Wayne Shorter

**Wayne Shorter** (25 ga Agusta, 1933 - 2 ga Maris, 2023) ɗan wasan jazz ne na Amurka, mawaƙi, kuma shugaban ƙungiyar mawaƙa, wanda aka fi sani da ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mutane kuma masu tasiri a tarihin jazz na zamani. A tsawon aikinsa na sama da shekaru sittin, ya sami kyaututtukan Grammy guda 12 da kyautar Polar Music, kuma an yaba masa a duk duniya saboda asalinsa, zurfin rubutunsa, da kuma hanyarsa ta sauya salon waƙa .  

Shorter ya fara shahara a shekarar 1959 bayan ya shiga Jazz Messengers na Art Blakey, inda nan da nan ya zama babban mawaƙin ƙungiyar kuma ɗaya daga cikin muryoyinta masu ban mamaki. A shekarar 1964, ya shiga Second Great Quintet na Miles Davis, inda ya ba da gudummawa ga waƙoƙi da wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda suka taimaka wajen tsara ɗaya daga cikin lokutan da suka fi ƙirƙira da tasiri a tarihin jazz. A shekarar 1970, ya haɗu da kafa ƙungiyar haɗakar jazz mai suna Weather Report, wadda ta sami nasara a duniya kuma ta sake fasalta yiwuwar jazz mai amfani da wutar lantarki.

A matsayinsa na shugaban ƙungiyar mawaka, Shorter ya yi rikodin kundin waƙoƙi sama da 20, kuma da yawa daga cikin waƙoƙinsa—ciki har da ayyukan da aka rubuta wa Davis, Weather Report, da ƙungiyoyin sa—sun zama mizanin jazz mai ɗorewa. Waƙoƙinsa sun shahara saboda ƙwarewarsa ta jituwa, tsarin labarin, da zurfin falsafa, wanda ya sami yabo da tasiri mai ɗorewa a tsakanin tsararraki na mawaka.

Shorter ya shahara musamman saboda ƙwarewarsa ta waƙar saxophone ta soprano, bayan da ya mayar da hankali kan waƙar tenor a ƙarshen shekarun 1960. Tun daga shekarar 1970, ya mamaye zaɓen shekara-shekara na masu suka da masu karatu na mujallar *DownBeat* kan saxophone ta soprano, inda ya lashe zaɓen masu suka na tsawon shekaru 10 a jere da kuma zaɓen masu karatu na 18. 

A shekarar 2008, *[[New York Times|wani mai sukar kiɗa na jaridar New York Times,]]* Ben Ratliff, ya bayyana Shorter a matsayin "mai yiwuwa babban mawaƙin jazz mai rai a ƙaramin rukuni kuma mai fafatawa don mafi kyawun mai gyara rayuwa," wani hali da ya nuna babban matsayinsa a cikin nau'in waƙar. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Wayne Shorter a Newark, New Jersey,  ɗan Louise da Joseph Shorter.  Ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Newark Arts   a shekarar 1952. Bayan ƙarfafa gwiwar iyayensa, Shorter ya fara ɗaukar darussan clarinet yana ɗan shekara 16, daga baya ya koma tenor saxophone . Yayin da yake makarantar sakandare, Wayne ya yi wasa tare da ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Nat Phipps a Newark. Babban ɗan'uwansa Alan ya buga alto saxophone kafin ya koma ƙaho a kwaleji.

Shorter ya yi karatu a Jami'ar New York a shekarar 1952 kuma ya kammala karatunsa da digiri a fannin ilimin kiɗa a shekarar 1956. Bayan kammala karatunsa, Shorter ya yi shekaru biyu a rundunar sojojin Amurka, a lokacin ya buga wasa na ɗan lokaci tare da Horace Silver . Bayan an sallame shi daga aiki, ya buga wasa da Maynard Ferguson .

A lokacin da Shorter yake girma, yana son littattafan barkwanci da almarar kimiyya da kuma kiɗa. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, Shorter ya sami laƙabin "Mr. Gone", wanda daga baya ya zama taken kundin waƙoƙi na Weather Report. 

## Sana'a
Abubuwan da ya shahara da su a farko sun haɗa da Sonny Rollins, John Coltrane da Coleman Hawkins . A shekarar 1959, Shorter ya shiga Jazz Messengers na Art Blakey inda ya zauna na tsawon shekaru huɗu, daga ƙarshe ya zama daraktan kiɗa kuma ya tsara waƙoƙin ƙungiyar.  Tare suka yi rangadin Amurka, Japan, da Turai, suna yin rikodin kundin waƙoƙi da dama. A wannan lokacin, Shorter "ya kafa kansa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matasan saxophonists mafi hazaka" kuma ya sami yabo daga ƙasashen duniya. 

## Manazarta