Shirin Kemper

Aikin Kemper, wanda kuma ake kira Kemper County makamashi kayan aiki ko Plant Ratcliffe, tashar samar da wutar lantarki ce mai amfani da iskar gas a halin yanzu a cikin ginin a Kemper County, Mississippi. Mississippi Power, wani reshe na Southern Company, ya fara gina tashar a cikin 2010.  Na farko, aikin kwal ya kasance tsakiya ga Shirin Yanayi na Shugaba Obama, saboda zai dogara ne akan " kwal mai tsabta"  kuma ana la'akari da shi don ƙarin tallafi daga Majalisa da Gwamnatin Trump mai shigowa a ƙarshen 2016.  Idan ya fara aiki tare da kwal, aikin Kemper zai kasance tashar wutar lantarki ta farko don amfani da fasahar gas da carbon a wannan sikelin.

An lura da matsalolin gudanar da aikin a aikin Kemper .  Ya kamata shuka ta kasance a cikin sabis a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2014, a farashin dala biliyan 2.4. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2017, aikin har yanzu ba ya aiki, kuma farashin ya karu zuwa dala biliyan 7.5. Dangane da binciken Sierra Club, Kemper shine mafi tsada da aka taɓa ginawa, bisa ga ƙarfin samar da shi. A watan Yunin 2017, Kamfanin Kudancin da Mississippi Power sun ba da sanarwar cewa aikin Kemper zai sauya zuwa ƙone iskar gas kawai a ƙoƙarin sarrafa farashi.

## Tarihi
Gundumar Kemper ƙaramar karamar hukuma ce a gabashin Mississippi, kusan kilomita 30 a arewacin Meridian .  An zaɓi yankin Kemper a matsayin shafin don shuka don amfani da kwal mai launin ruwan kasa na gida (lignite), albarkatun halitta da ba a yi amfani da su ba, yayin da suke samar da bambancin ƙasa don taimakawa daidaita buƙatar wutar lantarki da ƙarfafa amincin wutar lantarki a Mississippi. Mississippi Power babban kamfani ne na makamashi wanda ke zaune a Gulfport, yana ba da makamashi ga Gulfport, Biloxi, Hattiesburg, Meridian, Pascagoula, Columbia, Laurel, Waveland, Lucedale da Picayune . 

Mississippi Power ya yi niyyar Kemper Project don samar da makamashi mai tsabta ta hanyar amfani da hadin gwiwar hadin gwiwoyi (IGCC)  da fasahar kama carbon, kawar da mafi yawan hayaki da aka fitar da ita ta hanyar masana'antar kwal ta gargajiya. Wani binciken da Kamfanin Kudancin (mahaifin Mississippi Power) ya gudanar ya bayyana cewa aikin Kemper zai kasance "babban aiki tare da ganuwa mai girma kuma ... taimakawa wajen saita mataki don samar da wutar lantarki ta gaba.

A ranar 3 ga Yuni, 2010, Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a ta Mississippi ta tabbatar da aikin kuma an gudanar da bikin kaddamar da shi. Gwamna Haley Barbour ya kasance a wurin.

## Lignite
Lignite mai laushi ne, mai launin ruwan kasa wanda ke da mafi ƙarancin makamashi na kowane nau'in kwal. Har ila yau, yana da datti sosai idan aka ƙone shi.

A cewar Majalisar Makamashi ta Lignite ana amfani da kusan kashi 79 cikin dari na kwal don samar da wutar lantarki, kashi 13.5 cikin dari don samar da iskar gas, da kashi 7.5 cikin dari sambu na samar da kayan taki. Mississippi tana da kimanin tan biliyan biyar na ajiyar kwal, wanda ya kunshi kusan dukkanin eocene lignite. Gidajen lignite na yau da kullun da za a iya haƙa su ta hanyar tattalin arziki suna daga ƙafa biyu zuwa tara. Abubuwan da ke cikin Mississippi sun yi daidai da kashi 13 cikin 100 na jimlar wuraren ajiyar lignite na Amurka.

Ana sa ran masana'antar Kemper za ta yi amfani da kimanin tan 375,000 na lignite da aka yi a cikin gida a kowane wata ko kusan tan miliyan 185 a kan rayuwar da ake tsammani na shekaru 40. Fasahar TRIG na iya amfani da lignite, wanda kuma shine abin motsawa na fasahar.

## Fasahar
Kamfanin Kemper na Mississippi Power ta yi niyya ne don zama kayan aiki mai haɗuwa da gasification (IGCC), ta amfani da fasahar da aka sani da " jigilar gasification" (TRIG) don canza kwal - wanda aka haƙa a shafin Kemper - zuwa syngas.  Za a yi amfani da iskar gas don samar da wutar lantarki.

Mississippi Power ta bayyana cewa, ta hanyar ƙara kwal ga tushen wutar lantarki, tana so ta ƙara ma'auni ga zaɓin tushen man fetur, kuma ta kasance ƙasa da dogaro da kowane nau'in makamashi. Akwai kimanin tan biliyan hudu na lignite da za a iya amfani da shi.

Idan ya ci nasara, aikin Kemper zai kasance na biyu na TRIG a Amurka. Samar da wutar lantarki daga kwal ta wannan hanyar yana samar da adadi mai yawa na carbon dioxide, kuma Mississippi Power na fatan cewa kashi 65 cikin 100 na carbon dioxide za a kama shi kuma a yi amfani da shi a cikin Inganta Man Fetur a filayen mai makwabta.

### Fasahar jigilar gas
Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Kamfanin Kudancin da KBR ne suka haɓaka TRIG a Cibiyar Ci gaban Tsarin Wutar Lantarki a Wilsonville, Alabama . 

Kamfanin Kudancin ya bayyana cewa TRIG babbar hanyar gas ce tare da ƙananan tasiri ga muhalli. Fasahar TRIG na iya amfani da lignite, wanda ke da asusun fiye da rabin ajiyar kwal a duniya kuma ya haifar da sha'awar duniya a cikin shuka.

*Mujallar Power* ta wallafa wani labarin a watan Afrilu na shekara ta , tana tafiya ta hanyar fasaha a cikin cikakkun bayanai. Sun ce, "Za a iya tsara raka'a na TRIG na kasuwanci don cimma manyan ka'idojin muhalli don , NOx, hayakin ƙura, mercury, da CO="true" id="mwAWc" typeof="mw:Transclusion">CO. Nazarin farashi wanda ya danganci ƙirar da aka tsara ya nuna cewa amfanin tattalin arziki da mai ɗaukar iska ya bayar dangane da wasu tsarin ana kiyaye su koda lokacin da aka haɗa CO2 da kuma tsare su cikin ƙirar. " 

### Kayan kwal mai tsabta
Idan fasahar carbon, kamawa da tsare-tsare da aka yi amfani da ita a Kemper Project ta yi nasara, da ta kasance masana'antar kwal ta farko ta Amurka. Bukatar wannan nau'in fasaha ta fito ne daga shekarun da suka gabata na muhawara tsakanin shugabannin makamashi kan yadda za a rage hayakin carbon dioxide a cikin yanayin duniya. A cikin 2013, amfani da kwal na Amurka ya kasance 40%, yana mamaye duk sauran hanyoyin samar da makamashi. Sanin bukatar kwal ba ta raguwa, Mississippi Power, Southern Company, KBR, da Ma'aikatar Makamashi sun saka hannun jari a cikin fasaha don kama hayaki daga konewar man fetur. Kungiyoyin saka hannun jari sun yi jayayya da irin fasahar kwal mai tsabta da suke da'awar ana samun ta a aikin Kemper a duk duniya; kawo riba ga abokan ciniki na Mississippi.

Masu kula da muhalli sun bayyana cewa kwal mai tsabta ba yiwuwar ba ce, saboda har yanzu za a fitar da wasu hayaki cikin yanayi.

### Kama carbon da kuma tsare shi
Karɓar carbon da kuma ƙwace, wanda kuma ake kira kamawa da adana carbon (CCS), fasaha ce da za ta iya kama har zuwa 90% na hayakin carbon dioxide .  CCS yana amfani da haɗin fasahohi don kama CO2 da aka saki a cikin tsarin konewa, jigilar shi zuwa wurin ajiya mai dacewa kuma a ƙarshe adana shi (yawanci zurfin ƙasa) inda ba zai iya shiga yanayi ba don haka ya ba da gudummawa ga canjin yanayi. Zaɓuɓɓukan ƙwaƙwalwar CO2 sun haɗa da tsarin saline da rijiyoyin mai, inda za'a iya amfani da CO2 da aka kama don inganta dawo da mai.

Saboda karuwar bukatar makamashi a duniya, ana sa ran amfani da man fetur zai tashi har zuwa , wanda ke haifar da fitar da CO.

### Carbon dioxide inganta dawo da mai
Carbon dioxide  fetur ko CO2-EOR yana ƙara adadin man da aka dawo da shi daga tafkin mai na karkashin kasa. Ta hanyar yin amfani da CO2 a cikin tankin mai, ana tura man da ba a iya dawo da shi ba a baya zuwa inda za'a iya isa man. Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka ta bayyana cewa wannan na iya samar da ƙarin kashi 30 zuwa 60 na asalin adadin mai mai mai dawo da shi. Da zarar an kai ga duk man da za a iya dawo da shi, tafkin da ya ƙare zai iya aiki a matsayin wurin ajiya don CO2.

An shirya Kamfanin Kemper don samun bututun mai mai mai nisan kilomita 60 don ɗaukar da aka kama zuwa tanadin mai makwabta don inganta dawo da mai. Kowace shekara, shuka za ta kama tan miliyan 3 na CO2. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2014, *[[The Guardian]]* ta wallafa cewa za a yi amfani da CO2 da aka karkatar zuwa kamfanoni biyu na Mississippi don amfani da shi don inganta dawo da mai.

## Bincike da ci gaba
Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Kamfanin Kudancin, da kamfanin gudanar da gine-gine KBR (Kellogg, Brown & Root) sun shiga cikin Cibiyar Ci gaban Tsarin Wutar Lantarki (PSDF) a Wilsonville, Alabama don haɓaka tsarin da aka sani da Transport Integrated Gasification (TRIG). Wannan ci gaban ya fara ne a cikin shekara ta 1996, kuma ƙirar gas na Kamfanin Kudancin Kamfanin Kemper Coal ya dogara ne akan wannan takamaiman bincike da ci gaba. Fasahar ta fi tsada lokacin da ake amfani da abun ciki mai ƙarancin zafi, mai zafi mai yawa, ko manyan kwalba masu ƙanƙara, gami da lignite.

A cewar Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka, Gas ɗin kwal yana ba da ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa da tsabta don canza kwal zuwa wutar lantarki, Hydrogen, da sauran samfuran makamashi masu mahimmanci. Maimakon ƙone kwal kai tsaye, gasification (tsarin thermo-chemical) yana rushe kwal a cikin abubuwan sunadarai na asali.

Fasahar sarrafa kwal zuwa gas a kan sikelin kasuwanci tana ci gaba tun daga shekarun 1970s, kuma ana amfani da ita tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1980.

Fasahar TRIG, wacce aka samo daga ruwa'a masu fashewa da aka yi amfani da su a masana'antar man fetur, tana amfani da sashin gado mai rarraba. Tsarin jigilar gas yana da inganci mafi girma kuma yana iya sarrafa ƙananan kwal, kamar lignite. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya tsara raka'a na TRIG na kasuwanci don cimma ƙa'idodin muhalli masu girma don sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, hayakin ƙura, mercury, da carbon dioxide. Binciken farashi wanda ya danganci ƙirar Kemper Coal Plant ya nuna cewa fa'idodin tattalin arziki da aka bayar ta hanyar jigilar gas, dangi ga wasu tsarin, ana kiyaye su koda lokacin da aka haɗa hanyoyin kama carbon dioxide da kuma tsare su cikin ƙirar.

Mafi girman mai jigilar gas da aka gina har zuwa yau ya fara aiki a 1996 a PSDF na Kamfanin Kudancin. Gas da kayan aiki na taimako a shafin an tsara su don samar da bayanai masu aminci don daidaitaccen sikelin zuwa sikelin kasuwanci. Rukunin zanga-zangar ya kasance mai sauƙin aiki da sarrafawa, yana samun sama da awanni 15,600 na gasification. Mai nuna gas ɗin da ya samu nasarar samar da lignite mai zafi daga Red Hills Mine a Mississippi a cikin kamfen ɗin gwaji daban-daban guda huɗu don fiye da awanni 2,300 na aiki. A kan lignite, mai jigilar gas yana aiki a hankali a kan yanayi daban-daban, yana tabbatar da ƙirar gas ɗin don yankin Kemper.

## Batutuwan Shari'a
A watan Fabrairun 2015, Kotun Koli ta Mississippi ta yanke hukuncin cewa Mississippi Power dole ne ya mayar da masu biyan haraji 186,000 na Kudancin Mississippi don karuwar farashin da ke da alaƙa da aikin Kemper.  Wadannan kudaden sun samo asali ne daga Dokar Baseload ta Mississippi, wanda ke ba da damar Mississippi Power don cajin masu biyan kuɗi don wutar lantarki da ke cikin gini.

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2016, Kamfanin Kudancin da mataimakinsa na Mississippi Power sun ba da sanarwar cewa Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar ta bincika su da ke da alaƙa da wuce gona da iri a aikin Kemper. An jinkirta aikin sau da yawa kuma farashin ya karu daga dala biliyan 2.88 zuwa dala biliyan 6.7

A watan Yunin 2016, Treetop Midstream Services ta kai Mississippi Power karar kan soke kwangila don karɓar carbon dioxide daga Kemper Project a matsayin wani ɓangare na kama carbon da ƙirar ajiya. Treetop ya yi kwangila don sayen carbon dioxide daga masana'antar Kemper kuma ya gina bututun mai a shirye don karɓar gas. Treetop ya yi zargin cewa Mississippi Power ta yi zamba da kuma "da gangan ya yi kuskure da kuma ɓoye ranar farawa" don Kemper Project, kodayake Mississippi Power ta bayyana cewa karar ba ta da daraja.

An kuma gano cewa kamfanin ya kori wani mai ba da labari ba bisa ka'ida ba wanda ya soki zargin da ake yi na ƙarya da gudanarwar kamfanin.

## Rashin jituwa game da muhalli
Kungiyoyin muhalli suna jayayya cewa aikin aiki ne mai tsada wanda ke ba da fa'idodi kaɗan. A cikin shekara ta 2011, kungiyoyin Sierra Club da Bridge the Gulf sun jagoranci kokarin da za su yi wa Injiniyoyin Sojojin Amurka don hana izinin da ake buƙata, wanda Kamfanin Mississippi zai cika don gina kayan aikin shuka.

Babi na Mississippi na Sierra Club yana jayayya cewa wurin da aka shirya don gina kayan aikin yana buƙatar a bar shi kadai. Suna jayayya cewa matsayin wuraren a kan wuri mai laushi zai gurɓata muhalli tare da ruwan da ya gurɓata. Har ila yau, sun yi imanin cewa cire lignite zai lalata muhalli kuma ya tilasta ƙaura da yawa daga cikin Mississippians. Ayyukan gine-gine na ragewa sun haɗa da haɓaka kadada 31 na filayen ruwa, kadada 105 na buffer na kogi, da kuma kimanin ƙafa 3,000 na tashar rafi. A cikin yarjejeniya tare da birnin Meridian, shuka tana amfani da ruwan sharar gida a matsayin tushen ruwa kawai. Bugu da ƙari, shafin yanar gizon Kemper shine wurin fitar da ruwa "zero". Sabili da haka, babu ruwan da aka sarrafa daga shuka da aka zubar cikin koguna, koguna ko rafi.

## Rashin jituwa na siyasa
Gwamnan Mississippi Haley Barbour ya yaba da yiwuwar aikin da aka tsara na sanya Mississippi a cikin matsayi na kasa, galibi saboda zai zama tashar wutar lantarki ta farko ta Amurka don kama carbon. Bugu da ƙari, tsohon Kakakin majalisar Newt Gingrich ya nuna goyon bayansa ga Kemper Project, yana mai cewa a ra'ayinsa yana da damar zama mafi mahimmancin gwaji a ci gaban wutar lantarki a duniya a yau. Kalmomin ƙarshe na Gingrich na ƙarfafawa ga Kemper Project da jihar Mississippi: "Kana da damar zama jagora mai ban mamaki a kasar a cikin shekaru 10 zuwa 20 masu zuwa. "

Aikin Kemper ya sami kimanin dala miliyan 270 a cikin kudaden Ma'aikatar Makamashi bayan shirin Kamfanin Kudancin don shirin Orlando Gasification Project da aka tsara ya ɓace lokacin da Florida ta yanke shawarar cewa jihar ba ta da sha'awar ƙarin shuke-shuke na kwal. Wadannan kudaden da aka canja sun koma daga Florida zuwa Mississippi a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2008, bayan kamfanin Haley Barbour na Washington DC, BGR Group, ya tura don sake rarraba. Kamfanin Kudancin ya kasance abokin ciniki na BGR tun 1999, bayan ya kashe jimlar dala miliyan 2.6 tare da kamfanin, bisa ga takardun bayyanawa na tarayya. Kamfanin Kudancin ya yi zargin cewa Gwamna Barbour bai taimaka musu samun ƙarin kuɗi ba. Gidan yanar gizon BGR Group ya share duk haɗin tare da Kamfanin Kudancin daga shafin yanar gizon.

An canza dokar jihar Mississippi don ba da izinin masu biyan haraji don gina kayan aikin. A cikin 2017 Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a ta Mississippi ta ba da shawarar cewa wurin ya ƙone iskar gas maimakon syngas daga kwal don kauce wa haɗarin ƙarin ƙaruwar masu amfani.

Shirin ya rasa duk manufofinsa kuma an watsar da shirye-shiryen ƙarni na "mai tsabta" a watan Yulin 2017. Ana sa ran shuka za ta ci gaba da ƙone iskar gas kawai.

## Manazarta