Jerin manyan sake gina yanayin zafin jiki na shekaru 2,000 da suka gabata

Wannan **jerin manyan gyare-gyaren yanayin zafi na shekaru 2,000 da suka gabata;** sun haɗada sake gina yanayi wanda ya bada gudummawa sosai ga yarjejeniya ta zamani kan rikodin ɗin yanayin zafi na shekaru 2,000 da suka gabata.

Rikodin zazzabi na kayan aiki kawai ya shafi shekaru 150 da suka gabata a sikelin hemispheric ko na duniya, kuma sake gina lokutan da suka gabata sun dogara ne akan ƙa'idodin yanayi. Acikin wani yunƙuri na farko na nuna cewa yanayi ya canza, takardar Hubert Lamb ta 1965 ta ƙaru daga bayanan zafin jiki na tsakiyar Ingila tareda bayanan tarihi, na botanical, da na archeological don samar da ƙididdige ƙimar yanayin zafi a yankin Arewacin Atlantic. Sake gine-ginen ƙididdiga na gaba sunyi amfani da dabarun ƙididdiga tare da wakilai daban-daban na yanayi don samar da manyan sake ginawa. Wakilan zoben bishiya na iya bada ƙuduri na shekara-shekara na yankuna masu zafi na arewacin kogin kuma ana iya haɗa su cikin ƙididdiga tareda wasu ƙayyadaddun proxies don samar da multiproxy hemispherical ko sake gina duniya.

Sabbin gyare-gyare na ƙididdigewa sun nuna yanayin zafi a baya ƙasa da yanayin zafi da aka kai a ƙarshen karni na 20. Wannan tsari kamar yadda aka gani a cikin  an sanya shi hoton hockey stick, kuma tun daga 2010 wannan faffadar ƙarshe ta sami goyan bayan sake ginawa fiye da dozin biyu, ta amfani da hanyoyin ƙididdiga daban-daban da haɗuwa da bayanan wakili, tare da bambance-bambancen yadda za a iya faɗi. kafin karni na 20 "shaft" ya bayyana.

## Jerin sake ginawa a cikin tsari na bugawa

*  “Civilization and Climate”.
*  "The early medieval warm epoch and its sequel".
*  "Simulated northern hemisphere temperature departures 1579–1880".
*  "Reconstructed Northern Hemisphere annual temperature since 1671 based on high-latitude tree-ring data from North America".
*  "Little Ice Age summer temperature variations; their nature and relevance to recent global warming trends".
*  "Was there a ‘medieval warm period’, and if so, where and when?".
*  "Global interdecadal and century-scale climate oscillations during the past five centuries".
*  "Arctic Environmental Change of the Last Four Centuries".
*  "High resolution reconstructed Northern Hemisphere temperatures for the last few centuries: using regional average tree ring, ice core and historical annual time series".

### An kawo a cikin IPCC TAR
Rahoton kimantawa na uku na IPCC (TAR WG1) na 2001 ya kawo abubuwan sake ginawa masu zuwa suna goyan bayan ƙarshenta cewa shekarun 1990 na iya kasancewa mafi zafi a Arewacin Hemisphere shekaru goma na shekaru 1,000:

*  "Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries"
*  "High-resolution palaeoclimatic records for the last millennium: interpretation, integration and comparison with General Circulation Model control-run temperatures".
*  "Climate change record in subsurface temperatures: A global perspective".
*  "Northern hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium: Inferences, uncertainties, and limitations".
*  "Annual climate variability in the Holocene: interpreting the message of ancient trees".
*  "How Warm Was the Medieval Warm Period?".

### An kawo a cikin Rahoton NRC (Rahoton Arewa)
 highlighted six recent reconstructions, one of which was not cited in AR4:

*   "Temperature trends over the past five centuries reconstructed from borehole temperatures"

### An ambata a cikin IPCC AR4
Rahoton kimantawa na huɗu na IPCC (AR4 WG1) na 2007 ya kawo waɗannan gyare-gyare masu zuwa don goyan bayan kammalawarsa cewa ƙarni na 20 zai'iya kasancewa mafi zafi a Arewacin Hemisphere na akalla shekaru 1,300:

* Jones et al. (1998) [kuma a cikin TAR], wanda  "Juyin Juyin Halitta Sama da Millennium Na Ƙarshe".
* Mann, Bradley & Hughes (1999) [kuma a cikin TAR]
* Briffa (2000) [kuma a cikin TAR], wanda  "Babban bayanin zafin jiki daga zoben itace: bita".
* Crowley & Lowery 2000 "Yaya Dumu-dumu Ya Kasance Lokacin Dumi Na Tsakanin?" [kuma in TAR]
*  "Bambancin yanayin zafi mai ƙarancin mitoci daga cibiyar sadarwa mai yawa na zobe na arewa".
*  "Signal-Ƙananan Mitar a cikin Dogon Bishiyoyi-Ring Chronologies don Sake Gina Canjin Zazzabi na Baya", recalibrated by  "Saɓanin yanayin zafin ƙasa mai zafi na Arewacin Hemisphere a cikin shekaru 1000 da suka gabata".
*  "Zazzabi na duniya a cikin shekaru dubu biyu da suka wuce."
*  "Sake gina yanayi na rijiyoyin burtsatse: Tsarin sararin samaniya da matsakaicin hemispheric".
*  "Fitar da siginar yanayi daga 169 glacier records".
*  "Sake gina yanayin zafin jiki na tushen wakili na Arewacin Hemisphere: Hankali ga hanya, cibiyar sadarwa mai tsinkaya, lokacin manufa, da yankin manufa".
*  "Maɗaukakin yanayin zafi na Arewacin Hemisphere da aka sake ginawa daga ƙananan bayanai masu ƙima da ƙima".
*  "A kan mahallin dogon lokaci na ƙarshen karni na ashirin".
*  "Matsalar sararin samaniya na ƙarni na 20 a cikin mahallin shekaru 1200 da suka gabata".
*  "Hanyoyin yanayi da aka ƙuntata ta hanyar sake gina yanayin zafi a cikin ƙarni bakwai da suka gabata".

### An ambata a cikin IPCC AR5
Rahoton kimantawa na biyar na IPCC (AR5 WG1) na 2013 yayi nazarin bambance-bambancen yanayin zafi acikin shekaru dubu biyu da suka gabata, kuma ya kawo abubuwan sake ginawa don tallafawa ƙarshensa cewa matsakaicin yanayin zafi na Arewacin Hemisphere na shekara-shekara,"lokacin 1983-2012 ya kasance *mai yuwuwa* 30 mafi zafi.-shekara na shekaru 800 na ƙarshe (*babban amincewa*) kuma *wataƙila* mafi kyawun lokacin shekaru 30 na shekaru 1400 da suka gabata (*matsakaicin amincewa*)":

* Pollack da Smerdon (2004) [kuma a cikin AR4]
* Moberg et al. (2005) [kuma a cikin AR4]
* D'Arrigo, Wilson & Jacoby (2006) [kuma a cikin AR4]
* Frank, Esper & Cook (2007) "Gyara don lambar wakili da haɗin kai a cikin babban sake gina yanayin zafi".
* Hegerl et al. (2007) "Gano tasirin ɗan adam akan sabon, ingantattun 1500-shekara zazzabi sake ginawa".
*  "Millennial zazzabi sake ginawa intercomparison da kimantawa".
* Loehle & McCulloch (2008) "Gyara zuwa: 2000 na shekara ta 2000 na sake gina yanayin zafi na duniya bisa la'akari da wadanda ba bishiyoyi ba".
*  "Sake gina tushen wakili na hemispheric da bambancin yanayin zafi na duniya a cikin shekaru dubu biyu da suka gabata".
*  "Sa hannu na Duniya da Tushen Mahimmanci na Ƙarshen Zaman Kan Kankara da Anomaly na Tsakiyar Yanayi".
*  "Sabon Sake Gina Sauyawan Zazzabi a cikin Ƙarfafan Tsafi na Arewacin Ƙarshen Ƙarshe A Lokacin Shekaru Biyu Na Ƙarshe".
*  "Ƙarin-zazzabi na Arewacin Hemisphere a cikin shekaru dubu biyu da suka gabata: Sake gina ƙananan mitoci".
* Leclercq & Oerlemans (2012) "Sake gina yanayin zafi na duniya da na Hemispheric daga tsayin glacier".
*  "Sake gina zafin jiki na Arewacin Hemisphere a cikin ƙarni na ƙarshe ta amfani da wakilai na shekara-shekara da yawa".

### Ƙarin sake ginawa

*  "Reconstructing hemispheric-scale climates from multiple stalagmite records".
*  "Evaluation of proxy-based millennial reconstruction methods".
*  "A late Quaternary climate reconstruction based on borehole heat flux data, borehole temperature data, and the instrumental record"
*  "Recent warming reverses long-term arctic cooling".
*  "A Bayesian Algorithm for Reconstructing Climate Anomalies in Space and Time".
*  "Reconstruction of the Extratropical NH Mean Temperature over the Last Millennium with a Method that Preserves Low-Frequency Variability".
*  "Northern Hemisphere temperature patterns in the last 12 centuries".
*  "A Reconstruction of Regional and Global Temperature for the Past 11,300 Years"
*  (78 researchers, corresponding author Darrell S. Kaufman) "Continental-scale temperature variability during the past two millennia"
* Raphael Neukom, Nathan Steiger, Juan José Gómez-Navarro, Jianghao Wang & Johannes P. Werner 2019 "No evidence for globally coherent warm and cold periods over the preindustrial Common Era"
* PAGES 2k Consortium 2019 "Consistent multidecadal variability in global temperature reconstructions and simulations over the Common Era"

## Bayanan kula

## Nassoshi a cikin jerin lokuta