Cryptocurrency da aikata laifuka

**Cryptocurrency da aikata laifuka** sun bayyana sanannun misalai na aikata laifukan yanar gizo da suka danganci sata (ko kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba) na cryptocurrencies da wasu hanyoyin ko raunin tsaro da aka saba amfani da su. Cryptojacking wani nau'i ne na cybercrime na musamman ga cryptocurrencies da aka yi amfani da su a shafukan yanar gizo don satar albarkatun wanda aka azabtar da su don hashing da hakar cryptocurrency.

A cewar kamfanin nazarin blockchain Chainalysis, an wanke kusan dala biliyan 2.5 ta hanyar Bitcoin tsakanin 2009 da 2018, kuma ɓangaren ma'amaloli na cryptocurrency da ke da alaƙa da ayyukan haramtacciyar ya kasance yana ƙaruwa tun farkon 2019.  A cikin 2021, 0.15% na sanannun ma'amaloli na cryptocurrency da aka gudanar sun shiga cikin ayyukan haramtacciyar kamar aikata laifuka na yanar gizo, karkatar da kudi da kuma ta'addanci, wanda ke wakiltar jimlar dala biliyan 14.

## Tarihi
Akwai nau'ikan waƙoƙi daban-daban na cryptocurrency, tare da yadudduka daban-daban nke tsaro, gami da na'urori (softwares) don tsarin aiki daban-daban ko masu bincike, da waƙoƙe na waje.

Labarin da aka yi amfani da shi na musamman ga ma'amaloli na blockchain ya wanzu, kuma yana da niyyar samar da sakamako ba tare da niyya ba ga waɗanda ke da hannu. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun batutuwan da ke buɗe yiwuwar amfani akan Bitcoin shine Matsalar ma'amala.

Rahoton Immunefi Crypto Losses 2022 ya lissafa asarar masana'antu daga zamba da hacking a matsayin jimlar dala biliyan 3.9 na shekara, da dala biliyan 8 na 2021.

## Shahararrun ɓarayi
A cikin 2018, kusan dala biliyan 1.7 a cikin cryptocurrency ya ɓace saboda zamba, sata da zamba. A cikin kwata na farko na 2019, irin wannan asarar ya tashi zuwa dala biliyan 1.2. 2022 shekara ce mai rikodin satar cryptocurrency, a cewar Chainalysis, tare da dala biliyan 3.8  da aka sace a duk duniya yayin hacks na tsarin 125,  gami da dala biliyar 1.7 da "masu hacking da ke da alaƙa da Koriya ta Arewa suka sace. "

### Musayar
Shahararrun musayar cryptocurrency wanda ya haifar da asarar cryptocurrencies sun haɗa da:

* Between 2011 and 2014,  worth of bitcoin was stolen from Mt. Gox.
* In 2016,  was stolen through exploiting Bitfinex's exchange wallet, users were refunded.
* On December 7, 2017, Slovenian cryptocurrency exchange NiceHash reported that hackers had stolen over $70 million using a hijacked company computer.
* On December 19, 2017, Yapian, the owner of South Korean exchange Youbit, filed for bankruptcy after suffering two hacks that year. Customers were still granted access to 75% of their assets.
* In 2018, cryptocurrencies worth  were stolen from Coincheck.
* In May 2018, Bitcoin Gold had its transactions hijacked and abused by unknown hackers. Exchanges lost an estimated $18 m and Bitcoin Gold was delisted from Bittrex after it refused to pay its share of the damages.
* In June 2018, South Korean exchange Coinrail was hacked, losing over $37M worth of crypto. The hack worsened an already ongoing cryptocurrency selloff by an additional $42 billion.
* On July 9, 2018, the exchange Bancor, whose code and fundraising had been subjects of controversy, had $23.5 million in cryptocurrency stolen.
* Zaif  in Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash and Monacoin was stolen in September 2018
* Binance In 2019 cryptocurrencies worth  were stolen.
* Africrypt founders are suspected of absconding in June 2021 with US$3.6 billion worth of Bitcoin
* PolyNetwork (DeFi) suffered a loss of US$611 million in a theft in August 2021.
* Japanese cryptocurrency exchange Liquid was compromised in August 2021 resulting in a loss of US$97 million worth of digital coins
* Cream Finance was subject to a US$29 million theft in August 2021 and $130 million on October 28, 2021.
* On December 2, 2021, users of the BadgerDAO DeFi lost around $118,500,000 worth of bitcoin and $679,000 worth of ethereum tokens in a front-end attack. A compromised API key of the Cloudflare content delivery network account allowed the injecting of a malicious script into the web interface. BadgerDAO "paused" all smart contracts due to user complaints.
* On December 6, 2021, the cryptocurrency exchange BitMart lost around $135M worth of Ethereum and an estimated $46 million in other cryptocurrencies due to a breach of two of its wallets. Although BitMart stated that it would reimburse its clients, many BitMart clients have not received any money from the exchange as of January 2022.
* On December 12, 2021, users of VulcanForge lost around $135M worth of PYR due to breaches of multiple wallets. Partnering centralized exchanges had been notified of the hack and they have pledged to seize any stolen funds upon deposit.
* On January 27, 2022, Qubit Finance (DeFi) lost around $80M worth of Binance Coin due to a flaw in the smart contract that enabled the withdrawal of the said amount in exchange for a deposit of 0 ETH.
* In March 2022, the largest cryptocurrency theft of the year,  in ether and USD coin was stolen from the Ronin Network. Hacked nodes were finally discovered when a user reported being unable to withdraw funds. The heist was later linked to Lazarus Group, a North Korean state-backed hacking collective, by the U.S. Treasury Department.
* On September 20, 2022, Wintermute was hacked resulting in theft of . The company attributed the vulnerability to a service used by the platform that generates vanity addresses for digital accounts.
* On September 25, 2023, it was reported that $200 million was stolen by hackers from crypto firm Mixin Network. The company stated that the database of its network's cloud service provider was attacked by hackers resulting in the loss of the assets.

### Wallets
Parity Wallet ya sami abubuwan tsaro guda biyu da suka kai 666,773 ETH da suka ɓace ko sata. A watan Yulin 2017, saboda kwari a cikin lambar sa hannu da yawa, an sace ETH 153,037 (kimanin dala miliyan 32 a lokacin). A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017, wani kuskuren da ya biyo baya a cikin daidaito ya sa 513,774 ETH (kimanin dala miliyan 150) ba za a iya isa ba;   ya zuwa watan Maris na shekara ta 2019, har yanzu ana daskarewa da kudaden. 

### Makamashi
Shahararrun lokuta na satar wutar lantarki zuwa ma'adinai na tabbatar da aiki sun haɗa da:

* A watan Fabrairun 2021 'yan sanda na Malaysia sun kama mutane shida da ke da hannu a aikin hakar ma'adinai na Bitcoin wanda ya sace dala miliyan 2 a cikin wutar lantarki 
* Hukumomin Ukraine sun rufe wani gonar caca da cryptocurrency a watan Yulin 2021, ana zargin su da satar $ 259,300 na wutar lantarki a kowane wata 
* A watan Yulin 2021 hukumomin Malaysia sun lalata tsarin hakar ma'adinai 1,069 da ake zargi da satar wutar lantarki daga grid 
* A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2021 hukumomin Burtaniya sun rufe wani ma'adinin bitcoin da ake zargi da shi bayan Yammacin Power Distribution ya sami haɗin da ba bisa ka'ida ba ga samar da wutar lantarki 

### Blockchains

#### Bitcoin
Akwai lokuta da yawa na satar bitcoin. Ya zuwa watan Disamba na shekara ta , kusan bitcoins 980,000 - sama da kashi biyar na duk bitcoin da ke cikin yaduwa - sun ɓace a musayar cryptocurrency.

Ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan sata ya haɗa da wani ɓangare na uku wanda ke samun damar maɓallin sirri ga adireshin bitcoin na wanda aka azabtar,  ko Walet na kan layi.  Idan aka sace maɓallin sirri, ana iya canja wurin duk bitcoins daga adireshin da aka daidaita. A wannan yanayin, cibiyar sadarwa ba ta da wani tanadi don gano ɓarawo, toshe ƙarin ma'amaloli na waɗancan bitcoins da aka sace, ko mayar da su ga mai shi.

Har ila yau, sata yana faruwa a shafukan da ake amfani da bitcoins don siyan kayayyaki ba bisa ka'ida ba. A ƙarshen Nuwamba 2013, an yi zargin satar kimanin dala miliyan 100 a cikin bitcoins daga kasuwar kayan haramtacciyar kan layi Sheep Marketplace, wanda nan da nan ya rufe. Masu amfani sun bi diddigin tsabar kudi yayin da aka sarrafa su kuma aka canza su zuwa tsabar kudi, amma ba a dawo da kudade ba kuma ba a gano masu laifi ba. Wani kasuwar baƙar fata daban, Silk Road 2, ya bayyana cewa a lokacin fashin Fabrairu 2014, an karɓi bitcoins masu darajar dala miliyan 2.7 daga asusun ajiya.

Shafukan da masu amfani ke musayar bitcoins don tsabar kudi ko adana su a cikin "kwalin kuɗi" suma manufofi ne don sata. Inputs.io, sabis na walat na Australiya, an hacking shi sau biyu a watan Oktoba 2013 kuma ya rasa fiye da $ 1 miliyan a cikin bitcoins. GBL, dandalin kasuwancin bitcoin na kasar Sin, ba zato ba tsammani ya rufe a ranar 26 ga Oktoba 2013; masu biyan kuɗi, ba su iya shiga ba, sun rasa har zuwa dala miliyan 5 na bitcoin. A ƙarshen watan Fabrairun 2014 Mt. Gox, ɗaya daga cikin manyan musayar kuɗi na kama-da-wane, ya shigar da karar fatarar kuɗi a Tokyo a cikin rahotanni cewa an sace bitcoins da suka kai dala miliyan 350. Flexcoin, ƙwararren mai adana Bitcoin wanda ke zaune a Alberta, Kanada, ya rufe a watan Maris na shekara ta 2014 bayan ya ce ya gano sata kusan $ 650,000 a cikin bitcoins. Poloniex, musayar kuɗi na dijital, ya ruwaito a watan Maris na shekara ta 2014 cewa ya rasa bitcoins masu daraja a kusan $ 50,000. A watan Janairun 2015 na Burtaniya, an yi amfani da musayar bitcoin ta uku mafi yawan jama'a a duniya kuma an sace dala miliyan 5 a cikin bitcoins. A watan Fabrairun 2015, musayar kasar Sin mai suna BTER ta rasa bitcoins kusan kusan dala miliyan 2 ga masu fashin kwamfuta.

Babban musayar bitcoin, Bitfinex, ya lalace ta hanyar satar Bitfinex na 2016, lokacin da aka sace kusan bitcoins 120,000 (kimanin dala miliyan 71) a cikin 2016. An tilasta Bitfinex ta dakatar da kasuwancin ta. Fatawar ita ce ta biyu mafi girma da aka taba yi, wanda satar Mt. Gox ta rage shi ne kawai a shekarar 2014. A cewar *Forbes*, "Dukan abokan ciniki na Bitfinex... za su tsaya don rasa kuɗi. Kamfanin ya ba da sanarwar yanke kashi 36.067% a duk faɗin allon. "  Bayan fashin kamfanin ya kasa mayar da kwastomomi, kodayake kokarin yana ci gaba.  A cikin 2022, gwamnatin Amurka ta dawo da bitcoin 94,636 (wanda ya kai kimanin dala biliyan 3.6 a lokacin dawowa) daga satar 2016 na musayar Bitfinex, wanda aka ruwaito a matsayin "mafi girman kwace kudi" a tarihin Amurka. Ya zuwa Fabrairu 2022, adadin bitcoin da aka sace a cikin 2016 ya karu da darajar zuwa dala biliyan 4.5. An kama mutane biyu saboda sata  a cikin 2022; ma'aurata Ilya "Dutch" Lichtenstein da rapper Heather "Razzlekhan" Morgan an tuhume su da makirci don yin lalatar kudi da makircin cin hanci da makirfin Amurka. 

A ranar 7 ga Mayu, 2019, masu fashin kwamfuta sun sace fiye da 7000 Bitcoins daga Binance Cryptocurrency Exchange, a darajar sama da dala miliyan 40 na Amurka. Shugaba na Binance Zhao Changpeng ya bayyana cewa: "Masu fashin kwamfuta sun yi amfani da dabaru daban-daban, gami da phishing, ƙwayoyin cuta, da sauran hare-hare... Masu fashin kwamandoji suna da haƙuri don jira, da aiwatar da ayyukan da aka tsara da kyau ta hanyar asusun da yawa masu zaman kansu a mafi kyawun lokacin. "

Fata ya haifar da damuwa game da tsaro. Charles Hayter, wanda ya kafa shafin yanar gizon kwatanta kuɗin dijital CryptoCompare ya ce, "Yana tunatar da raunin ababen more rayuwa a cikin irin wannan masana'antar da ke tasowa. "  Bisa ga sauraron Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka kan Ƙananan Kasuwanci a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 2014, "waɗannan masu siyarwa ba su da kulawa, mafi ƙarancin ma'aunin kuɗi kuma ba su samar da kariya ga mabukaci daga asarar ko sata ba. "

#### Ethereum
A watan Yunin 2016, masu fashin kwamfuta sun yi amfani da rauni a cikin DAO don sata dala miliyan 50. Daga baya, an raba kuɗin zuwa Ethereum Classic, da Ethereum, tare da ƙarshen yana ci gaba da sabon toshe ba tare da fassarar da aka yi amfani da su ba.

A ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, 2017, Tether ta ba da sanarwar cewa an hacking ta, ta rasa dala miliyan 31 a cikin USDT daga babban akwatin ajiyarta. Kamfanin ya 'tagged' kuɗin da aka sace, yana fatan 'kulle' su a cikin walat din mai fashin kwamfuta (yana sa su ba za a iya kashe su ba). 

A cikin 2022, masu fashin kwamfuta sun kirkiro asusun sa hannu a kan gadar blockchain da ake kira "Wormhole" kuma sun sace fiye da dala miliyan 300 na ether.

## Cin hanci

### Zubar da Fitarwa da Shirye-shiryen Ponzi ta hanyar hadaya ta farko (ICOs)
Yawancin yaudarar fita (ko rugpulls) da kuma tsarin ponzi da yawa da suka shafi cryptocurrencies ana yin su ne ta hanyar Bayar da tsabar kudi na farko (ICOs).  A matsayin misali, bisa ga rahoton Satis Group, kusan 80% na duk ayyukan da aka ƙaddamar ta hanyar ICO a cikin 2017 yaudara ce. Wadannan zamba yawanci sun haɗa da jan hankalin saka hannun jari daga mafi yawan masu saka hannun jari, suna ƙara farashin kuma masu aikata laifuka suna barin aikin da ake tambaya bayan sayar da hannun jarin su.

Sabon ICOs yana da asusun rashin tsarin gwamnati na yanzu. Wannan rashin matakan tsari da kuma pseudonymity na ma'amaloli na cryptocurrency da yanayin su na kasa da kasa a fadin iko da yawa a kasashe daban-daban na iya sa ya fi wuya a ganowa da kuma daukar mataki na shari'a a kan masu aikata laifuka. Tun daga shekara ta 2017 SEC tana bin kungiyoyi da mutane da ke da alhakin zamba da suka shafi ICO.

#### Misalan zamba masu alaƙa da ICO

* AriseCoin (AriseBank): AriseBank ta tallata kanta a matsayin bankin farko na duniya, ta hanyar ƙarya tana da'awar cewa tana iya bayar da asusun inshora na FDIC, katunan VISA da kuma ayyukan da suka shafi cryptocurrency da yin wasu maganganun ƙarya. AriseBank ta inganta AriseCoin ta hanyar amincewar shahararrun mutane da kafofin sada zumunta don tara dala biliyan  da kamfanin ke niyya. SEC ta dakatar da ICO din su a farkon 2018 tare da Shugaba da COO suna karɓar tarar dala miliyan .
* BitConnect: Bitconnect ya kasance daga cikin mafi girman ƙididdigar ƙididdiga a cikin 2017, yana ba da alƙawari masu yawa ta hanyar bot na kasuwanci. A lokacin da ya fi girma, ya kai kasuwar dala biliyan . A farkon 2018 musayar ta daina aiki tare da masu saka hannun jari da suka rasa miliyoyin daloli, wanda ya kai jimlar dala miliyan .  Daga baya ya zama cewa an samar da ribar farko ta hanyar shirin Ponzi ta hanyar biyan abokan ciniki na baya tare da kuɗin da aka yi ta hanyar sabbin abokan ciniki. An dauki matakin shari'a a kan masu aikata laifin a matakin kasa da kasa.
* Centra: Centra kamfani ne na Miami wanda ya yi iƙirarin bayar da katin zare kudi na tushen cryptocurrency wanda VISA da Mastercard suka goyi bayan. Kamfanin ya tara dala miliyan  a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017 ta hanyar ICO kuma, bayan 'yan watanni, ya yi zamba ta fita. A watan Afrilun 2018 an kama biyu daga cikin wadanda suka kafa. Ba da daɗewa ba aka bayyana cewa ba Mastercard ko VISA sun goyi bayan kamfanin a cikin kokarin da ake zargi da su ba.
* Modern Tech (*PinCoin* / *iFan*): An kafa shi a Vietnam, Modern Tech ya dauki bakuncin ICOs guda biyu don PinCoin da kuma iFan da ke ba da alƙawari na kowane wata na 48%. Bayan nasarar farko, wadanda suka kafa sun gudu tare da kimanin dala miliyan  da aka tara daga masu saka hannun jari 32,000. Wadanda suka kafa har yanzu suna da yawa kuma ba a dawo da wani daga cikin kudaden ba.
* *PlexCoin*: Bayan Dominic Lacroix da Sabrina Paradis-Rogers (masu kafa PlexColin) sun tara kusan dala miliyan  a hukumance ta hanyar ICO na zamba a watan Agustan 2017 yayin da suke alkawarin dawo da 1,354% a cikin wata guda, SEC ta shigar da korafin farar hula a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar a kansu kuma ta nemi umarni don dakatar da waɗannan tallace-tallace, daskare kadarorin da ke ciki, biyan hukuncin farar hula da kuma hana wadanda ke da alhakin a bayan alamar daga shiga duk wani tayin cryptocurrency na gaba.  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da aka yanke wa Lacroix hukuncin watanni biyu a kurkuku kuma Kotun Koli ta Quebec ta ci tarar CA $ . Ayyukan SEC sun haifar da tarar adadi bakwai ga wadanda ake tuhuma a cikin 2019 da kuma dawo da kudaden masu saka hannun jari. A lokacin shari'ar, SEC ta sami damar tabbatar da cewa nasarar ICO ta kumbura ne daga masu kafawa waɗanda a zahiri suka tara dala miliyan  maimakon dala miliyan  da suka sanar.

### Shirye-shiryen Ponzi
Shirye-shiryen Ponzi wani nau'i ne na amfani da fasahar blockchain don yin zamba. Yawancin tsare-tsaren irin wannan suna amfani da tsare-tsare na tallace-tallace masu yawa don ƙarfafa masu saka hannun jari don gudanar da saka hannun jari mai haɗari. Onecoin yana daya daga cikin sanannun misalai na tsarin cryptocurrency-ponzi: An kafa shi a cikin 201 ta Ruja Ignatova, OneCoin an kiyasta ya samar da dala biliyan 4 a cikin kudin shiga. Duk da yake aƙalla a China an dawo da wasu kudaden masu saka hannun jari kuma an kama mambobi da yawa na kungiyar a Amurka, Ignatova kanta har yanzu tana da yawa.

### Karkatar da kudi
Saboda rashin iyawar wasu mutane don cire ma'amaloli na crypto, masu aikata laifuka galibi sun koma ga amfani da cryptocurrency don gudanar da karkatar da kudi. Musamman ICOs da ba su da jagororin KYC da hanyoyin hana karkatar da kuɗi galibi ana amfani da su don karkatar lemun tsami saboda sunan da suke bayarwa. Ta hanyar amfani da ICOs masu aikata laifuka suna wanke waɗannan kudade ta hanyar sayen alamomi daga masu saka hannun jari na halal da sayar da su. Wannan batun ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar rashin matakan da aka dauka game da karkatar da kudi da aka aiwatar ta hanyar musayar kuɗi ta tsakiya.

Wani sanannen misali na farko na tsabar kudi ta amfani da cryptocurrencies shine Silk Road . An rufe shi a cikin 2013 tare da wanda ya kafa shi Ross Ulbricht wanda aka tuhume shi da wasu laifuka na makircin karkatar da kudi, an yi amfani da shafin yanar gizon don ayyukan haramtacciya da yawa ciki har da karkatar kudi kawai ta amfani da Bitcoin a matsayin hanyar biyan kuɗi.

Baya ga tsabar kudi na gargajiya, ana amfani da Tokens marasa fungus (NFTs) dangane da ayyukan karkatar da kudi. Sau da yawa ana amfani da NFTs don yin Wash Trading ta hanyar ƙirƙirar waƙoƙi daban-daban ga mutum ɗaya, samar da tallace-tallace da yawa kuma saboda haka sayar da NFT ga wani ɓangare na uku. A cewar wani rahoto daga Chainalysis, wadannan nau'ikan kasuwancin wanka suna karuwa a tsakanin masu wanke kudi musamman saboda yawancin yanayin ma'amaloli a kan kasuwanni na NFT. Dandalin siyarwa don tallace-tallace na NFT na iya fuskantar matsin lamba don bin dokokin hana karkatar da kudi.

#### Matakan tsari
Kanada galibi ana ɗaukar ta a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na farko na jihar da ke aiwatar da matakan ka'idoji da ke hulɗa da karkatar da kuɗi da aka gudanar ta hanyar amfani da cryptocurrencies. A shekara ta 2013 Cibiyar Kula da Laifukan Kudi (FinCEN) - a kai tsaye game da musayar tsakiya Mt. Gox - ta ba da ka'idoji da ke bayyana cewa duk masu musayar crypto-to-fiat dole ne su yi amfani da KYC- da kuma hanyoyin hana tsabar kudi. Duk wani ma'amala mai tuhuma dole ne a ruwaito shi ga hukumomi. Musayar tsakiya dole ne ya yi rajista a matsayin masu watsa kuɗi, tare da ainihin ma'anar wanda da abin da ke samar da *mai watsa kuɗi* a cikin sashin crypto yana da ɗan ɓoyewa kuma ƙa'idodi sun bambanta tsakanin jihohi daban-daban na Amurka. Wani muhimmin cirewa daga waɗannan ƙa'idodi shine musayar rarraba saboda gaskiyar cewa ba su riƙe wani kuɗin fiat ba.

A matsayin wani ɓangare na Umurni na huɗu na Anti-Money Laundering na 2015 kuma a cikin ƙoƙari na yaki da karkatar da kuɗi da ta'addanci, Tarayyar Turai ta ba da umarni wanda ke sa duk kasashe membobin su tabbatar da cewa an ba da lasisi kuma an yi rajista. Har ila yau, Tarayyar Turai tana shirin daukar matakai don tabbatar da cewa duk abokan ciniki na musayar kuɗi don tabbatar da asalin su a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin rajista.
## Manazarta