Manufar Lafiyan muhalli

**Manufofin kiwon lafiya na muhalli** mataki ne na gwamnati da aka nufa don hana fuskantar Hadarin muhalli ko kuma "kawar da tasirin haɗarin mujalli".

Yawancin batutuwan manufofin muhalli suna shafar lafiyar mutane, gami da manufofi da ke shafar samun iska da ruwa mai tsabta, manufofi waɗanda ke tabbatar da tsabta da tsabta, samar da alamomi don amfanin sunadarai, tallafawa amincin wurin aiki, yanayin da aka gina mai tallafawa kiwon lafiya, da aikin gona mai ɗorewa. Hadarin muhalli ga kiwon lafiya sun haɗa da Canjin yanayi, gurɓataccen iska da gurɓatawar ruwa, wasu sunadarai da wakilai na halittu, hayaniya, radiation, wuraren aiki marasa aminci, da ayyukan noma marasa kyau, da sauransu da yawa.

Ana iya aiwatar da manufofin kiwon lafiya na muhalli a matakai da yawa na gwamnati, gami da a cikin birni, jihohi, da kuma kasa da kasa. Manufofin kiwon lafiya na kasa da kasa sun haɗa da hadin gwiwar kasashe da yawa don aiwatar da manufofin manufofi na juna don magance manyan batutuwan kiwon lafiya, kamar gurɓataccen yanayi da canjin yanayi (watau, Kyoto Protocol).

## Abubuwan muhalli
Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan muhalli da ke taimakawa ga lafiyar al'ummar duniya shine sauyin chanjin yanayi . Canjin yanayi shine tsayin lokaci mai tsayi da/ko faɗuwar yanayin zafi da karkatar da yanayin yanayi akan lokaci.  Sakamakon sauyin yanayi, yankin Arctic na Kanada ya karu da zafin jiki da digiri uku ko hudu.  Yayin da dumamar yanayi na Arewacin Arctic ke ci gaba, ragi na ruwa yana shiga cikin tsarin. Ko ragi ya kasance saboda ruwan sama ko narkewar dusar ƙanƙara, ƙarin adadin ƙwayoyin cuta suna shiga cikin ruwa mai daɗi. 

Tare da haɓaka matsanancin yanayin yanayi, ƙwayoyin cuta da cututtukan da ake samu da ruwa, da kuma rashin lafiyar jiki sun zama mafi yawa a cikin waɗannan yanayi.  Wadannan cututtuka ma yaduwa da abin da ke tare da su (saro, tic da sauransu) sun dogara ga yanayin muhalli wajan yadawa da tsira.  Haifuwa da yaɗuwar waɗannan cututtuka na da matuƙar tasiri sakamakon sauyin yanayi. 

Gurbacewar iska wani dalili ne dake tabbatar kasancewa wajen a tasirin lafiya.gurbatatcciyar iska Yana samu wane ta qara tsananin batu  a shugowar shekara cigaban kasa su ne kwarewa sosai shugowar kudi da mutuwar su dayawa wasu mutane a wani bangare ma ana albarkatun da ake buqata su rayu . Gurbacewar iska Yana zuwa ta hanya biyu ne; watsi da watsa. Sune kowane kallan kazanta kamar su lokacin tafiya, kuna ma a danai ko  Da saukin daga qasa

Hatsarin kiwon lafiya da ke haifar da muhalli ya fara shafar mutane a duniya. An yi kiyasin cewa karuwar zafi a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 150,000 a kowace shekara. I Turai a lokacin rani na 2003 sun sami sama da yanayin zafi na yau da kullun wanda ya haifar da mutuwar kusan 22,000 zuwa 45,000 a cikin makonni biyu.  Wannan shi ne mafi munin tasirin sauyin yanayi a tarihin baya-bayan nan. Ƙara yawan matsanancin zafin jiki yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da karuwar mace-mace. Wasu daga cikin haɗarin kiwon lafiya waɗanda ke zuwa tare da matsanancin yanayin zafi sune damuwa mai zafi, gazawar jijiyoyin bugun jini, Hypothermia, da sauransu 

Yanayin zafin jiki yana kawo cututtukan zazzabin cizon sauro a cikin sauro da kuma iyawar sa da kuma yadda sauro zai iya shan jini .  Sauro na bunƙasa wajen watsa ƙwayoyin cuta inda yanayin zafi bai wuce digiri 25 na ma'aunin celcius ba.  Ruwan sama mai yawa, wanda ke ƙara yawaita a tsakanin ƙasashe da yawa, yana aiki a matsayin cikakkiyar wurin kiwo don farkon rayuwar sauro a cikin ruwa.  Zazzabin cizon sauro cuta ce da ke haifar da cutar da ta fi yawa a Afirka. Cutar na jefa biliyoyin mutane cikin hadarin kamuwa da cutar.  Sakamakon rashin isasshen kiwon lafiya inda cutar ta fi yawa, mutane da yawa suna mutuwa.  Muhalli na ba da gudummawa sosai ga nasarar da zazzabin cizon sauro ke samu wajen yada cutar. 

abu daya days zama game gari hadari ga lafiyar Al  ummah gamuwa da haifar gurbacewar iska da ingancin iska. Rashin lafiya

Tarin fuka in cutar ta tsananta  wa mutum na kumbura 

a tsarin da lokacin yana bayyanar da Rashin lafiya sakamakon shakshakan numfashi da yin tari.[13]

Kashe kashen muhalli kamar, gubatacciyar iska , taba, hayaki da na wasu kalansu iska ana samunta ta jikin Dan a Adam    

Canjin yanayi na iya shafar lafiyar ɗan adam ta numfashi ta hanyar tsananta cututtukan numfashi ko ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cutar.  Canjin yanayi na iya shafar tsarin numfashi ta tsari adadin pollen is pollen da allergens a cikin iska, yaɗuwar ƙura, da kuma tasirin ledar sararin samaniyar ozone.  Ƙara yawan zafin jiki yana haifar da sanya damuwa a kan tsarin numfashi sau da yawa yana haifar da asma da sauran cututtuka na huhu.  Wasu daga cikin haɗarin kiwon lafiya waɗanda ke da alaƙa da tsarin numfashi sun haɗa da asma, rhnosinusitis, cututtuka na numfashi, da cututtukan huhu na yau da kullun. 

## Hanyoyi

### matakin karamar hukuma

#### Hamilton, Ontario (Kanada)
Hamilton Yana da wani qarfe babba a wanin yank slallata manyan gurbacew ruwa sannam ma cikin gari. Tasirin gurbaciyar ruwa Yana kawo asarar  $537 million a kowane shekara na kula da lafiya da sauran qun guyoyin ake . dayawa maganar lafiya yana tashine ta gurbaciyar ruwa a Hamilton da mutuwar yara health issues that arise with air pollution in Hamilton is premature death, respiratory problems, and cardiovascular problems. Hamilton is taking the initiative to spread awareness around environmental issues with the implementation of yearly summits. Vision 2020 is a community based development program which encourages community reporting of environmental issues, which influences policy.

#### Rochester, New York (United States of America)
In 2005, the city of Rochester enacted a rental housing-based lead law when the incidence of childhood lead poisoning was rising. The new amendment to the housing code requires a lead inspection of rental properties built before 1978, with a focus on deteriorating paint within and outside the house. The law requires property owners to remove any lead based paint and dust from the premise and obtain a certificate of occupancy before they are able to rent out the property again. In order to keep compliance with the law, Rochester allows owners to be trained in lead safe repair work so Environmental Protection Agency workers are not required to correct violations.

#### Harlem, New York (Amurka ta Amurika)
Harlem, tare da yankuna da yawa na Amurka, sun ɗauki hanyar bincike ta haɗin kai ta hanyar al'umma don bincika manufofin lafiyar muhalli.  Kungiyar West Harlem Environmental ACTion Inc. da Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Jami'ar Columbia sun yi nazari kan illar gurbatar man diesel ga muhalli, kuma sun ba da sakamakon ga gwamnati, wanda ya canza manufofinsu na kiwon lafiyar muhalli don daidaita sakamakon.  Lafiyar numfashi ita ce babban abin damuwa ga canjin manufofin, wanda aka samo asali daga wani abu na musamman da carbon a cikin tushen diesel na gida.  Harlem sun sake gina tsarin jirgin bas ɗin su ta hanyar amfani da dizal mai tsafta da shigar da na'urori na dindindin na iska don sarrafa yawan gurɓataccen iska da motocin bas ɗin ke haifarwa. 

#### Sao Paulo, Brazil
The metropolitan area of São Paulo has dealt with issues of air and water pollution created by motor vehicles and inadequate treatment of sewage. Infectious and parasitic diseases, circulatory diseases, and respiratory problems have all been a concern in São Paulo. The city uses data linkages (HEADLAMP) between the environment and health in order to influence future policies. Air pollution has been improved marginally in regards to industrial pollution, but motor vehicle traffic creates the largest amount of sulphur dioxide emissions. Water treatment plants have not grown to accommodate the growing population, but piped water and sanitation facilities have been expanding. Impacts of the environment on health have been felt more in the poorer areas of the city compared to the wealthier sectors.

#### Kasashen da suka ci gaba
Kanada ta magance fallasa gubar shekaru da yawa, tana raguwa tun shekarun 1970 tare da kawar da fentin gubar da mai.  Yayin da aka samu raguwar gubar dalma, har yanzu akwai alamun kamuwa da dalma daga fenti da kuma tsohon bututu a gidaje.  Fitar da gubar ya fi illa ga mata masu juna biyu da yara, wanda hakan ya sa su fi kamuwa da guba. An jera gubar a matsayin abu mai guba a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kariyar Muhalli ta Kanada.  Gwamnati ta aiwatar da ka'idoji game da gubar don haɓaka yanayi mai kyau.

Ƙasashen Farko da Reshen Kiwon Lafiyar Inuit sun yi ƙoƙarin tabbatar da cewa an ba wa waɗannan al'ummomin dama dama ga ayyukan kiwon lafiya kwatankwacin waɗanda ke wurare iri ɗaya na Kanada.  Kiwon lafiya Kanada ta ayyana yanayin kiwon lafiya don haɗa da ruwa mai tsafta, abinci, gidaje da wuraren da ake kula da su, zubar da sharar gida, da ikon rigakafi da sarrafa cuta.  Ana aiwatar da Shirin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Muhalli a cikin ƙauyen ƙauye da yawa, waɗanda aka keɓance su ga takamaiman buƙatu ciki har da amincin abinci, tushen ruwa mai tsafta, da haɓaka rashin kyawun mahalli. 

{Asar Amirka na da manufofi da yawa don magance fallasa sinadarai, ingancin iska, makamashi, gurɓataccen mai, da tsaftataccen ruwan sha. Bayyanar da sinadarai na jama'a na iya yin tasiri a jiki ciki har da ciwon daji, cututtukan zuciya, asma da kiba.  Wadanda ke aiki a sassan masana'antu da noma sun fi saurin kamuwa da cutar, amma yara, mata masu juna biyu, da masu fama da rashin lafiya suma suna cikin hadarin kamuwa da cutar.  {Asar Amirka ta aiwatar da Dokar Kula da Abubuwan Guba don magance fallasa sinadarai da tabbatar da cewa sinadarai ba su da lafiya kuma 'yan ƙasa ba su da yawa. 

EPA takawo cigaba na goge maii fetur da gas da biodiesel wanda gurbacewar iska Wanda Moto ke kawowa  emission. sune kashi kashi na  emission suna tasirin a lafiya  respiratory health da qaruwan magunguna saboda yawa. Shekaran 2013, matafiya sukai transportation was more than half on carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides produced in the environment. The country has also implemented vehicle emission standards to cut pollution from motor vehicles.

Norway tana da ƙa'idodin muhalli da yawa da suka shafi ƙazanta, ingancin iska, da ruwa.  Haka kuma akwai tsare-tsare da aka yi don kare lafiyar ‘yan kasa da jin dadin jama’a baki daya, da kuma a wuraren aiki.  Wuraren aiki dole ne su tabbatar da cewa suna da matakan hanawa ko ɗauke da gurɓata ruwa, tare da shirya maganganun tasirin muhalli da son rai waɗanda ke samuwa ga hukumomin kula da gurɓataccen yanayi.  Idan wurare suna fitar da hayaƙin carbon dioxide, to dole ne su nemi izinin fitarwa, kuma dole ne su ba da rahoton hayakin kowace shekara ga hukumomin kula da gurbataccen yanayi.  Norway tana ƙoƙarin kare tushen ruwanta daga gurɓatawa ta hanyar tabbatar da kayan aiki aiwatar da matakan da ke haifar da mafi ƙarancin lahani ko damuwa ga jama'a ko kamfanoni.  Gwamnati ta tsara tsare-tsare don tabbatar da lafiyar lafiyar ma'aikata a kowane mataki, tare da daukar mataki kan duk wani hadari a cikin wuraren aiki da zai jefa lafiya cikin hadari. 

A halin yanzu ingancin iska a Turkiyya yana kan matakan da ake ganin cutarwa ga lafiyar dan adam. Girman ƙarfin huhu na yara yana raguwa a wuraren da ake yawan gurbatar iska, wanda zai iya ƙara yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar huhu .  Haɗari ga lafiyar huhu sun haɗa da asma, Ciwon Ciwon Jiki na Jiki, Ciwon daji na huhu, da emphysema waɗanda za a iya ƙarfafa su ta rashin ingancin iska.  Karfin kwal a Turkiyya ya kasance wani muhimmin al'amari na gurbatar iska.  Tushen wutar lantarki suna sakin sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, da mercury, waɗanda zasu iya wucewa a cikin muhalli har zuwa shekaru arba'in.  Kungiyar likitocin Turkiyya ta bayyana damuwarta game da karuwar masana'antar kwal a Turkiyya, tare da ba da shawarar dakatar da masana'antar kwal don kara ingancin iska a kasar zuwa matakan tsaro. 

Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ma'aikatar Lafiya sun haɗu tare da hukumomi da cibiyoyin kimiyya don fahimtar al'amuran kiwon lafiyar muhalli.  Kasar Jamus ta dade da dadewa kan manufofin kiwon lafiyar muhalli domin kiyaye zaman lafiyar 'yan kasa.  Manufofin sun dogara ne akan binciken kimiyya da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ma'aikatu, amma manufofin kiwon lafiyar muhalli galibi ba sa cikin tsarin manufofin tunda ana sarrafa su sosai. 

A cikin 2011, an aiwatar da manufofi don kawar da makamashin nukiliya a cikin ƙasar bayan bala'in nukiliya na Fukushima .  Gurbacewar iska ta karu zuwa matsayi mafi girma tun daga shekarun 1980 saboda karuwar konewar kwal, lamarin da ya jefa jama'a cikin hadarin kamuwa da cututtuka masu alaka da gurbatar iska.  Haka kuma hako ma'adinai a kasar ya haifar da gurbacewar ruwa da ke shafar lafiyar dan Adam da na dabbobi.  An danganta hakar ma'adinan kwal da batutuwan muhalli da kiwon lafiya, wanda hakan ya sa gwamnati ta rufe dukkan ramukan hakar ma'adinai nan da shekarar 2018.  Jamus ta kasance kan gaba wajen tinkarar hayakin carbon da ke da alaƙa da sauyin yanayi ta hanyar manufofi don rage amfani da albarkatu da ingantaccen amfani da hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa . 

#### Kasashe masu tasowa

##### China
Kasar Sin tana da albarkatun ma'adinai masu yawa kuma tana daya daga cikin manyan masu samar da karafa da karafa.  Tun daga 1980s, sun ga karuwar gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi da lalata albarkatun ƙasa, yana jefa lafiyar jama'a cikin haɗari. Gurbacewar iska ita ce babbar matsalar muhalli ta cututtukan zuciya a cikin kasar.  Kasashen Asiya suna neman yin bincike kan abubuwan muhalli don fahimtar yadda hakan ke shafar lafiya.

Ma'adinan kasar Sin sun samar da gurbatacciyar kasa da ke yin illa ga lafiyar dan Adam.  Wadanda ke zaune a kusa da yankin na ma'adinan suna cikin haɗari musamman na cututtukan cututtukan daji da kuma waɗanda ba na cutar daji ba na ƙasa. Babban hatsarori suna zuwa daga ban ruwa na najasa, aikace-aikacen sludge, hakar ma'adinai, da ayyukan narkewa.  Wannan gurbatar yanayi yana shafar jikin mutum ta hanyar cutar da jijiya, kwarangwal, jini, enzymatic, endocrine, da tsarin rigakafi.  Ƙarin sakamako na yau da kullum zai iya haɗawa da ciwon daji, raunin kashi, hauhawar jini, raunuka, da neuropathy.  Kasar Sin ta gudanar da nazarin tantance hadarin kiwon lafiya kadan game da dukkan ma'adinan kasar, don haka ba a san cikakken hadarin da ke tattare da ma'adinan ba.

A cikin al'ummomin da ke hakar ma'adinai na Indiya, yawan jama'a na cikin haɗarin cututtukan numfashi da zazzabin cizon sauro.  Wadanda ke zaune kusa da ma'adinan sun ba da rahoton faruwar lamarin  na wadannan cututtuka. Wannan ya yi tasiri ga manufofin muhalli saboda hakar ma'adinai kasuwanci ce mai riba da za a iya mayar da ita, amma tare da illa ga lafiya an buƙaci su daidaita lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli. 

Kasar Indiya ta kuma fuskanci wahala wajen samar da ruwan sha da ayyukan tsaftar muhalli a yankunan karkara.  An aiwatar da shirye-shiryen da ake aiwatar da buƙatun al'umma tun daga 2004 waɗanda ke buƙatar haɓakawa ta hanyar samar da ruwa, tsafta, da tsafta.  Wannan wani yunƙuri ne na inganta lafiyar yara, da rage gudawa da cututtuka masu nasaba da ruwa.  Kashi 21% na al'ummar karkara ne kawai ke amfani da famfo mai zaman kansa, sauran kaso kuma suna tafiya don samun ruwa. Kashi 12% ne kawai ke amfani da bandakuna masu zaman kansu, sauran kuma sun tafi babban wurin tsaftar muhalli.  Shirin da aka aiwatar ya sami damar ƙara samun ruwa mai tacewa, bandakuna masu zaman kansu, da haɓaka tsafta.

##### Najeriya
A shekarar 2014, Najeriya ta aiwatar da dabarun hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa na WHO don tunkarar muradun karni. Manufar dabarar manufar ita ce tantance illolin lafiya na kasadar muhalli ta hanyar gudanar da kimar tasirin lafiya.  Har ila yau, gwamnati na shirin kara karfin kasashen da za su iya tunkarar matsalolin muhalli da suka hada da sauyin yanayi, da gurbacewar iska, da kuma radiation da za su iya cutar da lafiya.  Dabarar ta mayar da hankali kan samar da manufofi don inganta magunguna, samun damar kula da lafiya a duniya, da rage cututtuka da muhalli ke haifarwa. 

A cikin 2016, gwamnatin Kenya ta gabatar da sabuwar manufar tsaftar muhalli da tsaftar muhalli ta Kenya.  Rashin tsaftar muhalli ya kasance kan gaba wajen yawan mace-mace a kasar. Sabuwar manufar ta haifar da wani lokaci daga 2016-2030 inda aka tsara ka'idoji don jihohi da na jihohi su bi don inganta tsafta da samar da ingantacciyar rayuwa.  Manufar ita ce a samu damar tsaftace muhalli ta duniya nan da shekarar 2030. Wannan ya hada da duk wuraren taruwar jama'a da gidajen da ke da damar shiga bandaki masu ɗorewa, waɗanda ba su da wari, da rage cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da tsafta.  A halin yanzu, kusan kashi 72 cikin 100 na bandakuna a yankunan karkarar Kenya ana tona ramuka ne kuma ana yin bahaya a fili. Adadin magudanan tsaftar ya yi ƙasa sosai, tare da yawancin ba a yi musu magani ba.  Fashewar najasa da fitar da danyen najasa daga tsire-tsire al'ada ce ta yau da kullun, tana lalata ƙasa da samar da ruwa.  Gurbacewar iska a cikin birane ma abin damuwa ne. A Nairobi, matakan gurɓata yanayi sun ninka shawarar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya sau uku.  An yi hasashen karuwar biranen zai karu a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, don haka gwamnati ta kirkiro hangen nesa na 2030 na Kenya a kokarin magance ayyukan tsaftar muhalli a kasar.  Kenya Vision na son mayar da Kenya sabuwar ƙasa mai ci gaban masana'antu, mai matsakaicin ra'ayi mai ingantacciyar rayuwa ga 'yan ƙasarta. 

### matakin kasa da kasa

#### Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO)
In 2006, the World Health Organization created a study on specific diseases and injuries affected by environmental risks, and which regions of the world are at the most risk of injury. WHO studies the effects and supports the design of preventative and health strategies in countries to reduce environmental health risks. Environmental factors such as air and water quality, patterns of energy use, and patterns of land use can directly and indirectly affect health of citizens. WHO's findings found that 24% of global disease and 23% of deaths are caused by environmental factors (although they vary from developing countries with 25%, and developed with 17%). Several diseases found in the study included diarrhea, respiratory infections, malaria, and unintentional injuries caused by environmental factors that can be modified by policy. Infectious diseases is a higher burden in developing countries than in developed, attributed to more exposure to environmental risks and lack of access to health care. Diseases attributed to environmental factors decrease with development to either eradication, or to levels comparable to developed regions. Children are disproportionately affected by environmental hazards. WHO found that children under the age of five are more prone to diseases from environmental factors than the rest of the total population.

WHO ta tallafawa muradun karni na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa. Fa'idodin MDG shine tanadi a fannin kiwon lafiya, haɓakar tattalin arziki, da ƙarancin rayuka da aka rasa daga cututtukan da gurɓataccen ruwa ke haifarwa. 

Kididdiga ta Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta nuna kiyasin mutane miliyan 4 zuwa 6.8 ne ke mutuwa sakamakon gurbacewar iska a sararin samaniyar duniya a kowace shekara bugu da kari, 8 cikin 10 na mutane na shakar iska wanda ya karu da gurbacewar iska. 

#### Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
A cikin 2000, an ƙirƙiri muradun Ƙarni na Ƙarni (MDG) a sanarwar Ƙarni na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Shugabannin kasashen duniya sun taru da nufin rage talauci nan da shekarar 2015 a kasashe masu tasowa.  An ƙirƙiro maƙasudai takwas don magance matsanancin talauci saboda yanayi, matsuguni, da cututtuka, da tabbatar da cewa kowa yana da yancin samun lafiya, ilimi, matsuguni, da tsaro.

An amince da shi a cikin 2015, Manufofin Ci Gaba mai Dorewa (SDG) da za a cimma ta 2030 an ƙirƙira don maye gurbin MDG.  Wadannan manufofin suna nufin duka kasashe masu tasowa da masu tasowa, ta yin amfani da yanayin muhalli, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki don cimma burin.  Manufofin 3, 6, da 11 suna shafar manufofin lafiyar muhalli. Manufar 3 ita ce tabbatar da Lafiya da Lafiya mai kyau, wanda ke shafar wasu manufofi. Idan aka cimma manufofin muhalli, lafiyar kasar za ta iya inganta ta hanyar rage cututtuka da mutuwa.  Manufar 11 na samar da birane masu dorewa da al'ummomi yana da mahimmanci ga manufofin kiwon lafiyar muhalli tun lokacin da biranen babban abin damuwa ne wanda zai iya shafar albarkatun ciki har da ruwa, wanda ke shafar lafiyar jama'a.  Manufar 6 na nufin samar da tsaftataccen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a kasashe.  Magance ruwan sha a cikin ƙasashe batu ne da manufofin SDG ke ƙoƙarin rinjayar ƙasashe don ingantawa da samar da ingantacciyar hanyar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsafta. 

## manazarta