Tarihin nazarin yanayi na sama

**Tarihin nazarin yanayi na sama** ya shafi jadawalin abubuwan da suka shafi nazarin yanayi na sama. Da farko kayan aiki ne na nazarin halayyar guguwa, nazarin yanayin ƙasa ya zama aikin da ke ci gaba don bayyana yanayin yanzu kuma a matsayin taimako ga Hasashen yanayi na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Kokarin farko na ƙirƙirar nazarin yanayi ya fara ne a tsakiyar karni na 19 ta hanyar amfani da lura da yanayin ƙasa don nazarin isobars, isotherms, da nuna zafin jiki da girgije. A tsakiyar karni na 20, ana sanya ƙarin bayani a kan samfuran tashar da aka tsara akan taswirar yanayi da gaban ƙasa, bisa ga samfurin guguwar Norway, ana nazarin su a duk duniya. A ƙarshe, makircin lura ya tafi daga motsa jiki na hannu zuwa aiki na atomatik don kwamfutoci da masu makirci. Binciken farfajiyar ya kasance motsa jiki ne na hannu kuma yana da ra'ayi, ko ta hanyar hannu da takarda, ko ta wurin aiki.

## Tsakanin karni na sha tara
Amfani da sigogi na yanayi a cikin ma'anar zamani ya fara ne a tsakiyar karni na 19. Masu gabatar da taswirar yanayi sun hada da William Charles Redfield, William Reid, Elias Loomis,  da Sir Francis Galton, wanda ya kirkiro taswirar yanayin yanayi na farko don tsara ka'idar kan tsarin guguwa.  Abubuwan da aka ƙirƙira telegraph a cikin 1837 sun ba da damar tattara bayanan yanayi daga wurare masu nisa da sauri don adana darajarta don aikace-aikacen lokaci-lokaci. Cibiyar Smithsonian ta haɓaka cibiyar sadarwar masu sa ido a yawancin tsakiya da gabashin Amurka tsakanin shekarun 1840 da 1860 da zarar Joseph Henry ya ɗauki shugabanci. Da farko a 1849, Smithsonian ya fara samar da nazarin ƙasa a kowace rana ta amfani da tashoshin 150 a cikin hanyar sadarwar su. Rundunar Sojojin Amurka ta gaji wannan hanyar sadarwa tsakanin 1870 da 1874 ta hanyar aikin Majalisa, kuma ta fadada shi zuwa gabar yamma ba da daɗewa ba. Sau uku a kowace rana, duk tashoshin za su aika da telegraph a cikin abubuwan da suka lura zuwa ofishin tsakiya wanda zai tsara bayanai a kan taswirar da za a zana isobars, ko layin matsin lamba daidai, wanda zai gano cibiyoyin matsin lamba mai girma da ƙasa, da kuma layin iska. Da farko, ba a dauki duk bayanan da ke kan taswirar a daidai lokaci guda a farkon kwanakin waɗannan binciken ba saboda rashin daidaitattun lokaci. Kokarin farko a lokacin daidaitawa ya kasance a cikin Burtaniya ta 1855. Koyaya, a Amurka, daidaitattun lokaci bai wuce ba har zuwa 1883, lokacin da Yankunan lokaci suka fara amfani da su a duk faɗin Amurka don amfani da layin dogo. Dukan Amurka ba su zo ƙarƙashin tasirin yankuna ba har zuwa 1905, lokacin da Detroit ta kafa lokaci na yau da kullun.

## Ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha tara
Binciken farko na farfajiyar daga Amurka ya nuna taswirar nahiyar Amurka tare da alamun murfin girgije da jagorancin iska da aka shirya akan farkon nau'in abin da ya zama samfurin tashar. An kuma haɗa alamar yanayi ga birane daban-daban a duk faɗin ƙasar a kasan taswirar. A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, Signal Corps ya ƙara teburin da ke nuna canjin matsin lamba na awa takwas, canjin zafin jiki na awa 24, zafi mai dangi, da hazo na awa 24. Ofishin Sigina ya kuma kara tattaunawa ta gaba ɗaya game da fasalulluka na yanayi da tsinkaya, kafin ƙara isobars da isotherms a kan taswirar. A ƙarshen 1872, taswirar sun kafa tsarin da za ta yi amfani da shi har sai an gabatar da bincike na gaba. A cikin karni na 20, yawancin ayyukan da suka shafi yanayi a ƙarƙashin US Signal Corps sun rabu cikin sabon hukumar farar hula da aka sani da Ofishin Yanayi na Amurka, wanda ya kasance mai gabatarwa na Sabis na Yanayi na Yau.

A kasa da kasa, wasu kasashe sun bi jagorancin Amurka, dangane da daukar abubuwan lura da yanayi a lokaci guda, farawa a 1873. [1] Sauran ƙasashe sun fara shirya nazarin ƙasa. A Ostiraliya, taswirar yanayi ta farko ta bayyana a cikin kafofin watsa labarai a 1877. [2] Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Tokyo ta Japan, wanda ya fara aiki da Hukumar Kula da Yanayin Yanayi ta Japan, ya fara gina taswirar yanayi a cikin 1883.[3]

The *London Times* ta buga taswirar yanayi ta farko a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1875.  A Amurka, baje kolin Centennial na 1876 a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ya nuna cewa ana iya kammala watsa taswirar yanayi ta yau da kullun ta hanyar telegraph. Jaridar New York Daily Graphic ta buga taswirar yanayi daga tsakiyar 1879 zuwa lokacin rani na 1882. A shekara ta 1894, akwai jaridu huɗu na yau da kullun da ke buga taswirar yanayi a Boston, New Orleans, Cincinnati, da San Francisco.

## Karni na ashirin

Amfani da yankuna na gaba a kan taswirar yanayi bai bayyana ba har sai da aka gabatar da samfurin guguwar Norway a ƙarshen 1910s, duk da yunkurin Loomis na baya a irin wannan ra'ayi a 1841. Tun lokacin da manyan canjin iska suka yi kama da bangarorin soja na yakin duniya na farko, kalmar nan "gaba" ta fara amfani da ita don wakiltar waɗannan layin. Yawancin jaridu sun buga taswirar yanayi a farkon karni a duk faɗin Amurka, kafin al'adar ta wuce a 1912. Yayinda yawan jaridu da ke ɗauke da taswirar yanayi suka ragu bayan 1912, da yawa sun ci gaba da buga su har sai sha'awar jirgin ya kara sha'awar taswirar a cikin shekarun 1930. Da farko a cikin 1930, an watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo na bayanan yanayi da tsinkaye don amfani da jiragen ruwa a teku, daga sojojin Amurka da Ofishin Yanayi na Amurka akan hadin gwiwa. Farawa a cikin 1935, an buga taswirar yanayi na Ofishin Yanayi / National Weather Service a cikin jaridu ta hanyar Associated Press a cikin tsarin da aka tsara dan kadan kamar taswirar yanayin Wirephoto.

Duk da gabatarwar samfurin guguwa guguwa ta Norway bayan yakin duniya na farko, Amurka ba ta yi nazarin gaba a kan binciken farfajiyar ba har zuwa 1 ga Agusta, 1941, kafin Cibiyar Nazarin WBAN ta buɗe a cikin garin Washington, DC. Kokarin sarrafa taswirar ya fara ne a Amurka a shekarar 1969,  tare da kammala aikin a cikin shekarun 1970. Hong Kong ta kammala tsarin su na makircin kai tsaye a shekarar 1987. A shekara ta 1999, tsarin kwamfuta da software sun zama masu ƙwarewa sosai don ba da damar yin amfani da hotunan tauraron dan adam guda ɗaya, hotunan radar, da filayen da aka samo daga samfurin kamar kaurin yanayi da gaba a hade tare da abubuwan lura da saman don yin mafi kyawun bincike. A Amurka, an sami wannan ci gaba lokacin da aka maye gurbin tashoshin Intergraph da tashoshin n-AWIPS.

## Karni na ashirin da daya

A shekara ta 2001, an haɗa bincike daban-daban da aka yi a cikin Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Kasa a cikin Nazarin Yanayi, wanda ake bayarwa kowane sa'o'i shida kuma ya haɗu da nazarin cibiyoyi daban-daban guda huɗu. Ci gaban da aka samu kwanan nan a fannonin ilimin yanayi da tsarin bayanai na ƙasa sun ba da damar tsara samfuran da aka tsara da kyau waɗanda ke ɗauke da mu daga taswirar yanayi ta gargajiya zuwa sabon yanki gaba ɗaya. Ana iya daidaita bayanan yanayi da sauri da cikakkun bayanai na ƙasa. Misali, ana iya tsara yanayin icing a kan hanyar sadarwa. Wannan zai ci gaba da haifar da canje-canje a cikin hanyar da aka halicci nazarin farfajiyar kuma aka nuna a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.

## Dubi kuma

* Kafofin watsa labarai na yanayi a Amurka

## Manazarta