Abu Mena

**Abu Mena** (wanda kuma aka rubuta Abu Mina; Coptic: ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲙⲏⲛⲁ; Larabci: أبو مينا, romanized: Abū Mīnā  ararar) wani gari ne, rukunin gidajen sufi da cibiyar hajji na Kirista a Late Antique Egypt, kusan kilomita 150 daga birnin Alexandria, kudu da New Arab  birnin Alexandria. An sanya gawarwakinsa a matsayin Gidan Tarihi na Duniya a cikin 1979 saboda mahimmancin wurin a cikin addinin Kirista na farko. Akwai 'yan kaɗan da suka rage, amma tushen yawancin manyan gine-gine, kamar babban Basilica, ana iya ganewa cikin sauƙi.

Kokarin aikin noma na baya-bayan nan a yankin ya haifar da hauhawar ruwa mai yawa, wanda ya haifar da gine-ginen shafin da yawa su rushe ko kuma su zama marasa daidaituwa. An kara shafin a cikin Jerin Tarihin Duniya da ke cikin Haɗari a shekara ta 2001. Kuma a ƙarshe an cire shi daga jerin a cikin 2025. An tilasta wa hukumomi sanya yashi a cikin tushe na gine-ginen da suka fi haɗari a shafin.

## Tarihi

An yi wa Menas na Iskandariya shahadar a ƙarshen 3rd ko farkon 4th karni (duba Kiristanci na Farko).  : 16 Bayanan daban-daban na ƙarni na 5 da na baya sun ba da bambance-bambance daban-daban game da binnewarsa da kuma kafa cocinsa. Abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci sune cewa an ɗauke jikinsa daga Alexandria a kan raƙumi, wanda aka kai shi cikin hamada bayan Tafkin Mareotis. A wani lokaci, raƙumi ya ki ci gaba da tafiya, duk da duk kokarin da aka yi na motsa shi. An dauki wannan a matsayin alamar nufin Allah, kuma masu kula da jikin sun binne shi a wannan wuri.

Yawancin sassan labarin sun bayyana cewa an manta da wurin kabarin har sai wani makiyayi na yankin ya sake gano shi ta hanyar mu'ujiza. Daga Synaxarium na Habasha (E.A.W. Budge, trans.):Kuma Allah ya so ya bayyana [wurin] jikin Saint Mînâs. Kuma akwai wani makiyayi a cikin wannan hamada, kuma wata rana wata tumaki da ke fama da cutar scab ta tafi wannan wuri, kuma ta nutse cikin ruwan ƙaramin maɓuɓɓugar da ke kusa da wurin, kuma ya yi juyawa a ciki kuma ya warke kai tsaye. Kuma lokacin da makiyayi ya ga wannan abu, kuma ya fahimci mu'ujizar, sai ya yi mamakin sosai kuma ya yi mamaki. Kuma bayan haka ya saba karɓar ƙura daga wannan wuri mai tsarki, ya haɗa shi da ruwa, ya shafa shi a kan tumaki, kuma idan sun yi rashin lafiya da scab, sai su warke kai tsaye. Kuma wannan ya saba yi a kowane lokaci, kuma ya warkar da duk marasa lafiya da suka zo wurinsa ta wannan hanyar.Maganar ikon warkarwa na makiyayi ya bazu da sauri. Synaharium ya bayyana Constantine I ya aika da 'yarsa marar lafiya ga makiyayi don a warke ta, kuma ya yaba mata da gano jikin Menas', bayan haka Constantine ya ba da umarnin gina coci a shafin.  (Wasu sassan labarin sun maye gurbin Constantine da marigayi karni na 5 Zeno, amma masu binciken tarihi sun sanya asalin tushe zuwa ƙarshen karni na 4).  A ƙarshen ƙarni na 4, wani muhimmin wurin aikin hajji ne mai suna Martyroupolis,  inda Kiristoci suka nemi warkarwa da sauran mu'ujizai.  Flasks na Menas wani nau'i ne na ƙananan ampullae da ake siyarwa ga mahajjata a matsayin kwantena don Ruwa mai tsarki ko mai mai mai tsarki wanda ake samu a ko'ina a Yammacin Bahar Rum, wanda ya kasance kusan daga ƙarni da rabi kafin mamayar musulmi. An yi su da arha amma suna sha'awar hotuna na saint waɗanda ke da mahimmanci a cikin nazarin iconography; ana zaton an yi su ne a kusa da birnin.

A lokacin mulkin Arcadius, babban bishop na yankin ya lura cewa taron jama'a sun mamaye ƙaramin coci. Ya rubuta wa sarki na gabas, wanda ya ba da umarnin fadada kayan aikin, na farko na manyan fadada coci guda uku wanda zai faru. A Ƙarshen zamanin d ̄ a, Abu Mena ya zama babban wurin aikin hajji a Misira.

A tsakiyar karni na 6, an kafa garin tashar jiragen ruwa na Philoxenite a gefen kudancin Tafkin Mareotis don tallafawa aikin hajji zuwa Abu Mena. An gina shi a kan rushewar wani yanki na Romawa, ya yi aiki a matsayin cibiyar wucewa da ke da gidajen hutawa inda mahajjata zasu iya zama kafin su ci gaba da tafiyarsu. An yi imanin cewa Philoxenos ne ya ba da kuɗin gina shi, wani shahararren mutum a siyasar Byzantine a lokacin.

An hallaka Abu Mena a farkon nasarar musulmai na tsakiyar karni na 7.

## Binciken archaeological
An fara tono shafin ne daga 1905 zuwa 1907. Wadannan kokarin sun gano babban cocin basilica, cocin da ke kusa da shi wanda mai yiwuwa ya kasance da Ragowar saint, da kuma wanka na Roman.

Daga baya, jerin binciken da DAI ta yi na dogon lokaci ya ƙare a shekarar 1998. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya gano babban ɗakin kwana ga mahajjata matalauta, tare da fuka-fuki daban-daban ga maza da mata da yara. Wani hadaddun da ke kudu da babban basilica mai yiwuwa shine gidan hegoumenos, ko Abbot. Abubuwan da aka tono sun nuna cewa babban xenodocheion, wurin karɓar mahajjata, na iya kasancewa makabarta da farko. baftisma, kusa da shafin yanar gizon cocin na asali, ya bayyana ya wuce akalla matakai uku na ci gaba. Har ila yau, an gano wani nau'i mai rikitarwa na ruwan inabi, gami da ɗakunan ajiya na karkashin kasa, wanda ya kasance daga ƙarni na 6 da 7.

## Hotuna

Fayil:Artifacts_at_Abu_Mena_(II).jpg|Artifacts at Abu Mena
Fayil:Artifacts_at_Abu_Mena_(IV).jpg|Artifacts at Abu Mena
Fayil:Artifacts_at_Abu_Mena_(VII).jpg|Artifacts at Abu Mena
Fayil:Basilica_of_The_Crypt_at_Abu_Mena_(II).jpg|Basilica of The Crypt at Abu Mena
Fayil:Basilica_of_The_Crypt_at_Abu_Mena_(III).jpg|Basilica of The Crypt at Abu Mena
Fayil:Basilica_of_The_Crypt_at_Abu_Mena_(V).jpg|Basilica of The Crypt at Abu Mena
Fayil:Baths_at_Abu_Mena_(II).jpg|Baths at Abu Mena
Fayil:Baths_at_Abu_Mena_(V).jpg|Baths at Abu Mena
Fayil:Baths_at_Abu_Mena_(XXI).jpg|Baths at Abu Mena
Fayil:Landscape_at_Abu_Mena_(II).jpg|Landscape at Abu Mena 
Fayil:Pilgrimage_Center_at_Abu_Mena_(II).jpg|Pilgrimage Centre at Abu Mena
Fayil:Pilgrimage_Center_at_Abu_Mena_(IV).jpg|Pilgrimage Centre at Abu Mena
Fayil:Religious_Complex_at_Abu_Mena_(VI).jpg|Religious Complex at Abu Mena
Fayil:Ruins_of_the_Great_Basilica_at_Abu_Mena_(III).jpg|Ruins of the Great Basilica at Abu Mena 
Fayil:Ruins_at_Abu_Mena_(VIII).jpg|Ruins at Abu Mena 


## Dubi kuma

* Jerin garuruwa da biranen Masar na dā
* Cocin Saint Menas (Alkahira) 
* Mai Tsarki Fana
* Masallacin Saint Mina a Mariut, wurin aikin hajji na zamani, wanda ke kan iyaka da asalin Abu Mena zuwa arewa
* Wuraren Tarihin Duniya da ke cikin Haɗari

## Manazarta