open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ubuhake

**Ubuhake** shine sunan da aka ba wa tsarin zamantakewar daular Ruwanda da Burundi da Tutsi ke mulki tun daga kusan karni na 15 zuwa 1958. An kwatanta shi akai-akai da feudalism na Turai.[2]. Dangane da rarrabawar shanu, ya kasance, duk da haka, tsarin da ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da na uburetwa, wanda ya shafi wani yanki mai girma na yawan jama'a kuma ya dogara ne akan rarraba ƙasa. Masarautar Tutsi ta yi amfani da tsarin rarraba filaye na uburetwa wajen sanya ikon sarrafa filaye a mafi yawan Ruwanda a tsarin da ake kira igikingi. Sai kawai arewa maso yammacin Rwanda, inda masu mallakar Hutu suka ƙi yin biyayya, ba sa cikin igikingi.

Ƙabilun biyu mafi rinjaye a cikin Ruwanda da Burundi su ne Tutsis da Hutus. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan bambance-bambancen tarihi tsakanin su shine Tutsis sun kasance masu kiwon shanu da farko yayin da Hutus manoma ne.

Da farko dai kwangilar ubuhake ta nuna cewa ‘yan Hutu na da damar yin amfani da shanun Tutsi domin yin hidima, na sirri ko na soja. Hakazalika, ƙasar da ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Tutsi za a iya amfani da ita ta irin wannan hanyar a tsarin uburetwa. A hankali ya rikide zuwa tsarin aji inda aka hada filaye da shanu da mulki cikin kungiyar Tutsi, kuma Hutus suka zama bayin sarakunan Tutsi, wadanda suka ba su kariya, da shanu, da kuma amfani da filaye wajen yin hidima da amfanin gona. An haramta auratayya tsakanin matan Hutu da mazan Tutsi, kodayake mazan Hutu sukan auri matan Tutsi.

Turawan mulkin mallaka na Ruwanda da Burundi da Jamus da Beljiyam ne suka amince da tsarin ubuhake da uburetwa, wadanda suka goyi bayan manyan sarakunan Tutsi don ci gaba da mulki. Sai dai kuma ‘yan mulkin mallaka sun bukaci a yi aikin kuma a yi aikin don amfanin mulkin mallaka, maimakon kawai a yi wa ‘yan Tutsi masu fada a ji.

Ci gaba da tallata kabila ɗaya ya zama da wahala ga Belgium a siyasance a lokacin bayan yaƙi, duk da haka. Yawancin kasashen Turai suna ba da 'yancin kai ga kasashensu, kuma Belgium ta koma kawar da tsarin ubuhake da uburetwa a Ruwanda a shekara ta 1958, bayan da Mwami ya amince da Mwami ya yi watsi da tsarin a 1954. Ƙarfafa matsin lamba ga tsarin ubuhake da uburetwa daga ƙungiyoyin hadin kai na Hutu, musamman Grégoire Kayibanda ya tabbatar da nasarar da jam'iyyar ta Ruwanda ta yi. Parmehutu a zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin Rwanda na 1961.

Tsarin ubuhake da uburetwa, da kuma cin moriyarsa daga Tutsi Mwamis da Turawan mulkin mallaka, shi ne tushen gaba tsakanin Hutu da Tutsi. Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru na baya-bayan nan a kasashen biyu ana iya gano su ga wannan tashin hankali na tarihi, gami da kisan kiyashin Rwanda na 1994.

## Kamanceceniya da tsarin rarraba ƙasa Bugandan
A cikin Buganda, shugabanni kuma sun yi amfani da iko ta hanyar mallakar ƙasa, maimakon zuriya. Uganda kuma yanki ne mai yawan jama'a. Wani sarki mai gado (wanda ake kira kabaka) da kuma wani basaraken ƙasa sun samar da tsari irin na arewacin Ruwanda a lokacin zuwan masu binciken Turai.

## Manazarta
Julen Etxabeguren

**Julen Etxabeguren Leanizbarrutia** (an haife shi ranar 7 ga watan Maris, 1991) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Spain wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya na SD Beasain.

Etxabeguren ya fara aikinsa a Kasar Basque ta asali tare da Real Sociedad, amma bai shiga cikin tawagar su ta farko ba. Ya koma Scotland a shekarar 2014 don karatu kuma ya sanya hannu a East Fife. Bayan ya buga wa East Fife wasa a cikin Scottish League Two na watanni shida,ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da kungiyar Dundee ta Scottish Premier.

## Manazarta
Darren Dods

**Darren Dods** (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 1975) ɗan wasan kwallon kafa ne kuma kocin Scotland. Dods yake taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na Hibernian, St Johnstone, Inverness Caledonian Thistle, Dundee United, Falkirk, Forfar Athletic da Brechin City. Ya kuma wakilci Scotland a matakin kasa da shekara 21 da kuma B na kasa da kasa.
Ryan Esson

**Ryan John Esson** (an haife shi ranar 19 ga watan Maris, 1980) tsohon Mai tsaron gida kwallon kafa ne na Scotland wanda shine babban kocin Kungiyar Highland league ta Strathspey Thistle .  Esson ya fara aikinsa a shekara ta 2000, a Gasar Firimiya ta Scotland, a matsayin mai tsaron gida na Aberdeen.Ya kuma buga wa Shrewsbury Town da Hereford United wasa.

## Manazarta
Joe Chalmers

**Joseph Chalmers** (An haife shi ranar 3 ga watan Janairun, 1994)  ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Scotland wanda ke taka leda a matsayin hagu ko kuma dan wasan tsakiya na Inverness Caledonian Thistle. Ya taba buga wa Celtic, Falkirk, Motherwell, Ross County, Ayr United da kuma Dunfermline Athletic wasa.

## Manazarta
Harsunan Wogamus

Harsunan Wogamus wasu harsuna biyu ne masu alaƙa, Wogamusin da Chenapian.

They are classified among the Sepik languages of northern Papua New Guinea; Malcolm Ross and William A. Foley (2018) place them in the Upper Sepik branch of that family.

Ana magana da yarukan Wogamus a bakin Kogin Wogamush da kogin Sepik a yammacin Lardin Sepik na Gabas, kawai a gabashin yarukan Iwam.

## Nau'o'in suna
Harsunan Wogamus suna da azuzuwan suna mai tunawa da waɗanda aka samu a cikin harsunan Bantu.  An jera azuzuwan suna a Wogamusin da Chenapian a ƙasa, tare da kuma Wogamusin - um 'uku' da Chenapian - mu 'uku' a matsayin misalai.

## Kwatanta ƙamus
Kalmomin ƙamus masu zuwa sun fito ne daga bayanan Trans-New Guinea. Bayanan Wogamusin sun fito ne daga Foley (2005)  da Laycock (1968),  kuma bayanan Chenapian sun fito ne da bayanan filin SIL (1983).

The words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. ,  for "woman") or not (e.g. ,  for "louse").

## Manazarta
Nathan Austin

**Nathan Austin** (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta alif 1994) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila,wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na kungiyar  ta East Fife.  Ya kuma taba buga wa Falkirk, Inverness Caledonian Thistle da Kelty Hearts wasa.
Kunar bakin wake ta shogon siye siye 1996

Harin bam na Shoprite na 1996 wani harin ta'addanci ne na masu tsaurin ra'ayi na farar fata wanda ya faru a ranar 24 ga Disamba 1996 bayan da aka tayar da bam a wani babban kanti na Shoprite da ke Worcester, Afirka ta Kudu inda ya kashe mutane 4 tare da jikkata wasu da dama. An kuma tayar da bam na biyu a cikin wata bishiya da ke kan titi a wani kantin magani da ke yankin, inda wasu 2 da ke zaune kusa da wurin suka jikkata. 

## Tsari da dalili
Mutanen hudu da ke da hannu a tashin bama-baman, wadanda dukkansu 'yan kungiyar addinin Isra'ila Vision ne, Abraham "Koper" Myburgh, Cliff Barnard, Jan "Voetbol" van der Westhuizen da kuma Stefaans Coetzee. Coetzee yana da shekaru 17 a lokacin tashin bam. Dukkanin mazaje guda hudu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙungiyar masu kishin ƙasa ta Afrikaner, Neo-Nazi, da kuma ƙungiyar farar fata ta Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging, ko AWB a takaice.

## Harin bam
A ranar 24 ga Disamba 1996, Jan van der Westhuizen ya shiga cikin kantin Shoprite a Worcester kuma cikin hikima ya dasa bam a cikin kayan ado na bishiyar Kirsimeti. Maharan sun bar bama-bamai guda hudu, biyu kawai suka tashi, duk da wannan fashewar ta kashe fararen hula hudu (ciki har da yara uku). 

Abraham "Koper" Myburgh, Cliff Barnard, Jan van der Westhuizen, da Stefaans Coetzee duk an same su da laifin kisan kai. Ban da Coetzee, wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru 40, kowanne daga cikin mutanen ya samu daurin rai da rai. An saki Coetzee a watan Yulin 2015. Tun daga nan ya sauya ra'ayinsa kuma ya gana da 'yan uwan wasu wadanda abin ya shafa a wani aikin sulhu.  

## Manazarta
Jackson Irvine

**Jackson Alexander Irvine** (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Maris na shekara ta alif 1993) ɗan wasan kwallon kafa ne na Australiya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na kulob din Bundesliga FC St. Pauli,wanda yake Kyaftin dinsa, da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙasa ta Australiya.

Irvine a baya ya buga wa Celtic, Kilmarnock, Ross County, Burton Albion, Hull City da kuma Hibernian.

Irvine ya buga wa Scotland wasa a matakin kasa da shekara 19,amma daga baya ya zaɓi wakiltar tawagar kasar Australia a matakin manya, kuma an zaba shi acikin tawagar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2018 da 2022. Irvine shine kyaftin din na 63 na Ostiraliya.
Nigel Hasselbaink

**Nigel Hasselbaink** (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta alif 1990) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai gaba a kulob din Tweede Divisie AFC. An haife shi a Netherlands,yana wakiltar ƙungiyar Suriname ta ƙasa.

## Manazarta
Alligator pepper

**Alligator pepper** (wanda aka fi sani da **Ishitɛ**, Ata Ire, **Ose Oji**, mbongo spice, **ntuen ibok**, ko hepper pepper) kayan yaji ne na Yammacin Afirka da aka yi daga tsaba da tsaba na *Aframomum daniellii*, *A. citratum*, ko *A. exscapum* . Yana da dangi na kusa da hatsi da aka samo daga nau'in da ke da alaƙa da juna, *Aframomum melegueta* ko "ƙwayoyin aljanna". Ba kamar hatsi na aljanna ba, wanda galibi ana sayar da shi azaman tsaba na shuka, ana sayar da alligator pepper azaman dukkan kwalba da ke dauke da tsaba (a cikin wannan hanyar ga wani dangi na kusa, baƙar fata cardamom).

Tsire-tsire waɗanda ke samar da alligator pepper sune tsire-tsalle masu tsire-shuke, masu tsire'a, tsire-tire masu fure na dangin ginger (Zingiberaceae), 'yan asalin wuraren da ke da santsi a bakin tekun Yammacin Afirka. Da zarar an buɗe kwalba kuma an bayyana tsaba, dalilin da ya sa wannan sunan Ingilishi na yau na kullum ya zama bayyananne yayin da tsaba ke da fata na takarda da ke kewaye da su kuma ƙwayoyin tsaba a cikin wannan fata suna tunatar da baya na alligator.

A matsayin mai yaji, ana sayar da tsaba na alligator pepper sau da yawa a matsayin hatsi da aka ware daga kwandon kuma tare da cire fata na waje. Mbongo kayan yaji galibi ko dai A. danielli ko A. citratum, kuma yana da ƙanshin furanni fiye da A. exscapum (wanda shine tushen da aka fi sani da dukan kwasfan).

Abinda aka saba amfani da shi a cikin abincin Afirka ta Yamma, inda yake ba da ƙanshin ƙanshi da ƙanƙara ga miya da stews.

## Amfani da abinci
Ko da a Yammacin Afirka, alligator pepper kayan yaji ne mai tsada, don haka ana amfani dashi da yawa. Sau da yawa, ana buga kwalliya guda ɗaya a cikin pestle da tururi kafin a kara rabin sa (tare da baƙar fata) a matsayin ɗanɗano ga soya na Yammacin Afirka ko shinkafa da aka dafa. Hakanan za'a iya maye gurbin kayan yaji a kowane girke-girke ta amfani da hatsi na aljanna ko baƙar fata don samar da ɗanɗano mai zafi da ɗanɗwano.

Lokacin da aka haifi jarirai a al'adar Yarbawa, ana ba su ɗanɗano ɗanɗano ɗanɗanon barkono (atare) jim kaɗan bayan haihuwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin maraba da jarirai na yau da kullun, kuma ana amfani da shi azaman sinadari a wurin tarurrukan gargajiya.

A cikin Igboland, ana amfani da alligator pepper, ósè ọ́jị́ tare da kola nut a cikin bukukuwan suna, a matsayin gabatarwa ga baƙi masu ziyara, da kuma sauran abubuwan zamantakewa tare da al'adar kola nut. Ibo suna nan kuma suna cin alligator pepper tare da kola nut. A kusan kowane bikin Igbo, ana gabatar da alligator peppers da kola nuts ga baƙi a saman ajanda kuma kafin kowane abinci ko nishaɗi. Ana yin addu'o'i da giya tare da kwai da alligator pepper.

A Ibibio, Efik (Jihar Akwa Ibom da Jihar Cross River ta Najeriya inda aka sani da Ntuen Ibok, yana da babban bangare a cikin bukukuwan da kuma amfani da shi don dalilai na magani.

A lokacin annobar COVID-19, an yi amfani da shi a magani.

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Celtnet Spice Guide[usurped]  (accessed July 21, 2007)
* Gernot Katzer's spice dictionary  (accessed July 22, 2007)
Haguwar Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya ta Kempton Park

vte
Harkar Cibiyar Kasuwancin Alama ta Parkaccar ta Afirka ta Kudu a Afirka ta Kudu a ranar 25 ga Yuni 1993 lokacin da membobin kungiyar AFRIKAGARA (AVF) da sauran membobin Wing na Afriko. 

A lokacin harin Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya ita ce wurin tattaunawar jam'iyya mai yawa don kawo karshen tsarin wariyar launin fata ta hanyar zaben kasar da yawa. Wadannan tattaunawar da kungiyoyi suka yi adawa da wannan tattaunawar. Mamma ta zo bayan wasu rikice-rikice tsakanin 'yan sanda da dama, kamar su yakin' yan majalisar, da kuma shugabannin da suka dace na Egène Terre'blanche na Awb. 

## Haduwa da wurin sulhu
An shirya zanga-zanga avf na 25 ga watan Yuni a waje da wurin tattaunawar sulhu. A 8 A.M. Masu zanga-zangar sun fara isarwa, kuma ya fara tursasawa wakilai zuwa tattaunawar. 

Yanayin ya fara zama mai ban sha'awa, tare da magoya bayan AWB suna kawo danginsu, ka da kayan aiki da sauran tanadi, kungiyoyi da yawa za su yi tare da zanga-zangar. Koyaya, yanayin ya canza don mafi muni yayin da membobin guguwa na Terrebanche, da Yesstende (Obirin Iron) ya fara rocking motoci; Da yawa suna dauke da makamai, membobin sashen kungiyoyi daban-daban na biyu, suna ɗaukar bindigogi da sauran makamai.

An yi amfani da abin hawa na Viper 'don fadada ta gilashin da masu goyon bayan WTC, ɗaukar bindigogi da kuma rera hankalin "Aww", don mamaye harabar. 'Yan sanda sun yi ƙoƙarin kafa cordon don hana mamayewa amma ba su da inganci. Kyaftin din 'yan sanda wanda ya yi kokarin hana motar daga watse ta hanyar karya kuma ya sha wahala zub da jini a ciki. ] Da zarar ciki, an barsu da dama da suka dace sosai wajen sarrafa ginin yayin da wakilan jam'iyyar jingina da suka dauki matsayi ta hanyar gidaje. Masu zanga-zangar sun fentin taken da aka yiwa zane a jikin bango, a cire su a kan kayan daki, da kuma wakilan wakilai. An kiyasta lalacewa a fiye da 700,000 Rand. 

Masu zanga-zangar sun kuma gudanar da taron addu'o'i a babban dakin tattaunawar. Kafin tafiya, tattaunawar tare da 'yan sanda da aka samu wanda aka yarda cewa babu membobin da za a kama su a wannan ranar. Fifi ya kasance cikin lumana idan aka kwatanta da ƙofar. 

Janar ta kafa Viljoen Viljoen, wani shugaban Aperveti shugaba wanda ya halarci tattaunawar, daga baya ya shirya mamayewa a matsayin wani bangare na mambobin AWB da suka sa "sun fita daga hannun". 

## Hukumar Goldlinstone
Hukumar Kula da Golstalstace ta makami Richard Goldstone, wacce aka yi fich da bincike kan zanga-zangar. Hukumar ta gano cewa 'yan sandan Afirka ta Kudu suna kare tattaunawar ta kasance mai yawan gaske tasiri, cewa masu zanga-zangar sun karya doka da maraba da kame mutane 60. Ya gano cewa mambobin Awb sun yi aiki a matsayin hooligans, kuma sun ba da shawarar cewa tabbacin daga awb dangane da halayen membobinta kada su dogara kan gaba. Ya kuma yi shawarwari don kara tsauraran ayyukan makamai na makamai, rigunan paramilitary da kuma sutura fuska yayin zanga-zangar.  

## Manazarta
Lee Bell

**Lee Bell** (an haife shi ranar 26 ga watan Janairu, 1983) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya.A halin yanzu shi ne manajan Crewe Alexandra.

## Manazarta
Sédonoudé Abouta

Janvier Sédonoudé Abouta (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga 'gwagwagwalada watan Janairun shekara ta 1981) tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na kasar 'gwagwagwalada Malian wanda ya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan gaba.

Ya kasance daga 'gwagwagwalada cikin tawagar kwallon kafa ta Olympics ta 2004 ta Mali, wacce ta fice a wasan karshe na kwata, ta kammala saman rukuni na A, amma ta sha kashi a hannun Italiya  'gwagwagwalada a zagaye na gaba.

## Kididdigar aiki

### Manufofin kasa da kasa

: *Sakamakon da sakamakon sun lissafa burin Mali na farko.*

## Haɗin waje

* 
*
Samun damar samun bayanai a Ukraine

samun damar samun bayanai na jama'a da 'yancin bayanai (FOI) suna nufin haƙƙin samun damar samun bayanai da hukumomin jama'a ke riƙewa wanda aka fi sani da "yancin sanin". Samun damar samun bayanai na jama'a ana ɗaukarsa muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga ingantaccen aiki na tsarin dimokuradiyya, yayin da yake inganta alhakin gwamnatoci da jami'an gwamnati, haɓaka sa hannun mutane da kuma ba da damar sa hannun jama'a. Babban jigon haƙƙin samun damar bayanai na jama'a shine cewa bayanan da cibiyoyin gwamnati ke riƙewa a ka'idar jama'a ne kuma ana iya ɓoye su ne kawai bisa ga dalilai na halal wanda ya kamata a yi bayani dalla-dalla a cikin doka.

A ranar 13 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2011, *Verkhovna Rada* (Majalisar Ukraine) ta amince da dokoki biyu game da samun dama ga bayanai: Dokar Ukraine "A kan Samun Bayanan Jama'a"  da kuma sabon rubutun Dokar Ukraine "On Information" (1992).  Sun fara aiki a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2011.  

Mataki na 5 na Dokar Ukraine "A kan Bayanai" ya ba da haƙƙin bayani wanda ya haɗa da yiwuwar tattara bayanai kyauta, amfani, rarrabawa, adanawa da kariya ga bayanan da ake buƙata don aiwatar da haƙƙin mutum, ƴanci da abubuwan da suka dace.

Dukkanin dokokin an soki su a cikin 2012 ta hanyar ƙungiyar da ke Landan da ke ba da shawara don 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki Mataki na 19, wanda ya yi la'akari da cewa ba su da tanadi don tabbatar da cewa haƙƙin sirri da' yancin faɗakarwa da bayanai sun dace.

A ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 2015, Majalisar Dokokin Ukraine ta amince da doka don ƙarfafa hukumomin gwamnati su saki da kuma samar da ƙarin bayani daga tarihin ƙasar na fayilolin KGB na zamanin Soviet. Za a canja wurin bayanin zuwa Cibiyar Tunawa ta Kasa kuma a sake bayyana shi. Bugu da ƙari, wannan dokar tana ƙarfafa a buga bayanan aiki kyauta, kididdiga da rahotanni a shafukan yanar gizo na gwamnati da kuma dandalin yanar gizo na kasa

A ranar 27 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2014, majalisar dokokin Ukraine ta zartar da dokar No. 0947. A cewar masana, yana yin ci gaba iri-iri da suka shafi samun dama ga bayanai. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, ana kara tarar don ƙin bayyana bayanai, don samar da bayanai ba tare da lokaci ba ko ba cikakke ba, ko samar da bayanan ƙarya.

Dangane da Tsarin Rahoton Mai Zaman Kanta (IRM) na kungiyar Open Government Partnership (OPG)  wanda aka buga a cikin 2016, ci gaban Ukraine don inganta damar samun bayanai, hanyoyin rigakafin cin hanci da rashawa, da kuma kawo 'yan ƙasa cikin yanke shawara na gwamnati "mai ban sha'awa ne" musamman idan aka yi la'akari da mawuyacin halin siyasa.  Koyaya, a cewar IRM, ƙasar ta kasa cika alkawuran da aka yi don inganta lissafin gwamnati da yaki da cin hanci da rashawa. Musamman, a cewar wani gwani, Ukraine tana buƙatar ci gaba da buɗe kwangilar jama'a, gami da kamfanonin mallakar jama'a. A cewar IRM, kuma, a cikin Shirin Kasa na OPG na gaba, Ukraine ya kamata ta samar da wani tsarin bayyanawa na lantarki don tabbatar da kadarorin jami'an gwamnati.

## Dubi kuma

* Budewa a Ukraine ga sadarwa ta ilimi

## Manazarta
Cristhian Joel Loor Santamaría

**Cristhian Joel Loor Santamaría** an haife shi a Maris 9, 2006) ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ecuador wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na kungiyar Botafogo F. R. na Brasileirao.

## Manazarta
Léo Linck

**Leonardo Matias Baiersdorf Linck** (an haife shi ranar 3 ga watan Maris, 2001) wanda aka fi sani da **Léo Linck**. Ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kasa Brazil wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na Botafogo.

## Aikin Kulob
### Athletico Paranaense
An haife shi a garin Marechal Cândido Rondon amma ya girma a Toledo, duka a cikin jihar Paraná, Léo Linck ya shiga tsarin matasa na Athletico Paranaense a cikin Maris 2015, daga Craques do Futuro, ƙungiyar da ke Foz do Iguaçu. A ranar 26 ga Mayu 2021, ya sabunta kwantiraginsa har zuwa Disamba 2024.

An inganta shi zuwa ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 23 kafin kakar 2022, Léo Link ya fara wasansa na ƙwararru a ranar 6 ga Maris 2022, yana farawa a wasan da ci 4-3 Campeonato Paranaense a waje da FC Cascavel, yayin da aka dakatar da Anderson.

## Botafogo
A farkon 2025, Botafogo ne ya dauki Leo Linck don cike gurbin mai tsaron gida da ya rage bayan tafiyar golan Paraguay Gatito Fernández wanda ya bar kungiyar a karshen 2024.

## Manazarta
Adamou Idé

**Adamou Idé** (an haife shi ranar 22 ga watan Nuwamba, 1951)  mawaki ne kuma marubucin litattafai na Nijar.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Shi ɗan ƙabilar da ke magana da Harshen Zarma ne, Idé ya bar gidansa a Niamey, Nijar, don nazarin gudanar da gwamnati a Faransa, ya samu digiri daga Sorbonne (*Jami'ar Paris I*) da kuma Institut international d'administration publique a Paris, yana aiki a matsayin jami'i a Gwamnatin Nijar da kuma ƙungiyoyin duniya. Idé ya wallafa kundin waƙoƙinsa na farko, Cri Inachivé (The Unfinished Cry) a shekara ta 1984, da kuma littafinsa na farko a shekarar 1987. Ya wallafa a harshen Faransanci da Zarma. Idé ya lashe lambar yabo ta farko ta waka ta Nijar (Prix national de Poésie) a 1981 da kuma Grand Prix Littéraire Boubou Hama du Niger a 1996. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba a ɓangaren alkalanci na Grand prix littéraire d'Afrique noire a 1991 kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta Chevalier de l'Ordre du Mérite ("Knight of the Order of Merit") na Nijar. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban "Societé des Gens de Lettres du Niger" da kuma 3rd African Forum of Documentary Film (Niamey, 2008.)

## Ayyuka
*Tous les blues ne donnent pas le cafard  (*Not All Blues Make You Depressed*),  Novel,  Editions La Cheminante, Ciboure, 2009  
*Misères et grandeurs ordinaires  (*Miseries and Glories of Regular People*), Novel, Editions La Cheminante, Hendaye, 2008 
*Chants de mer pour un fils malade,  (*Sea Shanties for a Sick Child*) Poems, Editions Nathan-Adamou, Niamey, 2006
*Ay ne hân J'ai dit que...,  (*So I Said...*) Short fiction, (Edited collection, Zarma language), Editions Albasa, Niamey, 2004
*Wa sappe ay se ! Votez pour moi !  (*Vote For Me!*) Short fiction, (Zarma language), Editions Albasa, Niamey, 2003  
*Talibo, un enfant du quartier (*Talibo, a Neighborhood Child*), Novel, Editions L'Harmattan, Paris, 1996 
*Sur les terres de silence (*On the Lands of Silence*), Poems, Editions L'Harmattan, Paris, 1994  
*La Camisole de paille (*The Straw Camisole*), Novel, Imprimerie Nationale du Niger [INN], Niamey, 1987 
*Cri inachevé (*The Unfinished Cry*, French/Zarma), Poems, Imprimerie Nationale du Niger [INN], Niamey, 1984  

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin hadi na Waje
*English language translation of poem "J'ai peur" ("I'm Scared") at the festival de poesia de Medellin (2005).
*Simon Gikandi. "Adamou Idé". Encyclopedia of African literature. Taylor & Francis, 2003  pp.&nbsp;13–14.
* Amadou Ide, écrivain nigérien. Raliou Hamed-Assaleh, Radio France Internationale.  30 January 2010.
*"Tous les blues ne donnent pas le cafard" le nouveau livre de Adamou Idé.  Fofo Magazine (Niamey).  8 September 2009.
Matsayi na asali

A cikin ilimin ƙasa da ilimin ƙasa **matakin tushe** shine ƙananan iyaka don Matsayi na tsaye na Tsarin rushewa. John Wesley Powell ne ya gabatar da kalmar zamani a cikin shekara ta 1875.  William Morris Davis ne ya karɓi kalmar daga baya wanda ya yi amfani da ita a cikin sake zagayowar ka'idar lalacewa. "Mataki na ƙarshe" shine farfajiyar da ke haifar da tsinkaye na matakin teku a ƙarƙashin ƙasa (geoid).  A wannan matakin tushe ne Yanayin ƙasa ke kusanci saboda rushewa, a ƙarshe yana samar da fili kusa da ƙarshen sake zagayowar rushewa.

Har ila yau, akwai ƙananan matakan tushe na tsarin inda duwatsu masu tsayayya ke jinkirta rushewa. wannan sun haɗa da yankunan karst da ke ƙarƙashin dutse marar narkewa. Matakan tushe na iya zama na gida lokacin da manyan wuraren ƙasa ke nesa da teku ko kuma an cire su daga ciki, kamar yadda yake ga wuraren endorheic. Misali na wannan shine rikicin salinity na Messinian, wanda Tekun Bahar Rum ya bushe yana sa matakin tushe ya faɗi fiye da 1000 m a ƙasa da matakin teku..

Tsawon matakin tushe kuma yana tasiri ga matsayin Deltas da kogin kogin. Tare da zubar da kogi da yaduwar laka matsayi na matakin tushe yana tasiri ga gradient, faɗin da yanayin gado a cikin koguna. Raguwar dangi a matakin tushe na iya haifar da sake daidaitawa a cikin Bayanan kogin ciki har da ƙaurawar knickpoint da watsar da terraces da ke barin su "hanging". An kuma san faɗuwar matakin tushe don haifar da ci gaba da deltas da kuma kogi a tabkuna ko teku. Idan matakin tushe ya faɗi ƙasa da shelf na nahiyar, koguna na iya samar da fili na koguna masu laushi har sai rushewar kai ta shiga cikin ƙasa daga shelfbreak.

Lokacin da matakan tushe suka kasance masu ɗorewa ko koguna masu tasowa na iya kara muni. Matsayi masu tasowa na iya nutsar da ƙananan koguna da ke haifar da Marias. Wannan ya faru a cikin Nilu a lokacin ambaliyar Zanclean lokacin da ƙananan hanyarsa ta zama, a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, babban bakin teku wanda ya kai har zuwa kilomita 900 daga cikin ƙasa daga gabar Bahar Rum.&nbsp;

Canjin matakin tushe na iya danganta da dalilai masu zuwa:

# Canjin matakin teku
# Motsi na tectonic
# Kama kogin
# Yaduwar yaduwar ruwa 

## Manazarta
Lycée La Fontaine (Nijar)

**Makarantar Lycée La Fontaine** a Niamey, Nijar, makarantar kasa da kasa ce da ake koyarwa a harshen Faransanci haka-zalika tana haɗe da Ofishin Jakadancin Faransa. 

## Tarihi
### Kafawa
An kafa ta a shekarar 1962. A shekara ta 2021 tana da wasu dalibai 876 (kashi 32% daga Faransa, 68% na cikin gida da wasu sauran ƙasashe) da malamai 56.

### Gudanarwa
Hukumar Ilimi ta Faransa (AEFE) ce ke gudanar da an Makarantar kai tsaye, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnatin Faransa.

Makarantar tana ɗaukar ɗalibai daga firamare har zuwa na sakandare.

## Dubi kuma
* Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka a Niamey

## Manazarta

## Adireshin Waje
* Lycée Français La Fontaine 
* Agence pour l'enseignement français à l'étranger  (in French)
* French embassy in Niger
Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka a Niamey

**Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka ta [[Niamey]]** wata makarantar kasa da kasa ce ta Amurka da ke birnin Niamey, Nijar. Tana koyarwa tun daga ajin reno (nursery) har zuwa matakin sakandare. An kafa makarantar a shekarar 1982.

## Dubi kuma
* Makarantar Faransanci ta a Nijar

## Manazarta

## Adireshin Waje
* American International School of Niamey
*
Biopitting

**Biopitting** wani abu ne na ilimin ƙasa wanda ke faruwa lokacin da aka halicci ƙananan ramuka a cikin dutse sakamakon lalacewar halittu da ke haifar da kwayoyin halitta daban-daban da / ko microorganisms (alal misali, fungi, ƙwayoyin cuta, algae, lichens). Wannan sabon abu yana faruwa ne lokacin da kwayoyin suka girma a kan ko kusa da saman duwatsu.

## Magana
The terms *biopit* and *biopitting* were introduced in 1981 to describe biologically induced decay phenomena. The terms have since been adopted by other authors to describe similar occurrences.&#x5B;&#x5D;

## Tsarin jiki
Biopits ana rarraba su bisa ga asalin, siffar (ba daidai ba, zagaye, ovoid), girman farfajiyar (3 mm zuwa 15 mm), da zurfin (range 1 zuwa 5 mm). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Halitta ta hanyar kwayoyin fungal yana faruwa ta hanyar shiga cikin dutse ba tare da aikin da ya gabata ta wasu kwayoyin ba ko lalacewar physicochemical. Sakamakon tsarin lalacewar halittu yana faruwa a matakai da yawa.

# Mataki na Prepenetration - Kwayoyin fungal sun kai ga substratum, inda aka haɓaka appressoria (organs na haɗewa da sha).
# Mataki na shiga - Ƙananan hyphae suna shimfiɗa daga kwayoyin fungal zuwa cikin ɓangaren ciki na dutse.
# *Mataki na bayan shiga* - Hypha na shiga yana bin fissures da ramuka na dutse don isa ga ramuka da ramuka. A wannan matakin, sabbin yankuna sun fara bunkasa a lokacin da ake kira matakin bayan shiga. Daga baya, yankuna na ciki sun fadada zuwa girma fiye da yankuna masu ganuwa.

Bayan haɗin kai na farko da girma, ƙaruwa da matsin turgor daga fadada hyphae na iya inganta raguwar lu'ulu'u na dutse, wanda a ƙarshe zai faɗi daga babban dutse. Wadannan abubuwan suna faruwa a cikin hanyar ci gaba, suna haifar da ci gaba da sake zagayowar shiga-decohesion-material loss kuma a ƙarshe suna haifar da bayyanar ramuka da yawa a cikin dutse.

Tunda kwayoyin halitta daban-daban suna girma a hanyoyi daban-daban, kuma a cikin nau'ikan alamu na girma, nau'in da siffar biopits da suka haifar sau da yawa sun dace da ƙwayoyin fungal da ke cikin dutse.

## Manazarta
Walter E. Baethgen

Walter E. Baethgen (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 1955) masani ne ɗan ƙasar Uruguay. Binciken nasa ya mayar da hankali kan tasirin sauyin yanayi da sauyin yanayi kan masana'antar noma.

A halin yanzu Baethgen babban Masanin Kimiyya ne na Bincike kuma Daraktan riko na Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi da Al'umma (IRI) na Makarantar Yanayi ta Jami'ar Columbia kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Cibiyar Binciken Aikin Noma ta Kasa (INIA) na Uruguay.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Walter Enrique Baethgen a Montevideo, Uruguay ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 1955.

## Ilimi da kuma aiki
Baethgen ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Jamhuriyar a 1979, tare da digiri na Kimiyya a Injiniyan Aikin Noma. Ba da da ewa bayan kammala karatunsa, ya yi aiki a kan Soil and Crop Management a INIA, La Estanzuela a Colonia, Uruguay.

A cikin 1982, Baethgen ya yi hijira zuwa ƙasarsa don neman digiri na M.Sc. da kuma Ph.D a fannin Kimiyyar Muhalli da amfanin gona a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Virginia Polytechnic da Jami'ar Jiha a cikin Amurka ta Amurka. A lokacin da yake a Virginia Tech, ya mayar da hankali kan bincikensa kan kula da ƙasa da amfanin gona, amfanin ƙasa da sinadarai na ƙasa. Ph.D. takardar ta mayar da hankali kan samar da wani samfurin hadi wanda ya goyi bayan yanke shawara don inganta aikin takin nitrogen a cikin alkama, wanda ke da tasiri mai mahimmanci wajen kare muhalli da inganta ingantaccen albarkatu ta hanyar samun albarkatu masu yawa, inganta farashi da rage haɗarin gurɓataccen ruwa, da kuma inganta ƙarfin da manoma zasu iya daidaitawa ga sauyin yanayi da sauyin yanayi.

Daga 1987 zuwa 2004, Baethgen ya ɗauki matsayin Babban Masanin Kimiyya a Sashen Bincike da Ci Gaba na Cibiyar Ci Gaban Taki ta Duniya (IFDC). A cikin wannan matsayi, ya kasance mai kula da tsarawa, kafawa da gudanar da bincike da ayyukan ci gaba na kasa da kasa game da amfanin gona da amfanin gona da makiyaya ta hanyar yin aiki a kan tsarin tallafin yanke shawara ga fannin noma. Daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan ya yi aiki a cikin nau'ikan kwaikwaiyo na amfanin gona, tsarin tallafi na yanke shawara, sauyin yanayi da sauyi, da sarrafa carbon a aikin gona da gandun daji. Yayin da yake a IFDC Baethgen ya yi aiki a cikin wani shirin bincike da Hukumar Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tallafa don inganta dabarun taki don dorewar aikin noma da kare muhalli a matsayin mai kula da yankin na shirin na Latin Amurka. A lokaci guda ya yi aiki a matsayin Masanin Kimiyya a cikin aikin farko wanda ya mayar da hankali kan sauyin yanayi da wadatar abinci a duniya a 1988-1989, wanda NASA da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka suka tallafa.

## Manazarta
Wanene

**WH**, **W.H.**, ko wh na iya nufin:wane

 

## Fasaha da nishaɗi

* Mista W.H., wani sadaukarwa mai ban mamaki a cikin Shakespeare's sonnets
* Whitney Houston (1963-2012), mawaƙan Amurka

## Harshe

* wh (digraph) , a lokacin, da dai sauransu. Muryar murya-velar approximant, sautin da aka yi amfani da shi don abin da ke sama *lokacin da* aka furta shi daban daga w Furma'anar Turanci
** Mai kusanci na labio-velar mara murya, sautin da aka yi amfani da shi don abin da ke sama lokacin da aka furta shi daban daga *w*
** Yadda ake furta Turanci
* wh-W-kalma, sunan kalma ce ta tambaya kamar *inda* da kuma lokacin*lokacin da*
* motsi na wh, wani abu mai ban sha'awa wanda ya shafi irin waɗannan kalmomi
* tambaya, tambaya da aka kafa ta amfani da irin waɗannan kalmomi

## Wuraren da aka yi

* County Westmeath, Ireland, lambar rajistar mota
* Fadar White House, Amurka, gidan hukuma da wurin aiki na shugaban Amurka, kuma sunan shugaban kasa da / ko ofishinsa / su

## Sauran amfani

* Watt-hour, na'urar makamashi
* China Northwest Airlines, lambar jirgin sama ta IATA
* Makarantar Wardlaw-Hartridge, W-H
* Wyndham Hotels &amp;amp; Resorts, alamar hannun jari ta NYSE
* WH Group, kamfanin sarrafa nama da abinci na kasar Sin
* WH, sunan da ake kira Whitehead torpedoes
Karuwanci a Habasha

**[[karuwanci]] a Habasha** doka ce,  kuma ya yadu.  Samun (gidajen karuwai da ke aiki, cin gajiyar karuwanci, da dai sauransu) ba bisa ka'ida ba ne bisa ga Mataki na 634 na Dokar Shari'a ta Habasha, kamar yadda aka sake sabuntawa Mayu 2005,  duk da haka waɗannan dokoki ba a aiwatar da su sosai. Wasu suna jin cewa ya ba da gudummawa ga karuwar Cutar kanjamau. UNAIDS ta kiyasta cewa akwai karuwanci sama da 19,000 a cikin manyan birane.

Habasha ta zama magnet don yawon shakatawa na jima'i,    ciki har da yawon shakata na jima'in yara.

A cikin 2015, marubucin rubutun Habasha kuma darektan fim, Hermon Hailay, ya ba da umarnin fim din Price of Love, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar abubuwan da ta samu ta girma kusa da karuwai.

## Cinikin jima'i
Habasha ita ce tushen kuma, zuwa ƙarami, ƙasa mai zuwa da ƙasa mai wucewa ga mata da yara da ke fuskantar fataucin jima'i. Saudi Arabia ta kasance babbar manufa ga baƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba; an ruwaito, sama da Habashawa 400,000 suna zaune a can. Jami'an Saudiyya suna fitar da Habashawa a kai a kai a cikin adadi mai yawa, kuma da yawa daga cikin wadanda aka kwashe sun ba da rahoton lokuta na cin zarafin jima'i. Matan Habasha da ke ƙaura don aiki ko gudu daga masu cin zarafi a Gabas ta Tsakiya suma suna da haɗari ga fataucin jima'i. Wata kungiya ta kasa da kasa ta tantance cewa yawancin masu fataucin mutane ƙananan masu aiki ne na cikin gida, galibi daga al'ummomin wadanda abin ya shafa, amma kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka da aka tsara da kyau suma suna da alhakin baƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba da ke fuskantar fataucin. Masu daukar ma'aikata suna niyya ga matasa daga manyan yankunan karkara na Habasha tare da alkawuran rayuwa mafi kyau. Kodayake rahotanni sun kasance ba labari ba, mummunan fari a cikin 2015-2016 na iya haifar da karuwar fataucin cikin gida. 'Yan mata daga yankunan karkara na Habasha suna cin zarafin Jima'i na kasuwanci a cikin kasar. Babban kasuwar Addis Ababa shine shafin yanar gizo na gidajen karuwai da yawa, inda ake amfani da wasu 'yan mata a cikin jima'i na kasuwanci. Ana amfani da 'yan matan Habasha a cikin jima'i na kasuwanci a kasashe makwabta na Afirka, musamman Sudan. Yawon shakatawa na jima'i na yara ya ci gaba da zama matsala a manyan cibiyoyin, gami da Addis Ababa, Bahir Dar, Hawassa, da Bishoftu; rahotanni sun nuna mafi yawan masu aikata laifuka na Habasha, gami na mambobin Diaspora, tare da sanannun hanyoyin haɗi zuwa otal-otal na gida, dillalai, da direbobin taksi.

A cikin 2016, jami'an shari'a na tarayya da na yanki sun binciki shari'o'in fataucin mutane 1,392 kuma sun yanke wa masu fataucin fataucir mutane 640 hukunci a karkashin dokar yaki da fataucin jama'a ta 2015, karuwa mai yawa daga tuhume-tuhumen 69 a cikin 2015.

Ofishin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka don Kulawa da Yaki da Cin Hanci da Kasuwanci a cikin Mutane ya sanya Habasha a matsayin ƙasar 'Tier 2'.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Karatun Carbon

Karatun Carbon shine wayar da kan sauyin yanayi da tasirin yanayi na ayyukan yau da kullun na ɗan adam. An yi amfani da kalmar a wurare daban-daban a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya da kuma yin amfani da yau da kullum (duba Bincike), amma an fi danganta shi da The Carbon Literacy Project (CLP).

## Ma'anarsa
Don bambance tsakanin amfani da jimlar a cikin ma'anarta ta zahiri ('karanta ilimin carbon') (misali), da kuma amfani da ita a ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun ma'anar (Carbon Literacy), jimlar tana da girma (misali).

## Aikin Karatun Carbon (CLP)
Kalmar Carbon Literacy an yi amfani da ita ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a lokuta da yawa a baya,  amma ya fara samun shahara a cikin 2009 lokacin da ya bayyana a cikin ci gaban shirin aiwatar da sauyin yanayi na Manchester, Manchester: Tabbatacciyar makoma.

Wannan shirin da ɗan ƙasa ya rubuta ya yi alkawarin yanki na biyu mafi girma na Biritaniya zuwa:

Rage hayakin carbon dioxide a birnin Manchester da kashi 41 cikin 100 nan da 2020, daga matakan 2005.

Don shigar da kowane ɗaiɗaikun mutane, unguwanni da ƙungiyoyi a cikin Manchester a cikin tsarin canjin al'adu wanda ke haɗa 'tunanin ƙarancin carbon' cikin salon rayuwa da ayyukan birni.

Don haka shirin ya yi nufin (i) rage hayaki ta hanyar rage buƙatu da amfani da makamashi; canza fasahohin da ake amfani da su don samar da makamashi; da kuma canza tushen albarkatun mai da ake amfani da su daga burbushin mai zuwa abubuwan sabuntawa; da (ii) haifar da 'ƙananan al'adun carbon' ta hanyar gina fahimtar guda ɗaya game da musabbabi da abubuwan da ke haifar da sauyin yanayi, da haɓaka shirye-shirye na 'karamin carbon'.

A matsayin tsarin da aka rubuta tare da mallakarsa, kowane ɗan ƙasa ko ƙungiya zai iya ba da amsa don taimakawa wajen isar da manufofi da manufofin, duk da haka ya ɗauki har zuwa 2010 kafin wata ƙungiyar zamantakewar zamantakewar zamantakewar da ke zaune a Manchester ta CIC ta ɗauki ƙalubalen isar da manufar Karatun Carbon: "... kowane mazaunin, almajiri, ɗalibi da ma'aikaci [a cikin birni] zai sami horo a ƙalla sau ɗaya kwana ɗaya. 2020.

## Manazarta
Wadannan

**Wadannan** na iya nufin:wadannan

* jam'i mai nunawa a cikin Turanci
* Wadannan, bambancin Helenanci Theseus a cikin tatsuniyoyin Etruscan
* Thèse, kalmar Faransanci don rubutun ilimi ko rubutun
Jerin lokutan zargi

Tsarin lokaci na ƙin yarda shine nazarin juyin halitta na dogon lokaci na yanayin ƙasa da aka gani a matsayin jerin. Tsarin lokaci na denudation yana kewaye da abubuwan da suka faru na lalacewar wuri, wanda aka fi sani da denudation. Tsarin tsarin rushewa shine hanyar da aka saba amfani da ita don kafa jerin lokuta.

## Manazarta
Sanarwa da Alƙawarin kawo ƙarshen cin zarafi a cikin rikici

**Sanarwar sadaukar da kai don kawo karshen cin zarafin jima'i** a cikin rikici wani shiri ne na kasa da kasa da nufin kawar da amfani da lalata a matsayin makamin yaki. An ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2013, a yayin taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya karo na 68, sanarwar ta sami amincewa daga ƙasashe 122.

## Fage da makasudi
An dade ana amfani da cin zarafin jima'i a yankunan da ake fama da rikici don tsoratar da jama'a, wargaza al'ummomi, da ci gaba da tashin hankali. Sanarwar ta ce irin wadannan ayyuka ba su ne makawa sakamakon yaki ba amma laifuka ne da za a iya karewa da ke bukatar daukar matakin hadin gwiwa na kasa da kasa. Yana kira da a kawar da hukunci ga masu laifi kuma yana jaddada buƙatar cikakken tallafi ga waɗanda suka tsira.

## Mabuɗin alkawurra
Masu rattaba hannu kan sanarwar sun yi alkawarin:

•**Ƙarshen rashin hukunci**: Tabbatar da cewa masu aikata ta'addanci a cikin rikice-rikice suna da alhakin, ba tare da yin afuwa a cikin yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ba.

•**Ƙarfafa tsarin shari'a**: Haɓaka dokokin ƙasa da na duniya don hukunta cin zarafin jima'i yadda ya kamata.

•**Taimakawa waɗanda suka tsira**: Ba da cikakkiyar kulawa, gami da taimakon likita, tunani, da na shari'a, ga waɗanda abin ya shafa.

•**Haɓaka daidaiton jinsi**: Haɓaka shigar mata cikin hanyoyin zaman lafiya da matakin yanke shawara don magance tushen musabbabin cin zarafin mata.

Inganta takardu: Haɓaka da aiwatar da ka'idojin ƙasa da ƙasa don tattara bayanai da bincike kan cin zarafin jima'i a cikin rikice-rikice.

## Aiwatar da ci gaba
Gina kan sanarwar, taron koli na duniya don kawo karshen cin zarafin jima'i a cikin rikice-rikice an gudanar da shi a London a watan Yuni 2014. Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Birtaniya William Hague da jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Angelina Jolie suka shirya tare, taron ya tattara fiye da kasashe 120, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da yawa, da masana don tattauna dabaru da raba mafi kyawun ayyuka.

Taron ya haifar da amincewa da Bayanin Aiki, ƙarfafa alkawuran hanawa da kuma mayar da martani ga cin zarafin jima'i a cikin rikice-rikice. Har ila yau, ta jaddada mahimmancin hanyoyin da suka shafi tsira da kuma haɗa ra'ayoyin jinsi a cikin ƙoƙarin zaman lafiya da tsaro.

## Kalubale da ƙoƙarin ci gaba
Duk da waɗannan yunƙurin, cin zarafi na jima'i a cikin rikice-rikice ya kasance batu mai yaduwa. Rahoton Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2024 ya nuna karuwar kashi 50 cikin 100 na adadin da aka tabbatar na cin zarafin jima'i da ke da alaka da rikice-rikice, wanda ya nuna cewa akwai sauran aiki da yawa a yi.

## Manazarta
Gishiri mai ƙanƙara

Glacial buzzsaw wani ra'ayi ne wanda ke da'awar rushewa ta hanyar kankara mai zafi shine mabuɗin iyakance tsawo na duwatsu sama da wasu ƙofar tsawo. Ga wannan ra'ayi ya kara da cewa manyan tsaunuka suna daidaitawa zuwa tsawo na layin daidaitawa (ELA), wanda zai yi aiki a matsayin "matakin yanayi". Farawa daga ra'ayi an yi hasashen cewa yanayin yankin yana ƙuntata matsakaicin tsawo da tsaunuka zasu iya kaiwa ta hanyar tasirin tasowa na dakarun tectonic. Ya biyo bayan cewa kamar yadda yanayin yankin ya fi sanyi a mafi girman latitudes tsaunuka sun fi ƙasa idan aka kwatanta da wurare masu zafi inda glaciation yake kuma ya fi iyakancewa. Hanyar da ke bayan tasirin buzzsaw na kankara zai zama rushewar ƙananan kankara waɗanda galibi ba su iya rushewa sosai a ƙasa da tsawo na layin daidaitawa tunda ba su kai waɗannan tsawo ba saboda karuwar ablation. Maimakon haka, manyan kwarin kankara na iya wucewa cikin sauƙi da tsawo na layin daidaitawa sabili da haka ba sa ba da gudummawa ga tasirin buzzsaw na kankara. An ce wannan lamari ne na filayen kankara na Patagonian inda rashin tasirin buzzsaw ke haifar da saurin tasowa.

Duwatsun da aka ba da shawarar su kasance ƙarƙashin tasirin buzzsaw sun haɗa da duwatsun kudu maso gabashin Alaska, Teton Range na Wyoming da Dauphiné Alps na Faransa. Marubutan kamar Egholm da abokan aiki sun yi iƙirarin cewa tasirin buzzsaw na kankara na iya bayyana tsaunuka a duk faɗin duniya. Wasu daga cikin tsaunuka masu tsawo da ke fuskantar mafi girman hauhawar su ne waɗanda aka watsar da tasirin buzzsaw na glacial.

An soki manufar, kamar yadda auna yawan lalacewar ƙasa a cikin Pyrenees ba ya nuna babban motsi zuwa kowane matakin. A cikin yanayin Norway an ba da shawarar cewa an tsara farfajiyar farfaji ta hanyar tasirin glacial buzzsaw. Koyaya wannan shawarar tana da wuyar sulhunta da gaskiyar cewa farfajiyar paleic ta ƙunshi jerin matakai a matakai daban-daban. Ƙarin cirques na glacial, wanda a cikin ra'ayi na buzzsaw yana ba da gudummawa don yin la'akari da wuri mai faɗi, ba su da alaƙa da kowane matakin paleosurface na saman dutse, kuma ELA na zamani ko Last Glacial Maximum ELA ya dace da kowane matakin da aka ba shi na farfajiyar paleic. filayen da ke da tsawo na Yammacin Greenland ma ba su da alaƙa da wani tasirin buzzsaw.

## Bayanan da ke ƙasa

## Manazarta
Ƙasar da ke da matukar lalacewa

A cikin manufofin aikin gona na Amurka, ƙasa mai ƙyalli (HEL) tana nufin ƙasar da ke da saurin zazzaɓi, gami da filayen da ke da aƙalla 1/3 ko 50 acres (200,000 m2) na ƙasa tare da yuwuwar zaizayar ƙasa na aƙalla sau 8 ƙimar T. Kimanin kadada miliyan 101 (410,000 km2) na filayen noma sun dace da wannan ma'anar HEL, bisa ga Inventory albarkatun ƙasa na 1997. Gonakin da ke noman ƙasa mai ƙyalli da ƙaƙƙarfan kwangilolin samar da kayayyaki dole ne su kasance cikin bin tsarin kiyayewa wanda ke kare wannan ƙasar noman.

## Manazarta
Ayyukan ruwa

Ayyukan hydraulic, mafi yawanci, shine ikon motsa ruwa (gudu ko raƙuman ruwa) don fitarwa da jigilar barbashi na dutse. Wannan ya haɗa da wasu takamaiman matakai na rushewa, gami da Abrasion, a sauƙaƙe rushewa mai sauƙi, kamar rushewar tsaye inda ruwa ke fitar da gishiri kuma yana iyo daga kayan kwayoyin halitta daga abubuwan da ba a haɗa su ba, kuma daga rushewar sinadarai galibi ana kiranta yanayin sinadarai. Tsarin inji ne, wanda ruwan da ke motsawa ke gudana a kan bankunan da kuma gado na kogi, don haka yana cire barbashi na dutse. Misali na farko na aikin hydraulic shine raƙuman ruwa da ke buga fuskar dutse wanda ke matse iska a cikin fashewar duwatsu. Wannan yana matsa lamba a kan dutsen da ke kewaye da shi wanda zai iya ci gaba da fashewa, fashewa da rarraba ƙwayoyin dutse. Wannan ya biyo bayan raguwar iska yayin da raƙuman ruwa suka koma baya wanda zai iya Yaduwa ba zato ba tsammani tare da ƙarfin fashewa wanda kuma ya raunana dutsen. Ana fadada fashewa a hankali don haka kowane guguwa yana matsa ƙarin iska, yana ƙara ƙarfin fashewa na sakin sa. Don haka, tasirin yana ƙaruwa a cikin tsarin 'ra'ayi mai kyau'. Bayan lokaci, yayin da tsagewa na iya girma wani lokacin suna samar da kogon teku. Kashewar da suka fadi suna haifar da ƙarin nau'ikan lalacewa guda biyu, abrasion (sandpapering) da raguwa. A cikin corrasion, ana jefa sabbin ɓangarorin da aka kafa a kan fuskar dutse. Rashin ƙarfi irin wannan sakamako ne wanda ya haifar da barbashi bayan sun faɗi cikin teku inda aka ci gaba da aikin raƙuman ruwa. A yankunan bakin teku aikin ruwa na ruwa sau da yawa shine mafi mahimmancin nau'in rushewa.

Hakazalika, inda aikin hydraulic ya isa ya saki laka tare da gado na rafi da bankunan sa; wannan zai ɗauki duwatsu da barbashi daga bankunan da gado na kogin kuma ƙara wannan ga nauyin rafi. Wannan tsari shine sakamakon rikice-rikice tsakanin ruwa mai motsi da gado mai laushi da bankunan. Wannan rikici yana ƙaruwa tare da saurin ruwa kuma da zarar an saki ƙananan barbashi ana riƙe su a cikin dakatarwa ta hanyar ƙarfin ruwa mai gudana, waɗannan barbashi da aka dakatar na iya share bangarorin da ƙasan rafin. Ayyukan tsaftacewa suna samar da alamomi na musamman a kan gadajen rafi kamar alamun ripple, fluting, da alamun crescent. Ana cire manyan barbashi har ma da manyan duwatsu (ja) tare da kasa a cikin wani tsari da aka sani da *traction* wanda ke haifar da raguwa, kuma galibi ana "buɗewa" tare da wani tsari da ake kira saltation inda ƙarfin ruwa na ɗan lokaci ke ɗaga barbashi na dutse wanda sa'an nan ya fadi cikin gado yana fitar da wasu barbashi.

Ayyukan ruwa kuma yana faruwa yayin da rafi ya rushe a kan faduwar ruwa don ya fadi a kan duwatsu da ke ƙasa. Yawancin lokaci yana haifar da samar da tafkin nutsewa a ƙarƙashin faduwar ruwa saboda wani bangare na lalata daga nauyin rafin, amma mafi yawa ga aikin tsaftacewa yayin da vortices ke cikin ruwa yayin da yake tserewa daga ruwa. Ayyukan ruwa na iya haifar da rushewar koguna tunda akwai kumfa na ruwa wanda ke shiga bankunan kuma ya rushe su lokacin da suka fadada.

## Manazarta
Yanayi da kuzari

A cikin karni na 21, yanayin duniya da manufofinta na makamashi suna yin mu'amala kuma ana nazari da gudanar da dangantakarsu ta hanyar cibiyoyi daban-daban na kasa da kasa.

Dangantakar da ke tsakanin raguwar albarkatun makamashi, canjin yanayi, albarkatun kiwon lafiya da muhalli, da tasirin da suke da shi a kan juna, sun kasance ƙarƙashin binciken kimiyya da yawa da ƙoƙarin bincike. Sakamakon haka, yawancin gwamnatoci  suna kallon yanayi da makamashi a matsayin biyu daga cikin muhimman manufofin manufofin karni na ashirin na farko.

Dangantakar da ke tsakanin yanayi da makamashi ta dogara ne kan sanannun alaƙar da ke haifar da haɓakar yawan jama'ar ɗan adam, haɓakar amfani da makamashi da amfani da ƙasa da sakamakon fitar da iskar gas da sauyin yanayi. An haifar da illa ga muhalli tun da farko a lokacin juyin juya halin masana'antu, inda gurbacewar iska ke haifarwa ta hanyar toka da ke fitowa daga masana'antu, haka kuma iskar iskar carbon dioxide da ake fitarwa zuwa sararin samaniya sakamakon konewar kwal.

Damuwa game da kula da sauyin yanayi da raguwa ya haifar da masu tsara manufofi da masana kimiyya don kula da amfani da makamashi da yanayin duniya a matsayin wata hanyar da ba za ta iya rabuwa da ita ba tare da tasirin da ke faruwa a baya[ da ƙirƙirar dabaru daban-daban, cibiyoyi da tankunan tunani don babban matakin kula da alaƙa. Hanyoyi daban-daban waɗanda ke da matsala sosai kuma suna riƙe mu a matsayin al'umma yayin ƙoƙarin daidaita yanayin duniya sun haɗa da haɓaka ingantaccen aiki, manyan hanyoyin lantarki na duniya, injiniyoyin ƙasa, samar da hydrogen, ajiya, da sufuri.

## Manazarta
Kamfanin magani na Lostine

**Lostine Pharmacy**, wanda aka fi sani da **Lostine Tavern**, gini ne na tarihi a Lostine, Oregon . An gina shi a cikin 1900 kuma an jera shi a cikin National Register of Historic Places . 

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin wuraren tarihi na kasa a cikin Wallowa County, Oregon

## Bayanan da aka ambata