open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Amin Howeidi

**Amin Hamid Howeidi** (Arabic: أمين حامد هويدي; 22 September 1921 – 31 October 2009) was an Egyptian military leader, author  and minister of war under Nasser's rule.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Howeidi a Munufiya a ranar 22 ga Satumba 1921.  Ya halarci Kwalejin Sojojin Masar kuma ya kammala a shekara ta 1940. Ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyyar soja daga Kwalejin Babban Jami'in wanda ya samu a shekarar 1951.  Daga nan sai ya halarci Kwamandan Sojojin Amurka da Kwalejin Janar Leaff (CGSC) a Fortvenworth kuma ya sami digiri na biyu a kimiyyar soja a shekarar 1955. Bayan haka, ya sami digiri na biyu a fassara, bugawa da bugawa daga Jami'ar Alkahira a shekarar 1956. 

## Ayyuka
Bayan kammala karatunsa Howeidi ya fara aiki a matsayin malami a Kwalejin Soja.  Daga baya, ya zama farfesa a Kwalejin Babban Jami'in Soja. Bugu da kari, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ayyukan soja na tsarawa a cikin Kwamandan Sojoji. Ya kasance daga cikin 'yan Free Officers wadanda suka kaddamar da Juyin juya halin 1952 a Misira. Daga nan sai ya fara rike mukamai na jama'a a 1956 lokacin da aka nada shi ministan jagora. Sauran ofisoshinsa sun hada da jakada a Maroko (1962-1963), jakada a Iraki (1963-1965),  ministan jagorantar kasa (1965-1966), da kuma ministan harkokin ministoci (1966-1967). 

Gamal Abdel Nasser ne ya nada Howeidi a matsayin ministan yaki da kuma darektan janar na leken asiri bayan da aka ci Masar a Yaƙin Kwanaki shida.  Lokacinsa a matsayin ministan yaki ya fara ne a ranar 22 ga Yuli 1967, ya gaji Shams Badran a mukamin. Lokacin Howeidi ya ƙare a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 1968,  kuma Mohammed Fawzi ya gaje shi a matsayin ministan tsaro.   Howeidi ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan janar na leken asiri daga 1967 zuwa 1970. 

## manazarta
Upper Nile (jiha)

**Upper Nile** jiha ce a Sudan ta Kudu . White Nile yana gudana ta cikin jihar, yana ba da sunansa. Har ila yau, jihar tana da irin wannan sunan tare da yankin Greater Upper Nile, wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare tare da jihohin Unity da Jonglei. Yana da yanki na kilomita 77,823 (30,048 sq . Malakal ita ce babban birnin jihar. Garuruwan Jihar Nilu sun hada da Akoka, Melut, Renk, Kodok tare da yankuna da yawa kamar Ulang County, Maiwut County da Nasir County. Babban Upper Nile shine wurin da lamarin Fashoda ya faru wanda ya kawo karshen "Scramble for Africa", kuma yana cikin jihar tarihi ta Upper Nile. Jihar Upper Nile ta rabu da Sudan a matsayin wani ɓangare na Jamhuriyar Sudan ta Kudu a ranar 9 ga Yulin 2011.

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2015, Shugaba Salva Kiir ya sake tsara jihohin Sudan ta Kudu zuwa jihohi 28. An sake juyawa ne sakamakon yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da aka sanya hannu a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu 2020. 

A Sudan ta Kudu shi ne mafi ƙasƙanci na Kogin Nilu.

## Yankuna
An raba Upper Nile zuwa yankuna 13:

* Gundumar Akoka
* Gundumar Fashoda
* Gundumar Longechuk
* Gundumar Maban
* Gundumar Malakal
* Gundumar Manyo
* Gundumar Maiwut
* Gundumar Melut
* Gundumar Nasir
* Gundumar Panyikang
* Gundumar Renk
* Gundumar Ulang
* Gundumar Baliet

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Muhammad Ibrahim Kamel

**Muhammad Ibrahim Kamel** (6 ga watan Janairun 1927 - 22 ga watan Nuwamba 2001) ya kasance jami'in diflomasiyyaMasar kuma ɗan siyasa. 

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Kamel a ranar 6 ga watan Janairun 1927.  Ya yi karatun shari'a a Jami'ar Alkahira kuma ya kammala a shekarar 1947.  Shi da Anwar Sadat, daga baya Shugaban Masar, an daure su saboda rawar da suka taka a kisan Amin Osman, tsohon ministan kudi, a watan Janairun shekara ta 1946.  Kamel ya shiga aikin diflomasiyyar Masar a 1956 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin jakada a Zaire, Sweden da Jamus ta Yamma. 

Kamel ya gaji Ismail Fahmi a matsayin Ministan harkokin waje a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1977 lokacin da Fahmi ya yi murabus daga ofishin. An nada shi a matsayin ministan har zuwa 16 ga Satumba 1978 lokacin da ya yi murabus daga ofishin. A matsayinsa na ministan harkokin waje, ya shiga cikin Yarjejeniyar Camp David, amma ya yi murabus ba tare da sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba.

Kamel ta yi aure kuma tana da 'ya'ya maza biyu. Ya mutu a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 2001 yana da shekaru 74. 

### Ayyuka
Kamel ya wallafa wani littafi mai taken The Lost Peace of The Camp David Accords a shekarar 1984. 

## Manazarta
Gundumar Fashoda

**Gundumar Fashoda** yanki ne na gudanarwa a Jihar Nilu, a yankin Babban Nilu na Sudan ta Kudu .
Lokacin da aka kirkiro Jihar Fashoda a cikin 2015 (tare da Manyo County, kafin daga baya ya kirkiro wasu yankuna har sai da aka rushe ta a cikin 2020), an kuma san ta da Kodok County . 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Ali Maher (diplomat)

**Ali Maher El Sayed** (4 ga watan Janairun 1939 - 22 ga watan Nuwamba 2016) ya kasance jami'in diflomasiyyar Masar kuma mai ilimi. Ya kasance jikan Firayim Minista Ahmad Mahir Pasha kuma ɗan'uwan Ministan Harkokin Waje Ahmed Maher.

Maher ta yi karatun shari'a a Jami'ar Alkahira . Kwararren diflomasiyya, Maher ya yi aiki da gwamnatinsa a fannoni daban-daban na diflomasiyyar a Canberra, Tehran da London, a matsayin Jakadan Masar a Tunisia da Faransa. Ya kasance Jakadan Masar a Faransa na tsawon shekaru tara har zuwa 2002 kuma an san shi da Dean na jakadun Larabawa a can. Daga nan aka nada shi babban sakatare ga tushen tunanin Larabawa, inda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta tattaunawar al'adu da kuma gabatar da ra'ayi na duniya game da al'adun Larabawa. Daga 2006 zuwa 2008, Maher ya kasance Darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Zaman Lafiya . Ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Bibliothecal Alexandrina har zuwa 2010 sannan ya zama Shugaban Sashen Harkokin Waje na Bibliotheca Alexandrina har mutuwarsa.

Ali Maher ya mutu a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 2016, yana da shekaru 77. 

## Manazarta
Gundumar Maban

**Babbar Maban** (wanda ke nufin *mutanen ƙasar*) wani yanki ne da ke cikin Jihar Nilu ta Kudu Sudan . Babban birnin gundumar shine garin Bunj . A cikin 2017, gwamnatin Sudan ta Kudu ta raba gundumar zuwa kashi biyu: Arewa maso Gabas da Kudu maso Yamma. 

Koguna huɗu suna gudana ta cikin Babban Gundumar Maban: Ahmar, Yale, Tombak, da Yabus. A watan Satumbar 2012, an samu ruwan sama mai yawa da ambaliyar ruwa a filin ambaliyar Tombak. 

## Sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira
Akwai sansanonin 'yan Sudan hijira guda hudu a yankin Babbar Maban inda' yan gudun hijira 142,500 ke zaune. Mutanen da ke tserewa daga rikici a cikin jihohin Blue Nile da Kordofan na Kudu ne suka fi shagaltar da su. Mafi girman sansanoni sune, daga yamma zuwa gabas: Kaya (tsohon Jamam; ya koma saboda ambaliyar ruwa), Yosuf Batil (wanda aka sani da Batil), Gendrassa (da ke kusa da Batil kai tsaye), da Doro (kusa da garin Bunj). Shirin Abinci na Duniya ne ya fara tallafawa sansanonin, ta hanyar saukar da iska, amma tun daga 2013 Hukumar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya: UNHCR tare da haɗin gwiwar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna ba da ƙarin sabis na agaji.

A watan Satumbar 2012, an bayar da rahoton barkewar cutar Hepatitis E a sansanonin.[1] Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2018, sansanonin suna da kimanin 'yan gudun hijira 142,500.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Boutros Ghali

**Boutros Ghali** (12 ga Mayu 1846 - 21 ga Fabrairu 1910; Coptic, Arabic; salo,**Boutros Ghali Bey** daga baya **Boutros Ghali Pasha**) ɗan siyasan Masar ne, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Masar daga 1908 zuwa 1910.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Boutros Ghali a ranar 12 ga Mayu 1846  shi dangin Kirista ne na Coptic a Kiman-al-'Arus, ƙauyen Beni Suef, Misira, a cikin 1846.  Mahaifinsa shi ne Ghali Nayruz, mai kula da Yarima Mustafa Fadil .  Boutros Ghali ya yi karatun Larabci, Ottoman Turkish, Farisa, Turanci, da Faransanci.

## Ayyuka
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Ghali ya zama malami a makarantar ubanni. Ayyukan Ghali na jama'a sun fara ne a shekara ta 1875 tare da nadin sa zuwa mukamin magatakarda a sabuwar kotun da Sharif Pasha ya kafa. Daga bisani ya zama wakilin gwamnatin Masar a Hukumar Biyan Jama'a. Ghali ya fara aiki a ma'aikatar shari'a a 1879 kuma an nada shi babban sakatare na ma'aikalin tare da taken Bey . Matsayinsa na gaba shine a matsayin sakatare na farko na majalisar ministoci wanda aka nada shi a watan Satumbar shekara ta 1881.  Koyaya, a watan Oktoba 1881 ya sake fara aiki a ma'aikatar shari'a. A kan bukatar Mahmoud Sami al-Barudi, an ba Ghali matsayin Pasha, kasancewar shi ne na farko na Coptic wanda ya karbi irin wannan girmamawa a Misira. A shekara ta 1886, an nada shi shugaban kwamiti don zabar alƙalai na kotun Shari'a, wanda shine nadin da ba a saba gani ba saboda asalinsa na addini, wanda ya haifar da zanga-zangar Musulmai.

Ofishin ministoci na farko na Ghali shine ministan kudi a shekara ta 1893.  Daga nan aka sanya shi ministan harkokin waje a shekara ta 1894. 

A shekara ta 1901 an yi masa ado a matsayin Grand-Cross na 650 na Royal Military Order of Our Lady of the Concepcion na Vila Viçosa na Portugal . A wannan shekarar Ghali ya shiga ƙungiyar 'yanci ta Masar.

An nada shi Firayim Minista a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 1908, ya maye gurbin Mustafa Fahmi Pasha a mukamin. Ya kuma rike mukamin ministan harkokin waje a lokacin da yake Firayim Minista. Ghali ya mutu a ofis a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 1910 kuma Muhammad Said Pasha ya maye gurbinsa.

## Mutuwa

An zargi Ghali da goyon bayan Birtaniya a cikin Lamarin Denshawai . A ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairun 1910, Ibrahim Nassif al-Wardani, mai shekaru ashirin da uku da ya kammala karatun likitanci,  wanda ya dawo daga Burtaniya.  Ghali yana barin ma'aikatar harkokin waje lokacin da Wardani ya harbe harbe-harbe biyar, uku daga cikinsu sun kasance a jikin firaministan. Ghali ya mutu kwana daya bayan haka, a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu.

Mai kisan, Landan ya furta kisan Ghali, ya yi karatu a Lausanne, Paris, da London kuma memba ne na Jam'iyyar Watani ta Pasha" id="mwiA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mustafa Kamil Pasha">Mustafa Kamil Pasha .  Mahaifinsa gwamna ne kuma kawunsa Pasha ne. An kashe Wardani a ranar 28 ga Yuni 1910. 

Kisan Ghali shine na farko na jerin kisan da suka ci gaba har zuwa 1915.  Har ila yau, shine kisan kai na farko na wani babban jami'in gwamnati a Misira a cikin fiye da ƙarni guda.

## manazarta
Gundumar Longechuk

**Gundumar Longechuk** yanki ne na gudanarwa a cikin Jihar Nilu, a cikin yankin Babban Nilu na Sudan ta Kudu .

Gundumar Longechuk ita ce gundumar ta biyu mafi girma a cikin yanayin ƙasa kusa da Gundumar Akoka a Jihar Nilu. Tana da yawan mutane 114,603 bisa ga ƙididdigar gidaje a cikin 2011. Gundumar tana zaune ne daga Nuer Section na Gaat, Jaak (Jikany) da kabilar Koma. Koyaya, Gundumar ta iyakance Gundumar Maiwut a Gabas, Habasha a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Gunduma Nasir a Kudu maso Gabas, Gundunar Akoka a Tsakiyar Yamma, Gundutar Melut a Yamma, Mabaan a Arewa maso Yamma da Blue Nile da Assossa a Arewa maso Gabas. Yana da waɗannan Payams na gudanarwa: Udier, Dajo, Pacime, Jaak, Chotbora, Pamac, Jongjith, Wetber, Malual, Gueng, Warweng, Jangok, Guelguk, Belwang da Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Mathiang bi da bi.

Gundumar Longechuk tana da raka'a 6 na Kula da Lafiya na Firamare (PHCU), da makarantun firamare 26, da kuma makarantun tsakiya 2 da makarantar sakandare 1 da ke cikin cibiyar gudanarwa ta gundumar. A cikin gida, yana da Babban Cif 1 da Shugabannin 9.

Yana daya daga cikin yankunan da ke samar da mai kusa da yankin Melut. Har ila yau, yana da mafi yawan ajiyar mai a Jihar Nilu. A shekara ta 2006 akwai maɓuɓɓugar mai sama da 270 a halin yanzu, kuma sama da maɓuɓuɓɓukan mai 370 suna jiran samarwa saboda shelar 'yancin kai na Sudan ta Kudu a shekara ta 2011. 

Bugu da kari, yana da mafi girma kuma mafi tsawo a Sudan ta Kudu wanda ya kai daga bakin Kor-Machar (Bank of Sobat river) zuwa Kor Adar a cikin gundumar Meluth. Ana samun dukkan nau'ikan dabbobi daban-daban suna yawo a cikin jeji. Yana da mafi girman ƙaurawar dabbobi a Jihar Nilu. Gudun dabbobi yawanci yana faruwa musamman a cikin watanni na Nuwamba a cikin Fabrairu. 

Gundumar Longecchuk tana da babban ma'adinai a yankuna kamar Pamac, Dajoh, Mayethe da Pacime bi da bi.

A siyasance, kwamishinoni masu zuwa ne ke mulkin Longechuk County bisa ga tsari na lokaci da jerin: 

* 1. Stephen Pal Kuon - 2006 - 2009
* 2. Gashi Puok Dak - 2009 -2010
* 3. Stephen Kueth Gach - 2010 - 2013
* 4. Mai Girma Michael Ruot Gatkuoth - 2013 - 2013
* 5. Hon. Dak Tut Dey Agusta 2014-Yuni 2017 (Kwamishinan IO) 
* 6. Hon. Thing Ruach- Yuni 2017- Afrilu 2018 (Kwamishinan IO) 
* 7. Hon. Mading Gang Bol- Afrilu 2018 - 2020 (Kwamishinan IO) 
* 8. Hon. Dak Tut Dey Nuwamba 2020-yanzu (Kwamishinan I.O.) 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Mohammed Murad Ghaleb

**Muhammad Murad Ghaleb** (1 ga Afrilu 1922 - 18 ga Disamba 2007 a Alkahira) ɗan siyasan Masar ne kuma ɗan diflomasiyya.

## Ayyuka
Ghaleb ta yi karatun likitanci a Jami'ar Alkahira . Mai goyon bayan juyin juya halin Masar na 1952, ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga 1955 zuwa 1960. Daga 1960-1961 ya yi aiki a matsayin jakadan Masar a Kongo, sannan zuwa Tarayyar Soviet har zuwa 1971.  A watan Satumbar 1971 an nada shi Ministan Harkokin Waje kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harshen Waje daga Janairu zuwa Satumba 1972. A cikin 1973-1974 ya yi aiki a matsayin diflomasiyya a Libya, sannan kuma a matsayin jakada a Yugoslavia har zuwa 1977, lokacin da ya yi murabus daga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje don nuna rashin amincewa da ziyarar Shugaba Anwar Sadat zuwa Urushalima. Tun daga wannan lokacin ya ci gaba da aiki tare da ayyukan ƙasashen Duniya ta Uku, kuma daga 1988 har zuwa mutuwarsa ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Solidarity Organization na Afirka da Asiya, tare da hedkwatarta a Alkahira.

## Daraja da kyaututtuka

### Daraja ta kasashen waje

* Babban Gicciye na Order of the Sun na Peru (15 ga Agusta 1972) 

## Manazarta
Charles Harper (ɗan siyasa)

**Charles Harper** (15 ga Yuli 1842 - 20 ga Afrilu 1912) makiyayi ne, mai jarida kuma ɗan siyasa a Yammacin Ostiraliya mai mulkin mallaka. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Rayuwar farko
An haifi Charles Harper a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1842 a Nardi, kusa da Toodyay a Yammacin Ostiraliya. Mahaifinsa shine Reverend Charles Harper, wani limamin Cocin Ingila, da mahaifiyarsa, Julia Gretchem Harper *mai suna* Lukin. Ya yi karatu a sirri.

### Aikin kiwo
Ya fara noma a Beverley, Yammacin Ostiraliya . A shekarar 1861 kuma a shekarar 1864, ya yi bincike tare da wasu majagaba a gundumar Yilgarn .

Daga shekarar 1866, ya shiga harkar kiwon dabbobi sosai. Ya kasance mai kiwon dabbobi a arewa maso yammacin jihar har zuwa shekarar 1868, inda ya haura zuwa Geraldton a shekarar 1867 don samar da abinci ga Roebourne . Daga shekarar 1868 zuwa 1870, ya shiga harkar kiwon dabbobin . Daga nan ya yi noma na ɗan lokaci a Beverley, kafin ya koma arewa maso yamma a shekarar 1871. Ya shiga haɗin gwiwa da McKenzie Grant da Edgar a wani wurin kiwon tumaki na de Grey, kuma ya shiga harkar kiwon dabbobin har zuwa shekarar 1879.

### Aikin siyasa
A ranar 28 ga Maris 1878, an zaɓe shi a Majalisar Dokokin Yammacin Ostiraliya ta Gundumar Arewa, a zaɓen maye gurbin da Thomas Burges ya yi. Ya riƙe kujerar har zuwa zaɓen 12 ga Maris 1880, wanda bai tsaya takara ba. A ranar 1 ga Maris 1879, ya auri Fanny de Burgh, ta haka ya zama suruki ga Henry Brockman da James Morrison. Sun haifi 'ya'ya maza shida da 'ya'ya mata huɗu.

A shekarar 1880, ya yi haɗin gwiwa da Alexander McRae a wani aikin fasto a Ashburton . A wannan shekarar, ya kuma zama mamallakin jarida a karon farko, inda ya zama mamallakin jaridar The Western Australian Times tare da John Winthrop Hackett. A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 1879, aka sake wa jaridar suna The West Australian.  A ranar 19 ga Disamba, 1885, suka ƙaddamar da buga jaridar Western Mail. 

## Manazarta
Kogin Sobat

**[[Kogi|kogin]] Sobat** wani kogi ne na yankin Babban Kogin Nilu a arewa maso gabashin Sudan ta Kudu, Afirka . Ita ce mafi kudu daga cikin manyan gabashin gabashin White Nile, kafin haɗuwa da Blue Nile.

## Yanayin ƙasa
Kogin Sobat ya samo asali ne daga haɗuwar Kogin Baro mai gudana a yamma da Kogin Pibor mai gudana na arewa, a kan iyaka da Habasha. Kogin ya shiga White Nile a Doleib Hill, kusa da garin Malakal a Jihar Upper Nile.

Lokacin da ambaliyar ruwa Kogin Sobat yana samar da babban fitarwa dauke da fararen lakabi, wanda ke ba da White Nile sunansa.

### Ilimin ruwa
Sobat da  goyon bayanta suna zubar da ruwa kusan  km2  mi2) a girman. Matsakaicin ruwan shekara-shekara na kogin shine  m3/s (14,500  ft / s).

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Labartawa

Ayyukan fiction wani nau'i ne a cikin wallafe-wallafen da ke mai da hankali kan labarun da suka shafi manyan abubuwa, kuzari mai ƙarfi, da abubuwan da suka faru da sauri. Wannan nau'in ya haɗa da nau'o'i masu yawa, kamar litattafan leken asiri, labarun kasada, labarun tsoro, rikici ("kulle da wuka"), da asiri. Wadannan nau'ikan labarun suna amfani da tashin hankali, tashin hankali da aka gina lokacin da mai karatu ke so ya san yadda za a warware rikici tsakanin mai gabatarwa da abokin adawa ko kuma mafita ga asirin mai ban tsoro.

Abubuwan da ke tattare da dangantakar ɗan adam ko kuma abubuwan da ke tattake da falsafar da ilimin halayyar dan adam ba a bincika su ba a cikin fiction, yawanci ana yin asirin da sauri waɗanda kawai ke neman samar da mai karatu da ƙwarewa mai ban sha'awa.

Ayyukan fiction na iya zama wani sashi na ayyukan da ba na wallafe-wallafen ba kamar litattafan hoto da fim.

## Labarin almara
Ayyukan aiki wani nau'i ne na fiction wanda batun batun ya kasance mai jaddadawa kan jerin ayyukan da ke da ban sha'awa. Wannan ba koyaushe yana nufin cewa sun cire ci gaban hali ko ba da labari ba.

Har ila yau, nau'in aikin yana da alaƙa da kafofin watsa labarai marasa ilimi ciki har da littattafai masu ban dariya, Littattafan hoto (kamar manga), anime, fim mai aiki, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin, da wasannin aiki. Ya haɗa da aikin zane-zane, wasan motsa jiki mai tsanani, bin mota da motoci, gwagwarmayar hannu da hannu, aikin dakatarwa, da wasan kwaikwayo na aiki, tare da kowannensu yana mai da hankali kan ƙarin bayani game da nau'in kansa da dandano na aiki.

Yawancin lokaci yana yiwuwa a gano salon kirkirar jerin ayyukan, jaddada dukkan aikin, don haka, alal misali, salon jerin yaƙi zai nuna ko za'a iya rarraba dukkan aikin a matsayin aikin-kasada. Ayyuka galibi ana bayyana su ta hanyar mayar da hankali ga kowane irin motsi mai ban sha'awa.
 

## Manazarta
Katherine Cummings

**Katherine Cummings** (1935–2022) ma'aikaciyar laburare ce ta ƙasar Australiya, marubuciya, edita kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam.

## Rayuwar farko da aiki
An haifi Cummings a Scotland a shekarar 1935, [1] kuma ta girma a Tsibiran Pacific da dama ciki har da Tsibiran Gilbert, Fiji, New Zealand, da Ostiraliya . [2] Ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Sydney, [3] inda ta haɗu da marubuciya Clive James wanda daga baya ya yaba wa Cummings saboda fara aikinsa a fannin wallafa littattafai. [4] Bayan Sydney, Cummings ta yi horo a matsayin mai kula da laburare a Jami'ar Toronto . [2] Bayan kammala karatunta ta yi aiki a Jami'ar New South Wales, sannan ta biyo baya a Laburaren Jiha na Oregon da Kwalejin Upsala da ke New Jersey, kafin ta koma Ostiraliya inda ta yi aiki a Jami'ar Queensland . [2] Cummings ta zama babbar mai kula da laburare a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Sydney, daga baya ta koma Jami'ar Macquarie . [5]

## Kwarewar jinsi mai canza jinsi
An yi mata tiyata mai tabbatar da jinsi a Ostiraliya,  a shekarar 1986 lokacin da take da shekaru 51 kuma ta sanya wa kanta suna bayan Katherine Hepburn .  Likitan tiyata Peter Haertsch ne ya yi mata tiyatar.  A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, Norman Swan ta gudanar da jerin tambayoyi da Cummings game da canjinta daga namiji zuwa mace. Daga baya Swan ta yi hira da Cummings don ta yi magana game da yadda rayuwarta ta ci gaba a tsakanin shekarun 1980 da 2013.  An kuma tattauna sauyinta a cikin littafin 2003 *game da matsalar jinsi wanda* David Coad ya rubuta.  Cummings ta rubuta game da gogewarta ta komawa taron makaranta shekaru arba'in bayan ta kammala karatu, da kuma martanin tsoffin abokan karatunta. 

## Rubuce-rubuce
Cummings ta buga littattafai biyu. *Katherine's Diary: labarin wani ɗan canjin jinsi*,  wanda ya lashe kyautar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta Australiya don Adabin Ba na Fiction ba a shekarar 1992.   Littafinta na biyu shine *Rayuwa da Soyayyar wani mai laburare mai canza jinsi na 'yan madigo da sauran kasidu, labarai da baiti.*  Ta gyara tarin gajerun labarai, *Babu Godiya ko Nadama*,  kuma ɗan gajeren labarinta na 1998, *A Tale of Nine Cats*, yana cikin jerin gajerun labaran Ditmar Awards na 1989. 

## Manazarta
Laburaren Baillieu

**Laburaren Baillieu** shine mafi girma daga cikin rassan guda goma da suka ƙunshi Laburaren Jami'ar Melbourne, wanda aka yi niyya don tallafawa ilimi da bincike a fannin fasaha, ilimin ɗan adam da kimiyyar zamantakewa. Yana gefen yamma na harabar Jami'ar ta Parkville, kusa da kusurwar Titin Grattan da Royal Parade. Ginin, wanda John Scarborough ya tsara kuma aka buɗe shi a shekarar 1959, an sanya masa suna bayan dangin Baillieu, waɗanda suka ba da kuɗin ɗakin karatu ta hanyar William Lawrence Baillieu Trust. 

## Tarihi
Laburaren Baillieu shine ɗakin karatu na farko da aka gina a Ostiraliya wanda aka gina da manufa. An sanya masa suna ne bayan dangin Baillieu, waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gina ɗakin karatu ta hanyar William Lawrence Baillieu Trust. 

An ba John Francis Deighton Scarborough, malami a fannin gine-gine a Jami'ar, aikin tsara Laburaren Baillieu a shekarar 1945. Scarborough kuma ta tsara fadada dakin karatun Old Quadrangle a shekarar 1948. Ian Watkins da Barry Axtens ne suka shirya zane-zanen sabon Laburare. Ken Atkins ya yi aiki tare da Axel Lodewycks, mai kula da Laburaren Jami'a a lokacin, kan haɓakawa da faɗaɗa ɗakin karatun. 

A shekarar 1952, an zaɓi wani wuri a kan titin Farfesa don sabon ɗakin karatu. Prentice Builders sun fara aikin ginin a watan Maris na 1957. An kammala matakin farko na ginin a watan Disamba na 1958 kuma a cikin makonni masu zuwa, an ƙaura da littattafai 150,000 daga Old Quadrangle zuwa sabon gidansu.[1] Wani muhimmin fasali na wannan ginin na zamani shine bangon labulen gilashi tare da bangarorin 'opaque spandrel ' waɗanda ke samar da fuskar da ke kallon Kudancin Lawn a gefen gabas.[2] Kayan daki na Laburaren Baillieu sun haɗa da ƙirar Grant Featherston na asali, gami da kujerun Mitzi masu daraja. Yawancin kayan daki na asali har yanzu suna nan ana amfani da su.

## Kayayyaki da tarin kayayyaki

### Ta hanyar bene
Laburaren Baillieu ya ƙunshi hawa shida, biyar daga cikinsu a buɗe suke ga jama'a. An ajiye tarin kayansa na yau da kullun a hawa na biyu da na uku.

## Abokan Laburaren Baillieu
Laburaren Jami'ar Melbourne sun sami babban gado na farko daga George McArthur na Maldon, wanda ya mutu a 1903.  Tun daga lokacin, Laburaren ya sami goyon baya da kyaututtuka daga sauran membobin Laburare da abokai, gami da ayyukan kashin kai daga ɗakunan karatu na masu tattarawa da gado ko tallafin kuɗi, wanda ya ba ta damar samun wallafe-wallafe da yawa masu mahimmanci. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan gudummawar ya fito ne daga Dr. John Orde Poynton, wanda ya ba da gudummawar littattafai sama da 15,000, gami da da yawa da suka shafi tarihin buga littattafai masu kyau da fasahar littafin. 

## Manazarta
Nat Harper

**Nathaniel White Harper** (18 Maris 1865 - 3 Janairu 1954) ɗan siyasa ne kuma ɗan kasuwa ɗan ƙasar Ostiraliya. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Yammacin Ostiraliya daga 1910 zuwa 1914, yana wakiltar kujerun Beverley da Pingelly.Shi ne kakan 'yan siyasa David Grayden da Bill Grayden.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Nathaniel White Harper a ranar 18 ga Maris 1865 a Ballymena, Birtaniya ga John Harper, wani manomi, da Margaret Harper (ɗan fari). 

## Aikin hakar ma'adinai
Harper ya yi ƙaura zuwa New Zealand a shekarar 1883 inda ya yi aiki a wani wurin hakar zinare a Otago . A shekarar 1987 ya koma Ostiraliya, yana aiki a ma'adinai a Broken Hill, New South Wales kuma ya sami matsayin shugaban ma'adinai. Daga nan, ya ci gaba da gudanar da ma'adinai a Zeehan, Tasmania. Harper ya isa Yammacin Ostiraliya a shekarar 1892, yana kula da ma'adinai da farko a ma'adinan Fraser da ke Southern Cross sannan daga baya a White Feather Main Reef da ke Kanowna.[1] [2]

## Aikin siyasa
Harper was mayor of Kanowna three times between 1897 and 1901.

A shekarar 1897, ya tsaya takarar kujerar North-East Coolgardie, inda ya sha kaye a hannun Frederick Vosper da kuri'u 53.   

Fitowarsa ta gaba a siyasa ta fi nasara, inda Harper ya lashe kujerar Beverley a Majalisar Dokoki a zaben maye gurbin da aka yi a shekarar 1910. Ya kayar da abokin hamayyarsa Walter James da kuri'u 92.  An kira zaben ne bayan da aka daure John Hopkins, wanda ke kan mulki, wanda hakan ya sa kujerar ta zama babu kowa a ciki. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Harper married Margaret Jane Thomas on 19 September 1891 at her family home in Naseby. The couple has two sons and a daughter. Margaret died on 15 September 1921.

## Manazarta
Kwango na Kogin Sobat na 2009

Aikin Sobat River na 2009 ya kasance yaƙi ne tsakanin mutanen kabilar Jikany Nuer da Sojojin 'Yancin Jama'ar Sudan (SPLA), wanda ke jagorantar rundunar agaji ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN), a ranar 12 ga Yuni 2009.

## Bincike da musayar bindiga
Jirgin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kunshi jirage 27 da ke tafiya a kan Kogin Sobat daga Nasir zuwa Akobo, a Kudancin Sudan kusa da iyakar Habasha. Bayan ruwan sama wanda ya wanke hanyoyi, kogin shine kawai hanyar da za a motsa taimako a kudancin kasar, wanda ya sha wahala daga fadace-fadacen kabilanci - kogin da kansa an rufe shi a farkon shekarar saboda karuwar tashin hankali a yankin. Jiragen ruwa 27 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suna tafiya tare da wasu jirage huɗu. An ba da izinin jiragen ruwa ne kawai su yi amfani da kogin bayan tattaunawar da aka yi da manyan jami'an gwamnati, wadanda suka amince da mutum 150 na SPLA. Jirgin yana aiki ne a karkashin jagorancin Shirin Abinci na Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (WFP) kuma ya taimaka wajen tallafawa kusan 18,000 daga cikin mutane 135,000 da suka rasa muhallinsu ta hanyar fadace-fadacen kabilanci na baya-bayan nan wanda ya yi ikirarin daruruwan rayuka.

An dakatar da motar kimanin kilomita goma ko ashirin daga Nasir ta hanyar rundunar mutanen Jikany Nuer. Mutanen ƙabilar sun bukaci a bincika jiragen ruwa don bincika cewa ba a aika makamai da harsashi ga abokan hamayyarsu a cikin kabilar Lou Nuer ba. Sun bincika jirgin ruwa guda ɗaya, suna samun abinci kawai, amma sun bude wuta lokacin da sauran rundunar suka yi ƙoƙarin ci gaba da tafiyarsu. Harin ya kashe akalla sojoji 40 na Sudan kuma ya ji wa wasu rauni 30. An kuma bayar da rahoton mutuwar mata da yara da yawa ta hanyar bindiga ko nutsar da su. An kai wadanda suka ji rauni zuwa asibitin Médecins Sans Frontières a Nasir wanda aka shirya don karɓar ƙarin wadanda suka mutu. An yi imanin cewa wannan shi ne karo na farko da SPLA ta sha wahala sosai a cikin tashin hankali na kabilanci na baya-bayan nan.

## Sakamakon haka
Duk da yake jiragen ruwa goma sha shida na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun sami damar komawa Nasir, sauran goma sha ɗaya ba a san su ba, kuma an yi imanin cewa an nutse su ko kuma an sace su. WFP ta rasa tan 735 na taimakon abinci a harin kuma ta kwashe tan goma na taimakon yankin a ranar 13 ga Yuni. Wataƙila an kai harin ne don hana kayan abinci su kai ga kabilar Lou Nuer wacce ake zargin ta kashe kusan mambobi 70 na kabilar Jikany Nuer a hare-hare a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009. Ana tsoron cewa Lou Nuer na iya shirin yajin aiki na fansa a kan Jikany Nuer.

Akwai tsoron sabunta fada a yankin, biyo bayan karshen Yaƙin basasar Sudan na Biyu da kuma Zaben kasa na 2010 da kuma raba gardama na 2011 kan 'yancin kai na Kudancin Sudan.

Rashin jituwa tsakanin kabilun da ke adawa da kabilun ya zama ruwan dare a Kudancin Sudan kuma yawanci yakan faru ne akan shanu ko samun damar albarkatun kasa.[1] Yakin da aka yi a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009 a Kudancin Kurdufan tsakanin kabilun Rizeigat da Messiria sun yi ikirarin rayuka sama da 1,000.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Kogin Pibor

**[[Kogi|kogin]] Pibor** (wanda kuma ake kira **Kogin Pibor** ) wani kogi ne a gabashin Sudan ta Kudu, wanda ke bayyana wani ɓangare na iyakar Sudan ta Kudu da Habasha . Daga asalinsa kusa da Pibor Post yana gudana zuwa arewa don kimanin kilomita 320 (200 , yana shiga Kogin Baro don samar da Kogin Sobat, wanda shine mai ba da gudummawa ga White Nile.

Kogin Pibor da magudanar ruwansa suna zubar da ruwa   girman kogin  . Matsakaicin ruwan da kogin ke fitarwa a kowace shekara shine    . 

## Hanyar da ake ciki
Kogin Pibor ya samo asali ne daga koguna daban-daban da suka taru a Pibor Post, wani sansanin mulkin mallaka da aka gina a 1912 kuma da farko ana kiransa Fort Bruce. Pibor yana gudana a arewa, yana karɓar Akobo_River" id="mwOg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Akobo River">Kogin Akobo kusa da Akobo. Ci gaba da arewa Pibor ya karɓi Kogin Gilo da Kogin Bela a dama, sannan ya shiga Kogin Baro, ya zama Kogin Sobat.

## Tarihin halitta
Kogin Pibor, Baro, Gilo, da Akobo duk suna zubar da tsaunuka na Habasha. Kogin Baro shine mafi girma, yana ba da gudummawa 83% na jimlar ruwan da ke gudana cikin Kogin Sobat. A lokacin ruwan sama, tsakanin Yuni da Oktoba, Kogin Baro kadai yana ba da gudummawa kusan 10% na ruwan Nilu a Aswan, Misira. Sabanin haka, waɗannan koguna suna da ƙarancin ruwa a lokacin fari.

## Tarihi
An bayyana iyakar tsakanin Sudan da Habasha don yankin kusa da Kogin Pibor a cikin 1899 ta Major H.H. Austin da Major Charles W. Gwynn na Royal Engineers na Burtaniya. Ba su da masaniya game da ƙasar, mazaunanta, ko yarensu, kuma ba su da wadata. Maimakon bayyana layin da ya danganci kabilun da yankuna na gargajiya, musamman tare da tsaunuka da ke raba tsaunukan Habasha da filayen Savanna na Sudan, kawai sun ba da shawarar layin da aka zana a tsakiyar Kogin Akobo da sassa na kogin Pibor da Baro. Wannan iyaka ta cika a cikin Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Ethiopian ta 1902, wanda ya haifar da wani yanki a Yankin Gambela na Habasha da ake kira Baro Salient . Wannan yanki yana da alaƙa da Sudan ta Kudu fiye da Habasha, duka dangane da siffofin halitta da mutane. An yi amfani da Baro Salient a matsayin wuri mai tsarki ta masu tayar da kayar baya na Sudan a lokacin yakin basasa na kasar. Yana da wahala ga Sudan ta nuna iko a kan yankin da ke cikin Habasha, kuma Habasha ba ta son yin 'yan sanda a wannan yanki mai nisa kuma ta shiga cikin siyasar rikice-rikicen cikin gida na Sudan.

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Ƙarin karantawa

* C.R.K.B., "Rubuce-rubuce: Kogin Pibor", Sudan Notes and Records, **4** (1922), shafuffuka na 237 - 240.&nbsp;
*
Ruwan Melut

Melut Basin wani kwari ne a Sudan ta Kudu, wanda ya kai ga Habasha, inda ake kira kwarin Gambella . Melut tana cikin Upper Nile da Jonglei, kudu da babban birnin Sudan, Khartoum da gabashin Kogin Nilu. Wasu sassan Melut suna dauke da sanannun tarin hydrocarbon, kodayake Binciken mai, kamar sauran wurare a Sudan da Sudan ta Kudu, ya sami cikas saboda rashin kwanciyar hankali da rikici. Filin mai mafi girma a cikin Basin shine Babban filin Palogue a Sudan ta Kudu, tare da kimantaccen tanadi na ganga miliyan 900. Jirgin fitar da man fetur na Melut yana tafiya kilomita 1,380 daga Palogue zuwa Port Sudan a kan Bahar Maliya, kuma yana kan rafi tun watan Yunin shekara ta 2006. 

Jirgin fitarwa kuma an san shi da PetroDar Pipeline bayan sunan ƙungiyar da ke sarrafa shi.[1] An san mai daga Melut Basin da "Dar Blend" kuma an tsaftace shi a Port Sudan.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Mutanen Opo

**Opo** wata kabila ce ta Sudan ta Kudu da Habasha . Suna magana da Opuuo, yaren Koman. Yawancin mambobin wannan kabilanci ba Musulmai ba ne.

Ƙididdigar Habasha ta 2007 [1] ta lissafa mutane 1,602 a matsayin Uko (413 a cikin Kudancin Al'ummai, Kasashe, da Yankin Jama'a (SNPR) da 990 a cikin Yankin Gambela). Koyaya, ƙididdigar 1994 ta rubuta mambobi 271 daga cikinsu 224 suna zaune a Yankin Oromia (yawanci a Yankin Mirab Shewa), 38 a cikin SNNPR, kuma ƙasa da goma a cikin ɗayan yankuna mafi kusa da Sudan. Wani tushe na 2014 ya sanya yawan jama'a a kusa da 2,000.

Yawancin Opo suna bin Kiristanci na Furotesta kodayake imani na gargajiya har yanzu suna da yawa a cikin al'umma.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Mannix Library

**Laburaren Mannix** wani ɗakin karatu ne na tauhidi na ilimi wanda ke Gabashin Melbourne, Ostiraliya. Laburaren ya ƙware a fannoni na tauhidi, falsafa, nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki da fannoni masu alaƙa, kuma yana tallafawa koyarwa da bincike a Kwalejin Tauhidi ta Katolika da kuma Jami'ar Allahntaka mai faɗi. Ƙungiyar ɗaliban ta haɗa da 'yan takara don naɗawa, maza da mata, ɗaliban digiri na farko, digiri na biyu da digiri na biyu daga ɗaliban bincike, da kuma membobin jama'a gabaɗaya. Laburaren yana amfani da Tsarin Gudanar da Raba Hannun Jari na Duniya na OCLC.

## Tarihi
An kafa Laburaren Mannix a shekarar 1923 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Kwalejin Corpus Christi, Melbourne, makarantar sakandare ta lardi don dakunan Katolika na Victoria da Tasmania. A tsawon tarihinsu, makarantar sakandare da ɗakin karatu suna cikin Werribee, Glen Waverley da Clayton. A shekarar 1972 aka kafa Kwalejin Tauhidi ta Katolika kuma daga wannan lokacin ɗakin karatu ya fara ba da hidima ga ma'aikatan kwaleji da ɗalibai da kuma masu halartar taron karawa juna sani. A shekarar 1999, ɗakin karatu ya koma daga Clayton zuwa wurin da yake a yanzu a Gabashin Melbourne kuma daga wannan lokacin Archdiocese na Roman Katolika na Melbourne ne ya ba da kuɗinsa. Lokacin da aka mayar da ɗakin karatu, an sake masa suna zuwa Laburaren Mannix bayan tsohon Archbishop na Melbourne, Daniel Mannix, wanda ya daɗe yana aiki.[1]

## Zane
Laburaren Mannix da Kwalejin Tauhidi ta Katolika suna tare a cikin ginin ɗaya, wanda mai zane Gregory Burgess, wanda ke zaune a Melbourne, ya tsara. Gregory Burgess Architects sun sami kyaututtuka da dama don gina ginin Kwalejin Tauhidi ta Katolika. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Yabo ga Cibiyar Masu Zane-zane ta Royal Australian (VIC): Kyautar Melbourne a 2000, da Cibiyar Kayayyakin Gidaje ta Australia, Kyautar Kayayyakin Gidaje ta Heritage a 2001.

## Manazarta
Jerin ɗakunan karatu a Melbourne

Wannan jerin **ɗakunan karatu ne a Melbourne**, Victoria, Ostiraliya, birni na biyu na UNESCO na Adabi .  Melbourne tana da al'adun karatu masu wadata da bambance-bambance kuma majalisun birni a duk faɗin Melbourne suna ba da kuɗi da tallafi ga babban hanyar sadarwa na ɗakunan karatu.

## Ayyukan ɗakin karatu na jama'a
Kananan hukumomin yankin ne ke gudanar da ayyukan ɗakin karatu na jama'a na Melbourne ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyi daban-daban na tallafi da sabis. Baya ga ɗakunan karatu na reshe, wasu masu samar da sabis na ɗakin karatu suna gudanar da sabis na wayar hannu zuwa wajen yankunan Metropolitan. Laburaren Jama'a na Victoria ita ce hukumar da ta fi kololuwar ɗakunan karatu na jama'a a Victoria.[1]

**Birnin Ciki**

* Birnin Melbourne yana da ɗakunan karatu a Docklands, Gabashin Melbourne, Melbourne da Arewacin Melbourne.
* Birnin Port Phillip yana da ɗakunan karatu a Albert Park, Middle Park, Port Melbourne, South Melbourne da St Kilda.
* Birnin Yarra yana da ɗakunan karatu a Carlton North, Collingwood, Fitzroy, Fitzroy North da Richmond.

**Garuruwan arewa**

* Birnin Banyule yana da ɗakunan karatu a Ivanhoe, Rosanna da Watsonia  da kuma sabis na dannawa da tattarawa a Bellfield. Laburaren Yankin Yarra Plenty ne ke gudanar da su.  
* Birnin Darebin yana da ɗakunan karatu a Fairfield, Northcote, Preston da kuma Madatsar Ruwa.
* Birnin Hume yana da ɗakunan karatu a Broadmeadows, Craigieburn, Gladstone Park, Sunbury da Tullamarine.
* Birnin Moonee Valley yana da ɗakunan karatu a Ascot Vale, Avondale Heights, Flemington, Moonee Ponds da Niddrie l.
* Birnin Merri-bek yana da ɗakunan karatu a Brunswick, Brunswick West, Coburg, Fawkner da Glenroy.
* Shire na Nillumbik yana da ɗakunan karatu a Eltham da Greensborough, da kuma sabis na dannawa da tattarawa a Hurstbridge. Laburaren Yankin Yarra Plenty ne ke gudanar da su.   
* Birnin Whittlesea yana da ɗakunan karatu a Lalor, Mernda, Mill Park, Thomastown da Whittlesea,  da kuma sabis na dannawa da tattarawa a Epping. Laburaren Yankin Yarra Plenty ne ke gudanar da ɗakunan karatunsu.     

## Manazarta
Laburaren MacFarland, Kwalejin Ormond

**Laburaren MacFarland** da ke Kwalejin Ormond, Jami'ar Melbourne, wanda aka kammala a shekarar 1965, shine gini na biyu na Frederick Romberg (Romberg da Boyd Architects) na Kwalejin Ormond. Tsarin farko na ginin a shekarar 1962 shine ginin gargajiya wanda ya dogara da abubuwa da yawa daga gine-ginen Romberg na shekaru goma da suka gabata. Tsarin da aka sake fasalin da ya biyo baya ya fi dacewa da sauran kwalejin Reed da Barnes ' Gothic Revival Ormond. Babban tsarin ɗakin karatu girmamawa ne ga tsohuwar al'adar gina ɗakin karatu, gami da ɗakin karatu mai katon ɗakin karatu na Laburaren Jama'a na Melbourne, wanda ya haɗa da Joseph Reed, Selwyn Bates, Norman Peebles da Charles Smart.

## Bayani
An sanya wa ɗakin karatu na MacFarland da ke Kwalejin Ormond suna ne bayan Sir John MacFarland, wanda shi ne babban jami'in Kwalejin (shugaban Kwalejin) tun daga buɗewarta a 1881 har zuwa 1914. Ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Melbourne daga 1910 zuwa 1918 da kuma Shugaban Jami'a daga 1918 zuwa 1935, inda ya kafa matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a mai albashi a shekarun 1930.

Ginin yana da hawa biyu mai tsayi tare da tsarin octagon da kuma matattakalar tsakiya mai karkace. Ana raba girman ciki zuwa ƙananan ɗakuna ta hanyar bangon tubali da kuma ɓangarorin katako ko gilashi. Siffar octagon da ginshiƙan waje masu kauri a kusurwoyin da aka gina ta hanyar aikin tubali da aka haɗa suna ba ginin kamanni mai ƙarfi. Da farko, an sami ɗakin karatu na gabaɗaya a matakin ƙasa yayin da bene na biyu ke ɗauke da ɗakin karatu na tauhidi.

## Muhimman tasirin da kuma hanyar tsarawa
Wannan ɗakin karatu yana nuna sha'awar Frederick Romberg ga yanayin ƙasa mai sarkakiya kuma yana ci gaba da ƙirar rumfar mai nau'in polygon kamar tsarin tsare-tsare da ya bincika tare da Picken Court (1961–1963). Karl Schinkel ne ya yi tasiri ga siffar rotunda ta gargajiya da matattakalar tsakiya mai karkace.

## Kyaututtuka
Sake tsara shi da McGlashan Everist ya yi ya lashe kyaututtuka shida a shekarar 2012:

## Manazarta
Ali al-Samoudi

**Ali al-Samoudi** (An haife shi a shekara ta 1967) ɗan jarida ne  kuma bafalasɗine kuma wakilin kafofin watsa labarai daga Jenin, wanda aka fi sani da bayar da rahotanni masu yawa game da ayyukan sojojin Isra'ila a Yammacin Kogin Jordan da kuma rahotanninsa ga ƙungiyoyin labarai na Falasɗinu da na duniya. Shi mai bayar da gudummawa ne a jaridar *Al-Quds* akai-akai, ya yi aiki da wasu kafofin watsa labarai kamar CNN, Al Jazeera, Reuters, da Palestine Chronicle, kuma shi ne editan littafin *Searching Jenin* wanda ke tattara abubuwan da suka faru a Jenin a shekara ta 2002.

## Aiki
Al-Samoudi ya ba da rahoto game da hare-haren da sojojin Isra'ila suka kai, batutuwan kare hakkin ɗan Adam, da kuma rayuwar yau da kullum a Jenin da kuma gaɓar yammacin kogin Jordan sama da shekaru talatin. An san shi da bayar da rahotanninsa a fili a wasu lokutan rikici mafi tsanani, galibi yana aiki a cikin yanayi mai haɗari. 

An kuma san shi da haɗin gwiwarsa da Shireen Abu Akleh, tsohon wakilin Al Jazeera wanda gobarar Isra'ila ta kashe a watan Mayun 2022 a ƙofar sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Jenin. Al-Samoudi yana nan a lokacin lamarin kuma an harbe shi da bindiga aka raunata shi a baya.   

## Tsarewa
A ranar 29 ga watan Afrilu, 2025, sojojin Isra'ila sun tsare al-Samoudi a lokacin wani samame da suka kai gidan ɗansa da ke Jenin a safiyar yau. A cewar iyalansa, an yi masa tambayoyi na kimanin mintuna talatin sannan aka mayar da shi wani asibiti na Isra'ila bayan da lafiyarsa ta taɓarɓare, amma hukumomi ba su bayyana sunan asibitin ko yanayinsa ba.

Sojojin Isra'ila sun zarge shi da alaka da kungiyar Jihad ta Musulunci ta Falasdinu da kuma taimakawa wajen tura kuɗaɗe, duk da cewa babu wata shaida da aka bayar. Iyalansa da abokan aikinsa sun musanta waɗannan zarge-zargen, suna masu cewa bai taba fuskantar irin waɗannan zarge-zargen a tsawon rayuwarsa ba.

Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jaridun Falasɗinu, Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jaridu ta Ƙasa, da ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin 'yan jarida na duniya sun yi Allah wadai da tsare shi, waɗanda suka ɗauki hakan a matsayin wani ɓangare na wani babban tsari na kai hari ga 'yan jaridar Falasɗinawa a Yammacin Kogin Jordan.

## Abubuwan da suka faru a baya
An tsare Al-Samoudi sau da yawa kuma an yi masa barazana a lokacin da yake bayar da rahoto a Jenin. Baya ga harbin da aka yi a shekarar 2022, an taba dakatar da shi, an yi masa tambayoyi, kuma an kwace masa kayan aikinsa. 

## Wallafe-wallafe

* Editan haɗin gwiwa (tare da Ramzy Baroud): *Neman Jenin* (takardar bayanai game da mamayewar Isra'ila a Jenin a shekarar 2002) 

## Tasiri da karramawa
Al-Samoudi yana da matuƙar daraja a tsakanin 'yan jarida na Falasɗinu da na ƙasashen duniya saboda jajircewarsa wajen bayar da rahotanni kan abubuwan da suka faru a Jenin da kuma haɗarin da ya fuskanta. Rahotonsa ya taimaka wajen fahimtar yanayin da ake ciki a Yammacin Kogin Jordan da kuma ƙalubalen da 'yan jarida ke fuskanta a yankunan da ake rikici.  

## Duba kuma

* Shireen Abu Akleh
* Kisan Shireen Abu Akleh
* Cin zarafin 'yan jaridar Falasdinawa
* Rahoto daga kafafen yada labarai game da yakin Gaza

## Manazarta
Mahmoud Fawzi

**Mahmoud Fawzi** ( Arabic  ,  ; 19 Satumba 1900 - 12 Yuni 1981)  jami'in diflomasiyya ne kuma ɗan siyasa na Masar wanda ya kasance firayim ministan Masar daga 1970 zuwa 1972 kuma mataimakin shugaban Masar daga 1972 zuwa 1974.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Fawzi a wani ƙauye kusa da Quwaysina, Gwamnatin Monufia .  Mahaifinsa ya kammala karatu a Dar al'Ulum da Makarantar Shari'a .  Ya yi karatun shari'a a Jami'ar Alkahira . Ya yi karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'o'in Liverpool, Columbia, da Roma, kuma ya sami digirin digirin digirgir a fannin aikata laifuka a shekarar 1926. 

Ya yi aiki a wurare da yawa na diflomasiyya tun yana saurayi, ciki har da wakilin Masar a ofishin jakadancin Masar a Kobe, Japan, a farkon shekarun 1930, tun daga 1926. A shekara ta 1942 an nada shi babban wakilin Masar a Urushalima. Ya zama wakilin Masar a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a 1947 kuma jakadan Ingila a 1952.  A ƙarshen 1952 ya zama ministan harkokin waje na Masar a ƙarƙashin sabon shugabanta, Gamal Abdel Nasser .  An nada Fawzi ne saboda kwarewarsa a harsuna, kuma an san shi da guje wa shiga siyasa, koyaushe yana kasancewa diflomasiyya. Fawzi ya yi aiki a matsayin ministan harkokin waje na Masar har zuwa 1958 lokacin da aka kafa Jamhuriyar Larabawa, ƙungiyar tsakanin Masar da Siriya. Fawzi ya yi aiki a matsayin ministan harkokin waje na Jamhuriyar Larabawa har zuwa rushewarta a 1961. Ya ci gaba da aiki har zuwa 1964. Bayan haka ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Nasser kan harkokin kasashen waje. Bayan rasuwar Nasser a shekarar 1970, magajinsa, Anwar Sadat, ya nada Fawzi a matsayin Firayim Minista, a matsayin dan takarar farar hula. Fawzi ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista har zuwa Janairu 1972 sannan ya yi aiki da mataimakin shugaban Masar har sai da ya yi ritaya a 1974. Ya rubuta littafi mai taken "Suez War" game da rikicin 1956 tare da Misira'ila a kan Suez Canal kuma an buga shi bayan mutuwarsa a 1981.

## Manazarta
Nabil Fahmi

**Nabil Fahmi** (Arabic) (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1951) ɗan diflomasiyyar Masar ne kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a gwamnatin Masar a matsayin Ministan harkokin waje daga Yuni 2013 zuwa Yuli 2014.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Nabil Fahmi a New York a ranar 5 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1951.  Mahaifinsa, Ismail Fahmi, ya kasance ministan harkokin waje na Anwar Sadat daga 1973 zuwa 1977 .

Yana da digiri na farko na kimiyya a fannin kimiyyar lissafi da lissafi da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin gudanarwa, dukansu biyu ya samu daga Jami'ar Amurka da ke Alkahira a 1974 da 1976, bi da bi.

## Ayyuka
Fahmi jami'in diflomasiyya ne. Ya yi aiki a cikin majalisar ministocin Masar daga 1974 zuwa 1978 a wurare daban-daban, gami da mataimakin ministan harkokin waje. Ya kuma ɗauki matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Mataimakin Shugaban Masar kuma ya kasance sakataren shugaban kasa na sadarwa ta waje daga Fabrairu 1974 zuwa Agusta 1976.  Ya yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje a wurare daban-daban, gami da memba na tawagar Masar a Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva da New York kuma mai ba da shawara kan siyasa daga Agusta 1993 zuwa Satumba 1997.  Ya yi aiki a matsayin Jakadan Masar a Japan daga Satumba 1997 zuwa Satumba 1999.  Bayan haka ya yi aiki a matsayin Jakadan Masar a Amurka daga Oktoba 1999 zuwa Satumba 2008.   Saboda haka, wa'adinsa ya ga Hare-haren Satumba 11.

Daga 1999 zuwa 2003 ya kasance daga cikin mambobin kwamitin ba da shawara na Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan batutuwan rushewa kuma an nada shi shugaban kwamitin a shekara ta 2001. Bayan ya dawo Alkahira an nada shi Ambassador-at-Large a ma'aikatar. 

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Fahmi ta yi aure kuma tana da 'ya'ya uku. Ya wallafa labarai daban-daban a shafin yanar gizonsa a The Huffington Post .  Shi ne marubucin diflomasiyyar Masar a War, Peace and Transition wanda Palgrave Macmillan ya buga a shekarar 2020.

An ba shi digirin digirin digirgir na girmamawa daga Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa da Kasa ta Monterey, Kwalejin Middlebury, a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009.

## Manazarta
Laburaren Jami'ar RMIT

**Laburaren Jami'ar RMIT** (wanda a da aka sani da 'Dakunan Karatu na Cibiyar Fasaha ta Royal Melbourne') ya ƙunshi ɗakunan karatu na reshe guda shida na ilimi a Ostiraliya da Vietnam. Rassanta guda huɗu na Ostiraliya suna kan harabar Jami'ar RMIT da ke Melbourne City, Bundoora da Brunswick ; kuma rassanta guda biyu na Vietnam suna cikin harabar Jami'ar RMIT Vietnam da ke Ho Chi Minh City da Hanoi. 

## Tarihi
An kafa cibiyar sadarwar Laburare ta Jami'ar RMIT a matsayin ɗakin karatu na Kwalejin Maza Masu Aiki ta Melbourne (wanda ya riga ya zama RMIT na yanzu) a 1890.[1] An fara gina ƙaramin ɗakin karatu a cikin ɗaki mai girman mita 6 x 9 a Gine-gine na 1 kuma yana ɗauke da sararin shiryayye mita 152 kacal. Malamin lissafi na kwalejin Alfred Hart ne ya kula da shi tsakanin 1902 da 1930, wani fitaccen ɗan Shakespeare na zamaninsa.[1]

Tun daga shekarun 1930, an faɗaɗa ɗakin karatu kuma an mayar da shi zuwa wurin da ke ƙarƙashin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na jama'a na Gine-gine na 1 (wanda a yau ake kira gidan cin abinci na Pearson da Murphy). A wannan lokacin, galibi sojojin da aka dawo da su daga Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya ne ke kula da shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin sake fasalin ƙwarewa na gwamnatin tarayya. Zuwa 1945, ɗakin karatu ya fi ƙarfin sararinsa kuma an yanke shawarar raba shi zuwa takamaiman tarin filin. Daga nan aka ajiye tarin daban-daban a makarantun da suka dace da kowane fanni.

A shekarar 1955, an sake kafa babban ɗakin karatu a Gine-gine na 6 - bayan buƙatun da ƙungiyar ɗalibai ke ci gaba da yi.  Kuma, a shekarar 1956, an naɗa John Livingstone Ward a matsayin babban mai kula da ɗakin karatu na farko na RMIT. Wasu makarantu sun ci gaba da kula da tarin bincike, ban da babban ɗakin karatu. Misalan tarin makarantu da har yanzu suna nan sune Tarin Bincike na AFI,  Taskar Zane na RMIT da Albarkatun Sama na Ƙasa.  

## Reshe

### Jami'ar Melbourne City
Harabar birnin tana da wurare biyu: Laburaren Swanston da Laburaren Carlton.

**Laburaren Swanston** Laburaren Swanston shine mafi girman shafin yanar gizo a cikin hanyar sadarwa, kuma yana cikin Gine-gine na 8 .

Ya bambanta da sauran ɗakunan karatu na harabar jami'a domin shine kawai wurin da ake buɗe ɗakin karatu na RMIT har zuwa tsakar dare a lokacin wani ɓangare na zangon karatu. 

An sanya wa Laburaren Swanston suna a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "Biyar daga cikin mafi kyawun ɗakunan karatu" a cikin mujallar *The Age* Sunday M. Dalilan sun haɗa da... "Kamar yadda harabar makarantar take da faɗi, [Laburaren Swanston] yana da lunguna da lunguna, kuma mafi kyau duka, wurare masu shiru na musamman". 

## Manazarta