Danshi

**Rashin zafi** shine maida hankali ga tururin ruwa da ke cikin iska. Rashin ruwa, yanayin gas na ruwa, gabaɗaya ba a ganuwa ga idon mutum. Rashin zafi yana nuna yiwuwar hazo, raɓa, ko hazo ya kasance.

Rashin zafi ya dogara da zafin jiki da matsin lamba na tsarin sha'awa. Irin wannan tururin ruwa yana haifar da zafi mai yawa a cikin iska mai sanyi fiye da iska mai ɗumi. Wani fasalin da ya danganci shi ne raɓa. Adadin tururin ruwa da ake buƙata don cimma saturation yana ƙaruwa yayin da zafin jiki ke ƙaruwa. Yayin da zafin jiki na iska ya ragu zai kai ga saturation ba tare da ƙarawa ko rasa ruwa ba. Adadin tururin ruwa da ke cikin iska na iya bambanta sosai. Misali, wani yanki na iska kusa da saturation na iya ƙunsar 28 g na ruwa a kowace cubic mita na iska a 30 ° C (86 ° F), amma kawai 8 g na ruwa da kowace cubic metre na iska a 8 ° C (46 ° F).

Ana amfani da ma'auni uku na farko na danshi a ko'ina: cikakke, dangi, da takamaiman. Ana bayyana **cikakken** danshi a matsayin ma'auni na tururi na ruwa ta hanyar iska mai laushi (a cikin gram a kowace cubic mita) ko kuma a matsayin maɓallin tururi na iska mai bushe (yawanci a cikin gram a kowane kilogram). **Rashin zafi**, sau da yawa ana bayyana shi a matsayin kashi, yana nuna halin yanzu na cikakkiyar zafi dangane da matsakaicin zafi da aka ba da wannan zafin jiki. **Takamaiman danshi** shine rabo na tururi na ruwa zuwa jimlar iska mai laushi.

Rashin zafi yana taka muhimmiyar rawa ga rayuwa ta sama. Ga rayuwar dabba da ta dogara da gumi (sweating) don daidaita zafin jiki na ciki, babban danshi yana lalata ingancin musayar zafi ta hanyar rage yawan motsi daga farfajiyar fata. Ana iya lissafin wannan tasirin ta amfani da teburin ƙididdigar zafi, wanda aka fi sani da *humidex*.

Ma'anar iska "mai riƙe" tururi na ruwa ko kuma kasancewa "cike" da shi ana yawan ambaton shi dangane da manufar zafi. Wannan, duk da haka, yana yaudara - adadin tururin ruwa wanda ke shiga (ko zai iya shiga) sararin da aka ba shi a zafin jiki da aka ba kusan yana da 'yanci daga adadin iska (nitrogen, oxygen, da dai sauransu) wanda ke nan. Lalle ne, iska tana da kusan ƙarfin daidaitawa iri ɗaya don riƙe tururin ruwa kamar yadda aka cika da iska; duka biyun an ba su ta hanyar matsin tururi na ruwa a zafin da aka ba su. Akwai ƙananan bambanci da aka bayyana a ƙarƙashin "Mahimmanci" a ƙasa, wanda za'a iya watsi da shi a cikin lissafi da yawa sai dai idan ana buƙatar daidaito mai yawa.

## Ma'anar

### Cikakken zafi
Cikakken zafi shine jimlar tururin ruwa da ke cikin ƙarar da aka ba shi ko iska. Ba ya la'akari da zafin jiki. Cikakken zafi a cikin yanayi ya kasance daga kusa da sifili zuwa kusan 30 g (1.1 ) a kowace cubic mita lokacin da iska ta cika a 30 ° C (86 ° F).

Cikakken zafi shine nauyin tururin ruwa, wanda aka raba ta hanyar girman iska da cakuda tururin ruwa , wanda za'a iya bayyana shi kamar haka: (m_{\text{H}_2\text{O}})  (V_\text{net} )

:  AH = \frac{m_{\text{H}_2\text{O}}}{V_\text{net}}. 

Cikakken zafi yana canzawa yayin da zafin iska ko matsin lamba ke canzawa, idan ba a daidaita girman ba. Wannan ya sa bai dace da lissafin injiniyan sinadarai ba, misali a bushewa, inda zafin jiki zai iya bambanta sosai.  A sakamakon haka, cikakkiyar danshi a cikin injiniyan sunadarai na iya komawa ga taro na tururi na ruwa a kowane nau'i na iska mai bushe, wanda aka fi sani da *rabo na danshi* ko *rabo na haɗuwa da* taro (duba "ƙayyadaddun danshi" a ƙasa), wanda ya fi dacewa da lissafin zafi da ma'auni.  Nauyin ruwa a kowane nau'i kamar yadda yake a cikin lissafin da ke sama an kuma bayyana shi azaman zafi mai yawa. Saboda yiwuwar rikice-rikice, British Standard BS 1339 ya ba da shawarar kauce wa kalmar "cikakken zafi". Ya kamata a bincika raka'a a hankali koyaushe.  Ana ba da sigogi da yawa a cikin g / kg ko kg / kg, amma ana iya amfani da kowane nau'in taro.

Yankin da ya shafi nazarin kayan jiki da thermodynamic na gas-vapor mixtures ana kiransa psychrometrics.

### Rashin zafi
An bayyana zafi na dangi ko na cakuda iska da ruwa a matsayin rabo na matsin lamba na tururi na ruwa a cikin iska zuwa matsin tururi na saturation na ruwa a wannan zafin jiki, yawanci ana bayyana shi azaman kashi:(RH\varphi)(p)(p_s)

: A wasu kalmomi, yanayin zafi shine rabo na yawan tururi na ruwa a cikin iska da kuma *yawan* tururi da iska za ta iya ƙunshe da shi a zafin jiki da aka ba shi. Ya bambanta da zafin jiki na iska: iska mai sanyi na iya riƙe ƙaramin tururi. Don haka canza zafin jiki na iska na iya canza yanayin zafi, koda kuwa cikakkiyar zafi ta kasance daidai. \varphi = 100\% \cdot p/p_s

Rashin sanyi yana ƙara yawan danshi, kuma yana iya haifar da tururi na ruwa ya taru (idan danshi na dangi ya tashi sama da 100%, ma'anar raɓa). Hakazalika, iska mai ɗumi yana rage zafi. Warming wasu iska ɗauke da hazo na iya haifar da wannan hazo ya bushe, yayin da iska tsakanin ɗigon ruwa ya zama mafi iya riƙe tururi na ruwa.

Rashin zafi kawai yana la'akari da tururin ruwa marar ganuwa. Mists, girgije, hazo da aerosols na ruwa ba su ƙidaya zuwa ga ma'auni na ɗanɗano na iska ba, kodayake kasancewarsu alama ce cewa jikin iska na iya kasancewa kusa da raɓa.

Ana nuna zafi mai yawa a matsayin kashi; kashi mafi girma yana nufin cewa caƙuda iska da ruwa ya fi zafi. A 100% dangi zafi, iska tana cike kuma tana cikin raɓa. Idan babu wani abu na waje wanda droplets ko lu'ulu'u zasu iya nucleate, yanayin zafi na dangi na iya wuce 100%, a wannan yanayin ana cewa iska ta cika. Gabatar da wasu ɓarɓashi ko farfajiyar zuwa jikin iska sama da 100% na zafi zai ba da damar kwantar da hankali ko ƙanƙara don samarwa a kan waɗancan ƙwayoyin, don haka cire wasu tururi da rage zafi.

Rashin zafi mai mahimmanci shine ma'auni mai mahimmanci wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin hasashen yanayi da rahotanni, saboda alama ce ta yiwuwar hazo, raɓa, ko hazo.  A cikin yanayin zafi na lokacin rani, hauhawar zafi na dangi yana ƙara yawan zafin jiki ga mutane (da sauran dabbobi) ta hanyar hana yaɗuwar gumi daga fata. Misali, bisa ga ƙididdigar zafi, yanayin zafi na 75% a zafin iska na 80.0 ° F (26.7 ° C) zai ji kamar 83.6 ° F ± 1.3 ° F (28.7 ° C ± 0.7 ° C).

Rashin zafi kuma maɓallin maɓallin da aka yi amfani da shi don kimanta lokacin da ya dace don shigar da bene a kan dutse.

### Dangantaka tsakanin cikakke, dangi-dumi, da zafin jiki
A cikin yanayin duniya a matakin teku:

### Takamaiman danshi