Amy Chua

**Amy Lynn Chua** ( Sinanci : 蔡美儿; an haife ta a ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 1962)    ƙwararriyar lauya ce a Amurka, lauyar kamfani, kuma marubuciya. Ita ce Farfesa John M. Duff Jr. na Shari'a a Makarantar Shari'a ta Yale tare da ƙwarewa a harkokin kasuwanci na ƙasashen duniya, doka da ci gaba, rikicin ƙabilanci, da kuma dunkulewar duniya.  Ta shiga sashen shari'a na Yale a shekara ta 2001 bayan ta koyar a Makarantar Shari'a ta Duke tsawon shekaru bakwai. Kafin ta koyar, ta kasance mai ba da shawara kan shari'a a kamfanoni a Cleary, Gottlieb, Steen &amp;amp; Hamilton .

Chua kuma sanannu ne saboda tarihin rayuwarta na iyaye mai *suna Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother* . A shekarar 2011, an nada ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mutane 100 mafi tasiri a mujallar *[[Time (magazine)|Time]]*, ɗaya daga cikin Brave Thinkers ' *The Atlantic*, kuma ɗaya daga cikin Global Thinkers ' *Foreign Policy* . 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Chua a Champaign, Illinois, ga iyayenta 'yan asalin ƙasar Sin, waɗanda suka yi ƙaura daga ƙasar Philippines. Iyayenta sun rene ta tana magana da Hokkien .  Mahaifinta, Leon O. Chua, farfesa ne a fannin injiniyan lantarki da kimiyyar kwamfuta a Jami'ar California, Berkeley .   Garin kakanninsa shine Quanzhou, Fujian . 

An haifi mahaifiyar Chua a China a shekarar 1936, kafin ta koma Philippines tana da shekaru biyu.  Daga baya ta koma addinin Katolika a makarantar sakandare sannan ta kammala karatunta a Jami'ar Santo Tomas, tare da digiri a fannin injiniyan sinadarai, *summa cum laude* . 

An haifi Chua a matsayin Katolika kuma tana zaune a West Lafayette, Indiana .  Lokacin da take da shekaru 8, iyalinta sun ƙaura zuwa Berkeley, California .

Chua ta bayyana kanta a matsayin "mummunan yaro" a lokacin da take makaranta; an zalunce ta a makaranta saboda lafazinta na ƙasashen waje (wanda ta rasa tun daga lokacin) kuma ita ce abin da abokan karatunta da yawa ke zaginta .  Ta je Makarantar Sakandare ta El Cerrito, a El Cerrito, inda ta kammala karatunta a matsayin mai kula da ɗaliban ajinta.  A kwaleji, ta kammala karatun Phi Beta Kappa da *magna cum laude* tare da digirin farko a fannin tattalin arziki a 1984 daga Kwalejin Harvard, inda aka sanya mata suna Elizabeth Cary Agassiz Scholar da kuma John Harvard Scholar.  Ta sami digirinta na JD, *cum laude*, a 1987 daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard .  A matsayinta na ɗalibar shari'a, ta zama jami'ar Amurka ta farko 'yar Asiya ta *Harvard Law Review* bayan ta zama editan babban mujallar.  

Bayan kammala karatun lauya, Chua ta yi wa Babbar Alkali Patricia M. Wald ta Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Amurka aiki a DC Circuit . 

## Littattafai
Littafinta na farko, *World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethrone Ethnic Kity and Global Insability* (2003), ya binciki rikicin ƙabilanci da ya haifar a cikin al'ummomi da yawa ta hanyar tasirin tattalin arziki da siyasa na " ƙarancin kasuwa " da kuma ƙiyayya da ke haifarwa ga mafi yawan masu kuɗi. *World on Fire*, wanda mujallar *[[New York Times]]* ta fi sayarwa, wacce *The Economist* ta zaɓa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Mafi Kyawun Littattafai na 2003,  kuma Tony Giddens ya sanya mata suna a cikin *[[The Guardian|jaridar The Guardian]]* a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "Manyan Karatun Siyasa na 2003",  ya binciki yadda dunkulewar duniya da dimokuradiyya tun daga 1989 suka shafi alaƙar da ke tsakanin tsirarun 'yan tsiraru da suka mamaye kasuwa da kuma yawan jama'a.

Littafinta na biyu, *Ranar Daular: Yadda Ƙarfin Ƙarfi Yake Tashi zuwa Mulkin Duniya - da Kuma Dalilin da Yasa Suka Faɗu* (2007), ya yi nazari kan manyan dauloli guda bakwai kuma ya nuna cewa nasararsu ta dogara ne akan haƙurin da suke yi wa tsiraru.

Littafin Chua na uku, *Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother*, wanda aka buga a watan Janairun 2011, wani littafi ne na tarihi game da tafiyarta ta iyaye ta amfani da tsauraran dabarun renon yara na Confucian, wanda ta yi iƙirarin cewa abu ne da ya saba wa iyaye 'yan ƙasar Sin da suka ƙaura.  Duk da cewa wani lokacin ana fassara littafin a matsayin littafin yadda ake renon yara, an yi masa kallon wani labari mai zafi a matsayin labarin "yadda yara za su iya zama masu tawaye da kuma keɓewa lokacin da aka yi amfani da falsafar ilimi mai girma ɗaya, ba tare da la'akari da halayensu ko ƙwarewarsu ba."  Littafin ya kasance littafin da aka fi sayarwa a duniya a Amurka, Koriya ta Kudu, Poland, Isra'ila, Jamus, Burtaniya, da China, kuma an fassara shi zuwa harsuna 30.   Littafin ya kuma sami babban martani da kuma jan hankalin kafofin watsa labarai kuma ya haifar da muhawara ta duniya game da dabarun renon yara daban-daban da halayen al'adu waɗanda ke haɓaka irin waɗannan dabarun.  Tashin hankalin da littafin ya haifar ya haɗa da barazanar kisa da kalaman wariyar launin fata da aka yi wa Chua, kuma ya yi kira da a kama ta bisa tuhumar cin zarafin yara. 

Littafinta na huɗu, wanda aka rubuta tare da mijinta Jed Rubenfeld,  shine *The Triple Package: How Three Unlimited Charities Explain the Rise and Fall of Cultural Groups in America* (an buga shi a watan Fabrairun 2014).  Littafin ya sami sharhi iri-iri. Lucy Kellaway, wacce ke rubutu a *Financial Times*, ta kira shi "mafi kyawun ka'idar nasara ta duniya da na gani."  Emma Brockes, wacce ke rubutu a *jaridar The Guardian*, ta yaba wa littafin saboda "yin nazari kan nazarin da ya buɗe ido game da tasirin ra'ayoyi da tsammanin ra'ayoyi kan ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu da al'adu daban-daban ... Sha'awar marubutan na bin diddigin binciken ilimi wanda wasu ba za su yi ba shine ƙarfafa gwiwa."  Duk da haka, *jaridar The Guardian* ta kuma buga wani sharhi mai ban dariya wanda John Crace ya rubuta, wanda ya yi amfani da ɗaya daga cikin halayen Triple Package - ikon motsa jiki - don gaya wa masu karatu masu yuwuwa su "ƙi wannan littafin."  An kuma soki littafin sosai saboda ra'ayin al'adu da kuma yin watsi da ƙarin abubuwa kamar watsa dukiya tsakanin tsararraki.    Marubuciyar *Forbes* Susan Adams ta soki hakan saboda kalaman wariyar launin fata kuma ta ce shawarar Chua cewa wasu ƙungiyoyin al'adu sun fi nasara fiye da wasu idan aka yi la'akari da "takardar shaidar nasara mai matakai uku" a mafi kyawun " ilimin halayyar pop ."  Wani bincike na gwaji da Joshua Hart da Christopher Chabris suka gudanar ya gano cewa "[a]ga nan akwai ƙaramin shaida ga ka'idar Kunshin Sau Uku." 

A watan Fabrairun 2018, an buga littafin Chua na biyar. Mai taken *Political Tribes: Group Instinct and the Fate of Nations*, ya yi nazari kan yadda biyayyar rukuni sau da yawa ta fi sauran la'akari da akida. Ta yi jayayya cewa rashin gane matsayin biyayyar rukuni ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gazawar manufofin harkokin wajen Amurka da kuma fitowar Donald Trump . Littafin ya sami bita mai kyau sosai daga sassa daban-daban na siyasa. David Frum, wanda ke rubutu a *[[New York Times|jaridar The New York Times]]*, ya yaba wa Chua saboda sha'awarta ta kusanci "wuraren da ba a yarda da su ba waɗanda wasu ke yi wa kallon marasa amfani."  *Jaridar Washington Post* ta bayyana littafin a matsayin "mai tauri, mai fahimta, mai tayar da hankali, amma kuma a ƙarshe mai bege,"  kuma Ezra Klein ya kira littafin "mai ban sha'awa" a cikin shirinsa na podcast. 

Littafin ya sami wasu suka. Jaridar Guardian ta kira shi "littafi mai kyau wanda ba ya haɗuwa kwata-kwata." Jaridar Financial Times ta bayyana cewa "littafi ne mai mahimmanci" kuma ta goyi bayan hujjar Chua "cewa manyan masu sassaucin ra'ayi na Amurka sun ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar Trump ta hanyar rashin amincewa da ra'ayinsa na kabilanci"; duk da haka, ta kuma bayyana cewa ta bar "muhimmin tambayar" yadda za a ƙirƙiri "duniyar da ba ta da kabilanci" ba amsa.

## Labarai daga Chua
Chua ta buga labarin "Me Ya Sa Uwayen China Suke da Kyau" a ranar 8 ga Janairu, 2011, inda ta tattauna bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin salon kula da yara na Yammacin Amurka da Asiya .  Misali, ta lissafa abubuwan da 'ya'yanta mata ba a yarda su yi ba, kamar halartar kwanciya barci, yin wasa da yara, kallon talabijin, yin wasannin kwamfuta, samun maki ƙasa da A, ko kuma zama ɓangare na wasannin makaranta. A cikin labarinta, ta yi amfani da kalmomin "Yamma" da "Asiya" amma ta ce waɗannan kalmomi ne marasa tushe. Ta bayyana cewa akwai iyaye waɗanda ba lallai ba ne 'yan China, amma har yanzu suna da irin wannan dabarun kula da yara . A gefe guda kuma, akwai kuma iyayen China waɗanda suka girma a Yamma kuma suka zaɓi kada su rungumi wannan salon kula da yara. 

A cewar wani bincike da aka ambata a cikin labarinta, kashi 70% na iyaye mata na Yammacin Amurka sun yi imanin cewa matsa wa yara su yi fice a fannin ilimi zai zama illa, yayin da kashi 0% na iyaye mata ' yan asalin China suka amince, inda uwaye 'yan China suka yi imanin cewa yana da mahimmanci yara su yi ƙoƙari don samun nasara a fannin ilimi.  Bugu da ƙari, an tabbatar da shi a wani bincike cewa akwai adadin yaran Yammacin Turai da suka fi yaran China yawa a wasanni. Chua ta ba da misalai tun lokacin yarintarta, ta bayyana wani imani da iyayen 'yan asalin China suka yi imani da shi - za ku sami gamsuwa ne kawai lokacin da kuka sami nasara. Ta yi jayayya cewa maimaitawa, juriya, da aiki tukuru a kan wani abu zai haifar da nasara. Chua ta kuma ci gaba da bayyana yadda iyaye na Yammacin duniya ke yin taka-tsantsan kan batutuwa masu rikitarwa kamar lafiya da nauyi, yayin da iyaye 'yan Asiya Amurka ke ba da shi kai tsaye. A ƙarshe, Chua ta bayyana imani daban-daban guda uku a cikin labarinta. Na farko, iyaye na Yammacin duniya suna damuwa sosai game da girman kai na 'ya'yansu da kuma sanya abubuwa da ƙarfi.  Na biyu, iyaye na China suna tunanin 'ya'yansu suna bin su komai kuma dole ne su biya su. Na uku, iyayen China suna tunanin sun san hanya mafi kyau ga 'ya'yansu, don haka suka wuce duk wani imani ko buri da suke ganin ba shi da amfani ga nasara. Chua ta jaddada cewa wannan ba yana nufin iyayen China ba sa kula da 'ya'yansu ba - a gaskiya ma, ta yi jayayya akasin haka - cewa da gaske suna kula da su. Chua ta ba da misali na ƙarshe na abin da ya faru da piano da 'yarta, Lulu. Lulu tana fuskantar matsala wajen koyon piano, kuma ba ta samu ba a daidai lokacin da 'yar uwarta take da ita. Yayin da Chua ta ci gaba da matsa wa 'yarta, ta amfani da duk dabarun da za ta iya tattarawa, mijinta, Jed, yana da wata tunani daban. A wannan maraicen cike yake da tashin hankali da ihu, amma a wani lokaci, Lulu ta ƙare da samun piano, kuma hakan ya cika ta da farin ciki. A wani wasan piano na gaba, Lulu ta buga wasan kuma ta sami yabo da yabo. 

## Makarantar Shari'a ta Yale
Darussan da Chua ta koyar a Makarantar Shari'a ta Yale sun haɗa da "Kwangila" da "Mu'amalar Kasuwanci ta Duniya."  An naɗa ta Farfesa John M. Duff a Jami'ar Yale. An ba Chua kyautar "Mafi Kyawun Koyarwa" a lokacin da take Makarantar Shari'a ta Yale. 

Chua ta koyar da JD Vance a shekararsa ta farko a Yale Law. Ta shawo kansa ya rubuta tarihin rayuwarsa mai suna *Hillbilly Elegy ,* wanda ya zama fitaccen mai sayar da littattafai *na New York Times* da kuma fim ɗin da Amy Adams da Glenn Close suka fito a ciki. Vance ya ambaci Chua a matsayin "uwar Allah" ta marubucin littafin.   

Chua ta shahara da jagorantar ɗalibai daga al'ummomin da aka ware da kuma taimaka wa ɗalibai samun ma'aikatan shari'a.  A shekarar 2018, *HuffPost* da *[[The Guardian]]* sun yi zargin cewa Chua ta shawarci ɗalibai mata su yi suturar "mai fita" lokacin da suke neman aiki.  Chua ta musanta wannan ikirari.  A shekarar 2019, Chua ta amince ba za ta sha giya ko yin mu'amala da ɗalibai a wajen aji ba na ɗan lokaci.   A shekarar 2021, an zargi Chua da yin liyafa da ɗalibai da alkalai na tarayya cikin maye. Ta amince da takaita ayyukan koyarwa na tsawon shekara guda a matsayinta na farfesa a ƙaramin rukuni. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri

Chua tana zaune a New Haven, Connecticut, kuma tana auren farfesa Jed Rubenfeld na makarantar shari'a ta Yale. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu da jika ɗaya.

Babbar 'yar Chua, Sophia Chua-Rubenfeld Bravo, ta kammala karatun digiri a Jami'ar Harvard da Makarantar Shari'a ta Yale. Sophia ta taɓa yin aiki a matsayin magatakarda ga Alkali Britt C. Grant, Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Amurka, Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara ta Goma Sha Ɗaya (2018–2019) da kuma magatakarda ga Alkali Brett Kavanaugh na Kotun Ƙoli (2019–2020).  A halin yanzu lauya ce da ke zaune a Atlanta, Georgia. 

'Yar Chua mafi ƙanƙanta, Lulu Chua-Rubenfeld, ta kammala karatun digiri a Jami'ar Harvard da Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard. Lulu ta taɓa yin aiki a matsayin magatakardar shari'a ga Alkali Roy K. Altman, Kotun Gundumar Amurka ta Gundumar Kudancin Florida (2023–2024) da kuma magatakardar shari'a ga Alkali Barbara Lagoa, Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Amurka (2024–2025).

## Fitowar talabijin
Chua ya fito a shirye-shiryen talabijin daban-daban. Wasu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da *The Today Show, Good Morning America, The View, Charlie Rose ,* da *Real Time tare da Bill Maher .* 

## Littattafan tarihi

* *Duniya Tana Wuta: Yadda Fitar da Dimokuradiyya Kyauta a Kasuwa ke Haifar da Ƙiyayya Tsakanin Kabilanci da Rashin Zaman Lafiya a Duniya* . 2002. Doubleday. 
* *Ranar Daular: Yadda Manyan Iko Ke Tashi Zuwa Mulkin Duniya - Da Kuma Dalilin Faɗuwarsu* . 2007. Doubleday. ISBN&nbsp;
* *Waƙar Yaƙi ta Uwar Damisa* . 2011. Littattafan Penguin. ISBN&nbsp;
* *Kunshin Uku: Yadda Halaye Uku Masu Wuya Ke Bayyana Haɓakawa da Faɗuwar Ƙungiyoyin Al'adu a Amurka* . 2014. Littattafan Penguin. ISBN&nbsp;
* *Kabilun Siyasa: Ilmin Ƙungiya da Makomar Al'ummai* . 2018. Littattafan Penguin. ISBN&nbsp;
* *[https://us.macmillan.com/books/9781250903600/thegoldengate%7C Ƙofar Zinare (littafi)]* . 2023.
* Dalilin da Yasa Uwayen China Suka Fi Kyau. 2011
* Amy Chua - Shafin malamai na Makarantar Shari'a ta Yale. 2018

## Manazarta