Motar da aka samo daga jirgin sama

**Motocin da aka samo daga jirgin sama** (**SDV**) motocin kaddamar da sararin samaniya ne da ke amfani da kayan aiki, fasaha, da ababen more rayuwa da aka kirkira don shirin Space Shuttle.

A ƙarshen 1980s da farkon 1990s, NASA a hukumance ta yi nazarin abin hawa mai ɗaukar kaya kawai, Shuttle-C, wanda zai kara da Space Shuttle. A shekara ta 2005, NASA tana haɓaka motocin kaddamar da Ares I da Ares V, wanda ya dogara da wani ɓangare na abubuwan da aka gyara sosai na Shuttle, don ba da damar binciken Wata da Mars. Har ila yau, hukumar ta yi nazarin irin wannan abin hawa na uku, Ares IV . 

## Ra'ayoyi
An gabatar da ra'ayoyin SDV har ma kafin Space Shuttle kanta ta fara tashi.

### Jirgin sama na C
 
Shuttle-C wani binciken ne na NASA don juya tarin kaddamar da Space Shuttle zuwa mai kaddamarwa ba tare da ma'aikata ba. Za a haɗa tankin waje na Space Shuttle da Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs) tare da tsarin kaya a maimakon shuttle orbiter ciki har da injunan RS-25. An bincika ra'ayoyin Shuttle-C daban-daban tsakanin 1984 da 1995.

### Tsarin Kasuwanci na Kasa
 
The National Launch System (ko New Launch System) wani binciken ne da Shugaba George H. W. Bush ya ba da izini a shekarar 1991 don tsara wasu hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su ga Space Shuttle don samun damar zuwa duniyar duniya. Ba da daɗewa ba, NASA ta tambayi Lockheed Missiles da Space, McDonnell Douglas, da TRW don yin binciken watanni goma.

An gabatar da jerin motocin kaddamarwa, wanda ya dogara da injin Rocket na Space Transportation Main Engine (STME) da aka tsara. STME ya kasance mai sauƙaƙe, wanda za'a iya amfani da shi na babban injin Space Shuttle (SSME). [1][1] NLS-1 ita ce mafi girma daga cikin motoci uku da aka tsara kuma za ta yi amfani da tankin waje na Space Shuttle don babban mataki. Tankin zai ciyar da iskar oxygen da hydrogen na ruwa zuwa STMEs huɗu da aka haɗe a kasan tankin. Wani kaya ko Mataki na biyu zai dace a saman babban mataki, kuma za a ɗora Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters guda biyu a bangarorin babban mataki kamar yadda yake a kan Shuttle.[1] Hotunan lokaci sun nuna cewa an yi la'akari da manyan rokoki fiye da NLS-1, ta amfani da nau'ikan NLS-1. [1][1]

### Shirin taurari

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan manufofi na shirin Constellation shine ci gaban jirgin sama da motocin haɓaka don maye gurbin Space Shuttle. NASA ta riga ta fara tsara masu haɓaka guda biyu, Ares I da Ares V, lokacin da aka halicci shirin. An tsara Ares I ne kawai don manufar kaddamar da ma'aikatan manufa a cikin sararin samaniya, yayin da za a yi amfani da Ares V don kaddamarwa da wasu kayan aiki wanda ke buƙatar ƙarfin ɗagawa fiye da Ares I booster da aka bayar.

#### Ares na I
Ares I ita ce motar kaddamarwa da ma'aikatan da NASA ke haɓaka a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin Constellation .  Sunan "Ares" yana nufin allahn Girka Ares, wanda An gano shi da allahn Romawa Mars. Ares I da farko an san shi da "Crew Launch Vehicle" (CLV). 

NASA ta shirya yin amfani da Ares I don kaddamar da Orion, Jirgin sararin samaniya da aka nufa don ayyukan sararin samaniya na NASA bayan da aka yi ritaya da Space Shuttle a cikin 2011. Ares na kasance don haɓaka mafi girma, Ares V mara ma'aikata, wanda shine abin hawa na kaddamar da kaya don Constellation. NASA ta zaɓi ƙirar Ares don amincin da ake tsammani, amintacce da tasirin farashi.[1] Koyaya, shirin Constellation, gami da Ares I ya soke shi daga shugaban Amurka Barack Obama a watan Oktoba na 2010 tare da wucewar dokar izinin NASA ta 2010. [2]

#### Ares V
Ares V (wanda aka fi sani da Cargo Launch Vehicle ko CaLV) shi ne shirin kaddamar da kaya na shirin NASA Constellation da aka soke, wanda zai maye gurbin Space Shuttle bayan ya yi ritaya a 2011. An kuma shirya Ares V don ɗaukar kayan aiki don kasancewar mutum a kan Mars. Ares V da ƙaramin Ares na I sanya musu suna ne bayan Ares, allahn yaƙi na Girka.

#### Ares na IV
Tunanin Ares IV ya haɗu da matakin Ares I na sama a saman Ares V.  Musamman, abin hawa zai kunshi matakin farko mai amfani da ruwa daga ƙirar Ares V, masu haɓaka rokoki guda biyar, da kuma matakin sama mai amfani da ruwan daga Ares I, kamar yadda NASA ta bayyana a watan Janairun 2007. Ares IV zai kasance mai tsayi    kuma ana iya amfani dashi don isa wata. Jimlar ƙarfin kaya zai zama  lb (41,000  zuwa   don allura kai tsaye ta wata.

NASA ta yi la'akari da amfani da Ares IV don kimanta bayanan sake shiga cikin sauri na Orion capsule a cikin 2007.  NASA ta shirya zanga-zangar jirgin sama na kayan aikin Ares I da Ares V a cikin tsarin "Heavy Lift" tun daga shekarar 2013. Jirgin gwajin "Heavy Lift" ya gwada matakin farko na Ares V a lokaci guda tare da matakin Ares I na sama da aka haɗe a saman don adana lokaci da kuɗi. Tsarin gwajin motar Heavy Lift daga baya yayi kama da motar Ares IV.

#### Ares V Lite
Ares V Lite wani madadin abin hawa ne na kaddamarwa don shirin Constellation na NASA wanda Hukumar Augustine ta ba da shawarar. Ares V Lite ya kasance mai ƙanƙanta Ares V. Zai yi amfani da injuna biyar na RS-68 da SRB guda biyar kuma yana da ƙananan nauyin duniya na kimanin tan 140 (310,000 .  Idan aka zaba, Ares V Lite zai maye gurbin Ares V da Ares I. Ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan Ares V Lite zai kasance mai ɗaga kaya kamar Ares V kuma na biyu zai ɗauki 'yan saman jannati a cikin jirgin saman Orion.

Dangane da ra'ayin Shuttle-C wanda ya kasance batun karatu daban-daban tun daga shekarun 1980, HLV SDLV ne wanda ya ba da shawarar maye gurbin Orbiter mai fuka-fuki daga tarin Space Shuttle tare da mai ɗaukar kaya a gefe. Tankin waje na Space Shuttle (ET) da Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs) za su kasance iri ɗaya.

### Jupiter
An tsara manyan fa'idodi daga sake amfani da kayan aiki da kayan aiki daga shirin Space Shuttle kamar yadda zai yiwu, gami da tanadi farashi, gogewa tare da kayan aikin da ke akwai, da adana ma'aikata.

Space Launch System (SLS) babbar motar kaddamarwa ce ta Amurka, wacce ake amfani da ita a cikin Shirin Artemis. Ya yi kama da ƙirar NLS-1. Ita ce babbar motar kaddamar da shirye-shiryen binciken sararin samaniya mai zurfi na NASA,   gami da shirin jirgin sama na wata na Shirin Artemis da kuma yiwuwar bin aikin mutum zuwa Mars.   An fara fitar da shi na farko, Artemis 1, ya tashi a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 2022.

### 'Yanci' yanci
Liberty wani ra'ayi ne na motar kaddamarwa na 2011 wanda Alliant Techsystems (ATK) da Astrium suka gabatar don mataki na 2 na shirin NASA Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) wanda aka nufa don motsa ci gaban motoci ma'aikatan da ke aiki da kansu zuwa ƙasa.

Kamar aikin Ares I, wanda ya kunshi sashi biyar na Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster (SRB) da sabon Mataki na biyu na cryogenic, Liberty zai haɗu da SRB mai sashi biyar tare da babban mataki na Ariane 5 na Turai a matsayin mataki na biyu.

## Manazarta