Botany

**Botany**, wanda kuma ake kira  , **ilmin halitta** ko **phytology**, shine kimiyyar rayuwar shuka kuma reshe ne na ilmin halitta.  Masanin ilmin halitta, **masanin** **kimiyyar tsirrai** ko **phytologist** masanin kimiyya ne wanda ya kware a wannan fanni. Kalmar “botany” ta fito ne daga kalmar Ancient Greek  (*botanē*) ma'ana "kiwo", "'ganye" "ciyawa", ko "fodder";  shi kuma ya samo asali ne daga  (  ), "ciyarwa" ko "don kiwo".    A al'adance, botany ya kuma haɗa da nazarin fungi da algae ta masana kimiyyar mycologists da phycologists bi da bi, tare da nazarin waɗannan rukunoni guda uku na kwayoyin halitta da suka rage a cikin yanayin sha'awar Ƙungiyar Botanical ta Duniya. A zamanin yau, masana ilmin halitta (a cikin tsattsauran ma'ana) suna nazarin kusan nau'ikan shuke-shuke 410,000 wanda wasu nau'ikan 391,000 daga cikinsu tsire-tsire ne na jijiyoyin jini (ciki har da kusan nau'ikan tsire-tsire na furanni 369,000),  kuma kusan 20,000 su ne bryophytes.

Botany ya samo asali tun kafin tarihi a matsayin herbalism tare da ƙoƙarin ɗan adam na farko don gano kuma daga baya noma tsire-tsire waɗanda ake ci, masu guba, da yuwuwar magani, wanda ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙoƙarin farko na binciken ɗan adam. Lambunan ilimin halitta na zamanin da, galibi ana haɗe su zuwa gidajen ibada, sun ƙunshi tsire-tsire masu yuwuwar samun amfanin magani. Sun kasance masu gaba da lambunan dabbobi na farko da aka haɗe zuwa jami'o'i, waɗanda aka kafa tun daga 1540s gaba. Daya daga cikin na farko shine lambun Botanical na Padua. Waɗannan lambuna sun sauƙaƙe nazarin ilimin shuke-shuke. Ƙoƙarin ƙasidar da bayyana tarin su shine farkon tsarin harajin shuka, kuma ya jagoranci a cikin shekarar 1753 zuwa tsarin binomial na nomenclature na Carl Linnaeus wanda ya kasance yana amfani da shi har yau don sunan duk nau'ikan halittu.

A cikin ƙarni na 19th da 20th, an ɓullo da sababbin dabaru don nazarin shuke-shuke, ciki har da hanyoyin da kuma rayayyun kwayoyin halitta, microscopy electron, nazarin lambar chromosome, sunadarai na shuka da tsari da aikin enzymes da sauran sunadarai. A cikin shekaru ashirin da suka wuce na karni na 20, masana ilmin halittu sun yi amfani da dabarun nazarin kwayoyin halitta, ciki har da genomicsda kwayoyin halitta da jerin DNA don rarraba tsire-tsire daidai.

Ilimin  halittu na zamani babban jigo ne mai fa'ida  tare da gudummawa da fahimta daga galibin sauran fannonin kimiyya da fasaha. Batutuwan bincike sun haɗa da nazarin tsarin shuka, girma da bambance-bambance, haifuwa, Biochemistry da na farko metabolism, samfuran sinadarai, haɓakawa, cututtuka, alaƙar juyin halitta, tsarin, da taxonomy na shuka. Mahimman jigogi a cikin kimiyyar tsirrai na ƙarni na 21 sune kwayoyin halittar, genetics da epigenetics, waɗanda ke nazarin hanyoyin da sarrafa maganganun kwayoyin halitta yayin bambanta ƙwayoyin tsirrai da tissuei. Binciken Botanical yana da aikace-aikace daban-daban a cikin samar da abinci mai mahimmanci, kayan kamar katako, mai, roba, fiber da magunguna, a cikin aikin gona na zamani, noma da gandun daji, yaduwar shuka, kiwo da gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta, a cikin haɗin sunadarai da albarkatun ƙasa don gini samar da makamashi, a cikin kula da muhalli, da kuma kula da bambancin halittu.

## Manazarta