Yanayin yankin Quebec

Da yake a gabashin Kanada, kuma (daga tarihin tarihi da siyasa) wani ɓangare na Tsakiyar Kanada, Quebec ta mamaye yankin kusan sau uku na girman Faransa ko Texas. Ya fi kusa da girman Alaska. Kamar yadda yake tare da Alaska, mafi yawan ƙasar a Quebec ba ta da yawan jama'a. Yanayinta ya bambanta sosai daga yanki zuwa wani saboda bambancin abun da ke ciki na ƙasa, yanayi (latitude da tsawo), da kusanci da ruwa. Lawrence Lowlands">Babban Tafkin-St.  Lawrence Lowlands da Appalachians sune manyan yankuna biyu a kudancin Quebec, yayin da Canadian Shield ya mamaye mafi yawan tsakiya da arewacin Quebec.

With an area of , it is the  largest of Canada's provinces and territories and the tenth largest country subdivision in the world.&#x5B;**&#x5D; Fiye da kashi 90% na yankin Quebec yana cikin Garkuwar Kanada, kuma ya haɗa da mafi girman sashin Labrador Peninsula.  Dutsen Quebec mafi girma shine Mont D'Iberville, wanda ke kan iyaka da Newfoundland da Labrador a arewa maso gabashin lardin a cikin tsaunin Torngat.  Ƙarin sassan gundumar Ungava da ke da ƙarancin yawan jama'a a tsakanin 1898 zuwa 1912 ya ba lardin halin yanzu.

Yankin Quebec yana da wadataccen albarkatu a cikin gandun daji, tabkuna, da koguna - pulp da takarda, katako, da hydroelectricity har yanzu wasu daga cikin manyan masana'antun lardin ne. Yankin arewacin lardin, Nunavik, yana da iyaka ko Arctic kuma yawancin Inuit ne ke zaune.

Yankin da ya fi yawan jama'a shine kwarin Kogin Saint Lawrence a kudu, inda babban birnin, Quebec City, da birni mafi girma, Montreal, suke. Arewacin Montreal sune Dutsen Laurentian, kewayon tsaunuka na dā, kuma zuwa gabas sune Dutsen Appalachian wanda ya kai ga yankunan Gabas da Gaspé. Yankin Gaspé ya shiga cikin Tekun Saint Lawrence zuwa Gabas. Kogin Saint Lawrence yanki ne mai kyau na noma, yana samar da kayan madara, 'ya'yan itace, kayan lambu, sukari na maple (Quebec ita ce mafi girma a duniya mai samar da syrup na maple ), da dabbobi.

Quebec tana da iyaka da lardin Ontario, James Bay da Hudson Bay (ciki har da kusurwar Nastapoka) zuwa yamma, lardunan New Brunswick da Newfoundland da Labrador zuwa gabas da Hudson Strait da Ungava Bay zuwa arewa. Yankin arewacinsa shine Cape Wolstenholme . Quebec kuma tana da iyaka da jihohi hudu na arewa maso gabashin Amurka (Maine, New Hampshire, New York da Vermont) zuwa kudu.

A cikin 1927, kwamitin shari'a na Burtaniya na Majalisar Privy ya tsara iyakar tsakanin Lardin Quebec da Dominion na Newfoundland. Gwamnatin Quebec ba ta amince da iyakar Newfoundland da Labrador-Quebec a hukumance ba. Har yanzu akwai jayayya game da mallakar Labrador. Har ila yau, akwai iyakar teku tare da yankunan Nunavut, Prince Edward Island da Nova Scotia. Quebec tana da fiye da kilomita  (7,500  na iyakoki na kowane nau'i. Rabin waɗannan iyakokin ƙasa ne, iyakokin kogi 12% da iyakokin ruwa 38% .

## Yanayin ƙasa

Matsayi mafi girma na Quebec a  m (5,420  shine Mont d'Iberville, wanda aka sani a Turanci da Dutsen Caubvick, wanda ke kan iyaka da Newfoundland da Labrador a arewa maso gabashin lardin, a cikin Dutsen Torngat .  Yankin da ya fi yawan jama'a shine Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands. Ya shimfiɗa zuwa arewa maso gabas daga yankin kudu maso yammacin lardin tare da gabar Kogin Saint Lawrence zuwa yankin Quebec City, iyakance zuwa Arewa ta Dutsen Laurentian da Kudu ta Appalachians. Yafi rufe yankunan Centre-du-Québec, Laval, Montérégie da Montreal, yankunan kudancin Capitale-Nationale, Lanaudière, Laurentides, Mauricie. Ya haɗa da Tsibirin Anticosti, Tsibirin Mingan, da sauran ƙananan tsibirai na yankin gandun daji na Gulf of St. Lawrence. Yanayinta yana da ƙasa kuma yana da faɗi, ban da wuraren da ke kusa da Montreal da ake kira Monteregian Hills, wanda ruwan Tafkin Champlain ya rufe shi. Duwatsun Oka ma sun tashi daga fili. A fannin ilimin ƙasa, ƙasashen da aka kafa a matsayin kwarin rift kimanin shekaru miliyan 100 da suka gabata kuma suna da saurin girgizar ƙasa mai mahimmanci amma mai mahimmanci. An kafa nau'ikan dutse na baya-bayan nan a matsayin asalin teku na tsohuwar Tekun Champlain a ƙarshen zamanin kankara na ƙarshe kimanin shekaru 14,000 da suka gabata. Haɗin ƙasa mai wadata da sauƙin noma da yanayin zafi na Quebec ya sa wannan kwarin ya zama mafi yawan yankin noma na lardin Quebec. dazuzzuka masu gauraye suna samar da mafi yawan amfanin gona na maple na bazara na Kanada. Yankin karkara na shimfidar wuri ya kasu kashi biyu zuwa ƙananan yankuna na rectangular waɗanda suka shimfiɗa daga kogi kuma sun koma zuwa tsarin daidaitawa a karni na 17 New France.&nbsp;

Fiye da kashi 95% na yankin Quebec yana cikin Garkuwar Kanada. Gabaɗaya wuri ne mai laushi kuma mai fallasawa wanda aka haɗa shi da maki mafi girma kamar Dutsen Laurentian a kudancin Quebec, Dutsen Otish a tsakiyar Quebec da Dutsen Torngat kusa da Ungava Bay. Yanayin Garkuwar an tsara shi ne ta hanyar kankara daga shekarun kankara masu zuwa, wanda ke bayyana ajiyar kankara na duwatsu, dutse da yashi, da kuma ruwan teku da tabkuna na bayan gilashi waɗanda suka bar bayan ajiyar yumɓu a wasu sassan Garkuwar. Har ila yau, garkuwar Kanada tana da cibiyar sadarwa mai rikitarwa na watakila tabkuna miliyan ɗaya, bogs, rafi da koguna. Yana da wadata a cikin gandun daji, ma'adinai da albarkatun hydro-electric waɗanda ke da mahimmanci ga tattalin arzikin Quebec. Masana'antu na farko suna kula da ƙananan birane a yankunan Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, da Côte-Nord.

Labrador Peninsula yana rufe da Laurentian Plateau (ko Garkuwar Kanada), mai cike da tsaunuka kamar tsaunukan Otish.  Ƙasar Ungava ta ƙunshi tsaunukan D'Youville, tsaunukan Puvirnituq da dutsen Pingualuit.  Yayin da ƙasa da matsakaicin tsayi daga yammacin Quebec zuwa arewa mai nisa, tsaunuka masu tsayi suna fitowa a yankin Capitale-National zuwa gabas mai zurfi, tare da tsayinsa.  A cikin yankin Labrador Peninsula na Garkuwa, yankin arewa mai nisa na Nunavik ya haɗa da yankin Ungava kuma ya ƙunshi tudun Arctic tundra wanda galibi Inuit ke zaune.  Daga kudu akwai taiga subarctic taiga na Gabashin Kanada Shield taiga ecoregion da gandun daji na gandun daji na Garkuwar Kanada ta Tsakiya, inda spruce, fir, da bishiyoyin poplar ke ba da albarkatun ƙasa ga ɓangaren litattafan almara na Quebec da masana'antar katako da katako.  Duk da cewa yankin Cree, Naskapi, da Innu First Nations ne ke zaune a yankin, dubunnan ma'aikatan wucin gadi suna zaune a Radisson don yin hidima ga babban aikin samar da wutar lantarki na James Bay akan kogin La Grande da Eastmain.  Yankin kudancin garkuwa ya miƙe zuwa Laurentians, wani yanki mai tsaunuka da ke arewa da Manyan Tafkuna – St.  Lawrence Lowlands, wanda ke jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido na gida da na waje zuwa tsaunin kankara da wuraren shakatawa na tafkin.

Yankin Appalachian na Quebec yana da ƙananan tsaunuka na dā a kan iyakar kudu maso gabashin Quebec. Appalachians a zahiri babbar sarkar ce da ta kai daga Alabama zuwa Newfoundland. A tsakanin, yana rufewa a Quebec kusa da kilomita  ( , daga tuddai na Montérégie zuwa yankin Gaspé . A yammacin Quebec, matsakaicin tsawo yana da kimanin 500 m (1,600 , yayin da a cikin Gaspé Peninsula, tsaunukan Appalachian (musamman Chic-Choc) suna daga cikin mafi girma a Quebec, sama da  m (3,300 .
 
Quebec tana da sanannun tsibirai da yawa, wato tsibirai masu yawa na Hochelaga Archipelago wanda ya haɗa da Montreal" id="mwARU" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Island of Montreal">Tsibirin Montreal da Îles Laval waɗanda suka zama cikakke ko ɓangarorin manyan biranen Montreal da Laval. Île d'Orléans kusa da Birnin Quebec, Tsibirin Anticosti da ke da ƙarancin jama'a a cikin kogin Saint Lawrence, da Tsibirin Magdalen a cikin Tekun Saint Lawrence wasu tsibirai ne masu ban sha'awa.

Quebec tana da ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren ajiyar  a duniya,  wanda ke da kashi 12% na farfajiya.  Yana da kashi 3% na ruwan sabuntawa na duniya, yayin da yake da kashi 0.1% na yawan jama'arta. Fiye da rabin tabkuna miliyan,  ciki har da 30 tare da yanki mafi girma fiye da 250 km2  sq , da koguna 4,500  suna shiga cikin Tekun Atlantika, ta hanyar Gulf of Saint Lawrence da Tekun Arctic, ta James, Hudson, da Ungava bays. Mafi girman ruwa a cikin gida shine Caniapiscau Reservoir, wanda aka kirkira a cikin aiwatar da aikin James Bay don samar da wutar lantarki. Tafkin Mistassini shine mafi girman tafkin halitta a Quebec.

Kogin Saint Lawrence yana da wasu manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Atlantika mafi girma a duniya a Montreal (babban birni mafi girma), Trois-Rivières, da Quebec City (babban birni).  Samun damar zuwa Tekun Atlantika da cikin Arewacin Amurka ya sanya ya zama tushen farkon bincike da matsugunin Faransa a ƙarni na 17 da 18.  Tun 1959, Saint Lawrence Seaway ya ba da hanyar haɗin kai tsakanin Tekun Atlantika da Manyan Tekuna.  Arewa maso gabashin birnin Quebec, kogin yana faɗaɗa zuwa ga mafi girma a duniya, wurin ciyar da nau'in kifaye, kifi, da tsuntsayen teku.[1]  Kogin ya shiga cikin Gulf of Saint Lawrence.  Wannan mahalli na ruwa yana ɗaukar kamun kifi da ƙananan tashoshi a cikin Lower Saint Lawrence (Bas-Saint-Laurent), Lower North Shore (Cote-Nord), da Gaspé (Gaspésie) na lardin.  Kogin Saint Lawrence tare da gininsa shine tushen ci gaban Quebec a cikin ƙarni.  Sauran sanannun koguna sun haɗa da Ashuapmushuan, Chaudière, Gatineau, Manicouagan, Ottawa, Richelieu, Rupert, Saguenay, Saint-François, da Saint-Maurice.

## Yanayi

Gabaɗaya, yanayin Quebec yana da sanyi kuma yana da danshi.o>[./Geography_of_Quebec#cite_note-climat2-17 [1] Yanayin lardin ya fi ƙayyadewa ta hanyar latitude, tasirin teku da tsawo. Dangane da rarraba yanayi na Köppen, Quebec tana da manyan yankuna uku na yanayi. Kudancin da yammacin Quebec, gami da mafi yawan manyan cibiyoyin jama'a da yankuna a kudancin 51oN, suna da yanayi mai laushi (Köppen climate classification *Dfb*) tare da yanayi huɗu daban-daban da ke da zafi zuwa wani lokaci zafi da zafi kuma sau da yawa sanyi da hunturu mai dusar ƙanƙara.

Babban tasirin yanayi daga yamma da arewacin Kanada ne kuma suna motsawa zuwa gabas, kuma daga kudanci da tsakiyar Amurka da ke motsawa zuwa arewa. Saboda tasirin tsarin guguwa biyu daga tsakiyar Arewacin Amurka da Tekun Atlantika, hazo yana da yawa a ko' shekara, tare da yawancin yankuna suna karɓar fiye da   in) na hazo, gami da sama da  cm (120 in) na dusar ƙanƙara a wurare da yawa. A lokacin rani, yanayin yanayi mai tsanani (kamar guguwa da tsawa mai tsanani) suna faruwa a wasu lokuta. Yawancin tsakiyar Quebec, daga digiri 51 zuwa 58 Arewa yana da yanayin subarctic (Köppen *Dfc*).  Lokacin hunturu yana da tsawo, sanyi sosai, kuma yana da dusar ƙanƙara, kuma yana cikin mafi sanyi a gabashin Kanada, yayin da lokacin rani yana da dumi amma gajere sosai saboda mafi girman latitude *Da kuma* tasirin iska na Arctic. Ruwan sama kuma yana da ɗan ƙasa da kudu, sai dai a wasu tsaunuka mafi girma. Yankunan arewacin Quebec suna da yanayin arctic (Köppen ET), tare da hunturu mai sanyi sosai da gajeren lokacin rani. Babban tasirin a wannan yankin shine raƙuman Arctic Ocean (kamar Labrador Current) da kuma iska na nahiyar daga High Arctic.

Lokaci huɗu na kalandar a Quebec sune bazara, bazara, kaka da hunturu, tare da yanayi daban-daban ta yankin. Ana rarraba su bisa ga insolation, zafin jiki, da hazo na dusar ƙanƙara da ruwan sama. A Birnin Quebec, tsawon hasken rana na yau da kullun ya bambanta daga 8:37 a watan Disamba zuwa 15:50 a watan Yuni; bambancin shekara-shekara ya fi girma (daga 4:54 zuwa 19:29 a arewacin lardin. Daga yankuna masu matsakaici zuwa yankunan arewacin Arewacin Arewa, hasken ya bambanta da latitude, da kuma Hasken Arewa da rana ta tsakar dare.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Quebec ta kasu kashi huɗu na yanayi: arctic, subarctic, ruwan zafi na nahiyar da Gabashin teku. Daga kudu zuwa arewa, matsakaicin yanayin zafi yana tsakanin 25 da 5 ° C (77 da 41 ° F) kuma, a cikin hunturu, tsakanin -10 da -25 ° C (14 da -13 ° F). A lokutan zafi da sanyi, yanayin zafi na iya kaiwa  ° C (95 ° F) a lokacin rani  da -40 ° C (-40 ° F) yayin hunturu na Quebec,  Suna iya bambanta dangane da Humidex ko Wind sanyi. Dukkanin rikodin lokaci ya kasance  ° C (104.0 ° F) kuma duk lokacin rikodin lokaci shine -51.0 ° C (-59.8 ° F). 

The all-time record of the greatest precipitation in winter was established in winter 2007–2008, with more than five metres of snow in the area of Quebec City, while the average amount received per winter is around three metres. March 1971, however, saw the "Century's Snowstorm" with more than  in Montreal to  in Mont Apica of snow within 24 hours in many regions of southern Quebec. Also, the winter of 2010 was the warmest and driest recorded in more than 60 years.

## Manazarta