Ka'idojin kiwon lafiya na muhalli

Ka'idodin kiwon  lafiyar na muhalli wani fanni ne na nazari wanda ya haɗu da manufofin kiwon lafiyar muhalli da kuma la'akari da ɗabi'a zuwa ga manufa mai yarda da juna.  Idan aka yi la'akari da ɗimbin batutuwan muhalli da ke fuskantar al'umma a yau za a iya amfani da ingantaccen ɗabi'a a yunƙurin cimma daidaito tsakanin muradun da ke karo da juna, kamar ɗabi'ar ɗan adam, kula da duniya, dabi'un addini, ci gaban tattalin arziki, da lafiyar jama'a.  Karamin samfurin darussan kimiyya da ke cikin da'a na lafiyar muhalli sun haɗa da: ilmin halitta, toxicology, epidemiology, da fallasa ilimin halittu.

## Hanyoyin ɗabi'a

### Ka'idodin kyawawan halaye

### Ka'idodin Kirista

### Hakkin halitta

### Kantianism

### Amfani da John Stuart Mill

### Richard Brandt's Utilitarianism

## Batutuwan kiwon lafiya na muhalli
Lafiyar muhalli tana kunshe da batutuwa da yawa waɗanda ke da batutuwan ɗabi'a da yawa. Yawancin waɗannan batutuwan za a iya gano su zuwa wajibin ɗabi'a game da siffofin rayuwa da sauran sassan ƙungiyar halittu, kamar yanayin halittu, da kuma yanayin wannan wajibin. Dole ne a auna matsayin bil'adama a cikin kowane tsarin halittu da aka ba shi da muhimmancin yanki, da lafiyar duniya ta muhalli gaba ɗaya. Hakkin ɗan adam da dabba, amfani da dukiya, da sauran 'yanci za a iya haɗa su tare da wasu dalilai kamar samar da matsala ta ɗabi'a ta zamantakewa, daidaito, dorewa, da kuma duniya don samar da matsala na ɗabi'u. Don mayar da martani ga matsaloli tare da amfani da ka'idojin ɗabi'a don warware matsalolin ɗabi'u ana iya amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban. Hanyar shari'a-da- shari'a na iya zama mai jinkiri yayin la'akari da yawan batutuwan a halin yanzu, don haka madadin na iya zama mafi dacewa da aikin. Yin la'akari da kyawawan halaye da aka yarda da su na iya jagorantar hali da magance rikice-rikice tsakanin dabi'u, dokoki, da wajibai. Yawancin, idan ba duka ba, na waɗannan ka'idojin da aka gudanar gabaɗaya za a iya samun su a cikin hanyoyin ɗabi'a da aka jera a sama, misali wanda zai iya zama 'girmama haƙƙin ɗan adam'. Ana iya kallon wannan hanyar da ta dogara da ka'idoji don yanke shawara na ɗabi'a a ƙasa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

# Ka ce tambaya ko matsala.
# Tattara bayanan da suka dace.
# Bincika ra'ayoyi daban-daban.
# Yi amfani da ka'idojin ɗabi'a ga zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban.
# Warware duk wani rikici tsakanin ka'idojin ɗabi'a.
# Ɗauki aiki.

Bayan daidaitawa akan hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita don nazarin yanayi daban-daban na ɗabi'a za mu iya juyawa zuwa bincike mai zurfi game da wasu batutuwan da suka fi dacewa waɗanda ke fuskantar bil'adama a yau.

== Kula da annoba ==
Ana amfani da magungunan kashe qwari a ko'ina cikin duniya a yunƙurin sarrafawa, kori, ko kashe nau'in kwari.  Ko da yake ana iya gano nau'ikan kwari da yawa a duk faɗin duniya, wasu na iya cutar da lafiyar ɗan adam da jin daɗin rayuwa yayin da suke ba da fa'ida ga yanayin yanki gaba ɗaya.  Ɗaya daga cikin misalan al'amarin shine ikon kudan zuma na harba mutum wanda zai iya samun mummunar rashin lafiyar jiki, ko da yake suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin pollination na muhalli.  Misali na gaba zai kasance nau'in jemagu daban-daban, wadanda ko da yake suna iya yada cutar hauka, kuma suna taimakawa wajen sarrafa yawan sauro.ƙa'ida]<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

Wataƙila babban abin da ya faru a tarihin amfani da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta shine yaduwar amfani da DDT don sarrafa kwari daban-daban, gami da sauro da tsutsa. Ba a rubuta tasirin sa na dogon lokaci ba kuma saboda haka an ɗauka yana da ƙarancin guba. A tsawon lokaci yaduwar amfani da DDT ya fara samun mummunar tasirin muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam. Kwayoyin da ke ci gaba da jerin abinci sun nuna DDT mai yawa a cikin kyallen takarda kuma wannan kasancewar tana da mummunar tasirin kiwon lafiya, alal misali, raunana kwayar tsuntsaye masu cin nama da kashe kifi. Rashin sakamako tsakanin mutane ya haɗa da rushewar tsarin endocrine wanda zai iya haifar da matsalolin haihuwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

Daga cikin magungunan kashe kwari mafi yawa sune wadanda ake kira Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) wadanda ba sa rushewa cikin sauƙi a cikin muhalli, ko kuma idan sun yi sun zama wani abu mai cutarwa. Saboda POPs suna wakiltar irin wannan barazana ga kwayoyin a cikin mahalli, musamman wadanda suka fi girma a kan jerin abinci, takamaiman dokokin kasa da kasa da ake kira Yarjejeniyar Stockholm sun haramta amfani da yawa daga cikinsu. Wasu daga cikin wadannan gurɓataccen abu sune DDT, Aldin, chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, da toxaphene.

Tare da waɗannan la'akari a wurin ya faɗi ga masu tsara doka don tsara amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma ɗabi'a na iya samar da farawa don la'akari da mafi kyawun zaɓi. Amfani da magungunan kashe kwari zai inganta rayuwa a cikin gajeren lokaci amma zai zama mai cutarwa a cikin dogon lokaci, kuma haramta amfani da su gaba ɗaya zai zama da lahani ga muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam gaba ɗaya. Ɗaya daga cikin dabarun da za a ƙarfafa shi ana kiransa Integrated Pest Management (IPM), wanda ake amfani da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta don iyakance asarar noma amma kuma ana lura da karuwar juriya da guba ta muhalli. Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka (CDC) ta kuma auna don ilimantar da likitoci da jama'a game da batutuwan da suka dace da hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa don sarrafa amfani da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta.

== Injiniyanci, abinci, da abinci mai gina jiki ==
Injiniyanci na kwayoyin halitta ya shafi aikace-aikacen canjin kimiyya na DNA na shuka da dabba don yaki da kwari, cututtuka, fari, da sauran abubuwan da zasu iya cutar da kwayoyin. Rashin amincewa da kwayoyin halitta (GMOs) sun hada da ra'ayoyin tauhidi (yin wasa da Allah) da tattalin arziki (GMOs na iya zama masu tsada). Injiniyanci na kwayoyin halitta na tsire-tsire da dabbobi dole ne su wuce ta hanyar dokokin FDA, wanda zai iya haɗawa da lakabin jama'a na samfurin ko kuma sanya shi a matsayin wanda aka canza shi. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

Abinci da abinci mai gina jiki suma sun fada ƙarƙashin rukunin abubuwan da FDA ta tsara, duk da haka, ka'idodin wannan ƙa'idar ba koyaushe suke bayyane ba. Sakamakon kiwon lafiya na abinci mara lafiya, cin abinci mai yawa, an rubuta su sosai duk da haka a duk al'ummomi babu wata doka game da cin abinci mai tsanani. Kyakkyawan halaye na amfani da Adalci na zamantakewa ya sabawa 'yancin zaɓe na bil'adama a cikin ƙayyade samun damar samun abinci mai lafiya, mai aminci.

## Rashin gurɓataccen yanayi
Iska, ruwa, da gurɓataccen sharar gida sune batutuwan lafiyar muhalli waɗanda zasu iya shafar mutane, tsire-tsire, da dabbobi. Daga ra'ayi na ɗabi'a ana iya nazarin abubuwa da yawa game da gurbatawa, kamar tambayoyin zubar, adanawa, sake amfani, da alhakin. Wasu misalai na gurɓataccen iska sun haɗa da kwayoyin halitta, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon oxides, chlorofluorocarbons, da ƙarfe mai nauyi (misali mercury). Wataƙila babbar muhawara game da gurɓataccen iska ita ce yadda za a daidaita ci gaban tattalin arziki da bukatun lafiyar jama'a, aminci, da tsabta. Tare da bangarorin biyu da ke ba da fa'idodi da rashin daidaituwa na iya zama da wahala a kafa sulhu mai karɓa. Dokar da aka kafa don hana yaduwar amfani da chlorofluorocarbons, wanda ke haifar da mummunar Lalacewar muhalli, ana iya ganin shi a matsayin misali daya na ci gaban tattalin arziki da ke daukar fifiko ga lafiyar jama'a.

Rashin gurɓataccen ruwa wani nau'in gurɓata mai yaduwa ne wanda ke da tasirin ɗabi'a wajen rage tushen da daidaita abubuwan da suka fi dacewa. Nau'ikan gurɓataccen ruwa guda biyu sune mahadi na ɗan adam (yawanci ana kiransu gurɓata, kamar samfuran disinfection, karafa, sharar gida da na gona, da man fetur da hydrocarbons na kwal) da gurɓatawar halitta (kamar microorganisms ko sunadarai kamar arsenic da nitrogen, waɗanda ke cikin ƙasa). kuskuren da aka saba da shi shine cewa sunadarai da ke shiga cikin ƙasa za a narke su cikin lokaci kuma a sanya su ba su da lahani. Wannan ka'idar ba ta la'akari da gurɓataccen kwayoyin halitta ba, wanda ba ya rushewa cikin sauƙi, kuma wani lokacin ya rushe zuwa mafi haɗari. Yawancin kasashe masu masana'antu suna da dokoki don kare jama'a daga ruwan sha mara kyau. Dokar Ruwa Mai Tsaro ta 1974 ta kafa matsakaicin matakan gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin ruwan sha na jama'a, duk da haka ikonta na tsara hanyoyin ruwa masu zaman kansu ko rijiyoyi yana da iyaka sosai. Wani ƙarin batun game da gurɓataccen ruwa shine ƙarancin ruwa mai tsabta a duniya, batun da ke gabatar da kansa a yankunan da ke fama da fari. Aikin noma yana amfani da ruwa mai yawa, don haka karancin wuraren da ke fama da fari na iya shafar amfanin gona. Babban batutuwan da suka shafi ɗabi'a tare da gurɓata ruwa shine ko ya kamata a ƙuntata ci gaba don kiyaye lafiyar jama'a. Wani ƙarin batun shine tsarin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, waɗanda ayyukansu na iya sanya yawan jama'a cikin haɗari ga gurɓataccen ruwa.

Ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙazanta ya haɗa da gurɓatattun abubuwa kamar sharar aikin gona, sharar gini, sharar lantarki, datti mai haɗari, likitanci, da sharar ma'adinai.  Dabarun biyun da aka fi amfani da su don sarrafa sharar gida sune rigakafi da magani / zubar da su.  Yin rigakafin sharar gida shine abin da ya fi dacewa, na tattalin arziki da muhalli, saboda baya buƙatar cirewa da ajiya mai tsada.  Yawancin batutuwan ɗabi'a iri ɗaya waɗanda ke da alaƙa a sama suna bayyana kansu tare da kulawa da adana shara, da kuma ƙarin batun adalci na zamantakewa na daidai inda ya kamata a ajiye wurin ajiyar shara.

## Tsarin sinadarai
Ka'idojin sinadarai, gami da barbashi na carbon da nanotubes da nanotechnology, sabbin fasahohi ne waɗanda ba a yi nazarin tasirin dogon lokaci ba cikin gamsarwa.  Wannan rashin bincike yana ba da hujjar cewa yin taka tsantsan na waɗannan samfuran yana da garantin, musamman idan tasirin ɗan gajeren lokaci ya haɗa da alamun cutarwa.  A cikin adawa da wannan taka tsantsan shine masana'antar nanotechnology wanda ke haɓaka cikin sauri kuma yana iya rage yawancin matsalolin da ke fuskantar al'umma a yau, kamar zaɓin maganin cutar kansa da matsalar makamashi.  Wataƙila mafi girman cikas ga gwaji yana faruwa tare da ɗumbin nau'ikan nanoparticles, waɗanda kawai abin da ke haɗawa da su shine ƙarancin girman su.

## Bayanan da aka ambata

*  
* Cranor C. 2011. Shari'a mai guba: Yadda Dokar ta sanya mu cikin haɗari daga masu guba. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
* Elliott KC. 2011. Shin Ƙananan Ƙazantawa ne Mai Kyau a gare Ka? Haɗakar da dabi'un zamantakewa a cikin Binciken Muhalli. New York: Oxford University Press.
* Gardiner S, Caney S, Jamieson D, da Shue H (ed.). 2010. *Ka'idojin Yanayi: Karanta Masu Muhimmanci*. New York: Oxford University Press.
* Shrader-Frechette KS. 2002. Adalci na Muhalli: Samar da Adalci, Maido da Dimokuradiyya. New York: Oxford University Press.