open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ambaliyar Afirka ta 2023

Tun daga ranar 5 ga Fabrairun 2023, ambaliyar ruwa ta kashe mutane sama da 2,200 a kasashe 15 na Afirka . 

## Fage
Ruwan sama mai yawa da ke haddasa barna da asarar rayuka tsakanin Maris da Mayu ya zama ruwan dare a Gabashin Afirka - a watan Mayun 2020 kusan mutane 80 ambaliyar ruwa ta kashe a Ruwanda . Ambaliyar ruwa da fari sun karu a Rwanda cikin shekaru 30.  Hukumar kula da yanayi ta Rwanda ta danganta yanayin ruwan sama da ba a saba gani ba da sauyin yanayi. 

A cikin shekarar 2023, ruwan sama da yawa ya mamaye ƙasa, wanda ke ƙara yuwuwar ambaliya. A tsakanin watan Janairu zuwa Afrilun shekarar 2023, ma'aikatar ba da agajin gaggawa ta kasar Sin ta ba da rahoton cewa, bala'o'i masu nasaba da yanayi sun haddasa asarar rayukan mutane 60, sun lalata gidaje sama da 1,205 tare da lalata gonaki mai girman eka 5,000 a fadin kasar Rwanda.  A ranar 2 ga Mayu, Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Ruwanda ta yi hasashen za a samu ruwan sama sama da matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin tsawon kwanaki 10 masu zuwa.Gwamnatin Rwanda a baya ya nemi mazauna da ke zaune a wuraren dausayi da sauran wurare masu hadari da su ƙaura. 

Uganda kuma ta fuskanci ruwan sama mai karfi tun watan Maris, wanda ya haddasa zabtarewar kasa da ta lalata gidaje tare da raba daruruwan mutane.

## Tasiri
Ambaliyar ruwa da ta haifar da dalilai daban-daban ta kashe mutane 1,216 a Malawi, 476 a Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango,  198 a Mozambique, 135 a Rwanda, 42 a Somalia 40 a Madagascar, 29 a Habasha 18 a Uganda 16 a Kenya, 15 a Afirka ta Kudu da kuma wani a Kamaru .

## Manazarta
John Varty

**John Varty** (an haife shi 27 Nuwamba 1950) ɗan fim ɗin namun daji ne na Afirka ta Kudu  wanda ya yi fina-finai sama da 30 da fim ɗin fasali ɗaya. Varty marubuci ne, mawaki-mawaƙi kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya.  Ya mallaki Londolozi Game Reserve da Tiger Canyon - Aikin da ke da nufin ƙirƙirar yawan damisa mai 'yanci, mai dogaro da kai a wajen Asiya. 

## Rayuwar farko
John Varty ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Parktown Boys a Johannesburg. Lokacin yaro, John ya koyi game da farauta  a gonar wasan iyali kusa da Kruger National Park .

Bayan mahaifinsa, Charles, ya mutu, John da ɗan'uwansa, Dave Varty, sun dakatar da ayyukan farauta kuma suka mayar da shi wurin ajiyar wasa a cikin 1973.  Sun sake masa suna Londolozi, wato kalmar Zulu da ake kira "majiɓincin halittu". Tun daga wannan lokacin ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren shakatawa a duniya kuma an haɗa shi cikin mafi kyawun balaguron balaguro da nishaɗi na duniya sau 4 a ƙarshen 90s da farkon 2000s.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*  documentary
* Discovery Channel profile
* Tiger Man of Africa
* Guardian article on Londolozi and Mandela
Ram Ouédraogo

**Ram Ouédraogo** (an haife shi a watan Janairu 2, shekara ta 1950)  ɗan siyasan Burkinabe ne kuma shugaban jam'iyyar Rally of the Ecologists of Burkina (RDEB).

An haifi Ouédraogo a Agboville, Cote d'Ivoire, ga iyayen Burkinabe daga Lardin Passoré. Ya tsaya takara a matsayin ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Greens for Development of Burkina (UVDB) a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da aka gudanar a ranar 15 ga watan Nuwamban ,shekara ta 1998, inda ya zo na biyu bayan shugaba mai ci Blaise Compaore da kashi 6.61% na ƙuri'un da aka kada. Daga baya ya bar UVDB kuma ya kafa jam'iyyar RDEB. 

Daga shekara ta 1999 zuwa shekara ta 2002, Ouédraogo yayi aiki a gwamnati a matsayin ƙaramin ministan sulhu na ƙasa. 

A zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 13 Nuwamba, 2005, Ouédraogo ya sanya na biyar cikin 'yan takara 13, inda ya sami kashi 2.04% na ƙuri'un.

## Manazarta
Michael Z. Lin

**Michael Z. Lin** (an haife shi a shekara ta alif  1973) a Taipei, a ƙasar Taiwan) ɗan Taiwan-Ba-Amurke masanin ilimin halittu ne kuma injiniyan halittu. Shi mataimakin Farfesa ne na Neurobiology da Bioengineering a Jami'ar Stanford. An fi saninsa da aikin injiniyanci na gani da ido da sunadarai masu sinadarai.

## Ilimi da aiki
Lin ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Harvard a 1994 tare da digiri a cikin ilimin kimiyyar halittu *summa cum laude*. Daga baya ya horar da shi a matsayin dalibi na PhD yana nazarin fassarar siginar neuronal tare da Michael E. Greenberg a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard, ya kammala karatunsa a 2002, kuma ya sami MD a UCLA a 2004.  Daga nan Lin ya yi bincike na gaba da digiri tare da Chemistry Nobel Prize Laureate Roger Y. Tsien a UCSD. Tun 2009, ya kasance memba na baiwa a Makarantar Magunguna ta Jami'ar Stanford.

## Bincike
A lokacin horo na postdoctoral tare da Roger Y. Tsin, Lin ya haɓaka ingantattun sunadaran sunadaran ja  da channelrhodopsins,  kuma ya fara yin amfani da magungunan miyagun ƙwayoyi don gyare-gyaren furotin a cikin hanyar lakabin furotin TimeSTAMP. Rukunin Lin a Jami'ar Stanford sun ƙera sunadaran sunadaran tare da sabbin ayyuka don optogenetics, *chemogenetics*, da ilimin halitta na roba. Fitattun abubuwan ƙirƙira sun haɗa da:

* Red fluorescent da sunadaran bioluminescent  
* Sunadaran da za'a iya canzawa ta gani ta amfani da ingin ingin sunadaran furotin mai kyalli  
* Iyali mai nuna alamar wutar lantarki ta asali ta ASAP  
* Sarrafa sinadarai na bayanin furotin ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta na RNA  
* Sunadaran roba waɗanda ke sake dawo da siginar cutar kansa zuwa kunnawar warkewa  
* SARS-CoV-2 protease inhibitors dangane da gyara HCV protease inhibitors 

## Kyaututtuka da karramawa

* Kudin hannun jari Burroughs Wellcome Fund Kyauta a Kimiyyar Kiwon Lafiya (2007) 
* Kyautar Majagaba ta Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Ƙasa (2013)
* Masanin Gidauniyar Rita Allen (2016) 
* Ƙungiyar Hoto Kwayoyin Halitta ta Duniya Roger Tsien Awardee don Ƙwarewa a Ilimin Sinadarai (2019) 

## Manazarta
Susan Lindquist

**Susan Lee Lindquist**, (Yuni 5, an haife ta a shekara ta alif dari tara  da alba'in da tara1949A.c -ta mutu a watan Oktoba 27, 2016) wata farfesa ce yar ƙasar amurka tayi karatu  a fannin ilmin halitta a MIT   ƙwareriya a fannin  ilmin kwayoyin halitta, hakamusamman matsalar nadawa sunadaran   a cikin dangin kwayoyin da aka sani da sunadaran zafi-shock,   da prions .  Lindquist ya kasance memba kuma tsohon darektan Cibiyar Whitehead kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Kimiyya ta ƙasa a cikin 2010.   

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Lindquist a Chicago, Illinois, zuwa Iver da Eleanor (née Maggio), kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Maine South a Park Ridge . 

Lindquist's father and mother were of Swedish and Italian descent, respectively, and although they expected her to become a housewife, Susan studied microbiology at the University of Illinois as an undergraduate and received her PhD in biology from Harvard University in 1976. She completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the American Cancer Society.

## Sana'a
Bayan kammala karatun ta a 1976, Lindquist ya koma Jami'ar Chicago don ɗan gajeren lokaci kafin a ɗauke shi aiki a matsayin mamba a Sashen Biology a 1978,  ya zama Albert D. Lasker Farfesa na Kimiyyar Kiwon Lafiya tare da kafa. na Sashen Kwayoyin Halitta da Halittu na Halitta a cikin 1980.  A Jami'ar Chicago Lindquist ya binciki rawar da sunadaran girgiza zafi ke takawa wajen daidaita martanin salon salula ga matsalolin muhalli. Lindquist ya fara yin amfani da yisti a matsayin tsarin samfuri don nazarin yadda sunadaran girgiza zafin jiki ke daidaita maganganun kwayoyin halitta da nadewar furotin. Don wannan aikin, an sanya Lindquist mai bincike na Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Howard Hughes a cikin 1988.  Bayan yin muhimman sababbin binciken zuwa prions, Lindquist ya koma MIT a cikin 2001 kuma an nada shi a matsayin Daraktan Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu ta Whitehead, ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko a cikin al'umma don jagorantar babbar ƙungiyar bincike mai zaman kanta. 

A cikin 2004, Lindquist ya ci gaba da bincike a matsayin Memba na Cibiyar, abokin tarayya na Broad Institute of MIT da Harvard, da kuma memba na David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research a MIT. 

An ba Lindquist lambar yabo ta Kimiyya ta ƙasa a cikin 2009 (wanda aka gabatar a cikin 2010), don gudummawar bincike don nada furotin. 

Lindquist ya gabatar da lacca a cikin ƙasa da kuma na duniya kan batutuwan kimiyya iri-iri. A watan Yuni 2006, ta kasance baƙo na farko a kan "Futures in Biotech" podcast akan hanyar sadarwar TWiT na Leo Laporte .  A cikin 2007, ta halarci taron tattalin arzikin duniya a Davos, Switzerland tare da sauran shugabannin MIT. 

Lindquist kuma ya haɗu da kamfanoni biyu don fassara bincike zuwa hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su, FoldRx in da Yumanity Therapeutics a, kamfanoni masu haɓaka magungunan ƙwayoyi don cututtukan ɓarna furotin da amyloidosis.  

## Manazarta
Magna Graecia

**Magna Graecia** ( UK : / ˌ m æ ɡ n ə ˈɡr iːs iə , _ _ _ - MAG -nə GREE -see - ə MAG - ⁠ - shə, US : /- ˈɡr eɪ ʃə / - GRAY ⁠ shə, Latin: [ˈmaŋna ˈɡrae̯ki.a] ; Ancient Greek     , Greek: [/ me.ɡá.lɛː hel.lás/] ;  lit.  Mafi girma[er] Girka &#x27; ; Italiyanci   , Italian: [ˈmaɲɲa ˈɡrɛʧa] ) shine sunan da Rumawa suka ba wa yankunan bakin teku na Kudancin Italiya a cikin yankunan Italiya da ke Calabria, Apulia, Basilicata, Campania da Sicily: mafiya yawanan mazauna yankin sun kasance 'yan asalin kasar Girka ne. Waɗannan mazauna, waɗanda suka fara zuwa yankin a cikin karni na 8 BC, sun kawo wayewarsu ta Hellenic, wanda ya bar alama ta  dindindin a Italiya (kamar al'adun tsohuwar Roma ). Har ila yau, sun rinjayi 'yan asalin ƙasar, irin su Sicels da Oenotrians, waɗanda  aka mayar dasu mabiya Hellniyanci  bayan sun ɗauki al'adun Girkanci a matsayin nasu.

Kalmar Girkanci , daga baya kuma aka fassara shei zuwa Latinwato  , ya fara bayyana a cikin *Tarihin* Polybius,  inda ya danganta kalmar ga Pythagoras da makarantarsa ta falsafa.   Strabo ya kuma yi amfani da kalmar don yin nuni ga girman yankin da Girkawa suka ci, kuma mawaƙin Romawa Ovid ya yi amfani da kalmar a cikin waƙarsa *Fasti.*

## Manazarta
Konda Reddy Fort

**Konda Reddy Fort**,  kauye ne wanda ake kira konda redy ko kuma aka sani da **Kondareddy Buruju** wani katafaren gida ne da ke cikin birnin Kurnool a cikin Andhra Pradesh, dake kasar Indiya . Yana danisa na 2&nbsp;km daga garin Kurnool Railway Station da 24&nbsp;km daga Alampur, Konda Reddy Fort wani ƙaƙƙarfan tsari ne wanda ke tsakiyar garin Kurnool dake andra fradash dake cikin gakasar indiya

## Tarihi
Ginin katangar ya samo asali ne tun karni na 12 lokacin da aka yi amfani da birnin Kurnool a matsayin tushe a mashigar kogin **Tungabhadra**. Kurnool ya kasance karkashin mulkin Vijayanagara Devaraya II da Achyutaraya wanda ya gaji Krishnadevaraya ya gina katangar farko tsakanin 1530 zuwa 1542.

Kagara yana da ƙofofin ƙofofi daban-daban da bastions. Gopala Raja, jikan Rama Raja na sarakunan Talikota Vijayanagara ne ya gina ƙofofin katangar a ƙarni na 17.

Sunan katangar bayan Konda Reddy, mai mulkin Alampur na ƙarshe wanda Kurnool Nawab ya ɗaure a cikin kagara a ƙarni na 17. Mazauna yankin da almara sun bayyana cewa Konda Reddy na fuskantar hari, kuma sun yi amfani da ramukan da sansanin ya ajiye domin tserewa. Konda Reddy daga ƙarshe ya tsere daga sansanin, amma dole ne ya kwance yankinsa ga Golconda Nawabs. A yanzu haka an kulle ramukan kuma an rufe su daga jama'a, amma katangar a bude take don yawon bude ido.

## Bayani
Katangar tana da matakai uku kuma an yi amfani da ita azaman hasumiya a cikin ƙarni na 17 da 18. An rufe matakin ƙasa don baƙi, yayin da baƙi za su iya hawa zuwa benaye na farko da na biyu kuma su sami hangen nesa na tarihi. Matakin farko yana da ƴan shinge masu yawa tare da babban falo. Gidajen mataki na biyu babban hasumiya da ake amfani da shi don kallo.

## Manazarta
Konda Reddis

**Konda Reddis** ko **Hill Reddis** kabila ce na dake zaune a jihar Andhra Pradesh dake cikin kasar Indiya tana kuma makwabtaka da jihohin Odisha, Tamil Nadu. 

Ba su da alaka da kabilar Hindu kuma da aka fi sani da sunan Reddy.  Suna zaune galibi a gundumar ko yankin Khammam, tare da karami a gundumomin,ko yankuna Alluri Sitharama Raju da Eluru. Ba a lissafa Konda Reddis a matsayin kabilun a jihar Odisha duk da bukatar mutane. Mutanen **Konda Reddis** kan yi magana da yaren Telugu yayin mu'amala da wadanda ba 'yan kabilarsu ba. Kididdigar shekarar 1991 na Indiya ta kidaya 432 Hill Reddis. .

## Addini
Addinin gargajiya na **Konda Reddis** ba su yarda da cewa akwai kurwa acikin jikin dan adam ba. Ko da yake, mutanen Reddis suna bauta wa matattu kakanninsu, tuddai, gumakan gida, kuma sun yarda da allolin Hindus.

## Manazarta


## Kara karantawa

* Godavari District Gazetteer, p. 66-67.
* https://web.archive.org/web/20081016044305/http://www.aptribes.gov.in/html/tcr-studies-eci-hill-reddis.htm
Tsirar wanda yafi dacewa

" **Tsirar wanda yafi dacewa**  "  magana ce da ta samo asali daga ka'idar juyin halitta ta Darwiniyanci a matsayin wata hanya ta bayyana tsarin zaɓin yanayi . An ayyana ra'ayin nazarin halittu na dacewa a matsayin nasarar haihuwa . A cikin sharuddan Darwiniyanci(tsarin ilimin charls darwin ), an fi fahimtar jimlar a matsaayin "Tsarin yadda halittu ke barin tsarin halitta ga yaya da jikoki.

Herbert Spencer ya fara amfani da wannan furci ne, bayan ya karanta littafin Charles Darwin ’s *[[Akan Asalin Nau'ukan|On the Origin of Species]]*, a cikin *ka’idojinsa na Biology* (1864), inda ya zana kamanceceniya tsakanin ka’idojin tattalin arzikinsa da na nazarin halittu na Darwin: “Wannan tsira daga mafifici, wanda a nan na nemi in bayyana shi ta hanyar injina, shi ne abin da Mista Darwin ya kira 'zabin yanayi', ko kuma kiyaye jinsin da aka fi so a gwagwarmayar rayuwa." 

Darwin ya amsa da kyau ga shawarar Alfred Russel Wallace na yin amfani da sabuwar magana ta Spencer "rayuwar da ta fi dacewa" a matsayin madadin "zabin dabi'a", kuma ya amince da jumlar a cikin *[[Bambancin Dabbobi da Tsirrai a Ƙarƙashin Gida|Bambancin Dabbobi da Tsirrai karkashin Gida]]* wanda aka buga a 1868.   A *cikin Asalin Species*, ya gabatar da jumlar a bugu na biyar da aka buga a cikin shekarar 1869,   yana nufin ma'anar "mafi kyawun tsara don wani wuri na gaggawa, na gida".  

## Tarihin jumlar
Ta nasa asusun, Herbert Spencer ya bayyana wani ra'ayi mai kama da "rayuwar da ta fi dacewa" a cikin 1852 "Theory of Population".  Ya fara amfani da kalmar - bayan karanta Charles Darwin 's *[[Asalin Nau'ukan|On the Origin of Species]]*&nbsp;– a cikin *ka’idojinsa na Biology* na 1864  inda ya zana kamanceceniya tsakanin ka’idojin tattalin arzikinsa da na Darwin na nazarin halittu, na juyin halitta, yana rubuta cewa, “Wannan tsira na fittest, wanda a nan na nemi in bayyana a cikin injina, shi ne wanda Mista Darwin ya kira 'zabin yanayi', ko kuma adana jinsin da aka fi so a gwagwarmayar rayuwa." 

A cikin Yuli 1866 Alfred Russel Wallace ya rubuta wa Darwin game da masu karatu suna tunanin cewa kalmar " zaɓin yanayi" da aka bayyana a matsayin "zaɓi", kuma ya ce za a iya kauce wa wannan kuskuren "ta hanyar ɗaukar kalmar Spencer" *Tsira da mafifici* . Nan da nan Darwin ya amsa da cewa wasiƙar Wallace “a bayyane take kamar hasken rana. Na yarda da duk abin da kuka faɗi akan fa'idodin H. Spencer kyakkyawan furuci na 'cirewa na mafificin'. Duk da haka wannan bai same ni ba har sai na karanta wasiƙar ku. Duk da haka, babban ƙin yarda ne ga wannan kalma cewa ba za a iya amfani da shi azaman ƙaƙƙarfan jagorancin fi'ili ba". Da ya karbi wasiƙar watanni biyu da suka shige, da ya yi amfani da jimlar zuwa bugu na huɗu na *Asalin* da ake bugawa a lokacin, kuma zai yi amfani da ita a littafinsa na gaba na " Dabbobin Gida da sauransu." . 

## Manazarta
Haƙar Kabwe

**Haƙar Kabwe** ko **Broken Hill mine** ne mai ritaya dalma da aikin hakar ma'adinai kusa da Kabwe, Zambia wanda ya yi aiki daga 1906 zuwa 1994. A kololuwarta, tsakanin Shekara ta 1925 zuwa 1974, ita ce babbar mai samar da gubar a Afirka.   Ma'adinan ya haifar da gurɓatar dalma mai matuƙar guba har tsawon shekaru casa'in kuma ta kashe mutane sama da 100,000 ciki har da dubun dubatar yara.   Wasu masana harkokin gurbatar yanayi sun ce Kabwe na iya zama garin da ya fi gurbata muhalli a duniya. 

A cikin shekara ta 1921, an gano wani "kogon kashi" wanda ya hada da burbushin kwanyar dan Adam mai suna *Kabwe 1* a cikin ma'adinan. Wannan burbushin ita ce gawarwakin ɗan adam da ba a taɓa gani ba da aka samu a Afirka.  Arthur Smith Woodward na Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Biritaniya ne ya yi nazari kan kwanyar, wanda ya wallafa wata takarda mai suna sabon mafarin dan Adam *Homo rhodesiensis .*   Nazarin kwanyar Kabwe yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci ga fahimtar juyin halittar ɗan adam da kafin tarihi. 

Gwamnatin Zambiya ta mayar da mahakar ma’adinan zaman kanta kuma ta rufe shi a shekarar ta 1995. A cikin Shekara ta 2021, har yanzu akwai kusan tan miliyan 5 na wutsiyoyi na ma'adinai a wurin, kuma gwamnatin Zambia ta ba da lasisin sake sarrafa wannan sharar da kuma kara hako ma'adinai ta kamfanin Jubilee Metals na Afirka ta Kudu.  Masu aikin hako ma'adinai kuma suna hakowa yankin . Duk waɗannan ayyukan suna gabatar da haɗarin lafiya mai gudana ga al'ummomin gida ta hanyar fitar da ƙarin gubar.  

A watan Yulin 2021, masu aiko da rahotanni na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun bukaci gwamnatin Zambia da ta gyara wurin mai guba. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da muhalli sun kuma bukaci gwamnati da ta magance gurbatar yanayi da matsalolin kiwon lafiya da ke haifarwa a cikin al'ummomin yankunan.  Ana ci gaba da shari'ar Anglo American plc game da gurbatar yanayi a Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 2023.

## Manazarta
David Haig (masanin halittu)

**David Addison Haig** (an haife shi 28 ga Yunin 1958) masanin ilimin juyin halitta ne na Australiya, masanin ilimin halitta, kuma farfesa a Sashen Halittu  na Jami'ar Harvard.  Yana da sha'awar yin rubuce rubuce a rikice-rikice na intragenomic, genomic imprinting da rikicin iyaye-yayanmu kuma ya rubuta littafin *Genomic Imprinting and Kinship*. Babban gudunmawarsa ga fagen ƙa'idar juyin halitta ita ce ka'idar dangi na buga kwayoyin halitta.

## Muhimman takardun daya wallafa

* Haka, D. (1993). *Rikicin kwayoyin halitta a cikin ɗan adam.* Bita na Biology na Kwata-kwata, 68, 495-532.
* Haig, D. (1997) *Tsarin zamantakewa.* A cikin Krebs, JR & Davies, NB (masu gyara) Ilimin Halitta: Hanyar Juyin Halitta, shafi na 284-304. Blackwell Publishers, London.
* Haig, D. (2000) *Ka'idar zumunta ta genomic imprinting.* Bita na shekara-shekara na Ilimin Halittu da Tsare-tsare, 31, 9-32.
* Wilkins, JF & Haig, D. (2003) *Abin da ke da kyau shine zane-zane na genomic: aikin bayyanar mahaifa na musamman.* Nature Reviews Genetics, 4, 359-368.
* Haig, D. (2004) *Rubutun jinsi da dangi: yaya kyakkyawan shaida?* Bita na shekara-shekara na Genetics, 38, 553-585.

## Littattafai

* Haig, D. (2002) *Bugawar Halittu da Zumunci* . Rutgers University Press, Piscataway, NJ. 
* Haig, D. (2020) *Daga Darwin zuwa Derrida: Halin Halitta na Son Kai, Zamantakewa, da Ma'anar Rayuwa* . MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. ISBN&nbsp;

## Manazarta
Malalar mai ta MV Treasure

**Malalar mai ta na MV ''Treasure*** ya afku ne a ranar 23 ga watan Yunin 2000, lokacin da jirgin ya nutse a gabar tekun Afirka ta Kudu a lokacin da yake jigilar tama daga China zuwa [[Brazil]]. Jirgin na dauke da kimanin tan 1,300 na man fetur, wanda wasu daga cikinsu ya zube a cikin teku, lamarin da ke barazana ga al'ummar penguin na Afirka da ke zaune a tsibirin da ke kusa. Yunƙurin tsaftacewa ya fara kai tsaye bayan faruwar lamarin tare da mai da hankali musamman don ceto al'ummomin Penguin.

== Fage ==
*'MV *Treasure**' jirgi ne mai rijista [[Panama (ƙasa)|na Panama]] . Jirgin mai shekaru 17 yana jigilar  na taman ƙarfe daga China zuwa Brazil a lokacin da lamarin ya faru.   Jaridar *Weekend Argus* ta nakalto wasu majiyoyi da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba na cewa jirgin mallakar Universal Pearls ne, wanda ta yi ikirarin cewa shi ne kamfanin jigilar kayayyaki na kasar Sin da ya mallaki Apollo Sea (wanda ya nutse a gabar tekun [[Cape Town]] a shekarar 1994, kuma ya yi mummunar barna a muhalli).

== Dalili ==
*Taska'' ta nutse a ranar 23 ga watan Yunin 2000 daga lalacewa da aka samu a cikin yanayi mara kyau.  Jirgin ya sauka  kusa da gabar tekun Afirka ta Kudu, tsakanin Tsibirin Robben da tsibirin Dassen bayan ta samu rami a cikin kwanyarta . Hukumomin kasar sun so jawo jirgin zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu don gyarawa, amma ta yi girma da yawa don haka an umarce ta a nesa da gabar teku a wani yunƙuri na rage lalacewar muhalli daga gurɓatar mai. Yayin da igiyoyin ja da ke ƙarƙashin teku a cikin m tekuna ya yage. Sai jirgin ya zarce zuwa gabas ya nutse.  An kai ma'aikatan jirgin zuwa wani jirgin sama.

## Manazarta
Masarautar Gaya

**Masarautar Gaya** kasa ce mai daraja ta biyu a jihar Kano a Najeriya . Gwamnatin jihar Kano ce ta fara kafa ta a shekarar 2019, kuma ta sake fasalinta a shekarar 2024 bayan taru a takaice. Tana cikin karamar hukumar Gaya ne.   

Masarautar Gaya tana karkashin jagorancin wani basarake ne da aka fi sani da Sarkin Gaya, wanda gwamnatin jihar Kano ta nada. Sarkin Gaya na yanzu shine Aliyu Ibrahim Gaya, [1] [2] wanda aka nada a shekarar 2021 bayan rasuwar marigayi sarki Alhaji Ibrahim Abdulkadir. Masarautar galibin al’umma ce ta noma, inda ake noman amfanin gona irin su shinkafa, masara, gero da gyada da yawa. [3] [4]

## Al'adu
Ta fuskar al’adu da al’adu, al’ummar Gaya suna da kyawawan abubuwan tarihi da suka shahara wajen bukukuwa masu kayatarwa irin su Durbur na Hawan Sallah da raye-rayen gargajiya. Daya daga cikin manyan bukukuwan da ake gudanarwa a Masarautar dai shi ne bikin Gada da ake yi a duk shekara, wanda kuma ya hada da baje kolin kokawa na gargajiya, da harbin bindiga, da sauran ayyukan al'adu.  

## Rushewa da sake kafawa
A ranar 23 ga Mayu, 2023, Gwamna Abba Kabir Yusuf na jihar Kano ya sanar da rusa Masarautar Gaya, tare da wasu masarautu hudu da gwamnatin tsohon Gwamna Abdullahi Umar Ganduje ta kafa a shekarar 2019. Wannan shawarar ta sake dawo da tsarin gargajiya na jihar Kano na masarautu daya, kamar yadda ya kasance kafin sake fasalin 2019.  

Rushewar ta hade yankunan da ke karkashin Masarautar Gaya zuwa cikin Masarautar Kano, da nufin dawo da ci gaban tarihi da inganta harkokin gudanarwa. A wannan rana ne aka nada Sanusi Lamido Sanusi II a matsayin Sarkin Kano, inda ya karbi ragamar jagorancin sabuwar masarautar Kano. An yi wannan sauyi ne domin a hada kan shugabannin gargajiya da kuma daidaita harkokin mulki a jihar. [1]

A watan Yuli na shekarar 2024, an sake kafa Masarautar Gaya a matsayin masarauta mai daraja ta biyu a karkashin masarautar Kano . Gaya ta kunshi kananan hukumomin Gaya, Albasu da Ajingi . 

## Manazarta
Haɗarin Venpet-Venoil

**Haɗarin ''Venpet'' – ''Venoil*** wani hatsarin teku ne da ya shafi ’yar’uwa manyan tanka ; *Venoil* da *Venpet* mai rijista [[Laberiya|na Laberiya]], a cikin hazo mai yawa a bakin tekun [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a ranar 16 ga Disamba 1977.Jiragen dakon tankokin na tafiya ne ta bangarori daban-daban; *Venoil* cike yake da sama da tan 250,000 na danyen mai da ke kan hanyar Halifax, Kanada, da *Venpet*, yana tafiya cikin ballast, ya nufi tsibirin Kharg, Iran. *Venoil* ya huda a cikin *Venpet*, wanda a ƙarshe ya kai ga zubewar kusan tan 26,600-30,500 na ɗanyen mai .Jiragen dakon tankunan jiragen ruwa ne na Bethlehem Steel Corporation kuma ke sarrafa su. Dukan jiragen biyu ma'aikatan Taiwan ne ke kula da su. 

== Tarihi ==
Dukkanin tankuna biyu an gina su ne a Nagasaki, Japan ta Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd, aikin da ya fara akan *Venoil* a watan Oktoba 1972 da *Venpet'' a cikin Janairu 1973.An kammala tasoshin a cikin Maris da Yuni 1973 a kan farashin kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 28 kowanne.  Kowane jirgin ruwa ya fi 330,000 mataccen nauyi (DWT) wanda, a lokacin, ya sanya su a matsayin Manyan Masu Dauke Da Danyen Ruwa (VLCCs). Rarraba na yanzu don jiragen ruwa sama da 300,000 DWT shine Manyan Masu Dauke Da Danyen Ruwa (ULCC).

## Duba kuma

* Oswego-Guardian/Texanita karo

## Manazarta
Cin ganyayyaki kawai

**Cin ganyayyaki kawai** shine al'adar kauracewa cin nama (jan nama, kaji, abincin teku, kwari, da naman kowace dabba). Hakanan yana iya nufi kauracewa cin duk wata dabbar da aka yanka.  

Ana iya yin koyi da aladar cin ganyayyaki saboda dalilai daban-daban. Mutane da yawa suna din cin nama saboda mutunta rayuwar dabbobi. Irin wadannan dalilai na dabi'u an tsara su a karkashin akidu daban-daban na addinai da kuma masu kare hakkin dabbobi. Sauran abubuwan da ke karfafa cin ganyayyaki kawai na da alaqa da kiwon lafiya, siyasa, muhalli, al'adu, kyan gani, tattalin arziki, ɗanɗanon, ko alaqa da kuma ganin dama.

## Manazarta.
Metapontum

**Metapontum** ko **Metapontium** (Ancient Greek) wani muhimmin birni ne a Magna Graecia, wanda ke kan gabar tekun Tarentum, tsakanin kogin Bradanus da Casuentus ( Basento na yau). Tana da nisan kusan 20&nbsp;km daga Heraclea sanan kuma kilomita 40 daga Tarentum. Burbushin  Metapontum na nan a yankin frazione na Metaponto, a cikin alkaryar Bernalda, a lardin Matera, yankin Basilicata, kasar Italiya.

## Tarihi

### Kafa ta
Duk da cewa Metapontum ta kasance yankin mulkin mallaka ta Achaean ta Girka na da, al'adu da dama sun samo asalinsu da tarihinta na farko. Strabo da Solinus sun nuna asalin kafuwarta da birnin  Pylos, a matsayin wani bangare na wadanda suka bi Nestor zuwa Troy. Justin ya nuna mana cewa, Epeius na Phocis ne ya kafa ta, a wani hujja da mutanen suka tabbatar a wurin bauta na Minerva, da kayan aiki wanda jarumin yayi amfani da su wajen kera Dokin Trojan. Wani labarin gargajiya wanda Ephorus ya bayar, ya alakanta asalin tarihinta da Phocis, sannan ya kira Daulius, wani azzalumin shugaba na Crissa kusa da  Delphi, matsayin wanda ya kirkire ta. Sauran masana sun alakanta tarihin kafuwarta da wasu lokuta na daban. 

## Manazarta
Dam ɗin Nwanedi

**Dam ɗin Nwanedi** wani dam ne mai nau'in baka da ke kan kogin Nwanedi, wani bangare na kogin Limpopo .Yana da 48&nbsp;km kudu maso gabashin Musina, lardin Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu . An kafa shi a cikin 1964 kuma yana hidima ne musamman don dalilai na ban ruwa. An sanya yuwuwar haɗarin dam ɗin a matsayi babba (3).

Dam ɗin tagwaye ne, Dam ɗin Luphephe yana gabas da dam ɗin, ƙasa da 0.25&nbsp;km daga.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu

## Manazarta

* Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa da Dazuka (Afrika ta Kudu)
Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu

**Wadannan jerin madatsun ruwa ne a Afirka ta Kudu** .

A cikin Ingilishi na Afirka ta Kudu (da kuma Afrikaans ), dam yana nufin duka bango da kuma tafki ko tafkin da ke tasowa a sakamakon. 

## Jerin madatsun ruwa (tafkunan ruwa)

## Duba kuma

* Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Afirka ta Kudu
* Jerin tafkunan Afirka ta Kudu
* Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu
* Jerin madatsun ruwa da tafkunan ruwa
* Jerin magudanan ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu
* Fari
* Ambaliyar ruwa
* Jerin hanyoyin ruwa
* Transvasement
* Wuraren Gudanar da Ruwa, wanda kuma aka sani da WMA's.

## Bayanan kula

* Ofishin Tsaro na Dam - Wallafe-wallafe - Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu daga Sashen Ruwa da Tsaftar muhalli
* Ajiye Jerin Madatsar Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu  daga Sashen Harkokin Ruwa (Afirka ta Kudu)
* Ma'aikatar Ruwa & Muhalli 
* SANCOLD, *Kwamitin Kasa na Afirka ta Kudu kan Manyan Dams*
* ICOLD, *kwamitin kasa da kasa kan manyan madatsun ruwa*

## Manazarta
James Ferrell

**James Ellsworth Ferrell** (an haife shi Nuwamba 3, 1955) masanin ilimin halittu ne na  kasar Amurka. Shi Farfesa ne na sanin sinadarai da kuma ilimin sanin halittu a Makarantar Magunguna ta Jami'ar Stanford . Ya kasance Shugaban Sashen Kimiyya da Tsarin Halittu tun farkonsa a 2006 har  ya zuwazuwa 2011. 

## Ilimi
Ferrell ya kasance dalibi na farko a Kwalejin Williams, wanda ya fi girma a Physics, Chemistry, da Lissafi, kuma ya kammala karatunsa a 1976. Ya samu Ph.D. digiri a Chemistry daga Jami'ar Stanford a 1984 don aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Wray H. Huestis kan kula da siffar jan cell, kuma ya sami digiri na MD daga Stanford a 1986. Ya gudanar da aikin postdoctoral akan watsa siginar a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na G. Steven Martin a UC Berkeley

## Bincike
Ta hanyar nazarin Xenopus laevis oocyte maturation, Ferrell ya nuna yadda sauye-sauyen sauye-sauye a cikin progesterone mai haɓakawa ya canza zuwa wanda ba zai iya canzawa ba, duk-ko-babu canje-canje a cikin ayyukan MAP kinase, aikin kinase na dogara cyclin, da kuma rabo na cell.      Waɗannan karatun sun taimaka nuna yadda rashin jin daɗi, kyakkyawar amsawa, da bistability na iya ba da damar sel su canza tsakanin jihohi masu hankali. 

Aiki na gaba daga dakin gwaje-gwaje na Ferrell  da sauransu  sun nuna cewa canjin tantanin halitta tsakanin interphase da mitosis ana daidaita shi ta hanyar sauya bistable, kuma cewa zagayowar tantanin halitta na Xenopus na farko yana aiki kamar oscillator na shakatawa.    Waɗannan binciken sun taimaka tabbatar da tsinkayar ka'idar tun farko da nazarin ƙirar ƙira.  

Kwanan nan dakin binciken Ferrell ya nuna cewa yanayin mitotic na iya yaduwa ta hanyar Xenopus cytoplasm ta hanyar raƙuman ruwa, raƙuman ruwa na ayyukan Cdk1 waɗanda ke yaduwa da sauri fiye da ƙwayoyin furotin na Cdk1 na iya yaduwa.    Sun kuma nuna cewa apoptosis yana yaduwa ta hanyar cytoplasm ta hanyar raƙuman ruwa; "gudun mutuwa" yana kusan 2 mm a kowace awa.  

## Manazarta
Philolaus

**Philolaus** (fɪlə ˈleɪəs / ; Girkanci na dā na Tsohuwar Girka , *Philolaos* ;  ) masanin falsafa ne dalibin Pythagorean kafin Socratic. An haife shi a ƙasar Girka a ƙasar Italiya kuma ya yi hijira zuwa Girka. Ana ɗaukan Philolaus ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mutane uku a al'adar Pythagoriya kuma mafi fice a makarantar Pythagorean. Pythagoras ya samar da makarantar falsafar wacce ta ƙunshi ilimin lissafi da na sufanci. Yawancin abin da aka sani a yau game da ilimin taurari na Pythagorean an samo su ne daga hujjojin Philolaus. Wataƙila shi ne farkon wanda ya rubuta game da koyarwar Pythagorean. A cewar Augusta Böckh (1819), wanda ya ambaci Nicomachus, Philolaus shine magajin Pythagoras.

## Manazarta
AmbaliyarKwaZulu-Natal ta 2022

A watan Afrilun shekara ta dubu biyu da ishirin da biyu 2022, ruwan sama kamar da bakin ƙwarya da aka kwashe kwanaki ana yi a KwaZulu-Natal a kudu maso gabashin Afirka ta Kudu ya haifar da mummunar ambaliyar ruwa. Musamman wuraren da aka yi fama da su sun kasance yankunan Durban da kewaye. Akalla mutane 435 ne suka mutu a duk fadin lardin, inda ba a san adadin mutanen da ba a san su ba ya zuwa watan Afrilu&nbsp;22.  An lalata ko lalata gidaje dubu da dama. Mummunan ababen more rayuwa, da suka hada da manyan tituna, sufuri, sadarwa, da na'urorin lantarki, ambaliyar ta kuma yi tasiri sosai, kuma wannan barnar ta kawo cikas sosai wajen farfadowa da ayyukan agaji. Yana daya daga cikin bala'o'i mafi muni da aka taba samu a kasar a karni na 21, kuma guguwa mafi muni tun bayan ambaliyar ruwa ta 1987 .   Ambaliyar ta yi sanadiyar lalacewar kayayyakin more rayuwa sama da R 17 (dalar Amurka biliyan 1.57).  An ayyana yanayin bala'i na ƙasa. 

## Fage da tarihin meteorological

Sakamakon tasirin La Niña, Afirka ta Kudu ta ga hazo sama da matsakaici a cikin 2022. A cikin Janairu, yankuna da yawa sun sami ruwan sama mafi ƙarfi tun lokacin da aka fara ingantaccen bayanai a cikin 1921.   Kudancin Afirka gabaɗaya sun sami mummunar guguwa mai zafi da ambaliyar ruwa a lokacin bazara na 2021-22. 

An fara ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya a ranar 8 ga Afrilu kuma ya dawwama na kwanaki.  Na 11&nbsp;Afrilu, wani yanki mara ƙarfi ya samo asali a kusa da kudu maso gabashin gabar tekun Afirka ta Kudu daga hulɗar wani babban matakin ruwa da iska mai zafi kusa da saman. Tare da yanayin zafi mai zafi da ƙarancin iska, ƙarancin ya haifar da tsawa mai ƙarfi wanda ke lulluɓe da kewayawa, kuma Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da gargaɗin mataki na 5 game da gabar tekun da kusa da cikin KwaZulu-Natal - wanda daga baya ya canza zuwa matakin. 8 kuma daga baya mataki na 9 gargadi lokacin da aka fi fahimtar tasiri da girman ruwan sama.  Gudun tsarin matsi na agogon hannu ya kawo iska mai dumi da ɗanɗano daga yankunan ƙasa zuwa bakin teku, wanda ya haifar da ruwan sama mai yawa a cikin KwaZulu-Natal .  Mafi tsananin hazo ya faɗi a gundumomin eThekwini, iLembe, da Ugu .  A tsakanin 8-12 ga Afrilu, yawancin KwaZulu-Natal sun ga fiye da  ruwan sama, tare da rikodi na yankunan bakin teku fiye da  . A cikin sa'o'i 24 da ke tsakanin 11-12 Afrilu, Filin jirgin saman Virginia ya rubuta  na hazo.  Yankunan da ke gabar tekun KwaZulu-Natal sun yi rikodin  na hazo. 

A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, an rarraba tsarin ƙananan matsa lamba a matsayin baƙin ciki na ƙasa kuma an tsara Issa na Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa ta Météo-Faransa, saboda tsarinsa da kasancewar iska mai karfi.  Biyo bayan yanayin kudu maso yammacin gabar tekun Afirka ta Kudu da kuma bayan ya isa gabar tekun Gabashin Cape a safiyar ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, tsarin ya juya zuwa arewa, ya ci gaba da komawa bakin tekun Afirka ta Kudu zuwa yankin arewa maso gabas kafin ya tashi zuwa teku tare da kara rauni.

## Manazarta
Jerin Wuraren Gudanarwa na Ruwa

**Wuraren Gudanar da Ruwa** (WMAs) wasu sassa ne na Afirka ta Kudu waɗanda Hukumomin Gudanarwa da Kashewa (CMAs) ke tafiyarwa. An kafa CMA dangane da Dokar Ruwa ta Ƙasa ta 1998. (Tun daga Disamba 2020 kawai CMA biyu ne aka kafa).

Dole ne lissafin ya zama cikakke, kuma daidai da ma'anar **Ma'aikatar Harkokin Ruwa** . Baya ga wadannan WMAs kuma suna da wurare da yawa na Magudanar Ruwa (wasu madatsun ruwa ana amfani da su ne kawai don magudanar ruwa, wasu da alama ana amfani da su duka).

## Jerin Wuraren Gudanar da Ruwa

## Duba kuma

* Jerin madatsun ruwa da tafki a Afirka ta Kudu
* Jerin magudanan ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu
* Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu

## Manazarta

* Ilimin kimiyyar ruwa
* Taswirorin Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa
Dam ɗin Steenbras Upper

**Dam ɗin Steenbras Upper,** madatsar ruwa ce mai cike da ƙasa wacce ke cikin tsaunin Hottentots Holland sama da Gordons Bay a Western Cape, Afirka ta Kudu . Yana kama kogin Steenbras a saman tsohuwar Dam Steenbras. An gina madatsar ruwa a cikin 1977 don birnin Cape Town kuma yana aiki da yawa don amfanin birni da masana'antu. An sanya yuwuwar haɗarin dam ɗin a matsayi babba (3). 

Steenbras Upper Dam shima yana aiki a matsayin babban tafki na Steenbras na birni mai tanadin wutar lantarki, tare da ƙaramin tafki a gindin dutsen. Har ila yau, an haɗa shi ta hanyar buɗaɗɗen tashar ruwa da bututun zuwa Dam din Rockview, wanda ke aiki a matsayin babban tafki na Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme, wani tsari na daban-daban na ajiyar kayan aiki da Eskom da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabtace. Mahadar ta ba da damar canja wurin ruwa daga kogin Palmiet zuwa madatsar ruwa. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu
* Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu

## Manazarta

* Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa da Dazuka (Afrika ta Kudu)
Ambaliyar Gabashin Cape ta 2022

A cikin farkon watan Janairun shekarar 2022, lardin Gabashin Cape a Afirka ta Kudu ya fuskanci ruwan sama da ambaliya biyo bayan wata tsawa da ta tafi da gidaje, kadarori da kuma masoya. Wannan ambaliyar ruwan ta bar ɗaruruwan mutane rasa matsuguni, musamman a garin Mdantsane da ke kan wani filin ambaliya da ya sa ya fi fuskantar irin wadannan bala'o'i.  Masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa sauyin yanayi ne ke haddasa fari da ambaliyar ruwa a gaɓar tekun gabas.  Mutane 20 ne suka mutu sakamakon wannan bala'i, ciki har da wani dan sanda mai nutsewa da ceto wanda bayan ceton rayuka uku ya kama igiya ya nutse. 

## Fage da cikakkun bayanai na bala'in
Lardin Gabashin Cape, dake gaɓar gabashin Afirka ta Kudu, ya yi rikodin a kan matsakaicin 40mm na ruwan sama a cikin watan Janairu, kamar lokacin damina. Koyaya, a cikin Buffalo City Municipality, wanda gida ne ga birnin Gabashin London da garuruwan da ke kewaye, musamman garin Mdantsane, wanda ke gaba da gaba a kan tudun ambaliya, an rubuta 58mm na ruwan sama duk cikin sa'o'i 24 tsakanin 8-9 ga Janairu 2022. 

Sauran kananan hukumomin da abin ya shafa sun hada da karamar hukumar OR Tambo, gundumar Amathole da karamar hukumar Alfred Duma . 

### Takaitaccen tarihin
Ambaliyar ruwa ba sabon al'amari ba ne a yankin Gabas, duk da haka ya zama ruwan dare a 'yan shekarun nan. An yi rikodin ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani a cikin Fabrairu 2020,  kafin fara kulle- kullen COVID-19 . Wasu sanannun ambaliya sun faru a cikin Disamba 2021,   yawanci wani lokacin biki ne ga 'yan Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya kawo ƙalubale da yawa, da bala'in bala'o'i da ambaliyar ruwa ta tsananta.

Kafin ambaliya ta Janairu 2022, karamar hukumar Buffalo ta fuskanci fari na dogon lokaci wanda ya afkawa lardin Gabashin Cape wanda ya kai ga aiwatar da tsauraran ka'idojin amfani da ruwa.  Wannan ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya ya kasance albarka da tsinuwa, domin ya kawo ruwan sha da ake bukata, duk da haka ruwa mai karfi ya mamaye garin, bai bar komai ba sai bala’i.

## Duba kuma

* Yanayi na 2022

## Manazarta
Farin Ruwa Falls

**Farin Ruwa Falls** wana ruwa ne da aka samu a yankin tsakiyar Najeriya . Yana daga cikin manyan magudanan ruwa a Najeriya. Da kuma, yana da mahimmanci a cikin faɗuwar Afirka lokacin da aka yi la'akari da tsayin tsayin da ruwa ya rufe.

## Manazarta
Yawon shakatawa a Somaliland

Ma'aikatar yawon bude ido **ta Somaliland** ce ke kula da harkokin yawon bude ido a Somaliland.

## Tarihi
Tarihin yawon shakatawa a Somaliland yana da alaƙa da na Somaliya, wanda ya ragu cikin sauri a lokacin yakin basasar Somaliya. Tun bayan ayyana ‘yancin cin gashin kai a Somaliland da kuma kafa gwamnatin shari’a *ta gaskiya*, kwanciyar hankali ta dawo ko’ina in ban da gabashin kasar. Yawancin 'yan yawon buɗe ido suna zuwa Somaliland don ziyartar wuraren tarihi da kayan tarihi da ke kusa da babban birnin kasar, Hargeysa, da sauran matsugunai kamar Zeila. Abubuwan al'ajabi na halitta kamar rairayin bakin teku na Berbera ko tsaunukan Cal Madow; ko don balaguron  zama a ƙasar da ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, har yanzu tana cikin yaƙin basasa a Somaliya, ko kuma a ce sun je Somaliya, duk da cewa ba tare da haɗarin da aka samu a Somaliya ba.

Yawancin matafiya zuwa Somaliland suna shiga ta Djibouti ko Habasha, saboda shiga ta teku ko Somaliya ba za su iya yiwuwa ba saboda yakin basasar Somaliya/ Rikicin Puntland da Somaliland.

## Shafukan tarihi

* Dhambalin–wurin binciken kayan tarihi a yankin Sahil, tare da zane-zanen dutse a cikin salon Habasha da kuma Larabawa wanda ke nuna shaidar farko na kiwon dabbobi.

* Haylaan–Wurin daɗaɗɗen kango da gine-gine. Ya haɗa da kabarin Sheikh Darod da matarsa Dobira.
* Laas Gaal–Rukunin kogo a arewa maso yammacin Somaliland mai ɗauke da wasu sanannun fasahar dutsen da aka sani a yankin. An kiyasta zane-zanen kogon nasa a tsakanin 9,000-3,000 KZ.
* Maydh–Wurin wani tsohon tashar tashar jiragen ruwa a yankin Sanaag na Somaliland. Ya hada da kabarin Sheikh Isak.
* Qa'ableh–Tsohon garin da ke da tsoffin gine-ginen binnewa. An yi imani cewa za a iya ɗaukar kaburburan tsoffin sarakuna tun farkon tarihin Somaliya. Ya hada da kabarin Sheikh Harti.
* Qombo'ul–Garin mai tarihi a yankin Sanaag. Rukunan sun haɗa da tsaffin kango, gine-gine da gine-gine.
* Taleex–Tsohuwar babban birnin jihar Dervish. Tana da babban hadadden fortress.
* Zeila-tashar kasuwanci ta Avalites a zamanin da, kuma babban birnin farko na Adal Sultanate na da.

### Rairayin bakin teku

* Bathela-Berbera

### Faɗuwar ruwa

* Lamadaya

### Tsawon tsaunuka

* Cal Madow
* Dutsen Golis
* Dutsen Ogo

### wuraren shakatawa na kasa

* Dutsen Daallo
* Hargaisa National Park

## Duba kuma

* Gine-ginen Somaliya
* Fasfo na Somaliland
* Sufuri a Somaliya
* Tarihin Maritime na Somaliya
* Manufar Visa ta Somaliland

## Manazarta
Star Aviation

**Star Aviation** jirgin sama ne da ke Hassi Messaoud, Algeria. Yana aiki na cikin gida kuma babban tushen sa shine filin jirgin sama na Oued Irara-Krim Belkacem, Hassi Messaoud.

## Tarihi
Star Aviation shine aikin jirgin sama na RedMed Group (kamfani mai zaman kansa yana samar da nau'ikan dabaru da sauran ayyuka ga kamfanoni a bangaren mai da iskar gas a yankin Hassi Messaoud). Tun da aka fara aiki a shekara ta 2001, ba a sami asarar rayuka ba sakamakon ayyukan Star Aviation. 

## Fleet
Jirgin na Star Aviation ya ƙunshi jirage masu zuwa: 

* 1 Pilatus PC-6
* 3 De Havilland Kanada DHC-6 Twin Otter (a watan Agusta 2019) 
* 2 Beechcraft 1900
* 1 Cessna 525A
* 2 Cessna C560XLS+

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* RedMed Group
* Kamfanin Zimex  

## Manazarta
Daidaituwar canjin yanayi

Daidaituwar da sauyin yanayi ya haɗa da tsarin tsari, jiki, zamantakewa da kuma hanyoyin hukumomi. Daga hannun hagu daga sama zuwa agogo: dasa mangrove da sauran wuraren kiyaye muhalli ; ganuwar teku don karewa daga guguwar guguwar da ta tabarbare ta hanyar hawan teku ; koren rufi yana ba da sanyi a cikin birane kuma yana rage tasirin tsibirin zafi na birni ; zaɓaɓɓen kiwo don amfanin gona masu jure fari . 

**Daidaituwar canjin yanayi** shi ne tsarin daidaitawa zuwa halin yanzu ko tsammanin tasirin canjin yanayi.  Ga mutane, karɓuwa yana nufin daidaitawa ko guje wa cutarwa, da amfani da damar; don tsarin halitta, mutane na iya shiga tsakani don taimakawa daidaitawa.  Yawancin matakan daidaitawa, dabaru ko zaɓuɓɓuka sun wanzu kuma ana amfani da su don taimakawa sarrafa tasiri da haɗari ga mutane da yanayi. Za a iya haɗa ayyukan daidaitawa zuwa rukuni huɗu: Kayayyakin more rayuwa da fasaha; na hukuma; hali da al'adu; da zabin tushen yanayi.  

Buƙatar daidaitawa ta bambanta daga wuri zuwa wuri, ya danganta da haɗari ga tsarin ɗan adam ko muhalli. Daidaituwa yana da mahimmanci musamman a ƙasashe masu tasowa tunda waɗannan ƙasashe suna fi fuskantar sauyin yanayi  kuma suna ɗaukar nauyin tasirin sauyin yanayi. Ƙarfin daidaitawar ɗan adam yana rarraba ba daidai ba a yankuna daban-daban da yawan jama'a, kuma ƙasashe masu tasowa gabaɗaya suna da ƙarancin ƙarfin daidaitawa.  Ƙarfin daidaitawa yana da alaƙa da haɓaka zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. 

Gabaɗaya manyan matakan ci gaba na nufin ƙarfin daidaitawa, amma wasu ci gaba suna kulle mutane cikin wasu alamu ko halaye. Kuma yankunan da suka fi ci gaba na iya samun ƙananan ƙarfin daidaitawa zuwa sababbin nau'ikan hatsarori na halitta, waɗanda ba a taɓa samun su a baya ba, dangane da ƙarin sanannun hatsarori na halitta. Kudaden tattalin arziƙin na daidaitawa da sauyin yanayi na iya jawo asarar biliyoyin daloli a shekara na shekaru masu zuwa.
 

## Ma'anarsa
An bayyana daidaita canjin yanayi da:

* "A cikin tsarin ɗan adam, a matsayin tsarin daidaitawa zuwa yanayi na ainihi ko tsammanin da kuma tasirinsa don daidaitawa da cutarwa ko amfani da damar da za a iya amfani da su."  
* "A cikin tsarin dabi'a, daidaitawa shine tsarin daidaitawa ga ainihin yanayin yanayi da tasirinsa; sa hannun mutum na iya sauƙaƙe wannan."  

Ayyukan daidaitawa na iya zama ko dai haɓakawa (ayyukan da babban burin shine kiyaye ainihin asali da amincin tsarin) ko kuma canza (ayyukan da ke canza mahimman halayen tsarin don mayar da martani ga sauyin yanayi da tasirinsa). 

## Duba kuma

* Daidaitawa a Afirka
* Green bond
* Dabarun daidaita canjin yanayi a gabar tekun Jamus
* Kuɗin yanayi
* Adalci na yanayi
* Kula da Yanayin Lalacewar yanayi

## Manazarta
Hukumar Kare Muhalli (Ghana)

**Hukumar Kare Muhalli, (EPA Ghana)** wata hukuma ce ta Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Kimiyya, Fasaha da Innovation, wacce Dokar EPA mai lamba 490 (1994) ta kafa.  Hukumar ta himmatu wajen inganta, kiyayewa da inganta muhallin kasar da kokarin samar da dauwamammen cigaban muhalli tare da ingantacciyar hanyar sarrafa albarkatun kasa, la'akari da al'amuran zamantakewa da daidaito. Yana kula da aiwatar da manufofin muhalli na kasa.  Manufar EPA Ghana ita ce gudanarwa, karewa da inganta yanayin ƙasar da kuma neman hanyoyin magance matsalolin muhalli na duniya baki ɗaya. Manufarta ita ce a cimma ta ta hanyar tsarin tsarawa da tsarin kula da muhalli tare da haɗin gwiwar jama'a, ingantaccen aiwatar da shirye-shiryen da suka dace da sabis na fasaha, shawarwari game da matsalolin muhalli da tasiri, daidaitaccen aiwatar da dokar muhalli da ka'idoji. EPA Ghana hukuma ce mai tsari kuma mai samar da canji zuwa ingantaccen kula da muhalli .

Hukumar ta fara ne a lokacin da ake ƙara nuna damuwa game da illolin da muhalli ke fuskanta daga ayyukan dan Adam na rashin kulawa,  da lamarin da ya sa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kira wani taro a Stockholm kan muhalli a watan Yunin 1972. An yi amfani da ka'idojin aiki a wurin taron, ciki har da kafa Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP). Matakin kafa Majalisar Kare Muhalli ya samo asali ne kai tsaye sakamakon shawarwarin taron Stockholm . Kafin wannan shawarar, babban taron majalisar ya zaɓe Ghana a matsayin majalisar gudanarwa ta ƙasashe 58 da aka kafa don gudanar da harkokin UNEP.

Kafin taron na Stockholm, Ghana ta ji buƙatar kare muhalli, ta kuma shirya yadda za a kafa wata hukuma da za ta tunkari al'amuran muhalli a kasar. Ƙungiyoyi da yawa sun fara shirye-shirye a aikin muhalli; wadanda aka fi sani su ne:

* Kwamitin Kimiyya game da Matsalolin Muhalli (SCOPE) na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Ghana, wanda aka kafa a matsayin takwaransa na gida na ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa mai suna iri ɗaya.
* Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar don Binciken Kimiyya da Masana'antu (CSIR)
* Ƙungiyar Aiki na Ghana akan Muhalli, ƙungiyar masana kimiyyar da ba ta dace ba wacce ta haɗa da damuwa gama gari game da al'amuran muhalli.
* Kwamitin kasa mai kula da muhallin dan Adam, wanda ma'aikatar harkokin wajen kasar ta kafa a shekarar 1971, sakamakon damuwar da hukumar tattalin arzikin Afirka da kungiyar hadin kan Afrika suka nuna game da bukatar kiyayewa da kare albarkatun Afirka.

## Tarihin Majalisar Kare Muhalli
Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPC) ta kafa ta ne a karkashin gwamnatin majalisar fansa ta kasa   karkashin jagorancin Ignatius Kutu Acheampong .   A ranar 23 ga Mayu 1973, Gwamnatin Majalisar Fansa ta kasa ta sanar da kafa Majalisar Kare Muhalli a karkashin Shugaban Farfesa EA Boateng, mataimakin shugaban jami'ar Cape Coast na farko. A ranar 23 ga Janairu 1974 shugaban  ya sanya hannu kan Dokar NRC 239, ta kafa Majalisar Kare Muhalli. A ranar 4 ga Yuni, babban lauya ya kafa Majalisar Kare Muhalli; Edward Nathaniel Moore a madadin kwamishinan tsare-tsare na tattalin arziki.

## Manazarta
Asusun kashe kuɗin kare muhalli

**Asusun kare muhalli** ( **EPEA** ) wani tsarin ƙididdiga ne wanda ke bayyana ayyukan muhalli cikin sharuɗɗan kuɗi da kuma tsara waɗannan ƙididdiga zuwa cikakken tsarin asusun, kamar na asusun ƙasa. EPEA wani ɓangare ne na Tsarin Haɗin Kan Muhalli da Tattalin Arziki wanda, a cikin Maris 2012, Hukumar Ƙididdiga ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta karbe shi azaman ma'aunin ƙididdiga.

EPEA yana haifar da jimillar kashe kuɗi na ƙasa don kare muhalli na tattalin arziki .   Yawanci ana gabatar da kididdigar ta sassan tattalin arziki (gwamnati, masana'antu, gidaje) da kuma abin da aka kare yankin muhalli, watau ruwa, iska, rayayyun halittu da dai sauransu.

Babban nau'ikan ƙididdigar da ke shiga cikin tsarin su ne ƙididdigar zuba jari, kididdigar kudaden da ake kashewa a halin yanzu, kididdigar gwamnati kan tallafin da tallafin zuba jari, duk tare da tasiri kan kare muhalli.

Ƙididdiga ta ƙunshi ainihin abubuwan da aka fitar . Wannan yana nufin cewa, alal misali, ba a ganin asarar kuɗin shiga a cikin ƙididdiga ban da takamaiman canja wuri (ko tallafi) waɗanda aka tsara don rama duk wani asarar tattalin arziki. Haka nan kididdigar ba ta rufe duk ayyukan da ka iya yin tasiri mai fa'ida ga muhalli. Akwai bambanci tsakanin manufar aikin da tasirin aikin. Misali, sabbin kayan aikin samarwa waɗanda aka shigar kawai don haɓaka yawan aiki da rage farashi na iya amfani da makamashi da kayan da kyau yadda ya kamata, kuma a matsayin sakamako na gefe yana rage fitar da muhalli. Ba za a haɗa kashe kuɗin wannan sabon kayan aiki a cikin EPE ba. 

Babban manufar kididdigar ita ce samar da alamomi don nuna martanin al'umma don rage gurbatar yanayi. Ana iya amfani da ƙididdiga a cikin nau'ikan bincike daban-daban. Wani nau'i na bincike yana tabbatar da ko tsarin "mai gurɓatawa yana biya" yana riƙe, watau ko masu gurbatawa su ne masu biyan kuɗi don gyarawa da tsaftacewa. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da shi don nazarin illolin kan gasa na kasuwanci, don bincike mai fa'ida mai tsada da ke da alaƙa da shawarwarin sabbin ƙa'idoji da manufofi. 

## Duba kuma

### SEEA modules

* Faɗin tattalin arziƙin kayan yawo asusu
* Tsarin Kididdigar Muhalli da Tattalin Arziki na Ruwa
* Tsarin Haɗin Ƙididdigar Muhalli da Tattalin Arziki

### Sauran muƙaloli masu alaƙa

* Green lissafin kudi
* Samfurin shigar-samfurin
* Tsarin Kudi na Kasa

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Ƙididdiga na kare muhalli a Eurostat
* Kudin kare muhalli a Jamus
* Kashewar kare muhalli a Kanada
* Kudin kare muhalli a Sweden
* Kudin kare muhalli a Austria