Lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin ilimi

Lafiyar hankali a cikin ilimi shine tasirin da lafiyar hankali (ciki har da motsin rai, tunanin mutum, da jin daɗi jama'a) ke da shi akan aikin ilimi. Sau da yawa ana kallon Lafiyar kwakwalwa a matsayin batun manya, amma a zahiri, kusan rabin matasa a Amurka suna fama da cututtukan kwakwalwa, kuma kusan kashi 20% daga cikin waɗannan ana rarraba su a matsayin "mai tsanani". [1] Batutuwan lafiyar kwakwalwa na iya haifar da babbar matsala ga ɗalibai dangane da nasarar ilimi da zamantakewa a makaranta. [2] Tsarin ilimi a duniya yana bi da wannan batun daban, kai tsaye ta hanyar manufofin hukuma da kuma kai tsaye ta hanyoyin al'adu game da lafiyar kwakwalwa da jin daɗi. Wadannan darussan suna nan don gano cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa yadda ya kamata da kuma magance su ta amfani da magani, magani, ko wasu kayan aikin sauƙaƙewa. Lafiyar hankali da jin daɗin ɗalibai suna da goyon baya sosai daga makarantu. Makarantu suna ƙoƙarin inganta wayar da kan jama'a game da lafiyar kwakwalwa da albarkatu. Makarantu na iya taimaka wa waɗannan ɗalibai tare da tsoma baki, ƙungiyoyin tallafi, da warkewa. Wadannan albarkatun na iya taimakawa wajen rage mummunan tasirin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Makarantu na iya ƙirƙirar azuzuwan tilas bisa la'akari da lafiyar kwakwalwa wanda zai iya taimaka musu su ga alamun cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa.[2]

## Yaduwar matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin matasa
A cewar Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa, kusan kashi 46% na matasa na Amurka masu shekaru 13-18 za su sha wahala daga wasu nau'ikan rikicewar hankali. Kimanin kashi 21% za su sha wahala daga wata cuta da aka rarraba a matsayin "mai tsanani," ma'ana cewa cuta tana lalata aikin su na yau da kullun, [1] amma kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na waɗannan matasa ba za su sami tallafin lafiyar kwakwalwa ba. [2] A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, matsalolin jiki, motsin rai, da zamantakewa kamar talauci, cin zarafi, ko Rashin hankali yana sa ɗalibai su kasance masu saukin kamuwa da cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa. An kiyasta daya cikin bakwai (14.3%) na yara masu shekaru 10-19 suna fuskantar yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa wanda ba a san shi ba kuma ba a kula da shi ba. Mafi yawan nau'ikan cututtuka tsakanin matasa kamar yadda NIMH ta ruwaito sune cututtukan damuwa (ciki har da cututtuken damuwa, Tsoro, cututtukani na damuwa, cututsin damuwa, da sauransu), tare da yaduwar rayuwa na kusan 25% a cikin matasa masu shekaru 13-18 da 6% na waɗancan lokuta ana rarraba su a matsayin masu tsanani.[3] Na gaba shine rikice-rikice na yanayi (babban rikice-rikicen baƙin ciki, rikice-ƙaryace na dysthymic, da / ko rikice-rubuce na bipolar), tare da yaduwar rayuwa na 14% da 4.7% don mummunar yanayi a cikin matasa.[4] Irin wannan cuta ta yau da kullun ita ce Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), wanda aka rarraba shi azaman cuta ta yara amma sau da yawa yana kaiwa cikin balaga da balaga. Yaduwar ADHD a cikin matasa na Amurka shine 9%, da kuma 1.8% don cututtuka masu tsanani.[5] Yana da mahimmanci a fahimci cewa ADHD matsala ce mai tsanani ba kawai ga yara ba har ma da manya. Lokacin da yara ke da ADHD wasu cututtukan kwakwalwa na iya fitowa daga abin da zai iya shafar iliminsu kuma ya hana su cin nasara.[6]

A cewar Mental Health America, fiye da 10% na matasa suna nuna alamun baƙin ciki da ya isa ya lalata ikon su na aiki a makaranta, a gida, ko yayin gudanar da dangantaka.[1]

Wani binciken da NIMH ta gudanar a shekarar 2021 ya gudanar ya danganta kashi 31.4% na mutuwar kashe-kashen da cutar ta hankali, wadanda suka fi dacewa da cutar rashin kulawa / rashin aiki (ADHD) ko baƙin ciki.[1] Kisan kai shine karo na biyu da ya haifar da mutuwa tsakanin mutanen da ke da shekaru 10-29 a Amurka a lokacin 2011-2019.[2] Yawancin matasa da matasa suna mutuwa daga kashe kansu fiye da ciwon daji, cutar zuciya, cutar kanjamau, lahani na haihuwa, bugun jini, cutar huhu, mura, da cututtukan huhu masu tsanani.[3] Akwai matsakaicin yunkurin sama da 3,470 da dalibai suka yi a cikin maki 9-12.[4]

A cewar APA, yawan dalibai da ke neman shawarar lafiyar kwakwalwa ta kwaleji yana ƙaruwa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Tare da damuwa a matsayin abin da ya fi dacewa, baƙin ciki a matsayin na biyu, damuwa a matsayin na uku, batutuwan iyali a matsayin na huɗu, da kuma aikin ilimi da matsalolin dangantaka a matsayin na biyar da na shida.

## Tasirin cututtukan yau da kullun akan masana kimiyya da rayuwar makaranta
Rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa na iya shafar ilmantarwa a cikin aji,  kamar rashin halarta, matsaloli tare da aikin ilimi, rashin haɗin kai na zamantakewa, matsala wajen daidaitawa zuwa makaranta, matsaloli tare le ka'idojin halayyar, da kuma kula da kuma mayar da hankali, dukansu suna da mahimmanci ga nasarar ɗalibin gaba ɗaya. Ba wai kawai cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa suna shafar rayuwar mutum ba, har ma da kasuwar aiki ta gasa. Daliban da ba su iya yin aiki a makaranta ba za su iya yin wasa a cikin ma'aikata ba. Daliban makarantar sakandare waɗanda ke nuna tabbatacce don rashin aiki na zamantakewa suna ba da rahoton sau uku fiye da kwanakin da ba su nan da na baya kamar ɗaliban da ba su gano rashin aiki ba. Wannan yana haifar da ƙimar raguwa sosai da ƙarancin nasarorin ilimi gaba ɗaya. A Amurka, kashi 40 cikin 100 ne kawai na dalibai da ke fama da cututtukan motsin rai, halayyar mutum, da lafiyar kwakwalwa suka kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare, idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin ƙasa na kashi 76. Binciken dalibai 40,350 daga cibiyoyi 70 da Posselt da Lipson suka yi ya gano cewa suna da damar 37% mafi girma na ci gaba da baƙin ciki da kuma damar 69% mafi girma ta ci gaba da damuwa idan sun fahimci yanayin ajiyar su a matsayin gasa sosai.

### Damuwa
Dalibai da ke fama da rikice-rikicen damuwa ba su da damar halartar kwaleji fiye da waɗanda ba su da shi. Bugu da kari, wadanda ke fama da tsoron zamantakewa suna da sau biyu da za su kasa samun digiri ko kuma ba za su gama makarantar sakandare ba idan aka kwatanta da dalibai ba tare da yanayin ba. Rashin damuwa yawanci yana da wuyar ganewa fiye da rikice-rikice na halayyar rikice-rikicen, kamar ADHD, saboda alamun suna cikin ciki. Damuwa na iya bayyana a matsayin tsoro da damuwa game da sassan yau da kullun na rayuwar yau da kullun, guje wa ayyukan, makaranta, ko hulɗar jama'a. Damuwa na iya tsoma baki tare da ikon mayar da hankali da koyo.

Akwai takamaiman hali wanda mutanen da ke fama da damuwa ke nunawa sau da yawa. Mutanen da ke fama da damuwa suna fuskantar damuwa da tsoro akai-akai game da yanayin yau da kullun. Hakanan ana iya gano damuwa a matsayin jin tsoro ko tsoro na kwatsam wanda zai iya kaiwa mafi girma cikin minti kaɗan. Wadannan alamun damuwa yawanci suna tasowa a lokacin ƙuruciya ko shekarun matasa kuma suna iya ci gaba zuwa balaga. Wasu misalai na alamun sun haɗa da: jin tsoro, rashin kwanciyar hankali ko damuwa, jin daɗi na haɗari mai zuwa, tsoro, ko lalacewa, samun karuwar bugun zuciya, numfashi da sauri, gumi, rawar jiki, jin rauni ko gajiya, matsala ta mai da hankali ko tunani game da wani abu banda damuwa ta yanzu, samun matsala ta barci, fuskantar matsalolin gastrointestinal, samun wahalar sarrafa damuwa, ko kuma samun sha'awar kauce wa abubuwan da ke haifar da damuwa.

Akwai nau'ikan damuwa da yawa waɗanda kowannensu ke nuna alamomi na musamman. Mafi yawan damuwa shine Ciwon Damuwa na Gabaɗaya, wanda ke nuna damuwa mai tsanani wanda ke tsoma baki cikin ayyukan yau da kullun, jin daɗi / gajiya, damuwa game da abubuwan yau da kullun. Rashin lafiyar tsoro, wanda ke nuna hare-haren tsoro na maimaitawa wanda ya kunshi bugun zuciya, gumi, rawar jiki, gajeren numfashi, ciwon kirji, damuwa, da tsoron mutuwa, na iya haifar da damuwa ta jiki da ta tunani. Mutanen da ke fama da tsoro suna fuskantar tsananin abubuwa ko yanayi waɗanda ba su da lahani. Tsoro ya wuce gona da iri, wanda marasa lafiya suka sani. Misalan tsoro na iya haɗawa da magana a fili, gizo-gizo, ko tashi. Rashin damuwa na zamantakewa yanayin ne inda mutane ke da matukar damuwa game da jin kunya, don haka za su guje wa yanayin da zai iya haifar da kunya. Misali na halin da za a guje shi shine cin abinci ko shan giya a fili. A ƙarshe, rikicewar damuwa ta rabuwa ana nuna ta da tsoro ko damuwa game da rabuwa wanda zai iya haifar da matsalolin aiki. Mutane na iya damuwa game da barin wasu kuma suna iya samun matsalolin haɗi.

Magunguna don damuwa na iya haɗawa da magunguna, kamar su antidepressants, magungunan rigakafin damuwa, sedatives (kamar benzodiazepines), da beta blockers. Wadannan magunguna suna aiki don sauƙaƙa damuwa na ɗan gajeren lokaci, amma ba a nufin a yi amfani da su azaman mafita na dogon lokaci ba. Magungunan halayyar fahimta shine mafi inganci na magani kuma ana amfani dashi azaman magani na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Wannan maganin yana mai da hankali kan koyar da takamaiman ƙwarewa don jimrewa don inganta alamun. Wannan na iya haɗawa da maganin fallasawa, wanda ke ƙara fallasawa ga abubuwan da ke iya haifar da su kuma ana amfani da su don magance tsoro.

### Mawuyacin hali
Mawuyacin hali na iya sa dalibai su sami matsaloli a cikin aji, daga kammala aikinsu, har ma da halartar aji kwata-kwata. A cikin 2020, kusan kashi 13% na matasa masu shekaru 12 zuwa 17 sun sami Babban abin baƙin ciki (MDE) a cikin shekarar da ta gabata, tare da kashi 70% da suka rage ba tare da magani ba. A cewar Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa a Jami'ar Columbia, "An haɗa ƙididdigar baƙin ciki mai zurfi tare da ƙarancin nasarorin ilimi, damuwa mai zurfi, ƙaruwar dakatarwar makaranta, da ƙaran da iyawa ko sha'awar kammala aikin gida, mai da hankali, da halartar azuzuwan".  Alamun baƙin ciki na iya sa ya zama ƙalubale ga ɗalibai su ci gaba da nauyin darasi, ko ma su sami makamashi don yin shi ta hanyar cikakken ranar makaranta. 

Za'a iya bayyana baƙin ciki a matsayin cuta mai matsala da ke shafar yadda mutum yake ji, tunani, da kuma aiki. Alamomin baƙin ciki na iya haifar da rikice-rikice tare da hulɗa, zamantakewa, da aiki. Wannan daga baya zai iya haifar da samun matsaloli iri-iri na motsin rai da na jiki. Wannan kuma na iya rage ikon yin aiki a hankali da jiki. Wasu misalai na alamun baƙin ciki sune jin bakin ciki, rashin sha'awa, canje-canje a cikin sha'awace-sha'awace, matsalar barci, asarar kuzari, karuwa a cikin ayyukan jiki marasa ma'ana, jin rashin amfani, wahalar tunani, mai da hankali, ko yanke shawara, da tunanin mutuwa ko kashe kansa. Wadannan alamun dole ne su kasance makonni biyu kuma suna wakiltar canji a cikin aiki don ganowar baƙin ciki.

Magunguna don baƙin ciki na iya haɗawa da magungunan normothymic, magungunan antidepressant (waɗanda ke da mahimman sakamako masu illa), warware rikice-rikice marasa warwarewa, shakatawa, maganin haske, maganin hana barci, maganin lantarki, da kuma maganin halayyar fahimta. Magungunan baƙin ciki suna buƙatar a yi niyya don magani na dogon lokaci saboda baƙin ciki na iya sake faruwa idan ba a kula da shi gaba ɗaya ba. Magunguna sune mafi kyawun maganin gajeren lokaci, yayin da ake amfani da maganin halayyar fahimta a matsayin magani na dogon lokaci.

Matasa da manya masu tsufa da ke cikin haɗari don ƙarancin girman kai (Rashin lafiya) ana iya yin hasashen su bisa ga matakin iliminsu, tsoron rasawa, kimantawa da ra'ayi na zamani na zamani, gamsuwa da rayuwa, baƙin ciki, da kuma jan hankali na kafofin sada zumunta.

### Rashin kulawa
Rashin kulawar hankali sune manyan masu tsinkaya na raguwar nasarorin ilimi. Dalibai da ke fama da ADHD suna da matsala wajen sarrafa halayen da ayyukan da tsarin ilimi na jama'a ke buƙata daga gare su a Amurka, kamar ikon zama a hankali ko kuma yin amfani da kansu ga aikin da aka mayar da hankali na dogon lokaci. ADHD na iya nufin cewa ɗalibai suna da matsaloli na mai da hankali, tace abubuwan da ke jan hankali na waje, da ganin manyan ayyuka har zuwa kammalawa. Wadannan dalibai na iya gwagwarmaya tare da gudanar da lokaci da tsari. Alamomin ADHD na iya haɗawa da rashin kulawa, hyperactivity, impulsivity, da sauran alamun ciki, kamar baƙin ciki.

ADHD yana tsaye ne don rashin kulawa / rikicewar yawan aiki. Ana ɗaukar wannan a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa na yau da kullun ga yara, duk da haka yana shafar manya da yawa. Wasu misalai na alamun ba sa kula da cikakkun bayanai da yin kurakurai mara kulawa, suna da matsalolin kasancewa da aka mayar da hankali kan ayyukan, ba za a iya ganin su a matsayin sauraro ba, suna da matsaloli wajen tsarawa, guje wa ayyuka, da manta da ayyukan yau da kullun. Wadannan alamun na iya haifar da rikici a cikin ilimin ɗalibin da abin ya shafa da sauran ɗalibai a cikin aji.

Magunguna don ADHD na iya haɗawa da maganin halayyar, magunguna (duka masu motsawa da marasa motsawa), ilimi game da ADHD, da kuma horar da iyaye kan yadda za a kula da yaran da abin ya shafa.

## Sauran gwagwarmaya na yau da kullun ga matasa

### Shan giya
Fiye da kashi 90 cikin dari na duk abin sha mai barasa da matasa ke sha ana cinye su ta hanyar shan giya, wanda zai iya haifar da maye. Shan giya na iya shafar lafiyar hankali ta hanyar dogaro da shi, sanya shan giya kafin aikin su. Mutanen da ke shan barasa kafin su kai shekara goma sha huɗu suna iya shan giya sau da yawa ba tare da yin tunani game da sakamakon daga baya ba. Daliban da ke shan barasa na iya fuskantar sakamako kamar haɗarin kashe kansa, matsalolin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, da rashin amfani da wasu kwayoyi. Binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2017 ya gano cewa kashi 30% na daliban makarantar sakandare sun sha barasa kuma kashi 14% na daliban sakandare sun bugu.

Cin zarafi a makarantu na iya haifar da mummunar tasiri ga ɗalibai. Sakamakon ilimi ga matasa masu cin zarafi yawanci ba su da al'ada. Cin zarafin yana da alaƙa da matsakaicin maki (GPA), ƙarancin ƙimar gwajin nasara, da ƙarancin aikin ilimi na malami. Dalibai da suka zama wadanda ake zaluntawa na iya fuskantar matsaloli tare da aiki na zamantakewa da motsin rai kuma suna da wahalar samun abokai. Wannan kuma yana haifar da mummunan dangantaka tare da takwarorinsu da abokan aji wanda zai iya sa su ji kaɗaici. Jin kamar wanda aka fitar, jin kaɗaici, da kuma rufewa daga kungiyoyin abokai na iya sa ɗalibai su ji warewa, wanda zai iya haifar da damuwa da baƙin ciki. Wadannan yanayi sun zo tare da nasu ma'ana na musamman har zuwa makaranta.

### Kashe kansa
A cewar Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta California akwai kashe-kashen mutane 2,210 a cikin 2019 a cikin shekarun Amurka na 15-19 da jimlar kashe-kashin mutane 6,500 daga shekaru 5-25.  Wasu bincike sun kiyasta cewa tsakanin masu shekaru 15-24, akwai kusan yunkurin kashe kansa 100-200 ga kowane kashe kansa. Kisan kai na matasa na iya zama samfurin matsayi na cibiyar sadarwa wanda ke nuna ko dai keɓewar dangi ko rashin daidaituwa na tsari da kuma karuwar bincike da ke danganta keɓewar zamantakewa da kashe kansa. Yawancin kashe-kashen da aka ruwaito a Ohio daga 1963 zuwa 1965 sun nuna cewa sun kasance masu zaman kansu (ba su buga wasanni ba, ba su da abubuwan sha'awa, kuma ba su cikin kowane kulob ba). Sun kuma ba da shawarar cewa rabin waɗannan ɗalibai sun kasa ko kusan sun kasa a lokacin mutuwarsu. Wadannan lokutan gazawar da takaici sun rage ra'ayin mutum zuwa wani batu inda ba su da ma'anar darajar kansu. A zahiri, ɗaliban da suka fahimci aikin su na ilimi a matsayin "rashin nasara" suna iya ƙoƙarin kashe kansu sau uku fiye da waɗanda suka ga aikin su ya dace. Koyaya, gazawar ilimi a makaranta ba shine kawai dalilin kashe kansa a makarantu ba. Cin zarafi, warewa, da batutuwan da suka faru a gida duk dalilan ne da ya sa dalibai suka kashe kansu.

### Dangantaka
Dangantaka tana taimakawa wajen tsara lafiyar hankali na matasa a lokacin matakan ci gaba. Dangantaka mai kyau na iya samar da matasa da goyon baya, amincewa da kuma jin dadin zama, wanda saboda haka yana taimakawa tare da rage damuwa da inganta girman kansu. A cewar labarin Dangantaka da lafiyar hankali ta Dziemianko, da kuma dangantakar Klaudi  da ke ƙarfafa irin waɗannan halaye na iya taimakawa a matsayin tushen ta'aziyya da ƙarfafa halaye masu lafiya. Dangantaka mara lafiya a gefe guda kamar waɗanda ke da matsin lamba, inda akwai rikice-rikice da yawa, ko kishi, ko rashin sadarwa duk na iya haifar da baƙin ciki, damuwa, bakin ciki da jin kaɗaici. 

Gidauniyar Kaiser Family ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 56% na Amurkawa sun jimre aƙalla mummunan tasirin lafiyar kwakwalwa saboda damuwa da ke da alaƙa da barkewar cutar. Wannan na iya fitowa kamar karuwar barasa da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, ciwon kai akai-akai, matsalar barci da cin abinci, ko gajeren fushi. Bugu da ƙari, a watan Mayu 2020, Well Being Trust ya ba da rahoton cewa annobar na iya haifar da ƙarin "mutuwa na fidda rai" 75,000 daga amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi da barasa ko kashe kansa daga rashin aikin yi, warewar jama'a, da damuwa game da kwayar cutar. Don haka, kodayake tun daga shekarar 2020 babu bukatun tarayya a wurin, ana sa ran karuwar wayar da kan jama'a game da lafiyar kwakwalwa da amincewa da manufofi bayan COVID-19.

"Cutar COVID-19 ta haifar da kulle-kulle a duniya da rufe makarantu, wanda ya sanya nauyin lafiyar kwakwalwa mai yawa ga yara da ɗaliban koleji. Ta hanyar bincike na tsarin wallafe-wallafen a kan PubMed da Collabovid na karatun da aka buga Janairu 2020-Yuli 2021, binciken binciken binciken biyar akan yara 16 a kan ɗaliban kolejin sun gano cewa duka kungiyoyin sun ba da suka ba da rahoton jin damuwa, baƙin ciki, ga damuwa da suka gabata ga cututtukan cutar COVID-19, yara, matasa, da kwaleji suna haifar da damuwa da damuwa da keɓewa ta gaba, saboda yawan jama'a, ɗaliban kolehio, saboda yawan rayuwa mai tsanani, suna haifar da keɓewar cutar, ɗalibai suna haifar da kanta, ƙaran suna haifar da ƙarancin rayuwa, ƙarancin hali, ƙaranci, ƙaranwararrun yara, ƙarancen da ƙaranci da ƙaranwarwararrun ɗalibai, ƙaranfin jiki, ƙaranciyar rayuwa, ƙwarewa, ƙaranƙara, ƙaran ga ɗalibai, suna haifar, ƙaranchaya, ƙarancewararrun ƙarancin ilimi, ƙaranjin suna fuskantar dogon

## Manufofin a makarantun gwamnati

### Amurka
Game da manufofin jihohin Amurka har zuwa 2020, jihohi uku sun amince da tsarin karatun kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa. A watan Yulin 2018, New York da Virginia sun zartar da dokar da ta sanya koyar da lafiyar kwakwalwa ta zama tilas a cikin ilimin jama'a. New York ta sanya shi tilas ga dalibai daga Kindergarten zuwa aji na 12 don yin karatun lafiyar kwakwalwa. Bayan ya fuskanci mummunan hali na kashe kansa tare da ɗansa, Sanata na Virginia Creigh Deeds ya yi tunanin ya zama dole a koyar da alamun gargadi ga ɗalibai na 9th da 10th don su iya kula da lafiyar takwarorinsu da kansu. kwamitin ilimi yana da alhakin tattaunawar cikakkun bayanai game da tsarin karatun amma sanata yana fatan cewa malamai za su sami horo a kan alamun gargadi. Kodayake saka hannun jari a cikin lafiyar kwakwalwa bai taɓa zama mafi girma ba, majalisar dokoki ta jihar har yanzu ba ta amince da ƙarin kudade don aiwatar da tsarin karatun ba. A watan Yulin 2019, kwamitin ilimi na Florida ya sanya sa'o'i 5 na ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa ya zama dole ga maki 6 zuwa 12, yana mai da shi jihar ta uku da ta amince da irin wannan umarni.

A cikin ƙasa, an yi ƙoƙari don haɓaka ilimi game da lafiyar hankali a cikin tsarin makarantar jama'a. A cikin 2020, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Amurka ta ba da tallafin Kula da Lafiya ta Zuciya ta Makarantar ga hukumomin ilimi na jihohi 6 (SEAs) don kara yawan masu ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya na hankali (watau, lasisi, takaddun shaida, ko ƙwarewa) waɗanda ke ba da sabis ɗin kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na makaranta ga ɗalibai a cikin hukumomin ilimi (LEAs) tare da nuna buƙata. An sami karuwar shahara tare da ayyukan kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na makaranta a cikin tsarin makarantun jama'a na Amurka, inda makarantun ke rufe ɗaliban su don kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa. Mutane, a cikin gida da kuma matakin tarayya, a duk fadin jihohi suna daukar matakai don sake tsara tsarin da ya fi dacewa ga ɗalibai. Wannan ya haɗa da mayar da hankali kan samar da sabis na kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa a gare su.

Wannan ra'ayi yana da damar ba da damar ɗalibai su sami damar yin amfani da sabis wanda zai iya taimaka musu su fahimci kuma suyi aiki ta hanyar duk wani damuwa da za su iya fuskanta a cikin makarantarsu, da kuma damar shiga tsakani ga waɗancan ɗaliban da ke buƙatar shi.

A cikin binciken da aka gudanar a shekarar 2018 an gano cewa kusan kashi 20% na daliban koleji a Amurka sun yi ƙoƙari su kashe kansu. Wani rahoto daga Healthy Minds a cikin 2021 ya bayyana cewa kashi 5% na dalibai sun ba da rahoton cewa sun shirya kashe kansu a shekarar da ta gabata. Akwai nau'ikan ɗalibai daban-daban a ko'ina. Wasu na iya buƙatar ƙarin tallafi fiye da wasu, kuma wasu na iya koyo da sauri fiye da wasu. Yana da mahimmanci a ƙirƙiri yanayi mai haɗa kai ga kowa.

### Kanada
A Kanada, dabarun kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa suna nuna muhimmancin inganta lafiyar kwakwalwa, rage wulakanci, da kuma fahimtar matsalolin kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa a makarantu don zama fifiko (Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta kwakwalwa, 2012). 

Ontario tana gudanar da bincike a kowace shekara don lura da yadda manufofi ke da tasiri ga makarantun jama'a. Wanda People for Education ke gudanarwa, rahoton shekara-shekara na 2022-23 ya ba da haske game da rashin tallafin lafiyar kwakwalwa ga ɗalibai da kuma yadda ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ba kawai ga ɗalibai ba, har ma da malamai. Wadannan binciken bayanai ne masu amfani wajen yanke shawara game da yadda za a iya kashe kudi a makarantun jama'a da kuma waɗanne manufofi ya kamata ko bai kamata a aiwatar da su ba.

Hukumar Lafiya ta Kanada ta ba da shawarar aiwatar da cikakkiyar kiwon lafiya ta makaranta da shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa bayan sakandare waɗanda ke inganta kiwon lafiyar hankali da rigakafi ga waɗanda ke cikin haɗari.

### Bhutan
In Bhutan, efforts toward developing education began in 1961 thanks to Ugyen Wangchuck and the introduction of the First Development Plan, which provided free primary education. By 1998, 400 schools were established. Students' tuition, books, supplies, equipment, and food were all free for boarding schools in the 1980s, and some schools also provided their students with clothing.&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup> The assistance of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organizations' World Food Programme allowed free midday meals in some primary schools. This governmental assistance is important to note in the country's Gross National Happiness (GNH), which is at the forefront of developmental policies and is the responsibility of the government. Article 9 of the Constitution of Bhutan states that "the state shall strive to promote those conditions that will enable the pursuit of Gross National Happiness."

==== Farin cikin kasa ====
GNH a Bhutan ya dogara ne akan ka'idoji huɗu: ci gaban tattalin arziki mai ɗorewa da daidaito, kiyaye muhalli, adanawa da inganta al'adu, da kyakkyawan shugabanci. Tsarin mulki ya ba da umarnin cewa jihar za ta samar da damar samun dama ga ayyukan kiwon lafiya na jama'a ta hanyar tsarin kiwon lafiya mai matakai uku wanda ke ba da kariya, ingantawa, da kuma warkarwa. Saboda wannan manufofin, Bhutan ta sami damar kawar da matsalar karancin iodine a shekara ta 2003, kuturta a shekara ta 1997, kuma ta sami rigakafin yara ga dukkan yara a shekara ta 1991. Ya zama ƙasa ta farko da ta haramta taba sigari a shekara ta 2004, kuma shari'ar zazzabin cizon sauro ta ragu daga shari'o'i 12,591 a 1999 zuwa shari'o-tafiye 972 a shekara ta 2009. Cire waɗannan cututtukan da kuma turawa mai ƙarfi ga GNH yana bawa dukkan mutane (ciki har da matasa waɗanda aka ba su abubuwa da yawa da ake buƙata da ilimi kyauta) damar rayuwa mai farin ciki fiye da yadda suka kasance.

=== Ƙasar Ingila ===
Ma'aikatar Ilimi a Ƙasar Ingila tana aiki a kan haɓaka tsarin ƙungiya don tallafawa lafiyar hankali da ilimin halayyar mutum. Wani rahoto na hadin gwiwa na Oktoba 2017 daga Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Lafiya ya tsara wannan hanyar dangane da horar da ma'aikata, wayar da kan jama'a game da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da yara ke fuskanta, da kuma shigar iyaye da iyalai cikin lafiyar kwakwalwa ta dalibai. An ƙaddamar da yunkurin farko na shirin aiwatar da lafiyar kwakwalwa na yara da matasa a cikin 2018. An kafa ƙungiyoyin tallafin lafiyar kwakwalwa 58 a makarantu da kwalejojin ilimi don inganta lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin waɗanda ke da shekaru 5 - 18. Wani kimantawa a kan wannan fitowar farko ya sami gamsuwa tare da shirin tsakanin makarantu, kwalejoji da matasa da suka sami tallafi.

=== Singapore ===
REACH wani shiri ne a Singapore wanda ke neman samar da tsoma baki ga ɗaliban da ke fama da rashin lafiya. Wani magana daga shafin yanar gizon REACH ya karanta, "Yawancin yara da matasa ba sa fama da rashin lafiya. Koyaya, lokacin da aka gano ɗalibi, mai ba da shawara ga makaranta, tare da shawarwari daga ƙungiyar kula da shari'ar makarantar, zai bincika kula da kula da ɗalibin. Lokacin da ya cancanta, ƙwararrun masu jagora da masu ilimin halayyar ilimi daga Ma'aikatar Ilimi za su ba da ƙarin tallafi.

In 2010, the Voluntary Welfare Organizations (VWOs), in collaboration with the National Council of Social Service (NCSS), have also been invited to join this network to provide community and clinical support to at-risk children.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D; Students and children with severe emotional and behavioral problems may need more help. The REACH team collaborates with school counselors/VWOs to provide suitable school-based interventions to help these students. &#x5B;*&#x20;is disputed*&#x5D; Such school/VWO based interventions often provide the requisite, timely help that these students and children need. Further specialized assessment or treatment may be necessary for more severe cases. The student or child may be referred to the Child Guidance Clinic after assessment by the REACH team for further psychiatric evaluation and intervention. These interventions may include medications, psychotherapy, group or family work and further assessments."  

### Mexico
Traditionally, mental health was not considered a part of public health in Mexico because of other health priorities, lack of knowledge about the true magnitude of mental health problems, and a complex approach involving the intervention of other sectors in addition to the public health sector. Among the key documents anticipating the policy change was a report presented by the Mexican Health Foundation in 1995, which opened a very constructive debate. It introduced basic tenets for health improvement, elements for an analysis of the health situation related to the burden of disease approach, and a strategic proposal with concurrent recommendations for reforming the system. Mexico has an extensive legal frame of reference dealing with health and mental health. The objectives are to promote a healthy psychosocial development of different population groups, and reduce the effects of behavioral and psychiatric disorders. This should be achieved through graded and complementary interventions, according to the level of care, and with the coordinated participation of the public, social, and private sectors in municipal, state, and national settings. The strategic lines consider training and qualification of human resources, growth, rehabilitation, and regionalization of mental health service networks, formulation of guidelines and evaluation. All age groups as well as specific sub-populations (indigenous groups, women, street children, populations in disaster areas), and other state and regional priorities are considered.&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

=== Japan ===
In Japan and China, the approach to mental health is focused on the collective of students, much like the national aims of these Asian countries. Much like in the US, there is much research done in the realm of student mental health, but not many national policies in place to prevent and aid mental health problems students face. Japanese students face considerable academic pressure as imposed by society and school systems. In 2006, [[Hukumar 'yan sanda ta kasa (Japan)|Japanese police]] gathered notes left from students who had committed suicide that year and noted overarching school pressures as the primary source of their problems. Additionally, the dynamic of collective thinking—the centripetal force of Japan's society, wherein individual identity is sacrificed for the functioning benefit of a greater collective—results in the stigmatization of uniqueness. As child psychiatrist Dr. Ken Takaoka explained to [[CNN]], schools prioritize this collectivism, and "children who do not get along in a group will suffer."

=== China ===
Al'ummar kasar Sin sun yarda da cewa halartar manyan makarantu na iya haifar da ayyuka masu biyan kuɗi da farin ciki na dogon lokaci ga yara. Duk da haka, a cikin bin waɗannan manufofi, yawancin iyalai na kasar Sin a halin yanzu suna fama da ƙalubalen damuwa game da ilimi. Bayanai daga Shirin Nazarin Dalibai na Duniya (PISA, 2018) sun nuna cewa ɗaliban kasar Sin sun sami matsayi mai girma a duniya a cikin masana kimiyya, suna jagorantar karatu, lissafi, da kimiyya. Koyaya, ƙimar gamsuwa da rayuwarsu, muhimmiyar ma'auni na lafiyar kwakwalwa, suna da ƙanƙanta. Wannan halin yana nuna yanayin da karuwar gasa ta ilimi ba kawai yana haɓaka saka hannun jari na kuɗi da lokaci a ilimi ba har ma yana ba da gudummawa ga hauhawar koyarwa ta waje da kuma muhimmiyar aikin ilimi ga ɗalibai.   Bincike da yawa na tsarin da ke nazarin bayyanar alamun bakin ciki tsakanin ɗalibai a China sun gano cewa, a matsakaita, kashi 17.2% na ɗaliban makarantar firamare da kashi 28.4% na ɗaliban jami'ar kasar Sin sun nuna alamun baƙin cikin ciki.

A kasar Sin, an nuna mayar da hankali kan lafiyar yara da matasa a cikin tsarin manufofi guda uku masu alaƙa: na farko, ana gane lafiyarsu ta hankali a cikin manyan manufofi na kasa; na biyu, babban mayar da hankali ne a cikin shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya na uwaye da yara; kuma na uku, takamaiman manufofi an sadaukar da su ne kawai ga lafiyar kwakwalwa na wannan matasa.

Nazarin ya nuna cewa shirye-shiryen inganta lafiyar kwakwalwa suna cikin kokarin da ya fi tasiri a cikin shirye-shirye na inganta kiwon lafiya. An yi ƙoƙari don magance damuwa ta ilimi, tare da shirye-shiryen kwanan nan da nufin rage nauyin da ke kan ɗalibai da inganta yanayin ilimi mafi lafiya. A watan Yulin 2021, an gabatar da "Manufar Ragewa Biyu", wanda ke ba da umarni ga makarantu su rage yawan aikin gida da horar da harabar makarantar, wanda zai iya rage matsin lamba na ilimi da inganta lafiyar ɗalibai.

Tare da shirin ilimi na tilas na Shekaru tara na kasar Sin, makarantun firamare suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ingantawa da inganta lafiyar kwakwalwar yara, suna aiki a matsayin wurare masu kyau don isar da ayyukan da suka shafi. Dangane da 'Tsarin Aiki don Lafiya ta Zuciya a China (2011-2020) ', an zaɓi kashi 85% na ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa a matsayin manufa a makarantun firamare na birane da kashi 70% a yankunan karkara a shekarar 2015. Bugu da ƙari, ya yi jayayya don kimanta yaduwar cututtukan kwakwalwa da kuma kara wayar da kan jama'a game da lafiyar kwakwalwa ta yara da matasa daga 30%-40% a 2005 zuwa 80% ta 2015. Shirin ya kuma jaddada muhimmancin samar da bayanai masu sauƙi game da rigakafin rikicewar kwakwalwa da kuma tantancewa ta hanyar likitocin kulawa ta farko. Kamar yadda aka sake sabunta 'Dokar Lafiya ta Zuciya ta Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin' wacce aka kafa a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2013, an gabatar da tanadi da yawa game da lafiyar hankali na yara da matasa. Ana ba da umarnin masu ilimin halayyar dan adam da masu ba da shawara su kasance a makarantu a kowane mataki don magance matsalolin hankali da batutuwan halayyar mutum. Bugu da ƙari, cibiyoyin ilimi na makarantar sakandare dole ne su gudanar da nau'ikan ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa. A lokuta na abubuwan da suka faru ko wasu abubuwan damuwa, makarantu suna da alhakin tara kwararru da samar da shawarwari na tunanin mutum da tallafin lafiyar kwakwalwa ga yara da ke cikin bukata. A ranar 30 ga watan Disamba, 2016, ma'aikatu 22 da kwamitocin, gami da Hukumar Lafiya da Shirye-shiryen Iyali ta Kasa da sauransu, sun fito da 'Gaskiya Ra'ayoyin kan Karfafa Ayyukan Lafiya na Zuciya' ('Opinions').  Ya jaddada muhimmancin inganta tsarin kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa a cikin ilimi, yana ba da shawara don kafa cibiyoyin ba da shawara da kasancewar ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a duk nau'ikan cibiyoyin ilimi, daga kwalejoji da jami'o'i zuwa makarantun sakandare.  

=== Koriya ta Kudu ===
[[Koriya ta Kudu|South Korea]] has traditionally placed much value on education. As a nation that has a degree of enthusiasm like no other for education has created an environment where children are pressured to study more than ever. When mental health issues affect students there are very few resources available to help students cope. The nation's general view of mental health problems, such as anxiety, depression or thoughts of suicide, is that they are believed to be a sign of personal weakness that could bring shame upon a family if a member would be discovered to have such an illness. This is true if the problem arises in a social, educational or family setting. Rather than perceiving mental health issues as a medical condition and concern requiring treatment especially in students, a majority of Korea's population has perceived them as a cultural stigma. A study found when surveying over 600 Korean citizens from the age of 20-60+ years in 2008, most of the older people, many of whom are parents, shared similar and negative views on mental health issues such as depression. The older adults generally were also found to have a negative view of mental health services, including those offered through the educational system, as they are deeply influenced by the cultural stigma around the topic. This negative view of mental health services in education has provided implications for students who are struggling emotionally, as many do not know what, if any, help might be available in the facilities of education. However, this does not mean no mental health services exist in the world or in the educational setting. The [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|World Health Organization]] (WHO) in 2006 collected data  regarding Korea's mental health system. The goal of collecting this information was to attempt to improve the mental health system and to provide a baseline for monitoring the change. Despite Korea having a low budget for mental health services compared to other developed countries, it has taken steps to create long term mental health plans to advance its national health system such as raising more awareness for mental health, creating communities for students, and removing the cultural stigma around mental health.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

## Sauƙaƙewa da haɓaka daidaitawa

### Rigakafi
The pressures of school, extracurricular activities, work and relationships with friends and family can be a lot for an individual to manage and at times can be overwhelming. In order to prevent these overwhelming feelings from turning into a mental health problem, taking measures to prevent these emotions from escalating is essential. School-based programs that help students with emotional-regulation, stress management, conflict resolution, and active coping and cognitive restructuring are a few suggested ways that give students resources that can promote their mental health (Mental Health Commission, 2012).&#x5B;**&#x5D;

Bincike ya nuna cewa ɗaliban da ke karɓar lafiyar zamantakewa da ta hankali za su sami damar samun ƙarin nasarorin ilimi. Tunda yawancin yara suna ciyar da babban ɓangare na rana a makaranta, kimanin awanni 6, makarantu sune wuri mai kyau ga ɗalibai don karɓar ayyukan da suke buƙata. Lokacin da ba a magance lafiyar kwakwalwa ba, wannan na iya haifar da matsaloli tare da haifar da jan hankali ga abokan ɗalibai da malamai. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2020 ya gano cewa kashi 43% na masu binciken ilimi an tsananta musu ko kuma an zalunta su a wurin aiki. Yawancin masu amsa sun yi iƙirarin cewa yanayin aikinsu ya hana bincike.

A cewar wata kasida ta 2019 game da ma'aikatan zamantakewar makaranta, fagen ma'aikatan jama'a a makarantu yana ci gaba da girma. A shekara ta 1996, akwai kimanin ma'aikatan zamantakewa 9,000 kawai a makarantu. Wannan ya karu zuwa tsakanin ma'aikatan zamantakewa 20,000 zuwa 22,000. A cewar Ma'aikatar Ma'aikata ta Amurka, Ofishin Kididdigar Ayyuka, an kiyasta filin zai ci gaba da girma daga 2016 zuwa 2026 saboda karuwar ayyukan kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa da ake buƙata a makarantu.

### Kasancewa
Kasancewa a cikin yanayin makaranta na iya zama mafi mahimmancin abubuwan da suka dace da ke shafar aikin ɗalibai a cikin yanayin ilimi. Matsalar da ta shafi makaranta da karuwar tsammanin ilimi na iya kara damuwa da ta shafi makarantar kuma hakan ya shafi aikin su na ilimi. Rashin karɓar jama'a an nuna shi don haifar da raguwar sha'awa da shiga saboda ɗalibai suna da wahalar ci gaba da shiga cikin mahalli inda ba sa jin darajar da maraba. Jin kasancewa yana haifar da buffer tsakanin ɗalibai da alamun baƙin ciki kuma yana rage jin damuwa a makaranta. Sauran abubuwan da ba na kasancewa ba na iya shafar jin daɗin ɗalibai na kasancewa, wanda ya haɗa da ba a wakilce su da launin fata, ƙabilu, ko rashin wakilcin ƙarni na farko a makarantu.

Wani batu da ke fuskantar a cikin al'ummarmu a yau shine zalunci wanda zai iya faruwa a makaranta ko ma a cikin aji. Cin zarafi na iya haifar da matsaloli ga ɗalibai kamar dogaro da sinadarai, lahani na jiki, da raguwar aikin ilimi. A cewar NASP, babban kashi, kusan kashi 70%-80%, na mutane sun fuskanci zalunci a shekarun makarantarsu inda ɗalibin zai iya zama mai zalunci, wanda aka azabtar, ko ma mai kallo. Don ma'aikata a makarantu su fahimci yadda za a lura da Manyan a matsayin matsala da abin da za a yi don warware shi, NASP tana ba da shawara don jagorantar shugabanni a yadda za a warware waɗannan batutuwan da kuma samar da bayanai game da shirye-shiryen da ke akwai.

Binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2020 da kungiyar ba da riba ta Burtaniya Ditch The Label ta gano cewa daga cikin mutanen da aka zalunta a wannan shekarar kashi 36% sun ba da rahoton baƙin ciki, kashi 33% suna da tunanin kashe kansu, kuma kashi 27% sun ji rauni.

## Dubi kuma
 

## Manazarta