Arthur Machen

**Arthur Machen** / / ˈmækən / ko / ˈmæxən / ; 3 Maris 1863 - 15 Disamba 1947)  shine sunan alkalami na **Arthur Llewellyn Jones**, marubucin Welsh kuma masanin sufi na 1890s da farkon. Karni na 20. An fi saninsa da tasiri na allahntaka, fantasy, da almara mai ban tsoro . Littafin littafinsa *[[Babban Allah Pan|The Great God Pan]]* (1890; 1894) ya sami suna a matsayin abin ban tsoro, tare da Stephen King yana kwatanta shi da "Wataƙila mafi kyawun [labari mai ban tsoro] a cikin harshen Ingilishi."  Har ila yau, an san shi da "The Bowmen", wani ɗan gajeren labari wanda aka karanta a matsayin gaskiya, ƙirƙirar almara na Mala'iku na Mons

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Shekarun farko

An haifi Machen Arthur Llewelyn Jones a Caerleon, Monmouthshire . Gidan da aka haife shi, wanda ke gaban Olde Bull Inn a cikin Dandalin a Caerleon, yana kusa da Priory Hotel kuma a yau an yi masa alama da alamar shuɗi na tunawa. Kyakkyawar shimfidar wuri na Monmouthshire (wanda yawanci yakan kira shi da sunan masarautar Welsh na da, Gwent ), tare da ƙungiyoyin Celtic, Roman, da tarihin na da, sun yi tasiri sosai a kansa, kuma ƙaunarsa ta kasance a cikin zuciyar da yawa daga cikin ayyukansa.

Machen ya fito ne daga dogon layin limamai, dangin sun samo asali ne a Carmarthenshire .  A cikin 1864, lokacin da Machen ke da shekaru biyu, mahaifinsa John Edward Jones, ya zama magajin Ikklesiya na Llanddewi Fach tare da Llandegveth, kusan mil biyar arewa da Caerleon, kuma Machen ya girma a wurin rectory.  Jones ya karɓi sunan budurwar matarsa, Machen, don ya gaji gado, a bisa doka ya zama "Jones-Machen"; ɗansa ya yi baftisma a ƙarƙashin wannan sunan kuma daga baya ya yi amfani da gajeriyar fassarar cikakken sunansa, Arthur Machen, a matsayin sunan alƙalami.

Masanin tarihi na yankin Fred Hando ya bibiyi sha'awar Machen game da sihiri zuwa adadin *[[Kalmomin Gida]]* a cikin ɗakin karatu na mahaifinsa, wanda a ciki ya karanta, yana ɗan shekara takwas, labari mai jan hankali kan alchemy . Hando ya ba da labarin sauran karatun Machen na farko:

Lokacin da yake da shekaru goma sha ɗaya, Machen ya shiga Makarantar Cathedral na Hereford, inda ya sami kyakkyawan ilimin gargajiya. Talauci na iyali ya hana zuwa jami'a, kuma an tura Machen zuwa Landan, inda ya yi jarrabawar shiga makarantar likita amma ya kasa shiga. Machen, duk da haka, ya nuna alƙawarin wallafe-wallafen, a cikin 1881 ya buga wani dogon waka "Eleusinia" a kan batun Eleusinian Mysteries . Ya koma Landan, ya rayu cikin talauci, yana ƙoƙarin yin aikin jarida, a matsayin magatakardar wallafe-wallafe, kuma a matsayin mai koyar da yara yayin da yake rubutu da yamma kuma yana tafiya cikin dogon zango a London. A cikin 1884 ya buga aikinsa na biyu, pastiche *The Anatomy of Tobacco*, kuma ya sami aiki tare da mawallafi da mai sayar da littattafai George Redway a matsayin mai ba da labari da editan mujallu. Wannan ya haifar da ƙarin aiki a matsayin mai fassara daga Faransanci, fassara *[[Heptameron]]* na Marguerite de Navarre, *Le Moyen de Parvenir* ( *Fantastic Tales* ) na Béroalde de Verville, da *[[Histoire de ma vie|Memoirs]]* na Casanova .

A cikin 1887, shekarar da mahaifinsa ya mutu,  Machen ya auri Amelia (Amy) Hogg, malamin kiɗan da ba na al'ada ba tare da sha'awar wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ke da abokai na adabi a cikin da'irar bohemian na London. Hogg ya gabatar da Machen ga marubuci kuma mai sihiri AE Waite, wanda zai zama ɗaya daga cikin abokan Machen na kusa. Machen kuma ya sanya sanin wasu ƴan adabi, irin su MP Shiel da Edgar Jepson . Ba da daɗewa ba bayan aurensa, Machen ya fara samun jerin abubuwan gado daga dangin Scotland wanda ya ba shi damar ba da lokaci mai yawa don rubutu. 

## Lalacewar adabi a cikin 1890s
Around 1890 Machen ya fara bugawa a cikin mujallu na wallafe-wallafe, rubuta labarun da suka shafi ayyukan Robert Louis Stevenson, wasu daga cikinsu sunyi amfani da gothic ko jigogi masu ban mamaki . Wannan ya haifar da babbar nasararsa ta farko, *[[Babban Allah Pan|The Great God Pan]]* . John Lane ne ya buga shi a cikin 1894 a cikin Fitattun Mahimman Bayanai, wanda wani bangare ne na haɓakar motsin ɗabi'a na lokacin. An yi Allah wadai da labarin Machen don jima'i da abubuwan ban tsoro kuma saboda haka an sayar da shi sosai, ya shiga bugu na biyu.

Machen na gaba ya samar da *[['Yan izala Uku|The Three Impostors]]*, wani labari wanda ya ƙunshi tatsuniyoyi masu yawa da aka saka, a cikin 1895. Littafin labari da labaran da ke cikinsa daga ƙarshe za a ɗauke su a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ayyukan Machen. Duk da haka, bayan abin kunya da ya shafi Oscar Wilde daga baya a wannan shekarar, haɗin gwiwar Machen tare da ayyukan ban tsoro ya sa ya yi masa wuya ya sami mai wallafa don sababbin ayyuka. Don haka, ko da yake zai rubuta wasu manyan ayyukansa a cikin ƴan shekaru masu zuwa, wasu an buga su da yawa daga baya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da *[[Tudun Mafarki]]*, *Hieroglyphics*, *Rushewar Rayuwa*, labarin " Farin Mutane ", da labarun da suka haɗa da *Kayan Ado a Jade*.

## Bakin ciki da aiki: 1899-1910
A shekara ta 1899, matar Machen Amy ta mutu sakamakon ciwon daji bayan doguwar jinya. Wannan ya yi mummunan tasiri a kan Machen. Sai kawai a hankali ya murmure daga asararsa a cikin shekara mai zuwa, wani bangare ta hanyar abokantakarsa da AE Waite . Ta hanyar tasirin Waite ne Machen ya shiga a wannan lokacin Dokar Hermetic na Golden Dawn, kodayake sha'awar Machen ga kungiyar ba ta dawwama ko zurfi sosai. 

Machen dai ya kara samun murmurewa ne sakamakon canjin sana'a da ya yi ba zato ba tsammani, inda ya zama dan wasa a shekarar 1901 kuma memba a kamfanin Frank Benson na 'yan wasa masu balaguro, sana'ar da ta zagaya kasar.

Wannan ya jagoranci a cikin 1903 zuwa aure na biyu, zuwa Dorothie Purefoy Hudleston, wanda ya kawo farin ciki da Machen. Machen ya sami nasarar samun mawallafi a cikin 1902 don aikin da ya rubuta a baya *Hieroglyphics*, nazarin yanayin wallafe-wallafen, wanda ya kammala cewa wallafe-wallafen gaskiya dole ne su nuna "cstasy". A cikin 1906 aikin adabin Machen ya fara bunƙasa sau ɗaya yayin da littafin *The House of Souls* ya tattara manyan ayyukansa na 90ties kuma ya kawo su ga sababbin masu sauraro. Ya kuma buga wani aikin satirical, *Dr Stiggins: Ra'ayinsa da Ka'idodinsa*, gabaɗaya ya ɗauki ɗayan ayyukansa mafi rauni. 

Machen kuma a wannan lokacin yana binciken Kiristanci na Celtic, Grail mai tsarki da kuma Sarki Arthur . Buga ra'ayinsa a cikin *The Academy* of Lord Alfred Douglas, wanda ya rubuta akai-akai, Machen ya kammala da cewa tatsuniyoyi na Grail a zahiri sun dogara ne akan abubuwan tunawa da abubuwan da suka faru na Cocin Celtic. Wadannan ra'ayoyin kuma sun fito da karfi a cikin littafin *The Secret Glory* wanda ya rubuta a wannan lokacin, yana nuna alamar amfani da farko a cikin almara na ra'ayin da Grail ya tsira zuwa zamanin yau a wasu nau'i, ra'ayin da aka yi amfani da shi sosai tun daga lokacin, kamar yadda Charles Williams ya yi. *Yaƙi a Sama* ), 

Dan Brown ( *[[Da Vinci Code|The Da Vinci Code]]* ) da George Lucas ( *[[Indiana Jones da Ƙarshe na Ƙarshe]]* ). A cikin 1907, *[[Tudun Mafarki|The Hill of Dreams]]*, wanda aka yi la'akari da shi a matsayin mashahuriyar Machen, an buga shi a ƙarshe, kodayake ba a san shi da yawa ba a lokacin. 

## Manazarta