Ross Garnaut

**Ross Gregory Garnaut** AC (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1946, Perth ) masanin tattalin arziki ne na Australiya, a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban majalisa kuma farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Melbourne .  Shi ne marubucin wallafe-wallafen ilimi da yawa game da tattalin arzikin kasa da kasa, kudaden jama'a da ci gaban tattalin arziki, musamman dangane da Gabashin Asiya da Kudu maso Yammacin Pacific.

A cikin aikinsa Garnaut ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki ga Firayim Minista Bob Hawke (1983-1985), jakadan Australia a China (1985-1988), shugaban Babban Bankin Masana'antu na Australia (1989-1994), shugaban Bankwest (1988-1995), shugaban sashen a Ma'aikatar Kudi ta Papua New Guinea (1975-1976) da kuma shugaban Lihir Gold (1995-2010).

A ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2007 gwamnatocin jihohi da yankuna na Ostiraliya, bisa ga bukatar Kevin Rudd, shugaban jam'iyyar Labor Party ta Australiya kuma Shugaban Jam'iyyar adawa, ya nada Garnaut don bincika tasirin Canjin yanayi a kan tattalin arzikin Australiya da kuma ba da shawarwarin manufofi masu dacewa. An kammala Garnaut Climate Change Review a ranar 30 ga Satumba 2008,  tare da sake sabuntawa a ranar 31 ga Mayu 2011.  Garnaut ya kammala matsayinsa na mai ba da shawara kan sauyin yanayi ga Gwamnatin Australiya a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2011. 

## Ayyuka
Garnaut ya halarci Makarantar zamani ta Perth sannan kuma Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia . Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha a shekarar 1967 da kuma PhD a shekarar 1972 a matsayin dalibi na Peter Drysdale .

Ya kasance Farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia (1989-2008), Shugaban Sashen Tattalin Arziki a ANU (1989-1998) da kuma Darakta na Makarantar Tattalin Ruwa da Gudanarwa ta Asiya ta ANU. A shekara ta 2008 an nada shi Mataimakin Shugaban kasa da kuma Farfesa a Kwalejin Tattalin Arziki da Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Melbourne.

Garnaut ya kasance Mataimakin Sakatare na farko (Shugaba na Sashen Janar na Kudi da Manufofin Tattalin Arziki) a Ma'aikatar Kudi ta Papua New Guinea a cikin shekarun da suka shafi 'yancin kai na kasar a 1975.

Garnaut ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Mai ba da shawara kan Tattalin Arziki ga Firayim Minista Bob Hawke daga 1983 zuwa 1985. A wannan lokacin gwamnati ta gudanar da manyan sauye-sauye na tattalin arziki da suka hada da kwantar da dala ta Australiya da gabatar da Medicare.

Ya yi aiki a matsayin Jakadan Australiya a kasar Sin daga 1985 zuwa 1988. Shi ne marubucin rahoton shekarar 1989 Australia da Arewa maso gabashin Asiya .  Ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban kuma memba na Majalisar Ostiraliya da Sin daga 1990 zuwa 1994 kuma memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara ga Ministan Harkokin Waje na Ostiraliya daga 1997 zuwa 2002. 

Garnaut ya kasance shugaban Bankwest daga 1988 zuwa 1995 kuma shugaban Babban Bankin Masana'antu na Ostiraliya daga 1989 zuwa 1994, lokacin da Rabobank ya sayi shi. Ya kasance shugaban Lihir Gold daga 1995 har zuwa hadewar kamfanin da Newcrest a cikin 2010 . 

Garnaut shi ne shugaban farko na Shirin Ci Gaban Ci Gaban Papua New Guinea, yana aiki daga 2002 zuwa 2012,  amma ya yi murabus bayan gwamnatin Firayim Minista Peter O'Neill ta hana shi shiga Papua New Guinea saboda takaddama da BHP Billiton. Ya kuma yi murabus a matsayin shugaban Ok Tedi Mining saboda wannan haramcin.

Ya kasance amintacce na Cibiyar Nazarin Manufofin Abinci ta Duniya daga 2003 zuwa 2010, gami da zama shugaban daga 2006 zuwa 2010. 

## Gudummawa

### Garnaut Canjin Yanayi
Tsohon Firayim Minista na Ostiraliya, Kevin Rudd,  da kuma gwamnatocin jihohin Ostiraliya a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2007. Bayan zabensa a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 2007 Rudd, ya tabbatar da shiga Gwamnatin Commonwealth a cikin bita.

An saki rahoton karshe a ranar 30 ga Satumba 2008  kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa Ostiraliya ya kamata ta nuna a farkon ranar da ta shirya don taka cikakken, daidai da wani bangare a cikin ingantaccen yarjejeniyar duniya wanda 'ya kara' zuwa ko dai 450 ko 550 yanayin maida hankali ga hayaki, ko kuma zuwa daidai tsakanin.

Cikakken ɓangaren Ostiraliya na 2020 a cikin yanayin 450 zai zama raguwar kashi 25 cikin ɗari a cikin haƙƙin fitarwa daga matakan 2000. A shekara ta 2050, raguwa zai zama kashi 90 cikin dari daga matakan 2000 (kashi 95 cikin dari ga kowane mutum). Cikakken ɓangaren Ostiraliya na 2020 a cikin yanayin 550 zai zama raguwar haƙƙin kashi 10 cikin ɗari daga matakan 2000. A shekara ta 2050, raguwa zai zama kashi 80 cikin dari daga matakan 2000 ko kashi 90 cikin dari na kowane mutum. Idan babu cikakkiyar yarjejeniya ta duniya a Copenhagen a cikin 2009, Ostiraliya, a cikin yarjejeniya tsakanin kasashe masu tasowa kawai, ya kamata ta himmatu ga rage hayakin ta da kashi 5 cikin dari (25 cikin dari ga kowane mutum) daga matakan 2000 zuwa 2020, ko kashi 13 cikin dari daga lokacin bin Kyoto na 2008-2012.

Shawarwarin rahoton dangane da manufofi, ban da Shirin Rage gurɓataccen Carbon wanda ya haɗa da gandun daji da aikin gona, ya kasance yana da matukar sa ran cewa kamawa da adana carbon da sauran fasahar rage gurɓatawar kwal za su kasance a cikin shekaru ashirin masu zuwa.

Kamfanin Kasuwanci da Masana'antu na Australiya ya soki rahoton saboda tasirin tattalin arziki da rage hayakin gas zai samu. Har ila yau, kungiyoyin muhalli sun soki shi sosai, ciki har da Friends of the Earth  da Rising Tide Australia .  Gidauniyar Karewa ta Australiya ta yaba da rahoton don ba da shawarar manufa ta 450 ppm. Clive Hamilton ya soki rahoton sosai, yana jayayya cewa ya rage tsammanin duniya game da abin da ya kamata a yi niyya, ya fallasa dabarun tattaunawar Australia ga bangaren diflomasiyya na duniya, ya ware jama'ar Australiya da na duniya, ba da la'akari da tsarin lokacin da ake buƙata don kauce wa canjin yanayi mai haɗari, ya ba Australia yarjejeniyoyi na musamman da yawa, kuma al'ummar duniya za su ƙi shi.

Amsoshin jam'iyyun siyasa sun haɗu. Shugaban Australian Greens Bob Brown ya nuna cewa rahoton ya nuna cewa rage hayakin gas ba zai zo a kan kudin ci gaban tattalin arzikin Australia ba. Ministan Canjin Yanayi Penny Wong bai yi sharhi kai tsaye game da rahoton ba amma ya ce ana buƙatar la'akari da alhakin tattalin arziki wajen amsawa ga rahoton, kuma cewa Gwamnati za ta jira kafin samfurin Baitulmalin kan rage canjin yanayi kafin amsawa.

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2010 Ministan Canjin Yanayi da Ingancin Makamashi ya ba da umurni ga Farfesa Garnaut don sabunta Binciken Canjin Yanayin Garnaut na 2008.  An saki takardu takwas a watan Fabrairu da Maris na shekara ta 2011  kuma an gabatar da rahoton karshe na Garnaut Climate Change Review Update 2011 ga Gwamnati a ranar 31 ga Mayu 2011. 

A watan Satumbar 2010, an nada Farfesa Garnaut a matsayin mai ba da shawara mai zaman kansa ga Kwamitin Canjin Yanayi na Jam'iyyun da yawa. Kwamitin zai bincika zaɓuɓɓuka don aiwatar da farashin carbon kuma zai taimaka wajen gina yarjejeniya game da yadda Ostiraliya za ta magance ƙalubalen canjin yanayi.

### Garnaut a kan makamashin nukiliya
A cikin 2008, Garnaut yana da ra'ayin cewa nukiliya ba lallai ba ne a cikin ƙarancin makamashin carbon na Ostiraliya. Ya shaida wa kafofin yada labarai cewa: "Makamashin nukiliya wani muhimmin bangare ne na martanin da duniya ke mayarwa ga tattalin arzikin kasa mai karancin Carbon, amma a karkashin yanayin Australiya, ba a bayyane yake cewa nukiliyar wani muhimmin bangare ne na amsarmu ba." 

Matsayinsa a kan al'amarin ya kalubalanci Ziggy Switkowski, shugaban 2006 UMPNER Review, kuma mai ba da shawara ga makamashin nukiliya a Ostiraliya.

Garnaut ya ɗauki makamashin nukiliya a matsayin tushen makamashi na "ƙananan hayaki", saboda hayaki mai yawa na carbon dioxide zuwa yanayi yayin aikin shuka. Yana tallafawa makamashin nukiliya a matsayin wani ɓangare na kokarin duniya don rage hayakin gas musamman idan aka ba da karuwar amfani da makamashi a Asiya. Ya kuma lura da jajircewar kasar Sin na fadada rundunonin nukiliya, har ma bayan Bala'in Fukushima.

### Garnaut a kan karuwar abubuwan da suka faru na guguwa
Garnaut ya yi sharhi bayan Cyclone Yasi ya shafi Queensland a cikin 2011 cewa babban bangaren kimiyyar yanayi ya ba da shawarar cewa "al'amuran cyclonic za su fi tsanani a cikin duniya mai zafi". Ya ci gaba da lura cewa idan akwai karuwar abubuwan da suka faru na matsanancin yanayi tare da kasa da digiri daya na warming da aka samu kuma, idan ana sa ran karuwar hayaki mai karfi daga kasashe masu tasowa da yawa, to "ba ku ga komai ba tukuna" dangane da karuwar abubuwan abubuwan da suka shafi matsanancin yanayi.   Nazarin da masana kimiyya na Australiya suka yi kwanan nan sun gano sauyawa na dogon lokaci zuwa ga matsanancin rigar da matsanancin zafi da ke faruwa a lokaci guda, daidai da canje-canje sakamakon karuwar maida hankali a cikin iskar gas.  

## Sanarwa

* Aboki na Order of Australia (AC) (2017).
* Fellow na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Jama'a ta Ostiraliya
* Farfesa mai daraja, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Jama'a ta kasar Sin
* Mai Girma Fellow, Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Ostiraliya
* Babban memba na Rayuwa, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society
* Dokta na Kimiyya a Tattalin Arziki, Honoris causa, Jami'ar Sydney (2013) 
* Dokta na Harafi, Honoris causa, Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia (2009) 

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Garnaut ya yi aure, yana da 'ya'ya maza biyu.

## Littattafai

* 2021 Reset: Maido da Ostiraliya bayan Faduwar Tattalin Arziki. Black, Inc., Melbourne.
* 2019 *Superpower: Ƙananan Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawan Kayan Kungiyar Kyakkyawar Kyakkyawa* ta Australia. Jami'ar Jami'ar Trobe, Melbourne.
* 2018 (an shirya shi tare da Ligang Song da Cai Fang) ''Shekaru 40 na Gyara da Ci Gaban kasar Sin: 1978-2018''. Jami'ar Kasa ta Australiya E-Press, Canberra
* 2015 (tare da Ligang Song, Cai Fang da Lauren Johnston (eds)), Canjin Cikin Gida na kasar Sin a cikin Yanayin Duniya. Jami'ar Kasa ta Australiya ta E-Press, Canberra, tare da Social Sciences Academic Press (China).
* 2013 Dog days: Australia bayan bunkasa. Redback, Melbourne.
* 2011 The *Garnaut Review 2011: Ostiraliya a cikin Amsa ta Duniya ga Canjin Yanayi* . Cambridge University Press, Melbourne.
* 2010 (tare da Jane Golley da Ligang Song (eds) *[http://epress.anu.edu.au/china_20_citation.html China: Shekaru 20 masu zuwa na gyare-gyare da ci gaba]*. ANU E Press, Canberra, tare da Social Sciences Academic Press (China).
* 2009 (tare da David Llewellyn-Smith), *Babban Hadarin na 2008*, Melbourne University Publishing, Melbourne.
* 2009 (tare da Ligang Song da Wing Thye Woo (eds), Sabon Wuri na China a Duniya a cikin Crisis . Jami'ar Kasa ta Australiya E-Press (Canberra), Brookings Institution Press (Washington) da Social Sciences Academic Press (China).
* 2008 Garnaut Climate Change Review. Jami'ar Cambridge Press.
* 2007 (tare da Ligang Song (eds)), China: Haɗin Kasuwanci don Girma . Asia Pacific Press, Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia, Canberra
* 2006 (tare da Ligang Song (eds), The Turning Point in China's Economic Development . Asia Pacific Press, Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia, Canberra
* 2005 (tare da Ligang Song (eds), The China Boom da Rashin gamsuwarsa . Asia Pacific Press, Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia, Canberra .
* 2005 (tare da Ligang Song, Stoyan Tenev, Yang Yao), *Canjin mallaka na kasar Sin*. Kamfanin Kudi na Duniya, Washington DC.
* 2004 (tare da Ligang Song (eds.), *China: Shin ci gaba mai sauri zai iya jurewa?* Asia Pacific Press, The Australian National University Press, Canberra.
* 2004 (tare da Ligang Song (eds.), Canjin Tattalin Arziki na Uku na kasar Sin. RoutledgeCurzon, London.
* 2003 (tare da Ligang Song, (eds.), China: New Engine of World Growth . Asia Pacific Press, The Australian National University Press, Canberra.
* 2003 (tare da Rana Ganguly da Jongsoon Kang), Rahoto ga Ma'aikatar Shige da Fice da Harkokin Al'adu da 'Yan asalin ƙasar, *Shige da fice zuwa Ostiraliya da Kwatanta da Amurka: Wanene Yana Amfana?* Commonwealth na Ostiraliya, Canberra.
* 2003 (ed.) Pacific Economic Outlook 2003-04. Asia Pacific Press, Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia, Canberra .
* 2002 (tare da Ligang Song, (eds.), China 2002, WTO Entry da World Recession. Asia Pacific Press, Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia, Canberra .
* 2002 (ed) *Gudanar da albarkatu a Kasashen Asiya Pacific masu tasowa*. Asia Pacific Press, Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia, Canberra .
* 2002 Binciken Gudanar da Kudin Commonwealth-State. *Binciken Kudin Commonwealth-State*, Victoria.
* 2002 (ed.) Pacific Economic Outlook 2002-03. Asia Pacific Press, Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia, Canberra .
* 2001 Social Democracy in Australia's Asian Future . Asia Pacific Press, Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia da Cibiyar Nazarin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, Singapore.
* 2001 (tare da Ligang Song, Yang Yao da Xiaolu Wang) Kasuwanci mai zaman kansa a kasar Sin. Asia Pacific Press, Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia, Canberra, da Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki ta China, Jami'an Peking, Beijing.
* 2001 (tare da Huang Yiping (eds), *Girma Ba tare da Mu'ujizai ba*. Jami'ar Oxford Press.
* 1999 (tare da Ligang Song (eds), *China: Shekaru ashirin na gyare-gyare* . Asia Pacific Press, Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia, Canberra .
* 1998 (tare da Ross H. McLeod (eds), Gabashin Asiya a Crisis: daga kasancewa mu'ujiza zuwa buƙatar ɗaya?. Routledge, London da New York.
* 1996 Open Regionalism & Trade Liberalization: Wani gudummawar Asiya Pacific ga Tsarin Ciniki na Duniya. Cibiyar Nazarin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, Singapore.
* 1996 (tare da Guo Shutian da Ma Guonan), Juyin Juya Halin na Uku a cikin Gundumar kasar Sin . Jami'ar Cambridge Press.
* 1995 (tare da E. Grilli da J. Riedel (eds), Ci gaba da Ci gaban Gaban fitarwa. Jami'ar Cambridge Press.
* 1994 (tare da Peter Drysdale (eds), Asia Pacific Regionalism: Karatun a cikin Harkokin Tattalin Arziki na Duniya . Masu wallafa HarperEducation.
* 1994 *Tattalin Arziki na Kasuwancin Asiya: Kalubale na Canjin Muhalli na Duniya* . Cibiyar Nazarin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, Singapore.
* 1993 *Tsarin don Gaskiya ta Duniya, Rahoton Kwamitin Binciken Masana'antar Wool*. Ma'aikatar Masana'antu da Makamashi, Canberra.
* 1992 (tare da Ma Guonan), *Girbi a kasar Sin*. Ofishin Buga Gwamnatin Australiya, Canberra.
* 1992 (tare da Liu Guoguang (eds), Gyaran Tattalin Arziki da Kasashen Duniya: China da Yankin Pacific. Allen da Unwin, Sydney.
* 1989 *Ostiraliya da Arewa maso gabashin Asiya*. Ofishin Buga Gwamnatin Australiya, Canberra.
* 1987 (tare da Kym Anderson), Kariya ta Australiya: Tsawon, Dalilai da Tasiri. Allen da Unwin, Sydney.
* 1986 (tare da Christopher Findlay (eds), *Tattalin Arziki na Tsaro na Masana'antu: Kwarewar ASEAN da Ostiraliya.* Allen da Unwin, Sydney.
* 1984 (tare da Paul Baxter), Canjin Canji da Manufofin Macro-Tattalin Arziki a cikin Papua New Guinea mai zaman kanta. Jami'ar Kasa ta Australiya, Pacific Research Monograph No.10.
* 1983 (tare da Anthony Clunies Ross), Haraji na Rents na Ma'adinai. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9]
* 1980 (ed) *ASEAN a cikin Canjin Pacific da Tattalin Arziki na Duniya*, Australian National University Press, Canberra .
* 1980 (tare da P.T. McCawley, (eds), Indonesia: Dualism, Growth and Poverty . Jami'ar Kasa ta Australiya, Makarantar Bincike ta Nazarin Pacific, Canberra.
* 1979 (tare da C.G. Manning), har zuwa Sosial Ekonomi di Irian Jaya, Penerbit PT Gramedia, Jakarta.
* 1977 (tare da Michael Wright da Richard Curtain), Aiki, Incomes da Migration a Papua New Guinea Towns. Cibiyar Nazarin Jama'a da Tattalin Arziki (Monograph No.6), Port Moresby .
* 1974 (ed.) *Dangantakar Tattalin Arziki ta Kasashen Waje ta Papua New Guinea .* Jami'ar Kasa ta Australiya, New Guinea Research Unit Bulletin, No.56, Port Moresby da Canberra.
* 1974 (tare da C. Manning). *Irian Jaya: Canjin Tattalin Arziki na Melanesia* . Australian National University Press, Canberra.
* 1968 (tare da R.K. Wilson). *Binciken Masana'antu na Ƙauye a Papua New Guinea* . Jami'ar Kasa ta Australiya, New Guinea Research Unit Bulletin No.35, Port Moresby da Canberra

## Manazarta