Ernst Oswald Johannes Westphal

**Ernst Oswald Johannes Gotthard Gotthilf Westphal** ( Khalavha a Venda, Afirka ta Kudu, 1919 - Bredasdorp kusa da Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu, 27 Nuwamba 1990) ƙwararren masanin harsuna ne na Afirka ta Kudu kuma ƙwararre ne a harsunan Bantu da Khoisan . Daga 1949 zuwa 1962 ya koyar a Makarantar Nazarin Gabas da Afirka (SOAS), Jami'ar London . 

## Tarihin Rayuwa

An haifi Ernst Westphal a Khalava a Venda, ɗan iyayen mishan na Lutheran na Jamus. Mahaifinsa Gotthard Westphal ne kuma kakansa, kuma Ernst Westphal, yana tare da matarsa Wilhelmine malamin kuma mai ba da shawara ga Solomon Plaatje. Tun yana yaro E.O.J. Westphal ya iya yaren Jamusanci, Turanci, da Afrikaans, kamar yawancin 'yan Afirka ta Kudu. Harshensa na farko da na asali, duk da haka, shine Venda, kuma tun yana yaro an fara shi cikin wani ɓangare na asirin Venda na samari.

Ya yi karatun Zulu da Southern Sotho a karkashin Clement Martyn Doke a Jami'ar Witwatersrand kuma, bayan kammala karatunsa a 1942, ya kasance Malami a can 1942-1947. Ya kasance malami a cikin Harsunan Bantu a Makarantar Nazarin Gabas da Afirka (SOAS) a Jami'ar London 1949-1962, inda abokinsa mafi kyau shine Guy Atkins (ɗan'uwan Vera Atkins), wanda shi ma masanin harsunan Afirka ne. Wani aboki kuma abokin tarayya shi ne Fenner Brockway . Westphal ya kasance Farfesa na Harsunan Afirka a Makarantar Nazarin Afirka a Jami'ar Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu, daga 1962 har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1984, kuma an san shi a matsayin mai iko a kan harsunan dannawa na Mutanen San, Harsunan Khoisan, a yawancin su yana da kyau. Rycroft ya bayyana cewa Westphal ya yi magana da manyan harsuna shida a matsayin ɗan asalin ƙasar, wasu shida kusan cikakke, kuma daga cikin harsunan Afirka ɗari biyu ko fiye da haka ana magana da kyau. A Lisbon Westphal ya fassara matani da rubutun da aka samu a Mozambique daga asalin yarensu zuwa Portuguese a madadin gwamnatin Portugal, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Farfesa de Almeida. Rubutun digirin digirin Westphal The Sentence in Venda (Jami'ar London, 1955) an ce ya dogara ne gaba ɗaya akan nasa ilimin harshe, ba tare da wani tushe ba.

Iyalan Westphal sun shafe sama da shekaru ɗari suna shiga cikin al'adun Afirka ta Kudu. Misali, kakansa, Gotthilf Ernst Westphal, ya ga damar matashin Sol Plaatje, wanda a lokacin ɗalibi ne a Ofishin Jakadancin da ke Pniel, Arewacin Cape, kuma ya ba shi kuɗin makaranta na kashin kansa. Daga cikin sauran gudummawar, Plaatje ya kasance wanda ya kafa kuma Sakatare Janar na farko na Majalisar Dokokin Afirka (ANC). Kamar EOJ Westphal, yana da baiwar harshe mai ban mamaki, kuma ya kasance mai yawan al'umma. [1]

Westphal kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa SANCCOB (Gidauniyar Ƙasa ta Afirka ta Kudu don Kare Tsuntsayen Teku), labarin da aka rubuta a cikin littafin Marie Philip mai suna *Gregory.* *Jackass Penguin*,  wanda aka fassara daga littafin Afirka ta Marie Philip da Adèle Naudé: *Gregory.* *Kaapse pikkewyn*, 1971. 

Westphal yana da 'ya'ya maza uku: Robin Peter, (1945-2015), Richard Geoffrey, (1948-1996), da kuma Jonathan Westphal, an haife shi a shekara ta 1951. Matarsa ta biyu ta Farfesa Westphal, Althea, ta fara ɗaukar tokarsa daga Afirka zuwa Zennor, Cornwall, Ingila, don a binne shi a Cocin St Senara, amma a lokacin an binne shi a Port Appin, Scotland, kusa da Glencoe, Highland . Kabarin nasa yana ɗauke da kalmomin, "Ɗan Venda na Gaskiya".

An buga wani littafin Festschrift bayan mutuwarsa don girmama shi, *gudummawar harsunan Afirka: an gabatar da shi don girmama Ernst Westphal*, wanda Derek F. Gowlett ya shirya (Pretoria: Via Afrika, 1992).

## Littattafan tarihi
Westphal ya buga littattafai da mujallu da dama na ilimi, ciki har da: 

* *Hukuncin a cikin Venda*, Jami'ar London, Makarantar Nazarin Gabas da Afirka ta London, 1955.
* *Kwangari: Fihirisar Nau'ikan Kalmomi*, Jami'ar Landan, Makarantar Nazarin Gabas da Afirka, 1958.
* *Tarihin Harsunan Kudancin Afirka: Hulɗar Harsunan Bush, Kwadi, Hottentot da Bantu*, Oxford University Press, 1963.
* *Tsarin wasali da ɗaukar hoton X-Ray : kimantawa na Jadawalin Wasalin Cardinal*, Makarantar Nazarin Afirka, Cape Town, 1971.
* Almeida, António de: *Línguas não-bantas de Angola* . 

## Nassoshi

*