Masu Gina Gidauniyar Gidauniya

Ecocity Builders wani 501 (c) ba riba ba ne wanda ke cikin Oakland, California, wanda ke ba da shawara, shawarwari, da ilimi a cikin Tsarin birni mai ɗorewa tare da mai da hankali kan samun dama ta hanyar kusanci da ci gaban masu tafiya. Masu gina birni kuma suna aiwatar da ayyukan ƙirar birane ta amfani da babbar hanyar sadarwa ta kawance tare da gwamnatocin birni, kamfanoni da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Hanyar Ecocity Builders ta dogara ne da aikin wanda ya kafa Richard Register, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka, mai fafutukar zaman lafiya kuma masanin ilimin birane.

## Ka'idoji masu mahimmanci
Ecocity Builders ya fi damuwa da inganta kirkirar biranen muhalli, magana ce da Richard Register ya fara kirkira a taron Ecocity na 1 na kasa da kasa a shekarar 1990. Ecocity Builders ya bayyana wani ecocity a matsayin "ƙauyen ɗan adam mai lafiya wanda aka tsara akan tsarin da ke ci gaba da rayuwa da kuma aiki na yanayin halittu da halittu masu rai. "  Garin muhalli na iya kunshe da kowane girman sulhu, daga unguwa ko ƙauye har zuwa birni, wanda ke aiki cikin jituwa da yanayin halittu wanda yake wani ɓangare. Wadannan manyan tsarin muhalli sun hada da ruwa, yanki, kuma a ƙarshe, na duniya, da kuma tsarin zamantakewar ɗan adam kamar na gida, yanki, na ƙasa da na duniya, na gwamnati, da tsarin musayar al'adu.

Biometrics yana da mahimmanci ga ra'ayin Ecocity ta hanyar kwatankwacin biranen a matsayin kwayoyin halitta masu rai. Birane (ciki har da mazaunansu) suna nunawa kuma suna buƙatar tsarin don motsi (tafiya), numfashi (tsarin samun makamashi), hankali (da ke amsawa ga mahallinta), girma (ci gaba / canzawa a tsawon lokaci), haifuwa (ciki da ilimi, gini, tsarawa da ci gaba, da dai sauransu), fitarwa (fitarwa da sharar gida), da abinci mai gina jiki (da ake buƙata don iska, ruwa, ƙasa, abinci ga mazauna, kayan aiki, da dai dai sauransu).

Ecocities suna nuna halaye na ƙira kamar su "nodes" masu tafiya ko cibiyoyin albarkatu da hulɗar zamantakewa, tsara amfani da haɗin kai, siffofin halitta (gidajen lambu, aikin gona na birane, wuraren shakatawa), rashin jaddadawa kan zirga-zirgar motoci, da kuma samun dama ga albarkatu. Rubuce-rubucen muhalli suna rinjayar motsi na arcology ciki har da jaddadawa kan hyperstructures - manyan, gine-gine masu rikitarwa. Register ya wallafa tarin zane-zanensa masu yawa na shirye-shiryen birni da kuma shiga tsakani a cikin littattafai da yawa (duba "Sources").

## Tarihi da farkon shekarun
Richard Register ne ya kafa Ecocity Builders a cikin 1992 don ƙarin takamaiman manufofi na Taron Ecocity na Duniya na farko (Berkeley, 1990). Taron farko ya taru ne daga ƙungiyar Urban Ecology, ƙungiyar da Richard Register ta kafa. Ecocity Builders ya ci gaba da shigar da yawancin manyan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Urban Ecology .  Shekaru na farko na Ecocity Builders sun kasance da wasu ayyukan gida a cikin San Francisco East Bay, da farko Berkeley. Wadannan ayyukan sun hada da hasken rana na kogin Cordonices Creek, Slow Streets, da ayyukan al'umma.

### Hasken rana
Babban aikin Ecocity Builders ya haɗa da ɗaya daga cikin farkon hasken rana da kuma dawo da gadajen kogi a Amurka. Aikin Codornices Creek, 1994, ya cire tashar ruwa daga rami na siminti tare da iyakar Albany / Berkeley kuma ya kirkiro wurin shakatawa mai tsawon mil. Ecocity Builders sun hada kai da Urban Creeks Council, wanda ya nemi kuma ya karbi $ 25,000 daga Ma'aikatar Ruwa don tallafawa aikin. An dawo da rabi na biyu na wurin shakatawa a shekara ta 2004 a kan kasafin kuɗi na dala miliyan 2.1 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Majalisar Ruwa ta Codornices  Creek.

### Kashewa
Ecocity Builders sun taimaka wajen tsarawa da kuma ba da tallafi ga ƙananan ayyukan gyare-gyare masu matsakaici a Berkeley. Misalan sun haɗa da cire wuraren ajiye motoci guda biyar a gidan zama na University Avenue Homes don lambu, da Halcyon Commons .  Wannan na ƙarshe ya canza filin ajiye motoci na sararin samaniya 28 zuwa ƙaramin wurin shakatawa da aka tsara ta al'umma wanda ke nuna babban yanki mai ciyawa da ke kewaye da bishiyoyi masu fure da itatuwa, yankin biki, da kuma juyawa na taya.

### Hanyoyi masu jinkiri
Farawa a cikin 1979 Richard Register da sauran masu gwagwarmayar Berkeley sun fara ba da shawara ga Birnin Berkeley don shirye-shiryen tituna na kwantar da hankali bisa ga titunan "slow ways" na Australiya. Milvia Slow Street, wani ɓangare na cibiyar sadarwa ta Bicycle Boulevard ta Birnin Berkeley, an tsara shi a ƙarshe a ƙarƙashin jagorancin su a cikin 1990. Zane ya rufe kusan tubalan shida na titin zama wanda aka sanya fitilu 30 don ƙuntata titin a tsakiya da wuraren tsakiyar tubalan. Wadannan kwararan fitila da tsibirai da aka dasa suna haifar da ƙirar maciji, wanda ke buƙatar motoci su jinkirta kuma su tattauna hanyar da ke kan titi. Nazarin hukuma ya tabbatar da Milvia Slow Street don samun tasiri mai mahimmanci a kan saurin abin hawa da girma tare da gangaren.

### Taswirar gundumar Ecocity
Richard Register ya yi amfani da hanyar gano "ƙauyuka na birane" a cikin manyan birane a cikin littafinsa Ecocity Berkeley (1987). Ya ba da shawarar ƙaddamar da waɗannan yankuna don ƙirƙirar ƙayyadaddun ƙungiyoyin birane inda za'a iya samun kaya da aiyuka ta hanyar tafiya da keken keke. Ecocity Builders sun gudanar da ayyukan taswirar GIS na farko don tsara wannan tsari. Sakamakon ya gano ainihin wuraren birane masu aiki (ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci, zamantakewa da ayyukan sufuri) sabanin yanki na littafi don cibiyoyin kasuwanci / sufuri. Sun kuma gano shingen a cikin waɗannan yankuna don samun damar "cikakke", kamar rashin babban kantin sayar da kayan masarufi a Yammacin Oakland, da rashin hadin gwiwa a ƙauyen Montclair.

### Manufofin da shawarwari
A cikin Berkeley Ecocity Builders sun sami nasarar hada hannu da kuma yin kira ga manufofi da ake aiwatar da su a halin yanzu, gami da Ecocity Amendment ga 2001 General Plan, Solar Greenhouse Ordinance, da Residential Energy Conservation Ordinance (RECO). 

**Sojoji, Kwamitoci**

* Cibiyar Taron Otal din UC, Berkeley
* San Francisco Open Space Task Force, San Francisco
* Oil mai zaman kansa Oakland ta 2020 Task Force, Oakland

**Siyasa, Kamfen**

* Shirin Ayyukan Oakland Mai Zaman Kanta
* "Ecocity" Canja wurin haƙƙin ci gaba
* Gyaran Gidauniyar Gidauniya
* Dokar RECO ta Berkeley
* Dokar Gidan Gishiri ta Berkeley

## Ayyukan yanzu

### Tsarin da Ka'idojin Gida na Duniya (IEFS)
Makarantar Gine-gine da Muhalli  da Masu Gina Ecocity ta Cibiyar Fasaha ta British Columbia sun yi aiki tare don haɓaka rubutun kimiyya don kimanta matsayin Ecocity na mazaunin ɗan adam. Rubutun ya dogara ne akan alamun muhalli, zamantakewa, da albarkatun da ke tattare da lafiyar birane. IEFS ya zama tushen wasu haɗin gwiwa da ayyukan da ke da niyyar auna, taswirar, da aiki a kan waɗannan alamomi.

### Shirin Taswirar Duniya na Yanayi
Aikin Taswirar Duniya na Ecocitizen kayan aiki ne da hanyoyin da ke amfani da fasahar PUMIS da GIS don bincika, fahimta, da auna lafiyar birane gaba ɗaya daga hangen nesa. Aikin yana ba da dandamali na taswirar kan layi wanda ke bawa mazauna damar samun dama da hada bayanan gida, bayanan da aka ɗora na al'umma tare da bayanan gwamnati a kan mahimman alamomi kamar iska da ingancin ruwa, samun damar wucewa, aikata laifuka, da abubuwan al'adu. Alamun da aka auna ta hanyar taswirar suna daidaitawa tare da IEFS kuma ana iya amfani da su don kimanta matsayin birni ko unguwa.

An gudanar da matukan jirgi na farko na Ecocitizen World Map Project a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2014 a biranen Alkahira da Casablanca. Dalibai da membobin al'umma sun shiga cikin "bootcamps" don koyon dabarun binciken PUMIS kuma sun gudanar da binciken kayan aiki a unguwanni na Roches Noires da Imbaba. Binciken farko ya mayar da hankali kan amfani da ruwa.

Hanyar shiga cikin tattara bayanai tana bawa masu ruwa da tsaki damar samun bayanan da ba a sani ba a baya kuma an tsara shi don karfafa al'ummomin yankin su shiga cikin batutuwan da suka dace, suna ba su ƙarfafawa su shiga cikin neman mafita ga matsalolin da ke akwai.

Wannan Ecocitizen World Map Project haɗin gwiwar jama'a ne da masu zaman kansu wanda Ecocity Builders ke jagoranta tare da haɗin gwiwar manyan abokan hulɗa na Maroko Organization of American States (OAS), Esri, Association of American Geographers, Eye on Earth (haɗin gwiwar UNEP + Abu Dhabi Environmental Data Initiative), tare da abokan hulɗa da ƙungiyoyin al'umma. Biranen gwaji guda uku na farko sun hada da Medellín, Colombia (wanda aka tallafa wa tallafi daga OAS" Sustainable Communities in the Americas Initiative), Alkahira, Misira, da Casablanca, Morocco (wanda aka goyi bayan tallafi daga Eye on Earth).Idanu a Duniya).

### Ba da shawara da shawarwari
Ecocity Builders suna ba da saiti na ci gaban manufofi da kayan aikin bayar da shawarwari gami da kwangila a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga ayyukan a duk duniya. Ecocity Builders da Richard Register sun tuntubi kan gini, tsarawa da ci gaba a Auroville, Indiya; Changwon, Koriya ta Kudu, California" id="mwlA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Willits, California">Willits, California, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Huaibei, China, Kathmandu, Nepal, da Tianjin Ecocity, China.

### Jerin Taron Duniya na Ecocity
Babban aikin da ke gudana na Ecocity Builders shine jerin taron shekaru biyu da aka sani da Ecocity World Summit (tsohon International Ecocity Conference Series). Jerin yana mai da hankali kan manyan ayyukan da birane da 'yan ƙasa za su iya ɗauka don sake gina mazaunin ɗan adam daidai da tsarin rayuwa. Taron yana mai da hankali kan zane, tsarawa, tattara bayanai, da kuma shugabanci na ƙirƙirar birane masu ɗorewa, masu adalci. Wannan jerin taron Ecocity, wanda aka fara a California" id="mwog" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California a cikin 1990, shine na farko na irin sa kuma yanzu shine mafi tsawo a ci gaba da gudanar da taron kan garuruwa, birane da ƙauyuka.

Taron Duniya da ya gabata ya nuna shugabannin da masu kirkiro da yawa, ciki har da masanin muhalli David Brower; ɗan saman jannati na Apollo 14 Edgar Mitchell; Rusong Wang, memba na Majalisar Jama'ar Sin kuma shugaban sashen kimiyyar muhalli na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Sin; mai fafutukar kare hakkin dabbobi ta Indiya Ambika Shukla; Shugaba da Shugaban Cibiyar Muhalli ta Duniya (GEF) Dokta Naoko Is; tsohon magajin garin San Francisco Gavin Newsom, masanin gine-gine / falsafa Paolo Soleri; da Denis Hayes, darektan asalin Taron Duniya na farko a Taron Duniya a 1970

Za a gudanar da taron koli na 2015 a Abu Dhabi, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa a watan Oktoba 2015.

*Taron Ecocity*:

* 2015 Abu Dhabi, UAE
* 2013 Nantes, Faransa
* 2011 Montreal, Kanada
* 2009 Istanbul, Turkiyya
* 2008 San Francisco, Amurka
* 2006 Bangalore, Indiya
* 2002 Shenzhen, kasar Sin
* 2000 Curitiba, Brazil
* 1996 Yoff, Senegal
* 1992 Adelaide, Ostiraliya
* 1990 Berkeley, Amurka

## Tushen

* EcoCities: Sake gina birane cikin daidaituwa tare da Yanayi. Richard Register. Sabon Mawallafin Ƙungiyar, Oktoba 18, 2013
* "Ecocities of Tomorrow: Tattaunawa da Richard Register. " Jesse Fox. *Treehugger*, Fabrairu 14, 2008; An samo shi a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2014. http://www.treehugger.com/sustainable-product-design/ecocities-of-gobe-an-interview-with-richard-register.html
* "Ecocity Berkeley: Gine-gine na Birane don Makomar Lafiya. " Richard Register. Littattafan Arewacin Atlantic, 1987.
* "Resilience in Ecology and Urban Design: Haɗin Ka'idar da Ayyuka don Biranen da ke dorewa. " STA Pickett, M.L. Cadenasso, Brian McGrath. Springer Kimiyya & Kasuwanci Media, Janairu 13, 2013

## Bayani