open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Gustaf John Ramstedt

**Gustaf John Ramstedt** (22 ga Oktoba, 1873 - 25 ga Nuwamba, 1950) ya kasance jami'in diflomasiyyar Finland, masanin Gabas kuma masanin harshe. Ya kuma kasance dan asalin Finnish Esperantist, kuma shugaban kungiyar Esperanto-Association of Finland . 

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Ramstedt a Ekenäs a Kudancin Finland, kuma ɗan'uwa wanda daga baya ya zama farfesa a fannin ilimin harshe da Occidentalist, ɗan siyasa , da mawaƙi  

A matsayinsa na dalibi, ya halarci Jami'ar Helsinki, inda ya yi karatun yarukan Finno-Ugric a karkashin Eemil Nestor Setälä . Daga baya ya janyo hankalinsa ga nazarin Harsunan Altaic kuma ya tafi Mongolia don nazarin Harshen Mongoliya bisa ga shawarar Otto Donner. Daga baya ya zama farfesa mai ban mamaki a cikin Harsunan Altaic a wannan jami'ar.

A lokacin tafiye-tafiyensa a Mongolia, Ramstedt ya zama aboki na sirri ga Buryat Mongol mai ilimi sosai Agvan Dorzhiev wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin cikakken wakilin Dalai Lama na 13, Thubten Gyatso kuma ya kasance cikakken memba a Gwamnatin Tibet, Kashag a matsayin Ministan Baitulmalin (Kuɗi). Ramstedt na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan kasashen waje kalilan da aka gayyace su ziyarci Lhasa, amma abin takaici abubuwan da suka faru sun hana ziyararsa zuwa Tibet. A cikin 1911 tawagar Mongoliya a St. Petersburg ta nemi Ramstedt ya yi aiki a matsayin matsakanci tare da Gwamnatin Daular Rasha don tallafawa 'yancin Mongoliya daga Daular Sin. Ya sami nasarar tabbatar da mutanen Rasha game da kyakkyawar niyyar wakilan Mongoliya kuma sun ba da bindigogi na zamani 15,000 ga Mongolians don fara tayar da kayar baya a kan mulkin kasar Sin a Mongolia.

## Littattafai

* *Bergtscheremissische Sprachstudien*, Helsinki, 1902 (Hill) 
* "Über die Zahlwörter der altaischen Sprachen," *JSFOu* 24: 1-24, 1905
* *Kalmückisches Wörterbuch*, Helsinki, 1935
* "Bincike a cikin Koriya ta Koriya," *MSFOu* 95, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, 1949
* *Harshen Koriya.* Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen Seura, 1939.
* Einführung in die altaische Sprachwissenschaft, 'Gabatarwa ga Altaic Linguistics', kundin 2. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, 1952-1957.
* Tafiya Bakwai zuwa Gabas 1898-1912. Daga cikin Cheremis, Kalmyks, Mongols da Turkestan da Afghanistan. John R. Krueger ne ya fassara shi. Bloomington, 1978

## Manazarta

* Poppe, Nicholas. "Obituary: Gustav John Ramstedt 1873-1950." Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 14, no. 1/2 (1951): 315-22.
* Halen, Harry. Biliktu Baksi Malamin Mai Ilimi. Ayyukan G.J. Ramstedt a matsayin Masanin. [Hasiya] 229, Vammala: Ƙungiyar Finno-Ugrian 1998.
Vilho Väisälä

**Vilho Väisälä** (pronunciation Finnish: [ˈʋilho ˈʋæi̯sælæ]; Satumba 28, 1889 - Agusta 12, 1969) masanin ilimin yanayi ne kuma masanin kimiyyar lissafi na Finland, kuma wanda ya kafa Vaisala Oyj . 

Bayan kammala karatunsa a fannin lissafi a shekarar 1912, Väisälä ya yi aiki a Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi ta Finland a cikin *Ma'aunin iska*, ƙwararre a cikin binciken mafi girma. A lokacin an gudanar da ma'auni ta hanyar haɗa thermograph zuwa kite.

A shekara ta 1917 ya wallafa rubutunsa a cikin ilmin lissafi intrigisen lajin elliptisen integralin (The single-valuedness of the inverse function of the elliptic integral of the first kind).  Rubutun nasa shine na farko kuma har yanzu shine kawai rubutun digiri na lissafi da aka rubuta a cikin harshen Finnish.

Väisälä ya shiga cikin ci gaban radiosonde, na'urar da aka haɗe da balloon kuma aka kaddamar don auna iska a cikin yanayi mafi girma. A cikin 1936 ya fara kamfaninsa, masana'antar radiosondes da - daga baya - wasu kayan aikin meteorological. 

A shekara ta 1948 an zabi Väisälä a matsayin Farfesa a fannin ilimin yanayi a Jami'ar Helsinki.

'Yan uwan Vilho Väisälä guda biyu, Kalle Väisälä da Yrjö Väisälä, suma sun yi nasara a kimiyya.

Vilho Väisälä ya san Esperanto, kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ƙungiyar Esperanto. A lokacin Taron Duniya na Esperanto na 1969, wanda aka gudanar a Helsinki jim kadan kafin mutuwarsa, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban abin da ake kira *Interncia Kongresa Universitato* ("Jami'ar Taron Kasa da Kasa"), kuma ya tsara laccoci na musamman a Esperanto da masana kimiyya daban-daban suka ba 'yan majalisa.

## Dubi kuma

* Matsakaicin Brunt-Väisälä

## Manazarta
Yrjö Väisälä

**Yrjö Väisälä** ( [ˈyrjø ˈʋæi̯sælæ] i; 6 ga Satumba 1891- 21 ga Yulin 1971) masanin taurari ne kuma masanin kimiyyar lissafi na Finland.

Babban gudummawar da ya bayar ya kasance a fagen gani. Ya kuma kasance mai aiki a cikin geodetics, astronomy da kuma ilimin lissafi. Yana da laƙabi mai suna Wizard of Tuorla (Observatory / Optics laboratory), kuma wani littafi mai taken iri ɗaya a cikin Finnish ya bayyana ayyukansa. Abubuwan da ya gano sun hada da asteroids 128 da comets 3.

'Yan uwansa sun kasance masanin lissafi Kalle Väisälä (1893-1968) da masanin yanayin yanayi Vilho Väisälä (1989-1969). 'Yarsa Marja Väisälä (1916-2011) masanin taurari ne kuma mai gano kananan taurari.

Väisälä ya kasance mai goyon bayan Esperanto, yana jagorantar *Internacia Scienca Asocio Esperantista* ("Ƙungiyar Masana kimiyya ta Esperanto ta Duniya") a shekarar 1968.

## Mai amfani da ido
Ya kirkiro hanyoyi da yawa don auna ingancin abubuwa na gani, da kuma hanyoyin da yawa na masana'antar abubuwan da aka ambata. Wannan ya ba da damar gina wasu kyamarori na farko na Schmidt, musamman ma sigar "flattened" da aka sani da kyamarar Schmidt-Väisälä. Zane-zane na zamani ga ƙirar Bernhard Schmidt, amma ba a buga shi ba shi ne kuma ƙirar Farfesa Yrjö Väisälä iri ɗaya wanda ya ambata a cikin bayanan lacca a cikin 1924 tare da bayanin martaba: "ƙananan ƙirar ƙira".

Da zarar ya ga littafin Schmidt, nan da nan ya ci gaba kuma ya " warware" matsalar shimfida filin ta hanyar sanya ruwan tabarau sau biyu a gaban mai riƙe da fim - a cikin shekarun 1930, fina-finai na astronomical sun kasance faranti na gilashi (kuma duba faranti na hoto). Sakamakon tsarin an san shi da kyamarar Schmidt-Väisälä ko kuma wani lokacin kamar kyamarar Väisälä.  (Wannan mafita ba cikakke ba ce, kamar yadda hotuna na launi daban-daban suka ƙare a wurare daban-daban.) Farfesa Väisälä ya yi ƙaramin gwajin madubai 7 a cikin mosaic a kan wani ƙarfe mai ƙarfi, duk da haka ya zama ba zai yiwu a daidaita shi a matsayin tsarin "kawai gyarawa da manta", kuma a gaba kowa ya gwada shi, yana da sarrafawa mai aiki akan Multiple Mirror Telescope.

## Manazarta
Rose Kerrigan

**Rose Kerrigan** (née Klasko) ta kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Burtaniya .

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Rose Klasko a Dublin, Ireland a cikin 1903. An haifi iyayenta Yahudawa a Rasha, kuma sun koma Glasgow ta hanyar Dublin. Tana ɗaya daga cikin yara biyar kuma tana da babban iyali wanda ya zauna a Glasgow. Mahaifinta ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sa tufafi  kuma yana da ra'ayoyin gurguzu, masu adawa da yaki, siyasa. Ya goyi bayan dalilin Suffragettes.

Rose ta halarci Makarantar Normal ta Stow Practice, wadda take a wurin tsohon Kwalejin Stow da ke Cowcaddens, Glasgow. Daga nan ta halarci Makarantar Hebrew da ke Garnethill . Ta halarci Makarantar Lahadi ta Socialist a Glasgow kuma ta shiga cikin yajin aikin haya na Glasgow a shekarar 1915. [1] [2] Ta shiga cikin yajin aikin yaƙi a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, kuma an kore ta daga aikinta na farko saboda yin magana game da yaƙin . [2] [3] Masu fafutuka da yawa sun yi mata tasiri a lokacin rayuwarta ta siyasa, ciki har da James Maxton, Philip Snowden, Ethel Snowden, Thomas Hastie Bell, da Helen Crawfurd . [2] Ta kuma kasance mai himma a ƙungiyar kwadago kuma ta yi aikin koyon aikinta a fannin fafutuka a duk lokacin da ƙungiyar Red Clydeside ta fara aiki. [4]

## Rayuwa daga baya
Rose ta shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Burtaniya a shekarar 1923. Ta auri Peter Kerrigan, wani ma'aikacin injiniya, wanda shi ma memba ne, a shekarar 1926. Ya taimaka wajen jagorantar Yaƙin Janar a Glasgow.  Mijinta wakili ne a Comintern, kuma ya zama kwamishina a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Spain . Rose ta tara kuɗi don wannan manufa.  

Yaƙin neman zaɓenta ya ci gaba a tsawon rayuwarta, ta yi fafutukar kwato Makamin Nukiliya. Har yanzu tana fafutukar kare haƙƙin mutane ko da a lokacin ritayarta, musamman na tsofaffin masu fansho. 

## Manazarta
Jouko Lindstedt

**Jouko Lindstedt** (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1955) masanin harshe ne kuma farfesa a Jami'ar Helsinki .  Lindstedt memba ne na Kwalejin Esperanto kuma an zabi shi a matsayin Esperantist na Shekara a shekara ta 2000 (tare da Hans Bakker da Mauro La Torre) ta Wave of Esperanto.

## Tarihi
Lindstedt ya sami digiri na farko a cikin 1981, lasisi na Falsafa 1983 da Dokta na Falsafar 1985 (Slavonic Philology) a Jami'ar Helsinki . A shekara ta 1986 ya zama farfesa a fannin Ilimin Slavonic a wannan jami'ar.

### Adadin masu magana da Esperanto
A cikin 1996 Jouko Lindstedt ya kiyasta yawan masu magana da Esperanto, yana cewa:

* 1 000 suna da Esperanto a matsayin yaren asali.
* 10 000 suna magana da shi sosai, kamar dai a cikin asali.
* 100,000 na iya amfani da Esperanto don ingantaccen sadarwa.
* 1 000 000 sun san abubuwan da ke ciki.

Lindstedt ya bayyana cewa waɗannan adadi ne da ba daidai ba; suna nufin, alal misali, cewa "idan an kiyasta yawan masu magana da Esperanto na asali a cikin daruruwan kawai, yana iya zama kaɗan, amma babu dubban su da yawa. "  A cewar ra'ayi daga Lindstedt, Edmund Grimley Evans ya canza makircin ta hanyar ƙarawa da shirin ta hanyar ƙara

* 10 000 000 a wani lokaci sun yi nazarin Esperanto kadan.[1]

## Bayanan littattafai

## Manazarta
Émile Boirac

**Émile Boirac** (26 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1851 - 20 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1917) masanin falsafa ne na Faransa, masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam, mai gabatar da Esperanto kuma marubuci.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Boirac a Guelma, Aljeriya . Ya zama shugaban Jami'ar Grenoble a 1898, kuma a 1902 shugaban Jami'an Dijon. Wani sanannen mai ba da shawara ga harshen duniya, Esperanto, ya jagoranci taron duniya na farko (Boulogne-Sur-Mer, Faransa, 7 ga Agusta zuwa 12 ga Agusta 1905) kuma ya jagoranci Kwalejin Esperanto.

Ya kasance daya daga cikin na farko da ya yi amfani da kalmar "déjà vu", inda ya bayyana a cikin wata wasika ga editan Revue philosophique a 1876,  kuma daga baya a cikin littafin Boirac L'Avenir des Sciences Psychiques, inda ya kuma gabatar da kalmar "metagnomy" ("sanin abubuwan da ke bayan waɗanda za mu iya sani") a matsayin cikakkiyar bayanin abin da aka fi sani da shi, sa'an nan, wanda aka fi sani.

Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyar da ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje a kan matsakaiciyar Italiyanci Eusapia Palladino .  Ya kuma bincika Magnetism na dabba, da kuma abubuwan da suka faru daban-daban kamar shigar da barci, "canjin hankali", "magnetic relationship", "fitar da hankali", "fadar da karfi na motsi" da dai sauransu.

Boirac ya mutu a Dijon a shekarar 1917.

## Dubi kuma

* Paul Joire
* Albert de Rochas
* Joseph Grasset

## Manazarta
Lena el-Sheikh Mahjoub

**Lena el-Sheikh Omer Majhoub**  (kuma: *Lina*, *al-Sheikh*, *Elsheikh*) ta zama Ministar Kwadago (ko Welfare) da Ci gaban Jama'a a farkon watan Satumba 2019 a cikin Ma'aikatar Firayim Minista Abdalla Hamdok, a lokacin sauyawar Sudan zuwa dimokuraɗiyya a shekarar 2019.

## Ilimi
El-Sheikh ta sami digirin ta na biyu a fannin nazarin ci gaba a Jami'ar Manchester da kuma digirin BSc a Jami'ar Ahfad ta Mata.

## Ilimi da gudanarwa
El-Sheikh ta zama ma'aikaciyar ilimi a Makarantar Nazarin Gudanarwa a Jami'ar Ahfad ta Mata a shekarar 2002.  El-Sheikh tana da sha'awar haɓaka alhakin zamantakewa na kamfanoni.  Ita ce wacce ta kafa gidan yanar gizon Impact Hub Khartoum, wanda ke da nufin samar da "yanayi na haɗin gwiwa ga 'yan kasuwa, masana da masu kirkire-kirkire".  A Impact Hub Khartoum, el-Sheikh tana da taken Shugaban Shirye-shiryen Al'umma kuma tana da nufin tallafawa ci gaba mai ɗorewa.

## Ministar Kwadago (ko Jin Daɗi) da Ci Gaban Jama'a
A farkon watan Satumba na 2019, el-Sheikh ta zama Ministar Kwadago na Sudan (ko Jin Daɗi ) da Ci Gaban Jama'a a Majalisar Rikon Kwarya ta Firayim Minista Abdalla Hamdok, a lokacin sauyin Sudan zuwa dimokuraɗiyya a shekarar 2019. Sauran shugabannin mata na Sudan a lokacin sauyin sun haɗa da Babban Alkali Nemat Abdullah Khair, da kuma 'yan Majalisar Mulkin Soja Aisha Musa el-Said da Raja Nicola.

## Manazarta
Theophile Cart

**Theophile Cart** (Maris 31, 1855 a Saint-Antoine-de-Breuilh - Mayu 21, 1931 a Paris) farfesa ne kuma masanin harshe na Esperantist na Faransa.

Da farko a cikin 1907, Cart ya kasance edita na Lingvo Internacia.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Théophile Cart ɗan fasto ne na Furotesta kuma babba ne cikin yara biyar.

Ya sami takardar shaidar koyarwarsa a Jamusanci a 1885 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin malamin harshen Faransanci a Jami'ar Uppsala a Sweden a 1891-1892. Malami a École Alsacienne sannan kuma a Lycée Henri IV a Paris (1892-1921) da kuma a Sciences Po (1893-1931), an san shi da kafa gidan bugawa na Presa Esperanta Ligilo da kantin sayar da littattafai a 1904. 

A cikin 1903, ya ba da jawabi a Amiens wanda ya nuna haihuwar kungiyar Esperanto ta birnin. Jules Verne ya sake maimaita wannan a cikin littafinsa mai suna Voyage d'études, inda ya ambaci shi a Babi na III. 

Mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Faransanci don Yaduwar Esperanto (1905-1909), a cikin 1905 ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan masu kare Fundamento de Esperanto, littafin da ya kafa harsashin harshe. 

Ya ba da gudummawa ga mujallar Lingvo Internacia kuma ya zama babban edita a cikin 1908. A shekara ta 1912, an zabe shi shugaban kungiyar Esperanto ta Faransa kuma, a shekarar 1920, na kungiyar Linguistic Society of Paris da Akademio de Esperanto (1920-1931). 

A shekara ta 1921, ya shirya taron farko na kasa da kasa na makafi Esperantists a Prague. 

Mai goyon bayan orthodoxy na harshen Esperanto, ya shiga cikin rikice-rikice game da yanayin halittar da batutuwan haɗin kai waɗanda suka motsa ƙungiyoyin Esperanto a farkon ƙarni, da kuma jayayya da ta yi barazanar hadin kan ƙungiyar Esperanto a lokacin. 

Ya sami babban cancanta a lokacin rikicin 1907-1908, lokacin da fitowar Ido ta yi barazanar raba ƙungiyar Esperanto. Daga nan sai ya ba da dukan ƙarfinsa, duk iyawarsa, da duk fushinsa don hana rarrabuwa. Ya yi nasara a cikin wannan godiya ga gargadi na ci gaba game da haɗarin da aka kawo wa harshe ta hanyar canji na yau da kullun. Tun daga wannan lokacin, kuma daga baya a matsayin shugaban Akademio de Esperanto, ya yi yaƙi ba tare da gajiyawa ba game da duk wani canji wanda, a ganinsa, ba sakamakon juyin halitta ba ne.

Ya mutu a ranar 21 ga Mayu, 1931, a birnin Paris kuma an binne shi a ranar 23 ga Mayu a Kabari na Père Lachaise (ƙungiya ta 96). 

## Manazarta
Consuelo Castillo de Sánchez Latour

**Consuelo Castillo de Sánchez Latour** (7 ga Fabrairu, 1924 a Chiquimula - 11 ga Yuli, 2015 a Guatemala City) marubuciya ce ta Faransa-Guatemala, marubuciya kuma 'yar jarida. Tana magana da harshen Mutanen Espanya, Turanci, Faransanci da Esperanto.

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1958, an lissafa Castillo a matsayin dan takara ga "Woman of the Year" a gasar da Prensa Libre ta inganta. Ta kasance Mataimakin Shugaban "Asociación de Mujeres Periodistas y Escritoras de Guatemala" (Ampeg) sama da shekaru 30. Consuelo Sanchez ya kuma inganta Harshen Esperanto a Guatemala tare da sauran masu ilimi da malamai.  Ta kasance shugabar "Asociación Esperantista de Guatemala" da kuma "Unión de Mujeres Americanas" daga 1959 zuwa 1963.

An yi imanin cewa Castillo memba ne mai nisa na Enrique Gómez Carrillo .  An dauke ta sanannen Faransanci na Guatemala.

## Manazarta
Louis de Beaufront

**Louis Chevreux** (3 ga Oktoba 1855, Paris - 8 ga Janairu 1935, Thézy-Glimont), wanda aka fi sani da **Louis de Beaufront**, babban tasiri ne a ci gaban Ido, harshen taimako na duniya. Beaufront da farko ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Esperanto kuma yana da alhakin yaduwar sa a yammacin Turai da kuma daya daga cikin masu goyon bayanta na Faransanci na farko.

## Ayyuka
Beaufront ya fara gano Esperanto a cikin 1888 kuma a cikin 1898 ya kafa Société Pour la Propagation de l'Espéranto (SPPE). A cikin 1900, ya rubuta Commentary sur la grammaire espéranto.

An zaba shi don wakiltar Esperanto da ba a canza shi ba a gaban Kwamitin Wakilan don Amincewa da Harshe na Taimako na Duniya, yana halartar tarurrukan Kwamitin Wakilin a watan Oktoba, 1907.  Yayinda yake wakiltar Esperanto a gaban kwamitin, ya kasance marubuci na biyu a asirce bayan Louis Couturat na aikin Ido na asali wanda ya burge Kwamitin Delegation kuma ya haifar da sake fasalin Esperanto ta Kwamitin Dindindin na kwamitin. Wasiƙun da aka adana a Ma'aikatar Shirye-shiryen Harsuna da Gidan Tarihin Esperanto a Vienna sun nuna cewa ya musanta duk wani haɗin gwiwar Ido. Beaufront ya kasance mai goyon bayan Ido daga baya, kuma ya rubuta tasirin Ido *Kompleta Gramatiko Detaloza*, wanda aka buga a 1925.

Halinsa ba sabon abu ba ne. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi Marquis ne, kuma ya yi iƙirin cewa yana da kakarsa ta Ingila, amma babu wata shaida ga kowanne daga cikin waɗannan da'awar.

Ya bayyana a matsayin hali a cikin littafin Joseph Skibell na 2010, A Curable Romantic .

## Manazarta
Claudius Colas

**Claudius Colas** (29 Nuwamba 1884 a Saint-Huruge, Faransa – 11 Satumba 1914 a Yaƙin Marne )  wanda aka fi sani da **Farfesa V. Esperema**, ɗan ƙasar Faransa ne mai ra'ayin Esperanti . A shekarar 1910, ya ƙirƙiri harshen da aka gina Adjuvilo, wanda cikakken harshe ne wanda ba a taɓa nufin a yi amfani da shi ba amma a maimakon haka ƙoƙari ne na taimakawa wajen haifar da rashin amincewa a cikin ƙungiyar Ido da ke tasowa a lokacin. A shekarar 1910, ya kafa IKUE,  ƙungiya mafi girma ta Katolika Esperantists a duniya. Ya mutu a farkon Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya. 

## Manazarta
Michel Duc-Goninaz

**Michel Duc Goninaz** (6 Satumba 1933 - 26 Maris 2016)  ya kasance Esperantist na Faransa wanda aka sani a duk duniya saboda sake dubawa na 2002 na La Plena Ilustrita Vortaro de Esperanto (Turanci: Complete Illustrated Esperanto Dictionary). 

Wani memba na Ƙungiyar Matasan Esperanto ta Duniya (TEJO)  a cikin shekarun 1950, ya yi aiki a matsayin co-editor na La *Folieto,* wanda aka rarraba galibi tsakanin matasa Esperantists na Île-de-France. A shekara ta 1956 ya auri Arlette Lecourtois .  Ya taka rawar gani a fim din Esperanto na 1964 Angoroj .

Musamman, ya tattara Vocabulaire Espéranto (Laŭtema esperanta franca vortareto), ƙamus na Faransanci-Esperanto wanda Ophrys ya buga a cikin 1971 (2nd edition, 1990), kuma ya daidaita wasa Alexander Pushkin The Stone Guest cikin Esperanto a matsayin La Ŝtona Gasto . Ya kuma fassara The Stranger na Albert Camus da Dream Story na Arthur Schnitzler zuwa Esperanto. Shekaru da yawa ya kasance malami a cikin Rasha da Esperanto a Jami'ar Provence (Aix-Marseille). Duc Goninaz yanzu malami ne a San Marino">Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Duniya a San Marino kuma edita ne mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun ga mujallar Esperanto-harshe *Monato*.

A shekara ta 2002, shi da Claude Roux sun sabunta kuma sun sake sabunta La Plena Ilustrita Vortaro de Esperanto, ƙamus na yaren Esperanto na Gaston Waringhien wanda aka buga shi da farko a shekara ta 1976. A shekara ta 2002 mujallar La *[[La Ondo de Esperanto|Ondo na Esperanto]]* ta kira Duc Goninaz a matsayin Esperantist na Shekara don nuna godiya ga aikinsa a matsayin babban edita don sake fasalin ƙamus. Wani bita na sake dubawa (2005) ya gyara kurakurai da yawa na rubutun, da yawa daga cikinsu masanin ilimin Esperanto da kuma lexicographer Bertilo Wennergren ya lura da su.

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

* 2005. La Plena Ilustrita Vortaro na Esperanto. Paris: Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda, shafi na 1265  .

## Labarai

* 1979. "Esperanto en Perspektivo: Faktoj kaj analizoj pri la internacia lingvo" ("Esperanto a cikin hangen nesa: Gaskiya da bincike game da Harshen Duniya", Ivo Lapenna, Ulrich Lins, Tazio Carlevaro: Compte-rendu) a cikin Matsalar Harshe da Shirye-shiryen Harshe, 3:1, 40-45.
* 1983 (tare da Denis Creissels). "Harsunan U.S.S.: Aspects linguistiques et sociolinguistiques" ("Harsunan USSR: Harsunan harshe da zamantakewar harshe") a cikin Matsalar Harshe da Shirye-shiryen Harshe, 7:2, 198 ff.
* 2000. "L"espérantologie en revue (2) " ("Esperantology in review") a cikin *Matsalolin Harshe da Shirye-shiryen Harshe*, 24:2, 197-200.

## Manazarta
Lise London

**Lise London** (15 ga Fabrairu 1916 - 31 ga Maris 2012) 'yar siyasar Kwaminisanci ce kuma mai fafutuka a Faransa. Ta shiga cikin Brigades na Duniya a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Spain da kuma adawar Faransa a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu .  Ta kasance gwauruwa Artur London, ɗan siyasa Kwaminisanci na Czechoslovak kuma wanda ake tuhuma a cikin Shari'ar Slánský . Bayan shari'ar da aka nuna mijinta da kuma ɗaurin kurkuku, ta zama mai sukar Stalin da Stalinism.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Élizabeth ( laƙabi, Lise) Ricol a Montceau-les-Mines, Faransa, a shekarar 1916 ga iyayenta daga Spain .   Ta zama memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Faransa tun tana ƙarama.  Ta koma Moscow a Tarayyar Soviet, inda ta fara haɗuwa sannan ta auri mijinta, Artur London. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Spain suka shiga Rundunar Sojojin Ƙasashen Duniya a lokacin barkewar Yaƙin Basasa na Spain a 1936.  A cikin wata hira da *El País* a 2011, London ta bayyana shigarta da Rundunar Sojojin Ƙasashen Duniya a matsayin "lokaci mafi kyau" a rayuwarta, tana mai cewa, "Mutanen Spain koyaushe suna cikin tunanina. Kullum ina tunawa da Brigade, da tsoffin abokaina; Ina mafarkin su. Spain ta kasance manufa, manufa mafi soyuwa a gare mu, kuma har yanzu tana da inganci." 

Lise da Artur sun ƙaura zuwa Paris a shekarar 1939 bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Basasa na Spain da kuma kafa Francoist Spain .  Jamus ta Nazi ba da daɗewa ba ta mamaye Faransa kuma ta mamaye ta a shekarar 1940. Dukansu sun shiga ƙungiyar Resistance ta Faransa . A shekarar 1942, an kama London aka aika ta zuwa sansanin tsare mutane na Ravensbrück, inda aka tsare ta har tsawon sauran yaƙin.  A shekarar 1944 an tsare ta tare da Louise Aslanian, wacce ta zama abokai da ita.

Lise London ta koma Czechoslovakia tare da mijinta bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Artur London ta shiga sabuwar gwamnatin Kwaminisanci ta Czechoslovakia a matsayin mataimakin ministan harkokin waje . Duk da haka, mijinta ya yi rashin jituwa da hukumomi da Stalin, kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai a lokacin shari'ar Slánský a 1952. [1] An sake shi a 1956 bayan mutuwar Stalin kuma ma'auratan sun koma Paris. [1] Artur London daga baya ya buga wani wasan kwaikwayo game da shari'arsa, The Confession, wanda aka buga a 1968. Artur London ya mutu a 1986. Lise London ta zama marubuciya kuma marubuciya, musamman mai da hankali kan abubuwan da mijinta ya fuskanta a shekarun 1950. Littattafanta sun haɗa da " Mégère de la rue Daguerre ", wanda aka buga a 1995.

A wata hira da aka yi da El País a shekarar 2011, London ta bayyana cewa ta "yage katin zama memba na" ta kuma bar Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Faransa, duk da cewa ta ci gaba da goyon bayan gurguzu. 

Lise London ta rasu a ranar 31 ga Maris 2012 a birnin Paris tana da shekaru 96 kuma an binne ta tare da mijinta a makabartar Ivry da ke Ivry-sur-Seine . 

## Manazarta
Teresa Lamoneda

**Teresa Lamoneda** ( ) sojan Cuban ne wanda ya yi yaƙi a Yaƙin basasar Spain .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Teresa ga iyayen 'yan Afirka-Cuban a ƙarni na 20 a birnin Havana . A shekarar 1935, ta ƙaura zuwa Madrid don yin atisaye a matsayin mai rawa .  

A ranakun 17 da 18 ga Yuli, 1936, tana Toledo lokacin da aka yi juyin mulki na 1936, wanda ya haifar da Yaƙin Basasa na Spain . A lokacin boren, ' yan tawayen sun kai mata hari suka raunata ta, suka harbe ta a kugu, yayin da aka kama saurayinta, wani matashin Ba'amurke, aka kuma tsare shi a gidan yari. 

Bayan ta warke daga harbin da aka yi mata a wani asibiti a Madrid, ta shiga yaƙi a ɓangaren jam'iyyar Republican a gaban Talavera de la Reina, inda ta sake haɗuwa da abokin aikinta. A wannan lokacin, an ƙara mata matsayi zuwa matsayin laftanar kuma an ba ta kayan ado guda biyu. [1] A shekarar 1938, 'yar jaridar Amurka Lorna Lindsley ta yi mata hira, wadda daga baya ta buga hirar a matsayin wani ɓangare na littafin War Is People, wanda aka buga shekaru biyar bayan haka. [2] A shekarar 1939, wacce ta riga ta zama laftanar, tana cikin ma'aikatan wani jirgin ruwa da ya kwashe mayaƙan jam'iyyar Republican daga Valencia, ya mayar da su Barcelona . A can, ta haɗu da Brigadier Joseph Almudéver . [2] [3]

A wani lokaci, ta bayyana cewa bayan yaƙin, ta yi shirin ƙaura zuwa Rasha, amma ba a san ko ta tsira daga ƙarshen yaƙin ba.  Lorna, 'yar jaridar da ta yi mata hira, ta yi iƙirarin jin jita-jita cewa Teresa ta mutu a sansanin fursunonin Gurs da ke Faransa, amma babu wata shaida da ke nuna wannan gaskiyar. 

## Manazarta
Madeleine Lamberet

**Madeleine Lamberet** (6 Maris 1908 - 9 Mayu 1999) ta kasance mai zane-zane na Faransa, malamin makarantar firamare kuma mai fafutuka.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Madeleine Lamberet a ranar 6 ga Maris, 1908, [ 1 ] a unguwar Villeneuve-Saint-Georges da ke Paris.  Ta kasance mai zane tun tana ƙarama, ta yi karatu a École des Arts Décoratifs kuma ta kasance ɗalibi ga masu zane-zanen neo-impressionist Maurice Denis, Paul Signac da Édouard Vuillard . Bayan ta nuna ayyukanta na farko a Salon d'Automne na 1929, ta je Andorra, inda ta zana hotuna da shimfidar wurare. [ 1 ] A shekarar 1934, ta lashe gasar Prix Blumenthal don zane. 

Bayan barkewar Yaƙin Basasa na Spain, ita da 'yar uwarta Renée Lamberet sun tsallaka kan iyaka zuwa Spain, inda Madeleine ta ɗauki zane-zanen 'yan bindigar 'yan tawaye kuma Renée ta tattara shaidu don tarihin rikicin.  Ta shiga cikin ayyukan Solidaridad Internacional Antifascista kuma ta rubuta labarai game da Juyin Juya Halin Spain na *Le Libertaire* .  A shekarar 1937, Madeleine ta ƙaura zuwa Barcelona, inda ta zana jerin hotunan 'yan bindigar 'yan tawaye;  sannan ta koma Paris, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar fasaha a wata makarantar firamare . Bayan kayar da ' yan Republican na Spain a 1939, ta je iyakar Faransa da Spain ta ba da taimako ga 'yan gudun hijira, tana nuna sansanonin ɗaurin kurkuku a cikin zane-zanenta. A lokacin mamayar Nazi a Faransa, ta taimaka wajen ɓoye membobin Resistance na Faransa ta hanyar shiga cikin jabun takardu. [ 1 ]

Bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Lamberet ta yi tafiya zuwa Bulgaria don taimakawa 'yan gurguzu na Bulgaria su tsere daga zaluncin da gwamnatin kwaminisanci ke yi musu. A can ta haɗu da abokiyar zamanta Georges Balkanski [bg] wacce ta daɗe tana mulki., wanda ta taimaka wajen tserewa zuwa Faransa a shekarar 1949. [1] Ta shiga cikin ayyukan ƙungiyoyin 'yan gurguzu na Spain da Bulgaria da aka kora, wanda ta hanyarsa ta shiga Confédération Nationale du Travail (CNT), reshen Faransa na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Duniya (IWA). Ta ba da gudummawar zane-zane da dama ga CNT, a lokacin rikicin aikinsu a shekarun 1970. [ 1 ] CNT ta taimaka wajen shirya baje kolin zane-zanenta a watan Yunin 1998. [1]

Lamberet ta ci gaba da aikinta na malamar zane-zane har zuwa 1969, lokacin da ta yi ritaya.  'Yar uwarta Renée ta mutu a 1980, [ 1 ] kuma abokin aikinta Georges Balkanski ya mutu a watan Oktoban 1996.  Madeleine Lamberet da kanta ta mutu a ranar 9 ga Mayu 1999, [ 1 ] a gundumar 18 ta Paris .  An kona gawarta a ranar 14 ga Mayu 1999. [ 1 ]

## Manazarta
Myriam Dossou D'Almeida

**Myriam Dossou de Souza-D'Almeida** (an haife ta a ranar 27 ga watan Mayu, 1967, a Lomé) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar ƙasar Togo wacce ta kasance Ministar Ci gaban Grassroots, Matasa, da Aikin Yi wa Matasa Aiki tun daga watan Oktoban 2020 a Gwamnatin Victoire Tomegah Dogbé. Ta ƙware a fannin inshora da sake inshora.

### Ilimi
Myriam Dossou D'Almeida ta fara karatunta a Kwalejin Furotesta ta Lomé kuma ta sami digirinta na farko a shekarar 1985 a Makarantar Sakandare ta Tokoin da ke Lomé.  Ta fara karatun fannin harhaɗa magunguna a Jami'ar Reims-Champagne-Ardenne amma ba ta kammala karatun digirinta ba. Daga nan ta koma harkar inshora ta shiga École nationale d'assurances (Paris), inda ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Kasuwanci (MBA) a shekarar 2005.  Ta koyar a can daga shekarun 2008 zuwa 2014.  Ta kuma kammala karatunta a Cibiyar Inshorar Afirka da ke Tunis. 

### Aikin inshora
A tsawon aikinta, De Souza-D'Almeida ta yi aiki a kamfanonin inshora da dama, ciki har da GTA-C2A IARD, dillalin Marsh France  da kuma Sabon Kamfanin Inshorar Ƙasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya.  Daga nan ta koma sake inshora, musamman a AXA  a sassan Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara da Maghreb. 

Daga baya ta zama Darakta Janar na Cibiyar Inshorar Lafiya ta Ƙasa (INAM) daga shekarun 2012  ko 2013  zuwa 2020. A cikin waɗannan shekaru takwas, ta aiwatar da ayyuka da dama, ciki har da jami'o'i ga tsofaffi da kuma faɗaɗa inshorar lafiya ga mata, ɗalibai, da 'yan jarida.  An soki yadda take tafiyar da tattalin arzikin cibiyar bayan wani bincike da babban sufeton jihar ya yi, wanda ya tabbatar da rahotannin da aka samu daga binciken cikin gida a watan Disamba na shekarar 2018.  An kuma zarge ta da kashe kuɗi sau biyu. 

### Aikin siyasa
Ta maye gurbin Victoire Tomegah Dogbé a matsayin Ministar Ci Gaba da Matasa ta Grassroots lokacin da ta zama firayim minista.   Daga nan ta bar INAM  ta kuma mai da hankali kan haɓaka kasuwancin matasa    da kuma yaƙi da shan muggan kwayoyi.  Wa'adinta ya ga ƙaruwa sosai a ƙirƙirar ƙananan kamfanoni a tsakanin matasa. 

## Manazarta
Léopoldine Tiézan Coffie

**Léopoldine Tiézan Coffie** (1950 – 7 ga Fabrairu 2026) 'yar siyasar Ivory Coast ce ta Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Ivory Coast–African Democratic Rally (PDCI-RDA). 

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haife ta a shekarar 1950, Tiézan ta zama mace mai tasiri a siyasar Ivory Coast, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar reshen mata na PDCI-RDA.  Daga shekarun 1998 zuwa 1999, ta kasance Ministar Inganta Iyali da Mata a ƙarƙashin Firayim Minista Daniel Kablan Duncan daga shekarun 1998 zuwa 1999.   A shekarar 2013, an naɗa ta wakiliyar sashe na PDCI-RDA na Daloa.  A watan Nuwamba a shekarar 2019, an naɗa ta mataimakiyar shugabar jam'iyyar.   Ta kuma kasance shugabar ƙungiyar *Réseau internationale des femmes pour des actions affirmates*. 

Tiézan Coffie ta mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya a Abidjan, a ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairu, 2026, tana da shekaru 75.

## Manazarta
Mahawa Bangoura

**Mahawa Bangoura Camara** (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga watan Maris 1927) jami'ar diflomasiyya ce kuma 'yar siyasa ta Guinea. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Harkokin Waje na Guinea.  Ta kasance Jakadiyar Guinea a Amurka, kuma wakiliyarta ta dindindin a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Mahawa Bangoura Camara a ranar 13 ga watan Maris, 1927 a Conakry, Guinea. 

## Aiki
An naɗa Bangoura a matsayin Jakadiyar Guinea a Amurka a shekarar 1995. 

Bangoura ta kasance wakiliyar dindindin ta Guinea a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya har zuwa watan Yunin 2000, lokacin da ta zama mace ta farko a matsayin ministar harkokin waje ta ƙasar, inda ta maye gurbin Zainoul Abidine Sannoussi.    Shugaba Lansana Conte ne ya naɗa ta a lokacin wani garambawul da ya sa aka maye gurbin manyan ministoci biyar.  Bangoura da sabon ministan tsaro da harkokin cikin gida Ahmadou Camara sun zama sakatarorin gwamnati, kuma manyan muƙamai a cikin majalisar ministoci bayan Firayim Minista, Lamine Sidime. 

A watan Agusta na shekarar 2001, ta gana da takwarorinta na Liberia da Sierra Leone a Monrovia, Liberia domin ƙoƙarin kawo zaman lafiya a ƙasashe uku na Mano River Union (MRU).   Bangoura ta ci gaba da zama ministar harkokin waje har zuwa shekara ta 2002. 

## Manazarta
Pilar Santiago

**Pilar Santiago Bilbao** ( Barruelo de Santullán, Palencia, 1914 - Barcelona, Yuni 3, 1998) kuma aka sani da **Pilar Trueta**, wani malamin Sipaniya, mai gwagwarmayar Jam'iyyar Workers' Party of Marxist Unification ( POUM ) kuma an yi hijira a Mexico . 

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Yaro
An haife ta a lardin Palencia, mahaifinta, ma'aikacin jirgin ƙasa, an mayar da shi Barcelona a shekarar 1916.  Iyalin sun zauna a unguwar Sant Andreu de Palomar. Ta yi karatun firamare, bisa ga tsarin Makarantar Zamani, a Ateneu Obrer de Sant Andreu. 

### Balaga
A shekarar 1929 ta shiga Makarantar Malamai ta Al'ada kuma ta kammala aikinta na koyarwa a shekarar 1933. Malama ce, da sauran wurare, a Ateneo Obrer inda aka yi mata karatu. 

Ta shiga ƙungiyar Ma'aikata da Manoma,  da kuma ƙungiyar ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Koyarwa ta Spain (FETE-UGT). A wannan shekarar ta shiga POUM kuma a can ta haɗu da malami Joan Hervàs, wanda ta aura.  A matsayinta na memba na Kwamitin Matasa na Tsakiya na POUM, ta ƙirƙiri wani gagarumin aikin farfaganda tare da Andreu Nin da Wilebaldo Solano.  Ta kasance ɓangare na Sakatariyar Mata ta jam'iyyar   kuma ta yi aiki tare da Maria Teresa Garcia Banus, wacce aka fi sani da Teresa Andrade.  Lokacin da Yaƙin Basasa ya ɓarke, ta ba da gudummawa ga mujallar *Emancipació* kuma ta halarci tarurruka da yawa.  Ita ce kuma ke da alhakin, daga Mayu 1937 Events, na rarraba jaridar ƙarƙashin ƙasa *La Batalla* . 

### Kisan mijinta da kuma ɗaurin kurkuku
Bayan kisan mijinta Joan Hervàs a Aragon Front, a watan Maris na 1938, a tsakiyar zaluncin da ake yi wa POUM, an kama Pilar Santiago kuma bayan an yi bincike da dama, an shigar da ita gidan yarin mata na Les Corts har zuwa ranar 13 ga Agusta, lokacin da aka sake ta.

### Faransa
Bayan ta yi zaman gidan yari, ta koma Lyon, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta a wata makarantar jarirai . Daga 1939 ta zauna a Paris kuma ta kafa hulɗa da Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata da Makiyaya ta Faransa ( PSOP ). 

### Sabuwar aure da Mexico
A shekarar 1942 ta auri Rafael Trueta Raspall (likita kuma ɗan'uwan likitan raunin da ya faru Josep Trueta a Raspall ) [1] kuma suka yi ƙaura zuwa Mexico tare da 'yarsu Helena (ɗan aurensu na farko), a cikin jirgin ruwa na Nyassa, wanda ya isa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Veracruz a watan Mayu na wannan shekarar. [2] A can ma'auratan suka shirya wani bita na yin 'yan tsana da jakunkunan tufafi, wanda ya ba shi damar buɗe wurin aikin likitanci. [3]

## Manazarta
Jean Jaurès

**Auguste Marie Joseph Jean Léon Jaurès** (3 Satumba 1859 31 ga Yuli 1914), wanda aka fi sani da **Jean Jaurès** (  ; Occitan    ), shugaban gurguzu ne na Faransa. Da farko ya kasance ɗan jam'iyyar Republican mai matsakaicin ra'ayi, daga baya ya zama ɗan dimokuraɗiyya na zamantakewa kuma ɗaya daga cikin masu yiwuwar yin hakan (reshe na farko na masu kawo sauyi na ƙungiyar gurguzu) kuma a shekarar 1902 shugaban Jam'iyyar Gurguzu ta Faransa, wacce ta yi adawa da Jam'iyyar Gurguzu ta juyin juya hali ta Jules Guesde ta Faransa . Jam'iyyun biyu sun haɗu a shekarar 1905 zuwa Sashen Faransa na Ƙasa da Ƙasa na Ma'aikata (SFIO). A matsayinsa na mai adawa da sojoji, an kashe shi a shekarar 1914 a lokacin barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya amma ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na tarihi na ' Yan Hagu na Faransa . A matsayinsa na ɗan gurguzu mai ra'ayin gurguzu, Jaurès ya ƙi ra'ayin kama-karya na proletariat kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin sulhunta manufa da abin duniya, daidaito da haɗin kai, dimokuraɗiyya da gwagwarmayar aji, da kuma kishin ƙasa da ƙasa.  

## Farkon aiki
An haifi Jean Jaurès a Castres, Tarn, a cikin wani ɗan kasuwa da manomi wanda bai yi nasara ba, a cikin iyalin masu zaman kansu na lardin Faransa. Yayansa, Louis, ya zama admiral kuma mataimakin Jam'iyyar Republican-Socialist.

Ɗalibi mai basira, Jaurès ya yi karatu a Lycée Sainte-Barbe a Paris kuma an shigar da shi da farko a École normale supérieure, a falsafar, a 1878, a gaban Henri Bergson . Ya sami digiri na falsafar a 1881, ya ƙare na uku, sannan ya koyar da falsafar shekaru biyu a makarantar sakandare ta Albi kafin ya yi lacca a Jami'ar Toulouse. An zabe shi mataimakin Jamhuriyar Republican na Tarn a 1885,  yana zaune tare da 'yan Republican masu tsayayya, suna *tarawa* da Radicals na Georges Clemenceau da Socialists. Daga nan sai ya goyi bayan Jules Ferry da Léon Gambetta. A ranar 29 ga Yuni 1886 Jaurès ya auri Louise Bois wanda duk da ra'ayin Jaurès na ci gaba da kasancewa Katolika.

### Masanin tarihi
A shekara ta 1889, bayan da ya yi hamayya da kujerar Castres ba tare da nasara ba, a wannan lokacin a ƙarƙashin tutar Socialism, ya koma aikinsa na sana'a a Toulouse, inda ya yi sha'awar harkokin birni kuma ya taimaka wajen gano fannin kiwon lafiya na jami'ar. Ya kuma shirya takardun biyu don digirin digirinsa a fannin falsafar, ("A kan farkon bayanin zamantakewar Jamus a cikin rubuce-rubucen [Martin] Luther, [Immanuel] Kant, [Johann Gottlieb] Fichte da [Georg Wilhelm Friedrich] Hegel") (1891), da kuma  .

## Manazarta
Georges Kersaudy

**Georges Kersaudy** (an haife shi a 1921 a Le Havre, ya mutu a 18 Yuni 2015) ya kasance Mai fassara na Faransanci, mai bita, Esperantist kuma polyglot . 

## Tarihin rayuwa
Yayinda yake matashi, Kersaudy ya fara koyon harsunan Romance da Jamusanci da yawa, ya gano a shekara 15 cewa ilimin Esperanto ya ba shi damar yin amfani da harsunan Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai. Daga 1941 zuwa 1946 ya sami digiri a Sorbonne a cikin Jamusanci, wallafe-wallafen Amurka da wayewa, Harsunan Scandinavia na zamani da wallafe-walfinai da ilimin Romance. A wannan lokacin ya sami difloma a cikin Rasha, Romanian, Hungarian da Finnish daga babbar Cibiyar Harshen Gabas da wayewa ta Gabas ta Tsakiya ta Faransa. Ya kuma kammala shekaru uku na Turkiyya da Serbo-Croatian, da kuma shekaru biyu na Farisa, yana mai bayyana cewa idan zai iya kasancewa a Paris, da ya ci gaba da karatunsa.

Ya fara aikinsa a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Faransa tare da mukamai a Moscow da Belgrade, inda ya kasance mataimakin kwastomomi. Daga nan ya zama mai fassara ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ya yi shekaru bakwai a New York, shekaru uku a Bangkok kuma daga baya a Vienna, Roma da sauran biranen Turai. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da fassara a Majalisar Ministoci Tarayyar Turai . Ya rike mukamai a manyan birane daban-daban a nahiyoyi huɗu, yayin da yake shiga cikin manufofi da yawa a duniya, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin ƙwararren mai fassara ga Kotun daukaka kara ta Faransa da Kotun Koli ta Paris (Tribunal de grande instance).

Georges Kersaudy ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1987. Shi ne mahaifin masanin tarihi François Kersaudy.

A watan Yunin shekara ta 2004, ya jagoranci jerin sunayen mazabar Île-de-France na Turai-Democracy-Esperanto, jam'iyyar da aka kafa don inganta karuwar amfani da Esperanto a Tarayyar Turai, amma ya lashe kuri'u 5,789 kawai (0.21% na kuri'un da aka jefa).  Tare da sanannen marubucin Esperanto kuma masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Claude Piron da kuma jami'in diflomasiyyar Danish Eskil Svane, ya kafa kungiyar Esperanto ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.

## Littafin

* *Harsuna ba tare da iyaka ba: A gano harsunan Turai* ("Harsuna ba su da iyaka; Binciken harsunan Yuropa"), 2001: Sa'an nan, shafuka 383.  . Kersaudy ya bayyana wannan aikin a matsayin "shaidar harshe".

## Manazarta
Georges Lagrange

**Georges Lagrange** (Faransa pronunciation: [ʒɔʁʒ la.ɡʁɑ̃ʒ]; Agusta 31, 1928 a Gagny, Seine-Saint-Denis - Afrilu 30, 2004 a Poitiers) marubucin Esperantist ne na Faransa kuma memba na Kwalejin Esperanto . Ya fassara wasan kwaikwayo da yawa daga Faransanci zuwa Esperanto, ya yi aiki a wasu daga cikinsu, kuma ya rubuta waƙoƙi da litattafan bincike a ƙarƙashin sunan Serĝo Elgo.

## Wasu fassarori

* Andromaka, da Fedra, Jean Racine
* Hernani, Victor Hugo,
* Sai dai Albert Camus
* Fatomaŝino, Jean Cocteau
* Kalva Kantistino, Eugène Ionesco

## Manazarta
Charles-Ange Laissant

**Charles-Ange Laisant** (1 ga Nuwamba 1841 - 5 ga Mayu 1920), ɗan siyasan Faransa kuma masanin lissafi, an haife shi a Indre,  kusa da Nantes a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 1841, kuma ya yi karatu a École Polytechnique a matsayin injiniyan soja. Ya kasance Freemason kuma mai zaman kansa.

## Siyasa
Ya kare sansanin Issy a Siege na Paris, kuma ya yi aiki a Corsica da Aljeriya a 1873. A shekara ta 1876 ya yi murabus daga aikinsa don shiga majalisar a matsayin mataimakin Nantes a cikin sha'awar jamhuriya, kuma a shekara ta 1879 ya zama darektan Le Petit Parisien . Don zargin zargin da ake yi wa Janar Courtot de Cissey a cikin wannan takarda an ci masa tarar sosai.

A zauren majalisar ya yi magana musamman kan tambayoyin sojoji; kuma ya kasance shugaban kwamitin da aka naɗa don yin la'akari da dokokin sojoji, inda ya yi murabus a shekarar 1887 kan ƙin amincewa da soke keɓancewa na kowace irin doka. Daga nan ya zama mai bin manufofin gyara na Janar Boulanger kuma memba na ƙungiyar 'yan kishin ƙasa . Laisant ya buga ƙasidu biyu na siyasa, *Pourquoi et comment je suis Boulangiste* (1887) da *L'Anarchie bourgeoise* (1887). An zaɓe shi mataimakin Boulangist a gundumar Paris ta 18 a 1889. 

## Lissafi
Laisant bai nemi sake tsayawa takara a shekarar 1893 ba, amma ya sadaukar da kansa ga lissafi tun daga lokacin.  Tun a shekarar 1874, ya buga wani bincike kan ayyukan hyperbolic  da kuma fassarar Faransanci ta babban takardar Giusto Bellavitis kan kayan aiki wanda Laisant ya ƙara babi kan hyperbolas .  Ya buga ayyuka biyu a cikin algebra na geometric, *Gabatarwa à la Méthode des Quaternions* (1881)  da *Théorie et aikace-aikacen des equipollences* (1887).  Ya kuma kafa wani mujallar lissafi tare, *[[L'Intermédiaire des Mathématiciens]]* tare da Émile Lemoine a shekarar 1894, kuma a shekarar 1888 ya kasance shugaban Société Mathématique de France .  Littafin karatu na quaternion ya takaita shi kaɗan ne kawai na Jules Hoüel, kuma rubutun game da kayan aiki ya ƙara faɗaɗa kan hanyoyin Bellavitis.

Ya kasance a cikin ma'aikatan École Polytechnique, kuma a cikin 1903-1904 ya kasance shugaban kungiyar Faransa don Ci gaban Kimiyya.

Jaridar koyarwa, L'Enseignement Mathématique, wacce Laisant da Henri Fehr suka kafa a cikin 1899, ta zama sashin hukuma na Hukumar Kasa da Kasa kan Ilimin Lissafi a cikin 1909. 

## Dubi kuma

* Tsarin maimaitawa na Laisant don lambobin gida

## Manazarta
Eugène Lanti

**Eugène Lanti** wani suna ne na **Eugène Aristide Alfred Adam** (19 ga Yulin 1879 a Normandy, Faransa - 17 ga Janairu 1947 a Mexico), Esperantist, ɗan gurguzu kuma marubuci. Ya kasance wanda ya kafa Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda, kuma editan dogon lokaci na mujallar gurguzu ta duniya Sennaciulo . Lanti ya kasance mai sukar Stalinism da kuma mai ba da shawara game da sabon rukunan, anationalism, wanda ke da niyyar kawar da ainihin manufar al'umma a matsayin jagorar ra'ayi na ƙungiyar zamantakewa.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Iyayen Lanti manoma ne. A farkon rayuwarsa ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin gona, masassaƙi, mai yin kayan ɗaki da mai tsarawa. Ya yi karatu da kansa, kuma ya yi karatu da yamma. A shekara ta 1914 an tattara shi a Yaƙin Duniya na farko kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin direban motar asibiti. Ya koyi Esperanto a cikin 1914-15 a Yammacin Gabas, amma a cikin 1919 kusan an rinjaye shi ya bar Esperanto don goyon bayan Ido. Bayan yakin, ya koma Paris, ya saba da Lucien Bannier da Ludoviko Glodeau, kuma ya sake tabbatar da goyon bayansa ga Esperanto tare da editansa na *[[Liberiga Stelo]]* .

A cikin shekarun 1920 Lanti ta zauna a Paris tare da Ellen Kate Limouzin, kawun George Orwell. Orwell ya ziyarci ma'auratan kuma ya sha wahala a matsayin wanda ba ya magana da Esperanto, kuma ya ci gaba da ƙin yaren. An ba da shawarar cewa Orwell ya haɗa da abubuwa na Esperanto a cikin harshen "Newspeak" da ya kirkira a cikin littafinsa mai adawa da mulkin kama karya, Nineteen Eighty-Four . 

## Ayyukan siyasa na Lanti
A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa Lanti ya janyo hankalin anarchism, amma a cikin 1920 ya watsar da anarchism kuma ya zama memba na kafa Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Faransa. A cikin 1921 a Prague shi ne mai farawa kuma shugaban *de facto* na Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda (SAT), ƙungiyar Esperanto mai faɗi (wanda ya ƙunshi Kwaminisanci, Social Democrats da anarchists) wanda ba ya shirya tare da layin ƙasa.

A cikin 1933 Lanti, wanda ya ji rauni ta hanyar hare-haren kansa da zargi game da jagorancinsa, ya bar matsayinsa na shugaban kwamitin tsakiya na SAT, matsayin da ya rike tun lokacin da aka kafa kungiyar. Ya ci gaba, duk da haka, ya taka rawa a cikin kungiyar musamman a matsayin marubuci. A cikin 1935 Lanti ya kafa mujallar mai zaman kanta *[[Herezulo]]* inda ya soki gwamnatin Soviet da karfi fiye da Sennaciulo.

## Manazarta
René Maurice Fréchet

**René Maurice Fréchet** ( [ʁəne mɔʁis fʁeʃɛ, moʁ-]; 2 ga Satumba 1878 - 4 ga Yuni 1973) masanin lissafi ne na Faransa. Ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ilimin lissafi na gaba ɗaya kuma shine na farko da ya bayyana sararin ma'auni. Ya kuma ba da gudummawa da yawa ga fannin kididdiga da yiwuwar, da lissafi. Rubutun nasa ya buɗe dukkan fannin aiki a kan sararin ma'auni kuma ya gabatar da ra'ayin compactness. Ba tare da Riesz ba, ya gano ka'idar wakilci a cikin sararin Ayyukan Lebesgue square integrable. Sau da yawa ana kiransa wanda ya kafa ka'idar sararin samaniya.

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Rayuwa ta farko
An haife shi ne a cikin iyalin Furotesta a Maligny ga Jacques da Zoé Fréchet . A lokacin da aka haife shi, mahaifinsa ya kasance darektan gidan marayu na Protestant a Maligny kuma daga baya aka nada shi shugaban makarantar Protestant; amma a karkashin Dokokin Jules Ferry ya rasa aikinsa. Mahaifiyarsa ta kafa gidan kwana ga baƙi a birnin Paris; kuma a lokacin da ya dace mahaifinsa ya sami matsayin koyarwa a cikin tsarin duniya.

Maurice ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Lycée Buffon a Paris inda Jacques Hadamard ya koya masa lissafi. Hadamard ya fahimci damar saurayi Maurice kuma ya yanke shawarar koyar da shi a kan mutum. Bayan Hadamard ya koma Jami'ar Bordeaux a shekara ta 1894, Hadamard ta ci gaba da rubuta wa Fréchet, ta sa shi matsalolin lissafi kuma ta soki kuskuren da ya yi. Daga baya Fréchet ya yarda cewa matsalolin sun sa ya zauna cikin ci gaba da tsoron rashin iya warware wasu daga cikinsu, duk da cewa yana da godiya sosai ga dangantakar ta musamman da Hadamard da yake da dama don jin daɗi.

### Rayuwa ta tsakiya
Fréchet ya yi aiki a cibiyoyi daban-daban a lokacin aikinsa na ilimi. Daga 1907 zuwa 1908 ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa na lissafi a Lycée a Besançon, sannan ya koma a 1908 zuwa Lycée a Nantes don zama a can na shekara guda. Bayan haka ya yi aiki a Jami'ar Poitiers tsakanin 1910 da 1919.

A shekara ta 1908 ya auri Suzanne Carrive (1881-1945). Suna da 'ya'ya hudu: Hélène, Henri, Denise da Alain .

### Yaƙin Duniya na farko
Fréchet yana shirin yin shekara guda a Amurka a Jami'ar Illinois, amma shirinsa ya rushe lokacin da Yaƙin Duniya na farko ya ɓarke a shekara ta 1914. An tattara shi a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta a wannan shekarar. Saboda ƙwarewarsa ta harshe daban-daban, wanda ya samu lokacin da mahaifiyarsa ta gudanar da kafa don baƙi, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara ga Sojojin Burtaniya. Koyaya, wannan ba aiki ne mai aminci ba; ya shafe shekaru biyu da rabi kusa da ko a gaba. Manufofin daidaito na Faransa sun haifar da tattara malamai da yawa. Sun yi aiki a cikin rami kuma da yawa daga cikinsu sun rasa a lokacin yakin. Yana da ban mamaki cewa a lokacin hidimarsa a yaƙin, har yanzu ya sami nasarar samar da takardun lissafi masu kyau akai-akai, duk da cewa yana da ɗan lokaci kaɗan don ba da gudummawa ga lissafi.

## Manazarta
Lois Orr

**Lois Orr** (23 Afrilu 1917 - Agusta 1985), wanda aka fi sani da ***Louise Cusick***, ***Lois Cusick*** da ***Lois Culter ***' yar Amurka ce ta ƙarni na 20 a cikin ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta ƙungiyar Marxist Unification ( POUM ).

## Bayani
An haifi Orr a Louisville, Kentucky . Ta halarci Jami'ar Louisville, inda ta haɗu da Charles Orr .  A shekararta ta biyu, ta auri Charles. Sun yi tafiya zuwa Turai don hutun amarcinsu, inda suka ziyarci ƙasashe da dama ciki har da Jamus ta Nazi.  Sun kusa shiga jirgin ruwa zuwa Indiya, amma sun ji labarin boren da kuma fara Yaƙin Basasa na Spain .

## Sana'a
Orr ta zauna a Barcelona a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Spain, inda ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar mayaƙa mata ta Ma'aikata ta Marxist Unification (POUM). Ita da mijinta, sun tsira daga harin Stalinist a kan POUM a watan Yunin 1937, bayan yaƙin Barcelona May Days . An kama su a ranar 17 ga Yuni, kwana ɗaya bayan an kama Andreu Nin Pérez da shugaban POUM, amma an sake su a ranar 1 ga Yuli kuma jakadan Amurka, Mahlon Perkins, ya sanya su a cikin jirgin ruwa da ke kan hanyar zuwa Marseilles a ranar 3 ga Yulin 1937. [1] Suna cikin Mexico a shekarar 1940 lokacin da aka kashe Leon Trotsky .

## Gado
An buga wani tarin wasiƙunta da aka gyara a gidanta na Amurka daga Spain a shekarar 2009.  

## Manazarta