Yelena Bonner

**Yelena Georgiyevna Bonner** (  15 Fabrairu 1923 - 18 Yuni 2011)    mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam ce a tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet kuma matar masanin kimiyyar lissafi Andrei Sakharov . A cikin shekarun da ta yi a matsayin mai adawa, Bonner an santa da halinta na gaskiya da jaruntaka.  

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Bonner Lusik Georgiyevna Alikhanova  a Merv, Turkmen SSR, Tarayyar Soviet (yanzu Mary, Turkmenistan ). Mahaifinta, Georgy Alikhanov (sunan Armen Gevork Alikhanyan),  Armeniya ne wanda ya kafa Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Tarayyar Soviet,  kuma ya kasance memba mai girma na Comintern ; mahaifiyarta, Ruf ( Ruth Bonner ), yar gwagwarmayar Kwaminisanci Bayahudiya ce. Tana da ƙane, Igor, wanda ya zama jami'in sojan ruwa. Iyalinta suna da dacha lokacin rani a Sestroretsk kuma Bonner suna da abubuwan tunawa a wurin. 

A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da bakwai, NKVD ta kama mahaifin Bonner kuma aka kashe shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Babban Tsabtace Stalin ; An kama mahaifiyarta bayan 'yan kwanaki a matsayin matar maƙiyin mutane, kuma ta yi shekaru goma a Gulag  kusa da Karaganda, Kazakhstan, bayan shekaru tara na gudun hijira na cikin gida.   An kashe kawun Bonner mai shekaru 41, Matvei Bonner, yayin da ake tsarkakewa, kuma matarsa ta yi gudun hijira. An wanke su hudu (gyaran) bayan mutuwar Stalin a shekarar 1953. A shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da daya 1941, ta ba da gudummawa ga Asibitin Red Army lokacin da aka mamaye Tarayyar Soviet, kuma ta zama babban ma'aikaciyar jinya.  Yayin da take aiki a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Bonner ta ji rauni sau biyu, kuma a cikin 1946, an sake shi da mutunci a matsayin nakasassu tsohon soja. A shekarar 1947, Bonner aka yarda da matsayin ɗaliba a Leningrad cibiyar.  Bayan yakin ta sami digiri a fannin ilimin yara daga Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta First Leningrad, a halin yanzu Jami'ar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jihar Pavlov ta St. Peterburg . 

### Aure da yara
A makarantar likita ta sadu da mijinta na farko, Ivan Semyonov. Suna da 'ya mace, Tatiana, a 1950,  da ɗa, Alexey, a 1956. 'Ya'yanta sun yi hijira zuwa Amurka a 1977 da 1978, bi da bi. Bonner da Semyonov sun rabu a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sitin da biyar , kuma a ƙarshe sun sake aure. 

A cikin watan Oktoban shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in 1970 , yayin da suke halartar shari'ar 'yan rajin kare hakkin bil'adama Revol't (Ivanovich) Pimenov da Boris Vail a Kaluga, Bonner ya sadu da Andrei Sakharov, masanin kimiyyar nukiliya da mai kare hakkin bil'adama; sun yi aure a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da bitu.  A shekara kafin su hadu, a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sitin da tara 1969, Sakharov aka takaba daga matarsa, Klavdia Alekseyevna Vikhireva, tare da wanda yake da 'ya'ya mata biyu da ɗa. 

### Ayyukan aiki
Tun daga farkon shekarun 1940, Bonner ta taimaka wa fursunonin siyasa da danginsu. Ko da yake Bonner ta shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Soviet a 1964 yayin da take aiki a matsayin likita,   kawai bayan 'yan shekaru bayan haka ta kasance mai aiki a cikin yunkurin kare hakkin dan Adam na Soviet. A watan Agustan shekarar 1968, an karfafa yunƙurinta na rashin amincewa bayan da sojojin Tarayyar Soviet suka yi birgima zuwa cikin Czechoslovakia don murkushe ƙungiyar Prague . Wannan lamarin ya ƙarfafa imaninta cewa ba za a iya gyara tsarin daga ciki ba. 

A shari'ar Kaluga a 1970, Bonner da Sakharov sun sadu da Natan Sharansky kuma suka fara aiki tare don kare Yahudawa da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa saboda yunkurin tserewa daga USSR a cikin jirgin da aka sace .  A karkashin matsin lamba daga Sakharov, gwamnatin Soviet ta ba da izinin Yelena Bonner ta yi tafiya zuwa Yamma a 1975, 1977 da 1979 don magance raunin da ta samu a lokacin yakin. Lokacin da Sakharov, wanda aka ba da kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya ta 1975, hukumomin Soviet sun hana shi tafiya, Bonner, a Italiya don jinya, ya wakilce shi a bikin a Oslo . 

Bonner ta zama memba na kungiyar Moscow Helsinki a shekarar 1976.  Lokacin da a cikin watan Janairu shekarar 1980, aka kai Sakharov gudun hijira zuwa Gorky, wani birni da aka rufe ga baƙi, Bonner wanda aka azabtar da shi a fili ya zama rayuwarsa, yana tafiya tsakanin Gorky da Moscow don fitar da rubuce-rubucensa. Kame ta a watan Afrilu shekarar 1984, saboda " tashin hankali da farfaganda " da kuma hukuncin zaman gudun hijira na shekaru biyar a Gorky ya sake rushe rayuwarsu.  Yajin yunwa da yawa na Sakharov ya tilasta wa sabuwar shugaban Soviet, Mikhail Gorbachev barin ta tafiya zuwa Amurka a shekarar 1985, don sextuple ta hanyar tiyatar zuciya . Kafin wannan, a cikin shekarar 1981, Bonner da Sakharov sun ci gaba da yajin cin abinci mai haɗari amma a ƙarshe sun yi nasara don samun jami'an Soviet don ba da izinin surukarsu, Yelizaveta Konstantinovna ("Lisa") Alexeyeva, takardar izinin fita don shiga mijinta, Bonner's. dan Alexei Semyonov, a Amurka. 

A watan Disamban shekarar 1986, Gorbachev yarda Sakharov da Bonner su koma Moscow.  Bayan mutuwar Sakharov a ranar 14 ga watan Disamba, acikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da tara, ta kafa gidauniyar Andrei Sakharov, da Archives a Moscow. A cikin shekarar 1993, ta ba da gudummawar takaddun Sakharov a Yamma ga Jami'ar Brandeis a Amurka; a shekarar 2004, an mayar da su zuwa Jami'ar Harvard . Bonner ya ci gaba da magana kan dimokiradiyya da 'yancin ɗan adam a Rasha da kuma duniya baki ɗaya. Ta shiga cikin masu kare majalisar dokokin Rasha a lokacin juyin mulkin watan Agusta kuma ta goyi bayan Boris Yeltsin a lokacin rikicin tsarin mulki a farkon shekarar 1993. 

### Shekarun baya da mutuwa
Daga shekarar 2006, Bonner ta raba lokacinta tsakanin Moscow da Amurka, gida ga 'ya'yanta biyu, jikoki biyar, jikoki daya, da kuma daya.  Ta mutu a ranar 18 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2011, na ciwon zuciya a Boston, Massachusetts, tana da shekaru 88, a cewar 'yarta, Tatiana Yankelevich.  An kwantar da ita a asibiti tun ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairu.