Marcus Garvey

**Marcus Mosiah Garvey Jr.** ONH (17 ga Agusta 1887 - 10 Yuni 1940) ɗan gwagwarmayar siyasar Jamaica ne. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban farko-Janar na Universal Negro Improvement Association da African Communities League (UNIA-ACL) (wanda aka fi sani da UNIA), ta inda ya ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban wucin gadi na Afirka. Garvey a akida ya kasance bakar fata mai kishin kasa kuma dan Afirka. An san ra'ayoyinsa da Garveyism.

## Farkon rayuwa
An haifi Garvey a cikin dangin Afro-Jama'a mai matsakaicin wadata a cikin Saint Ann's Bay kuma an koye shi cikin kasuwancin bugawa yana matashi. Yana aiki a Kingston, ya shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci. Daga baya ya zauna na ɗan lokaci a Costa Rica, Panama, da Ingila. Da ya koma Jamaica, ya kafa UNIA a 1914. A 1916, ya ƙaura zuwa Amurka kuma ya kafa reshen UNIA a gundumar Harlem ta birnin New York. Da yake jaddada hadin kai tsakanin 'yan Afirka da 'yan kasashen Afirka, ya yi fafutukar ganin an kawo karshen mulkin mallaka na Turawa a Afirka tare da bayar da shawarar hada kan siyasar nahiyar. Ya yi hasashen dunkulewar Afirka a matsayin kasa mai jam’iyya daya, wadda za ta yi mulkin kanta, wadda za ta kafa dokoki don tabbatar da tsaftar launin fata. Duk da cewa bai taba ziyartan nahiyar ba, amma ya jajirce kan yunkurin Komawa Afrika, yana mai cewa wani bangare na kasashen waje ya kamata ya yi hijira zuwa can. Ra'ayoyin Garveyist sun ƙara zama sananne, kuma UNIA ta girma cikin membobinsu. Ra'ayinsa na 'yan aware na bakar fata-da dangantakarsa da fararen wariyar launin fata irin su Ku Klux Klan (KKK) don ci gaba da burinsu na raba wariyar launin fata - ya haifar da rarrabuwa tsakanin Garvey da wasu fitattun masu fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a na Afirka-Amurka irin su W. E. B. Du Bois, wanda ya inganta haɗin kan launin fata.

Ganin cewa bakaken fata na bukatar samun ‘yancin cin gashin kai daga al’ummomin da fararen fata ke mamaye da su, Garvey ya kaddamar da kasuwanci daban-daban a Amurka, ciki har da Kamfanin masana’antar Negro da jaridar Negro World. A cikin 1919, ya zama Shugaban Kamfanin jigilar kayayyaki da fasinja na Black Star Line, wanda aka ƙera don samar da hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Arewacin Amurka da Afirka da sauƙaƙe ƙaura na Afirka-Amurka zuwa Laberiya. A cikin 1923 an yanke wa Garvey da laifin zamba don sayar da hannun jarin kamfanin, kuma an tsare shi a kurkukun Amurka, Atlanta kusan shekaru biyu. Garvey ya zargi Yahudawa da mabiya darikar Katolika, yana mai cewa suna masa kyama saboda alakarsa da KKK. Shugaban Amurka Calvin Coolidge ya sassauta hukuncin da aka yanke masa kuma aka kore shi zuwa Jamaica a shekara ta 1927. Yana zaune a Kingston tare da matarsa Amy Jacques, Garvey ya kafa Jam’iyyar Siyasa ta Jama’a a 1929, ya zama dan majalisar birni a takaice. Tare da UNIA na ƙara wahalhalun kuɗi, ya ƙaura zuwa London a 1935, inda matsayinsa na adawa da gurguzu ya nisanta shi daga yawancin masu fafutuka na birni. Ya mutu a can a 1940, kuma a cikin 1964 aka mayar da gawarsa Jamaica don sake binne shi a filin shakatawa na Heroes na Kingston.

Garvey mutum ne mai jayayya. Wasu daga cikin al’ummar Afirka da ke zaune a waje suna kallonsa a matsayin mai tada zaune tsaye, kuma suna suka sosai game da haɗin gwiwarsa da masu tsattsauran ra’ayin farar fata, da maganganunsa na tashin hankali, da kuma kyamarsa ga mutanen ƙabila da Yahudawa. Ya samu yabo don karfafa girman girman kai da kima a tsakanin 'yan Afirka da mazaunan Afirka a cikin talauci, wariya da mulkin mallaka. A Jamaica, an san shi a matsayin gwarzo na ƙasa, mutum na farko da aka gane da shi. Tunaninsa sun yi tasiri mai yawa a kan ƙungiyoyi irin su Rastafari, Ƙasar Islama da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru.

## Rayuwar farko

### Yaranta: 1887-1904
Marcus Mosiah Garvey an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Agusta 1887 a Saint Ann's Bay, wani gari a yankin Jamaica da Burtaniya ta yi wa mulkin mallaka. A cikin mahallin al'ummar Jamaican mulkin mallaka, wanda ke da tsarin zamantakewar launin fata, Garvey an yi la'akari da shi a mafi ƙasƙanci, kasancewarsa ɗan baƙar fata wanda ya kasance cikakken dan Afirka. Duk da haka, daga baya binciken kwayoyin halitta duk da haka ya nuna cewa yana da kakanni daga yankin Iberian Peninsula. An haifi kakan mahaifin Garvey cikin bauta kafin a shafe shi a Jamaica. Sunansa, wanda asalin Irish ne, an gaji shi daga tsoffin bayin danginsa..

## Manazarta