George Akerlof

**George Arthur Akerlof** (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Yuni, 1940) masanin tattalin arziki ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka kuma farfesa a jami'a a Makarantar Manufofin Jama'a ta McCourt a Jami'ar Georgetown da kuma Farfesa Koshland na Tattalin Arziki na Farko a Jami'ar California, Berkeley .   An ba Akerlof kyautar tunawa da Nobel ta 2001 a Kimiyyar Tattalin Arziki, tare da Michael Spence da Joseph Stiglitz, "saboda nazarinsu kan kasuwanni masu bayanai marasa daidaito." Shi ne mijin tsohuwar Sakataren Baitulmalin Amurka Janet Yellen .

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Akerlof a New Haven, Connecticut, a ranar 17 ga Yuni, 1940. Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Rosalie Clara Grubber (née Hirschfelder), matar gida 'yar asalin Jamusawa Bayahudiya, kuma mahaifinsa shi ne Gösta Carl Åkerlöf, masanin sinadarai kuma mai ƙirƙira, wanda baƙon Sweden ne.    George yana da ɗan'uwansa, Carl, farfesa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Michigan . 

Akerlof ya halarci Makarantar Ranar Princeton, kafin ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Lawrenceville a shekarar 1958.  Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Yale a shekarar 1962, kuma ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tattalin arziki daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT) a shekarar 1966.  An yi masa taken digirinsa na farko *Albashi da Jari* a ƙarƙashin kulawar Robert Solow, wani masanin tattalin arziki wanda daga baya zai sami kyautar tunawa da Nobel.

## Aikin ilimi
Bayan ya sami digirin digirgir, Akerlof ya shiga jami'ar California, Berkeley, a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki, kodayake ya koyar na tsawon shekara ɗaya kacal kafin ya koma Indiya. A shekarar 1967, ya yi wani lokaci a matsayin farfesa mai ziyara a Cibiyar Kididdiga ta Indiya (ISI) da ke New Delhi kuma ya koma Amurka a watan Satumbar 1968.  Daga nan Akerlof ya zama farfesa a Berkeley kuma ya kaɗa ƙuri'ar neman mukamin aiki a jami'ar. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin babban masanin tattalin arziki a Majalisar Masu Ba da Shawara kan Tattalin Arziki ta Fadar White House (CEA) daga 1973 zuwa 1974. A shekarar 1977, Akerlof ya yi shekara guda a matsayin masanin tattalin arziki mai ziyara a Hukumar Gwamnonin Tarayya a Washington, DC inda ya haɗu da matar sa ta gaba kuma marubuciya, Janet Yellen .  Bayan haka yana fatan a ɗaukaka shi zuwa cikakken farfesa, duk da haka, sashen tattalin arziki na Berkeley ya kasa naɗa shi. Daga nan Akerlof da Yellen suka koma Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London (LSE) a shekarar 1978, inda ya karɓi muƙami mai daraja a matsayin Farfesan Kuɗi da Banki na Cassel, yayin da ita kuma ta karɓi lakca ta wa'adin aiki. Sun zauna a Burtaniya na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin su koma Amurka. 

A shekarar 1980, Akerlof ya zama Farfesa na Goldman a fannin tattalin arziki a Berkeley kuma ya koyar a can tsawon mafi yawan aikinsa.  A shekarar 1997, ya ɗauki hutu daga Berkeley don raka matarsa lokacin da aka naɗa ta shugabar Majalisar Masu Ba da Shawara kan Tattalin Arziki (CEA). A Washington, Akerlof ya fara aiki a Cibiyar Brookings a matsayin babban jami'i. Dukansu sun koma koyarwa a UC Berkeley a shekarar 1999. Akerlof ya ci gaba da kasancewa memba mai himma a jami'ar har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Farfesa na Tattalin Arziki na Koshland a shekarar 2010.

Bayan haka, ya sake komawa Washington lokacin da Yellen ya tabbatar wa Hukumar Kula da Asusun Tarayya.  Akerlof ya sami mukamin malami mai ziyara a Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF) daga 2010 zuwa 2014 kuma ya shiga Makarantar Manufofin Jama'a ta McCourt a Jami'ar Georgetown a matsayin farfesa a jami'a a 2014. 

## Gudummawa ga tattalin arziki

### "Kasuwar Lemon" da bayanai marasa daidaituwa
Wataƙila Akerlof ya fi shahara da labarinsa, " Kasuwar Lemu: Rashin Tabbas da Tsarin Kasuwa ", wanda aka buga a cikin *Mujallar Tattalin Arziki ta Kwata* a 1970, inda ya gano wasu matsaloli masu tsanani da ke addabar kasuwanni waɗanda ke da alaƙa da bayanai marasa daidaituwa, takardar da aka ba shi kyautar tunawa da Nobel.  A cikin *Tsarin Albashi Mai Inganci na Kasuwar Ma'aikata*, Akerlof da marubuciyarsa/matarsa, Janet Yellen sun gabatar da dalilai na hasashen albashin inganci inda ma'aikata ke biyan sama da albashin share kasuwa, wanda ya saɓa wa ƙarshen tattalin arzikin neoclassical . Wannan aikin ya gabatar da wasan musayar kyauta ga tattalin arziki.

### Tattalin arziki na asali
Akerlof da abokin hulɗa Rachel Kranton na Jami'ar Duke sun gabatar da asalin zamantakewa a cikin nazarin tattalin arziki na yau da kullun, suna ƙirƙirar fannin tattalin arziki na asali . Akerlof da Kranton suna jayayya cewa mutane ba su da fifiko kawai akan kayayyaki da ayyuka daban-daban. Hakanan suna bin ƙa'idodin zamantakewa don yadda mutane daban-daban ya kamata su yi. Ka'idojin suna da alaƙa da asalin zamantakewa na mutum. Waɗannan ra'ayoyin sun fara bayyana a cikin labarinsu "Tattalin Arziki da Identity", wanda aka buga a cikin *Mujallar Tattalin Arziki ta Kwata* a 2000.

### Girgizar fasahar haihuwa
A ƙarshen shekarun 1970, ra'ayoyin Akerlof sun jawo hankalin wasu daga ɓangarorin biyu na muhawarar game da zubar da ciki bisa doka. A cikin labaran da suka bayyana a cikin *Jaridar Tattalin Arziki ta Quarterly*,  *Jaridar Tattalin Arziki*,  da sauran dandali, Akerlof ya bayyana wani lamari da ya kira " *mamaki na fasahar haihuwa.* " Ya yi iƙirarin cewa sabbin fasahohin da suka taimaka wajen haifar da juyin juya halin jima'i na ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, hana ɗaukar ciki na zamani da zubar da ciki bisa doka, ba wai kawai sun gaza wajen dakile faruwar haihuwar ' ya'ya ba, har ma sun yi aiki don ƙara shi. A cewar Akerlof, ga matan da ba su yi amfani da su ba, waɗannan fasahohin sun fi canza tsohon yanayin zato na zamantakewa da jima'i, tsammanin, da halaye ta hanyoyin da ba su da kyau. Misali, samuwar zubar da ciki bisa doka yanzu ya ba wa maza damar ɗaukar 'ya'yansu a matsayin samfurin da aka yi niyya na zaɓin mace maimakon a matsayin haɗin gwiwa na jima'i. Don haka, ya ƙarfafa iyaye maza su ƙi ba kawai ra'ayin wajibcin auren uwa ba har ma da ra'ayin wajibcin uba.

Duk da cewa Akerlof bai ba da shawarar yin amfani da takunkumin doka kan zubar da ciki ko kuma samuwar magungunan hana daukar ciki ba, binciken ya nuna goyon baya ga waɗanda suka yi hakan. Don haka, wani malami mai alaƙa da ra'ayoyin siyasa masu ra'ayin sassauci da na 'yan Democrat ya samu yabo daga masu sharhi da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da na Republican.  

### Satar kuɗi
A shekarar 1993, Akerlof da Paul Romer sun buga "Looting: The Economic Underworld of Bankruptcy for Profit", suna bayyana yadda a wasu sharuɗɗa, masu kamfanoni za su yanke shawarar cewa ya fi riba a gare su da kansu su 'kwace' kamfanin su 'cire ƙima' daga gare shi maimakon ƙoƙarin sa ya girma ya kuma bunƙasa. Misali:Fatara don riba zai faru idan rashin ingantaccen lissafin kuɗi, rashin bin ƙa'idodi, ko ƙarancin hukunci na cin zarafi ya ba masu shi kwarin gwiwar biyan kansu fiye da yadda kamfanoninsu ke buƙata sannan ya kasa biyan basussukansu. Fatara don riba yakan faru ne lokacin da gwamnati ta ba da garantin bashin kamfani. 

### Al'ada da tattalin arziki na macro
A jawabinsa na shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2007 ga Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Amurka, Akerlof ya gabatar da ƙa'idodi na halitta waɗanda masu yanke shawara ke da su game da yadda ya kamata su yi aiki, kuma ya nuna yadda irin waɗannan ƙa'idodi za su iya bayyana bambance-bambance tsakanin ka'ida da gaskiyar da aka lura game da tattalin arzikin ƙasa. Akerlof ya gabatar da sabon ajanda ga tattalin arzikin ƙasa, yana amfani da ƙa'idodin zamantakewa don bayyana halayen tattalin arzikin ƙasa.  Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin tare da Gary Becker a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa tattalin arzikin zamantakewa .

Shi amintaccen Masana Tattalin Arziki ne na Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro kuma darakta ne na Shirin Hulɗa da Jama'a, Identity da Well-Being a Cibiyar Bincike ta Kanada (CIFAR). Yana cikin kwamitin ba da shawara na Cibiyar Tunanin Tattalin Arziki ta Sabuwar . An zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a 1985. 

Saboda aikinsa da gudummawarsa ga tattalin arziki da falsafa, an ba shi lakcoci na uku na Witten a fannin tattalin arziki da falsafa a Jami'ar Witten/Herdecke a shekarar 2009. 

## Ra'ayin Siyasa
A watan Yunin 2024, mutane 16 da suka lashe kyautar Nobel a fannin tattalin arziki, ciki har da Akerlof, sun sanya hannu kan wata buɗaɗɗiyar wasiƙa da ke jayayya cewa manufofin kuɗi da na kasuwanci na Donald Trump tare da ƙoƙarin iyakance 'yancin kai na Babban Bankin Tarayya za su sake farfaɗo da hauhawar farashin kaya a Amurka.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Akerlof ya yi auren ɗan lokaci da wani mai gine-gine, Kay Leong; sun yi aure a shekarar 1974 kuma suka sake shi bayan shekaru uku, bayan bai sami ci gaba zuwa cikakken matsayin farfesa a Berkeley ba. Bayan rabuwar su, Kay ya koma New York ya sake auren wani mai gine-gine.  A shekarar 1978, Akerlof ya auri Janet Yellen, masanin tattalin arziki wanda ya kasance tsohuwar Sakataren Baitulmalin Amurka kuma tsohuwar shugabar Babban Bankin Tarayya, da kuma farfesa mai ritaya a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Haas ta Berkeley.   

Suna da ɗa ɗaya mai suna Robert, wani masanin tattalin arziki wanda aka haifa a shekarar 1981,  wanda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki da lissafi daga Jami'ar Yale a shekarar 2003 sannan aka ba shi digirin digirgir a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Harvard a shekarar 2009. Robert ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 14 a matsayin mataimakin farfesa kuma farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Warwick, da farko ya shafe shekaru biyu yana aiki a matsayin mataimakin digiri na uku a MIT bayan kammala karatun digirin digirgir.  A shekarar 2024, ya zama cikakken farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta UNSW da ke Sydney. 

Akerlof yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka sanya hannu a cikin wani taƙaitaccen bayani na *amici curiae* na 2018 wanda ya nuna goyon baya ga Harvard a cikin ƙarar da aka shigar ta *Students for Fair Admissions da President and Fellows of Harvard College* .  Sauran waɗanda suka sanya hannu a cikin takardar sun haɗa da Alan B. Krueger, Cecilia E. Rouse, Robert M. Solow, Janet L. Yellen, da kuma wasu da yawa. 

## Littattafan tarihi

*  
* Akerlof, George A., and Janet Yellen. 1986. *Efficiency Wage Models of the Labor Market*. Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press.
* Akerlof, George A., Romer, Paul M., Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, "Looting: The Economic Underworld of Bankruptcy for Profit" Vol. 1993, No. 2 (1993), pp.&nbsp;1–73
* Akerlof, George A. 2000. "Economics and Identity,"  *Quarterly Journal of Economics*, 115(3), pp. 715–53.
* Akerlof, George A. 2005. *Explorations in Pragmatic Economics*, Oxford University Press. ISBN&nbsp;.
* Akerlof, George A. 2005. "Identity and the Economics of Organizations," *Journal of Economic Perspectives*,  19(1), pp. 9–32.  Archived 2011-09-14 at the Wayback Machine
* Akerlof, George A. "Thoughts on global warming." chinadialogue (2006). 14 July 2008.
* Akerlof, George A. and Robert J. Shiller. 2009. *Animal Spirits: How Human Psychology Drives the Economy, and Why It Matters for Global Capitalism*. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN&nbsp;.
* Akerlof, George A., and Rachel E. Kranton. 2010. *Identity Economics: How Our Identities Shape Our Work, Wages, and Well-Being*, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN&nbsp;. Description & TOC, "Introduction,"  pp. 3–8, and preview.
* George A. Akerlof and Robert J. Shiller. 2015. *Phishing for Phools: The Economics of Manipulation and Deception*, Princeton University Press. ISBN&nbsp;.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin sunayen Yahudawan da suka lashe kyautar Nobel

## Manazarta