Dorothy Garrod

**Dorothy Annie Elizabeth Garrod**, CBE, FBA (5 ga Mayu 1892 - 18 ga Disamba 1968) masanin kimiyyar Ingilishi ne wanda ya kware a lokacin Palaeolithic . Ta rike mukamin Farfesa na Archaeology na Disney a Jami'ar Cambridge daga 1939 zuwa 1952, kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta rike kujera a ko dai Oxford ko Cambridge.  

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
Garrod 'yar likitan Sir Archibald Garrod ce da Laura Elizabeth Smith, 'yar likitocin tiyata Sir Thomas Smith, 1st Baronet .  An haife ta ne a titin Chandos, London, kuma ta yi karatu a gida. Malamin ta na farko shi ne Isabel Fry a matsayin mai kula. Garrod ta tuna Fry yana koya mata, tana da shekaru tara, a titin Harley tare da 'yar Walter Jessop .  Daga baya ta halarci Makarantar Birklands a St Albans . 

Pamela Jane Smith ta rubuta game da Garrod kamar haka: "Garrod memba ne mai ƙarfi na masarautar ilimi ta Burtaniya. Mahaifinta, Sir Archibald Garrod, ya kasance Farfesa na Magunguna a Oxford kuma an dauke shi a matsayin wanda ya kafa kwayoyin halitta; kakanta shine Sir Alfred Garrod na Asibitin Kwalejin King, Likita na Musamman ga Sarauniya Victoria kuma babban iko kan cututtukan rheumatic. "

Garrod ta shiga Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge a 1913, inda ta karanta tarihin d ̄ a da na gargajiya kafin ilimin kimiyyar archaeology ya kasance a matsayin batun,  ta kammala karatun a 1916. A lokacin da ta kammala karatu a 1916 ta rasa 'yan'uwa biyu, Lt Alfred Noel Garrod da Lt Thomas Martin Garrod .  Dukansu biyu an kashe su a cikin WW I. Ɗan'uwanta na uku, Lt Basil Rahere  ya mutu a Faransa daga mura na Mutanen Espanya kafin a sake shi.  An yi jita-jita cewa ta rasa saurayinta. Ta ba da gudummawa tare da Ƙungiyar Mata ta Katolika har zuwa 1919. Daga baya ta yi tafiya zuwa Malta, inda mahaifinta ke aiki a matsayin Shugaban Asibitocin Yakin,  kuma ta fara sha'awar kayan tarihi na gida.Akwai rashin jituwa sosai game da ranar da ta zama Roman Katolika amma Garrod a bayyane ya tuba zuwa Katolika kafin ya zo Cambridge.

## Ayyuka

A lokacin da iyalinta suka dawo Ingila, inda suka zauna a Oxford, Garrod ta karanta don difloma na digiri a Anthropology a shekarar 1921.  A bayyane yake daga bayanan lacca, wanda ya tsira a Museum Antiquities Nationale, cewa darasi na Diploma ya kasance gabatarwa mai zurfi ga ilimin kimiyyar archaeology da anthropology. Robert Ranulph Marett ne ya koya mata, mai karatu a cikin ilimin zamantakewar jama'a kuma ƙwararren mai tonowa. Ta sami bambanci a lokacin kammala karatunta a 1921, a matsayin daya daga cikin ƙananan ɗaliban mata. Ta sami sana'ar ilimi: ilimin kimiyyar Palaeolithic Age . Pamela Janes Smith ta gano cewa Garrod ya bayyana daga baya a matsayin haraji a gare shi cewa "Marett abokin aiki mai kyau, mai magana mai basira, ƙaunataccen aboki. "  Smith ya gano cewa Mrs Chitty, née Mary Kitson Clark, ɗaya daga cikin abokan Garrod, a lokacin binciken Dutsen Carmel na 1929, a cikin wata hira, cewa Garrod "ya sami juyowa zuwa prehistory tare da zurfin ji na addini [...] Ƙudurin zama prehistorian kuma musamman a cikin Stone Age, ya gabatar da ita a cikin na biyu, kamar wannan Mari'a. Garrod ya yi karatu na tsawon shekaru biyu, 1922 zuwa 1924, tare da M. l'Abbé Breuil, masanin tarihi, a Institut de Paleontologie Humaine a Paris.  Smith ta yi jayayya cewa sha'awar Garrod game da asalin, rarraba da rarraba tarurruka na Tsakiya da Upper Palaeolithic; sha'awarta da tambayoyin asalin mutane na zamani da mutuwar Neanderthals; damuwa da kwanan wata ta hanyar geochronology  da kuma sanarwar da ta yi cewa "Yuropa kawai bayan duk tsibirin Afirka da Asiya" (Clarke 1999:409) za a iya fassara ta a matsayin Garrod kasancewa ɗan ilimi na Abbé Breuil. "

A cikin 1926, Garrod ta buga aikinta na farko na ilimi, The Upper Paleolithic of Britain, wanda aka ba ta B.Sc. digiri daga Jami'ar Oxford . 

Bayan gayyatar daga Breuil, ta bincika Devil's Tower Cave, wani shafin sama da watanni bakwai a Gibraltar tsakanin 1925 da 1927.  Yana da mita 350 kawai daga Forbes' Quarry, inda aka sami kwanyar Neanderthal a baya. Garrod ya gano a cikin wannan kogo a cikin 1925, wani muhimmin kwanyar Neanderthal na biyu yanzu ana kiransa Gibraltar 2. Ita ce ta farko da aka sani a duniya. Garrod ta sami kwarangwal da yawa a lokacin da take tabbatar da aikinta, amma kwanyar ba ta dace da ma'anar Neanderthal ba. A cikin 1928, ta jagoranci balaguron farko don shiga Kudancin Kurdistan . Tana neman shaidar mutanen Palaeolithic da ke ƙaura tsakanin Upper Mesopotamia da Siriya. Wannan aikin ya haifar da binciken gwaji na Hazar Merd Cave da Zarzi Cave.

A cikin 1929, an nada Garrod don gudanar da bincike a Wadi el-Mughara a Dutsen Karmel a Mandatory Palestine, a matsayin aikin hadin gwiwa na Makarantar Nazarin Prehistoric ta Amurka da Makarantar Archaeology ta Burtaniya a Urushalima. An kammala jerin manyan wasanni 12 tsakanin 1929 da 1934.  Sakamakon ya kafa tsarin lokaci wanda ya kasance mai mahimmanci don gabatar da fahimtar wannan lokacin prehistoric. Yin aiki tare da Dorothea Bate, ta nuna dogon jerin ayyukan Lower Palaeolithic, Middle Palaeolittic da Epipalaeolithic a cikin koguna na Tabun, El-Wad, Es-Skhul, Shuqba (Shuqbah) da Kebara Cave .  Ta kuma kirkiro lakabin al'adu na marigayi Epipalaeolithic Natufian al'adu (daga Wadi Natuf, wurin Kogin Shuqba) bayan binciken da ta yi a Es-Skhul da El-Wad . An gudanar da binciken da ta yi a wuraren kogo a cikin Levant tare da kusan ma'aikatan mata da aka dauka daga ƙauyuka na gida, kamar Jeba da Ljsim. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan mata, Yusra, an yaba da ita tare da gano kwanyar Tabun 1 Neanderthal .  An lalata ƙauyukan Jeba da Ljsim a cikin 1948 kuma ba a iya gano yawancin mambobin ƙungiyar Palasdinawa ba. A cikin 1937, Garrod ya buga The Stone Age of Mount Carmel, wanda aka yi la'akari da aikin da ya haifar da shi a fagen. A cikin 1938, ta yi tafiya zuwa Bulgaria kuma ta tono kogon Palaeolithic na Bacho Kiro .  

Bayan rike mukamai na ilimi, gami da Darakta na Nazarin Kwalejin Newnham na Archaeology da Anthropology, ta zama Farfesa na Disney na Archaeological a Cambridge a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1939, mukamin da ta rike har zuwa 1952.  Mata dalibai sun gaishe da nadin ta da farin ciki kuma an gudanar da "bikin kwaleji" don girmama ta a Newnham, inda aka sanya wa kowane abinci suna bayan wani abu na archaeological. Bugu da kari, Cambridge Review ta ruwaito, "Zaɓin mace zuwa Farfesa na Archaeology na Disney babban mataki ne na gaba zuwa ga cikakken daidaito tsakanin maza da mata a Jami'ar. "  Daidaitawar jinsi a Jami'a ta Cambridge a lokacin har yanzu tana da nisa: a matsayin mace, Garrod ba za ta iya zama cikakken memba na jami'ar ba, don haka an cire ta daga magana ko jefa kuri'a kan al'amuran Jami'a.  Wannan ya ci gaba da amfani har zuwa 1948, lokacin da mata suka zama cikakkun mambobi na jami'ar.

Daga 1941 zuwa 1945, Garrod ya yi hutu daga jami'ar kuma ya yi aiki a cikin Sojojin Sama na Mata (WAAF) a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Ta kasance a cikin sashin fassarar daukar hoto na RAF Medmenham a matsayin jami'in sashi (daidai da matsayi ga Jami'in jirgin sama). 

Bayan yakin, Garrod ta koma matsayinta kuma ta yi canje-canje ga sashen, gami da gabatar da tsarin nazarin tarihin duniya. Inda a baya an yi la'akari da prehistory musamman Faransanci ko Turai, Garrod ya fadada batun zuwa sikelin duniya. Garrod ya kuma yi canje-canje ga tsarin nazarin ilimin kimiyyar archaeology, don haka ya juya Cambridge zuwa jami'ar Burtaniya ta farko don bayar da darussan digiri na farko a cikin ilimin kimiyyyar archeology. A lokacin hutun bazara na jami'a, Garrod ya yi tafiya zuwa Faransa kuma ya tono a wurare biyu masu muhimmanci: kogon Fontéchevade, tare da Germaine Henri-Martin, da Angles-sur-l'Anglin, tare da Suzanne de St. Mathurin.

### Rayuwa ta baya
A lokacin da ta yi ritaya a 1952, Garrod ta koma Faransa, amma ta ci gaba da bincike da tonowa. A shekara ta 1958, tana da shekaru 66, ta tono a kan tudun Aadloun a Lebanon, tare da taimakon Diana Kirkbride .  A shekara mai zuwa an nemi ta da gaggawa ta tono a Ras El Kelb, saboda wani babban kogo ya damu da hanyar da kuma hanyar jirgin kasa. Henri-Martin da de St. Mathurin sun taimaka wa Garrod na makonni bakwai, tare da cire sauran kayan zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Beirut don ƙarin cikakken bincike. Ta sake komawa Aadloun a 1963, tare da ƙungiyar matasa masu binciken tarihi, amma lafiyarta ta fara kasawa kuma sau da yawa ba ta nan daga shafukan.

Garrod ya bayyana a matsayin mai ba da shawara a cikin wani labari na 1959 na wasan kwaikwayon Animal, Vegetable, Mineral? An gudanar da shi a Musée de l'Homme . 

A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1968, Garrod ya yi bugun jini yayin da yake ziyartar dangi a Cambridge. Ta mutu a gidan kula da tsofaffi a can a ranar 18 ga Disamba, tana da shekaru 76. 

### Bambancin da hadawa
Garrod ita ce farfesa mace ta farko a Cambridge  kuma ta taimaka wajen canza shi zuwa wata ma'aikata mai hadin kai.  A sakamakon zaben da aka yi mata a matsayin Farfesa, an ba mata cikakken memba, kuma an ba su damar kammala karatu tare da digiri daga Jami'ar Cambridge. Ta yi aiki galibi tare da mata yayin da take zaune a cikin al'ummar Ingilishi mai rarrabe. A Falasdinu an bi da ita a matsayin memba na rukunin masu mulki na Burtaniya kuma Palasdinawa suna ƙaunarta sosai. Dangantakar Garrod da maƙwabtanta Larabawa da ma'aikatanta "sun kasance da dumi. Sau da yawa ana gayyatar Garrod zuwa bukukuwan aure ko wasu lokuta na biki. "An kira ta Sitt Miriam, Lady Mary.".Ma'aikatan tafiyarta na Dutsen Karmel, wanda ya rufe duk abubuwan da aka tono (Skhul, Kebara, el-Wad da et-Tabun), sun kunshi mafi yawan matan Larabawa na gida. Garrod yana da cikakken alhakin binciken dogon lokaci a Dutsen Karmel. A cikin 1931, Francis Turville Petre, wani ɗan luwaɗi a bayyane, ya shiga cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin binciken da ta yi a Dutsen Carmel a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Garrod a Skhul .  Francis Turville-Petre ya gano wani tsohuwar gashin kai a Mugharet ex-Zuttiyeh, kusa da Tekun Galili, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi kyawun abin da ya faru na archaeological na shekarun 1920 a Yammacin Asiya.

### Kyaututtuka da karbuwa
A shekara ta 1937, an ba Garrod lambar yabo ta Doctorate daga Jami'ar Pennsylvania da Kwalejin Boston da DSc. daga Jami'ar Oxford .  An zabe ta Fellow na Kwalejin Burtaniya a 1952, kuma a 1965 an ba ta lambar yabo ta CBE . Ta ji yana da mahimmanci cewa masu binciken tarihi suyi tafiya sabili da haka suka bar kudi don samun Asusun Tafiya na Dorothy Garrod. A shekara ta 1968, Society of Antiquaries na London ta ba ta lambar zinare.

Daga Satumba 2011 zuwa Janairu 2012, an nuna hotuna 17 na Garrod na tonowa, abokai da masu ba da shawara a cikin 'A Pioneer of Prehistory, Dorothy Garrod da Caves of Mount Carmel' a Gidan Tarihin Pitt. 

A cikin 2017, Kwalejin Newnham ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a sanya sunan sabon ginin kwaleji bayan Garrod.  A cikin 2019, Cibiyar McDonald don Binciken Archaeological a Jami'ar Cambridge ta bayyana sabon hoton Garrod ta mai zane Sara Levelle. 

## Dubi kuma

* Archaeology na Isra'ila

## Manazarta

## Ƙarin karantawa
 

* William Davies da Ruth Charles, eds (1999), *Dorothy Garrod da Ci gaban Palaeolithic: Nazarin Prehistoric Archaeology na Gabas ta Tsakiya da Turai*, Oxford: Littattafan Oxbow   
* Pamela Jane Smith, (2005 Wayback Machine archive version of 1996 page) "Daga 'ƙaramin, duhu da rai' zuwa 'mai jin kunya': Dorothy Garrod a matsayin mace ta farko Farfesa a Cambridge"."Daga 'ƙarami, duhu da rai' zuwa 'mai jin kunya': Dorothy Garrod a matsayin mace ta farko Farfesa a Cambridge".
* Pamela Jane Smith et al., (1997), "Dorothy Garrod a cikin Kalmomi da Hotuna", Antiquity 71 (272), shafuffuka na 265-270&nbsp;

## Haɗin waje

* Tarihin hotunan Dorothy Garrod a Gidan Tarihi na Pitt Rivers a Oxford
* Dorothy Garrod (1892-1968): Eine Archäologin erobert die Eliteuniversität Cambridge  An adana shi   (a cikin Jamusanci)