open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Maria Fitzgerald

**Maria Fitzgerald** masanin kimiyyar kwakwalwa ce ta Burtaniya wacce farfesa ce a Sashen Neuroscience a Kwalejin Jami'ar London .  

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Maria Fitzgerald a Hampstead, London . Mahaifiyarta ita ce marubuciya Penelope Fitzgerald, marubuciyar Blue Flower . Mahaifinta, Desmond Fitzgerald, ya kasance babban jami'in Irish Guards. Babban ɗan'uwanta, Edmund Valpy Fitzgerald, farfesa ne mai daraja a Ma'aikatar Ci gaban Duniya ta Oxford. Maria ta yi karatu a Makarantar Godolphin da Latymer da Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, inda ta yi karatun ilimin lissafi. An ba ta digiri na farko a 1975 daga Jami'ar Oxford .  Ta horar da ilimin lissafi da kimiyyar jijiyoyi tare da Bruce Lynn da Patrick David Wall a Kwalejin Jami'ar London, inda aka ba ta PhD a shekarar 1978. Maria ta sami tallafin bincike na farko daga Majalisar Binciken Kiwon Lafiya a 1981, kuma MRC ta ci gaba da tallafawa bincikenta tun daga lokacin. An ba ta kyautar "sabon lacca na jini" a Sashen Anatomy a UCL a 1984 kuma yanzu Farfesa ne na Neurobiology na Ci Gaban a Sashen Neuroscience, Physiology da Pharmacology na UCL, kuma memba ne na UCL Neuroscience.

## Bincike da aiki
Fitzgerald yana nazarin ilimin lissafi na ci gaba da neurobiology na da'irorin nociceptor [1] a cikin kwakwalwa da kashin baya. Ayyukanta sun yi babban tasiri a kan fahimtarmu game da yadda fahimtar zafi ke fitowa a farkon rayuwa da kuma yadda jin zafi na farko zai iya tsara jin zafi ga rayuwa.[2] Binciken Fitzgerald ya canza ra'ayi na asibiti ta hanyar nuna cewa ciwo a jariri yana buƙatar ma'auni da magani da ya dace kuma ya kamata a daidaita shi zuwa matakin ci gaban yaro.[3][4]

### Kyaututtuka da girmamawa
Don nuna godiya ga aikinta Fitzgerald an ba ta lambar yabo ta Jeffrey Lawson don Advocacy in Children's Pain Relief daga American Pain Society a cikin 2011, masanin kimiyya na farko da ya karbi wannan lambar yabo. A shekara ta 2013 an zabe ta zuwa Faculty of Pain Medicine na Royal College of Anaesthetists don ci gaba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga maganin zafi.  An zabe ta Fellow na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya (FMedSci) a shekara ta 2000 kuma Fellow na Royal Society (FRS) a shekara de 2016.  An ba ta lambar yabo ta memba na girmamawa a cikin Ƙungiyar Duniya don Nazarin Ciwo (IASP), Ƙungiyar Ciwo ta Burtaniya,  Ƙungiyar Duniya ta Ciwo ta Yara (ISPP) da Ƙungiyar Physiological  Ana samun kwasfan fayiloli da ke kwatanta aikinta na bincike a kan Ciwon Bincike.

## Manazarta
Lynn Gladden

**Dame Lynn Faith Gladden** (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1961) ita ce Farfesa ta Shell a fannin Injiniyan Chemical a Jami'ar Cambridge . Ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin shugaban majalisa don bincike daga 2010 zuwa 2016. 

An zabi Gladden a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Injiniya ta Kasa a cikin 2015 don gudummawa ga injiniyan sinadarai ta hanyar takamaiman aikace-aikacen hoto na magnetic resonance.

A lokacin Oktoba 2018 zuwa Yuni 2023 ta kasance shugabar zartarwa a EPSRC . 

## Ayyuka da bincike
Gladden ta fara aikinta a matsayin malami a Jami'ar Cambridge daga 1987 zuwa 1991.[1] An nada ta a matsayin mai karatu daga 1995 zuwa 1999, lokacin da aka inganta ta zuwa farfesa. [1] Ta kasance shugabar Sashen Injiniyan Chemical da Biotechnology, Jami'ar Cambridge har zuwa 1 ga Oktoba 2010. Ta kuma kasance mataimakiyar shugaban majalisa daga 1 ga Janairun 2010 har zuwa 1 ga Janairu 2016. [2] kuma ya kasance Fellow na Kwalejin Trinity, Cambridge tun 1999 . [3][4]

Gladden shine jagorar mai bincike a cibiyar binciken Magnetic resonance (MRRC) ta jami'ar. Ita ce shugabar kwamitin yanke hukunci na Kyautar Sarauniya Elizabeth don Injiniya. An nada Gladden a matsayin wanda ba babban darakta na Burtaniya ba a watan Maris na shekara ta 2015. 

### Daraja da kyaututtuka
Ita 'yar Chartered Chemist ce kuma Injiniya mai Chartered, Fellow na Cibiyar Injiniyoyin Chemical kuma Fellow na Institute of Physics (FInstP) kuma Fellow ne na Royal Society of Chemistry (FRSC). 

## Manazarta
Khadija Al Makhzoumi

**Khadija Mohamed Al-Makhzoumi**  jami'ar diflomasiyya ce kuma 'yar siyasa ta Somaliya. A halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin Ministar Ci gaban Iyali da Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam a Somaliya da kuma 'yar Majalisar Dokokin Tarayya ta Somaliya. Ta taɓa yin aiki a matsayin Jakadiyar Somaliya a Iraki da Pakistan.

## Aiki
Al-Makhzoumi ta shiga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Somaliya a shekarar 2008. A shekarar 2008–09, ta yi aikinta a matsayin Ofishin Hulɗa a Burtaniya, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Somaliya.  Daga shekarun 2010 zuwa 2011, ta yi aiki a matsayin Mai Ba da Shawara a Ofishin Jakadancin Somaliya da ke Malaysia. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

Daga shekarar 2011 zuwa 2013, Al-Makhzoumi ta yi aiki a matsayin Babbar Mai Ba da Shawara kan Siyasa ga Ministan Harkokin Waje na Somaliya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

Ita ce Jakadiyar Somaliya a Iraki, wacce ke ofishin jakadancin Somaliya da ke Baghdad.  An tura ta aiki a ofishin a ranar 2 ga watan Afrilu 2015.  Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin siyasa ga ƙungiyar Larabawa. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

Al-Makhzoumi ta yi aiki a matsayin Jakadiyar Somaliya a [[Pakistan]] daga shekarun 2016 zuwa 2022.  A lokacin da take matsayin Jakadar Pakistan, Al-Makhzoumi ta taka rawa wajen karfafa dangantakar ƙasashen biyu. Wani abin mamaki da aka samu shi ne sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dala miliyan 10.5 tsakanin Pakistan da Somaliya don aiwatar da tsarin tantancewa.  Wannan yarjejeniya, wacce aka sanya wa hannu a watan Mayu na shekarar 2018, tana da nufin inganta hanyoyin gudanarwa da inganta matakan tsaro a Somaliya. 

Al-Makhzoumi ta hau muƙamin [[Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi (Somalia)|Ministar Muhalli da Sauyin Yanayi]] a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta 2022, kuma tana da alhakin tsara da aiwatar da manufofi, dabaru, dokoki, da ƙa'idoji na muhalli a ƙasar.   A lokacin da take kan ƙaragar mulki ta ziyarci Finland don ƙarfafa "Haɗin Kan Yanayi" tsakanin ƙasashe. 

A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun 2025, Al-Makhzoumi ta hau kan muƙamin Ministan Ci gaban Iyali da Haƙƙin Dan Adam. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

## Kyaututtuka
Domin yaba wa gudunmawar Al-Makhzoumi wajen gina kawancen Pakistan da Somalia, kungiyar Diplomatic Insight Group ta ba ta kyautar. An kuma ba ta kyautar:

* Kyautar Jakadan Duniya 
* Kyautar Ci Gaban Afirka ta 2023

## Manazarta
Foelke Kampana

**Foelke Kampana** (1355 - kimanin 1418), wanda aka fi sani da **Foelke the Cruel**, **Fokelt tom Broke, Quade Folk, Fokeldis Kampana Fokelt tom Broke**, ko **Quade Folk**, ta kasance mai daraja 'yar Frisian.  Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai mulki a yankunan Frisian Oldeborg, Brokmerland, Auricherland da Emsigerland a Gabashin Frisia a shekara ta 1400 a lokacin rashin ɗanta Keno II da kuma a shekara ta 1417 a lokacin ƙaramin jikanta Ocko II .

An haife ta a Hinte, Foelke 'yar Frisian Kempo von Hinte ce, shugaban Westerburg van Hinte, kuma ta auri a shekara ta 1377 ga jarumin Frisian Ocko I tom Brok (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1389), ubangijin Oldeborg, kuma shugaban Brockmerland, Auricherland da Emsigerland a Gabashin Frisia.  A shekara ta 1389, mijinta ya mutu a yaƙin yaƙi a gefen ƙidayar Holland. Foelke ta yi ƙoƙarin taimaka musu, kuma ta tara rundunarta don taimaka masa, amma lokacin da ta isa, ya riga ya mutu. A lokacin da ba ta nan, wani maƙiyi ya kama Aurich, wanda ya tsare kansa a coci. Foelke ta sake kama Aurich tare da sojojinta ta kashe fursunoni ɗari biyu. Saboda ɗanta Keno har yanzu ƙarami ne, Widzel tom Brok, ɗan da ya tsufa ga marigayin mijinta, ya gaje mahaifinsa a matsayin sarki. A lokacin mulkinsa na shekaru goma, ya haɗa kai da Folkmar Allena, abokin gaba na gargajiya na mahaifinsa. Widmer ta mutu a cikin rikici a watan Afrilun 1399. Ɗanta, Keno na Biyu, a lokacin yana da rinjaye a shari'a. Foelke ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba shi shawara kan harkokin siyasa, har zuwa mutuwar Keno a 1417. Daga nan ta zama mai mulki na ɗan lokaci har sai da jikanta Ocko ya girma a wannan shekarar. Foelke ta mutu jim kaɗan bayan haka a Aurich kuma aka binne ta a can. 

Masanin tarihin kotu Eggerik Beninga (1490–1562), wanda yake da alaƙa da dangin Allena, waɗanda suka yi takara don samun iko tare da iyalan Tom Brok, ya gabatar da tatsuniyoyi da dama game da ita a cikin littafinsa Chronica der Fresen wanda ya sa ta zama abin koyi ga mugunta. Wasu daga cikin labaran sun yi kama da sun dogara ne akan munanan ayyukan da Keno II ya aikata, waɗanda aka mayar wa mahaifiyarsa mai ƙarfin hali. [1]

## Manazarta
Josef Rumler

**Josef Rumler** (20 ga Yulin 1922 a Chlumec nad Cidlinou - 1 ga Nuwamba 1999 a Prague) mawaki ne na Czech, mai sukar adabi, masanin tarihi, edita kuma mai fassara daga Harshen Polish da Esperanto.

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

* *Ya zo da yawa a gida* (1970) 
* *Hrnek ranního mléka* (1973) 
* *Výstup na horu Říp* (1978) 

## Manazarta
Eva Urbanová

**Eva Urbanová** (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1961) soprano ce ta Czech wacce ke da aiki a duniya tun 1987. Ta kasance babban mai zane-zane a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa a Prague tun 1990 kuma ta bayyana a matsayin mai zane-zanen baƙo a yawancin Gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na duniya, gami da La Scala a Milan da Metropolitan Opera a Birnin New York. Ta yi rikodin da yawa a kan lakabin kiɗa na Supraphon kuma an girmama ta da lambar yabo ta Thalia a 1993. A shekara ta 2003 Gwamnatin Faransa ta gabatar da ita tare da Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Urbanová a asibiti a Slaný, amma ƙauyen ta Zvoleněves ne inda ta girma. Daga baya ta koma Vrčeň, inda take zaune tun daga lokacin.

Ta yi karatun waka tare da Ludmilla Kotnauerová a Plzeň . Ta fara wasan kwaikwayo na farko a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1987 a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na J. K. Tyl a Plzeň, ta kasance a wannan gidan wasan kwaikwayo shekaru uku masu zuwa. Daga cikin rawar da ta nuna a wannan gidan sun hada da Amelia a cikin Un ballo in maschera na Giuseppe Verdi, Julie a cikin The *Jacobin* na Antonín Dvořák, da Milada a cikin *Dalibor* na Bedřich Smetana . 

## Manazarta
Miloslav Vlk

**Miloslav Vlk** ( [ˈmɪloslaf ˈvl̩k]; 17 ga Mayu 1932 - 18 ga Maris 2017) ya kasance prelate na Czech na Cocin Roman Katolika wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Archbishop na Prague daga 1991 zuwa 2010. An sanya shi kadinal a shekarar 1994. Ya kuma kasance Shugaban Majalisar Taron Bishops na Turai (1993-2001).

An haifi Vlk a Líšnice, wani ɓangare na gari na garin kasuwa na Sepekov, a cikin Gundumar Písek ta Kudancin Bohemia . Ya yi yarantakarsa a Záluží kusa da Chyšky, inda ya halarci makarantar firamare kuma ya sami aiki tuƙuru na aikin gona.

A lokacin da yake da shekaru 11, ya fara tunani game da firist. Wannan ra'ayi na farko na aikin firist ya zo masa saboda ya ji ƙalubalen musamman ta hanyar takarda da ke rataye a cocin Ikklisiya wanda ya ci gaba da jan hankalinsa. Hoton ya ce: 'Ba za ku so ku zama firist ba? '. Wannan burin ya zama kamar ba za a iya cimma shi ba a lokacin, don haka ya yi mafarki na zama matukin jirgin sama.

A ranar 20 ga Yuni 1952 ya wuce jarrabawarsa ta ƙarshe a makarantar sakandare a České Budějovice, Kudancin Bohemia . A cikin waɗannan shekarun tsanantawar Kwaminisanci karatun tauhidin ba zai yiwu ba, don haka daga 1952 zuwa 1953 ya yi aiki a masana'antar kera motoci ta Motor Union a České Budějovice kuma daga 1953 zuwa 1955 ya yi aikin soja a Karlovy Vary.

## Firist
A ranar 23 ga Yuni 1968, a lokacin 'Prague Spring', an naɗa shi firist yana da shekaru 36 kuma nan da nan aka nada shi sakatare ga Bishop Josef Hlouch na České Budějovice (1968-1971).

Hukumomin jihar, sun damu game da tasirinsa da aikin fastoci, sun tilasta masa a 1971 ya bar České Budějovice kuma suka tura shi zuwa Ikklisiyoyin Lažiště da Záblatí, waɗanda aka ware a kan duwatsun Bohemian Forest a cikin gundumar Prachatice. Daga 1 ga Nuwamba 1972 ya kasance firist na Ikklisiya a Rožmitál pod Třemšínem kuma a lokaci guda a Bohutín da Drahenice, a cikin gundumar Příbram . A can a shekara ta 1978, hukumomin jihar, tare da hadin gwiwar 'yan kwaminisanci na yankin, sun soke izininsa na jihar don yin hidimar firist.

### Ƙungiyoyin siyasa
Vlk ya kasance mai matukar sukar hauhawar ra'ayi na dama da xenophobic a Tsakiyar Turai, ya shiga zanga-zangar Yahudawa a 2007 lokacin da masu adawa suka shirya tafiya ta hanyar yankin Yahudawa na Prague a ranar tunawa da Kristallnacht . 

A ranar cika shekaru 41 da Warsaw Pact mamaye Czechoslovakia, Kadanal Vlk ya yi kira ga haramta Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Bohemia da Moravia, wacce a lokacin ita ce jam'iyyar siyasa ta uku mafi mashahuri a Jamhuriyar Czech bisa ga binciken ra'ayi.

## Manazarta
Josef Zezulka

**Josef Zezulka** (30 Maris 1912 - 13 Disamba 1992) masanin falsafa ne na Czech, mai warkarwa kuma wanda ya kafa horo na biotronics . Ya rubuta littattafan falsafa da yawa, wanda aka fi sani da shi shine *BYTÍ - EXISTENCE - Falsafa don Rayuwa*, wanda ya ƙunshi batutuwa kamar haihuwar sararin samaniya da rayuwarsa, juyin halitta na mutum, karma, cin ganyayyaki da kuzari na rayuwa.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Zezulka a Brno a ranar 30 ga Maris 1912, amma ya zauna a Prague duk rayuwarsa. Ya gudanar da shagon zaki kafin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. A lokacin yakin ya shiga cikin juriya ta Yamma, kuma bayan juyin mulkin Czechoslovak na 1948 an kwace shagonsa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai lissafi a Gidan Tarihi na Kasa kuma daga baya, sakamakon ci gaba da tsanantawa, a matsayin mai tsaron gidan kayan gargajiya.Mai warkarwa zai kafa tsarin warkarwa kuma zai ba da umarni ga magnetiser, wanda zai kara cika dakarun. Mai warkarwa zai ga mai haƙuri daga lokaci zuwa lokaci don ƙara ƙarfin da ya ɓace kuma ya daidaita rabo. Dangantakar za ta yi kama da ta tsakanin babban mai ba da shawara da likita a kan aiki. A lokaci guda, ana iya jagorantar magnetisers zuwa matakan da suka fi girma, don kammala kansu ko don ci gaba zuwa matakin mai warkarwa. Magungunan bioenergy wani yanki ne mai zaman kansa wanda ke ba da kiwon lafiya tare da sabbin dama don yaki da wasu cututtuka. Kamar magunguna da magunguna, likita na iya nuna sa hannun jiki kuma ya haɗa su da hanyoyin su.A shekara ta 1968, tare da taimakon Ministan Lafiya na Czechoslovak, Vlček, biotronics ya kusa shiga cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya na kasa, amma an katse shi da mamayar Agusta 1968 da sojojin Warsaw Pact suka yi. A cikin 1982 Josef Zezulka ya gudanar da bincike game da maganin biotronics a asibitin Vimperk, wanda Laboratory na Psychoenergetic na Farfesa Kahuda ke gudanarwa. Josef Zezulka ya yi amfani da hanyoyinsa galibi a cikin gidansa. Ya yi aikin warkarwa sama da shekaru 40.

Hukumomin kwaminisanci ba su yarda da laccocinsa game da falsafar wanzuwar ba, kuma sun faru ne mafi yawa a cikin gidaje masu zaman kansu. Ɗaya daga cikin banbanci shine jawabin da ya ba a Taron Kasa da Kasa kan Binciken Psychotronic da aka gudanar a Prague a 1973. An kuma buga litattafansa a kasashen yamma a cikin wallafe-wallafe daban-daban. An buga littattafansa na falsafa da addini ne kawai bayan 1989. Ya mutu a shekara ta 1992.

## Ayyukan bugawa
Kafin Nuwamba 1989 babu wani daga cikin littattafansa da za a iya buga shi a hukumance a Czechoslovakia. An ci gaba da buga su tun daga 1990 ta gidan wallafe-wallafen Tomáš Pfeiffer - Dimenze 2+2, Praha:

* ZEZULKA Josef, Bytí životní falsafa [BYTÍ - EXISTENCE - Falsafa don Rayuwa], Dimenze 2+2, 2012,  
* ZEZULKA Josef, Přednášky I [Lectures I], Dimenze 2+2, 2001,  
* ZEZULKA Josef, Přednášky II [Lectures II], Dimenze 2+2, 2014,  
* ZEZULKA Josef, Odpovědi [Answers], Dimenze 2+2, 2014,  

## Manazarta
Kim J. Henriksen

**Kim Jan Henriksen** (wanda aka fi sani da **Kimo**, an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 1960) mawaƙi ne kuma mawaƙi na Esperantist na Denmark. Daga mahaifiyarsa 'yar Poland, Bogumiła Maria Henriksen, da mahaifinsa dan Denmark, Kai L. Henriksen .  Ya koyi Esperanto tun yana yaro, ya zama sananne a cikin ƙungiyar matasa ta Esperanto da kuma duniyar kiɗa na Esperanto a cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990. Kim Henriksen da matarsa da aka haifa a Poland suna magana da Esperanto a gida kuma suna tayar da ɗansu a matsayin mai magana da Esperantu na ƙarni na biyu. Kyakkyawan kiɗa na Henriksen a madadin Esperanto da fahimtar al'adu ta hanyar kiɗa na dutse ya ba shi shahara a Turai da Amurka.

masanin harshe na Amurka Arika Okrent ya lura:

"[Henriksen] ya bayyana bai fahimci yadda ya zama mai magana da harshen da aka kirkira ba. Esperanto ita ce matsakaiciyar dangantakar iyayensa da dukan rayuwar gida ta iyalinsu.

Kafin ka fara yin fushi a madadinsa, ka san cewa yayin da yake girma yana da kyakkyawar hulɗa da duniya a waje da gidansa kuma ya koyi magana da Danish a matsayin ɗan asalin ƙasar. Amma ya dauki Esperanto a matsayin harshen mahaifiyarsa na gaskiya. Ga Kimo, Esperanto ya kasance cikakkiyar gaskiyar rayuwa ta hanyar da Polish zai kasance idan iyayensa biyu Polish ne. Kimo bai zaɓi koyon Esperanto ba, kuma ɗansa bai yi ba, amma kowa da kowa a taron ya yi. A wani wuri a kan hanyar da suka yanke shawarar cewa ya cancanci lokacin su don koyon wannan harshen mafarki na bututu."

## Ƙungiyoyin kiɗa
A shekara ta 1983, Henriksen ya kasance co-kafa kungiyar Amplifiki  (tare da Bertilo Wennergren da Micke Englund), wanda ya yi aiki a duk faɗin Turai a cikin shekarun 1980.  Ya kirkiro kuma ya raira waƙoƙin da suka fi shahara na ƙungiyar kiɗa ta Esperanto Sola . Wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Esperanto Desperado  a cikin 1996, ya kasance mawaƙi, guitarist da accordionist a cikin wannan rukuni.

A cikin kaka na shekara ta 2005 ya kafa Otal din Desperado tare da Brian Laustsen, Nis Bramsen da Mark Dziwornu daga cikin ƙungiyar Esperanto Desperado, ƙungiyar da har yanzu yake aiki tare da ita. Sauran mambobin ƙungiyar na yanzu sune Thierry Boisdon da David-Emil Wickström .  Kungiyar tana raira waƙoƙi a cikin harsuna da yawa - Danish, Turanci, Faransanci, Twi da mutane Espanya. Waƙoƙinsu sun haɗa da abubuwa na flamenco, Afro, blues, mutane, Balkan da ska.

## Manazarta
Paul Neergaard

**Pierre Paul Ferdinand Mourier na Neergaard** (Fabrairu 19, 1907 - Nuwamba 13, 1987) masanin ilimin gona ne na ƙasar Denmark, masanin ilimin halittu kuma masanin aikin gona. Paul Neergaard an dauke shi uban cututtukan iri kuma, tare da likitan cututtuken iri na Scotland Mary Noble sun kirkiro kalmar a cikin shekarun 1940.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Neergaard yana horo a fannin cututtukan iri a Jami'ar Royal Veterinary da Aikin Gona a Copenhagen, Denmark (B.Sc., 1932; Ph.D., 1935; Sc.D, 1945). Ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan Cibiyar Kula da Cututtukan Tsire-tsire ta Gwamnatin Denmark don Kasashe masu tasowa a Copenhagen . Daga 1956 zuwa 1974 ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin cututtukan shuke-shuke na Ƙungiyar Gwajin Sanyen Duniya (ISTA). A lokacin da yake shugaban ISTA, ya taimaka wajen daidaita hanyoyin gano ƙwayoyin cuta.

Neergaard ya rubuta wani rubutu mai nau'i biyu mai taken Seed Pathology (1977), wanda ya mayar da hankali kan batutuwan *Cututtukan iri* iri iri iri, daga muhimmancin tattalin arziki na cututtuken da ke dauke da iri zuwa kimantawar inoculum da ke dauke leken iri. Ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'auni da ma'aunin koyarwa don kimiyya na cututtukan iri a duk duniya. Tare da Mary Noble da Jo deTempe, ya samar da Annotated List of Seed-borne Diseases (4th edition, ISTA, 1990).

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

* Ciwon Sanyen (John Wiley & Sons, 1977) 
* Annotated *Jerin cututtukan da ke yaduwa da tsaba* (4th edition, ISTA, 1990) 
* *1. -15. Årsberetning fra J. E. Ohlsens Enkes plantepatologiske laboratorium*.

### A cikin Esperanto

* *An yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai kula da mutane*
* La vivo de la plantoj (Rayuwar shuke-shuke) 
* Terminaro Hortikultura (a cikin harsuna shida) 
* *Eta Krestomatio*
* *Tra Densa Mallumo*
* *Fremdvortoj a cikin Esperanto*
* *Scienco kaj Pseŭdoscienco pri Heredo kaj Raso* http://www.nodo50.org/esperanto/Libroservo/Heredokajraso.htm
* *Esperantologio kaj ya ɗaure Disciplinoj. Taskoj kaj Rezultoj*

## Manazarta
Gerrit Berveling

**Gerrit Berveling** (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1944, Vlaardingen) marubucin Esperanto ne na Dutch.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Ya yi karatun Harsunan gargajiya (Latin da Girkanci) a Jami'ar Leiden, da tauhidin a Jami'o'in Utrecht da Leiden. Bayan shekaru 14 na koyar da tarihin gaba ɗaya da harsuna na gargajiya, ya yi aiki na shekaru 14 a matsayin ministan Remonstrant a cikin al'ummomin Kirista masu sassaucin ra'ayi daban-daban, kuma yanzu yana koyar da harsunan gargajiya.

A cikin Esperanto an san shi a matsayin mawaki na Esperanto na asali, amma galibi a matsayin mai fassara daga Latin, Girkanci da Yaren mutanen Holland. Bayan haka, shi ne editan wani wallafe-wallafen Esperanto, Fonto, wanda ke bayyana kowane wata a Brazil.

Yana daya daga cikin Esperantists da yawa waɗanda suka shiga Esperanto Wikipedia. Tare da 'yan uwan Wikipedians John C. Wells da Bertilo Wennergren, sanannen masanin ilimin Esperanto  kuma darektan sashen Kwalejin game da ƙamus na Esperanto, Berveling memba ne na Kwalejin Esperanto.

## Ayyuka

### Fassara

#### Daga Latin

* **Antologio Latina** - Chapecó: Fonto (Serio Oriento-Okcidento; 30) - Littattafai biyu, tare 576 p.
* Catullus, Gaius Valerius: Amo malamo - Breda: VoKo,1991. - 24 shafi (VoKo-numeroj; 10)  
* Cicero, Marcus Tullius: La sonĝo de Skipiono (Marko Tulio Cicerono. Daga Latin ta Hjalmar Johannes Runeberg da Gerrit Berveling. - Breda: VoKo, 1994. - 24 p. (Voko-numeroj; 17) 
* **Cyprianus: La Unueco na Katolika Eklezio** - Zwolle: VoKo, 2006. - 44 p. (Voĉoj Kristanaj; 25) 
* El tiom da jarc__wol____wol____wol__:__ Latino poezio - Breda: VoKo, 1994. - shafi na 48 (VoKo-numeroj; 16) 
* Erasmus, Desiderius: Laŭdo de l'stulteco (Ilustr. na Hans Holbein the Younger Antaŭparolo: Humphrey Tonkin Enkonduko: Albert Goodheir). - Rotterdam: Universala Esperanto-Asocio, 1988. - 111 shafi: hoto.  (Mai tsanani Gabas-Okcidento; 24)   
* An samo asali ne daga littafin nan Romaj odoj. - 24 shafi (VoKo-numeroj; 9) 
* **Hus, Jan: Tsaron littafin pri la triunuo** - Breda: VoKo, 1989. - 18 p. (Vo^coj kristanaj; 18) 
* **Martialis, Marcus Valerius: Da mav' wadannan tafiye-tafiye!** - Breda: VoKo, 1991. - 20 shafi (Voko-numeroj; 14) 
* Farin ciki na Perpetua kaj Feliĉita - Breda: VoKo, 1996. - 28 p. (Voĉoj kristanaj; 24) 
* **Sallustius Crispus, Gaius: Konspiro na Katilino** - Chapecó: Fonto,1995. - shafi na 71.
* Seneca, Lucius Annaeus : La apokolokintozo na Ranar Klaŭdo - Breda: VoKo, 1990. - 24 p. (Voko-numeroj; 7) 
* Seneca, Lucius Annaeus : Konsolo al sia animal Helvia - Breda: VoKo, 1990. - 32 p. (Voko-numeroj; 8) 
* **Seneca, Lucius Annaeus <Philosophus>: Oktavia** - Antwerpen: Flandra Esperanto-Ligo, 1989. - 60 p. (Seriyo "Stafeto"; 9) 
* **Tertullianus, Quintus Septimus Florens: Apologio** (Gabatarwa, fassara da sharhi ta Gerrit Berveling. - Vlaardingen, 1980. - 95 p. (Voĉoj kristanaj; 2) 
* **Tertullianus, Quintus Septimus Florens: Kuraĝigo ta shahadar** - Vlaardingen: VoKo, 1986. - 12 p. (Voĉoj kristanaj; 12) 
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita. - 76 shafi (Voko-numeroj; 18)
Titus Brandsma

**Titus Brandsma** OCarm (  ; **Anno Sjoerd Brandsma** an haife shi; Fabrairu 23, 1881 A ranar 26 ga Yuli, 1942) firist ne na ƙasar Holan Carmelite kuma farfesa a fannin falsafa. Brandsma ya yi adawa da akidar Nazi sosai kuma ya yi magana a kai sau da yawa kafin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . An tsare shi a sansanin tsare mutane na Dachau, inda aka kashe shi a shekarar 1942.

Cocin Katolika ya yi wa Brandsma beatification a watan Nuwamba 1985 a matsayin shahadar bangaskiya kuma Paparoma Francis ya tsarkake shi a ranar 15 ga Mayu 2022.

## Rayuwa ta farko

An haifi Brandsma Anno Sjoerd Brandsma ga Titus Brandsma (ya mutu 1920) da matarsa Tjitsje Postma (ya mutu 1933) a Oegeklooster, kusa da Hartwerd, a Lardin Friesland a 1881.  Iyayensa, wadanda ke gudanar da karamin gonar madara, masu ibada ne kuma masu himma Katolika, 'yan tsiraru a yankin da ke da rinjaye a cikin Calvinist. Baya ga 'yar daya, duk 'ya'yansu (' ya'ya mata uku da' ya' ya'yan maza biyu) sun shiga tsarin addini.

Tun yana da shekaru 11, Brandsma ya ci gaba da karatun sakandare a garin Megen, a wani ƙaramin seminary na Franciscan don yara maza da ke la'akari da aikin firist ko na addini.

## Carmelite friar
Brandsma ya shiga noviciate na Carmelite friars a Boxmeer a ranar 17 ga Satumba 1898, inda ya ɗauki sunan addini "Titus" (don girmama mahaifinsa) wanda yanzu aka san shi da shi. Ya yi rantsuwa da alkawuran na farko a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1899.

An naɗa shi firist a cikin 1905, Brandsma ya kasance mai ilimi a cikin mysticism na Carmelite kuma an ba shi digiri na biyu na falsafar daga Jami'ar Pontifical Gregorian da ke Roma a cikin 1909. Daga 1909 zuwa 1923 ya zauna a Oss kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin marubuci da malami. Daga 1916 zuwa gaba, ya fara kuma ya jagoranci aikin fassara ayyukan Teresa na Ávila zuwa yaren Dutch. A shekara ta 1919 ya kafa kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban makarantar sakandare a Oss - a yau Titus Brandsma Lyceum

A cikin 1921, Brandsma ya yi aiki don warware gardama game da zane-zane na Belgium Albert Servaes na Stations of the Cross . Daga wannan ya fito da jerin tunani a kowane tashar 14.

## Manazarta
Andreo Cseh

**Andreo Cseh** (an haife shi **András Cseh**; 12 Satumba 1895 - 9 Maris 1979) ya kasance firist na Roman Katolika na Hungary-Dutch kuma Esperantist wanda aka fi sani da haɓaka **Hanyar Cseh**, hanyar kai tsaye ta koyar da Esperanto wanda ke jaddada aikin baki kuma yana guje wa fassara.

An haifi Cseh a ranar 12 ga Satumba 1895 a Marosludas, sannan wani ɓangare na Masarautar Hungary a cikin Austria-Hungary . Ya zama Esperantist a 1910 kuma an naɗa shi firist na Katolika a 1919.

A cikin 1920, yayin da yake Sibiu, ya haɓaka hanyar Cseh, sauƙaƙe, hanyar tattaunawa don koyon Esperanto. Saboda nasarar da ta samu, an gayyace shi zuwa Târgu Mureș sannan daga baya zuwa Cluj, inda ya shirya darussan Esperanto kuma ya taimaka wajen farfado da ƙungiyar Esperanto ta Romania. A shekara ta 1922, ya koma Bucharest, inda ya kafa  (Esperanto: Esperanto-Centro Rumana) tare da Henriko Fischer-Galați .

Cseh ya zama babban wakili ga Ƙungiyar Esperanto ta Duniya a 1921. A shekara ta 1924, ya sami izini daga bishop dinsa don ya keɓe kansa gaba ɗaya don inganta Esperanto. Ya taka rawar gani wajen shirya taron Esperanto World Congress da yawa, gami da wadanda ke Geneva (1925), Danzig (1927), da Budapest (1929). Hanyarsa ta sami karbuwa, kuma an gayyace shi ya koyar a duk faɗin Turai, gami da Sweden, inda ya jagoranci darussan a majalisa da kuma gayyatar hukumomin gida.

## Kaddamarwa da sake dawo da firist
Yayinda yake koyar da Esperanto a cikin Netherlands, Cseh ya fuskanci adawa daga J.D.J. Aengenent, bishop na Haarlem, wanda ya ki amincewa da darussansa a buɗe ga Katolika da Furotesta. Saboda wadannan damuwa, Aengenent ya yi amfani da ikonsa na coci don hana Cseh ci gaba da aikinsa a cikin diocese. Koyaya, saboda shingen harshe, Cseh bai fahimci umarnin ba kuma ya ci gaba da koyarwa, wanda ya haifar da soke aikin firist dinsa.

Shekaru da yawa daga baya, a cikin 1978, an yi ƙoƙari don dawo da matsayinsa. Tare da goyon bayan malamai na yankin, gami da Uba Genemans, da kuma amincewar Bishop Zwartkruis, an sake dawo da firist na Cseh a ranar 6 ga Janairun 1978. 

## Manazarta
Eckhard Bick

**Eckhard Bick** (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1958) ɗan asalin Jamus ne wanda ya yi karatun likitanci a Bonn amma yanzu yana aiki a matsayin mai bincike a ilimin lissafi. Ya kasance mai aiki a cikin ƙungiyar matasa ta Esperanto a Bonn da kuma a cikin Germana Esperanto-Junularo, ƙungiyar matasa ta esperanto ta ƙasa. Tun lokacin da ya auri wata mace Danish shi da iyalinsa suna zaune a Denmark.

## Ilimi
Bick ya sami digiri a Turanci (1983), Medicine (1984) da Pedagogics (1985) daga Jami'ar Bonn da kuma MA a cikin yarukan Arewacin Jamusanci da Portuguese daga Cibiyar Nazarin Harshe a Jami'ar Aarhus (1994-99). Bick ta dissertation project a cikin lexicography ya bayyana "Palavras", wani abin da ake kira ci gaba matakin parser da kuma dogaro da harshe ga Harshen Portuguese, duka biyu bisa ga wani restriction gramming paradigm kuma goyan bayan corpus-based Bincike. Rubutun ya bincika ilimin ƙamus na Portuguese, morphosyntax, syntax, semantics da parsing na semantic, da kuma ilmantarwa da fassarar kwamfuta.

## Ayyukan Esperanto
Tare da mai zane-zane na littafin Uta Hasekamp, shi ne co- marubucin Tesi, la testudo, wani Jamusanci Esperanto primer. Ya fassara littattafai, waƙoƙi da wasan kwaikwayo zuwa Esperanto, kuma ya buga wasannin Esperanto daban-daban. Shi ne kuma marubucin babban ƙamus na Esperanto-Danish tare da kusan kalmomi 35,000 (1990, 342 pp.). Tare da iyakar kwatankwacin Store Esperanto-Dansk Ordbog ("Great Esperanto-Danish Dictionary") na Lorenz Friis da Peter Frey (bugawa uku da aka buga a 1938, 1953 da 1969, tare da kusan 31,000 headwords), ƙamus na Bick ya fi zamani kuma a yau shine babban ƙamus na irin sa.

## Ayyukan ilimin harshe
Tun daga shekara ta 1996 Bick ya jagoranci aikin Ilimin Bayani na Harshe da Sadarwa a Jami'ar Kudancin Denmark, inda yake aiki a cikin ƙira da shirye-shiryen kayan aikin nahawu don Intanet. Har ila yau, yana gina ƙuntatawa da ƙuntatawa na tsarin magana don harsunan VISL, albarkatun ƙamus da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga. An san su da Treebanks, waɗannan corpora sun haɗa da nazarin ilimin lissafi ga kowane kalma; ƙungiyarsa ta VISL ta samar da irin wannan bayanan harshe da aka sake fasalinsa don harsuna 27 kuma, tare da hadin gwiwar GrammarSoft, wanda ke kasuwanci da fasahar, ya haɓaka masu amfani da ƙa'idodi da masu amfani da harsuna tara, gami da Turanci, Portuguese, Esperanto da yarukan Scandinavian.

## Manazarta
Georg Forchhammer

**Johannes Georg Forchhammer** (22 ga Mayu 1861 - 23 ga Yuli 1938) ya kasance malamin kurame na Danish, wanda ya kasance darektan Makarantun kurame da yawa a Nyborg da Fredericia daga 1891 zuwa 1926. An haife shi a cikin dangin malamai, a Aalborg, horo na farko a matsayin likitan sunadarai, ya koyar da kimiyyar lissafi na shekaru da yawa kafin ya fara aiki a matsayin malami kurma. Forchhammer ya haɓaka ɗaya daga cikin tsarin hannu na farko, hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita don koyar da yaren Danish ga ɗaliban kurame; an yi amfani da tsarinsa a cikin karni na ashirin, kuma daga baya aka daidaita shi don koyar da Jamusanci. Tsarin ya yi amfani da jerin siffofin hannu a ƙarƙashin gemu don nuna sautunan magana yayin da mutum yake magana, yana ba mai kallo ƙarin bayani game da furtawa.

## Iyali
Georg Forchhammer memba ne na iyalin Forchhamner, dan kasar Denmark  da kuma dangin ilimi  tare da tushe a Kudancin Jamus; Sebald Forchhamber, wanda ke da iyali da ya samo asali a Forchheim, Bavaria, ya kasance mai zinariya a Kiel a kusa da shekara ta 1640.  Iyalin suna da kasancewar a ciki da kewayen Denmark ta babban jikan Sebald, Thomas Forchhammer, firist na Ikklisiya a Rabenkirchen, Schleswig-Holstein, wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 1771;  ɗansa,  [de], ya kasance, kamar Georg, malamin makaranta,  ya kafa makarantu da kwalejoji da yawa a jihar.

## Ayyuka
Forchhammer ya kammala karatun sakandare a Makarantar Herlufsholm a 1879,  yana yin jarrabawar polytechnic a Chemistry a ranar 29 ga watan Janairun 1885, daga inda ya sami digiri na farko ()  da kuma cand.poly.  Daga 1 ga Satumba 1885 zuwa 1 ga Agusta 1886,  Forchhammer ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Carlsberg, kafin ya yi aiki azaman malamin kimiyyar lissafi;  ya kasance malami na ɗan lokaci (Danish: timelærer ) a Makarantar Metropolitan daga 1886 zuwa 1891, kuma ya koyar a Royal Danish Naval Academy daga 1888 zuwa 1891. Yayinda yake koyar da kimiyyar lissafi, ya rubuta littattafai biyu na makaranta tare da Julius Petersen: *Mekanisk Fysik* (1888) da *Astronomi* (1898).  A cikin 1903, Forchhammer ya kammala digiri na Doctor of Philosophy a Jami'ar Copenhagen, yana karewa rubutun "A kan Bukatar Tsaro na Sadarwa a Ilimi na Kurame-Mute. Tare da Dubi Aikin su na baya" (Om Nødven curze af Meddelelses i Døvstummeundervisningen. 

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Forchhammer ya auri Karen Marie Groth, 'yar kyaftin din Eiler Peter Christopher Munthe Groth, a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1888; an haifi ɗansu, Eiler,  a shekara ta 1890. Kamar mahaifinsa, Eiler ya yi karatu a Herlufsholm kuma ya zama malami na kurame, daga baya ya koyar a makarantun kurame a Nyborg da Fredericia. Karen Groth ta mutu a shekara ta 1920,  tare da Forchhammer ya mutu a ranar 23 ga Yuli 1938 a Ordrup.

## Manazarta
Mirin Dajo

**Arnold Gerrit Henskes** (6 ga Agusta 1912)&nbsp;– 26 ga Mayu 1948), wanda aka fi sani da sunan **Mirin Dajo**, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne ɗan ƙasar Holland.  Ya shahara da huda jikinsa da abubuwa iri-iri ba tare da wata matsala ba, har ma ya ba wa likitocin mamaki a lokacin.  

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haife shi a Rotterdam, Henskes ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana da mafarkai masu ban mamaki da abubuwan "paranormal" a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa. Zai ci gaba da fara aiki a cikin Beaux Arts, yana jagorantar kamfanin ƙira a cikin shekaru ashirin. Lokacin da ya cika shekaru 33, ya yi iƙirarin ya fahimci cewa jikinsa "ba za a iya cutar da shi ba". A sakamakon haka ya bar aikinsa ya tafi Amsterdam. Daga baya zai yi iƙirarin cewa ya sami kuɗi ta hanyar barin mutane su soke jikinsa da "abubuwa masu kama da wuka", da kuma haɗiye gilashi da razor blade.

## Ayyuka
Dajo, wanda ya shahara da "huda jiki" mai tsauri, ya kuma ɗauki lacca mai ban mamaki a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na aikinsa. Da yake ya ga ** &#x5D; mutane su yi watsi da ra'ayin duniya na son abin duniya su yarda cewa akwai wani ƙarfi mafi girma, "Tushen". Dajo ya yi iƙirarin cewa Allah yana amfani da shi, ta hanyar rashin ƙarfinsa, don ya nuna mana akwai wani abu mafi kyau a can. Ya yi imanin cewa son abin duniya kawai yana haifar da wahala da yaƙi. 

• An yi amfani da shi a cikin littafin nan "Little of the Bible".

• An yi amfani da shi a cikin littafin nan.

• Wunder Mirin Dajo, Luc Bürgin, 2004, 

• An yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai suna "Little of the World"

## Manazarta
Julia Isbrücker

**Julia Catharina Isbrücker-Dirksen** (22 Satumba 1887 - 14 Janairu 1971) ta kasance 'yar asalin Holland ce, memba mai daraja na Ƙungiyar Esperanto ta Duniya (UEA), memba na Kwamitin Tsakiya na Duniya da kwamitin jarrabawa, memba na Kungiyar Soroptimist,  shugaban kungiyar a The Hague kuma matar mataimakin shugaban UEA Johannes Rijk Gerardus Isbrückers. 

## Ayyuka
Isbrücker ta kasance Esperantist daga 1909, jim kadan bayan ta rubuta littafin Esperanto tare da ɗan'uwanta. Ci gaban motsi ya amfana daga shirin da ta yi na gayyatar Taron Duniya na 12 a shekarar 1920 zuwa Hague, kamar yadda a wannan lokacin bayan yakin duniya na ya kasance da wahala a sami birni mai dacewa don karbar bakuncin taron duniya. Ta shirya taron Interfaith na kasa da kasa a Hague a 1928, wanda aka kafa tare da Andreo Cseh Cibiyar Cseh ta Duniya a 1930 (daga baya Cibiyar Esperanto ta Duniya). A cikin tsarin ta ta shirya darussan, tarurruka, darussan lacca da sauran abubuwan da suka faru. Farawa a 1923, ita ce kuma shugabar farko ta ƙaramar kungiyar Universal Esperantist Pacifist League (Einar Dahl ta kasance shugaban daga baya). 

A cikin 1931 magajin garin Arnhem (Netherlands) ya ba da babban gida tare da wurin shakatawa, inda cibiyar ta kafa gidan Esperanto. Godiya ga Isbrücker ya zama Cibiyar Esperanto ta Duniya, inda shirye-shirye iri-iri, darussan, tarurruka da tarurruka, galibi na kasa da kasa, suka faru akai-akai.

Isbrücker kuma memba ne na kwamitin jarrabawa, memba ne na Kwamitin Tsakiya na Duniya (ICK), shugaban kungiyar Esperanto ta Hague "Fine ili venkos", ta jagoranci darussan kuma ta ba da laccoci a wasu bangarorin da ba Esperanto ba. A shekara ta 1939 ta zama sakatariyar sabuwar kwamitin Dutch da aka kafa don aikace-aikacen Esperanto, wanda membobinta sune magajin garin The Hague da daraktocin banki, ofishin yawon bude ido, PTT, Philips da KLM.

## Ayyuka

* Rahoton Majalisar Dokoki ta Jama'a (1951) 
* Ayyukan jarrabawar Esperanto na Vertaalde (1931) 
* Wereldvrede a cikin Esperanto (A cikin: Jubileumboek 1926-1931) 
* Ayyukan jarrabawar Esperanto (1922) 
* Ayyukan jarrabawar Esperanto don difloma A da B tare da fassara (1934) 
* Vertaalde Esperanto-examinationopgaven (1923) 

* Julia Isbrücker Pioniro de Esperanto, Vienna, 2021 (Esperanto da Turanci). 

## Manazarta
Jan Knippers Black

**Jan Knippers Black** (10 ga Maris, 1940 - 15 ga Agusta, 2021)  ya kasance farfesa ne na Amurka na 'Yancin Dan Adam, Kasa da Kasa da Siyasa ta Yammacin Yamma, 'Yancin Mata, da Globalization a Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa da Kasa ta Middlebury a Monterey. 

## Tarihin rayuwa
Black ya kasance kwararre a cikin ci gaban kasa da kasa da kasa, siyasa ta kasa da kasa ta kwatanta, da manufofin kasashen waje na Amurka. Black ya jagoranci shirye-shiryen kare hakkin dan adam na Cibiyar Middlebury na tsawon shekaru ashirin. Black ta sami digirinta na PhD daga Makarantar Sabis ta Duniya a Jami'ar Amurka. Ta yi aiki a kwamitin daraktoci a Amnesty International daga 2011 zuwa 2019.

Black shine marubucin littattafai sama da goma sha biyu waɗanda ke nazarin siyasar duniya da haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ta kuma yi aiki a kan kwamitocin gudanarwa da ba da shawara sama da goma sha biyu, kamar Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Kungiyar Kimiyya ta Siyasa ta Duniya kan Harkokin Jama'a da Soja; Shirin PHD Fellowship na Gidauniyar Amurka ta Amurka; da Shirin Nazarin Duniya na Jami'ar Jihar California, San Jose. 

A cikin 2018, an ƙaddamar da Asusun Jan Knippers Black Fund for Human Rights Protection don inganta jerin masu magana, lambar yabo ta tsofaffi, da kuma shirin MIIS-Amnesty International USA Fellowship Program.

## Littattafai

* (2010). *Siyasa ta Kare Hakkin Dan Adam*, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers INC,  
* (1999). Rashin daidaito a cikin ƙauyen duniya: Magana da aka yi amfani da su da kuma mutanen da za a iya zubar da su, Kumarian Press,  
* (1986). *Jamhuriyar Dominica: Siyasa da Ci gaba a cikin Ƙasar da ba ta da iko*, Unwin Hyman,  
* (1986). Sentinels of Empire: Amurka da Latin Amurka Militarism, Praeger,  

## Manazarta
Marc van Oostendorp

**Marc van Oostendorp** (pronunciation Dutch: [ˈmɑr (ə) k fɑn ˈoːstra (n) dɔr (ə)) p]; an haife shi 15 Disamba 1967 a Rotterdam)  masanin Harshe ne kuma Esperantist. Daga shekara ta 2004 ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sharhi na mako-mako kan ilimin harshe na Rediyo Noord-Holland . Tun daga shekara ta 2007, ya yi bincike kan microvariation na phonological, dialectology da Interlinguistics. A halin yanzu yana aiki a Jami'ar Radboud  a Nijmegen.

A cikin Flanders da Netherlands, an san van Oostendorp a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa ga Genootschap Onze Taal ("Society for our language"). Ya yi aiki tare da marubucin Belgium Erik Dams don samar da *Taalpost*, wata wasika ta imel sau uku a mako-mako kan batun harshe gabaɗaya da Yaren mutanen Holland musamman.

## Takaitaccen tarihin rayuwa

Oostendorp ya sami BA a cikin wallafe-wallafen Dutch da ilimin harshe daga Jami'ar Leiden a 1987. Daga Jami'ar Tilburg ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin lissafi da ilimin harshe na gaba ɗaya (1991) da kuma digirin digirinsa a fannin ilimin harshe (1995). 

A cikin 1995, a kan samfurin Gutenberg, ya kafa Project Laurens Janszoon Coster, ɗakin karatu kyauta na bugu na lantarki na wallafe-wallafen gargajiya na Dutch. Don taimakawa yada ilimin harshe, da sauran abubuwa, a cikin 1996 ya tattara jagora don taimakawa mutane su ƙirƙiri shafukan gida a Intanet.

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

* 2011: *Abokin Blackwell zuwa Phonology* . [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] na Marc van Oostendorp [et al.]. Jirgin sama guda biyar. [Hasiya]  
* 2005: Ƙungiyar Cikin Gida ta Sashen Phonological . [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Marc van Oostendorp da Jeroen van de Weijer. Berlin, Mouton De Gruyter. ISBN &nbsp;
* 2000: *Tsinkaya na Phonological. * A Theory of Feature Content and Prosodic Structure Berlin, Mouton De Gruyter, shafuka 396. ISBN &nbsp;

## Manazarta
Bertha van Heukelom

**Bertha van Heukelom** (ya mutu a shekara ta 1322), ɗan ƙasar Holland ne mai daraja, fitacciyar jarumar Siege na IJsselstein Castle a 1296. Ita ce 'yar Otto I van Arkel ubangijin Heukelom ( fl. 1254-1283) kuma ta yi aure a kusa da 1280 zuwa Gijsbrecht van IJssel1 . 

A shekara ta 1296, Hubrecht van Vianen na Culemborg ya tsare mijinta a Culemborg a matsayin mai biyayya ga Gundumar Holland, a rikicin yankin da ke faruwa tsakanin Holland da bishop na Utrecht a wancan lokacin. Bertha ta kare fadar daga mamayar da Culemborg ta yi mata a lokacin da aka daure mijinta. Melis Stoke ya ba da rahoton kare kanta a cikin littafinsa na Rijmkroniek kuma ya mai da ita jarumar yankin. [1]

## Manazarta
Agnes Hotot

**Agnes Hotot** ( fl. 1395) wata fitacciyar mace ce 'yar Ingila da aka sani da yin faɗa da mashi. A cewar Arthur Collins, a rubuce-rubucensa a shekarar 1741, wani malamin addini da ba a bayyana sunansa ba ya rubuta cewa Hotot ya maye gurbin mahaifinta a cikin faɗa bayan ya yi rashin lafiya, yana ɓoye kansa a matsayin namiji, kuma ya bayyana ainihin asalinta ne kawai bayan ya doke abokin hamayyarsa daga kan dokinsa. Lokacin da Hotot daga baya ya auri dangin Dudley na Clapton, Northamptonshire (yanzu Clopton ), Dudleys sun yi bikin tunawa da nasarorin da ta samu da sabon zane wanda ke nuna wata mace sanye da kwalkwali na yaƙi.

Labarai na zamani game da labarin Agnes Hotot sun canza kuma sun haɗa shi da labarin fatalwar Clopton na "Skulking Dudley", inda suka zana Agnes a matsayin 'yar kirki ga wani mutum mai lalata daga dangin Dudley. A cikin wannan sigar, Agnes ta maye gurbin mahaifinta a cikin faɗa bayan ya yi kamar yana rashin lafiya cikin tsoro. Ta ƙare ta auri abokin hamayyarta.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Agnes Hotot matashiya ce gada a gidan Hotot.   Mahaifinta shine Sir John Hotot. 

Mahaifin Hotot ya shiga cikin takaddama da wani mutum mai suna Ringsley, kuma domin a sasanta lamarin, sun shirya yin faɗa da mashi . Amma jim kaɗan kafin fafatawar, mahaifin Hotot ya kamu da ciwon gout, don haka "maimakon ya rasa ƙasar, ko kuma ya sha wahala a matsayinsa na mutum", Hotot ta ɓoye kanta cikin sulken mahaifinta ta yi faɗa a madadinsa a gasar . Ta buge Ringsley daga kan dokinsa.    Yayin da abokin hamayyarta ke kwance a ƙasa, Hotot ta cire kwalkwalinta ta sauke gashinta don bayyana ainihin asalinta.   Wasu labarai sun ce ta kuma cire ƙirjinta don fallasa kanta a matsayin mace.  

A shekara ta 1395, Hotot ya auri Dudleys na Northamptonshire na Clapton  (wanda yanzu shine Clopton   ). Iyalan Dudley sun ƙirƙiri sabon kambun don tunawa da nasarar Hotot, wanda ya haɗa da "ƙugunta, gashinta a kwance, ƙirjinta a buɗe, hular kwano a kanta, tare da mannewa a wuyanta ko wuyanta", kuma iyalan Dudley sun nuna wannan kambun tsawon shekaru da yawa bayan haka.     Wani malamin addini a ƙauyen Clapton ne ya rubuta labarin Hotot.  

Karin labaran zamani game da Hotot sun haɗa labarinta da tatsuniyar "Skulking Dudley": wani mutum daga dangin Dudley wanda, bayan an yi zargin ya aikata kisan kai a shekarun 1300, ya koma ya mamaye mazauna ƙauyen Clopton a farkon ƙarni na 20. A cikin wannan sigar ta zamani, Agnes 'yar Skulking Dudley ce; mahaifinta ya yi wa wani mai fili laifi, sannan ya yi kamar yana rashin lafiya don ya tsere daga faɗan, kuma Agnes ta maye gurbinsa don ceton mutuncin iyali. Duk da cewa ta sha kashi a faɗan, abokin hamayyarta ya gano asalinta, ya ceci rayuwarta, ya aure ta. [1]

## Manazarta
Bergljot Håkonsdatter

Bergljot 'yar Haakon Sigurdsson ce (kimanin 937–995) Jarl na Lade kuma mai mulkin ƙasar Norway daga kusan 975 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 995. Bergljot ya auri Einar Thambarskelfir (kimanin 982-1050) a cikin auren siyasa. Sun zama iyayen Eindride Einarsson (wanda ya rasu a 1050). Mijinta yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan sarakuna a ƙasar kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan sarauta a lokacin mulkin Sarki Magnus nagari (1035–1047).   

A shekara ta 1046, Magnus ya naɗa kawunsa Harald Hardrada a matsayin sarkin Norway. A shekara mai zuwa, Magnus ya mutu, Harald kuma ya zama Sarkin Norway tilo. Daga baya, Einar ta fara yaƙi da Sarki Harald wanda ba shi da farin jini kuma azzalumi. Lokacin da aka kashe mata da ɗanta bisa ga umarnin sarki Harald a shekara ta 1050, Bergljot ya tara sojoji. Sun kai hari ga gidan sarauta don kashe sarkin a matsayin ramuwar gayya, amma a lokacin ya riga ya gudu. Daga ƙarshe Sarki Harald ya sami nasarar yin sulhu kuma ya tabbatar da cewa iyalin sun miƙa wuya ga sauran mulkinsa. [1] [2]

## Manazarta
Gülnar Hatun

**Gülnar Hatun** (wanda aka fi sani da **Büyük Ece**, kimanin 731-769) mace ce 'yar asalin Turkiyya. (Hatun a zahiri lakabi ne da ke nufin "mace".) Ba a san komai game da ita ba.

## Rayuwa
An haife ta a shekara ta 731 ga Yahşi da matarsa Duru. A cewar wani rahoto da ba a samu ba, iyalan sun fito ne daga wani reshe na dangin Göktürk . Iyalinta suna ƙauyen Dörtkuyu kusa da Merv, wanda yanzu yake a Turkmenistan . Merv tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Umayyad kuma Turkawa a Merv suna yaƙi da tilasta wa mutane yin wa'azi. Janar Nasr ibn Sayyar, shugaban Umayyad, ya kashe kakannin Gülnar da saurayinta Yirbağı a lokacin mulkin Khalifa Marwan na Biyu . Duk da cewa Abbasid ya maye gurbin Umayyad da Umayyad a shekara ta 750, a farkon shekarun mulkin Abbasid, manufofin Abbasid ba su bambanta da na Umayyad ba. Bayan an kashe Yırbağı shi ma, Gülnar tare da wata babbar ƙungiyar 'yan adawa ta tsere zuwa Al-'Awasim, wani yanki mai tsaro tsakanin Daular Abbasid da Byzantine, wanda yanzu yake a kudancin Turkiyya . A al Awasim, Gülnar ta fara yaƙi da Abbasids kuma a shekara ta 769 aka kashe ta a lokacin wani rikici a kusa da Gülek Pass (Ƙofofin Cilician na zamanin da).

## Gado
A shekarar 1950, an sake wa garin Hanaypazar na Turkmen da ke Lardin Mersin suna Gülnar .  Yanzu Gülnar cibiya ce ta gunduma. A cewar wani ra'ayi, garin (wanda yanzu yake makwabtaka da Gülnar) an kuma sanya wa Büyükeceli suna bayan Gülnar Hatun (wanda kuma aka sani da Büyük Ece). 

## Manazarta
Ida Königsmarck

**Ida Henningsdotter Königsmarck** (ta mutu a shekara ta 1450), ta kasance fitacciyar 'yar ƙasar Sweden kuma mai riƙe da kambun yaƙi, wacce aka santa da kare ta na Kastelholm Castle da ke kan Åland a ƙasar Sweden Finland a lokacin Tawayen Engelbrekt a shekara ta 1433.

Ita 'yar mai martaba ce Henning Königsmarck (dc 1415), wani fitaccen Bajamushe ɗan gudun hijira kuma mai ba da shawara ga Sarki Eric na Pomerania, kuma 'yar'uwar Gwamna Bengt Königsmarck na Kalmar; don haka ita ce goggon uba ga Kristina Königsmarck . Ta auri fitaccen Tomas Von Vitzen (c. 1381-1416) da farko, sannan ta biyu ga Bengt Pogwisch (c. 1432). Mijinta na biyu ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Sarki Eric daga Holstein kuma mai riƙe da fief Castle na Kastelholm, kuma bayan mutuwarsa a 1432, ta karɓi mukaminsa na mai riƙe fief.

A shekara ta 1433, 'yan tawaye sun kewaye gidan sarautar a lokacin Tawayen Engelbrekt. An bayyana tsaron gidan sarautar a cikin *[[Karlskrönikan]]* ('Charles Chronicle') kuma ya zama tatsuniya:

Wasu majiyoyi sun yi iƙirarin cewa ɗanta Otto Pogwisch ne ya shirya tsaron kuma ya miƙa wuya ga 'yan tawayen.

## Manazarta

* Engelbrecht Engelbrechtssons Tarihi, Eric Tundeld, 1784
* Svenskt biografiskt lexikon, band 21.
* Königsmarck, släkter, urn:sbl:11939, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon, hämtad 2017-12-26.
* http://www.wisthbf.se/slott-torp/allmaent/Rosman-BS-del1-281.pdf