open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Inboekstelsel

Turawa ne suka kafa bautar yara Inboekelinge a Kudancin Afirka a cikin ƙarni na 18 da 19.  Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga kalmar fi'ili *inboeken* (rejista; a zahiri "a cikin littafi"), tana nufin buƙatun shigar da sunaye da cikakkun bayanai na *inboekeling* (kuma an rubuta su *inboekseling* ), ko masu koyo, a cikin rajistar Landdros .  Ana kallonsa a matsayin wani nau'i na bautar da masana tarihi na Afirka ta Kudu suka yi. It is widely seen as a form of slavery by historians of South Africa.  

   In some cases they were sold by Boer settlers to other burghers, in what became known as the trade in "black ivory".

Tsarin ya samo asali ne daga Yankin Arewacin Cape a cikin rabin na biyu na karni na 18, lokacin da mazauna za su kama yara na asali kuma su tilasta musu yin aiki a matsayin ma'aikatan da ba su da tushe har zuwa girma.  Lokacin da Boer trekkers yi hijira zuwa cikin Transvaal Jamhuriyar a lokacin 1840s, sun kawo inboekstelsel tsarin tare da su.  An kama yaran Inboekelinge a lokacin farmaki, ko kuma iyayensu da suka ci nasara aka ba su a matsayin masu koyo don neman fili ko kaya.  A wasu lokuta ’yan gudun hijirar Boer sun sayar da su ga wasu ’yan fashi, a wani abu da aka fi sani da cinikin “bakar hauren giwa”. 

A cikin Transvaal, inboekelings sun kai kusan 4,000 a cikin 1866, kusan ɗaya ga kowane mazaunin goma.  A shekara ta 1869 Majalisar Dattawa ta Cocin Reformed na Netherland ta amince da wani kuduri na yin Allah wadai da wannan al'ada, amma ta soke shi bayan shekaru biyu bisa dalilin cewa tsarin bai wanzu ba.  A cikin Transvaal, dokar ta bukaci a saki maza daga cikin hayyacin shekaru 25, yayin da aka saki mata a 21, amma ba koyaushe ana kiyaye dokar a gundumomi masu nisa ba.

Halayen Birtaniyya game da tsarin Inboekstelsel sun kasance cikin duhu. Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta Transvaal Colony tsakanin 1877 zuwa 1881 bai shafe ta ba. 

Masana tarihi, kamar Elizabeth Eldredge da Fred Morton, sun yi jayayya cewa Inboekstelsel tsarin bauta ne. In the Transvaal, legislation required that males be released from indenture at the age of 25, while females were released at 21, but the law was not always observed in remote frontier districts. Ko da yake a da an soke bautar doka a Cape Colony a 1834, tsarin inboekstelling ya ba wa fararen fata damar ci gaba da yin aikin tilastawa.

## Nassoshi
Sansanin Bayi na Pikworo

An kafa **sansanin Pikworo Slave** a cikin 1704 kuma yana aiki har zuwa 1845. Tana cikin *Paga nania*, kimanin kilomita 3 yamma da Paga a yankin Gabas ta Gabas na Ghana .  An kirkiro ta ne a matsayin cibiyar safarar bayi inda aka yi gwanjon bayi daga baya aka sake sayar da ita a kasuwar Slave Slave bayan tafiya kusan 150.&nbsp;km zuwa kudu. Daga baya kuma an tura su bakin teku don jigilar kaya.  

## Tarihi
Sansanin bayi na Pikworo wani sansani ne na cinikin bayi inda ake siyar da mutane ga yan kasuwar bayi da turanci da Faransanci da kuma Dutch.

## Siffofin Musamman
Cin Kwano Mutum ya yi tururuwa a cikin duwatsu yana hidima a matsayin faranti ko kwano don bayi a sansanin. Girman girman ɗigon ya fi girma yawan bayi da za su ci daga cikin ɗigon. 

Gash a cikin wani babban dutse a sansanin ya zama tushen ruwa don dafa abinci. 

## Manazarta
Ranar Tunawa ta Duniya ga Wadanda aka azabtar da Bautar da Cinikin Bautar Transatlantic

**Ranar Tunawa da waɗanda aka yi wa bauta da cinikin bayi a Transatlantic,** biki ne na ƙasa da ƙasa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) da aka keɓe a 2007 don tunawa da 25 ga Maris na kowace shekara.

Ranar girmamawa da tunawa da waɗanda suka sha wahala kuma suka mutu a sakamakon cinikin bayi na transatlantic, wanda aka kira "mafi munin cin zarafin ɗan adam a tarihi",  wanda a cikin shekaru fiye da 400 fiye da 15 maza, mata da yara miliyan 15 sun kasance wadanda abin ya shafa.

## Tarihi
An fara ganin shi a cikin 2008 tare da taken "Karya Shiru, Kada Mu Manta". Taken 2015 shine "Mata da Bauta". Ranar ta duniya ta kuma "da nufin wayar da kan jama'a game da illolin wariyar launin fata da son zuciya a yau".

Tare da 2015 da ke nuna farkon shekaru goma na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don mutanen Afirka, an gabatar da wani abin tunawa na dindindin a hedkwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke New York, mai taken "Ark of Return"  kuma masanin Haitian Ba'amurke Rodney Leon ya tsara shi, wanda kuma ya kera babban abin tunawa na Afirka na Burial Ground National Monument.

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* 
* International Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Slavery and the Transatlantic Slave Trade on the United Nations Population Fund website
Bauta a Afirka ta Kudu

**Bauta a Afirka ta Kudu** ya wanzu daga 1653 a cikin Dutch Cape Colony har zuwa kawar da bauta a cikin British Cape Colony a ranar 1 ga Janairu 1834. Hakan ya biyo bayan haramta cinikin bayi tsakanin kasashen turawan mulkin mallaka a shekara ta 1807, tare da 'yantar da su a shekara ta 1834 . Bayan kawar da doka, bauta ta ci gaba a cikin Jamhuriyar Boer, musamman Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu ( Transvaal ) ta hanyar inboekstelsel  bayan Babban Tafiya .

## Mulkin Dutch
A cikin 1652, Jan van Riebeeck ya kafa tashar shakatawa don jiragen ruwa da ke daure zuwa Indies Gabas ta Yaren mutanen Holland a yanzu Cape Town. Bayan da ya kasa samun shanu da mutanen gida da ke son yin aiki ta hanyar yin shawarwari da su, Van Riebeeck ya gabatar da bauta a cikin Yaren Cape Colony.

Daga baya Biritaniya ta mamaye Cape a hukumance kuma daga baya ta zartar da dokar cinikin bayi ta 1807 . An tilasta shi daga 1808, ya kawo karshen cinikin bayi na waje. An ba da izinin siyar da bayi a cikin mulkin mallaka kawai. A sa'i daya kuma, majalisar ta zartar da wasu ayyuka da aka fi sani da ka'idojin gyaran fuska da aka tsara don samar da ingantacciyar yanayin rayuwa ga bayi. Waɗannan ayyukan sun sa bayi su yi aure, su sayi ’yancinsu, su zauna da iyalinsu, kuma su sami ilimi na asali. Ayyukan sun kuma iyakance hukunce-hukunce da sa'o'in aiki, kuma sun ƙarfafa mishaneri su mai da 'yan Afirka zuwa Kiristanci . 

Babban tashin farko na mazauna Birtaniyya, Matsugunan 1820, ba a ba su izinin mallakar bayi ba. 

## Rushewa
A cikin 1833, Dokar Kawar da Bauta ta sami izinin sarauta daga Sarki William IV ; wanda ya samar da hanyar kawar da bauta a hankali a hankali a yawancin sassan daular Burtaniya . An ba da rahoton cewa akwai bayi 38,427 a Cape of Good Hope a 1833, da yawa kaɗan fiye da na Jamaica, Barbados ko Mauritius. ga tsoffin masu mallakar su a cikin tsarin horarwa wanda aka soke a matakai biyu; saitin farko na horarwa ya zo ƙarshe a ranar 1 ga Agusta 1838, yayin da aka shirya tsai da horo na ƙarshe a ranar 1 ga Agusta 1840, shekaru shida bayan sakin hukuma.

## Manazarta
Adriaan van der Stel

**Adriaan Van Der Stel** ya gaji Gwamna Cornelius Gooyer. Ya sauka a tsibirin tare da mutum saba'in, wadanda arba'in daga cikinsu batattu ne. Na ƙarshen sun yi tunanin cewa za su farfado da lafiyarsu. Ashirin da uku suka mutu, sauran kuma suka koma Batavia. Van der Stel ya kawo masa iri da 'ya'yan itatuwa iri-iri da suka hada da ciyawar dawa. Ya kuma kawo zomaye, tumaki, dawa, agwagi, tattabarai da barewa. Bayan wasu shekaru, waɗannan dabbobin sun ƙaru kuma sun kasance tushen kayan abinci na jiragen ruwa masu wucewa. An aika wani masanin ma'adinai zuwa tsibirin don yin bincike a tsibirin kuma a cikin 1641 shugabannin Kamfanin sun aika da jirgin ruwa Petten tare da umarni zuwa Van der Stel cewa ya yanke duk itatuwan ebony a tsibirin. Don aiwatar da aikin, Van der Stel ya buƙaci ƙarin maza. Ya je Madagascar inda ya samu bayi dari da biyar. amma cikin ‘yan makonni hamsin da biyu suka gudu aka kama goma sha takwas. Kimanin shekaru uku Van der Stel da mutanensa sun sami damar aika guda dubu shida na ebony zuwa Batavia. Ya kuma baiwa harkar noma kulawa sosai. An fara noman shinkafa, indigo, taba da kara. An noman bishiyoyi da kayan marmari da yawa. Amma duk da wannan yunƙurin, ba a tabbatar da wadatar abincinsu ba. A shekara ta 1644 guguwa ta lalata kagara da noman su. Sai da suka yi watanni suna jiran jirgin ruwa daga Batavia, kuma kafin nan sai da suka shiga cikin daji don neman abinci.

Ɗansa Simon zai zama Gwamnan Cape of Good Hope na farko.

## Manazarta
Hukumar Kula da 'Yan asalin Afirka

**Hukumar Kula da 'Yan asalin Afirka** a cikin wani kwamiti da aka kirkira don tantance ko yakamata jihar Illinois ta ba da diyya ga baƙaƙen fata. 

Hukumar na iya samun mambobi har guda 18, a doka akalla mambobi 3 su zama wakilan ƙungiyoyin da ke goyon bayan ramuwa ko biyan diyya kuma akalla 8 daga cikin mambobin dole ne su kasance baƙi. 

## Duba kuma

* New York Reparations Task Force
* Task Force Reparations California

## Manazarta
James Schön

**James Schön** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1802 a Jamus - ya rasu a ranar 30 ga Maris a shekara ta 1889), shi ne firist a cikin Cocin Ingila (Anglican Church) da mai mishan, masanin harshe da mai fassara. Ya halarci balaguron Nijar a shekarar 1841. Shi ne farkon wanda ya fassara addu’o’in kirista da Littafi mai tsarki zuwa harshen Hausa. An haife shi a Jamus kuma ya zama ɗan Birtaniya a shekara ta 1854.

## Iyali

Matarsa ​​ta farko ita ce Anne Elizabeth Nyländer, 'yar Gustavus Nyländer, wata mai mishan kuma mai ilimin harshe. Suna da 'ya ɗaya, Annie Catherine, wadda ta auri wani ɗan mishan na CMS mai suna Edward Thomas Higgens.

Matarsa ​​ta biyu ita ce Cordelia Jackson Irwine; daga baya ya auri Elizabeth Catherine Drake, gwauruwar James White, wata mai mishan ta CMS. Shi da Elizabeth suna da 'ya'ya tara kuma sun dauki wasu yara da dama ciki har da Sarah Forbes Bonetta.

## Manazarta
New York Reparations Task Force

Gwamna Kathy Hochul ne ya ƙirƙiro ƙungiyar **New York Reparations Task Force** don tantance ko ya kamata Jihar New York ta ba da diyya ga baƙaƙen fata da aka bautar dasu.

Mambobi 9 ne za su jagoranci Task Force ɗin.

## Duba kuma

* Task Force Reparations California
* Hukumar Kula da Jama'a ta Zuriyar Afirka (Kwamitin Kula da Ma'aikata na Jihar Illinois)

## Manazarta
Robin Law

**Robin CC Law** (an haife shi 1944) ɗan Afirka ɗan Afirka ne kuma tun 2009 Emeritus Farfesa na Tarihin Afirka a Jami'ar Stirling . Ya sami digiri na BA a Literae Humaniores a Jami'ar Oxford a 1967 da PhD a Tarihi a Jami'ar Birmingham a 1972. A matsayinsa na mai bincike, ya yi aiki a Jami'ar Legas, Najeriya (1966-1969) da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Yammacin Afirka na Jami'ar Birmingham (1970-1972). Ya shiga Jami'ar Stirling a 1972, sannan ya zama malami, babban malami, kuma mai karatu, ya zama Farfesa na Tarihin Afirka a 1993.    Ya kasance Abokin Ziyara a Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka Leiden (1993-1994), kuma malami mai ziyara a Jami'ar York, Kanada (1996-1997) da Jami'ar Ibrananci na Urushalima (2000-2001).  Dokar ta sami lambar yabo ta 'yan Afirka mai daraja na Ƙungiyar Nazarin Afirka na Birtaniya don 2010.

## Wallafa
Doka ta buga litattafai da yawa na ilimi da labaran bincike kan Afirka, gami da:  

* *Daular Oyo, c. 1600-c.* *1836: A Yammacin Afirka Imperialism a cikin Zamanin Kasuwancin Bawan Atlantic* . Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977. Nazarin Oxford a Harkokin Afirka. 
* *Doki a tarihin Afirka ta Yamma Matsayin doki a cikin al'ummomin Yammacin Afirka kafin mulkin mallaka*, Oxford: Oxford University Press for International Africa Institute, 1980.  Sabon bugu na London : Rana, 2020.
* *Gabar bautar Yammacin Afirka, 1550-1750 : tasirin cinikin bayi na Atlantic ga al'ummar Afirka*, Oxford : Clarendon Press ; New York : Oxford University Press, 1991, 2002.  
* *Turanci a Yammacin Afirka, 1685-1688 : wasiƙun gida na Kamfanin Royal African Company na Ingila, 1681-1699*, ta Law, Robin, Ed. , Oxford : An buga shi don Cibiyar Nazarin Burtaniya ta Jami'ar Oxford University Press, Sashe na 1 da 2 (1681-1688); Sashe na 1: 1997, Sashe na 2: 2001, Sashe na 3 (1691-1699): 2007. Fontes historiae Africanae, sabon jerin 5. 
* *Ouidah : Tarihin Zamantakewa na tashar jiragen ruwa na Slaving na Yammacin Afirka 1727-1892*, Athens: Ohio, Ohio Press University, 2004.  Suffolk : Boydell & Brewer, 2017.
* *Dahomey da kuma ƙarshen cinikin bayi na trans-Atlantic : mujallu da wasiku na Mataimakin Consul Louis Fraser, 1851-1852* . Oxford : An buga shi don Cibiyar Nazarin Burtaniya ta Jami'ar Oxford Press, 2012. Jerin: Fontes historiae Africanae, sabon jerin 10.
* Benin, a cikin *Encyclopedia Britannica* . 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* 

## Magana
Ilguilas Weila

**Ilguilas Weila** mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ne da ke yaƙi da bauta a Nijar . Shi ne shugaban ƙungiyar yaƙi da bautar da Timidria a Jamhuriyar Nijar.

An kama Ilguilas Weila da wasu mutane biyar a ranar 28 ga Afrilu, 2005 da ake zargi da ƙoƙarin karɓar kuɗi, CFA biliyan biyu, daga masu ba da agaji na ƙasashen waje.  An saki hudu ba da jimawa ba amma Weila da Alassane Biga wata kotu a Nijar ta bayar da belinsu a ranar 17 ga watan Yuni. Ya musanta aikata wani laifi. An gudanar da zanga-zanga a ranar 19 ga watan Mayu a Yamai babban birnin kasar domin nuna adawa da kama shi.

Zargin ya zo ne bayan wani bikin, a watan Maris, na sakin bayi 7,000 a arewacin yankin Tillabéri, a minti na karshe da gwamnatin da ke tabbatar da cewa babu bautar ta soke. Akalla mutane 43,000 ne ake tunanin suna rayuwa a karkashin kasa a fadin Nijar, wanda a hukumance ya haramta bauta a watan Mayun 2004. Lamarin dai zai iya baiwa shugaban Nijar Tandja Mamadou kunya wanda a halin yanzu yake shugabantar kungiyar tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin Afirka.

Yawancin ayyukan Weila sun dukufa wajen sanar da mutane haƙƙoƙinsu a sabuwar dokar da ba a san su ba a yawancin Nijar saboda talauci, karancin karatu da rashin isa ga yankuna da dama. Timidria yana ba da azuzuwan karatu ga ’yantattun bayi da kuma kuɗi don su fara sabuwar rayuwa. Wadannan kudade ne, wanda ke da hedkwatar kungiyar Anti-Slavery International mai hedkwata a Landan, ne ake zargin Weila da yin sata. Anti-Slavery International ta rubuta budaddiyar wasika ta musanta wadannan ikirari. Kungiyar ta yi kokarin bayyana ayyukan Ilguilas Weila a wajen Nijar kuma ya samu lambar yabo ta yaki da bauta a watan Nuwamba 2004.

Weila ya soki yanayin bautar da ake yi a yankin tare da nuna shakku kan matsayin addini "Musulunci ya taimaka wajen koyar da bayi ta hanyar amfani da addini, inda ya ce misali idan ka saba wa ubangijinka, ba za ka shiga aljanna ba, don haka aljannarka tana hannun ubangijinka," https://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/story?id=813618&page=3 ko da yake Musulunci ya ce babu wani musulmi da zai iya zama bawa.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Yaki da bautar kasa: bauta a Nijar
* Jawabin karɓar Ligulas Weill don Kyautar AntiBautar 2014
* Bautar gargajiya a Nijar

## Manazarta
Tafiye-tafiye: Asusun Bayanan Cinikin Bayi na Trans-Atlantic

**Tafiya: Cibiyar Kasuwancin Bawan da ke Trans-Atlantic** ita ce bayanan da aka shirya a Jami'ar Rice da ke da nufin gabatar da duk abubuwan da suka shafi cinikin bayi na transatlantic . Aikin 'yar'uwa ce ga Asalin Afirka . 

A shekara ta 2008, aikin ya tattara bayanai kan kusan tafiye-tafiyen bayi 35,000 daga 1501 zuwa 1867. Ga kowace tafiya sun nemi kafa kwanan wata, masu su, jiragen ruwa, kyaftin, ziyarar Afirka, wuraren da Amurka ta nufa, adadin bayi da suka hau, da lambobi sun sauka. Sun sami damar samun yawancin wannan kayan don kimanin kashi 80 cikin 100 na dukan cinikin bayi na Afirka ta Atlantika. Tare da gyare-gyare don tafiye-tafiyen da suka ɓace, aikin ya ƙididdige girman girman cinikin bayi na transatlantic tare da ƙarin fahimta, daidaito, da daidaito fiye da da. Sun yi la'akari da cewa a cikin shekaru 366, jiragen ruwa na bauta sun yi garkuwa da kusan miliyan 12.5 a Afirka, kuma sun kai miliyan 10.7 a cikin sabuwar duniya. Wani mumunar ganowa wani kiyasi ne na tsanaki cewa tsattsauran ra'ayi ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane fiye da miliyan 1.8 na Afirka. A cikin wannan ƙididdiga na bayanai, lambobin mutane ne bayi.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*
Greenbelt Reparations Task Force

The **Greenbelt Reparations Commission** an ƙirƙiro shi ne daga Majalisar City na Greenbelt, Maryland, a Amurka da nufin aiwatar da kuri'ar raba gardama a shekarar 2021 da ke ƙira ga kafa wata hukuma da za ta yi bincike, da ba da shawarwari game da, biyar diyya ga Afrika-Amurka  a Greenbelt. Har ila yau, iyakar cajin Hukumar ya haɗa da la'akari da biyan diyya ga 'yan asalin ƙasar. 

Kuri'ar raba gardama ta wuce 63% - 37%. Hukumar ta ƙunshi membobi 21, mazauna Greenbelt wanda Majalisar Birni ta naɗa. 

## Duba kuma

* Evanston Reparations Committee
* Task Force Reparations California
* St. Louis Reparations Commission

## Manazarta
St. Louis Reparations Commission

**St Louis Reparations Commission**, Magajin Garin Missouri Tishaura O. Jones, mace ta farko 'yar Afrika-Amurka da ta riƙe magajin gari, ta hanyar zartarwa a watan Disamba 2022 don haɓaka shirin birnin na biyan diyya ga baƙaƙen fata da aka bautar da su.

Hukumar ta kunshi mutane tara, takwas daga cikinsu bakar fata ne.  Duk membobi suna zaune a cikin birnin St. Louis, kuma suna wakiltar fannonin ilimi da ƙwararru iri-iri. Naɗin dai sune kamar haka:

* Will Ross.
* Delesha N. George, manajan shirye-shirye a gidauniyar Deaconess
* Kayla Reed, Wanda ya kafa kuma babban darektan Action St. Louis
* William Foster, mazaunin birni kuma babban masanin binciken waje a PriceWaterHouseCoopers
* Gwen Moore, masanin tarihi kuma mai kula da fasalin Birni da Identity Community
* Kevin Anthony, Fasto  a Pilgrim Congregational United Church of Christ
* David Cunningham, farfesa kuma shugaban ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Washington a St. Louis
* Jada Brooks, ɗalibin Sadarwa a Jami'ar Harris-Stowe
* Kimberly Hicks Franks, lauya, mai fafutuka, kuma memba na hukumar Dutchtown South Community Corporation 

## Duba kuma

* Evanston Reparations Committee
* Task Force Reparations California

## Manazarta
Bauta da Bauta a Tarihin Duniya: A Kundin Litattafai

***Bauta da Bauta a cikin Tarihin Duniya: A Kundin Litattafai*** , wanda masanin tarihi Joseph C. Miller ya tattara, littafi ne mai juzu'i biyu na littattafai da labaran masana da ke mayar da hankali kan bautar a duniya har zuwa karshen karni na 20. Kundin farko, wanda aka buga a cikin 1993, ya ƙunshi tushe sama da 10,000 na sakandare daga shekarun 1900-1991. Adadin abokin sa, wanda aka buga a cikin 1999, ya haɗa da ƙarin ayyuka 4,000 daga 1992 zuwa 1996.

Littafin littafin Miller, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "mafi girman nau'in nau'insa",  an sabunta shi da farko ta hanyar kari na shekara-shekara a cikin *Bautar da Kashewa*, Mujallar bautar da karatun bayan-bayi. Yanzu ana kiyaye lissafin akan layi ta Jami'ar Virginia 's The Bibliography of Slavery and World Slaving.   

Dukan littattafan biyu an tsara su zuwa sassa akan nazarin kwatance; yankuna, kamar Arewacin Amurka, Ƙasar Spain, Caribbean, Afirka, da Asiya; da lokutan tarihi, gami da Tsohuwar Tarihi da Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Turai . An tsara ƙarin ɓangaren da aka keɓe ga Kasuwancin Bayi ta nau'ikan nau'ikan iri iri iri.   

Miller, wanda shine T. Cary Johnson Jr. farfesa na tarihi a Jami'ar Virginia daga 1972 zuwa 2014, ya rubuta da yawa akan tarihin farko na Afirka, cinikin bayi na Atlantic, da batutuwa masu dangantaka.    Littafin littafinsa game da bautar duniya ya haɗa ayyukan farko guda biyu: *Bauta: Kwatanta Littafi Mai Tsarki na Koyarwa*, da *Bauta: Littafin Littafi Mai Tsarki na Duniya, 1900-1982* .   

## Magana
*

*

* 

* 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Littafin Littafi Mai Tsarki na Bauta da Bautar Duniya, Jami'ar Virginia : bayanan bincike na 25,000 na masana kimiyya akan bautar da cinikin bayi a duk harsunan yammacin Turai.
* Bauta da Bauta a cikin Tarihin Duniya: Littafin Littafi Mai-Tsarki, 1900-91 na Joseph C. Miller: sigar pdf wanda ya haɗa da Juzu'i na I na ainihin aikin tare da shekarun 1992-1994

## Manazarta
Global Reparation Fund

**Asusun Tallafawa Duniya** wani asusu ne da kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da Caricom suka kafa wanda ke neman diyya kan bayi da aka bautar  daga tsoffin turawan mulkin mallaka. An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 2023.

Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da Caricom ne suka kafa asusun a taron Reparation na Accra, taron kwanaki huɗu a Accra a watan Nuwamba 2023.   Tana neman diyya ga bayin da aka bautar da su  daga tsoffin turawan mulkin mallaka na ƙasashen Afirka da Caribbean.  Ba a bayyana yadda asusun zai yi aiki ba.  Asusun zai kasance a Afirka. 

Wani daftarin tsarin **shelar Accra** da ake sa ran ya bayyana cewa kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka za ta shiga tsakani da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya don tabbatar da ko "ayyukan bautar da 'yan Afirka suka yi na cin zarafin bil'adama sosai a lokacin da aka aikata su" kuma za a yi la'akari da "zaɓukan ƙararraki".  Shugaban Ghana, Nana Akufo-Addo, ya ce a wurin taron cewa "Duk tsawon lokacin bautar yana nufin cewa ci gabanmu, ta fuskar tattalin arziki, al'adu, da kuma tunani, ya tauye. Akwai rundunonin labarun iyalai da suka rabu ... Ba za ku iya ƙididdige sakamakon irin wannan bala'i ba, amma suna buƙatar a gane su". Akufo-Addo ya ce "dukkan nahiyar Afirka ta cancanci a ba da uzuri a hukumance daga ƙasashen Turai da ke da hannu a cinikin bayi" kuma "Ba wani adadin kuɗi da zai iya maido da ɓarnar da cinikin bayin da ake yi a tekun Atlantika ya haifar da sakamakonsa. Amma tabbas wannan lamari ne da dole ne duniya ta fuskanta kuma ba za ta iya yin watsi da ita ba". Sakatare-Janar na Caricom, Carla Barnett, ta ce a taron cewa "Muna kan wani muhimmin matsayi a cikin yunkurin duniya don tabbatar da adalci" kuma yana da mahimmanci a "magana da murya ɗaya don ci gaba da kira ga ramawa". 

Wakilai daga Tarayyar Afirka sun fara tattaunawa kan yadda za su yi aiki tare da ƙasashen Caribbean a Bahamas a cikin watan Yuli 2023. 

Wani jami'in ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Biritaniya ya halarci taron a matsayin wani ɓangare na "daidaitaccen hulɗar diflomasiyya". Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta yi watsi da yuwuwar biyan diyyar. 

## Martani
Jakadan Barbadiya a Caricom, David Comissiong, ya ce "mutane na jin kwarin gwiwa saboda yawan aikin da aka yi don samar da wani yunkuri na ramuwa na duniya". 

Ɗan majalisar Birtaniya Bell Ribeiro-Addy ya halarci taron kuma ya ce shiga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da Caricom ya nuna cewa "sun aike da sako a sarari cewa wannan wani abu ne da ba za a yi watsi da shi ba". 

## Duba kuma

* CARICOM Reparations Commission
* Abuja Sanarwa da ARM

## Manazarta
Philadelphia Reparations Task Force

Majalisar Birnin Philadelphia ce ta kirkiro rundunar gyare-gyare ta Philadelphia a watan Yunin, 2023. Bayan ganawa da National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations na America, mambobin majalisa Jamie Gauthier, (D) da Kendra Brooks (WFP) sun gabatar da dokar don bunƙasa shirin birni don biyan diyya ga bayin da aka bautar.

Daga cikin wasu, waɗanda ke magana don tallafawa ƙirƙirar Task Force sun kasance Rabbi, Rob Buscher daga Ƙungiyar Jama'ar Amirka ta Japan (Japanese American Citizens League), da White Men for Racial Justice.  

## Duba kuma

* Evanston Reparations Committee
* Task Force Reparations California
* St. Louis Reparations Commission

## Manazarta
Hana Kasuwancin Bayi Baƙaƙen fata

**Firman na 1857**, wanda kuma akafi sani da shi a matsayin **Haramcin Kasuwancin Bayi Baƙaƙen fata**, yana nufin *Firman* Imperial ko *Ferman* (Doka) da Sultan Abdülmecid I ya bayar a shekarar 1857.

Dokar ta haramta shigo da bayin Afirka zuwa daular Usmaniyya. Duk da haka, an gabatar da dokar ne saboda matsin lamba na diflomasiyya, ba a aiwatar da ita ba kuma ta kasance mai suna a takarda kawai. Har ila yau, ta ware lardin Hejaz, wanda shi ne babban wurin cinikin bayi na Bahar Maliya.

## Tarihi da Firman
Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin gyare-gyaren da ke wakiltar tsarin kawar da bautar bayi da ake yi a cikin Daular Ottoman, ciki har da Firman na shekarar 1830, Rushewar Kasuwancin Bayin Istanbul (1847), Rushewar cinikin bayi a cikin Gulf Persian (1847), Haramcin Circassian da cinikin bayi na Jojiya (1554-17), Hana cinikin bayi na Baƙaƙen fata (1554-17) da Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Ottoman na 1880. 

An ba da Firman ne a wani lokaci lokacin da Daular Usmaniyya ta fuskanci matsin lamba na diflomasiyya daga yamma don murkushe cinikin bayi da bauta a daular Usmaniyya. Manufofin kawar da kai kuma sun yi daidai da yunƙurin sake fasalin zamani na zamanin Tanzimat. Firman na shekara ta 1854 ya haramta cinikin bayi daga Caucasus. A cikin  shekarar 1855, an hana cinikin bayin Afirka zuwa Crete da Janina.  Wannan haramci ne kan hanya guda ta cinikin bayi na Afirka zuwa Daular Usmaniyya.

A cikin shekarar 1857, matsin lamba na Burtaniya ya haifar da Sultan Ottoman ya ba da wata doka mai ƙarfi (hukunci) wanda ya haramta cinikin bayi daga Sudan zuwa Ottoman Masar da ketare Bahar Maliya zuwa Ottoman Hijaz. Firman bai hana bauta irin wannan ba, kuma bai hana cinikin bayi kamar haka ba: kawai ya haramta shigo da bayin Afirka daga ƙasashen da ke wajen daular ta kan iyakoki zuwa daular Usmaniyya.

## Bayan haka
Sai dai haramcin da ya gabata na fataucin bayi ya riga ya haifar da tawayen Hijaz a lardin Hijaz, wanda ya sa aka keɓe cinikin bayi a Hijaz daga haramcin cinikin bayi na Bahar Maliya  kuma haramcin ya kasance na kowa ne a kan takarda kawai. A ƙarshe, Firman na shekarar 1857 ba a taɓa aiwatar da shi a aikace ba. An ci gaba da cinikin bayin da ake yi a tekun Bahar Maliya zuwa Daular Ottoman, haka nan kuma cinikin bayin da ake yi a tsakanin sahara ta Ottoman Libya, da kuma cinikin bayi zuwa Ottoman Masar ta Sudan. 

Rashin aiwatar da Firman na shekarar 1857 ya haifar da ci gaba da matsin lamba na Burtaniya. Yarjejeniyar cinikin bayi ta Anglo-Masar ta gaje shi a shekara ta 1877.

## Duba kuma

* Farashin 1854
* Yarjejeniyar Ciniki Bawan Anglo-Masar
* Taron Anglo-Ottoman na 1880
* Kanunname na 1889

## Manazarta
Rushe cinikin bayi a cikin Tekun Fasha

**Rushe cinikin bayi a cikin Tekun Fasha**, yana nufin *Firman* Imperial ko *Ferman* ( Dokar) da Sultan Abdülmecid I ya bayar a shekarar 1847.  A hukumance ta haramta shigo da bayin Afirka zuwa yankin Ottoman ta hanyar cinikin bayi na Tekun Indiya na Tekun Farisa. Dokar ba ta shafi sauran hanyoyin cinikin bayi da ake safarar bayi zuwa Masarautar ba.

## Tarihi da Firman
Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin gyare-gyaren da ke wakiltar tsarin kawar da bautar bayi da ake yi a hukumance a cikin Daular Ottoman, ciki har da Firman na shekarar 1830, Rushewar Kasuwar Bayin Istanbul (1847), Rushewar cinikin bayi a cikin Tekun Fasha (1847), Haramcin Circassian da cinikin bayi na Jojiya (1554-17), Hana cinikin bayi na Baƙaƙen fata (1554-17), Hana cinikin bayi na Georgian (1554-1185). da Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Ottoman na 1880.

An ba da Firman ne a cikin wani lokaci lokacin da Daular Ottoman ta fuskanci matsin lamba na diflomasiyya daga yammacin Turai don murkushe cinikin bayi da bauta a cikin Daular Ottoman. Manufofin ruguzawa kuma sun yi daidai da yunƙurin sake fasalin zamani na zamanin Tanzimat.

A cikin watan Janairu 1847, Sarkin Musulmi ya haramta shigo da bayin Afirka ta Tekun Farisa zuwa yankin Ottoman.  Musamman wannan ya shafi Ottoman na Iraki. Sarkin Musulmi ya umurci Gwamnansa a Bagadaza da ya haramta shigo da bayi daga Tekun Fasha a ƙarƙashin tutar Ottoman, sannan ya ba wa Birtaniyya izinin sarrafa jiragen ruwa da ake zargin bayi da ‘yantar da duk wani mai son bayi a Tekun Farisa.

Duk da haka dokar ta kasance na musamman. A cikin shekarar 1847, ƙaramin ofishin jakadancin Burtaniya a Bagadaza ya ruwaito cewa: 

: Matsakaicin shigo da bayi a cikin Bussorah shine kawuna 2000 - a wasu shekaru adadin ya kai 3000, amma a cikin shekara ta 1836, saboda abin da ya kamata, don yanke ƙauna da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa daga imaman Muscat, ba a shigo da bayi sama da 1000 ba. [...] Daga cikin bayin da aka shigo da su, ana aika rabin  zuwa garin Muntefick da ke kan Kogin Furat, mai suna Sook-ess-Shookh, daga inda aka riga aka shirya su a duk Kudancin Mesopotamiya, da Gabashin Siriya; ana fitar da kwata kai tsaye zuwa Bagadaza sauran kuma ana jibge su a Kasuwar Bussorah.

Bayi daga gaɓar tekun Swahili na Gabashin Afirka inda har yanzu ana fataucinsu ta hanyar cinikin bayi a Tekun Indiya zuwa Tekun Farisa a cikin shekarar 1930s. Bautar da aka yi a Iraki irin wanda ba a soke ba sai a shekarar 1924.

## Duba kuma

* Farashin 1854
* Yarjejeniyar Ciniki Bawan Anglo-Masar
* Taron Anglo-Ottoman na 1880
* Kanunname na 1889

## Manazarta
Ermias Ghermay

**Ermias Ghermay** ɗan Habasha ne mai safarar mutane wanda aka yi imanin shi ne shugaban ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin safarar mutane a ƙasar Libya.

## Nassoshi
Dokar cinikin bayi

**Dokar cinikin bayi** wani ɗan gajeren take ne da ake amfani da shi don doka a cikin Burtaniya da Amurka wanda ya shafi cinikin bayi.

Sashen "Duba kuma" ya jera wasu Ayyukan cinikin Bayi, dokoki, da yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda suka haɓaka manufar bauta, sannan ƙuduri da soke bautar da bayi, gami da tsarin lokacin da ƙasashe daban-daban suka soke bautar da bayi.

## Jerin

### Ƙasar Ingila

* Dokar Kasuwancin Bayi ta shekarar 1788 (a.k.a. Dolben's Act)
* 47 Geo. 3 Ses. 1 . c. 36, wani lokaci ana kiranta Dokar Kasuwancin Bayi na 1807
* Dokar Laifin Ciniki Bayi 1811 ( 51 Geo. 3 . c. 23)
* Dokar Kasuwancin Bayi 1824
* Dokar Kasuwancin Bayi 1843
* 8 &amp;amp; 9 Ciwon. c. 122 wani lokaci ana kiranta Dokar Aberdeen (1845)
* Dokar Kasuwancin Bayi na 1873
* Yarjejeniyar Kasuwancin Bayi na Anglo-Masar (1877, 1884)
* Yarjejeniyar Jeddah (1927)
* Dokar Bautar Zamani 2015

### Amurka

* Dokar Kasuwancin Bayi na 1794
* Dokar Kasuwancin Bayi na 1800
*  , 1803  
* Dokar Hana Shigo da Bayi,  na 1807
* Dokar Kasuwancin Bayi na 1818
* Dokar Amurka ta 1819, da aka yi wa kwaskwarima a shekarar 1820, wadda ta shafi cinikin bayi
* Dokar  Gwamnati da Kariya na Indiyawa, 1850, California
* Yi aiki da dangantaka da Sabis, 1852, Yankin Utah
* Dokar Taimakawa Bayin Indiya da Fursunoni, 1852, Yankin Utah
* Dokar Peonage ta 1867

## Duba kuma

* Kawar da lokacin bauta
* Abolitionism a cikin United Kingdom
* Abolitionism a Amurka
* Bauta a dokokin duniya
* Bauta a Tsibirin Biritaniya
* Bauta a Amurka
* Bauta a tarihin mulkin mallaka na Amurka
* Yarjejeniyar Lyons-Seward ta 1862
* Dokar Taron Brussels na 1890
* 1921 Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa don Kawar da Tafiyar Mata da Yara (League of Nations)
* Yarjejeniyar Bauta ta 1926 (League of Nations)
* 1930 Yarjejeniyar Ma'aikata ta Tilastawa ta Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya
* 1948 Bayanin Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam (Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya)
* 1956 Ƙarin Yarjejeniya kan Kawar da Bauta (Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya)
* Jerin gajerun lakabi

**Ƙasar Ingila**

* Bauta a gama gari
* Barbados Slave Code na 1661
* Dokar Haɓakawa ta 1798
* Dokar Kawar da Bauta ta 1833
* Mataki na 4 na Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
* Dokar Kare Hakkokin Ɗan Adam 1998

**Amurka**

* Partus sequitur ventrem
* Maganar Bayi na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka
* Sasantawa kashi uku cikin biyar na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka
* Bayi da jihohin 'yanci
* Lambobin bautar da suka shafi jihohi ɗaya
* Dokar Northwest na 1787
* Dokar Bayi na Fugitive na 1793
* Yarjejeniya ta Missouri (1820)
* Yarjejeniyar Webster-Ashburton ta 1842
* Farashin 1850
* Dokar Bayi na Fugitive na 1850
* Dokar Dangane da Sabis (1851)
* Dokar kwace ta 1861
* Dokar Hana Komawar Bayi (1862)
* Shelar 'Yanci (1863)
* Kwaskwari na goma sha uku ga Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka
* Kuɗi na Ofishin Freedmen
* Dokar Kwamishinonin Jirgin Ruwa na 1872

**Sauran**

* 1871 Dokar Haihuwa Kyauta a Brazil
* 1888 Lei Áurea (Dokar Zinariya) a Brazil
* 1793 Babban Kanada Dokar hana Bauta
* Rasha Emancipation sake fasalin na 1861
* Yarjejeniyar Ciniki Bayin Anglo-Masar

## Manazarta
Jerin gidajen tarihi da aka mayar da hankali ga Afrikawan Amurka

Wannan jerin gidajen tarihi ne a Amurka wanda ya fi mayar da hankali kan al'adun Afirka da tarihin Afirka. Irin waɗannan gidajen tarihi an fi sani da gidajen tarihi na Afirka. A cewar masanin kimiyya Raymond Doswell, gidan kayan gargajiya na Afirka shine "ma'aikata da aka kafa don adana al'adun Afirka".

Gidajen tarihi suna da manufa ta "tattara da adana kayan tarihi game da tarihi da al'adun al'adu". Gidajen kayan gargajiya na Afirka na Amurka suna raba waɗannan manufofi tare da ɗakunan ajiya, ƙungiyoyin asali, ƙungiyoyin tarihi, da ɗakunan karatu na bincike. Gidajen tarihi sun bambanta da ɗakunan ajiya, ƙungiyoyin asali, ƙungiyoyin tarihi, abubuwan tunawa, da ɗakunan karatu na bincike saboda suna da ainihin manufar ilimi ko kyakkyawa tattarawa da nuna abubuwa, da nune-nunen yau da kullun ga jama'a. Kasancewa a buɗe ga jama'a (ba kawai masu bincike ba ko ta hanyar alƙawari) da kuma samun sa'o'i na yau da kullun ya sa gidajen tarihi ban da wuraren tarihi ko wasu wurare waɗanda zasu iya kiran kansu gidajen tarihi.

## Tarihin gidajen tarihi na Afirka a Amurka

Gidan kayan gargajiya na farko na Afirka na Amurka shine Gidan Tarihin Kwalejin a Hampton, Virginia, wanda aka kafa a 1868.  Kafin 1950, akwai kimanin gidajen tarihi 30 da aka sadaukar da su ga al'adun Afirka da tarihin Amurka a Amurka. Wadannan sun kasance da farko a kwalejoji da jami'o'i na baƙar fata na tarihi ko a ɗakunan karatu waɗanda ke da mahimman al'adun Afirka da tarihin tarihin Afirka.

An haɓaka mahimman tarin a Kwalejin Bennett a Greensboro, North Carolina; Jami'ar Fisk a Nashville, Tennessee; Jami'an Howard a Washington, DC; Jami'in Lincoln a Chester County, Pennsylvania; Jami'iyyar Jihar Morgan a Baltimore, Maryland; Kwalejin Talladega a Talladega, Alabama; da Jami'ar Tuskegee a Tuskegee, Alabama. Bugu da ƙari, al'ummomin tarihi na gida, kungiyoyin tarihi, da kungiyoyin karatu a cikin al'ummomi na Afirka na Amurka suma sun tattara kuma sun nuna kayan tarihi na al'adun Afirka na Amurka.

Gidan kayan gargajiya na farko mai zaman kansa, ba tare ba riba ba a Amurka shine Gidan Tarihin Afirka na Amurka a Cleveland, Ohio (wanda aka kafa a 1956), Gidan Tarihi na DuSable na Tarihin Afirka na Amurka a Chicago, Illinois (wanda aka gina a 1960), da Gidan Tarijin Tarihin Afirka ya Charles H. Wright a Detroit, Michigan (wanda aka Kafa a 1965). A cikin shekarun 1960s, makamashi na Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Amurka ya haifar da kafa gidajen tarihi na Afirka da yawa. Tsakanin 1868 da 1991, akwai kimanin gidajen tarihi na Afirka 150 da aka kafa a jihohi 37.

Tun lokacin da aka buɗe shi a cikin 2016, gidan kayan gargajiya na Afirka mafi girma a Amurka shine Gidan Tarihi da Al'adun Afirka na Smithsonian Institution. Mai riƙe da rikodin da ya gabata shine Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History a Detroit, Michigan . 

## Jerin gidajen tarihi
*Wannan tebur ne mai rarrabawa. Danna kan shafi da kuke so an tsara shi ta hanyar.*
Ambrosio Fim

**Ambrosio Fim** kamfani ne na samarwa da rarraba fina-finai na Italiya wanda ya taka rawar gani a fina-finan Italiya a lokacin shiru. An kafa shi a Turin a cikin 1906 ta hanyar mai shirya fina-finai na majagaba Arturo Ambrosio, wanda masu daukar hoto Giovanni Vitrotti da Roberto Omegna suka taimaka, kamfanin da farko ya samar da adadi mai yawa na gajerun fina-finai da na almara, amma fitowar sa cikin sauri ya karu sosai.

A cikin 1908 kamfanin ya yi Kwanaki na Ƙarshe na Pompeii (wanda Ambrosio da Luigi Maggi suka jagoranta). Fim ɗin ya kasance babban nasara, yana ƙara haɓaka matsayin kamfanin da ƙirƙirar salon almara na tarihin Italiya waɗanda sauran ɗakunan studio suka kwafi. A sakamakon haka, Ambrosio ya lura da samar da jerin gyare-gyare na wallafe-wallafe. Kamfanin ya gina babban ɗakin studio da gidan hoto a Turin, kuma birnin ya zama babbar cibiyar masana'antar fina-finai ta Italiya ta farko.

A cikin Fabrairu 1909 Ambrosio ya shiga cikin taron fina-finai na Paris, yunƙurin da manyan furodusoshi na Turai suka yi na samar da wata ƙungiya irin ta MPPC a Amurka. Sai dai wannan shiri ya ci tura a lokacin da Pathe, wanda shi ne babban kamfanin fina-finai a duniya, ya fice daga kungiyar. A wannan shekarar ne daya daga cikin ma'aikatansa Ernesto Maria Pasquali ya tafi ya kafa nasa Fim na Pasquali.

Kamfanin ya sami nasarar fitar da fina-finansa zuwa kasuwannin waje masu fa'ida kamar Biritaniya da Amurka (Ambrosio ya buɗe wata alaƙa a New York). Ambrosio ya kulla yarjejeniya tare da kamfanonin Rasha da Jamus. Ya kasance babban furodusa a cikin shekarun 1910, amma ya fuskanci durkushewar da ta mamaye masana'antar fina-finan Italiya bayan yakin duniya na farko. Arturo Ambrosio ya sayar da rabonsa a cikin ɗakin studio ga wani ɗan kasuwa na Milan Armando Zanotto. Kamfanin ya rage shirye-shiryensa na samarwa, kuma a cikin 1924 ya sami ruwa.

## Manazarta
Angels Hard as They Come

**Angels Hard as They Come** fim ne na 1971 na biker wanda Joe Viola ya jagoranta kuma tare da Scott Glenn, Charles Dierkop, Gilda Texter, James Iglehart, da Gary Busey. Jonathan Demme ne ya rubuta shi kuma ya shirya shi.

## Makirci
Long John, Juicer, da Monk membobi ne na ƙungiyar gungun babur, The Mala'iku. Lokacin da aka soke ɗaya daga cikin cinikin da suke yi na muggan kwayoyi, ƴan ƙungiyar wata gungun babur, The Dragons, sun gayyace su zuwa garin fatalwa na Lost Cause, inda wasu ‘yan hippies suka fara haduwa. Janar, shugaban Dodanni, ya kalubalanci Long John zuwa tsere kuma ya yi rashin nasara. Long John ya sadu da hippie Astrid, wanda yake sha'awar. Ta ce shugabanninsu, Vicki da Henry, ba su ji daɗin Dodanni ba.

A wannan daren, Dodanni da yawa sun yi ƙoƙarin yi wa Astrid fyaɗe. Mala'iku sun shiga tsakani, kuma ɗaya daga cikin Dodanni ya caka wa Astrid wuka har ya mutu. Dragons sun zargi Long John, suna zarginsa da yunkurin kashe Janar. Washegari, Dodanni suka ɗaure Mala'iku kuma suka yi ƙoƙarin kashe su. Long John ya saki Monk, wanda ya tsere. Monk ya kare da iskar gas a cikin jeji, wani dan wariyar launin fata ya kori shi a kan kwarkwata, kuma a karshe ya saci wani dan sansani.

Hipis suna maganin abincin Dragons kuma suna taimakawa Long John da Juicer tserewa. A ƙarshe Monk ya isa gidan Cloud, dillalin miyagun ƙwayoyi wanda Mala'iku zasu hadu a farkon fim ɗin. Ragowar Mala'iku suna a Cloud's, kuma suna bin Monk zuwa ga Batattu. Da safe, Janar ya ɗaure Vicki zuwa sanda kuma ya yi barazanar ƙone ta da rai idan hippies ba su juya Long John da Juicer ba. Henry yayi yunkurin kashe Janar da wuka. Janar ya karba daga gare shi ya gane wukar na wani dan uwan ​​Dodanniya ne, Axe. Janar yanzu ya gane Ax yayi kokarin kashe shi a lokacin fyaden Astrid, kuma ya kashe Axe.

A ƙarshe Mala'iku sun isa garin, suka kashe dukan Dodanni, kuma suka ceci Long John da Juicer. Kowa ya bar garin, masu keke da hippies suna tafiya daban-daban.

## Yin wasan kwaikwayo
Scott Glenn a matsayin John "Long John"

Charles Dierkop a matsayin Janar

James Iglehart a matsayin Monk

Gilda Texter a matsayin Astrid

Gary Busey a matsayin Henry

Gary Littlejohn a matsayin "Axe"

Don Carerra a matsayin "Juicer"

Janet Wood a matsayin Vicki

Brendan Kelly a matsayin "Brain"

## Sarrafa kaya
Jonathan demse soja ya gamu da Roger Corman yayin yin tallafawa a kan von Righthofen da launin ruwan kasa. Za'a nuna mai samarwa ta dattin jama'a na dattawa kuma ya tambaye shi idan yana sha'awar yin fim din babur. Demme ya kafa ra'ayin abin da Rashomon ne na Rashomon kuma ya rubuta shi da Joe Viola, wanda distendungiyar tallata ta TVMe ta samar. Jack Fisk shi ne darektan fasaha.

Karɓar baƙi na hotel

Fim yana da nasara tare da Corman yana cewa ya sami haya na sama da $ 700,000 kuma yana dawo da riba na 46% a cikin farkon shekarar.

## Manazarta
Wajen tunawa da bayi na Loango

**Loango Slavery Harbour** (Faransanci) wani shafin al'adu ne na Jamhuriyar Kongo wanda aka haɗa a cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na duniya a cikin 2008 da 2009.

Yana daga cikin gundumar Hinda, a cikin Sashen Kouilou . Wannan shafin yana iyakance ta: Pointe Indienne zuwa kudu maso gabas, Tekun Atlantika zuwa Kudu da Kudu maso Yamma, zuwa Arewa maso Yamma ƙauyen Matombi da arewa maso gabas ƙaramin garin Diosso, tsohon gundumar gudanarwa ta Bwali, babban birnin Masarautar Loango.

Tsohon tafkin Tchibete ya yi watsi da shi cewa lalacewar ruwa ta kusan shafewa gaba ɗaya. Shuke-shuke masu tsire-tsire sun mamaye ƙananan bishiyoyi, tare da yashi mai yashi wanda yanayin ruwa ya rinjayi.

## Tarihi
Daga 1500 zuwa 1867, jiragen ruwa a cikin Cinikin bayi na Atlantic sun tura kusan bayi miliyan 12.5 na Afirka daga bakin tekun Afirka zuwa Amurka da Caribbean.
Fayil:AMH-7675-NA_Map_of_the_Gold_Coast.jpg|Gulf of Guinea map - Peter Schenk the Elder (1660 - 1718); Gerard Valck (1652 - 1726).
Fayil:Regna_Congo_et_Angola_-_CBT_6620958.jpg|Kingdom of Loango and Kongo map - Peter Schenk the Elder (1660 - 1718); Gerard Valck (1652 - 1726).
YiTeburin da ke ƙasa ya taƙaita wuraren shiga bayi daban-daban a bakin tekun Afirka, da kuma kimantawa na adadin bayi.

Duk da muhimmancinsa a matsayin shafin musayar al'adu a duniyar zamani da kuma babban gudummawar da ya bayar ga ci gaban Duniyar Atlantic ta hanyar cinikin bayi na transatlantic, nazarin bakin tekun Loango ba shi da sha'awa sosai daga tallafin karatu. Phylis Martin na ɗaya daga cikinsu.

Wani wallafe-wallafen ban sha'awa ya wanzu tun daga shekarun 1980. Koyaya, ya mayar da hankali ga ɓangaren kudancin bakin Kogin Kongo, wato Angola, wanda Portuguese suka mamaye. Da yake mai da hankali kan ayyukan Portuguese da kuma tarihin, waɗannan karatun sun rufe aikin kasuwanci a bakin tekun Loango, wani nau'in "yanci" inda 'yan kasuwa na gida, Birtaniya, Faransa da Dutch suka taka muhimmiyar rawa.

Idan muka hada lambobin Afirka ta Tsakiya (Angola da Loango) da na Gabashin Gabas, mun ga cewa kusan bayi miliyan 6.2 (kimanin rabin jimlar) sun fito ne daga ƙasashen da ke magana da yarukan Bantu. Tashoshin jiragen ruwa daban-daban na Afirka ta Tsakiya sune:
## Manazarta
Adrian Matejka

**ADRIAN MATEJKA**
Adrian Matejka mawaƙin Ba'amurke ne kuma marubucin Lambun Iblis da Mixology. Ayyukansa mafi ƙayatarwa shine Babban Smoke, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Anisfield-Wolf kuma an zaɓi shi don lambar yabo ta ƙasa don waƙar da Pulitzer Prize for Poetry. Laureate na Jihar Indiana na 2018-2019, tun watan Mayu 2022, ya kasance editan mujallar waƙa.

## Farkon rayuwa
An haife shi a Nuremberg, Jamus, yayin da danginsa ke aiki a sojan Amurka, Adrian Matejka ya girma a Indianapolis, Indiana, a Amurka.Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Indiana Bloomington da Kudancin Illinois University Carbondale tare da MFA a cikin Rubutun Ƙirƙira. Ya sami haɗin gwiwa daga Kogon Canem Workshop, Gidauniyar Guggenheim,Gidauniyar Lannan, Kyautar Kasa don Fasaha, da Mawakan Amurka. Shi ne marubucin Lambun Iblis da Mixology. Tarinsa na uku, The Big Smoke, game da Jack Johnson ne kuma ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙarshe na lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta 2013 da lambar yabo ta 2014 Pulitzer kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta Anisfield-Wolf. Sabbin tarinsa, Taswirar Taurari, Penguin ne ya buga shi a cikin 2017.

Ayyukansa sun bayyana a cikin mujallu na wallafe-wallafe da mujallu ciki har da The American Poetry Review, Callaloo,  Crab Orchard Review, Gulf Coast, Indiana Review, Poetry, Ploughshares, Prairie Schooner, da kuma a cikin litattafan tarihi ciki har da Daga Fishouse (Littattafan Persea, 2009)  da Mafi kyawun Mawallafin Amirka (Scrib102), Scribner 20. Yana koyar da adabi da rubuce-rubucen kirkire-kirkire a Jami’ar Indiana, kuma shi ne Laureate na Jihar Indiana na 2018 da 2019. A cikin 2022, an nada shi editan mujallar waƙa.

## Manazarta
Dokar Zinariya

**** (Magana ta Portuguese: [ˈlej ˈawɾiɐ]; Turanci: ), a hukumance Dokar No. 3,353 na 13 Mayu 1888, ita ce dokar da ta soke bautar a Brazil. Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil (1846-1921), mai adawa da bautar, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai mulki ga Sarkin sarakuna Pedro II, wanda ke Turai, ta sanya hannu.

Dokar Rio Branco ta 28 ga Satumba 1871 ("Dokar Haihuwar 'Yanci"), wacce ta 'yantar da duk yaran da aka haifa ga iyayen bayi, da kuma Dokar Saraiva-Cotegipe (wanda aka fi sani da "Dokar Sexagenarians"), ta 28 ga watan Satumba 1885, wacce ta 'yanta bayi lokacin da suka kai shekaru 60. Brazil ita ce ƙasa ta ƙarshe a Yammacin duniya da ta kawar da bautar.

## Tarihi
Baya ga ayyukan abolitionists, akwai dalilai da yawa na sanya hannu kan dokar: bautar ba ta da riba, kamar yadda albashin Baƙi na Turai, waɗanda yanayin aiki ba shi da kyau, ya fi ƙasa da kula da bayi, da raguwar isowar sabbin bayi.

## Rubutun
Rubutun  ya kasance takaice: 

## Bincike
An yi niyyar taƙaitaccen dokar don bayyana cewa babu wani yanayi na kowane irin don 'yantar da dukkan bayi. Koyaya, ba ta ba da wani tallafi ga ko dai bayi da aka 'yantar ko tsoffin masu su don daidaita rayuwarsu zuwa sabon matsayinsu ba: masu bautar ba su sami wani diyya na jihar ba, kuma bayi ba su sami kowane irin diyya daga masu ba ko taimako daga jihar ba.

Kafin kawar da bautar, an hana bayi mallakar dukiya ko samun ilimi; amma bayan an 'yantar da su, an bar tsoffin bayi su yi nasu hanya a duniya. Ba tare da ilimi ko wakilci na siyasa ba, tsoffin bayi sun yi gwagwarmaya don samun matsayi na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a cikin al'ummar Brazil.

Rodrigo A. da Silva ne ya rubuta , Ministan Noma a lokacin a cikin majalisar ministocin da Firayim Minista João Alfredo Correia de Oliveira ke jagoranta, kuma memba na Majalisar Wakilai. Bayan ya wuce gidaje biyu na Babban Taron, Isabel, Princess Imperial na Brazil (1846-1921), wanda ke mulki a lokacin, ya ba da izini, yayin da mahaifinta, sarki Pedro II, ke Turai. 

Yarima ta sanya hannu kan Dokar Zinariya kuma Rodrigo A. da Silva ya sanya hannu, a matsayinsa na Ministan Noma. Gimbiya Isabel, wacce ta kasance mai goyon bayan yunkurin abolitionist, Paparoma Leo XIII ya ba ta Golden Rose kuma ministan Rodrigo A. da Silva ya sami girmamawa daga Vatican, Faransa da Portugal. A watan Agustan 1888 Rodrigo A. da Silva ya ci gaba da zabarsa don zama na rayuwa a Majalisar Dattijai ta Daular.

Lei Áurea yana da wasu sakamako ban da 'yanci ga dukkan bayi; ba tare da bayi ba kuma ba su da ma'aikata, masu gonar dole ne su dauki ma'aikata a wasu wurare kuma ta haka ne suka shirya, a cikin shekarun 1890, Sociedade Promotora de Imigração ("Society for the Promotion of Immigration"). Wani sakamako shi ne tashin hankali tsakanin masu mallakar bayi na Brazil da manyan ɗalibai, wanda ya haifar da rushewar mulkin mallaka da kafa jamhuriya a 1889 - ana ɗaukar Lei Áurea a matsayin mafi girman dalilin (amma ba kawai ba) na faduwar mulkin mallatteji a Brazil.

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

* Bautar a Brazil, shirin UNESCO Tunawa da Duniya
Walter Miller

**Dr. Walter Richard Samuel Miller** Wanda aka fi sani **Dr.Miller**(an haife shi a 1872 – ya rasu 27 ga Agusta, 1952) ya kasance mishanin Kirista daga **Church Missionary Society** wanda ya shahara a Najeriya, musamman Arewacin ƙasar. Shi ne wanda ya kafa al’ummar mishan ta Wusasa dake Zaria, kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fassara Littafin Baibûl zuwa harshen Hausa.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Dr. Miller a shekara ta 1872 a Burtaniya. Ya karanci ilimin likitanci da na addini kafin ya tafi aikin mishan a Afirka.

## Zuwa Najeriya da Aikin Mishan
A cikin shekarar 1900, Dr. Miller ya zo Najeriya tare da tawagar Bishop Tugwell domin yada bishara a Arewacin Najeriya. Bayan ƙalubale da suka fuskanta a Kano, a shekarar 1902 sun sami izinin Sarkin Zazzau, Aliyu Kwasau, Miller da abokinsa Bargery su kafa sansani a Zaria. Daga nan ne Dr. Miller ya kafa sansanin Wusasa, wanda ya zama cibiyar mishan da makarantu da asibitoci.

## Fassarar littafin Bible
Dr. Miller ya jagoranci aikin fassarar Littafin Bible zuwa harshen Hausa tare da taimakon J.T. Umar da P.A. Yusuf. Wannan fassarar an kammala ta a shekara ta 1931 kuma aka wallafa ta a shekara ta 1932 wannan fassara ta taimaka wajen yada Addinin Kiristanci a tsakanin Hausawa.

## Haduwa da Isawa
Ya yi hulɗa da ƙungiyar (Isawa) wata ƙungiyar Musulmai inda suka yarda ya koyar da su daga Littafin Bible bayan rasuwar jagoransu Malam Yahaya a 1913.

## Mutuwa
Dr. Miller ya rasu a shekarar 1952, kuma an binne shi a St. Bartholomew’s Church da ke Wusasa. Har yanzu Wusasa tana daga cikin wuraren da ke nuna haɗin kai tsakanin Musulmai da Kiristoci a Najeriya.

## Manazarta