Heinemann (Mawallafa)

**William Heinemann Ltd.**, tare da tambarin **Heinemann**, sun kasance mawallafane a ƙasar London wanda William Heinemann ya kafa a  shekarar ta 1890. Littafin su na farko da aka buga, shikara 1890's The Bondman, ya kasance babban nasara kuma ya samar da cigaba sosai ga kamfanin. Sydney Pawling ya haɗa shi a cikin 1893. Heinemann ya mutu a shekara ta 1920 kuma Pawling ya sayar da kamfanin zuwa Doubleday, ya yi aiki tare da su a baya don buga ayyukansu a Amurka. Pawling ya mutu a 1922 kuma sabon gudanarwa ya karbi ragamar mulki. Doubleday ya sayar da sha'awar sa a cikin 1933.

A cikin shekarun 1920s, kamfanin ya kasance sananne don buga ayyukan shahararrun marubuta waɗanda aka buga a baya a matsayin serials. Daga cikin waɗannan akwai ayyukan HG Wells, Rudyard Kipling, Somerset Maugham, George Moore, Max Beerbohm, da Henry James, da dai sauransu. Wannan ya jawo sababbin marubuta don buga bugu na farko tare da kamfanin, ciki har da Graham Greene, Edward Upward, JB Priestley da Vita Sackville-West . A duk lokacin, an kuma san kamfanin don litattafan litattafai da kasida na duniya, kuma a cikin zamanin bayan WWII, kamfanin ya mai da hankali kan kayan ilimi.

A cikin shekarun 1950, hannun jarin Tilling Group ya karɓe kamfanin a hankali. A cikin 1953 sun buɗe ofisoshi a Hague don siyarwa a nahiyar Turai, kuma a cikin 1978 sun buɗe wani kamfani na daban a Portsmouth, New Hampshire don sayar da ayyukansu na ilimi a kasuwar Amurka. Lokacin da BTR plc ta siya Tilling a shekarar 1983, BTR ta sayar da duk kadarorin da ba na masana'antu ba; An sayar da Heinemann zuwa Kamfanin Bugawa na Octopus. Octopus ya haɗe  da kamfanin Reed International a cikin 1987, wanda daga nan ya sayar da dukiyoyin wallafe-wallafen da suka shafi kasuwanci ga Penguin Group a 1997. An sayar da bangaren ilimi na Burtaniya ga Ilimin Pearson da sashin Amurka ga Houghton Miffin Harcourt . Duk waɗannan suna ci gaba da amfani da tambarin.

## Tarihi
Kamfanin William Heinemann ya fara aiki a cikin masana'antar wallafe-wallafe a karkashin Nicolas Trübner, wanda ya kasance babban mawallafin abin da ake kira guraben karatu na Oriental.  Lokacin, shekaru biyu bayan mutuwar Trübner, kamfanin na Kegan Paul ya kama kamfaninsa, Heinemann ya bar kuma ya kafa **William Heinemann Ltd** a Covent Garden, London, a cikin 1890. Taken farko da aka buga shine Hall Caine 's *The Bondman*, wanda ya kasance "nasara mai ban mamaki", yana sayar da fiye da kwafi 450,000.  Har ila yau, kamfanin ya fitar da ayyuka da yawa da aka fassara zuwa Turanci a ƙarƙashin alamar "Heinemann International Library", wanda Edmund Gosse ya gyara.  A cikin 1893, Sydney Pawling ya zama abokin tarayya.  Sun zama sananne don buga ayyukan Sarah Grand. Kamfanin ya buga sigar Burtaniya na Scribners ' *shirin Ilimi a* ƙarƙashin taken *Heinemann's Great Education Series*, amma bai haɗa da ƙididdigewa ga editan Amurka na asali, Nicholas Murray Butler ba, tsallakewa wanda ake yawan suka. 

A tsakanin 1895 zuwa 1897, Heinemann shine mawallafin *New Review* na William Ernest Henley na lokaci-lokaci.  A ƙarshen 1890s, Heinemann da mawallafi Ba'amurke Frank Doubleday sun tallafa wa Joseph Conrad a lokacin ƙoƙarinsa na farko na rubuta abin da ya zamo *Ceto*, kuma Heinemann shine mawallafin Burtaniya na Conrad's *The Nigger na 'Narcissus*' a cikin 1897.  Ɗaya daga cikin kasuwancin kamfanin a lokacin shi ne sayar da littattafan Turanci ga Japan wanda ya fara sha'awar abubuwa na al'adun Yammacin Turai. An sayar da Heinemann zuwa kantin sayar da littattafai na Japan Maruzen fassarar ayyukan Dostoyevsky da kwafi 5000 na *Mutual Aid: Factor of Juyin Halitta* na Peter Kropotkin.  A cikin 1912, kamfanin ya fara buga jerin littattafan gargajiya na Loeb, wallafe-wallafen ayyukan da aka yi tare da rubutun Helenanci ko Latin a shafi na hagu, da fassarar zahiri a shafi na hannun dama.  An kira silsilar "mafi mahimmanci" na fassarorin layi daya.  Tun 1934, an haɗa shi tare da Jami'ar Harvard .  

Mutuwar Heinemann a cikin 1920 mawallafin Amurka Doubleday ya siye mafi yawan cin hannun jarin siya kamfanin,  tare da Theodore Byard, wanda daga baya ya kasance ƙwararren mawaƙi, yana shiga don jagorantar ofisoshin. 

An kafa wani kamfani a Hague a cikin shekarar 1953; Da farko an yi niyya don rarraba ayyuka cikin Ingilishi zuwa nahiyar Turai, daga ƙarshe kuma ta fara buga littattafan Heinemann kai tsaye. 

Daga baya Thomas Tilling ya mallaki kamfanin a cikin shekara ta 1961. Lokacin kwace kamfanin ya zama sananne, Graham Greene (wanda ya kasance tare da Heinemann tun farkon aikinsa a 1929)  ya jagoranci yawancin marubutan Heinemann waɗanda suka nuna rashin amincewa ta hanyar ɗaukar ayyukansu zuwa wasu masu wallafa, ciki har da The Bodley Head, wanda Greene ya kasance. darakta.  

BTR ta sayi Thomas Tilling a cikin shekarar 1983, kuma ba su da sha'awar sashin bugawa, don haka an sanya Heinemann a kan toshe. Kungiyar Octopus Publishing Group ce ta siya Heinemann a shekarar 1985, kuma jim kadan bayan haka ta siyar da hedikwatar Heinemann mai yaduwa a cikin karkarar Kingswood, Surrey don ci gaba; Reed International (yanzu Reed Elsevier) ya sayi Octopus a cikin 1987. Heinemann Professional Publishing an haɗa shi da Butterworths Scientific a cikin 1990 don ƙirƙirar Butterworth-Heinemann .  Random House ya sayi wallafe-wallafen kasuwanci na Heinemann (yanzu mai suna William Heinemann) a cikin 1997. Ƙungiyar ilimi ta Heinemann ta zama wani ɓangare na Ilimin Harcourt lokacin da Reed Elsevier ya sayi kamfanin a 2001. Pearson ya sayi makaman Harcourt na Burtaniya, Afirka ta Kudu, Ostiraliya da New Zealand a watan Mayun 2007, yayin da Houghton Miffin ya sayi ayyukan Amurka bayan 'yan watanni.

A cikin shekara ta 1957, littafin **Heinemann Educational Books** (HEB) ya sama da  jerin Marubutan Afirka, wanda Alan Hill da kwararre a Yammacin Afirka Van Milne ke jagoranta, don mai da hankali kan buga marubutan Afirka kamar Chinua Achebe, wanda shine editan shawarwari na farko na jerin. An ba Heinemann lambar yabo ta 1992 Worldaware Award don Ci gaban Jama'a.  Pearson ya sake ƙaddamar da jerin a cikin 2011.  

Ƙwararrun Marubutan Afirka, Leon Comber ya ƙaddamar da shirin Writing in Asia Series a 1966 daga Singapore. Littattafan Austin Coates guda biyu a cikin jerin, *Ni kaina Mandarin* da *City of Broken Promises*, sun zama mafi kyawun siyarwa, amma jerin, bayan buga lakabi sama da 70, za su ninka a cikin 1984 lokacin da ƙungiyar iyaye ta masu wallafawa ta karɓi Heinemann Asiya. 

A cikin 1970, Jerin Marubutan Caribbean - wanda aka tsara akan Marubutan nahiyar Afirka - James Currey da wasu sun ƙaddamar da shi a HEB don sake buga ayyukan manyan marubutan Caribbean.  

## Ayyukan da aka buga

*  

## Manazarta

## Ci gaba da karatu

* John St John, **, London: Heinemann, 1990.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Yanar Gizo na hukuma (ilimin Burtaniya)
* Yanar Gizo na hukuma (US)
* Gidan yanar gizon hukuma (na yara)
* Charles Pick (Daraktan Gudanarwar Rukunin Heinemann, 1979-1985) Taskar Labarai, Jami'ar Gabashin Anglia