open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum

Gidan Tarihi da Gidan Tarihin Shugaban kasa na John F. Kennedy shine ɗakin karatu na shugaban kasa da gidan kayan gargajiya na John F, Kennedy (1917-1963), Shugaban Amurka na 35 (1961-1963). Tana kan Columbia Point a cikin unguwar Dorchester ta Boston, Massachusetts, kusa da Jami'ar Massachusetts a Boston, Cibiyar Edward M. Kennedy don Majalisar Dattijan Amurka, da Massachusetts Archives da Gidan Tarihi na Commonwealth. Masanin gine-gine I. M. Pei ne ya tsara shi, ginin shine wurin adana takardu na asali da wasiku na Gwamnatin Kennedy, da kuma kayan da aka buga da wadanda ba a buga ba, kamar littattafai da takardu da Ernest Hemingway da kuma game da su.

Laburaren da gidan kayan gargajiya wani bangare ne na Tsarin Laburaren Shugaban kasa, wanda Ofishin Laburaren shugaban kasa ke gudanarwa, wani bangare na National Archives and Records Administration.

Shugaba Jimmy Carter da dangin Kennedy ne suka keɓe ɗakin karatu da gidan kayan gargajiya a shekarar 1979.

## Tarihi

### Shafin asali da sunan
A lokacin ziyarar karshen mako zuwa Boston a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 1963, Shugaba Kennedy da John Carl Warnecke, masanin gine-gine wanda ya tsara Kabarin Kennedy na Har abada a Kabari na Arlington  ya kalli wurare da yawa da Jami'ar Harvard ta bayar a matsayin shafin don ɗakin karatu da gidan kayan gargajiya. A lokacin, akwai wasu dakunan karatu na shugaban kasa guda huɗu kawai: ɗakin karatu na shugabancin Hoover, ɗakin karatu na Franklin D. Roosevelt, ɗakin karatu ya Truman, da ɗakin karatu na Dwight D. Eisenhower. Dukansu sun warwatse a duk faɗin ƙasar a cikin ƙananan garuruwa daga New York zuwa Iowa. Kennedy bai yanke shawara a kan wani ra'ayi na zane ba tukuna, amma ya ji cewa an sanya ɗakunan karatu na shugaban kasa da ke akwai "da nisa da albarkatun ilimi".

Kennedy ya zaɓi wani fili kusa da Makarantar Gudanar da Kasuwanci ta Harvard .  Ginin zai fuskanci Kogin Charles wanda ke da nisan ƙafa, kuma a wancan gefen abin da, dakunan kwana da suka hada da Gidan Winthrop inda Kennedy ya kwashe kwanakinsa na sama.

Tun da Kennedy ya karfafa gwamnatinsa don adana tasirin mutum da na hukuma, hadaddun ba kawai zai zama tarin takardun Shugaban kasa ba, amma "cikakken rikodin zamanin Shugaban kasa. " Saboda haka, ginin zai sami kalmar "gidan kayan gargajiya" da aka haɗa da sunansa a matsayin John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. 

### Ci gaban farko
Bayyan An kashe Shugaba Kennedy a watan Nuwamba 1963, danginsa da abokansa sun tattauna yadda za a gina ɗakin karatu wanda zai zama abin tunawa da ya dace. An kafa kwamitin don ba da shawara ga gwauruwar Kennedy Jacqueline, wanda zai yanke shawara ta ƙarshe. Kungiyar ta yi shawarwari na tsawon watanni, kuma ta ziyarci gine-gine daga ko'ina cikin duniya ciki har da Pietro Belluschi da sauransu daga Amurka, Lucio Costa na Brazil, da Franco Albini na Italiya. Misis Kennedy da sauransu sun sadu da 'yan takara tare a Kennedy Compound a Hyannis, Massachusetts, kuma sun ziyarci da yawa a ofisoshin su. Kwamitin ya kuma gudanar da wani tsari na sirri inda gine-ginen suka jefa kuri'a ba tare da sunansa ba ga mafi iyali daga cikin abokan aikinsu.

## Manazarta
Makarantar Kwalejin Brisbane

**Makarantar Al'ada ta Brisbane** (wanda aka fi sani da **Makarantar Ƙasa ta Brisbane** ) ita ce makaranta ta farko da Gwamnatin Queensland ta kafa. Tana Brisbane kuma tana aiki daga 1860 zuwa 1927. 

## Tarihi

A farkon shekarar 1860, Hukumar Ilimi ta Ƙasa (wata ƙungiya ta Gwamnatin Queensland) ta kafa Makarantar Ƙasa (Lambar 1) a Brisbane. An buɗe ta a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 1860 a ƙarƙashin shugaban makaranta John Rendall.[1] A ranar buɗe makarantar, yara maza 50 da mata 8 ne suka halarta. Makarantar tana cikin titin Adelaide kuma an gudanar da ita a matsayin makaranta ga yara maza da mata har zuwa 14 ga Agusta, 1860. A shekarar 1862, an san Makarantar Ƙasa a matsayin Makarantar Al'ada lokacin da aka sake tsara ta don haɗawa da makarantar horarwa ga malamai. A watan Disamba, 1862, makarantar maza da Hukumar Ilimi sun koma sabon ginin da ke kusa da titin Adelaide da Edward, yayin da 'yan matan suka ci gaba da zama a cikin ginin asali. Sunan makarantar ya bambanta, da farko shine Makarantar Ƙasa ta Brisbane, daga baya aka kira ta Makarantar Tsakiya ta Brisbane sannan kuma Makarantar Al'ada ta Brisbane. Daga baya, an raba yaran zuwa makarantu uku: Makarantar 'Yan Mata ta Tsakiya ta Brisbane, Makarantar Yara ta Tsakiya ta Brisbane da Makarantar 'Yan Mata ta Tsakiya ta Brisbane. A shekarar 1920, an sake haɗa makarantu uku don ƙirƙirar Makarantar Jiha ta Tsakiya. A shekarar 1922, wannan ya zama sananne a matsayin Makarantar Koyon Aiki ta Tsakiya. A watan Satumba na 1927, an mayar da shugaban makaranta, ma'aikata da ɗalibai daga tsoffin gine-ginen Makarantar Jiha zuwa Makarantar Jiha ta Leichhardt Street (daga baya aka sake masa suna Makarantar Jiha ta Tsakiya ta Brisbane, wacce har yanzu take aiki a shekarar 2025).[2] [3]

An rushe ginin Makarantar Al'ada da aka gina a shekarar 1862 a ƙarshen shekarar 1927. 

## Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai

* William Kelso, Ɗan Majalisar Dokokin Queensland 

## Makarantar
Kwalejin Lakes

**Kwalejin Lakes** (wanda kuma aka sani da TLC) wata makaranta ce mai zaman kanta, mai ilimi tare, wacce ke da alaƙa da Unating Church, wacce ke cikin unguwar City of Moreton Bay a North Lakes a Queensland, Ostiraliya.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Yanar gizo ta Kwalejin Lakes
National Press Club (United States)

Kungiyar 'yan jarida ta kasa kungiya ce ta kwararru da al'umma a Washington, DC, don' yan jarida da masu sana'ar sadarwa. Yana karbar bakuncin taron jama'a da masu zaman kansu tare da masu magana da aka gayyata daga rayuwar jama'a. Har ila yau, kulob din yana ba da sararin taron ga kungiyoyi na waje don karɓar bakuncin tarurrukan kasuwanci, taron labarai, tarurrukan masana'antu, da abubuwan zamantakewa. An kafa shi a cikin 1908.

Yawancin Shugabannin Amurka sun ziyarci kulob din; tun lokacin da Warren Harding, da yawa sun kasance mambobi kuma suna magana daga filin wasan kulob din. Sauran da suka bayyana a kulob din sun hada da sarakuna, firayim ministoci, firayim Ministoci, mambobin Majalisa, jami'an majalisar ministoci. Alamar kulob din ita ce kwari, don girmama hikima, wayar da kan jama'a da dare da aka yi aiki.

## Tarihi

### Kafawa
A sana'a 12 ga Maris, 1908, 'yan jarida 32 sun hadu a Washington Chamber of Commerce don tattauna fara kulob din ga' yan jarida. A taron sun amince da sake haduwa a ranar 29 ga watan Maris a cikin F Street parlor na Otal din Willard don tsara kundin tsarin mulki ga National Press Club. Wadanda suka kafa kulob din sun kafa wata yarjejeniya wacce ta yi alkawarin "don inganta jin daɗin zamantakewa tsakanin membobin, don haɓaka ɗanɗano na wallafe-wallafen, don ƙarfafa hulɗa tsakanin 'yan jarida da waɗanda aka jefa su cikin hulɗa don neman aikinsu, don taimakawa membobin da ke cikin wahala da kuma inganta ka'idojin aikin".

Tare da $ 300, mambobin da suka kafa sun koma cikin kulob din farko a bene na biyu na 1205 F Street NW. A shekara ta 1909, kulob din ya wuce sabon ɗakinta kuma ya koma sama da Rhodes Tavern a kusurwar tituna 15 da F. Har ila yau kulob din ya fi girma daga wurin zama kuma ya koma Ginin Albee (tsohon Riggs) a tituna 15 da G.

### Kasancewa memba
A lokacin da aka kafa shi, kulob din yana buɗewa ne kawai ga fararen maza amma ya fara karɓar mutanen da ba fararen fata ba a shekarar 1955. A shekara ta 1970, an buɗe shi ga mata. Kafin waɗannan canje-canje a cikin membobin, maza da mata marasa fata suna da nasu kungiyoyin 'yan jarida.

### Kungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Mata
A cikin 1919, 'yan jarida mata sun kafa Kungiyar' yan jarida ta mata, lokacin da aka tabbatar da Kwaskwarimar goma sha tara ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka.

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1970, mambobin kungiyar 'yan jarida ta mata sun kada kuri'a don ba da izinin maza su shiga kulob din su kuma sun sake *[[Ms. (magazine)|Ms.]]* suna Washington Press Club. A watan da ya biyo baya, kungiyar 'yan jarida ta kasa ta kada kuri'a 227 zuwa 56 don shigar da mata. A shekara ta 1972, 'yar jarida Gloria Steinem, jagorar mata kuma wacce ta kafa mujallar Ms, ita ce mace ta farko da ta yi magana a Kungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Kasa,  kodayake uwargidan Shugaban kasa Eleanor Roosevelt ta halarci abincin rana a kulob din maza a shekarar 1938. A shekara ta 1985, Washington Press Club da National Press Club sun haɗu a ƙarƙashin tutar National Press Club.
Tarihin Kasa na Singapore

**The National Archives of [[Singafora|Singapore]]** (**NAS**) (Malay: *Arkib Negara Singapore*, Mandarin: 新加坡国家档案馆, Tamil) shi ne **Tarihin ƙasa na Singapore**. An kafa shi a watan Agustan 1993 tare da haɗuwa da Tarihin Kasa da Sashen Tarihin Magana. NAS tana da alhakin tattarawa da gudanar da bayanan da suka shafi tarihin siyasa, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na kasar. NAS kuma tana ganowa da tattara bayanan muhimmancin tarihi daga kafofin masu zaman kansu na gida da na kasashen waje. A shekara ta 1993, an kawo NAS da Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Singapore a karkashin gwamnatin Hukumar Tarihin Kasa. Tun daga 1 ga Nuwamba 2012, an kawo NAS a ƙarƙashin gudanarwar Hukumar Laburaren Kasa (NLB). 

An kafa Tarihin Kasa ne a shekarar 1968 don adanawa da gudanar da tarihin ƙasar. Yana riƙe da rubuce-rubuce tun daga 1800, shekaru 19 kafin zuwan Sir Stamford Raffles da kafa al'ummar zamani. Cibiyar Tarihin Magana ta rubuta tarihin Singapore ta hanyar amfani da tsarin tarihin baki. NAS tana da zaɓi na kayan ajiya don kallo ta jama'a, gami da bayanan jama'a، tsare-tsaren gini, rikodin tarihin baki, hotuna, rikodin lantarki da tarin sauti-na gani na microfilms, fina-finai, bidiyo, zane-zane masu launi, negatives da taswira. A zamanin yau, NAS ta inganta damar yin amfani da ɗakunan ajiya ta hanyar ba da damar masu bincike da masu sha'awar tarihi su sami damar yin amfani ga ɗakunan ajiyar kan layi. Ana sauƙaƙa buƙatun ɗakunan ajiya tare da sabon tsarin kan layi wanda ya maye gurbin buƙatar siffofi.

A cikin 2017, ginin NAS ya sami gyare-gyare na watanni 18, karo na farko tun lokacin da ya koma 1 Canning Rise a cikin 1997. Sabuntawa ya daidaita lalacewa da fashewa, gami da zubar da ruwa da kuma fenti, ya inganta yanayin ginin tare da gyare-gyare don nuna abubuwan da suka gabata na ginin kuma ya ba da damar ginin ya haɗu da kewayenta. Ginin ya sake buɗewa a ranar 7 ga Afrilu 2019 tare da mafi kyawun kayan aiki, tare da fadada gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Oldham wanda ya ɗauki mutane 132 maimakon 44 a baya, sabbin ɗakunan rikodin tarihin baki guda uku, masu karatun microfilm da fadada dakunan kiyayewa, da kuma ɗagawa da aka shigar da kuma daidaita bene ga nakasassu.

## Manazarta
Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Brisbane

**Makarantar Brisbane Mai Zaman Kanta** makaranta ce mai zaman kanta, mai ilimi tare, wacce ke cikin unguwar Brisbane ta Pullenvale, a Queensland, Ostiraliya.   Makarantun 'Yancin Kai na Queensland ne ke gudanar da ita, tare da ɗalibai 63 da ma'aikatan koyarwa 7, tun daga shekarar 2023. Makarantar tana hidimar ɗalibai daga shirin zuwa aji na 6,    a cikin azuzuwa biyar. 

## Tarihi
An buɗe makarantar a ranar 19 ga Agusta 1968, [1] a watan Oktoba a wannan shekarar, makarantar ta sami ɗalibai 23 da suka yi rajista.[2] Makarantar tana da ƙa'ida ɗaya tilo a shekarar 1968, "Ku Zama Masu Kyau," inda tarbiyya a makarantar ba ta da yawa, don sanya tarbiyya a cikin ɗaliban, [2] wanda aka ce "ya fi lokacinsu." [3] A shekarar 1972, [3] makarantar ta ƙaura daga Moggill Road, Kenmore, [4] zuwa wurin da take a yanzu a Pullenvale.[3]

A shekarar 1978, Lady Anna Cowen, matar Zelman Cowen, ta buɗe bikin makarantu. 

A lokacin annobar COVID-19 ta Omicron a shekarar 2022, makarantar ta sami nasarar kasancewa ba ta da barkewar cutar, saboda binciken da wasu mutane suka gudanar a cikin al'ummar makarantar, sannan daga baya aka aiwatar da na'urorin tsaftace iska a azuzuwan makarantar.

## Duba kuma

* Makarantar Democrat
* Madadin ilimi
* Jerin makarantu a Queensland
* Makarantar Summerhill
* Makarantar Samfurin Sudbury
* Jerin makarantun Sudbury
* Ƙungiyar agaji
* Ƙungiyar al'umma

## Makarantar
Ranar Sauraro ta Kasa

**Ranar Sauraro ta Kasa** rana ce ta kiyayewa ba bisa ka'ida ba inda ake ƙarfafa Amurkawa su ware lokaci don yin rikodin labarun iyalansu, abokai, da al'ummomin yankin. An ƙaddamar da shi ta hanyar aikin tarihin baki na kasa StoryCorps a cikin 2008 kuma yanzu yana sake dawowa a ranar Jumma'a bayan Ranar godiya, lokacin da iyalai ke iya ciyar da lokaci tare. An gabatar da shi a matsayin madadin "Black Friday", ranar da yawancin kamfanoni ke ganin a matsayin babbar ranar sayarwa kafin Kirsimeti.

Dubban 'yan Amurkawa sun yi hira da juna a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ranar Sauraro ta Kasa a cikin 2008, ciki har da Shugaba George W. Bush da matarsa Laura, waɗanda 'yar'uwar Shugaba Bush Dorothy Bush Koch ta yi hira da su. Mutanen Rediyon Jama'a na Kasa ciki har da Scott Simon, Liane Hansen, Steve Inskeep, Renée Montagne, Frank Deford, Susan Stamberg, da Noah Adams sun gudanar da tambayoyin Ranar Sauraro ta Kasa kuma sun watsa su.

StoryCorps kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta kasa wacce aka tsara ta ne bayan Shirin Marubutan Tarayya na Gudanar da Ayyuka na shekarun 1930. Baya ga tattara da adana tambayoyin a Cibiyar Labaran Amurka a Laburaren Majalisa, StoryCorps yana taimaka wa Amurkawa su shiga cikin Tarihin baki a matakin ƙauyuka.

## Manazarta
Gidan shahararrun Mata na Oklahoma

Har ila yau, wurin Bellevue yana da Cibiyar Nazarin Biodiversity da Tarihin Magana ta Joan Robinson, wanda aka buɗe a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 2009, kuma a halin yanzu ya ƙunshi dakunan gwaje-gwaje guda biyu. Ɗaya an sadaukar da shi don yin rikodin da adana tsire-tsire da fauna na Nevis ɗayan kuma ɗakin gyaran bidiyo ne, wanda aka tsara don adana tarihin baki na tsibirin ta hanyar yin rikodin tsofaffi a tsibirin, don adana tunanin rayuwarsu a Nevis a farkon sassan karni na 20. Ayyukan Biodiversity da Tarihin Magana sun hada kai da Hukumar Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNESCO), Asusun Kanada don Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa (CIDA), Babban Hukumar Burtaniya (Barbados); da kuma Shirin Strabon (Ofishin Jakadancin Faransa, Saint Lucia). 

Gidan shahararrun mata na Oklahoma yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru da yawa da Hukumar Oklahoma ta tallafawa don tallafawa aikinta, "Don inganta ingancin rayuwa ga mata, yara da iyalai a Oklahoma. Saboda annobar COVID-19, babu masu shiga a cikin 2020 da 2021.

 

## Bukatar cancanta

* Dole ne mace ce da ta zauna a Jihar Oklahoma don wani bangare na rayuwarta ko kuma wacce aka sauƙaƙe a matsayin Oklahoma.
* Bai kamata ya zama memba na yanzu na Hukumar Oklahoma kan Matsayin Mata ba;

Kuma zai hada da:

* Mata da suka zama majagaba a fagen su ko a cikin aikin da ke amfana da Oklahoma.
* Mata da suka ba da gudummawa sosai ga Jihar Oklahoma.
* Mata da ke aiki ko kuma sun yi aiki a matsayin abin koyi ga sauran matan Oklahoma.
* Mata waɗanda za su iya zama "jarumai marasa daraja" amma sun yi canji a rayuwar Oklahomawa ko Amurkawa saboda ayyukansu.
* Mata da suka goyi bayan wasu mata, batutuwan mata, ko kuma sun yi aiki a matsayin masu ba da shawara kan Manufofin jama'a ga batutuwan da ke da muhimmanci ga mata.
* Mata da ke nuna ruhun Oklahoma.

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Tarihin Magana

**The Oral History Society** tana inganta tarin, adanawa da amfani da abubuwan tunawa da suka gabata.

Kazalika da bayar da shawarwari da tallafi masu amfani, Kungiyar tana da niyyar haɓaka ƙa'idodi a cikin ayyukan Tarihin baki a cikin ayyuka da horo daban-daban.

Ta hanyar taron shekara-shekara, wasu tarurruka, shafin yanar gizo da mujallar *Tarihin Magana* Society na ƙarfafa mutane su raba ra'ayoyi, gogewa da aiki mai kyau.

## Asalin da tarihi
An kafa kungiyar ta Burtaniya a cikin 1973, tare da asalinsa a wani taron yau da kullun a Cibiyar Nazarin Sauti ta Burtaniya (BIRS) a cikin 1969. A farkon shekarun da aka samu tallafi ga Society daga tsakanin masana tarihi na aiki da zamantakewa da kuma masu adana bayanai, masu ilimin gargajiya, masu ilimin al'adu da masu bincike a cikin al'adun baki (ciki har da Makarantar Nazarin Scotland). A rabi na biyu na shekarun 1970s Society ta hada da masana tarihi na mata da wasu masu sha'awar tarihin mata. Jaridar Oral History, wacce Paul Thompson ya kafa, ta sake maimaita waɗannan sha'awace-sha'awace da sauransu a cikin labaran da ta buga. Sau da yawa suna nuna tarihin baki na mutane ko kungiyoyi waɗanda ba a wakilce su a cikin tarihin tarihi ba, daga fitowar farko **'Tarihin Magana**' ya kuma samar da wani taro ga masana tarihi na baki don tattauna hanyoyin da ƙalubalen da ke tattare da tarin, fassara da rarraba shaidu na baki.

## Ayyuka na yanzu
Ayyukan yanzu sun haɗa da samar da wurare sama da 300 na horo a kowace shekara; tallafawa masana tarihi na baki sama da 40 a matsayin masu sadarwar yanki na cikin gida - ma'anar hulɗa ga duk wanda ke sha'awar tarihin baki; bayar da shawara ta fasaha, shari'a da ɗabi'a; samar da bayanai game da kudade na aikin tarihin baki; da kuma buga bugu biyu na *Tarihin Magana* a kowace shekara. Membobin kuma suna karɓar wasikar e-news kyauta sau da yawa a shekara tare da taƙaitaccen bayani da labarai.

## Gudanarwa da tsarin
Kwamitin amintattu yana haɗuwa sau huɗu a shekara. Masu amincewa suna da alhakin gudanar da kungiyar kuma ana zabar su a Babban Taron Shekara-shekara na Society wanda ake gudanarwa a taron shekara-shekarar Society. Matsayin jami'ai na Society sun hada da Shugaban, Mataimakin Shugaban, Sakatare da Ma'aji wanda kuma ake zaba a kowace shekara.

## Dubi kuma

* Tarihin Burtaniya

## Kyauta
Tarihin Tarihin Tarihi na Magana yana cikin ɗakin karatu na Burtaniya. Ana iya samun takardun ta hanyar kundin British Library.

## Manazarta
Rubuce-rubucen mutum

**Rubuce-rubucen mutum** reshe ne na kimiyyar ajiya da asalin asali, yana mai da hankali kan kamawa da adana takardun mutum da sauran abubuwan da suka fito, gabaɗaya daga mutanen da suka shafi. Sau da yawa yana da alaƙa da tarihin iyali, lokacin da masana tarihi na iyali ke da alaƙa na ɗaukar tarihin rayuwarsu don barin su a matsayin gado ga tsararraki masu zuwa. Wannan reshe na tarihin iyali yana da alaƙa da ci gaba a cikin ayyukan kamar hoto da yin rikodin rikodin wanda ke neman adana kayan fiye da rayuwarsu ta asali.

Rubuce-rubucen mutum na zamani sau da yawa yana damuwa da adana dijital, musamman tare da tattara abubuwan mutum daga shafukan yanar gizo na kafofin sada zumunta da tabbatar da adana wannan na dogon lokaci. Wannan sau da yawa yana hulɗa da ƙaura na abun ciki na dijital, a matsayin hanyar adanawa, maimakon ayyukan gargajiya na adana bayanan takarda.

## Hanyar da motsawa
Mutanen da ke da hannu a cikin adanawa suna la'akari da duk kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin tushen da ya dace muddin wannan ya shafi rayuwar, tunanin da abubuwan da suka faru na mutum. Yawancin kayan an rubuta su, daukar hoto, sauti ko bidiyo a yanayi. Wadannan abubuwan na iya danganta da rayuwarsu, na dangi masu rai ko kakanninmu. Wadanda ke cikin wannan aikin suna ganin abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwarsu a matsayin tushen tarihin tarihi da al'adu, da kuma iya sake rayuwa a waɗannan lokutan da kansu. Mutane da yawa suna ganin zamanin dijital yana kawo damar barin gado mai arziki ga tsararraki masu zuwa.

## Misalan tarihin mutum
Tarihin mutum bazai kasance a cikin asalin asali ba. Wataƙila ba koyaushe suke nuna mutumin da ya kirkiro tarin ba. Tarihin mutum na iya kasancewa da yawa a cikin abun ciki. Misali mutum daya na iya ɗaukar tarin rikodin su a matsayin ajiyar mutum sannan kuma wani mutum na iya ɗaukar takardun tsaftacewa sun cancanci riƙewa. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan misali shine 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Vivien Leigh . Abin da zai kasance mai ban sha'awa ga bincike a nan gaba ba shi da tabbas. Koyaya, rasit ɗin wanki na Leigh ya ba da haske game da yadda aka adana kayan ado na tsakiyar karni na ashirin kuma aka gabatar da su a fili.

## Dubi kuma

* Gādon dijital
* Mutuwa da Intanet

## Manazarta
Fursunoni da aka tuna da su na Yaƙin da aka manta

An tuna Fursunoni na Yaƙin da aka manta: Tarihin Magana na Yaƙin Koriya POWs littafi ne na Tarihin soja na 2002 na Lewis H. Carlson . Yin amfani da shaidu na farko da fursunonin yaƙi da suka dawo da su game da abubuwan da suka faru a cikin bauta a Koriya, littafin ya ɓoye ra'ayi na gaba ɗaya a Amurka cewa masu kama su sun "yi wa POWs na Koriya ƙwaƙwalwa" kuma sun ci amanar ƙasarsu.

Carlson (1934-2022) ya kasance farfesa ne na tarihi na Amurka a Jami'ar Yammacin Michigan, kuma shi ne marubucin We Were Each Other's Prisoners: An Oral History of World War II American and German Prisoners of War, wanda aka buga a 1997 ta Basic Books . 

Fursunoni da aka tuna da yakin da aka manta sun hada da wannan sadaukarwa:Wannan littafin an sadaukar da shi ga Studs Terkel, wanda tarihin baki ya haskaka abubuwan da suka faru na waɗancan Amurkawa da ba a taɓa samu a cikin littattafan tarihi ba, da kuma ga duk tsoffin fursunonin Yakin Koriya, cewa babu wanda zai sake kalubalanci amincinsu da ƙarfin hali.

## Karɓar baƙi
A cikin bita a cikin Leatherneck Magazine, kyaftin din sojan ruwa na Amurka kuma masanin tarihin soja Keith F. Kopets ya rubuta cewa Tunawa da Fursunoni na Yaƙin da aka manta ba kawai game da tunawa ba ne, "masanin" ne wanda ke nazarin gaskiyar da ra'ayoyi game da makomar POWs na Yaƙin Koriya.  Kopets ya bayyana cewa "[w]hat Carlson ya yi, kuma ya yi kyau, an saita rikodin madaidaiciya. "  Edwin B. Burgess ya bayyana labaran POW "mai ban sha'awa ga gaskiya da sautin gaskiya. Da yake nazarin littafin a cikin Library Journal, Burgess ya kwatanta rayuwar fursunoni a ƙarƙashin irin wannan mummunan yanayi kamar "babu wani abu da ya dace da abin mamaki. "Ya ce Fursunoni da aka tuna da yaƙi zai dace da kyau" tare da labaran almara.

## Manazarta
Ofishin Tarihin Magana na Yankin

**Cibiyar Tarihin Magana** tana daga cikin Laburaren Bancroft a Jami'ar California, Berkeley .  An kafa ofishin ne a shekara ta 1954. OHC tana gudanarwa, tana nazarin, tana koyarwa game da, da kuma adana tambayoyin Tarihin baki a kan batutuwa da yawa da suka shafi tarihin California da Amurka. Ma'aikatan OHC kuma suna gudanar da bincike a kan batutuwa masu yawa na tarihi, suna amfani da tarihin baki a matsayin tushen tushe na farko ga karatun su.

## Tarihi
Sunan asali na OHC shine **Ofishin Tarihin Al'adu na Yankin**. Shi ne ofishin tarihin baki na biyu da aka kafa a kasar, bayan Jami'ar Columbia kawai. Tattaunawar farko da aka gudanar a ofishin, kafin a gane shi a hukumance a matsayin ɗayan a harabar, ya kasance tare da Alice B. Toklas, abokin tarayya na dogon lokaci na Gertrude Stein.

Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a shekara ta 1954, OHC ta gudanar da dubban tambayoyi a fannoni daban-daban na batutuwa daga doka da shari'a zuwa abinci da ruwan inabi. ROHO yana da tarin abubuwa masu ƙarfi game da ci gaban zane-zane da haruffa, kimiyya da fasaha, da aiki, zamantakewa, siyasa, da tarihin al'umma a California. OHC ta kuma gudanar da tambayoyi da yawa game da tarihin Jami'ar California. Tattaunawa da masana kimiyya sun hada da wadanda suka lashe Kyautar Nobel kamar Arthur Kornberg, Paul Berg, Donald A. Glaser, da Charles Townes . Sauran sanannun tambayoyin da masana kimiyya sun hada da Herbert Boyer da Stanley N. Cohen . OHC ta kuma gudanar da muhimman tarihin baki tare da sanannun masu fasaha da marubuta, kamar Dorothea Lange, Ansel Adams, da Carl Rakosi.

OHC tana da tarin tarihin baki da suka shafi zaɓen mata da kuma gida a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II.

Tattaunawar da ma'aikatan suka gudanar an ajiye su a cikin ɗakunan karatu sama da 700 a duk duniya. Yawancin tambayoyin suna samuwa a kan layi. Har ila yau, ɗakin karatu na Bancroft yana da asali na asali don duk tambayoyin da cibiyar ta gudanar. Da zarar an kammala, masana da dalibai a duniya suna ambaton tarihin baki.

Daraktan farko na kungiyar shine Corinne Gilb, wanda ya jagoranci shirin daga 1954 zuwa 1958. Tsakanin 1958 da 2000, Willa Baum ya jagoranci cibiyar, sannan ake kira Ofishin Tarihin Magana na Yankin. A karkashin mulkinta, kungiyar ta tara tarihin baki sama da 1,600 a kan batutuwa daban-daban. Richard Cándida Smith, wanda shi ma farfesa ne a Sashen Tarihi a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, ya jagoranci ofishin har zuwa bazara na 2012. A lokacin mulkin Cándida Smith, yawan rubuce-rubucen tarihin baki da aka samu a kan layi ya fadada sosai.

Ko na ma'aikata ko tarihin baki na al'umma, cibiyar ta jaddada ita ce sanya bayanai da ra'ayoyi a cikin tarihin tarihi wanda in ba haka ba zai iya ɓacewa. OHC ta gudanar da tarihin baki 5,000, wanda ya kai dubban dubban sa'o'in hira. Kusan kowane hira da aka rubuta yana samuwa ga jama'a don karantawa a shafin yanar gizon OHC.

## Manazarta
John Boldeman

**John William Boldeman** masanin kimiyyar nukiliya ne na Australiya kuma ya lashe kyaututtuka da lambobin yabo da dama na kimiyya, ciki har da lambar yabo ta ANZAAS a 2007,  lambar yabo ta Clunies Ross Lifetime Achievement Award,  da kuma matsayin jami'in oda na Ostiraliya. An haife shi a Longreach, Queensland, babban ɗan'uwa cikin 'ya'ya bakwai da Harold da Eileen Boldeman suka haifa. Ya yi yawancin lokacin ƙuruciyarsa a Maryborough, Queensland kuma ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan'uwa Kirista ta Maryborough sannan ya halarci Kwalejin Nudgee da ke Brisbane. Ya ci gaba da karatun kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Queensland kuma ya shiga Hukumar Makamashin Atom ta Australiya a lokacin kammala karatunsa, yana ci gaba da karatunsa tare da aikinsa. Boldeman ya yi aiki a AAEC, sannan ANSTO, na tsawon shekaru 42, inda ya kai matsayin Daraktan Ilimin Lissafi. An ba shi digirin digirgir daga Jami'ar Wollongong, da kuma digirin digirgir daga Jami'ar New South Wales a 1984. Ya shirya siyan da kuma shigar da na'urar hanzarta Antares a 1988 a ANSTO.

Boldeman ya fi shahara da gudummawar da ya bayar ga kamfanin Synchrotron na Australiya wanda ke kusa da Jami'ar Monash a Melbourne. Boldeman ya kasance mai matuƙar taka rawa a cikin ci gaban aikin tun daga farkonsa a shekarun 1990, kuma ya zama Daraktan Fasaha na Gidauniyar a shekara ta 2001, kuma babban mai ba da shawara ga gwamnatin Victorian don Synchrotron.[1] Ya tsara tare da sa ido kan ginin Synchrotron na Australiya. Wannan ya haɗa da ƙirar tsarin raga.[2]

Boldeman ya sami kyautar gudummawar rayuwa saboda aikinsa a kan ANTARES Tandem Accelerator da kuma Australian Synchrotron.

An zaɓe Boldeman a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya da Injiniya ta Australiya a shekarar 1993. An naɗa shi Jami'in Sashen Janar na Order of Australia a shekarar 2015 saboda ayyukan da ya yi wa Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Australiya.

Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa kuma mataimakin shugaban ƙungiyar horar da nauyin matasa ta Gunnamatta a Kudancin Cronulla.

## Makarantar
Labaran da aka kafa

**Settle Stories** ƙungiya ce mai rajista da kuma kamfani da Sita Brand ta kafa a cikin 2011, biyo bayan gudanar da bikin Settle Storytelling a cikin 2010. Kungiyar agaji tana neman inganta labarun ga mutane, al'ummomi da kungiyoyi.

## Tarihi
A shekara ta 2010, Sita Brand, mai bayar da labarai, daraktan wasan kwaikwayo, marubuciya, kuma furodusa, ta kafa bikin Settle Storytelling na farko  , wani ƙaramin gari a Arewacin Yorkshire. Manufofin bikin sune:

# Don kara samun damar yin amfani da al'adun gargajiya da na zamani na ba da labari.
# Don inganta ƙwarewar ba da labari na masu amfani.
# Don kara wadatar, samun dama, da bambancin labarun da ba da labari.

## W R Mitchell Tarihi
W R Mitchell Archive tarin rikodin tarihin baki ne, hotuna da sauran kayan da W. R. Mitchell ya tattara a cikin shekaru 60 don yin rikodin tarihin Yorkshire, Cumbria da Lancashire.

Mitchell (Bill) (1928 - 2015) ɗan jarida ne, ɗan tarihi, kuma marubucin littattafai sama da 100 da labarai a kan Yorkshire Dales . Ya shiga mujallar The *[[Dalesman]]* a 1948 kuma ya kasance editanta daga 1968-88. Daga shekarun 1980 zuwa gaba, Bill ya zagaya yankin yana yin rikodin a kan cassette na tunanin mutanen yankin a kan batutuwa daban-daban, amma musamman abubuwan da mutane ke fuskanta a yau da kullun, kamar yadda mutanen Dales suka tuna kuma suka fada a cikin kalmomin su da yarensu. A shekara ta 1996, don nuna godiya ga aikinsa, an ba shi lambar yabo ta MBE kuma Jami'ar Bradford ta sanya shi Dokta na Harafi mai daraja.

A shekara ta 2010, Dokta Mitchell ya tara tarin fiye da 300 na sauti, tare da tarin hotunan da wasu bidiyon bidiyo, na masu tambayoyinsa.

A watan Janairun 2012, Settle Stories ya sami kyautar £ 50,000 Heritage Lottery Fund don aikin matukin jirgi don tsara zaɓin kaset na cassette da kuma yin rikodin a kan layi.

Tarihin ya ci gaba tare da goyon bayan masu sa kai.

## Manazarta
Tarin Sophia Smith

**Tarin Sophia Smith** a Kwalejin Smith sanannen wurin adana rubuce-rubuce ne na duniya, hotuna, littattafai da sauran mahimman tushe a Tarihin mata.

## Janar
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren adana rubuce-rubuce, ɗakunan ajiya, hotuna, littattafai da sauran mahimman tushen tarihin mata, tarin ya ƙunshi sama da ƙafa 10,000 (3,000  na kayan da ke rubuta tarihin mata a Amurka da ƙasashen waje daga zamanin mulkin mallaka zuwa yanzu. Tarin Sophia Smith yana da kayan aiki tare da Tarihin Kwalejin Smith a harabar kwalejin a Northampton, Massachusetts.

Ƙarfin batutuwa sun haɗa da hana haihuwa da haƙƙin haihuwa, haƙƙin mata, zaɓen, ƙungiyar mata ta zamani, matan Amurka da ke aiki a ƙasashen waje, zane-zane (musamman wasan kwaikwayo), sana'o'i (musamman aikin jarida da aikin zamantakewa), da rayuwar iyali ta tsakiya a ƙarni na goma sha tara da na ashirin New England. Yawancin waɗannan tarin suna da wadataccen tushe na gani, da kuma rubuce-rubuce da kayan bugawa.

## Tarihi

Margaret Storrs Grierson ce ta kafa tarin a cikin 1942 don zama gudummawar ɗakin karatu na musamman ga aikin kwalejin na ilimantar da mata. Daga baya aka sanya sunan tarin ne bayan wanda ya kafa Kwalejin Smith, Sophia Smith, wanda a kan mutuwarta a 1870 ya ba da dukiyarta ta $ 387,468 (kimanin $ 7,000,000.00 a kasuwar yanzu) don ba da Kwalejin Smith.

A shekara ta 1941, Shugaban Kwalejin Smith Herbert Davis ya ba da shawarar Abokan Kwalejin Kwalejin Kotun Smith cewa su ɗauki a matsayin aikin na musamman tarin da aka keɓe ga ayyukan mata marubutan. An nada Babban Sakatare na Abokan Kwalejin Smith da Darakta na Tarin Mata a shekarar 1942. 

### Tarihin Magana
Tarihin Magana, daga mutum da kuma cikin tarin takardu na mutum, sun rufe batutuwa kamar mata a cikin motsi na hana haihuwa, aikin zamantakewa, motsi na sufuri, baƙi na Italiya, matan Afirka na Amurka, da matan Amurka a cikin Yaƙin Vietnam. Wadannan ayyukan, wadanda Smith ko wasu cibiyoyi suka dauki nauyin su, sun hada da tambayoyi a kan sauti, CD-ROM, bidiyo, DVDS, da / ko rubutun rubutu, wasu daga cikinsu suna tare da ƙananan kayan tarihi, hotuna, ko bayanan aikin. The Old Lesbian Oral Herstory Project, wanda Arden Eversmeyer ya kafa a 1999, an adana shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Sophia Smith Collection .  Voices of Feminism Oral History Project (1990-2006), an adana shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Sophia Smith Collection.

## Manazarta
Brutus (fim din 1911)

Brutus fim ne na tarihi na Italiya na 1911 wanda Enrico Guazzoni ya jagoranta kuma ya fito da Amleto Novelli . Fim din ya nuna rayuwar Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger, daya daga cikin wadanda suka kashe Julius Kaisar. Fim din ya ci nasara sosai, amma ba a kan sikelin Quo Vadis a shekara mai zuwa ba wanda ya kasance babban abin mamaki na duniya.

## Manazarta
Brutus da Portia

Brutus da Portia wani zane ne mai siffar tempera a kan allon kimanin 1486–1490 na Ercole de' Roberti a Gidan Tarihi na Kimbell da ke Fort Worth, Texas, wanda ya same shi a shekarar 1986. Ya nuna wanda ya kashe Kaisar Marcus Junius Brutus da matarsa Porcia.[1]

Wannan kwamitin, Brutus, Lucretia da Collatinus da Matar Hasdrubal da 'ya'yanta sun kasance asali ne daga jerin ayyukan da ke nuna shahararrun mata na zamanin d ̄ a, mai yiwuwa matar Ercole I d'Este Eleanor na Aragon ce ta ba da umarni kuma tana komawa ga ka'idar mahaifinta, Ferdinand I na Naples: "Preferisco la morte al disonore" ('Na fi son mutuwa fiye da rashin kunya').[1]

## Game da zanen
Hoton ya samo asali ne daga littafi. Akwai wasu littattafai daban-daban game da wannan batun, kowannensu ya bambanta da juna a cikin ƙaramin hanya. Littafin da zanen ya samo asali ba a sani ba, amma kowane littafi a cikin jerin yana riƙe da irin wannan taken. Haruffa a cikin wannan zanen suna nuna kansu a wata hanya mai ban mamaki. Porta tana buɗe hannayenta ga masu sauraro. Wannan hoton haruffa biyu ya nuna mana cewa suna cikin wani mummunan yanayi. Babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga wannan zanen shine Portia. A cikin wannan zanen akwai cikakkun bayanai da ke haɗa wannan aikin zuwa wasu ayyukansa na Ercole de 'Roberti. Wadannan ƙananan bayanai sune abin da ke haɗa da tsari wanda aka nufa a sanya ayyukansa. Portia, a gefe guda, an nuna shi ya fi zama yarinya ta gargajiya a cikin zanen.

## Wanene Portia
Portia matar wani mutum ne mai suna Brutus .  Ta haifi 'ya'ya biyu. Bincike da yawa sun nuna cewa an canza halinta bisa ga abin da aka yi imani da mata a wannan lokacin. Duk da wannan, halinta yana da fannoni waɗanda ba a saba da su ba ga mata a wannan lokacin.

An kuma san Portia da ƙoƙarin samun bayanan da mijinta, Brutus, ya mallaka.[1] Ta yi ƙoƙari ta yi amfani da ikonta na sha'awa don karɓar bayanin da aka bayyana a baya.[1] Akwai muhawara da yawa Portia yana da kyakkyawar ikon yin kyau ko a'a.[1] Labarin ya ce wasu mutane suna cewa tana da wannan ikon kuma wasu suna cewa ba ta da shi.[1] Yunkurin, don karɓar bayanai, ya kara zurfin halinta wanda, bisa ga labarin, mutane za su zo su yi tsammanin ta.[1]

Ta ƙare ta zama mai riƙe da sirri ga mijinta, Brutus .  Brutus ya yanke shawarar amincewa da ita da wannan sirrin saboda gaskiyar cewa tana shirye ta cutar da kanta saboda shi. An yi muhawara game da niyyar raunin kai na Portia a baya kuma babu wata amsa mai kyau. Duk da wannan, an san ta da kuma nuna manyan ka'idojin ɗabi'a a duk yankin Roma. Ko da haka, wannan sadaukarwa ta bayyana a cikin dangantakarta da mijinta, Brutus . 

## Mutuwar Portia
Portia ta mutu lokacin da ta kashe kanta. Ta yi haka ne saboda motsin zuciyar da take da shi game da mutuwar Brutus.

## Manazarta
Makarantar Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago

**Makarantar Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago** (**SAIC**) makarantar fasaha ce mai zaman kanta ta Cibiyar Fasahar Chicago (AIC) a Birnin Chicago, Illinois.

Binciken tarihinta zuwa hadin gwiwar daliban fasaha da aka kafa a 1866, wanda ya girma a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya da makaranta, SAIC an amince da ita tun 1936 ta Hukumar Ilimi ta Sama da Ƙungiyar Makarantun Fasaha da Zane ta Kasa tun daga 1944 (memba na Yarjejeniya). Ya kasance memba na Kungiyar Kwalejin Fasaha da Zane Masu Zaman Kansu (AICAD) tun lokacin da aka kafa ƙungiyar a 1991 kuma Hukumar Kula da Gine-gine ta Kasa An amince da shi.

## Tarihi
Cibiyar ta samo asali ne daga kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Zane ta Chicago a 1866, wanda masu zane-zane na gida suka kafa a cikin ɗakunan haya a kan Clark Street. An ba da kuɗin ne ta hanyar biyan kuɗi na membobin da kuma gudummawar masu tallafawa. Shekaru hudu bayan haka, makarantar ta koma cikin ginin kanta na Adams Street, wanda aka lalata a shekara mai zuwa a cikin Babban Wutar Chicago ta 1871.

Saboda matsalolin kudi da gudanarwa na makarantar bayan wannan asarar, shugabannin kasuwanci a 1878 sun kafa kwamitin amintattu kuma sun kafa **Kwalejin Fine Arts ta Chicago**. Sun fadada aikinta fiye da ilimi da nune-nunen don haɗawa da tattarawa. A shekara ta 1882, an sake sunan makarantar a matsayin Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago . Mai banki Charles L. Hutchinson ya yi aiki a matsayin zababben shugaban har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1924.  Makarantar ta girma ta zama daga cikin makarantun fasaha "mafi tasiri" a Amurka.

## Malamai

SAIC tana ba da darussan a cikin fasaha da fasaha; gudanar da zane-zane; tarihin fasaha, ka'idar, da zargi; ilimin fasaha da maganin fasaha; yumbu; zane-zane na zamani; yin fim; adana tarihi; gine-gine; gine-ginen ciki; abubuwan da aka tsara; aikin jarida; zane-zanen da zane; wasan kwaikwayo; daukar hoto; zane-gine; sabon kafofin watsa labarai; bidiyo; sadarwa ta gani da nazarin mahimmanci; zane-zanga; fiber; da rubutu.

## Chicago Architects Oral History Project
A shekara ta 1983, Ma'aikatar Gine-gine ta fara aikin Tarihin Magana na Chicago Architects . Fiye da gine-gine 78 sun ba da gudummawa.

## Bankin Bayanan Bidiyo
An fara Bankin Bayanan Bidiyo a SAIC A cikin 1976, "ya himmatu ga inganta wayar da kan jama'a da ilimi game da tarihi da aikin zamani na bidiyo da fasahar kafofin watsa labarai. "  Tarin Bankin Bayanai na Bidiyo ya haɗa da ayyukan fasaha sama da 6,000 na bidiyo ta sama da masu fasaha 600.

## Manazarta
Kaisar (littafin McCullough)

Kaisar: Let the Dice Fly wani littafi ne na 1997 na marubucin Australiya Colleen McCullough .  Littafin tarihi ne na biyar a cikin jerin Masters of Rome na marubucin.

## Takaitaccen Bayani
Littafin ya buɗe a shekara ta 54 KZ, tare da Kaisar a tsakiyar yakin da ya yi na Gallic, bayan ya mamaye Biritaniya. Rabin farko na littafin ya yi magana ne game da ƙarshen nasarar da ya samu a Gaul, kuma rabi na biyu ya ba da labarin karuwar rashin jin daɗi a Roma game da niyyar Kaisar, adawa da ƙungiyar 'Boni' mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a gare shi, ƙetare Rubicon, mamayewarsa Italiya da nasararsa a Yaƙin basasa.

Wasu daga cikin muhimman lokutan sun haɗa da dawowar Kaisar daga Britannia; tserewa ta kusa a lokacin yakin Gergovia; babban nasararsa a Alesia, wanda ya haɗa da cikakken kewaye da 'Boni', ƙin dakarun agaji, da karɓar mika wuya ga Vercingetorix; hallakawarsa ta ƙarshe na juriya ta Gallic a Uxellodunum; mutuwar Julia da Marcus Licinius Crassus; ya fadi daga Gnaeus Pomususus da kuma yaƙin da kuma ya rushewarwar Magruniyar Masar; yaƙin da yaƙin da aka yi nasara a can; yaƙin yaƙin da Magrunius; yaƙin Gasiy Pomus; yaƙi na Trium; yaƙin Girmaci yaƙin Girka; yaƙin Farko; yaƙin Masar; ya ɓace; yaƙin

Binciken Kirkus ya lura cewa littafin ya kasance mai yawa ga matsakaicin mai karatu, amma mai daɗi ga "janar na kujera". 

## Manazarta
Mutuwar Brutus

Mutuwar Brutus (Faransanci: La Mort de Brutus) zane ne na tarihin Neoclassical na 1793 wanda ɗan wasan Faransa Pierre-Narcisse Guérin ya zana. Ya nuna gawar Marcus Junius Brutus, na shugabannin kisan Julius Kaisar, ana ɗauke da shi sama bayan ya kashe kansa bayan cin nasara a yakin Filibus. Ya nuna shigarwar Guérin ta farko a cikin Prix de Rome . [1] Yana daya daga cikin zane-zane da yawa a cikin shekaru goma bayan Juyin Juya Halin Faransa wanda ke nuna jikin da aka keta ko wanda ba shi da ƙarfi, wanda ya dubi salon Tsohon Tsarin Mulki.[2] A yau yana cikin Musée de la Révolution française a Vizille . [3]

## Manazarta
Dictator (Littafin Harrison)

Dictator wani labari ne na tarihi na marubucin Burtaniya Robert Harris, wanda aka buga a shekarar 2015, wanda ya kammala tarihinsa game da rayuwar lauyan Roma, ɗan siyasa da mai magana, Cicero (106-43 BC). Dictator ya biyo bayan littafin farko Imperium (2006) da kuma littafin na biyu Lustrum (2009). Tarihi ne na Cicero da kuma zane-zane na Roma a lokacin Pompey, Crassus, Cato, Kaisar, Clodius kuma a ƙarshe Octavian.[1]

A cikin taƙaitaccen Harris: "Ta haka ne Imperium ya bayyana hauhawar iko, *Lustrum* shekarun da ke cikin iko da Dictator tasirin iko. "  Dukkanin litattafai uku an daidaita su don mataki a cikin 2017 ta Mike Poulton.

## Takaitaccen Bayani
An ba da labarin ta hanyar Tiro, sakataren Cicero, yana ba da cikakken bayani game da shekaru goma sha biyar da suka gabata na Cicero. Ya fara ne da Cicero ya gudu daga Publius Clodius Pulcher da taron sa a Roma kuma ya tafi gudun hijira a Thessalonica. Ya sami damar komawa Roma bayan fiye da shekara guda a ƙarƙashin alkawarin tallafawa Julius Kaisar. Komawa a Roma, ya yi ƙoƙari ya farfado da Jamhuriyar Roma, amma sojojin da ke adawa da wannan suna da Harbi sosai. Sarautar da aka yi ta hanyar nasara - Julius Kaisar, Pompey, da Crassus - a ƙarshe ya zama mulkin mutum ɗaya lokacin da Kaisar ya karɓi iko ta hanyar yakin basasa. Kaisar ya zama mai iko sosai kuma ƙungiyar da Gaius Cassius Longinus, Decimus Junius Brutus, da Marcus Junius Brutus suka jagoranta sun kashe shi. Majalisar Dattijai ta kasa karɓar iko kuma Mark Antony ya tashi. Cicero ya sa ransa a kan matashi Octavian, amma lokacin da Octavian ya kulla yarjejeniya da Antony da Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, Cicero ya lalace kuma kwanakin Jamhuriyar sun ƙare. Tiro kuma ya danganta iyali da al'amuran mutum, kamar mutuwa da saki, a lokacin shekarun karshe na Cicero.

## Littattafai

* 2015, Burtaniya, Hutchinson ( ), kwanan wata 8 ga Oktoba 2015, hardback (bugawa ta farko) 
* 2016, Amurka, Knopf ( ), kwanan wata 12 Janairu 2016, hardback (bugawa ta farko ta Amurka) 

## Manazarta
Jerin nassoshin al'adu a cikin Divine Comedy

The Divine Comedy by Ista-linkid="8" href="./Dante_Alighieri" id="mwDg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri wani dogon waka ne mai ban sha'awa a sassa uku (ko canticas): Inferno (Hell),  (Purgatory), da Paradiso (Paradise), da kuma 100 cantos, tare da Inferno yana da 34, Purgatorio yana da 33, kuma Paradiso yana da 33 cantos. An kafa shi a Easter 1300, waka ta bayyana tafiyar mai rai a cikin *Jahannama*, purgatory, da *Aljanna*.

A cikin waka, Dante yana nufin mutane da abubuwan da suka faru daga tarihin gargajiya da na Littafi Mai-Tsarki da tatsuniyoyi, tarihin Kiristanci, da Turai na zamanin Medieval har zuwa har zuwa lokacinsa. Sanin akalla mafi mahimmancin waɗannan nassoshi na iya taimakawa wajen fahimtar waka gaba ɗaya.

Don sauƙin tunani, an taƙaita sunayen cantica zuwa Inf. , Mai tsabta. , da kuma Par. Ana amfani da lambobi na Roman don gano waƙoƙi da lambobi da Larabci don gano layi. Wannan yana nufin cewa Inf. **X, 123** yana nufin layi 123 a cikin Canto X (ko 10) na Inferno da Par. XXV, 27 yana nufin layi 27 a cikin Canto XXV (ko 25) na Paradiso . Lambobin layin suna nufin asalin rubutun Italiyanci.

Haɗin Boldface yana nuna cewa kalma ko magana tana da shigarwa a cikin jerin. Biye da wannan mahada zai gabatar da wannan shigarwa.

## Manazarta
Ainmuire mac Sétnai

**Ainmuire mac Sétnai** (ya mutu 569) ko **Ainmire** ko **Ainmere** babban Sarkin Ireland ne daga reshen Cenél Conaill na Uí Néill . Shi ne jikan Conall Gulban (ya rasu a shekara 464), wanda ya kafa wannan reshe.  Ya yi mulki daga 566 zuwa 569.  Shi ne babban sarki na farko daga Cenél Conaill.

Kafin ya zama babban sarki, Ainmere an ambaci shi a cikin abubuwa da yawa da suka yi tarayya da wasu sarakunan arewacin Uí Néill. Waɗannan su ne Forggus mac Muirchertaig da ɗan'uwansa Domnall Ilchelgach (ya mutu 566) na Cenél nEógain, da kuma ɗan uwan Ainmere Ninnid mac Dauach (memba na reshen Cenél nDuach na Cenél Conaill). Arewacin Uí Néill ya yi yaƙi da Connachta a Yaƙin Slicech ( Sligo na zamani ) a 544/547 kuma ya kashe sarki Eógan Bél . 

A cikin 561 waɗannan sarakunan Uí Néill na arewa sun haɗa kai da Áed mac Echach (ya mutu 577) na Connacht tare da babban sarki Diarmait mac Cerbail (ya rasu 565) na kudancin Uí Néill wanda suka ci nasara a yakin Cúl Dreimne (County Sligo).  A cewar kididdigar, Saint Columba ta shirya wannan haɗin gwiwa. Manufar wannan yaƙin na iya kasancewa don tabbatar da magajin Diarmait na arewacin Uí Néill. 

A shekara ta 563, waɗannan sarakunan arewa sun yi yaƙi da Yaƙin Móin Dairi Lothair da ƙabilun Cruthin a arewa suka kuma murkushe su.  Ta wannan nasarar sun faɗaɗa zuwa gundumar zamani ta Londonderry har zuwa Kogin Bann .  A cewar rahoton da ke cikin tarihin, Ainmere ya kwato kadarorin mahaifinsa Sétnae.

Ainmere ya gaji sarautar babban sarki bayan mutuwar Domnall Ilchelgach a shekara ta 566. [undefined] Jerin sarakunan tsakiyar Ireland sun rasa mulkinsa, suna mai da shi baya fiye da al'adar tarihi, amma wasu jerin sarakuna sun sanya shi a cikin tsari mai kyau. [undefined] Haka kuma an cire shi daga jerin Sarakunan Tara na farko, Baile Chuind (The Ecstasy of Conn), wata waƙar Irish ta ƙarshen ƙarni na 7. Fergus ɗan Néilléne (ya mutu yana da shekaru 570) na Cenél nEógain a shekara ta 569. [undefined] Ɗan Ainmere Áed mac Ainmuirech (ya mutu yana da shekaru 598) wanda shi ma babban sarki ne ya kashe shi a shekara mai zuwa. [undefined] A cewar Keating, Báetán mac Ninneda na Cenél nEógain ne ya haifar da kisan gillar. [2] Rubuce-rubucen Chronicum Scotorum na mutuwar Ainmire: "Femhen, lokacin da yake sarki ba wuri ne da aka raina ba; a yau, jajayen rassa ne daga Ainmire, ɗan Senna."Ainmere ya auri Brigid ingen Cobthaig na Uí Cheinnselaig wadda ita ce mahaifiyar ɗansa Áed.

## Manazarta
Yanayin kwallon kafa

Labari mai zuwa ya ba da jerin ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa, ƙungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyi a duniya. Hukumar kula da wasanni ta kasa da kasa ita ce FIFA, amma waɗancan ƙungiyoyin da ba su da alaƙa da FIFA an haɗa su a cikin wannan labarin.

Yawancin ƙasashen Turai, Afirka, da Asiya suna da manyan gasa guda biyu: babbar ƙungiya wacce yawanci gasa ce ta zagaye biyu da aka ƙuntata ga kungiyoyin ƙwararrun, da kuma kofin da ke buɗewa ga duka ƙwararrun da ƙananan kungiyoyi.

A cikin Amurka, ana shirya wasannin sau da yawa a matsayin ko dai gasa mai yawa ko kuma matakai daban-daban na Apertura da Clausura.

## Ta nahiyar

### An haɗa shi da FIFA
A halin yanzu akwai ƙungiyoyin ƙasa 211 waɗanda membobin FIFA ne. Ƙarin ƙungiyoyi 11 cikakkun ne ko membobin haɗin gwiwa na ƙungiyar nahiyar, amma ba membobin FIFA ba.

### Yankin
A karkashin matakin kasa, ana iya raba shugabancin kwallon kafa zuwa ƙungiyoyin yanki ko yankuna. Sauran ƙungiyoyin da ba na ƙasa ba suna wakiltar mutanen da ba su da ƙasa, diasporas ko micronations. Bayanai game da waɗannan an jera su a ƙwallon ƙafa na duniya wanda ba na FIFA ba.

## Dubi kuma

* Lokacin kwallon kafa na cikin gida
* Jerin wasannin kwallon kafa
* Jerin lambobin ƙasar FIFA
* Jerin kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na kasa
* Jerin adadin halartar wasanni - halartar gasa da yawa na cikin gida da na duniya, idan aka kwatanta da na sauran wasanni a duniya
* Jerin kungiyoyin kwallon kafa
* Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa

## Manazarta
Ƙarshen Ermordung Cäsars

****** (The Murder of Caesar), Op. 32, wani wasan kwaikwayo ne a cikin wani mataki na Giselher Klebe wanda kuma ya rubuta Littafin da ya danganci fassarar da Agusta Wilhelm von Schlegel ya yi na wasan kwaikwayon Shakespeare *Julius Kaisar* . 

An shi ne a ranar 20 ga Satumba 1959 a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Grillo, Essen, tare da Gustav König yana jagorantar. An sadaukar da shi ga mawaki na Jamus Wilhelm Maler [de] [de] . [1] An zira kwallaye na opera don flauta na piccolo; soprano, alto, tenor da baritone saxophones; contrabassoon; bass trumpet; tenor tuba; timpani; Piano; cellos; bass biyu; kaset da yawa. Ayyuka suna ɗaukar kimanin minti 50.

## Matsayi

* Kaisar (baritone) 
* Mark Antony (baritone) 
* Publius da Popilius Lena, sanatoci (sprechgesang, rawar magana) 
* Masu makirci a kan Kaisar: Brutus (bariton) Cassius (tenor buffo) Casca (bass) Decius (aikin magana) Metellus Cimber (aikin da aka yi) 
** Brutus (bariton) 
** Cassius (tenor buffo) 
** Casca (bass) 
** Decius (aikin magana) 
** Metellus Cimber (aikin magana) 
* Mai duba (bass) 
* Cinna, mawaki (tenor) 
* Mutanen Roma

Lokaci da Wuri: Tsohon Roma, 15 Maris 44 BC (Ides na Maris) 

## Manazarta