Johann Sebastian Bach

**Johann Sebastian Bach** (an haife shi ran ashirin da bakwai ga Yanuar, a shekara ta 1685, a Eisenach - ya mutu ran ashirin da takwas ga Yuli, a shekara ta 1750, a Leipzig), shi ne mawakin Jamus. Ya rubuta kiɗa mai yawa, mafi yawan su kiɗar addini ne. 

An san shi don ƙwararren marubucin kiɗa a cikin nau'o'in kayan aiki da nau'o'i daban-daban, ciki har da kiɗan kade-kade irin su Brandenburg Concertos; Ayyukan kayan aiki na solo irin su cello suites da sonatas da partitas don solo violin; keyboard yana aiki irin su Goldberg Variations da The Well-Tempered Clavier; sashin jiki yana aiki kamar Schubler Chorales da Toccata da Fugue a cikin ƙananan ƙananan D; da ayyukan choral irin su St Matthew Passion da Mass in B small. Tun daga karni na 19 na Bach Revival, ana ɗaukarsa gabaɗaya a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mawaƙa a tarihin kiɗan Yamma.

Iyalin Bach sun riga sun ƙidaya mawaƙa da yawa lokacin da aka haifi Johann Sebastian a matsayin ɗan ƙarshe na mawaƙin birni, Johann Ambrosius, a Eisenach. Bayan ya zama marayu yana ɗan shekara 10, ya zauna shekara biyar tare da babban ɗansa Johann Christoph, bayan haka ya ci gaba da karatunsa na kiɗa a Lüneburg. Daga 1703 ya dawo Thuringia, yana aiki a matsayin mawaƙi na majami'un Furotesta a Arnstadt da Mühlhausen kuma, na tsawon lokaci, a kotuna a Weimar, inda ya faɗaɗa labarin gaɓoɓinsa, da Köthen, inda ya kasance galibi yana yin kiɗan ɗakin. Daga 1723, an ɗauke shi aiki a matsayin Thomaskantor (cantor a St Thomas's) a Leipzig. A can, ya tsara kiɗa don manyan majami'un Lutheran na birni da ƙungiyar ɗaliban jami'a ta Collegium Musicum. Daga 1726, ya buga wasu daga cikin maɓallan madannai da kiɗan gabobin sa. A Leipzig, kamar yadda ya faru a wasu mukamai na farko, yana da dangantaka mai wuya da ma'aikacin sa. Wannan yanayin bai ɗan gyara ba sa’ad da sarkinsa, Augustus na uku na Poland, ya ba shi lakabin mawaki na kotu a shekara ta 1736. A cikin shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, ya sake yin aiki kuma ya ƙara yawan waƙoƙinsa na farko. Ya mutu sakamakon rikice-rikice bayan da aka yi masa tiyatar ido a shekara ta 1750 yana da shekaru 65.

Bach ya wadatar da tsarin Jamusanci ta hanyar ƙwarensa na ƙima, daidaitawa, da ƙungiyoyi masu motsa rai, da daidaitawar sa na rhythm, nau'i, da laushi daga ƙasashen waje, musamman daga Italiya da Faransa. Ƙungiyoyin Bach sun haɗa da ɗaruruwan cantatas, duka masu tsarki da na zamani. Ya haɗa kiɗan cocin Latin, Passions, oratorios, da motets. Yakan ɗauki waƙoƙin Lutheran sau da yawa, ba kawai a cikin manyan ayyukan muryarsa ba amma, alal misali, har ma a cikin waƙoƙinsa na sassa huɗu da waƙoƙinsa masu tsarki. Ya yi rubutu da yawa don gabobin jiki da sauran kayan aikin madannai. Ya tsara kade-kade, misali na violin da na garaya, da suites, a matsayin kade-kade da kade-kade. Yawancin ayyukansa suna amfani da dabarun hana cin zarafi kamar canon da fugue. A cikin karni na 18, Bach ya kasance mai daraja da farko a matsayin organist, yayin da kiɗan maɓalli, irin su The Well-Tempered Clavier, an yaba da halayensa. Karni na 19 ya ga an buga wasu muhimman tarihin rayuwar Bach, kuma a karshen wannan karnin, an buga duk sanannun wakokinsa. Yada guraben karatu a kan mawakin ya ci gaba ta hanyar kasidu (da kuma daga baya har ma da gidajen yanar gizo) keɓaɓɓen keɓe gare shi da sauran wallafe-wallafe kamar su Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis (BWV, kundin tarihin ayyukansa mai ƙididdigewa) da sabbin bugu na abubuwan da ya tsara. Waƙarsa ta ƙara shahara ta hanyar ɗimbin shirye-shirye, ciki har da Air on the G String da "Yesu, Joy of Man's Desiring", da kuma na rikodi, kamar akwatin akwatin daban-daban guda uku tare da cikakkiyar wasan kwaikwayo na oeuvre na mawaki wanda ke nuna bikin cika shekaru 250 na bikin. mutuwarsa.
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