open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Karuwanci a Nijar

**[[Karuwanci]] a Nijar** ba bisa ka'ida ba ne  amma ya zama ruwan dare a cikin birane, kusa da ma'adinai da kewayen sansanonin soja.  UNAIDS ta kiyasta cewa akwai ma'aikatan jima'i 46,630 a kasar. Mutane da yawa sun juya zuwa karuwanci saboda talauci.

Wasu karuwanci Na Najeriya suna kasuwanci a kan iyakar Nijar yayin da ake tsananta wa karuwanci da yawa a ƙasarsu kuma ana ganin Nijar ta fi abokantaka kuma ba za ta iya gurfanar da su ba saboda kasuwancin su. Maza 'yan Najeriya sun fi son ƙetare iyaka don neman jima'i kamar yadda azabtarwa a Arewacin Najeriya na Musulunci shine bulala 50 don "samar da mace".

A cikin 2017 gwamnati ta ba da umarnin hana karuwanci a duk faɗin ƙasar.

## HIV
Cutar HIV matsala ce a kasar. Matakan rigakafi, gami da rarraba condoms sun ga yawan yaduwar ya fadi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Ma'aikatan jima'i suna daya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyin hadari. A cikin 2016 UNAIDS ta kiyasta cewa akwai kashi 17% na yaduwar ma'aikatan jima'i.

## Cinikin jima'i
Nijar ƙasa ce ta tushe, wucewa, da kuma makoma ga mata da yara da ke fuskantar fataucin jima'i. Wadanda abin ya shafa daga Benin, Burkina Faso, Kamaru, Ghana, Algeria, Mali, Najeriya, da Togo ana cin zarafinsu a fataucin jima'i a Nijar. Marabouts masu cin hanci da rashawa ko hanyoyin sadarwar ɓoye na iya sanya 'yan matan Najeriya cikin jima'i na kasuwanci. 'Yan matan Najeriya suna fuskantar fataucin jima'i a kan iyaka da Najeriya, wani lokacin tare da hadin kan iyalansu. A Yankin Tahoua na Nijar, wasu 'yan mata a cikin auren tilas ana iya amfani da su a cikin jima'i na kasuwanci bayan sun tsere daga waɗannan ƙungiyoyi. A Aljeriya, mata da 'yan mata na Najeriya suna da rauni ga fataucin jima'i.

Ana daukar mata da yara na Najeriya daga Nijar kuma ana kai su Najeriya, Arewacin Afirka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, da Turai inda ake fataucin jima'i. Wasu 'yan gudun hijira ana zargin su da fataucin mutane, musamman' yan gudun hijirar Najeriya zuwa Aljeriya. Masu fataucin mutane suna aiki da ƙananan ayyuka masu zaman kansu a cikin hanyoyin sadarwar mutane, gami da wasu marabouts. Akwai rahotanni game da 'yan kasuwa masu zaman kansu (maza da mata) da kuma hukumomin tafiye-tafiye na al'ada waɗanda ke daukar mata zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya ko arewacin Najeriya don fataucin jima'i. Nijar ƙasa ce ta wucewa ga mata da yara daga Yamma da Afirka ta Tsakiya da ke ƙaura zuwa Arewacin Afirka da Yammacin Turai, inda wasu ke fuskantar fataucin jima'i. A wasu lokuta, jami'an tsaro da jami'an kan iyaka sun karɓi cin hanci daga masu fataucin mutane don sauƙaƙe jigilar waɗanda abin ya shafa a cikin ƙasar.

Ofishin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka don Kulawa da Yaki da Cin Hanci da Kasuwanci a cikin Mutane ya sanya Nijar a matsayin ƙasar 'Tier 2 Watch List'.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Arewa maso Yammacin Rhodesia

**North-Western Rhodesia**, yana a kudu maso tsakiyar Afirka, yanki ne da aka gudanar daga shekarun 1891 har zuwa 1899 a ƙarƙashin hayar Kamfanin British South Africa Company. A cikin shekarar 1890 Kamfanin Burtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu ya kulla yarjejeniya da Sarki Lewanika na Barotse, ɗaya daga cikin manyan sarakunan gargajiya a yankin. Yarjejeniyar ba ta ba da matsayin kariya a yankin ba, saboda gwamnatin Burtaniya ce kawai za ta iya ba da wannan matsayin. Duk da haka, yarjejeniyar ta ba da kariya ga yankin.

Yankin ya ƙunshi rabin yammacin Zambia na yanzu har zuwa Kogin Kafue, wanda shine iyakarsa da Arewa maso Gabashin Rhodesia. Daga baya, iyakar da ke tsakanin yankunan biyu da aka yi hayar ta koma gabas, amma bambancin ba shi da wani babban tasiri.

A cikin shekarar 1899 Rhodesia ta Arewa-Yamma ta haɗe tare da Barotseland don samar da Barotziland-Arewa-Western Rhodesia, wata hukuma ce ta Burtaniya.  A cikin shekarar 1911 Barotziland-Arewa-Western Rhodesia ta haɗu da Rhodesia ta Arewa maso Gabas ta zama Arewacin Rhodesia. A yau, wannan ita ce Jamhuriyar Zambiya.

## Duba kuma

* Kamfanin British South Africa
* Dokar kamfani a Rhodesia
* Rhodesia (suna)
* Arewacin Rhodesia

## Manazarta
Rushewar takarda

**Rushewar takarda** ko **wanke takarda** har ma da rushewar tushe tare da yanki mai faɗi. Yana faruwa a wurare masu yawa kamar Filayen bakin teku, gangaren tsaunuka, Filayen ambaliyar ruwa, rairayin bakin teku, filayen Savanna da filayen tsaka-tsaki. Ruwa yana motsawa daidai tare da irin wannan kauri a kan farfajiya ana kiransa kwararar takarda, kuma shine dalilin lalacewar takarda. Rushewar takarda yana nuna cewa duk wani kwararar ruwa da ke haifar da rushewar ba a sarrafa shi ba. Idan farfajiyar tudun ta ƙunshi abubuwan da ba daidai ba da yawa, rushewar takarda na iya ba da damar rushewa tare da ƙananan tashoshin da ake kira rills, wanda zai iya haɗuwa don samar da gullies. Koyaya, lalacewar takarda na iya faruwa duk da wasu iyakancewar rashin daidaito a cikin takardar da ke fitowa daga ƙuƙwalwar ƙasa, raguwar dutse, ko ciyayi.

Rushewar takarda yana faruwa a matakai biyu. Da farko, ruwan sama yana fitar da ƙananan barbashi na substratum sannan kuma ana ɗaukar barbashi, yawanci gajeren nesa, ta hanyar ruwa mai laushi da daidaituwa (ruwan takarda).  Sufuri ta hanyar yaduwar takarda yawanci a kan ƙananan nisan, ma'ana cewa lalacewar takarda tsari ne mai ƙarancin girma. Koyaya, mitar a tsawon lokaci wanda wannan ke faruwa na iya zama babba, yana biyan kuɗi ga ƙaramin canji da aka lura a kowane ɓangaren ɓarkewar takarda. Ana iya rarrabe takardar ruwa daga kwararar takarda ta yau da kullun ta hanyar girmansa mafi girma da ƙaramin mitar. Masana kimiyya daban-daban sun haɗa ambaliyar ruwa tare da dalilai da yawa, gami da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi, ƙarancin taimako, rashin ciyayi, ƙaranci na substratum, bambancin yanayi mai ƙarfi tsakanin yanayi, nau'in gangara da Canjin yanayi. Sheetfloods yawanci suna da rikici yayin da sheetflow na iya zama laminar ko turbulent.

Rushewar takalma ya zama ruwan dare a cikin filayen da aka noma kwanan nan da kuma ƙasa mai laushi inda ba a karfafa tushe ba, yawanci ƙasa. Sakamakon asarar kayan ta hanyar rushewar takarda na iya haifar da lalacewar ƙasa mai daraja. ciyawa mai kauri, kamar Vetiver, yana hana ci gaban kwararar takarda. Rushewar takardar da ruwan sama guda daya ya haifar na iya haifar da asarar har zuwa tan ɗari na ƙananan barbashi a cikin acre.

An yi jayayya cewa a ƙarshen Neoproterozoic Era, lalacewar takarda ya kasance babban tsari ne na lalacewa saboda rashin tsire-tsire a ƙasa. Saboda haka, lalacewar takarda na iya ba da gudummawa ga tsara muhimman siffofi kamar yankin Sub-Cambrian wanda ke rufe yawancin Baltic Shield.

## Manazarta
Slaking (geology)

Slaking shine tsari wanda kayan ƙasa ke rushewa kuma suna rushewa lokacin da aka fallasa su cikin danshi. Ana iya amfani da kalmar ga tsarin yanayin ƙasa na halitta, ƙasar da aka gyara ta ko don amfani da mutum, ko kuma amfani da kayan ƙasa a masana'antu ko masana'antu. 

Wannan tsari na iya haifar da rushewa idan yankin geologic ba shi da santsi ko tsire-tsire. Dukiyar slaking ba lallai bane ta kasance a cikin sararin samaniya na A, tare B sararin samaniya B slaking kawai ya zama matsala lokacin da sararin A ya damu ko ya lalace.

Slaking yana faruwa a kan tarin ƙasa kuma yana da alaƙa da yawan wanka, da sauri wanka, ƙarin slaking yana faruwa.

## Rigakafin raguwa
Kamar yadda yake tare da mafi yawan rushewa rushewa ana iya hana shi tare da sake shuke-shuke na ƙasa mara kyau da kuma iyakance rikicewar ƙasa a kan gangara.

## Manazarta
Fort McCarthy

**Fort McCarthy** kagara ce wacce aka yi ta daga lokacin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya Gold Coast a ƙasar Ghana ta yau.

Katangar/kafata wata kango ce a Cape Coast, na yankin Tsakiyar Ghana.

## Manazarta
Lissafin 'Yanci a Duniya

**Lissafin 'Yanci a Duniya** wani lissafi ne na 'yanci na jama'a da aka buga a ƙarshen 2012 ta Cibiyar Fraser ta Kanada, Cibiyar Liberales ta Jamus, da Cibiyar Cato ta Amurka.  Lissafin shine magajin Lissafin 'Yancin Dan Adam, wanda aka buga kowace shekara tun 2015. Mawallafin duka biyun sune Ian Vásquez da Tanja Porčnik (née Štumberger).

Lissafin ya dogara ne akan matakan 'yancin magana,' 'yancin addini, Zaɓin tattalin arziki na mutum,' yanci na tarayya,' 'yancin taro, tashin hankali da laifuka,' yan 'yancin motsi, da' 'Yancin mata. Sauran abubuwan da ke cikin Freedom Index sun haɗa da fataucin mutane, cin zarafin jima'i, yankan mata, da kisan kai.

Ƙididdigar ƙasashe a kan sikelin daga 10 (mafi 'yanci) zuwa 0 (mafi ƙarancin kyauta). A cikin 2012, ƙasashe / yankuna masu 'yanci sune New Zealand (8.88), Switzerland (8.82), da Hong Kong">Hong Kong SAR, (8.81). Mafi ƙarancin kyauta sune Siriya (3.79), Venezuela (3.80), da Yemen (4.30).  Abubuwan da aka samo asali daga lissafin za a iya raba su zuwa 'Yancin tattalin arziki da sauran' yancin mutum. Matsayi mafi girma a cikin 'yancin tattalin arziki shine Hong Kong (8.91) da Singapore (8.71). Matsayi mafi girma a cikin 'Yanci na mutum shine Amurka (9.45) da Netherlands (9.28). 

Freedom Index ba ya auna Dimokuradiyya, amma yana auna 'yancin magana da kafofin watsa labarai, kisan gillar manema labarai, ɗaurin siyasa, da dai sauransu. A cewar rahoton, dimokuradiya na iya zama hanyar gwamnati da ta fi kare' yanci, amma dimokuradiyar na iya karawa da rage' yanci. Duk da haka, dimokuradiyya tana da alaƙa sosai da 'yanci (7.9), kamar yadda aka auna ta hanyar Cibiyar Demokradiyya ta Tattalin Arziki da Cibiyar 'Yanci

An haɗa Freedom Index a matsayin wani ɓangare na littafin Towards a Worldwide Index of Human Freedom, wanda masana kimiyya da masana tattalin arziki 13 suka rubuta daga Kanada (Fraser Institute), Amurka (Cato Institute, Emory University), Jamus (Liberales Institut, Goethe University Frankfurt), da Rasha (Institute of Economic Analysis). Daga cikin sauran da'awar, rahoton ya yi jayayya cewa aikata laifuka da yaki kan kwayoyi sun ƙuntata abubuwa da yawa na 'yanci.

## Dubi kuma

* 'Yanci na Tattalin Arziki na Duniya, binciken shekara-shekara da Cibiyar Fraser ta samar
* Jerin alamun 'yanci

## Haɗin waje

* 'Yancin Dan Adam An adana shi 2013-01-16 a , shafin yanar gizon Cibiyar Fraser

## Manazarta
Andrew Holland

**Andrew Holland** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1979) shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma Shugaba na Fusion Industry Association (FIA), kungiyar da ke ba da jagora ta dabarun manufofin makamashi da kuma ba da shawara ga makamashi. Ayyukan Holland suna mai da hankali kan batutuwan da suka shafi tsaron kasa,  makamashi, Canjin yanayi,  da muhalli.  Ta hanyar jawabinsa da rubuce-rubuce, Holland ta fito a matsayin babbar murya don tsaron makamashi mai ɗorewa da Rage canjin yanayi.

Andrew Holland ya fito ne a cikin shirin Story in the Public Square, wanda aka watsa a kan PBS a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 2025, inda ya tattauna makamashi da tasirinsa akan samar da makamashi na duniya. Ayyukansa sun bayyana a cikin The Guardian,  The Christian Science Monitor,  The Wall Street Journal,  The Washington Examiner  da The Washington Post.

## Ilimi da aiki
Holland ta sami BS a Tarihi da Tattalin Arziki daga Jami'ar Wake Forest a shekara ta 2001, kuma ta sami MSc a cikin dabarun kasa da kasa da Tattalanci daga Jami'an St. Andrews a shekara ta 2006, duka biyu a Arewacin Carolina.

A duk lokacin da yake aiki, Holland ya kasance fitaccen mai ba da shawara game da tsaro mai ɗorewa  da kuma rage Canjin yanayi.

Daga 2006 zuwa 2008 ya yi aiki ga Sanata na Amurka Chuck Hagel a matsayin Mataimakin majalisa Dokoki na Makamashi da Muhalli.

Daga Disamba 2008 zuwa Janairu 2013 ya kasance Mataimakin Bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Kasuwanci ta Duniya (IISS) inda ya gudanar da "Tattaunawa ta Transatlantic kan Canjin Yanayi da Tsaro".

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2011 ya shiga aikin tsaro na Amurka (ASP) wanda Chuck Hegel da John Kerry suka kafa a shekara ta 2006. Ya zama COO na ASP a shekarar 2015 kuma ya rike wannan mukamin har sai da ya bar a watan Mayu 2021.

A cikin 2021 ya shiga Fusion Industry Association (FIA) a matsayin Shugaba mai kafa ta kuma ya kasance a can har zuwa yanzu.

Holland ta taimaka wajen samun Hukumar Kula da Nukiliya don raba ka'idojin fission na nukiliya daga wadanda suka hada nukiliya.

## Manazarta
Gidajen Sarki Abdullah

**KAIG** Abdullah Gardens (**KAGA**), wanda a baya aka fi sani da King Abdullah International Gardens (KYAU) (Arabic), lambu ne na musamman kuma mai kula da muhalli wanda ke cikin Riyadh, hamada mai busasshiyar tsakiyar Saudi Arabia. An tsara aikin ne don mayar da hankali kan fahimtar ɗan adam game da tsari, sakamakon, da nazarin Canjin yanayi.

## Bayani game da aikin
An fara aikin KAIG ne a Riyadh kuma yana shirye ya zama ɗaya daga cikin albarkatun ilimi na farko don fahimtar yanayi da ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Za a gina lambunan a cikin abubuwa biyu masu alaƙa da juna, masu kama da karami, suna nuna hanyar shafin ta hanyar lokaci. Aljanna ta Zaɓuɓɓuka za ta nuna abin da zai iya faruwa a nan gaba idan canjin yanayi ya ci gaba ko kuma an kama shi. An shirya aikin don zama ɗayan manyan lambunan da ke kula da zafin jiki a duniya.

Ya zuwa yanzu, an kammala fiye da 40% na ayyukan KAIG. An bayar da rahoton cewa za a kammala aikin a cikin kaka na shekara ta 2025.

## Mai kwangila
An ba da kwangilar don aiwatar da aikin lambunan kasa da kasa na 210-ha ga Zaid Alhussain & Brothers Group. Yarjejeniyar, mai darajar dala miliyan 427.4 (1.6bn SAR), Ma'aikatar Harkokin Kasuwanci da Karkara ta Saudi Arabia (MOMRAH) ce ta ba da kyautar.

## Manazarta
Armor (hydrology)

A cikin ilimin ruwa da Yanayin ƙasa, **makamai** shine haɗin dutsen ƙasa, duwatsu ko duwatsu tare da gadaje ko rairayin bakin teku. Yawancin makamai na ruwa suna faruwa ne ta hanyar halitta; duk da haka, ana kiran nau'in da mutum ya yi *riprap*, lokacin da aka gina bakin teku ko bankunan rafi don kariya ta rushewa tare da manyan duwatsu ko manyan abubuwa masu ƙera. Lokacin da makamai ke da alaƙa da rairayin bakin teku a cikin nau'ikan duwatsu zuwa matsakaicin matsakaici wanda ke da alaka daga millimita biyu zuwa 200 a fadin, ana kiran yanayin da ya haifar da rairayar bakin teku. Tsarin hydrological yana nuna cewa makamai na rafi yawanci suna ci gaba a cikin yanayin ambaliyar ruwa.

## Hoton Hjulstroms

Ana jigilar makamai na gado ta hanyar janyewa, kuma musamman dakatarwa da gishiri. Dukkanin wadannan matakai sun haɗa da motsa turɓaya kusa da kusa da kuma kusa da kogin. Lokacin da aka kwashe wani laka ana motsa shi zuwa ƙasa ta hanyar dakarun tsakanin yadudduka na ruwa da ke kewaye da shi, kuma da zarar ya daidaita ya fara ƙirƙirar Layer a kan kogin. Wannan Layer na sediment yana canza hydrology na kogi a kusa da shi, kamar yadda da zarar wannan Layer a kasa ya kafa yana shafar hydraulics na kogi. Wannan Layer na sediments a kan gado na kogi na iya aiki a matsayin shingen ga shigowa kwarara, kuma dangane da girman da rarraba hatsi, na iya canza kogi.

Hoton Hjulstroms yana wakiltar girman hatsi da saurin gudana ana jigilar kwayar. Tudun da ke saman hagu na jadawalin shi ne saboda yumbu da hadin kai.

## Girman ƙwayoyin
Rarraba da girman turɓaya na iya taimakawa nuna nau'in kogi, da kuma jagorancin kwarara gaba ɗaya. Rarraba hatsi na makamai na gado yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar makamai, da kuma aikinsa wanda ya dogara da girman makamai. Misali, idan akwai babban yanki na laka wanda ke zaune a kan gado na kogi zai iya canza ƙofar don kwararar mahimmanci. Canjin da ke cikin kwararar ruwa a kasan rafi ko kogi na iya canza turbidity na kwararar, kuma ƙirƙirar nau'ikan tsarin kogi daban-daban dangane da kewayon tasirin da canjin ke ciki. Wannan tasirin na iya haifar da madauki mai kyau, tare da gagarumin gudana wanda ke rushe ƙananan ruwa wanda ke maimaita aikin.

## Ruwa mai ƙarfi
Ruwa yana nuna adadin makamashi da kogi ke amfani da shi a kan gadonsa. Ana amfani da daidaitattun ne don fahimtar ƙarfin dangane da ruwa da ke yin aiki a kan gado. Makamai na gado suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da wannan daidaitattun, lokacin da ƙarfin a kan rafin ya kara ruwa da ke aiki a kan turɓaya na iya ƙaruwa. Wannan na iya haifar da canji da motsi a cikin rafi dangane da turɓaya a kan layin ƙasa.

## Manazarta
Af

***''''Af*****, af, Af, da dai sauransu na iya nufin:af

## Fasaha da nishaɗi

* A-F Records, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
* *Kusan Iyali*, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Amurka

## Kasuwanci da kungiyoyi

### Turai

* ÅF, kamfanin ba da shawara na fasaha na Sweden
* AF Gruppen, kamfanin gini, Norway
* Action Française, ƙungiyar siyasa ta Faransa
* Air France, lambar IATA da alamar hannun jari
* Ƙungiyar Anarchist (British Isles) 

### Kasashen Duniya

* Abercrombie &amp;amp; Fitch, A&F, shagunan tufafin Amurka
* Asusun Daidaitawa, don daidaita canjin yanayi, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
* Taron Adventist, na Adventists na bakwai

### A wasu wurare

* American Freightways, kamfanin jigilar kayayyaki na Amurka, ya haɗu da FedEx Freight

## Harshe

* Académie française, don al'amuran harshen Faransanci
* Alliance Française, inganta harshen Faransanci da al'adu
* Acronym Finder, bayanan yanar gizo
* Harshen Afrikaans (ISO 639-1 lambar harshe AF) 
* "...as fuck", ma'ana "mai yawa", a cikin Harshen SMS

## Magunguna

* Ruwa mai guba
* Fibrillation na Atrial, bugun zuciya mara kyau

## Soja

* AF Guardian, jirgin yaki na Amurka
* Sojojin Sama
* Sojoji
* Alamar rarraba jirgin ruwa na Amurka: Jirgin ajiyar kayayyaki (AF)  

## Wuraren da aka yi

* Afghanistan, ta hanyar haruffa 2 ISO, FIPS 10-4, LOC MARC da tsohuwar lambar ƙasar NATO 
** .af, yankin Intanet na sama na Afghanistan
* Tashar jirgin kasa ta Agra Fort, Rawatpara, Indiya

## Kimiyya da fasaha

### Acoustics da sadarwa

* Amplify-and-Forward, wani makirci na tashar sakewa
* Sauran mita
* Yawan sauti

### Ƙididdigar ma'auni

* Ƙafafu
* Attofarad

### Ayyukan gani

* Autofocus, na kyamara
* Filtering na anisotropic

### Sauran amfani a kimiyya da fasaha

* Af, rarraba yanayin yanayi na Köppen don Yanayin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi
* A fadin flats (A / F), ma'auni na hexagonal nut flat size
* Advanced Format, manyan sassan hard disk
* Anaerobic tace, wani nau'in anaerobic digester
* Arcuate fasciculus, wani nau'i na jijiya a cikin kwakwalwa

## Sauran amfani

* Alabama da Florida Railway (alama mai rahoto AF) 
* Anno Fascista, shekara guda a cikin kalandar Fascist ta Italiya
Yakin Duniya

Yunkurin Duniya ƙungiya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ke kira ga yajin aiki na duniya don matakin yanayi. Manufar su ita ce yajin aiki na duniya a ranar 27 ga Satumba 2019. Yunkurin yajin aiki na duniya ya kasance wani ɓangare na yajin aikin yanayi na Satumba 2019, wanda ya tara miliyoyin masu zanga-zangar.

Wannan motsi ya sami goyon bayan jama'a daga kungiyoyi ciki har da Extinction Rebellion da Jumma'a don Makomar, da kuma jama'a ciki har da Noam Chomsky . 

## Tarihi

### Tushen
An kafa Earth Strike a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2018 bayan wani mai amfani a kan r/Chomsky ya yi kira ga "Janar Strike don Ceton Duniyar". [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Sakamakon nan da nan ya tara hankali a cikin Reddit, kuma an kafa r / EarthStrike subreddit don shirya yajin aiki. An gudanar da zanga-zangar farko a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun 2019, tare da sanar da 27 ga watan Satumba a matsayin ranar "Yakin Duniya". An ambaci yajin aiki a Iceland a 1975 da Indiya a 2019 a matsayin wahayi.

### Kwanaki na aiki

* 19 ga Yulin 2019 - Yunkurin Matasa don Yanayi
* Agusta 2019 - zanga-zangar yanayi
* Yunkurin yajin aiki na Satumba 2019

### Satumba 2019 yajin aikin yanayi na duniya
Yunkurin yajin aikin yanayi na duniya na Satumba 2019 ya faru ne a ranar 20 da 27 ga Satumba 2019. Kimanin mutane miliyan 6 ne suka shiga yajin aiki a duk duniya. An shirya zanga-zangar ne ta hanyar hadin gwiwar ƙungiyoyi da kungiyoyi a duniya, gami da Yakin Duniya, Jumma'a Don Nan Gaba, 350.org, da ƙungiyoyin kwadago daban-daban. zanga-zangar ta hada da yajin aiki a makaranta, yajin aiki, da zanga-zambe a kan titi da tarurruka.

## Manazarta
Ginshiƙan Awa Sand

**Ginshiƙan Duniya na Awa**, wanda kuma ake kira Ginshiƙai na Awa Sand ko Awa no Douban), tsari ne na sandstone da dutse da ke cikin garin Awa, Tokushima Prefecture, a tsibirin Shikoku, Japan. Tsarin yana tare da Dochū-Kōtsu Prefectural Natural Park. 

An tsara wannan tsari a matsayin dukiyar halitta ta Japan.

## Bayyanawa
Ginshiƙan duniya da aka gani a Awa sune hoodoos, ƙananan ƙuƙwalwar dutse waɗanda aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar da za su ɗauki siffar da ba a saba gani ba. Sabanin sauran tsarin dutse, ana kirkirar hoodoos lokacin da wani nau'in dutse mai wuya ya samo asali sama da dutse mai laushi; yayin da iska, ruwan sama, da sauran hanyoyin halitta suka lalace a hankali, dutse mai taushi yana lalacewa da sauri fiye da dutse e wuya (wanda aka sani da "ƙwallo"), yana haifar da ƙusa ko ginshiƙi. Ci gaba da rushewar dutse mai laushi yana haifar da murfin ya girma ba tare da kwanciyar hankali ba, a ƙarshe ya faɗi kuma ya fallasa sauran ginshiƙan ga rushewa.

A cikin wurin shakatawa na Tsuchiya Takakoshi, an yi hoodoos da aka gani daga yadudduka na tsohuwar dutse da yashi (daga baya an matsa su cikin sandstone) wanda Kogin Yoshino da ke kusa, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don rufe yankin. An yi la'akari da cewa an kafa shi shekaru miliyan 1.2 da suka gabata, dutsen da aka kwantar da shi da kogin ya kwashe a hankali fiye da sandstone, yana haifar da tsarin dutse mara kyau. Awa hoodoos sun bambanta da girman da siffar; wasu daga cikin ƙananan ginshiƙai suna da mita 10 a tsawo, yayin da mafi girma (mai suna "Wadakuto") yana da mita 90 a tsawo. Hoodoos a Awa suna daya daga cikin irin wadannan tsari guda uku a duniya, tare da sauran biyu suna cikin Dutsen Rocky da Tyrol.

Rubuce-rubucen farko na kafa ya kasance a cikin 800 AD. A watan Mayu 1935 an sanya kafawar a matsayin Tarihin Halitta na Kasa. kuma daga baya aka haɗa shi cikin Dochū-Kōtsu Prefectural Natural Park . Shafin yana ɗaya daga cikin Sceneries 88 na Tokushima .

## Manazarta
Jerin Amurkawa da aka daure ko aka tsare a kasashen waje

Wannan jerin sun hada da Amurkawa da aka daure ko kuma wadanda aka tsare su ba bisa ka'ida ba a kasashen waje ta hanyar 'yan wasan jihohi da wadanda ba na jihohi ba kuma sun hada da' yan asalin Amurka da mazauna dindindin na doka. Ya ƙunshi mutanen da aka tsare su ba bisa ka'ida ba ta hanyar tashoshi daban-daban, gami da yanke hukunci na laifi, diflomasiyya da aka yi garkuwa da su, da satar mutane. Ba ya haɗa da fursunonin yaki, satar mutane a lokacin yaƙi.

Tun daga shekara ta 2015, Jakadan Shugaban kasa na Musamman na Harkokin Gadi (SPEHA) yana jagorantar da daidaita ayyukan a duk fadin reshen zartarwa don kawo gida Amurkawa da aka mai garkuwa da su ko kuma an tsare su ba bisa ka'ida ba a kasashen waje. Kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba waɗanda ke ba da shawara don dawo da Amurkawa da aka tsare a ƙasashen waje ba bisa ka'ida ba sun haɗa da Cibiyar Richardson don Kasuwanci ta Duniya, Gidauniyar James Foley, da Kamfen ɗin Bring Our Families Home

## Afirka

### Misira

### Libya
 

### Mozambique

### Rwanda

### Somaliya

### Afghanistan
}
|10 Nuwamba 2008|Released19 June 2009
|221
|Wani dan jaridar New York Times wanda Taliban ta sace yayin da yake gudanar da bincike don littafi. An tura shi zuwa wani fili na Taliban kusa da iyakar Pakistan kuma daga baya ya tsere.
|-
|
|17 ga watan Agusta 2022|Released20 December 2022
|125
|Mai shirya fina-finai mai zaman kansa kuma ɗan jarida wanda Taliban ta riƙe.
|}

## Dubi kuma

* Ranar da aka yi garkuwa da Amurka da kuma Ranar da ba daidai ba
* Jerin 'yan jarida da aka tsare, da aka tsare da kuma wadanda suka bata
* Rashin Robert Levinson a cikin 2007 yayin da yake kan wani aiki a Iran don Hukumar leken asiri ta tsakiya; ana zaton gwamnatin Iran ce ta tsare shi a kurkuku kuma ana zaton ya mutu

## Manazarta
Matilde Alvim

**Matilde Alvim** ƴar gwagwarmayar kare muhalli ce ta Portugal, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ke da alhakin shirya yajin aikin yanayi na ɗalibai (Fridays for Future) a Portugal waɗanda ayyukan mai gwagwarmaya ta Sweden Greta Thunberg suka yi wahayi zuwa gare su.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Alvim ya fito ne daga Ikklisiya na Quinta do Anjo, wanda yake wani ɓangare na Palmela, a cikin Gundumar Setúbal ta Portugal, kudu da babban birnin Lisbon kuma kusa da Gidan shakatawa na Arrábida . Daliba ce a makarantar sakandare ta Palmela lokacin da zanga-zangar dalibai ta fara, yanzu tana dalibi ne a fannin ilimin ɗan adam a Kwalejin Kimiyya da Kimiyya ta Jama'a ta Jami'ar NOVA Lisbon . 

## Yunkurin fafutuka
An yi wahayi zuwa gare ta ta ta da batutuwan muhalli tun tana ƙarama, tana tunawa da cewa wani labarin jarida game da Babban Gishiri na Pacific ya shafe ta sosai. Wannan ya sa ta fahimci cewa matsalolin muhalli, musamman rikicin yanayi, ba za a iya warware su ta hanyar aiki na mutum kadai ba kuma akwai bukatar zuwa tushen matsalar. Musamman, ta zargi masana'antar burbushin burbushin halittu, wanda, ta yi jayayya, ya saka hannun jari a cikin ɓarna da kamfen ɗin lobbying don rinjayar gwamnatoci kada su bi alkawuran rage fitar da hayaki na duniya. Ta yi jayayya cewa duniya dole ne ta kai ga tsaka-tsaki na carbon a shekara ta 2030, maimakon 2050, ranar da gwamnatin Portugal ta gabatar.

Alvim ya shiga cikin gwagwarmayar yanayi a cikin 2019, tare da aboki, Beatriz Barroso . Da farko sun shirya don nuna kansu, kamar yadda Greta Thunberg ya yi, amma goyon baya ga yajin aikin makaranta na "Fridays for Future" ya bazu da sauri, tare da zanga-zangar farko a Lisbon sannan yajin aikin Jumma'a a duk faɗin ƙasar. Fiye da kungiyoyin dalibai 30 sun shiga, tare da takamaiman tallafi a Porto da Coimbra. A ranar 15 ga Maris 2019, dalibai 20,000 sun taru a Lisbon.

## Wasika ta bude wa Ministan Muhalli
A ranar 3 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, Alvim ya rubuta wasika ga Ministan Muhalli, yana sukar tsarin gwamnati game da gaggawa. Daga cikin sauran abubuwa, ta ki amincewa da shirye-shiryen sabon Filin jirgin saman Lisbon da kuma hawan Kogin Sado. Daga cikin sauran bukatun da masu zanga-zangar suka yi akwai bukatar hana amfani da iskar gas a Portugal da kuma soke wani shiri na bututun gas.

## Gidan liyafar Greta Thunberg a Lisbon
A wannan rana da aka buga wasikar budewa, Alvim ta kasance wani ɓangare na kwamitin karɓar baƙi wanda ya karɓi Greta Thunberg a Lisbon, a kan dawowarta Turai daga New York, a kan hanyar zuwa taron koli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN), wanda ake kira COP25, wanda ke faruwa a Madrid. Thunberg, wanda ya ki tashi saboda tasirin da jirgin ya yi a kan muhalli, ya isa ta jirgin ruwa. Alvim ta yi jawabi tana maimaita wasu abubuwan da aka yi a cikin wasikar da ta yi wa ministan.

## Tasirin COVID-19
A lokacin annobar COVID, lokacin da zanga-zangar ba za ta yiwu ba, Alvim ya ci gaba da kiyaye batun Canjin yanayi a gaban tunanin mutane, rubuta labarai ga jaridu da yin hira.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Dominique Browning

**Dominique Browning** ɗan gwagwarmayar yanayi ne na Amurka, marubuci, kuma edita wanda kuma ya kafa ƙungiyar muhalli mai zaman kanta Moms Clean Air Force, aikin na musamman na Asusun Tsaro na Muhalli. Daga 1995 zuwa 2007 ta kasance babban edita na littafin Conde Nast House & Garden . Kafin House & Garden ta yi aiki a *Savvy*, American Photographer, Esquire, , da *Mirabella* . A matsayinta na babban edita na House & Garden da aka sake kaddamarwa, ta ce ta gabatar da batutuwan muhalli na duniya ga mujallar, kuma ta nemi neman manufofi masu ma'ana a bayan cinikin littattafan Condé Nast.

## Rayuwa
Browning ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Wesleyan a shekarar 1977 tare da babban digiri a fannin falsafa, adabi, da tarihi, kuma ta kasance mai horar da pianist. Ita ce ta kafa Moms Clean Air Force, ƙungiyar kare muhalli da aka sadaukar don inganta ƙa'idodin ingancin iska, tana kula da shafin yanar gizon sirri da ake kira 'Slow Love Life', kuma ana nuna rubuce-rubucenta a kai a kai a cikin The New York Times da Time .  A halin yanzu tana ba da gudummawa ga jaridu da mujallu da yawa, kuma tana da shafi na kowane wata a shafin yanar gizon Asusun Tsaro na Muhalli.

## Rubuce-rubuce
Browning ya rubuta littattafai masu zuwa:

* *A kusa da Gidan da A cikin Aljanna: Tarihin Zuciya, Warkarwa, da Inganta Gida*
* *Hanyoyin sha'awa: sha'awar mai kula da lambu na kewayen birni*
* Slow Love: Yadda na rasa aikina, sanya a kan tufafi na, da kuma samun farin ciki (wanda aka saki a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2010)   

Littattafan Browning suna magana ne game da rayuwarta. Ta auri Nicholas Lemann, tare da shi tana da 'ya'ya maza biyu, Alexander da Theodore . Littafinta na baya-bayan nan, Slow Love, ya ba da labarin dangantakarta bayan kisan aure da "Stroller", sunan mutumin da aka raba shi da shi wanda take da dangantaka ta shekaru bakwai, kuma wanda ya tambaye ta akai-akai dalilin da ya sa ya yi aure.

Browning ya kuma rubuta littattafai a ƙarƙashin alamar House & Garden:

* *Gidan da Littafin Aljanna na Style*
* *Rayuwa Mai Kyau*
* *Gidajen Aljanna*
* *Gidan Bauta*

## Ayyukan muhalli
Browning ya kafa Moms Clean Air Force a cikin 2010 tare da mai da hankali kan canjin yanayi. Kungiyar ta kasa yanzu tana da mambobi miliyan 1.5 da kuma surori goma sha biyu na jihar  An girmama ta a 2016 tare da Kyautar Rachel Carson da The National Audubon Society ta gabatar. 

## Manazarta
Yarjejeniyar Fomena

**Yarjejeniyar Fomena** yarjejeniya ce ta zaman lafiya tsakanin Daular Ashanti (a lokacin Kofi Karikari) da Birtaniya kuma an kafa ta don kawo ƙarshen yakin Anglo-Ashanti na uku. An kafa ta a wani lokaci a cikin watan Fabrairu na 1874. Wasu kuma sun yi iƙirarin cewa an kafa ta ne a wani lokaci a kusa da watan Maris, kodayake yarjejeniyar ta bayyana cewa an sanya hannu a ranar 13 ga watan Fabrairu. [ a ].

## Tarihi

A cikin ƙarni na 19th, Ashantis sun kaddamar da jerin hare-hare na Gold Coast, suna haɓaka tasirin su a yankin. Don yaƙar wannan, Burtaniya ta ƙaddamar da balaguron Wolseley, wanda Janar Garnet Wolseley ya umarta. Yaƙin Amoaful da yakin Ordashu ya haifar da kwato sojojin Ashanti tare da kwace garin Kumasi da yankunan da ke kusa da shi a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun 1874.  Bayan 'yan kwanaki a ranar 13 ga watan Fabrairu, an gudanar da taro tsakanin Ashanti da Turawan Ingila wanda Kofi Karikari ya buƙaci a yi zaman lafiya. Wannan daga baya za a san shi da Yarjejeniyar Fomena.

## Sharuɗɗa
Sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar sun haifar da muni ga daular Ashanti a lokacin rashin kwanciyar hankali. [ a ] An jera bayyani na sharuɗɗan a ƙasa:

* Kungiyar Ashantis ta yi alkawarin biyan kudin Zinare 50,000 ga Birtaniya.
* Ashantis su yi watsi da da'awarsu akan Assin, Akim, Adanse da Denkyira.
* Su kuma yi watsi da da'awar Elmina da sauran kawayenta, da kuma duk wani kuɗaɗen da Gwamnatin Burtaniya za ta biya na amfani da sanduna.
* Za su kuma janye sojojinsu daga Kudu maso Yamma da sauran wurare.
* Don kuma dakatar da sadaukarwar ɗan adam.

Bugu da ƙari, yarjejeniyar ta bayyana cewa "Sarkin Ashanti ya ba da tabbacin cewa hanyar da ta tashi daga Kumasi zuwa kogin Pra za ta kasance a buɗe a ko da yaushe," yana ba da damar kasuwanci tsakanin manyan ƙasashen biyu. [ a ]

## Tasiri
Nasarar da turawan Ingila da yarjejeniyar suka samu ya kawo ƙarshen mafarkin Asante na kawo karfinsu a jahohin gaɓar teku tare da taka rawa wajen rugujewar masarautar. Wannan kuma ya haifar da 'yancin kai na jihohin Brong, Gonja, da Dagomba.

## Duba kuma

* Anglo-Ashanti yaƙe-yaƙe

## Manazarta


### Littattafai
 *
Esi Buobasa

**Esi Buobasa** (Fuveme, Ghana) 'yar kasar Ghana ce mai sayar da kifi, mai ƙaura da muhalli, kuma mai fafutukar kare yanayi.

A cikin 2023, Buobasa ta bambanta a matsayin daya daga cikin mata masu tasiri a duniya bisa ga Mata 100 (BBC)  saboda kokarin da ta yi na gina juriya game da canjin yanayi.

## Ayyuka
An haifi Buobasa kuma ta girma a Fuveme, ƙauyen bakin teku kusa da Keta .  Tsakanin 2000 da 2010, yankin, wanda ke tsakanin Keta Lagoon da Gulf of Guinea, ya rushe zuwa kusan layin yashi saboda hauhawar matakin teku. Har ila yau, Kogin Volta yana ambaliya a lokaci-lokaci.

Rashin gine-gine da karuwar cycloans da ambaliyar ruwa sun tilasta Buobasa, mai kamun kifi, tare da mijinta da yara biyar,  don yin ƙaura zuwa cikin ƙasa kuma su sake rayuwarsu.  Koyaya, wannan ya hana dangin babbar hanyar samun kudin shiga: kamun kifi.

Don rage tasirin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na ƙaurawar muhalli, Buobasa ta kafa wata ƙungiya don tallafawa mata masunta a cikin yanayinta. Kungiyar ta nemi horar da su don wasu ayyuka da samar da farfadowar tattalin arziki. Har ila yau, ya samar da asusun juriya don biyan kuɗin lalacewa ko asarar kuɗin shiga saboda ƙarin guguwa ko bala'in yanayi. Jagorancin Buobasa ya haifar da shigar da ita a cikin jerin mata 100 na BBC na 2023 (BBC).  

## Manazarta
Paula Caballero

**Paula Caballero** 'yar gwagwarmayar yanayi ce kuma 'yar diflomasiyya a Colombian. Tun daga farkon COP1 a 1995, ta shiga cikin tattaunawar yanayi a matsayin shugaban tawagar Colombia.  Ta kasance darakta na Muhalli da albarkatun kasa a Bankin Duniya daga 2014-2016.  Ya zuwa Afrilu 2023, tana aiki a matsayin manajan darakta na yankin na Latin Amurka a The Nature Conservancy (TNC). 

## Rayuwa ta farko
Paula Caballero is the granddaughter of Helena Laverde de Gomez. Paula Caballero studied at Brown University where she completed a BA in history and a master's degree in international relations. After she graduated from Brown University, she returned to Bogota, Colombia, and worked as a researcher at the Center for International Development at Universidad de los Andes. Over the years, she worked a variety of jobs around the world in such places as Bogota, London and New York.

## 17 Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci gaba
Paula Caballero ta tsara manufofi 17 na ci gaba mai ɗorewa (SDGs) a matsayin manufofi da za su maye gurbin manufofin ci gaba na Millennial (MDGs) da aka gabatar a cikin 2000. MDGs ba su yi isasshen don dorewar muhalli ba kuma sun mai da hankali ne kawai ga kasashe masu tasowa. Ta fara gabatar da su ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Solo, Indonesia amma ba a tattauna su ba. Kwamitin ya sake haɗuwa a Rio de Janeiro a cikin 2012, amma Guatemala ce kawai ta sanya hannu. Wani muhimmin batu na muhawara shine ko an haɗa manufofi da yawa ko a'a. Shirin SDG kusan ya mutu a G77, amma wakilin Indiya Vivek Wadekar ya tunatar da taron cewa an riga an yarda da rubutun. A cikin 'yan shekaru, an ci gaba da inganta rubutun burin ta hanyar ƙungiyar aiki. A cikin 2015, Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya karɓi SDGs.

Ta ba da labarin kwarewarta na ƙoƙarin tura SDGs zuwa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin littafinta, Redefining Development: The Extraordinary Genesis of the Sustainable Development Goals .  A cikin 2019, ta sami lambar yabo ta Jamusanci tare da Shugaban Jamus Joachim Gauck da Mich Hucknall. A cikin 2022, ta ba da jawabin farawa ga ɗaliban da suka kammala karatu na Universidad de los Andes . 

## The Nature Conservancy (TNC)
Caballero ya ci gaba da aiki a kan matsalolin zamantakewa da yanayi ta hanyar Kula da Yanayi. A matsayinta, tana aiki a kan sauya manufofin jama'a da kuma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu kan gudummawar kudi.

## Manazarta
Fy

***'FY***' ko FY na iya nufin:fy

## Jirgin sama

* Convair XFY Pogo, jirgin sama na gwaji
* Fengyun, jerin tauraron dan adam na kasar Sin
* Firefly (jirgin sama) , Malaysia (IATA code: `FY`) 

## Wuraren da aka yi

* Yankin gidan waya na FY, Ingila
* Arewacin Makidoniya (Lambar ƙasar NATO:`FY`) 
* Fengyang, kasar Sin

## Kimiyya

* Ƙarfin samarwa, na kayan aiki
* Duf`FY` antigen system (International Society for Blood Transfusion code: FY), rarrabawar rukunin jini na mutum
* Feynmanium, ko untriseptium

## Sauran amfani

* *Fushigi Yûgi*, wani manga (1991-1996) 
* Shekarar kudi, a cikin kasuwanci
* Yammacin Yammacin Frisia, ana magana da shi a cikin Netherlands (ISO 639-1: `fy`)
Yankin Borsu

Filayen Borsu (Yaren mutanen Sweden: Borsuytan) wani fili ne da ake samu a matsayin benci na kwari a tsaunukan Scandinavia na arewacin. Walter Wråk ne ya fara gano saman wanda ya buga bincikensa a Ymer a cikin 1908.

## Manazarta
Yarjejeniyar Shari'a ta Burtaniya da Pakistan kan Batutuwan Yara

HiYarjejeniyar Shari'a ta Burtaniya da Pakistan kan Matsalar Yara wata yarjejeniya ce tsakanin manyan alƙalai na Kotun Iyali na Babban Kotun Ingila da Wales da Kotun Koli ta Pakistan .   Yarjejeniyar tana da alaƙa da cire yara ba bisa ka'ida ba, jin daɗin yaran da aka sace, kwararar bayanai tsakanin kotuna da warware rikice-rikicen iyali tsakanin yankuna biyu.

Yarjejeniyar ta riga ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Hague ta 2016 a Pakistan kan Al'amuran Jama'a na Kasuwancin Yara na Duniya (1980).  Burtaniya ba ta yarda da shiga Pakistan cikin Yarjejeniyar Hague ba, don haka ba za a iya amfani da Yarjejeniyar The Hague ta 1980 tsakanin Burtaniya da Pakistan ba. An yi amfani da yarjejeniyar a kwanan nan a watan Disamba na 2022,  inda wani dan Pakistan da ke zaune a Burtaniya ya nemi Babban Kotun Lahore ta aiwatar da yarjejeniyar. An yi amfani da yarjejeniyar a baya a Babban Kotun Lahore ta 2006 ta lauyoyi da ke aiki ga mahaifiyar Misbah Rana, yarinya mai shekaru 12 wacce mahaifinta ya kai Pakistan.

.Dame Elizabeth Butler-Sloss, sannan shugabar sashin Iyali na Babbar Kotun Ingila da Wales da Hon. Mai shari'a Sh. Riaz Ahmad, a lokacin babban alkalin kotun kolin Pakistan. An sanya hannu kan ƙarin ƙa'idar a ranar 23 ga Satumbar 2003, ban da ainihin masu sa hannun Lady Anne Smith, na Kotun Koli na Scotland da Mista Justice Gillen na Babban Kotun Ireland ta Arewa. Bangaren Burtaniya na wannan yarjejeniya ana kiranta ta Ofishin Shari'a na Iyali na Duniya na Burtaniya, hukumar da ke gudanar da ayyukan Hague Convention.

Reunite, babbar kungiyar agaji ta Burtaniya kan satar yara ta lura cewa ba a bi da yarjejeniyar a matsayin doka a kowane iko ba, don haka alƙalai na iya komawa ga dokar iyali ta gida maimakon yarjejeniyar. Koyaya, yayin da ba a ɗaure shi bisa doka ba, ana kiran yarjejeniyar a cikin umarnin alƙalai a cikin jursidictions guda biyu kamar yadda yake daidai da ayyukan yau da kullun na kotunan Burtaniya da Pakistan.
## Manazarta
Hakkin sanin

**Hakkin sanin** Hakkin ɗan adam ne wanda aka tsara a cikin doka a ƙasashe da yawa. UNESCO ta bayyana shi a matsayin haƙƙin mutane su "shiga cikin hanyar da ta dace a cikin yanke shawara da ke shafar su, yayin da suke riƙe da gwamnatoci da sauransu". Yana neman samun dama ga bayanai a duniya a matsayin muhimmin tushe na al'ummomin ilimi masu hadawa. Sau da yawa ana bayyana shi a cikin mahallin haƙƙin mutane su san game da yiwuwar fallasa su ga yanayin muhalli ko abubuwa waɗanda zasu iya haifar da rashin lafiya ko rauni, amma kuma yana iya komawa gaba ɗaya ga 'yancin bayanai ko yardar da aka sani.".s.

## Ostiraliya
Hakkin sanin game da bayanan haɗarin muhalli an kare shi ta hanyar dokar Australiya, wanda aka bayyana a Ma'aikatar dorewa, Muhalli, Ruwa, Jama'a da Al'ummomi.

Hakkin sanin game da bayanan haɗari a wurin aiki ana kare shi ta hanyar dokar Australiya, wanda aka bayyana a Safe Work Australia da kuma Hazardous Substances Information System.

## Kanada
Hakkin sanin game da bayanan haɗari a wurin aiki ana kare shi ta hanyar dokar Kanada.

Hakkin sanin game da bayanan haɗarin muhalli an kare shi ta hanyar dokar Kanada, wanda aka bayyana a Muhalli Kanada.

## Turai
Turai ta kunshi kasashe da yawa, kowannensu yana da nasa dokoki. Hukumar Tarayyar Turai tana ba da damar shiga cikin mafi yawan bayanai game da hukumomin sarrafawa da dokoki.

Hakkin sanin game da haɗarin muhalli ana sarrafa shi ta Babban Darakta na Hukumar Tarayyar Turai don Muhalli da kuma Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Turai.

Hakkin sanin game da haɗarin wurin aiki yana ƙarƙashin kulawar Hukumar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Turai.

## Amurka
A cikin mahallin wurin aiki na Amurka da Dokar muhalli ta al'umma, haƙƙin sani shine ƙa'idar doka cewa mutum yana da haƙƙin yankin sunadarai waɗanda za a iya fallasa su a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun. An tsara shi a cikin Dokar tarayya ta Amurka da kuma dokokin gida a Jihohin Amurka da yawa. Dokokin "Hakkin Sanarwa" suna da nau'o'i biyu: Hakkin Al'umma don Sanarwa da Hakkin Aiki don Sanarwa. Kowane mutum yana ba da wasu hakkoki ga waɗancan kungiyoyi. An haɗa ra'ayin "dama don sani" a cikin littafin Rachel Carson mai suna Silent Spring . 

Dole ne a bayyana abubuwa masu guba da aka yi amfani da su a yankin aiki ga mazauna a karkashin dokokin da Hukumar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Gudanar da Ayyuka ke sarrafawa.

### Gudanar da Tsaro da Lafiya a Aiki
Ana gudanar da Lafiya da Tsaro na Ayyuka a cikin yawancin jihohi a ƙarƙashin ikon tarayya.

Workplace safety and health in the U.S. operates under the framework established by the federal Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 &#x5D;

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### Hukumar Kare Muhalli
Lafiya da aminci a waje da wurin aiki an kafa su ne ta hanyar Dokar Shirye-shiryen Gaggawa da Hakkin Al'umma (EPCRA), wanda Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) da hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban ke sarrafawa.

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Air quality information must be provided by pest control supervisors under license requirements established by the Worker Protection Standard when restricted use pesticide is applied.

## Manazarta
Kisan Ko Joon-hee

i**kisan Ko Joon-hee** yana nufin kisan wata yarinya mai shekaru biyar a Jeonju-si, Koriya ta Kudu . An kashe Ko Joon-hee a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017 a Eau-dong, Jeonju-si, Koriya ta Kudu. Da farko, an sanar da 'yan sanda cewa wani yaro mai shekaru biyar ya ɓace. Koyaya, bayan cikakken bincike, an gano cewa an kashe Ko Joon-hee saboda cin zarafin mahaifinta na zahiri. Mahaifin, Ko Byung-sik, surukinsa, da surukinsa sun yi makirci don kashewa da barin yaron. Saboda zalunci na shari'ar, wani yunkuri na firgici ya tashi a duk faɗin ƙasar Koriya ta Kudu.

## Laifi
Ko Joon-hee ya ɓace a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2017. Wata daya bayan haka, a ranar 8 ga watan Disamba, kakar mahaifin Joon-hee ta ba da rahoton bacewar ga 'yan sanda.

Tare da yardar iyali, 'yan sanda sun tattara samfurori na DNA kuma sun nemi Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Kasa ta gudanar da bincike. Masu bincike sun gano cewa an binne Ko Joon-hee a kan tudu a Gunsan, kuma ta mutu ne sakamakon firgici wanda ya haifar da cin zarafin jiki wanda ya hada da akalla haƙarƙari uku a lokacin mutuwarta. Daga baya dangin suka ba da shaida game da inda 'yarsu ta ɓace take. Koyaya, 'yan sanda sun yi zargin cewa maganganun da lokutan da suka faru ba daidai ba ne, kuma sun fara zargin cewa mahaifinta ne ya kashe Ko Joon-hee. A sakamakon haka, 'yan sanda sun ci gaba da binciken mahaifin.

## Shari'a da gurfanar da shi
A cikin shari'ar farko a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2018, masu gabatar da kara sun bukaci a ɗaure mahaifin Ko Joon-hee a kan zargin kisan kai ta hanyar cin zarafi. Koyaya, kotun ta yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 20 a kurkuku.

Bayan shari'ar, mahaifin ya shigar da kara, yana mai cewa hukuncin daga shari'ar farko ya yi nauyi sosai. Masu gabatar da kara sun kuma daukaka kara, suna jayayya cewa hukuncin ya yi sauƙi sosai.

Kotun daukaka kara ta shari'ar ta biyu, Babban Kotun Gwangju, ta kuma yanke hukunci cewa Ko shine babban mai laifin cin zarafin yaron da kuma mutuwar da ta biyo baya, kamar hukuncin shari'ar farko. Kotun ta kuma yanke hukuncin cewa matarsa, Lee, ita ce mai haɗin gwiwa kuma ta zarge ta da sakaci da cin zarafin yaron. Kotun ta kuma tabbatar da hukuncin asali na sa'o'i 160 na yin rajista a cikin shirin magani kan cin zarafin yara ga mahaifinsa da matarsa. Bugu da ƙari, kotun ta ki amincewa da roko daga matar Ko, Lee, wacce aka yanke mata hukuncin shekaru hudu a kurkuku a shari'ar farko, wacce ta taimaka wajen binne yaron.

A ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2019, Kotun Koli ta amince da hukuncin asali, ta ki amincewa da roko na wanda ake tuhuma da na mai gabatar da kara kuma a ƙarshe ta yanke wa mahaifinta, Ko, hukuncin shekaru 20 a kurkuku da matarsa, Lee, hukuncin shekaru 10 a kurkuku. Mahaifiyar Lee, wacce aka gano kawai da sunanta, Kim, an kuma yanke mata hukuncin shekaru hudu a kurkuku.
## Manazarta
Taɓawa ta Sama

Toucinho do Céu (lit. 'bacon daga sama') kayan zaki ne na Portuguese wanda aka yi da almonds, ƙwai, da sukari.[1] Duk da yake sau da yawa ana bayyana shi azaman cake ko tart, toucinho do céu ya kasance ba tare da gari ba kuma bai kamata a yi kuskure ba ga sauran kekuna da tarts na Portuguese da ke dauke da almonds.

## Tarihi
Kamar sauran kayan zaki na musamman na abinci na Portuguese da aka sani da kayan zaki (Portuguese: Doçaria Conventual), yana dauke da ƙwai, almond da ƙananan gari. 

Toucinho do céu an sanya masa suna ne bayan bayyanarsa, wanda yayi kama da naman alade.  Koyaya, a tarihi ya haɗa naman alade ko naman alade a cikin girke-girke, kuma zaɓi ne a cikin girki-girke na zamani. An yaba wa nuns na Convento de Santa Mónica da ƙirƙirar wannan Budding a cikin 1500s.

## Shirye-shiryen
Ana narkar da sukari a cikin ruwa kuma a kawo shi cikin tafasa. Ana ƙara almonds na ƙasa a cikin syrup har sai ya yi kauri, kamar marzipan. Wannan cakuda an ɗan sanyaya shi kafin a ƙara man shanu (a tarihi man shanu). Ana haɗa ƙwai a hankali a cikin almond paste. Ana ƙara kayan yaji, irin su cinnamon ko cloves, tare da zest orange ko amaretto. Ana zuba wannan Batir a cikin gurasar da aka shafa da kuma gurasar da ta yi burodi har sai an ɗan yi tauri. An gama kek ɗin da sukari mai ƙura.

## Bambance-bambance

* Toucinho-do-Céu de Murça (lit. 'bikin sama daga Murça') ― Wannan bambancin daga Murça ya ƙunshi  . Ana ƙara doce de gila a lokaci guda da aka kara almond a cikin sukari. An ba da girke-girke ga nuns Benedictine daga gidan ibada a yankin.

* ***Toucinho Rançoso*** (lit. 'rancid bacon') ― From Alentejo, this pudding also contains *doce de gila*. However, prior to baking, it is topped with additional flour to prevent additional browning to the top. The excess flour is then brushed away after it is baked. The story is said that a nun was caught in the act of committing gluttony by her confessor. When asked what she was eating, she replied, "rancid bacon."

* Pastéis de Toucinho do Convento da Esperança (lit. 'bakin naman alade daga Convent of Hope') ― Wadannan burodi daga Alentejo suna dauke da ainihin naman alade an sanya su cikin kananan tarts. Duk da yake an ba da girke-girke ga Convent of Hope, an danganta shi ga Convent na St. John the Penitent ko *Maltesinhas na Estremoz* .  Yankin burodi yana kama da burodi mai laushi. Ana ƙara Jam din naman alade lokacin da ake yin sukari, sannan kuma almonds, ƙwai, da cinnamon. Wannan paste ya cika gurasar da aka yi da burodi don yin burodi.
* Toucinho do Céu de Guimarães (lit. 'bikin sama daga Guimarãas') ― Wannan bambancin daga Guimaránes yayi kama da nau'ikan gargajiya amma ya haɗa da doce de gila a cikin cakuda almond. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da ake ba da nau'ikan gargajiya a cikin nau'i mai laushi kuma an yanka su, Toucinho do Céu de Guimarães an tsara su cikin ƙwallo mai laushi kamar nau'i, sannan a mirgine su cikin sukari kafin a yi amfani da su gaba ɗaya.

## Dubi kuma
 

* Abincin Portuguese
* Tocino de cielo, mai zaki na Mutanen Espanya wanda ke da ma'ana iri ɗaya, an yi shi da yawa daga ƙwai da sukari

## Bayanan da aka ambata
I'm
Babu

**Babu** na iya nufin:babu

* Zero, ra'ayin lissafi na yawan "babu"
* Saitin banza, ra'ayin lissafi na tarin abubuwa da "babu" ke wakilta
* *babu*, Wakilin da ba a bayyana ba a cikin harshen Ingilishi

## Waƙoƙi

*  (Meshuggah EP) , 1994
*  (Cloak of Altering EP) , 2016

## Sauran amfani

* Babu (liturgy) , sa'a ta tara na al'adun gargajiya na Kirista
* Babu, Piedmont, wani gari a lardin Turin a yankin Piedmont na Italiya
* Rashin Addini, rashin haɗin addini
* Babu wani daga cikin abubuwan da ke sama, magana ce ta siyasa don kin amincewa da duk 'yan takarar da ke akwai
* Babu, maɓallin maɓallin null a cikin Python

## Dubi kuma