Thomas Edison

**Thomas Alva Edison** (11 ga watan Fabrairu, 1847Oktoba 18, 1931) ɗan Amurka ne kuma inventor kuma ɗan kasuwa.    Ya ƙera na'urori da yawa a fannoni kamar samar da wutar lantarki, sadarwar jama'a, rikodin sauti, da hotuna masu motsi (motion pictures).  Waɗannan abubuwan ƙirƙira waɗanda suka haɗa da phonograph, kyamarar hoto mai motsi, da farkon nau'ikan kwan fitilar lantarki, sun yi tasiri sosai a duniyar masana'antu ta zamani.  Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu ƙirƙira na farko don yin amfani da ka'idodin kimiyyar da aka tsara da haɗin gwiwa zuwa tsarin ƙirƙira, aiki tare da masu bincike da ma'aikata da yawa. Ya kafa dakin bincike na masana'antu na farko.

Edison ya girma a Midwest Amurka. A farkon aikinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin telegraph, wanda ya ƙarfafa wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ya fara ƙirƙira.  A cikin shekarar 1876, ya kafa dakin gwaje-gwajensa na farko a Menlo Park, New Jersey, inda aka ɓullo da yawancin abubuwan ƙirƙira na farko. Daga baya ya kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje na kayan lambu a Fort Myers, Florida, tare da haɗin gwiwar 'yan kasuwa Henry Ford da Harvey S. Firestone, da dakin gwaje-gwaje a West Orange, New Jersey, wanda ya nuna gidan wasan kwaikwayo na farko na duniya, Black Maria. Tare da haƙƙin mallaka na Amurka 1,093 a cikin sunansa, da kuma haƙƙin mallaka a wasu ƙasashe, ana ɗaukar Edison a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa ƙirƙira a tarihin Amurka.  Edison ya yi aure sau biyu kuma ya haifi ‘ya’ya shida. Ya mutu a shekara ta 1931 saboda matsalolin ciwon sukari.

## Ƙuruciya

An haifi Thomas Edison a cikin shekarar 1847 a Milan, Ohio, amma ya girma a Port Huron, Michigan, bayan dangi ya ƙaura a 1854.  Shi ne ɗa na bakwai kuma na ƙarshe na Samuel Ogden Edison Jr. (1804-1896, an haife shi a Marshalltown, Nova Scotia) da Nancy Matthews Elliott (1810-1871, an haife shi a gundumar Chenango, New York).   Layin danginsa na mahaifa shine Yaren mutanen Holland ta hanyar New Jersey;  sunan  farko shine "Edeson".  Kakansa John Edeson ya gudu daga New Jersey zuwa Nova Scotia a 1784, mahaifinsa ya koma Vienna, Ontario kuma ya gudu bayan ya shiga cikin tawayen 1837. 

Edison ya kasance mahaifiyarsa ce ta koya masa karatu da rubutu da lissafi. Ya yi makarantar 'yan watanni kawai. Duk da haka, wani marubucin tarihin rayuwa ya kwatanta shi a matsayin yaro mai son sani wanda ya koyi abubuwa da yawa ta wurin karatu da kansa.  Lokacin yana yaro, ya zama abin sha'awar fasaha kuma ya shafe sa'o'i yana aiki a kan gwaji a gida. 

Edison ya sami matsala ta ji yana da shekaru 12. An alakanta dalilin kurmarsa da bullar scarlet fever  a lokacin yana yaro da kuma ciwon middle ear infection da ke taruwa akai-akai. Daga baya ya shirya fitattun labarai na ƙagaggun labarai game da musabbabin kurmarsa.  Yayin da ya kasance kurma gaba daya a kunne daya kuma da kyar yake ji a daya, ana zargin  Edison zai saurari mai kunna kiɗa ko piano ta hanyar cusa haƙoransa a cikin itace don ɗaukar raƙuman sauti a cikin kwanyarsa. Yayin da ya girma, Edison ya yi imanin cewa rashin jinsa ya ba shi damar kauce wa damuwa kuma ya fi mayar da hankali kan aikinsa. Masana tarihi na zamani da ƙwararrun likita sun nuna cewa yana iya samun ADHD. 

An san cewa a farkon aikinsa ya shiga cikin kwas din sunadarai a The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art don tallafawa aikinsa akan sabon tsarin telegraphy tare da Charles Batchelor. Wannan da alama ita ce kawai rajistar da ya yi a kwasa-kwasan a wata babbar jami'a.   

## Farkon aiki

Thomas Edison ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mahautan labarai, yana sayar da jaridu, alewa da kayan lambu a kan jiragen da ke gudana daga Port Huron zuwa Detroit. Ya juya ribar dala 50 a mako tun yana dan shekara 13, yawancinsu sun je siyan kayan aikin gwajin lantarki da na sinadarai.  Yana da shekaru 15, a cikin shekarar 1862, ya ceci Jimmie MacKenzie mai shekaru 3 daga wani jirgin da ya gudu.  Mahaifin Jimmie, wakilin tashar JU MacKenzie na Dutsen Clemens, Michigan, ya yi godiya sosai cewa ya horar da Edison a matsayin ma'aikacin telegraph. Aikin farko na Edison na wayar tarho daga Port Huron ya kasance a Stratford Junction, Ontario, akan Grand Trunk Railway.  Ya kuma yi nazarin qualitative analysis kuma ya gudanar da gwaje-gwajen sinadarai har sai da ya bar aikin maimakon a kore shi bayan an kama shi da laifin wani karo kusa da jiragen kasa biyu.   

Edison ya sami keɓantaccen haƙƙin sayar da jaridu akan hanya, kuma, tare da taimakon mataimaka huɗu, ya saita nau'in kuma ya buga *Grand Trunk Herald*, wanda ya sayar da sauran takaddunsa.  Wannan ya fara dogon zango na ayyukan kasuwanci na Edison, yayin da ya gano hazakarsa a matsayinsa na dan kasuwa. A ƙarshe, kasuwancinsa ya kasance tsakiyar kafa wasu kamfanoni 14, ciki har da General Electric, wanda ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin kasuwanci a duniya.        

## Manazarta