Jacques Cartier

**Jacques Cartier**  (Breton: *Jakez Karter)* an haife shi a  31 Disamba1491, a inda yayi wafati a 1 Satumba 1557    atafiye ne. ya kasance mai binciken ruwa na Faransa-Breton na Faransa. Jacques Cartier shi ne Bature na farko da ya kwatanta da taswirar Gulf of Saint Lawrence da gabar tekun Saint Lawrence. wanda ya kira "Ƙasar Kanadas" bayan sunayen Iroquoian na manyan ƙauyuka biyu da ya gani a Stadacona (Quebec City) da kuma a Hochelaga (Tsibirin Montreal).

## Farkon Rayuwar shi
An haifi Jacques Cartier a cikin shekarar 1491 a Saint-Malo, a tashar jiragen ruwa a gabar tekun arewa maso gabas na Brittany. Cartier, wanda ya kasance babban ma'aikacin ruwa mai daraja, ya inganta matsayinsa na zamantakewa a shekarar 1520 ta hanyar auren Mary Catherine des Granches, memba na babban gidan aristocratic. Ana gane sunansa mai kyau a yaren Saint-Malo ta hanyar bayyanarsa akai-akai a cikin rajistar baftisma a matsayin ubangida ko shaida

## Tafiyar shi ta farko
A shekarar 1534, shekaru biyu bayan Duchy na Brittany ya kasance tare da Faransa a cikin Dokar Tarayyar, Jean Le Veneur, bishop na Saint-Malo da abbot na Mont Saint-Michel, ya gabatar da Cartier ga Sarki Francis I. Brion. A baya Sarkin ya gayyace (ko da yake ba a ba shi izini ba) mai binciken Florentine Giovanni da Verrazzano don bincika gabar gabashin Amurka ta Arewa a madadin Faransa a shekarar 1524. Le Veneur ya buga tafiye-tafiye zuwa Newfoundland da Brazil a matsayin hujja na ikon cartier akan iya "jagoranci jiragen ruwa zuwa gano sababbin ƙasashe a cikin Sabuwar Duniya". A ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1534, [14] Cartier ya tashi a ƙarƙashin wani kwamiti daga sarki, yana fatan gano hanyar yamma zuwa kasuwannin masu arziki na Gabashin Indies

Sai da ya kwashe kwanaki ashirin kafin ya haye tekun. Tun daga ranar 10 ga Mayu na waccan shekarar, ya binciko sassan Newfoundland, Mashigin Belle Island da kudancin Tekun Labrador, Gaspé da Tekun Arewa a Tekun Fasha na St. Lawrence, da wasu sassan gabar Tekun Fasha. manyan tsibiran, ciki har da tsibirin Prince Edward, tsibirin Anticosti da tsibirin Magdalen. A lokacin tsayawa daya a Îles aux Oiseaux (tsibirin Tsuntsaye, yanzu Rochers-aux-Oiseaux Tsuntsayen Tsuntsaye, arewa maso gabashin tsibirin Brion a tsibirin Magdalen), ma’aikatansa sun kashe kusan tsuntsaye 1000, yawancinsu manyan auks (wadanda suka bace tun 1852). ). Ganawar Cartier ta biyun farko tare da mutanen asali a Kanada a arewacin Chaleur Bay, mai yiwuwa Mi'kmaq, gajera ce; a inda aka gudanar da wasu cinikayya. Ganawarsa ta uku ta faru ne a gabar tekun Gaspé tare da ƙungiyar St. Lawrence Iroquoians, inda a ranar 24 ga Yuli ya dasa giciye don neman ƙasar Faransa . Giciyen mai tsawon mita 10 mai dauke da kalmomin "Allah ya ja zamanin Sarkin Faransa" ya yi ikirarin mallakar yankin da sunan Sarki. Canjin yanayi alama ce ta bayyana cewa Iroquoians sun fahimci ayyukan cartier. A nan ya yi garkuwa da ’ya’yan sarkinsu Donnacona, guda biyu . Cartier ya rubuta cewa daga baya sun gaya masa wannan yanki da aka kama (Gaspé) su ne ake kira Honguedo. Daga karshe shugaban ’yan asalin ya amince cewa za a iya karbar ’ya’yan sarkin, bisa sharadin cewa za su dawo da kayayyakin Turai domin su yi ciniki .

## Tafiyar shi ta biyu (1535–1536)
Jacques Cartier ya yi shirin tafiyar shi ta biyu a ranar 19 ga watan Mayu na shekara mai zuwa tare da jiragen ruwa uku, mutane 110, da kuma mutanensa guda biyu na Iroquoians. Lokacin da ya isa St. Lawrence, ya hau jirgin ruwa a karon farko, ya isa babban birnin Iroquoian Stadacona, inda Cif Donnacona ya yi mulki . Cartier ya yi iƙirarin mallakar ƙasa kusa da Kogin St. Lawrence a shekarae 1534; amma Faransa ba ta kula da mulkin mallaka ba tsawon shekaru 60. Har sai da Sarki Henry IV ya aika Samuel de Champlain a shekara ta 1608 zuwa New Faransa a matsayin gwamnanta kuma ya gina matsuguni na dindindin da kuma wurin kasuwancin fur da ake kira Quebec.

Cartier ya bar manyan jiragensa a tashar jiragen ruwa kusa da Stadacona, kuma ya yi amfani da ƙaramin jirginsa don ci gaba da zuwa Hochelaga (yanzu Montreal), ya isa ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 1535. Hochelaga ya kasance mafi ban sha'awa fiye da ƙaramin ƙauyen Stadacona, da kuma taron mutane sama da dubu ne suka zo bakin kogin don gaishe da Faransawa. An tabbatar da wurin da suka isa wurin a matsayin farkon Sainte-Marie Sault - inda gadar da aka sakawa sunan sa ta tsaya. Tafiyar ba za ta iya ci gaba  ba, saboda  toshewar kogin da raƙuman ruwa Don haka ya tabbata cewa kogin shine hanyar Arewa maso yamma, kuma raƙuman ruwa sune duk abin da ke hana shi tafiya zuwa kasar Sin, cewa raƙumar ruwa da garin da ya girma kusa da su, ya zama suna da sunan Faransanci na Sin, La. Chine: Lachine Raƙuman ruwa (Rapids) da garin Lachine, Quebec.

Bayan yayi kwana biyu a cikin mutanen Hochelaga, Cartier ya koma Stadacona a ranar 11 ga Oktoba. Ba a san ainihin lokacin da ya yanke shawarar kasancewa a Stadacona a lokacin hunturu na 1535-1536 ba, wanda ya ja yayi lattin  komawa Faransa. Cartier da mutanensa sun shirya ma hunturu ta hanyar ƙarfafa katangarsu, tara itace, gishiri, nama da kifi.

A shirye-shiryen sa ya koma Faransa a farkon Mayu 1536, Cartier ya yanke shawarar garkuwa/sace Cif Donnacona ya kai shi Faransa,  domin shi da kansa ya ba da labarin wata ƙasa da ke gaba da arewa, wanda ake kira "Masarautar Saguenay", ya ce ta kasance. cike da zinariya, yakutu da sauran taska. Bayan tafiya mai wahala a kan St. Lawrence da tsallakawa ta Atlantika na mako uku, Cartier da mutanensa sun isa Saint-Malo a ranar 15 ga watan Yuli, 1536, inda suka kammala balaguron watanni 14 na biyu, wanda zai zama mafi riba a gurin Cartier.

## Tafiyar shi ta uku (1541–1542)
A ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 1540, Francis ya umarci mashigin jirgin Jacques Cartier ya koma Kanada don taimakawa ga aikin mulkin mallaka wanda zai zama “Kyaftin Janar”. ana haka, Janairu 15, 1541, ga Cartier wanda Jean-François de La Rocque de Roberval ya maye gurbinsa, ɗan Huguenot kuma abokin sarki, babban laftanar janar na Faransa Kanada. Roberval shine ya jagoranci balaguron, tare da Cartier a matsayin babban mashigin sa. Yayin da Roberval ke jiran bindigogi da kayayyaki, ya ba da izini ga Cartier don tafiya gaba da jiragensa.

A Ranar 23 ga Mayu, 1541, Cartier ya bar Saint-Malo a kan tafiya ta uku tare da jiragen ruwa biyar. A wannan lokacin, an manta da duk wani tunanin neman hanyar zuwa Gabas. Manufar ita ce a yanzu a nemo "Masarautar Saguenay" da dukiyarta, da kuma kafa matsuguni na dindindin ta gurin kogin St. Lawrence.

## Tsokaci na bayan rayuwar shi
Cartier ya shafe sauran rayuwarsa a Saint-Malo da kuma gidansa na kusa, inda sau da yawa ya kasance mai amfani a matsayin mai fassara a cikin yaren Portuguese. Ya mutu yana da shekaru 65 a ranar 1 ga watan Satumba, 1557, a lokacin wata annoba, ko da yake yawancin majiyoyi sun lissafa dalilin mutuwarsa da ba a sani ba. An saka Cartier a cikin Cathedral na Saint-Malo.

Ba a yi matsugunan Turai na dindindin a kasar Kanada ba kafin shekarar 1605, lokacin da Pierre Dugua, tare da Samuel Champlain, suka kafa Port Royal a Acadia.

## Abun da ya bari domin Tuna-baya
Cartier shine farkon wanda ya rubuta sunan Canada don zayyana yanki a gabar kogin St-Lawrence. Sunan ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Huron-Iroquois kanata, ko ƙauye, wanda ba daidai ba ne aka fassara shi a matsayin kalmar asalin ƙasar da aka gano. Cartier yayi amfani da sunan don kwatanta Stadacona, ƙasar da ke kewaye da kogin kanta. Kuma Cartier ya radawa mazaunan (Iroquoians) da ya gani a can da suna Canadiens. Bayan haka, an yi amfani da sunan Canada don zayyana ƙaramin mulkin mallaka na Faransa a kan waɗannan gaɓar, kuma ana kiran masu mulkin mallaka na Faransa Canadiens har zuwa tsakiyar karni na goma sha tara, lokacin da aka fara amfani da sunan ga yankunan masu aminci a kan manyan Tafkuna kuma daga baya ga dukansu. Arewacin Amurka. Ta wannan hanyar Cartier ba shine ainihin mai binciken Turai na Canada kamar yadda ake fahimtar wannan ƙasa a yau, babban tarayya mai shimfiɗa mari usque ad mare (daga teku zuwa teku). Gabas sun ziyarci Norse a baya, da kuma masunta na Basque, Galician da Breton,  watakila da 'yan'uwan Corte-Real da John Cabot (ban da ba shakka ga 'yan asalin da suka fara zama a yankin). Gudunmawar Cartier ta musamman ga gano Canada, shine Bature na farko da ya shiga cikin nahiyar, kuma mafi daidai yankin gabas na ciki tare da kogin St. Lawrence. Binciken nasa ya ƙarfafa iƙirarin ƙasar Faransa ga ƙasar da daga baya za a yi wa mulkin mallaka a matsayin Sabuwar Faransa, kuma tafiyarsa ta uku ta haifar da yunƙurin turawa na farko na daidaita Arewacin Amurka tun na Lucas Vázquez de Ayllon a 1526–27.

Ana iya gano iyawar ƙwarewar cartier cikin sauƙi. Idan aka yi la'akari da cewa Cartier ya yi tafiye-tafiye uku na bincike a cikin ruwa mai haɗari kuma har zuwa yanzu ba a san shi ba da rasa jirgin ba, kuma ya shiga ya tashi da wasu tashar jiragen ruwa 50 da ba za a iya gano ta ba, ba tare da mummunar hatsari ba. kuma Cartier  ya kasance daya daga cikin mutane na farko da ya yarda da cewa Sabuwar Duniya wata kasa ce daban, daga Turai/Asiya.

## Sake gano Mulkin-mallakar Cartier na farko
A ranar 18 ga Agusta, 2006, Firayim Ministan Quebec Jean Charest ya ba da sanarwar cewa masu binciken kayan tarihi na Canada sun gano ainihin wurin da Cartier ya rasa mulkin mallaka na farko na Charlesbourg-Royal. An gina yankin ne a mahaɗin Rivière du Cap Rouge tare da kogin St. Lawrence kuma ya dogara ne akan gano ragowar katako na katako da aka kone da aka yi a tsakiyar karni na 16, da kuma guntu na wani farantin kayan ado na Istoriato da aka kera. a Faenza, Italiya, tsakanin 1540 zuwa 1550, wanda zai iya zama na memba na aristocracy na Faransa a cikin mulkin mallaka. Wataƙila wannan shi ne Sieur de Roberval, wanda ya maye gurbin Cartier a matsayin jagoran sasantawa. Wannan mulkin mallaka shine sanannen ƙauyen Turai na farko a Canada na zamani tun daga c. 1000 L'Anse aux Meadows Viking Village a arewacin Newfoundland. Masana ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi sun yaba da sake gano shi a matsayin mafi mahimmancin abin da aka samu a Canada tun lokacin sake gano L'Anse aux Meadows.

## Jirage

* *Grande Hermine*
** An Gina shi: A Faransa 1534; An ba shi, shi a cikin 1535 zuwa Cartier ta Sarkin Faransa; da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin tafiye-tafiye na 1535-1536 da 1541-1542; kwafi na 1967 da aka gina don Expo 67 a Montreal; An watsar da shi a cikin 2001 daga Kogin Saint-Charles (Birnin Québec)

* *Petite Hermine*
** An Gina shi: A Faransa; An yi amfani da shi a cikin balaguron 1535-1536 kuma ya yi watsi da shi a cikin 1536 lokacin bazara ta hanyar Cartier a Kogin Saint-Charles saboda yawancin matuƙansa sun mutu a cikin birnin Quebec a lokacin hunturu na ƙarshe.
* *Émérillon*
** An Gina shi: A Faransa; An yi amfani da shi a cikin tafiye-tafiye na 1535-1536 da 1541-154
* *Georges*
** An Gina shi: A Faransa; An yi amfani da shi a cikin tafiyar 1541-1542.
* *Saint-Brieux*
** An Gina shi: A faransa; An yi amfani da shi a cikin tafiyar 1541–1542.

## Manazarta;