Jirgin ruwa na Reed

**Jiragen ruwa na Reed** da koma  **rafts** tare da kwale-kwale da sauran kwale-kwale, suna daga cikin tsoffin nau'ikan jiragen ruwa da aka anfani  da su koma a  sani . Sau da yawa ana amfani da su azaman kwale-kwalen kamun kifi na gargajiya, har yanzu ana amfani da su a wasu  wurare a duniya, kodayake galibi an maye gurbinsu da kwale-kwale . Ana iya bambanta kwale-kwale na Reed da raƙuman raƙuman ruwa, tun da yawancin kwale-kwalen suna hana ruwa da wani nau'i na kwalta.  Kazalika da jiragen ruwa da rafts, an kuma gina ƙananan tsibirai masu iyo daga ciyayi.

Gawarwakin da aka fara ganowa daga jirgin ruwan redi na da shekaru [7000,]wanda aka samu a kasar  Kuwait . Ana siffanta kwale-kwalen Reed a farkon petroglyphs kuma sun kasance gama gari a Masar ta dā. Wani sanannen misali daga Littafin Fitowa shi ne akwatin gawa da aka sa jariri Musa a cikinsa. An kuma gina su tun daga farko a Peru da Bolivia, kuma an sami kwale-kwale masu irin wannan ƙirar a tsibirin Easter da kuma New Zealand inda ƴan asalin ƙasar Māori suka yi su.  Har yanzu ana amfani da jiragen ruwa na Reed a cikin Peru, Bolivia, Habasha, kuma har zuwa kwanan nan a Corfu . Binciken da bincike na masanin ƙabilar Norway da ɗan wasan kasada Thor Heyerdahl ya haifar da kyakkyawar fahimta game da gine-gine da iyawar jiragen ruwa.

## Tarihi

Hoton da ke hannun dama yana nuna petroglyphs na kwale-kwalen redu da maza. Jirgin ruwan Reed yayi kama da wanda aka nuna a zanen kogo a Scandinavia, wani abu da ya jagoranci Thor Heyerdahl akan tunanin cewa Scandinavian sun fito ne daga yankin da a yau shine Azerbaijan . A cikin Gobustan Petroglyph Reserve akwai fiye da 6,000 petroglyphs da mafarauta suka sassaƙa waɗanda suka rayu a cikin waɗannan kogo shekaru 12,000 da suka wuce. A lokacin Tekun Caspian ya kasance mafi girma kuma ya wanke kan ƙananan duwatsun dutsen.

Wani wurin kuma shi ne Wadi Hammamat a Qift, Misira, inda akwai zane-zane na jiragen ruwa na Masar wanda aka rubuta a 4000 BC 

Shahararrun da aka fi sani da ragowar kwale-kwalen da aka yi da redu (da kwalta) sun fito ne daga wani jirgin ruwan teku mai shekaru 7000 da aka samu a wurin binciken kayan tarihi na H3, Kuwait. 

Masarawa na d ¯ a sun gina kwale-kwale daga ciyayi na papyrus, waɗanda aka noma a kogin Nilu da Delta. An kuma yi amfani da wannan itacen don wasu dalilai da yawa, musamman don samar da fatun da aka rubuta papyrus.  Hakanan ana iya amfani da sauran reeds na jinsin Cyperus .  Theophrastus a cikin *Tarihin Tsirrai*  ya bayyana cewa riging a kan jirgin ruwa na Sarki Antigonus, ya kasance yana ɗaure ƙofofi lokacin da Ulysses ya kashe masu neman a cikin zaurensa,  an yi shi ne daga papyrus Reed.  An yi ƙeƙasassu masu haske da suka dace da kewaya kogin Nilu da ’yan itace da aka yanke daga itacen papyrus, kamar yadda bas-reliefs daga daular ta huɗu ta nuna inda mutane suke yankan papyrus, kuma suna amfani da shi don yin igiya da jirgin ruwa da kuma gina jirgin ruwa. 

In ji Littafi Mai Tsarki, sa’ad da Fir’auna ya ba da doka cewa a kashe dukan mazajen Isra’ila, jaririn Musa ya ceci mahaifiyarsa, kuma ta sa shi ya ratsa bisa Kogin Nilu a cikin akwati na ciyayi .  Ƙwaƙwalwar wannan ƙaramin kwale-kwale ko kwandon da aka yi da shi wataƙila papyrus ne.  Annabi Ishaya ya yi nuni ga tukwane na Hashawa a cikin  .

## Thor Heyerdahl

A cikin 'yan shekarun baya-bayan nan, bincike da bincike na mawallafin ƙabilar Norwegian da ɗan wasan kasada Thor Heyerdahl, 1914-2002, sun haifar da kyakkyawar godiya ga gine-gine da damar jiragen ruwa.

Heyerdahl ya so ya nuna cewa tsohon Bahar Rum ko mutanen Afirka na iya ketare Tekun Atlantika kuma su isa Amurka ta hanyar tafiya tare da Canary Current . A cikin 1969, Heyerdahl ya kera jirgin ruwan reda na farko, *Ra ,* mai suna Ra, gunkin rana na Masar. Zanensa ya dogara ne akan samfuran Masarawa na dā da zane. Wasu ‘yan kwale-kwalen da suka fito daga tafkin Chadi a jamhuriyar Chadi ne suka kera jirgin da ciyawar papyrus daga tafkin Tana a kasar Habasha . An harba shi ne a gabar tekun Maroko, kuma ya tashi a wani yunƙuri na tsallaka Tekun Atlantika. Bayan makonni da yawa, ma'aikatansa sun gyara jirgin a hanyar da ta sa *Ra* ta yi rawar jiki ta dauki ruwa. A ƙarshe *Ra* ya rabu kuma aka watsar da shi.

A shekara mai zuwa, Heyerdahl ya shirya ginin wani jirgin ruwa mai kama da *Ra II* . Masu ginin jirgin ruwa daga tafkin Titicaca sun gina wannan a Bolivia . Har ila yau, jirgin ya tashi daga Maroko, ya yi nasara a wannan lokacin kuma ya isa Barbados . 

A cikin 1978, Heyerdahl ya gina jirgin ruwa na Redi na uku, *Tigris ,* mai suna Tigris River, wanda ke bayyana iyakar gabashin Mesopotamiya. Manufar gina wannan jirgin shine don nuna cewa Mesofotamiya zai iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa ta hanyar kasuwanci da ƙaura zuwa wayewar Indus Valley, yanzu Pakistan ta zamani. An gina *Tigris* a Iraki kuma ya bi ta Tekun Fasha, sannan zuwa Pakistan, ya shiga Tekun Bahar Maliya . Ta zauna a cikin teku cikin yanayin ruwan teku har tsawon wata biyar. Sannan a kasar Djibouti an kona *Tigris* da gangan don nuna adawa da yake-yaken da ake ta fama da shi a ko'ina a kusa da tekun Bahar Maliya da kuma Kahon Afirka .

## Reed jiragen ruwa na Lake Titicaca

Totora reeds suna girma a Kudancin Amirka, musamman a kusa da tafkin Titicaca, da kuma a tsibirin Easter . Wa]anda al'adun gargajiya na Kudancin Amirka kafin Colombia suka yi amfani da waɗannan ciyayi don kera kwale-kwale. Kwale-kwalen, da ake kira balsa, sun bambanta da girma daga kananan kwalekwalen kamun kifi zuwa tsayin mita talatin. Har yanzu ana amfani da su a tafkin Titicaca, wanda ke kan iyakar Peru da Bolivia, 3810 m sama da matakin teku. 

Uros ƴan asalin ƙasar ne kafin su fara saduwa da Incas . Suna zaune, har yau, a kan tsibirai masu iyo da mutum ya yi a warwatse ko'ina cikin Tekun Titicaca . Wadannan tsibiran kuma an gina su daga totora reeds.  Kowane tsibiri mai iyo yana tallafawa tsakanin gidaje uku zuwa goma, kuma an gina su da ciyawa.  Uros har yanzu suna gina kwale-kwale na totora Reed, waɗanda suke amfani da su don kamun kifi da farautar tsuntsayen teku. 

Reed boat craftsmen from Suriqui, a town on the Bolivian side of lake Titicaca, helped Thor Heyerdahl construct *Ra II* and *Tigris*. Thor Heyerdahl attempted to prove that the reed boats of Lake Titicaca derived from the papyrus boats of Egypt.

Kusa da gabar kudu maso gabas na tafkin Titicaca akwai kango na tsohuwar jihar Tiwanaku . Tiwanaku yana ƙunshe da gine-ginen gine-gine masu girma da manyan duwatsu na fasaha na musamman.  Duwatsun korayen andesite, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don ƙirƙirar sassaƙaƙƙun sassaƙaƙƙun sassaƙa da monoliths, sun samo asali ne daga tsibirin Copacabana, dake ƙetaren tafkin Titicaca.  Wata ka'ida ita ce, waɗannan manyan duwatsun andesite, waɗanda nauyinsu ya haura ton 40, an yi jigilar su da nisan kilomita 90 a cikin tafkin Titicaca a cikin kwale-kwale. 
Fayil:Reed_Islands_of_Lake_Titicaca.jpg|alt=A floating reed island on Lake Titicaca| Tsibirin Reed mai iyoakan dandan Titicaca
Fayil:Iles_Flottantes_Titicaca_(pixinn.net).jpg|alt=Uros harvesting totora on Lake Titicaca, used traditionally to build reed boats| Urosgirbitotoraa kanwaje Titicaca, ana amfani da shi a al'ada don gina ruwa
Fayil:Urso_man_pulling_boat.jpg|alt=Uro man pulling a boat made of totora reeds|MutuminUroyana jan jirgin ruwa da aka yi datotora Reed
Fayil:Titicaca.JPG|alt=Uro-Indian at work in a reed boat|Uro-Indiya yana aiki a cikin kwale-kwale
Fayil:Titicaca_9921a.jpg|alt=Back on the floating island with the catch|Komawa kan abokan da ke da tare da kama
An kuma kera kwale-kwale na Reed ta amfani da totora reed a tsibirin Ista . Abin ban sha'awa, ƙirar waɗannan kwale-kwale sun yi daidai da ƙirar da aka yi amfani da su a Peru. 

## Wasu misalai

* Tule Reeds, wanda ya yaɗu a Arewacin Amirka, an yi amfani da su don kera kwale-kwalen da ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin Amirka daban-daban suka yi. Mutanen daga Ohlone, Coast Miwok da Bay Miwok sun yi amfani da tule don kera jiragen ruwa don amfani a cikin tashar San Francisco Bay.  Kungiyoyin Arewa na Chumash kuma sun yi amfani da tule wajen kera kwale-kwalen kamun kifi. 
* Kazalika da Peru da Bolivia, har yanzu ana gina kwale-kwale na Reed a Habasha .  kuma an yi amfani dashi har zuwa kwanan nan a Corfu . 
* A cikin asusun da Eusebius na Kaisariya na Eridu Farawa ya bayar shine da'awar cewa jirgin ruwan da Xisuthrus ya gina ya rayu, aƙalla har zuwa ranar Berossus, a cikin "Dutsen Corcyrean" na Armeniya .
* An yi Mokihi bisa ga al'ada daga raupo ko korari a New Zealand. Har yanzu ana gina shi akan kogin Waitaki http://www.waitaha.org/traditional-mokihi-sails-again/  da kuma a South Westland http://www.ramsar.org/cda/es/ramsar-activities-wwds-world-wetlands-day-2002-19749/main/ramsar/1-63-78%5E19749_4000_2__
* Ana amfani da kwale-kwalen addu’o’i a wani bukin addinin Hindu da ke gudana duk shekara a bakin kogin Ganges inda dubban mutane ke ƙona turare da kyandir a kan ƙananan kwale-kwalen da suke shawagi a cikin kogin da dare, kwale-kwalen suna ɗauke da buri da addu’o’insu.
* A cikin 1836, Narcissa Whitman ya kwatanta kwale-kwalen da Indiyawa suka ja da su a kan doki a baya a Snake Fort, Fort Boise . 
* A cikin 2007, jirgin ruwan Reed *Abora3*, wanda masanin kimiyyar Jamus Dominique Görlitz ya jagoranci, ya tashi daga New York don tabbatar da cewa sauran tafiye-tafiye tsakanin tekun na iya yiwuwa a cikin jiragen ruwa.
* Ana kuma gina wasu kwale - kwalen da tagulla (duba hoton da ke ƙasa).

## Gallery

Fayil:Aymara_Totora_Reed_Boat_on_display_at_the_Smithsonian,_Washington,_DC.jpg|alt=Aymara Totora Reed Boat on display at the Smithsonian, Washington, DC|Aymara Totora Reed Boat akan nuni aSmithsonian, Washington, DC
Fayil:Passengers_Maneuver_Motorcycle_out_of_Reed_Boat_-_Near_Hampi_-_India.JPG|alt=Passengers manoeuvre a motorcycle out of a woven-reed coracle ferry, near Hampi village, India. July 2008.|Fasinjoji sun tu dan wasan wani babur daga cikin wani jirgin ruwansa ka daaka saƙa, kusa da ƙauyenHampi, Indiya. Yuli 2008.
Fayil:HMB_AE_368_-_Barke_mit_Menschenfiguren.jpg|alt=Burial object, barque with two human figures, Gebelein, Upper Egypt. Probably Naqada II, 3400-3200 BC. Clay-covered reed, 46 cm in length.|Abun binne, barque tare da aikin biyu na mutum, Gebelein, Upper Egypt. Kamar Naqada II, 3400-3200 BC. Ruwan da aka lullube da yumbu, 46&nbsp;cm tsayi.
Fayil:Tigris_Model_Pyramids_of_Guimar.jpg|alt=Model of the Tigris at the Pyramids of Güímar, Tenerife.|Samfurin*Tigris*aPyramids na Güímar,Tenerife.
Fayil:Peru_Huanchaco_Typical_Fisherman_reed_boats.jpg|alt=Contemporary reed boats stacked on a beach in Peru|Kwale-kwalen kwale-kwale na zamani da aka jera a bakin teku a Peru
Fayil:Fishermen,_Lake_Tana_(2260748777).jpg|alt=Fishermen cast their lines from papyrus boats (tankwas) on Lake Tana in northern Ethiopia|Masunta sun yi rauni daga baya ruwan papyrus*(tankwas)*agefen Tanaa Habasha


## Duba kuma
 

## Bayanan kula

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Tarin Duniyar Jiragen Ruwa (EISCA) ~ Jirgin Kwando na Vietnamese 
* Jirgin ruwan Papyrus Reed ko "tankwa", tafkin Tana ta Majestic Moose. Flickr, Afrilu 2008, an dawo da shi Maris 26, 2010
* Gobustan daga "Window zuwa Baku"
* Hoton Rock na Gobustan
* Porfirio Limachi, magini jirgin ruwa
* The Viracocha Expedition , hoton gini
* Gidan Hoto na Tule Boat
* Tule Reed kwale , Ohlone, kaddamar a kan Lake Merced, San Francisco
* Tule Reed kwale, Modoc