Takaita Wikipedia

Gwamnatoci sun yi wa Wikipedia takunkumi, ciki har da (amma ba'a iyakance ga) China, Iran, Myanmar, Pakistan, Rasha, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, da Turkmenistan . A wasu lokuta, akwai takunkumin intanet gabaɗaya wanda ya haɗa da abubuwan da ke cikin Wikipedia . Wasu matakai suna hana kallon takamaiman abubuwan da ake ganin suna da illa. Tsawon lokacin toshe-bututu daban-daban ya bambanta daga sa'o'i zuwa shekaru.

Gwamnatoci sun sami damar toshe damar shiga labaran mutum ɗaya har zuwa watan Yunin 2015, lokacin da Wikipedia ta koma HTTPS, wanda hakan ya tilasta wa masu sanya ido su zaɓi ko za su toshe dukkan shafin. 

## Takunkumin Wikipedia ya yaɗu sosai

### Nau'ikan takunkumi

#### Toshe dukkan shafukan Wikipedia (a cikin harshe ɗaya ko kowace)
Wasu ƙasashe suna ci gaba da toshe Wikipedia na tsawon lokaci (misali China). Wasu ƙasashe suna amfani da toshe-tushen na ɗan gajeren lokaci kamar watanni da yawa (misali Syria) zuwa awanni kaɗan (misali Pakistan). 

#### Toshe takamaiman labarai
Kafin watan Yunin 2015, lokacin da Wikipedia ta sauya daga HTTP zuwa HTTPS gaba ɗaya, wasu ƙasashe sun toshe labarai kan batutuwa masu mahimmanci, kamar ra'ayoyin da wata jam'iyyar adawa ta siyasa ta gabatar, labarai game da abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu (misali Rasha), ko ra'ayoyin da suka saɓa wa al'adar addini ta gwamnati (misali Iran). HTTPS ya sa ya fi wahala ga gwamnatoci su ga waɗanne shafuka a Wikipedia da mai amfani ke ziyarta. Wannan ya tilasta wa hukumomin hana shiga ko dai su buɗe duk wani labari ko kuma su toshe dukkan shafin. 

#### Ana gurfanar da editoci a gaban kuliya
 
Waɗannan ƙarar sun fi mayar da hankali kan editocin da ke wallafa bayanan da gwamnati ke son ta tace, wanda hakan ke haifar da sanya ido kan kai .

#### Ana gurfanar da masu karatu a gaban kuliya
Rahotanni kaɗan ne ko babu game da sa ido kan jama'a da gwamnati ke yi kan amfani da Wikipedia tun lokacin da Wikipedia ta koma HTTPS a shekarar 2015. Duk da haka, wasu gwamnatoci da kamfanoni sun sanya manhajojin leƙen asiri na sa ido kan jama'a a kan kayan aikin mai amfani, waɗanda za su iya gano amfani da manhajar VPN da kuma yin rikodin URLs da aka ziyarta. 

### Ta ƙasa

#### Belarus
A ranar 11 ga Maris, 2022, 'yan sandan siyasa na Belarusian GUBOPiK sun kama kuma sun tsare Mark Bernstein, editan Wikipedia na Rasha daga Minsk, wanda ke gyara labarin Wikipedia game da mamayar Rasha a Ukraine, yana zarginsa da "yaduwar kayan da ke adawa da Rasha" da kuma karya dokokin "labaran karya" na Rasha.  

A ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 2022, wata kotu a Brest ta yanke wa Pavel Pernikaŭ mai amfani da Wikipedia hukuncin daurin shekaru biyu saboda gyare-gyare uku na Wikipedia na Rasha da Belarus .  An same shi da laifin "cin zarafin Jamhuriyar Belarus" (labari na 369-1 na Dokar Laifuka ta Belarus ). 

#### China
Samun damar shiga Wikipedia ya bambanta tsawon shekaru, inda ake sarrafa sigar harshen Sinanci sosai fiye da sauran sigar. Tun daga watan Afrilun 2019, duk sigar Wikipedia an toshe ta a babban yankin China a ƙarƙashin Babban Wutar Lantarki .   

An ƙaddamar da Wikipedia ta ƙasar Sin a watan Mayu na shekarar 2001.  Wikipedia ta sami kyakkyawan rahoto a jaridun gwamnati na ƙasar Sin a farkon shekarar 2004 amma an toshe ta a ranar 3 ga Yuni na shekarar 2004, kafin cika shekaru 15 da zanga-zangar Tiananmen Square da kisan kiyashi da aka yi a shekarar 1989. Al'ummar Wikipedia ta ƙasar Sin sun ƙi amincewa da shawarwarin da aka bayar na yin takunkumai don mayar da shafin.  Duk da haka, wani labari da *International Herald Tribune* ta buga ya kwatanta rubuce-rubucen da aka yi kan Wikipedia ta ƙasar Sin da ta Turanci kan batutuwa kamar Mao Zedong da Taiwan, inda aka kammala da cewa rubuce-rubucen da aka yi a ƙasar Sin "sun lalace" kuma sun lalace sakamakon cece-kucen siyasa.  A ranar 22 ga Yuni na shekarar 2004, an dawo da damar shiga Wikipedia ba tare da wani bayani ba.  An sake toshe Wikipedia ba tare da wani dalili ba a watan Satumba,  amma na tsawon kwanaki huɗu kacal.  An sake toshe Wikipedia a China a watan Oktoban 2005. Masu amfani da Wikipedia Shi Zhao da Cui Wei sun rubuta wasiku ga masu fasaha da hukumomi a kokarin shawo kansu su bude shafin yanar gizon. Wani bangare na wasikar ya ce, "Ta hanyar toshe Wikipedia, mun rasa damar gabatar da muryar China ga duniya, ta hanyar barin miyagun kungiyoyin asiri, dakarun 'yancin kai na Taiwan da sauransu... don gabatar da mummunan hoton China." 

A watan Oktoban 2006, *[[New York Times|jaridar New York Times]]* ta ruwaito cewa an toshe shafin Wikipedia na Ingilishi a China, duk da cewa Wikipedia ta China ta ci gaba da kasancewa a rufe. Mai binciken sabbin kafofin watsa labarai Andrew Lih ya rubuta a shafinsa na yanar gizo cewa bai iya karanta labarin da aka rubuta a harshen Ingilishi game da zanga-zangar Tiananmen Square ta 1989 a China ba.  Lih ya ce "Babu wani abu da ke aiki da Great Firewall a matsayin mai iko", yana mai lura da cewa ga masu amfani da nau'ikan masu samar da ayyukan intanet daban-daban a wurare daban-daban a China - China Netcom a Beijing, China Telecom a Shanghai, da kuma masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban a Anhui - Wikipedia ta China an toshe ta ne kawai a Anhui.  Kungiyar kare hakkin 'yan jarida Reporters Without Borders ta yaba wa shugabannin Wikipedia saboda rashin yin katsalandan kai. 

A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2006, Lih ya ba da rahoton cewa Wikipedia ta kasar Sin ta bayyana an cire ta gaba daya.  Lih ya tabbatar da cewa an cire ta gaba daya kwanaki da dama bayan haka kuma ya bayar da wani bincike na kadan game da tasirin bisa ga yawan kirkirar sabbin asusu a Wikipedia ta kasar Sin. Kafin a bude ta, an kirkiri sabbin asusu 300-400 kowace rana. A cikin kwanaki hudu bayan bude ta, adadin sabbin rajista ya ninka sau uku zuwa sama da 1,200 a kowace rana, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama Wikipedia ta biyu mafi saurin girma bayan sigar Turanci. Hakazalika, an samu karin labarai da aka kirkira da kashi 75% a makon da ya kare a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba fiye da makon da ya gabata. A karshen mako da Wikipedia ta kasar Sin ta wuce maki 100,000, Lih ya annabta cewa kashi 100,000 na biyu za su zo da sauri amma kuma kungiyar masu amfani da Wikipedia ta kasar Sin da ke akwai za su cika hannunsu wajen koyar da sabbin masu amfani da manufofi da ka'idoji na Wikipedia. 

A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 2006, kamfanin dillancin labarai na Reuters ya ba da rahoton cewa babban shafin Wikipedia na kasar Sin za a iya nuna shi amma ba shafuka kan wasu batutuwa na siyasa da aka haramta ba, kamar "4"Yuni, [zanga-zangar 1989]".  Duk da haka, rahotannin da suka biyo baya sun nuna cewa an sake toshe sigar Sinanci da Ingilishi washegari a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba.  A ranar 15 ga Yuni 2007, an dawo da damar shiga labaran da ba na siyasa ba a kan Wikipedia ta Ingilishi.  A ranar 6 ga Satumba 2007, IDG News ta ruwaito cewa an sake toshe Wikipedia ta Ingilishi.  A ranar 2 ga Afrilu 2008, *Jaridar The Register* ta ruwaito cewa an ɗage toshe-batun da ke kan Wikipedia ta Ingilishi da ta China.   BBC ta tabbatar da hakan kuma ta zo ne a cikin mahallin 'yan jaridar ƙasashen waje da suka isa Beijing don ba da rahoto game da gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2008 da kuma buƙatar Kwamitin Olympics na Duniya na ' yancin manema labarai a lokacin wasannin.  A watan Satumba na 2008, Jimmy Wales ya yi taro da Cai Mingzhao, Mataimakin Darakta na Ofishin Bayanai na Majalisar Jiha ta China. Duk da cewa ba a yi yarjejeniya ba, Wales ta yi imanin cewa an buɗe hanyar sadarwa tsakanin al'ummar Wikipedia da gwamnatin China. . 

A cewar wani rahoto da aka buga a mujallar *American Economic Review* a shekarar 2011, toshe shafin Wikipedia na kasar Sin ba wai kawai ya rage yawan masu amfani da shi ba, har ma ya rage gudummawar da masu amfani da shi suka bayar da kashi 42.8% a matsakaici. 

A shekarar 2012, Wikipedia ta Sin da Turanci ta samu damar shiga a China  sai dai labaran siyasa. Idan IP na kasar Sin ya yi yunkurin shiga ko neman wani labari mai "masu muhimmanci", IP zai toshe daga ziyartar Wikipedia na tsawon mintuna da dama zuwa awa daya. 

Hukumomin China sun fara toshe hanyoyin shiga shafin yanar gizo mai tsaro ( HTTPS ) a ranar 31 ga Mayu 2013. Duk da cewa sigar da ba ta da tsaro ( HTTP ) har yanzu tana nan, tana da sauƙin tace kalmomin shiga wanda ke ba da damar toshe labaran mutum ɗaya. GreatFire ya bukaci Wikipedia da masu amfani da su kauce wa toshewar ta hanyar shiga wasu adiresoshin IP mallakar Wikipedia tare da HTTPS.  A shekarar 2013, bayan Jimmy Wales ya bayyana cewa Wikipedia ba za ta lamunci "daƙiƙa 5" na takunkumi ba, Shen Yi, wani mai bincike a Intanet a Jami'ar Fudan da ke Shanghai ya ce duk da cewa "Wikipedia tana da tsauri ga gwamnatin China, ba lallai ne ta zama mai girma ba idan aka fuskanci buƙatun gwamnatin Amurka ko tsarin shari'a na Turai na gyara ko goge labarai ko bayyana bayanai".  A halin yanzu, Huang, mai kula da Wikipedia na China, ya shaida wa Radio Free Asia cewa an riga an haramta masa fita (da gwamnati) tsawon shekaru 4 tun 2009 ba tare da wani dalili bayyananne ba. 

A cewar GreatFire, an toshe Wikipedia ta kasar Sin da aka ɓoye da kuma wadda ba a ɓoye ba a ranar 19 ga Mayu, 2015. 

Tun daga watan Yunin 2015, duk Wikipedias suna tura buƙatun HTTP zuwa adiresoshin HTTPS masu dacewa, wanda hakan ya sa ɓoye bayanai ya zama dole ga duk masu amfani kuma ya sa shafin ba zai iya shiga ba a China. Sakamakon haka, masu binciken China ba za su iya ganin takamaiman shafuka da mutum ke kallo ba, don haka ba za su iya toshe wani takamaiman rukunin shafuka ba (kamar Ai Weiwei, Liu Xiaobo ko Tiananmen Square )  kamar yadda suka yi a baya.

Wales ya ce zai tashi zuwa China don yin kira ga gwamnatin China da ta buɗe wurin cikin makonni biyu a taron Leadership Energy Summit na Asiya na 2015 a Kuala Lumpur ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu.Disamba 2015. Gwamnatin China ta sake toshe dukkan nau'ikan harsunan shafin gaba daya a ranar 4 ga Disamba.  Mutane da yawa masu amfani da intanet na kasar Sin sun koka game da toshewar shafukan sada zumunta, kodayake an goge yawancin koke-koken bayan wani ɗan gajeren lokaci.  Duk da haka, ya zama mai yiwuwa a ziyarci Wikipedia a wasu harsuna a ranar 6 ga Disamba.Disamba a China kuma. 

Wales ta gana da Lu Wei, darektan Hukumar Gudanar da Yanar Gizo ta China a ranar 17 ga Disamba, 2015 a lokacin taron Intanet na Duniya da aka gudanar a Wuzhen, Zhejiang . Wales ta ce wannan ne karo na farko da suka hadu kuma babu wata yarjejeniya kan wasu batutuwa amma manufar taron ita ce su "haɗu da juna su san juna". Wales ta shaida wa Lu Wei yadda Wikipedia da Wikimedia ke aiki a duniya kuma ta bayyana fatan ganawa da Lu Wei da Hukumar Gudanar da Yanar Gizo ta China akai-akai a nan gaba. Lokacin da wani ɗan jarida ya tambaye shi ko zai umarci Wikipedia ta ɓoye wasu bayanai don kiyaye ayyukanta na dindindin a China, ya amsa da "Ba za a taɓa yin hakan ba."  Duk da haka, an yi ta binciken kalmomin Wales; ya ce ci gaban da aka samu a fassarar na'ura na iya sa hukumomi su "sake sarrafa kwararar bayanai a nan gaba a lokacin tattaunawa. Duk da haka, a cikin fassarar hukuma, bayaninsa shi ne cewa irin waɗannan ci gaba za su taimaka wa gwamnatoci su yi nazari sosai kan hanyoyin sadarwa ta intanet. 

A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 2019, an toshe dukkan nau'ikan Wikipedia a China.   

A ranar 23 ga Satumba, 2020, gwamnatin China ta yi watsi da buƙatar Wikimedia na neman matsayin mai sa ido a hukumance a Hukumar Kare Hakkin Masana ta Duniya saboda wakilin China ya yi iƙirarin cewa sun "gano adadi mai yawa na abubuwan da ke ciki da kuma bayanan karya waɗanda suka saɓa wa ƙa'idar [ta] China ɗaya " a shafukan yanar gizo da ke da alaƙa da Wikimedia, kuma reshen Wikimedia na Taiwan yana "yin ayyukan siyasa".... wanda zai iya lalata ikon mallakar jihar da kuma mutuncin yankinta". 

A ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 2020, 'yan sandan yankin sun yanke wa wani ɗan ƙasar China da ke Zhoushan, Zhejiang hukunci saboda "ziyarar Wikipedia ba bisa ƙa'ida ba".   

A ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 2021, gwamnatin China ta sake kin amincewa da tayin Gidauniyar Wikimedia na neman matsayin mai lura a Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Masana ta Duniya saboda irin wannan dalili kamar yadda ta yi a shekarar 2020. 

Duk da cewa an yi musu takunkumi a babban yankin China, kuma kamar yadda ba a ba wa VPN damar gyara Wikipedia ba, masu gudanar da Wikipedia daga China sun ba da izinin keɓance toshewar IP ga wasu masu amfani da babban yankin. Ana ɗaukar irin waɗannan masu amfani don canza abubuwan da ke cikin edita a Wikipedia don tallafawa ra'ayin gwamnatin China da/ko don tallafawa zaɓen masu gudanarwa masu goyon bayan Beijing a Wikipedia, da nufin samun iko akan Wikipedia. Masana ilimi sun ba da shawarar cewa "China tana buƙatar ƙarfafawa da horar da masu amfani da yanar gizo na China cikin gaggawa don zama shugabannin ra'ayin dandamali na Wikipedia da masu gudanarwa ... [waɗanda] za su iya bin ƙa'idodin gurguzu da kuma kafa wasu manyan ƙungiyoyin edita."  Wata ƙungiya da aka sani da  (WMCUG) ta yi karo da editocin Wikipedia daga Taiwan, ba wai kawai game da abubuwan da ke cikin Wikipedia ba, har ma da yin barazanar kisa ga al'ummar Wikipedia na Taiwan. Wani editan Taiwan ya ba da shawarar cewa ba wai kawai 'yan asalin ƙasar ba ne, amma "babbar dabarar da gwamnati ke da ita don sarrafa waɗannan dandamali" ban da Wikipedia, kamar Twitter da Facebook . 

Hukumar WMC ta yi barazanar kai rahoton editocin Wikipedia ga layin wayar 'yan sandan tsaron ƙasa na Hong Kong game da labarin " zanga-zangar Hong Kong ta 2019–2020 " wanda aka yi jayayya a kai wanda ke ɗauke da yaƙin gyara. [1] Wani edita da ke zaune a Hong Kong, wanda ba a san sunansa ba saboda tsoron tsoratarwa, ya lura cewa "Mutanen da ke goyon bayan Beijing galibi suna cire abubuwan da ke tausaya wa zanga-zangar, kamar hayaki mai sa hawaye da hotunan shinge. Suna kuma ƙara abubuwan da ke cikinsu". Da yake amincewa da cewa "gyaran yaƙe-yaƙe" suna faruwa a ɓangarorin biyu, editan da ba a san sunansa ba ya bayyana cewa "masu goyon bayan dimokuradiyya suna ƙara abun ciki don canza daidaito ko sautin labarin, amma a cikin gogewata, editocin da ke goyon bayan Beijing sun fi ƙarfin faɗaɗa bayanai marasa tushe. Yanzu ba za a iya gyara shi ba tare da tsangwama daga waje ba. Wani yana ƙoƙarin sake rubuta tarihi."

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, 2021, Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta haramta wa masu amfani da Wikipedia bakwai shiga, sannan ta cire damar masu gudanarwa daga masu amfani da su goma sha biyu waɗanda suka kasance membobin WMC. Maggie Dennis, mataimakiyar gidauniyar a fannin juriya da dorewar al'umma, ta ce an yi bincike na tsawon shekara guda kan "damuwar kutse" da ke barazana ga "tushen Wikipedia". Dennis ya lura cewa masu kutse sun yi ƙoƙarin tallata "manufofin China, kamar yadda aka fassara ta hanyar duk wani matattarar da za su iya kawowa". Dennis ya ce "Muna buƙatar yin aiki bisa ga bayanai masu inganci cewa wasu membobi (ba duka ba) na wannan rukunin [WMC] sun ci zarafin wasu membobin al'ummarmu, har ma a wasu lokuta suna cutar da wasu, don tabbatar da ikonsu da kuma lalata yanayin haɗin gwiwar ayyukanmu".  

#### Indiya

A watan Yulin 2024, Asian News International ta kai ƙarar Wikimedia don gano asalin editocin da suka bayyana shi a Wikipedia a matsayin kayan aikin farfaganda ga gwamnati, suna zargin cewa editocin sun ɓata wa kamfanin dillancin labarai suna.  Babbar Kotun Delhi ta yi barazanar toshe Wikipedia a Indiya idan ba a miƙa sunayen editocin ba. 

A ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 2024, Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta dakatar da shiga cikin labarin don ƙarar da kanta - saboda umarnin kotu da ya bayyana cewa labarin ya karya ƙa'idar *ƙaramin shari'a* . Ana kyautata zaton wannan shine karo na farko da aka cire shafin Wikipedia na Ingilishi bayan umarnin kotu.  

## Manazarta