Yanayin Belarus

Belarus ƙasa ce mai laushi, gabaɗaya ƙasar (ma'auni matsakaici mita 162 (531  sama da matakin teku) ba tare da iyakokin halitta ba, wanda ke mamaye yanki na  kilomita 207,600 (80,200 sq .   Makwabtanta sune Rasha a gabas da arewa maso gabas, Latvia a arewa, Lithuania a arewa maso yamma, Poland a yamma, da Ukraine a kudu. Tsawonta daga arewa zuwa kudu shine   , daga yamma zuwa gabas shine  km (400 . 

## Yanayin ƙasa da magudanar ruwa
Yankin Belarus ya rabu da Belarusian Ridge (*Byelaruskaya Hrada*), wani yanki mai tsawo na tsaunuka daban-daban, wanda ke gudana a cikin ƙasar daga yamma- kudu maso yamma zuwa gabas-arewa maso gabas. Matsayinta mafi girma shine Dutsen Dzyarzhynskaya mai mita 346, mai suna Felix Dzerzhinsky, shugaban Cheka. Arewacin Belarus yana da shimfidar wuri mai tuddai tare da tabkuna da yawa da tsaunuka masu gangara da aka kirkira ta hanyar tarkace. A kudu, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yankin jamhuriya a kusa da Kogin Pripiac an ɗauke shi da filin Palyessye, wanda aka raba tare da Ukraine, Poland, da Rasha. A ranar 29 ga Maris, 2024, an buɗe alamar bayanai - abin tunawa - a cikin iyakar gabashin Belarus, Khotimsk . 

Koguna 3,000 na Belarus da tabkuna 4,000 sune manyan siffofi na wuri mai faɗi Ruwa ana amfani da su don katako mai iyo, jigilar kaya, da samar da wutar lantarki. Manyan koguna sune Yammacin Dvina da Nyoman, da kuma kudancin Dnieper tare da masu goyon bayanta, Berezina, Sozh, da Prypyat. Kogin Prypyat ya zama gada tsakanin Dnieper, wanda ke gudana zuwa Ukraine, da Vistula a Poland tun lokacin Kievan Rus'.

Gudun kankara yana da asusun shimfidar wuri na Belarus da tabkuna da yawa. Tafkin Narach, tafkin da ya fi girma a kasar, ya mamaye 79.6 km2. Sauran manyan tabkuna sune Osveya (52.8 km2), Chervonoye (43.8 km2), Lukomlskoye (36.7 km2) da 2"  (36.1 km2). Tafkin Drūkšiai (44.8 km2) yana kan iyakar Belarus da Lithuania. Tafkin da ya fi zurfi a Belarus shine Doŭhaje (53.7 m). Chervonoye shine mafi zurfi a cikin manyan tabkuna, tare da matsakaicin zurfin 4 m. Yawancin manyan tabkuna suna cikin arewacin Belarus. A cikin gundumomin Braslaw da Ušačy, tabkuna sun rufe fiye da 10% na yankinsu.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ƙasar an rufe shi da pushchas, manyan gandun daji marasa mazauna. Kashi na yankin da gandun daji suka rufe ya kasance daga 34% a yankunan Brest da Hrodna zuwa 45% a yankin Homiel. dazuzzuka sun rufe 36-37.5% na yankunan Minsk, Mahilioŭ da Vitsebsk. Gundumomin da ke da mafi girman kashi na yankin da gandun daji suka rufe sune Rasony da Lielčycy, a cikin iyakar arewa da kudancin Belarus bi da bi. Matsayin itace ya ragu - daga 60% a cikin 1600 zuwa 22% a cikin 1922 amma ya fara ƙaruwa tun daga tsakiyar karni na 20. Dajin Białowieża, wanda aka raba tare da Poland a yammacin yamma, shine mafi tsufa kuma mafi kyau daga cikin gandun daji; ajiya a nan yana kare dabbobi da tsuntsaye waɗanda suka ƙare a wasu wurare a baya.

## Yanayi
Saboda kusancin Tekun Baltic (kilomita 257 (160 mi) a mafi kusa), ƙasar tana da yanayin yanayi na nahiya.  Lokacin hunturu yana wucewa tsakanin kwanaki 105 zuwa 145, kuma lokacin bazara yana ɗaukar kwanaki 150.  Matsakaicin zafin jiki a cikin Janairu shine -6 °C (21 °F), kuma matsakaicin zafin jiki na Yuli shine kusan 18 °C (64 °F), tare da babban zafi.[1]  Matsakaicin zafin jiki na Yuli yana daga 17.5 °C (64 °F) a arewa, 18.5–19 °C (66 °F) a kudu.  Don Janairu, yana tashi daga -4.5 °C (24 °F) a kudu maso yamma zuwa -8 °C (18 °F) a arewa maso gabas.  Matsakaicin hazo na shekara-shekara daga 550 zuwa 700 millimeters (21.7 zuwa 27.6 in) kuma wani lokacin yana wuce gona da iri..

Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine a Navahrudak (769 mm a kowace shekara). Mafi girman ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da aka taɓa yin rikodin ya kasance a Vasilievičy (1,115 mm a kowace shekara), mafi ƙasƙanci - a Brahin (298 mm). Kashi 70% na ruwan sama ya fadi daga Afrilu zuwa Oktoba. Ana ruwan sama mai yawa a lokacin rani. Wani lokaci ruwan sama na rana daya a lokacin ruwan sama na rani ya wuce matsakaicin ruwan sama na kowane wata. An rubuta ruwan sama mafi girma a watan Yulin 1973 a Slaŭnaje a Talachyn Raion - 148 mm a rana ɗaya. Ana lura da matakin zafi mafi girma a watan Disamba da Janairu (90%), mafi ƙasƙanci - a watan Mayu da Yuni (65-70%) tare da matsakaicin matakin 80%. Kwanaki tare da danshi ƙasa da 30% ba su da yawa - yawanci ƙasa da 20 a kowace shekara, tare da kawai 3-5 irin waɗannan kwanakin a wasu yankuna. Akasin haka, akwai fiye da kwanaki 100 tare da zafi mai yawa (sama da 80%), a wasu yankuna - har zuwa 152. Saboda yawan danshi, yankunan da ke kusa da Minsk da Navahrudak suna da kwanaki 65 zuwa 100 a kowace shekara.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

## Tsire-tsire da dabbobi
A Belarus, akwai kusan nau'ikan tsire-tsire 1,500 (ciki har da tsire-shuke 1,422), 450 mosses, 2,000 algae da 1,500 fungus species. Ruwan gandun daji yana kusa da kashi 43% na jimlar yankin ƙasa, daidai da hekta 8,767,600 (ha) na gandun daji a cikin 2020, sama da hekta 7,780,000 a cikin 1990. A cikin 2020, gandun daji mai sabuntawa ya rufe hekta 6,555,600 kuma gandun daji da aka dasa ya rufe hekita 2,212,000. Daga cikin gandun daji mai sabuntawa na halitta an ruwaito 2% a matsayin gandun daji na farko (wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan bishiyoyi na asali ba tare da alamun bayyanar ayyukan ɗan adam ba) kuma kusan 16% na yankin gandun daji an samo shi a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye. A shekara ta 2015, an bayar da rahoton cewa 100% na yankin gandun daji yana ƙarƙashin mallakar jama'a.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

A arewa, conifers sun fi yawa a cikin [./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Carex" id="mwAU0" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Carex">sanduna] daji waɗanda suka haɗa da birch da Alder; a kudu, wasu bishiyoyi masu laushi suna girma. Pines sun hada da 50.2% na jimlar yankin gandun daji, spruces - 10%, black alder - 8.2%, oaks - 3.3%, gray alder - 2.3%, aspen - 2.1% .  15.4% na Belarus an rufe shi da ciyawa tare da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na halitta kuma sauran ana noma su musamman. Tsire-tsire da aka fi sani da su a kan ciyayi na halitta sune *Deschampsia* da wasu nau'o'i daban-daban (Carex). A cikin marshes, nau'ikan 267 na Embryophyta suna girma - ganye (nau'in 167), bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi (nau'ikan 37), Bryidae (nau'i 32) da Sphagnopsida (nau'inni 31). 50 daga cikinsu ana daukar su a matsayin magani.

Dabbobi a Belarus sune wadanda suka zama ruwan dare a Tsakiyar Turai da Gabas.

## Gidan shakatawa na kasa
Gidajen shakatawa na kasa babban bangare ne na asalin ƙasar. Mutanen Belarus suna alfahari da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasarsu. Gidan shakatawa na Belovezhskaya Pushcha wani bangare ne da aka kiyaye na Gidan Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO Białowieża Forest a Belarus tun 1992. Daga baya, Majalisar Turai ta bayyana cewa wurin shakatawa yana daya daga cikin wuraren da suka fi kula da kiyayewa. Ana iya samun dabbobi da yawa a cikin waɗannan wuraren shakatawa, watau, jan dabba, alade na daji da elk.

## Damuwa da muhalli

### Batutuwan yanzu

* Ingancin iska a Belarus ya kasance batun shekaru da yawa.  Belarus tana matsayi na uku a duniya don mutuwar da ke da alaƙa da gurɓataccen iska, 100 na kowace mace 100,000 daga 2010 zuwa 2012.[1]  Koyaya, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ingancin iskar yana ƙaruwa da kusan kashi 50% bisa ga ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziki da ci gaba.[2]  Ƙara yawan amfani da iskar gas da kuma madadin kwal ne ke jagorantar yaƙi da gurɓacewar iska.  Manufofin da aka aiwatar a Belarus kuma ana iya ganin su a matsayin babbar hanyar inganta ingancin iska.  Za a iya amfani da tara da kudade don aiwatar da dokoki da ƙa'idoji da kuma sanin al'amarin.  Kuɗin da aka kawo daga kudade da tara kuɗi ana amfani da su ta Asusun Muhalli a Belarus. Yankin kudu-maso-gabashin kasar ya gurbace da fadowa daga hatsarin 1986 a tashar makamashin nukiliya ta Chernobyl da ke Ukraine, inda ya samu kusan kashi 70% na radiation.  Yawancin yankuna a Lardunan Gomel da Mogilev sun zama marasa zama.  Kusan murabba'in kilomita 7,000 (2,700 sq mi) na ƙasa caesium-137 ya gurɓata zuwa matakan sama da 15 (gigabecquerels 550) a kowace murabba'in kilomita, watau, an ɗauka daga amfanin ɗan adam na wani lokaci mara iyaka.  Gabaɗayan farashin tattalin arziƙin don tsarewa da ƙazantawa an kiyasta dala biliyan 235 a Belarus.

### Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa

* Belarus tana cikin Yarjejeniyoyi da suka shafi: nitrogen oxides, sulfur 85, biodiversity, canjin yanayi, Kyoto Protocol, hamada, nau'o'in da ke cikin haɗari, gyaran muhalli, sharar gida mai haɗari, dokar teku, zubar da ruwa, kariya ta ozone, gurɓataccen jirgin ruwa, da wuraren da ke da ruwa.

## Yankin da iyakoki

; Yankin
:* Jimillar: 2,600 km2 (81,054 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
: *kwatanta ƙasar da duniya:* 86 Land: 202,900 km2 (81,054 sq mi) Ruwa: 4,7000 km2
:* Ƙasa: 2,900 km2 (81,054 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
:* Ruwa: 4,7000 km2&nbsp;
; Yankin kwatankwacin
:* Kwatanta Australia: Belarus dan kadan karami fiye da Victoria
:* Kwatanta Kanada: Belarus rabin girman Newfoundland da Labrador
:* Kwatanta Turai: Belarus tana da matsayi na 13, dan kadan karami fiye da Ingila ko Romania
:* Kwatanta Amurka: Belarus dan kadan karami fiye da Kansas.
; Yankunan ƙasa
:* Jimillar: kilomita 3,642
:* Kasashen iyaka: Latvia 161 km, Lithuania 640 km, Poland 418 km, Rasha 1,312 km, Ukraine 1,111 km
; Yankin bakin teku
:
: 0 km (0 mi). Belarus ba ta da iyaka; ruwa mafi kusa shine Tekun Baltic, duk da haka Lithuania da Latvia sun toshe hanyar shiga Baltic.
; Da'awar teku
:
: Babu (ƙuntata) 
; Babban tsawo
:* Matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci: Kogin Neman 90 m (295 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp;
:* Matsayi mafi girma: Dzyarzhynskaya Hara 346 m (1,135 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp;

## Albarkatun halitta

Abubuwan da ke cikin Belarus sun haɗa da katako, ajiyar peat, ƙananan man fetur da iskar gas, dutse, dutse mai laushi, marl, chalk, yashi, dutse.

### Potash, halite da phosphorite
Il-Belarus għandha numru kbir ta 'depożiti ta' potassa - kollha ffurmati matul l-istadju Famennjan tal-Epoka Devonjana Tard - b'riżervi kummerċjali ta '10 biljun tunnellata metrika.  Ġew esplorati tliet depożiti ewlenin tal-potassa – Starobin (Belarus: Старобінскае, Russu: Старобинское), Petrikov (Belarus: Петрыкаўскае, Russu: Петриковское) u Okt:yabrикое  Акцябрскае, Russu: Октябрьское).  Sylvinite (mineral tal-potassa) minn dawn it-tliet depożiti fih sa 28%, 40% u 39% KCl rispettivament.  Ammonti ta 'MgCl2 ivarjaw minn 0.15-0.3% fi Starobin għal 1.5-4% f'Petrikov u aktar minn 5% f'Oktyabrsky.  Id-depożitu ta' Starobin għandu 2.6 biljun tunnellata ta' riżervi ppruvati (kategoriji A, B, C1) u 600 miljun tunnellata ta' riżervi previsti (kategorija C2) ta' potassa. Ir-riżervi fid-depożitu ta' Petrikov huma stmati għal 2.12 biljun tunnellata (kategoriji C1 u C2) ta' potassa. Id-depożitu ta' Oktyabrsky għandu 637 miljun tunnellata ta' potassa (C1 u C2) u 1.1 biljun tunnellata ta' karnalitte. Id-depożitu ta' Starobin biss jintuża, iżda fl-2014 bdiet il-kostruzzjoni tal-ewwel fabbrika fid-depożitu ta' Petrikov.  Diversi depożiti iżgħar u inqas esplorati huma magħrufa, prinċipalment fir-Reġjuni ta' Gomel u Minsk.

An kafa manyan ajiyar halite (gishiri) a lokacin matakan Frasnian da Famennian na zamanin Late Devonian. Tsarin Saliferous ya rufe 2,000 km2 a yankin kudu maso gabashin kasar. An bincika ajiya uku - Starobin (a yankin Minsk), Mazyr da Davy ski (duka a yankin Gomel). Gidan ajiyar Davy Skije shine mafi girma, tare da tabbatar da tan biliyan 20, amma ana amfani da ajiyar Starobin da Mazyr ne kawai don samar da gishiri. Fiye da tan 350,000 na halite ana haƙa su a cikin ajiyar Starobin a kowace shekara (2004). A cikin ajiyar Mazyr, ana fitar da ruwan gishiri ta hanyar rijiyoyi, kuma ana samar da tan 360,000 na gishiri a kowace shekara (2004). &nbsp;

Akwai sanannun ma'adanai na 1" href="./Phosphorite" id="mwAhU" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Phosphorite">phosphorite kusa da 2" href="./Mstsislaw" id="mwAhY" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mstsislaw">Mstsislaw, da kuma Labkovičy (Krychaw Raion) a gabashin Belarus (Yankin Mogilev). Sun ƙunshi fiye da tan miliyan 400 na phosphorites (ma'auni na tanadi: C1 da C2). An san ƙananan ajiya guda biyu a Yankin Brest tare da tanadin tan miliyan 95. Babu wani ajiya da aka yi amfani da shi.

### Abubuwan da ake amfani da su
Saboda babban matakin marshiness na Belarus, yana da wadata sosai a cikin peat. An san ajiyar peat 9,191, jimlar tan biliyan 5.7 na ajiyar gaba ɗaya. Kafin ayyukan inganta ƙasa su fara a karni na 20, peat ya rufe kashi 14% na Belarus. Kodayake ƙasar ba ta da ajiyar kwal mai girma, an kiyasta adadin ƙananan lignite a tan miliyan 553. Matsakaicin abun ciki na zafi shine 25.2 MJ / kg. Adadin man fetur a kudancin Belarus an kiyasta ya kai tan biliyan 8.8 tare da biliyan 3.6 a cikin ajiyar  (Belarusian: Любанскае, Rasha: Любанское) da  (Belarus: Тураўскае, Russian_language" id="mwAiY" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Russian language" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Russian: Туровское) kadai. Shale mai mai yana da zurfin 66-600 m kuma ya fi zurfi. Kaurin layin mai na shale yawanci 0.1-3.7 m, kuma matsakaicin abun ciki na zafi shine 6.7 MJ / kg. An kafa shale na man fetur na Belarus a cikin Late Devonian da Early Carboniferous. 

Yankin kudu maso gabashin Belarus yana da ƙananan filayen mai da yawa. An gano ajiyar mai na farko a kusa da Rechytsa a shekarar 1964. Belarus tana fitar da kimanin tan miliyan 1.8 na mai a kowace shekara, wanda ke samar da kashi 17-18% na bukatun kasar (2004). Ana yawan samun mai a cikin Late Devonian sediments kuma ana haɗa shi akai-akai tare da gishiri layers, amma ajiya biyu suna cikin Late Proterozoic sediments.

### Karfe
Belarus tana da manyan ma'adanai biyu na ƙarfe - Akolaŭskaje (Okolovskoye; a Stowbtsy Raion), tare da tan miliyan 175 na ma'adinai, da Navasiolkaŭskaje ("Novosyolkovskoye; A cikin Gundumar Karelichy), amma babu wanda aka yi amfani da shi. Ajiyar Akolaŭskaje tana da 2-338 m a ƙarƙashin farfajiya tare da 2.5% na baƙin ƙarfe (Fe2+, Fe3+) a cikin ma'adinai. Kashi na baƙin ƙar ƙarfe a cikin maɓuɓɓugar daga ajiyar Navasiolkaŭskaje ya bambanta daga 16-52%. Ores daga ajiyar ƙarshe suna da adadi mai yawa na titanium (har zuwa 7% na TiO2) da vanadium (har zuwa 0.16% na V2O5). An san ƙananan ajiya da yawa (matsalolin ma'adinai) na jan ƙarfe (Chalcopyrite, wasu ma'adanai masu dauke da jan ƙarfe da na asali) da aluminum (boxite-dawsonite). An san ƙananan ajiyar abubuwa masu ban sha'awa a tsakiya da kudancin ƙasar, mafi girma shine Dyjabazavaye (Diabazovoye; a Zhytkavichy Raion), wanda ke dauke da beryllium da abubuwa masu ban mamaki.

### Sauran ma'adanai
Ana samun ma'adanai da yawa na marl da chalk, tare da amfani da adadi mai yawa don samar da siminti a Krychaw, Kastsyukovichy da Vawkavysk. Ana samun manyan ajiya guda biyu na dutse - a cikin Mikashevichy (Gundumar Luninets) da kuma H impulskavičy (Gundar Lyelchytsy).  Dukkanin masana'antun gilashi da tubali na Belarus suna amfani da yashi da yumɓu bi da bi. Babban ajiyar dolomite yana kusa da Vitebsk.

## Amfani da ƙasa

; Amfani da ƙasa
:* Yankin noma: 27.21%
:* Amfanin gona na dindindin: 0.59%
:* Sauran: 72.19% (2012) 
; Ƙasar da ake ban ruwa
:
: 1,150 km2 (2003) &nbsp;
; Jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa
:
: 58 km3 (2011) 
; Rashin ruwa mai laushi (na gida / masana'antu / aikin gona) 
:
: Jimillar: 4.3 km3/shekara (32%/65%/3%) 
: Kowace mutum: 43.4 m3/shekara (200p) 
; Ma'adanai na ruwa
:
: Kimanin koguna 10,800 da rafi, tare da jimlar tsawon kilomita 91,000, da kuma kusan tabkuna 11,000, gami da tabkuna 470 tare da yanki sama da 0.5 km2 kowannensu. Tafkin Narach shine tafkin mafi girma (79.2 km2, mafi zurfi game da 25 m). Yawancin wuraren da ke da santsi, musamman a yankin Polesie.&nbsp;&nbsp;

## Bayani