Paul Kraus (Larabci)

**Eliezer Paul Kraus**, 11 Disamba 1904 - 10 ko 12 Oktoba 1944, ya kasance Bayahuden Larabawa wanda aka haife shi a Prague . Shi ne marubucin wasu ayyuka masu mahimmanci a kan Falsafar Larabci ta farko, tare da mai da hankali na musamman kan alchemy da ilmin sunadarai na Larabci. Wasu daga cikin rubuce-rubucensa a kan wannan batun har yanzu suna da daidaitattun ayyukan bincike a fagen yau.

Bayan ya yi karatu a Prague da Berlin (inda ya yi karatu karkashin Julius Ruska), tashiwar Nazis a cikin 1930s Jamus ya tilasta masa ya koma Paris da farko kuma daga baya zuwa Alkahira, inda ya mutu a 1944. An yi zargin cewa ya kashe kansa ko kuma, bisa ga ikirarin iyali, an kashe shi ta siyasa.

## Nazarin Ilimi da Aiki
An haifi Paul Kraus a Prague. Kraus ya yi karatu a Prague, Berlin (inda ya sadu da matarsa ta farko, Bettina, kuma ya sami digirin digirinsa a 1929) da Paris.

An san Kraus da kwarewarsa a cikin harsuna da yawa na gabas, gami da Ibrananci, Aramaic, Amharic (Ethiopian), Akkadian, Girkanci, Latin da Farisa.

A shekara ta 1925, a matsayin matashi na Zionist, ya tafi Falasdinu, yana zaune da farko a Kibbutz, amma bayan shekara guda ya koma Urushalima kuma ya fara karatu a sabuwar Jami'ar Ibrananci. A wannan shekarar ya yi aure na ɗan lokaci kuma ya sake shi. A ƙarshen 1926 ya bar Urushalima kuma ya fara tafiya ta bincike ta hanyar Lebanon da Turkiyya, ya ƙare a Jamus don ci gaba da karatunsa a Berlin.

A cikin 1933, tare da Nazis suna zuwa mulki a Jamus kuma Yahudawa da yawa sun rasa ayyukansu, Kraus ya bar Berlin zuwa Paris, inda ya sami damar ci gaba da karatunsa a ƙarƙashin masanin Gabas na Faransa Louis Massignon . Ya zauna na tsawon shekaru uku.

A cikin 1935 ya fara buga fassarar Faransanci na Abu Bakr al-Razi's Philosophic Life,  ya biyo baya a cikin 1936 tare da rubutun kan aikin da muhimmancin Jābir ibn Hayyān (wanda aka sanya sunansa a matsayin Geber) zuwa kimiyyar ilmin sunadarai. Rubutun ya gabatar da yiwuwar cewa babu wani mutum kamar Geber da ya taɓa kasancewa, ko kuma idan yana da shi, ɗayan ɗalibai na iya rubuta littafin na asali, shekaru goma bayan ya mutu.

A shekara ta 1936, an ba shi matsayi a jami'o'i uku: Jami'ar Musulmi Mai Tsarki ta Indiya, Jami'ar Ibrananci ta Urushalima, da Jami'ar Alkahira . Ya ɗauki tayin Alkahira, ya koma can a 1937. Ya yi aiki a can a Jami'ar Alkahira, yana koyar da sukar rubutu da Harsunan Semitic,  da kuma Cibiyar Archeological ta Faransa ta Alkahira.

A cikin 1938 Kraus ya gano rubutun Al-Farabi (falsafar Plato da Aristotle da Commentary on the Laws) a cikin ɗakin karatu na Istanbul, kuma ya sanar da surukinsa na gaba, Leo Strauss, game da shi. Su biyu sun yi farin ciki game da yiwuwar fassara, bugawa da bincike kan rubutun. An kira taron Al-Farabi na 1939 a Istanbul, amma an soke shi saboda barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.

A cewar tarihin rayuwarsa na yaren Czech, a cikin tafiya ta 1939 zuwa Urushalima, ya yi nadamar karkatar da matsayin jami'a, tunda ya gano cewa yanayin ilimi ya canza gaba ɗaya, yana cike da manyan masu bincike na fagen, kuma babu abin da za a iya kwatanta shi da lokacin da ya fara kasancewa a can a 1926.

A shekara ta 1941, ya auri Bettina Strauss, 'yar'uwar Farfesa Leo Strauss. Su biyu sun saba tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1920 kuma sun yi tafiya tare zuwa Turkiyya, Lebanon, Falasdinu da Masar don bincike. Bettina ta mutu yayin haihuwar 'yarsu, Jenny Ann, a shekarar 1942. 

A shekara ta 1943, bayan mutuwar matarsa ta biyu, ya yi tafiya zuwa Urushalima tare da 'yarsa, inda ya auri Dorothee Metlitzki, kanta sananniyar malama ce kuma ta kafa Jami'ar Ibrananci.

A wannan lokacin an gayyace shi zuwa muhawara ta jama'a da aka gudanar a Jami'ar Ibrananci, inda ya gabatar da ka'idarsa game da daidaituwa na Tsohon Alkawari a matsayin jerin kalmomi, watakila a matsayin al'adar baki, wanda, ya ba da shawarar, ya bayyana rashin daidaituwa da yawa da kuma maimaita sassa a cikin matani. An bayyana halinsa a cikin muhawara a matsayin "mai ban sha'awa". An yi wa ra'ayoyinsa ba'a, yawancin tsaransa sun guje shi, kuma da alama ya sha wahala daga damuwa.

Bayan muhawara a Urushalima, ya koma Alkahira shi kaɗai, sabuwar matarsa ta kasance a asibitin Urushalima tare da mummunar rashin lafiya. Yanayin siyasa a Alkahira ya fara tabarbarewa; an kori manyan jami'an Kraus a Jami'ar Alkahira. A bayyane yake cewa babu makoma a gare shi a Alkahira, amma Urushalima ta rufe masa kofofinta. An yi hayar ɗakuna a cikin gidansa ga ɗalibai biyu na Lebanon, Albert Hourani da ɗan'uwansa Cecil - dukansu daga baya sun zama fitattun malamai. Sun lura cewa a lokacin da ya dawo daga Urushalima ya bayyana mai damuwa. A bayyane yake, an zargi Kraus da satar kudade da aka yi niyya don sayen ɗakin karatu.

Bayan watanni da yawa a cikin 1944, a ranar 10 ko 12 ga Oktoba, an sami Kraus ya mutu, yana rataye a cikin gidan wanka na gidan Albert Hourani. 'Yan sanda na Masar sun tabbatar da cewa kashe kansa ne, kodayake danginsa sun yi iƙirarin cewa suna da tabbacin cewa an kashe Kraus saboda kasancewa Bayahude ko kuma saboda alakarsa da Zionism.

Yarinyar Jenny ta karbi surukinsa Farfesa Strauss yana da shekaru hudu. Takardun Kraus, waɗanda aka adana a Cibiyar Faransanci a Alkahira kuma a bayyane yake wasu malamai sun kwace su, 'yarsa ce ta kawo su Amurka wacce ta ba da gudummawa ga Laburaren Tattalin Arziki na Musamman na Jami'ar Chicago.

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

* *Altbabylonische Briefe: aus der Vorderasiatischen Abteilung der Preussischen Staatsmuseen zu Berlin*. Leipzig: J C Hinrichs, 1931.
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* *Rubuce-rubuce game da tarihin ra'ayoyin kimiyya a cikin Islama*. Paris: G P Maisonneuve; Alkahira: al-Khanji, 1935.
* *Julius Ruska* [Hasiya]
* *Plato Arabus*. Richard Walzer, Paul Kraus, da sauransu ne suka shirya shi. London: Cibiyar Warburg, 1943.
* *Jâbir ibn Hayyân - Gudummawa ga tarihin ra'ayoyin kimiyya a cikin Islama - Jâbir da kimiyyar Girka*. [Hasiya]
* ''Alchemie, Ketzerei, Apokryphen a cikin Islama: Gesammelte Aufsatze'' . Rémi Brague ne ya shirya shi. Hildesheim da New York: Georg Olms Verlag, 1994. Tarin karatu goma sha ɗaya na Paul Kraus, wanda ke dauke da taƙaitaccen tarihin rayuwa.

## Duba kuma

* Julius Ruska, mai ba da shawara
* Constance E. Padwick

## Manazarta


## Tushe

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** Bincike a cikin: Irwin, Robert (2000). "*Binciken Yahudawa na Islama: Nazarin girmamawa na Bernard Lewis* na Martin Kramer". *Nazarin Gabas ta Tsakiya*. **36** (3): 244–247. doi:. JSTOR 4284101. &nbsp;S2CID 220378507.&nbsp;
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## Haɗin waje

* Jagora ga takardun Paul Kraus 1903-1996 Laburaren Jami'ar Chicago akan layi
* Paul Kraus da Larabci Alchemy Jami'ar Valencia Cronos mujallar 1999 (Faransanci) 
* Hoton Paul Kraus a bangon mujallar Cronos
* Ilimin tauhidin falsafar Islama ta hanyar Parviz Morewedge yana ambaton da jayayya da ra'ayin Kraus.
* Kyauta ga Dorothee Metlitzki
* Richard Walzer ya rubuta littafin da Kraus ya shirya.
* Kraus-Meyerhof Offprints da Paul Kraus ya tattara.
* Wani labarin da Maja Ščrbačić ya rubuta a shafin yanar gizon Dubnow (tare da hotuna daga littafin Kraus).
* Gidan yanar gizon Jami'ar Harvard, The Jewish Discovery of Islam, ed. Martin Kramer (1999)  (kwafin kan layi)