open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Tara Brach

**Tara Brach** (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga Mayu, 1953) masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam ne na Amurka, marubuci, kuma mai goyon bayan tunani na Buddha. Ita ce malama mai jagora kuma ta kafa kungiyar Insight Meditation Community of Washington, DC (IMCW).  Brach kuma yana koyarwa game da tunani na Buddha a cibiyoyin yin tunani da yoga a Amurka da Turai, gami da Cibiyar Meditation na Ruhun Rock a Woodacre, California; Cibiyar Kripalu;  da Cibiyar Omega don Nazarin Cikakken. 

Brach mai bin addinin Buddha ne, wanda ya kware a aikace-aikacen koyarwar Buddha da tunani mai hankali ga warkar da motsin rai. Ta rubuta littattafai da yawa a kan waɗannan batutuwa, gami da Amincewa da Radical, Mafarki na Gaskiya, da Jinƙai na Radical .

## Ilimi
Brach tana da digiri na farko a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam da kimiyyar siyasa daga Jami'ar Clark .  An ba ta digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin halayyar asibiti daga Jami'ar Fielding Graduate  bisa ga rubutun da ta yi game da tasirin tunani a cikin warkar da cututtukan cin abinci.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Brach tana zaune a Virginia tare da mijinta, Jonathan Foust, malamin yoga da tunani. An haife ta a matsayin Kirista Unitarian .  

## Bayanan littattafai

### Littattafai da ayyukan da aka buga

*  
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 5] "Mindful Presence: A Foundation for Compassion and Wisdom", a cikin Hikima da Compassion in Psychotherapy: Deepening Mindfulness in Clinical Practice edited by Christopher K. Germer and Ronald D. Siegel. *Christopher K. Germer da Ronald D. Siegel ne suka shirya shi. Guilford Press   *
*  
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 14] "Healing Traumatic Fear: The Wings of Mindfulness and Love", a cikin Mindfulness-Oriented Interventions for Trauma: Haɗakar da Ayyuka masu tunani waɗanda Follette, Briere, Rozelle, Hopper da Roma suka shirya. Guilford Press   
*  
*  

### Littattafan sauti

* Amincewa da Kai mai zurfi: Jagoran Buddha don 'Yantar da kanka daga Kunyar (2005)   
* *Amincewa mai zurfi: Jagoran tunani* (2007)   
* *Bincike don Warkar da Motsin rai* (2009)   
* *Meditation da Psychotherapy: Darasi na Horar da Kwararru don Haɗakar da Mindfulness cikin Ayyukan Kwararru* (2011)   
* *Mindfulness Meditations: Ayyuka tara da aka jagoranta don farkawa da kuma buɗe zuciyarka* (2012)   
* *Neman mafaka ta gaskiya: Tunanin Lokaci Mai wahala* (2013)   

## Manazarta
Susan Brady

**Susan Brady** ƙwararriyar masaniyarilimin halayyar ɗan adam ce kuma ƙwararriyar karatu wacce farfesa ce a ɓangaren ilimin halayyar makaranta a Jami'ar Rhode Island. Shekaru da yawa, ta jagoranci Haskins Literacy Initiative a Haskins Laboratories a New Haven, Connecticut wanda ke haɓaka "kimiyya na karantarwa." Ta kasance babban mai bincike a fannin karatun karatun sama da shekaru talatin kuma ta kasance tare da kokarin inganta manufofin jihohi da na kasa game da koyarwar karatu ciki har da yin magana a gaban kwamitin Majalisar Dattijan Amurka.
## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Fahimtar magana da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya dangane da ikon karatu. *Jaridar Nazarin Yara*, 35, 345-367.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Memory na ɗan gajeren lokaci, Phonological Processing da Reading Capacity. Annals of Dyslexia, Vol. 36, 138–153.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Kuskuren ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan gajeren lokaci ga masu karatu masu kyau da marasa kyau. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 5]
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Masu gabatar da sauti don samun karatu. Malsand, R.A. & Masland, M.W. (eds.) Rigakafin Makarantar Sakandare na Rashin Karatu. shafi na 204-215. &nbsp;[Hasiya]
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Kwarewar maimaita magana a cikin yara waɗanda suka bambanta a cikin ƙwarewar karatu. *Harshe da Magana*, 32 (2), 109-122.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Horar da Phonological Awareness: Nazarin tare da Yara na Inner-City. Annals of Dyslexia, 44, 26-59.
* Brady, SA (1997). Ikon yin amfani da wakilcin sauti: Matsalar talakawa. A cikin B. Blackman (Ed.), Tushen samun karatu da dyslexia: Tasiri don shiga tsakani da wuri. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ.  (shafi na 2-28).&nbsp;
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Bayanan sauti na manya matalauta masu karatu: Binciken takamaiman da kwanciyar hankali. An yi amfani da shi a cikin ilimin halayyar mutum, 22, 383-418.
* Scarborough, H.S. & Brady, S.A. (2002). Zuwa ga kalmomin da aka saba amfani da su don magana game da magana da karatu: ƙamus na kalmomin "phon" da wasu kalmomin da suka danganci. Journal of Literacy Research, V.34, No. 3, shafuffuka na 299-336.&nbsp;
* Shankweiler, D., Lundquist, E., Katz, L., Stuebing, K. K., Fletcher, J. M., Brady, S., Fowler, A., Dreyer, L. G., Marchione, K. E., Shaywitz, S. E., & Shaywitz, B. A. (1999). Fahimta da fassara: Tsarin haɗin kai a cikin yara masu wahalar karatu. *Nazarin Kimiyya na Karatu*, 3, 69-94.
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita. (2011). "Bayani bambance-bambance na mutum a cikin karatu: Ka'ida da shaida". New York: Psychology Press.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 1] Ingancin koyarwar phonics don sakamakon karatu: Bayani daga binciken bayan NRP. A cikin S. A. Brady, D. Braze & C. A. Fowler (Eds.), "Bayani bambance-bambance na mutum a karatu: Ka'ida da shaida". New York: Psychology Press.

## Haɗin waje

* Shirin Haskins na Karatun Rubuta 
* Jami'ar Rhode Island School Psychology
Aminta H. Breaux

**Aminta H.Breaux** (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1959) masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ne kuma mai gudanar da ilimi. Ita ce shugabar Jami'ar Jihar Bowie ta 10. Breaux a baya ya rike mukamai na jagoranci a Jami'ar Millersville ta Pennsylvania, Jami'ar Kimiyya, da Jami'ar Drexel.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Breaux a ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairu, na shekara ta alif dari tara da hamsin da tara 1959, a Philadelphia .  Ta sami B.A. a cikin ilimin halayyar dan adam daga Jami'ar Haikali a shekarar alif dari tara da tamanin 1980.  Breaux ya sami MS a cikin ayyukan ilimin halayyar dan adam a ilimi daga Jami'ar Pennsylvania a shekarar alif dari tara da tamanin da shida 1986.  Daga baya ta sami Ph.D. a cikin ilimin halayyar dan adam daga Jami'ar Haikali a shekara ta 2004.  Ta kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Harvard ta tsarin gudanarwa.

Breaux ta kasance mai ba da shawara a Jami'ar Pennsylvania .  Ta yi aiki a Jami'ar Drexel a matsayin darakta na cibiyar ayyukanta daga 1990 zuwa 1995 da kuma darakta na Cibiyar Gudanar da Ayyuka daga 1995 zuwa 1998. Daga 1998 zuwa 2000, Breaux ta kasance mataimakiyar provost a Jami'ar Drexel inda ta kula da ilmantarwa da Shirye-shiryen ilmantarwa.

Breaux ya kasance shugaban dalibai a Jami'ar Kimiyya daga 2000 zuwa 2008.  Ta shiga Jami'ar Millersville ta Pennsylvania a 2008 a matsayin mataimakin shugabanta na harkokin dalibai.  An ɗaukaka ta zuwa mataimakiyar shugaban kasa don ci gaba kuma ta yi aiki a cikin rawar daga 2014 zuwa 2017.  Ta kasance mataimakiyar shugaban kasa ta wucin gadi don ci gaba da alakar tsofaffi a shekarar 2014.  A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2017, Breaux ya zama shugaban Jami'ar Jihar Bowie na 10. 

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Breaux ta auri Melvin kuma tare, suna da 'ya'ya mata uku.

## Manazarta
Harshen Akuntsu

**Akuntsu** yare ne na Tupian na Brazil. An yi hulɗa ta zaman lafiya tare da Mutanen Akuntsu ne kawai a cikin 1995; masu kiwon shanu sun kashe su a cikin shekarun 1980. 

An yi la'akari da cewa ba zai yiwu ba cewa yaren Akuntsu ko al'ada za ta tsira bayan mutuwar sauran mambobin kabilar. Saboda wannan dalili masu kallo da yawa sun bayyana kabilar a matsayin wadanda ke fama da kisan kare dangi. An rage yawan mutanen Kanoê da ke makwabtaka da su ta hanyar hulɗa da mazauna,  kamar yadda mutanen wani mutum da aka haɗu da shi kwanan nan yana zaune shi kaɗai a cikin ajiyar Igarapé Omerê wanda a bayyane yake shi kaɗai ne ya tsira daga kabilarsa.  

## Rarraba
Akuntsu yare ne na Tupian wanda ke cikin iyalin Tupari . Yana da alaƙa da Tuparí, Kepkiriwát, Makuráp, Mekéns, Waratégaya, da Wayoró. Daga cikin wadannan, yana da alaƙa da Mekéns, yana raba kusan 79% na ƙamus. 

## Fasahar sauti
Abubuwan da suka dace da Akuntsu sune:

Velar nasal ba zai iya faruwa da farko ba. 

Akwai wasula 5.

Gabaɗaya, ana iya kafa sautin Akuntsu tare da wasali ɗaya (V), kamar a cikin /i'top/ ("duba"); sautin da sautin (CV), misali a cikin /taˈɾa/ ("mai faɗi"); ko ma sautin ɗaya da sautin biyu (CCV, VCC ko CVC), duba /ˈhat/ ("macijin"), /ˈkwini/ ("fork") da /oˈajt/ ("butt"). Daga cikin wadannan, CV shine mafi yawanci.

## Yanayin Yanayi
Akwai nau'o'i huɗu na kalmomi a cikin Acuntsú (sunayen, adverbs, adjectives da verbs) da kuma nau'o-nau'i biyar na rufewa (sunayayen, postpositions, idiophones, interjections da barbashi).

### Sunaye
Sunaye suna nufin abubuwan da suka dace (kamar epapap, "wata"). Za su iya ɗaukar ayyukan haɗin kai na muhawara na kalmomi da postpositions, kazalika da kasancewa masu ƙayyadewa ko masu ƙayyaddwa a cikin alaƙar ƙuduri da ƙunshe da ƙwayoyin ƙididdigar suna.

#### Canjin dangantaka
Canjin dangantaka yana faruwa ta hanyar prefixes waɗanda ke canza sunan. Abinda ke ƙayyade sunayen shine maganganun da ke gaba.

Ba kamar Tuparí da Makuráp ba, duka biyu kuma daga dangin Tuparí, inda prefixes na musamman ke nuna kusanci da rashin kusanci na masu tantancewa, Akuntsu ya bambanta tsakanin sunayen da suka haɗu da ø-allomorph da waɗanda suka haɗu tare da t allomorph. - (wanda ke nuna kusanci na mai ƙayyadewa, wanda ba kusanci ba shine yanayin da ba a san shi ba). 

## Manazarta
Fortunet Alain Nouatin

**Fortunet Alain Nouatin** 'yar siyasar ƙasar Benin ce kuma malama. Ita ce ministar tsaro ta ƙasa  a ƙasar Benin, wanda shugaban ƙasar Benin na yanzu, Patrice Talon ya naɗa ta a farkon shekarar 2021. Wa'adin ta ya fara ne a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu 2021. 

## Manazarta
Harshen Kurame na Kaʼapor

**Harshen Kurame na Ka'apor** (wanda aka fi sani da **Harshen Kurame na Urubu** ko Harshen Kurake na Urubu-Kaʼapor, kodayake waɗannan suna da banƙyama;  Portuguese: Língua de sinais caapor brasileira) yare ne na kurame na ƙauye da ƙananan mutanen Kaʼapor ke amfani da shi a jihar Maranhão ta  kasar Brazil.  Masanin harshe Jim Kakumasu ya lura a shekarar ta  1968 cewa yawan kurame a cikin al'umma ya kai 7 daga cikin yawan mutane 500. Wannan babban rabo na kurma (1 cikin 75) ya haifar da masu ji da kurame na al'umma ta amfani da harshe, kuma yawancin yara masu ji suna girma cikin harsuna biyu a cikin harsunan magana da sa hannu. Ba a san halin da harshe yake ciki a yanzu ba. Sauran kabilun 'yan asalin yankin sun kuma bayar da rahoton yin amfani da yarukan kurame, da kuma sadarwa tsakanin kansu ta amfani da yaren kurame.

Abubuwan da aka fi sani da Harshen Kurame na Kaʼapor sune tsarin kalmominsa na abu-subject-verb, da kuma gano abubuwan da suka gabata a gaban mai sa hannu da makomar baya, sabanin yarukan kurame na asalin Turai, gami da Harshen Kurame na Amurka, Auslan da Harshen Kurame na New Zealand. Wannan na iya wakiltar Ra'ayi na duniya game da baya a matsayin wani abu mai ganuwa, kuma nan gaba a matsayin wanda ba a sani ba.

Kakumasu ya lura da siffofi da yawa waɗanda masu ilimin harshe na kurame a yau suka gane su a matsayin na kowa ga wasu harsunan kurame, kamar amfani da alamun suna. Yanayi na yanayi da na mahimmanci suna nuna alamun abubuwan da ba na hannu ba kamar fadada idanu da tsokoki na fuska. Tambayoyi suna alama da alamar tambaya ko dai kafin ko bayan sashi, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "motsi na yatsan ma'ana zuwa ga mai magana (addressee) tare da ɗan karkatar wuyan hannu".

## Dubi kuma

* Harshen Kurame na Al-Sayyid
* Harshen Kurame na Tsibirin Providence
* Harshe na Alamar Gidan inabi na Marta
* Harshe na Kurame na Adamorobe

## Manazarta
Shadiya Alimatou Assouman

**Shadiya Alimatou Assouman** 'yar siyasa ce kuma 'yar ƙasar Benin. A halin yanzu ita ce Ministar Masana'antu da Kasuwanci na yanzu a Benin,  wanda shugaban Benin na yanzu, Patrice Talon ya naɗa ta a farkon shekara ta 2021. Wa'adin ta ya fara ne a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu 2021. 

## Manazarta
Masallacin Muhammad bin Abdullah

**[[Masallaci]] Muhammad bin Abdullah** ko **Masallacin Ayodhya** masallaci ne da aka gina a Garin Dhannipur, Gundumar Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, a wani shafin da Kotun Koli ta Indiya ta tsara bayan hukuncin da ta yanke a kan shari'ar Ayodhya.

Ginin Masallacin da haɗaɗɗun da ke tattare da shi ana gudanar da shi ta hanyar amincewa da Gidauniyar Al'adun Indo-Islamic (IICF). Masallacin Dhannipur Ya kai kusan kilomita 22 ne daga Ram Mandir, Ayodhya,  tsohon shafin wanda ya riga shi, Babri Masjid.&nbsp;

An fara Ginin ne a ranar 26 ga watan Janairun Shekara ta 2021. An sanya sunan masallacin a hukumance a matsayin **Masallacin Ahmadullah Shah**, a matsayin girmamawa ga shugaban yaƙin neman ƴancin Indiya na Shekarar 1857, Maulavi Ahmadullah Shah , amma daga baya aka sake masa suna ZuwaMuhammadu bin Abdullah Masjid, bayan annabin Musulunci Muhammad . 

## Wurin da yake
Dhannipur wani ƙauyen ne da ke cikin Sohawal tehsil a cikin Gundumar Ayodhya . Shirin da aka tsara don masallacin yana da nisan kusan kilomita 22 daga shafin Ram Mandir.

## Gine-gine
Hukumar Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board ce ta ƙaddamar da aikin ta hanyar ɗaga tutar ƙasa da dasa shuke-shuke a Ranar Jamhuriyar Shekarar 2021. Baya ga masallacin kanta, haɗaɗɗun ya haɗa da asibiti, gidan kayan gargajiya, ɗakin karatu, kicin al'umma wanda zai iya ciyar da mutane 2,000 a kowace rana, da kuma cibiyar binciken al'adun Indo-Islama da gidan wallafe-wallafen.

Kimanin kashi 40% na gudummawar da Trust ta karɓa 'yan Hindu ne suka ba da gudummawa, yayin da Musulmai suka ba da kashi 30%. Sauran kashi 30% gudummawar kamfanoni ne. Sakataren Gidauniyar Athar Hussain ya tabbatar da cewa Trust ya zuwa yau ya karbi Rs 40 lakhs na gudummawa, 40% daga cikinsu al'ummar Hindu ne suka ba da gudummawa.

## Rashin jituwa
Hukumar Shari'a ta Musulmi ta Ƙasar Indiya ta bayyana cewa gina masallacin ya saɓa wa Dokar Waqf kuma ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne a ƙarƙashin dokar Shariyat. Shugaban AIMIM Asaduddin Owaisi ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa bayar da gudummawa don gini da addu'a a masallacin Haraam ne (an haramta shi) bisa ga ƙa'idodin Islama, wanda  Masallacin ya amsa cewa "bautar bil'adama ba haraam ba ne".

## Rikici na mallaka
Ƴan'uwa mata biyu daga Delhi sun shigar da takarda a benci na Lucknow na Babban Kotun Allahabad, suna da'awar mallakar ƙasar da aka ba masallacin tare da kadada guda 28 na ƙasar da ke kewaye da shi, wanda suka yi iƙirarin an ba mahaifinsu a lokacin rabuwa.

## Dubi kuma

* Gidauniyar Al'adun Indo-Islama

## Manazarta
Harshen Alyutor

**Alyutor** ko Alutor yare ne na Rasha wanda ke cikin reshen Chukotkan na yarukan Chukotko-Kamchatkan, ta Alyutors. Yana mutuwa, kamar yadda aka ruwaito masu magana 25 kawai a cikin Ƙididdigar Rasha ta 2010.

## Yanayin zamantakewa da harshe
Alutor su ne 'yan asalin yankin arewacin Kamchatka Peninsula. Harshen ba a rubuta shi ba kuma yana mutuwa; a cikin shekarun 1970 mazaunan babban ƙauyen Alutor na Vyvenka a ƙarƙashin shekaru 25 ba su san yaren ba. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan makarantar ƙauyen Vyvenka ta fara koyar da yaren. Har zuwa shekara ta 1958 an dauki yaren a matsayin "ƙauye" (mai zama) yaren Koryak, amma ba a fahimta da al'adun gargajiya na Koryak. Sunan mai zaman kansa  yana nufin "mutumin gari".

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin sautin
Alyutor yana da wasula shida, biyar daga cikinsu na iya zama tsawo ko gajere. schwa  ba zai iya zama mai tsawo ba.

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
Akwai ƙwayoyin 18 a cikin Alyutor . 

### Damuwa
Matsi gabaɗaya ya faɗi a kan syllable na biyu na kalmomin polysyllabic, kuma a kan sylable na farko na kalmomin disyllabic, misali:

*  'ruwa', /ˈɣəl. ɣən/ 'skin',  'don ciyarwa', / Нор. ˈla.vul/ 'miji', /pə. 'Yana sani da wannan. ŋən/ 'Mukluk'.

Ba za a iya jaddada syllable mai buɗewa wanda ke dauke da schwa ba. A sakamakon haka, idan kalmar disyllabic ta fara da irin wannan syllable, ana matsa lamba zuwa syllable na ƙarshe kuma daga baya ana ƙara sabon syllable epenthetic a ƙarshen, misali:

* * ->  'sauro'.

Ba a taɓa jaddada sashi na ƙarshe na kalma ba.

### Tsarin sautin
Dukkanin sassan Alyutor suna farawa da ma'anar guda ɗaya. Idan wasali ba shi da tsawo, gami da schwa, suna iya rufewa da ma'anar guda ɗaya. Ba a ba da izinin tarin ma'ana a cikin kalma ta farko ko matsayi na ƙarshe. Ana amfani da schwa don rushe tarin da ba a yarda da su ba.

Misalan su ne  'yi aiki',  'gwargwadon',  'parka'.

Yankin kalmomin Alyutor koyaushe suna daidai da iyakokin syllable.

## Rubutun kalmomi
 
Harshen Alyutor ba shi da rubutun hukuma, amma jaridar *Aborigine Kamchatki* tana amfani da rubutun da ke biyowa:

## Nau'in

## manazarta
Harshen Kurame na Terena

**Harshen Kurame na Terena** yare ne na kurame na ƙauye da ake amfani da shi a kudancin kasar  Brazil. Kurma Terena waɗanda ke halartar makaranta suna amfani da LIBRAS a can, amma suna canzawa zuwa Terena Sign lokacin da suka dawo gida.

## Dubi kuma

* Harshen Terena

## Manazarta
Sharon Brehm

**Sharon Stephens Brehm** (an haife ta ne a ranar 18 ga watan Afrilu, na shekara ta 1945 - 30 ga Maris, shekara  ta 2018) Masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce ta Amurka wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar kungiyar American Psychological Association (APA). Ta kasance farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Kansas. Ta rike mukamin gudanarwa a Jami'ar Binghamton da Jami'ar Ohio, kafin ta zama shugabar Jami'ar Indiana Bloomington.

## Rayuwa ta farko da aiki
An haifi Brehm a Roanoke, Virginia a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, shekara  ta 1945.  Ta sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam daga Jami'ar Duke. Ta tafi Jami'ar Harvard don AM a cikin ilimin halayyar asibiti sannan ta koma Duke don samun PhD a cikin ilimin ilimin halayya.

Brehm ta yi shekaru 15 a Jami'ar Kansas, inda ta koyar da ilimin halayyar dan adam kuma ta jagoranci shirin girmamawa. Ta yi aiki a matsayin dean na zane-zane da kimiyya a Jami'ar Binghamton daga shekara ta 1990 zuwa 1996.  Daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin provost a Jami'ar Ohio kuma ta kasance shugabar Jami'ar Indiana Bloomington tsakanin 2001 da 2003.

Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar APA ta 2007.  A lokacin da ta kasance, kungiyar ta kirkiro Kwamitin Gudanar da Shugaban kasa kan Kula da Lafiya na Haɗin Kai ga Jama'a, Kwamitin Gudun APA-SRCD kan Ilimin Lissafi da Kimiyya (tare da Society for Research in Child Development) da Kwamitin Gudunar Shugaban kasa kan Kwamitin Bincike na Ci Gaban Jama'a da Kimiyya.

## Rayuwa da mutuwarsa
Brehm ta sadu da masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam   lokacin da ta tafi aiki a gare shi a matsayin mataimakiyar digiri. Ma'auratan sun yi aure a shekara ta 1968. Kodayake sun sake aure shekaru da yawa bayan haka, sun ci gaba da aiki tare har ma sun hada hannu da wani littafi. Jack Brehm ya gina ka'idar amsawa kuma Sharon ya daidaita shi da yanayin ilimin halayyar asibiti.

A cikin wata hira ta 2013, Brehm ta tattauna bincikenta na Cutar Alzheimer, alamun farko sun bayyana a cikin shekara  ta 2010. Ta mutu daga matsalolin cutar a ranar 30 ga Maris, shekara ta 2018, tana da shekaru 72. 

## Ayyuka

* *Halin tunani: Ka'idar 'Yanci da Kulawa* (tare da J. W. Brehm, 1981) 
* *Dangantaka ta Tsakiya* (tare da Rowland Miller da Daniel Perlman, bugu da yawa) 

## Manazarta
Harshen Kurame na Maroua

**Harshen  kurame ne a birnin  [[Marwa|Maroua]]** na ƙasar Kamaru. Yare ne na kurame wanda kusan mutane 150 ke amfani da shi a ciki da kewayen garin Maroua, babban birnin yankin Far North na Kamaru . 

## Manazarta
Harshen Mofu-Gudur

**Mofu-Gudur**, ko **Kudancin Mofu**, yare ne na Chadic da ake magana a arewacin Kamaru. Harsuna sune Dimeo, Gudur, Massagal, Mokong, Njeleng, da Zidim.

Ana magana da Mofu-Gudur a cikin tsaunuka a kudancin Kogin Tsanaga har zuwa Mayo-Louti (Mokong da Mofou cantons na garin Mokolo, sashen Mayo-Tsanaga, da kuma garin Gawaza, sashen Diamaré, a yankin Far North) da masu magana 60,000.

## Harshen kurame
Masu magana suna amfani da kimanin alamomi 1,500 na al'ada. Ana amfani da waɗannan a cikin ba da labari da maimaita tarihi, amma kuma a cikin yanayin da ba ya dace da magana; lokacin da aka haifi yara kurame, ko mutane suka zama kurame daga baya a rayuwa, membobin suna da tsarin sadarwa wanda zai ba su damar sadarwa tare da dukan al'umma.

## Manazarta

* Daniel Barreteau 1988. *Bayani game da mofu-gudur* Paris: Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Faransa don Ci Gaban Haɗin Kai.   ISBN .&nbsp;
* Sorin-Barreteau, 1996, Harshen Gestuel na Mofu-Gudur a Kamaru. Rubuce-rubucen PhD, Jami'ar Paris V-Rene' Descartes
Harshen Mbuko

**Mbuko** yare ne na Afro-Asiatic da ake magana a cikin  garin canton na Doulek, Méri subdivision, sashen Diamaré, da kuma a wasu sassan canton na Serawa, Tokombéré subdivision. 

Mbuko (masu magana sun kai  6,700) a al'adance suna zaune a tsaunukan Mbuko, wanda ke gabashin Meri. Har ila yau suna zaune a cikin filin da ke kusa da Mayo-Ranéo (a cikin canton na Doulek, gundumar Meri, sashen Diamaré, Yankin Arewacin). 

## Manazarta

* Ingilishi-Mbuko / Faransanci-Mbuko ƙamus a kan aikin DAGBO na Jolome
* Richard Gravina 2001. "Fasali na Harshe na Chadic: The Case of Mbuko Phonology," Bincike Mate a cikin Harshe na Afirka: Maida hankali kan Kamaru. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Ngessimo M. Mutaka da Sammy B. Chumbow. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. Shafuffuka 119-132.
Harshen Kutin

**Kutin** memba ne na reshen Duru na yarukan Savanna . Yawancin masu magana da yaran a  Najeriya sun koma Kamaru lokacin da aka kafa Gashaka-Gumti National Park.

## Harsuna
Harsunan Paara (Kutin) sune kamar haka.

Ana magana da **Paara** (Páárá) a arewa maso yammacin yankin Tignère (sashen Faro da Deo, Yankin Adamaoua), tsakanin garin da aka ambata a sama da iyakar Najeriya ta kusan masu magana 15,000.

**Paara Muura**, mafi mahimmancin iri-iri, shine yaren arewacin (Mayo Baléo commune, Faro da Deo sassan, yankin Adamaoua), tare da Gadjiwan da Aimé, arewa maso yammacin Tignère . 

Ana magana da **Zongbi** a kudu maso gabashin Tignère kusa da Djombi, garin Ngaoundéré, sashen Vina, yankin Adamaoua . 

**Dan Muura** yare ne mai zaman kansa a arewa maso gabashin Banyo (Banyo commune, Mayo-Banyo department, Adamaoua Region). 

Blench (2004) yayi la'akari da nau'ikan guda uku, Peere, Potopo (Kotopo), da Patapori, don zama harsuna daban-daban.

## Manazarta
Harshen Sharwa

**Sharwa** (wanda aka fi sani da Tchevi, Sherwin, Sarwaye) yare ne na yankin  Afro-Asiatic da ake magana da shie a kasar Kamaru a Lardin Far North . Akwai alamun canjin harshe zuwa Fulfulde.

Masu magana da Sharwa (5,100) ana kiransu Tchévi, wanda shine birninsu mafi girma, a kudancin yankin Bourrha (gundumar May-Tsanaga, Yankin Arewacin). Ana kuma magana da Sharwa a yankin Arewa, a cikin sashen Mayo-Louti (Mayo-Oulo). Yawancin su suna da alaƙa da Gude.

## Bayani

## Haɗin waje
Marilynn Brewer

**Marilynn B. Brewer** Masaniyar ilimin halayyar jama'a ce ta Amurka. Ita farfesa ce mai daraja a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Jihar Ohio kuma tana zaune a New South Wales . Ta kasance Farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam kuma Darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Jama'a a UCLA .

## Tarihin rayuwa
A shekara ta 1942, an haifi Brewer a Birnin Chicago, Illinois a matsayin Marilynn Bolt .  A shekarar 1966, ta auri Robert Brewer . Iyayenta duka ba su halarci kwaleji ba amma sun ƙarfafa ta ta ci gaba da karatunta. Brewer ta sami digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar zamantakewa a 1963 daga Kwalejin Arewacin Park tare da girmamawa. Mai ba da shawara, Jean Driscoll ya rinjaye ta sosai kuma ya ƙarfafa ta. Brewer ta sami tallafin Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa don tallafawa karatun digiri a Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma, inda ta sami Ph.D. a shekarar 1968.  &#x5B;**&#x5D;

Brewer ta kasance Shugaban American Psychological Society daga 1993 zuwa 1995,  Midwestern Psychological Association a 2004,  Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues a 1984-1985,  da Society for Personality and Social Psychology daga 1990 zuwa 1991. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin edita na Personality and Social Psychological Review da kuma mataimakin edita na Psychological Review .

## Bincike
An san Brewer da gudummawar da ta bayar a fannin zamantakewar al'umma kuma ta gudanar da bincike a fannonin ilimin zamantakewa da alaƙar kungiyoyi. Duk da yake an san ta musamman saboda ka'idarta game da bambancin da ya fi dacewa, kungiyoyi daban-daban sun girmama ta saboda gudummawa mai yawa da kuma bambancin gudummawa ga fannin ilimin halayyar jama'a.

## Daraja da kyaututtuka

* Kyautar Kyautar Kyautattun Kimiyya ta APA (2007) 
* Kyautar tunawa da Kurt Lewin (1995) 
* Kyautar Donald T. Campbell don Bincike Mai Girma a cikin Ilimin Halitta (1992) 
* Society of Experimental Social Psychology Kyautar Masanin Kimiyya mai daraja (2004) 
* Jami'ar Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka (2007) 

## Manazarta
Harshen Kurame na Masar

**Harshen kurame na Masar** (Arabic) yare ne na kurame da membobin kurame ke amfani da shi a Misira.

## Harshen kurame
Kodayake babu kididdigar hukuma game da yawan kurame ko yawan mutanen da ke amfani da Harshen Kurame na Masar a matsayin yarensu na farko,  Gallaudet University's library resources website ya nakalto wani 1999 kimantawa na yara masu fama da matsalar ji miliyan 2,  yayin da binciken 2007 da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta sanya yaduwar rashin ji a Misira a 16.02% a duk faɗin shekaru.  Harshen Kurame na Masar ba a amince da shi a hukumance ba.

A fannin harshe, Harshen Kurame na Masar ba shi da alaƙa da wasu yarukan kurame na Duniya ta Larabawa, kamar Harshen Kurame na Jordan, Harshen Kurame na Palasdinawa, ko Harshen Kurkuku na Libya. Kokarin hadin kai, ƙirƙirar "Harshe na Alamar Larabci", sun gaza, saboda nau'in hadin kai zai zama sabon harshe gaba ɗaya.

## Dubi kuma

* Kurma a Misira

## Manazarta
Harshen Koore

**<u><big>Koorete</big></u>** (kuma Amaarro, Amarro, Badittu, Koore, Koyra, Kwera, Nuna) yare ne da Mutanen Koore na kudancin kasar  Habasha ke magana da shie .

**<u><big>Ma'anar harshe:</big></u>**

Koorete yare ne na harshen Afro-Asiatic . Iyalin yaren omotic sun ƙunshi kusan harsuna 25 zuwa 30 ko yaruka, galibi an raba shi zuwa Gabashin omotic da yammacin omotic.

Koorete na cikin yarukan Yammacin Omotic.

Yammacin yarukan Omotic sun kasu kashi biyu, yarukan Kafa-Gimojan da yarukan Maji.

**<u><big>Mutanen yaren Koorete:</big></u>**

Koore shine sunan mutanen da ke magana da harshen Koorete. Wani memba na kabilanci shine koore kuma ta hanyar ƙara -te ga sunan kabilanci muna samun sunan harshe Koorete.

Koorete Speakers kuma an san su da Koyra, Badittu, Amarro da Nuna.

Yawancin mutanen Koore suna zaune a tsaunukan Amaaro a gabashin Tafkin Abbaya, Habasha. Ana kuma magana da Koorete a tsibirin Gidicho a Tafkin Abbaya .

Yawancin mutanen Koorete mabiyan Kiristanci ne kodayake akwai wasu kungiyoyin mabiya addinin animist na gargajiya, suna cikin haɗarin halaka saboda yaduwar Kiristanci. https://www.academia.edu/338465/Koorete_Tonology

**<u><big>Harshen Koorete</big></u>**

**<u><big>Tsarin jumla</big></u>**

Koorete yare ne na SOV ma'ana shi ne batun abu magana, amma kuma ta amfani da OSV (abubuwan abu abu abu abu magana) tsari ba ya haifar da tsarin ungrammatical.

Misali: garma-i doro muu-d-o

Zaki yana cinye tumakin

Zaki ya ci tumaki

**<u><big>Da yawaitawa</big></u>**

Alamar jam'i a cikin harshen koorete ita ce **-ita** kuma saboda tana farawa da wasali, duk sunayen ko sun ƙare da wasali ko ma'ana. Sunayen za su sauke wasula ta ƙarshe kuma su ƙara -ita.

**<u><big>Yawancin sunayen rayayyu:</big></u>**

Akwai wani nau'i na jam'i wanda ake amfani da shi don sunayen rayayyu wanda shine -atse

**<u>Misalan</u>**

Amfani da ma'anar jam'i -atse ba a yarda da shi ba tare da sunayen da ba na rai ba.

**<u>Sunayen da ba a fahimta ba:</u>**

A cikin yaren koorete ana kirkirar sunayen da ba a fahimta ba ta hanyar ƙara ƙayyadaddun -unte ko -ete

**<u>Misalan:</u>**

**<u>Mai ba da izini:</u>**

Kalmar ko sunan da aka samo daga aikatau wanda ke yin aikin aikatau.an kafa shi ta hanyar amfani da -atse zuwa aikatau.

**<u>Misali</u>**

**<u><big>Sunayen sirri a cikin Koorete</big></u>**

**<u>Misalan:</u>**

1) Tan-i garma good-d-o

Na bi zaki

2) Garma-I taa (tamba) good-d-o

Zaki ya bi ni

**<big>Wakilan tambaya</big>**

1) o**On-I** = wanene

2) o**on-a** = wanene

3) oone-se = ga wanda / wanda

Ta dawo gida tare da tumaki.

## Manazarta

## Bayanan littattafai
Harshen Bukiyip

**Bukiyip** (Bukiyúp), ko **Dutsen Arapesh**, harshen Larabci ne ( Torricelli )  wanda kusan mutane 16,000 ke magana tsakanin Yangoru da Maprik  a lardin Sepik na Gabashin Papua New Guinea .  Bukiyip yana bin tsarin rubutun SVO.  Harsunan Arapesh an san su da tsarin yarjejeniyar sunaye-jumla (Bukiyip yana da 18 daga cikin waɗannan azuzuwan suna). 

## Rarraba
Akwai manyan yaruka guda biyu na Bukiyip Chamaun-Yabonuh da Ilipeim-Yamil (yamma)  da ƙananan yaruka biyu na Buk da Lohuhwim .  Idan aka ba da bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin yaruka, masanin harshe Robert Conrad ya nuna cewa Bukiyip mai yiwuwa wani ɓangare ne na sarkar yaren da ya haɗa da wasu yarukan Arapesh. Ana iya ƙara yawan yarukan a matsayin Coastal Arapesh da Mountain Bukiyip .  

## Fasahar sauti

### Tsarin sautin
Sau da yawa ana sanya damuwa a kan sashi na ƙarshe, wanda ke da mafi girma.

Akwai nau'o'i huɗu masu banbanci.

# Ƙarshen Ƙarshen - faɗuwa a kan syllable na ƙarshe, sannan kuma dakatarwa
# Intonation ba na ƙarshe ba - matakin tsakiyar filin a kan syllable na ƙarshe, sannan kuma dakatarwa
# Tambaya Intonation - matakin tsakiya / tsayi a kan kalma ta ƙarshe
# Imperative Intonation - babban farar da damuwa mai nauyi a duk sashi tare da saurin saukowa a kan syllable na ƙarshe 

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

an rubuta shi kamar haka: p, t, k, b, d, g, s, ch, j, h, m, n, ny, l, r, w, y 

### Sautin sautin
Sautin farko: ko, au, ai, ia

Tsakanin sautin: e (a,o,i,u), a (u,e,i), i (e,a,e), o (u,i), uu, úo

Ƙungiyoyin sautin ƙarshe: eo, ko, uu

an rubuta shi kamar haka: i, e, a, o, u, æ, é, ú

### Morphophonemics
Bukiyip yana da ka'idoji 18 na asali don sauye-sauyen morphophonemic (ka'idoji 8-18 da farko sun shafi yarukan Chamaun-Yabonuh da Buki). 

## Manazarta
Harshen Vanimo

**Vanimo** (Wanimo, Manimo) yare ne na Skou na yanki  Papua New Guinea wanda ya kai daga Leitre zuwa Wutung a kan iyakar Papua New Guinea - Indonesia .

## Fasahar sauti
Yaren Duso na Vanimo ba sabon abu ba ne saboda ba shi da wani sashi na phonemic velar, kodayake yana da phonetic .

Wasula (harshen Dumo) sune,

Dukkanin suna faruwa a cikin hanci, suna bambanta tsakanin wasula ta hanci da wasula da ke biye da consonantal . Nasal /u/ ana iya gane shi azaman syllabic .

A cikin Dumo, babu wata sanarwa ta velar ban da wannan  (kuma kamar yadda aka lura a ƙasa). Sauran sassan sune,

Ƙungiyoyin ƙamus sune /pl, bl, ml, ɲv, hv, hm, hn, hɲ, hj/ (hv da hm na iya zama allophones). /ɲv/ ana kiranta . Babu ma'anar coda ban da . 

Dumo syllables may have either a 'high' or a 'long' tone. There is strict syllable timing, a 'long'-toned syllable takes the entire time allotted for a syllable, whereas with a high-tone or atonic syllable, there is a slight gap between it and the following syllable. Ross writes high tone with a *grave* accent, and long tone with an acute accent. A syllable with a nasal vowel / coda  is not necessarily long, it may have any of the three tones.

## Kalmomin kalmomi
Yawancin kalmomin Vanimo suna dauke da ko dai ɗaya, biyu, uku, ko huɗu.

### Wakilan mutum
Tsarin wakilin a cikin Vanimo ya dace da tsarin jinsi na jinsi. Ana iya amfani da sunayen "maza" da "mata" na mutum na biyu da na uku, tare da amfani da su na farko don magana game da mutane, don sunayen da ba su da rai ko sunayen da aka saba amfani da su a cikin takaddama tare da jinsi na harshe. Misali na wannan zai zama wakilin ébu, wanda za'a iya amfani dashi duka biyu don nufin ku (wanda duk mambobi uku na rukuni ake kira ku mace ne), ko kuma yana nufin ku (inda ake kiran rukuni kamar ku, ya ƙunshi sunaye uku na yau da kullun waɗanda dukansu mata ne). A cikin teburin da ke ƙasa ? ana amfani dashi don wakiltar kalmomin da ba a sani ba ko waɗanda ba a rubuta su ba.

## Manazarta
Harshen Marba

**Marba** yare ne na mutanan  Afro-Asiatic da mutanen Azumeina na Chadi ke magana a matsayin yarensu na farko. Har ila yau, sunan daya daga cikin mutanen Azumeina ne.

## Bayyanawa
Harshen Marba na asali ne da farko ga:

Tandjilé Ouest (fr), ɗaya daga cikin sassan uku a Yankin Tandjilé (fr) na kudu maso yammacin Chadi (sauran sune Cibiyar Tandjilé da Tandjiló Est) 

Sauran rubutun da ba a fi so sun haɗa da Maraba . A tarihi ana kiran yaren Azumeina a wasu lokuta. Ana amfani da ayaba,  da Ho Ho a wasu lokuta a lokacin gwamnatin Faransa amma sun fadi cikin rashin amfani.

Marba na wannan labarin batu ne daban daga Marfa [mvu] da Maba [mde] waɗanda yarukan Nilo-Sahara ne da ake magana a yankunan Ouaddaï da Waddai Fira na Chadi.

## Rarraba
**Marba** [mpg] is classified in the Masa languages (fr) subgroup of the Chadic languages (fr) branch of the Afro-Asiatic language (fr) family.

## Rarrabawar ƙasa da bambance-bambance
Wadannan kungiyoyin mutane suna magana da Marba saboda haka ana kiransu Azumeina:

* Marba
* Kolon (wani lokacin ba daidai ba ne a rubuta Koloŋ ko Kolong) 
* Leou (wanda aka rubuta Léo).

Kowane ɗayan waɗannan ƙungiyoyin mutane sun ƙunshi ƙabilai da yawa. Sunan dangin sau da yawa iri ɗaya ne da sunan ƙauyen ko ƙauyen dangin kamar yadda aka lura a cikin tebur masu zuwa. A kan intanet Kolon wani lokacin ana rubuta shi Kulung.

Yawancin Azumeina yanzu suna zaune a waje da yankin gargajiya. Misali, akwai wata babbar al'umma ta mutanen da ke magana da Marba a N'Djaména da kewayen Kouroup a arewacin Koyom a cikin sashen Mayo Boneye (fr) na Mayo-Kebbi Est (fr).

; Ƙungiyoyin Marba

; Ƙungiyoyin Kolon

## Manazarta
Harshe na Kurame na Ruwa

Harshen Alamar Ruwa (**MSL**; Faransanci: Langue des signes maritime) yare ne na alamun da ake amfani da shi a lardunan Atlantic na Kanada.

Harshen Kurame na Maritime ya fito ne daga Harshen Kurama na Burtaniya  ta hanyar haɗuwa da Al'ummomin kurame daga Arewa maso gabashin Amurka da Ingila waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa Kanada a cikin ƙarni na 18 da 19.  A ƙarshen tsakiyar karni na 20, shine mafi yawan yaren kurame a cikin The Maritimes da harshen koyarwa a Makarantar Halifax don Kurame (1857-1961) da kuma Hukumar Ilimi ta Musamman ta Lardin Atlantic a Amherst, Nova Scotia (1961-1995).  

Ana maye gurbin MSL da Harshen Kurame na Amurka (ASL), don haka a shekarar 2020, an ƙuntata MSL ga tsofaffi kurame a cikin Maritimes. Matasa suna karatu a cikin ASL kuma suna da ƙarancin ilimi da ƙaranci girmamawa ga MSL, yayin da wasu tsofaffin ƙarni suka kasance masu aminci ga MSL. Ba a san adadin masu magana da MSL ba kuma an kiyasta sun kasance ƙasa da 100 a cikin 2009;  mafi yawansu sun mai da hankali ne a Nova Scotia, wasu a New Brunswick, yayin da kusan babu wanda aka yi tunanin ya kasance a Newfoundland da Labrador (an ce uku ne kawai suka wanzu) ko tsibirin Prince Edward. : 14 ASL da MSL sun 'haɗe' a yankin. An nuna ASL don rinjayar ƙamus da ƙamus na MSL; alal misali, saboda asalin BANZSL na hannu biyu ba a amfani da shi a cikin Maritimes : 8, 9, 75, 142 kuma an maye gurbinsa da haruffa na hannu ɗaya na Amurka, ana haɓaka alamun ƙamus daga rubutun yatsan hannu ɗaya. 

Abubuwan da ke tattare da ilimin (ilimi, fassara, da dai sauransu) ga masu magana da MSL galibi ba su da yawa, amma tallafi ga Cibiyar Al'adu ta Nova Scotia ta samar da kaset na VHS da ke rubuce-rubuce game da harshe, kuma a cikin shekarun 2010 an fara aikin yin rubuce-aikacen sunayen wurare a cikin Atlantic Canada a cikin MSL da ASL, wanda ya haifar da taswirar kan layi.

An rubuta harshe a cikin fim din 2017, Halifax Explosion: The Deaf Experience, kuma an bambanta shi da ASL zuwa sakamako mai ban dariya a cikin wani yanki da aka yi a 2019 Sound Off Theatre Festival a Edmonton game da Nova Scotian da Ba'amurke da ke tafiya a Gabashin Kanada. 

## Manazarta
Harshe na Kurame

'''Harshen Kurame na Inmaculada yare ne na kurame na tsofaffin kurame a Lima, Peru . Yana da alaƙa da yaren kurame na Peruvian (LSP), amma ya bambanta sosai don a dauke shi yare daban.

Mutanen da suka halarci makarantar kurame, CEBE La Inmaculada de Barranco, suna amfani da yaren, kafin kimanin 1960, lokacin da aka kafa LSP a matsayin harshen ƙasa ga kurame. An bude makarantar ne a shekarar 1939. Harshen Kurame na Inmaculada yana da kusan rabin tasirin daga Harshen Kurama na Amurka wanda LSP ke da shi, kuma haruffa na hannu ya bambanta.

## Manazarta
GUDUMA

Hammer galibi kayan aiki ne na hannu, wanda ya ƙunshi "kai" mai nauyi wanda aka ɗora shi a cikin dogon maɓallin da aka girgiza don isar da tasiri ga ƙaramin yanki na wani abu. Wannan na iya zama, alal misali, don fitar da ƙusa cikin itace, don tsara ƙarfe (kamar yadda yake tare da forge), ko don murkushe dutse. Ana amfani da Hammers don motsa jiki, tsarawa, fashewa da aikace-aikacen da ba masu lalacewa ba. Hanyar gargajiya ta haɗa da zane-zane, aikin ƙarfe, yaƙi, da kuma kiɗa mai ƙarfi
## Manazarta
Tarakata

Tarakata motar aiki ce da aka tsara musamman don isar da babban ƙoƙari (ko jujjuyawa) a saurin gudu, don dalilan jan motar ko injuna kamar wanda aka yi amfani da shi a aikin noma, hakar ma'adinai ko gini. Mafi yawanci, ana amfani da kalmar don bayyana abin hawa na gona wanda ke ba da wutar lantarki da motsi don yin aikin gona, musamman (kuma asali) noma, kuma yanzu da yawa. Ana iya jan Kayan aikin gona a baya ko a ɗora su a kan ma'aunin, kuma ma'auni na iya samar da tushen wutar lantarki idan an yi amfani da kayan aiki.

Amfani na farko da aka rubuta na kalmar da ke nufin "injin ko abin hawa don jan wagons ko plows" ya faru ne a cikin 1896, daga kalmar da ta gabata "motar traction" (1859). 
## Manazarta
Lucie Ablawa Sessinou

**Lucie Ablawa Sessinou** 'yar siyasar Benin ce kuma magajiyar garin Kétou. An zaɓe ta a kan tikitin jam'iyyar siyasa ta Benin Progressive Union a zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi na shekarar 2020. A watan Yulin 2018, ta zama shugabar cibiyar zaɓaɓɓun kansilolin mata a Benin.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Lucie Ablawa Sessinou ta zama magajin garin Kétou na farko a shekara ta 2003 a lokacin wa'adin mulkin farar hula na farko a Benin bayan zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi na shekarar 2002. Ta rasa muƙamin ne a shekarar 2008 a lokacin zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi na shekarar 2008.   

Tsohuwar malamar da ta zama ‘yar kasuwa, Lucie Ablawa Sessinou ta ba da shawarar shigar da matan Benin cikin harkokin tafiyar da harkokin birane da gudanar da harkokin ƙasa. Ta kafa cibiyar sadarwa na zaɓaɓɓun kansilolin mata a Benin kuma ta kasance shugabar ta har zuwa watan Yuli 2018.   

An sake zaɓen ta a matsayin magajin garin Kétou a zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi na shekarar 2020, an kaddamar da ita a ofis a ranar Asabar, 6 ga watan Yuni, 2020, a wani bikin da Shugaban Ma'aikatar Filato, Daniel Valère Setonnougbo ya jagoranta.    

## Duba kuma

* Aurélie Adam Soulé
* Claudine Prudencio ne adam wata
* Geneviève Boko Nadjo
* Véronique Brun Hachémè
* Zinatou Saka Osseni Alazi

## Manazarta
Evelyne Sossouhounto

**Evelyne Hortense Amélie Sossouhounto Kaneho** (2 Mayu 1956 - 29 Maris 2024) malama ce a ƙasar Benin  kuma 'yar siyasa.

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Evelyne Sossouhounto a ranar 2 ga watan Mayu 1956, a Abomey. Malamar kimiya ce, ta yi aiki a matsayin Sufeto na kimiyyar jiki, sinadarai, da fasaha.  

### Sana'a
Bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Boni Yayi, ta shiga gwamnati a matsayin ministar ilimin firamare da sakandare.    Kafin wannan, daga watan Maris zuwa Agusta 2006, ta haɗa aikin da ke tallafawa haɓaka sabbin shirye-shiryen karatu a makarantun sakandare. 

Daga shekarun 1988 zuwa 1998, ta kasance mai kula da fasaha don horar da koyar da ilimin kimiyya ga masu aikin sa kai na Amurka Peace Corps. Tun daga shekara ta 2009, ta kula da "Prime Pedagogical Workshops," da nufin zayyana yanayin koyo bisa tushen cancanta. 

## Mutuwa
Sossouhounto ta mutu a Cotonou a ranar 29 ga watan Maris 2024. 

## Girmamawa
A ranar 8 ga watan Oktoba, 2014, an naɗa ta Kwamanda na National Order of Benin.  

## Manazarta
Injin din kyan kyasa

**Injin din kyan kyasa** ya kasance wurin da aka keɓe wanda za'a iya daidaita zafin jiki, zafi, da sauran yanayin muhalli a matakan da suka fi dacewa don girma, ƙyanƙyashe, ko haifuwa. Akwai manyan nau'o'in incubators guda uku: na'urorin kiwon kaji, masu sanya jarirai, da kuma ƙwayoyin cuta.

Ana amfani da incubators na kaji don kiyaye ƙwai da aka haɗe na kajin dumi har sai sun shirya don ƙyanƙyashe. Waɗannan su ne mafi tsufa nau'in incubators; Dakunan da gobarar ta taso ne Masarawa da Sinawa na da suka yi amfani da su wajen kyankyashe kwayayen kaji, daga baya na’urorin da ake sanyawa sun yi amfani da fitulun kananzir wajen dumama iska ko ruwa kusa da kwai. Incubators na zamani dakuna ne da wutar lantarki ke dumama. Manya-manyan fanfunan lantarki suna zagawa da iskar don kiyaye yanayin zafi iri ɗaya, kuma ana juya ƙwai kai tsaye aƙalla sau takwas a kullum. Manyan incubators na kasuwanci na iya ɗaukar ƙwai har guda 75,000 a lokaci ɗaya.
## Manazarta
Véronique Tognifodé Mewanou

**Véronique Tognifodé Mewanou** 'yar siyasa ce kuma malama a ƙasar Benin. Ita ce Ministar Harkokin Jama'a da Micro-Finance na yanzu a Benin,  bayan da shugaban Benin na yanzu, Patrice Talon ya naɗa ta a matsayin a farkon shekara ta 2021. Ta fara ne a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu 2021.

## Manazarta
Jane Naana Opoku-Agyemang

**Jane Naana Opoku-Agyemang**  (An haife ta ranar 22 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1951)  ƴar Ghana ce kuma 'yar siyasa wacce a halin yanzu take aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban Ghana ta takwas a karkashin Shugaba John Mahama tun daga ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2025. Ta taba aiki a matsayin Ministan Ilimi daga Fabrairu 2013 zuwa Janairu 2017 a karkashin gwamnatin farko ta Shugaba Mahama . Ita farfesa ce a fannin adabi, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar jami'ar jihar a Ghana lokacin da ta zama mataimakiyar shugaban Jami'ar Cape Coast . Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Jami'ar Mata a Afirka a Zimbabwe har zuwa lokacin da ta yi murabus a watan Agustan 2024.
## Manazarta
Judith Suminwa

**Judith Suminwa Tuluka** (an haife ta a ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1967) 'yar siyasar Kongo ce wacce ke aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo tun daga 12 ga Yuni 2024. Shugaba Félix Tshisekedi ne ya zaba ta a matsayin a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2024, mace ta farko a cikin mukamin, kuma ta hau mulki bayan da Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa ta nada gwamnati. 

## Manazarta
Chantal Yayi

**Chantal de Souza Yayi** (an haife ta a ranar 28 ga watan Janairu 1949) 'yar siyasar Benin ce kuma tsohuwar uwargidan shugaban ƙasar Benin daga shekarun 2006 har zuwa 2016. Ita ce matar tsohon shugaban ƙasar Benin Thomas Boni Yayi.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Chantal de Souza Yayi, 'yar asalin Ouidah, ɗan gidan shahararren gidan De Souza ne, waɗanda asalinsu ƴan asalin Portugal ne da Brazil, waɗanda ke kewayen birnin bakin teku.    Tana da ‘yan’uwa goma, ciki har da babban yayanta, Marcel Alain de Souza (1953–2019), ma’aikacin banki kuma tsohon shugaban hukumar ECOWAS.  Yayi babbar jika ce ga Francisco Félix de Sousa, wacce 'yar kasuwar bayi ce 'yar ƙasar Brazil kuma mataimakiyar Ouidah. Ita ce 'yar'uwar Isidore de Souza, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Archbishop na Archdiocese na Roman Katolika na Cotonou daga shekarun 1990 har zuwa 1999.

Babban yayanta, Marcel de Souza, ya gabatar da ita ga mijinta na gaba, Thomas Boni Yayi.  Ita da Boni Yayi suna da yara biyar. A shekarar 2008, Chantal Yayi da Thomas Boni Yayi, wanda ɗan zuriyar sarakunan Yarbawa ne na Sabe a nasa hakkin, Sarkin Ile-Ife na Najeriya, Olubuse II ya ba shi sarauta.

A matsayinta na uwargidan shugaban ƙasa, Yayi ta mai da hankali kan ilimi da kiwon lafiya. 

A shirye-shiryen zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Benin na shekarar 2016, Yayi ta taimaka wa ɗan uwanta ya kafa wata ƙaramar jam'iyyar siyasa, Jam'iyyar Republican Front for a Patriotic Alternative, ko *Front républicain pour une alternative Patriotique*, (Frap), wanda Marcel Alain de Souza ya shugabanta kuma ta yi amfani da shi wajen kaddamar da takararsa na shugaban ƙasa.  Sai dai Marcel de Souza ta samu kashi 0.13 ne kawai na kuri'un da aka kaɗa.

A shekara ta 2021, rahotanni sun ce Yayi ta kamu da cutar shanyewar jiki bayan watanni na matsalolin lafiya.  Da farko an yi mata jinya a sashin kula da marasa lafiya na Cibiyar Asibiti ta ƙasa Universitaire-Hubert Maga (CNHU) a Cotonou kafin a kai ta wani asibiti a Turai don ƙarin magani a farkon watan Mayu 2021.

## Manazarta
Risikatu Ladi Ahmed

**Risikatu Ladi Ahmed** ta kasance gogagga ce ta Babban Banki ne mai dogaro da sakamako tare da rikodi mai tsayin daka na wuce gona da iri da fata a cikin kasuwancin banki na kusan shekaru 3. Ita ce shugabar da aka ba da izini daga Makarantar Kasuwancin Insead, Fontainebleau kuma tana da Takaddun Shaida a Gudanar da Gudanarwa daga Makarantar Kasuwancin Insead iri ɗaya.
An nada ta MD/Shugaba na ASO Savings and Loans Plc a ranar 1 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 2021 tare da ba da izinin sake mayar da bankin a matsayin mai gaba-gaba a cikin Kasuwancin Bankin jinginar gida. Kasancewar mace ta farko da aka nada a matsayin Manajan Darakta kuma Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na ASO Savings and Loans Plc kuma daya daga cikin wadanda bankin kasar Najeriya mata MD ta karya rufin kamar yadda mata masu kula da harkokin kasuwanci da ayyukan gwamnati (WIMBIZ) suka amince da su. Risi ya ci gaba da samar da dabarun jagoranci da matsayin kasuwa ga Bankin.

## Manazarta
Thérèse Waounwa

**Thérèse Waounwa** 'yar siyasar ce daga Benin. A matsayinta na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Benin (PCB), a shekarar 1977, ta kasance alhakin kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama da al'umma.

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Thérèse Waounwa ta sami Baccalaureate G2 da ta samu a makarantar sakandare ta Coulibaly, sannan ta shiga cikin Faculty of Legal Sciences na Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Benin.

Ta shiga cikin rage kuɗaɗen jami'a kuma, tare da Séraphin Agbahoungbata da Sodji Thomas, sun kaddamar da zanga-zangar ɗalibai don adawa da Jam'iyyar Juyin Juya Hali ta Jama'ar Benin,  wanda ya kai ga gendarmerie da 'yan sanda sun bi ta a shekara ta uku ta karatu. An ɗaure ta da cin zarafi, a dalilin haka ta daina karatun shari’a, ta shiga ƙarƙashin ƙasa tana karatun kasuwanci da kasuwanci. Ta sami "brevet de technicienne supérieure" (difloma mafi girma).  

### Sana'a
Thérèse Waounwa na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Benin (PcB) a shekarar 1977.  Ta yi kira ga gwamnatin Benin ta jam'iyyar Revolutionary Party a shekarun 1980. Daga shekarun 1985 zuwa 1989, an santa da gwagwarmayar yaki da mulkin kama karya har zuwa lokacin da aka gudanar da  a cikin watan Fabrairu 1990.  Matar da ta kafa jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Benin, ta ci gaba da fafutukar tabbatar da shugabanci na gari da kyautata rayuwar jama'a. Ta kasance a yayin zanga-zangar,  zaune da sauran al'amuran siyasa. Thérèse Waounwa kuma 'yar kasuwa ce a Missèbo  kuma shugabar kula da kwamitocin ayyuka na kasuwannin Benin. Ita ce kuma ko’odinetan kungiyar ma’aikatan Benin.

## Manazarta
Arlette Dagnon Vignikin

**Arlette Claudine Kpèdétin Dagnon Vignikin** (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga watan Nuwamba 1951) jakadiyar Benin ce. Ta wakilci ƙasarta a ƙasashen Scandinavia da Baltic.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Vignikin a Benin a cikin birnin Ouidah a shekara ta 1951. Ta yi karatun shari'a na ƙasa da ƙasa a jami'ar ESCAE-Jami'ar Benin.  Tana da "Diplôme d'Etudes Supérieures Spécialisees (DESS)" a cikin dokokin duniya. Daga baya ta karanci fassarar Faransanci da Rasha a Kyiv. 

Jami'ar diflomasiya ce ta aiki. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama jakadiyar ƙasar Benin kuma ta yi aiki a ƙasashen waje. Ita ce cikakkiyar ministar harkokin waje. Kafin ta zama jakadiyar, Vignikin ta riƙe manyan muƙamai a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje,  da kuma hidima a Ofishin Jakadancin Benin a ƙasashen waje. Ta kasance: Shugabar Sashen Amurka, minista mai ba da shawara kuma mai kula da ofishin jakadancin Benin a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin da ofishin jakadancin Benin a Faransa. 

A watan Agustan 2008, an naɗa ta Babbar Jakadiyar Jamhuriyar Benin a ƙasar Denmark mai hurumin kula da sauran ƙasashen Scandinavia, ƙasashen Baltic da Jamhuriyar Iceland. A ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairun 2009 an ba ta izini ga gwamnatin Norway a Oslo. A ranar 30 ga watan Afrilu 2009 an ba ta izini ga gwamnatin Estoniya a Tallinn.  An ba ta izini a Latvia a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu 2011. Tun a shekarar 1997 Benin ta kulla huldar diflomasiyya da Benin amma ita ce jakadiya ta farko.  Daga baya aka ba ta izini a Sweden wanda Sven Hirdman ya taimaka mata. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Vignikin ta yi aure kuma ita ce mahaifiyar yara uku.

## Manazarta