Anita Shapira

**Anita Shapira** (Ibraniyawa; an haife ta a shekara ta 1940) masanin tarihin Isra'ila ce. Ita ce ta kafa Cibiyar Yitzhak Rabin, farfesa emerita na Tarihin Yahudawa a Jami'ar Tel Aviv, kuma tsohon shugaban Cibiyar Weizmann don Nazarin Zionism a Jami'an Tel Aviv. Ta sami lambar yabo ta Isra'ila a shekara ta 2008.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Shapira a Warsaw, Poland, a cikin 1940, ya yi hijira zuwa Mandatory Palestine a cikin 1947 kuma ya girma a Tel Aviv. Iyalin sun ƙaura a titin Yavneh, suna raba kicin da gidan wanka tare da wasu iyalai. Daga baya, sun koma Yad Eliyahu . 

Ta yi karatun Tarihin Yahudawa da na gaba ɗaya a Jami'ar Tel Aviv, ta kammala Ph.D. a 1974 a ƙarƙashin kulawar Farfesa Daniel Carpi . Rubutun ta, "The Struggle for Hebrew Labor, 1929-1939," ya nuna sha'awarta ga tarihin ƙungiyar Labor Zionist, wanda zai kasance ci gaba da mayar da hankali ga bincikenta. A shekara ta 1985, an nada ta cikakken farfesa a Jami'ar Tel Aviv, tana aiki daga 1990-95 a matsayin dean na Faculty of Humanities . Daga 1995 har zuwa 2009, ta rike kujerar Ruben Merenfeld don Nazarin Zionism . Daga 2000 zuwa 2012, ta kasance shugabar Cibiyar Chaim Weizmann don Nazarin Zionism da Isra'ila a Jami'ar Tel Aviv . Daga 2008 zuwa 2013, ta kasance darakta a Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya ta Isra'ila .

Daga 1985 zuwa 1989, ta kasance memba na Kwamitin Shirye-shiryen da Kasafin Kudi na Majalisar Ilimi mafi girma a Isra'ila; a cikin 1987-90 ta kasance shugabar kwamitin gidan wallafe-wallafen Am Oved; tun daga 1988 ta kasance memba ne na kwamitin Cibiyar Zalman Shazar . A shekara ta 2002-2008, ta kasance shugabar Gidauniyar Tunawa da Al'adun Yahudawa . Ta kafa Cibiyar Yitzhak Rabin don Nazarin Isra'ila kuma ita ce darakta ta farko a cikin 1996-99.

Ita memba ce ta kwamitin edita na Jewish Review of Books, co-editaccen ilimi tare da Farfesa Steven J. Zipperstein na jerin tarihin "Jewish Lives" wanda Yale University Press ta buga, kuma co-edidaitaccen ilimi da Farfesa Derek J. Penslar na *[[Journal of Israeli History|Jaridar Tarihin Isra'ila]]* .

## Bincike
Binciken Shapira yana mai da hankali kan tarihin siyasa, al'adu, zamantakewa, ilimi da soja na al'ummar Yahudawa a Falasdinu (Yishuv) da Isra'ila.

Littafin Shapira na ƙarshe, *Ben-Gurion: Uba na Isra'ila ta zamani*, yana ƙoƙari ya kai ga ainihin mutumin da zai zama fuskar sabuwar al'ummar Yahudawa. Shapira ya sake ba da labarin Ben-Gurion, yana mai da hankali musamman kan lokacin bayan 1948, a cikin shekaru na farko na zama ƙasa. Tana ba da kyakkyawar fahimta game da halayen Ben-Gurion da waɗanda suka bayyana jagorancinsa na siyasa.

Littafinta na farko, wanda ya dogara da rubutun digirinsa, Hama'avak Hanihzav: Avoda Ivrit 1929-1939 (The Futile Struggle: Hebrew Work 1929-1939), yana magana ne game da tarihin zamantakewa da siyasa na Yishuv a cikin 1920s da 1930s, gami da rikice-rikice game da manufofi ga yawan Larabawa da rikice'o'i tsakanin hagu da dama akan hanyoyin cimma burin Zionist.

Littafinta na biyu, Berl: The Biography of a Socialist Zionist, Berl Katznelson, 1887-1944, ya sami yabo sosai daga jama'a da kuma ilimi kuma an buga shi a cikin Ibrananci a cikin bugu takwas. Da yake mai da hankali kan wani babban mutum a cikin ƙungiyar Zionist ta Labor, wannan littafin yana nuna tarihin, al'umma, da al'adun Yishuv daga Aliyah na biyu zuwa ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II.

A lokacin aiki a kan tarihin Yigal Allon, Shapira ya zama mai sha'awar rawar da karfi ke takawa a cikin ƙungiyar Zionist, da farko an yi wahayi zuwa gare shi da wata kasida ta Menachem Begin a lokacin Yaƙin Lebanon na 1982 akan "A War of Choice". Wannan ya haifar da littafi, Herev Hayona: Hatziyonut vehakoah, 1881-1948 (Land and Power: The Zionist Resort to Force, 1881-1948). A cikin tarihin rayuwarta na Yigal Allon, Yigal Allón, Native Son: A Biography, Shapira a zahiri tana nuna ci gaban dukan ƙarni na Palmach a Falasdinu, ƙarni na farko na Sabra.

A wannan lokacin, ta kuma fara binciken batutuwan da suka shafi al'adu da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, kamar yadda ya bayyana a cikin labaran kan Latrun da S. Yizhar ta ɗan gajeren labarin "Hirbet Hize," da kuma halin al'ummar Isra'ila ga Holocaust da Holocaust da suka tsira. Littafinta *Hatanakh vehazehut hayisraelit* (The Bible and Israeli identity) yana neman bayyana dalilin da ya sa matsayin Littafi Mai-Tsarki ya ragu a cikin asalin Isra'ila. Batutuwan ainihi, al'adu, da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya suma suna mai da hankali ga tarin litattafai guda biyu, Yehudim Hadashim, Yehudim Yeshanim (Sabon Yahudawa, Tsohon Yahudawa), da *Yehudim, Tziyonim Umah shebeinehem* (Yahudawa, Zionists da Tsakanin).

Yawancin littattafanta an fassara su cikin Turanci, Jamusanci, Yaren mutanen Poland, Rasha, da Faransanci.

Daga 2004-2005, ta ci gaba da bincikenta ta hanyar zumunci a Cibiyar Katz don Nazarin Yahudanci.

A cikin wata hira da aka yi da ita a watan Oktoba na 2019, Shapira ta tattauna yadda take rubutawa: "Ban taɓa tunanin game da masu sauraro ba. Masu sauraro ba su wanzu lokacin da na rubuta ba. Ina rubuta abin da na yi imani shine mafi kusa da gaskiyar da zan iya kaiwa [...] Mai bincike dole ne ya sami damar lura da masu gabatarwa daga waje, waɗanda ya rubuta game da su... Wannan dole ne ra'ayinsu. Kuma watakila wannan shine abin da ke sa bambancin tsakanin rubuce-rubuce da rubutu ba shi da rubutu ba zai iya haɗawa da marubucin ba, ba lallai ba tare da rubutun da rubutun da rubutu da rubutun da kansa [...]

## Kyaututtuka

* A shekara ta 1977, an ba ta lambar yabo daga Cibiyar Ben-Zvi don littafinta *Hama'avak Hanihzav* (The Futile Struggle).
* A shekara ta 1992, gidan wallafe-wallafen Am Oved ya ba ta lambar yabo, a lokacin bikin cika shekaru 50, don mafi kyawun littafin da ba na almara ba, *Herev Hayona* (Land and Power), sigar Turanci wacce ta lashe lambar yabo ta Yahudawa ta kasa a 1993 a cikin rukunin Isra'ila. 
* A shekara ta 2004, an ba ta kyautar Zalman Shazar a Tarihin Yahudawa, saboda tarihin rayuwarta na Yigal Allon . 
* A shekara ta 2005, ta lashe kyautar Herzl saboda kyawawan abubuwan da ta yi a binciken Zionist daga birnin Herzliya .
* A shekara ta 2008, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Isra'ila a Tarihin Yahudawa.
* A shekara ta 2012, an ba ta lambar yabo ta littafin Yahudawa ta kasa a cikin tarihin tarihi don littafinta *Isra'ila: Tarihi* 
* A cikin 2014, littafinta *Isra'ila: Tarihi* an kuma ba shi lambar yabo ta Azrieli don Mafi Kyawun Littafin a Nazarin Isra'ila a Turanci ko Faransanci.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin masu karɓar kyautar Isra'ila

## Manazarta