open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Leonard Wantchekon

**Leonard Wantchekon** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1956) masanin tattalin arziki ne ɗan ƙasar Benin  kuma farfesa a fannin siyasa da al'amuran ƙasa da ƙasa a Makarantar Jama'a da Al'amuran Duniya ta Princeton (Princeton School of Public and International Affairs), kuma mai alaƙa da Sashen Tattalin Arziƙi a Jami'ar Princeton.  Ya koyar a Jami'ar Yale daga shekarar (1995-2001) da Jami'ar New York (2001-2011). Shi ne shugaban da ya kafa makarantar nazarin tattalin arzikin Afirka da ke da hedkwata a ƙasar Benin.    Nazarin da ya yi da Nathan Nunn kan tasirin cinikin bayi a kan amana na zamani yana cikin mafi yawan binciken da aka ambata a fannin tattalin arziki.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Wantchekon an haife shi kuma ya girma a Zagnanado, Benin.   Iyayensa manoma ne.  Bayan shiga jami'a, Wantchekon ya zama mai fafutuka wanda ya yi yaƙi da mulkin kama-karya na Mathieu Kérékou.  Wantchekon ya kaucewa hukumomi har zuwa shekara ta 1985 lokacin da aka kama shi.  Bayan watanni 18 a gidan yari, Wantchekon ya yi karin gishiri don samun magani a wajen kurkukun; yayi amfani da wannan damar ya tsere.  Ya tsere zuwa Najeriya da Ivory Coast kafin ya zama dan gudun hijira a Canada. 

Yana da MA a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Laval da Jami'ar British Columbia (1992). Ya samu Ph.D. a cikin Ilimin Tattalin Arziki daga Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma (1995) inda Roger Myerson ya rinjaye shi.  Bukatun bincike na Wantchekon sun haɗa da dimokraɗiyya, abokantaka da kuma sake rarraba siyasa, la'anar albarkatu, tasirin zamantakewa na dogon lokaci na abubuwan tarihi, da tattalin arziƙin ci gaba. Ayyukansa an nuna su a cikin manyan wallafe-wallafen da yawa, irin su Nazarin Tattalin Arziki na Amirka da Jaridar Kwatancin Tattalin Arziki.

Shi ma'aikaci ne na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka kuma wanda ya kafa Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta Afirka. Daga shekarun 2008-2009, ya kasance Sakataren kungiyar Kimiyyar Siyasa ta Amurka. Wantchekon kuma babban abokin tarayya ne a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta Afrobarometer.  A watan Nuwamba 2018 ya zama Bakar fata na farko a Afirka da za a bayyana su a Fellow of the Econometric Society. 

Ya kasance mai ba da shawara na tarihi akan fim din tarihin  Amurka na shekarar 2022 *The Woman King*, wanda Gina Prince-Bythewood ya ba da umarni, wanda ake yi game da Agojie, rukunin jarumai mata duka da suka kare masarautar Dahomey ta Yammacin Afirka a lokacin ƙarni na 17 zuwa 19.   Wantchekon yana da ɗan Agojie a cikin danginsa.

## Manazarta
Reiki Kushida

Reiki Kushida (串田 麗樹, Kushida Reiki) ita yar kasar ce Japanese amateur astronomer, discoverer of supernovas such as 1991bg (the itace farkon mace da tafara sanin ilimin taurari ), kuma co-discoverer of 4875 Ingalls, a Flora asteroid from the main-belt.

Reiki Kushida ta auri masanin ilmin taurari Yoshio Kushida mai binciken dubu huɗu da ɗari takwas da saba'in da biyar 4875&nbsp;Ingalls dan ƙwararren mai gano ƙananan taurari da tauraron dan adam da kansa. Asteroid dubu biyar da ɗari biyu da talatin da tara 5239 Reiki, wanda masanin astronomer Shun-ei Izumikawa ya gano, an ba shi suna a cikin girmamawarta a ranar shida 6 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da casa'in da uku 1993 (  ).  

## Nassoshi
Dorothy M. Crosland

**Dorothy Murray Crosland** (Satumba 13,1903 - Maris 24, 1983)ta kasance shugaban ɗakin karatu na Jojiya Tech Library a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Georgia.Da farko an nada ta a matsayin Mataimakiyar Librarian a 1925,an kara mata girma zuwa Librarian a 1927 da Daraktar Laburare a 1953,taken da za ta rike har sai ta yi ritaya a 1971.

## Ilimi da farkon rayuwa
An haifi Crosland a ranar 13 ga Satumba,1903,a Dutsen Stone, Jojiya.Ta tafi makarantar sakandaren 'yan mata a Atlanta,kuma ta kammala karatun digiri a cikin 1923 tare da digiri daga Makarantar Laburare ta Carnegie Library na Atlanta,daga baya aka fi sani da Makarantar Kimiyyar Laburare ta Jami'ar Emory . 

## Sana'a
A cikin 1945,an nada Crosland a matsayin mace mafi kyawun shekara a ilimi.Crosland shine babban sakataren zartarwa (daga 1950 zuwa 1952)kuma shugaban (daga 1952 zuwa 1954)na Ƙungiyar Laburare ta Kudu maso Gabas kuma shugaban Ƙungiyar Laburaren Jojiya daga 1949 zuwa 1951.Crosland ya kula da tsare-tsare da gina ginin ɗakin karatu na yanzu da ɗakin karatu na gine-gine a Georgia Tech,dukansu an sadaukar da su a cikin 1952.Ta kuma kula da aikin gina Makarantar Graduate Addition,hasumiya sau ɗaya da rabi girman ɗakin ɗakin karatu da ake da shi,wanda aka kammala a shekara ta 1968.Ƙaddamar da ginin ya bayyana cewa: "A zahiri waɗannan gine-gine guda biyu abin tunawa ne ga Dorothy M. Crosland,Darakta na Libraries.Ta hanyar masana'antarta, dagewarta da jajircewarta,hangen nesanta,dukkanin sifofi biyu an yi tunanin su kuma an kawo su ga ƙarshe." Ƙarin Karatu an sake masa suna Crosland Tower a 1985. 

Crossland ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin kafuwar Kwalejin Kwamfuta ta hanyar shigar da ita cikin shirya jerin tarurruka a 1961 da 1962. Wadannan za su haifar da kafa Makarantar Bayani(kamar yadda aka sani a lokacin)da kuma shirin farko na masters na Amurka a Kimiyyar Bayanai.

A cikin 1961,an nada ta alumna na girmamawa na Georgia Tech.

## Manazarta
Al-'Ijliyah

**Al-ʻIjliyyah bint al-ʻIjliyy** (     ita yar ijliyy ce wadda ta kasance a cikin ƙarni na goma 10 wanda take cikin  taurarin taurari da ke aiki a Aleppo, a yankin arewacin Siriya a yanzu.

Ita Wani lokaci ana kiranta a cikin shahararrun adabin zamani da suna **Mariam al-Asṭurlābiyya** (    ) amma ba a ambaci sunanta na farko 'Mariam' a cikin tushen kawai da aka sani game da rayuwarta ba.

## Rayuwa
A cewar ibn al-Nadim, diyar wani mai yin taurari ce da aka fi sani da al-ʻIjliyy;  ita da mahaifinta almajirai ne ( *tilmīthah* ) na wani masanin taurari daga Bagadaza, Nasṭūlus.

Al-ʻIjliyyah ya kera taurarin taurari, da kayan aikin falaki, a cikin karni na goma 10;   Sarkin Aleppo na farko Sayf al-Dawla ya dauke ta aiki daga dari Tara da arba'in da hudu 944 zuwa dari Tara da sittin da bakwai 967.  

Bayan wannan bayanin, babu abin da aka sani game da ita. Sunanta da ake zaton “Mariam” ba ta samun goyon bayan wasu majiyoyi daga zamaninta, kuma kalmar “al-Asturlabiyy” a cikin sunayen da aka san ta da mahaifinta kawai tana nufin “masanin taurari”, kuma yana nuni da sana’arsu; An dade da sanin taurarin a lokacinta.

## Gado
Babban belt asteroid dubu bakwai da sittin 7060 Al-`Ijliya, wanda Henry E. Holt ya gano a Palomar Observatory a cikin shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari Tara da casa'in 1990, an ba shi suna don girmama ta.  An buga ambaton suna akan goma Sha hudu 14 Nuwamba shekara ta alif dubu biyu da goma Sha shida 2016 (  ). 

Ta yi wahayi zuwa wani hali a cikin ahekarar alif dubu biyu da goma Sha biyar 2015 wanda ya lashe kyautar littafin  da Netflix jerin Vikings: Valhalla.  An nada ta mace mai ban mamaki daga zamanin Golden Age na Islama ta dubu daya da daya 1001 Inventions. 

## Duba kuma
Léopold K. Fakambi

**Léopold Kocou Fakambi** (21 Oktoba 1942 - 24 Agusta 2021) masanin aikin gona ne na ƙasar Benin, sannan injiniya, kuma masanin abinci, kuma Malami.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Fakambi a Lomé a ranar 21 ga watan Oktoba 1942. Ya yi makarantar sakandare a Lycée Béhanzin da ke Porto-Novo daga shekarun 1955 zuwa 1962 sannan daga baya  in Besançon. Daga baya, ya yi karatu a Lycée Janson-de-Sailly a Paris. Ya shiga  a cikin shekarar 1964 kuma ya kammala karatun digirinsa a Sorbonne a cikin shekarar 1970. 

Fakambi ya zama farfesa a fannin ilimin halittar jiki a jami'ar Benin kafin ya zama shugaban tsangayar kimiyyar noma a jami'ar Abomey-Calavi. Ya yi shekaru da yawa yana Majalisar Gudanarwa a Cibiyar Noma ta Duniya da ke Ibadan. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin malami mai ziyara a Jami'ar Senghor da ke Alexandria. Ya haɗu da *Formation Internationale en Nutrition et Sciences Alimentaires* kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Darakta daga shekarun 1992 zuwa 2000. Ya kuma kasance memba na kungiyar Conseil national de l'Alimentation et de la Nutrition a Benin.

Léopold K. Fakambi ya mutu a ranar 24 ga watan 0 ai Agusta 2021 yana da shekaru 78. 

## Bambance-bambance

* Knight na National Order of Benin
* Knight na Ordre des Palmes académiques

## Wallafe-wallafe

* *Interaction du calcium et des lipides alimentaires : Mise en evidence de l'excrétion fécale de savons de calcium chez le rat* (1971)
* *Abubuwan da suka shafi yanayin abinci mai gina jiki na iyaye mata : shirin abinci da abinci mai gina jiki na Cibiyar Noma da Nutrition ta Ouando a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Benin* (1990)
* *Evaluation de la nutrition pour USAID-Bénin : 3-14 Maris 1997* (1997)
* *Alimentation et épanouissement physique et intellectuel de l'enfant*

## Manazarta
Dorothy Neal White

**Dorothy Mary Neal White** QSO(née **Neal**,daga baya **Ballantyne**,22 Disamba 1915 &#x2013; 12 Fabrairu 1995)fitacciyar ma'aikaciyar ɗakin karatu ce kuma marubuci ta New Zealand.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Dorothy Mary Neal a cikin Christchurch,New Zealand, a cikin 1915.Iyayenta sune Henry Neal da Florence, née Rhodes. Ta yi karatu a Makarantar 'Yan Mata ta Avonside sannan Kwalejin Canterbury ta biyo baya.A cikin 1933,ta zama mataimakiyar ɗakin karatu a ɗakin karatu na Jama'a na Canterbury,kuma a cikin 1936 ta zama ma'aikaciyar ɗakin karatu na yara a ɗakunan karatu na jama'a na Dunedin.Daga baya ta sake yin aiki a can daga 1957 a matsayin shugabar hidimar yara har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a 1974.

Lokacin da a cikin 1939 Neal ta auri wani sanannen mai siyar da littafi na biyu na Dunedin,Richard (Dick)Desmond White,ta ci gaba da aiki a ƙarƙashin sunanta kamar yadda Majalisar Birni ta buƙaci mata su yi murabus kan aure.Bayan mutuwar mijinta na farko a 1967,ta auri likitan Dunedin Robert Edmund Ballantyne a 1968.

A cikin Girmama Maulidin Sarauniya na 1994,an nada ta abokiyar Sabis na Sabis na Sarauniya don hidimar al'umma.

## Legacy
Tarin Dorothy Neal White,wanda National Library of New Zealand ke riƙe ya ƙunshi lakabi sama da 8,000 na adabin yara kafin shekarun 1940.
Edith Ditmas

**Edith Ditmas** (1896 - 28 Fabrairun shekarar 1986) ɗan littafin tarihi ne na Ingilishi, ɗan tarihi kuma marubuci.Ana tunanin ta  ya sami digiri na biyu na fasaha daga Jami'ar Oxford kuma bai yi aure ba.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Edith Margaret Robertson Ditmas a Weston-super-Mare a shekarar 1896.Ta kasance jami'a mai tasiri na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Labura ta Musamman da Ofishin Watsa Labarai na Biritaniya,wanda ta gyara mujallar.A matsayinta na babban sakatare na abin da ya zama Associationungiyar Gudanar da Bayani (ASLIB)a cikin 1946-1950,ta yi kira da ƙarfi a taron Kimiyya na Empire don "haɗin ƙarfafawar gwamnati da yunƙurin sirri" wajen haɓaka sabis na bayanai na musamman.Wannan hanya ta kasance don yin nasara.Ta kuma karbi ragamar aikin editan *Jarida* ta 1947 har zuwa 1962.

A cikin ritaya,Ditmas ya juya zuwa rubuta littattafan jagora.Na dogon lokaci,ta kasance mazaunin Benson,Oxfordshire,kuma ta kammala cikakken tarihinta a cikin shekara ta 1918.An yada wannan a cikin rubutun rubutu kuma an buga shi bayan mutuwa a cikin shekara ta 2009,tare da ƙarin bayani kan binciken binciken kayan tarihi na gaba da na taswirori na farko.Hoton daya tsira na Ditmas an dauki shi ne akan fita Cibiyar Mata,WI na daya daga cikin abubuwan da take so.

Edith Ditmas ya mutu a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu 1986.

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa
Mahouton Norbert Hounkonnou

**Mahouton Norbert Hounkonnou** Farfesa ne ɗan ƙasar Benin, masanin lissafi, sannan kuma masanin kimiyyar lissafi kuma marubuci. Shi farfesa ne a fannin Lissafi da Physics a Jami'ar Abomey-Calavi.   

## Tarihin Rayuwa.
An haife shi a ranar 7, ga watan Yuni, 1956, a Adjohoun (Jamhuriyar Benin), kuma ya auri Baï Arlette Lidwine Elisha (Masaniyar ilimin lissafi), yana da 'ya'ya uku.

An ambaci ayyukansa sama da sau 1200, a kowane masani na Google. 

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa.

* 2013, R (p, q) - ƙididdiga: bambanta da haɗin kai, MN Hounkonnou, J Désiré, B Kyemba, SUT J. Math 49 (2), 145-167 
* 2012, Samfuran tasirin abubuwan muhalli na gida akan watsa zazzabin cizon sauro a Benin da abubuwan da ke haifar da binciken ƙungiyar, G Cottrell, B Kouwaye, C Pierrat, A Le Port, A Bouraïma, N Fonton, ... , PLOS DAYA 7 (1), e28812. 
* 1992, Liquid chlorine a cikin shear da elongtional flows: Wani binciken kimiyyar kwayoyin halitta mara daidaituwa, MN Hounkonnou, C Pierleoni, JP Ryckaert, Journal of Chemical physics 97 (12), 9335-9344 

## Manazarta.
Eileen Colwell

**Eileen Hilda Colwell** (16 Yuni 1904 - 17 Satumba 2002)ta kasance majagaba ma'aikacin ɗakin karatu na yara,"doyenne na ɗakin karatu na yara a Burtaniya".

## Rayuwa
An haife shi a The Manse,Robin Hood's Bay,Fylingdales,kusa da Whitby a Arewacin Riding na Yorkshire,Colwell ita ce 'yar ta uku ga ministan Methodist Richard Harold Colwell da matarsa Gertrude (née Mason).Bayan karatunta a Makarantar Grammar Penistone,ta sami gurbin karatu kuma ta yi karatun digiri a Kwalejin Jami'ar London.Tun tana karama ta fara sha'awar ra'ayin dakin karatu na yara amma kwas din UCL (wanda a wancan lokacin shi kadai ne irinsa a kasar) bai shafi batun ba.

Bayan ta bar kwaleji ta yi aiki a Laburaren Bolton a Manchester kafin ta sami sabon matsayi na Librarian Yara na gundumar Hendon Urban a Arewacin London a cikin Oktoba 1926.Laburaren Kyauta na Hendon ya samo asali ne saboda ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarcen Sarah Bannister wacce ita ce mai ba da shawara ta gunduma.Bayan yawanci samar da makarantu tare da "kwalayen littattafai" Colwell ya gina tarin yara (mujalladi 2,000) daga karce.A cikin 1929 an mai da Colwell ma'aikaciyar ɗakin karatu na yara ta dindindin tare da buɗe ɗakin karatu na Hendon inda ta zauna tsawon shekaru arba'in.Ta yi hidimar majagaba ta yin amfani da sa’o’i na ba da labari (wani lokaci tare da ɗan tsana da ake kira Jacko),kuma ta bar yaran su taimaka a gudanar da aikin laburare. 

A cikin 1937 Colwell da Ethel Hayler sun kafa Ƙungar (yanzu rukuni) na Ƙungiyar Laburare.   Za ta ci gaba da yin gwagwarmaya don masu karatu su kasance cikin yin hukunci a cikin Medal Carnegie da Medal Kate Greenaway.A 1965 ta zama MBE. A cikin 1967 ta bar Hendon, kuma ta ɗan yi karatu a Jami'ar Loughborough.Ta yi shirye-shiryen rediyo da yawa tare da BBC, kuma tsakanin 1966 zuwa 1967 ta fito a matsayin mai ba da labari a shirin yara na BBC *Jackanory* tana ba da labari a sassa da yawa.

## Mutuwa da gado
Colwell ya mutu a shekara ta 2002.Rumbun ta,Eileen Colwell tarin adabin yara ana gudanar da shi a gidan kayan tarihi na Labarun Bakwai.A cikin 2012 majalisar ta amince da sake gyara Laburare na Hendon duk da kiraye-kirayen rufe shi. Majalisar ta lura da gudummawar da Colwell ya bayar da kuma "ka'idar da ta ƙirƙira" ga ma'aikatan ɗakin karatu na yara. 

## Manazarta
Jean-Baptiste Kiéthéga

**Jean-Baptiste Kiéthéga** masani ne kuma masanin tarihi daga Upper Volta, a halin yanzu Burkina Faso. An haifi Kiéthéga a ranar 10 ga watan Mayu, 1947, a Yako.

Ana yi la'akari da shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin masu binciken kayan tarihi na farko na yammacin Afirka. A lokacin aikinsa, an karrama shi da lambar yabo ta Yarima Claus  a cikin shekarar 1998 saboda ci gabansa a fannin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi. A wancan lokacin ya horar da malamai kusan 40 a wannan fanni, kuma ya kula da yadda bincikensa ya fito fili a fagen ilimi, da kuma jama’a ta hanyar gidajen tarihi. 

A cewar Kiéthéga binciken  archaeological a ƙasa mai tasowa kamar Burkina Faso bai kamata a kalli abin a matsayin kayan alatu ba. Yana kallon al'ada a matsayin ra'ayi mai ƙarfi.

Tun a shekarar 2005 shi malami ne a Jami'ar Ouagadougou.

## Bibliography

* 1980: *L'exploitation traditionalelle de l'or sur la rive gauche de la Volta noire : (region de poura - Haute-Volta)*, tare da Jean Devisse
* 1983: *L'or de la Volta noire: archéologie et histoire de l'exploitation traditionalnelle, région de Poura, Haute-Volta* , , daga baya aka sake bugawa
* 1989: *La Recherche archeologique au Burkina Faso*
* 1993: *Découverte du Burkina Faso (Annales des conférences organisées par le Center culturel français Georges Méliès de Ouagadougou, 1991-1992)* , 
* 1993: *État des recherches sur la production traditionalnelle du fer au Burkina Faso*
* 2008: *La métallurgie lourde du fer au Burkina Faso: une technologie al' epoque pre-coloniale* . Karthala, Paris, 

## Manazarta
Eintou Pearl Springer

**Eintou Pearl Springer** (tsohon **Pearl Eintou Springer** )(an haife ta ƙauyen Cantaro,Santa Cruz,Trinidad, 24 Nuwamba 1944) mawaƙi ce, marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo,mawallafiyar ɗakin karatu kuma mai fafutukar al'adu daga Trinidad da Tobago.A cikin Mayu 2002,an ba ta suna Poet Laureate na Port of Spain,Trinidad da Tobago.

## Fage
Ayyukan Springer akai-akai yana magance batutuwan zamantakewa da kuma girman kai ga al'adunta na Afirka.A cikin 2003 ta yi ritaya a matsayin Darakta na Laburare na Tarihi na Trinidad da Tobago,bayan da ta kafa ɗakin karatu kuma ta kasance darekta tun Oktoba 1993.Ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na kafa ƙungiyoyin al'adu daban-daban,ciki har da Ƙungiyar Marubuta na Trinidad da Tobago,Ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta kasa ta Trinidad da Tobago (NDATT),da kuma Caribbean Theater Guild.A matsayinta na yar wasan kwaikwayo da ƴar wasan kwaikwayo,ta sami lambar yabo ta NDATT ta 2004 Vanguard Award,kuma ta hanyar kamfanin danginta,Ƙungiyar Idakeda,ta bincika al'amuran zamantakewa ta amfani da siffofin wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya.An karrama ta a matsayin Laureate na Port of Spain daga 2002 zuwa 2009.

Ita ce marubuciyar litattafai da yawa,ciki har da tarin wakoki, na manya da yara,da kuma samun buga rubuce-rubucenta a cikin wallafe-wallafe da tarihin tarihi,gami da *Sturdy Black Bridges:Visions of Black Women in Literature* (1979, edited by Roseann).P.Bell,Bettye J.Parker da Beverly Guy-Sheftall ),*Daughters of Africa* (1992, edited by Margaret Busby ),da *Moving Beyond Boundaries,vol.* *I. Dimensions na Duniya na Rubutun Baƙar fata* (1995, Carole Boyce Davies da Molara Ogundipe-Leslie suka shirya).Springer ta sami yabo don aikinta a matsayin mai ba da labari da wasan kwaikwayo.A shekara ta 2011,wasanta *na yadda Anansi ya kawo Drum* ta yi bikin shekarar ‘yan asalin Afirka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (IYPAD) kuma ta kasance wani bangare na shirin wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na UNESCO.

Springer shine batun fim na 2010 wanda Amon Saba Saakana ya ba da umarni kuma ya shirya, mai suna *Ida's Daughter:Duniyar Eintou Pearl Springer* .

## Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Springer a Cantaro a cikin kwarin Santa Cruz sama da Port of Spain,a cikin dangin Roman Katolika.Ta kasance mai sadaukarwa ga Orisha - addinin Yarbawa.Tana da 'ya'ya uku kuma tana zaune a San Juan,Trinidad, tun da ta zo "ga addinin gargajiya na Afirka a matsayin wani aikin siyasa da akida na bayyana kai."Diyarta Dara Healy 'yar rawa ce kuma 'yar siyasa a Trinidad,kuma a halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin Shugaban Jam'iyyar Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa.Marubuci kuma mai fafutuka Attillah Springer ita ma diyarta ce.
Eva Vermandel asalin

**Eva Vermandel** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1974) mai daukar hoto ce da aka haifa a Belgium a cikin 1974 wacce ta ƙaura zuwa Landan a 1996 don rayuwa da aiki. An san ta har yanzu da kuma hotuna marasa lokaci waɗan da sau da yawa suna ba da nuni na zane-zane ( Flemish Primitives, Ingres, Bronzino ), Hotu nanta sun bayyana a cikin mujallu masu yawa kamar Waya, Mujallar Telegraph, Mujallar Independent, Mojo, The New York Times Mujallar da W (Amurka) .&#x5B; ** &#x5D;

Vermandel ya sami nunin solo a Douglas Hyde Gallery  a Dublin da Whitechapel Gallery da ICA a London. Ayyu kan ta yana cikin tsarin V&amp;amp;A,  National Gallery of Scotland da National Portrait Gallery,  London.

## Labarai

* *Alabama Chrome* : rubutun hoto kan bunkasar tattalin arziki a Ireland a cikin 2006, ƙaddamar da kuma buga ta Douglas Hyde Gallery, Dublin. 
* *Med sud í eyrum vid spilum endalaust* : diary na hoto akan ƙungiyar Icelandic Sigur Rós,  yana bin su ta hanyar yin rikodi da yawon shakatawa tsakanin Afrilu da Yuni 2008. 
* *Splinter* : monograph a kan jikin aikin da aka kirkira tsakanin 2006 da 2012, wanda Hatje Cantz ya buga a cikin 2013.

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Cindy Frey

**Cindy Frey**, ƙwararriyar mai daukar hoto mai zaman kanta, wacce ta ƙware a cikin kiɗa, raye-rayen hoto, hotuna, salon rayuwa, tallace-tallace, salo da fasaha mai duhu / hoto. An haifeta a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba 1975 a Neerpelt, Belgium.

## Hotuna
Frey ta ɗauki kyamararta na farko a watan Mayu 2003 bayan ta yi abincin vegan don kayan punk, hardcore da ƙarfe. Ta so ta rubuta waɗan nan lokutan don samun su a matsayin kyakkyawan tunani daga baya. Ta zama mai zaman kanta a matsayin mai daukar hoto na cikakken lokaci a cikin 2007 kuma ta zagaya duniya don ɗaukar hotuna na makada, samfura, jarfa da hotuna na gaskiya. Ta yi aiki tare da ƙungiyo yin ƙasa da ƙasa da yawa kamar su Lacuna Coil, Alkaline Trio, Marasa Lafiya, Kamar Yadda Na Kwanta, Cradle of Filth, Stone Sour, Marilyn Manson, Rayuwar Agony, Slipknot, Mai Haunted, A Wannan Lokacin, Shiru na kashe kansa, Parkway Drive, Komawa Kid, Helloween, Flogging Molly, Street Dogs, Soulfly, Bleeding through, Dresden Dolls, City and Color, Alexisonfire, Napalm Mutuwa, Ganuwar Jericho, H  O, da yawa. Frey ta koyar da kanta; ta koyi komai ta hanyar littattafai, intanet da gwaji. Frey ta yi ayyuka da yawa kuma ta fitar da kalandu huɗu, fosta da katuna kuma ta buga littafai guda huɗu. Tana yin nuni nune-nunen solo bakwai, shida a Belgium da ɗaya a Netherlands da kuma nunin rukuni a Hamburg .    

## nune-nunen

* Yarinya a wurin baje kolin rockshow a Antwerp a watan Oktoba-Nuwamba 2006
* Live mugun nuni a Antwerp Oktoba 2007
* Ink sha'awar nuni a Ostend a cikin Yuli 2009 
* An yi nuni da kai a Brussels a cikin Maris/Afrilu 2010 
* Ku zo ku yi wasa tare da mu nuni a Oostend a cikin Oktoba/Nuwamba 2010 
* Ta samu nuni a Kortrijk a cikin Janairu/Febreru 2011 
* Cindy Frey expo a Uden a Janairu/Febreru 2011 

## Littattafan hoto

* Yarinya a littafin Hotuna na rockshow: bangon bango, makada 200, shafuna 128, daukar hoto na kide kide, wanda abubuwan da suka shafi Obsessive suka buga, Afrilu 2005 
* Littafin hoto na mugunta mai rai: murfin taushi, shafuka 40, cikakken launi, fasaha mai duhu da sarrafa hoto, buga kansa, Oktoba 2008 
* Littafin hoto na sha'awar tawada: murfin taushi, Cikakken launi, hotunan tattoo, buga kansa, Yuli 2009 
* Ku zo ku yi wasa tare da mu littafin hoto: mai wuya, cikakken launi, shafuka 100, hotuna na yara masu ban tsoro, buga kansu, Oktoba 2010

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* 
*
Mariam Lamizana

**Mariam Lamizana** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1951) ƙwararriyar mai ilimin zamantakewar jama'a ce, ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa, mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata kuma 'yar siyasa.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Mariam Lamizana a shekara ta 1951 a Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso (then Upper Volta).  Ita ce 'yar Sangoulé Lamizana, jami'in soja wanda ya kasance shugaban Upper Volta daga shekarun 1966 zuwa 1980.

Ita ce mai fafutukar yaki da yi wa mata kaciya, Lamizana ita ce shugabar farko ta kwamitin ƙasa don yaki da ayyukan ba da agajin gaggawa (CNLPE) kuma ita ce shugabar kwamitin tsakanin kasashen Afirka kan al'adun gargajiya da ke shafar lafiyar mata da yara (IAC). Ta yi aiki a gwamnatin Burkina Faso a matsayin ministar ayyukan zamantakewa da haɗin kai ta ƙasa daga shekarun 2001 zuwa 2002.  Ita ce kuma Shugabar Voix des Femmes, wanda aka kirkira a cikin shekarar 2000.  

An zaɓi Lamizana a Kyautar Sakharov ta shekarar 2009. 

## Manazarta
Effie Louise Power

**Effie Louise Power** (Fabrairu 12, 1873 - Oktoba 8, 1969)ma'aikaciyar laburare ce ta yara, malami,marubuci,kuma mai ba da labari. Ta karfafa samar da littattafan yara da kuma tantance littattafan yara.Ta "kai tsaye ta rinjayi ci gaban sabis ga yara a manyan biranen Amurka uku:Cleveland,St. Louis,da Pittsburgh."  Har ila yau,wutar lantarki ta zagaya ko'ina cikin Amurka tana karantar da ɗalibai da masu karatu a kan ayyukan yara da ayyukan ɗakin karatu na matasa.Ta yi aiki don gina hanyar haɗin gwiwar ma'aikatan ɗakin karatu na yara a duk faɗin ƙasar waɗanda ke tallafawa juna tare da kafa ƙa'idodi masu kyau ga kowa da kowa a cikin wannan sana'a.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Power a ranar 12 ga Fabrairun shekarar 1873, a Conneautville, Pennsylvania a Amurka ga mahaifiyar Francis Billing da mahaifin William Ellis Power.Mulki bai taba yin aure ko haihuwa ba.

Bayan Power ya kammala karatunsa daga makarantar sakandare,William Howard Brett,maƙwabcin dangi na Power,ya fara aikinta ta hanyar ƙarfafa ta ta rubuta jarrabawar shiga makarantar Cleveland Public Library (CPL).Ba da daɗewa ba,Power ya fara aiki a CPL a 1895.Brett,ma'aikacin laburare a CPL,ba wai kawai ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da iko ba a lokacin da take can,amma kuma ya sanya ta a matsayin mai kula da "Junior Alcove".Daga baya,a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 1898, Brett ya buɗe ɗakin yara na farko na CPL.Ya ba da iko,yadda ya kamata ya sanya ta zama ma'aikaciyar ɗakin karatu na yara na farko a Tsarin Laburaren Jama'a na Cleveland.

## Aikin karatun yara
A matsayin ma'aikacin ɗakin karatu na yara na Cleveland Public Library, Power yayi aiki don cusa wa yara son littattafai da karatu.Ta kuma nemi ta karyata labarin cewa yara ba su da sha'awar karatun almara.A lokacin,mutane sun yi imanin cewa dole ne a tilasta wa yara su karanta littattafan da ba na almara ba.Ƙarfin ya yi imanin cewa tare da ƙarfafawa kuma idan aka ba su dama mai yawa, yara za su iya jin dadin labaran almara.Don tabbatar da batunta,Power ta ɗauki ayyukan ƙididdiga masu dacewa da shekaru daga sauran sassan ɗakin karatu kuma ta nuna su a kan ɗakunan ajiya a ɗakin yara.Kamar yadda ta zata,yaran suna son littattafan.

Power ya sauke karatu daga Carnegie Library a Pittsburgh,PA a shekarar 1904.Ta sami takardar shaidar difloma a cikin shirinsu na ma'aikatan ɗakin karatu na yara.Bayan shekaru biyu ta sauke karatu da takardar shaidar koyarwa daga Jami'ar Columbia.
Elizabeth Lada

**Elizabeth Lada** ƙwararriyar taurari ce Ba’amurke wacce abubuwan bincike da suka bayyana kanta sun haɗa da "fahimtar asali,kaddarorin halitta,juyin halitta da makomar matasa masu ruɗi a cikin gizagizai na kwayoyin halitta". 

## Rayuwa
Lada ta sami digirin farko na Kimiyya a fannin Fisiki daga Jami'ar Yale a 1983 sannan ta sami Ph.D.a ilmin taurari daga Jami'ar Texas a 1990. A halin yanzu Lada Farfesa ne na ilimin taurari a Jami'ar Florida. 

## Manazarta
Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin

Shapley ta shawo kan Payne ta rubuta takardar shaidar digiri na uku,don haka a cikin 1925 ta zama mutum na farko da ya sami digiri na uku a fannin ilmin taurari daga Kwalejin Radcliffe na Jami'ar Harvard. Taken karatun ta shine *Stellar Atmospheres;Gudunmawa ga Nazari na Duban Yanayin Zazzabi a cikin Juyar da Taurari*.

## Manazarta
Louise du Pierry

* *Tables de l'effet des réfractions, en ascension droite et en déclinaison, pour la latitude de Paris*, Paris, 1791. Wannan wallafe-wallafen ya shafi kimanta tasirin refraction, ilimin wanda ya zama dole don lissafin masana astronomers. Lissafi na tebur suna ba da adadin tasirin raguwa a matsayin aiki na daidai hawan hawan da raguwa a latitude na Paris. 
* *Tables de la durée du jour et de la nuit*, Paris, 1792. Wannan ɗaba'ar ta tanadar da tsawon kwanaki da darare don amfani da ilimin taurari da na jama'a.  
* *Calculs d'éclipses zuba mieux trouver le motsi de la Lune*  *.*
* *Table alphabétique et analytique des matières* ya ci gaba dans le cinq tomes du *Système des connaissances chimiques* de Fourcroy,Paris,Beaudouin,1799 (shekara X na juyin juya halin Faransa).

Jerome De Lalande ya sadaukar da aikinsa na *Astronomie des Dames*(1790), gareta,inda ake yaba mata saboda hazaka,dandano,da jaruntaka a fagen kimiyya.

## Manazarta
Jill Tarter

**Jill Cornell Tarter** (an haife shi a watan Janairu 16,1944) wata ƙwararriyar taurari ce Ba'amurke wacce aka fi sani da aikinta kan neman bayanan sirri ( SETI .Tarter shi ne tsohon  Cibiyar Nazarin SETI,yana rike da kujera Bernard M.Oliver na SETI a Cibiyar SETI.    A cikin 2002,mujallar *Discover* ta gane ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mata 50 mafi mahimmanci a kimiyya.

## Manazarta
Nikola Lewis

**Nikole Lewis** masaniyar ilmin taurari ce kuma mataimakiyar  farfesa a ilimin taurari  Jami'ar Cornell. 

## Sana'a
Manyan abubuwan bincikenta sun haɗa da dabarun lura da dabarun don bincika yanayin sararin samaniya. Ta jagoranci wani bincike mai ban mamaki na tsarin TRAPPIST-1 a cikin shekara 2018 ta hanyar amfani da na'urar hangen nesa ta Hubble, wanda shine farkon irin wannan binciken ga taurari masu girman duniya.   Har ila yau, ta shiga cikin sanarwar asali na tsarin TRAPPIST-1 a cikin shekara 2017 ta hanyar taimakawa wajen kwatanta tsarin da kuma mahimmancin gano yanayi don nemo sa hannun jari. 

## Nassoshi
Ruby Payne-Scott

**Ruby Violet Payne-Scott** (28 ga Mayu 1912-25 ga Mayu 1981) ta kasance majagaba a Australiya a fannin ilimin kimiyyar rediyo da falaki na rediyo,kuma ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu na Antipodean majagaba a ilimin taurari na rediyo da ilimin kimiyyar rediyo a ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu,Ruby Payne- Scott dan Ostiraliya da Elizabeth Alexander  New Zealander.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Ruby Payne-Scott a ranar 28 ga Mayu 1912 a Grafton,New South Wales,'yar Cyril Payne-Scott da matarsa Amy (née Neale).Daga baya ta koma Sydney don ta zauna tare da kawarta.A nan ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Jama'a ta Penrith (1921-24),da Makarantar 'Yan Mata ta Cleveland-Street (1925-26),kafin ta kammala karatun sakandarenta a Makarantar Mata ta Sydney.Makaranta.Takardar kammala karatunta na makaranta ta hada da karramawa a fannin lissafi da ilmin kimiyya.
Florence Taylor Hildred

**Florence Taylor Hildred** (1865-1932), ita ce mace ta farko memba na Leeds Astronomical Society kuma daga baya fasto na Unity Society of Practical Christianity in Sacramento,US,inda ta kasance mace ta farko a cikin birni don gudanar da bikin aure. 

## Rayuwar farko.
An haifi Florence a Leeds a watan Nuwamba 1865,ita 'yar Charles Henry Taylor ce, mai arzikin karfe.  Wataƙila ta sami horo a matsayin malamin makaranta.
Sultana N. Nahar

An zabe ta a matsayin Fellow of the American Physical Society a shekara ta 2006,don"gudunmawar jima'i ga nazarin photoionization da sake haɗawa da tsarin atomic multicharged mai mahimmanci ga ilimin kimiyyar atomic da kimiyyar lissafi na plasma da lissafin majagaba na gagarumin rikitarwa akan matakai masu mahimmanci na astrophysically".

A shekarar 2013 ta lashe kyautar da John Gobatley ta Amurka ta zahiri"don kokarin inganta binciken kimiyyar lissafi da koyarwa,da kuma bayar da taimako a cikin kasashen duniya da kuma abin koyi, na mata musulmi masana kimiyya”.  

## Manazarta
Linda A. Morabito

A shekara ta 2004,Linda Morabito ta gane cewa ta kasance wanda aka azabtar da ita da bindiga ta da aka kashe.Ita ce zakara na rashin kulawa da motsin ido da sake sarrafawa,wanda Dr.Francine Shapiro ya gano,a matsayin magani ga PTSD. Daga abubuwan da ta samu da kuma murmurewa daga cin zarafin yara, Linda Morabito ta haɓaka hangen nesa na Kirista mai ƙarfi.Memoir dinta *Parallel Universes, Memoir daga Gefen Sarari da Lokaci* Littafin Kirista ne kuma tarihin sirri da na kimiyya.Littafin ya rubuta da yawa kusa da abubuwan da suka faru na mutuwa a hannun iyayenta da William Franklin Wolsey na Temple of the More Abundant Life a Vancouver,British Columbia,Kanada tsakanin 1954 da 1956; kokarinta na bankado wani boyayyen baya daga 2003 zuwa 2011;da abubuwan da suka faru na babban bincikenta na kimiyyar NASA a 1979.
Jean Mueller

Babban belt asteroid na dangin Hungaria, 4031 Mueller,an ba shi suna don girmama Jean Mueller don binciken binciken sararin samaniya.An gano shi a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu,1985,ta Carolyn Shoemaker a Palomar Observatory tare da Kyamara 18" Schmidt,an tsara shi a asali 1985 CL. Thearamar Planet Center ne ta buga ambaton sunan hukuma akan 12 Disamba 1989(  ). 

## Manazarta
Burcin Mutlu-Pakdil

A cikin 2019,Mutlu-Pakdil an sanar da AAAS IF/THEN Ambasadakuma a cikin 2020 ta zama Babban TED Senior Fellow. 

Burcin Mutlu-Pakdil yana neman mafi kyawun abubuwa a cikin Universe.A nata kalaman,Mutlu-Pakdil ta yi amfani da "duka manyan binciken da aka yi na photometric daga na'urorin hangen nesa na kasa da na sararin samaniya domin ganowa da kuma fayyace mafi kankantar taurarin taurari a sararin samaniya,da kuma rawar da duhun kwayoyin halitta ke haifarwa."  

## Manazarta
Joan Najita

Ita kwararriya ce akan samuwar tauraro da samuwar tsarin taurari da kuma juyin halitta,musamman iskar gas a cikin faifai. 

## Kyauta
A cikin 1996,an ba Najita lambar yabo ta Annie Jump Cannon Astronomy.
Marguerite Laugier

**Marguerite Laugier** (née **Lhomme** ) (sha biyu 12 ga watan Satumba shekara 1896 zuwa goma - ga watan 10 Yuni shekara  1976) yar ƙasar Faransa ce mai aikin sa ido a Nice Observatory daga shekara 1930s zuwa shekara 1950s.  Labaran falaki na zamani suna kiranta da "Madame Laugier".&#x5B; ** &#x5D;

Cibiyar Karamar Duniya ta ba ta damar gano taurari masu lamba 21, waɗanda aka yi tsakanin shekara  1932 da shekara 1955. 

A cikin shekara 1939, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Lalande don aikinta. 

Babban bel asteroid 1597 Laugier, wanda Louis Boyer ya gano a Algiers a 1949, ana kiranta a cikin girmamawarta (  ).  

*Lura:* Ba za a rikita ta da namiji "M. Laugier" a cikin wallafe-wallafen karni na 19, inda M. ke nufin "Monsieur". Wannan yana nufin Paul Auguste Ernest Laugier (1812-1872).

## Nassoshi
Gemma Lavender

**Gemma Lavender** (an Haife ta sha uku ga watan  13 Satumba shekara 1986) masaniyar  falaki yar kasar  Biritaniya ce, marubuciya kuma yar jarida.  A halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin editan ,  mujallar kimiyya ta wata-wata mallakar mawallafin Burtaniya Future plc . Lavender kuma ita ce Edita a cikin babban fayil ɗin kimiyya na Future plc kafin ta sanar da cewa za ta shiga cikin matsayin Daraktan Abun ciki na Ilimi da Ilimi a cikin Oktoba shekara 2021.  Lavender ta rubuta litattafai kan kididdigar lissafi, ilmin taurari da ilmin taurari.  Ta zama Daraktan Abun ciki na Space.com da Kimiyyar Live a cikin shekara Fabrairu 2022, ta bar matsayin ta cikin Janairu shekara 2023 don shiga Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Turai . 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Lavender a Chatham, Kent kuma ta ƙaura zuwa Pembrokeshire, Wales, tana ƙarama. Ta halarci Ysgol Dyffryn Taf Whitland kuma ta ci gaba da karatunta a Jami'ar Cardiff, inda ta kammala karatun digiri da digiri na biyu  fannin ilimin taurari.  An danganta Lavender zuwa mujallar *Astronomy Yanzu*, Cibiyar Kimiyyar Kimiyya da NASA a matsayin marubuci. An zabe ta a matsayin 'yar'uwar Royal Astronomical Society a shekara  2011. 

## Nassoshi
Augustin Nsanze

**Augustin Nsanze** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1953)  masanin tarihi ne, ɗan siyasa kuma ɗan diflomasiyya. A halin yanzu shi ne babban mai ba da shawara ga shugaban kasar Burundi Pierre Nkurunziza. Kafin wannan aikin Nsanze ya kasance Ministan Harkokin ƙasashen Waje na Burundi (Sakataren Harkokin Waje) daga shekarun 2009 zuwa 2011.  A lokacin gwamnatin shugaba Nkurunziza na farko an naɗa shi jakadan Burundi a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a birnin New York.  Kafin shiga siyasa, Nsanze farfesa ne kuma mai bincike a Jami'ar Hope Africa da Jami'ar Burundi. 

## Manazarta
Romuald Fonkoua

**Romuald Fonkoua** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1961 a ƙasar Kamaru ) farfesa ne a fannin adabin Faransanci a Faculty of Letters na Jami'ar Sorbonne inda yake jagorantar Cibiyar Nazarin Watsa Labarai ta Duniya.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Romuald Fonkoua ya karanci adabi a ƙasashen Kamaru da Faransa, inda ya samu digirin digirgir a gaba ɗaya da kuma  adabi a jami'ar Lille. Fonkoua ya karantar a Jami'ar Cergy-Pontoise kafin ya zama farfesa a fannin adabin Faransanci a Jami'ar Strasbourg. Tun a shekarar 2000, ya kasance mataimakin mai koyarwa a Kwalejin Middlebury.  Fonkoua yana jagorantar  "Letters francophone" na Jami'ar Sorbonne Presses (SUP) kuma yana jagorantar tarin "Bibliothèque francophone" a Classiques Garnier. 

Ya kasance babban editan Presence Africaine tun a shekara ta 1999.

Ayyukan Fonkoua suna mai da hankali ne kan tambayoyin adabin Faransanci na gabaɗaya, tarihinsa, ilimin zamantakewa, da tarihin marubuta. 

## Ayyuka

* 1998 Romuald Fonkoua. *Les discours de voyages, Afrique - Antilles*, Paris, Karthala, coll. "Letters du Sud".
* 2001 Romuald Fonkoua da Pierre Halan. *Les Champs littéraires africains*, Paris, Karthala.
* 2002 Romuald Fonkoua. *Essai sur une mesure du monde au xx <sup>e</sup> siècle : Édouard Glissant*, Paris, Honoré Champion.
* 2003 Romuald Fonkoua, Bernard Mourails da Anne Piriou. *Robert Delavignette savant da siyasa : 1897-1976*, Paris, Karthala.
* 2010 Romuald Fonkoua. *Aimé Césaire, 1913-2008*, Paris, Perrin.
* 2012 Romuald Fonkoua, Eléonore Reverzy da Pierre Hartmann. *Les Fables du Politique des Lumières a nos jours*, Strasbourg, Strasbourg University Press.
* 2018 Romuald Fonkoua da Muriel Ott. ' *Les héros et la mort dans les hadisin épiques*, Paris, Karthala.

## Manazarta
Zabayyana na mutum

Zabayyana  wani yanayi ne na haihuwa wanda ke bayyana a cikin mutane ta hanyar rashi ko cikakken rashi a cikin fata, gashi da idanu. Zabayyana  yana hade da wasu lahani na hangen nesa, irin su photophobia, nystagmus, da amblyopia . Rashin launin fatar fata yana haifar da ƙarin kamuwa da kunar rana da kuma ciwon daji na fata. A lokuta da ba kasafai ba irin su Chédiak-Higashi ciwo, albinism na iya haɗawa da gazawa a cikin jigilar melanin granules. Wannan kuma yana shafar mahimman granules da ke cikin ƙwayoyin rigakafi, yana haifar da haɓakar kamuwa da cuta. 

Zabayyana yana samuwa ne daga gadon gadon halittu masu rarrafe kuma an san yana shafar dukkan kashin baya, har da mutane . Ya faru ne saboda rashi ko lahani na tyrosinase, wani enzyme mai dauke da jan karfe da ke cikin samar da melanin . Ba kamar mutane ba, sauran dabbobi suna da launuka masu yawa kuma saboda waɗannan, ana ɗaukar albinism a matsayin yanayin gado wanda ke nuna rashin samun melanin musamman, a idanu, fata, gashi, sikeli, gashin fuka-fuki ko cuticle.  Yayin da kwayar halittar da ke da cikakkiyar rashi na melanin ana kiranta albino, kwayar halittar da ke da karancin melanin ana kwatanta ta da leucistic ko albinoid.  Kalmar daga Latin albus, "farar fata".

## Alamomi
Akwai manyan nau'ikan zabayyana guda biyu: oculocutaneous, yana shafar idanu, fata da gashi, da ido yana shafar idanu kawai.

Akwai nau'ikan zabayyana na oculocutaneous daban-daban dangane da wane nau'in halittar da aka yi maye gurbinsu. Tare da wasu babu pigment kwata-kwata. Daya karshen bakan na zabiya shine "wani nau'i na zabiya da ake kira rufous oculocutaneous albinism, wanda yawanci yakan shafi mutane masu duhu". 

--Manazarta--
Axelle Kabou

**Axelle Kabou** (an Haife ta a shekara ta 1955) 'yar jaridar Kamaru ce, marubuciya kuma ƙwararriyar. Ta karanci tattalin arziki da sadarwa kuma tana aiki don taimakon raya ƙasa. Littafinta na shekarar 1991 *Et si l'Afrique refusait le developmentpement* (*And if Africa denes Development?* ) sananne ne kuma an tattauna a kan shi.  Ta yi nazari kan rashin son kai da gazawar 'yan Afirka da jiga-jigan Afirka wajen ɗaukar ci gaban nahiyar a hannunsu ba tare da dogaro da taimakon ƙasashen waje ba.

A halin yanzu masanan Afirka daban-daban irin su Roger Tagri, George Ayittey, Andrew Mwenda, James Shikwati da Chika Onyeani sun yarda da nazarinta, Robert Mugabe yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun misalan suka. An fassara littafin zuwa harshen Jamusanci.   Ya inganta kaifi da sukar Brigitte Erler  a kan dabarun taimakon waje na Jamusanci.

A cewar Kabou, taimakon raya ƙasa na gargajiya ya haɗa da butulci da kuma son tallafa wa sarakunan yankin. ’Yan wasan farko sun kasance baƙi, waɗanda suka ɗauka cewa waɗanda abin ya shafa baƙar fata ne. Farar fata, zato da uzuri sun yi aiki don haɗa ma'aikatan agaji na ƙasashen waje da masu cin hanci da rashawa na cikin gida a cikin al'ada na gama gari mara amfani.

## Manazarta
Danielle Brown

**Danielle Brown** MBE (an Haife ta 10 Afrilu 1988  ) ƙwararren mai harbin kibiya ce ta Burtaniya da lambar yabo ta marubuciyar yara. Ta halarci gasar wasannin Olympics ta masu lalura ta musamman ta lashe lambobin zinare a biranen Beijing da Landan, sannan ta samu lambar yabo a gasar wasannin motsa jiki da ta hada da na Commonwealth.

An haife ta a Steeton, West Yorkshire .

## Sanaa
Gasar gasa ta farko ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta kasance a Gasar Maharba ta Turai (na 'yan wasa masu nakasa) a Nymburk a 2006. Ta kai wasan dab da na kusa da ƙarshe a gasar Compound Bow Open Class, kuma Gulbin Su dan kasar Turkiyya ya doke ta. Ta yi rashin nasara a wasan tagulla ga 'yar takarar Burtaniya 

Daga nan ta shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta IPC a Cheongju a shekarar 2007. Da take fafatawa a gasar Budaddiyar Ajin Kambun Bow, ta lashe zinare da maki 114 (ta doke Gulbin Su da ci 116–107 a wasan kusa da na karshe, da Wang Li ta kasar Sin da ci 114–108 a wasan karshe). Har ila yau, ta kasance cikin tawagar mata ta Biritaniya wadda ta lashe zinare a gasar rukunin rukunin a rukunin Budaddiyar Koyarwa ta Compound Bow, inda ta doke Japan da ci 221–199 a wasan karshe.  

A shekara ta 2008, Brown ta lashe azurfa (wanda Gulbin Su ya doke shi a wasan karshe) a taron gayyata nakasassu na maharba a Stoke Mandeville, sannan ta fafata a gasar wasannin nakasassu da aka yi a birnin Beijing, inda ta lashe zinari a rukunin mata, inda ta doke Wang a cikin kwata- na karshe, Clarke a wasan kusa da na karshe, da Chieko Kamiya ta Japan a wasan karshe (112–98). A shekara ta 2009, ta ci lambar zinare ta biyu a jere, da lambar zinare ta tawagar, a gasar cin kofin duniya ta IPC, ta 2010 da lambobin zinare guda uku a jere: a gasar cin kofin Arizona, a gasar Gayyatar nakasassu ta Duniya na Stoke Mandeville, da kuma a gasar cin kofin Turai Para-Archery Championship . 

## Rayuwarta

Brown tana da Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) a ƙafafunta, kuma tana gasa ta zama a kan stool. Ta kasance, a lokacin gasar Paralympics ta 2008, dalibar shari'a a Jami'ar Leicester, kuma daga baya ta sami lambar yabo ta farko.     An ba ta digiri na girmamawa na Likitoci na Dokoki daga Jami'ar Leicester a ranar Juma'a 25 ga Janairu 2013  A ranar 19 ga Satumba 2013 Jami'ar Leicester ta sanya wa Cibiyar Wasanni ta Danielle Brown suna.  A kan 22 Satumba 2013 Brown an mai da shi 'yantacciyar mace na gundumar Craven  kuma a kan 1 Yuli 2014 Brown an ba shi ' Yancin Birnin London . A cikin 2019, an shigar da Brown cikin Jami'ar Burtaniya da Zauren Wasannin Kwaleji .  A ranar 26 ga Mayu 2022, Brown ya lashe kyautar Littafin Wasanni na Yara na Sunday Times tare da Gudu Kamar Yarinya.

## littafin ta

Collins GCSE Ƙwarewar Nazarin Bita (2015) 

Kasance Mafi Kyawun Kanku - Ƙwararrun Rayuwa Ga Yara marasa tsayawa (2019) 

Gudu Kamar Yarinya - Matan Wasanni 50 Na Musamman Kuma Masu Sha'awa (2021) 

Dalilai ɗari don Fata (2021), wanda aka keɓe a madadin Kyaftin Tom Moore . 

Mulkin 'Yan Mata - Mata 50 Wadanda Suka Canza Duniya (2023)

## Manazarta
Muhammad Mustapha Olaroungbe Akanbi

**Muhammad Mustapha Olaroungbe Akanbi** SAN (Janairu 24, 1971-Nuwamba 20, 2022) Farfesa ne a fannin shari'a na Najeriya kuma tsohon mataimakin shugaban jami'ar jihar Kwara.   Ya kasance memba a Manyan lauyoyi na Najeriya da kungiyar lauyoyin Najeriya

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Mustapha Akanbi a shekarar 1971 a Ile Magaji Kemberi, Awodi, Gambari Quarters, Ilorin East, Jihar Kwara.   Ya samu takardar shedar karatunsa ta yammacin Afirka a Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Okigwe a shekarar 1989. Ya samu digirin sa na farko a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo a shekarar 1993. Ya kammala karatu daga Nigerian Law Schoo l a shekara ta 1995 kuma an kira shi zuwa (Bar) a wannan shekarar.  Ya yi digirinsa na biyu a fannin shari’a a Jami’ar Legas a shekarar 1998.   A cikin shekarar 2006, ya sami digiri na uku daga Jami'ar London, United Kingdom.

## Aikin ilimi
Mustapha Akanbi ya fara karatunsa ne a matsayin malami a tsangayar koyar da shari'a ta jami'ar Ilorin kuma ya zama farfesa a shekarar 2012.

## Aikin shari'a
Mustapha Akanbi ya yi wa ƙasa hidima a matsayin mataimaki a fannin shari’a a babban bankin Najeriya da ke Legas daga shekarun 1995 zuwa 1996 a wani bangare na shekarar hidimarsa. A cikin kamfanonin lauyoyi Gafar & Co, Ilorin da Wole Bamgbala & Co, Legas, Olawoyin da Olawoyin, Legas da Ayodele, bi da bi, ya yi aiki a matsayin ƙaramin ma'aikaci tsakanin watan Maris 1996 da 1998.

## Aikin gudanarwa
Mustapha Akanbi ya kasance tsohon shugaban sashen nazarin dokokin kasuwanci, kuma shugaban tsangayar shari’a a jami’ar Ilorin.

## Membobi da haɗin gwiwa
Ya zama memba a kungiyar lauyoyin Najeriya a shekara ta 1995 kuma mamba a Senior Advocate of Nigeria a shekarar 2018. 

## wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa

* Cin hanci da rashawa da kalubalen shugabanci nagari a Najeriya; 
* Tsarin doka a Najeriya; 
* Batun Haɗin Kai; 
* Hukunce-hukuncen al'ada a Najeriya: bitar juzu'ai na shari'a da bukatuwar sauyi (2015);

## Manazarta
Mohammad Sharaf-e-Alam

**Mohammad Sharaf-e-Alam** marubuci ɗan Indiya ne, masanin ilimi, ƙwararren malamin harshen Farisa kuma mataimakin shugaban gwamnati na farko a Jami'ar Maulana Mazharul Haque Arabic and Persian University. Ya yi aiki a jami'a daga 2004 zuwa 2007 kuma ya yi aiki a kwalejin BN a matsayin shugaban sashen harshen Farisa. Ana kuma yaba masa da wallafe-wallafe da yawa. Alam, wanda ya karɓi shaidar girmamawa daga Gwamnatin Indiya, harwayau Gwamnatin ta sake karrama shi, a cikin shekara ta 2013, tare da lambar yabo ta huɗu mafi girma na farar hula na Indiya ta kyautar Padma Shri. 

## Duba kuma

## Manazarta
Mary Rawlinson Creason

**Mary Rawlinson Creason** (Nuwamba 20, 1924 - Maris 26, 2021) ita din ma'aikaciyar jirgin saman Amurka ce. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara aiki da matukin jirgi da ta yi aiki da Gwamnatin Michigan.Gwamnatin tarayya ta amince mata da tsarin karatunta na jiragen sama na makaranta da kuma aikinta na jirgin sama. A cikin shekarunta 90, ta ci gaba da tashi sama, duk da cewa tana da na'urar bugun zuciya.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife ta Creason a Greenwood, Delaware a ranar ashirin 20 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara 1924.  Ta yi jirginta na farko kawai a shekara 1943.  Ta koyi tashi daga abokanta, mai koyar da jirgin Kalamazoo mai suna Eloise Smith, da 'yar uwarta, Mabel Rawlinson.  'Yar'uwarta ta mutu shekara cikin 1943 a wani hadarin jirgin sama a Camp Davis yayin da take aikinta  ta kai ga Ma'aikatan Jirgin Sama na Mata (WASP).   A cikin shekara 1944, Creason ta sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Western Michigan.  Ta sami lasisin matukin jirgi na kasuwanci a cikin shekara 1946 sannan ta sami wasu ƙimar matukin jirgi bayan. 

Creason ta fara kasuwancin nata, na Horar  da Jirgin Sama na Ottawa a shekara 1967.  Ta kuma yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 13 a matsayin mai koyar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na Babbar Makarantar Grand Haven da Kwalejin Al'umma ta Muskegon . Creason ta shiga cikin Powder Puff Derby a cikin shekara 1972  kuma tserenta na biyar ya kasance cikin shekara 1983. 

Creason ta zama mace ta farko matukin jirgi a gwamnatin jihar Michigan lokacin da ta shiga Ofishin Aeronautics na Michigan shekara  1977.  Ta fara ne a matsayin ƙwararriyar lafiyar jiragen sama.  Ta yi aiki da Ofishin Aeronautics har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya shekara 1989. 

Har ila yau, ta ƙirƙiri tsarin karatun "Ku zo Fly With Me" na makarantun jama'a na Michigan, wanda aka amince da ita cikin shekara 1987 ta Hukumar Kula da Jirgin Sama ta Tarayya ta "Kwararrun Gudanarwa don Ƙarfafawa."  An shigar da ita cikin Babban Gidan Jirgin Sama na Michigan cikin 1995.  An kuma shigar da Creason a cikin Cibiyar Harkokin Sufuri ta Michigan cikin shekara 2006. 

A matsayinta na babbar yar  ƙasa, za ta tashi jirgin nata zuwa gidan bazara a Florida kuma ta ce tana son tashi "kowace rana."  Bayan matsalolin zuciya sun faru, ta kasance ƙasa kaɗan lokacin da ta karɓi na'urar bugun zuciya.  A shekarar 2015, ta ci jarabawar kuma an bar ta ta sake tashi sama.  Ta yi shirin saukar jirginta a jahohin nahiyar 48. 

Creason ya mutu a ranar 26 ga Maris, 2021, yana da shekaru 96. 

## Nassoshi
Kyongae Chang

**Kyongae Chang** (an haife shi Satumba 5, 1946) ɗan Koriya ta Kudu masanin ilimin taurari . An fi saninta da aikinta akan lensing gravitational, gami da ruwan tabarau na Chang-Refsdal .

An haife Chang a birnin Seoul.Ta yi aiki a matsayinta na abokiyar bincike kan binaries astrometric tare da Farfesa van de Kamp da Heintz a Sproul Observatory daga shekara 1969 zuwa shekara 1971. Daga shekara 1975 har zuwa shekara 1980 ta yi aiki a kan Dr. rer. nat. a Jami'ar Hamburg, tana kammala karatunta tare da aikinta akan ruwan tabarau na Chang-Refsdal.  An buga babban sakamakon cikin *Nature* a cikin shekara 1979 nan da nan bayan gano ruwan tabarau na farko na gravitational.  

Ta koma Koriya a shekara 1985 kuma ta zama farfesa a Jami'ar Cheongju .

## Nassoshi