Manufofin kasashen waje na gwamnatin Mobutu Sese Seko

**Manufofin kasashen waje na gwamnatin Mobutu Sese Seko** ya jaddada kawancensa da Amurka da kuma kasashen yammacin duniya yayin da ake kyautata zaton yana rike da matsayi maras tushe a cikin harkokin kasa da kasa.  Mobutu ya mulki Jamhuriyar Kongo sannan Zaire a matsayin shugaban kasa na tsawon shekaru 32, daga 1965 zuwa 1997.

## Amurka

Ga mafi yawancin, Zaire tana jin daɗin kyakkyawar dangantaka da Amurka. Amurka ita ce ta uku mafi girma da ke ba da gudummawa ga Zaire (bayan Belgium da Faransa), kuma Mobutu ya yi abota da shugabannin Amurka da yawa, ciki har da John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, da George H. W. Bush. Dangantaka ta yi sanyi sosai tsakanin 1974 da 1975 a kan maganganun Mobutu masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, gami da zarge-zargen da ya yi game da manufofin kasashen waje na Amurka,  kuma ya fadi zuwa wani lokaci a lokacin rani na 1975 lokacin da Mobutu ya zargi CIA da makirci don hambarar da gwamnatinsa. An kama manyan janar din Za'iri goma sha ɗaya da fararen hula da yawa yayin da aka hukunta tsohon shugaban Babban Bankin (ba tare da shi ba).  Koyaya, Nzongola-Ntalaja, ɗaya daga cikin masu sukar Mobutu, ya yi hasashen cewa Mobutu ya ƙirƙiri makircin a matsayin uzuri don kawar da sojoji daga jami'an da za su iya haifar da barazana ga mulkinsa. Duk da wadannan cikas, dangantakar da ba ta da kyau ta narke da sauri a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Angola lokacin da gwamnatin Amurka ta fara taimakawa kungiyar 'yanci ta Angola (FNLA), karkashin jagorancin Mobutu's Holden Roberto.

Saboda talaucin rikodin kare hakkin dan adam na Mobutu, gwamnatin Carter ta yi aiki don sanya nesa tsakanin kanta da gwamnatin Kinshasa;  duk da haka, Zaire ta sami kusan rabin taimakon kasashen waje da Carter ya ba da Afirka ta kudu da Sahara.  A lokacin mamayewar Shaba ta farko, Amurka ta taka rawar gani; sa hannun da ta yi a baya ya kunshi kadan fiye da isar da kayan da ba su da kisa. Amma a lokacin mamayewar Shaba ta biyu, Amurka ta taka muhimmiyar rawa ta hanyar samar da sufuri da tallafi ga 'yan fashi na Faransa da Belgium da aka tura don taimakawa Mobutu a kan 'yan tawaye. Carter ya sake maimaita zargin Mobutu (ba tare da hujja ba) na taimakon Soviet da Cuban ga 'yan tawaye, har sai da ya bayyana cewa babu wata hujja mai wuya da ta wanzu don tabbatar da ikirarinsa. A cikin 1980 Majalisar Wakilai ta kada kuri'a don dakatar da taimakon soja ga Zaire, amma Majalisar Dattijai ta dawo da kudaden, don mayar da martani ga matsin lamba daga Carter da bukatun kasuwanci na Amurka a Zaire. 

Mobutu ya ji daɗin kyakkyawar dangantaka da Gwamnatin Reagan (ta hanyar bayar da gudummawar kuɗi); a lokacin shugabancin Ronald Reagan, Mobutu ya ziyarci Fadar White House sau uku, kuma zargi da rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na Zaire ta Amurka ya yi tasiri sosai. A lokacin ziyarar da Mobutu ya kai a shekarar 1983 Reagan ya yaba masa a matsayin "muryar kyakkyawar fahimta da kyakkyawar niyya".

Mobutu kuma yana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da magajin Reagan, Bush; shi ne shugaban Afirka na farko da ya ziyarci Bush a Fadar White House .  Duk da haka, dangantakar Mobutu da Amurka ta canza sosai jim kadan bayan haka tare da ƙarshen Yaƙin Cold; tare da Tarayyar Soviet ta tafi, babu wani dalili na tallafawa Mobutu a matsayin kariya ga kwaminisanci. Dangane da haka, Amurka da sauran iko na Yamma sun fara matsawa Mobutu don dimokuradiyya da mulkin. Game da canjin halin Amurka ga mulkinsa, Mobutu ya ce: "Ni ne sabon wanda aka azabtar da yaƙin sanyi, wanda Amurka ba ta buƙata. Darasi shine cewa goyon baya ga manufofin Amurka ba shi da wani abu. "  A cikin 1993 Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta hana Mobutu visa bayan ya nemi ziyartar Washington, DC. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan wannan, Mobutu ta yi abota da mai wa'azin talabijin Pat Robertson, wanda ya yi alkawarin ƙoƙarin samun Ma'aikarar Jiha don ɗaga haramcin ta ga shugaban Afirka. 

## Angola
Mobutu ya goyi bayan abokinsa, Holden Roberto, shugaban National Liberation Front of Angola, a yakin neman 'yancin kai da gwagwarmayarsa ta adawa da kwaminisanci bayan 1975. Kasashen Yammacin Turai sun ɓoye taimako ga FNLA ta hanyar ba da shi ga Mobutu wanda ya canja shi ga Roberto. Dangantakar Mobutu da Roberto ta sanya FNLA ta zama wani ɓangare na sojojin Zairian.

Mobutu ya sadu da António de Spínola, shugaban rikon kwarya na Portugal, a ranar 15 ga Satumba 1974 a Cape Verde">Tsibirin Sal a Cape Verde, yana shirya wani shiri don karfafa Roberto, Jonas Savimbi na National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), da Daniel Chipenda na Jam'iyyar Jama'a ta Gabas don 'Yanci na Angola (MPLA) a kan kudin MPLA yayin da suke riƙe da bangon hadin kan kasa. Mobutu da Spínola sun so su rage matsayin Neto kuma su gabatar da Chipenda a matsayin shugaban MPLA, Mobutu musamman ya fi son Chipenda zuwa Neto saboda Chipenda ta goyi bayan cin gashin kai ga Cabinda kuma Neto bai yi ba. Yankin Angola yana da manyan tanadin man fetur wanda aka kiyasta kusan tan miliyan 300 wanda Zaire, kuma ta haka ne gwamnatin Mobutu, ta dogara da shi don rayuwa ta tattalin arziki.

## Belgium
Dangantaka tsakanin Zaire da Belgium sun lalace tsakanin kusanci da nuna ƙiyayya a lokacin mulkin Mobutu. Dangantaka ta yi muni a farkon mulkin Mobutu game da rikice-rikice da suka shafi kasuwancin kasuwanci da masana'antu na Belgium a kasar, amma dangantakar ta yi zafi ba da daɗewa ba. An karɓi Mobutu da iyalinsa a matsayin baƙi na masarautar Belgium a 1968 kuma an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwar kimiyya da fasaha a wannan shekarar. A lokacin ziyarar da Sarki Baudouin ya yi nasara sosai zuwa Kinshasa a shekarar 1970 an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar abota da hadin kai tsakanin kasashen biyu. Koyaya, Mobutu ya fashe yarjejeniyar a cikin 1974 don nuna rashin amincewa da Belgium ta ƙi hana wani littafi mai adawa da Mobutu wanda lauyan hagu Jules Chomé ya rubuta. Manufar Mobutu ta "Zairianisation", wacce ta kwace kasuwancin kasashen waje kuma ta canja mallakar su ga Zairians, ta kara da damuwa.

Duk da haka, daga baya a cikin shekarun 1970s, bangarorin biyu sun yi ƙoƙari don inganta dangantakar. A shekara ta 1976 Zaire ta yi alkawarin biyan Belgiumwa waɗanda suka rasa dukiya a lokacin "Zairianization", kuma ta ba da izinin baƙi waɗanda aka kwace dukiyarsu su dawo da kashi 60% na dukiyarsu, wanda ya haifar da sabuntawar Belgium na sha'awar saka hannun jari. Belgium kuma ta ba da gudummawa ga masu tsaron sama ga kare Mobutu a lokacin Shaba II a shekarar 1978.

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan korafe-korafen Mobutu shine cewa an ba masu adawa, dalibai, da abokan adawar da aka yi gudun hijira damar yin aiki da bugawa a Belgium, kodayake Belgium ta kori François Lumumba (ɗan Patrice) a 1984 bayan an zarge shi da hannu a cikin fashewar bam na tashar Voice of Zaire da babban ofishin gidan waya na Kinshasa.

A cikin 1988 Majalisar Dokokin Kasa ta Zaire ta yi barazanar karya dangantakar diflomasiyya da Belgium a matsayin martani ga zargin da kafofin watsa labarai na Belgium suka yi cewa Mobutu yana karbar kuɗin taimakon kasashen waje na Belgium. Daga shekara ta 1989 zuwa gaba dangantakar da ke tsakanin Zaire da Belgium ta kasance cikin damuwa a kan batutuwan da suka fara daga batun sake tsara bashin zuwa kisan kiyashi na Jami'ar Lubumbashi ta 1990. Belgium ta dakatar da duk taimakon jin kai ga Zaire, kuma a mayar da martani, Mobutu ya kori masu fasaha na Belgium 700 kuma ya rufe duk sai ofishin jakadancin Belgium guda daya a Zaire. A cikin 1991 da 1993, Belgium da Faransa sun tura sojoji zuwa Kinshasa don kwashe 'yan kasashen waje a lokacin tashin hankali da sojojin Zairian da ba a biya su ba. Belgium ta zama mafi kuskuren Mobutu, tare da karuwar yawan 'yan siyasa na Belgium suna kira ga Mobutu ya yi murabus. Belgium ta ba da alamar rashin amincewa da Mobutu lokacin da ta ki gayyatar shi zuwa jana'izar Sarki Baudouin a 1993. Kafin 1990, dangantakar Mobutu da Sarki Baudouin ta kasance mai kyau, amma dangantakar abokantaka tsakanin shugabannin kasashe biyu ta riga ta ragu bayan mutuwar matar Mobutu ta farko, Marie-Antoinette. Bayan kisan kiyashi na Lubumbashi, da kuma wata sanarwa mai ƙarfin zuciya da Mobutu ya yi game da dangin sarauta na Belgium, fadar sarauta ta Belgium ta rabu gaba ɗaya da Mobutu, har ma da jakadan Zairian Kimbulu daga yanzu ba a gayyace shi zuwa liyafar sarauta ba.
## Faransa
A matsayinta na ƙasa mafi girma mai magana da Faransanci a ƙarƙashin Afirka - kuma ta biyu mafi girma a duniya masu amfani da harshen Faransanci, Zaire tana da mahimmanci a siyasa ga Faransa. A lokacin zamanin Jamhuriyar Farko, Faransa ta fi goyon bayan masu ra'ayin tsarin tarayya da na adalci, sabanin masu ra'ayin dunkulewa kamar Lumumba. Bayan nasarar murkushe fadan ballewar Katanga, Zaire (wanda ake kira Jamhuriyar Congo a lokacin), ta rattaba yarjejeniya ta haɗin gwiwar fasaha da al'adu da Faransa. A lokacin shugabancin Charles de Gaulle, dangantaka tsakanin kasashen biyu ta ƙara ƙarfafawa. A shekarar 1971, Ministan Kudi Valéry Giscard d'Estaing ya ziyarci Zaire. Daga baya, bayan ya zama Shugaban ƙasa, ya ƙulla alaƙar kusanci da Shugaba Mobutu kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan abokansa na ƙasashen waje. Lokacin hare-haren Shaba, Faransa ta goyi bayan Mobutu sosai: a lokacin hare-haren Shaba na farko, Faransa ta sauke sojoji maroka 1,500 ta hanyar jirgin sama zuwa Zaire, inda aka dakile 'yan tawaye. Shekara guda bayan haka, lokacin hare-haren Shaba na biyu, Faransa da kanta ta aika sojojinta don taimakawa Mobutu (tare da Belgium).

Dangantaka ta ci gaba da kasancewa lafiya har zuwa ƙarshen Yaƙin Cewar Sanyi, kuma koda bayan Belgium da Amurka sun dakatar da duk wani taimako sai na jin kai ga Zaire, dangantaka tsakanin Faransa da Zaire ta ci gaba da kasancewa lafiya, kodayake Faransa ta shiga cikin matsin lamba da sauran ƙasashen yamma wajen tursasa Mobutu ya aiwatar da gyare-gyaren dimokuraɗiyya. Bayan kisan kare dangi na Rwanda, da kuma ƙauracewar 'yan tawayen Hutu miliyan biyu zuwa gabashin Zaire, Faransa ta nemi taimakon ƙasa da ƙasa ga Mobutu, tana ganin shine kawai wanda zai iya warware matsalar 'yan gudun hijira. Daga baya, a lokacin Yaƙin Congo na Farko, Faransa ta dage wajen neman shiga soja domin ceto gwamnatin Mobutu; duk da haka, saboda rashin iya shiga kai tsaye, hukumar leƙen asirin Faransa ta shirya kawo sojojin haya 300 daga Serbia (White Legion) domin taimakawa sojojin Mobutu, amma hakan bai yi tasiri ba.

Har zuwa rasuwarsa, Mobutu yana ganawa da shugabannin Faransa. A shekarar 1996 ya gana da Shugaban ƙasa Jacques Chirac a lokacin wani ziyarar sirri zuwa Faransa. (Mobutu yana da gidan hutu a Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, kusa da Nice).
## Tarayyar Soviet
Dangantakar Mobutu da Tarayyar Soviet ta kasance mai sanyi da ɗauke da tashin hankali. Mobutu, wanda ya ƙi ra'ayin komunizm, bai yarda da Soviet ba cikin sauƙi; yana da ƙwaƙwalwar goyon bayansu, ko da kuwa na baka ne kawai, ga Lumumba da 'yan tawaye na Simba. Duk da haka, don nuna rashin tsayawa gefe ɗaya, ya sabunta dangantaka a 1967; jakadan Soviet na farko ya zo ya gabatar da takardun shaidarsa a 1968 (Mobutu ya hada kai da Amurka wajen la’antar mamayar Soviet a Czechoslovakia a shekarar). Mobutu ya ga kasancewar Soviet a cikin ƙasa da amfani dalilai biyu: yana ba shi damar ci gaba da nuna rashin tsayawa gefe, kuma yana zama hanyar kauce wa laifin matsalolin cikin gida. Misali, a 1970, ya kori jakadu huɗu na Soviet saboda gudanar da "ayyukan cin amanar kasa", kuma a 1971, jami'ai ashirin na Soviet aka bayyana su persona non grata saboda zargin su da haddasa zanga-zangar ɗalibai a Jami’ar Lovanium.

Moscow ce kawai babban birnin duniya da Mobutu bai taɓa ziyarta ba, ko da yake ya amince da gayyata a 1974; sai dai, saboda dalilai marasa bayyana, ya soke ziyarar a dakika na ƙarshe, ya zauna China da Koriya ta Arewa maimakon.

Dangantaka ta kara sanyi a 1975, lokacin da ƙasashen biyu suka tsinci kansu a ɓangarori masu adawa a Yaƙin Basasa na Angola. Wannan ya shafi manufofin harkokin wajen Zaire sosai na tsawon shekara goma; Mobutu ya rasa ikonsa na shugabancin Afirka (shine ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka ƙi amincewa da gwamnati ta Marxist a Angola), sai ya juya sosai zuwa Amurka da ƙawayenta, yana ɗaukar matsayoyi masu goyon bayan Amurka akan batutuwa kamar mamayar Soviet na Afghanistan, matsayin Isra’ila a ƙungiyoyin duniya, da sauransu.

Mobutu ya la’anta mamayar Soviet na Afghanistan a 1979, kuma a 1980, ƙasarsa ce ta farko a Afirka da ta shiga boycotting gasar Olympics ta bazara a Moscow tare da Amurka. Cikin shekarun 1980s, ya ci gaba da nuna rashin goyon bayan Soviet, yana adawa da ƙasashen da suka goyi bayan Soviet kamar Libya da Angola (yana ɓoye goyon bayansa ga 'yan tawaye na UNITA); a tsakiyar shekarun 1980s, ya bayyana Zaire a matsayin ƙasa da ke zagaye da "zobe ja" na ƙasashen komunisti da na socialist da ke goyon bayan Soviet. A 1987, Mobutu ya kori jakadu na Soviet da dama bayan da ya zarge su da leƙen asiri kan harkokin soja da ƙungiyoyin kwadago na ƙasa. A martani, Tarayyar Soviet ta kori Emany Mata Likambe, mai kula da ofishin jakadanci na Zaire, da ma’aikata biyu na fasaha.

Raguwar da ƙarshe da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet ta haifar da matsaloli masu yawa ga Mobutu. Matsayinsa na rashin goyon bayan Soviet shi ne dalilin samun tallafin ƙasashen yammacin duniya; ba tare da wannan dalili ba, ba a ga dalilin ci gaba da tallafa masa ba. Kasashen yamma sun fara buƙatar ya kawo tsarin dimokuradiyya da inganta hakkin ɗan adam, wanda ya bar Zaire cikin ƙunci a harkokin duniya.

## Jamhuriyar Jama’ar China
Da farko, dangantakar Zaire da Jamhuriyar Jama’ar China ba ta fi ta da Tarayyar Soviet ba. Mobutu yana da ƙwaƙwalwar taimakon China ga Mulele da sauran 'yan tawaye na Maoist a lardin Kwilu yayin tawagar Simba da ta gaza. Haka kuma ya ƙi amincewa da zama membar China a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Sai dai, zuwa 1972, Mobutu ya fara kallon China da wata fuska dabam, a matsayin masu daidaita tasirin Soviet da kuma ƙawayensa na kusa kamar Amurka, Isra’ila da Afirka ta Kudu. A Nuwamba 1972, Mobutu ya amince da China (da kuma Jamhuriyar GDR da Koriya ta Arewa) a matsayin abokan hulɗar diflomasiya. A shekarar da ta biyo baya, Mobutu ya kai ziyara Beijing, inda ya gana da Shugaba Mao kuma ya samu alkawari na tallafin fasaha na $100 miliyan. A 1974, Mobutu ya yi mamakin ziyara zuwa China da Koriya ta Arewa, lokacin da ake sa ran zai kai ziyara zuwa Soviet. Bayan dawowarsa, siyasar da kalamansa sun zama masu tsauri; a wannan lokacin ne Mobutu ya fara suka ga Belgium da Amurka (na ƙarshe saboda rashin tsayin daka, a ra’ayin Mobutu, wajen yakar mulkin fari ba da yawa a Afirka ta Kudu da Rhodesia), ya gabatar da shirin "aikin ƙasa" da ake kira salongo, kuma ya fara "radicalization" (ci gaba da manufar "Zairianization" na 1973). Mobutu har ma ya aro wata lakabi – Helmsman – daga Mao. Abin da ya faru a karshen 1974 da farkon 1975 shi ne lokacin da bauta masa ta kai matsayi mafi girma.

China da Zaire suna da manufa ɗaya a Afirka ta Tsakiya: hana samun rinjaye na Soviet a yankin. Saboda haka, Zaire da China duka suna bai wa FNLA (da kuma UNITA daga baya) taimako a ɓoye don dakatar da MPLA, wanda aka goya baya da ƙarfafa ta sojojin Cuba. Sojojin Cuba suna da tasiri a Afirka wajen goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa na ra’ayin hagu da masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, kuma an tallafa musu sosai daga Tarayyar Soviet a lokacin. Bayan gayyatar Holden Roberto da sojojinsa zuwa Beijing don horo, China ta bai wa ‘yan tawaye makamai da kuɗi. Zaire ma ta kai hari Angola kafin lokaci don kafa gwamnati da ke goyon bayan Kinshasa, amma sojojin Cuba sun kore su. Wannan hari ya zama abin kunya mai faɗaɗa sakamako, musamman hare-haren Shaba I da Shaba II, duka China ta ƙi amincewa da su. China ta aika da taimakon soji ga Zaire a duk hare-haren, kuma ta zargi Soviet da Cuba da kokarin tayar da zaune tsaye a Afirka ta Tsakiya (kodayake wannan ya kasance tuhuma har yanzu).

A 1983, yayin ziyarar ƙasashen Afirka guda 11, Firayim Minista Zhao Ziyang ya ziyarci Kinshasa, kuma ya sanar da soke bashi na $100 miliyan da Zaire ke bin China; kuɗin da aka aro za a sake saka su cikin ayyukan haɗin gwiwa tsakanin China da Zaire. China ta ci gaba da bayar da kayan aiki na soja da horo har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1980s. Bayan da yammacin duniya suka kaurace masa, China ta fi ƙarfin shiga cikin ƙasar; an ce masu fasaha na China kusan 1,000 sun kasance suna aiki a kan ayyukan noma da gandun daji a Zaire a farkon shekarun 1990s.
## Libiya
A cikin shekarun 1980, babban abokin gaba na Mobutu shi ne Muammar Gaddafi. A watan Mayu 1985, yayin da yake ziyara a Burundi, Gaddafi ya bukaci ’yan Zaire su tashi su “kawar da Mobutu da jiki.” Lokacin da aka dasa bama-bamai a Voice of Zaire da babban ofishin gidan waya na Kinshasa a 1984, gwamnatin Zaire ta zargi gwamnatin Gaddafi da alhakin hakan.

Zaire ta ba da goyon bayan soja ga gwamnatin GUNT na Chadi, wadda Hissein Habré ke jagoranta, yayin rikicin da Chadi ke yi da Libiya. Babban fargabar Mobutu ita ce cewa wata gwamnati mai goyon bayan Gaddafi za ta karɓa a Chadi kuma ta zama barazana ga Sudan da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, waɗanda ke iyaka da Zaire.

Mobutu ya kuma kasance da kyakkyawar alaka da Jaafar Nimeiry na Sudan, wanda shi ma abokin gaba ne ga gwamnatin Gaddafi.

By 1997, dangantaka da Libiya ta inganta, inda Gaddafi ya nuna goyon baya ga Mobutu a Yakin Congo na Farko.

## Rwanda
Mobutu yana da dangantaka mai ƙarfi da Rwanda ƙarƙashin marigayi Shugaba Juvénal Habyarimana; a watan Oktoba 1990, Zaire ta shiga yaki tare da Faransa da Belgium domin taimaka wa gwamnatin Habyarimana daga hannun Rwandan Patriotic Front a yakin basasar kasar.

## Togo
Wani aboki na kusa kuma abokin Mobutu shi ne shugaban mulkin kama-karya na Togo, Gnassingbé Eyadéma. Bayan rikicin Shaba II, Togo na daga cikin ƙasashen da suka tura dakarun kiyaye zaman lafiya zuwa Zaire. A 1986, Mobutu ya tura dakaru biyu na iska zuwa Lomé domin kwantar da tarzoma bayan ƙoƙarin juyin mulki da aka yi wa Eyadéma. Bayan an kifar da shi a 1997, Mobutu ya zauna na ɗan lokaci a Togo inda aka ba shi izini ya zauna a fadar shugaban ƙasa; amma saboda matsin lamba daga abokan hamayyarsa, Eyadéma ya ƙaura da Mobutu zuwa Morocco, inda ya kai shi a jirginsa na ƙasa.
## Romaniya
Daga cikin abokan Mobutu mafi kusa da shi akwai Nicolae Ceauşescu, shugaba mai mulki a Romaniya ta Kwamunisanci. Dangantaka ba ta tsaya ga jihohi kawai ba, har da dangantakar jam’iyyu – tsakanin Popular Movement of the Revolution (MPR) da Romanian Communist Party (PCR). Wasu na zargin cewa shawarar Mobutu na “demokratanta” mulkinsa ya samo asali, a kalla a wani bangare, daga kisa da aka yi wa Ceauşescu a juyin juya halin Romaniya. 

## Sauran dangantaka
Dangantakar Zaire da wasu makwabtanta – ciki har da Angola,  Zambia, Tanzania, da Uganda  – ba su da kyau. Sauran ƙasashen da dangantakar Zaire ba ta yi daɗi da su sun haɗa da Cuba da East Germany; Zaire ta yanke hulɗar diflomasiyya da waɗannan ƙasashen a bazarar shekarar 1977, sakamakon zargin tallafin da suka bayar ga ‘yan tawaye masu adawa da Mobutu a lokacin Shaba I (ko da yake Mobutu ya dawo da dangantakar da Cuba bayan shekaru biyu, domin Zaire ta halarci taron 6th Summit na Non-Aligned Movement da aka gudanar a Havana a cikin wannan shekara). 

## Manazarta

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