Yanayin ƙasar Vietnam

**title="Vietnam">Vietnam** tana kan gefen gabashin tsibirin Indochinese kuma tana da kimanin  kilomita 331,.6 (127,881.5 sq , wanda kusan kashi 25% ke ƙarƙashin noma a 1987. Yana da iyaka da Tekun Tonkin, Tekun Thailand, da Tekun Pacific, tare da China, Laos, da Kambodiya. Kasar da ke da siffar S tana da nisan arewa zuwa kudu na kilomita "},"Transclusion">1,650 (1,030  kuma tana da kusan kilomita 50 (31  a mafi ƙanƙanta. Tare da bakin teku na kilomita  (2,030 , ban da tsibirai, Vietnam ta yi ikirarin mil 12 (22.2   a matsayin iyakar ruwan yankinta, ƙarin mil 12 (22.2 km; 13.8%  a matsayinta na yankin kwastomomi da tsaro. Yana da yanki na tattalin arziki na musamman na  km2  sq mi) tare da mil 200 na teku (370.4  mi).

Iyakar da Laos an daidaita ta bisa kabilanci da yanki tsakanin sarakunan Vietnam da Laos a tsakiyar karni na sha bakwai.  Yankin Annamite a matsayin ma'anar, an bayyana shi ta hanyar yerjejeniyar iyakancewa da aka sanya hannu a cikin 1977 kuma aka amince da shi a cikin 1986. Iyakar da Cambodia, wanda aka ayyana a lokacin da Faransa ta mamaye yammacin Mekong Delta a 1867, ta kasance da gaske ba ta canza ba, a cewar Hanoi, har sai an warware wasu batutuwan 8.  Iyakar kasa da teku tare da kasar Sin, wadda aka kebe karkashin yarjejeniyoyin Faransa da Sin na 1887 da 1895, ita ce "layin kan iyaka" da Hanoi ya yarda da shi.  Kasar Sin ta amince a shekarar 1957-1958 don mutunta wannan layin kan iyaka.  Duk da haka, a cikin Fabrairun 1979, bayan yakin Sino-Bietnam, Hanoi ya yi korafin cewa tun daga shekarar 1957 zuwa gaba kasar Sin ta haifar da matsalolin kan iyaka da dama a matsayin wani bangare na manufofinta na kin jinin Vietnam da kuma tsarin fadada yankin kudu maso gabashin Asiya.  Daga cikin cin zarafi da aka yi amfani da su, har da mamayar da kasar Sin ta yi a watan Janairun shekarar 1974 na tsibirin Paracel, wanda kasashen biyu suka yi ikirarin cewa ba a warware matsalar ba a shekarun 1980.



## Halin jiki
Kasar ta kasu kashi biyu cikin tsaunuka da Kogin Hong Delta a arewa, Annamite Range tare da ƙasashen bakin teku a tsakiya, da Mekong Delta a kudu.

## Yankin
Vietnam ƙasa ce mai ƙasƙanci da ƙasƙanci na wurare masu zafi, tuddai, da tsaunuka masu yawa, tare da ƙasa mai zurfi da ke rufe ƙasa da 20% na yankin.

### Kogin Red Delta
Delta na Kogin Hong (Red River) da Kogin Thái Bình yanki ne mai laushi, mai kusurwa uku na  kilomita 15,000 (5,800 sq .  Kogin Hong Delta ya fi karami amma ya fi bunkasa sosai kuma ya fi yawan jama'a fiye da Mekong Delta. Da zarar ya kasance mai shiga Gulf of Tonkin, an cika shi da manyan ajiyar koguna a cikin shekaru dubbai, kuma yana ci gaba da mita ɗari a cikin Gulf a kowace shekara. Gidan kakannin kabilun Vietnamese, delta ya kai kusan kashi 70% na aikin gona da kashi 80% na masana'antar Arewacin Vietnam kafin 1975.

Kogin Red, wanda ke tasowa a lardin Yunnan na kasar Sin, yana da kimanin kilomita 1,200 (750  tsawo. Manyan hanyoyinsa guda biyu, Sông Lô (wanda ake kira Kogin Lo, Riviere Claire, ko Kogin Clear) da Sông Đà (wanda ake kiranta Kogin Black ko Riviere Noire), suna ba da gudummawa ga yawan ruwa, wanda ke da matsakaicin mita 4,300 (150,000   a kowace dakika.

Dukan yankin delta, wanda ke da goyon baya daga tsaunuka masu tsaunuka, ba fiye da mita uku sama da matakin teku ba, kuma yawancin sa mita ɗaya ne ko ƙasa da haka. Yankin yana fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa akai-akai; a wasu wurare alamar ambaliyar tana da mita goma sha huɗu sama da ƙauyen da ke kewaye. Domin ƙarni da yawa kula da ambaliyar ruwa ya kasance wani ɓangare na al'adun delta da tattalin arziki. An gina tsarin dikes da canals mai yawa don ƙunshe da Kogin Red da kuma ban ruwa ga wadataccen shinkafa mai shuka. An tsara shi a kan na kasar Sin, wannan tsohuwar tsarin ya ci gaba da yawan jama'a kuma ya sa shinkafa mai laushi sau biyu ya yiwu a ko'ina cikin rabin yankin.

Dutsen tsaunuka a arewa da arewa maso yamma galibi ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu ne ke zaune. Dãy Trường Sơn (Annamite Range) ya samo asali ne daga yankunan Tibet da Yunnan na kudu maso yammacin China kuma ya zama iyakar Vietnam da Laos. Ya ƙare a cikin Kogin Mekong Delta a arewacin Hồ Chí Minh City (tsohon Saigon).

Waɗannan tsaunuka na tsakiya, waɗanda ke da tuddai masu tsayi da yawa, ba su da ka'ida a tsayi da kamanni.  Bangaren arewa yana da kunkuntar kuma yana da kauri sosai;  Mafi kololuwar kasar, Fan Si Pan, ya kai mita 3,142 a cikin matsananciyar arewa maso yamma.  Yankin kudanci yana da tururuwa da yawa waɗanda ke raba kunkuntar tsirin bakin teku zuwa jerin sassa.  Tsawon shekaru aru-aru wadannan siffofi na yanayin ba wai kawai sun sa sadarwar arewa-kudu ke da wahala ba, har ma sun samar da wani shinge mai tasiri na dabi'a don hana mutanen da ke zaune a cikin kwarin Mekong.
 
A cikin kudancin Vietnam akwai tudu da aka sani da Tsakiyar Tsakiya (Tây Nguyên), kimanin murabba'in kilomita 51,800 na tsaunuka masu tsawo, gandun daji masu yawa, da ƙasa mai wadata. Ya ƙunshi filayen filayen ƙasa guda biyar na basalt da suka bazu a lardunan Đắk Lắk (ko "Dac Lac"), Gia Lai, da Kon Tum, tsaunuka suna da kashi 16% na ƙasar noma da kashi 22% na jimlar ƙasar daji. Kafin 1975, Arewacin Vietnam ya ci gaba da cewa Tsakiyar Tsakiya da Day Truong Son yankuna ne masu mahimmanci, suna da mahimmanci ga mamayewa ba kawai na Kudancin Vietnam ba har ma da kudancin Indochina. Tun daga shekara ta 1975, tsaunuka sun samar da wani yanki inda za a sake komawa mutane daga wuraren da ke da yawan jama'a.

Ƙananan ƙasashen bakin teku masu laushi sun kai daga kudancin Red River Delta zuwa kogin Mekong. A gefen ƙasa, Dãy Trường Sơn ya tashi da sauri sama da bakin tekun, ƙwayoyinsa suna fitowa cikin teku a wurare da yawa. Gabaɗaya, yankin bakin teku yana da kyau kuma ana noma shinkafa sosai.

Wani bincike na nesa na duniya na baya-bayan nan ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai 3,069 km2 na filayen ruwa a Vietnam, yana mai da shi ƙasa ta 10 dangane da yawan filayen ruwa da ke faruwa a can.&nbsp;

### Kogin Mekong Delta
Mekong Delta, wanda ke rufe kimanin murabba'in kilomita 40,000, fili ne mai ƙarancin matakin da ba fiye da mita uku ba sama da matakin teku a kowane lokaci kuma ya ratsa ta hanyar magudanar ruwa da koguna. Rashin ruwa da yawa suna dauke da rassa daban-daban na Mekong da kuma masu ba da gudummawa cewa delta yana ci gaba da mita sittin zuwa tamanin cikin teku a kowace shekara. Wani tushe na Vietnamese ya kiyasta adadin da aka ajiye a kowace shekara ya zama kusan cubic mita biliyan 1, ko kusan sau goma sha uku na adadin da Red River ya ajiye. Kimanin murabba'in kilomita 10,000 na delta suna ƙarƙashin noman shinkafa, yana mai da yankin ɗaya daga cikin manyan yankunan shinkafa na duniya. Yankin kudancin, wanda aka sani da yankin Cà Mau an rufe shi da gandun daji da mangrove maras kyau.

Yankin Mekong Delta mai fadin murabba'in kilomita 40,000, wani fili ne mai karamin karfi wanda bai wuce mita uku ba sama da matakin teku a ko wane wuri kuma yana ratsawa da magudanar ruwa da koguna.  Ruwan ruwa mai yawa yana ɗaukar rassan Mekong daban-daban da magudanan ruwa wanda hakan ya sa ɓangarorin ke kai mita sittin zuwa tamanin zuwa cikin teku kowace shekara.  Wata majiya a hukumance ta Vietnam ta kiyasta adadin ruwan da ake ajiyewa a duk shekara ya kai kimanin mita biliyan 1, ko kuma kusan sau goma sha uku adadin da kogin Red River ya ajiye.  Kimanin kilomita murabba'in 10,000 na yankin delta ana noman shinkafa ne, lamarin da ya sa yankin ya zama daya daga cikin yankunan da ake noman shinkafa a duniya.  Ƙarshen kudancin, wanda aka sani da Cà Mau Peninsula yana rufe da gandun daji mai yawa da kuma swamps na mangrove.

## Yanayi
 

Yanayin Vietnam, kasancewar yana cikin wurare masu zafi kuma yana da tasiri sosai daga Tekun Kudancin China yana da yanayin da ke da tasiri wanda ya dace da na yankin kudu maso gabashin Asiya. : 25 A arewa, yanayin yana da zafi mai zafi da kuma monsoonal kuma tare da yanayi huɗu daban-daban (Spring, Summer, Autumn, da Winter) yayin da a tsakiya da kudu, yanayin yana cikin zafi mai zafi tare da yanayi biyu (ruwa da bushe).    Bugu da kari, Yanayin yanayi yana cikin tsaunuka, waɗanda ake samu a Sa Pa da Da Lat, yayin da Yanayin nahiyar ya wanzu a Lardin Lai Chau da lardin Sơn La. Yanayi daban-daban, kewayon latitudes (Vietnam ya mamaye sama da 15 ° na latitude), da kuma tasirin daga Tekun Kudancin China yana haifar da yanayin yanayi wanda ya bambanta sosai tsakanin yankuna. : 24 

Dangane da yanayin ƙasa da yanayin yanayi, akwai yankuna daban-daban guda bakwai a Vietnam: : 26  Arewa maso Yamma, Arewa maso Gabas, Arewa Delta (Red River Delta), Arewa ta Tsakiya (North Central Coast), Kudu ta Tsakiya, Tsakiya ta Tsakiya ta tsakiya, da Kudu. : 26 An raba Kudu zuwa Kudu maso gabas don lardunan kudu maso gaba da Mekong Delta don larduna na kudu maso yamma. Gabaɗaya, waɗannan yankuna daban-daban guda bakwai an haɗa su cikin manyan nau'o'i biyu: Arewa (ya haɗa da Arewa maso Yamma, Arewa maso Gabas, Arewa Delta (Red River Delta), Arewa ta Tsakiya (North Central Coast)) wanda ya haɗa da duk yankuna arewacin Hải Vân Pass da Kudu (Kudancin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, Tsakiya na Tsakiya da Kudancin kudu) wanda ya haɗa le duk yankuna a kudancin Hải Ván Pass. Wadannan yankuna na yanayi sun dogara ne akan lokacin ruwan sama da sauran abubuwan yanayi kamar insolation, hasken rana, zafin jiki, hazo, da danshi. : 38–39 

A lokacin hunturu, iska mai zurfi wanda ya samo asali daga Siberian High ya shiga cikin ƙananan latitudes, wanda gabashin Tibet Plateau ya sauƙaƙe wanda ke motsa iska zuwa kudu a arewa maso gabas (iska mai sanyi iska ce da ke fitowa daga arewa maso gaba).  : 27 Yawancin sanyi na iya shiga cikin Vietnam a lokacin hunturu wanda akwai abubuwa uku zuwa hudu a kowane wata a arewacin Vietnam. : 27 Wannan yana haifar da yanayin sanyi inda yanayin zafi ya sauka da 4 zuwa 5 ° C (7 zuwa 9 ° F).  : 27 Yanayin sanyi, wani lokaci matsanancin sanyi na iya ci gaba na dogon lokaci, ana nuna shi da dogon lokaci na rashin girgije ko kuma wani ɓangare na kwanakin girgije a farkon rabin hunturu ko dogon lokaci na yanayin girgije da bushewa a ƙarshen rabin hunturu. : 27 Yanayin sanyi yana faruwa akai-akai a arewa fiye da kudu saboda yanayin sanyi yana shiga arewa akai-akai. 

A lokacin rani, tsarin iska gabaɗaya iskõki ne na kudu maso yamma a sassan kudancin Vietnam da iskõki na kudu maso gabas a arewacin Vietnam. : 28 Mafi yawan ginshiƙan iska a Vietnam sune ginshiƙai na equatorial da na wurare masu zafi waɗanda suka samo asali ne daga tsarin matsin lamba a Kudancin Hemisphere, da kuma ginshiƙar wurare masu zafi da suka samo asali daga tsarin matsi mai zafi a cikin Tekun Pacific (mafi girman matsin lamba na Pacific).  : 28 Bugu da ƙari, a lokacin rani, iska mai zafi tana rinjayar Vietnam daga Bay of Bengal wanda ke faruwa lokacin da matsin lamba na nahiyar da ya samo asali daga Kudancin Asiya (Kudancin Asiya) yana motsawa zuwa gabas zuwa Vietnam, yana rufe kusan dukkanin Vietnam da kudancin China; wannan yana haifar da zafi, yanayin bushe a Arewacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya yayin da iskõki na yamma ke sauka da dumi adiabatically a kan gangaren gabashin Anite Range (Truong Sonnam).  : 28 A matsakaici, guguwa goma sha ɗaya da matsin lamba na wurare masu zafi suna tasowa a cikin Tekun Kudancin China a lokacin rani wanda rabi shine guguwa na wurare masu wurare masu zafi waɗanda suka samo asali daga yammacin Pacific. : 28 Wadannan guguwa da guguwa sai su matsa zuwa yamma zuwa Vietnam. : 28 A matsakaici, guguwa shida zuwa takwas ko Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi suna shafar Vietnam a kowace shekara. : 25 

Lokacin bazara da kaka sune lokutan canji. : 27 Yankin yanayi a cikin waɗannan lokutan yana wakiltar canji tsakanin hunturu-lokaci da rani-lokaci bi da bi. : 28 

Mean annual temperatures in the country, based on meteorological data from weather stations range from  in Hoang Lien Son. At the highest altitudes in the Hoang Lien Son range, mean annual temperatures is only . As temperatures vary by altitude, temperatures decrease by  for every  increase in altitude. The lowest mean annual temperatures are found in the mountainous areas where the altitude is higher and in northern areas due to their higher latitudes. Many mountainous areas in the north have experienced subzero conditions. In contrast, temperatures in the Spratly Islands never falls below . Because Vietnam is strongly influenced by the monsoon, the mean temperatures in Vietnam are lower than other countries located at the same latitude in Asia. The highest temperatures normally occurs in March–May in the south and May–July in the north. Temperatures in summer are relatively equal among the northern and southern parts of the country with differences being mostly due to altitude (the decrease in temperature is predominantly due to altitude).

Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara  ƙasar ya kasance daga 700 zuwa 5,000  in) kodayake yawancin wurare a Vietnam suna karɓar tsakanin 1,400 zuwa 2,400  in).  : 33 Mafi yawan ruwan sama yana faruwa a lokacin ruwan sama, wanda ke da alhakin 80%-90% na ruwan sama na shekara-shekara. : 24 Gabaɗaya, sassan arewacin ƙasar suna samun ruwan sama fiye da sassan kudancin ƙasar. : 33 Drizzle wani yanayi ne wanda ke nuna yanayin  hunturu a arewa da arewacin tsakiya. : 36 Dangane da yankin, farkon lokacin ruwan sama (wanda aka ayyana kamar lokacin da matsakaicin ruwan sama na kowane wata ya wuce   in)) ya bambanta. 

## Yankin da iyakoki

; Yankunan ƙasa
:* Jimillar: kilomita 4,639 (2,883  
:* Kasashen iyaka: Cambodia   , China   , Laos    
**[[Yanayi na halitta|muhalli]]** - batutuwan yanzu: Kashewa da yanka da ƙone ayyukan noma suna ba da gudummawa ga sare daji da lalacewar ƙasa; gurɓataccen ruwa da Yawan kamun kifi suna barazana ga yawan Rayuwar ruwa; gurɓatar ruwan ƙasa yana iyakance samar da ruwan sha; haɓaka birni da ƙaurawar ɗan adam suna saurin lalata muhalli a Hanoi da Hồ Chí Minh City