Philip Abelson

**Philip Hauge Abelson** (Afrilu 27, 1913 - Agusta 1, 2004) masanin kimiyyar lissafi ne na Amurka, editan kimiyya kuma marubucin kimiyya . An horar da shi a matsayin masanin kimiyyar nukiliya, ya gano sinadarin neptunium tare, ya yi aiki kan rabuwar isotope a cikin Aikin Manhattan, kuma ya rubuta bincike na farko game da tura nukiliyar ruwa ga jiragen ruwa na ƙarƙashin ruwa. Daga baya ya yi aiki a kan batutuwa daban-daban na kimiyya da manufofin jama'a masu alaƙa, gami da ilimin kimiyyar ƙasa, ilimin halittu da manufofin makamashi .

Abelson ya yi aiki a matsayin babban editan mujallar *Science* daga 1962-84, shugaban Carnegie Institution of Washington daga 1971-78, kuma shugaban American Geophysical Union daga 1972-74. Ya yi rubuce-rubucensa akai-akai a *Kimiyya*, a lokacin da kuma bayan wa'adinsa na edita, sun shahara da ra'ayoyinsu masu tsauri da kuma masu tayar da hankali. An buga tarin rubuce-rubucensa 100 a matsayin littafi, mai suna *Enough of Pessimism* . Wataƙila shi ne asalin tushen kalmar ' da'awar ban mamaki tana buƙatar shaida mai ban mamaki '.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Abelson a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 1913, a Tacoma, Washington, ga iyayensa 'yan gudun hijira 'yan ƙasar Norway .   Jami'ar Jihar Washington, inda ya sami digiri a fannin sinadarai da kimiyyar lissafi, da kuma Jami'ar California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley), inda ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin kimiyyar nukiliya . A matsayinsa na matashin masanin kimiyyar lissafi, ya yi aiki da Ernest Lawrence a UC Berkeley. Yana cikin masana kimiyyar Amurka na farko da suka tabbatar da fashewar nukiliya a cikin wani labarin da aka gabatar wa *Physical Review* a watan Fabrairun 1939.  Daga 1939 zuwa 1941, ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin masanin kimiyyar lissafi a Carnegie Institution da ke Washington, DC. A lokacin da yake nan ne ya yi aiki a kan wani abu da ke fitar da hasken beta kuma an samar da shi ta hanyar hasken uranium da neutrons . Bayan ya yi aiki tare da Luis Alvarez wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel, sun ware kayan, kuma suka zama abokin binciken neptunium a ranar 8 ga Yuni, 1940 tare da Edwin McMillan .  An ba McMillan kyautar Nobel saboda wannan binciken da sauran abubuwa.

Abelson ya kasance babban mai bayar da gudummawa ga Aikin Manhattan a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, yayin da yake aiki tare da Dakin Bincike na Sojojin Ruwa .  Duk da cewa ba a haɗa shi da aikin bam ɗin atom a hukumance ba, dabarar raba isotope mai zafi da ya ƙirƙira a Filifin Jirgin Ruwa na Philadelphia an yi amfani da ita a masana'antar S-50 da ke Oak Ridge, Tennessee, kuma ta tabbatar da muhimmin mataki wajen ƙirƙirar yawan man fetur na nukiliya da ake buƙata don gina bam ɗin atom.

Bayan yaƙin, ya mayar da hankalinsa ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ross Gunn don amfani da ƙarfin nukiliya ga tura jiragen ruwa . Duk da cewa ba a rubuta shi a matakin ƙira na injiniya ba, ya rubuta rahoton kimiyyar lissafi na farko wanda ya yi cikakken bayani game da yadda za a iya shigar da na'urar sarrafa nukiliya a cikin jirgin ruwa mai ƙarƙashin ruwa, yana samar da wutar lantarki da wutar lantarki .  Rahotonsa ya yi hasashen rawar da jirgin ruwan nukiliya zai taka a matsayin dandamalin makami mai linzami . Daga baya Admiral Hyman G. Rickover da sauransu suka goyi bayan wannan ra'ayi. A ƙarƙashin Rickover, ra'ayin ya zama gaskiya a cikin nau'in USS Nautilus, jirgin ruwa na farko da aka harba makaman nukiliya a duniya. 

A shekarar 1946, ya koma aiki a Carnegie Institution, wadda ta buga rahotonsa mai suna "Atomic Energy Submarine," a watan Maris na wannan shekarar.  Daga 1953 zuwa 1971 ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan Cibiyar Carnegie ta Washington 's Geophysical Laboratory, kuma a matsayin shugaban ƙasa daga 1971 zuwa 1978, kuma a matsayin amintacce daga 1978 zuwa gaba.  Daga 1962 zuwa 1984 ya kasance editan *Kimiyya*, ɗaya daga cikin mujallun ilimi mafi daraja, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mukaddashin jami'in zartarwa a 1974, 1975 da 1984. Daga 1972 zuwa 1974 ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban American Geophysical Union .

Abelson ya kasance mai magana da yawun jama'a kuma sananne ne saboda ra'ayoyinsa kan kimiyya. A cikin wani sharhi da aka buga a mujallar *Science* a shekarar 1964, Abelson ya bayyana cewa ƙwarewa fiye da kima a kimiyya a matsayin wani nau'i na son zuciya . Ya bayyana ra'ayinsa cewa matsin lamba ga ƙwarewa tun daga karatun digiri na farko da kuma ƙaruwa a shirye-shiryen PhD yana sa ɗalibai su yi imani da cewa fannin ƙwarewarsu shine mafi mahimmanci, har ma da ra'ayin cewa wasu ayyukan ilimi ba su da amfani. Ya yi tunanin cewa irin wannan ƙwarewa fiye da kima yana haifar da tsufa ga aikin mutum, sau da yawa ta hanyar mai da hankali kan ƙananan fannoni na wani fanni, kuma guje wa irin wannan son zuciya yana da mahimmanci wajen jagorantar alkiblar aikin mutum. 

A cikin wani kasidar da ya rubuta a shekarar 1965, ya bayyana aikinsa a fannin ilmin halittar halittu kuma ya bayar da rahoton shaidar amino acid da aka samo daga burbushin halittu na daruruwan miliyoyin shekaru da kuma fatty acids a cikin duwatsu da suka kai sama da shekaru biliyan daya.  Ya kiyasta cewa bisa ga gwaje-gwajensa, alanine zai kasance mai karko na tsawon shekaru biliyoyin. 

Wataƙila Abelson ne asalin tushen kalmar ' da'awa ta musamman tana buƙatar shaida mai ban mamaki ', wadda ya yi amfani da ita a shekarar 1978 kuma daga baya Carl Sagan ya shahara da ita.   

Wataƙila mafi shaharar aikinsa daga wannan lokacin shine wani edita mai suna "Enough of Pessimism" ("Enough of pessimism, kawai yana haifar da gurguwar tunani da ruɓewa"). Wannan ya zama taken tarin muƙaloli 100. 

A shekarun 1970, ya fara sha'awar matsalar samar da makamashi a duniya. Littattafai kan wannan batu sun haɗa da *Makamashi don Tomorrow* (1975), daga jerin laccoci a Jami'ar Washington, da *Makamashi na II: Amfani da Kariya da Kayayyaki* . Ya nuna yiwuwar haƙar yashi a Athabascan, da kuma man shale a cikin Colorado Rockies . Bugu da ƙari, ya yi kira da a kiyaye muhalli da kuma canza ra'ayi game da sufuri na jama'a. 

Bayan 1984, ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da mujallar. Wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne farkon wanda ya yi shakkar shari'ar ɗumamar yanayi bisa ga wani babban edita a cikin mujallar da aka rubuta a ranar 31 ga Maris, 1990, inda ya rubuta, "[Idan] an yi nazarin yanayin ɗumamar yanayi ta amfani da ƙa'idodin binciken kimiyya na yau da kullun, dole ne mutum ya yanke shawarar cewa akwai hayaniya fiye da gaskiya mai ƙarfi." Duk da haka, wannan ya bambanta abin da aka faɗa a cikin rahoton Majalisar Bincike ta Ƙasa ta Amurka, Makamashi da Muhalli wanda sunansa ya bayyana tare da Thomas F. Malone sama da shekaru goma da suka gabata a 1977:

Abelson ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Agusta, 2004, sakamakon matsalolin numfashi bayan wata gajeriyar rashin lafiya. Ya auri Neva Abelson, wata fitacciyar likitar bincike wacce ta gano gwajin Rh factor tare (tare da LK Diamond ). 'Yarsu, Ellen Abelson Cherniavsky, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai bincike kan harkokin jiragen sama na kamfanin MITRE da ke Virginia .

## Lambobin yabo da gado
Abelson ya sami kyaututtuka da dama masu daraja, ciki har da lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta kimiyya a shekarar 1987,  lambar yabo ta musamman ta Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa, lambar yabo ta nasara ta kimiyya ta Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Amurka, lambar yabo ta musamman ta aikin farar hula ta Navy da lambar yabo ta Waldo E. Smith a shekarar 1988. A shekarar 1992 an ba shi lambar yabo ta walwalar jama'a, babbar lambar yabo ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa .  An zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na Ƙungiyar Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekarar 1949  da kuma Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekarar 1958.  An zaɓe shi a Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka a shekarar 1961. 

An sanya wa abelsonite ma'adinai suna ne saboda Abelson, saboda gudunmawarsa ga ilimin kimiyyar halittu .

An sanya wa Philip da Neva Abelson Hall na Jami'ar Jihar Washington suna don girmama shi.

An sanya wa kyautar AAAS Philip Hauge Abelson suna ne bayan Philip Abelson.

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* Tura makaman nukiliya a teku
* Makami mai linzami mai linzami da aka harba a ƙarƙashin ruwa

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