Alexander Darnes

**Alexander Hanson Darnes**  (  &#x2013; Fabrairu 11, 1894) shine likita Ba-Amurke na farko a Jacksonville, Florida, kuma na biyu a cikin jihar. An haife shi cikin bauta a St. Augustine, Florida, yana matashi ya yi aiki a matsayin valet ga Edmund Kirby Smith, ɗan mai shi, Alkali Joseph Lee Smith . Darnes ya raka Smith zuwa Texas yayin da yake aiki a Sojan Amurka. A lokacin yakin basasa, Smith ya ba da umarni a matsayin Janar na Confederate .

Bayan yaki da ' yantar da bayi, Darnes ya sami ilimi, taimakon Frances Smith Webster, 'yar'uwar Kirby Smith. Darnes ya sami digiri na farko a Jami'ar Lincoln a Pennsylvania da digirin likitanci daga Jami'ar Howard a 1880. Ya koma Florida, ya zauna a Jacksonville, inda ya kafa wani aiki. A cikin 1888 Darnes ya yi hidima ga mazauna a lokacin mummunar cutar zazzabin rawaya, lokacin da rabin yawan jama'a suka gudu daga birnin. An girmama Darnes sosai, jami'in Freemasons, kuma memba na Cocin Dutsen Sihiyona AME . Kimanin mutane 3,000, baki da fata, sun halarci jana'izarsa, mafi girma a tarihin birnin har zuwa lokacin.

A cikin 2004 wani mutum-mutumi, *<nowiki/>'Ya'yan Birni*, an gina shi a Sequi-Kirby Smith House, yana nuna duka Darnes da Kirby Smith a matsayin manya a rayuwa ta gaba: Darnes likitan da Smith farfesa. Wannan shi ne yanki na farko na fasaha na jama'a a Jacksonville don girmama Ba'amurke Ba'amurke.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Alexander H. Darnes cikin bauta a St. Augustine, Florida . Na gaurayawan jinsi, shi ɗa ne na Violet Pinkney, bawan gida a gidan, kuma uba da ba a bayyana sunansa ba. Shi da mahaifiyarsa sun mallaki Joseph Lee Smith, alkali, da Frances Kirby Smith, a abin da ake kira Segui-Kirby Smith House a yanzu a 12 Aviles Street.

Hotunan da St. Augustine Historical Society ke gudanar ya nuna Darnes da mai shi Edmund Kirby Smith daga baya, ɗan ƙarami na gidan Smith, wanda ya zama Janar na Confederate.  Maria Juliana Kirby-Smith, babban jikan Smith kuma mai zane wanda ya kirkiro wani mutum-mutumi na 2004 na maza biyu, ya ce ta yi imanin cewa Darnes yana da alaƙa da Smith a matsayin ɗan'uwa ko ɗan'uwa. Binciken da ta yi na hotunansu da cikakken aikin da ta yi a kan mutum-mutumin ya sa ta fahimci kamannin mutanen biyu a zahiri. 

A cikin 1855 yana ɗan shekara 15, an sanya Darnes zuwa Edmund Kirby Smith a matsayin babban balin sa; ƙaramin ɗan a cikin iyali, Smith ya girmi shekaru 16 sannan kuma kyaftin a cikin Sojojin Amurka . Darnes ya raka Smith kan balaguron balaguro a yankunan yamma kuma ya ci gaba da yi masa hidima a lokacin yakin basasa, lokacin da Smith ya kasance babban jami'in kungiyar Confederacy .

Bayan shan kaye a Kudu da 'yantar da bayi, Darnes ya sami ilimi. (Frances Smith Webster, 'yar'uwar Janar Kirby Smith ce ta taimaka masa ta kudi. Ita ce gwauruwar Lucien Bonaparte Webster, wani jami'in soja na Amurka daga Vermont wanda ya mutu a 1853. An haife shi a Connecticut, Smith Webster ya ci gaba da kasancewa da aminci ga Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai a lokacin yakin basasa.) Bayan aikin shiri, Darnes ya halarci Jami'ar Lincoln, Jami'ar Lincoln 4 da aka samu a kolejin tarihi na Lincoln 5 a tarihin tarihi . Darnes ya tafi makarantar likitanci a Jami'ar Howard, kwalejin baƙar fata da aka kafa ba da daɗewa ba bayan yakin basasa a Washington, DC Ya sauke karatu a 1880 tare da digiri na likita.

## Ayyuka
Darnes ya koma Florida bayan ya kammala makarantar likitanci kuma ya zauna a Jacksonville, inda ya bude asibitin kansa na zaman kansa. Shi ne likita na farko bakar fata a cikin garin, kuma na biyu a cikin jihar gaba ɗaya. Darnes ya gina kyakkyawan asibiti a gidansa dake Ocean Street kuma ya zama ginshiki a cikin al’umma. Ya sami yabo saboda ayyukansa yayin annobar cizon sauro da zazzabin rawar jiki da suka mamaye Jacksonville a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. Wannan ya haɗa da mummunar annobar zazzabin rawar jiki ta shekarar 1887-1888 da ta bazu a kudancin Amurka, inda ta kai Jacksonville a lokacin bazarar 1888. Saboda rashin fahimtar yadda cutar ke yaduwa, kusan kowa da zai iya, ya gudu daga cikin gari - kusan rabin yawan jama'ar garin masu kusan 25,000. Amma Darnes ya tsaya ya taimaka wa waɗanda suka rage gwargwadon iko. Abokinsa kuma ɗan uwansa daga makarantar Howard Medical School, Lemuel W. Livingston, ya taimaka masa.

Darnes ya shiga ƙungiyar Freemasons, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mambobin Masonic Temple na yankin, kuma ya samu matsayi mai daraja. Ya zama Mataimakin Babban Jagoran Freemason na Florida kuma Babban Firist na Royal Arch Chapter na Washington, D.C. Hakanan yana daga cikin mambobin cocin Mt. Zion African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), wacce ita ce ƙungiyar Kirista ta farko mai zaman kanta da bakar fata suka kafa a Amurka. An kafa ta ne a birnin Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a farkon ƙarni na 19.

A Jacksonville, Darnes ya zama aboki kuma malami ga matashi James Weldon Johnson, wanda ke da shekaru 10 lokacin da suka haɗu, da ɗan uwansa John Rosamond Johnson. Daga baya, waɗannan 'yan uwan sun haɗu wajen rubuta da tsara wakar "Lift Ev'ry Voice and Sing", wadda aka fi sani da "Wakar Ƙasa ta Bakar Fata." A cikin tarihin rayuwarsa *Along This Way,* James Weldon Johnson ya ambaci Darnes cikin ƙauna.

Darnes ya rasu a watan Fabrairu na shekarar 1894. Bisa ga wani rubutun jana’iza daga jaridar cikin gari, mutum 3,000 – bakar fata da farar fata – suka halarci jana’izarsa, adadi mafi yawa da aka taɓa samu a kowane jana’iza a Jacksonville a wancan lokaci.

## Gado da girmamawa
*1894, fiye da mutane 3,000 bakar fata da farar fata daga Jacksonville suka halarci jana’izar Darnes. Jaridu fiye da guda ɗaya na cikin gari sun buga rubuce-rubuce na ta’aziyya game da shi.
*2004, *Sons of the City,* wani babban mutum-mutumi na tagulla na Smith da Darnes, an ƙirƙire shi daga hannun mai fasaha Maria Juliana Kirby-Smith, jikanyar Janar Edmund Kirby Smith. Mutum-mutumin ya nuna mutanen biyu a matsayin manya; jakar aikin likita ta Darnes tana gefe da shi. An kafa aikin a lambun harabar gidan Segui-Kirby Smith a birnin St. Augustine. Yanzu wannan gida yana ƙarƙashin kulawar St. Augustine Historical Society a matsayin ɗakin karatu na bincike. Wannan shine mutum-mutumi na farko da aka kafa a gari mafi tsoho a ƙasar domin girmama bakar fata.
*"A shekarar 2013, ƙungiyar Kirby Smith Camp 1209 na Sons of Confederate Veterans sun gano cewa kabarin Darnes ya lalace, suka kafa sabon kabari na marmara."

## Manazarta