Kobza

**Kobza** (Ukraine), kuma ana kiransa da **bandurka** ( Ukrainian ) kayan ƙiɗa ne na jama'ar Ukrainian  na dangin lute (Lambar rarraba Hornbostel-Sachs 321.321-5 + 6), dangi na Mandora ta Tsakiyar Turai. Kalmar kobza duk da haka, an kuma yi amfani da wasu kayan kida na Gabashin Turai daban-daban da kobza na Ukrainian. 

## Ginawa
Kobza na kasar Ukraine wani kayan ƙiɗa ne na al'ada wanda aka yi da gut, mai kamshi na kida mai zaren kiɗe-kiɗe tare da sassaka jiki daga shingen itace guda daya. Akwai kuma kayan aiki tare da gunkin taro. Kobza yana da wuyan matsakaicin tsayi wanda ƙila ko ƙila ba a ɗaure a kan frets, waɗanda galibi an yi su da hanji. An yi shi guda ɗaya (wani lokaci kuma mai ɗaure biyu) kuma ana buga igiyoyin da yatsa ko lokaci-lokaci tare da zaren plectrum ta zoben da aka sanya a yatsan tsakiya.

## Tarihi

Kalmar kobza ta fito daga Turkanci kuma tana da alaƙa da kalmomin kobyz da komuz, waɗanda ake tunanin an shigar da su cikin yaren Yukren a ƙarni na 13 tare da ƙaura na gungun jama'ar Turkawa masu yawa daga Abkhazia da ke zaune a yankin Poltava. Yawanci wani bard ko minstrel da aka sani da *kobzar* (wani lokaci a zamanin da *kobeznik* ) ne ke buga shi, wanda ke tare da karatun waƙar almara mai suna *duma* a cikin Yukren. 

Kobza ya sami shahara sosai a karni na 16, tare da zuwan Hetmanate (jihar Cossack ). Daga karni na 17, ana yawan amfani da kalmar bandura a matsayin ma'anar kobza. Kalmar bandura tana da ƙabilar Latin kuma tana nuna haɓakar hulɗar da mutanen Ukrainian ke da ita da Yammacin Turai, musamman a kotunan ƙasar Poland. Mawakan Ukraine waɗanda suka sami aiki a kotunan Jamus daban-daban a ƙarni na 18 ana kiransu "pandoristen".  Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan mawaƙa, Timofiy Bilohradsky, wani dalibi ne na Sylvius Leopold Weiss kuma daga baya ya zama sanannen lute virtuoso, wani kotu na kotu, mai aiki a Königsberg da St.Petersburg.

A cikin karni na 18, an fadada iyakar kobza tare da ƙari na wasu igiyoyin marasa tsayawa da yawa, wanda aka sani da " prystrunky ", ma'ana: kirtani a gefe, a cikin saiti-kamar saiti. A farkon karni na 20, kobza ya shiga rashin amfani. A halin yanzu akwai farfaɗowar kobza na gaske da ke wasa a Ukraine, saboda ƙoƙarin "Kobzar Guild" a Kyiv  da Kharkiv . Farfaɗowar kobza duk da haka, rashin samfuran kayan tarihi ya hana su: ban da kobza na musamman na ƙarni na 17 a Muzeum Narodowe a Kraków  da kobza na ƙarni na 19, wanda aka gyara azaman bandura, a Gidan kayan tarihi na gidan wasan kwaikwayo da silima, a Kyiv; Kusan dukkanin shaidu gabaɗaya su ne alamomi da wasu hotuna daga ƙarni na 19.

## Asalin kalma

Kalmar kobza ta fara bayyana a cikin tarihin Poland tun daga 1331 AD. A cikin shahararrun harsuna an yi amfani da kalmar *Kobza* ga duk wani kayan aiki mai kama da lute na yanki da mawakan kotu ke amfani da shi a Tsakiyar Gabashin Turai. An yi amfani da kalmar lokaci-lokaci don wasu kayan kida na nau'ikan da ba su da alaƙa. An kuma yi amfani da kalmar *kobza* a cikin kafofin tarihi da waƙoƙin jama'a a matsayin ma'anar bandura a cikin 19th da farkon karni na 20 a Ukraine . An yi amfani da kalmar lokaci-lokaci don bututun jaka kuma lokaci-lokaci don hurdy-gurdy a Gabashin Poland, Belarus da yankin Volyn a Ukraine.

The unfretted "starosvitska" bandura (bambancin gusli, ci gaba ca. 1700 ya dace da sunan bandura, amma yawanci ana kiransa da kobza, saboda sunan tarihin cachet yayin da Romanian kobza ko cobza wani nau'i ne na daban-daban na tara lute. 

### Sauran kayan aikin da aka sani da kobza
An kuma yi amfani da kalmar *kobza* azaman kalma mai ma'ana iri daya dangane da madogaran tarihi na bandura a cikin 19th da farkon karni na 20 a Ukraine kuma ana amfani da ita don bututun jaka da wani lokaci don hurdy-gurdy a Gabashin Poland, Belarus da yankin Volyn a Ukraine. A ƙarshe, "starosvitska" bandura (bambancin gusli, wanda aka haɓaka ca. 1800) ya ba da sunan bandura, amma ana kiransa kobza, saboda tarihin tarihin sunan. Kobza na Romanian ko cobza wani nau'in lemun tsami ne na daban. 

## Kobza na zamani na Ukraine
A halin yanzu akwai hanyoyi daban-daban guda biyu na gina kobza: ingantattun gyare-gyare marasa ƙarfi, waɗanda masu bin diddigin suka samar don nishaɗin ingantattun hadisai na jama'a, da kayan kida na zamani da aka zana bisa tsarin domra da aka gyara. Har ya zuwa yau, babu wani yunƙuri na sake gina kobza mai cike da takaici na ƙarni na 18.

### Kobza mara tausayi
An yi amfani da kalmar kobza sau da yawa azaman ma'anar bandura kuma an yi amfani da kalmomin a wasu lokutan har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20. Amfani da kalmar kobza kafin kwanan wata sanannen amfani da kalmar bandura.

Hakazalika, "Kobzar" mawaƙi ne na kasar Ukraine kuma mawaƙa wanda zai iya yin kobza, amma wanda zai iya yin wasu kayan kida a maimakon haka, ciki har da bandura. Kobzar Ostap Veresay ( 1803-1890), wanda aka sani a duniya a yau ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin babban ɗan wasan kobza na karni na 19 duk da cewa ya kira kayan aikin sa a matsayin bandura .

Ya kasance wakilin al'adar wakokin  dakatar da igiya a wuyansa amma ba tare da damuwa ba. Kayan na'urar Veresay yana da igiyoyi guda shida da ba a tsayar da su ba da aka ɗora tare da gefen kayan aikin na treble da kuma igiyoyi masu tsayawa guda shida a wuyansu. Zaren da aka ɗaure tare da wuyansa da gefen hannun dama ana zazzage shi da hannun hagu yana tsayar da igiyoyin akan allon yatsa.

Bayan mutuwar O. Veresay a shekara ta 1890an dena amfani da na'urar wakar har zuwa lokacin da aka cigaba da amfani da shi a cikin 1980s ta Mykola Budnyk da kuma misalin 'yan wasa kamar Volodymyr Kushpet, Taras Kompanichenko, Eduard Drach, da Jurij Fedynskyj.

### Kobza na zamani

Paul Konoplenko-Zaporozhetz ne yake amfani da sigar kobza mai ban haushi, wanda ya yi rikodin faifan kiɗan kobza don Folkways. Konoplenko ya fara ɗaukar kobza mai ban tsoro kafin juyin juya hali a cikin 1917 a Kyiv daga Vasyl' Potapenko kuma ya buga wannan kayan aikin bayan ya yi hijira zuwa Winnipeg, Manitoba, Kanada. Na'urar Konoplenko tana da igiyoyi takwas da aka ɗaure a wuyansu da igiyoyi huɗu waɗanda aka ɗaure a kan allo mai sauti. Salon amon sautin da ke fitowa ya kasance kamar na'urar guitar Rasha mai lamba bakwai (buɗe G tuning).

Mykola Prokopenko, wanda ya rubuta Ph.D. yayi rubutu akan haɓaka kobza. binciken da yayi a shekara ta 1976 akan ƙoƙarinsa na sake ginawa da tayar da Kobza mai takaici. Prokopenko ya ba da shawarar cewa domra mai kirtani huɗu, kayan aikin da ake koyarwa sosai a makarantun kiɗa a Ukraine amma ya ɗauki kayan aikin jama'a na Rasha amma a zahiri ba a yi amfani da su a Rasha ba, za a maye gurbinsu da kobza mai ban tsoro. Ko da yake ba a goyan bayan shawarar Prokopenko a cikin 1976 ba, a halin yanzu mawaƙa suna tayar da ita a cikin ƙungiyar kayan aikin jama'a, musamman a Kyiv Conservatory.

* Orchestral kobza, tare da kirtani huɗu waɗanda aka sanya su cikin kashi biyar ta hanyar amfani da tuntuna waɗanda suke daidai da waɗanda kayan kidan dangin violin ke amfani da su. An yi kayan aikin a cikin *prima* (soprano), alto da tenor da masu girma dabam.
* Rakiya kobza, yawanci yana da igiyoyi shida ko bakwai da wuyan wuya . Sigar kirtani shida tana amfani da daidaitaccen kunna guitar. Sigar kirtani bakwai tana amfani da kunna guitar Rasha (buɗe G chord).

## Duba kuma

* Torban
* Bandura
* Kobza
* Kobyz, wani Kazakhstan kayan aikin kirtani
* Kidan jama'a na Ukrainian

## Ƙarin bayani

### Littattafai

* Diakowsky, M. - *Bayanan kula akan Tarihin Bandura.* Annals na Ukrainian Academy of Arts da Sciences a Amurka - 4, 3-4 №1419, NY 1958 - С.21-22
* Diakowsky, MJ - *The Bandura*. Yanayin Ukrainian, 1958, №I, - С.18-36
* Diakowsky, M. - *Kowa zai iya yin bandura - Na yi.* Trend na Ukrainian, Juzu'i na 6
* Haydamaka, L. – *Kobza-bandura – National Ukrainian Musical Instrument* . "Bita na Gitar" №33, Summer 1970 (С.13-18)
* Mishalow, V. - *Takaitaccen Bayanin Hanyar Zinkiv na Wasan Bandura* . Bandura, 1982, №2/6, - С.23-26
* Mishalow, V. - *Takaitaccen Tarihin Bandura* . Taro na Gabashin Turai a Ilimin Ƙwararrun ƙwararru 6, - С.69-86
* Mizynec, V. - *Folk Instruments na Ukraine* . Bayda Books, Melbourne, Australia, 1987 - 48с.
* Cherkaskyi, L. - *Ukrainski narodni muzychni kayan aiki* . Tekhnika, Kyiv, Ukraine, 2003 - 262 shafuka. 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Samfurori da Hotunan Kayan Aikin Ukrainian

## Manazarta