Fountas da matakan karatun Pinnell

**Fountas & Pinnell Reading Levels (**wanda aka fi sani da "Fountas & Pinniell") tsarin mallaka ne na matakan karatu wanda Irene Fountas da Gay Su Pinnell suka kirkira kuma Heinemann ya buga shi don tallafawa jerin masu karatun Levelled Literacy Interventions (LLI) na ɗalibai da samfuran malamai.  A cikin kayan tallace-tallace, Heinemann yana nufin tsarin daidaita rubutu ta hanyar alamar kasuwanci F&P Text Level Gradient. 

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya
A cikin wannan tsarin, ana rarraba rubutun karatu bisa ga sigogi daban-daban, kamar ƙididdigar kalma, yawan kalmomi daban-daban، yawan Kalmomi masu yawa, tsawon jumla, rikitarwa na jumla, maimaita kalmomi, tallafin hoto, da dai sauransu. Duk da yake rarrabuwa tana jagorantar waɗannan sigogi, nau'in syllable, muhimmin la'akari a farkon karatu, ba a la'akari da shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin daidaitawa ba. Ana ba da ƙananan littattafai waɗanda ke ƙunshe da haɗuwa da rubutu da zane-zane ga malamai don kowane matakin.

Duk da yake yara ƙanana suna nuna rarraba ƙwarewar karatu, kowane matakin yana da alaƙa da digiri na makaranta. Wasu makarantu suna amfani da matakan karatu na manufa ga ɗaliban su. Wannan shi ne jadawalin daidaito na matakin da Fountas & Pinnell suka ba da shawarar.

Sauran rarrabuwa na matsalolin karatu an haɓaka su ta hanyar marubuta daban-daban (matakan dawo da karatu, matakan DRA, Matakan Basal, Matakan Lexile, da dai sauransu). 

## Rashin amincewa
Rashin amincewa da LLI da matakan karatun Fountas da Pinnell sun mayar da hankali kan manyan batutuwa guda uku: adadin da tsari na umarnin phonics a cikin jerin; shaidar bincike don tasirin shirin; da kuma tsarin karatun shirin.

### Shaidar bincike
The What Works Clearinghouse ya ba da rahoton a kan nazarin bazuwar LLI guda biyu tare da dalibai a makarantar sakandare ta hanyar digiri na biyu kuma ya sami ƙananan sakamako (0.22) daga matakan da ba a yi amfani da su ba a cikin tsarin F & P Text Level Gradient. Ƙarin bincike mai zaman kansa ya gano cewa ɗalibai a aji na biyu da na uku sun karu sosai a kan kimantawa na saka idanu kan ci gaban mako-mako tare da LLI idan aka kwatanta da shigar da ƙaramin rukuni da aka yi niyya kuma idan aka kwatanta shi da ci gaban ƙwararrun masu karatu waɗanda ba su sami shiga tsakani ba. Binciken meta-analysis na binciken 21 ya gano cewa tsarin F & P Text Level Gradient bai haifar da ingantaccen sa hannun karatu ba.

Matthew Burns, mai binciken karatu a Jami'ar Florida, ya yi nazarin kimantawa a cikin tsarin F & P Text Level Gradient kuma ya gano cewa suna haifar da 54% jimlar daidaito kuma daidai suna gano ƙananan masu karatu kawai 31% na lokacin. Har ila yau, masu karatu ba su sami nasarar karanta littattafan da ake zaton suna matakin su ba bisa ga tsarin gradient.

### Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Ontario
Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Ontario ta kirkiro babban rahoto mai suna "Hakkin Karanta: binciken jama'a game da batutuwan kare hakkin dan adam da ke shafar dalibai da ke da nakasa na karatu", yana da wani bangare na 8 "Curriculum da koyarwa" wanda aka sadaukar don sukar tsarin harshe duka, tsarin nunawa, da kuma musamman ma'aunin Fountas & Pinnell a cikin sassan da ake kira "Hanyoyin da ba su da tasiri don koyar da karatu" da kuma "Balanced Literacy".

Sashe na Balanced Literacy ya sake maimaita "daidaitaccen karatu da rubutu" a matsayin kalma mai yaudara ne, kuma da'awarsa game da hanyoyin kimiyya ba su da amfani. Ya ci gaba da cewa daidaitaccen karatu da rubutu yana da lahani musamman ga ɗalibai masu haɗari yayin da suka kasa dukkan ɗalibai gaba ɗaya.

### Shari'ar da ake yi a cikin aji
A ranar 4 ga watan Disamba, 2024, an shigar da karar da aka shigar a Massachusetts, Amurka. Wadanda ake tuhuma sune kamfanin wallafe-wallafen ilimi Heinemann, da kuma marubuta Lucy Calkins, Irene Fountas da Gay Su Pinnell, da sauransu. Kotu ta yi iƙirarin cewa sun tallata samfuran ta a matsayin "bincike-daidaita" da "tushen bayanai".  

## Manazarta