Gidan shakatawa na Pinnacles

**Gidan shakatawa na Pinnacles** wani wurin shakatawa ne na Amurka wanda ke kare wani yanki mai tsaunuka da ke gabashin Kwarin Salinas a Tsakiyar California, kimanin mil biyar (8  gabashin Soledad da mil 80 (130  kudu maso gabashin San Jose. Gidan shakatawa mai suna shine raguwar yammacin rabin dutsen mai fitattun wuta wanda ya motsa mil 200 (kilomita 320) daga asalinsa a kan San Andreas Fault, wanda aka saka a wani ɓangare na California Pacific Coast Ranges. Pinnacles ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar National Park Service  yawancin wurin shakatawa ana kiyaye su a matsayin jeji.

Gidan shakatawa na kasa ya kasu kashi biyu cikin Gabas da Yamma, wanda aka haɗa shi ne kawai ta hanyar ƙafa. Yankin gabas yana da inuwa da ruwa, yayin da yamma ke da tsaunuka masu tsawo. Tsarin dutsen yana ba da kyawawan tsaunuka waɗanda ke jan hankalin Masu hawan dutse. Gidan shakatawa yana da koguna masu ban mamaki waɗanda ke da akalla nau'ikan jemagu 13. Ana yawan ziyartar Pinnacles a lokacin bazara ko faduwa saboda zafi mai tsanani a lokacin rani. Yankunan shakatawa sune ainihin wurin zama ga falcons na tsaunuka kuma suna da wurin saki ga California condors waɗanda aka haifa a cikin bauta.

Shugaba Theodore Roosevelt ne ya kafa Pinnacles a matsayin abin tunawa na kasa a shekarar 1908, kuma an sake sanya shi a matsayin wurin shakatawa na kasa a shekara ta 2013.

## Tarihi

'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka a yankin Pinnacles sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin Chalon da Mutsun na Mutanen Ohlone, waɗanda suka bar kayan tarihi na dutse a wurin shakatawa. Wadannan 'yan asalin sun ragu tare da isowar Mutanen Espanya a karni na 18, wadanda suka kawo sabbin cututtuka da canje-canje ga hanyar rayuwar' yan asalin. Kafa ofishin jakadancin Mutanen Espanya a Soledad ya hanzarta raguwar jama'ar yankin ta hanyar cututtuka da warwatse. Binciken archaeological ya gano shafuka 13 da 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka ke zaune, 12 daga cikinsu sun riga sun kasance kafin kafa manufofi. An yi imanin cewa wani shafin yana da kimanin shekaru 2000. Chalon na karshe ya mutu ko ya tashi daga yankin a shekara ta 1810. Daga 1810 zuwa 1865, lokacin da mazauna Anglo-Amurka na farko suka isa, yankin Pinnacles hamada ce ba tare da amfani da mutum ko zama ba.

A cikin shekarun 1880 Pinnacles, wanda aka sani da Palisades, masu yin biki daga al'ummomin da ke kewaye da su ne suka ziyarci su waɗanda za su bincika koguna da sansanin. Labarin farko na yankin Pinnacles ya bayyana a bugawa a 1881, yana kwatanta yankin Balconies. Tsakanin 1889 da 1891, labaran jarida sun sauya daga bayyana tafiye-tafiye zuwa "Palisades" zuwa kiran su "Pinnacles". Sha'awar yankin ya tashi har zuwa inda *Hollister Free Lance* ya aika da mai ba da rahoto zuwa Pinnacles, bayan watanni biyu wani ɓangare na jami'an yankin suka biyo baya. Masu saka hannun jari sun zo daga San Francisco don yin la'akari da sanya otal din shakatawa a can, amma hasashe bai kai komai ba. A shekara ta 1894, an kafa ofishin gidan waya a Bear Valley . Schuyler Hain shi ne mai kula da gidan waya. Tun da akalla wani Bear Valley ya kasance a California, an sanya wa ofishin gidan waya suna "Cook" bayan sunan budurwar matar Hain. A cikin 1924, an sake sunan ofishin gidan waya "Pinnacles".

Hain ya kasance mai gida wanda ya isa yankin Pinnacles a 1891 daga Michigan, yana bin iyayensa da 'yan uwansa takwas zuwa Bear Valley .  Dan uwansa, AW White, dalibi ne a Jami'ar Stanford, kuma White ya kawo G. K. Gilbert, daya daga cikin farfesa, don ganin Pinnacles a cikin 1893. Gilbert ya burge shi da yanayin, kuma maganganunsa sun yi wa Hain wahayi zuwa ga jama'ar yankin. Hain ya jagoranci yawon shakatawa zuwa kwarin Bear da kuma koguna, yana ba da shawarar adana Pinnacles. Kokarin Hain ya haifar da ziyarar 1904 da shugaban Stanford David Starr Jordan, wanda ya tuntubi Fresno Congressman James C. Needham. Jordan da Needham, bi da bi, sun rinjayi Gifford Pinchot don ba da shawarar kafa Pinnacles Forest Reserve ga Shugaba Theodore Roosevelt, wanda ya ayyana kafa a ranar 18 ga Yuli, 1906. Pinchot, wanda ya fi sha'awar gudanar da gandun daji don amfani mai amfani maimakon adanawa, ya ba da shawarar amfani da Dokar Tsohon da aka zartar kwanan nan don sanya ainihin yanayin yankin a matsayin Pinnacles National Monument, wanda Roosevelt ya yi a ranar 16 ga Janairu, 1908. Wannan ƙaddamarwa ta wuce iko da Pinnacles daga Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona zuwa Ma'abiyar Cikin Gida, amma Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka ta Amurka ta riƙe iko mai tasiri na yankin har zuwa kusan shekara ta 1911.

## Yanayin ƙasa

Gidan shakatawa na Pinnacles yana da nisan kilomita 40 (64) daga cikin teku na Pacific  kimanin kilomita 45 (72) kudu da yankin San Francisco Bay. Gidan shakatawa yana cikin kudancin Gabilan Range, wani ɓangare na California's Coast Ranges.

## Yanayi
Dangane da tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, Gidan shakatawa na Pinnacles yana da yanayin zafi na lokacin rani na Bahar Rum (*Csa*). A cewar Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka, yankin tsananin shuka a Cibiyar Baƙi ta Desert (1056 ft / 322 m) shine 8b tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara na 19.3 ° F (-7.1 ° C). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

## Ilimin ƙasa

Gidan shakatawa yana kusa da San Andreas Fault, wanda ke da hannu wajen haifar da tsari na musamman da wurin shakatawa ke karewa. Pinnacles suna daga cikin Neenach Volcano wanda ya fashe shekaru miliyan 23 da suka gabata kusa da Lancaster na yanzu. Motsi na Pacific Plate tare da San Andreas Fault ya raba wani sashi na dutse daga babban jikin dutsen mai fitattun wuta  ya motsa shi mil 195 (kilomita 314) zuwa arewa maso yamma. An yi imanin cewa tsaunuka sun fito ne daga wannan dutsen mai fitattun wuta saboda breccias na musamman waɗanda ake samu ne kawai a wasu wurare a cikin tsarin dutsen mai suna Neenach. Rugujewar ƙasa da yanayi na dutsen da aka fallasa sun samar da Pinnacles waɗanda ake gani a yau. Tsarin dutsen sune andesite da rhyolite, suna samar da wani kuskuren da aka saka a cikin Gabilan Range.

## Muhalli

### Dabbobi na daji

Dabbobi na asali, yanzu sun ƙare daga mafi yawan tsakiyar California, sun haɗa da Tulu elk da pronghorn. Grizzly da baƙar fata sun kasance a yankin har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19. Dabbobi masu shayarwa da tsuntsaye da ke zaune a wannan wurin shakatawa sun hada da falcon, Coyote, skunk, babban ƙaho mai ƙaho, Bobcat, California quail, raccoon, Turkey na daji, gray fox, golden eagle, da Cougar.

Falcons na Prairie suna haifuwa a wannan yanki a wasu daga cikin mafi girma a ko'ina a Arewacin Amurka. Peregrine falcons kwanan nan sun koma wurin shakatawa don haifuwa, kuma, amma a cikin adadi kaɗan. Shirin sake kafa California condor ya kasance tun shekara ta 2003. An gina gida na farko tun lokacin da aka sake shigar da shi a cikin shekara ta 2010, kuma Pinnacles yanzu yana kula da yawan jama'a 25 masu tashi kyauta.

Kamar wuraren shakatawa da yawa a tsakiyar California, Pinnacles yana da matsala tare da aladu na daji (haɗewar Aladu na gida da aladu da aka shigo da su) wanda ke damun wuri a kai a kai. Ya zuwa bazara na shekara ta 2006, ainihin wurin shakatawa ba shi da alade. Ƙarshen shekaru ashirin, ƙoƙarin dala miliyan 1.6 ya yi nasarar kawar da aladu daga babban yankin wurin shakatawa. Ma'aikatan National Park Service tare da IWS sun yi aiki don cire aladu daga cikin wurin shakatawa, da  kafawa da saka idanu kan shinge mai banbanci wanda ke gudana kusan kilomita 26 (42) a kusa da tsakiyar tsakiyar wurin shakatawa. A waje da wannan shinge, Aladu na daji har yanzu suna yawo. Ana sa ido kan yiwuwar raguwa da fashewa a cikin shinge don tabbatar da cewa aladu ba su koma wurin shakatawa ba.

### Shuke-shuke

Dangane da nau'ikan ciyayi na AW Kuchler na Amurka, Pinnacles National Park yana da nau'in ciyayi mai yuwuwar Chaparral ( *33* ) tare da chaparral California da gandun daji ( *6* ).  ciyayi yana kusan 80% chaparral tare da gandun daji, raƙuman ruwa, da ciyayi sun haɗu cikin chaparral.

A cikin sassan da suka fi zafi na wurin shakatawa, manyan wuraren da ke cike da itace sun rufe gangara, tare da manzanita, launin toka, canyon live oak, da blue oak. Yankunan da ke da sanyi a wurin shakatawa suna da mafi girman rabo na bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi, tare da California buckeye, hollyleaf cherry, da Coffeeberry. Ana samun Willows da elderberries a gefen koguna masu saurin wucewa. Wutar ta kasance babban tasiri a kan tsire-tsire na yankin, daga dalilai na halitta da kuma sa hannun mutane da gangan. Lokacin da 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka suka zauna a yankin, sun yi amfani da wuta a matsayin kayan aiki don ƙarfafa ci gaban hanyoyin abinci da aka fi so, da kuma garken kananan dabbobi yayin farauta. Tun lokacin da 'yan asalin suka ɓace, tuddai sun zama masu ƙanƙara.

## Dajin Hain
Fiye da 80% (15,985 acres ko 6,469 hectares) na wurin shakatawa an sanya shi a matsayin Hain Wilderness (wanda aka sani har zuwa 2013 a matsayin Pinnacles Wilderness). Sunan hamada yana ba da kariya mafi girma ga tsaunuka na dutse waɗanda ke ba Pinnacles sunansa, da kuma Kudancin Chalone Peak, mafi girma na biyu a cikin wurin shakatawa. Yankin jeji ya haɗa da koguna da canyons waɗanda ke zama wurin zama ga kwari mai haɗari na California. Majalisa ta Amurka a 1976 ta kafa Dokar Jama'a 94-567, ta kara da Pinnacles Wilderness da wasu da yawa ga Tsarin Tsaro na Kasa.

## Ayyuka

Kodayake hanyoyi suna kusantar wurin shakatawa daga yamma ta hanyar Soledad kuma daga gabas ta hanyar ƙasashe marasa amfani a kudancin Hollister, hanyoyin ba su haɗu a cikin wurin shakatawa ba. Yawancin yankunan da suka ci gaba suna gefen gabas na wurin shakatawa. Sassan hanyar sadarwar wurin shakatawa an jera su a cikin National Register of Historic Places .

An kirkiro hanyoyi da yawa don masu tafiya na rana, wasu daga cikinsu suna da wahala. Da farko a watan Maris da Afrilu, ana nuna furanni iri-iri na daji, sai dai a cikin shekarun matsanancin fari. Hanyoyin suna ba da ra'ayoyi game da tuddai da kwari da ke kewaye da su a kwanakin da suka dace. Ana iya ganin San Andreas Fault daga wasu hanyoyi a kan hanyoyin. Gidan shakatawa ya haɗa da sanannen ɓangaren yawo da aka sani tsakanin masu sha'awar kawai a matsayin "The Pig Fence". Wannan ɓangaren Kudancin Wilderness Trail ƙalubale ne na tafiya mai ƙarfi wanda a wasu lokuta yana buƙatar amfani da shinge, wanda aka gina don hana aladu daga shiga wurin shakatawa, don taimakawa mutum ya hau kan hanyar da ke da tsawo. Sauran hanyoyi sun haɗa da ra'ayoyin da aka yi da furanni masu ban sha'awa tare da gadaje masu laushi, hanyoyin da ke kawo mutum cikin kyawawan koguna, da hanyoyin da suka shafi manyan abubuwan da ke cikin Pinnacle.

Duwatsun da ke Pinnacles koguna ne, waɗanda aka kafa lokacin da aka cika duwatsu da duwatsu, suna barin wurare tsakanin manyan duwatsu. Bear Gulch Cave a gefen gabas na wurin shakatawa da Balconies Cave a yammacin suna buɗewa ga baƙi a lokacin rani. Hanyoyi suna kaiwa zuwa da kuma ta hanyar koguna biyu. Wadannan koguna suna da mazauna kiwo ga Babban kunne na Townsend kuma an rufe su a lokacin lokacin pupping. Ana iya ambaliya kogon a lokutan ruwa mai yawa. Ofishin Kula da Gidajen Kasa yana kula da shafin yanar gizon da ke nuna matsayin koguna.

Ana samun wuraren shakatawa a gefen gabas a filin shakatawa na Pinnacles . 

Gidan shakatawa yana da mashahuri tare da masu hawan dutse masu tasowa saboda hawan da yawa masu wahala da ƙalubale. Gidan shakatawa yana da hanyoyi daban-daban na dutse, guda ɗaya, da hanyoyi masu yawa. Ingancin dutse, breccia na dutse, na iya fashewa yayin hawa.

## Manazarta