Petronas

Petroliam Nasional Berhad, wanda aka fi sani da PETRONAS (wanda aka tsara a duk ƙuƙwalwa), kamfani ne na mai da iskar gas na Malaysia wanda ke da hedikwata a Kuala Lumpur . [1] [2][lower-alpha 1][3] An kafa shi a shekara ta 1974, ƙungiya ce ta doka da aka kafa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kamfanonin Malaysia ta 1965 kuma tana ba da rahoto ga Kwamitin Daraktocin kamfanin. An ba Petronas duk albarkatun mai da iskar gas a Malaysia kuma an ba shi alhakin bunkasa da ƙara darajar waɗannan albarkatun. [4][5]

Har ila yau, kamfanin yana da karfi a cikin kasuwar mai ta hanyar mallakar Petronas Lubricants International, wanda ke aiki a cikin kasuwannin sama da 100 a duniya. Petronas Carigali, babban reshen sa kuma daya daga cikin manyan kasuwancin sa, wanda ke da alhakin binciken hydrocarbon da samarwa. Sauran rassa sun hada da Petronas Dagangan, don cinikin gas da tallace-tallace, da Petrones Chemicals don man fetur da Gentari don amfani da makamashi mai tsabta da kasuwanci. Hakanan yana ba da ilimi mafi girma ta hanyar jami'arta, Universiti Teknologi Petronas (UTP).  Malaysia Petroleum Management (MPM), babban sashi da kuma hukumar da ke kula da ci gaban albarkatun man fetur tun lokacin da aka kafa Petronas, tana kula da duk rayuwar man fetur da kadarorin gas na kasar.

A cikin jerin Fortune Global 500 na shekara-shekara na 2022, Petronas ya kasance a matsayi na 216. Har ila yau, ya kasance na 48 a duniya a cikin 2020 Bentley Infrastructure 500. [1] Jaridar Financial Times ta gano Petronas a matsayin daya daga cikin "sabon 'yan'uwa mata bakwai", wanda aka dauka a matsayin mai tasiri kuma galibi kamfanonin mai da iskar gas na kasa daga ƙasashe a waje da Kungiyar hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki da ci gaba (OECD). [2] Petronas yana ba da babbar hanyar samun kudin shiga ga gwamnatin Malaysia, wanda ya kai sama da 15% na kudaden shiga na gwamnati daga 2015 zuwa 2020.[3]

Jimlar kashi 0.69 cikin dari na iskar gas da aka saki ta hanyar masana'antu na duniya daga 1988 zuwa 2015 sun fito ne daga ayyukan kamfanin. Sabili da haka, Petronas babban mai ba da gudummawa ga canjin yanayi, abin da ke haifar da haɗari da yawa ga kiwon lafiya, ayyuka, kwanciyar hankali na abinci da ruwa, tsaro, da ci gaban tattalin arziki. Kamfanin yana murna da cika shekaru 50 a shekarar 2024 .

## Tarihi

### Asalin

Kafin kafa Malaysia, Royal Dutch Shell (yanzu Shell plc) ya fara binciken mai a Miri, Sarawak bayan Charles Brooke ya sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Ma'adinai ta farko a cikin 1909. A cikin 1910, an tono rijiyar mai ta farko a Miri. Wannan rijiyar mai daga baya an san ta da Grand Old Lady . [1][2] A cikin 1929, an gano mai a Brunei. Babu wasu ayyukan hakowa a Borneo ko British Malaya har zuwa shekarun 1950.[3] Shell har yanzu ita ce kawai kamfanin mai a yankin a 1963, lokacin da Tarayyar Malaya, bayan ta sami 'yancin kai daga Burtaniya shekaru shida da suka gabata, ta haɗu da Sarawak da Sabah, duka biyu a tsibirin Borneo, don zama Malaysia. Hukumomi a cikin sabbin jihohin biyu sun ci gaba da dangantaka ta kusa da Shell, wanda ya kawo filin mai na farko na Malaysia zuwa riba a shekarar 1968.[3]

### Karni na 20

Abubuwa da yawa sun haɗu a farkon shekarun 1970 don sa gwamnatin Malaysia ta kafa kamfanin mai da iskar gas mallakar jihar. A shekara ta 1972, farashin mai a kowace ganga ya kai US $ 1.50, wanda daga baya ya tashi zuwa US $ 2.28 a kowace ganga. Yaƙi a Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma takunkumin mai da Ƙungiyar Kasashen Fitar da Man Fetur (OPEC) ta yi ya sa farashin kowace ganga ya tashi zuwa US $ 12.00, wanda ya kara karfafa Malaysia ta kafa kamfaninta na mai. Kasashe da yawa kamar Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, Masar da Indonesia sun karɓi Yarjejeniyar raba samarwa maimakon tsarin izini don rarraba kudaden shiga na mai. Har ila yau, gwamnatin Malaysia ta yi imanin cewa kamfanonin mai na kasashen waje ba su sanar da gwamnati yadda ya kamata ba game da ayyukan binciken mai a cikin nasu izini (kamar sabon binciken filayen mai), don haka ya haifar da asarar kudaden shiga ga gwamnati. Tsarin Sabon Manufar Tattalin Arziki ta Malaysia a farkon shekarun 1970 ya karfafa Malaysians su mallaki masana'antu daban-daban na zamani da kuma bude karin damar tattalin arziki ga bumiputeras.

Tsohon Babban Ministan Sarawak, Abdul Rahman Ya'kub shine na farko da ya gabatar da ra'ayin Malaysia ta kafa kamfanin mai a shekarar 1965,  lokacin da yake Mataimakin Ministan Tarayya da Ma'adinai.   Ya kasance ne saboda matsin mutanen Sarawak waɗanda suka nemi bayyana ainihin iyakokin ruwan yankin Sarawak. A zahiri, tun lokacin da aka kafa Malaysia a 1963, ba a magance batun ruwan yankin Sabah da Sarawak ba, don haka ya bar fassararsa a buɗe. Gwamnatin Sarawak ta ayyana cewa ruwan yankin ya wuce iyakar mil uku da gwamnatin tarayya ta Malaysia ta ayyana. Koyaya, an tunatar da Abdul Rahman game da aikin Abdul Razak Hussein na sanya shi a matsayin Babban Ministan Sarawak. Saboda haka, Rahman ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da rikici kamar yadda ya yiwu. Dan dan Rahman, Abdul Taib Mahmud ya ɗauki matsayin Mataimakin Ministan Kasa da Ma'adinai na Tarayya bayan Rahman ya zama Ministan Ilimi kuma daga baya, Babban Ministan Sarawak. Taib ya yi imani da raba kuɗin mai tsakanin jihar da gwamnatin tarayya. A wannan lokacin, ayyukan hakar mai a Sarawak har yanzu suna ƙarƙashin ikon Shell. Taib da farko ya ba da shawarar ba da izinin 'yan kwangila masu zaman kansu su sayar da man gwamnati. Taib ya sami dan kasuwa na Lebanon don sayen man Malaysia, duk da haka, dan kwangila ya kasa biyan kuɗi, wanda ya haifar da asarar dala miliyan 4. Daga baya aka kafa kwamitin hydrocarbon na gwamnati. Taib ya ziyarci Indonesia kuma ya tattauna da kamfanin mai da iskar gas na jihar Indonesia, Pertamina . Taib ya ba da shawarar cewa Malaysia ta watsar da tsarin izini kuma ta maye gurbinsa da yarjejeniyar raba samarwa. Koyaya, babu dokoki da suka ba Malaysia damar dawo da izinin ba tare da biyan diyya ga kamfanonin mai na kasashen waje ba. Duk da wannan, Taib ya yanke shawarar kafa wata kungiya mai suna Hidrokarbon Malaysia (HIKMA; Malaysia Hydrocarbons),  wanda zai sami cikakken haƙƙin mai da aka samu a cikin ruwan yankin Sabah da Sarawak. Koyaya, Rahman ya nuna rashin amincewa da shawarar dan uwansa kuma ya yi barazanar kai gwamnatin tarayya kotu idan za a bar Sarawak daga wannan yarjejeniyar mai. Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah, shugaban Perbadanan Nasional Berhad (Pernas), ya ziyarci Rahman a gidansa mai zaman kansa a Kuching. Tengku Razaleigh ya ba da shawarar kafa kamfani maimakon wata kungiya ta doka inda tsohon zai rarraba riba daidai tsakanin gwamnatocin tarayya da jihohi. Rahman ya yarda da shawarar. Tengku Razaleigh ya tsara Dokar Ci gaban Man Fetur tare da abokan aikinsa a asirce, kamar yadda Tun Razak ya ba da umarni, kuma za a kammala shi kafin babban zaben Malaysia na 1974. Rahman ya kira Tengku Razaleigh don yin tambaya game da sharuddan da gwamnatin tarayya ta Malaysia ta bayar. Tengku Razaleigh ya gaya wa Rahman game da soke tsarin izini. A halin yanzu, za a ba da kashi 5% na masarautar mai ga jihohin da ke samar da mai. Rahman ya amince da yarjejeniyar.  

A shekara ta 1974, an gabatar da Dokar Ci gaban Man Fetur kuma an amince da ita a Majalisar. An kafa Petronas kuma an kafa shi a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta 1974 bisa ga Dokar Kamfanonin Malaysia ta 1965 tare da biyan kuɗi na RM10 miliyan.    Tengku Razaleigh ya zama shugabanta na farko.    Mashahurin kasuwanci kuma babban aboki na Tengku Razaleigh, Ananda Krishnan ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a kafa Petronas, biyo bayan kwarewarsa a matsayin dan kasuwa na mai na duniya. A lokacin da aka kafa shi, hedikwatar Petronas ta kasance a cikin ginin katako a cikin Ofishin Firayim Minista a Jalan Dato Onn, Kuala Lumpur tare da ma'aikata 18 kawai da layin tarho guda biyu kafin ta koma ƙaramin ofis a ENE Plaza, Jalan Pudu a tsakiyar shekara ta 1975. Tengku Razaleigh ya nuna cewa duk wuraren da aka gano man fetur mallakar Petronas ne. Ya ce kamfanin mai wanda zai binciki albarkatun zai zama dan kwangila ne kawai kuma za a gudanar da shawarwari tare da gwamnatocin jihohi don samun lasisin binciken mai na musamman daga Petronas. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1974, kamfanin ya shirya wani tsari don kafa kamfanin man fetur wanda ya kashe RM300 miliyan, don yin taki, kayan filastik da yarn wucin gadi.

Da farko, Exxon da Shell sun ki mika wuya kuma sun ki yin shawarwari da Petronas. Petronas sannan ya ba da sanarwa ga duk kamfanonin mai na kasashen waje cewa bayan 1 ga Afrilu 1975, duk kamfanonin man fetur na kasashen waje za su yi aiki ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin ruwan Malaysia idan ba su fara tattaunawa da Petronas ba. Bayan 'yan zagaye na tattaunawa, kamfanonin mai na kasashen waje a ƙarshe sun mika izinin su ga Petronas. Duk da yake duk sauran jihohin da ke samar da mai a Malaysia sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar man fetur, Mustapha Harun, Babban Ministan Sabah, ya ki sanya hannu, yana gunaguni game da karamin kashi 5% na man fetur. Mustapha ya nemi 10 zuwa 20% na masarautar mai, yana barazanar fitar da Sabah daga Malaysia. Tengku Razaleigh ya ki yin motsi. Gwamnatin tarayya ta Malaysia ta sake yin wata yarjejeniya da Harris Salleh (wanda ba shi da tagomashi tare da Tun Mustapha) don kafa jam'iyyar Berjaya da kuma fitar da Tun Mustafa. Koyaya, Harris ya ƙi zama Babban Ministan Sabah, kuma an nemi Fuad Stephens ya ɗauki matsayin Babban Minista idan Berjaya ya zo mulki. Berjaya ya samu nasarar fitar da Tun Mustapha a zaben jihar Sabah na 1976.  Mako guda bayan Hadarin jirgin sama na 1976 wanda ya kashe Fuad da sauran ministocin jihohi biyar, Harris ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar mai. Tare da Sabah shiga yarjejeniyar mai, Petronas a ƙarshe yana da cikakken iko da duk man fetur da gas a Malaysia.  

A ranar 1 ga Satumba 1975, Petronas ya fara jigilar ganga 358,000 na man fetur zuwa Japan, kimanin watanni 14 kafin a sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Kasuwancin Man Fetur (PSC). [1][1] Kamfanin ya fara samar da tsakanin ganga 8,000 da 10,000 na man fetur a kowace rana ga Philippines ta hanyar yarjejeniyar da aka sanya hannu a ranar 11 ga Yuni 1976. An cimma yarjejeniyar ta hanyar tattaunawa tsakanin Petronas da Kamfanin Man Fetur na Philippine (PNOC) inda Shugabanta da Shugaba, Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah ke jagoranta Petronas yayin da Shugabanta, Geronimo Z. Velasco ke jagorantar PNOC.[2] A watan Nuwamba 1976, Petronas ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta samar da kayan aikin samar da man fetur na jirgin sama don Filin jirgin saman Bayan Lepas (yanzu Filin jirgin sama na Penang), sannan wasu filayen jirgin sama biyu daga 1978.[3]

Petronas ya fara binciken mai da ayyukan samarwa tare da kafa Petronas Carigali a shekarar 1978.  A ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1978, Petronas ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da Mitsubishi Corporation da Shell don kafa kamfanin haɗin gwiwa na LNG, Malaysia LNG tare da farashin RM2.31 biliyan. Ta hanyar hadin gwiwa, Petronas yana da kashi 65% na riba, yayin da Mitsubishi da Shells ke da kashi 17.5% kowannensu. A watan Mayu na wannan shekarar, Petronas ya fara fitar da man fetur na farko daga rijiyoyin Pulau da Tapis a cikin ruwan Terengganu zuwa Amurka. Fitar da shi yana ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar da aka sanya hannu tare da Pecten Co. daga Amurka cewa Petronas ya yarda ya samar da ganga 10,000 na mai a kowace rana na shekara guda ga ƙasar. Daga baya, a watan Yuni, aikin shigarwa na kayan binciken mai wanda Petronas da Esso suka mallaka ya fara, yana ba su damar aiwatar da ganga 35,000 na mai a kowace rana a Bekok, Terengganu. Bekok rig, wanda ke biyan RM68 miliyan, yana da ikon hako rijiyoyi 12 a lokaci guda kuma aikin samar da mai zai iya farawa a watan Satumba. A shekara ta 1979, gwamnati ta ba da izini ga Petronas a matsayin mai hannun jari na Malaysia a cikin aikin ASEAN urea a Indonesia kuma a matsayin wata hukuma don yin aikin nasara ga kasar.

A cikin 1980, Petronas ta fadada kasuwancin ta ta hanyar kafa masana'antar Fertilizer ta ASEAN a Bintulu, Sarawak .  A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1980, Petronas ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar raba samarwa tare da BP Petroleum Development, Oceanic Exploration and Development, wani bangare na kamfanin man fetur na Burtaniya BP, wanda ke rufe yankin Sabah. A karkashin yarjejeniyar, waɗannan kamfanoni za su nemi hydrocarbons a cikin yanki na murabba'in kilomita 3,660 daga arewa maso gabashin Sabah. Kamfanin binciken Petronas, Petronas Carigali da BP suna aiki ne a matsayin masu haɗin gwiwar aikin. Watanni biyu bayan haka, Petronas yana ba da kashi 50% na fitar da LPG ga Summit Petroleum don taimakawa ƙarshen ya kasance a matsayin mai samar da gas a kasuwa. Har ila yau, ta yi alkawarin samar da tan 230 na LPG zuwa Summit a kowane wata. A cikin 1982, Petronas ta hanyar reshen sa, Petronas Carigali ya fara gina dandamali biyar a cikin filayen Duyung da Sotong, kimanin kilomita 224 daga bakin tekun Terengganu. Uku daga cikin dandamali na gas za su haɗa da bincike, sarrafa gas kuma wani zai ba ma'aikata gida. Dukkanin dandamali guda biyar za a gina su ne ta hanyar kamfanin Johorean. Daga baya, a farkon Nuwamba, Petronas ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da Esso don tallace-tallace da sayen iskar gas don mataki na 1 na aikin iskar gas na Terengganu. Kamfanin na farko na kamfanin don ayyukan reshen sa, Petronas Carigali, an ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 15 ga Janairun 1983 a Promet Shipyard, Singapore. An gina shi a farashin kusan RM70 miliyan. Suhailah Noah, matar mai ba da shawara na Petronas a lokacin, Hussein Onn,   yayin da a lokaci guda, ya yi niyyar samar da LPG zuwa Singapore don amfani da Petrochemical Complex a Pulau Ayer Merbau a matsayin ƙari ga samar da iskar gas da aka yi alkawari a baya ga tashoshin wutar lantarki a nan. Daga baya, a tsakiyar shekara ta 1983, an kafa reshen Petronas na hakowa, Petronas Marine don gudanar da aikin kwangilar hakowa wanda ake buƙata don binciken kamfanin na mai da gas. Petronas ta hanyar reshen kasuwanci, Petronas Dagangan ya fara kafa tashar sabis a watan Satumbar 1983 kuma ya shirya bude tashoshin 300 a duk fadin kasar nan da 1990.

A shekara ta 1984, Petronas ya koma Dayabumi bayan ya zauna a gine-gine daban-daban a Kuala Lumpur. Kamfanin ya sami filin wasa na Dayabumi da hasumiya daga Hukumar Raya Birane (UDA; yanzu UDA Holdings) don RM443 miliyan bayan an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar sayarwa shekaru hudu bayan haka, a watan Yunin 1988. Kamfanin ya sayar da kashi 5% a Malaysia LNG ga Gwamnatin Jihar Sarawak a ƙarshen 1985 don adadin da ba a bayyana ba tare da kashi 60 cikin dari. A ranar 11 ga watan Yunin 1988, Petronas ya sanya hannu kan PSC na 16 tare da ƙungiyar da ta ƙunshi manyan kamfanoni biyu na Amurka da Kanada, yayin da yake shiga cikin "ƙwarewar bincike". Wadannan kamfanoni - Sun Petroleum, Champlin da Gulf Canada - za su hada kai da kamfanin binciken Petronas, Petronas Carigali don hada kai don bincika mai a cikin Straits na Malacca. A ranar 24 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1989, Petronas ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar PSC ta shekaru 15 tare da Sarawak Shell inda hannunsa na bincike, Petronas Carigali zai karɓi filayen mai da Sarawak shell ke sarrafawa a Baram Delta, daga Sarawak. 

## Dubi kuma

* Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na PETRONAS
* Petrosains

## Manazarta