open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki na gas a Burtaniya

Ya zuwa 2023 akwai tashoshin wutar lantarki na gas 35 da ke aiki da kuma tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki guda 14 da ke aiki a Ƙasar Ingila, waɗanda ke da jimlar ƙarfin samar da 35.7 GW.

## Ragewar iskar gas don iko a Ƙasar Ingila
A cikin 2016 tashoshin wutar lantarki da aka kashe sun samar da jimlar TWh 127 na wutar lantarki. Sauka zuwa 72 TWh a cikin 2024, samar da 26% na wutar lantarki ta GB. Ana sa ran wannan zai faɗi zuwa 5% nan da shekara ta 2030, tare da jimlar ƙarni daga wasu ƙananan tushen carbon da ake sa ran ya wuce buƙata wanda ke ba da damar fitar da kayayyaki

Raguwar ta fi yawa ne saboda karuwar hanyoyin sabuntawa da suka fi raguwar kwal, da kuma raguwar buƙata gaba ɗaya.

### Mataki na kwal a Ƙasar Ingila
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2015, Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a rufe dukkan sauran tashoshin wutar lantarki goma sha huɗu da za a yi amfani da su nan da shekara ta 2025. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017 Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta kafa kungiyar Powering Past Coal Alliance . A watan Yunin 2021, gwamnati ta ce za ta kawo karshen wutar lantarki a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024.

Ƙasar Ingila ta ci gaba da ƙone kwal don samar da wutar lantarki tun lokacin da aka buɗe Tashar wutar lantarki ta Holborn Viaduct a 1882. A ranar 21 ga Afrilu 2017, a karo na farko tun 1882, grid ɗin GB yana da sa'o'i 24 ba tare da wani ƙarni daga wutar lantarki ba. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019 grid din GB ya tafi mako na farko ba tare da wani wutar lantarki ba. A watan Mayu 2020 grid ɗin GB ya doke rikodin da ya gabata kuma bai yi amfani da ƙarni na kwal ba sama da wata ɗaya.

A shekara ta 2024, amfani da wutar lantarki ya ragu zuwa ƙarancin tarihi da ba a gani ba tun kafin Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu. Coal ya samar da kawai 0.5% na wutar lantarki na GB a 2024,  daga kashi 30% a shekarar 2014.  Lantarki na Burtaniya ya zama gaba ɗaya ba tare da kwal ba a ranar 30 ga Satumba 2024.

## Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki masu aiki

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Ingila
* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Arewacin Ireland
* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Scotland
* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Wales
* Jerin hanyoyin watsa wutar lantarki a Ƙasar Ingila

## Manazarta
Tarihin Seychelles

**Tarihin Seychelles** ya samo asali ne daga karo na huɗu na rundunar sojan Indiya ta Portugal karkashin jagorancin Vasco da Gama, kodayake Seychelles ta riga ta sananne ga masu ba da hanya na Larabawa da sauran ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na ƙarni da *Hawan*. A ranar 15 ga Maris 1503, marubuci Thomé Lopes ya lura da ganin tsibirin da ya fi girma, tabbas daya daga cikin tsibirin dutse kuma kusan tabbas Tsibirin Silhouette. Farkon saukowa da aka rubuta shi ne ta mutanen kamfanin Ascension na Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya na Ingila, wanda ya isa Seychelles a watan Janairun 1609. Faransa ce ta yi ikirarin tsibirin a cikin 1756. Seychelles ta kasance ba tare da mazauna ba har sai mazauna na farko sun isa cikin jirgin Thélemaque, wanda ya isa ranar 27 ga watan Agusta 1770. Kyaftin Leblanc Lecore ya sauka da masu mulkin mallaka na farko, wanda ya kunshi fararen mutane 15, 'yan Afirka takwas da Indiyawa biyar. Harshen Creole na Seychelles ya bunkasa a matsayin hanyar sadarwa tsakanin kabilu daban-daban. Jirgin ruwa na Burtaniya *Orpheus* wanda Kyaftin Henry Newcome ya umarce shi ya isa Mahé a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1794. An tsara sharuddan capitulation kuma washegari aka mika Seychelles ga Birtaniya. Bayan faduwar Mauritius ga sojojin Burtaniya, Kyaftin Phillip Beaver na *Nisus* ya isa Mahé a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1811 kuma ya mallaki Seychelles a matsayin mulkin mallaka na dindindin na Burtaniya. Seychelles ta zama jamhuriya mai zaman kanta a shekara ta 1976. Bayan juyin mulki, wata jam'iyya daya ta gurguzu ta mallaki kasar daga 1977 zuwa 1993. 'Yan takarar jam'iyyar nan ne suka lashe zaben shugaban kasa na dimokuradiyya da ya biyo baya.

## Tarihin mulkin mallaka
Ba a san farkon (kafin mulkin mallaka na Turai) tarihin Isle de Séchelles ko Seychelles ba. Austronesians daga Borneo, waɗanda daga ƙarshe suka zauna a Madagascar, watakila sun zauna a nan a kusa da 200-300 AD. Masu tafiye-tafiye na Larabawa, a kan tafiye-tallace na kasuwanci a fadin Tekun Indiya, tabbas sun san tsibirin, kodayake ba su zauna a gare su ba.

Larabawa suna siyar da kwayoyin coco de mer masu daraja sosai, waɗanda aka samo kawai a Seychelles, tun kafin Turai ta gano tsibirin. Kwayoyin da suka lalace na iya iyo kuma an same su a bakin teku a Maldives da Indonesia.

## Zamanin Faransa da mulkin
Farkawar a shekara ta 1754 na abin da zai zama Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai tsakanin Ingila da Faransa ya tunatar da hukumomi a Mauritius game da tsibirin. An aika jiragen ruwa biyu don karɓar su, wanda Corneille Nicholas Morphey ya umarce su. Ya sake sunan tsibirin mafi girma Isle de Séchelles don girmama Viscount Jean Moreau de Séchelles, Ministan Kudi a lokacin mulkin Louis XV (daga baya Anglicised a matsayin Seychelles). Daga baya aka yi amfani da wannan sunan ga tsibirin, yayin da aka sake amfani da Mahé don tsibirin dutse mafi girma. Morphey ya mallaki sarki na Faransa da Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya na Faransa a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 1756..
## Manazarta
Gagawa akan afrika

The Scramble for Africa,  shi ne mamayewa, mamayewa, da mulkin mallaka na galibin Afirka ta hannun wasu ƙasashen yammacin Turai bakwai waɗanda juyin juya halin masana'antu na biyu ya jagoranta a ƙarshen karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20 a zamanin "Sabon Daular Mulki": Belgium, Faransa, Jamus, United Kingdom, Italiya, Portugal da Spain.

A cikin 1870, kashi 10% na nahiyar suna ƙarƙashin ikon Turai a hukumance. A shekarar 1914, wannan adadi ya karu zuwa kusan kashi 90%; Jihohin da kawai ke riƙe da mulkin mallaka su ne Laberiya, Habasha, Egba, [b] Aussa, Senusiyya,  Mbnda, Jihar Dervish, Darfur Sultanate,  da masarautun Ovambo,   mafi yawansu daga baya aka ci su.

## Fage
A shekara ta 1841, 'yan kasuwa daga Turai sun kafa ƙananan wuraren kasuwanci a bakin tekun Afirka, amma ba safai ba su ƙaura zuwa cikin teku, sun fi son zama kusa da teku. Da farko sun yi ciniki da mutanen gida. Yawancin sassan nahiyar sun kasance da gaske ba za su iya zama ga Turawa ba saboda yawan mace-mace daga cututtuka masu zafi kamar zazzabin cizon sauro. A tsakiyar karni na 19, masu bincike na Turai sun tsara taswirar yawancin Gabashin Afirka da Afirka ta Tsakiya.

A ƙarshen shekarun 1870, Turawa sun mallaki kusan kashi 10% na nahiyar Afirka, tare da duk yankunansu da ke kusa da bakin teku. Muhimman hannun jarin su ne Angola da Mozambique, wanda Portugal ke rike da su; Ƙasar Cape Colony, da Ingila ke riƙe; da Aljeriya da Faransa ke rike da su. A shekara ta 1914, Habasha da Laberiya kawai suka kasance a waje da ikon Turai, tare da tsohuwar Italiya ta mamaye a 1936 yayin da ta biyu ke da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da mai mulkin mallaka na tarihi, Amurka.

## Manazarta
Database Ciniki bayi na Trans-Atlantic

Cibiyar Kasuwancin Bayi da ke Trans-Atlantic ita ce bayanan da aka shirya a Jami'ar Rice da ke da nufin gabatar da duk wani kayan aiki da ya shafi cinikin bayi na transatlantic. Aikin 'yar 'uwa ce ga Asalin Afirka

## Ma'ajiyar bayanai ta karya masarautu da kasashen da suka yi kasuwanci a tekun Atlantika.

Shiga cikin cinikin bayi na trans-Atlantic,,

A shekara ta 2008, aikin ya tattara bayanai akan kusan 35,000 tafiye-tafiyen bayi na transatlantic daga 1501 zuwa 1867. Ga kowane balaguron tafiya sun nemi kafa kwanan wata, masu su, jiragen ruwa, kyaftin, ziyarar Afirka, wurare na Amurka, adadin bayin da suka hau, da lambobi sun sauka. Sun sami damar samun yawancin wannan kayan don kimanin kashi 80 cikin 100 na dukan cinikin bayi na Afirka ta Atlantika. Tare da gyare-gyare don tafiye-tafiye da suka ɓace, Aikin ya ƙididdige girman girman cinikin bayi na transatlantic tare da ƙarin fahimta, daidaito, da daidaito fiye da da. Sun yi la'akari da cewa a cikin shekaru 366, jiragen ruwa na bauta sun yi garkuwa da kusan miliyan 12.5 a Afirka, kuma sun kai miliyan 10.7 a cikin sabuwar duniya. Wani mumunar ganowa wani kiyasi ne na tsanaki cewa tsattsauran ra'ayi ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane fiye da miliyan 1.8 na Afirka. A cikin wannan ƙididdiga na bayanai, lambobin mutane bayi ne. "How Empirical Databases Have Changed Our Understanding of Early American Slavery"
## Manazarta
Jerin gwamnonin mulkin mallaka da masu gudanar da mulkin Seychelles

Wannan jerin gwamnonin mulkin mallaka ne na Seychelles, ƙasar tsibiri mai tsibiri a Tekun Indiya. Seychelles dai Faransa ce ta fara yi mata mulkin mallaka a shekara ta 1770, sannan turawan ingila sun kama ta a shekara ta 1810, wadanda suka yi mata mulkin mallaka a karkashin Mauritius har zuwa 1903, lokacin da ta zama wata kasa ta daban. Seychelles ta sami 'yancin kai daga Burtaniya a ranar 29 ga Yuni 1976.
## Jerin Gwamnonin

List of governors
Italics indicate de facto continuation of office

Tenure	Portrait	Incumbent	Notes
French Suzerainty
French colony, subordinated to Île de France (Mauritius)
21 November 1742	Claimed for France by Lazare Picault, named Îles de La Bourdonnais, not settled
1 November 1756	Annexed by France (Îles de Séchelles), not settled until 27 August 1770

27 August 1770 to 1772		Jean-Charles de Launay de La Perrière, Commandant	
1772 to 1775		Joseph François Eugène Benjamin Anselme, Commandant
	
1775 to 1777		Jean-Baptiste Le Roux de Kermeseven, Commandant
	
1778 to 1781		Charles Routier de Romainville, Commandant	

1781 to 1783		Louis François Claude Berthelot de la Coste, Commandant	

1783 to 1786		François, vicomte de Souillac, Commandant	

1786 to 1789		Augustin Motais de Narbonne, Commandant	

1789 to 1792		Louis Jean Baptiste Philogène de Malavois, Commandant
	
1792 to 1793		Charles Joseph Esnouf, Commandant	

9 September 1793 to 17 May 1810		Jean-Baptiste Quéau de Quincy, Governor	Îles de Séchelles occupied by United Kingdom on 17 May 1794 (French administration continues to 17 May 1810)

British Suzerainty
British colony, subordinated to Mauritius
17 May 1810 to 2 June 1811		Jean-

Baptiste Quéau de Quincy, Commissioner	
2 June 1811 to 1812		Bartholomew Sullivan, Commissioner	

1812 to 1815		Bibye Lasage, Commissioner	

1815 to 1822		Edward Henry Madge, Commissioner	

1822 to 1837		George Harrison, Commissioner	

1837 to 1839		Arthur Wilson, Commissioner	

1839 to 1850		Charles Augustus Etienne Mylius, Commissioner	

1850 to 1852		Robert William Keate, Commissioner	

1852 to 1862		Charles William Bhering, Viscount Bhering, Commissioner	
1862 to 1868		Swinburne Ward, 

Commissioner	
1868 to 1874		William Hales Franklyn, Commissioner	

1874 to 1879harles Spencer Salmon, Commissioner	

1879 to 1880		Arthur Elibank Havelock, Commissioner
## Manazarta
Sinawan Afirka

**Sinawa na Afirka** wata kabila ce a kasar Sin wacce ke da bangare ko cikakkiyar zuriya daga kowace kabilar Afirka.

## Yawan jama'a
Akwai kiyasi iri-iri na yawan 'yan Afirka da ke zaune a kasar Sin. A shekarar 2012, wani masani Adams Bodomo ya kiyasta cewa akwai 'yan Afirka sama da 500,000 a kasar Sin, tare da babban taro a birnin Guangzhou.  Adadin Bodomo, wanda ya dogara ne akan abubuwan da aka gani a fage maimakon kididdigar hukuma, tun daga lokacin an soki lamirin yawan jama'a, musamman idan aka yi la'akari da yanayin ƙaura daga Afirka zuwa China. Binciken da aka yi , ciki har da aikin Roberto Castillo, ya nuna cewa yawan jama'ar Afirka a Guangzhou ya kai kusan 16,000 a cikin 2014 kuma ya fadi zuwa kusan 4,553 ta 2020, bisa ga bayanai daga Ofishin Tsaro na Jama'a na Guangzhou.  

Ko da yake, ya zuwa shekarar 2024, al'ummar Afirka a Guangzhou sun sake komawa zuwa kusa da matakan bullar cutar, sakamakon sassauta dokar hana zirga-zirga, da sake bude hanyoyin kasuwanci, da kuma ci gaba da harkokin kasuwanci. Wannan alama ce ta murmurewa daga koma bayan da aka samu yayin barkewar cutar ta COVID-19, lokacin da adadin hukuma ya ragu zuwa 4,553 a cikin Afrilu 2020 - ya ragu daga 13,652 a cikin Disamba 2019

## Ilimi a kasar Sin
Kasar Sin ta zama wata babbar makoma ga daliban Afirka, inda ake samun saurin samun karuwar yawan daliban tun daga farkon shekarun 2010. A shekarar 2018, alkaluman kididdiga daga ma'aikatar ilmi ta kasar Sin ta bayyana cewa, dalibai 81,562 na Afirka sun shiga jami'o'in kasar Sin, wanda ya nuna karuwar kashi 770 cikin 100 idan aka kwatanta da shekarar 1996. A wannan mataki, kasar Sin ta zama kasa ta uku mafi yawan daliban Afirka a duniya, bayan Faransa da Amurka.  Bayan shekara ta 2018, ba a ci gaba da fitar da alkaluman yin rajista ga daliban Afirka a kasar Sin a kai a kai ba, musamman saboda tashe-tashen hankula da annobar COVID-19 ta haifar. Yawancin ɗaliban Afirka ko dai sun dawo gida ko kuma sun ci gaba da karatunsu daga nesa. 

## Fitattun mutane

* Brian Fok
* Godfred Karkari
* Lou Jing
* Eddy Francis
* Ding Hui

## Duba kuma

* 'Yan Afirka a Guangzhou
* Wariyar launin fata a China

## Manazarta
Mabiyan Rupert

The Followers of Rupert kungiya ce ta Ingila da aka kafa a shekarar 1983. Babban hanyar kungiyar ita ce inganta godiya ga baya, yanzu da makomar halin Daily Express Rupert Bear da kuma kawo masu sha'awar tare. Kungiyar ta dauki sunanta daga yabo a kan tallace-tallace daga Daily Express tare da taken 'Bikin Rupert kowace rana'. Kungiyar tana aiki tare da Classic Media waɗanda ke da haƙƙin Rupert da haruffa a madadin Jaridar Express .  An kafa kungiyar ne a shekarar 1983 lokacin da shahararren halin ya sake karuwa. An tsara kungiyar ne da farko ga manya. A baya tana da sashen matasa, amma saboda raguwar sha'awa an soke ta.

Kungiyar tana samar da jaridar yau da kullun a kowane kakar kuma tana samar da abubuwa daban-daban masu alaƙa da Rupert, gami da sake bugawa da labarun da ba a buga su a cikin shekara-shekara ko wasu littattafai ba. Kungiyar galibi tana mai da hankali kan labarun Rupert na gargajiya da ci gaba da sabbin labarun da suka bayyana a cikin sabbin shekara-shekara a kowace shekara. Ba ya mai da hankali kan sabon Rupert wanda ya bayyana a 2006 ko wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin.

Shugabannin kungiyar da suka gabata sun hada da mai zane-zane na Rupert Alfred Bestall da Terry Jones na Monty Python. Shugaban yanzu (ko sakatare) shine Roger Coombes . Sir Paul McCartney memba ne na girmamawa na mabiyan. Yawancin mambobi suna zaune ne a Ingila, amma kungiyar tana da mambobi a waje da Burtaniya, gami da daga Amurka, Kanada, Australia da Netherlands.

Kowace shekara a watan Agusta, mabiyan suna shirya babban taro da musayar kasuwa a cikin Rupert memorabilia a Coventry (Daga 2001 har zuwa 2020 a Warwick) tare da AGM na shekara-shekara.

## Manazarta
Ministan Jiha na Tsaro na Makamashi da Net Zero

**Ministan Jiha na Tsaro na Makamashi da Net Zero** matsayi ne na matsakaici a Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Makamashi a Gwamnatin Burtaniya.

Matsayin ya kasance wani ɓangare na fayil ɗin na Sakataren Jiha da Ministan jihar a Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Canjin Yanayi.

Har zuwa 2023, ministan ya yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci, Makamashi da Dabarun Masana'antu.

## Tarihi
An riga an san rawar a matsayin **Ministan Jiha na Makamashi** a Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Canjin Yanayi.

Anne-Marie Trevelyan ta maye gurbin Kwasi Kwarteng a matsayin Ministan Jiha na Kasuwanci, Makamashi da Tsabtace Ci gaba a Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci da Makamashi a cikin Janairun 2021.

Greg Hands ya maye gurbin Trevelyan a sake fasalin majalisar ministocin Burtaniya na 2021.

## Ayyuka
Ministan yana da alhakin wadannan: 

* Nukiliya
* Shawarwarin tsarawa na mutum
* Dukkanin kasuwancin sashen a cikin House of Lords

## Jerin ministocin jihar

## Manazarta
Ouidah

Ouidah (Turanci: /ˈwiːdə/; Faransanci: [wi.da]) ko Whydah (/ ˈhwɪdə, -ɔː/; Ouidah, Juida, da Yahuda ta Faransanci;  da Fida ta Dutch), kuma an san shi a gida a matsayin Glexwe, tsohuwar masarautar tashar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Jamhuriyar Me ya sa ita ce babbar masarautar tashar jiragen ruwa. Benin. Ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi yanki na 364 km2 (141 sq mi) kuma ya zuwa 2002 tana da yawan mutane 76,555.

## Tarihi
A al'adar gida Kpassa ya kamata ya kafa garin. Wataƙila hakan ya faru ne a ƙarshen ƙarni na sha shida[7]. Asalin garin an san shi da Glēxwé, a zahiri 'Farmhouse', kuma wani yanki ne na Masarautar Whydah.

Ouidah ya ga rawar da yake takawa a kasuwancin duniya ya tashi lokacin da Kamfanin Royal African Company (RAC) ya gina katanga a can a shekara ta 1650.

## Titin Ouidah a 1892
Dakarun Whydah sun shiga cikin yankin Afirka, inda suka kame miliyoyin mutane ta hanyar yake-yake, suna sayar da su ga ’yan kasuwa bayi na Turawa da Larabawa. shekara ta 1716, Masarautar Whydah ta zama tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma ta biyu a cikin kasuwancin triangular, kamar yadda ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa Whydah Gally suka lura lokacin da ya isa siyan bayi 500 daga Sarki Haffon don siyarwa a Jamaica.

Sarki Haffon ne ya yi sarautar Masarautar, wanda ya samu kambin sarauta a matsayin kyauta daga Portugal, har zuwa lokacin da a shekara ta 1727, sojojin Sarkin Agaja na Dahomey suka kwace masarautar Whydah[ Ranar 19 ga Maris, 1727, Bosto

## Manazarta
Billy Barr (mai ilimin halitta)

**Billy Barr**, wanda aka tsara shi a matsayin bar,  masanin kimiyya ne na Amurka wanda aka sani da tarin bayanai sama da shekaru 50 akan matakan dusar ƙanƙara, yanayin zafi da ƙaurawar dabbobi a cikin Dutsen Colorado Rocky . An san tarin bayanai na Barr a matsayin muhimmiyar shaida game da tasirin Canjin yanayi.

## Rayuwa da aiki
Barr ya girma ne a Trenton, New Jersey .  A shekara ta 1972, a matsayin dalibi mai bincike daga Jami'ar Rutgers, ya dauki aiki na ɗan gajeren lokaci  a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory yana auna ingancin ruwa kusa da Crested Butte a cikin West Elk Mountains, Colorado.   Bayan wani lokaci, ya fito a cikin wata jarida ta cikin gida a matsayin mai zaman kansa a kan dutse.

A tsakiyar shekarun 1970s, tare da niyyar farko na tserewa daga gajiyar rayuwa a cikin wuri mai nisa na Gothic,  Barr ya fara tattara bayanan muhalli da kyau ta hanyar auna zurfin dusar ƙanƙara, yanayin zafi da lura da isowar nau'o'i daban-daban a cikin bazara.  Kusan a lokaci guda, ya zama "mai kula da ba bisa ka'ida ba" na Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory .  A ƙarshen shekarun 1990s, masanin ilimin muhalli na dakin gwaje-gwaje David Inouye ya fahimci muhimmancin bayanan Barr kuma ya fara raba shi tare da wasu masana kimiyya. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an yi amfani da bayanan Barr a cikin labaran kimiyya da yawa game da canjin yanayi.

Fim din 2016 The Snow Guardian an sadaukar da shi ga Barr.

## Manazarta
Yarjejeniyar Windsor (1899)

Dangantakar Anglo-Portuguese a Afirka ta lalace ta hanyar 1890 British Ultimatum wanda ya hana Portugal shiga yankunanta a Angola da Mozambique a fadin abin da daga baya ya zama Malawi, Zambia da Zimbabwe wanda ya haifar da Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Portiguese ta 1891,  da kuma fahimtar Anglo-Porto a 1898 cewa, idan Portugal ta bar yankunanta na Afirka ta Kudu zuwa arewa da Jamus ta Gabas zuwa kudu yayin da Burtaniya za ta iya fadada yankin Afirka ta Kudu a gabas da kuma ta mallaki tsibirin Atlantika na Portugal. 

Sanarwar 1899 ta sake tabbatar da tsoffin yarjejeniyoyi tsakanin kasashen biyu, gami da na 1642 da 1661. Biritaniya ta amince da kare yankunan Portugal daga abokan gaba na "gaba da na yanzu". Portugal ta amince da kada ta ayyana tsakatsaki a hukumance a Yaƙin Boer na Biyu mai zuwa da kuma hana motsi na Boer na makamai da sojoji ta hanyar Lourenço Marques da Mozambique zuwa Transvaal . 

Burtaniya ta karya yarjejeniyar lokacin da ta kasa ba da taimako ga Portugal a lokacin da Indiya ta kai hari kan Indiya ta Portugal a 1961.
## Manazarta
Fort Santiago (Kilwa)

Art Santiiya ne sunan tsohon soja na soja na soja a Tsibirin Kilawa, a Tanzaniya. A yanzu sananne ne a matsayin Arab Fort ko Gereza Fort. Yana cikin kasancewa tsakanin gidan Makutani da babban masallaci.
Andrew M. Reid, Paul J. Lane: African Historical Archaeologies, Springer, 2014, p. 117.

## Tarihi
An fara tuntuɓar Khwa da Armada na Vedro Hálvares a cikin 1500, na biyu da tashi zuwa Indiya bayan Vasco da Faza 'yan shekaru kafin. Kilawa tana da kusan mazaunan 4000 amma Fabilinta na tattalin arzikinta sun kasance a kan raguwa.  Andrew M. Reid, Paul J. Lane: African Historical Archaeologies, Springer, 2014, p. 117. kamar yawancin alƙalai a gabashin gabashin Afirka, Kilawa ta zama Sultanate ta Musulunci kuma masu fasahar gari sun karbi karbuwa talauci ne da aka karbe talauci. A cikin 1502, Rage Kisan Kilwa zuwa matsayin miji vassal. A cikin 1505, sarki Manua na Portugal wanda aka nada mulkin Portugisco De Almeida a matsayin Vortungiyoyin Fasaha na Fortuguese, kuma tabbatar da amincin Portuguesarshe a cikin City. André Teixeira: Fortalezas do Estado Português da Índia: Arquitectura Militar na Construção do Império de D. Manuel I, Tribuna da História, Lisbon, pp. 

Bayan ya isa Khwa, mulkin Sarkin Kuracewa Emir Ibrahim, ministan da aka kashe kwanan nan da kuma Sultan Al-Fudin ya karbe tsibiri da kuma Sarkin ya kama shi kuma maimaitawar Mohammed. @, Shugaban ginin shi ne Fernata Gomes. André Teixeira: Fortalezas do Estado Português da Índia: Arquitectura Militar na Construção do Império de D. Manuel I, Tribuna da História, Lisbon, pp. 34-40.

An gina sansanin da tsohon Citadel. Yawancin gidaje suna daure a cikin soja da aka rushe don share layin gani don manyan bindigogi. [ An gina Bastion kusa da Teku, don tabbatar da sadarwa tsakanin Fassaran Portuguese.  Fort yana da fasalin murabba'i kuma sun nuna hasumiya guda hudu a kan sasika, magunguna kusa da ƙasa. Yana da cannon 73. 

Daular Omani ta kama Fort a karni na 19. [African Kingdoms: An Encyclopedia of Empires and CivilizationsHanyar yanzu na Tort na Treat na omani forts. Dictionary of Islamic Architecture Kalmar Gereza tana nufin "kurkuku" a Swahili, mai yiwuwa yana nuna amfani da karar a ƙarshen karni na 18 zuwa karni na 19 zuwa karni na 16. "Site - Kilwa Kisiwani - Swahili Ruins"

## Manazarta
Ƙananan Tekun

15°00′00′′N 17°00′00) ′′W / 15.000°N 17.000°W / 15.000; -17.000 Petite Côte wani yanki ne na bakin teku a Senegal, yana gudana a kudu daga tsibirin Cap-Vert zuwa Saloum Delta, kusa da iyakar da Gambiya.

Yankin arewacin kusa da Dakar ya ƙunshi wuraren shakatawa na bakin teku kamar Saly Portudal, Rufisque, Nianing da Popenguine-Ndayane. Dukan bakin tekun wani bangare ne na birnin M'Bour, tare da ƙauyukan kamun kifi, kamar Toubab Dialaw, Joal-Fadiout, Palmarin da Djiffer . 

## Tarihi
.ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha biyar da farkon ƙarni na sha shida, 'yan gudun hijirar Portuguese da aka sani da lançados sun kafa al'ummomi tare da Petite Côte a yankin Senegambia. Wasu Yahudawa ne da ke tserewa daga Inquisition na Portugal, wadanda suka auri matan Afirka kuma suka kafa iyalai na gida. A farkon karni na goma sha shida wadannan 'yan Afirka Luso sun kafa cibiyoyin kasuwanci a Petite Côte da sauran wurare a bakin tekun Yammacin Afirka. Luso-Afirkawa sun fito ne daga 'yan Afirka na nahiyar, mazauna Portuguese, da Cape Verdeans, suna haɓaka al'adun da suka haɗu da al'adun Afirka da Turai. Al'ummomin Lançado a Senegambia sun ci gaba da dangantaka ta tattalin arziki da Portugal da Cape Verde. An san 'ya'yan Lançado maza da mata na Afirka da suna filhos de terra kuma galibi ana daukar su a matsayin "Portuguese".
## Manazarta
Jerin kwanakin muhalli

Wannan **jerin kwanakin muhalli** ne waɗanda aka tsara don samar da wayar da kan jama'a game da Batutuwan muhalli.

Kwanakin wayar da kan jama'a game da jinsuna suna nuna bambancin halittu, tare da manufar kara fahimtar da godiya ga batun. Wasu daga cikin wadannan kwanakin an nuna su suna haifar da karuwar halayyar neman bayanai, kuma suna iya haifar da karuwa a cikin tara kudade na kiyayewa ta hanyar kungiyoyin agaji da kungiyoyin bayar da shawarwari.

## Sa'o'i

* Sa'ar Duniya - 8:30 na yamma (lokacin yankin), na gaba zai faru a ranar 28 ga Maris 2026. 

## Kwanaki na muhalli

## Makonni

## Shekaru

### Aikin noma

## Shekaru da yawa

## Dubi kuma

* Lissafin labaran muhalli
** Jerin batutuwan muhalli
** Jerin shekaru a cikin muhalli
* Lissafin labaran kiyayewa
** Jerin batutuwan kiyayewa
* Bikin Duniya
* Jerin kwanakin wayar da kan jama'a
* Jerin ranakun tunawa
* Jerin yarjejeniyar muhalli ta kasa da kasa
* Jerin watanni na tunawa

## Manazarta
Yanayin yanayi na Peshawar

Peshawar tana kusa da ƙarshen gabashin Khyber Pass kuma tana zaune galibi a kan tsaunin Iran tare da sauran Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. Peshawar a zahiri birni ne mai iyaka na Kudancin Tsakiyar Asiya kuma a tarihi ya kasance wani ɓangare na Silk Road .

Kwarin Peshawar an rufe shi da ƙaƙƙarfan adibas na silt, yashi da tsakuwa na lokutan ƙasa na kwanan nan.  Ambaliyar Filaye/ Yankuna sune yankunan da ke tsakanin Kogin Kabul da Budni Nala.  Ruwan da aka yi ambaliya ya taso daga Warsak a Arewa maso Yamma zuwa Kudu maso Gabas a tsakiyar rabin arewacin gundumar.  Kogin Kabul ya shiga gundumar da ke Arewa maso Yamma.  Lokacin shiga filin Peshawar, Kogin Kabul ya kasu zuwa tashoshi da yawa.  Manyan tashoshi guda biyu sune kogin Adizai da ke gudana a gabas tare da iyaka da gundumar Charsadda.  Wata tashar da ke reshe daga hannun dama na Kogin Naguman shine Shah Alam, wanda ya sake haɗuwa da Kogin Naguman a gabas.  Gabaɗaya ɓangarorin ƙasa sun ƙunshi tsakuwa, duwatsu, da yashi waɗanda aka lulluɓe da silts da yumbu.  Yashi, tsakuwa da duwatsu suna da mahimmancin ruwa wanda ya kai zurfin kusan ƙafa 200 (61 m).  Kamar yadda ƙarin ƙayyadaddun ruwa mai ɗaukar ruwa yana faruwa a zurfin sama da ƙafa 400 (120 m).

Winter in Peshawar starts from mid November to the end of March. Summer months are May to September. The mean maximum temperature in summer is over  and the mean minimum temperature is . The mean minimum temperature during winter is  and maximum is . Snowfall is not uncommon in Khyber hills and hayatabad in strong cold spells. There have been rare instances of snowfall ,notably in February 7 1929. The tempersture plummet to -2.3.c .

Peshawar ba  yankin ruwan sama ba, ba kamar sauran sassan arewacin Pakistan ba. Amma a wasu lokuta ruwan sama yana zuwa Peshawar yana haifar da ruwan sama. Ana iya ganin wannan a cikin ruwan sama na 2015 lokacin da ruwan sama ke tafiya sosai a gabashin Afghanistan. Ruwan sama na hunturu saboda rikice-rikicen yamma yana nuna rikodin mafi girma a cikin watanni na Fabrairu da Afrilu. An yi rikodin ruwan sama mafi girma a watan Maris, yayin da ruwan sama mafi yawa a lokacin rani a watan Agusta. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na hunturu ya fi na lokacin rani. Dangane da rikodin shekaru 30, an rubuta matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na shekaru 30 a matsayin 500 millimeters (20 in). Rashin zafi ya bambanta daga 46% a watan Yuni zuwa 76% a watan Agusta.

Yanayin Peshawar ya sha wahala sosai saboda yawan jama'a da ke ƙaruwa, ci gaban da ba a tsara shi ba da kuma tsarin tsarin mulki mara kyau. Rashin iska da hayaniya muhimmiyar matsala ce a sassa da yawa na birnin, kuma ingancin ruwa, da zarar an dauke shi da kyau sosai, yana da saurin lalacewa.

Bugu da kari birnin ya rasa kadada 2,700 (1,100  na gonar noma a cikin shekaru ashirin (1965-85). Wannan a cikin ƙari ga kadada 400 (160  na ƙasar da ba a yi amfani da ita ba wanda aka ci ta hanyar kashe ayyukan birane. A cikin wannan lokacin, ƙasar da ke ƙarƙashin wuraren shakatawa da sararin samaniya ya ragu daga kadada  zuwa 75 (ha 66-30).
Dion Pereira

**Dion Enrico Pereira Greives** (an haife shi ranar 25 ga watan Maris, 1999) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya na ƙungiyar Crawley Town ta EFL League Two .An haife shi a Ingila,yana taka leda a Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Antigua da Barbuda.

## Manazarta
Ƙananan Maroko

Le Petit Marocain wani littafi ne na yau da kullun wanda aka kafa a lokacin mulkin mallaka a Maroko  da kuma littafin da ya riga ya fito na Le Matin .

## Tarihi da bayanin martaba
An kafa Le Petit Marocain a cikin shekara ta alif dari tara da ashirin da biyar 1925  kuma an kafa shi ne a Casablanca.  Takardar ta kasance ta kamfanin Mas Presse, wanda 'yan ƙasar Faransa Pierre Mas da Yves Mas ke sarrafawa. Layin edita ya kasance mai mulkin mallaka, kuma yana neman inganta Manufofin mulkin mallaka na Faransa a kasar kuma yana goyon bayan Gwamnatin Vichy da kuma korar da gudun hijira na Mohammed V.

Jaridar ta daina bugawa a ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta alif dari dari tara da saba'in da biyu 1972 lokacin da aka ba da iko ga Mas Presse ga Moulay Hafid Alaoui, dan uwan Hassan II kuma ministan bayanai a wannan lokacin. An maye gurbinsa a wannan rana da Le Matin,  wata jarida ta yau da kullun da aka keɓe don inganta hoton Sarkin Maroko; sayen sa tilas ne ga dukkan gwamnatocin jihohi.

## Manazarta



## Haɗin waje

* Batutuwan dijital na Le Petit Marocain a Gallica, ɗakin karatu na dijital na BnF (a Faransanci).
Gidan Fasaha na Malaysia

**Technology Park Malaysia** ( **TPM** ) wurin shakatawa ne na kimiyya da ke Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia don bincike da haɓaka masana'antu na tushen ilimi.    , ya ƙunshi gine-gine 13 kowanne tare da takamaiman ayyuka. Yana cikin lokaci na 1 na aiwatarwa. 

Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, yana ba da sabis na tallafi, fasaha da damar R&D don haɓaka ci gaban kimiyya, fasaha da kirkire-kirkire. Wannan ya haɗa da hayar wuraren incubator ga masanin kimiyya, masu bincike, technopreneurs da SMEs, da hayar filayen ƙasa don kamfanonin da suka danganci ilimin fasaha. TPM kuma tana ba da shirye-shiryen fasaha da kasuwanci ciki har da jagorancin kasuwanci da sabis na horarwa, tallace-tallace da shawarwarin kudi, fasaha da dandalin kasuwanci, bita da daidaita kasuwanci.

Sauran ayyuka sun haɗa da taimakon kasuwanci na fasaha don tallafawa kasuwancin fasaha, gami da ba da shawara da ba da shawarar canja wurin fasaha, gudanar da aikin, mai ba da shawara kan dabarun gudanarwa, bincike na kasuwa da nazarin dama, da shirye-shiryen ci gaban ƙwararru.

## Rukunin reshe

* TPM Injiniya Sdn Bhd
* TPM Nexus Sdn Bhd
* TPM IT Sdn Bhd

## Gidaje da Ayyuka

* Yankin aiki tare
* Yankin Taron
* Ƙananan zuwa matsakaiciyar ɗakunan taro
* Gidajen sauraro
* Yankin nune-nunen ayyuka da yawa
* Gidan motsa jiki
* Gidajen wasan cikin gida da na waje
* Technoflex (Cibiyar Wasanni) 
* Intanet mai saurin gudu
* Cafes da kotun abinci
* Kula da Mataimakin 'yan sanda
* Cikakken filin ajiye motoci
* Asibitocin kiwon lafiya

## Manazarta
Harry Isted

Harvey James Duke Isted (an haife shi ranar 5 ga watan Maris, 1997) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda yake taka leda a matsayin Mai tsaron gida na Burton Albion. 

Ya kuma buga wa Southampton, Stoke City, Luton Town,Chesham United, Oxford City, Wealdstone, Barnsley da kuma Charlton Athletic wasa.

## Manazarta
Ginin IMCAMA

(Faransanci: Immeuble de l'IMCAMA), wandayafi shara da suna Ginin Sony () gini ne na Art Deco a Casablanca, Morocco .  Tana a Place Saint-Exupéry, a mahaɗar Lorraine Boulevard da Agadir Street.

Albert Greslin ne ya tsara shi a cikin shekara ta alif dari tara da ashirin da takwas 1928. Yana fuskantar filin shakatawa na Arab League .

## Suna
"IMCAMA" yana tsaye ne don *[[Société Immobilière de Casablanca et Maroc|Kamfanin Kasuwanci na Casablanca da Morocco]]* . 

## Manazarta
Dean Lyness

**Dean James Lyness** (an haife shi ranar 20 ga watan Yuli, 1991) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda yake taka leda a matsayin Mai tsaron gida na kungiyar  ta Hamilton Academical .

Lyness ya fara aikinsa tun yana saurayi tare da Birmingham City,amma bai taba buga wa tawagar farko wasa ba. Ya sanya hannu a kulob din Scottish Premier League Heart of Midlothian a shekara ta 2009,kuma yayi aro a East Fife na Scottish Division na biyu, amma kuma, bai taba buga kwallon kafa na farko ba. Lokacin da ya dawo Ingila a shekara ta 2011, ya shafe wani lokaci tare da kungiyar Firimiya ta Kidderminster Harriers, inda ya buga wasanni goma, sannan ya shiga Burton Albion, tare dashi ya fara fitowa a gasar kwallon kafa.Bayan sau biyu a aro zuwa Blackpool da kuma kakar wasa tare da kulob din na dindindin, Lyness ya shafe kakar shekarun 2017-18 tare da Nuneaton Town na National League North.

Ya koma saman jirgin Scotland tare da St Mirren a kan kwangilar gajeren lokaci a watan Satumba shekara ta 2018, kuma ya kwashe rabi na biyu na kakar tare da kungiyar Scottish League One ta Raith Rovers kafin ya koma St Mirren. A cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa, ya kasance mai tsaron gida na yau da kullun amma ya buga wasanni bakwai kawai a kungiyar farko, kuma ya sanya hannu ga Airdrieonians a watan Oktoba shekara ta 2022.

A cikin kwallon kafa na kasa da kasa,Lyness ya buga wa Ingila sau hudu a matakin kasa da shekara 17.

## Manazarta
Mohamed Chabâa

**Mohamed Chabâa** (Arabic; alif dari tara da talatin da biyar 1935-2013) ya kasance mai zane-zane na Maroko. Ya kasance memba na Makarantar Casablanca  kuma jagora na fasahar zamani da zamani a Kudancin Duniya.  Hanyar da ya yi game da fasaha ta zama alama ce ta farkawar al'adu da ta faru a Maroko a cikin lokacin da ya biyo bayan ƙarshen Faransanci.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife shi a Tangier a shekarar alif dari tara da talatin da biyar 1935.  Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Fine Arts ta Tetuan .  Daga shekarar alif dari tara da sittin da biyu 1962 zuwa 1964, ya yi karatu a Accademia di Belle Arti di Roma .  A shekara ta alif dari tara da sittin da shida 1966, an hayar shi a matsayin farfesa a Makarantar Fine Arts ta Casablanca da kuma Makarantar Gine-gine ta Kasa a Rabat .  Ya yi adawa da rarraba fasahar Maroko a matsayin "al'adun gargajiya" ko fasahar maras kyau, kuma ya buga ra'ayoyinsa a cikin mujallar wallafe-wallafen  . Tare da abokansa da abokan aikinsa Mohamed Melehi, Farid Belkahia, da sauransu, Chabâa ya shiga cikin ƙungiyar zamani da aka sani da Makarantar Casablanca . 

## Manazarta
Yanayin yanayi na Kudancin Brazil

Yanayin Kudancin Brazil, wanda ke ƙasa da Tropic na Capricorn a cikin yanki mai zafi, yana rinjayar tsarin rikice-rikice na Kudancin, wanda ke samar da ruwan sama, musamman a lokacin rani.  Hakanan yana tasiri da tsarin rikice-rikice na Yamma, wanda ke haifar da ruwan sama da hadari, wani lokacin ƙanƙara, yana haifar da iska tare da fashewar kilomita 60 zuwa 90 a cikin awa ɗaya (37.3 zuwa 55.9 mph).  Game da yanayin zafi: lokacin sanyi yana da sanyi kuma lokacin zafi yana da zafi.  Matsakaicin yanayin zafi na shekara-shekara yana daga 14 zuwa 22 °C (57.2 zuwa 71.6 °F), kuma a wurare masu tsayi sama da mita 1,100 (3,609 ft), ya faɗi zuwa kusan 10 °C (50 °F).  Wasu sassan yankin kudancin ma suna da yanayin teku.

A lokacin rani, galibi a watan Janairu, a cikin kwarin kogin Paranapanema, Paraná da Ibicuí-Jacuí, matsakaicin zafin jiki ya wuce  ° C (75.2 ° F), kuma matsakaicin zafi na kogin Uruguay ya wuce  ° C (78.8 ° F). Matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin jiki yana kusa da 24 zuwa 27 ° C (75.2 zuwa 80.6 ° F) a kan tsaunuka masu tsawo na tsaunin kuma, a cikin mafi ƙasƙanci, tsakanin 30 da 32 ° C (86.0 da 89.6 ° F).

A cikin hunturu, galibi a watan fili, matsakaicin zafin jiki yana da ƙarancin gaske, yana tsakanin 10 zuwa 15 ° C (50 da 59 ° F), ban da kwarin kogin Paranapanema da Paraná, ban da bakin tekun Paraná da Santa Catarina, inda matsakaicin kusan 15 zuwa 18 ° C (59.0 zuwa 64.4 ° F). Matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin jiki ma yana da ƙasa, a kusa da 20 zuwa 24 ° C (68.0 zuwa 75.2 ° F), a cikin manyan kwari da bakin teku, da 16 zuwa 20 ° C (60.8 zuwa 68.0 ° F) a yankin tsaunuka. Matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin jiki ya bambanta daga 6 zuwa 12 ° C (42.8 zuwa 53.6 ° F), kuma thermometer akai-akai yana yin rajistar yanayin zafi kusa da 0 ° C ko ƙasa, tare da sanyi da dusar ƙanƙara, sakamakon mamayewar polar masses.&nbsp;

Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana motsawa daga  zuwa   in), sai dai  tekun Paraná da yammacin Santa Catarina, inda dabi'un suka wuce 2,000  in) kuma a arewacin Paraná da kuma karamin yankin bakin tekun Santa Catarine, waɗanda ke da ƙananan rikodin har zuwa 1,250 mm (49.2) in). Matsakaicin alamun ruwan sama yana faruwa a cikin hunturu kuma mafi ƙaranci a lokacin rani a ko'ina cikin kusan dukkanin yankin.

## Shafukan da aka zaɓa

## Manazarta
Bologna, Spain

**Bologna** ƙauye ne da ke bakin teku da rairayin bakin teku a cikin garin Tarifa a Lardin Cadiz a kudancin Spain . Tana kan iyakar Atlantic, kilomita 22.9 (14.2  ta hanyar yammacin Tarifa, amma ya fi kusa dangane da nisan bakin teku. An kuma san rairayin bakin teku da bayin da Playa de Bolonia ("Bolonia Beach"), Ensenada de Bolonia (Bolonia Cove"), ko Bolonia Bay. Rushewar garin Roman na Baelo Claudia suna kusa da rairayin bakin teku, an dauke su mafi yawan rushewar garin Romawa da aka gano a Spain. Yankin rairayin bakin teku yana da kimanin kilomita 3.8 (2.4  a tsawon, tare da matsakaicin faɗin kusan mita 70 (230) . A shekara ta 2011 tana da yawan mutane 117.

## Manazarta
Nasarar Abbasid na Ifriqiya

**Nasarar Abbasid na Ifriqiya** ya kasance yakin basasa ne a cikin shekara ta dari bakwai da sittin da daya 761 a kan Kharijite Ibadites a Ifriqiia (Tunisiya na yanzu, gabashin Algeria da Tripolitania) karkashin jagorancin Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath al-Khuza'i a madadin Khalifancin Abbasid . A ƙarshen kamfen ɗin, Abbasidawa sun kawo ƙarshen mulkin siyasa na Ibaditawa a Arfika, kuma sun dawo da ikon Abbasid a Maghreb har zuwa gabashin Aljeriya. Nasarar da aka yi alama a matsayin kawar da mulkin Kharijite Ibadite a Ifriqiya.

## Tarihi
Mulkin Umayyad a cikin Maghreb ya ƙare a cikin shekara ta dari bakwai da arba'in da bakwai 747 da zarar Fihrids, zuriyar Uqba ibn Nafi, sun kwace iko a Ifriqiya yayin da suke amfani da Juyin Juya Halin Abbasid a kan Khalifancin Umayyad. Fihrids sun mallaki duk Tunisia, ban da sassan kudancin da ke ƙarƙashin tasirin kabilar Warfajuma Berber, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da Sufri Kharijites.

Mulkin Fihrid ya rushe a shekara ta dari bakwai da hamsin da shida 756 lokacin da Warfajuma ya sami nasarar cin nasarar arewacin Ifriqiya kuma ya kama Kairouan. Nan da nan bayan haka, Ibadiyyah a Tripolitania ta ayyana daya daga cikin shugabannin addinin su a matsayin imam, kuma ta ci Tunisia daga Sufrids a cikin shekara ta dari bakwai da hamsin da takwas 758. Wannan ya haifar da kafa jihar Ibadi, daga Tunisia zuwa Tripolitania, wanda ya wanzu har zuwa shekara ta dari bakwai da sittin da daya 761 lokacin da Abbasids suka ci yankin bayan sun karfafa ikonsu a matsayin Khalifa a Gabas ta Tsakiya.

## Yaƙin neman zaɓe
Daga shekara dari bakwai da hamsin da tara 759, Khalifancin Abbasid ya tashi don dawo da Maghreb don daular. Da zarar Khalifa, Abu Ja'far al-Mansur, ya magance matsalolin cikin gida a Mashriq, sai ya mayar da hankali ga Maghreb. Ya nada Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath al-Khuza'i a matsayin gwamnan Masar da Maghreb, kuma ya umarce shi da ya murkushe tawayen Kharijite a Ifriqiya. Ibn al-Ash'ath da farko ya aika da sojoji biyu waɗanda Ibadites suka ci su. Ibn al-Ash'ath ya ɗauki kwamandan sojoji kuma ya ci Ibadites a yakin Tawargha (kusa da Misrata, Libya), ya kashe Ibadi Imam Abu al-Khattab al-Mu'afiri da yawancin mabiyansa. Ibn al-Ash'ath ya yi tafiya a kan Ifriqiya, ya kama Kairouan a cikin shekarar dari bakwai da sittin da daya 761 inda ya tilasta wa gwamnan, Abd al-Rahman ibn Rustum, ya gudu zuwa duwatsun da ke kudancin Oran. Rustum ya gudu zuwa yamma kuma ya kafa sabon babban birni a Tahert (Algeria ta yanzu).  Wannan kamfen ɗin ya kawo ƙarshen mulkin siyasa na Ibadites a Ifriqiya kuma ya kafa ikon kai tsaye na Abbasid a can. Zab a gabashin Aljeriya ya zama iyakar yammacin yankin da gwamnonin Abbasid ke rikewa, inda Abbasids ke da muhimmiyar sansanin soja a Tubna. A yammacin wannan yankin akwai Rustamids, Midrarids da Idrisids. Bayan shekarar dari takwas 800, Abbasids kawai suna da iko a Ifriqiya, yayin da willaiyah (gundumar) ta zama mai cin gashin kanta wanda daular Larabawa ta Aghlabids ke mulki har zuwa zuwa shekara dari tara da tara 909.

## Fadada bincike

* Nasarar Fatimid na Ifriqiya
* Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath al-Khuza'i
* Mulkin Umayyad a Arewacin Afirka

## Manazarta
SIRIM

**SIRIM Berhad**, wanda aka fi sani da **Cibiyar Nazarin Masana'antu da Masana'adu ta Malaysia (SIRIM)**,  kungiya ce ta kamfanoni mallakar Gwamnatin Malaysia, a karkashin Ma'aikatar Ciniki da Masana-antu (MITI). Gwamnatin Malaysia ta ba da izinin zama ƙungiyar ƙasa don ƙa'idodi da inganci kuma a matsayin mai gabatar da ƙwarewar fasaha a masana'antar Malaysia. Babban hedkwatar tana cikin Shah Alam, Selangor . 

Kungiyar ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Satumba 1996 ta hanyar tsarin kamfanoni na ka'idoji da cibiyar bincike ta masana'antu.

## Ayyuka

* Don ingantawa da gudanar da bincike na masana'antu na kimiyya
* Don bunkasa ingancin masana'antu da ci gaba
* Don samar da canja wurin fasaha da sabis na ba da shawara
* Don bunkasa ka'idodin Malaysia da kuma inganta daidaituwa da tabbatar da inganci don mafi girman gasa
* Don inganta jin dadin jama'a da masana'antu, kiwon lafiya da aminci

## Tarihi
A shekara ta 1964, Gwamnatin Malaysia ta umarci Ministan Kasuwanci da Masana'antu da ya yi nazarin kafa kungiyar ka'idojin kasa. Wannan shine don mayar da martani ga bukatar gaggawa na karɓar ka'idodin daidaitawa a cikin hasken ci gaban masana'antu na Malaysia.

A sakamakon haka, an kafa Cibiyar Ka'idoji ta Malaysia (SIM) a matsayin sashen gwamnati a karkashin Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci da Masana'antu a farkon 1966. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1966, an zartar da Dokar Ka'idoji ta 76 a majalisar dokoki wanda ya sa SIM ta zama hukumar ka'idojin kasa. SIM ta kasance karkashin jagorancin Majalisar Ka'idoji. Dokar Ka'idoji ta ba da Majalisar Ka'idojin ikon zaman kanta don ayyana ka'idoji da bayar da lasisin alamar takaddun shaida.

A shekara ta 1974, Majalisar Ayyuka ta Kasa ta yanke shawarar cewa a haɗa SIM tare da Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Masana'antu ta Kasa (NISIR) don kafa Cibiyar Nazari da Masana-antu ta Malaysia (SIRIM). A sakamakon wannan shawarar, an kafa SIRIM a matsayin wata kungiya ta doka a karkashin Dokar SIRIM (Incorporation) ta 1975 ta Ma'aikatar Kimiyya, Fasaha da Muhalli, kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 15 ga Satumba 1975. Tare da wannan haɗuwa, SIRIM ya fi dacewa da kayan aiki don fadada ayyukansa daidai da saurin masana'antu a Malaysia.

Dangane da sauye-sauyen buƙatun kasuwa sakamakon hanzarta masana'antu na ƙasa da haɓaka ƙasashe na duniya, akwai buƙatar gyara Dokar SIRIM (Kwamnati) ta 1975. Wannan zai samar da sauƙin da ya dace ga SIRIM don amsa waɗannan canje-canje.

Gyaran da aka yi wa Dokar SIRIM (Incorporation), wanda majalisar ta amince da shi, ya fara aiki a ranar 24 ga Yuli 1993.

Gyaran sun ba da damar SIRIM don gudanar da ayyukan kasuwanci ta hanyar kafa hadin gwiwa ko kuma cikakkun rassa. A karkashin wannan gyare-gyare, an maye gurbin Majalisar SIRIM mai mambobi 24 da SIRIM mai mutum 13 wanda shida daga bangaren gwamnati ne kuma bakwai daga bangaren masu zaman kansu. Sabon tsarin Hukumar SIRIM yana ba da damar yin lissafi da inganci, da kuma kara karfafa alaƙar da ke tsakanin SIRIM da masana'antar.

A ranar 1 ga Satumba 1996, an kafa SIRIM don a san shi da SIRIM Berhad . An kafa SIRIM Berhad a karkashin Dokar Kamfanoni, an ba shi dukkan hakkoki, gata da wajibai na SIRIM.

## Manazarta
Sauyin yanayi na Armenia

A Armeniya, yanayin yanayi ya bambanta daga sahara mai sanyi da kuma yanayin sanyi a ƙananan sassa na filin Ararat, zuwa Tundra a kan tsaunin tsaunuka, da kuma yanayin yanayi mai ɗanɗano a cikin sassan ciki.  Ana iya bambanta nau'ikan asali guda shida masu zuwa.  Wani nau'in yanayi shine bushewar nau'in nahiyar.  Ya yi rinjaye mafi yawa tare da tsakiyar tsakiyar Arax har zuwa tsayin mita 1,300.  Ya bambanta da busasshen yanayi na wurare masu zafi da sanyin sanyi.

## Tarihi

A cewar tarihin tarihi, a zamanin d ̄ a hunturu ya kasance kamar yadda yake a yau, yana da sanyi sosai a cikin ƙasashen Armenia da tsaunuka. Masanin tarihin Girka na ƙarni na 4 KZ Xenophon, a cikin *Anabasis* (The Retreat of the 10,000), wanda ya kwatanta koma baya na sojojin Girka 10,000 ta cikin tsaunukan Armeniya zuwa cikin kaka, ya ba da labarin cewa da dare, lokacin da sojoji ke barci, dusar ƙanƙara ta fadi a cikin duwatsu kuma ta rufe maza da makaman su. Ya rubuta cewa dusar ƙanƙara da ta faɗo a cikin dare ɗaya tana da zurfin mita ɗaya. A cikin wannan aikin ya lura cewa Armeniyawa sun kare kansu daga sanyi mai sanyi ta hanyar shafa kitse ko man almond a cikin jikinsu. Masanin tarihin Armeniya Movses Khorenatsi (karni na 5 AD) ya bayyana yanayin filin Ararat kamar zafi da bushe a lokacin rani.
Asibitin Yammacin Galili

**Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Galili** (Ibraniyawa, *HaMerkaz HaRefu'i LaGalil*), ta rage **GMC**, asibiti ne da ke cikin garin Naariya da ke bakin teku kuma ita ce asibiti ta biyu mafi girma a arewacin Isra'ila (bayan Asibitin Rambam a Haifa). An kafa shi a shekarar 1956.

Asibitin da ke gefen Nahariya, kilomita uku daga tsakiyar gari, yana ba da sabis ga mazauna rabin miliyan na yammacin Galili, daga Karmiel zuwa gabar teku.

## Tarihi
Tun lokacin da aka fara farawa a matsayin ƙaramin asibitin haihuwa, Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Galilee ta girma zuwa wurin mai gadaje 722.  Sashen gaggawa na karbar kusan mutane 400 a kowace rana kuma adadin asibitocin kusan 60,000 ne a kowace shekara.  Kimanin likitoci 420 ne ke aiki a wannan asibitin mallakar gwamnati, yayin da adadin ma’aikatan ya kai kusan 2200. Ma’aikatan asibitin wani nuni ne na al’adar kabilu daban-daban na Yammacin Galili, wanda ya kunshi Yahudawa, Musulmi, Kirista, Druze da sauransu.  A cikin 2007, Asibitin Yammacin Galilee ne ya fara nada Balarabe Ba'isra'ile, Dr. Masad Barhoum, a matsayin darekta.

Da yake kusa da iyakar arewacin Isra'ila da Lebanon, babban yanki na asibitin shine rauni: sojojin IDF, fararen hula na Isra'ila, ma'aikatan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da fararen hula daga kasashe Larabawa makwabta.

Kafin shekara ta 2000, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na marasa lafiya a sashen ilimin ido 'yan ƙasar Lebanon ne waɗanda suka haye iyaka ta hanyar Good Fence kuma suka sami magani kyauta.

A lokacin rani na shekara ta 2006, a lokacin yakin Lebanon na shekara ta 2016, asibitin ya kula da mafi yawan wadanda suka mutu a Isra'ila. A lokacin yakin da ya yi na tsawon wata, an kula da fararen hula 1,800 da sojoji 300 na IDF a can. A wannan lokacin, asibitin ya kai tsaye wanda ya lalata bango na waje da dakuna takwas. Tun daga wannan lokacin, asibitin ya gina sashen gaggawa na karkashin kasa, wanda masu ba da gudummawa na kasashen waje suka tallafawa.

Tun farkon yakin Siriya a cikin 2013, Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Galili ta kula da fiye da mutane 1600 da suka kamu da wannan kisan farar hula da ke gudana, yana mai da ita ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin da Isra'ila suka samu wajen magance raunin yaƙi mai rikitarwa

## Manazarta
Hukumar kula da yanayi da gurbatar yanayi

Hukumar Kula da Kayayyakin jama'a ta Yaren mutanen Norway (Norway: Klima- og forurensningsdirektoratet, Klif), mai suna Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (Norwegian: Statens forurensningstilsyn, SFT) har zuwa 2010, ya kasance hukumar gwamnatin Norway daga 1974 zuwa 2013 lokacin da aka hade ta cikin Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Norwegian 

Hukumar tana da alhakin tabbatar da cewa gurɓataccen yanayi, sharar gida da sauran abubuwa masu cutarwa ba su haifar da lalacewar lafiya ba, suna haifar da jin daɗi ko hana samarwa da haifuwa na yanayi. Musamman yana da alhakin gurɓataccen yanayi da ke da alaƙa da teku da ruwa, sunadarai, sharar gida da sake amfani da su, dumamar duniya, gurɓata iska da hayaniya.

Ya kasance ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Yaren mutanen Norway [1] kuma tana da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an bi Dokar Gurɓatawa, Dokar Kula da Samfura da Dokar Ƙimar Yanayi, gami da ba da izini don ƙaddamarwa, gami da sarrafa cewa ana bin waɗannan izini.  Hukumar tana da ma'aikata 325 da ke Oslo.

## Manazarta