Yanayin muhalli

Tsarin muhalli, ko yanayin yanayi, shine canji a cikin abubuwan biotic_component" ="Abiotic component">abiotic (marasa rai) ta hanyar sarari (ko lokaci). Matsalolin muhalli na iya danganta da dalilai kamar tsawo, zurfin, zafin jiki, danshi na ƙasa da hazo. Sau da yawa, abubuwa masu yawa na rayuwa (rayayyu) suna da alaƙa da waɗannan gradients; sakamakon canji a cikin **[[Yanayin muhalli]],** abubuwa kamar yawan jinsuna, yawan jama'a, morphology, yawan aiki na farko, farauta, da daidaitawa na gida na iya tasiri.

## Tasirin kwayar cuta
An yi nazarin rarraba nau'in nau'in nau'in gradients na muhalli sosai saboda manyan bayanan bayanan kasancewar jinsuna (misali GBIF).  Abubuwan da ke tattare da kwayoyin halitta gradients na iya samun tasiri kai tsaye kan rayuwar kwayoyin halitta.  Gabaɗaya, rarrabawar kwayoyin halitta yana da alaƙa da waɗannan abubuwan ƙwayoyin cuta, amma har ma da yanayin muhalli na nau'in kwayoyin halitta guda ɗaya yana ba da haske game da yadda rarraba nau'ikan zai iya kama.  Misali, bangarori na shimfidar wuri kamar abun da ke cikin kasa, zafin jiki, da hazo duk abubuwan da ke haifar da ingantacciyar ra'ayi na yankin da ake zaune da nau'in tsiro zai iya mamayewa;  bayani kan ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan na iya taimakawa wajen samar da yanayin yanayin muhalli wanda za'a iya samar da rarrabuwar nau'ikan kusanci.  Hakazalika, tare da rafi-ƙasa na kogin, ƙungiyoyin kifin (ƙungiyoyi) na iya bambanta a cikin nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i da nau'i daban-daban;  An lura da wuraren zama na sama, waɗanda suka kasance a cikin tudu mafi girma, don haɓaka nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan halaye.  Tare da manyan yankuna mafi tsananin jin tasirin sauyin yanayi kuma ana danganta waɗannan tasirin da haɓaka nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan a cikin yankuna da abin ya shafa, wannan muhimmin abin la'akari ne wajen ba da fifikon wuraren zama don ƙoƙarin kiyayewa A ecotone, nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan suna canzawa cikin sauri idan aka kwatanta da gradient na muhalli..

## Hadin gwiwar kwayoyin halitta
Kodayake yanayin muhalli ya ƙunshi sauyawa a hankali da kuma abubuwan da za a iya hangowa na wani abu na abiotic, akwai karfi tsakanin abubuwan da suka shafi biotic-biotic da kuma abubuwan biotic-abiotic. Misali, yawan jinsuna yawanci yana canzawa tare da yanayin muhalli a hanyar da za a iya hangowa. Koyaya, yawan nau'in tare da gradient na muhalli ba wai kawai an ƙayyade shi ta hanyar abiotic factor da ke da alaƙa da gradient ba amma, ta hanyar canji a cikin hulɗar halittu, kamar gasa da farauta, tare da gradiant na muhallu.

## Daidaitawa na cikin gida tare da yanayin muhalli
Dangane da girman wuri mai faɗi da kuma kwayar halitta tsakanin al'ummomi, daidaitawa na gida na iya tasowa tsakanin al'ummar da ke zaune a wurare biyu na wuri mai faɗi. Tsakanin adawa a cikin yanayin abiotic da ke fuskantar tsakanin jama'a da rashin daidaitattun kwayoyin halitta na iya gabatar da yanayin da jama'a biyu ke iya rarrabewa. Sau da yawa lokacin da ake kwatanta dacewa ko dabi'u na phenotypic a fadin yanayin muhalli, ana daidaita bayanai a cikin tsarin amsawa. Ta wannan hanyar, mutum na iya kimanta sauye-sauye kai tsaye a fadin wani wuri mai faɗi na wani nau'in jinsin ko kwatanta lafiya jiki da nau'ikan jama'a a cikin jinsin a fadin yanayin muhalli (musamman lokacin da ake gudanar da nazarin sakewa).

## Tasirin canjin yanayi
Current models predict that as climate change intensifies, certain environmental gradients may experience the effects as changing rates of natural processes or impacts on distribution and characteristics of species within them. Given the interconnectedness of abiotic factors, long-term disturbances of one gradient have the possibility of affecting other gradients.

### Halayen ƙasa
Rashin numfashi a ƙasa, tsarin ƙasa da ke fitar da carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi, yana aiki a matsayin misali na wannan. A yankunan da danshi na ƙasa ba ya iyakancewa (tare da danshi kasancewa babban ɓangare na tsarin numfashi), numfashi na ƙasa yana ƙaruwa tare da hauhawar yanayin zafi; don haka, alamu na numfashi suna samar da gradient, kuma ana lura da hayaki mafi girma a cikin yanayin halittu mai zafi. Hakazalika, yawan hazo yana da kyakkyawar alaƙa da numfashi (kamar yadda danshi ba ya zama abin iyakancewa). Don haka, ba wai kawai shi ne gradient nasa ba (ma'aunin hazo a fadin kewayon), har ma yana haɗawa da gradient na numfashi kuma yana tasiri.

### Tsawon tsawo
Girman tsawo shine mahimmin la'akari wajen fahimtar tsarin ƙaura saboda tasirin dumamar duniya. Yayin da yanayin zafi ke ƙaruwa, itatuwan da suka dace da yanayin zafi za su yi ƙaura zuwa tudu don samun damar hasken rana, kuma ta haka ne yawan itatuwa masu sanyi ko sanyi da wuraren da suka dace su za su ragu.

## Yanayin muhalli a cikin al'umma

Gudun muhalli ba'a iyakance su ga bambance-bambance na halitta a cikin abubuwan muhalli a fadin kewayon; an kuma halicce su ta hanyar aikin ɗan adam da masana'antu. Rashin gurɓataccen iska yana nan a matsayin yanayin muhalli a yankunan da ke dauke da tsire-tsire masu amfani da wutar lantarki, masana'antu, da sauran wuraren da ke fitar da gurɓata, kamar guba na muhalli, kamar ƙarfe mai nauyi, radiation, da magungunan kashe kwari; gabaɗaya magana, maida hankali yana raguwa yayin da nisa daga asalin wurin ya karu. Bambance-bambance a cikin bayyanar waɗannan abubuwa a duk faɗin jama'a saboda kusanci da asalin shafin ya zama babban damuwa ga masu gwagwarmayar muhalli da kiwon lafiya na jama'a, waɗanda suka ambaci bambancin kiwon lafiya da ke da alaƙa da waɗannan gradients a matsayin damuwa game da Adalci na muhalli.