Jerin tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta a Indonesia

Yanayin ƙasa na Indonesiya yana mamaye da dutsen mai aman wuta waɗanda aka kafa saboda yankuna da ke ƙasa tsakanin farantin Eurasian da farantin Indo-Australian. Wasu daga cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka sun shahara saboda fashewar su, alal misali, Krakatoa saboda tasirinsa na duniya a 1883, Lake Toba Caldera don fashewar dutsen mai aman wuta da aka kiyasta ya faru shekaru 74,000 da suka gabata wanda ke da alhakin shekaru shida na hunturu mai aman wuta.

Volcanoes a Indonesiya wani bangare ne na bel mai tsayi da Ring of Fire na Pacific. Abubuwan shigarwa 150 a cikin jerin da ke ƙasa an haɗa su zuwa yankuna shida na yanki, waɗanda huɗu daga cikinsu na cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka na tsarin mahara na Sunda Arc. Ragowar rukunoni biyun su ne tsaunukan Halmahera, gami da tsibiran da ke kewaye da su, da tudun Sulawesi da tsibirin Sangihe. Ƙungiya ta ƙarshe tana cikin baka mai aman wuta tare da tsaunukan Philippine.

Dutsen Merapi mafi girma a cikin Java. Tun AD 1000, Kelut ya barke fiye da sau 30, wanda mafi girma daga cikinsu ya kasance a sikelin 5 akan ma'aunin fashewar volcanic (VEI), yayin da Dutsen Merapi ya tashi sama da sau 80. Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Duniya ta sanya sunan Dutsen Merapi a matsayin Dutsen Volcano na Shekaru Goma tun daga 1995 saboda yawan aikin da yake yi.

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, Indonesia tana da tsaunuka masu fashewa 127 kuma kimanin mutane miliyan 5 suna zaune a cikin yankunan haɗari. An yi la'akari da cewa girgizar ƙasa da tsunami na 26 ga Disamba 2004 na iya haifar da fashewa, tare da Dutsen Sinabung (mai barci tun daga 1600s) fashewa a cikin 2010 a matsayin misali mai yiwuwa.

Kalmar *Dutsen* a cikin Indonesian da yawancin yarukan yanki na ƙasar shine *Gunung* . Don haka, ana iya kiran Dutsen Merapi da *Gunung Merapi* .
 

## Yankin da ake ciki

Babu ma'anar ma'auni guda ɗaya na dutsen mai aman wuta. Ana iya siffanta su azaman filaye guda ɗaya, gine-ginen volcanic, ko filayen volcanic. Ciki na tsohon tsaunukan tsaunuka na iya zama lalacewa, wanda ya haifar da sabon ɗakin magma na ƙasa a matsayin wani dutsen mai aman wuta daban. Yawancin volcanoes masu aiki na zamani suna tashi a matsayin mazugi masu tasowa daga magudanar ruwa ko a wani rami na tsakiya. Wasu mazugi masu aman wuta ana harhadasu zuwa sunan dutsen mai aman wuta guda daya, alal misali, hadaddun Tengger caldera, yayin da, mutanen gida ne ke sanya wa matsuguni suna. Matsayin dutsen mai aman wuta, ko dai yana aiki ko yana barci, ba za a iya bayyana shi daidai ba. Alamun dutsen mai aman wuta ana ƙayyade ta ko dai bayanansa na tarihi, kwanan wata na rediyo, ko ayyukan geothermal. 

Babban tushen jerin da ke ƙasa an ɗauko shi ne daga littafin Volcanoes na Duniya, wanda masana kimiyyar wuta Tom Simkin da Lee Siebert suka haɗa, [a] wanda a cikinsa aka jera tsaunuka masu ƙarfi a cikin shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata (Holocene). Musamman ga Indonesiya, Simkin da Siebert sun yi amfani da kasida na masu aman wuta daga Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Duniya. An ɗauko tushen ƙarin sabbin bayanai na volcanic daga Binciken Volcanological na Indonesia, da wasu albarkatun ilimi..&nbsp;

## Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa

### Sumatra

Yanayin kasa na Sumatra ya mamaye wani yanki mai suna Bukit Barisan (lit: "jere na tuddai"). Tsawon dutsen ya kai kusan kilomita 1,700 (mita 1,100) daga arewa zuwa kudu na tsibirin, kuma an kafa shi ta hanyar motsin farantin tectonic na Australiya. Girgizar kasa ta Sumatra – Andaman ta 2004 babbar girgizar kasa ce da ta faru a yammacin yankin Sumatra, gami da girgizar kasa na Sumatra – Andaman na 2004. Motsin tectonic ya kasance alhakin ba kawai girgizar ƙasa ba, har ma don samar da ɗakunan magma a ƙarƙashin tsibirin..&nbsp;

Ɗaya daga cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka 35, Weh, ya rabu da babban yankin Sumatran. Rabuwar ta faru ne sakamakon wata babbar fashewa da ta cika tsaunin da ke tsakanin Weh da sauran yankin da ruwan teku a zamanin Pleistocene. Dutsen dutse mafi girma a Sumatra shine Toba supervolcano tsakanin kilomita 100 (62 mi) × 30 km (19 mi) na tafkin Toba. An kiyasta fashewar ya kasance a mataki na takwas akan ma'aunin VEI, matakin mafi girma na fashewar aman wuta. Mafi girman kololuwar tsauni shine Dutsen Kerinci mai tsayin mita 3,800 (12,467 ft).

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|Sibayak
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|1881
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|Sinabung
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|2 March 2021 (4)
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|Toba
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|75000 BC (8)
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|Helatoba-Tarutung
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| Pleistocene
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|Imun
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|unknown
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|Sibualbuali
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|unknown
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|Lubukraya
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|unknown
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|Sorikmarapi
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|2018
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|Talakmau
|complex volcano
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|unknown
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|Sarik-Gajah
|volcanic cone
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|unknown
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|Marapi
|complex volcano
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|2025 (continuing)
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|Tandikat
|stratovolcano
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|1924 (1)
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|Talang
|stratovolcano
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|27 November 2007 (2)
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|Kerinci
|stratovolcano
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|2024 (on going)
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|Hutapanjang
|stratovolcano
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|unknown
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|Sumbing
|stratovolcano
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|23 May 1921 (2)
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|Masurai
|stratovolcano
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|Pleistocene
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|Kunyit
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|unknown
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|Pendan
|unknown
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|unknown
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|Belirang-Beriti
|complex volcano
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|unknown
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|Bukit Daun
|stratovolcano
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|unknown
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|Kaba
|stratovolcano
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|22 August 2000 (1)
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|Dempo
|stratovolcano
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|2025
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|Patah
|unknown
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|unknown
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|Bukit Lumut Balai
|stratovolcano
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|unknown
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|Besar
|stratovolcano
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|April 1940 (1)
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|Ranau
|caldera
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|unknown
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|Sekincau Belirang
|caldera
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|unknown
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|Suoh
|caldera
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|24 May 2024
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|Hulubelu
|caldera
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|1836
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|Rajabasa
|stratovolcano
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|1798
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### Sunda Strait da Java
Mashigin Sunda ya raba tsibiran Sumatra da Java tare da tsibirin Krakatoa mai aman wuta da ke kwance a tsakaninsu. Krakatau ya barke da tashin hankali a shekara ta 1883, inda ya lalata kashi biyu bisa uku na tsibirin tare da barin wani babban caldera a karkashin teku. An ji wannan mummunar fashewar har zuwa tsibirin Rodrigues kusa da Mauritius (kimanin kilomita 4,800 (mil 3,000). Wani sabon mazugi na parasitic, mai suna Anak Krakatau (ko ɗan Krakatau), ya tashi daga teku a tsakiyar caldera.

Java ɗan ƙaramin tsibiri ne idan aka kwatanta da Sumatra, amma yana da babban taro na dutsen mai aman wuta. Akwai duwatsu masu aman wuta guda 45 a tsibirin, da suka hada da kananan ramuka 20 da mazugi a cikin katafaren dutsen na Dieng da kuma matasa masu aman wuta a rukunin Tengger caldera. Wasu tsaunukan tsaunuka an haɗa su tare a cikin jerin da ke ƙasa saboda kusancin wurin da suke. Dutsen Merapi, Semeru da Kelud sune mafi yawan duwatsu masu aman wuta a Java. Dutsen Semeru yana ci gaba da fashewa tun 1967. Ana kiran Dutsen Merapi a matsayin daya daga cikin Volcanoes na tsawon shekaru goma tun 1995. Ijen yana da tafki na caldera mai launi na musamman wanda shine tafki na dabi'a na acidic (pH<0.3).  Akwai ayyukan hakar sulfur a Ijen, inda masu hakar ma'adinai ke tattara manyan duwatsun sulfur da hannu..

 
Tsibirin Sunda mafi ƙanƙanta ƙaramin tsibiri ne wanda, daga yamma zuwa gabas, ya ƙunshi tsibiran Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Sumba da tsibiran Timor; dukkansu suna a gefen continental shelf na Ostiraliya. Ana yin aman wuta a yankin ne saboda ɓarkewar teku da kuma motsin da kanta. Wasu tsaunuka gaba daya suna kafa tsibiri, misali, tsibirin Sangeang Api. Dutsen Tambora, a tsibirin Sumbawa, ya fashe a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 1815, tare da ma'auni na 7 akan VEI kuma ana ɗaukarsa mafi tashin hankali a tarihi..

### Tekun Banda
Tekun Banda a kudancin Tsibirin Molucca ya haɗa da ƙaramin rukuni na tsibirai. Manyan faranti uku na tectonic a ƙarƙashin teku, Farantin Eurasia, farantin Pacific da Farantin Indo-Australia, sun haɗu tun zamanin Mesozoic. Dutsen wuta a cikin Tekun Banda galibi tsibirai ne, amma wasu tsaunuka ne na karkashin ruwa.

### Tsibirin Sulawesi da Sangihe
Kasashe hudu sun mamaye siffar tsibirin Sulawesi (wanda aka fi sani da Celebes). Yankin tsakiya babban yanki ne mai tsayin dutse, amma galibi ba mai aman wuta ba. Ana samun wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi a yankin arewaci kuma a ci gaba da shimfiɗa arewa zuwa tsibirin Sangihe. Tsibirin Sangihe suna cikin Philippines.

### Halmahera
Tsibirin Halmahera da ke arewacin tsibirin Molucca ya samo asali ne ta hanyar motsi na faranti uku na tectonic wanda ya haifar da jeri guda biyu na tsaunin tsaunuka, wadanda suka zama tsibirai masu duwatsu hudu da suka rabu da zurfin bays uku. Wani baka mai aman wuta ya tashi daga arewa zuwa kudu a yammacin Halmahera, wasu daga cikinsu tsibiran dutse ne, misali, Gamalama da Tidore. Sunan tsibirin Gamalama Ternate kuma ya kasance cibiyar kasuwancin kayan yaji tun lokacin da daular Portugal ta bude katafaren katafaren gini a shekara ta 1512. An samu bayanan tarihi na fashewar aman wuta a Halmahera tun a farkon karni na 16..

## Major eruptions
Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin manyan fashewar tsaunuka a Indonesia, an tsara su a cikin lokaci ta hanyar ranar farawa ta fashewar. Sai kawai fashewa tare da sikelin 3 ko sama a kan VEI ana ba da su tare da sanannun tushe da mutuwar, sai dai idan ƙananan fashewar sikelin ya haifar da wasu mutuwar.