Harshen Ho-Chunk

Harshen Ho-Chunk (Hoocąk, Hocąk), wanda aka fi sani da Winnebago, yare ne na mutanen Ho-Chink na Ƙasar Ho-Chank ta Wisconsin da Winnebag ta Nebraska . Harshen yana daga cikin dangin yaren Siouan kuma yana da alaƙa da sauran yarukan Chiwere Siouan, gami da na Iowa, Missouria, da Otoe.

"Winnebago", sunan da ake amfani da shi yanzu ga Ho-Chunk waɗanda aka cire su da karfi zuwa Nebraska, wani suna ne, Anglicization na kalmar Sauk da Fox Oinepegi . [1][2] Hanyar anglicized na endonym shine "Ho-Chunk".

## Sabunta harshe
Kodayake yaren yana cikin haɗari sosai, a halin yanzu ana yin ƙoƙari mai ƙarfi don kiyaye shi da rai a cikin al'ummomin Ho-Chunk. A Wisconsin, Hocąk Waziija Haci Language Division yana gudanar da darussan harshe da yawa, kula da rana, da kuma shirin koyon harshe.[1] Wasu makarantu suna koyar da harshe, ko kuma suna da abubuwa na harshe a cikin ilimin al'adu. A Nebraska, shirin Ho-Chunk Renaissance yana koyar da harshe a makarantun gida da na ajiya. Dukkanin gwamnatocin kabilun sun fahimci muhimmancin fasaha a cikin koyon harshe, kuma suna aiki a Facebook da YouTube don isa ga matasa masu koyo. A "Ho-Chunk (Hoocąk) Native American Language app" yana samuwa ga iPhone, iPad, da sauran iOS na'urorin.[2] Harshe wani muhimmin bangare ne na al'adun Ho-Chunk:"A cikin al'adun 'yan asalin Amurka da yawa, harshe da al'adu suna tafiya tare, " Lewis St. Cyr, Daraktan shirin harshe na Ho-Chunk, ya ce. "Ba za ku iya samun al'ada ba tare da harshe ba kuma ba za ku iya kasancewa da harshe da al'ada. Muhimmancinsa shine wanda muke. "

## Fasahar sauti

### Lissafin sauti

#### Sautin sautin
Ho-Chunk's vowel sounds are distinguished by nasality and length. That is to say, the use of a nasal vowel or a long vowel affects a word's meaning.  This is evident in examples such as   'bag' compared to   'nose', and   'to eat' compared to   'table'. All of Ho-Chunk's vowels show a length distinction, but only  have nasal counterparts.

#### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
An lissafa kalmomin Ho-Chunk a cikin tebur mai zuwa:

Halin yarukan Siouan na kwarin Mississippi, Ho-Chunk yana da  da  amma babu .

### Hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su
A cikin Ho-Chunk, wasula  koyaushe suna faruwa a matsayin nasalized lokacin da suke bin sautin hanci . Nasality yana yaduwa zuwa wasula mai kusanci idan wannan wasula tana iya nasalisa. Nasality yana yaduwa a fadin syllable ko iyakokin kalma kuma yana iya motsawa a fadin consonants /h / da /w /, amma duk sauran consonants suna toshe shi. Misalan sun hada da ną   da   'mu (na musamman) yi':
  
Wani tsari na nasalization da ke faruwa akai-akai shine /r/ zuwa [n] sauyawa: /r/ ana furta shi azaman [n] lokacin da nan da nan ya bi wasula na hanci. Wannan an nuna shi a cikin alamar /ra/ a kan aikatau 'yana da' -門-, wanda ke faruwa a matsayin [nã] a cikin jumlar 'Waki na ba shi da kyau' a ƙasa:
 

### Dokar Dorsey
Akwai sanannen doka mai kyau a cikin Ho-Chunk da ake kira dokar Dorsey  wanda ke nuna wadannan:

* /ORS/ → [OSRS]

inda O ba shi da murya, R mai sautin ne, kuma S sauti ne na syllabic. A wasu kalmomi, idan akwai wani abu mara murya (a cikin Ho-Chunk, /p/, /c/, /k/, /s/, /š/, da /x/) wanda ya biyo bayan resonant (/r/, /n/, ko /w/), ana kwafin wasula da ke biye da resonant a cikin ƙungiyar consonant. Dukkanin jerin Dokokin Dorsey da aka tabbatar a cikin harshen an jera su a ƙasa, tare da V wakiltar wasula da aka kwafe: 

* pVnV
* pVrV
* kVnV
* kVrV
* kVwV
* sVnV
* sVrV
* sVwV
* šVnV
* šVrV
* šVwV
* cVwV
* xVnV
* xVrV
* xVwV

Tushen da yawa suna ba da shawarar cewa dokar Dorsey tsari ne na lokaci-lokaci a cikin harshe saboda yadda wasu matakai kamar aikin damuwa da tsarin morphological na reduplication ke shafar shi.

Dokar Dorsey na iya amfani da ita a cikin morpheme guda ɗaya, kamar yadda a cikin /pra/ zama [para] a cikin kalmar paras ' (zama) fadi, kwance', ko a fadin iyakokin morpheme, kamar yadda yake a cikin /*š*/ zama [šara] a cikin kalma *Sharaše* 'ku je can', inda š shine mutum na biyu mai suna prefixing ga aikatau *rahe* 'ku je zuwa can'.

### Tsarin ma'auni
Ho-Chunk **'wağį́**' ne na ƙididdigar mora, amma harshe ne mai faɗakarw*A.* Matsayin damuwa na kalmomin da aka yi magana a ware yana da matukar daidaituwa. Kalmomi guda ɗaya koyaushe suna da dogon wasali (mora biyu), kuma damuwa ta faɗi a kan mora na farko (misali áa 'hannuwa'). Kalmomi guda biyu suna da moras guda biyu, kuma damuwa ta farko ta fadi a kan mora ta biyu (misali wajé 'tufafi'). A cikin kalmomi da suka fi tsayi fiye da sassan biyu, damuwa ta farko galibi tana faɗuwa a kan sashi na uku, tare da damuwa ta biyu a kan kowane wasali mai lamba bayan ma'anar damuwa ta farko (misali waǧįǧį́ 'ball', ko hocį́k 'boy'). Wasu misalai masu ban sha'awa na kalmomi tare da damuwa ta farko ba a kan sashi na uku ba sun haɗa da *booraxux* 'kun karya wani abu cikin ɓangarori' da gikąnąhé 'don gayyatar wani'. Wadannan da sauran banbanci sune sakamakon nauyin syllable wanda ke shafar wurin damuwa. Kamar yadda aka gani a cikin *booraxux* 'kun karya wani abu a cikin ɓangarori', lokacin da ɗaya daga cikin sassan biyu na farko na kalma mai yawa shine sashi mai nauyi, to babban damuwa ya faɗi a kan sashi na biyu

Gabaɗaya lokacin da ake magana da kalmomi a cikin jerin don samar da jimloli, kowannensu yana riƙe da nasa yankin damuwa. Koyaya, lokacin da aka haɗa kalmomi biyu ko fiye, ana bi da su azaman kalma ɗaya kuma suna samar da sabon yanki na damuwa guda ɗaya wanda alamu da aka ambata a sama ke aiki. Misalan sun hada da *hąbókahi* 'kowace rana' (wani fili wanda ya kunshi *hąp* 'rana' da *Hokan* 'kowane') da *wągwácek* 'matashi' (*wąk* 'mutum' da *Cacék* 'matashi'). 

Tsarin damuwa na Ho-Chunk ya bambanta da na sauran harsunan Siouan, waɗanda ke da babban damuwa a kan sashi na biyu ko mora na biyu. An yi la'akari da cewa Ho-Chunk ya sami sauye-sauye na damuwa daya zuwa dama a wani lokaci a tarihinsa.

## Rubutun kalmomi
Hanyar hukuma ta Ho-Chunk ta samo asali ne daga sigar Amurka ta International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Saboda haka, zane-zanensa suna kama da na IPA,*da kuma* akwai kusanci daya-da-daya tsakanin zane-zane da phonemes. Kalmomin sun bambanta da IPA saboda ana nuna wasula na hanci *Mai amfani* da ogonek. Don haka, /ĩ/, /ũ/, da /ã/ an rubuta su a matsayin į, ų, da *ą,* bi da bi. Bugu da kari, ana rubuta ma'anar post-veolar da palatal a matsayin *c, j, š, ž,* da y (a cikin IPA: /tʃ/, /dʒ/, /ʃ/,/ʒ/ da /j/), ana rubuta maɓallin /ɣ/ a matsayin ǧ, kuma an rubuta maɓalli a matsayin *ʼ* .

Ana iya ambaton alamun diacritic a cikin Ho-Chunk tare da waɗannan kalmomi:  ' wutsiya' don ogonek,  'hat' don haček, da  'farawa / tsayawa ba zato ba tsammani' don tsayawar glottal.

A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci a tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen 1800s, an rubuta Ho-Chunk tare da daidaita tsarin syllabics na "Ba-Be-Bi-Bo". Ya zuwa 1994, duk da haka, haruffa na hukuma na Ho-Chunk Nation ya dace da Rubutun Latin. Al'ummomin Ho-Chunk na Wisconsin da Nebraska suna wakiltar wasu sauti daban-daban a cikin haruffa da suke amfani da su, yayin da kabilar Wisconsin ke rubuta wasula biyu don nuna tsawon lokaci, kuma kabilar Nebraska tana amfani da macron a kan wasula (idan aka kwatanta *oo* da *ō* don IPA /o / / /). Wadannan bambance-bambance, waɗanda aka nuna tare da kalmomin misali, an nuna su a cikin ginshiƙi da ke ƙasa. Gabaɗaya, tsarin rubuce-rubucen Ho-Chunk ya ƙunshi ƙididdiga 26 da ƙididdigar wasali 16.

### Kwatanta rubutun kalmomi
Tushen: 

## Yanayin Yanayi

### Tsarin aikatau
Ho-Chunk yare ne mai haɗuwa da ɗan haɗuwa. Kalmomin suna dauke da adadi da yawa don nuna abubuwa kamar mutum, lamba, lokaci, da yanayi.

#### Yankin prefix
Ho-Chunk yana amfani da prefixes a kan maɓallin kalma don nuna mutum, yanayin wuri, yanayin kayan aiki, yanayin fa'ida, reflexivity (ciki har da reflexivity mai mallaka), da kuma musayar.

##### Gabatarwar mutum
Ana canza kalmomin Ho-Chunk tare da nau'ikan wakoki guda takwas da aka yi alama don mutum da kuma ƙuntatawa. Ho-Chunk yare ne mai saukowa; ana amfani da sunayen suna da wuya, kuma ana samun bayanai game da mutum na ilimin lissafi akan aikatau a cikin nau'i ɗaya ko fiye.

# Mutum na farko (abbreviated 1SG) 
# Mutum na biyu (abbreviated 2SG) 
# Mutum na uku (abbreviated 3SG) 
# Mutum na farko ya hada da mutum biyu (abbreviated 1IN.DU) 
# Mutum na farko ya hada da jam'i (abbreviated 1IN.PL) 
# Mutum na farko na musamman (abbreviated 1EX.PL) 
# Mutum na biyu da yawa (abbreviated 2PL) 
# Mutum na uku da yawa (abbreviated 3PL) 

###### Alamar mutum a cikin kalmomi masu wucewa
Kalmomin Ho-Chunk suna canzawa tare da wakili (actor) da mai haƙuri (undergoer). Tsarin tsari na gaba ɗaya na prefixes na suna a cikin kalmomin da ke wucewa  an tsara su a ƙasa. Harafin V yana tsaye a wurin maɓallin aikatau. :

A cikin wannan teburin, ana amfani da alamar null don wakiltar duk wani ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na mutum na uku da masu haƙuri. Yana nuna cewa babu wani prefix na bayyane ga waɗancan sunayen (a wasu kalmomi, cewa su ne null morphemes). Wasu sel an bar su babu komai saboda babu wani adadi mai suna da ke da alaƙa da wannan mutum / lambar haɗuwa. A lokuta kamar waɗannan, aikin yana da ma'ana (watau ina yin wani abu ga kaina, ko kuma kai (jama'a) ka yi wani abu ga kanka). An nuna reflexivity a cikin Ho-Chunk tare da wani prefix, kii-.

Sautunan da ke cikin prefixes suna gudana tare a cikin magana ta yau da kullun, sau da ya*wa* yana *ha* da share /h / consonant kuma ta haka ne dogon wasali ko diphthong. Wannan ya bayyana a cikin misalin *waa* 'Na sanya su (tsayawa) ', inda mutum na uku mai haƙuri prefix wa- ya haɗu da mutum na farko mai wasan kwaikwayo prefix ha-, samar da waa-.

###### Alamar mutum a cikin kalmomin da ba su wucewa ba
Kalmomin da ba su wucewa ba na Ho-Chunk sun fada cikin manyan nau'o'i uku: kalmomin da ba su da amfani, kalmomin da ba sa wucewa, da kalmomin 'mutum na uku kawai'.

Kalmomin da ke aiki ba tare da wucewa ba sune wadanda suka shafi mutum ko wakili (s) kawai. Misali shine *šgaac* 'wasa', wanda aka canza shi don mutum da adadi kamar haka:

Kalmomin da ba su da tushe sun haɗa da aikin da ke shafar mai haƙuri. Wannan alama ce ta aikatau *š'aak* 'tsufa':

Kalmomin mutum na uku kawai suna nuna jihohi da kaddarorin yawancin abubuwan da ba su da rai, kamar " (don) zama mai daɗi" ko " (don" zama mai tsada". Za'a iya canza su ne kawai don mutum na uku ko mutum na uku (misali *ceexi*) 'yana da tsada' ko *Ceesire* (ceexi-ire) 'suna da tsada').

##### Gabatarwa na wuri
*ho-* yana da prefixes guda biyu, *ha-* 'on' ko 'onto', da kuma ho- 'in' ko 'into'. William Lipkind ne ya fara bayyana waɗannan prefixes a cikin harshen harshe na 1928  .[11] Ana ƙara prefixes zuwa maɓallin aikatau kamar yadda aka gani a cikin misalai da ke ƙasa:
  
Gabatarwa na locative na iya samun suna, aikatau, ko duka biyun. Wannan gaskiya ne ga homįk, wanda zai iya nufin aikatau 'ya kwanta a ciki' ko sunan 'kwada'. Kayan ilmantarwa na baya-bayan nan suna nufin prefix *ha-* a matsayin alamar neman izini, da prefix *ho-* a matsayin alama mai neman izini.

##### Gabatarwa na kayan aiki
Ho-Chunk yana da saiti na kayan aiki wanda ke nuna cewa ana aiwatar da wani aiki ta hanyar wasu kayan aiki, karfi, ko nau'in motsi na musamman. Wadannan prefixes ana fassara su cikin Turanci *cire* da irin waɗannan jimloli kamar 'da ƙafa', 'da hannu', ko 'ta hanyar bugawa'. Wasu kafofin sun lissafa alamomi takwas na kayan aiki a cikin Ho-Chunk,   yayin da wasu suka gane *ną*- na tara 'ta hanyar karfi na ciki' (kamar yadda ake magana da *ną*- 'ta hanyar ƙafa').  Wadannan prefixes an jera su da farko tare da fassarar Ingilishi, sannan a haɗa su da tsintsiya 'don karya, yanke ko yanke wani abu mai kama da igiya':

Ana gano prefixes na kayan aiki a matsayin 'Inner' ko 'Outer' saboda matsayinsu dangane da sauran prefixes da ke haɗe da maɓallin aikatau. Gabatarwa na ciki suna kusa da maɓallin aikatau, yayin da Gabatarwa ta waje suna da nisa a gefen hagu na kalmar. Ana samun prefixes na kayan aiki a cikin dukkan harsunan Siouan,  kuma an yi la'akari da cewa kayan aiki na waje sun samo asali ne a matsayin sunaye ko ƙwayoyin da aka tsara. 

#### Filin Suffix
Ƙididdigar Ho-Chunk ta nuna lambar, lokaci, yanayi, ƙin yarda, da kuma fasalin.

## Rubuce-rubuce

### Tsarin kalmomi na asali
Kamar sauran harsunan Siouan, tsarin kalmomin Ho-Chunk shine Subject-Object-Verb (SOV). Misali na jumla ta al'ada ita ce  'Matar ta sayi mota.' A cikin jumla tare da abubuwa biyu, kamar 'ų 'Yar yarinya ta ba wa yaro fensir', umarnin kalmar canonical shine Subject-Inirect Object-Direct Object -Verb. Umurnin kalma yana da ɗan 'yanci a cikin Ho-Chunk; duk da haka, yayin da umarnin kalma kamar  'Matar da ta sayi mota' ya halatta, canji daga umarnin kalma mai tsaka-tsaki na SOV yana buƙatar dakatarwar prosodic da aka nuna ta hanyar comma. Ba tare da wannan dakatarwa ba, fassarar 'Motar da ta sayi mace' tana yiwuwa, kodayake ba zai yiwu ba.

### Ƙin yarda
Ana bayyana maganganu marasa kyau tare da ƙwayoyin cuta, kamar su *hąke* 'ba' ko *hąkaga* 'ba' a taɓa haɗawa da ma'anar / enclitic - College 'ba'a'. Ana buƙatar abubuwa biyu a cikin irin waɗannan jimloli: ƙwayoyin suna gaba da kalmar aikatau, yayin da - Leicester an haɗa shi da aikatau. Misalai masu zuwa suna nuna wannan ginin: 
  

## Bayani

## Manazarta

*  
*  

## Haɗin waje

* Ho-chunk Nation Official Online Dictionary
* Hoocąk Waaziija Haci Harshe da Al'adu Division, shafin yanar gizon Ho-Chunk Nation (na Wisconsin), kayan aiki masu yawa game da harshen Hoçak da kokarin sabuntawa
* Ho-Chunk da Winnebago Bayyanawa 
* Harshen Hocank, Takaddun Harsunan da ke cikin haɗari (DOBES a cikin Jamusanci) 
* "Winnebago Grammar" na William Lipkind, wanda Wisconsin Historical Society ta buga (1945) 
* Hocąk-English/English-Hocąk Learner's Dictionary, Na biyu Edition, edited by Johannes Helmbrecht & Christian Lehmann, 2006, Jami'ar Erfurt
* Farawa Hocąk a kan Memrise , bisa ga Wisconsin Hocąk; jimloli da ƙamus
* Hoocąk DoReCo corpus wanda Iren Hartmann ya tattara. Rubuce-rubucen sauti na matani masu laushi tare da rubutun da aka daidaita a matakin waya, fassarori, da kuma bayanin yanayin da aka daidaita da lokaci.