Shaye-shaye

**Shaye-shaye**, wanda kuma aka sani da **rashin amfani da barasa** (**AUD**), shine, gabadaya, duk shan wani abu wanda ke haifar da matsalolin tunani ko na jiki. A baya an raba cutar zuwa nau'i biyu: shan barasa da kuma kwayoyi. A cikin yanayin likita, an ce shaye-shaye yana wanzuwa lokacin da abubuwa biyu ko fiye da haka sun kasance: mutum yana shan barasa mai yawa na tsawon lokaci, yana da wahalar yankewa, samun da shan barasa yana daukar lokaci mai yawa.  Barasa yana da karfi sosai, sakamakon amfani da rashin cika nauyin nauyi, sakamakon amfani da shi a cikin matsalolin zamantakewa, sakamakon amfani da matsalolin kiwon lafiya, sakamakon amfani da shi a cikin yanayi mai hadari, janyewa yana faruwa a lokacin tsayawa, kuma hakurin barasa ya faru tare da amfani. Yin amfani da barasa na iya shafar dukkan sassan jiki, amma yana shafar kwakwalwa,zuciya, hanta, pancreas da tsarin rigakafi. Shaye-shaye na iya haifar da tabin hankali, delirium tremens, ciwo na Wernicke-Korsakoff, bugun zuciya na yau da kullun, rashin amsawar rigakafi, hanta cirrhosis da hadaka hadarin kansa. Sha a lokacin daukar ciki na iya haifar da rashin lafiyar barasa na tayin. Gabadaya mata sun fi maza kula da illolin barasa, da farko saboda karancin nauyin jikinsu, karancin ƙarfin sarrafa barasa, da yawan kitsen jiki.

Abubuwan muhalli da kwayoyin halitta abubuwa biyu ne da ke da alaqa da shaye-shaye, tare da kusan rabin hadarin da aka danganta ga kowane. Wanda ke da iyaye ko dan'uwa mai shaye-shaye ya fi sau uku zuwa hudu damar zama mashawarcin da kansa. Abubuwan muhalli sun hada da tasirin zamantakewa, al'adu da halaye. Babban matakan damuwa da damuwa, da kuma farashin barasa mara tsada da sauki mai sauki, yana ƙara haɗarin. Mutane na iya ci gaba da sha don hana ko inganta alamun janyewar. Bayan mutum ya daina shan barasa, za su iya samun ƙarancin janyewar da zai yi na tsawon watanni. A likitance, ana daukar shaye-shaye duka cuta ce ta jiki da ta kwakwalwa. Tambayoyi da wasu gwaje-gwajen jini na iya gano yiwuwar shan giya. Sannan ana tattara ƙarin bayani don tabbatar da ganewar asali.

Ana iya kokarin rigakafin shaye-shaye ta hanyar tsarawa da iyakance siyar da barasa, sanya harajin barasa don kara farashinsa, da ba da magani mara tsada. Maganin shaye-shaye na iya ɗaukar nau'i da yawa. Saboda matsalolin likita da zasu iya faruwa a lokacin janyewa, ya kamata a kula da tsabtace barasa a hankali. Wata hanyar gama gari ta haɗa da amfani da magungunan benzodiazepine, kamar diazepam. Ana iya ba da waɗannan ko dai yayin shigar da su a cibiyar kiwon lafiya ko kuma wani lokaci yayin da mutum ya kasance a cikin al'umma tare da kulawa sosai. Ciwon hauka ko wasu abubuwan maye na iya dagula magani. Bayan cirewa, ana amfani da magungunan rukuni ko ƙungiyoyin tallafi don taimakawa mutum ya dawo shan giya. Wani nau'i na tallafi da aka saba amfani dashi shine ƙungiyar Alcoholics Anonymous. Hakanan ana iya amfani da magungunan acamprosate, disulfiram ko naltrexone don taimakawa hana ci gaba da sha.

Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta yi kiyasin cewa ya zuwa shekarar 2010, akwai mutane miliyan 208 da ke da shaye-shaye a duk duniya (kashi 4.1 na yawan mutanen da suka haura shekaru 15). Ya zuwa shekarar 2015 a Amurka, kusan miliyan 17 (7%) na manya da miliyan 0.7 (2.8%) na masu shekaru 12 zuwa 17 ne abin ya shafa. Shaye-shaye ya fi zama ruwan dare a tsakanin maza da matasa, kuma ba a cika samunsa ba a tsakiyar da tsufa. A geographically, ba shi da yawa a Afirka (1.1% na yawan jama'a) kuma yana da mafi girman kimar a Gabashin Turai (11%). Shaye-shaye ya haifar da mutuwar 139,000 kai tsaye a cikin shekarar 2013, sama da 112,000 da suka mutu a 1990. An yi imanin cewa jimlar mutuwar miliyan 3.3 (5.9% na duk mace-mace) ta kasance ta hanyar barasa. Shaye-shaye na rage tsawon rayuwar mutum da kusan shekaru goma. An yi amfani da kalmomin da yawa, wasu na zagi wasu kuma na yau da kullun, an yi amfani da su don yin nuni ga mutanen da shaye-shaye ya shafa; maganganun sun hada da *tippler*, *mashaya*, *dipsomaniac* da *souse*. A shekara ta 1979, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta hana amfani da "shaye-shaye" saboda rashin ma'anarsa, ta fifita "ciwon dogara ga barasa".

## Manazarta