Patricia Bath

**Patricia Era Bath** (4 ga Nuwamba, 1942 &#x2013; 30 ga Mayu, 2019) ƙwararren likitan ido ne na Amurka kuma mai taimakon jama'a. Ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama memba a Cibiyar Ido ta Jules Stein, mace ta farko da ta jagoranci shirin digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin ido, kuma mace ta farko da aka zaɓa a matsayin ma'aikatan girmamawa na Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta UCLA . Bath ita ce Baƙar fata ta farko da ta yi aiki a matsayin mazaunin likitan ido a Jami'ar New York . Ita ce kuma mace ta farko 'yar Afirka-Amurka da ta yi aiki a matsayin likitan tiyata a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta UCLA. Bath ita ce likita mace 'yar Afirka-Amurka ta farko da ta sami takardar izinin mallaka don manufar likita.  Tana da haƙƙin mallaka guda biyar,  ta kafa Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Amurka mai zaman kanta don Rigakafin Makanta a Washington, DC 

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haife ta a shekarar 1942 a Harlem, New York, Patricia Bath 'yar Rupert da Gladys Bath ce.  Mahaifinta baƙo ne daga Trinidad, marubuciyar jarida, ɗan kasuwa mai aikin jirgin ruwa, kuma baƙar fata na farko da ya yi aiki a Subway na New York City a matsayin direban mota .   Mahaifinta ya zaburar da ƙaunarta ga al'adu kuma ya ƙarfafa ta ta bincika al'adu daban-daban.  Mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga bayi 'yan Afirka da kuma 'yan asalin Cherokee .  A tsawon yarinta, iyayenta sau da yawa suna gaya mata cewa "kada ta taɓa biyan abin da bai kai abin da ta fi kyau ba" kuma goyon bayan da suke ba ta na iliminta ya ƙarfafa ta. Mahaifiyarta, tana ƙarfafa burinta da ƙaunarta ga kimiyya, ta sayi saitin sinadarai na farko. Lokacin da ta kai makarantar sakandare, Bath ta riga ta zama Malamin Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa . Wannan ya sa bincikenta na cutar kansa ya sami fitowa a shafin farko a cikin ''jaridar New York Times'' .   Patricia da ɗan'uwanta sun halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Charles Evans Hughes, inda ɗaliban biyu suka yi fice a kimiyya da lissafi. 

Ta hanyar wahayi daga aikin Albert Schweitzer, wanda ya lashe kyautar zaman lafiya ta Nobel ta Faransa a fannin likitanci,  Bath ta nemi tallafin karatu kuma ta lashe kyautar Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa yayin da take makarantar sakandare; wannan ya kai ta ga wani aikin bincike a Jami'ar Yeshiva da Cibiyar Asibitin Harlem, tana nazarin alaƙa tsakanin cutar kansa, abinci mai gina jiki, da damuwa.   A cikin wannan shirin bazara, wanda Rabbi Moses D. Tendler ya jagoranta, Bath ta yi nazarin tasirin ragowar streptomycin akan ƙwayoyin cuta. Ta hanyar wannan, ta sami damar yanke hukunci cewa cutar kansa da kanta cuta ce mai saurin kamuwa da cuta kuma ci gaban ƙari alama ce ta cutar.   Ta kuma gano lissafin lissafi wanda za a iya amfani da shi don hasashen ci gaban ƙwayoyin cutar kansa.  Shugabar shirin binciken ta fahimci mahimmancin bincikenta kuma ta buga su a cikin wata takarda ta kimiyya.  An kuma raba abubuwan da ta gano a Babban Taro na Biyar na Duniya na Abinci Mai Gina Jiki a kaka ta 1960.

A shekarar 1960, tana da shekaru goma sha takwas, Bath ta lashe kyautar yabo daga mujallar *Mademoiselle* saboda gudummawarta ga aikin. 

Bath ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin sinadarai daga Kwalejin Hunter ta Manhattan a shekarar 1964.  Daga nan ta koma Washington, DC don halartar Kwalejin Likitanci ta Jami'ar Howard .  Shekararta ta farko a Howard ta yi daidai da Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964. Ta haɗu da kafa Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Ƙasa ta Ɗalibai kuma ta zama shugabar ƙungiyar mace ta farko a 1965.   A Howard, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Ofishin Yara don yin bincike a Belgrade, Yugoslavia, a lokacin bazara na 1967, inda bincikenta ya mayar da hankali kan tiyatar yara .  Babban abin da ya faru a bikin bayar da kyautar shi ne ganawar da ta yi da Earl Warren, Babban Alkali na Kotun Koli ta Amurka, a Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka da ke Belgrade. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup> Bath ta kammala karatunta da girmamawa daga Kwalejin Magunguna ta Jami'ar Howard a shekarar 1968.  An ba ta kyautar Edwin Watson don ƙwarewa a fannin ilimin ido ta hannun mai ba ta shawara, Lois A. Young. 

Kisan gillar da aka yi wa [[Martin Luther King|Martin Luther King Jr.]] a shekarar 1968, ya sa Bath ta sadaukar da kanta ga cimma ɗaya daga cikin burin King, wato ƙarfafa mutane ta hanyar Yaƙin Neman Zarafin Jama'a . Ta shirya kuma ta jagoranci ɗaliban likitanci na Jami'ar Howard wajen samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya na sa kai ga Yaƙin Neman Zarafin Jama'a a Birnin Resurrection a lokacin bazara na 1968. 

Bath ta koma al'ummarta ta Harlem kuma ta yi zaman jinya a Cibiyar Asibitin Harlem, wadda ta fara da alaƙa da Kwalejin Likitoci da Likitocin Fiɗa ta Jami'ar Columbia . A lokacin aikinta na horo, ta lura da adadi mai yawa na marasa lafiya makafi a Asibitin Harlem idan aka kwatanta da marasa lafiya a Asibitin Ido na Jami'ar Columbia. Kafin ta fara karatun zama a likitan ido a NYU a shekarar 1970, an ba Bath kyautar shekara ɗaya daga Jami'ar Columbia don yin karatu da ba da gudummawa ga ayyukan kula da ido a Asibitin Harlem. Ta fara tattara bayanai kan makafi da nakasa a Asibitin Harlem, wanda ba shi da likitocin ido a cikin ma'aikata. Bayananta da sha'awarta na inganta lafiya sun sa farfesoshinta daga Columbia su fara yin tiyata ga marasa lafiya makafi, ba tare da caji ba, a Cibiyar Asibitin Harlem.  Bath ta yi alfahari da kasancewa cikin ƙungiyar Columbia da ta yi tiyatar ido ta farko a Asibitin Harlem a watan Nuwamban 1969. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

Bath ta kammala karatunta a fannin likitan ido a Jami'ar New York daga 1970 zuwa 1973, 'yar asalin Afirka ta farko da ta yi hakan.   Ta haifi 'yarta, Eraka, a 1972. 

## Sana'a
Bayan kammala karatunta a Jami'ar New York, Bath ta fara shirin horar da cornea a Jami'ar Columbia, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan dashen cornea da kuma tiyatar keratoprosthesis (1973 zuwa 1974). A lokacin da take ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban, Cibiyar Ido ta UCLA Jules Stein da Jami'ar Charles R. Drew sun ɗauke ta aiki don kafa wani shirin kula da ido a Asibitin Martin Luther King Jr .. Daga nan ta fara aikinta a Los Angeles, inda ta zama mace ta farko da ta fara aikin likitan ido a fannin koyarwa a Cibiyar Ido ta Jules Stein da ke UCLA. Lokacin da aka tambaye ta ko wanene mai ba ta shawara, Bath ta amsa cewa dangantakarta da likitan iyali Cecil Marquez ta zaburar da ita ta ci gaba da wannan aikin.  An naɗa ta mataimakiyar shugabar Shirin Kula da Ophthalmology na King-Drew-UCLA a shekarar 1974 kuma an naɗa ta shugaba a shekarar 1983. 

A makarantun biyu, Bath ta kai matsayin farfesa a fannin mataimaka. A UCLA, ta kafa Shirin Horar da Mataimaka na Ido (OATP) a shekarar 1978. Waɗanda suka kammala karatun OATP suna aiki a matsayin manyan ma'aikata waɗanda ke ba da gwaje-gwaje, ilimin lafiya, da kuma tallafawa dabarun rigakafin makanta.   

A lokacin da take a Cibiyar Ido ta UCLA Jules Stein, Bath ta kafa Shirin Keratoprosthesis don samar da ingantaccen maganin tiyata ga marasa lafiya makafi. Shirin ya ci gaba a yau a matsayin KPRO, kuma dubban marasa lafiya sun sami nasarar dawo da ganinsu ta hanyar wannan sabuwar fasaha. Dangane da bincikenta da nasarorin da ta samu tare da keratoprosthesis, an zaɓi Bath don jagorantar binciken keratoprosthesis na farko na ƙasa a 1983. 

A shekarar 1983, an nada Bath a matsayin Shugabar Shirin Kula da Lafiyar Ido na KING-DREW-UCLA, inda ta zama mace ta farko a Amurka da ta jagoranci shirin kula da lafiyar ido.  

A lokacin da take UCLA, Bath ta so ta ci gaba da bincike amma Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Ƙasa da Cibiyar Ido ta Ƙasa sun hana ta tallafi da albarkatu. A lokacin ne ta yanke shawarar neman mafi kyawun dakunan gwaje-gwaje a duniya, don tallafawa shirye-shiryenta na kirkire-kirkire a duniyar ilimin ido.  A shekarar 1986, Bath ta zaɓi ɗaukar hutu daga nauyin asibiti da gudanarwa ta kuma mai da hankali kan bincike.  Ta yi murabus daga matsayinta na shugabar ilimin ido kuma ta bi diddigin bincikenta a matsayin farfesa mai ziyara a cibiyoyin ƙwarewa a Faransa, Ingila, da Jamus . A Faransa, ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa mai ziyara a Cibiyar Ido ta Rothschild ta Paris tare da Darakta Daniele Aron-Rosa . A Ingila, ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa mai ziyara tare da Farfesa David C. Emmony a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Loughborough . A Jamus, ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa mai ziyara a Jami'ar Free ta Berlin da cibiyar likitanci ta laser.

A shekarar 1993, Bath ta yi ritaya daga UCLA, wadda daga baya ta zaɓe ta mace ta farko a cikin ma'aikatan girmamawarta.  

Bath ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a fannin ido a Makarantar Likitanci ta Jami'ar Howard da kuma farfesa a fannin maganin ido da na ido a Jami'ar St. George   shirin horar da likitan ido.  A matsayinta na mai fafutukar kare lafiyar ido, Bath ta goyi bayan ci gaban dakunan gwaje-gwaje na kama-da-wane a matsayin wani ɓangare na manhajar koyar da shirye-shiryen horar da likitan ido, don samar wa likitocin tiyata ƙarin ƙwarewa ta gaske da ta samu ta hanyar amfani da hoton 3D . A cikin wani labarin da Bath ta rubuta a cikin Mujallar Cataract da Refractive Surgery, ta tabbatar da cewa tare da ingantaccen horo da kulawa a shirye-shiryen zama, ɗalibai sun sami damar cimma sakamako mafi kyau a tiyatar su, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin haske a gani. 

Bath ta yi lacca a ƙasashen duniya kuma ta rubuta takardu sama da 100. 

### Nazarin makanta da kuma likitan ido na al'umma
Bisa ga abin da ta lura a Asibitin Harlem, Bath ta buga takardar kimiyya ta farko da ke nuna yawan makanta a tsakanin Baƙar fata.   Bath ta kuma gano cewa mutanen Baƙar fata 'yan Amurka suna da yawan makanta sau takwas a matsayin sanadin makanta. 

Bisa ga bincikenta, Bath ta fara fannin ilimin ido na al'umma a shekarar 1976.  Bayan lura da yawan makanta da za a iya hanawa a tsakanin al'ummomin da ba su da isassun kayan aiki a birane a Amurka da kuma al'ummomin da ba su da isassun kayan aiki a kasashen Duniya na Uku.   An bayyana ilimin ido na al'umma a matsayin wani sabon fanni a fannin likitanci wanda ke inganta lafiyar ido da rigakafin makanta ta hanyar shirye-shirye ta amfani da hanyoyin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, magungunan al'umma, da kuma likitan ido don kawo kulawar ido da ake buƙata ga al'ummomin da ba su da isassun kayan aiki. 

### Aikin jin kai
Babban ƙoƙarin jin kai na Bath yana a Cibiyar Rigakafin Makanta ta Amurka (AIPB). An kafa ƙungiyar tare a shekarar 1976 tare da Alfred Cannon, wani likitan tabin hankali na Amurka kuma mai shirya al'umma, da Aaron Ifekwunigwe, wani likitan yara ɗan Najeriya kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, an kafa ƙungiyar bisa ƙa'idar cewa "gani ido babban haƙƙi ne na ɗan adam." Ta hanyar wannan ƙungiyar, Bath ta yaɗa kula da ido a duk duniya ta hanyar ba wa jarirai digo na ido kyauta, bitamin, da alluran rigakafi daga cututtukan da ka iya haifar da makanta, gami da kyanda . Bath ta shafe lokacinta a matsayin darakta tana yawo a duniya tana yin tiyata, koyarwa, da lacca a kwalejoji.   Bath ta yi iƙirarin cewa "lokacin da ta fi dacewa" shine lokacin da take Arewacin Afirka kuma tana amfani da keratoprosthesis, ta sami damar dawo da ganin wata mace da ta makance tsawon shekaru sama da 30. 

Tare da AIPB, Bath ta yi tafiya zuwa Tanzaniya a shekara ta 2005, inda cutar ido ta kasance babban abin da ke haifar da makanta ga yara.  A Afirka, AIPB ta samar da kwamfutoci da sauran kayan aikin dijital ga ɗaliban da ke da matsalar gani, musamman a Makarantar Makafi ta Mwereni da ke Tanzaniya da Makarantar St. Oda da ke da matsalar gani a Kenya. 

An karrama Bath saboda ayyukanta na taimakon jama'a a fannin kula da ido daga Shugaba Barack Obama . A shekarar 2009 ta kasance a kan dandamali tare da Shugaba Obama kuma an naɗa ta don yin kwamiti kan yadda za a bai wa yara makafi damar shiga intanet. 

A watan Afrilun 2019, Bath ta bayar da shaida a wani zaman sauraren ra'ayi mai suna "Trailblazers and Lost Einsteins: Women Inventors and the Future of American Innovation" a ginin Ofishin Majalisar Dattawa da ke Washington DC Bath ta tattauna bambance-bambancen jinsi a cikin STEM da rashin masu ƙirƙira mata. 

### Ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire
A shekarar 1986, Bath ta gudanar da bincike a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Danièle Aron-Rosa, wata mai bincike ta farko a fannin lasers da ido a Cibiyar Ido ta Rothschild ta Paris, sannan kuma a Cibiyar Lafiya ta Laser da ke Berlin, inda ta sami damar fara karatun farko a fannin tiyatar laser cataract, gami da gwajinta na farko da aka yi da laser photoablation ta amfani da idon ido na mutum.

Bath ta ƙirƙiro kalmar "laser phaco" don tsarin, a takaice don tiyatar laser photoablative cataract,  kuma ta ƙirƙiro laser phaco probe, wata na'urar likitanci da ke inganta amfani da lasers don cire cataracts, da kuma "don sharewa da cire ruwan tabarau na cataract". Bath ta fara da ra'ayin wannan nau'in na'urar a shekarar 1981, amma ba ta nemi izinin mallaka ba sai bayan shekaru da yawa.  An kammala na'urar a shekarar 1986 bayan Bath ta gudanar da bincike kan lasers a Berlin kuma ta ba da izinin mallaka a shekarar 1988,  ta sanya ta zama mace 'yar Afirka ta farko da ta sami izinin mallaka don manufar likita.  Na'urar - wacce ke narkar da cataract da laser cikin sauri da kusan ba tare da wahala ba, tana ba da ruwa da tsaftace ido kuma tana ba da damar shigar da sabon ruwan tabarau cikin sauƙi - ana amfani da ita a duk duniya don magance cutar.    Bath ta ci gaba da inganta na'urar kuma ta sami nasarar dawo da gani ga mutanen da ba su iya gani ba tsawon shekaru da yawa.  

Bath tana da haƙƙin mallaka guda biyar a Amurka. Uku daga cikin haƙƙin mallaka guda biyar na Bath suna da alaƙa da Laserphaco Probe. A shekara ta 2000, an ba ta haƙƙin mallaka don hanyar amfani da na'urar duban dan tayi don cire ciwon ido, kuma a shekara ta 2003 an ba ta haƙƙin mallaka don haɗa laser da na'urar duban dan tayi don cire ciwon ido.

#### Jerin haƙƙin mallaka na Amurka

* Takardar izinin mallakar Amurka 4744360, " Na'urar cire ruwan tabarau da cire su daga ido ", an bayar a ranar 17 ga Mayu, 1988
* Takardar izinin mallakar Amurka mai lamba 5843071, " Hanyar da na'urar cire ruwan tabarau da cire su daga ido " da aka bayar a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1998
* Takardar izinin mallakar Amurka mai lamba 5919186, " Na'urar Laser don tiyatar ruwan tabarau na cataracts ", an bayar a ranar 6 ga Yuli, 1999.
* Haƙƙin mallaka na Amurka 6083192, " Hanyar duban dan tayi mai ƙarfi don rarrafe/emulsifying da cire ruwan tabarau na cataractous, an bayar a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 2000.
* Takardar izinin mallakar Amurka mai lamba 6544254, " Haɗaɗɗen hanyar duban dan tayi da laser da na'urar cire ruwan tabarau na cataract ", an bayar a ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2003.

## Daraja da kyaututtuka

* 1995: Kyautar Bakar Mace Mai Nasara ta Asusun Kare Shari'a da Ilimi na NAACP 
* 2000: Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙirƙira da Ƙirƙira ta Lemelson ta Gidan Tarihi na Smithsonian ta haɗa ta cikin shirin Rayuwa Mai Kirkire-kirkire  
* 2001: An shigar da Ƙungiyar Matan Likitoci ta Amurka cikin Zauren Shahararru 
* 2006: Kyautar Sheila ta Tubman 
* 2011: An yi hira da Dr. Bath don tarin tarihin baki na Kwalejin Ophthalmology ta Amurka wanda ke "kiyaye abubuwan tunawa da gogewar mutanen da rayuwarsu abin wahayi ne." 
* 2012: Kyautar Kirkire-kirkire Mai Rugujewa ta Bikin Fina-finai na Tribeca 
* 2013: Kyautar Nasara ta Ƙungiyar Likitoci Mata Baƙaƙe ta Rayuwa don Gudummawar Likitan Ido  
* 2014: Kyautar Shugaban Kasa ta Alpha Kappa Alpha don Kimiyyar Lafiya da Likitanci 
* 2014: Kyautar Ranar Yarjejeniya ta Jami'ar Howard don Nasara Mai Kyau a fannin Ilimin Ido da Magunguna 
* 2017: Medscape ɗaya daga cikin "Likitoci Mata da suka Sauya Tsarin Magungunan Amurka" 
* 2017: *Mujallar Time* "First: Women Who Are Change World" saboda kasancewarta ta farko da ta ƙirƙiro kuma ta nuna tiyatar laserphaco cataract 
* 2017: An fara gabatar da Zauren Shahararrun Mawaka na Kwalejin Hunter 
* 2018: An ba da lambar yabo ta Kwalejin Magunguna ta New York, lambar yabo ta John Stearns, saboda gudummawar da ya bayar a fannin aikin asibiti, don ƙirƙirar tiyatar laserphaco cataract 
* 2018: Binciken Alliance for Aging: Kyautar Masu Kirkirar Azurfa don gudummawa da bincike kan rigakafin makanta 
* A shekarar 2021, an sanar da cewa za ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata baƙaƙe biyu na farko (tare da Marian Croak ) da za a shigar da su cikin Ɗakin Shahararrun Masu Ƙirƙira na Ƙasa . 
* 2024, an shigar da ita cikin zauren shahararru na mata na ƙasa 

Dr. Bath ta kuma kasance memba na Kwalejin Likitoci ta Amurka daga 1976 zuwa 1989, memba na Kwalejin Kula da Ido ta Amurka, haka kuma memba na Ƙungiyar Kula da Cututtukan Cataract da Refractive ta Amurka da kuma Ƙungiyar Bincike a Hangen Nesa da Ido . 

Jami'o'inta biyu sun karrama Bath. Kwalejin Hunter ta sanya ta a cikin "Hall of Fame" a shekarar 1988 kuma Jami'ar Howard ta ayyana ta a matsayin "Majalisar Howard a fannin Magungunan Academic" a shekarar 1993.  An buga littattafai da dama ga matasa game da rayuwarta da aikinta a kimiyya, ciki har da "Patricia's Vision: The Doctor Who Saved Sight" na Michelle Lord;  "Patricia Bath and Laser Surgery" na Ellen Labrecqua,  da "The Doctor with a Eye for Eyes: The Story of Dr. Patricia Bath" na Julia Finley Mosca,  wanda Ƙungiyar Malaman Kimiyya ta Ƙasa da kuma jerin littattafan yara mafi kyau na shekara na Laburaren Jama'a na Chicago suka ambata. Ita ma batun wani ɗan gajeren wasa ne, "The Prize (game da Dr. Patricia Bath)" na Cynthia L. Cooper 

## Duba kuma

* Tsarin lokaci na mata a kimiyya
* Jerin Masu Ƙirƙira da Masana Kimiyya 'Yan Afirka-Amurka
* Jerin 'yan'uwan Alpha Kappa Alpha

## Ƙarin karatu

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## Manazarta