William Montague Cobb

**William Montague Cobb** (1904-1990) ya kasance likitan Amurka ne kuma masanin ilimin ɗan adam. A matsayinsa na Ph.D. na farko na Afirka-Amurka a cikin ilimin ɗan adam, kuma shi kaɗai ne har sai bayan Yaƙin Koriya,  babban abin da ya mai da hankali a cikin ilimin ilimin ɗan adam shine nazarin ra'ayin kabilanci da mummunar tasirinsa akan al'ummomin launi. Ya kuma kasance shugaban Afirka na farko na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci gaban Mutanen Launi .  Ayyukansa a matsayin likita da farfesa a Jami'ar Howard an sadaukar da shi ga ci gaban masu binciken Afirka-Amurka, kuma yana da hannu sosai a cikin fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama. Cobb ya rubuta da yawa kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga sanannun labarai da na ilimi a lokacin aikinsa. An lura da aikinsa a matsayin muhimmiyar gudummawa ga ci gaban sub-discipline na ilimin ɗan adam na al'adu a farkon rabin karni na 20. Cobb kuma ya kasance ƙwararren malami kuma ya koyar da ɗalibai sama da 5000 a cikin ilimin zamantakewa da kiwon lafiya a lokacin rayuwarsa.

## Farkon rayuwar mutum
An haifi Cobb a ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 1904, a Washington DC . Mahaifiyarsa, Alexizne Montague Cobb, ta girma ne a Massachusetts kuma ta kasance wani ɓangare 'Yan asalin Amurka. Mahaifinsa, William Elmer Cobb, ya girma a Selma, Alabama . Iyayensa sun hadu a Washington DC lokacin da mahaifinsa ya fara kasuwancin bugawa ga al'ummar Afirka ta Amirka.

Matsayi na farko na sha'awar Cobb a cikin ilimin ɗan adam ya fito ne daga littafin mulkin dabba wanda kakansa ya mallaka. A cikin wannan littafin, akwai zane-zane na 'yan adam da aka raba ta hanyar launin fata, amma an kwatanta su da abin da Cobb ya kira "daidaitaccen darajar. " Wannan ya haifar da sha'awar manufar kabilanci, kamar yadda ba a ba da irin wannan "daidaidaitaccen daraja" a cikin al'ummar da ke kewaye da rayuwar Cobb ba.

Cobb ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Dunbar, Washington, DC mai daraja sosai. Makarantar sakandare ta Afirka a shekarar 1917.  Ya kasance dalibi mai cin nasara kuma ɗan wasa, kuma ya ci gaba da lashe gasar zakarun kasa da kuma dambe mai sauƙi da matsakaicin nauyi a lokacin makarantar sakandare da shekarunsa na kwaleji. Ya auri Hilda B. Smith, 'yar'uwar Ruth Smith Lloyd, kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyu. Cobb ya mutu daga cutar huhu a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 1990, yana da shekaru 86. 

## Ilimi
Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Dunbar a 1921, Cobb ya sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha daga Kwalejin Amherst a 1925. Bayan kammala karatun digiri na farko, ya sami kyautar Blodgett Scholarship don ƙwarewa a ilmin halitta wanda ya ba shi damar ci gaba da bincike a cikin embryology a Woods Hole Marine Biology Laboratory .  Ya sami MD (Doctor of Medicine) a 1929 daga Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Howard . Ya yi aiki a duk lokacin da yake makarantar likita. Cobb ya karɓi matsayi a Jami'ar Howard wanda aka miƙa shi kafin kammala karatunsa. Numa P. G. Adams, wanda shine Dean na Jami'ar Howard a lokacin, an ba shi aikin shirya sabon bangaren likitocin Afirka don taimakawa ci gaba da makarantar a fagen kiwon lafiya. Cobb, bi da bi yana da burin ƙirƙirar dakin gwaje-gwaje na anatomy da ilimin ɗan adam na jiki a Jami'ar Howard wanda zai sami albarkatun malaman Afirka na Amurka don ba da gudummawa ga muhawara a cikin ilmin halitta na launin fata. A matsayin wani ɓangare na kokarin Dean Adams, an tura Cobb don yin karatu a ƙarƙashin masanin ilimin ɗan adam T. Wingate Todd a Jami'ar Case Western Reserve .  Ayyukan rubuce-rubucen Cobb wani bincike ne mai zurfi na Hamann-Todd Skeletal Collection, babban yawan kwarangwal da ke yanzu a Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Cleveland wanda ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Case Western Reserve .  Ya sami Ph.D. a cikin Anthropology a 1932 kuma an buga rubutun sa a ƙarƙashin taken Human Archives a shekara mai zuwa. 

## Ayyuka
Bayan bayar da digirin digirinsa, Cobb ya kasance a Jami'ar Case Western Reserve a matsayin ɗan'uwa, inda ya ci gaba da aiki a kan Hamman-Todd Collection tare da mai da hankali kan rufewar sutura. Littafinsa na 1940 "Cranio-Facial Union in Man" wanda ya samar a sakamakon wannan aikin ya kafa kwarewarsa a matsayin masanin ilimin jikin mutum kuma yana daya daga cikin ayyukan da aka fi ambaton su har zuwa yau. A wannan lokacin, Cobb ya kuma yi aiki tare da masanin ilimin ɗan adam na zahiri Aleš Hrdlička a kan binciken tarin kwarangwal a Cibiyar Smithsonian a Washington, DC. Ya koma Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Howard a 1930 inda ya koyar da mafi yawan aikinsa kuma ya kafa W. Montague Cobb Skeletal Collection .  Ya zama farfesa na farko na jami'ar a shekarar 1969 kuma ya zama farfesa emeritus a shekarar 1973. Baya ga aikinsa a Howard, Cobb ya kuma koyar a Jami'ar Stanford, Jami'ar Arkansas a Little Rock, Jami'an Washington, Jami'a ta Maryland, Jami'in West Virginia, Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard, Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiyar Wisconsin a Milwaukee, da Jami'ar Katolika ta Amurka a lokacin rayuwarsa.

Cobb ya shiga cikin kungiyoyi da yawa na ilimin ɗan adam da kiwon lafiya a lokacin aikinsa. Ya kasance memba mai aiki na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Kwararrun Ƙwararru tun lokacin da ta haɗu a karo na biyu a 1930 kuma ta yi aiki a cikin kwamitin a lokuta da yawa, duka a matsayin mataimakin shugabanta (1948-50 da 1954-56) da shugabanta (1957-59). Ya kuma rike mukamin jagoranci tare da Anthropological Society of Washington, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Eugenics Society, da kuma Medico-Chirurgical Society of the District of Columbia. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Ilimi da Asibitoci na tsawon wa'adi biyu (1948-63). 

A duk rayuwarsa Cobb ya bi aikin da aka yi niyyar inganta damar 'yan Afirka na Afirka a cikin al'umma gabaɗaya da kuma cikin kimiyyar kiwon lafiya. Ya kasance memba mai aiki na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci gaban Mutanen Launi (NAACP)  kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 1976 zuwa 1982. Ya kirkiro Taron Imhotep kan Haɗin Asibiti a cikin 1957 a matsayin wani ɓangare na NAACP, taron shekara-shekara da ke neman kawo ƙarshen rarrabewar asibiti da makarantar likita wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa 1964. Ya kasance memba mai aiki na Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Kasa, ƙungiyar da aka keɓe don ci gaban likitocin Afirka da sauran masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya.   Ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa na dogon lokaci ga mujallar, Jaridar Ƙungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin edita daga 1944 zuwa mutuwarsa a 1990. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kungiyar daga 1964 zuwa 1965.  Baya ga sa hannu a cikin kungiyoyi da mujallu na Afirka da Amurka da Turai, Cobb ya kasance mai aiki a cikin fadakar da al'umma ta hanyar aiki kan tseren da kiwon lafiya da aka buga a cikin shahararrun mujallu ta Afirka kamar *Negro Digest*, Pittsburgh Courier, da *Ebony* . 

## Kyautar karatu
A cikin aikinsa, Cobb ya yi amfani da kwarewarsa ta fasaha a cikin aikin jiki da magani ga batutuwa daban-daban, gami da batutuwan kiwon lafiya na Afirka, ci gaban yara, da kuma karyata hujjojin kimiyya don wariyar launin fata. An bayyana tsarinsa a matsayin nau'in ilimin ɗan adam da ƙwarewar masu fafutuka. Ayyukansa a bayyane sun soki fahimtar matsayi na bambancin ɗan adam, kuma sau da yawa yakan rushe muhawara ta juyin halitta ta wariyar launin fata ta hanyar nuna ƙarfin hali na 'yan Afirka na Amirka. Ya ɗauki misali da kwarewar cinikin bayi na Transatlantic wanda ya yi jayayya ya yi aiki a matsayin matsin lamba kuma zai haifar da yawan jama'a masu ƙarfi da suka danganci Amurkawa na Turai waɗanda ba su fuskanci wannan Matsalar yawan jama'a ba.

Cobb sau da yawa yana amfani da kwarewarsa a cikin jikin mutum da ilmin halitta don yaki da bayanin wariyar launin fata don bambance-bambance tsakanin 'yan Afirka na Afirka da' yan Turai na Amurka. Ɗaya daga cikin binciken da aka fi ambata a cikin wannan ƙoƙari shine Cobb's "Race and Runners," wanda aka buga a 1936. A cikin wannan aikin, Cobb ya ɗauki batun Jesse Owens don kawar da ra'ayin cewa nasararsa a matsayin wanda ya lashe lambar zinare sau huɗu za a iya bayyana shi ta hanyar " kwayoyin halittar Afirka-Amurka," wata gardama da ta samo asali daga ra'ayin da cewa baƙar fata sun fi karfi kuma sun fi fararen fata a farashin raguwar hankali. Masu goyon bayan wannan ra'ayin sau da yawa suna nuna cewa akwai karin tsokoki ko bambance-bambance a cikin kauri na jijiyoyi wanda ya ba da damar 'yan wasan Afirka na Amurka su fi dacewa da Amurkawa na Turai. Cobb ya magance wannan tambayar ta hanyar binciken halaye na jikin mutum na Owens da sauran fitattun 'yan Afirka na Amurka a wasanni daban-daban. Cobb ya nuna cewa ba wai kawai ba za a iya bayyana nasarorin da suka samu ba ta hanyar launin fata, ilimin lissafi wanda zai sa dan wasa mafi girma a cikin wasanni daya zai bambanta da wani. Maimakon haka, Cobb ya lissafa nasarorin 'yan wasan Afirka na Amurka da suka samu a cikin wasanni saboda "koyarwa da karfafawa" maimakon kowane "kyauta ta jiki ta musamman".

## Manazarta