open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Tushratta

**Tushratta** (Akkadian:   da  ) sarki ne na Mitanni,  1358-1335 KZ,  a ƙarshen mulkin Amenhotep III kuma a cikin rabin farko na mulkin Akhenaton . Shi ɗan Shuttarna II ne. Tushratta ya bayyana cewa shi jikan Artatama I. 'Yar'uwarsa Gilukhipa (Gilu-Xepa a cikin Hurrian) da 'yarsa Tadukhipa (Tadu-XePA a cikin Hurriyan) sun auri Fir'auna na Masar Amenhotep III;  Tadukhipa daga baya ya auri Akhenaten, wanda ya karɓi gidan sarauta na mahaifinsa.

An sanya shi a kan kursiyin bayan kisan ɗan'uwansa Artashumara . Wataƙila yana da ƙuruciya a lokacin kuma an ƙaddara shi ya zama jagora kawai, amma ya sami nasarar kawar da mai kisan. An gano allon a cikin wani ginin Mitanni a Tell Brak wanda ya bayyana cewa an shaida shi "a gaban Tushratta, sarki" kuma yana da hatimi na sarki Shaushtatar na baya, wanda ya zama al'ada.

## Sunan
An rubuta shi a cikin rubutun daban-daban guda uku - , ,  - sunan Tushratta fassarar Akkadian ne na sunan Indo-Aryan  ma'ana "[daya tare da, yana da] karusar caji".  

## Rikici na farko da Hittiyawa
A farkon mulkinsa, Sarkin Hittite Suppiluliuma I sake cinye Kizzuwatna, sannan ya mamaye yammacin kwarin Yufiretis kuma ya ci Amurru da Nuhašše a Hanigalbat. Dangane da yarjejeniyar Suppiluliuma-Shattiwaza, Suppilulioma ya yi yarjejeniya da Artatama, abokin hamayyar Tushratta. Babu wani abu da aka sani game da rayuwar Artatama ta baya ko alaƙa, idan akwai, ga dangin sarauta. Takardar ta kira shi sarkin Hurrians, yayin da aka ba Tushratta taken "Sarkin Mitanni", wanda dole ne ya saba da Tushratt. Suppiluliuma ya fara kwace ƙasashen yammacin kogin Yufiretis kuma ya mamaye Dutsen Lebanon. Tushratta ya yi barazanar kai hari bayan Yufiretis idan an sace ɗan rago ɗaya ko yaro.

Suppiluliuma ya ba da labarin yadda ƙasar Isuwa a saman Yufiretis ta rabu a lokacin kakansa. Kokarin cin nasara ya gaza. A lokacin mahaifinsa, wasu birane sun yi tawaye. Suppiluliuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya ci su, amma waɗanda suka tsira sun gudu zuwa yankin Isuwa wanda dole ne ya kasance wani ɓangare na mulkin Tushratta. Wani sashi don dawo da 'yan gudun hijira wani bangare ne na yarjejeniyoyi da yawa da aka yi a lokacin, don haka yiwuwar Isuwa ta samar da' yan gudun hijira ya zama hujja ga mamayar Hittite. Sojojin Hitti sun haye iyaka, sun shiga Isuwa kuma sun mayar da 'yan gudun hijira (ko masu ficewa ko masu gudun hijira na gwamnati) ga mulkin Hitti. "Na 'yantar da ƙasashen da na kama; sun zauna a wuraren su. Duk mutanen da na saki sun koma mutanensu kuma Hatti sun kafa yankunansu," Suppiluliuma daga baya ya yi alfahari.

Sojojin Hittite sun yi tafiya ta gundumomi daban-daban zuwa babban birnin Mitanni na Washshukanni. Suppiluliuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya kwace gundumar kuma ya kawo ganima, fursunoni, shanu, tumaki da dawakai zuwa Hatti. Ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa Tushratta ya gudu, amma a bayyane yake ya kasa kama babban birnin. Yayinda yakin ya raunana mulkin Tushratta, har yanzu yana riƙe da kursiyinsa.

## Manazarta
Tagi na Ginti

**Tagi** shi ne mai mulki / magajin gari na zamanin Ginti- (Gintikirmil), na ƙarni na 14 BC Amarna haruffa. Sunan Tagi shi ne hypocoristicon na Hurrian don kalmar *kyakkyawa*.

Tagi shi ne surukin Milkilu, magajin gari na zamanin d ̄ a Gazru- (Gezer na zamani), (ɗaya daga cikin magajin gari uku). Tagi shine marubucin gajerun haruffa 3, amma cikakkun haruffa na Amarna, EA 264-66, (EA don 'el Amarna'), kuma an ambaci Tagi a wasu haruffa biyu. An rubuta wasiƙun da aka rubuta ga Fir'auna na Masar.

## Wasiƙu 3 na Tagi

### EA 264: ''"Sarkin da ke ko'ina"''- (Caravans)

: Ga sarki, m[y] ubangiji: Saƙon *Tagi*, ku[r] bawa. Na faɗi a ƙarƙashin ƙafafun sarki, ubangijina, sau 7 da 7. Kamar yadda ni bawan sarki ne, na yi ƙoƙari na tara wata ƙungiya, tare da ɗan'uwana a matsayin mai * (Muna) *, amma ya kusan tsere wa kashe shi. Ba zai iya aikawa da motar da nake da ita ga sarki ba, ubangijina. Ka tambayi Kwamishinan idan ɗan'uwana bai tsere wa kashewa ba. Bugu da ƙari, kamar yadda muka damu, idanu ne a gare ku (suna shiryarwa). Ya kamata mu hau sama: (ša-me-ma), ko kuma ya kamata mu sauka cikin duniyar, shugabanmu: * (ru-šu-nu) *, yana cikin hannunka. Don haka yanzu ina kokarin aika da motar da nake da ita ga sarki, ubangijina, tare da abokin aikina. Bari a sanar da sarki, ubangijina, cewa ina bauta wa sarki kuma ina cikin tsaron kaina. - EA 264, layi 1-25 (cikakke) 

### EA 265: ''"Kyauta ce da aka amince da ita"''
Wasika biyu daga cikin wasiƙu uku daga *Tagi* na Ginti, (Gintikirmil).

: Ga sarki, ubangijina: saƙon *Tagi*, bawanka. Na faɗi a ƙafafun sarki, ubangijina. Na aiko da mutum na tare da [ ... ] don ganin fuskar sarki, ubangijina. [Kuma] sarki, ubangijina, ya ba ni kyauta a hannun Tahmaya, kuma Tahmaya ya ba ni kofin zinariya da tufafin lilin 1[2 .[s] Don bayanin [na dangi]g, ubangijina. - EA 265, layi 1-15 (~ cikakke) 

### EA 266: ''"Kuma akwai haske"''
Baya ga maganganun da aka yi amfani da su, wasika mai lamba 266 ta ƙunshi jimloli biyu da ke nufin Fir'auna. Dubi: Kalmomi da Ƙididdiga

: [S]ay [to] sarki, [my] lo[rd], my [g]od, my {Sun]: Message of *Tag[i,* your servant], the dirt at  fe[et]. Na fada] a ƙafafun sarki,  lor[d], allahna, Rana, sau 7 da sau 7.[my] Na kalli [wannan] hanya, kuma na yi [wannan'a] hanya, da kuma babu [li]ght.[th][oo] Sa'an nan kuma na kalli sarki, [Ubangijina, *kuma]* ya kasance mai haske.[to] An hana ni yin hidima ga sarki, ubangijina.[ind][min] Wani tubali da yawa suna motsawa fro[m u]nder [its] par[tner]- ("doki tubali"); har yanzu ba zan motsa daga [un]der ƙafafun [na k]ing ba, ubangijina. Ni a nan tare da se[nd] [ha]rness (es) [***don*** nau'i biyu na ƙaho, da] baka, da [a qu]ive[r], [a s]pea[r, *c]over[rs,* t]o sarki, [my] l[ord]. - EA 266, layi 1-33 (cikakke, tare da lalacewar haruffa cuneiform, (ko ya ɓace)) 

## Dubi kuma

* Kalmomin haruffa da kalaman Amarna
* Tahmaya, kwamishinan

## Manazarta

* Moran, William L. *Wasiƙun Amarna.*. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992.  (Sauce-cover,  )
Irimayašša

**Irimayašša**, ko **Iriyamašša** jami'in Masar ne, na 1350-1335 KZ Amarna wasikun wasiƙa, wanda aka rubuta daga shekaru 15-20. Harafin 2 da ke ambaton shi game da Byblos / Gubla, da Ascalon, a yamma da kudu maso yammacin Kan'ana.

Irimayašša an ambaci shi a cikin haruffa 2: (Amarna)" id="mwEA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="EA (el Amarna)">EA shine don 'el Amarna')

:# EA 370-Sunan: *"Daga Fir'auna zuwa mai mulki"* -zuwa Yidya na *Ašqaluna*
:# EA 130-Sunan: *"Rayuwa tsakanin 'Apiru*'

## Harafin 2 na: Jami'in ''Irimayašša''

### EA 130, ta Rib-Hadda na Gubla / Byblos
Taken: *"Rayuwa tsakanin 'Apiru*', (Sub-corpus na Rib-Hadda: No. 59 na 68).

: Ka ce [t]o sarki, ubangijina: saƙon Rib-Hadda, bawanka. Bari Uwargidan Gubla ta ba da iko ga sarki, ubangijina. Na fada a gaban sarki, ubangijina, Rana, sau 7 da 7. Game da cewa sarki ya rubuta mini, 
:: "*Irimayašša* yana zuwa gare ku,"
: ... bai zo wurina ba. Game da cewa sarki ya rubuta mini, 
:: "Ka tsare kanka kuma ka tsare birnin sarki inda kake, "
: ... wanene zai iya kare ni? Dubi, a baya kakannina [sun kasance masu tsayi]. Akwai yaƙi da [m, amma] garuruwan [na sarki] shine wi (t) h su. Akwai tanadi daga sarki a hannunsu. [***Ko da yake yaƙin da aka yi da ni***] yana da tsanani, ina da [n]o [abinci]s [daga sarki ko gar]ri [ɗan sarki].[re] Me zan yi? Amma ga magajin gari, su ne wadanda suka kai hari birninmu.[the][e] Suna kama da karnuka, kuma babu wanda yake so ya bauta musu. Me ni ne, wanda ke zaune a tsakanin 'Apiru, - don yi? Idan yanzu babu wani tanadi daga sarki a gare ni, manoma na za su ***fi[gh]t*** (a gare ni). A[ll] ƙasashe suna yaƙi da ni. Idan sha'awar sarki ita ce ya kare birninsa da bawansa, aika da sojoji don ya kare birnin. [Ni] zai kiyaye shi yayin da nake [a]live. Lokacin da  mutu, wanene zai [guard shi?[gu] -EA 130, layi 1-52 (cikakke) 

## Manazarta

* Moran, William L. *Wasiƙun Amarna.*. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992.  (Sauce-cover,  )
Biridašwa

**Biridašwa** (Sanskrit: "Prītāśva," "wanda doki yake ƙaunatacce" (Mayrhofer II 182)) ya kasance magajin gari na *Ashtartu*, (Tell-Ashtara), kudancin Dimashƙu, (mai suna Dimasqu / Dimašqu), a lokacin wasiƙa Amarna, game da 1350-1335 KZ. Magajin gari na biyu na Aštartu, Ayyab, ya wanzu a cikin wannan ɗan gajeren lokaci na shekaru 15-20.

## Tarihi
Kodayake Biridašwa bai yi magana da Fir'auna na Masar kai tsaye a cikin kowane ɗayan wasikun Amarna ba, shi, tare da magajin gari na Busruna da Halunnu sun shiga cikin makircin birni / birni-jiha, a yankin Damascus. Yankin da ke kusa da Dimašqu an kira shi Upu, ko Apu, sunan da ya koma akalla lokacin Fir'auna Thutmose III, (1479-1425 KZ).

## Tarihin Amarna

### Wasiƙu da ya rubuta
A cikin Tarihin Amarna, babu wata wasika da Biridašwa ya rubuta.

### Wasiƙu da suka ambaci shi
Tarihin Amarna yana da nassoshi huɗu ga sunan Biridašwa, wanda aka samo a cikin haruffa biyu EA 196 da EA 197.

Biryawaza, wanda ke da alaƙa da Dimašqu, ya rubuta wasiƙu 2 da aka aika wa Fir'auna game da matsalolin Biridašwa.

#### Wasikar Amarna EA 197
 (o 001') [ ... sa]id t[o ...] bawanka a cikin **A-[...]** "[Ka ba da] dawakai da karusai ga **Habiru**, kuma ba ku [ba da su] ga sarki, ubangijina ba. " {Can. Wanene ni ne kawai bawa? Duk abin da na ne ga sarki. **Biridašwa** ya ga wannan aikin kuma ya zuga garin **Yan'uam** a kaina. Ya rufe ƙofar birnin a bayana kuma ya kama karusai daga garin **ʿAstartu**. Ya ba da su ga **Habiru** kuma bai ba da su wa sarki ba, ubangijina. Sarkin **Buṣruna** da Sarkin **Halunnu** sun ga (wannan), kuma sun yi yaƙi da **Biridašwa** a kaina. Sun ce: "Ku zo! Bari mu kashe **Biryawaza**. Ba za mu tura shi zuwa [**ƙasar Ta]hšu** ba. "Amma na fita daga [ikon] kuma na zauna a [**ƙasar Apu** da] Damascus. Lokacin da [sun ga] cewa ina bauta wa [sarki, ubangijina,] suna cewa, "Mu [bayin **Sarkin ƙasar Ha]tti** ne," amma ina cewa, "Ni bawan **Sarkin ƙasar Masar** ne. " Kuma **Arzawya** ya tafi **Qid[šu]**. Ya kawo (tare da) **Sojojin ʿAḏi[ri]"** kuma ya kama **Shaddu**. Ya ba da shi ga **Habiru**; bai ba da shi wa sarki ba, ubangijina.

 (r 031') Duba, **Etakkama** ya sa **ƙasar Qidšu** ta fita daga ikon (sarki), kuma wannan, **Arzawya**, tare da **Biridašwa**, (yanzu) yana sa **ƙasar Apu** ta fita daga iko (sarki). Don haka sarki ya kamata ya kula da ƙasarsa kada mutane masu adawa su kama ta. Tun da 'yan'uwana suna adawa da ni, ina tsaron **Kumidu**, birnin sarki, ubangijina. Ya kamata sarki ya yi sulhu ga bawansa; bai kamata sarki ya bar bawansa ba, [don haka] sarakunan [**ƙasar Qidšu**] da **ƙasar Apu** duba i[f ... ... ...]

 (l.e. 001') [...] Na ga sojoji na yau da kullun.

Jacob Lauinger da Tyler Yoder (CC-BY-SA 3.0) ne suka wallafa shi.

## Manazarta

* Moran, William L. *Wasiƙun Amarna.*. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992.  (Sauce-cover,  )
Biryawaza

**Biryawaza** (c. 1350 BC) ya kasance karamin mai mulki a yankunan Beqa da Damascus . An san shi daga Wasikar Amarna a matsayin mai mulkin Daular Masar a lokacin Late Bronze Age .

Sau da yawa ana ambaton shi a cikin wasiƙun Amarna, kodayake ba a taɓa ba da sunansa a sarari ba. Wasu malamai sun bayyana shi a matsayin sarkin Dimashƙu, wasu kuma suna tunanin shi babban jami'in Masar ne.[1]

## Sarauta
Ba a san ko *Biryawaza* ya kasance mai mulkin gida (Akkadian LU "Man") ko kwamandan ba. Sunan Biryawaza asalinsa Indo-Turai ne. Biryawaza na iya kasancewa daga cikin Indo-Turai Maryannu caste mai kama da wanda ya mallaki Mitanni kuma daga baya, Hittites.

## Tarihin Amarna
A cikin Tarihin Amarna, an ambaci Biryawaza da suna sau 16. Ya rubuta haruffa huɗu (EA 194-197) kuma an ambaci shi a wasu haruffa bakwai (EA 052, 053, 129, 151, 189, 234, 250).

### Wasiƙu da aka rubuta
A cikin Tarihin Amarna (c. 1350 BC), Biryawaza shine marubucin haruffa Amarna huɗu (EA 194-197) ga Fir'auna.

#### Wasikar Amarna EA 194
A cikin EA 194 mun koyi cewa Biryawaza ɗan Šuttarna ne, jikan Haš-[x]-tar, wanda zai iya nuna asalin Mitanni da layin maye gurbin. Ya mallaki hanyar kasuwanci daga Misira zuwa Mesopotamiya, a wannan yanayin zuwa Land of Naharima, wanda ya tafi tare da gabashin kwarin Urdun ta hanyar Pella da Dimashƙu. (o 001) Ga sarki, ubangijina, saƙo daga Biryawaza, bawanka. Na faɗi a ƙarƙashin ƙafafun sarki, ubangijina, sau bakwai (sau) da sau bakwai.

 (o 005) Dubi, mu bayin ne, mu yi wa sarki hidima tun daga zamanin da ba a iya tunawa ba, kamar Šuttarna, mahaifina, kamar Haš-[x]-tar, kakan na.  (o 011) Dubi, mu ne [... ... ... ... ... ...] ɗa [...] game da [...] don kare biranen.  (Abin da za a iya) motar da kuka aika zuwa ƙasar Naharima, bari ta fito. [... ...] na [... ...] yana da matukar tsoro.  (l.e. 030) Da nan na aika da ɗan'uwana t[o] ku.

Jacob Lauinger da Tyler Yoder (CC-BY-SA 3.0) ne suka wallafa shi. Lura: "Ƙasar Mitanni" ta canza zuwa "Ƙasar Naharima" (KUR na-a-ri-mi) kamar yadda rubutun asali ya bayyana.

## Manazarta
Addaya

**Addaya** jami'in Masar ne a lokacin wasiƙa Amarna (1350-1335 BC) wanda ke zaune kuma shi ne gwamnan Gaza. Sunansa shi ne West Semitic wanda ke nuna cewa yana iya kasancewa Kan'aniyawa na yankin.

An ambaci Addaya a cikin harU huɗu na Amarna)" id="mwFA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="EA (el Amarna)">EA Amarna (EA don 'el Amarna'), wanda aka ru wa Fir'auna na Masa a cikin shekaru 15-20 (?) lokaci. Yana cikin wasika EA 254, No. 3 na 3 na Labaya na Šakmu (Shechem), wanda ya haɗa da Habiru na Kan'ana, Habiru yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan batutuwa na dukan jiki wasikun Amarna. Addaya kuma yana cikin haruffa uku daga Abdi-Heba na URU, (wanda ake kira Uru-salim a cikin haruffan Amarna - EA 289, URU-Ú-ru-sa-lim, " (Birni) -Uru-salim").

Addaya da alama tana da iko a kan Shechem (EA 254) da Urushalima (EA 289) tare da Gaza yana aiki a matsayin muhimmiyar tushe na gudanarwa ga Masar a lokacin, kuma an ambaci Pauru a matsayin mai zama a can aƙalla wasu lokuta. Abdi-Heba ya yi nadama cewa Fir'auna ba ta ba Urushalima irin wannan kulawa ko goyon baya kamar yadda Gaza take (EA 289). 

## Wasiƙu ga Kwamishina: Addaya

### EA 287, taken: "Mai tsanani ne mai tsanani"
Wasika ta 3 na 6 daga Abdi-Heba, ta fara a tsakiyar wasikar:

: "....
: "Game da Kassites, bari sarki ya yi bincike game da kwamishinoni. Ko da yake gidan yana da kariya sosai, sun yi ƙoƙari su aikata laifi mai tsanani. Sun  rubuta kayan aikin su- (mutane da kayan aiki), kuma dole ne in nemi mafaka ta hanyar goyon baya ga rufin: *ga-ag-gi*. A[don haka] zai aika [dakarun] zuwa cikin [Urus], bari Urusoni don yin hidima tare da yawa. Mai  ya bar su] sarki [t][all][pro][sa][and] Na aika [a matsayin kyauta] ga sarki, ubangijina, [x] fursunoni, 5000- ... [...]  masu ɗaukar kaya 8 ga masu jigilar kaya na k[ing, ubangijina], amma an ɗauke su a cikin ƙauyuka: ša-de4-e na *Ayyaluna*.[and] Bari sarki, ubangijina, ya san (cewa) Ba zan iya aikawa da wata ƙungiya ga sarki ba, ubangijin. Don bayananku! Kamar yadda sarki ya sanya sunansa a *[[Jerusalem|**Urusalim**]]* har abada, ba zai iya barin shi ba - ƙasar *Urusalim*.
: Ka ce wa marubucin sarki, ubangijina, saƙon Abdi-Heba, bawanka. Na fadi a ƙafafunka. Ni bawanku ne. Ka ba da kalmomi masu kyau ga sarki, ubangijina: Ni soja ne na sarki.  (Ni ne) -ko da yaushe naka-. " -EA 287, (cikakke: kawai layi 33-78 (Ƙarshen)) 

## Manazarta
Amanmašša

**Amanmašša** shine sunan wani jami'in Masar, amma mai yiwuwa jami'ai biyu daban-daban (?), a cikin wasiƙa Amarna na 1350-1335 BC. Hanyar Masar ta sunansa ita ce Amenmose, wanda ke nufin "An haife shi".

Amanmašša an ambaci shi ne kawai a cikin haruffa biyu na Byblos sub-corpus na Rib-Hadda, Amarna)" id="mwDg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="EA (el Amarna)">EA 113 da 114; EA shine don 'el Amarna'. Dukkanin haruffa suna da zurfi, (suna da rikitarwa) kuma suna da Yapa-Hadda na *Biruta*- (Beirut) kuma sun haɗa da: jiragen ruwa, kula da hatsi don abinci, yaƙi, barin mutanen Rib-Hadda- (yan ƙasa na *Gubla*-Byblos), da sauransu.

Wasikar Amarna EA 114 tana da bambancin kasancewa kawai wasika na wasikar 382-Amarna da ke ambaton Alashiya / Cyprus- (kuma game da Amanmašša), ban da haruffa EA 34-EA 40 waɗanda suka fito daga Alashiya, da kuma "Sarkin Alashiya" wanda ba a san sunansa ba.

## Harafin don "Official: ''Amanmašša''"

### Rib-Hadda EA 113, taken: ''"Yaƙi da zaman lafiya"''

### Rib-Hadda EA 114, taken: "Aminci da lada"

: "...
: Dubi, I (dole ne) ci gaba da rubutu kamar (th) a gare ku game da Zemar" id="mwKg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Zemar">Sumur- (Zemar). Dubi, na tafi kuma na bukaci dakarun da karfi su [tsare ni], amma yanzu sun watsar da shi, [kuma] garuruwan [sun bar].[and] Kuma [saboda wannan dalili ina ci gaba da rubutu]. Na aiko [ ... ] manzo na sau da yawa. Sau da yawa na aiko shi kuma bai iya shiga Sumur ba! Sun toshe dukkan hanyo*yi* da ke gabansa. Wannan ɗan'uwan- (watau Yapa-Hadda na Beirut), yana kallon farin ciki game da yaƙin da aka yi da ni da Sumur. An yi masa sansani na tsawon watanni 2. Me *ya bar* aka bi da bawanka mai aminci? Don hidima a gare ku! Idan ba za ku iya ɗaukar ku [r] bawan ba, to aika masu harbi don su ɗauke ni. Zai zama da kyau a kasance tare da ku. Magabtan sarki suna yaƙi da ni, kamar yadda magajin gari yake, wanda yake tunani. Saboda wannan dalili yanayina yana da matukar tsanani. Dubi, tambayi ɗayan *Amanmašša* idan ba (daga) Alashiya ba ne na aiko masa zuwa gare ku. Ka yi tunani ga bawanka mai aminci. Da farko, manoman na sun sami kayan aiki daga "ƙasar Yarimuta", amma yanzu, Yapah-Hadda ba ta bar su su tafi ba.[vi] *W[yan ne ka yi watsi da shi]?* [Sarki dole ne] ya aika da dakarun [*don karewa*] amintaccen [bawan ...] abokan gaba na sarki, domin sun sanya magajin gari wanda ke bauta maka da aminci. Bugu da ƙari, ka yi tunani a gare ni. Wanene zai kasance mai aminci idan na mutu? Dubi, Yapah-Hadda yana gefen Aziru. " -EA 114, (cikakke, layi 26-69 (Ƙarshen)) (wasu kalmomin da suka lalace, ko sun ɓace) 

## Dubi kuma

* Yapa-Hadda, magajin garin *Biruta*- (Beirut) 
* Rib-Hadda
* Harafin Amarna
* Alashiya / Cyprus
* Amina da Fir'auna

## Manazarta

* Moran, William L. *Wasiƙun Amarna.*. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992.  (Sauce-cover,  )
Tutu (ma'aikacin Masar)

**Tutu** na ɗaya daga jiki jami'an Fir'auna a lokacin wasikun Amarna 1350-1335 KZ. Ana samunsa ne kawai a cikin wasiƙu daga Aziru, da ɗansa, DU-Teššup . Hudu daga cikin haruffa na Amarna - EA 158, 164, 167 da 169 - an rubuta su ga Fir'auna, ta hanyar Tutu. An rubuta wasika guda ɗaya ta DU-Tešup ga Fir'auna saboda an tsare mahaifinsa Aziru a Misira, kuma ana buƙatar Aziru don halartar al'amuran gida. Sai dai idan ya sake yin aure ba zai iya komawa gida ba.

## Wasika EA 164
Wasikar EA 164 "Zuwa, a kan yanayi" ta Aziru zuwa Tutu misali ne mai kyau na makircin Aziru a arewacin Kan'ana, da kuma shigar dukkan yankuna, da shugabannin.

## Sauran haruffa

* EA 158, "Uba da ɗa"
* EA 164, "Zuwa, a kan yanayi"
* EA 167, "Tsarin Hittiyawa na yau da kullun"
* EA 169, "Aziru a Misira- (Mizri) " (duba DU-Tešup) 

## Manazarta

* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga rubutun da aka yi amfani da shi. kuma an fassara shi, Faransanci, da Ingilishi, c. 1987, 1992.  (Sauce-cover,  )
Pahura

'*Pahura*', kuma an rubuta **Pihur / Pihuru**, **Pihura**, da **Pihuru / Pihure** kwamishinan wasiƙa Amarna ce ta 1350 KZ. Sunan Pahura yana nufin a cikin Masarawa, '***<nowiki/>'''<nowiki/>'[[Siriya]]'''<nowiki/>' , kuma shi kwamishinan [[Fir'auna]] ne na Masar.

An ambaci Pahura a cikin haruffa 9 na haruffa na Amarna. Harafi biyu da suka lalace an gano su ne kawai da sunan Pahura, ba tare da wasu nassoshi ba: haruffa EA 207 da 208, (EA don 'el Amarna').

== Misali wasika (tare da kwamishinan ''Pihura'') ==
Mafi girman rukuni na haruffa na Amarna ya fito ne daga Rib-Haddi corpus: wato Rib-Hadda na Gubla- (Byblos). EA 132, mai taken: "Fata don zaman lafiya" ya nuna wasu daga cikin dabarun haruffa 68 na Rib-Haddi.

=== EA 132, ''"Fata don zaman lafiya"'' ===
Wasika mai lamba 61 na 68 daga Rib-Haddi.

: [S]ay [to] sarki, ubangijina, m[y] Sun: Saƙon Rib-Hadda, bawanka.[ser] Bari Uwargidan Gubla ta ba da iko ga sarki, ubangijina. Na faɗi a ƙafafun ubangijina sau 7 da sau 7. Bugu da ƙari, yi tunani game da Gubla, ***birni*** mai aminci. Tun da farko, [[Abdi-Ashirta|'Abdi-Aširta]] ya kai min hari, kuma na rubuta wa mahaifinka, (watau Amenhotep III), "Ka aika da Masu harbi na sarauta, kuma za a karɓi duk ƙasar cikin rana ɗaya. " ***shine**' bai ɗauki fo[r kansa' 'Abdi - Aširt[a], tare da dukiyarsa? Yanzu Aziru ya tara 'Apiru kuma ya ce musu, "Idan Gubla ba ... su ba su ba [...]" [L] libro, Yanhamu yana tare da ku, ya saurare shi, 'A] sarki ba, ya sa shi, ya sa][ll] Na ce wannan abu ga Pawura don haka ba zai saurari kalmomin Ha'ip ba, (mai suna ga allah: Hapi), wanda mahaifinsa ya juya 'yan ƙasa zuwa abokan gaba.[es] Yanzu Ha'ip ya mika Zemar" id="mwMA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Zemar">Sumur- (Zemar). Bari sarki ya yi watsi da wannan aikin, tunda an rashi Kwamishinan. Idan yanzu kun yi sakaci, to *Pihura* ba za ta zauna a Kumidu ba, kuma za a kashe dukkan iyayenku.[ma] Ina ci gaba da yin hakan kamar haka ga pa[lac]e, [amma] ba a kula da ni ba. Ka aika jiragen ruwa don ɗaukar dukiyar Lady da ni. [Sen]d maza 50-100 da 50-100 m[en fro]m Meluhha, karusai 50, [don g]uard [birni] maka.[but][t] Ka ga masu harbi kuma ka kawo zaman lafiya a ƙasar.[nd] -EA 132, layi 1-59 (lacuna na 3-4 tsakiya sentences) 

## Dubi kuma

* Rib-Hadda
* Haapi, kwamishinan Masar
* Yanhamu, kwamishinan Masar
* Pawura, jami'in Masar
* Rubutun rubutu

## Manazarta

* Moran, William L. *Wasiƙun Amarna.*. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992.  (Sauce-cover,  )
Yanhamu

**Yanhamu**, kuma **Y**Enhamu****, da Enhamu, kwamishinan Masar ne na 1350-1335 KZ Amarna wasikun wasiƙa.

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Tarihin Amarna
An ambaci Yanhamu a cikin 16 na haruffa 60 "Rib-Hadda na Byblos" id="mwEg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Byblos">Gubla"- (Byblos) sub-corpus, da kuma ƙarin haruffa 12.

#### Milkilu's EA 270, "Kaddamarwa"''"Kazantawa"''
Wasika ta 4 na 5 zuwa ga Fir'auna, daga "Milkilu na Gazru"- (Gezer na zamani):
  

## Manazarta

* Moran, William L. *Wasiƙun Amarna.*. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992.  (Sauce-cover,  )
Šuta

**Šuta**, (*"Saita"*), kwamishinan Masar ne na 1350-1335 KZ Amarna wasikun wasiƙa. Sunan *Šuta* hypocoristicon- (sunan lakabi / sunan ɗan adam) ne ga allahn Masar na Dā Set, (Seth shine "Allah na hamada", kuma allahn 'mai adawa da Horus'- (duality, Horus / Seth)). A cewar wata ka'ida ya yi daidai da kwamandan sojojin *Seti*, mahaifin Fir'auna Ramesses I na gaba.

Wadannan haruffa suna nufin kwamishinan Šuta, (Amarna)" id="mwGw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="EA (el Amarna)">EA don 'el Amarna'):

:# EA 234 - Title: *"Kamar Magdalu a [[Tsohuwar Masar|Misira]]"*-Satatna na Akka / Acre, wasikar Isra'ila.
:# EA 288 - Title: "Bincike mai kyau"- wasika ta Abdi-Heba. Dubi: Tjaru.

## Wasiƙu 2 na kwamishinan: ''Šuta''

### EA 288, "Bincike mai kyau"''"Rashin kulawa mai kyau"''
Wasiƙun Abdi-Heba, zuwa ga Fir'auna na Masar, suna da matsakaici, kuma suna tattauna dabarun biranen, waɗanda ke kusa da Urushalima, (yanki mai suna: Upu).

Wasika EA 288: (Abdi-Heba no. 4 na 6) 

: Ka ce [t]o sarki- (watau **nasa**-linkid="40" href="./Pharaoh" id="mwOw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Pharaoh">Fir**Šuta''), ubangijina, [Su]n: [M]essage na '[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= **aboki**-Heba" id="mwPA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Abdi-Heba">Abdi-Heba], bawanku. Na faɗi a ƙafafun sarki, ubangijina sau 7 da 7. Duba, sarki, ubannina, ya sanya sunansa a fitowar rana kuma a faɗuwa rana. Saboda haka, ba ni girman abin da suka yi mini. Duba, baiwa  sarki, bai, baiwa, baiwa] sarki, amma baiwa  sarki, ya zama sarki, bai.[p][my][er][8] Bari sarki ya yi tunani game da ƙasarsa; ƙasar sarki ta ɓace. Dukkanin ya kai min haraji. Ina cikin yaki har zuwa ƙasar [[Šeru]] har zuwa [[Ginti-kirmil]]. Dukkanin magajin gari suna cikin salama, amma ni cikin yaki. An bi da ni kamar 'Apiru, kuma ban ziyarci sarki ba, ubangijina, tun da nake yaƙi. Na kasance kamar [[Jirgin Ruwa|jirgin ruwa]] a tsakiyar teku. Hannun sarki mai ƙarfi (hannuwa) ya ɗauki ƙasar [[Mittani]]" id="mwUw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mittani">Nahrima- (Mittani), da ƙasar rashi- (Kush), amma yanzu 'Apirú sun ɗauki biranen sarki. Babu magajin gari daya da ya rage ga sarki, ubangijina; duk sun ɓace. Dubi, an kashe [[Turbazu]] a Ƙofar birni [[Tjaru]]" id="mwWA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Tjaru">Silu- (Tjaru). Sarkin bai yi komai ba. "Samun, [[Bauta|bayi]] da suka haɗu da 'Api[r]u sun kashe [[Zimredda na Lachish|Zimredda]] na Lakisu, kuma an kashe [[Yaptih-Hadda]] a ƙofar birnin Silu. Sarkin bai yi komai ba. [Wadan ne bai kira su ba don lissafi? Bari sarki [pro] ya yi [ƙasarsa] kuma ya sa  masu harbi  zuwa gare shi ((ba) amma babu masu harbi a wannan shekara, duk ƙasashe na sarki, sun rasa.[se][t][is] [Na fadi a [t (ka) ƙafafun]. Ka gabatar da [kalmomi- (kalmomi=***"magana"**') da na bayar ga [sarki, ubangijina]" Ni bawanka ne [kuma] a kanka.[and][s] -EA 288, layi 1-66 (cikakke, tare da lacuna) 

== Manazarta ==


* Moran, William L. *Wasiƙun Amarna.''. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992.  (Sauce-cover,  )
Tahmašši

**Tahmašši**, ko *Takhmašši*, kuma an san shi da hypocoristicon ko sunan dabba: **Tahmaya**, ko *Atahmaya* jami'in Masar ne ga Fir'auna a cikin wasiƙa Amarna na 1350 KZ. Sunansa ya fito ne daga: 'Ptah-mes', ma'ana Ptah-An haife shi, ko kuma "An haife ta Ptah".

An yi amfani da sunan Tahmašši a cikin haruffa 4 na Amarna kamar haka- (EA don 'el Amarna'):

:# EA 265-Tahmaya, Tahmaya
:# EA 303-Tahmašši
:# EA 316-Tahmaya
:# EA 364-Atahmaya - Duba Ayyab na Aštartu- (Tell-Ashtara) 

## Harafin

### EA 265: ''"Kyauta ce da aka amince da ita"''
Wasika biyu daga cikin wasiƙu uku daga Tagi na Ginti, (Gintikirmil).

: "Ga sarki, ubangijina: saƙon Tagi, bawanka. Na faɗi a ƙafafun sarki, ubangijina. Na aiko da mutum na tare da [ ... ] don ganin fuskar sarki, ubangijina. [Kuma] sarki, ubangijina, ya ba ni kyauta a hannun Tahmaya, kuma Tahmaya ya ba ni kofin zinariya da tufafin lilin 1[2 .[s] **Don bayanin [na dangi]g, ubangijina.** -EA 265, layi 1-15 (~ cikakke) 

## Manazarta

* Moran, William L. *Wasiƙun Amarna.*. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* Rainey, 1970 El Amarna Tablets, 359-379, Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, Alter Orient Altes Testament 8, Kevelaer da Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, shafuka 107.
Pirissi da Tulubri

**Pirissi** da **Tulubri** manzanni ne na wasiƙa Amarna na 1350-1335 KZ. Pirissi da Tulubri su ne manzanni na Sarki Tushratta na Mitanni, kuma an ambaci su a cikin wasiƙun Amarna EA 27, 28, da EA 29, (EA don 'el Amarna').

Sarauniya Tiye na wasikar ita ce Babban Matar Sarauta ta Amenhotep III- (mahaifin Akhenaton- (Akhenaten=Amenhotep IV)). Wasikar EA 28 ta Sarki Tushratta na Mitanni ne, wanda aka aika wa Akhenaten, Sarkin Masar ta dā.

## Bayanan takardun Masar (a baki), baya na EA 23
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan Amenhotep IV- (Akhenaten) ya zama Fir'auna na Masar, Tushratta ya rubuta wasiƙu (?) ga mahaifiyarsa Tiye. "Docet" a gefen EA 23 ya bayyana wadannan: 

: Mai mulki 2? -[shekara], watan farko na lokacin girma, rana 5? , lokacin da Ɗaya (watau 1="Sarkin") ya kasance a cikin Kudancin City (=Thebes) a cikin dukiyar "Rejoicing in the Horizon". Kwafin wasikar Naharin wanda manzo *Pirizzi (da) manzo [Tulubri]* ya kawo. - (cikakke) 

## Harafin ''Pirissi da Tulubri''
Wasika mai lamba 12 na 13 daga Tushratta zuwa ga Fir'auna:

### EA 28, Title: "An tsare manzanni da zanga-zanga"
Wasika na 12 na 13- (zuwa Akhenaton): (Dubi nan: https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Text&ObjectID=P270967

*Don I*

: Ka ce wa Naphurereya- (Amenhotep IV), sarkin Masar, ɗan'uwana, surukina, wanda ke ƙaunarta: Ta haka ne Tušratta, sarkin Mittan[i], surukinka, wanda yake ƙaunarka, ɗan'uwanka.[t][i] A gare ni duk yana tafiya da kyau- (*šalāmu*). Domin duka za ku iya tafiya lafiya. Ga gidanka, ga Teye, mahaifiyarka, uwargidan Masar- (*"Mizrahi"*, duba: Mizraim), ga Tadu-Heba, 'yata, matarka, ga sauran matarka, ga 'ya'yanka, ga manyan mutane, ga karusanku, ga dawakai, ga dakarunku, ga ƙasarku, kuma ga duk abin da ke da ku, bari duk ya tafi sosai, da kyau- (*Dan-niš*, *Dan-niš*="MA.GAL", "MA.G AL").

## Manazarta

* Moran The Amarna Letters, Moran, William L., Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* Murnane. *Rubutun daga zamanin Amarna a Misira*, William J. Murnane, c 1995, (Society of Biblical Literature), "Rubuce-rubuce daga Tsohon Duniya", Scholars Press, Atlanta.  (289 shafuka, karamin bugawa) (mai laushi,  )
Reanap

***ri-a-na-pa***, kuma **Reanapa** (cuneiform) ya kasance kwamishinan Masar na dā, na 1350-1335 BC Amarna haruffa, wanda aka rubuta daga shekaru 15-20. Daga cikin wasiƙa El-Amarna 382, an ambaci Reanapa a cikin uku:

:* EA 292-Titled: Kamar tukunya da aka gudanar a cikin alkawari, duba Adda-danu .
:* EA 315- Taken: "*"Kamar umurnin Rana"*"
:* EA 326- Taken: *"Sabon kwamishinan"*

## Gajerun haruffa biyu
Taken gajerun haruffa guda biyu, EA 315, da 326 shine Reanapa, kuma babu wata matsala ta wasu birane / birane-jihohi, ko mutane, da ke da hannu. Ana iya ganin tsarin sunkuyar da kai ga Fir'auna, da kuma biyayya ga ikon sarki.

### EA 315, ta Pu-Ba'lu na Yursa
Wasika ta 2 na 3 ta Pu-Ba'lu:

: [Ga dangina]g, ubangijina, allahn na, Rana daga sama: Saƙon Pu-Ba'lu, mai mulkin Yursa, datti a ƙafafunku. Gaskiya na durƙusa a ƙafafun sarki, ubangijina, sau 7 da sau 7, a baya da kuma a kan sto[ma]ch.
: Gaskiya ina tsaron birnin sarki, da kuma wurin sarki, ubangijina, Rana daga cikin sk.[ing][my][rd] Duk abin da sarki, ubangijina, ya ba da umarni - hakika ina kiyayewa, dare da rana, umarnin sarki, ubanniyata.
: Game da *[R]eanapa*, Kwamishinan [na dangi]g, (na) ubangiji, abin da sarki, ubangijina, ya ba da umarni (watau ta hanyarsa), [ya yi ƙaura]hty kamar umurnin Rana a sama. [Wadanne]o kare ne wanda ba zai yi wa umarnin sarki ba, ubangijina, [Rana] f[ro]m sama?[ob]

## Manazarta

* Moran, William L. *Wasiƙun Amarna.*. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992.  (Sauce-cover,  )
Masatoshi Ishida (mai wasan ƙwallon ƙafa)

Masatoshi Ishida (石田 雅俊, Ishida Masatoshi; born May 4, 1995) is a Japanese footballer who plays for Daejeon Hana Citizen as a midfielder.

## Sana'a

### Kyoto Sanga
Ishida ya fara buga wasa a gasar da Gwangju FC a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 2022. 

### Lamuni ga Thespakusatsu Gunma
Ishida ya fara buga gasar a kakar wasa da Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo a ranar 10 ga Agusta 2014. 

### Aron Azul Claro Numazu
Ishida ya fara buga wasa a gasar ne da Shonan Bellmare a ranar 4 ga Maris 2017. 

### Suwon FC
A ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 2020, an sanar da Ishida a Suwon. 

### Gangwon FC
A ranar 7 ga Janairu 2021, an sanar da Ishida a Gangwon FC. 

### Lamuni ga Daejeon Hana Citizen
A ranar 25 ga Yuni 2021, an sanar da Ishida a Daejeon Hana Citizen.  Ya samu rauni a jijiyar da ta hana shi yin wasa na tsawon makonni 6.  Ishida ya zura kwallaye uku a wasansa na farko a wasan kwararru da Ansan Greeners a ranar 10 ga Oktoba 2021. 

A ƙarshen kakar wasa, Ishida ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar Best Eleven. 

### Saki na biyu a Daejeon Hana Citizen
Ishida ya fara buga gasar a kakar wasa da Gainare Tottori a ranar 25 ga Agusta 2018.
Pihuri

**Pakhura** (Pihu) kwamishinan Masar ne a cikin "Land of Retenu" (Kan'ana) da aka ambata a cikin haruffa Amarna . Wataƙila ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin Fir'auna Amenhotep III da / ko Akhenaton . A cikin EA 122, Rib-Hadda, sarkin Byblos, ya koka game da harin da Pakhura ya kai, wanda ya kashe wasu 'yan kasuwa na Shardana na Byblos kuma ya kama uku daga cikin mutanen Rib-Hadd.

## Manazarta

* Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. , *Tarihin Tsohon Cambridge*, Jami'ar Cambridge Press 1973
* Epiphanius Wilson, wallafe-wallafen Masar, The Colonial Press 1901, shafi na 212.
* Charles Francis Horne, *Littattafai Masu Tsarki da Littattafai na Farko na Gabas*, Kessinger Publishing 2001, shafi na 288
Masatoshi Naitō

Masatoshi Naitō (内藤 正敏, Naitō Masatoshi; 18 April 1938 – 9 July 2025) was a Japanese photographer. His work is held in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Naitō a Tokyo a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 1938.  Ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Waseda a fannin kimiyyar aikace-aikace kuma ya yi horo a matsayin masanin kimiyya na bincike.

## Rayuwa da aiki
Sha'awarsa ga al'adun gargajiya na Japan ta sa ya fara aikin daukar hoto. Aikinsa kan al'adun gargajiya na yankin Tōhoku ya zama abin da ya fi daukar hankali a cikin jerin shirye-shiryensa na shekarun 1970: Ba Bakuhatsu (Fashewar Kaka).

Tun farkon aikinsa, Naitō ya ɗauki hotunan gawarwakin firistocin Buddha waɗanda suka mutu suna azumi don ceton manoma masu yunwa a Dewa Sanzan sannan ya fara yin hotuna waɗanda suka mayar da hankali kan addinan gargajiya da ƙabilar Tōhoku. A cikin wannan aikin (1968-1970), Naitō ya nuna itako, mata masu sihiri waɗanda ke kiran ruhohin matattu. Addinin mata ya kasance yaɗuwa a Japan; a yau ya takaita ga wannan yanki inda har yanzu ake yin ɓangarorin addinin Gabas masu ban mamaki. Waɗannan mata masu sihiri waɗanda Naitō ya ɗauki hotonsu da kyau suna bikin mutuwa. Suna makokin matattu ta hanyar yin al'adu da rawa duk dare don tayar da ruhin mamacin. Waɗannan mata suna da farin ciki kuma suna bikin mutuwa ba rayuwa ba. Naitō ya girmama wannan tsohuwar al'ada tare da haskensa mai haske, yana haskaka halayen da yake nunawa a cikin zane. Kamar yadda ya lura: "Ƙwarin mata yana fitowa daga duniya. Suna rungumar komai kamar alloli kuma taken Ba Bakuhatsu (Fashewar Kaka) ya zo mini a hankali."

*Tōno Monogatari* (1983) ya mayar da hankali kan wani batu makamancin haka a garin Tōno, a yankin Iwate . Taken ya yi daidai da wani littafi mai suna Yanagita Kunio wanda aka buga a shekarar 1910. Hotunan Naitō sun ba mutane da abubuwa kama da na sihiri. Yana haɗa tatsuniyoyi na da zuwa labaran daukar hoto na zamani.

Naitō ya mutu a ranar 9 ga Yuli, 2025, yana da shekaru 87. 

## Littattafai

* *Miira shinko no kenkyū* = Nazarin Addinin Mummy. Daiwa Shobo, 1974.
* *Dewa Sanzan dan Shugen* . Kosai, 1982.
* *Tono Monogatari* . Shuni-sha, 1983.
* *Tohoku no sei to sen* = Tōhoku Tsarkakku da Ƙira. Jami'ar Hosei Press, 2007.

## Kyaututtuka

* 1966: Sabuwar Kyautar Mawaka daga Ƙungiyar Masu Sukar Hotuna ta Japan
* 1982: kyauta ta biyu, Kyautar Domon Ken don littafinsa *Dewa Sanzan da Shugen*
𒄠

Al**AM** ina" data-linkid="6" href="./Cuneiform" id="mwCA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform am, alama ce ta amfani da haruffa Amarna, Epic of Gilgamesh, da sauran matani na cuneiform (alal misali matani na Hittite). Ana kuma amfani dashi azaman AM.

m">a fannin harshe, ina da amfani da haru a cikin matani don a, ko m, ko syllabically don am. Ana iya maye gurbin "a" a cikin kalma ta kowane sautin 4: a, e, i, ko u.

## Amfani da Epic na Gilgamesh
*AM* da alamar am a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh kamar haka: am- (sau 87); AM- (4). 

## Manazarta

* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;

Fayil:B309ellst.png|Cuneiform **am**, and sumerogram (capital letter majuscule, **AM**). 
Fayil:Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Abi-milku_of_Tyre_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_DP-211-144.jpg|line drawing, **Obverse**Amarna letter EA 15-(titled: *"Assyria joins the International Scene"*).A common Amarna letter that uses cuneiform *am*.(Next-to-last cuneiform sign, line 3.)
Fayil:Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Abi-milku_of_Tyre_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_24.2.12_EGDP021811.jpg|Right Edge (*Obverse*) showing**am**, 3rd line from top.( **am-qut**, for "maqātu","to bow down", etc.; to address someone )
Fayil:Amarna_letter-_Royal_Letter_from_Abi-milku_of_Tyre_to_the_king_of_Egypt_MET_24.2.12_EGDP021809.jpg|Another view of Amarna letter EA 153.
Jiang Yanyong

**Jiang Yanyong** (4 ga Oktoba 1931 - 11 ga Maris 2023) likita ne ɗan ƙasar Sin wanda ya yi shelar ɓoye cutar da ta shafi numfashi mai tsanani (SARS) a babban yankin ƙasar Sin. An haife shi a cikin dangin Zhejiang Xingye Bank, Jiang shi ne babban likitan Asibitin 301 da ke Beijing kuma babban memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta ƙasar Sin .

Jiang yana fuskantar daurin talala a gida lokaci-lokaci saboda rawar da ya taka wajen fallasa ɓarkewar annobar SARS. [1] A cewar wani rahoto a jaridar The New York Times, an nuna Jiang a matsayin mummunan abin koyi a cikin littattafan ilimi na kasar Sin, saboda "lalata muradun al'umma".

## Ilimi
Jiang ya halarci Jami'ar Yenching .  Ya zaɓi aikin likitanci bayan ya ga wata goggo ta mutu sakamakon tarin fuka . A shekarar 1952, ya shiga Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Peking Union . 

## Sana'a
Jiang ya shiga Rundunar 'Yantar da Jama'a a shekarar 1954 kuma an tura shi Asibitin 301 (Babban Asibitin PLA) da ke Beijing. A shekarar 1987, an nada Jiang a matsayin babban likitan tiyata na asibitin.  Ya riƙe matsayin soja na daidai da Manjo Janar na Amurka.  A watan Yunin 1989, Jiang ya shaida sakamakon raunin da aka samu a kan ɗaliban a lokacin zanga-zangar Tiananmen Square da kisan kiyashi a shekarar 1989.  

Yayin da cutar SARS ta fara yaɗuwa a babban yankin China a ƙarshen 2002 da farkon 2003, gwamnati ta yi watsi da adadin waɗanda suka kamu da cutar a babban yankin China.   A ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2003, Jiang ya aika wa gidan talabijin na China Central Television -4 ( CCTV4 ) da Phoenix TV (Hong Kong) wasiƙa mai kalmomi 800 ta imel da ke ba da rahoton wannan gaskiyar. Duk da cewa babu ɗayan biyun da ya amsa ko ya buga wasiƙarsa, an fallasa bayanan ga ƙungiyoyin labarai na Yamma. A ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2003, wani ɗan jarida daga *The Wall Street Journal* ya isa wurin Jiang ta hanyar hira ta wayar tarho. Daga baya a wannan rana, Susan Jakes, 'yar jaridar *[[Time (magazine)|Time]]* a Beijing ita ma ta tuntuɓi Jiang. *Time* ta buga labarin mai ban mamaki nan take da taken "Harin SARS na Beijing".  A cikin wannan labarin, an fassara wasiƙar Jiang zuwa Turanci kuma, a karon farko, an sanar da jama'a ainihin halin da ake ciki a babban yankin China. Wannan wasiƙar ta tilasta wa Magajin Garin Beijing da Ministan Lafiyar Jama'a yin murabus a ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 2003.  Gwamnatin China ta fara magance annobar da ke ƙaruwa.  Yawancin ƙwararrun masana kiwon lafiyar jama'a sun yi imanin cewa wannan matakin ya hana cutar kaiwa ga yawan annobar . 

A watan Fabrairun 2004, Jiang ya rubuta wata buɗaɗɗiyar wasiƙa ga Firayim Minista Wen Jiabao, mataimakan firayim minista da dama, membobin ofishin siyasa da sauran membobin gwamnatin China da dama.    Wasiƙar ta nemi a sake duba alhakin da gwamnatin China ta ɗauka game da kisan kiyashin Tiananmen Square .   Wasu majiyoyin kafofin watsa labarai sun nuna cewa saboda babban matsayin Jiang Yanyong, ofishin siyasa ya tattauna batun abin da za a yi da shi.
Pawura

**Pawura**, da kuma: **Pauru**, **Piwure**, **Puuru / Puuru** jami'in Masar ne na 1350-1335 BC Amarna wasikun wasiƙa. Kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin wasika mai lamba 171, shi ma "kwamanda-mai harbi" ne na Masar. A cikin wasika mai lamba 289 an kira shi "mai aiki". A cikin Masarawa sunansa yana nufin 'Babban', (*Pa-wr* / *Pa-ur*) (wasika EA 287:45-"1.-Pa-Ú-Ru" ) 

An ambaci sunan Pawura a cikin haruffa masu zuwa: (Amarna)" id="mwIQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="EA (el Amarna)">EA don 'el Amarna') 

:# Rib-Haddi-The Rib-Hadda sub-corpus na haruffa 68: EA 117, 124, 129, 131, 132, da EA 362.
:# Aziru-EA 171, na Aziru na Ammuru, Title: "Ƙaunar Aiki".
:# EA 263-EA 263, ɗan gajeren wasika. Taken: "*"An sace komai".*. " (marasa marubucin ba a sani ba) 
:# Abdi-Heba-EA 287">EA 287 da EA 289, wasiƙu daga Abdi-Hepa zuwa ga Fir'auna.  (duba EA 287 a nan: [Hoton, EA 287: A baya](https://web.archive.org/web/20120313163629/http://amarna.ieiop.csic.es/amarna/Tablillas/EA%20287/EA%20287-VAT%201644%20(1).jpg)) 

An ambaci mutuwar Pawura a cikin wasiƙun Rib-Hadda ban da EA 117, da 124, tare da mutuwar wasu, ko yaƙi da Habiru, ko shugabannin Ammuru: (Abdi-Ashirta, ko ɗansa, Aziru).

## Misali haruffa don: Official ''Pawura''

### EA 171, ta Aziru na Ammuru-- (no. 13 na 13)
EA 171, Title: "Ƙaunar yin hidima",  + (Yanhamu) 

## Manazarta
Masatoshi Ito

Masatoshi Itō (伊藤 雅俊, Itō Masatoshi; 30 April 1924 – 10 March 2023) was a Japanese businessman and founder of Ito-Yokado.

## Rayuwar farko da aiki
An haifi Itō a Tokyo a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 1924. Iyayensa, Senzo da Yuki Itō, suna da shagon kayan busassun kaya mai suna Yokado.  Bayan kammala makarantar sakandare, Itō ya yi ɗan gajeren lokaci a rundunar sojojin Japan kuma yana aiki a abin da zai zama Mitsubishi Materials kafin ya koma aiki a shagon iyayensa.   Bayan mutuwar ɗan'uwansa a 1956, Itō ya karɓi Yokado, wanda a lokacin shagon tufafi ne. Ba da daɗewa ba ya sake wa kamfanin suna Ito-Yokado .  

Itō shi ne mamallakin, wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban girmamawa na ƙungiyar dillalan Ito-Yokado ta dala biliyan 30 (a cikin tallace-tallace), ƙungiya ta biyu mafi girma a duniya, wacce ta ƙunshi sama da 7-Elevens 10,000 a Japan da Amurka. Itō ya gina kamfanin daga ƙaramin shagon tufafi a Tokyo, zuwa kamfani mai kuɗaɗen shiga na shekara-shekara sama da dala biliyan 28 da kuma ma'aikata sama da 125,000. Ƙungiyar Ito-Yokado ta ƙunshi shaguna sama da 10,000 7-Eleven a Japan da 5,800 a Arewacin Amurka, tare da wasu shaguna 1,000, shagunan sassa, gidajen cin abinci, shagunan musamman, manyan kantuna da manyan kantuna. Ito-Yokado shi ma ɗan ƙasar Japan ne na shagunan Oshman's Sporting Goods, shagunan sashen Robinson, da gidajen cin abinci na Denny's . Kamfanin ya fara buɗe manyan kantuna a China.

A shekarar 1992, Itō ya yi murabus daga shugabancin Ito-Yokado bayan zargin cewa ma'aikatansa sun biya yakuza .  Itō ya musanta sanin biyan kuɗin, kodayake wasu daga cikin kuɗin sun fito ne daga asusun bankin matarsa, amma duk da haka ya ɗauki alhakin biyan kuɗin. 

## Peter F. Drucker da Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Masatoshi Ito ta Digiri na Biyu
Itō ya kasance babban mai goyon bayan Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Peter F. Drucker da Masatoshi Ito, tare da kyautar farko ta dala miliyan 3 don taimakawa wajen gina gidan makarantar na yanzu da kuma kyautar dala miliyan 20 daga baya. &#x5B; ** &#x5D; Ɗansa, Junro, ya sami digirin MBA a Makarantar Drucker a shekarar 1989 kuma yana aiki a ƙungiyar tsofaffin ɗaliban Drucker a Japan. 

## Rayuwar mutum da mutuwa
Itō ya yi aure kuma yana da 'ya'ya uku.  Ya mutu a ranar 10 ga Maris 2023, yana da shekaru 98.
Jiang Tianyong

**Jiang Tianyong** ( Chinese ) lauya ne mai kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar China . Yana zaune a Beijing, fitaccen mutum ne a cikin ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta Weiquan, kuma ya kare 'yan Tibet, masu shigar da ƙara, masu goyon bayan Falun Gong, waɗanda suka kamu da cutar HIV/AIDS, da sauran ƙungiyoyi masu rauni. Yaƙin neman haƙƙin ɗan adam na Jiang ya jawo fushin hukumomin China; an hana shi aikace-aikacensa na sabunta lasisin shari'arsa, kuma an tsare shi a lokuta da dama.

## Ba da shawara
An haifi Jiang a Luoshan, lardin Henan, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin malami daga 1995 zuwa 2004. A shekarar 2004, ya bar aikinsa na malami, ya koma Beijing, kuma ya zama lauya mai kare hakkin dan adam.  Ya ci jarrabawar lauyoyi a 2005, kuma ya zama abokin tarayya a kamfanin lauyoyi na duniya na Beijing,  tare da wasu fitattun lauyoyi masu kare hakkin dan adam da dama. Ya fuskanci shari'o'i da dama masu muhimmanci a siyasa, ciki har da na masu shigar da kara da kuma tsirarun addinai da kabilu.   A shekarar 2008, Jiang ya bayar da tayin samar da ayyukan shari'a ga 'yan Tibet da ke fuskantar tuhume-tuhume bayan rikicin Tibet na 2008,  kuma yana da hannu a cikin babban kare wani malamin addinin Tibet, tare da lauya Li Fangping .  Jiang ya fara fafutukar kare mabiya Falun Gong a 2008, kuma a ƙarshen 2009 ya ce ya kare kusan likitoci 20 da aka tsare saboda ayyukansu na ibada.  Jiang ya kuma yi fafutukar kare hakkin 'yan ƙasa waɗanda suka kamu da cutar HIV/AIDS ta hanyar ƙarin jini ko gudummawa,  kuma ya shiga cikin fafutukar kare hakkin waɗanda lamarin " bakin tubali " na Shanxi ya shafa. 

## Tsare-tsare
Jami'an tsaron kasar Sin sun tsare Jiang a lokuta da dama saboda kare hakkin dan adam da yake yi. [1] A shekarar 2008, an sanar da Jiang cewa lasisinsa na aikin lauya ya kare. [2] A shekarar 2009, yana daya daga cikin akalla lauyoyi 17 na Weiquan wadanda aka ki amincewa da bukatarsu ta sabunta lasisin shari'a. A wannan shekarar, an sanya Jiang a karkashin sa ido na 'yan sanda, kuma an hana shi fita daga gidansa

A ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, 2011, yana ɗaya daga cikin lauyoyi da 'yan adawa da dama da aka tsare a wani ɓangare na yaƙin neman 'yancin kai . An tsare Jiang na tsawon watanni biyu.  A cikin wata hira da ya yi da jaridar South China Morning Post, Jiang ya ce an yi masa duka kuma an ci zarafinsa a gidan yari. Yayin da yake cikin gidan yarin, an ruwaito cewa masu tambayoyi sun yi wa Jiang duka akai-akai, sannan suka tilasta masa ya zauna ba tare da motsi ba har tsawon awanni 15 a jere. 

A watan Nuwamba na 2016, ana fargabar sake tsare Jiang, a cewar matarsa.   A ranar 6 ga Disamba, Philip Alston, wakilin musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan talauci da kare hakkin dan adam, ya ce bacewar Jiang wani ramuwar gayya ne ga hadin gwiwar da ya yi da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a lokacin ziyarar Alston zuwa China.  An yanke wa Jiang hukuncin daurin shekaru biyu a gidan yari a shekarar 2017 saboda "haifar da ruguza ikon gwamnati". 

An sake shi a shekarar 2019, kuma an ruwaito yana zaune tare da iyalinsa a tsakiyar China, a ƙarƙashin kulawar hukumomin China. 

## Manazarta
Babbar Kogin Jiangyin Yangtze

**Gadar Kogin Jiangyin Yangtze** ( Chinese ) wata gada ce ta dakatarwa akan kogin Yangtze a Jiangsu, China . Gadar tana da babban tazarar  ta haɗa Jiangyin a kudancin kogin zuwa Jingjiang a arewa. Lokacin da aka kammala gadar a shekarar 1999, ita ce gadar dakatarwa ta huɗu mafi tsayi a duniya kuma mafi tsayi a China . An kammala gadoji da yawa masu tsayi tun daga lokacin a China da ƙasashen waje, kuma a halin yanzu ita ce gadar dakatarwa ta 15 mafi tsayi a duniya. Gadar ita ce kuma mafi nisa a ƙasan kogin Yangtze har zuwa lokacin da aka kammala gadar Kogin Sutong Yangtze a shekarar 2008 da kuma gadar Kogin Chongming-Qidong Yangtze a shekarar 2011.

## Wuri
Gadar da ke tsakiyar lardin Jiangsu, tana ɗauke da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a kan babbar hanyar G2 ta Beijing-Shanghai Expressway . Akwai hanyoyi uku a duka hanyoyi da kuma hanyoyin tafiya a ƙasa. An zaɓi wurin ne saboda faɗin kogin a kan gadar. Tsayin da za a iya bi don kewaya kogin shine 50 metres (164 ft) .

## Tarihi
An tsara gadar ne domin a kammala ta a kan lokaci domin bikin cika shekaru 50 da ayyana Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin . Ita ce gada ta farko mai tsawon lokaci irinta da aka tsara a kasar Sin. An fara aikin gina gadar a shekarar 1994. An kammala aikin injiniya, kera da kuma gina gadar cikin kasa da shekaru uku. Hasumiyoyin simintin suna da  tsayi, kusan daidai yake da tsayin ginin hawa 60. Babban faɗin, wanda Kamfanin Cleveland Bridge &amp;amp; Engineering ya gina, an yi shi ne da sandunan ƙarfe masu faɗi.  An gina benen ƙarfe ta hanyar ɗaga na'urori da aka riga aka haɗa waɗanda nauyinsu ya kai tan 500 na metric tare da jacks. ( hotuna ) Jimlar jarin gadar ya kai yuan biliyan 2.728. An buɗe gadar a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 1999. Jiang Zemin ya sanya wa gadar suna kuma ya yanke kintinkiri.  Kamfanin Goodwin Steel Castings ya ƙera igiyoyin kebul na gadar.

A shekara ta 2002, gadar ta sami lambar yabo a taron International Bridge Conference saboda "... gagarumar nasara a fannin injiniyan gada wanda, ta hanyar hangen nesa da kirkire-kirkire, ke samar da wata alama ga al'ummar da aka tsara ta dominta." 

## Duba kuma

* Gadaje da ramukan karkashin ruwa a fadin Kogin Yangtze
* Jerin gadoji a China
* Jerin dogon layin gadar dakatarwa
* Jerin gadoji mafi tsayi