Carole Byard

**Carole Marie Byard** (22 ga Yuli, 1941 - 11 ga Janairu, 2017) 'Yar Amurka ce mai zane-zane, mai zane-zane, kuma mai ɗaukar hoto. Ta kasance mai zane-zanen littattafan yara wanda ya lashe kyaututtuka, kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Caldecott Honor, da kuma kyaututtukan Coretta Scott King da yawa. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Byard a birnin Atlantic, New Jersey, ga iyayensa William "Bunny" Byard da Viola London-Byard. Tana da ɗan'uwa ɗaya, babban ɗan'uwa, Michael Byard, wanda a cikin sauran ayyukansa, mai sha'awar lambu ne.  

A shekarar 1943, mahaifiyar Byard ta mutu tana ƙarama, kuma danginta masu yawa sun zama masu matuƙar muhimmanci a gare ta. A daidai wannan lokacin, an ɗauki mahaifinta a matsayin wanda zai shiga Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu .  Mahaifinta da kakarta sun rene Byard bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarta. 

Iyalan mahaifin Byard sun fito ne daga al'adar Kudancin Amurkawa, kuma kakarta ta uba ta zauna tare da su. Mahaifinta ya karɓi ragamar shugabancin iyali lokacin da kakan Byard ya mutu. Iyalan mahaifiyarta sun fito ne daga Caribbean, daga Barbados da Grenada - an haifi mahaifiyarta a wani tsibiri mai suna Balboa a Panama yayin da kakanta ke aiki a gina magudanar ruwa ta Panama .  

Byard ya halarci Makarantar New Jersey Avenue, sannan ya halarci Central Junior High sannan ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Atlantic City .  Byard ya yaba wa malamar makarantar sakandare Priscilla Gerard a matsayin wadda ta fara ba ta kwarin gwiwa wadda ta koya mata muhimmancin fasaha. Byard ta sami tallafin karatu na shekaru huɗu a wata makarantar fasaha a Ohio, amma ba ta iya biyan kuɗin zuwa ba saboda mutuwar wani kusa da ita da mahaifinta da suka kamu da cutar kansa.  

Madadin haka, Byard ta fara aiki a matsayin matukin jirgi na kwaikwayo a Cibiyar Gwajin Kayan Aikin Jiragen Sama ta Ƙasa kusa da Atlantic City .  Ta yi amfani da wannan aikin don biyan bukatun kanta yayin da take karatu a Fleischer Art Memorial da ke Philadelphia daga 1961 zuwa 1963. 

Ƙanwar mahaifiyarta Millicent tana zaune a birnin New York, don haka bayan ta yi aiki da taimaka wa mahaifinta, Byard ta sami damar zuwa ta zauna tare da ita. Daga 1964 zuwa 1968, Byard ta halarci Makarantar Zane ta New York Phoenix a aji na 33 da Lexington, inda ta yi digiri a fannin zane-zane, kuma daga baya za ta ci gaba da koyarwa.  Byard ya kuma yi karatun lithography tare da H. Morimoto da Robert Blackburn . 

## Sana'a
Byard ta ce yayin da take girma tana da sha'awar karatu, kuma tana son littattafai, amma koyaushe tana jin cewa babu littattafai ko hotuna na mutanen da suka yi kama da ita, iyalinta, da danginta, da kuma yadda suke rayuwa a matsayin mutane.

A lokacin kwaleji, ɗaliban Baƙar fata kaɗan ne. A ƙoƙarinta na haɗuwa da sauran masu fasaha baƙar fata, Byard ta je bikin baje kolin 1971 na Inda Muke a ƙauyen da ake kira Where We At: Black Women Artists: 1971, kuma ta sami damar yin hulɗa da sauran mata masu fasaha baƙar fata kamar Faith Ringgold . Ta zama ɓangare na ƙungiyar. 

A shekarar 1969 ko 1970, Byard ta ƙaura daga Harlem zuwa Westbeth Artists Community shekaru biyu bayan kammala karatunta daga kwaleji.  A Westbeth, maƙwabtanta sun haɗa da Freddie Waits da ɗansa Nasheet Waits .   A Westbeth, akwai ƙungiyar Black Artists Guild wadda Byard ya ce tana da tsari. Ƙungiyar Black Artists Guild wadda a farko ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ce da aka kafa a 1970. Byard ta je kallon wani shiri na *Slave Ship,* wani wasan kwaikwayo da Amiri Baraka ta rubuta a Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Brooklyn . Wasan kwaikwayon ya ƙunshi halartar masu sauraro da waƙa. Ta sami kwarin gwiwa daga wani hali a cikin wasan kwaikwayon kuma ta yi babban zane bisa ga wasan kwaikwayon. Ya bayyana cewa membobin 'yan wasa da yawa suma suna zaune a Westbeth, kuma suna cikin wannan ƙungiyar, bisa ga kayan Malcolm X da ya rage daga Organization of Afro-American Unity, ta amfani da ƙa'idodi bakwai. Byard ya shiga ƙungiyar kuma ya shiga cikin rubutu da yin zane-zane. 

Byard ta bayyana kanta a matsayin mai zane-zane a cikin al'umma, kuma wannan mayar da hankali na musamman ya iya haifar da rashin samun karbuwa sosai da kuma nasarar kasuwanci. 

### Zane
Bayan kammala karatun fasaha, Byard ta sami aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane a mujallu kafin ta mayar da hankali kan littattafan yara. Sha'awarta ga yin zane-zane ya haifar da ɗaya daga cikin ayyukanta na farko a cikin littattafai, tarihin rayuwar ɗan rawa na ballet Arthur Mitchell, wanda ya kafa Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Harlem . 

A shekarar 1972, ta sami tallafin Ford Foundation wanda ya ba da kuɗin tafiya na tsawon watanni uku a Afirka. Ta ziyarci Senegal, Ghana, Habasha, Najeriya, da Masar.  A Ibadan, Najeriya, ta zana zane a Haikalin House of Light.  Byard ta dawo Najeriya a matsayin wakili a bikin fasaha da al'adu na Baƙar fata da Afirka na biyu (FESTAC) a Legas a shekarar 1977. Abubuwan da ta fuskanta a tafiye-tafiye sun taimaka wa zane-zanen gawayi na littafin yara na gaba, *Three African Tales* na Adjai Robinson. 

Byard ta ci gaba da kwatanta littattafan yara sama da 16 a tsawon aikinta.  Ayyukanta galibi sun fi mayar da hankali kan abubuwan da suka faru na Baƙar fata da kuma labaran al'adun Afirka. Ta damu da ƙara wakilcin mutanen da ba su da launin fata a cikin littattafan yara na Amurka, kuma zane-zanenta sun nuna sha'awar da ke tattare da labaran Baƙar fata.  A cikin *The Black Snowman* (1991), Byard ya yi amfani da pastel don kwatanta wani labari mai ban mamaki inda wani yaro ya kawo baƙar fata mai dusar ƙanƙara rayuwa ta amfani da dusar ƙanƙara ta birni da kuma zane mai ban mamaki na kente . Ta kasance mai ba da gudummawa ga littafin tarihin yara *Jump Back, Honey: The Poems of Paul Laurence Dunbar* (1999), wanda kuma ya ƙunshi zane-zane na Jerry Pinkney da Faith Ringgold . 

Working Cotton ta ba da labari, bisa ga abubuwan da Williams ya fuskanta a lokacin yarinta, game da wani iyali na ma'aikatan baƙi ' yan asalin Afirka a kwarin San Joaquin da ke California. A matsayin wani ɓangare na bincikenta na Working Cotton, ɗan'uwan Byard ya taimaka mata ta koyi game da auduga.

### Zane mai kyau
Byard ta yi aikin zane-zane na tsawon rayuwa a fannin zane, sassaka, shigarwa da kuma fasahar zamani ta hanyoyin sadarwa daban-daban. Ta kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Baƙar fata, memba ce ta kafa Ƙungiyar Baƙar fata kuma memba ta farko na Where We At: Black Women Artists Inc. (WWA), ƙungiyar da ta samo asali daga wani wasan kwaikwayo mai ban mamaki na 1971 mai suna "Where We At: Black Women Artists, 1971."

Kayan aikinta na zane-zane na ƙasa suna da wuraren tunawa a cikin kayan ado na gaba na gargajiya da wuraren binne 'yan Afirka-Amurkawa na gargajiya. Misali ɗaya na irin waɗannan kayan aikin waje shine *Praisesong for Charles* (1988), wanda aka fara nuna shi a Baltimore .  A shekarar 1990, an nuna ayyukanta a cikin wani wasan kwaikwayo na rukuni mai suna *Chaney, Goodwin da Schwerner, Mississippi Three: The Struggle Continues* at the SoHo 20 Gallery a birnin New York.  A shekarar 1992 ta yi aiki tare da Clarissa Sligh kan wani "hoton" muhalli, na Malcolm X don Cibiyar Fasaha ta Walker da ke Minneapolis . 

Byard ta kasance cikin mahalarta bikin baje kolin Smithsonian na shekarar 1998 *mai suna Resonant Forms: Contemporary African American Women Sculptors*, wanda Deborah Willis ta shirya.  Wannan fim da ta nuna, mai taken "Imani, Ranar Bakwai" (1993), wani shiri ne da ke dauke da kujera mai bayanta mai kama da tsani da kuma gourds (wanda ta girma da kanta) a rataye a kai, tana tsaye a cikin tiren da aka cika da wake da tsabar kudi masu duhu. A kan kujerar kujera akwai ƙwayoyin masara da kyandirori ja da kore. 

A tsawon lokacin aikinta, Byard ta kuma koyar da fasaha a Gidan Tarihi na Studio da ke Harlem, Gidan Tarihi na Metropolitan, Gidauniyar Fasaha ta New York, Makarantar Fasaha ta Baltimore, Kwalejin Fasaha ta Maryland, da Makarantar Zane ta Parsons . 

#### Hayar Jerin Hayar
Laburaren Jama'a na New York sun nuna tarin zane-zanen Byard da aka sani da *Rent Series* a shekarar 2015. Zane-zanen da ke cikin jerin, waɗanda ta fara zane a shekarun 1980, sun samo asali ne daga akwatunan rasitin haya da ta samu a gidan mahaifinta bayan mutuwarsa. Byard ta yi amfani da jerin don bayyana ɓangarorin wannan gano - gaskiyar gwagwarmayar mahaifinta na samar da gida ga iyalinsa - yayin da take saka manyan jigogi da suka shafi tarihin Baƙar fata da rarrabuwar gidaje . An ba da rancen zane-zanen don baje kolin daga tarin abokinta Alexis De Veaux . 

## Sauran aiki
A shekarun 1970, Byard ta kuma tsara murfin kundin waƙoƙi don Strata-East Records, wani kamfanin jazz na birnin New York.  An nuna zane-zanenta da hotunanta a cikin jaket ɗin kundin waƙoƙi na Stanley Cowell, Charles Sullivan, Sonny Fortune, Milton Marsh, The Piano Choir, da Heath Brothers . 

## Daraja da kyaututtuka

* 1972: Tallafin tafiye-tafiye na Ford Foundation na tsawon watanni uku na tafiye-tafiye a Afirka 
* 1977: Bikin Fasaha da Al'adu na Baƙar fata da na Afirka (FESTAC), Delegate ( Lagos ) 
* 1978: Kyautar Coretta Scott King Illustrator Award for *Africa Dream* 
* 1980: Kyautar Coretta Scott King Illustrator Award ga *Cornrows* 
* 1981: Girmama Coretta Scott King Mai Zane don *Farin Cikin Kaka*  
* 1986: Kyauta ta Ƙasa don Fasaha, Ƙungiyar Zane 
* 1993: Coretta Scott King Illustrator Honour don *Aikin Auduga*  
* 1993: Caldecott Honor don *Aikin Auduga* 
* 1994: Kyauta ta Ƙasa don Fasaha, Ƙungiyar 'Yanci don sassaka 

## Kundin Waƙoƙi

* 1974: *Genesis* na Charles Sullivan ( Strata-East ) – Tsarin Zane da Zane
* 1974: *Tun Kafin Uwayenmu Suka Yi Kuka* Daga Sonny Fortune (Strata-East) – Mai Zane/Mai Rufe Mujalla
* 1974: *Musa - Kakannin Ruwa* na Stanley Cowell (Strata-East) - Mai Zane-zane
* 1975: *Monism* ta Milton Marsh (Strata-East) – Zane-zane
* 1975: *Mawakan Piano* ta Handscapes 2 (Strata-East) – Alkiblar fasaha/zane
* 1976: *Sabuntawa* ta Stanley Cowell (Strata-East) – Zane da zane na murfin
* 1976: *Marcin' On!* na The Heath Brothers (Strata-East) – Mai zane
* 2003: *Ci gaba* ta Sonny Fortune (Sauti Mai Kyau) – Zane-zanen murfin

## Nunin da aka zaɓa

### Zaɓaɓɓun nune-nunen rukuni

* 1975: *Zuwa: Nunin Zane-zane da Zane-zane, Carole Byard da Valerie Maynard,* Gallery 1199 (New York, NY) - Maris 18 - Yuni 5, 1975 
* 1978: *Hijira: Nunin Ƙasa na Masu Buga Littattafai Baƙar fata,* Hotunan Zane-zane, Kwalejin Fasaha Mai Kyau, Jami'ar Howard (Washington, DC) - Agusta 28 - Satumba 23, 1978 
* 1980: *Yaro: Zane-zane, Zane-zane, Zane-zane,* Hotunan 62 (New York, NY) 
* 1989: *Yaƙi, Zaman Lafiya da Nasara: Nunin Zane a Memorial Arch, Grand Army Plaza, Prospect Park, Brooklyn,* Prospect Park Alliance (New York, NY) - 29 ga Afrilu - 17 ga Yuni, 1989
* 1998: *Siffofin Mai Rawa: Matan Baƙar fata na Zamani Masu Zane,* Cibiyar Smithsonian (Washington, DC) 
* 1990: *Dia De Los Muertos III: Rashin Gida,* Gidan Alternative Museum (New York, NY) - Nuwamba 2-Disamba 15, 1990
* 1990–1992: *Kakanni da Aka Sani da Ba a Sani ba: Aikin Akwati*  – Nunin tafiye-tafiye da aka gudanar a Art in General, New York, Fabrairu 1990; Gidan Tarihi na Islip Art, Maris 1991; Barnes-Blackman Gallery Community Artists' Collective da The Firehouse Gallery, Houston, Afrilu 1991; Gidan Tarihi na Kwalejin Wooster, Satumba 1991; Kwalejin Kean, Oktoba 1991; Mata da ayyukansu, Austin, Yuni 1992
* 1992–1993: *Malcolm X: Mutum, Ideal, Icon,* Cibiyar Fasaha ta Walker (Minneapolis, MN) – Disamba 1992–Afrilu 1993 
* 1993: *Ta Idon 'Yan'uwa Mata: Littattafan Yara da Mata 'Yan Fasa-fasa suka Zana,* Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Mata a Fasa-fasa, Gidan Tarihi na Newark (Newark, NJ) 
* 2017: *Muna Son Juyin Juya Hali: Mata Masu Tsattsauran Ra'ayi Baƙaƙe, 1965–85,* Gidan Tarihi na Brooklyn (Brooklyn, NY) 

### Zaɓaɓɓun nune-nunen kai kaɗai

* 1993: *Shigar da Zane ta Carole Byard,* Dana Gallery a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Phillips a Kwalejin Franklin &amp;amp; Marshall (Lancaster, PA) - Janairu 21 - Fabrairu 14, 1993
* 2015: *Rent Series,* Laburaren Jama'a na New York (New York, NY) 

## Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka da wallafe-wallafe

*   – Catalog of an exhibition held at Gallery 62 from December 3, 1979, to January 11, 1980
*  
*  
*   – Traveling exhibition from February 1990 to June 1992

## Manazarta