Charles McLean Andrews

**Charles McLean Andrews, Ph.D, LHD** (Fabrairu 22, 1863 - Satumba 9, 1943) masanin tarihi ne kuma farfesa a Jami'ar Yale  wanda *Lokacin Mulkin Mallaka na Tarihin Amurka*, juzu'i na 1 na 4, aka ba shi kyautar Pulitzer don tarihi a 1935.   Daga cikin sauran littattafansa akwai *kwamitocin Burtaniya, kwamitocin, da majalisun kasuwanci da gonaki, 1622-1675* ( Johns Hopkins Press, 1908),  wanda ya rubuta littafin 1910 mai taken *A bibliography of history for schools and laburare: with description and critical annotations*,  da *The Colonial Period* (1912). 

Ya rubuta manyan kasidu da littattafai 102 na ilimi, da kuma sharhin littattafai sama da 360, labaran jaridu, da gajerun labarai.  An san shi musamman a matsayin shugaban "makarantar mulkin mallaka" ta masana tarihi waɗanda suka yi nazari, kuma gabaɗaya suka yaba, ingancin Daular Burtaniya a ƙarni na 18. Kross ya yi jayayya:

## Rayuwa da ganewa
An haife shi a Wethersfield, Connecticut, mahaifinsa, William Watson Andrews, ya kasance limamin cocin Katolika na Apostolic Church . Andrews ya sami digirin AB daga Kwalejin Trinity, Hartford, Conn., a shekara ta 1884 kuma ya yi shekaru biyu a matsayin shugaban makarantar sakandare ta West Hartford kafin ya shiga makarantar digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Johns Hopkins . A Johns Hopkins, Andrews ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Herbert Baxter Adams kuma ya sami digirin Ph.D. a shekara ta 1889. Farfesa ne a Kwalejin Bryn Mawr (1889–1907) da Jami'ar Johns Hopkins (1907–1910) kafin ya je Jami'ar Yale . Ya kasance Farfesa na Farnam na Tarihin Amurka a Yale daga 1910 zuwa ritayarsa a 1931. 

Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban riƙo na Ƙungiyar Tarihi ta Amurka a shekarar 1924 bayan mutuwar Woodrow Wilson, sannan ya zama shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1924 da 1925.  Ya riƙe membobi daban-daban ciki har da Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka, Ƙungiyar Tarihi ta Royal, Kwalejin Fasaha da Wasiku ta Amurka, da Phi Beta Kappa . An zaɓe shi memba na Ƙungiyar Antiquarian ta Amurka a shekarar 1907,  kuma ya zaɓi memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekarar 1918. 

Andrews ya lashe kyautar Pulitzer a tarihi a shekarar 1935 saboda kundin farko na littafinsa mai juzu'i huɗu *mai suna The Colonial Period of American History* . Cibiyar Fasaha da Wasiku ta Ƙasa ta ba shi lambar zinare, wadda aka ba shi sau ɗaya a cikin shekaru goma, saboda aikinsa a tarihi, kuma ya sami digirin girmamawa daga Harvard, Yale, Johns Hopkins, da Jami'ar Lehigh . 

Ya auri Evangline Holcombe Walker; 'yarsu Ethel ta auri John Marshall Harlan II, wanda ya zama Alkalin Kotun Koli ta Amurka a shekarar 1954.

Andrews ya mutu a New Haven, Connecticut.

## Hanyar zuwa tarihi
Kakanninsa na Yankee sun kasance a Connecticut tsawon tsararraki bakwai, don haka sha'awarsa ga tarihin mulkin mallaka na Amurka, gami da tarihin Connecticut, ba abin mamaki ba ne (littafinsa na farko, *The River Towns of Connecticut*, wanda aka buga a Baltimore a 1889, ya kasance game da matsugunin Wethersfield, Hartford, da Windsor ). Duk da haka Andrews bai yi suka ga farkon New England ba. 

Tare da Herbert L. Osgood na Jami'ar Columbia, Andrews ya jagoranci sabuwar hanyar da za a bi wajen fahimtar tarihin mulkin mallaka na Amurka, wanda aka kira fassarar "masarautar". Andrews da Osgood sun jaddada alaƙar da ke tsakanin mulkin mallaka da Birtaniya, kuma dukansu sun rubuta muhimman labarai kan wannan batu a cikin Rahoton Shekara-shekara na Ƙungiyar Tarihi ta Amurka ta Shekara ta 1898. Maimakon jaddada mulkin kama-karya na Birtaniya da ya kai ga Juyin Juya Halin Amurka, a cikin ayyuka kamar Zamanin Mulkin Mallaka (New York, 1912), ya ga rikicin a matsayin sakamakon da ba makawa na rashin iyawar shugabannin Birtaniya na fahimtar canje-canje a cikin al'umma a Amurka.

Cikakken binciken da Andrews ya yi kan majiyoyin tarihi, da kuma nuna ilimin da ya samu ta hanyar littattafai da kasidu da yawa, ya kafa mizani wanda ya sa abokan aikinsa suka yaba masa a matsayin "shugaban masana tarihi na mulkin mallaka." Daga cikin ɗalibansa a Yale waɗanda suka zama masana tarihi na mulkin mallaka da kuma shugabannin makarantar "masarautar" nan gaba akwai Leonard Woods Labaree, Lawrence Henry Gipson, Isabel M. Calder, da Beverley W. Bond, Jr.

## ambato
A shekarar 1924 ya rubuta: 

## Littattafan tarihi

* *Daular da Jamhuriya Mai Kyau* (1901) 
* *Gwamnatin Mulkin Mallaka* (1904) 
* *Zamanin Mulkin Mallaka na* New York, 1912 
* *Mahajjata da Masu Tsarkaka* (1919) akan layi
* *Colonial Folkways* (1920) 
* *Zamanin Mulkin Mallaka na Tarihin Amurka* Yale UP : 1934–1937 (juzu'i 4). *Babban aikinsa* .    
* *Tarihin Mulkin Mallaka na Juyin Juya Halin Amurka* New Haven, 1924
* *Ubannin New England* 
* *Mujallar Jonathan Dickinson*, an gyara ta tare da Evangeline Walker Andrews

## Manazarta

## Nassoshi

* Boyd, Kelly, edita. *Encyclopedia of Historyists and Historical Writers* (Routledge, 1999) 1:32–34
* Eisenstadt, Abraham S., *Charles McLean Andrews* (New York, 1956)
* *Makaloli a Tarihin Mulkin Mallaka da aka gabatar wa Charles McLean Andrews ta hannun ɗalibansa* (New Haven, 1931; repr. Freeport, NY, 1966)
* Kross, Jessica. "Charles M. Andrews" a cikin Clyde N. Wilson, edita. *Masana Tarihin Amurka na ƙarni na ashirin* (Kamfanin Binciken Gale, 1983) shafi na 9–19
* Johnson, Richard R. "Charles McLean Andrews da Ƙirƙirar Tarihin Mulkin Mallaka na Amurka," *William da Mary Quarterly ,* Jeri na Uku, Vol. 43, No. 4 (Oktoba, 1986), shafi na 1.&nbsp;520–541 a cikin JSTOR
* Labaree, Leonard W., "Charles McLean Andrews: Masanin Tarihi, 1863–1943", *William da Mary Quarterly,* Jeri na Uku, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Janairu 1944), shafi na 3–14 a cikin JSTOR
* McDonnell, Michael A., da David Waldstreicher. "Juyin Juya Hali a Kwata?: Nazarin Tarihi." *William da Mary Kwata* 74.4 (2017): 633-666.