Mildred Constantine

**Mildred Constantine Bettelheim**(28 ga Yuni,1913&#x2013;Disamba 10,2008)wani ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne wanda ya taimaka wajen jawo hankali ga fastoci da sauran zane-zane a cikin tarin kayan tarihi na fasahar zamani a cikin 1950s da 1960s.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Constantine (ta yi amfani da sunanta na sana'a)an haife shi a 1913 a Brooklyn, New York .Ta sami digiri na farko da na biyu daga Jami'ar New York kuma ta halarci makarantar digiri na Jami'ar National Autonomous University of Mexico.

Ta yi aiki da Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Kwalejin daga 1931 zuwa 1937 a matsayin mataimakiyar edita akan mujallar *Parnassus*.Ta sadu da Rene d'Harnoncourt,maigidanta na gaba a matsayin darekta na Gidan kayan gargajiya na zamani,yayin da take aiki a Washington,DC a Ofishin Mai Gudanarwa na Inter-American Affairs.Ta kuma yi tafiya zuwa Mexico, a cikin 1936,a matsayin wani ɓangare na Kwamitin Hagu na Yaƙi da Fascism,inda ta haɓaka sha'awar zane-zanen siyasar Latin da Tsakiyar Amurka.An nuna tarin fosta na Latin Amurka da ta shirya a ɗakin karatu na Majalisa kuma daga baya ta zama wani ɓangare na tarin dindindin na Gidan Tarihi na Gidan Tarihi.

Yayin da take birnin Washington,ta sadu da Ralph Bettelheim,wani ɗan gudun hijira daga Ostiriya kuma masanin tattalin arziki.Sun yi aure a shekara ta 1942.

Daga 1943 zuwa 1970,Constantine ya yi aiki a sashen gine-gine da ƙira na Gidan Tarihi na Zamani,a matsayin abokin kula da kuma daga baya a matsayin mai ba da shawara,inda ta taimaka wajen yada tarin abubuwan da ke da wuyar rarrabawa ko kuma an yi watsi da su,wanda ta kira "kayan gudun hijira.".Nunin ta 1948 *Posters na Polio* shine gidan kayan gargajiya na farko da aka sadaukar don dalilai,kuma ya haɗa da ayyukan da ta ba da izini don taimakawa wajen wayar da kan al'amuran zamantakewa daban-daban. 

Ta shirya nune-nunen nune-nunen na solo don masu zane-zane da kayayyaki ciki har da Alvin Lustig,Bruno Munari,Massimo Vignelli da Tadanori Yokoo wanda *[[New York Times|The New York Times]]* ya bayyana a matsayin"ma'anar sana'a."Nunin nune-nunen ta masu fa'ida a cikin aikace-aikacen fasaha da kayan ado sun haɗa da *Olivetti:Zane a Masana'antu* a 1952, *Alamun Titin* a 1954,da nunin 1962 na *Wasika ta Hannu*.

Constantine ya shirya baje kolin na 1968 mai taken *Kalma da Hoto*,wanda shine nuni na farko da ya mayar da hankali kan fastoci a cikin tarin gidan kayan gargajiya tun daga karni na 20,wanda kataloginsa ana daukarsa a matsayin babban abin da ke tattara tarihin fosta.A cikin nazarinsa na Janairu 1968 na nunin,mai sukar fasaha John Canaday na *The New York Times* ya rubuta:"Sabon nune-nunen nune-nunen fastoci na gidan kayan tarihi na zamani,wanda aka buɗe jiya a ƙarƙashin taken *Kalma da Hoto,*yana da kyau sosai har tsawon minti ɗaya kuna mamakin dalilin da yasa allunan talla suka lalace,"lura da cewa gidan kayan gargajiya ya gudanar da nune-nunen fosta 35 a baya amma hakan ya kasance.mafi girmansa kuma cewa yayin da mafi yawan fastocin suna kallon kwanan watan bayan ƴan shekaru,abubuwan da Constantine ya zaɓa daga tarin fastoci 2,000 na gidan kayan gargajiya"suna da ƙarfi kamar lokacin da aka buga su."Binciken Critic Hilton Kramer a cikin The Times,ya bayyana nunin a matsayin wanda ya ƙunshi fastoci 300 daga lokacin daga 1879 zuwa 1967,wanda Constantine ya zaɓa bisa la'akari da"darajar su," kodayake Kramer yana jin cewa nunin ba zai iya bayyana ƙarshen-1960s ba.foster fad wanda zane-zanen kwakwalwarsa da ya yi imani bai dace da fitattun zane-zane na zamanin farko ba.

Constantine ya mutu yana da shekaru 95 a ranar 10 ga Disamba,2008 na ciwon zuciya a gidanta a Nyack,New York. 

### Yadi
Har ila yau Constantine ya rubuta kuma ya rubuta game da tufafi.Tare da Jack Lenor Larsen,Constantine ya gyara bangon bango wanda ya zagaya biranen 11 daga 1968-1969 kuma ya rubuta *Beyond Craft: The Art Fabric* a 1973.

A cikin 1972,Mildred Constantine ya sake buga Alice Adams's Gina 1966 a cikin littafinta Beyond Craft.Ta rubuta littafin tare da Jack Lenor Larsen wanda shine farkon zurfafan kallon motsin fasaha na fiber.Wannan rubutun ya yi magana game da yadda fasahar fiber ya samo asali, ya bayyana manufofinsa na ado,da kuma kare aikin da aka yi da fiber a matsayin "kyakkyawan fasaha."

Bayan da ta tashi a 1971 daga gidan kayan gargajiya na zamani,ta samar da nune-nunen nune-nunen da litattafai a kan batutuwa na caricature,zane-zane,zane-zane na ado da daukar hoto,da kuma ƙaddamar da 1988 *Frontiers a Fiber: Amirkawa,*da 2002 suna nuna *Ƙananan Ayyuka a Fiber* .Dukansu sun ja hankali ga zane-zane da zane-zane

### Marubuci
Constantine ya rubuta ko ya rubuta littattafai da yawa akan fasahar fiber da sauran batutuwa:.

* 1960 *Art Nouveau:Art da Design a Juya na Karni,*edita(tare da Peter Selz )
* 1969 *Kalma da Hoto:Posters daga Tarin Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani*(tare da Alan M. Fern)
* 1973 *Beyond Craft:The Art of Fabric* (tare da Jack Lenor Larsen )
* 1974 *juyin juya halin Soviet Film Posters*
* 1981 *Fabric Art:Mainstream*
* 1983 *Tina Modotti:Rayuwa mai rauni*
* 1986 *The Art Fabric:Mainstream*
* 1997 *Duk Tufafi*
* 1999 *25 na 25th:Glancing Back, Gazing Ahead*(tare da Lloyd Cotsen, Jack Lenor Larsen da Patricia Mal)
* 2000 *Theo Leffmann*(tare da Mary Jane Jacob,Theo Leffmann da David Mickenberg )
* 2004 *Jack Lenor Larsen:Mahalicci da Mai Tara* (tare da David Revere McFadden )

## Duba kuma

* Mata a fagen tarihin fasaha

## Nassoshi

## Kara karantawa

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