open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Lambobin Masar

An yi amfani da tsarin lambobi na tsohuwar Masar a Tsohuwar Misira daga kusan 3000 BC  har zuwa farkon karni na farko AD. tsarin ƙididdiga ne wanda ya dogara da ninki goma, sau da yawa ana kewaye shi zuwa iko mafi girma, wanda aka rubuta a cikin hieroglyphs. Masarawa ba su da ra'ayi game da alamar matsayi kamar tsarin ƙididdiga. Hanyar hieratic na lambobi ta jaddada ainihin ƙayyadaddun jerin ƙayyadadden, wanda aka ƙayyade ɗaya-zuwa-ɗaya akan haruffa na Masar. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&#x5B;**&#x5D;

## Lamba da lambobi
An yi amfani da rubutun da ke biyowa don nuna iko goma:

An bayyana nau'ikan waɗannan dabi'u ta hanyar maimaita alamar sau da yawa kamar yadda ake buƙata. Misali, wani dutse da aka zana daga Karnak ya nuna lambar 4,622 kamar haka:

Ana iya rubuta rubutun Masar a bangarorin biyu (har ma a tsaye). A cikin wannan misali alamomin suna raguwa daga sama zuwa ƙasa kuma daga hagu zuwa dama. A kan asalin dutse, yana daga dama zuwa hagu, kuma alamun suna juyawa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

## Sifili

Babu wata alama ko ra'ayi na sifili a matsayin mai riƙe wuri a cikin ƙididdigar Masar kuma ba a yi amfani da sifili a cikin lissafi ba. Koyaya, alamar nefer (*nfr*, "mai kyau", "cikakke", "kyakkyawan") a bayyane yake an yi amfani da ita don dalilai biyu na lambobi: 

* a cikin papyrus da ke lissafin kuɗin kotu,  1740 BC, ya nuna ma'auni mara kyau;
* a cikin zane don Meidum Pyramid (kuma a wasu shafuka), ana amfani da nefer don nuna matakin ƙasa: ana auna tsawo da zurfin "sama da nefer" ko "a ƙasa da nefer".

A cewar Carl Boyer, wani aiki daga Edfu ya ƙunshi "ma'anar sifili" wanda ya maye gurbin girman a cikin lissafi.

## Manazarta
Ruwa na Masar

**Alamar **tafkin''' (ta) a cikin tatsuniyoyin Masar tana wakiltar ruwa. Yana da rectangle, ya fi tsayi a kwance fiye da tsaye, tare da layi bakwai na zigzag daidai a ciki.

Hakanan yana iya wakiltar ruwan farko wanda Masarawa suka yi imanin shine tushen dukkan abubuwa, wanda suka kira Nun. Lokaci-lokaci, ana Nunin allahn rana a matsayin rana da ke fitowa daga alamar tafkin

Fir'auna na Masar sun ba da umarnin cewa abubuwa a cikin zane-zane da makamantansu ya kamata a gane su nan take ga mai kallo. Saboda haka, an nuna tafkuna da ke nunawa daga kallon idon tsuntsu, koda kuwa an nuna sauran hoton daga gefe.

## Manazarta

*
Masarawa na al'ada

Égyptien de tradition (kalma ce ta Faransanci), wanda aka fi sani da Masarawa ta gargajiya,  yaren rubutu ne na rubuce-rubuce da na addini wanda aka horar da shi a tsohuwar Misira daga baya Sabon Mulki har zuwa zamanin Girka-Romawa (karni na 14 KZ - ƙarni na 4 AZ). Ya dogara ne akan tsofaffin nau'ikan Masar, musamman Masar ta Tsakiya (saboda haka kuma ana kiranta "Masar Masar ta Tsakiyar",  ko "Masar Masarawa ta Tsakiya"  )  amma a wasu lokuta kuma ya ƙunshi halaye na Tsohon Masar, Tsohon Masar ta Tsakanin, ko Demotic.

Fiye da haka bisa ga bambancin rubutun hieroglyphic fiye da halaye na harshe, yawanci ana yin bambanci tsakanin:

* gargajiya na Masar, wanda aka rubuta a cikin tsarin rubuce-rubuce na gargajiya (daga karni na 14 BC) 
* "Ptolemaic" (Egyptien de tradition of the Greco-Roman Period tare da nasa halayyar hieroglyphic, "Ptolemic" tsarin rubutu; daga karni na 4 BC) 

Rubutun karshe na hieroglyphic, wanda aka rubuta a cikin Égyptien de tradition, ya kasance a ƙarshen karni na 4 AD.

## Bambance-bambance
Rubutun gargajiya na Masar ko rukuni na matani a ƙarshe suna nuna cakuda daban-daban na tsoffin abubuwan da suka faru na Masar da ƙamus, kuma a wasu lokuta suna nuna abubuwan da ba a tabbatar da su ba, abubuwan da suka dace da su. Saboda haka zai zama da ma'ana a yi magana game da "Masarawa na al'ada" a jam'i.

## Manazarta
Rubutun Esmet-Akhom

Graffito na Esmet-Akhom, wanda aka fi sani da sunansa Filae 436 ko **GPH 436**, shine rubutun Masar na ƙarshe da aka sani da aka rubuta a cikin rubutun Masar, wanda aka sassaƙa a ranar 24 ga Agusta AD 394. Rubutun, wanda aka sassaƙa a cikin haikalin Philae a kudancin Misira, wani firist mai suna Nesmeterakhem (ko Esmet-Akhom)  ne ya kirkireshi kuma ya ƙunshi siffar da aka sassaƙa na allahn Mandulis da kuma rubutun da ke tare da Nesmeterakham yana fatan rubutun sa zai kasance "na duk lokaci da har abada". Har ila yau, rubutun ya ƙunshi rubutu a cikin rubutun demotic, tare da irin wannan abun ciki.

Haikali a Philae sanannen wurin ibada ne ga Addinin Masar na dā, saboda an yi imanin cewa yana ɗaya daga cikin wuraren binne allahn Osiris. Babban allahn ibada shine Isis, 'yar'uwar Osiris, kodayake an rubuta wasu alloli da yawa da aka bauta musu a haikalin. An kuma bauta wa alloli da yawa daga Nubia a kudu, gami da Mandulis. Rubutun da Nesmeterakhem ya rubuta ya fito ne daga bayan da sarki na Roma Theodosius I ya rufe haikalin arna na Masar a cikin 391 ko 392; haikalin Philae ya tsira kamar yadda yake a waje da iyakokin Daular Romawa.

Nesmeterakhem ya kasance daga dangin firistoci waɗanda ke aiki a haikalin; saboda Kiristanci na Masar, yana yiwuwa cewa imani da tsoffin alloli na Masar ta lokacin Nesmeterakham bai wuce iyalinsa ba. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan an yi rubutun 394, mai yiwuwa babu wanda zai iya karanta rubutun hieroglyphs. Daga baya an san rubutun da rubuce-rubuce daga Philae, amma an rubuta su a ko dai demotic ko Girkanci. Haikali na Philae, wanda ke da alama yana ci gaba da aiki da dangin Nesmeterakhem, a ƙarshe an rufe shi bisa umarnin Sarkin sarakuna Justinian I tsakanin 535 da 537, yana nuna ƙarshen ƙarshen ƙarshen ƙarshen al'adun Masar ta dā.

### Rubutun hieroglyphic
An fassara shi zuwa Turanci, rubutun hieroglyphic ya karanta: 
 

### Tarihin tarihi
Wani umurni da Emperor Theodosius I (r. 379-395) ya bayar a cikin 391  ko 392  ya rufe haikalin arna na Masar. Dokar Theodosius ta kuma kawo karshen amfani da rubutun hieroglyphs a cikin rubuce-rubuce masu ban mamaki. A cikin mulkin Sarkin sarakuna Diocletian (r. 285-305), an mayar da iyakokin Masar na Daular Roma zuwa Aswan. Wannan canjin iyaka ya bar Philae a waje da daular, wanda ya ba da damar haikalin ya tsira duk da dokar Theodosius. Haikalin da ke Philae ya ci gaba da jimrewa saboda goyon bayan kabilar Blemmye, waɗanda ke zaune a Dutsen Bahar Maliya, kudu maso gabashin Masar, amma sun bi tsohuwar addinin Masar. Blemmyes sun ci gaba da ziyartar haikalin don girmama Osiris da Isis. Wataƙila ana ci gaba da yin bukukuwan gargajiya, waɗanda firistoci da mahajjata na yankin suka halarta muddin haikalin ya ci gaba da aiki.

## Manazarta
Horapollo

**HorApollo** (daga Horus Apollo; Tsohon Girkanci) (karni na biyar?  ) shine marubucin wani littafi, mai taken Hieroglyphica, a kan rubutun Masar, wanda ke cikin fassarar Helenanci ta wani Philippus, wanda kuma ya kasance a cikin karni na 5.

Suda (ω 159) ta ambaci Horapollo a matsayin daya daga cikin shugabannin karshe na firist na Masar a wata makaranta a Menouthis, kusa da Alexandria, a lokacin mulkin Zeno (AD 474-491). 

Suda ta ba da sunayen maza biyu masu suna Horapollo,  kuma ɗayan ko ɗayan na iya zama marubucin Hieroglyphicae.  Dukkanin ƙarami da dattijo Horapollo, kakan, ana iya nuna su a matsayin ɗaliban al'adun bauta wa allahn Masar da falsafar Girka, amma ilimin Masar da suka ɓace sun yi ƙoƙari su haɗa tare kuma su sake ginawa sun kasance cakuda na gaskiya da ƙarya.

An ambaci tsohon Horapollo a cikin Suda a matsayin masanin ilimin lissafi daga Phanebytis, a ƙarƙashin Theodosius II (AD 408-450). Ƙaramin Horapollo ɗan Masar ne mai suna iri ɗaya, wanda ya rayu a lokacin mulkin Zeno, 474-491).  Wannan dattijo Horapollo ya rubuta sharhi game da Sophocles, Alcaeus na Mytilene da Homer, da kuma aiki (Girkanci na dā: Τεμενικά, "Sunayen Haikali") a wuraren da aka keɓe ga alloli. Photius (cod. 279), wanda ya kira shi dan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma masanin ilimin lissafi, ya ba shi tarihin tushe da kayan tarihi na Iskandariya. Timotheus na Gaza, wanda litattafansa game da dabbobi sun shafi wallafe-wallafen kimiyya na Byzantine da Larabci, yana ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibansa. Ga dattijo Horapollo ne aka danganta Hieroglyphica da yawancin editocin karni na 16, kodayake akwai wasu ra'ayoyin asiri, suna gano Horapollo tare da Horus da kansa, ko kuma tare da Fir'auna.

A cewar Suda, an tilasta wa ƙaramin Horapollo ya gudu saboda an zarge shi da shirya tawaye a kan Kiristoci, kuma an lalata haikalinsa ga Isis da Osiris. [ba a tabbatar da shi ba] An azabtar da shi a cikin tambayoyi game da inda Harpocras yake. Ya yi imani da asiri ga tsofaffin alloli na Masar, amma ya watsar da su bayan abin da ya faru, kuma ko dai ya tuba zuwa (ko daga) Kiristanci.

## Manazarta
Haty-a

**Ḥaty-a** wani matsayi ne na tsohuwar Masar da kuma lakabi da aka ba wa sarakuna, magajin gari, ko gwamnoni.

Babu daidaitattun fassara Ḥaty-a, kuma ana barin shi akai-akai a cikin wallafe-wallafen ilimi. 

A cikin igiyoyi na lakabi na matsayi *Ḥaty-a* sau da yawa yana bayyana tsakanin lakabi na matsayin *iry-pat* da mai rufe sarauta (Xitmty-bỉty) sabili da haka alama ce ta matsayi mai girma a cikin matsayi na jami'ai a Misira ta Dā. A matsayinsa na magajin gari, taken sau da yawa yana tsaye shi kaɗai a cikin rubutun a gaban sunan, amma kuma ana haɗa shi da lakabi *mai kula da firistoci* ko *mai kula da gidan allahn*, yana nuna cewa gwamnonin gida su ne shugaban al'amuran addini na gida.

## Manazarta
Jerin hotuna da aka yi da rubutun Masar na dā

Wannan jerin hotuna ne tare da rubutun Masar na Dā.

Manyan amfani guda biyu na hadayu na Harshen Masar sune bangon bango, da kuma mutum-mutumi; ana iya tunanin ƙananan amfani a matsayin ƙananan siffofi, kwarjjoji, ko amulet. Yawancin siffofin Sphinx ana nuna su tare da tukunyar hadaya.

## Jerin tasoshin hadaya na yau da kullun
Kayan kwalliya na yau da kullun shine hotuna hoton inda duk tukwane na hadaya suka kasance. Wani abu mai sauƙi wanda ya dogara da shi shine tukunyar tantance turare, tare da harshen wuta na hayaki, .W24Sauran nau'ikan hadayu da yawa, waɗanda aka wakilta da rubutun rubutun Masar, ana yin su, ta Fir'auna da kansa a cikin hoto, ko kuma ta alloli waɗanda aka nuna tare da hadayu.

## Duba kuma
Cibiyar Ayyuka ta Larabawa ta Amurka

Ƙungiyar **Arab American Action Network** ( **AAN** ) wata cibiyar al'umma ce da ke Chicago wadda aka kafa a shekarar 1995 don ƙarfafa al'ummomin Larabawa da Larabawan Amurka a yankin Chicago ta hanyar gina ƙarfinsu na zama wakilai masu aiki don kawo sauyi mai kyau a zamantakewa. A matsayinta na wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta, dabarunta sun haɗa da tsara al'umma, bayar da shawarwari, ilimi, samar da ayyukan zamantakewa, haɓaka jagoranci, wayar da kan al'adu, da kuma ƙirƙirar dangantaka mai amfani da sauran al'ummomi.

Rasmea Odeh, wacce aka yanke wa hukunci a kan harin bam na Jerusalem Supermarket na 1969, ita ce mataimakiyar darakta ta AAN.  

Manufarta ita ce samar da al'umma mai ƙarfi ta Larabawan Amurka waɗanda membobinsu ke da ikon yanke shawara game da ayyuka da manufofi da suka shafi rayuwarsu; kuma suna da damar samun damammaki iri-iri na zamantakewa, siyasa, al'adu, da tattalin arziki a cikin yanayin adalci da adalci na zamantakewa. Ƙungiyar ta kasance jagora a cikin rigakafin tashin hankali a cikin gida da shiga tsakani, ilimin manya, da shirye-shiryen shirya matasa, da kuma mai fafutukar kare mata. [1]

Kungiyar AAN ita ce tushen wasu manyan masu fafutuka da masu shirya taron Larabawa, ciki har da membobin kungiyar da ta kafa, Cibiyar Al'umma ta Arab; masana ilimi da masana; 'yan kasuwa; da kuma tsohuwar mataimakiyar Makarantar Harkokin Ƙasa da Jama'a ta Jami'ar Columbia, Dean Mona Khalidi . Babban memba ne na Kungiyar Al'adu ta Chicago,  wata ƙungiya ta gidajen tarihi da cibiyoyin al'adu 25 a Chicago; Kungiyar Illinois Coalition for Shige da Fice and Refugee Rights (ICIRR); Cibiyar Ƙasa ta Al'ummomin Larabawa ta Amurka (NNAAC); da kuma Kungiyar Chicago Alliance Against Wacist and Political Repression (CAARPR); da sauran ƙungiyoyi, ƙawance, da hanyoyin sadarwa.

## Manazarta
Bikin Fim na Chicago Palestine

**Bikin Fina-finai na Chicago Palestine** bikin fina-finai ne na shekara-shekara wanda aka fara a shekarar 2001 a Chicago . [1] Yana karɓar ayyukan da suka shafi Falasɗinu a nau'ikan nau'ikan fina-finai daban-daban - shirye-shiryen bidiyo, wasan kwaikwayo, barkwanci - a cikin tsanaki da gajeru. [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]

## Duba kuma

* 'Ya'yan Eilaboun 
* Bikin Fina-finai na Boston Palestine
* Bikin Fina-finai da Fasaha na DC na Falasɗinu

## Manazarta
Hotunan da ke dauke da jirgin sama

Jeroglyphs na Helikofta shine sunan da aka ba wani ɓangare na Rubutun Masar daga Abydos)" Haikali na Seti I a Abydos . Yana da sauƙin kamar yaren  palimpsest tare da rubuce-rubuce guda biyu, sunayen sarauta na Ramesses II da aka ɗora a kan na mahaifinsa da wanda ya riga shi Seti I. An fassara su ba daidai ba ne a matsayin kayan tarihi na waje wanda ke nuna helikofta da sauran misalai na fasahar ci gaba, a cikin tsoffin 'yan saman jannati na pseudo-sci.

"Helicopter", samfurin pareidolia,  ya ƙunshi rubutun baka na Seti I, da rubutun hannu biyu na Ramesses II. 

## Fassara
An yi zane-zane na farko a lokacin mulkin Seti I ( 1294-1279 BC) kuma an fassara shi zuwa:

## manazarta
Littafin Ƙididdiga

Manuel de Codage (), wanda aka taƙaita **MdC**, tsari ne na kwamfuta don ƙididdigar Rubutun Masar.

## Tarihi
A shekara ta 1984 an caje kwamitin aiki don haɓaka tsarin daidaitawa don ƙididdigar matani na hieroglyphic akan kwamfuta. Sakamakon Manual for the Encoding of Hieroglyphic Texts for Computer-input (Jan Buurman, Nicolas Grimal, Jochen Hallof, Michael Hainsworth and Dirk van der Plas, Informatique et Egyptologie 2, Paris 1988) an taƙaita shi zuwa Manuel de Codage. Yana gabatar da hanyar da ta dace don amfani da rubutun hieroglyphic da kuma taƙaitaccen rubutun hieroglic. Tsarin ƙididdigar Manuel de Codage tun lokacin da Masana'antu na duniya suka karɓa a matsayin ma'auni na hukuma don yin rajistar matani na hieroglyphic akan kwamfuta.

&#x5B;**&#x5D;

MdC ta ƙayyade hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita ta hanyar lantarki don tsara cikakkun matani na tsohuwar Masar, yana nuna yawancin fasalulluka da ke nuna rubutun hieroglyphic kamar sanyawa, daidaitawa, launi, har ma da girman rubutun mutum. Hieroglyphs da ba a haɗa su a cikin jerin mahimman bayanai ana kiransu da lambar Gardiner. Ana amfani da wannan tsarin (ko da yake akai-akai tare da gyare-gyare) ta hanyar kunshe-kunshe na software daban-daban waɗanda aka haɓaka don tsara matani na hieroglyphic (kamar SignWriter, WinGlyph, MacScribe, InScribe, Glyphotext, WikiHiero, da sauransu). Ya dogara ne akan wakilcin algebraic na yau da kullun. Wasu daga cikin dokoki sune:

## Manazarta

* Jan Buurman, Inventory of hieroglyphic signes for their computing capture, Impr. Lienhart 1988; Rarrabawar Boccard
Min Palette

**Min Palette**, ko **El Amrah Palette** wani kayan kwalliya ne na Masarawa daga El-Amrah, Misira (don zamanin Amratian), wanda aka samo a Naqada, kabarin B62. An gudanar da shi a Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya, No. 35501. 

## Bayyanawa
Min Palette wani nau'i ne mai laushi, wanda ba a yi masa ado ba, ba tare da wani hotuna hoton ba.

An nuna batutuwa biyu a kan palette. *Alamar Min*, tsari ne na nau'in hieroglyph, yana tsakiya a saman palette, kuma ya ƙunshi 1/4 na gaban palette. Sauran abubuwan suna fuskantar kawunan tsuntsaye a kowane kusurwa na sama; kawunan suna da ƙananan, tare da wuyan wuyan wuyansa, kusan kashi ɗaya cikin goma na tsawo na palette, kuma shugaban dama ya lalace.

## Manazarta
TAP Boyz

**TAP Boyz** (wani suna na **The Arabian Posse**, wani lokacin **Tall Arabian Posse** ), ƙungiya ce ta Larabawa 'yan Amurka da ke zaune a Chicago ko kuma "ƙungiyar" da aka kafa a kusurwar West 63rd Street da South Kedzie Avenue a 1992. Sun wargaje a 1999 bayan sun rasa membobi a hannun Gangster Two-Six da Almighty Ambrose a yankin.

## Tarihi
An kafa ƙungiyar Posse ne don mayar da martani ga ƙiyayya ga Larabawa daga ƙungiyoyin da ke hamayya da su. Manufar ƙungiyar ita ce kare al'ummar Larabawa-Amurka daga hare-haren da aka kai wa fararen fata da suka faru sakamakon Yaƙin Tekun Fasha. Launin ƙungiyoyinsu fari da ja ne kuma alamar ƙungiyarsu tauraro ne mai kaifi huɗu, kodayake a wasu lokutan suna amfani da wata da wata don wakiltar biyayya ga Musulunci, wanda yawancin membobin ke yi. [3]

## Manazarta
Endemol

**Endemol** wani kamfani ne na kafofin watsa labarai da ke ƙasar Holland wanda ke samarwa da rarraba abubuwan nishaɗi da yawa a dandamali daban-daban. Kamfanin kowace shekara yana samar da shirye-shirye sama da awanni 15,000 a cikin nau'ikan shirye-shirye da ba na rubutu ba, gami da wasan kwaikwayo , talabijin na gaskiya , barkwanci, shirye-shiryen wasanni, nishaɗi, shirye-shiryen gaskiya da na yara.

Endemol, wata hanyar sadarwa ta duniya da ke aiki a ƙasashe sama da 30, ta yi aiki da masu watsa shirye-shirye sama da 300, dandamali na dijital da masu lasisi a duk faɗin duniya. Kasuwancin ya ƙunshi haɓakawa, samarwa, tallatawa, rarrabawa, gudanar da ikon mallakar kamfani da shirye-shiryen dandamali da yawa, gami da bidiyo na dijital, wasanni da ƙa'idodi.

## Manazarta
Quadrat (ƙaddamarwa)

Kundin *kwata-kwata* (ko kwata-kata) wani rectangle ne mai kama-da-wane ko murabba'i a cikin rubutun rubutun Rubutun Masar.

Glyphs (hieroglyphs) na iya zama mai canzawa a cikin adadi a cikin toshe mai kama-da-wane, kodayake galibi ana daidaita su bisa ga ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin daidaitattun hanyoyin marubuci.

Ma'anar toshe a cikin littafin Illustrated Hieroglyphics Handbook na Schumann-Antelme da Rossini, shine: "'Squad' murabba'i ne mai kama-da-wane, wanda kodayake ba a zana shi ba, yana jagorantar hannun marubucin. Dole ne a sanya Hieroglyphs a cikin kwata kuma dole ne a daidaita girman su daidai. Suna samar da ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke daɗi ga ido kuma bisa ga dokokin daidaituwa. "

## Rosetta Stone rufewa

A cikin gudana da tubalan rubutu, prepositions wani lokacin na iya farawa ko kawo karshen toshe, amma yana iya zama wani ɓangare na fassarar toshe na gaba. Rubuce-rubucen gudu wani lokacin zasu ƙare a tsakiyar filin na gaba. Ana iya cim ma wannan saboda wasu daga cikin prepositions sun zo a tsaye da kuma a kwance:   (verteses na kwance), (vertes na kwance)

## Manazarta
Renpet

**Renpet** ita ce, a cikin Harshen Masar, kalmar "shekara". An nuna hotonta a cikin zane-zane a matsayin mace da ke sanye da harbin dabino (lokaci mai nunawa) a kan kanta. Sau da yawa ana kiranta da *Uwargidan [[har’abada|Har abada]]* kuma an nuna ta da haihuwa, matasa da bazara. Glyph ɗin yana bayyana a kai a kai a kan abubuwan tunawa da takardu a duk tarihin Masar a matsayin farkon kalmar da ke yin rikodin shekarar mulkin Fir'auna.

## Dubi kuma

* Sashin dabino
* Heh (allah) 
* Seshat
* Renpetneferet
Shari'ar Falasdinu

**Palestine Legal** ƙungiya ce mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin Falasɗinawa wadda ta mayar da hankali kan kare mutanen da ke goyon bayan haƙƙin Falasɗinawa .   Ƙungiyar tana da hedikwata a Chicago, Illinois .  Wanda ya kafa ta kuma darakta ita ce Dima Khalidi, Bafalasɗina da aka haifa a Beirut kuma ta girma a Amurka.  

## Aiki
A shekarar 2015, Palestine Legal ta buga wani rahoto tare da Cibiyar Haƙƙoƙin Kundin Tsarin Mulki game da abin da ƙungiyoyin biyu suka bayyana a matsayin " keɓancewar Falasɗinu ga 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ."  A cikin watanni huɗu na farko na 2015, ƙungiyar ta ba da rahoton amsa buƙatun ɗalibai 102 na jami'a da malamai don neman taimakon shari'a, yawancinsu sun haɗa da zarge-zargen tallafawa ta'addanci da kuma nuna wa Yahudawa ƙiyayya . 

A shekarar 2019, lauyoyin lauyoyi na Falasdinu sun bayar da rahoton cewa sun mayar da martani ga sama da yunƙuri 180 na danne jawabin ɗalibai da malamai masu goyon bayan haƙƙin Falasdinu. 

A watan Mayu na 2021, *Truthout* ta ruwaito cewa Palestine Legal tana bin diddigin kudirorin da za su cutar da fafutukar kare hakkin Falasdinawa tun daga shekarar 2014. 

A martanin da ya mayar kan harin da Hamas ta kai wa Isra'ila a shekarar 2023, Dylan Saba, lauya a hukumar legal ta Palestine Legal, ya ce "Tsarki ya tabbata ga juriya da kuma al'ummar Falasdinu". Jaridar The Forward ta bayyana Saba a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙaramin ɓangare na Yahudawan hagu waɗanda suka goyi bayan harin Hamas. [1]

## Manazarta
Serekh

A cikin rubutun Masar, **serekh** wani yanki ne na rectangular wanda ke wakiltar bangon da aka rufe ko ƙofar fadar da (yawanci) Horus falcon ya mamaye, yana nuna cewa rubutun da aka rufe sunan sarauta ne. Serekh shine farkon taron da aka yi amfani da shi don rarraba sunan sarauta a cikin hoton Masar na dā, wanda ya riga ya wuce daga baya kuma sanannun cartouche ta sarakuna huɗu da shekaru ɗari biyar zuwa bakwai.

## Bayyanawa
A *serekh* wani kayan ado ne wanda ya hada da ra'ayi na bangon fadar da kuma tsari (bayani na sama) na farfajiyar sarauta. Kalmar serekh ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Masar don "façade". Serekhs daban-daban a kan nau'ikan abubuwa daban-daban suna nuna bambance-bambance masu yawa na kayan ado na bangon a cikin rikitarwa da daki-daki. Da alama babu ƙa'idodin fasaha masu tsauri don ƙirar serekh kanta.

## Tarihi
Serekh ya fara bayyana a matsayin ƙaramin kayan ado a lokacin marigayi Al'adun Gerzeh, lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi azaman alamar sarauta kawai. Daga zamanin Tsohon Mulki zuwa gaba, amfani da farko na cikakken rubutun kalma ya bayyana a cikin tsoffin papyri.

.

Idan an rubuta kalmar "serekh" a cikin cikakkun haruffa (kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin infobox a sama), wani lokacin tare da ƙaramin serekh, ana iya amfani da shi a cikin rubutu.

## Ci gaba
Serekhs na farko sun kasance babu komai saboda alamar kadai ta ba da saƙon da ake bukata na ikon sarauta. Bayan lokaci, sarki ya fara rubuta rubutun a cikin serekh. Wadannan serekhs sun mamaye alamar Horus. A lokacin Daular Na Biyu kawai, an ga canje-canje a cikin tsari na sunan Horus zuwa sunan Seth sannan kuma sunan Horus-da-Seth. Wadannan canje-canje sun faru ne kawai a lokacin Daular Na Biyu kuma ana kallon su a matsayin banbanci ga amfani da sunan Horus kamar yadda aka tabbatar da ci gaba da amfani da Horus a cikin serekhs na sarakunan Masar kafin da bayan Peribsen da Khasekhemwy .  An gabatar da shawarwari da yawa game da dalilin da ya sa wannan canjin ya faru, kodayake har yanzu ana jayayya da ainihin dalilin.

## manazarta
Yaren Afrikaans na Patagonia

A yau, har yanzu akwai al'ummomin da ke magana da harshen Afrikaans tare da asalin al'adu.

## Tarihi
An kawo Afrikaans zuwa Patagonia a cikin 1902 da kimanin 600-650 Boers bayan da aka ci su a Yaƙin Boer na Biyu.  Wata tawagar Argentina ta ziyarci Afirka ta Kudu a farkon karni kuma ta buga tallace-tallace a cikin jaridu a Bloemfontein, Philipstown, da Burgersdorp don ƙarfafa shige da fice na Afrikaner zuwa Chubut. Da yawa daga cikinsu da farko sun zauna a Comodoro Rivadavia, amma daga baya suka koma Sarmiento, saboda yana da damar samun ruwa mai kyau. Yawancin zuriyar waɗannan masu mulkin mallaka har yanzu suna magana da Afrikaans kuma suna ci gaba da halartar Ikilisiyar Dutch Reformed .  Wani zuwan farko ya bayyana yankin a matsayin "mai raɗaɗi sosai: tsaunuka marasa kyau, tare da manyan duwatsu masu laushi da aka warwatsa a kusa, suna barazanar faɗuwa. Haka ne, bakin tekun ba shi da kyau sosai cewa mutum na iya tunanin cewa wannan ɓangaren halitta har yanzu ba cikakke ba ne, kuma duwatsu marasa kyau sun kasance tarin yashi waɗanda aka bar lokacin da Mahalicci - tare da girmamawa - ya kammala aikinsa.  Mutane kalilan da ke ƙarƙashin shekaru sittin har yanzu suna magana da Afrikaans, amma an ba da 'yan Afirka masu ba da shawarar suyi, don' yan jaridar Afirka masu cin zarafin suyi, an karfafa suyi, sun karu da juna sun kasance suna da juna don' yan Afirka; wannan canji na ƙarni na uku; an yi imani da yawa.

## Halaye
Kalmar  (pronunciation na Afrikaans: []&#x5D;]), ma'ana " tara" a cikin Afrikaans, ana furta shi da "g" mai wuya kamar [ˈniægə]).

Wasu kalmomi ma sun bambanta gaba ɗaya, wasu daga cikinsu an daidaita su a ƙarni na ashirin da ɗaya. Misali, filin jirgin sama a cikin Afrikaans shine shiftwe, wanda shine kalmar da ba ta wanzu ba lokacin da Boers na farko suka zauna a Argentina. A cikin Patagonia, kalmar don filin jirgin sama ita ce (lit. ' ').  Sauran misalai an jera su a ƙasa.

## Manazarta
Miriam Adelson

**Miriam Adelson** (née **Farbstein**; an haife ta a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 1945) likitan Isra'ila ce ta Amurka, 'yar kasuwa, mai ba da agaji, kuma mai ba da gudummawa ga siyasa. Ta auri Sheldon Adelson har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar 2021.

Ya zuwa Oktoba , kimantawa ya sanya dukiyarta a dala biliyan 34.6,   wanda ya sa ta zama mutum na 48 mafi arziki a duniya. Shahararrun mallakar sun haɗa da Las Vegas Sands da Dallas Mavericks . Ita ce mai wallafa *Isra'ila Hayom* a yanzu kuma, tare da iyalinta, ta mallaki Las Vegas Review-Journal .

Tun daga shekarun 2010, Adelson ta kasance daya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawa na Jam'iyyar Republican, kuma tun daga 2016 ta kasance daya ካብ manyan masu goyon bayan Donald Trump. Ita da mijinta sun ba da gudummawa mafi girma ga kamfen dinsa na 2016, rantsar da shi a matsayin shugaban kasa, asusun kare shi game da Binciken Mueller game da tsoma baki na Rasha, da kuma kamfen din 2020.  Ita ce ta uku mafi girma da ta ba da gudummawa ga zaben Trump na 2024, ta ba da kyautar dala miliyan 106.

Adelson ya ci gaba da ba da shawara ga gwamnatin Amurka ta karɓi manufofin goyon bayan Isra'ila, gami da tallafawa mamayewar Isra'ila na West Bank . 

Trump ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Shugaban kasa ta 'Yanci a shekarar 2018.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Adelson Miriam Farbstein a Tel Aviv, Mandatory Palestine (Isra'ila ta yanzu), a cikin 1945  ga iyayen da suka tsere daga Poland kafin Holocaust . Mahaifinta ya kasance fitaccen memba na Mapam, jam'iyyar siyasa ta hagu a Isra'ila. A cikin shekarun 1950, iyalinta sun zauna a Haifa,  inda mahaifin Adelson ya mallaki kuma ya gudanar da gidajen wasan kwaikwayo da yawa.  Ta halarci Makarantar Ibrananci ta Reali na tsawon shekaru 12.

Kafin aurenta da Sheldon, Miriam ta auri Ariel Ochshorn, kuma likita ce, kuma tana da 'ya'ya mata Sivan Ochshorn da Yasmin Lukatz. An sake auren ma'auratan a shekara ta 1986. 

### Ayyukan likita
Bayan ta sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a cikin ilimin microbiology da kwayoyin halitta daga Jami'ar Ibrananci ta Urushalima,  ta sami digiri a matsayin likita, ta kammala digiri na biyu daga Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Tel Aviv. 

### Aure ga Sheldon Adelson da kuma aiki daga baya
Miriam ta sadu da ɗan kasuwa Sheldon Adelson a ranar makaho a shekara ta 1989; sun yi aure a shekara ta 1991.  Tare, suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu, Adam Adelson da Matan Adelson . 

A cikin 1993, Miriam da Sheldon sun buɗe reshe na farko na Adelson Clinic, asibitin shan miyagun ƙwayoyi, a Isra'ila. Sun bude wuri na biyu a Las Vegas a shekara ta 2000. Asibitocin sun ƙware wajen amfani da dabarun detox da aka taimaka wa likita, kamar su methodone . 

A cikin 2018, an kira Adelson mai wallafa *Isra'ila Hayom*, jaridar da aka fi karantawa a Isra'ila,  matsayin da take riƙewa. 

Bayan Sheldon Adelson ya mutu a 2021, ta zama mai mallakar kamfanin gidan caca Las Vegas Sands, wanda ya kafa. Ta kasance mafi yawan masu mallakar Las Vegas Sands, wanda take gudanarwa tare da iyalinta.

## Manazarta
Burton Gilliam

**Burton Gilliam** (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1938) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka. An fi saninsa da rawar da ba za a iya mantawa da ita ba a fina-finai da yawa na shekarun 1970 kamar su Blazing Saddles  da Paper Moon, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Back to the Future, Part III (1990) da *Honeymoon a Vegas* .

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Ayyuka
Kafin ya yi wasan kwaikwayo, Gilliam ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar dambe ta Coast Guard, inda ya lashe 201 daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe 217.  Ya kasance a cikin duniyar dambe na shekaru da yawa, yana aiki a matsayin alƙali a California.

Yayinda yake aiki a matsayin mai kashe gobara ga birnin Dallas,  Gilliam ya bayyana a matsayin "Floyd", magatakarda na tebur, a fim din Paper Moon . Daga nan sai ya ci gaba da bayyana a cikin fina-finai masu ban sha'awa kamar Blazing Saddles da Back to the Future Part III . Yin aiki a Blazing Saddles ya kasance da wahala a gare shi, tunda ya taka rawar mai wariyar launin fata wanda ke maimaita zagi na launin fata (ciki har da "bakar fata") a cikin baƙar fata, musamman jarumi, wanda Cleavon Little ya buga. Gilliam bai gamsu da yadda ya yi amfani da wannan zargi ba har ya nemi gafara ga Little, wanda dole ne ya tunatar da shi cewa kalma ce kawai a cikin rubutun kuma an bi da zagi na launin fata ba tare da wata matsala ba tun lokacin da yake wasa da mugun mutum. Gilliam kuma ya ji kunya ta hanyar kasancewa babban mai gabatarwa a cikin mummunan wuta (cin wake da aka dafa da farting). 

Gilliam ya kuma taka rawa a fina-finai kamar *Honeymoon a Vegas*, *Thunderbolt da Lightfoot*, *Farewell, My Lovely (fim na 1975) *, Fletch, *Gator*, Telefon da The Terror Within II . Fitowarsa a talabijin sun hada da *Alice*, Charlie's Angels, The A-Team, The *Dukes na Hazzard* da The Fall Guy, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin na yau da kullun a kan Evening Shade .

### Rayuwa ta mutum
An haifi Gilliam a Dallas, Texas . Yana zaune tare da matarsa, Susan, a Allen, Texas, a arewacin Dallas. Yana da 'ya'ya biyu da jikoki huɗu da jikoki biyu. Jikanta Hollie Vise tsohuwar 'yar wasan motsa jiki ce ta duniya. 

Gilliam ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Woodrow Wilson a 1956 kuma an shigar da ita cikin zauren shahararren makarantar a shekara ta 2004. A cikin 2018, shi ne babban marshal na Dallas St. Patrick's Day parade.

## Manazarta
Ludwig Minelli

**Ludwig Amadeus Minelli** (5 Disamba 1932 - 29 Nuwamba 2025) lauya ne mai kare hakkin ɗan adam na Switzerland kuma tsohon ɗan jarida wanda ya kafa Dignitas, ƙungiyar kunar bakin wake ta Switzerland.
Asali a cikin rawar ba da shawara ta doka tare da reshen Zurich na Fita, Minelli ya kafa Dignitas saboda takaicin tsarin sa. Ya kasance makasudin tsawaita suka da cin mutunci a matsayinsa na shugaban Dignitas, ana yi masa lakabi da "Dr Death" ta jaridu kuma ana zarginsa da cin gajiyar kudi na marasa lafiya..An san Dignitas don ba da taimakon kashe kansa ga waɗanda ba 'yan Switzerland ba waɗanda ƙasashensu suka haramta yin hakan.
Minelli ya goyi bayan kashe kansa na taimakon likita kuma ya yi imanin cewa yakamata ya kasance ga masu lafiya da marasa lafiya. Ya rinjayi wasu sassa na shari’ar Switzerland ta hanyar daukaka kara zuwa Kotun Koli ta Tarayya da Kotun Kare Hakkokin Bil’adama ta Turai,
wanda ya hada da hukuncin 1983 da ya gano cewa akwai iyakataccen yanayi da wasu marasa laifi ke da alhakin kashe kudaden kotu.
#### Rayuwa da aiki
**Rayuwar farko**
An haifi Ludwig Amadeus Minelli a Zurich a ranar 5 ga Disamba 1932, ɗan fari a cikin yara huɗu da aka haifa ga mai zane da adon gida. Minelli ya girma a Küsnacht, a cikin lardin Zurich. Ya tuna da haɓaka ma'anar "adalci" a cikin 1944, lokacin da wani malamin da ya maye gurbinsa a makarantar firamare ya bugi wani ƙarami:"... a lokacin hutu na gaba, na yi kuka ga wani maƙwabcin manomi wanda na san yana cikin hukumar makaranta".
##### MANAZARTA
2024 Ottawa wuka

A ranar 6 ga Maris, 2024, an kashe dangin Wickramasinghe, Baƙi na Sri Lanka, a cikin gidansu a Barrhaven, wani yanki na Ottawa, Ontario, Kanada. An kashe yara hudu, tare da mahaifiyarsu, abokiyar iyali kuma mahaifinsu ya ji rauni. Wannan shi ne mafi munin kisan kiyashi a tarihin garin na baya-bayan nan.

Febrio De-Zoysa, mai shekaru 19, tsohon dalibi na Kwalejin Algonquin na Sri Lanka da ke zaune tare da iyalin, an kama shi dangane da lamarin, kuma an tuhume shi da laifuka shida na kisan kai na farko da kuma laifuka daya na yunkurin kisan kai. A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 2025, De Zoysa ya yi ikirarin aikata laifuka hudu na kisan kai na farko da kuma laifuka biyu na kisan gilla na biyu. Kashegari, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai ba tare da damar yin salula ba har tsawon shekaru 25.

Wadanda abin ya shafa bakwai baƙi ne na Sri Lanka. Dukkanin sai dai daya sun kasance mambobi ne na iyali ɗaya; wanda ya rage wanda aka azabtar ya kasance sananne ne na iyali wanda shi ma ke zaune a cikin gida. Wanda aka kashe shi ne mahaifin iyalin, yayin da wadanda aka kashe sun hada da matarsa da yara hudu, masu shekaru bakwai, hudu, uku, kuma mafi ƙanƙanta watanni biyu.[1] Yaran biyu mafi tsufa suna cikin aji na biyu da ƙaramin makarantar sakandare a makarantar Monsignor Paul Baxter .￼

## Abin da ya faru
Masu ba da amsa ga gaggawa sun karɓi kira zuwa 9-1-1 jim kadan kafin karfe 11 na yamma a ranar 6 ga Maris, 2024. Hukumomi sun amsa cikin minti da yawa.

## Bincike
'Yan sanda sun ba da rahoton cewa ba su da wata hulɗa da ta gabata tare da wanda ake zargi ko wadanda abin ya shafa.

Dalibin da aka kama dangane da taron ya bayyana a kotu da yammacin Maris 7 . 

## Halin da aka yi
Mark Sutcliffe, magajin garin Ottawa, ya kira taron "ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi ban tsoro na tashin hankali a tarihin birninmu".  Firayim Minista Justin Trudeau ya kira taron da "mummunar tashin hankali". 

An kafa wani abin tunawa a Palmadeo Park, kusa da wurin taron.

## Dubi kuma

* 2022 Saskatchewan wuka

## Manazarta
Kisan kiyashi na Trạch

Kisan kiyashi na Mỹ Trạch (Vietnam_language" id="mwEw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Vietnamese language" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Vietnamese) kisan kiyashi ne da kuma fyade a lokacin yaƙi da Sojojin Faransa suka yi wa fararen hula na Vietnamese a Yaƙin Indochina na farko . Sojojin Faransa sun yi kisan kiyashi a ƙauyen Mỹ Trạch, Mỹ Th manq, Gundumar Lệ Th manq, Lardin Quảng Bình, Vietnam daga karfe 5 na safe zuwa 8 na safe a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 1948. Sojojin Faransa sun ƙone gidaje 326 kuma sun kashe fiye da rabin mazaunan ƙauyen. Sojojin Faransa sun yi wa mata da 'yan mata da yawa fyade kafin su kashe su. Sojojin Faransa sun kashe fararen hula sama da 300 a Mỹ Trạch, ciki har da mata 170 da yara 157.

Wurin kisan kiyashi ya kasance a ƙarƙashin My Trạch Bridge, gada da ke kan hanyar jirgin kasa ta Arewa-Kudancin, kusa da tashar jirgin kasa ta My Trạch. Sojojin Faransa sun tilasta wa wadanda abin ya shafa zuwa ƙarƙashin gadar kuma sun layi kafin su kashe su da bindiga.[1]

Kowace shekara, mazaunan Mỹ Trạch suna makoki 29 ga Nuwamba a matsayin "Hatred Date".

A ranar 27 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2001, Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta Vietnam ta rarraba wurin shakatawa na tunawa inda wurin tunawa yake daya daga cikin Tarihin Tarihi na Vietnam. [1]￼

## Manazarta
2020 Patna-Bhabua Intercity Express fyade

Shari'ar fyade ta Patna-Bhabua Intercity Express ta 2020 ta shafi fyade da ta faru a ranar 20 ga watan Janairun 2020 a kan Patna- Bhabua Intertown Express, kusa da tashar jirgin kasa ta Bhabua Road a Bihar.[1][2][3][4][5]￼

Lamarin ya faru ne lokacin da wata mace mai shekaru 22 da ke dauke da kwayar cutar kanjamau ta dawo gidanta bayan binciken likita a Gaya.

## Abin da ya faru
Wanda aka azabtar, wata mace mai shekaru 22, tana dawowa gida a daren 20 ga Janairun 2020 bayan bincike, yayin da take shan magani don cutar kanjamau. Ta shiga Tashar jirgin kasa ta Gaya Junction .

Maza biyu, Birendra Prakash Singh da Dipak Singh, sun mamaye ta kuma sun yi mata fyade; sun yi fim din duk abin da ya faru, wanda ya faru yayin da jirgin ya kusanci tashinsa ta ƙarshe.

## Manazarta
Kisan Jessica Heeringa

Jessica Lynn Heeringa (16 ga Yuli, 1987 - 26 ga Afrilu, 2013) mace ce mai shekaru 25 daga Norton Shores, Michigan, wacce  ta ɓace daga tashar gas din Exxon inda take aiki a daren 26 ga Afrilun, 2013.
Kisan Farzana Parveen

An kashe **Farzana Parveen Iqbal** a ranar 27 ga Mayu 2014 a waje da kotun da ke Lahore, Pakistan" id="mwBg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab, Pakistan . Mahaifinta, 'yan uwanta biyu da tsohon ango sun kasance daga ciki kusan masu kai hari ashirin. Farzana, wacce ta tsere da mutumin da ta zaɓa, kuma tana da ciki da shi, an kashe ta ne a cikin al'adar kisan girmamawa.

## Abin da ya faru
Muhammad Iqbal da Farzana sun yi aure a asirce shekaru da yawa. Lokacin da ta yi juna biyu, sai suka yanke shawarar yin aure. A wannan lokacin, dangin Farzana sun yi mata alkawarin aure ga mutumin da suka ga ya cancanci kuma ya dace. Lokacin da Farzana ta bayyana soyayyarta (amma a bayyane ba ta da ciki) ga iyayenta, sun firgita. Koyaya, sun amince da saduwa da Muhammad Iqbal. A taron, mahaifin Farzana, Muhammad Parveen, ya nuna cewa zai yarda da bikin auren a kan yanayin cewa Iqbal ya daidaita kudi mai yawa a cikin sunan Farzana a matsayin Mehr (wanda shine wani bangare na kowane bikin auren musulmi). Kudin zai tabbatar da cewa Farzana zai sami goyon baya idan auren ya rushe daga baya. Iqbal ya ce ba zai iya biyan kuɗi ba, kuma ya ba da shawarar ƙaramin Mehr. Iqbal ya yi zargin cewa mahaifin Farzana da farko ya yarda da karamin adadin, amma daga baya ya canza tunaninsa kuma ya sake dagewa kan babban adadin kuɗi, bayan ya san ƙarin game da asalin Iqbal da yanayin. A cewar Iqbal, mahaifin Farzana ya janye goyon baya ga auren bayan Iqbal ya ki amincewa da bukatarsa don ƙarin kuɗi, fiye da Mehr da aka amince da shi.

Masu soyayya sun ƙuduri aniyar yin aure, kuma ciki na Farzana yana nufin cewa ba su da lokacin ɓata, don haka sun tsere kuma sun yi aure ba tare da sanar da kowa ba. Tun da Farzana ta ɓace ba zato ba tsammani daga gidan iyayenta wata rana, iyalin sun sanar da 'yan sanda kuma, bisa ga shawarar lauyoyi, sun shigar da takardar *[[Habeas corpus]]* a kotu. 'Yan sanda sun gano ma'auratan da suka tsere da sauri kuma sun gabatar da su a kotu.

A ranar 27 ga Mayu 2014, Farzana Iqbal, mai shekaru 30, kimanin maza da dama ne suka kai masa hari a gaban Babban Kotun Pakistan. Mahaifinta, Muhammad Parveen, ne ya jagoranci maharan, kuma sun hada da 'yan uwanta biyu da sauran dangin. Sun fara ne ta hanyar bugawa da kiɗa, sannan ya karu zuwa amfani da sanduna da tubali, sannan jefa duwatsu. An kashe ta ne saboda tserewa da auren Muhammad Iqbal, mai shekaru 45, wanda take ƙauna kuma wanda ta yi ciki.[1][2] An sanar da Farzana Iqbal a mutu a asibiti.￼

An kama mutane goma sha biyu dangane da mutuwar Iqbal, ciki har da mahaifinta, Muhammad Parveen .  Mai binciken 'yan sanda Mujahid ya nakalto shi yana cewa: "Na kashe 'yata saboda ta raina dukan iyalinmu ta hanyar yin aure ba tare da yardarmu ba, kuma ba ni da nadama game da shi. "   A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014, an yanke wa dangin Farzana huɗu hukuncin kisa kuma an yanke musu hukuncin kisa. 

## Dubi kuma

* Kashewa mai daraja a Pakistan

:* Kotun bidiyo ta Kohistan ta 2012
:* Qandeel Baloch
:* Samia Sarwar
:* Mutuwar Samia Shahid
:* Ayman Udas

## Manazarta
Mai kashewar Fabrairu 9

Juan Antonio Arreola Murillo (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba, na shekarar 1980), wanda aka fi sani da mai kisan kai na Fabrairu 9, wanda ke da alhakin kisan Sonia Mejia da jaririn da ba a haife shi ba a shekara ta 2006 da kuma kisan Damiana Castillo a cikin Salt Lake County, Utah, Amurka. An aikata kisan a wannan rana, Fabrairu 9, saboda haka sunan.

## Bincike
A shekara ta 2009, kisan gillar da ba a warware ba na Sonia Mejia a Taylorsville da Damiana Castillo a West Valley City an haɗa su ta hanyar nazarin DNA. Ma'aikatun 'yan sanda masu dacewa a lokaci guda sun fitar da bayanin mai aikata laifin a matsayin namiji na Hispanic a ƙarshen shekarunsa ko farkon shekaru 20. An kafa rundunar aiki ta mutum 20. Ya zuwa 2012, an rarraba shari'ar a matsayin yanayin sanyi.

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2018, Lauyan Gundumar Salt Lake County Sim Gill ya ba da sanarwar cewa wani wanda ake zargi yana cikin tsare a wani yanki kuma yana cikin hanyar mayar da shi zuwa Utah don fuskantar tuhumar kisan kai. A watan Janairun 2022, an buɗe takardun cajin kuma an bayyana wanda ake zargi dan kasar Mexico ne mai shekaru 41 Juan Arreola, wanda aka yanke masa hukunci a baya saboda zamba a shekara ta 2008 kuma daga baya aka kore shi zuwa ƙasarsa, inda ya kasance har sai an mika shi. An mika Arreola da sauri bayan masu gabatar da kara sun ce ba za su nemi hukuncin kisa a cikin shari'ar ba.

A watan Yunin 2023, Arreola ya yi ikirarin aikata laifuka uku na kisan kai. Daga baya aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa a watan Agusta zuwa shekaru 60 zuwa rai da rai a kurkuku.

## Wadanda aka azabtar

* **Sonia Mejia**, mai shekaru 29, an yi mata fyade kuma an maƙure ta a gidanta a Taylorsville. Yaron da ba a haifa ba ya mutu tare da ita.
* **Damiana Castillo**, mai shekaru 57, an maƙure ta a cikin gidanta a West Valley City.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin masu tserewa daga adalci waɗanda suka ɓace

## Manazarta
Sia (allah)

**Sia** ko **Saa**, wani Allahn Masar na dā, shi ne  na fahimta a cikin cosmogony na Heliopolitan Ennead kuma mai yiwuwa daidai yake da "ƙarfin hankali na zuciyar Ptah a cikin tauhidin Memphite. "  Har ila yau, yana da alaƙa da rubutu kuma ana nuna shi sau da yawa a cikin nau'in anthropomorphic  yana riƙe da littafin papyrus. An yi tunanin wannan papyrus ya ƙunshi nasarorin ilimi.

A cikin Sabon Masarautar, ana nuna Sia a cikin jirgin hasken rana a cikin matani na duniya da kayan ado na kabarin, tare da Hu, "magana mai ban sha'awa," da Heka, allahn sihiri. Wadannan alloli an gan su a matsayin iko na musamman da ke taimaka wa mahalicci, kuma kodayake Heka yana da kansa Sia bai yi ba.

## Manazarta
Osinachi Nwachukwu

Osinachi Nwachukwu (12 ga Nuwamba 1979 - 8 ga Afrilu 2022) ya kasance mawaƙin bishara na Najeriya. Ta sami shahara ta hanyar "Ekwueme" ta Prospa Ochimana .  An yi zargin mutuwarta ne sakamakon tashin hankali na gida. An kama mijinta, Peter Nwachukwu, dangane da mutuwarta, an same shi da laifi, kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
Osinachi Nwachukwu was born on 12 November 1979 into an Igbo family in Owerri, Nigeria. She attended a private school and proceeded into a private university in Nigeria.

## Ayyuka
Osinachi ya kasance mai cike da ruhun mawaƙa na Bishara na Najeriya, ministan Allah, marubucin waƙa tare da babbar murya da kuma mai gabatar da bautar Kirista. Yawancin waƙoƙinta an rubuta su ne a cikin Harshen Igbo. Ayyukanta sun kai kololuwa a shekarar 2017 saboda sanannen "Ekwueme". Ta fito a cikin waƙoƙi kamar "Nara Ekele" na Fasto Paul Enenche (Dunamis, Abuja), Ekwueme na Prospa Ochimana da "Ba ku yi amfani da ni wasa" na Emma.

A ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2025, Babban Kotun FCT a Abuja ta yanke wa Peter Nwachukwu, mijinta hukuncin kisa ta hanyar ratayewa saboda kisan ta. An same shi da laifin mutuwarta wanda ya faru a ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2022. Da farko an ruwaito cewa dalilin mutuwarta ciwon daji ne na makogwaro kafin iyalinta su bayyana cewa ta sha wahala daga tashin hankali na gida.

## Manazarta
Rana mai fuka-fuki

**rana mai fuka-fuki** alama ce ta hasken rana da ke da alaƙa da allahntaka, sarauta, da iko a Tsohuwar Gabas ta Tsakiya (Masar, Mesopotamiya, Anatolia, da Farisa). An kuma wakilci Allahn Rana na Illyrian a matsayin rana mai fuka-fuki.

### Behdety
A farkon addinin Masar, alamar Behdety tana wakiltar Horus na Edfu, daga baya aka gano shi da Ra-Horakhty. Wani lokaci ana nuna shi a wuyan Apis, bijimin Ptah. Yayin da lokaci ya wuce (bisa ga fassarar) duk alloli na Masar an dauke su a matsayin fannoni na allahn rana, gami da Khepri. Sunan "Behdety" yana nufin mazaunin Behdet . 

Shi ne *Allahn sama* na yankin da ake kira Behdet a cikin kwarin Nilu . 

An fara samun hotonsa a cikin rubutun a jikin kwano, a matsayin bangon hasken rana mai fuka-fuki. Lokacin gogewa kusan 3000 BC ne. Daga baya aka sami irin wannan bangarorin hasken rana a cikin hoton jana'izar Fir'auna Sahure na daular ta biyar. Ana ganin Behdety a matsayin mai kare Fir'auna. A bangarorin biyu na hotonsa ana ganin Uraeus, wanda alama ce ga allahiya mai kaiwa Wadjet . 

Ya tsayayya da zafi mai tsanani na rana ta Masar tare da fuka-fukansa guda biyu.

## Mesopotamiya
Daga kimanin 2000 KZ, alamar ta bayyana a Mesopotamiya. Ya bayyana a cikin zane-zane tare da sarakunan Assuriya a matsayin alama ga sarauta, wanda aka rubuta zuwa Latin a matsayin  (a zahiri, "kai, Rana", watau "Mai Girma"). [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]
## manazarta
Kisan Natalia Melmann

**kisan Natalia Mariel Melmann**, daliba mai shekaru 15 na Argentina, ya faru ne a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 2001, a Miramar, Buenos Aires .  An sami jami'an 'yan sanda biyar da laifin sace ta, azabtarwa, fyade da kisan kai.

Rikicin shari'ar ya sami kulawa ta kasa.

## Abubuwan da suka faru
Gustavo Daniel "El Gallo" Fernández, tsohon fursuna mai shekaru 30 da ke da alaƙa da 'yan sanda na Miramar, ya sace ta. Jami'an 'yan sanda ne suka dauke ta daga Miramar, daga baya aka kira ta Corporals Ricardo Alfredo Suárez, Ricardo Anselmini da First Sergeant Óscar Alberto Echenique, zuwa wani gida a gefen birnin. A can za a azabtar da ita, fyade, kuma a ƙarshe an kashe ta da takalmin takalma.

Binciken jikin ya haifar da fushi a cikin jama'ar yankin. Bugu da ƙari ga gaskiyar cewa 'yan sanda suna da hannu a cikin shari'ar, garin ya amsa. Mutane 6,000 sun jajjefe ofishin 'yan sanda, kusan sun lalata ginin gaba daya.

## Shari'a
A watan Satumbar 2002, an fara shari'ar da aka yi wa Suárez, Anselmini da Echenique, inda aka same su da laifi kuma aka yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai. A nasa bangaren, an yanke wa Fernández hukuncin shekaru 25 a kurkuku saboda laifin satar mutane, kodayake an kara shekaru ga hukuncinsa saboda wani laifi da ya gabata.[1]￼

## Bayanan kafofin watsa labarai
A cikin 2018, 'yar jarida Constanza Marina Sagula ta yi fim na minti 42 wanda ke nuna gwagwarmayar dangin Melmann da abokai bayan kisan.

## Manazarta
Kisan Caroline Crouch

## Caroline Crouch

An haifi **Caroline Louise Crouch** a ranar 12 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2001. Ita ce 'yar injiniyan da ya yi ritaya David Crouch da matarsa, Susan Dela Cuesta . Ta hanyar mahaifinta, ta kasance 'yar asalin Burtaniya. A cewar mahaifinta, an haifi Crouch a Athens,   kodayake an kuma ruwaito wurin haihuwarta a matsayin Liverpool.

A lokacin da take da shekaru 8 ta koma tare da iyalinta zuwa tsibirin Alonnisos, inda ta girma. Lokacin da take 'yar shekara 15, ta sadu da mijinta na gaba, Charalambos "Babis" Anagnostopoulos . Sun yi aure a ranar 15 ga Yuli 2019, a Portugal.

## Kisan kai
A ranar 11 ga Mayu, 2021, jami'an 'yan sanda suka gano Caroline a mace a kan gadonta, inda suka isa gidanta suna amsa kiran waya da mijinta ya yi, wanda aka same shi a ɗaure da kuma ɗaure kusa da gadon. A cikin ɗakin, an sami 'yar ma'auratan, Lydia,.[1]￼￼
Kisan Mona Heydari

**Ghazal** "**Mona**" **Heydari** (24 Disamba 2004 - 5 Fabrairu 2022) yarinya ce 'yar Larabawa na Iran wacce aka fille kanta a Ahvaz, Iran a cikin wani "kisan girmamawa" da mijinta ya yi. Mona da mijinta sun kasance 'yan uwan farko. Hotuna da bidiyo na mijinta, Sajjad Heydari, yana murmushi yayin da yake ɗauke da kanta, ya haifar da fushi a Iran. Bayan yanke kansa, 'Yan sanda na Iran sun kama mijinta da surukinta.

## Tarihi
Mona Heydari ta auri Sajjad Heydari, tana da shekaru 12. Ta gudu zuwa Turkiyya don guje wa cin zarafin mijinta a gida. Iyayenta na kusa ne suka dawo da ita Iran.

Tana da ɗa, mai shekaru 3. Ta haifi ɗanta lokacin da take da shekaru 14.

## Abin da ya faru
Mijinta da surukinta ne suka fille mata kai a cikin gida. An zubar da jikinta.

## Sakamakon haka
Human Rights Watch ta yi Allah wadai da kisan, ta yi kira ga sake fasalin dokar da za ta aikata laifuka ga cin zarafin mata.

Masu gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam a Iran sun yi korafi a kan Daadkhast, shafin yanar gizon korafi na Iran, don dakatar da kashe-kashen a Iran. Takardar neman izinin ta tara sa hannu sama da 1,500.

## Mai aikata laifin
Gwamnatin Iran ta rufe kamfanin dillancin labarai na Rokna, shafin yanar gizon labarai na Iran, don nuna hoton Sajjad Heydari yana riƙe da wuka a hannu ɗaya, da kuma kan Mona a wani. Dalilin rufe Rokna an ba shi ne a matsayin "bugawa hotuna da batutuwan da suka saba wa mutuncin jama'a".[1]￼

A ranar 18 ga watan Janairun 2023, an yanke wa Sajjad Heydari hukuncin fiye da shekaru 8 a kurkuku saboda yanke kan matarsa, da kuma nuna kansa a fili. Zargin sun hada da kisan kai da hari, kamar yadda mai magana da yawun shari'a Massoud Setayeshi ya fada wa manema labarai.

## Dubi kuma

* Kashe Tiba al-Ali
* Kisan Romina Ashrafi
* Jerin kisan gilla a Iran

## Manazarta