Yunkurin Dalibai na Atlanta

An kafa kungiyar dalibai ta Atlanta a watan Fabrairun 1960 a Atlanta, Jojiya ta daliban Cibiyar Jami'ar Atlanta (AUC).  Kwamitin da ke kan roko don 'Yancin Dan Adam (COAHR) ne ya jagoranci kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama.

## Tarihi
A ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, 1960, Babban Jami'ar Jami'ar Atlanta (AUC), Lonnie King, ya karanta game da yara maza huɗu da suka fara zama a Woolworth Store a cikin garin Greensboro, North Carolina  a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun. Wannan zama na farko ya haifar da ƙarfin motsin rai da kamewa na jiki, yana fallasa sabon ƙarni na matasa ga gwagwarmaya kai tsaye ba tare da tashin hankali ba.  Abu na farko da ya zo tunanin Sarki shine hare-haren panty da kuma yadda sauri waɗannan hare-hares zasu iya yaduwa daga kwaleji zuwa wani. Sarki ya yi imanin cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da ka'idar panty-raid ga Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama saboda rarrabe launin fata ya kasance a ko'ina. Rarraba matsala ce da ta kasance a duk kudancin Amurka, ba kawai a Greensboro ba. Sarki ya tattauna da Joseph Pierce da Julian Bond game da shirya ƙungiyar ɗalibai a Cibiyar Jami'ar Atlanta.   Uku ba su gamsu da jinkirin Atlanta don canji a cikin wariyar launin fata ba kuma sun yanke shawarar yin aiki.

Cibiyar Jami'ar Atlanta (AUC) dalibai sun taru don ƙaddamar da jerin zanga-zangar don kawo ƙarshen rarrabewar da aka halatta a wuraren jama'a kuma a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 1960. Kimanin dalibai goma sha biyar sun halarci taron farko na masu halartar motsi. Kungiyar ta yi ƙoƙari ta fara zama a ranar haihuwar Lincoln, amma ba su iya samun isasshen ɗalibai don shiga ba. Magana ta Atlanta Student Movement ta fara tafiya da sauri kuma an kira Lonnie King, Julian Bond, da sauransu don bayyana a gaban taron na musamman na Majalisar Shugabannin Jami'ar Atlanta. 

Shugabannin sun yi magana bi da bi, suna Bayyanawa ra'ayoyinsu game da yunkurin zama da aka tsara. Dokta Clement, shugaban Jami'ar Atlanta ya fara magana. Dokta Mays na Morehouse, Dokta Manley na Spelman, da Dokta Brawley na Clark sun bi shi. Shugabannin hudu sun hana dalibai shiga cikin motsi, a maimakon haka suna mai da hankali kan aikin ajiyar su. Sun yi imani da bin dabarun shari'a, barin NAACP ta yi yaƙi da yaƙin launin fata. Mai magana na biyar shi ne Dokta Harry V. Richardson na ITC . Ya ce, "Ina tsammanin yara suna da kyau. Ina da Ph.D.; Ina jagorantar babban kwaleji, kuma ba zan iya zuwa cikin gari ba sai dai in kashe kuɗin da na yi. "  Dokta Frank Cunningham na Kwalejin Morris Brown shine na ƙarshe da ya yi magana kuma ya goyi bayan ra'ayin Dokta Richardson sosai game da ƙungiyar ɗalibai da ke tasowa a Kudu. Dokta Clement, shugaban majalisa, ya sami kansa ba tare da la'akari da maganganun baya ba, kuma ya tambayi wanda zai yi magana a madadin ɗalibai. Lonnie King ya zaba ne daga takwarorinsa don yin magana kuma ya yi jayayya cewa lokaci ya yi da al'ummar Negro su taru kuma su kawo karshen wariyar launin fata a Atlanta. Bayan jawabin Sarki, Dokta Clement ya ba da shawarar cewa ɗalibai su sanar da matsayinsu ta hanyar wata sanarwa ga al'ummar Atlanta kafin su gudanar da zanga-zangar da aka shirya.

Lonnie King ya nada Roslyn Pope, Morris Dillard, Albert Brinson, Julian Bond, da Charles Black don tsara A Appeal for Human Rights, wanda ya bayyana duka korafe-korafen da suka yi da kuma burin da suke so don canjin da aka gabatar. A ranar 9 ga Maris, 1960, an buga wani kira ga 'yancin dan adam a matsayin talla mai cikakken shafi a cikin Kundin *Tsarin Mulki na Atlanta*, Atlanta Journal, da  World .  *[[New York Times]]*, *Harvard Crimson*, mujallar Nation, da Sanata na New York Jacob Javits sun sake buga tallan cikakken shafi.

A ranar 16 ga Maris, 1960, wakilan daga cibiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da Cibiyar Jami'ar Atlanta sun haɗu don kafa Kwamitin daukaka kara don 'yancin dan adam (COHAR).  An yanke shawara ɗaya cewa ya kamata a sami mambobi uku daga kowane ma'aikatar da ke cikin kwamitin. An zabi Lonnie King a matsayin shugaban kwamitin na asali, an zabi John Mack daga Jami'ar Atlanta a matsayin co-shugaba, an zabi Benjamin Brown a matsayin mai ba da kuɗi, kuma an zabi Mary Ann Smith a matsayin Sakatare. Wakilan cibiyoyin sun kasance: Jami'ar Atlanta: John Mack, Johnny Parham, da Willie Mays; Clark: James Felder, Benjamin Brown da Lydia Tucker; Morehouse: Donald Clarke, Albert Brinson, da Julian Bond; Morris Brown: William Hickson, MaryAnn Smith, Robert Schley; ITC: Otis Moss, James Wilborn, Marion Bennett; Spelman: Marian Wright, Josephine Jackson, Roslyn Pope . 

## Tsayawa, zanga-zangar, da kauracewa
 
A ranar 15 ga Maris, 1960, kwanaki shida kawai bayan da aka buga An Appeal for Human Rights, dalibai sama da ɗari biyu na Cibiyar Jami'ar Atlanta sun zauna a gidajen cin abinci goma sha ɗaya a cikin garin Atlanta. An kama dalibai saba'in da bakwai saboda zama, tare da dalibai shida da suka sanya hannu kan Kira don 'Yancin Dan Adam. An yi amfani da sit-ins don samun "bincike-ƙaddamarwa" don gurfanar da lauyoyin NAACP.

A watan Agustan 1960, Lonnie King ya tambayi Dokta Martin Luther King Jr. (babu dangantaka) don biye da ɗalibai a cikin kamawa da aka shirya don Oktoba. Dalilin wannan buƙatar shi ne cewa batun 'Yancin Bil'adama ba batun tattaunawa ba ne a zaben shugaban kasa na 1960 tsakanin Richard Nixon da John F. Kennedy. Dukkanin 'yan takarar sun yi watsi da daliban kolejin Negro sama da 70,000 a Kudu waɗanda ke aiki don ƙin dokokin wariyar launin fata da neman' yanci. Koyaya, kama Dr. King zai sami isasshen ƙarfi don sanya motsi a cikin ajanda na yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa.

A ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 1960, daruruwan dalibai, karkashin jagorancin Lonnie King da sabon shugaban COAHR, Herschelle Sullivan, tare da Dokta King, sun shirya zaman lafiya a ko'ina cikin Atlanta tare da yawan kamawa. Daliban da aka kama sun yi rantsuwa: "Babu belin kurkuku. "  A sakamakon kama Dr. King, zanga-zangar ta karu da yawa washegari. Kwanaki uku bayan zanga-zangar farko, bisa ga bukatar Magajin garin William B. Hartsfield, wanda ke ƙoƙarin shirya sulhu tsakanin ɗalibai da 'yan kasuwa, COAHR ya yi kira da a dakatar da zanga-zambe. A sakamakon yarjejeniyar, an saki daliban da aka kama daga kurkuku.  

A cikin watanni huɗu masu zuwa, Lonnie King da ɗalibai sun ci gaba da yin zanga-zanga ba tare da jinkiri ba. Masu zanga-zangar da aka kama za su ƙi beli, su taru a kurkuku. Cibiyoyin fararen fata na Downtown Atlanta sun rasa sama da dala miliyan 10 saboda Boycotts na Kirsimeti da Negro Community ta gudanar. Tare da nasarar Kirsimeti Boycott, Lonnie King ya ba da sanarwar tsawaita kauracewa don gudana ta hanyar Easter a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1961. 

A ranar 6 ga Maris, 1961, Jesse Hill ya nemi Lonnie King da Sullivan, su halarci taron gaggawa a Chamber of Commerce .   Mambobin iko na fararen fata da baƙar fata sun halarci dakatar da kauracewa kan yarjejeniyar mutum don kawar da wariyar launin fata bayan tsarin makarantar ya rabu da wariyar jinsi a cikin fall of 1961.   Shugabannin dalibai sun ki amincewa da wannan yarjejeniya, saboda suna so su ci gaba da gwagwarmaya don daidaito. Koyaya, shugabannin baƙar fata, gami da Martin Luther King Sr. da babban shugaban NAACP, John Calhoun, sun nace kan yarjejeniyar saboda sun rayu kowace rana ta rayuwarsu ta ware kuma shugabannin fararen suna shirye su sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya don kawar da wariyar launin fata. Shugabannin baya sun jira duk rayuwarsu don wannan lokacin kuma za su kasance a shirye su jira watanni uku zuwa hudu don kawar da wariyar launin fata. Sarki da Sullivan sun ji dattawan su a cikin baƙar fata sun ci amanar su amma daga ƙarshe sun yarda da sulhu.

Bayan sasantawa, dalibai da membobin al'ummar Negro sun nuna rashin gamsuwarsu da shawarar jagorancin baƙar fata na al'umma don jinkirta rarrabewa. A ranar 10 ga Maris, 1961, an gudanar da taron jama'a a Warren Memorial tare da mutane sama da 2000 da suka halarci taron. Tsofaffin shugabannin baƙar fata, ciki har da A.T. Walden, Martin Luther King Sr., da William Holmes Borders sun yi ƙoƙari su yi lacca ga masu sauraro masu adawa game da tsarin tunani a bayan shawarar da aka yanke a ranar 6 ga Maris. Taron ya fara juyawa cikin taron fushi kuma Lonnie King nan da nan ya kira Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. don ya zo ya yi magana da masu sauraro. Martin Luther King Jr. ya shiga kuma zai yi jawabi daya daga cikin manyan jawabai da ya taɓa bayarwa. Dokta King Jr. ya roki masu sauraro da su "tsayayya da cutar kansa ta rashin hadin kai".  Ya ce, "Idan wani ya karya wannan kwangilar, bari ya zama fari. "

## Nasarorin da aka samu
Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Atlanta ta yi tasiri sosai ga rikice-rikicen launin fata ba kawai a Atlanta ba, har ma a cikin ƙasa. A cewar Bond, zaman ya ga 'masu mallakar baƙar fata sun sanya jinginar da mai yiwuwa ya kai $ 100,000' don samun masu zanga-zangar da aka saki daga kurkuku'. Har ila yau, zaman ya taimaka wajen shiga matasa na Amurka, yana kawo ƙaramin ƙarni na shugabannin zuwa gaba kuma yana da zurfin ɗaukar hoto na manema labarai. "  A cikin labarai na yau da kullun, shirin ABC ya nuna Atlanta "a matsayin birni inda, a cikin taken shirye-shiryen, 'Za a iya yi', yana nufin sunan birni don hadin gwiwar launin fata. "

Gabaɗaya, "rashin jituwa da ya haifar da zama" wanda kungiyar dalibai ta Atlanta ta shirya "ya yi wahayi zuwa ga ƙoƙarin kawar da wariyar launin fata cikin salama",  da kuma taimakawa wajen ƙirƙirar "rikice na siyasa ga 'yan takara a lokacin yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa". 

## Kyauta
Ayyukan asali a kan Kira don 'Yancin Dan Adam da membobin Atlanta Student Movement suka fara ya ci gaba har zuwa yanzu, tare da sake dubawa na lokaci-lokaci a cikin 2000, da 2010. Wadannan sun hada da 40th Anniversary An Appeal for Human Rights v.II,   2010 - An Appeal of Human Rights vIII) ta hanyar bita, tunani, da kuma tsarin bita ta asali daga mambobin COAHR. 

Tare da tasirin zamantakewa na dindindin da Motsi ya kawo, ana iya samun wani abin da ya fi dacewa a kusa da West End na Atlanta, inda Atlanta Student Movement Boulevard (tsohon Fair Street) ya yanke ta harabar Jami'ar Clark Atlanta. An sanya wa titin suna a cikin bikin keɓewa a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2010, wanda Kasim Reed, Magajin garin Atlanta ya shirya.

### Sabon Kira ga 'Yancin Dan Adam
A ranar 16 ga Mayu, 2017, an saki 'Sabon Kira don 'Yancin Dan Adam'. Da yake maimaita ra'ayoyin da ake yi a shekarun 1960 na Kira don 'Yancin Dan Adam, takardar ta nuna muhimmancin fahimtar' 'yancin dan adam a matsayin na duniya da ba za a iya raba su ba, da kuma ba za a rarraba su ba kuma suna dogara da juna'.

Dokta Lonnie King, Shugaban kungiyar dalibai ta Atlanta na 1960-1961 ya ce takardar 'a bayyane take nuna cewa neman al'umma 'mai adalci' ya ci gaba har zuwa yau'.

## Manazarta