Babban Holm

**Steep Holm** ( Welsh, Old English kuma daga baya ) tsibiri ne na Ingilishi kwance a tashar Bristol . Tsibirin ya rufe  a babban tudu, yana faɗaɗa zuwa  a ma'anar ƙananan ruwa.  A mafi girman matsayi shine  sama da matsakaicin matakin teku. Gudanarwa ya zama wani ɓangare na ikon yanki na North Somerset a cikin gundumar bikin Somerset:  tsakanin 1 Afrilun shekara ta 1974 da 1 Afrilun Shekara ta 1996, an kuma gudanar da shi azaman ɓangare na Avon.  Kusa da tsibirin Flat Holm ( Welsh ), wani yanki na Wales .

Tsibirin Carboniferous Limestone ya tashi zuwa kusan  kuma yana aiki azaman guguwar iska da raƙuman ruwa, yana ba da kariya ta sama ta tashar Bristol. Tsibirin yanzu babu mazauna, in ban da masu gadi. An kiyaye shi azaman wurin ajiyar yanayi da Wurin Sha'awar Kimiyya ta Musamman (SSSI) tare da yawan tsuntsaye da tsirrai gami da peonies na daji. Akwai tashar sigina ko hasumiya a tsibirin a zamanin Romawa, amma wataƙila an sami wurin zama na ɗan adam tun farkon zamanin ƙarfe. A cikin karni na 6 gida ne ga St Gildas kuma ga ƙaramin Augustinian priory a cikin ƙarni na 12th da 13th. An gina masauki a cikin shekara ta 1832 kuma an yi amfani da shi don hutu a karni na 19. An kafa mafakar tsuntsaye a cikin shekara ta  1931 kuma tun 1951 an yi hayar ga amintattun amintattu. Yanzu mallakar Kenneth Allsop Memorial Trust ne.

A cikin shekara ta 1860s tsibirin ya kasance mai ƙarfi tare da masu ɗaukar makamai masu girman inci 7 guda goma a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Forts na Palmerston don tsaron bakin teku na tashar Bristol har sai an yi watsi da shi a cikin shekara ta 1898. An sake amfani da kayan aikin a yakin duniya na daya da na biyu lokacin Marknbsp;VIInbsp;An shigar da bindigogi masu saukar ungulu mai inci 6 da fitilun bincike. Don ba da damar motsin kayan, sojoji daga Rundunar Sojojin Indiya sun fara amfani da alfadarai sannan suka shigar da hanyar jirgin ƙasa mai juyawa da ke aiki da kebul.

## Geology da muhalli

An kafa tsibirin na Carboniferous Limestone kuma ana kwatanta shi sau da yawa a matsayin ci gaba da tudun Mendip a Brean Down ;  duk da haka, tsoma yana a wani kusurwa daban zuwa wancan akan Brean Down. A kan Steep Holm tsomawa kusan digiri 30 ne zuwa arewa yayin da a Brean Down yana da digiri 30 zuwa kudu. Akwai wasu folds da karaya tare da kusurwoyi dip har zuwa digiri 75 da aka kirkira a lokutan karshe na Variscan orogeny kusa da ƙarshen lokacin Carboniferous, 300&nbsp;shekaru miliyan da suka wuce.  

Tsibirin ya kai kusan  daga tekun da ke kewaye kuma ya rufe  a babban igiyar ruwa, yayin da a ƙananan igiyar ruwa ya faɗaɗa zuwa  saboda kewayon tidal na ,  na biyu kawai zuwa Bay of Fundy a Gabashin Kanada .     Akwai kogo da yawa a tsibirin,  da ramukan tukunya har zuwa  zurfi a cikin kewayen gadon teku wanda aka yi imanin cewa ragowar tsarin kogo ne.  Kogon da ke kan tsaunukan tsibiran sun kasance a matakai biyu daban-daban: kogon da ke cikin yankin inter-tidal na yanzu wanda ke ƙarƙashin teburin ruwa kuma suna samar da stalactites, da sauran mutane da yawa a kan dutsen da ke kan layin ruwa da yawa. dubban shekaru da suka wuce. 

An kiyaye Steep Holm azaman ajiyar yanayi da kuma Shafin Sha'awar Kimiyya na Musamman (SSSI), sanarwar da ta faru a cikin 1952.  Akwai babban yawan tsuntsaye, musamman na Turai herring gulls *(Larus argentatus)* da ƙananan gulls masu baƙar fata *(Larus fuscus)* .  Hakanan an sami ƙaramin barewa na muntjac .  Filin da ke saman tsibirin yana da shimfidar ƙasa tsakanin  da  zurfi. Yana da launin ja daga jijiyoyin ƙarfe a cikin dutsen kuma ya zo azaman yashi ƙasa da  a diamita.  Tsibirin ita ce kawai wurin da ke cikin Burtaniya wanda peonies daji *(Paeonia mascula)* ke tsiro,  ko da yake waɗannan sun lalace ta hanyar botrytis naman gwari.  An gabatar da peony na daji zuwa tsibirin Steep Holm, mai yiwuwa ta wurin sufaye,  ko kuma Romawa suka kawo daga Bahar Rum.    Alexanders ( *Smyrnium olusatrum* ) kuma na kowa tare da zinariya samphire, buck's-horn plantain ( *Plantago coronopus* ) da kuma daji leek ( *Allium ampeloprasum* ).   Kadai dabbobi masu rarrafe a tsibirin su ne slowworms ( *Anguis fragilis* ). 

## Tarihi

### Prehistoric zuwa Roman

Alamar farko ta ayyukan ɗan adam a tsibirin ita ce kashin baya na jajayen barewa da  gano a cikin kogon biyar na Johns yayin bincike a cikin 1975 . tsakanin 1977 da 1992. 

Ragowar Roman, mai yiwuwa tashar sigina ko hasumiya, an gano su a tsibirin ta hanyar binciken juriya na lantarki .   Ingantacciyar bincike da fassarar wurin yana da wahala kamar yadda magina suka sake yin amfani da shi a zamanin Victoria da lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.  Wani shugaban dutse da aka sassaka da aka samu a tsibirin a cikin shekarar 1991 mai yiwuwa ya zama shugaban Celtic daga zamanin Romano-British,  amma yana iya kasancewa daga zamanin Iron .  Baya ga tukwane na tukwane daga zamanin Romawa, an gano wasu kayan alatu ciki har da Arretine ware, La Tène style brooches, da amphora da ke tsakanin 90 zuwa 140.&nbsp;AD wanda aka yi a kudancin Spain. Hakanan an sami shards na Castor ware .  An gano gutsuttsuran rufin tukwane da fale-falen bututun hayaƙi da ke nuna kasancewar tsarin dumama da yuwuwar gidan wanka.  Hakanan an samo tsabar Roman daga mulkin Claudius Gothicus (268-270) da Tetricus I (271-273). 

### Tushen addini

Bisa ga almara, wanda John Leland ya fara rubutawa a cikin karni na 16, Saint Gildas, marubucin *De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae*, ya rayu a Steep Holm a lokacin karni na 6. Ya isa a Steep Holm bayan ya ziyarci abokinsa Saint Cadoc, wanda ya rayu a Flat Holm a matsayin hermit.  Ana tsammanin Gildas ya bar tsibirin, bayan da 'yan fashin teku daga Orkney suka kwashe baransa da kayan daki, suka zama Abbot na Glastonbury .   Sauran tsarkakan almara kuma suna da alaƙa da tsibirin; a cikin John Rous's *Historia Regum Angliae* (c. 1480), Rous yayi iƙirarin cewa Saint Dubricius, saint ya ce ya nada Arthur, ya yi ritaya zuwa wani hermitage a tsibirin 'Stepeholm' a cikin kogin Severn.  Vikings sun fake a Steep Holm a lokacin bazara na 914 sannan suka kai farmaki a gabar tekun Somerset a Watchet da Porlock, a cewar Anglo-Saxon Chronicle .  A ƙarshen karni na 12, akwai ƙaramin fifiko na Canons Regular na St Michael a tsibirin.  Ginin da aka tono cikakke kawai ya auna  tsayi da  fadi, tare da ƙulli da sauran gine-gine har yanzu ba a gano su ba.  Ba a san kwanan wata asalin kafuwar farko ba; duk da haka, a farkon ƙarni na 13 majiɓinci shine William I de Cantilupe . Iyalinsa kuma sun kasance majiɓintan Studley Priory a Warwickshire . Jikansa ta auri Ubangiji Robert de Tregoz wanda ya sami 'yanci na dukan tsibirin; duk da haka, abubuwan ba da kyauta don kiyaye abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci sun ragu, wanda ya haifar da watsi da shi tsakanin 1260 zuwa 1265, sufaye sun koma Studley Priory.  Wani dutse mai tunawa da Blue Lias daga abbey, wanda ke da Cross of Lorraine, an samo shi a cikin 1867 a lokacin katangar tsibirin. An shigar da shi cikin ma'ajiyar makamai da ke kaiwa ga sunan "batir dutsen kabari". 

### Manufofin mallaka

Tsibirin da alama an gudanar da shi, tare da haɗin gwiwar gida na Uphill da Christon, ta dangin Bek, waɗanda suka ba da shi ga Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl na Lincoln . Kodayake tsarin ba a san shi ba, ya wuce zuwa dangin Berkeley tare da Maurice de Berkeley, Baron Berkeley na biyu, yana riƙe da shi a cikin 1315.  Warreners sun sake amfani da wurin a ƙarni na 14 da 15. Sun zauna a daya daga cikin rusassun gine-ginen da aka sake ginawa.   

A shekara ta 1453 , James Butler, na 5th Earl na Ormond ya rike ikon mallakar tsibirin, kuma a cikin 1460 Margaret Talbot, Countess na Shrewsbury ta yi amfani da advowson . Margaret Talbot (née de Beauchamp) ɗan uwan James Butler ne mai nisa kamar yadda dukansu suka fito daga 'ya'yan Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl na Warwick . A wasu kalmomi, James Butler (ta hanyar mahaifiyarsa Joan Butler, Countess na Ormond (née Beauchamp) da kakansa William Beauchamp, 1st Baron Bergavenny, yayin da Margaret Talbot 'yar Elizabeth de Beauchamp (née Berkeley) da kuma jikanyar Thomas de Beauchamp., 12th Earl na Warwick . A takaice, kakannin James Butler da Margaret Talbot's de Beauchamp 'yan'uwa ne. Abin lura shi ne, Margaret Talbot 'yar Elizabeth Berkeley, Countess na Warwick (da mijinta Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl na Warwick ) daga abin da rikici a cikin Berkeley iyali ya fito (duba ƙasa). Bugu da ƙari kuma, Elizabeth Berkeley ita ce kawai 'yar Thomas de Berkeley, Baron Berkeley na 5, yana nuna cewa ikon mallakar har yanzu yana zama a cikin dangin Berkeley tun lokacin da Maurice de Berkeley ya karbi tsibirin a 1315 - Margaret Talbot ita ce babbar, babba, babbar jika. Maurice de Berkeley.

Koyaya, a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, an yi gardama kan mallakar mallakar gidaje iri-iri, gami da Norton Beauchamp, wanda Steep Holm ke tare da shi. A tsakiyar wannan shi ne takaddama daga yadda aka ba da Barony daga Thomas Berkeley, Baron na 5. Waɗannan rigingimu sun kasance a gefe ɗaya James Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley, wanda kuma aka sani da 'James the Just' (kada a ruɗe shi da sauran 1st Baron Berkeley Thomas de Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley wanda ya riga ya cika shekaru 150). Amma duk da haka ga James wanda Barony ya koma ƙarƙashin sabon halitta ta rubuce-rubuce tun daga kawunsa, wanda aka ambata Thomas de Berkeley (Baron na biyar) ba shi da magada maza duk da cewa ya sanya wa 'yarsa tilo (Elizabeth Berkeley) a matsayin magajinsa. Wannan zai zama farkon takaddamar shari'a da aka dade ana yi.

A gefe guda na takaddamar da ta samo asali ta hanyar layin James, sabon Baron na farko, ya ci gaba ta hanyar dansa (Sir) William de Berkeley, 1st Marquess na Berkeley a 1463, wanda shine batu na farko na namiji daga aurensa na 3 da Lady Isabel de. Mowbray Hakan ya biyo bayan aure biyu da aka yi a baya da ba a samu ‘ya’ya ba. A gefe guda na jayayya akwai zuriyar Elizabeth Berkeley da aka ambata (James' the 1st Baron's, 1st cousin) musamman ta hanyar 'yarta Margaret (de Beauchamp) wanda ke nuna wasu makirci masu ban sha'awa.

Ɗayan irin wannan shirin yana tare da John Talbot, 1st Earl na Shrewsbury wanda ya ɗauki Margaret de Beauchamp a matsayin matarsa ta 2. Aurensa na farko, ga Maud Neville ('yar ubansa Thomas Neville, Baron Furnivall ) kuma wanda ya haifar da Lady Joan Talbot, daga cikin yara 6 duk da haka sananne ne. Haka John Talbot da alama an sace shi kuma an daure su har zuwa mutuwarsu a 1452, matar James Berkeley na 3 (Baron na farko) kuma mahaifiyar Baron Berkeley na 2 da aka ambata (Sir William de Berkeley). Duk da haka, wannan James Berkeley, ya ɗauki mata ta 4, Lady Joan Talbot (watau 'yar John Talbot wanda ya sace matarsa ta 3! ).

Wani ƙarin shirin, ko tsawaita na baya, ya sake komawa kusa da John Talbot amma wannan lokacin sakamakon aurensa da Margaret de Beauchamp. Babban ɗansu, John Talbot, 1st Baron na Lisle da 1st Viscount Lisle, shine mahaifin Thomas Talbot, Baron na 2 na Lisle da 2nd Viscount Lisle . Wannan Thomas Talbot ya nemi yin da'awarsa a kan ƙasashen Baron Berkeley a kan mutuwar kakarsa Margaret de Beauchamp ('yar Elizabeth Berkeley da ba a ba da izini ba), wanda a cikin wucin gadi ya ci gaba da matsawa da'awarta ga ƙasar Baron Berkeley a kan James Berkeley  Baron 1. Ya kawo shi cikin adawa kai tsaye tare da Sir William de Berkeley (Baron na biyu kuma dan James Berkeley kuma ya zo kan gaba a yakin Nibley Green (1470), biyo bayan abin da aka kwatanta da ƙalubalen da Thomas Talbot ya yi wa Sir William, wanda ya yi nasara. ya ƙare a ƙarshen rana mai zuwa tare da mutuwar Thomas Talbot da kuma korar Manor na gaba a Wotton-under-Edge .

A cikin karni na 16 Edward Seymour, Duke na Somerset na 1 kuma ɗan'uwan Jane Seymour (mata ta uku Henry VIII ) ya karɓi mulki, sannan ya ɓace, manyan gidaje ciki har da Brean, wanda Steep Holm ya haɗu. Auren 'yar uwarsa Jane da Henry na VIII a cikin 1536 ya zo daidai lokacin da aka sanya shi Viscount Beauchamp, mai yiwuwa ya danganta da auren kakanni tsakanin Sir Roger Seymour (c.1308 - Kafin 1366), wanda ya auri Cicely, babbar 'yar'uwa kuma magajin John de. Beauchamp, Baron Beauchamp na 3 . Wannan yana iya kasancewa da alaƙa da Barony na Hatch Beauchamp, Somerset, wanda mahaifinsa Sir John Seymour ya yi a baya.

The Seymour descendants recovered the estates, owning them into the 17th century, although the only activity on Steep Holm seems to have been the employment of gull watchers and fishermen. In 1684 the Norton Beauchamp estate (possibly in Kewstoke, Somerset, near Sand Bay, north of Weston-Super-Mare) was sold to Edward Ryder. It appears to have been auctioned by decree of the Court of Chancery 11&nbsp;years later in 1695, possibly because of difficulties in maintaining sea defenses along the Somerset coast; however, this seems to have been disputed in the light of outstanding mortgages. In 1699 the estates, including Steep Holm, were sold to Philip Freke of Bristol, whose descendants held it for the next 130 years. Freke's granddaughter married into the family of John Willes, who was Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas and Member of Parliament. During their ownership, probably around 1776, a new cottage was built on Steep Holm for fishermen. It was built using stones from the ruined priory. In 1830 the island was sold again, according to some sources this was to a cousin of John Freke Willes named William Willes; however, other sources suggest it was to a solicitor in Weston-super-Mare named John Baker.

A cikin 1832 an ba da hayar tsibirin ga Kanar Tynte na Gidan Halswell, wanda ya kafa masauki don masu jirgin ruwa. Iyalin Harris ne ke tafiyar da masaukin, ta hanyar amfani da rum da taba da aka siyo daga jiragen ruwa. Sun yi iƙirarin cewa tsibirin ya kasance a waje da ikon mutanen da aka ba da izini har sai da shari'ar kotu a 1884. Bayan dangin Harris, Mr W.&nbsp;L. Davies, wanda ya ba da kamun kifi, harbi da hutun kwale-kwale.  Domin saukakawa tsibirin cikin sauƙi, an gina wani sabon rami kusa da masauki.  A cikin 1835 limamin coci John Ashley daga Clevedon ya yi hidima ga jama'ar tsibirin da makwabciyar Flat Holm. Ashley ya ƙirƙiri Ofishin Jakadancin na Bristol don yin hidima ga masu aikin teku a kan jiragen ruwa 400 waɗanda ke amfani da tashar Bristol.  Daga baya aikin zai zama Ofishin Jakadancin zuwa Tekun Ruwa, wanda har yanzu yana ba da sabis na hidima ga ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa a cikin tashoshin jiragen ruwa sama da 300. 

### Palmerston Fort

Dukansu Steep Holm da Flat Holm an ƙarfafa su a cikin 1860s azaman kariya daga mamayewa. Sun kasance wani ɓangare na layin tsaro, wanda aka sani da Palmerston Forts, wanda aka gina a fadin tashar don kare hanyoyin zuwa Bristol da Cardiff . An gina tsibirin ne bayan ziyarar da Sarauniya Victoria da Yarima Albert suka kai Faransa, inda suka damu da karfin sojojin ruwan Faransa. The Royal Commission on Defence of the United Kingdom, a karkashin jagorancin Lord Palmerston, ya ba da shawarar ƙarfafa gaɓar teku, kuma tsibirin ya zama wani ɓangare na wannan tsarin tsaro na bakin teku. An fara ginin a cikin 1865 kuma an kammala shi a cikin 1869 ta John Perry na Weston-super-Mare.   Aikin ya hada da samar da hanyar da ke kewaye da tudun dutsen da tulin lemun tsami don kera turmi na lemun tsami don gina bariki da wuraren ajiye bindigogi tare da shagunan harsasai. 

Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da bindigogin da aka yi amfani da su ana kiran su Summit Battery, Batirin Laboratory, Batirin Lambun da Batirin Kabari. Tare da bariki an sanya su a matsayin Grade&nbsp;II da aka jera gine-gine .       Wuraren da aka girka sun haɗa da gidan master-gunners, ƙaramin masauki, da tankin ruwa mai ɗauke da  na ruwan sama.  Tankin ruwa yana ƙarƙashin bariki yana tattara ruwan sama daga rufin sa. Tankin bulo shine  tsayi,  fadi da  mai tsayi tare da rufaffiyar rufi.  Makamai sun haɗa da masu ɗaukar makamai masu girman inci 7 goma Mk&nbsp;III yada tsakanin batura shida.   Daga baya, an maye gurbinsu da bindigogin RML na Armstrong 6-inch.  Wasu daga cikin batir na bindiga an tsara su ne abubuwan tarihi,   kuma akwai ragowar rukunin rukunin shingen da aka gina tubali. A cikin 1898 gwajin harbi da HMS ''Arrogant'', wani jirgin ruwa mai , a kan batirin Rudder Rock ya nuna cewa tsayayyen bindigogin da aka yi amfani da su a kan Steep Holm da sauran rukunin yanar gizon sun kasance masu saurin kai hari ta jiragen ruwan yaki na zamani, kuma shafin ba ya aiki.   An kiyaye ikon soja a tsibirin har zuwa 1908 lokacin da aka ba da hayar James Sleeman da danginsa.  A cikin 1927 gwajin farko na RAE Larynx (daga "Long Range Gun tare da injin Lynx") wani jirgin sama mara matuki na farko, wanda za a yi amfani da shi azaman makamin yaƙin jiragen ruwa jagora, ya faru kusa da Steep Holm. 

### Yaƙe-yaƙe na duniya

An sabunta waɗannan wurare a yakin duniya na ɗaya da na biyu . Daga 1915 zuwa 1919 Admiralty ya bukaci tsibirin a matsayin tashar gadin bakin teku. Bayan yakin, Sleemans sun dawo don gudanar da aikin noma da kamun kifi kuma suna karbar bakuncin masu yawon bude ido lokaci-lokaci.  > A yakin duniya na biyu, an gina batura masu haske a kan Steep Holm. A cikin 1940 mai kula da tsibirin, Harry Cox, wanda ya haɓaka tsibirin ya zama wuri mai tsarki tun 1931,  an nada shi a matsayin mai gadin bakin teku kuma ƴan sa kai na Local Defence daga Weston-super-Mare sun sami goyan bayansu. A cikin 1940 da 1941 sojoji daga Rundunar Sojan Indiya sun yi amfani da alfadarai don jigilar bindigogi da kayan aiki sama da tsaunin dutse.  Makamin ya hada da Marknbsp;VIInbsp;Bindigogi masu girman inci 6 da aka karbo daga jiragen ruwa na yakin duniya na daya da aka soke, kuma sun hada da bindigogi masu sarrafa kansu na Lewis a kan harin da aka kai ta sama. An gina batirin Lambun sama da na'urori biyu na dutsen Victoria.  Injiniyoyin Royal Pioneer Corps sun inganta abubuwan more rayuwa ciki har da shigo da tumaki don ciyar da sojoji da kuma, bayan kamuwa da zazzabin typhoid, jigilar ruwan sha daga kudancin Wales.  Don ba da damar motsi na kayan aiki, injiniyoyi sun gina sabon jetty. Wannan an haɗa shi da filin jirgin ƙasa tare da hanyar jirgin ƙasa mai jujjuyawar wutar lantarki da ke aiki da kebul ta hanyar amfani da riga-kafi  layukan ma'auni waɗanda aka kama daga hannun Jamusawa a yakin duniya na 1.  Hakanan an haɗa batirin Steep Holm, ta hanyar kebul na telegraph na karkashin ruwa, zuwa batir ɗin Brean Down Fort, amma an sace sassan na USB don tarkace bayan karshen yakin duniya na biyu. 

### Bayan yaki

A cikin 1953 Steep Holm Trust ta ba da hayar tsibirin da ƙungiyoyi huɗu na gida: Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society, Bristol Naturalists Society, Mid-Somerset Naturalists da Bristol Folk House Archaeological Club. Sun gyara wasu gine-gine tare da kafa shirin ringing na tsuntsaye. A cikin 1974 hayar su ta ƙare kuma Kenneth Allsop Memorial Trust ta karɓe shi,  wata ƙungiyar agaji mai rijista  da aka kafa don tunawa da mai watsa shirye-shirye kuma masanin halitta Kenneth Allsop . The Trust ya sayi tsibirin a cikin 1976.  Sanarwar manufa ta Amintacciyar ita ce: "Don karewa, adanawa da haɓaka don amfanin jama'a shimfidar wuri, kayan tarihi, flora, fauna, kyawawan dabi'a da sha'awar kimiyya na tsibirin tsibirin. Steep Holm a cikin gundumar North Somerset da haɓaka ilimin jama'a a cikin ilimin kimiyyar halitta. " 

Ana iya ziyartar tsibirin.  Amincewar tana gudanar da tafiye-tafiyen jirgin ruwa na tsawon yini daga Weston-super-Mare.  Ana amfani da shinge guda ɗaya don samar da wuraren baƙo.  A cikin 1980 an shirya fim ɗin Bollywood *na Shaan* kuma an yi fim a wani ɓangare a tsibirin. 

Tsibirin ita ce wurin da aka fi sani da 2018 mai ban tsoro *Arcam*, na Jason Minick. 

## Manazarta


## Littafi Mai Tsarki

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Tsibirin Steep Holm da Kenneth Allsop Memorial Trust 
* Bayanan Bayani na Victorian Forts