Louise Johnson

**Dame Louise Napier Johnson**, DBE FRS (26 ga Satumba 1940 - 25 ga Satumba 2012 ), ta kasance Masanin kimiyyar halittu na Burtaniya kuma mai rubutun furotin. Ta kasance David Phillips Farfesa na Molecular Biophysics a Jami'ar Oxford daga 1990 zuwa 2007, kuma daga baya farfesa mai daraja. Ta auri masanin kimiyyar nukiliya na Pakistan kuma mai lashe Kyautar Nobel Abdus Salam . 

## Ilimi
Johnson ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Wimbledon don 'yan mata daga 1952 zuwa 1959, inda aka karfafa mata suyi karatun kimiyya da kuma neman ayyuka masu amfani. Mahaifiyarta ta karanta ilmin kimiyyar halittu da ilimin lissafi a Kwalejin Jami'ar London a cikin shekarun 1930 kuma ta goyi bayan shawarar Johnson na neman aikin kimiyya. Ta tafi Kwalejin Jami'ar London a 1959 don karanta Physics kuma ta fito ne daga makarantar 'yan mata, ta yi mamakin samun kanta daya daga cikin' yan mata hudu kawai a cikin aji na 40.

## Ayyuka
Bayan ta PhD, ta koma dakin gwaje-gwaje na Frederic M. Richards a Jami'ar Yale don Binciken postdoctoral a shekarar 1966. A Yale ta yi aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar tare da Frederic M. Richards da Hal Wyckoff a kan tsarin lu'ulu'u na wani enzyme, ribonuclease, wanda aka warware jim kadan bayan ta tafi: tsarin furotin na huɗu ya warware.

Bayan shekara ta post-doctoral a Yale, ta koma Burtaniya a 1967 kuma ta ɗauki matsayin mai nunawa a Sashen Zoology, Jami'ar Oxford . Farfesa na Zoology, J.W.R. Pringle, ya ga ilimin dabbobi kamar yadda ya karu daga nazarin dabbobi zuwa nazarin kwayoyin, kuma ya kasance wani bangare na kawo David Phillips zuwa Oxford a matsayin Farfesa na Molecular Biophysics. Johnson ta sami damar hada koyarwa tare da bincike mai zaman kansa kuma ta ci gaba da aikinta a kan lysozyme da sabbin nazarin lu'ulu'u akan wasu enzymes. A shekara ta 1972 ta sami wasu lu'ulu'u na glycogen phosphorylase daga tsokoki kuma wannan shine farkon babban babi a cikin aikinta na bincike. Ta fara cikakken bincike na X-ray crystallographic na furotin, wanda ya ninka sau takwas fiye da lysozyme kuma ya fi girma fiye da kowane ɗayan furotin wanda aka warware tsarin su a wannan lokacin.

A shekara ta 1973 an nada ta Malamin Jami'ar, mukamin da ke da alaƙa da Kwalejin Somerville, Oxford . Ta zama Ƙarin Fellow na kwalejin da Janet Vaughan Lecturer . Yanzu ta sami damar fadada tawagarta ta daliban digiri da masu bincike na post-doctoral. Ayyukan phosphorylase sun bunkasa kuma a shekara ta 1978 ƙungiyar ta gano tsarin ta kuma sun sami damar yin aiki a kan abubuwan kula da kwayoyin halitta. Glycogen phosphorylase yana samuwa a cikin tsoka kuma yana da alhakin tattara ajiyar makamashi na glycogen don samar da man fetur don ci gaba da raguwar tsoka. A cikin hutawa tsoka ana kashe enzyme don hana lalacewar man fetur amma don mayar da martani ga siginar jijiya ko hormonal ana kunna enzyme kusan a lokaci guda don samar da samar da makamashi. An gudanar da bincikenta ne don fahimtar tushen kwayoyin halitta na kayan halitta na sarrafawa da tsarin haɓaka. Kungiyarta ta yi amfani da tushen x-ray mai haske wanda aka samar a Synchrotron Radiation Source a Daresbury, wanda ya ba da bayanan da ba za a iya samu tare da tushen gida ba.[1] Ta kasance Farfesa David Phillips a cikin Molecular Biophysics, Jami'ar Oxford, a cikin 1990-2007.

Gidan gwaje-gwaje na Johnson a Oxford ya warware kuma ya yi nazarin wasu tsarin furotin da yawa, kuma ita mai ajiya ce a cikin shigarwar PDB 100 ciki har da nau'ikan glycogen phosphorylase  da kuma tsarin sake zagayowar CDK / cyclin  Kazalika da gudanar da bincike mai zurfi, ta kula da ayyuka da yawa, horar da ƙarni na crystallographers a Oxford waɗanda yanzu suke horar da shugabannin gaba a duk faɗin duniya. Tare da Tom Blundell, ta rubuta wani littafi mai tasiri a kan furotin crystallography .  Ta kasance Darakta na Kimiyya ta Rayuwa a Diamond Light Source, 2003-2008, kuma ta kasance Fellow na Diamond Light Source. Diamond Light Source shine cibiyar haɗin gwiwar Burtaniya a Harwell, Oxfordshire . 

## Rayuwa ta mutum
An haifi Louise Napier Johnson a ranar 26 ga Satumba 1940 a Gidan Nursing na Kudu, Worcester, a matsayin ta biyu cikin 'ya'ya mata uku na George Edmund Johnson (1904-1992), mai sayar da ulu sannan yana aiki a cikin Royal Air Force, da matarsa, Elizabeth Minna, née King (1914-1992). Iyalin suna zaune a White Cottage, Rushwick, kusa da Worcester, a lokacin.

Johnson ya auri masanin kimiyyar Pakistan Abdus Salam a shekarar 1968. Daga baya ya raba kyautar Nobel ta Physics a 1979 saboda aikinsa kan hadin kan wutar lantarki. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu: ɗa da aka haifa a shekara ta 1974 da kuma 'yar da aka haifi a shekara ta 1982. Mijin Johnson ya mutu a shekara ta 1996. Ta mutu a ranar 25 ga Satumba 2012 a Cambridge, Ingila, kwana daya kafin ranar haihuwarta ta 72.  

## Manazarta