Kogon Candelaria

**Cueva de la Candelaria** (Candelaria Cave) wani yanki ne na ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi wanda ke jihar Coahuila na Mexico . Wani kogo ne da maziyartan makiyaya suka yi amfani da shi a matsayin makabarta. An gudanar da binciken farko a cikin 1953 kuma an sami wani lokaci a cikin 1954. Sakamakon waɗannan binciken, an gano abubuwa da yawa kuma Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH) ce ke adana su.

Binciken Cueva de la Candelaria yana da ban sha'awa ta yawan adadin kayan da aka samu akan wannan rukunin yanar gizon. Sun zama tushen mahimman bayanai game da al'adun Aridoamerica makiyaya. A cewar masu binciken, salon kyallen takarda ya yi kama da ƙirƙira na kwanduna, amma rashin kayan aikin dutse irin su atlatl yana da wahala a iya gano mazaunan Cueva de la Candelaria.

Tarihin jihar ya ambaci a kan ƙaramin sikelin ga ƙungiyoyin makiyaya waɗanda ke zaune a wannan yanki mai faɗin kudancin Aridoamerica, waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ana kiransu da sunan Chichimeca gabaɗaya, amma kuma suna da takamaiman sunayensu, kamar su coahuiltecos, huachiles, irritilas da Tobosos. 

Ba a san su ba, majiyoyin tarihi ba sa magana game da al'adunsu, yarensu ko yarensu, ko al'adunsu, kodayake an riga an san wasu wuraren da aka bari na zuriya. Shaidun archaeological da aka nuna a cikin kogo sun nuna an yi amfani da waɗannan a matsayin gidaje, da kuma binne kayan aiki, tufafi da kuma kyaututtuka. Shahararrun shafuka sune Cueva de la Candelaria, La Espantosa da La Chuparrosa. 

Mazaunan Cueva de la Candelaria sun kasance suna binne matattu a cikin fakitin da ba kawai jiki ba amma kayan ado na jiki da aka yi da fiber na halitta, fata, harsashi, da gashin fuka-fukai, da kuma wasu guntukan tufafi da takalma. Ana nannade komai da bargon Auduga ko rogo, a daure shi da igiya. Yawancin fakitin Cueva de la Candelaria an same su ba su cika ba, waɗanda watakila masu kwasar ganima ne suka buɗe su.

## Fage
Tun daga karni na 17 akwai takardu tare da nassoshi na mulkin mallaka zuwa gawarwakin Coahuila. A cikin 1645, wani firist Jesuit da ke zaune a Parras de la Fuente, Coahuila, ya sami wata rana "... wani wuri cike da kogo... ya ga can... wani kwanyar kwanyar da kasusuwan kasusuwa..." (Pérez de Rivas, wanda aka nakalto a Gonzalez Arratia, 1999, p.&nbsp;19). Zuwa 1778, firist Juan Agustín de Morfi ya sake buga shaidar wani kyaftin na Sipaniya a Saliyo del Carmen, arewacin Coahuila, "... ya sami wani babban kogo tare da gawarwakin Indiyawa, an nannade shi da kyawawan kaset" (ibid).

Duk da haka, har zuwa karni na 19 lokacin da mutane daban-daban da suka binciko ko ziyarci kudu maso yammacin Coahuila, musamman Comarca Lagunera, sun yi karin bayani game da koguna da dama inda tsoffin mazauna yankin kafin zamanin Hispanic suka ajiye matattu a cikin wani wuri mai laushi, an nannade su da bargo da ɗaure, kama da kunshin, don haka sunan yanzu "kunshin gawa". A shekara ta 1880 masanin ilmin kiwo na Ingila Edward Palmer ya zagaya Comarca Lagunera, inda ya tarar da wasu kogo tare da gawawwakin gawawwaki da wasu abubuwa masu alaka da itace, fuka-fukai, kashi, harsashi da dutse. A watan Yuni 2006 da aka buga littafin "The bincike na Edward Palmer". Don rubuta wannan littafi, Leticia Gonzalez Arratia ya shafe shekara guda a Cibiyar Smithsonian da kuma 'yan makonni a cikin Peabody Museum na Jami'ar Harvard tare da burin tattara ƙarin bayani game da Palmer da bincikensa a kan hamadar coahuilense. 

A cikin 1838, Juan Nepomuceno Flores ya bayyana cewa kogon Saliyo Mojada ya ƙunshi gawawwaki da yawa waɗanda aka ambata, kuma a cikin 1848, Mista Jose Ma. Avila yayi magana game da ziyararsa zuwa kogon gawa biyu, daya daga cikinsu yana kusa da gonar El Coyote kusa da Torreón, Coahuila. Edward Palmer, ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren ɗan Ingilishi mai aiki da Gidan Tarihi na Peabody, a cikin 1880 ya samo, tare da taimakon masu ba da labari, kogo huɗu da ke tsakanin El Coyote da Monclova. Ko da yake an wawashe shi, an ajiye wasu rufaffiyar fakitin gawarwaki a kusa da rancho El Coyote.

A ƙarshe, an bincika kogon gawa mafi mahimmancin rajista na arewacin Mexico da fasaha a cikin ƙarni na 20. Cueva de la Candelaria ne, wanda ke cikin Valle de las Delicias, a arewacin iyakar Comarca Lagunera. An binciko shi a cikin 1958 ta ƙungiyar masu binciken kayan tarihi, masu ilimin geologists da masu ilimin halin ɗan adam, kuma an taƙaita sakamakonsu a cikin aikin Luis Aveleyra Arroyo de Anda, Irmgard W. Johnson, Pablo Martínez del Río da Arturo Romano.

## Shafin

### La Candelaria Burials
A cikin koguna guda uku na Jihar Coahuila, da aka yi amfani da su azaman crypts an gano fakitin gawawwakin jarirai uku da kuma manya sama da 100 waɗanda suka fito daga ƙarni na 13, a cewar INAH. Masanin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi Leticia Gonzalez, wani mai bincike na INAH a wannan mahallin, ya bayyana cewa waɗannan fakitin duk suna da alaƙa da kayan tarihi a ciki da wajen rufin kuma hakan ya nuna cewa masu farauta na jejin Coahuila suna bauta wa kakanninsu. 

A cikin aikin bincike "Packages Mortuary", ƙwararren yayi nazarin kogon jana'izar a arewacin hamadar Mexico, kuma musamman na Coahuila, kamar yadda La Candelaria, coyote da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa guda uku, na karshen, an gano shekaru biyu da suka wuce a cikin Comarca Lagunera, kudu maso yammacin jihar. An yi wani yanki na abubuwan da aka gano a cikin kogon don samun cikakkun bayanai game da su, a gefe guda kuma, an yi nazari kan masana'anta da ake amfani da su don suturar, da makada da yadin da aka yi amfani da su don ɗaure gawar. Sauran yanki sune kayan ado da kayan aiki, waɗanda ke waje da shroud, kamar mashi, bakuna, manyan kwanduna da sandunan tono masu auna tsakanin 50 zuwa 60.&nbsp;cm tsayi. 

Bayan haka, bayan an raba abubuwan, an raba al'adar gawawwakin mafarautan hamada na Arewacin Mexico zuwa sassa da yawa. Da farko shirye-shiryen jiki, watau sanya tufafinsu, kayan ado, da kayan aikinsu; kunsa tare da masana'anta kuma ku ɗaure shi; Wani abin da ya bambanta shi ne cewa dukkanin kwarangwal da aka samu a wannan yanki na kasar an same su a cikin matsayi mai laushi. Mataki na gaba shine matsar da gawarwakin zuwa kogon gawawwakin a ajiye shi a can; yana da mahimmanci a bayyana, cewa duk kogo a Coahuila, suna ƙarƙashin ƙasa; Ƙofar shiga wani irin ƙaramin rami ne kuma bayan kusan mita biyar ko shida ramin ya buɗe cikin ɗaki. 

Waɗannan su ne irin mausoleums na halitta, domin a cikin jihar akwai koguna da yawa irin wannan; kadan ne, kuma watakila shi ne dalilin da ya sa aka sassauta gawarwakin. Mataki na gaba a cikin al'adar jana'izar ya ƙunshi shirye-shiryen kogon, inda aka ajiye gawar; domin an lura ba a bar su kawai a cikin ƙasa ba, amma akwai tsari, an sanya gawar a kan gadaje na katako, ganyen nopal ko ganyen maguey. A wajen likkafanin an ajiye duk wani abu da bai dace ba, babu shakka a ciki akwai manya-manyan kwanduna, da kibau, da bakuna, da sandunan tono, duk wannan na dindindin ne a cikin kaburbura. An ajiye gawarwakin mutane a gadon jana'izar, amma ba a binne su ba.

A daya bangaren kuma, an raba al’adar zuwa matakai da dama kuma ba a binne gawarwaki ba sai an ajiye su a cikin kogo tare da kayayyakin mafarauta; abubuwa uku kamar kullum suna nan (bakuna, manyan kwanduna da sandunan tono). Har ila yau, akwai wasu al'adu na gawawwaki guda biyu: ɗaya shine lokacin da aka nannade jikin da yadudduka, ɗayan kuma a cikin ƙaramin katako ko gadon gado. 

### Coahuila Mortuary Caves
Fakitin gawawwaki da ke cikin kogunan Coahuila da yawa sun nuna cewa ƙungiyoyin mafarauta daga arewacin Mexico sun haɓaka a cikin manyan bukukuwa da bukukuwan kafin lokacin Hispanic, wanda ya zama cikakkiyar yanayin zamantakewa da addini.

Daga binciken da aka yi na takardu da wallafe-wallafen da ba a buga ba, da kuma kayan tarihi na archaeological da ake samu a Mexico da kuma kasashen waje, ya yiwu a samar da ka'idar game da dangantakar waɗannan kogo tare da al'ada mai ban mamaki da na zamani. Wannan fassarar ta dogara ne akan gaskiyar cewa kwatancin takardu sun dace da kayan tarihi na archaeological da suka tsira har zuwa zamaninmu, kuma a cikin wannan kwatanta an lura da halaye da yawa waɗanda ke maimaita kansu a cikin ƙarni, wanda ke nuna tsarin tsarin matattu a zamanin pre-Hispanic. 

Wani muhimmin al'amari shi ne cewa an sanya gawawwakin a kan kogon dutse, kuma a mafi yawan lokuta, shigarwa yana cikin nau'i na katako mai gangara zuwa cikin ciki, tsayin mita da yawa, inda ɗakin farko ya kasance, tare da ɗakuna ɗaya ko fiye na karkashin kasa.

Wadannan dakunan sun karbi gawarwakin mutane da dama. A wasu lokuta har zuwa 30, kamar a cikin kogon La Paila, da sauran "da yawa" a cikin Coyote. A cikin Cueva de la Candelaria an sami mutane sama da 200 kuma a cikin Saliyo Mojada, ƙididdigewa mai sauri ta mai gano sa, kusan 1,000. Baya ga bambance-bambancen yawa, kamar yadda duk shaidun suka nuna, shine asalin gawarwakin an daure su a cikin “kunshin gawawwaki” kuma an jera su kusa da wani ko ɗaya sama da ɗayan.

## Manazarta