Tsalle-tsalle

Leapfrogging wani ra'ayi ne da aka yi amfani da shi a fannoni da yawa na tattalin arziki da harkokin kasuwanci, kuma an samo asali ne a fannin tsarin masana'antu da Ci gaban tattalin arziki. Babban ra'ayin da ke bayan ra'ayin leapfrogging shine cewa ƙananan sababbin abubuwa yawanci suna jagorantar kamfani mai rinjaye don ci gaba, amma wani lokacin, sababbin abubuwa zasu ba da damar sabbin kamfanoni su tsallake tsohuwar kamfani mai mahimmanci. Wannan abu na iya faruwa ga kamfanoni amma kuma ga jagorancin kasashe ko birane, inda kasashe masu tasowa zasu iya tsallake matakai na hanyar da kasashe masu masana'antu suka dauka, yana ba su damar kamawa da wuri, musamman dangane da ci gaban tattalin arziki.

## Ƙungiyar masana'antu
A fagen Ƙungiyar masana'antu (IO), Fudenberg, Gilbert, Stiglitz da Tirole ne suka haɓaka babban aikin tsalle-tsalle  (1983). A cikin labarin su, suna nazarin yanayin da sabon mai shiga zai iya tsallakewa daga kamfani da aka kafa. 

Wannan tsalle-tsalle na iya tasowa saboda mai mallakar da aka kafa yana da ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfafawa don ƙirƙirar abubuwa saboda suna samun haya daga tsohuwar fasaha.[1] Wannan ya dogara ne akan ra'ayin Joseph Schumpeter na "galas na lalacewa mai kirkira".[2] Tunanin ya ba da shawarar cewa kamfanonin da ke riƙe da iko bisa ga fasahar da ke aiki ba su da ƙarancin ƙarfafawa don ƙirƙirar abubuwa fiye da masu iya fafatawa, sabili da haka a ƙarshe sun rasa matsayin jagorancin su na fasaha lokacin da sabbin kamfanoni suka karɓi sabbin sabbin fasahohin fasaha waɗanda ke shirye don ɗaukar haɗari. Lokacin da sababbin abubuwa suka zama sabon tsarin fasaha, sabbin kamfanoni masu zuwa sun tsallake gaba da kamfanonin da suka gabata.￼

## Gasar kasa da kasa
Hakazalika kasar da ke da jagoranci na iya rasa ikonta kuma wata kasa ta tsallake shi. Wannan ya faru a tarihi sau da yawa. A ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha takwas, Burtaniya ta mamaye Netherlands, wanda shine jagora a duk ƙarni na sha tara, kuma Amurka ta mamaye Burtaniya, kuma ta zama iko mai iko na ƙarni na 20.

Akwai dalilai da yawa na wannan. Brezis da Krugman (1993,  1997 ) sun ba da shawarar hanyar da ke bayyana wannan tsari na tsalle-tsalle a matsayin martani ga manyan canje-canje na lokaci-lokaci a cikin fasaha. A lokutan ƙananan canjin fasaha, karuwar dawowa zuwa sikelin yana kara karfin jagorancin tattalin arziki. Koyaya, a lokutan sabon abu da babbar ci gaban fasaha, jagorancin tattalin arziki, tunda yana nuna albashi mai girma, na iya hana karɓar sabbin ra'ayoyi a cikin ƙasashe masu ci gaba. Sabuwar fasahar na iya zama kamar ta fi dacewa da tsofaffin hanyoyin ga waɗanda ke da ƙwarewa mai yawa tare da waɗancan tsofaffin hanyoyin; duk da haka wannan fasahar da ta fi dacewa ta farko na iya samun damar ingantawa da daidaitawa. Lokacin da ci gaban fasaha ya ɗauki wannan nau'in, jagorancin tattalin arziki zai zama tushen faduwar kansa.

Sakamakon haka, lokacin da wani sabon abu ya faru, da farko ba ya zama ci gaba ga kasashe masu jagorantar, saboda kwarewarsu mai yawa tare da tsofaffin fasahohi. Kasashe masu jinkiri ba su da ƙwarewa; sabuwar dabarar tana ba su damar amfani da ƙananan albashi don shiga kasuwa. Idan sabuwar dabarar ta tabbatar da cewa ta fi amfani da tsohuwar, tsalle-tsalle na jagoranci yana faruwa.

Brezis da Krugman sun yi amfani da wannan ka'idar tsalle-tsalle zuwa fagen yanayin ƙasa, kuma sun bayyana dalilin da ya sa manyan birane ke sau da yawa a kan manyan birane. Ana iya bayyana irin wannan rikice-rikice idan fa'idar Cibiyoyin birane da aka kafa ta dogara ne akan ilmantarwa ta hanyar yin hakan. Lokacin da aka gabatar da sabuwar fasaha, wanda wannan ƙwarewar da aka tara ba ta da mahimmanci, tsofaffin cibiyoyin sun fi son zama tare da fasahar da suka fi dacewa. Canje-canje ga jagorancin fasaha na iya bayyana ƙalubalen da suka shafi tasirin baya a kan shirye-shiryen kirkiro ko karɓar ra'ayoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da sababbin ra'ayoyin. Sabbin cibiyoyin, duk da haka, sun juya zuwa sabuwar fasaha kuma suna da gasa duk da yanayin wannan fasahar saboda ƙananan kuɗin haya da albashi. A tsawon lokaci, yayin da sabuwar fasahar ke girma, ana mamaye biranen da aka kafa.

## Tsalle-tsalle a kasashe masu tasowa
Kwanan nan ana amfani da manufar leapfrogging a cikin mahallin Ci gaba mai ɗorewa ga Kasashe masu tasowa a matsayin ka'idar ci gaba wanda zai iya hanzarta ci gaba ta hanyar tsallake fasahar ƙasa, ƙasa da inganci, mafi tsada ko mafi ƙazantawa da masana'antu kuma matsawa kai tsaye zuwa waɗanda suka ci gaba.

Dimokuradiyya ta Leapfrog na iya nufin ƙasashe waɗanda ke da manyan ci gaba waɗanda ƙasashe masu ci gaba zasu iya samun su daga baya. 

Wayar hannu misali ne na fasahar leapfrog: ya ba kasashe masu tasowa damar tsallake fasahar layi na karni na 20 kuma su matsa kai tsaye zuwa fasahar wayar hannu ta 21. An ba da shawarar cewa ta hanyar tsalle-tsalle kasashe masu tasowa na iya kauce wa matakan ci gaba masu cutar da muhalli kuma ba sa buƙatar bin tsarin ci gaban gurɓataccen kasashe masu masana'antu.

Amincewa da fasahar makamashi ta hasken rana a kasashe masu tasowa misalai ne na inda kasashe ba sa maimaita kuskuren kasashe masu masana'antu sosai wajen kirkirar kayan aikin makamashi bisa ga burbushin halittu, amma "tsalle" kai tsaye cikin Solar Age.

Kasashe masu tasowa tare da bututun iskar gas na yanzu a wurin na iya amfani da shi don jigilar hydrogen a maimakon haka, saboda haka tsalle daga iskar gas zuwa hydrogen.