Ilimin halin dan Adam

**Psychology** shine binciken kimiyya na hankali da hali. IIlimin halin dan Adam ya haɗa da nazarin hankali da abubuwan da ba a sani ba, gami da ji da tunani. Ilimi ne na ilimi mai girman gaske, yana ketare iyakoki tsakanin ilimin halitta da zamantakewa. Masanan ilimin halayyar dan adam suna neman fahimtar abubuwan da ke faruwa na kwakwalwa, suna danganta horo da ilimin nneuroscience. A matsayin masana kimiyyar zamantakewa, masana ilimin halayyar dan adam suna nufin fahimtar halayen daidaikun mutane da kungiyoyi.  syo harafin farko na kalmar Helenanci *psyche* wanda aka samo kalmar ilimin halin dan Adam (duba ƙasa), yawanci yana hade da kimiyya.

Kwararren likita ko mai bincike da ke da hannu a cikin horo ana kiransa masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam. Wasu masana ilimin halayyar dan adam kuma ana iya rarraba su azaman masana kimiyyar halayya ko fahimi. Wasu masana ilimin halayyar dan adam suna ƙoƙarin fahimtar matsayin ayyukan tunani a cikin ɗaiɗai da ɗabi'a na zamantakewa. Wasu suna bincika hanyoyin ilimin lissafin jiki da na neurobiological waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin ayyuka da halaye na fahimi.

Masana ilimin halayyar dan adam suna shiga cikin bincike kan ra'ayi, fahimta, hankali, motsin rai, hankali, abubuwan da suka faru, kuzari, aikin kwakwalwa, da mutuntaka. Sha'awar masana ilimin halayyar dan adam sun kai ga alaƙar juna, juriya na tunani, juriyar iyali, da sauran fagage a cikin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. Suna kuma la'akari da hankali marar hankali.  Masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na bincike suna amfani da hanyoyin ƙwaƙƙwaran don haifar da alaƙa da alaƙa tsakanin masu canjin yanayin zamantakewa. Wasu, amma ba duka ba, likitocin ilimin nasiha na asibiti  sun dogara da fassarar alama.

Yayin da ake amfani da ilimin tunani sau da yawa akan kimantawa da magance matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, ana kuma karkata zuwa ga fahimta da warware matsaloli a fannoni da dama na ayyukan ɗan adam. Ta lissafin da yawa, ilimin halin dan Adam yana nufin amfani da al'umma.    Yawancin masana ilimin halayyar dan adam suna shiga cikin wani nau'in rawar warkewa, yin aikin motsa jiki a cikin asibiti, shawarwari, ko saitunan makaranta. Sauran masana ilimin halayyar dan adam suna gudanar da bincike na kimiyya akan batutuwa masu yawa da suka shafi hanyoyin tunani da halaye. Yawanci ƙungiyar ƙwararrun  ɗabi'a suna aiki a cikin tsarin ilimi (misali, jami'o'i, makarantun likitanci, ko asibitoci). Wani rukuni na masana ilimin halayyar dan adam yana aiki a cikin masana'antu da saitunan kungiya.  Duk da haka wasu suna da hannu a cikin ayyukan ci gaban ɗan adam, tsufa, wasanni, lafiya, kimiyyar bincike, ilimi, da kuma kafofin watsa labarai.

## Asalin kalmar da ma'anoninta

Kalmar ** ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Helenanci ,  ruhu ko ruhu. Bangaren ƙarshen kalmar "psychology" ya samo asali daga -λογία, wanda ke nufin "karatu" ko "bincike".  Kalmar Latin *psychologia* ta fara amfani da ɗan adam  ɗan Croatian kuma ɗan Latin Marko Marulić a cikin littafinsa, *Psichiologia de ratione animae humanae* (*Psychology, on the Nature of the Human Soul*) a ƙarshen karni na 15 ko farkon karni na 16.  Maganar farko da aka sani game da kalmar *ilimin halin* dan adam a Turanci shine Steven Blankaart a cikin shekarar 1694 a cikin *Kamus na zahiri.* Kamus na nufin "Anatomy, wanda ke bi da Jiki, da Psychology, wanda ke bi da Rai." 

A cikin shekarar 1890, William James ya bayyana *ilimin halin* dan Adam a matsayin "kimiyyar rayuwar tunani, duka abubuwan mamaki da yanayin su."  Wannan ma'anar ta ji daɗin yaɗu tsawon shekaru da yawa. Duk da haka, an yi hamayya da wannan ma'anar, musamman ta masu halin kirki irin su John B. Watson, wanda a cikin shekarar 1913 ya tabbatar da cewa horo shine "kimiyya ta halitta", makasudin ka'idar wanda "shine tsinkaya da sarrafa hali."  Tunda James ya ayyana “ilimin tunani”, kalmar tana da ƙarfi sosai akan gwajin kimiyya.   Ilimin halayyar jama'a yana nufin 'talakawa na gama gari, kamar yadda aka bambanta da ƙwararrun tunani', fahimtar yanayin tunani da halayen mutane. 

### Farkon ilimin halin dan adam na gwaji

Masanin falsafa John Stuart Mill ya yi imanin cewa tunanin ɗan adam a buɗe yake ga binciken kimiyya, ko da kuwa kimiyyar ta wasu hanyoyi ba ta dace ba.  Mill ya ba da shawarar " Chemistry na hankali" wanda tunanin farko zai iya haɗuwa cikin ra'ayoyin mafi girma.  Gustav Fechner ya fara gudanar da binciken ilimin kimiyyar lissafi a Leipzig a cikin 1830s. Ya fayyace ƙa'idar cewa fahimtar ɗan adam game da abin motsa rai yana bambanta logarithm gwargwadon ƙarfinsa.  Ka'idar ta zama sananne da dokar Weber-Fechner. *Abubuwan Fechner na 1860 na Psychophysics* sun ƙalubalanci ra'ayin Kant mara kyau game da gudanar da bincike mai ƙima akan hankali.   Nasarar Fechner ita ce ta nuna cewa "hanyoyin tunani ba za a iya ba da girman adadi kawai ba, amma kuma ana iya auna waɗannan ta hanyoyin gwaji."  A cikin Heidelberg, Hermann von Helmholtz ya gudanar da bincike guda ɗaya a kan tsinkayen hankali, da kuma horar da masanin ilimin lissafi Wilhelm Wundt. Wundt, ya zo Jami'ar Leipzig, inda ya kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje na tunani wanda ya kawo ilimin halin gwaji a duniya. Wundt ya mai da hankali kan tarwatsa hanyoyin tunani zuwa mafi mahimmancin sassa na asali, wanda aka kwadaitar a wani bangare ta kwatankwacin ci gaban da aka samu a cikin ilmin sunadarai, da nasarar bincikensa na abubuwa da tsarin kayan.  Paul Flechsig da Emil Kraepelin ba da daɗewa ba suka ƙirƙiri wani dakin gwaje-gwaje mai tasiri a Leipzig, ɗakin binciken da ke da alaƙa da tunani, wanda ya fi mai da hankali kan gwajin tabin hankali.

## Manazarta