open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Isabella na Aragon, Sarauniyar Faransa

**Isabella ta Aragon** (  1247)&nbsp;– 28 Janairu 1271), ta kasance Sarauniyar Faransa  daga 1270 zuwa 1271 ta hanyar auren Philip na Uku na Faransa . 

## Rayuwa
Isabella ita ce 'ya ta takwas kuma ƙaramar 'yar Sarki James na ɗaya na Aragon [1] da matarsa ta biyu, Violant of Hungary . [2] Ba a rubuta ainihin ranar haihuwarta ba, amma tabbas an haife ta a ƙarshen 1247 ko farkon 1248 tunda mahaifinta, wanda ke tallafawa gidan ibada na Santa María de Sigena da kuɗi, ya tsara a cikin wasiyyarsa a watan Janairun 1248 cewa idan ya sami wani ɗa, ya kamata ya zama jarumi Templar kuma idan yaron 'ya mace ne, ya kamata ta shiga Santa María de Sigena a matsayin mai hidimar zuhudu. Tabbas an yi watsi da wasiyyar kafin haihuwar Isabella saboda ta yi aure. [1] [1]

A ranar 11 ga Mayu, 1258, aka ƙulla yarjejeniyar Corbeil tsakanin mahaifin Isabella da Sarki Louis na IX na Faransa . A matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar, an shirya auren aure tsakanin ɗan Louis na biyu, Philip, da Isabella, ƙaramar 'yar James na ɗaya.  An yi auren a ranar 28 ga Mayu, 1262 a birnin Clairmont (wanda a yanzu ake kira Clermont-Ferrand ); a lokacin, Philip ya riga ya zama magajin gadon sarautar Faransa saboda mutuwar babban ɗan'uwansa, Louis, a 1260.

Bayan ta raka mijinta da surukinta a Yaƙin Yaƙi na Takwas da aka yi da Tunis a watan Yulin 1270, Isabella ta zama sarauniyar Faransa a wata mai zuwa bayan mutuwar Sarki Louis na IX. A kan hanyarsu ta komawa gida, yayin da suke ketare kogin Savuto kusa da Martirano a Calabria, a ranar 11 ga Janairun 1271 ta faɗi daga dokinta : tana da ciki na watanni shida da ɗanta na biyar, ta haifi ɗa da wuri, wanda ya mutu jim kaɗan bayan haka. Da farko an kai ta gidan sarauta na Martirano sannan aka kai ta Cosenza, ta gaji da zazzaɓi, Isabella ta mutu a can a ranar 28 ga Janairun 1271 tana da shekaru 24. Mutuwarta ta kasance mummunan rauni ga mijinta, musamman tunda tana da juna biyu.

Saboda ta mutu nesa da ƙasarta, an yi amfani da dabarar jana'izar *Mos Teutonicus* a kan Isabella.  Da farko, an binne ta a Cosenza Cathedral tare da jaririnta,  sannan a cikin babban gidan sarauta a Basilica na St Denis .  Kabarin Isabella, kamar sauran mutane da yawa, an ƙazantar da shi a lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa a watan Agusta 1793.

An tuna ƙarshen Isabella mai ban tausayi a cikin *Laudi* na mawaƙi Gabriele D'Annunzio .

## Batun

# Louis (1264)&nbsp;–1276), magajin gadon sarautar Faransa daga 1270 har zuwa mutuwarsa
# Filibus na Huɗu (1268)&nbsp;–1314), Sarkin Faransa 
# Robert (1269)&nbsp;–1271).
# Charles, Ƙidayar Valois (1270)&nbsp;–1325).
# ɗa wanda aka haifa a Stillborn (Janairu 1271).

## Manazarta
Rosalia Nghidinwa

**Rosalia Annette Nghidinwa** (26 Oktoba 1952 - 14 Janairu 2018) 'yar siyasar ƙasar Namibiya ce. 

An haife ta a Nkurenkuru, yankin Kavango, Nghidinwa ta shiga SWAPO a shekarar 1974 tana da shekaru 22. Ma'aikaciyar lafiya ce ta sana'a, Nghidinwa ta gudanar da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da dama a yankin Okavango da cocin Evangelical Lutheran a Namibia (ELCIN). Ta wakilci ELCIN a taron duniya na Lutheran a shekarar 1987 kuma ta yi aiki a majalisar gudanarwa ta Cocin daga shekarun 1991 zuwa 1996. 

Ta kasance 'yar majalisar dokokin ƙasar Namibia tun daga shekarar 2000. Ta kuma shiga majalisar ministocin Namibia bayan an naɗa ta mataimakiyar ministan kwadago da walwalar jama'a daga shekarar 2000 zuwa 2005. A shekarar 2005 aka ɗaukaka ta zuwa ministar harkokin cikin gida da shige da fice, kuma a watan Disamba na shekarar 2012 aka mayar da ita kan ma'aikatar daidaiton jinsi da walwalar jama'a (Namibia).  

An bai wa Nghidinwa kyautar Mafi Kyawun Order of the Eagle a shekarar 2003.  Ta auri Sam Nghidinwa wanda ya mutu a watan Fabrairun 2009. Suna da 'ya'ya 6.  Nghidinwa ta mutu a wani asibiti a Windhoek a ranar 14 ga watan Janairun 2018 bayan ta kamu da cutar kansa. 

## Manazarta
Virginie Guyot

Kwamanda **Virginie Guyot** (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga Disamba 1976 a Angers ) matukin jirgin yaƙi ne na Armée de l'Air wanda ya sami nasara a tarihi a karon farko lokacin da aka naɗa ta shugabar Patrouille de France, inda ta zama mace ta farko a duniya da ta jagoranci ƙungiyar masu nuna isa da motsa jiki .

Jikin Hateur: 1,58

## Sana'a
Bayan ta kammala karatun sakandare da kuma *darussan* kimiyya a Prytanée Militaire, wata makarantar sakandare ta soja mai ci gaba, Virginie Guyot ta shiga *[[Makarantar iska da sararin samaniya|Ecole de l'Air]]*, makarantar jami'an sojojin sama na Faransa, a shekarar 1997. Bayan kammala karatunta, ta shiga sansanin horar da matukan jirgin sama a Tours .

Ta sami fikafikan matukin jirgin yaƙi a shekarar 2002, shekaru uku kacal bayan Caroline Aigle, mace ta farko da ta kai wannan matsayi a tarihin Armée de l'Air. An tura ta zuwa Mirage F1-CR a cikin Escadron de leken asiri 2/33 Savoie .

Tana aiki a Chadi, Tajikistan da Afghanistan . Tun daga shekarar 2007, *Chef d'escadron* (shugaban runduna) aka ƙara mata matsayi zuwa *Kwamandan* ( Manjo ) a shekarar 2009.

A lokaci guda kuma, ita ce mace ta farko da ta shiga Patrouille de France, ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin ƙungiyoyin nuna wasanni mafi ƙwarewa a duniya,  inda aka naɗa ta kai tsaye a matsayin *Charognard* (mataimakiyar shugaba). A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 2009, ta zama mace ta farko, kuma zuwa yanzu, da ta jagoranci wata babbar ƙungiyar masu sha'awar motsa jiki.

Bayan aikinta a Patrouille de France (babu wanda zai iya zama shugaba na fiye da shekara guda), tana shirin shiga *Etat-manjor* (Ma'aikatan Sojan Sama).

## Manazarta
Jacqueline Guerroudj

**Jacqueline Netter-Minne-Guerroudj** (27 Afrilu 1919 &#x2013; 18 Janairu 2015)  mace ce 'yar Faransa da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa a matsayin wacce ta taimaka wa Fernand Iveton a lokacin Yaƙin Aljeriya .  Ba a taɓa kashe ta ba, wani ɓangare saboda wani kamfen da Simone de Beauvoir ta gudanar a madadinta. 

An haife ta ne daga dangin Yahudawan Alsatian masu arziki a Rouen a shekarar 1919. Ta isa Algeria a shekarar 1948 a matsayin matar Pierre Minne, farfesa a fannin falsafa.  Ta sake yin aure a shekarar 1950 da Abdelkader Guerroudj (wanda aka yi wa laƙabi da "Djilali"), wani mai fafutuka a FLN. A ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1957, an yanke wa 'yar Guerroudj hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 7 a gidan yari ta hanyar aurenta na farko, Danièle Minne, ta hanyar kotun hukunta yara ƙanana.  Guerroudj ya mutu a ranar 18 ga Janairu, 2015 a Algiers, Algeria.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Jacqueline Netter a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 1919 a Rouen, cikin dangin masu kuɗi, 'yan kasuwa. Kakanninta Yahudawa ne na Alsatian-Lorrain waɗanda suka zauna a Rouen a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya. Mahaifinta manajan inshora ne kuma kwamishina na bikin baje kolin Rouen da nunin kayayyaki. Ta karanci falsafa da shari'a.

Ta auri Pierre Minne, malami kamar ita kuma Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Faransa . An haifi 'yarsu, Danièle Djamila Amrane-Minne, a shekarar 1939. A shekarar 1942, saboda asalinta na Bayahudiya, an tsare ta a kurkuku a hannun Nazism . Abin farin ciki, tare da taimakon mijinta, masu fafutukar kwaminisanci da kuma wani firist, ta sami damar tserewa zuwa yankin 'yanci don gujewa korarta.

Jacqueline, mijinta da 'yarsu sun ƙaura zuwa Senegal, inda mijinta, ma'aikacin gwamnati a tsarin ilimin Faransa, malamin falsafa ne a Kwalejin de Slane da ke Tlemcen.  An kore su a shekarar 1947 sakamakon gwagwarmayar Pierre ta kin mulkin mallaka da kuma tsarin da ya kafa na da'irar falsafar Marxist. 

A shekarar 1948, iyalan Minne suka tafi koyarwa a Algeria . Sun zauna a yankin Tlemcen, da farko a Chetouane (a lokacin Négrier), sannan a Aïn Fezza inda Jacqueline malamar makarantar firamare ce. Bayan ta sake yin aure, Jacqueline Netter ta sake yin aure a shekarar 1950 da Abdelkader Guerroudj, wata mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta Aljeriya kuma shugabar makarantar da take koyarwa. A watan Afrilun 1955, an kori Jacqueline da Abdelkader Guerroudj saboda ayyukansu. Bayan sun shafe watanni a Faransa, sun koma Algiers kuma daga Janairun 1956 ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar Combattants de la libération da Saadi Yacef . An kama ta a ranar 4 ga Janairu, 1957 saboda haɗin kai a yunƙurin da ya gaza na dasa bam ɗin da ba shi da rai ga Fernand Iveton, wanda shi ne kaɗai ɗan ƙasar Turai da aka kashe. [1] An yanke mata hukuncin kisa (kamar mijinta) aka kuma tsare ta a gidan yari a Rennes. An yafe mata da mijinta, tare da Djamila Bouazza da Djamila Bouhired, a ranar 8 ga Maris, 1962.

Ita ce ta farko a cikin mata shida da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa saboda ayyukan "ta'addanci" a lokacin yakin Algeria. Ita ce ta farko a cikin mata shida da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa saboda ayyukan "ta'addanci" a lokacin yakin Algiers . 

## Ayyukan da aka buga

* 

## Manazarta
Anna Nghipondoka

**Ester-Anna-Liisa Shiwomwenyo Nghipondoka** (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga watan Yuni 1957) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar ƙasar Namibia kuma memba a SWAPO. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Ilimi, Fasaha da Al'adu daga watan Maris 2020 zuwa ranar 21 ga watan Maris 2025 bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar minista tare da irin wannan matsayi tun daga shekarar 2015. A shekarar 2021 a ƙarƙashin ma'aikatarta an aiwatar da sabon manhajar ilimi, mai suna Advanced Subsidiary (AS). Ta ƙara da cewa a shekarar 2022 "sabon manhajar ba ta da kyau".  Nghipondoka ta kuma ƙarfafa malamai su rungumi sabon manhajar duk da ƙalubalen da take fuskanta. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Nghipondoka a ranar 13 ga watan Yuni, 1957 a wani ƙauye mai suna Ohakweenyanga, kusa da Ongwediva a Ovamboland (yanzu yankin Oshana). An yi wa Nghipondoka ilimi a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ilimi ta Bantu, inda ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban baƙar fata da suka cancanta waɗanda za su iya zuwa jami'o'i marasa farar fata, malamai ko cibiyoyin horar da fasaha a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu, domin babu jami'o'i a Namibia.

Ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin ilimi (wacce ta ƙware a fannin ilimi mai haɗaka) daga Jami'ar Western Cape, ta samu digiri na farko a fannin ilimi (wacce ta ƙware a fannin buƙatun ilimi na musamman), digiri na farko a fannin fasaha tare da babban fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam daga Jami'ar Fort Hare, da kuma takardar shaidar malanta ta ƙaramar sakandare. 

## Aiki
Kafin ta shiga siyasa, Nghipondoka malama ce, shugabar makaranta kuma darektan ilimi na yankin Oshikoto sannan daga baya yankin Omusati sannan ta yi aiki a matsayin mukaddashiyar shugaban hukumar horar da Namibia (2013-2014). 

Ministar ilimi Anna Nghipondoka ta zama 'yar majalisar dokoki ta ƙasa a shekarar 2015 kuma an naɗa ta mataimakiyar ministar ilimi, fasaha da al'adu. A shekarar 2020, shugaba Hage Geingob ya ƙara mata matsayi a matsayin minista. 

## Manazarta
Sophia Shaningwa

**Sophia Shaningwa** (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga watan Mayu 1959 a Outapi )  'yar siyasa ce 'yar ƙasar Namibia, a halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin sakatare janar na jam'iyyar SWAPO.

## Ilimi
Shaningwa ta bar Namibia zuwa gudun hijira a watan Mayun 1980 kuma ta sami horon soja a matsayin mayaƙiyar Rundunar 'Yantar da Jama'a ta Namibia (PLAN). Ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Horar da Malamai ta Ivanova a Tarayyar Soviet. 

## Aikin siyasa
An naɗa Shaningwa gwamnan yankin Khomas a shekara ta 2004.  Daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin gwamnan yankin Omusati.  A shekara ta 2014, an zaɓe ta a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa.  Ta taɓa yin aiki a Kamfanin Gidaje na Ƙasa kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin kansila a Windhoek West. 

Shaningwa ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Ci Gaban Birane da Karkara daga ranar 21 ga watan Maris 2015 zuwa watan Fabrairu 2018 a gwamnatin Shugaba Hage Geingob.  A wannan lokacin, Samlam ta ba wa ma'aikatarta ceki don kawar da tsarin bayan gida na bokiti, saboda ana kyautata zaton tsafta da tsafta babban ƙalubale ne a yankunan karkara.  A shekarar 2017, an zaɓi Shaningwa a matsayin sakatare janar na SWAPO.  Shaningwa ta ci gaba da wannan matsayi a shekarar 2022, inda ta kayar da Kodinetan Yankin Oshikoto SWAPO Armas Amukwiyu. 

## Kyaututtuka
An ba Shaningwa lambar yabo mafi daraja ta Namibia: Aji na Farko a Ranar Jarumai ta shekarar 2014. 

## Manazarta
Ruth Amiran

Ruth Amiran (Ibraniyawa; née Brandstetter; 8 ga Disamba, 1914 - 14 ga Disamba), masanin ilimin kimiyyar Isra'ila ce wacce littafinta na Tsohon Ginin Ƙasa Mai Tsarki na 1970: Daga Farkonta a zamanin Neolithic zuwa Ƙarshen Zamanin Karfe misali ne ga masu binciken tarihi da ke aiki a Isra'ila.[1]

An haifi Ruth Amiran a cikin moshava Yavne'el a yankin Galili na Daular Ottoman . A shekara ta 1908 mahaifinta Yehezkel Brandshteter ya yi hijira daga Tarnów a Poland (Galicia) zuwa yankin, inda ya auri mahaifiyarta Devora a shekara ta 1913. Ta tafi makaranta a Haifa kuma a 1933 ta zama daliba a fannin ilimin kimiyyar tarihi a Jami'ar Ibrananci da ke Urushalima . Yayinda yake dalibi, Amiran ya tono a wani tono da Judith Marquet-Krause ya jagoranta a et-Tell . 

## Kyaututtuka
Amiran ta sami Kyautar Isra'ila a shekarar 1982.

## Ƙarin karantawa

* 
*  
* 
* 

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin masu karɓar kyautar Isra'ila

## Manazarta
Yehudit Arnon

Yehudit Arnon (Ibrananci: יהודית ארנון; 15 Oktoba 1926 - 17 ga Agusta 2013) ɗan rawa ne kuma mawaƙa na Isra'ila.[ana yanayi hujja] [citation need]

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Yehudit Arnon a ranar 15 ga Oktoba 1926 a Komárno, Czechoslovakia ga Ludwig Schischa-Halevy da Elisabeth (Betty) Hoffmann .  A ranar 11 ga Yuni 1944 aka tura Arnon da iyayenta zuwa Auschwitz. Lokacin da ta isa, ta nemi ta zauna tare da mahaifiyarta mara lafiya amma a maimakon haka an tura ta tare da sauran matasa zuwa sansanin Birkenau yayin da aka tura mahaifiyarta zuwa ɗakin gas. Ta tsere daga sansanin fursuna a watan Mayu 1945 lokacin da Sojojin Red Army suka isa. Bayan ta tsere, ta isa Budapest kuma ta fara koyar da rawa. A can, ta sadu da Yedidya Ahronfeld, wanda ta auri a ranar 16 ga Yuni 1946. Ma'auratan sun koma Falasdinu a 1948, suka zauna a Kibbutz Ga'aton, Isra'ila inda ta zauna har zuwa mutuwarta.

Arnon ya kafa Kamfanin Kibbutz Contemporary Dance Company (KCDC) a cikin 1970. [1][2] Ta yi aiki a matsayin darektan zane-zane da Shugaba har zuwa 1996. "A watan Yunin 1997, Arnon ta sami lambar yabo ta Distinguished Artist Award na International Society for the Performing Arts don nuna godiya ga gudummawar da ta bayar na musamman na ƙwarewa da wahayi zuwa duniyar rawa". [3] An ba Arnon lambar yabo ta Isra'ila a shekarar 1998 wacce ita ce babbar lambar yabo taIsra'ila saboda nasarorin da ta samu a ilimi da kuma zane-zane a lokacin rayuwarta.[4]

Yehudit Arnon ya mutu a ranar 17 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2013, yana da shekaru 87. 

## Manazarta
Yemima Avidar-Tchernovitz

**Yemima Avidar-Tchernovitz** (Ibraniyawa; 8 ga Oktoba, 1909 - 20 ga Maris, 1998) marubuciya ce ta Isra'ila wacce ayyukanta suka zama na gargajiya na wallafe-wallafen yara na Ibrananci na zamani. An haife ta a Vilna, Lithuania, a cikin 1909, ta isa Falasdinu a cikin 1921, tana da shekaru 12. 

Malami kuma shugabar makaranta, ta kuma yi aiki a rediyo na yara tare da Kol Yerushalayim, tare da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Malamai na Makarantar Nursery da kuma kwamitin edita na Dvar HaPo'elet . Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun ɗalibanta shine ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Chaim Topol . Littattafanta don yara suna da tushe a cikin nau'in sippurei havurah (band-of-abokai) kuma suna daga cikin farkon da suka danganci rayuwar yara.[1][2] Baya ga ayyukanta na asali, ta fassara wasu ayyukan zuwa Ibrananci.

Daga cikin girmamawa akwai Kyautar Isra'ila don wallafe-wallafen yara (1984) da Kyautar Yakir Yerushalaim (1992).

## Littattafai
Tushen

### Littattafan da aka fassara

* Waƙoƙin jariri (*Gan-Gani*) - Turanci: Tel Aviv, Twersky, 1957
* The Daughter: The Diary of an Israeli Girl - Turanci: Ramat Gan, Massada Press, 1969
* Gida! - Mutanen Espanya: Buenos Aires, Editorial Isra'ila, 1961
* Ɗaya daga cikin namu - Mutanen Espanya: Buenos Aires, Editorial Isra'ila, 1953
* Abokai Biyu a kan Hanya - Rasha: Urushalima, Aliya, 1993

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Ta auri kwamandan Haganah Yosef Avidar . 

## Manazarta
Yemima Ben-Menahem

**Yemima Ben-Menahem** (Ibraniyawa; an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Disamba 1946) farfesa ne (Emerita) a fannin falsafa a Jami'ar Ibrananci ta Urushalima . Babban fannin kwarewarta shine falsafar kimiyya, musamman falsafar kimiyyar zamani.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Yemima Goldschmidt (daga baya Ben-Menahem) ta sami BSc a fannin kimiyyar lissafi da lissafi a shekarar 1969 da MSc (summa cum laude) a fannin falsafar kimiyya a shekarar 1972, duka biyu daga Jami'ar Ibrananci ta Urushalima . Ta sami digirinta na PhD a Jami'ar Ibrananci a 1983 tare da rubutun da ake kira "Paradoxes and Intuitions", a karkashin jagorancin Mark Steiner . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed]

Ben-Menachem ta auri Hanina Ben-Monachem, farfesa a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Ibrananci, tare da ita tana da 'ya'ya hudu. Mahaifiyarta ita ce Elisabeth Goldschmidt, ta fara bincike kan kwayoyin halitta a Isra'ila, kuma mahaifinta Yosef Goldschmidt, memba na Knesset kuma Mataimakin Minista wanda ke wakiltar Jam'iyyar Addini ta Kasa.

## Ayyukan ilimi
A shekara ta 2001, Ben-Menahem ya kafa Jarida *Aleph: Nazarin Tarihi a Kimiyya da Yahudanci* . Ta yi aiki a matsayin Daraktan na Cibiyar Edelstein don Tarihi da Falsafar Kimiyya, Fasaha da Magunguna a Jami'ar Ibrananci. Tun daga shekara ta 2006, ta kasance memba na Kwamitin Ilimi na Einstein Papers Project . 

A shekara ta 2007, ta shirya baje kolin Newton's Secrets a National Library of Israel . 

Ben-Menahem ya ba da takardu da yawa da littafi ga al'ada,  matsayin da Henri Poincaré ya fara bayyanawa a cikin mahallin lissafi. A cewar masu al'ada, yawancin maganganun da muke ɗauka don bayyana gaskiyar gaskiya, a zahiri tarurruka ne a ɓoye, waɗanda aka samo daga ma'anoni ko yanke shawara na hanya waɗanda ba a tilasta mana ta hanyar tunani, lissafi, ko gaskiyar kwarewa, kuma game da abin da muke da hankali. Ben-Menahem ya karanta kimiyya da falsafar karni na ashirin daga hangen nesa na tasirin al'ada a waɗannan fannoni. A cewarta, tasirin al'ada, ya bayyana a cikin falsafar tunani da lissafi, ka'idar dangantaka, da rubuce-rubucen manyan masana falsafa na karni na ashirin ciki har da Carnap, Wittgenstein, Putnam, da Quine.

Ben-Menahem ya rubuta game da Jorge Luis Borges, Donald Davidson, Michel Foucault, William James, Emil Meyerson, Henri Poincaré . 

## Kyaututtuka da karbuwa
A cikin 2022, Ben-Menachem ya lashe Kyautar Isra'ila don nazarin falsafar da kimiyyar addini. 

## Ayyukan da aka buga

* Kundin Tsarin Mulki (Cambridge University Press, 2006) 
* *Dalili a Kimiyya* (Princeton University Press, 2018) 

### Littattafan da aka gyara

* *Hilary Putnam* (Cambridge University Press, 2005) 
* *Mai yiwuwa a cikin Physics* (tare da Meir Hemmo) (Springer, 2012) 

## Manazarta
Maigida Hersend

**Magistra Hersend**, wacce kuma ake kira **Hersend** ko **Magistra Hersend Physica** ( *floruit* 1249–1259, Paris) likitan tiyata ne na Faransa wanda ya raka Sarki Louis na IX na Faransa a Yaƙin Yaƙi na Bakwai a 1249. Tana ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu da aka rubuta a matsayin likitan sarauta ko likitan tiyata. 

Baya ga hidimar da take yi wa sarki, an naɗa ta a matsayin mai kula da sarauniya da kuma mata mabiya sansanin . A birnin Acre, ta karɓi fansho na tsawon rai na pence goma sha biyu a rana daga Sarki don hidimarta. Daga baya ta auri mai maganin shafawa na sarki, Jacques. 

Magistra Hersend mace ce mai muhimmanci a rayuwar Sarki Louis na IX. Ita ce mai kula da lafiya ga Sarki Louis na IX kuma ta halarci taron sarauniya, Margaret ta Provence . Babban aikinta shi ne ta raka Sarki Louis na IX a yakin neman zabe na bakwai. Saboda aikinta da amincinta ga sarki da sarauniya, Sarki Louis na IX ya ba ta fansho na tsawon rai na pence goma sha biyu a rana. [1] Daga baya, Magistra Hersend ta auri mai maganin shafawa na sarauta. Tana ɗaya daga cikin matan da suka halarci taron ma'auratan sarauta da mata mabiya sansanin. [2]

## Duba kuma

* Guillemette du Luys

## Manazarta
Kornelia Shilunga

**Kornelia Kashiimbindjola Shilunga** (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu 1970, a Okadila, Yankin Oshana) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar ƙasar Namibia wacce ta kasance memba a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa daga shekarun 2015 zuwa  ranar 21 ga watan Maris 2025.  Ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Ministan Ma'adinai da Makamashi  kuma mace ta farko da ta zama Mataimakiyar Minista a Ma'aikatar har zuwa 22 ga watan Maris 2025. 

## Ilimi
Shilunga tana da digiri biyu na biyu, ɗaya a fannin Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga Cibiyar Gudanar da Gabashin Afirka ta Kudu (ESAMI) da kuma ɗaya a fannin Manufofin Jama'a da Gudanarwa daga Jami'ar Namibia (UNAM). Tana kuma da digiri na farko a fannin Ilimi ga Ma'aikatan Jinya da Lafiyar Al'umma da kuma Difloma a fannin Kimiyyar Jinya, Ilimin Halayyar Al'umma, da Kimiyyar Ungozoma, ita ma daga Jami'ar Namibia kuma ta yi digiri a Makarantar Sakandare ta Gabriel Taapop da ke Ongwediva a shekarar 1989.  Ta kuma kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin Shari'a daga Jami'ar Namibia a watan Afrilun 2023.

## Aiki
Ta yi aiki a Ofishin Shugaban Ƙasa a matsayin Jami'ar Hulɗa da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Mata, inda ta jagoranci yankuna biyu, bi da bi Oshana da Yankin Omusati. Hon. Shilunga ta kasance 'yar kasuwa tsawon shekaru tara da suka gabata.  Ta kuma yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Jinsi da Jin Daɗin Yara inda ta riƙe muƙamin Babbar Jami'ar Hulɗa. Shilunga 'yar kasuwa ce, memba ce a Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Ƙwarewar Ƙasa da Ƙasa a Namibia, memba ce a Kwamitin Kare Mata da Yara, kuma memba ce a Hukumar Sakin Fursunoni ta Yankin a Ma'aikatar Tsaro da Tsaro.

## Abubuwan sha'awa
Abubuwan da take sha'awa sun haɗa da makamashi da masana'antun haƙo ma'adinai. Tana aiki a matsayin Uwargidan Majalisar Makamashi ta Duniya ta Namibia, Shugabar Majalisar Makamashi ta Namibia, kuma Uwargidan Ƙungiyar Mata a Ma'adanai ta Namibia.  

## Manazarta
Miriam Ben-Peretz

**Miriam Ben-Peretz** (Ibraniyawa; an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1927 - 15 ga Yuli, 2020) masanin kimiyya ce ta Isra'ila da ta ƙware a fannin ilimi. Ben-Peretz Farfesa ne Emeritus na Ilimi a Jami'ar Haifa kuma ya lashe Kyautar Isra'ila a shekarar 2006 a fannin ilimi. Ita ce tsohuwar Dean na Makarantar Ilimi a Jami'ar Haifa, kuma tsohuwar Shugabar Kwalejin Kwalejin Tel-Hai. A shekara ta 1997 Ben-Peretz ta sami lambar yabo ta Lifetime Achievement Award ta Ƙungiyar Binciken Ilimi ta Amirka.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Ben-Peretz ga Isra'ila Ibrahim da Else Ester Rabin a Breslau, Jamus . Ta koma Isra'ila a 1935, kuma ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Ibrananci da ke Haifa . [1] Ta auri Joseph Koffler a 1947 wanda, a matsayin saurayi, ya tafi tare da Lamed Heh, ba zai dawo ba.[2] Ta auri Moshe Ben-Peretz a shekarar 1949. Bayan ta koma Isra'ila, ta sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya tare da bambanci daga 1958, Master of Science tare da bambancin a 1969, da Doctor of Philosophy a 1977, duk daga Jami'ar Ibrananci da ke Urushalima.

## Ayyuka
Ben-Peretz ya rike matsayi daban-daban a fannin ilimi da ilimi. Da farko ta kasance malamar ilmin halitta a makarantar sakandare. Ta kasance malami a Jami'ar Haifa, Isra'ila daga 1964 zuwa 1975, kuma ta ci gaba ta hanyar matsayi a matsayin babban malami, mataimakin farfesa, sannan farfesa tun daga 1990. Ta kuma gudanar da ayyuka da yawa na kasa da kasa, ciki har da farfesa mai ziyara a Jami'ar Toronto, Jami'ar Alberta, Jami'an Oslo, Jami'a ta Mainz, Jami'war Stanford, da Jami'ar Jihar Michigan.

She served as chair of the department of teacher education at University Haifa from 1978 to 1985, and dean of the School of Education from 1988 to 1993. She was president of Tel-Hai College from 1994 to 1996 and head of the Center for Jewish Education at University Haifa.&#x5B;**&#x5D;

Kyautar nasarorin da ta samu daga AERA ta dogara ne a wani bangare akan jagorancinta wajen kirkirar wani fili don ci gaban kwararru na ilimi a Isra'ila wanda ke aiki a matsayin samfurin kasa da kasa.

## Kyautar Isra'ila
A shekara ta 2006 Ben-Peretz ya sami Kyautar Isra'ila.[1] Alƙalai, a cikin tattaunawarsu, sun lura cewa ita "babban iko" ce a fannonin koyarwa, ƙirar tsarin karatu, ilimin malamai da ci gaban ƙwararru, wanda gudummawar da ya bayar a fagen ya yi tasiri ba kawai a Isra'ila ba har ma a duniya.[2] Kyautar Isra'ila (Ibraniyawa) lambar yabo ce da Jihar Isra'ila ta bayar kuma galibi ana ɗaukar ta a matsayin mafi girman girmamawa ga jihar. Ana gabatar da shi a kowace shekara, a ranar 'yancin Isra'ila, a wani bikin jihar a Urushalima, a gaban Shugaban kasa, Firayim Minista, Kakakin Knesset (Majalisar Isra'ila), da Shugaban Kotun Koli. An kafa kyautar ne a shekara ta 1953 a kan shirin Ministan Ilimi Ben-Zion Dinor . [3]

## Manazarta
Miriam Ben-Porat

**Miriam Ben-Porat** (Ibraniyawa: מרים בן פּ, née **Shinezon**, 26 ga Afrilu 1918 - 26 ga Yulin 2012) ta kasance lauya ce ta Isra'ila. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka nada a Kotun Koli ta Isra'ila da kuma Mai Kula da Jiha ta Isra'ilawa daga 1988-1998. 

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Miriam Shinezon (Ben-Porat) a shekara ta 1918 a Vitebsk, Belarus (a lokacin Rasha), ƙarama cikin 'yan'uwa mata uku da' yan'uwa maza huɗu. Ta girma a Lithuania, inda iyayenta suka mallaki masana'antar masana'antu. Bayan kammala makarantar sakandare a 1936, ta yi hijira zuwa Mandate na Burtaniya na Falasdinu da kanta. An kashe mafi yawan iyalinta a cikin Holocaust . A cikin Yishuv, ta canza sunanta zuwa Ben-Porat . Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka yi karatun shari'a a Jami'ar Ibrananci, kuma a 1945 an shigar da ita cikin kotun.

## Ayyukan shari'a
A shekara ta 1949 ta fara aiki a ofishin Lauyan Jiha, kuma a shekara ta 1953 ta zama mataimakiyar Lauyan Jihohi. A shekara ta 1959 an nada ta a matsayin alƙali a Kotun Gundumar Urushalima . Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Isra'ila ta kaurace wa bikin rantsuwarta. Sai kawai bayan wani abin kunya na jama'a, an shirya neman gafara tsakanin ta da Majalisar Lauyoyi ta Urushalima.

A shekara ta 1975, ta zama Shugabar Kotun Gundumar Urushalima . Daga 1964 zuwa 1978, ta kuma kasance farfesa a Jami'ar Ibrananci, ta ƙware a kwangila da bayanan kasuwanci.

A shekara ta 1977, ta zama mace ta farko da aka nada a Kotun Koli. A shekara ta 1988, lokacin da ta kai shekarun ritaya ga alƙalai, Knesset ta zabe ta ta zama mai kula da jihar. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a wannan matsayi. Bayan shekaru biyar, an sake zabar ta.

## Mai kula da Jiha

A cikin 1990, ta wallafa wani rahoto game da tsarin ruwa na Isra'ila wanda ya haifar da korar kwamishinan ruwa. Ta kuma soki hanyoyin gwamnati don shan baƙi daga tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet;  da kuma binciken 'yan sanda da ake zargi da aikata laifi, wanda ya haifar da kafa sashin binciken' yan sanda na Ma'aikatar Shari'a. 

A shekara ta 1991, ta fallasa canjin kudade da Ministan cikin gida Aryeh Deri ya yi wa cibiyoyin Shas, wanda ya haifar da shari'arsa. Ta kuma bayar da rahoton gazawar a shirye-shiryen Isra'ila ga Yakin Gulf . Ta dakatar da yarjejeniyar da Ministan Gidaje Ariel Sharon ya shirya don sayen gidaje 20,000 daga wani dan kwangila.[1] A shekara ta 1992 ta soki Ma'aikatar Gidaje, wanda ya haifar da korar da tuhumar shugaban Amidar na kwamitin, Uri Shani. A shekara ta 1993, an yi wa dokar kamfanonin gwamnati gyare-gyare biyo bayan rahoton da ta buga a shekarar 1989. Ta kuma sami nasarar jinkirta shirin da Ministan Kudi Avraham Shohat ya gabatar don sayar da hannun jari na Bankin Hapoalim.[2] A shekara ta 1994 ta nuna zargin da Ministan Gidaje Binyamin Ben-Eliezer ya yi na canja wurin kudade ga hukumomin yankin da ke da alaƙa da Jam'iyyar Labour.[3][4]

## Manazarta
Anna Shiweda

**Anna Ndahambelela Shiweda** (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Yuni 1958) 'yar majalisar dokokin Namibia ce kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar ministar noma, gyaran ruwa da ƙasa daga shekarun 2015 zuwa ranar 21 ga watan Maris 2025. Ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar majalisar dokoki ta ƙasa daga shekarun 2015 zuwa 2020.  

## Ilimi
Shiweda tana da digiri na biyu a fannin Noma daga shekarun 1984 zuwa 1988. Tana kuma da digiri na farko a fannin Injiniyanci na Noma wanda ta samu daga shekarun 1980 zuwa 1983. Shiweda ta halarci kuma ta sami takardar shaidar makarantar Yammacin Afirka daga shekarun 1975 zuwa 1979 a Najeriya.

## Aiki
A gwamnatin Shugaba Hage Geingob ta yanzu, an naɗa Shiweda a matsayin mataimakiyar ministar noma, gyaran ruwa da ƙasa tun daga shekarar 2015.  A ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Shugaba Hifikepunye Pohamba ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru goma a matsayin mataimakiyar sakatare ta dindindin daga shekarun 2004 zuwa 2014. 

## Gudummawar al'umma
Shiweda ta kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar masu ruwa da tsaki ta ƙasa kan shigar Namibia cikin yarjejeniyar karewa da amfani da hanyoyin ruwa na ketare iyaka da tafkuna na duniya wanda ya faru a ranar 31 ga watan Maris 2022 a Windhoek, Namibia. Ta yi aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na inganta samar da ruwa da amfani da shi a Namibia.  Shiweda ta kasance wani ɓangare na masana'antar tace gishiri ta Naira miliyan 37 don aikin Bethanie, inda ta yi imani da "inganci fiye da yawa". Ta ce akwai buƙatar saka hannun jari a cikin hanyoyin magancewa masu tsada da amfani da makamashi da aka sani da fasahar membrane (desalination) don rage yawan gurɓatattun abubuwa, waɗanda aka ce ba su da kyau ga amfanin ɗan adam. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
 

## Manazarta
Harsunan Negrito na Philippines

Mutanen Negrito na Philippines suna magana da harsuna daban-daban na Philippines. Suna da alaƙa da harsunan makwabta fiye da juna,  kuma an jera su a nan kawai a matsayin taimako ga ganewa.

## Rarraba
An rarraba harsuna masu zuwa bisa ga wurin da suke, kuma ba rarrabawar kwayar halitta ba.

### Lobel (2013)
Lobel (2013)  ya lissafa wadannan kungiyoyin Black Filipino (watau, Philippine Negrito).

(*Lobel (2010)  ya lissafa harsunan Negrito masu zuwa waɗanda ake magana a gabashin gabar tekun Luzon, waɗanda aka jera daga arewa zuwa kudu.* ) 

* Dupaningan Agta (Rukunin Arewacin Luzon) 
* Pahanan Agta
* Casiguran Agta
* Umiray Dumaget
* Remontado/Hatang-Kayi
* Inagta Alabat
* Manide
* Jam'iyyar Inagta
* Inagta Rinconada

Bugu da ƙari, Robinson & Lobel (2013)  suna jayayya cewa Dupaningan Agta, Pahanan Agta, Casiguran Agta, Nagtipunan Agta, Dinapigue Agta, da Paranan ba na reshen Arewacin Cordilleran ba ne, amma sabon reshe ne da suke kira *Arewa maso gabashin Luzon*, wanda suke la'akari da shi reshe na farko na ƙungiyar Arewacin Luzon (Cordilleran).

; Kudancin Luzon

* Inagta Rinconada
* Jam'iyyar Inagta
* Manide
* Inagta Alabat (da Inagta Lopez) 

; Kudancin Philippines

* Inata (watakila yare biyu) 
* Inati (Inete) (2 yare) 
* Mamanwa
* Batak (harsuna 5-8) 
* Iraya (Mangyan) 
* Ata/Tigwa/Matigsalug Manobo

Ethnologue ya kara da Katabaga wanda ba a rarraba shi ba na Catanauan, Quezon, kudancin Luzon. Garvan ne ya fara lissafa yaren. Katabaga a zahiri kuskuren rubutun Katabangan ne, sunan da mutane ke amfani da shi don magana game da kansu. Wasu mutane a yankin Bikol suma suna amfani da kalmar *Katabangan* don komawa ga Agta mai jini a yankin. Lobel ya ba da rahoton daga ziyarar 2006 cewa Katabangan suna magana ne kawai da Tagalog. A cewar Lobel (2013), bisa ga wurin da suke, idan Katabangan ya kasance a zahiri yana da nasu harshe, yana iya kasancewa da alaƙa da Inagta Alabat-Lopez (duba harshen Inagta Ala Bat) da Manide. Louward Allen Zubiri ya ba da rahoton cewa akwai mutane 670 a cikin al'ummar Katabangan, kuma akwai iyalai da ke zaune a Mulanay, Gumaca, Lopez, da Alabat. Ya kuma bayar da rahoto game da wasu abubuwa da Katabangan ke tunawa da su wanda ke ba da shaida game da kyakkyawar alaƙar yarensu da suka ɓace yanzu tare da Manide da Inagta Alabat.
## manazarta
Austronesian personal pronouns

## [[Harshen Proto-Austronesian|Harsuna na asali]]
Robert Blust ne ya sake gina sunayen mutum na Proto-Austronesian da Proto-Malayo-Polynesian da ke ƙasa.

A shekara ta 2006, Malcolm Ross ya kuma ba da shawarar nau'ikan wakoki daban-daban guda bakwai ga mutane. An jera rukunin a ƙasa, tare da mutum na farko na Proto-Austronesian ("I") da aka ba shi a matsayin misalai.

# Mai tsaka-tsaki (misali, PAN *i-aku) 
# Nominative 1 (misali, PAN *aku) 
# Nominative 2 (misali, PAN *=ku, *[S]aku) 
# Mai zargi (misali, PAN *i-ak-ən) 
# Genitive 1 (misali, PAN *=[a]ku) 
# Genitive 2 (misali, PAN * (=) m-aku) 
# Genitive 3 (misali, PAN *n-aku) 

Wadannan sun fito ne daga shawarar Ross ta 2002 na tsarin wakilin Proto-Austronesian, wanda ya ƙunshi nau'o'i biyar, gami da kyauta (watau, mai zaman kansa ko wanda ba a haɗa shi ba), kyauta mai ladabi, da nau'o-nau'i uku.

## [[Harsunan Formosan]]

### Rukai
Da ke ƙasa akwai sunayen Rukai daga Zeitoun (1997).  An ba da rarrabawar Paul Jen-kuei Li na yarukan Rukai don yin bayani.

* *Mantauran* (萬山 Wanshan) - masu magana 250-300
* (Babban reshe) Maga-Tona Maga (馬加 Majia) Tona (多納 Duona) Budai-Tanan (Rukai Daidai) Budai (霧台 Wutai) Tanan (babban kudu Danan)
** Maga-Tona Maga (馬加 Majia) Tona (多納 Duona)
*** *Maga* (Maga Majia)
*** Tona (Dona Duona)
** Budai-Tanan (Rukai da ya dace) Budai (霧台 Wutai) Tanan (Danan mai girma)
*** *Budai* (Wutai)
*** *Tanan* (Danan ta Kudu)
## manazarta
Doreen Sioka

**Doreen Nampiye Sioka** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1960) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar ƙasar Namibia. Ta kasance memba a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa ta Namibia daga shekarun 1994 zuwa ranar 21 ga watan Maris 2025 a Ƙungiyar Jama'ar Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma (SWAPO), kuma ta kasance memba a majalisar ministoci daga shekarun 2005 zuwa ranar 21 ga watan Maris 2025, ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Daidaito Jinsi, Kawar da Talauci da Jin Daɗin Jama'a.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ƙaura
An haifi Sioka a ranar 18 ga watan Satumba, 1960 a ƙauyen Kasheshe da ke yankin Zambezi kuma ta yi makarantar firamare a ƙauyenta. Tana da shekaru 15, ta yi gudun hijira zuwa Zambia, saboda rikicin da ke ci gaba da faruwa a Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka tsakanin sojoji masu goyon bayan wariyar launin fata da kuma masu fafutukar 'yancin Namibia.

Lokacin da ta ji rauni a wani hari da Rundunar Tsaron Afirka ta Kudu ta kai a Oshatotwa a shekarar 1976, ta yanke shawarar shiga Rundunar 'Yantar da Jama'a ta Namibia, inda ta shiga cikin hare-haren da aka kai wa Katima Mulilo a shekarar 1977 da 1978 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan tawaye mata uku kacal. 

Bayan harin 1978, ta yi aiki a Muryar Namibia, gidan rediyon SWAPO da aka kora daga ƙasar, kuma ta ci gaba da karatunta. Ta sami takardar shaidar aikin jarida da bayanai kan laburare a Ndola sannan ta kammala makarantar sakandare a Makarantar Sakandare ta Roosevelt ga 'Yan Mata da ke Freetown, Sierra Leone. Daga nan Sioka ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta a Cibiyar Lafiya da Ilimi ta Namibia da ke Kwanza-Sul, Angola, har zuwa lokacin da ƙasar Namibia ta sami 'yancin kai.

## Aikin siyasa
Bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Namibia a shekarar 1989, Sioka ta riƙe muƙamai da dama na siyasa a Majalisar Mata ta SWAPO. An zaɓe ta a Majalisar Dokoki a shekarar 1994, sannan ta zama Kwamitin Tsakiya na SWAPO a shekarar 1997. In 2005, Sioka was elected deputy speaker of the 4th National Assembly.  A shekarar 2005, an zaɓi Sioka a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa ta 4. 

Bayan babban zaɓen 2009, an naɗa Sioka a matsayin Ministar Daidaito tsakanin Jinsi da Jin Daɗin Yara, kuma a cikin wani garambawul da aka yi wa majalisar ministoci a watan Disamba na 2012, bayan taron majalisar SWAPO na biyar, an canza mata muƙami a matsayin minista zuwa ta Ministar Kwadago da Jin Daɗin Jama'a, inda ta maye gurbin Immanuel Ngatjizeko. 

Lokacin da Hage Geingob ya zama shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2015, an mayar da Sioka kan muƙamin Ministar Daidaito tsakanin Jinsi da Jin Daɗin Yara.  Ta ci gaba da riƙe muƙamin bayan da Geingob ya naɗa majalisar ministocinsa a wa'adi na biyu.  A shekarar 2020, masu zanga-zangar ShutItAllDown sun nemi ta yi murabus bayan sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba za ta iya magance matsalar cin zarafin mata a Namibia ba.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Doreen Sioka tana da aure da 'ya'ya uku. Baya ga digirinta da ta samu a lokacin da take gudun hijira, ta kuma kammala kwasa-kwasan wasiƙa guda biyu, kuma ta sami babban difloma da takardar shaidar tsaro da tsaro daga Kwalejin Koyarwa ta Cambridge da kuma difloma a fannin gudanar da kasuwanci daga Kwalejin Gudanarwa ta Kudancin Afirka (MANCOSA). 

## Manazarta
Harsunan Batanic

**Harsunan Batanic** (wani lokacin ana kiransu **Bashiic** ko **Ivatanic**) yare ne na dangin yaren Austronesian. Ana magana da su a Tsibirin Babuyan, a arewacin Luzon; uku daga cikin Tsibirin Batanes, tsakanin Philippines da Taiwan; da kuma Tsibirin Orchid na kudancin Taiwan.

Ana kiran nau'ikan a cikin Philippines Ivatan (kuma Ibatan), ko kuma ana kiransu Babuyan, Batan, ko Itbayat bayan tsibirai, yayin da ake kiran nau'in Taiwan Yami ko Tao.

Yang ne ya sake gina Proto-Batanic (2002). 

## Rarraba
Malcolm Ross (2005) da Roger Blench (2015) sun lissafa harsuna huɗu: 

Moriguchi (1983) ya rarraba harsunan Batanic kamar haka:

A cewar Paul Jen-kuei Li (2000),  Yami yana da alaƙa da Itbayat. Daga cikin yarukan Batanic, Iraralay shine mafi ra'ayin mazan jiya.

Ana haɗa harsunan Batanic akai-akai tare da Harsunan Philippine. Koyaya, babu cikakkiyar yarjejeniya game da wannan, kuma wasu suna ɗaukar su reshe na farko na yarukan Malayo-Polynesian. Blench ya kammala cewa harsunan Batanic sun rabu da Proto-Malayo-Polynesian na dogon lokaci kuma suna dauke da tushen da yawa waɗanda ba su da daidaitattun Austronesian. Dangantaka tsakanin yarukan Batanic da Arewacin Luzon har yanzu ba ta da tabbas.

## Manazarta
Harsunan Tsakiyar Luzon

'''Harsunan Luzon na Tsakiya rukuni ne na Harsunan Philippine. Wadannan galibi ana magana da su a yankunan yammacin yankin gudanarwa na siyasa na Luzon ta Tsakiya (Yankin III) a cikin Philippines. Ɗaya daga cikinsu, Pampanga_language" id="mwCg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan, shine babban yaren yankin Pampanga-Mount Pinatubo.

Koyaya, duk da cewa yana da masu magana miliyan uku zuwa huɗu, yawancin masu magana da shi suna barazana bayan fashewar wannan dutsen a watan Yunin 1991. Har ila yau, duniya ta yi barazanar harshe, tare da ƙaramin ƙarni da yawa a kan amfani da magana da Tagalog da Ingilishi, amma gabatarwa da amfani da yau da kullun sun haɓaka ƙarfin Kapampangan.

Wani yaren Luzon na Tsakiya, Sambal ko Sambali, yana fuskantar irin wannan halin, masu magana da yaren suna raguwa saboda duniya da yawancin masu magana da matasa ke canzawa zuwa Tagalog & Ilocano. Harsunan tsakiyar Luzon da ake magana a waje da yankin siyasa na tsakiyar Luzon sune Sambal Bolinao, iri-iri / iri-iri na Sambal da ake magana da su a lardin kudu maso yammacin Pangasinan, da Hatang Kayi (wanda ake kira Sinauna ko Sinaunang Tagalog a cikin wallafe-wallafen ) a arewa maso gabashin Calabarzon; Pangasinan ya kasance wani ɓangare na yankin siyasa na Tsakiyar Luzon, kuma har yanzu ana magana da Sambali a cikin ƙasa; Ana magana da shi a Infanta, Pangasinan tare da iyakar Zambales.

## Tarihin harshe
Harsunan Luzon na tsakiya na zamani sun fito ne daga harshen Proto-Central Luzon.

### Phonology na Proto-Central Luzon
Wasu consonants sun ɓace a cikin Proto-Central Luzon lokacin da ya samo asali daga ko dai Proto-Malayo-Polynesian ko Proto-Philippine.

Hanyoyin sauti na consonants da ke sama sune waɗanda aka ɗauka don Proto-Austronesian  ban da tsayawar /ʔ/, wanda ya haifar da canje-canje na sauti a cikin Proto-Central Luzon: *q > *ʔ da *h > Ø sannan Ø ya biyo bayan Ø > *ʔ/# .

Darajar wasula da ke sama sune waɗanda suke da su a cikin Proto-Malayo Polynesian . 

### Dangantaka ta waje
Ronald Himes (2012)  da Lawrence Reid (2015)  sun ba da shawarar cewa yarukan Arewacin Mindoro na iya haɗuwa da yarukan Luzon na Tsakiya. Dukkanin rassan suna da alaƙa da sauti na Proto-Austronesian *R > /y/ .
## manazarta
Harsunan tsakiya na tsakiya

Harsunan Babban Tsakiyar Philippine wani rukuni ne da aka tsara na dangin yaren Austronesian, wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar canjin Proto-Malayo-Polynesian **R* zuwa **g*. Ana magana da su a tsakiyar da kudancin Philippines da arewacin Sulawesi, Indonesia. Robert Blust ne ya fara gabatar da wannan rukuni (1991) bisa ga shaidar ƙamus da sauti,  kuma yawancin masana a fagen sun yarda da shi.  

Yawancin manyan harsunan Philippines na cikin Ƙananan Ƙungiyar Philippine ta Tsakiya: Yara-linkid="85" href="./Tagalog_language" id="mwLQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog, yarukan Visayan Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Waray; Bikol ta Tsakiya, yarukan Danao Maranao da Magindanaon .  A tsibirin Sulawesi, Indonesia, Gorontalo shine yare na uku mafi girma ta yawan masu magana.

## Tarihi
A cewar Blust, rarrabawar yanzu na harsunan Babban Tsakiyar Philippine shine sakamakon fadada da ya faru a kusa da 500 BC kuma wanda ya haifar da daidaita yawancin bambancin harsuna a tsakiya da kudancin Philippines.

Ana iya samun ragowar wannan bambancin da ya gabata a yankunan da ke cikin yankin Babban Tsakiyar Philippines, wato Manide a kudancin Luzon, Ati a kan Panay, yarukan Mangyan na Arewa a Mindoro, yarukan Kalamian a arewacin Palawan da yarukan Mindanao na Kudu.

## Rarraba
Ƙungiyar Babban Tsakiyar Philippine ta ƙunshi ƙananan ƙungiyoyi masu zuwa: 

## Manazarta
Harsunan Kalamian

**Harsunan Kalamian** ƙananan harsuna ne da ake magana a Philippines: Calamian Tagbanwa da Agutaynen . Sauran harsuna da ake kira Tagbanwa, Harshen Aborlan Tagbanwa da Harshen Tagbanwa na tsakiya mambobi ne na yarukan Palawanic.

Waɗannan suna cikin ƙananan harsunan Philippines waɗanda ake ci gaba da rubuta su da rubutun asali, kodayake galibi don waƙa. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Rarraba
Harsunan *k* sune reshe na farko na dangin yaren Phi*l*, sananne ne don nuna Proto-Malayo-Polynesian **q* a matsayin k da **R* a matsayin l, yayin rage asali **k* zuwa sifili.

## Manazarta
Harshen Klata

**Klata** (wanda aka fi sani da Clata, **Giangan**, **Bagobo**, **Jangan**) yare ne na Austronesian na kudancin Philippines . Ana magana da shi a kan gangaren gabashin Dutsen Apo a Lardin Davao del Sur, da kuma a Birnin Davao (Ethnologue) a wani yanki da ya kai daga Catalunan zuwa Calinan.

Harshen Tagabawa na kusa ana kuma san shi da *Bagobo*, kuma ba za a ruɗe shi da Giangan ba.

## Rarraba
Klata yawanci ana rarraba shi a matsayin ɗayan yarukan Kudancin Mindanao. Zorc (2019) ya ba da shawarar cewa ba a haɗa shi cikin yarukan Kudancin Mindanao ba, amma kawai yana da alaƙa da su a cikin wani rukuni mai zurfi na yarukan Philippine wanda ya kira "Kudancin Philippine".

## Rarraba
Cibiyoyin yawan jama'a na Klata (Giangan) sun haɗa da barangays masu zuwa ( *duba kuma Gundumomin birnin Davao* ).  &#x5B; ** &#x5D;  

* Biao, Gundumar Tugbok, Birnin Davao
* Tagakpan, Gundumar Tugbok, Birnin Davao
* Dulian
* Sirib, Gundumar Calinan, Birnin Davao
* Gumalang, Gundumar Baguio, Birnin Davao
* Tamugan, Gundumar Marilog, Birnin Davao

Ana kuma magana da shi a Biao Joaquin, Gundumar Calinan  da kuma sassa daban-daban na Gundumar Baguio . 

Kogin Lipadas ya raba yankunan gargajiya na Tagabawa da Clata, yayin da Kogin Talomo (Ikawayanlinan) shine iyakar da ke raba Tagabawas, Clatas, da Obos. Kogin Davao ya raba yankunan gargajiya na Bagobo da Clata.

## Fasahar sauti
Klata yana da tsarin sautuna biyar wanda ya kunshi sautuna  . Har ila yau, yana da ma'anar ma'anar. Alamun ƙamus sune  .  wani lokacin yana faruwa a matsayin phonemic, amma galibi ana jin sa a matsayin allophone na  .

## manazarta
Minahasan languages

**Harsunan Minahasan** wani rukuni ne na yarukan Austronesian da mutanen Minahasa ke magana a arewacin Sulawesi, Indonesia. Sun kasance daga cikin rukuni na Philippines.

Babban tasirin ƙamus ya fito ne daga Yaren mutanen Holland, Mutanen Espanya, Portuguese, da Ternate, gado na tarihi na kasancewar ikon kasashen waje. Harsunan Minahasan sun bambanta da harshen Manado Malayic (Minahasa Malay), wanda asalinsa Malay ne, kuma yana kawar da harsunan asali na yankin.

## Rarraba
Harsunan sune Tonsawang, Tontemboan, Tondano, Tombulu da Tonsea.[5]

An rarraba harsunan Minahasan a matsayin reshe na rukuni na Philippines.[6]

Kodayake ana magana da su a yankin Minahasa, yarukan Bantik da Ratahan, waɗanda Harsunan Sangiric ne, da kuma yaren Ponosakan, wanda shine Harshen Gorontalo-Mongondow, suna da alaƙa da nesa, don haka ba a rufe su da kalmar a cikin ma'anar asali ba.

## Sake ginawa
Sneddon ne ya sake gina Proto-Minahasan (PMin) (1978). [9] Teburin kwatankwacin (ƙaramin zaɓi daga Sneddon 1978:120-183) ya kwatanta takaddama tsakanin yarukan Minahasan, gami da ƙamus na gado da kuma sababbin abubuwan Minahasan.[10]

## Dubi kuma

* Harsunan Sangiric
* Harsunan Gorontalo-Mongondow
* Harsunan Sulawesi

## Manazarta
Sanet Steenkamp

**Sanet Steenkamp** (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Oktoba 1972) malamar makaranta ce kuma mai gudanarwa 'yar ƙasar Namibia, a halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin Ministar Ilimi, Ƙirƙira, Matasa, Wasanni, Fasaha da Al'adu. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Babbar Mai Ba da Shawara a Makaranta a Yankin Oshana da kuma Daraktan Ilimi a Yankin Ohangwena. A shekarar 2015, an naɗa ta a matsayin Babbar Darakta na Ma'aikatar Ilimi, Fasaha da Al'adu.   

A shekarar 2025, an naɗa Steenkamp a matsayin 'yar majalisar dokoki. A ranar 22 ga watan Maris, 2025, aka naɗa ta a matsayin Ministar Ilimi, Ƙirƙira, Matasa, Wasanni, Fasaha da Al'adu.

## Manazarta
Yaren arewacin Mindoro

Harsunan **Arewacin Mindoro** (North Mangyan) suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan ƙananan harsuna guda biyu da mutanen Mangyan na Tsibirin Mindoro ke magana a cikin Philippines.

Harsunan sune Alangan, Iraya, da Tadyawan .

Akwai wasu shaidu da ke nuna kyakkyawar alaƙa da yarukan Mindoro na Arewa tare da yarukan Luzon na Tsakiya. Dukkanin rassan suna da alaƙa da sababbin sauti na Proto-Austronesian *R >  da wasu abubuwa na yau da kullun kamar  'don gani',  ' sanyi' 

## Dubi kuma

* Harsunan Kudancin Mindoro
* Harshen Ratagnon

## Manazarta
Harsunan Arewacin Philippines

**Harsunan Arewacin Philippines** ƙungiya ce da aka tsara ta Harsunan Philippine. Su ne babbar ƙungiyar harshe da ake magana a arewacin Luzon" id="mwCQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Central Luzon">tsakiya Luzon, da ƙananan tsibirai tsakanin Luzon da Formosa, gami da Ilokano, Pangasinan, Ibanag, Kapampangan, da yaren Yami na Taiwan. 

Harsunan Arewacin Philippines ƙungiya ce da aka kafa tun da daɗewa wacce galibi ana ɗaukar ta zama mafi dacewa da ƙasa fiye da gaskiyar harshe. Koyaya, bincike na 2008 na Asusun Bayanai na Austronesian na asali  ya goyi bayan hadin kan harsuna a matsayin iyali. Har ila yau, ya ba da ƙananan tallafi (a cikin 60% amincewa) cewa reshen Batanic ya fi kusa da Arewacin Luzon. Ba a haɗa reshen Arewacin Mindoro a cikin binciken ba.

## Manazarta
Dangantaka ta Philippines

Dangantakar Philippines tana amfani da tsarin tsara a cikin ma'anar zumunci don bayyana iyali. Yana daya daga cikin tsarin rarraba mafi sauki na dangi. Dangantakar kwayar halitta ko jini sau da yawa ana mamaye ta da sha'awar nuna girmamawa da ta dace a cikin Al'adun Philippines ga shekaru da yanayin dangantakar, waɗanda ake la'akari da su mafi mahimmanci.

A ciki, ana rarrabe bambance-bambance na zahiri ta hanyar tsara, shekaru, kuma a wasu lokuta ta hanyar jinsi. Koyaya, waɗanda ba Filipinos ba za a iya rikitar da su ta hanyar irin wannan dangantakar da mutum ɗaya ke sarrafawa ta hanyar baki daban-daban, wanda yawanci ke faruwa ne saboda dangantakar da ke faruwa ko kuma saboda wani iko yana wakiltar mai aikawa. Sauran abubuwan da ke shafar yadda ake magance mutum sune ko su biyun sun saba da juna, sabo ne ga sanin juna, ko kuma watakila suna da alaƙa ta biyu da ke ba da iko, kamar mutum ɗaya yana zama mai kula da wani a wurin aiki.

An san Tito a matsayin 'warrior' a farkon shekarun 1800 kuma za a ba da shi ga 'ya'yan sojoji waɗanda za su shiga yaƙi kuma alama ce ta mutuwa a cikin tarihin tarihi a cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙasashen waje. A sauƙaƙe, ana amfani da "Kuya" don yin magana da dangi ko aboki (musamman ɗan'uwan mutum), kuma yana nufin "ɗan'uwa". "Ate", yana nufin dangi mai girma ko aboki mai daraja (musamman 'yar'uwar mutum ko kuma 'yar'uwa), kuma yana nufin "Yar'uwa". Duk wannan girmamawa ya kamata yara ƙanana ko ƙananan manya tare da "anak" gaisuwa ga yara. 

## Tasiri a kan harshe
An amince da harsuna sama da 170 amma ba su da matsayin hukuma; Tagalog da Turanci su ne harsunan hukuma na Philippines,  kuma Turanci na asali ya fi tasiri wajen sadarwa da mutanen da ke da kusanci da juna a Philippines fiye da kowace yare, ciki har da Tagalog. Fifikon Ingilishi yana nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin Philippines da Amurka, musamman tun bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, kuma shaida ce ta faɗin talabijin, wanda ke watsa shirye-shirye a cikin gaurayen Tagalog da Turanci. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

Tagalog yare ne na Austronesian wanda ya yi tasiri sosai ga maƙwabtan ƙasar Philippines (wasu harsunan Malayo-Polynesian) da kuma daga Mutanen Espanya, gado na mulkin mallaka na Spain. Misali, Tagalog ya haɗa kalmomi kamar gaisuwa "Kumusta", daga Mutanen Espanya "Cómo está".

## Kalmomin da suka danganci dangantakar halittu

### Zamani na kai

## manazarta