Peter Ackroyd

**Peter Ackroyd,** CBE , FRSL (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 1949) marubuci ne na tarihin rayuwa, marubuci kuma mai suka, wanda ke da sha'awar tarihi da al'adun Landan. Don littattafansa game da tarihin Ingila da al'adunsa da tarihin rayuwarsa, da sauransu, William Blake, Charles Dickens, TS Eliot, Charlie Chaplin da Sir Thomas More, ya lashe kyautar Somerset Maugham da kyaututtukan Whitbread guda biyu. An san shi da yawan ayyukan da ya samar, nau'ikan salo a ciki, ƙwarewarsa wajen ɗaukar muryoyi daban-daban, da kuma zurfin bincikensa.

An zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na Royal Society of Literature a shekarar 1984 kuma an naɗa shi Kwamandan Order of the British Empire a shekarar 2003.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Ackroyd a Landan kuma ya girma a wani gidan kansila da ke Gabashin Acton, a cikin abin da ya bayyana a matsayin gidan Katolika na Roman Katolika mai tsauri daga mahaifiyarsa da kakarsa, bayan da mahaifinsa ya ɓace daga gidan danginsa.  Da farko ya san cewa shi ɗan luwaɗi ne tun yana ɗan shekara bakwai.  Ya yi karatu a St. Benedict's, Ealing, da kuma Kwalejin Clare, Cambridge, inda ya kammala karatunsa da digiri na biyu a fannin adabin Turanci.  A shekarar 1972, ya kasance ɗan Mellon a Jami'ar Yale .

## Aiki
Sakamakon karatunsa na Yale shine *littafin Notes for a New Culture*, wanda aka rubuta lokacin da Ackroyd yake da shekaru 22 kacal kuma daga ƙarshe aka buga shi a shekarar 1976. Wannan littafin, wanda yayi daidai da littafin TS Eliot 's *Notes Towards the Definition of Culture* (1948), ya nuna sha'awar Ackroyd na bincike da sake duba ayyukan wasu marubutan da ke Landan. Ya yi aiki a mujallar *The Spectator* tsakanin 1973 da 1977 a matsayin editan adabi  kuma ya zama babban editan manaja a 1978, matsayin da ya riƙe har zuwa 1982.  Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mai sharhi kan littattafai na *The Times* kuma ya kasance mai watsa shirye-shirye akai-akai a rediyo. Tun daga 1984 ya kasance memba na Royal Society of Literature . 

Aikin adabinsa ya fara ne da waƙa; aikinsa a wannan fanni ya haɗa da ayyukan kamar *London Lickpenny* (1973) da *The Diversions of Purley* (1987). A shekarar 1982 ya buga *The Great Fire of London*, littafinsa na farko, wanda aka sake fasalin littafin Charles Dickens *Little Dorrit* . Littafin ya kafa wani tsari na dogon jerin littattafan da Ackroyd ya samar tun daga lokacin, waɗanda duk suka yi magana game da hulɗar lokaci da sarari mai sarkakiya da abin da Ackroyd ya kira "ruhun wuri". Duk da haka, wannan sauyi zuwa zama marubuci ba a yi tsammani ba. Littafin ya sami ra'ayoyi masu kyau gabaɗaya game da buga shi, kodayake masu sharhi da yawa daga baya sun sake tantance shi bisa ga hasken *Hawksmoor* shekaru uku bayan haka, wanda ya mayar da hankali iri ɗaya duk da cewa yana da hangen nesa daban-daban na tarihi.  A cikin wata hira da Patrick McGrath a shekarar 1989, Ackroyd ya ce:Ina jin daɗinsa, ina tsammani, amma ban taɓa tunanin zan zama marubuci ba. Ban taɓa son zama marubuci ba. Ba zan iya jure labaran almara ba. Ina ƙin sa. Yana da tsabta sosai. Lokacin da nake saurayi ina son zama mawaƙi, sannan na rubuta littafin suka, kuma ban tsammanin ma na karanta wani labari ba sai da na kai shekara 26 ko 27. A cikin littattafansa sau da yawa yana kwatanta yanayin tarihi da sassan yau (misali Babban Wutar Landan, Hawksmoor, Gidan Doctor Dee ). [ ana buƙatar ambato ] Yawancin littattafan Ackroyd an rubuta su ne a Landan kuma suna magana ne game da yanayin birnin da ke canzawa koyaushe, amma a lokaci guda mai taurin kai. Sau da yawa ana bincika wannan jigon ta hanyar masu fasaha na birnin, musamman marubutan sa: Oscar Wilde a cikin The Last Testament of Oscar Wilde (1983), tarihin rayuwar Wilde na karya; Nicholas Hawksmoor, Sir Christopher Wren da Sir John Vanbrugh a cikin Hawksmoor (1985); Thomas Chatterton da George Meredith a cikin Chatterton (1987); John Dee a cikin The House of Dr Dee (1993); Dan Leno, Karl Marx, George Gissing da Thomas De Quincey a cikin Dan Leno da the Limehouse Golem (1994); John Milton a cikin Milton a Amurka (1996); Charles Lamb a cikin The Lambs of London .

, wanda ya lashe kyautar Whitbread Novel Award  da kuma kyautar Guardian Fiction Prize, ya samu kwarin gwiwa ne daga wakar Iain Sinclair mai suna "Lud Heat" (1975), wadda ta yi hasashe kan wani iko na sihiri daga matsayin coci shida da Nicholas Hawksmoor ya gina. Littafin ya bai wa Hawksmoor wani dalili na shaidan da ya sa aka gina gine-ginensa, kuma ya ƙirƙiri wani suna na zamani, ɗan sanda da ke binciken jerin kisan kai. *Chatterton* (1987), wani littafi mai kama da wannan, ya bincika satar bayanai da jabu kuma an zaɓe shi don kyautar Booker . *London: Tarihin Rayuwa* tattaunawa ce mai zurfi game da London tsawon shekaru. A shekarar 1994 an yi masa hira game da Ƙungiyar Psychogeographical ta London a cikin wani labarin *The Observer*, inda ya yi tsokaci:Ina da yakinin cewa akwai wasu mutane waɗanda ko ta hanyarsu yankin, wurin, da kuma abubuwan da suka gabata suke magana a kansu. ... Kamar yadda ya zama mai yiwuwa a gare ni cewa titi ko gida na iya shafar hali da halayen mutanen da ke zaune a cikinsu, shin ba zai yiwu ba a cikin wannan birni (London) da kuma cikin al'adunsa akwai alamu na hankali ko tsarin martani wanda ya ci gaba tun ƙarni na sha uku da sha huɗu kuma wataƙila ma bayan haka? A cikin jerin littattafan *London: Tarihin Rayuwa* (2000), *Albion: Asalin Tunanin Turanci* (2002), da *Thames: Kogin Sacred* (2007), Ackroyd ya samar da ayyukan abin da yake ɗauka a matsayin ilimin zamantakewa na tarihi. Waɗannan littattafan sun bi diddigin jigogi a cikin al'adun London da na Ingila tun daga zamanin da har zuwa yanzu, suna komawa kan ra'ayinsa na kusan layukan alaƙa na ruhaniya waɗanda suka samo asali a wurin kuma suka shimfiɗa a tsawon lokaci. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

Sha'awarsa ga adabi da fasaha ta Landan ta bayyana a cikin jerin tarihin rayuwarsa da ya shirya na Ezra Pound (1980), TS Eliot (1984), Charles Dickens (1990), William Blake (1995), Thomas More (1998), Geoffrey Chaucer (2004), William Shakespeare (2005), da JMW Turner . Birnin da kansa yana tsaye a kan dukkan waɗannan ayyukan, kamar yadda yake a cikin almara. An tilasta wa Ackroyd ya yi tunanin sabbin hanyoyin rubuta tarihin rayuwa a cikin *TS Eliot* lokacin da aka gaya masa cewa ba zai iya yin ambato sosai daga waƙoƙin Eliot da wasiƙun da ba a buga ba. 

Daga 2003 zuwa 2005, Ackroyd ya rubuta wani shiri mai littattafai shida marasa almara ( *Voyages Through Time* ), wanda aka yi shi ne ga masu karatu 'yan ƙasa da shekara takwas, aikinsa na farko ga yara. Shirin da aka yaba sosai—wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "Ba wai kawai abincin ciye-ciye masu daɗi don ɗan gajeren lokaci ba, har ma da bukukuwan da ke bayyana waɗanda ke barin ku da jin mamaki" na *jaridar The Sunday Times* labari ne mai faɗi game da muhimman lokutan tarihin duniya. 

A wata hira da aka yi da Matthew Stadlen na BBC a shekarar 2012, lokacin da aka yi masa tambayar, "Wa kuke ganin shine mutumin da ya yi babban tasiri ga rayuwar wannan ƙasar?", Ackroyd ya ce, "Ina tsammanin William Blake shine mafi ƙarfi kuma mafi mahimmanci a fannin falsafa ko tunani a tarihin Ingila." A cikin wannan hirar, lokacin da aka tambaye shi abin da ya burge shi game da Landan, ya ce yana yaba da "ikonta, girmanta, duhunta, da inuwarta."  Lokacin da aka tambaye shi abin da ya yi a wajen rubutu, sai ya ce, "Ina sha, shi ke nan." 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Ackroyd ya daɗe yana da dangantaka da Brian Kuhn, wani ɗan rawa ɗan Amurka da ya haɗu da shi a Yale. Bayan wata matsala ta rashin lafiya a ƙarshen shekarun 1980, Ackroyd ya koma Devon tare da Kuhn. Duk da haka, an gano cewa Kuhn yana da cutar kanjamau kuma ya mutu a shekarar 1994, bayan haka Ackroyd ya koma Landan. A shekarar 1999, ya kamu da ciwon zuciya kuma aka kwantar da shi a asibiti na tsawon mako guda.  

A wata hira da aka yi da shi a shekarar 2004, Ackroyd ya ce bai taɓa yin soyayya ba tun bayan mutuwar Kuhn kuma yana "farin cikin rashin yin aure ." 

## Jerin ayyuka

### Waƙa

* 1971 *Kai!*
* 1973 *London Lickpenny*
* *Rayuwar Ƙasa* ta 1978
* 1987 *Rarraba Waƙoƙin Purley da Sauran Waƙoƙi* (Hamish Hamilton) 

### Almara

* 1982 *Babban Gobarar Landan* (Hamish Hamilton) 
* 1983 *Alkawari na Ƙarshe na Oscar Wilde* (Hamish Hamilton) 
* *Hawksmoor* (Hamish Hamilton) 1985 
* 1987 *Chatterton* (Hamish Hamilton, Grove) 
* *Hasken Farko na* 1989 (Grove) 
* *Waƙar Turanci* ta 1992 (Knopf) 
* 1993 *Gidan Doctor Dee* (Hamish Hamilton) 
* 1994 *Dan Leno da Limehouse Golem* (wanda aka buga a matsayin *The Trial of Elizabeth Cree* ) (Vintage) 
* 1996 *Milton in America* (Nan A. Talese) 
* *Takardun Plato na 1999: Annabci* (Nan A. Talese) 
* *Tatsuniyoyin Clerkenwell* na 2003 (Chatto da Windus, Nan A. Talese) 
* 2004 *The Lambs of London* (Nan A. Talese) 
* 2006 *Faɗuwar Troy* (Nan A. Talese) 
* *Littafin Shari'a na Victor Frankenstein na* 2008 (Nan A. Talese) 
* *Tatsuniyoyin Canterbury na 2009 - Maimaita Bayarwa* (Labarin Penguin na Gargajiya) 
* *Mutuwar Sarki Arthur ta 2010: Tatsuniya Mai Rashin Mutuwa - Maimaita Labarin* (Labarin Penguin) 
* *<nowiki/>'Yan'uwa Uku na* 2013 (Nan A. Talese) 
* 2020 *Mr Cadmus* (Canongate) 

### Ba almara ba

### Talabijin

* *Dickens* na 2002 ( BBC )
* 2004 *London* ( BBC )
* 2006 *Labaran Soyayya* ( BBC )
* 2007 *London Visions* ( BBC )
* *Tafkin Peter Ackroyd na* 2008 ( ITV )
* 2009 *Venice na Peter Ackroyd* ( BBC )

## Girmamawa da kyaututtuka

* 1984 Abokin Hulɗa na Royal Society of Literature 
* Kyautar Heinemann ta 1984 (wanda ya lashe tare) ga *TS Eliot*
* Kyautar Somerset Maugham ta 1984 don *Alkawari na Ƙarshe na Oscar Wilde*
* Kyautar Whitbread ta Tarihin Rayuwa ta 1984 ga *TS Eliot*
* Kyautar Gargajiya ta Fiction ta 1985 ga *Hawksmoor*
* Kyautar Whitbread Novel Award ta 1985 ga *Hawksmoor*
* Kyautar Booker ta 1988 don Almara - zaɓi (jerin 'yan takara) don *Chatterton*
* Kyautar Tunawa da Baƙin James Tait ta 1998 (don tarihin rayuwa) don *Rayuwar Thomas More*
* Kyautar Shekara-shekara ta Nunin South Bank na 2001 don Adabi ga *London: Tarihin Rayuwa*
* Kyautar Littattafan Burtaniya ta 2003 Littafin Shekara Mai Zane (An zaɓi *waɗanda aka yiwa alama a London* )
* 2003 Kwamandan Mafi Kyawun Umarni na Daular Burtaniya (CBE)
* 2006 Memba na girmamawa na Ƙasashen Waje na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka 
* 2006 Likitan Haruffa (D.Litt.) daga Jami'ar Brunel . 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin marubutan yara marasa almara

## Manazarta