open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Cibiyar Nazarin Dijital

**Cibiyar sadarwa ta dijital ta Cognitive (CDN)** tsari ne da aka tsara wanda ke kwatanta tsarin da fahimtar ɗan adam da hankali na wucin gadi ke aiki tare a cikin yanayin da aka raba don yin ma'ana, fassara, da kuma gina ilimi. Manufar ta tsara wani nau'i na haɗin dijital wanda ya wuce sadarwa ta dijital ko hanyar sadarwar zamantakewa ta hanyar jaddada hanyoyin tunani da ƙarni na fahimtar raba.

An fara gabatar da kalmar ne a shekarar 2025 a cikin wani aikin da aka buga wanda ke da niyyar bayyana wani mataki mai tasowa a ci gaban ilimin dijital.   A cikin wannan tsari, Cibiyar Nazarin Dijital ta bambanta da ra'ayin injiniya na cibiyar sadarwa da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin sadarwa - da farko an mayar da hankali kan hanyar daidaitawa da sarrafa albarkatu   - ta hanyar jaddada matakai na semantic maimakon inganta sigina.  

Ana tattauna Cibiyoyin sadarwar dijital na Cognitive dangane da fannoni kamar su fasaha ta wucin gadi, ilmantarwa na inji, wakilcin ilimi, ka'idar bayanai, da kimiyyar cibiyar sadarwa. An bayyana su a matsayin mahalli inda mutane da na wucin gadi suka ba da gudummawa ga fassarar da sauya bayanai, suna ba da damar nau'ikan tunani na rukuni daban daga alamu na hulɗa da ke da alaƙa da hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a.

## Ma'anar
An bayyana Cibiyar Nazarin Dijital (CDN) a matsayin rukuni na raka'a na mutum da na wucin gadi waɗanda ke shiga cikin matakai na ilmantarwa, bincike, fassara, da kuma gina ilimi. A cikin irin wannan cibiyar sadarwa, duka jami'an ɗan adam da tsarin AI suna ba da gudummawa ga alamun mahallin, wakilci na ma'ana, da hanyoyin tunani, suna samar da yanayin da aka raba don samarwa, tabbatarwa, da amfani da ilimi. Tsarin yana jaddada fahimtar daidaitawa da daidaituwa na ma'ana maimakon watsa bayanan maras kyau.

A cikin wannan tsari, CDN ya bambanta da tsarin lissafi na gargajiya ko na sadarwa ta hanyar mai da hankali kan rarraba fahimta da kuma ma'anar ma'ana. Misali ya tsara yanayin da fassarar, ra'ayoyi, da tunani mai ma'ana ke tsara halayyar cibiyar sadarwa - wakiltar canji daga tsarin da aka tsara zuwa musayar bayanai zuwa tsarin da aka daidaita zuwa fahimtar raba.

### Bambanci daga Cibiyoyin Samun Ra'ayi
Kodayake irin wannan a cikin ƙamus, Cibiyar Nazarin Dijital ta bambanta da ainihin manufar cibiyar sadarwa a cikin sadarwa. Cibiyoyin sadarwa na fahimta a cikin injiniya sun dace da yanayin cibiyar sadarwa ta hanyar jin da inganta rabon albarkatu da kuma kwararar sigina. Sabanin haka, Cibiyoyin sadarwar dijital na Cognitive suna aiwatar da ma'ana maimakon sigina - nazarin alaƙar ma'ana, haɗa tunanin mutum da na'ura, da kuma ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar raba. Wannan bambancin yana nuna canji daga inganta kayan aikin dijital zuwa tsara tsarin fahimta mai tasowa, inda tunani, fassara, da sarrafa ma'ana ke faruwa a duk faɗin mahalli na ɗan adam-AI.

## Manazarta
Stuart Wellington

**Stuart Lenton Wellington** Mai wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka kuma mai mallakar mashaya wanda ke zaune a Brooklyn, New York .  Tare da Dan McCoy, shi ne co-halicci na mummunan fim din podcast The Flop House, wanda ya shirya tun 2007 tare da McCoy da Elliott Kalan,  yana motsawa zuwa cibiyar sadarwar All Things Comedy a watan Oktoba 2012  sannan kuma cibiyar sadarwarsa ta Maximum Fun a watan Satumbar 2014. An nuna shi a cikin shafi na Podmass na AV Club don aikinsa a kan kwasfan fayiloli.

Baya ga bayyana a kan Flop House, Wellington kuma yana da haɗin gwiwa Till Def do us Ppardy, tare da Alexander Smith, wani kwasfan fayiloli na Def Leppard wanda ke bincika jigogi a cikin kiɗan Def Leppart.

Wellington shine mahaliccin halin Flop House Housecat  kuma mai ba da labari na waƙar rayuwa, wanda mawaƙi Alexander Smith ya samar, yana ba da cikakken bayani game da labarin baya. Ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa ga jerin shirye-shiryen "Bad Movie Night" a 92YTribeca a Birnin New York, wanda ya haɗa da nuna Bratz: The Movie a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2012. 

Wellington ya bayyana halin Tube Man a cikin fim din Steven Kotanski *Psycho Goreman*, wanda aka saki a shekarar 2020. 

Wellington kuma mai haɗin gwiwar Hinterlands Bar ne a Brooklyn, New York, wanda ya buɗe don kasuwanci a tsakiyar Yuni 2016.

Ya bayyana a cikin abubuwa uku na Hello from the Magic Tavern a matsayin Globulous the Beholder . 

## Manazarta
Tsaro na Yanayi

**The Nature Conservancy** (**TNC**) kungiya ce ta muhalli ta duniya da ke da hedikwata a Arlington, Virginia, Amurka. Ya zuwa 2021, yana aiki ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa ko rassa a cikin ƙasashe da yankuna 79, da kuma a duk fadin kowace jiha a Amurka.

An kafa ƙungiyar kare muhalli ta Nature Conservancy a shekarar 1951, kuma tana da mambobi sama da miliyan ɗaya a duk duniya   kuma ya kare sama da  na ƙasa a tarihinta.    ita ce babbar ƙungiyar agaji ta muhalli ta kadarori da kudaden shiga a Amurka.

## Tarihi

The Nature Conservancy ya samo asali ne daga wata kungiya mai ilimi da aka fi sani da Ecological Society of America (ESA).  An kafa ESA a cikin 1915, kuma daga baya ya kafa Kwamitin Kula da Yankunan Halitta don Nazarin Muhalli, wanda Victor Shelford ya jagoranta. Babban manufar Shelford ita ce neman yankunan ƙasa waɗanda za su kasance masu fa'ida ga bincike na dogon lokaci. A cikin shekarun 1930, Shelford da abokan aikinsa kamar Aldo Leopold sun ci gaba da neman bayar da shawara don kiyayewa. Rarraba ra'ayoyi game da ilimi ko bayar da shawarwari ya jagoranci kungiyar ta rushe kwamitin kuma a cikin 1946, Shelford da abokan aikinsa sun kafa kungiyar masu ilimin muhalli. Ƙungiyar ta ƙarshe ta ɗauki sunan "The Nature Conservancy", don yin koyi da hukumar Burtaniya ta wannan sunan, wacce ta bi aikin kiyaye sararin samaniya da kiyaye namun daji. An kafa Nature Conservancy a Amurka a matsayin kungiyar da ba ta da riba a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 1951. 

## Shafukan aikin

Kokarin Tsaro na Yanayi ya haɗa da kiyayewa a Arewacin Amurka, Amurka ta tsakiya, da Amurka ta Kudu, Afirka, Pacific Rim, Caribbean, da Asiya.

### Arewacin Amurka: ayyukan da aka zaɓa
The Nature Conservancy da abokin aikinta na kiyayewa, Pronatura Peninsula Yucatán, don dakatar da a kan ƙasashe masu zaman kansu a ciki da kewayen kadada miliyan 1.8 (7,300 km2) Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, tare da iyakar Guatemala-Mexico. Sun yi sulhu da kariya na kadada 370,000 (1,500 km2) na gandun daji mai zafi a Calakmul. A wani shirin, TNC tana aiki don kare mazaunin namun daji a cikin Babban Yankin Yellowstone.&nbsp;&nbsp;

### Afirka
A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2015, The Nature Conservancy ta ba da sanarwar kammala musayar bashin farko a Seychelles da nufin kiyaye teku. Sabon yankin da aka kare yana ƙara ruwan da aka kare na ƙasar daga ƙasa da kashi 1 zuwa sama da kashi 30 ciki har da tallafi don ƙirƙirar yankin da aka kiyaye na biyu mafi girma a Yammacin Tekun Indiya. An yi yarjejeniyar musayar bashin ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da Ma'aikatar Kudi ta Seychelles, tallafi ga ƙasashe masu bashi ciki har da Faransa, da tallafi daga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da Gidauniyar Leonardo DiCaprio ke jagoranta.

## Manazarta
Iyalin AFN

**AFN Family** tasha ce ta nishaɗi gabaɗaya wacce ke ba da shirye-shirye ga yara 'yan shekara 2 zuwa 17. Duk da cewa sunan tashar yana nuna shirye-shirye da suka dace da duk membobin iyali a kowane lokaci, tashar ta fi kama da Freeform ko Nickelodeon, tare da shirye-shirye da aka yi niyya ga takamaiman ƙungiyoyin shekaru a lokacin rana. Shirye-shirye a lokacin bayan makaranta daga ƙarfe 3 na yamma agogon gida zuwa ƙarfe 1 na safe agogon gida yana niyya ga yara ƙanana amma "masu shekaru" yayin da manyan yara ke samun damar kallo da safe da rana. Da ƙarfe 1 na safe agogon gida, shirye-shiryen an yi niyya ne ga matasa manya. A watan Satumba na 2013, AFN ta ƙaddamar da rarrabuwa a cikin Iyali, wanda aka yi wa lakabi da **AFN Pulse** . Kimanin rabin shirye-shiryen yini sun rage da nufin ƙungiyar shekaru 2 zuwa 13. A lokacin lokutan farko, tashar ta zama AFN Pulse, kuma tana nuna shirye-shirye da aka yi niyya ne ga manyan matasa, kodayake ta kasance ta dace da kallon iyali.

## Tarihi
AFN ta nuna shirye-shiryen yara kan abin da zai zama cibiyar sadarwar AFN Prime kafin ƙaddamar da ita; a watan Janairun 2003, an sanar da cewa wannan sabis ɗin zai ƙaddamar da sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa guda biyu, hanyar sadarwar iyali da hanyar sadarwar fina-finai (wanda zai zama Fim ɗin AFN), wanda zai fara a watan Disamba na 2003. A ƙarƙashin wannan motsi, an shirya cewa AFN Spectrum za ta rasa wasu shirye-shiryenta.  An jinkirta ƙaddamar da tashoshin biyu;  kafin Agusta 2004, shi da AFN Movie sun shirya ƙaddamar da su a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2004; a halin yanzu, tashar ta ƙaddamar da su a tauraron ɗan adam a matsayin wurin riƙewa har zuwa ranar da aka tsara.  An *fara* watsa shirye-shiryen a ranar 2 ga Satumba, amma *daga* ranar 3 ga Satumba; na ɗan lokaci bayan ƙaddamar da shi, shirye-shiryen yara sun ci gaba da watsawa a adadi kaɗan akan AFN Prime. 

A farkon shekarunsa, shirye-shiryen sun fara ne da abubuwan da ke cikin makarantun gaba da sakandare daga ƙarfe 5 na safe zuwa 3 na yamma, sannan kuma shirye-shirye ga yara da iyalai na makaranta har zuwa ƙarfe 7 na yamma, na ƙarshen ya ƙunshi galibin zane-zanen kebul na zamani da wasu shirye-shiryen kai tsaye, kamar *AFV* ko sitcoms. Shirye-shiryen daga ƙarfe 7 na yamma an tsara su ne ga matasa kuma galibi sun ƙunshi sitcoms na matasa, ko dai daga hanyoyin sadarwa na kebul ko na iska, yayin da aka gudanar da wasu shirye-shiryen rana da na yamma cikin dare. 

Tun daga watan Satumba na 2013, an ba wa Iyalan AFN ranar farko ta tashar suna, AFN Pulse. An yi amfani da wannan tsari a matsayin hanyar bambance shirye-shiryenta da abincin rana, domin ba ta karkata ga iyalai ba. Wannan tsari ya yi kama da na Cartoon Network tare da Adult Swim da Nickelodeon tare da Nick at Nite . 

A shekarar 2017, daidai da sauran hanyoyin sadarwa na AFN, ya koma babban ma'auni. 

An shirya rufe tashar a watan Maris na 2026, saboda raguwar ayyukan talabijin da AFN za ta samar ta hanyar tauraron dan adam. Sabis ɗin watsa shirye-shiryenta zai ɗauki nauyin shirye-shiryen yara. 

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Ayyuka ta Taitung

**Cibiyar Fasaha ta Taitung** ( traditional Chinese      ) cibiyar wasan kwaikwayo ce a birnin Taitung, gundumar Taitung, Taiwan.

## Tarihi
Taitung Theatre ne ya kafa cibiyar a shekarar 2004 a matsayin wurin da masu fasaha na gida za su nuna baiwarsu.  

## Duba kuma

* Jerin wuraren shakatawa na masu yawon bude ido a Taiwan

## Manazarta
Mazabar No. 2 (Kazakhstan)

**Mazabar No. 2** ( Kazakh     ; Russian   ) yanki ne mai ikon zama yanki ɗaya a Kazakhstan, wanda ke wakiltar ƙaramin majalisar Mäjilis ta Majalisar Dokoki . Tana cikin babban birnin Astana kuma ta haɗa da gundumomin Esil da Saryarqa .

An kafa mazabar ne tun a shekarar 2004 don zaɓen 'yan majalisa kuma ta wanzu har sai da aka soke ta a shekarar 2007. Duk da haka, an sake kafa ta a shekarar 2022 kuma a halin yanzu mataimakin Däulet Muqaev ( mai zaman kansa ) ne ke wakilta ta tun daga Maris 2023. 

## Yanayin ƙasa
Mazabar mai lamba 2 tana yankin kudu maso gabashin Astana kuma ta ƙunshi gundumomin birnin Esil da Saryarqa . Tana da iyaka da Lamba 9 ( Yankin Akmola ) a kudu da Lamba 1 (Astana) a arewa maso gabas. 

## Tarihi
An kafa mazabar mai lamba 2 don zaɓen 'yan majalisa na 2004 sakamakon sake rarrabawa a cikin iyakokin Astana, kuma Tölegen Muhamedjanov ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin daga mazabar yanki.  Daga nan, gundumar zaɓe ta ci gaba da wanzuwa har zuwa rushewarta bayan gyaran kundin tsarin mulki na 2007, wanda ya haifar da soke dukkan mazabu a matsayin wani ɓangare na sauyawa daga wakilcin 'yan majalisa masu rinjaye zuwa tsarin wakilcin rabon jam'iyya gaba ɗaya.    Sauyin ya shafi tsarin dukkan kujerun majalisar Mäjilis ta Majalisar Dokokin Kazakhstan tun daga zaɓen 'yan majalisa na 2007.  

A ranar 24 ga Disamba, 2022, Hukumar Zaɓe ta Tsakiya ta sake kafa Mazaɓar Mai Lamba ta 2, wadda ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2023 sakamakon gyaran da aka yi a shekarar 2022.   Amincewa da wannan gyaran ya nuna sake gabatar da tsarin zaɓe mai gauraya don zaɓar 'yan majalisar Mäjilis, tare da sake dawo da amfani da mazaɓun da aka ƙidaya a karon farko tun daga shekarar 2004.   Ya fara bayyana a zaɓen 'yan majalisa na 2023, inda Däulet Muqaev ya zama zaɓaɓɓen wakilin mazaɓar. 

## Membobi

## Sakamakon zaɓe

### 2023

## Manazarta
Junk (Shinjuku Filth album)

**Junk** shi ne kundi na farko na Shinjuku Filth, wanda Iridium Records ya fitar a shekarar 1995. A ranar 21 ga Mayu, 1996 an sake fitar da kundin a kan Full Contact Records.

## Karɓar baƙi
Aiding & Abetting ya kira Junk "mai ƙarfi, mai zalunci kuma mai kyau" kuma cewa "Shinjuku Filth yana da gine-ginen sauti (da sake ginawa) ƙasa, kuma ya shiga cikin wasu yankuna da ba a bincika su ba a nan".  Jason Ankeny na AllMusic ya ba da kundin uku daga cikin taurari biyar kuma ya ce "waƙar ta fito ne daga rawa mai ƙarfi zuwa karin sauti na yanayi; waƙoƙin ƙarshe shine, daga dukkan abubuwa, murfin Splitz chestnut "Log Cabin Fever. "  Sonic Boom ya ce "wani ɓangare na sha'awar kiɗa ya samo asali ne daga gaskiyar cewa sau ɗaya ƙungiyar da ke da horo mai zurfi na kiɗa yanzu tana gwaji tare da wasu shahararrun salon kiɗa na lantarki kuma a matsayin sakamako na ƙarshe yana ci gaba da nau'in fiye da hangen nesa na ramin wasu daga cikin rukunin kulob din lantarki."

## Ma'aikata
An daidaita shi daga bayanan Junk.

**Black Lung**

* Darrin Verhagen - maɓallan&nbsp;maɓallan maɓalli

**Ƙarin masu wasan kwaikwayo**

* Peter Breuer - kayan kida&nbsp;
* Paul McDermott - kayan kida&nbsp;
* Anthony Norris - kayan kida&nbsp;
* Paul Schütze - kayan kida&nbsp;
* Mark Stafford - kayan kida&nbsp;

**Fitarwa da ƙira**

* Zalman Fishman - mai gabatar da zartarwa&nbsp;
* Richard Grant (I + T = R) - zane&nbsp;

## Tarihin saki

## Manazarta
Michael Trebilcock

**Michael John Trebilcock**  (an haife shi a shekara ta 1941) ɗan New Zealand ne, masanin ilimin shari'a na Kanada. A halin yanzu shi ne fitaccen farfesa a jami'a kuma farfesa a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Toronto, ƙwararre a fannin doka da tattalin arziki.

## Rayuwa ta farko
Trebilcock ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Rangiora.

## Malami
Trebilcock ya koyar a Jami'ar Adelaide, Kudancin Australia, har zuwa 1969, lokacin da ya zo Kanada a matsayin mataimakin farfesa na shari'a a Makarantar Shari'a ta McGill. An nada shi farfesa a fannin shari'a a McGill a shekarar 1970 kuma ya shiga fannin shariʼa a Jami'ar Toronto a matsayin farfesa a shari'a. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa na Kungiyar Abokan Ciniki ta Kanada, shugaban Majalisar Binciken Abokan Cin Hanci da kuma darektan bincike na Kwamitin Kwararrun Kwararrun Gwamnatin Ontario. Ya kasance abokin aiki a fannin shari'a da tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Chicago Law School a 1976, farfesa mai ziyara a Yale Law School a 1985, kuma farfesa a fannin Shari'a a Jami'an New York Law School a 1997 da 1999. Daga 1982 zuwa 1986 ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Bincike na Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba ta Kanada . A shekara ta 1987 an zabe shi a matsayin abokin Royal Society of Canada kuma an nada shi farfesa a jami'a a shekarar 1990. An girmama shi da lambar yabo ta koyarwa ta Jami'ar Toronto a shekarar 1986.

## Mawallafin
An ba shi lambar yabo ta Warren Owen a shekarar 1989 ta Gidauniyar Binciken Shari'a don littafinsa, The Common Law of Restraint of Trade, wanda aka zaba a matsayin littafin doka mafi kyau a Turanci da aka buga a Kanada a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata. Tun daga wannan lokacin ya rubuta The Limits of Freedom of Contract kuma ya hada hannu da The Regulation of International Trade; Exploring the Domain of Accident Law: Taking the Facts Seriously; da The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy .

## Kyaututtuka
Trebilcock ya ƙware a fannin shari'a da tattalin arziki, cinikayya da kwangila na duniya da dokar kasuwanci. Yana aiki a matsayin codirectora na Shirin Shari'a da Tattalin Arziki . A shekara ta 1999, Trebilcock ya sami digiri na girmamawa a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar McGill kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Majalisar Kanada Molson a fannin Humanities da Social Sciences . A cikin wannan shekarar an zabe shi dan kasar waje mai daraja na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka.

## Manazarta
Tashar Radar Lekhtusi

**Tashar Radar ta Lekhtusi** wani radar ne na gargaɗin gaggawa kusa da Lekhtusi a yankin Leningrad, Rasha . Wannan muhimmin ɓangare ne na tsarin gargaɗin farko na Rasha game da harin makamai masu linzami, wanda za a fara aiki a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 2012.  Rundunar Sojin Sama ta Rasha ce ke gudanar da shi.

An yi sanarwa da dama game da gabatar da wannan radar, na farko daga cikin jerin radar gargaɗin farko na ƙarni na uku na Voronezh . Ya fara shiga gwaji a watan Disamba na 2005, hidimar gwaji shekara guda bayan haka, hidima a watan Disamba na 2009 sannan daga ƙarshe ya fara aikin yaƙi a 2012. 

Tashar tana da  kudu maso yammacin ƙauyen Lekhtusi da  arewa maso gabashin St Petersburg . Tana kusa da Kwalejin Soja ta AF Mozhaysky wacce cibiyar horar da jami'ai ce ga Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Rasha. 

## Radar Voronezh
Radar Voronezh sune na'urorin radar da aka riga aka ƙera waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙarancin ma'aikata kuma suna amfani da ƙarancin makamashi fiye da tsararrakin da suka gabata. &#x5B; ** &#x5D; Wanda aka gina a Lekhtusi an bayyana shi da Voronezh-M,  radar VHF mai nisan  .  Kwamandan Rundunar Sojin Samaniya Oleg Ostapenko ya bayyana na'urar radar a matsayin wadda ta mamaye arewa maso yammacin Rasha kuma ta maye gurbin abin da aka rasa lokacin da aka dakatar da aikin na'urar radar a Skrunda da ke Latvia a shekarar 1998. 

## Manazarta
Stage to Tucson

**Stage to Tucson** fim ne na Yammacin Amurka na 1950 wanda Ralph Murphy ya jagoranta kuma Robert Creighton Williams, Frank Burt da Robert Libott ne suka rubuta shi. Ya samo asali ne daga littafin Lost Stage Valley na Frank Bonham na 1948. Tauraron fim din Rod Cameron, Wayne Morris, Kay Buckley, Sally Eilers, Carl Benton Reid da Roy Roberts. An fitar da fim din a watan Disamba na 1950, ta Columbia Pictures kuma sun sake yin shi a 1956 a matsayin The Phantom Stagecoach, sake amfani da fina-finai masu yawa daga fim din da ya gabata kuma canza shi daga Technicolor zuwa baki da fari.

## Makirci
John Butterfield, mai mallakar Butterfield Overland Mail, ya ziyarci sabon shugaban kasar da aka zaba Ibrahim Lincoln watanni biyu kafin a rantsar da shi don yin korafi game da asarar goma daga cikin motocinsa tsakanin Apache Pass da Tucson. Lincoln yana so ya tabbatar da cewa masu horar da Butterfield suna ci gaba da kawo zinariya daga California don taimakawa wajen tallafawa duk wani rikici da ke faruwa tare da Kudancin Amurka, amma ba zai iya ba da taimako ga Butterfield ba.

Grif Holbrook yana kan wani mataki wanda 'yan fashi da ke bayyane suka dakatar da shi wanda a zahiri rundunar da Sheriff Winters ke jagoranta. Winters yana da takardar shaidar Holbrook don sata na $ 2200. Grif, wanda ya yi tsalle daga mataki kafin ya tsaya, ya juya teburin a kan Winters da mutanensa amma lokacin da ya gano ko wanene Winters kuma dalilin da ya sa ya dakatar da mataki, sai ya ba da kansa. Winters ya ɗauki Holbrook zuwa Butterfield wanda ya shirya takardar shaidar a matsayin dabara don yin magana da tsohon abokin aikinsa Grif don ya nemi taimako don dakatar da sata daga matakai. Grif ya ki cewa yana kan hanyar zuwa California don sayen gona kuma ya yi ritaya.

Grif, bayan da Butterfield ya shawo kansa ya karɓi ofishinsa na Tucson, ya ɗauki motar da ta tsaya a wani mataki inda Kate Crocker za a cire ta daga matsayinta a wurin ta ɗaya daga cikin 'yan uwan Grif. Kate ta yi fushi da rasa aikinta amma Grif ta ce za ta iya yin littattafai a ofishin Tucson wanda ta yarda da shi. A kan hanyarsu ta zuwa Tucson maza ne suka riƙe su, karkashin jagorancin Ira Prentiss, a cikin baƙar fata da aka rufe da ƙarfe. Ɗaya daga cikin maza shine ya ɗauki mataki kusa da Tucson don sauke fasinjoji kafin ya sace kocin. Sauran maza za su dawo da Grif zuwa sansanin su, bayan sun sace kuɗin sa. Sun nuna wa Grif cewa suna ɗaukar masu horar da su don taimakawa kudancin. A kan hanyarsu ta zuwa sansanin su, ranch na Maroon, Grif ya tsere bayan ya harbe direban, tsohon ma'aikacin Butterfield kuma aboki Sam. Lokacin da Jim Maroon, shugaban ƙungiyar da Maroon Wagon Trains, ya gano cewa an sace Grif maimakon a kashe shi kamar yadda aka umurce shi yana fushi sosai.

## Masu ba da labari

* Rod Cameron a matsayin Grif Holbrook
* Wayne Morris a matsayin Barney Broderick
* Kay Buckley a matsayin Kate Crocker
* Sally Eilers a matsayin Annie Benson
* Carl Benton Reid a matsayin Dokta Noah Banteen
* Roy Roberts a matsayin Jim Maroon
* Harry Bellaver a matsayin Gus Heyden
* Douglas Fowley a matsayin Ira Prentiss

## Manazarta
Josiah Binnema

**Josiah Binnema** (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 1997) ɗan ƙasar Kanada ne mai ninkaya .

## Sana'a
Fitowarsa ta farko a duniya ta zo ne a Gasar Wasannin Iyo ta Matasa ta FINA ta 2015, inda ya zo na 18 a gasar malafa ta mita 50, na 6 a gasar ninkaya ta mita 4x100, da kuma na 11 a gasar malafa ta mita 100, inda ya kafa sabon rikodin Junior Canadian Record na 53.86.  Ya fafata a Gasar Wasannin Ruwa ta Duniya ta 2017, inda ya zo na 37 a gasar malafa ta mita 50 ta Maza, na 34 a gasar malafa ta mita 100 ta Maza da kuma na 12 a gasar ninkaya ta mita 4x100.    A Gasar Commonwealth ta 2018, Binnema ya yi nasara a matsayi na 12 a gasar bugun baya ta maza 200, na 9 a gasar malafa ta maza 50, na 5 a gasar karshe ta malafa ta maza 100 da kuma na 4 a gasar ninkaya ta 4x100.    

A Tokyo don Gasar Wasannin Ninkaya ta Pan Pacific ta 2018, Binnema ya yi iyo a tsere huɗu. Ya yi iyo a tseren mita 200 na maza, inda ya zo na 18, malam buɗe ido na maza na mita 100 inda ya zo na 11, da kuma tseren gudu na 4x100, inda ƙungiyar ta zo na 5 gaba ɗaya.    Mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayon Binnema ya zo ne a tseren gudu na 4x100 Mixed Medley, inda ya yi iyo daƙiƙa 51.56 a kan ƙafar malam buɗe ido na tseren gudu, wanda shine karo na biyu mafi sauri a tarihin Kanada.  Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2019 a Gwangju, Koriya ta ga fitowa ɗaya kawai daga Binnema, wanda shine malam buɗe ido na maza na mita 100 inda ya zo na 24.  Daga baya a wannan watan, Binnema ya yi iyo a tseren malam buɗe ido na maza na mita 50 da kuma malam buɗe ido na maza na 100 a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FINA ta 2019 .

## Manazarta
Tsarin kasuwar muhalli mai gaskiya

A cikin tattalin arziki, **tsarin kasuwa gaskiya na [[Ecology|muhalli]]** (abbr. kasuwar gaskiya) yana nufin kasuwa wanda ke nuna farashin muhalli da lafiyar muhalli kamar ƙarancin albarkatu da gurɓata.

## Abubuwan waje
Babban fasalin tsarin kasuwar gaskiya na muhalli shine kula da mummunan abubuwan waje. Kamfanoni da ke aiki a cikin tsarin kasuwar kyauta ba tare da tsari ba suna biyan kuɗin masu zaman kansu na ayyukansu - farashin kai tsaye wanda aka karɓa a matsayin mahimmanci ga ƙera samfuran su. Koyaya, suna kuma samar da farashi na waje, ko mummunan abubuwan waje; ƙarin farashi da aka kirkira yayin tsari, wanda ba mai siye ko mai siyarwa ba ne kuma an bar su ga wasu su biya.

An ba da shawarar cewa a yau, tare da kasuwannin duniya waɗanda ke da yawan bangarorin da ke hulɗa a matsayin masu siye da masu siyarwa, farashin waje, na kai tsaye na samarwa na iya wuce farashin ciki. Misali, farashin kai tsaye na ƙone kwal, kamar gurɓataccen iska, Ruwan sama mai zafi, lalacewar yanayin halittu da Canjin yanayi na iya wuce farashin kai tsaye wanda kamfanin ke biya, wato farashin hakar ma'adinai da sufuri.

## Samun tsarin kasuwar muhalli mai gaskiya
Yayinda ra'ayin tattalin arziki na gargajiya ke tallafawa ra'ayin cewa albarkatun muhalli wani abu ne na tsarin tattalin arzikin ɗan adam, masana Tattalin arzikin muhalli suna jayayya cewa tsarin tattalin arziki shine tsarin tsarin halittu. Masu goyon bayan tattalin arzikin muhalli sun bayyana ra'ayin cewa albarkatun duniya sun ƙare, ci gaba mai ɗorewa yana da mahimmanci ga nasarar tattalin arziki ta gaba, kuma cewa ainihin farashin ayyukan kasuwa, gami da mummunan tasirin kiwon lafiya da muhalli, ya kamata a nuna shi a cikin farashi na gaskiya (cikakken farashi). Akwai dabaru daban-daban da masana tattalin arzikin muhalli suka ba da shawarar na iya ƙirƙirar kasuwa mai gaskiya.

### Harajin muhalli

Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da suka dace na magance abubuwan waje shine ta hanyar shiga tsakani na gwamnati, tare da sanya harajin muhalli ko 'kore'. Ɗauki, alal misali, shuka wanda ke fitar da hayaki mai guba a cikin tsarin narkewar jan ƙarfe. Wadannan hayaki suna haifar da matsalolin kiwon lafiya ga mutanen da ke zaune a kusa da shuka, zuwa jimlar x dala a kowace tan na fitar da jan ƙarfe. Masu mallakar shuka ba su da wani alhakin rufe waɗannan farashin sabili da haka ba a haɗa su a cikin lissafin farashi na masu zaman kansu ba; wannan yana nufin fitarwa yana faruwa a matakin da farashin zamantakewa ya wuce farashin masu zaman kansu kuma matakin fitarwa ya wuce adadin wanda ke da fa'ida ga al'umma. Ana iya magance wannan gazawar kasuwa tare da gabatar da Harajin Pigouvian, inda gwamnati ta sanya haraji a kan ko dai fitarwa (kayan jan ƙarfe da aka samar), ko shigarwa (kwal da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin tsarin narkewa). Matsayin harajin ya kamata ya yi daidai da matakin mummunan abubuwan waje, don haka masu samarwa yanzu suna da alhakin cikakken farashin ayyukansu da fitarwa sun faɗi zuwa matakin mafi kyau na zamantakewa.

## Manazarta
Bikin bazara na BW

**Bikin bazara na BW**, (wanda aka fi sani da **BW** ko BayWatch), biki ne na kiɗa na shekara-shekara wanda ake gudanarwa a Gisborne, New Zealand.

## Tarihi
An fara bikin ne a shekarar 2004 a matsayin **sansanin BW**,  don taimakawa wajen karɓar dubban baƙi da suka ziyarci gundumar don bikin Rhythm and Vines na Hauwa'u ta Sabuwar Shekara. BW tana gudanar da wurare daban-daban na sansani waɗanda ke ɗauke da mutane sama da 16,000 kowace shekara. 

A shekara ta 2007, BW Summer Festival ta ƙara gidan wasan kwaikwayo na **Jim Beam Sound Shell** don ɗaukar nauyin mawakansa a matsayin jagora a cikin shirin Rhythm and Vines.

BW tana da tarihin Guinness World Records a matsayin babbar gasar tsalle-tsalle mai tsayi 

A yammacin ranar 31 ga Disamba 2014, wani rikici ya barke a sansanin tsakanin wuraren da aka raba su biyun lokacin da wasu 'yan sansani suka yanke shawarar ƙona tanti suka fara jifan junansu. Hakan ya haifar da kama mutane 68 da kuma raunata mutane 83. 

Tun daga shekarar 2015 aka haɗa wannan bikin da bikin Rhythm &amp;amp; Vines . 

## Jerin 'yan wasa

### 2014/2015
Flume, Shapeshifter, David Dallas, Peking Duk, Manne Yatsu, Home Brew . 

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Nazarin Jami'ar Jihar Albany

**Jami'ar Jihar Albany Coliseum** filin wasa ne da ke Albany, Georgia . Ana amfani da shi galibi don ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka, kuma shine filin gida na Jami'ar Jihar Albany Golden Rams da ke wasa a Babban Taron Wasannin Kwaleji na Kudancin (SIAC) a NCAA Division II.

## Bayani
Filin wasan yana ɗaukar mutane 10,000 kuma an buɗe shi a shekarar 2004 a harabar jami'ar. Jami'ar Jihar Albany tana da filin wasa na biyu mafi girma a SIAC; an daidaita shi da Tuskegee mai ɗaukar mutane 10,000 (bayan filin wasa na Charlie W. Johnson na Kwalejin Benedict, yana da ɗaukar mutane 11,000).

## Manazarta
Down in the Valley (fim)

**Down in the Valley** fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka na 2005 wanda Edward Norton, Evan Rachel Wood, David Morse da Rory Culkin suka fito. Fim din ya fara fitowa a sashin Un Certain Regard a bikin fina-finai na Cannes na 2005  a ranar 13 ga Mayu, kuma ya yi iyakantaccen fitowar wasan kwaikwayo a Arewacin Amurka a ranar 5 ga Mayu, 2006.

## Makirci
A cikin Kwarin San Fernando, matashi mai tawaye Oktoba "Tobe" ya yi tafiya tare da ƙanwarta, Lonnie. Kashegari, Tobe ya tafi rairayin bakin teku tare da abokai, kuma lokacin da suka tsaya don gas, Harlan, mutumin da ke shafar salon gargajiya, cowboy ya taimaka musu. Tobe ya gayyaci Harlan da ya tsufa zuwa rairayin bakin teku. Ya yarda, wanda ya haifar da rasa aikinsa. A bakin rairayin bakin teku, sun yi sumba kuma, bayan sun koma gidan Harlan, sun yi jima'i. Ya dauke ta a kwanan wata, kuma uku suna samun wani abu da za su ci. Daga baya a wannan dare, sun tafi kwanan wata "na ainihi", suna rawa kuma suna saduwa da abokan Tobe don wani biki, inda Harlan ke shan kwayoyi. Tobe ta koma gida washegari; yayin da ta dawo gida bayan an sa ran ta, Wade, mahaifinta, ya yi fushi, kuma ta koma ɗakin ta. Lokacin da ta ki yin magana, sai ya buga ƙofar kuma ya bar lalacewar da ake gani.

## Karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci
A shafin yanar gizon Rotten Tomatoes, fim din yana da amincewar kashi 53%, bisa ga sake dubawa 100. Yarjejeniyar shafin yanar gizon ta karanta, "Tsarin Tsohon Yammacin da ke rikici da yankunan zamani yana da sabo kuma da farko yana da ban sha'awa, amma aikin na biyu ya lalace cikin abubuwan da suka faru wanda ke haifar da amintacce." Metacritic, wanda ke amfani da , ya ba fim din kashi 65 daga cikin 100, bisa ga masu sukar 33, yana nuna "yawanci".

Mai sukar fina-finai na Amurka Roger Ebert ya nuna ra'ayoyi game da fim din a cikin bita na *[[Chicago Sun-Times]]* . A gefe guda, ya lura da halaye da yawa "wanda ke sa ni farin ciki da ganin shi", musamman ma wasan kwaikwayo na Edward Norton da kuma "mahimmanci na musamman" na halinsa Harlan. A gefe guda, Ebert ya yi jayayya da ƙarshen fim ɗin wanda ya ga ba a yarda da shi ba kuma ra'ayin da ke bayan makircin maimakon haruffa a ciki ya motsa shi sosai.

## Manazarta
Ashvek Vintage Duniya

**Ashvek Vintage World** wani gidan tarihi ne na motocin gargajiya da ke Kudancin Goa, Indiya. Yana bayyana kansa a matsayin "gidan tarihi da wurin nunin motoci na farko kuma na farko a Goa." 

## Manufofi, asali
An kafa ta a watan Yulin 2004, kuma wannan shiri ne na ɗan kasuwa Pradeep V. Naik  (wanda wasu majiyoyi suka rubuta a matsayin Nayak). Manufarta ita ce "yaɗa wayar da kan matasa game da motocin gargajiya".  Baya ga kiyaye motocin gargajiya, akwai kuma aikin gyara.

A cewar 40kmph.com  mamallakin kamfanin Pradeep Nayak dillalin babura ne ta hanyar sana'a, wanda ya shiga harkar bayan kawunsa ya sayi tsohuwar motar Mercedez shekaru da suka gabata. Daga baya ya sayi Peugeot 301 (ƙimar 1931) akan Rs 3000 a shekarar 1985, kuma tarin motocin ya ƙaru tun daga lokacin. Yawancin motocin an samo su ne daga biranen da ke kusa da Goa, kamar Kolhapur, Sangli ko Miraj, kuma kaɗan daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Maharaja na Sawantwadi a Maharashtra, wanda ke wajen iyakar Goa.

An kuma bayyana shi a matsayin "wanda aka keɓe don gyara da kuma adana kayan tarihi na motoci da babura a Goa"  kuma farashin shiga kamfanin Nuvem ( Salcete ) shine Rs 50 a shekarar 2005.

## Sauran abubuwan da suka faru
Tarin motocin gargajiya suma sun shiga cikin wasu taruka, misali a cikin baje kolin motoci.  Motocin da aka lissafa a matsayin wadanda suka shiga sun hada da " motar Chevrolet mai canzawa, motar Morris 8 mai canzawa, motar Morris 8 mai canzawa, motar Baby Austin, motar Morris Minor Pickup mai ƙofofi 4 da kuma motar Volkswagen Beetle mai ƙofofi huɗu ta musamman."

## Samfura da ake da su
Daga cikin samfuran da yake da su a halin yanzu akwai:

* Peugeot na 1931
* Jagorar Jirgin Sama na Chevrolet na 1948
* Tasirin Vandall mai injin biyu mai wuya
* 1961 Datsun Fairlady
* Morris 8
* Motar Mercedes 170 ta 1939 

## Lokutan aiki
Yana buɗewa daga ƙarfe 10&nbsp;na safe zuwa 1&nbsp;yamma, kuma daga karfe 3 na yamma&nbsp;karfe 5:30 na yamma zuwa 5:30 na yamma&nbsp;yamma, amma a rufe a ranakun Lahadi da sauran ranakun hutu.

## Abubuwan da ba a sani ba kaɗan

* Ana samun sassa lokaci-lokaci daga tallace-tallace na atomatik a wurare masu nisa kamar Burtaniya da Jamus . 
* An kuma yi amfani da wasu motoci daga wannan tarin kayan tarihi a cikin fina-finai
* A watan Afrilun 2004, ƙungiyar da ke bayan gidan tarihi ta shirya wani taron motoci na gargajiya, sannan daga baya, taron motocin Mercedes.
* Masu motocin sun ce suna son siyan tsofaffin motoci da babura idan ana sayarwa, musamman waɗanda suka fito daga shekarun 1930 ko 1940.
* '  '  wanda Rudolf Ludwig Kammermeier ya tattara shi ma ya lissafa wannan cibiyar a cikin jagorar al'adunta zuwa Goa
* Wasu motocin da aka gyara ana hayar su ne don bukukuwan aure, ɗaukar hotuna don fina-finai ko kuma hawa kan dusar ƙanƙara. Ta shirya gangamin motoci na gargajiya a Goa, kuma tana yin gyaran motocin gargajiya na wasu. A cewar shafin yanar gizon hukuma, " Motar Ford ta 1928 mallakar Rauraje Deshprabhu na Pernem, da kuma wani kyakkyawan Austin na Jaywant Chowgule wasu ne kawai daga cikin motocin da aka gyara a nan."

## Manazarta
Binciken dukiyar ilimi

**Nazarin dukiyar ilimi** (yawanci nazarin IP) shine nazarin tsarin bayanai daga haƙƙin mallaka na ilimi, gami da takardun shaida, alamun kasuwanci, ƙirar masana'antu, haƙƙin mallaki, alamun ƙasa, da Asirin kasuwanci don samar da fahimta mai aiki ga Masu tsara manufofi, kamfanoni, masu bincike da masu aiki da shari'a. Ya samo asali ne a cikin nazarin takardar shaidar, filin ya fadada don haɗa yankuna masu yawa na IP kuma ya haɗu da shirye-shiryen bayanai masu tsauri tare da dabarun kamar bibliometrics, hakar rubutu, ilmantarwa na inji, taswirar geospatial da gani don ƙirƙirar shimfidar wurare na fasaha, saka idanu kan ayyukan alama, tantance fayiloli da manufofin bayanai. Ayyukan aiki na yau da kullun suna ci gaba daga binciken aikin ta hanyar Samun bayanai, tsaftacewa da daidaitawa zuwa bincike, ba da labari da rarraba, ta amfani da Bayanan ƙasa'a da na kasuwanci da kayan aiki. Wasu ci gaba a cikin hankali na wucin gadi sun fadada damar nazari yayin da suke tayar da tambayoyin shari'a da na ɗabi'a game da marubucin, kirkirar da alhakin, yana jagorantar ka'idojin tsarin juyin halitta da muhawara ta tsarawa.

## Yanayi
Bayyanar nazarin IP a matsayin wani fanni na musamman ya samo asali ne daga samuwar bayanai masu sauƙin karantawa ta na'ura daga ofisoshin IP na duniya, bayanan ilimi, da kayan aikin buɗe tushen bayanai.  A cewar Littafin Jagorar Nazarin Patent na WIPO,  nazarin haƙƙin mallaka yanzu ya ƙunshi haɗakar adabin kimiyya, hakar rubutu, koyon injina, da taswirar ƙasa don samar da fahimtar dabaru. Fannin ya samo asali daga nazarin maƙunsar bayanai na farko zuwa bututun mai inganci waɗanda ke amfani da APIs, geocoding, da AI don taswira da hasashen fasaha, gami da tsarin atomatik don taƙaita takaddun haƙƙin mallaka ta amfani da sarrafa harshe na halitta da koyon injina don haɓaka sarrafa ilimi.

Kamar yadda aka ruwaito a cikin IP Facts and Figures 2024,  takardun duniya don takardun shaida, alamun kasuwanci, da ƙirar masana'antu sun kai sabbin matsayi a cikin 2023 - tare da aikace-aikacen takardun patent sama da miliyan 3.5, ƙirar masanaʼantu miliyan 1.52, da kuma kusan takardun aji na alamar kasuwanci miliyan 15 - suna nuna sikelin aikin IP yanzu don nazari. Wannan babbar hanyar bayanai yanzu ana amfani da ita ta hanyar kayan aiki kamar USPTO's PatentsView,  wanda ke haɗa da warware masu kirkiro, ƙungiyoyi, da fayiloli, kuma yana amfani da algorithms - kamar rarrabe jinsi - don wadatar da ikon nazari.

## Manazarta
Asibitin Jamhuriat

**Asibitin Jamhuriat** asibiti ne mallakar gwamnati a Kabul, Afghanistan .   Yana cikin unguwar Shahr-e Naw mai wadata, tsakanin Shahr-e Naw Park, tsohon Fadar Shugaban Kasa, Masallacin Abdul Rahman da Makarantar Sakandare ta Malalai. Asibitin ya ƙunshi gini mai hawa 4 da gini mai hawa 10 wanda ke ɗaukar marasa lafiya 350. An gina shi a shekarar 2004 ta hanyar injiniyoyi daga China da ma'aikata daga Afghanistan.  

Asibitin Jamuriat yana da sashen kula da lafiyar yara na musamman, wanda Gidauniyar Bayat ta kafa kwanan nan.  A watan Oktoba na 2023, Ma'aikatar Lafiyar Jama'a ta Afghanistan ta sanar da cewa asibitin zai ga wani babban gyara nan ba da jimawa ba, kuma za a mayar da wasu ayyukan asibitin na ɗan lokaci zuwa Asibitin Jinnah da ke kusa. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin asibitoci a Afghanistan

## Manazarta
Harsunan Tsimshianic

Harsunan **Tsimshianic** dangin harsuna ne da ake magana da su a arewa maso yammacin British Columbia da kuma kudu maso gabashin Alaska a Tsibirin Annette da Ketchikan . Duk harsunan Tsimshianic suna cikin hatsari, wasu kuma suna da masu magana da kusan 400 kacal. Kimanin mutane 2,170 ne kawai daga cikin 'yan / Tsimshian / ˈsɪm ʃiən / a Kanada har yanzu suna jin yaren Tsimshian;  kimanin mutane 50 daga cikin mutane 1,300 na Tsimshian da ke zaune a Alaska har yanzu suna jin yaren Tsimshian .   Yawancin masana harsuna suna ɗaukar harsunan Tsimshianic a matsayin dangin harshe mai zaman kansa, tare da manyan harsuna guda huɗu: Tsimshian na Teku, Tsimshian na Kudancin Tsimshian, Nisg̱a'a, da Gitksan. 

Edward Sapir ya haɗa harsunan Tsimshianic a cikin hasashensa na Penutian, wanda a halin yanzu ba a yarda da shi sosai ba, aƙalla a cikin cikakken sigarsa. Marie-Lucie Tarpent ta sake kimanta alaƙar Penutian da Tsimshianic, wacce ta ga cewa ra'ayin yana da yuwuwa,  kodayake wasu sun yarda cewa dangin Tsimshianic ba su da alaƙa da kowace yaren Arewacin Amurka.  

## Sashen iyali

 
Ana magana da Coast Tsimshian tare da ƙananan Kogin Skeena a Arewa maso yammacin British Columbia, a wasu tsibirai makwabta, da kuma arewa a New Metlakatla, Alaska. Kudancin Tsimshian an yi magana a tsibirin da ke kudu da Kogin Skeena a ƙauyen Klemtu; duk da haka, ya ƙare a cikin 2013 tare da mutuwar mai magana na ƙarshe. Ana magana da Nisga'a a gefen Kogin Nass . Ana magana da Gitksan a gefen Kogin Upper Skeena a kusa da Hazelton da sauran yankuna.

Ya zuwa 2023, ana samun darussan Tsimshian a Jami'ar Alaska ta Kudu maso Gabas.

## Fasahar sauti
Lissafin ƙamus na Proto-Tsimshian: 

* Tsimshian
* Nisga'a
* Gitxsan

## Manazarta
David Young (dan siyasa na Ontario)

**David S. Young** (an haife shi a shekara ta ) tsohon ɗan siyasa ne a Ontario, Kanada . Ya kasance memba na Progressive Conservative na Majalisar Dokoki ta Ontario daga 1999 zuwa 2003. Ya wakilci hawa Willowdale kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin ministan ministoci a cikin gwamnatocin Mike Harris da Ernie Eves .

## Tarihi
An haifi Young kuma ya girma a Toronto, Ontario.  Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Shari'a ta Osgoode Hall ta Jami'ar York da ke Toronto, kuma ya yi aikin lauya bayan kammala karatunsa. Ya yi aiki a kamfanin *Benson McMurtry* daga 1981 zuwa 1987, kuma abokin tarayya ne a *Benson Percival Brown* tun 1987. Young ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin darektan ƙungiyar Kanada ta Yad Vashem, kuma ya kasance memba na zartarwa na Ƙungiyar Masu Biyan Kuɗi na tsawon shekaru goma.

A cikin 2021, David ya sami lambar yabo ta Gold Key Achievement Award ta Osgoode Hall Alumni Association. Kyautar ta amince da nasarar sana'a da jagoranci na musamman kuma ana ba da ita ga 'yan takarar da suka nuna rikodin nasarorin sana'a, jagoranci da gudummawa ga al'umma.

## Siyasa
Ya fara aikinsa na siyasa a matsayin mai kula da makaranta, yana aiki a Hukumar Makarantar Jama'a ta Arewacin York daga 1991 zuwa 1997. A cikin zaben lardin na 1999, an zabe shi a majalisar dokokin Ontario don arewacin Toronto hawa Willowdale, inda ya kayar da dan takarar Liberal Fahimeh Mortazavi da kusan kuri'u 3,500.

An nada Young a matsayin Babban Lauyan da Ministan da ke da alhakin harkokin 'yan asalin ƙasar a gwamnatin Mike Harris a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 2001.  An dauke shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan mutane a gwamnatin Harris, kuma ya goyi bayan Ernie Eves don maye gurbin Harris a matsayin Firayim Minista a shekara ta 2002. Lokacin da aka rantsar da Eves a ofishin a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 2002, ya ci gaba da Young a cikin fayil ɗin Babban Lauyan.

A shekara ta 2002, Young ya gabatar da Dokar Gyaran Ayyukan Taimako na Shari'a (Bill 181), wanda ya ba da izinin Taimako na Dokar Ontario don hayar lauyoyi da kwangila tare da lauyoyi da kamfanonin lauyoyi. An yi niyyar dokar don inganta tsarin shari'a na Ontario ta hanyar ba da Taimako na Shari'a Ontario ingantaccen sassauci don ba su damar shiga yarjejeniyar biyan kuɗi tare da ƙwararrun lauyoyi da kamfanonin lauyoyi don samar da ayyukan taimakon shari'a a cikin al'umma, da faɗaɗa ayyukan lauya na iyali da na aikata laifuka. Masu sukar sun yi jayayya game da haɗuwa da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da na jama'a, kuma sun ba da shawarar cewa Bill zai haifar da tsarin shari'a guda biyu a Ontario. Matasa kuma sun kara yawan biyan kuɗi na sa'a na ma'aikatan Legal Aid Ontario da kashi 5% a awa daya.

## Manazarta
Hedikwatar Gundumar Caltrans 7

Ginin **hedikwatar gundumar Caltrans 7** da ke lamba 100 South Main Street a tsakiyar birnin Los Angeles, California, Amurka yana hidimar Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta California (Caltrans) da Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Los Angeles . An gina shi akan kasafin kuɗi na dala miliyan 165, an buɗe shi a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2004. Tsarinsa na gaba da kuma wanda ba shi da illa ga muhalli ya sami kyautar Pritzker ta 2005. An rubuta zane da ginin ginin a cikin shirye-shirye huɗu a cikin jerin Tashar Tarihi ta Modern Marvels, don nuna ƙalubalen musamman da aka gabatar a cikin ƙira da gina manyan gine-gine a cikin ƙarni biyu da suka gabata.

Ginin mai hawa 13, wanda ke da iyaka da Titin Farko, Babban Titi, Titin Second da Titin Los Angeles, yana da fadin murabba'in ƙafa 716,200 don ofisoshi da kuma wurin ajiye motoci na ƙarƙashin ƙasa ga motoci 1142. Abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci sun haɗa da filin jama'a da aka sanya wa suna don Eli da Edythe Broad, Motordom (babban wurin sanya fitilun hawa huɗu), bene na musamman na ɗakin taro na bene na uku, Code: Survey (fayilolin zane-zane na gilashi mai murabba'i 168), wuraren tarihi na birni (lambar gida mai hawa 4 "100" da kuma sandunan hasken wuta daga ginin), da kuma ƙarfe goma da suka wuce biyar a hawa na huɗu.

## Manazarta
Kabari na Bawa na Watkins

Kabarin Bautar Watkins yana cikin Davidsonville, Maryland, a cikin Anne Arundel County, a kan Maryland 424 (Davidsonville Road), 0.4 miles (0.64 km) kudu da US 50/301.￼

A cikin 1960, gina hanya ya bayyana ragowar bayi da ba a san su ba. An sake binne su a Ikilisiyar Mt. Tabor, 1421 St. Stephens Church Road, a Crownsville, Maryland. Akwai alamar tarihi, wanda ya ce bayi suna da alaƙa da Locust Grove Plantation . 

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin makabarta a Maryland

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Kabari na Dutsen Auburn (Baltimore)

Kabarin Dutsen Auburn wani kabari ne na tarihin Afirka da kuma Gundumar tarihi ta ƙasa a Maryland" id="mwLw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland, Amurka.  Da yake kallon reshen tsakiya na Kogin Patapsco zuwa gabas, Baltimore's Downtown zuwa arewa da hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa zuwa kudu, Kabari na Mt. Auburn yana kewaye da al'ummomin Cherry Hill, Westport, Mt. Winans da Lakeland.

## Tarihi
Ɗaya daga cikin  makabarta na Afirka ta Amirka a Baltimore, An kafa Kabari na Mt. Auburn a 1872, ta hanyar Reverend James Peck don nuna rashin amincewa da wariyar launin fata da Ikilisiyar White Methodist. Yankin ya kunshi kadada 34 (140,000 m2) kuma yana da fiye da 55,000 da aka binne.

An sanya shi a cikin rajistar tarihi na gida da na ƙasa, an san makabartar da "Birnin Matattu ga Mutanen da ke da launi" tunda shi ne kawai wurin da za a iya binne mutum mai launi. Da zarar wani ɓangare na gona, an ba da ƙasar ga Ikilisiyar Methodist kuma an sanya ta ga Ikilisiwar United Methodist ta Sharp Street Memorial don kula da filayen ta. A cikin shekaru makabartar ta fada cikin watsi da ita gaba ɗaya tare da wani ɓangare na gonarta na gaba kawai wanda ya rage a matsayin makabartar.

Kabarin Mt. Auburn yana riƙe da ragowar wasu daga cikin Baltimore da na ƙasar "masu motsawa da masu girgiza" na ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta gida. Baya ga bayi da suka tsere, makabartar ta ƙunshi ragowar jirgin ruwa na farko na Afirka ta Amirka; malamai; darektan gidan jana'izar mata na farko, yakin basasa da masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama, lauyoyi, likitoci, malamai, tsoffin sojoji, masu kafa 'yan uwantaka na kasa' da kuma' yan majami'ar Afirka.￼

An kara Kabarin Dutsen Auburn a cikin National Register of Historic Places a shekara ta 2001. 

## Abubuwan da aka sani

* Joe Gans (1874-1910), ɗan wasan dambe na farko na Afirka na Amurka (1901-1908).
* William Ashbie Hawkins (1862-1941), bishop na farko na Afirka a cikin Ikilisiyar Methodist ta Afirka, kuma ɗaya daga cikin lauyoyin Afirka na farko na Baltimore.
* Lillie Mae Carroll Jackson (1889-1975), mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama wanda ya kawo kungiyar National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People zuwa Baltimore kuma ya kasance jagoranta na tsawon shekaru 35.
* Edgar Amos Love (10 ga Satumba, 1891 - 1 ga Mayu, 1974), ɗaya daga cikin masu kafa ƙungiyar Omega Psi Phi.

## Manazarta
Kabari na Prince Hall Mystic

Makabartar Prince Hall Mystic, wadda aka fi sani da Makabartar Prince Hall, makabarta ce mai tarihi da ke kan titin Gardner, Arlington, Massachusetts. Wataƙila ita ce makabartar Masonic ta Baƙar fata da ta rage a Amurka. [ana buƙatar ambato]

Kabari wuri ne na binnewa ga membobin Prince Hall Grand Lodge F & AM, wanda Prince Hall ya kafa a Boston a cikin 1776. Prince Hall Freemasonry ita ce ƙungiyar Masonic ta Afirka ta farko a Amurka. A shekara ta 1864, Babban Jagora William B. Kendall ya ba da wannan shafin ga gidansa. An keɓe makabarta a 1868 kuma an sanya ta cikin amincewa don a yi amfani da ita ne kawai a matsayin wurin binnewar Prince Hall Freemasonry. Rubuce-rubuce sun nuna ana amfani da shi har zuwa kusan 1897 lokacin da ya fadi cikin rashin amfani.￼

Yayin da lokaci ya wuce an manta da shi har sai an sake gano shi a 1987. An sake keɓe shi a cikin 1990 kuma an kara shi a cikin National Register of Historic Places a cikin 1998. A yau makabarta ita ce makabarta ta ƙarshe da ke da alaƙa da Masons na Prince Hall. Ya ƙunshi ƙaramin wurin shakatawa tare da abin tunawa. Binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1988 ya gano ragowar ƙofar asali da kuma obelisk.

## Amfani na yanzu

Da farko a cikin 1990, Masons daga Prince Hall Grand Lodge sun gudanar da bikin shekara-shekara a ranar tunawa. Wannan taron ya ƙunshi maganganun da Grand Matron da sauran wakilan Masonic suka yi kuma ya haɗa da adireshin shugaban Arlington Historical Society.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin wuraren tarihi na kasa a Arlington, Massachusetts

## Manazarta
Charles Norman Shay

**Charles Norman Shay** (Yuni 27, 1924 - Disamba 3, 2025) ya kasance dan asalin ƙasar Penobscot na Amurka, marubuci kuma mai kyawawan tsoffin soji na Yaƙin Duniya na II da Yaƙin Koriya . Tare da Tauraron Bronze da Tauraron Azurfa, an kuma ba Shay lambar yabo ta Legion of Honour, wanda ya sa ya zama dan asalin Amurka na farko a Maine tare da bambancin Faransanci. Ya taimaka wajen sake buga wani littafi na 1893 da kakansa, Joseph Nicolar ya yi: The Life and Traditions of the Red Man. Shay daga baya ya rubuta tarihin kansa, Project Omaha Beach: The Life da Military Service of a Penobscot Indian Elder, wanda ya ba da cikakken bayani game da lokacinsa a kasashen waje a cikin soja.
## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Shay a Bristol, Connecticut a ranar 27 ga Yuni, 1924. Ya kasance zuriyar hafsan sojan Faransa Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin kai tsaye.
## Yin ritaya da mutuwa
Shay da matarsa Lilli sun zauna tare a Vienna, suna ziyartar asalin garin Shay a Indiya a Maine a lokacin rani. Charles da Lilli sun koma tsibirin Indiya a shekara ta 2003, amma Lilli ya yi rashin lafiya kusan nan take. Ta mutu jim kadan bayan haka.
HShay ta gyara "Teepee" mai hawa biyu a tsibirin Native Island wanda kawunta Lucy Nicolar Poolaw da mijinta na Indiya na Kiowa Cif Bruce Poolaw suka gina a matsayin sabon shagon da kuma sayar da kwando na Lucy. Shay ya mayar da shafin a matsayin karamin gidan kayan gargajiya na iyali.
#### MANAZARTA
Shiga da Cin Hanci!

***Shiga da Cin Hanci!*** kundi ne na tarawa wanda ke nuna masu fasaha daban-daban, wanda aka saki a ranar 24 ga Maris, 1997, ta COP International.

## Karɓar baƙi
Kundin da ake kira "Sonic Boom" yana ba da kyakkyawan ɓangaren giciye na jerin sunayen COP International ga duk wanda ke da sha'awar sautunan jerin sunayen su na yanzu. Mai sukar ya ci gaba da yabon sabbin ƙungiyoyin Urania da Imbue, dukansu a baya a ƙarƙashin Noise, don "nuna sabon sauti yayin da har yanzu suna dauke da wasu tsoffin tushen da suka sa ƙungiyarsu ta baya ta yi nasara sosai".[ing]
 

## Ma'aikata
An daidaita shi daga Infiltrate & Corrupt! bayanan layi.

* Stefan Noltemeyer - mastering&nbsp;Gudanarwa
* Christian Petke (a matsayin Count Zero) - tattara, zane&nbsp;

## Tarihin saki

## Manazarta