open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kasuwar Carbon a Indiya

An gabatar da **kasuwar carbon a Indiya,** ta hanyar Dokar Kare Makamashi (gyara), 2022 don bin taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (COP26), a matsayin yunƙurin rage yawan mai ta hanyar amfani da tushen burbushin halittu kamar koren hydrogen, kore ammonia, biomass, da bioethanol a matsayin makamashi da abinci.

Tsarin Kasuwancin Carbon na Ƙasar Indiya tsarin ciniki ne na iskar carbon wanda Ofishin Inganta Makamashi a Indiya ke haɓaka shi, wanda zai iya farawa azaman kasuwa na son rai acikin 2023. Ana sa ran fara kasuwancin da ke akwai Takaddun Takaddun Makamashi (REC) da Takaddun Takaddun Kuɗi na Makamashi (ESC) nan da 2025 kuma waɗannan su zama Takaddun Kiredit Carbon ta 2026. An kafa doka a 2022. An bada shawarar cewa za'a iya haɗa izinin carbon na tilas a nan gaba ta yadda zai zama kasuwar carbon kamar ta Sin da EU ETS. Daraktan ofishin ya ce zai zama kasuwa mafi girma a duniya nan da shekarar 2030.

## Manufa
The government of India established a carbon market in India, improved the Code for Energy Conservation Building and helped to build the governing council of the Bureau of Energy Efficiency through increasing members. The bill aimed to make the use of non fossil fuel sources mandatory for energy and encourage feedstocks like green ammonia, green hydrogen, ethanol and biomass.

## Amfani
Kasuwar carbon a Indiya tana neman fa'idodi masu zuwa:

* Haɓaka ayyukan noma da al'ummomin zamantakewa ta hanyar rage fitar da hayaki don inganta tushen samun kuɗin shiga ta hanyar kasuwar bashi ta son rai.
* Taimakawa wajen kare yankunan bakin teku da inganta ayyukan noma.
* Ayyukan ci gaban tattalin arziki don al'umma da jinsi da kuma kiyaye bambancin halittu ta hanyar kasuwannin bashi na son rai ta hanyar amfani da farashi mai ƙima.
* Samar da ƙarin hanyar samun kuɗi don gidaje masu ƙarancin kuɗi ta hanyar haɓaka tsarin dafa abinci.

## Siffofin
Kasuwar carbon a Indiya ta ƙunshi fasali da yawa:  

* Tsarin ciniki don siye da siyar da ƙididdiga ta ba da izinin rukunin masana'antu don fitar da takamaiman adadin iskar gas.
* Yin biyayya na son rai ne.
* Za a yi amfani da kiredit a kasuwannin cikin gida maimakon fitarwa.
* Tsabtataccen makamashi na iya ƙyale Indiya ta haɓaka iya aiki azaman mai fitar da makamashi.

## Kalubale
Hanyoyin kasuwancin carbon a Indiya na iya fuskantar kalubale na cin hanci da rashawa da kuma matsalolin muhalli.  Aiwatar da aiki na iya ɗaukar lokaci kuma ya kamata a yi ta cikin tsari.  

## Duba kuma

* Carbon credit

## Manazarta
Paul Gilding

**Paul Gilding** masanin muhalli ne na Australiya, mai bada shawara, kuma marubuci. Gilding, tsohon darektan zartarwa na Greenpeace International, kuma Fellow a Jami'ar Cibiyar Nazarin Dorewa ta Jami'ar Cambridge, shine marubucin *Babban Rushewa: Me yasa Rikicin Yanayi zai kawo ƙarshen Siyayya da Haihuwar Sabuwa. Duniya* (2011). Acikin 2012, Gilding ya bada gabatarwa game da ƙa'idar littafinsa a taron 2012 TED mai taken *Duniya ta cika*, wanda ya ba shi kulawa. Yana zaune a kudancin Tasmania tare da matarsa da ’ya’yansa.

## Sana'a
Gilding ya fara aikinsa ne a matsayin mai fafutuka tun farkon samartaka, yana mai da hankali kan *wariyar launin fata* na Afirka ta Kudu da 'yancin mallakar ƙasa na Aboriginal. Yayin da yake aiki a Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Ostiraliya, ya kuma shiga cikin yunkurin kwance damarar makaman nukiliya . A cewar wata hira da akayi a *AlterNet*, Gwarzon Gilding a siyasar adawa da nukiliya ya haifar da fahimtar al'amuran muhalli kuma ya kai shi shiga Greenpeace a cikin 1980s, ya shiga cikin ayyukan kai tsaye a kan masu gurbata muhalli. Tsakanin 1989 da 1994, Gilding yayi aiki a matsayin babban darektan Greenpeace Australia kuma, daga baya, Greenpeace International.

Gilding yana aiki a kan kwamitin ba da shawara na The Climate Mobilisation, wata ƙungiyar bayar da shawarwari ta kasa da ke kira ga yunkurin tattalin arziki na duniya game da sauyin yanayi a kan sikelin gidan Amurka a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, tare da burin 100% makamashi mai tsabta da kuma iskar gas mai zafi. fitar da hayaki nan da shekarar 2030.

## ''Babban Rushewa''
Acikin *Babban Rushewa*, Gilding ya bayyana cewa rikicin kuɗi na 2007-2008 alama ce ta wayewar ɗan adam da ke haɓaka fiye da ikon duniya don tallafawa ta, kuma yana da alaƙa da barazanar da canjin yanayi da sauran nau'ikan lalata muhalli ke haifarwa. Saboda haka, Gilding ya yi kira da a kawo karshen dukkanin ra'ayi na cigaban tattalin arziki mai ma'ana, wanda ya zargi cin abinci da sharar gida wanda ya haifar da rikice-rikicen tattalin arziki da muhalli da ke fuskantar 'yan adam da wayewar zamani.

Bugu da ƙari kuma, acikin tashi daga yawancin marubutan muhalli-irin su James Lovelock, Clive Hamilton, Richard Heinberg da James Howard Kunstler-Gilding yayi jayayya cewa mutane za suyi aiki tare ta hanyar rikicin yanayi da kuma cewa 'yan adam gaba ɗaya za suyi aiki acikin lokaci don ceton wayewa., *ko da yake* yayi latti don hana aukuwar bala'i; Gilding ya kafa wannan hujja akan hazaƙar al'ummomin da suka gabata acikin rikici, musamman yakin duniya na biyu. Gilding ya kumayi imanin cewa, tattalin arzikin duniya zai rungumi makamashi mai dorewa a lokacin da al'ummomi suka amince da gaskiyar sauyin yanayi tare da yin watsi da albarkatun mai.

## Duba kuma

* Motsin muhalli a Ostiraliya

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* PaulGilding.com - gidan yanar gizon hukuma
** Takaitaccen tarihin rayuwa 
* Duniya Ta Cika - shafi na *New York Times* na Thomas Friedman yana tattaunawa akan jigogin littafin Gilding
* Paul Gilding
Valentino Lazaro

**Valentino Lazaro** (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Maris a shekarar 1996) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Austriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya da kuma cikakken dan baya dan ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Torino a Serie A na Italiya da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ostiraliya.
## Manazarta
Carbon dioxide

**Carbon dioxide** fili ne na sinadarai tare da tsarin sinadarai** ** . Ya ƙunshi kwayoyin halitta waɗanda kowannensu yana da zarra guda ɗaya na carbon atom wanda aka haɗa shi da atom ɗin oxygen guda biyu. Ana samun shi a cikin yanayin iskar gas a dakin da zafin jiki, kuma a matsayin tushen samar da carbon a cikin zagayowar carbon, yanayi CO  shine tushen carbon na farko don rayuwa a duniya. A cikin iska, carbon dioxide yana bayyane zuwa haske mai gani amma yana ɗaukar infrared radiation, yana aiki azaman iskar gas . Carbon dioxide yana narkewa a cikin ruwa kuma ana samunsa a cikin ruwan karkashin kasa, tabkuna, kankara, da ruwan teku . Lokacin da carbon dioxide ya narke cikin ruwa, yana samar da carbonate kuma galibi bicarbonate (  ), wanda ke haifar da acidification na teku kamar yadda yanayin yanayi CO  ya karu. 

iskar gas ne a cikinbsp;Yanayin duniya a 421&nbsp;sassa a kowace miliyan (ppm) , ko kusan 0.04% (kamar na Mayu 2022) ya tashi daga matakan masana'antu na 280&nbsp;ppm ko kusan 0.025%.   Konewar kasusuwan kasusuwa shine dalilin farko na wannan karuwar CO  da kuma sanadin canjin yanayi . 

Matsakaicin sa a cikin yanayin duniya kafin masana'antu tun daga ƙarshen Precambrian an tsara shi ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta da abubuwan yanayin ƙasa. Tsire-tsire, algae da cyanobacteria suna amfani da makamashi daga hasken rana don haɗakar da carbohydrates daga carbon dioxide da ruwa a cikin wani tsari da ake kira photosynthesis, wanda ke samar da iskar oxygen a matsayin kayan sharar gida.  Bi da bi, ana cinye iskar oxygen kuma ana fitar da CO  a matsayin sharar gida ta duk kwayoyin halitta lokacin da suke daidaita mahaɗan kwayoyin halitta don samar da kuzari ta hanyar numfashi .  Ana fitar da CO  daga kayan halitta lokacin da suka lalace ko suka kone, kamar a gobarar daji. Tun da tsire-tsire na buƙatar CO  don photosynthesis, kuma mutane da dabbobi sun dogara da tsire-tsire don abinci, CO  ya zama dole don rayuwa a duniya.

## Chemical da kayan jiki

### Tsari, haɗin gwiwa da rawar jiki

## Manazarta
Kizz Daniel

**Oluwatobiloba Daniel Anidugbe** (an haife shi 1 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1994), wanda aka fi sani da **Kizz Daniel** (tsohon suna **Kiss Daniel** ),  mawaƙin Najeriya ne kuma marubucin waƙa. Ya yi suna a shekarar 2014 tare da waƙarsa ta farko, " Woju ". Ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar rikodi tare da G-Worldwide Entertainment a cikin shekarar 2013, amma ya bar lakabin bayan taƙaddamar kwangilar da aka yi ta yaɗawa da kuma rikicin shari'ar a kotu.  Ya kafa laƙabin rikodin Fly Boy Inc a cikin watan Nuwamban 2017.

A ranar 8 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2022, ƴan sandan Tanzaniya sun kama Kizz Daniel a Dar es Salaam saboda gazawarsa. 

A ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairun 2023, Audiomack ne ya sanar da shi tare da Snazzy the Optimist, Asake da 1ucid a matsayin manyan masu fasaha da ke yawo.

## Rayuwar farko da Ilimi

An haifi Kizz Daniel da sunan sa na yanka wato Oluwatobiloba Daniel Anidugbe a Abeokuta, Jihar Ogun, Najeriya. Ya fito ne daga ƙaramar hukumar Abeokuta ta Arewa. Ya halarci Makarantar Grammar Abeokuta kuma yayi karatun jami'a a Jami'ar Agriculture ta Tarayya, Abeokuta, a 2013, inda ya yi digiri a kan Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa da Agrometeorology (Water Engineering).  Yayin da yake jami'a, ya yanke shawarar yin waƙa a matsayin sana'a tare da karatunsa.

## Waƙar Buga

A ranar 4 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2022, ya fito da wata waƙa mai taken "Buga".  Waƙar ta zama abin burgewa tare da ƙalubalen rawa a Instagram da TikTok tare da fitattun mutane ciki har da shugaban Laberiya, George Weah yana rawa da ita. Waƙar tayi tashe a ciki da wajen Najeriya.

## Shu Peru

Kizz Daniel ya fitar da wata sabuwar waƙa mai zafi, mai suna "Shu Peru" a ranar 12 ga Mayu shekarar 2023.

Wannan waƙar ta ja hankali mutane sosai a duniya, wanda ya kai idan mutum yaji waƙar indai mai jin waƙa ne , to bazai iya jurewa ba sai ya ɗan tattaka rawa. Kasancewar waƙar kiɗar ta nada daɗi ga sauti mai sarewa.

Waƙar "Shu Peru" tana nuna fasaha mai ban mamaki na Kizz Daniel da kuma salon kiɗa na musamman wanda hakan yasa ya samu miliyoyin magoya baya a duk duniya. Waƙar ta haɗu da abubuwa na Afrobeat, Afro-pop, da R&B na zamani, ƙirƙirar sauti mai ƙarfi da wanda babu shakka  Kizz Daniel yayi ƙoƙari sosai a waƙar.

Waƙar "Shu Peru" ta Kizz Daniel yanzu tana samuwa akan duk manyan dandamali sada zumunta. Magoya baya da masoyansa kuma za su iya kallon bidiyon kiɗan akan tashar YouTube ta Kizz Daniel.

## Rayuwarsa a sirrance

A ranar 1 ga Mayu shekarar 2021 ya samu ƴan 3 ƴaƴan nasa, sun haɗa da Jamal, Jalil, da Jelani, tare da babbar budurwarsa. Daga baya Kizz ya bayyana yadda ya rasa ɗaya daga cikin ƴaƴaansa guda uku, Jamal, bayan kwana huɗu da haihuwa, yayin da ya samu katafaren gida mai ɗaki biyu kowanne na Jalil da Jelani.

## Discography

**Albums ɗinsa na Studio da EPs**

* *New Era* (2016)
* *No Bad Songz* (2018)
* King of Love (2020)
* *Barnabas* (2021)
* *Maverick* (2023)

## Kyaututtuka da lambar girma

## Manazarta
Daniel Spencer (masanin muhalli)

**Daniel Spencer;** ɗan gwagwarmayar sauyin yanayi ne na Australiya, asalinsa daga Renmark a yankin kudancin Riverland. Ya gudanar da manyan ayyuka na jagoranci acikin Ƙungiyar Matasan Yanayi na Australiya, Repower Port Augusta yaƙin neman zaɓe da Walk for Solar. Ayyukan sa sun mayar da hankali kan inganta hangen nesa da gina tallafin al'umma don maye gurbin tashoshin wutar lantarki da aka kora a Port Augusta tare da madaidaicin hanyar samar da wutar lantarki mai amfani da hasken rana.

Acikin 2012, Spencer ya sami lambar yabo ta Bob Brown Foundation na farko na Matasa Masu Muhalli na Shekara  kuma Majalisar Kulawa ta Kudancin Ostiraliya ta karɓe ta tare da lambar yabo ta Jill Hudson don Kariyar Muhalli. Acikin 2013, ya sami lambar yabo ta Flinders Ports Environment Award a Channel 9 Young Achievers Awards a Kudancin Ostiraliya. Spencer ya fito acikin fina-finai na gaskiya da ke mai da hankali kan sauyin yanayi da fafutuka, gami da *juyin juya hali* da *Digiri na 2* kuma mawaƙi ne, marubuci kuma mawaƙi mai jagora ga tushen reggae band *Babila Burning*.

Spencer a halin yanzu yana aiki a reshen Kudancin Australia na Ƙungiyar Sabis na Australiya.

## Manazarta
A bushe da kyau

**Busasshiyar rijiya** ko **busasshiyar** rijiyar ƙasa ce da ke zubar da ruwan da ba'a so, yawanci magudanar ruwa da ruwan guguwa, a wasu lokutan ruwan toka ko ruwan da ake amfani da shi a cikin famfon zafi na cikin ƙasa . Tsari ne da ake ci da nauyi, tsarin karkashin kasa a tsaye wanda zai iya kama ruwan saman daga saman da ba zai iya jurewa ba, sannan a adana shi kuma a hankali kutsa cikin ruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa .

Irin wannan tsarin kuma ana kiransa da **matacciyar rijiya**, **mai shayarwa da kyau**, **rijiya mara kyau** da **ramin jiƙa** ko **ramin jiƙa** a cikin Burtaniya  ko **ramin jiƙa** ko **ramin jiƙa** a Ostiraliya.  

## Zane

Busassun rijiyoyin ramuka ne da ake tonowa waɗanda za a iya cika su da jimillar ko iska kuma galibi ana lika su da kwandon shara. Rubutun sun ƙunshi ɗakuna masu rarrafe da aka yi da filastik ko siminti kuma ana iya yin layi da geotextile .  Suna ba da ƙarfin shigar ruwa mai girma yayin da kuma suna da ƙaramin sawun ƙafa. 

Busasshiyar rijiyar tana samun ruwa daga bututun shigarwa a samanta. Ana iya amfani da shi wani yanki na hanyar sadarwa mai faɗaɗa ruwan guguwa ko kuma akan ƙananan ma'auni kamar tattara ruwan sama daga ginin rufin . Ana amfani da shi tare da matakan riga-kafi kamar bioswales ko dakunan datti don hana gurɓataccen ruwan ƙasa .  

Zurfin rijiyar busasshiyar yana ba da damar ruwa ya shiga cikin yadudduka na ƙasa tare da kutsawa mara kyau kamar yumbu a cikin mafi ƙarancin yadudduka na yankin vadose kamar yashi .  

Sauƙaƙan busassun rijiyoyin sun ƙunshi rami mai cike da tsakuwa, tsagewa, tarkace, ko wasu tarkace . Irin waɗannan ramukan suna tsayayya da rushewa amma ba su da ƙarfin ajiya da yawa saboda girman cikin su galibi yana cike da dutse. Rijiyar busasshiyar ci gaba tana bayyana babban adadin ajiyar ciki ta wurin siminti ko robobi mai rarrafe da kasa. Wadannan busassun rijiyoyin ana binne su ne gaba daya don kada su kai wani yanki na kasa. Busassun rijiyoyin magudanan ruwa na filin ajiye motoci yawanci ana binne su a ƙasan filin ajiye motoci iri ɗaya.

## Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa
Za'a iya gina sump a cikin ginshiki cikin busasshiyar rijiyar, yana barin famfon ɗin ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa akai-akai (ma'amala kawai buƙatun lokaci-lokaci). Magudanar ruwa na Faransa na iya kama da busasshiyar rijiyar da ba a rufe ta. Babban buɗaɗɗen rami ko swale na wucin gadi wanda ke karɓar ruwan hadari ya watsar da shi cikin ƙasa ana kiransa kwandon shigar ruwa ko kwandon caji. A wuraren da adadin ruwan da za a tarwatsa bai kai girma ba, ana iya amfani da lambun ruwan sama a maimakon haka.

Ramin da aka rufe wanda ke zubar da sashin ruwa na najasa ta hanyar ka'ida ɗaya da busasshiyar rijiyar ana kiransa cesspool . Filin magudanar ruwa na septic yana aiki akan ka'idar jinkirin-magudanar ruwa/bangaren yanki kamar kwandon shigar ruwa.

## Duba kuma

* Tsarin gine-ginen shimfidar wuri
* Tankin Septic
* Ruwan guguwa

## Nassoshi
 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Ana tsara rijiyoyin busasshen da ba na zama ba a Amurka don kare tushen ruwan sha - Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka
* Hotunan ingantacciyar shigar da rijiyar bushewa
* Hotunan Shigar da Soakwell na Australiya
Haɗin Kai Tsakanin Carbon

Ƙungiyar **Carbon Neutrality Coalition;** (CNC) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe, birane da ƙungiyoyi waɗanda suka himmatu don ɗaukar matakai na gaske da buri don cimma manufofin yarjejeniyar Paris.

## Tarihi
An kafa Ƙungiyar Neutrality Coalition (CNC) acikin 2017 ta kasashe 16 da birane 32, wanda Bhutan ya yi wahayi. Acikin Disamba, Ministan Sauyin Yanayi na New Zealand James Shaw yace "Kungiyar Haɗin kai ta dace da burinmu na zama tattalin arziƙin sifiri nan da 2050"

Acikin watan Satumba na 2018 haɗin gwiwar ya gudanar da taronsa na farko a babban taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da sababbin kasashe 4 sun shiga: Birtaniya; Kanada; Denmark da Spain.

A watan Satumba na 2019 a taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan yanayi, an sanar da cewa sabbin kasashe 5 ne ke shiga cikin kawancen: Austria, Chile, Italiya, Japan da Timor-Leste.

## Amfani
Haɗin gwiwar yana da nufin cimma fa'idodi a mahimman fage guda 3:

* Amfanin tattalin arziki
* Tattalin arzikin mai jurewa yanayi
* Hanzarta ayyukan sauyin yanayi na duniya

## Shirin Aiki
'Yan kungiyar sun amince da hakan

* Haɓɓaka da raba dabarun kawar da su, gogewa, bayanai da kayan aikin su kafin 2020
* Haɓaka ƙarin buri daga duk ƙasashe na duniya akan rage hayaƙi

## Suka
A watan Yulin 2019 wani shafin yanar gizo na Dandalin Tattalin Arziƙi na Duniya ya ce da yawa daga cikin ƙasashe membobin ba su yi wani takamaiman matakan tsaka tsaki na carbon ba.

Membobin ƙasar na Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kai na Carbon sune

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Manazarta
Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki masu aiki da kwal a cikin Burtaniya

A halin yanzu akwai tashoshin wutar lantarki guda biyu masu aiki da wutar lantarki da ke aiki a Burtaniya. Suna da ƙarfin samar da jimillar 2.35GW.

## Matakin fita daga kwal a Burtaniya
Acikin Nuwamba 2015, Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta sanar da cewa za a rufe sauran tashoshin wutar lantarki goma sha hudu da suka rage nan da shekarar 2025. A Nuwamba 2017 Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta hade da karfin gadin kwal na baya . A watan Yuni na 2021, gwamnati ta ce za ta kawo karshen wutar lantarki a watan Oktoba 2024.

Ironbridge ya daina aiki a ƙarshen 2015. Acikin 2016, tashoshin wutar lantarki uku sun rufe a Rugeley, Ferrybridge da Longannet. Eggborough ya rufe a cikin 2018 kuma an ba shi izini ya canza zuwa tashar wutar lantarki. Tashar wutar lantarki ta Lynemouth ta koma biomass a cikin 2018 kuma ana canza Uskmouth zuwa makamashi daga shukar sharar gida. Cottam da Aberthaw sun rufe ayyuka a cikin 2019, Fiddlers Ferry ya rufe acikin 2020, Drax ya daina ƙone kwal a cikin Maris 2021 da West Burton A ƙarshen ƙarni a cikin Maris 2023.

Ƙasar Burtaniya ta ci gaba da kona kwal don samar da wutar lantarki tun lokacin da aka bude tashar wutar lantarki ta Holborn Viaduct a 1882. A ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 2017, a karon farko tun 1882, grid ɗin GB yana da lokacin awoyi 24 ba tare da wani ƙarni daga ikon kwal ba. Acikin Mayu 2019 grid GB ya tafi cikakken satin sa na farko ba tare da wani ƙarfin kwal ba. Acikin Mayu 2020 grid GB ta doke rikodin da ya gabata kuma baiyi amfani da tsarar kwal ba sama da wata guda.

A halin yanzu, amfani da makamashin gawayi yana raguwa zuwa raguwar tarihi da ba a gani ba tun kafin juyin juya halin masana'antu . Coal ya ba da 1.6% na wutar lantarki a Burtaniya a cikin 2020, ya ragu daga 30% a cikin 2014. A shekarar 2020, kwal ya samar da wutar lantarki 4.4 TWh, sannan Biritaniya ta samu ‘yanci na sa’o’i 5,202 daga samar da wutar lantarki, sama da awa 3,665 a shekarar 2019 da 1,856 a shekarar 2018.

## Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki masu aiki

## Duba kuma

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki masu aiki da iskar gas a Burtaniya
* Jerin hanyoyin haɗin wutar lantarki a cikin Burtaniya
* Aikin hakar kwal a Burtaniya

## Manazarta
Hukumar Bunƙasa Ci Gaba, Canjin Tsari da Aiki

**Hukumar Ci gaba, Canjin Tsarin da Aiki;**(Jamus: (WSB), asali , wanda aka fi sani da *Kohlekommission*, wato *hukumar kwal*, a Jamus) kwamiti ne da gwamnatin tarayyar Jamus ta ƙirƙira akan 6.Yuni 2018, bayan haɗin gwiwar jam'iyyar Christian Democrats

CU/ CSU) tae da Social Democrats (SPD)a cikin Fabrairu 2018.  

Ya kamata kwamitin ya mika rahotonsa na ƙarshe ga gwamnatin tarayya a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 2019. Ana sa ran ƙaddamar da matakan da aka ba da shawarar game da ci gaban zamantakewa da tsari da kuma ba da kuɗaɗen Jihohi, waɗanda ake hako gawayin launin ruwan kasa, a ƙarshen Oktoba 2018. Ya kamata Waɗannan matakan sun haɗada matakan dakile sauyin yanayi, musamman shirin kawar da gurbataccen mai tare da ranar karewa da matakan cimma burin rage fitar da iskar gas nan da shekarar 2020 da Jamus ta ƙuduri aniyar aiwatarwa.  

An buga rahoton hukumar a watan Janairun shekarar 2019 yana bada shawarar Jamus ta kawar da baki ɗaya tare da rufe sauran 84 da suka rage masu aikin kwal a yankinta nan da 2038.  Yayin da wasu suka yaba da wannan a matsayin nasara, wasu, ciki harda masana kimiyya da masana yanayi, sunyi iƙirarin cewa har yanzu wannan ba zaiyi sauri sosai ba, kuma don hana yanayin daga kaiwa ga wani matakin da ba za a iya jurewa ba, tilas ne a kawar da shi nan da shekara ta 2030.

## Duba kuma

* Dajin Hambach
* Ende Gelände 2018
* Ende Gelände 2019
* 
* 
* 
* Yajin aikin makaranta don yanayi / Juma'a don Gaba (FFF)
* Satumba 2019 yanayi ya afku

## Manazarta
Hossain Rasuli

**Hossain Rasouli** ( Pashto; an haife shi 10 Agusta 1995)  ɗan wasan nakasassu ɗan Afghanistan ne. Zai wakilci Afghanistan a gasar wasannin nakasassu ta bazara ta 2020 . Da farko dai an hana shi shiga gasar wasannin nakasassu na farko da aka yi masa, sakamakon mamayar da kungiyar Taliban ta yi, amma daga baya kwamitin wasannin nakasassu na kasa da kasa ya ba shi damar shiga gasar bayan an kwashe shi lafiya daga Afghanistan. An yanke hannunsa na hagu sakamakon fashewar nakiya. 

## Aiki
An zabe shi a matsayin daya daga cikin masu fafatawa biyu daga Afghanistan tare da mai aikin parataekwondo Zakia Khudadadi don wasannin nakasassu na bazara na 2020 . Koyaya, a ranar 16 ga Agusta 2021, an tilastawa Afghanistan ficewa daga taron bayan faduwar Kabul ga Taliban . 'Yan wasan Afghanistan ma sun kasa fita daga birnin Kabul saboda rufe tashoshin jiragen sama. Dukkansu biyun ba su halarci bikin bude wasannin nakasassu na bazara na shekarar 2020 ba ko da yake an yi watsi da tutar Afghanistan yayin bikin bude taron tare da hadin kai da mutanen Afghanistan. 

A ranar 28 ga Agusta, 2021, Rasouli, tare da 'yar'uwarsa mace Khudadadi, sun isa Tokyo bayan sun tashi daga Kabul zuwa Paris, suna kawo karshen rashin tabbas game da halartar Afghanistan a wasannin nakasassu na Tokyo. Shugaban kwamitin wasannin nakasassu na kasa da kasa, Andrew Parsons ya bayyana cewa duka 'yan wasan na Afganistan ba za su halarci tattaunawa ba kuma an ba su izinin tsallake taron manema labarai da aka saba yi. 

Da farko an shirya Hossain zai shiga gasar tseren mita 100 T47 na maza a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2021 amma sai da ya kasa halartar taron saboda lattin zuwansa Tokyo. Koyaya, an ba shi damar yin gasa a tseren tsalle na T47 na maza a ranar 31 ga Agusta 2021, duk da cewa sunan sa ba a cikin jerin ƙarshe ba. Ya kare a matsayi na goma sha uku kuma na karshe a tseren tsalle na karshe na maza amma ya rubuta mafi kyawun aikinsa na 4.46m.Haka kuma shi ne karon farko na tsalle-tsalle na Rasouli a wata babbar gasa ta kasa da kasa.

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Ember ( mara riba)

**Embe,**  tsohon **Yakin Yashi** ko **Sandbag Climate Campaign**, wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta mai ra'ayin muhalli, mai fafutukar rage amfani da kwal. An kafa shi acikin Burtaniya, an ƙaddamar da ƙungiyar a cikin 2008 ta Bryony Worthington kuma shine memba na farko (kuma ya kafa) memba na Cibiyar Muhalli *Guardian*.

## Ƙaddamar
An kaddamar da yakin yanayi na Sandbag a matsayin kamfen kan Tsarin Kasuwancin Tarayyar Turai, ba da damar membobinta suyi kamfen don rage adadin izini da ke yawo da kuma siyan izini da soke su. Manyan kamfanoni (kamar masu kera motoci) dole ne su sami waɗannan izini daga EU idan suna buƙatar fitar da iskar gas a lokacin samarwa. Sayen waɗannan izini da jama'a ke hana amfani da su ta kamfanoni. Worthington ta bayyana kungiyarta a matsayin "kamar kona kudi a gaban wani don kada su kashe su akan wani abu mara kyau."

Worthington ya ba da jawabin farko na jama'a akan Sandbag (da kuma cinikin hayaki gabaɗaya) a taron geeKyoto a Landan lokacin Mayu 2008.

Acikin 2018, shekaru 10 tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da shi, Sandbag ya yi rajistar ƙungiyar tushen Brussels, Sandbag Climate Campaign ASBL. Tun daga 2020, wannan ya zama babban ofishin Sandbag don manufofin EU. Suzana Carp ne ke jagorantar Haɗin gwiwar Sandbag na EU.

## Mayar da hankali na yanzu
Ember (tsohon Sandbag) a halin yanzu yana samar da bincike da kamfen akan EU ETS da manufofin canjin yanayi na EU, rage fitar da hayaki acikin masana'antu, da sake fasalin ƙa'idar Rarraba Ƙoƙari, da kuma sake fasalin Turai. Tsarin Kasuwancin Haɗin Kai.

Kamfanin yana dogara ne a The Fisheries, 1 Mentmore Terrace, Filin London, E8 3PN.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Gidan yanar gizon kungiyar
Powering Past Coal Alliance

The **Powering Past Coal Alliance (PPCA);** wani rukuni ne na kasashe, birane, yankuna da kungiyoyi 170 da ke da niyyar hanzarta aikin burbushin mai daga tashoshin wutar lantarki, sai dai 'yan kaɗan waɗanda ke da kamawa da adana carbon. An bayyana shi a matsayin "yarjejeniya ta hana yaɗuwa" don albarkatun mai. An gudanar da aikin ne tare da tallafin kuɗi daga Gwamnatin Kanada, ta hanyar sashin muhalli da ake kira Environment and Climate Change Canada.

## Tarihi

Kanada da Burtaniya ne suka ƙaddamar da Alliance a taron yanayi na COP23 a watan Nuwamba 2017. Da take sanar da kaddamar da shirin, Climate Action Network -Kanada Babban Darakta Catherine Abreu ta ce:

A karshen taron, membobin sun karu zuwa kasashe, yankuna da kungiyoyi sama da 20. Acikin wata guda membobin sun girma zuwa sama da 50. Manufarta ita ce kafa sabuwar ƙa'ida ta duniya, ko "ma'auni na halayen da suka dace", cewa bai kamata a ƙone gawayi don iko ba.

A cikin Afrilu 2018 an sanar da haɗin gwiwar bincike tare da Bloomberg Philanthropies.

A watan Oktoban 2018 lardin Koriya ta Kudu na Chungcheong ya zama yanki na farko a Asiya kuma mafi girman mai amfani da kwal don shiga cikin kawance. Acikin Disamba 2018 Sydney, Melbourne, Scotland, Scottish Power, Senegal da Isra'ila suma sun shiga kuma a cikin Satumba 2019 sababbin mambobi bakwai sun shiga ciki har da Jamus da Slovakia.

A watan Yuni 2020 6 kungiyoyin kudi na duniya sun shiga ciki har da Desjardins Group, babbar cibiyar hada-hadar kudi ta Arewacin Amurka ta farko da ta shiga.

A lokacin 2021 aƙalla sabbin membobi 38 da suka haɗa da Hungary, Uruguay, Chile, Estonia, Singapore, Slovenia da Ukraine.

## Manufar
Mambobin ƙungiyar sun yarda cewa: 

* Gwamnatoci/jihohi za su kawar da wutar lantarkin gargajiya da ake da su.
* Gwamnatoci/jihohi za su ƙirƙiro dakatarwa a kan kowane sabbin tashoshin wutar lantarki na garwashin gargajiya ba tare da kamawa da adana carbon da ake aiki ba.
* Kamfanoni/kungiyoyi za su sarrafa ayyukan ba tare da kwal ba.
* Membobi za su tabbatar da manufofi da saka hannun jari suna goyan bayan iko mai tsabta.
* Membobin za su hana ba da kuɗi don wutar lantarki ta gargajiya ba tare da kama carbon da adanawa ba.

## Martani
Da take mayar da martani, game da ƙaddamarwa, Tracy Carty na Oxfam ta ce Alliance:

Ƙungiyar Canjin Kasuwanci Ƙungiyar B tayi maraba da Ƙungiyar, kuma tayi jayayya cewa fitar da gawayi dole ne ya faru a matsayin sauyi mai adalci wanda ke kare ma'aikata masu rauni da al'ummomi kamar al'ummomin hakar kwal.

## Membobi
Mambobi ne na iko da yawan alewa a matsayin na Satumba 2023 sun kasance: 

### Kasashe
 

### Ƙungiyoyin ƙananan hukumomi
 

### Kasuwanci da sauran kungiyoyi
 

## Duba kuma

* Kololuwar kwal
* Bayan Kwal
* Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin 2
* Ƙungiyar Jagorancin Yanayi na C40
* Ƙaddamarwar Yarjejeniyar hana Yaɗuwar Man Fetur

## Manazarta


* 
*
Yaƙin Tsuntua

**Yakin Tsuntua**, wanda aka yi a watan Disamban shekarar 1804, yana daya daga cikin manyan fadace-fadacen yakin Fulani .

## Fage
A cikin shekarar 1804, Yunfa na Gobir ya fahimci ƙarar barazanar da tsohon malaminsa, Bafulatani mai kawo sauyi a Musulunci Usman dan Fodio, ke yi wa jihohin Hausa. Da yake neman taimako ga sauran sarakunan Hausawa, Yunfa ya tara runduna domin su kamo Usman suka kashe shi. A halin da ake ciki, mabiya Usman sun yada labarin jihadi a kan sarakunan Hausawa, wanda ya jawo hankalin Fulani makiyaya da dama, suka bayyana Yunfa a matsayin kafiri. A wata rigima tsakanin su Yunfa ya yi yunkurin kashe Usman, to amma bindigarsa ta samu matsala, sai dai ya raunata hannunsa.  Usman ya koma ƙasar Fulani ta Gulu, inda ya tara sojoji masu yawa domin murƙushe Hausawa.

## Yakin
Daya daga cikin farkon shiga yaƙin shine Tsuntua. Yunfa wanda ya mallaki rundunar da ta kunshi jaruman Hausawa da abokan Abzinawa, ya yi galaba a kan sojojin dan Fodio, wadanda suka yi asarar sama da mutum 2,000 zuwa 3,000, wadanda aka ce 200 daga cikinsu Hafiz ne (mutanen da suka san Al- Qur'ani a zuciya).  Abzinawa na Kel Gress da Kel Itesen da Kel Tegama sun fito ne daga kewayen Gobir . Suna amfani da kwaruruka da ke kewayen wurin don kiwo a lokacin lokacin sanyi kowace shekara. Wadannan Abzinawa sun yi kawance da Yunfa domin ba su yi tunanin mayakan jihadi na Fulbe za su iya yin nasara a kan Gobir ba, don haka suna son ci gaba da amfani da wadannan kwaruruka wajen kiwo na hunturu. Abzinawa sun taka rawar gani a yawancin nasarorin da Gobir ya samu musamman a Tsuntuwa da Alwassa. 

Musulmin sun yi sansani ƙasa da tafiyar kwana guda daga Alƙalawa, kuma da alama an watse ana neman abinci. Wannan ya ba da kyakkyawar dama ga rundunar Yunfa ta kai hari. Sojojin sun kai hari a Tsuntua wanda ya kai ga hasarar musulmi. Wataƙila wannan yaƙin ya kasance a cikin watan Ramadan, don haka ƙila Musulmai suna azumi. Manyan jagororin jihadi ba za su iya shiga wannan yakin ba saboda wasu dalilai. Bello ba shi da lafiya, Abdullah ya samu rauni a kafa kuma ba a ambaci Ali Jedo ba. Shugaban musulman kane ne ga Bello, Sa’ad bin al-Hasan kuma daga cikin wadanda suka mutu akwai Imam Muhammad Sambo, Zaid bin Muhammad Sa’ad da Mahmud Gurdam.

Sai dai nasarar da Gobir ya samu bai dade ba, domin a shekarar da ta gabata sojojin Uthman suka kwace garuruwan Kebbi da Gwandu, inda suka tabbatar da wanzuwar jam’iyyarsu da ci gabanta.

## Nassoshi
Kingston Powerhouse

**Gidan wutar lantarki na Kingston;** wani tashar wutar lantarki ne da ba'a amfani da shi a Canberra, babban birnin Ostiraliya. Tana cikin unguwar Kingston, Babban Birnin Australiya.

John Smith Murdoch ne ya tsara shi kuma ya gina shi daga 1913-1915, lokacin da aka tsara birnin Canberra. Shi ne ginin jama'a na dindindin na farko a Canberra. An rufe shi acikin 1929, amma an sake kunna shi na lokaci tsakanin 1936 zuwa 1942 da tsakanin 1948 da 1957. Taron bitar Fitters, ginin jama'a na dindindin na biyu, shima yana cikin wurin. Siren da bushe-bushe, wanda ke nuna lokuta ga ma'aikatan waje na gwamnati a kudancin Canberra na shekaru da yawa an haɗasu acikin jeri. Yanzu an jera shi ta Majalisar Heritage Council ta ACT. 

An canza shi daga baya kuma yanzu yana da Canberra Glassworks.

## Kyautar kayan aikin injiniya
Tashar wutar lantarki ta sami Alamar Injiniya ta Tarihi daga Injiniya Ostiraliya a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Gane Gadon Injiniya.

## Manazarta
Tashar wutar lantarki ta Cockle Creek

**Tashar wutar lantarki ta Cockle Creek;** tana cikin Teralba, New South Wales, Australia akan gaɓar Cockle Creek. Wutar lantarki tayi aiki daga 11 Maris 1927 har zuwa Maris 1976.

## Bayani
Caledonian Collieries Limited ne ya gina tashar wutar lantarki ta Cockle Creek tsakanin 1925 zuwa 1927, don amfani da ƙaramin kwal don samar da wuta ga ma'adinan Caledonian Collieries da ƙauyukan da ke kewaye acikin yankunan Lake Macquarie da Cessnock. An gina wani weir a Barnsley tare da Cockle Creek, don samar da ruwan sanyaya ga tashar wutar lantarkin.

Tushen farko da aka girka a tashar wutar lantarki ya ƙunshi Brown Boveri 5 guda biyu&nbsp;MW turbo alternators tare da nau'in Babock &amp;amp; Wilcox giciye nau'in bututun ruwa na ruwa. guda biyu sunyi gudu a matsa lamba na  tare da damar  na tururi a awa daya kowanne kuma kowannensu Babock & Wilcox sarkar grate stokers ne suka ciyar da su. An gina ginin tashar wutar lantarki da bulo sai bango guda ɗaya, wanda aka lulluɓe shi da zanen galvanized, don bada damar faɗaɗawa nan gaba.

A shekara ta 1936 tare da haɓɓakar kaya da ke buƙatar ƙarin injin samar da tururi, an bada umarnin tukunyar jirgi na uku. Babcock Wilcox ne ya gina wannan tukunyar jirgi kuma ya kasance tukunyar jirgi mai nau'in ganga guda ɗaya kuma yana gudana a matsa lamba na  mai karfin  na tururi a kowace awa kuma an ciyar dashi ta hanyar sarƙar grate stoker guda ɗaya. A shekara ta 1938 nauyin da ke kan tashar wutar lantarki ya ƙaru zuwa matakin da ake buƙatar saitin janareta na uku. An bada oda tare da British-Thomson Houston don 3.222&nbsp;MW turbo alternator wanda daga nan aka ƙidaya No.3 kuma an sanya shi cikin sabis acikin Maris 1939.

Sakamakon gazawar da aka samu a Ma'aikatar Railways New South Wales tashar wutar lantarki a Titin Zaara a Newcastle a cikin Yuli 1941 Ma'aikatar Railways ta gina layin watsa layin don haɗawa da layin watsawar ƙasa zuwa Cessnock don bada damar Cockle Creek ya bada wutar lantarki ga hanyar Railway. grid.

Tare da ƙaruwar buƙatar wutar lantarki acikin shekarun 1950, an ba da umarnin tukunyar jirgi na huɗu. Babcock Wilcox ne ya gina wannan tukunyar jirgi kuma ya kasance tukunyar tukunyar ruwa mai walƙiya bi-drum kuma yana gudana a matsa lamba na  mai karfin  na tururi a kowace awa kuma an ciyar da shi ta hanyar Babcock "Detroit" Rotograte stocker.

A kololuwarta tashar wutar lantarki tana da karfin 13.222&nbsp;MW kuma ya bada wutar lantarki ga ma'adanai 17 da Teralba, Barnsley, Estelville, Wakefield, West Wallsend, Killingworth da Cessnock.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a New South Wales

## Manazarta

* Nazarin Heritage Lake Macquarie 1993
* 
*
Tashar wutar lantarki ta Lithgow

**Tashar wutar lantarki ta Lithgow;** ta kasance tashar wutar lantarki ta Australiya da aka gina acikin 1928 don samar da wuta ga Layukan dogo na Gwamnatin New South Wales, masana'antar kananan makamai, ma'adinan Hoskins da majalisar Lithgow. Tushen farko shine 2.5MW BTH/ Turanci Alternators na lantarki waɗanda ba'a buƙatar su a tashar wutar lantarki ta Ultimo. Na uku na turbo 2.5MW daga Zarra Street, Newcastle an ƙara shi a cikin 1931. An shigar da injin 2.5MWBTH na huɗu a cikin 1936 (tsohon Zarra St). Acikin 1943 wani janareta na 2.5MW Willans &amp;amp; Robinson daga Zarra St ya zama No5 a Lithgow. An samar da tururi daga hudu 160,000&nbsp;lb/Hr tukunyar jirgi a 200PSI da zazzabi na 450degF. Kwal ya fito daga mahaƙar ma'adinan jihar da ke kusa. Sakamakon rashin ruwa mai tsanani, waɗannan injiniyoyin injina kawai sun gaji cikin na'urorin jigilar jet guda ɗaya.

Mataki na biyu na ci gaban tashar wutar lantarki ta Lithgow ya fara ne acikin 1948 tareda cire No5 wanda ya lalace da shigar da mai karfin 7.5MW Metro-Vickers daga Zarra St kuma ya zama No4A. Irin wannan 7.5MW Metro Vickers janareta ya maye gurbin injinan 2.5MW a 1950, 1953 da 1956 ya zama lamba 3A, No.5, No.2 da No.1. An bada tururi daga 70,000&nbsp;lb/hr tukunyar jirgi wanda tsohon tashar White Bay "A". An gina jerin hasumiya mai sanyaya katako kuma an bada izinin yin amfani da na'urorin sanyaya saman don waɗannan manyan saiti. Gyaran hasumiya mai sanyaya sun fitone daga wani sabon dam da aka gina a ma'adinan Jiha da ke kusa. Jimlar fitarwa ya kasance 38MW.

Walter Lockhart Cowen, babban mai kula da wutar lantarki na New South Wales Government Railways, ya gudanar da tashar wutar lantarki ta Lithgow tun daga lokacin aikinta har zuwa lokacin da yayi ritaya a 1951. Tashar ta ci gaba da aiki har zuwa 1964, wanda a lokacin ne tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Wallerawang ke aiki. An rushe tashar wutar lantarki ta Lithgow acikin shekarun 1970s.

## Manazarta
Dutsen Piper Power Station

**Tashar wutar lantarki ta Dutsen Piper;** tashar wutar lantarki ce da ke da wutar lantarki da injin tururi guda biyu tare da haɗakar samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin megawatt 1,400. Tana kusa da Portland, a Tsakiyar Yammacin New South Wales, Ostiraliya kuma mallakar EnergyAustralia, reshen CLP Group. A ranar 23 ga Satumba, 2021, an bada sanarwar cewa ana ci gaba da rufe tashar wutar lantarki daga 2042 zuwa 2040 a ƙarshe. Tashar wutar tana daukar ma'aikata 250.

## Gina
An kammala aikin janareta na farko (Unit 2) a shekarar 1992, na biyu kuma (Unit 1) a shekarar 1993. Raka'a 3 da 4, ko da yake an shirya, ba'a gina su ba. Ita ce tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙarshe da Hukumar Lantarki ta New South Wales ta gina (wani jiki tun da aka soke). Yawancin aikin zane da akayi acikin gida ne hukumar tayi.

Acikin 2009 Delta Electricity (gwamnati ta mallaki kamfani wanda a baya ya mallaki kuma yake sarrafa tashar wutar lantarki a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci) ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ta sake ƙididdige rukuni a Mount Piper daga ainihin 660MW zuwa 700MW.

Acikin 2007 & farkon 2008 anyi magana da jama'a game da 'kammala' tashar wutar lantarki ta hanyar amfani da hasumiya mai mahimmanci na zamani, busasshen sanyaya, raka'o'in wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin 1000MW wanda ke amfani da ƙarancin ruwa daga kogunan da ke kewaye. 

A ranar 7 ga Afrilu 2010 Sashen Tsare-tsare na New South Wales ya sanar da cewa an bada izini ga Delta Electricity don 'kammala' tashar ta hanyar shigar da 2000MW na sabon ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki.

## Na fasaha
Dutsen Piper yana zana ruwan sanyi daga Lyell Dam da Thomsons Creek Dam, duka biyun da aka gina don tashar. Dam ɗin Lyell yana kan Kogin Coxs mai  ba. Manya-manyan famfo suna zana ruwa daga dam ɗin kuma su tura shi zuwa bututun da aka gina tsakanin Thompsons Creek Dam da Dutsen Piper. Tashar wutar lantarki tana ɗaukar abinda yake buƙata da kuma wuce gona da iri da ke gudana cikin Dam ɗin Thompsons Creek. Lokacin da babu famfo da ke cikin sabis, ana samar da ruwa zuwa tashar wutar lantarki daga Dam ɗin Thompsons Creek.

Carbon Monitoring for Action ya kiyasta cewa wannan tashar wutar lantarki tana fitar da tan miliyan 9.08 na iskar gas a kowace shekara sakamakon kona kwal. Ƙididdigar Ƙira ta Ƙasa tana bada cikakkun bayanai game da sauran gurɓataccen hayaki, amma, kamar yadda a 23 Nuwamba 2008, ba CO2.

## Ayyuka

## Duba kuma

* Wallerawang Power Station

## Manazarta
Injin mai

**Injin mai** (**''injin fetur** acikin Ingilishi na Amurka da Kanada)* injin konewa ne na cikin gida wanda aka ƙera don yin aiki akan fetur (gasoline). Sau da yawa ana iya dai-daita injinan mai don suma suna aiki akan mai kamar iskar gas mai ɗorewa da haɗakar ethanol (kamar *E10* da *E85'' ).

Yawancin injunan man fetur suna amfani da wutar lantarki, sabanin injunan dizal waɗanda galibi ke amfani da wutan matsawa. Wani maɓalli mai mahimmanci ga injunan diesel shine cewa injunan man fetur yawanci suna da ƙarancin matsawa.

## Zane

### Thermodynamic sake zagayowar

Yawancin injunan mai suna amfani da ko dai zagayen Otto mai bugun jini huɗu ko zagayen bugun jini biyu. Hakanan an samar da injinan mai ta amfani da zagayowar Miller da zagayowar Atkinson

Yawancincin injunan piston da ke da wutar lantarki injina madaidaiciya ne ko injunan V. Koyaya, ana amfani da injunan lebur, injin W da sauran shimfidu.

An rarraba injunan Wankel da adadin rotors da akayi amfani da su.

### rabon matsawa


### Sanyi
Injin man fetur ko dai sanyaya iska ne ko kuma sanyaya ruwa.

### Kunnawa
Injin mai suna amfani da wutar lantarki. Babban ƙarfin lantarki don walƙiya ana iya samar da wannan ta magneto ko na'urar wuta. Acikin injunan motoci na zamani, lokacin kunna wuta ana sarrafa shi ta na'urar sarrafa injin lantarki.

### Firamare
Za a iya amfani da maƙamai don taimakawa fara injin. Zasu iya zana mai daga tankunan mai kuma su vapor mai kai tsaye cikin silinda na piston. Injin yana da wuyar farawa a lokacin sanyi, kuma madaidaicin mai yana taimakawa saboda in ba haka ba ba za'a sami isasshen zafi don vaporize man fetur acikin carburetor ba.

## Fitar da wutar lantarki da inganci
Ƙarfin wutar lantarki na ƙananan injunan mai da matsakaici (tare da daidaitattun injuna masu amfani da wasu man fetur) yawanci ana auna su da kilowatts ko karfin dawakai.

Yawanci, injunan man fetur suna da aikin thermodynamic kusan kashi 20% (kimanin rabin na wasu injunan diesel).

Aikace-aikacen injinan mai sun haɗa da motoci, babura, jirgin sama, jiragen ruwa da ƙananan injuna (kamar masu yankan lawn, sarƙaƙƙiya da janareta masu ɗaukar nauyi).

## Tarihi
An gina injin man fetur na farko a shekara ta 1876 a Jamus ta Nicolaus August Otto, duk da cewa Étienne Lenoir yayi ƙoƙari a baya a 1860, Siegfried Marcus acikin 1864 da George Brayton a cikin 1876. 

## Duba kuma

* Injin dizal
* Motar lantarki
* Injin hydrogen
* Injin jet

## Manazarta
Fatima Bano

**Fatima Bano** mace ce mai gwagwala koyar da kokawa daga Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, Indiya .

An haifi Fatima a Bano a gidan musulmi, ta fara sana’ar wasanni ne ta hanyar buga wasan Kabaddi, inda ta samu lambobin yabo na kasa guda uku.  An haife ta ga Syed  Nasrulla wanda ke aiki a BHL kuma mahaifiyarta Nisha Bane matar gida ce. Ta kasance mace Musulma ta farko da ta fara horar da ‘yan wasa 20 a kasar da ta kara karfin ‘yan wasa a matakin kasa da kasa da kudinta. Ta kuma horar da Geeta-Babita Phogat da Sakshi Malik.  A halin yanzu, tana koyar da ɗalibai 27 waɗanda suka ƙunshi mata 12 da maza 15 don wasannin Olympics. 

A cikin shekarar 1997, kamar yadda kocinta na Kabaddi ya ba ta shawara, ta je Patiala, Punjab kuma ta sami horo a matsayin kokawa. A karkashin jagorancin kocinta, Shakir Noor, ta halarci gasar kokawa ta kasa da kasa daban-daban, kuma ta Sam lambobin yabo. 

A cikin shekarar 2003, ta fara wasan kokawa a Bhopal a ƙasar da gwamnati ta bayar. Haka kuma an ba ta kudin Indiya dubu hudu a matsayin albashin wata. Tana horar da yara da matasa - maza da mata. Ta kuma horar da 'yan wasa daga Amurka, Kazakhstan da Kyrgyzstan .

A shekara ta 2001, an ba Fatima Bano lambar yabo ta Vikram, lambar yabo mafi girma a wasanni da gwamnatin jihar Madhya Pradesh ta bayar.  Ita ce 'yar kokawa ta farko da ta samu wannan matsayi.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Fatima Bano : Kocin kocin
Roselord Borgella

**Roselord Borgella** (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga watan Afrilu shekarar ta alfi 1993) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Haiti wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai gaba ga ƙungiyar Féminine Division 1 Le Havre da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Haiti .

## Manufar kasa da kasa
*Maki da sakamako ne suka jera kwallayen Haiti da farko*

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* 
* https://www.santiagomorning.cl/femenino.html
Darlina Joseph

**Florsie-Love Darlina Joseph,** (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2003). ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Haiti wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai gaba ga Grenoble Foot 38 da kuma ƙungiyar mata ta ƙasar Haiti . Ta na da 4 caps. 

Ta yi takara a shekarar  2022 U-20 ta cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata,  da shekara ta 2023, FIFA World Cup Women's World Cup . 

Ta buga wa Don Bosco FC wasa.  

## Manazarta


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*
Shwendesky Joseph

**Shwendesky Marcelus Joseph** (an haife ta a  ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1997) ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Haiti wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaban Zenit .

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Yusufu a cikin shekarar 1997 a Delmas kuma ya girma a Pernier, tana buga kwallon kafa tun yana karami.

## Aikin koleji
Joseph ta samu digiri a fannin injiniyan farar hula yayin da yake  halartar jami'a a kasar Rasha.

## Aikin kulob
Bayan Haiti, Joseph ta taka leda a Rasha.     Ana yi  mata lakabi da "Kiki".   

## Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Bayan rashin buga wasannin share fage guda biyu da Haiti da Senegal da Chile, don shiryawa gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta shekarar 2023, kociyan kasar Nicolas Delépine ya kira Schwendesky don buga wasannin sada zumunta. 

## Salon wasa
An san Yusuf da saurinta da natsuwa a gaban raga.  Ta fi yin aiki a matsayin yarn wasan gaba.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Yusufu tana da 'yan'uwa mata biyu. , daya daga cikinsu yana yin aikin likitancin mata da mata a South Carolina.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*
Thomas Velley

**Thomas Velley** (15 ga Mayu 1748 &#x2013; 8 ga Yuni 1806) ɗan Ingila ne.

## Rayuwa
haife shi a Chipping Ongar, Essex, a ranar 15 ga watan Mayu 1748, ɗan Rev. Thomas Velley na garin.   Ya yi karatun digiri daga St. John's College, Oxford, a ranar 19 ga Maris 1766, kuma ya kammala BCL a 1772. Ya zama Laftanar-Kanar na mayakan Oxford, kuma an sanya shi DCL na jami'a a 1787. Ya zauna na shekaru da yawa a Bath, kuma ya sadaukar da kansa ga ilimin kimiyyar halittu, musamman ga nazarin algæ, yana tattarawa a bakin tekun kudu. Shi ne abokin kuma wakilin Sir James Edward Smith, Dawson Turner, John Stackhouse, Sir Thomas Gery Cullum, Sir William Watson ƙarami, da Richard Relhan, kuma ya zama ɗan'uwan Linnean Society a 1792. 

## Legacy

Velley's annotated herbarium, wanda aka kwatanta da rarrabuwa da zane-zane na ciyayi da sauran tsire-tsire masu fure, musamman na algæ, a cikin kundin folio takwas, William Roscoe ya saya daga gwauruwar sa don gonar Botanical Liverpool .

Yanzu ana gudanar da herbarium a gidan tarihin duniya na Liverpool .  

## Ayyuka
Ayyukan mai zaman kansa kawai na Velley shine *Hotuna masu launi na Tsire-tsire na Marine da aka samo a Kudancin Kudancin Ingila, wanda aka kwatanta da Bayani*, Bath, 1795, pp.&nbsp;38, tare da faranti kala biyar. An ba shi ƙima da takardu huɗu a cikin *Catalog* na Royal Society (fi. 131), amma na ƙarshe shine aikin Smith. 

## Dalili
Nérilia Mondésir

**Nérilia Mondésir** (an haife ta a ranar  17 ga watan Janairu shekarar 1999) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Haiti wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba ga ƙungiyar Féminine ta Division 1 ta Faransa Montpellier HSC da kuma ƙungiyar mata ta ƙasar Haiti . An fi sanin Nérilia da laƙabin ta Nérigol. Kafin ya koma  Montpellier HSC, Nérigol ya taba buga wa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Haiti wasa da kungiyoyin matasa, da kuma kungiyar Tigresses FC da ke Haiti.

## Manufar kasa da kasa
*Maki da sakamako ne suka jera kwallayen Haiti da farko*

## Girmamawa

### Mutum

* Gasar Cin Kofin Mata U-17 ta CONCACAF : 2016

* CONCACAF Gasar Mata U-17 Mafi Kyau XI: 2016

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*
Danielle Étienne

**Danielle Monique Etienne** (an haife ta a ranar  16 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2001) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan asalin ƙasar Amurka wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya don kwalejin Amurka Fordham Rams da ƙungiyar mata ta ƙasar Haiti .

## Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Etienne ya wakilci Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Haiti a matakai daban-daban.    Etienne ta fafata a Gasar Cin Kofin Mata U-17 ta 2018 a Nicaragua, Gasar Cin Kofin Mata U-20 ta shekarar 2018 a Trinidad and Tobago, Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na Mata na shekarar 2018 na FIFA U-20 a Faransa, Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta 2020 CONCACAF a Amurka. da Gasar Cin Kofin Mata U-20 ta shekarar 2020 a Jamhuriyar Dominican. Ta yi babbar fitowa ta farko a ranar Oktoba 3, shekarar 2019 vs. Suriname 

## Rayuwa ta sirri

Etienne ita ce 'yar tsohon Haitian International da Long Island Roughriders dan gaba Derrick Etienne kuma kanwar Darice Etienne da Haitian International winger Derrick Etienne Jr.. Danielle morning Etienne ya halarci makarantar sakandaren Katolika na Paramus kafin ya shiga Jami'ar Fordham .

## Manazarta