Yanayi muhalli a Virginia

Yanayin muhalli **a [[Virginia]]** ya ƙunshi yanayin muhallin  ƙasa da ilimin halitta na jihar Virginia ta Amurka. Virginia tana da jimlar yanki na  gami ,   na ruwa, yana mai da shi jiha ta 35 mafi girma ta yanki. Dazuzzuka sun mamaye kashi 65% na jihar, dausayi da ruwa sun mamaye kashi 6% na filaye a jihar, yayin da kashi 5% na jihar hadakar kasuwanci ce, wurin zama da kuma rikon kwarya. 

ỊVirginia tana iyaka da Maryland da Washington, DC zuwa arewa da gabas; ta Tekun Atlantika zuwa gabas; ta Arewacin Carolina da Tennessee zuwa kudu; ta Kentucky zuwa yamma; kuma ta West Virginia zuwa arewa da yamma. Saboda ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idar ta asali ta Virginia, iyakarta da Maryland da Washington, DC ba ta wuce alamar ƙarancin ruwa na gabar kudu na Kogin Potomac (saɓanin iyakoki da yawa waɗanda suka raba kogi zuwa tsakiya). An ayyana iyakar kudu a matsayin 36°nbsp;30′ a layi daya arewa, duk da cewa kuskuren mai binciken ya haifar da karkatacciyar hanya na kusan mintuna uku. 

Hukumomin jihohi waɗanda babban abin da ke da mahimmanci a kan yanayin muhalli na Virginia sune Ma'aikatar Kare da Nishaɗi (DCR), da Sashen Inganta Muhalli (DEQ).

## Yankunan Physiogeographic da geology

A fannin ilimin kasa, Virginia ta kasu kashi biyar,  yayin da EPA ta lissafta ma'auni bakwai tare da ƙarin daidaito. Daga gabas zuwa yamma, yankunan sune kamar haka.

* Kogin Tidewater fili ne na bakin teku tsakanin Tekun Atlantika da Layin Fallasa . Ya haɗa da Tekun Gabas da manyan wuraren da ke shiga Chesapeake Bay. Wannan yanki kuma yayi daidai da EPA ta Tsakiyar Tekun Tekun Tekun Atlantika (#63) da yankunan Kudu maso Gabas (#65).

: Kogin Chesapeake ya raba yankin Commonwealth daga yankin yanki biyu na Gabashin Gabashin Virginia. An kuma kafa baykin ne biyo bayan wani ramin tasirin meteoroid a lokacin Eocene .  
: Yawancin kogunan Virginia suna kwarara zuwa cikin Chesapeake Bay, gami da Potomac, Rappahannock, James, da York, waɗanda ke haifar da tsibiran tsibiri guda uku a cikin bay.  

* Piedmont jerin tsaunukan tsaunuka ne da ke kan dutsen gabas na tsaunuka waɗanda aka kafa a cikin Mesozoic .  Yankin, wanda aka sani da ƙasa mai nauyi, ya haɗa da tsaunukan Kudu maso Yamma .  Wannan yanki yayi daidai da yankunan Piedmont na EPA (#45) da Arewacin Piedmont (#64).
* Tsaunukan Blue Ridge yanki ne na ilimin lissafi na jerin tsaunukan Appalachian tare da mafi girman maki a cikin jihar, mafi tsayi shine Dutsen Rogers a  .  Wannan yayi daidai da yankin EPA's Blue Ridge (#66).

* Yankin Ridge da Valley yana yamma da tsaunuka, kuma ya haɗa da Babban Kwarin Appalachian, wanda ya haɗa da kwarin Shenandoah. Wannan yanki yayi daidai da yankin EPA's Ridge and Valley (#67). Yankin yana tushen dutsen carbonate (musamman dutsen farar ƙasa), kuma ya haɗa da Dutsen Massanutten .  Saboda wuraren dutsen carbonate da sakamakon karst, akwai kogo sama da 4,000 a Virginia, tare da buɗe ido goma don yawon shakatawa.  Hakazalika, wani fasalin da Kuma  ya samo asali daga zaizayar ƙasa a yankin kwari shine gadar Halitta .
* Plateau Cumberland (wanda ake kira Plateau Appalachian ) da kuma Dutsen Cumberland suna cikin kusurwar kudu maso yammacin Virginia, a ƙarƙashin Allegheny Plateau .Kuma  A cikin wannan yanki koguna suna gudana arewa maso yamma, tare da tsarin magudanar ruwa, zuwa cikin kogin Ohio .  Wannan yanki yayi daidai da yankin EPA ta Tsakiya Appalachians (#69).

Ana hakar ma'adinan kwal a yankuna uku masu tsaunuka a gadaje 40 daban-daban na kwal kusa da kwalayen Mesozoic.  Baya ga kwal, sannan Kuma ana hako albarkatun kamar slate, kyanite, yashi, da tsakuwa, tare da ƙimar shekara sama da $2.&nbsp;biliyan   . 

Virginia tana da ƙananan haɗari akan girgizar ƙasa, musamman a yankin arewacin jihar. Yankin girgizar kasa na Virginia ba shi da tarihin ayyukan girgizar kasa na yau da kullun. Ba kasafai ake samun girgizar kasa sama da 4.5 ba&nbsp;a girma saboda Virginia tana tsakiyar tsakiyar farantin Arewacin Amurka, nesa da iyakokin faranti. Wurare da ke kusa da faranti na tectonic suna fama da girgizar ƙasa akai-akai. Girgizar kasa mafi girma da aka yi rikodin, a kiyasin 5.9&nbsp;Girma, ya kasance a cikin shekarar 1897 kusa da Blacksburg .  Mafi girma tun daga wancan lokacin shine a watan Agustan shekarata 2011, lokacin da girgizar kasa mai karfin awo 5.8 ta afku a kusa da ma'adinai, Virginia kuma an ji matsakaicin matsakaiciyar karfi a duk fadin jihar.

## Yanayi

Yanayin Virginia ya bambanta bisa ga wuri, kuma yana ƙara dumi da ɗanɗano a nesa da gabas.  Yawancin jihar tana da yanayi mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano, daga  cikin tsaunukan Blue Ridge da kudancin Shenandoah Valley zuwa gabar tekun Atlantika . A cikin tsaunin Blue Ridge, yanayin ya zama babban tsibiri mai zafi .

## Ilimin halittu

Asusun namun daji na Duniya ya ayyana yankuna hudu a cikin Virginia: gandun daji na gabar tekun *Atlantika* ta Tsakiya kusa da Tekun Atlantika a kudu maso gabas na jihar, gandun daji na kudu maso gabas akan Piedmont, gandun daji na Appalachian-Blue Ridge akan tsaunin Appalachian, da Appalachian gauraye dazuzzukan mesophytic a cikin nisa yamma. 

A cewar sashen Inganta Muhalli na Virginia, dajin itacen oak-hickory shine mafi yawan al'ummar gandun daji a Virginia. Yawancin nau'ikan sun hada da farin itacen oak, itacen oak ja, itacen oak mai launin ja, itacen oak mai ja, itacen oak chestnut, mockernut hickory, pignut hickory, tulip poplar, maple, beech, dogwood, black cherry, black locust, da black gyada . Dajin itacen oak-pine shine nau'in gandun daji na biyu mafi girma tare da itacen oak da aka ambata a baya da ƙari na loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, Pine Virginia, black danko, sweetgum, hickories, sycamore, jan cedar, da tulip poplar . Kuma Irin wannan gandun daji ana samunsa da farko a bakin teku da kuma Piedmont. Ƙananan katako sun haɗa da itacen oak, itacen oak na ruwa, blackgum, sweetgum, cottonwood, willow, ash, elm, hackberry, da maple ja .

Ƙananan tsaunukan suna iya samun ƙanƙanta amma masu yawa na ƙwanƙwasa masu son danshi da mosses a yalwace, tare da hickory da itacen oak a cikin Blue Ridge.  Koyaya, tun farkon shekarun 1990, cutar asu ta Gypsy ta lalata dazuzzukan itacen oak.  Sauran bishiyoyi da tsire-tsire na yau da kullum sun hada da chestnut, maple, tulip poplar, dutsen laurel, milkweed, daisies, da yawancin nau'in ferns. Sannan Mafi girman yankunan jeji suna kusa da gabar tekun Atlantika da kuma tsaunukan yamma, wadanda watakila ke da mafi yawan yawan furannin daji na trillium a Arewacin Amurka.  

Dabbobi masu shayarwa sun haɗa da barewa mai farar wutsiya, baƙar fata, beaver, bobcat, coyote, raccoon, groundhog, Virginia opossum, fox gray fox, ja fox, kogin otter, dusar ƙanƙara, kudancin bogin lemming, kowa na gabas chipmunk, gama gari, muskrat gama gari, auduga na kowa, auduga linzamin kwamfuta, gabas hange skunk, ratsan skunk, fox squirrel, launin toka squirrel, arewa tashi squirrel, marsh zomo, da kuma gabas auduga zomo .  Tsuntsaye sun haɗa da cardinals, barred owls, Carolina chickadees, American Crow, American goldfinch, American pipit, American robin, Baird's sandpiper, Baltimore oriole, sito owl, babban blue jakin, babban kaho mujiya, dusar ƙanƙara Goose, herring gull, mallard, blue jay, Kyanwa mai hadiye wutsiya, sparrow bishiyar Amurka, farar pelican na ƙasar Amurka, pelican mai launin ruwan kasa, mikiya mai santsi, bishiyar shanu, loon gama-gari, bluebird na gabas, osprey, falcon arctic peregrine, shaho mai jajayen wutsiya, da turkeys daji. An sake dawo da falcon falcon a cikin Shenandoah National Park a tsakiyar shekarata 1990s. 

Walleye, rook trout, Roanoke bass, da kuma shudin kifi suna cikin sanannun nau'ikan kifin ruwa guda 210.  Gudun rafuka tare da gindin dutse sau da yawa ana yawan zama da yawan kifin crayfish da salamanders.  Chesapeake Bay ita ce mafi girma a cikin ƙasa kuma mafi bambancin ilimin halitta kuma tana gida ga nau'ikan ma'adinai ne da suka hada da kaguwa da kaguwa, clams, oysters, scallops, Chesapeake ray, eel, bay anchovies, shad na Amurka, croaker Atlantic, sturgeon Atlantika, gangunan kuma baƙar fata. seabass, blue kifi, hickory shad, longnose gar, jan drum, spot, and rockfish (wanda aka fi sani da bass bass). 

## Kasashe masu kariya

Virginia tana da raka'a 30 na sabis na shakatawa na ƙasa, kamar Great Falls Park da Trail Appalachian, da wurin shakatawa ɗaya na ƙasa, Shenandoah National Park .  An kafa Shenandoah a cikin Shekarata 1935. Kusan kashi 40% na wurin shakatawa (79,579&nbsp;kadada/322&nbsp;km 2 ) an sanya shi a matsayin jeji a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Kiyaye Daji na Ƙasa .  Parkways, irin su George Washington Memorial Parkway da Blue Ridge Parkway, wanda ya ƙunshi filin wasan Skyline Drive, suna cikin wuraren sabis na wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa da aka fi ziyarta a duk faɗin ƙasar. 

Bugu da ƙari, akwai wuraren shakatawa na jihar Virginia guda 34 da dazuzzukan jaha 17, waɗanda Ma'aikatar Kare da Nishaɗi da Sashen Gandun daji ke gudanarwa.   Chesapeake Bay, yayin da ba wurin shakatawa na kasa ba, yana da kariya daga dokokin jihohi da na tarayya, da kuma shirin Chesapeake Bay na hadin gwiwa a tsakanin wanda ke gudanar da gyare-gyare a bakin teku da magudanar ruwa. Babban Gudun Hijira na Namun daji na Ƙasa ya ƙaru zuwa Arewacin Carolina.  Gidajen kayan tarihi da yawa da wuraren yaƙi suna cikin jihar, kamar Colonial Williamsburg, Filin Yaƙin Kasa na Richmond, da Fredericksburg da Spotsylvania National Military Park . 

Tun daga ranar 26 ga Maris, Na shekarar 2010, akwai wuraren Superfund guda 31 a cikin Virginia a cikin jerin abubuwan da suka fi fifiko na ƙasa, kamar yadda aka zayyana a ƙarƙashin cikakkiyar Amsar Muhalli, Rarraba, da Dokokin Lamuni (CERCLA). A halin yanzu babu ƙarin rukunin yanar gizo da aka gabatar don shigarwa cikin jerin. An share shafuka hudu kuma an cire su daga jerin. 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

## Littafi Mai Tsarki

## Manazarta

* Ma'aikatar Kare da Nishaɗi ta Virginia
* Ma'aikatar ingancin muhalli ta Virginia