Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Tunisiya

Batun **kare hakkin dan Adam a kasar Tunisiya**, yana da sarkakiya, mai cin karo da juna, kuma a wasu bangarorin, yana da rudani bayan juyin juya halin Tunusiya da ya fara a watan Janairun 2011 da ya hambarar da mulkin Zine El Abidine Ben Ali da ya dade. Yayin da watannin nan bayan juyin juya halin Musulunci ke da gagarumin ci gaba a matsayin hakkin dan Adam, wasu daga cikin wadannan ci gaban sun koma baya. Lamarin dai ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin wani yanayi, inda masu lura da al'amura daban-daban suka bayar da bayanan da ba za a iya daidaita su ba na halin da ake ciki a kasar a halin yanzu.

A mafi yawan lokuta tun lokacin da Freedom House ta fara ba da kimar 'Yanci a Duniya, Tunisiya tana matsayi kusa da kasan ƙimar; ya ci gaba da samun matsayin "Ba Kyauta" ba a cikin duka sai ƴan shekaru. Tunusiya ta sami daukaka zuwa "Yanci 'Yanci" bayan juyin juya hali (sau da yawa ana danganta shi da abin da ake kira juyin juya halin Larabawa, tare da ƙimar haƙƙin siyasa ya inganta daga 7 zuwa 3 (tare da 7 mafi muni kuma 1 mafi kyau) da 'yancin ɗan adam yana fitowa daga 5 zuwa 4.  Tun daga shekarar 2016, Tunisiya ta sami ɗaukaka zuwa "Kyauta" - Ƙasar Larabawa tilo da ta sami wannan ƙimar. 

## Halin da ake ciki kafin juyin juya hali da kuma abubuwan da suka faru bayan juyin juya hali
Rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, wanda aka fitar a watan Afrilun 2011, ya kwatanta matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam a wannan ƙasa a jajibirin juyin juya halin, yana mai nuni da "ƙananan 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, 'yan jarida da ƙungiyoyi", "tsanani" tsoratar da 'yan jarida, ramuwar gayya ga gwamnati, gudanar da zaɓe mai shakku, da rahotanni na kama-karya na son rai, cin hanci da rashawa, da cin hanci da rashawa, da cin hanci da rashawa, da cin hanci da rashawa da jami'an gwamnati suka yi. cin zarafi da azabtar da fursunoni da fursunoni, tare da yin amfani da hanyoyin azabtarwa da dama. Wadanda ake tuhuma ba su ji dadin samun damar yin gwaji cikin gaggawa ba, kuma ana yawan hana samun shaida; a lokuta da suka shafi dokar iyali da gado, alkalai sukan yi watsi da dokar farar hula kuma suna amfani da shari'a maimakon haka. 

Ko da yake babban abin da ya haifar da boren shi ne takaici kan halin da tattalin arzikin kasar ke ciki, amma da yawa daga cikin jagororin juyin juya hali sun kasance masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama da dama kuma da yawa daga cikin mahalarta taron sun bayyana fatansu na maye gurbin mulkin kama-karya da gwamnatin dimokaradiyya da kuma kungiyoyin fararen hula da ake mutunta 'yancin dan Adam. Kamar yadda Christopher de Belligue ya lura a cikin wata kasida da aka buga a gidan yanar gizon New York Review of Books a ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2012, sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Tunisiya shine, "ba ko ɗaukar wasu bayanan da ba su dace ba game  , wanda ba na addini ba.

Juyin juya halin ya haifar da abin da Amnesty International ta bayyana a matsayin "tsari mai girma na sake fasalin" wanda a karkashinsa "an saki fursunonin siyasa, ciki har da fursunonin lamiri, an sassauta takunkumin doka kan jam'iyyun siyasa da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu; Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Kasa (DSS), wacce ta yi kaurin suna wajen azabtar da fursunoni ba tare da wani hukunci ba, an rushe; Tunisiya ta zama jam'iyya ga ƙarin yarjejeniyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa, kuma ta amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulki." 

A watan Yulin 2011, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bude ofishin kare hakkin dan Adam na farko a arewacin Afirka . Babbar jami'ar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasar Navi Pillay ta bayyana hakan a yayin bude ofishin na hukuma, inda ta ce, duniya baki daya ta kalli abin mamaki da kuma kara mutunta hakkinsu, yayin da 'yan kasar Tunisia ke ci gaba da neman hakkinsu, inda suka ki amincewa da danniya, kamawa, azabtarwa da duk wani rauni da hasarar rayuka da suka faru. "Tasirin wadannan ayyuka, a kan ita kanta Tunisiya, da sauran yankuna, da ma duk fadin duniya abu ne mai wuyar a iya aunawa kuma ba a kammala ba. Amma babu shakka ya kasance mai girma da gaske." Ta yi nuni da cewa, a cikin makwanni ukun da suka gabata, Tunisia ta amince da wasu manyan yarjejeniyoyi guda hudu: Yarjejeniya ta Zabi ga yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa, da yarjejeniyar da aka zaba kan yarjejeniyar yaki da azabtarwa, Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan bacewar tilastawa, da kuma yarjejeniyar Rome ta Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa. 

Tun bayan juyin juya halin Musulunci, a cewar de Bellaigue, “tamutsi ya karu sosai tsakanin abokan hulda guda uku” a gwamnatin bayan juyin juya halin Musulunci, “ba don komai ba saboda rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin masu kishin Islama da masu ra’ayin addini cewa an tsara kawancen ne don dinkewa, ko kuma a kalla kamanceceniya, a yanzu ya bayyana a fili.... da yawa, masu ra'ayin addini da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya an jawo su cikin yakin al'adu mai karfi, wanda na farko ya kira 'yancin ɗan adam,  kuma, shari'ar Musulunci."

Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan gaskiya, adalci, ramuwa da kuma garantin rashin sake dawowa, Pablo de Greiff, ya bukaci mahukuntan Tunisiya a watan Nuwamban 2012 da su sanya gaba da kuma ci gaba da kare hakkin bil adama a kokarinsu na rikon kwarya.  A watan Disambar 2012, a wajen bikin ranar kare hakkin bil adama ta duniya a Carthage, wanda ya samu halartar wasu manyan jami'an gwamnatin Tunisiya, shugaba Marzouki, yayin da yake korafi kan "'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da wasu kafofin watsa labarai ke yi", ya koka da cewa "hanyar gina 'yancin bil'adama a Tunisiya har yanzu tana da wahala da kuma cike da tarko." Wata wahala ita ce, da yawa daga cikin 'yan Tunisiya suna ganin sabon kundin tsarin mulki da kuma sanarwar 'yancin ɗan adam ta duniya da suka yi hannun riga da kimar Musulunci.

Marzouki ya yarda cewa akwai bukatar jami’an tsaro su yi wani gagarumin sauyi na tunani, yayin da kakakin majalisar wakilai ta kasa Mustapha Ben Jaafar ya nuna godiya ga irin taimakon da wasu kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil’adama suka ba wa sabuwar gwamnatin. Matsaloli baya ga in ji Ben Jaafar, tabbatar da dimokuradiyya a Tunisia yana kan turba mai kyau, kuma kasar "tana tafiya zuwa ga cimma matsaya kan sabon kundin tsarin mulki." Sai dai shugaban kungiyar alkalan kasar Tunisiya Raoudha Labidi, ya zargi cewa cire alkalan daga taron kare hakkin bil adama na nuni da kin amincewa da gwagwarmayar da alkalan suka yi kafin juyin juya hali, yana mai kara da cewa hukumar shari'a ita ce ta tabbatar da 'yancin dan adam da 'yancin kai a kasar. 

A cikin labarin Disamba na 2012, Dorra Megdiche Meziou ya ɗauki ra'ayi mai ban tsoro game da taron ranar 'yancin ɗan adam. Yayin da yake amincewa da "nasarar tarihi na shugaban kasar mai ci Moncef Marzouki, a matsayin mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama," tare da lura da cewa ya kasance a cikin "komitin gudanarwa na kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Larabawa," na "Reshen Tunisiya na Amnesty International," ya yi aiki a matsayin "shugaban kwamitin Larabawa na 'Yancin Dan Adam," kuma "ya kafa kwamitin kare hakkin bil adama na Larabawa," da kuma "haɗin gwiwa tare da kafa Majalisar Kasa ta Ƙasa, yayin da Mustapha ya ci gaba da kasancewa a Tunisiya. ya taimaka wajen ciyar da hakkin dan Adam a matsayin "babban jigo a 'yan adawar Tunisiya," Meziou ya koka da cewa "mummunan take hakki da cin zarafi" na ci gaba da kasancewa a Tunisia ta yau, ya kuma yi kira ga "wadannan tsoffin masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama da ke kan karagar mulki da su samu aiki tare da fassara kalmominsu zuwa ayyuka." 

A watan Oktoban 2012, Amnesty International ta ce sauye-sauyen juyin juya hali na Tunisia ya ruguje, inda a 'yan watannin baya-bayan nan aka ga sabbin takunkumi kan 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da aka yi wa 'yan jarida, masu fasaha, masu sukar gwamnati, marubuta da masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo, lamarin da ya kai ga yajin aikin 'yan jarida. Har ila yau, masu zanga-zangar suna korafin cewa ba a yi gyare-gyare cikin sauri ba, "an gamu da karfi da ba dole ba kuma fiye da kima." Bugu da kari, kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta rubuta gazawar gwamnati wajen duba hare-haren da kungiyoyin Islama masu tsatsauran ra'ayi ke kaiwa 'yan gwagwarmayar siyasa.  Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Amnesty International ta amince da "shakku" game da kudurin sabbin shugabannin Tunisiya na yin garambawul, tana mai cewa "Tunisiya na cikin tsaka mai wuya" tare da yin kira da a dauki matakan gaggawa.... don gane hakkoki da 'yancin da 'yan Tunisiya suka yi gwagwarmaya da jaruntaka a ƙarshen 2010 da farkon 2011." 

A cikin 2014, Shugaba Moncef Marzouki ya kafa Hukumar Gaskiya da Mutunci ta Tunisiya, a matsayin wani muhimmin bangare na samar da sulhu na kasa. 

## Hakkoki na asali
Tunisiya, a cewar de Belligue, "ya dauki matakai masu muhimmanci ga tsarin siyasa mai wakilci da kuma amintacce. Cibiyoyin suna aiki, ko da yake ba daidai ba ne. Ana lura da 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki zuwa wani mataki wanda ba a taba gani ba a tarihin zamani na kasar. A hakika, masu zaman kansu da masu kishin Islama sun yi ƙoƙari don tabbatar da cewa ra'ayinsu game da duniya yana ɗaukar ranar, amma na yi magana da masu rinjaye na tsawon lokaci, kamar yadda na yi magana da masu rinjaye a cikin tsawon lokaci. yana adawa da su, sulhu ba makawa ne”. 

Bayan juyin juya halin, haka ma, Tunisia ta zama kasa ta farko a cikin kasashen Larabawa "da ta amince da daidaiton jinsi a cikin kundin zabe bisa doka." [1] A cewar Freedom House, zaben Oktoba na 2011 na Oktoba "yana wakiltar wani gagarumin ci gaba a cikin 'yancin zaɓe da ayyuka. A karkashin tsohon gwamnatin Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali, majalisar ministocin, da yawa daga cikin majalisa, da kuma yawancin jami'an yankin sun nada kai tsaye ta shugaban kasa. An gudanar da zaɓen da aka yi da gaske, kuma an ƙaddamar da iyakokin lokaci don ba da damar Ben Ali ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin zaɓen 1, 2 ta hanyar 1. na Majalisar Zartarwar an zabe ta ne ta hanyar jefa kuri'a na jerin jam'iyyu a mazabu 33 masu yawa, kuma masu jefa kuri'a sun sami damar zabar daga jam'iyyun siyasa masu wakiltar akidu da falsafar siyasa daban-daban, ciki har da kungiyoyin Islama da masu kishin addini

An soki gwamnatin Tunisiya saboda tsattsauran manufofinta kan amfani da muggan kwayoyi, alal misali, yanke hukuncin daurin shekaru 1 a gidan yari kai tsaye saboda shan wiwi. Fursunonin sun cika cunkoso kuma masu laifin miyagun kwayoyi suna wakiltar kusan kashi uku na yawan fursunonin. 

A cikin watan Janairun 2021, an kama dubban matasa tare da tarwatsa zanga-zangar da jami'an tsaro suka yi, wadanda kuma suka azabtar da masu zanga-zangar a gidan yari. Shugaban Tunisiya Kais Saied, wanda ya jajirce a bainar jama'a wajen mutuntawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, ya kamata a guji irin wannan wahala. 

Kungiyar kare hakkin bil’adama ta Amnesty International ta bayyana cewa, manyan ‘yan jarida da ‘yan majalisar dokokin kasar Tunusiya da wasu ‘yan siyasa da suka hada da masu suka da masu adawa da shugaba Kais Sa’eed na fuskantar adawa da gwamnati. Shugaba Saied ya sha kai hare-hare kan 'yancin kan bangaren shari'a, ya kuma bai wa kansa ikon tsoma baki wajen nadawa da korar alkalai da masu gabatar da kara. Sabbin dokoki sun ƙunshi tanadin da za su taƙaita aiki da kuɗin tallafin ƙungiyoyin jama'a. 

## Tsarin doka

### Mutanen da aka kama
Canje-canjen da aka yi wa dokar Tunusiya bayan juyin juya hali game da azabtarwa ya kara dacewa da dokokin kasa da kasa. Ko da yake ana ci gaba da samun zarge-zargen azabtarwa, irin wadannan al'amura ba su da yawa fiye da kafin juyin juya halin Musulunci. Yawancin zarge-zargen sun shafi dukan masu zanga-zanga a zanga-zangar ko a ofisoshin 'yan sanda.  Freedom House ta yi nuni da cewa, ba a gudanar da sauye-sauye a fannin kare hakkin bil-Adama ba a bangaren tabbatar da doka kamar yadda ake yi a sauran bangarori na al'ummar Tunisiya.  Kuma Amnesty International ta lura cewa yayin da ma'aikatar harkokin cikin gida ta Tunusiya bayan juyin juya hali ta ke shirin gudanar da sauye-sauye na 'yan sanda, ba ta magance take hakkin bil'adama da 'yan sanda da sauran masu rike da madafun iko suka yi kafin juyin juya hali ba. 

Meziou ya lura a cikin watan Disamba na 2012 cewa gwamnatin bayan juyin juya hali na kama mutane amma ba ta gabatar da su gaban kotu ba. "Wasu daga cikin jami'an tsohuwar gwamnatin da aka tsare kusan shekaru biyu ana tsare da su kuma har yanzu suna jiran shari'a, wanda da alama ba a kusa ba," ta rubuta. Har ila yau, an kama matasa masu zanga-zangar a wurare daban-daban na kasar, kuma suna jiran shari'a a karkashin "mummunan yanayi." 

Wani rahoto da Human Rights Watch ta buga a watan Afrilun 2025 ya nuna cewa tsare mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba a Tunisiya ya karu sosai tun lokacin da Shugaba Said Kaies ya karbi mulki a shekarar 2021. 

### Gwaji
Kafin juyin juya halin, a cewar Freedom House, sashen shari'a na Tunisiya ya kasance yana kula da shi cikin tsanaki daga bangaren zartaswa, wanda ke kula da nadawa da nada alkalai. An yi Allah wadai da shari'ar da ake zargin masu kishin Islama, da masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama, da 'yan jarida a matsayin rashin adalci da nuna son kai a siyasance daga masu sa ido na cikin gida da na waje. Yayin da irin wannan cin zarafi "ya ragu matuka a shekarar 2011," kuma an samu "wasu sauye-sauye" a fannin shari'a, kotuna, kamar hukumomin tabbatar da doka, "an soki lamirin yadda ake tafiyar da wasu cibiyoyi a yunkurinsu na yin garambawul, kuma akwai gagarumin koma baya dangane da cin zarafi da 'yan tsohuwar gwamnati da jami'an tsaro suka yi, wadanda har yanzu ba a magance su a hukumance ba. 

A jerin tarurrukan da suka gabatar a shekarar 2012 da cibiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa ta lauyoyi, da kungiyar ba da taimakon shari'a ta kasa da kasa, da kuma cibiyar CEELI suka gabatar, an baiwa akasarin alkalan kasar Tunisia horo kan hakkin dan Adam da kuma rawar da alkalai za su taka a cikin al'ummar dimokradiyya.  Sai dai a watan Oktoban shekarar 2012, kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Human Rights Watch ta soki ministan shari'a na Tunisiya da korar alkalai 75, inda ta yi kira ga majalisar dokokin kasar Tunisia da ta gaggauta samar da wata doka da za ta samar da wata hukuma mai zaman kanta da za ta tafiyar da ladabtarwa da korar alkalai cikin gaskiya da adalci. 

### Kurkuku
An dade ana daukar yanayin gidajen yari a kasar Tunisiya da rashin inganci, tare da cunkoso da tashin hankali daga cikin manyan matsalolin. "Tsafta ya yi matukar wahala, kuma fursunoni ba safai suke samun shawa da wuraren wanki ba," a cewar wani rahoto da ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ta fitar a farkon shekarar 2011. Yawanci, fursunoni kusan hamsin sun kasance a tsare a cikin "ɗaki ɗaya mai murabba'in ƙafa 194, kuma kusan fursunoni 140 sun raba ɗaki mai murabba'in ƙafa 323. Yawancin fursunoni an tilasta musu raba gadaje ko barci a ƙasa. Fursunoni na yanzu da na tsoffin fursunoni sun ba da rahoton cewa rashin isassun kayan aiki ya tilasta wa fursunoni su raba wuri guda tare da tsaftataccen ruwa fiye da magidanta. Cututtuka masu yaduwa, musamman ciwon huhu, sun yadu, kuma fursunoni ba su da isasshen kulawar lafiya." 

Wani rahoto da ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ta fitar a farkon shekarar 2012, biyo bayan yunkurin juyin juya halin Larabawa, ya bayyana yanayin gidan yari a matsayin "mabambanta" ya kuma bayyana cewa yayin da gidajen yari biyu da kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta lura a watan Fabrairu sun cika cunkoso, ana sa ran lamarin zai inganta sakamakon afuwar da aka yi na 'yantar da dubban fursunonin siyasa da aka tsare a zamanin Ben Ali. Rahoton ya nuna, duk da haka, cewa na zamani, cikakkun bayanai game da yanayin gidan yari bayan juyin juya hali yana da wuya a samu. 

Ko da yake ba a soke hukuncin kisa ta hanyar fasaha ba, Tunisiya bayan juyin juya hali na ci gaba da dakatar da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa da aka yi a 1991.  Hukuncin kisa ya kasance hukuncin shari'a a Tunisiya saboda manyan laifuffuka da yawa da suka hada da kisan gilla, kisan gilla, ta'addanci, mummunar fyade, garkuwa da mutane, hare-haren da ake kaiwa jami'an tsaron kasar waje, garkuwa da mutane da kwace da ke haifar da kisa, cin amanar kasa, leken asiri, konewa, laifuffukan soji, yunƙurin barazanar da ya cancanci kisa tare da wani hukunci na ƙarshe da aka kai mu, An zartar da hukuncin kisa a Tunisia Jihad Matiki, wanda aka kashe ta hanyar rataya a shekara ta 1991 saboda kisan kai da ta'addanci.

A cikin 2016, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta a Geneva, Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor, ta ba da rahoton halin da gidajen yari da gidajen yari na Tunisiya ke ciki. A cikin 2015, akwai fursunoni kusan 25,000 a wuraren da ake tsare da su a Tunisiya, ciki har da cibiyoyi na "tsare tsare" da gidajen yari. Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, adadin fursunoni da fursunoni ya karu zuwa mutane 53,300, wanda aka raba tsakanin cibiyoyin kariya 19 da gidajen yari takwas. Cunkoson wuraren gidajen yari sun zarce kashi 150 zuwa 200%, abin da ya haifar da tashin hankali da tashin hankali a tsakanin fursunoni da kuma kara yaduwar cututtuka. Kashi 53 cikin 100 na fursunonin ana tsare su ne a kurkuku ko kuma a tsare su saboda sayar da muggan ƙwayoyi ko amfani da su. Fursunoni 2,000 ne aka yankewa hukuncin da laifin ta’addanci, amma ana tsare da fursunonin da ke jiran shari’a da kuma wadanda suka aikata kananan laifuka. Wannan yawanci yana haifar da radicalization. Wannan halin da ake ciki gaba daya ya sanya kasar Tunisia ta zama kasa ta hudu a yawan fursunonin, inda kashi 212 cikin 100,000 na daukacin al'ummar kasar. Dokar gaggawa da aka kafa a Tunisiya ta cinye kusan kashi 80% na albarkatun ɗan adam da aka yi amfani da su wajen gyarawa . [1]Ba kamar yawancin ƙasashen Turai, ƙasashen Afirka, da sauran ƙasashen yamma ba, babu yuwuwar yin afuwa ga duk wanda aka yankewa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai . Daurin rai da rai a Tunisiya yana nufin dauri na dindindin har tsawon rayuwar mai laifi, kuma koyaushe ana sanya shi ba tare da yuwuwar sakin layi ba. Daurin rai da rai a Tunisiya wani hukunci ne na tilas na ta'addanci, satar jiragen sama, kisa, kisan gilla, da tsananin fyade. Yana da yuwuwar hukunci ga fataucin muggan kwayoyi, manyan laifukan muggan kwayoyi, da manyan laifukan soja.