Phebe Cramer

**Phebe K. Cramer** (30 ga Disamba, 1935 - 2 ga Afrilu, 2021) Masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce ta Amurka wadda ta kasance Farfesa a fannin ilimin halayya, Emerita a Kwalejin Williams .  An san ta da bincike kan hanyoyin tsaro, hoton jiki, da narcissism, da kuma kirkirar jagora don yin amfani da hanyoyin tsaro don dalilai na Gwajin tunani da kimanta mutuntaka. Cramer shi ne mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Bruno Klopfer a shekarar 2014 daga Society for Personality Assessment don nasarorin rayuwa a cikin Psychology na Mutum . 

Cramer itace marubuciyar littattafai da yawa ciki har da Kare Kai: Tsarin Tsaro a Ayyuka (2006), Labarin Labari, Labari da Gwajin Bayani na Magana (1996), Ci gaban Tsarin Tsaro: Ka'idar, Bincike, da Bincike (1991), da Ƙungiyar Magana (1968).

## Tarihin rayuwa
Cramer ta sami B.A daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley a shekara ta 1957. Ta halarci makarantar digiri a Jami'ar New York inda ta sami Ph.D. a cikin Psychology a shekarar 1962. Cramer ya yi aiki a matsayin masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Asibitin Maimonides da ke Brooklyn daga 1962-1963. Ta kasance Mataimakin Farfesa na Psychology a Kwalejin Barnard daga 1963-1965, kuma Mataimakin Mataimakin Ffesa na Psychological a Jami'ar California, Berkeley daga 1965-1970. A shekara ta 1970 ta shiga bangaren koyarwa na Sashen Psychology a Kwalejin Williams inda ta kasance har zuwa sauran aikinta.

Cramer ita ce mahaifiyar 'ya'ya mata biyu, Mara da Julia. Ta mutu a Pittsfield, Massachusetts a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 2021, tana da shekaru 85. 

## Bincike
An san Cramer da aikinta a kan mutuntaka da nazarin tsawon lokaci game da ci gaban asalin mutum daga ƙuruciya zuwa balaga. Wasu daga cikin ayyukanta mafi tasiri a kan hanyoyin tsaro sun yi amfani da gwajin ƙwarewar ƙwarewa (TAT). A cikin binciken daya, an bincika hanyoyin tsaro guda uku (rashin amincewa, tsinkaye da ganewa) a cikin kungiyoyi daban-daban na shekaru hudu (karanta, makarantar firamare, matasa na farko, da matasa) ta amfani da TAT. Yara masu zuwa makaranta sun fi dacewa da yin musantawa fiye da sauran rukunin shekaru kuma kawai sun yi amfani da tsarin karewa na ganewa. Yara na makarantar firamare da matasa na farko galibi suna amfani da tsarin tsinkaye. A cikin wani aiki, Cramer ta a yi nazarin abubuwan narcissism dangane da hanyoyin kare kai guda uku a cikin matasa da ke shiga kwaleji. Ta gano alaƙa tsakanin amfani da hanyoyin tsaro guda uku da abubuwan da matasa suka fuskanta na rikicin ainihi, amma sun kasa samun alaƙa tsakanin yin amfani da hanyoyin karewa da narcissism.

## Littattafan wakilci

* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Ci gaban hanyoyin tsaro. *Jaridar Mutum*, *55* (4), 597-614.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Tsayayya da hanyoyin karewa: Menene bambanci? *Jaridar Mutum*, *66* (6), 919-946.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Hanyoyin karewa a cikin ilimin halayyar dan adam a yau. Ƙarin matakai don daidaitawa. Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Amurka, *55* (6), 637-646.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Ci gaban ainihi: Jima'i yana da bambanci. *Jaridar Bincike a cikin Mutum*, *34* (1), 42-72.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Bayyanawa da ci gaban ƙwarewa: Nazarin tsawon shekaru 44 daga ƙarshen ƙuruciya zuwa ƙarshen matsakaicin shekaru. *Ilimin halayyar dan adam da tsufa, 23*, 410-421.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Ginshiƙai bakwai na ka'idar tsarin tsaro. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2, 1963-1981.

## Manazarta