Clifford Allbutt

**Sir Thomas Clifford Allbutt** KCB, MA, MD, ScD, FRS  (20 Yuli 1836 22 ga Fabrairu 1925) likita ne ɗan ƙasar Ingila wanda aka fi sani da aikinsa na shugaban ƙungiyar likitocin Burtaniya a shekarar 1920, saboda ƙirƙiro ma'aunin zafi na asibiti, da kuma goyon bayan Sir William Osler wajen kafa ƙungiyar tarihin magunguna .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Thomas Clifford Allbutt a Dewsbury, Yorkshire, ɗan Rev. Thomas Allbutt, Vicar na Dewsbury da matarsa Marianne, 'yar Robert Wooler, na Dewsbury (1801–1843). Ya yi karatu a Makarantar St Peter, York da Gonville da Kwalejin Caius, Cambridge,  inda ya kammala karatun digiri na farko a shekarar 1859, tare da digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar halitta a shekarar 1860. 

Bayan ya yi karatun likitanci a Asibitin St George, Hyde Park Corner, London, kuma ya sami digirin Cambridge MB a 1861, ya je Paris  ya halarci asibitocin Armand Trousseau, Duchenne de Boulogne (GBA Duchenne) marubucin *Mécanisme de la physionomie humaine*, Pierre-Antoine-Ernest Bazin da Hardy. An zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na Royal Society a 1880, yayin da har yanzu yana aiki a Asibitin Leeds General (1861 zuwa 1889). 

Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Kwamishinonin Kula da Lafiya a Ingila da Wales daga 1889,  Allbutt ya zama Farfesa na Regius na fannin ilimin likitanci (magani) a Jami'ar Cambridge a 1892, kuma an naɗa shi Kwamandan Knight na Order of the Bath a 1907.  An rantsar da shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Privy a 1920. Ya mutu a Cambridge, Ingila a 1925.

## Iyali
Allbutt ya auri Susan, 'yar Thomas England, ɗan kasuwa, na Headingley, Leeds, a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 1869. Ba su da 'ya'ya. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

== Leeds, London, Cambridge ==
Daga 1861 zuwa 1889 Allbutt ya kasance likitan ba da shawara mai nasara a Leeds, lokacin da ya naɗa Edward Schroeder a matsayin mai tsara Carr Manor don gidansa.

Allbutt Likita ne a Babban Asibitin da ke Leeds inda ya gabatar da na'urar hangen nesa ta ido, na'urar auna nauyi da na'urar hangen nesa ta microscope zuwa sassan. A shekarun 1865 da 1866, ya yi wa wadanda suka kamu da cutar [[Typhus|zazzabin typhus]] magani ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin da ba a iya amfani da su ba. Daga baya ya ba da shawarar amfani da hanyoyin da ba a iya amfani da su ba a waje ( [[tarin fuka]] ). Allbutt memba ne na Majalisar Makarantar Likitanci ta Leeds (wanda yanzu wani bangare ne na Jami'ar Leeds ) daga 1864 zuwa 1884 kuma Shugabanta sau biyu.

Gidan Allbutt a lokacin da yake Leeds shine Virginia Cottage, Virginia Road. Yanzu haka wannan wani ɓangare ne na Lyddon Hall, ɗaya daga cikin dakunan zama na jami'ar, inda akwai wani allo mai launin shuɗi da ke tunawa da shi. 

A shekara ta 1870 Allbutt ya buga ''Medical Thermometry'', wani labarin da ke bayyana tarihin thermometry da kuma bayyana abin da ya ƙirƙira: na'urar auna zafin jiki ta asibiti mai tsawon inci 6 wanda likita zai iya samu a aljihu. Sigarsa ta na'urar auna zafin jiki, wadda aka ƙirƙiro a shekara ta 1867, an yi amfani da ita cikin sauri a wani wuri, maimakon samfurin da aka yi amfani da shi a baya, wanda tsawonsa ya kai ƙafa ɗaya kuma wanda ake buƙatar marasa lafiya su riƙe na kimanin mintuna ashirin. 

Allbutt ya gudanar da wasu daga cikin ayyukansa a West Riding Asylum da ke kusa, Wadsley . A cikin littafinsa mai suna ''On the Use of the Ophthalmoscope in Diseases of the Nervous System and of the Kidneys'' (1871),  Allbutt ya haɗa da ƙarin bayani game da shari'o'i ɗari biyu da goma sha huɗu na hauka da ya gani tare da na'urar hangen nesa ta ido a wurin. Ya sami canje-canje a cikin ido a cikin babban adadin waɗanda aka gano suna da tsoffin cututtukan kwakwalwa ko na halitta. Ya yi jayayya cewa amfani da na'urar hangen nesa za ta taimaka wajen kawar da 'dabi'ar tunani ta metaphysical ko transcendental' da kuma kawo 'hanyar bincike mai ƙarfi da falsafa' ga rikice-rikicen kwakwalwa. 

Sauran ayyukansa sun haɗa da fara da ƙarfafa yin shawarwari tsakanin shaidun likita kafin a saurari shari'o'in shari'a. A shekara ta 1884 ya ba da laccoci na Goulstonian 'Babi akan cututtukan jijiyoyin jini' a Kwalejin Likitoci ta Royal. A shekara ta 1885 ya gabatar da maganin tiyata na glandar tuberculous a wuya. A cikin wani jawabi a Glasgow a shekara ta 1888 ya yi kira da a yi nazarin maganin kwatantawa, yana mai ba da shawarar cewa bayanai da aka samu ta hanyar lura da ilimin halittar jiki da cututtukan dabbobi galibi ana iya amfani da su ga maganin ɗan adam.  Allbutt ya kuma yi muhimman bincike kan tetanus da [[Rabies|hydrophobia]] . 

Marubucin littafin [[George Eliot]] ya bayyana Allbutt a matsayin 'mutum nagari, mai wayo da kuma kirki, wanda ya isa ya sa mutum ya kasance cikin farin ciki a ƙarƙashin mummunan hayakin Leeds'. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin abin koyi ga Dr. Lydgate na George Eliot a Middlemarch . An yi bikin tunawa da Allbutt da wani allo mai launin shuɗi na Leeds Civic Trust . An buɗe shi a tsohon gidansa, wanda yanzu Lyddon Hall ne, a harabar Jami'ar Leeds. 

Daga 1889 zuwa 1892 ya kasance Kwamishinan Lafiya a Ingila da Wales, kuma ya ƙaura daga Leeds zuwa London. A 1892 ya koma Cambridge bayan ya zama Farfesa na Regius na Physic a Jami'ar Cambridge, inda ya gyara ''Tsarin Magungunansa'', wani aiki wanda wani mai rubuta tarihin rayuwa ya bayyana a matsayin 'babban hidimarsa ga likitancin zamani'. An buga shi a cikin kundin littattafai takwas, 1896 zuwa 1899, tare da bugu na biyu a cikin kundin littattafai goma sha ɗaya, 1905 zuwa 1911.  Tsawon shekaru da yawa ana ɗaukar wannan a matsayin 'littafin likita'. 

Allbutt ya zama shugaban ƙungiyar likitocin Burtaniya a shekarar 1920 kuma a wannan shekarar aka amince da shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Sirri ta Burtaniya .  An zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na girmamawa na ƙasashen waje na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekarar 1922. 

Allbutt ya ci gaba da zama farfesa na fannin kimiyyar lissafi a Cambridge har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar 1925 lokacin da aka zaɓi Sir Humphry Rolleston, Likitan da ya zama sarki na yau da kullun a matsayin magajinsa. 

== Tarihin magani ==
A cikin kasidar **' wadda ya bayar da gudummawa ga  Bugun Sha Ɗaya (1911), Juzu'i na 18 (shafi na 41 zuwa 64), shafi na farko ya fara da bayyana cewa kimiyyar magani kamar yadda aka fahimta a lokacin tana da alaƙa da maganin cututtuka, kuma ya haɗa da ilimin cututtuka, hanyoyin warkewa da kuma ilimin harhada magunguna waɗanda suka kasance batutuwa daban-daban. Mafi yawan kasidar ita ce tarihin magani, rabin farko har zuwa ƙarni na 18, sauran (daga shafi na 51) kan ci gaban maganin zamani, gami da sassan *Maganin Ingilishi daga 1800 zuwa 1840*, *Maganin Jamus daga 1800 zuwa 1840* da *Ci gaban Zamani* . Allbutt ya rubuta sashe na shafi tara kan *Ci gaban Zamani* . An rubuta labarin, da kuma labarin mutuwarsa don Wikisource. 

Labarin Allbutt ya yi wa sigar da aka buga a bugu na 10 (1902) wanda Joseph Frank Payne ya bayar, kuma an sake duba na Allbutt kuma an sabunta shi a sassa biyu don bugu na 14 na Encyclopædia Britannica (juzu'i na 15), ɓangare ɗaya na Medicine, General, na Rolleston, ɗayan kuma na Medicine, History of, na Charles Singer, Malami a Tarihin Magunguna, Jami'ar London.

Allbutt ya goyi bayan Sir William Osler wajen kafa Ƙungiyar Tarihin Magunguna a Royal Society of Medicine a shekarar 1912. 

## Manazarta