Francisco J. Ayala

**Francisco José Ayala Pereda** (Maris 12, 1934 - Maris 3, 2023) masanin ilmin halittu ne na juyin halitta na Sipaniya da Amurka kuma masanin falsafa wanda ya daɗe yana aiki a fannin koyarwa a Jami'ar California, Irvine, da Jami'ar California, Davis . 

Ayala a baya ya kasance shugaba kuma shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Kimiyya ta Amurka . [1] A Jami'ar California, Irvine, naɗin da ya yi a fannin ilimi sun haɗa da Farfesa na Jami'a da Farfesa Donald Bren na Kimiyyar Halittu, Ilimin Halittu da Ilimin Halittu na Juyin Halitta (Makarantar Kimiyyar Halittu), Farfesa na Falsafa (Makarantar Al'adu), da Farfesa na Manhaja da Falsafar Kimiyya (Makarantar Kimiyyar Zamantakewa).

Aikin Ayala a UC Irvine ya ƙare a shekarar 2018 bayan da jami'ar ta fitar da wani rahoto da ya shafi zarge-zargen cin zarafin mata da ake yi masa.  Ayala ta musanta cewa "ta yi wa kowa cin zarafin mata da gangan."  An cire sunansa daga Makarantar Kimiyyar Halittu, Laburaren Kimiyya, da kuma wasu shirye-shiryen karatun digiri na biyu, shirye-shiryen bayar da tallafin karatu, da kuma kujeru masu kyau. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi

## Sana'a
Ayala ya shahara da bincikensa kan yawan jama'a da kwayoyin halittar juyin halitta, kuma an kira shi " Mutumin Renaissance na Ilimin Halittu na Juyin Halitta".  "Binciken da ya yi ya buɗe sabbin hanyoyin rigakafi da magance cututtukan da ke shafar ɗaruruwan miliyoyin mutane a duk duniya", gami da nuna cewa sake haifuwar *Trypanosoma cruzi*, wakilin cutar Chagas, galibi samfurin cloning ne, kuma cewa ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta kaɗan ne kawai ke haifar da mafi yawan wannan cuta da ta yaɗu. 

Ayala ya yi aiki a kwamitin ba da shawara na Campaign to Defend the Constitution, wata ƙungiya da ta yi fafutukar goyon bayan raba coci da gwamnati . Ya yi suka a bainar jama'a kan takunkumin da Amurka ta sanya wa gwamnatin tarayya kan binciken ƙwayoyin halittar jarirai . Ya kuma kasance mai suka ga ka'idojin ƙira masu wayo, yana mai da'awar cewa ba wai kawai kimiyyar ƙarya ba ce, har ma an fahimci su daga mahangar tauhidi . Ya ba da shawarar cewa ka'idar juyin halitta tana magance matsalar mugunta, don haka ta zama wani nau'in theocy .    Kodayake Ayala ba ta tattauna ra'ayoyin addininsa ba, ya bayyana cewa "kimiyya ta dace da imanin addini a cikin Allah na mutum ɗaya, mai iko duka kuma mai alheri."  Ya kuma yi aiki na ɗan lokaci, a cikin 1960, a matsayin firist na Dominican.  Ayala bai faɗi ko ya ci gaba da zama mai bin addini ba, ba yana son a "yi masa alama da gefe ɗaya ko ɗayan ba."  Ayala ta yi aiki a matsayin ƙwararriyar shaida a *shari'ar McLean da Arkansas Board of Education,* wata shari'a da ta soke koyarwar da aka wajabta ta halitta tare da juyin halitta a azuzuwan kimiyya na makarantun aji. 

Ayala ta halarci taron tattaunawa kan Beyond Belief a watan Nuwamba na 2006. Ayala ta yi muhawara da William Lane Craig, mai kare addinin Kirista a watan Nuwamba na 2009 kan batun ƙira mai hankali.

A ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2011, Jami'ar California, Irvine (UCI) ta sanar da cewa Ayala za ta bayar da gudummawar dala miliyan 10 ga Makarantar Kimiyyar Halittu ta jami'ar. An tsara cewa kyautar za ta kasance "dala miliyan 1 a kowace shekara a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa." 

## Binciken cin zarafin jima'i
Mata huɗu (farfesa Kathleen Treseder, wani farfesa, mataimakin shugaban jami'a, da ɗalibi ɗaya da ya kammala karatun digiri),  sun yi zargin cewa Ayala ta yi musu cin zarafi ta hanyar jima'i, wanda hakan ya haifar da bincike a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Erik Pelowitz a Ofishin Daidaito da Bambanci na Jami'ar UC Irvine.  Masu binciken jami'ar sun kammala da cewa Ayala ta karya manufofin jami'ar kan cin zarafi ta hanyar jima'i da wariyar jinsi a shari'o'in mata uku daga cikin huɗu,  kuma sun gano cewa abin da ake magana a kai ya kai ga 2004 kuma ya haifar da gargaɗin da aka yi wa Ayala a baya.  Rahoton masu binciken ya kuma kammala da cewa Ayala "ta shiga wani kamfen tare da manyan jami'an Jami'a don yin tasiri ga sakamakon wannan binciken."  Ayala ta musanta yawancin zarge-zargen da ake yi masa, kuma ta rubuta wa shugaban jami'ar, Howard Gillman, "Ban taɓa haifar da cin zarafi ta hanyar jima'i ga kowa da gangan ba. Har zuwa yadda ayyukana na iya haifar da cutarwa ga wasu ... Ina neman afuwa daga cikin zuciyata da kuma cikin raina."  Ya yi murabus daga aiki tun daga ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2018.