Jam'iyyar Afirka don neman 'yancin kai na Guinea da Cape Verde

**Jam'iyyar Afirka don 'Yancin Guinea da Cape Verde** (Portuguese: Partido Africano para a Independência da Guiné e Cabo Verde, **PAIGC** ) jam'iyyar siyasa ce a Guinea-Bissau. Asali an kafa ta ne don yin fafutukar neman yancin kai cikin lumana daga Portugal, jam'iyyar ta koma rikicin makami a shekarun 1960 kuma ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu faɗa a ji a yakin neman 'yancin kai na Guinea-Bissau. A ƙarshen yakin, jam'iyyar ta kafa ƙasa mai jam'iyya daya mai ra'ayin gurguzu, wacce ta ci gaba da wanzuwa har zuwa lokacin da aka ɓullo da dimokuraɗiyya mai yawan jam'iyyu a farkon shekarun 1990. Duk da cewa jam'iyyar ta lashe zaɓen farko na jam'iyyu da yawa a shekarar 1994, an cire ta daga mulki a zaɓen shekarar 1999-2000. Duk da haka, ta koma kan ƙaragar mulki bayan ta lashe zaɓukan 'yan majalisa a 2004 da na shugaban kasa a shekara ta 2005, tun daga wannan lokacin ita ce jam'iyya mafi girma a majalisar dokokin ƙasar.

PAIGC kuma ta mallaki Cape Verde, daga 'yancin kai a shekarun 1975 zuwa 1980. Bayan juyin mulkin 1980 a Guinea-Bissau, reshen Cape Verde na PAIGC ya koma wata jam'iyya ta daban, Jam'iyyar Afirka don neman 'Yancin Cape Verde.

## Tarihi

### Kafin samun 'yancin kai
An kafa jam'iyyar a Bissau a ranar 19 ga watan Satumba 1956 a matsayin **Jam'iyyar Afirka ta Independence** (*Partido Africano da Independência*), kuma ta dogara ne akan Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Ƙasa ta Ginin Guinea (*Movimento para Independência Nacional da Guiné Portuguesa*) wanda aka kafa a 1954 ta Henri Labéry da Amícar.  Jam’iyyar ta na da mambobinta guda shida; Cabral, ɗan'uwansa Luís, Aristides Pereira, Fernando Fortes, Júlio Almeida da Elisée Turpin.  Rafael Paula Barbosa ya zama shugabanta na farko, yayin da Amílcar Cabral aka nada babban sakatare.

Kisan gillar da aka yi a Pidjiguiti a shekarar 1959 ya ga sojojin Portugal sun bude wuta kan ma'aikatan jirgin da ke zanga-zangar, inda suka kashe 50. Wannan kisan kiyashi ya sa wani kaso mai yawa na al'ummar kasar ya karkata zuwa ga yunkurin PIGC na neman 'yancin kai, duk da cewa mahukuntan kasar Portugal sun dauki wannan yunkuri a matsayin wanda bai dace ba, kuma ba su dauki wani mataki mai tsanani ba wajen kokarin dakile shi. Duk da haka, kisan kiyashin ya shawo kan shugabancin PAIGC don yin gwagwarmaya da 'yan Portuguese, kuma a cikin Satumba 1959 jam'iyyar ta kafa sabuwar hedikwata a Conakry a makwabciyar Guinea.  A cikin 1961, PAIGC ta haɗe tare da FRELIMO na Mozambique da MPLA na Angola don kafa taron Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa na Portuguese (CONCP), jam'iyyar gama gari don daidaita gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Portuguese mazauna a fadin Afirka. Ƙungiyoyin uku galibi ana wakilta su a abubuwan duniya ta CONCP.

An fara gwagwarmayar makamai da Portuguese a cikin watan Maris 1962 tare da wani hari na zubar da ciki da 'yan ta'addar PAIGC suka yi a Praia. Yakin Guerrilla ya fi karkata ne zuwa babban yankin Guinea, duk da haka, saboda dalilai na dabaru sun hana gwagwarmayar makami a tsibiran Cape Verde. A kan tsibiran Cape Verde PAIGC sun yi aiki a cikin sirri. Bayan kusan gurgunta aikin soji, Amílcar Cabral ya ba da umarnin cewa zagon kasa ya zama babban makamin PAIGC har sai an sami karfin soja. A ranar 23 ga watan Janairun 1963 kungiyar PAIGC ta fara yakin 'yancin kai na Guinea-Bissau ta hanyar kai hari ga wani sansanin 'yan gudun hijira a Tite.  Haka kuma an kai hare-hare akai-akai a arewacin kasar. A cikin wannan watan, an kai hare-hare a ofisoshin 'yan sanda a Fulacunda da Buba ba wai PIGC kadai ba har ma da FLING.

A cikin watan Janairu 1966, Amílcar Cabral ya halarci taron Tricontinental 1966 a Havana kuma ya yi babban ra'ayi akan Fidel Castro. Sakamakon haka, Cuba ta amince da samar da kwararrun manyan bindigogi, likitoci da masu fasaha don taimakawa a gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai. Shugaban Ofishin Jakadancin Cuban shine Víctor Dreke.  Dangane da yakin cacar baki da ake ci gaba da yi, 'yan ta'addar PAIGC sun kuma karbi Kalashnikov daga jam'iyyar USSR da kuma bindigogi marasa karko daga jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin, inda dukkan kasashen uku suka taimaka wajen horas da dakarun sa-kai. SFR Yugoslavia ta aika da ƙananan tarin makamai zuwa PAIGC a cikin 1966. 

An gudanar da taron jam'iyyar farko a Cassaca da aka 'yantar a cikin watan Fabrairun 1964, inda aka tantance makamai da na soja na PAIGC tare da sake tsara su, tare da runduna ta yau da kullun (Revolutionary Armed Forces of the People, FARP) don karawa sojojin guerrilla (The People's Guerrillas).

Jam'iyyar ta kuma kafa makarantar Pilot a Conakry a wannan lokaci, karkashin jagorancin Lilica Boal daga 1969 zuwa gaba, da nufin ilmantar da matasa masu gwagwarmaya da marayu na yaki. 

Tsibirin Como ya kasance wurin da aka yi wani gagarumin yaƙi tsakanin PAIGC da sojojin Portugal, inda PAIGC ta karbe ikon tsibirin tare da yin tir da hare-haren da 'yan Portugal suka kai musu, ciki har da hare-haren da FAP ta kai ta sama (Portuguese: *Força Aérea Portuguesa*; Sojan Sama na Portuguese) F-86 Sabers. Bayan asarar tsibirin Como, sojojin Portuguese, na ruwa da kuma sojojin sama (FAP) sun fara Operation Trident, aikin haɗin gwiwar makamai don sake kwato tsibirin. PAIGC ta yi yaƙi mai tsanani, kuma Portuguese sun yi rauni sosai kuma sun sami ƙasa sannu a hankali. A ƙarshe, bayan kwanaki 71 na faɗa da 851 FAP fama da yaki, Fotigal ya mayar da tsibirin. Duk da haka, kasa da watanni biyu bayan haka, PAIGC za ta sake kwato tsibirin, saboda aikin da Portugal ta yi na kama shi ya rage yawan sojojin da suka mamaye, wanda ya bar tsibirin cikin rauni. Koyaya, tsibirin Como ya daina kasancewa da mahimmancin dabaru ga Portugal bayan kafa sabbin mukamai na PAIGC a kudu, musamman akan Cantanhez da Quitafine Peninsula. Dakarun Portugal masu yawan gaske da ke wadannan yankunan sun yi wa kawanya tare da kawanya da 'yan daba.

A cikin yakin, Portuguese sun magance kansu da kyau. Sai da suka dauki lokaci mai tsawo kafin daga bisani su dauki kungiyar ta PAIGC da muhimmanci, inda suka karkatar da jiragen sama da sojojin da ke da sansani a kasar Guinea zuwa rigingimun kasashen Mozambique da Angola, kuma a lokacin da gwamnatin kasar Portugal ta fara fahimtar cewa kungiyar ta PAIGC ta kasance babbar barazana ga ci gaba da mulkin kasar Guinea, ya makara. Kadan ne aka yi don dakile ayyukan ’yan daba; Turawan Portugal ba su yi ƙoƙari su raba alakar da ke tsakanin jama'a da PAIGC ba har sai da aka yi a ƙarshen yaƙin, kuma a sakamakon haka, ya zama haɗari sosai ga sojojin Portugal su yi aiki a nesa da sansanonin su.

A shekara ta 1967, PAIGC ta kai hare-hare 147 a kan barikokin Portuguese da sansanonin sojoji, kuma ta mallaki kashi biyu bisa uku na Guinea ta Fotigal. A shekara mai zuwa, Portugal ta fara sabon yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan 'yan tawaye tare da isowar sabon gwamnan mulkin mallaka, António de Spinola. Spinola ta fara kamfen ɗin gine-gine, gina makarantu, asibitoci, sabbin gidaje da inganta hanyoyin sadarwa da hanyoyin mota, a ƙoƙarin samun tagomashin jama'a a Guinea. PAIGC ita ce jam'iyyar Afirka ta farko da ta kafa cikakken shirin haɗin gwiwa tare da Sweden. 

Duk da haka, a cikin 1970, FAP ta fara amfani da makamancin makaman da Amurka ke amfani da su a yakin Vietnam: napalm da defoliants, na farko don halakar da 'yan ta'adda lokacin da suka sami su, na ƙarshe don rage yawan hare-haren da suka faru lokacin da ba za su iya ba. Zaman Spínola a matsayin gwamna ya nuna sauyin yanayi a yakin: Portugal ta fara samun nasara a fadace-fadace, kuma a cikin Operation Green Sea, wani harin da Portuguese ta kai a Conakry, a Jamhuriyar Guinea makwabciyarta, sojojin 400 masu fafutuka sun kai hari a birnin tare da 'yantar da fursunonin yakin Portugal 26 da PAIGC ta ajiye a can. USSR da Cuba sun fara aika ƙarin makamai zuwa Guinea Portuguese ta Najeriya, musamman jiragen Ilyushin Il-14 da yawa don amfani da su azaman masu tayar da bama-bamai.

Tsakanin watan Agusta zuwa Nuwamba 1972 jam'iyyar ta gudanar da zabukan majalisun yankuna, wadanda mambobinsu suka zabi majalisar dokoki ta kasa. Duk da cewa zabukan da suka gabata da hukumomin Portugal suka yi sun ga an iyakance zaɓe ga mutane dubu ƙalilan da suka cika buƙatun haraji da karatu, zaɓen da za a iya zaɓe shi ne na farko da aka gudanar a yankin ƙarƙashin zaɓe na duniya.  An gabatar da masu jefa ƙuri'a da jerin sunayen 'yan takarar PAIGC, kuma suna da zaɓi na jefa ƙuri'a ko ƙi. Kimanin mutane 78,000 ne suka shiga zaben, inda kashi 97% suka kada kuri'a a jerin sunayen.

A ranar 20 ga watan Janairun 1973 Amílcar Cabral, kwamandan sojojin ruwa Inocêncio Kani ya kashe shi a zaman wani shiri a cikin PAIGC na hambarar da shugabanci. Sai dai kuma duk da mutuwar Cabral, makircin ya gaza hambarar da shugabancin, kuma daga baya an samu mutane 94 da laifin hannu, hada baki ko kuma zargin hannu a ciki. An kashe Kani da wasu akalla goma a watan Maris.  Daga baya a cikin shekarar an ayyana 'yancin kai ba tare da izini ba a ranar 24 ga Satumba 1973 kuma kuri'ar 93-7 ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta amince da shi a watan Nuwamba,  wanda ba a taba ganin irinsa ba yayin da ya yi tir da mulkin mallaka na Portugal a matsayin zalunci da mamayewa. Amincewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kasance kafin amincewa da Portuguese. Rikicin ya ga sojojin Portugal 1,875 (cikin 35,000 da aka jibge a Guinea Portuguese) da kuma wasu 6,000 (cikin 10,000) na PAIGC da aka kashe a karshen yakin shekara goma sha ɗaya.

#### Hotuna

Fayil:ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_G_23_-_Life_in_Ziguinchor,_Senegal_-_Carrying_weapons_to_Hermangono,_Guinea-Bissau_-_1973.tif|alt=PAIGC soldiers loading weapons on a truck, Guinea-Bissau, 1973| Sojojin PAIGC na loda makamai akan wata babbar mota, Guinea-Bissau, 1973
Fayil:ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_G_24_-_Life_in_Ziguinchor,_Senegal_-_Carrying_weapons_to_Hermangono,_Guinea-Bissau_-_1973.tif|alt=Kalashnikovs for Hermangono, 1973| Kalashnikovs na Hermangono, 1973
Fayil:ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_2_17_-_PAIGC_soldiers_in_Guinea-Bissau_-_Woman_PAIGC_soldier_playing_cards_-_1973.tif|alt=Female soldier playing cards, Guinea-Bissau, 1973| Mace sojan wasa katunan, Guinea-Bissau, 1973
Fayil:ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_G_16_-_Life_in_Ziguinchor,_Senegal_-_Learning_how_to_shoot_-_1973.tif|alt=PAIGC recruits learning how to shoot, Ziguinchor, Senegal, 1973| PAIGC ta dauki nauyin koyon yadda ake harbi, Ziguinchor, Senegal, 1973
Fayil:ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_7_26_-_Portuguese_plane_shot_down_in_Guinea-Bissau_-_1974.tif|alt=Portuguese plane shot down in Guinea-Bissau with PAIGC soldiers, 1974| An harbo jirgin Portuguese a Guinea-Bissau tare da sojojin PAIGC, 1974
Fayil:ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_4_15_-_PAIGC_soldiers_and_their_families_in_a_military_camp,_Guinea-Bissau_-_1974.tif|alt=PAIGC soldier with his family in a military camp, Guinea-Bissau, 1974| Sojan PAIGC tare da danginsa a sansanin soji, Guinea-Bissau, 1974
Fayil:ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_F_27_-_Farim,_Northern_frontline,_Guinea-Bissau_-_Children's_drawings_-_1974.tif|alt=Drawings showing PAIGC soldiers, Farim, Guinea-Bissau, 1974| Hotunan da ke nuna sojojin PAIGC, Farim, Guinea-Bissau, 1974
Fayil:ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_C_39_-_Walk_from_Candjambary_to_Sara,_Guinea-Bissau_-_Village_burnt_down_by_the_Portuguese_-_1974.tif|alt=Village burnt down by the Portuguese, Guinea-Bissau, 1974| Kauyen da Turawan Portugal, Guinea-Bissau suka kona, 1974
Fayil:ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_19_11_-_Manten_military_base_in_the_liberated_areas,_Guinea-Bissau_-_1974.tif|alt=PAIGC soldier with a rocket-propelled grenade, Manten military base in the liberated areas, Guinea-Bissau, 1974| Sojan PAIGC da makamin roka, sansanin soja na Manten a yankunan da aka kwato, Guinea-Bissau, 1974
Fayil:ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_D_20_-_Hermangono,_Guinea-Bissau_-_Morning_roll-call_in_Hermangono_-_1974.tiff|alt=Morning roll call, Hermangono, Guinea-Bissau, 1974| Kira na safiya, Hermangono, Guinea-Bissau, 1974
Fayil:ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_C_37_-_Candjambary,_Guinea-Bissau_-_Unexploded_bomb_-_1974.tif|alt=Unexploded Portuguese bomb, Canjambari, Guinea-Bissau, 1974| Bam na Portugal wanda ba a fashe ba, Canjambari, Guinea-Bissau, 1974
Fayil:ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_F_37_-_Life_in_Sara,_Guinea-Bissau_-_Armed_escort_carrying_the_wounded_to_the_Senegalese_border_-_1974.tif|alt=Armed escort carries a wounded person to the Senegalese border, Sara, Guinea-Bissau, 1974| ’Yan rakiya dauke da wani da aka samu rauni zuwa kan iyakar Senegal, Sara, Guinea-Bissau, 1974


### Bayan samun 'yancin kai

Bayan samun 'yancin kai, an kafa PAIGC a matsayin babbar jam'iyyar siyasa ta Guinea-Bissau da Cape Verde, tare da Luís Cabral ya zama shugaban Guinea-Bissau. An gudanar da zabuka na biyu na jam’iyya daya a shekarar 1976 da 1977. Duk da cewa kungiyar ta PAIGC ta yi yunkurin kulla alaka tsakanin Guinea-Bissau da Cape Verde, a karshe kungiyar ta wargaje sakamakon juyin mulkin da sojoji karkashin jagorancin João Bernardo Vieira suka yi a kan Cape Verdean Cabral a watan Nuwamban 1980. Daga baya an canza reshen Cape Verdean na PAIGC zuwa wata ƙungiya ta daban, Jam'iyyar Afirka don Independence na Cape Verde (PAICV).

A karkashin Vieira, jam'iyyar ta ci gaba da mulkin kasar a shekarun 1980 da 1990. An gudanar da zabukan jam’iyya daya a 1984 da 1989, kuma an sake zabar Vieira a matsayin Sakatare-Janar na PAIGC a babban taron jam’iyyar na hudu a watan Nuwamba 1986. Bayan gabatar da siyasar jam’iyyu da yawa a watan Mayu 1991, an gudanar da zaɓen jam’iyyu da yawa a shekarar 1994.  Haka kuma babban zaben kasar ya nuna an gabatar da zaben shugaban kasa kai tsaye. Vieira ya doke Kumba Ialá na jam'iyyar PRS a zagaye na biyu na zaben, yayin da PAIGC ta samu kujeru 62 cikin 100 na majalisar dokokin kasar da kashi 46% na kuri'un da aka kada. 

An sake zaben Vieira na wani wa'adin shekaru hudu a matsayin shugaban PAIGC a tsakiyar watan Mayun 1998 a babban taron jam'iyyar na shida, inda kuri'u 438 suka amince, takwas suka nuna adawa, hudu kuma suka kaurace;   an soke mukamin Sakatare-Janar a wannan majalisa.  Barkewar yakin basasa a watan Yuni 1998 ya kai ga korar Vieira a watan Mayu 1999.  Bayan 'yan kwanaki, an nada tsohon Firayim Minista Manuel Saturnino da Costa a matsayin shugaban riko na PAIGC a ranar 12 ga watan Mayu 1999.  An kori Vieira daga PAIGC a wani taron jam'iyya a watan Satumba na 1999 saboda "laifi na cin amana, goyon baya da tunzura yaki, da ayyukan da suka saba wa dokokin jam'iyyar". Francisco Benante, shugaban masu neman sauyi a cikin jam'iyyar kuma farar hula daya tilo a cikin mulkin soja na rikon kwarya, an zabe shi a matsayin shugaban PAIGC a karshen taron majalisar a ranar 9 ga watan Satumba 1999.   Benante ya samu goyon bayan majalisar mulkin soji, kuma ya samu kuri'u 174 inda ya samu kuri'u 133 na ɗan takara ɗaya tilo da ke adawa da shi. 

An gudanar da babban zabe a watan Nuwamba 1999, tare da zaben shugaban kasa a ranar 16 ga Janairun 2000. Zaben dai ya sa PAIGC ta rasa madafun iko a karon farko yayin da dan takarar PAIGC Malam Bacai Sanhá ya sha kaye a hannun shugaban PRS Ialá a zaben shugaban kasa,  yayin da aka mayar da PAIGC zuwa jam'iyya ta uku mafi girma a majalisar dokokin kasar bayan da PRS da Resistance of Guinea-Bissau-Bafatá Movement suka doke su.

Zaɓen 2004 na majalisar dokoki ya sa PAIGC ta sake dawo da matsayinta na jam'iyya mafi girma, inda ta lashe kujeru 45 cikin 100.  A watan Mayun 2004 ta kafa gwamnati tare da shugaban jam'iyya, Carlos Gomes Júnior ya zama firayim minista. A zaben shugaban kasa na 2005, dan takarar PAIGC Malam Bacai Sanhá ya sha kaye a zagaye na biyu a hannun Vieira, wanda ya dawo daga gudun hijira kuma ya tsaya takara a matsayin mai cin gashin kansa. Makonni kadan bayan hawansa mulki, Vieira ya kori Carlos Gomes Júnior a matsayin firaminista kuma ya nada Aristides Gomes, wanda a da ya kasance babban memba na PAIGC amma ya bar jam'iyyar don marawa Vieira baya.

A watan Maris na 2007, PAIGC ta kulla kawance da jam'iyyun PRS da United Social Democratic Party yayin da jam'iyyun uku ke neman kafa sabuwar gwamnati.  Wannan ya haifar da nasarar jefa kuri'ar rashin amincewa da Aristides Gomes da murabus dinsa a karshen watan; a ranar 9 ga watan Afrilu Martinho Ndafa Kabi, zabi na jam'iyyun uku, Vieira ya nada Firayim Minista, kuma a ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu an nada sabuwar gwamnati, wanda ya kunshi ministoci daga jam'iyyun uku.   PAIGC ta janye goyon bayan ta ga Kabi a ranar 29 ga watan Fabrairu 2008, inda ta bayyana cewa an yi hakan ne "domin kauce wa ayyukan rashin da'a da ke barazana ga hadin kai da hadin kai a cikin jam'iyyar". 

An gudanar da taro na bakwai na PAIGC a Gabú a watan Yuni 2008.  Malam Bacai Sanhá, dan takarar shugaban kasa na jam'iyyar a 2000 da 2005, ya kalubalanci Gomes a kan shugabancin jam'iyyar, amma an sake zaben Gomes a matsayin shugaban PAIGC na tsawon shekaru biyar da kuri'u 578-355.  Kabi, Cipriano Cassama (wanda aka yi la'akari da rashin amincewa a cikin jam'iyyar kuma yana da alaƙa da Aristides Gomes), da Baciro Dja kuma sun yi takara a zaɓen jagoranci, amma ba su sami goyon baya ba.  

Bayan da Kabi ya kori daraktocin kwastam, haraji da baitulmali a ranar 25 ga Yuli, 2008 ba tare da sanar da jam’iyyar ba, PAIGC ta yanke shawarar janyewa daga yarjejeniyar zaman lafiyar jam’iyyu uku da aka sanya hannu a watan Maris na 2007.   Daga nan sai Vieira ya sallami Kabi ya nada Carlos Correia a matsayin firaminista a ranar 5 ga Agusta.  Daga baya an gudanar da zaɓen 'yan majalisa a watan Nuwamba 2008, inda PAIGC ta lashe kashi biyu bisa uku na kujerun. A zaben shugaban kasa a shekara mai zuwa, Sanhá ya doke Kumba Ialá a zagaye na biyu na zaben.

Bayan mutuwar Sanhá a watan Janairun 2012, an gudanar da zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da wuri. An zabi Carlos Gomes Júnior a matsayin dan takarar PAIGC, kuma ya samu nasarar zuwa zagaye na biyu tare da Iála, amma juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a watan Afrilu ya hana faruwar hakan. Daga karshe an gudanar da babban zabe a shekara ta 2014, kuma an zabi dan takarar PAIGC José Mário Vaz a matsayin shugaban kasa, yayin da jam'iyyar kuma ta ci gaba da rike rinjaye a majalisar dokokin kasar, inda ta lashe kujeru 57 daga cikin 102.

Jam'iyyar ta fafata a zaben 'yan majalissar dokoki na 2023 a matsayin wani bangare na babbar jam'iyyar hadin gwiwa, The Inclusive Alliance Platform - Terra Ranka, wanda ya hada da UM, PCD, PSD da MDG kuma ya lashe mafi yawan kujerun. 

## Sakamakon zaɓe

### Zaɓen shugaban ƙasa

### Majalisar Jama'a ta ƙasa

## Taimakon ƙasashen waje
A lokacin yakin cacar baka, kungiyar PAIGC ta samu tallafi daga gwamnatocin kasashen ChinaL, Cuba, Tarayyar Soviet, Senegal, Guinea, Libya, Aljeriya, Poland, Czechoslovakia da Ghana. 

## Duba kuma

* Ƙungiyoyin 'yancin kai na Afirka
* Francisca Pereira

## Manazarta