Kogin Rayuwa Siam

**Ruwan Kogin Siam** wanda a da **South East Asia Rivers Network**, ko **SEARIN** ) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Thailand (NGO) wacce ke nazarin tasirin ayyukan madatsun ruwa daban-daban na Thailand da kuma daidaita binciken mutanen asali don bai wa mazauna ƙauyen Thai ikon yin rikodin tasirin koguna da madatsun ruwa na gida. An kafa ta a shekarar 1999, ta shahara a lokacin nazarin madatsun ruwa na Pak Mun a shekarar 2001, lokacin da ta ƙirƙiro wata hanya ta koyar da mazauna ƙauyen yadda za su rubuta tasirin kogin da aka madatsun ruwa a rayuwarsu. Lokacin da gwamnatin Thailand ta gabatar da wasu wuraren madatsun ruwa, Living River Siam ta ɗauki hanyoyin bincikenta zuwa ƙauyukan da ke kewaye da waɗannan wuraren. A yau, ƙungiyar tana aiki tare da sauran ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya don yin tir da binciken da gwamnati ke ɗaukar nauyinsa wanda ke ƙarfafa gina madatsun ruwa.

## Zanga-zangar da aka yi a madatsar ruwa ta Pak Mun
An ƙaddamar da Living River Siam a ranar 14 ga Maris, 1999, Ranar Aiki ta Koguna ta Duniya, ta hanyar ƙungiyar ma'aikatan ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da masana ilimi na Thailand.  Matakin farko da ta ɗauka, a ranar 23 ga Maris, shine tallafawa mamaye wurin da madatsar ruwa ta Pak Mun ke yi da mazauna ƙauyen 5,000.  An gina madatsar ruwa ta Pak Mun, wacce Bankin Duniya ya ba da kuɗaɗen wani ɓangare,  a shekarar 1994 kuma a hankali ta zama abin da ake muhawara a kai a ƙasa. Ya sami koke-koke da yawa daga mazauna ƙauyen Thailand kuma shine abin da Majalisar Talakawa ta yi na kwanaki 99, mutane 20,000 a Bangkok a shekarar 1997.  Madatsar ruwa ta samar da kashi 0.5 cikin 100 na ƙarfin wutar lantarki na Thailand; kashi 40 cikin 100 na jimlar ƙarfin wutar lantarki na Thailand ba a amfani da shi kowace rana. 

A ranar 16 ga Yuni, 2001, gwamnatin Thailand a ƙarƙashin Thaksin Shinawatra ta amince ta buɗe ƙofofin magudanar ruwa ta Pak Mun na tsawon watanni huɗu domin a ba da damar yin bincike kan tasirinsa ga zamantakewa; daga baya aka tsawaita wannan zuwa watanni 13.  Daidai da wannan yarjejeniya, gwamnati ta sanar da cewa Jami'ar Ubon Ratchathani da wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta da Hukumar Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki da Zamantakewa ta Ƙasa ta yi kwangila za su gudanar da bincike a hukumance. Jami'ar ta sami kasafin kuɗi na baht miliyan 10 (kimanin dala 280,000), kuma 'yan kwangilar gwamnati, waɗanda ake zargin su ne ƙungiyar da ta ba da shawarar yin wani kogi, sun sami baht miliyan 94 (kimanin dala 2,700,000 na Amurka), wanda hakan ya haifar da zato.  Mazauna ƙauyen sun yi tunanin cewa masana kimiyya na waje ba za su iya yin bincike mai ma'ana ko daidai game da kogin ba saboda ba su saba da ƙaura da wuraren zama na kifaye na gida ba. 

## Binciken Thai Baan
A martanin da ya mayar, Living River Siam ta ƙirƙiro *Ngan Wijai Thai Baan* (งานวิจัยไทบ้าน), ko kuma "bincike daga mutanen ƙauyen Thai". An yi wannan binciken ne don kauce wa hanyar gargajiya ta nazarin ɗan adam ta hanyar ba wa mazauna ƙauyen damar yin bincike da kuma rubutawa, a cikin harshensu da kuma bisa ga ka'idojinsu, kowane fanni na rayuwarsu a kan kogin. Aikin ƙungiyar da ke kula da harkokinta shi ne ta tattara bayanan mutanen ƙauyen ta kuma buga su don wasu su karanta. Living River Siam ta kira wannan a cikin Turanci da "binciken Thai Baan". 

Binciken Kogin Mun ya yi bayani game da wuraren da ake yin haihu, yanayin ƙaura, wuraren zama, da kuma abincin da aka fi so na nau'ikan kifaye 137. Da farko, akwai nau'ikan kifaye 265 a cikin kogin; 220 daga cikinsu sun ɓace lokacin da aka toshe kogin, kuma 92 ne kawai suka sake bayyana lokacin da aka buɗe ƙofofin ruwa, ma'ana cewa bambancin yanayin halittu na Mun ya riga ya ragu sosai ta hanyar madatsar ruwa.  Akwai nau'ikan halittu 104 da suka yi ƙaura tsakanin kogunan Mekong da Mun, ma'ana madatsar ruwan ta yi wa yanayin halittu na Mekong barazana. 'Yan ƙauyen Thailand sun ɗauki hotunan dukkan kifayen kuma sun ƙidaya adadin kifayen da aka kama kafin da kuma bayan buɗe ƙofofin.  Sama da mazauna ƙauyen 200 ne suka yi aikin sa kai don binciken, kuma suka raba kansu zuwa ƙungiyoyi don bincika yanayin halittun ruwa masu zurfi, hanyoyin ruwa, eddies, ƙananan magudanar ruwa, rijiyoyin sha, tsibiran *Don*, wuraren waha na *Bok hin*, wuraren waha *na Khum*, wuraren *wang*, ramukan *huu*, aljihunan dutse *na Lhum hin*, *kon* shallows, *kan* ruwa mai zurfi a ƙarƙashin ruwa, da wuraren kamun kifi *na Luang* . 

An yi nazarin amfani da ƙananan kifaye da manyan kifaye a tattalin arzikin yankin. Masu bincike sun gano cewa yayin da ake sayar da manyan kifaye marasa yawa don samun riba, abincin mutanen ƙauyen Pak Mun ya ƙunshi galibin ƙananan kifaye waɗanda za a iya kamawa a lokacin damina da bushewa. Ana cin ƙananan kifaye, ana sayar da su, ana kuma ciniki da su da mutanen tuddai don shinkafa. 

Ƙauyukan sun rubuta sauye-sauye a garuruwansu sakamakon buɗe ƙofofin matsugunan. Masunta waɗanda aka tilasta musu barin birnin sun koma gidajensu, ƙaruwar kifi ta haifar da bunƙasa a tattalin arzikin karkara, a fannin kamun kifi da yawon buɗe ido. Mazauna ƙauye sun sami damar gudanar da bukukuwan addini a muhimman wurare a gefen koguna. 

### Martanin gwamnati da sauran martani
Sakamakon binciken Thai Baan ya samu goyon bayan masana da dama, ciki har da Niti Pawakapan na Jami'ar Chulalongkorn .  Binciken Jami'ar Ubon Ratchathani ya kuma ba da shawarar a buɗe ƙofofin ɓoye na tsawon akalla shekaru biyar. Duk da haka, gwamnatin Thailand ta ƙi amincewa da duk binciken saboda dalilai marasa tushe kuma a maimakon haka ta gudanar da wani zaɓen ra'ayi na kwanaki uku na wani samfurin 'yan Thailand bazuwar, bayan haka ta yanke shawarar cewa ƙofofin za su kasance a rufe na tsawon watanni takwas cikin goma sha biyu na shekara.   A shekarar 2007, Firayim Minista Surayud Chulanont ya yanke shawarar rufe ƙofofin har abada, yana mai ambaton wata yarjejeniya ta sirri tsakanin dubban mazauna ƙauyen da Hukumar Ayyukan Tsaron Cikin Gida . 

Martanin da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suka bayar ya fi kyau. Shirin Rarrabuwar Halittu na Mekong Wetlands (MWBP), wata ƙungiya ta ƙasa da ƙasa da Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da Ƙungiyar Kare Muhalli ke jagoranta, sun buga wani bincike kan hanyoyin binciken Thai Baan kuma sun tsara nasu binciken a gundumar Sri Songkham a shekarar 2004, inda suka kammala da cewa ya fi amfani fiye da salon binciken ƙauyuka.  An ambaci binciken da MWBP ta jagoranta a cikin wata mujallar ilimi  kuma an gabatar da shi ga wani taron ƙasa da ƙasa.  An gayyaci kakakin Living River Siam, Pianporn Deetes, zuwa taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan madatsun ruwa. 

A shekara ta 2002, ma'aikatar ban ruwa ta gwamnatin Thailand ta cika buƙatun Living River Siam da Majalisar Talakawa tare da alƙawarin dakatar da duk wani aikin madatsun ruwa na gaba, wanda aka amince da shi da kyakkyawan fata.  Domin kauce wa matsalar madatsun ruwa na cikin gida, a shekara ta 2007, Hukumar Samar da Wutar Lantarki ta Thailand (EGAT) ta sanar da shirin gina jerin madatsun ruwa a Kogin Salween na Burma a kan iyakarta da Thailand. Living River Siam ta yi adawa da wannan shirin, tana mai ambaton barazanar lalata muhalli a jihohin Shan, Karenni, da Karen na Burma da kuma Lardin Mae Hong Son . 

## Ƙarin bincike
Tun daga shekarar 2004, Living River Siam ta yi amfani da hanyoyin bincikenta a wasu wurare da ke fuskantar barazana a yankunan karkara na Thailand.

### Gundumar Chiang Khong

Kogin Mekong ya kasance babu madatsun ruwa har zuwa 1993 saboda tsarinsa mai sarkakiya na ruwan da ke lalata jiragen ruwa, da kuma lokacin damina na musamman wanda ke juya hanyar wasu rassansa.  A shekara ta 2004, gwamnatin Thailand ta yi yarjejeniya da China don bude kogin don zirga-zirgar kasuwanci ta hanyar lalata ruwan da ke kwarara, wanda binciken Thai Baan ya gano a matsayin muhimman wuraren kiwon kifi. A gefen kasar Sin, an gina madatsun ruwa. Living River Siam ta tattara ƙarin bincike na Thai Baan daga mazauna kauyuka 146 a gundumar Chiang Khong, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa fashewar ruwan da ke kwarara ya sa ruwan kogin bai dace da sha da wanka ba, ya wanke lambunan bakin kogi da yawa, sannan ya lalata yawan shuke-shuke da kifaye na gida.  Dangane da binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2004, gwamnatin Thailand ta dakatar da harbawa a daya daga cikin ruwan da ke kwarara, Khon Pi Luang. 

### Kaeng Sua Ten
A shekara ta 2006, a martanin da aka mayar kan sabbin tsare-tsaren gina madatsun ruwa a Kaeng Sua Ten,  Living River Siam ta fitar da rahoto kan mutanen Sa-iap, Amphoe Song, Lardin Phrae (wani ɓangare na Mae Yom National Park ), bisa ga abubuwan da suka faru da tarihinsu. Ana kiransa bincike na Chaobaan, amma hanyar ta yi daidai da binciken Thai Baan. Rahoton ya binciki yanayin muhalli na mazauna Sa-iap, kayan lambu da fungi da suke rayuwa a ciki, ganyen magani da suke amfani da su, namun daji na gida, albarkatun itace, da al'adunsu. 

Rahoton ya raba tarihin Sa-iap zuwa shekaru huɗu. Kafin 1937, ƙauyen yana da ƙarfin gwiwa kuma yana amfani da noma da tattarawa don mafi yawan buƙatunsa. A shekarar 1937, gwamnatin Thailand ta ba wa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu damar yin sare dajin, inda ta lalata wani ɓangare na kayayyakin more rayuwa na ƙauyukan. A shekarar 1957, mazauna ƙauyen suka shiga aikin kamfanonin sare dajin, wanda ya haifar da rikici na ciki da na waje da kuma ƙara dogaro da ayyukan da ba za a iya jurewa ba. A ƙarshe, a shekarar 1991, mazauna ƙauyen suka kafa ƙungiyar kiyayewa, Ƙungiyar Masu Son Gandun Daji, wadda masu binciken Chaobaan suka amince da ita ta rage rikici. Yanayin ƙauyukan ya koma ga taimakon juna da al'adun gargajiya. 

### Dam na Rasi Salai
An kammala Madatsar Ruwa ta Rasi Salai a shekarar 1994, kusan lokaci guda da Madatsar Ruwa ta Pak Mun, kuma ta sami irin waɗannan koke-koke na gida. Mazauna yankin sun mamaye babban madatsar ruwa ta tsawon shekaru biyu, har sai da wani hukunci a watan Yulin 2000 ya buɗe ƙofofin madatsar ruwa.  Daga 2003 zuwa 2004, Living River Siam ta shirya bincike kan Thai Baan a gundumomi uku: Amphoe Rasi Salai, Amphoe Rattanaburi, da Amphoe Phon Sai . Rahoton ya binciki al'adun ƙauye, muhalli, bambancin halittu, noma, da kuma kula da abinci da ruwa. An kuma binciki tasirin rufewa da buɗe ƙofofin madatsar ruwa. An kammala da cewa madatsar ruwan ta rage yawan kifaye, amma mafi mahimmanci, ta mamaye ramukan gishiri na halitta ta kuma yaɗa su a gonakin shinkafa da kayan lambu, ta lalata bishiyoyi da amfanin gona.  Gwamnati ba ta yi alƙawarin dakatar da Madatsar Ruwa ta Rasi Salai ba,  amma har zuwa 2008 ba a rufe ƙofofin ba tukuna. 

### Ambaliyar ruwa ta Mekong
A shekarar 2005, kuma a shekarar 2008, Kogin Mekong ya cika makil da ruwa, wanda ya lalata daruruwan ƙauyukan karkara. Living River Siam ta haɗu da wasu ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu don kafa ƙungiyar Thai People's Network for Mekong, wadda ta nuna cewa madatsun ruwa a China ne babban abin da ya jawo ambaliyar. Wata ƙungiyar aiki tsakanin gwamnatoci da ake kira Hukumar Kogin Mekong ta yi adawa da waɗannan iƙirarin, tana mai cewa madatsun ruwa na China ba su da wata alaƙa da ambaliyar,  kodayake sun kuma matsa wa China lamba don samun bayanai game da ambaliyar.  An yi ta yaɗa labaran a jaridun Thailand sosai, wanda ya ba da sarari ga maganganun People's Network. 

## Taro, haɗin kai, da wallafe-wallafe

Tun daga shekarar 2006, Living River Siam ta fara horar da wasu ƙungiyoyin jama'a a fannin binciken Thai Baan, ta fara da Vietnam Rivers Network sannan ta faɗaɗa zuwa ƙungiyar China a shekarar 2007.  A shekarar 2008 sun yi aiki tare da Burma Rivers Network don gudanar da bincike kan Kogin Salween .  Sun kuma taimaka wa wata ƙungiyar agaji mai zaman kanta da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta ba da tallafi, Shirin Rarraba Halittu na Mekong Wetlands (MWBP), tare da gudanar da binciken Thai Baan a shekarar 2004.  Living River Siam, tare da MWBP, suna shirya haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin bincike na Thai Baan. 

Living River Siam ta tattara bincike da labaran baki na mutanen ƙauyen Thailand zuwa littattafai da yawa, waɗanda suke bayarwa a gidan yanar gizon su. Littattafan da aka buga sun rubuta ilimin yankin game da kifi, sakamakon binciken ƙauye, littafin jagora kan yadda ake gudanar da bincike na Thai Baan, da jagororin 'yan ƙasa don kare koguna da al'ummomin Thailand. Sun kuma samar da fosta na nau'ikan kifaye da madatsun ruwa, ƙasidu kan kayan kamun kifi, da kuma gajerun shirye-shiryen talabijin game da kogin. 

## Manazarta