Rikicin

Crisis ita ce mujallar hukuma ta Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci gaban Mutanen Launi (NAACP). WEB Du Bois (edita), Oswald Garrison Villard, J. Max Barber, Charles Edward Russell, Kelly Miller, William Stanley Braithwaite, da Mary Dunlop Maclean ne suka kafa shi a shekara ta 1910. Crisis ya kasance a ci gaba da bugawa tun 1910, kuma ita ce tsohuwar mujallar Black-oriented a duniya. A yau, The Crisis "wani jarida ne na kwata-kwata na haƙƙin jama'a, tarihi, siyasa da al'adu kuma yana neman ilimantarwa da kalubalantar masu karatu game da batutuwan da ke ci gaba da addabar 'yan Afirka na Afirka da sauran al'ummomin launi".

## Tarihi

### Zamanin Du Bois

#### Farkon da zamanin Du Bois
Taken asali na mujallar shine The CRISIS: A Record of The Darker Races . Sunan mujallar ya samo asali ne daga waƙar James Russell Lowell ta 1845, "The Present Crisis". Shawarwarin da za a ba da sunan mujallar bayan waka ya fito ne daga ɗaya daga cikin masu haɗin gwiwar NAACP kuma sanannen fararen abolitionist Mary White Ovington. Sakataren NAACP Richetta Randolph Wallace ne ya buga kuma ya shirya fitowar farko.

A matsayinsa na editan da ya kafa The Crisis, Du Bois ya yi shelar niyyarsa a cikin editansa na farko:Manufar wannan littafin ita ce ta gabatar da waɗannan hujjoji da muhawara waɗanda ke nuna haɗarin nuna bambancin launin fata, musamman kamar yadda aka bayyana a yau ga masu launin fata. Ya ɗauki sunansa daga gaskiyar cewa editocin sun yi imanin cewa wannan lokaci ne mai mahimmanci a tarihin ci gaban mutane. ... A ƙarshe, shafin edita zai tsaya don haƙƙin maza, ba tare da la'akari da launi ko launin fata ba, don mafi girman manufofi na dimokuradiyya na Amurka, da kuma ƙoƙarin da ya dace amma mai tsanani da kuma ci gaba don samun waɗannan haƙƙoƙin da fahimtar waɗannan manufofi. " (Crisis, Nuwamba 1910, 10) Kodayake Crisis a hukumance wani bangare ne na NAACP, Du Bois yana da iko sosai akan ra'ayin da aka bayyana a cikin jaridar. Du Bois ya rubuta a cikin Dusk of Dawn (1940) cewa ya yi niyyar The Crisis don wakiltar ra'ayoyin kansa:Na yanke shawarar sanya ra'ayi game da *Rikicin* ra'ayi na mutum; saboda, kamar yadda na yi jayayya, babu wata kungiya da za ta iya bayyana ra'ayoyin da suka dace da kuma bayyane. Crisis zai bayyana a bayyane ra'ayin editansa, har tsawon lokaci, ba shakka, kamar yadda wannan ra'ayi ya yarda da na kungiyar.

#### Haɗin kai da NAACP
An kafa NAACP ne don mayar da martani ga Springfield Race Riots na Illinois a cikin 1908, yana mai da hankali ga rashin adalci da aka yi wa al'ummar baƙar fata. Bayan wannan tashin hankali, William Walling ya rubuta wani labarin a cikin jaridar, wanda ya sa masu sauraronsa su yi yaƙi da wariyar launin fata a cikin haɗin kai. Oswald Villard ya amsa labarin Walling a daya daga cikin nasa mai taken "The Call", wani labarin da ke maraba da mutane don halartar taron kasa da aka keɓe don adalci ga dukkan 'yan ƙasa duk da launin fata. Akwai mutane 60 da suka halarci kiran, bakwai daga cikinsu mutane ne masu launin fata, ciki har da Mary Church Terrell, Ida B. Wells, da WEB Du Bois. Wannan taron da sanya hannu kan kiran ya haifar da kafa NAACP a cikin 1909.

An san NAACP da yawa a matsayin tushen tushe, saboda ya dogara da kewaye da al'umma don sayar da biyan kuɗi zuwa mujallar, *The Crisis* . A cikin shekarar farko, mujallar ta kasance tana rarrabawa 1,000 kowane wata. Shekaru goma bayan haka, zuwa 1918, tana da masu karatu sama da 100,000. Hakanan ya girma cikin girma, yana farawa daga shafuka 20 kuma ya kai shafuka 68; kuma a farashi, farawa daga cent 10 a kowace fitowar kuma daga baya yana ƙaruwa zuwa cent 15. *Rikicin* zai ci gaba da zama mai matukar tasiri a cikin shekarun 1910 da 1920 kuma zai dauki babban matsayi a cikin harkar adabin Harlem Renaissance.

#### Tasirin wallafe-wallafen da fasaha a lokacin Harlem Renaissance

Duk da yake an fara nufin mujallar ta zama ta siyasa da labarai fiye da wallafe-wallafen wallafe-finai, tana da tasiri mai ban sha'awa a kan Harlem Renaissance literary and arts movement a cikin shekarun 1920, musamman daga 1918 zuwa 1926 lokacin da Jessie Redmon Fauset ya yi aiki a matsayin Editan wallafe-wallo.

Da farko a lokacin Jessie Fauset ne wallafe-wallafen suka cika. Kodayake kusan ba a san shi sosai a yau kamar Du Bois ba, gudummawar Fauset ta wallafe-wallafen daidai take da muhimmanci. Marubucin Langston Hughes ya bayyana Fauset a matsayin daya daga cikin "matakan haihuwa na Harlem Renaissance. Hughes ya rubuta a cikin tarihin kansa na 1940 The Big Sea cewa jam'iyyun da ke gidan Fauset na Harlem sun kasance na musamman "masu rubuce-rubuce da yawa amma kadan don sha" (Hughes 244). 

Wasu daga cikin sanannun marubutan Harlem Renaissance an fara bugawa ko kuma sun zama sanannun ta hanyar bugawa a cikin Crisis a lokacin mulkin Fauset, gami da Hughes, Countee Cullen, Arthur Huff Fauset (ɗan'uwan Jessie Fauset), Jean Toomer, James Weldon Johnson, Claude McKay, Effie Lee Newsome, Zwendora Neale Hurston, Gwendolyn Bennett, Arna Bontemps, Charles Chesnutt, Marita Bonner, da Walter White. Duk da sha'awar Fauset da sha'awa a cikin rubuce-rubucenta, ta ƙunshi shayari, rubutu, gajerun labaru, litattafai da wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Crisis . Fauset kuma ita ce babbar rundunar da ta ci gaba da ofishin New York tsakanin 1919 da 1926. Bayan tashi daga Crisis, inganci da yawan sashin wallafe-wallafen mujallar sun ragu. A cikin tarihin rayuwarta na Fauset, Jessie Redmon Fauset, Black American Writer, Carolyn Wedin Sylvander ta rubuta cewa bayan tashiwar Fauset, mawaƙa da yawa sun soki Du Bois saboda watsi da wallafe-wallafen, buga littattafan da mawaƙa suka nemi kada a buga su, ko buga tsoffin littattafai.

Baya ga wallafe-wallafen, fasaha ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin saƙo da aikin Crisis gaba ɗaya. A cikin sanannen rubutun da ya yi a watan Oktoba na 1926 "Criteria of Negro Art",  wanda aka gabatar a matsayin jawabi a taron Chicago na NAACP a 1926, Du Bois ya bayyana daya daga cikin ra'ayoyinsa game da fasaha:Don haka duk fasaha farfaganda ce kuma dole ne ta kasance, duk da kuka na masu tsarkakewa. Ina tsaye cikin rashin kunya kuma ina cewa duk wani fasaha da nake da shi don rubuce-rubuce an yi amfani da shi koyaushe don farfaganda don samun 'yancin baƙar fata su ƙauna da jin daɗi. Ba na kula da duk wani fasaha da ba a yi amfani da shi don farfaganda. Amma ina kula lokacin da farfaganda ta kasance a gefe ɗaya yayin da ɗayan ya ɓace kuma ya yi shiru.

### Bayan Du Bois
Matsayin farko na Du Bois a matsayin edita ya kasance daidai da shirin NAACP na sauye-sauyen zamantakewa da daidaiton launin fata, amma a cikin shekarun 1930 Du Bois yana ba da shawarar wani nau'i na wariyar launin fata. Wannan ya haifar da rikice-rikice tsakanin Du Bois da NAACP, wanda ya haifar da murabus dinsa a matsayin edita a 1934. Roy Wilkins ne ya maye gurbinsa. Koyaya, batutuwan kuɗi ma suna cikin wasa. A cikin littafinsa na 1940 Dusk of Dawn, Du Bois ya rubuta cewa jaridar ta sha wahala a lokacin Babban Mawuyacin hali yayin da "rarrabawar ta ragu a hankali har zuwa 1933 kusan fiye da dubu goma ne aka biya biyan kuɗi".

Duk da yake an buga Crisis a kai a kai tun 1910, shekarunta a ƙarƙashin Du Bois sun fi sanannun fiye da sauran shekarunta. Akwai editoci 15 a cikin mujallar tun lokacin da Du Bois ya tashi. Roy Wilkins ya kasance edita bayan Du Bois har zuwa 1949, lokacin da ya zama mukaddashin sakataren NAACP. James W. Ivy daga baya ya zama editan mujallar har sai da ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1966. Mujallar ta ci gaba da buga labarai da ra'ayoyin ra'ayi game da abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu da damuwa da zamantakewa.

Bayan da Ivy ta yi ritaya, wasu mutanen da suka yi aiki a matsayin edita sun hada da Henry Lee Moon, Warren Marr II, Chester Arthur Higgins Sr. (1917-2000), Maybelle Ward, Fred Beauford, Garland Thompson, Denise Crittendon, Gentry Trotter, Paul Ruffins, Ida E. Lewis, Phil Petrie, da Victoria Valentine.

Daga 1997 zuwa 2003, ya bayyana a matsayin The New Crisis: The Magazine of Opportunities and Ideas, amma taken ya koma The Crisis.

A ranar 7 ga watan Agusta, 2007, an nada Jabari Asim a matsayin editan The Crisis ta hanyar mai wallafa Roger Wilkins. Asim ya zo The Crisis daga The Washington Post, inda ya kasance mataimakin editan Book World.

Jaridar Chicago Tribune ta kira Crisis daya daga cikin "Magazin 50 da ta fi so" a cikin 2008, tana mai cewa: "Wannan littafi mai daraja na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci gaban Mutanen Launi ya ci gaba da canzawa da haskakawa tun lokacin da aka fara fitowa a watan Nuwamba 1910 (shekara guda bayan kirkirar NAACP). " [11]

## Tallace-tallace
Tallace-tallace a cikin Crisis suna nuna ayyuka, ilimi, da kasuwanci a cikin al'ummar Afirka ta Amirka. Wadannan tallace-tallace galibi suna nuna ra'ayoyin editan yanzu. A karkashin Du Bois, tallace-tallace game da ilimi sun fi yawa. Dukkanin makarantu, cibiyoyi, darussan horo, kwalejoji da jami'o'i. Wasu daga cikin makarantun da aka tallata sune Jami'ar Howard, Jami'ar Fisk, Kwalejin Paine, Makarantar Horar da Malamai ta Cheyney da sauransu da yawa. Abu na farko da waɗannan makarantun suke da alaƙa shi ne dukansu ga ɗalibai masu launin fata ne kawai. Wani sanannen talla a ƙarƙashin Du Bois shine tallace-tallace na aiki. Wasu daga cikin ayyukan da aka tallata sune malamai, masu siyarwa, ma'aikatan jinya, likitocin hakora, ma'aikata da masu rubutun rubutu. Ko da yaushe akwai bukatar wakilai na talla. Har ma Crisis yana da nasa talla don wakilai musamman ga mujallar. Sashin talla ya haɗa da tallace-tallace don wasu mujallu da littattafai don karantawa. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan mujallu shine The Brownies' Book, mujallar yara; ana ba da biyan kuɗi sau biyu ga The Browdies' Book da The Crisis don farashi na musamman. Wani kuma shi ne Locoma Magazine, mujallar manya da ke nuna batutuwa kamar aure, kisan aure, eugenics, da kuma hana haihuwa. Har ila yau, **'Rikicin**' ya tallata littattafan da suka yi iƙirarin cewa ya zama dole ga dukan 'yan Afirka na Afirka; daga cikin waɗannan littattafan akwai Darkwater: Voices from Within the Veil by Du Bois, Scott's Official History of the American Negro in the Great War by Emmett Jay Scott, da As Nature Leads by J. A. Rogers. Yayin da mujallar ta ci gaba da girma da tasiri, sun kara teburin littattafai masu karatu zasu iya saya daga mujallar, wanda ake kira "The Crisis Book Mart". Wannan kewayon littattafai sun nuna marubuta masu tasiri ciki har da Langston Hughes, Alain Locke, Claude McKay da sauransu. Yawancin littattafai da mujallu da aka tallata a cikin Crisis an yi niyyar nuna al'adu da kuma ilimantar da 'yan Afirka na Afirka. An kuma haɗa dukiya a cikin tallace-tallace na mujallar, da kuma filayen ƙasa don gina gidaje har ma da hutu a wurare daban-daban kamar Orchardville, Idlewood, Pleasantville, da Atlantic City. Wannan ya nuna yaduwar 'yan Afirka na Afirka a cikin birane daban-daban, da kuma wadatarsu mai tasowa.

Sauran nau'ikan tallace-tallace a cikin Crisis sun inganta kiɗa da masu murya da mawaƙa. Wasu daga cikin wadanda aka inganta sune lyric soprano Cleota Collins, violinist Wesley I. Howard, da kuma manyan masu ba da nishaɗi Invincible Concert Co. Hakanan akwai tallace-tallace don *Rikicin* phonograph da littattafan waƙoƙi, da wasan kwaikwayo.

Sauran tallace-tallace na mujallar Crisis sun rufe batutuwa daban-daban: Booker T Washington bust, 'yan tsana masu launi, mai shuka gashi / shirye-shiryen (Madam C. J. Walker's preparations for the hair / Nile Queen), wigs (fashion book), goge hakora (Dr. Welters antiseptic tooth powder), tuxedos, membobin inshora na NAACP, Kirsimeti hatimi (don NAACP / karewa daga tarin fuka), "On Health's Highway" don tallafawa marasa lafiya, aikin wanka, aikin zane-zane, aikin rigakafin jiki, aikin fata na Negro. Yawancin waɗannan tallace-tallace sun nuna turawa ga 'yan Afirka na Afirka, musamman mata, don mayar da hankali ga kamanninsu. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan talla har ma ya ce: "Aikin mutane ne su kasance masu kyau".

## Manazarta