Pichinglis

Pichinglis, wanda masu magana da yawunsa ke kiransa da Pichi kuma wanda aka fi sani da Fernando Po Creole Turanci (Fernandino), yaren Atlantika ne na kamus na crole wanda ake magana da shi a tsibirin Bioko, Equatorial Guinea. Yaren Krio ne na Saliyo, kuma Krios wanda ya yi hijira zuwa tsibirin ne ya kawo shi Bioko lokacin mulkin mallaka a karni na 19.

Pichi shine yaren babban birnin Malabo da aka fi amfani da shi, kusa da Mutanen Espanya, kuma yana aiki azaman yare na farko ga galibin mazauna babban birnin. Hakanan ana amfani da Pichi azaman yare na farko a ƙauyuka da ƙauyuka da ke gefen Tekun Bioko - daga cikinsu akwai Sampaca, Fiston, Basupú, Barrio las Palmas da Luba. Har ila yau, yawancin mutanen da suka fito daga Bioko a Bata, birni mafi girma a yankin nahiyar kasar suna magana da shi.

## Girman al'ummar masu magana
An yi imanin cewa Pichi ya samo asali ne daga yaren Krio, wanda ya fara isa Bioko, tsohon Fernando Po, tare da mazauna Afirka daga Freetown, Saliyo a 1827 (Fyfe 1962: 165). Babu alkaluman da aka samu a hukumance, amma akwai kyakkyawan dalili da za a dauka cewa Pichi a yau shi ne yaren Afirka na biyu da aka fi amfani da shi a kasar bayan Fang, sannan Bubi ke biye da shi. Yana da kyau a ɗauka cewa aƙalla mutane 100,000 na al'ummar ƙasar kusan miliyan ɗaya ne suna amfani da Pichi a kai a kai a matsayin yare na farko ko na biyu.

Kusa da Fang, Pichi da Bubi, mutane na Equatorial Guinea suna magana da wasu harsunan Afirka sama da goma.

Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine wani Creole, Creole na Portuguese-lexicon Fá d'Ambô, wanda mutanen tsibirin Annobón ke magana. Fa d'Ambô yana da alaƙa ta tarihi da harshe tare da sauran Creoles na Portuguese-lexicon na Gulf of Guinea,  wato Lungwa Santome da Angolar a Tsibirin São Tomé da Lun'gwiye a Tsibirin Principe . Har ila yau tasirin Pichi akan Fa d"Ambô.

Sauran harsunan da aka saba magana a Equatorial Guinea na reshen Bantu na iyalin Nijar-Congo. A cikin wallafe-wallafen, an san Pichi a ƙarƙashin sunayen Fernando Po Creole English,   Fernandino Creole English ,  Pidgin (Turanci),  Broken English, [4] da Pichinglis [4] Duk da yake tsofaffin masu magana suna magana da harshen kamar Krio ko Pidgin, yawancin masu magana da yau suna magana da shi kamar Pichinglis, Pichin tare da wasula na ƙarshe ko kotun Pichi tout.

## Matsayi na yanzu
Kamanceceniya da ke tsakanin Pichi da Ingilishi da kuma sauƙaƙan tsarin Ingilishi wanda masu sa ido na Turai suka yi imani da cewa sun gane a cikin harshen da ba su ƙware ba, sun ba da ƙarin nauyi ga ra'ayoyin wariyar launin fata game da gabaɗayan ɗaukan fifiko na harsunan Turai da masu magana da su. Sakamakon haka, an ɗauki Pichi a matsayin matalauci, ƙasƙanci nau'in Ingilishi daga masu gudanar da mulkin mallaka na Spain da masu mishan. Pichi, kamar sauran yarukan Creole na Atlantic Basin, har yanzu yana fama da wannan gado mai wahala. Duk da muhimmancinsa a matsayin harshen al'umma, kuma a matsayin harshen ƙasa da na duniya, Pichi ba ta da wata sanarwa ko tallafi, ba ta cikin jawabin jama'a da kafofin watsa labarai na hukuma, kuma ba ta da wani wuri a cikin manufofin ilimi na Equatorial Guinea.

## Haɗin harshe
Pichi memba ne na reshen Afirka na dangin Atlantic English-lexicon Creoles . Ya fito ne kai tsaye daga Krio, harshen Creole na Turanci wanda ya tashi ya zama harshen Al'ummar Creole na Freetown, Saliyo a ƙarshen karni na 18. A cikin mafi kyawun ɓangaren karni na 19, wannan al'umma, wacce ta fito ne daga mummunar bautar da cinikin bayi, ta fara kirkirar al'adun Afirka da Turai da tattalin arziki tare da tekun Afirka ta Yamma. Fahimtar juna a cikin reshen Afirka yana da girma sosai. Koyaya, cikas ga sadarwa mai sauƙi tsakanin masu magana da Pichi da yarukan 'yar'uwarta ita ce hanyar da ta bambanta ta ci gaban Pichi tun 1857. A wannan shekarar, Spain ta fara aiwatar da mulkin mallaka a Equatorial Guinea. Tun daga wannan lokacin zuwa gaba, an yanke Pichi daga tasirin kai tsaye na Turanci, yaren da ya gaji mafi yawan ƙamus. Wasu daga cikin bambance-bambance na yau da kullun tsakanin Pichi da yaren 'yar'uwarta za a iya danganta su da ci gaban ciki a Pichi. Amma ba tare da wata shakka ba, wani muhimmin dalili na ci gaban Pichi daban shine babban matakin hulɗar harshe tare da Mutanen Espanya na Equatoguinean, harshen mulkin mallaka da na yau da kullun na Equatorial Guinea.

## Sadarwar harshe tsakanin Pichi da Mutanen Espanya
Mutanen Espanya sun bar zurfin rubutu a kan ƙamus da ƙamus na Pichi. Haɗakar da lambar wani bangare ne na tsarin harshe na Pichi. Tasirin Mutanen Espanya a kan Pichi shine a wani bangare, sakamakon manufofin harshe. Tun lokacin mulkin mallaka, Mutanen Espanya sun kasance kawai matsakaiciyar koyarwa a duk matakan tsarin ilimi. Akwai ƙwarewa mai yawa a cikin rajista daban-daban na Mutanen Espanya ta masu magana da Pichi a Malabo. A Malabo, samun Mutanen Espanya ya fara ne tun yana yaro, har ma ga yawancin ma'aikatan Equatoguineans da ba su da ilimi ko kuma ba su da ilimin makaranta. Hakazalika, bunkasa tattalin arzikin mai na Equatorial Guinea ya haifar da karuwar birane, fadada hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa na kabilanci da yaduwar Pichi a matsayin harshen asali. A cikin irin wannan yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki kuma a cikin babban ƙwarewa a cikin harshen hukuma Mutanen Espanya, haɗuwa tsakanin Pichi da Mutanen Espanya، maimakon kasancewa na musamman, an bayyana shi da gangan da kuma amincewa a rayuwar yau da kullun.

### Wasu misalai na Pichi-Spanish code-mixing
Kalmomin Mutanen Espanya suna cikin bold a cikin jimloli na Pichi masu zuwa.
 

## Bayani game da yaren Pichi
Pichi yana da tsarin wasali guda bakwai da ke nuna sautin wayar /i, e, ɛ, a, ɔ, o, u/. Wayoyin baki na Pichi ashirin da biyu: /p, b, t, d, tʃ, dʒ, k, ɡ, f, v, s, ʁ, h, m, n, ɲ, ŋ, l, w, j, kp, ɡb/. Labiovelar plosives da aka haɗa tare /kp/ da /ɡb/ ba su da iyaka kuma suna faruwa ne kawai a cikin akida.

Harshen yana fasalta tsarin gauraye na prosodic wanda ke amfani da lafazin farar sauti da sautin duka. Pichi yana da sautuna daban-daban guda biyu, babban (H) da ƙaramar sautin (L). A cikin kalmomin da aka ƙara sauti, sautin sauti (L) shine tsohuwar fahimtar saƙon mara sauti (X). Misalai suna biye tare da daidaitawar tonal guda huɗu don kalmomin bisyllabic:

Tsarin halittar jiki na Pichi yana warewa sosai. Duk da haka, akwai iyakacin amfani da juzu'i da ilimin halittar jiki wanda a ciki ake amfani da affixation, sautin da ƙari. Misali, nau'ikan jijiyoyi, tsari da yanayin ana bayyana su ta hanyar ɓangarorin ɓangarorin preverbal na phonologically. Ba a canza tushen fi'ili ba:
 
Bayan haka, akwai iyakacin amfani da ilimin halittar jiki a cikin tsarin da ake magana da shi, wanda a cikinsa ake amfani da nau'ikan sauti da ƙari don bayyana alaƙar yanayi. Misali, abin dogaro mai suna '1SG.SBJ' yana da allomorphs mì '1SG.POSS' da mi '3SG.EMP'. A cikin misali mai zuwa, sautin murya kaɗai ya bambanta mallaka daga haƙiƙanin yanayin karin magana na 1SG:
 
Pichi fitaccen harshe ne wanda fannin (da yanayi) a cikinsa, maimakon tashin hankali ke taka rawa wajen bayyana dangantakar ɗan lokaci. Bayan haka, tsarin tsarin ya haɗa da adawa mai nuna alama. Halin da ke ƙarƙashin ikon yana nan take a cikin modal complementiser mek 'SBJV' kuma yana faruwa a cikin mahallin da ke da alaƙa da kasancewar tsarin deontic, watau a cikin umarnin manyan juzu'i kamar wajibai da kuma a cikin ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin ƙa'idar deontic da ke haifar da manyan predicates (duba misali na farko a ƙasa). Har ila yau, yanayin da ba a iya mantawa da shi yana faruwa a cikin jumlar manufa (duba misali na biyu a ƙasa):

Harshen yana baje kolin jigo – odar kalma a cikin furucin da ba a iya canzawa ba da kuma batun-fi’ili – odar abu a cikin juzu’i masu wucewa. Tambayoyin abun ciki ana yin su ta hanyar tsarin kalmomin tambaya mai gauraya wanda ya ƙunshi bayyane (misali us=tin 'wanne = abu' = 'mene') da abubuwan tambaya mara kyau (udat 'wane').

Haɗin sashi *ya* da halaye da yawa na dabarun da siffofi, wanda mai ba da izini *mu*, alamar da aka ambata, da masu haɓaka biyu *Hoton* da *mek* sun fito ne a matsayin abubuwa masu aiki da yawa tare da ayyuka masu yawa. Har ila yau, harshe yana da nau'ikan kalmomi da yawa da kuma tsarin kalmomi na serial. Daga cikin adadi na ƙarshe kayan aiki na kayan aiki na serial verb wanda ya haɗa da aikatau *tek* 'karɓar' da kuma kwatankwacin gine-ginen da ke nuna aikatau pas ' (sur) wucewa'.

## Dubi kuma

* Bioko
* Equatorial Guinea
* Mutanen Fernandino
* Portuguese na Equatoguinean
* Mutanen Espanya na Equatoguinean

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Littattafai masu mahimmanci

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## Haɗin waje

* (a cikin Mutanen Espanya) Tarihin Guinea 
* Game da pidgins 
* Mutanen Espanya a duk duniya: ƙarni na ƙarshe na lambobin sadarwa na John M. Lipski 
* (a cikin Mutanen Espanya) Wannan tashar ta haɗa da shafin da aka bincika na ƙamus / littafin nahawu na Pichinglis, Yaren Ingilishi na Afirka na mulkin mallaka na Gulf of Guinea, R.P. Mariano de Zarco, CMF., 1938, H. Proost y Cía, Turhhout, Belgium.