open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Gyaren da ya fashe (hukunci)

**Ruwan** karya, wanda aka fi sani da rufin kisa, **Ruwan **Catherine**** ko Ruwan (Saint) Catherine ('s), hanya ce ta azabtarwa da aka yi amfani da ita don kisa a Turai daga zamanin d ̄ a har zuwa karni na 19 ta hanyar karya ƙasusuwan mai laifi ko buga su har zuwa mutuwa. An soke aikin a Bavaria a cikin 1813 kuma a cikin Electorate na Hesse a cikin 1836: hukuncin kisa na karshe da aka sani ta "Wheel" ya faru a Prussia a cikin 1841. A cikin Daular Romawa **Mai Tsarki**, "harin madubi" ne ga 'yan fashi da ɓarayi na titi, kuma an kafa shi a cikin *Sachsenspiegel* don kisan kai, da ƙonewa wanda ya haifar da mutuwar mutane.

## Hukunce-hukunce

Wadanda aka yanke musu hukunci a matsayin masu kisan kai, masu fyade, masu cin amana ko 'Yan fashi za a kashe su da motar, wani lokacin ana kiransu "wheeled" ko "broken on the wheel", za a kai su wurin da ake amfani da su a filin wasa na jama'a kuma a ɗaure su a ƙasa. Ginin kisa yawanci babban motar katako ce ta katako, kamar yadda aka yi amfani da ita a kan kekunan sufuri na katako da Karusai (sau da yawa tare da gefen ƙarfe), wani lokacin ana gyara shi da gangan tare da tura ƙarfe na rectangular da aka haɗe kuma yana fadada kamar takobi daga wani ɓangare na gefen. Babban burin aikin farko shine cin zarafin jiki, ba mutuwa ba. Sabili da haka, mafi yawan nau'in zai fara ne da karye kasusuwan kafa. Don wannan dalili, mai kisa ya sauke motar kisa a kan kashin mutumin da aka yanke masa hukunci sannan ya yi aiki har zuwa makamai. A nan, an tsara rhythm da yawan bugawa a kowane hali, wani lokacin kuma yawan masu magana a kan motar. Don kara tasirinsa, sau da yawa ana sanya katako masu kaifi a ƙarƙashin haɗin mai laifi. Daga baya, akwai na'urorin da za a iya "kusa" mutumin da aka yanke masa hukunci. Ko da yake ba abu ne na yau da kullun ba, ana iya umarci mai kisa ya kashe mutumin da aka yanke masa hukunci a ƙarshen aikin farko, ta hanyar yin niyya ga wuyansa ko zuciya a cikin "coup de grâce". Ko da sau da yawa, wannan ya faru nan da nan daga farkon (daga kai zuwa ƙasa). 

A mataki na biyu, an haɗa jikin a cikin wani motar katako, wanda zai yiwu ta hanyar karyewar gaɓoɓin, ko kuma an ɗaure shi da motar. Daga nan ne aka kafa motar a kan mast ko sanda, kamar gicciye. Bayan wannan, an ba da izinin mai kisa ya yanke kansa ko garrotte wanda aka yanke masa hukunci idan ya cancanta. A madadin haka, ana kunna wuta a ƙarƙashin motar, ko kuma an jefa mai laifi "mai ƙafa" cikin wuta. Lokaci-lokaci, ana sanya ƙaramin gungume a kan motar, alal misali, idan akwai hukunci mai laifi don sata ban da kisan kai.

## Tarihi

### Tushen Frank mai yiwuwa
Masanin tarihi Pieter Spierenburg ya ambaci wani nassi a cikin marubucin ƙarni na shida Gregory na Tours a matsayin yiwuwar asalin azabtar da karya wani a kan motar. A lokacin Gregory, ana iya sanya mai laifi a cikin hanya mai zurfi, sannan kuma ana fitar da karusa mai nauyi a kansa. Don haka, ana iya ganin aikin na ƙarshe a matsayin sake nuna alamar hukuncin da ya gabata wanda a zahiri ya kori mutane ta hanyar karusa.

## Manazarta
Hukuncin kisa ga fataucin wiwi

Kasashe da yawa sun aiwatar ko kuma sun ba da doka ga hukuncin kisa ga fataucin wiwi.

## Dubi kuma
 

* Hukuncin kisa don fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi
* Amfani da hukuncin kisa ta ƙasa

## Manazarta
Hukuncin kisa a Gabas ta Tsakiya

**Hukuncin kisa doka ce a yawancin ƙasashe na Gabas** ta Tsakiya. Yawancin dalilin da ya sa aka ci gaba da hukuncin kisa ya kasance na addini, kamar yadda Alkur'ani ya ba da izini ko ya ba da umarnin kisa don laifuka daban-daban.

## Dakatar da sokewa

### Isra'ila
Kusan dukkanin hukuncin kisa an soke su ta hanyar doka a 1954 ban da manyan laifuka da aka aikata a lokacin yakin. Kashe-kashen karshe da aka taba yi a Isra'ila shine na Adolf Eichmann, wanda aka yanke masa hukunci saboda rawar da ya taka a cikin Holocaust, a shekarar 1962.

Tun daga wannan lokacin an sanya dakatarwar duk wani kisan gillar da aka yi wa kowane mutum.

A gefe, sanannen ra'ayi game da hukuncin kisa a wasu lokuta yana tashi a Isra'ila don mayar da martani ga manyan laifuka. Bayan harin bam na Sbarro, jaridu na dama sun yi kira da a kashe masu aikata laifin amma an yanke wa Ahlmam Tamimi hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku ne kawai.

A watan Janairun 2018, Knesset ta yi zabe na farko a kan lissafin da ke gabatar da hukuncin kisa ga ta'addanci.

### Turkiyya
A Turkiyya, an soke hukuncin kisa gaba ɗaya a shekara ta 2004 don duk laifuka.

A cikin 2018, Shugaban Turkiyya Recep Tayyip Erdoğan da abokan haɗin gwiwar gwamnatin dama sun amince da wani tsari wanda zai iya ganin an dawo da hukuncin kisa a Turkiyya akan duk wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin ta'addanci.

## Tallafin kawar da shi

### Kokarin
A Lebanon a shekara ta 2008, Ministan Shari'a na lokacin Ibrahim Najjar ya gabatar da wani kudurin doka ga Majalisar wanda zai soke hukuncin kisa.  Duk da yake dokar ta kasa wucewa, ya ci gaba da ba da shawara don kawar da shi har tsawon lokacin da yake ofis.

Farouk Ksentini, shugaban Hukumar Ba da Shawara ta Aljeriya don Karewa da Inganta 'Yancin Dan Adam (CNCPPDH), ya bayyana a cikin 2010 cewa zai ba da shawara don kawar da hukuncin kisa. Wannan ya haifar da adawa daga kungiyoyin Islama.

### Wuraren da ake yanke musu hukuncin kisa
Wadannan, kungiyoyi, kasashe, ko gwamnatoci a halin yanzu suna aiwatar da hukuncin kisa:

* Libya
* Egypt
* Iraq
* Iraqi Kurdistan
* Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
* Syria
* Gaza
* Palestinian Authority
* Lebanon
* Jordan
* Iran
* Qatar
* United Arab Emirates
* Yemen (Hadi and Houthi governments)
* Sultanate of Oman

## Manazarta
Kwamitin Yara da Matasa

Hukumar Yara da Matasa (***Mana Mokopuna***) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da Gwamnatin New Zealand ta kafa a watan Yulin 2023 a matsayin magajin tsohon Ofishin Kwamishinan Yara. Kamar wanda ya riga shi, Mana Mokopuna ya ba da shawara ga haƙƙin yara a New Zealand, ya ba da shawarwari da jagora ga gwamnati da hukumomi, kuma ya yi kira ga yara a cikin tsarin yanke shawara. Hukumar ta kunshi Babban Kwamishinan Yara na cikakken lokaci, mataimakin, da Kwamishinoni uku.

A ƙarshen Yuni 2025, Gwamnatin Kasa ta shida ta zartar da dokar da ta soke Hukumar da kuma dawo da Kwamishinan Yara.

## Jagora da ayyuka
Mana Mokopuna ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta. Ya zuwa Afrilu 2025, ya kunshi Babban Kwamishinan Yara Dokta Claire Achmad, Mataimakin Kwamishinan yara Donna Matahaere-Atariki, da Kwamishinan Ijoollee Dokta Julie Wharewera-Mika, Ronelle Baker da Josiah Tualamali'i.

Tsarin tsarin hukumar shine Dokar Hukumar Yara da Matasa ta 2022  da kuma abokin kula da Dokar Tsarin Oranga Tamariki ta 2022. A karkashin Kula da Dokar Oranga Tamariki, Hukumar ta riƙe alhakin saka idanu kan mazaunan matasa na Oranga Tamarini a karkashin Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ga Yarjejeniyar kan Torture (OPCAT), gami da amfani da ziyarar da aka shirya da ba a shirya ba. Hukumar ta kuma yi aiki tare da Mai Kula da Yara Masu Zaman Kansu, wanda kuma ya ɗauki ayyukan sa ido na tsohon Ofishin Kwamishinan Yara. Hukumar ta mayar da hankali kan bayar da shawarwari ga yara da matasa.

## Tarihi
A ranar 24 ga watan Agustan 2022, Gwamnatin Kwadago ta shida ta zartar da Dokar Hukumar Yara da Matasa ta 2022, wanda ya maye gurbin Ofishin Kwamishinan Yara da Hukumar Yara da matasa. Dukkanin jam'iyyun sun yi adawa da canjin dokar, ban da Jam'iyyar Labour Party mai mulki.

Hukumar ta kasance a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Yulin 2023, tana ɗaukar ayyukan Ofishin Kwamishinan Yara. Kwamishinan yara na karshe, Alkalin Frances Eivers, ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Kwamishinan Yara na farko har zuwa 31 ga Oktoba 2023. Dokta Achmad ne ya gaje ta, wanda Matahaere-Atariki, Dokta Wharewera-Mika, Tualamali'i, da Baker suka haɗu da ita.

Tsakanin 13 da 15 ga Fabrairu 2024, Mana Mokopuna ya gudanar da ziyarar da ba a sanar da ita ba zuwa gidan shari'ar matasa na Oranga Tamariki a Kudancin Auckland. A ranar 30 ga watan Yunin 2024, Mana Mokopuna ta fitar da wani rahoto da ke zargin cewa ma'aikatan sun kai hari ga mazauna, sun shiga cikin dangantaka mara kyau, sun ba su smuggling, kuma sun yarda da al'adun zalunci da tashin hankali tsakanin mazauna. Tsakanin Oktoba 2023 da Fabrairu 2024, akwai fiye da 20 da aka rubuta abubuwan da suka faru na mazauna da aka samu suna shan sigari ko suna da kwayoyi. A tsakiyar watan Yulin 2024, rahoton Mana Mokopuna ya haifar da binciken 'yan sanda, dakatarwa a shigar da mutane a gidan Whakatakapokai da kuma korar ma'aikata da yawa.

A ranar 26 ga Yuni 2025, Gwamnatin New Zealand ta shida ta zartar da Dokar Kula da Tsarin Dokar Oranga Tamariki ta 2025, wanda ya rushe Hukumar kuma ya sake dawo da Ofishin Kwamishinan Yara. A karkashin dokar, Dokta Achmad zai kasance a matsayin Kwamishinan Yara daga 1 ga Agusta 2025. 

## Manazarta
Jean Ewen

**Jean Ewen** (sunan Sinanci 于清莲) (Disamba 24, 1911 - Oktoba 31, 1987) ma'aikaciyar jinya ce ta Kanada wacce ta yi aiki tare da sojojin kwaminisanci na kasar Sin a shekarun 1930.

An haifi Ewen a Scotland a cikin 1911, amma ta yi ƙaura tare da danginta zuwa Kanada tun tana ƙarami, inda suka zauna a Saskatchewan . Ewen ta yi karatun aikin jinya a Winnipeg, ta kammala karatunta a shekara ta 1931.  A shekara ta 1932, ta ƙaura zuwa China don yin aikin mishan na likitanci tare da Uban Franciscan, kuma ta koyi Mandarin . Bayan ɗan gajeren komawa Kanada a shekara ta 1937, Ewen ya raka Dokta Norman Bethune lokacin da ya zo China don ba da taimakon jinya ga sojojin gurguzu, yana aiki a matsayin mai fassara da mataimaki.

Ewen ta fito daga dangin masu goyon bayan kwaminisanci, amma ta yi adawa da hada siyasa da magani. A cikin tarihinta na *ma'aikaciyar jinya ta kasar Sin 1932 &#x2013; 1939*, ta bayyana munin aikin tiyata a gaba a lokacin yakin Sino da Japan na biyu . Baya ga jinyar wadanda suka jikkata, ta horar da ma'aikatan jinya da " likitoci marasa takalmi " da koyar da tsaftar muhalli, inda gwamnatin kasar Sin ta ba ta kyautar Garkuwan Azurfa.  A ƙarshe Ewen ya bar China, ya yi tafiya kudu zuwa Hong Kong, kuma ya koma Kanada.

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta dawo, ta auri John Kozar, abokin ’yan’uwanta biyu sa’ad da suka yi yaƙin basasar Spain . Suna da 'ya'ya biyu, Laura da Tom (ko da yake Laura ta kasance cikin ciki yayin da Ewen yake kasar Sin, kuma an haife shi ne bayan da Kozar da Ewen suka yi aure).  An kashe Kozar lokacin da jirginsa ya nutse a cikin 1942, kuma Ewen daga baya ya auri Mike Kovitch a 1946, wanda ta haifi ɗa na uku, Michael.

*Ma'aikacin jinya na kasar Sin*, littafin tarihin Ewen, an buga shi a cikin 1981. A cikin bugu na baya, an kira shi *Nurse Canadian a China* . Ewen ya mutu a watan Oktoba 1987, kuma an mayar da tokar ta zuwa China a 1988. 

## Manazarta
Drangarnir

**Drangarnir** ( lit. '   a cikin Faroese ) tarin teku ne guda biyu a Arewacin Tekun Atlantika, wanda ke tsakanin Tindhólmur da Vágar na Tsibirin Faroe, tsibiri na Danish. Babban tarin teku mai suna Stóri Drangur ( lit. '   ) da ƙaramar Lítli Drangur ( lit. '   ). Drangarnir yana kusa da tashar jirgin sama kawai na Tsibirin Faroe kuma sanannen jan hankali ne tsakanin masu yawon bude ido zuwa tsibiran, musamman saboda bakin teku na Stóri Drangur.

## Etymology
Drangarnir sunan Faroese ne wanda ke fassara zuwa " tabin teku ". Mafi girma kuma sananne daga cikin rijiyoyin teku guda biyu sunansa Stóri Drangur, ma'ana "babban tulin teku", yayin da ƙarami kuma ana kiranta Lítli Drangur, ma'ana "kananan tulin teku".   

## Geography
Drangarnir wani tarin tulin teku ne da ke tsakanin tsibiri na Tindhólmur da tsibirin Vágar a cikin tsibiran Faroe, yanki mai cin gashin kansa na Denmark . Ya tashi daga Arewacin Tekun Atlantika zuwa matsakaicin tsayin  . Babban tarin teku yana samar da baka na teku . 

## Fauna
Seabird ya huta kuma ya zauna a kan tsaunin basalt na Drangarnir a lokacin watanni na rani daga Mayu zuwa Satumba. 

## Yawon shakatawa
Drangarnir sanannen wurin yawon buɗe ido ne kuma ana samun dama ta jirgin ruwa kawai. Baƙi za su iya isa Drangarnir ta hanyar tashi daga marina na Sørvágur, ƙauye kusa da filin jirgin sama na Vágar, filin jirgin saman tsibirin Faroe kawai.  Koyaya, saboda tarin tekun mallakar sirri ne, baƙi dole ne su kasance tare da jagora tare da izini daga masu mallakar ƙasa. Yawancin kasuwancin gida suna ba da rangadin kwale-kwale zuwa tarin teku.  Drangarnir kuma ana iya gani daga nesa a ƙauyen Bøur . 

## A cikin shahararrun al'adu
A cikin fim ɗin fantasy mai rai na 2010 *Yadda za a horar da Dodon ku*, jarumin Hiccup ya tashi dodon sa na Haƙori a ƙarƙashin baka na teku wanda Drangarnir ya yi wahayi. A cikin sake yin raye-raye na 2025, Hiccup da Haƙori sun tashi a ƙarƙashin Drangarnir na ainihi.   

## Manazarta
Daff Dome

**Daff Dome** ko DAFF Dome shine sanannen  granite dome a cikin Yosemite National Park,  yamma da Tuolumne Meadows da  daga Tioga Road . Yana kudu maso gabashin Doda Dome, kuma yana kusa da West Cottage Dome da East Cottage Dome ; yana kuma kusa da Ɗan Rago . Tun da ba a taɓa yin sunan dome a hukumance ba, an karɓi sunan DAFF Dome a cikin 1960s azaman taƙaitaccen sunan "Dome Across From Fairview " Dome.  

## Hawa
Kubbar ta shahara tare da masu hawan dutse kuma tana da fale - falen fale da yawa da hawan dutse . Biyu daga cikin na farko kuma mafi sanannun sune *West Crack* da *Crescent Arch* . *West Crack*, wanda Frank Sacherer ya fara hawa a watan Yuni 1963 filin YDS 5.9 ne mai tsayi 5 wanda tsawon ƙafa 400 ke bi ci gaba da fasa .   An fara hawan *Crescent Arch* tare da taimakon lokaci-lokaci ta Layton Kor da Fred Beckey a watan Yuni 1965, kuma Bob Kamps da TM Herbert suka fara hawa kyauta ba da daɗewa ba. Hawan filin wasa 6 YDS 5.9+ (na zamani 5.10a) kuma ya hau kusurwa da tsarin tsaga a cikin babban buɗaɗɗen littafi .  
 

## Manazarta
Gidan kallo (McMurdo Station)

**Dutsen Observation** yana da tsayin  tudu kusa da tashar McMurdo a Antarctica kuma ana kiransa "Ob Hill". Ana hawa akai-akai don samun kyawawan wuraren kallo a duk faɗin nahiyar. Tsayayyen sararin sama na yau da kullun yana ba da kyakkyawan gani. Wani abin tunawa a saman tudun, wanda aka gina a cikin 1913, wani wurin tarihi ne na yarjejeniyar Antarctica mai lamba HSM-20.

Dutsen Observation wani yanki ne na lava kuma ɗayan manyan tuddai masu aman wuta da suka haɗa da Hut Point Peninsula . 

## Observation Hill Cross

Bayan mutuwarsu a farkon shekara ta 1912, an gano mambobin jam'iyyar Robert Falcon Scott na karshe ta hanyar bincike karkashin jagorancin likitan tiyata Edward L. Atkinson . Ƙungiyar agajin ta ɗauki fim ɗinsu na hoto, samfuran kimiyya, da sauran kayan aiki. An bar gawar Scott da mutanensa a cikin tantinsu, kuma daga baya jam’iyyun ba su iya gano wurin da sansanin yake ba, tun da dusar ƙanƙara ta rufe yankin. Ƙarni na guguwa da dusar ƙanƙara sun rufe kogon da alfarwa, waɗanda yanzu ke cikin rufin Ross Ice Shelf yayin da yake sannu a hankali inci zuwa Tekun Ross . A cikin 2001, masanin glaciologist Charles R. Bentley ya kiyasta cewa tantin da gawarwakin yana ƙarƙashin kimanin ƙafa 75 (m23) na kankara kuma kusan mil 30 (48)&nbsp;km) daga inda suka mutu; ya yi hasashen cewa a cikin kimanin shekaru 275 gawarwakin za su isa Tekun Ross, kuma watakila za su yi iyo a cikin wani dutsen kankara.

Masu binciken sun koma sansanin su na McMurdo Sound don jiran jirgin agajin. Bayan ya isa, sun yi aiki don gina wani abin tunawa - giciye na katako mai ƙafa tara, wanda aka rubuta tare da sunayen masu mutuwa da kuma layin karshe na waƙar Alfred Tennyson " Ulysses ", wanda ya karanta "Don yin ƙoƙari, neman, samun, kuma kada ku ba da kyauta." A ranar 22 ga Janairu, 1913, bayan tafiya mai wahala ta kwanaki biyu, an gina giciye a kan koli na Dutsen Observation, yana kallon sansanin kuma yana fuskantar "Barrier" - Ross Ice Shelf, wanda ƙungiyar Scott ta mutu.  A cikin 1972, an ayyana giciye a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin wuraren Tarihi na farko da Monuments a Antarctica ta masu rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Antarctic, a matsayin HSM-20.  

## Gallery

Fayil:Observation_Hill.jpg|alt=Observation Hill as seen from Hut Point| Dutsen Dubawa kamar yadda aka gani daga Hut Point
Fayil:Observation_Hill_at_McMurdo_Station.jpg|alt=Trail to the top of Observation Hill (February 2017)| Hanya zuwa saman Dutsen Dubawa (Fabrairu 2017)
Fayil:Summit_ob_hill.jpg|alt=Mariner from the USNS Southern Cross signs the summit registry| Mariner daga USNS *Southern Cross* ya sanya hannu kan rajistar taron
Fayil:Observation_Hill_Cross_Close-up.jpg|alt=Detail of the Observation Hill Cross| Cikakkun bayanai na Observation Hill Cross
Fayil:Mount_Erebus_7.jpg|alt=View of Mount Erebus (cross at upper left)| Duban Dutsen Erebus (giciye a hagu na sama)
Fayil:Looking_Out_Across_McMurdo_Ice_Sheet_From_Observation_Hill.jpg|alt=View across McMurdo ice sheet| Duba fadin McMurdo kankara


## Manazarta
Makarantar Firamare ta Jakara

**Makarantar Firamare ta Jakara** makarantar firamare ce dake a unguwar Jakara  tsakiyar birnin Kano.

## Manazarta
Steamboat Rock (Dinosaur National Monument)

**Dutsen Steamboat**, wanda ya kai tsayin 6,074 ft (1,851 m) wani yanki ne da ke gabashin tsaunukan Uinta, a gundumar Moffat na arewa maso yammacin Colorado, Amurka.  Wannan alamar tambarin abin tunawa na Dinosaur National Monument yana a mahadar kogin Green da Kogin Yampa . Ruwan hazo daga wannan yanayin yana magudawa zuwa kogin Green. An fara kiran wannan tsarin yanayin "Echo Rock" a cikin rahoton John Wesley Powell na 1875, *The Exploration of the Colorado River and Its Canyons* . Sunan Steamboat ya fara bayyana akan taswirar Binciken Yanayin Kasa na Amurka na 1941 na Dinosaur National Monument.  Yankin da ke kewaye da shi har yanzu yana riƙe da sunan Echo Park wanda Powell ya yi amfani da shi yayin balaguron Powell Geographic na 1869 .

## Geology
Dutsen Steamboat Rock ne mai tsayin mil mil, tsayin mita 1,000, siriri mara nauyi a cikin madaidaicin kogin Green. An haɗa shi kusan gaba ɗaya na Permian - Pennsylvanian Weber Sandstone, tare da bakin bakin ciki na Park City Formation caprock .  Yana nan inda kogin ya fita daga Lodore Canyon ya shiga Echo Park. Kogin ya faɗi ƙafa 15 yayin da yake tafiya a kusa da Dutsen Steamboat.

## Gallery

Fayil:Dinosaur_National_Monument,_Colorado.jpg|alt=From the SSW| daga SSW
Fayil:Dinosaur_National_Monument's_Steamboat_Rock.jpg|alt=From the SSW| daga SSW
Fayil:Dinosaur_National_Monument,_Steamboat_Rock.jpg|alt=The south end of Steamboat Rock| Ƙarshen kudu na Steamboat Rock
Fayil:Confluence_of_the_Green_and_Yampa_Rivers_(17396238518).jpg|alt=Confluence of the Green and Yampa Rivers below the east wall of Steamboat Rock| Haɗin kogin Green da Yampa a ƙarƙashin bangon gabas na Dutsen Steamboat
Fayil:Steamboat_Rock,_Dinosaur.jpg|alt=From the southwest| Daga kudu maso yamma
Fayil:Green_River_Steamboat_Rock_NPS1.jpg|alt=From the west| Daga yamma
Fayil:View_of_the_Green_and_Yampa_River_canyons_from_Harpers_Corner,_Dinosaur_National_Monument,_2009.jpg|alt=Broad view from the west| Faɗin kallo daga yamma
Fayil:Steamboat_Rock_1871.jpg|alt=Earliest known image of Steamboat Rock (1871)| Hoton da aka sani na Steamboat Rock (1871)


## Yanayi
Lokacin bazara da kaka sune mafi kyawun yanayi don ziyarci Dutsen Steamboat. Dangane da tsarin rarraba yanayin yanayi na Köppen, yana cikin yankin yanayi mara kyau, tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi tsakanin 0 ° F zuwa 30 ° F a watan Janairu, da 50 ° F zuwa 100 ° F a watan Yuli.  Yawanci na manyan hamada, yanayin zafi na iya yin zafi sosai, yayin da yanayin sanyi na iya yin sanyi sosai. Dusar ƙanƙara ta zama ruwan dare gama gari, amma dusar ƙanƙara tana narkewa da sauri a cikin yanayi mara kyau da na rana. Ruwan sama ya yi ƙasa kaɗan, kuma yawan ƙawancewar ya sanya yankin a matsayin hamada, duk da cewa ruwan sama ya zarce 10.&nbsp;inci.

## Manazarta
Matar Mata

Category: Woman fim ne na Kanada, wanda Phyllis Ellis ta jagoranta kuma aka saki a shekarar 2022. Fim din ya shafi shari'o'in Dutee Chand, Evangeline Makena, Annet Negesa da Margaret Wambui, 'yan wasa mata hudu wadanda aka keta sirrin likita da haƙƙin ɗan adam a kan batun Tabbatar da jima'i a wasanni. Har ila yau, ya jawo, amma ba ya tsakiya, labaran da suka shafi Caster Semenya, Francine Niyonsaba da Christine Mboma.

An fara fim ɗin a 2022 Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival,  kafin a watsa shi a talabijin ta TVOntario a watan Maris na 2023. 

## Kyaututtuka
Ellis ta lashe lambar yabo ta Social Responsibility a 2023 Canadian Sport Awards don fim din,  kuma an sanya ta cikin jerin sunayen don 2023 DGC Allan King Award for Best Documentary Film. 

Fim ɗin ya kasance wanda aka zaɓa don lambar yabo ta Donald Brittain don mafi kyawun shirye-shiryen talabijin na zamantakewa ko siyasa a bikin 12th Canadian Screen Awards a 2024.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Mutuwa da aka rubuta

A cikin Dokar Burtaniya ta ƙarni na goma sha tara ana iya hukunta laifuka da yawa ta hanyar mutuwa, amma daga 1823, an yi amfani da kalmar "**mutuwar da aka rubuta**" a lokuta inda alƙali ke so ya rubuta hukuncin kisa - kamar yadda doka ta buƙaci - yayin da a lokaci guda yake nuna niyyarsa na gafarta wa wanda aka yanke masa hukunci ko sauya hukuncin.

## Tarihi
Gafara ta sarauta don hukuncin kisa ta zama al'ada a lokacin ga mafi yawan laifuka na yau da kullun. A karkashin Dokar Shari'ar Mutuwa ta 1823, hukuncin "mutuwa da aka rubuta" ya ba alƙali damar saduwa da dokar da ta yanke hukunci, yayin da yake guje wa wanda aka yanke masa hukunci, ko jama'a, waɗanda suka fahimci cewa za a iya soke ainihin hukuncin kisa. Kamar yadda alƙali ya yanke hukuncin kisa a kotu kafin a kashe mai laifi, hukuncin kisa da aka rubuta ba, a aikace, yana wakiltar hukuncin kisa ba. Hukuncin ya zama ba sananne ba ne bayan Dokar Ƙaddamar da Laifuka ta 1861 ta rage yawan laifukan babban birnin.

Ma'anar kalmar ta bayyana a farkon bugu na Ebenezer Cobham Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable . 

Yawan laifuka da mutuwar ta kasance mai suna, da kuma hukuncin kisa da aka rubuta, an soki su a lokacin amfani da su duka saboda kasancewa da zalunci da rashin tabbas na ainihin hukunci:
 
Rashin fahimtar kalmar ya jagoranci Naomi Wolf, a cikin littafinta na 2019 Outrages: Sex, Censorship, and the Criminalization of Love, don yin iƙirarin cewa an yi kisa da yawa don luwadi a tsakiyar karni na 19 a Ingila. Wannan da'awar ta dogara ne akan ayyukan da ta yi na Old Bailey, da kuma amfani da "mutuwa da aka rubuta" a cikin waɗannan bayanan.

## Manazarta
Dokar Yara

**[[Samar da doka daga masu doka|doka]] yara** (tare da bambance-bambance) wani ɗan gajeren lakabi ne da aka yi amfani da shi don doka a Malaysia da Ingila wanda ke da alaƙa da yara. Dokar Dokar tare da wannan ɗan gajeren taken za a san ta da Dokar Yara yayin da ta wuce ta Majalisar.

**Ayyukan Yara** na iya zama sunan gama gari ko dai don dokokin da ke ɗauke da wannan ɗan gajeren taken ko kuma duk dokokin da suka shafi yara.

## Jerin

### Ireland

* Dokar Yara ta 2001

### Malaysia

* Dokar Yara da Matasa ta 1947
* Dokar Yara da Matasa (Aiki) 1966
* Dokar Yara ta 2001

### Ƙasar Ingila

* Dokar Yara ta 1908
* Dokar Yara ta 1948
* Dokar Yara ta 1958
* Dokar Yara ta 1972
* Dokar Yara ta 1975
* Dokar Yara ta 1989
* Dokar Yara (Ka bar Kulawa) 2000
* Dokar Yara ta 2004
* Dokar Yara da Kulawa ta 2006
* Dokar Yara, Makarantu da Iyalai ta 2010
* Dokar sauraron yara (Scotland) 2011
* Dokar Yara da Iyalai ta 2014
* Dokar Yara da Ayyukan Jama'a ta 2017

#### Arewacin Ireland

* Dokar Kula da Yara (Kariya) (Northern Ireland) 2002

#### Scotland

* Dokar Yara (Scotland) ta 1995Dokar Yara (Scotland) 1995
* Dokar Yara da Matasa (Scotland) 2014
* Dokar Yara (Scotland) 2020
* Dokar Yara (Kariya da Adalci) (Scotland) ta 2024Dokar Yara (Care da Adalci) (Scotland) 2024

#### Wales

* Yara da Iyalai (Wales) Mataki na 2010

## Dubi kuma

* Dokar Yara, wani littafi na Ian McEwan
* The Children Act, fim din Richard Eyre wanda ya samo asali ne daga littafin
* Jerin gajerun sunayen sarauta
Dokar Yara ta 1908

**Dokar Yara ta 1908** (8 Edw. 7. c. 67), wanda aka fi sani da **Dokar Yara da Matasa ta 1908**, wani aiki ne na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wanda Gwamnatin Liberal ta zartar, a matsayin wani ɓangare na kunshin sauye-sauye na Jam'iyyar Liberal ta Burtaniya. An san aikin ne da sunan **Yarjejeniyar Yara**  kuma ya maye gurbin Dokar Makarantun Masana'antu ta 1868.

Ya kafa kotunan yara  kuma ya gabatar da rajistar Iyaye masu kula da yara, don haka ya tsara aikin noma da kuma kula da jarirai da kuma ƙoƙarin kawar da Kisan jarirai. An kuma ba hukumomin karkara iko don hana yara matalauta daga gidan matalauta / gidan aiki da kuma kare su daga cin zarafi. Dokar ta kuma haramta yara, a karkashin shekaru 16, daga aiki a cikin kasuwanci mai haɗari, sayen sigari, shiga gidajen karuwai, ko sandunan mashaya. Har ila yau, ya kafa mafi ƙarancin shekaru goma sha shida. An ɗaga shi zuwa 18 a 1933, kodayake ba a kashe wani matashi mai laifi ba tun 1889.

Bugu da ƙari, ya haramta amfani da barasa, don dalilai marasa magani, kafin shekaru biyar. Dokar ta kuma hana yara koyon "ƙwarewar kasuwanci" a cikin kurkuku na manya, inda ake tura yara sau da yawa don yin lokaci idan an aikata laifi. Maimakon haka Yarjejeniyar Yara ta ba da Borstals. Daga ƙarshe ya haifar da majalisun da yawa da suka kafa Ayyukan zamantakewa da marayu.

## Bayani

## Manazarta
Gidan shakatawa na Bhadla

**Wurin shakatawa na Solar Bhadla** tashar wutar lantarki ce ta hasken rana da ke cikin hamadar Thar na Rajasthan, Indiya . Yana da fadin fadin murabba'in kilomita 56 kuma yana da karfin da aka shigar da shi na megawatts 2,245 (MW  wanda ya sa ya zama mafi girma a Indiya kuma shi ne filin shakatawa na 11 mafi girma a duniya tun daga shekarar 2024.  Gidan shakatawa yana ba da gudummawa ga burin sabunta makamashi na Indiya kuma yana taimakawa rage hayakin iskar gas da kimanin tan miliyan 4 a kowace shekara. 

## Ci gaba
Kamfanin Rajasthan Renewable Energy Corporation Limited (RRECL) ne ya fara filin shakatawa na Bhadla Solar Park, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Gwamnatin Rajasthan da Ma'aikatar Sabbin Makamashi da Sabuntawa (MNRE). RRECL ta gano Bhadla, wani yanki mai nisa a cikin Phalodi tehsil na gundumar Phalodi, a matsayin wurin da ya dace don samar da wutar lantarki saboda tsananin hasken rana, ƙarancin yawan jama'a, da samun fili mallakar gwamnati. 

A cikin Mataki na I a cikin 2017, NTPC Limited ta yi gwanjon 420 MW ga masu haɓakawa da yawa ciki har da Fortum na Finland. A mataki na biyu, Kamfanin makamashin hasken rana na Indiya (SECI) ya yi gwanjon megawatt 250 wanda ya hada da kamfanin AMPIN Energy Transition 's Bhadla Solar Power Plant da NTPC Bhadla Solar Power Plant . A mataki na uku a ranar 11 ga Mayu, 2017, ACME Power ya sami MW 200 kuma Softbank Group (SBG) ya sami MW 300. A mataki na IV a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2017, Phelan Energy Group ya sami MW 50, Avaada Energy ya sami MW 100 sannan SBG Cleantech consortium ya sami MW 100. SECI ta gabatar da tayin neman saura 750 MW a watan Yuni 2017.  Bayan kammala shi a watan Disamba 2018, filin shakatawa na hasken rana ya sami karfin ikon 2,055 MW, wanda ya zama filin shakatawa mafi girma a Indiya kamar na 2023.

Gidan shakatawa na Bhadla Solar yana daya daga cikin ayyukan Ofishin Jakadancin Kasa na Indiya, wanda ke da nufin shigar da 100 gigawatts (GW) na wutar lantarki ta hanyar 2022. Gidan shakatawa kuma yana taimaka wa Indiya ta cika alkawurran da ta yi a karkashin yarjejeniyar Paris don rage yawan carbon ta 33-35% ta 2030. 

A cewar wani binciken da Bankin Duniya ya yi, wurin shakatawa yana da fa'idodi da yawa ga tattalin arzikin gida da muhalli. Dajin ya samar da ayyuka kusan 10,000 kai tsaye da kuma kaikaice a lokacin gini da aiki.  Gidan shakatawa ya kuma inganta inganci da amincin samar da wutar lantarki a yankin.  Har ila yau, wurin shakatawa ya rage dogara ga burbushin mai kuma ya guje wa kimanin tan miliyan 4 na carbon dioxide a kowace shekara. 

## Kalubale
Wurin shakatawa na Solar Bhadla ya fuskanci wasu ƙalubale saboda wurin da yake da kuma girmansa. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen shi ne tarin ƙura a kan na'urori masu amfani da hasken rana, wanda ke rage tasirin su da fitarwa. Har ila yau, wurin shakatawa yana cikin wani yanki mai busasshiyar ƙasa wanda ke fama da guguwar ƙura da yawan yashi . 

## Manazarta
Hasken wuta

**Lighthouse Beach** wani ƙaramin yanki ne na Tekun Tsibiri na Wuta wanda ke kusa da wurin shakatawa na Robert Moses a Long Island na New York . Ya kasance sananne don samun sassan da aka sanya su a matsayin zaɓi na tufafi kafin 2013.   

Ana kiran rairayin bakin tekun don Gidan Wuta na Wuta na kusa kuma ya kasance mafi girman rairayin bakin teku mafi girma a New York. A ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 2013, Wutar Lantarki ta Ƙasar Wuta ta ba da sanarwar shirinta na fara aiwatar da dokokin hana tsiraici ta Jihar New York akan duk rairayin bakin teku na Fire Island, gami da Lighthouse Beach, yana kawo ƙarshen amfani da zaɓin tufafi.  Duk da haka, shawarar ba ta canza matsayin hukuma da aka ba da ita don aikin rashin kai mace ba, wanda har yanzu an yarda. 

Tekun yana da kusan  tsawo kuma ana iya bayyana shi azaman tekun da ke fuskantar bakin teku tsakanin Robert Moses State Park da al'ummar Kismet . A fasaha, yana cikin Garin Islip .
Dome na Lembert

**Lembert Dome** wani dutsen dutsen dutse ne a cikin Yosemite National Park a cikin jihar California ta Amurka. Dome yana hawa  sama da Tuolumne Meadows da kogin Tuolumne kuma ana iya yin tafiya daga titin Tioga a cikin zuciyar Tuolumne Meadows,  yamma da Tioga Pass Entrance zuwa Yosemite National Park . Siffar ƙasa misali ne na rôche moutonnée  tare da faffadan leƙen leƙen asiri da gangara.

An kira Lembert Dome don John Baptist Lembert, wani lokacin kuskure ya rubuta L **ambert**, wanda ya dauki masauki a wani yanki na Tuolumne Meadows a 1885.    Binciken Wheeler ya kira shi Soda Springs Dome, kuma John Muir ya kira shi Glacier Rock. 

Lembert Dome yana kusa da Puppy Dome,  kuma yana kusa da Dog Dome . 

Masu hawan dutse za su iya auna fuska daga filin ajiye motoci kusa da Tioga Road, amma masu tafiya za su iya tafiya kawai ta gefen baya ko kuma su ɗauki ƙalubalen ƙalubalen da suka fara daga gabashin filin ajiye motoci. An kafa hanyoyin hawan fasaha da yawa kyauta. 

## Manazarta
Munkurin

**Munkurin** ita ce mafi kudancin tsibirin Faroe. Munkurin dutse ne mai tsayin mita 11, wanda kuma aka sani da **Sumbiarsteinur** . Munkur yana nufin " faniya ". Dutsen yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyar skerries da ake kira Flesjarnar, 5&nbsp;kilomita kudu da tsibirin Suðuroy a cikin Tsibirin Faroe . Sautin da ke tsakanin Flesjarnar da Suðuroy sananne ne don ƙarfin halin yanzu.

## Flesjarnar

Flesjarnar rukuni ne na duwatsu, dake 5&nbsp;km kudu da Akraberg a Suðuroy . Duwatsun su ne:

* Sumbiarfles, tsayin mita 4 (mafi kusa da ƙasa)
* Miðjufles, tsayin mita 4 (kalmar miðju tana nufin a tsakiya)
* Bøllufles, tsayin mita 6 (dutse biyu)
* Stórafles, tsayin mita 7 (Stóra na nufin babba)
* Munkurin ko Sumbiarsteinur, tsayin mita 11

## Munkurin

Duwatsun suna kusa da juna sai Munkurin, wanda yake can nesa kadan, shi ya sa ake kiransa da suna Monk . Majiyoyin biyu sun ambaci wani dalili na sunan Munkurin, suna nufin kafin tsibirin ya rushe. Labarin ya gaya game da abubuwan lura na Fasto Jørgen Landt, wanda aka rubuta a cikin 1800, cewa lokacin da aka gani daga ƙasa, tsibirin dutsen ya gabatar da bayyanar wani ɗan biki tare da wuyansa ja da duhu mai launin toka da kai, kuma daga teku, ya yi kama da jirgin ruwa a karkashin cikakken sails. Wata majiyar kuma, ta Olaus Magnus ta ce dutsen ya bayyana yana sanye da kaho a kan "kansa," kamar na sufaye, da kuma cewa yana ba da mafaka mai aminci ga waɗanda guguwa ta kama. Labarin ya ambaci cewa sufi yana da tsayin ƙafa 70 (mita 21).  Munkurin yana da tsayin mita 11, amma a da yana da girma. Ya rushe a cikin 1884-1885. Kafin ya ruguje, gannet na arewa ( *Morus bassanus* ) ya kasance yana yin gida a wurin, amma tun da ya ruguje, tsuntsaye ba sa kwana a wurin; suna gida a Mykineshólmur. Yakan faru wani lokaci dutsen ya zama fari daga ƙasa, kuma saboda akwai gandun daji da yawa na arewa zaune a wurin.

## Adabi a cikin Jamusanci da Danish

* Lucas Jacobson Debes: *Natürliche und Politische Historie der Inseln Färöe* . An fassara littafin Jamus daga Danish. Marubuci: CG Mengel, Copenhagen/Leipzig, 1757.

## Manazarta
Garin ruwan sama na bakin teku na New South Wales

**Littoral Rainforests na New South Wales** rukuni ne na rarrabuwar kawuna da al'ummomin muhallin da ke cikin hatsari a gabar teku a gabashin Ostiraliya .  Yawancin wannan nau'i na gefen teku an lalata su ta hanyar ma'adinai, haɓaka yawon shakatawa ko gidaje. Ana barazanar bacewa a nan gaba.  90% na wuraren 433 ba su wuce hekta goma a girman ba.  Dajin dazuzzukan ya kai kashi 0.6% na gandun daji a New South Wales.

Dazuzzukan dazuzzuka na Ostiraliya sun tashi daga Arewacin Queensland zuwa Victoria da tsibiran da ke bakin teku da yawa, tare da wasu tsiraru a cikin New South Wales.  

## Bayani da wuri
Yawancin lokaci ana gani a cikin kilomita 2 na bakin teku, daga Mimosa Rocks National Park a kudu zuwa kan iyaka da jihar Queensland . daji yana da rufaffiyar rufaffiyar inuwa kusan 70%. Bishiyoyi na iya kaiwa tsayin mita 30 a wuraren da aka keɓe. Amma an fi ganinsa tsayin mita 5 zuwa 15. An dauki wannan nau'in gandun daji a matsayin wani nau'i na dazuzzukan dazuzzuka masu zafi, saboda kawai 'yan nau'in daji ne kawai aka keɓe zuwa wuraren da ba a iya gani ba. 

## nau'in shuka
Tsirrai galibi suna da ganye masu kauri da fata, a matsayin kariya daga iskar teku. Vines na kowa. Yawancin nau'in bishiyar suna daga dangin Botanical masu zuwa: Myrtaceae, Lauraceae, Sapindaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae, & Rutaceae . Gishiri masu haƙuri irin su Plum Pine, Tuckeroo, Red Fruited Olive Plum, Black Apple, Mock Olive da Bolwarra suna yawan saduwa da su.  Dabbobin da ke cikin haɗari sun haɗa da Coast Fontainea da Acronychia mai kamshi . Ba a yawan ganin ferns fiye da a cikin dazuzzukan dazuzzukan na wurare masu zafi. Wani lokaci ana ganin nau'in dazuzzukan da ba na ruwan sama ba a cikin wadannan dazuzzukan, irin su Coast Banksia ( Banksia integrifolia ) da Bangalay ( Eucalyptus botryoides ). 

## Abubuwan muhalli
Dajin dajin yana tsiro akan yashi na bakin teku, ma'adinan ma'adini mai wadataccen ruwa, ruwan ma'adinai ko kuma a kan bakin tekun da aka wadatar da ma'adinan volcanic. Iskar teku tana ƙara samun haihuwa ga ƙasa mai yashi, tare da ma'adanai masu ɗauke da iska kamar su calcium, magnesium, potassium da phosphorus. Dangantakar zafi yana da girma, kuma yanayin yana daidai da mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi fiye da gaba na cikin ƙasa. Ruwan sama gabaɗaya yana wuce mita ɗaya a shekara. Gishiri mai zafi daga iskar teku sau da yawa yana haifar da madaidaici kuma mai yawa.  ciyawa barazana ce ga sauran wuraren. Cizon kwari da kaska, ciyayi masu yawa da iri-iri masu rarrafe ba su sa wannan wurin zama ga mutanen zamani ba.

## Misalai
Ana iya samun misalan wannan nau'in gandun daji daga kudu zuwa Mimosa Rocks National Park,  Tekun Mile Bakwai, Kona Dabino da Barrenjoey . Har ila yau ana adana shi a wurare kamar Tekun Acres National Park, Broken Head Nature Reserve, da Brunswick Heads Nature Reserve . Mafi girman dajin daji a cikin NSW yana a yankin Iluka Nature Reserve wanda wani yanki ne na Wurin Tarihi na Duniya na Gondwana Rainforests na Ostiraliya da aka rubuta a cikin 1986 kuma an ƙara shi cikin Jerin Al'adun Ostiraliya a cikin 2007.

## Manazarta
Sōunkyō

Sōunkyō (層雲峡, Sōunkyo) wani kewayon gorges ne da ke Kamikawa, Hokkaidō, Japan . Da yake a cikin Daisetsuzan National Park, an san yankin da otal-otal da wuraren shakatawa na onsen (maɓuɓɓugar ruwa) da kuma magudanan ruwa da kyawawan tsaunuka. Kalmar "Sōunkyō" tana nufin Layer (層), girgije (雲) da gorge (峡) a cikin Jafananci, kuma asalin sunan kalma ce "Souunbetsu" a cikin Harshen Ainu, wanda ke nufin "kogi mai magudanan ruwa da yawa".

## Tarihi

An kafa labarin kasa na kwazazzabo da kewaye ta hanyar fashewar Daisetsuzan Volcanic Group, wanda ya faru kusan shekaru 30,000 da suka gabata. An tula tulun da aka yi masa walda bayan fashewar ruwan, kuma a hankali ruwan kogin Ishikari ya rinjayi shi, wanda a halin yanzu ke ratsawa tsakanin kwazazzabai. Don haka, an ƙera manyan duwatsu masu tsayi a cikin Sōunkyō, waɗanda ke da nisan kilomita 24.  kuma suna da adadin haɗin gwiwa a kusa da mita 200 a tsayi  

A cikin 1957, shaguna da otal-otal da ke yankunan da ke kewaye da Sōunkyō an ƙaura zuwa Sōunkyō a ƙarƙashin umarnin gwamnatin Kamikawa. Sun zama asalin wurin shakatawa na Sōunkyō Onsen (maɓuɓɓugan ruwa). Wannan wani bangare ne na shirin tsara garin Kamikawa da gwamnati ta yi, kuma wurin shakatawa ya samu bunkasuwa da otal-otal da shagunan sayar da kayayyakin tarihi, wadanda a da aka gina su don masu hawan dutse,  ko da yake daga baya sun lalace saboda sauran wuraren shakatawa a Hokkaidō kamar Shiretoko. 

Don sake sabunta wuraren shakatawa na kasa-kasa, Sōunkyō da Ma'aikatar Muhalli sun haɗu a kan tsarin sake ginawa a cikin 1987.  An rushe gine-gine 36 da ke cikin yankin kuma an haɗa su a cikin otal 18, waɗanda aka tsara tare da bango masu launin hauren giwa da kuma rufin da ke wakiltar Daisetsuzan. An kammala yawancin wuraren shakatawa na farko a watan Yuli 1998, kuma yawancin masu yawon bude ido sun ziyarci. A halin yanzu, adadin masu yawon bude ido a shekara ya kai miliyan 3.  Kwanan nan, an shirya tsakiyar wuraren shakatawa na onsen a matsayin "Canyon Mall," wanda aka tsara bayan wuraren shakatawa na dutse a Kanada. 

## Dubawa

An san wannan kwazazzabo ba kawai don maɓuɓɓugan ruwan zafi da wuraren shakatawa na otal ba har ma da yanayin yanayinsa. Ginga-no-taki  da kuma Ryūsei-no-taki  an zaba a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan magudanan ruwa 100 a Japan.  Hanyar Daisetsuzan Sōunkyō Kurodake Ropeway yana kan gangaren kwazazzabo, kuma masu yawon bude ido na iya samun titin igiya da kujera don hawa dutsen. Cibiyar Baƙi ta Sōunkyō tana kusa da wuraren shakatawa da gidajen faifan hoto da ke nuna yanayin Sōunkyō da jagorori ga baƙi.

A kowane watan Janairu, ana gudanar da bikin Sōunkyō Hyōbaku a bakin kogin Ishikari, kuma ana gina mutum-mutumi da abubuwa da yawa na kankara, wasu daga cikinsu suna haskakawa. Masu yawon bude ido suna iya siyan abubuwan tunawa da abubuwan sha masu zafi a wasu shaguna na kusa, kuma ana nuna wasan wuta a karshen mako. Sauran abubuwan da aka gudanar a cikin wannan bikin sun hada da rawa na Ainu, Yosakoi Soran tawagar, da taiko .

## Manazarta
Anne L. Armstrong

**Anne Legendre Armstrong** (Disamba 27, 1927 - Yuli 30, 2008) 'yar diplomasiyyar Amurka ce kuma 'yar siyasa . Ita ce mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga shugaban kasa kuma a matsayin Jakadiyar Amurka a Burtaniya, tana aiki a waɗancan mukamai a ƙarƙashin gwamnatocin Nixon, Ford,  da Carter . Ta kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Shugaban Kasa na 'Yanci a 1987. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Armstrong a ranar 27 ga Disamba, 1927 a New Orleans, Louisiana, kuma ya sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Vassar a 1949.  A cikin 1950, ta auri Tobin Armstrong, ma'aikacin kiwo daga Texas. 

## Sana'ar siyasa
Daga 1966 zuwa 1968, ta kasance mataimakiyar shugabar Jam'iyyar Republican ta Texas . Daga 1971 zuwa 1973, ta kasance shugabar kwamitin jam'iyyar Republican, kuma ita ce babbar mai magana a babban taron jam'iyyar Republican na 1972 .  Armstrong ita ce mace ta farko daga ko wanne babbar jam'iyya zuwa babban batu a babban taron kasa.  A cikin abincin dare na Kirsimeti a Fadar White House a ranar 16 ga Disamba, 1972, ta "cikin numfashi daya" ya yaba "'Yesu Almasihu, Sarkin Salama'" da Nixon a matsayin "mutumin da ya yi mafi kyawun zaman lafiya a tarihinmu"; a lokacin, Nixon ya ba da umarni don harin Kirsimeti na Arewacin Vietnam. 

## Mai ba shugaban kasa shawara
Shugaba Richard Nixon ya nada Armstrong a matsayin mashawarcin shugaban kasa a ranar 19 ga Disamba, 1972. Ta rike daga Janairu 19, 1973 zuwa Nuwamba 1974 karkashin Shugaba Ford. 

A lokacin da take aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara, Armstrong ya kafa ofishin farko na Shirye-shiryen Mata a Fadar White House,  wanda ya riga ya zama Majalisar Fadar White House ta yanzu kan Mata da 'yan mata. Tana da ƙwarewa cikin Mutanen Espanya, ta kasance mai haɗin gwiwar Nixon ga 'yan asalin Hispanic kuma ta kasance memba a kwamitin majalisar zartarwa kan dama ga masu jin Mutanen Espanya.  Daga 1976 zuwa 1977, Armstrong ita ce Jakadiyar Amurka ta farko a Burtaniya . 

## Tunani ga mataimakin shugaban kasa
A babban taron jam'iyyar Republican na 1976 a birnin Kansas, Missouri, an yi wani daftarin yunƙurin sanya Armstrong kan tikitin mataimakin shugaban ƙasa tare da shugaba mai ci Gerald Ford .  Sanata Robert Dole na Kansas maimakon Ford ne ya zaba. A cikin 1978, Armstrong ya goyi bayan George W. Bush a nasararsa na farko na kalubalantar Jim Reese a zaben fidda gwani na majalisa a gundumar majalisa ta 19 ta Texas . 

## Taimako don Gyaran Haƙƙin Daidaitawa
Armstrong ya kasance mai goyan bayan Daidaiton Haƙƙin Ƙimar (ERA).   A cikin 1971, an nakalto Armstrong yana cewa, "Ina jin kamar ya zama alamar ma'ana ga mutane da yawa. Bugu da ƙari zai share yawancin tambayoyin shari'a." 

## Kyaututtuka da karramawa
A cikin 1987, Ronald Reagan ya ba Armstrong Medal na 'Yanci na Shugaban Kasa . A cikin 1989, ta sami lambar yabo ta Golden Plate Award na Kwalejin Nasarar Amurka .  Ta sami digiri na girmamawa na Dokoki daga Jami'ar St. Mary a 1978.

## Mutuwa
Armstrong ya mutu daga ciwon daji a cikin 2008.  An binne ta a makabartar Oakwood, Austin, Texas . 

## Manazarta
Hanyar Gabas ta Yamma

***Titin Gabas ta Yamma: A Asalin Kisa da Laifukan Against Humanity*** littafi ne na 2016 Philippe Sands wanda yayi nazarin rayuwar lauyoyin Yahudawa guda biyu, Hersch Lauterpacht da Raphael Lemkin, waɗanda aka haife su a cikin shekaru uku na juna da ɗalibai a cikin birni guda a gefen gabashin Turai, Lviv, wanda ya haifar da ra'ayoyin doka na laifuka da geno .  Littafi ne da tarihin asalin dokokin laifuka na duniya bayan yakin duniya na biyu .   

## Sharhi
Daniel Finkelstein a cikin *[[The Times]]* an kwatanta shi a matsayin "littafi mai ban sha'awa. Aiki mai ban sha'awa mai girma. Akwai labarun labari da riko da hankali. Duk abin da ya faru ba makawa ne kuma duk da haka ya zo da mamaki. An motsa ni da fushi da tausayi. A wuraren da na yi fushi, a wurare na yi kuka. Ina so in isa ƙarshe. Ba zan iya jira in isa ƙarshen ba. "Ba zan iya jira in isa ƙarshen ba. 

Caroline Moorehead, rubuce-rubuce don *wallafe-wallafen wallafe-wallafe*, ya yaba wa Sands a matsayin "mai bincike mai ban sha'awa", yana rubutawa: "ba shi yiwuwa ba a ji dadin jin daɗinsa mai ban sha'awa a cikin abin da ya kira 'shaida ba. 

John le Carré ya kira shi: "Nasara mai ban mamaki: na sirri mai zurfi, an fada da ƙauna, fushi da kuma ainihin gaske." 

Dominic Sandbrook a cikin *[[The Sunday Times]]* ya rubuta: "Mafi girma riko. Sands ya samar da wani abu na ban mamaki. An rubuta shi da fasaha na novelistic, rubutunsa ba tare da jin dadi ba, sautinsa yana da kyau, littafinsa yana da rai, daga manyan tituna na Habsburg Lviv zuwa babban wasan kwaikwayo na gwaje-gwajen Nuremberg. Daya daga cikin litattafai masu ban mamaki. 

## Kyaututtuka

* Kyautar Baillie Gifford, 2016 
* Mafi kyawun Littattafan Tarihi na Shekara, *[[The Guardian]]*, 2016 
* Kyautar Yahudawa Kwata-Wingate, 2017 
* Littafin Ƙira na Shekara a Kyautar Littafin Burtaniya, 2017 
* "Baron Jean-Charles Velge" Kyautar Shugaban Ƙasa na Duniya na Tarihin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a ULB (Jami'ar Kyauta ta Brussels) 2019 

## Manazarta
Magunguna na gaba ɗaya

Medicina generale (Magunguna - Sashen Italiyanci) jerin wasan kwaikwayo ne na likitancin Italiyanci.  An watsa shi daga Fabrairu 25, 2007 zuwa Maris 10, 2010 akan Rai 1 da Rai 3, sannan akan Nickelodeon a Amurka tare da fassarar turanci, daga Disamba 23, 2011 har zuwa Yuni 17, 2012 lokacin da Nickelodeon ya soke shi saboda ƙarancin ƙima.

## Masu ba da labari

* Nicole Grimaudo: Anna Morelli
* Andrea Di Stefano: Giacomo Pogliani
* Roberto Citran: Mario Bergamini
* Marco Giallini: Alfredo Danzi
* Fabrizia Sacchi: Gabriella Boschi
* Antonello Fassari: Angelo De Santis
* Giampiero Judica: Dottor Sassi
* Francesca Reggiani: Olga
* Euridice Axen: Letizia Conti
* Thomas Trabacchi: Elia Lorenzi
* Michele Alhaique: Marco
* Guido Caprino: Andrea Lecci
* Yorgo Voyagis: Vittorio Pogliani
Ƙungiyar Mata

**Ƙungiyar Feminist Alliance** ƙungiya ce ta ci gaba da aka kafa a 1914 ta mai fafutukar mata Henrietta Rodman da mijinta, Herman de Fremery, farfesa a Jami'ar Columbia .

## Ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyoyin Mata
Henrietta Rodman da Herman de Fremery sun kirkiro Ƙungiyar Mata a 1914. Leta Hollingworth ta yi aiki a hukumar kuma ƙungiyar tana da mambobi fiye da hamsin.  Ƙungiyar ta yi aiki akai-akai tare da mata daga ƙungiyar mata ta Heterodoxy .

## Yakin siyasa

### Rayuwa ta haɗin gwiwa
Ƙungiyar mata ta yi aiki don ƙirƙirar gidan gida inda iyalai za su zauna tare kuma su raba aikin. A cewar Marie Dille na *Fall River Globe* wanda ya ba da rahoto game da wannan motsi, ɗakin ya kasance don "...matan ƙwararrun mata masu aure waɗanda suka sami irin wannan nasara don sha'awar ci gaba da aikinsu bayan aure." 

### Daidaito a wurin aiki
Ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta kasance muhimmiyar ƙungiya a cikin yakin neman daidaito ga mata a cikin ma'aikata.  A cikin Oktoba 1914, ƙungiyar ta ba da shawarar yancin mata masu juna biyu su ci gaba da aiki a matsayin malaman makaranta.  A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan yaƙin neman zaɓe, sun ƙaddamar da wasiƙar zuwa ga Sufeto wanda Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Fola La Folette da Crystal Eastman suka sanya wa hannu da sauransu da yawa. 

### Goyon baya ga daidaiton jinsi na tsarin mulki
Ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta goyi bayan daidaiton jinsi na tsarin mulki tun farkon shekarun 1910, tun kafin a fara gabatar da Gyaran Haƙƙin Daidaitawa a Majalisa a 1923. 

### Shige da fice
A cikin 1914, Ƙungiyar 'Yan Mata ta goyi bayan Dokar Thompson da Sanata Thompson ya gabatar a majalisar dattijai wanda zai ba matan da suka auri wadanda ba 'yan Amurka ba su ci gaba da zama 'yan kasa. 

### Zabar mata
Mata da yawa da ke da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Mata sun kasance masu zaɓe. A cikin Afrilu na 1914, kungiyar ta aika da wasiƙar zuwa ga Shugaba Woodrow Wilson yana kira gare shi ya goyi bayan gyare-gyaren tarayya ga Tsarin Mulki na Amurka wanda ya ba wa mata 'yancin yin zabe. 

## Membobi

* Edna Bryner 
* Leta Hollingsworth 
* Rebecca Hourwich 
* Henrietta Rodman  
* Florence Hikima 

## Manazarta