Margaret Sanger

**Margaret Sanger** (née **Higgins**; Satumba 14, 1879 - Satumba 6, 1966) ta kasance mai fafutukar hana haihuwa ta Amurka, Malamin jima'i, marubuciya, kuma ma'aikaciyar jinya. Ta bude asibitin kula da haihuwa na farko a Amurka, ta kafa Planned Parenthood, kuma ta taimaka wajen bunkasa kwayar cutar hana haihuwa ta farko. An dauki Sanger a matsayin wanda ya kafa kuma jagora na ƙungiyar hana haihuwa.  

A farkon shekarun 1900, maganin hana daukar ciki, zubar da ciki, da wallafe-wallafen hana haihuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a yawancin Amurka. Aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a cikin unguwanni na Birnin New York, Sanger sau da yawa yana kula da uwaye da suka yi tsananin damuwa don kauce wa ɗaukar ƙarin yara, da yawa daga cikinsu sun koma zubar da zubar da jini. Sanger ta kasance mai fafutukar Mata na farko kuma ta yi imanin cewa ya kamata mata su iya yanke shawara idan kuma lokacin da za su haifi yara, wanda ya kai ta ga kamfen don halatta maganin hana daukar ciki. A matsayinta na mai bin yunkurin eugenics, ta yi jayayya cewa hana haihuwa zai rage yawan mutanen da ba su dace ba kuma ya inganta lafiyar ɗan adam gaba ɗaya. Har ila yau, damuwar Malthusian game da mummunar tasirin yawan jama'a ya rinjaye ta. 

Don inganta hana haihuwa, Sanger ya ba da jawabai, ya rubuta littattafai, kuma ya buga littattafai na lokaci-lokaci. Sanger da gangan ya yi watsi da dokokin da suka hana rarraba bayanai game da maganin hana daukar ciki, kuma an kama shi sau takwas. Ayyukanta sun haifar da hukunce-hukuncen kotu da suka halatta hana haihuwa, gami da wanda ya ba likitoci damar rarraba maganin hana daukar ciki; da kuma wani - Griswold v. Connecticut - wanda ya halatta maganin hana daukar hoto ba tare da takardar magani ga ma'aurata a duk fadin kasar ba.

Sanger ya kafa cibiyar sadarwa ta asibitocin kula da haihuwa da yawa a duk faɗin ƙasar, wanda ya ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya na haihuwa ga daruruwan dubban marasa lafiya. Ta hana zubar da ciki, kuma asibitocinta ba ta taɓa ba da sabis na zubar da cikin ciki ba a lokacin rayuwarta. Ta kafa kungiyoyi da yawa da aka sadaukar da su ga tsara iyali, gami da Planned Parenthood da International Planned Parentshood Federation . A farkon shekarun 1950, Sanger ya shawo kan masu ba da agaji don samar da kudade ga masanin ilimin halitta Gregory Pincus don haɓaka kwayar cutar hana haihuwa ta farko. Ta mutu a Arizona a shekarar 1966.

## Rayuwa ta farko
Iyayen Sanger Katolika ne na Irish waɗanda suka yi hijira daban daga Ireland. Mahaifinta, Michael Hennessey Higgins, ya yi hijira zuwa Kanada tare da iyalinsa, sannan ya koma Amurka yana da shekaru 14, kuma ya shiga rundunar Sojojin Tarayyar a yakin basasa a matsayin mai bugawa a shekara 15. Bayan ya bar sojoji, ya yi karatun likitanci da phrenology amma daga ƙarshe ya zama Mai yankan dutse. Mahaifiyarta, Anne Purcell Higgins, ta yi hijira zuwa Amurka tare da iyalinta a lokacin Babban Yunwa. Anne da Michael sun yi aure a 1869. 

An haifi Sanger Margaret Louise Higgins a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1879 a Corning, New York . Ta yi amfani da shekarunta na farko a cikin gidan da ke cike da tashin hankali, a ƙarƙashin tasirin mahaifinta, wanda ya kasance mai tunani mai 'yanci, mai gurguzu, kuma mai ba da izini. [1][1] A cikin shekaru 22, Anne Higgins ta yi ciki sau 18, kuma ta haifi jarirai 11 masu rai. Ta mutu tana da shekaru 50, lokacin da Margaret ke da shekaru 19.[1] [lower-alpha 1]

Tare da taimakon kudi daga 'yan'uwa mata biyu, Margaret Higgins ta halarci Cibiyar Hudson River a Kwalejin Claverack daga 1896 zuwa 1900, sannan makarantar jinya a Asibitin White Plains daga 1900 zuwa 1902.  Bayan kammala karatunta a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya, ta auri masanin gine-gine William Sanger a 1902. Kodayake ta sha wahala daga tarin fuka, ta zauna a rayuwa mai natsuwa a Hastings-on-Hudson kuma tana da 'ya'ya uku.

## Manazarta