Elsie Widdowson

**Elsie Widdowson** CH CBE FRS  (21 ga Oktoba 1906 - 14 ga Yuni 2000), masanin abinci ne na Burtaniya kuma Masanin abinci mai gina jiki. Tare da abokin aikinta na bincike, Dokta Robert McCance (likitan yara, masanin ilimin lissafi, masanin kimiyyar halittu, da masanin abinci mai gina jiki), suna da alhakin kula da ƙarin bitamin da gwamnati ta ba da umarni ga abinci da rarrabawar lokacin yaƙi a Burtaniya a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II . 

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Widdowson a Wallington, Surrey a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 1906 ga Rose Elphick da Harry Widdow son . Mahaifinta, Thomas Henry (wanda aka fi sani da Harry), ya fito ne daga Grantham a Lincolnshire kuma ya koma Battersea a matsayin mataimakin mai sayarwa. Mahaifinta ya mallaki kasuwancin takardu, yayin da mahaifiyarta Rose, asalin ta daga Dorking, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai yin sutura. Ƙaramar 'yar'uwarta Eva Crane ta horar da ita a matsayin masanin kimiyyar nukiliya amma ta zama sananniyar duniya game da ƙudan zuma. Dukan iyalin sun kasance wani ɓangare na Plymouth Brethren . 

Yayinda take yarinya, duka Elsie da 'yar'uwarta sun zauna a Dulwich, wani karamin ƙauye a kudancin London, Ingila. Dukansu sun halarci makarantar Sydenham County Grammar School for Girls inda suka sami kyaututtuka da tallafin karatu don ƙwarewarsu a ilimi. A cikin shekarun 1920 da 1930, damar sana'a ga mata, ban da aikin jinya ko koyarwa, sun iyakance. Saboda wannan dalili, Widdowson ya yanke shawarar horar da shi a matsayin likitan sunadarai don haɓaka ƙwarewar da ke ba da damar aiki.

Widdowson ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka kammala karatu a Kwalejin Imperial ta London bayan ta sami digiri na farko a 1928 don ilmin sunadarai. Ta ci gaba da aikinta na digiri na biyu a Kwalejin Imperial a Sashen Physiology na Shuka . haɓaka hanyoyin rarraba da auna fructose, glucose, sucrose, da hemicellulose na 'ya'yan itace. Za ta auna sauye-sauye na mutum a cikin carbohydrates a cikin 'ya'yan itace daga lokacin da ya bayyana a kan itace zuwa lokacin da ya nuna. Da zarar mako biyu, ta ɗauki jirgin ƙasa zuwa gonar apple ta Kentish kuma ta tattara apples, tana auna matakan carbohydrate. A shekara ta 1931, ta sami digirinta na PhD a fannin ilmin sunadarai daga Kwalejin Imperial don rubutun ta game da abubuwan da ke cikin carbohydrate na apples. Wannan aikin zai ci gaba da samun tasirin kasa da kasa. Ta fara aiki a sashen ilimin kimiyyar tsire-tsire na Jami'ar.

Duk da yake karatunta na farko sun dogara ne da tsire-tsire, Widdowson ya fi sha'awar ilimin halittu na dabbobi da mutane. Ta ci gaba da bincike tare da Farfesa Charles Dodds a Cibiyar Courtauld ta Biochemistry a Asibitin Middlesex, a kan metabolism na koda, kuma ta sami digiri na biyu daga Cibiyar Courtuld . 

## Ayyuka - Widdowson da McCance

Widdowson ta sadu da Robert McCance a cikin kicin a Asibiti Kwalejin King a 1933, lokacin da take karatun fasahar dafa abinci ta masana'antu a matsayin wani ɓangare na difloma a kan abinci. McCance ƙaramin likita ne wanda ke binciken tasirin sinadarai na dafa abinci a matsayin wani ɓangare na bincikensa na asibiti kan maganin Ciwon sukari. Widdowson ta nuna kuskure a cikin nazarin McCance game da abun ciki na 'ya'yan itace, bisa ga bincikenta na PhD. Maimakon ya yi fushi, McCance ya sami tallafi ga Widdowson don nazarin da gyara duk bayanan da suka gabata. Daga can suka zama abokan kimiyya kuma suka yi aiki tare na shekaru 60 masu zuwa, har sai McCance ya mutu a 1993. Bayan 'yan shekaru bayan tallafin farko, McCance ya sami tallafi na biyu ga Widdowson don ci gaba da aiki a kan abincin 'ya'yan itatuwa, kayan lambu, da kwayoyi.

McCance ya zama mai karatu a fannin kiwon lafiya a Jami'ar Cambridge a 1938, kuma Widdowson ya shiga tawagarsa a Sashen Magungunan Gwaje-gwaje a Cambridge. Sun yi aiki a kan sinadarin sinadarai na jikin mutum, da kuma darajar abinci mai gina jiki na gari daban-daban da aka yi amfani da shi don yin burodi. Widdowson ya kuma yi nazarin tasirin abincin jarirai akan ci gaban ɗan adam. Sun yi nazarin tasirin daban-daban daga rashi na gishiri da ruwa, kuma sun samar da tebur na farko don kwatanta abubuwan gina jiki daban-daban na abinci kafin da bayan dafa abinci. Ayyukansu sun zama muhimmancin ƙasa a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Widdowson da McCance sun kasance marubuta na The Chemical Composition of Foods, wanda aka fara bugawa a 1940 ta Majalisar Binciken Kiwon Lafiya (MRC). Littafin su "McCance da Widdowson" ya zama sananne a matsayin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na mai cin abinci mai gina jiki kuma ya zama tushen tunanin abinci mai ginaɗi na zamani.

Yayin da WWII ya ci gaba, toshewar kan mafi yawan abinci ya karfafa. Abinci mai mahimmanci kamar man shanu, nama, cuku, kifi, da ƙwai sun zama iyakance sosai. Widdowson da McCance sun damu da tasirin kiwon lafiya irin wannan tsarin rabawa mai tsanani zai haifar. Widdowson da McCance da abokan aikinsu sun zama batutuwan gwaji na kansu. Su biyu za su sanya kansu a cikin abinci na yunwa, tare da motsa jiki mai tsanani kamar hawa duwatsu da ƙone kusan adadin kuzari 5,000 (adadin adadin kuzari da za su ƙone kowace rana ga mace kusan 2,500 ne). Sa'an nan kuma, za su sanya kansu a kan abincin da suka bunkasa na burodi, kabewa da dankali na watanni da yawa don gano ko rabawa na lokacin yaƙi - tare da ɗan nama, madara ko cin calcium - zai shafi lafiyarsu. Sun nuna cewa za a iya tallafawa lafiya mai kyau ta hanyar wannan abincin da aka ƙuntata sosai. Sun kuma kasance na farko da suka ba da shawara don karfafa abinci, musamman burodi, tare da bitamin da ma'adanai kamar calcium. Ayyukansu sun zama tushen abincin tsananin yaki wanda Ministan Abinci Lord Woolton ya inganta.

Widdowson da McCance sun jagoranci kari na farko na bitamin da ma'adanai ga abinci. Ayyukansu sun fara ne a farkon shekarun 1940, lokacin da aka kara calcium a gurasa. Sun kuma kasance da alhakin tsara rabon lokacin yaƙi na Burtaniya a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II.

Widdowson da McCance sun yi aiki da Majalisar Binciken Kiwon Lafiya daga 1946, kuma sun shafe mafi yawan rayuwarsu ta aiki a Cambridge. An tuntube su game da farfado da wadanda ke fama da yunwa mai tsanani a Sansanin Nazi, kuma sun ziyarci Netherlands, Jamus da Denmark a farkon 1946 don nazarin tasirin abincin da ba shi da kyau a lokacin yaƙi a kan mutanen da ke cikin Yankunan da Nazi suka mamaye.[1] Widdowson ya bi wannan aikin a cikin shekarun 1950, 1960 da 1970 ta hanyar nazarin rashin abinci mai gina jiki a Afirka. Bincike kan dabbobi ya nuna cewa rashin abinci mai gina jiki a farkon rayuwa ya haifar da tasirin rayuwa akan girma da lafiya.[2]

## Manazarta