Inuwa ta sararin samaniya

Inuwa ta sararin samaniya ko garkuwar rana wani abu ne wanda ke karkatar da shi ko kuma ya rage wasu daga cikin radiation na Sun, yana hana shi buga Duniya kuma ta haka ne ya rage Hasken rana, wanda ke haifar da rage zafi. Ana iya karkatar da haske ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Ma'anar gina inuwa a matsayin hanyar injiniyan yanayi ya samo asali ne daga shekarun 1923, 1929, 1957 da 1978 ta masanin kimiyyar lissafi Hermann Oberth .    [buƙaci ambaton don tabbatarwa] Mirrors na sararin samaniya a cikin kewaye da Duniya tare da diamita na 100 zuwa 300 km, kamar yadda Hermann Oberth ya tsara, an yi niyyar mayar da hankali ga hasken rana a kan kowane yanki na farfajiyar Duniya ko karkatar da shi cikin sararin samaniya don radiation na rana ya raunana a cikin hanyar da aka sarrafa ta musamman ga kowane yanki a farfajilar Duniya.  

Da farko an gabatar da shi a cikin 1989, wani ra'ayi na inuwa na sararin samaniya ya haɗa da sanya babban diski mai ɓoyewa, ko fasahar manufa iri ɗaya, tsakanin Duniya da Rana.

Inuwa na rana na iya zama hanyar Injiniyan yanayi guda ɗaya don ragewa dumamar duniya ta hanyar sarrafa radiation na rana, saboda tattaunawar rage fitar da hayaki na duniya na iya zama bai isa ba don kawo canjin yanayi. Hakanan ana iya amfani da sunshades don samar da wutar lantarki ta sararin samaniya, yana aiki azaman tauraron dan adam na hasken rana. Tsarin inuwa da aka gabatar sun haɗa da inuwa guda ɗaya da inuwa da ƙananan abubuwa da yawa suka yi. Yawancin irin waɗannan shawarwari suna la'akari da wani abu mai toshewa a Sun-Duniya L1 Lagrangian.

Shawarwarin zamani sun dogara ne akan wasu nau'ikan inuwa mai rarraba wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu haske ko "space bubbles" masu iska waɗanda aka ƙera a sararin samaniya don rage farashin ƙaddamar da manyan abubuwa zuwa sararin samaniya. Koyaya zai kashe tiriliyan daloli kuma har yanzu ba a ƙaddamar da samfurin ba. Masu sukar kuma suna jayayya cewa gina shi zai kasance mai jinkiri don hana matakan haɗari na dumamar duniya.

## Tsarin da aka tsara

### Girgije na ƙaramin jirgin sama
Ɗaya daga cikin inuwa na rana da aka tsara zai ƙunshi ƙananan tiriliyan 16 a Sun-Duniya L1 Lagrangian point, kilomita miliyan 1.5 daga Duniya kuma tsakanin shi da Sun. Kowane faifai an ba da shawarar samun diamita 0.6 da kauri na kimanin 5 micrometers. Nauyin kowane faifai zai kasance game da gram, yana ƙarawa har zuwa kusan tan miliyan 20. Irin wannan rukuni na ƙananan inuwa na rana wanda ke toshe 2% na hasken rana, yana karkatar da shi zuwa sararin samaniya, zai isa ya dakatar da dumamar duniya. Idan an kaddamar da tan 100 na diski zuwa ƙasa a kowace rana, zai ɗauki shekaru 550 don kaddamarwa dukansu.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

An ba da shawarar kowane jirgin sama mai cin gashin kansa wanda ke gina girgije na inuwa ba don nuna hasken rana ba amma don zama ruwan tabarau masu haske, suna karkatar da haske dan kadan don kada ya buga Duniya. Wannan yana rage tasirin Matsin hasken rana a kan raka'a, yana buƙatar ƙaramin ƙoƙari don riƙe su a wurin a L1. Roger Angel ne ya gina samfurin gani tare da kudade daga NIAC.

Sauran matsin hasken rana da kuma gaskiyar cewa L1 yana daya daga cikin daidaitattun daidaito, wanda sauƙin damuwa da girgizar ƙasa saboda tasirin nauyi daga wata, yana buƙatar ƙananan masu tashi masu cin gashin kansu su sami damar sarrafa kansu don riƙe matsayi. Maganin da aka ba da shawarar shine sanya madubai masu iya juyawa a saman takardun. Ta hanyar amfani da matsin hasken rana a kan madubai a matsayin sails na hasken rana da kuma karkatar da su a cikin madaidaiciyar hanya, mai tashi zai iya canza saurin sa da shugabanci don ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayi.

Irin wannan rukuni na inuwa na rana zai buƙaci zama yanki na kimanin murabba'in kilomita miliyan 3.8 idan aka sanya shi a L1 (duba wasu ƙididdigar girman faifai a ƙasa).

Har yanzu zai ɗauki shekaru don ƙaddamar da isasshen diski a cikin sararin samaniya don samun wani tasiri. Wannan yana nufin dogon lokaci. Roger Angel na Jami'ar Arizona  ya gabatar da ra'ayin don inuwa a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Amurka a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2006 kuma ya sami tallafin Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba ta NASA don ƙarin bincike a watan Yulin shekara ta 2006. Samar da wannan inuwa a sararin samaniya an kiyasta ya wuce dala biliyan 130 a cikin shekaru 20 tare da kimanin rayuwar shekaru 50-100. Don haka ya jagoranci Farfesa Angel ya kammala cewa "shadow sun ba madadin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa ba ne, mafita ta dindindin kawai. Irin wannan matakin na fasaha da saka hannun jari na kudi na iya tabbatar da hakan. Amma idan duniyar ta shiga cikin rikice-Rikicin yanayi wanda za'a iya gyara shi kawai ta hanyar sanyaya, zai zama mai kyau a shirya tare da wasu mafita masu inuwa da aka yi aiki.&nbsp;

Masu bincike daga Jami'ar Stuttgart, Cibiyar Nazarin Tsarin sararin samaniya sun bayyana taswirar hanya don ci gaba, gini da jigilar garkuwar rana ta duniya (IPSS) a Lagrange point 1 a cikin 2021, wanda kuma zai zama tashar photovoltaic. A nan ma, kamar yadda yake tare da Hermann Oberth, samarwa a kan Wata, amfani da slingshot na lantarki na wata (lunar coilgun) da jigilar abubuwan da aka gyara daga Wata zuwa Lagrange point 1 tsakanin Duniya da Sun ana tattauna su ta hanyar jiragen sararin samaniya na lantarki (a madadin haka tare da sails na rana). Marubutan suna magana ne game da ayyukan kasa da kasa da yawa da kuma damar sanya garkuwar hasken rana a cikin aiki a shekara ta 2060. 

#### Maganin sauƙi da "space bubbles"
Olivia Borgue da Andreas M. Hein sun gabatar da wani zane na baya-bayan nan a cikin 2022, suna ba da shawarar inuwa mai rarraba tare da taro a kan umarnin tan 100,000, wanda ya ƙunshi fina-finai masu laushi da SiO2 nanotubes. Marubucin ya kiyasta cewa ƙaddamar da irin wannan taro zai buƙaci ƙaddamar da 399 na shekara-shekara na abin hawa kamar SpaceX Starship na shekaru 10.

Wani ra'ayi na 2022 na MIT Senseable City Lab ya ba da shawarar amfani da tsarin fim mai laushi ("space bubbles") wanda aka ƙera a sararin samaniya don warware matsalar ƙaddamar da abin da ake buƙata zuwa sararin samaniya. Masana kimiyya na MIT karkashin jagorancin Carlo Ratti sun yi imanin karkatar da kashi 1.8 cikin dari na hasken rana na iya canza canjin yanayi gaba ɗaya. Cikakken raft na kumfa mai kumbura zai kasance kusan girman Brazil kuma ya haɗa da tsarin sarrafawa don daidaita nisansa daga Sun da inganta tasirinsa. Za a yi harsashi na kumfa mai laushi da silicon, an gwada shi a yanayin sararin samaniya a matsin lamba na .0028 atm kuma a -50 digiri Celsius. Suna shirin bincika kayan matsin tururi don hanzarta kumbura kumfa, kamar narkewar silicon ko ruwan ionic mai ƙarfafa graphene.

A watan Yulin , masu bincike daga Jami'ar Luxembourg, Olivia Borgue da Andreas M. Hein, a maimakon haka sun ba da shawarar haɗa nanotubes da aka yi da silicon dioxide a cikin fina-finai masu laushi (wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "space bubbles" a cikin kafofin watsa labarai ), wanda yanayin sa zai ba su damar tsayayya da matsin hasken rana a L1 mafi kyau fiye da kowane madadin tare da nauyin iri ɗaya. Amfani da waɗannan "bubbles" zai iyakance yawan inuwa da aka rarraba kusan girman Brazil zuwa kimanin tan 100,000, ƙasa da shawarwarin da suka gabata. Koyaya, har yanzu zai buƙaci tsakanin 399 da 899 na shekara-shekara na abin hawa kamar SpaceX Starship na tsawon shekaru 10, kodayake samar da kumfa da kansu dole ne a yi a sararin samaniya. Jiragen ba za su fara ba har sai an kammala bincike game da samarwa da kula da waɗannan kumfa, wanda marubuta suka kiyasta zai buƙaci mafi ƙarancin shekaru 10-15. Bayan haka, garkuwar sararin samaniya na iya zama babba sosai a shekara ta 2050 don hana ƙetare ƙofar 2 ° C (3.6 ° F).

A cikin 2023, masu binciken taurari guda uku sun sake duba ra'ayin ƙurar sararin samaniya, a maimakon haka suna ba da shawara ga mulkin mallaka na wata wanda zai ci gaba da hawan wata don fitar da Ƙurar wata cikin sararin samaniya a kan hanyar da za ta tsoma baki da hasken rana ke gudana zuwa Duniya. Dole ne fitarwa ta kasance kusa da ci gaba, kamar yadda tun lokacin da ƙurar za ta warwatse a cikin kwanaki, kuma kimanin tan miliyan 10 za a tono su kuma a kaddamar da su a kowace shekara. Marubutan sun yarda cewa ba su da asali a cikin yanayi ko kimiyyar roka, kuma shawarar bazai yiwu ba.

### Ɗaya daga cikin ruwan tabarau na Fresnel
Marubutan da yawa sun ba da shawarar warwatsa haske kafin ya isa Duniya ta hanyar sanya babban ruwan tabarau a sararin samaniya, watakila a L1 tsakanin Duniya da Rana. J. T. Early ne ya gabatar da wannan shirin a shekarar 1989. Tsarinsa ya haɗa da yin babban gilashi (2,000 km) occulter daga kayan wata da sanyawa a L1 batu. Batutuwan sun haɗa da adadi mai yawa na kayan da ake buƙata don yin faifan da kuma makamashi don ƙaddamar da shi zuwa orbit dinsa.&nbsp;

A shekara ta 2004, masanin kimiyyar lissafi da marubucin almara na kimiyya Gregory Benford ya lissafa cewa ruwan tabarau mai juyawa na Fresnel mai nisan kilomita 1000 a fadin, duk da haka kawai 'yan millimeters ne kawai, yana iyo a sararin samaniya a L1 batu, zai rage hasken rana da ke kaiwa Duniya da kusan 0.5% zuwa 1%. 

An yi jayayya game da farashin irin wannan ruwan tabarau. A wani taron almara na kimiyya a shekara ta 2004, Benford ya kiyasta cewa zai kashe kusan dala biliyan 10 a gaba, da kuma wani dala biliyan $ 10 a cikin kudin tallafi a lokacin rayuwarsa.

### Ɗaya daga cikin ƙididdigar ƙira
Irin wannan hanyar ta haɗa da sanya babban ma'auni mai zurfi (ƙananan ma'aunin waya) a sararin samaniya, watakila a L1 tsakanin Duniya da Rana. Edward Teller, Lowell Wood, da Roderick Hyde sun yi wani tsari na 3,000 ton diffraction mesh a shekarar 1997,  kodayake a cikin 2002 waɗannan marubutan sun yi jayayya don toshe radiation na rana a cikin stratosphere maimakon a cikin orbit da aka ba da fasahar kaddamar da sararin samaniya na yanzu. 

**Sauran Ƙananan Ƙididdigar Disc**

Ayyukan kwanan nan na Feinberg (2022)  ya nuna cewa ƙananan girman yanki na faifai (factor na kusan 3.5 raguwa) yana yiwuwa lokacin da aka yi la'akari da martani na yanayin baya. Misali, yanayin duniya na baya zai samar da karancin radiation da martani. Bugu da kari, za'a iya rage girman yankin faifai da sau 50 ta amfani da tsarin injiniyan ƙasa na shekara-shekara kamar yadda Feinberg (2024) ya nuna.

## Manazarta