Giuliano Amato

**Giuliano Amato** OMRI (  An haife shi a ranar 13 ga Mayu 1938) ɗan siyasa ne ɗan ƙasar Italiya wanda ya yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin Firayim Ministan Italiya, na farko daga 1992 zuwa 1993 da kuma daga 2000 zuwa 2001. Bayan rasuwar Arnaldo Forlani a watan Yulin 2023, Amato ya zama Firayim Minista na farko da ya tsira a ƙasar.

Daga baya, ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Yarjejeniyar kan Makomar Turai wadda ta tsara Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Turai kuma ta jagoranci Ƙungiyar Amato . Ana yi masa lakabi da *dottor Sottile*, wanda ke nufin " Dokta Subtilis ", wanda aka fi sani da soyayyen masanin falsafar Scotland na zamanin da John Duns Scotus, wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen bayyana wayonsa na siyasa. Daga 2006 zuwa 2008, ya kasance Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida a gwamnatin Romano Prodi . Ya yi aiki a Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Italiya daga Satumba 2013 zuwa Satumba 2022, inda Shugaba Giorgio Napolitano ya naɗa shi. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kotun daga 29 ga Janairu 2022 zuwa 18 ga Satumba 2022. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife shi a Turin a cikin dangin Sicily, Amato ya girma a Tuscany . Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Pisa a shekarar 1960 yayin da yake halartar Kwalejin Medico-Giuridico mai daraja ta Scuola Normale Superiore, wacce a yau ake kira Makarantar Nazarin Ci Gaban Sant'Anna . A matsayinsa na wanda ya sami tallafin Fulbright, ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a ta kwatantawa daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Columbia a shekarar 1963.  Bayan koyarwa a Jami'o'in Modena, Perugia da Florence, ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a fannin Shari'ar Tsarin Mulki ta Italiya da Kwatantawa a Jami'ar Rome La Sapienza daga 1975 zuwa 1997. 

Amato ya fara harkokin siyasa a shekarar 1958 lokacin da ya shiga Jam'iyyar Gurguzu ta Italiya . Ya kasance ɗan Majalisar Dokoki daga 1983 zuwa 1993. Ya kasance Mataimakin Sakataren Harkokin Waje a ofishin Firayim Minista daga 1983 zuwa 1987, Mataimakin Firayim Minista daga 1987 zuwa 1988, da Ministan Baitulmali daga 1987 zuwa 1989. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

Daga watan Yunin 1992 zuwa Afrilun 1993, Amato ya yi aiki a matsayin firayim minista. A cikin waɗannan watanni goma, an sami jerin badakalar cin hanci da rashawa da ta mamaye Italiya kuma ta share kusan dukkan shugabannin siyasa. Amato da kansa ba a taɓa zarginsa ba, duk da kusancinsa da Bettino Craxi, wani jigo a tsarin cin hanci da rashawa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

A matsayinsa na Firayim Minista, Amato ya mayar da martani mai kyau ga raguwar darajar lira sau biyu bayan hasashen kuɗi wanda ya sa aka kori Italiya daga Tsarin Kuɗi na Turai ta hanyar rage gibin kasafin kuɗi sosai, don haka ya ɗauki matakai na farko don kawo Italiya ga amincewa da Yuro. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

A wani lokaci, gwamnatinsa ta fuskanci suka mai zafi saboda wata doka da ta mayar da ikon gudanar da binciken cin hanci da rashawa zuwa hannun 'yan sanda, wanda, kasancewar gwamnati ce ke iko da shi kai tsaye, ba zai zama mai zaman kansa ba. Saboda tsoron cewa sabon tsarin zai hana binciken cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa, 'yan Italiya sun fito kan tituna a manyan tarurrukan gangami na bazata. Shugaba Oscar Luigi Scalfaro ya ki sanya hannu kan dokar, yana mai cewa ta saba wa kundin tsarin mulki. Yayin da ministan shari'arsa Giovanni Conso ya dauki alhakin lamarin, an yi ta jayayya ko Amato ya fuskanci yanayi ko kuma yana son ceton tsarin da cin hanci da rashawa ya mamaye. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

A ƙarshen lokacin da yake a matsayin Firayim Minista, Amato ya yi jawabi ga Majalisar Dokoki inda ya yi alƙawarin cewa a ƙarshen wa'adinsa, zai yi ritaya daga siyasa, yana mai jaddada cewa alƙawarinsa na gaskiya ne kuma ba zai karya wannan alƙawarin ba kamar yadda wasu 'yan siyasa (waɗanda ya kira su " mandarins ") suka saba yi. Duk da haka, wannan alƙawarin bai daɗe ba; Amato yana fuskantar suka akai-akai saboda yin irin wannan alƙawarin da ya yi da kuma rashin cika shi. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

Amato ya kasance Shugaban Hukumar hana cin hanci da rashawa ta Italiya daga Nuwamba 1994 zuwa Disamba 1997,  Ministan Gyaran Cibiyoyi a gwamnatin Massimo D'Alema ta farko daga Oktoba 1998 zuwa Mayu 1999, kuma, a sake, Ministan Baitulmali a gwamnatin D'Alema ta biyu daga Disamba 1999 zuwa Afrilu 2000. An kusa tsayar da Amato a matsayin Shugaban Jamhuriyar kuma ya kasance mai fafatawa a kusa da shi don maye gurbin Michel Camdessus a matsayin shugaban Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

Amato ya sake zama firayim minista daga watan Afrilun 2000 zuwa Mayun 2001. Ya inganta gasa a fannin tattalin arziki da kuma kare al'umma. Baya ga gyare-gyaren tattalin arziki, ya ci gaba da gyare-gyaren siyasa da na cibiyoyi, yana ƙoƙarin magance raunin zartarwa da kuma rarrabuwar kawuna a majalisar dokoki. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

A watan Disamba na shekarar 2001, shugabannin [[Tarayyar Turai]] a Majalisar Turai da ke Laeken sun naɗa Amato da tsohon Firayim Ministan Belgium Jean-Luc Dehaene a matsayin Mataimakan Shugabanni na Yarjejeniyar kan Makomar Turai don taimakawa tsohon Shugaban Faransa [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]] wajen tsara sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Turai. An zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na girmamawa na Ƙasashen Waje na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekarar 2002.  

Amato ya kasance ɗan Majalisar Dattawa mai wakiltar mazabar Grosseto a Tuscany daga 2001 zuwa 2006. A shekarar 2006, an zaɓe shi a Majalisar Wakilai don jerin Bishiyar Zaitun, kuma an naɗa shi Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida a gwamnatin Romano Prodi mai hagu-da-gefe. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

Tun daga shekarar 2010, yana kuma jagorantar azuzuwan karawa juna sani na gaba a fannin digiri na biyu a fannin harkokin jama'a na kasa da kasa na Makarantar Gwamnati ta LUISS . &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2013, Shugaba Giorgio Napolitano ya naɗa Amato a matsayin alkali a Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Italiya, inda ya yi aiki tun daga lokacin.  A ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2020, Amato ya tsaya takarar Shugaban Kotun Tsarin Mulki, amma ya sha kaye a zagaye na biyu na kaɗa ƙuri'a a kan Mario Rosario Morelli wanda ya sami ƙuri'u tara, yayin da Giancarlo Coraggio ya sami ƙuri'u biyar, Amato kuma ya sami ɗaya.  Daga baya Morelli ya naɗa shi Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa.  Coraggio ya tabbatar da shi a wannan matsayin wanda ya zama shugaban ƙasa a watan Disamba na 2020. 

Amato tana da aure da Diana Vincenzi, farfesa a fannin shari'ar iyali a Jami'ar Rome. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu, Elisa da Lorenzo, da kuma jikoki biyar, Giulia, Marco, Simone, Elena da Irene. Ya zuwa watan Satumba na 2020, Amato memba ce a Cibiyar Aspen ta Italiya. 

## Aikin Adalci na Duniya
Giuliano Amato yana aiki a matsayin Shugaba Mai Daraja na Aikin Shari'a na Duniya . Shirin Shari'a na Duniya yana aiki ne don jagorantar wani yunƙuri na duniya da fannoni daban-daban don ƙarfafa Tsarin Shari'a don haɓaka al'ummomin da ke da dama da daidaito. 

## Shugaban Makarantar Nazarin Ci Gaba ta Sant'Anna
A shekarar 2012, an naɗa Giuliano Amato a matsayin Shugaban Makarantar Nazarin Ci Gaba ta Sant'Anna . A matsayinsa na ɗalibi na Makarantar Nazarin Ci Gaba ta Sant'Anna (yana halartar Kwalejin Medico-Giuridico mai suna na Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, wanda a yau ake kira Makarantar Nazarin Ci Gaba ta Sant'Anna ), ya kasance yana hulɗa da jami'ar sosai, inda a da yake jagorantar Ƙungiyar Tsoffin Ɗaliban Sant'Anna .

An naɗa shi a matsayin Shugaban Makarantar Nazarin Ci Gaba ta Sant'Anna a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 2012 ta Majalisar Dattawa ta Makarantar Nazarin Ci Gaba ta Sant'Anna, kuma bisa ga umarnin Minista Francesco Profumo na Ma'aikatar Ilimi, Jami'o'i da Bincike (Italiya) . Ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa a Makarantar Nazarin Ci Gaba ta Sant'Anna bayan an naɗa shi a Kotun Tsarin Mulki a watan Satumbar 2013.

## Ra'ayoyin Kai
A shekarar 2011, Amato ya bayyana cewa kirkirar Italiya ba ta da goyon bayan ingantaccen aiki wajen tsara ƙungiyoyin gwamnati da na masu zaman kansu. Ya yi imanin cewa tana da rawar da za ta taka a nan gaba wajen rashin bege da kuma ma'anar asalin ƙasa, haka kuma ba a kammala ta gaba ɗaya ba ta hanyar da ta dace da ainihinta. Wannan rashin ya taimaka wajen bunƙasa ƙiyayya ga baƙi da kuma asalin yanki da ake zargi, kamar ƙungiyar Lega Nord . 

Amato yana ganin cewa ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye a Kudancin Italiya bayan 1861 wani motsi ne na rashin adalci da rashin bin doka wanda ba za a iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani nau'i na tawaye na ƙiyayya ga ƙasa ba; duk da haka, sojoji da jami'an Rundunar Sojojin Borbonic waɗanda suka shiga wannan motsi ba za a iya bayyana su a matsayin masu cin amanar Italiya mai ci gaba ba. Hakanan ba abin yarda ba ne cewa Tafiyar Dubu ta iya haifar da haɗa Kudancin Italiya cikin Masarautar Sardinia da kanta, yayin da manyan tushe na siyasa da al'adu suka kasance ta hanyar ayyukan masana kamar Francesco Mario Pagano da Vincenzo Cuoco suka samar a shekarun 1790.  Idan bai yi imani da cewa asalin ƙasa koyaushe wani abu ne mafi mahimmanci fiye da na ƙasa ko na ƙasa ba, Amato ya yi imani da tsarin asalin ƙasa mai matakai da yawa da Alberto Banti ya gabatar ta hanyar da asalin Turai ke ƙarfafa asalin Italiya ko da suna zaune da aiki a ƙasar waje. A cewarsa, ana kiyaye asalin Italiya a kowace ƙasa da ya kamata su je. 

## Tarihin zaɓe

### Zaɓen farko bayan zaɓe

## Daraja

* : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (23 December 2011)

## Manazarta