Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka

Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka ( FLOTUS ) wata muƙala ce da matar shugaban Amurka ke riƙe da ita, tare da wa'adin shugabancin ƙasa. Duk da cewa ba a taɓa tsara ko ayyana matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa a hukumance ba, tana da matsayi a fagen siyasa da zamantakewa na Amurka. Uwargidan shugaban Amurka a al'ada tana aiki a matsayin mai masaukin baki na Fadar White House . A tarihi, idan shugaban ƙasa bai yi aure ba ko kuma ba a ba shi gwauruwa ba, yakan nemi dangi ya yi aiki a matsayin mai masaukin baki na Fadar White House.

Duk da cewa gidan yana da ma'aikatan gida koyaushe, tun farkon ƙarni na 20, uwargidan shugaban ƙasa tana samun taimako daga ma'aikatan ta na taron, wanda ya ƙaru tsawon shekaru har ya haɗa da ma'aikatan sadarwa, na sirri, da na shirye-shirye, waɗanda suka ƙunshi Ofishin Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa (OFA).

Tun daga shekarun 1900, rawar da uwargidan shugaban ƙasa ke takawa ta canza sosai. Ya haɗa da shiga cikin kamfen na siyasa, gudanar da Fadar White House, gasar manufofin zamantakewa, da kuma wakiltar shugaban ƙasa a bukukuwan hukuma da na bukukuwa. Bugu da ƙari, tsawon shekaru, matan shugaban ƙasa daban-daban sun kasance masu tasiri a fannoni daban-daban, tun daga salon zamani zuwa ra'ayin jama'a kan manufofi, da kuma fafutukar ƙarfafa mata .  Matar shugaban ƙasa ta yanzu, tun daga ranar 20 ga Janairu, 2025, ita ce Melania Trump, matar shugaban ƙasa Donald Trump .

## Asalin taken

Amfani da taken matar shugaban ƙasa don bayyana matar shugaban ƙasa ko mai masaukin baki ya fara ne a Amurka. A farkon zamanin jamhuriya, babu wani lakabi da aka yarda da shi ga matar shugaban ƙasa. Matan shugaban ƙasa da yawa sun bayyana fifikonsu game da yadda ake kiransu, gami da amfani da lakabi kamar "Madam", "Madam Shugabar Ƙasa" da "Madam Shugabar Ƙasa"; Martha Washington sau da yawa ana kiranta da "Madam Washington". Ɗaya daga cikin farkon amfani da kalmar "Madam Shugabar Ƙasa" an yi mata a cikin wani labarin jarida na 1838 wanda ya fito a cikin littafin *St. Johnsbury Caledonian*, marubucin, " Mrs. Sigourney ", ya tattauna yadda Martha Washington ba ta canza ba, ko da bayan mijinta George ya zama shugaban ƙasa. Ta rubuta cewa "Madam Shugabar Ƙasa har yanzu tana kiyaye halaye na rayuwar farko. Ba tare da gajiyawa ba, ta bar matashin kai da asuba, kuma bayan karin kumallo, ta koma ɗakinta na tsawon awa ɗaya don nazarin littattafai da ibada." 

A bisa ga ra'ayin jama'a, an kira Dolley Madison a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1849 a lokacin jana'izarta a wani jawabi da Shugaba Zachary Taylor ya yi; duk da haka, babu wani rubutaccen bayani game da wannan jawabin, kuma babu wata jarida ta zamaninta da ta ambaci wannan taken.  Wani lokaci bayan 1849, an fara amfani da taken a cikin da'irar zamantakewa ta Washington, DC. Mutum na farko da aka yi mata lakabin a lokacin da take riƙe da ofishin ita ce Harriet Lane, 'yar'uwar James Buchanan ; *Jaridar Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper* ta yi amfani da kalmar don bayyana ta a cikin wani labarin 1860 game da ayyukanta a matsayin mai masaukin baki a Fadar White House. Wani daga cikin misalan rubuce-rubuce na farko da aka sani ya fito ne daga rubutun William Howard Russell a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 1863, wanda ya ambaci tsegumi game da "Matar Shugaban Ƙasa a Ƙasa", yana nufin Mary Todd Lincoln . An fara samun karramawar taken a duk faɗin ƙasar a shekarar 1877, lokacin da 'yar jaridar Mary C. Ames ta kira Lucy Webb Hayes da "Matar Farko ta Ƙasa" yayin da take ba da rahoto game da bikin rantsar da Rutherford B. Hayes . Rahoto akai-akai kan ayyukan Lucy Hayes ya taimaka wajen yaɗa amfani da taken a wajen Washington. Wani wasan barkwanci mai suna Charles Nirdlinger na shekarar 1911 game da Dolley Madison, wanda aka yi wa laƙabi da *The First Lady in the Land*, ya ƙara yaɗa taken. A shekarun 1930, ana amfani da shi sosai. Amfani da taken daga baya ya bazu daga Amurka zuwa wasu ƙasashe.

Lokacin da Edith Wilson ta karɓi ragamar tafiyar mijinta a shekarar 1919 bayan ya yi fama da bugun jini mai raɗaɗi, wani sanata ɗan jam'iyyar Republican ya laƙaba mata suna "Shugabar ƙasa wadda ta cika burin masu zaɓe ta hanyar canza mata muƙaminta daga Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa zuwa Mukaddashin Shugaban Ƙasa".  A cewar bayanan Nexis, an fara amfani da taƙaitaccen bayanin FLOTUS (wanda aka furta / ˈflə ʊt ɪs / ) a shekarar 1983 ta hannun Donnie Radcliffe, tana rubutu a *jaridar The Washington Post* .  

### Wadanda ba ma'aurata ba ne a cikin wannan rawar
Mata da yawa (aƙalla goma sha uku) waɗanda ba matan shugaban ƙasa ba ne sun yi aiki a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa, kamar lokacin da shugaban ƙasa yake balagagge ko bazawara, ko kuma lokacin da matar shugaban ƙasa ba ta iya cika ayyukan matar shugaban ƙasa da kanta ba. A cikin waɗannan yanayi, wata 'yar uwa ta shugaban ƙasa ce ta maye gurbinsa, kamar 'yar Jefferson Martha Jefferson Randolph, surukar Jackson Sarah Yorke Jackson da 'yar uwar matarsa Emily Donelson, 'yar Taylor Mary Elizabeth Bliss, 'yar Benjamin Harrison Mary Harrison McKee, 'yar Buchanan Harriet Lane, 'yar Chester A. Arthur Mary Arthur McElroy da 'yar Cleveland Rose Cleveland . Wasu shugabannin ƙasa sun kuma sa 'yan uwa su shiga tsakani na ɗan lokaci yayin da matansu ba su iya cika ayyukan matar shugaban ƙasa na ɗan lokaci ba. Wannan ya haɗa da Susan Ford, wacce za ta taimaka wa mahaifinta da ayyukan mai masaukin baki yayin da mahaifiyarta, Betty Ford, ke murmurewa daga cutar kansar mama. 

### Matsayin da ake iya ɗauka a matsayin namiji
Kowanne daga cikin shugabannin Amurka 45 [ A ] maza ne, kuma duk sun sami matansu, ko kuma mace mai masaukin baki, ta ɗauki matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa. Don haka, ba a taɓa buƙatar namiji mai kama da lakabin matar shugaban ƙasa ba.

A shekarar 2016, yayin da Hillary Clinton ta zama mace ta farko da ta lashe zaben shugaban kasa a babbar jam'iyya, an yi tambayoyi game da abin da za a ba mijinta Bill Clinton laƙabi idan ta lashe zaben shugaban kasa. A lokacin yakin neman zabe, an fi ba da shawarar Bill Clinton laƙabi na **First Gentleman na Amurka**, kodayake a matsayinsa na tsohon shugaban ƙasa da kansa, ana iya kiransa "Mr. President".  Bugu da ƙari, matan gwamnonin jihohi maza galibi ana kiransu da mutumin farko a jiharsu (misali, Michael Haley shine mutumin farko a South Carolina yayin da matarsa, Nikki, ta yi aiki a matsayin gwamna ).  A ƙarshe, Hillary Clinton ta sha kaye a zaɓen, wanda hakan ya sa wannan ba shi da ma'ana. 

A shekarar 2021, Kamala Harris ta hau kan mulki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaba, inda ta sanya mijinta Doug Emhoff ya zama matar aure ta farko ga wani zababben mukami a ƙasar Amurka. Emhoff ta karɓi muƙamin mutum na biyu a Amurka ("mai girma" wanda ya maye gurbin "mace" a cikin muƙamin) wanda hakan ya sa ake sa ran duk wani matar aure namiji da zai zama shugaban ƙasa zai sami muƙamin mutum na farko.  Harris daga baya za ta zama ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar Democrat a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2024. Da a ce ta yi nasara, da an ba wa Emhoff muƙamin mutum na farko.  

## Matsayin

Duk da cewa ba a taɓa bayyana matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa ko kuma a hukumance ba, amma ta shahara sosai a harkokin siyasa da zamantakewa na Amurka.  Matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa ba na wanda aka zaɓa ko wanda aka naɗa ba ne, kuma ba matsayi ba ne a cikin Gwamnatin Amurka, yana ɗauke da ayyukan al'ada kawai. Duk da haka, matan shugaban ƙasa sun riƙe matsayi a bayyane a cikin al'ummar Amurka.  Matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa ya ci gaba tsawon ƙarni da yawa. Ita ce, da farko, mai masaukin baki a Fadar White House.  Tana shirya kuma tana halartar bukukuwa da ayyukan gwamnati ko dai tare da, ko kuma a madadin, shugaban ƙasa. Lisa Burns ta gano manyan jigogi guda huɗu a jere na matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa: a matsayin mace ta jama'a (1900-1929); a matsayin shahararriyar siyasa (1932-1961); a matsayin mai fafutukar siyasa (1964-1977); da kuma a matsayin mai hulɗa da siyasa (1980-2001). 

Martha Washington ta ƙirƙiri wannan matsayi kuma ta ɗauki nauyin harkokin gwamnati da yawa a babban birnin ƙasar (New York da Philadelphia). Wannan hulɗar zamantakewa ta zama sananne a matsayin Kotun Republican kuma ta bai wa mata fitattu damar taka rawa a fagen siyasa.  An yi wa Martha Washington da Abigail Adams duka kamar "mata" na kotun masarautar Burtaniya. 

Dolley Madison ta shahara da matsayin mata ta hanyar yin ƙoƙari don taimaka wa marayu da mata, ta hanyar sanya kayan kwalliya masu kyau da jawo hankalin manema labarai, da kuma yin kasada ga rayuwarta don adana taskokin tarihi a lokacin Yaƙin 1812. Madison ta kafa mizani ga matsayin mata kuma ayyukanta sun kasance abin koyi ga kusan kowace matar shugaban ƙasa har zuwa Eleanor Roosevelt a shekarun 1930.  Roosevelt ta yi tafiye-tafiye sosai kuma ta yi magana da ƙungiyoyi da yawa, sau da yawa tana bayyana ra'ayoyinta na kashin kai a gefen hagu na shugaban ƙasa. Ta rubuta wani shafi na jarida na mako-mako kuma ta ɗauki nauyin wani shiri na rediyo.  Jacqueline Kennedy ta jagoranci ƙoƙarin sake yin ado da kuma maido da Fadar White House. 

Matan shugaban ƙasa da yawa sun zama manyan masu sha'awar salon kwalliya.  Wasu sun yi tasiri a siyasance ta hanyar kasancewa mai ba da shawara mai mahimmanci ga shugaban ƙasa. 

A cikin karni na 20, ya zama ruwan dare ga matan shugaban ƙasa su zaɓi takamaiman dalilai don tallata, galibi waɗanda ba sa rabuwar siyasa. Ya zama ruwan dare ga matar shugaban ƙasa ta ɗauki ma'aikata don tallafawa waɗannan ayyukan. Lady Bird Johnson ta fara aikin kare muhalli da ƙawata muhalli.  Pat Nixon ya ƙarfafa aikin sa kai kuma ya yi tafiye-tafiye zuwa ƙasashen waje sosai; Betty Ford ta goyi bayan haƙƙin mata; Rosalynn Carter ta taimaka wa waɗanda ke da nakasa ta hankali; Nancy Reagan ta kafa kamfen ɗin wayar da kan jama'a game da miyagun ƙwayoyi; Barbara Bush ta haɓaka karatu da rubutu; Hillary Clinton ta nemi gyara tsarin kiwon lafiya a Amurka; Laura Bush ta goyi bayan ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin mata, kuma ta ƙarfafa ilimin yara.  Michelle Obama ta shahara da tallafawa iyalan sojoji da magance kiba a lokacin ƙuruciya;  da Jill Biden sun mai da hankali kan goyon bayanta kan iyalan sojoji da tarihin Fadar White House .    Uwargidan shugaban ƙasa ta yanzu Melania Trump ta yi amfani da matsayinta don taimaka wa yara, gami da hana cin zarafin yanar gizo da tallafawa waɗanda miyagun ƙwayoyi suka shafa rayuwarsu.  Ta kuma yi amfani da matsayinta na uwargidan shugaban ƙasa don yaƙi da hotunan sirri marasa amincewa ("batsa na fansa") ko kuma zane -zanen karya da aka saka a shafukan yanar gizo da aikace-aikacen kafofin watsa labarun, waɗanda aka saba yi da taimako ta hanyar fasahar wucin gadi, wanda ya taimaka wajen yin tasiri ga zartar da Dokar TAKE IT DOWN .  

Tun daga shekarar 1964, matan shugaban ƙasa masu ci da kuma waɗanda ke raye, membobin girmamawa ne na kwamitin amintattu na Cibiyar Al'adu ta Ƙasa, Cibiyar Fasaha ta John F. Kennedy . 

Kusan ƙarshen shugabancin mijinta, Hillary Clinton ta zama matar shugaban ƙasa ta farko da ta nemi mukamin siyasa, lokacin da ta tsaya takarar Majalisar Dattawan Amurka . A lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓe, 'yarta Chelsea ta karɓi mafi yawan ayyukan matar shugaban ƙasa. Clinton ta yi nasara, ta yi aiki a matsayin ƙaramar sanata daga New York daga 2001 zuwa 2009, lokacin da ta yi murabus don zama sakatariyar harkokin wajen Shugaba Obama. Daga baya, ta kasance mai takarar jam'iyyar Democrat a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa a 2016, amma ta sha kaye a hannun Donald Trump .

Wasu matan shugaban ƙasa sun ɗauki manyan mukamai a gwamnatin mazajensu. Hillary Clinton ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara manufofin kiwon lafiya na jama'a. Wasu kuma, kamar Rosalynn Carter, suna halartar tarurrukan majalisar ministoci akai-akai, sau da yawa suna zaune a hankali a bayan ɗakin.  Kwanan nan, Jill Biden ta kuma halarci tarurrukan majalisar ministoci, tana dinka kujerun majalisar ministoci tare da jami'an majalisar ministoci.

## Ofishin Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa

Ofishin Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa na Amurka yana da alhakinta ga uwargidan shugaban kasa don ta gudanar da ayyukanta a matsayin mai masaukin baki a Fadar White House, kuma ita ce ke kula da dukkan abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa da bukukuwa na Fadar White House. Uwargidan shugaban kasa tana da ma'aikatanta wadanda suka hada da shugabar ma'aikata, sakataren yada labarai, sakataren zamantakewa na Fadar White House, da kuma babban mai tsara furanni . Ofishin Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa wani bangare ne na Ofishin Fadar White House, wani reshe na Ofishin Shugaban Kasa .  Lokacin da Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa Hillary Clinton ta yanke shawarar tsayawa takarar Sanata a New York, ta ajiye ayyukanta na uwargidan shugaban kasa  ta koma Chappaqua, New York, don tabbatar da zama a jihar.  Ta ci gaba da aikinta na uwargidan shugaban kasa bayan ta lashe yakin neman zabenta na sanata,  kuma ta ci gaba da aikinta na uwargidan shugaban kasa da kuma Sanata a Amurka na tsawon kwanaki goma sha bakwai kafin wa'adin Bill Clinton ya kare. 

## Tarin abubuwa
An kafa shi a shekarar 1912, tarin matan farko ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun abubuwan jan hankali a Cibiyar Smithsonian . Nunin farko ya buɗe a shekarar 1914 kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin na farko a Smithsonian da ya nuna mata. Da farko ya fi mayar da hankali kan salon zamani, yanzu nunin ya zurfafa cikin gudummawar matan farko ga al'ummar Amurka. A shekarar 2008, "Ladies First at the Smithsonian" ya buɗe a Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Amurka a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin sake buɗewa na shekara. Wannan nunin ya yi aiki a matsayin gada ga faffadan nunin tarihin matan farko da gidan tarihi ya buɗe a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, 2011. "Ladies First" ya bincika matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa amma mai muhimmanci da kuma yadda mata daban-daban suka tsara rawar da za su taka don bayar da gudummawarsu ga gwamnatocin shugaban ƙasa da ƙasa. Nunin ya ƙunshi riguna 26 da wasu abubuwa sama da 160, tun daga na Martha Washington zuwa Melania Trump, kuma ya haɗa da kayan alatu na Fadar White House, kayan da suka mallaka da sauran abubuwa daga tarin kayan matan farko na Smithsonian na musamman. 

## Tasiri
Wasu matan shugaban ƙasa sun jawo hankali saboda suturar su da salon su. Misali, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis ta zama shahararriyar mai yin kwalliya a duniya: masana'antun kasuwanci sun kwaikwayi salon ta kuma mata da yawa sun yi koyi da ita, kuma an sanya ta cikin jerin sunayen mata mafi kyawun sutura a duniya a shekarar 1965.   An naɗa Mamie Eisenhower ɗaya daga cikin mata goma sha biyu mafi kyawun sutura a ƙasar ta Cibiyar Riga ta New York kowace shekara da ta zama Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa. "Mamie Look" ta ƙunshi riga mai cikakken siket, munduwa masu kyau, lu'u-lu'u, ƙananan huluna, da gashin da aka yi da bobbed, da kuma gashi mai ban sha'awa.  Michelle Obama ta kuma sami kulawa sosai ga zaɓin ta na kayan kwalliya: marubuciyar salon kwalliya Robin Givhan ta yaba mata a cikin *littafin The Daily Beast*, tana jayayya cewa salon Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa ya taimaka wajen inganta hoton ofishin jama'a. 

## Dalilai da shirye-shirye

Tun daga shekarun 1920, mata da yawa na shugabanni sun zama masu jawabi a bainar jama'a, suna ɗaukar takamaiman dalilai.  Haka kuma ya zama ruwan dare ga matar shugaban ƙasa ta ɗauki ma'aikata don tallafawa ajandarta. Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan na matar shugaban ƙasa sune:

* Lou Henry Hoover :
** gyaran Fadar White House
* Eleanor Roosevelt :
** Haƙƙoƙin mata
** haƙƙin ɗan adam
** ayyukan jin kai
* Jacqueline Kennedy :
** Gyaran Fadar White House da Fasaha
* Lady Bird Johnson :
** Kare Muhalli da Kyawunsa
* Pat Nixon :
** Aikin sa-kai
* Betty Ford :
** Haƙƙoƙin mata
** cin zarafin miyagun ƙwayoyi
* Rosalynn Carter :
** Lafiyar kwakwalwa
* Nancy Reagan :
** " Kawai Ka Ce A'a ", wayar da kan jama'a game da miyagun ƙwayoyi
* Barbara Bush :
** Karatu da rubutu game da yara
* Hillary Clinton :
** Kiwon lafiya a Amurka
* Laura Bush :
** Karatu da rubutu game da yara
* Michelle Obama :
** " Mu Ci Gaba! ", rage kiba a lokacin ƙuruciya
** " Bari 'Yan Mata Su Koyi ", ƙara ilimi ga 'yan mata
* Melania Trump :
** " Ka Zama Mafi Kyau ", wayar da kan jama'a game da cin zarafin yanar gizo
** hotunan sirri marasa yarda ("batsa na fansa") da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da karya
* Jill Biden :
** " Haɗaka da Sojoji ", iyalan sojoji;
** Tarihin Fadar White House

## Duba kuma

* *Matan Shugaban Ƙasa: Tasiri da Hoto*
* Wurin Tarihi na Ƙasa na Matan Shugaban Ƙasa ( Canton, Ohio )
* Shirin Tsabar Kuɗi na Matar Farko $1
* Jerin matan aure na farko na Amurka na yanzu
* Mata na biyu da mazaje na Amurka
* Ranar Matan Shugaban Kasa ta Kasa
* Lewis L. Gould, wani ƙwararre a fannin Matan Shugaban Ƙasa
* Sally Hemings
* Dolly Johnson

## Bayanan kula
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## Manazarta

## Ƙarin karatu

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Jerin Matan Shugabannin Amurka na Haruffa
* Ofishin Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa
* Hotunan Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa
* Laburaren Matan Shugaban Kasa na Ƙasa
* Matan Farko a Smithsonian Archived