Yanayin Tarayyar Soviet

**[[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]]** ta kafa yanki sama da  kilomita 22,402,200 (8,649,500 sq , wanda ke rufe kusan kashi ɗaya cikin shida na ƙasar duniya. Ya mamaye mafi yawan Eurasia. Jamhuriyarta mafi girma kuma mafi yawan jama'a ita ce SFSR na Rasha wacce ta rufe kusan kashi uku cikin hudu na yankin da ke cikin ƙungiyar, gami da cikakken yankin Rasha ta zamani.

Tarayyar Soviet ita ce ƙasa mafi girma a duniya a duk lokacin da take wanzuwarta (1922-1991). Tana da Cibiyar ƙasa da ke arewacin duk ƙasashe masu zaman kansu ban da Kanada, Iceland, Finland, da ƙasashen Scandinavia. Kimanin kashi uku cikin hudu na kasar sun kasance sama da 50th parallel north.

## Bayanan ƙasa

Fadin kasar mai fadin murabba'in kilomita 22,402,200 (8,649,537.8 sq mi) ya hada da kashi daya bisa shida na saman duniya.[1]  Yankin yammacinta ya rufe fiye da rabin yankin Turai, amma kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na yawan ƙasar Tarayyar Soviet.  Wannan yanki shi ne inda akasarin mutane (kimanin kashi 72 cikin dari) ke zama kuma inda aka fi mayar da mafi yawan ayyukan masana'antu da noma.[ana hujja] [babban girgizar ƙasa ta rushe birnin Spitak na Armenia da manyan sassan Kirovakan da Leninakan. Girgizar kasa ta 1988, daya daga cikin mafi muni a tarihin Soviet, ta yi ikirarin rayuka sama da 25,000.

### Tsarin ruwa
Tarayyar Soviet tana da albarkatun ruwa masu yawa. Tare da kimanin koguna miliyan 3 da kimanin ruwa miliyan 4, Tarayyar Soviet ta gudanar da mafi girma, albarkatun ruwa na kowane ƙasa. Amma mafi yawan waɗannan albarkatun (kashi 84), kamar yadda yake tare da yawancin albarkatun Soviet, sun kasance a nesa da yawancin masu amfani; sun gudana ta cikin yankin da ba su da yawa kuma sun shiga cikin Tekun Arctic da Pacific. Sabanin haka, yankunan da ke da mafi yawan jama'a (sabili da haka mafi girman buƙata don samar da ruwa) suna da yanayin zafi da mafi girman ƙimar evaporation. Wannan ya haifar da isasshen (ko a wasu lokuta bai dace ba) albarkatun ruwa a yankunan da aka fi bukata.

Duk da haka, kamar yadda yake a wasu ƙasashe da yawa, ƙauyuka na farko sun tashi a kan koguna, inda yawancin mutanen birane suka fi son zama. Kogin Volga, kogin da ya fi tsayi a Turai, ya zama babbar hanyar kasuwanci ta Tarayyar Soviet. Uku daga cikin birane ashirin da uku na kasar tare da mazauna sama da miliyan daya sun tsaya a bakin kogin: Gorky, Kazan, da Kuybyshev .

Yankin Turai na Tarayyar Soviet yana da ma'adanai masu yawa, masu tasowa sosai, kuma suna amfani da albarkatun ruwa sosai, daga cikinsu manyan hanyoyin ruwa na kogin Volga, Kama, Dnepr, Dnestr, da Don. Kamar yadda yake tare da man fetur, duk da haka, mafi girman albarkatun ruwa sun kasance a gabashin Urals, zurfin Siberia. Daga cikin koguna sittin da uku a cikin Tarayyar Soviet da suka fi kilomita 1,000, arba'in sun kasance a gabashin Urals, gami da manyan koguna huɗu da ke zubar da Siberia yayin da suke gudana zuwa arewa zuwa Tekun Arctic: kogin Irtysh, Ob', Yenisey, da Lena. Kogin Amur ya zama wani ɓangare na juyawa kuma har ma a wasu lokuta akwai iyakoki masu rikitarwa tsakanin Tarayyar Soviet da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin. Kula da kuma amfani da damar hydroelectric na waɗannan tsarin ya zama babban aikin Soviet da aka yada sosai. Wasu daga cikin manyan tashoshin wutar lantarki a duniya suna aiki a kan wadannan koguna. An kuma gina daruruwan ƙananan wutar lantarki da wuraren ajiya masu alaƙa a kan koguna. Dubban kilomita na canals sun haɗa kogin- da tsarin tafkin kuma sun samar da mahimman hanyoyin ban ruwa ga gonaki.

Rashin ruwa miliyan huɗu na Tarayyar Soviet ya samo asali ne daga babban kankara. Mafi mahimmanci sun haɗa da Tekun Caspian, mafi girman teku a duniya, da Tafkin Baikal, tafkin ruwa mafi zurfi a duniya. Tafkin Baikal kadai yana da kashi 85 cikin 100 na albarkatun ruwa mai laushi na tabkuna a Tarayyar Soviet da kashi 20 cikin 100 na jimlar duniya. Sauran albarkatun ruwa sun haɗa da maras kyau - wani yanki mai yawa (10 cikin dari) - da kuma kankara a yankunan arewa.

### Abubuwa masu tsanani
Arewa: Cape Fligely, Rasha SFSR (81'30 N) Kudu: Serhetabat, Turkmen SSR (35'12 N) Yamma: Narmeln, Rasha S FSR, (19'38 E) Gabas: Dezhnev (Big Diomede), Rasha SFSr, (169'01 W).

## Yanayi

### Tasirin hunturu
Notorious cold and long winters have been the focus of discussions on the Soviet Union's weather and climate. From the frozen depths of Siberia came baby mammoths perfectly preserved, locked in ice for several thousand years. Millions of square kilometers experience half a year of subfreezing temperatures and snow covered over subsoil that was permanently frozen in places to depths of several hundred meters. In northeastern Siberia, not far from Yakutsk, hardy settlers coped with January temperatures that consistently average .&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup> Transportation routes, including entire railroad lines, had been redirected in winter to traverse rock-solid waterways and lakes.

Iska mai iska ta Arctic wanda ya haifar da sanyi na iska a bakin teku kamar -152 ° C (-242 ° F) da [[burany]], ko makantar da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|USSR]] ƙanƙara na tsaunuka, sun kasance bayyanar yanayi na kusanci da Arewacin Pole da kuma nesa daga teku wanda ke daidaita yanayin. Haɗin "Siberian high": sanyi, tsarin matsin lamba a gabas, tare da rigar, tsarin cyclonic mai sanyi a yamma ya fi ƙayyade yanayin yanayi gaba ɗaya.

Tsawon hunturu mai sanyi yana da tasiri sosai a kusan kowane bangare na rayuwa a Tarayyar Soviet. Ya shafi inda da kuma tsawon lokacin da mutane ke rayuwa da aiki da kuma irin amfanin gona da ake girma da kuma inda ake girma (babu wani ɓangare na ƙasar da ke da lokacin girma na shekara-shekara). Tsawon da tsananin hunturu, [[karfe]] da sauye-sauye masu tsananin yanayi a cikin yanayin bazara da yanayin hunturu, sun sanya buƙatu na musamman a kan rassan tattalin arziki da yawa: a yankuna na permafrost, dole ne a gina gine-gine a kan ginshiƙai, kuma dole ne a yi injuna da ƙarfe na musamman; dole ne a tsara tsarin sufuri don yin abin dogaro a cikin yanayin zafi mai zurfi da kuma yanayin zafi; filin kiwon lafiya da masana'antar masana'antar yadi suna da tasiri sosai ta hanyar ramifications na watanni shida zuwa takwas na hunturu; kuma ana ninka buƙatun makamashi da tsawo na duhu.

=== Sauran yankunan yanayi ===
Duk da martabarta da ta cancanci a matsayin kasa mai dusar ƙanƙara, ƙasar arewacin sanyi, Tarayyar Soviet ta haɗa da wasu manyan yankuna na yanayi. A cewar masana kimiyyar Soviet, yawancin ƙasarsu suna cikin yankin matsakaici, wanda a gare su ya haɗa da duk sassan Turai ban da kudancin Crimea da Caucasus, duk Siberia, Soviet Far East, da filayen Soviet Central Asia da kudancin Jamhuriyar Kazakh.

Yankunan biyu a waje da yankin matsakaici sun nuna bambancin yanayi na Tarayyar Soviet: Soviet Far East, a ƙarƙashin tasirin Tekun Pacific, tare da yanayin yanayi; da kuma yankin da ke kusa da kudancin tekun Tarayyar Tarayyar, Crimea, ta hanyar Caucasus da zuwa Soviet Central Asia, inda akwai hamada da oases.

Tare da mafi yawan ƙasar da aka cire daga teku da danshi da suke bayarwa, matakan hazo a Tarayyar Soviet sun kasance ƙasa zuwa matsakaici. Fiye da rabin kasar sun sami kasa da santimita arba'in na ruwan sama a kowace shekara, kuma mafi yawan Soviet Central Asia da arewa maso gabashin Siberia na iya dogaro da rabin wannan adadin. An samo sassan da suka fi ruwan sama a cikin ƙananan yankin Caucasus da kuma Gabashin Soviet tare da gabar tekun Pacific.

== Ƙasa da albarkatun ƙasa ==
Tushen albarkatun Soviet ya kasance mafi girma a duniya, yana tabbatar da wadatar kansa ga mutanenta a mafi yawan albarkatun shekaru da yawa. Tarayyar Soviet yawanci ta kasance ta farko ko ta biyu a cikin samar da mafi yawan albarkatun kasa na duniya. Koyaya, yawancin yanayin ƙasa da yanayi suna kama da na yankin arewacin nahiyar Arewacin Amurka. dazuzzuka na arewa da filayen da ke kudu suna samun takwarorinsu mafi kusa a Yukon Territory da kuma cikin ƙasa mai faɗi da ke fadin Kanada. Kamance-kamance a cikin ƙasa, yanayi, da kuma tsarin sulhu tsakanin Siberia da [[Alaska]] da Kanada ba za a iya kuskuren ba.

=== Matsayi na ƙasa ===
Only 11 percent of the USSR's land was arable. 16 percent was meadows and pasture. 41 percent was forest and woodland. Of the remaining, much is permafrost or tundra. However, the Soviet Union was richly endowed with almost every major category of natural resource. Drawing upon its vast holdings, it became the world leader in the production of [[Danyen mai|oil]], iron ore, manganese, and asbestos; it had the world's largest proven reserves of natural gas as well as coal, iron ore, timber, gold, manganese, lead, zinc, nickel, mercury, potash, phosphates, and most strategic minerals.

Samun wadataccen kai ya kasance al'ada mai karfi don bincika da haɓaka babbar ƙasa, duk da haka ta warwatse, tushen albarkatun ƙasa. Ya kasance tushen alfaharin kasa cewa Tarayyar Soviet, kadai a cikin kasashe masu masana'antu na duniya, na iya da'awar ikon gamsar da kusan dukkanin bukatun tattalin arzikinta ta amfani da albarkatun kasa. Yawancin man fetur na burbushin halittu ba kawai bukatun cikin gida na Tarayyar Soviet ba ne. Shekaru da yawa, an fitar da isasshen wadata ga masu amfani a [[Gabashin Turai]] da Yammacin Turai, inda ya sami mafi yawan Kudin da za a iya canzawa na Tarayyar Soviet.

=== Albarkatarwa a Siberia ===
Kodayake dangantakarsa ta tarihi, siyasa, tattalin arziki, da al'adu sun ɗaure shi da ƙarfi ga [[Turai]], Tarayyar Soviet, tare da haɗa Siberia, ita ma ƙasar Asiya ce. A lokacin bayan yakin duniya na biyu, Siberia ta zama sananniya a matsayin sabon iyaka saboda dukiyar albarkatun kasa. Yayinda aka lalata kayan aiki a cikin ɓangaren Turai mai yawan jama'a, taɓawa da wadataccen abu amma mai mahimmanci a gabashin Urals ya zama fifiko na ƙasa. Misali mafi kyau na wannan tsari shine [[man fetur]] da [[makamashi]]. Rashin albarkatun man fetur masu sauƙin isa a yammacin Ural ya haifar da ci gaba da amfani da shi don canzawa zuwa yankin da ba a karɓa ba na yammacin Siberia, wanda a cikin 1970s da 1980s ya kawar da Volga-Ural da yankunan kudancin Turai a matsayin babban mai samar da man fetur da makamashi. Rashin sanyi mai tsanani, permafrost, da ambaliyar ruwa mai ɗorewa sun sa wannan amfani ya zama mai tsada da wahala.

== Damuwa da muhalli ==

The Soviet Union transformed, often radically, the country's [[Yanayi na halitta|physical environment]].<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D; In the 1970s and 1980s, Soviet citizens, from the highest officials to ordinary factory workers and farmers, began to examine negative aspects of this transformation and to call for more prudent use of natural resources and greater concern for environmental protection.

### Kafin 1985
Duk da jerin dokoki da ka'idojin muhalli da aka zartar a cikin shekarun 1970s, ingantacciyar kariya ta muhalli a cikin Tarayyar Soviet ba ta zama babban abin damuwa ba har sai da Babban Sakatare Mikhail Gorbachev ya hau kan karagar mulki a watan Maris na shekara ta 1985. [] [ana bukatar] Ba tare da kafa hukumar kula da muhalli da kayayyakin kare muhalli ba, an yi watsi da aiwatar da dokokin da ake da su.  Nassoshi na lokaci-lokaci da keɓance sun bayyana kan batutuwa kamar gurɓacewar iska da ruwa, zaizayar ƙasa, da almubazzaranci da amfani da albarkatun ƙasa a cikin shekarun 1970s.  Akwai dalilai daban-daban na rashin aiwatar da kariyar muhalli.  [ana ruwa hujja] [citation need] A lokuta da filaye da masana'antu mallakin gwamnati ne da sarrafa su lokacin da aka gurbata iska da ruwa, jihar ita ce ta fi daukar nauyin wannan gurbatar yanayi.  Na biyu, kuma hakan gaskiya ne musamman a karkashin jagorancin Joseph Stalin, ana kallon tushen albarkatun kasa a matsayin mara iyaka kuma kyauta.  Na uku, a cikin yakin cacar-baki da gaggawar zamani da bunkasa masana'antu masu nauyi, da damuwa ga lalacewar muhalli da illar da ke da alaka da lafiyar 'yan Soviet, da an yi la'akari da shi a matsayin mai illa ga ci gaba.  Na hudu, ingantattun hanyoyin kula da gurbacewar muhalli da kare muhalli na iya zama masana'antar tsada, fasahar fasaha, har ma a tsakiyar shekarun 1980 da yawa daga cikin tsarin Tarayyar Soviet don sarrafa hayaki mai cutarwa ba su iya aiki ko na waje. 

### 1985 da kuma bayan
A karkashin jagorancin Gorbachev, halin hukuma game da muhalli ya canza.  [ana ruwa hujja][citation need] Daban-daban na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki sun taimaka wajen samar da wannan sauyi.  Don kiyaye ci gaban tattalin arziki a cikin shekarun 1980, lokacin da ma'aikata ke raguwa sosai, ana buƙatar yin amfani da hankali da kuma amfani da albarkatun ƙasa da na ɗan adam.  [ana ruwa hujja] [citation need] A lokaci guda, glasnost ya samar da hanyar tattaunawa game da al'amuran muhalli, kuma yunƙurin ciyayi na gaskiya ya taso ya zama zakara ya haifar da kama da matsalolin muhalli na yamma.  [ana binn da ake bukata] An gudanar da gangamin jama'a don kare tafkin Baykal daga gurbatar masana'antu da kuma dakatar da faduwar ruwa a Tekun Caspian, Tekun Azov, da kuma, cikin gaggawa, Tekun Aral.  An yi la'akari da wani babban shiri na karkatar da kogunan arewa zuwa kudu domin sake cika wadannan tekuna, amma saboda tattalin arziki da muhalli, an soke aikin a shekarar 1986.  2010. [ana hujja] [ana buƙatar] A shekara ta 1987 an cire ruwa da yawa don ban ruwa na auduga da gonakin shinkafa kudu da gabashin teku wanda duk sufuri da kamun kifi na kasuwanci suka daina.  Tsofaffin tashoshin jiragen ruwa, waɗanda ke aiki a ƙarshen 1973, an ba da rahoton cewa suna da nisan kilomita arba'in zuwa sittin daga bakin ruwan.  Bisa la'akari da tsananin yanayin da al'ummar yankin Aral miliyan 3 ke ciki, jami'an gwamnati sun ayyana shi a matsayin yanki na bala'in muhalli.  

Dangane da gurbacewar iska, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da rashin lafiya a birane irin su Yerevan a cikin SSR na Armeniya.  Rahotannin hukuma sun tabbatar da cewa fiye da 100 daga cikin manyan biranen Soviet sun yi rajistar ma'aunin ingancin iska sau goma fiye da matakan da aka halatta.  A daya daga cikin al'amuran da aka fi sani, mazauna Kirishi, wani birni da ba shi da nisa da Leningrad, sun yi nasarar rufe wata masana'antar sinadarai wadda aka gano fitar da gubar na yin illa - kuma a wasu lokuta tana kashe - mazauna birnin.  A ƙarshe, daban-daban, abubuwan da suka faru na bala'o'in da ɗan adam ya yi, wanda mafi shaharar su shine hatsarin tashar makamashin nukiliya ta Chernobyl a 1986, ya nuna raunin babban dangantakar samar da yanayi a cikin Tarayyar Soviet tare da tilasta sake duba halaye na gargajiya da manufofin masana'antu da ci gaba.  

As part of the process of restructuring (perestroika), in the 1980s concrete steps were taken to strengthen environmental protection and to provide the country with an effective mechanism for implementing policy and ensuring compliance.&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup> Two specific indications of this were the inclusion of a new section devoted to environmental protection in the annual statistical yearbook and the establishment of the State Committee for the Protection of Nature (Gosudarstvennyi komitet po okhrane prirody—Goskompriroda) early in 1988.

Despite these measures, decades of [[Rashin lalacewar muhalli|environmental degradation]] caused by severe air and water pollution and land abuse are unlikely to be remedied soon or easily.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D; Solving these critical problems will require not only a major redirection of capital and labor but also a fundamental change in the entire Soviet approach to industrial and agricultural production and resource exploitation and consumption.

## Kididdiga
**Girma:** Kimanin murabba'in kilomita 22,402,200.

**Wurin:** Yankin gabashin nahiyar Turai da yankin arewacin nahiyar Asiya. Yawancin ƙasar arewacin 50 ° arewacin latitude.

**Yanayin ƙasa:** Babban tsaunuka tare da ƙananan tuddai a yammacin Dutsen Ural; gandun daji mai zurfi da tundra a Siberia; hamada a Asiya ta Tsakiya; duwatsu tare da iyakokin kudanci.

**Yanayi:** Gabaɗaya matsakaici zuwa nahiyar Arctic. Lokacin hunturu ya bambanta daga gajeren lokaci da sanyi tare da Tekun Baƙi zuwa dogon lokaci da sanyi a Siberia. Lokacin bazara ya bambanta daga zafi a kudancin hamada zuwa sanyi a bakin tekun Arctic. Yanayi yawanci yana da tsanani kuma ba a iya hangowa ba. Gabaɗaya bushe tare da fiye da rabin ƙasar da ke karɓar ƙasa da santimita arba'in na ruwan sama a kowace shekara, yawancin Soviet ta Tsakiyar Asiya arewa maso gabashin Siberia suna karɓar rabin wannan adadin kawai.

**Yankin Ruwa:** kilomita 42,777 da tsarin teku na Arctic, Atlantic, da Pacific suka wanke.

**Amfani da ƙasa:** kashi 11 cikin 100 na ƙasar noma; kashi 16 cikin 100 na makiyaya da makiyaya; kashi 41 cikin 100 na gandun daji da gandun daji; da kuma kashi 32 cikin 100 wasu, gami da tundra.

**Albarkatun Halitta:** Man fetur, iskar gas, kwal, ƙarfe, katako, zinariya, manganese, gubar, zinc, nickel, mercury, potash, phosphates, da mafi yawan ma'adanai masu mahimmanci.