open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Frank na Miranda

**Frank de Miranda** (8 Maris 1913 a Bloemendaal - 1986, a Ede) ƙwararren mai sassaka ne na ƙasar Holland, masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam kuma mai tallata jama'a. 

## Rayuwa
An haifi Frank de Miranda a Bloemendaal, wani gari a lardin Arewacin Holland, inda mahaifinsa Abraham yake aiki a matsayin mai zane/mai zane wanda ya fito daga dangin fasaha. Abraham ya ji daɗin tarbiyyar Yahudawa, amma ba lallai bane ya ɗauki wannan a kan 'ya'yansa, ciki har da Frank. Duk da haka, Miranda ta ji daɗin haɗin kai da asalin Yahudawansa. Daga baya ya yi karatun Tanakh, ya shiga ƙungiyar Zionist, ya koyar da Ibrananci, kuma ya ba da darussan Littafi Mai Tsarki daga baya a rayuwarsa.

Daga 1925 zuwa 1931, matashin Frank ya yi karatu a makarantar koyon tukwane ta Baarnsch. Lokacin da Miranda ta cika shekaru goma sha biyu a 1925, mahaifinsa ya saya masa murhun tukwane. Ya sami darussa a fannin tukwane da sassaka daga mahaifinsa da kuma daga mai zane mai zane Joseph Mendes da Costa, wanda ya haɗu da shi yana ɗan shekara goma sha takwas. Ya sami ƙarin horo a makarantar Amsterdam Nijverheids.

De Miranda ya ci gaba da samun kwarin gwiwa daga aikin Da Costa, wanda ya kasance yana hulɗa da shi har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar 1939. De Miranda ya ƙware a fannin tukwane masu gilashi, waɗanda kamar aikin Mendes da Costa, galibi ana shafa musu gilashin gishiri . Baya ga haka, De Miranda ya haɗa da ɓurɓushin itace, waɗanda kuma aka yi wahayi zuwa gare su daga aikin Mendes da Costa.

Daga shekarar 1956 zuwa 1959 ya yi karatun koyarwa a Miranda a Jami'ar Utrecht. Daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da kuma mai tallata jama'a.

## Manazarta
Piet Wiegman

**Petrus Cornelis Constant (Piet) Wiegman** (Zwolle, 18 Afrilu 1885 - Alkmaar, 30 Satumba 1963) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Holland, mai zane-zane, sculptor, yumbu kuma ɗan tsana.

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Wiegman a Zwolle, ya fara aiki a masana'antar a Rotterdam, sannan ya koma Amsterdam a shekarar 1901. A shekarar 1906 yana da shekaru 21 ya fara zane. Kafin haka ya zana abubuwa da yawa. Zane-zanensa na farko sun nuna tasirin George Hendrik Breitner . A shekarar 1908 ya yanke shawarar sanya zane ya zama sana'arsa, wataƙila a ƙarƙashin tasirin 'yan uwansa Jan Wiegman da Matthieu Wiegman, kuma ya yi rajista a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal da ke Amsterdam, duk da haka, ya shafe watanni uku kacal.

A shekarar 1913 ya zauna ya kuma sadaukar da kansa gaba ɗaya ga zane-zane. A tsakanin 1921 zuwa 22 yana zaune tare da sabuwar matarsa Janna Formijne a Amsterdam. Dillalin zane-zanensa Jan Vecht ya gabatar da shi a cikin ƙungiyar masu fasaha, daga cikinsu akwai Wim Schuhmacher .

Daga 1922 zuwa 1929 iyalin suna zaune a Thorn da ke Limburg. A wannan lokacin, abota mai albarka ta ƙara girma tare da Hendrik Wiegersma da matarsa Nel Daniëls.. Wiegman ya kuma haɗu da Constant Permeke, wanda ya ji kamar yana da alaƙa da zaɓin batutuwa, launuka da salon zane. A cikin Thorn ya yi sassaka da yawa na katako, ya yanke 'yan tsana ga yara kuma ya fara sassaka.

A shekarar 1929 suka koma Arewacin Holland, kuma a shekarar 1938 suka koma wani gida mai ɗakin studio a Groet . A can ya zama ɗaya daga cikin membobin Makarantar Fasaha ta Bergen . Daga shekarar 1932, Piet Wiegman shi ma yana aiki a matsayin mai yin yumbu. A lokacin yaƙi, Wiegman bai iya aiki ba amma bayan shekarar 1945 ya murmure a lokacin da ƙungiyar Cobra ta taso. Ciwon zuciya a shekarar 1950 ya sa ba zai yiwu a yi fenti ba, kuma ya takaita kuzarinsa da kuma mayar da hankali. A wannan shekarar a lokacin bikin cikarsa shekaru 65, an yi wani bincike a Gidan Tarihi na Het Prinsenhof da ke Delft.

## Manazarta
Hannie Mein

**Johanna Greta (Hannie) Mein** (Utrecht, an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Yuli na shekara shekara ta 1933 - Vinkega, 14 Fabrairu 2003) ɗan ƙasar Holland ceramist. 

## Rayuwa da aiki
Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Mein ta fara aiki a wani kamfanin tukwane. Ta halarci azuzuwan yamma a Gerrit Rietveld Academy da ke Amsterdam, inda Theo Dobbelman da Emmy van Deventer suka koyar da ita.  A Amsterdam ta fara aikinta na studio tare da Freek Noppen, wacce ta aura a 1963. A 1969, ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Frisian Vinkega . Mein tana da ɗakin studio da wurin baje kolin kayanta a gidan gonarsu "The Bakehouse."  Mijinta ne ke kula da sashen kasuwanci. Mein tana yin tukwane da yawa, amma kuma tana da kayan aiki na musamman. An san ayyukanta ta hanyar salon wauta, sau da yawa tare da siffofi masu salo na dabbobi.

A shekarar 1988, Mein ta shiga cikin kafa Gidauniyar Ceramists ta Arewacin Netherlands. A shekarar 2003, an sanya wa gidan adana kayan daki na Wolvega suna bayanta. A wannan shekarar a gidan adana kayan tarihi na Nationalal Vlecht da ke Noordwolde, an yi nazari kan ayyukanta. [1] Mein da kanta ce ta shirya baje kolin, amma ba ta rayu ba har ta ga budewa. Ta mutu mako guda da ya gabata.

A shekara ta 2005 aka ƙaddamar da kyautar Hannie Mein Art Prize, ga masu fasaha daga Ooststellingwerf da Weststellingwerf, wanda a wannan shekarar aka miƙa wa Guus Hellegers.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin masu yin ceram na ƙasar Holland

## Manazarta
Derk Holman

**Derk Holman** (14 ga Agusta, 1916, a Buitenpost - 27 ga Fabrairu, 1982, a Groningen) ƙwararren mai sassaka da yumbu ne na ƙasar Holland. 

## Rayuwa da aiki
Holman ɗan wani mai zane ne. Ya sami horo a Kwalejin Minerva da ke Groningen daga 1934 zuwa 1937. A lokacin horonsa, ya fi yin aikin sassaka da zane, daga baya kuma ya yi gwaji da tukwane.

Holman ya rayu kuma ya yi aiki a Grootegast, kuma ya sayar da mafi yawan kayayyakinsa da kansa yana tafiya a cikin jirginsa ta cikin Netherlands. Holman ya yi sassaka da sassaka bango da yawa da dutse mai kama da resin, waɗanda aka sanya a cikin sararin jama'a.

Holman yakan yi amfani da launukan ƙasa kuma ya san aikinsa don samar da saman da ke da santsi tare da gilashin lu'ulu'u. Tun daga shekarun hamsin ya ƙawata aikinsa da siffofi masu ban mamaki da kuma tsarin geometric. 

## Ayyuka (zaɓi)

* ca. 1965 *Yara suna wasa*, Biddinghuizen.
* *Ruwan rai* na 1968 (mosaic mai tayal), Assen.
* *Yara da kare a shekarar 1969/1970,* Nijverdal.
* 1970 *Sandpit,* Lelystad.
* *Labarin 1970,* Dronten.
* *Shepherd,* Emmen na 1970.
* 1971 *Eagles,* Beilen.
* 1971 *Yara suna wasa,* Emmeloord.
* *Tsaro na 1971,* Grootegast.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin masu yin ceram na ƙasar Holland
* Jerin Masu sassaka na Holland

## Manazarta
Cibiyoyin Dirk

**Dirk Hubers** (Amersfoort, 24 Satumba 1913 - Guanajuato, 1 Nuwamba 2003) ɗan ƙasar Holland ne mai yin ceram, wanda ya zauna kuma ya yi aiki a Bergen, Arewacin Holland kuma ya fara a 1958 a Amurka.  An san Hubers da kasancewa "ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara amfani da zane-zanen zane-zane marasa tsari a kan abubuwansa." 

## Rayuwa da aiki
Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Hubert ya fara aiki a matsayin magatakarda, matukin jirgin ruwa na yau da kullun da kuma ma'aikacin gona. A lokacin da yake zama a Denmark a shekarar 1936, ya haɗu da tukwane, kuma ya koyi muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin wannan sana'a. A lokacin da ya koma Netherlands a shekarar 1938, ya zama mai koyon tukwane a Putten. A lokacin yaƙin, ya yi aiki a wani tukwane a Voorschoten. Bayan yaƙin ya daidaita a Bergen inda ya fara aikin sitidiyo na kansa. [1]

Huberts ya zama sananne a cikin 1953, lokacin da Bert Nienhuis, Harm Kamerlingh Onnes, Piet Wiegman da Frans Wildenhain ya shiga cikin nunin "masu tukwane guda biyar" a gidan kayan gargajiya Boijmans Van Beuningen, wanda shine farkon gabatarwar gidan kayan gargajiya na kayan aikin fasaha na zamani a Netherlands. 

Donhauser (1978) ya tuna cewa, "Dirk Hubers da Nicolas Vergette misalai ne guda biyu na masu tukwane waɗanda, ta hanyar yaren su na musamman, suka ƙara wa bambancin salo da halaye waɗanda suka ƙunshi yanayin tukwane na Amurka a shekarun 1950." 

Ayyukan Hubert suna cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Gimbiya da Ceramics da ke Groningen da kuma Gidan Tarihi na Centraal 

## Hotunan Hotuna

; Ayyukan yumbu

Fayil:Schaal_met_licht_concave_bodem_en_bol_spreidende_wand_met_intern_een_wit_en_extern_een_blauw_glazuur,_1940.jpg|alt=Plate white inside and blue glaze outside, 1940| Faranti fari a ciki da shuɗi mai sheƙi a waje, 1940
Fayil:Bord_met_ingekrast_decor_van_gezicht_en_profil._1933-79.jpg|alt=Plate with face in profile, 1933–79| Faranti mai fuska a cikin bayanin martaba, 1933–79
Fayil:Schaal_met_abstract_decor_en_cirkels_van_Dirk_Hubers.jpg|alt=Plate with abstract decoration and circles| Faranti mai kayan ado da da'irori


## Manazarta
Jan van der Vaart (mai yin tukwane)

**Johannes Jacobus (Jan) van der Vaart** ( The Hague, 17 Oktoba 1931 – Leiden, 8 Nuwamba 2000) ƙwararren masanin yumbu ne ɗan ƙasar Holland daga ƙarni na 20, wanda aka sani da wanda ya kafa yumbu mai siffar geometric a Netherlands. 

Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman ra'ayoyin aikinsa shine sake gabatar da hasumiyar dala ko tulips, wani nau'in furen tulip, daga ƙarni na 16 a cikin tsarin gininsa.

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Rayuwar farko da farkon aikin
Van der Vaart yana da ikon yin aiki da kansa,  kuma ya halarci azuzuwan tukwane ga masu son koyon tukwane a Kwalejin Vrije da ke Hague daga Just van Deventer da Theo Dobbelman . A cikin shekarun 1950 ya fara aiki a matsayin mai gyaran tukwane a Hague .

A shekarar 1958, Van der Vaart ya kasance tare da kafa ƙungiyar masu fasaha *ta Groep 58,* wadda ta ƙunshi matasa masu fasaha bakwai, masu zane biyar, mai sassaka da kuma mai zane-zanen yumbu. Suna son yin adawa da zane-zane masu ban mamaki, don neman aikin gaske.    Tare da ɗaya daga cikin masu fasaha, Herman Gordijn, ya yi ɗaya daga cikin nunin farko a Haagse Kunstkring,  inda Van der Vaart ya zama kuma zai ci gaba da zama memba.  Wani nunin biyu na biyu a can a shekarar 1960 ya kawo ɗaya daga cikin sharhin fasaha na farko a jaridar.  Baya ga wasu nunin da yawa a wannan shekarar, Van der Vaart ya yi nunin farko na biyu a Galerie D'Eend a Amsterdam tare da Peter de Francia . 

A shekarar 1960 ya zauna a Amsterdam, kuma ya yi tafiye-tafiye na karatu zuwa Italiya, Faransa da Ingila. Da farko ya yi aikinsa na kayan dutse kuma tun daga shekarar 1961 ya yi amfani da faranti. Da ra'ayin tattara siffofi, a shekarar 1961 Van der Vaart ya gabatar da jigon gilashin tulip na dala a cikin fasahar gani ta zamani.  Tare da waɗannan tarin siffofi, an gina gilashin da kwano daga abubuwa masu matsewa, waɗanda aka haɗa su ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Amfani da kayan aikinsa yana da mahimmanci: gilashin fure ya kamata ya ƙunshi furanni. Tushen tulip da hasumiyai sun ƙunshi abubuwa masu jujjuyawa ko masu siffar hannu, tunda shekarun 1970 suma suna ginawa da siffofi masu zube. Van der Vaart ya sake amfani da waɗannan siffofi don ƙirarsa, kuma abokan aikinsa sun sami kwarin gwiwa daga gare shi don yin hakan.

A shekarar 1962, Van der Vaart ya halarci wani baje kolin matasa masu sana'ar yumbu daga Amsterdam a gidan tarihi na Boijmans Van Beuningen, tare da Hans de Jong, Jan de Rooden, Johan van Loon, Sonja Landweer da Johnny Rolf, wanda ke nuna sake haifar da yumbu na fasaha a Netherlands. [1] [2] A wancan lokacin ya fara shiga Delft a baje kolin "Contour onzer beeldende kunst" na shekara-shekara, wanda ya gabatar da sabon ci gaban fasahar zamani. [undefined] [3] [4]

## Manazarta
Cornelis Verwoerd

**Cornelis (Kees, Cor) Verwoerd** ( Rotterdam, 10 Fabrairu 1913 - Gouda, 19 Disamba 2000) ɗan ƙasar Holland ne mai zanen Delftware, mai ƙirar ƙira, da yumbu .

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Verwoerd a shekarar 1913 a Rotterdam, Netherlands, ɗan mai sayar da shanu kuma makanikin mota Leendert Verwoerd da Maria van der Hoeven. Tun yana ƙarami iyalinsa suka ƙaura zuwa birnin Gouda. Bayan ya bar makarantar firamare, ya fara aiki a matsayin ɗan aike a wani shagon sayar da tukwane da tukwane na gida, kuma ana yawan roƙonsa ya karɓi oda daga masana'antar tukwane ta Gouda da Delftware "Platelbakkerij Zuid-Holland" (PZH). A watan Mayu na 1927, yana ɗan shekara 14, ya shiga PZH a matsayin mai koyon aikin fenti kuma ya ci gaba da zama a can har zuwa Disamba na 1931 lokacin da, bayan yajin aiki da yawa,  yawancin masu fenti suka rasa ayyukansu saboda Babban Mawuyacin Halin Kunci . A shekarar 1934, Verwoerd ya shiga tukwane "Zenith Gouda" inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai zane na Delftware a ƙarƙashin babban mai zane Aart Stolk .  A cikin 1937, Verwoerd ya koma "Plateelbakkerij Schoonhoven" na Schoonhoven don yin aiki a ƙarƙashin shugabansu na fasaha Frans van Katwijk . A 1940, ya koma Zenith Gouda, da farko a matsayin Delft decorator, amma nan da nan a matsayin babban modeler.

A shekarar 1949, Verwoerd ya kafa nasa ɗakin zane-zane na yumbu a Gouda mai suna "Keramiek Atelier C.Verwoerd." Wataƙila Frans van Katwijk ne ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi wanda ya yi wani abu makamancin haka a shekarar 1946, [undefined] ɗakin zane-zanen ya ƙware wajen samar da ƙananan allon zane na Delft ko "Dutsen Delft" don amfani da kayan ado na Delft, kamar su kayan ado, mundaye, da abin wuya. Manyan abokan cinikinsa sune maƙeran azurfa GJ van den Bergh Jr, da GJ van den Bergh & Son, duka daga Schoonhoven, da kuma kamfanin hada-hadar kuɗi na Amsterdam na F. Eisner. Tun daga rana ta farko, Verwoerd ya fuskanci ƙalubalen hanyoyin sake yin zane mai rahusa. Yin hakan, ya sami nasarar tura fasahar zanen ƙaramin Delft zuwa wani sabon mataki. Aikinsa ya shahara saboda ingancin fenti, da kuma launuka masu laushi, marasa ƙarfi na shuɗi. [1]

## Manazarta
Jean Buttner

Jean Buttner ita ce Shugabar Hukumar Gudanarwa, Shugaba, Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa, kuma Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na Value Line, Inc. kuma Arnold Bernhard & Co., Inc. Buttner ta riƙe waɗannan mukamai tun 1986. Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar Kuɗi ta tilasta mata ta sauka daga muƙamin ta kuma bar dukkan mukaman zartarwa tare da Value Line da iyalan asusun haɗin gwiwa a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2009 a matsayin wani ɓangare na sulhu don guje wa shari'a.

Tana kuma aiki a matsayin Amintacce na Kwalejin Skidmore .  Buttner ta yi karatu a Makarantar Emma Willard . 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
Jan van Stolk

**Jan van Stolk** (Maris 11, 1920 a Santa Brigida - Disamba 20, 1997 a Oosterbeek) masanin yumbun ɗan ƙasar Holland ne.  

## Rayuwa da aiki
Van Stolk ɗan Pieter ne Adriaan van Stolk da Sophie van der Does de Willebois . An haife shi a Tsibirin Canary kuma daga baya ya zauna tare da iyayensa a Italiya, Netherlands da Girka. A cikin 1930, ya koma Netherlands tare da mahaifiyarsa da ubansa Luigi de Lerma . Dukansu maginan tukwane ne kuma sun fara aiki a Utrecht Groenekan. Van Stolk ya halarci bitar su. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Fasaha da ke Arnhem a ƙarƙashin Gijs Jacobs van den Hof.

A shekarar 1946, Van Stolk ya buɗe nasa ɗakunan studio a Nijmegen, kuma daga 1953 a Oosterbeek. Har zuwa 1970, ya kasance malami a Free Academy da ke Nijmegen. Yana da ɗalibai da mataimaka da dama, kamar Wim Fiege da Marianna Franken . A farkon aikin Van Stolk, yanayin Tekun Bahar Rum yana da tabbas. Daga baya yana aiki da kayan ado da aka sassaka, sau da yawa a bango baƙi. Tun daga shekarun 1960, ya kuma yi sassaka na yumbu.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin masu yin ceram na ƙasar Holland

## Manazarta
Joseph Stephanini

**Joseph Stephanini** (Girkanci; 1803-?) marubucin Girkanci ne kuma bawa mai gudu. Ya yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka. Ya rubuta The Personal Narrative of the Sufferings of J. Stephanini yana rokon jama'ar Amurka da su tara kuɗi don 'yantar da iyalinsa daga bautar bautar. Littafin ya fara zagayawa a Amurka a farkon shekarun 1830. Yawancin Amurkawa sun koyi game da mummunar Bautar Ottoman. Ƙungiyar Bautar Girka ta samo asali kuma masu abolitionists na Amurka sun yi amfani da batun. Babban batun da aka fi sani da Yunkurin Bawa na Girka shi ne Siffar Bawa ta Girka ta Hiram Powers .   

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Stephanini a Arta ga Ioannis da Chrissavi Themiano . Sun yi aure tun suna da shekaru goma sha huɗu. Suna da 'ya'ya bakwai: Joseph, Spiro, Demetri, Sylvestro, Maria, Catharina, da Anna. Mahaifin Yusufu ya kasance mai arziki sosai. Daga bisani iyalin suka koma Patras. Birnin ya fi ma'amala da 'yan kasuwa na Italiya. Stephanini ya koyi kasuwancin iyali kuma yana magana da Italiyanci.

Lokacin da Yakin Independence na Girka ya ɓarke an kama Yusufu kuma an sayar da shi cikin bautar. An kashe mutane da yawa a gabansa ciki har da tsofaffi da jarirai. Sojojin sun ceci ransa saboda mahaifinsa attajiri ne kuma zai iya biyan babban fansa. An yi masa duka har kwana uku kuma ya roki wadanda suka kama shi su kashe shi. Sojan ya ɗauki babban bindiga ya matsa shi a kansa kuma ya ja bindigar amma bindigar ta ɓace.

## Bauta
Daga bisani aka sayar da shi a kasuwa don dala saba'in da takwas. Wani kwamandan soja na Ottoman mai suna Mustafa Bey na Patras ne ya sayi shi. An kira shi kare na Girka (**skili romi**). Maigidansa yana son ya tuba zuwa addinin musulunci. An sanya shi a cikin dungeon na tsawon sa'o'i ashirin da takwas ba tare da abinci ko ruwa ba. Sun tambaye shi akai-akai idan yana shirye ya tuba zuwa addinin Islama. An jefa shi cikin dungeon sau da yawa, a wani misali tare da karnuka. An ci gaba da azabtar da shi kusan watanni biyu da rabi.

Stephanini ya tsira daga azabtarwa amma saboda ba ya son juyawa zuwa addinin Islama an sanya shi a matsayin ƙaramin bawa. Shi ne ɗan bututu, wanda ke kula da bututu da taba. Mustafa da sauran bayin Stephanini ba su da kyau. Wani lokaci Mustafa ya nuna tausayi amma maganganun wariyar launin fata kamar skili romi, senium da giaour mid.[1] Juyin juya halin bai kasance lafiya ga yawan bayi na Girka ba. Ba zai iya barin gidan maigidansa ba tare da mazauna yankin su yi masa tsayayya ba. Stephanini kuma yaro ne mai aiki kuma daga ƙarshe an haɗa shi da matan.[2]

## Manazarta
Berthe Cazin

**Marie-Berthe Cazin** (16 ga Agusta 1872 a Boulogne-sur-Mer (Pas-de-Calais) - 1 Yuni 1971 a Sèvres (Hauts-de-Seine)) yar Faransa ce mai zane-zane, tukwane, maƙeran zinari.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Marie-Berthe Cazin (née Yvart) ta auri Jean-Marie Michel Cazin,   kuma ta yi karatu tare da mahaifinsa, Jean-Charles Cazin .  Ta ƙera galibin ayyukan ado, kamar tukwane da faranti, tana aiki da yumbu, jan ƙarfe da azurfa da aka ƙera, fata, ƙaho da sauransu.

An yi imanin cewa ta yi aiki tare da Jean-Michel a duk tsawon aikinsa a fannin yumbu, kuma da yawa daga cikin tukwanen da Jean-Michel ya sanya wa hannu Berthe ne ya yi su.  A wani lokaci ta fara sanya hannu kan aikinta na yumbu, wanda galibi yana ɗauke da kayan ado na fure da aka yanke da kuma na taimako.

A shekarar 1913 ta shiga cikin baje kolin tare da Henriette Tirman a Lyceum-Club. 

## Sauran ayyuka
Marie-Berthe da ayyukanta su ne batutuwan wani sabon salon waka na Burtaniya, In Clay, wanda Rebecca Simmonds da Jack Miles suka rubuta. An gudanar da taron bita a In Clay a shekarar 2022. An fara gabatar da shi a Landan a bikin VAULT na 2023. A watan Agusta na 2023 an yi shi a Fadar Other da ke Landan. A watan Maris na 2024 an gudanar da shi a Upstairs a Gatehouse da ke Landan a Highgate . [1] Disamba 22, 2025 an bude shi a Signature Theatre da ke Shirlington, Virginia. [2]

## Manazarta
Charles G. Callard

**Charles "Chuck" Gordon Callard** (2 ga Yuni 1923 - 1 ga Mayu 2004) ya kasance fitaccen mutum a cikin al'ummar kuɗi saboda amfani da lissafi da ƙididdiga na zamani don nazarin hannun jari. An haife shi a Lansing, Michigan, matukin jirgin yaƙi na Corsair ne a cikin jirgin ruwa yayin da yake aiki a Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Bayan aikinsa na soja, Callard ya sami digirin digirgir na MBA a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Digiri na Jami'ar Chicago a 1943.  Sannan ya koyar da ƙididdiga a Jami'ar Miami da ke Oxford, Ohio na tsawon shekaru da yawa.

Callard ya yi aiki a matsayin mai nazarin harkokin tsaro a Chicago. Daga nan ya riƙe muƙamai na tallatawa da tsare-tsare a Armour &amp;amp; Co. da Ball Brothers .  A shekarar 1969, Callard ya bar ɓangaren kamfanoni ya fara **[[Callard, Madden & Associates]]** . Bayanan da ya ƙirƙira sun zama gada tsakanin harkokin kuɗi na ilimi da kuma duniyar harkokin kuɗi na kamfanoni da kuma kula da kadarori. Callard shi ne na farko a cikin shekarun 1970 da ya daidaita bayanai na lissafin kuɗi na yau da kullun don su dace da manufofin kuɗi da aka haɓaka a lokacin a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Digiri. Ya fahimci kurakuran da ke cikin matakan lissafin kuɗi na gargajiya kuma ya ƙirƙiri wasu matakan tattalin arziki na ayyukan kamfanoni. Ya yi amfani da wannan hanyar don nuna cewa tasirin harajin kamfanoni ya fi na ƙa'idodi yawa kuma ya bambanta sosai tsakanin kamfanonin da aka bayyana suna ƙarƙashin irin wannan ƙimar haraji.

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan gudummawar da Callard ya bayar ita ce samar da cikakken bayani game da farashin jari ga kamfanoni daban-daban. Farashin jari ga dukkan kamfanoni ya bambanta dangane da canje-canje a cikin ƙimar hauhawar farashin ƙasa da kuma canje-canje a cikin ƙimar harajin kamfanoni. Farashin jari ga kowane kamfani ya shafi matakan da ƙimar haɓakar ribar da ake tsammani da kuma bambancin yadda ake gudanar da kuɗinsu. Hakazalika, ana iya rarraba farashin jari ga kowane ɓangaren kasuwanci a cikin kamfani.

Bayanan Callard sun shafi tsarin jari ; ya bambanta tsakanin farashin jarin bashi da farashin jarin hannun jari, wanda ya bambanta sosai dangane da juna a tsawon matakan da ake ɗauka a cikin kasuwanci da tattalin arziki . Duk da cewa kowace kamfani tana da ƙimar farashi a kasuwar jari, kowannensu zai iya shafar jimillar farashin jarinsa ta hanyar canza hannun jarin bashi da hannun jari a cikin tsarin jarinsa. Wasu kamfanoni an yi amfani da su sosai kuma suna iya rage farashin jarinsu ta hanyar rage ɓangaren bashi na tsarin jarinsu yayin da wasu kamfanoni za su iya rage farashin jarinsu ta hanyar ƙara ɓangaren bashi.

Chuck Callard ya mutu a shekara ta 2004.

An keɓe ɗakin karatu na rukuni don tunawa da shi a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Booth .

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* 

## Manazarta
Theagenes na Patras

**Theagenes** (Girkanci: ; fl. c. 160 AD) na Patras, masanin falsafa ne kuma babban aboki na Peregrinus Proteus .

An san shi da yawa a matsayin halin da ya bayyana a cikin Lucian's The Death of Peregrinus (Latin: De Morte Peregrini), inda aka gabatar da shi kamar yadda yake yabon sha'awar Peregrinum na Kashe kansa ta hanyar cinye kansa:Proteus, "ya yi ihu, "Proteus mai ɗaukaka? Wanene ya yi ƙarfin hali ya ba da sunan kalmar? Duniya! Rana! Tekuna! Koguna! Allahn iyayensu, Heracles! Shin saboda wannan ne ya sha wahala a bautar a Roma_province)" id="mwFQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Syria (Roman province)">Siriya? cewa ya gafarta wa kasarsa bashin miliyan daya? cewa an jefa shi daga Roma, - wanda haskensa ya wuce Rana, ya dace da abokin hamayya na Ubangiji na Olympus? 'Wannan kyakkyawar niyyarsa ce ta fice daga rayuwa ta wuta, kuma suna kiranta ɗaukaka-lambar banza! Wane ƙarshen da ke da zamanin?Theagenes ya taimaka wa Peregrinus ta hanyar ƙone wuta ga jana'izar, wanda Peregrinis ya jefa kansa.[1] Theagenes ya kwatanta kashe kansa na Peregrinus tare da irin waɗannan ayyukan Gymnosophists a Indiya.[2] Lucian, wanda ke adawa da Theagenes da alamar Cynicism, ya bayyana cewa Theagenes yana da wadataccen talanti goma sha biyar, wanda ya samu ta hanyar ba da rance kuɗi.[3]

Galen ya kuma ambaci Theagenes, wanda ya tuna yadda yake ba da lacca kowace rana ga manyan jama'a a cikin Forum na Trajan a Roma. Galen ya bayyana yadda Theagenes ya mutu lokacin da Statilius Attalus (likitan Marcus Aurelius) ya ba shi magani mara kyau don kumburi na hanta.

## Manazarta
Panayiotis Varotsos

Panayiotis Varotsos (Girkanci: ; an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, 1947 a Patras) masanin kimiyyar Girka ne kuma tsohon farfesa a Sashen Physics na Jami'ar Athens, sananne ne ga hanyarsa ta VAN don hango hasashen girgizar ƙasa. [1]

Kungiyarsa ta yi iƙirarin ikon gano siginar electromagnetic waɗanda ke farkon girgizar ƙasa. Sun ba da shawarar cewa ana samar da abubuwan da ke tattare da su ta hanyar wutar lantarki daga tasirin da aka motsa a cikin duwatsu da aka jaddada kafin fashewar girgizar ƙasa. Onassis Foundation Laureate for the Environment (1995). Har ila yau an ba da kyautar ta Kwalejin Athens (1978) da Gidauniyar Empeirikion (1986). A cikin 2016 Union of Greek Physicists ya girmama shi saboda aikinsa tare da kyautar da Shugaban Girka ya bayar.

*

## Manazarta
Spiros Focás

**Spiros Focás** (Girkanci: ; 17 ga Agusta 1937 - 10 ga Nuwamba 2023) ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Girka.

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Spyros Fokas Spyridon Androutsopoulos a Patras a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta 1937.

Focás ya fara fitowa a shekarar 1959. Ya fara fitowa a fim din Andreas Lambrino mai suna Bloody Twilight a shekarar 1959. An nuna fim din a bikin fina-finai na Cannes na 1959 kuma shine farkon aikinsa na kasa da kasa.

Bayan wannan bambancin, kasancewar shi ma ya kammala karatu a makarantar wasan kwaikwayo ta Kostis Michalidis, Spyros Focás bai dauki lokaci mai tsawo ba don ɗaukar haɗari ya tafi Italiya, zuwa ɗakunan Cinecittà, inda ya yi amfani da sauraro da damar da aka gabatar masa. Don haka, ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa, kamar a cikin fina-finai A Matter of Time na Vincente Minnelli da Rocco da 'yan uwansa na Luchino Visconti, tare da Katina Paxinou .

A duk lokacin da yake yin fim, ya yi nasarar yin fim sama da 30, mafi yawansu a Italiya da Amurka, kuma ya cancanci a ambaci cewa ya zama sananne da ƙaunatacce, har ma daga bayyanarsa a sanannun gidajen wasan kwaikwayo a ƙasashen waje. Kasancewarsa a gidan talabijin na Girka kuma muhimmiyar ƙarshe ce, tana fitowa a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo da yawa.

## Rayuwa da mutuwarsa
Focás yana da aure huɗu. Duk da yake ba shi da 'ya'ya na zahiri, shi ne mahaifin' yar matarsa ta huɗu, Lillian, wanda ya auri tun 2013.

Spiros Focás ya mutu a cibiyar farfadowa a Eleusis, inda yake karbar magani tun lokacin rani na baya, a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2023. Yana da shekaru 86. An ƙone gawarsa a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba.

## Hotunan da aka zaɓa

## Manazarta
Tasso Kavadia

**Anastasia (Tasso) Kavadia** (Girkanci; 10 ga Janairun 1921 - 18 ga Disamba 2010) 'yar fim ce kuma 'yar wasan talabijin ta Girka.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife shi a Patras a 1921, daga 1954 har zuwa 1967 Tasso Kavvadia ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan jaridar rediyo da kuma mai kula da rediyo. Daga 1955 har zuwa 1969, ta kasance mai ba da rahoto ga jarida.

## Hotunan fina-finai

## Haɗin waje

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Afroditi Laoutari

**Afroditi Laoutari** (Girkanci: , 1893-1975)  sanannen mawaƙiya ce kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a gidan wasan kwaikwayo. 

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife ta ne a Patras a shekara ta 1893. A ƙuruciya, ta shiga cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ioannis Papaioannou (mawaki) [el], babban mai gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo, inda bai dauki lokaci mai tsawo ba don a yaba da muryarta da basirar mataki, kodayake ta koyar da kanta. A shekara ta 1915, ta riga ta yi rawar jagora tare da kamfanin. Tun daga wannan ranar har zuwa shekarun 1920, ta taka rawa a cikin ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa da yawa, na kasashen waje kuma musamman, wasan kwaikwayo na Girka. Ta kasance mawaki ga mawaƙa da mai gudanarwa Theophrastos Sakellaridis . [1] A farkon shekarun 1930, ta yi ritaya daga gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Daga nan sai ta zama ɗaya daga cikin, idan ba haka ba, masu sanar da rediyo na Girka na farko a Tashar Rediyo ta Athens (RCA) a 1938, inda ta kasance mai rinjaye.[2] Ta ci gaba da watsa shirye-shirye bayan karshen yakin duniya na biyu na wasu shekaru goma. An ce Sofia Vembo ta yi kama da Afroditi Laoutari a lokacin da ta shahara. Ta mutu a shekara ta 1975.

## Ayyukan mataki

## Hotunan fina-finai

* *Mafarki da aka rushe* (* (Γκρεμισ batir όνειρα) *) (1949) 

## Kyauta
An nuna Laoutari a kan mataki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Tunawa da Wadannan Shekaru (2008), wanda masanin kiɗa Lambros Liavas ya kirkiro a matsayin haraji ga Theophrastos Sakellaridis . 

## Manazarta
Anno Smith

**Ferdinand Anno (Anno) Smith** (7 Afrilu 1915 a Groningen - 14 Janairu 1990 a Groningen) ƙwararren mai zane ne na ƙasar Holland, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai zane, mai sassaka, mai sassaka da kuma malamin fasaha. 

## Rayuwa da aiki
Smith shi ne ƙarami a cikin iyali mai 'ya'ya takwas. Iyayensa masu sayar da kayan abinci ne a Groningen. An horar da Smith a matsayin kafinta a makarantar fasaha, bayan haka ya shiga Academie Minerva . A nan ne Willem Valk, Arnold Willem Kort da Cornelis Pieter de Wit suka koyar da shi. Daga baya Smith shi ma zai koyar a Minerva.

Bayan karatunsa, Smith ya fara aiki a matsayin mai ginin tukwane tun daga 1937. A shekarar 1938–1939, ya yi baje kolin tukwane a Pictura da tukwanen. Bayan tafiyar karatu zuwa Italiya, Smith ya fara mai da hankali kan yin sassaka dutse da kayan ado na bango. Ya kuma yi wasu siffofi na yumbu masu tsayi, kamar *Life* on the Brink in Diever (duba hoto).

A cikin shekarun bayan yaƙin, mutane sun yi aiki tuƙuru don sake ginawa, yayin da kuma ake buƙatar ƙawata gine-ginen. Smith ya samar da kayan ado na bango da kuma kayan ado na gidaje, makarantu, shaguna da sauran gine-gine a yankunan zama na Groningen, kamar Grunobuurt, Helpman, Indische buurt en De Wijert.

Smith bai yi aiki ga birnin Groningen kawai ba. Ana iya samun aikinsa a ko'ina cikin Arewacin Netherlands, kamar yadda yake a Hoogkerk, Leeuwarden, Oosterwolde, Peize, Sneek, Termunterzijl da Zuidhorn. 

Akwai kuma kayan kwalliya na Smith a wajen Arewacin Netherlands. A shekarar 1955, ya yi wa 'yan wasa huɗu kayan kwalliya da kuma ƙwallon motsa jiki. Ga makarantu biyu a Gouda, ya yi kayan kwalliya iri-iri, Rumpelstiltskin da Pinkeltje . A Hardenberg, ana iya ganin hoton yumbu a kan tatsuniyar ƙirƙirar a zauren Kwalejin Greijdanus. Bayan rushewar zane-zanen makarantar, an nuna su a filin wasa na sabuwar makarantar.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin masu yin ceram na ƙasar Holland

## Manazarta
Nitsa Marouda

**Eleni Marouda** (Girkanci; 5 ga Mayu 1935 - 10 ga Nuwamba 2022) 'yar wasan Girka ce.

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haife ta a Patras, Marouda ta yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Makarantar Theofanidis kuma ta fara fitowa a hukumance a shekarar 1960, a fim din Kostas Karagiannis To agrimi . [1][2] Ta ƙware a cikin rawar ban dariya, tana da aiki mai tsanani a fina-finai da talabijin na tsawon shekaru ashirin; ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1982. [1] [2][3]

Marouda ta mutu daga ciwon zuciya a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2022, tana da shekaru 87.  'Yarta, Ioanna, ta auri ɗan siyasa Vangelis Meimarakis . 

## Manazarta
Betty Moschona

**Betty Moschhona** (Girkanci: ; 7 Maris 1927 a Patras - 6 Disamba 2006 a Athens) 'yar wasan Girka ce.

Ta sami rawar farko a 1952 tare da kamfanin Mimis Kokkinis kuma ta shiga cikin binciken tare da matsayi daban-daban na ban dariya (Vlachos, Kritikos, Nevrikia, Gria, Methysmeni). Ta yi aiki tsakanin wasu ciki har da 'yan'uwa mata Kalouta, Orestis Makris, Sofia Vebo, Rena Dor, Al. Livaditis, Kouli Stoligka da mijin Takis Miliadis . A cikin 1966 da 1967, ta zama shugaban kamfanin Rena Vlachopoulou da Vasilis Avlonitis a cikin repertoire koyaushe tare da kamfanin a cikin al'ummar wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin 1968 da 1969, tana da memba na fasaha na kamfanin *[[Asoi tou geliou]]* a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Vebo .

Bayan 1970, Moschona ta yi aiki tare da Lambros Konstantaras, Kostas Karras, Mary Chronopoulou, Nikos Rizos, Rena Vlachopoulou), Aliki Vougiouklaki (a cikin Efthymi chira). Shekaru da yawa, ta kasance a kamfanin Kostas Voutsas. Waƙar waƙar swan a gidan wasan kwaikwayo daga 1998 har zuwa 1999 a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Hal Salguin a gidan wasan Apothiki (Gidan wasan kwaikwayo).

Ta kuma taka rawa a fina-finai ciki har da *Peripterou* da talabijin ciki har da Epta kaka tis moiras mou tare da Giorgos Konstantinou, a cikin *[[Axiotimos kyrious]]* da kuma *[[Madame Soussou|Madam Soussou]]* .

An ba ta lambar yabo ta wasan kwaikwayo ta Ta Panathinaia saboda rawar da ta taka a gidan wasan kwaikwayo.

## Hotunan fina-finai

### Fim din

## Haɗin waje

* 
* Tarihi a Helkin [mafi kyawun hanyar haɗi] (a Helenanci)  
* Tarihi a Hellenica (a Helenanci)
Timos Perlegas

**Timos Perlegas** (22 ga Oktoba, 1938 a Patras - 19 ga Afrilu, 1993 a Maroussi) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Girka. Ya mutu daga ciwon zuciya.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Timos a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 1938 a Patras . Shi ne na bakwai kuma na karshe a cikin dangin 'yan kasuwa. Saboda matsalolin kudi, a 1955 ya zauna a Athens don neman karin dama. A shekara 18 yana da matsala mai tsanani kuma bayan ya warke ya fara aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin masana'antu. A shekara ta 1961, ya fara makarantar wasan kwaikwayo a Sashen Wasanni na Makarantar Stavrakos .  Daga cikin malamansa akwai Manos Katrakis da Giorgos Theodosiadis .

## Ayyuka
Ya fara bayyana a kan mataki a matsayin memba na kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo na Karolos Koun a cikin Farisawa ta Aeschylus . Daga baya, ya zagaya Turai tare da The Birds by Aristophanes . Ya kuma yi aiki tare da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na zamani na Girka na tsawon shekaru biyu da kuma kamfanin Karezi-Kazakos. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin fina-finai da talabijin.

Perlegas ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Girka tun 1975.

## Gidan wasan kwaikwayo
Wasu daga cikin wasannin da ya bayyana a ciki sun hada da:

* A Hatful of Rain by Michael V. Gazzo
* Sweet Bird of Youth by Tennessee Williams
* *Ziyarar* da Friedrich Dürrenmatt ya yi
* *Yarinyar daga Maxim* ta Georges Feydeau
* *Ranar bayan baje kolin* da Thomas Hardy ya yi

## Manazarta
Gerasimos Skiadaresis

Gerasimos Skiadaresis (Girkanci; an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Disamba 1960) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Girka. Ya kuma yi aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a Makarantar E. Chatzikou, wanda ya fara a shekarar 1982.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Skiadaresis ta auri 'yar wasan kwaikwayo  a shekarar 1997.[el] Suna da 'ya'ya uku.

## Manazarta
Memos Makris

Memos Makris (Girkanci: Μέμος Μακρής, ɗan ƙasar Hungary: Makrisz Agamemnon) (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1913, a Patras - ya mutu a ranar 26 ga Mayu, 1993, a Athens) fitaccen mai sassaka ne na Girka. Ya yi ƙuruciyarsa a Patras amma iyalinsa sun ƙaura zuwa Athens a shekarar 1919. Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Fasaha ta Athens kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya shiga cikin rayuwar fasaha da al'adu ta shekarun 1930. A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Jamus, Makris ya shiga Jam'iyyar Juyin Juya Halin Ƙasa. Bayan 'yancin kai, ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Paris. An kore shi daga Faransa a shekarar 1950 saboda biyayyarsa ga 'yan hagu kuma ya nemi mafakar siyasa a Hungary. A Hungary ya zama muhimmin mutum a cikin harkokin siyasa da al'adun ƙasar. A shekarar 1964 an hana shi zama ɗan ƙasar Girka, wanda ya sake samun damar zama a shekarar 1975 bayan dawo da dimokuraɗiyya a Girka. A shekarar 1979 aka yi baje kolinsa na farko a Girka a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Ƙasa.

## Ayyuka masu muhimmanci
Wasu daga cikin siffofinsa masu ban mamaki sun haɗa da wanda aka keɓe ga wadanda aka kashe a sansanin Mauthausen a Austria, abin tunawa ga masu sa kai na Hungary na yakin basasar Spain a Budapest, abin tunawa da 'yanci a Pécs. Sauran ayyukansa da yawa suna yin ado da murabba'i da gine-gine a duk faɗin Hungary. A Girka an fi saninsa da siffar shugaban wani matashi wanda yake a ƙofar NTUA don tunawa da tashin hankali na Athens Polytechnic na 1973, kuma a Cyprus don siffar alama ta babban bishop Makarios a fadar shugaban kasa.

## Tushe

* Garin Patras - Gidan Tarihi na Municipal, *Memos Makris*, Katalogue of the sculpture retrospective, Ed. Dimitris Papanikolaou, masu kula da baje kolin Zizi Makri da Clio Makri, Patras 1995.
Georgios Streit

**Georgios Streit** (Girkanci; 1868-1948) [1] lauya ne kuma farfesa a Girka. Mai ba da shawara kan shari'a ga Sarki Constantine I, Streit ya kasance Ministan Harkokin Waje daga 1913-14, a gaban Yaƙin Duniya na I. Daga baya, ya yi aiki a matsayin Alƙali a Kotun Arbitration ta Dindindin a Hague bayan 1929.

## Rayuwa ta farko da iyali
An haife shi a Patras, Girka a 1868, Streit ɗan farfesa ne na shari'a Stefanos Streit da matarsa Victoria Lontou . Shi ne ƙarni na uku da aka haifa a Girka na dangin Jamus. Ya yi karatun shari'a a Athens da Jamus kuma daga baya ya kasance a fannin shari'a na Jami'ar Leipzig . A shekara ta 1898, Streit ya auri Julia Karatheodori .

## Farfesa a fannin shari'a
A shekara ta 1893, an nada Streit a fannin shari'ar kasa da kasa a Jami'ar Athens. A wannan lokacin, Streit ya kasance mai aiki don tallafawa yawan mutanen Girka a Makidoniya, wanda har yanzu yana ƙarƙashin ikon Daular Ottoman. Ya kuma rubuta wasu litattafai masu mahimmanci kan Dokar Kasa da Kasa a Helenanci.

## Hidima a cikin gwamnati

Baya ga matsayinsa na ilimi, Streit ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Girka kuma a cikin 1910, a lokacin Ma'aikatu na Eleftherios Venizelos, an nada shi jakadan Girka a Daular Austro-Hungary da ke aiki a Vienna. A watan Maris na shekara ta 1913, Venizelos ya nada Streit a matsayin ministan harkokin waje, duk da yadda yake sha'awar Triple Alliance na Jamus, Austria-Hungary da Italiya. Koyaya, yayin da abubuwan da suka faru suka faru kuma Yaƙin Duniya na ya fara mamaye Girka kuma Rarrabawar Kasa Girka ta girma, Venizelos ya fara maye gurbin ministocin Jamusanci kamar Streit. A ranar 30 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1914 Venizelos ya gaji Streit a matsayin ministan harkokin waje yayin da yake aiki a lokaci guda a matsayin firaminista.

## A cikin gudun hijira
A watan Yunin 1917, tare da gwamnatin Venizelos da ta shawo kan manufofin tsakatsaki na Sarki Constantine a yakin duniya na farko da Girka ta shiga yakin a gefen Triple Entente, Sarki ya bar kambinsa don goyon bayan ɗansa na biyu kuma ya bar Girka don gudun hijira a Switzerland. Streit ya bi Sarki a matsayin sakatarensa da kuma babban mai ba da shawara.[1] Lokacin da aka sake dawo da Constantine a matsayin sarki ta hanyar plebiscite a watan Disamba na 1920, ba a yarda Streit ya bi shi ba. An ɗauka cewa al'adun Jamus na Streit shine dalilin wannan.[2] A ƙarshe, Streit ya dawo a ƙarƙashin afuwa da aka ba furofesoshi.

## Wanda ya kafa jami'a kuma lauyan kasa da kasa
Bayan karshen yakin Girka da Turkiyya (1919-1922), wani yunkuri na kirkirar babbar jami'a a Thessaloniki, an samu birni na biyu na Girka lokacin da Streit, da sauransu suka taimaka wajen gano Jami'ar Aristotle ta Thessaloniki.

A shekara ta 1928, an shigar da Streit a Kwalejin Athens kuma 1931, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta.

A shekara ta 1929, an nada Streit a matsayin alƙali na Kotun Arbitration ta Dindindin a The Hague . An sake nada shi a karo na karshe a 1938.

## Mutuwa da abubuwan tunawa

Streit ya mutu a 1948 a Athens. Jikansa tsohon dan majalisa ne na PASOK kuma Ministan Al'adu da Yawon Bude Ido Pavlos Geroulanos .

## Manazarta
Guidette Carbonell

**Guidette Carbonell** (23 Janairu 1910 - 22 Afrilu 2008) wata mai fasaha ce ta Faransa, wacce aka fara sani da ayyukanta na yumbu, ciki har da kwano, faranti, tayal, fitilu, da kuma siffofin dabbobi na almara. Ta kuma yi zane-zanen kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban, zane-zanen bango da kuma zane-zanen tapestries.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi **Marguerite Sophie Caroline Carbonell**, wacce ake kira "Guidette",  a Meudon, Faransa,  'yar Charles Carbonell kuma tsohuwar Arminia Babaïan.  Mahaifinta likita ne na Catalan; mahaifiyarta mai zane ce da iyayenta 'yan Armenia suka haifa a Tbilisi .  Guidette Carbonell ta yi karatun fasaha a Paris  tare da André Lhote  da Roger Bissière, da kuma tare da Othon Friesz .  

## Sana'a
Carbonell ta nuna ƙananan kayan enamel a shekarar 1928 a Société des artiste decorateurs . Ta tsara maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da zane-zane na bango ga gwamnatin Faransa a shekarun 1930. Ta daɗe tana aiki tare da mai yin ado Jacques Adnet .  Ta zama memba na Salon des artiste decorateurs a shekarar 1945. An ba ta suna chevalier des Arts et des Lettres a shekarar 1957. A shekarun 1950, ta yi aiki a kan manyan kayan ado na gauraye da suka haɗa da duwatsu, zare, gilashi, tukwane, da sauran abubuwa.  Daga baya a cikin aikinta, ta yi aiki a fannin zane-zane da zane-zane, sau da yawa tare da jigogi na tsuntsaye. 

Gidan Tarihi na Meudon Art and History ya nuna mata "harpies" (sunanta na halittun da ke da fuka-fuki na almara a kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban) a shekarar 1988. A shekarar 2007, an yi nazarin ayyukanta a Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris . [1] Nunin da aka yi bayan ya dawo ya yi tafiya zuwa Roubaix da Rouen, kuma an buga wani littafi game da aikin Carbonell a shekarar 2007. [2] An fitar da wani gajeren fim na gaskiya game da Carbonell a shekarar 2009. [3]

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Carbonell ta auri  wani mai zane (1908–1995) a shekarar 1938. Sun haifi 'ya'ya mata biyu, Isabelle da Marianne, kafin su sake su. 'Yarta Marianne Auricoste 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma mai magana.  Wata 'yarta, , ya zama mai zane  kuma zaɓaɓɓen jami'in birni,  kuma ya auri mai tsara birane Hubert Tonka .  Guidette Carbonell ta mutu a shekara ta 2008, tana da shekaru 98, a Bioussac .   

## Manazarta
Roger Capron

An haifi **Roger Capron** a Vincennes, Faransa, a ranar 4 ga Satumba, 1922. Yana da sha'awar zane, ya yi karatun Fasahar Aiki a Paris daga 1939 zuwa 1943 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin malamin fasaha a 1945. Ya mutu a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 2006, inda ya bar aiki mai yawa wanda aka san shi a duk duniya.

A shekarar 1946, Roger Capron ya koma Vallauris, inda ya kafa wani wurin gyaran tukwane da aka sani da 'l`Atelier Callis', wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga farfaɗowar tukwanen tukwane a Vallauris .

A shekarar 1952, Roger Capron ya sayi wani tukwane da aka yi watsi da shi a Vallauris kuma ya buɗe ƙaramin masana'antar tukwane, tare da ma'aikata 15. A shekarar 1957 ya kafa wani suna na ƙasashen duniya. A shekarar 1980, masana'antarsa ta ɗauki ma'aikata 120 aiki, kuma a cikin wannan shekaru goma ya koma yin kayan aiki na musamman waɗanda aka nuna a ƙasashen duniya. Bayan rikicin tattalin arziki, an rufe masana'antar a shekarar 1982.

## Tsarin lokaci

* 1922 An haife shi a ranar 4 ga Satumba a Vincennes
* 1939-1943 Ya yi karatu a École des Arts Appliqués à l'Industrie (School of Applied Arts) a Paris
* 1945 Farfesa na Zane a École des Arts Appliqués à l'Industrie (School of Applied Arts) a Paris
* 1946-1948 Gidauniyar 'l`Atelier Callis' a Vallauris tare da haɗin gwiwar Robert Picault da Jean Derval .
* 1952 Ƙirƙirar ƙaramar masana'anta a cikin tsohuwar masana'antar tukwane
* Sabuwar haɗin gwiwa da Jean Derval a shekarar 1968
* 1970 Haɗin kai tare da Marazzi-Sassuolo
* 1983 Ƙirƙirar Atelier Capron
* 2006 Ya mutu a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba.

## Kyaututtuka

* Lambar Zinare ta 1954 a Milan Triennale
* Lambar Azurfa ta 1955 a Cannes
* Lambar Zinare ta 1957 da 1958 a Nunin kayan gini na Brussels
* 1968 Prix du Ministère des Affaires Culturelles
* 1970 Grand Prix International de la Ceramique
* 1980 Prix Spécial de l'Architecture

## Littattafan tarihi

* Roger Capron, Céramiste, Staudenmeyer Éditions Norma,  .
* L'Âge d'or de Vallauris, A. Lajoix, Les Editions de l'Amateur,  .
Christopher K. Hart

**Christopher K. Hart** shine Shugaba kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Kamfanin First California Mortgage a Petaluma, California . Hart shine ke da alhakin sake fara First Cal a shekarar 2002. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da kula da alkiblar kamfanin gaba ɗaya, da kuma tattaunawa da tsara dangantakar kamfanin da Wall Street, masu zuba jari a kasuwa ta biyu da bankunan ajiya.

Dillalin gidaje ne mai lasisi a California kuma memba ne na Hukumar Ba da Shawara ta Yankin Yamma ta Fannie Mae da kuma Hukumar Ba da Shawara ta Freddie Mac daga 2007 zuwa 2011.

## Na Kai
Hart yana zaune a Arewacin California, tare da matarsa da 'ya'yansa uku.

## Nassoshi
http://www.northbaybusinessjournal.com/26174/first-cal-leases-more-space-in-petaluma/

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* tarihin rayuwa
Victor Anicet

**Victor Anicet** (an haife shi a shekarar 1938 a Marigot, wani yanki a arewacin Martinique ) ƙwararren mai zane ne kuma mai zane na yumbu ɗan ƙasar Faransa.

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Horarwa da farkon aiki
Da farko Victor Anicet ya yi horo a matsayin mai yin yumbu a Ecole des Arts Appliqués da ke Fort-de-France (kungiyar fasahar aikace-aikace), inda ya ci gaba da horonsa a Ecoles des Métiers des Arts de Paris (kungiyar fasahar aikace-aikace) a sashen yumbu; a lokacin kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1961, an karrama shi a matsayin na farko a ajinsa. Bayan ya sami takardar shaidar kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar lissafi da sinadarai da aka yi amfani da su wajen yin yumbu a Arts et Métiers da ke Paris, ya gudanar da darussa da dama a Turai: da farko a Faransa, tare da masu yin tukwane kamar Yves Mohy da Jean da Jacqueline Lerat a École des Beaux-Arts de Bourges, sannan a Ingila tare da John Reeve da Bernard Leach, a tukwane na Michael Cardew da ke St Ives sannan a ƙarshe tare da Marion Mangold a Ottweiler, a Jamus.  

### Bayani da Aiki a Martinique
Zane-zanensa suna nuna Maroons a matsayin mutanen jarumtaka da tawaye. [undefined] Yana ƙirƙirar abubuwa da suka mayar da martani ga Martinique da tarihin 'yan asalin tsibirin, wanda ya bincika tun yana ƙarami tare da Rev. Pere Pinchon, wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa ta Caribbean Archaeology kuma wanda ya fara binciken kayan tarihi a Martinique. [2] Anicet ya taimaka wajen bincike a gundumar Adoration da ke Le Marigot, ya koyi game da al'adun yumbu na Arawak ta hanyar lura da gutsuttsuran tukwane da yake tsaftacewa. [1]

A shekarar 1984, ya kasance tare da ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar "Fwomajé", Creole na bishiyar kapok, wacce ke gudanar da bincike kan kyawun Caribbean.   Ya yi baje kolin a Faransa, Caribbean, Jamus da Koriya ta Kudu .  A cikin haɗin gwiwa da Atelier Simon Marq, wani sitidiyo a Reims, ya ƙirƙiri tagogi masu fenti na gilashi don Co-Cathedral of Our Lady of Assumption, Saint-Pierre ; an keɓe aikin a ranar 8 ga Disamba 2006.   Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Petit Manoir, da ke Lamentin, Martinique, wanda yanzu ake kira Lycée Polyvalent Victor Anicet. 

### Nunin baya-bayan nan
An haɗa wani baje kolin ayyukan da aka zaɓa daga cikin ayyukan Anicet a bikin baje kolin fasaha na 34 na São Paulo Art Biennial, sannan aka gudanar da wani, Sève, don girmama aikinsa a shekarar 2021 a Tropiques Atrium, wani wurin fasaha a Fort-de-France . 

## Manazarta
Josette Bournet

**Josette Bournet** (1905 - 1962) ɗan Faransa mai zane ne kuma masanin yumbu wanda aka nuna aikinsa a Paris a Salon d'Automne, Société des Artistes Indépendants da kuma a Salon des Tuileries. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Josette Marguerite Téreille a Vichy, Faransa, a ranar 19 ga Agusta 1905. Ita 'yar Philippe Téreille da Marie (wanda aka sani da "Marguerite") Clausat ce, waɗanda aka yi aure a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu 1904, a Clermont-Ferrand . 

Kakanninta biyu sun fito ne daga Châteldon, a Puy-de-Dôme . Kakanta na uba, wanda asalinsa daga Creuse ne, ya mallaki Hôtel du Beaujolais a Vichy, wanda iyayen Josette ke kula da shi. Kakanta na wajen uwa, Joseph Claussat "babba" (1846–1910), ya fito ne daga Pont-du-Château. A shekarar 1872, ya auri Elisabeth Dassaud, 'yar wani mai masauki daga Châteldon. A shekarar 1881, an zaɓe shi magajin garin garin kuma a shekarar 1883 ya zama kansila na Puy-de-Dôme a ƙarƙashin sunan masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na gurguzu. Ɗansa Joseph zai riƙe waɗannan ayyukan a 1907 da 1908.

A kusan shekarar 1919, iyalan Josette suka ƙaura zuwa Nice don kula da otal-otal guda biyu, Scribe da Prince de Galles. Josette ta haɗu da Louis Bournet, wanda ta aura a shekarar 1921 lokacin tana da shekaru 16 kuma sun haifi 'ya mace a shekarar 1924.  A shekarar 1925, 'yar uwarta Jeanne, wacce a lokacin ɗaliba ce a fannin zane-zane na Arts a Nice, ta gayyaci mai zane a bakin teku inda malamin, Jean Denisse, ke sha'awar zane-zanen Josette. Ba da daɗewa ba, ta shiga fannin zane-zane na Arts Décoratifs. 

A shekarar 1926, Josette da Louis Bournet suka rabu, ta tafi Paris, ta bar 'yarta tare da mahaifinta.  Josette ta ɗauki darasi a Académie de la Grande Chaumière, sannan a shekarar 1928 ta shiga ƙungiyar ayyukan tsarki, wanda masu zane-zane Maurice Denis da George Desvallières suka jagoranta. Daga 1929, ta kan yi baje kolin a Salon d'Automne, wanda ta zama memba a 1935, a Société des Artistes Indépendants da kuma a Salon des Tuileries .  

## Manazarta