An gudanar da shi a kan Montana

**Held v. Montan**a wata Shari'a kotu ce ta Tsarin Mulki a Jihar Montana game da haƙƙin "yanci mai tsabta da lafiya a Montana don tsararraki na yanzu da na gaba". IX, sakin layi na 1 kamar yadda Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Montana ya buƙaci. An gabatar da karar ne a watan Maris na 2020 ta hanyar Our Children's Trust a madadin matasa goma sha shida da ke zaune a Montana, sannan masu shekaru 2 zuwa 18.   A ranar 12 ga Yuni, 2023, shari'ar ta zama karar farko da ta shafi yanayi da za a yi shari'a a Amurka.

masu shigar da kara sun yi jayayya cewa goyon bayan jihar ga masana'antar man fetur ya kara tsananta tasirin canjin yanayi a rayuwarsu, don haka ya hana su hakkinsu na tsarin mulki. Fiye da haka, masu shigar da kara sun kalubalanci wani tanadi a cikin Dokar Manufofin Muhalli ta Montana (MEPA) wanda ya hana jihar yin la'akari da hayakin gas a matsayin wani abu yayin yanke shawara ko bayar da izini ga ayyukan da suka shafi makamashi. [Lokaci 1]

A cikin tsaro, jihar ta yi iƙirarin cewa masu tsarawa suna bin dokar jihar kawai  kuma sun yi jayayya cewa duk wani gudummawar Montana ga Canjin yanayi zai buƙaci a magance shi ta hanyar majalisar dokokin Montana.  Masu kare sun kira shari'ar masu shigar da kara "airing of political grief" wanda ba za a iya yin aiki a kotu ba.  

A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta, 2023, Alkalin Kotun Gundumar Lewis da Clark County Kathy Seeley sun yanke hukunci a madadin masu shigar da kara cewa iyakokin yin la'akari da abubuwan muhalli yayin yanke shawarar izinin mai da iskar gas sun keta haƙƙin yanayi mai aminci da aka karanta a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin Montana.  Kotun Koli ta Montana ta amince da hukuncin a ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2024.

## Tarihi
Sha'awar hakar Ma'adinai ta yi tasiri sosai ga abubuwan da ke cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Montana (1889) wanda ya haifar da dokoki masu zuwa don tallafawa masana'antu masu hakar maɓalli,   tare da wasu masana tarihi har ma suna kiran jihar "mallaka mai zaman kanta". Yarjejeniyar kundin tsarin mulki ta 1972 ta kara da harshe da ke tabbatar da 'yan ƙasa "dama ga yanayi mai tsabta da lafiya" - harshe wanda zai zama tsakiya ga shari'ar da aka gudanar. A lokacin shari'ar, Montana na ɗaya daga cikin jihohi uku kawai tare da kundin tsarin mulki da ke da kariya ta muhalli a bayyane a cikin lissafin haƙƙoƙi, don haka guje wa buƙatar masu shigar da kara don tabbatar da cewa suna da irin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin.

Duk da gyare-gyaren 1972, a cewar *[[The Guardian]]*, masana manufofi sun ce jami'an Montana sun tsara dokokin jihohi game da kudaden kudi masu zurfi na masana'antar man fetur. Misali, a cikin 2011 an canza manufofin makamashi na jihar don hana jihar yin la'akari da canjin yanayi a matsayin wani abu yayin yanke shawara ko bayar da sabbin izini. A cikin wannan shekarar, Montana ta janye daga Yammacin Yanayi, yarjejeniya tsakanin wasu jihohin yammacin Amurka da sassan Kanada don rage hayakin gas.   A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2023, 'Yan majalisa na Jamhuriyar Republican na Montana sun yi gyare-gyare ga Dokar Kare Muhalli ta Montana - da ake kira "ƙuntatawar MEPA"  - don sanya shi abin da aka dauka a matsayin dokar hana yanayi mafi tsananin yanayi a kasar.  A gefe guda, dokokin jihohi da aka kafa a cikin bazara na 2023 sun haramta kananan hukumomi daga haramta man fetur a cikin lambobin gini, daga haramta mai da aka samo daga man fetur, da kuma buƙatar sabon gini don samun bangarorin hasken rana.

A cikin mahallin, a cikin 2023 Montana ita ce jihar Amurka ta biyar mafi girma da ke samar da kwal kuma ta goma sha biyu mafi girma da ta Samar da mai. Bugu da ƙari, tun daga shekara ta 2003 jihar ta sami kusan dala miliyan 650 daga hakar albarkatu - na takwas mafi girma a cikin ƙasar.

A cikin shekara ta 2011, kamfanin lauya mai zaman kansa Our Children's Trust ya nemi Kotun Koli ta Montana ta yanke hukunci cewa jihar tana da alhakin magance canjin yanayi. Kotun ta ki amincewa da bukatar, wani yanke shawara wanda ya sa kungiyar ta fara a wata karamar kotu. A ranar 13 ga Maris, 2020, Our Children's Trust da sauran kamfanonin lauyoyi sun shigar da korafin Held v. Montana a Kotun Gundumar Shari'a ta Farko, Lewis da Clark County, a Helena. Alkalin ya musanta yunkurin da jihar ta yi a watan Agusta 2021 don korar. A cikin 2022, babban lauyan Montana ya nemi Kotun Koli ta jihar ta mallaki shari'ar, ta nemi a dakatar da Binciken, amma Kotun Kolai ta musanta duka buƙatun. Kodayake a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, an gabatar da karar canjin yanayi ta matasa a kowace jiha,  kawai hudu daga cikin karar da Our Children's Trust ta gabatar a waje da Montana har yanzu suna jiran har zuwa Yuni 2023.  A ranar 12 ga Yuni, 2023, Held ya zama karar da ta shafi yanayi ta uku a Amurka don zuwa shari'a,  kuma shari'ar tsarin mulki ta farko da ta shafi sauyin yanayi a Amurka don isa shari'a.  

A ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2023, Alkalin Gundumar Jihar Michael Moses ya yanke hukuncin cewa an soke izinin tashar Laurel Generation ta Arewa maso Yammacin Arewacin Yammacin Yamma a kan Kogin Yellowstone a Montana, yayin da Ma'aikatar Kula da Muhalli ta Montana (DEQ) ta yi kuskuren fassara dokar muhalli ta jihar kuma ta kasa la'akari da sakamakon dogon lokaci na hayakin carbon dioxide daga shuka,  wanda aka kiyasta a "tunan tan miliyan 23" wanda "zai tasiri" garin Billings wanda ke ƙarƙashin iska na tashar Laurels. Dangane da shawarar da Alkalin Musa ya yanke, a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, an gabatar da Dokar Majalisar 971, wanda wakilin Joshua Kassmier R-Fort Benton ya tallafawa kuma an aiwatar da shi da sauri. Bill 971 ya cire DEQ daga "matsayin ingancin iska da ka'idojin fitarwa yayin ba da izini ko canza izini". An gabatar da gyare-gyaren Majalisar Dattijai na 557 wanda Sanata Mark Noland, R-Bigfork, wanda yayi kama da HB 971, kuma ya kasance martani ga shawarar Musa a kan tsire-tsire na Laurel, a ranar 14 ga Afrilu.

## Manazarta