open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Struggle Front for the National Independence of Guinea

Ƙungiyar Gwagwarmayar neman 'Yancin Ƙasa ta Guinea (Portuguese: Frente de Luta pela Independência Nacional da Guiné, Portuguese  Frente  **Luta pela Independência Nacional da Guiné**, **FLING**) wani yunkuri ne na siyasa a Guinea-Bissau. Ƙungiyoyi masu adawa da koyarwar Marxist na Amílcar Cabral da Jam'iyyar Afirka don neman 'Yancin Guinea da Cape Verde (PAIGC) ne suka kafa, FLING ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a gwagwarmayar 'yanci na ƙasa  da 'yan mulkin mallaka na Portugal.

Kungiyar kwadago ta ƙasa União Geral dos Trabalhadores de Guiné Bissau tana da alaƙa da FLING a lokacin kafin samun yancin kai.

## Tarihi
An kafa FLING a Dakar, Senegal a ranar 3 ga watan Agusta 1962 a matsayin ƙawancen jam'iyyu bakwai, ciki har da Ƙungiyar 'Yanci ta Guinea, Ƙungiyar Jama'ar Guinea da Ƙungiyar 'Yan Asalin Guinee na Portuguese. Ba kamar jam'iyyar PAIGC ba, ta yi kira da a raba Guinea-Bissau da tsibiran Cape Verde, kuma ta sami goyon baya daga 'yan ƙasashen waje na Manjack a Senegal, Faransa da Gambia. 

Ta gudanar da wasu ayyukan soji a kusa da kan iyakar arewa kusa da Susana da São Domingos a farkon shekarun 1960, amma bayan da suka yi tir da yunƙurin haɗaka da kungiyar ta PAIGC, ƙungiyar ba ta taka rawar gani ba a yakin 'yancin kai. PAIGC ta ga FLING a matsayin barazana kuma an tsananta wa membobinta da ƙarfi, kuma a wasu lokuta, an kashe su.  

Lokacin da aka gabatar da siyasar jam'iyyu da yawa a cikin shekarar 1990s, FLING ta halatta a ranar 24 ga watan Mayu 1992. Ta yi takara a babban zaɓe na shekarar 1994 kuma ta sami kujera a Majalisar Jama'ar Ƙasa. A zaɓukan shugaban ƙasa ta sanya a gaba François Mendy, wanda ya kasance shugabanta tun a shekarun 1960. Mendy ya zo na biyar da kashi 3 cikin 100 na kuri'un da aka kaɗa, amma ya samu kujerar majalisar wakilai ta jam'iyyar. 

Rikicin shugabanci ya ga José Catengul Mendes ya zama jagora ta zaɓen 1999. Jam'iyyar ta rasa kujerar ta a Majalisar, kuma Mendes ya zo na goma a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da kashi 1.4% na kuri'un da aka kaɗa.  A shekara ta 2003 jam'iyyar ta shiga kawancen United Platform, wacce ta yi takara a zaɓen Majalisar 2004, amma ta ƙasa samun kujera.

## Duba kuma

* Benjamin Pinto Bull

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar neman 'Yancin Ƙasar Guinea da Cape Verde

**Ƙungiyar neman 'Yancin Ƙasar Guinea da Cape Verde** (Portuguese: *Frente de Libertação da Guiné Portuguesa e Cabo Verde*, **FLGC**) jam'iyyar siyasa ce mai fafutuka a Guinea-Bissau, sa'an nan wani yanki na Guinea Portuguese, wanda aka kafa don neman 'yancin kai daga Portugal. 

An kafa ta a Dakar a cikin shekarar 1960 ta Amilcar Cabral da Henri Labėry daga ƙungiyar 'yantar da 'yancin kai na Portuguese Guinea da tsibirin Cape Verde (Faransanci: *Mouvement de Liberation de la Guinee Portugaise et des Iles du Cap Vert*, MLGCV) tare da wasu kungiyoyi irin su Liberation Movement of Portuguese Guinã (Portugues) *da Liberation Movement na Guineeçã. Portuguesa*, MLGP)

Rayuwar kungiyar a takaice saboda rikice-rikice na cikin gida kuma nan da nan aka maye gurbinta da Ƙungiyar 'Yanci ta United (*Front Uni de Libération*, FUL), wanda ta riga ta kasance na gwagwarmayar gwagwarmaya don 'yancin kai na Guinea (*Frente de Luta Pela Independencia Nacional da Guine-Bissau*, FLING)

## Manazarta
Yarjejeniyar Simulambuco

An sanya hannu kan **Yarjejeniyar Simulambuco** a 1885 ta wakilan gwamnatin Portugal da jami'ai a Masarautar N'Goyo. An tsara yarjejeniyar kuma an sanya hannu a matsayin martani ga Yarjejeniyar Berlin, wanda yarjejeniya ce tsakanin masu mulkin mallaka na Turai game da yadda za a raba Afirka.  Mutanen Portuguese da aka kafa tun da daɗewa, ba sa son rasawa a cikin Scramble for Africa wanda ya shafi yankuna kusa da tsoffin kadarorinta, sun fara mulkin mallaka fiye da tashar jiragen ruwa da yawa da ta mallaka a bakin tekun Afirka tun farkon karni na 16. Ya bambanta da gwagwarmayar tashin hankali tsakanin Portuguese da wasu 'yan asalin ƙasar Mozambique, mulkin mallaka na Cabinda ya kasance cikin salama.

Portugal ta fara da'awar ikon mallakar Cabinda a cikin Yarjejeniyar Simulambuco ta Fabrairu 1885, wanda ya ba Cabinda matsayin mai kare kambin Portugal a karkashin bukatar "sarakuna da gwamnonin Cabinda". Mataki na 1 na yarjejeniyar, ya ce, "sarakuna da sarakuna da magabata sun bayyana, da yardar rai, amincewarsu da ikon mallakar Portugal, suna sanya duk yankunan da suke mulki a ƙarƙashin kariya na wannan al'umma". Mataki na 2, wanda galibi ake amfani dashi a cikin muhawara ta rabuwa, ya ci gaba da ci gaba: "An tilasta wa Portugal kula da amincin yankunan da aka sanya a ƙarƙashin kariya. " An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsakanin wakilan kambin Portugal da sarakuna da sanannun Cabinda, wanda ya haifar da yankuna uku a cikin kariya ta Portugal ta Cabinda: Cacongo da Ngoio .

An kafa Cabinda a cikin Daular Portugal daban daga maƙwabcinta mafi girma a kudancin Angola duk da cewa, a lokacin, Kogin Kongo ne kawai ya raba su biyu da kuma wani yanki na Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. A shekara ta 2005, 'yan Cabindans sun yi bikin cika shekaru 120 na yarjejeniyar, ga fushin jami'an Angola, waɗanda ke kallon yarjejeniyar a matsayin mai adawa da da'awarsu cewa yankin ba shi da tushe. Wannan takaddama game da yarjejeniyar ta haifar da rikici na rabuwa.

## Dubi kuma

* Tarihin mulkin mallaka na Yamma
* Gudanar da Afirka

## Tushen
Yakin neman Matsugunin da Zaman lafiya

**Kamfen na Fasific da Ma'aikata na Portuguese** (*Campanhas de Pacificação e Ocupação* a cikin Fotigal) jerin ayyukan soji ne masu yawa, waɗanda aka gudanar a cikin shekaru na ƙarshe na ƙarni na 19 kuma a cikin shekaru ashirin na farko na 20th ta Sojojin Fotigal a cikin lardunan Afirka na ketare na Daular Portuguese.  Waɗannan yakin sun ga wani mataki a Chaimite, a Mozambique,  inda Joaquim Augusto Mouzinho de Albuquerque ya kama Sarkin Vatua Gungunhana  amma kuma a Môngua, a Angola.

Sun haifar da tabbatar da manyan yankuna a Afirka don Portugal da ƙirƙirar Angola ta zamani, Mozambique da Guinea-Bissau.

## Duba kuma

* Scramble for Africa
* Tarihin Soja na Portugal
* Portuguese Angola
* Portuguese Guinea
* Portuguese Mozambique
** Yaƙin Coolela
** Yaƙin Mugenga

* 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* *[https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/as-guerras-de-ocupacao/ "As Guerras de Ocupação"]*, na Rádio e Televisão de Portugal a ensina.rtp.pt. 

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Mugenga

**Yakin Mugenga (1896)** wata haɗa kar soja ce da ya faru a Naguema, a gundumar Mossuril na Lardin Nampula, Mozambique. An gwabza yakin ne tsakanin sojojin 'yan mulkin mallaka na Portugal ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mouzinho de Albuquerque da Namarrais, ƙawancen mayaka na cikin gida ƙarƙashin jagorancin Sarki Mukhuttu-Muno da abokansa.

## Yaƙi
Yakin an fafata ne da Namarrais, ƙawancen mayaka na cikin gida ƙarƙashin jagorancin Sarki Mukhuttu-Muno, da sojojin Turawan mulkin mallaka na Portugal mai sojoji 385, wanda Mouzinho de Albuquerque ya jagoranta. Namarrais sun sami goyon baya daga shugabannin yankin da dama, ciki har da Farelay na Parapato, Napipe na Mogincual, Mussa Quanto na Angoche, Komala, Kuphula, Sauail, Bin Ibraimo, da Molid-Volay. 

Namarrais kuma Naguema, ko Apwiya-Mwene, mai ba da shawara na ruhaniya ne ya jagorance su. Duk da cewa sojojin Namarrai sun fi sojojin Portugal yawa kuma ba su da kayan aiki, amma Namarrais sun yi nasarar fatattakar sojojin 'yan mulkin mallaka, tare da raunata Mouzinho de Albuquerque tare da kashe dokinsa. 

## Martaba
A cikin shekarar 2021, a ranar cika shekaru 125 da yaƙin, gwamnatin lardin Nampula ta ƙaddamar da gina wani abin tunawa a Naguema don girmama Namarrais. Aikin, wanda aka ƙaddamar a ƙarƙashin taken "125 Anos, os Namarrais Inspirando Gerações na Consolidação da Moçambicanidade" ("Shekaru 125, Ƙungiyoyin Ƙarfafa Namarrais a cikin Ƙarfafa *Moçambicanidade* "). 

## Manazarta

*
Yaƙin Coolela

**Yakin Coolela** (*Batalha de Coolela* a cikin harshen Fotigal) arangama ce da aka gwabza ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamba, 1895 tsakanin sojojin Portugal ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kanar Eduardo Galhardo da sojojin Daular Gaza ƙarƙashin jagorancin Sarki Gungunhana. Rikicin ya faru ne a cikin mahallin kamfen na yankin Pacific da mamaya na Portugal a ƙasar Mozambique, gwagwarmayar da ke da nufin tinkarar mamayar Portuguese, kuma ya faru a kusa da fadamar Coolela, a gundumar Manjacaze, lardin Gaza.

## Yanayi
A matsayin martani ga tashin hankalin da harin da aka kai Lourenço Marques ya haifar da kuma kin miƙa kai ga mahukuntan ƙasar Portugal, gwamnatin ƙasar ta Portugal ta buƙaci a ba da kuɗin da ya kai fam 10,000 na zinari a duk shekara da kuma ba da izini na karɓar haraji da sauran kasuwanci da sojoji daga sarakunan Matibejane da Maazul. Wataƙila Gungunhana ba ya son arangama da Portuguese, amma ƙungiyar yaƙi da Maguiguana ke jagoranta ta yi nasara, don haka ya tattara dukan *mangas* na mayaka a ƙarƙashin umarnin Maguiguana. 

Yayin da shugabannin ƙabilu da yawa suka ƙi aika mazajensu don ƙarfafa Portuguese, Maguiguana ya gudanar da tattara kusan mutane 10,000 ko kuma ƙungiyoyi takwas, sanye da bindigogi 2,000.  Daga cikin rundunonin guda takwas, biyar sun kunshi Ndau ko Tonga kaɗan ne masu son yakar Gungunhana.  An samu rashin jituwa sosai a cikin ayarin sarki kuma hakan tare da matsananciyar ƙarancin abinci ya raunana kwarin gwiwar sojojin.  Nguni ko Vatua ba su da gogewa a kamfen kuma ba za su iya janyewa daga ƙasashensu ba. 

## Yaƙi
Joaquim Augusto Mouzinho de Albuquerque ne ya jagoranci Turawan Portugal, kuma sun aika da sojoji zuwa Inhambane suka mamaye Gaza ta ɓangarori biyu yayin da wani jirgin ruwa ɗauke da makamai suka shiga Limpopo. 

A safiyar ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamba, 1895, sojojin biyu sun hadu a kwarin Coolela. Turawan Portugal sun yi amfani da makamin labari a kan sojojin Gaza.  Yakin ya yi gajere amma yana da babban sakamako ga Gungunhana, wanda aka ci nasara.  A lokacin da sojojin biyu suka haɗu, mayakan na Gaza sun karaya, sai dai an lakaɗa musu duka.  Gungunhana ya gudu daga yakin zuwa Chaimite, tsohon babban birnin daular Gaza kuma wurin hutawa na Soshangane.  Tare da juriya na asali, a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba Portuguese ta kunna wuta a Manjacaze, wuri mai tsarki na Vatua.

Sakamakon wannan nasarar, yawancin sarakunan ƙabilu da ke zaune a tsakanin kogin Save, Chengane da Limpopo sun yi gaggawar yin mubaya'a ga Fotigal, tare da karɓar abin da ya biyo baya.

Cikin rashin kunya da shan kaye, Gungunhana ya koma Chaimite.

Mouzinho de Albuquerque ya bambanta kansa a aikin Coolela. Bayan naɗin da aka naɗa shi a matsayin gwamnan soja na gundumar Gaza, Albuquerque ya kame Gungunhana da wasu tsirarun sojoji.  Ayyukansa na jajircewa sun sa Albuquerque ya zama gwarzo a Portugal kuma ya shahara a wasu ƙasashen Turai da dama da kuma karramawar da aka yi a kan hum shine naɗin sau biyu a shekara ta 1896 a matsayin gwamna-janar kuma kwamishinan sarauta na Mozambique.

## Duba kuma

* Portuguese Mozambique

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Cunene

**Yakin kogin Cunene** ya faru ne tsakanin sojojin 'yan mulkin mallaka na Portugal da mayakan Ovambo daga Oukwanyama da Cuamato a Angola ta zamani a ranar 25 ga watan Satumban 1904. Kashin ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman kashin da aka yi a tarihin 'yan mulkin mallaka na Portugal tun daga Alcácer Quibir (1578) kuma yana kwatankwacin kashin Ingila a Isandhlwana a kan Zulus (1879), na Italiya a Dogali (1887) da Adwa (1896) da Habashawa ko Spain a Melilla (1909) da A19 (19).

Bayan sun fatattaki mutanen Nkhumbi, sojojin Portugal sun ci gaba daga Huila zuwa kudu zuwa yankunan da Portugal ta yi iƙirari amma har yanzu ba su sami iko ba. A kogin Cunene sun fuskanci turjiya daga mutanen Ovambo guda biyu, Cuamato/Kwamato da Cuanhama/Kwanyama, ƙarƙashin jagorancin sarkinsu Tchetekelo. Sa’ad da wata runduna ta ci gaba da ta ƙunshi sojojin Portugal 500 da na Humbi da ke ƙarƙashin kyaftin Luís Pinto de Almeida suka tsallaka kogin, an kashe mutane kusan 300 a wani kwanton ɓauna. 

Rashin nasarar Portuguese ya biyo bayan balaguron azabtarwa a cikin shekarar 1905 da 1907,  amma ba kafin 1916 Kudancin Angola ya kasance "lalatacce".

## Sources

* 
* António Aniceto Monteiro: *The Conquest of Southern Angola* (The Massacre, 25 September 1904)
* José Bento Duarte: *Desastre do Vau do Pembe (Angola) – 25 de Setembro de 1904* 

## Manazarta
Pepper Coast

***Pepper Coast*** ko ***Grain Coast*** ya kasance wani yanki na bakin teku a yammacin Afirka, tsakanin Cape Mesurado da Cape Palmas. Ya hada da jamhuriya ta Laberiya na yanzu. 'Yan kasuwan Turai ne suka samar da sunan.

## Asalin sunan
Kogin Pepper ya sami sunansa daga wadatar da ke cikin yankin na barkono (*Aframomum melegueta*), wanda aka fi sani da "hatsin aljanna", wanda hakan ya haifar da madadin sunan, Grain Coast. An nuna muhimmancin kayan yaji ta hanyar wanzuwar yankin daga Kogin Saint John (a Buchanan na yanzu) zuwa Harper a Laberiya a matsayin "Grain Coast", dangane da wadatar *hatsin aljanna*. A wasu lokuta (kamar yadda aka nuna a taswirar da aka nuna a sama), wannan kalmar ta kunshi yanki mai faɗi wanda ya haɗa da Saliyo da Ivory Coast.

## Dubi kuma

* Yankin Bauta na Yammacin Afirka
* Gold Coast (yanki) 
* Guinea (yanki) 
* Yankin Yamma

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Mulkin Mallaka ta Amurka

Kungiyar Mulkin Mallaka ta Amurka (**ACS**), da farko Kungiya ta Mulkin Mallakar 'Yantattun Mutane Masu Launin Fata a Amurka, kungiya ce ta Amurka da Robert Finley ya kafa a 1816 don ƙarfafawa da tallafawa dawo da mutanen da aka haifa da launi da kuma 'yanci bayi zuwa nahiyar Afirka. An tsara shi ne a kan kwamitin Burtaniya na baya don Saukakewa Bakake Talakawa na mulkin mallaka a Afirka, wanda ya nemi sasanta "baƙar fata talakawa" na London. Har zuwa rushewar kungiyar a shekara ta 1964, an kafa hedikwatar kungiyar a daki na 516 a cikin Ginin Colorado a Washington, DC.
Ayaz Sadiq

**Sardar Ayaz Sadiq** (an haife shi ranar 17 ga watan Oktoban Shekara ta 1954) ɗan siyasan Pakistan ne wanda shine Kakakin Majalissar Dokokin Pakistan, Majalissar Dokoki ta Tarayya, tun  watan Maris  ɗin 2024. Yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan jami'an kungiyar Musulunci ta Pakistan (N) a matakin tarayya.

An haife shi a Lahore, Punjab, Sadiq ya taɓa zama shugaban Majalissar wakilai na 17 daga 2013 zuwa 2018. Sadiq ya kuma yi fice wajen sa ido kan kaɗa ƙuri’a kan ƙudirin ƙin amincewa da Imran Khan a watan Afrilun 2022; Washegari, ya sa ido a zaɓen firaminista Shehbaz Sharif na gaba. A halin yanzu shi memba ne na Majalisar Dokokin Pakistan daga NA-120 (Lahore-IV), wanda aka zaɓe shi a Majalisar a kowane zaɓe tun 2002.

## Manazarta
Yahya Afridi

**Yahya Afridi** (an haife shi ranar 23 ga Janairu 1965) masanin shari'a ne ɗan Pakistan wanda a halin yanzu shine babban alƙalin Pakistan tun ranar 26 ga watan Oktoban 2024. Ya taɓa zama Alkalin Kotun Koli ta Pakistan tun daga 28 ga Yuni 2018. Kafin hawansa zuwa Kotun Koli, Afridi ya yi aiki a matsayin babban alkalin babbar kotun Peshawar daga shekarar 2016 zuwa 2018, kuma a matsayin mai shari'a na PHC daga shekarar 2010 zuwa 2016. Fa Afridi shine Alƙalin Alƙalai na farko na Kotunan Kotu guda biyu (Kotun Koli da Babban Kotun Peshawar) wanda ke da tushen dangi a yankunan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa na yanzu waɗanda suka kasance yankunan kabilun da ke karkashin gwamnatin tarayya . Hakanan shi ne babban alƙalin alƙalai na farko da aka naɗa a ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan gyara na 26 ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Pakistan, wanda Kwamitin Majalisa na Musamman ya naɗa shi a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2024.

## Manazarta
Mulkin mallaka na Curonia

**Mulkin mallaka na Curonia** shine Kokarin mulkin mallaka na Duchy na Courland da Semigallia (a yau wani ɓangare na Latvia), wani yanki na mulkin mallaka ya mallaka na Commonwealth na Poland-Lithuania . Ƙananan, amma masu arziki, Duchy sun ɗauki ɗan gajeren ɓangare a ƙoƙarin mulkin mallaka na Turai na Yammacin Afirka da Caribbean.

## Tarihi
Kamar Brandenburg, wanda ke da iko mai girma na mulkin mallaka na Jamus kafin kafa Daular Jamus, Duchy na Courland yana da tarihin yaƙi na Turai. An kafa yankuna a ƙarƙashin Yakubu, Duke na Courland da Semigallia, kuma suna ɗaya daga cikin yankuna biyu na Curonian. Ƙasar ta biyu ita ce Kogin Gambiya a Afirka. A lokacin mulkinsa (1642-1682), Duchy ya kafa alaƙar kasuwanci tare da dukkan manyan kasashen Turai. 

Yakubu ya kafa daya daga cikin manyan jiragen ruwa a Turai, tare da manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Windau (a yau Ventspils), da Libau (a yau Liepāja). Jirginsa ya yi tafiye-tafiye zuwa West Indies tun farkon shekara ta 1637 lokacin da mazauna suka kafa mulkin mallaka na farko a Tobago. Mulkin mallaka na farko ya gaza, amma an sake kafa shi a cikin 1639. 

A shekara ta 1651, Courland da Semigallia sun ba da hayar wani yanki a Afirka a Tsibirin St. Andrew a cikin Kogin Gambiya daga Masarautar Niumi  kuma sun ci gaba da gina Fort Jakob a tsibirin.  Duchy kuma ta ba da hayar tsibirin St. Mary (Banjul na zamani) daga Kombo da Fort Jillifree daga Niumi .  Yankunan Courland da Semigallia sun fitar da sukari, taba, kofi, auduga, ginger, indigo, rum, koko, kwarangwal, da tsuntsaye na wurare masu zafi da gashin kansu da ake nema. A ƙarshe, Duchy zai gudanar da kula da waɗannan ƙasashe na ƙasa da shekaru goma kuma an ba da mulkin mallaka ga Ingila a shekara ta 1664.

An rasa yankunan ne lokacin da maƙwabtan Courland da Semigallia suka yi amfani da tsaron da ya raunana a lokacin Yakin Arewa, lokacin da Sojojin Sweden suka kama Jakob daga 1658 zuwa 1660. Bayan karshen yakin, an mayar da tsibirin Tobago zuwa Courland. Koyaya, Duchy ya ƙare ya watsar da tsibirin a cikin shekara ta 1666. A shekara ta 1668, wani jirgin ruwa na Curonian ya yi ƙoƙari ya sake mamaye Fort Jacob amma sojojin Dutch da ke tsibirin sun kore shi. Abin tunawa na Courland kusa da Babban Courland Bay yana tunawa da ƙauyukan Duchy.

## Tsohon yankuna

* Tsibirin St. Andrews ko Courlander Gambia kuma daga baya ita ce Fort James ta Burtaniya. (1651–1660, 1660–1661)
* New Courland, a kan Tobago (1637, 1642, 1654-1659, 1680-1690) 

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Maniya
* 
*
Osusu

**osusu** (ko **isusu ko esusu**) wani nau'i ne na ajiyar kuɗi da aka samo a Afirka, don tara kuɗi. Osusus shine yanki na abin da a wasu wurare ake kira susus, tandas, ko wasu sunaye. Su ƙananan ƙungiyoyi ne kamar a Saliyo 'inda, alal misali, mutane goma suka sanya Le 5,000 a cikin tukunya sannan ɗaya daga cikin goma ya ɗauki Le 50,000 don amfani da kansa, yana alkawarin sanya Le 5,000 zuwa taron rukuni na gaba don ci gaba da aikin.'  Kalmar 'osusu' ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Yoruba 'Esusu' wanda ke nufin ajiyar juyawa. 

Ana tattara kudi a kowace rana, mako-mako, da / ko kowane wata ta abin da aka sani da mai tara kuɗi. Masu tara kaya yawanci maza ne.

Masu halarta a cikin osusu dole ne su biya mai karɓar ajiya kuɗin shiga dangane da adadin da suke ba da gudummawa. Idan sun ba da gudummawa kowace rana suna bin mai tara kuɗi gudummawar cikakken rana ɗaya a kowace rana ta takwas. Idan sun ba da gudummawa kowane mako suna bin mai tara ajiya 1/7 adadin gudummawar kowane mako.

Wani osusu yana ci gaba da gudanar da juyawa har sai kowane memba yana da damar amfani da kuɗin. Da zarar kowane memba ya yi haka ƙungiyar na iya dakatar da amfani da osusu ko sake fara aikin.

Kamfen don fara osusus har ma ya kai ga Yammacin Yammacin Amurka.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Babban Mawuyacin tattalin arziki a Afirka

A matsayin sakamakon kai tsaye na ƙarshen 2000s, wasu tattalin arziki a Afirka sun fi shafar raguwar buƙatun duniya da ƙananan farashin kayayyaki kamar mai, platinum, nickel, zinariya, da jan ƙarfe. Afirka ta Kudu ita ce ƙasar Afirka ta farko da ta fada cikin koma bayan tattalin arziki. Sauran ƙasashe kamar Maroko da Masar, waɗanda suka amfana daga ci gaban tattalin arzikin da suka gabata sun sami babban raguwa saboda rikicin tattalin arzikin duniya ba tare da faduwa cikin koma bayan tattalin arziki ba.

## Afirka ta Kudu
Moody's Investors Service ya yi gargadi a ranar 7 ga Yuli, 2008 cewa Afirka ta Kudu na iya shiga cikin koma bayan tattalin arziki a farkon shekara. Moody ya ambaci karancin wutar lantarki, yawan riba, hauhawar farashi, raguwar gidaje da kasuwar motoci da ƙananan alamun kasuwanci da masu amfani. Girma a cikin ainihin kayan cikin gida na Afirka ta Kudu don kwata na farko na 2008 ya ragu zuwa 0.39%. CPIX hauhawar farashi, ma'auni na manufofin farashi, ya tashi 10.9% a shekara-shekara a watan Mayu, matakin mafi girma tun Nuwamba 2002. Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Afirka ta Kudu ta soki sanarwar da Moody ya ce, "Ba zai yiwu mu ƙare cikin koma bayan tattalin arziki ba". Ya kara da cewa gwamnati na iya sake fasalin saurin kashi 4 cikin 100 na ci gaban shekara bayan ci gaban kashi 5.1% a 2007. Tallace-tallace na mota a Afirka ta Kudu ya ragu da kashi 22 cikin 100 na shekara-shekara a watan Yuni saboda yawan riba.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Blessed Udoh

**Blessed Udoh** (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1984) 'yar Najeriya ce mai ɗaukar nauyi, tana fafatawa a rukunin kilo 48 kuma tana wakiltar Najeriya a gasa ta duniya. 

Ta shiga gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2004 a cikin nauyin kilo 48. Ta yi gasa a gasar zakarun duniya, kwanan nan a gasar zarrawar nauyi ta duniya ta 2001. 

Udoh ta lashe lambobin yabo 3 a rukunin mata na kilo 48 a Wasannin Afirka na 2007, amma ta kamu da cutar bayan gasar.&nbsp;

## Babban sakamako

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje
Yaƙin Kogin Mbidizi

**Yaƙin kogin Mbidizi** wani yaƙin soji ne da ya faru a cikin watan Yunin 1670 tsakanin sojojin lardin Soyo da na ƙasar Portugal ta Angola a lokacin yakin basasar Kongo. Wannan gumurzu dai wani ɓangare ne na yakin neman karya ikon Soyo a yankin. Turawan Portugal sun samu gagarumar nasara, inda suka yi mummunar ɓarna tare da kashe shugaban Soyon.

## Yanayi kafin yakin da kuma yakin basasar Kongo
A cikin shekarar 1665 Masarautar Kongo ta yi arangama da abokansu na Fotigal a yakin Mbwila.  Haɗin kai ya haifar da murkushe nasarar Portuguese wanda ya ƙare a mutuwar Mwenekongo António I da mafi yawan sarakunan masarautar. Bayan haka, Kongo ta ɓarke a cikin mummunan yakin basasa tsakanin gidan Kinlaza, wanda ya yi mulki a ƙarƙashin marigayi sarki, da kuma House of Kimpanzu. 

Soyo, gida ga yawancin 'yan jam'iyyar Kimpanzu, ya yi marmarin cin gajiyar hargitsi.  A cikin 'yan watanni da bala'in ƙasa a Mbwila, Yariman Soyo ya mamaye babban birnin São Salvador kuma ya ɗora abokinsa, Afonso II a kan ƙaraga. Wannan ya sake faruwa a cikin shekarar 1669 tare da sanya Álvaro IX akan ƙaragar mulki.  A wannan lokacin duka hukumomin Portugal da na tsakiya a Kongo sun gaji da tsoma bakin Soyo. Yayin da Kinlaza da wasu a Kongo ke rayuwa cikin fargabar harin Soyo, gwamnan Luanda ya ji tsoron ƙara karfin Soyo.  Tare da samun dama ga 'yan kasuwa na Holland suna son sayar musu da bindigogi da igwa tare da damar diflomasiyya ga Paparoma, Soyo yana kan hanyarsa ta zama mai karfi kamar yadda Kongo ya kasance a gaban Mbwila. Da yake yin abin da ba za a yi tsammani ba, ikon tsakiya mai rauni a Kongo ya nemi Luanda ya mamaye Soyo.  A sakamakon haka, an yi wa Portugal alkawarin kuɗi, rangwamen ma'adinai da haƙƙin gina katanga a Soyo don hana Yaren mutanen Holland. 

## Shiga

Da yake amsa roƙon Sarki Rafael na I, an aike da sojojin mulkin mallaka na Portugal daga Luanda don cin nasara a lardin Soyo na Kongo a watan Yuni 1670. Ƙididdiga na Soyo Estêvão da Silva da ɗan'uwansa Yarima Paulo da Silva sun yi tafiya tare da sojojin BaKongo musketeers tare da manyan sojojin da ke riƙe da garkuwar da sojojin BaKongo suka shahara don saɗuwa da sojojin. 

Sojojin sun haɗu ne a arewacin kogin Mbidizi. Nan da nan 'yan Portuguese sun yi nasara, kamar yadda suka yi tun farko a kan Kongo a Mbwila da Mbumbi.  Amfani da 'ya'yan inabi na Portuguese ya jawo wa sojojin Soyo da dama rauni tare da tilasta musu ja da baya. Paulo da Silva na cikin waɗanda suka mutu.   Da sha'awar nasarar da suka yi, 'yan Portugal sun kama garkuwar makiya kuma suka ci gaba da sa ran za su kara samun fafatawa a wani wuri da kuma fatan samun damar baje kolin nasu basirar takuba.

## Bayan haka
Turawan Portugal sun ƙara zurfafa zuwa Kongo inda Soyo suka ci karo da su a yakin Kitombo.

## Duba kuma

* Yakin Basasa na Kongo
* Yakin Kitombo
* Soyayya
* Tarihin Angola

## Manazarta
Huda al-Daghfaq

**Huda Abdullah Al-Daghfaq** (Larabci ;هدى الدغفق; an haife shi 24 Oktoba 1967) mawaƙin Saudiyya ne, ɗan jarida, kuma mai son mata. Ta goyi bayan cire rikon maza daga mata kuma ta jaddada mahimmancin mata a matsayin masu yanke shawara na zamantakewa da siyasa. An bayyana tarihin tarihinta na I Yage Burqa a gani a matsayin tarihin rayuwar da ta bayyana yakin da ake yi tsakanin wakokinta da al'adunta.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Al-Daghfaq a ranar 24 ga Oktoba 1967.  Ta sami digiri na farko a harshen Larabci a Jami'ar Riyadh a 1989.  Bayan ta kammala karatun ta na koyarwa a makarantun sakandire, amma a wannan lokacin, saboda wakokinta an zarge ta da tsarin zamani - wanda a kasar Saudiyya a wancan lokacin ya zo da zargin zindiqanci.  Ta buga tarinta, *The Upward Shadow*, a cikin 1993.  An fassara juzu'in wakokinta zuwa harsuna da dama.  Ta buga litattafai guda biyu, na farko lokacin tana da shekaru arba'in.  Ta gwada da tsari a cikin rubutun tarihin rayuwarta.  Ita ma 'yar jarida, al-Daghfaq na daya daga cikin mawakan kasar Saudiyya da dama da suke aiki a wannan fanni, inda Hailah Abdullah Al-Khalaf ya buga misali da ita tare da Khadeeja al-Amri, Fawziyya Abu Khalid da  . 

Al-Daghfaq fitaccen mai ra'ayin mata ne na Saudiyya,  yana la'akari da mata a matsayin jagororin yunkurin yankin Gulf.  Ta goyi bayan cire riko daga mata kuma ta jaddada mahimmancin mata a matsayin masu yanke shawara na zamantakewa da siyasa.  A gidan adabin Jeddah, Al-Daghfaq ta jawo cece-kuce a lokacin da ta ketare sassan taron da aka ware ta jinsi ta karanta wakokinta ga maza da mata. 

## liyafa
Su'ad al-Mana ta ce rubuce-rubucen Al-Daghfaq wani bangare ne na al'adar mawakan kasar Saudiyya da suka fara a shekarun 1970, inda ta bayar da misali da tarin littafinta *mai suna The Upward Shadow* a shekarar 1993 a matsayin muhimmin aiki a wannan lokacin.  An kwatanta ayyukanta da na Iman al-Dabbagh, Ashjan al-Hindi, Sara al-Kathlan, Salwa Khamis, da Latifa Qari .  Tana daya daga cikin yawan mawakan kade-kade na kasar Saudiyya .  An kwatanta aikinta da na Fawziyya Abu Khalid, Muhammed al-Dumaini da Ghassan al-Khunazi .  Littafin tarihinta na *I Yage Burqa a gani,* wani malami mai suna Wasfy Yassin Abbas ya bayyana a matsayin tarihin rayuwar da ya bayyana yakin da ake yi tsakanin wakokinta da al'adunta. 

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

* *الظل إلى أعلى* *(The Upward Shadow) -* 1993 
* *امرأة لم تكن* *(Mace Da Bata) -* 2008 
* *ريشة لاتطير* ، مختارات من ثلاث مجموعاتها شعرية، *(Gidan Gishiri Baya Tashi) -* 2008 
* *أشق البرقع أرى، (Na Yaga Burqa In gani) -* 2012 

## Magana
Yaƙin Mbanda Kasi

**Yaƙin Mbandi Kasi** wani yaƙin soji ne tsakanin sojojin Angola na Portugal da kuma Masarautar Kongo a lokacin yaƙin farko na yaƙi da suka fara tsakanin shekarun 1622 zuwa 1623. Yaƙin, duk da cewa ƙasar Portuguese ba ta ba da rahoto ba sosai, an rubuta shi cikin rubuce-rubuce tsakanin Kongolese da abokansu na ƙasar Holland. Yakin ya yi nuni da juyawar gajeren yakin tare da goyon bayan ƙasar Kongo kuma ya kai ga hambarar da gwamnan Luanda na Portugal da kuma dawo da al'ummar Kongo da aka ɗauka a matsayin bayi a yakin da aka yi a baya.

Sakamakon rikicin, Sarki *Manikongo* Pedro II ya nemi haɗin gwiwa tare da Daular Holland don a kori mutanen Fotugal daga yankin gaba ɗaya. 

## Manazarta

## Duba kuma

* Yakin Kongo-Portuguese na Farko
* Portuguese Angola
* Masarautar Kongo
* Tarihin Angola
Yaƙin Katole

**Yaƙin Katole** wani yaƙin soji ne tsakanin sojojin Angola na Portugal da Masarautar Matamba. An yi yakin ne a ranar 4 ga watan Satumba 1681 a Katole da ke a yau Angola.

## Gabatar da yaƙi
Masarautar Matamba, wacce aka fi sani da Masarautar Matamba da Ndongo, tana cikin yankin da ke gabashin Angola a yau. Jarumar Sarauniya Nzinga ce ta kirkira ta ta hanyar cin nasarar mulkinta a shekarar 1631 daga BaKongo vassal. A cikin tsakiyar ƙarni na 17, Sarauniya Nzinga ta yi yaki da ‘yan mulkin mallaka na Portugal da ke Angola don dawo da ƙaragar mulki da kuma kare al’ummarta, Mbundu, daga cinikin bayi. A shekara ta 1657, sarauniya ta dawo da babban birninta na gargajiya kuma ta kawo ƙarshen yakin da Angola ta samu. Bayan mutuwarta a shekara ta 1663, masarautar da ta yi gwagwarmaya sosai don kafa ta shiga yakin basasa. Yakin bai kare ba sai a shekara ta 1680 lokacin da Francisco Guterres Ngola kannini, ɗan wan Njinga, ya kayar da ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin kwamandojin innarsa ya zama sarki.

## Casus belli
A shekara ta 1681, sarki Francisco ya mamaye masarautar Ibangala dake makwabtaka da Kassanje domin ɗora dan takararsa kan ƙaragar mulki. Yayin da yake yakin, ya yi wa *pombeiros* fashi, jami'an bautar Afro-Portuguese, kuma ya fille kan mai mulkin masarautar. Hakan ya fusata ‘yan ƙasar Portugal, waɗanda tun farko ba su taba jin daɗin Matamba mai zaman kansa ba. Nan da nan Fotigal ta aika da nasara a yakin Mbwila, Luís Lopes de Sequeira, don murkushe masarautar.

## Yaƙi
A ranar 4 ga watan Satumba, 1681, Sequeira ya isa Katole, wanda ya kasance tafiya ta kwana uku daga masarautar kabasa ko fada. Ya zo da sojoji sama da dubu goma har ma da wani ƙaramin dawaki (kusan ba a ji ba a yakin Afrika ta tsakiya). Sojojin Sarki Francisco sun same shi wani lokaci kafin wayewar gari a wannan rana. A cikin yakin, an kashe Sequeira da Francisco.  Sojojin Matamba sun ja da baya, kuma 'yan Portugal sun sami nasarar da'awar aƙalla nasara ta dabara ta hanyar riƙe matsayinsu.

## Bayan haka
Duk da ɗaukar filin, wanda tun farko bai taɓa zama manufa ba, hasarar da Portugal ta yi ya kai ga kawo ƙarshen mamaye babban birnin Matamba. Bayan sun yi sansani a Katole na kusan kwanaki talatin, Portuguese da abokansu na Afirka sun yi ritaya zuwa Mbaka ƙarƙashin jagorancin João António de Brito.

## Duba kuma

* Tarihin Angola
* Masarautar Matamba
* Tsarin soja na Afirka zuwa 1800

## Manazarta

## Sources

*
Party of the United Struggle for Africans in Angola

Jam'iyyar United Struggle for Africans in Angola (a Portuguese: Partido da Luta Unida dos Africanos de Angola; ta rage: PLUAA) ita ce Jam'iyyar siyasa ta farko a Angola da ta yi kira ga neman 'yancin kai na Angola daga Portugal, ta yi kamfen daga lokacin da aka kafa ta a shekara ta 1953 har zuwa lokacin da ta haɗu da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Angola (PCA) don kafa Ƙungiyar Jama'a don neman 'Yanci na Angola (MPLA) a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1956. 

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Al-Rahiba

**Yakin Al-Rahiba** wani yakin soji ne tsakanin umarnin Senussi ƙarƙashin jagorancin Omar al-Mukhtar da turawan Italiya. Senussi ya samu gagarumar nasara a kan Italiya.

## Yaƙi
Bayan yaƙin da Senussis suka yi a Jabal al-Akhdar ƙarƙashin jagorancin Omar al-Mukhtar a watan Janairun shekarar 1927, Senussis suka tafi yankunan Jabal al Ubaid, domin ta samar da wurin taro da sake tsara dakarunsu a waɗannan ƙasashe masu albarka. Don kai hari ga Italiya a can, Senussis yana da karfi na maza 350 kawai, a cewar rahotanni na Italiya. Italiyawa sun ji tsoron cewa wannan runduna na iya ƙarfafa ƙabilun da Italiyawa suka yi wa mulkin mallaka, wanda zai jefa su cikin wani yanayi mai hatsari. Wannan shi ne lokacin da Italiyawa suka yanke shawarar yajin. 

Dakarun Italiya mai ɗauke da jami'ai 12 da mutane 744 ƙarƙashin jagorancin Manjo Passi sun fara tattaki da karfe 9:00 na safe.&nbsp;na yamma ranar 27 ga watan Maris zuwa Jardas al-ʽAbid, ya isa karfe 6:00&nbsp;ni gobe. Sun je dazuzzuka masu kauri, inda suka fuskanci turjiya daga Senussis. Yayin da tattakin ya ci gaba, hare-hare sun kara yawa har suka isa Al-Rahiba Depression, inda suka yi yaki da Senussis. Italiyawa sun yi nasarar kama wasu manyan muƙamai; duk da haka, Senussis sun sake kai hari a gaba yayin da suke kewaye da su. 

Shugaban na Italiya ya ga cewa ba za su iya cim ma burinsu ba kuma ya ba da umarnin ja da baya. Senussis sun kori su kuma suka yi amfani da rashin haɗin kai da ke faruwa a tsakanin Italiya, tare da iliminsu na yankin, wanda ya ba su damar kewaya Italiya kuma ya raba su, wanda ya kashe yawancin Italiyawa. Saboda rashin la'akari da lambobin Senussi, Italiyawa sun rasa jami'ai 6 da rayuka 340. 

Wannan shan kashi ya girgiza tsakiya da martabar Italiya kuma ya sa Gwamna Attilio Teruzzi ya kaddamar da matakan soji da na siyasa da dama a wani yunƙuri na buge gwagwarmayar gwagwarmaya.

## Duba kuma

* Yakin Gasr Bu Hadi
* Yakin Safsaf
* Yaƙin Wadi Marsit
* Yakin Bir Tabraz
* Yakin Bir Bilal
* Yakin Sidi Abu Arqub na Farko

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Bir Bilal

**Yakin Bir Bilal** (wanda kuma ake kira Yaƙin Brega)  yaƙin soji ne tsakanin odar Senussi da Italiyawa. Senussi ya samu gagarumar nasara a kan Italiya.

## Yaƙi
A watan Ramadan 1341 Hijira (Afrilu 1923), Italiya sun kwace Ajdabiya. Italiyawa, bayan kama su, sun yi yunƙurin murkushe ƙabilun Magherbi ko kuma su sa su shiga cikin Italiyawa, ganin cewa suna wakiltar haɗari ga Italiyawa da sansaninsu.   Bayan kama Ajdabiya, sun fara shirye-shiryen kame wani muhimmin sansanin teku na Brega don duk wani kamfen na cikin gida. An damka aikin ga Manjo Melli, wanda aka baiwa kwamandan bataliya ta VII ta Eritrea. 

Bataliyar ta VII ta Eritiriya ta ƙunshi bindigu 400, da wani kamfani na sojan doki, da kuma gungun motoci masu sulke a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Captain Telger.    Wata majiya ta ce 'yan Italiya na da sojoji 5,000 da motocin sulke 100.  An yanke shawarar cewa dakarun Major Melli za su yi tattaki daga Ajdabiya zuwa Qurain da Brega, yayin da Captain Telger ya yi zagaya mai faɗi don kaucewa yankunan yashi da suka ratsa ta Al-Qatifiya zuwa Bir Bilal. 

A yayin da motocin Italiya masu sulke ke isa Bir Bilal a ranar 10 ga watan Yuni, sai suka sami kansu a kewaye da dakarun Libya. An yi ruwan harsasai da yawa a kan motocin Italiya, inda suka lalata su gaba ɗaya suka kashe kyaftin din Telger.    Senussi sun kama makamansu da sauran kayan aikinsu.   Sanin haka ne Manjo Melli ya yi sauri ya nufi wajen Bir Bilal. Sai dai kuma sojojin Libiya sun kai musu hari a kusa da Abi Qarada kusa da gaɓar teku, inda suka sake yin wani galaba a kan Italiya. 

## Bayan haka
An yi la'akari da kashin da Italiya ta yi a Bir Bilal a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi munin rashin nasara a gabashin Libya. Italiyawa sun ƙasa saboda dalilai da yawa: mummunan yanayi na yankin, wanda ya hana Italiya yin amfani da sojojin sama; Wani abu kuma shi ne tsautsayin teku, wanda ya hana wani jirgin ruwan Italiya rufe sojojin Italiya; kuma a ƙarshe, rashin kima na lambobin Senussi yayin da suka ɗauka cewa ba su da fiye da maza kimanin 150. 

A cikin watan Yuli, sojojin Italiya sun gudanar da hare-hare ta sama har sau 57, don kai hare-hare kan matsugunan Libya da shanunsu. A ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, wata babbar runduna ta isa Bir Bilal, suka fara tattara gawarwakin Italiya don binne su; An gano gawarwakin mutane 189 da suka haɗa da Manjo Melli da wasu jami'ai. 

A ranar 3 ga watan Satumba ne sojojin Italiya suka yi nasarar kwace Bir Bilal daga hannun 'yan ƙasar Libiya bayan an shafe sa'o'i huɗu ana gwabzawa. 

## Adabi

* Kalifa Tillisi, Kamus na Yaƙe-yaƙe na Mulkin Italiya a Ƙasar Libiya 1911-31, 1972. https://archive.org/details/muajmmaark/page/n143/mode/1up
* Al Tahir Al Zawi, Omar- Al Mukhtar, kashi na ƙarshe na gwagwarmayar ƙasa a Libya. https://archive.org/details/maktabah2000_gmail_20160912_0535/page/n85/mode/1up
* Wahbi Bori, Benghazi a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Italiya, 2004. https://books.google.com/books?id=vIYFAQAAIAAJ&q=%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1

## Duba kuma

* Yakin Bir Tabraz
* Yakin Al-Rahiba
* Yaƙin Wadi Marsit
* Yakin Safsaf
* Yakin Sidi Abu Arqub na Farko

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Bir Tabraz

An yi **yakin Bir Tabraz** a watan Disamba 1911 a lokacin yakin Italo-Turkiyya tsakanin Masarautar Italiya da sojojin Senussi a wani wuri kusa da Tripoli a Libya ta zamani, Senussi ya yi nasarar tilastawa Italiyawa janyewa.

## Yaƙi
Bir Tabraz ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin muhimman wurare da Senussi ke da shi a kusa da Tripoli bayan yakin Ain Zara ya faru a ranar 4 ga watan Disamba. An tsare matsayin Bir Tabraz da 200-300, bisa ga rahotannin Italiya; wannan ya firgita Italiyawa tare da sauran wuraren taro na Senussi, waɗanda suka tursasa sojojin Italiya da ke adawa da su.   An ƙaddamar da wani balaguro ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar Fara tare da runduna 2,780   ko kuma maza 1,500  a 2-2:30&nbsp;a ranar 19 ga watan Disamba kuma bai kai wannan matsayin ba sai 9:00&nbsp;ni bayan doguwar tafiya a hanya.  

Sai da suka yi tattaki don ganawa da Senussi ne suka kai musu hari, kuma a cewar rahotannin Italiya, Senussis sun mayar da hankali kan fikafikan dama da hagu na sojojin. Kodayake sojojin Senussi ba su kasance daidai da Italiya ba, sun tashi daga tsaro zuwa matsayi mai tsanani kuma sun kusan yanke hanyar tserewa na Italiya da layin sadarwa zuwa Ain Zara, wanda ya tilasta Italiyawa su guje wa yakin da ba a so.  

Italiyawa sun yi ƙoƙari su yi tafiya zuwa wasu tuddai, amma Senussi ya hana su kuma ya tilasta musu su shiga tare da kai hari daga kowane ɓangare. Wannan lamarin ya sa maƙiya ba za su iya komawa Ain Zara ba saboda nasarar Senussi. Firgici ya mamaye sansanin, saboda tsoron kada su rasa kayansu da kuma hanyar komawarsu. Italiya, duk da haka, sun yi nasarar ja da baya a cikin dare. Duk da haka, sun ci gaba da fuskantar Senussi, wanda ya tilasta musu neman ƙarfafawa don rufe ja da baya wanda bai isa ba. 

Italiyawan sun ja da baya da karfe 7:25&nbsp;na washegari, yaƙin ya kasance har tsawon yini. Italiya sun yi asarar kusan mutane 150 da aka kashe kuma 250 sun ji rauni   ko 11 sun kashe kuma 91 sun ji rauni,  yayin da Senussi ya rasa mutuwar mutane 11 da masu 40 rauni.

## Duba kuma

* Yakin Gasr Bu Hadi
* Yakin Safsaf
* Yakin Al-Rahiba
* Yaƙin Wadi Marsit
* Yakin Bir Bilal
* Yakin Sidi Abu Arqub na Farko

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Safsaf

An yi **yakin Safsaf** a watan Yulin 1913 tsakanin Masarautar Italiya da sojojin Senussi a wani wuri kusa da Safsaf, Libya a Libya ta zamani. Senussi ya yi nasarar fatattakar sojojin Italiya biyu.

## Yaƙi
A ranar 1 ga watan Yuli, 1913, wani kamfani na injiniyoyin gine-gine tare da rakiyar sojojin Italiya na mayaƙa da manyan bindigogi sun bar sansaninsu a Cyrene don ayyukan gine-gine don tabbatar da layin sadarwa na Italiya tsakanin sansanonin Italiya da kuma shirya kai hari kan sansanonin Senussis. Ba'a daɗe ba sai ga sojojin Italiya da suke tattaki zuwa Faydiya, suka afkawa ƙasar Libya. Ɓangarorin biyu sun fara musayar wuta, kuma shugaban Italiya, Manjo Pelli, ya ba da umarnin ja da baya. Sai dai kuma 'yan ƙasar Libya sun kewaye sojojin Italiya, inda suka lalata su tare da shugabansu, wanda ya taimaka wajen rugujewarsu. Yakin ya faru ne da tsakar rana. 

Labari ya kai ga Cyrene, kuma suka fara aika ƙarfafawa da ƙarfe 6:00 na yamma Da sanin haka, Senussis suka yi watsi da harin da suka kai wa tsohuwar rundunar, suka fara tafiya zuwa ga sabuwar rundunar; sun kai wa ɓangaren dama hari. Daga nan sai shugaban na Italiya ya ba da umarnin janyewa zuwa wuraren harbin bindigogi, amma hakan bai faru ba sai bayan mutuwar Manjo Meliaci da mataimakinsa; An bar Italiya ba tare da jagora ba kuma suka janye zuwa Safsaf, inda yakin ya kasance a tsakiya. 

Italiyawa sun yi kira da a taimaka musu daga sansanonin su a Shaghab. Janar ɗin Italiya Giulio Cesare Tassoni ya shirya wani gagarumin runduna, amma sai aka tilasta musu tsayawa a lokacin tattakinsu da daddare, kuma da gari ya waye suka tarar da yankin gaba ɗaya babu Senussi da aka gani. Senussi yana da maza 300 ne kawai a lokacin yaƙin, amma suna da kyakkyawar tarbiyya. A cewar rahotanni Italiya, an kashe jami'ai 8 da raunata 5, an kashe 30 da kuma 105 da suka samu raunuka, sannan 64 sun ɓace waɗanda ake zaton sun mutu.

## Adabi

* Kalifa Tillisi, Kamus na Yaƙe-yaƙe na Mulkin Italiya a Ƙasar Libiya 1911-31, 1972. https://archive.org/details/muajmmaark/page/n340/mode/1up

## Duba kuma

* Yakin Bir Tabraz
* Yakin Al-Rahiba
* Yaƙin Wadi Marsit
* Yakin Sidi Abu Arqub na Farko

## Manazarta
Yakin Wadi Marsit

**Yaƙin Wadi Marsit** yaƙin soji ne tsakanin odar Senussi da Italiyawa. Senussi ya samu gagarumar nasara a kan Italiya.

## Yaƙi
An ba da umarni ga Kanar Ganinzi, kwamandan sansanin sojojin Gharyan, da ya matsa zuwa Mizda domin fatattakar Senussis da ke yaɗuwa a waɗannan yankuna da kuma kawo ƙarshen tawayen Libya a can. Kanal ɗin ya bar Mizda ne a ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu da dakaru 1,400 waɗanda rabinsu dakarun da ba su dace ba ne, don kai farmaki kan dakarun Senussi na mazaje 400 da ke Wadi Taqja, tsakanin Quntrar da Oulad Abi Said, domin fuskantar Italiya. Ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu, 1915, Italiyawa sun isa Wadi Marsit kuma suka aika da wani mai gadi don dubawa don gano Senussis. 

Masu aikin leken asiri ba su taɓa samun abokan gaba ba, sai Italiya suka kafa sansanoninsu da karfe 4:00 na yamma don su kwana a can. A wannan lokacin ne kwamandan Senussi, Ahmad al-Sunni, ya fita daga matsayinsa, ya aika da wasu jam'iyyu, a lokacin da Italiya ke gina sansaninsu, sai suka ji harbin bindiga har sau uku. Wannan ya haifar da firgici a sansanin Italiya, kuma sojojin da ba bisa ka'ida ba suka fara gudu daga sansanin. Sai dai jami’ansu sun tare su, inda suka nuna musu bindigu a kokarinsu na ganin sun fuskanci Senussi, lamarin da ya janyo cece-ku-ce a sansanin wanda har dare ya yi, inda aka raunata Ganinzi, aka ba Manjo Sartirana umarni. 

Manjo ya ba da umarnin komawa Mizda da dare; Ba a daɗe ba a sa'o'i na farko na sabuwar rana cewa sauran dakarun Senussis sun kai hari, wanda ya haifar da firgita a cikin sahu. Sun yi watsi da rakumansu da kayansu, kuma sojojin da ba bisa ka'ida ba suka fara rabuwa da su. 

## Bayan haka
Yakin Wadi Marsit, tare da yakin Gasr Bu Hadi, ya kasance babbar nasara ga Senussis, kuma babbar nasara ce ga Italiyawa, wanda ya mayar da mulkin mallaka na ɗan lokaci na Libya, ya sa suka koma ga yankunan da suke a bakin teku. Yankin zai ci gaba da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ikon Libya har zuwa shekara ta 1924. Wannan cin kashin da aka yi ya samo asali ne saboda rashin sanin yankin, kuma faɗan ya faru ne a sansanin wanda ya raunana sojojin. 

## Duba kuma

* Yakin Gasr Bu Hadi
* Yakin Safsaf
* Yakin Al-Rahiba
* Yakin Bir Tabraz
* Yakin Bir Bilal

## Bayanan kula
 * 

## Manazarta
Yaƙin farko na Sidi Abu Arqub (1915)

**Yakin Sidi Abu Urqub na Farko** ya faru ne tsakanin 'yan Senussi da Italiya a ranar 13 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1915.

Wata bataliyar ƙasar Italiya da ta fito daga yankin Azizia mai ma'ana, ta fara wani aiki mai ban tsoro; Manufarsu ita ce ta dage harin da aka yi tsakanin Senussi da Italiya a Tarhuna, musamman a yankin Wadi Al-Kharrouba. 

A wani yunƙuri na baya-bayan nan da sojojin Italiya suka yi na ceto sojojinsu da suka yi wa ƙawanya a Tarhuna, wani ƙaramin runduna sun tashi daga yankin Azizia. A kan tsaunin Abu Urqub, mai tsayin taku dubu, an yi wani gagarumin yaki a ranar 13 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1915, tsakanin sojojin Italiya da mujahidan Masoud Al-Shweik. Mujahiddin ya samu gagarumar nasara, inda aka lalata mafi yawan sojojin Italiya, sannan kuma an kama fursunonin Italiya kusan 200.  

Bayan yakin dai an kwashe fursunonin Italiya zuwa zaman talala, wanda hakan ke nuna gagarumar nasara ga mujahidan da kuma nuna tsayin dakan da suke da shi na kariyar da suke yi a kokarin da Italiya ke yi na kuɓutar da dakarunsu da suka yi wa ƙawanya.

## Duba kuma

* Yakin Gasr Bu Hadi
* Yakin Safsaf
* Yakin Al-Rahiba
* Yakin Bir Tabraz
* Yakin Bir Bilal
* Yaƙin Wadi Marsit 

## Manazarta
Jerin yankuna na Gabashin Afirka ta Gabas ta hanyar Ci gaban Dan Adam

Gundumar Nairobi tana da ci gaban dan adam mafi girma, tare da Ci gaban Dan Adam na 0.771. Gundumar Mombasa, Gundumar Nyeri, da birnin Zanzibar sun biyo baya, suna da ci gaban ɗan adam na matsakaici. Jubaland, Hirshabelle, Kudu maso Yammacin Somalia, da Gabashin Equatoria suna da mafi ƙasƙanci na Ci gaban Dan Adam. Gundumar Nairobi ita ce kawai yankin da ke da Babban Ci gaban Dan Adam, yankuna 54 sun fada ƙarƙashin Ci gaban Dan Dan Adam na Matsakaici, yayin da yankuna 62 suka rarraba a ƙarƙashin Ƙananan Dan Adam Babu jihar da ke da Ci gaban Dan adam Mai Girma. Ci gaban Dan Adam na Al'ummar Gabashin Afirka shine 0.512 .

## Jerin

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Hukuncin Kisa a Kenya

**Hukuncin kisa** ya kasance hukunci na shari'a a **[[Kenya]]** tun kafin samun 'yancin kai, kuma yana ci gaba da kasancewa a karkashin dokar Kenya. Ba a aiwatar da kisa a Kenya ba tun 1987,  lokacin da aka rataye Hezekiya Ochuka da Pancras Oteyo Okumu, shugabannin Yunkurin juyin mulki na 1982, saboda cin amana. 

Shugabannin a wasu lokuta sun sauya dukkan hukuncin kisa zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai, kuma ta haka ne suka saki dukkan fursunoni daga layin mutuwa, kwanan nan a cikin 2016. Babu wata manufa ta yanzu don kawar da hukuncin kisa.

Duk da rashin kisa, har yanzu ana yanke hukuncin kisa a Kenya. A watan Yulin 2013, an yanke wa Ali Babitu Kololo hukuncin kisa saboda rawar da ya taka wajen kisan kai da satar masu yawon bude ido biyu na Burtaniya,  kuma a shekarar 2014 wata ma'aikaciyar jinya ta sami hukuncin kisa bayan an yanke mata hukuncin zubar da ciki a kan wata mace da ta mutu daga baya  kodayake kotun daukaka kara a Kenya ta sauya hukuncin ta

## Tarihi
Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya ce ta gabatar da hukuncin kisa a Kenya a shekara ta 1893; ba a saba yin hakan ba a cikin al'ummomin da suka gabata, wanda ya sanya darajar adalci mai maidowa. Gabaɗaya, yawancin al'ummomin Afirka ba su yi amfani da hukuncin kisa a matsayin wani ɓangare na gudanar da adalci sai dai ga masu laifi waɗanda suka sau da yawa "samar da kansu da haɗari fiye da iyakar jimrewar abokansu". Dokar hukunci kamar yadda Burtaniya ta kirkira ta tsara hukuncin kisa na tilas don kisan kai, cin amana da fashi da makami. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta aiwatar da kashe-kashen da yawa, waɗanda aka rubuta a matsayin 1,090 a cikin adadi, a lokacin tawaye na Mau Mau.

Bayan yunkurin juyin mulki na 1982, Hezekiya Ochuka, Pancras Oteyo Okumu da wasu manyan shugabannin juyin mulki guda biyu an same su da cin amana, an yanke musu hukuncin kisa sannan daga baya aka rataye su a watan Yulin 1987. Su ne mutanen karshe da aka kashe a Kenya har zuwa yau.

A shekara ta 2010, Kotun daukaka kara ta soke hukuncin kisa na kisan kai a cikin *[[Mutiso v. Republic|Mutiso v. Jamhuriyar]]*, kotun kasa ta uku a cikin dokar Afirka ta kowa da ta yi hakan.

A cikin 2016, Shugaba Uhuru Kenyatta ya sauya hukuncin kisa na fursunoni 2,747 a kan layin mutuwa zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai. Shugaba Mwai Kibaki ya aiwatar da irin wannan mataki a cikin 2009. Dukkanin fursunoni 4,000 da ke jiran kisa an cire su kuma an sauya su zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai. Manufar ita ce ta tilasta wa fursunoni da ke da hannu su shiga cikin aiki na jiki, wanda ba a cire fursunoni na mutuwa ba.

A cikin 2017 Kotun Koli ta soke hukuncin kisa, ta bayyana shi ba bisa ka'ida ba.

Wani rahoto da aka rarraba a ko'ina a cikin 2018-19 ya nuna cewa gwamnati ta sanar da niyyar sake gabatar da hukuncin kisa ga farautar namun daji. Koyaya, ba a karɓi rahoton ba kuma babu irin waɗannan tsare-tsaren da ake la'akari da su.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Jerin kisan kiyashi a Kenya

Wadannan sune **jerin Kisan kiyashi a [[Kenya]]** da kuma manufofin da suka riga ta (lambar na iya zama kusan).

Rwathia Massacres a lokacin kuskuren maumau da masu mulkin mallaka suka yi

## Bayanan da aka ambata
      5. https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/education/article/2001382876/mp-wants-sotik-massacre-taught-in-all-british-schools

6. https://nation.africa/kenya/counties/bomet/british-mp-teach-sotik-massacre-in-uk-schools-1926276