'Yancin Dan Adam a Somaliya

Haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam a Somaliya a cikin ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 da farkon ƙarni na 21st an ɗauke su cikin mawuyacin hali, amma sannu a hankali sun inganta cikin shekaru masu zuwa. An tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Tarayya, wanda aka amince da shi a watan Agustan 2012. Suna ƙarƙashin ma'aikatar kare hakkin ɗan adam da aka kafa a watan Agusta 2013.  Hukumomin tsakiya a lokaci guda sun kaddamar da Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Kasa, sun amince da taswirar' yancin dan Adam ta hukuma, kuma sun kammala Manufar Jima'i ta farko ta Somalia.

An kafa rundunar kare hakkin dan adam a watan Fabrairun 2013 don tabbatar da kare hakkin mutum. Gwamnatin tarayya a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014 ta shirya kamfen na wayar da kan jama'a,  ta zartar da sabuwar dokar kare yara ta kasa mai maki 54,  kuma ta kammala doka a kan dokar Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam.  A cewar Masanin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a kan Somaliya, kariya ta kare hakkin dan adam ta cikin gida ta inganta a hankali yayin da tsarin gwamnati da sake fasalin majalisa suka samo tushe.

## Ƙungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam
A farkon watan Fabrairun 2013, tsohon Firayim Minista Abdi Farah Shirdon ya kaddamar da wata kungiya mai zaman kanta kan kare hakkin bil'adama domin tabbatar da kare hakkin dan adam. An kafa kwamitin na masu sa kai mai mambobi 13 bayan tattaunawa mai zurfi da kungiyoyin fararen hula da kuma shugaban majalisar dokokin kasar Mohamed Osman Jawari. A karkashin jagorancin fitacciyar lauya mai kare hakkin bil’adama Maryam Yusuf Sheikh Ali, daya daga cikin mata hudu da ke cikin kwamitin, kwamitin ya hada da malami, mai fafutukar zaman lafiya, shugabannin kungiyoyin mata na Somaliya, manyan jami’an ‘yan sanda, mai fafutukar jin kai, shugaban addini, da kuma wakilin yada labarai.

An dorawa alhakin gudanar da bincike kan zarge-zargen cin zarafin dan Adam da kuma tsoratar da 'yan jarida. A karshen wa'adinsa na watanni uku, kwamitin ya shirya fitar da rahoto kan sakamakon bincikensa da kuma shawarwarin da aka ba shi. A karshe dai rundunar za ta ba da dama ga hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta majalisar dokoki ta dindindin, wacce za ta iya gudanar da bincike kan zarge-zargen na tsawon lokaci mai tsawo.

## Ma'aikatar 'Yancin Dan Adam
A ƙarshen watan Agustan 2013 Firayim Minista Shirdon ya kafa ma'aikatar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta farko ta ƙasa. Hukumomin tarayya a lokaci guda sun ayyana ranar 27 ga Agusta a matsayin ranar 'yancin ɗan adam ta ƙasar Somaliya. Har ila yau, ta amince da taswirar haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda ke bayyana ayyukan gwamnati da kuma tsara takamaiman ma'auni da za a cimma a cikin wa'adin shekaru biyu.

A ranar 17 ga Janairu, 2014, sabon Firayim Minista Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed ya shiga cikin kundin kare hakkin bil adama tare da harkokin mata don kafa Ma'aikatar Mata da 'Yancin Dan Adam. Khadijo Mohamed Diriye ce ke jagoranta.

## 'Yancin mata
A ranar 1 ga Agusta, 2012, an amince da sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Tarayya, wanda ya ƙunshi dokoki da yawa da suka shafi daidaito kamar yadda Kwamitin Kwararru (CoE) ya gabatar. Mataki na 11 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Tarayya ya ba da tabbacin daidaito ga dukkan 'yan ƙasa ba tare da la'akari da jinsi ba.

Mata tun daga lokacin sun sami wakilci mafi girma a cikin jama'a. A cewar kungiyar Inter-Parliamentary Union, kashi 30% na kujerun a Majalisar Tarayya Somaliya an tanada su ne ga mata. Wannan adadin ya samo asali ne daga mai ba da shawara ga 'yan majalisa na Somalia Hodan Ahmed da sauran shugabannin siyasa mata. Ahmed ta kuma taimaka wajen kafa kungiyar mata ta Somalia a shekarar 2009 a majalisar dokokin tarayya ta baya. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2012, Firayim Minista Shirdon ya nada mata biyu a majalisar ministoci, Fowsiyo Yussuf Haji Aadan a matsayin mace ta farko ta Ministan Harkokin Waje da Maryam Qassim a matsayin Ministan Ci gaban Jama'a.

A cikin watan Yunin 2013, gwamnatin tarayya ta fara tsara manufofin jinsi na farko na ƙasar. A karkashin jagorancin minista Maryam Qassim, an kammala shirin ne a watan Agusta da nufin karfafawa mata, karfafa daidaito tsakanin jinsi da kuma kare hakkin mata.

A cewar UNDP, nau'in tashin hankali da aka fi sani da mata da maza a cikin 2012 sune hare-hare ta jiki (kashi 50% na laifukan da aka ruwaito) sannan kuma laifukan dukiya (32%). An sami raguwar adadin yawan tashin hankali na jima'i, tare da rahoton yaɗuwar yawan al'ummar ƙasar daga kashi 2% zuwa 13%. Hukumar ta UNDP ta ce mai yiyuwa ne hakan ya samo asali ne sakamakon rashin son matasa mata na bayar da rahoton irin wannan lamari saboda kazancewar al'adu da zamantakewar al'umma, duk da cewa matasa maza sun fi kai rahoton aikata laifuka gaba daya.

Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru na cin zarafin jima'i sun faru ne a cikin mahallin tawaye a kudancin Somaliya. A cikin kwata na farko na shekara ta 2013, Amnesty International ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 56.7% na wadanda abin ya shafa a Mogadishu mutane ne da suka rasa muhallinsu. A cewar Human Rights Watch, gwamnati a cikin 2013 ta samar da cikakkun shirye-shiryen sake fasalin shari'a da tsaro, amma har yanzu ba ta bi waɗannan alkawurran ba. Akalla mata biyu da suka bayar da rahoton fyade an kuma gurfanar da su saboda cin zarafi, amma daga baya aka sake su bayan daukaka kara.

Don magance matsalar, tun daga watan Disambar 2013 hukumomin tsakiya ke ci gaba da kafa wata kungiya ta musamman da za ta gudanar da bincike da kuma yaki da cin zarafin mata, tare da gina wani asibitin da aka kebe domin wadanda aka yi wa fyade. Hukumomin shari'a na kasa, jami'an tsaro da na 'yan sanda duk a lokaci guda suna karbar horo na musamman kan jinsi a wani bangare na kokarin kawo sauyi. A watan Yunin 2014, gwamnatin Somaliya ta kuma kaddamar da Shirin Ayyuka na Kasa game da cin zarafin jima'i tare da kungiyoyin farar hula na gida. A matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin, Ma'aikatar Mata da 'Yancin Dan Adam a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014 ta shirya kamfen ɗin wayar da kan jama'a a babban birnin game da muhimmancin' yancin ɗan adam da kuma yadda' yan ƙasa za su iya tabbatar da kariya. Har ila yau, ya kammala doka a kan sabon dokar Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam.

Dangane da ƙididdigar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta 2005, kusan kashi 97.9% na mata da 'yan mata na Somaliya sun sha wahala daga yankan mata,  al'adar kafin aure da ta fi zama a Arewa maso gabashin Afirka da sassa na Gabas ta Tsakiya.  Mata a cikin al'umma ne ke ƙarfafa shi, an yi niyya ne da farko don hana lalata da kuma ba da kariya daga hari. A shekara ta 2013, UNICEF tare da hukumomin Somaliya sun ba da rahoton cewa yawan yaduwar 'yan mata masu shekaru 1 zuwa 14 a yankunan arewacin Puntland da Somaliland masu cin gashin kansu sun ragu zuwa kashi 25% biyo bayan kamfen ɗin wayar da kan jama'a da addini. Mataki na 15 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Tarayya ya kuma haramta aikin a hukumance.

Fitattun masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil’adama sun hada da ‘yar kwamitin kwararrun tsarin mulki Hanan Ibrahim, wacce ke rike da mukamin shugabar kungiyar mata musulmi ta Barnet; Hawa Aden Mohamed, Shugabar Cibiyar Ilimi ta Gaalkacyo don zaman lafiya da ci gaba; da Fartuun Adan da diyarta Ilwad Elman, wadanda suka kafa cibiyar zaman lafiya da kare hakkin dan Adam ta Elman dake Mogadishu.

## Hakkin yara
Mataki na 29 na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Somaliya ya ayyana yaro a matsayin duk wanda bai kai shekara 18 ba, ya kuma bayyana cewa "kowane yaro yana da hakkin a kare shi daga wulakanci, sakaci, cin zarafi, ko wulakanci." 

A cewar UNICEF, kashi 82 cikin 100 na yara a Somaliya a shekara ta 2006 sun ba da rahoton cewa suna cikin koshin lafiya a yankunansu da rana. 13% sun ji lafiya, 4% sun nuna cewa ba su sani ba/ya dogara, yayin da 0% ya ruwaito jin rashin tsaro. Game da aminci na lokacin dare, 53% na yara sun ba da rahoton jin kwanciyar hankali a yankunansu, tare da 25% suna jin kwanciyar hankali, 4% yana nuna cewa suna jin rashin tsaro, 1% suna ba da rahoton cewa suna jin rashin tsaro, yayin da 16% suka bayyana cewa ba su sani ba/ya dogara.

Dangane da abin da ya faru na tashin hankali tsakanin dangi/abokai da yara, kashi 72% na yaran birane ba su bayar da rahoton faruwar irin wannan lamari ba, yayin da kashi 20% suka amsa da gaske. Kashi 90% na yara sun nuna cewa ba su kansu ne rikicin ya rutsa da su ba, yayin da kashi 10% suka ruwaito cewa. Daga cikin nau'o'in tashin hankali da dangi / abokai da yara suka fuskanta, yawancin sun hada da fashi (37%), sai kuma hari (28%), fyade (19%), kashe dangi (11%), cin zarafi (11%), kisan kare dangi / yaki (8%), sace (6%), duka / kwando da gaske (4%), rashin tabbas%) (3%), rashin tabbas.

Game da girman amanar da suke da ita a cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a daban-daban, yaran sun nuna cewa sun fi amincewa da mahaifiyarsu (kashi 85% gaba ɗaya; 7% quite) da mahaifinsu (71% gaba ɗaya; 15% quite). Sun kuma tabbatar da cewa ba su amince da 'yan sanda ba (3% ba sosai ba; 7% ba kwata-kwata) da kuma kafofin watsa labarai (3% ba sosai; 5% ba kwata-kwata). Bugu da ƙari, yawancin yara sun ba da rahoton sanin haƙƙinsu (78%), tare da 'yancinsu na ilimi (72%), hakkin kada a cutar da su ko zalunta (63%), da 'yancin samun lafiya (62%) da aka fi sani.

Game da yadda ake girmama hakkoki daban-daban a Somaliya, yawancin yara sun ji cewa ana girmama manyan hakkinsu, gami da haƙƙin ilimi (58% gaba ɗaya; 19% gaba ɗaya; 3% ba cikakke ba; 1% ba cikakke bane; 11% ba su sani ba; 7% babu amsa), haƙƙin kada a wulakanta su (46% gaba ɗaya; 24% gaba ɗaya; 5% ba cikakke; 14% ba su sani bane; 8% babu amsa), da haƙƙin kiwon lafiya (52% gaba ɗaya; 22% gaba ɗaya; 2% ba cikakke babu cikakke; 3% ba su sani; 12% ba; babu amsa ba; 7% ba su sani). Game da yanayin farin ciki, kashi 86% na yara sun ba da rahoton jin daɗi, kashi 10% ba su da farin ciki ko rashin farin ciki, kuma kashi 3% ba su daɗi. Yawancin yara sun kuma nuna cewa ingancin dangantakarsu da iyayensu yana da kyau sosai (72%), sannan ya biyo baya da kyau (17%). 

Dangane da adadin yaran da ke aiki don kuɗi, kashi 93% sun ba da rahoton cewa ba sa aiki. 6% sun nuna cewa suna gudanar da aikin wucin gadi na yau da kullun, 6% sun bayyana cewa suna gudanar da aikin lokaci-lokaci ko na ɗan lokaci, kuma 4% sun tabbatar da cewa suna gudanar da aikin cikakken lokaci. Kashi 64% na yara sun bayar da rahoton cewa ba sa yin aikin da ba a biya ba, kashi 20 cikin 100 sun nuna cewa suna gudanar da aikin wucin gadi na yau da kullun, 15% sun bayyana cewa suna gudanar da aikin na lokaci-lokaci ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba, kuma 0% sun nuna cewa suna gudanar da aikin cikakken lokaci ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2014, Firayim Minista Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed ya tabbatar da manyan tarurruka uku na Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya a madadin Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Somaliya, gami da Kundin Kwadago mafi Girma na Kwadago na Yara.  A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, Majalisar Tarayya ta kuma zartar da sabuwar Dokar Kare Yara ta Kasa mai maki 54, wacce Ma'aikatar Harkokin Mata da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta tsara. Bugu da ƙari, majalisa a lokaci guda ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Yara. Shugaba Hassan Sheikh Mohamud daga baya ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a watan Janairun 2015, wanda ya sanya Somaliya jam'iyyar jihar ta 195 da ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Duniya.

## Hakkin 'yan tsiraru
Sashe na 11 na kundin tsarin mulkin kasa ya tanadi cewa, kasa ba za ta yi wa wani mutum wariya ba saboda kabila, launi, kabila ko kabila.

Ƙungiyoyin sana'a na Gabboye, waɗanda suka haɗa da 'yan Madhibaan, Yibir da Tumaal (wanda ake kira sab) da kuma dangin Wardei, sun sami ɗan wakilci na siyasa a cikin Somaliya tsawon shekaru. Matsayinsu na zamantakewa gabaɗaya ya inganta daidai da fadada cibiyoyin birane. Koyaya, saboda asalin su na ƙasashen waje, waɗanda ba na Somali ba, mutane daga ƙabilu na Bantu da Wardei har yanzu suna fuskantar warewar al'umma.

A cikin 2013, gwamnatin tarayya ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta kafa Darakta Janar na 'Yancin Dan Adam da 'Yan tsiraru da Doka a cikin Ofishin Firayim Minista.  Ta hannun ma’aikatar harkokin cikin gida da ta tarayya, ta kuma kaddamar da sabuwar hukumar kula da ‘yan gudun hijira da ‘yan gudun hijira ta kasa, wadda ke da alhakin tafiyar da dokoki, shirye-shiryen mayar da martani, bayar da shawarwari da aiwatarwa ba tare da iznin dawowa da ‘yan gudun hijirar cikin gida ba.

## 'Yanci na addini

## Lissafin Freedom House
Shafin da ke biyowa yana nuna ƙididdigar Somaliya tun daga 1 a kan Freedom House na shekara-shekara Freedom in the World index. Matsayi na 1 shine "kyauta"; 7, "ba kyauta ba". 1

## Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa
Yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa da kasa da Somaliya ta sanya hannu ko ta tabbatar sun hada da:

## Bayani

: 1. ^ Lura cewa "Shekara" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Saboda haka bayanin shekarar da aka yi alama ta 2008 ya fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu.  
: 2. ^ Rahoton 1982 ya rufe shekara ta 1981 da rabi na farko na 1982, kuma rahoton 1984 mai zuwa ya rufe rabi na biyu na 1982 da dukan 1983. Don sauƙaƙewa, an raba waɗannan rahotanni biyu na "shekara da rabi" zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar ƙaddamarwa.  

## Bayanan da aka ambata