Frances Gamble

**Frances Gamble** (1949-1997) masanin yanayin yanayi ne kuma masanin ilimin halittu na Afirka ta Kudu. Ayyukanta a kan kiyaye kogon ya kasance mai yawa kuma na farko. Ta kimanta tsarin halittu na kogo da manufofin kiyayewa waɗanda suka zama dole don kare su. Gamble na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Kungiyar Binciken Cave ta Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ke da niyyar inganta ci gaban kimiyya da ƙwarewa na speleology a Afirka ta Kudu. Ta kasance shugabar kungiyar Ilimi ta Muhalli ta Afirka ta Kudu daga 1986 zuwa 1989 da kuma kungiyar Geographical Society ta Afirka ta Kudancin daga 1989 zuwa 1991. A lokacin da wariyar launin fata ta iyakance hadin gwiwa ga masu binciken Afirka ta Kudu, ta gina cibiyoyin sadarwa a duniya don sauƙaƙe bincike.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Frances Niven a shekara ta 1949 a Pietermaritzburg, Lardin Natal, Afirka ta Kudu ga Cynthia Mary (née Hosking) da John McGregor "Jack" Niven . [1] Iyayenta biyu malamai ne. Kafin aurensa, mahaifinta ya yi aiki a cikin Sojojin Sama na Afirka ta Kudu kuma a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II Royal Air Force ta sanya shi zuwa manufofi a Misira, Italiya, Sudan, da Yugoslavia .  Ita ce babba cikin 'ya'ya mata uku ciki har da' yan uwanta Joan da Sheila. A kusa da 1950, iyalin suka koma Bulawayo, a Kudancin Rhodesia, inda ya yi aiki a Kwalejin Malamai har zuwa 1965. A wannan shekarar, iyalin suka koma Natal, kuma Jack ya zama Babban malami a Jami'ar Natal .  Niven ya kuma shiga Jami'ar Natal kuma ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko na Kimiyya a shekarar 1969 da kuma digiri na biyu a shekarar 1971. 

## Ayyuka
A watan Janairun 1972, an nada Niven a matsayin masanin yanayin yanayi a Jami'ar Witwatersrand a Sashen Geography da Kimiyya na Muhalli. Niven ta gudanar da aikin gona kuma ta shirya tafiye-tafiye a kai a kai zuwa hutun mahajjata don ɗalibanta su sami ƙwarewar gani a cikin bincike. Ta auri W. A. L. Gamble kuma tare suna da 'yar Caryn. A shekara ta 1982, ta sami digirinta na PhD, daga Jami'ar Natal tare da rubutun da ake kira The Management of Karst Cave Ecosystems in the Transvaal . Wannan shine aikin farko a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma a cewar farfesa Margaret E. Marker, aikin da kawai ya yi har zuwa mutuwar Gamble wanda ya kimanta yanayin yanayin kogon kuma ya ba da shawara don kiyaye kogon.

Ayyuka daban-daban na Gamble, wanda ya haɗa da littattafai sama da ashirin a kan koguna, sun bincika ba kawai abubuwan da suka faru na halitta kamar matakan radiation ba, har ma da tasirin ci gaban ɗan adam da masu yawon bude ido akan tsarin koguna. A cikin babban aikinta game da kiyaye kogon, ta ba da shawarar cewa masana kimiyya su shiga cikin gudanarwa da ƙirƙirar jagororin don adanawa da amfani da yanayin kogon. Daga cikin batutuwan da ta lura sun kasance cewa masu yawon bude ido da masu tsara birni galibi suna haifar da lalacewar muhalli. Daga cikin matsalolin da birane suka haifar, ta lura da gurɓataccen ruwa, gami da gurɓatar ruwa, gurɓatawar aikin gona, da hayaki; canje-canje a cikin iska da iska; canje-canjen ilimin ruwa da ci gaban aikin gona, gine-gine, hanyoyi, wuraren ajiye motoci, da tashoshin famfo; da lalacewa saboda fashewa. Batutuwan da baƙi suka gabatar kuma suka haifar sun haɗa da datti da rubutu, tsarin hasken wuta da lampenflora, musayar flora da fauna, da kuma cire kayan kamar guano da Tsarin yanayin ƙasa.

Gamble ya fara ba da lacca na ɗan lokaci a 1985 da farko a Ma'aikatar Birni da Shirye-shiryen Yankin sannan a Makarantar Injiniyan Injiniya. Ta ci gaba da kasancewa da alaƙa da Jami'ar Witwatersrand har zuwa 1995. Ayyukanta kan ilimin muhalli ga matasa sun haɗa da wallafe-wallafe, gasa, da ƙoƙarin tsaftacewa a shafuka daban-daban, suna jaddada buƙatar kare koguna. Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar kungiyar Ilimi ta Muhalli ta Afirka ta Kudu (EEASA) tsakanin 1986 da 1989 kuma ta kasance jami'in kungiyar har zuwa 1992. An lura da ita musamman a lokacin da take aiki a EEASA don jawo hankalin masu tallafawa don ci gaba da mujallar su da kuma kafa hanyoyin gudanarwa wanda ya ba da damar malaman Afirka ta Kudu samun damar haɗin gwiwar kan iyaka. Gamble ya kasance memba ne na kafa kungiyar Cave Research Organisation of South Africa, ƙungiyar da ke mai da hankali kan haɓaka ƙwarewa da bincike na kimiyya a cikin ilimin kimiyya a cikin ƙasar. Ta kuma kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Binciken Cave ta Burtaniya da Ƙungiyar Speleological ta Amurka. Ta yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Afirka ta Kudu a Ƙungiyar Speleology ta Duniya,  kuma ta kasance shugabar Ƙungiyar Yanayin Afirka ta Kudu tsakanin 1989 da 1991. 

## Manazarta