Birnin Duke

**Garin Duke**, wanda aka fi sani da **Atakpa**, jiha ce ta Efik da ta yi bunkasuwa a karni na 19 a yankin kudancin Najeriya . Jihar birnin ta karade daga Calabar zuwa Bakassi a gabas da Oron zuwa yamma. Duk da cewa yanzu ta shiga Najeriya, har yanzu ana san sarakunan jihar. Jihar ta mamaye birnin Calabar na zamani.

## Asalin da al'umma

Efik yana magana da yare wanda rukuni ne na rukunin yaren Nijar-Congo .  A farkon karni na 18 sun zama masu karfi a gabar tekun Biafra, wanda a lokacin ne iyalan Duke da Eyamba suka zama shugabanninsu. An zaunar da su a cikin manyan ƙauyuka masu kagara a gefen magudanar ruwa, a cikin ƙasa maras kyau da babu wani babban mai mulki, suna rayuwa ta hanyar kamun kifi da noma. Mazauna mafi girma sune Ikot Itunko, Obutong da Iboku Atapka. A cikin karni na 19, Burtaniya ta sake sanya wa wadannan suna zuwa garin Creek, Old Town da Duke Town. 

## Addini
Addinin Efik na gargajiya yana ɗaukar cewa Abasi ne ya halicci duniya. Wata al’ada ta ce matar Abasi Atai ta lallashe shi ya bar ‘ya’yansu biyu, ‘ya da dansu su zauna a duniya. Ba a yarda su haihu ba, amma sun bijire wa wannan umarni kuma suka zama kakannin mutanen Efik. Wata sigar ta ce Abasi ya halicci mutum biyu, bai bar su su haihu ba. Lokacin da suka bijire wa wannan umarni, a cikin azaba, Abasi ya saki mutuwa a cikin ƙasa. 

Addinin ya ba da muhimmanci wajen bayar da yabo ga kakannin kauye, musamman wadanda suka samu matsayi mai girma, tun da suna iya shafar arzikin masu rai ko nagari. Allahn duniya Ala ya faranta masa rai ta wurin bikin Ogbom, wanda ke sa yara su yi yawa kuma suna kara girbi. 

Wasu Efik na cikin kungiyar sirrin Ekpe . Sun yi dalla-dalla abubuwan sassaƙa na itace, abin rufe fuska, da kayan adon da ake ɗaukar hadaddun ayyukan fasaha. Bukukuwan alfarma na Efik sun haɗa da buga ganguna da kiɗa a matsayin muhimman abubuwa. 

## cinikin bayi
Bakin tekun da ke wannan yanki an sa masa suna "Calabar" ta mai binciken Portuguese Diogo Cao .  Ba a san dalilinsa na zabar wannan sunan ba, tunda ba mutanen Efik ne suka yi amfani da shi ba.  Iyalan Efik ne suka kafa birnin Akwa Akpa, wadanda suka bar garin Creek, har zuwa kogin Calabar, inda suka sauka a gabar gabas a matsayin da suka sami damar mamaye cinikin bayi da jiragen ruwa na Turawa da suka tanka a cikin kogin. Nan da nan suka zama mutane mafi iko a yankin.  An yi imanin cewa an kafa garin Dukes a kusan shekara ta 1650 a cewar masana tarihi Ekei Essien Oku da Efiong U. Aye.  Akwa Akpa, wanda Turawan mulkin mallaka suka fi sani da Garin Duke, ya zama cibiyar cinikin bayi a tekun Atlantika, inda ake musayar bayi da kayayyakin Turawa. 

‘Yan kabilar Ibo sun kasance mafi yawan ‘yan Afirka da ake bautar da su, wadanda ake sayar da su a matsayin bayi daga Calabar, duk da cewa sun kasance tsiraru a tsakanin kabilun yankin.  Daga 1725 har zuwa 1750, kusan 17,000 bayi na Afirka ana sayar da su daga Calabar ga masu cinikin bayi na Turai; daga 1772 zuwa 1775, adadin ya haura zuwa sama da 62,000.  A cikin 1767, jiragen ruwa bayi na Burtaniya shida sun isa Calabar a lokacin da Garin Duke da Tsohon Garin ke cikin rikici. Shugabannin Garin Duke sun yi shiri a asirce da ’yan kasuwar bayi inda za a gayyaci shugabannin Tsohon garin a cikin jiragen ruwansu don sasanta rikicin; an ba da tabbacin amincin su. Lokacin da shugabannin Tsohuwar Gari suka zo cikin jiragen, an kama su, tare da ajiye wasu a matsayin bayi yayin da wasu kuma aka mika su ga shugabannin Garin Duke, wadanda suka ba da umarnin a kashe su. 

## Tarihi daga baya

Birtaniya ta haramta shigar da su cikin cinikin bayi a cikin 1807, kodayake masu cinikin bayi daga wasu ƙasashen Turai, irin su Spain, sun ci gaba da siyan bayi a Calabar har zuwa 1841. A waccan shekarar, Sarkin Eyamba na Biyu na Garin Duke da Sarkin Eyo na garin Creek sun rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da suka amince da su daina sa hannunsu a cinikin bayi.  Tare da dakile cinikin bayi, dabino da dabino sun zama babban abin fitar da su zuwa kasashen waje. 

A cikin 1846 Ikilisiyar Presbyterian United ta kafa manufa ta Kirista tsakanin Duke Town da garin Henshaw, tare da tallafin Sarki Eyo. Rev. Hope Masterton Waddell ne ya jagoranci wannan manufa tare da goyon baya daga Hugh Goldie, wanda ya rubuta asusun Calabar a cikin littafinsa na 1890 Calabar and its Mission . A waccan shekarar shugabannin sun nemi kariyar Burtaniya don Calabar, amma amsa daga Lord Palmerston, wanda aka samu a 1848, shine cewa ba lallai ba ne ko kuma yana da kyau a ba da bukatar. Turawan Ingila sun ce za su kyautata wa mutanen Calabar idan suka daina ayyukansu na sadaukarwa. A lokacin, ya zama ruwan dare ga mata da bayi na wani muhimmin mutum a yi hadaya sa’ad da ya mutu.

Lokacin da sarki Eyamba ya rasu a shekara ta 1847, an ba da shawarar cewa sarki Eyo ya zama sarki shi kaɗai, wanda turawan Ingila suka fi so. Koyaya, shugabannin Duke Town ba su yarda ba, kuma sun zaɓi Archibong Duke a matsayin sabon sarki. A cikin 1850, sarakunan biyu sun amince su kashe hadayar ɗan adam.

Tasirin Burtaniya ya ci gaba da girma, kamar yadda kuma yarda da Kiristanci ya yi.  Sarakunan Akwa Akpa sun sanya kansu karkashin kariyar Burtaniya a 1884.  An nada Sarki Archibong na uku na masarautar Calabar a shekara ta 1878 tare da wani kayan gargajiya da Sarauniya Victoria ta Burtaniya ta aiko kai tsaye. 

Daga 1884 zuwa 1906 Tsohuwar Calabar ita ce hedkwatar hukumar kare gabar tekun Niger, daga nan ne Legas ta zama babbar cibiyar.  Yanzu da ake kira Calabar, birnin ya kasance muhimmin tashar jiragen ruwa na jigilar hauren giwa, katako, kudan zuma, da dabino har zuwa 1916, lokacin da aka bude tashar jirgin kasa a Fatakwal, 145.&nbsp;km zuwa yamma. 

## Masu mulki masu zaman kansu

Sarakunan birnin, da magada a cikin al'adun gargajiya, sune: 

* Ekpenyong Offiong Okoho (1786–1805)
* Ekpenyong Effiom Okoho Eyamba III (1805–1814)
* Effiom Edem Ekpo Effiom I Eyamba IV (1814–1834)
* Edem Ekpenyong Offiong Okoho Eyamba V (1834–1847)
* Efio-Okoho Asibong Ekpo (Mayu 1849 - Fabrairu 1852)
* Eddem Effiom II (Afrilu 1852 - Agusta 1858)
* Eyo Asibong II (Maris 1859 - Agusta 1872)
* Edem Asibong III Eyamba VIII (1872 - Mayu 1879)
* Orok Edem-Odo Eyamba IX (1880-1896)

## Daga baya Obongs
A cikin 1903 Turawan Ingila sun yi yarjejeniya da sarakunan Efik cewa ba za su sake amfani da lakabin Sarki (Edidem), amma a maimakon haka a matsayin masu mulki za su sami lakabin Obong na Calabar. 

* Obong Edem Effiom Edem (Janairu 1901 - Yuli 1906)
* Obong Adam Ephraim Duke X
* Obong Asibong IV
* Obong Asibong V (1956 -)

## Masu mulkin Efik
A cikin Disamba 1970 an yarda cewa mai mulki guda ya kamata ya wakilci mutanen Efik, maimakon biyu (ɗaya na garin Creek da ɗaya na Garin Duke), tare da mai mulki tsakanin al'ummomin biyu.

* Eze David James Henshaw V (1970-1973)
* Edidem Esien Ekpe Oku V (1973–1980)
* Eze Bassey Eyo Ephraim Adam III (1982-1986)
* Eze Otu Ekpenyong Effa IX (1987–1989)
* Eze Boco Ene Mkpang Cobham V (1989–1999) 
* (babu 1999 - 2001) 
* Eze Nta Elijah Henshaw (2001-2004) 
* Eze Ekpo Okon Abasi Otu (2008 - till date)

## Magana