Koyarwar amincewar jama'a

Koyarwar **amincewar jama'a** ita ce ƙa'idar da mai mulki ya amince da shi don amfanin jama'a wasu albarkatu kamar bakin teku tsakanin manyan layukan kogin ruwa, ba tare da la'akari da mallakar kadarori masu zaman kansu ba. 

## Tushe
Dokokin da na Sarkin Rumawa Justinian sun gudanar da cewa teku, gaɓar teku, iska da ruwan sha na kowa da kowa.  Tekun teku, wanda daga baya aka bayyana a matsayin ruwan da ƙududdufai ya shafa ba za a iya keɓance shi don amfanin ba kuma yana buɗe ne ga kowa. Wannan ƙa'ida ta zama doka a Ingila kuma. Bayan shuɗewar zamanunnuka, *Magna Carta* ya ƙara ƙarfafa haƙƙin jama'a. A bisa nacewar manyan turawan Ingila, an cire kamun kifi bisa cewa suna hana zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a cikin koguna .

Waɗannan haƙƙoƙi sun ƙara ƙarfi ta hanyar zama dokoki daga baya a Ingila sannan kuma sun zama wani ɓangare na dokar gama gari ta Amurka. Kotun Koli ta fara karɓar koyarwar amincewa da jama'a a cikin *Martin v.* *Waddell's Lessee* a cikin 1842, yana tabbatar da shi shekaru da yawa daga baya a cikin *Illinois Central Railroad v.* *Illinois*, 146 US 387 (1892). A halin da ake ciki majalisar dokokin Illinois ta ba da wani babban yanki na tashar jiragen ruwa na Chicago zuwa Babban titin jirgin kasa na Illinois . Majalisar da ta biyo baya ta nemi a janye tallafin, inda ta ce bai kamata a fara ba da tallafin na asali ba. Kotun ta ce dokar gama gari koyarwar amana da jama'a ta hana gwamnati tauye hakkin jama'a na filayen da ke karkashin ruwa mai tafiye-tafiye (sai dai idan aka yi la'akari da wani yanki kadan na filaye wanda ba zai yi tasiri ga shiga ko kewayawa ba).

Amincewar jama'a ta shafi duka ruwayen da raƙuman ruwa da ruwan da ke tafiya a zahiri. Amincewar jama'a kuma ta shafi albarkatun kasa (ma'adinai ko dabba) da ke cikin ƙasa da ruwa a kan waɗannan filayen amintattu na jama'a.

## Aikace-aikace
Wannan koyarwar tana da muhimmanci a ɓangarori guda biyu: samun damar shiga ƙasa da amfanuwa da ita da kuma dokar albarkatun ƙasa .

### Samun damar teku da tafkuna
Ana yawan kiran koyarwar dangane da samun damar shiga gaɓar teku. A Amurka, dokar ta bambanta tsakanin jihohi hamsin amma gabaɗaya ta iyakance haƙƙin masu mallakar gaban teku don ware jama'a ƙasa da madaidaicin layin ruwan teku .

Massachusetts da Maine (waɗanda ke raba gadon shari'a na gama gari) sun amince da mallakar kadarori masu zaman kansu zuwa madaidaicin layin tide-amma ba da damar jama'a su shiga gaɓar teku tsakanin ƙanana da manyan tide don "kamun kifi, kifi da kewayawa," haƙƙin gargajiya na komawa zuwa ga Dokar Mulki ta 1647.  Kotun Koli ta Maine a cikin 2011 ta faɗaɗa koyaswar amincewar jama'a ta hanyar kammala kamun kifi da kewayawa ba jerin keɓantacce ba; kotun ta baiwa jama'a damar ketare kan tekun masu zaman kansu domin yin ruwa. 

Koyarwar amincewa da jama'a kuma tana samun magana a cikin Babbar Doka, haƙƙin gargajiya da aka tsara a cikin shari'ar doka da ƙa'idodi a Massachusetts, Maine, da New Hampshire.  An ce jihar ta mallaki ƙasar da ke ƙasa da ƙananan alamar ruwa a ƙarƙashin manyan tafkuna (tafkuna sama da eka goma), kuma jama'a suna riƙe da ikon samun damar shiga kan kadarorin masu zaman kansu marasa inganci don amfani kamar kamun kifi, yanke kankara, da farauta. 

A cikin Oregon, 1967 "Bikin Tekun Ruwa" ya tabbatar da koyaswar amincewar jama'a na jihar, da kuma haƙƙin jama'a na samun damar shiga gaɓar teku kusan ko'ina tsakanin ƙananan alamomi da manyan tuddai. A California lamarin ya fi rikitarwa: masu mallakar filaye masu zaman kansu sukan yi ƙoƙari su toshe hanyar rairayin bakin teku na al'ada, wanda zai iya haifar da tsawaita shari'a.  Haƙƙin amfani da ruwan sha kuma an shigar da ƙara a California, ƙarƙashin koyaswar amincewar jama'a. 

### albarkatun kasa
An kuma yi amfani da koyaswar don ba da damar jama'a a ko'ina da kuma samar da ci gaba da sha'awar jama'a a wuraren da aka cika ƙasa ƙarƙashin ruwa mai tasiri. A wasu lokuta, an iyakance amfani da wannan ƙasa (don sufuri, alal misali) kuma a wasu, an yi tanadin damar jama'a a cikin su.

An yi amfani da koyaswar don tabbatar da sha'awar jama'a game da albarkatun mai da aka gano a cikin yankunan da ke da tasiri sosai ( Mississippi, California ) kuma an yi amfani da shi don hana mallakar hannun jari na kifaye da gadaje crustacean.

A yawancin jihohi a Amurka, tafkuna da rafukan da za a iya tafiya a zahiri ana kiyaye su don abubuwan sha da nishaɗi a ƙarƙashin koyaswar amincewar jama'a.

A wasu ƙasashe, an yi amfani da koyarwar amincewar jama'a don samar da kariyar muhalli ga albarkatun ƙasa don kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam.  Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan kuma ya nuna cewa koyarwar amincewar jama'a tana jujjuyawa. 

## Duba kuma

* Sauƙaƙan rubutun
* 'Yancin yawo
* *Kudin hannun jari Illinois Central Railroad Co.v.* *Illinois*
* *Juliana v.* *Amurka*
* *MC Mehta v.* *Kamal Nath*
* *National Audubon Society v.* *Kotun Koli*
* Amincewar jama'a
* Jama'a alheri
* Filin jama'a
* Dukiyar jama'a
* Dama hanya

## Ci gaba da karatu

*  
* 
* Mary Christina Wood, *Amintaccen Hali: Dokar Muhalli don Sabon Zaman Lafiya* (2014) 

## Manazarta

* Michael Seth Benn, Zuwa Harkokin Kasuwancin Muhalli: Maido da Dokokin Amincewar Jama'a a New York, 155 Jami'ar Pennsylvania Law Review 203 (2006).
* 
* James L. Huffman, "Kifi Daga Ruwa: Rukunan Amincewa da Jama'a a Tsarin Dimokuradiyya na Tsarin Mulki" Batutuwa a cikin Karatun Ilimin Shari'a, Joseph Sax da Amincewar Jama'a (2003): Mataki na 6.
* "Mayar da Aminci: Albarkatun Ruwa & Rukunan Amincewar Jama'a, Littafin Masu Ba da Shawara"  ta Cibiyar Ci Gaban Gyarawa, Satumba 2009
* Gidan yanar gizon kwamitin Mono Lake