Abdulrazak Eid

**Abdulrazzaq Eid**, ko  **Abd al Razzaq 'Id** ( Arabic :عبد الرزاق عيد ; An  haife shine a ranar 10 ga watan  Satumba  shekara ta alif 1950) marubucin ne a ƙasar  Siriya ne kuma mai tunani kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu kawo sauyi a ƙasar  Siriya. . Ya taimaka wajen kafa kwamitocin ƙungiyoyin jama'a a Siriya, ya tsara Bayanin 1000 kuma ya taimaka wajen tsara sanarwar Damascus .  Saboda rubuce-rubucensa na adawa da ayyukan siyasa, an kama shi sau da yawa a Siriya, an hana shi aiki da tafiye-tafiye,  sojojin leken asirin Siriya sun yi garkuwa da shi, kuma an yi masa barazanar kashe shi. Ya tsere daga Siriya a shekara ta 2008 don gudun hijira a Turai inda aka zabe shi a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Damascus a gudun hijira. 

## Yarantaka da ilimi
An haifi Idi ne a ranar 10 ga Satumba, 1950, a wani karamin garin Ariha na ƙasar Siriya, inda ya shafe shekaru biyar na farkon kuruciyarsa kafin ya koma Aleppo tare da iyalinsa. Ya kammala karatunsa na farko a fannin Adabin Larabci a Jami'ar Aleppo a shekarar 1974. A cikin 1978, ya tafi Faransa don ci gaba da karatunsa, inda ya sami takardar shaidar difloma a cikin Criticism na Adabin Zamani daga Sorbonne (Paris III) a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 1981. A shekarar 1983 ya samu digirin digirgir (PhD) a irin wannan fanni a sashin nazarin addinin musulunci da ke Sorbonne.

## Aiki
Bayan kammala karatunsa na digiri na uku, Eid ya koma ƙasar Siriya inda ya koyar a jami'ar Aleppo, inda ya koyar da adabin zamani a bangaren fasaha da kimiyar Ɗan Adam a shekarar 1983. Dakarun tsaron leken asirin Siriya Mukhabarat sun kore shi bayan watanni 2 saboda dalilai na siyasa. An dakatar da shi daga duk wani aiki na sana'a tsawon rayuwarsa saboda ra'ayinsa na siyasa.

Ya yi aiki a matsayin cikakken mai bincike a Cibiyar Falasdinawa ta "Ibal 1989-1992", inda ya taimaka wajen buga Jaridar *Kadaya wa Shahadat* kuma ya buga daya daga cikin littattafansa a wannan cibiyar. Ya koyar a Faculty of Education, Arts and Sciences a Aden University, Yemen, a cikin shekaru ilimi 1991-1994. Idi ya shafe mafi yawan lokutansa yana karantawa da rubuta littattafai. Ya wallafa littattafai sama da 30 kuma ya rubuta da kuma buga labaran bincike da dama.

Babban karatun Idi ya kasance a fannin sukar litattafai, don haka ya rubuta littafai game da sukar littafan Larabawa da Sham. Amma duk da haka babban aikinsa shi ne ilimin zamantakewa, falsafa, da falsafar Musulunci . Littafinsa *na rikicin Haskakawa,* marubutan Larabci da yawa suna daukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin muhimman litattafai a dakin karatu na fadakarwa. Daga 1999 zuwa 2010 ya yi aiki wajen sukar tunanin Musulunci, ya kuma rubuta littattafai guda biyu mai suna *The Cstodians of the Delusion Temples / Critic of the ruksinty*, inda ya tattauna tare da sukar ayyukan malaman addinin Musulunci guda biyu, Muhammad Sa. 'id Ramadan al-Buti and Yusuf al-Qaradawi .

## Rayuwar Siyasa
Idi dai ya kasance mai adawa da gwamnatin Siriya a tsawon rayuwarsa. An dakatar da shi daga aiki, an kama shi sau da yawa, Kotun Soja ta yi masa shari’a kan labaransa, an yi garkuwa da shi da kuma yi masa barazanar kisa saboda mukamai da rubuce-rubucensa.

Babban aikinsa na siyasa ya fara ne a shekara ta 2000, bayan mutuwar Hafez Assad, a lokacin da ya shiga tare da wasu masanan Siriya 98 wajen fitar da wata sanarwa mai suna 99, da ke kira da a sake fasalin demokradiyya a Siriya. A cikin 2001, shi da wasu marubutan Siriya, masu tunani da haziƙai sun kafa kwamitocin ƙungiyoyin jama'a a Siriya ta hanyar fitar da Bayanin 1000, wanda ya tsara, yana kira ga kawo sauyi da demokradiyya a Siriya. An sanya sunan ta ne saboda masu ilimin Siriya 1000 sun sanya hannu. A cikin wannan lokaci, wanda ake kira da Damascus Spring, Idi ya taimaka wajen kafa tarukan al'adu da dama a kusa da Siriya. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka fi sani da shi shi ne dandalin Jamal al-Atassi da ke Damascus, inda Idi ya gabatar da lacca ta farko mai taken "Al'adun tsoro".  An kawo karshen wannan yunkuri na dimokuradiyya ta hanyar rufe dukkanin dandalin tattaunawa tare da kama abokan adawa 12, wadanda aka yanke wa hukuncin daurin shekaru 5-12.

Shekara hudu Idi ya yi ta rubuce-rubuce lokaci zuwa lokaci a cikin jaridar *An-Nahar*, wadda ta zama babban mai wallafa labaransa na suka da adawa. An buga waɗannan labaran daga baya a cikin littafinsa *Tambayoyi game da Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a* . An gabatar da shi a gaban Kotun Soja a Aleppo a watan Yunin 2004 saboda su. 

### Jawabin Waje
A cikin tsakanin 15 ga Nuwamba, 2002 da 15 ga Janairu, 2003, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Faransa ta gayyaci Idi don gudanar da binciken kimiyya a Sorbonne. Wannan gayyata ta biyo bayan hare-haren da kafafen yada labarai suka kai masa saboda daya daga cikin labaransa a jaridar *An-Nahar* ta ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2002. Wani dan majalisar dokokin kasar Syria ya yi kira da a tuhumi Eid bisa laifin cin amanar kasa, yana mai cewa Idi ya bukaci kasashen duniya su shiga cikin Syria irin wanda aka yi a Iraki.

A shekara ta 2005, Cibiyar Goethe ta tilasta soke wata lacca da Eid ta gabatar kan batutuwan da suka shafi manufofin Iraki na Jamus.  A cewar wani jami'in diflomasiyyar Jamus, gabatar da Idi ya yi amfani da kalaman lullube game da jam'iyyar Baath ta Iraki wajen sukar jam'iyyar Ba'ath ta Siriya . A wannan shekara da kuma bayan kisan Rafic Hariri, Idi da sauran masanan Siriya da masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil adama sun bukaci janye sojojin Siriya daga Lebanon 

### Yin garkuwa da mutane
A ranar 8 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2007 ne ‘yan uwa Mukhbarat suka yi garkuwa da shi a titi da tsakar dare, saboda labarin da jaridar *As-Safir* ta buga inda ya caccaki kungiyar Hizbullah da kawancenta da Syria da Iran.  Washegari aka sake shi bayan sun yi barazanar yanke harshensa idan ya sake yin magana kan Hizbullah. Daga baya a wannan shekarar ne aka dakatar da shi daga tafiya zuwa Faransa don neman magani bayan an gano shi yana da ciwon daji na prostate.  Daga karshe an ba shi izinin tafiya bayan wani gagarumin yakin neman tallafi na watanni biyu.

Bayan tiyatar prostate da aka yi masa, ya dage ya koma Syria, inda jami’an tsaro suka yi masa barazanar kashe shi. Barazanar ta ce za a yi kama da ‘ yan Salafawa sun kashe shi ne domin daukar fansar kisan da aka yi wa shugabansu Abul-Kaka, wanda Neil MacFarquhar ya ambata a cikin wata kasida ta *[[New York Times]]*, wadda aka yi hira da ita a Idi.

A watan Fabrairun 2008, jami'an tsaro sun yi wa gidansa kawanya domin kama shi, amma ya tsere zuwa Lebanon bayan wata daya da ya boye a Syria. Ya yi wata biyu a Beirut, sannan ya tafi da iyalinsa gudun hijira a Faransa . Tun daga wancan lokacin yake zama a wurin a matsayin dan gudun hijira na siyasa, wanda kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama kamar su Amnesty International da Revivre ke tallafawa. An zabe shi a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Damascus a gudun hijira a watan Oktoban 2010.

Yana daya daga cikin jiga-jigan 'yan adawar Siriya kuma yana taka rawa sosai  a cikin 2011-2012 tawayen Siriya . A cikin watan Mayun 2011, Eid ya gayyaci 'yan adawar Siriya da jiga-jigan 'yan adawa zuwa taron Antalya don kawo sauyi a Siriya, irinsa na biyu tun farkon tashin hankalin, wanda ya shirya tare da Ammar al-Qurabi .  A lokacin da Burhan Ghalioun, shugaban farko na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Siriya, ya soki taron Antalya a matsayin "bautar ajandar kasashen waje," Eid ya zargi Ghalioun da yunkurin faranta wa gwamnatin kasar rai. 

A ranakun 26-27 ga Maris, 2012, ya jagoranci yunƙurin haɗa kan ƙungiyoyin 'yan adawar Siriya da jiga-jigan a *taron [[Istanbul]] na ' yan adawar Siriya* .

## Littafin Littafi Mai Tsarki – Zaɓaɓɓen Ayyuka a cikin Larabci
An buga Eid a cikin mujallu, mujallu, da jaridu da yawa tun 1975. Ya buga kusan littattafai 30 tun 1979:

* *Duniyar Labarin Hanna Mina* - Dar el Adab - Beirut, 1979.
* *Al'adu, Aesthetic, da Akida* - Dar El Hewar - Latakia, 1988
* *A cikin ilimin zamantakewa na Rubutun Novel* - Dar El Ahali - Damascus, 1988
* *Labarin Duniya na Zakaria Tamer* - Dar El Farabi - Beirut, 1990
* *Gabatarwa ga Tunanin Raif Khouri* - Cibiyar Ibal - Cyprus, 1990.
* *Mu da Bureaustroika* – Dar El Hewar – Latakia, 1991.
* *Taha Hussein : Hankali da addini "Tsarin Matsalolin Hanyar Hanya"* - Cibiyar Inmaa Hadari - Aleppo, 1995 - An buga shi a cikin wani tsawaita kuma edita ta Roya a Alkahira, 2009.
* *Yassin el-hafez: Mai sukar zamani na baya-bayan nan* - Dar El Sadaka - Aleppo, 1996
* *Rikicin Fadakarwa* - Dar El Ahali - 1st Ed Damascus, 1997 - 2nd Ed Inmaa Hadari Center, 2005.
* *Dimokuradiyya Tsakanin Secularism da Islam* - Dar El fikr - Damascus, 1999
* *Abū Hayyan al-Tawhīdī (Separation of Religion and State/ Separation of religion and philosophy)* – Dar El ahali – Damascus, 2001
* *Hankalin Hani* - Dar El hewar - Latakia - bugu na farko, 2001 - Bugu na biyu na Roya a Alkahira, (2009).
* *Masu kula da Temples na yaudara / Masu sukar tunanin koyarwa: Muhammad Sa'id Ramadan al-Buti a matsayin misali* - Dar El Talia'a - Beirut, 2003.
* *Tambayoyi game da Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a (binne rafin Damascus da rai)* - Dar El Tanweer - Beirut da Dar El inmaa hadari a Alkahira, 2003 (1st ed) 2005 (2nd ed).
* *Masu kula da Temples na yaudara / Mai sukar tunanin koyarwa: [[Yusuf Alkaradawi|Yusuf al-Qaradawi]] tsakanin Haƙuri da Ta'addanci* - Ƙungiyar Larabawa Rational Arab ta Buga - Dar El Taliaa - Beirut, 1st ed. 2005 - 2nd ed. 2007
* *[[Muhammad Abduh]] : [[Liman|Imamin]] Kundin Tsarin Mulki* - Cibiyar Nazarin Dabarun Iraki - Beirut da Baghdad, 2006.
* *Musulunci da [[Modernism (Zamani)|Zamani]] – Kwarewar [[Muhammad Abduh]]* – Cibiyar Binciken Dabarun Iraqi – Beirut da Baghdad, 2006.
* *Masu sukar ra'ayin Siyasa da na uba* : Ƙungiyar Larabawa Rational Arab ta buga - Dar El Talia - Beirut, 2007

## Taro
Idi ya halarci taruka da yawa tun 1975. Manyan su ne:

* Taron Marubuta a Aljeriya – 1975.
* Taron Jami'ar Aden - 1991.
* Taron da Kungiyar Marubuta Kuwaiti ta gudanar a Kuwait – 1994.
* Taron Ausha Bint Hussien a UAE - 1995.
* Taron wanda Sharjah Writers Union ya gudanar - 1995.
* Taron Cibiyar Bincike da Nazarin Masar - 1995
* Conference Abū Hayyān al-Tawhīdī - Majalisar Al'adu, adabi da fasaha mafi girma ta shirya a Alkahira, Masar - 1995.
* Taron tunawa da bugu na 1 na littafin ' *Yantar da Mata* na Littafin Qasim Amin, wanda Babban Majalisar Al'adu, adabi da fasaha ta shirya a Alkahira - 1999
* Taron kasa da kasa na Cibiyar Nazarin Gabas ta Faransa a Damascus - 2000
* Taro game da Nazarin zamantakewa: Jami'ar Algeria - 2001.
* Taron kasa da kasa kan Adabin Larabawa na Zamani, Sorbonne Paris 3 – 2003.
* Taron kasa da kasa na biyu game da 'Yancin Magana a cikin Laburare na Alexandria Masar - 2004.
* Taron kafa cibiyar Larabawa don zamanantar da tunanin Larabawa a Beirut - 2004.
* Gayyata daga Cibiyar Aspen da ke Berlin don yin bayani game da haƙƙin ɗan Adam a ƙasashen Larabawa da Siriya a cikin shekaru 2005 da 2006.
* Taron Cibiyar Hudson akan Siriya 

Saboda ayyukansa na farar hula da dimokuradiyya a tarukan kasa da kasa da kuma rubuce-rubucensa da shiga cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin na siyasa da cece-kuce, an hana Idi daga tafiye-tafiye tare da hana shi halartar taruka da dama. An hana shi tafiya zuwa Doha na kasar Qatar don halartar wani taro kan "Dimokradiyya da 'yancin Dan Adam a kasashen Larabawa" da Cibiyar Aspen ta shirya .  A ranar 11 ga watan Maris ne dai aka dawo da Idi a kasar Siriya bayan halartar wani taro a birnin Paris (wanda cibiyar Aspen kuma ta shirya), wanda ya samu halartar kungiyoyin adawa daban-daban daga ciki da wajen kasar ta Siriya. An hana shi halartar wani taro da Cibiyar Aspen ta shirya a Istanbul a lokaci guda.

## manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Siriya, Mai Dogon Zamantakewa, Yana Ganin Faruwar Musulunci
* An kaddamar da gangamin ta'addanci ta hanyar kiran masu fafutuka domin yi musu tambayoyi, wanda na baya bayan nan shi ne Dr.Abdul-Razaq Eid.
* 'Yan adawar Syria sun yi watsi da afuwar, sun tattauna batun sauya tsarin mulki.
* Abdulrazak Eid yana gabatar da wasika zuwa ga Shugaba Barack Obama