Yawan jama'a, lafiya, da muhalli

**Yawan jama'a, kiwon lafiya, da muhalli** (PHE) wata hanya ce ta ci gaban ɗan adam wanda ke haɗa tsarin iyali da kiwon lafiya tare da ƙoƙarin kiyayewa don neman nasarorin haɗin gwiwa don babban sakamakon kiyayewa da jin daɗin ɗan adam fiye da hanyoyin sassa guda ɗaya. Akwai dangantaka mai zurfi tsakanin yawan jama'a, lafiya da muhalli. Wadancan batutuwa ba wai kawai suna da alaƙa da juna ba har ma da wasu muhimman al'amura waɗanda ke da matukar mahimmanci don kiyaye PHE a cikin kusancin kusanci.

## Me yasa PHE?
Fiye da mutane biliyan 1 suna rayuwa a wurare masu zafi na muhalli, yawancinsu yankuna ne masu nisa na mahimmancin rayayyun halittu a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba daga ayyukan ɗan adam. Aikin kiyayewa yawanci yana cikin waɗannan wurare masu nisa don kare sauran nau'ikan halittu. A cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa, al'ummomin da ke waɗannan yankuna masu nisa galibi suna fama da rashin lafiya saboda ƙarancin samun sabis na kiwon lafiya ko tsarin iyali. Hakanan waɗannan al'ummomin suna fama da rashin abinci mai gina jiki, samar da ruwa ko tsafta. Rashin isasshen kiwon lafiya a cikin waɗannan al'ummomi yawanci saboda gwagwarmayar tattalin arziki. Rayuwar al’ummar karkara ta dogara ne da albarkatun kasa da kuma kananan noma, wanda hakan kan iya tilastawa mutane yin amfani da albarkatun kasa ba tare da dorewa ba saboda matsin lamba kamar saurin karuwar al’umma ko matsalolin lafiya. Wannan na iya yin lahani ga yanayin muhalli da kuma ɗimbin halittu a waɗannan yankunan karkara.

Akasin haka, lafiyar mutane ta dogara ne akan lafiyar muhallinsu. Tsarin halittun da ke kewaye da su yana ba su kayayyaki da ayyuka kamar ruwa, abinci, magunguna, itacen mai, kayan gini, da sauran albarkatu. Lalacewa ko rushewar waɗannan kayayyaki da ayyuka na halitta na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako ga lafiyar ɗan adam.

Ayyukan da ke ɗaukar tsarin PHE suna aiki don ƙirƙirar al'ummomi masu koshin lafiya da muhalli. Waɗannan ayyukan suna nufin kawo ingantattun sabis na kiwon lafiya ga al'ummomin da ke nesa don haɓaka shiga cikin ƙoƙarin kiyayewa. Ayyukan PHE kuma suna haɓaka sabis na tsarin iyali don taimakawa haɓaka haɓakar yawan jama'a wanda zai iya yin matsin lamba kan albarkatun ƙasa. Wannan yana nufin hanyoyin PHE suna ƙoƙarin haɓaka damar samun sabis na kiwon lafiya lokaci guda tare da taimakawa al'ummomin sarrafa albarkatun su ta hanyoyin da za su inganta lafiyarsu da rayuwarsu kamar yadda suke kare muhalli. Bayan wannan, tsarin PHE kuma yana nufin haɗin kai tsakanin lafiyar ɗan adam da lafiyar muhalli ta hanyar haɗa nau'ikan ci gaba da maƙasudin kiyayewa kamar dorewa da sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa, haɓaka rayuwa, amincin abinci da abinci mai gina jiki, da kiyayewa ko maido da wuraren zama da ayyukan muhalli. Ta hanyar mai da hankali kan haɗin kai tsakanin al'ummomi da muhallinsu, tsarin PHE yana kiyaye rayayyun halittu yayin da a lokaci guda inganta yanayin lafiyar muhalli ga mutanen gida. PHE yana da tasiri wajen samun sakamako mai faɗi da yawa akan sassa da yawa.

## Tarihin PHE
A ƙarshen 1980 ƙungiyoyin kiyayewa da masu aiki sun fara fahimtar fa'idar inganta rayuwar mutane ta hanyar sarrafa nau'ikan halittu da albarkatun ƙasa. An fara kiran waɗannan ayyukan da aka fara kiran ayyukan kiyayewa da ci gaba (ICDP) kuma sun magance buƙatun ci gaban al'umma iri-iri. A ƙarshen 1990s an gane cewa ICDPs ba sa cimma burin kiyayewa ko ci gaba cikin nasara kamar yadda ake tsammani. Wannan ya faru ne saboda iyakokin ICDPs galibi suna da faɗi da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin darussan da aka koya daga yunƙurin ICDP shine cewa nasarar ayyukan ya dogara ne akan ikon mayar da hankali kan mahimman ayyukan da kuma guje wa rikitarwa mai yawa. Daga darussan da aka koya daga farkon ICDPs sashin kiyayewa ya haifar da tsarin PHE tare da sabbin tsararrun ayyukan haɗin gwiwa.

Masu tsara shirye-shiryen sun fara fahimtar cewa ƙoƙarin kiyaye bambancin halittu (rauni) a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa ya fi samun nasara a cikin dogon lokaci lokacin da mutanen gida suka fahimci ƙoƙarin su a matsayin hidimar tattalin arziki da al'adu. Wannan ya haifar da haɗin kai na ci gaba tsarin. Don cimma nasara an gano cewa ICDPs dole ne su yi la'akari da alaƙa tsakanin manufofin kiyayewa da ci gaba a kowane wuri na musamman da aka aiwatar da aikin. Mataki na farko don tantance alaƙar shine la'akari da inda manufofin kiyayewa da ci gaban tattalin arziki suka haɗu. Sannan ya kamata a gabatar da ayyukan ci gaba a inda wannan mahadar ta faru.

## Manazarta