open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ƙaddamar da muhalli

Tsarin muhalli (wanda aka fi sani da **ƙaddamar da yanayi** ko **ƙaddamar da ƙasa**) shine nazarin yadda yanayin jiki ke sa al'ummomi da jihohin suyi ga wasu hanyoyin tattalin arziki ko ci gaban zamantakewa (ko ma gabaɗaya, al'adu).  Jared Diamond, Jeffrey Herbst, Ian Morris, da sauran masana kimiyyar zamantakewa sun haifar da farfado da ka'idar a ƙarshen ƙarni na ashirin da ɗaya. Wannan makarantar tunani ta "**Ƙaddamar da muhalli**" tana nazarin yadda ƙarfin ƙasa da na muhalli ke tasiri ga gine-ginen jihar, Ci gaban tattalin arziki, da cibiyoyin. Duk da yake an yi amfani da fassarar tsohuwar fassarar ƙasa don ƙarfafa mulkin mallaka da tsakiya na Turai, adadi na zamani kamar Diamond suna amfani da wannan hanyar don ƙin wariyar launin fata a cikin waɗannan bayanin. Diamond ya yi jayayya cewa ikon Turai ya sami damar mulkin mallaka, saboda fa'idodi na musamman da mahallinsu suka bayar, sabanin kowane irin fifiko na asali.

## Tarihi

### Lokaci na gargajiya da na zamani
Ka'idojin farko na ƙaddamar da muhalli a Tsohon China, Tsohon Girka, da Tsohon Roma sun ba da shawarar cewa siffofin muhalli gaba ɗaya sun ƙayyade halayen jiki da na ilimi na dukan al'ummomi. Guan Zhong (720-645 BC), wani shugaban majalisa na farko a kasar Sin, ya yi imanin cewa halaye na manyan koguna sun tsara halin mutanen da ke kewaye da su. Koguna masu saurin gudu da karkatarwa sun sa mutane "masu haɗama, marasa hankali, da kuma yaƙi". Masanin falsafar Girka ta dā Hippocrates ya rubuta irin wannan labarin a cikin littafinsa "Airs, Waters, Places".

### Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Yamma
 
An soki ƙaddamar da muhalli a matsayin kayan aiki don halatta mulkin mallaka, wariyar launin fata, da mulkin mallaka a Afirka, Amurka, da Asiya. Tsarin muhalli ya ba masu ilimin ƙasa damar tabbatar da mafi girman fararen Turai da kuma yanayin mulkin mallaka. Binciken ya karfafa hujjojin addini kuma a wasu lokuta ya maye gurbin su a ƙarshen karni na 19.

Marubutan da yawa, ciki har da Thomas Jefferson, sun goyi bayan kuma sun ba da izini ga mulkin mallaka na Afirka ta hanyar jayayya cewa yanayin zafi ya sa mutane ba su da wayewa. Jefferson ya yi jayayya cewa yanayin zafi yana ƙarfafa ragonci, halayen shakatawa, lalata da al'ummomin da ke lalacewa gabaɗaya, yayin da sauye-sauye a cikin yanayin tsakiyar da arewacin latitudes ya haifar da ƙa'idodin aiki mai ƙarfi da al'umma masu wayewa. Adolf Hitler ya kuma yi amfani da wannan ka'idar don yabon mafi girman tseren Nordic.

## Manazarta
Elizabeth Oldfield

**Nadine Hoskinson** (ta mutu a ranar 30 ga Mayu 2010), wacce aka fi sani da **Elizabeth Oldfield,** shahararriyar marubuciyar Burtaniya ce a fannin littattafan soyayya sama da 40 a Mills &amp;amp; Boon daga 1982 zuwa 1998, lokacin da ta yi ritaya daga soyayya. A shekarunta na sittin, ta yanke shawarar komawa rubutu, kuma aka sake buga ta a 2007.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Nadine Hoskinson ta yi aure kuma ta haifi 'ya mace ɗaya da ɗa ɗaya. A shekarun 1980, aikin mijinta ya ɗauke su zama a Singapore. Tana da labarai da aka buga a mujallu da jaridu a Burtaniya da Singapore. Daga baya, ta yanke shawarar rubuta littafi, amma da farko ta yi tunanin za ta gwada ɗan gajeren littafi. Littattafan gajeru guda ɗaya da take da su su ne soyayyar Mills & Boon . An karɓi littafinta na farko a shekarar 1982 a matsayin Elizabeth Oldfield, kuma ta ci gaba da rubutu na tsawon shekaru 18 da littattafai 40. Ta yi ritaya daga rubutu a shekarar 1998 don yin tafiya tare da mijinta. Ta mutu a ranar 30 ga Mayu 2010.

## Littattafan tarihi

### Labarai guda ɗaya

### Katunan gaisuwa daga jerin Turai (mawallafa da yawa)

* *Gobarar Kwatsam* (1993)

### Omnibus a cikin Haɗin gwiwa

* *Masu tsaron jiki* (1997) (tare da Sandra Field )

## Manazarta

* *[http://www.eharlequin.com Shafin yanar gizo na Harlequin Enterprises Ltd.]*
* *[http://www.fantasticfiction.co.uk/o/elizabeth-oldfield Shafin yanar gizon Elizabeth Oldfield a cikin gidan yanar gizon Fantastic Fiction]*
Eliza Bland Smith Erskine Norton

**Eliza Bland Smith Erskine Norton** (1795 – 20 Satumba 1855) mawakiyar Birtaniya ce, marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo, kuma marubuciya.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Eliza Bland Smith a shekarar 1795 a Whitehaven, Ingila, 'yar Laftanar Kanar Smith. A shekarar 1809, ta auri Laftanar Kanar Esmé Stewart Erskine, ɗan Thomas Erskine, Baron Erskine na 1. Ya rasa hannu ɗaya a Yaƙin Waterloo a shekarar 1815 kuma ya mutu a shekarar 1817.  A Mumbai a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 1819, ta auri James Norton, wanda a lokacin yake aikin sojan ruwa na Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya .  Daga baya ya shiga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Burtaniya kuma a lokacin Yaƙin Cisplatine, ya rasa hannu ɗaya a yaƙi a shekarar 1828.  Ya mutu a shekarar 1835. 

Eliza Bland Smith Erskine Norton ta mutu a ranar 20 ga Satumba, 1855 a Baden-Baden a gidan surukinta, jami'in diflomasiyya Frederic Douglas-Hamilton. 

## Rubutu
Ta buga littattafai guda biyu na waƙoƙi, *Isabel* (1814) da *Alcon Malanzore* (1815) *.* Na ƙarshen wata doguwar waƙa ce game da soyayyar kabilanci tsakanin wata mace Kirista, Rosaline, da kuma kwamandan Moorish mai suna Moorish.  Ta kuma buga wani wasan kwaikwayo, *The Martyr* (1848), wanda aka tsara a zamanin Henry V kuma ta sake tunanin John Oldcastle a matsayin Jarumin Ubangiji Cobham, wanda aka yi wa auren Matilda Vernon maimakon auren Joan Oldcastle (née Cobham), wanda Norton ya rubuta daga tarihi. Norton zai ci gaba da buga tarin labarai, *The Gossip* (1852). Ta ba da gudummawa ga mujallu kamar  da  . 

A wasu lokutan ayyukanta suna rikitar da na marubuciya Caroline Norton mai shahara; na ƙarshen ya yi ba'a cewa "Mrs. Erskine Norton ta ɗauki salon zama ni ga duk masu wallafa littattafai." Matan biyu sun shiga muhawara game da wannan rudanin da kuma amfani da tsarin sunayen Birtaniya yadda ya kamata a wasiƙu ga jaridar The Times .

## Yara
Eliza da Esmé Stewart Erskine suna da 'ya'ya uku:

* Thomas Erskine (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga Maris 1810) 
* Esmé Stuart Erskine (8 Satumba 1811-1833) 
* Henry Erskine (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Agusta 1814) 

Eliza da James Norton suna da 'ya'ya shida:

* Marina Norton (1843-1871), wacce ta auri jami'in diflomasiyya Frederic Douglas-Hamilton (1815-1887) 
* Indiana Isabel Norton (ta mutu tun tana ƙarama) 
* Fletcher Carioca Norton 
* Fredrick de la Plata Norton 
* William Slayter Norton 
* Maria Brasilia Norton, wacce ta auri Dr. John Brewor. 

## Littattafan tarihi

* *Isabel, Tatsuniya, a cikin Cantos Biyu; da Sauran Waƙoƙi* (1814) 
* *Alcon Malanzore: Labarin Moorish* (1815) 
* *Shahidi: Abin Tashin Hankali* (1848) 
* *Tsegumi: Tarin Labarai* .&nbsp;3 vol.&nbsp;Landan: Saunders da Otley, 1852. 

## Manazarta
Farmland preservation

**Adana gonaki** wani yunkuri ne na hadin gwiwa daga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da kananan hukumomi don ajiyewa da kare misalai na gonaki na yankin don amfani, ilimi, da jin daɗin tsararraki masu zuwa.

## Tarihi
ta bautar da Dokar Binciken Gona ta 1964 don rage asarar gonaki zuwa saurin ci gaban birane ta hanyar amfani da ƙididdigar haraji mai kyau. Dokar ta shafi yadda ake kimanta ƙasar don haraji bisa ga matakin yawan amfanin ƙasar. Tunanin da ke bayan wannan aikin shine cewa ta hanyar taimakawa rage haraji a kan gonar, manoma na cikin gida za su iya ci gaba da kasuwanci. A ƙarshen shekarun 1970 darajar gonar ta wuce fa'idodin haraji na dokar, don haka jihar ta sayi takunkumin aiki a kan gonaki ta hanyar *Dokar Kula da Aikin Gona da Ci Gaban 1981.* Dokar 1981 ta ba da izini ga jihar ta sayi kayan aiki a kan gonar gona don hana gina da sake fasalin waɗannan yankuna don masana'antu, kasuwanci, zama, ko sauran amfani da ƙasa. Ya zuwa 2022 dokar ta taimaka wajen ceton wasu gonaki 2,800, wanda ya tara kadada 247,517 (1,001.67 ).  Kokarin yanki a cikin Monmouth County ya haɗa da Navesink Highlands Greenway, aikin Shirin Tsaro na Gidauniyar Gidauniya ta Monmouth, wanda, tare da Gidauniyoyin Tsaro na Monmouth, ya sayi haƙƙin ci gaban Holly Crest Farm a Middletown a watan Satumbar 2008 don dala miliyan 2.5. Fiye da kashi 20 cikin 100 na gonakin gona da wuraren budewa an kiyaye su har abada. Wannan yanki an tsara shi azaman amincewar ƙasa wanda ke nufin cewa ƙasar kanta mallakar jama'a ce, don haka lokacin sayen gida, mai siye yana sayen ginin da kansa kuma yana shiga hayar dogon lokaci tare da mai mallakar ƙasa. Amincewar ƙasa ta rufe wasu kadada 665 kuma ta rufe yankunan karkara da birane. Kwamitin zartarwa da kwamitin amintattu ne ke gudanar da shi, amincin yana yanke shawara game da amfani da ƙasa yana bin ka'idodin kiyayewa da dorewa.

## Gudanar da gonaki
Tsaro na kiyayewa shine hanyar da ake amfani da ita don gudanar da gonaki masu kariya. Akwai shirye-shiryen gwamnati daban-daban da ke saka hannun jari a cikin kiyaye gonaki, gami da Shirin Kare Aikin Gona (ACEP) wanda Ma'aikatar Aikin Goma ta Amurka ke gudanarwa. Manufar shirin ita ce kula da gonaki na yanzu don adana ƙasar da ke akwai don amfanin gona kawai. Shirin yana kare bukatun kiwo da lafiyar ƙasa don ci gaban noma. Masu halarta kamar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, kananan hukumomi da kabilun Indiya na iya samun kudade don siyan kayan aikin gona.

Shirin TDR na haƙƙin ci gaba yana ba masu mallakar ƙasa kuɗin kuɗi ko kari don kiyayewa da kula da ƙasar noma. An kafa shirye-shiryen TDR a cikin al'ummomin Amurka sama da 200 a jihohi da yawa. : 25 Masu haɓaka ƙasa na iya siyan haƙƙin ci gaba na wasu kadarorin a cikin "gundumar aikawa" da aka tsara kuma canja haƙƙin zuwa wani "gunduma mai karɓa" don ƙara yawan sabon ci gaban su. Yana samar da ƙarin ƙasa don shuka amfanin gona saboda yana yankuna daga filayen ƙasa don zama yankuna masu girma. Wannan yana ba da damar ba za a sayar da gonaki don ci gaba ba kuma a kiyaye su don aikin gona.

## Manazarta
Louise Orwin

Louise Orwin ƙwararriyar mai wasan kwaikwayo ce wacce ke yin ayyukan kwaikwayo da bidiyo bisa bincike game da ma'anar gane mace ' yar luwaɗi, a cikin duniyar da ke ba da kyaututtuka ga maza, madaidaiciya da fari. Orwin, marubuciya-marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo wacce ke amfani da rubutu, wasan kwaikwayo kai tsaye da bidiyo, ta ƙirƙiri shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo da dama waɗanda suka yi rangadin ƙasashen duniya zuwa wuraren wasan kwaikwayo, gidajen tarihi da bukukuwa.

## Sana'a

*A Girl and A Gun* 2016 ta yi rangadin bikin Edinburgh Fringe a shekarar 2016.  *Jaridar Norwich Radical* ta yi bitar shirin Louise lokacin da ta ziyarci NorwichArtsCentre "Kyakkyawan aikin Orwin: wasan kwaikwayo ba tare da labari ba, amma wanda wani labari mai ban mamaki ya jagoranta wanda a bayyane yake a bayyane, ba mu taɓa tunanin yin tambaya a kai ba." 

*Oh Yes Oh A'a* - 2017 - 2019 LondonTheatre1 ta sake duba shirin a shekarar 2017, inda ta ba shi taurari 4. " *Oh Yes Oh A'a* na Louise Orwin tabbas wani abu ne da za a yi magana a kai… da zarar ka sami kalmomin."  Orwin ya zana daga hirarraki da aka yi rikodin da wadanda abin ya shafa wanda aka yi a lokacin wasan kwaikwayon. Mike Levy daga *The Cambridge Critique* ya ce "Waɗannan muryoyin marasa jiki sun taimaka wajen samar da sauti da haske mai ban mamaki. Kamar yadda na ce agogo ne mai wahala". 

A lokacin shekarar 2020, Orwin ya ƙirƙiri wani aiki na dijital ta yanar gizo, *Ur Favourite Scary Movie* . Tana ba da taurari 4 na *The Crumb*, London, Isabelle Tyner ta yi bitar aikin, "Orwin ya fuskanci al'adu da yawa na fina-finai masu ban tsoro, yana ba da sunaye da makircin waɗanda suka gabata".  Tyner ya kammala da cewa "tare da kalmomi masu laushi da tasirin sauti dalla-dalla *Ur Favourite Scary Movie* yana ba da hangen nesa mai wartsakewa game da tsoro, da kuma tafiya ta tunani". 

A shekarar 2024, Orwin ya kawo wani shiri mai suna *Famehungry* a bikin Edinburgh Fringe, wanda aka yi ta sharhi a kafofin watsa labarai da dama kan neman a kula da Tiktok. 

## Nunin wasan kwaikwayo

* 2013 *Kyakkyawa Mummuna*
* 2015 *Wata Yarinya da Bindiga*
* 2017 - 2019 *OH EH OH A'A*
* 2018 *KUKA KUKA KALLI KILL*
* 2024 *Famehungry*

## Aikin dijital

* *Fim Mai Ban Tsoro da Aka Fi So*

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Orwin yana zaune a Landan. 

## Manazarta
Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Corinda

**Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Corinda** ( **CSHS** ) makarantar sakandare ce ta jiha wadda ba ta da zaɓe, wadda ke da ilimi tare, wadda ke cikin Corinda, Queensland, Ostiraliya.  An kafa makarantar a shekarar 1960.

## Harabar jami'a
Makarantar tana cikin wani harabar jami'a a yammacin birnin Brisbane. Makarantar tana da wuraren wasanni na waje da na cikin gida, cibiyar wasan kwaikwayo da kuma gonar noma a matsayin wani ɓangare na "aji na waje".

## Karin ilimi
Makarantar tana ba da nau'ikan ayyukan da suka shafi sauran manhajoji, ciki har da wasanni, kiɗa, fasaha da yawon buɗe ido.

## Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai

* Chris Bailey, (1973), Waliyai 1974 
* Jacinda Barrett, 1984–1985, 'Yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai tallan kayan kwalliya ta Hollywood 
* Natalie Cook OAM, (1991), 'Yar wasan Olympics, ƙwallon raga ta bakin teku, Mai lambar zinare ta Olympics ta 2000
* Melissa Howard, (2006), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Australiya, wacce aka fi sani da rawar da ta taka a fim ɗin *Dead Gorgeous*  
* Ed Kuepper, (1973), mawaƙi, The Saints 1974–1979, The Laughing Clowns 1979–1984, The Aints, Tun 1991, The Apartments 
* Tevita Kuridrani, ɗan wasan rugby, Wallaby International debut 2013, ACT Brumbies
* Deborah Lovely, (2001), Deborah Acason, mai ɗaukar nauyi, Mai lambar zinare ta wasannin Commonwealth Melbourne 2006 
* Farfesa William (Bill) Lovegrove AO, (tsakiyar shekarun 1960), jami'a, Jami'ar Kudancin Queensland, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Jami'ar Order Australia 
* Geoffrey Michael William McKellar (kusan 1966 ko 1967), likitan tiyata na baki da na fuska na Westmead a 1981, Shugaban Sashen a 1994 kuma Mataimakin Farfesa a Jami'ar Sydney a 1988 
* Farfesa Julie Ann Mundy AM, (1976), likitan tiyata na zuciya 
* Shane Richardson, (1973), Shugaba, South Sydney Rabbitohs, Rugby League Club, ya naɗa shi a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya fi kowa dadewa a matsayin Shugaba na NRL. A da, Shugaba Penrith Panthers ya kasance daga 2002–03  
* Robert Vickers, (1975), bass The Go Betweens, 1983–1988; mai tallata wa kamfanin New York indie label Jetset Records, 1998; Kamfanin hulda da jama'a na masu mallaka, Proxy Media tun 2005

## Manazarta
Emilia Frances Noel

**Emilia Frances Noel** (9 ga Fabrairu 1868 - 19 ga Maris 1950) ƙwararren masanin tsirrai ne ɗan ƙasar Birtaniya, marubuci, kuma mai zane-zane. Ita ce ƙaramar 'yar Hon. Henry Lewis Noel kuma jikanyar Charles Noel, Earl na 1st na Gainsborough . Noel ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Somerville, Oxford . Ta yi tafiye-tafiye a ƙasashen waje, kuma an san ta da rubuce-rubucenta game da tarin shuke-shuken Kashmir ; littattafanta yanzu suna cikin Taskar Tarihi ta Ƙasa . An zaɓe ta a matsayin memba na Linnean Society of London a 1905.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Emilia Frances Noel a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, 1868, wataƙila a Rutledge ko Kensington.   Ita ce ƙaramar 'yar Hon. Henry Lewis Noel kuma jikanyar Charles Noel, Earl na 1 na Gainsborough .  Ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Somerville, Oxford, da Kwalejin Horticultural ta Swanley da ke Kent. 

Noel ƙwararriyar masaniyar tsirrai ce, marubuciya, kuma mai zane-zane.  Ta lashe kyaututtuka a Swanley saboda mafi kyawun littafin tarihin tsirrai masu ci gaba da kuma mafi kyawun littafin tarihin aikin lambu.  Noel ta yi tafiye-tafiye zuwa ƙasashen duniya, kuma an san ta da rubuce-rubucenta game da tarin shuke-shuken Kashmir ; mujallunta na filin suna tare da Royal Geographical Society, da kuma a cikin Taskar Tarihi ta Ƙasa .     Ta yi tafiya zuwa Masar a 1892, sannan Indiya da Kashmir, kuma a 1938 ta ziyarci Tsibirin Canary da Yammacin Afirka.  Daga baya ta yi tafiye-tafiye sosai a Turai, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Afirka ta Kudu, Amurka, Ostiraliya da New Zealand, da Java da Lombok.  An zaɓe Noel a matsayin memba na Linnean Society of London a 1905.  A wannan shekarar, ta buga littafi wanda ya ƙunshi jerin shuke-shuken Kashmiri, da kuma bayanai game da ƙasar. Ta kuma buga wasiƙu da zane-zane daga tarihin iyalinta. 

Noel ya mutu a ranar 19 ga Maris 1950. 

## Manazarta
Alamar wuta (address)

Adireshin alamar wuta mai bangarori biyu tare da haruffa a tsayeAdireshin alamar wuta mai bangarori biyu tare da sunan gari da hanya**alamar wuta** alama ce ta adireshi ko irin wannan allon da aka sanya a wasu yankunan karkara inda hanyoyin shiga suka haɗu da hanyoyi. Yawancin lokaci ana ɗaure su zuwa ga ginshiƙan katako na ƙarfe waɗanda aka tura su cikin ƙasa. Kowane gari ko gundumar ya saita ma'auni game da yadda alamar adireshin za ta kasance, kamar lambobi da haruffa na tsaye ko a kwance, biyu ko gefe ɗaya, sunan gari / al'umma ko hanya da aka nuna.

Alamun da aka sanya da kyau suna da mahimmanci don taimakawa mutane su sami takamaiman wurare a cikin lokaci da kuma ayyukan gaggawa kamar 'yan sanda, sashen kashe gobara, ko motar asibiti da kuma ma'aikatan isar da su kamar Amurka Postal Service, UPS, FedEx, da sauransu.

## Dubi kuma

* Tsarin gidan waya
* Bayar da fakiti
* Farantin lasisi

## Manazarta
Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Cavendish Road

**Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Cavendish Road** makarantar sakandare ce ta jiha mai zaman kanta, wacce ke lamba 695 Cavendish Road, Holland Park, Brisbane, Queensland, Ostiraliya.

## Tarihi
An kafa Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Cavendish Road a shekarar 1952, ita ce makarantar sakandare ta biyu ta jihar da aka gina a yankunan Brisbane.

An buɗe sabuwar cibiyar wasanni, Cibiyar Wasanni ta Alan Sampson, a watan Satumba na 2019 ta hannun Ministan Ilimi da Hulɗa da Masana'antu na Queensland Grace Grace. An sanya mata suna don girmama tsohon shugaban makarantar Alan Sampson, wanda ya yi aiki daga 1997 zuwa 2010. [1]

## Wuri
Makarantar tana da ɗan nisa daga Brisbane CBD, wanda hakan ya ba ta damar shiga kamfanoni daban-daban da ƙungiyoyin ilimi na manyan makarantu.

## Taken da shirye-shirye
Taken makarantar, *Nil sine pulvere, nil praeter optima*, ya fassara daga Latin a matsayin "Babu wani abu ba tare da ƙoƙari ba, babu komai sai mafi kyau". 

Makarantar ta ƙulla alaƙa da Jami'ar Queensland, Jami'ar Griffith, da Jami'ar Fasaha ta Queensland, waɗanda ke ba wa ɗaliban da suka cancanta damar fita daga Aji na 12 da bashi, kyauta, don samun digiri na jami'a. An kuma ƙulla alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin wasanni daban-daban da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu (don koyon aiki / horo ) a Queensland.

## Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai

* Katrina Gorry, 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta tsakiya a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta ƙasar Australia 
* Paul Harpur (1994–1997), lauya, malami, ɗan wasan Paralympic, wanda aka fi sani da Harpur House a makarantar 
* Loretta Harrop (1988–1992), 'yar tseren mita uku da ta lashe zinare da azurfa a gasar Olympics, wacce aka fi sani da Harrop House a makarantar, da kuma wasu mutane uku na iyalinta  
* Ian Henderson, tsohon ɗan siyasan jihar 
* Dick Johnson, wanda ya lashe gasar tseren motoci ta Australia sau biyar, wanda ya lashe gasar Bathurst 1000 sau uku, wanda aka fi sani da Johnson House a makarantar 
* Tahj Minniecon, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Loyola Meralco Sparks FC 
* Stephen Page (1994–1997), mai horar da mawaka, darektan fasaha na Bangarra Dance Theatre daga 1991 zuwa 2022; sunan Page House a makarantar 
* Dario Vidošić, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Melbourne City FC kuma a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Australia 
* Jesse Williams, ɗan wasan baya kuma ɗan ƙasar Australia na farko da ya lashe gasar Super Bowl Ring tare da Seattle Seahawks a 2013 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin makarantu a Queensland

## Manazarta
Geodemography

**Geodemography** shine nazarin mutane bisa ga inda suke zaune. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Yana haɗa kimiyyar ƙididdigar jama'a, nazarin ƙididdigan yawan jama'a na ɗan adam, da Yanayin ƙasa, nazarin bambancin wuri da sararin samaniya na abubuwan da suka faru na zahiri da na ɗan adam a Duniya,  tare da ilimin zamantakewa. Ya haɗa da aikace-aikacen rarrabuwa na ƙasa don kasuwanci, bincike na zamantakewa da manufofin jama'a amma yana da tarihin layi daya a cikin binciken ilimi wanda ke neman fahimtar hanyoyin da ƙauyuka (musamman, birane) suka samo asali kuma an kafa unguwa. Tsarin yanayin ƙasa yana kimanta halayen da suka fi dacewa da mutane bisa ga bayanan da aka haɗa na duk mutanen da ke zaune a cikin ƙaramin yanki kusa da takamaiman adireshin.

## Asalin
Asalin ilimin ƙasa galibi ana gano shi a matsayin Charles Booth da karatunsa na talauci da talauci a farkon karni na ashirin a Landan, da Makarantar zamantakewar al'umma ta Chicago. Booth ya haɓaka ra'ayin 'rarraba unguwanni', wanda aka kwatanta da rarrabawar da ya yi na bayanan ƙididdigar Burtaniya na 1891 don ƙirƙirar ƙididdigaren zamantakewar gundumomin rajista na London (sa'an nan). Bincike a Makarantar Chicago - ko da yake gabaɗaya inganci ne a cikin yanayi - ya ƙarfafa ra'ayin cewa irin wannan rarrabuwa na iya zama mai ma'ana ta hanyar haɓaka ra'ayin 'yanki na halitta' a cikin birane: an ɗauka a matsayin raka'a na ƙasa tare da yawan jama'a na zamantakewar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da al'adu.

## A cikin Burtaniya
A shekara ta 2005 Ofishin Kididdiga na Kasa (ONS)  tare da haɗin gwiwar Dan Vickers da Phil Rees na Jami'ar Leeds, sun fitar da karamin yanki na zamantakewa na Burtaniya  bisa ga bayanan ƙididdigar karamin yanki ta Burtaniya ta 2001. An haɓaka irin wannan rarrabuwa don ƙididdigar da ta gabata, musamman ta Stan Openshaw da abokan aiki a Jami'o'in Newcastle da Leeds, amma samun damar waɗannan gabaɗaya an ƙuntata shi ga al'ummomin ilimi.

2005 Output Area Classification (OAC) da kuma 2013 release na Acorn a Burtaniya Ƙwai mataki ne na 'buɗe geodemographics' kuma yana nuna damuwa cewa aikace-aikacen geodemographic na kasuwanci a cikin manufofi da bincike na zamantakewa na iya zama 'black box'. Ba koyaushe yake bayyane daidai waɗanne masu canji aka yi amfani da su don rarraba ƙananan yankuna da kuma bayyana nau'in unguwarsu ba, yadda aka auna waɗannan masu canji, ko kuma yadda suke kama (ko in ba haka ba) kowane ɗayan unguwanni a cikin nau'in aji a zahiri. Open geodemographics yana ba da irin wannan bayanin (saboda ba a ƙuntata shi da bukatun kasuwanci) kuma yana da muhimmiyar ci gaba don bincike na zamantakewa wanda ke neman fahimtar da kuma bayyana tushen abubuwan da ke haifar da matakai waɗanda ke haifar da tsarin sararin samaniya na halayyar zamantakewa da halayen. Rarraba Yankin fitarwa yanzu yana tallafawa ta ƙungiyar mai amfani a nan. CACI ta kuma fitar da cikakkun takardu game da yadda rarraba su ke amfani da Bayanan Budewa a nan.

## Manazarta
Calamvale Community College

**Kwalejin Al'umma ta Calamvale** makaranta ce ta jama'a, mai ilimi tare, P-12, wacce ke cikin yankin Brisbane na Calamvale, a Queensland, Ostiraliya.  Ma'aikatar Ilimi ce ke gudanar da ita, tare da yin rajistar ɗalibai 2,520 da ma'aikatan koyarwa 190, tun daga shekarar 2023. Makarantar tana hidimar ɗalibai daga shirin zuwa aji na 12,   a wasu makarantu daban-daban.

## Harabar makarantu
An tsara kwalejin zuwa ƙananan makarantu guda biyu, kowannensu yana da shugaban makarantar da ma'aikatansa, inda kowace ƙananan makarantu ke kula da wasu nau'ikan maki; ƙananan makarantu suna kula da shirye-shiryen zuwa aji na 6, kuma makarantar sakandare tana kula da ɗalibai daga aji na 7 zuwa 12. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

Harabar ƙaramin makarantar ta ƙunshi ƙarshen kudu na babban harabar jami'a, yayin da makarantar sakandare ta ƙunshi arewa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

Kowace ƙaramin harabar jami'a tana ba da kayan more rayuwa iri-iri, gami da albarkatun da aka raba da waɗanda suka keɓance ga ƙananan makarantu. Misalan wuraren da aka raba sun haɗa da: Oval, Laburare, filayen ƙwallon kwando, da zauren taro. Duk harabar jami'ar suna da shagunan Tuck (wanda kuma aka sani da canteens) da kuma manyan wurare biyu na ɓoye. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

== Tarihi ==

Makarantar Jihar Calamvale makarantar firamare ce ta jiha wadda ta wanzu tun daga kafuwarta a ranar 11 ga Mayu, 1955, har zuwa 31 ga Disamba, 2001; kwana ɗaya bayan haka, a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2002, ta zama Kwalejin Al'umma ta Calamvale, wanda ya yi daidai da ƙarin ɓangaren makarantar sakandare. 

An buɗe Kwalejin a shekarar 2002 da ɗalibai 1,150, tun daga shirin zuwa aji na 8. Daga baya a shekarar 2003, an aiwatar da shirin a aji na 9, kuma yawan masu shiga ya karu zuwa 1540. A shekarar 2006, Kwalejin Al'umma ta Calamvale ta ba da shirin zuwa aji na 12, inda aka kiyasta cewa ɗalibai za su yi rajista a aji na 2200. [ ana buƙatar ambato ]

An gina ƙaramin harabar makarantar sakandare a wani lokaci mai tsawo fiye da makarantar firamare, wacce Mista Crawlings ya halarta, wacce aka riga aka kafa ta ta hanyar Makarantar Jihar Calamvale. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

A shekarar 2016, makarantar ta fuskanci barazanar bam, tun daga wata matashiya mai juna biyu da ta bayar da dala 21 ga wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifin guda biyu don yin kiran, wanda ba wai kawai ya kai ga kwashe daliban makarantar ba,  har ma da tsare su ukun.  Ana kyautata zaton cewa lamarin kwafi ne, daga barazanar da ake yi wa makarantu a lokacin. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin makarantu a Queensland

## Manazarta
Yanayin Australiya na dokoki kwallon kafa

Ana buga kwallon kafa na Australiya a kasashe sama da 60 a duniya tare da kimanin 'yan wasa miliyan 1.4 a duk duniya. A shekara ta 2017 sama da kasashe 26 (ba tare da Ostiraliya ba) sun fafata a gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa ta Australia, matakin mafi girma na gasar duniya. Hukumar AFL ita ce hukumar da ke kula da duniya wacce ke kula da gasar kasa da kasa ta hanyar Kwamitin Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa wanda Andrew Dillon ke jagoranta. Akwai hukumomin kula na yanki 3 da ke da alaƙa da AFL: AFL Asiya, AFL Kudancin Pacific da AFL Turai.

Ostiraliya ita ce kadai kasar da ke da kungiyoyin kwararru, yanzu suna cikin kowace jiha. Koyaya ya fi karfi (ta hanyar shiga da kuma sha'awar gaba ɗaya) a cikin jihohin Australiya da yankuna na Yankin Arewa, Kudancin Australia, Victoria, Yammacin Australia da Tasmania. Wasan yana da mashahuri a Queensland, New South Wales da Babban Birnin Australiya. Wadannan suna da fiye da rabin yawan jama'a, kuma suna daga cikin bambancin al'adu da aka sani da Layin Barassi, duk da haka lambobin 'yan wasa sun karu sosai a cikin shekarun da suka gabata.

## 'Yan wasa

### Kasancewa
Sabon adadi da aka fitar a cikin 2019 ya nuna cewa akwai 'yan wasa 185,173 a waje da Ostiraliya da ke girma a kusan 10% a kowace shekara. Yawancin ci gaban tun daga shekarun 2010 sun kasance a Asiya, tare da karuwar shiga mafi girma a cikin Yankin Indiya.

Teburin da ke ƙasa ya haɗa da lambobin da aka ruwaito a hukumance daga ƙasashen da ke da ƙungiyar wakilai suna gasa a cikin babbar gasa ta duniya.

A shekara ta 2007 akwai 'yan wasa 34,845 kawai a wajen Ostiraliya. Wannan adadi ya karu zuwa 106,000 a cikin 2016 kuma aƙalla wasanni 20 da hukumar kula da wasan ta amince da su. A shekara ta 2017 adadi ya kai 170,744 (11% na jimlar 'yan wasa) yana girma a kashi 25% a kowace shekara. Tun daga shekara ta 2017, hukumomin yanki kamar AFL Asiya da AFL Turai sun buga ƙididdigar shekara-shekara na shiga, suna ba da hoto mafi kyau game da shiga wasanni na duniya.

### Kwarewa
Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Australiya ita ce kawai gasa ta ƙwararru a duniya kuma a halin yanzu babu manyan gasa na ƙwararru da ke waje da Ostiraliya. Dangane da binciken da CodeSports ya yi a 2023 ƙwararren AFL ya yi watsi da yawancin ƙwararrun ƙasa da na duniya a cikin hanyar ɗan wasa don mayar da hankali kusan ga makarantun masu zaman kansu masu arziki na Melbourne ta hanyar Talent League da AFL.  Shi, Kudancin Australia da Tasmania sune kawai hukunce-hukunce a duniya daga inda yawan 'yan wasan ƙwararru na AFL suka fi girma fiye da rabon su na' yan wasan da aka yi rajista. Tare fiye da kashi 75% na dukkan 'yan wasan kwararru sun fito ne daga wadannan jihohin kudu maso gabas guda 3.

Akwai 'yan wasa da yawa a cikin VFL / AFL waɗanda aka haife su a waje da Ostiraliya kuma tun daga 1982, an karɓi yawan' yan wasa daga waje da Ostiriyar ta hanyar shirye-shirye kamar Gwajin Irish da kuma kwanan nan, shirye-shiryen tallafin duniya. A halin yanzu akwai iyakantaccen hanyoyi ga 'yan wasa masu son kasashen waje a cikin AFL da AFL Women's, duk da haka ana iya gano' yan wasan da suka dace ta hanyar gasa ta duniya.
Emma Newman

**Emma Newman** marubuciya ce ta fannin kimiyya da almara ta Birtaniya, mai watsa shirye-shirye da kuma mai ba da labarin littattafan sauti . Zaɓen kyaututtukan da ta yi sun haɗa da Kyautar Fantasy ta Burtaniya (rukuni: "mafi kyawun labari na tatsuniya", "mafi kyawun sabon shiga") don *Between Two Thorns* a 2014  da Kyautar Arthur C. Clarke don *After Atlas* a 2017.   An zaɓi jerin shirye-shiryenta *na Planetfall* don Kyautar Hugo ta 2020 don Mafi Kyawun Jerin . 

## Sana'a
Newman ya buga littattafai goma sha ɗaya da kuma tarin gajerun labarai.

Ita ce wadda ta ƙirƙiri shirin, tare da mijinta Peter Newman, na shirin *"Tea and Jeopardy"* wanda ya lashe kyautar Hugo Award  . Shirin "Podcast" yana da shirye-shirye sama da 70 kuma yana yawo ne a kan Emma wacce ke karbar bakuncin wani mai kirkire-kirkire don shan shayi da kek mai kyau, yayin da mai shirya wasanta Latimer (wanda Peter Newman ya taka rawarsa) ke ƙoƙarin kashe su a ƙarshen shirin.

A shekarar 2025, tare da Adrian Tchaikovsky, ta ƙaddamar da wani sabon shirin podcast, Starship Alexandria . A cikin wannan, masu gabatarwa suna ba da wani aiki (littafi, fim, littafin barkwanci) ga ɗayan don karantawa da kuma yanke hukunci ko ya kamata a adana aikin don zuriya.

Littattafan sauti da Newman ta ruwaito sun haɗa da wasu daga cikin ayyukanta ( *Planetfall*, *From Dark Places, Between Two Thorns, Any Other Name, All Is Fair* ), da kuma littattafai, littattafai, da gajerun labarai na wasu marubuta, galibi a cikin nau'ikan almarar kimiyya da tatsuniya. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Abubuwan da take sha'awa sun haɗa da yin wasan kwaikwayo kai tsaye da kuma yin ado.  Tana zaune a Somerset, Ingila .  &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</span></sup>

== Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka ==

=== ''Duniyar Raba'' - Tatsuniyoyi na Birane ===

* ''Tsakanin Ƙuya Biyu'' (2013) 
* ''Duk Wani Suna'' (2013) 
* ''Komai Adalci Ne'' (2013) 
* ''Ƙaramin Ilimi'' (2016) 
* ''Duk Abubuwan Da Suka Dace'' (2017) 

=== ''Duniyar Duniya'' - Almarar Kimiyya ===

* ''Duniyar Duniya'' (2015) 
* ''Bayan Atlas'' (2016) 
* ''Kafin Maris'' (2018) 
* ''Atlas Alone'' (2019) 
* ''Kafin, Bayan, Kaɗai: Tarin gajerun labarai na Duniyar Planetfall'' (2023) 

=== ''Sihiri na Masana'antu'' - Steampunk ===

* ''Rushewar Ɗan'uwa'' (2017) 
* ''Makokin Weaver'' (2017) 

=== Gajerun labarai na almara ===

* ''Daga Wuraren Duhu'' (2011) 

== Ƙarin karatu ==

=== Nazarce-nazarce masu zurfi da bita kan ayyukan Newman ===

* ''Tsakanin Ƙuya Biyu''  <cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFDi_Filippo,_Paul2014">"A cikin Littattafai".</cite> <cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFDi_Filippo,_Paul2014">''Labarin Kimiyya na Asimov'' .</cite> <cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFDi_Filippo,_Paul2014">**38''' (1): 101–105 .

## Manazarta
Yunkurin kisan Mohammad Zahir Shah

A ranar 4 ga Nuwamba 1991, Mohammad Zahir Shah, tsohon Sarkin Afghanistan, Paulo Jose de Almeida Santos, wani ɗan Portugal da ya tuba zuwa addinin Islama, ya yi masa wuka kuma ya ji rauni, a gidansa da ke Roma, inda yake zaune a gudun hijira tun bayan juyin mulkin Afghanistan na 1973.  

## Tarihi
A shekara ta 1973, yayin da yake warkewa daga magani a Roma, an cire Zahir Shah daga mulki a juyin mulki mara jini karkashin jagorancin dan uwansa kuma tsohon Firayim Minista, Mohammad Daoud Khan, wanda ya soke mulkin mallaka kuma ya kafa jamhuriya tare da kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1978, an kori Daoud Khan kuma an kashe shi a Juyin Juya Halin Saur, juyin mulkin soja wanda jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) ta jagoranta.

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1979, Tarayyar Soviet ta mamaye Afghanistan, inda ta kashe Babban Sakataren PDPA Hafizullah Amin kuma ta maye gurbinsa da Babrak Karmal, inda ta fara yakin Soviet-Afghan. A shekara ta 1987, Mohammad Najibullah ya yi nasarar korar Karmal a cikin gwagwarmayar iko kuma ya kirkiro sabon kundin tsarin mulki, ya dawo da kasar zuwa sunanta kafin 1978 na "Jamhuriyar Afghanistan" kuma ya cire akidar kwaminisanci gaba ɗaya don goyon bayan kasuwa kyauta.

A karkashin Najibullah, an dawo da 'yancin Zahir Shah kuma gwamnatin Najibulah da Soviets sun yi ƙoƙari su shigar da shi cikin tattaunawar don kawo karshen Yaƙin basasar Afghanistan, gami da yiwuwar maido da mulkin mallaka. Zahir Shah an dauke shi sananne a tsakanin yawancin 'yan Afghanistan, yankunan karkara da birane.

## Yunkurin kisan kai
Don hana Zahir Shah dawowa daga gudun hijira kuma mai yiwuwa ya zama shugaban sabuwar gwamnati, Osama bin Laden, shugaban Al-Qaeda, ya umarci wani ɗan Angola ɗan Portugal da ya tuba zuwa addinin Musulunci, Paulo Jose de Almeida Santos, ya kashe tsohon sarki. Duk da yake da farko ana zargin cewa ƙungiyoyin Mujahideen da ke adawa da dawowar Zahir Shah ne suka shirya shi, Santos ya tabbatar da cewa Bin Laden yana da hannu a cikin yunkurin kisan kai a shekara ta 2002. 

A ranar 4 ga Nuwamba 1991, Santos ya shiga gidan Zahir Shah a Roma yana nuna kansa a matsayin ɗan jarida. Bayan gudanar da hira da shi, Santos ya ce "Yanzu dole ne in kashe ka", kafin in soke Zahir Shah a cikin aljihun ƙirjyarsa tare da Mai yankan takarda mai kaifi; rayuwar tsohon sarki ta sami ceto ta hanyar tin na Café Crème cigarillos. Santos ya soke shi a wuyansa sau da yawa, kafin tsohon Janar Abdul Wali, tsohon kwamandan Sojojin Afghanistan da surukin sarki ya mamaye shi. An kai Zahir Shah asibiti kuma daga baya ya warke, tare da yanke wa Santos hukuncin shekaru goma a kurkuku mai tsaron gida a Rebibbia.[1][2][3]

## Dubi kuma

* Yaƙin basasar Afghanistan (1989-1992) 
* Sakamako na Kasa (Afghanistan) 

## Manazarta
Harkokin Ɗabi'a

Ma'aikatar Harkokin Ɗabi'a ita ce sashen da ke da alhakin kafofin watsa labarai da cibiyoyin tunani na Sojojin Masar, wanda ke ƙwarewa a cikin ayyuka da yawa ciki har da inshorar tunani ga membobin sojoji don kare su daga kowane karkatarwa, da kuma ba da shawarwari don su kasance duk mutane cikin ruhu mai kyau kuma ba sa shafar aikin yaƙi. Yana gudanar da karatu don taimakawa wajen gano sakamako mai kyau da mara kyau kafin ko bayan yanke shawara. Har ila yau, ya haɗa kai wajen haɓaka ƙwarewa da ƙwarewa tare da jagorancin ilimi na shugabannin a matakai daban-daban, musamman waɗanda ke da ayyuka na musamman. Kuma hadin kai a cikin zaɓin da ya dace na shugabannin da mutane don ɗaukar matsayi na tsari ta hanyar bayanin aikin.[1][2]

## Manazarta
Yanayin Chess

Chess, wasan kwamitin dabarun, ana buga shi a duk faɗin duniya. Kungiyar kula da kasa da kasa ta chess ita ce FIDE, wacce aka kafa a 1924. Yawancin ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa yanzu membobin FIDE ne; ƙungiyoyin ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙasa da yawa suna da alaƙa da FIDE.

## Matsayi na kasa: Mambobin FIDE na yanzu
Teburin da ke ƙasa ya lissafa ƙungiyoyin membobin FIDE  da kuma gasar zakarun ƙasa. Adadin manyan malamai da 'yan wasa da aka yi rajista ga kowace tarayyar a cikin bayanan FIDE, tun daga watan Janairun 2024, an kuma nuna su.

## Manazarta
Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Glenala

**Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Glenala** makaranta ce ta gwamnati, mai haɗin gwiwa, wacce ke kan titin Glenala a Durack, Brisbane, Queensland, Ostiraliya, a kan iyaka da Inala.  Ma'aikatar Ilimi ce ke gudanar da ita, tare da ɗalibai 1,053 da ma'aikatan koyarwa 96, tun daga shekarar 2023. Makarantar tana hidimar ɗalibai daga Aji 7 zuwa Aji 12. 

## Tarihi
An buɗe makarantar a ranar 29 ga Janairu 1996  bayan haɗa dukkan ɗaliban makarantar sakandare ta Inala State (30 ga Janairu 1962 - 15 ga Disamba 1995) da kuma ɗaliban aji 8, 9, da 11 a Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Richlands (27 ga Janairu 1970 - 13 ga Disamba 1996). A shekarar 1997, an mayar da dukkan ɗaliban makarantar sakandare ta Jihar Richlands zuwa Glenala.

### Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Inala
Taken makarantar sakandare ta Jihar Inala shine "Ci gaba da Sama."  A shekarar 1973, wani ɗalibi ya mutu, wasu 13 kuma suka ji rauni, ciki har da malamin, bayan wani gwajin kimiyya ya yi kuskure. 

### Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Richlands
Tun daga shekarar 2007, ƙasar da makarantar take a da wurin haɓakawa ne.

A shekara ta 2004, ƙarancin kwarin gwiwa da halartar Glenala matsala ce a bayyane; duk da haka, bayan ɗan gajeren shirin makonni goma sha ɗaya mai taken "The Band Thing: Bringing New Styles," an ga ci gaba a 'halin ɗalibai, mayar da hankali da halarta'.[1]

## Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai

### Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Inala (1962–1995)

* Wayne Goss, ɗan siyasan Australiya; tsohon Firimiyan Queensland.   

## Manazarta
Moulay Bouazza

**Moulay Bouazza** wani gari ne a Lardin Khénifra, Béni Mellal-Khénifra, Morocco . Dangane da ƙidayar jama'a ta 2004 tana da yawan mutane 5,241. 

An sanya sunan garin ne bayan wani sanannen shugaban addini na karni na 12 mai suna Abu Yaaza .

## Manazarta
Amelia Matilda Murray

Amelia Matilda Murray (30 Afrilu 1795 - 7 Yuni 1884) ƙwararriyar masaniyar tsirrai ce ' yar Birtaniya, marubuciya, kuma mai kula da gonaki. Ta rubuta littafi don kare bauta a shekarar 1856.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Murray a Kenton ga Lord George Murray da Anne Charlotte (née Grant). Babban ɗan'uwanta shine George Murray wanda ya zama Bishop na Rochester. Ita da mahaifiyarta sun shahara da George III, sakamakon haka mahaifiyarta ta zama mai hidima a wurin jiran Gimbiya Elizabeth da Augusta. Murray da kanta ta haɗu da George III. 

Ta lura da lokacin da aka zaɓe ta a matsayin Mai Ba da Shawara ga Sarauniya Victoria matashiya. Tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan bayin Victoria kuma an san ta da "Mai Ba da Shawara".

A shekara ta 1854, ta fara rangadin Arewacin Amurka da Cuba inda ta nuna sha'awarta ga ilimin tsirrai yayin da take binciken tsarin bauta. Ta buga wani littafi don kare bauta wanda ya dogara ne akan wasiƙu zuwa ga ƙawarta Lady Byron . Murray ma ta shirya zane-zane don kwatanta littafinta amma ba a yi amfani da su ba.  Lady Byron ta kasance mai fafutukar kawar da bauta kuma ta halarci taron duniya na 1840 na Yaƙi da Bauta .  Murray ya rubuta "Bauta tana yi wa marasa galihu abin da masu makirci na Turai suka yi a banza don yi wa mai ɗaukar haya. Yana tabbatar da aiki da rayuwa ga kowa. Yana tabbatar da ƙarin tsari da biyayya."  Martanin da aka yi wa littafin Murray ya sa ta yi murabus daga matsayinta na mace a ɗakin kwanciya . Daga baya ta buga wasu ayyuka biyu. 

Murray ta mutu a gidanta da ke Glenberrow, Castlemorton a shekarar 1884. 

## Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka

* *Bayani kan Ilimi a shekarar 1847*, 1847.
* *Wasiku daga Amurka, Cuba, da Kanada*  1856.
* *Tunawa daga 1803 zuwa 1837, tare da Kammalawa a 1868* 1868.
* *Zane-zanen hoto da kwatancen Odenwald* 1869

## Manazarta
Anna Kelles

**Anna Kelles** (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 1974) 'yar siyasar Democrat ce ta Amurka wacce a halin yanzu ke wakiltar gundumar Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York 125,  wanda ya hada da Tompkins County da sassan Cortland County. 

## Rayuwa ta farko
Kelles ta yi yarinta a Trumansburg, New York .  Ta sami digiri na farko a fannin ilmin halitta da Nazarin muhalli daga Jami'ar Binghamton a shekarar 1997 da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin cututtukan abinci mai gina jiki daga Jami'an North Carolina a Chapel Hill a shekarar 2008.  

Kelles ta yi aiki a Ecuador tsakanin digiri a matsayin malamin ilmin halitta na makarantar sakandare da kuma jagorar muhalli na Amazon. Bayan ta sami Ph.D., ta koyar da kimiyyar abinci mai gina jiki a Kwalejin Ithaca da Jami'ar Cornell kafin ta fara aiki mai zaman kanta a cikin abinci mai gina gina jiki da lafiya.

## Ayyuka
Kelles ta yi aiki a Majalisar Dokokin Tompkins County 2015-2020, inda ta tsara dokoki kan batutuwa ciki har da lafiyar jama'a da muhalli.

An zabi Kelles a ranar 12 ga watan Nuwamba, 2020, inda ya doke Libertarian Matthew McIntyre a cikin babban zaben don wakiltar Gundumar Majalisar New York 125. Kelles tana ɗaukar kanta a matsayin mai ci gaba da dimokuradiyya. Dandalin ta ya haɗa da Kula da lafiyar duniya, adalci na launin fata, farfadowar tattalin arziki, kula da yara na duniya, gidaje na duniya, sake fasalin shari'ar aikata laifuka, da Tsaro na abinci. Ta kuma goyi bayan allurar rigakafi, bayan da ta yi kamfen a tsakiyar annobar COVID-19.

Kelles ya ziyarci Auburn Correctional Facility a watan Fabrairun 2021 don "ba da shaida" ga yanayin da ke kurkuku, ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffi a Amurka. Ta soki kananan sel da kuma tasirin lafiyar kwakwalwa na tsawo. Ita da sauran 'yan majalisa sun ba da shawara ga Tsarin Hanyar Shari'a, wanda ya haɗa da matakan sake fasalin tsare-tsare na zaman kansa da tabbatar da adalci da kuma lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi. Ta shiga kungiyoyi masu ba da shawara da yawa a wannan matsayi, gami da New York Communities for Change . 

Kelles na daga cikin 'yan siyasa da yawa na Jihar New York da suka soki Gwamna Andrew Cuomo bayan an buga zargin cewa ya yi wa mata mata da yawa cin zarafin jima'i, da farko ya kira shi ya yi murabus idan aka same shi da laifi ta hanyar binciken da Babban Lauyan Jihar Letitia James ya jagoranta, [1] sannan ya kira shi da ya yi murabba'i nan da nan, ya sanya hannu kan wata wasika tare da wasu 'yan Democrat 58 a cikin ofisoshin da aka zaba a jihar. [2] Ita da wasu sun kuma soki Cuomo saboda abin kunya na gidan jinya na COVID-19 na New York, saboda an gano cewa an canza bayanai game da mutuwar COVID-19 a gidajen jinya.[2]

Kelles yana ba da shawarar dokar Earned Time don taƙaita hukuncin don halin kirki na fursunoni da Dokar Tsaro ta Jarida don yaki da ayyukan mallaka da inganta kafofin watsa labarai da jaridu a duk faɗin New York.

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2023, bayan ta ba da shaida a gaban Majalisar Wakilai ta Pennsylvania a kan cryptocurrency, wanda take da mahimmanci saboda damuwa game da muhalli, an yi amfani da asusun twitter dinta don inganta cryptocurrency.

## Manazarta
Daisuke Nanba

Daisuke Nanba (難波 大助, Nanba Daisuke, Nuwamba 7, 1899 - Nuwamba 15, 1924) dalibin Japan ne kuma memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Japan [ana hujja hujja] wanda ya yi kokarin kashe yarima mai jiran gado Regent Hirohito a cikin lamarin Toranomon a ranar 27 ga Disamba, 1923.

## Iyali da rayuwar farko
An haifi Daisuke Nanba ne a cikin dangi mai daraja. Emperor Meiji ne ya yi wa kakansa ado. Mahaifinsa ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dattijai har sai aikin dansa ya tilasta masa ya yi murabus. Kafin ya kai shekara 21, Nanba bai nuna alamun jin tausayi ga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ba. Akasin haka, yana la'akari da zama jami'in Sojojin Daular Japan.

## Tunanin siyasa
Bayan 1919, jerin abubuwan da suka faru sun haifar da Nanba. A makaranta a Tokyo, ya halarci laccoci na siyasa kuma ya nuna goyon baya ga yunkurin sufuri a shekarar 1920. A sakamakon matsayin mahaifinsa, ya sami damar jin adawar Firayim Minista Hara Takashi na fadada ikon mallakar. Da yake fushi da 'yan siyasa, ya zama mai sukar rawar da mahaifinsa ya taka kuma ya ji cewa wasu matakan kai tsaye sun zama dole. Ya fara karanta ayyukan Marx da Lenin da kuma mujallu na hagu. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1921, labarin Farfesa Kawakami Hajime game da Juyin Juya Halin Rasha ya shafe shi sosai. Ya gamsu cewa juyin juya halin ya yi nasara ne saboda masu tsarkakewa sun sadaukar da kansu. Labarin jarida na watan da ya biyo baya game da Babban Cin amana ya kara fushinsa ga gwamnati. A ƙarshen 1923, ya yi fushi da kisan kiyashi na 'yan hagu na Japan da Koriya bayan girgizar ƙasa mai girma ta Kanto, ya yanke shawarar aiwatar da kisan.

## Lamarin Toranomon
Yunkurin kisan kai, wanda aka fi sani da lamarin Toranomon, ya faru ne a ranar 27 ga Disamba, 1923, a wurin tsakiya na Toranomon tsakanin Fadar Akasaka da Majalisar Dokokin Japan a cikin garin Tokyo, Japan. Yarima da Regent Hirohito suna kan hanyarsu ta zuwa bude zaman 48 na Majalisar Dattijai lokacin da Nanba ta harbe karamin bindiga a karusarsa. Harsashi ya fashe taga a kan karusar, ya ji wa wani mai ba da shawara rauni, amma Hirohito bai ji rauni ba.

## Shari'a, kisa da sakamakonsa
Kodayake Nanba ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana da hankali (ra'ayi da aka amince da shi a cikin bayanan kotu), an ayyana shi mahaukaci ga jama'a. A ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 1924, an same shi da laifin cin amana a wani zaman na musamman na Kotun Koli ta Japan. Lokacin da Babban Alkalin Yokota na Kotun Koli ya yanke wa Nanba hukuncin kisa, Nanba ya yi ihu da rashin amincewa: "Long live the Communist Party of Japan!" An kashe shi ta hanyar rataye shi kwana biyu bayan haka a gidan yarin Ichigaya . [1]

Mahaifinsa da 'yar'uwarsa masu aure sun yi gudun hijira zuwa Java, Dutch East Indies don tserewa daga kunya da Nanba, ta hanyar aikinsa, ya kawo wa iyalin. An ruwaito cewa iyalin sun canza sunanta zuwa "Kurokawa".

## Dubi kuma

* Tsayayyar Jafananci a lokacin Shōwa
* Yunkurin kisan kai a kan Hirohito

## Manazarta
Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Forest Lake

**Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Forest Lake** ( **FLSHS** ) makarantar sakandare ce ta jihar da ke cikin Forest Lake, Queensland, Ostiraliya.

## Tarihi
An buɗe makarantar a shekara ta 2001, inda aji na 8 kawai. Matakan shekara sun ƙaru kowace shekara, inda rukunin farko na ɗaliban aji na 12 suka kammala karatunsu na sakandare a shekara ta 2005. FLSHS makaranta ce da ke kula da rajista wanda ke nufin ɗalibai, da iyayensu, dole ne su zauna a yankin da makarantar take kafin su cancanci shiga. FLSHS ta sami suna mai ƙarfi a fannin ilimi da wasanni. A shekara ta 2011, makarantar tana da kimanin ɗalibai 1280 da suka yi rajista a shekara ta 8-12.

## Harabar jami'a
Harabar FLSHS ta ƙunshi wuraren wasanni na ciki da waje, dakunan gwaje-gwaje na kwamfuta masu faɗi da kuma cibiyar albarkatu mai daraja wacce aka gina tare da haɗin gwiwar Kwalejin Anglican ta St. Johns.

## Tsarin makaranta
Domin ci gaba da kasancewa ƙaramar ji a makaranta da kuma samar da damammaki don haɓaka dangantaka mai ƙarfi tsakanin ɗalibai da ma'aikata, makarantar tana aiki a matsayin makarantar tsakiya daban (shekaru 7, 8 da 9) da kuma makarantar sakandare (shekaru 10, 11 da 12). Akwai mataimakan shugabanni 3 (makarantar tsakiya, makarantar sakandare da ayyuka) da kuma mai kula da ɗalibai a makarantar sakandare da sakandare. Shugabannin sassa 10 suna jagorantar, suna kula da kuma kula da manhajar karatu a yankunansu. Shugaban ayyukan ilimi na musamman da malaman ilimi na musamman da aka horar musamman suna haɓakawa da kuma samar da shirye-shirye da ayyuka ga ɗaliban da ke da nakasa waɗanda suka yi rajista a makarantar.

## Shirye-shiryen ƙwarewa

### Shirin Ilimi na Kyau
Ga ɗaliban da suka yi fice a fannin ilimi a aji 7-9. Ana gwada ɗaliban aji 6 a lokacin shekararsu ta ƙarshe ta makarantar firamare (aji 6) kuma ana buƙatar su samar da wasu takardu masu tallafi kamar katin rahoton shekara ta 6 da sakamakon NAPLAN na aji 5. Ajin APEx koyaushe yana amfani da alamar aji 7E, 8E, ko 9E, ta kowane aji. Ana kiyaye wannan ajin a duk tsawon shekarun makarantar sakandare, tare da buƙatun kawai shine ci gaba da samun maki B ko sama da haka a cikin ƙoƙari da ɗabi'a ba tare da dakatarwa ba. Duk da cewa kimantawa da jarrabawa iri ɗaya ne da azuzuwan farko, ajin APEx yana ba da ƙarin damammaki a makaranta kamar kyautar Bridge da takaddun shaida na Optiminds, da kuma damar kasancewa tare da ɗalibai masu irin wannan ra'ayi.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin makarantu a Queensland

## Manazarta