Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama

**Dokar [[Ƴancin siyasa|'Yanci]] Bil'adama** na iya nufin ayyukan' yancin bil'adama da yawa a Amurka. Wadannan ayyukan Majalisa ta Amurka an yi su ne don kare haƙƙoƙi don tabbatar da 'yancin mutane daga keta doka da gwamnatoci, ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa, da masu zaman kansu suka yi.

An fara aiwatar da ayyukan kare hakkin bil'adama a Lokacin sake ginawa bayan Yaƙin basasar Amurka. Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1866 ta fadada haƙƙin bayi masu 'yanci ta hanyar bayyana cewa duk wani mutum da aka haifa a Amurka ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ba ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne. Ayyukan tilasta aiki na 1870-1871 ya ba da damar Shugaban kasa ya kare haƙƙin maza na Black American na jefa kuri'a, don riƙe mukami, don yin aiki a cikin juriya, da kuma Black maza da mata su sami daidaitattun kariya ga dokoki, gami da kariya daga tashin hankali na wariyar launin fata. Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1875 ta haramta nuna bambanci a cikin "gidan jama'a" har sai Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta same shi ba bisa ka'ida ba a 1883. An kafa Dokokin Jim Crow a cikin karni na 19 kuma sun yi aiki don toshe kuri'un Afirka ta Amirka, hana haɗin kai a wuraren jama'a kamar makarantu, da kuma hana auren launin fata a Kudu. Samar da wadannan dokoki ya sami damar lalata ci gaba zuwa daidaito wanda aka yi a zamanin sake ginawa.

Ba za a zartar da Dokokin 'Yancin Bil'adama ba har tsawon shekaru 82 har sai nasarar Yunkurin kare hakkin bil'adama wanda ke da niyyar kawar da rarrabe launin fata, nuna bambanci, da kuma hana 'yanci a kasar, wanda aka fi amfani dashi akan' 'Yan Afirka na Afirka. Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1957 ta kafa Hukumar 'Yancin bil'adama da Dokar 'Yanfin Bil'adami ta 1960 ta kafa binciken tarayya na rajistar masu jefa kuri'a na gida. Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964 ta haramta nuna bambanci bisa ga launin fata, launi, Addini, jima'i, da asalin ƙasa ta gwamnatocin tarayya da jihohi da kuma wuraren jama'a. Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1968 ta haramta nuna bambanci a sayarwa, haya, da kuma tallafawa gidaje bisa ga launin fata, imani, da asalin ƙasa. Dokar Maido da 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1987 ta ƙayyade cewa masu karɓar kudaden tarayya dole ne su bi dokokin' yancin bil'adama a duk fannoni, ba kawai a cikin takamaiman shirin ko aikin da suka sami kudaden tarayya ba. Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1990 lissafi ce da za ta sauƙaƙa ga masu shigar da kara su ci shari'o'in' yancin bil'adama wanda Shugaba George H. W. Bush ya soke. Dokar Amurkawa masu nakasa ta 1990 ta haramta nuna bambanci bisa ga nakasa. Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1991 ta ba da haƙƙin shari'a ta juriya kan ikirarin nuna bambanci da kuma gabatar da yiwuwar lalacewar damuwa, yayin da yake iyakance adadin da juriya za ta iya bayarwa.

## Tarihi
 
Canjin farko zuwa ga daidaito ga 'yan Afirka na Afirka ya faru ne lokacin da Shugaba Ibrahim Lincoln ya zartar da Sanarwar Emancipation a 1863, wanda ya bayyana cewa "duk mutanen da aka riƙe a matsayin bayi... za su kasance, daga nan gaba, kuma har abada 'yanci... ". Kamar yadda aka tabbatar da farko, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya ba kowace jiha cikakken izini don tantance cancantar masu jefa kuri'a ga mazaunanta. : 50 

A cikin tarihin Amurka, zamanin sake ginawa shine lokacin daga 1865-1877 bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin basasar Amurka. Wannan lokacin ya kasance alama ce ta yunkurin da aka yi don gyara rashin adalci da aka ɗora wa 'yan Afirka ta hanyar Bautar. An tabbatar da gyare-gyare guda uku na sake ginawa kuma an iyakance wannan hankali. Kwaskwarima ta goma sha huɗu (1865) ta haramta bautar "sai dai a matsayin horo ga aikata laifuka"; Kwaskwarimar ta goma sha huɗu (1868) ta ba da 'yancin zama ɗan ƙasa ga duk wanda aka haifa ko ya zama ɗan ƙasa a Amurka" kuma ta ba da tabbacin kowane mutum tsari da ya dace da haƙƙin kariya daidai; kuma Kwaskwaramarwa ta hanyar Amurkawa ba da haƙƙin da aka kafa ta hanyar Amurka ba su ikon aiwatar da haƙƙin farar fata, launi, ko kuma ba da haƙƙoƙin da aka kafa na baya.[t] Wannan lokacin ya nuna farkon Yunkurin Kare Hakkin Bil'adama.

Don aiwatar da gyare-gyaren sake ginawa, Majalisa ta zartar da Ayyukan tilasta aiki a cikin shekarun 1870. Ayyukan sun aikata laifuka game da hana haƙƙin jefa kuri'a na ɗan ƙasa kuma sun ba da kulawa ta tarayya game da tsarin zaɓe, gami da rajistar masu jefa kuri'a'u. : A shekara ta 1873, hukunce-hukuncen Kotun Koli sun fara iyakance ikon dokar sake ginawa, kuma fararen fata da yawa sun koma ga tsoratarwa da tashin hankali don lalata haƙƙin jefa kuri'a na 'yan Afirka na Amurka. A cikin 1875 Kotun Koli ta kaddamar da wasu sassan dokar kamar yadda ba bisa ka'ida ba a *[[United States v. Cruikshank|Amurka v. Cruikshank]]* da Amurka v. Reese .  : 97 

## Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1866
Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1866 ( 14 Matsayi 27-30, wanda aka kafa Afrilu 9, 1866, wanda aka sake kunnawa 1870) ita ce dokar tarayya ta farko ta Amurka don ayyana zama ɗan ƙasa kuma ta tabbatar da cewa duk 'yan ƙasa suna samun kariya daidai da doka.  An yi niyya ne musamman, bayan yakin basasar Amurka, don kare hakkin bil adama na mutanen da aka haifa a Afirka ko kuma aka kawo su Amurka . 

#### Majalisar Wakilai
 
Emanuel Celler (D-NY), Shugaban Kwamitin Shari'a na Majalisar, ya gabatar da Dokar 'Yancin Zabe a Majalisar Wakilai a ranar 19 ga Maris, 1965, a matsayin HR 6400.  Kwamitin Shari'a na Majalisar shine kwamiti na farko da ya yi la'akari da lissafin. Kwamitin na Jamhuriyar Republican, William McCulloch (R-OH), gabaɗaya ya goyi bayan fadada haƙƙin jefa kuri'a, amma ya yi adawa da haramtacciyar harajin zabe da tsarin ɗaukar hoto, kuma ya jagoranci adawa da lissafin a cikin kwamitin. Kwamitin ya amince da lissafin a ranar 12 ga Mayu, amma bai gabatar da rahoton kwamitin ba har zuwa 1 ga Yuni. :">&#x3A;&#x200A;162&#x200A; Kudin ya haɗa da gyare-gyare guda biyu daga ƙaramin kwamiti: hukunci ga masu zaman kansu waɗanda suka tsoma baki da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a da kuma haramta duk harajin zabe. Hana harajin zabe ya sami goyon bayan Kakakin majalisar John McCormack. Kwamitin Dokoki ya yi la'akari da lissafin, wanda shugabansa, Howard W. Smith (D-VA), ya yi tsayayya da lissafin kuma ya jinkirta la'akari har zuwa 24 ga Yuni, lokacin da Celler ya fara aiki don a sallami lissafin daga kwamitin. A karkashin matsin lamba daga masu goyon bayan lissafin, Smith ya ba da izinin fitar da lissafin mako guda bayan haka, kuma cikakken majalisar ya fara muhawara game da lissafin a ranar 6 ga Yuli. : 163 

## Manazarta