Doris Lessing

**Doris Lessing** (Doris May Tayler,an haifeta aranar 22 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta alif dari tara da sha tara miladiyya 1919 -ta mutu a ranar 17 ga watan Nuwamba shekarata 2013) marubuciyar Burtaniya ce. A shekarar 2007, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Nobel a Adabi. Masu ba da rahoto sun gaya wa Doris cewa ta lashe kyautar Nobel kuma sun tambaye ta "Shin ba ki yi mamaki ba?". Ta ce ta riga ta "lashe duk wasu kyaututtukan adabin Turai" don haka samun kyaututtukan al'ada ne.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Lessing a Iran a ranar 22 ga  watan Oktoba shekarata 1919. Iyayenta duka turawa ne. Sun hadu ne a Royal Free Hospital . Mahaifinta, Kyaftin Alfred Tayler, mai hakuri ne saboda ya rasa kafarsa a Yaƙin Duniya na daya. Mahaifiyarta, Emily Maude Tayler (sunan budurci McVeagh), ma'aikaciyar jinya ce.   

Alfred Tayler da matarsa sun kaura zuwa Kermanshah, Iran. Ya fara aiki a can a matsayin magatakarda na Babban Bankin Farisa . An haifi Doris a shekarata 1919. Daga baya, dangin sun kaura zuwa mulkin mallaka na Kudancin Rhodesia (wanda yanzu ake kira Zimbabwe ) a shekarar 1925 don noman masara.

Lessing  yayi karatu a Makarantar Sakandaren Dominican Convent a Salisbur (yanzu Harare ). Makarantar zuhudun Katolika ce ta 'yan mata.  Ta bar makaranta tana da shekara 14, kuma ta koyar da kanta bayan hakan. Ta bar gida tana da shekara 15 kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai aikin jinya . Ta fara karatu game da siyasa da ilimin zamantakewa  kuma ta fara rubutu a wannan lokacin. A cikin shekarata 1937, Lessing ta koma Salisbury don yin aiki a matsayin mai aikin tarho . Ba da dadewa ba ta auri mijinta na farko, Frank Wisdom. Suna da yara biyu (John da Jean), kafin auren ya ƙare a shekarar 1943.  Ta kula da marubuci nan gaba Jenny Diski bayan iyayenta sun zage ta. Diski ya zauna tare da Lessing tsawon shekaru hudu a London.

Bayan kisan aurenta, Lessing ta Kara shiga cikin membobin kungiyar left book . Ta shiga wannan kungiyar littafin kwaminisanci shekara da ta gabata.   Ta sadu da mijinta na biyu, Gottfried Lessing a can. Sun yi aure ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta shiga ƙungiyar, kuma ta haifi da namiji  mai suna Peter. Wannan aure ya Kare da saki a shekarar 1949. Gottfried Lessing daga baya ya zama jakadan Jamus ta Gabas a Uganda . An kashe shi a cikin tawaye  a shekarata 1979 akan Idi Amin Dada . 

Ta tafi Landan don ci gaba da aikinta na rubutu da manufofin gurguzu. Lessing ta bar yara ƙanana biyu tare da mahaifinsu a Afirka ta Kudu. peter, daga aurenta na biyu, ya tafi tare da ita. Daga baya ta ce tana tunanin ba ta da zabi a wannan lokacin. Ta ji ta yi iyakacin abin da za ta iya kuma ba ita ce mafi kyawun mutumin da za ta yi renon yaran ba. Da za ta yi takaici matuka kamar yadda mahaifiyarta ta kasance saboda yana da mahimmanci mace mai hankali ta ciyar da duk lokacinta tare da yara ƙanana. 

## Amsoshi

Babbar tarin rubuce -rubucen Lessing yana a Cibiyar Bincike ta 'Yan Adam ta Harry Ransom, a Jami'ar Texas a Austin . Akwai akwatuna 45 na kayan Lessing a Cibiyar Ransom waɗanda ke ɗauke da kusan duk rubutattun rubutunta da rubutunta har zuwa 1999. Lessing ba ta riƙe ko ɗaya daga cikin ainihin rubutunta na farko ba.  Sauran cibiyoyi, gami da ɗakin karatu na McFarlin a Jami'ar Tulsa, suna ɗaukar ƙaramin tarin. 

## Mutuwa

A ƙarshen shekarun 1990, Lessing ya gamu da bugun jini wanda ya hana ta yin balaguro a shekarun baya kuma ya mai da hankalinta kan mutuwa.   Lessing ta mutu a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba 2013 a gidanta da ke Landan, tana da shekara 94.     

## Kyaututtuka

* Kyautar Somerset Maugham (1954)
* Prix Médicis étranger (1976)
* Kyautar Jihar Austriya don Adabin Turai (1981)
* Alfred Toepfer Stiftung FVS, Hamburg (1982)
* WH Smith Literary Award (1986)
* Kyautar Palermo (1987)
* Premio Internazionale Mondello (1987)
* Premio Grinzane Cavour (1989)
* James Tait Black Memorial Prize don tarihin rayuwa (1995)
* Kyautar Littafin Los Angeles Times (1995)
* Premium Internalional Catalunya (1999) 
* Umarnin Sahabban Daraja (1999)
* Abokin Adabi na Royal Society of Literature (2000)
* Kyautar David Cohen (2001)
* Premio Príncipe de Asturias (2001)
* Kyautar ST Dupont Golden PEN (2002)
* Lambar Nobel a Adabi (2007)

## Ayyuka

;Novels
* *[[The Grass is Singing]]* (1950)
* *Retreat to Innocence* (1956)
* *[[The Golden Notebook]]* (1962)
* *Briefing for a Descent into Hell* (1971)
* *The Summer Before the Dark* (1973)
* *Memoirs of a Survivor* (1974)
* *The Diary of a Good Neighbour* (as Jane Somers, 1983)
* *If the Old Could...* (as Jane Somers, 1984)
* *The Good Terrorist *(1985)
* *The Fifth Child* (1988)
* *Love, Again* (1996)
* *Mara and Dann* (1999)
* *Ben, in the World* (2000) – sequel to *The Fifth Child*
* *The Sweetest Dream* (2001)
* *The Story of General Dann and Mara's Daughter, Griot and the Snow Dog* (2005) – sequel to *Mara and Dann*
* *The Cleft* (2007)
* *Alfred and Emily* (2008)
;The Children of Violence series
* *Martha Quest* (1952)
* *A Proper Marriage* (1954)
* *A Ripple from the Storm* (1958)
* *Landlocked* (1965)
* *The Four-Gated City* (1969)
;Canopus in Argos: Archives series
* *[[Shikasta (novel)|Shikasta]]* (1979)
* *The Marriages Between Zones Three, Four and Five* (1980)
* *The Sirian Experiments* (1980)
* *The Making of the Representative for Planet 8* (1982)
* *The Sentimental Agents in the Volyen Empire* (1983)
;Opera libretti
* *The Making of the Representative for Planet 8 (opera)|The Making of the Representative for Planet 8* (music by Philip Glass, 1986)
* *The Marriages Between Zones Three, Four and Five* (music by Philip Glass, 1997)
;Comics
* *Playing the Game* (graphic novel illustrated by Charlie Adlard, 1995)
;Drama
* *Each His Own Wilderness* (three plays, 1959)
* *Play with a Tiger* (1962)
;Poetry
* *Fourteen Poems* (1959)
* *The Wolf People - INPOPA Anthology 2002* (poems by Lessing, Robert Twigger and T.H. Benson, 2002)

;Short story collections
* *Five Short Novels* (1953)
* *The Habit of Loving* (1957)
* *A Man and Two Women* (1963)
* *African Stories* (1964)
* *Winter in July* (1966)
* *The Black Madonna* (1966)
* *The Story of a Non-Marrying Man* (1972)
* *This Was the Old Chief's Country: Collected African Stories, Vol. 1* (1973)
* *The Sun Between Their Feet: Collected African Stories, Vol. 2* (1973)
* *To Room Nineteen: Collected Stories, Vol. 1* (1978)
* *The Temptation of Jack Orkney: Collected Stories, Vol. 2* (1978)
* *Through the Tunnel* (1990)
* *London Observed: Stories and Sketches* (1992)
* *The Real Thing: Stories and Sketches* (1992)
* *Spies I Have Known* (1995)
* *The Pit* (1996)
* *The Grandmothers: Four Short Novels* (2003)
; Cat Tales
* *Particularly Cats* (stories and nonfiction, 1967)
* *Particularly Cats and Rufus the Survivor* (stories and nonfiction, 1993)
* *The Old Age of El Magnifico* (stories and nonfiction, 2000)
* *On Cats* (2002) – omnibus edition containing the above three books
;Autobiography and memoirs
* *Going Home* (memoir, 1957)
* *African Laughter: Four Visits to Zimbabwe* (memoir, 1992)
* *[[Under My Skin (book)|Under My Skin: Volume One of My Autobiography, to 1949]]* (1994)
* *[[Walking in the Shade: Volume Two of My Autobiography, 1949 to 1962]]* (1997)
;Other nonfiction
* *In Pursuit of the English* (1960)
* *Prisons We Choose to Live Inside* (essays, 1987)
* *The Wind Blows Away Our Words* (1987)
* *A Small Personal Voice* (essays, 1994)
* *Conversations* (interviews, edited by Earl G. Ingersoll, 1994)
* *Putting the Questions Differently* (interviews, edited by Earl G. Ingersoll, 1996)
* *Time Bites* (essays, 2004)
* *On Not Winning the Nobel Prize* (Nobel Lecture, 2007, published 2008)

## Nassoshi