Noreen Murray

**Noreen Elizabeth, Lady Murray** CBE Royal Society">FRS FRSE (née Parker; 26 Fabrairu 1935 - 12 Mayu 2011)   ta kasance masanin ilimin kwayoyin halitta na Ingila wanda ya taimaka wajen samar da fasahar DNA (injiniyar kwayoyin halitta) ta hanyar ƙirƙirar jerin kwayoyin cuta wanda za'a iya sakawa da bayyana kwayoyin halitta don bincika aikinsu.  A lokacin aikinta an san ta a duniya a matsayin majagaba kuma daya daga cikin fitattun masanan kwayoyin halitta na Burtaniya da aka fi girmamawa sosai. Har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a shekara ta 2001 ta rike kujera ta sirri a cikin kwayoyin halitta a Jami'ar Edinburgh .   Ta kasance shugabar kungiyar Genetical Society, mataimakiyar shugaban Royal Society, kuma memba ne na Kwamitin Darajar Kimiyya da Fasaha na Burtaniya.

## Ilimi
An haifi Noreen Parker a ƙauyen Read, Lancashire, sannan daga shekara biyar a Bolton-le-Sands .  Ta yi karatu a Lancaster Girls' Grammar School, a King's College London (BSc), kuma ta sami digirinta na PhD daga Jami'ar Birmingham a shekarar 1959.

## Ayyuka
Murray ya kasance mai bincike mai himma. Ta yi aiki a Jami'ar Stanford, Jami'ar Cambridge, da kuma Majalisar Binciken Kiwon Lafiya (UK) kafin ta fara shiga Jami'ar Edinburgh a shekarar 1967.  Ta koma a takaice zuwa European Molecular Biology Laboratory daga 1980 zuwa 1982, amma ta koma Edinburgh, inda aka ba ta kujera ta kansa na kwayoyin halitta a shekarar 1988.  A Edinburgh, ta samar da aiki mai yawa wanda ya mayar da hankali kan gano hanyoyin da ilmin halitta na ƙuntataccen enzymes, da kuma daidaita su a matsayin kayan aiki da ke tallafawa binciken halittu na zamani. Yana da sananne cewa tana da wallafe-wallafen marubuta guda da yawa; ita ce babban mai gabatar da kara kuma mai ba da gudummawa ta fasaha. A cikin 1968 Noreen ta zama mai sha'awar abin da ya faru na ƙuntataccen sarrafawa (ikon ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta don "ƙuntata" DNA na ƙasashen waje) kuma ta yanke shawarar nazarin wannan abin da ya bayyana a cikin Escherichia coli ta amfani da bacteriophage lambda da iliminta na kwayoyin cuta.

Ta auri Sir Kenneth Murray,   kuma sanannen masanin kimiyyar halittu wanda ta taimaka wajen bunkasa allurar rigakafi cutar Hepatitis B, allurar rigakawa ta farko da aka amince da ita don amfani da mutum.  Ita, Ken da abokin aiki Bill Brammar, sun jagoranci ci gaban injiniyan kwayoyin halitta, suna sanya Burtaniya gaba a cikin binciken DNA na juyin juya hali. Noreen da Ken sun kasance daga cikin na farko da suka fahimci cewa ikon yanke DNA tare da ƙuntataccen enzymes ya ba da damar shiga kwayoyin DNA daban-daban don samar da kwayoyin DNA masu haɗuwa, da jerin DNA. Ayyukansu suna da tasiri na dindindin kuma sun tsara dukkan fannoni na ilmin halitta da biotechnology. A cikin aikin da aka buga tare, gudummawar Noreen a bayyane take; ita ce masanin kwayoyin halitta, shi masanin kimiyyar halittu ne.

Labarin mutuwarta ya bayyana tasirin da ta yi wa 'yan uwanta mata masana kimiyya a wurin aikinta. "Kwarewarta ta zo ne a lokacin da ba koyaushe ba ne ga mata su yi aiki a kimiyya, kuma ma'auni ne na iyawarta da ƙuduri cewa ta kai saman sana'arta duk da cewa a wasu lokuta tana gwagwarmaya da nuna bambanci na cibiyar kimiyya. Wataƙila saboda wannan Noreen ta kasance mai kula da ayyukan abokan aikinta mata kuma tana farin ciki da nasarar su. " "Ta kasance mai ba da shawara ta musamman ga waɗanda suka yi aiki tare da ita ko kewaye da ita. "

A shekara ta 1983 ma'auratan sun kafa Darwin Trust na Edinburgh . Ga wannan amincewa sun ba da gudummawar kuɗin da aka samu daga allurar rigakafin Hepatitis B. Kungiyar agaji tana tallafawa ilimi da bincike a kimiyyar halitta. Wannan Amincewa ya ba da kuɗi don gina Laburaren Darwin na Jami'ar Edinburgh, don ba da gudummawa ga gina Ginin Michael Swann, kuma ya ba da tallafi da yawa don tallafawa ɗalibai da ɗalibai daga ƙasashen waje don karatu a Edinburgh. A shekara ta 2009, Noreen ya shiga Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na kamfanin BigDNA na Edinburgh, wanda ke tsarawa da haɓaka allurar rigakafi bisa ga lambda phage dauke da allurar rigakawa ta DNA.

An gina ɗakin karatu na Noreen da Kenneth Murray a Cibiyar Kimiyya ta King's Buildings a Jami'ar Edinburgh, don nuna godiya ga manyan ayyukan ma'auratan da jajircewarsu ga ci gaban kimiyya da injiniya.

## Mutuwa
An gano ta da wani nau'in cututtukan jijiyoyin motsi a cikin shekara ta 2010. A shekara ta 2011, duk da cewa ba ta iya magana ta ci gaba da aiki da kuma magance wasiku ta hanyar bayanin kula. Ta mutu tare da Ken a gefen ta a Marie Curie Hospice, Edinburgh, a ranar 12 ga Mayu 2011, tana da shekaru 76.

## Kyaututtuka da girmamawa
Ayyukanta da yawa ga kimiyya an girmama su ta hanyar Fellowships of the Royal Societies of Royal Society na Edinburgh">Edinburgh da London. An zabi Lady Murray a cikin Royal Society a 1982 da Royal Society of Edinburgh a 1989. [1] Ta sami digiri na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Warwick, Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jami'ar Manchester, Jami'ar Birmingham, da Jami'ar Lancaster.[1][2] An kuma ba ta lambar yabo ta Fred Griffith Review Lectureship na Society for General Microbiology kuma a cikin 1989, don aikinta tare da lambda phage, Gabor Medal na Royal Society.[1][3]

An sanya ta Kwamandan Order of the British Empire a cikin jerin sunayen girmamawa na Sabuwar Shekara na shekara ta 2002. 

An sanya wa ɗakin karatu na Noreen da Kenneth Murray a Jami'ar Edinburgh King's Buildings suna don girmama ta.

## Manazarta