Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1998

**Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1998** (c. 42) Dokar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ce wacce ta sami amincewar sarauta a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 1998, kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2000. Manufarta ita ce ta haɗa haƙƙoƙin da ke cikin Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam cikin dokar Burtaniya. Dokar ta yi magani don keta haƙƙin Yarjejeniyar da ke cikin kotunan Burtaniya, ba tare da buƙatar zuwa Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai (ECHR) a Strasbourg ba.

Musamman, Dokar ta sa ya zama haramtacce ga kowane bangare na jama'a ya yi aiki ta hanyar da ba ta dace da yarjejeniyar ba, sai dai idan kalmomin kowane bangare ya ba da wani zaɓi. Har ila yau, yana buƙatar bangaren shari'a (ciki har da kotuna) suyi la'akari da duk wani yanke shawara, hukunci ko ra'ayi na Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai, da kuma fassara doka, gwargwadon iyawa, ta hanyar da ta dace da haƙƙin Yarjejeniyar.

Koyaya, idan ba zai yiwu a fassara Dokar Majalisar don ya dace da yarjejeniyar ba, ba a yarda alƙalai su soke Dokar Majalisar ba. Duk abin da za su iya yi shi ne bayar da sanarwar rashin daidaituwa. Wannan sanarwar ba ta shafar ingancin Dokar Majalisar ba: ta wannan hanyar, Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam tana neman kula da ka'idar ikon mallakar majalisa, bisa ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ingila. Koyaya, alƙalai na iya kaddamar da dokokin sakandare. A karkashin Dokar, mutane suna riƙe da haƙƙin kai karar a kotun Strasbourg.

## Tarihi
Majalisar Turai ce ta tsara taron bayan yakin duniya na biyu . Sir David Maxwell-Fyfe ya kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Shari'a da Tambayoyin Gudanarwa na Majalisar Shawara ta Majalisar daga 1949 zuwa 1952, kuma ya kula da rubuce-rubucen Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam. An tsara shi ne don haɗa tsarin 'yanci na gargajiya don tabbatar da "dimokuradiyya na siyasa mai tasiri" daga al'adun' yanci da' yanci a Ƙasar Ingila. A matsayinta na memba mai kafa Majalisar Turai, Ƙasar Ingila ta shiga Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam a watan Maris na shekara ta 1951. Koyaya ba har zuwa shekarun 1960 ba ne 'yan ƙasar Burtaniya suka sami damar kawo da'awar a Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai (ECtHR). A cikin shekarun 1980s, kungiyoyi irin su Yarjejeniyar 88, wacce ta yi kira ga bikin cika shekaru 300 na juyin juya halin Glorious a cikin 1688 da kuma Dokar 'Yancin 1689, sun zargi zartarwa da yin amfani da ikonta ba daidai ba kuma sun yi jayayya cewa ana buƙatar sabon Dokar 'Yanci ta Burtaniya don tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam a Ƙasar Ingila.

A cikin takardar shaidarsa don Babban zaben 1997, Jam'iyyar Labour ta yi alkawarin shigar da Yarjejeniyar Turai cikin dokar cikin gida. Lokacin da zaben ya haifar da nasarar Labour, jam'iyyar, a karkashin jagorancin Tony Blair, ta cika alkawarin da majalisar ta zartar da Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam a shekara mai zuwa.

The 1997 White Paper "Hakkin da aka kawo gida"  ya ce:Yana ɗaukar matsakaicin shekaru biyar don samun mataki a Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai da zarar duk magungunan cikin gida sun ƙare; kuma yana biyan matsakaicin £ 30,000. Samar da wadannan hakkoki a gida zai nufin cewa mutanen Burtaniya za su iya jayayya da hakkinsu a kotunan Burtaniya - ba tare da wannan jinkiri da tsada ba.Kafin aiwatar da Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam, mutanen da ke neman kalubalantar yanke shawara na hukuma a kan dalilai kamar nuna bambanci dole ne su dogara da doka ta kowa ko takamaiman dokoki. A wani lamari, Kelly Davis, mai ginin baƙar fata daga Bath, ya kawo nasarar da'awar tsohon Majalisar Gundumar Wansdyke bayan an hana shi izinin tsarawa akai-akai tsakanin 1989 da 1991. A shekara ta 2000, wani alƙali a Kotun Gundumar Bristol ya gano cewa jami'an tsarawa sun yi aiki a cikin "matsayi mara taimako da kuma hanawa," kuma sun kammala cewa Davis ne kawai zai iya bayyana wannan magani a matsayin "mafi girman baki a Wansdyke. "  An soke Majalisar Gundumar Wansdyque a shekara ta 1996, ta bar maye gurbin ta, Bath da Majalisar North East Somerset, don aiki a matsayin wanda ake tuhuma a cikin shari'ar.

## Tsarinsa
Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta sanya aiki ga dukkan kotuna da kotuna a Burtaniya don fassara doka kamar yadda ya yiwu ta hanyar da ta dace da haƙƙin da aka tsara a cikin Yarjejeniyar Turai kan' Yancin Dan Adam (sashi na 3 (1) ). Idan hakan ba zai yiwu ba, kotun na iya bayar da "bayyana rashin daidaituwa". Sanarwar ba ta soke dokar ba amma ta ba da izinin gyaran dokar ta hanyar hanya mai sauri ta musamman a karkashin sashi na 10 na Dokar. Ya zuwa watan Satumbar shekara ta 2006, an yi sanarwa 20, daga cikinsu an soke shida a kan roko.

Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta shafi dukkan hukumomin gwamnati a cikin Burtaniya, gami da gwamnatin tsakiya, hukumomin kananan hukumomi, da hukumomin da ke gudanar da ayyukan jama'a. Koyaya, ba ta haɗa da Majalisar ba lokacin da take aiki a cikin ikon majalisa.

### Sashe na 3
Sashe na 3 wani tanadi ne mai zurfi wanda ke buƙatar kotuna su fassara duka dokokin farko da na ƙasa don tanadinsu su dace da sassan Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam waɗanda su ma suna cikin Dokar' Yancin Dan Adam. Wannan fassarar ta wuce Fassarar doka ta yau da kullun,  kuma ta haɗa da dokokin da suka gabata da na gaba, saboda haka hana Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam daga sokewa.  Kotuna sun yi amfani da wannan ta hanyar nau'o'i uku na fassara: "karanta", saka kalmomi inda babu wani a cikin doka; "karanta waje", inda aka cire kalmomi daga doka; da kuma "karanta ƙasa", inda aka zaɓi wani ma'ana don kasancewa cikin bin doka. Ba sa fassara doka don ba da ma'anar da za ta saba wa manufar majalisa, kuma kotuna sun kasance masu jinkiri musamman don "karanta" tanadi saboda wannan dalili. Idan ba zai yiwu a fassara ba, za su iya ba da sanarwar rashin daidaituwa a ƙarƙashin sashi na 4.

Sashe na 3 bai shafi Dokar Shige da Fice ta 2023 ba.

### Sashe na 4 da 10
Sashe na 4 da 10 suna ba da damar kotuna su ba da sanarwar rashin jituwa inda ba zai yiwu a yi amfani da sashe na 3 don fassara dokokin firamare ko na ƙasa don su dace da sassan Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam ba, waɗanda kuma suna cikin Dokar' Yancin Dan Adam. A cikin waɗannan lokuta, fassarar bin doka na iya sabawa da niyyar doka. An dauke shi a matsayin ma'auni na ƙarshe. Yawancin manyan kotuna na iya ba da sanarwar rashin daidaituwa.

Sanarwar rashin jituwa ba ta da iyaka ga bangarorin ga ayyukan da aka yi,  kuma sanarwa ba za ta iya lalata doka ba.  Sashe na 4 don haka ya cimma burinsa ta hanyar siyasa maimakon hanyar shari'a.

Sashe na 10 ya ba ministan gwamnati ikon yin "matsayi" don mayar da martani ga ko dai

* sanarwar rashin jituwa, wanda babu yiwuwar daukaka kara,  ko
* hukuncin Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai

Umurni na gyarawa na iya "yi irin waɗannan gyare-gyare ga dokar kamar yadda [Ministan] ya ga ya zama dole don cire rashin jituwa". Dokokin gyarawa ba sa buƙatar cikakken amincewar majalisa, amma dole ne a amince da su ta hanyar ƙudurin kowane majalisar dokoki. A lokuta na gaggawa musamman, amincewar majalisa na iya zama mai dawowa.

Dokokin gyarawa na iya samun sakamako mai illa, amma babu wanda zai iya zama da laifi na laifi kawai sakamakon tasirin sake dawowa na umarnin gyarawa.

An yi amfani da Sashe na 10 don yin ƙananan gyare-gyare don kawo doka daidai da haƙƙin Yarjejeniya kodayake duk da cewa duk da haka sabbin dokoki sun zama dole a wasu lokuta.

Ya zuwa watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, an bayar da sanarwar rashin jituwa 29, daga cikinsu 

* An kori mutane 8 a kan roko
* 1 yana jiran roko, tun daga watan Disamba 2014
* An gyara 16 ta hanyar tsarin majalisa na yau da kullun (ciki har da gyare-gyare ko soke dokar da ta aikata laifi).
* 3 an magance su ta hanyar umarni na gyara
* 1 ba a gyara shi ba.

Ɗaya daga cikin shari'ar da ba a gyara ba, tun daga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, ita ce Smith v. Scott, game da haƙƙin yin hidima ga fursunoni don yin zabe a Burtaniya.

### Sashe na 6 zuwa 9
Kodayake Dokar, ta hanyar sharuddanta, ta shafi kawai ga hukumomin jama'a, tana da karuwar tasiri a kan shari'ar shari'a mai zaman kanta tsakanin kowane ɗan ƙasa wanda ke jagorantar wasu malamai [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] don bayyana cewa tana da tasiri a kwance (kamar yadda yake a cikin rikice-rikice tsakanin 'yan ƙasa) da kuma Tasirin tsaye (kamar a cikin rikici tsakanin jihar da' yan ƙasa). Wannan shi ne saboda sashi na 6 (3) na Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ya bayyana kotuna da kotuna a matsayin hukumomin jama'a. Wannan yana nufin hukunce-hukuncen su dole ne su bi wajibai na haƙƙin ɗan adam na jihar, ko jayayya ce tsakanin jihar da 'yan ƙasa, ko tsakanin' yan ƙasa, sai dai a lokuta na sanarwar rashin jituwa. Sabili da haka, alƙalai suna da alhakin yin aiki daidai da Yarjejeniyar koda kuwa wani mataki na sirri ne tsakanin 'yan ƙasa biyu.

Hanyar da ake aiwatar da aikin jama'a a cikin dokar sirri an magance ta a cikin yanke shawara na Yuni 2016  inda Kotun Koli ta Burtaniya ta fara la'akari da tambayar "... ko kotun, lokacin da take jin daɗin mallakar mai zaman kansa game da mai zama, ya kamata a yi la'akari le daidaito na korar mai zama, a cikin hasken sashi na 6 na Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1998 da kuma labarin 8 na Yarjejeniyar Turai kan' yancin Dan Adam"*"... ko kotun, lokacin da take da'awar mallakar mai zaman kansa a kan mai zama, ya kamata a buƙaci yin la'akari da daidaito na korar mai zama, a cikin hasken sashi na 6 na Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1998 da kuma Mataki na 8 na Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Mutum"*

Kotun Koli ta yanke shawarar (saki na 46) cewa "akwai shari'o'i da yawa inda za a iya buƙatar kotun don daidaita haƙƙin Yarjejeniyar da ke rikice-rikice na jam'iyyun biyu, misali inda mutum ke neman dogaro da haƙƙinta na 8 don hana jarida buga labarin da ya karya sirrin ta, kuma inda jaridar ta dogara da labarin 10. Amma irin waɗannan rikice-rikicen ba su taso ne daga shirye-shiryen kwangila da aka yi tsakanin jam'iyyu biyu ba, amma masu rikitarwa ko kusan rikice-ƙyama, inda majalisa ta bayyana, ta hanyar aiwatar da shi ga kotuna. "

Sabili da haka, a cikin shari'o'in "inda bangarorin ke cikin yarjejeniyar kwangila wanda majalisar dokoki ta tsara yadda za a girmama hakkinsu na Yarjejeniyar" sannan Kotun ta yanke shawarar, kamar yadda aka tsara a sakin layi na 59 "A cikin waɗannan yanayi, yayin da muka yarda cewa shari'ar kotun Strasbourg da mai shigar da kara ta dogara da ita ta ba da goyon baya ga ra'ayin cewa labarin 8 ya shiga lokacin da aka nemi Alkalin Corrie ya yi da umarni don mallaka ta, a kan umarnin da za a yi da za a fara fitar da shi, A cewar umarnin da alƙalin da zai iya buƙatar yin amfani da shi na farko na Ayyukan da shi a cikin shekarun 1980-4".*"A cikin waɗannan yanayi, yayin da muka yarda cewa shari'ar kotun Strasbourg da mai shigar da kara ya dogara da ita ta ba da wasu goyon baya ga ra'ayin cewa an shigar da Mataki na 8 lokacin da aka nemi Alkalin Corrie ya ba da umarni don mallaka ta, babu wani goyon baya ga shawarar da za a buƙaci alƙalin ya yi la'akari da daidaito na umarnin da zai yi a ƙarƙashin tanadin Ayyukan 1980 da 1988 .*

Sashe na 40 ya ɗauka cewa "... ba a buɗe wa mai haya don jayayya cewa Mataki na 8 na iya tabbatar da tsari daban daga abin da ke da alaƙar kwangila tsakanin jam'iyyun, aƙalla inda, kamar a nan, akwai tanadin majalisa wanda majalisar dokoki da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokuradiyya ta yanke shawarar daidaitawa da bukatun masu fafatawa na masu mallakar gidaje masu zaman kansu da masu haya. "*"... ba a bude wa mai haya don jayayya cewa Mataki na 8 na iya tabbatar da tsari daban daga abin da ke da iko ta hanyar yarjejeniyar kwangila tsakanin jam'iyyun, aƙalla inda, kamar yadda a nan, akwai tanadin majalisa wanda majalisar dokoki da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokuradiyya ta yanke shawarar daidaitawa da bukatun masu fafatawa na masu mallakar gidaje masu zaman kansu da masu haya. "*

Aikin alƙalai na jihohi don amfani da haƙƙin Yarjejeniya ga rikice-rikice tsakanin 'yan ƙasa shine don ƙayyade alaƙar da ke tsakanin su, da kuma amfani da dokokin cikin gida daidai da haka. Idan an aiwatar da aikin to akwai yiwuwar akwai Mataki na 6 da ya dace.

Sashe na 7 yana iyakance haƙƙin kawo shari'a a ƙarƙashin sashi na 6 kawai ga waɗanda abin ya shafa (ko waɗanda za su iya shafawa) na aikin haramtacciyar ikon gwamnati.

Sashe na 8 ya ba da dama ga kotun don yin duk wani magani da suka yi la'akari da adalci da ya dace. Saboda haka, maganin da ke karkashin Dokar ba a iyakance shi ba ga sanarwar rashin daidaituwa wanda zai iya la'akari da daidaitattun daidaito masu jin daɗi don yin adalci kuma ba ta rabi ba.

Sashe na 9 ya ba da damar kalubalanci bin ayyukan shari'a da Burtaniya ta yi, amma kawai ta hanyar yin amfani da haƙƙin daukaka kara kamar yadda Dokar Samun Shari'a ta 1999 ta tsara (ko da yake ba ta hana haƙƙin sake dubawa na shari'a ba). Misali, ko dokar shari'a ta dace da doka, ko a'a.

### Sauran sassan
Sashe na 8 ya ce alƙalai na Burtaniya na iya ba da duk wani magani da aka ɗauka daidai da dacewa.

Sashe na 19 yana buƙatar minista ya gabatar da lissafi ga majalisa don yin sanarwa na jituwa ko, idan ba zai iya ba da irin wannan tabbacin ba, sanarwa cewa gwamnati na so ta ci gaba ko ta yaya. Ana buga sanarwa tare da (nan da nan kafin) rubutun lissafin.

## Hakkin da aka kare
Yawancin haƙƙoƙi [da ake buƙata] da aka kafa a ƙarƙashin Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1998 an riga an kare su a ƙarƙashin dokar Burtaniya, amma manufar Dokar ita ce ta kafa Yarjejeniyar Turai kan' Yancin Dan Adam a cikin dokar Burtaniya. 

Sashe na 21 (5) na Dokar ya soke hukuncin kisa gaba daya a Ƙasar Ingila, wanda ya shafi amincewar sarauta. An riga an soke hukuncin kisa ga duk laifukan farar hula, gami da kisan kai (Kisan kai (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act 1965) da cin amana (Crime and Disorder Act 1998), amma ya kasance yana aiki ga wasu laifukan soja (ko da yake ba a yi amfani da waɗannan tanadi ba har tsawon shekaru da yawa).

Yarjejeniyar Turai ba ta buƙaci wannan tanadin ba (protocol 6 ya ba da izinin hukuncin kisa a lokacin yaƙi; yarjejeniya ta 13, wacce ta haramta hukuncin kisa ga kowane yanayi, ba ta wanzu ba); maimakon haka, gwamnati ta gabatar da shi a matsayin gyare-gyare na baya-bayan nan don mayar da martani ga matsin lamba na majalisa.

Dokar ta tanadi cewa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne ga "ikon jama'a" suyi aiki ta hanyar da za su saba wa "yancin Yarjejeniya". Don waɗannan dalilai ikon jama'a ya haɗa da kowane mutum "wanda ayyukansa ayyuka ne na yanayin jama'a" Har ila yau, a bayyane ya haɗa da kotuna. Hakkin Yarjejeniyar ya haɗa da kawai waɗancan haƙƙoƙin da aka ƙayyade a sashi na 1 na Dokar (waɗannan an karanta su gaba ɗaya a cikin jadawalin 1).  A cikin fassarar waɗannan haƙƙoƙin Dokar ta ba da cewa Kotun cikin gida "za ta" la'akari da shari'ar Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai (ECtHR).

Sashe na 7 yana bawa duk wani mutum mai matsayi (kamar yadda Mataki na 34 na yarjejeniyar ya tsara) damar tayar da mataki a kan hukuma ta jama'a wacce ta yi aiki ko ta ba da shawarar yin aiki a irin wannan hanyar yarjejeniya. Wannan ma'auni ne mai tsauri fiye da yadda aka saba amfani dashi don tsayawa a Turanci, kodayake ba Scottish ba, bita na shari'a.

Idan an gudanar da cewa ikon jama'a ya keta haƙƙin Yarjejeniyar mai nema, to kotun tana da ikon "ba da irin wannan taimako ko magani, ko yin irin wannan tsari, a cikin ikonta kamar yadda ta ɗauka adalci da ya dace". Wannan na iya haɗawa da kyautar lalacewa, kodayake Dokar ta ba da iyakancewa ga ikon kotun don yin irin wannan kyautar.

Koyaya, Dokar ta kuma samar da kariya ga hukumomin gwamnati idan dokar keta yarjejeniyarsu ta cika wajibin da aka ɗora musu ta hanyar Dokokin farko. Dokar ta yi la'akari da cewa wannan zai zama misali mai wahala don saduwa duk da haka tunda yana buƙatar kotuna su karanta irin wannan doka (kuma don wannan al'amari dokokin da ke ƙasa) "Har sai ya yiwu a yi haka ... a hanyar da ta dace da haƙƙin Yarjejeniyar".&nbsp;

Inda ba zai yiwu a karanta dokokin farko a hanyar da ta dace da Yarjejeniyar ba, kawai izinin da ke akwai ga kotuna shine yin sanarwar rashin daidaituwa game da shi. Ikon yin hakan ya ƙuntata ne ga manyan kotuna. Irin wannan sanarwar ba ta da tasiri kai tsaye a kan ci gaba da karfi na dokar amma mai yiwuwa ne ya haifar da matsin lamba ga jama'a a kan gwamnati don cire rashin daidaituwa. Har ila yau, yana ƙarfafa shari'ar mai da'awar da ke dauke da irin wannan yanke shawara daga kotunan cikin gida a duk wani roko da ya biyo baya ga ECtHR. Don samar da saurin bin yarjejeniyar Dokar ta ba ministoci damar daukar mataki na gyarawa har ma da keta dokokin firamare ta hanyar dokokin da ba su da muhimmanci.

## Sanannen shari'ar kare hakkin dan adam

* Hukuncin kisan da Lee Clegg ya yi ya haifar da shari'ar farko da ta kira Dokar, wanda Times ta kawo a watan Oktoba 2000 wanda ya nemi soke hukuncin cin mutuncin jaridar.
* Campbell v MGN Ltd [2002] EWCA Civ 1373: Naomi Campbell da Sara Cox duk sun nemi tabbatar da haƙƙinsu na sirri a ƙarƙashin Dokar.  Dukkan shari'o'in biyu sun yi nasara ga mai korafin (Campbell's a kan ƙoƙari na biyu; Ba a yanke shawarar ƙoƙari na Cox ba bisa ga shari'a amma an cimma matsaya ba tare da kotu ba kafin a iya gwada batun a kotu) da kuma gyara ga dokar Birtaniyya don haɗa wani tanadi na sirri.
* *Venables da Thompson v News Group Newspapers [2001] 1 Duk ER 908: Shari'ar kisan gillar James Bulger ta gwada ko Mataki na ashirin da 8 (sirri) na Venables da Thomson, wadanda aka yankewa hukuncin kisa na Bulger, sun yi amfani da su lokacin da jaridu hudu suka nemi buga sabbin sunayensu da inda suke, ta amfani da hakkin su na 10 na 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki.  Alkalin, Dame Elizabeth Butler-Sloss, ya ba da umarnin dindindin na duniya wanda ke ba da umarnin cewa kada a buga kayan saboda mummunan sakamakon da irin wannan bayyanawar zai iya haifarwa ga tsoffin masu laifi, ba ko da yiwuwar cutar da jiki ko mutuwa (saboda haka da'awar da'awar Mataki na ashirin da 2 (haƙƙin rayuwa) an ji daɗi, kuma an tausaya musu).*
* *A da Sauran v Sakataren Gwamnati na Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida [2004] UKHL 56: [32] A ranar 16 Disamba 2004, House of Lords ta gudanar da cewa Sashe na 4 na Dokar Yaki da Ta'addanci, Laifuka da Tsaro na 2001, wanda a karkashin ikonsa an tsare wasu 'yan asalin Burtaniya da dama a kurkukun Belmarsh, bai dace da Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ba.  Wannan ya sa aka kafa dokar hana ta'addanci ta 2005 don maye gurbin sashi na 4 na dokar 2001.*
* *R v Chauhan and Hollingsworth*: R v Chauhan da Hollingsworth: Amesh Chauhan da Dean Hollingsworth na daukar hoto ta hanyar kyamarar sauri a shekara ta 2000. Kamar yadda aka saba yi ga wadanda aka kama ta wannan hanya, 'yan sanda sun aika musu da fom suna neman su gano wanda ke tuka motar a lokacin.  Sun yi zanga-zangar ne a karkashin dokar kare hakkin dan Adam, suna masu cewa ba za a bukaci su ba da shaida a kansu ba.  Hukuncin farko da alkalin kotun mai shari’a Peter Crawford ya yi a kotun Birmingham Crown, ya yanke hukunci a kansu, amma daga baya aka sauya akalar lamarin.  Irin wannan batu ya fito fili a Scotland tare da Procurator Fiscal v Brown [2000] UKPC D3, inda wata mata da aka kama bisa zargin satar kwalbar gin, ta bugu, kuma ‘yan sanda suka nemi sanin wanda ya tuka motarta (wanda ke kusa) a lokacin da ta isa babban kantin.
* *[[Price v Leeds City Council]]* EWCA (Civ) 289: A ranar 16 ga Maris 2005 Kotun Daukaka Kara ta tabbatar da hukuncin da Babbar Kotun Tarayya ta yanke cewa Majalisar Birnin Leeds ba za ta iya keta haƙƙin gidan wani dangin Romani, Maloney, ta hanyar korar su daga filayen jama'a.  Sai dai kotun ta mika karar zuwa ga House of Lords saboda hukuncin ya ci karo da hukuncin da kotun Turai ta kare hakkin dan Adam (ECtHR) ta yanke.
NHS Trust v MB: A cikin Maris 2006, Babban Kotun da ke Landan ta yanke hukunci a kan yunkurin da wani asibiti ya yi na kashe na'urar hura iska da ta sa yaron, wanda aka fi sani da Baby MB, a raye.  Yarinyar mai watanni 19 tana da yanayin dabi'a na kashin baya na tsoka, wanda ke haifar da kusan gurgunta.  Iyayen yaron sun yi yaƙi don haƙƙinsa na rayuwa, yayin da likitocin suka ce iskar da za ta haifar da "rayuwar da ba za ta iya jurewa ba". 

* *[[Connors v UK]]*:Hukuncin da ECtHR ta bayar ya bayyana cewa an soke matafiya da suka mallaki lasisin zama a fili mallakin kananan hukumomi kwatsam, ana nuna musu wariya, idan aka kwatanta da yadda ake yi wa masu gida da ba na matafiya ba, don haka an tauye hakkinsu na Mataki na 14 (kariya daga wariya) da kuma Mataki na 8 (haƙƙin mutunta gida).  Duk da haka, ba a taɓa samun wani shari'ar da aka sami nasarar yin amfani da Dokar don ba da damar matafiya su ci gaba da kasancewa a kan ƙasa mai launin kore, kuma haƙiƙa abubuwan da za su faru na faruwa sun kasance kamar ba za a iya yiwuwa ba bayan yanke shawara na House of Lords a Kay v Lambeth LBC wanda ya takaita lokutan da za a iya amfani da Mataki na 8 don kare wani daga kora idan babu wani haƙƙin doka akan ƙasar.
2006 Afganistan maharan shari'ar: A watan Mayu 2006, wani yanke shawara a siyasance game da yadda aka yi wa mutanen Afghanistan tara da suka yi garkuwa da jirgin sama don gudu daga Taliban ya haifar da la'antar da yawa daga jaridun tabloid (mafi mahimmanci The Sun), manyan labaran labarai da shugabannin jam'iyyar Labour da Jam'iyyar Conservative.  Kotun kula da shige da fice ta yanke hukunci, a karkashin dokar kare hakkin dan Adam, cewa maharan na iya ci gaba da zama a Burtaniya;  hukuncin da kotun ta yanke ya ce gwamnati ta yi amfani da karfin ikonta wajen tauye ‘yancin yin garkuwa da ‘yan fashin.
* 2006 Afghan hijackers case: In May 2006, a politically controversial decision regarding the treatment of nine Afghan men who hijacked a plane to flee from the Taliban caused widespread condemnation by many tabloid newspapers (most notably *The Sun*), the broadsheets and the leaders of both the Labour Party and the Conservative Party. It was ruled by an Immigration Tribunal, under the Human Rights Act, that the hijackers could remain in the United Kingdom; a subsequent court decision ruled that the government had abused its power in restricting the hijackers' right to work.
* *Mosley v News Group Newspapers Limited* (2008), Max Mosley challenged an invasion of his private life after the *News of the World* exposed his involvement in a sadomasochistic sex act. The case resulted in Mr Mosley being awarded £60,000 in damages.

## Rashin amincewa

### Hakki mai yawa
A lokacin yakin neman zabe na zaben 'yan majalisa na shekara ta 2005 Conservatives a karkashin Michael Howard sun bayyana niyyar su "gyara ko soke" Dokar' Yancin Dan Adam:Lokaci ya zo ne don 'yantar da al'ummar daga guguwar adalci na siyasa, shari'a mai tsada, adalci mai rauni, da al'adun diyya da ke gudana a cikin rikici a Burtaniya a yau da kuma gargadi cewa tsarin siyasa mai kyau wanda ya gabatar da shi ta hanyar karɓar dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam ta hanyar Labour ya juya tsohuwar ka'idar adalci a kansa.An ba da izinin mai ƙonewa a makaranta ya koma cikin aji saboda tilasta horo a bayyane ya hana shi haƙƙin ilimi; wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin ya ba da diyya na £ 4000 saboda an jinkirta roko na biyu; ɓarawo ya ba masu biyan haraji kuɗin don kai karar mutumin da ya shiga gidansa; matafiya waɗanda suka yi amfani da su a kan allon kore da suka mamaye saboda rashin bin dokokin tsarawa.Yaron makarantar da aka ambata yana da ƙididdigar neman diyya kuma ɗalibin jami'a ne a lokacin shari'ar kotu. Bugu da kari, an ki amincewa da da'awar. [bayyanawa da ake buƙata]  

### Ikon shari'a
Masu sukar kundin tsarin mulki tun lokacin da aka gabatar da Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam a majalisa sun yi iƙirarin cewa zai haifar da hukunce-hukunce masu mahimmanci game da manufofin gwamnati da kuma "matsayi" a cikin gyare-gyaren da suka yi wa dokar al'ada wanda ya haifar da mamaye ikon majalisa da fadada kotunan Burtaniya. Wani babban shari'ar R (a kan aikace-aikacen Daly) v Sakataren Gwamnati na Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ya nuna yadda sabon gwajin daidaito da aka aro daga shari'ar ECtHR ya ba da damar yin bincike mafi girma game da muhimman abubuwan da suka dace na yanke shawara na hukumomin jama'a, ma'ana cewa ayyukan da aka yi wa irin waɗannan hukumomi, sake dubawa na shari'a, sun fi daukaka kara fiye da sake dubawa ta shari'a.

Sun jaddada nauyin fassarar kotuna a karkashin sashi na 3 (1) na Dokar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam don karanta dokokin farko a matsayin masu bin Yarjejeniyar, gwargwadon yiwuwar, ba ya dogara da kasancewar rashin tabbas a cikin doka. Sashe na 3 (1) na iya buƙatar kotun ta tashi daga ma'anar da ba ta da tabbas cewa doka za ta kasance ƙarƙashin ƙuntatawa cewa wannan fassarar da aka gyara dole ne ya zama fassarar "mai yiwuwa" na dokar. Paul Craig ya yi jayayya cewa wannan yana haifar da kotuna da ke karɓar fassarorin da ke da rikice-rikice na harshe maimakon bayar da sanarwa na rashin daidaituwa.

### 'Yanci na jarida
A cikin 2008, Paul Dacre (a matsayin editan *Daily Mail* ) ya soki Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam don ba da damar, a zahiri, haƙƙin sirri a dokar Ingilishi duk da cewa majalisar ba ta zartar da irin wannan dokar ba. Yana magana ne game da tasirin da Dokar 'Yancin Dan a kaikaice akan koyaswar keta amana wanda ya matsar da dokar Ingilishi kusa da wata doka ta gama gari ta haƙƙin sirri.  A mayar da martani, Ubangiji Chancellor, Lord Falconer ya bayyana cewa majalisar ta zartar da dokar kare hakkin dan Adam, cewa rayuwar mutane ta sirri na bukatar kariya kuma alkali a cikin shari'ar ya fassara hukumomin da suka dace daidai.

### Shige da fice
Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1998 ta fuskanci zargi mai mahimmanci daga' yan siyasa da masu sharhi na kafofin watsa labarai waɗanda ke jayayya cewa yana da wahala a sarrafa ƙaura ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma fitar da masu aikata laifuka na ƙasashen waje. Masu sukar sun ce aikin yana amfana da wadanda ba su cancanci ba a kan al'umma gaba ɗaya, gami da masu aikata laifuka da ke neman guje wa hukunci ko 'yan ta'adda na kasashen waje da ke son guje wa korar su. Daga shekara ta 2003 zuwa gaba, masu sukar sun kara mayar da hankali kan yanke shawara na kotu kamar Chahal v UK wanda ya sa ya zama da wuya a fitar da wadanda ake zargi da ta'addanci na kasashen waje. {. Roƙon kare hakkin dan adam da ke kiran Mataki na 8 na Yarjejeniyar Turai ita ce hanyar da aka fi sani da kalubalantar korar mutane.

### Rashin isasshen
Sabanin haka, wasu sun yi jayayya cewa Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ba ta ba da isasshen kariya ga haƙƙoƙi saboda ikon da gwamnati ke da shi na rage haƙƙin Yarjejeniya a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 15. An yanke hukunci game da shari'o'in kwanan nan kamar R (ProLife Alliance) v BBC [2002] game da haƙƙin doka ta yau da kullun maimakon haƙƙin doka. Inda babu wani misali a cikin doka ta kowa, alƙalai suna ci gaba da zargi da gwagwarmayar shari'a.

### Rahotanni da suka shafi ta'addanci
Wasu 'yan siyasa a cikin manyan jam'iyyun biyu, gami da wasu ministoci, sun soki Dokar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam game da shirye-shiryen shari'a don yin sanarwa game da rashin jituwa da dokokin ta'addanci. Baron Reid ya yi jayayya cewa Dokar tana hana yaki da ta'addanci na duniya dangane da umarnin sarrafawa mai rikitarwa:Akwai barazana mai tsanani - kuma ni ne na farko da ya yarda cewa hanyoyin da muke da su na yaki da shi bai isa ba har muna fada da hannu daya da aka ɗaure a bayanmu. Don haka ina fatan idan muka gabatar da shawarwari a cikin 'yan makonni masu zuwa za mu sami ɗan ƙaramin siyasa na jam'iyya da ɗan ƙarin goyon baya ga tsaron ƙasa.A shekara ta 2007, wanda ya gaji Howard a matsayin Shugaban Jam'iyyar adawa, David Cameron, ya yi alkawarin soke Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam idan aka zabe shi, a maimakon haka ya maye gurbinsa da Dokar' Yancin Burtaniya. Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam JUSTICE ta fitar da takarda mai taken A Bill of Rights for Britain? , yana nazarin shari'ar don sabunta Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam tare da lissafin da aka kafa.

Bayan Babban zaben 2010, Yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwar Conservative-Liberal Democrat ta ce za a bincika Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam.

A cikin shekara ta 2011, biyo bayan hukunce-hukuncen da aka yi wa rikice-rikice daga Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai (ECtHR) da Kotun Koli ta Burtaniya, David Cameron ya ba da shawarar "Bill of Rights na Burtaniya". Kwamitin gwamnati da aka kafa don bincika shari'ar don Dokar 'Yancin yana da rabuwa da ra'ayi.

Alkalin Dean Spielmann, Shugaban ECtHR, ya yi gargadi a 201f3 cewa Ingila ba za ta iya janyewa daga Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ba tare da yin barazana ga membobinta na Tarayyar Turai ba. An kuma yi iƙirarin cewa, tun lokacin da Yarjejeniyar Jumma'a Mai Tsarki (wanda ya kawo karshen tashin hankali na ta'addanci na Matsalar) aka kafa a kan yarjejeniyar, duk wani janyewa zai karya shi. 

A cikin shekara ta 2014, Jam'iyyar Conservative ta shirya soke Dokar kuma ta maye gurbin ta da "Bill of Rights na Burtaniya".

Bayan nasarar Zaben 2015 na Jam'iyyar Conservative, Michael Gove, Sakataren Harkokin Shari'a, an tuhume shi da aiwatar da sauye-sauyen da Liberal Democrats suka toshe a baya a cikin gwamnatin hadin gwiwa. Takardar Jam'iyyar Conservative ta ce sabon lissafin zai "ƙetare alaƙar da ke tsakanin Kotun Burtaniya da Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai". Kamar yadda ya gabata 1998, da'awar dogaro da shari'ar ECtHR wanda ya saba da "Bill of Rights na Burtaniya" dole ne ya je kotu a Strasbourg maimakon a iya sauraron shi a Burtaniya.

Koyaya, takardar shaidar Conservatives daga babban zaben na gaba a cikin 2017 ta yi alkawarin riƙe Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam "yayinda tsarin Brexit ke gudana". [sabuntawa da buƙatu]

Hakan ya sake canzawa, yayin da hawan Suella Braverman a cikin jam'iyyar Conservative ya ga HRA ta yi kamfen gaba daya. Shigar da ta yi ga Sakatariyar Cikin Gida ya haifar da dokar kasa da kan iyaka wanda aka amince da shi a matsayin mai yuwuwa keta dokar - duk da haka, Sunak ya nemi Strasbourg ya canza dokar don bin doka. Dokar ta samu amincewar sarauta kuma nan ba da jimawa ba ana sa ran fuskantar kalubalen doka.

Wani maye gurbin, Bill of Rights Bill 2022, an tsara shi a ranar 22 ga Yuni 2022  amma an soke shi a ranar 27 ga Yuni 2023. 

## Dubi kuma

## Manazarta