Sarah Bernhardt

**Sarah Bernhardt** (  ;  an haife ta **Henriette-Rosine Bernard** ; 22 ga Oktoba 1844 - 26 ga Maris 1923) 'Yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Faransa wacce ta fito a cikin wasu daga cikin shahararrun wasannin kwaikwayo na Faransa na ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20, ciki har da  na Alexandre Dumas , *Ruy Blas* na Victor Hugo, *Fédora* da *La Tosca* na Victorien Sardou, da kuma *L'Aiglon* na Edmond Rostand . Ta taka rawar mata da maza, ciki har da Hamlet na Shakespeare. Rostand ta kira ta "sarauniyar matsayi da gimbiya ta wannan alamar", kuma Hugo ya yaba mata "muryarta ta zinare". Ta yi rangadin wasan kwaikwayo da dama a duk duniya kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na farko da suka yi rikodin sauti da kuma yin fina-finai. Ta kuma kasance ƙwararriyar mai zane-zane, a matsayin mai zane kuma musamman a matsayin mai sassaka.

Tana da alaƙa da nasarar mai zane Alphonse Mucha, wanda aikinsa ya taimaka wajen tallata shi. Mucha ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu fasaha da aka fi nema a wannan lokacin saboda salon sa na Art Nouveau .

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Rayuwa ta farko

An haifi Henriette-Rosisne Bernard  a ƙarfe 5 na rue de L'École-de-Médecine a cikin Kwata na Latin na Paris a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 1844.   'Yar Judith Bernard ce (wanda aka fi sani da Julie kuma a Faransa ana kiranta Youle), wata 'yar ƙasar Holland mai suna Yunus.     Ba a daɗe da rubuta sunan mahaifinta ba, amma an san shi yanzu a matsayin lauya a Le Havre .  Daga baya Bernhardt ya rubuta cewa dangin mahaifinta sun biya kuɗin karatunta, sun dage cewa a yi mata baftisma a matsayin Katolika, kuma sun bar kuɗi mai yawa don a biya ta idan ta girma.  Mahaifiyarta tana yawan tafiye-tafiye, kuma ba ta ga 'yarta sosai ba. Ta sanya Bernhardt a wurin ma'aikaciyar jinya a Brittany, sannan a wani ƙaramin gida a yankin Neuilly-sur-Seine da ke wajen birnin Paris. 

Lokacin da Bernhardt ke da shekaru bakwai, mahaifiyarta ta tura ta zuwa makarantar kwana ta 'yan mata a unguwar Auteuil da ke birnin Paris, inda ta biya kuɗi daga dangin mahaifinta. A can, ta yi wasan kwaikwayo na farko a wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Clothilde, inda ta riƙe matsayin Sarauniyar Aljanu kuma ta yi wasan kwaikwayo na farko a cikin fina-finan mutuwa masu ban mamaki. [1] Yayin da take makarantar kwana, mahaifiyarta ta hau kan gaba a cikin masu kula da 'yan Paris, tana hulɗa da 'yan siyasa, ma'aikatan banki, janar-janar, da marubuta. Abokanta da abokanta sun haɗa da Charles de Morny, Duke na Morny, ɗan'uwan Sarki Napoleon na III kuma Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Faransa. [1]

Tana da shekaru 10, tare da tallafin Morny, an shigar da Bernhardt zuwa Grandchamp, wata makarantar musamman ta Augustine convent kusa da Versailles .  A gidan sufaye, ta yi rawar Mala'ika Raphael a cikin wani labari da ya dogara da Littafin Tobit .  Ta bayyana niyyarta ta zama mai bin addinin zuhudu amma ba koyaushe take bin ƙa'idodin gidan sufaye ba; an zarge ta da laifin yin abin ƙyama lokacin da ta shirya jana'izar Kirista, tare da jerin gwano da biki, ga ƙadangaren dabbobinta.  Ta sami nadin farko a matsayinta na Katolika ta Roman a 1856 kuma tana da cikakken addini bayan haka. Duk da haka, ba ta taɓa mantawa da gadonta na Yahudawa ba. Lokacin da wani ɗan jarida ya tambaye ta shekaru bayan haka ko Kirista ce, ta amsa: "A'a, ni ɗan Katolika ne na Roman kuma memba ne na babban ƙabilar Yahudawa. Ina jiran har sai Kiristoci sun inganta."  Wannan ya bambanta amsarta, "A'a, ba za ta taɓa ba. Ni ba mai yarda da Allah ba ne" da wata tambaya da ta yi a baya daga mawaƙi kuma ɗan ƙasarsu Charles Gounod idan ta taɓa yin addu'a.  Duk da haka, ta karɓi ibada ta ƙarshe jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarta. 

A shekara ta 1857, Bernhardt ta ji labarin cewa mahaifinta ya mutu a ƙasashen waje.  Mahaifiyarta ta kira majalisar iyali, ciki har da Morny, don su yanke shawara kan abin da za su yi da ita. Morny ta ba da shawarar cewa Bernhardt ta zama 'yar wasan kwaikwayo. Wannan ra'ayin ya tsorata Bernhardt, domin ba ta taɓa shiga gidan wasan kwaikwayo ba.  Morny ta shirya mata ta halarci wasan kwaikwayo na farko a Comédie-Française a wani liyafa da ta haɗa da mahaifiyarta, Morny, da *abokinsa* Alexandre Dumas . Wasan kwaikwayo da suka halarta shine *Britannicus*, na Jean Racine, sannan kuma barkwancin gargajiya *Amphitryon* na Plautus . Jin daɗin wasan kwaikwayon ya motsa Bernhardt har ta fara kuka da ƙarfi, yana damun sauran masu sauraro.  Morny da sauran waɗanda ke cikin liyafar sun fusata da ita. Sun tafi, amma Dumas ya ta'azantar da ita kuma daga baya ya gaya mata cewa ya yi imanin cewa an ƙaddara ta zuwa filin. Bayan wasan kwaikwayon, Dumas ya kira ta "ƙaramin tauraro na". 

Morny ya yi amfani da tasirinsa tare da mawaki Daniel Auber, shugaban makarantar Conservatory ta Paris, don shirya Bernhardt don yin gwaji. Ta fara shiri, kamar yadda ta bayyana a cikin tarihin rayuwarta, "da wannan ƙarin bayani wanda na rungumi duk wani sabon aiki."  Dumas ya horar da ita. Juri'ar ta ƙunshi Auber da manyan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo guda biyar daga Comédie-Française. An yi ta ne don ta karanta ayoyi daga Racine, amma babu wanda ya gaya mata cewa tana buƙatar wani ya ba ta alama yayin da take karantawa. Bernhardt ta gaya wa juri cewa maimakon haka za ta karanta tatsuniyar La Fontaine . Juri'un sun yi shakka, amma sha'awar da kuma motsin karatunta sun rinjaye su, kuma an gayyace ta ta zama ɗaliba. 

### Farawa da tashi daga Comédie-Française (1862-1864)

Fayil:Ma_double_vie_sarah_bernhardt_136.jpg|alt=Debut of Bernhardt in Les Femmes Savantes at the Comédie-Française, 1862| Farkon Bernhardt a *Les Femmes Savantes* a Comédie-Française, 1862
Fayil:Sarah_Bernhardt,_par_Nadar,_1864,_sepia.jpg|alt=Sarah Bernhardt in 1864; age 20, by photographer Félix Nadar| Sarah Bernhardt a shekarar 1864; tana da shekaru 20, ta mai ɗaukar hoto Félix Nadar
Fayil:Sarah_Bernhardt_by_Félix_Nadar_2.jpg|alt=Bernhardt photographed by Nadar, 1865| Nadar ya ɗauki hoton Bernhardt, a shekarar 1865


### Odéon (1866–1872)

Domin ta tallafa wa kanta bayan haihuwar Maurice, Bernhardt ta taka ƙananan rawa da kuma ɗalibai a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Porte Saint-Martin, wani shahararren gidan wasan kwaikwayo na melodrama. A farkon 1866, ta sami karatu tare da Felix Duquesnel, darektan Théâtre de L'Odéon (Odéon) a gefen hagu. Duquesnel ta bayyana karatun shekaru bayan haka, tana cewa, "Ina da wata halitta a gabana wadda take da baiwa mai ban mamaki, mai hankali har zuwa ga hazaka, mai ƙarfin gwiwa a ƙarƙashin kamanni mai rauni da taushi, kuma mai son mugunta." Daraktan ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo na kuɗi, Charles de Chilly, yana son ya ƙi ta a matsayin wacce ba ta da aminci kuma siririya, amma Duquesnel ya yi sihiri; ya ɗauke ta aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a ƙaramin albashi na francs 150 a wata, wanda ya biya daga aljihunsa.  Odéon ya kasance na biyu a cikin daraja bayan Comédie-Française, kuma ba kamar wannan gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya ba, wanda ya ƙware a cikin shirye-shiryen zamani. Odéon ta shahara a tsakanin ɗaliban Left Bank. Wasanninta na farko da ta yi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo ba su yi nasara ba. An yi mata wasan barkwanci mai salo da ban dariya na ƙarni na 18, yayin da babban abin da take so a kan dandamali shi ne cikakken gaskiyarta.  Sirarar jikinta ta kuma sa ta yi kama da abin dariya a cikin kayan kwalliya. Dumas, wanda shi ne babban mai goyon bayanta, ya yi tsokaci bayan wani wasa, "tana da kan budurwa da jikin tsintsiya."  Ba da daɗewa ba, duk da haka, tare da wasanni daban-daban da ƙarin gogewa, wasanninta sun inganta; an yaba mata saboda rawar da ta taka a fim ɗin Cordelia a cikin *King Lear* . &#x5B; ** &#x5D; A watan Yunin 1867, ta yi rawa biyu a cikin *fim ɗin Athalie* na Jean Racine; ɓangaren wata budurwa da ƙaramin yaro, Zacharie, na farko a cikin ɓangarorin maza da yawa da ta taka a cikin aikinta. Mai suka mai tasiri Sarcey ya rubuta "ta burge masu sauraronta kamar ƙaramin Orpheus." 

Wasanta na farko ya kasance a cikin farfaɗowar *Kean* ta Alexandre Dumas a shekarar 1868, inda ta taka rawar mata a matsayin jagorar Anna Danby. Tun farko an katse wasan kwaikwayon sakamakon rikice-rikicen da matasa masu kallo suka yi, waɗanda suka yi kira, "Ku sauka da Dumas! Ku ba mu Hugo!". Bernhardt ya yi wa masu sauraro jawabi kai tsaye: "Abokai, kuna son kare manufar adalci. Shin kuna yin hakan ne ta hanyar sanya Monsieur Dumas alhakin korar Monsieur Hugo?".  Da wannan, masu sauraro suka yi dariya suka yi tafi suka yi shiru. A labulen ƙarshe, ta sami babban yabo, Dumas kuma ta yi sauri a bayan fage don taya ta murna. Lokacin da ta fita daga gidan wasan kwaikwayo, jama'a sun taru a ƙofar dandamali suka jefa mata furanni. An ƙara albashinta nan da nan zuwa francs 250 a wata. 

## Manazarta