Halin Yanayin Ireland

**Abokai na Yankin Irish da Gwamnatin Ireland**, wanda aka sani da **Halin Yanayin Ireland**, yanki ne na shari'ar canjin yanayi a Kotun Koli ta Irish. A halin da ake ciki, Kotun Koli ta soke Tsarin Aiwatar da Ƙasa na Gwamnatin Ireland na 2017 bisa hujjar cewa ba ta da takamaiman abin da Dokar Yanayi ta Yankin Irish da Dokar Ci gaban Carbon ta shekarar 2015 ta tanada (Dokar canjin yanayi ta 2015). Kotun Ƙoli ta umarci gwamnati da ta ƙirƙiro da wani sabon tsari wanda ya dace da dokar sauyin yanayi ta shekarar 2015.

## Bayan fage

Shari'ar ta shafi Tsarin Rage Kasa (Shirin), wanda aka buga a ranar 19 Yuli 2017. Dokar Sauyin Yanayi ta 2015 ta samar da tsari don kafa "karamin carbon, mai jure yanayin da kuma tattalin arzikin mai dorewa a karshen shekarar 2050" (makasudin mika mulki na ƙasa). Dokar Sauyin Yanayi ta 2015 tana bukatar hakan, don ba wa jihar damar bin manufar sauyin kasa, gwamnati ta samar tare da amincewa da wani shirin ragewa na kasa wanda ya kayyade "yadda ta gabatar da shi don cimma burin sauyin kasa".

A cikin shekarar 2015, Ireland ta kasance ta uku mafi yawan iskar gas mai gurɓataccen iska a cikin EU. A cikin 2017, Majalisar Shawara kan Canjin Yanayi, wata hukuma mai zaman kanta a Ireland, ta gabatar da rahotonta ga gwamnati. Ya tsara cewa Ireland za ta rasa abubuwan da ta sa gaba na 2020 "ta hanyar tazara mai yawa". Ya ba da rahoton cewa ƙarin manufofi da matakan suna da mahimmanci ga Ireland don cimma burinta na 2030 kuma aiwatar da "ingantattun ƙarin manufofi" ana "buƙatar" cikin gaggawa "don burin na Ireland na 2050. Shugaban Majalisar, Farfesa John Fitzgerald, ya yi sharhi cewa Shirin yana dauke da "'yan shawarwari" kuma ba zai isa ya cika manufar mika mulki ta Ireland ba.

Ƙungiyar masu rajin kare muhalli Abokai na Muhalli na Yankin Irish (FIE) ne suka kawo karar, wani kamfanin da ba na riba ba wanda aka iyakance shi ta hanyar garantin da kuma rajistar sadaka a cikin Ireland. FIE an yi wahayi zuwa gare shi don kawo aikin ta sauran batutuwan yanayin duniya, gami da batun Urgenda da Juliana. v Amurka. FIE ta ce suna fatan shari'ar za ta kawo wani babban mataki na gwamnati kan canjin yanayi. An sami goyon bayan jama'a sosai ga shawarar FIE na daukar karar, kamar yadda takardar neman tallafi ga masu shigar da kara ta samu sa hannu sama da 20,000.

## Babban Kotun
A cikin Babbar Kotun, FIE ta yi iƙirarin cewa Tsarin ya kasance mafi girman ƙira game da Dokar Yanayi na shekarar 2015 kuma Tsarin ya keta haƙƙoƙin ƙarƙashin ECHR da Tsarin Mulki na Ireland (Tsarin Mulki). Ta ce gwamnati, wajen amincewa da Tsarin, ta gaza yin komai don tabbatar da cewa an rage fitar da hayaki a cikin gajeren lokaci da matsakaita, don haka zai kasa cimma burin da kasashen duniya suka ga ya dace. Ya dogara ne da gaskiyar cewa, duk da shawarar da Interungiyar Gwamnati mai kula da Canjin Yanayi ta bayar cewa hayakin zai buƙaci ya ragu da aƙalla 25-40% tsakanin 1990-2020 don taimakawa iyakance ɗumamar yanayi zuwa 2°C sama da matakan kafin masana'antu, shirin yayi tsammanin karuwar hayaki 10% a wannan lokacin. FIE ta lura cewa mafi girman ragin zai zama dole don biyan manufar Yarjejeniyar Paris don takaita ɗumamar yanayi zuwa 1.5°C sama da matakan kafin masana'antu. FIE ta nemi ganin an yanke hukuncin da gwamnati ta yi na amincewa da Tsarin tare da neman wani umarni da cewa a sake tsarin yadda ya kamata kamar yadda dokar sauyin yanayi ta 2015 ta tanada.

Gwamnatin ta jayayya cewa Shirin, a matsayin manufofin gwamnati, ba mai adalci bane. Sun ci gaba da jayayya cewa, saboda FIE kamfani ne ba mutum ba ne, FIE ba ta da ikon neman haƙƙin mutum a ƙarƙashin ECHR ko Tsarin Mulki.

Mista Justice MacGrath ya gabatar da hukuncin ga Babbar Kotun a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2019. Babbar Kotun ta gano cewa FIE tana da damar gabatar da hujjoji game da haƙƙoƙin da aka yarda da su, don dalilan shari'ar, cewa akwai haƙƙin tsarin mulki wanda ba a ƙididdige shi ba na 'yanayin da ya dace da mutuncin ɗan Adam'. Koyaya, ta gano cewa Tsarin bai keta wannan haƙƙin ba ko haƙƙin tsarin mulki na rayuwa ko mutuncin jiki, kamar yadda FIE ta yi iƙirari. Babbar Kotun ta gano cewa Tsarin ba shi da wata illa ga dokar sauyin yanayi ta shekarar 2015, tana mai lura da "muhimmin gibin da ke cikin hankali" da gwamnati ta more. An ƙi ba da taimako da aka nema.

## Kotun Koli
Bayan da shari’ar tasu ba ta yi nasara ba a Babbar Kotun, Kotun Koli ta amince ta saurari karar kai tsaye, inda ta bai wa FIE damar “tsalle-tsalle” hanyar da ta saba zuwa Kotun Koli ta Kotun daukaka kara. A hukuncin da ta yanke, Kotun Koli ta lura cewa shari'ar ta "ta kowa ce kuma muhimmiyar doka" kuma babu wata takaddama tsakanin bangarorin game da mahimmancin canjin yanayi, kimiyyar yanayi da ke tallafawa Tsarin ko kuma yuwuwar ƙaruwar hayaki a yayin rayuwar Shirin.

Kotun Koli ta kasance alkalai bakwai: Clarke CJ, Irvine P, O'Donnell J, MacMenamin J, Dunne J, O'Malley J da Baker J. Irin wannan abun an kebe shi ne don shari'oi na musamman mahimmancin abubuwa ko sarkakiya. An saurari karar har tsawon kwanaki biyu. Hukuncin, wanda ya samu goyon baya daga dukkan alkalan bakwai, ya gabatar da Babban Mai Shari'a Clarke a kan 31 Yuli, 2020.

Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa Tsarin na karkashin tsarin shari'a ne, saboda Kotun ba ta yin nazari kan dacewar manufofin gwamnati sai dai kuma wajibin gwamnati ne na samar da wani shiri daidai da Dokar Yanayi na 2015.

Kotun Koli ta soke Shirin, tana ganin yana da matukar wahala ga gwamnati saboda ba ta bi ka’idar dokar sauyin yanayi ta 2015 ba saboda ba ta ba da takamaiman bayanai game da yadda za a cimma burin mika mulki na kasa ba. Kotun ta gano cewa Tsarin ya faɗi "da gajarta sosai" na matakin daki-daki da ake buƙata a ƙarƙashin Dokar Yanayi na 2015. Clarke CJ ya kira sassan Tsarin "mara ma'ana ko buri". Ya bayyana cewa shirin ya kamata ya samu isassun bayanai don baiwa wani mai sha'awar jama'a fahimta da kimanta yadda gwamnati ke da niyyar cimma burinta na sauyin yanayi. Kotun ta ba da umarnin cewa gwamnati ta yi wani sabon shiri wanda zai yi aiki da dokar yanayi ta shekarar 2015 wanda kuma ya shafi cikakken lokacin da ya rage zuwa 2050. Kotun ta kuma yanke hukuncin cewa ba za a iya yin makamancin shirin ba a nan gaba.

Duk da yake FIE sun yi nasara a cikin hujjarsu game da haramtaccen Tsarin, amma ba su yi nasara ba a cikin hujjojin haƙƙinsu. Kotun ta gano cewa FIE, a matsayinta na kamfani, ba ta da 'yancin rayuwa ko mutuncin jiki don haka ba ta da tsayuwa dangane da haƙƙoƙin dama da take da shi da take neman gabatarwa a ƙarƙashin ECHR da Tsarin Mulki. Koyaya, Clarke CJ ya yarda da cewa haƙƙin kundin tsarin mulki na iya tsunduma cikin shari'ar muhalli da ta dace a nan gaba, kodayake ya bayyana ra'ayin cewa ba za a iya samun haƙƙin kyakkyawan yanayi daga Tsarin Mulki ba.

## Amsawa
An yaba da shawarar a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na Irish a matsayin "sauyin yanayin gudanar da yanayi a cikin Ireland" kuma "lokacin ruwa". Hakan kuma ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai na duniya.

Ministan Ailan na Aiwatar da Yanayi, Hanyoyin Sadarwa da Sufuri, Eamon Ryan, ya ce ya "yi maraba" da hukuncin da Kotun Koli ta yanke kuma yana taya Abokan Muhalli murnar daukar karar. Ya ce dole ne a yi amfani da hukuncin don "daukaka buri" da kuma "karfafa aiki".

## Tasiri
Shari'ar Yanayi ta Ireland ita ce shari'ar farko da kotunan Ireland suka gabatar wa gwamnati da lissafi game da rashin tasirinsu game da canjin yanayi. Shari'ar na daga cikin manyan kararraki guda uku makamantan haka, na "dabarun" yanayin kasa da kasa inda kotun kasa mafi girma ta gano cewa manufofin gwamnati na rage yanayi ba sa bin doka. Wannan shi ne karo na uku game da yanayin a duniya da ya kai babbar kotun ƙasa. Hukuncin ya zo ne bayan irin wannan hukuncin da Kotun Koli ta Dutch ta tabbatar a shari'ar Urgenda a cikin 2019. Tessa Khan, wani lauya ne mai kula da muhalli da ya yi aiki a kan wannan shari'ar, ya yi tsokaci cewa shawarar da Irish ta yanke ya saukaka wasu damuwar cewa shawarar Dutch za ta kasance ta kai tsaye. Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Musamman kan 'yancin dan adam da kuma muhalli, David R. Boyd, ya kira karar "yanke shawara mai muhimmanci" wanda "ya kafa misali ga kotuna a duk duniya su bi".

## Manazarta