Sudan ta Faransa

**Sudan ta Faransa** (French: Soudan français;; Arabic: ** ) ƙasar Faransa ce ta mulkin mallaka a cikin Tarayyar Faransa ta yammacin Afirka tun daga shekara ta 1880 zuwa 1959 lokacin da ta shiga ƙungiyar Mali, sannan a shekara ta 1960 ta zama ƙasar Mali mai cin gashin kanta. Ƙasar Sudan ta zama ƙasar Faransa a hukumance daga shekarun 1890 zuwa 1899 sannan kuma daga shekarun 1921 zuwa 1958, kuma tana da sunaye iri-iri a tsawon rayuwarta. An kafa yankin da farko a matsayin aikin soja wanda sojojin Faransa ke jagoranta, amma a tsakiyar shekarun 1890 ya shiga ƙarƙashin gwamnatin farar hula.

Yawancin sake fasalin gudanarwa a farkon shekarun 1900 sun kawo ƙaruwar gwamnatin Faransa akan batutuwa kamar noma, addini, da bautar da bayi. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, jam'iyyar African Democratic Rally (RDA) ƙarƙashin Modibo Keïta ta zama mafi girman karfin siyasa da ke neman 'yancin kai.

Sudan ta Faransa da farko ta ci gaba da kulla hulɗar kud da kut da Faransa, sannan ta shiga cikin wani ɗan lokaci mai tsawo da dangantaka da Senegal a shekarar 1959, amma cikin sauri alakar ƙasashen biyu ta yi rauni. A cikin shekarar 1960, Sudan ta Faransa ta zama Jamhuriyar Mali kuma ta fara nesanta kanta daga Senegal da Faransa.

## Kafuwar mulkin mallaka

An kafa Sudan ta Faransa a matsayin sansanin soja a matsayin tsawaita mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Senegal.  Ko da yake yankin ya bai wa Faransa ƙarancin tattalin arziki ko dabarun, sojoji sun ba da shawarar cin nasara mafi girma a yankin. Hakan ya faru ne saboda sha'awar manyan dauloli, kamar Masarautar Mali da daular Songhay da ta yi fice a yankin, wani ɓangare kuma saboda damar tallata da sojojin Faransa suka yi wa sojojin Faransa. 

Faransa ta fara mamaya a cikin shekarar 1879, lokacin da aka aika Joseph Gallieni zuwa yankin don kafa katanga da kuma duba filin jirgin ƙasa daga Dakar a Senegal zuwa kogin Niger.  Hakan ya biyo bayan kafa wasu sansanonin Faransawa da kuma kawancen siyasa tare da takamaiman shugabanni a yankin a farkon shekarun 1880. Tsarin gudanarwa na yankin har yanzu yana ƙarƙashin ikon Gwamnan Faransa na Senegal, kuma mafi mahimmancin mulkin mallaka shine kawai sansanin soja da sansanonin tsaro, gami da muhimmin wanda Gustave Borgnis-Desbordes ya kafa a Kayes a shekarar 1881.  Ko da yake gwamnatin farar hula ta gwamnan Faransa na Senegal ta mallaki yankin, amma jami'an soji a yankin sun ketare waɗannan shugabannin kuma sun amsa kai tsaye ga kwamandoji a Paris.  Desbordes sannu a hankali ya ɗauki ƙarin yankuna, sau da yawa yana amfani da hamayya tsakanin ƙabilu da rikicin siyasa tsakanin shugabannin yankin don naɗa shugabanni masu goyon bayan Faransa. 

Mahukuntan farar hula na Faransa sun yi kokawa da shugabannin sojoji, kuma rundunonin biyu sun yi sauye-sauye da dama a kan yankin, har zuwa lokacin da aka naɗa Louis Archinard gwamnan soja a shekara ta 1892. Archinard ya jagoranci yakin soji kan Samori Ture, Ahmadu Tall, da sauran shugabanni masu juriya a yankin, tare da samun nasara iri-iri.  Ana aiwatar da kamfen na Archinard ta hanyar ikon soja kai tsaye, ba tare da sa ido na farar hula ba. Yayin da farashin ya ƙaru, gwamnatin Faransa ta yanke shawarar maye gurbin ikon Archinard akan yankin tare da gwamnan farar hula, Louis Albert Grodet. 

## Gudanarwa da iko

An gudanar da yankin a ƙarƙashin sunaye daban-daban tsakanin shekarun 1880 zuwa 1960. Yankin ya kasance *Kogin Upper* daga shekarun 1880 zuwa 18 ga watan Agusta 1890, lokacin da aka sake masa suna *Faransa Sudan*, babban birninsa a Kayes. A ranar 10 ga watan Oktoban 1899, an raba Sudan ta Faransa, tare da ƴan kudancin ƙasar suka shiga yankunan bakin teku, sauran kuma suka rabu zuwa yankunan gudanarwa guda biyu da ake kira *Niger ta tsakiya* da kuma *Senigal ta sama*. A cikin shekarar 1902, an sake shirya yankin a matsayin haɗe-haɗe na mulkin mallaka a ƙarƙashin sunan Senegambia da Niger (*Sénégambie et Niger*).   Sunan ya sake canzawa a cikin shekarar 1904 zuwa Upper Senegal da Niger (*Haut Sénégal et Niger*). A ƙarshe, a cikin shekarar 1921, sunan ya canza zuwa *French Sudan* (*Soudan Français*).  

Iyakoki da gudanar da mulkin mallaka ma sun canza sau da yawa. Asali, kuma na farkon lokacin, mulkin mallaka ya ɓata tsakanin mulkin soja da gwamnatin farar hula daga Senegal.  A cikin shekarar 1893, Sudan ta Faransa a hukumance ta shiga ƙarƙashin gwamnatin farar hula, wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 1899. A lokacin, sake fasalin mulkin mallaka ya raba larduna 11 na kudanci zuwa wasu ƙasashen Faransa kamar Guinea Faransa, Ivory Coast da Dahomey. 

Yankin da ba a sake shi ba ana gudanar da shi ne a gwamnatoci biyu masu alaƙa da sauran ƙasashen Faransa. Bayan haka, an sake kafa yankin da ke mulkin mallaka a shekara ta 1902. Ko da yake iyakokin sun ɗan canja, amma ba a sami sauyi kaɗan ba har zuwa shekara ta 1933. A lokacin, mulkin mallaka na Faransa Upper Volta (*Haute-Volta*, Burkina Faso ta zamani) ta narke, kuma yankin arewa ya koma Sudan ta Faransa. 

A cikin shekarar 1947, an sake kafa Upper Volta, kuma iyakokin Sudan ta Faransa sun zama waɗanda daga ƙarshe suka zama kan iyakar Mali.   Kayes shine asalin babban birni tun daga shekarun 1890s har zuwa 1908 lokacin da babban birnin ya koma Bamako, inda ya kasance. 

## Manazarta