Bayanan na Ƙasar Ingila sauyin yanayi

Ƙasar Ingila ƙasa ce mai cin gashin kanta da ke kusa da gabar tekun arewa maso yammacin nahiyar Turai.  Ƙasar Ingila ta ƙunshi ƙasashe huɗu - Ingila, Scotland, Wales da Ireland ta Arewa.  Tare da jimlar yanki na kusan murabba'in kilomita 244,376 (94,354 sq mi),[a]  Burtaniya ta mamaye babban yanki na tsibiran tsibiran Biritaniya kuma ya haɗa da tsibirin Burtaniya, arewa maso gabas daya bisa shida na tsibirin Ireland da kuma ƙananan tsibiran da ke kewaye da shi. Ita ce mafi girma a duniya na 7th yanki tsakanin tsibiri na 9.  59°N (Tsibirin Shetland sun kai kusan 61°N), da tsayin daka 8°W zuwa 2°E.  Royal Observatory, Greenwich, a kudu maso gabashin London, shine ma'anar ma'anar Firayim Meridian.

Burtaniya tana tsakanin Arewacin Atlantic da Tekun Arewa, kuma ya zo cikin  (22  daga arewa maso yammacin gabar tekun Faransa, wanda Channel Channel ta raba shi. Yana da iyakar ƙasa ta duniya mai nisan kilomita  (310  tare da Jamhuriyar Ireland .  Channel Tunnel ya lalace a ƙarƙashin Channel yanzu yana haɗa Burtaniya da Faransa.

Yankunan Ƙasashen Waje na Burtaniya da kuma Crown Dependencies an rufe su a cikin nasu labaran, duba ƙasa.

## Yankin
Jimlar yankin Biritaniya bisa ga Ofishin Kididdiga na Kasa shine  kilomita 244,376 (94,354 sq ,  wanda ya ƙunshi tsibirin Burtaniya, arewa maso gabashin kashi ɗaya cikin shida na tsibirin Ireland (Northern Ireland) da ƙananan tsibirai da yawa.[a] Wannan ya sa ta zama tsibirin tsibiri na 7 mafi girma a duniya. Ingila ita ce ƙasa mafi girma a Ƙasar Ingila, a  kilomita 130,462 (50,372 sq  wanda ke da asusun sama da rabin jimlar yankin Burtaniya. [a]  Scotland a  kilomita 78,801 (30,425 sq , ita ce ta biyu mafi girma, tana da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yankin Burtaniya. [a]  Wales da Arewacin Ireland sun fi karami, suna rufe murabba'in kilomita 20,783 da 14,330 (8,024 da 5,533 sq mi) bi da bi. [a] 

yankin ƙasashen ƙasar Ingila an tsara shi a cikin teburin da ke ƙasa. Bayani game da yankin Ingila, babbar ƙasa, an kuma raba ta yankin.

The British Antarctic Territory, which covers an area of  is geographically the largest of the British Overseas Territories followed by the Falkland Islands which covers an area of . The remaining twelve overseas territories cover an area .

Sauran ƙasashe masu kama da yankuna masu kama da United Kingdom sun haɗa da Guinea (wanda ya fi girma), Uganda, Ghana da Romania (duk sun fi karami). Burtaniya ita ce ƙasa ta 80 mafi girma a duniya ta hanyar yanki kuma ta 10 mafi girma a Turai (idan an haɗa Rasha ta Turai).

## Yanayin jiki

Yanayin yanayin ƙasa na Burtaniya ya bambanta sosai.  Ingila ta ƙunshi galibin filayen ƙasa, tare da tudu ko ƙasa mai tsaunuka kawai aka samu arewa maso yamma na layin Tees–Exe.  Yankunan sama sun haɗa da gundumar Lake, Pennines, Moors ta Arewa, Exmoor da Dartmoor.  Wuraren rairayin bakin teku yawanci ana bi da su ta jeri na ƙananan tsaunuka, akai-akai waɗanda ke kunshe da alli, da filayen fili.  Scotland ita ce ƙasa mafi yawan tsaunuka a cikin Burtaniya kuma an bambanta yanayin yanayin yanayin ta ta Highland Boundary Fault wanda ya ratsa babban yankin Scotland daga Helensburgh zuwa Stonehaven.  Layin kuskure ya raba yankuna biyu daban-daban na tsaunukan tsaunuka zuwa arewa da yamma, da ciyayi a kudu da gabas.  Tsaunukan tsaunuka galibi suna da tsaunuka, suna ɗauke da mafi yawan wuraren tsaunuka na Scotland, yayin da ƙasan ƙasa ke ɗauke da filaye mai faɗi, musamman a tsakiyar ciyayi ta Tsakiya, tare da tuddai da tsaunuka dake Kudancin Upland.  Wales galibin tsaunuka ne, ko da yake kudancin Wales ba shi da tsaunuka fiye da arewa da tsakiyar Wales.  Ireland ta Arewa ta ƙunshi galibin wurare masu tuddai kuma tarihinta ya haɗa da tsaunin Morne da Lough Neagh, a kan murabba'in kilomita 388 (sq mi), mafi girman ruwan ruwa a Burtaniya.

Gabaɗaya yanayin ƙasa na Burtaniya an tsara shi ta hanyar haɗuwa da dakarun da suka haɗa da tectonics da Canjin yanayi, musamman glaciation a yankunan arewa da yamma.

Dutsen da ya fi tsayi a Burtaniya (da tsibirin Burtaniya) shine Ben Nevis, a cikin Dutsen Grampian, Scotland . Kogin da ya fi tsayi shi ne Kogin Severn wanda ke gudana daga Wales zuwa Ingila. Tafkin da ya fi girma a saman shi ne Lough Neagh a Arewacin Ireland, kodayake Loch Ness na Scotland yana da mafi girma.

### Ilimin ƙasa
Ilimin kasa na Burtaniya yana da rikitarwa kuma yana da bambanci, sakamakon kasancewarsa ƙarƙashin nau'ikan hanyoyin tectonic na faranti na tsawon lokaci mai tsawo.  Canza latitude da matakan teku sun kasance mahimman abubuwa a cikin yanayin jeri na sedimentary, yayin da rikice-rikice na nahiyar da suka biyo baya sun shafi tsarinsa na geological tare da babban kuskure da nadawa kasancewa gadon kowane orogeny (lokacin ginin tsaunuka), galibi yana da alaƙa da ayyukan volcanic da metamorphism na jerin dutsen da ake da su.  Sakamakon wannan gagarumin tarihin yanayin ƙasa, Burtaniya tana nuna wadataccen shimfidar wurare iri-iri

#### Precambrian
Dutse mafi tsufa a cikin tsibirin Burtaniya sune Lewisian gneisses, duwatsu masu metamorphic da aka samu a arewa maso yammacin Scotland da Hebrides (tare da wasu ƙananan ƙananan wurare a wasu wurare), wanda ya kasance daga akalla Ma 2,700 (Ma = shekaru miliyan da suka gabata). Kudanci da gabas na gneisses wani hadaddun cakuda ne na duwatsu wanda ya samar da Arewa maso Yammacin Highlands da Grampian Highlands a Scotland. Wadannan sune ainihin ragowar dutsen da aka ninka wanda aka ajiye tsakanin 1,000 Ma da 670 Ma a kan gneiss a kan abin da ke ƙasa na Tekun Iapetus a lokacin.

#### Palaeozoic
A 520 Ma, abin da ke yanzu Great Britain ya rabu tsakanin nahiyoyi biyu; arewacin Scotland yana kan nahiyar Laurentia a kusan 20 ° kudu da ma'auni, yayin da sauran ƙasar ke kan nahiyar Gondwana kusa da Antarctic Circle. A Gondwana, Ingila da Wales sun fi nutsewa a ƙarƙashin teku mai zurfi da ke cike da tsibirai masu fashewa. Ragowar waɗannan tsibirai sun kafa yawancin tsakiyar Ingila tare da ƙananan wuraren da ake gani a wurare da yawa.

Kimanin 500 Ma kudancin Biritaniya, gabar gabas na Arewacin Amurka da kudu maso gabas Newfoundland sun balle daga Gondwana don samar da nahiyar Avalonia, wanda a 440 Ma ya zarce zuwa kusan 30 ° kudu.  A wannan lokacin arewacin Wales yana ƙarƙashin ayyukan volcanic.  Har yanzu ana iya ganin ragowar waɗannan tsaunukan tsaunuka, misali ɗaya wanda shine Rhobell Fawr wanda ya fito daga 510 Ma.  Yawancin lava da toka da aka fi sani da Borrowdale Volcanics sun rufe gundumar tafkin kuma ana iya ganin wannan ta hanyar tsaunuka kamar Helvellyn da Scafell Pike.

Tsakanin 425 da 400 Ma Avalonia ya haɗu da nahiyar Baltic, kuma haɗin ƙasar ya haɗu tare da Laurentia a kusan 20 ° kudu, ya haɗu a kudanci da arewacin rabin Biritaniya tare. Sakamakon Caledonian Orogeny ya samar da tsaunuka masu kama da Alpine a yawancin arewa da yammacin Burtaniya.

Rashin jituwa tsakanin nahiyoyi ya ci gaba a Devon_period" id="mwAYU" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Devonian period">Lokacin Devonian, yana haifar da hauhawa da rushewa, wanda ya haifar da zubar da dutse mai yawa a cikin ƙasashe da teku. Tsohon Red Sandstone da dutsen wuta na zamani da kuma ruwa da aka samo a Devon sun samo asali ne daga waɗannan matakai.

Kusan 360 Ma Burtaniya tana kwance a ma'auni, an rufe ta da ruwan zafi mai zurfi na Rheic Ocean, a lokacin da aka ajiye Carboniferous Limestone, kamar yadda aka samu a cikin Mendip Hills da Peak District na Derbyshire. Daga baya, kogin kogin ya samo asali kuma an mallaki turɓaya da gandun daji. A cikin wannan yanayin ne aka kafa Matakan kwal, tushen mafi yawan wuraren ajiyar kwal na Burtaniya.

Kusan 280 Ma lokacin ginin dutse na Variscan ya faru, kuma saboda haɗuwa da faranti na nahiyar, wanda ya haifar da babban lalacewa a kudu maso yammacin Ingila. Babban yankin Variscan ya kasance a kudancin layin gabas zuwa yamma kusan daga kudancin Pembrokeshire zuwa Kent. Zuwa ƙarshen wannan lokacin an kafa dutse a ƙarƙashin duwatsu na Devon da Cornwall, yanzu an fallasa su a Dartmoor da Bodmin Moor.

A ƙarshen lokacin Carboniferous nahiyoyi daban-daban na Duniya sun haɗu don samar da babban nahiyar Pangaea. Burtaniya ta kasance a cikin Pangea inda ta kasance ƙarƙashin yanayin hamada mai zafi tare da ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa wanda ke barin ajiya wanda ya samar da gadaje na jan dutse.

#### Mesozoic
Yayin da Pangaea ya yi tafiya a lokacin Triassic, Burtaniya ta ƙaura daga ma'auni har sai ta kasance tsakanin 20 ° da 30 ° arewa. Ragowar tsaunuka na Variscan a Faransa zuwa kudu sun lalace, wanda ya haifar da yadudduka na New Red Sandstone da aka ajiye a fadin tsakiyar Ingila.

Pangangaea ya fara watsewa a farkon lokacin Jurassic.&amp;nbsp; Matakan teku sun tashi kuma Biritaniya ta karkata akan Plate din Eurasian zuwa tsakanin 31° da 40° arewa.&amp;nbsp; Yawancin Biritaniya sun sake kasancewa ƙarƙashin ruwa, kuma an ajiye duwatsu masu ƙarfi kuma yanzu ana iya samun su a ƙarƙashin yawancin Ingila daga Cleveland Hills na Yorkshire zuwa Jurassic Coast a Dorset.&amp;nbsp; Waɗannan sun haɗa da dutsen yashi, ganyen kore, farar ƙasa oolitic na tsaunin Cotswold, dutsen corallian na Vale of White Horse da tsibirin Portland.&amp;nbsp; Binne algae da kwayoyin cuta a karkashin laka na teku a wannan lokacin ya haifar da samuwar mai da iskar gas a Tekun Arewa.

Da yake nahiyoyin zamani sun samo asali, Cretaceous ya ga kafa Tekun Atlantika, a hankali ya raba arewacin Scotland daga Arewacin Amurka. Ƙasar ta sami jerin haɓakawa don samar da fili mai kyau. Bayan shekaru miliyan 20 ko haka, teku ta fara ambaliya ƙasar har sai yawancin Burtaniya sun sake kasancewa a ƙarƙashin teku, kodayake matakan teku suna canzawa akai-akai. An ajiye Chalk da flints a kan yawancin Burtaniya, yanzu an fallasa su a White Cliffs na Dover da 'yan uwa mata bakwai, da kuma samar da Salisbury Plain.

#### Cenozoic
Tsakanin 63 da 52 Ma, an kafa duwatsun dutse na ƙarshe a Burtaniya. Babban fashewar a wannan lokacin ya haifar da Antrim Plateau, ginshiƙan basaltic na Giant's Causeway da Lundy Island a cikin Bristol Channel.

Alpine Orogeny wanda ya faru a Turai game da 50 Ma, yana da alhakin ninkawar strata a kudancin Ingila, samar da London Basin syncline, Weald-Artois Anticline zuwa kudu, North Downs, South Downs da Chiltern Hills.

A lokacin da aka kafa Tekun Arewa, an ɗaga Burtaniya. Wasu daga cikin wannan tashin hankali sun kasance tare da tsoffin layin rauni da aka bari daga Caledonian da Variscan Orogenies tun da daɗewa. Yankunan da aka ɗaga sun lalace, kuma an ajiye ƙarin turɓaya, kamar London Clay, a kudancin Ingila.

Manyan canje-canje a cikin shekaru miliyan 2 da suka gabata an kawo su ta wasu shekarun kankara da yawa.  Mafi tsanani shine Anglian Glaciation, mai ƙanƙara mai kauri har zuwa mita 1,000 (3,300 ft) wanda ya kai kudu zuwa London da Bristol.  Wannan ya faru tsakanin kimanin shekaru 478,000 zuwa 424,000 da suka wuce, kuma shine ke da alhakin karkatar da kogin Thames zuwa tafarkin da yake yanzu.  A lokacin glaciation na Devensian na baya-bayan nan, wanda ya ƙare shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata, ƙanƙaramar ta isa kudu zuwa Wolverhampton da Cardiff.  Daga cikin abubuwan da ƙanƙara ta bari a baya sun haɗa da fjords na yammacin gabar tekun Scotland, kwaruruka masu siffar U na gundumar Lake da erratics (blocks of rock) waɗanda aka kwashe daga yankin Oslo na Norway kuma an ajiye su a bakin tekun Yorkshire.

Daga cikin mahimman siffofin ilimin ƙasa da aka kirkira a cikin shekaru dubu goma sha biyu da suka gabata sune ajiyar peat na Scotland, da na bakin teku da wuraren tsaunuka na Ingila da Wales.

A halin yanzu Scotland tana ci gaba da tashi sakamakon nauyin kankara na Devensian da ake ɗagawa. Kudancin da gabashin Ingila suna nutsewa, yawanci an kiyasta a 1 mm ( in) a kowace shekara, tare da yankin London yana nutsewa da ninki biyu na saurin wani bangare saboda ci gaba da tarwatsawa na ajiyar yumɓu na baya-bayan nan.&nbsp; &nbsp;

### Duwatsu da tuddai

 
duwatsu goma mafi tsawo a Burtaniya duk suna cikin Scotland. Mafi girman tsawo a kowane bangare na Burtaniya sune:

* Scotland: Ben Nevis, mita 1,345 (4,413  
* Wales: Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa), (Snowdonia), mita 1,085 (3,560  
* Ingila: Scafell Pike (Cumbrian Mountains), mita 978 (3,209  
* Arewacin Ireland: Slieve Donard (Mourne Mountains), mita 852 (2,795  

Tsawon tsaunuka da tuddai a Burtaniya sun hada da:

* Scotland: Cairngorms, Highlands na Scotland, Southern Uplands, Grampian Mountains, Monadhliath Mountains.Cuillin
* Wales: Brecon Beacons (Bannau Brycheiniog), Dutsen Cambrian (My Avanle Cambria), Dutsen Clwydian (Bryniau Clwyd), Snowdonia (Eryri), Dutsen Black (Y Avanle My Duon), Dutsen Preseli (Y Preseli) 
* Ingila: Cheviot Hills, Chilterns, Cotswolds, Dartmoor, Lincolnshire Wolds, Exmoor, Lake District, Malvern Hills, Mendip Hills, North Downs, Peak District, Pennines, South Downs, Shropshire Hills, Yorkshire Wolds
* Arewacin Ireland: Dutsen Mourne, Antrim Plateau, Dutsen SperrinDuwatsun Sperrin

### Koguna da tabkuna

; Muhimman Labarai
:

The longest river in the UK is the River Severn () which flows through both Wales and England.

Koguna mafi tsawo a Burtaniya da ke cikin kowane ɗayan ƙasashe masu kafa su sune:

* England: River Thames ()
* Scotland: River Tay ()
* Northern Ireland: River Bann ()
* Wales: River Usk ()

Tafkuna mafi girma (ta hanyar yanki) a Burtaniya ta ƙasa sune:

* Northern Ireland: Lough Neagh ()
* Scotland: Loch Lomond ()
* England: Windermere ()
* Wales: Bala Lake (Llyn Tegid) ()

Tafkin da ya fi zurfi a Burtaniya shine Loch Morar tare da matsakaicin zurfin mita 309 (1,014 ; Loch Ness na biyu ne a zurfin mita 228 (748 . Tafkin da ya fi zurfi a Ingila shine Wastwater wanda ya kai zurfin mita 79 (259 .

Loch Ness ita ce tafkin da ya fi girma a Burtaniya dangane da girma.

### Hanyoyin ruwa na wucin gadi
Manyan labarai: Hanyoyin ruwa a Ƙasar Ingila, Canals na Burtaniya, Dams da tafkuna a Ƙasar BurtaniyaDams da tafkuna a Ƙasar Ingila

A sakamakon tarihin masana'antu, Ƙasar Ingila tana da tsarin tashoshi mai yawa, galibi an gina su a farkon shekarun Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu. Har ila yau, Ƙasar Ingila tana da madatsar ruwa da tafkuna da yawa don adana ruwa don sha da masana'antu. Tsararren wutar lantarki yana da iyaka, yana samar da kasa da 2% na wutar lantarki ta Burtaniya, galibi daga Highlands na Scotland.

### Yankin bakin teku

Burtaniya tana da bakin teku da ke auna kimanin kilomita  (7,723 .  Babban indentation na bakin tekun yana taimakawa wajen tabbatar da cewa babu wani wuri da ya wuce    daga ruwa mai ruwa.

The UK claims jurisdiction over the continental shelf, as defined in continental shelf orders or in accordance with agreed upon boundaries, an exclusive fishing zone of , and territorial sea of .

* Bayar Cardigan
* Lyme Bay
* Tashar Bristol
* Kogin Thames
* Morecambe Bay
* Solway Firth
* Gidan wanka
* Kogin Humber
* Firth na Forth
* Firth na Tay
* Moray Firth
* Firth na Clyde
* Firth na Lorn

#### Yankunan da ke kan tudu
A recent global remote sensing analysis suggested that there were  of tidal flats in the United Kingdom, making it the 12th ranking country in terms of how much tidal flat occurs there.
 
Gabaɗaya, an kiyasta cewa Burtaniya ta ƙunshi fiye da ƙananan tsibirai dubu ɗaya, mafi yawansu suna kusa da arewa da yammacin Scotland. Kimanin 130 daga cikin wadannan suna zaune bisa ga ƙidayar shekara ta 2001.

Tsibirin da ya fi girma a  shine Burtaniya. Tsibirin da suka fi girma ta hanyar ƙasa sune Lewis da Harris a Scotland a  sq  ), Wales' Anglesey a  sq  km2), Isle of Wight a Ingila a  sq  km2), da kuma Rathlin Island a Arewacin Ireland a kusan 6 sq mi (16 km2);

### Yanayi
 
Yanayin Burtaniya gabaɗaya yana da matsakaici, kodayake bambancin gida yana faruwa, musamman sakamakon tsawo da nesa daga bakin teku. Gabaɗaya kudancin ƙasar ya fi zafi fiye da arewa, kuma yammacin ya fi ruwa fiye da gabas. Saboda tasirin dumama na Gulf Stream, Burtaniya ta fi zafi fiye da wasu wurare a irin wannan latitude, kamar Newfoundland.

Iska mai yawa tana kudu maso yamma, daga Arewacin Atlantic Current. Fiye da kashi 50% na kwanakin sun rufe. Akwai ƙananan haɗarin halitta, kodayake akwai iska mai ƙarfi da ambaliyar ruwa, musamman a cikin hunturu.

Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya bambanta daga sama da 3,000 mm (118.1 in) a cikin tsaunukan Scottish zuwa 553 mm (21.8 in) a cikin Cambridge.  Gundumar Essex tana ɗaya daga cikin mafi bushewa a cikin Burtaniya, tare da matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara kusan 600 mm (23.6 in), kodayake galibi ana ruwan sama sama da kwanaki 100 a shekara.  A cikin wasu shekaru ruwan sama a Essex zai iya zama ƙasa da 450 mm (17.7 in), ƙasa da matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a Urushalima da Beirut.

Mafi girman zafin jiki da aka rubuta a Burtaniya ya kasance  ° C (104.5 ° F) a Coningsby a Lincolnshire, a ranar 20 ga Yuli 2022. Mafi ƙasƙanci shine -27.2 °C (-17.0  da aka rubuta a Braemar a cikin Dutsen Grampian, Scotland, a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu 1895 da 10 ga Janairu 1982 da Altnaharra, kuma a Scotland, a kan 30 ga Disamba 1995.

## Yanayin ɗan adam
 

### Yawan jama'a

#### Gwamnati
An bayyana majalisar dokokin Scotland a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin majalisun majalisun da suka fi karfi a duniya",  kuma suna iya yin doka ga Scotland a yankunan da Majalisar Dokokin Arewacin Ireland ko Majalisar Dokokin Welsh ba za su iya ba wa kasashensu ba, kamar a yankunan kamar rarraba kudi daga asusun banki marasa rai, 'yan sanda, bincike na aikata laifuka da tsaro masu zaman kansu, halayyar adawa da jama'a, lasisin bindigar iska, shawarwari da shawarwari, Dokokin Pubs Code, cinikin Lahadi, dumama da haihuwa, 'yanci da haihuwa, rajistar' yan sanda na dukiyar ƙasa, rajista, rajistar jama'a na jama'a da dukiyar jama'a

Sabanin haka, Ingila ba ta da tsarin gwamnati da aka raba, wato majalisar dokokin Burtaniya ta yi dokoki ga Ingila, da kuma abubuwan da aka kebe a Ireland ta Arewa, Scotland da Wales.  Ministocin gwamnatin Burtaniya ne ke tafiyar da harkokin Ingila kuma majalisar dokokin Burtaniya ta kafa doka.  Yankin Landan yana da babban taro amma an yi watsi da shawarwarin zaɓaɓɓun majalisun yanki a Ingila a ƙuri'ar raba gardama ta farko da ta shafi Arewa maso Gabashin Ingila.  (Duba Gwamnatin Ingila.) 

Burtaniya (musamman, Arewacin Ireland) tana da iyakar ƙasa ta duniya tare da Jamhuriyar Ireland na kilomita 499.  Har ila yau, akwai iyaka tsakanin ikon Faransa da Burtaniya a kan Channel Tunnel .&nbsp;

#### Masana'antu
Babban masana'anta na Burtaniya ya jagoranci juyin juya halin masana'antu.  Taswirar manyan biranen Burtaniya sun ba da kyakkyawan hoto na inda wannan aikin ya faru, musamman Belfast, Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, London, Manchester, Newcastle da Sheffield.  A yau babu wani babban masana'antar masana'anta da za a iya ɗaukar kamfanoni na Burtaniya a matsayin shugabannin duniya.  Koyaya, yankunan Burtaniya har yanzu suna da sanannen tushe na masana'antu, gami da Midlands wanda ya kasance cibiyar masana'anta mai ƙarfi, da Arewa maso Yamma wanda ke da kashi 60% na samfuran masana'antu na Burtaniya.[1]  Kwanan nan, manyan kamfanonin fasaha sun fi mayar da hankali sosai a kan babbar hanyar M4, wani ɓangare saboda samun damar zuwa filin jirgin sama na Heathrow, amma kuma saboda haɓakar tattalin arziƙin.

#### Kudi da ayyuka
Sau ɗaya, kowane babban birni yana da musayar hannun jari. Yanzu, masana'antar hada-hadar kudi ta Burtaniya ta fi mayar da hankali a Birnin London da Canary Wharf, tare da ofishin baya da ayyukan gudanarwa sau da yawa sun warwatse a kudancin Ingila. London tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin kuɗi na duniya kuma galibi ana kiranta birni na duniya. Har ila yau, akwai masana'antar shari'a da kasuwanci mai mahimmanci a Leeds.

#### Rashin daidaituwa na yanki
Tasirin sauya arzikin tattalin arziki ya taimaka wajen samar da abin da ake kira rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin Arewa da Kudu, inda gurbacewar masana'antu da tsoffin masana'antu na Arewacin Ingila, Scotland da Wales suka sha bamban da tattalin arzikin kudancin kasar masu arziki, kudi da fasaha.  Wannan ya sa gwamnatocin da suka shude suka kirkiro manufofin yankin don kokarin gyara rashin daidaiton.  Duk da haka, wannan ba yana nufin cewa rarrabuwar arewa da kudu iri ɗaya ce ba;  Ana iya samun wasu daga cikin mafi munin aljihun rashi a Landan, yayin da sassan Cheshire da Arewacin Yorkshire ke da wadata sosai.  Haka kuma rabe-raben Arewa da Kudu bai takaita a fagen tattalin arziki ba;  rarrabuwar kawuna da siyasa suna da nauyi sosai.

Noma a Burtaniya yana da ƙarfi, injina sosai, kuma yana da inganci ta ƙa'idodin Turai.  Yana samar da kusan kashi 60% na bukatun abinci na al'umma yayin da ake ɗaukar kusan kashi 1.4% na ma'aikata.  A cikin 2023, bangaren noma ya ba da gudummawar fam biliyan 13.7 ga tattalin arzikin Burtaniya, inda Ingila ke da kashi 73% na wannan fitarwa.  Ma'aikatan sashen sun kai 462,100, an rarraba su kamar haka: 63% a Ingila, 14% a Scotland, da 11% kowanne a Ireland ta Arewa da Wales..

Rarraba darajar samar da aikin gona a cikin 2023 kamar haka: 

* **Dabbobi:** 62% (£19.2 biliyan), tare da madara (£6.0 biliyan) da naman sa (£3.9 biliyan) kasancewa manyan masu ba da gudummawa.
* **Amfanin gona:** 38% (£ 12.0 biliyan), tare da hatsi (£ 4.4 biliyan) da kayan lambu / furanni (£ 3.5 biliyan) suna jagorantar rukunin.

Kasar Burtaniya na da albarkatun kasa iri-iri, wadanda suka hada da gawayi, man fetur, iskar gas, dutsen farar kasa, alli, gypsum, silica, gishirin dutse, yumbu na china, karafa, tin, azurfa, zinari, da gubar.  A tarihance, wadannan albarkatu sun karfafa ci gaban masana’antu na kasa.  Koyaya, gudummawar samar da makamashi na farko ga GDP na Burtaniya ya ga raguwa cikin shekarun da suka gabata.  A shekarar 2023, adadin makamashi da GDP ya kai tan 73 na mai daidai da fam miliyan daya, wanda ke nuna raguwar kason samar da makamashi na tattalin arziki..

### Kyakkyawan makamashi mai sabuntawa
Idan aka ba da iyakar bakin teku, Burtaniya tana da babbar damar samar da wutar lantarki daga raƙuman ruwa da makamashin ruwa. Bincike ya kiyasta cewa wutar lantarki ta ruwa na iya samar da har zuwa 11% na bukatar wutar lantarki ta Burtaniya, wanda ke wakiltar ƙarfin shigarwa na 11.5 GW kuma yana ba da gudummawa har zuwa £ biliyan 17 ga tattalin arziki nan da shekara ta 2050. Bugu da ƙari, ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin wutar lantarki na Burtaniya yana da yawa, tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin wutar lantarki ya 32.5 kilowatts a kowace mita tare da bakin tekun kilomita 12,429. An kiyasta yiwuwar wutar lantarki ta shekara-shekara a cikin sa'o'i 3,538 na terawatt, wanda shine kusan sau 11 na amfani da wutar lantarki na yanzu.

Duk da wannan damar, tun daga 2022, makamashi na ruwa (ciki har da raƙuman ruwa da raƙumi) sun ba da gudummawa kawai ga sa'o'i 11 ga samar da wutar lantarki na Burtaniya. Wannan yana nuna cewa yayin da albarkatun suke da yawa, cinikin su ya kasance iyakance.

Ana ci gaba da ƙoƙari don amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin samar da makamashi masu sabuntawa. Misali, Hukumar Severn Estuary ta ba da shawarar ci gaban tafkunan makamashi don bunkasa ci gaban tattalin arziki da samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa, yana jaddada bukatar tallafin gwamnati don fara irin waɗannan ayyukan. 

## Muhalli
Ingila tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe / yankuna da suka fi yawan jama'a a duniya, kuma babbar ƙasa da ta fi yawan jamaʼa a Turai. Yawan jama'a (musamman a kudu maso gabashin Ingila) tare da sauyin yanayi, mai yiwuwa zai sanya matsanancin matsin lamba a kan albarkatun ruwa na Burtaniya a nan gaba.

Ƙasar Ingila tana rage hayakin gas. Ya sadu da manufa ta Kyoto Protocol na raguwar 12.5% daga matakan 1999 kuma yana da niyyar saduwa da manufa mai bin doka na rage 20% a cikin hayaki nan da 2010. Zuwa shekara ta 2015, don sake amfani ko yin compost aƙalla kashi 33% na sharar gida. Tsakanin 1998-99 da 1999-2000, sake amfani da gida ya karu daga 8.8% zuwa 10.3% bi da bi.

Dangane da binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2018 don Asusun Duniya na Yanayi, Ƙasar Ingila tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu zurfin yanayi a duniya, tana zuwa matsayi na 189 daga cikin ƙasashen 218. 

### Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa
Ƙasar Ingila ƙungiya ce ga yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da: Gurbacewar iska, gurɓacewar iska-Nitrogen Oxides, gurɓacewar iska-sulfur 94, gurɓataccen iska-ƙaramar Organic Compounds, Yarjejeniyar Muhalli, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Canje-canje na Halitta, Yarjejeniyar Canjin Halittar Halitta, Yarjejeniyar Canjin Halittar Halittu, Yarjejeniyar Canjin Halittar Halittar Halittu  Yarjejeniya, Hamada, Nau'o'in Haɗari, Gyaran Muhalli, Barasa mai haɗari, Dokar Teku, Dumping Marine, Kiyaye Rayuwar Ruwa, Haramtacciyar Gwajin Nukiliya, Kariyar Layer Ozone, Gurɓatar Jirgin Ruwa, Katakan wurare masu zafi 83, Katakan wurare masu zafi 94, Dausayi da Whaling.

Burtaniya ta sanya hannu, amma ba ta tabbatar da yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants ba.

## Yanayin yankuna masu dogaro

* Yanayin tsibirin Man
* Yanayin tsibirin Channel
** Yanayin ƙasar Jersey
** Yanayin ƙasar Guernsey
** Yanayin Alderney
** Yanayin Sark
** Yanayin Herm

* Yanayin ƙasar Anguilla
* Yanayin ƙasar Bermuda
* Yanayin yankin Antarctic na Burtaniya
* Yanayin yankin Tekun Indiya na Burtaniya
* Yanayin tsibirin Virgin Islands na Burtaniya
* Yanayin tsibirin Cayman
* Yanayin tsibirin Falkland
* Yanayin Gibraltar
* Yanayin Montserrat
* Yanayin tsibirin Pitcairn
* Yanayin Saint Helena, Ascension da Tristan da Cunha
* Yanayin Kudancin Georgia da Tsibirin Sandwich na Kudu
* Yanayin Akrotiri da Dhekelia
* Yanayin tsibirin Turks da Caicos

## Dubi kuma