Malagasy Uprising

**Tashin hankali na Malagasy**  Tawayen kishin ƙasa ne na Malagasy akan 'yan mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Madagascar, wanda ya kasance daga watan Maris 1947 zuwa watan Fabrairu 1949. Tun daga ƙarshen 1945, Mataimakin Majalisar Faransa na farko na Madagascar, Joseph Raseta,  da Jacques Rabemananjara na jam'iyyar siyasa *ta Mouvement démocratique de la rénovation malgache* (MDRM), sun jagoranci yunkurin samun 'yancin kai ga Madagascar ta hanyar doka. Rashin nasarar wannan shiri da kuma martani mai zafi da ya samu daga gwamnatin Socialist Ramadier ya janyo tsatsauran ra'ayi na al'ummar Malagasy, gami da shugabannin kungiyoyin asiri na 'yan kishin ƙasa da dama. 

Da yammacin ranar 29 ga watan Maris, 1947, masu kishin ƙasar Malagasy, ɗauke da makamai, suka kaddamar da hare-haren ba-zata, a kan sansanonin soji da gonakin 'yan mulkin mallakar Faransa a gabashin tsibirin dake kewayen Moramanga da Manakara. An amince da manufar kishin ƙasa cikin sauri a kudanci kuma ta bazu zuwa tsakiyar tsaunuka da babban birnin Antananarivo a cikin wata mai zuwa, inda aka kiyasta adadin mayakan kishin ƙasa na Malagasy sama da miliyan ɗaya. 

A watan Mayun 1947, Faransawa sun fara yaƙi da masu kishin ƙasa. Faransawa sun ninka adadin dakaru a tsibirin har sau uku zuwa 18,000, musamman ta hanyar tura sojoji daga ƙasashen da Faransa ta yi wa mulkin mallaka a wasu wurare a Afirka. Hukumomin mulkin mallaka sun nemi yin yaki ta fuskar zahiri da tunani tare da shiga dabaru iri-iri na ta'addanci da aka tsara don kashe mutane. Sojojin Faransa sun aiwatar da hukuncin kisa da yawa, azabtarwa, fyaɗen yaki, kona daukacin ƙauyuka, azabtar da jama'a da sauran ta'addanci kamar jefa fursunonin Malagasy daga cikin jiragen sama (jirgin mutuwa).

Adadin mutanen da suka mutu a Malagasy ya bambanta daga ƙasan 11,000 zuwa sama da 100,000. Masu kishin ƙasa sun kashe kusan Faransawa 550, da kuma wasu sojojin Malagasy 1,900 na taimakon sojojin Faransa. A watan Agustan 1948, aka kashe ko kama mafi yawan shugabannin 'yan kishin ƙasa, kuma an yi juyin juya hali a watan Disamba na shekarar 1948, kodayake an ci gaba da juriya na ƙarshe a watan Fabrairun 1949.

Mummunan danniya da 'yan tawaye masu kishin ƙasa suka yi ya bar taɓo sosai a cikin al'ummar Malagasy. An shafe tsararraki na masu mulki, wanda ya haifar da ƙalubale ga ƙasar lokacin da ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960. An kama mataimakan Madagascar guda uku na farko, an azabtar da su tare da tsare su a kurkuku har sai da aka yi musu afuwa a shekarar 1958. Wani shugaban da ya tsira daga rikicin, Monja Jaona, shi ma an ɗaure shi na tsawon shekaru tara sannan ya kafa jam'iyyar Madagascar ta Jam'iyyar Malagasy (MONIMA), wacce ta yi tasiri sosai a siyasar Malagasy. Faransa ta ware mafi yawan takardu masu alaka da tashe tashen hankula, kuma gwamnatin Faransa ta yi shiru kan batun har sai da shugaban Faransa Jacques Chirac ya ce ba za a amince da shi ba a wata ziyarar aiki da ya kai Madagascar a shekara ta 2005. Wasu daraktocin Malagasy da dama sun shirya fina-finai a lokacin tashin hankali. A cikin shekarar 1967, gwamnatin Malagasy ta ayyana ranar 29 ga watan Maris a matsayin hutun shekara, kuma a cikin shekarar 2012, an buɗe gidan kayan gargajiya da aka sadaukar don tayar da hankali a Moramanga.

A cikin watan Afrilun 2025, Faransa ta ba da sanarwar kafa kwamitin haɗin gwiwa na masana tarihi kan "tausayin" na raba mulkin mallaka. Za a dorawa wannan kwamiti alhakin gudanar da bincike kan mugunyar ta'addancin da sojojin Faransa suka yi a shekara ta 1947. 

## Tarihi

A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, Madagascar tana ƙarƙashin ikon Masarautar Imerina, tare da manyan gidajen sarauta a babban birninta a Antananarivo. Duk da cewa Masarautar ta wanzu tun farkon ƙarni na 16, amma ta faɗaɗa ikonta fiye da iyakokinta na gargajiya a cikin shekarar 1820s ƙarƙashin Sarki Radama I, wanda gwamnatin Burtaniya ta amince da shi a matsayin mai mulki a kan ɗaukacin tsibirin Madagascar. Bayan da aka yi yunƙuri da yawa na ƙaddamar da ikonta a kan tsibirin, Faransa ta yi amfani da ƙarfin soji don kame gidan sarauta a watan Satumba na 1894 kuma ta kori Firayim Minista Rainilaiarivony a kan mulkin mallaka a hukumance a watan Fabrairun 1895. An bar Sarauniya Ranavalona III ta ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin jagora har zuwa ɓullar wani boren jama'a, wanda ake kira tawayen Menalamba, wanda Sarauniyar ke da alhakinsa. An murkushe tawayen da kakkausar murya, kuma an kai sarauniyar gudun hijira a shekara ta 1897.  

Tawayen Menalamba ita ce farkon bayyanar adawar da ake ci gaba da yi wa mulkin Faransa wanda a wasu lokuta yakan ɓarke a tashin hankali tsakanin Malagasy da hukumomin mulkin mallaka a Madagascar. Ƙungiyoyin masu kishin ƙasa na sirri sun fara samuwa a cikin shekarar 1910s. Dakatar da sojojin Malagasy don yaƙar Faransa a Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya ya ƙarfafa ɓacin ran mulkin ƙasashen waje, kuma a lokacin tsaka-tsakin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin masu kishin ƙasa sun yaɗu. Kashin da Jamus ta yi wa sojojin Faransa da mamayar Faransa a shekarar 1940, da kafa gwamnatin Vichy a Madagascar da kuma kwace tsibirin da turawan Ingila suka yi a shekarar 1942 ya kara ɓata sunan gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. Babban hasashe ya taso musamman saboda manufofinta na aikin tilastawa maimakon haraji, shiga aikin soja ba tare da son rai ba don yaƙi a yakin duniya na biyu, da kuma gudummawar da ake buƙata na yawan shinkafa kowace shekara. 

Fatan Malagasy na samun yancin kai ya taso ne daga kalaman da Janar Charles de Gaulle ya bayar a taron Brazzaville a shekarar 1944, inda de Gaulle ya sanar da cewa dukkanin yankunan sun kasance bayan haka yankunan Faransanci na ketare da ke da hakkin wakilci a Majalisar Dokokin Faransa,  kuma ya yi alkawarin 'yancin zama dan kasa ga mazauna yankunan da ke ƙasashen waje. Duk da aiwatar da wasu gyare-gyaren da aka yi, an ci gaba da yin aikin tilasta wa gonaki mallakar Faransawa da kuma take hakki a Madagascar ba tare da katsewa ba.  An kafa kungiyar asiri ta ƙasa *Panama* (*Patriotes nationalistes malgaches*) a cikin shekarar 1941,  ta biyo baya a cikin shekarar 1943 ta wani mai suna *Jiny* bayan wani nau'in tsuntsu ja na gida. Duk ƙungiyoyin biyu, waɗanda suka nemi samun 'yancin kai ta hanyar ƙarfi idan ya cancanta,  sun ga kasancewar membobinsu a wannan lokacin. 

Bayan ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, wasu manyan jagororin kishin ƙasa na Malagasy da dama sun yi yunkurin samun 'yancin kai ga Madagascar ta hanyar doka.  A babban taro na farko bayan yaƙin da aka yi a birnin Paris a watan Nuwamba 1945 don tsara kundin tsarin mulkin jamhuriya ta huɗu ta Faransa, likitoci biyu masu suna Joseph Raseta da Joseph Ravoahangy ne suka wakilci Madagascar. Tare da marubucin nan gaba Jacques Rabemananjara, a farkon shekara ta 1946 sun kafa jam'iyyar siyasa ta *Mouvement démocratique de la rénovation malgache* (MDRM), wadda aka gina dandalinta akan 'yancin kai na ƙasa daga Faransa. 

Dukan shugabannin uku zuriyar *Hova* ne da suka yi fice a siyasance a tsohuwar fadar sarauta ta Merina. Ƙungiyar ta kasance mai son zaman lafiya, kuma yayin da take neman 'yancin kai ga Madagascar, ta rungumi hangen nesa na Faransanci na tsibirin a matsayin wani ɓangare na tattalin arziki da al'adun Faransa na duniya.  Dandalin su ya sami goyon bayan jama'a wanda ya raba tsakanin yanki, kabilanci da na aji, kuma a cikin watan Nuwamba 1946 an zaɓi ukun su wakilci Madagascar a matsayin wakilai (*deputés*) a Majalisar Dokokin Faransa. Wakilan Malagasy sun gabatar da daftarin doka na baiwa Madagaska 'yancin kai daga Faransawa, amma wakilan Faransa sun yi watsi da shi. 

Wakilan sun jawo rashin amincewar firaministan gurguzu na Faransa, Paul Ramadier, da kuma ministan mulkin mallaka, Marius Moutet.  Faransawa sun nemi Biritaniya cikin wulakanci don ba da Madagascar bayan yakin duniya na biyu, kuma shugabannin siyasar Faransa sun yi zargin cewa Burtaniya ko Afirka ta Kudu za su yi yunkurin kwace Madagascar daga Faransa. Sakamakon neman MDRM na neman 'yancin kai ya samu a matsayin rauni ga martaba da iko na Faransa,  kuma ya ɗaga kallon tashin hankalin da 'yan kishin Vietnamese suka kaddamar a Faransan Indochina a watan da ya gabata. 

Moutet ya mayar da martani a hankali, yana ayyana "yaki da yunkurin 'yancin cin gashin kai na Malagasy". Kin amincewa da gwamnatin Faransa ta yi na goyan bayan tsarin dimokuradiyya na neman 'yancin kai ga Madagascar ya janyo suka daga gwamnatin Amurka, wacce ta yi kakkausar suka ga matakin na Faransa tare da sukar jagorancinta.  Har ila yau, ta tayar da ƙayar baya ga jagorancin kungiyoyin 'yan kishin ƙasa a Madagascar.  Ganin yadda yanayi ke kara taɓarɓarewa a ƙasar, a ranar 27 ga watan Maris, 1947, wakilai Raseta, Ravoahangy da Rabemananjara suka fitar da wata sanarwa tare,  suna kira ga jama'a da su " kiyaye cikakkiyar natsuwa da sanyin fuska ta fuskacin hargitsi da tsokana iri-iri da aka yi niyya don tada rikici a tsakanin al'ummar Malagasy da zaman lafiya." 

## Manazarta