Gnawa

**Gnawa** ( / ɡ ( ə ) ˈnɑːwə / ) (ko **Gnaoua**, **Ghanawa**, **Ghanawi**, **Gnawi**' ; Larabci:  ) ƙabila ce da ke zaune a  kasar Maroko, waɗanda aka kawo a matsayin bayi daga Sahel ta Yammacin Afirka.

Tarihin Gnawa yana da alaƙa da ɗan tarihi na Masarautar Maroko mai suna "Baƙaƙen masu gadi", kuma kalmar "Gnawa", jam'in "Gnawi", ta samo asali ne daga harshen Hausa.

An rubuta waƙar Gnawa a cikin shekarar (2019 ) are cikin Jerin Wakilai na Gadon Al'adun ɗan adam mara-girma. 

## Tarihi:
An yi imanin cewa al'ummar Gnawa sun samo asali ne daga yankin Sahel na yammacin Afirka, wanda ke da dogon lokaci kuma yana da alakar kasuwanci da siyasa da Maroko.   Gnawa ƙabila ce da aka kawo ƙasar Maroko a matsayin bayi, kuma an samo asali ne daga zuriyarsu a sassan yammacin Afirka. Bayan kawar da bauta, sun zama wani bangare na darikar Sufaye a yankin Magrib.  Yayin da suke karbar addinin Musulunci, Gnawa sun ci gaba da yin bikin mallakar al'ada a lokacin bukukuwan da aka sadaukar da su ga yin raye-rayen mallaka da tsoro. Ana kiran wannan ibada ta mallaka *Jedba.*

## Gnawa da kiɗa:
Waƙar Gnawa ta haɗu da Sufancin Islama na gargajiya da al'adun mutanen Afirka kafin zuwan Musulunci. Kalmar mawakan Gnawa gabaɗaya tana nufin mutanen da su ma suke gudanar da ayyukan ibada . Ayyukan warkaswa na da alaƙa da alaƙa da al'adun raye-rayen Afirka kafin zuwan Musulunci da aka fi sani da *Bori* a al'adun Hausawa. A cikin shahararrun al'adun Moroccan, Gnawas, ta wurin bukukuwan su, ana ɗaukar su a matsayin ƙwararru a cikin maganin sihiri na tsaurin kunama da tabin hankali . Suna warkar da cututtuka ta hanyar amfani da launuka, ɗimbin hotunan al'adu, turare da tsoro.

Gnawas yana kunna waƙar hypnotic  mai zurfi da aka yi masa alama da ƙananan sauti, waƙoƙin raye-raye waɗanda aka kunna akan lute mai lulluɓe da fata da ake kira *sintir* ko *guembri* . Hanyar da ta yi kama da garaya a waƙar gargajiyar Hausa, ta ƙunshi waƙar kira da amsawa, da tafa hannu, da kuge da ake kira  (jam'in *karkaba* ). Bukukuwan Gnawa suna amfani da kaɗe-kaɗe da raye-raye don tayar da tsarkaka na kakanni waɗanda aka ce suna yin waraka.

Kiɗa na Gnawa ya sami babban matsayi na ƙasa da ƙasa. Yawancin mawakan Yammacin Turai, ciki har da Bill Laswell, Brian Jones, Randy Weston, Adam Rudolph, Klaus Doldinger, Tucker Martine, Robert Plant, Jacob Collier da Jimmy Page, sun zana tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da mawakan Gnawa kamar 'yan'uwa Mahmoud Guinia da Mokhtar Gania na Essaouira., brothers Mustapha Baqbou & Ahmed Baqbou, Abdelkebir Merchane, Brahim Belkani, duk daga Marrakesh, da Hamid El Kasri da Abdelkader Amlil na Rabat da marigayi Ahmida Boussou da Saïd Oughassal na Casablanca, wadanda duk sun halarci bikin shekara-shekara a Essaouira . Wasu masanan gargajiya suna ɗaukar haɗin gwiwa na zamani a matsayin gauraye albarka, barin ko gyara al'adu masu tsarki don ƙarin manufofin kasuwanci. Mawakan rikodi na duniya irin su Hassan Hakmoun sun gabatar da kaɗe-kaɗe da raye-raye na Gnawa ga jama'ar Yammacin Turai ta hanyar faifan bidiyo da wasan kwaikwayo.

Cibiyoyin kiɗan Gnawa sune Marrakesh, Tangier, Rabat, Casablanca, Fez da Essaouira, wanda ke kudu maso yammacin Maroko inda ake gudanar da bikin kiɗan duniya na Gnaoua kowace shekara. Gnawa na Marrakesh na gudanar da bikinsu na shekara-shekara a haramin Moulay Brahim da ke tsaunukan Atlas da kewayen Moulay Abdullah bin Tsain a kauyen Tamesloht tsakanin Marrakesh da garin Amizmiz . Ana gudanar da bukukuwan ne dangane da ranar haihuwar Muhammadu .

Gnawa na Khamlia suna gudanar da bikinsu na shekara a watan Agusta a ƙauyen Khamlia da ke Erg Chebbi. 

Daga karshe kuma akwai wata kabila ta musamman a cikin Gnawa mai suna Ganga. Ganga sun fito ne daga yankin kudu da sahara na Afirka kuma galibi suna magana Tashelhait, kuma ana samun su a Haha tsakanin Essaouira da Agadir da kuma cikin kwarin Sous kusa da garuruwa kamar Agadir da Taroudant. Ba sa wasan *guimbri* sai dai kawai suna mai da hankali ne kan raye-rayen da ake kira *kouyou*, wasan *krakeb* da manyan ganguna da ake kira *tebel* ko *ganga*, wanda kuma yana cikin jerin gwanon bikin gnawa na yau da kullun.
Fayil:Gnaouas_d'Oran_(Algérie)_avec_leur_geumbri.JPG|alt=Gnaouas from Oran with their guembri.| Gnaouas daga Oran tare da guembri su.
Fayil:Gnaoua_in_a_North_African_Interior.jpg|alt=Gnaoua in a North African Interior| Gnaoua a cikin Arewacin Afirka
Fayil:Musicien_nègre,_J._Geiser,_Alger.jpg|alt=Gnawa from Algiers with his guembri (circa 1906) by Jean Geiser (1848-1923).| Gnawa daga Algiers tare da guembri (kimanin 1906) na Jean Geiser (1848-1923).
Fayil:AncientGnawa.jpg|alt=Gnawas circa 1920s| Gnawas kusan 1920s
Fayil:معلم_الگناوة.jpg|alt=Music Teacher| Malamin Kida
Fayil:فنان_كًناوي_ف_سور_سلا.jpg|alt=Gnawa singer in Salé, Morocco.| Gnawa singer in Salé, Morocco .
Fayil:Moore-Gnawa.jpg|alt=Gnawa Musicians, by Harry Humphrey Moore.| Mawakan Gnawa, na Harry Humphrey Moore .
Fayil:DANSE_GNAOUI_A_TIMMOUN_021.jpg|alt=A group of Gnawas dance to a song.| Ƙungiyar Gnawas na rawa zuwa waƙa.


## Manazarta;

## Gabaɗaya nassoshi

* Ibiblio.org: Labarun Gnawa: Mawakan Mawaƙin Sufi daga Maroko
* gnawa a gidan yanar gizon ma'aikatar sadarwa ta Morocco
* WorldMusicCentral.org
* PTWMusic.com: gnawa ta Chouki El Hamel a Jami'ar Duke Disamba 1, 2000
* Etymology na "Gnawa" daga *Encyclopædia Britannica*
* Ben Saidi, A (2003) Amazigh Kateb Yassin ya tattauna Maghreb Blues da Ghanawa Music-wani yaduwar Berber, nau'ikan Larabci.

## Kara karantawa

* Bernasek, L & Burger, HS (2008) *Imazighen!* *: Kyawawa da Sana'a a Rayuwar Berber*, Peabody Museum Press
* Courtney-Clarke, M & Brooks, G. (1996) *Imazighen: Al'adun Bacewa na Matan Berber*, Thames & Hudson Ltd, London, UK
* El-Ghissassi, H. (2006) *Game da sur Le Laroc de Mohamed VI*, Michel Lafon
* Ennaji, M (2005) *Harsuna da yawa, Alamar Al'adu da Ilimi a Maroko*, Springer, New York, Amurka
* Harris, W. (2003) *Maroko da Was*, Eland Books, London, UK
* Hart, DM (2000) *Kabila da Jama'a a Rural Morocco*, Frank Cass Publishers
* Howe, M (2005) *Maroko: Farkawa ta Islama da Sauran Kalubale*, Jami'ar Oxford Press, New York, Amurka
* Hoffman, KE (2008) *Muna Raba Ganuwar: Harshe, Ƙasa, da Jinsi a Berber Maroko*, Wiley-Blackwell
* Maxwell, G (2000) *Ubangijin Atlas*, Weidenfeld & Nicolson Illustrated
* Maxwell, G (2002) *Iyayen Atlas: Tashi da faduwar Gidan Glaoua* 1893-1956, The Lyons Press
* McKissack, F. & McKissack, P. (1995) *Masarautar Ghana, Mali, da Songhay: Rayuwa a Afirka ta Tsakiya*, Henry Holt da Co. LLC
* Pennell, CR (2003) *Maroko: Daga Daular zuwa Independence*, OneWorld Publications
* Pennel, CR (2001) *Maroko tun 1830: Tarihi*, NYU Press, Amurka
* Porch, D (1983) *Nasara na Maroko - Babban Tarihi na Babban Kasadar Mulkin Mallaka na Ƙarshe na Faransa, Dogon Gwagwarmaya Don Mallakar Mulkin Tsakanin Ta Hanyar Dabaru da Ƙarfin Makamai* 1903 &#x2013; 1914, Knopf
* Porch, D, 2nd Ed (2005) *Ciwon Sahara*, Ferrar, Straus & Giroux
* Rogerson, B & Lavington, S Edited by (2004) *Marrakech, The Red City: Garin ta wurin Idanun Marubuta*, Littattafan Sickle Moon

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Archived Gnawa.net   
* http://www.vodeo.tv/4-33-3982-des-gnawa-dans-le-bocage.html 
* https://web.archive.org/web/20070929102727/http://www.editions-harmattan.fr/index.asp?navig=catalogue&obj=video&no=1052
* https://web.archive.org/web/20070928063425/http://prep-cncfr.seevia.com/idc/data/Cnc/Recherche/fiche2.asp?idf=3313
* Essaouira a WorldMusicCentral.org
* gnawa at brickhaus.com
* Gnawa Music
* http://www.festival-gnaoua.net - Festival d'Essaouira Gnaoua et Musiques du Monde