open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Joycelyn Harrison

**Joycelyn Harrison** (an haife ta a ranar 22 ga Janairu, 1964) injiniya ce 'yar asalin Afirka-Amurka wacce ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar Kwalejin Injiniya da Fasaha ta Jami'ar Jihar Kent . A shekara ta 2006 an ba ta lambar yabo ta NASA . Bincikenta ya yi la'akari da haɓaka sabbin kayan piezoelectric .

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Harrison a Chattanooga, Tennessee .  Aikinta na farko shine wanke gashin mutane a cikin salon gyaran gashi na mahaifiyarta.  Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta North Chattanooga inda malamarta, Stu Silvernman, ta ƙarfafa ta ta nemi aiki a fannin injiniyan sinadarai.  Ta shiga Kwalejin Spelman a matsayin ɗaliba ta farko, inda ta yi digiri a fannin injiniyan sinadarai. Bayan ta sami digiri na farko, Harrison ta koma Georgia Tech .  

## Bincike da aiki
A shekarar 1994, Harrison ta shiga Cibiyar Bincike ta NASA Langley a matsayin injiniyan bincike.  A Langley ta yi aiki tare da Terry L. St. Clair kan kayan piezoelectric da polymers masu aiki da lantarki. Zuwa shekarar 1999, an ƙara wa Harrison matsayi zuwa Reshen Kayan Aiki da Sarrafawa. 

Harrison ya yi aiki a kan Thin-Layer Composite-Unimorph Piezoelectric Driver and Sensor, *THUNDER*, wata sabuwar na'ura da za ta iya gano canje-canje a cikin kayan wayo masu amsawa. Musamman ma, ana iya amfani da THUNDER a tsarin lantarki, kayan gani da kuma duk inda ake buƙatar rage hayaniya ko jitter.  An ba *THUNDER* kyautar Advantage Business Media R&D 100.  THUNDER wani ɓangare ne na shirin gyaran NASA, wanda ya yi kama da zai ba da damar ƙirƙirar saman tauraron dan adam daga nesa. 

A shekara ta 2009 Harrison ta shiga dakin gwaje-gwajen binciken sojojin sama, inda ta yi aiki a kan shirin kayan aiki marasa yawa.  Daga ƙarshe aka naɗa ta Daraktan Tsarin Kasafin Kuɗi, kuma ta kula da fayil ɗin bincike na rundunar sojin sama ta Amurka na dala miliyan 500.  Harrison ta shiga Jami'ar Kent State a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Bincike a Kwalejin Injiniya da Sararin Sama. 

## Lambobin yabo da girmamawa

* Kyautar Tauraro ta Mata ta Ƙasa a Fasahar Launi ta 1998 
* Lambar Nasara ta Musamman ta 2000 
* Kyautar Jagoranci Mai Kyau ta NASA ta 2006 
* An karrama Dominion Energy da Laburare na Virginia na 2020 "Maza da Mata Masu Ƙarfi" a Virginia 

## Zaɓi wallafe-wallafe

* 
*  
* 

## Manazarta
Patricia Liggins Hill

**Patricia Alveda Liggins Hill** (1942 - Janairu 23, 2023) farfesa ce a jami'ar Amurka. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin farfesoshi uku na farko baƙaƙe da Jami'ar San Francisco (USF) ta ɗauke su aiki, a shekarar 1970. Ta zama darakta ta farko ta shirin Nazarin Ƙabilanci (wanda yanzu ake kira Critical Diversity Studies), kuma ta koyar a USF har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a shekarar 2015. Hill ita ce babban editan *Call and Response: The Riverside Anthology of the African American Literary Tradition* (1997). 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Patricia Alveda Liggins a Washington, DC, 'yar Rudolph Liggins da Haroldine Alexander Liggins.  Ta sami digirin farko daga Jami'ar Howard a 1965.  Ta sami digirin masters a Turanci a Jami'ar San Francisco (USF) a 1970. Ta sami digirin PhD a Turanci daga Jami'ar Stanford a 1977.  Rubutun digirinta mai taken "Sabon salon Baƙar fata a matsayin waƙar da ba ta dace ba: waƙar Etheridge Knight " (1977). 

## Sana'a
A shekarar 1970, Hill ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin furofesoshi uku na farko baƙaƙe da USF ta ɗauke su aiki. Ta zama darakta ta farko ta shirin Nazarin Ƙabilanci. Ta sami cikakken matsayin farfesa a USF a shekarar 1985. A shekarar 1994, ita da wasu furofesoshi mata uku na Turanci sun kai ƙarar farfesoshi maza huɗu saboda wariyar aiki da cin zarafin mata;  an warware shari'ar a wajen kotu a shekarar 1997. Hill ya yi ritaya daga USF a shekarar 2015. 

## Littattafai
Baya ga rubuce-rubucenta, Hill ta kasance babban edita na Call and Response: The Riverside Anthology of the African American Literary Tradition (1997).

* "'The Violent Space': The Function of the New Black Aesthetic in Etheridge Knight's Prison Poetry" (1980)
* "'Let Me Make the Songs for the People': A Study of Frances Watkins Harper's Poetry" (1981)
* "Frances W. Harper's Aunt Chloe Poems from 'Sketches of Southern Life': Antithesis to the Plantation Literary Tradition" (1981)
* "'Blues for a Mississippi Black Boy': Etheridge Knight's Craft in the Black Oral Tradition" (1982)
* "Frances Watkins Harper's *Moses: A Story of the Nile*: Apologue of the Emancipation Struggle" (1984)

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Hill ta haifi 'ya'ya biyu, Sanya da Solomon. Ta mutu a shekarar 2023, tana da shekaru 80.  An kafa tallafin karatu na Dr. Patricia Liggins Hill BASE don tunawa da ita. 

## Manazarta
Linda Heywood

**Linda Marinda Heywood** (an haife ta a Tunapuna, Trinidad da Tobago a shekarar 1945) ƙwararriyar masaniyar tarihi ce 'yar asalin ƙasar Caribbean-Amurka kuma farfesa ce a fannin nazarin Afirka da tarihi a Jami'ar Boston .  Kafin ta zo Jami'ar Boston a shekarar 2003, Heywood ta koyar a Jami'ar Howard (1984-2003).

Heywood ƙwararriya ce a tarihin Afirka, tana da sha'awar Angola. Rubutunta na ƙarshe, wanda aka buga a matsayin Contested Power a Angola, ya yi magana game da sauyin da masarautun Tsakiyar Tsauni (Viye, Mbailundu, Wambo da sauransu) suka yi daga 'yancin kai zuwa mulkin mallaka, kuma ya haɗa da gwagwarmayar 'yanci da yaƙin basasar Angola daga shekarun 1840 zuwa 1990. A lokacin da take Howard, Heywood tana koyarwa akai-akai a cikin ajin da ake buƙata na Baƙar fata 'Yan Asalin Afirka kuma ta shiga cikin bincike kan 'Yan Asalin Afirka, wanda ya haifar da buga littafinta da aka gyara na 'Yan Asalin Afirka ta Tsakiya da Canjin Al'adu, da kuma littafin 'Yan Asalin Afirka, Atlantic Creoles da Foundation of the Americas. Sha'awar da ta daɗe tana yi wa rayuwar Sarauniya Njinga ta Angola, ta haifar da buga littafin Njinga ta Angola a shekarar 2017.

Heywood tana da digirin BA daga Kwalejin Brooklyn da kuma digirin PhD daga Jami'ar Columbia .  A shekarar 2008, ta raba kyautar Herskovits saboda littafinta (wanda aka rubuta tare da mijinta John Thornton ) *[[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|<nowiki/>'Yan Afirka ta Tsakiya]], 'Yan Kudancin Atlantic, da kuma Gidauniyar Amurka, 1585-1660* . An zaɓe ta zuwa Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a 2020. 

## Littattafai da aka zaɓa

* *An fafata a mulki a Angola, daga shekarun 1840 zuwa yanzu* . Jami'ar Rochester Press, Rochester, 2000. 
* *<nowiki/>'Yan Afirka ta Tsakiya da Sauye-sauyen Al'adu a Ƙasar Waje ta Amurka* . Cambridge University Press, 2001. ( edita kuma mai ba da gudummawa) 
* *Afirka ta Tsakiya, 'Yan Asalin Atlantic, da Gidauniyar Amurka 1585-1660* . Cambridge University Press, 2007. (tare da John Thornton) 
* *Njinga na Angola: Jaruma Sarauniyar Afirka* . Jami'ar Harvard Press, 2017.     ISBN&nbsp;

## Manazarta
Erika H. James

**Erika H. James** 'yar Amurka ce mai ilimi kuma 'yar kasuwa. Ita ce shugabar Makarantar Wharton ta Jami'ar Pennsylvania . Ita ce mace ta farko kuma Bakar fata ta farko da ta jagoranci makarantar kasuwanci.  An san James da jagorancinta na rikice-rikice da binciken bambancin wurin aiki.  An nada James a matsayin shugaban makarantar a watan Fabrairun 2020 kuma ya fara aiki a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Yuli.  

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haife ta a Bermuda, James ya koma Amurka tun tana ƙarama. Ta zauna a St. Louis, Missouri, da kuma a Texas, inda ta kammala karatun sakandare.  Mahaifiyar James malamar makaranta ce. Mahaifinta kuma masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ne, Marshall Rosenberg, wanda ya yi tasiri a zaɓenta na yin karatun ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a Kwalejin Pomona . 

James ya sami digirin farko a fannin fasaha tare da babban digiri a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam daga Kwalejin Pomona da ke Claremont, California a shekarar 1991. Ta sami digirin farko a fannin fasaha da kuma digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam daga Jami'ar Michigan a shekarar 1995. 

## Sana'a
Binciken James ya haɗa da aiki kan bambancin wurin aiki da kuma sarrafa shi ta hanyar rikici.  A lokacin karatun digiri na biyu, James ta ɗauki lokaci daga makaranta don yin aiki a American Express . 

James ta ce ba ta yi tsammanin za ta yi aiki a fannin ilimi ba bayan kammala karatunta, amma wani mai ba da shawara kan harkokin ilimi ya yi mata tasiri don neman aikin jami'a. Bayan kammala karatunta, James ya ƙi tayin ba da shawara da dama don zama mataimakin farfesa a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Freeman ta Jami'ar Tulane da kuma farfesa mai ziyara a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard .

James shi ne shugaban kuma mamallakin Cibiyar Kula da Matsalolin Rikici, wadda ta ba da rahoto game da matsalolin kasuwanci da kuma bayar da darussan horar da hanyoyin magance matsaloli ga kamfanoni da ƙungiyoyi. 

A shekara ta 2001, James ta shiga jami'a a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Virginia Darden, inda ta kuma jagoranci ƙirƙirar matsayin Mataimakin Dean na Bambancin Ra'ayi.  An ɗaukaka ta zuwa Babbar Dean na Ilimi na Babban Jami'a a 2012.  A matsayinta na Babbar Dean na Darden, James ta gabatar da Shirin Jagorancin Mata.  

A shekarar 2014, an nada James a matsayin John H. Harland, Shugaban Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Goizueta ta Jami'ar Emory . James ita ce mace 'yar Afirka ta farko da aka nada a matsayin shugaban makaranta a tarihin Emory.   Yayin da take shugaban makarantar kasuwanci ta Goizueta, kungiyar malamai ta Goizueta ta karu da kashi 25%.  A wannan shekarar, an saka James a cikin jerin "'yan Afirka 'yan Amurka mafi kwarin gwiwa a duniya."  

A shekarar 2019, an ba James kyautar Earl Hill Jr. Faculty Success and Diversity Leadership Award daga ƙungiyar Nazarin Digiri na Biyu a fannin Gudanarwa .  

An zaɓe James a kwamitin gudanarwa na kamfanin ayyukan kuɗi na Morgan Stanley a watan Nuwamba na 2021.  A shekarar 2022, an zaɓe ta a cikin mata 100 mafi tasiri a fannin kuɗi na Barron . 

James shi ne marubucin littafin *The Prepared Leader: Emerge from Any Crisis More Resilient Than Before* (Wharton School Press, 2022). 

## Manazarta
Dakkebali

**Dakkebali** wani nau'i ne na bautar maciji, wanda kuma ake kira *nagaradhane* da kuma bautar dabi'a daga Tulu na Tulunadu. Yawanci ana yin shi a garin Padubidri a gundumar Udupi, Karnataka, Indiya . Ana gudanar da bikin sau ɗaya a kowace shekara, ana canza shi da bikin Paryaya a Udupi kusa. Hakanan ana gudanar da shi kowace shekara a gundumar Thantrady Bairy Bettu Udupi Dakkebali (Bramha mandala). Ana yin wannan pooja don Naga, Bramha, Raktheshwari, Nandikonna, Haygulli, Kshetrapala, Bagilu Bobbarya, Motukalu Bobbarya, da Yakshi. Wannan shine Pancha Shaiva kshetra, kuma firist na yanzu shine Sri Nagaraja Bairy. A halin yanzu za a yi Dakkebali kowace shekara biyu a Naga da Bramha ta Iyalin Ramanna Bairy da masu sadaukarwa daga wurare na kusa. 

## Game da Dakkebali
Dakkebali sakamakon duk wanda ke wurin yana addu'a da tsananin Bhakthi (ibada), yin kyaututtuka masu rikitarwa ga Ubangiji, rawa da kiɗa, zurfin haske, zana Mandalas, furanni, 'ya'yan itatuwa, da pingara, da kuma yin addu'a tare. 

Iyalan Vaidya na Gundumar Udupi galibi suna da alhakin samar da Dakke Bali. Vaidyaas yana buga kayan kidan dakke a matsayin wata baiwa ta gado. Suna zaune a Nalkoor, wata unguwa a yankin Udupi. Maza suna yin ado kamar yadda yake wakiltar Naaga Kannike. Naaga kannike galibi manyan vaidyas ne ke buga ta.  Vaidyaas suna buga dakke da tafukan hannayensu don kiran ruhohi. Da farko suna kafa dakke a wurin ibada, suna yin addu'a, kuma suna buga waƙa a kai har sai mutanen yankin sun kamu. A lokacin ibada, suna motsawa lokaci-lokaci saboda wannan mallakar. Ana kiransa Dakke Bali.

Wannan motsi yana wakiltar haɗuwar maciji namiji da mace, kuma adadin zagayen karkace yana da ƙidayar da aka yi da karkace da aka sani da mudi, ko kulli. Kamar yadda aka yi niyya da farko, suna kiran pathris, waɗanda ake tsammanin su ne macizai maza da ke bin nagakannike, ta hanyar rera waƙoƙi da kuma nuna su ta hanyar nartana. Har sai sun haɗu, mudi ne a gefen agogo. Sannan mudi yana wakiltar rabuwar. 

## Mandala
Mandala mai rikitarwa, wanda aka zana shi da launukan halitta, muhimmin sashi ne na ƙawata shi. Rawaya ( turmeric ), ja (turmeric tare da farin lemun tsami), fari (farin laka), kore (foda ganye), da baƙi (fushin paddy da aka gasa) sune launukan halitta da ake amfani da su.

Wannan mandala tana nuna haɗin allahntaka na macizai maza da mata kuma al'ummar Panara ce ta zana ta a siffar murabba'i mai kusurwa huɗu. Dakke Bali, tare da Bhuta Kola, ɗaya ne daga cikin nau'ikan rawa na al'ada da ake yi a Tulunadu . Tare da Yakshagana, wannan yanki yana da nau'ikan rawa na gargajiya iri-iri.

## Duba kuma

* Paryaya
* Udupi
* Bautar Macizai

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Duba Nagamandala  Archived  
* See DakkeBali 

## Manazarta
Masallacin Jameh na Arak

**Masallacin Jameh na Arakb** masallacin Juma'a ne, wanda ke kusa da kasuwar, a birnin Arak, a lardin Markazi, Iran. 

An kammala ginin masallacin a ƙarni na 19, a zamanin mulkin Qajar.

## Duba kuma

* Musulunci a Iran
* Jerin Masallatai a Iran

## Manazarta
Masallacin Jome

**Masallacin Jome**, wanda kuma aka fi sani da **Masallacin Aradabil Jame' (Jameh)** kuma a matsayinsa na **Masallacin Juma'a**,  tsohon masallacin Juma'a ne na 'yan Shi'a, wanda yanzu yake cikin rusassun gine-gine, wanda ke Ardabil, a lardin Ardabil na Iran. An gina masallacin a zamanin Seljuk.  

An ƙara tsohon masallacin a cikin Jerin Gidajen Tarihi na Ƙasa na Iran a ranar 18 ga Yuni 1936, wanda Hukumar Al'adu, Sana'o'i da Yawon Bude Ido ta Iran ta gudanar.

## Bayani
An gina Masallacin Ardabil Jomeh a zamanin Seljuk a gundumar Pir Shamseddin, ragowar Masallacin yana cikin filin makabarta . An gina minaret ɗin, wanda ke kusa da masallacin, da tubali, a kan tushe mai siffar octagon kuma yana da silinda. Akwai rubuce-rubuce guda biyu a kan minaret ɗin da ke nuna cewa an gina shi bisa umarnin Ozon Hassan Agh Ghoyonlou kuma an kammala shi a shekara 878   . An adana rubutun a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Iran . Tsohon masallacin tubali ya haɗa da kumfa da baka huɗu. Yumbu da sauran abubuwan da aka gano a tsohon wurin masallacin sun kasance daga zamanin Saljuqian. 

## Gidan Hotuna

Fayil:آتشکده_زمان_زرتشتیان.jpg|alt=The minaret, in 2024| Minaret, a shekarar 2024
Fayil:Jome_masjed_450.jpg|alt=Other brick structures near the minaret| Wasu gine-ginen tubali kusa da minaret


## Manazarta
Masallacin Juma'a na Ardakan

**Masallacin Juma'a na Ardakan** masallacin Juma'a ne na Shi'a ( *jāmeh* ) wanda ke kusa da ɗakin karatu na jama'a a Ardakan, a lardin Yazd, Iran. An kammala masallacin a shekara ta 1506 CE, a zamanin Safavid.  

An ƙara masallacin a cikin Jerin Gidajen Tarihi na Ƙasa na Iran a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu 1999, wanda Hukumar Al'adu, Sana'o'i da Yawon Bude Ido ta Iran ta gudanar.

## Duba kuma

* Musulunci a Iran
* Jerin Masallatai a Iran

## Manazarta
Masallacin Juma'a na Ardestan

Tsoffin sassan suna nuna ginin da aka gina kafin Seljuk, kuma yana yiwuwa an gina masallacin a wurin da aka gina Chahartaq. An haɗa ginin a cikin masallacin Seljuk kiosk a ƙarni na 12 AD, kuma an ƙara faɗaɗa shi zuwa tsarin gargajiya mai siffar huɗu. An canza kayan ado na stucco na mihrab a lokacin Ilkhanate.

An ƙara masallacin a cikin Jerin Gidajen Tarihi na Ƙasa na Iran a ranar 9 ga Yuli, 1932, wanda Ma'aikatar Al'adu, Yawon Buɗe Ido da Sana'o'in Hannu ta gudanar.

## Gidan Hotuna

Fayil:Ardestan_Jame_Mosque_1.jpg
Fayil:Ardestan_Jame_Mosque_2.jpg
Fayil:North_Eyvan_of_Ardestan_Jame_Mosque.jpg
Fayil:Jame-Ardestan.JPG
Fayil:مسجد_جامع_اردستان-پرسپکتیو_ایزومتریک.jpg
Fayil:HOS6503_(2).jpg


## Manazarta
Kellie Carter Jackson

**Kellie Carter Jackson** ƙwararriyar masaniyar ilimi ce 'yar Amurka, marubuciya kuma mai watsa shirye-shirye tana binciken tarihin bauta, masu fafutukar kawar da zalunci, tashin hankali da tarihin mata baƙaƙe.    

## Sana'a
Jackson marubuciya ce a Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Baƙar fata na Amurka da ke Boston  kuma tana da haɗin gwiwa a shirin Radiotopia, mai suna "This Day in Political Esoteric History"  tare da Jody Avirgan da Nicole Hemmer kuma mai ƙirƙirar "Oprahdemics: The Study of the Queen of Talk" tare da Leah Wright Rigueur . A shekarar 2022, Oprahdemics ta canza sunanta zuwa "You get a podcast"  bayan da kamfanin Oprah Winfrey ya shigar da ƙara don hana ruɗani kan goyon bayanta ga shirin.  

Jackson tana da digirin BA daga Jami'ar Howard, digirin Ph.D. daga Jami'ar Columbia . Ta kasance memba a Sashen Nazarin Afirka da Afirka a Amurka a Jami'ar Harvard kuma ita ce Farfesa Michael da Denise '68 na Nazarin Afirka a Kwalejin Wellesley .   

## Bincike
Littafin Jackson *mai suna Force & Freedom: Black Abolitionists and the Politics of Violence* (Jami'ar Pennsylvania Press)  ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙarshe na kyautar Frederick Douglass Book Prize,  kuma ya lashe kyautar James H. Broussard Best First Book Prize da SHEAR ( Society for Historians of the Early American Republic ) ta bayar 

Sake Tunani Kan Tushen tarin labarai ne da ke sake duba siyasa, girmanta da kuma tasirin littafin Alex Haley na Roots a shekarun 1970.

## Ayyuka

*  
*  
*  

## Manazarta
Mahimmanci na Rayuwa (ƙungiyar rawa)

**Essence of Life** ƙungiya ce ta fasaha da ke Bangalore, wacce Dega Deva Kumar Reddy ta kafa a shekarar 2012 don haɓaka koyarwar Jiddu Krishnamurti . 

Essence of Life ƙungiya ce ta haɗakar nau'ikan rawa guda biyar na gargajiya na Indiya - Bharatanatyam, Kuchipudi, Odissi, Kathak da Mohiniyattam . Ƙungiyar ta shirya wasannin rawa da dama a faɗin Indiya a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. 

## Suna
Sunan *"Asalin Rayuwa"* ya samo asali ne daga kalaman Jiddu Krishnamurti "Zuciya ba abu ne daban da rayuwa ba; shine ainihin rayuwa, ainihin rayuwar yau da kullun". 

## Falsafa
Da yake an yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga koyarwar Jiddu Krishnamurti, Dega Deva Kumar Reddy ya tsara kuma ya samar da 'Essence of Life'.  Tsarin rawa ya dogara ne akan matsalolin ɗan adam da motsin zuciyar da Jiddu Krishnamurti ya saba magana a cikin jawabansa da littattafansa - tsoro, wahala, kishi, tashin hankali, rauni, soyayya da mutuwa. 

Fitattun mawaka daga al'adun kiɗa da rawa da aka kafa a faɗin Indiya sun haɗu don isar da koyarwar Krishnamurti ta hanyar Bharatanatyam, Kuchipudi, Odissi, Kathak da Mohiniyattam . 

## Jigo

### Fasaha ta Bimbini
Dhyanasya Amukham - Gabatarwa zuwa Tunani Dhyanasya Puravrttam - Tatsuniyoyi na Tunani Katham Jaagriti Jaayate - Yaya wayar da kan ta ke zuwa game da Dhyana kala - Fasahar yin zuzzurfan tunani Dhyanaartha kim yatharta maunam - Menene shiru na gaskiya wanda ke haifar da tunani.

### Asalin Rayuwa
Manovignaanam - Fahimtar tunaninmu Bhayaatah svatantramah - 'Yanci daga tsoro Samsayaa vina saadhyam kim jeevanam - Shin za mu iya rayuwa ba tare da matsala Kim saadyam pumsaam parivarthanam - Shin ɗan adam zai iya canzawa maimakon saundaryam - Kyakkyawan soyayya.

### Ƙarshe
Thillana - 'Yanci daga kai

## Siffar rawa

### Siffar rawa | Ragam

* Bharatanatyam - Charukesi
* Kuchipudi - Surya & Huseni Kouns
* Kathak - Madhumad Sarang
* Odissi - Mishra Lavangi
* Mohiniyattam - Madhumad Sar

## Masu fasaha da mawaƙa

### Tsarin

* Dega Deva Kumar Reddy, An tsara shi kuma an shirya shi
* B Aruna Sivarama Krishna, Mai tsara zane kuma mawaƙin kiɗa
* Dr Thiagarajan, fassarar Sanskrit

### Masu rawa

* Smitha Madhav  - Bharatanatyam
* Prateeksha Kashi - Kuchipudi
* Achuta Manasa - Kathak
* Pali Chandra - Kathak
* Masako Ono – Odissi
* Rashmi Menon – Mohiniyattam

### Muryoyi

* Padma Vibhushan Hariharan
* Pt. Sanjeev Abhyankar
* Pt. Raghunandan Panshikar, Lalitha Sharma
* Sooraj Santhosh, Saindhavi
* Varijashree Venugopal, Sangeetha

### Kayan kiɗa

* Ustad Murad Ali Khan - Sarangi
* Bhuto & BV Balasai - Saurayi
* BV Raghavendra Rao - Violin
* Allam Durga Prasad - Gottuvadhyam
* Bhavani Prasad - Veena
* B Sivarama Krishna - Sitar
* Sarang - Sarod
* Balesh - Shehnai
* Shrikanth - Hawaii Guitar ( Gitar Karfe )
* DA Srinivas - Mridangam
* Kesavan - Chanda, Idakka & Maddalam
* Venkatesh & B Ganesh Rao - Tabla
* Omkar & Jagadeesh - Pakhavaj
* Chandra Sekhar - Pakhavaj
* Manjunath - Kayan aiki na Percussion
* DA Srinivas & Kesavan - Jathi
* Manjunath & Jagdeesh - Bhols

## Manazarta
Lauren Michele Jackson

**Lauren Michele Jackson** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1991) ƙwararriyar mai sukar al'adu ce ta Amurka kuma farfesa ce a fannin nazarin Turanci da Afirka a Jami'ar Northwestern . Littafinta na farko, *White Negroes* (2019), tarin kasidu ne marasa almara waɗanda ke bincika yadda al'adu suka dace .  

## Sana'a
Jackson ta halarci Jami'ar Illinois da ke Urbana-Champaign don digirinta na farko . Ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin Harshe da Adabi na Turanci daga Jami'ar Chicago . Rubutun digirinta mai taken "Black Vertigo: Nausea, Aphasia, da Bodily Noise, shekarun 1970 zuwa yanzu."  A shekarar 2019, an ɗauki Jackson aiki a Jami'ar Northwestern a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a sassan nazarin Turanci da Afirka ta Amurka. 

Jackson ta fara rubutu mai zaman kanta tun tana ɗalibar digirin digirgir.  Ta yi rubutu ga *Vulture*, *The Paris Review*, da *The New Yorker ,* da sauransu.  

Littafin farko na Jackson, *White Negroes: Cornrows Were in Vogue...* *da Sauran Tunani akan Tsarin Al'adu*  "ya binciko yadda tsarin ke bayyana a cikin kiɗa, fasaha, memes, da ƙari."  Beacon Press ne ya buga shi a watan Nuwamba 2019.  An yi wahayi zuwa ga taken daga rubutun Norman Mailer na 1957 " The White Negro ".  Alanna Okun ta rubuta, "Ta amfani da nazarin *shari'o'i* tun daga Kardashians zuwa Miley Cyrus zuwa Paula Deen zuwa Big Dick Energy, ta bincika kuma ta nuna kalmar da zurfi, son sani, da kuma rashin hankali." 

An nada ta a matsayin marubuciya mai bayar da gudummawa ga jaridar The New Yorker a watan Satumba na 2020.

## Littattafan tarihi
 

### Littattafai

*  

### Rubuce-rubuce da rahotanni

* " Filin Wasan Drake " (Janairu 12, 2016) akan TheAwl.com
* 
*  

————————

; Bayanan kula

## Manazarta
Gaudiya Nritya

***Gaudiya Nritya*** ( Bengali   ko Gour̤īyo Nrityo) wani nau'in rawa ne na gargajiya na Bengal .     Wannan rawa ta bayyana labaran addini  ta hanyar waƙoƙin da aka rubuta  kuma aka tsara wa *ragas* da *talas*  na waƙar Gaudiya ta mawaƙan dā, musamman Vaishnavism .  Waƙoƙin Gaudiya Nritya sun kuma bayyana ra'ayoyi game da wasu al'adu da suka shafi allolin Hindu Shiva  da Ganesha, da kuma ra'ayoyin Shakta .  Mahua Mukherjee ne ya sake gina ta a shekarun 1980 kuma tun daga lokacin Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta Indiya ta ba da tallafin karatu na bincike don ta.

## Asalin Ma'anar
A ranar 21 ga Satumba, 1994, an amince da sunan Gaudiya Nritya bisa shawarar masanin ilimin halittar jiki Bratindra Nath Mukhopadhyay . Dalilan wannan lakabin sun haɗa da: a zamanin da - zamanin Shashanka da zamanin Pala da Sena - ana kiran Bengal gaba ɗaya da Gauda da kuma kasancewar salon Gaudiya a cikin kiɗa da adabin Indiya . Haka kuma, a ƙarni na sha bakwai, Sangeet Shastrakar Maheswara Mohapatra na Odisha ya ambaci nau'ikan salon rawa guda bakwai a cikin rubutunsa na Sanskrit Abhinaya Chandrika gami da rawar Gaudiya.

## Tarihi
Tushen ka'idar rawa ta Gaurika za a iya samu a cikin tsohon rubutun Sanskrit  ;  Kasancewarta a zamanin da ta gabata an tabbatar da wanzuwarta ta hanyar salon rawa a cikin sassaka na haikalin salon Gaudiya da wuraren tarihi da ke da alaƙa da Hindu, Buddha da Jainism kuma tsoffin mawakan Bengal sun ambaci hakan.  Bayan 'yancin kai na Indiya daga mulkin mallaka, ta fuskanci farfaɗowa, sake ginawa da faɗaɗawa a shekarun 1980.

Mahua Mukherjee, wani mai bincike kuma mai rawa ɗan Bengali ne ya sake gina shi.   Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta ba da tallafin karatu na bincike don wannan binciken da aka yi bisa rawa,   wanda galibi ake bayarwa don gane rawa ta gargajiya ta Indiya . Jami'ar Rabindra Bharati da Jami'ar Oklahoma sun amince da shi a matsayin rawa ta gargajiya.    

## Manazarta
Kamsala

**Kamasale** (Kanada: ಕಂಸಾಳೆ ನೃತ್ಯ), fasaha ce ta jama'a da masu bautar Allah Mahadeshwara suka yi.  Ana yin shi ta amfani da Kamsale, na'urorin ƙarfe na ƙarfe (kayan kiɗa). Shahararriyar fasahar jama'a ce a Kudancin Karnataka musamman Chamarajanagara, Ramanagara, Mandya da Mysore, Kollegal, , Nanjangudu da wajen Bengaluru. 

## Kayan kida da rukuni
Kamsale kayan aiki ne na ƙarni na 11. Hakanan ana kiranta Kaitala da Batlu a cikin tsoffin rubutu kamar Bheema Kavi 's Basava Purana, Chennabasava Purana na Virupakshapandita, Girija Kalyana na Harihara da Shabdamanidarpana na Keshiraja. 

Kalmar *Kamsya tala* ta samo asali ne daga Sanskrit ma'ana kuge na tagulla. Kamsale tana da nau'i biyu kamar kuge amma kowannensu ba iri ɗaya bane kamar jalra, wani kuge kamar kayan kida. Wani ɓangare na Kamsale ana kiransa *adi battalu,* wanda yake kama da kofi mai faɗi kuma yana wakiltar sama yayin da ɗayan kuma ana kiransa *gari* ehich ɗan lebur kuma yana wakiltar ƙasa. 

Mawakan da ke cikin ƙungiyar Kamsale sun bambanta daga uku zuwa takwas. Idan Kamsale yana tare da waƙoƙi, adadin mawakan zai kasance daga 8 zuwa 12.

## Bayani
"Kamsale", wanda aka fi sani da "Devaraguddas", yana cikin al'ummar Halumatha ( Kuruba Gowda ) waɗanda almajiran Ubangiji Mahadeshwara ne. Kamsale Mela wata waƙar gargajiya ce da ta shahara wadda ke magana game da tarihin ' Mahadeshwara ' (bauta wa Allah) na tsaunukan Mahadeshwara, sanannen cibiyar alhazai, wacce ke gundumar Chamarajanagar .

## Adabi
Mawakan Kamsale ba su da littattafan da aka buga. Suna koyon waɗannan waƙoƙin da baki. Suna shiga cikin bukukuwan baje kolin da ake gudanarwa a tsaunukan Mahadeshwara a lokacin bukukuwan Diwali, Shivaratri da Ugadi .

## Mutanen Kuruba
Kamsale yana da alaƙa da al'adar bauta wa Shiva . Mawakan, waɗanda aka ɗauko daga al'ummar Haalumatha Kuruba Gowda . Waɗanda suka yi alƙawarin yin rayuwa mai tsarki ga Mahadeshwara, ana tsammanin su yi kamsale. Rawar wani ɓangare ne na 'diiksha' ko rantsuwa kuma malami ko shugaban ruhaniya ne ke koyar da ita. Kamsale Mahadevaiah na Mysore fitaccen mai fasaha ne. Ya horar da ɗalibai a matakin jami'a. A cikin shirin musayar al'adu na Indiya, ya zagaya ƙasashe da yawa kuma ya yi wasa.

## Riga da rawa
Mawakan waƙa suna sanye da riga ta musamman. Masu fasaha, tare da Kamsale a hannun hagu, suna fallasa shi cewa Kamsale yana riƙe da hannun dama. Don haka ana ƙirƙirar rawa ta hanyoyi daban-daban da saurin gudu. Rawar Beesu Kamsale ko Kamsale wata rawa ce ta musamman wacce sha'awar addini ke haɗuwa da ƙwarewar yaƙi . Kayan kida, a yayin bugun ƙarfi, ana motsa su a jikin mai rawa ta hanyoyi marasa adadi waɗanda ke nuna ƙwarewa da fasaha. Babban abin da ke cikin fasaha shine ƙarar rawa, wanda ke haɗuwa da waƙar ban dariya ta almarar Mahadeshwara . A cikin ƙungiyar rawa , mai rawa tana ba da hangen nesa na jerin dabarun  da kariya, wanda shaida ce cewa mutanen Kuruba suna cikin ƙungiyar Martial.

## Yaɗa
Ana samun 'yan wasan Kamsale a cikin Kannada, Mysore, Channapatna, Mandya, Ramanagara, Kanakapura, Kollegal, Bangalore da Chamarajanagara yankin.

## Manazarta
Masallacin Juma'a na Arsanjan

**Masallacin Juma'a na Arsanjan** masallacin Juma'a ne na 'yan Shi'a, wanda ke kan titin Saadiya, Arsanjan, a lardin Fars, Iran. Masallacin ya samo asali ne daga zamanin Safavid.  

An ƙara masallacin a cikin Jerin Gidajen Tarihi na Ƙasa na Iran a ranar 23 ga Yuli 2007, wanda Hukumar Al'adu, Sana'o'i da Yawon Bude Ido ta Iran ta gudanar.

## Duba kuma

* Musuluncin Shi'a a Iran
* Jerin Masallatai a Iran

## Manazarta
Thiruvathirakkali

**Thiruvathirakali** wata rawa ce ta musamman ta mata a Kerala .  Mata ne ke yin rawar a ƙananan ƙungiyoyi, duka a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adun addini da kuma ban da al'adun addini.    Galibi a ranar Onam da Thiruvathira a watan Dhanumas, mata suna yin wannan salon fasaha ta hanyar rera waƙar yabo ga Shiva Parvati a cikin haikalin Shiva da sauransu. Thiruvathirakali musamman ga mata waɗanda ke lura da Thiruvathira Vradam.   Wannan salon fasaha kuma ana kiransa Kaikottikali da Kummikali tare da ɗan bambanci kaɗan.

## Bukukuwa da Al'adu
A zamanin da, ana yin wannan rawa na tsawon kwanaki 28 tun daga ranar Thiruvathira har zuwa Thiruvathira a wata mai zuwa. A wasu wurare, ana yin shirin kwana 11 a watan Dhanum.

Bikin yana farawa ne da cin abinci na musamman da ake kira Ettangadi a ranar Makairyam, ranar da ta gabaci ranar Thiruvathira. Sinadaran da ke cikin Ettangadi sune dawa, doya, kachil, berry, doya, lentil, sukari, da zuma. Ana cin sa a daren da ya gabata. Amma ba a yin wannan bikin a yau ba. 

Ana tattara Dasapushkas a gaban gidan da rana. Thiruvathirakali yana farawa bayan faɗuwar rana. Bayan Thiruvathira nakshatramudhi da tsakar dare, masu rawa suna rera waƙoƙin ibada kuma suna kawo furannin dasa tare da Ashtamangalyam yana riƙe da fitilar gidan. Daga baya suna sanya waɗannan furanni a gashinsu. Wannan ana kiransa rabin kiwo. Ana kunna furanni ta hanyar rera waƙoƙin yabon allolin kowace fure. Ana kuma ganin hankaka. 

'Yan matan suna rawa a da'ira a kusa da kyandir mai haske suna kallon bugun waƙar, suna tafa hannuwa. Sari da riguna su ne tufafin da ake amfani da su ga Thiruvathirakali. Ƙungiyar 'yan mata da ke buga Thiruvathira za su ga wata jaruma. Jarumar ta rera layin farko kuma ƙungiyar ta mayar da martani ga layin ɗaya. Membobin ƙungiyar sun taka suna tafa hannuwa don jin daɗin waƙar. Lasyabhava inuwa ce a duk tsawon wasan. Matakan da aka yi a wasan a lokacin pooja suna da sauƙi sosai. Wannan yana sauƙaƙa wa har ma da waɗanda ba su sani ba su shiga wasan.

## Manazarta
Karma Naach

**Rawar Karma** ko **Karma Naach** rawa ce ta gargajiya ta Tsakiya da Gabashin Indiya da ake yi kowace shekara a lokacin bikin Karma. Karma sanannen biki ne na kaka, yana farawa daga rana ta 11 ga makonni biyu masu haske na watan Bhadrab . Ana yin ta a Jihar Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha da Yammacin Bengal . Karma na nufin 'ƙaddara'.

Ana yin wannan rawa ta gargajiya ne a lokacin bauta wa allahn ƙaddara wanda aka sani da Karam Devta. Mutane suna ɗaukar allahn ƙaddara a matsayin sanadin alheri da mugunta.  Kabilu da yawa a Gabashin Indiya, musamman a kan tudun Chota Nagpur, suna yin ta a bikin ƙabila na 'Karma.' Masu rawa suna yin da'ira suna rawa a kusa da kugunsu da hannuwa a kugunsu. Mutanen ƙabila suna rawa a cikin da'ira a kusa da bishiyar da ake girmamawa a matsayin Karma, suna riƙe kugunsu suna rawa da bugun kiɗa don maraba da bazara. Ana tsammanin bishiyar Karma tana da albarka kuma tana ba da sa'a, bisa ga imani gama gari. Karma rawa ce ta gargajiya da ake yi galibi a lokacin bikin Karma. A lokacin bikin Karma, wanda ke faruwa a watan Agusta, maza da mata suna shiga cikin rawar Karma sosai. Sau da yawa ana yin wannan dabarar rawa don gane da kuma bikin dasa sabbin bishiyoyi. A Jharkhand, ana tsammanin Karma, itace mai tsarki, tana ba da wadata da sa'a. Sakamakon haka, mutanen Jharkhand suna bikin wannan bikin da biki da rawa a watan Agusta. Masu rawa suna gina da'ira a kusa da sabon gonar bishiyoyin su sannan su yi ta a kugunsu da hannuwansu. Haka kuma suna raba rassan bishiyoyi ga junansu yayin wannan rawa. Wannan rawa tana buƙatar aiki mai yawa kuma ƙwararrun masu rawa ne kawai ke yin ta. Bugu da ƙari, idan aka gama da'irar da'irar da'irar, ana wanke reshen karma da shinkafa da madara. Kabilun yankin kuma suna da imanin cewa idan aka kammala wannan jerin gwanon, bai kamata reshen karma ya taɓa ƙasa ba kuma ya kamata a ɗaga shi tsakanin masu rawa don ƙarin wasa. Maza da mata suna rawa don kiɗan Thumki, Chhalla, Payri, da kayan kida na Jhumki. Babban kayan kida shine ganga da aka sani da 'timki' a yankin, kuma masu rawa suna rawa sosai har zuwa bugun timki. Ana sanya shi tsakanin masu rawa a ƙasa. Ƙafafun masu rawa suna motsawa cikin lokaci mai kyau kuma cikin motsi. A lokacin rawa, maza suna fitowa gaba, yayin da matan da ke cikin ƙungiyar suka durƙusa ƙasa. Suna yin da'ira sannan su naɗe hannayensu a kugu na mai rawa na gaba kafin su ci gaba da rawa cikin salon rawa mai kyau. Masu rawa suna sanye da kayan gargajiya na ƙabila da kayan ado. Tsarin rawa na Karma ya fara ne a jihar Bihar ta Indiya (yanzu Jharkhand). Waɗannan mutanen kuma suna jin daɗin motar BMW suna yin bukukuwa da bukukuwa da dama. Don girmama al'adun ƙabilun Gond da tarihinsu, mutane 3049 sun shiga cikin babbar rawar Karma Naach ta duniya, wacce aka yi rijista a cikin Guinness World Records. An gyara ta ira setia.
## Duba kuma

* bikin Karam

## Manazarta
Masallacin Jameh na Babol

**Masallacin Jāmeh na Babol** masallacin Juma'a ne na 'yan Shi'a (Jāmeh), wanda ke Babol, a lardin Mazandaran, Iran.

An ƙara masallacin a cikin Jerin Gidajen Tarihi na Ƙasa na Iran a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2001, wanda Hukumar Al'adu, Sana'o'i da Yawon Bude Ido ta Iran ta gudanar.

## Bayani
Tsarinsa na farko ya samo asali ne daga 160  , kuma an sake gina shi a zamanin Safavid ; kuma an gyara shi a zamanin Qajar . Masallacin yana da ƙofofi biyu, ɗaya a gabas ɗayan kuma a yamma. Kowannensu yana ba da hanya ga ƙofar shiga mai gefe takwas. Babban yankin dare yana da manyan kumfa da ƙananan kumfa, ban da ginshiƙai. Akwai wani tsohon bagadi a yankin yamma, kuma ana iya ganin wasu bagadai guda biyu da aka gina da aka yi da tayal a kudu. A cikin baranda akwai ayoyi da aka rubuta daga ayyukan babban mawaƙin zamanin, Fath Ali Khan Saba, mawaƙin da ya lashe kyautar, wanda aka rubuta a 1227 AH (1811/1813CE).

A saman ƙofar yamma akwai ayoyi masu tsarki da aka rubuta a kan tayal, tare da 1230 AH (1814/1815CE). *[[Fars News Agency|Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Fars]]* ya ruwaito a ranar 23 ga Oktoba 2022 cewa an sace wannan allon rubutu na tarihi; kuma, a cewar kyamarorin CCTV, an danganta satar da "masu tayar da zaune tsaye" (kalmar da gwamnatin Iran ke amfani da ita wajen kwatanta masu zanga-zanga).

## Gidan Hotuna

Fayil:Jameh_Mosque_1.jpg|alt=The minaret in 2020| Minaret a shekarar 2020
Fayil:Jameh_Mosque_2.jpg|alt=Inscription on the front door in 2020, prior to its theft| An rubuta a ƙofar gida a shekarar 2020, kafin a sace shi


## Manazarta
Babban Masallacin Jamia (Karachi)

**Babban Masallacin Jamia** masallaci ne da ake ginawa a Garin Bahria Karachi, a lardin Sindh na Pakistan. Idan aka kammala ginin, ginin zai ƙunshi masallaci mai ƙarfin ɗaukar masu ibada 800,000 a lokaci guda, wanda hakan zai sa ya zama masallaci mafi girma a Pakistan kuma na huɗu mafi girma a duniya gwargwadon ƙarfinsa.

## Zane
Tsarin ginin ya haɗu ne da gine-ginen Mughal da na Farisa. Faɗin  a saman wani An zaɓi  ta yadda masallacin zai kasance a bayyane daga wani nesa. Tsarin ya haɗa da  minaret mai siffar mutum ɗaya. Masallacin ya ƙunshi kumbo 150 jimilla.  Tsawon babban kumbo ɗaya shine . Ana amfani da marmara mai launin beige mai inganci daga Balochistan a cikin ginin. Za a kewaye ginin da manyan lambuna da bangon da aka yi da baka a dukkan bangarorin hudu.

Masallacin zai kasance yana da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa a cikin farfajiyar. Domin kare masu ibada daga rana, farfajiyar za ta kasance tana da laima mai sarrafa kanta irin wacce aka ƙera a Al-Masjid an-Nabawi.

## Gidan Hotuna

Fayil:Bahria_Town_Karachi_Grand_Mosque_1.jpg|alt=Under construction in 2020| Ana kan ginawa a shekarar 2020
Fayil:BTK_Grand_Mosque_2.jpg|alt=The mosque in 2022| Masallacin a shekarar 2022


## Manazarta
Perini Sivatandavam

**Perini Shivathandavam** ( **Perini Śivatāṇḍavam** ) ko **Perini Thandavam** wani salon rawa ne na tsohuwar Telangana wanda aka farfaɗo a kwanan nan.  Ya yi nasara a zamanin daular Kakatiya .  Ana yin Perini don girmama Ubangiji Shiva, Allahn Hindu kuma ana kyautata zaton a zamanin da ana yin hakan kafin sojoji su fara yaƙi. Nataraja Ramakrishna ya farfaɗo da salon fasaha ta hanyar nazarin tsoffin rubuce-rubuce da sassaka a Haikalin Ramappa .  

## Rawar

Perini Shivathandavam (Perini Śivatāṇḍavam) ko Perini Thandavam wani tsohon salon rawa ne daga Telangana. Siffa ce ta rawa da maza ke yi. Ana kiranta 'Dance of Warriors'. Jarumai kafin su tafi fagen fama suna yin wannan rawa a gaban gunkin Ubangiji Shiva .  Siffar rawa, Perini, ta kai kololuwarta a lokacin mulkin Kakatiyas waɗanda suka kafa daularsu a Warangal kuma suka yi mulki kusan ƙarni biyu. An ambaci sifar rawa a cikin rubutun Sanskrit *Nrttya Ratnavali* na Jayapa Senani .  Dangane da sassanta masu rikitarwa da tatsuniyoyi, ana kyautata zaton sifar rawa ta samo asali tun kafin ta. 

An yi imanin cewa wannan salon rawa yana kiran 'Prerana' (wahayi) kuma an keɓe shi ga babban ɗan rawa, Lord Shiva . Mutum zai iya samun shaidar wannan rawa a cikin sassaka kusa da Garbha Gudi (Sanctum Sanctorum) na Haikalin Ramappa da ke Warangal. Mawaki Srinatha ya ambata a cikin littafinsa na Bhimeswara Puranam cewa Prerani a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin raye-rayen da ake miƙawa a matsayin Ragabhoga ga Ubangiji Bhimeswara na Draksharama .

Perini rawa ce mai ƙarfi da ake yi da bugun ganguna masu ƙarfi. Masu rawa suna tuƙi zuwa yanayin tunanin da ke ɓoye inda suke jin ikon Shiva a jikinsu. Yayin rawa suna kiran Shiva ya shigo cikinsa ya yi rawa ta cikinsa. An kuma yi rawan a kan dandamali na musamman a gaban haikali.  Tsarin rawa na Perini kusan ya ɓace bayan faduwar daular Kakatiya amma Dr. Nataraja Ramakrishna ya kawo farfaɗowa a cikin rawar Perini. Ya farfaɗo da tsarin fasaha ta hanyar nazarin tsoffin rubuce-rubuce da sassaka a Haikalin Ramappa   

## Duba kuma

* Tandava

## Manazarta
Masallacin Juma'a na Asrafia

**Asrafia Jame Masjid** wanda a da aka fi sani da **Masallacin Ahladi Bibi**, masallaci ne na Juma'a na Hanafi Sunni, wanda ke cikin unguwar birni ta Amlapara, a birnin Narayanganj, a cikin Sashen Dhaka na Bangladesh. An gina shi a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya Raj, tun daga shekarun 1890 na AD.

## Tarihi

Masallacin Asrafia Jame yana ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin masallatai a gundumar Narayanganj. A ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1898, wani musulmin Bengal mai suna Rahim Bakhsh Haji (1857-1935). da matarsa talukdar Ahladi Bibi suka sayi Zamindari Rabon daga Harendra Kumar Roy Chowdhury, Zamindar na Baliati. Daga baya, Haji da matarsa sun yanke shawarar bayar da wani ɓangare na fili a Amlapara don yin hidima a matsayin sadaka da wurin ibada. An sanya wa masallacin suna bayan matar a matsayin "Masallacin Ahladi Bibir". Bayan lokaci, sunan ya canza zuwa Masallacin Asrafia Jame. An gano masallacin da aka rubuta a taswirar Birtaniya (CS Parcha).

Bayan gyare-gyare a shekarar 2002, masallacin ya rasa kayan tarihi na baya, salon gine-gine da kuma salon ado. A halin yanzu, babu abin da ya rage daga masallacin asali sai kurfi, mihrab da minaret. 

## Abubuwan gine-gine da salo
Duk da cewa an gina masallacin a zamanin mulkin mallaka, ginin ya bi salon gine-ginen Mughal . An gina shi a matsayin masallaci mai tsayi sosai mai hawa ɗaya tare da mai da hankali sosai kan halayen tsaye. Akwai ƙananan kusurwoyi huɗu a ɓangarorin huɗu na rufin. Mihrab yana cikin bangon yamma, yana tsaye daga tushe na bene na ƙasa zuwa kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tsayin bene na farko. Ya ƙunshi Shahada da aka rubuta da rubutun Larabci tare da gilashi da salon Mughal mai gudana da dutse. Tsarin mihrab an yi shi ne da guntun gilashi da duwatsu masu launuka biyar; shuɗi, kore, rawaya (launin ruwan kasa), launin ruwan kasa da fari.  An ayyana tsarin masallacin ta hanyar haɗa kayan ado da daidaitawa daidai gwargwado tsakanin abubuwa kamar baka, kusurwoyi, mihrab da sauransu.

## Manazarta
Masallacin Juma'a na Aurangabad

**Masallacin Jameh** masallaci ne na Juma'a, wanda ke kusa da Killa Arrak a Aurangabad, a jihar Maharashtra, Indiya. An kammala shi a shekarar 1612 AD kuma an tsawaita shi a shekarar 1692, masallacin yana da matukar muhimmanci a tarihi domin an gina shi jim kaɗan bayan kafa harsashin Aurangabad (wanda a lokacin ake kira "Fatehpur") ta Malik Amber a shekarar 1610. Yana ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin masallatai na Aurangabad a cikin kyakkyawan yanayi.

## Tarihi
Malik Amber ne ya gina masallacin a shekarar 1612 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), lokacin da ya sami birnin Kharaki a shekarar 1610 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). Lokacin da Amber ta rasu a shekarar 1626, ɗansa Fateh Khan ya gaje shi, wanda ya canza sunan Khadki zuwa "Fatehnagar".

Lokacin da Mughals suka kama Daulatabad a shekarar 1633, masarautar Nizam Shahi, ciki har da Fatehnagar, ta faɗi ƙarƙashin ikon Mughals. A shekara ta 1653, lokacin da aka naɗa Yarima Aurangzeb mataimakin Deccan a karo na biyu, ya mai da Fatehnagar babban birninsa ya kuma kira shi Aurangabad sannan ya gina katangar Killa Arrak kusa da masallacin, wanda masallacin ya ji a iyakokin katangar katangar da ta faɗaɗa daga Ƙofar Delhi zuwa Ƙofar Makka. Da yake fahimtar ƙimar gine-ginen masallacin, Aurangzeb ya faɗaɗa masallacin ta hanyar gina baka huɗu a ɓangaren gaba a shekarar 1692.  , daga cikin manyan gine-ginen, Amkhar (Zauren Jama'a) da Masallacin Jama sune kawai gine-ginen da ke cikin kyakkyawan yanayi.

## Gine-gine
Masallacin yana kusa da Killa Arrak na Aurangabad.  Daga cikin baka tara masu kaifi a gaba, Malik Ambar ya gina biyar.  

## Gidan Hotuna

Fayil:Mecca_gate_aurangabad.jpg|alt=Mecca Gate near the mosque, by Deen Dayal, c. 1880s| Ƙofar Makka kusa da masallaci, ta Deen Dayal, 
Fayil:Delhigate1.jpg|alt=Early morning view of the Delhi Gate, near the mosque| Ganin ƙofar Delhi da sanyin safiyar, kusa da masallacin


## Manazarta
Maqalat al-Islamiyyin

**Maqalat al-Islamiyyin wa Ikhtilaf al-Musallin** (Arabic) yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan heresiographical na ƙungiyoyin Islama na farko da masanin Sunni Abu al-Hasan al-Ashari ya rubuta (d. 324/935), sunan Makarantar tauhidin Ash'ari  .

Wataƙila, al-Ash'ari ya rubuta wannan littafin bayan masanin tauhidin daga&#x5D;-linkid="589" href="./Mu'tazili" id="mwHQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazili  [de] (ya mutu 319/931) a cikin littafinsa mai taken (Maqalat al-Islamiyyin). [Lura 1] Saboda haka, mai yiwuwa an rubuta shi a lokacin Mu'tazili sannan aka gyara shi;  don haka yana iya haɗawa da ɓangarorin da ya rubuta a baya lokacin da yake Mu'tazil.  Koyaya, a cewar al-Dhahabi (d.748/1348), an rubuta wannan littafin a cikin shekarunsa na ƙarshe, wanda ke nuna haƙuri ga ƙungiyoyin Islama, saboda Islama ta ƙunshi su.

## Abun ciki
Al-Ash'ari ya fara ba da labarin gaskiya game da ra'ayoyin ƙungiyoyin Musulmi; sannan ya ba da ra'ayi na ƙungiyoyin da ba Musulmai ba da kuma masana falsafa; kuma a ƙarshe ya ba da tattaunawa mai mahimmanci game da halayen da sunayen Allah.

Yana cikin sassa biyu, na farko ɗan gajeren labari ne game da asalin tarihi na rarrabuwa a cikin Islama da kuma dogon jerin masu haƙuri na manyan kungiyoyi na zamaninsa, kuma na biyu jerin batutuwa daban-daban da aka yi muhawara tsakanin masu ilimi Musulmai.

Maqalat na Al-Ash'ari ba ya dauke da zargi har zuwa wani mataki. Kamar yadda taken ya nuna, duk waɗanda aka haɗa a cikin aikin ana ɗaukar su a matsayin Musulmai da 'waɗanda ke yin addu'a', don haka aikin bincike ne mai ban sha'awa maimakon kimanta koyarwar daidai da ba daidai ba. Yana aiki ne a matsayin littafin jagora na ra'ayoyin tauhidi wanda zai iya taimaka wa mai karatu wajen sanin abin da wasu ƙungiyoyi da mutane ke tunani, sannan kuma wane ra'ayoyi ne aka bayar akan tambayoyin da aka yi muhawara a cikin tauhidin.

## Karɓar da tasiri
Wannan aikin ya zama abin koyi ga irin waɗannan ayyukan da aka samar daga baya, kamar su *al-Farq bayna al-Firaq* da 'Abd al-Qahir al-Baghdadi (d. 429/1037), al-Tabsir fi al-Din  da  [ar] (d. 471/1078), *al-Milal wa al-Nihal* da al-Shahrastani (d. 548/1153), da I'tiq al-Musikin (d.

Jang da Muqqaddas (Turanci: Yaƙin Mai Tsarki) sunan ne da jam'iyyar Kirista ta ba da shi ga muhawara da za a rubuta wanda zai faru tsakanin Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (wakilin Musulmai) da Abdulla Atham (wakilin Kiristoci). Tattaunawar ta fara ne a ranar 22 ga Mayu 1893 kuma ta ci gaba har zuwa 5 ga Yuni 1893. Wani Musulmi, Ghulam Qadir Fasih, da Kirista, Henry Martyn Clark ne suka jagoranci zaman.[1] Ghulam Ahmad ne ya buga takardun da aka rubuta na bangarorin biyu a ƙarƙashin wannan sunan.[2] Ahmad al-Tayyib, Babban Imam na al-Azhar, ya yaba da littafin sosai ta hanyar cewa yana da kalmomi da yawa waɗanda suka cancanci a rubuta su da ruwan zinariya.
## manazarta
Karatun Kur'ani na Siriya da Aramaic

Karatun Kur'ani na Syro-Aramaic: Gudummawa ga fassarar Harshe na Kur'ani fitowar harshen Ingilishi ce (2007) na  (2000) ta marubucin Christoph Luxenberg.

Littafin ya sami kulawa mai yawa daga sanannun manema labarai a Arewacin Amurka da Turai a lokacin da aka saki shi, watakila a babban bangare ga gardamarsa cewa kalmar Kur'ani *[[Houri]]* ba ta nufin kyawawan Budurwa a cikin aljanna (Jannah), amma ga inabi a can.

Maganar littafin ita ce cewa rubutun Alkur'ani ya samo asali ne daga liturgy na Kirista na Syriac, yana jayayya cewa ɓangarori da yawa da ba a sani ba sun bayyana lokacin da aka fassara su kuma aka fassara shi a matsayin Syriacisms. Duk da yake akwai yarjejeniyar masanin Larabci na gargajiya da Syro-Aramaic ya rinjayi, tun da ƙarshen ya kasance harshen magana na Tsohon Gabas ta Tsakiya, rubutun Luxenberg ya wuce yarjejeniyar masanan al'ada a cikin karatun Kur'ani kuma an karɓa shi da shakku a cikin sake dubawa. Littafin ya tabbatar da cewa harshen farkon abubuwan da aka tsara na Alkur'ani ba Larabci ba ne kawai, kamar yadda masu sharhi na gargajiya suka ɗauka, amma ya samo asali ne daga Harshen Syriac na karni na 7. Maganar Luxenberg ita ce yaren Syriac, wanda ya kasance a ko'ina cikin Gabas ta Tsakiya a farkon lokacin Islama, kuma shine harshen al'adu da liturgy na Kirista, yana da tasiri sosai a kan abubuwan da ke cikin nassi da ma'anar abubuwan da ke ciki na Alkur'ani.

## Rubutun
Aikin ya ci gaba da rubutun cewa sassan Kur'ani masu mahimmanci sun kasance marasa kyau ta hanyar tsararraki na masu karatu da malaman Musulmi da Yammacin Turai, waɗanda ke ɗaukar Larabci na gargajiya a matsayin harshen Kur'ani. Binciken Luxenberg ya nuna cewa yaren Syro-Aramaic har zuwa karni na bakwai ya zama tushen tushen ma'anarsa.

Wani sanannen hali na rubuce-rubucen Larabci na farko shi ne cewa ba shi da alamun wasula da alamomi wanda daga baya zai bambanta, alal misali, ب, ت, ن, ي, Tuna saboda haka yana da saurin yin kuskure. An kara alamun Larabci a farkon karni na takwas a kan umarnin al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, gwamnan Iraki (694-714). 

Luxenberg ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani ya ƙunshi harshe mai rikitarwa har ma da ba za a iya bayyanawa ba. A saman wannan, har ma ya tabbatar da cewa har ma malaman musulmai sun sami wasu wurare da wuya a tantance su kuma sun rubuta rubutun sharhi na Alkur'ani da ke ƙoƙarin bayyana waɗannan wurare. Koyaya, a cewarsa, zaton da ke bayan ƙoƙarin su koyaushe shine cewa duk wani sashi mai wahala gaskiya ne, mai ma'ana, kuma mai tsabta Larabci, kuma ana iya fassara shi da kayan aikin ilimin gargajiya na Musulmi. Luxenberg ya zargi malaman ilimi na Yammacin Turai na Alkur'ani da yin jin kunya da kuma yin koyi da shi, ya dogara sosai ga aikin malaman musulmi.

Luxenberg ya yi jayayya cewa ba a rubuta Alkur'ani ne kawai a cikin Larabci ba amma a cikin cakuda tare da Syriac, harshen da aka fi magana da rubuce-rubuce a yankin Larabawa ta hanyar karni na takwas.
## manazarta
Tanbih al-Ghabi bi-Tabri'at Ibn 'Arabi

**Tanbih al-Ghabi bi-Tabri'at Ibn 'Arabi** (Arabic) ɗan littafin ne wanda masanin Shafi'i-Ash'ari Jalal al-Suyu (d. 911/1505) ya rubuta a matsayin martani ga littafin Tanbih al -Ghabi الغبي بتبرئة ابن عربي) wanda aka yi wa 'Arabi' yanka al-Arabi' (Anti) 'Abinbinbinbin)  ya yi wa 'Abin] da kuma 'Abin' yanka' yanka (Arabi' ya yi wa' yanka 8 / Arabi' yanci.[ar] [Lura 2] Al-Suyuti ya ce

A cikin wannan littafin, al-Suyuti ya karyata zarge-zarge da zarge-girge a kan Ibn 'Arabi, wanda, a cewarsa, ya haifar da rashin fahimta da rashin fahimta, ko kuma saboda karkatarwa da canji na littattafan Ibn 'Arabic da maganganun da 'yan ridda da Masu saɓo. Al-Suyuti ya yi ƙoƙari ya nuna gaskiyar tsarkaka Ibn 'Arabi kuma ya bayyana cewa, kodayake Ibn 'Arafi babban saint ne, amma ya kamata a hana karatun rubuce-rubucensa ga mutanen da ba su da ƙwarewa da almajiran da ba su san kalmomin Sufi .

Al-Suyuti cites from Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani's list in ** (Tidings of the Abundance in the News of the Ages), the scholars who praised Ibn 'Arabi and/or considered him one of the righteous saints of God, such as the following:[Note 4]

## Manazarta
Babban Masallacin Agadir

**Babban Masallacin Agadir** tsohon masallaci ne a wani yanki mai cike da barna, wanda ke yankin Agadir, a Tlemcen, Algeria.

## Tarihi
An gina masallacin ne a shekara ta 174, a lokacin mulkin Idris na birnin. Masallacin ya lalace, tsawonsa kawai ya kai  minaret ɗin tubali da ya rage.  

Babban Masallacin ya zama ba a cika samunsa ba yayin da garin ke ci gaba da bunkasa a yamma, haka kuma saboda ci gaban garin Tagrart (wanda a yau yake tsakiyar Tlemcen), wanda Almoravids suka kafa a ɗan yamma da Agadir. Agadir ya zama wani yanki na Tlemcen cikin sauri. 

## Duba kuma

* Musulunci a Aljeriya
* Jerin Masallatai a Aljeriya

## Manazarta