Pedro Moura Costa

**Pedro Moura Costa** (an haife shi a 1963, a Brazil) ɗan kasuwa ne da ke da hannu a cikin kuɗin muhalli tare da mai da hankali kan ƙoƙarin ƙasa da ƙasa don Rage canjin yanayi da rage iskar gas (GHG). Yana da mahimmanci, shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma Shugaban kungiyar EcoSecurities Group Plc. , daya daga cikin manyan masu haɓaka ayyukan don kasuwannin carbon na duniya, wanda ya kafa "Sustainable Investment Management",  wani kamfani na farko na hada-hada kudi, kuma ya rubuta ko'ina game da manufofi da kimiyya na rage sauyin yanayi, gami da gudummawa ga Kwamitin Gwamnati kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) rahotanni.

## Matsayi a cikin shirye-shiryen rage fitar da carbon na Pre-Kyoto
Haɗin Moura Costa tare da ɓangaren rage fitar da carbon ya fara ne a cikin 1991, tare da ci gaban ayyukan gandun daji na farko na carbon a duk duniya, wato Innoprise-Face Foundation Rainforest Rehabilitation Project da Innoprise - New England Power Reduced Impact Logging Project, duka a Sabah, Malaysia. Moura Costa ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in Ayyuka na Innoprise tsakanin 1991 da 1995, kuma ya shiga cikin ci gaba da gudanar da waɗannan ayyukan biyu.

Duk da yake an ƙaddamar da manufar 'Haɗin gwiwa' na ayyukan rage fitar da iskar gas (GHG) (wanda ake kira "aikin kashe carbon") a Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli da Ci Gaban (UNCED, "Taron Duniya"), ayyukan kashe carbon na farko na shekarun 1990 sun sha wahala daga rashin sabis na musamman don tallafa musu. Ɗaya daga cikin sabis na musamman shine na tabbatar da kansa na carbon offsets, kamar yadda offsets ya dogara da tabbatar da canjin halayyar dangane da tushe (wannan canjin ana kiransa "ƙarin", a cikin ɓangaren).

Moura Costa ya gano rashin sabis na tabbatarwa mai zaman kansa a matsayin daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke iyakance ci gaban kasuwar carbon a wannan lokacin, kuma a cikin 1996 ya haɓaka sabis na tabbatar da tabbatar da carbon na farko a duk duniya, wanda aka ba da lasisi ga kamfanin takaddun shaida na Switzerland SGS (Société Générale de Surveillance).  Abokin ciniki na farko don wannan sabis na takaddun shaida shine Shirin Rican National GHG, wanda OCIC (Costa Rican Office on Joint Implementation) ya haɓaka. Bayan ƙaddamar da Yarjejeniyar Kyoto (duba ƙasa), takaddun shaida mai zaman kansa na rage fitar da carbon ya zama abin da ake buƙata a ƙarƙashin ka'idojin Tsarin Ci Gaban Tsabtace (watau, ana kiran ƙididdigar carbon na wannan na'urar CERs, ma'ana Ragewar Takaddun).

Don ci gaba da aiki tare da SGS da gwamnatin Costa Rica, Moura Costa ya kirkiro EcoSecurities, kamfani da ke da ƙwarewa wajen ci gaban ayyukan rage iskar gas.

## Gudummawa ga CDM da kasuwancin carbon
EcoSecurities an kafa ta ne a watan Janairun 1997 da Moura Costa da masanin tattalin arzikin muhalli Marc Stuart  don samar da "magani na muhalli". Watanni goma sha biyu bayan haka, a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1997 an sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Kyoto ta samar da alkawura masu ɗaurewa don rage fitar da iskar gas tsakanin kasashe masu masana'antu. Har ila yau, ya kirkiro Hanyoyin Sauƙin Sauƙaƙe, Aiwatar da Haɗin Kai da Tsarin Ci Gaban Tsabtace (CDM), wanda ya ba da damar kirkirar da amfani da ƙididdigar carbon daga ayyukan rage fitar da iskar gas. Kasuwancin carbon a hankali ya samo asali ne daga aikin muhalli zuwa zama kasuwar duniya wanda 2010 ya tattara sama da Yuro biliyan 120, gami da kasuwanci a karkashin Tsarin Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Tarayyar Turai da Hanyoyin sassauci na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.

Yayinda kasuwannin carbon suka samo asali, Moura Costa yana da sha'awar yin masu saka hannun jari da masu sharhi su haɗa tasirin iskar gas a kan kimantawar kamfanin. A cikin 1999, ya daidaita ci gaban ɓangaren kasuwancin carbon na Australian Plantation Timber, asusun saka hannun jari na gandun daji, a karo na farko an haɗa 'darajar carbon' a cikin takardar saka hannun jari. A hankali, wayar da kan masu saka hannun jari game da yanayin yanayi da matsalolin muhalli sun karu, kuma a sakamakon haka (kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga wannan yanayin), jerin kamfanoni a bangaren kasuwar carbon sun tashi a kan musayar hannun jari a cikin 2004-2006.

Amincewa da alkawuran rage fitarwa ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Kyoto ya haifar da yanayi mai kyau don ƙarin kamfanonin ci gaban aikin carbon da za a kirkirar a duk duniya. Da yake amfana daga fa'idar motsa jiki ta farko, EcoSecurities ya fadada cikin sauri kuma ya kafa babban kasuwar kasuwa. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2005, EcoSecurities da aka jera a kan Kasuwancin Kasuwancin London (AIM) wanda ke tara kudade don fadada shi, daya daga cikin kamfanoni na farko a wannan bangaren da za a jera. A matsayinsa na Shugaba da COO, Moura Costa ya daidaita fadada kamfanin, daga ma'aikata 30 zuwa 300, ya kafa ofisoshin kamfanin a kasashe 28 a duk duniya. A shekara ta 2007, kamfanin ya tara zagaye na biyu na babban birnin daga kasuwannin hannun jari, kuma ya ja hankalin Credit Suisse a matsayin abokin tarayya.

A lokacin da ya shiga cikin EcoSecurities, daga 1997 zuwa 2009, kamfanin ya haɓaka ayyukan CDM sama da 450 a cikin ƙasashe 40 kuma, daga cikinsu, ya yi amfani da fasahohi daban-daban sama da 20. Kamfanin ya kasance na farko a fannoni da yawa na bangaren, gami da ci gaban tsarin aikin CDM na farko, watau, aikin farko da aka yi rajista da aikin zubar da shara na NovaGerar a Brazil, da kuma aikin farko don karɓar CERs (a karamin aikin hydro a Honduras). Tare da ra'ayi don fadada iyakarsa, ya jagoranci kamfanin don haɓaka sabbin ƙungiyoyi da ke mai da hankali kan fasahar ƙwarewa da ke da alaƙa da rage iskar gas. Daga cikinsu, EcoMethane, wani bangare na musamman a cikin kirkirar ayyukan don tattarawa da lalata methane daga wuraren zubar da shara (wanda David Antonioli ya jagoranci, wanda daga baya ya zama Shugaba na Verra), da kuma bangare don ci gaban ayyukan rage N2O, yana mai da hankali kan masana'antun nitric acid. Moura Costa ya kuma kasance manajan asusun EcoSecurities-Standard Bank Carbon Facility, wanda ya saka hannun jari a cikin ayyukan a madadin Gwamnatin Denmark   kuma, daga baya, ya haɓaka irin wannan kudade a madadin gwamnatocin Austria da Japan.

A cikin 2007, Moura Costa ta shirya taron kasa da kasa na Rio+15, don bikin shekaru 15 na Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli da Ci gaba ("Taron Duniya"). Taron ya samu halartar mahalarta sama da 200 na kasa da kasa, gami da gabatarwa daga Maurice Strong (mai shirya taron koli na duniya) da tsohon shugaban Brazil Fernando Henrique Cardoso, kuma ya sami faɗakarwar kafofin watsa labarai.

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2009, Moura Costa ya yi murabus daga EcoSecurities don gudanar da yunkurin karɓar iko don samun ikon kamfanin, tare da ƙungiyar saka hannun jari ta Brazil BTG .  Wannan ya haifar da gasa ta kasa da kasa don sayen kamfanin  

## Ayyukan jin kai: Halitta BVRio Musayar Muhalli a Brazil
Bayan sayar da EcoSecurities, Pedro ya ba da lokacinsa da cibiyoyin sadarwa don inganta mafita na muhalli a kan taimakon jama'a.

A cikin 2011, Pedro da ɗan'uwansa Mauricio Moura Costa, lauyan muhalli, sun kafa BVRio Environmental Exchange (Bolsa Verde do Rio de Janeiro), ƙungiyar da ke zaune a Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, tare da manufar haɓaka hanyoyin kasuwa don sauƙaƙe bin dokokin muhalli.  An haɓaka BVio tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Gwamnatin Jihar Rio de Janeiro, da kuma Majalisa ta Rio de Janeiro da kwamitin ta sun haɗa da shiga Funbio (Asusun Brazil don Biodiversity), FBDS (Gidauniyar Brazil don Ci Gaban Ci gaba), da CEBDS (babban Brazil na Majalisar Kasuwancin Duniya don Ci Gabanin Ci Gaban).

Ta hanyar BVRio, Pedro ya taimaka wajen kirkirar kasuwanni don kadarorin muhalli daban-daban ciki har da Kudin Tsaro na Shari'a, Ƙarfafa Yankunan Karewa, da Kudin Gyara don tallafawa bin sabon Dokar dazuzzuka ta Brazil;  dandalin kayan aiki mai alhakin ganowa don inganta samar da kayan aikin daji da kayan aikin gona na doka da / ko ci gaba. ;  da kuma Reverse Logistics Credits don tallafawa aiwatar da Dokar Kasuwanci ta Kasa ta Brazil;  Wannan shine tsarin bashi na farko na sake amfani da sharar gida a duk duniya, wanda ya haifar da kirkirar tsarin bashi na filastik sama da 50 a duk duniya da kuma amincewa da wannan tsarin a cikin Yarjejeniyar Flastik ta Duniya mai zuwa. BVRio ya kuma shiga cikin kirkirar Verra's Plastic Waste Reduction Standard da kuma.

Don nuna godiya ga rawar da ta taka wajen bunkasa sabbin hanyoyin da za su iya amfani da su don manufofin muhalli, BVRio ta lashe lambar yabo ta Katerva ta 2013  kuma a shekarar 2014 an zabi BVRio a matsayin "Shugaban Ayyukan Yanayi" ta Yankunan R20 na Ayyukan Yanayin Yanayi. 

## Manazarta