Kungiyoyin kwadago a Tanzaniya

**Kungiyoyin kwadago a Tanzaniya**
Kungiyoyin kwadago na Tanzaniya suna da jimillar mambobi kusan 370,000. 350,000 daga cikin wadannan suna cikin Majalisar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Tanzaniya, wasu 15,000 kuma na Jam’iyyar Kwadago ta Zanzibar, kuma 2,400 mambobi ne na Kungiyar Kamun Kifi ta Tanzaniya da Kungiyar Ma’aikata ta Allied Workers.

## Kafin samun 'yancin kai
An kafa kungiyar kwadago ta Tanganyikan ta farko, kungiyar direbobin motoci, a shekarar 1927. A shekarar 1937, ma’aikatan Asiya suka kafa kungiyar kwadago ta Asiya, wanda ya kai ga kafa kungiyoyi masu yawa a kasar. Wadannan kungiyoyi na farko ba su kasance ba, duk da haka, sun shiga cikin rikice-rikicen masana'antu da yawa, aikinsu na farko shi ne shirya taimakon juna a tsakanin mambobinsa.

Tushen ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta Tanzaniya ta zamani ta koma 1940s. A shekara ta 1947, ƙungiyoyi biyar sun yi rajista da hukumomi. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta mayar da martani ga ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyi a Tanzaniya ta hanyar kafa dokoki waɗanda suka ba ta damar ci gaba da lura da motsi - alal misali, rajistar ƙungiyoyin ya zama wajibi. Duk da haka, ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata sun girma, a shekara ta 1956 akwai ƙungiyoyi 23 tare da kusan mambobi 13,000.

A cikin 1955, ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago goma sha bakwai a ƙarshe sun haɗu don ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Tanganyika (TFL). Asalin manyan manufofinsa guda biyu shine samun ƙarin membobi da kuma ɗaukar ƙananan ƙungiyoyi. A lokacin yakin neman ‘yancin kai a kasar, TFL ta hada kai da kungiyar Tanganyika African National Union (TANU), jam’iyyar da aka kafa a shekarar 1954, a yakin neman ‘yancin kan al’ummar kasar daga Birtaniya inda ta cimma wannan buri a shekarar 1961.

Ƙungiya ta farko a Zanzibar, inda ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago na Tanganyikan ba su da aiki, ita ce ƙungiyar Seamen, wadda aka kafa a shekara ta 1955. An yi yajin aiki na ma'aikatan tashar jiragen ruwa na tsibirin a 1948, amma ba a gudanar da wata ƙungiya mai tsari ba har zuwa 1955. Guguwar kafa ƙungiyoyi ya biyo bayan kungiyar Seamen's Union, amma waɗannan kungiyoyi ba su da yawa kuma yawancin Zanzibar ba su da yawa. ayyukan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki kaɗan ne. A cikin 1956, an kafa Tarayyar Zanzibar da Ƙungiyoyin Kasuwanci na Pemba (ZPFL) tare da taimako daga ƙungiyoyin Tanganyikan. A farkon rabin shekarun 1960 kungiyar kwadago ta Zanzibari ta bunkasa. A lokacin juyin juya hali na 1964, kungiyar kwadago ta hada kai da manoma domin hambarar da Sarkin Musulmi.

## Kungiyar NUTA, JUWATA, da OTTU

Ko da yake kokarin hadin gwiwa na TANU da TFL ya haifar da 'yancin kai na Tanzaniya daga Burtaniya, kungiyoyin kwadago sun gabatar da abin da Edwin Babeiya ya gindaya a matsayin "ci karo kai tsaye da gwamnatin TANU bayan samun 'yancin kai kan batutuwa daban-daban kamar Afirka da 'yancin cin gashin kai." Yajin aikin 152 da ya shafi ma’aikata 48,434 ya tilastawa jihar mayar da martani. Dokar NUTA ta 1964 ta rusa TFL kuma ta kafa kungiyar ma'aikatan Tanganyika (NUTA) a matsayin kungiyar kwadago tilo a kasar. Wannan ne dai ya kawo karshen duk wata ‘yancin cin gashin kan ma’aikata a kasar, kasancewar babban aikin kungiyar shi ne yada manufofin gwamnati sannan kuma shugaban kasar ya nada shugabancin kungiyar ta NUTA. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, a farkon shekarun 1960 a Zanzibar, wadda ta hade da Tanganyika ta kafa Tanzaniya a 1964, haka yake. Kamar yadda yake a babban yankin Tanzaniya, gwamnati ta haramta kungiyoyin kwadagon da ake da su, wato ZPFL, sannan ta kafa kungiyar kwadagon juyin juya hali (FRTU) a matsayin sabuwar kungiyar ta Zanzibar. Kungiyar ta FRTU ta shiga cikin harkokin gwamnati da suka hada da shirya sabon kundin tsarin mulki. Amma a 1966, ba a buƙatar FRTU. Don haka, gwamnati ta rusa ta, kuma Ma’aikatar Kwadago, wadda ASP ke jagoranta, ta karbe harkokin ma’aikata, amma sai aka wargaje har a shekarar 1968.

A shekarar 1977, jam'iyyun Zanzibar da Tanzaniya mai mulkin kasar, TANU da ASP suka hade suka kafa Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM). Hakazalika, an sake fasalin kungiyar da ke da alaka da TANU, kungiyar kwadago daya tilo a kasar. Ta haka ne aka kafa Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Tanzaniya ko Jumuiya ya Wafanyakazi Tanzaniya (JUWATA) a cikin shekara mai zuwa. Ta ci gaba da al'adar NUTA na cikakken biyayya ga jam'iyya mai mulki, amma ta shafi dukkan Tanzaniya, ciki har da Zanzibar, duk da cewa gwamnatin yankin ba ta son barin ayyukan ƙungiyoyin ya sake komawa tsibirin.

Biyo bayan rikicin tattalin arziki a farkon shekarun 1980, matsin lamba na samun 'yancin cin gashin kan kungiyoyin kwadago tare da mikawa kasar ga tsarin jam'iyyu da yawa a shekarar 1990 ya kai ga rugujewar JUWATA tare da kafa kungiyar kwadago ta Tanzania (OTTU) a shekarar 1992. Shugaban kasar da majalisar dokokin kasar sun amince da matakin. Babban bambancin da ke tsakanin OTTU da JUWATA shi ne cewa tsohuwar ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin sashe kuma ta ba da izinin ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin masana'antu goma sha ɗaya. Haka kuma, tsarin cikin gida na ƙungiyar ya kasance mafi dimokuradiyya fiye da na magabata. Bayan da shugaban kasar ya karya alkawarin kara albashi a kasar a shekarar 1993, kungiyar OTTU ta gudanar da yajin aikin cikin nasara daga ranar 1 zuwa 3 ga watan Maris wanda ya nuna cewa kungiyar ba ta da iko da gwamnatin. A watan Janairun 1994, yajin aikin da malaman makarantun sakandare suka yi ya haifar da danne gwamnati da suka hada da dakatar da malamai 318 da kuma kafa kungiyar malamai ta Tanzaniya.

A cikin 1995, ƙungiyoyi goma sha ɗaya na ƙasa sun yanke shawarar kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Kasuwanci (TFTU). Bruno Mpangala shi ne babban sakatarenta. Mambobin sun kai kusan 348,000, amma sun ƙi a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, galibi sakamakon rage ma'aikatan gwamnati. A bisa ka'ida, ƙungiyoyin har yanzu suna cikin OTTU kuma TFTU ba ta da ikon yin shawarwari da masu ɗaukar ma'aikata, ƙungiyoyin masana'antu daban-daban sun yi hakan.

## Dokar kungiyar kwadago
A shekara ta 1998, Dokar Kungiyar Kwadago ta 10 ta sanya kungiyoyin kwadago su zaman kansu ba tare da gwamnati ba. Wannan matakin dai ya samu goyon bayan kungiyoyin ne, duk da cewa an sha suka, musamman ma girman ikon magatakardar kungiyar kwadago. Dokar ta ba kowane ma'aikata ashirin damar kafa kungiyar kwadago da kuma kowace kungiya biyu don samar da cibiya ta kasa. 

Magatakarda, wanda ke da alhakin gudanar da tanade-tanaden dokar na iya soke ko ƙin yin rajistar ƙungiyar. Dokar ba ta shafi Zanzibar da Pemba ba. Waɗannan tsibiran suna da irin wannan doka, wadda ta ba da izinin kafa ƙungiyoyi da yin rajista da magatakardar ƙungiyoyin kwadago a Zanzibar. Gabaɗaya ƙuntatawa akan motsin ma'aikata a tsibirin sun fi tsananin ƙarfi fiye da na ƙasar. Misali, doka ta hana ma'aikata yajin aiki.

## TUCTA da ZATUC
A shekara ta 2000, an kafa ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa ta Tanzaniya (TUCTA) a matsayin sabuwar laima ga ƙungiyoyin ƙasar. Babban bambancin dake tsakaninta da wanda ya gabace ta shi ne, TUCTA ta shafi babban yankin Tanzaniya ne kawai, kungiyar 'yan kasuwa ta Zanzibar ce ke da alhakin Zanzibar.

## Manazarta