Sare bishiyon daji a Colombia

Colombia ta rasa 2,000 km2 na gandun daji a kowace shekara zuwa sare daji, a cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekara ta 2003.  Wasu sun ba da shawarar cewa wannan adadi ya kai 3,000 km2 saboda katako ba bisa ka'ida ba a yankin. Rashin gandun daji ya samo asali ne daga katako don katako, karamin kiwon noma, hakar ma'adinai, ci gaban albarkatun makamashi kamar su hydroelectricity, ababen more rayuwa, samar da cocaine, da noma.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Sake dazuzzuka a Colombia an fi niyya ne a dazuzzuka na farko. Wannan yana da tasiri mai zurfi a cikin muhalli a cikin cewa Colombia tana da wadata sosai a cikin nau'in halittu, tare da 10% na nau'in duniya, wanda ya sa ta zama ƙasa ta biyu mafi bambancin halittu a duniya.

A cikin 2024, sare daji a yankin Amazon na Colombia ya karu da kashi 40% a cikin kwata na farko idan aka kwatanta da wannan lokacin a shekarar da ta gabata, a cewar wani rahoto. Wannan hauhawar lalacewar gandun daji yana faruwa ne a cikin tasirin yanayi mai karfi na El Niño, wanda ke haifar da yanayin bushewa da zafi wanda ya haifar da fari da gobara a duk faɗin Colombia.

## Dalilai da sakamako

Wani abu da ke ba da gudummawa ga sare daji a Colombia shine shirin kasa na Pacifico wanda aka yi niyya don tada kudaden shiga don bunkasa tattalin arziki. Shirin ya haɗa da amfani da gandun daji na Colombia don fitar da albarkatun kasa masu daraja don fitarwa.

A karkashin mulkin Shugaba Virgilio Barco Vargas (1986-1990), an ƙaddamar da wani shirin ci gaba wanda ya haɗa da dala biliyan 4.5 a cikin zuba jari don haɓaka gabar tekun Pacific na Colombia a Sashen Choco. Kusan kashi 2.2% na yawan gandun daji a Colombia an fara cirewa kowace shekara don itace da yin takarda ko don samar da wuraren da ake buƙata don noman dabino da noma da noman shrimp na kasuwanci. A cikin ƙoƙari na hadin gwiwa don inganta kasuwanci, Plan Pacifico ya yi ƙoƙari ya kammala ɓangaren kilomita 54 da ya ɓace na Hanyar Pan-Amurka tsakanin Colombia da Panama da ke ratsa Darién Gap mai arziki.

Ginin Puente Terrestre Inter-Oceanico (PTI), gadar kasa tsakanin Tekun Pasifik da Tekun Atlantika kusa da Panama, wanda ya kunshi hanyar jirgin kasa, hanya, magudanar ruwa, da bututun mai ya yi babban tasiri ga muhalli da kawar da dazuzzuka a yankin. Sauran tsare-tsare na gina tituna a duk faɗin Chocó waɗanda suka yi niyya don haɓaka haɓakar tattalin arziƙin Colombia sun sami sakamako mara kyau da ba a yi niyya ba.

Rashin gandun daji ya kasance da alhakin rushewar bakin kogi wanda ya shafi matakan kogin kogi, wanda ya sami mummunar tasiri a kan rayuwar ruwa da kifi da kuma sufuri da kewayawa saboda yaduwa. Wannan share gandun daji kuma yana da asusun babban lalacewar mazaunin halittu da ke zaune a cikin gandun daji na Colombia. Misali, ana ɗaukar tamarin na saman auduga a matsayin mai haɗari sosai, kuma yana cikin jerin sunayen "The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates. "  Rushewar mazaunin ta hanyar share gandun daji shine babban dalilin wannan rushewa, kuma tamarins na saman audugu sun rasa fiye da kashi uku cikin huɗu na asalin mazauninsu ga sare gandun daji.  An kirkiro shirye-shiryen cikin gida, kamar Proyecto Tití don tamarins na auduga, don wayar da kan jama'a game da irin waɗannan lokuta.

Gwamnatin yanzu tana fadada noman dabino da rake ta hanyar karfafa manyan gonaki, kuma bukatar noma ta yi matukar tasiri ga dazuzzukan Colombia, bambancin halittu, da al'ummomin gida. Amfani da al'ummomi ta hanyar fadada man dabino yakan haifar da tashin hankali da cin zarafi. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke aiki a Colombia sun sami rahoton mutuwar mutane 113 a sakamakon rigingimun da suka shafi kasa kan noman dabino a Curvaradó da Jiguamiandó River Basin a yankin Chocó, inda aka zargi jami’an tsaro da ke da alaka da kamfanonin shuka da yin amfani da filayen da al’ummomin Afro-Colombian suka mallaka. Dazuzzukan dazuzzukan dake bakin teku na lardin Chocó wadanda noman dabino ya fi shafa na daga cikin dazuzzukan dazuzzukan duniya, masu dauke da nau'ikan 7,000 zuwa 8,000, tare da nau'in tsiro sama da 2,000 da kuma nau'in tsuntsaye masu yaduwa 100. Har ila yau, hakar ma'adinai ya ba da gudummawa ga sare dazuzzuka, musamman a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yana wakiltar kusan kashi 6% na sare gandun daji na ƙasa (2017), tare da babban yanke hukunci a cikin izinin doka na Antioquia (mai yin zinare) ko La Guajira (mai kera kwal). 

Dazuzzukan da ke da arzikin halittu na gabar tekun Pasifik na Colombia suma sun sami matsala sakamakon hakar zinare da noman koko. Wani adadi da aka samu a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 ya yi kiyasin cewa ayyukan hakar zinari ne ke da alhakin kawar da gandun daji mai fadin murabba'in kilomita 800 a kowace shekara a Colombia, baya ga karuwar silti a koguna da gurbacewar mercury.

Noma, samarwa, da rarraba kayan maye ba bisa ka'ida ba a Colombia ya kuma yi tasiri sosai kan sare bishiyoyi da asarar nau'ikan halittu a kasar. Kimanin kadada 100,000 (400 km2) ana ware kowace shekara don noman coca, marijuana, da opium poppies wanda ya haifar da kawar da gandun daji kai tsaye don samar da kasuwancin. Musamman abin ya shafa su ne dazuzzukan Andes na Colombia inda aƙalla kashi 73% na wannan mahalli mai daraja ya shafa ta hanyar noman ƙwayoyi da ƙaura na mutane don hakar albarkatu ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. Yankin yana da matukar muhimmanci ga samar da ruwan kasar Colombia, kuma rushewar kasa da kuma ruwan teburi da ke tasowa daga kawar da dazuzzukan na da matukar damuwa ga yanayin yanayin kasar.

Talauci da rashin daidaito wajen mallakar filaye da amfani suma suna taka rawa wajen sare itatuwa a Colombia. Masu mallakar filaye da ke da kashi 3% na al'ummar Colombia sun mallaki fiye da kashi 70% na filayen noma, yayin da kashi 57% na matalautan manoma da kyar suke rayuwa a kashi 2.8% na ƙasar. Kasancewar Colombia tana ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa tattalin arzikinta na kasuwa tare da amfanin gona na tsabar kuɗi don fitar da su don samar da kudin shiga, yana ƙaruwa da raguwar manoma a matakin gida, yana sa rashin daidaito da talauci a can ya fi muni.

## Amsa

Colombia ta yi babban ci gaba wajen kare manyan yankuna na ƙasa daga sare daji ta hanyar kirkirar wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa; duk da haka, tilasta ba ta da cikakken tasiri. Sayar da ƙasar da aka kare ta hanyar cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati ba sabon abu ba ne. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun misali shine yunkurin gwamnati na jujjuya gandun daji na Tayrona a kan Tekun Atlantika na Colombia zuwa wurin shakatawa na kasa a cikin 1980.  Babban Kungiyar da ke yaki da sare daji  wani shiri ne da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ci gaba mai dorewa suka kafa. Shirin ya dogara da taimakon bangarori daban-daban na farar hula, gami da masu zane-zane kamar Systema Solar da Bomba Estéreo .

Colombia tana da nau'ikan halittu da halittu masu yawa a duniya, kuma akwai dubban nau'ikan shuke-shuke da dabbobi da ke zaune a can. A karkashin gwamnatin hagu ta farko a kasar karkashin jagorancin Shugaba Gustavo Petro, an hana yaduwar gandun daji kuma an juyar da ita. Gwamnatin Petro ta ba da fifiko ga ingantaccen saka idanu da ayyukan ɗorewa a matsayin mahimman dabarun kare gandun daji na Amazon, yayin da suke buƙatar kasashe masu arziki su soke bashin kasashen waje don musayar kokarin rage canjin yanayi. Babban nasarorin da gwamnatin Colombia ta samu sun hada da yarjejeniyar diyya tare da manoma don kare ƙasa da tattaunawa tare da kungiyoyin da ke dauke da makamai wadanda ke kula da wuraren sare daji. Columbia ta sami alaƙa kai tsaye tsakanin zaman lafiya da sakamakon sare daji, wanda shine cewa yanayin zaman lafiya yana rage sare daji yadda ya kamata.

Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta kasar ta ba da sanarwar cewa sare daji a Colombia ya ragu sosai a 2023, ya kai matakin mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin shekaru 23. Bayanan hukuma sun nuna cewa asarar gandun daji ya ragu daga murabba'in kilomita 1235 a 2022 zuwa murabba'i kilomita 792 a 2023, wanda ke wakiltar raguwar kashi 36%. 2023 ya nuna shekara ta biyu a jere na raguwar gandun daji a Colombia, inda asarar gandun daji ta ragu da kashi 54% tsakanin 2021 da 2023, wanda ya wuce burin kasa na 20% da aka nuna ta bayanan hukuma. Ministan muhalli na Colombia ya yi sharhi cewa "2023 shekara ce mai mahimmanci a cikin yaki da sare daji. "

A cikin Janairu 2020, gwamnatin Colombia ta tuntubi al'ummomin ƙabilun Amazon na asali don shawarwari kan yadda za a kashe sama da dala miliyan 7 don yaƙi da sare itatuwa a cikin Amazon.Duk da haka, tun daga lokacin da La Minga Indígena ya barke a ko'ina cikin Kolombiya, dubban 'yan gwagwarmayar 'yan asalin ƙasar suna neman ƙarin himma wajen aiwatar da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya don haɓaka kare muhalli. 'Yan asalin ƙasar a duk duniya sun ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga neman Adalci na muhalli.

Wadannan kungiyoyin 'yan asalin suna aiki ne a matsayin masu kare muhalli da masu kare ƙasa don Amazon daga sare daji. "Minga" ita ce kalmar Quechua da ke nufin haɗuwa da baƙi a kusa da manufa ko burin da aka raba. Masu zanga-zangar 'yan asalin suna neman kariya ta shari'a da kariya ga Uwar Duniya bayan keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da muhalli.

Satar gandun daji da kwace filaye ya karu da kashi 44% tun bayan da aka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin FARC da gwamnati a shekarar 2016, bayan da FARC ta janye daga dazuzzukan. FARC ta aiwatar da manufar kiyaye muhalli ta ‘bindigu’ inda manoma (sau da yawa ƴan asalin ƙasar) dole ne su kula da wani yanki na ƙasarsu da ke cikin dazuzzuka, ko kuma su fuskanci mummunan sakamako. Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta yi niyya don rage tashe-tashen hankula a yankin Amazon, amma ya sauƙaƙa kwace filaye don haɓaka amfanin gona ba bisa ƙa'ida ba (Cocaine) da haƙar zinari daga tsoffin 'yan adawa na FARC, wanda ke haifar da tashin hankali ga al'ummomin ƴan asalin da sare daji ba bisa ka'ida ba.

Kashe gandun daji yana rage bambancin halittu na Amazon da ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba suna gurɓata koguna da wuraren zama na halitta ga jinsuna da kungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar. Tun daga shekara ta 2016, an kashe shugabannin 'yan asalin 300 da manoma 600, shugabannin Afro da na ƙungiyar a Colombia. La Minga Indígena tana samun goyon bayan siyasa daga Claudia López don aiwatar da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya don tilasta kariya daga sare daji ba bisa ka'ida ba.

## Dubi kuma

* Batutuwan muhalli a Colombia

## Bayanan da aka ambata