open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kenneth Abrahams

**Kenneth Godfrey Abrahams** (1936-2017  ) ɗan gwagwarmayar Namibiya ne kuma likita.

An haife shi a Cape Town kuma ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Cape Town. Daga baya Abrahams ya sami MD a Stockholm. Ya fara aiki a siyasar SWAPO a shekarar 1960 tare da matarsa Ottilie Abrahams. An gano shi tare da ƙungiyar masu fafutuka, Yu Chi Chan Club wanda Neville Alexander ya fara, kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin gudu zuwa Botswana. 'Yan sandan Afirka ta Kudu sun kama shi da abokansa a can, amma gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta sake shi saboda rashin hurumi. Bayan zamansa a Tanzania, Abrahams ya kafa jam'iyyar SWAPO Democrat tare da matarsa a ƙasar Sweden. Ya yi wa Namibia National Front yakin neman zabe a lokacin zaɓen shekara ta 1989. A cikin shekarar 1991, Abrahams ya buɗe aikin likita a Khomasdal. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin satar mutane

## Ƙara karantawa

*  

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Kwanan baya ga Kenneth Abrahams 

## Manazarta
Hans Beukes

**Hans Beukes** marubuci ne na Namibiya kuma tsohon mai fafutuka. Beukes ya bar Afirka ta Kudu inda yake ɗalibi a UCT a shekarar 1959 don bayyana a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a matsayin mai koke kan batun Kudu maso Yamma. Don barin Beukes dole ne a yi safarar su daga Afirka ta Kudu a cikin motar Volkswagen Beetle. Beukes daga baya ya sami gurbin karatu don yin karatu a Norway, inda har yanzu ya rayu har zuwa shekara ta 2010. Ya koma Namibiya ɗan lokaci kaɗan kafin samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1989. Beukes shine wakilin Scandinavia na jaridar *Die Burger* ta Cape Town.  Ya wallafa tarihinsa *Dogon Titin 'Yanci (Long Road to Liberation).* *Ra'ayin mai fafutukar Namibiya da ke gudun hijira* a cikin shekarar 2014.

## Manazarta
Tigers na Ambazonia

**Tigers na Ambazonia** (TTA),  kuma aka sani da **Manyu Tigers**  ko **Tigers na Manyu**,  'yan tawayen Ambazonian ne 'yan aware. A cewar shafin yanar gizon ta, Tigers sun amince da ikon gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Ambazonia . Mayakan na daga cikin Majalisar Kare Kai ta Ambazonia .    Tigers galibi suna aiki a Manyu  da Meme . 

## Tarihi
An shirya Tigers a Manyu a cikin kaka na 2017, tare da tsakanin 10 zuwa 30 na farko.  Yana daya daga cikin gungun masu dauke da makamai da aka kafa a farkon yakin basasa,   suna kai hari kan wuraren binciken sojoji.  A cewar *Bareta News* mai rajin ballewa, Tigers sun fito ne a matsayin mayar da martani ga kisan Ekabe Nyongo, wani basaraken gargajiya a Manyu wanda ya bayyana goyon bayansa ga yunkurin ballewa. Bayan haka ne wasu gungun Tigers tsirara da makamai suka afkawa jana'izar Nyongo, suka kama wani sojan Kamaru da ke wurin suka tilasta masa yin Allah wadai da gwamnati, bayan da 'yan tawayen suka ayyana wani dan aware a matsayin sabon shugaban yankin. A ranar 14 ga watan Janairun 2018, jami'an tsaron Kamaru sun kai farmaki a wani yunkurin halaka Tigers, amma aikin ya kara janyo goyon bayan yankin ga 'yan tawayen. 

A cikin watan Satumba na,2018, Tigers sun dauki alhakin fasa gidan yarin Wum . A wannan lokaci, 'yan bindigar wani bangare ne na Majalisar Tsaron Kai ta Ambazonia, kuma ta yi ikirarin cewa tana da mayaka kusan 2,000 a karkashin ikonta, ko da yake ba a iya tabbatar da wannan adadin ba kuma yana iya zama karin gishiri. Tigers sun kuma ba da hadin kai tare da manyan sojojin tsaron Ambazonia da SOCADEF .

Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, *[[Kungiyar Ganin Karshen Rikice-Rikice Ta Duniya|Kungiyar Rikicin Kasa da Kasa]]* ta kiyasta cewa Tigers din sun hada da 'yan bindiga kusan 500.  Zuwa shekarar 2020, *Rahoton leken asirin Kamaru* ya yi ikirarin cewa Tigers sun yi kaurin suna a tsakanin sojojin Kamaru kuma sun mallaki yankunan karkarar da ke kusa da Mamfe . An ba da rahoton cewa ƙungiyar ta kula da sel da yawa a Manyu, kuma sun yi sintiri a yankin don hana yaduwar cutar ta COVID-19 . 

A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2023, mayakan ‘yan aware sun kashe akalla fararen hula 20 a Egbekaw, kusa da Mamfe.   *Kamfanin Dillancin Labaran Kamaru* ya danganta kisan kiyashin da Tigers, inda ya bayyana hakan a matsayin wani harin ramuwar gayya saboda mutanen yankin da suka dauki hayar sojojin hayar Najeriya da suka kashe daya daga cikin mayakan ‘yan awaren. 

## Imani.
Tigers na bin tsagerun Ambazonian masu fafutuka. Bugu da ƙari, an yi musu wahayi zuwa wani mataki na addinan gargajiya na Afirka ; Sunan kungiyar ya dogara ne akan imanin cewa "wasu daga cikin Tigers fatalwar magabata ne wadanda suka tashi daga kabari don kare mutanensu".  Imani da kariyar allahntaka da tasiri, wanda ake kira *odeshi*, ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin ƙungiyoyin tsagerun Ambazonian. 

## Magana
Ephraim Kapolo

**Ephraim Kamati Andjengo Kapolo** (1924-1967) ɗan gwagwarmayar Namibiya ne wanda ya shiga cikin gwagwarmayar samun yancin kai na Namibia.  Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin membobin farko na Ƙungiyar Jama'ar Ovamboland. Kapolo ya kasance memba mai himma kuma wanda ya kafa rundunar 'yantar da 'yancin kai na South West Africa Liberation Army (SWALA), wanda ya kasance na gaba na Sojojin Yantar da Namibiya (PLAN), a farkon yakin neman 'yancin kai na ƙasar Namibia.

## Kamawa
A cikin shekarar 1966, an kama Kapolo tare da wasu manyan 'yan kungiyar SWAPO bayan yakin Omugulugwombashe. An tsare shi ba tare da an gurfanar da shi a gaban kotu ba kuma an tsare shi a gidan yari a keɓe a birnin Pretoria na Afirka ta Kudu fiye da shekara guda. Kapolo ya mutu a hannun 'yan sanda a shekarar 1967 a lokacin "shara'ar ta'addanci":  *Jiha da Tuhadeleni da sauransu*.   

Daga cikin ‘yan kungiyar SWAPO da aka kama akwai; Andimba Toivo ya Toivo, Immanuel Shifidi, Eliaser Tuhadeleni, John Nankudhu, an same su da laifi a ƙarƙashin dokar ta'addanci kuma aka yankewa akasarinsu hukuncin zama na lokaci a tsibirin Robben. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin kisan da ba a warware ba

## Manazarta
Haji Muse Boqor

**Haji Muse Boqor Osman** (1911–1991) ɗan siyasa ne, ɗan kasuwa, kuma shugaban ƙasar Somaliya mai jiran gado bayan kisan shugaba Sharmarke. Ya kasance ɗan Sarki Osman kuma ya zama Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na farko a lokacin da Italiya ta Amince da Somaliya.  Ya kuma kasance ɗan Majalisar Dokokin Somaliya na farko.  An kashe Sarki a shekarar 1991 a Mogadishu.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Haji Muse Sarki a Bargal, wani gari a Bari, Somalia a yau. Ya haddace Alqur'ani tun yana ƙarami. A shekarar 1929, ya koma Mogadishu don ci gaba da karatunsa. 

Sarki ya shiga kungiyar matasan Somaliya, kungiyar dake fafutukar kwato 'yancin kai. A cikin shekaru 10 na shugabancin Italiya ya yi aiki a majalisar ministocin Firimiya Abdullahi Isse. Ya zama ministan harkokin cikin gida na Somaliya na farko kuma ya riƙe wannan muƙamin har zuwa lokacin da ƙasar ta samu 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960.  

## Kisa da juyin mulki
A ranar 15 ga watan Oktoban 1969, Said Yusuf Ismail, mai shekaru 22, ya kashe shugaban Somaliya Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke a birnin Las Anod , wanda ya harbi shugaban har sau bakwai.  Shugaba Sharmarke ya faɗi ƙasa ya mutu a wurin.  Bayan rasuwar shugaban ƙasar, Sarki ya kasance yana neman zama shugaban ƙasa. Amma, bayan kwanaki shida kawai, a ranar 21 ga watan Oktoba, 1969, sojoji suka yi juyin mulki.  Sojojin Somaliya, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Siad Barre, sun karɓe iko da gwamnati ba tare da turjiya ba, wanda ke zama farkon mulkin Barre a Somaliya. 

## Tsarewa da mutuwa
Bayan juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi, an kame da yawa daga cikin ‘yan siyasa, malamai, da malaman addini ciki har da Sarki, da ake ganin za su iya zama abokan hamayya da kuma barazana ga sabuwar mulkin.   Bayan da aka sake shi, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mambobi 114 na kungiyar "Manifesto Group", wacce ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da nufin kawo ƙarshen faɗa tsakanin gwamnatin Siad Barre da 'yan tawayen United Somali Congress (USC) a Mogadishu.

A ranar 5 ga watan Janairu, 1991, an kashe Sarki ta hanyar harbin turmi a gundumar Kaaraan. 

## Manazarta
Hobbling

Horbling ƙauye ne da Ikklesiya ta gari a gundumar Kesteven ta Kudu na Lincolnshire, Ingila. Ya ta'allaka ne akan B1177, mil 7 (kilomita 11) kudu maso gabas na Sleaford, mil 15 (kilomita 24) arewa maso gabas na Grantham da mil 1 (kilomita 1.6) arewa da Billingborough.

Yawan mutanen ƙauyen da aka yi rikodin a ƙidayar 2001 sun kai 397 a cikin gidaje 162.

## Tarihi
Horbling shine wurin zama na ƙaƙƙarfan mazaunin Romano-British, wanda ke kewaye da Fen Drove na yanzu da Fen Farm, akan Horbling Fen zuwa gabas, inda aka sami shaidar aikin ƙasa na shingen shinge, da magudanar ruwa. An kuma gano adadi mai yawa na kayayyakin Samian na Roman da fale-falen rufin. Cox ya lura cewa a gefen dama na titin daga Billingborough zuwa Horbling wani tumulus ne, mai yiwuwa asalin asalin tarihi ne.

A cikin Littafin Domesday na 1086 an rubuta ƙauyen a matsayin "Horbelinge". Ya ƙunshi mazauna ƙauye 9, ƴan yanci 8 da ƙarami ɗaya, ƙasa don ƙungiyoyin garma 4, gonakin kadada 20 (0.081 km2) da coci. Kafin cin nasarar Norman Thorkill dan Dane shine ubangijin manor, a cikin 1086 ubangijin sarauta ya koma Walter D'Aincourt.

Ƙungiya ta Horbling, Ƙarshen Gadar, (a da ita kuma Holland Brigg) mil 1.5 (kilomita 2.4) zuwa gabas, shine wurin da ƙaramin Gilbertine priory na St Saviour, wanda Godwin the Rich of Lincoln ya kafa a 1199.  An caje canons a Bridgend Priory tare da kiyaye hanyar Holland Bridge (de ponte Aslaci), hanyar Roman wacce ke gudana daga Midlands zuwa Wash. Cox ya kuma lura: "Yana da baiwar siriri kuma mai yiwuwa fiye da canons 2 ko 3 ba ta taba shagaltar ta ba". Robert Jokem na Horbling na Horbling ya ba da wani yanki na ƙasa da saƙo a kan hanyar hanyar da ke kusa da fifiko ga St Saviour's, don tallafawa aikin canons.

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar da ba ta Turai ba

**Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Haɗin Kan Turai ba** ( **NEUM** ) ƙungiya ce ta Trotskyist da aka kafa a Afirka ta Kudu a 1943.  Tana da alaƙa da Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Afirka ta Kudu (WPSA), ƙungiyar Trotskyist ta farko a duk faɗin ƙasar, kuma an fara ɗaukar ta a matsayin babban fage na zanga-zangar. Ya ba da shawarar shirin 10 Point Program na gyare-gyare masu tsattsauran ra'ayi.  Ya jaddada rashin wariyar launin fata, ma'ana cewa ya ƙi tsarin tsarin launin fata (da kuma ra'ayin kabilanci kanta), ba kamar manyan ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa na lokacin ba, yana da matukar suka ga Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Afirka ta Kudu da kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka, kuma ya yi ka'idar rashin haɗin gwiwa tare da tsarin mulkin wariyar launin fata da abokansa 

Yunkurin ya sami babban tasiri a lardin Cape, gami da Pondoland, kuma yana da wani matsayi a cikin tawayen manoma na Pondoland na 1950-1961, amma ya rabu a 1957. Bangaren da ke kewaye da Isaac Bangani Tabata ya kafa sabuwar kungiyar African Peoples' Democratic Union of Southern Africa (APDUSA) a shekarar 1961, da Unity Movement of Africa ta Kudu (UMSA) a gudun hijira a 1964, kuma suka tsunduma cikin gwagwarmayar makami. [1] Tasirin al'adar ya fi girma fiye da membobinta: alal misali, sanannen Marxist Neville Alexander, wanda ya taimaka wajen kafa Yu Chi Chan Club (YCCC) a 1961, da National Liberation Front (NLF) a 1962, ya fito ne daga asalin NEUM / APUDSA. Har zuwa 1970s, al'adar Unity Movement tabbas ita ce mafi girma a halin yanzu Trotskyist a kudancin Afirka.

Duk sassanta sun sha wahala sosai daga 1960s na wariyar launin fata, wasu sun ƙare a tsibirin Robben . Duk da haka, na yanzu ya tsira, duka a tsarin APDUSA, da kuma kaddamar da sabuwar Unity Movement daban a 1985. Duk fuka-fukan biyu suna ci gaba da aiki. APDUSA ta ci gaba da aiki a yau  kuma tana buga *Jaridar APUDUSAN*,  a cikin matakan *Ra'ayoyin APDUSA* daga 1980s, da *Unity* daga 1960s. 

## Nassoshi
Jerin kungiyoyin mayakan Ambazonia

Mai zuwa akwai jerin kungiyoyin 'yan bindiga masu fafutukar neman 'yancin kai na Ambazonia, wadanda aka fi sani da "Amba Boys", a cikin Rikicin Anglophone . Ya kamata a tuna cewa akwai wasu kungiyoyi da ke da hannu amma dabarun su ba su da tashin hankali . Saboda yanayin duhun yawancin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi, wannan jeri zai kasance bai cika ba har sai an sami ƙarin bayani.

Yawancin ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawayen Ambazoniya da kwamandojinsu suna ɗaukar sunaye na alama waɗanda ke nunin dabbobi ko takamaiman halaye na mutum; ana amfani da waɗannan don jawo tsoro da girmamawa. 

## Jerin

## Manazarta
John Pandeni

**John Alphons Pandeni** (30 Yuli 1950 - 14 Maris 2008) ɗan siyasan Namibiya ne kuma ɗan ƙungiyar kasuwanci. Mamba na SWAPO, Pandeni ya kasance ministan yanki da ƙananan hukumomi, gidaje da raya karkara a lokacin mutuwarsa a shekara ta 2008.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Pandeni a ƙauyen Omundjalala a yankin Omusati na arewacin Namibiya.  Bayan samun horon soji a Tanzaniya da Angola, an kama Pandeni a shekara ta 1978 saboda ayyukan soji na yaki da wariyar launin fata tare da reshen soja na SWAPO, rundunar 'yantar da jama'ar Namibiya. Ya kasance a kurkuku a tsibirin Robben har zuwa shekara ta 1985. Bayan an sake shi, Pandeni ya zama sakataren kungiyar abinci da haɗin gwiwar ma'aikatan Namibia (Nafau) har zuwa shekara ta 1992. A wannan shekarar ya shiga harkokin siyasa, inda ya zama kansila mai wakiltar mazaɓar Soweto a Katutura, Windhoek. Bayan shekara guda ya zama gwamnan yankin Khomas har zuwa 2005 lokacin da ya shiga majalisar ministocin shugaban ƙasa Hifikepunye Pohamba. Shi ɗan'uwan  ɗan kurkukun Robben Island ne wanda ya zama ɗan siyasan SWAPO Petrus Iilonga.

## Martaba
An ba shi suna bayan mazaɓar da ke cikin iyakokin birnin Windhoek, mazaɓar John Pandeni. An binne Pandeni tare da wasu tsoffin shugabannin 'yantar da su a Heroes' Acre, a wajen Windhoek, babban birnin Namibiya.

## Manazarta
Immanuel Shifidi

**Immanuel Hafeni Augustus Shifidi** (16 Yuli 1929 - 30 Nuwamba 1986), an haife shi a Windhoek, ɗan gwagwarmayar Namibiya ne. Yana ɗaya daga cikin mayaka a Omugulugwombashe a ranar 26 ga watan Agustan 1966 lokacin da jirage masu saukar ungulu guda takwas na rundunar tsaron Afirka ta Kudu suka kai hari kan mayakan sa kai na SWAPO a sansanin.  Shi ne yakin farko da aka yi da makami a Yakin neman 'Yancin Namibiya. 

## Kamewa da Kisa
An kama Immanuel Shifidi tare da azabtar da shi bayan shan kaye a Omugulugwombashe. An yanke masa hukunci a karkashin dokar ta'addanci kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Bayan matsin lamba na duniya, an mayar da hukuncin zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai a tsibirin Robben. Ya yi shekaru 18 na wannan hukuncin kuma an sake shi a watan Disamba 1985. A ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba 1986, an kashe shi a wani gangamin SWAPO na bikin Shekarar Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya.  Yayin da suke halartar wani taro tare da wasu 'yan Swapo a Katutura, makiya sun saki kudan zuma wanda ya kawo cikas ga taron. Ana cikin ruɗanin ne suka bindige Shifidi cikin ruwan sanyi.  An binne Shifidi a cikin akwatin gawa da aka lulluɓe da tutar SWAPO a ranar 6 ga watan Disamba 1986. Jana'izar tsohon sojan Swapo shine taro na farko na siyasa irin sa a Namibiya shekaru da yawa.

## Shari'a
A wata shawara mai cike da cece-kuce, shugaba Botha a ranar 22 ga watan Maris 1988, ya dakatar da shari'ar 'yan kungiyar SADF guda huɗu da na mambobin SWATF guda biyu waɗanda za a gurfanar da su a gaban shari'a a Windhoek da ake zargi da kisan tsohon sojan SWAPO.  Binciken mutuwar Shifidi ya nuna yadda Sojoji suka kulla makarkashiyar tarwatsa taron SWAPO mai izini da aka gudanar a garin Katutura da ke wajen Windhoek. Binciken da aka gudanar ya ji cewa an kai mutane 54 na bataliya ta SADF 101 (wasu baƙar fata Namibiya masu aikin sa kai) da ke Ondangwa a ranar da za a gudanar da taron zuwa Windhoek sanye da kayan farar hula ɗauke da muggan makamai, inda suka kutsa kai cikin taron tare da kaiwa magoya bayan SWAPO hari. Wani bincike da ‘yan sanda suka gudanar bayan binciken ya tabbatar da cewa mutane shidan da aka gurfanar da su daga baya sun haɗa baki wajen hargitsa taron ta hanyar amfani da muggan makamai. Sunan sojojin da Col. Johannes H. Vorster da Cmdt. Antonie Botes na hedkwatar SWATF a Windhoek; Col. Willem H. Welgemoed, kwamandan bataliya ta 101; da Lt. Nicolaas Prinsloo, Cpl. Eusebius Kashimbi da Pte. Steven Festus, duka bataliyar 101.  An dakatar da shari’ar ne a ƙarƙashin sashe na 103 na dokar tsaro, wanda a ƙarƙashin sa ba a haramtawa jami’an tsaro shiga laifuka ko kotun farar hula idan sun yi da gaske wajen murkushe ‘yan ta’adda.  

Makarantar da aka kashe Immanuel Shifidi ana kiranta da Makarantar Sakandare ta Katutura har zuwa shekara ta 1986 lokacin da aka canza suna zuwa makarantar Immanuel Shifidi don girmama jagoran gwagwarmaya da ya mutu a filin wasanni a watan Nuwamba 1986. 

Immanuel Shifidi ɗan uwa ne ga Ferdinand Shifidi, kansila mai wakiltar mazaɓar Endola a yankin Ohangwena.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin kisan da ba a warware ba

## Manazarta
James Auala

Birgediya Janar **James Auala** kwamandan sojan Namibia ne mai ritaya kuma dan kasuwa ne. An nada Auala a matsayin Babban Hafsan Hafsoshin Sojin Namibiya (NDF) mai ritaya a shekarar 2005.

## Rayuwar farko da gudun hijira
Auala ya yi aiki da Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Afirka ta Kudu tsakanin 1972 zuwa 1974 Auala went into exile in July 1974 a matsayin mai shelar rediyo. Auala ya tafi gudun hijira a watan Yuli 1974

## Aikin soja
Ya samu horon soji a PLAN yana aiki a ayyuka daban-daban ciki har da shugaban hukumar leken asiri ta PLAN. Auala ya halarci Makarantar Soja ta yrstrel da ke Moscow inda ya kammala kwas na Motoci Brigade Commander a 1985, Bayan samun 'yancin kai, PLAN da Rundunar Sojojin Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma (SWATF) suka hade suka kafa Rundunar Tsaro ta Namibiya (NDF) Auala ta shiga aikin Soja yana samun babban jami'in soja. A cikin 1995 an nada shi a matsayin Shugaban Ma’aikatan Kula da Dabarun Ma’aikata wanda ya maye gurbin Kanar Peter Nambundunga wanda ya yi aiki a wannan mukamin na wasu shekaru goma. A lokacin Yaƙin Kongo na Biyu ya jagoranci ƙungiyar Yaƙin Namibiya ta farko zuwa DRC a ƙarƙashin Operation Atlantic 

## Ritaya
Bayan ya yi ritaya daga Active Service Auala ya shiga ma'aikatar tsaron Namibiya mallakin Agusta 26 Holdings a matsayin babban jami'in gudanarwa .  

## Girmamawa da kayan ado

* Mafi kyawun tsari na Namibia First Class
*  **Medal Kamfen na DRC**

## Magana
Libertiamo

Kungiyar **Libertiamo** ƙungiya ce ta 'yanci wacce Benedetto Della Vedova ke jagoranta.

Ƙungiyar ita ce ci gaba na masu sassaucin ra'ayi (RL), ƙungiya mai haɗin gwiwa na Forza Italia, wanda Benedetto Della Vedova, tsohon shugaban Italiya ya kafa a shekara ta 2007, wanda ya yi rashin amincewa da haɗin gwiwar jam'iyyar da tsakiyar hagu. A cikin 2009, tare da haɗin gwiwar hukuma na Forza Italia a cikin Jama'ar 'Yanci (PdL), Della Vedova ya zaɓi ya narkar da RL kuma ya ƙaddamar da sabuwar ƙungiya, buɗe ga mutanen da suka fito daga haɓaka daban-daban.

A shekara ta 2010 Della Vedova ya nisanta kansa daga jagoransa Silvio Berlusconi kuma ya kusanci Gianfranco Fini da Generation Italiya a maimakon haka, don haka ya zama babban memba na tsirarun cikin gida na jam'iyyar. Babban dalilin hakan shi ne, Fini, mai ra'ayin mazan jiya tare da ra'ayin sassaucin ra'ayi na zamantakewa, da Della Vedova sun amince da batutuwan da'a kamar zubar da ciki, bincike-bincike-cell, ƙarshen rayuwa da ci gaban umarnin kula da lafiya..

A cikin Yuli 2010, tare da mafi yawan Finiani, Della Vedova ya bar ƙungiyar PdL a cikin Chamber kuma ya zama mataimakin shugaban Future and Freedom (FLI).

## Manazarta
Daniel Tjongarero

**Daniel Jeundikwa Kaova Tjongarero** (1947 - 23 Afrilu 1997) ɗan siyasan Namibiya ne kuma mai fafutukar samun 'yancin kai.  Ya kammala karatu a shekarar 1973 a Jami'ar Arewa a yanzu Jami'ar Limpopo. Ya kasance memba a Majalisar Zartarwar Namibiya da aka dora wa alhakin tsara kundin tsarin mulkin sabuwar jamhuriya. Ya zama memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa (Namibia) a lokacin 'yancin kai har zuwa shekara ta 1995. 

Ya auri Agnes Tjongarero. 

## Manazarta
Tallinn Legend

Tallinn Legends (Estoniya: Tallinna Legendid) sanannen yawon shakatawa ne, daya daga cikin Museums a cikin Tallinn , Estonia . Gidan kayan tarihin yana sake ƙirƙirar abubuwan tarihi da tatsuniyoyi waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga tarihin Tallinn na da. Yana amfani da cakuda labarun ba da labari, wasan kwaikwayo kai tsaye da kuma tasiri na musamman.

## Dubawa
Tallinn Legends tana fafatawa a Kullassepa St. No 7, kusa da ginin babban ginin birni mafi tsufa a Tallinn, Estonia. Ya mamaye murabba'in murabba'in mita 600 na sararin karkashin kasa mai dauke da dakuna daban-daban guda 9 tare da jigogi 360° da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo 7. Gidan kayan tarihin kuma yana shirya nunin tituna kyauta tare da wasu fitattun saiti. Ana gayyatar baƙi don shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin da aka riga aka kafa na 15 ko fiye tare da ɗaukar nauyin fiye da mutane 540 a kowace rana. Tallinn Legends yana buɗe kowace rana daga 11 na safe zuwa 20 na yamma kuma ana samunsa cikin yarukan Ingilishi, Estoniya, Rashanci da Finnish.

## Tsari
Nunin nune-nunen Tallinn Legend sun ƙunshi duka nishadantarwa da ƙimar ilimi, yayin da yake ɗaukar baƙi ta cikin ƙarni na 9 na tarihin Estoniya ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo. Yana sake ƙirƙira abubuwan tarihi da tatsuniyoyi na zamani da ke da alaƙa da birnin Tallinn ta hanyar yin amfani da walƙiya na musamman da tasirin sauti, tare da raye-rayen ƙwararrun ƴan wasan kwaikwayo da ƴan tsana na inji, shigarwar bidiyo, da ba da labari.

Nunin ya ƙunshi abubuwan da suka faru kamar Balaguron Baƙar fata, Kisa na Johann von Uexkull da gina Cocin St. Olaf. ’Yan wasan kwaikwayo ne ke rakiyar baƙi yayin da suke ƙaura daga ɗaki zuwa wancan kuma ana ƙarfafa su su shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayon na tsawon mintuna 40.

## Manazarta
Littafin Mutuwa

Littafin Matattu wani dogon labari ne na waka da Muriel Rukeyser ya rubuta, yana bayyana a cikin tarin ta US 1. An buga shi a cikin 1938, waƙar tana magana da bala'i na Hawks Nest Tunnel, wanda kuma aka sani da Bala'in Ramin Gauley, wanda galibi matalauta ne, ma'aikatan hakar ma'adinan ƙaura a Gauley Bridge, West Virginia sun yi sanadiyar mutuwar cutar da aka sani.

Tsawon wakoki ashirin, farawa da "Hanyar" kuma ta ƙare da "Littafin Matattu," Rukeyser ta ɗauki masu karatun ta tafiya zuwa bala'i. Waƙar ta gauraya kuma ta shiga tsakani cikin sheda na zamani da na gaskiya daga bala'i, layika daga tsohuwar rubutun Masarautar Littafin Matattu, tare da layin labarin Absalom na Littafi Mai-Tsarki. Taken waƙar ya fito ne daga rubutun Masari, tare da Rukeyser ta faɗi ko kuma ta yi nuni ga tsohon aikin a cikin waƙarta. A matsayin wani ɓangare na binciken da ta ƙware don waƙar, Rukeyser ta ziyarci Gauley Bridge tare da Nancy Naumburg a 1936.

Tun lokacin da aka buga shi a cikin 1938, Littafin Matattu ya taimaka wajen tabbatar da ita a matsayin mawallafi mai mahimmanci na karni na ashirin. Babban misali ne na al'adar 1930s da 1940 na al'adar rubuce-rubucen wakoki da wakoki,  al'adar da masanin wakoki Mark Nowak ya bayyana a matsayin "hagu fiye da sassaucin ra'ayi." Eliot.

## Manazarta
Filipe Samuel Magaia

**Filipe Samuel Magaia** (7 Maris 1937 - 10/11 Oktoba 1966) jagoran juyin juya hali na Mozambique ne kuma jagoran 'yan tawaye. Ya kasance sakataren tsaro na kungiyar FRELIMO ta Mozambique a lokacin yakin neman 'yancin kai na Mozambique. Bayan an shafe shekaru ana gwabzawa, wani sojan FRELIMO da ya bijire ya kashe Magaia, wanda ke aiki da Burtugal.

An haifi Magaia a Mocuba, a lardin Zambezia na ƙasar Mozambique, ɗan Samuel Guenguene Magaia, wani likitan lafiya, da matarsa Albinic Ana Perreira Magaia. A tsawon shekarun da ya yi yana kwamandan dakarun FRELIMO, Magaia ya nemi taimako daga Aljeriya wajen horar da mutanensa. Ya zayyana dabarun dakaru masu tayar da kayar baya a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "dakatar da su a hankali, ɗabi'u, tunani da kuma kayan aiki, na sojojin makiya, da kuma dukkanin injina da suka ci gaba da mulkin mallaka na Mozambique". Ya ba da umarnin sojoji a lokacin da aka fara kai hare-hare a Xai Xai, daga baya kuma a lardunan Niassa da Tete, inda ya yi amfani da rukunin sojoji goma zuwa goma sha biyar wajen kai hare-hare cikin gaggawa, inda suka nufi kudu zuwa Meponda da Mandimba, suna da alaka da Tete tare da taimakon sojojin Jamhuriyar Malawi. Jin daɗin ’yancin tafiya a karkara, Magaia ya sami damar ƙara yawan sojojin da ya kai harin zuwa sojoji 100 a wasu lokuta.  A ranakun 10 ko 11 ga watan Oktoban 1966, da ya koma Tanzaniya bayan ya duba fagen daga, Lourenço Matola, wani ɗan gungun 'yan ta'addar FRELIMO ne ya harbe Magaia har lahira, wanda aka ce yana cikin ma'aikata 'yan ƙasar Portugal.

## Manazarta
Daniela Bercek

Daniela Berček (Serbian Cyrillic: Даниела Берчек, an haife shi 7 Yuli 1984) tsohuwar ƙwararren ɗan wasan tennis ce.

Ta lashe lakabi biyu a kan ITF Circuit a cikin aikinta. A ranar 25 ga watan Agustan 2003, ta kai matsayinta mafi kyawun matsayin ta na 543 a duniya. A ranar 29 ga Satumbar 2003, ta kai kololuwa a lamba 363 a cikin jerin WTA biyu.

Yin wasa don FR Yugoslavia a gasar cin kofin Fed, Berček yana da rikodin asarar nasara-1-1.

Novi Sad-born Berček ya yi ritaya daga yawon shakatawa, bayan ya wakilci Serbia a Jami'ar bazara ta 2007 a Bangkok.

## Manazarta
Janet Mondlane

**Janet Rae Mondlane** ( née Johnson) 'yar gwagwarmayar Mozambik haifaffiyar Amurka ce. Tare da mijinta, Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane, ta kafa FRELIMO kuma ta taimaka wajen tsara 'yantar da Mozambique daga hannun 'yan mulkin mallaka na Portugal.

An haifi Janet Rae Johnson a shekara ta 1934  a Illinois. A cikin shekarar 1951, tana da shekaru 17, ta halarci wani sansanin coci a Geneva, Wisconsin, inda ta haɗu da Eduardo Mondlane mai shekaru 31, wanda ke ba da jawabi game da makomar Afirka.

A shekarar 1956, bayan shekaru biyar, sun yi aure bayan ta sami BA kuma shi MA nasa A lokacin aurensu, Janet tana 22 da Eduardo 36. Suna da yara uku, Eduardo, Jr., Chude, da Nyeleti. 

A cikin shekarar 1963, Mondlanes sun ƙaura tare da danginsu zuwa Dar es Salaam, Tanganyika don shirya ƙungiyoyin 'yantar da 'yantar da Portuguese a Mozambique. Tare suka taimaka wajen samar da Frelimo, kuma Mondlane ita ce darektar Cibiyar Mozambique, reshen Frelimo da ba na soja ba.  Cibiyar ta shirya harkokin kiwon lafiya da karatun sakandare tare da tara kuɗaɗe don tallafin karatu a ƙasashen waje don 'yan Mozambique. 

Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1975 ta riƙe muƙamai a gwamnatin Mozambique, kuma ta kasance babbar sakatariya ta majalisar kula da cutar kanjamau ta ƙasa daga shekarun 2000 zuwa 2003. Ta kafa Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane Foundation a shekarar 1996.

A cikin shekarar 2011, ta sami digiri na girmamawa a Kimiyyar Ilimi daga Jami'ar Eduardo Mondlane a Maputo, Mozambique.

## Manazarta
Moira Modzelewski

**Moira Dempsey Modzelewski** (an haife shi 30 ga Mayu 1958)   lauyan Ba’amurke ne kuma tsohon kyaftin a cikin Sojojin ruwa na Amurka.  Har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a cikin 2018,  ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Alkalin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa kuma daya daga cikin masu ba da shawara ga alkalai hudu. Modzelewski ta yi fice saboda nadin da aka yi mata na zama Shugabar Hukumar Soja ta Noor Uthman Muhammad ta Guantanamo.

## Aikin koyarwa
Modzelewski ta koyar da Turanci a Jami'ar Szechuan bayan ta sami digiri na farko, a cikin 1980.

A cikin 1989 ta kasance mataimakiyar farfesa a Kwalejin Sojojin Ruwa ta Amurka [4] kuma daga 1995-96, ta buɗe sashin Makarantar Shari'a na Naval a Norfolk.

## Aikin Shara,ah
Modzelewski ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya ko mai kula da ayyukan shari'a a cikin fiye da rabin dozin a kan mukamai tare da Sojojin ruwa na Amurka.

A shekara ta 2009 ta shugabanci kotunan sojan ruwa na Navy SEALs daga ƙungiyar SEAL ta 10 waɗanda aka tuhume su da lakada wa wani ɗan Iraki da aka kama.

Daga baya aka nada ta a matsayin shugabar jami'ar Guantanamo. A watan Afrilun 2010 ta yi hasashen cewa za ta bukaci shekara guda kafin ta sake nazarin bayanan sirrin da ake zargin Noor Uthman Muhammad.

Modzelewski ya shiga Kotun Kotu ta Navy-Marine Corps of Criminal Appements a cikin 2011 kuma ya zama Babban Alkali a ranar 6 ga Agusta 2013. An nada ta Babban Alkalin Sojojin Ruwa bayan ritayar Christian L. Reismeier a ranar 1 ga Yuli 2015.[10].

Ta yi ritaya daga aiki a ranar 12 ga Yuli 2018, [6] ta sami nasara a matsayin Babban Alkalin Sojojin Ruwa ta Charles N. Purnell II.[11][12]

## Manazarta
Monica Chitupila

**Monica Chitupila** 'yar gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai ta ƙasar Mozambique ce kuma 'yar siyasa.  A shekarar 1977 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ruƙunin mata na farko da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Jama'a.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Chitupila ta fito daga lardin Niassa.  Ta shiga cikin gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai,  ta fara horo a shekarar 1967 a Nachigwea kuma ta tashi ta zama Kwamandan Lardi na FRELIMO Female Detachment a Niassa.  Chitupila ta kasance 'yar takarar FRELIMO a zaɓen 'yan majalisa na shekarar 1977,  a cikinsa tana ɗaya daga cikin ruƙuni na farko na mata 27 da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Jama'a.  Ma'aikaciyar Fábrica Continental de Borracha,   an sake zaɓen ta a cikin shekarar 1986 kuma ta zama mamba mafi daɗewa a kwamitin tsakiya na FRELIMO.  

## Manazarta
Alien Huddle

Alien Huddle wani kundi ne ta wani kundi na haɓaka kyauta wanda ya ƙunshi saxophonist na Danish Lotte Anker, ɗan wasan pian na Switzerland Sylvie Courvoisier da ɗan wasan lantarki na Japan Ikue Mori, wanda aka yi rikodin a cikin 2006 kuma ta fitar ta Intakt Records. Yana ɗaukar taken sa daga babban sassaken katako na Martin Puryear. Abubuwan haɓakawa goma sha ɗaya suna da wahayi ta waƙoƙin tsuntsaye. Courvoisier da Mori sun haɗu a cikin ayyuka guda biyu a baya: Courvoisier's Lonelyville da Mephista mai haɓakawa guda uku tare da Susie Ibarra.

## liyafa
A cikin wani bita don All About Jazz, Ted Gordon ya ce "Mafi kyawun halitta na wannan rukuni na musamman, baya ga bayyanannun motsin zuciyarmu da sadarwa, shine cewa ayyukansa suna canzawa akai-akai: a cikin wannan kundin rubutu na kundi, shine abin da aka tattara wanda ke nuna gudunmawar mutum."  AAJ's Nic Jones ya rubuta: "Yana da dukan shirye-shiryen sauraron kiɗa, wanda ya cancanci sauraron kiɗa na yau da kullum. yayin da yake ba da lada ga ƙoƙarin yin haka, girman wannan lokacin kuma ya kai matsayi maɗaukaki, yana yin kiɗan da ke cikin gaggawa ko da an harbe shi tare da tunani.

Binciken Batun Tashi na Stuart Broomer ya lura cewa "Yayin da ukun na saxophones na Anker, piano na Courvoisier sau da yawa ana shirya piano da na'urorin lantarki na Mori na iya zama sabon abu, nan da nan ukun sun daidaita wasu ayyuka waɗanda zasu iya ba da shawarar cewa shine rukuni na yau da kullun a duniya."

Stef Gijssels na The Free Jazz Collective yayi sharhi: "Haɗin kai sune kwayoyin halitta, nan da nan, cike da abubuwan ban mamaki da tsalle-tsalle na daji. Duk da kamanceceniya da kusanci a cikin kundin, kowane waƙa yana da haɗin kai da kuma ainihin asali. Kiɗa ba sabon abu ba ne, amma yana da kyan gani mai tsanani da kuma mayar da hankali sosai. "

Ken Waxman na Jazz Word ya rubuta: "Bayanai ta hanyar gajeriyar haɓakawa ta 11 ... matan uku sun gano, bugun jini kuma suna shafa nau'ikan rubutu da yawa waɗanda ke haifar da kaddarorin kowane kayan aiki ... sautuna akan Alien Huddle ripple, wiggle da slither ... mafi yawan ... CD ɗin yana kewaye da fantasia mara ƙarancin mitar keyboard, shaƙewa da tsagewa, fashe-fashe da faɗuwa daga faɗuwar rana Electronics."

## Manazarta
Esperança Muthemba

**Esperança Abiatar Muthemba** ta kasance 'yar gwagwarmayar neman ƴancin kai na ƙasar Mozambique kuma 'yar siyasa. A shekarar 1977 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin rukunin mata na farko da aka zaɓa a jami'iyyar Majalisar Jama'a.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
A lokacin yakin 'yancin kai na Mozambique Muthemba ta shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa a Lourenço Marques.  Bayan an kama ta a João Belo ta PIDE, an kai ta gudun hijira zuwa Muecate a Lardin Nampula, inda aka buƙaci ta ba da rahoto ga gwamnati a kowace rana.  A shekarar 1967 ta fara aiki da Credito Agricola de Nampula a matsayin mai kula da littattafai. 

Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1975, ta kasance 'yar takarar FRELIMO a zaɓen 'yan majalisa na 1977 kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin ruƙunin farko na mata 27 da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Jama'a.  An sake zaɓen ta a shekara ta 1986, ta kasance mamba a majalissar Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa ta Inter-Parliamentary.  Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin sakatariyar reshen Maputo na Kungiyar Matan Mozambique.

## Manazarta
Marina Pachinuapa

**Marina Pachinuapa** 'yar gwagwarmaya yaƙin neman 'yancin kai ce kuma 'yar siyasa ta Mozambique. A shekarar 1977 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ruƙunin mata na farko da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Jama'a.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Pachinuapa ta shiga cikin yakin 'yancin kai na Mozambique, wacce ta kafa Ƙungiyar Mata na FRELIMO.  Daga baya ta riƙe muƙamin kanar a ajiyar soja,  kuma tana cikin waɗanda suka kafa kungiyar mata ta Mozambique.  Bayan samun 'yancin kai, ta kasance 'yar takarar FRELIMO a zaɓen 'yan majalisa na 1977,  a cikinsa tana ɗaya daga cikin ruƙuni na farko na mata 27 da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Jama'a.  An sake zaɓen ta a shekara ta 1986 daga lardin Sofala mai wakiltar masana'antar Moçambique.  A shekarar 2010 aka naɗa ta a Majalisar Tsaro da Tsaro ta ƙasa.

## Manazarta
Gwada

**Gwada** na iya kasancewa.

*  (wasan) , ta Joanna Glass
* "Gwaji" (waƙar), ta Hilltoppers
*  (jerin talabijin) , wasan kwaikwayo na 2020 a kan Apple TV+
* "Gwaji" (Brooklyn Nine-Nine), wani labari na Brooklyn Nine-Nite*Brooklyn tara da tara*
Jirgin Sama na Pan African

**Kamfanin jiragen sama na Pan African** jirgin sama ne da ke Najeriya kuma mallakin kungiyar Bristow. Suna samar da jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu da tsayayyen ayyuka ga masana'antar mai.

## Tarihi
An kafa kamfanin Pan African Airlines a Najeriya a shekarar 1961. Gwamnatin Najeriya ta sanya wa'adin ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 2007 ga dukkan kamfanonin jiragen sama da ke aiki a kasar da su sake samar da jari ko kuma a dakatar da su, a kokarin tabbatar da ingantattun ayyuka da tsaro. Kamfanin jirgin ya cika sharuddan Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Najeriya (NCAA) ta fuskar mayar da jarin jarin da aka sake yi masa rajistar yin aiki.

## Hatsari da aukuwa

* Kamfanin dillancin labaran iqna ya habarta cewa, ya nakalto daga shafin sadarwa na yanar gizo na Aviation Safety Database cewa, kamfanin Pan African Airlines ya yi hatsari sau daya a ranar 28 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1968, inda dukkan mutane 57 da ke cikin jirgin Douglas C-54B suka mutu a lokacin da jirgin mai shekaru 24 da haihuwa ya buge saman bishiyu masu tsayin kafa 50 a lokacin da yake kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Port Harcourt daga Legas cikin dare. Baya ga fasinjojin, jirgin yana kuma dauke da kayakin alburusai da suka fashe a lokacin da abin ya faru kuma ya haifar da wata gagarumar gobara da ta kashe mutanen da ke cikin jirgin da kuma mutum daya a wani kauye da ke kusa da filin jirgin.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Gidan yanar gizon hukuma 

## Nassoshi
Abbas Messaadi

Mohammed bin Abdallah bin Taieb **bin** Al Habib (Tachelhit : ⵎⵓⵃ ⵏⴰⵚⵉⵔⵉ  c. 1925 - 27 ga Yuni 1956), wanda aka fi sani da sunan sa **Abbas Messaadi**  (a cikin tachelhit: ⵄⴱⴰⵙ ⵎⵙⴰⵄⴷⵉ)   ɗan gwagwarmayar Morocco ne kuma shugaban Sojojin Moroko na 'Yanci daga ƙabilar Berber Aït Atta har zuwa kisan gillar da aka yi masa wanda a ƙarshe zai haifar da Rif59-159.

Abbas yana gudanar da sansanin soji a Aknoul kuma an kashe shi a Fes a watan Yunin 1956 bisa zargin Karim Hajjaj, ɗan jam'iyyar Istiqlal.  Mehdi Ben Barka ne ya bada umarnin kashe shi.  An kama Karim Hajjaj kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa amma daga baya sarki Mohammed V ya yafe masa. An yi ikirarin cewa waɗanda suka kashe shi na gaskiya ’yan daba ne daga Taza, waɗanda aka yi hayar su don kashe shi.Kisan nasa ya **' &#x5B; &#x5D;</sup> ga kafa jam'iyyar Popular Movement kuma har yanzu masu fafutukar Berber za su sake ziyartan su shekaru da yawa bayan haka. 

An binne shi da farko a Fes amma a shekarar 1957 aka mayar da gawarsa zuwa Ajdir, tungar Mohamed ben Abdelkrim al-Khattabi, saɓanin yadda ma'aikatar harkokin cikin gida ta Moroko ke ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar Istiqlal.  Lokacin da ma’aikatar ta aika jami’an tsaro domin mayar da gawar gawar Fes, hakan ya haifar da rikici da al’ummar Ajdir wanda ya kai ga tayar da Rif.

Kisan nasa shi ne na farko a jerin kashe-kashe da aka yi wa sojojin Maroko na 'yantar da 'yan tawaye da sauran ɓangarorin da ke fafatawa da jam'iyyar Istiqlal da iyalan Alaouite.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

## Duba kuma

* Mahjoubi Aherdane
* Abdelkrim al-Khatib

## Manazarta
Mhand n'Ifrutant

Sidi **Mhand n'Ifrutant** shugaban sojan Morocco ne wanda ya yi aiki a lokacin yakin Zaian.

Sojojin N'Ifrutant na mutane 1,500 sun shiga yaƙi a ranar 9 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1918 da Colonel Paul Doury na Faransa a Gaouz.  Yayin da sojojin Faransa suka shiga wani wuri mai cike da ciyayi, mutanen n'Ifrutant sun kai hari kuma, a cikin wani yunkuri na kusa, sun haifar da asarar mutane 238 da aka kashe da 68 da suka ji rauni - mafi munin asarar tun Yaƙin El Herri a shekara ta 1914. Kwamandan Doury, Hubert Lyautey ya tsawata masa saboda ayyukansa na gaggawa kuma ya ƙasa gaskata rahotonsa cewa ya "kusan ya hallaka" sojojin Ifrutant. Janar na Faransa Joseph-François Poeymirau ya kayar da n'Ifrutant a yaƙi a kan ranar 15 ga watan Janairun 1919, amma ya ji rauni sosai a kirji ta hanyar fashewar  bindigogi kuma ya tilasta masa ya ba da umurni ga Colonel Antoine Huré.

'Yan ƙabilar Aït Atta sun girmama kabarin N'Ifrutant, a cikin ƙananan kwarin kogin Ragg.

## Duba kuma

* Moha ya ce
* Mouha ou Hammou Zayani
* Ali Amhaouch
* Zaiyan confederation
* Zaian War

## Manazarta
Cristina Tembe

**Cristina Jeremias Tembe** (ya mutu 24 ga Yuni 2017) 'yar gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai ta Mozambique ce kuma 'yar siyasa. A shekarar 1977 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ruƙunin mata na farko da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Jama'a.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
A lokacin ƙuruciyarta, Tembe ta kasance tare da Igreja Presbiteriana de Moçambique. Wata ɗaliba mai fafutuka,  ta shiga FRELIMO kuma a cikin shekarar 1964 tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyar da ta yi ƙoƙarin yin hijira a Tanzaniya don guje wa PIDE. Duk da haka, an kama ta yayin da take tafiya ta Rhodesia kuma aka mayar da ita zuwa Mozambique, inda PIDE ta tsare ta.  Ta tashi ta zama mamba a kwamitin tsakiya na jam'iyyar. 

Bayan samun 'yancin kai a cikin shekarar 1975, ta kasance 'yar takarar FRELIMO a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na 1977,  kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin ruƙuni na farko na mata 27 da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Jama'a.  An sake zaɓen ta a shekarar 1986, ta kuma yi aiki a sakatariyar Maputo na jam'iyyar,  kuma a matsayin sakatariyar reshen Maputo na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Mozambique.  A cikin shekarar 1992 ta kasance wacce ta kafa SPI, sashin kuɗi na FRELIMO wanda ba na hukuma ba. 

Ta mutu a watan Yuni 2017.

## Manazarta
Hilary Teague

**Hilary Teague** (1802 &#x2013; Mayu 21, 1853), wani lokaci ana rubuta shi azaman **Hilary Teage**, ɗan kasuwa ne, ɗan jarida, kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan Laberiya a farkon shekarun ƙasar Laberiya ta Yamma. Dan asalin jihar Virginia da ke Amurka, ya yi suna da basirar iya magana kuma ya yi fice a fagen siyasar mulkin mallaka na Laberiya. Babban mai ba da shawara ga 'yancin kai' yanci daga 'yanci daga ƙasashen Liberiya daga kungiyar' yan majalisar dokoki a shekarar 1847, ya yi hidima a matsayin majalisar 'yancin kai a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya. 

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Teague kyauta a Virginia, Amurka, a cikin shekarar 1805. Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Frances Teague  da mahaifinsa Colin Teague, tsohon bawa wanda ya zama mishan na Baptist a lokacin ƙoƙarin farko na kafa ƙasar Laberiya. Iyalin sun yi hijira zuwa Afirka ta Yamma a shekarar 1821. 

Hilary Teague kuma ya yi hidima a matsayin mai hidimar Baptist a Monrovia kuma ɗan kasuwa ne da ke cinikin dabino.  A cikin shekarar 1835, Teague ya zama mai shi kuma editan *Laberiya Herald* a Monrovia bayan John Brown Russwurm ya bar zama gwamnan Jamhuriyar Maryland.  A matsayin edita, Teague ya zama mai sadaukar da kai ga 'yancin kai na Laberiya kuma ya haɗu da jumhuriya, baƙar fata, da Kiristanci don gabatar da shari'arsa.  Ya kasance shugaban jarida har zuwa shekara ta 1849, lokacin da ya tafi don ba da cikakkiyar hankali ga siyasa.

## Sana'ar siyasa
A cikin shekarar 1835, Teague ya zama Sakataren 'yan Mulkin Mallaka na Laberiya. A cikin shekarar 1839, shi ne magatakarda na babban taron wanda ya gabatar da ra'ayoyin mazauna ga Ƙungiyar Mulkin Amurka game da sake fasalin tsarin mulki.  Daga baya ya kasance mai amfani da kayan aiki a Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Mulki na shekarar 1847-mai wakiltar Montserrado County  - a cikin muhawara da tabbatar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Laberiya na shekarar 1847.  Ya kuma rubuta sanarwar 'yancin kai na Laberiya, wanda ya nuna rashin amincewa da yadda ake yiwa Amurkawa 'yan Afirka a matsayin bayi da 'yan ƙasa na biyu a Amurka.  Teague ya zama Sakataren Gwamnati na farko na jamhuriyar bayan Laberiya ta ayyana samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1847.   Teague kuma ya haɗa wakar samun 'yancin kai na Laberiya. 

Ya rasu a Laberiya a ranar 21 ga watan Mayu, 1853, kuma a lokacin shi ne babban lauyan ƙasar.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Manyan abubuwan Negro Eloquence &#x2014; Alice Moore Dunbar-Nelson
* Laccoci akan Bauta, da Maganinsa &#x2014; Amos Augustus Phelps, Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society
* 'Yan gudun hijirar Virginia zuwa Laberiya 

## Manazarta
Kungiyar Casablanca

**Ƙungiyar Casablanca**, wani lokaci ana kiranta da 'Casablanca block', ɗan gajeren lokaci ne, ƙungiyar ƙasashen Afirka tare da hangen nesa na makomar Afirka da na Pan-Africanism a farkon shekarun 1960.  Kungiyar ta kunshi jihohi bakwai karkashin jagorancin jagororin bangaren hagu - Algeria, Masar, Ghana, Guinea, Libya, Mali, da Morocco .  Rikici da sasantawa tsakanin kungiyar Casablanca da kungiyar Monrovia ya kai ga kafa kungiyar hadin kan Afirka .

## Tarihi

Kungiyar ta fara haduwa ne a cikin 1961 a birnin Casablanca na tashar jiragen ruwa na Morocco, saboda haka sunan kawancen. Wannan taron ya tattaro wasu fitattun jahohin nahiyar kamar Gamal Abdel-Nasser na Masar, Kwame Nkrumah na Ghana da Sékou Touré na Guinea .

Abin da ya haɗa su shi ne imani da buƙatar haɗin kan siyasa ko tarayya. Sun yi imanin cewa kawai gagarumin haɗin kai mai zurfi, kamar yadda ya faru a Turai ta hanyar Tarayyar Turai, zai ba da damar Afirka ta kayar da mulkin mallaka, samun zaman lafiya, samar da shawarwarin al'adu, ƙara tasirin yanayin siyasa na nahiyar da kuma inganta ci gaban tattalin arziki.  A wasu kalmomi, sun yi imani da mika mulki da yawa daga gwamnatocin kasa zuwa ga wata hukuma ta duniya baki daya. Har ma Nkrumah ya bayar da hujjar kafa wata runduna ta kasashen Afirka da za a iya tura su don yakar mulkin mallaka ko kuma turawan tsiraru a fadin nahiyar. Shahararren takensa na Pan-African shine 'Dole ne Afirka ta haɗu!' 

Koyaya, Rukunin Casablanca a ƙarshe bai yi nasara ba. Yawancin sauran shugabannin Afirka ba su goyi bayan irin wannan gagarumin sauyi ba. Tunanin abokin hamayyarsa, wanda ake kira Monrovia Group - wanda kuma ya yi imani da Pan-Africanism amma ba a kan kishin kasa da kasa mai zaman kanta ba - ya ci nasara. A shekarar 1963 aka kafa kungiyar hadin kan Afrika (OAU). Dukkan membobin biyu na Casablanca da Monrovia sun shiga, suna sanya bambance-bambancen su a gefe guda. Kungiyar OAU, wacce yanzu ita ce Tarayyar Afirka, ta samu takaitaccen hadin kai da hadin kan kasashe mambobinta. Nuni ne na ƙimar ƙungiyar Monrovia da kuma watsi da ra'ayoyin ƙungiyar Casablanca.

Kazalika rashin jituwa kan yanayin hadin kan kasashen Afirka, kungiyoyin sun kuma dauki matsaya mai cin karo da juna kan rikice-rikicen da aka yi a kasashen Aljeriya da Kongo . A yayin da mambobin kungiyar Casablanca suka yi alkawarin ba da goyon baya ga kungiyar Front de Liberation Nationale a kokarin da take yi na neman ‘yancin Aljeriya daga Faransa, kungiyar Monrovia ta goyi bayan makiyansu, Faransawa. 

## Magana
Western Togoland Restoration Front

**Western Togoland Restoration Front** (WTRF **ko** **FRTO**) ƙungiyar siyasa ce ta Ewe, mai fafutuka, mai kishin ƙasa kuma ƙungiyar 'yan aware mai fafutukar neman 'yancin kai na yammacin Togoland da yuwuwar sassan ƙabilar Ewe na yankin Volta daga Ghana.

## Tarihi

### Ayyukan farko
Duk da yake ba a san wanda ya kirkiro kungiyar ba ko ma lokacin da aka fara, alamun farko na fara aiki da WTRF sun dawo a cikin watan Disamba 2019 lokacin da wani asusun Facebook mai suna Akplaga Seyram Matts ya fara yin posting na yammacin Togoland wanda ya haɗa da ikirarin cewa sojoji 2,000 na yammacin Togoland maza da mata sun mutu daga makarantar soja ta 'yan daba a ranar 14 ga watan Disamba. 

A ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairu, 2020, Rundunar Sojin Ghana ta 66 ta Artillery Regiment (GAF) ta kama mutane 21 da ake zargi da kasancewa 'yan aware daga sansanin horo na sirri a Kpevedui, kusa da Feivu. Da farko akwai 25 amma wasu daga cikinsu sun tsere. Da yawa daga cikin waɗanda aka tattara sun yi ikirarin cewa wasu mutane ne da ke sanye da kayan aikin soja suka yaudare su don zuwa sansanin.  A lokacin ana tunanin Gidauniyar Nazarin Gidauniyar Gida (HSGF) tana bayansa amma HSGF ta musanta ikirarin cewa tana da mayakan ko kuma tana horar da kowa. 

### Tawayen Togoland ta Yamma
A ranar 1 ga watan Satumba WTRF ta ayyana ikon mallakar yammacin Togoland. 

A ranar 25 ga watan Satumba WTRF ta kwace iko da wani ma'ajiyar makamai sannan ta ci gaba da toshe hanyoyin da ke shiga yankin Volta na Ghana. Hakazalika an kai hari a ofisoshin ‘yan sanda na Aveyime da Mepe, inda aka sako fursunonin tare da kwace makaman ‘yan sandan, harbi da raunata kwamandan ‘yan sandan shiyya, da kwace motocin ‘yan sanda da ke ɗauke da su a yayin da ake harbe-harbe. ‘Yan tawayen sun yi taho-mu-gama da akalla AK47 guda 15 da kuma bindigogi guda huɗu a ofishin ‘yan sanda na Aveyime. An kama wasu makamai biyu a ofishin ‘yan sanda na Mepe. Har ila yau, sun kwance wa tawagar dakarun haɗin gwiwa makamai, inda suka kwashe makamansu ciki har da bindigar kwamandan ‘yan sanda.    Dangane da harin da aka kai kan ofisoshin ‘yan sanda tawagar haɗin gwiwa ta Sojoji da ‘yan sanda, tare da haɗin gwiwar wasu jami’an tsaro da aka tura yankunan da abin ya shafa sun yi nasarar cafke mambobin WTRF 31. A wannan ranar ne aka yi musayar wuta tsakanin WTRF da jami’an tsaro, lamarin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar wani ma’aikacin WTRF da kuma jikkata wasu uku. 

A ranar 29 ga watan watan Satumba ne WTRF ta kai hari a wata farfajiyar motar bas mallakar Hukumar Sufuri ta Jiha a cikin birnin Ho tare da kona wata bas sannan ta kona wata guda.  Daga baya wani farar hula guda ya mutu a wata musayar wuta tsakanin 'yan awaren da dakarun gwamnati. 

Bayan 29 ga watan Satumba har yanzu an kafa shingen shinge kuma an kama aƙalla mutane 82 da ake zargi da kasancewa membobin WTRF. Hukumar ta WTRF ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa tana da sojoji 4,300 da ake horar da su a wata ƙasa da ke kusa. A cewarsu, sojojin za su mamaye yammacin Togoland a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamba  da kuma haɗa kai da sojojin ƴan daba. 

## Manazarta
Gochas

**Gochas** ƙauye ne a yankin Hardap na Namibiya. Ƙauyen yana da mazauna 1,868 a cikin shekarar 2023.

## Tarihi
Ƙauyen ya kasance babban wurin zama na ǃKharakhoen (Fransman Nama), ƙabilar mutanen Nama,  tun a shekarar 1889. 

Gochas ya kasance wuri mai haske a cikin yakin Herero na 'yan mulkin mallaka a Jamus ta Kudu maso yammacin Afirka. An yi amfani da shi azaman wurin soja da tashar raƙuma a ƙarƙashin mulkin Jamus na Imperial. A cikin watan Janairu 1905 Jamusawa sun ci nasara kan sarkin Nama Simon Kooper a nan. Yaƙin ƙarshe na yaƙin, *Yaƙin Seatsub*, an yi yaƙi ne a Bechuanaland a cikin watan Maris 1908. An kashe Kyaftin Friedrich von Erckert a mataki, kuma an gina wani abin tunawa a Gochas. 

## Geography
Gochas yana da nisan  kudu maso gabas na Mariental  da  kudu maso yammacin Stampriet akan hanyar zuwa tashar iyakar Mata Mata zuwa Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park.  Ya ta'allaka ne a bakin Kogin Auob  sama da matakin teku. Yankin yana tsakiyar rukunin gonakin daji na Kalahari wanda shanu da tumaki ke kiwo a kai. 

### Alkaluma
A cikin shekarar 1960, an ba da rahoton yawan jama'a a matsayin fararen fata 205, gaurayawan ƙabilu 108, da kuma baƙi 224. 

### Yanayi
Gochas yana karɓar matsakaicin  na ruwan sama a kowace shekara. A lokacin fari na shekarar 2010 ya yi ƙasa da  an rubuta.

## Siyasa
Majalisar ƙauye ne ke mulkin Gochas, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1958, wanda   yana da kujeru biyar. 

Zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi na shekarar 2015 jam'iyyar SWAPO ta lashe kujeru uku (kuri'u 326). Kujeru ɗaya kowanne ya samu nasara a hannun Congress of Democrats (CoD, kuri'u 96) da Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA, kuri'u 36).  Zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi na shekarar 2020 ya samu nasara ne a hannun sabuwar jam'iyyar LPM wacce ta samu nasara a duk faɗin Hardap. LPM ya samu kuri'u 347 da kujeru uku a majalisar dokokin ƙauyen. SWAPO ta samu kujeru ɗaya kacal (kuri’u 147), haka kuma sabuwar jam’iyyar masu fafutukar neman sauyi (IPC) ta lashe sauran kujera da kuri’u 108. 

## Manazarta