Marcel Janco

**Marcel Janco** ( ,  ; fassara ta gama gari  na sunan Romanian **Marcel Hermann Iancu**   ; 24 ga Mayu 1895 - 21 ga Afrilu 1984) ƙwararren mai zane ne na gani na Romania da Isra'ila, mai zane-zane, kuma masanin ka'idar zane-zane . Shi ne wanda ya ƙirƙiro Dadaism kuma babban mai tallata Constructivism a Gabashin Turai . A cikin shekarun 1910, ya yi aiki tare da Ion Vinea da Tristan Tzara, mujallar fasaha ta Romania *Simbolul* . Janco ya kasance mai aikin Art Nouveau, Futurism da Expressionism kafin ya ba da gudummawar zane da ƙirar dandamali ga Dadaism na adabi na Tzara. Ya rabu da Dada a shekarar 1919, lokacin da shi da mai zane Hans Arp suka kafa da'irar Constructivist, *Das Neue Leben* .

Bayan ya sake haɗuwa da Vinea, ya kafa *Contimporanul*, babban jami'in soja na Romania, yana fafutukar haɗakar Constructivism, Futurism da Cubism . A *Contimporanul*, Janco ya bayyana hangen nesa na "juyin juya hali" na tsara birane . Ya tsara wasu daga cikin manyan abubuwan tarihi na tsakiyar birnin Bucharest . Ya yi aiki a fannoni da yawa na fasaha, ciki har da zane-zane, sassaka da zanen mai .

Janco yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana Yahudawan Romania na zamaninsa. An yi masa hari ne sakamakon tsananta wa Yahudawa kafin da kuma lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ya yi ƙaura zuwa ga Dokar Burtaniya ta Falasɗinu a 1941. Ya lashe kyautar Dizengoff da kyautar Isra'ila, kuma ya kafa Ein Hod, wani yanki na fasaha na utopian.

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Marcel Janco a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1895 a Bucharest ga dangin Yahudawa masu matsakaicin matsayi .  Mahaifinsa, Hermann Zui Iancu, ɗan kasuwa ne na yadi. Mahaifiyarsa, Rachel née Iuster, ta fito ne daga Moldavia .  Ma'auratan suna zaune a wajen unguwar Yahudawa ta Bucharest, a kan Titin Decebal.  Shi ne ɗan fari cikin yara huɗu. 'Yan'uwansa su ne Iuliu (Jules) da George. An haifi 'yar'uwarsa, Lucia, a shekara ta 1900.  Iancus sun ƙaura daga Decebal zuwa Titin Gândului, sannan suka koma Trinității, inda suka gina ɗaya daga cikin manyan gidajen gida da lambuna a farkon ƙarni na 20 na Bucharest.  A shekarar 1980, Janco ya sake duba shekarun yarintarsa, yana rubutawa: "An haife ni a cikin kyakkyawar ƙasar Romania, cikin iyalin mutanen da ke da wadata, na sami damar samun ilimi a cikin yanayi na 'yanci da wayewar ruhaniya. Mahaifiyata, [...] tana da baiwar kiɗa ta gaske, kuma mahaifina, mutum mai tsauri kuma ɗan kasuwa mai himma, ya ƙirƙiri yanayi mai kyau don haɓaka dukkan ƙwarewata. [...] Na kasance mai yanayi mai tausayi da motsin rai, yaro mai son kai wanda ke da niyyar yin mafarki da tunani. [...] Na girma [...] wanda ke mamaye da ƙarfin fahimtar ɗan adam da adalci na zamantakewa. Kasancewar marasa galihu, marasa ƙarfi, mutane, na ma'aikata matalauta, na mabarata, ya cutar da ni kuma, idan aka kwatanta da yanayin iyalinmu mai kyau, ya tashe ni jin laifi." 

Janco ya halarci Makarantar Gheorghe Șincai kuma ya yi karatun zane tare da mai zane da zane mai ban dariya na Yahudawa ɗan Romania Iosif Iser .  A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, iyalin sun yi tafiye-tafiye sosai, daga Austria-Hungary zuwa Switzerland, Italiya da Netherlands .  A Makarantar Sakandare ta Gheorghe Lazăr, ya haɗu da ɗalibai da yawa waɗanda suka zama abokan aikinsa na fasaha: Tzara (wanda a lokacin ake kira *S. Samyro* ), Vinea ( *Iovanaki* ), marubuta Jacques G. Costin da Poldi Chapier.  Janco kuma ya zama abokin Clara Haskil, mawaƙin piano, wanda aka buga a mujallar *Flacăra* a watan Maris na 1912.  

A matsayinsu na ƙungiya, ɗaliban suna ƙarƙashin tasirin ƙungiyoyin Symbolist na Romania, waɗanda a lokacin su ne suka fi nuna sabbin abubuwa na sake fasalin fasaha a Romania. Lokacin farko na Marcel da Jules Janco na muhimmancin al'adu ya faru ne a watan Oktoba na 1912, lokacin da suka haɗu da Tzara wajen gyara wurin Symbolul, wanda ya sami gudummawa daga wasu manyan mawakan zamani na Romania, daga Alexandru Macedonski zuwa Ion Minulescu da Adrian Maniu . Duk da haka, mujallar ta yi fama da neman muryarta, tana canza salon zamani da Symbolism na gargajiya. [1] Janco wataƙila shine babban mai zane na Simbolul, kuma wataƙila ya shawo kan iyayensa masu arziki su goyi bayan aikin (wanda aka rufe a farkon 1913). [2] Ba kamar Tzara ba, wanda ya ƙi waiwaya baya ga Simbolul da komai sai kunya, Janco ya yi alfahari da ɗaukarsa a matsayin farkon shiga juyin juya halin fasaha. [3]

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan dawowarsa, Marcel Janco ya sake haɗuwa da shagunan gyaran gashi na avant-garde na gida, kuma ya yi nunin kayan sa na farko na Romania, a kulob ɗin *Maison d'Art* da ke Bucharest.  Abokansa da abokan aikinsa, ciki har da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Dida Solomon da kuma 'yar jarida-darakta Sandu Eliad, sun bayyana shi a matsayin mai ban mamaki da ilimi.  A watan Disamba na 1926, ya halarci Nunin Fasaha na Hasefer da ke Bucharest.  A kusan wannan shekarar, Janco ya ɗauki kwamitocin a matsayin malamin fasaha a ɗakin aikinsa da ke Bucharest - a cewar ɗalibinsa, mai zane na gaba Hedda Sterne, waɗannan ba su dace ba: "An ba mu easels, da sauransu. amma babu wanda ya duba, babu wanda ya ba mu shawara." 

## Manazarta