Limonene

**Limonene** / / ˈlɪmənˌiːn / ) wani ruwa ne mai ɗauke da sinadarin hydrocarbon mai launi wanda ba shi da launi wanda aka rarraba shi azaman monoterpene mai zagaye, kuma shine babban sinadari a cikin ƙamshi da mai mai mahimmanci na bawon 'ya'yan itacen citrus,  wanda aka samo sunansa daga *limone* na Italiya (" lemun tsami "). 

Limonene kwayar halitta ce ta chiral, kuma yawancin hanyoyin halittu suna samar da enantiomer ɗaya kawai ( isomer ). (+)-isomer, *d* -limonene, wanda shine (  ) -enantiomer,  yana faruwa ne a yanayi a cikin bawon 'ya'yan itacen citrus, babban tushen kasuwanci, wanda daga gare shi ake samunsa ta kasuwanci ta hanyoyi biyu na farko: rabuwar centrifugal da tururi . Ana amfani da *D* -limonene a matsayin wakilin dandano a masana'antar abinci,   a cikin haɗakar sinadarai a matsayin abin da zai fara carvone, da kuma azaman mai narkewa mai sabuntawa a cikin kayayyakin tsaftacewa . 

Isomer da ba a saba gani ba (−)-, *l* -limonene, wanda shine ( *S* )-enantiomer, yana da wari mai kama da turpentine, kuma ana samunsa a cikin sassan da ake ci na tsire-tsire kamar caraway, dill, da bergamot orange plants. 

## A cikin tsire-tsire

Limonene babban ɓangare ne na ƙamshi da resins masu ƙamshi waɗanda ke da alaƙa da bishiyoyin coniferous da faffadan ganye: maple ja da azurfa ( *Acer rubrum*, *Acer saccharinum* ), cottonwoods ( *Populus angustifolia* ), aspens ( *Populus grandidentata*, *Populus tremuloides* ) sumac ( *Rhus glabra* ), spruce ( *Picea* spp.), pines daban-daban (misali, *Pinus echinata*, *[[Pinus ponderosa]]* ), *Pinus leucodermis*,  Douglas fir ( *Pseudotsuga menziesii* ), larches ( *Larix* spp.), true firs ( *Abies* spp.), hemlocks ( *Tsuga* spp.), cedars ( *Cedrus* spp.), Cupressaceae daban-daban, da kuma juniper bush ( *Juniperus* spp.).  &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup> Yana taimakawa wajen ƙamshin bawon lemu, ruwan lemu da sauran 'ya'yan itacen citrus .   Don inganta dawo da sinadarai masu daraja daga ɓawon lemu, yawanci ana cire limonene. 

== Halayen sinadarai ==
Limonene monoterpene ne mai ƙarfi kuma ana iya tace shi ba tare da ruɓewa ba, kodayake a yanayin zafi mai yawa yana fashewa don samar da isoprene .  Yana yin oxidize cikin sauƙi a cikin iska mai danshi don samar da carveol, carvone, da limonene oxide.   Da sulfur, yana shan dehydrogenation zuwa  -cymene . 

Limonene yawanci yana faruwa ne a matsayin ( ''R'' )-enantiomer, amma yana yin racemizes a zafin 300 °C. Idan aka dumama shi da sinadarin mineral acid, limonene yana yin isomerize zuwa ga diene α- terpinene mai haɗin gwiwa (wanda kuma za'a iya canza shi cikin sauƙi zuwa  -cymene ). Shaidar wannan isomerization ta haɗa da samuwar Diels-Alder adducts tsakanin α-terpinene adducts da maleic anhydride .

Yana yiwuwa a yi tasiri ga amsawar a ɗaya daga cikin haɗin gwiwa biyu a zaɓi. Anhydrous hydrogen chloride yana amsawa sosai a alkene da aka cire, yayin da epoxidation tare da  CPBA yana faruwa a alkene da aka maye gurbinsa.

A wata hanyar roba, ƙara sinadarin trifluoroacetic acid da Markovnikov ya yi, sannan ya biyo bayan hydrolysis na acetate, yana ba da terpineol .

Mafi yawan amfani da limonene shine carvone . Amsar matakai uku tana farawa ne da ƙara nitrosyl chloride a cikin haɗin gwiwa mai sau biyu. Daga nan sai a canza wannan nau'in zuwa oxime tare da tushe, sannan a cire hydroxylamine don samar da carvone mai ɗauke da ketone . 

=== Halittar Halitta ===
A yanayi, limonene yana samuwa ne daga geranyl pyrophosphate, ta hanyar cyclization na neryl carbocation ko makamancinsa kamar yadda aka nuna.  Mataki na ƙarshe ya ƙunshi asarar proton daga cation don samar da alkene . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

## Amfani
A matsayin babban ƙamshin bawon citrus, ana amfani da D -limonene a masana'antar abinci da wasu magunguna, kamar sinadarin dandano don ɓoye ɗanɗanon alkaloids masu ɗaci, da kuma a matsayin ƙamshi a masana'antar turare, man shafawa bayan aski, kayayyakin wanka, da sauran kayayyakin kulawa na mutum .  (+)- Ana kuma amfani da Limonene a matsayin maganin kwari na tsirrai .   (+)-Ana amfani da Limonene a cikin magungunan kashe kwari na halitta.  Ana ƙara shi a cikin kayayyakin tsaftacewa, kamar su masu wanke hannu, don ba da ƙamshi na lemun tsami ko lemu (duba man lemu ) da kuma ikon narkar da mai.  Akasin haka, (−)-limonene yana da ƙamshi mai kama da turpentine .

Ana amfani da Limonene a matsayin mai narkewa don dalilai na tsaftacewa, kamar cire manne, ko cire mai daga sassan injina, kamar yadda ake samar da shi daga tushen da ake sabuntawa (man fetur mai mahimmanci na citrus, a matsayin wani abu da aka samo daga ƙera ruwan lemu ).  Ana amfani da shi azaman mai cire fenti kuma yana da amfani azaman madadin turpentine. Hakanan ana amfani da Limonene a matsayin mai narkewa a cikin wasu samfuran manne na jirgin sama da kuma a matsayin wani abu a cikin wasu fenti. Masu tattara tambari suna amfani da masu sabunta iska na kasuwanci, tare da masu tayar da iska, waɗanda ke ɗauke da limonene don cire tambarin gidan waya masu mannewa daga takardar ambulaf. 

## Tsaro da bincike
Ana shafa limonene a fata, wanda ke iya haifar da ƙaiƙayi daga kamuwa da cutar dermatitis, amma kuma yana kama da lafiya ga ɗan adam.   Limonene yana da wuta kamar ruwa ko tururi kuma yana da guba ga halittun ruwa . 

### Ciwon daji
Babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa limonene da ke cikin man 'ya'yan itacen citrus yana shafar farkon ko ci gaban cutar kansa, inda wata hukuma ta ƙasa ta ce, "Babu wata shaida da ta tabbatar da cewa mutanen da ke fama da cutar kansa da ke shan limonene—ko dai a cikin ƙarin magani ko ta hanyar cin 'ya'yan itacen citrus—suna samun sauƙi ko kuma suna iya samun waraka". 

## Duba kuma

* Essential oil – Hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from plants
* Monoterpenes – Unsaturated hydrocarbonPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
* Resin – Organic polymer, typically from plants

## Manazarta