María Fernanda Espinosa

**María Fernanda Espinosa Garcés** (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga Satumba, 1964) masanin harshe ne na Ecuador, mawaki, ɗan siyasa, kuma diflomasiyya. A halin yanzu, shi ne Babban Darakta na GWL Voices, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sadaukar don cimma tsarin daidaito tsakanin jinsi. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan bambancin halittu da 'yan asalin ƙasar (1999-2005) kuma ta kasance darakta na yanki na Kudancin Amurka (2005-2007) a Ƙungiyar Duniya don Kula da Yanayi (IUCN). Espinosa Garcés ta kasance Ministan Harkokin Waje na Ecuador sau biyu, daga 2007 zuwa 2008 sannan daga 2017 zuwa 2018. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin jakada da Wakilin dindindin a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a New York (2008-2009) da Geneva (2014-2017), kuma a matsayin Ministan Tsaro na Ecuador (2012-2014). A watan Yunin 2018, an zabe ta a matsayin Shugabar Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a zaman na 73 ta hanyar kuri'u biyu bisa uku na kasashe mambobin. Espinosa Garcés ta zama mace ta huɗu a cikin tarihin shekaru saba'in da uku na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka zaba Shugaban Majalisar Dinkinobho. Baya ga aikinta na siyasa, ita ma mawaki ce kuma marubuciya.

## Ilimi
Tafiyar ilimi ta María Fernanda Espinosa ta fara ne a makarantar Lycée La Condamine ta Faransa da Ecuador a Quito, inda ta sami Baccalaureate daga 1978 zuwa 1982. Daga nan sai ta bi digiri na farko a fannin ilimin harshe a Jami'ar Katolika ta Pontifical ta Ecuador (PUCE), ta kammala a shekarar 1988.

A shekara ta 1991, ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu a fannin Anthropology da Kimiyya ta Siyasa a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Latin Amurka (FLACSO) a Quito . Shekaru biyu bayan haka, a cikin 1993, Espinosa ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyyar zamantakewa da nazarin Amazon daga FLACSO . Rubutun ta ya mayar da hankali kan manufofin kiyayewa da kuma kula da wuraren da aka kiyaye a arewacin yankin Amazon na Ecuador.

Daga 1994 zuwa 1996, María Fernanda ta bi karatun digiri a fannin ilimin ƙasa a Jami'ar Rutgers da ke New Jersey, kodayake ba ta kammala digiri ba. A wannan lokacin, ta kuma zama Fellow a Cibiyar Nazarin Al'adu ta zamani a Jami'ar Rutgers daga 1996 zuwa 1997.

Ayyukan ilimi da bincike na Espinosa sun kai ta ga zama Mataimakin Farfesa da Mai Bincike a FLACSO, inda ta kafa kuma ta daidaita Shirin kan Nazarin Jama'a da Muhalli. Ayyukanta a wannan lokacin sun mayar da hankali kan Amazon, ci gaba mai ɗorewa, da canjin yanayi.

Daga 1999 zuwa 2005, Espinosa ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan bambancin halittu, Canjin yanayi, da manufofin 'Yan asalin ƙasar. Daga baya aka nada ta a matsayin Darakta na Yankin Kudancin Amurka a Ƙungiyar Duniya don Kula da Yanayi (IUCN), matsayin da ta rike daga 2005 zuwa 2007 kafin ta shiga cikin aikin siyasa da diflomasiyya.

Espinosa kuma marubuci ne mai yawa, bayan ya wallafa ayyukan waka da litattafai da yawa. A shekara ta 1990, ta sami lambar yabo ta kasa ta Ecuador saboda gudummawar da ta bayar a rubuce-rubuce.

## Ayyukan siyasa
María Fernanda Espinosa ta fara aikinta tana aiki tare da al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar Amazon na Ecuador, tana mai da hankali kan kula da gandun daji na wurare masu zafi. Ayyukanta na farko sun haɗa da haɗin gwiwa tare da kungiyoyin farar hula da cibiyoyin ilimi, daga ƙarshe ya kai ta ga zama mai ba da shawara kan bambancin halittu da Manufofin canjin yanayi. Daga 1989 zuwa 1990, ta yi aiki a matsayin jami'in aikin Gidauniyar Natura ta Ecuador, inda ta haɗa kiyaye halittu masu yawa tare da rayuwar gida. A cikin 1994, Espinosa ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na UNICEF a Nijar a kan aikin gwaji don inganta ilimin muhalli da haɓaka shirye-shiryen kula da muhalli na farko tare da mata na karkara. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan dazuzzuka a New York a shekarar 1995, tana mai da hankali kan ilimin 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma shiga cikin jama'a game da gandun daji da haƙƙin mallaka.

Espinosa ta kafa kuma ta ba da umarnin Shirin Nazarin Jama'a da Muhalli a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Latin Amurka (FLACSO) a Quito daga 1996 zuwa 1999, ta kara karfafa matsayinta na jagora a batutuwan muhalli. Tsakanin 1999 da 2005, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan bambancin halittu da 'yan asalin ƙasar ga Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Kula da Yanayi (IUCN), ta shiga cikin tattaunawar muhalli ta duniya da ta shafi bambancin halittukan halittu, albarkatun kwayoyin halitta, ilimin gargajiya, da haƙƙin mallaka na ilimi.

A shekara ta 2005, an nada Espinosa a matsayin Darakta na Yankin Kudancin Amurka a IUCN, wanda ke zaune a Quito. A cikin wannan rawar, ta jagoranci kafawa da aiwatar da Shirin Yankin Kudancin Amurka, wanda ya inganta ƙwarewar fasaha da kuɗi na kungiyar don ba da shawara da tallafawa gwamnatoci a cikin shirin ci gaba mai ɗorewa, shirye-shirye, da kuma yin manufofi. Ayyukanta sun jaddada alaƙar da ke tsakanin kawar da talauci da kiyaye halittu masu yawa, suna ƙarfafa ikon Ofishin Yankin don tallafawa gwamnatoci a tattaunawar da ta shafi halittu masu ban sha'awa, canjin yanayi, kula da gandun daji, da wuraren da aka kiyaye.

A lokacin da take IUCN, María Fernanda ta haɓaka shirin yanki wanda ya dace da fifiko na gwamnatocin Kudancin Amurka don magance ƙalubalen muhalli da suka shafi Manufofin Ci Gaban Millennium, yana mai da hankali kan Ci gaba mai ɗorewa, kawar da talauci, da daidaito na zamantakewa. Ta sanya IUCN a matsayin mai mahimmanci mai ruwa da tsaki na yanki, wanda aka gane shi a matsayin ƙwararren masani, mai ba da taimako na fasaha, da kuma jagoran bayar da shawarwari kan batutuwan muhalli. Espinosa ya daidaita dabarun muhalli na yau da kullun tsakanin jihohin yankin, ya tattara albarkatu, ya sauƙaƙa hadin gwiwar masu ba da gudummawa, kuma ya ba da shawara ta fasaha, kimiyya, da siyasa ga gwamnatoci kan batutuwan muhalli da ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Ta kuma kafa dabarun bayar da shawarwari don kiyaye halittu masu yawa tsakanin shugabannin siyasa kuma ta shiga cikin Taron Jam'iyyun da suka halarci Yarjejeniyar Biological Diversity da Yarjejeniyar Canjin Yanayi. 

A cikin aikinta na farko, Espinosa ta ci gaba da mayar da hankali kan haɗa kiyaye halittu masu yawa tare da ci gaba mai ɗorewa da kuma karfafa al'ummomin asali. Ta ba da gudummawa ga shirye-shiryen kungiyoyi daban-daban, ciki har da UNICEF, Kungiyar Yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa ta Amazon, Babban Bankin Ecuador, da Fundación Futuro Latinoamericano . Ayyukanta sun kafa tushe mai karfi ga matsayinta na baya a cikin gwamnati da diflomasiyyar kasa da kasa.

### Gwamnatin Rafael Correa
A karkashin Shugaba Rafael Correa, María Fernanda Espinosa ta rike manyan matsayi da yawa a cikin gwamnatin Ecuador, tana nuna kwarewarta da ƙwarewarta a fannoni daban-daban. Daga Janairu zuwa Disamba 2007, ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Kasuwanci, da Haɗin kai, inda ta kafa Sabon Manufofin Harkokin Wajen Ecuador na 2007-2010. A lokacin da take aiki, ta sake tsara Ma'aikatar don haɗawa da nauyin cinikayya na ƙasashen waje da kuma inganta shirye-shiryen haɗin siyasa da kasuwanci na yanki. Musamman, ta fara ma'aikatun daidaitawa tsakanin Ecuador da Peru don magance batutuwan da suka shafi ci gaban iyaka, tsaro, tsaro, da hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki, wanda ya ci gaba da aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya da aka sanya hannu tare da Peru a shekarar 1998.

Bayan rawar da ta taka a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje, an nada Espinosa a matsayin Mai ba da shawara na Musamman ga Shugaban Majalisar Dokoki, Alberto Acosta, daga Disamba 2007 zuwa Fabrairu 2008. A wannan matsayi, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsarin mulki wanda ya haifar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ecuador na 2008, musamman a cikin tsara sassan kan haƙƙin yanayi, 'yan asalin ƙasar, da kuma jihohi masu yawa, da kuma yankunan da suka shafi tsaro, tsaro, da harkokin duniya. 

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2008, María Fernanda ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama Wakilin Dindindin na Ecuador a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a New York, matsayin da ta rike har zuwa watan Satumbar shekara ta 2009. A lokacin da take jakada, Shugaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne ya nada ta a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa ga Kungiyar Aiki ta Musamman kan Sabunta Ayyukan Majalisar Dinkinobho. Espinosa ya kuma jagoranci shiga Ecuador a cikin tattaunawar kasa da kasa game da Rikicin kudi na 2008, wanda ya ƙare a Taron 2009 kan Rikicin Kudi da Tattalin Arziki na Duniya da Tasirinsa akan Ci gaba. Ta ba da gudummawa ga tattaunawar muhalli da canjin yanayi, kuma ta shiga tattaunawa sosai kan Haɗin gwiwar Kudu da Kudu da kuma tsarin tsarin, gami da kafa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.

Daga Oktoba 2009 har zuwa Nuwamba 2012 ta kasance Ministan Al'adu da Al'adu, inda ta jagoranci Yasuní-ITT Initiative . A matsayinta na shugabar wannan majalisar ministocin, ta kula da Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Ma'aikatu ta Al'adu, Ma'aikatan Wasanni, Ma'ar Gudanarwa, da Majalisar Gudanarwa ta Tsibirin Galapagos. A wannan matsayin, ta aiwatar da manufofi don dawowa da kare al'adun al'adu da al'adun Ecuador, ta jagoranci shirin kasa na yaki da wariyar launin fata da nuna bambanci, kuma ta wakilci Ecuador a cikin hanyoyin tattaunawar kasa da kasa kan canjin yanayi da ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Jagoranta a cikin Yasuní ITT Initiative, wanda ya nemi kauce wa hayakin carbon dioxide ta hanyar barin tanadin mai ba a yi amfani da shi ba don musayar diyya ta duniya, ya nuna muhimmiyar gudummawa ga tattaunawar muhalli ta duniya.

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2012, an nada Espinosa a matsayin Ministan Tsaro na Kasa, ta zama mace ta uku da ta rike wannan mukamin a Ecuador.  Ta kula da Sojojin a lokacin wani lokaci mai rikitarwa wanda aka nuna ta rikice-rikicen cikin gida a makwabciyar Colombia. Espinosa ta jagoranci sauye-sauye a cikin kula da tsaro na jama'a, ilimi, horo, da manufofin kiwon lafiya ga sojojin soja, kuma ta taimaka wajen kirkirar Tsarin Siyasa na Tsaro na Kasa na 2014-2017. Har ila yau, lokacin da ta yi aiki ya ga kafa manufofin daidaito tsakanin maza da mata a cikin Sojoji da kuma taron cibiyar hadin gwiwar mata da shugabannin tsaro ta farko. Kokarin Espinosa ya sabunta Sojojin, ya daidaita su da sabon tsarin mulki da kuma magance barazanar tsaro ta zamani kamar tsaro na yanar gizo, aikata laifuka, da bala'o'i na halitta.

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014, an nada María Fernanda Espinosa a matsayin Wakilin Dindindin na Ecuador a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran kungiyoyin kasa da kasa a Geneva, Switzerland, matsayin da ta rike har zuwa Mayu 2017. A wannan lokacin, an zabe ta a matsayin shugabar kungiyar aiki ta Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam kan tattaunawar kayan aiki na doka kan kamfanoni na kasa da kasa da haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ayyukanta sun kasance muhimmiyar mahimmanci a cikin tattaunawar Majalisar, saboda shi ne karo na farko da aka tattauna tasirin kamfanoni na kasa da kasa akan haƙƙin ɗan adam don la'akari da shi a cikin kayan aiki na doka. A matsayinta na Wakilin Dindindin, ta kare shawarar da Gwamnatin Ecuador ta yanke na ba da mafaka ta siyasa ga Julian Assange a cikin tattaunawar da aka yi game da tsare-tsare a watan Satumbar 2016 a matsayin batun dokar kasa da kasa da 'yancin dan adam.

Espinosa ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin kungiyoyin kasa da kasa kamar ILO, WHO, UNCTAD, da sauransu, yana ba da gudummawa ga sake fasalin ma'aikata na Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Shige da Fice (IOM) da kuma bayyana aikin Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam tare da Manufofin Ci Gaban Daida da Agenda na 2030. Ta daidaita shiga Ecuador a cikin mahimman hanyoyin kasa da kasa da tarurruka, gami da waɗanda suka shafi kawar da makamai, ƙaura, da kare muhalli. Ta yi aiki a matsayin jagora mai tattaunawa ga Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ci gaba mai dorewa (Rio+20), da Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkinobho a Copenhagen (COP 15), Cancun (COP 16), Paris (COP 21), da Bonn (COP 23), inda ta jagoranci matsayi na yau da kullun na mambobi 34 na Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC). 

**Gwamnatin Lenin Moreno**

A ranar 24 ga Mayu 2017 aka nada Espinosa a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje a gwamnatin Shugaba Lenín Moreno . 

### Shugaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
A ranar 5 ga Yuni, 2018, an zabi Espinosa a matsayin mace ta huɗu shugabar Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma mace ta farko daga Latin Amurka da Caribbean da ta jagoranci wannan kungiya, tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a 1945.  

Jimlar kasashe mambobi 128, daga cikin 193 da suka hada da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, sun jefa kuri'a don takarar Espinosa wanda ya gudu don matsayi a kan wakilin dindindin na Honduras a Majalisar Dinkinobho, Mary Elizabeth Flores . 

A lokacin da take shugaban majalisa na 73 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Espinosa ta tara wata kungiya ta mata shugabannin don inganta wayar da kan jama'a da kuma jajircewar kasa da kasa don bunkasa shiga siyasa na mata. Ta gudanar da manyan abubuwan da suka faru game da karfafa mata da shiga siyasa kuma ta tara mata Shugabannin Jihohi da Gwamnati da sauran manyan mata don ci gaba da ajanda na daidaito tsakanin jinsi. A lokacin shugabancinta ta jagoranci amincewa da Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Manoma a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2018, Yarjejeniyar Duniya kan 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Duniya don Tsaro, Hanyar Gudun Hijira a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018.

Espinosa ta kaddamar da Shekarar Kasa da Kasa ta Harsunan 'Yan asalin ƙasar a watan Fabrairun 2019 kuma ta jagoranci babban taron kan al'adu da ci gaba mai ɗorewa a watan Mayu 2019.

A matsayinta na shugabar Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta inganta kamfen din duniya game da amfani da filastik guda ɗaya kuma ta sami cikakkiyar kawar da filastic guda ɗaya a hedkwatar Majalisar Dinkinobho a New York da Geneva.

### Shugabancin UNGA

A cikin 2020, shugabannin gwamnati na Antigua da Barbuda da Sant Vincent da Grenadines ne suka zabi Espinosa a matsayin sakatare janar na Kungiyar Amurka. Ta yi tsere da Luis Almagro, wanda Colombia ta zaba. Almagro ya sake lashe nadin sa da kuri'u 23 da 10 a zaben da aka gudanar a ranar 20 ga Maris a wannan shekarar. Kasarta ta Ecuador ba ta goyi bayan takarar ta ba.

Kafin ta fara aikinta na siyasa da diflomasiyya, Espinosa ta kasance Mataimakin Farfesa kuma Mai Bincike a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Jama'a ta Latin Amurka FLACSO, inda ta kafa kuma ta tsara Shirin kan Nazarin Jama'a da Muhalli. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara a cikin bambancin halittu, Canjin yanayi, da manufofin 'Yan asalin ƙasar (1999-2005), kuma daga baya a matsayin darektan yanki na Kudancin Amurka na Ƙungiyar Duniya don Kula da Yanayi UICN (2005-2007).

## Sauran ayyukan

* International Crisis Group (ICG), Board of Trustees (since 2023)
* International Gender Champions (IGC). Member
* World Future Council, Member
* World Academy of Art and Science, Fellow
* Fellow at the Bosch Academy. &#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>
* Commissioner to the Lancet COVID-19 Commission.
* Member of the High-Level Advisory Council for the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations, UNAOC.
* Member of the Multi-Stakeholder Steering Committee of the Generation Equality Forum and the Beijing + 25.
* Member of the Political Advisory Panel of the Universal Health Coverage 2030 Movement, UHC2030.
* Executive Director and Member of GWL Voices.
* Member of the Strategic Committee of the SDSN Science Panel for the Amazon, SPA.
* Member of the UNDP Human Development Report Advisory Panel on Human Security.
* Founding Member of the Centre for UN Studies at the University of Buckingham.

Espinosa tana aiki a matsayin Jakadan Goodwill ga Asusun Latin Amurka da Caribbean don Ci gaban 'yan asalin ƙasar, FILAC, da kuma Gidan Jama'a na Jama'a.

== Kyaututtuka da girmamawa ==
- An ba da kyautar tare da bikin fina-finai na Sundance na 2020 .  Taron shekara-shekara na 7, wanda Zions Bank ya shirya, Janairu 2020.

- Kyautar Rehabilitation International ta 2019 don nasarori masu ban sha'awa a cikin kirkire-kirkire "don aikinta na kirkire-kire wajen inganta haƙƙin mutanen da ke da nakasa a duniya".

- An ayyana mata 100 na BBC a matsayin daya daga cikin mata 100 masu ban sha'awa da tasiri daga ko'ina cikin duniya don 2019.

-	The Atahualpa Medal for Merit, Gran Cruz (Grand Cross) class, September 24, 2014, delivered by the Armed Forces of Ecuador. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

- The Order "El Sol del Perú" (The Order of the Sun of Peru), Gran Cruz (Grand Cross) aji, Fabrairu 23, 2007.

## Manazarta