Binciken Gano kwayoyin cutar Virus

A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na bincike, ana iya tabbatar da cututtukan Da virus suke sakawa ta hanyoyi da yawa. Kwayar cutar virus takan canza da sauri saboda zuwan dabarun bincike na kwayoyin halitta da kuma ingantaccen  ƙididdigar abinda yashafi shuta da kuma sojojin jiki.

## Samfura

Ana iya amfani da samfurori iri-iri don gwajin ƙwayoyin cutan virus. Nau'in samfurin da aka aika zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje sau da yawa ya dogara da nau'in kamuwa da kwayar cuta da ake ganowa da gwajin da ake bukata. Dabarar samfurin da ta dace tana da mahimmanci don guje wa yuwuwar kurakurai kafin nazari. Misali, dole ne a tattara nau'ikan samfurori daban-daban a cikin kwalabe masu dacewa don kiyaye amincin samfurin kuma  a adana su a yanayin zafi mai dacewa (yawanci 4).&nbsp;°C) don adana ƙwayoyin cuta da hana ci gaban ƙwayoyin cuta ko fungal. Wani lokaci kuma ana iya yin samfurin shafuka da yawa.

Samfurin da ake amfani dasu sun hada da.

* Samfuri daga makoshi
* jini
* fata
* majina
* fitsari
* maniyi
* bayan gari
* ruwan dake cikin lakka
* tsokokin jiki (masu rai ko bayan mutuwa)

## Kebewa/ware kwayoyin cutar virus
Kwayoyin cutar virusgalibi ana keɓance su daga samfurin marar lapia na farko. Wannan yana ba da damar samfurin ƙwayar cuta don girma zuwa girma da yawa kuma yana ba da damar yin gwaje-gwaje mafi girma akan su. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman ga samfuran da ke ɗauke da sabbin ƙwayoyin cutar virus ko ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ba a ƙirƙira su ba tukuna

Ana iya haɓaka ƙwayoyin cutar virus suyi girma da yawa a cikin a cikin lab. Don yin wannan, samfurin kwayar cutar yana hade da sel, tsarin da ake kira adsorption, bayan haka kwayoyin sun kamu da cutar kuma suna samar da karin kwafin kwayar cutar.  Kodayake ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban sau da yawa suna girma ne kawai a cikin wasu nau'ikan ƙwayoyin halitta, akwai ƙwayoyin da ke tallafawa haɓakar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta masu yawa kuma suna da kyau farawa, alal misali, layin ƙwayar koda na biri na Afirka ( Vero cell ), fibroblasts na huhu na mutum. MRC-5 ), da kuma kwayoyin cutar nau'in cutar daji na epidermoid na mutum ( HEp-2 ). Hanya ɗaya na tantance ko ƙwayoyin suna samun nasarar yin rayuwa da girma na kwayar virus ita ce bincikar canjin yanayin halittar da take ciki, ko kuma kasancewar mutuwar tantanin halitta ta amfani da na'urar gani.

Wasu ƙwayoyin cuta na iya buƙatar wasu hanyoyin da za su iya girma kamar allurar ƙwai masu ciki (misali ƙwayoyin cutar mura na Avian  ) ko allurar ƙwayar cuta ta cikin kokon kai ko kuma ta amfani da berayen da aka haifa (misali lyssaviruses

## Hanyoyin gwajin kwayar cuta ta virus tare da amfani da nucleic acid
Dabarun kwayoyin halitta sune mafi ƙayyadaddun gwaje-gwajen gano cutar.  Suna da ikon gano ko dai gabaɗayan kwayar halittar virus din   ko kuma sassan kwayar virus din. A baya an yi amfani da gwaje-gwajen nucleic acid a matsayin gwaji na biyu don tabbatar da ingantaccen sakamakon serological. yayin da suke zama babu tsada kuma suna aiki da kansu(ba tare da wani yayi aiki dasu ba), suna ƙara zama kayan aiki na farko don bincikar cutar kuma ana iya amfani da su don bibiyar lapiyar me jiyya na masu kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cutar virus.

** polymerase reaction**

Ana iya gano kwayar cutar virus tayin gwaji akan RNA da kwayoyin halittar DNA ta amfani da polymerase reaction . Wannan dabarar tana yin kwafin ƙwayoyin halittar virus din da yawa ta amfani da takamaiman takamaiman ƙwayoyin cuta. Bambance-bambancen PCR irin su PCR na baya-bayan nan da aka yi amfani da su da PCR na ainihin lokaci kuma ana iya amfani da su don tantance nauyin ƙwayar cuta a cikin samfurin mara lafiya. Ana amfani da wannan sau da yawa don lura da nasarar jiyya a cikin cututtukan cutar sida

**Jeri cikin tsari**

Jeri cikin tsari shine kawai hanyar gano cutar da za ta samar da cikakken jerin kwayoyin halittar cutar virus. Don haka, yana ba da mafi yawan bayanai game da ƙananan bambance-bambance tsakanin ƙwayoyin cuta guda biyu waɗanda zasu iya kama da juna ta amfani da wasu gwaje-gwajen binciken wanda ba shi ba. A halin yanzu ana amfani dashi kawai lokacin da ake buƙatar wannan zurfin bayanin. Misali, jeri yana da amfani lokacin da aka gwada canjin kwayar halittar  majiyyaci don sanin maganin riga kafi da iya gane yiyuwar kamuwa da kamuwa da cutar virus.Koyaya, yayin da gwaje-gwajen ke samun saukin tsada, sauri da kuma sarrafa kansa(batare da wani yayi masa aiki ba), ƙila jeri zai zama farkon tsarin binciken virus  a nan gaba 

## Hanyoyin amfani da microscope
**Immunofluorescence ko immunoperoxidase**

Immunofluorescence ko immunoperoxidase assays ana amfani da su akai-akai don gano ko kwayar cuta tana cikin sassan jiki. Wadannan gwaje-gwajen sun dogara ne akan ka'idar cewa idan sassan jiki ya kamu da kwayar cutar, wani garkuwar jiki na musamman ga wannan kwayar cutar zai iya ɗaure ta. Don yin wannan, ƙwayoyin rigakafi waɗanda ke da alaƙa da nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban suna haɗuwa da samfurin jiki. Bayan an fallasa samfurin dakeda kwayar cutar  zuwa wani takamaiman tsayin haske ko wani sinadari wanda ke ba da damar a ga abin da ya faru na antibody.  

Waɗannan gwaje-gwajen suna buƙatar ƙwararrun ƙwayoyin rigakafi waɗanda ake samarwa kuma aka saya daga kamfanonin kasuwanci. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin rigakafi na kasuwanci yawanci suna da kyau kuma an san su hadu ko kuma su banabance ga takamaiman nau'in ƙwayar cuta guda ɗaya kawai. Hakanan ana haɗa su da wani nau'in tag na musamman wanda ke ba da damar ganin antibody daya a cikin dakin binciken cututtuka, watau zai fitar da haske ko launi. Saboda haka, immunofluorescence yana nufin gano wani antibody mai kyalli (immuno) kuma immunoperoxidase yana nufin gano wani antibody mai launi (peroxidase yana samar da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu.  

## Electron microscope
Electron microscope wata hanya ce da za ta iya daukar hoton kwayar cutar virus baki daya kuma tana iya bayyana siffarta da tsarinta. Ba a saba amfani da shi a zaman gwaji na yau da kullun ba saboda yana buƙatar nau'in samfuri na musamman , na'urar gani da ido da ƙwarewar fasaha. Duk da haka, microscope na electron yana da wuraren  amfani da yawa sosai saboda ikonsa na nazarin kowane nau'i na samfurin da kuma gano kowane nau'in ƙwayar cuta.Don haka, ya kasance ma'aunin mafi inganci domin gano ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ba sa nunawa akan gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun ko waɗanda gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun ke ba da sakamako masu karo da juna.

## Gano garkuwar jiki na virus acikin jiki
Mutumin da ya kamu da kwayar cutar kwanan nan zai samar da garkuwar jiki a cikin jininsa wadanda ke gane wannan kwayar cutar. Wannan shi ake kira rigakafin humoral . Nau'i biyu na rigakafi suna da mahimmanci. Na farko da ake kira IgM yana da matukar tasiri wajen kawar da ƙwayoyin cutar virus, amma ƙwayoyin tsarin garkuwar jiki ne kawai ke samarwa na ƴan makonni. Na biyu, mai suna, IgG ana samar da shi har abada, ma'ana garkuwa ta din din din. . Sabili da haka, ana amfani da kasancewar IgM a cikin jinin mai cutar virus don gwada kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani, yayin da IgG yana nuna kamuwa da cuta wanda aka kamu dashi  a baya.  Ana auna nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta guda biyu lokacin da ake yin gwajin rigakafi

Gwajin garkuwan jiki domin gano virus a jikin  mutum ana samunshi a ko'ina. Ana iya yin shi don ƙwayoyin cuta guda ɗaya (misali ta yin amfani da gwajin ELISA) amma na'urori masu sarrafa kansu waɗanda za su iya tantance ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa a lokaci ɗaya suna ƙara zama gama gari.

## Manazarta