Ciwon daji mai launi

**Ciwon daji mai launi** (**CRC**), wanda kuma aka sani da **ciwon hanji**, **ciwon hanji**, ko **kansar dubura**, shine ci gaban kansa daga hanji ko dubura (sassan babban hanji). Ciwon daji shine rashin girma na sel,  wadanda ke da ikon mamayewa ko yada zuwa wasu sassan jiki. Alamomi da alamomi na iya haɗawa da jini a cikin bayan gari, canjin hanji, raguwar nauyi, da jin gajiya koyaushe.

Yawancin ciwon daji na launin fata suna faruwa ne saboda tsufa da kuma yau da kullum na  rayuwar dan adam, tare da kananan adadin lokuta kawai saboda rashin lafiyar kwayoyin halitta. Sauran abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da abinci, kiba, shan taba, da rashin motsa jiki. Abubuwan da ake ci waɗanda ke ƙara haɗarin sun haɗa da jan nama, naman da aka sarrafa, da barasa. Wani abu mai haɗari shine cututtukan hanji mai kumburi, wanda kuma ya haɗa da cutar Crohn da ulcerative colitis. Wasu daga cikin cututtukan da aka fada wadanda ke haifar da ciwon daji na launin fata sun hada da polyposis na iyali adenomatous polyposis da ciwon daji mara polyposis na hanji; duk da haka, wadannan suna wakiltar ƙasa da 5% na lokuta. Yawanci yana farawa ne azaman ƙwayar cuta mara kyau, sau da yawa a cikin nau'in polyp, wanda bayan lokaci ya zama cutar kansa.

Ana iya gano kansar hanji ta hanyar samun samfurin hanji a lokacin sigmoidoscopy ko colonoscopy. Daga nan sai a yi hoton likita don sanin ko cutar ta yadu. Bincike yana da tasiri don hanawa da rage mace-mace daga ciwon daji na launin fata. Ana ba da shawarar yin nuni, ta ɗayan hanyoyin da yawa, farawa daga shekaru 45 zuwa 75. A lokacin colonoscopy, ana iya cire ƙananan polyps idan an same su. Idan an sami babban polyp ko ƙari, ana iya yin biopsy don bincika ko ciwon daji ne. Aspirin da sauran magungunan anti-inflammatory marasa steroidal suna rage haɗarin. Ba a ba da shawarar amfani da su gabaɗaya don wannan dalili ba, duk da haka, saboda illa.

Magungunan da ake amfani da su don ciwon daji na launin fata na iya hadawa da wasu hadin tiyata, maganin radiation, chemotherapy da maganin da aka yi niyya. Ciwon daji da ke tsare a bangon hanji na iya warkewa ta hanyar tiyata, yayin da ciwon daji da ya yaɗu a ko'ina ba zai iya warkewa ba, tare da kulawa da kulawa don inganta rayuwa da alamomi. Yawan rayuwa na shekaru biyar a Amurka yana kusa da 65%. Yiwuwar rayuwa ta mutum ya dogara da yadda ciwon daji ya ci gaba, ko za a iya kawar da kansa ko a'a tare da tiyata da kuma lafiyar mutum gaba ɗaya. A duniya baki daya, ciwon daji na colorectal shine nau'in ciwon daji na uku da aka fi sani, wanda ke da kusan kashi 10% na dukkan cututtukan. A cikin 2018, an sami sabbin mutane miliyan 1.09 da mutuwar 551,000 daga cutar. Ya fi zama ruwan dare a kasashen da suka ci gaba, inda sama da kashi 65% na masu kamuwa da cutar ake samu. Ba shi da yawa a cikin mata fiye da maza.

## Alamomi Cutar Daji
Alamu da alamun ciwon daji na launi sun dogara ne akan wurin da ciwon daji ke cikin hanji, da kuma ko ya yada wani wuri a cikin jiki ( metastasis ). Alamomin faɗakarwa na yau da kullun sun haɗa da: ƙaran maƙarƙashiya, jini a cikin stool, raguwar stool caliber (kauri), asarar ci, asarar nauyi, da tashin zuciya ko amai a cikin wanda ya haura shekaru 50.  Kusan kashi 50 cikin 100 na mutanen da ke fama da ciwon daji ba sa bayar da rahoton wata alama. 

Zubar da jini na dubura ko anemia alamun haɗari ne a cikin mutane sama da shekaru 50.  Rage nauyi da canje-canje a al'adar hanjin mutum yawanci sun shafi kawai idan suna da alaƙa da zubar jini na dubura.

### Dalili
Kashi 75-95% na cututtukan ciwon daji na launin fata suna faruwa a cikin mutanen da ba su da ƙarancin haɗarin kwayoyin halitta. Abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da tsufa, jima'i na maza, yawan cin mai, sukari, barasa, jan nama, naman da aka sarrafa, kiba, shan taba, da rashin motsa jiki . Kusan kashi 10% na lokuta suna da alaƙa da rashin isasshen aiki. Haɗarin barasa yana bayyana yana ƙaruwa fiye da abin sha ɗaya kowace rana. Shan gilashin ruwa 5 a rana yana da alaƙa da raguwa a cikin haɗarin ciwon daji na launin fata da adenomatous polyps.  *[[Streptococcus gallolytic|Streptococcus gallolyticus]]* yana da alaƙa da ciwon daji na launi. Miliyoyin mutane ne ke cinye wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan *Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus* a kullum don haka na iya zama lafiya. 25 zuwa 80% na mutanen da ke da *Streptococcus bovis/gallolyticus bacteremia* suna da ciwace-ciwacen launin fata. Seroprevalence na *Streptococcus bovis/gallolyticus* ana ɗaukarsa azaman ɗan takara alama mai amfani don farkon hasashen raunin hanji mai fa'ida a cikin haɗarin yawan jama'a.  An ba da shawarar cewa kasancewar ƙwayoyin rigakafi ga *Streptococcus bovis/gallolyticus* antigens ko antigens da kansu a cikin jini na iya zama alamomi ga carcinogenesis a cikin hanji. 

Pathogenic ''Escherichia coli'' na iya ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji na launi ta hanyar samar da kwayoyin halitta na genotoxic, colibactin .

### Ciwon ciki mai kumburi
Mutanen da ke da cututtukan hanji mai kumburi ( ulcerative colitis da cutar Crohn ) suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon daji na hanji.  Haɗarin yana ƙaruwa tsawon lokacin da mutum ke da cutar, kuma mafi muni da tsananin kumburi. A cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi masu haɗari masu haɗari, ana ba da shawarar rigakafin aspirin da na yau da kullun .  Sa ido na Endoscopic a cikin wannan yawan mutanen da ke da haɗari na iya rage haɓakar ciwon daji na launin fata ta hanyar ganewar asali da wuri kuma yana iya rage yiwuwar mutuwa daga ciwon daji na hanji. Mutanen da ke da cututtukan hanji mai kumburi suna lissafin ƙasa da 2% na cututtukan daji na hanji kowace shekara.  A cikin wadanda ke da cutar Crohn, kashi 2 cikin 100 suna samun kansar launin fata bayan 10&nbsp;8% bayan shekaru 20&nbsp;shekaru, da kuma 18% bayan&nbsp;shekaru 30.  A cikin mutanen da ke da ulcerative colitis, kimanin kashi 16 cikin dari suna tasowa ko dai ciwon daji ko ciwon daji na hanji fiye da 30.&nbsp;shekaru.

### Genetics
Wadanda ke da tarihin iyali a cikin dangi biyu ko fiye da na farko (kamar iyaye ko 'yan'uwa) suna da haɗarin kamuwa da cuta sau biyu zuwa uku kuma wannan rukunin yana da kusan kashi 20% na duk lokuta. Yawan cututtukan cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta kuma suna da alaƙa da haɓakar cutar kansar launin fata. Mafi na kowa daga cikin waɗannan shine ciwon daji marasa polyposis colorectal (HNPCC ko Lynch syndrome) wanda ke cikin kusan kashi 3% na mutanen da ke fama da ciwon daji. Sauran cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da ciwon daji mai ƙarfi sun haɗa da ciwon Gardner da adenomatous polyposis na iyali (FAP). Ga mutanen da ke da waɗannan cututtukan, ciwon daji kusan koyaushe yana faruwa kuma yana da kashi 1% na cututtukan daji. Ana iya ba da shawarar jimlar proctocolectomy ga mutanen da ke da FAP a matsayin ma'aunin rigakafi saboda babban haɗarin malignancy. Colectomy, cire hanji, bazai isa a matsayin ma'aunin rigakafi ba saboda babban haɗarin ciwon daji na dubura idan duburar ta kasance. Mafi yawan ciwon polyposis da ke shafar hanji shine serrated polyposis syndrome, wanda ke da alaƙa da haɗarin 25-40% na CRC.

Maye gurbi a cikin nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta ( POLE da POLD1 ) an haɗa su da ciwon daji na iyali.

Yawancin mace-mace saboda ciwon daji na hanji suna da alaƙa da cutar metastatic. Halin da ke bayyana yana taimakawa wajen yiwuwar cutar cututtuka, metastasis da ke hade da ciwon daji na hanji 1 ( *MACC1* ), an ware shi. Wani abu ne na rubutun da ke tasiri ga bayanin haɓakar haɓakar hanta . Wannan jinsin yana da alaƙa da yaduwa, mamayewa da watsar da ƙwayoyin cutar kansar hanji a cikin al'adar tantanin halitta, da haɓakar ƙari da metastasis a cikin mice. MACC1 na iya zama manufa mai yuwuwa don shiga tsakani na kansa, amma ana buƙatar tabbatar da wannan yuwuwar tare da nazarin asibiti. 

Abubuwan Epigenetic, irin su methylation na DNA mara kyau na masu haɓaka ƙari, suna taka rawa wajen haɓaka ciwon daji na launin fata. 

Yahudawan Ashkenazi suna da kashi 6% na hadarin kamuwa da adenoma sannan kuma ciwon daji na hanji saboda maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halittar APC da ya fi yawa.

## Pathogenesis
Ciwon daji mai launi cuta ce da ta samo asali daga sel epithelial da ke rufe hanji ko dubura na gastrointestinal tract, galibi sakamakon maye gurbi a cikin hanyar siginar Wnt wanda ke haɓaka ayyukan sigina. Ana iya gada ko samun maye gurbin, kuma galibi yana faruwa ne a cikin kwayar cutar ta hanji . Mafi yawan rikitattun kwayoyin halitta a cikin dukkan ciwon daji na launin fata shine kwayar halittar *[[Adenomatous polyposis coli|APC]]*, wanda ke samar da furotin na APC. Protein na APC yana hana tarin furotin β-catenin . Ba tare da APC ba, β-catenin yana tarawa zuwa manyan matakan kuma ya canza (motsi) zuwa cikin tsakiya, yana ɗaure zuwa DNA, kuma yana kunna fassarar proto -oncogenes . Waɗannan kwayoyin halitta galibi suna da mahimmanci don sabuntawa da bambance-bambancen kwayar halitta, amma idan aka bayyana rashin dacewa a manyan matakan, suna iya haifar da ciwon daji. Yayin da APC ke canzawa a yawancin ciwon daji na hanji, wasu ciwon daji sun karu da β-catenin saboda maye gurbi a cikin β-catenin (CTNNB1) wanda ke toshe rushewar kansa, ko kuma yana da maye gurbi a cikin wasu kwayoyin halitta masu aiki irin na APC kamar AXIN1, AXIN2,  ., ko NKD1 .

Bayan lahani a cikin hanyar siginar Wnt, wasu maye gurbi dole ne su faru don tantanin halitta ya zama mai cutar kansa. Sunan furotin p53, wanda aka samar ta hanyar *TP53* gene, yawanci yana lura da rarrabuwar tantanin halitta kuma yana haifar da tsarin mutuwar su idan suna da lahani na hanyar Wnt. Daga ƙarshe, layin tantanin halitta ya sami maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halittar *TP53* kuma yana canza nama daga ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta mara kyau zuwa ciwon daji na sel na epithelial . Wani lokaci kwayar halittar p53 ba ta canza ba, amma wani furotin mai kariya mai suna BAX an canza shi a maimakon haka. 

Sauran sunadaran da ke da alhakin mutuwar kwayar cutar da aka yi amfani da su da yawa a cikin ciwon daji na colorectal sune TGF-β da DCC ( An share a cikin Ciwon daji na Colorectal ). TGF-β yana da maye gurbi mai kashewa a cikin aƙalla rabin ciwon daji na launin fata. Wani lokaci TGF-β ba a kashe shi ba, amma ana kashe furotin na ƙasa mai suna SMAD .  DCC yawanci yana da share ɓangaren chromosome a cikin ciwon daji mai launi. 

Kusan kashi 70 cikin 100 na dukkanin kwayoyin halittar dan adam ana bayyana su a cikin ciwon daji na launin fata, tare da kusan kashi 1% na yawan bayyanar cututtuka a cikin ciwon daji idan aka kwatanta da sauran nau'in ciwon daji.  Wasu kwayoyin halitta su ne oncogenes : suna da yawa a cikin ciwon daji na colorectal. Alal misali, kwayoyin halittar da ke ɓoye sunadaran KRAS, RAF, da PI3K, waɗanda yawanci ke motsa tantanin halitta don rarrabawa don amsawa ga abubuwan haɓaka, na iya samun maye gurbin da ke haifar da haɓakar haɓakar kwayar halitta. Tsarin lokaci na maye gurbi yana da mahimmanci a wasu lokuta. Idan maye gurbin APC na baya ya faru, maye gurbin KRAS na farko sau da yawa yakan ci gaba zuwa ciwon daji maimakon cutar hawan jini mai iyakancewa ko raunin iyaka.  PTEN, mai hana ƙari, yawanci yana hana PI3K, amma wani lokaci yana iya zama rikiɗewa kuma yana kashewa. 

M, bincike-bincike-genome ya bayyana cewa za a iya rarraba carcinomas masu launin launin fata zuwa nau'in ciwon daji da marasa hawan jini.  Bugu da ƙari, maye gurbi na oncogenic da inactivating da aka kwatanta don kwayoyin halitta a sama, samfurori marasa hypermutated sun ƙunshi CTNNB1, , SOX9, ATM, da ARID1A . Ci gaba ta hanyar wani nau'i na abubuwan da suka faru na kwayoyin halitta, hypermutated ciwace-ciwacen daji suna nuna nau'i na ACVR2A, TGFBR2, MSH3, MSH6, SLC9A9, , da BRAF . Maganar gama gari tsakanin waɗannan kwayoyin halitta, a duk nau'in ciwon daji, shine shigar da su a cikin hanyoyin siginar Wnt da TGF-β, wanda ke haifar da ƙara yawan aiki na MYC, dan wasa na tsakiya a cikin ciwon daji na launi. 

Rashin haɓakar ciwace- ciwacen ciwace-ciwace (MMR) ana siffanta shi da ɗan ƙaramin adadin maimaita tandem na poly-nucleotide. Wannan yana faruwa ne ta hanyar rashi a cikin sunadaran MMR - waɗanda yawanci ke haifar da su ta hanyar shiru na epigenetic da ko maye gurbi (misali. Lynch ciwo ).  15 zuwa 18 bisa dari na ciwace-ciwacen daji na launin launi suna da raunin MMR, tare da kashi 3 cikin dari suna tasowa saboda ciwo na Lynch.  Matsayin tsarin gyare-gyaren rashin daidaituwa shine kare mutuncin kwayoyin halitta a cikin sel (watau: gano kuskure da gyarawa). Sakamakon haka, rashi a cikin sunadaran MMR na iya haifar da rashin iya ganowa da gyara lalacewar kwayoyin halitta, yana ba da damar ci gaba da haifar da maye gurbi da ciwon daji na launin fata ya ci gaba.

Polyp zuwa jeri na ci gaban kansa shine samfurin gargajiya na cututtukan ciwon daji na colorectal.  Tsarin polyp zuwa jerin ciwon daji yana bayyana matakan sauye-sauye daga ciwace-ciwacen daji zuwa ciwon daji na launin fata tsawon shekaru masu yawa. Tsakanin polyp zuwa jerin CRC sune maye gurbi, sauye-sauyen epigenetic da canje-canje masu kumburi na gida. Za a iya amfani da jerin polyp zuwa CRC azaman tushen tsarin don kwatanta yadda takamaiman canje-canjen kwayoyin ke haifar da nau'ikan ciwon daji daban-daban.

### Lalacewar filin

An fara amfani da kalmar "ciwon daji na filin" a cikin 1953 don bayyana wani yanki ko "filin" na epithelium wanda aka riga aka tsara (ta hanyar abubuwan da ba a san su ba a lokacin) don ƙaddamar da shi zuwa ci gaban ciwon daji. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an yi amfani da kalmomin "ciwon daji na filin", "carcinogenesis filin", "lalacewar filin", da " tasirin filin " don bayyana cutar da ta rigaya ko riga-kafin neoplastic wanda sabon ciwon daji zai iya tasowa.

Lalacewar filin suna da mahimmanci wajen ci gaba zuwa kansar hanji. 

Duk da haka, kamar yadda Rubin ya nuna, "Yawancin binciken da aka yi a cikin binciken ciwon daji an yi shi ne akan ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyi *a cikin vivo*, ko kuma a kan ƙananan ƙwayoyin neoplastic foci *in vitro* . Amma duk da haka akwai shaidar cewa fiye da kashi 80 cikin 100 na maye gurbi da aka samu a cikin mutator phenotype ɗan adam ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace na faruwa ne kafin farkon haɓakawar haɓakar clonal na ƙarshe."   Hakanan, Vogelstein et al.  ya nuna cewa fiye da rabin maye gurbi da aka gano a cikin sun faru ne a wani lokaci na pre-neoplastic (a cikin wani lahani na fili), yayin haɓakar sel na zahiri. Hakanan, sauye-sauyen epigenetic da ke cikin ciwace-ciwace na iya faruwa a cikin lahani na filin pre-neoplastic. 

An faɗaɗa ra'ayi game da tasirin filin "tasirin filin etiologic", wanda ya ƙunshi ba wai kawai kwayoyin halitta da canje-canjen pathologic a cikin sel pre-neoplastic ba har ma da tasirin abubuwan muhalli na waje da canje-canjen ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na gida akan juyin halitta na neoplastic daga farkon ƙari zuwa mutuwa. . 

### Epigenetics
Canje-canjen Epigenetic sun fi yawa a cikin ciwon daji na hanji fiye da sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta (mutational). Kamar yadda aka bayyana ta Vogelstein et al.,  matsakaicin ciwon daji na hanji yana da maye gurbi na 1 ko 2 na oncogene kawai da 1 zuwa 5 na maye gurbi (tare da "canza maye gurbin direba"), tare da ƙarin maye gurbin "fasinja" kusan 60. An yi nazarin kwayoyin halittar oncogenes da ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari kuma an kwatanta su a sama a ƙarƙashin Pathogenesis .

Bugu da ƙari, canjin epigenetic na magana na miRNAs, sauran nau'ikan sauye-sauye na epigenetic na yau da kullun a cikin cututtukan daji waɗanda ke canza matakan maganganu na kwayar halitta sun haɗa da hypermethylation kai tsaye ko hypomethylation na tsibiran CpG na ƙwayoyin halittar furotin da sauye-sauye a cikin tarihin tarihi da gine-ginen chromosomal waɗanda ke yin tasiri ga bayyanar halittar.  A matsayin misali, 147 hypermethylations da 27 hypomethylations na furotin codeing genes aka akai-akai hade da colorectal cancers. Daga cikin kwayoyin hypermethylated, 10 sun kasance hypermethylated a cikin 100% na ciwon daji na hanji, kuma wasu da yawa sun kasance hypermethylated a cikin fiye da 50% na ciwon daji na hanji.  Bugu da ƙari, 11 hypermethylations da 96 hypomethylations na miRNAs suma suna da alaƙa da ciwon daji na launi. methylation mara kyau (aberrant) yana faruwa ne a sakamakon al'ada na al'ada na al'ada kuma haɗarin ciwon daji na launin fata yana ƙaruwa yayin da mutum ya tsufa.  Ba a san tushen da abin da ke haifar da wannan methylation mai alaƙa da shekaru ba.   Kusan rabin kwayoyin halittar da ke nuna sauye-sauyen methylation masu alaka da shekaru su ne kwayoyin halittar da aka gano suna da hannu wajen haifar da ciwon sankarar launi.  Wadannan binciken na iya ba da shawarar dalilin shekaru da ke hade da haɗarin haɓakar ciwon daji na launin fata. 

Ragewar Epigenetic na maganan gyaran enzyme na DNA na iya haifar da rashin zaman lafiyar kwayoyin halitta da na epigenomic na ciwon daji.  Kamar yadda aka taƙaita a cikin articles Carcinogenesis da Neoplasm, don ciwon daji na lokaci-lokaci a gaba ɗaya, ƙarancin gyare-gyare na DNA yana faruwa lokaci-lokaci saboda maye gurbi a cikin kwayar gyaran DNA, amma yana da yawa akai-akai saboda sauye-sauye na epigenetic wanda ke rage ko yin shiru na maganganun gyaran DNA. .

Canje-canjen Epigenetic da ke cikin haɓakar ciwon daji na launin fata na iya shafar martanin mutum ga ilimin chemotherapy.

## Genomics | Epigenomics
Ijma'i na kwayoyin subtypes (CMS) na rarrabuwar kansar launin fata an fara gabatar da shi a cikin 2015. Rarraba CMS ya zuwa yanzu an yi la'akari da mafi ƙaƙƙarfan tsarin rarrabawa da ake da shi don CRC wanda ke da fassarorin fassarar ilimin halitta da tushe don rarrabuwa na asibiti a nan gaba da kuma matakan da aka yi niyya na tushen nau'in.

Wani labari na tushen Epigenome (EpiC) na kansar launin fata an gabatar da shi a cikin 2021 yana gabatar da nau'ikan haɓakawa 4 a cikin mutanen da ke da CRC. Jihohin Chromatin da ke amfani da alamomin tarihi guda 6 ana siffanta su don gano ƙananan nau'ikan EpiC. Hanyar haɗakarwa ta hanyar warkewa dangane da abubuwan da aka gabatar da ijma'i a baya (CMSs) da EpiCs na iya haɓaka dabarun jiyya na yanzu. 

## Bincike

Ana yin ganewar cutar kansar launin fata ta hanyar yin samfuri na wuraren da ake zargin hanji don yuwuwar ci gaban ƙari, yawanci a lokacin colonoscopy ko sigmoidoscopy, ya danganta da wurin da raunin ya kasance.  An tabbatar da shi ta hanyar duban ɗan adam na samfurin nama.

### Hoto na likita
Wani lokaci ana gano ciwon daji mai launin fata akan CT scan . 

Ana tabbatar da kasancewar metastases ta hanyar CT scan na ƙirji, ciki da ƙashin ƙugu. Wasu yuwuwar gwajin hoto kamar PET da MRI ana iya amfani da su a wasu lokuta. Ana amfani da na ƙarshen sau da yawa don raunukan dubura don tantance matakin sa na gida da kuma sauƙaƙe shirye-shiryen riga-kafi. 

### Histopathology

Ana ba da rahoton halayen tarihin tarihin ƙwayar cuta daga nazarin nama da aka ɗauka daga biopsy ko tiyata. Rahoton ilimin cututtuka yana ƙunshe da bayanin halayen ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, ciki har da ƙwayoyin tumor guda biyu da kuma yadda ciwon daji ke shiga cikin kyallen takarda masu lafiya kuma a ƙarshe idan ciwon ya bayyana an cire shi gaba daya. Mafi yawan nau'in ciwon daji na hanji shine adenocarcinoma, wanda ya ƙunshi tsakanin kashi 95%  zuwa 98%  na duk cututtukan daji na colorectal. Sauran, nau'ikan da ba su da yawa sun haɗa da lymphoma, adenosquamous da carcinoma cell squamous . An gano wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan suna da ƙarfi  Ana iya amfani da Immunohistochemistry a lokuta marasa tabbas.

### Tsayawa
Matsayin ciwon daji ya dogara ne akan binciken rediyo da ilimin cututtuka. Kamar yadda yake tare da sauran nau'o'in ciwon daji, ciwon daji yana dogara ne akan tsarin TNM wanda yayi la'akari da yadda ƙwayar farko ta yada da kuma kasancewar metastases a cikin nodes na lymph da sauran gabobin da ke nesa. An buga bugu na AJCC na 8 a cikin 2018.

## Rigakafi
An yi kiyasin cewa kusan rabin cututtukan da suka kamu da cutar sankarar launin fata suna faruwa ne saboda abubuwan rayuwa, kuma kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na duk ana iya yin rigakafinsu. Ƙara yawan sa ido, yin motsa jiki, cin abinci mai yawan fiber, da rage shan taba da shan barasa yana rage haɗarin.

### salon rayuwa
Abubuwan haɗari na rayuwa tare da shaida mai ƙarfi sun haɗa da rashin motsa jiki, shan taba sigari, barasa, da kiba.  Ana iya rage haɗarin ciwon daji na hanji ta hanyar kiyaye nauyin jiki na yau da kullun ta hanyar haɗuwa da isasshen motsa jiki da cin abinci mai kyau .

Binciken da ake yi a yanzu yana danganta cin jan nama da naman da aka sarrafa zuwa babban haɗarin cutar.  Tun daga shekarun 1970s, shawarwarin abinci don hana ciwon daji na launin fata sau da yawa sun haɗa da ƙara yawan amfani da hatsi, 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari, da rage cin nama da nama da aka sarrafa . Wannan ya dogara ne akan nazarin dabba da nazarin duban baya. Duk da haka, babban binciken da ake tsammani ya kasa nuna wani tasiri mai mahimmanci na kariya, kuma saboda dalilai masu yawa na ciwon daji da kuma rikitarwa na nazarin dangantaka tsakanin abinci da lafiya, ba shi da tabbas ko wani takamaiman tsarin abinci na abinci (a waje da cin abinci mai kyau) zai sami tasiri mai mahimmanci na kariya.   A cikin 2018 Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Kasa ta bayyana cewa "Babu wani tabbataccen shaida cewa abincin da aka fara a lokacin balagagge wanda ba shi da kitse da nama da yawan fiber, 'ya'yan itatuwa, da kayan lambu yana rage haɗarin CRC ta hanyar digiri mai mahimmanci na asibiti."  

A cewar Asusun Binciken Ciwon daji na Duniya, shan barasa da kuma cinye naman da aka sarrafa duka suna kara haɗarin ciwon daji na colorectal 

Game da fiber na abinci, rahoton ciwon daji na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya na 2014 ya lura cewa an yi hasashen cewa fiber na iya taimakawa wajen hana ciwon daji na colorectal, amma yawancin binciken ba su fitar da wannan ba, kuma matsayin kimiyya ya kasance ba a sani ba tun daga 2014.  Wani bita na 2019, duk da haka, ya sami shaidar fa'ida daga fiber na abinci da dukan hatsi.  Asusun Binciken Ciwon daji na Duniya ya lissafa fa'idar fiber don rigakafin ciwon daji a matsayin "mai yiwuwa" kamar na 2017. 

Ana ba da shawarar aikin motsa jiki mafi girma. Motsa jiki yana da alaƙa da raguwar raguwar hanji amma ba haɗarin kansar dubura ba.  Babban matakan motsa jiki yana rage haɗarin ciwon daji na hanji da kusan kashi 21%.  Zauna akai-akai na tsawon lokaci yana da alaƙa da yawan mace-mace daga ciwon daji na hanji. Ba a kawar da haɗarin ta hanyar motsa jiki na yau da kullum, kodayake an saukar da shi. 

## Magunguna da kari
Aspirin da celecoxib sun bayyana suna rage haɗarin ciwon daji na launin fata a cikin waɗanda ke cikin haɗari mai girma.  Ana ba da shawarar aspirin ga waɗanda ke da shekaru 50 zuwa 60, ba su da haɗarin zubar jini, kuma suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan zuciya don hana ciwon daji na launin fata. Ba a ba da shawarar ba a cikin waɗanda ke cikin matsakaicin haɗari.

Akwai sheda na ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙwayar calcium, amma bai isa ba don ba da shawara.  Shan bitamin D da matakan jini suna da alaƙa da ƙarancin haɗarin ciwon daji na hanji. 

### Nunawa
Kamar yadda fiye da 80% na ciwon daji na colorectal ya tashi daga adenomatous polyps, nunawa ga wannan ciwon daji yana da tasiri don ganowa da wuri da kuma rigakafi.  Ganewar cututtukan ciwon daji na launin fata ta hanyar yin gwaje-gwaje yana nuna yakan faru shekaru 2-3 kafin ganewar asali na lokuta masu alamun bayyanar.  Ana iya cire duk wani polyps da aka gano, yawanci ta hanyar colonoscopy ko sigmoidoscopy, don haka ya hana su juya zuwa ciwon daji. Nunawa yana da yuwuwar rage mutuwar cutar kansar launin fata da kashi 60%. 

Babban gwaje-gwajen gwaji guda uku sune colonoscopy, gwajin jini na gabobin ciki, da sigmoidoscopy mai sassauƙa . Daga cikin ukun, sigmoidoscopy kawai ba zai iya bincika gefen dama na hanji ba inda aka sami kashi 42% na ciwon daji.  Sigmoidoscopy mai sauƙi, duk da haka, yana da mafi kyawun shaida don rage haɗarin mutuwa daga kowane dalili.

Gwajin jini na ɓoyayyiya (FOBT) na stool yawanci ana ba da shawarar kowace shekara biyu kuma yana iya zama tushen guaiac ko immunochemical .  Idan an sami sakamako na FOBT mara kyau, yawanci ana tura mahalarta don gwajin colonoscopy na gaba. Lokacin da aka yi sau ɗaya a kowace shekara 1-2, gwajin FOBT yana rage yawan mutuwar ciwon daji da kashi 16 cikin 100 kuma daga cikin waɗanda ke shiga cikin tantancewa, za a iya rage yawan mutuwar ciwon daji har zuwa 23%, ko da yake ba a tabbatar da rage yawan mace-mace ba.  Gwaje-gwajen rigakafi daidai ne kuma baya buƙatar canjin abinci ko magani kafin gwaji. 

Sauran zaɓuɓɓukan sun haɗa da kama-da -wane colonoscopy da gwajin gwajin DNA (FIT-DNA). Ƙwararren ƙwayar cuta ta hanyar CT scan ya bayyana yana da kyau kamar daidaitaccen colonoscopy don gano ciwon daji da manyan adenoma amma yana da tsada, yana da alaƙa da bayyanar radiation, kuma ba zai iya cire duk wani ci gaban da aka gano na al'ada ba kamar yadda daidaitaccen colonoscopy zai iya.  Gwajin gwajin DNA na Stool yana neman alamomin halittu masu alaƙa da ciwon daji na launin fata da raunukan da suka rigaya, gami da canza DNA da haemoglobin na jini . Kyakkyawan sakamako yakamata a bi shi ta hanyar colonoscopy . FIT-DNA yana da mafi ƙarancin inganci fiye da FIT kuma don haka yana haifar da ƙarin sakamako mara kyau. Ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike kamar na 2016 don sanin ko tazarar gwajin shekaru uku daidai ne.

### Shawarwari
A Amurka, ana ba da shawarar yin gwajin tsakanin shekaru 50 zuwa 75&nbsp;shekaru.  Ƙungiyar Ciwon daji ta Amirka ta ba da shawarar farawa tun yana da shekaru 45.  Ga waɗanda ke tsakanin shekaru 76 zuwa 85, yanke shawarar tantancewa ya kamata a keɓance shi. Ga waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin haɗari, yawanci ana farawa da kusan 40.

Ana ba da shawarar hanyoyin dubawa da yawa ciki har da gwajin tushen stool kowane shekaru 2, sigmoidoscopy kowace shekara 10 tare da gwajin rigakafi na fecal a kowace shekara biyu, da colonoscopy kowace shekara 10.  Ba a san wanne daga cikin waɗannan hanyoyi biyu ba ne mafi kyau. Colonoscopy na iya samun ƙarin ciwon daji a ɓangaren farko na hanji, amma yana da alaƙa da farashi mai girma da ƙarin rikitarwa.  Ga mutanen da ke da matsakaicin haɗari waɗanda suka sami babban ingancin colonoscopy tare da sakamako na al'ada, Ƙungiyar Gastroenterological Association ta Amirka ba ta ba da shawarar kowane nau'i na nunawa a cikin shekaru 10 bayan colonoscopy ba. Ga mutane sama da 75 ko waɗanda ke da tsawon rayuwar ƙasa da 10&nbsp;shekaru, ba a ba da shawarar dubawa ba.  Yana ɗaukar kimanin shekaru 10 bayan an gwada ɗaya daga cikin mutane 1000 don amfana.  USPSTF ta lissafta dabaru guda bakwai masu yuwuwa don tantancewa, tare da mafi mahimmancin abu shine cewa aƙalla ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan dabarun ana amfani da su yadda ya kamata. 

A Kanada, daga cikin waɗanda ke da shekaru 50 zuwa 75 a cikin haɗarin al'ada, ana ba da shawarar gwajin rigakafi na fecal ko FOBT kowace shekara biyu ko sigmoidoscopy kowace shekara 10.  Colonoscopy ba shi da fifiko.

Wasu ƙasashe suna da shirye-shiryen tantance launin launi na ƙasa waɗanda ke ba da gwajin FOBT ga duk manya a cikin wani rukunin shekaru, yawanci farawa tsakanin shekaru 50 zuwa 60. Misalan ƙasashen da ke da tsarin tantancewa sun haɗa da United Kingdom,  Australia,  Netherlands,  Hong Kong da Taiwan. 

## Magani
Maganin ciwon daji na launin fata na iya zama da nufin warkarwa ko ragewa. Shawarar abin da ake son ɗauka ya dogara da abubuwa daban-daban, ciki har da lafiyar mutum da abubuwan da ake so, da kuma matakin ƙwayar cuta.  Ƙididdiga a cikin ƙungiyoyi masu yawa shine muhimmin sashi na ƙayyade ko majiyyaci ya dace da tiyata ko a'a.  Lokacin da aka kama kansar launin fata da wuri, tiyata na iya zama magani. Duk da haka, lokacin da aka gano shi a matakai na gaba (wanda metastases ke samuwa), wannan yana da wuyar gaske kuma sau da yawa ana ba da magani ga palliation, don kawar da bayyanar cututtuka da ciwon daji ke haifar da shi kuma ya sa mutum ya ji dadi sosai. 

### Tiyata

Idan an sami ciwon daji a farkon mataki, ana iya cire shi a lokacin colonoscopy ta amfani da daya daga cikin fasaha da yawa, ciki har da endoscopic mucosal resection ko endoscopic submucosal dissection .  Ga mutanen da ke da ciwon daji na gida, abin da aka fi so shine cikakken cirewar tiyata tare da isassun tazara, tare da ƙoƙarin samun magani. Hanyar zaɓin ita ce partel colectomy (ko proctocolectomy don raunukan duburar) inda aka cire ɓangaren hanji ko duburar da abin ya shafa tare da sassan mesocolon da samar da jini don sauƙaƙe cire ƙwayoyin lymph nodes . Ana iya yin wannan ko dai ta hanyar buɗewar laparotomy ko laparoscopically, dangane da abubuwan da suka shafi mutum ɗaya da abubuwan raunuka.  Ana iya sake haɗa hanjin ko kuma mutum ya sami colostomy . 

Idan akwai 'yan metastases a cikin hanta ko huhu, ana iya cire su. Ana iya amfani da chemotherapy kafin tiyata don rage ciwon daji kafin yunƙurin cire shi. Wurare guda biyu da aka fi samun yawaitar cutar kansar launin fata sune hanta da huhu .  Ga peritoneal carcinomatosis cytoreductive tiyata, wani lokacin a hade tare da HIPEC za a iya amfani da a yunƙurin cire ciwon daji. 

### Chemotherapy
A cikin duka ciwon daji na hanji da dubura, ana iya amfani da chemotherapy ban da tiyata a wasu lokuta. Shawarar da za a ƙara chemotherapy a kula da ciwon hanji da dubura ya dogara da matakin cutar. 

A Stage I ciwon daji na hanji, ba a bayar da chemotherapy, kuma tiyata shine tabbataccen magani. Matsayin ilimin chemotherapy a cikin Stage II ciwon daji na hanji yana da muhawara, kuma yawanci ba a ba da shi ba sai an gano abubuwan haɗari kamar ƙwayar cutar T4, ciwon daji mara bambanci, mamayewar jijiyoyin jini da na perineural ko rashin isasshen samfurin node na lymph.  Hakanan an san cewa mutanen da ke ɗauke da abubuwan da ba su da kyau na ƙwayoyin gyaran gyare-gyaren da ba su dace ba ba su amfana da ilimin chemotherapy. Don mataki na III da Stage IV ciwon daji, chemotherapy wani bangare ne na jiyya. 

Idan ciwon daji ya yada zuwa ga ƙwayoyin lymph ko gabobin da ke nesa, wanda shine yanayin da mataki na III da mataki na IV ciwon daji na ciwon hanji, ƙara magungunan chemotherapy fluorouracil, capecitabine ko oxaliplatin yana ƙara tsawon rai. Idan nodes na lymph ba su ƙunshi ciwon daji ba, amfanin chemotherapy yana da rikici. Idan ciwon daji yana da yawa ko kuma ba a sake shi ba, to magani yana da lafiya. Yawanci a wannan saitin, ana iya amfani da adadin magungunan chemotherapy daban-daban.  Magungunan chemotherapy don wannan yanayin na iya haɗawa da capecitabine, fluorouracil, irinotecan, oxaliplatin da UFT .  Magungunan capecitabine da fluorouracil suna canzawa, tare da capecitabine kasancewar maganin baka da fluorouracil shine maganin jijiya. Wasu ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tsarin da ake amfani da su don CRC sune CAPOX, FOLFOX, FOLFOXIRI, da FOLFIRI .  Magungunan Antiangiogenic kamar su bevacizumab ana yawan ƙara su a cikin layin farko. Wani nau'i na kwayoyi da aka yi amfani da su a cikin layi na biyu sune masu hana masu karɓan haɓakar haɓakar haɓakar epidermal, waɗanda FDA ta amince da su guda uku suna aflibercept, cetuximab da panitumumab . 

Bambanci na farko a cikin kusanci zuwa ƙananan ciwon daji na dubura shine haɗa maganin radiation. Sau da yawa, ana amfani da shi tare da chemotherapy a cikin yanayin neoadjuvant don ba da damar aikin tiyata, ta yadda a ƙarshe ba a buƙatar colostomy . Koyaya, bazai yuwu a cikin ƙananan ciwace-ciwacen daji ba, a cikin wannan yanayin, ana iya buƙatar colostomy na dindindin. Ana kula da ciwon daji na dubura mataki na IV kama da mataki na IV ciwon daji.

Sashe na IV ciwon daji na launin fata saboda ciwon peritoneal carcinomatosis za a iya bi da shi ta amfani da HIPEC tare da tiyata na cytoreductive, a wasu mutane.

## Radiation therapy
Duk da yake haɗuwa da radiation da chemotherapy na iya zama da amfani ga ciwon daji na dubura,  ga wasu mutanen da ke buƙatar magani, chemoradiotherapy na iya ƙara yawan ƙwayar cuta mai tsanani, kuma ba a nuna shi don inganta yawan rayuwa ba idan aka kwatanta da radiotherapy kadai, ko da yake yana da alaƙa. tare da ƙaramar maimaitawar gida.  Amfani da radiotherapy a cikin ciwon daji na hanji ba na yau da kullun ba ne saboda ji na hanji zuwa radiation.  Kamar yadda yake tare da chemotherapy, ana iya amfani da radiotherapy azaman neoadjuvant don matakan asibiti T3 da T4 don ciwon daji na dubura.  Wannan yana haifar da raguwa ko raguwar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, shirya shi don aikin tiyata, kuma yana rage yawan maimaitawar gida.  Don ciwon daji na dubura na gida, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy ya zama daidaitaccen magani. Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da tiyata ba zai yiwu ba, an ba da shawarar maganin radiation don zama magani mai mahimmanci game da ƙwayoyin cuta na CRC, wanda kashi 10-15% na mutanen da ke da CRC suka haɓaka. 

### Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy tare da masu hana wuraren bincike na rigakafi yana da amfani ga nau'in ciwon daji na launin fata tare da rashin daidaituwa na gyaran gyare-gyare da rashin kwanciyar hankali na microsatellite. An amince da Pembrolizumab don ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwan CRC waɗanda ba su da ƙarancin MMR kuma sun kasa jiyya na yau da kullun.  Yawancin mutanen da suka inganta, duk da haka, har yanzu suna tabarbarewa bayan watanni ko shekaru.  Sauran nau'in ciwon daji na colorectal kamar na 2017 har yanzu ana nazarin su. 

### Kulawar jin daɗi
Ana ba da shawarar kula da jin daɗi ga duk mutumin da ya sami ci gaba da ciwon daji na hanji ko kuma yana da alamun bayyanar cututtuka. 

Shiga cikin kulawar jin daɗi na iya zama da amfani don inganta rayuwar mutum da danginsa, ta hanyar inganta alamun cututtuka, damuwa da hana shiga asibiti. 

A cikin mutanen da ke fama da ciwon daji na launi maras magani, kulawar jin daɗi na iya ƙunshi hanyoyin da ke kawar da alamun cututtuka ko rikitarwa daga ciwon daji amma kada ku yi ƙoƙarin warkar da ciwon daji, don haka inganta rayuwar rayuwa . Zaɓuɓɓukan fiɗa na iya haɗawa da cirewar wasu ƙwayar cutar kansa ta hanyar tiyata marasa magani, ƙetare wani ɓangaren hanji, ko sanya stent. Ana iya la'akari da waɗannan hanyoyin don inganta alamun bayyanar cututtuka da kuma rage rikitarwa kamar zubar jini daga ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyi, ciwon ciki da kuma toshewar hanji.  Hanyoyin da ba a yi amfani da su ba na maganin bayyanar cututtuka sun haɗa da maganin radiation don rage girman ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta da magungunan ciwo. 

### Bibiya
Cibiyar Cutar Cutar Kasa ta Amurka da kuma al'adar Clinical ta Amurka ta samar da jagorori saboda masu lalata cutar ta bakin ciki. Ana ba da shawarar tarihin likita da duba lafiyar jiki kowane watanni 3 zuwa 6 na tsawon shekaru 2, sannan kowane watanni 6 har tsawon shekaru 5. Ma'aunin matakin jini na Carcinoembryonic antigen yana bin lokaci guda, amma ana ba da shawarar kawai ga mutanen da ke da T2 ko raunuka mafi girma waɗanda ke takarar shiga tsakani. Ana iya yin la'akari da CT-scan na ƙirji, ciki da ƙashin ƙugu a kowace shekara don shekaru 3 na farko ga mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin sake dawowa (misali, waɗanda suka sami bambance-bambancen ciwace-ciwacen daji ko venous ko lymphatic mamayewa) kuma su ne 'yan takara don maganin warkewa. tiyata (da nufin warkewa). Ana iya yin ƙwanƙwaran ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta bayan shekara 1, sai dai idan ba za a iya yin shi ba a lokacin da aka fara farawa saboda yawan abin da ya hana, wanda ya kamata a yi bayan watanni 3 zuwa 6. Idan an sami polyp mai wutsiya, polyp> 1 centimita ko dysplasia mai girma, ana iya maimaita shi bayan shekaru 3, sannan a kowace shekara 5. Don wasu abubuwan da ba su da kyau, ana iya maimaita colonoscopy bayan shekara 1.

PET na yau da kullun ko duban duban dan tayi, X-rays na kirji, cikakken adadin jini ko gwajin aikin hanta ba a ba da shawarar ba.

Ga mutanen da aka yi wa tiyatar warkewa ko maganin jin daɗi (ko duka biyu) don magance ciwon daji na colorectal wanda ba na metastatic ba, ba a nuna tsananin sa ido da bin kusanci ba don samar da ƙarin fa'idodin rayuwa.

### Motsa jiki
Ana iya ba da shawarar motsa jiki a nan gaba azaman magani na biyu ga waɗanda suka tsira daga cutar kansa. A cikin nazarin cututtukan cututtuka, motsa jiki na iya rage takamaiman mace-mace-cancer na launin fata da kuma yawan mace-mace. Sakamako na takamaiman adadin motsa jiki da ake buƙata don lura da fa'ida sun yi karo da juna. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen na iya nuna bambance-bambance a cikin ilmin halitta na ƙari da kuma bayyana alamun halittu. Mutanen da ke da ciwace-ciwacen da ba su da maganganun CTNNB1 (β-catenin), suna shiga cikin hanyar siginar Wnt, sun buƙaci fiye da 18 Metabolic daidai (MET) sa'o'i a kowane mako, ma'auni na motsa jiki, don lura da raguwa a cikin mutuwar ciwon daji na launi. Hanyar yadda motsa jiki ke amfanar rayuwa na iya shiga cikin sa ido na rigakafi da hanyoyin kumburi. A cikin nazarin asibiti, an sami amsa mai kumburi a cikin mutanen da ke da ciwon daji na launi na II-III waɗanda suka yi makonni 2 na matsakaicin motsa jiki bayan sun kammala aikin farko. Ma'aunin Oxidative na iya zama wata hanya mai yuwuwa don amfanin da aka lura. An sami raguwa mai yawa a cikin 8-oxo-dG a cikin fitsarin mutanen da suka yi makonni 2 na matsakaicin motsa jiki bayan farfaɗo na farko. Sauran hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su na iya haɗawa da hormone na rayuwa da jima'i-steroid hormones, ko da yake waɗannan hanyoyi na iya shiga cikin wasu nau'in ciwon daji 

Wani m biomarker iya zama p27 . Wadanda suka tsira tare da ciwace-ciwacen da suka bayyana p27 kuma sun yi girma kuma sun yi daidai da 18 MET hours a mako daya an gano sun rage yawan mutuwar ciwon daji na launin fata idan aka kwatanta da wadanda ke da kasa da 18 MET hours a mako guda. Wadanda suka tsira ba tare da maganganun p27 waɗanda suka yi motsa jiki an nuna su suna da sakamako mafi muni ba. Ƙaddamar da kunnawa ta hanyar PI3K/AKT/mTOR na iya yin bayanin asarar p27 da ma'auni mai yawa na makamashi na iya daidaita tsarin p27 don dakatar da kwayoyin cutar kansa daga rarrabuwa. 

Ayyukan jiki suna ba da fa'ida ga mutanen da ke da ciwon daji mara ci gaba. An ba da rahoton haɓakawa a cikin motsa jiki na motsa jiki, gajiya mai alaƙa da ciwon daji da ingancin rayuwa mai alaƙa da lafiya a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci.  Duk da haka, ba a lura da waɗannan gyare-gyaren a matakin lafiyar kwakwalwa da ke da alaka da cututtuka, kamar damuwa da damuwa.

## Hasashen
Kasa da kwayoyin halitta 600 suna da alaƙa da sakamako a cikin ciwon daji mai launi.  Waɗannan sun haɗa da duka nau'ikan kwayoyin da ba su da kyau, inda babban magana ke da alaƙa da sakamako mara kyau, misali girgizar zafi 70 kDa furotin 1 (HSPA1A), da kyawawan ƙwayoyin cuta inda babban magana ke da alaƙa da rayuwa mafi kyau, misali furotin mai ɗaure RNA mai ɗorewa. RBM3) .

### Yawan maimaitawa
Matsakaicin yawan dawowa na shekaru biyar a cikin mutanen da aikin tiyata ya yi nasara shine 5% na ciwon daji na mataki na, 12% a mataki na II da 33% a mataki na III. Duk da haka, dangane da adadin abubuwan haɗari ya tashi daga 9-22% a mataki na II da 17-44% a mataki na III.

### Yawan tsira
A Turai, tsawon shekaru biyar na rayuwa na ciwon daji na launin fata bai wuce 60% ba. A cikin kasashen da suka ci gaba kusan kashi uku na mutanen da ke kamuwa da cutar suna mutuwa daga cutar. 

Rayuwa yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da ganowa da kuma nau'in ciwon daji da ke tattare da shi, amma gabaɗaya ba shi da kyau ga cututtukan daji masu alama, saboda galibi sun ci gaba sosai. Adadin tsira don gano matakin farko ya ninka sau biyar fiye da na ciwon daji a ƙarshen mataki. Mutanen da ke da ciwon daji wanda bai keta mucosa na mucosa ba (TNM matakin Tis, N0, M0) suna da adadin rayuwa na shekaru biyar na 100%, yayin da wadanda ke da ciwon daji na T1 (a cikin submucosal Layer) ko T2 (a cikin muscular). Layer) suna da matsakaicin adadin rayuwa na shekaru biyar kusan 90%. Waɗanda ke da ƙari mai ɓarna duk da haka ba tare da shigar kumburi ba (T3-4, N0, M0) suna da matsakaicin ƙimar rayuwa na shekaru biyar kusan 70%. Mutanen da ke da ƙananan ƙwayoyin lymph na yanki (kowane T, N1-3, M0) suna da matsakaicin matsakaicin shekaru biyar na rayuwa kusan 40%, yayin da waɗanda ke da metastases mai nisa (kowane T, kowane N, M1) suna da rashin fahimta da biyar. Rayuwar shekara ta bambanta daga