Waƙoƙin Bishara na Baƙaƙen Fata

**Waƙar bisharar baƙar fata**, galibi ana kiranta **kiɗan bishara** ko **bishara**, kiɗan gargajiya ce ta baƙi baƙi a Amurka. An samo asali ne a cikin tubar bautar Afirka zuwa Kiristanci, duka a lokacin da kuma bayan cinikin bayi na trans-Atlantic, farawa tare da waƙoƙin aiki da aka rera a cikin filayen kuma, daga baya, tare da waƙoƙin addini da aka rera a cikin saitunan majami'u daban-daban, daga baya an lasafta su azaman Ruhaniya Negro (wanda ya tsara yawancin bisharar gargajiya ta Black ).

Kidan bishara baƙar fata ta kasance a al'adance game da neman 'yanci na Ba-Amurke. Ya ba da duka "ɗaukarwa ta ruhaniya da ta jama'a," na farko a cikin filayen, kuma daga baya a cikin Black Church ; a lokacin shekarun 1960 a Kudu, an kwatanta shi a matsayin "sautin gwagwarmayar kare hakkin jama'a ," yana taimakawa wajen haifar da haɗin kai da bangaskiya ga aikin. 

Tsarin zamani na nau'in, bisharar zamani, ya fito a cikin ƙarshen 1970s a matsayin haɗuwa da nau'in al'ada tare da salon kiɗa na zamanin a cikin kiɗan Baƙar fata, wanda ya haifar da haɓaka sabon ƙarni na masu fasaha da waƙoƙi, yana faɗaɗa mafi girman nau'in nau'in.

Har ila yau, sanannen nau'i na kiɗa na kasuwanci, Black bishara ya canza a cikin 1930s ta Thomas Dorsey, "mahaifin kiɗa na bishara," wanda aka lasafta tare da tsara waƙoƙin bishara fiye da 1,000, ciki har da " Take My Hand, Precious Lord "da" Aminci a cikin Kwarin . Dorsey kuma ya ƙirƙiri ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta bishara ta farko kuma ya sayar da miliyoyin kofe na rikodinsa a duk faɗin ƙasar.  Cocin Baftisma na Pilgrim a Chicago, cocin gida na Dorsey, a halin yanzu yana ci gaba a matsayin National Museum of Music Music .

## Tarihi

### Bayan Fage: Karni na 18 - Karni na 19
Waƙar bisharar baƙar fata tana da tushe a cikin al'adar baka na Baƙar fata-watsewar tarihi ta hanyar kalmar magana maimakon a rubuce. Griots da aka yi a Yammacin Afirka.  A Amurka ‘yan mulkin mallaka, inda aka hana ’yan Afirka bautar da ba a yi musu ilimi a hukumance ba, sadarwa ta baki da kuma ba ta rubuce-rubuce ta zama hanyar ba kawai ga al’adu ba, amma ga kusan dukkanin sadarwa.

Wasu daga cikin wannan sadarwar (ciki har da waƙoƙin aiki da aka rera a cikin fage) an yi amfani da su don tsarawa, gami da shirye-shiryen ramuwar gayya ga bayinsu da kuma tserewa. Hakan ya haifar da hana ganguna a yankuna da dama na Amurka ‘yan mulkin mallaka, da kuma sauran kayan kida da suka danganci ubangidan yammacin Afirka.

Don haka, yawancin majami'u Bakaken fata sun dogara da tafa hannu da takawa a matsayin raye-raye. raye-rayen raye-raye da zobe na Afirka ta Yamma sun haɓaka al'adun gargajiya a tsakanin Kiristoci Baƙar fata na farko a cikin ihu, wanda kiɗan bishara mai sauri yana tare da raye-raye daidai gwargwado (sau da yawa frenzied). (A tsarinsa na zamani, wannan kuma ana kiransa da “hutun yabo”) Wannan, tare da maimaitawa da " kira da amsa " abubuwan da suka saba da kiɗan Afirka ta Yamma, sun taimaka wajen haifar da yanayi mai daɗi, mai kama da hankali da ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar jama'a. Wadannan abubuwa kuma sun baiwa membobin jahilai damar shiga.  

Masu amfani a cikin filayen da kuma a cikin gidan coci, Negro ruhaniya (da al'adun da ke hade da su) sune farkon nau'i na bisharar Black.   A cikin 1867, ƙungiyar ' yan kawar da Arewa ta fitar da tarin waƙoƙin bayi mai taken *Waƙoƙin Bayi na Amurka* . Har ila yau, shine farkon irin wannan tarin kidan Ba-Amurke kowane iri, kuma ya haɗa da wakokin bisharar farko na Baƙar fata, ciki har da " Down in the River to Pray " (sai kuma mai suna "The Good Old Way").

A cikin 1871, an kafa Mawakan Jubilee Fisk, ƙungiyar bisharar acappella Black ta kafa don tara kuɗi don Jami'ar Fisk, HBCU a Nashville.

### Zamanin kiɗa na “bishara” na farko: ƙarshen ƙarni na 19-1910
Maganar farko ga kalmar "waƙar bishara" ta bayyana a cikin littafin waƙar Philip Bliss '1874, Waƙoƙin Linjila. Tarin Zabi na Waƙoƙi da Tunes, yana kwatanta waƙoƙin da suke da sauƙin fahimta kuma suna da sauƙin raira waƙa fiye da waƙoƙin cocin gargajiya na gargajiya, ba kamar ayyukan Watts na ƙarni na farko ba. An yi amfani da wannan al'adar ta ƙarshe a cikin al'adar tarurrukan tarurrukan / sansanin, wani nau'i na ibada da aka saba da Kiristocin Baƙar fata, waɗanda sau da yawa an tilasta musu saduwa a manyan wurare na waje saboda wariyar launin fata da sauran damuwa.

Wannan al'adar kabilanci da ke ƙara haɓakawa daga ƙarshe za ta rikiɗe zuwa babban motsi na Pentikostal, wanda ya fara cikin salon kabilanci a Los Angeles kuma ya taimaka wa bisharar Baƙar fata faɗaɗa cikin ƙasa gabaɗaya a kan iyakokin launin fata. 'Yar'uwar Rosetta Tharpe za ta fito daga al'adar Pentikostal Baƙar fata a matsayin fitacciyar mai yin rikodin bishara ta farko.  Arizona Dranes, pianist na farko da aka yi rikodin bishara, ya fito ne daga tushe iri ɗaya a wannan lokacin kuma ya taimaka gabatar da salon ragtime zuwa nau'in. A gefe guda kuma, yawancin Kiristoci Baƙar fata a wannan lokacin (musamman waɗanda ke Arewa) sun ɗauki nau'i mai sauƙi na bautar Kiristanci fiye da waɗanda suka gabace su bayi, suna nuna ƙarin tasiri daga Turai fiye da na Afirka.

### Zamanin Thomas Dorsey: 1920-1945
Thomas Dorsey, wanda ya dade yana zane-zane, ya tafi bishara a cikin 1920s kuma ya canza salo ta hanyar haɗa shi da tsohon salonsa. Tare da ilimin Littafi Mai Tsarki daga mahaifinsa, wanda ya kasance mai hidima na Baptist, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta koyar da wasan piano, ya kira kansa "Georgia Tom", kuma ya yi aiki tare da mawakan blues lokacin da iyalin suka koma Atlanta. Ya tafi arewa zuwa Chicago a 1916 kuma, bayan ya karɓi katin ƙungiyarsa, ya zama sanannen mai fasaha a yankin kuma ya shiga Cocin Pilgrim Baptist Church. Ya watsar da kiɗan duniya bayan ƙwarewar juzu'i na biyu a cikin 1921 a Babban Taron Baftisma na ƙasa, amma da sauri ya koma aikin saboda dalilai na tattalin arziki, yana yin tare da masu fasaha kamar Ma Rainey.

Yayin da Pentecostalism ya girma a Yammacin Kogin Yamma da sauran wurare, Kiristoci Baƙar fata a Kudu sun fara haɓaka salon quartet (da quartet-ish) na kiɗan bishara na cappella, wanda ke nuna haɓakar ƙungiyoyi irin su Julius Cheeks & Sensational Nightingales, Swan Silvertones, The Soul Stirrers, Dixie Hummingbirds, Mississippi Boy Fisvelind na Fisvelin na Alabama., filin wasa na Fairfield Four, da kuma Ƙofar Zinariya .  Yawancin mawakan bishara da yawa sun fara yin suna a wannan zamanin, kamar Blind Willie Johnson da Makaho Joe Taggart . Irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi da masu zane-zane, yayin da suke shahara a cikin al'ummar Baƙar fata, galibi sun tsira daga sanarwar White America.

Thomas Dorsey ya bar waƙar zamani a baya bayan mutuwar matarsa da ɗansa na farko. 

Bayan ya haye, sai ya fara gabatar da ita ga majami'un Bakar fata da suka fi samun Turawa a Arewa, amma har wani lokaci bai ga nasara ba. Duk da haka, ruwan ya koma . An ce shekarar 1930 ita ce shekarar da aka fara waƙar baƙar fata ta gargajiya, yayin da Babban taron Baptist na ƙasa ya fara amincewa da waƙar a taronta na 1930. 

Dorsey ita ce ke da alhakin haɓaka sana'o'in kiɗa na yawancin masu fasaha na Ba'amurke, irin su Mahalia Jackson.  A cikin 1942, an kafa ƙungiyar bishara mai suna Sensational Nightingales, wanda wani mawaƙin bishara Julius Cheeks ya shiga cikin 1946. Julius Cheeks ya rinjayi Wilson Pickett da James Brown . 

### Shekaru 1946-1970
Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, kiɗan bishara ya ƙaura zuwa manyan dakunan taro, kuma raye-rayen kiɗan bishara sun zama dalla-dalla.  A cikin 1950, an nuna bisharar baƙar fata a Hall Hall Carnegie lokacin da Joe Bostic ya samar da Bisharar Negro da Bikin Kiɗa na Addini. Ya sake maimaita shi a shekara ta gaba tare da fadada jerin masu fasaha, kuma a cikin 1959 ya koma Madison Square Garden . 

A cikin 1964, an kafa Ƙungiyar Kiɗa na Bishara, wanda kuma ya fara lambar yabo ta Dove Awards (a cikin 1969) da Hall of Fame Music Music (a cikin 1972). Dukansu ƙungiyoyin biyu sun fara da farko don masu yin bisharar Kudancin, amma a ƙarshen 1970s, sun fara haɗa da masu fasaha na sauran nau'ikan nau'ikan.  Hakanan a cikin 1969, James Cleveland ya kafa Taron Kiɗa na Bishara na Amurka . A ƙarshen 1970s, Maɗaukakin Gajimare na Farin Ciki da Canton Ruhaniya sun fitar da kundin bishara. 

### Zamanin: 1980-yanzu
Tare da ci gaba da haɓaka shaharar kiɗan a matsayin nau'in rediyo, kide-kide, da nishaɗin gida, ya zo sha'awar wasu masu fasaha na bishara don "haye" zuwa cikin nau'o'in duniya da wuraren da za su ba su ƙarin haske da nasara. Wannan sau da yawa ya zo tare da canji a salon kiɗa, ɗaukar abubuwa daga kiɗan duniya kanta. Wannan bai zo ba tare da jayayya ba, kamar yadda yawancin masu fasaha na wannan sabon nau'in bishara na zamani na birni (kamar The Clark Sisters ) za su fuskanci zargi daga majami'u, masu matsayi na al'ada na al'ada, da kuma Black Kirista Sphere a babban, kamar yadda aka saba ganin sabon aikin su a matsayin sulhu tare da "duniya" da kuma zunubinta. Tallace-tallacen kundinsu zai yi magana da kansu, duk da haka.

Wannan tsarin zai maimaita kansa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, tare da sababbin masu fasaha kamar Yolanda Adams, da Clark Sisters, Fred Hammond, Marvin Sapp, da Kirk Franklin suna ƙara ƙara ƙarfin hali a cikin duniyar da ba ruwanta da salon su na kiɗa, suna fuskantar zargi daga mutane da yawa a cikin al'adarsu.  Sun sami nasarar kasuwanci a cikin ginshiƙi na R&B kuma yanayin yanzu na masu yin rikodin bisharar Baƙar fata kusan na birni ne na yau da kullun.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* https://gospelradio.me/station/black-gospel-classics
* https://blackgospel.com/ 
* https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200197451
* https://www.loc.gov/collections/songs-of-america/articles-and-essays/musical-styles/ritual-and-worship/african-american-gospel
* https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200197383
* https://www.loc.gov/audio/?q=Negro+spirituals
* https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200197451

## Magana