Gurbacewar filastik a cikin tekun Bahar Rum

Yanayin aiki mai guba wani tsari ne na gama-gari na physiological da alamomin ɗabi'a waɗanda ke siffata nau'in mummunan martani na nazarin halittu. Yanayin aiki bai kamata ya ruɗe tare da tsarin aiki ba, wanda ke nufin tsarin sinadarai da ke ƙarƙashin yanayin aiki da aka bayar. Hanyoyin aikin guba suna da mahimmanci, kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da su sosai a cikin ecotoxicology da toxicology na ruwa saboda suna rarraba masu guba ko ƙazanta bisa ga nau'in aikin su mai guba. Akwai manyan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan ayyukan guba: waɗanda ba takamaiman abubuwan maye da takamaiman abubuwan maye ba. Abubuwan da ba su da takamaiman aiki masu guba su ne waɗanda ke haifar da narcosis, yayin da takamaiman abubuwan maye su ne waɗanda ba su da narcotic kuma waɗanda ke haifar da takamaiman aiki a takamaiman wurin da aka yi niyya.

## Nau'ukan

### Ba takamaiman ba
Hanyoyin aikin da ba na musamman ba na aikin mai guba yana haifar da narcosis; sabili da haka, narcosis yanayin aiki ne mai guba. An ayyana narcosis a matsayin babban baƙin ciki a cikin ayyukan nazarin halittu saboda kasancewar ƙwayoyin cuta masu guba a cikin kwayoyin halitta. Wurin da aka yi niyya da tsarin aiki mai guba ta hanyar abin da narcosis ke shafar kwayoyin halitta har yanzu ba a sani ba, amma akwai hasashe da ke goyan bayan cewa yana faruwa ta hanyar sauye-sauye a cikin membranes tantanin halitta a wasu wurare na membranes, irin su lipid layers ko sunadaran da ke daure ga membranes. Ko da yake ci gaba da bayyanar da mai guba na narcotic na iya haifar da mutuwa, idan an dakatar da bayyanar da mai guba, narcosis na iya komawa baya.

### Musamman
Masu guba waɗanda a cikin ƙananan ƙididdiga suna canza ko hana wasu tsarin ilimin halitta ta hanyar ɗaure a takamaiman wuri ko kwayoyin suna da takamaiman yanayin aiki mai guba.  Koyaya, a babban isassun ma'auni, masu sa maye tare da takamaiman yanayin aiwatar da ayyuka masu guba na iya haifar da narcosis wanda maiyuwa ne ko kuma ba za a iya juyawa ba. Duk da haka, takamaiman aikin mai guba koyaushe ana nuna shi da farko saboda yana buƙatar ƙananan taro.

Akwai takamaiman hanyoyin aiki da yawa na aikin guba:

Uncouplers na oxidative phosphorylation. Ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu guba waɗanda ke warware hanyoyin guda biyu waɗanda ke faruwa a cikin phosphorylation oxidative: canja wurin lantarki da samar da adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Masu hana acetylcholinesterase (AChE). AChE wani enzyme ne wanda ke hade da synapses na jijiyoyi wanda aka tsara shi don daidaita matsalolin jijiyoyi ta hanyar rushewa Acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitter. Lokacin da masu sa maye suka ɗaure AChE, suna hana rushewar ACh. Wannan yana haifar da ci gaba da motsawar jijiyoyi a fadin synapses, wanda a ƙarshe ya haifar da lalacewar tsarin jijiya. Misalan masu hana AChE sune organophosphates da carbamates, waɗanda aka samo a cikin magungunan kashe qwari (duba Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors).

Masu ban haushi. Waɗannan sinadarai ne waɗanda ke haifar da tasirin kumburi akan nama mai rai ta hanyar aikin sinadarai a wurin hulɗa. Sakamakon sakamako na irritants shine karuwa a cikin ƙarar sel saboda canjin girma (hypertrophy) ko karuwa a cikin adadin sel (hyperplasia). Misalan abubuwan haushi sune benzaldehyde, acrolein, zinc sulphate da chlorine.

Ma'aikatan jijiyoyi na tsakiya (CNS). Ma'aikatan kamawa na CNS suna hana siginar salula ta hanyar aiki azaman masu adawa da masu karɓa. Suna haifar da hana amsawar halittu. Misalai na ma'aikatan CNS sune magungunan kashe qwari na organochlorine.

Masu hana numfashi. Waɗannan abubuwa ne masu guba waɗanda ke shafar numfashi ta hanyar kutse tare da sarkar jigilar lantarki a cikin mitochondria. Misalan masu hana numfashi sune rotenone da cyanide.

## Ƙaddara
Aikin majagaba na gano manyan nau'ikan nau'ikan hanyoyin aiwatar da guba (duba bayanin da ke sama) masu bincike ne daga Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Duluth ta amfani da kifi, dalilin da ya sa suka sanya sunayen nau'ikan a matsayin Ciwon Ciwon Cutar Kifi (FATS). Sun ba da shawarar FATS ta hanyar tantance halaye da halayen kifin lokacin da aka yi gwajin guba, kamar ayyukan motsa jiki, launin jiki, yanayin iska, yawan tari, bugun zuciya, da sauransu.

An ba da shawarar cewa za a iya ƙididdige hanyoyin aiwatar da guba ta hanyar haɓaka saitin bayanai na ragowar jikin jiki (CBR). CBR ita ce haɗakar sinadarai gabaɗayan jiki wanda ke da alaƙa da wani mummunan martani na nazarin halittu[1] kuma an ƙiyasta shi ta amfani da ƙimar juzu'i da ma'auni na bioconcentration. Ragowar jikin gabaɗaya daidai gwargwado ne na farko na adadin adadin sinadarai da ake samu a wurin aiki mai guba.[3] Saboda nau'o'in ayyukan guba daban-daban gabaɗaya suna bayyana suna da alaƙa da jeri daban-daban na ragowar jiki,  hanyoyin aiwatar da guba za a iya raba su zuwa rukuni.

## Manazarta