Emily Donelson

Emily Tennessee Donelson (1 ga Yuni, 1807 - 19 ga Disamba, 1836) ita ce matar shugaban ƙasa mai riƙo a Amurka daga 1829 zuwa 1834 a lokacin shugabancin kawunta Andrew Jackson . Ita 'yar ɗan'uwan matar Jackson ce. Matar Jackson, Rachel Donelson Jackson, ta mutu makonni kafin rantsar da mijinta a matsayin shugaban ƙasa .

Donelson ta girma a tsakanin iyalan Donelson da Jackson a Tennessee, inda ta auri ɗan uwanta na farko Andrew Jackson Donelson . Donelsons sun yi wa kawunsu aiki yayin da aikinsa na siyasa ya ci gaba kuma ya sami shugabancin ƙasa. Sun ƙaura zuwa Fadar White House tare da Shugaba Jackson, inda Donelson ya yi aiki a matsayin mai masaukin baki a Fadar White House. Ta yi nasara a wannan rawar duk da rashin horon da ta samu a fannin ɗabi'a, kuma al'ummar Washington sun karɓe ta da kyau. Lamarin Petticoat ya haifar da rabuwar kai tsakanin Donelsons da shugaban ƙasa, kuma Donelson ya koma gida tsawon shekarun 1830 da 1831. Daga ƙarshe ta koma Fadar White House, amma ta yi rashin lafiya, ta dawo gida ta mutu sakamakon tarin fuka tana da shekaru 29. Donelson ita ce Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa ta farko da aka haifa bayan Bayyana 'Yancin Kai kuma ita ce 'yar fari da aka haifa a ƙarni na 19.

## Rayuwar Farko (1807–1828)

### Yaro
An haifi Emily Tennessee Donelson a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 1807, a Donelson, Tennessee,  : 123 a matsayin ɗan shekara ta 13  : 5 na Mary Purnell (1763–1848) da John Donelson (1755–1830), ɗan'uwan Rachel Donelson Jackson, matar shugaban ƙasa na gaba Andrew Jackson .  : 123 Tun tana yarinya, ta halarci makarantar da ake gina katako a Nashville.  : 123 A lokacin da take ƙarama, tana kusa da ɗan uwanta na farko kuma mijinta na gaba Andrew Jackson Donelson, kuma ya fara sha'awarta ta soyayya a shekarar 1816 yayin da yake raka ta gida daga makaranta.  : 26 

Rayuwar Donelson ta farko ta kasance a karkarar Tennessee, kuma ba ta da masaniya sosai game da siyasa ko rayuwar zamantakewa ta birni.  A maimakon haka, an bayyana yarintarta ta hanyar abubuwan da suka faru na soja a shekarun 1810. Maza a cikin iyalinta sun yi yaƙi a Yaƙin 1812, kuma kawunta Andrew Jackson ya zama babban janar.  Tana da shekaru takwas lokacin da aka yi Yaƙin New Orleans, ta san irin haɗarin da yaƙin ya jefa iyalinta a ciki.  : 6 Donelson ya fara halartar Kwalejin Mata ta Nashville tun yana ɗan shekara 13.  : 123 A nan ta sami ilimi sama da na yawancin matan Amurka a lokacin.  : 7 Daga ƙarshe aka kore ta daga makarantar saboda rashin lafiyarta kuma ta shafe lokacinta tana zaune a Hermitage tare da goggonta.  : 123 

### Aure da iyali
Donelson ta sami masu neman aure da yawa yayin da ta girma, ciki har da maza kamar Sam Houston . Ta fara soyayya da Andrew Donelson yayin da yake fara aikin lauyansa, kuma ba da daɗewa ba suka fara yin aure.  : 27 Sun zaɓi yin aure da wuri domin guje wa rabuwar dogon lokaci, domin Jackson ya ɗauki wanda zai aura ya zama sakatarensa na sirri a Washington, DC  : 90 Tsarin bikin auren ya kasance mai rikitarwa saboda rashin lafiya da Donelson ya yi a farkon 1824 da kuma rashin amincewar iyayenta na ganin ta yi aure a ƙaramar shekarunta.  : 27 An ɗaura auren ma'auratan a wani bikin Presbyterian a Hermitage a ranar 16 ga Satumba, 1824.  Emily tana da shekaru 17, Andrew kuma yana da shekaru 25. An soke bukukuwa bayan an ji labarin cewa matar ɗan'uwanta ta mutu a safiyar yau.  

Donelson tana kusa da goggonta da kawunta, Rachel da Andrew Jackson, waɗanda suka ɗauke ta a matsayin 'ya'yansu.  Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya huɗu: Andrew Jackson Donelson Jr. (1826–1859), Mary Emily Donelson (1829–1905), John Samuel Donelson (1832–1863), da Rachel Jackson Donelson (1834–1888).  An haifi 'ya'yansu uku yayin da Donelsons ke zaune a Fadar White House,  kuma dukkansu huɗu suna da shugabanni na yanzu ko na gaba a matsayin ubanni; Shugaba Jackson shine ubanni ga 'ya'yansu maza, yayin da Martin Van Buren da James K. Polk su ne ubanni ga 'ya'yansu mata biyu.  : 8 

Donelsons sun raka Jackson zuwa Washington, DC, makonni biyu bayan auren, yayin da Jackson ya kasance ɗan takara a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 1824. Donelson ta nutsar da kanta cikin salon birni da al'adunta, tana haɗa kai da sauran mata a birnin.  : 124 Daga cikin sabbin abokanta mafi kusanci akwai matar Sanata Louis McLane na Delaware.  : 96 Al'umma sun karɓe ta da kyau kuma an kwatanta ta da goggon ta, wacce aka yi mata katsalandan a kan mijinta.  : 98 Bayan sun dawo gida Tennessee a farkon 1825, Donelsons suka fara rayuwarsu ta aure a gidansu. Yayin da mijinta ke kula da amfanin gona, Donelson ta fara lambu don noman geraniums da *lagerstroemia* .  : 31 

Donelson ta yi tafiya zuwa Florence, Alabama, a watan Oktoba na 1828 tare da ɗanta don ziyartar 'yar uwarta. Lokacin da ta koma Tennessee a watan da ya biyo baya, an san cewa Jackson ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 1828.  : 33 Matar Jackson ta nemi Donelson da ya je Fadar White House ya kuma cika rawar da matar shugaban Amurka ke takawa a zamantakewa. 

## Mai masaukin baki a Fadar White House (1828–1834)

### Matsayin mai masaukin baki
Matar Jackson ta mutu jim kaɗan kafin a rantsar da shi,  kuma an naɗa Donelson da alhakin shirya tarukan zamantakewa bayan Jackson ya zama shugaban ƙasa.  Ta koma Fadar White House tana da shekaru 21 tare da mijinta, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ƙasa na Jackson.  Jackson ya zaɓi kada ya halarci bikin rantsar da shi saboda mutuwar matarsa, kuma Donelsons sun halarta a madadinsa.  : 36 A cikin kwanakin farko da suka yi a Fadar White House, shugaban ya yi baƙin ciki da rashin matarsa, kuma Donelson ya ga tana kula da shi.  : 7 Donelson ta damu da rashin sirrin da Fadar White House ta ba ta, domin baƙi suna iya yin tafiya cikin ginin cikin 'yanci, kuma ɗakin kwananta yana bayyane daga babban hanyar shiga. A ƙarshe shugaban ya sanya shinge don toshe gidan mai zaman kansa.  : 37 

An karɓe Donelson da kyau a cikin rawar da ta taka a zamantakewa.  Duk da cewa ba ta yi tafiya mai kyau ko kuma ba ta da ilimi sosai kamar yadda ake tsammani daga mai masaukin baki a Fadar White House, an ɗauki shekarunta a matsayin uzuri mai kyau.  : 42 A wasu lokutan ana lura da rashin ƙwarewarta a al'adun zamantakewa, amma ana girmama ta saboda alherinta a matsayin mai masaukin baki da kuma ƙwarewarta a rawa.  Duk da haka, tana da kayan aiki sosai don kula da babban gida, kamar yadda take yi akai-akai a gida.  : 38 An kuma yaba mata saboda abinci da barasa da ta bayar a lokacin da take aiki.  : 124 Duk da rashin ƙwarewarta, shugaban ya amince da hukuncinta game da ɗabi'a a Fadar White House, wanda hakan ya ba ta damar yanke shawara a kan irin waɗannan batutuwa. 

### Al'amarin Petticoat
Dangantakar Donelson da shugaban ƙasa ta yi tsami har abada sakamakon soyayyar Petticoat a wa'adin mulkinsa na farko. Peggy Eaton, 'yar asalin Washington, ta kasance abin kunya lokacin da aka yi ta rade-radin cewa a da ita ce uwar gidan mijinta . Donelson tana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mutane da ke cikin amincewar shugaban ƙasar da suka yi fatan ya nisanta kansa daga Eatons. Donelson ta amince da Eaton a taron Fadar White House, amma ta ƙi kiranta a gidanta - wani abin da ya ɓata mata rai a lokacin.  : 124–125 Wanda Donelson ta zaɓa ta yi mu'amala da shi yana da matuƙar muhimmanci, idan aka yi la'akari da rawar da ta taka a harkokin zamantakewa.  : 39 

Eatons sun rubuta wa Donelson a farkon takaddamar domin su san abin da ta sani game da lamarin kuma su ƙarfafa ta ta yi watsi da tsegumin, amma Donelson ta tsaya tsayin daka a kansu kuma mijinta ya bi sahunta.  : 40 Rikicin ya ƙara zama na sirri a lokacin da ake tafiya a cikin jirgin ruwa a watan Yulin 1829, lokacin da Donelson, wanda ke fama da rashin lafiyar ciki, ya zaɓi ya faɗi maimakon ya sami taimakon Eaton.  Hakan ya ƙara ta'azzara lokacin da shugaban ƙasa ya nemi Donelson ya ziyarci Eaton ya gayyace ta zuwa bikin yi wa ɗanta baftisma.  Sakataren Harkokin Waje Martin van Buren, amintaccen shugaban ƙasa, ya nemi ganawa da Donelson don warware matsalar, amma sa hannun da ya yi bai yi wani tasiri ba wajen rage rikicin.  Donelson ta bayyana masa cewa ba ta da wata takaddama ta ɗabi'a da Eaton, amma ta gano cewa Eaton ba ta da ɗabi'a mai daɗi.  : 45 

Jackson da iyalinsa sun koma Hermitage bayan dage zaman Majalisa a shekarar 1830. Donelson ta sake haɗuwa da mahaifiyarta da mijinta ya rasu kwanan nan don yin jimamin mahaifinta. Iyalan Donelson sun goyi bayanta a cikin lamarin Petticoat, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin rashin jituwa da shugaban ƙasa, wanda ya yi imanin cewa suna shirya masa makirci a siyasance.  : 48 A lokacin, rashin jituwa tsakanin shugaban ƙasa da Donelson ya yi tsanani har ta ƙi zama a Hermitage, maimakon haka ta zaɓi ta zauna a gidan mahaifiyarta. Lokacin da Jackson ya koma Washington, mijin Donelson ya raka shi, amma Donelson bai yi ba.  Ba a sani ba ko shugaban ƙasa ya nemi Donelson ta tafi ko kuma ta tafi da kanta.  : 125 Mary Ann Lewis, ɗaya daga cikin masu kare Eaton, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai masaukin baki a Fadar White House a madadin Donelson.  : 126 

### Komawa Fadar White House
Donelson ta shafe watanni masu zuwa tana renon 'ya'yanta yayin da mijinta ba ya nan.  : 50 Donelson da Jackson sun yi fatan dawowarta Fadar White House, amma Donelson ya ƙi amincewa da buƙatar Jackson ta karɓar Eaton a bainar jama'a.  : 52 Jackson ya amince a farkon shekarar 1831, wanda hakan ya ba Donelson damar dawowa ba tare da wani sharaɗi ba.  : 55 Mijin Donelson ya koma gida a watan Maris kuma shirye-shiryen komawa Washington sun fara a watan Afrilu, amma an katse su lokacin da Jackson ya canza matsayinsa. Babu ɗayan Donelsons da zai dawo sai dai idan sun yi watsi da takaddamar da ake yi da Eatons. Mijin Donelson ya dawo da kansa, inda ya gano cewa Eaton da yawancin sauran membobin majalisar ministocin sun yi murabus.  

Donelson ya koma Fadar White House, inda ya isa Washington a ranar 5 ga Satumba.  : 221 A watan Nuwamba, ɗan Jackson ya auri Sarah Yorke . Akwai rashin tabbas game da ko za ta karɓi matsayin Donelson, amma shugaban ya yanke shawarar cewa Yorke za ta zama mai masaukin baki a Hermitage yayin da Donelson za ta riƙe matsayinta a Fadar White House, saboda Jackson yana buƙatar mijin Donelson ya zauna a Washington.  : 61 

Lafiyar Donelson ta fara raguwa bayan haihuwar ɗanta John a watan Mayu na 1832, kuma ta zaɓi ta zauna a Washington maimakon ta yi kasadar tafiya zuwa Tennessee tare da shugaban ƙasa a watan Yuli.  : 67 Haka kuma ta zauna a Fadar White House yayin da mijinta da shugaban ƙasar suka yi tafiya ta Arewa maso Gabashin Amurka a lokacin bazara mai zuwa, duk da cewa ita da 'ya'yanta sun raka shugaban ƙasar zuwa Rip Raps a watan Agusta.  Donelson ta haifi ɗanta na huɗu a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 1834, kuma lafiyarta ta yi muni.  Saboda rashin lafiyarta, Donelson ta daina aiki a matsayin mai masaukin baki a Fadar White House a shekarar 1834,  kuma Sarah Yorke Jackson ta karɓi nauyinta a Fadar White House. 

## Rashin lafiya da mutuwa (1834-1836)
Lafiyar Donelson ta ƙara raguwa a bazara ta 1836, kuma an yanke shawarar cewa za ta bar Washington ta koma Tennessee.  : 82 Ta isa Tennessee a watan Yunin 1836, inda ta je ta murmure a Poplar Grove (wanda daga baya aka sanya masa suna Tulip Grove), gonarta da ke kusa da Hermitage.  An gyara gonar kwanan nan, kuma bayan ta isa ta kula da wurin da aka sanya kayan daki.  : 82 Ta yi aiki tukuru kuma ta sha fama da zubar jini a huhu, wanda hakan ya nuna cewa tana fama da tarin fuka .  : 83 An soke shirinta na komawa Washington.  : 293 

A wannan kaka, da alama ta fara murmurewa. Mijinta ya tafi ya koma Fadar White House a watan Oktoba don ci gaba da aikinsa na tsawon watanni biyu yayin da 'yan uwa ke kula da ita. Yawancin fitattun mutane a ƙasar suna yawan tambaya game da lafiyarta, ciki har da Sanata James Buchanan, Babban Alkali Roger B. Taney, Sakataren Harkokin Waje John Forsyth, Sakataren Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa Levi Woodbury, da Babban Jami'in Wasiƙa Amos Kendall .  : 83–84 Murmurewar Donelson ta tsaya cak a watan Disamba yayin da ta sake yin rashin lafiya mai tsanani.  : 86 A ranar 16 ga Disamba, ta amince da cewa za ta mutu nan ba da jimawa ba. Ta yi bankwana da 'ya'yanta, kuma ta nemi a taimaka mata ta kula da mijinta ta taga, tana fatan dawowarsa daga Washington.  : 302 Donelson ya mutu a ranar 19 ga Disamba, 1836,  : 87 tana da shekaru 29.  Mijinta ya isa gida bayan kwana biyu.  : 87 

## Gado
Donelson ta zama ta farko a cikin jerin mata na farko na matasa a matsayin shugabannin ƙasa a tsakiyar ƙarni na 19.  : 40 Ba ta canza matsayin mai masaukin baki a Fadar White House ba.  Pamela Wilcox Burke ce ta rubuta tarihin rayuwarta mai jimloli da yawa kuma aka buga ta a matsayin *Emily Donelson ta Tennessee* a shekarar 1941.  : 123–124 'Yar Donelson, Mary, za ta yi iƙirarin cewa ita ce jaririya ta farko da aka haifa a Fadar White House, kodayake jikan Thomas Jefferson ya riga ya riƙe wannan sarauta.  : 42 

Donelson ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin lamarin Petticoat. A fannin zamantakewa, tana ɗaya daga cikin mata mafi ƙarfi a ƙasar, kuma shawarar da ta yanke na tsayawa kan Eaton ta kasance mai muhimmanci.  : 63–64 Rikicin siyasa da zamantakewa da ya biyo baya a Washington ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna wanda wataƙila ya yi tasiri kai tsaye ga Tsarin Jam'iyya ta Biyu, wanda zai mamaye siyasar Amurka a cikin shekarun da suka gabata kafin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka .  : 62 

A cikin binciken Cibiyar Bincike ta Kwalejin Siena ta 1982, wanda ya nemi masana tarihi su tantance matan shugabannin Amurka, Donelson da wasu mata na "masu riƙon amana" an haɗa su. Binciken matan shugabannin, wanda aka gudanar lokaci-lokaci tun daga lokacin, ya sanya matan shugabannin bisa ga jimillar maki kan ka'idoji masu zaman kansu na asalinsu, darajarsu ga ƙasa, hankali, jarumtaka, nasarorin da aka samu, mutunci, shugabanci, kasancewarsu mata na kansu, mutuncin jama'a, da kuma darajar shugaban ƙasa. A cikin binciken na 1982, daga cikin matan shugabannin 42 da mata na mukamai, an tantance Donelson a matsayin ta 26 mafi daraja a tsakanin masana tarihi. An cire mata na mukamai na shugabannin kamar Donelson daga maimaita wannan binciken. 

## Manazarta

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