Jacob Kuhangua

**Jacob Kuhangua** (1933–?) ɗan ƙasar Namibiya ne kuma mai adawa da mulkin mallaka wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a yunkurin samun yancin kai. Ya kasance memba wanda ya kafa kungiyar mutanen Kudu maso yammacin Afirka (SWAPO) a shekarar 1960 kuma ya zama babban sakatare na farko.  Ya kasance makusanci na Sam Nujoma kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fara yunkurin kishin ƙasa kasa a faɗin Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma. Kuhangua ya taimaka wajen tsara tushen akida da kungiyanci na gwagwarmayar ‘yantar da ƙasar, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen Namibiya na farko da suka kai ƙara a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan ‘yancin ƙasar.    Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin babban jami'in gudanarwa a Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma kafin Namibiya ta samu 'yancin kai.

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Rayuwar farko
An haifi Yakubu Kuhangua a cikin shekarar 1933 a Ovamboland kuma Ofishin Jakadancin Anglican Saint Mary ya karantar da shi. Ya fara aikinsa a matsayin malamin makaranta sannan ya yi aiki a matsayin magatakardar mulkin mallaka. A tsakiyar 1950s, ya shiga Underground *Mandume Movement* tare da abokai na gaba kamar Sam Nujoma, Louis Nelengani, da Lucas Nepela, suna inganta juriya da farko ga mulkin mallaka na Afirka ta Kudu.

### Aikin siyasa
Aikin siyasa Kuhangua ya fara ne a tsakiyar shekarun 1950 a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu, inda yake aiki a ƙarƙashin tsarin kwangila. A cikin shekarar 1957, yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Ovamboland People's Congress (OPC), tare da Andimba Toivo ya Toivo, Jariretundu Kozonguizi, Emil Appolus, Andreas Shipanga, da sauransu. A shekara mai zuwa, Ya Toivo ya aike da koke ga Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya don nuna adawa da take hakkin ɗan Adam a tsarin aikin kwangila da kuma mamayar da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta Afirka ta Kudu ta yi wa Afirka ta Kudu ba bisa ka'ida ba.  Waɗannan al'amura sun kai ga korar ma'aikatan kwantiragin Namibiya da yawa daga Cape Town. An mayar da Kuhangua zuwa Afirka ta Kudu maso yammacin Afirka kuma an ajiye shi a Windhoek, inda nan da nan ya shiga harkokin siyasa. A matsayinsa na wanda ya kafa OPC, Kuhangua ya taka rawa wajen rikiɗewa zuwa kungiyar jama'ar Ovamboland (OPO) a watan Afrilun 1959.  An zaɓe shi a matsayin Sakatare-Janar na OPO kuma ya jagoranci reshen Windhoek na OPO na farko a Old Location tare da Sam Nujoma. 

A cikin watan Satumba na shekarar 1959, an kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Afirka ta Kudu (SWANU) a matsayin laima ga ƙungiyoyi masu adawa da mulkin mallaka ciki har da OPO. Sakamakon haka, Kuhangua ya zama memba na kwamitin zartarwa.  Kuhangua, tare da shugabannin OPO da SWANU, sun shirya kauracewa ƙaramar hukuma wanda ya kai ga Tsohuwar Location a ranar 10 ga watan Disamba 1959. Bayan boren, OPO ya fuskanci matsin lamba daga hukumomin ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu, waɗanda suka sanya ido sosai kan harkokin siyasarta. Daga baya an kama Kuhangua kuma aka tura shi Ovamboland.  A shekara mai zuwa a cikin watan Fabrairu, shugaban OPO Sam Nujoma da mataimakin shugaban ƙasa Louis Nelengani sun yi gudun hijira ta Botswana zuwa Tanzaniya. Kuhangua ya kasance mai fafutuka a siyasance a Ovamboland, yana taka rawa wajen sauya shekar OPO zuwa kungiyar Jama'ar Afirka ta Kudu (SWAPO) a watan Afrilun 1960. An sake zaɓen shi a matsayin Sakatare-Janar ba ya nan kuma ya ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gudanarwa da diflomasiyya a SWAPO a farkon shekarun tafiyar. 

A watan Agusta 1960, ya tsere ya tafi gudun hijira a Angola, Zambia, Tanzania, da Habasha. Ya isa New York kuma ya shiga Sam Nujoma, Jariretundu Kozonguizi, Mburumba Kerina, da Rev. Michael Scott a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Ya kasance a New York yana aiki a matsayin mai shigar da ƙara na SWAPO ga Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. A wannan lokacin, ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Lincoln da ke Amurka.  A ranar 23 ga watan Nuwamba, 1962, ƙasar Amirka ta gudanar da taron tattaunawa game da manufofinsu kan Afrika ta Kudu ta Yamma. Taron ya shafi Kuhangu da Nujoma.  A cikin shekarar 1965, ya wakilci SWAPO a matsayin mai sa ido a Kotun Duniya ta Hague, tare da Nujoma da Emil Appolus.  Ya ci gaba da zama a birnin New York a matsayin mai shigar da ƙara na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na SWAPO har sai da ya koma Tanzaniya a shekarar 1966, bayan da kungiyar haɗin kan Afrika ta amince da SWAPO a matsayin halaltacciyar wakiliyar al'ummar Namibiya.

### Shekaru a Tanzaniya, SWAPO "zamanin rikici"
Bayan kafuwarta na yau da kullun, SWAPO ta sami ci gaba cikin sauri, wanda tallafin ƙasa da ƙasa ke jagoranta tsakanin shekarun 1960 zuwa 1965. Wannan faɗaɗa ba zato ba tsammani ya haifar da abin da wasu suka bayyana a matsayin "lokacin rikici" a cikin jam'iyyar. Gwagwarmayar cikin gida ta samo asali kan jagoranci, alkibla, da akida, wanda siyasar geopolitics ta yakin cacar baka ta yi tasiri.

A cikin shekarar 1966, Jacob Kuhangua ya ziyarci sansanin horar da sojoji na Kongwa na SWAPO don magance masu ɗaukar shirin PLAN. A cikin jawabin da ya yi mai cike da cece-kuce, ya nuna shakku kan jajircewar shugabancin SWAPO na fafutukar neman yancin kai, yana mai cewa dabara ce kawai ta samun goyon bayan ƙasashen duniya. Kuhangua ya jaddada cewa makomar Namibiya ta dogara ne kan masu ilimi da ƙwararrun mutane, kuma ya ƙarfafa masu horarwa da su fifita karatu fiye da horar da sojoji. Wannan ya haifar da martani daga kwamandojin PLAN, waɗanda suka zargi Kuhangua da sauran su da yin zagon ƙasa ga yunkurin ‘yantar da su. 

Rikici tsakanin SWAPO ya ƙaru saboda rarrabuwar kawuna a yakin cacar baka. Kuhangua, wanda ya yi karatu a Amurka, ya kasance mai sukar Tarayyar Soviet da gurguzu, yayin da mataimakin shugaban SWAPO Louis Nelengani, wanda aka horar da shi a cikin USSR, yana da ra'ayi na gaba da Yammacin Turai. Wannan ɓaraka ta akida ta haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna a tsakanin 'yan ƙasar Namibiya da ke gudun hijira, inda ya raba su zuwa gamayyar kungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da akidu masu goyon bayan ƙasashen yammaci ko kuma na Tarayyar Soviet. A cikin shekarar 1968, waɗannan tashe-tashen hankula sun ƙare a cikin wani tashin hankali lokacin da Nelengani ya daba wa Kuhangua wuƙa a baya da wuƙar dafa abinci a Dar es Salaam.  Harin ya bar Kuhangua wani ɓangare ya gurgunce saboda lalacewar jijiya. Abokansa da ke Amurka sun shirya masa jinya a ƙasashen waje, amma raunin da ya samu ya sa shi kan keken guragu, wanda hakan ya kawo ƙarshen rayuwarsa ta siyasa. 

A shekarun 1969-70 SWAPO Consultative Congress a Tanga, Moses ǁGaroëb ya maye gurbin Kuhangua a matsayin Sakatare-Janar na SWAPO saboda yanayin lafiyarsa.  Daga baya Kuhangua ya koma ƙasar Namibiya, inda ya kwashe shekarunsa na ƙarshe a asibitin jihar Oshakati da kuma cibiyar gyara ELCIN kafin rasuwarsa. 

## Manazarta