Ilimin guba na ruwa

**Ilimin toxicology** na ruwa shine nazarin tasirin sunadarai da aka ƙera da sauran kayan mutum da na halitta da ayyukan a kan Kwayoyin ruwa a matakai daban-daban na ƙungiya, daga kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar kwayoyin zuwa al'ummomi da yanayin halittu. Ilimin toxicology na ruwa wani fannin fannoni ne wanda ya haɗa da toxicology, Ilimin muhalli na ruwa da ilmin sunadarai na ruwa.

Wannan fagen binciken ya haɗa da Ruwa mai laushi, Ruwa na ruwa da mahalli. Gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun sun haɗa da gwaje-gwajen guba masu tsanani da na dogon lokaci wanda ke ɗaukar awanni 24-96 (gwaje-gwage mai tsanani) zuwa kwanaki 7 ko fiye (gwaje na dogon lokaci). Wadannan gwaje-gwaje suna auna ƙayyadaddun abubuwa kamar rayuwa, girma, haifuwa, waɗanda ake auna su a kowane maida hankali a cikin gradient, tare da gwajin sarrafawa. Yawanci ta amfani da kwayoyin da aka zaɓa tare da ƙwarewar muhalli ga masu guba da kuma ingantaccen tarihin wallafe-wallafen. Wadannan kwayoyin zasu iya samun sauki ko al'ada a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje kuma suna da sauƙin sarrafawa.

## Tarihi
Duk da yake bincike na asali a cikin ilimin guba ya fara ne a kasashe da yawa a cikin shekarun 1800, ba har sai a kusa da shekarun 1930  ba ne aka kafa amfani da gwajin guba mai tsanani, musamman a kan kifi. Saboda yaduwar amfani da maganin ƙwayoyin cuta na organochlorine DDT da alaƙar da ke haifar da mutuwar kifi, filin ilimin guba na ruwa ya girma. Da farko, binciken ya fi mayar da hankali kan oysters da mussels, saboda ba za su iya motsawa daga yanayin guba ba. Sakamakon waɗannan binciken ya haifar da aiwatar da shirye-shiryen da ke kula da yawan gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin oysters da mussels, kamar shirin Mussel Watch na Hukumar Kula da Oceanic da Atmospheric ta Kasa (NOAA).  A cikin shekaru ashirin masu zuwa, tasirin sunadarai da sharar gida a kan jinsunan da ba na mutane ba sun zama batun jama'a kuma zamanin gwajin kwayoyin cuta ya fara ne yayin da kokarin ya karu don daidaita dabarun gwajin guba.

A cikin Amurka, wucewar Dokar Kula da Ruwan Tarayya ta 1947 ta nuna cikakken doka ta farko  don kula da gurɓataccen ruwa kuma Dokar Kula da Ruwa ta Tarayya ta biyo baya a 1956.  A cikin 1962, an sabunta bukatun jama'a da na gwamnati, a wani bangare saboda wallafa Rachel Carson's Silent Spring, kuma shekaru uku bayan haka an zartar da Dokar Ingancin Ruwa ta 1965, wanda ya ba da umarni ga jihohi su bunkasa ƙa'idodin ingancin ruwa. Sanin jama'a, da kuma damuwa na kimiyya da gwamnati, sun ci gaba da girma a cikin shekarun 1970s kuma a ƙarshen shekaru goma binciken ya fadada don haɗawa da kimanta haɗari da nazarin haɗari. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, ilimin toxicology na ruwa ya ci gaba da fadadawa da kuma kasa da kasa don yanzu akwai aikace-aikace mai karfi na gwajin guba don Kare muhalli.

Ilimin toxicology na ruwa yana ci gaba da canzawa yayin da kimantawar haɗari ke ci gaba da yin aiki a fagen. Filin yana samun shahara yayin da ya fara danganta tasirin gurbataccen abu a kan dabbobi na ruwa ga mutane da ke cin kifi da sauran rayuwar ruwa.

## Gwaje-gwaje na guba na ruwa
gwaji-gwaje na toxicology na ruwa (bincike): ana amfani da gwaje-gwajen guba don samar da inganci da bayanai masu yawa akan mummunan tasirin (mai banƙyama) akan kwayoyin ruwa daga . Ana iya amfani da gwaje-gwaje na guba don tantance yiwuwar lalacewa ga yanayin ruwa da kuma samar da bayanan da za'a iya amfani da shi don tantance haɗarin da ke tattare da shi a cikin halin da ake ciki don takamaiman mai guba. Ana iya yin gwaje-gwaje na toxicology na ruwa a filin ko a cikin dakin gwaje- gwaje-gaje. Gwaje-gwaje na filin gabaɗaya suna nufin bayyanar nau'o'i da yawa, amma ana iya ɗaure nau'o-nau'i guda ɗaya na tsawon lokaci, kuma gwaje-gwajen gwaje- gwaje-gaje gabaɗaya ana nufin bayyanar jinsin guda ɗaya. Ana amfani da alaƙar amsawa da sashi tare da sigmoidal curve don ƙididdige tasirin guba a ƙarshen da aka zaɓa ko ka'idoji don sakamako (watau mutuwa ko wasu sakamako masu illa ga kwayoyin). Maida hankali yana kan x-axis kuma kashi na hanawa ko amsa yana kan y-axis.

Ka'idojin tasirin, ko ƙayyadaddun da aka gwada, na iya haɗawa da tasirin kisa da ƙananan sakamako (duba tasirin Toxicological). 

Akwai nau'ikan gwaje-gwaje daban-daban na guba waɗanda za a iya yi a kan nau'ikan gwaji daban-daban. Dabbobi daban-daban sun bambanta a cikin saukin kamuwa da sunadarai, mai yiwuwa saboda bambance-bambance a cikin samun dama, ƙimar metabolism, ƙimar fitarwa, abubuwan kwayar halitta, abubuwan abinci, shekaru, jima'i, kiwon lafiya da matakin damuwa na kwayoyin. Kyakkyawan nau'ikan gwaji na yau da kullun sune fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), daphnids (Daphnia magna, *D. pulicaria*, *Ceriodaphnia dubia*), midge (Chironomus tentans, C. riparius), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus Mysids), sheepshead minnow,  zebra fish (*Danio rerio*),  mysidopsis), oyster (Cherrovis da Aztillas), scud (Hus). Kamar yadda ASTM International ta bayyana, ana zaɓar waɗannan nau'o'in akai-akai bisa ga wadata, kasuwanci, nishaɗi, da mahimmancin muhalli, amfani da nasara a baya, da amfani da tsari.

An buga hanyoyi daban-daban na gwajin da aka yarda da su. Wasu daga cikin hukumomin da aka fi yarda da su don buga hanyoyin sune: Ƙungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Amurka, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA), ASTM International, Ƙungiyar Kasa da Kasa don daidaitawa, Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi Kanada, da Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kai da Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki. Gwaje-gwaje masu daidaituwa suna ba da damar kwatanta sakamakon tsakanin dakunan gwaje-gwajen.

Akwai nau'ikan gwaje-gwaje masu guba da yawa da aka yarda da su a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya da kuma hukumomin sarrafawa. Irin gwajin da aka yi amfani da shi ya dogara da dalilai da yawa: Takamaiman hukumar kula da ke gudanar da gwajin, albarkatun da ke akwai, halaye na jiki da sunadarai na muhalli, nau'in guba, nau'ikan gwajin da ke akwai، gwajin dakin gwaje-gwaje, zaɓin ƙarshen, da lokaci da albarkatun don gudanar da gwaje-gwadon wasu daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi tasiri akan ƙirar gwajin.

## Manazarta