Roy Clive Abraham

**Roy Clive Abraham** (16 Disamba 1890, Melbourne, Ostiraliya - 22 Yuni 1963, Hendon, London ) ya kasance mahimmin jigo a cikin karatun harshen Afirka a ƙarni na ashirin. Ya yi aiki sama da shekaru talatin akan yaruka daban-daban.

## Ilimi

* Makarantar Kwalejin Jami'a
* Kwalejin Clifton, Bristol 
* Cibiyoyi daban-daban a Jamus

Daga 1923 zuwa 1924 yana Kwalejin Balliol, Oxford . Ya samu digiri na farko a fannin Larabci da Farisa; ya nemi a duba shi cikin harshen Habasha, amma ba a samu mai tantancewa ba. Ya karbi takardar shedar ilimin halin dan Adam a Kwalejin Jami’ar Landan a shekarar 1927, sannan ya yi difloma a fannin Larabci (classical) daga Makarantar Nazarin Gabas a 1930.

## Sana'a
An ba shi kwamiti na wucin gadi a matsayin Lieutenant na biyu a cikin Infantry (an sanya shi zuwa Gabashin Surrey Regiment ) a ranar 22 ga Janairu 1915.  Ya bar aikin nasa kan nadin zuwa digiri a Kwalejin Soja ta Royal, Sandhurst a ranar 19 ga Janairu 1916. An ba shi mukamin Laftanar na Biyu a cikin Jerin da ba a haɗa ba don Sojojin Indiya a ranar 16 ga Agusta 1916.  An haɗa shi da bataliyar 1st, 109th Infantry a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 1916. A ƙarshen 1918 yana aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Censor, Rangoon.  An nada shi Mataimakin Ma'aikacin Embarkation a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 1919. An kara masa girma Kyaftin 20 Agusta 1919 kuma ya yi ritaya a kan 5 Oktoba 1922. 

Daga 1925 zuwa 1944 ya yi aiki da ma'aikatar gudanarwa na lardunan arewacin Najeriya. Ya yi bincike kan harsunan gida, kuma ya taimaka wa George Percival Bargery wajen harhada ƙamus na Hausa -English Dictionary, wanda aka buga a shekarar 1934.  A cikin *ka’idodinsa na Hausa* (1934), Abraham ya sauƙaƙa tsarin Bargery mai sautin shida zuwa daidai tsarin sauti uku na Hausa.

A wannan lokacin, ya kuma buga *The Grammar of [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]]* (1933) da *The Principles of [[Harshen Idoma|Idoma]]* (1935), cikakken bayanin harshe na farko na harshen Kwa na gabas. Nahawu da ƙamus na Ibrahim sun wakilci manyan gudunmawar siffantawa da nazari ga nazarin harsunan Afirka. A shekarar 1941-2, ya koyar da Hausa ga sojoji a rundunar sojojin da ke yankin yammacin Afirka. Daga baya a yakin duniya na biyu, ya yi aiki a Habasha, yana koyar da harshen Amharic da Somaliya; Har ila yau, ya kasance a Kenya, Afirka ta Kudu, Faransa, da Italiya, kuma tare da aikin soja na Birtaniya a Moscow, wanda aka kara masa girma.

A cikin 1945, Abraham ya sami kyautar haɗin gwiwar bincike na Leverhulme don bincika harsunan Habasha da Eritrea (ciki har da Amharic da Ge'ez). A 1946 ya kasa gaji Bargery a matsayin malami a fannin Hausa a Makarantar Gabas da Nazarin Afirka. Duk da haka, a cikin 1948 an nada shi sabon lacca a harshen Amharic; Ya kuma koyar da Tigrinya ya fara bincike akan Berber, Oromo, da Somali . An buga *ƙamus ɗinsa na Hausa* a 1949 da *Ka'idodin Somaliya* a 1951. Ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1951. A cikin 1952, Ibrahim ya fara nazarin Yarabanci . *Kamus na Yoruba na zamani* ya fito a 1958. Ayyukansa na yare sun dogara ne akan ayyukan da aka gudanar tsakanin ƙungiyoyin mutane da yawa: Hausa, Tiv, Idoma, Oromo, Somali, Yoruba, da Berbers .  

An buga wani kundin tunawa da girmamawa ga gagarumin gudunmawar da ya bayar wajen fahimtar harsunan Afirka a cikin 1992.

## Magana

* Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
* RG Armstrong, 'Roy Clive Abraham, 1890-1963', Journal of West African Languages, 1/1 (1964), 49-53
* PEH Hair, 'Bibliography of RC Abraham - masanin harshe da ƙamus', Journal of West African Languages, 2/1 (1965), 63-6
* PJ Jaggar, ed. , Takardu don girmama RC Abraham (1890-1963) (1992)

## Taskoki

* An gudanar da tarihin Roy Clive Abraham a Makarantar Gabas da Nazarin Afirka, London. http://www.soas.ac.uk/library/archives/