yayin da na karshen ya kunshi yankan raguna domin tunawa da wani aiki da annabin Musulunci Ibrahim ( Ibrahim kakan Yahudawa) ya yi.

Wasan gargajiya ( Kokawa ) da dambe ( Dambe ) sune wasanni biyu da Hausawa ke jin dadinsu yayin da Fulani da Sullubawa suke nishadantar da Sharo  da Doro.  bi da bi. Manyan maziyartan jihar galibi ana yi masu zuwa ga babbar ko karamar durbar, taron da ya kunshi faretin dawakai da aka kawata da rakuma wadanda mazaje suke sanye da cikakkun kayan soja da na al'adu.

## Gurbatar muhalli
Jama’a a Sakkwato na cikin hatsarin gaske ga matsalar rashin lafiya sakamakon kurar iska da ke haifar da ciwon huhu da kuma kara yawan mace-mace, musamman daga cututtukan zuciya.   

## Ayyukan tattalin arziki

Sama da kashi tamanin (80%) na mazauna Sokoto suna yin noma iri daya ko kuma wata. Suna noman amfanin gona kamar gero, masara, masara, shinkafa, dankalin turawa, rogo, gyada, wake da dai sauransu don rayuwa da kuma samar da alkama, auduga da ganyaye don tsabar kudi. Sana'o'in cikin gida irin su saƙa da rini da sassaƙa da fata su ma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattalin arzikin al'ummar Sakkwato; a sakamakon haka, yankuna daban-daban kamar Makera, Marina, Takalmawa da Majema sun zama mahimmanci. Sokoto kuma na daya daga cikin yankunan da ake noman kifi a kasar. Don haka adadi mai yawa na mutanen da ke gefen kogin suna yin kamun kifi.

Haka ma Sokoto tana da albarkatun kasa da ma'adinai. Kamfanonin hadin gwiwar Agro da ke amfani da auduga, gyada, dawa, danko, masara, shinkafa, alkama, rake, rogo, danko Larabci da taba a matsayin albarkatun kasa ana iya kafa su a yankin. Haka kuma za a iya yin noma mai yawa a jihar ta hanyar amfani da ruwan ban ruwa daga madatsar Goronyo, Lugu, Kalmalo, Wammakko da Kwakwazo da sauransu.

Albarkatun ma'adinai irin su kaolin, gypsum, limestone, laterite, jan niƙa, phosphate duka rawaya da kore, yumbu inuwa, yashi da dai sauransu, suna samuwa a cikin adadi na kasuwanci. Za a iya kafa masana'antu na ma'adinai masu amfani da waɗannan albarkatun ƙasa a cikin jihar.

Rashin tashiwar tse-tse a buɗaɗɗen ciyayi yana amfana da namun daji da na gida. Sokoto ita ce ta biyu a fannin kiwon dabbobi a yawan dabbobin kasar sama da miliyan takwas.

Samuwar wadannan hanyoyin tattalin arziki na samar da damammakin zuba jari, musamman a masana'antar hada-hadar noma kamar su fulawa, sarrafa tumatur, tace sukari, yadi, gamna, tanning, gwangwanin kifi, da sauransu.

## Sufuri
Sokoto ba ta da tsarin sufurin jama'a. Sufuri a cikin birni (lokacin da ba da ƙafa ba) galibi suna amfani da mopeds waɗanda ke aiki azaman tasi na mutum ɗaya kuma wani lokaci masu keke masu uku suna jigilar mutane daga wannan wuri zuwa wancan; wannan yana ba da damar ɗaukar mutane fiye da ɗaya a lokaci ɗaya (har yanzu a farashi mai arha kamar mopeds). Motocin bas da tasi ba safai ba ne kuma galibi ana amfani da su ne kawai don jigilar kayayyaki tsakanin birane.

Wani abin sha’awa a yankin da kasa da kashi 2% na ‘yan mata ke kammala karatun sakandare, an kafa garejin mata duka a cikin birnin Sakkwato domin horar da ‘yan mata kan gyaran ababen hawa. Cibiyar Nana: Girls and Women Empowerment Initiative ce ta kafa, garejin na horar da dalibai mata 25 da suka koyo tare da tallafin shugabannin addinin Musulunci na yankin. 

10&nbsp;km kudu da Sokoto akwai filin jirgin sama na kasa da kasa wanda ke da alaka da Abuja da Kano da Legas .

## Masana'antu
A watan Agusta 2008, an rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar gina aikin siminti a Sokoto, kuma an bude kamfanin a shekarar 2022. 

## Birane
Garin birni yana da dogon tarihi a ƙasar Hausa. An fara aiwatar da tsarin ne a lokacin da wasu yankuna masu mahimmanci na kasar Hausa suka bunkasa tun daga Kauyuka zuwa Birane. Amma duk da haka daya daga cikin manyan illolin da mai jihadi ya haifar shi ne gudun wannan lamari ba wai a kasar Hausa kadai ba, har ma a duk wuraren da gwamnatin halifanci ta shafa. Sabbin garuruwa sun taso kuma tsofaffin garuruwa sun shiga wani yanayi na ci gaban da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba, wasu a matsayin sabbin wuraren harkokin kasuwanci, wasu a matsayin manyan masarautu da cibiyoyin gudanarwa da kasuwanci.

Daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin halifancin Sokoto ya faro ne da kafa birnin Sakkwato (helkwatar halifanci). A zamanin jahiliyya, yankin da ke tsakanin Masarautar Gobir da Kebbi shi ne yankin da aka fi sani da “Kasar makiyaya”. Amma da nasarar jihadin da Shehu usmau dan Fodiyo (1804-1808) ya jagoranta da kuma nasarar da masu jihadi suka samu kan sarakunan kasar Hausa, Muhammad Bello ya gina birnin Sokoto (helkwatar khalifanci). Haka kuma, kamar yadda Abdul-Razaq Shehu ya lura a cikin littafinsa *na Sakkwato Birnin Shehu*, Muhammad Bello ya tsara birnin Sakkwato da takarda tun kafin a gina shi. Bello dan Sheikh yana cikin hakiman mahaifinsa da kwamandojin yaki. Ya yi yake-yake mafi tsanani kuma mafi tsawo kuma shi ne ya gina halifancin Sakkwato Birnin Shehu.

Birnin Sakkwato kamar yadda mai zanen Muhammad Bello ya tsara ya kunshi duk wani fasali na kowane birni na zamani da suka hada da tituna, gadoji, kasuwa, ganuwa (cibiyoyin tsaro na gari) da kuma cibiyoyin gudanarwa da kasuwanci. Daga cikin cibiyoyin gudanarwa da Muhammad Bello ya tsara akwai Kanwuri, Binanchi, Galadanci, Alkalanci, Dogarawa da dai sauransu. Sai dai, baya ga babbar kasuwar da aka fi sani da Yardole, sauran wuraren kasuwanci da Muhammad Bello ya tsara sun hada da Makera, Madinka, Marina, Siriddawa, Takalmawa, Runji da Jirgawa. Bugu da kari, babu wani gari a kasar Hausa kafin jihadi ko karni na 19 da zai ci gaba da zama cibiyar birni ba tare da katanga mai inganci ba (ganuwa). An gina wannan ginin ne da guraren da dama kamar Kofar Aliyu Jedo, Kofar Dundaye, Kofar Marke, Kofar Rini, Kofar Kware, da Kofar Taramniya, kuma wannan gagarumin ci gaba da aka samu ya ja hankalin jama’a da dama da suka yi hijira daga unguwarsu zuwa cikin birnin Sakkwato domin tsira.

Daga abin da muka gani a sama kan yadda halifa Muhammad Bello ya kera birnin Sakkwato za mu ga cewa, Sakkwato ta samu karin bakin haure masu sha’awar sana’ar fataucin fata, tukwane da sauransu, alal misali, wasu daga cikin wadannan mutane ko dai suna yin sana’a ne ko kuma wasu sana’o’in da ke da alaka da su kamar a Makera Assada. Akwai mutanen da suka rika tafiya sassa daban-daban na Nijeriya a halin yanzu har ma da kasashen da ke makwabtaka da su don sayo kayan karafa da suka lalace kamar lalacewar motoci, motoci, manyan motoci, jiragen sama da dai sauran bututun karfe, da tankunan mai domin karya su gunduwa-gunduwa, a sayar wa duk wanda ke son ya yi amfani da su ko kuma ya canza su zuwa wani samfur.

## Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli

### Canjin yanayi
Domin Sokoto da kewayen garin sun riga sun kasance a kusa da wani yanki mai dausayi da ke fama da kwararowar hamada, tuni birnin ya fuskanci illar sauyin yanayi.  Wani bincike na 2018 game da yuwuwar tasirin birnin ya annabta raguwar kayan noma da bunƙasa shuka, da ƙara ƙarancin ruwa a yankin da ke kewayen birni, yana tsoma baki tare da samar da abinci da samar da ƙalubalen tsaro na samun kudin shiga. 

## Fitattun mutane

* Attahiru Bafarawa (Tsohon Gwamnan Jahar Sokoto)
* Sir Ahmadu Bello (Sardaunan Sokoto)
* Mohammed Maigari Dingyadi (Tsohon Ministan 'Yan sandan Najeriya)
* Shehu Shagari (Tsohon Shugaban Tarayyar Najeriya)
* Aminu Tambuwal (Tsohon Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai kuma Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Sakkwato)
* Sanata Aliyu Magatakarda Wamakko (Tsohon Gwamnan Jahar Sokoto)
* Ahmad Aliyu (Gwamnan Sokoto a shekarar 2023)
* Sa'adu Abubakar (Sultan of Sokoto)

## Duba kuma

* Sokoto Caliphate
* Usman dan Fodiyo
* Siminti a Afirka
* Makera Assada

## Manazarta