Helen Freedhoff

**Helen Sarah Freedhoff** (9 ga Janairu, 1940 - 10 ga Yuni, 2017) masanin kimiyyar lissafi ne na Kanada wanda ya yi nazarin hulɗar haske tare da ƙwayoyin halitta. Ta sami digirin digirin digirinta a Jami'ar Toronto a shekarar 1965 kuma ta kammala karatun postdoctoral a Kwalejin Imperial a London. Freedhoff ita ce mace ta farko da aka nada a matsayin farfesa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar York da ke Toronto, kuma an yi imanin cewa ita ce kawai farfesa a kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyya a Kanada a lokacin.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
Helen Freedhoff an haife ta Helen Sarah Goodman a Toronto a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1940.  Iyayenta sune Ethel (Kohl) da Sholom Goodman kuma tana da 'yan'uwa maza biyu, David da Irving .  Sunan laƙabi shi ne "Henchy". 

A shekara ta 1957 ta kammala karatu daga Harbord Collegiate Institute, makarantar sakandare ta jama'a tare da yawancin ɗaliban Yahudawa da tarihin sanannun tsofaffi da yawa a baya. Binciken aikin ilimi a kimiyya ya kasance mai ban mamaki ga wata mace a Arewacin Amurka a cikin shekarun 1950 bayan yakin, inda samari suka shiga kimiyya da yawa kuma an matsa mata su bude hanya. A Harbord, duk da haka, Freedhoff bai fuskanci adawa ba, yana tunawa da "A makarantar sakandare ba a taɓa same ni cewa dole ne in yi wauta don samun kwanan wata. Babu wanda ya taɓa hana ni da gaske. Malaman da gaske sun ƙarfafa ni, kuma babu wanda ya koya mini cewa akwai wani abu mara kyau da samun aiki".

Freedhoff ta shiga cikin Mathematics, Physics, da Chemistry stream a Jami'ar Toronto, ɗaya daga cikin mata kusan 10-15 daga cikin dalibai 120 na shekara ta farko. Da farko tana da niyyar karatun lissafi, ta gano cewa ta fi son kimiyyar lissafi. Freedhoff ita ce kadai mace a shekarunta zuwa manyan fannin kimiyyar lissafi, ta kammala karatu tare da mafi girman maki kuma an ba ta lambar yabo ta Gwamna Janar. Ba ta jin rashin jin daɗi ta hanyar kasancewa mace kaɗai ba, kuma ta ji cewa zai iya zama fa'ida ta fito fili.

Freedhoff yana da ayyukan bazara a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Harold Johns. Johns ya kasance majagaba na ilimin kimiyyar kiwon lafiya, yana haɓaka maganin radiation na cobalt don ciwon daji a cikin shekarun 1940. Kodayake ta ji daɗin lokacin da take can, kuma tana da sha'awar aikin da Harry Welsh ke yi a kan lasers, aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ba ƙarfinta ba ne. Jan Van Kranendonk, masanin kimiyyar lissafi, ya yi wa Freedhoff wahayi zuwa gare ta,  wanda ya ƙarfafa ta ta gudanar da karatun digiri a ƙarƙashin kulawarsa. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ta sadaukar da aikinta ga abin da ta bayyana a matsayin "farin bincike na kimiyya"  da koyarwa. "Kimiyyar kimiyya ta asali, "ta rubuta, "hakika babban nau'in al'ada ne, ba kasa da kiɗa ko adabi ba saboda yana da amfani".

## Ayyuka da bincike
Kodayake mata sun sami kusan kashi 20% na digiri na digiri na biyu da Jami'ar Toronto ta bayar a fannin kimiyyar lissafi tsakanin 1890 da 1933, Freedhoff ita ce mace ta biyu da ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyya bayan 1934 a Jami'ar toronto, bayan Olga Mracek Mitchell a shekarar 1962.  Freedhoff ta sami digirinta na PhD a shekarar 1965 tare da wata takarda mai taken Theory of dipole-dipole interaction in coherent radiation processes. Mata an ba su kashi 5% kawai na digiri na kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Toronto tsakanin 1960 da 1975.

An ba Freedhoff kyautar postdoctoral ta Majalisar Bincike ta Kasa ta Kanada, tana aiki a Kwalejin Imperial, London, daga 1965 zuwa 1967.  Ta yi nazarin hanyoyin gano siffofin kwayoyin da aka kama a cikin karafa tare da spectroscopy, aikin da Ofishin Binciken Kimiyya na Sojan Sama na Amurka ya tallafawa.

Yayinda take Landan, ta rubuta wa sashen kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar York da ke Toronto tana tambaya game da damar aiki. A shekara ta 1967, an nada ta mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a can, farfesa a matsayin mace ta farko a jami'ar a fannin ilimin lissafi kuma an yi imanin cewa ita ce farfesa a Kanada kawai a fannin ilmin lissafi a wannan lokacin.

Baya ga shekara ta sabbatical a Sashen Physics na Technion, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Isra'ila a Haifa daga 1986, [1] Freedhoff ta kasance a Jami'ar York har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a shekara ta 2005, bayan ta buga takardun bincike sama da 40.[2][3][4] Ta kuma yi aiki tare da masana kimiyyar lissafi a Ostiraliya, wanda ya haifar da Terry Rudolph ya gudanar da karatun digirinsa a karkashin kulawar Freedhoff a cikin shekarun 1990.[5][6] Shi farfesa ne a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a Kwalejin Imperial, kuma tare da Matthew Pusey da Jonathan Barrett, ɗaya daga cikin masu haɓaka PBR theorem, wani muhimmin ci gaba a cikin injiniyan lissafi mai suna ga marubutan sa uku.[7][8] Rudolph, wanda shi ne jikan Erwin Schrödinger, ya gabatar da daya daga cikin yabo a jana'izar Freedhoff.[9][10]

## Manazarta