Hakkin dan adam a finland

**Haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam a Finland** yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ne, addini, ƙungiya, da taro kamar yadda doka da aikace-aikace suka kiyaye.   Mutane suna da tabbacin haƙƙoƙin asali a ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulki, ta hanyar ayyukan majalisa, da kuma cikin yarjejeniyoyin da suka shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam da gwamnatin Finland ta amince da su. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya tanadi tsarin shari'a mai zaman kansa.

Finland ta kasance a matsayi sama da matsakaicin matsayi a cikin ƙasashen duniya a cikin dimokuradiyya,  'yancin aikin jarida,  da cigaban ɗan Adam. 

Amnesty International ta nuna damuwa game da wasu batutuwa a Finland, kamar zargin ba da izinin dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na CIA, daure masu adawa da aikin soja, da nuna wariya ga al'umma ga al'ummar Romani da 'yan tsirarun kabilu da harsuna.  

## Fage
 
A ranar 6 ga Disamba 1917, Finland ta ayyana 'yancin kai. A baya can, Finland ta kasance wani yanki na Sweden (1253-1808) sannan wani yanki mai cin gashin kansa na Rasha (1809-1917).

## Tsarin adalci

### Hukuncin kisa
A lokacin zaman lafiya, a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta, tsarin shari'ar laifuka na Finland bai taba daukar hukuncin kisa ba. A cikin 1825, lokacin da Finland ta kasance ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta a ƙarƙashin Rasha, an kashe Tahvo Putkonen. Wannan shi ne kisa na ƙarshe lokacin zaman lafiya. A shekara ta 1944, lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, an aiwatar da hukuncin kisa na karshe a lokacin yakin.

### Bincika da kamawa
A karkashin dokar Finnish, ba a buƙatar sammacin bincike na kotu don 'yan sanda su gudanar da bincike da kamawa.  Kotun kare hakkin bil adama ta Turai da Mataimakin Ombudsman na Majalisar Dokokin Finland sun yi suka game da binciken da bai dace ba da kuma kame da 'yan sandan Finland ke amfani da su.

## 'Yancin magana
Tun da farko mai tunani mai sassaucin ra'ayi kuma dan majalisa dan asalin Finnish Anders Chydenius, Sweden ta karbi daya daga cikin 'yancin aikin jarida na farko a 1766. Dokar dai ta soke aikin tauye rubuce-rubucen da aka yi a baya kafin a buga jaridu, duk da cewa cin zarafi da suka ga sarkin ya kasance haramun ne. Koyaya, aikin ya koma baya kuma an sake gabatar da shi sau da yawa.  A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Rasha, gwamnatin daular Rasha ta yi amfani da shi. Tashin hankali na 1905 a Rasha ya haifar da bayyanar Nuwamba na Czar, wanda ya sake dawo da 'yancin yin magana da manema labarai. Tare da 'yancin kai, an sake tabbatar da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da 'yan jarida a cikin sabon kundin tsarin mulkin kuma gabaɗaya ana mutunta su. Babban abin da ya ke banbanta shi ne furucin lokacin yaƙi a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. An dakatar da wasu ayyukan hagu a cikin 1930s yayin da lokacin zamanin Finlandization, manyan kantunan labarai sun yi aikin tantance kai don kada suyi adawa da Tarayyar Soviet. 

Sabo ya kasance ba bisa ka'ida ba, haka nan tunzura kiyayyar kabilanci.

A watan Afrilun 2016 Yle mai watsa shirye-shirye na kasar Finland ya fuskanci matsin lamba daga Ministan Kudi Alexander Stubb da hukumomin haraji don mika bayanan da ke da alaka da kwararar bayanan Panama Papers. Wannan na iya kawo cikas ga 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a Finland da kuma damar kafofin watsa labarai a duk wani labarin da ya shafi cin hanci da rashawa a Finland. Alexander Stubb ya sha bayyana niyyarsa na gafartawa duk laifukan kudi da suka shafi wuraren haraji (lokacin karshe a cikin bayanansa yayin sauraron karar gwamnati a Majalisar dangane da takardun Panama).  Hukumomin haraji na kasar Finland sun yi barazanar ba da sammacin bincike don kai samame a harabar Yle da gidajen ‘yan jarida domin neman abin da ake kira Panama Papers.  Kimanin lauyoyin Finnish guda goma sha biyu ko ’yan kasuwa na Finnish sun yi aiki tare da Mossack Fonseca don gina kamfanonin haraji daga 1990 zuwa shekara ta 2015.

## Zabe da gudunmawar jama'a
A cikin 1907, Finland ta amince da zaɓe na duniya, wanda ya sa al'ummar ta zama ɗaya daga cikin na farko don ba da damar duk wani ɗan ƙasa balagagge, ba tare da la'akari da dukiya ko jinsi ba, don kada kuri'a da tsayawa zabe. A cikin yawan jama'a, 3.6% mazauna kasashen waje ne. Tun daga 1917, an gudanar da kuri'ar raba gardama guda biyu. Na farko shi ne zaben raba gardama na haramcin Finnish na 1931 da na biyu, kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a ta Tarayyar Turai ta 1994 .

Tun daga shekara ta 2012, *yunƙurin ƴan ƙasa* sun ba ƴan ƙasa damar neman majalisar ta yi la'akari da dokar da aka gabatar . Aƙalla magoya bayan 50,000 dole ne su sanya hannu kan takardar koke don ba da damar shirin ya ci gaba. Nasarar farko da 'yan kasa suka yi shi ne hana noman fur. An samu sa hannun mutane 70,000 da ke goyon bayan shirin a cikin wa'adin da aka kayyade.  Shirin na biyu ɗan ƙasa shine don daidaita haƙƙin aure a 2013.

## Daidaito

### Hakkokin mata
Bayan New Zealand da Ostiraliya, Finland ita ce ƙasa ta uku da ta ba mata damar jefa ƙuri'a. A shekara ta 1907, Finland ita ce ƙasa ta farko da ta ba wa mata damar jefa ƙuri'a da kuma yin takara a zaben 'yan majalisa. Ministar mata ta farko da aka zaba a majalisar dokokin Finland ita ce Miina Sillanpää. Ta yi ministar harkokin zamantakewa ta biyu a shekarar 1926 zuwa 1927 a majalisar dokoki. Tarja Halonen, wacce ta yi aiki daga 2000 zuwa 2012, itace mace ta farko shugabar kasar Finland.

A cikin 1878, a Porvoo, Charlotta Backman ta zama darektan mace ta farko na ofishin gidan waya.

A cikin 1886, Vera Hjält (an haife ta 1857 - ta mutu 1947) ta buɗe wata masana'anta don kera benci na kafinta. A shekara ta 1903, ta zama mace ta farko a Finland da ta zama mai duba kasuwanci. An bukaci ta kawo karshen sabani da yajin aiki. Ta yi aiki don kawo karshen wariya ga mata a wurin aiki. Hjalt ya kasance dan majalisa tsawon shekaru goma.

Tekla Hultin (an haife ta a shekara ta 1864) ita ce mace ta farko da ta sami digiri na uku daga Jami'ar Helsinki (sai *Helsingin Keisarillinen Aleksanterin yliopisto)* Ta ci gaba da karatu a Rasha da Faransa kuma ta kasance 'yar majalisa tsawon shekaru 15. (Mahaifiyar Hultin ita ma tana son yin karatu amma mahaifinta ya hana ta yin hakan.)

Har zuwa 1926, matan Finnish da ke neman ofishin jama'a dole ne su nemi izini dangane da jinsi. Dangane da haka, ba a samu daidaito ba sai 1975. 

Matan Finnish za su iya gādo kuma su mallaki dukiya. Aurora Karamzin (1808 - 1902) ta gaji tsohon mijinta, dan Rasha, mallakar Paul Demidov. Bayan mutuwar mijinta na biyu, Andrei Karamzin, Karamzin ya gudanar da dukiyarta da dukiyar masana'antu. Ta shiga aikin tsaro na zamantakewa a Finland da Rasha kuma ta yi aiki a cikin ilimi da kiwon lafiya. A 1867, ta kafa *Helsingin Diakonissalaitos.* 

A ranar 6 ga Maris 1988, an naɗa mata na farko da suka zama firistoci a Cocin Evangelical Lutheran na Finland . An zabi mace ta farko da ta zama bishop a shekarar 2010. 

Har ila yau, a yau, Finland na kokawa da cin zarafin kare hakkin ɗan adam da ake yi wa mata. A kowace shekara a kasar Finland, mazajensu ko mazajensu sun kashe mata har ashirin. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama, ciki har da Amnesty International, sun soki rashin daukar matakai don cika ayyukan da ake bukata ga wadanda aka zalunta, da aka jera a cikin kudurin yarjejeniyar Istanbul .  Samun damar yin amfani da waɗannan ayyuka duka yana iyakance rashin daidaituwa bisa ga wurin zama. 

#### Daidaiton jinsi a wurin aiki
Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya nuna damuwa game da rashin daidaiton jinsi a cikin rayuwar aikin Finnish.  A shekarar 2013, bambanci tsakanin albashin da maza ke karba da wanda mata ke karba, don aiki daya, ya kai kashi 8 cikin dari. Masu daukan ma'aikata sun ba da karin horo ga maza, yayin da mata suka nemi horo fiye da maza. 

Dokar Finnish ta yi kira ga kamfanoni masu ma'aikata fiye da talatin da su yi shirin daidaita jinsi. A watan Agustan 2013, kamfanoni da yawa sun yi watsi da bin wannan doka. Duk da haka, ba a aiwatar da dokar da kyau ba. 

Doka a cikin 1945 ta ba da izini ga albashin mata ya zama kashi 80% na maza a cikin aiki daidai gwargwado a Finland. A cikin 2018 wani mutumin Finnish ya sami fiye da € 70,000 a cikin shekaru goma idan aka kwatanta da mace Finnish.

### Hakkokin yara
Finland ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara (CRC).  Samun yara suyi aiki ko bara haramun ne kamar yadda ake amfani da yara ba daidai ba. Bugu da ƙari, ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a buga yaro a ƙarƙashin yanayi mara kyau.

Ba a rubuta adadin da tarihin karuwai matasa a Finland ba. Saye ko yunƙurin siyan jima'i daga ƙaramin ƙarami laifi ne a Finland. Alhakin shari'a na aikin koyaushe yana kan mai siye. 

### Haqqoqin ‘yan qasar
A cikin Fabrairu 2013, Finland ba ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Yan Asalin Ƙasa ba ko Yarjejeniyar Ƙungiyoyin Yan Asalin Ƙasa da Ƙabila, 1989 (ILO-convention 169).  A cikin Maris 2014, Finland ba ta amince da yarjejeniyar ILO 169  Sauli Niinistö, Shugaban ƙasar Finland, ya ce yarjejeniyar ba ta da wani tasiri. Duk da haka, mutanen Sami na arewacin Finland da Lapland ba su da wani haƙƙi na musamman, alal misali, haƙƙin filaye don kiwo .  A cikin Oktoba 2011, Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya yi kira da a dakatar da kashe barewa a Nellim, Inari . Masu reindeer da Metsähallitus (Ma'aikatar gandun daji) sun yi jayayya kan wannan al'amari.  A cikin 2019, Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ya gano cewa Finland ta keta haƙƙin siyasa na Sámi, kamar yadda Kotun Koli ta Finland ta yi tun daga 2011 zuwa gaba, ta fara amfani da sharuɗɗan da ba na haƙiƙa ba lokacin da aka yanke izinin zama memba a cikin jerin sunayen zaɓe ga Majalisar Sami. 

### Hakkin LGBT
 
Finland tana  tilasta haifuwa ga mutanen da suka yi aikin sake aikin jima'i . Canza jinsi na shari'a yana yiwuwa ne kawai lokacin da aka gano cutar tabin hankali kuma ba ta samuwa ga ƙananan yara. 

### 'Yancin addini
Kundin tsarin mulki ya ba da ’yancin yin addini, amma duk da haka alal misali har yanzu iyayensu ne ke ba da izinin zama membobin ƙungiyar addini na yara ‘yan ƙasa da shekara 18,  don haka, a cewar wasu ƙungiyoyi, taƙawa ’yancin yin addinin yara.  Yara ba za su iya zaɓar ko sun yi nazarin addininsu ko ɗabi'a ba (elämänkatsomustieto), amma an ƙayyade ko dai yaron yana cikin al'ummar addini ko a'a ko, a wasu lokuta, iyayensu. Wanda ba ya cikin al’ummar addini zai iya zabar ya yi karatun addini bisa radin kansa, amma wanda yake daya ba zai iya zabar tsakanin zabi biyu ba (kuma ba ya barin kungiyar addini ba tare da izinin iyaye ba) kuma a tilasta masa yin karatun addini. Ko da yake koyarwar addini a makarantu de jure ba ikirari ba ne, rahoton 'Yancin Tunani ya bayyana cewa "yana nuna son kai ko kuma ikirari kan iyaka".  Ikilisiya da jihar ba su rabu sosai ba, kuma a cewar Humanists International da Freethinkers' Association, yana haifar da matsaloli tare da tsaka-tsakin gwamnati game da addinai.  

A cikin 2020, Babban mai gabatar da kara na Finland ya binciki shugaban Diocese na Evangelical Lutheran Mission Diocese na Finland kuma Sashen  yan sanda na Helsinki ya kira shi ya ba da shaida saboda "ana tuhumarsa da laifin tunzura kiyayya ga kungiya" don sanyawa. ƙaramin ɗan littafin  a kan gidan yanar gizon yanar gizon kuma yana rarraba ta cikin coci. Littafin ya taƙaita koyaswar gargajiya akan al'amuran jima'i. 

## Soja da aikin farar hula
Mutanen Finnish maza suna yin aikin soja na tilas. Sabis na farar hula ya kasance watanni 13 a cikin tsawon lokacin yayin da ake yi wa aiki, kamar , ƙwararrun jami'ai da wasu ƙwararru kamar wasu ma'aikatan abin hawa sun yi watanni 12 kacal. Matsakaicin lokacin hidima a cikin sojojin shine watanni takwas. An yi adalci a rashin adalci  ta sa'o'in aikin da kowane rukuni ya yi. A shekara ta 2008, an canza tsawon lokacin aikin farar hula zuwa watanni 12.  Domin ya rage fiye da mafi ƙarancin lokacin da ake kashewa a aikin soja, Amnesty International tana kallonsa a matsayin matakin ladabtarwa. Ƙari ga haka,  ana kai su gidan yari. A cewar Amnesty, fursunonin lamiri ne . 

## Kasuwancin makamai zuwa kasashen da ba su da demokradiyya
A cikin 2011, gwamnatin Finland ta ba da lasisin fitar da makamai zuwa kasashe ashirin da biyar wanda ya saba wa ka'idojin Tarayyar Turai . A cikin Oktoba 2011, Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Finland ta ba da lasisin fitarwa don jigilar bindigogin maharbi da harsasai zuwa Kazakhstan . 

## Ma'aikatan ƙaura
A shekara ta 2011, Finland ba ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kare Haƙƙin Dukan Ma'aikatan Hijira da Membobin Iyalansu ba.  Ma'aikatan Estoniya, alal misali, ƙila ba a biya su kuɗin aikinsu ba.  Bugu da kari, a matsayin misali, a watan Disamba na shekarar 2011, an umurci wani gidan cin abinci na kasar Sin da ke Ideapark Lempäälä ya biya Yuro 298,000 na asarar ma'aikatan bakin haure na haraji, albashi da kuma azabtarwa.  A cikin 2013, Lauri Ihalainen, Ministan Kwadago, ya yi kira ga daidaito a kasuwar aiki. 

### Aikin gina tashar wutar lantarki ta Olkiluoto
A yayin aikin gina tashar makamashin nukiliya ta Olkiluoto, kungiyoyin kwadago sun bukaci daidaito a yanayin ma'aikatan kasashen waje.   A watan Nuwamban 2011, ma'aikatan 'yan ci-rani 'yan Poland a Elektrobudowa sun yi sabani game da albashin da ba a biya ba da kuma zama membobin kungiyar kwadago. Kungiyoyin kwadago sun kai kararsu kotu. An kori mutane 32 saboda shiga kungiyar kwadago *Sähköliitto* . 

### Tauye hakkin dan adam a Thailand
Wani kwararre kan kare hakkin bakin haure dan Burtaniya Andy Hall (mai fafutuka) wanda ya yi aiki da wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Finnwatch a kasar Thailand ta yanke hukuncin daurin shekaru hudu a gidan yari daga kotunan kasar saboda rahotonsa na cin zarafin bil adama a masana'antar sarrafa 'ya'yan itace ta kasar da aka fitar da kayayyakin a kasashen waje. Finland.  Tuhumar da ta shafi buga wani rahoto mai arha yana da tsada a cikin 2013 na Finnwatch, wata ƙungiyar farar hula ta Finnish. Rahoton ya zayyana zarge-zargen cin zarafi mai tsanani, kamar yadda ake yin amfani da kananan yara, a kamfanin sarrafa abarba na Kamfanin Natural Fruit da ke lardin Prachuap Khiri Khan a kasar Thailand. Kamfanonin kasuwanci da yawa sun shigo da samfuran a Finland ( Kesko, Siwa da S Group ). 

A cewar rahoton Finnwatch a shekarar 2015 Tokmanni ta kuma kasa tantance masu samar da ita yadda ya kamata da kuma yin taka-tsantsan game da haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin nata sarƙoƙin shigo da kayayyaki. A cewar rahoton na Great Oriental, ma’aikatan bakin haure ba su da biza ko izinin aiki kuma ana biyan su albashin ma’aikata ba bisa ka’ida ba. 

## lamuran
A cikin Maris 2013, Erkki Tuomioja, Ministan Harkokin Wajen Finland ya bi sahun sauran kasashe wajen yin kira da a tsaurara matakan kiyaye hakkin dan Adam a Tarayyar Turai.  A cikin 2014, Finnwatch ya zargi kamfanonin Finnish da yawa a ƙasashen waje sun aikata rashin da'a. 

A cikin Janairu 2013, Open Society Foundations, wata kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Amurka, ta yi zargin cewa jiragen CIA sun yi tafiya ta Finland a asirce. Kungiyar Amnesty ta goyi bayan zargin.  

A cikin 2014, *Kalla fakta*, shirin talabijin na Sweden, ya ruwaito cewa Stora Enso ya yi amfani da aikin yara a cikin ayyukan Pakistan kuma kamfanin ya san wannan daga 2012. 

### Kotun Turai ta Haƙƙin Dan Adam
A cewar Kotun Kare Hakkokin Bil Adama ta Turai a shekarar 2019 Finland ta keta hakkin dan Adam a shekarar 2017 lokacin da ta ki ba da mafaka ga wani dan Iraki da aka tasa keyar shi zuwa Iraki kuma aka kashe bayan 'yan makonni. 

A ranar 9 ga Yuli, 2020, Kotun Kolin Turai (ECHR) ta ce ba za ta amince da bukatar wani ɗan ƙasar Afganistan ba, inda ya zargi Finland da rashin ba shi mafaka da kuma izinin zama a ƙasar. 

## Duba kuma
 

* Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Turai
* Fataucin mutane a Finland
* Takaddama a Finland
* Auren jinsi daya a Finland

## Manazarta


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Shafin Farko  na Wakilin Majalisar Wakilai na Hakkokin Dan Adam.
* Hakkokin Dan Adam da Manufofin Kasashen Waje na Finland.
* Taskar Finland ta yi rahoton a Amnesty International .
* Rukunin Rukunin Ƙasa na Finland ya ba da rahoto a Human Rights Watch .
* Rahoton 2005 na Finland  na Freedom House .
* Binciken 'Yancin Jarida na Duniya na 2004, Cibiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Duniya ta buga
* Shafin farko na Cibiyar Hakkokin Dan Adam a Jami'ar Åbo Akademi .
* Kungiyar Finnish League for Human Rights
* Laifukan tantancewa a Finland - IFEX
* Bita na Finland na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Review Periodic periodic, 9 Afrilu 2008.

**Rahoton Shekara-shekara na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka**

* Rahoton Yancin Addini 2005
* Rahoton Yancin Addini 2004
* Rahoton Yancin Addini 2003
* Rahoton Yancin Addini 2002
* Rahoton Yancin Addini 2001
* Rahoton Yancin Addini 2000
* Rahoton Yancin Addini 1999
* Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam 2004
* Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam 2003
* Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam 2002
* Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na 2001
* Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na 2000
* Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam 1999