Miriam Benjamin

**Miriam Elizabeth Benjamin** (16 ga Satumba, 1861 - 1947) malamar makaranta ce kuma mai ƙirƙira ta Amurka. A shekara ta 1888, ta sami takardar izinin mallakar Gong da Signal Chair na Otal-otal, inda ta zama mace ta biyu 'yar asalin Amurka da ta karɓi takardar izinin mallakar.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Miriam Benjamin a Charleston, South Carolina a shekarar 1861.   

A shekara ta 1873, iyalan Benjamin suka ƙaura zuwa Boston, Massachusetts,  inda ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata kuma ta kammala karatunta a shekara ta 1881. Bayan kammala karatunta, ta karɓi matsayin don zama Mataimakiyar Mata ta Biyu a Cibiyar Stanton, Jacksonville, Florida.  An naɗa Benjamin a matsayin Babban Jami'in Ilimi na Gundumar Duval. 

A lokacin da take aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta, Benjamin ta halarci makarantar likitanci ta Jami'ar Howard tsakanin 1894 da 1895.   Bayan ta ci jarrabawar aikin gwamnati mai gasa da kuma aiki a matsayin magatakardar gwamnati a wasu sassan tarayya,  ta sami horon shari'a, wataƙila ta hanyar karanta doka a ƙarƙashin umarnin lauya, ko kuma ta hanyar halartar makarantar lauya, kuma ta zama lauya. 

## Sana'a
Daga 1888 zuwa 1895, Benjamin malami ne a Washington, DC,  a cikin tsarin makarantun gwamnati daban-daban. A 1888, tana zaune a 1736 New York Avenue, NW a Washington. 

A ranar 17 ga Yuli, 1888,  ta sami takardar izinin mallakar fasaha ta ƙirƙira, Gong da Signal Chair for Otal-otal.   Kamar yadda sunansa ya nuna, kujera tana da gong da sigina da aka haɗa da ita.  Lokacin da mutumin da ke kan kujera ya danna ƙaramin maɓalli a gefen kujera, zai yi ƙararrawa ya nuna gefen ja na ƙwallo a bayan kujera,    yana ba wa mai hidima damar ganin wanda yake buƙatar taimako. An tsara kujera don rage kashe kuɗi ta hanyar rage buƙatar masu hidima da masu hidima, da kuma "don kawar da buƙatar tafa hannu ko kira da ƙarfi" don neman taimako.  Benjamin ya yi iƙirarin cewa za a buƙaci har zuwa rabin ko kashi ɗaya bisa uku na masu hidima, da kuma yanayin da ke canzawa zuwa natsuwa da kwanciyar hankali ga masu ziyara (wanda ya inganta kujera sosai a otal-otal). 

Kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka, Benjamin ya kuma yi niyyar ƙirƙirar wannan ƙirƙira ta zama mai amfani ga majalisun dokoki,  kuma ta ƙara fatan wannan zai haɗa da Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka, kuma ta yi kira da a amince da shi.    An kafa wani tsari makamancin haka amma mafi rikitarwa a cikin 1895 ta Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka.   Ƙirƙirar ta kuma kasance wani abu da ya zama ginshiƙin tsarin siginar da ake amfani da shi a cikin jiragen sama don fasinjoji su nemi taimako daga masu hidimar jirgin sama .  

Haka kuma a shekarar 1895, William A. Hemphill, tsohon magajin garin Atlanta, Georgia kuma a lokacin, manajan kasuwanci na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Atlanta, ya shirya taron Auduga da na Ƙasashen Duniya, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin wani yunƙuri na tallata Kudancin Amurka ga duniya da kuma nuna kayayyaki da sabbin fasahohi, da kuma ƙarfafa ciniki da Latin Amurka . Kasashen Auduga da na Ƙasashen Duniya sun gabatar da nunin kayayyaki daga jihohi da dama, ciki har da sabbin abubuwa daban-daban a fannin noma da fasaha da masana'antu. An nuna baƙaƙen fata a matsayin wani ɓangare na taron, inda Booker T. Washington na Cibiyar Tuskegee ya gabatar da jawabinsa na farko a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 1895 wanda aka fi sani da taron Atlanta Compromise wanda ya yi ƙoƙarin haɓaka haɗin gwiwar launin fata, kuma an kira shi "ɗaya daga cikin jawabai mafi mahimmanci da tasiri a tarihin Amurka."  "Ginin Negro" ya ƙunshi nunin kayayyaki daga cibiyoyin ilimi daban-daban kamar Tuskegee da Cibiyar Hampton da kuma wasu samfuran ƙirƙira daga Baƙaƙen Amurkawa, bisa ga Ofishin Patent . Daga cikin samfuran akwai Benjamin's Gong da Signal chairman. Da alama tana ƙoƙarin tallata amfani da shi a rayuwarta ta sirri, domin an bayyana shi a matsayin "wanda wani majiyyaci a asibiti yake amfani da shi, ko kuma wanda ke jira a tashar jirgin ƙasa [wanda] zai iya kiran mai hidima daga ɗaki da ke kusa ba tare da yin hayaniya ba. Mai ƙirƙira ya yi iƙirarin cewa za a buƙaci rabin ko kashi ɗaya bisa uku na masu hidima kuma za a ɗaukaka shi sosai a cikin kwanciyar hankali da kwanciyar hankali na marasa lafiya da baƙi." 

Bayan haƙƙin mallaka na shugaban Gong da Signal na shekarar 1888, Benjamin ya ci gaba da samun haƙƙin mallaka. Lokacin da ta koma Boston a shekarar 1900, ta kira kanta "mai gabatar da haƙƙin mallaka," kuma an sanya ta a matsayin lauya a kan aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka na ɗan'uwanta a shekarar 1893.  A shekarar 1903, an ruwaito cewa ta yi haƙƙin mallaka na'urar yin ado mai ruwan hoda .  A ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1917, ta sami haƙƙin mallaka na Amurka mai lamba 1,249,000 don Takalminta na Sole for Footwear. An yi nufin wannan ƙirƙira ta taimaka wajen daidaita yanayin zafi a ƙafa. 

A ƙarƙashin sunan da aka fi sani da **EB Miriam**, Benjamin ya kuma tsara waƙoƙin kiɗa, waɗanda suka haɗa da waƙoƙi da jerin waƙoƙin piano da mawaƙa. A shekarar 1895, mujallar *Women's Era* da ke Boston ta ruwaito "Miss Miriam Benjamin ta rubuta wani jerin waƙoƙi wanda yanzu haka yake kasuwa, 'Boston Elite Quickstep.' Ƙungiyar Sousa ce ta buga shi, kuma Ross na West Street, wannan birni ne ya buga shi. Mawallafin ya yi matuƙar farin ciki da hakan har ya ba da shawarar ɗaukar duk wani aikin Miss Benjamin na gaba. Af, an buga marubucin a matsayin EB Miriam."  Ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin nata an yi amfani da shi a yakin neman zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Theodore Roosevelt a shekarar 1904.  

A shekarar 1920, ta koma Boston, inda take zaune kuma ta yi aiki tare da ɗan'uwanta, lauya Edgar P. Benjamin.  Tare da Sarah Boone, Ellen Eglin, da Sarah E. Goode, Benjamin yana ɗaya daga cikin mata 'yan Afirka-Amurka huɗu da suka ƙirƙiro sabbin fasahohi a gidan. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Yan'uwanta mata su ne Charlotte D. "Lottie" Benjamin (1863–1928, m. Walter W. Sampson, 1889, ba su da yara) da Eva S. Benjamin (1867–73). Ɗan'uwanta Lyde Wilson Benjamin (1865–1916) lauya ne kuma mai ƙirƙira. A ranar 16 ga Mayu, 1893, ya sami lambar mallakar Amurka mai lamba 497,747 don inganta "Masu Moisteners and Bridles." Ƙaninta Edgar Pinkerton Benjamin (1869–1972) ya kammala karatunsa daga makarantar shari'a ta Jami'ar Boston kuma ya yi aiki a cikin sirri mai nasara a birnin Boston. Duk da cewa an fi tunawa da shi da kafa Resthaven Nursing Home (yanzu Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Benjamin) a Roxbury, Massachusetts, ya kuma sami lambar mallakar Amurka mai lamba 475,749 don "Wanduna-Garkuwa," ko kuma, faifan kekuna, a ranar 31 ga Mayu, 1892.

Miriam Benjamin ba ta taɓa yin aure ba. A mafi yawancin rayuwarta tana zaune tare da mahaifiyarta Eliza Jane (Hopkins) Benjamin (1840–1934) a yankin Boston.  Ta rasu a shekarar 1947. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin Masu Ƙirƙira da Masana Kimiyya 'Yan Afirka-Amurka
* Jadawalin abubuwan da Amurka ta ƙirƙira

## Ƙarin karatu

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## Manazarta