Mona Baker

**Mona Baker** (An haife ta **Mona El Hilali**; Larabci منى الهلالي; an haife ta a ranar 29 ga Satumba, 1953)  ita ce Farfesa Emerita na Nazarin Fassara a Cibiyar Fassara da Nazarin Al'adu ta Jami'ar Manchester a Ingila. 

## Ayyuka
Baker ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Amurka da ke Alkahira, inda ta sami BA a Turanci da Littattafan Kwatanta. Bayan haka ta yi karatun ilimin harshe a Jami'ar Birmingham, inda ta sami MA. A shekara ta 1995 ta koma Jami'ar Manchester Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha inda ta zama farfesa a shekara ta 1997. A halin yanzu tana riƙe da kujera a Nazarin Fassara . 

Ita ce ta kafa St. Jerome Publishing inda ta kasance darektan edita har zuwa 2014 lokacin da Routledge ta sayi kundin St. Jerome. Ta kuma kafa mujallar kasa da kasa The Translator . 

Tun daga shekara ta 2009 ta kasance memba mai daraja na IAPTI .  A cikin tsarin wannan ƙungiyar ta gabatar da jawabi kan "Da'a a cikin Fassara / Fassara Curriculum"  Ita ma Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙungiyar Fassara da Nazarin Al'adu ta Duniya ce. 

A matsayinta na mai bincike, tana da sha'awar fassara da rikici, rawar da ɗabi'a ke takawa a cikin bincike da horo a cikin Nazarin Fassara, aikace-aikacen ka'idar labari ga fassara da fassara, al'ummomin masu gwagwarmaya a cikin fassara da nazarin fassarar; ta buga sosai a waɗannan yankuna. Ta kuma shirya ayyukan bincike. A cikin littafinta na baya-bayan nan, Rethinking Evidence in the Time of Pandemics (Cambridge University Press, 2022; co-authored tare da Eivind Engebretsen),  ta nuna yadda ingantaccen labarin-ba da labari zai iya inganta karɓar ilimin likita da rage wasu hanyoyin juriya da rashin fahimta waɗanda ke cutar da sadarwa ta jama'a game da cutar COVID-19 da sauran gaggawa ta likita.

## Rikicin Gabas ta Tsakiya da malaman Isra'ila
Ta sami zargi da yawa kuma ta haifar da babbar gardama lokacin da a 2002 ta cire malaman Isra'ila guda biyu, Dokta Miriam Shlesinger na Jami'ar Bar-Ilan da Farfesa Gideon Toury na Jami'an Tel Aviv, Isra'ila, daga allon edita na mujallu Translator da Translation Studies Abstracts, bisa ga alakar su da cibiyoyin Isra'ila.

Baker ta bayyana cewa fassarar kauracewa ita ce nata kuma ba lallai ba ce ta sa ran wasu masu sa hannu a cikin irin wannan matsayi don ɗaukar wannan hanyar. Baker, ta asalin Masar, ta ce ta damu da jere a kan mujallu biyu "ƙananan". Wata mai magana da yawun jami'ar ta bayyana cewa: "Wannan ba shi da alaƙa da UMIST. Takardun kauracewa a bayyane sun bayyana Mona Baker ta sanya hannu a matsayin mutum. "

Daga baya, Baker ya ba da sanarwar cewa *Mai fassara* ba zai sake buga wani bincike daga malaman Isra'ila ba kuma zai ki sayar da littattafai da mujallu ga ɗakunan karatu na Isra'ila.

### Amsa daga Farfesa
A cikin imel ɗin da aka aika wa Farfesa Toury a ranar 8 ga Yuni 2002, Baker ya nemi ya yi murabus kuma ya gargadi shi cewa ba za ta "ba zaɓe ku" idan ya ki. Baker ta tabbatar da aikinta ta hanyar bayyana cewa "Ba na so in ci gaba da hulɗa da kowane Isra'ila a halin yanzu", kodayake ta kuma bayyana cewa shawarar da ta yanke " siyasa ce, ba ta mutum ba" kuma har yanzu tana ɗaukar Farfesa Toury da Farfesa Shlesinger a matsayin abokai.

Farfesa Toury daga baya ya amsa cewa "Zan yaba da shi idan sanarwar ta bayyana a fili cewa 'shi' (wato, ni) an nada shi a matsayin malami kuma ba a nada shi a matsayinsa na Isra'ila ba". Toury ya kuma bayyana cewa "Tabbas ina damuwa, ba saboda kauracewa kanta ba amma saboda yana iya girma da girma don kada a gayyaci mutane zuwa taro ko laccoci, ko kuma za a hukunta lokaci-lokaci ba bisa cancanta ba, amma asalin wurin da marubucin ke zaune".

Dokta Shlesinger ya amsa cewa: "Ba na tsammanin [firaministan Isra'ila] Ariel Sharon za ta janye daga Yammacin Kogin Ba saboda ana kauracewa malaman Isra'ila. Manufar ita ce kauracewa ni a matsayin Isra'ila, amma ban tsammanin yana samun wani abu ba".

### Rashin amincewa
Farfesa Stephen Greenblatt na Jami'ar Harvard da shugaban kungiyar Modern Language Association of America sun soki ayyukan Baker sosai, wadanda suka kira korar "mai banƙyama", "mai haɗari" da kuma "mai fatara". Greenblatt ya bayyana ayyukan Baker a matsayin "harin kan hadin gwiwar al'adu" wanda "ya keta muhimmiyar ruhun 'yancin ilimi da neman gaskiya".   Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Tony Blair ya kuma soki ayyukan Baker, kuma ya bayyana cewa zai "yi duk abin da ya dace" don dakatar da kauracewa malaman Isra'ila.

A cikin Majalisar Dokoki ta Burtaniya, an gabatar da wani Early Day Motion (EDM 1590) wanda ke Allah wadai da ayyukan Baker, yana mai cewa Majalisar "ta koka da nuna bambanci ga malamai na kowace ƙasa, kamar yadda ba ta dace da ka'idar 'yancin ilimi ba, tana ɗaukar irin wannan nuna bambanci a matsayin mai adawa da Yahudawa yayin da yake nuna kawai don adawa da manufofin gwamnatin Isra'ila... kuma ta yi kira ga UMIST da ta nemi gafara saboda wannan mummunan aikin da kuma ta kori Farfesa Baker. "

ita-linkid="125" href="./Judith_Butler" id="mwkQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Judith Butler">Judith Butler ta ba da shawarar cewa Baker ta "shiga tsarin adawa da Yahudawa", kodayake wannan "ba ya nufin cewa tana adawa da Yahudanci".  A cewar Butler, don da'awar "duk Yahudawa suna da ra'ayi game da Isra'ila ko kuma Isra'ila ta wakilce su sosai ... shine su haɗa Yahudawa da Isra'ilawa kuma, ta haka ne, su yi raguwar adawa da Bayuda". 

Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Kasa (NUS), ban da hukunta takunkumin ilimi gaba ɗaya, musamman hukunta sakataren Baker na farfesa biyu na Isra'ila a matsayin "mai wariyar launin fata. " Mandy Telford, shugaban NUS, ya bayyana cewa "Ƙungiyar Dalibai na Kasa tana tsaye da ƙarfi a kan duk nau'ikan nuna bambanci. Wannan cin zarafin 'yancin ilimi ne wanda kawai zai iya samun mummunar tasiri ga ɗalibai a Umist... Ba za mu goyi bayan keta dokar [mutane] da za su iya karatu ba saboda inda suke zaune da kuma inda ake kira da kuma inda aka hana su".

A shekara ta 2002 European Society for Translation Studies ta yi Allah wadai da korar Toury da Shlesinger, duka mambobi ne na Society, suna jayayya cewa "a cikin aikin su na ilimi ba wakilan ƙasarsu ba ne amma mutanen da aka sani da binciken su, sha'awar su na bunkasa karatun fassara da inganta fassarar da tattaunawar al'adu". 

### Taimako
Baker ya sami goyon baya daga kafofin da yawa, gami da Ƙungiyar Musulmi ta Burtaniya da Kamfen ɗin Solidarity na Manchester Palestine . 

### Amsar Baker
Baker ta rubuta cikakken martani ga masu sukar ta (an buga taƙaitaccen taƙaitacciyar taƙaitawa a cikin London Review of Books). Baker ta rubuta cewa "yan jaridar Yahudawa a Burtaniya ba su da kunya kuma suna goyon bayan Isra'ila kawai" kuma sun ambaci goyon baya ga matsayinta daga Farfesa Ilan Pappe na Isra'ila. Ta kuma ambaci wata wasika ga editan da ke tallafa mata daga Seymour Alexander, wanda ya bayyana kansa a matsayin Bayahude na Burtaniya, da Lawrence Davidson, Bayahude ne na Amurka wanda ya rubuta "In Defence of the Academic Boycott" tare da ita. Ta kuma soki "yaƙin neman zaɓe mai tsanani da kuma rikice-rikice wanda yawancin 'yan jaridar Yahudawa a Burtaniya suka jagoranta a kaina".

In an interview with *Al-Ahram*, Baker stated that "Anybody who thinks they are going to make any change in vicious, horrific policies like those of Israel and the US without affecting individuals is simply being naïve." Baker also stated that her decision to fire the two Israelis was "intended as a minor symbolic gesture but simply because of the arrogance of the Zionist lobby it's out of the bag now. And it's doing some good, I believe, in that it's forcing people to really confront the issues."

A wata hira da The Daily Telegraph, Baker ta bayyana cewa ita ce wanda aka azabtar da ita "babban na'ura mai tsoratarwa a can" wanda ke ƙoƙarin rufe zargi da Isra'ila da kuma cewa "Amurkawa sune mafi munin masu laifi". Lokacin da aka tambaye ta game da korar, ta amsa wa masu sukar ta ta hanyar cewa, "An la'anta ni idan za a tsoratar da ni. Wannan shine fassarar da na yi game da sanarwar kauracewa da na sanya hannu kuma na yi ƙoƙarin bayyana hakan a bayyane amma ba ya zama kamar yana wucewa. Ba na kauracewa Isra'ilawa, ina kauracewa cibiyoyin Isra'ila". A cikin wannan hira, Baker ya soki manufofin Isra'ila sosai, yana mai cewa: "Isra'ila ta wuce laifukan yaki kawai. Abin da ke faruwa a can yana da ban tsoro. Da yawa daga cikinmu za mu so muyi magana game da shi a matsayin wani nau'in Holocaust wanda duniya za ta farka, da yawa, ba shakka, kamar yadda suka yi da na ƙarshe"

A wani taron da aka gudanar a Landan a shekara ta 2004 don tattauna game da aiwatar da kauracewa cibiyoyin ilimi na Isra'ila, Baker ya bayyana cewa kauracewa Isra'ila dole ne ta guje wa bayyanar nuna bambanci da aka zaɓa da mutum, kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa kaurace wa ilimi a matsayin kauracewar tattalin arziki, wanda ke nuna cewa duk malaman da ke cibiyoyin Isra'ila ya kamata a kaurace su "don lalata cibiyoyin da aka dakatar da su yi aiki da kuma da zama memba na al'ummar Isra'ila ta duniya".

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

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## Manazarta