Yaren Mari

**Harshen Mari** (Mari: марий йылме, marij jylme; Rashanci: марийский языk, mariyskiy yazyk), yarene wanda aka fi sani da yaren Cheremiss, wanda kusan adadin mutane 400,000 ke magana, na dangin harshen Uralic ne. Ana magana da shi da farko a cikin Jamhuriyar Mari (Mari: Марий Эл, Marij El, i.e., 'Mari Land') na Tarayyar Rasha da kuma yankin da ke kusa da rafin Vyatka da kuma gabas zuwa Urals. Hakanan ana samun masu magana da Mari, waɗanda aka sani da Mari, a cikin yankunan Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Udmurtia, da Perm.

Mari shine mai taken kuma yaren hukuma na jamhuriyarta, tare da Rashanci.

Harshen Mari a yau yana da daidaitattun siffofi guda uku: Hill Mari, Northwest Mari, da Meadow Mari. Na karshen shine babba kuma ya mamaye ci gaba da Meadow Mari zuwa Gabashin Mari daga Jamhuriyar zuwa yarukan Ural na Bashkortostan, Sverdlovsk Oblast da Udmurtia), yayin da tsohon, Hill Mari, yana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da yaren Arewa maso yamma (wanda ake magana a cikin Nizhny Novgorod). Oblast da sassan yankin Kirov). Duk nau'ikan yare suna amfani da gyare-gyaren sigar rubutun Cyrillic. Ga wanda ba ɗan asalin ƙasar ba, Hill Mari, ko Western Mari, ana iya gane shi ta hanyar amfani da haruffa na musamman "ӓ" da "ӹ" ban da harufan da aka raba "ӱ" da "ӧ", yayin da Gabas da Meadow Mari ke amfani da su. harafi na musamman "ҥ".

An yi muhawara game da yin amfani da "bambance-bambancen" guda biyu, sabanin "harsuna" guda biyu: Maris ta amince da haɗin kan kabilanci, kuma nau'i biyu suna da kusanci sosai, amma sun bambanta sosai don haifar da wasu matsalolin sadarwa. [Ana bukatan hujja]

## Ethnonym and glottonym
Harshen Mari da mutane an san su da "Cheremis" ( Rashanci: черемисы, черемисский языk, cheremisy, cheremisskiy yazyk). A cikin rubutun na tsakiya ana samun bambance-bambancen nau'ikan Sarmys da Tsarmys, da kuma Samfura:Lang-tt-Cyrl; da Samfura:Lang-cv, Śarmăs kafin juyin juya halin Rasha. Kalmar Mari ta fito daga Maris' autonym марий (mari).

## Halin zamantakewa
Yawancin Maris suna zaune ne a yankunan karkara tare da dan kadan fiye da kwata suna zaune a birane. A babban birnin kasar, Yoshkar-Ola, adadin Maris ya wuce kashi 23 cikin dari. A ƙarshen 1980s (a bisa ga ƙidayar 1989) Maris ta ƙidaya 670,868, waɗanda 80% (542,160) suka ce Mari a matsayin yaren farko kuma 18.8% ba sa jin Mari. A cikin Jamhuriyar Mari, kashi 11.6% sun yi iƙirarin cewa Mari ba yarensu na farko ba ne. A wani bincike da Cibiyar Bincike ta Mari ta yi sama da kashi uku cikin huɗu na Maris da aka bincika sun ɗauki harshen Mari a matsayin mafi mahimmancin alamar kabilanci, sannan al'adun gargajiya (61%) da tarihin gama gari (22%), addini (16%). , hali da tunani (15%) da kuma bayyanar (11%) (duba Glukhov da Glukhov don cikakkun bayanai). An lura da sannu a hankali yanayin ƙaura zuwa Rashanci ga lokacin gurguzu: ƙidayar 1926 ta nuna sama da kashi 99% na Maris sun ɗauki Mari yarensu na farko, ya ragu zuwa ƙasa da 81% a cikin 1989. Wasu ƙwararrun sheda na koma baya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. an lura.

Babu wani tallafi na jihohi ga yaren Mari a cikin Imperial Rasha, kuma ban da wasu masu sha'awa da kuma litattafai masu yawa na Cocin Orthodox na Rasha, kusan babu ilimi a cikin yaren Mari. Bayan juyin juya halin Oktoba, akwai wani lokaci na goyon bayan duk kananan kasa al'adu a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, amma daga karshe Russification ya dawo. Yayin da ci gaban harshen adabin Mari ya ci gaba, har yanzu, ilimin firamare ne kawai aka samu a Mari a zamanin Soviet, tare da wannan manufar ta ƙare a makarantun ƙauye a cikin 1970-1980s. Lokacin glasnost da perestroika a cikin 1990s sun buɗe dama don farfado da ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa amfani da Mari a cikin ilimi da kuma jama'a. A cikin 1990s, harshen Mari, tare da Rashanci, an yi shelar a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin jamhuriya don zama harshen hukuma na Mari El. A farkon karni na 21, an koyar da harshen Mari da adabi a makarantu 226. A Sashen Tarihi da Falsafa na Jami'ar Jihar Mari da Cibiyar Horar da Malamai ta Krupskaya (Yoshkar-Ola), fiye da rabin darussan ana koyar da su a Mari.

## Yaruka

Babban rabo tsakanin nau'ikan Mari shine Yamma da Gabas. A cewar masanin harshe na Soviet Kovedyaeva (1976: 9-15, 1993: 163-164) harshen Mari macro ya kasu zuwa manyan yaruka hudu:
* Hill Mari, yafi magana a kan dama babba bankin na Volga River a kusa da Kozmodemyansk (saboda haka sunan), amma kuma a gefen hagu da kuma a bakin Vetluga.
* Arewa maso yamma Mari
* Meadow Mari, wanda ake magana a hannun hagu na bankin Volgan a fili na tsakiya da gabas (" makiyaya") na Mari El a kusa da babban birnin Jamhuriyar, Yoshkar-Ola.
* Gabashin Mari yana warwatse zuwa gabashin Mari El daga Vyatka ta hanyar Kama zuwa Ufa.
Kowace babban yare an raba shi zuwa nasu ƙananan yare na gida. Kawai Hill da Meadow Mari suna da nasu nau'ikan rubutattun nau'ikan adabi, dangane da yarukan Kozmodemyansk da Yoshkar-Ola bi da bi.

Gabas da Meadow Mari galibi ana haɗe-haɗe azaman yare-yaren Meadow-Eastern. Arewa maso yammacin Mari shine tsaka-tsaki tsakanin yarukan Dutse da Meadow, kuma salon sautinsa da ilimin halittar jiki sun fi kusa da Hill Mari.

## Rubutun Rubutu

Mari is mostly written with the Cyrillic script.

## Fitar da Sauti

### Wasula

# A tsibirin Mari Kawai
Ana rubuta schwa /ə/ da takwaransa na gaba a cikin rubutun Finno-Ugric azaman ə̑ (rage wasalin tsakiyar mara zagaye) da ə (rage wasalin gaba mara nauyi) bi da bi. An rubuta tsohon wani lokaci a cikin IPA azaman Samfura:IPAslink, amma ta hanyar sautin wasali an fi bambanta da ɗan gajeren lokacinsa da ƙarancin inganci. Bayanan sun bambanta akan matakin baya da labialization.

Tsakanin wasulan /e/, /ø/, /o/ suna da ƙarin raguwar allophones [e̽], [ø̽], [o̽] a ƙarshen kalma.

Maganar magana

Damuwar ba sauti ba ce a cikin Mari, amma ana nuna tsarin danniya mai ƙarfi ta hanyar sauti, ma'anar ma'anar ma'anar yana da girma a cikin sauti da girma kuma ya fi tsayi fiye da sautin da ba a matsawa ba. Gabaɗaya, akwai fitaccen maɗaukaki ɗaya a kowace kalma kuma ana iya samun ɗaukaka a kowace harafin kalmar. Bayan- da prefixes suna nuna kamar clitics, watau, ba su da nasu damuwa. Misali, пӧ́рт (pört, "gidan") гыч (gəč, "daga") ([ˈpørt ɣɤt͡ʃ]); ko му́ро (muro, "waƙa") дене (dene, "tare da") ([ˈmuro ðene]).

### Bakaken Mari
Ana nuna baƙon a cikin Cyrillic, Latin, da IPA:

# Kawai a cikin kalmomin lamuni na Rasha, a cikin Hill Mari kuma onomatopoeia da kalmomin lamuni na Chuvashian.
# Ana yiwa alamar palalisation alama ta hanyoyi daban-daban. A Template:Angle bracket following a palatalised consonant is written as Template:Angle bracket, and Template:Angle bracket following a palatalised consonant is written as Template:Angle bracket. Idan wasalin da ke biye da baƙar magana е ko и ne, ba a yin alama kwata-kwata. A wasu lokuta, ana amfani da alamar taushi ь don yin alamar palalisation.
# Harafin Cyrillic da aka gyara don hancin velar (ŋ) ya haɗu da Samfurin Harafin Cyrillic: Angle bracket tare da Samfurin: Angle bracket, inda mafi girman matsayi na Н ya haɗu tare da madaidaicin matsayi na Samfura: Angle bracket: Template:Angle bracket. Kodayake Hill Mari yana da wannan sautin kuma, ana amfani da wannan halin ne kawai a cikin Meadow Mari.
# A cikin kalmomin lamuni na Rasha da kuma bayan hanci, /b d ɡ/ ana yin sautin tsayawa. Kalma-ƙarshe kuma kafin baƙar fata, akwai bambanci kyauta tsakanin muryoyin muryoyin murya ([β ð]) da tasha mara murya [p t k].

### Hanyoyin sauti

Kamar sauran harsunan Uralic, Mari yana da jituwa. Baya ga jituwa ta gaba/baya, Mari kuma tana fasalta jituwa/zagaye. Idan wasalin da aka danne a cikin kalmar ya kasance mai zagaye, to kari zai ƙunshi wasali mai zagaye: misali, кӱтӱ́ ([kyˈty] 'garken garke') ya zama кӱтӱ́штӧ ([kyˈtyʃtø], 'a cikin garke'); idan wasalin da aka matsawa ba a zagaye ba, to, kari zai ƙunshi wasali marar zagaye: ки́д ([yaro], 'hannu') ya zama ки́дыште ([ˈkidəʃte], 'a hannu'). Idan wasalin da aka matsawa ya dawo, to za a ƙare a cikin wasalin baya: агу́р ([aˈgur], 'whirlpool') ya zama агу́рышто ([aˈgurəʃto], 'a cikin whirlpool').

## Ragewa

Kamar sauran harsunan Uralic, Mari harshe ne mai ban tsoro. Ba shi da jinsi na nahawu, kuma baya amfani da labarai.

### Manya Rubutu
Meadow Mari yana da shari'o'i masu amfani guda 9, waɗanda 3 lokuta ne na gida. An taƙaita amfani da na ƙarshe ga abubuwa marasa rai.

Yawancin lokuta, ban da aikinsu na asali, ana amfani da su a wasu yanayi, kamar a cikin maganganun lokaci.

* Naɗaɗɗe, ana amfani da shi don batutuwa, tsinkaya da sauran ayyukan nahawu.
* Genitive, ana amfani dashi don gine-gine masu mahimmanci.
* Dative, lamarin kai tsaye.
* Zargi, lamarin kai tsaye.
* Commitative, ana amfani da shi lokacin da za a iya raba jigo ko abu zuwa sassa, ko a cikin maganganun da ke bayyana shigar abu a cikin wani aiki.
* Kwatanta, ana amfani da shi don bayyana kamanni da wani abu.
* Inesive, amfani da bayyana inda wani abu yake.
* Illative, ya kasance yana bayyana inda wani abu ke tafiya.
* Lative, ana amfani dashi don bayyana abin da ke faruwa.



Idan za a yi bayanin wuri game da abu mai rai, za a yi amfani da matsayi.

Bugu da ƙari, sharuɗɗan da ke nuna ƴan uwa suna da sifofin fasaha. Waɗannan, duk da haka, ba a ƙirƙira su da ƙayyadadden tsari ba, kuma suna wanzuwa ne kawai a cikin ƴan lokuta da aka riga aka ayyana.

Hill Mari yana da waɗannan shari'o'in, tare da shari'ar maras kyau (na nau'in -де), wanda ake amfani da shi don samar da maganganu masu bayyanawa ba tare da sa hannu ko tasirin abin da wani aiki ya faru ba.

Lamba

Mari, ko da yake yaren agglutinative ne, ba shi da wani morpheme na daban don nuna jam'i. Akwai barbashi guda uku, waɗanda aka makala a ƙarshen kalmomi tare da saƙa, waɗanda ake amfani da su don nuna jam’i.

-влак (-vlak) – Daidaitaccen nau'i na jam'i.

-shamыch (-šamõč) – Madadin daidaitaccen jam'i, ana amfani da shi cikin yaruka da yawa. Babu bambanci a cikin ma'ana tsakanin waɗannan biyun.

-myt (mət) - Jam'in zamantakewa. An yi amfani da shi don nuna ƙungiyar mutane: membobin iyali, mutum da danginsu da abokansu.

Mabuɗin kari

Kowane mai ilimin nahawu a Mari yana da nasa ƙaranci.

### Ƙarin ƙari

### Ƙarin ɓangarorin, faɗuwa cikin ɗaya daga cikin rukunan da ke sama, za a iya ƙara su zuwa ƙarshen kalma, suna ba ta ƙarin ma'ana. Misali, suffix -ат (-at), yana nufin 'kuma' ko 'kuma'.

### Shirye-shiryen suffixes

### Shirye-shiryen suffixes ya bambanta daga harka zuwa harka. Ko da yake shari'ar ta kasance bayan ma'auni na ma'auni a cikin genitive da abin zargi, amma akasin haka shi ne al'amarin na wurin. A cikin dative, duka shirye-shiryen suna yiwuwa.

Akwai wasu tsare-tsare da yawa a cikin jam'i-matsayin jam'i mai sassauƙa. Tsarin anan shine yuwuwar da aka saba amfani dashi.

Kwatanta

Kwatanta yana faruwa tare da sifofi da lafuzza. An ƙirƙiri kwatancen tare da suffix -rak (-rak). An kafa maɗaukakiyar ta ƙara kalmar эn (en) a gaba.

## Haɗin kai Na Kalmomi
Ta fannin ilimin dabi'a, haɗuwa yana biye da yanayi uku da yanayi uku a cikin Meadow Mari.

### Ire-iren Haɗin kai Na Kalmomi
A cikin Meadow Mari, kalmomi na iya haɗuwa bisa ga nau'ikan haɗin gwiwa guda biyu. Wadannan sun bambanta da juna ta kowane nau'i amma na ƙarshe da jam'i na mutum na uku na wajibi. Abin takaici, rashin iyaka shine nau'i da aka nuna a cikin ƙamus da jerin kalmomi. Yana da, don haka, wajibi ne ko dai a sanya alamar ma'auni ta hanyar nau'in haɗin gwiwar su a cikin jerin kalmomi, ko kuma a haɗa da wani nau'i wanda nau'in haɗin gwiwar ke bayyane-yawanci, mutum ɗaya na farko, wanda ya ƙare a -ам (ko -ям). ) don fi'ili a farkon raguwa, da kuma a cikin -em (ko -эm) don ƙaddamarwa na biyu.

### Siga

* Jigogi uku na fi’ili na Mari su ne:
* Present: Ana amfani da halin yanzu don ayyuka na yanzu da na gaba, don yanayin zama da kuma ayyukan al'ada, da sauransu.
* Preterite na farko: Ana amfani da na farko preterite don bayyana abubuwan lura, ayyukan kwanan nan.
* Preterite na biyu: Ana amfani da preterite na biyu don ayyukan da suka gabata mafi nisa.
* Ana iya samun ƙarin lokuta ta hanyar periphrasis.
* Na farko ajizi
* Na biyu ajizanci
* Na farko cikakke cikakke
* Na biyu periphrastic cikakke
* Hali

Yanayin su ne:

Nunawa: Ana amfani da alamar don bayyana gaskiya da ingantaccen imani. Dukkan niyyoyin da wani harshe bai karkasa su a matsayin wani yanayi ba an rarraba su azaman nuni. Ana iya samuwa a cikin kowane mutum, a kowane lokaci.

Mahimmanci: Muhimmanci yana bayyana umarni kai tsaye, buƙatu, da hani. Yana wanzuwa ne kawai a halin yanzu, kuma yana wanzuwa a cikin kowane mutum amma mutum na farko guda ɗaya.

Desiderative: Ana amfani da abin da ake so don bayyana sha'awa. Ana iya samuwa ga kowa da kowa, a cikin halin yanzu da kuma a cikin ajizanci biyu na periphrastic.

Negation

Negation a cikin Mari yana amfani da 'ƙa'ida mara kyau', kamar yadda Finnish ke yi. Mummunan fi’ili ya fi m fiye da mummunan fi’ili a cikin Finnish (duba nahawu na Finnish), ya kasance cikin ƙarin yanayi na nahawu. Yana da nau'i na kansa a halin yanzu mai nuni, mai mahimmanci da buƙatu, kuma a cikin ma'anar farko ta farko. Sauran ƙetare suna da ɓarna.

Ana sanya fi'ili mai ma'ana a cikin nau'in da ya dace da shi a gaban fi'ili da aka soke a cikin nau'in mutum na biyu (siffa mai tushe-kawai), kamar yadda yake a cikin Finnish da Estoniya.

The verb улаш (ulaš) – to be – has its own negated forms.

### Misali
Domin a misalta haɗin kai a cikin yanayi da lokuta daban-daban, za a yi amfani da fi’ili ɗaya na ɓatawar farko ( лекташ – je ) da kuma fi’ili ɗaya na raguwa na biyu (мондаш – mantuwa).

# Haruffa masu ƙarfi suna ƙarƙashin jituwa - suna iya zama е/о/ӧ, dangane da cikakken wasalin da ya gabata. 2. Siffofin fi’ili na farko-farko ta amfani da mahimmancin mutum na biyu maɗaukaki kamar yadda tushensu ke ƙarƙashin canje-canje iri ɗaya kamar na wajibi – duba mutun na biyu mai mahimmanci.

# Haruffa masu ƙarfi suna ƙarƙashin jituwa - suna iya zama е/о/ӧ, dangane da cikakken wasalin da ya gabata. 2. Siffofin fi’ili na farko-farko ta amfani da mahimmancin mutum na biyu maɗaukaki kamar yadda tushensu ke ƙarƙashin canje-canje iri ɗaya kamar na wajibi – duba mutun na biyu mai mahimmanci.  3. Idan harafin kafin ƙarewar za a iya ɓata - idan ya kasance л (l) ko н (n) - an lalata shi a cikin wannan matsayi. Ba a yiwa alama alama idan wasalin da ke bin baƙar magana е.  колаш → кольым, кольыч, кольо, колна, колда, кольыч (ji)

# Haruffa masu ƙarfi suna ƙarƙashin jituwa - suna iya zama е/о/ӧ, dangane da cikakken wasalin da ya gabata. 2. Siffofin fi’ili na farko-farko ta amfani da mahimmancin mutum na biyu maɗaukaki kamar yadda tushensu ke ƙarƙashin canje-canje iri ɗaya kamar na wajibi – duba mutun na biyu mai mahimmanci.

# Haruffa masu ƙarfi suna ƙarƙashin jituwa - suna iya zama е/о/ӧ, dangane da cikakken wasalin da ya gabata. 2. Siffofin fi’ili na farko-farko ta amfani da mahimmancin mutum na biyu muɗaɗɗen kamar yadda tushensu ke ƙarƙashin canji iri ɗaya kamar na wajibi.  3. A cikin haɗuwa ta farko, an samar da mahimmancin mutum na biyu ta hanyar cire ƙarshen -аш daga ƙarshe. Ba a yarda da haɗin baƙar fata guda huɗu a ƙarshen wajibi, don haka an sauƙaƙa - an rasa baƙaƙe ɗaya.  кт → к, нч → ч, чк → ч, шк → ш

# Haruffa masu ƙarfi suna ƙarƙashin jituwa - suna iya zama е/о/ӧ, dangane da cikakken wasalin da ya gabata. Siffofin fi’ili na farko-farko ta amfani da mahimmancin mutum na biyu maɗaukaki kamar yadda tushensu ke ƙarƙashin canje-canje iri ɗaya kamar na wajibi – duba mutun na biyu mai mahimmanci.

# Siffofin fi’ili na farko-farko ta amfani da mahimmancin mutum na biyu maɗaukaki kamar yadda tushensu ke ƙarƙashin canje-canje iri ɗaya kamar na wajibi – duba mutun na biyu mai mahimmanci.

# Haruffa masu ƙarfi suna ƙarƙashin jituwa - suna iya zama е/о/ӧ, dangane da cikakken wasalin da ya gabata. 2. Siffofin fi’ili na farko-farko ta amfani da mahimmancin mutum na biyu maɗaukaki kamar yadda tushensu ke ƙarƙashin canje-canje iri ɗaya kamar na wajibi – duba mutun na biyu mai mahimmanci.

### Siffofin marasa iyaka

### Verbs suna da nau'i biyu marasa iyaka: daidaitaccen ma'auni da maƙasudin ma'auni, ana amfani da su lokacin da mutum ya yi wani abu. Ana sanya mutumin da ke buƙatar yin wani abu a cikin dative a cikin irin wannan yanayi.

### Ƙungiyoyin

### Akwai abubuwa huɗu a cikin Meadow Mari:

### Mahalarta aiki

### m part

### Bangaranci

### Mahalarta gaba

### Gerunds

### Akwai gerunds guda biyar a cikin Meadow Mari:

### Tabbataccen gerund mai koyarwa

### gerund mara kyau

### Gerund don ayyukan da suka gabata I

### Gerund don ayyukan da suka gabata II

### Gerund don ayyuka na lokaci guda

## Daidaituwa

### Tsarin kalma

### Tsarin kalma a Mari jigo ne – abu – fi’ili. Wannan yana nufin cewa abu yana bayyana kai tsaye a gaban predicate. Tsarin bayanai yana shafar tsarin kalmomi a Mari. Duk da haka, matsayi na fi'ili bai shafi ba. Matsayin mayar da hankali kai tsaye kafin fi'ili. Batutuwa, abubuwa, adverbial, da na biyu predicate na iya bayyana a wannan matsayi. Misalan da ke ƙasa da aka nakalto a Saarinen (2022) suna nuna abubuwa daban-daban waɗanda zasu iya bayyana a matsayin mayar da hankali.


1PST:first preterite
2PST:second preterite


Barbashin tambaya мо /mo/ da mа /mɑ/ su ne jimla-ƙarshe.

Duk da haka, Georgieva et al. (2021) nuna cewa Mari kuma yana ba da damar abubuwan da ke bayan fage su faru bayan fi'ili.

Matsar da fi'ili zuwa wasu wurare a cikin jumlar yana yiwuwa saboda dalilai masu salo ko don jaddadawa.

Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga

Ana iya haɗa sunaye guda biyu gaba da juna don samar da tsinkayar ƙima. A cewar Saarinen (2022) duka sunaye da adjectives suna bayyana a cikin yanayin ƙaddamarwa kuma ba su yarda da batun a lamba a cikin ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga ba. Saarinen (2022) ya lura cewa lokacin da jumlar ta kasance cikin yanayi mai nuna alama tare da 3sg, ba a amfani da copula. Duk da haka, copula wajibi ne kuma ya bayyana juzu'i-na ƙarshe kuma a cikin wasu mutane, yanayi, da yanayi.

Maganar magana

Saarinen (2022) ya nuna cewa abu yana da alama tare da abin zargi a cikin juzu'i masu wucewa. Koyaya, abu na iya bayyana a cikin yanayin zaɓi a cikin gine-gine marasa iyaka. Lokacin da juzu'in ya karkata, abu kai tsaye yana bayyana a cikin abin da ake zargi kuma kaikaice yana ɗaukar karar dative. Duk da haka, Saarinen (2022) ya lura cewa a cikin yarukan kuma tare da kalmomi irin su йӱktы- /jyktə-/ 'ruwa' da pukшы- /pukʃə-/ 'feed' duka abubuwa sun bayyana a cikin shari'ar tuhuma.

## Wasu gama-gari kalmomi da jimloli
Lura: Lura cewa alamar lafazin, wacce ke nuna wurin damuwa, ba a amfani da ita a ainihin rubutun Mari.

## Karatun Labarai
*  (Hill and Meadow)
*  (Hill and Meadow)
*  (Hill and Meadow)
*  (Mari [Hill and Meadow], Hungarian, Latin)
*  (Hill)
* Glukhov, N. and V. Glukhov, "Mari Men and Women as Bearers of the Mari Language and Identity," Wiener elektronische Beiträge des Instituts für Finno-Ugristik, 2003. Available, along with other papers on Finno-Ugric languages and cultures
* Ingemann, F. J. and T. A. Sebeok, An Eastern Cheremis Manual: Phonology, Grammar, Texts and Glossary (= American Council of Learned Societies, Research and Studies in Uralic and Altaic languages, project nos. 6 and 31), Bloomington, 1961 (Meadow);
* Klima, L. "The linguistic affinity of the Volgaic Finno-Ugrians and their ethnogenesis," 2004
* Kangasmaa-Minn, Eeva. 1998. Mari. In Daniel Abondolo (ed.), The Uralic Languages, 219-248. London: Routledge.
* Lewy E., Tscheremissische Grammatik, Leipzig, 1922 (Meadow);
* Ramstedt G. J., Bergtscheremissische Sprachstudien, Helsinki, 1902 (Hill);
* Räsänen M., Die tschuwassischen Lehnwörter im Tscheremissischen, Helsinki, 1920;
* Räsänen M., Die tatarischen Lehnwörter im Tscheremissischen, Helsinki, 1923.
* Sebeok, T. A. and A. Raun. (eds.), The First Cheremis Grammar (1775): A Facsimile Edition, Chicago, 1956.
* Szilasi M., Cseremisz szótár, Budapest, 1901 (Mari [Hill and Meadow], Hungarian, German);
* Wichmann Y., Tscheremissische Texte mit Wörterverzeichnis und grammatikalischem Abriss, Helsingfors, 1923 (Hill and Meadow);
* Wiedemann F., Versuch einer Grammatik der tscheremissischen Sprache, Saint Petersburg, 1847 (Hill);
* Васильев В. М., Записки по грамматике народа мари, Kazan', 1918 (Hill and Meadow);
* Васильев В. М., Марий Мутэр, Moscow, 1929 (Hill and Meadow);
* Галкин, И. С., Историческая грамматика марийского языка, vol. I, II, Yoshkar-Ola, 1964, 1966;
* Галкин, И. С., "Происхождение и развитие марийского языка", Марийцы. Историко-этнографические очерки/Марий калык. Историй сынан этнографий очерк-влак, Yoshkar-Ola, 2005: 43-46.
* Зорина, З. Г., Г. С. Крылова, and Э. С. Якимова. Марийский язык для всех, ч. 1. Йошкар-Ола: Марийское книжное издательство, * Кармазин Г. Г., Материалы к изучению марийского языка, Krasnokokshajsk, 1925 (Meadow);
* Иванов И. Г., История марийского литературного языка, Yoshkar-Ola, 1975;
* Иванов И. Г., Марий диалектологий, Yoshkar-Ola, 1981;
* Кармазин Г. Г., Учебник марийского языка лугово-восточного наречия, Yoshkar-Ola, 1929 (Meadow);
* Коведяева Е. И. "Марийский язык", Основы финно-угорского языкознания. Т.3. Moscow, 1976: 3-96.
* Коведяева Е. И. "Марийский язык", Языки мира: Уральские языки. Moscow, 1993: 148-164.
* Коведяева Е. И. "Горномарийский вариант литературного марийского языка", Языки мира: Уральские языки. Moscow, 1993: 164-173.
* Шорин В. С., Маро-русский словарь горного наречия, Kazan', 1920 (Hill);
* Троицкий В. П., Черемисско-русский словарь, Kazan', 1894 (Hill and Meadow);

## Manazarta

## Mahadan Waje

* Electronic Resources on the Mari Language
* English-Language Mari Textbook
* Kimberli Mäkäräinen's Meadow Mari Grammar
* Meadow Mari morphology generator
* Online dictionaries on Mari language