Roger Adams

**Roger Adams** (Janairu 2, 1889 - Yuli 6, 1971) wani masanin kimiyyar sinadarai ne na Amurka wanda ya ƙirƙiro mai suna Adams' catalyst, kuma ya taimaka wajen tantance abubuwan da ke cikin halitta kamar man kayan lambu masu rikitarwa da alkaloids na shuka.  Ya ware kuma ya gano CBD da Δ8-Tetrahydrocannabinol a shekarar 1940. A matsayinsa na shugaban sashen sinadarai a Jami'ar Illinois daga 1926 zuwa 1954, ya yi tasiri a fannin karatun digiri na biyu a Amurka, ya koyar da sama da ɗaliban digiri na uku 250 da ɗaliban digiri na biyu, kuma ya yi aiki a fannin kimiyyar soja a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu .

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Adams a Boston, Massachusetts ga jami'in jirgin ƙasa Austin W. Adams da Lydia Curtis,  kuma ya girma a wata unguwa mai wadata a Kudancin Boston, ɗa na ƙarshe a cikin iyali mai hazaka wanda ya haɗa da manyan 'yan'uwan Adams uku (biyu sun je Kwalejin Radcliffe ɗaya kuma sun je Kwalejin Smith ). Adams ɓangare ne na fitattun dangin Adams, kuma ya fito ne daga zuriyar kakan John Adams .

Adams ya halarci Makarantar Latin ta Boston da Makarantar Sakandare ta Cambridge Latin (wanda yanzu ake kira Cambridge Rindge da Latin). A shekarar 1900, iyalin suka ƙaura zuwa Cambridge, wacce take kusa da kwalejojin biyu.

Adams ya shiga Jami'ar Harvard a shekarar 1905 kuma ya kammala buƙatun digiri na farko a cikin shekaru uku. A shekararsa ta farko, ya sami tallafin karatu na girmamawa na John Harvard ta hanyar samun As huɗu, kuma a shekararsa ta ƙarshe, ya ɗauki darussa na gaba kuma ya fara bincike a fannin sinadarai na halitta a ƙarƙashin HA Torrey. Shekarunsa a Harvard ba su da bambanci, inda ya sami manyan maki a fannin sinadarai (babban aikinsa) da kuma hakar ma'adinai (ƙaraminsa). Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Harvard a shekarar 1909, ya yi aiki don samun digirin digirgir a Kwalejin Radcliffe tare da tallafin mataimakin koyarwa. Torrey ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani a shekarar 1910, don haka Adams ya kammala karatun digirin digirgir a ƙarƙashin Charles Loring Jackson, George Shannon Forbes, da Latham Clarke. A shekarar 1912 aka fara shi a matsayin ɗan'uwan Alpha Chi Sigma a babi na Omicron a Harvard.  A matsayinsa na ƙwararren digirin digirgir. na shekarar 1912, Adams ya sami tallafin karatu na Parker Traveling Scholarship a shekarun 1912 da 1913, wanda ya yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Emil Fischer da Otto Diels a Berlin, Jamus da kuma na Richard Willstätter a Dahlem a wajen Berlin.

Bayan ya dawo daga Turai a shekarar 1913, Adams ya koma Harvard ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin bincike ga Charles L. Jackson kan dala 800 a shekara. A cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa, ya koyar da ilmin sunadarai na halitta a Harvard da Radcliffe, ya fara dakin gwaje-gwajen sinadarai na farko na asali a Harvard sannan ya fara shirin bincikensa. Wasu fitattun mutane da suka yi zamani da Adams a Makarantar Digiri ta Harvard sun hada da Elmer Keiser Bolton, Farrington Daniels, Frank C. Whitmore, James B. Sumner da James Bryant Conant .

## Aikin ilimi
A shekarar 1916, Adams ya karɓi tayin mataimakin farfesa daga William A. Noyes, shugaban sashen sinadarai a Jami'ar Illinois da ke Urbana-Champaign . Ya fara aiki a UIUC wanda zai ɗauki shekaru 56. Adams ya gaji Noyes a matsayin shugaban sashen a shekarar 1926, kuma ya ci gaba da wannan matsayi har zuwa 1954. A wannan lokacin, Adams ya yi wasu abubuwan da aka gano da yawa.

Roger Adams da ɗalibansa sun ƙirƙiro abin da ake kira Adams' catalyst, wanda shine ɗaya daga cikin mafi sauƙin shiri da kuma masu aiki don halayen hydrogenation . Ana iya shirya mai catalyst ta hanyar haɗa sodium nitrate da chloroplatinic acid ko ammonium chloroplatinate . Ƙungiyar Adams ta kuma ƙirƙiro na'urar rage matsin lamba don amfani da mai catalyst, wanda ya yi tasiri sosai a cikin haɗakar da kuma bayyana tsarin mahaɗan halitta da kuma mahaɗan biochemical .

A lokacin da yake aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Noyes, Adams da ɗalibansa sama da 250 sun yi bincike mai zurfi:

* Haɗa sinadarin chloralkyl ta hanyar haɗa aldehydes da acyl chlorides .
* Wannan sinadarin aliphatic acid anhydrides yana samar da ketones yadda ya kamata a cikin aikin Friedel-Crafts .
* Tabbatar da tsarin disalicylaldehyde da dehydroacetic acid .
* Hanya ce ta haɗa polyhydroxyanthraquinones tare da sanannen stereochemistry ta amfani da phthalides .
* Tantance tsarin magungunan kuturta chaulmoogric acid da hydnocarpic acid da kuma haɗakar abubuwan da suka samo asali daga dihydro .
* Tabbatar da tsarin gossypol don masana'antar iri na auduga.
* An gano kuma an gano cannabidiol daga *[[Ƙare aiki|Cannabis sativa]]*, ya nuna alaƙarsa da cannabinol da tetrahydrocannabinol . 
* Analogues na cannabinol da tetrahydrocannabinol da aka haɗa. 
* Nazarin alkaloids na *Senecio* da *Crotalaria* waɗanda suka buɗe fannoni biyu na karatu: pyrrolizidine da kuma babban sinadarin diester .

A UIUC, Adams ya ɗauki nauyin Masana'antun Sinadaran Halitta ("dakunan gwaje-gwaje na shirye-shirye") wanda magajinsa CG Derick ya fara don haɗa sinadarai na halitta daga Jamus waɗanda aka katse ta hanyar Blockade of Germany . An faɗaɗa dakin gwaje-gwajen kuma an sake tsara shi tare da taimakon ɗalibai, musamman Ernest H. Volwiler da CS (Speed) Marvel . An aiwatar da hanyoyin lissafin kuɗi masu tsauri a dakin gwaje-gwajen, don haka ya zama nasara ta kuɗi da kimiyya. Hanyoyin da aka gwada da aka haɓaka a dakin gwaje-gwajen sun haifar da buga mujallar *Organic Syntheses* kowace shekara, wanda James Bryant Conant ya kira "Adams Annual".

Adams ya yi bincike sosai kan hanyoyin shirya maganin sa barci na gida tare da Oliver Kamm wanda shi ma yana cikin sashen UIUC kuma mai ba da shawara ga Abbott Laboratories a cikin wata dangantaka da ta daɗe har zuwa shekarun 1960. Ernest H. Volwiler, ɗalibin farko na PhD na Adams, ya shiga Abbott a matsayin masanin sinadarai a shekarar 1918. A shekarar 1917, an jawo Adams zuwa bincike ga Sojojin Amurka kan iskar gas mai guba a Jami'ar Amurka da ke Washington, DC ; A can shi da Conant suka jagoranci ƙungiyoyin bincike kuma EP Kohler, tsohon abokin Adams daga Harvard, shine ke kula da Sashen Laifuka .

Dawowar Adams zuwa UIUC ta fara wani lokaci (1918–1926) na bincike mai zurfi, tare da ɗaliban digirin digirgir 45 wanda ya haifar da wallafe-wallafe 73.

A watan Yulin 1940, Vannevar Bush yana aiki don tattara masana kimiyya na Amurka a yakin duniya na biyu. Bush yana son kawo Adams cikin Kwamitin Bincike na Tsaron Kasa da yake shiryawa don Shugaba Franklin D. Roosevelt . Mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa Adams shine babban masanin kimiyyar sinadarai a Amurka, kuma abokin Adams kuma tsohon abokin aikin Harvard James Bryant Conant yana da niyyar Adams ya jagoranci kokarin samar da sabbin abubuwan fashewa da kuma samar da sinadarai na roba. Duk da haka, kokarin Bush ya tsaya cak wajen samun izinin tsaro ga Adams. Sojoji sun wanke Adams, amma Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta ki.

A wannan lokacin, Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya a ƙarƙashin jagorancin J. Edgar Hoover yana yin sa ido kan "'yan ƙasar Amurka da ake zargi" kuma yana ajiye fayil akan Roger Adams. FBI ta sanar da Hoover cewa Adams babban memba ne na wata ƙungiyar 'yan gurguzu da ake kira Kwamitin Ranar Haihuwar Lincoln don Ci gaban Kimiyya . FBI kuma tana da bayanai cewa Adams memba ne na wata mujallar farfaganda ta Japan da ake zargi. Ana zargin Adams a gaban FBI saboda yana yin bincike kan hanyoyin sinadarai da shukar *[[Ƙare aiki|Cannabis sativa]]* ( marijuana ) ke shafar kwakwalwa; waɗannan binciken kuma kai tsaye sun haifar da fara haɗa cannabinoid da aka sani da Hexahydrocannabinol . An haramta shukar ta hanyar zartar da Dokar Harajin Marijuana ta 1937. Don dalilan wannan binciken, Adams ya sami man ja daga shukar bisa doka daga Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Amurka . A cikin 1939, wannan shine babban abin da aikin Adams ya mayar da hankali a kai. Saboda waɗannan dalilai, Ofishin Leken Asiri na Sojojin Ruwa ya ce ba zai taɓa amincewa da izinin tsaro ga Adams ba.

Hoover ya ga cewa matsin lamba na siyasa na ƙaruwa don bai wa Adams izinin tsaro kuma FBI na iya samun gaskiyar lamarin, don haka daga ƙarshe ya janye, yana nuna cewa "Farfesa Adams" suna ne da aka saba gani kuma akwai yiwuwar samun rudani. Duk da haka, Hoover ya ci gaba da zargin amincin siyasa na masana kimiyya da suka shiga cikin yaƙin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu saboda ra'ayinsu na duniya game da duniya .

A ƙarshe, Roger Adams ya sami izinin tsaro kuma ya ɗauki nauyin yin nasarar ƙera robar roba don maye gurbin kayayyakin roba na halitta daga Gabas Mai Nisa waɗanda yaƙin ya katse. Wannan ci gaba ne na aikin da EK Bolton (abokin Adams daga Harvard) ya yi a DuPont .

A shari'ar Adams, FBI ta yi amfani da bayanai da yawa ba daidai ba. Adams yana da himma a siyasance, amma ba shi da alaƙa da kowace ƙungiya da ake kira Kwamitin Ranar Haihuwar Lincoln don Ci Gaban Kimiyya. Ya *kasance* memba na Kwamitin Ranar Haihuwar Lincoln don Dimokuradiyya da 'Yancin Hankali (LBCDIF), wanda fitaccen masanin ilimin ɗan adam Franz Boas ya kafa don ɓata manufofin launin fata na Nazi .

Saboda gudunmawar da Adams ya bayar a fannin, a shekarar 1959, an kafa lambar yabo ta Roger Adams a matsayin lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta ACS don girmama gudummawar da suka bayar a fannin kimiyyar sinadarai ta halitta. Ana bayar da kyautar kowace shekara biyu inda ake bayar da adireshin kyautar a taron koli na kimiyyar sinadarai ta ƙasa, wanda Sashen Kimiyyar Sinadarai na ACS ke shiryawa.

An naɗa Roger Adams a matsayin wanda ya lashe kyautar Kwalejin Lincoln ta Illinois kuma Gwamnan Illinois ya ba shi Order of Lincoln (mafi girman girmamawa a jihar) a shekarar 1967 a fannin Kimiyya.

## Lambobin yabo da girmamawa

* Zaɓaɓɓen Memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka (1926) 
* Lambar William H. Nichols (1927)
* Zaɓaɓɓen Memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa ta Amurka (1929) 
* Zaɓaɓɓen Memba na Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka (1935) 
* Kyautar Willard Gibbs (1936)
* Lambar yabo ta Elliott Cresson (1944)
* Kyautar Ira Remsen (1946) 
* Lambar Priestley ta Ƙungiyar Sinadaran Amurka (1946)
* Lambar Perkin (1954) 
* Kyautar Charles Lathrop Parsons don hidimar jama'a, American Chemical Society (1958) 
* Lambar Franklin (1960)
* Kyautar Zinare ta Kwalejin Nasara ta Amurka (1961) 
* Lambar Yabo ta Ƙasa ta Kimiyya ( 1964 )
* Lambar Zinare ta Cibiyar Masana Kimiyya ta Amurka (1964)
* Zauren Shahararrun Alpha Chi Sigma (1989)
* An naɗa Roger Adams a matsayin wanda ya lashe kyautar Kwalejin Lincoln ta Illinois kuma Gwamnan Illinois ya ba shi Order of Lincoln (mafi girman girmamawa a Jihar) a shekarar 1967 a fannin Kimiyya. 

## Manazarta