Natan Sharansky

**Natan Sharansky** (Ibraniyawa: נתן שרנסקי; an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1948) ɗan siyasan Isra'ila ne, kwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa kuma marubuci. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Zartarwa na Hukumar Yahudawa daga Yuni 2009 zuwa Agusta 2018,  kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Shugaba na Cibiyar Nazarin Antisemitism da Manufofin Duniya (ISGAP), ƙungiyar Amurka da ba ta jam'iyya ba. Tsohon Mai adawa da Soviet, ya shafe shekaru tara a kurkuku a matsayin mai ki amincewa a cikin shekarun 1970 da 1980.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Sharansky a cikin iyalin Yahudawa a ranar (1948-01-20) 20 ga Janairun 1948 a garin Stalino, Jamhuriyar Socialist Soviet ta Ukraine (yanzu Donetsk, Ukraine) a cikin Tarayyar Soviet .

Mahaifinsa, Boris Shcharansky, ɗan jarida ne daga asalin Zionist wanda ya yi aiki a wata mujallar masana'antu,  ya mutu a 1980, kafin a saki Natan.

Mahaifiyarsa, Ida Milgrom, ta ziyarce shi a kurkuku kuma ta yi yaƙi na shekaru tara don sakin ɗanta daga kurkukun Soviet da sansanonin aiki tare da matarsa.[1] An ba ta izinin bin ɗanta zuwa Isra'ila watanni shida bayan ya bar Tarayyar Soviet.

Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta lissafi da lissafi No.17 a Donetsk . Yayinda yake yaro, ya kasance mai ban mamaki na wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. Ya yi aiki a lokaci guda da kuma nune-nunen rufe idanu, yawanci akan manya. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 15, ya lashe gasar a kasarsa ta Donetsk.[1] Sharansky ta kammala karatu tare da digiri a fannin lissafi daga Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Moscow. Lokacin da aka tsare shi a kurkuku, ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya ci gaba da hankalinsa ta hanyar yin wasan Chess da kansa a zuciyarsa. Sharansky ya doke zakaran duniya Garry Kasparov a cikin baje kolin lokaci guda a Isra'ila a shekarar 1996. [1][2]

Bayan Sharansky ya kammala karatu daga jami'a, ya fara aiki a dakin bincike na sirri. Sharansky ya zauna kusa da Sokolniki Park, a Kolodezniy Pereulok a Moscow. A lokacinsa na hutu, Sharansky zai horar da matasa 'yan wasan chess a sanannen kulob din chess a wurin shakatawa.

Ya ɗauki sunan Ibrananci na yanzu a 1986 lokacin da aka sake shi daga kurkuku na Soviet a matsayin wani ɓangare na musayar fursunoni kuma ya sami fasfo na Isra'ila tare da sabon sunansa.

Natan Sharansky ya auri Avital Sharansky kuma yana da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Rachel da Hannah .  A cikin Tarayyar Soviet, hukumomi sun ki amincewa da bukatarsa ta auri Avital. Sun yi aure a gidan aboki, a cikin wani bikin da gwamnati ba ta amince da shi ba, kamar yadda USSR kawai ta amince da auren farar hula ba auren addini ba.

## Kamawa da ɗaurin kurkuku
An hana Sharansky izinin fita zuwa Isra'ila a shekarar 1973. Dalilin da aka ba shi don hana visa shi ne cewa an ba shi damar, a wani lokaci a cikin aikinsa, ga bayanai masu mahimmanci ga tsaron kasa na Soviet kuma yanzu ba za a iya barin shi ya tafi ba. Bayan ya zama mai ƙin yarda, Sharansky ya zama mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam, yana aiki a matsayin mai fassara ga mai adawa da Masanin kimiyyar nukiliya Andrei Sakharov, kuma mai magana da yawun Ƙungiyar Moscow Helsinki kuma jagora ga haƙƙin *masu ƙin yarda*. A ranar 15 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1977 KGB ta kama Sharansky, wanda Yuri Andropov ke jagoranta, a kan tuhume-tuhume da yawa, gami da cin amana da leken asiri ga Amurkawa da yawa. Wannan zargi ya bayyana cewa ya wuce zuwa Yammacin jerin sunayen sama da 1,300 masu ƙi, da yawa daga cikinsu an hana su biza ta fita saboda ilimin da suke da shi game da asirin jihar, wanda ya haifar da bugawa ta Robert C. Toth, "Russ Indirectly Reveal 'State Secrets': Clues in Denials of Jewish Visas". babban cin amana ya ɗauki hukuncin kisa. A shekara mai zuwa, a shekara ta 1978, an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 13 na aiki na tilas.

## Manazarta