Elfreda Chatman

**Elfreda Annmary Chatman** (1942–2002) ta kasance mai bincike ' yar asalin Afirka-Amurka, farfesa, kuma tsohuwar ƴar'uwar addinin Katolika .  Ta shahara sosai da hanyoyinta na nazarin dabi'un mutane wajen binciken halayen neman bayanai tsakanin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi ( talakawan mutane, tsofaffi, mata masu ritaya, fursunoni mata, da masu gyaran gida ).

## Gudummawa
Binciken Chatman ya haifar da ka'idoji da dama na matsakaicin matsayi : talaucin bayanai, rayuwa a zagaye, da kuma ɗabi'ar al'ada. Dangane da tarihinta a fannin zamantakewa, ta ƙirƙiro hanyarta ta "ƙananan duniyoyi" ta nazarin ɗabi'un bayanai .

### Rayuwa a zagayen
Wannan ƙa'idar ta dogara ne akan binciken Chatman game da fursunoni mata a wani gidan yari mai tsaro sosai a arewa maso gabashin Amurka.  Bayan lura da fursunoni a lokacin da kuma a wajen mu'amalarsu da ma'aikatan gidan yarin,  Chatman ya yi hasashen cewa matan suna rayuwa "a cikin zagaye," wato, "cikin matsakaicin kusanci da rashin daidaito."  Maimakon neman bayanai game da duniyar waje, wanda ba su da iko a kansa, fursunonin suna guje wa tattara irin wannan bayanin; domin su tsira, suna ba da muhimmanci ga "tsarin rayuwa na yau da kullun, dangantaka, da batutuwan da ke cikin yanayin gidan yarin" wanda za su iya aiwatarwa.  Ta wannan hanyar, fursunonin suna nuna halayen neman bayanai na kariya.

Fursunoni suna samar da "ƙaramin duniya," wata al'umma mai rufewa inda ra'ayoyin mutane ke ba da gaskiya ga wata al'ada da ke tare da ita ta neman bayanai.  Ka'idojin zamantakewa da fursunoni suka kafa suna ƙayyade mahimmanci ko rashin muhimmanci na wani bayani; saboda haka, bayanan da ke shafar fursunoni nan take (kamar rashin lafiya yayin da ma'aikatan lafiya ba sa aiki) suna samun mahimmanci, yayin da bayanai game da duniyar waje ke zama marasa mahimmanci.   Chatman ya kammala da cewa rayuwa a zagaye tana ƙin halayen neman bayanai, saboda babu buƙatar neman bayanai na waje. Fursunoni "ba na duniya ba ne [...] waɗanda 'yan waje ke bayyana su" kuma saboda fursunoni ba sa buƙatar ƙarin bayani don shiga cikin gaskiyar kansu gaba ɗaya, ba sa neman sa.

Chatman ta ga cewa waɗannan abubuwan da ke hana neman bayanai na iya zama ƙa'idodin al'adu a ƙananan duniyoyi, kuma waɗannan ƙa'idodin al'adu na iya haifar da abin da ta kira talaucin bayanai, ta hanyar ci gaba da guje wa bayanai da za su zama masu amfani. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Chatman ta sami digirin farko daga Jami'ar Jihar Youngstown, da kuma digirin MSLS daga Jami'ar Case Western Reserve, da kuma digirin PhD daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley . Haka kuma a wani lokaci ta kasance memba na Ƙungiyar 'Yan'uwa Mata Masu Ƙaunar Maryamu da ke Ohio . 

Littafinta na shekarar 1992 mai suna The Information World of Retired Women ya lashe kyautar ACRL Best Book Award a shekarar 1995. Chatman ya shiga cikin jadawalin zagaye na binciken Laburare na Ƙungiyar Laburare ta Amurka a shekarun 1980 da 1990, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaba a tsakanin 1993 zuwa 1994.

Chatman farfesa ce a Makarantar Laburare da Kimiyyar Bayanai ta Jami'ar Jihar Louisiana daga 1984 zuwa 1985, sannan ta shafe sama da shekaru goma a Makarantar Bayanai da Kimiyyar Laburare ta UNC, tun daga 1985, kuma an sanya mata kyautar bincike a can. 

Tana koyarwa a Makarantar Nazarin Bayanai ta Jami'ar Jihar Florida a lokacin rasuwarta a ranar 15 ga Janairu, 2002, tana da shekaru 59.

## Gado
Wata ƙungiyar masu sha'awar musamman ta ƙungiyar kimiyya da fasaha ta naɗa mata lambar yabo ta bincike a shekarar 2005. 

## Ayyuka

* *Yaɗa bayanai tsakanin talakawan da ke aiki.* Ann Arbor: Jami'ar Microfilms International, 1984.
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* *Duniyar bayanai ta mata masu ritaya.* New York: Greenwood Press, 1992. 
* 
* 

## Manazarta