open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Dokar Hukumomin Bantu, 1951

**Dokar Hukumomin Bantu, 1951** (Dokar No. 68 ta 1951; daga baya aka sake masa suna Dokar Hukumomin Baƙar fata, 1951) ita ce ta ba da iko ga Jagoran Ƙabilar gargajiya a cikin ƙasashensu na gargajiya a Afirka ta Kudu. Har ila yau, ya ba gwamnati iko mai yawa don ayyana waɗannan shugabannin da wakilan, duk da rashin amincewa da za ta iya samu. Wannan dokar, wacce ta biyo bayan Dokar Harkokin 'Yan asalin (Dokar No. 23 ta 1920), ta kirkiro tushen doka don Tabbatar da Kai na kabilun kabilun da kabilun harsuna daban-daban a cikin yankunan ajiyar gida na gargajiya da kuma kafa hukumomin kabilanci, yanki da yankuna. Wannan Dokar ta karu da Dokar 'Yan ƙasa ta Bantu ta 1970.

## manazarta
Dokar ta kafa tushe ga gwamnatin kabilanci a yankunan ajiyar ƙasar Afirka. Dukkanin 'yancin siyasa (gami da jefa kuri'a) da' yan Afirka ke da su an ƙuntata su ne ga ƙasar da aka tsara. 'Yan Afirka ne suka yi adawa da shi wadanda suka ki amincewa da 'Ƙabilanc' da gwamnati ke tallafawa. 

Shekaru da yawa bayan ƙarshen wariyar launin fata, kuma tare da sabon tsarin jagorancin gargajiya da ke cikin mulkin Afirka ta Kudu, aikin ya zama tsohon yayi. An soke shi a hukumance a cikin 2010, shekaru 59 bayan an kafa shi.

## Dubi kuma
wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu

## References
Cikin labaran yanayi

**Ciki Labaran Yanayi** ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta  ta labarai, tana mai da hankali kan aikin jarida na muhalli game da rikicin yanayi. Littafin yana gudanar da aikin jarida mai sa ido kan manufofin yanayi, rashin fahimtar yanayi, da rashin adalci na muhalli.

An kafa shi a cikin 2007, ƙungiyar da ke Brooklyn, New York ta sami lambar yabo ta Pulitzer don rahoton ƙasa game da malalar mai a Kogin Kalamazoo a Michigan a cikin 2013. A cikin 2018, Inside Climate News ya ƙaddamar da shirin ICN Local don tallafawa aikin jarida na gida a cikin fiye da dozin jihohi.

## Tarihi
Mawallafin David Sassoon da babban editan Stacy Feldman ne suka kafa gidan yanar gizon a cikin 2007. Asalin da ake kira SolveClimate News, ya ɗauki sunansa na yanzu "don magance ra'ayin cewa ƙungiyar kare muhalli ce." A matsayin tashar jarida mai zaman kanta, ƙirar Inside News na Climate yayi kama da na ProPublica da Cibiyar Nazarin Bincike, waɗanda suka sami karbuwa irin wannan. Kamar sauran ƙungiyoyi biyu, Inside News Climate yana buga abubuwan da ke cikinsa kyauta akan Yanar gizo, yana haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙungiyoyin labarai na riba waɗanda ke sake buga wasu ayyukan sa-kai tare da ƙira, kuma suna da nufin " magance batutuwan da suka fi girma, sanannun ƙungiyoyin labarai ba su da kayan aiki ko sha'awar yin."

Tun daga Oktoba 2024, Ciki Labaran Yanayi yana da ma'aikatan 37, gami da masu ba da rahoto na cikakken lokaci guda 22.

## Kyauta
'Yan jarida uku na Ciki na Ciki-Elizabeth McGowan, Lisa Song, da David Hasemyer - sun lashe lambar yabo ta Pulitzer don Rahoton Kasa na 2013 don jerin "jarrabarun rahotanni" kan malalar mai kogin Kalamazoo a Michigan, wanda bututun mai na Enbridge ya haifar da zubar da mai a bakin teku mafi tsada a tarihin Amurka.[6] Rahoton Pulitzer ya yaba wa manema labarai don fitar da sakamakon fitar da mai a shekarar 2010 zuwa 2012 da kuma "ka'idojin da aka tsara na bututun mai na kasar, tare da mai da hankali kan hadarin muhalli da zai iya haifar da bitumen (ko 'dilbit'), nau'in mai mai rikitarwa."

A cikin Afrilu 2016, Inside News Climate an nada shi a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙarshe don Kyautar Pulitzer don Sabis na Jama'a, don 2015 Exxon: Hanyar Ba a ɗauka ba.[12][13] Inside News Climate an ba da lambar yabo ta 2015 Sigma Delta Chi Award don kyakkyawan aikin jarida ta Society of Professional Journalists for the informational graphics in the Exxon: The Road Not Taken series, which "severe visual time of Exxon's views and the kokarin kan sauyin yanayi tun daga 1970s, da kuma shaida na rashin tabbas da yakin neman zabe a cikin shekarun 190s. 2000s." Theungiyar Masu Ba da Labarai ta Fadar White House ta ba da Labarin Cikin Sauki rabo a cikin 2016 Edgar A. Poe Award, wanda kowace shekara ke girmama "mafi kyau a cikin labaran batutuwa da abubuwan da suka faru na mahimman mahimmancin ƙasa ko yanki, waɗanda aka rubuta tare da gaskiya da haƙiƙa," don Exxon: Hanyar Ba a ɗauka ba jerin.

A cikin 2017, 'yar jaridar Ciki ta Labaran Yanayi Marianne Lavelle ta sami lambar yabo ta SEAL Environmental Journalism Award don ingantaccen ingantaccen bincike da bayar da rahoto.

## Duba kuma
Cibiyar Labaran Sa-kai (memba)

## Manazarta
Noxolo Kiviet

**Noxolo Kiviet** (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1963) ɗan siyasan Afirka ta Kudu ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Ayyukan Jama'a da Gudanarwa daga 2023 zuwa 2024. Ta kasance Mataimakin Ministan Ayyuka da Infrastructure daga 2019 zuwa 2023 kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Gabashin Cape daga 2009 zuwa 2014.

Kiviet memba ne na African National Congress (ANC) kuma tsohon dan kungiyar kwadago ne. Kafin da kuma bayan wa'adin ta a matsayin firaminista, ta yi aiki a matsayin Kakakin Majalisar Dokokin Lardin Gabashin Cape daga 2004 zuwa 2009 kuma daga 2014 zuwa 2019. Dangane da Babban zaben 2019, ta zama memba na Majalisar Dokokin Afirka ta Kudu kuma Shugaba Cyril Ramaphosa ya nada ta a cikin zartarwa ta kasa. Ta kuma yi aiki a Kwamitin Zartarwa na ANC tun daga shekarar 2017.

An haifi Kiviet a ranar 21 ga Yulin 1963  a Mdantsane a tsohuwar Lardin Cape.  Ta tashi zuwa matsayi na siyasa ta hanyar ƙungiyar kwadago ta zamanin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu: ta tashi ta hanyar ƙungiyar masana'antu ta masana'antu a matsayin mai ba da kuɗi na Gabashin Cape daga 1991 zuwa 1993 da mataimakin shugaban kasa daga 1993 zuwa 1997. Daga 1993 zuwa 1994, ta kuma kasance mai ba da kuɗi na reshen yankin Border Kei na ANC-aligned Congress of South African Trade Unions . 

## Ilimi
Kiviet tsohuwa ce a Jami'ar Fort Hare a Gabashin Cape . A cewar daya daga cikin bayanan jama'a, ta sami digiri na farko na Gudanarwa, Digiri na girmamawa a shekara ta 2008, [1] da kuma Jagora na Gudanar da Jama'a a shekara ta 2010. [2] Koyaya, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2023, jim kadan bayan nadin Kiviet a matsayin minista, News24 ta ba da rahoton cewa Jami'ar Fort Hare ta yi zargin cewa Kiviet bai kammala digiri na farko ba, ko kuma wani digiri na farko. A kan waɗannan dalilai, jami'ar ta yi zargin cewa Kiviet ta shiga cikin digiri biyu na digiri - digiri na girmamawa da digiri na Master - ta hanyar zamba.[2][3] Kiviet ya musanta wannan zargi, amma Ramaphosa ya ba da izini ga Sashin Bincike na Musamman don bincika yiwuwar "bayar da digiri" a Jami'ar Fort Hare.[2]

## Manazarta
Bikin Amandla

**Amandla** - bikin Haɗin Kai - wani bikin kiɗa ne na duniya wanda aka gudanar a Filin wasa na Harvard a Boston, Massachusetts, a ranar 21 ga Yuli, 1979.  Manufofin kide-kiden sun kasance don tallafawa da kuma murnar 'yancin Kudancin Afirka da kuma kokarin da mutane ke yi a Boston don kawo karshen wariyar launin fata a cikin iyalansu, makarantu, wuraren aiki da al'ummomi.

## manazarta
Kalmar "Amandla" ta fito ne daga yaren Zulu na Afirka ta Kudu kuma tana nufin "iko",or "ƙarfi" . Babban wasan kwaikwayon ya kasance dan wasan reggae Bob Marley da ƙungiyarsa The Wailers . Marley ya yi gajerun jawabai da yawa a lokacin da ya sake yin hakan lokacin da ya zargi tsarin kuma ya yi ikirarin hadin kan Afirka da 'yanci cikin gaggawa. Wadannan jawabai a kan mataki ba sabon abu ba ne ga Marley, kamar yadda aka saba yi masa barazanar tantancewa yayin da yake magana a bayyane game da gazawar tsarin da shan wiwi, kamar yadda ya yi a bikin Amandla.

Daga cikin manyan masu shirya bikin sun kasance Janet Axelrod, Reebee Garofalo, Janine Fay, Shelley Neill, George Pillsbury da Kazi Toure.

Sauran masu wasan kwaikwayo sun kasance mashahurin Patti LaBelle, dan wasan jazz Eddie Palmieri, makadi Babatunde Olatunji, mai buƙa Yaya Diallo, ƙungiyar Afirka ta Kudu Jabula, Art of Black Dance da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Dick Gregory wanda ya ba da jawabi kafin wasan kwaikwayon Marley. Mel King, mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama na Boston kuma mai adawa da wariyar launin fata, shi ne mai gabatar da kara.

Bob Marley da Wailers sune ƙungiyar karshe da aka ɗauka don yin wasan kwaikwayo. Sun sanya hannu ne don yin wasan kwaikwayo ne kawai makonni 3 kafin ranar bikin da aka tsara. Kusantar wasan bai tabbata ba saboda Al Anderson ya karya wuƙar guitar dinsa a lokacin atisaye. Ƙungiyar, mintuna kaɗan kafin lokacin wasan su, sun ƙi hawa kan mataki. Ɗaya daga cikin masu shirya bikin ya tuka mota zuwa Harvard Square zuwa "The Instrument Exchange" ya sayi guitar a kan dala 600. Abu mai ban sha’awa: ba a yarda da ‘yan sanda na gari su shiga cikin filin wasannin ba a lokacin bikin. Masu shirya bikin sun horar da mazauna Boston a tsaro na taro tsawon watanni shida.
Bob Mize

**Robert "Bob" Herbert Mize Jr.** (4 Fabrairu 1907 - 17 Agusta 2000) ya kasance Bishop na Damaraland, Kudancin Afirka daga 1960  zuwa korarsa a 1968.  An haife shi a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 1907 a cikin iyalin coci a Emporia, Kansas . Mahaifinsa Robert Herbert Mize Sr. ya kasance Bishop na mishan na Salina daga 1921 zuwa 1938.  Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Kansas . Bayan da aka sakashi a mukami i a 1932, ya yi aiki tare da yara maza marasa galihu a wani manufa a yammacin Kansas.

A shekara ta 1945, ya kafa gidan St. Francis Boys Home  a Ellsworth a tsakiyar jihar, matsayin da ya rike har sai da aka ɗaukaka shi zuwa bishop.  Mai goyon bayan Ƙungiyar Mabiyan Alƙawari Mai Tsarki"a Amurka,  ya mutu a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta 2000 kuma an binne shi a Ellis County, Kansas. 

## References
Jam'iyyar Reform Party (Afirka ta Kudu)

**Jam'iyyar Reform** (Afrikaans: Reformiste Party) jam'iyyar siyasa ce mai adawa da mulkin nuna  wariyar launin fata wacce ta wanzu tsawon watanni biyar kacal a shekara ta 1975 kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin jam'iyyun da suka gabaci jam'iyyar Democratic Alliance. An kafa jam'iyyar Reform Party ne a ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairu ta wasu 'yan majalisar wakilai huɗu da suka bar jam'iyyar United Party ƙarƙashin jagorancin shugaban jam'iyyar United Party a Transvaal, Harry Schwarz, wanda ya zama shugaban jam'iyyar. Schwarz da sauran su sun yi ƙaurin suna wajen adawa da mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata tare da yin kira da a yi adawa mai tsanani ga jam'iyyar ta ƙasa. Sun ce ba su ƙara jin UP ita ce "motar da za mu iya tafiya ta hanyar tabbatar da gaskiya ba". Jam'iyyar tana da 'yan majalisa huɗu, 'yan majalisar dattijai biyu, mambobi goma na majalisar lardin Transvaal, 14 daga cikin 36 na birnin Johannesburg da kuma 'yan majalisar birnin Randburg huɗu. Wannan ya sanya ta zama 'yan adawa a hukumance a majalisar lardin Transvaal.

## Samuwar

An sami rarrabuwar kawuna a jam'iyyar United, tsakanin masu sassaucin ra'ayi da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a shekarun 1960 zuwa farkon 1970s. Rabe-rabe ya zo kan gaɓa a shekara ta 1972 lokacin da Harry Schwarz, shugaban masu sassaucin ra'ayi na "Young Turks" a cikin jam'iyyar, ya yi kokawa da shugabancin jam'iyyar a Transvaal daga Marais Steyn. Nasarar da ya samu wata alama ce da ke nuni da karfi daga masu sassaucin ra'ayi a cikin jam'iyyar. A shekara ta 1975 Harry Schwarz ya ɓalle daga jam'iyyar tare da wasu 'yan majalisa huɗu, 'yan majalisar dattawa biyu, mambobin majalisar lardin Transvaal goma, 14 daga cikin 36 na birnin Johannesburg, 'yan majalisar birnin Randburg huɗu sun kafa jam'iyyar Reform Party.

A taron farko na jam'iyyar Reform ta zayyana manufofin jam'iyyar. Daga cikin manyan su akwai:

1. Jam'iyyar Reform ta yi imani da daidaiton dama kuma dole ne a samar da yanayin da za a iya amfani da daidaiton dama.

2. Jam'iyyar Reform ta tsaya tsayin daka wajen kawar da wariyar launin fata. Dole ne a taru tare da mutanen wasu jinsi don samar da hanyar da za a kawar da nuna bambanci.

## Haɗewa da Jam'iyyar Progressive Party
Duk da cewa ta kusa da ajandar Progressives, sabuwar jam'iyyar Reform ba ta yi wani yunƙuri na haɗa ɓangarorin biyu ba. Daga ƙarshe jam'iyyar ta haɗe da jam'iyyar Progressive Party  a ranar 25 ga watan Yuli 1975 don kafa jam'iyyar Progressive Reform Party tare da Colin Eglin a matsayin sabon shugaba da Schwarz a matsayin shugaban zartarwa na ƙasa. Hakan ya tabbatar da sake daidaita ‘yan adawa a Afirka ta Kudu, domin jam’iyyar PRP ta zama jam’iyyar adawa a hukumance bayan rugujewar jam’iyyar UP. A cikin shekara ta 1977 kuma wasu gungun membobin United Party sun bar Jam’iyyar suka kafa Kwamitin Haɗaɗɗiyar Adawa, waɗanda suka shiga Progressive Reform Party suka kafa Progressive Federal Party.

## Duba kuma

* Liberalism a Afirka ta Kudu

## Manazarta
Lowell

**Lowell** na iya nufin:lowell

## Wuraren da aka yi

### Amurka

* Lowell, Arkansas
* Lowell, Florida
* Lowell, Idaho
* Lowell, Indiana
* Lowell, Maine
* Lowell, Massachusetts
** Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Lowell
** Lowell (tsarin MBTA) 
** Shuka ta Lowell Ordnance
* Lowell, Michigan
* Lowell, Missouri
* Lowell, Holt County, Missouri, wani tashar kasuwanci da ba ta da tushe a Lincoln Township, Holt county, MissouriGarin Lincoln, Holt County, Missouri
* Lowell, Arewacin Carolina
* Lowell, Washington County, Ohio
* Lowell, Seneca County, Ohio
* Lowell, Oregon
* Lowell, Vermont, wani gari na New England 
** Lowell (CDP), Vermont, babban ƙauyen a cikin garin
* Lowell, Yammacin Virginia
* Lowell (birni), Wisconsin
** Lowell, Wisconsin, ƙauye a cikin garin Lowell
* Lowell Hill, California
* Lowell Point, Alaska
* Garin Lowell (disambiguation) 

### Sauran ƙasashe

* Dutsen Lowell, kusa da Kogin Alsek, Kanada

### A wasu wurare

* Lowell (gidan da aka yi amfani da shi a wata) 
* Lowell (Crater na Mars) 

## Cibiyoyin a Amurka

### Arizona

* Lowell Observatory, cibiyar bincike mai zaman kanta, Flagstaff

### California

* Makarantar sakandare ta Lowell (Whittier, California) , makarantar sakandare, Whittier
* Makarantar Sakandare ta Lowell (San Francisco) , makarantar sakandare, San Francisco

### Indiya

* Makarantar Sakandare ta Lowell (Lowell, Indiana) , makarantar sakandare, Lowell

### Massachusetts

* Cibiyar Lowell, tushe na ilimi, Boston
* Layin Lowell, layin jirgin kasa, Boston
* Gidan Lowell, ɗakin kwana na Harvard, Cambridge
* Lowell Devils, ƙungiyar hockey, Lowell
* Makarantar Sakandare ta Lowell (Lowell, Massachusetts) , makarantar sakandare, Lowell
* Lowell, wani gini mai tarihi, Cambridge
* The Sun (Lowell), jarida, Lowell, Massachusetts
* Jami'ar Massachusetts Lowell

### Michigan

* Makarantar Sakandare ta Lowell (Michigan) , makarantar sakandare, Lowell

## Sauran amfani

* Lowell (mai kiɗa) 
* Lowell (sunan da aka ba shi) 
* Lowell (sunan mahaifi) 
* Iyalin Lowell, sanannen sunan iyali a Ingila da Amurka
* Lowell Peak, kusa da Seward, Alaska
* Lowell Peak (Chugach Mountains), kusa da Whittier, Alaska
* Guguwar Lowell (disambiguation), sunan da aka ba wa guguwa uku na wurare masu zafi a Gabashin Tekun Pacific
* USS  (SP-504) , jirgin ruwa mai sintiri na Amurka da kuma minesweeper a cikin kwamiti daga 1917 zuwa 1919

## Dubi kuma

* Lovell (disambiguation)
Mary Watt

**Muriel Mary Watt**  (née  ; 27 Maris 1917 - 2 Yuli 2005) ta kasance mai aikin samar da wuri na New Zealand kuma mai aikin lambu   .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Watt Muriel Mary Lysaght a ranar 27 Maris 1917, 'yar Emily Muriel Lysaght (née Stowe) da Brian Cuthbert Lysaght, kuma ta yi kuruciyarta a Mokoia, Taranaki .  'Yar'uwarta masanin kimiyya ce Averil Lysight .   Kakaninta na uwa sune Jane Stowe da Leonard Stowe .   Ɗan uwanta shi ne mai fasaha John Lysight Moore . 

Lysaght ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai aikin lambu a lambunan Botanic na Dunedin a cikin shekarar 1936. A cikin shekarar 1946, ta shiga karatu a Cibiyar Noma ta New Zealand, ta kammala kwas na shekaru uku. A 1950 da 1951, ta yi karatu a Royal College of Art da ke Landan, a Makarantar Architecture. Wataƙila ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara aikin gine-ginen shimfidar wuri a New Zealand, kuma lokacin da ta cancanci ita ce kawai New Zealander da ta zama memba na Cibiyar Gine-ginen Ƙasa (Birtaniya). Lysaght ta fara kasuwancin gine-ginen shimfidar wurare a Wellington a cikin shekara ta 1951.   Babban aikinta shine lambun Shirley Smith da Bill Sutch don gidansu a Brooklyn, Wellington. 

A cikin shekarar 1953, Lysight ya auri John Harold Watt, masanin kimiyya wanda ya tashi ya zama mataimakin darektan sashin aikin gona na Ma'aikatar Noma da Kifi . Ma'auratan sun zauna a Brooklyn, Wellington, don yawancin rayuwarsu ta aure.   Mary Watt ta mutu a Wellington a ranar 2 ga Yuli 2005,  kuma an binne ta a makabartar Hawera .  Mijinta ya rasu shekara ta gaba. 

## Manazarta
Ruwan inabi na Namibia

Ana samar da **ruwan inabi na Namibiya** a ƙanƙanta ta wasu ƴan giya.  Ko da yake samar da ruwan inabi yana ƙaruwa a Namibiya, inabi da ake nomawa a ƙasar galibi ana nufin amfani da su azaman inabin tebur don fitarwa zuwa Turai  maimakon giya. Ɗaya daga cikin ƙalubale na viticulture a Namibiya shine ƙasar ta bushe sosai, wanda ke nufin cewa ban ruwa yawanci ya zama dole. Ba kamar makwabciyarta ta kudu, Afirka ta Kudu, ita ma tana kusa da ma'auni fiye da na gargajiya (amma yanzu an kalubalanci) "latitude 30 zuwa 50" na babban yatsa na yankunan da suka dace da samar da ruwan inabi.
 
## Farkon abubuwan da suka faru
Al'ummar yankin irin su kabilar Himba ta Arewa suna samar da giyar dabino daga kakanni, wanda suke kira 'Otusu'. 

Tarihin noman inabi na Namibiya ya fara ne daga mulkin mallaka na Namibiya da Jamus ta yi a shekara ta 1884. Limaman Roman Katolika na Jamus ne suka dasa gonakin inabi na farko a Namibiya a ƙarshen karni na 19 a cikin kwarin tsaunin Klein Windhoek a babban birnin Windhoek . Sun samar da farin giya da schnapps mai ƙarfi mai suna "Katholischer". An dakatar da samarwa a ƙarshen 1960s, lokacin da firist na ƙarshe ya mutu kuma gonakin inabin sun ba da hanya don gina azuzuwan makarantar coci, Saint-Paul's.

## Sabbin ci gaba
Abubuwa da dama sun faru bayan samun 'yancin kai na Namibiya a 1990. An gudanar da aikin noman inabi a gefen kogin Orange a kudancin kasar. Helmuth Kluge ne ya fara aikin noman  a cikin 1990 a garin Omaruru . Ya girma Colombard da Ruby Cabernet a cikin makircinsa mai suna Kristall Kellerei,  wanda yanzu ya mai da hankali kan giya da ruwan inabi. Wurin inabi na kusa da Erongo Mountain Winery yana samar da giya iri-iri daga inabi irin na Turai.

Bayan haka, Allen Walken-Davis ya kafa gonar inabinsa tare da itacen inabin Shiraz a cikin 1990s a gonarsa ta Neuras kusa da Maltahöhe, a kudancin Namibiya.

A cikin 1997, Bertus Boshoff ya shuka inabinsa na farko a gonarsa, Thonninggii, a cikin tsaunin Otavi kusa da Otavi . Ya girma Shiraz, Viognier, Cabernet Sauvignon da ƙananan faci na Pinotage da Mourvèdre .

A 2003, iyalai Schulz da Evrard sun sayi gona 2&nbsp;km daga Dr. Boshoff, kuma sun dasa Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon, Viognier, Mourvèdre, Tempranillo da Chardonnay a cikin 2004.

## Duba kuma
 

* Abincin Afirka
* Abincin Afirka ta Yamma
* Yin giya

## Manazarta
Kwamitin Zaɓin Binciken Muhalli

**Kwamitin Zaɓin Binciken Muhalli** wani zababben kwamitin majalisa ne kuma wakilai ne a majalisar dokokin Burtaniya.  Sakon kwamitin shi ne duba yadda manufofi da shirye-shiryen ma'aikatun gwamnati za su shafi muhalli da masu ci gaba mai dorewa

Kwamitin an kafa shi ne a Aiki 1997  ta gwamnatin Labour mai shigowa a matsayin kwamitin zaɓaɓɓen sashen tare da ra'ayin cewa batutuwan muhalli suna shafar sassan da yawa. 

## Kasancewa memba
Membobin kwamitin sune kamar haka: 

## 2019-2024 Majalisar Dokoki
An zabi shugaban ne a ranar 29 ga watan Janairun 2020, tare da sanar da mambobin kwamitin a ranar 2 ga watan Maris na shekarar 2020. 

### Canje-canje 2019-2024

## Majalisar dokoki ta 2017-2019
An zabi shugaban ne a ranar 12 ga Yulin 2017, tare da sanar da mambobin kwamitin a ranar 11 ga Satumba 2017. 

### Canje-canje 2017-2019

## Majalisar 2015-2017
An zabi kujera a ranar 18 ga Yuni 2015, tare da sanar da membobin a ranar 20 ga Yuli 2015. 

### Canje-canje 2015-2017

## Majalisar dokokin 2010-2015
An zabi shugaban ne a ranar 10 ga Yuni 2010, tare da sanar da membobin a ranar 26 ga Yuli 2010. 

### Canje-canje 2010-2015

## Manazarta
Jam'iyyar Democrat Progressive Party (Transkei)

Jam'iyyar **Democratic Progressive Party** jam'iyyar siyasa ce a Bantustan na Afirka ta Kudu na Transkei. Jam'iyyar ta yi tir da kuma adawa da mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata. A zaɓen shekara ta 1981 jam'iyyar ta samu ɗaya daga cikin kujeru 75.  A zaɓen shekara ta 1986 ta lashe kujeru biyu. 

## Manazarta
Gidan 'Yancin Dan Adam na Bergen

**Gidan 'Yancin Dan Adam na [[Bergen]]** (wanda aka fi sani da Gidan'Yancin Dan adam na Rafto) yana zaune ne a Bergen, Norway . Tana kusa da cibiyar *Dalibai* (Studentsenteret) na Jami'ar Bergen kuma mallakar kuma tana aiki da Gidauniyar Egil Rafto House.

Gidan ''Yancin ɗan adam wani bangare ne na cibiyar sadarwa ta kasa da kasa da Gidauniyar 'Yancin Mutum ta kafa. An kafa shi ne don tunawa da ɗan jarida Egil Rafto (1951-1997) wanda ɗan Farfesa Thorolf Rafto ne (1922-1986), malami a fannin tattalin arziki a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta Norway. Egil Rafto sun kasance masu haɗin gwiwar Gidauniyar Rafto don 'Yancin Dan Adam wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1986 don girmama mahaifinsa. Thorolf Rafto ya kasance mai aiki sosai a cikin yakin duniya don kare hakkin dan adam.

An bude gidan kare hakkin dan Adam na Bergen a cikin 1999 ta Kim Aris wanda shine auta ga jami'in diflomasiyyar Burma Aung San Suu Kyi da masanin tarihin Burtaniya Michael Aris (1946-1999).  Rafto Foundation for Human Rights da wasu kungiyoyi da yawa suna da ofisoshin dindindin a cikin gidan, kamar Amnesty International, AFS Intercultural Learning, Médecins Sans Frontières, da Matasa na Cocin Norwegian.  Wasu ƙungiyoyi za su iya yin gida don taron karawa juna sani, tarurruka, ko abubuwan zamantakewa.
Abincin Namibiya

**Abincin Namibia** shine abincin Namibia . Zaɓuɓɓukan al'adu biyu na farko sun rinjaye shi:

* Abincin girke-girke na mutanen Namibiya kamar Himba, Herero da San kungiyoyin
* An gabatar da dafaffen dafa abinci a lokacin mulkin mallaka ta mutanen Jamus, Afrikaner da zuriyar Burtaniya .

## Kayan dafa abinci na asali

A zamanin mulkin mallaka, abinci na ƴan asalin ƙasar ya kasance da amfani da nau'ikan 'ya'yan itace, gyada, kwararan fitila, ganye da sauran samfuran da aka tattara daga tsire-tsire na daji da kuma farautar naman daji . Kiwon shanu a yankin kimanin shekaru dubu biyu da suka gabata da kungiyoyin Khoisan suka yi ya ba da damar amfani da madara da kuma samun nama .

* *Vetkoek* - burodin gargajiya mai soyayyen kullu
* *[[Oshikundu]]* — abin sha ne da aka yi da gero mai datti

## Kayan girki na mulkin mallaka
Jamusawa 'yan mulkin mallaka ne suka zaunar da Namibiya a ƙarni na sha tara, kuma tasirin Jamus kan farar dafa abinci Namibiya ya kasance mai ƙarfi sosai. Misali ɗaya na abincin mazauna Jamus shine Wiener schnitzel .

## Brewing
Ƙabilun ’yan asali da yawa ne suka shayar da giya a yankin da yanzu ya zama Namibiya. Girke-girken ya dogara da abubuwan da ake samu a cikin gida kuma an dafa su don yin misali giyan sukari da giyar zuma . Al'adar shayarwa ta Jamus ta ci gaba a cikin mulkin mallaka na Jamus ta Kudu-Yammacin Afirka . Bayan da sauri ya tabbatar da cewa ba shi da amfani kuma yana da tsada don shigo da shi daga Jamus, an kafa masana'antun giya a ko'ina cikin mulkin mallaka. Duk da haka, sa’ad da bayan Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya aka kori Jamusawa da yawa kuma aka shiga cikin mawuyacin hali na tattalin arziƙi, yawancin wuraren sayar da giya sun daina kasuwanci. 

Har yanzu ana noman giyar Jamus da suka hada da Tafel da Windhoek lagers a cikin kasar don ci da kuma fitar da su zuwa kasashen waje.

## Duba kuma

 


* Kapana (gasashen nama)
* Abincin Afirka
* Jerin kayan abinci na Afirka

## Manazarta
Sanarwar Langkawi

**Sanarwar [[Langkawi]] game da Muhalli** wata sanarwa ce da shugabannin gwamnatocin Commonwealth of Nations suka bayar kan batun dorewar muhalli. An bayar da shi a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 1989, a Langkawi, Malaysia, a lokacin taron goma na Shugabannin Gwamnati na Commonwealth (CHOGM).

Sanarwar ta rufe batutuwa da yawa da suka shafi muhalli, suna zargin 'ba a kula da muhalli da albarkatun da suka gabata'. Ya lissafa abin da Shugabannin Gwamnatoci suka ɗauka a matsayin manyan matsalolin muhalli: tasirin greenhouse, lalacewar layin ozone, Ruwan sama mai zafi, gurɓataccen ruwa, lalaceyar ƙasa, da lalacewar jinsuna. Wadannan, sanarwar ta tabbatar, batutuwan ne da suka wuce iyakokin kasa, sabili da halaka sun buƙaci shiga kungiyoyin kasa da kasa, kamar Commonwealth, don daidaita dabarun don warware su.

Babban yarjejeniya a cikin tsara yarjejeniyar ita ce alkawarin da Kasashe masu tasowa suka yi ba don haɗa taimakon ci gaban kasa da kasa na gaba don yin aiki ga dorewar muhalli ko gabatar da shingen kasuwanci ba. Wannan, kasashe masu tasowa sun yi jayayya, zai hana ci gaban tattalin arziki (wanda aka bayyana a matsayin 'mahimmanci mai mahimmanci'),  kuma saboda haka rage ikon su na bunkasa yanayin halitta mai ɗorewa. A musayar, kasashe masu tasowa sun yarda da membobin Commonwealth masu tasowa (musamman Australia, Kanada, New Zealand, da Ingila) sha'awar su na kare muhalli.

Daga cikin alkawuran da membobin suka yi a cikin sanarwar Langkawi sune: 

* Taimaka wa ci gaban tsarin tallafin ci gaba mai ɗorewa na duniya.
* Goyon bayan Kwamitin Gwamnati kan Canjin yanayi kuma ya ba da shawarar rahoton Commonwealth kan canjin yanayi.
* Inganta ingancin makamashi.
* Inganta gandun daji da kula da gandun daji mai ɗorewa a kasashe masu tasowa, da kuma kiyaye gandun daji mara kyau don kare bambancin halittu.
* Ƙuntata kifi mara dorewa, gami da haramta taru da kifi na taru, a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'ada tsakanin kungiyoyin duniya.
* Rigakafin zubar da abubuwa masu guba ko masu haɗari a cikin teku ko a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa.
* Inganta wayar da kan jama'a game da haɗarin muhalli da batutuwan.

## Manazarta
Ruwa mai zafi na Pakistan na 2024

**Ruwa mai zafi na Pakistan na 2024** wani mummunan zafi ne wanda ya faru a watan Yunin 2024 wanda ya haifar da mutuwar sama da 'Yan Pakistan 568 da farko a Kudancin Pakistan.

## Tarihi
Ma'aikatar Kula da Yanayi ta Pakistan ta ba da rahoton yanayin zafi mai tsanani da ya faru a ranar 21-31 ga Mayu 2024 ta hanyar mafi yawan ƙasar, kuma da farko a Sindh. Yawan zafin jiki ya tashi zuwa 40-42   a Karachi da 42-44 °C (108-111  da gundumomin Thatta, Badin da Sujawal, wanda ya haifar da rahotanni 2,547 na bugun zafi da mutuwar dabbobi 133.

Kwamitin Ceto na Duniya (IRC) ya yi gargadin cewa raƙuman zafi za su kara tsananta sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa da fari, wanda ke haifar da rashin tsaro na abinci ga mutane sama da miliyan 8.6 a cikin gundumomi 26 daga cikin gundumomin Pakistan 166, kuma ya bukaci duniya ta mai da hankali ga Rikicin yanayi da ke gudana. 

Farawa a ranar 20 ga Yuni 2024, yanayin zafi a Sindh ya fara tashi saboda tsawo mai tsawo, tare da yanayin zafi a Karachi ya tashi sama da  ° C (104 ° F) a duk karshen mako kuma ya kai  ° C (117.0 ° F) ranar 25 ga Yuni. An haɗa zafi tare da zafi mai yawa, wanda ya sa zafin jiki ya ji daidai da  ° C (120 ° F). Yanayin zafi mai tsanani ya zama da wuya a ɗauka saboda yanke wutar lantarki na yau da kullun wanda ya yanke iska da magoya baya a yankuna da yawa. An kafa sansanonin guguwar zafi don sauƙaƙe raunin da mutuwar daga guguwar.

## Wadanda suka mutu
Daga 20 zuwa 26 Yuni 2024, an bayar da rahoton mutuwar 568 sakamakon matsanancin yanayin zafi, 141 daga cikinsu sun mutu a ranar 25 Yuni kadai. Ofishin motar asibiti na Edhi ya ba da rahoton cewa yana ɗaukar kusan mutane 30-40 zuwa gidan ajiye gawa na Karachi kowace rana. Da yawa daga cikin wadanda suka mutu a Karachi ba su da gida ko kuma ana zargin su da shan miyagun ƙwayoyi wadanda ba su nuna alamun rauni a baya ba.

Akalla mutane 427 sun mutu a Karachi, tare da gawawwakin guda huɗu a cikin birni suna ba da rahoton cewa babu wani sarari don adana gawawwakinsu saboda saurin zuwan su. Asibitin Jama'a na Karachi ya ba da rahoton cewa an dauki mutane 267 saboda bugun zafi tsakanin 23 da 26 Yuni, daga cikinsu goma sha biyu sun mutu a sakamakon haka. Shugaban sashen gaggawa Dokta Imran Sarwar Sheikh ya ba da rahoton cewa an ruwaito cewa yawancin wadanda suka mutu suna cikin shekarun 60 zuwa 70, tare da wasu a cikin shekaru 20. Ya bayyana cewa da yawa daga cikin marasa lafiya suna aiki a waje.

A cewar Gwamnatin Pakistan, akalla an kwantar da marasa lafiya 5,358 a asibitoci saboda cututtukan da suka shafi zafi, kuma an kashe dabbobi 158.

## Dubi kuma

* Ruwa mai zafi na Pakistan na 2017
* Ruwa mai zafi na Pakistan na 2015
* Jerin rikodin yanayi mai tsanani a Pakistan

## Manazarta
Abincin Lesotho

**Basotho (mutanen Lesotho) abinci** yana da al'adun Afirka da tasirin Birtaniyya .  Lesotho tana kewaye da Afirka ta Kudu kuma tana raba ayyukan dafa abinci tare da maƙwabtanta.

Al'adun abinci na Lesotho sun ƙunshi *lichobe*  (stew tare da wake, berries, da dawa), nama, da kayan lambu. Abincin masara sun haɗa da *papa*  da *motoho* (manyan sorghum mai ƙima).   

Abincin Basotho ya haɗa da miya, gabaɗaya ƙasa da yaji fiye da sauran ƙasashen Afirka. Beetroot da karas salads ne na kowa gefen jita-jita.

Ana iya samun kayan zaki na Burtaniya. 

Sauran abincin gargajiya sun haɗa da:

* Oxtail stew 
* Curries 
* Kebabs 

## Abin sha

* Ginger giya 
* Girke-girke na gida 
* *Motoho* (porridge mai ƙima) 

## Manazarta
Mista Levent Kurnaz

M. Levent Kurnaz (an haife shi a shekara ta 1965) masanin kimiyyar yanayi ne na Turkiyya,    memba na Ma'aikatar Ma'aikalin Jami'ar Boğaziçi,  kuma Darakta na Cibiyar Canjin Yanayi da Nazarin Manufofin (iklimBU).

## Rayuwar ilimi
Kurnaz tana aiki a matsayin farfesa a Sashen Physics a Jami'ar Boğaziçi .  A cikin 2014, ya kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Canjin Yanayi da Manufofin Jami'ar Boğaziçi (iklimBU).   Kurnaz shi ne darektan  kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga yankunan AsAsiya ta Tsakiya Gabas ta Tsakiya ta Arewacin Afirka (MEMENA  da AuAustralasia gwajin saukar da yanayi na kasa da kasa (CORDEX) [4] wanda ShShirin Binciken Yanayi na Duniya jagoranta.[5][7] Shi ne shugaban da ya kafa, kuma memba na kwamitin Cibiyar Sadarwar Ci Gaban Ci Gaban MaMajalisar Dinkin Duniya SDSDSN.[9] Nazarinsa na kimiyya yafi kan kikimiyyar yanayi dodorewa]

## Sauran ayyukan
Kurnaz ya yi magana a tarurruka da kungiyoyi daban-daban na kasa da kasa, kamar su Social Good Summit  da TEDx Talks,   kuma ya yi tasiri sosai a waje da ilimi musamman don kara wayar da kan jama'a game da caCanjin yanayi a Turkiyya][6][7]

## Kwamitin kamfanoni da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu

* Majalisar Dinkin Duniya SDSN Turkiyya Mai kafawa Co-shugaba, memba na kwamitin 
* Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Yankin MENA na gaba 

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

### Littattafai

* "Son Buzul Erimeden" (Kafin Gidan Gishiri na Ƙarshe ya narke),  M. L. Kurnaz, Dogan Kitap (2019).  

### Labaran Kimiyya

* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da shi a lokacin da aka yi la'akari da shi. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 2021]. Bayyanawar duniya game da yawan jama'a da amfani da ƙasa ga fari na yanayi a ƙarƙashin matakan dumama daban-daban da SSPs: Nazarin CORDEX. *Jaridar Duniya ta Climatology*, *41* (15), 6825-6853. 
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita a lokacin da aka samo asali ne a lokacin da ake amfani da ita. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 20] Yankunan fari na duniya na gaba: Nazarin da ya danganci bayanan CORDEX. *Jaridar Yanayi*, *33* (9), 3635-3661. 
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Canje-canje da aka tsara a cikin yanayin zafin jiki da ruwan sama na yankin CORDEX na Asiya ta Tsakiya 8 ta amfani da RegCM4.3.5. Binciken Yanayi, *183*, 296-307. 
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita a lokacin da aka yi la'akari da shi. Tsinkaya na canjin yanayi a cikin Bahar Rum ta hanyar amfani da ƙididdigar ƙirar yanayi na duniya. *Jaridar Duniya ta Climatology*, *35* (14), 4276-4292. 

## Manazarta
South African Youth Congress

**Ƙungiyar Matasan Afirka ta Kudu** (SAYCO) ƙungiya ce mai goyon bayan Afirka ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta (African National Congress) kuma ƙungiyar matasa, masu fafutuka a gwagwarmayar yaƙi da  nuna wariyar launin fata.  An kafa ƙungiyar ne a shekarar 1987.  Taken SAYCO shi ne "Nasara Tabbacecciya-'Yanci Ko Mutuwa". A shekarar 1990 SAYCO ta haɗe da ƙungiyar matasa ta ANC.

A ƙarshe dai an zaɓi Peter Mokaba Shugaban ANCYL ne bayan haɗewar SAYCO da ANCYL.

## Manazarta
Canjin yanayi a Kudancin Australia

Canjin yanayi a Kudancin Ostiraliya yana shafar mahalli da masana'antu daban-daban, gami da noma.

## Rashin iskar gas
Rashin hayaki na jihar ya kai tan miliyan 76.23 a shekara ta 2005 idan aka kwatanta da tan miliyan 82.64 a shekara ta 2022.

## Tasirin canjin yanayi

### Wutar daji
Yanayin zafi ya haifar da mummunan gobarar daji a lokacin gobarar daji ta 2019-20.

## Amsa

### Siyasa
Aikin Kudancin Australia na sabuntawa a lokacin 2011 da 2020 an dauke shi "mai mahimmanci". Dokokin shuka bishiyoyi na Kudancin Australia ana ɗaukar su mafi rauni a Ostiraliya. An sanya Whyalla cikin gudanarwa kuma an shirya cewa gwamnatin Kudancin Australia za ta ba da kuɗin sauya shi zuwa makamashi mai sabuntawa.

### Shari'a
 

#### Dokar Canjin Yanayi da Rage Rashin Rashin Ruwa na 2007
Dokar ita ce dokar yanayi ta farko a Ostiraliya. Wannan ya sanya Kudancin Ostiraliya ta zama jiha ta farko a Ostiraliya da ta himmatu ga rage fitar da iskar gas,  ɗaya daga cikin yankuna na farko na Commonwealth tare da dokokin yanayi  da kuma iko na farko a duniya tare da manufa ta 2050. Dokar ta sauƙaƙa ci gaban manufofi da shirye-shirye don tallafawa sabuntawa da inganta ɗaukar sabuntawa ta masu siye.

Dokar ta tsara cewa jihar tana da wajibin doka don tabbatar da cewa an rage hayaki da kashi 60% zuwa adadin da ya yi daidai da ko ƙasa da kashi 40% na matakan hayaki na 1990.

A cikin 2024, an gabatar da lissafin gyare-gyare a Majalisar Dokokin Kudancin Australia don kara karfafa manufofi - fitar da hayaki ta hanyar 2027. 

A karkashin dokar gwamnatin Kudancin Australia ta kuma yi alkawarin sanya Adelaide "birni na farko na carbon neutral a duniya" a shekarar 2020.

A shekara ta 2018 ƙarni na gida na iska da hasken rana sun kai 52% kuma hayaki ya fadi 32% idan aka kwatanta da matakan 2005. Ana sa ran samar da wutar lantarki ta cikin gida za ta kai 100% nan da shekara ta 2025.

## Manazarta
Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi (Qatar)

An kafa **Ma'aikatar Muhalli da [[Canjin yanayi]]** ta hanyar yanke shawara na ministoci wanda Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, Sarkin Jiha No. 57 na 2021 ya halarta. Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi ma'aikatari ne na sabis wanda ke ƙwarewa wajen cimma burin da yawa, mafi mahimmanci shine kare muhalli, adana albarkatun sa, da rage hayaki da ke haifar da canjin yanayi.

Ministan na yanzu shine Abdulla bin Abdulaziz bin Turki Al Subaie . 

Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi tana damuwa da duk abin da ya shafi al'amuran muhalli da canjin yanayi, kuma musamman za ta sami wadannan:

* Shirya da aiwatar da manufofin jama'a don kare muhalli da rage hayaki wanda ke haifar da canjin yanayi.
* Gudanar da kimanta karatun da ake buƙata don kare muhalli.
* Taimako da haɓaka cibiyoyin da ke aiki akan haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a game da muhimmancin adanawa da kare muhalli.
* Karfafa amfani da ci gaban fasaha don tallafawa da kare muhalli.
* Ci gaban namun daji da rayuwar ruwa, kariya ga wuraren zama na halitta, da bin ayyukan da suka shafi.
* Gudanar da sarrafa sinadarai da kayan rediyo, da kuma sarrafa sharar gida, bin diddigin amfani da makamashi na nukiliya cikin lumana.
* Inganta amfani da muhalli na muhalli da aka tsabtace ruwa da kuma sake amfani da sharar gida.
* Bayar da lasisin muhalli don ayyukan ci gaban masana'antu.
* Kula da cin zarafin muhalli na masana'antu da gudanar da binciken da ake bukata
* Gudanarwa da kula da wuraren ajiyar yanayi.

Tushen: 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Bundy R. Bear

Jerin tallace-tallace da ke nuna beyar Rum ta Bundaberg, Beyar polar da aka sani da Bundy R. Bear, kamfanin talla Leo Burnett ne ya samar da ita don daidaita samfurin 'tare da hanyar larrikin ga auren Australiya'.  Bundaberg Rum bear ya fara bayyana a 1961 kuma Sam McMahon ɗan'uwan tsohon Firayim Ministan Australia William McMahon ne ya kirkireshi. An tsara shi ne don sauƙaƙa hoton rum mai tsananin fushi da kuma fadada roƙonsa daga mai shan giya na gargajiya zuwa masu sauraro masu zaman kansu.

An ambaci tallace-tallace a matsayin abin da aka fi so tsakanin matasa na Ostiraliya. An kuma soki Bundaberg Rum saboda yin niyya ga tallace-tallace ga matasa da yara maza, ta hanyar tallace-tafiyen talabijin yayin watsa shirye-shiryen NRL, da sauran gabatarwa.

## Manazarta
Penalpine

Yanayin **Penalpine** ya ƙunshi tsaunuka masu tsawo. An kirkiro kalmar ne don komawa ga mahalli na New Zealand, wanda aka yi tunanin ya fi dumi kuma ya fi ƙasa da tsawo fiye da sauran mahalli na duniya don irin wannan yanayin muhalli, musamman a lokacin girma, wanda zai iya bayyana dalilin da ya sa bishiyar ta fi ƙasa da sauran yankuna. Koyaya, kalmar tun lokacin da aka daina amfani da ita, kamar yadda bincike na gaba ya nuna cewa wannan nau'in ecotype ba na musamman ba ne.

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Malamai ta Afirka ta Kudu

Ƙungiyar **malamai ta Afirka ta Kudu** (TLSA) ƙungiya ce ta malamai masu launi da aka kafa a Cape Town a watan Yuni na 1913. Ƙungiyar, yayin da tun farko ta mai da hankali kan batutuwan da suka shafi ilimi, ta zama siyasa a tsakiyar shekarun 1940s kuma ta fara nuna adawa da mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata. Sakamakon danne jihar, ƙungiyar ta zama rusasshiyar a shekarar 1963.

## Tarihi
An fara TLSA a Cape Town a watan Yuni na 1913 a matsayin ƙungiyar malamai masu launi.   Ɗaya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa shine Harold Cressy kuma Ƙungiyar Siyasa ta Afirka (APO) ta kafa harsashin da ya ba TLSA damar girma.   Abdullah Abdurahman ya yi tasiri mai yawa a ruƙunin farko. Akwai ƙasa da mambobi ɗari da za a fara da su, amma sun girma zuwa kusan 1,500 a tsakiyar shekarun 1940s.  Bugawar TLSA a hukumance ita ce *Jaridar Ilimi*. 

A cikin shekarar 1934, TLSA ta canza kundin tsarin mulki ta yadda zama memba ba ya iyakance ga malamai masu launi.  TLSA ta fara tayar da hankali ga gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu, tun daga kusan shekarar 1937.  A cikin shekarar 1943, ƙungiyar da ke da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Turai (NEUM).  Hakanan yana da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Malamai ta Indiya ta Natal (NITS). TLSA ta fara faɗaɗa daga ainihin aikinta na inganta yanayin aiki ga malamai kuma ta fara yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata.  Yayin da TLSA ta zama mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, wasu masu matsakaicin ra'ayi sun bar ta a cikin  shekarar 1944 don kafa Ƙungiyar Ilimi da Ƙwararrun Malamai (TEPA). 

Bayan kisan kiyashin Sharpeville, TLSA ta zama tashe, saboda "danniya na jihohi."  A cikin shekarar 1960, an dakatar da shugaban TLSA na yanzu, Willem P. Van Schoor.   A watan Yuni na 1963, TLSA ta yi taronta na ƙarshe. 

## Sanannun membobi

* Neville Alexander 
* Harold Cressy 
* Dulci Satumba 
* Dorothy Williams 

## Manazarta

### Sources

* 

*
Nokuthula Mabaso

**Nokuthula Mabaso**, (1981/1982 - 5 Mayu, 2022) ta kasance fitacciyar jagora a Abahlali baseMjondolo   kuma ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin ƙungiyar mata. Ta kasance jagora a cikin eKhenana Commune .   An kashe ta a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2022.

## Yunkurin fafutuka
Ta taka rawar gani wajen bunkasa aikin sarrafa abinci na Hukumar.

A watan Afrilun 2020 ta yi nasarar hukunta karamar hukumar eThekwini kan aiwatar da korar mutanen da ke zaune a cikin eKhenana ba bisa ka'ida ba. 

Mabaso ya yi tsayayya da cinikin ƙasa kuma ya bayyana cewa a cikin eKhenana "Mun yanke shawara gaba ɗaya cewa ba za mu sayar ko hayar wani yanki a nan a eKhenana ba. "

## Kamawa
A ranar 8 ga Oktoba 2021 an kama ta tare da Thozama Mazwi da Sindiswa Ngcobo, duk membobin reshen eKhenana na Abahlali baseMjondolo .  Kamen dai wani bangare ne na kame-kamen da aka yi wa wasu 'yan kungiyar kimanin goma sha biyu kuma ana kallonsu da alaka da siyasa. Daga baya an yi watsi da duk tuhumar.

## Kashewa
An kashe Mabaso a gaban 'ya'yanta a gidanta a garin eKhenana, a Cato Manor, Durban, Afirka ta Kudu a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2022 .    Ta bar miji da yara huɗu. An harbe ta sau bakwai.

Watanni biyu kafin a kashe ta ta shaida kisan da wasu ‘yan bindiga biyar Ayanda Ngila, kuma jigo a cikin eKhenana Commune suka yi. Kungiyar Abahlali baseMjondolo ta yi ikirarin cewa an kashe ta ne saboda fafutukar da take yi da kuma musamman bayan ta yanke shawarar zama shedar jihar inda ta yatsa Khaya Ngubane a matsayin daya daga cikin wadanda suka aikata laifin. An kwantar da ita a gidan iyalinta a Esidumbini kusa da Tongaat. Bayan an kashe Mabaso, an hana Khaya Ngubane beli a cikin shari'ar Ngila.

Samson Ngubane (wanda ke jagorantar cocin sahyoniyawan a Mayville) da kuma dan uwansa Mhlanganyelwa Ngubane, wadanda kuma uba ne kuma kawun Khaya Ngubane, an kama su da hannu a kisan Mabaso. A ranar 6 ga Satumba, 2022, an hana dukan waɗanda ake tuhumar su beli.

## Amsa ga kisan
Bayan kashe Mabaso da wasu masu fafutuka biyu a eKhenana - Ayanda Ngila da Lindokuhle Mnguni - an yi Allah wadai da kisan a wata wasika daga kungiyoyin farar hula sama da 130.  An kuma tattauna kisan gillar 'yan gwagwarmayar Abahlali baseMjondolo a zaman 51 na Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 2022.

## Bayani da nassoshi
Transvaal Indian Congress

**Transvaal Indian Congress** (TIC) ƙungiya ce ta siyasa da aka kafa a 1903 don yaƙar mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata ga Indiyawa a cikin Transvaal Colony, daga baya kuma lardin Transvaal, na Afirka ta Kudu. An kafa ta a cikin shekarar 1903 a matsayin Transvaal British Indian Association,  memba ne na Majalisar Indiya ta Afirka ta Kudu tare da dattijo kuma babban 'yar uwarta, Natal Indian Congress. Ta kwanta  bayan kawo ƙarshen mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata a shekarar 1994.

## Asali
TIC gabaɗaya ƙungiya ce mai matsakaicin ƙarfi a cikin shekarun ta. Ta kasance mai fafutuka a cikin kamfen da Mahatma Gandhi ya shirya a shekarun 1908 da 1913, amma a wasu lokuta ta dogara ne da yawa, kamar NIC, akan matsakaicin hanyoyin koke da shawarwari ga hukumomi.  Ta ɗauki matsayi mafi tsauri ne kawai daga shekarun 1930s, lokacin da Yusuf Dadoo da takwarorinsa  cikinsu har da Molvi Cachalia  suka fito a matsayin manyan masu ci gaba a cikin majalisa.    An zaɓi Dadoo a matsayin shugaban TIC a cikin shekarar 1946, shekara bayan takwaransa na ci gaba a Natal, Monty Naicker, ya hau mulki. 

Dadoo ya jagoranci ƙungiyar ta hanyar yaƙin gwagwarmayar juriya  Tsarin Ƙasar Asiya da Dokar Wakilcin Indiya daga shekarun  1946 zuwa 1948. Shawarar Nelson Mandela na shirya gwagwarmaya da makamai da gwamnatin  nuna wariyar launin fata.  Duk da haka, a cikin shekarun 1960s da 1970s, TIC ta faɗa cikin kwanciyar hankali saboda girman zalunci na gwamnati a kan Congress Alliance, tare da wasu shugabannin (irin su Dadoo) suna zaune a gudun hijira da kuma wasu (kamar Ahmed Kathrada) kurkuku.  

## Farfaɗowa
Alamomin farko na farfaɗowar TIC sun kasance a cikin shekarar 1981, lokacin da wani taron al'umma a Lenasia ya amince da kafa kwamitin Majalisar Indiyawan Afirka ta Kudu ta Transvaal don ba da shawarar ƙauracewa zaɓe ga Majalisar Indiyawan Afirka ta Kudu, ƙungiyar ba da shawara ta gwamnati.  Bayan nasarar ƙauracewa taron, kwamitin ya gudanar da taro a cikin watan Janairu 1983, inda masu halarta suka yanke shawarar farfaɗo da TIC.  A wannan taron, Reverend Allan Boesak ya yi shahararren kiransa na kafa "haɗin kai" don yakar mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata, wanda ya kai ga kafa United Democratic Front (UDF).  

A halin yanzu, an sake kaddamar da TIC a hukumance a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1983. An naɗa Essop Jassat a matsayin shugaba, tare da Ram Saloojee a matsayin mataimakinsa. Cassim Saloojee ya maye gurbin Jassat a taron zaɓe na gaba a watan Agustan 1988.  TIC ta kasance mai kafa UDF kuma ta kasance fitacciya a cikin kamfen ɗin kauracewa zaɓen shekarar 1984 da sabuwar majalisar dokokin Tricameral, wacce ke da niyyar wakiltar Indiyawa ta hanyar House of Delegates. 

Ko da yake TIC ta samu wakilci a taron jam'iyyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1991, ba ta sake fasalin kanta a matsayin jam'iyyar siyasa ba a lokacin da Afirka ta Kudu ta samu mulkin dimokuraɗiyya. Maimakon haka, da yawa  shugabanni da mambobi sun shiga jam'iyyar ANC ta Afirka (ANC), kuma TIC ta sake komawa cikin kwanciyar hankali tun lokacin da aka gudanar da zaɓen farko bayan mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata a shekarar 1994.

## Manazarta
Ruwa mai zafi na Pakistan na 2017

A cikin watan Afrilun shekara ta 2017, tsananin zafi da zafin jiki ya kai 51°C (124°F) ya afkawa Pakistan, musamman sassan kudancinta.  Wannan zazzafan zafin ya karya tsoffin bayanan yanayin zafi na yawancin biranen kasar na watan Afrilu. Larkana, wani birni a kudancin lardin Sindh, ya sami mafi girman zafin jiki na 51.0°C a ranar 20 ga Afrilu,  karya rikodin ranar da ta gabata na 50°C. 

## Yankunan da abin ya shafa
A ƙarshen Maris shekara ta 2017, guguwar zafi ta mamaye yawancin sassan lardin Sindh yayin da Nawabshah da Larkana suka yi rajista 43 °C.

Rashin zafi mai tsanani ya juya Afrilu shekara ta 2017 yayin da Afrilu mafi zafi ya wuce a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. A ranar 17 ga Afrilu, Sukkur ya rubuta 47 °C ya karya rikodin da ya gabata na 46.5 °C a ranar 25 ga Afrilu shekara ta 2000. Yawan zafin jiki a Multan ya kai 45.1 ° C wanda ya karya rikodin da ya gabata a watan Afrilu na 44.7 ° C da aka rubuta a ranar 19 ga Afrilu shekara ta 2010. Hakazalika, Khanpur ya daidaita yawan zafin da ya gabata na 46.5 ° C da aka rubuta a ranar 27 ga Afrilu shekara ta 1993. A Faisalabad, matsakaicin zafin jiki ya kai 44.5 ° C idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin yawan zafin jiki na 44 ° C da aka rubuta a ranar 29 ga Afrilu shekara ta 2007.

A ranar 19 ga Afrilu, birane hudu na Pakistan sun ga kwanakin da suka fi zafi a tarihin su a watan Afrilu, gami da Larkana (50 ° C), Moenjo Daro (49 ° C), Sibi (49 °C) da Lahore (45 ° C).  A baya, matsakaicin zafin jiki da aka rubuta a Lahore a watan Afrilu ya kasance 44 ° C a ranar 18 ga Afrilu shekara ta 2010.  A ranar 20 ga Afrilu, Larkana ta rubuta 51 ° C a matsayin matsakaicin zafin jiki, yayin da ofishin meteorological a Filin jirgin saman Moenjodaro ya rubuta zafin jiki a 50 ° C. A ranar 21-22 ga Afrilu, guguwar ƙura da ruwan sama mai sauƙi a saman sassan ƙasar da kuma arewa maso gabashin Punjab sun karya yanayin zafi amma sun lalata alkama da sauran amfanin gona.

Koyaya, yawancin sassan Sindh sun ci gaba da fuskantar farkon lokacin rani. A ranar 1 ga Mayu, Nawabshah da Mithi sun rubuta matsakaicin zafin jiki na 44.5 ° C. A ranar 5 ga Mayu, guguwar zafi ta yi ikirarin rayuka hudu a Hyderabad wanda

## Yanayin da aka rubuta
Yanayin zafi mai tsanani ya fara shafar sassan kasar daga tsakiyar Afrilu kuma ya kai kololuwa a ranar 19-20 ga Afrilu.

## Manazarta
Satabhaya, Odisha

**Satabhaya** ƙauye ne da rairayin bakin teku da ke gefen bakin teku na Gundumar Kendrapara a Odisha, Indiya . mai saurin bala'i na halitta kamar zubar da yashi wanda ke haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga mazauna tun zamanin da ba a iya tunawa ba. Babu ma cibiyar gargadi game da guguwa a wannan shafin. A halin yanzu ƙauyen yana kewaye da ruwan teku, kuma mazauna ƙauyen suna shirin ƙaura zuwa wuri mafi aminci.

Wurin yana kusa da gandun daji na Bhitarkanika kuma, Gahirmatha Beach wanda shine mafi girman wurin zama na Olive Ridley Turtles.

## Manazarta