Billie Holiday

**Billie Holiday** (an haife ta Eleanora Fagan; Afrilu 7, 1915 - Yuli 17, 1959) ƴar jazz ce ta Amurka kuma mawaƙiyar kida na lilo. Wanda abokinta da abokin aikinta na kiɗa, Lester Young ake yi wa lakabi da "Ranar Lady", Holiday ta ba da gudummawa sosai ga kiɗan jazz da waƙar pop. Salon muryarta, wanda masu yin kayan aikin jazz suka yi tasiri sosai, ya zaburar da sabuwar hanyar sarrafa jimla da ɗan lokaci. An san ta da isar da murya da ƙwarewar ingantawa.

Bayan yarinta mai cike da tashin hankali, Holiday ta fara rera waka a wuraren shakatawa na dare a Harlem inda furodusa John Hammond ya ji ta, wanda ya ji daɗin muryarta. Ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar rikodi tare da Brunswick a cikin 1935. Haɗin gwiwarta da Teddy Wilson ya haifar da buga wasan "Abin da ƙaramin hasken wata zai iya yi", wanda ya zama ma'aunin jazz. A cikin 1930s da 1940s, Holiday ta sami babban nasara akan lakabi kamar Columbia da Decca. A ƙarshen 1940s, duk da haka, ta shiga cikin matsalolin shari'a da shan miyagun ƙwayoyi. Bayan ɗan gajeren hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku, ta yi wani wasan kide-kide da aka sayar a Carnegie Hall. Ta kasance mai yin wasan kwaikwayo mai nasara a cikin 1950s, tare da ƙarin nunin tallace-tallace guda biyu a Carnegie Hall. Saboda gwagwarmayar sirri da kuma sauya murya, faifan nata na ƙarshe sun gamu da maɓalli daban-daban, amma nasara ce ta kasuwanci. Kundin ta na ƙarshe, Lady in Satin, an sake shi a cikin 1958. Holiday ya mutu saboda raunin zuciya a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 1959, yana da shekaru 44.

Holiday ta lashe kyaututtukan Grammy guda hudu, dukkansu bayan mutuwa, don Mafi kyawun Kundin Tarihi. An shigar da ita cikin Grammy Hall of Fame da National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame. A cikin 2000, an kuma shigar da ita cikin Rock & Roll Hall of Fame a matsayin tasiri na farko; Gidan yanar gizon su ya bayyana cewa "Billie Holiday ta canza jazz har abada". An nada ta ɗaya daga cikin Manyan Muryoyi 50 ta NPR kuma ta kasance matsayi na huɗu a jerin Rolling Stone na "Mafi Girma Mawaƙa na Duk Lokaci 200" (2023). An fitar da fina-finai da yawa game da rayuwarta, kwanan nan Amurka da Billie Holiday (2021).

## Rayuwa da Aiki

### 1915-1929: Yarinta
Eleanora Fagan an haife ta a ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 1915, a Philadelphia ga ma'auratan Ba'amurke da ba a yi aure ba Clarence Halliday da Sarah Julia "Sadie" Fagan (née Harris). Mahaifiyarta ta ƙaura zuwa Philadelphia tana da shekara 19, bayan an kore ta daga gidan iyayenta a unguwar Sandtown-Winchester na Baltimore, Maryland, saboda samun ciki. Ba tare da wani tallafi daga iyayenta ba, ta yi shiri tare da babbar ’yar’uwarta mai aure, Eva Miller, don hutun zama da ita a Baltimore. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan an haifi Holiday, mahaifinta ya watsar da danginsa don yin aiki a matsayin ɗan wasan banjo na jazz da mawaƙa. Wasu masana tarihi sun yi sabani game da uban Holiday, kamar yadda kwafin takardar haihuwarta a cikin tarihin Baltimore ya lissafa mahaifinta a matsayin "Frank DeViese". Wasu masana tarihi suna ganin wannan a matsayin wani abu mara kyau, mai yiwuwa asibiti ko ma’aikacin gwamnati ne suka shigar da shi. DeViese ta zauna a Philadelphia, kuma Sadie, wanda aka sani da sunan budurwarta Harris, na iya saduwa da shi ta hanyar aikinta. Harris ya auri Philip Gough a shekara ta 1920, amma auren ya dau shekaru kaɗan.

### 1929-1935: Farkon aiki
Lokacin da take matashiya, Holiday ta fara rera waƙa a wuraren shakatawa na dare a Harlem. Ta ɗauki ƙwararriyar sunan ta daga Billie Dove, wata 'yar wasan kwaikwayo da ta sha'awar, da Clarence Halliday, mahaifinta. A farkon aikinta, ta rubuta sunanta na ƙarshe "Halliday", sunan mahaifin mahaifinta, amma daga ƙarshe ta canza shi zuwa "Holiday", sunansa na wasan kwaikwayo. Matashin mawakin ya haɗu tare da maƙwabcinsa, ɗan wasan saxophone mai suna Kenneth Hollan. Sun kasance ƙungiya daga 1929 zuwa 1931, suna yin wasa a kulake kamar Grey Dawn, Pod's da Jerry's akan titin 133rd, da kuma Brooklyn Elks Club. Benny Goodman ya tuna da jin Hutu a cikin 1931 a Bright Spot. Yayin da sunan ta ya girma, ta yi wasa a kungiyoyi da yawa, ciki har da na Mexico da Alhambra Bar da Grill, inda ta hadu da Charles Linton, wani mawaƙi wanda daga baya ya yi aiki tare da Chick Webb. Hakanan a wannan lokacin ne ta haɗu da mahaifinta, wanda ke wasa a ƙungiyar Fletcher Henderson.

A ƙarshen 1932, Holiday mai shekaru 17 ta maye gurbin mawaƙi Monette Moore a Covan's, kulob a kan titin West 132nd. Furodusa John Hammond, wanda yake son waƙar Moore kuma ya zo ya ji ta, ya fara jin Holiday a can a farkon 1933. Hammond ya shirya Holiday don yin rikodin ta na farko tana da shekaru 18, a cikin Nuwamba 1933, tare da Benny Goodman. Ta yi wakoki guda biyu: "Surukin Mahaifiyarku" da "Riffin' the Scotch", na karshen shine farkon bugawarta. "Son-in-Law" ta sayar da kwafi 300, da kuma "Riffin' the Scotch", wanda aka saki a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, ya sayar da kwafi 5,000. Hammond ya ji dadin salon wakar Holiday, ya kuma ce game da ita, "Wakarta ta kusa canza min dandanon waka da kuma rayuwata ta waka, domin ita ce 'yar waka ta farko da na ci karo da ita wacce a zahiri ta yi waka kamar hazikin jazz mai burgewa." Hammond ya kwatanta Holiday da kyau da Armstrong kuma ta ce tana da ma'anar abun ciki mai kyau tun tana karama.

## Manazarta