Manufar sauyin yanayi na gwamnatin George W. Bush

**Manufofin sauyin yanayi na Amurka a karkashin shugabancin George W. Bush** za a iya karkasa su zuwa manyan bangarori biyu: dabarun fasaha na rage hayakin carbon da kuma wanda ke da manufa mai tsanani don rage fitar da iskar Carbon da kashi 18 cikin dari. Bush ya goyi bayan alkawuran da aka yi a kan hanyar yakin neman zabe don daidaita hayakin carbon dioxide daga masana'antar wutar lantarki; a cikin watanni biyu da hawansa mulki sai ya yi tafiyarsa daga alkwarinsa. Daya daga cikin manufofin da suka yi fice a lokacin gwamnatinsa ita ce adawa da yarjejeniyar Kyoto.

Gwamnatin ta ba da fifikon hanyoyin fasaha don yaƙar sauyin yanayi, kamar Dala biliyan 1.2 na Man Fetur da kuma shirin FreedomCAR, da nufin rage fitar da iskar carbon daga ababen hawa da haɓaka 'yancin kai na makamashi. Bangaren kasa da kasa, Bush ya kaddamar da taron kasa da kasa na Generation IV don ciyar da makamashin nukiliya gaba a matsayin madadin mafi tsafta ga burbushin mai da kuma tallafawa swaps na bashi don kare gandun daji na wurare masu zafi. A cikin gida, Dokar Manufofin Makamashi ta 2005 ta daidaita daidaiton 'yancin kai na makamashi tare da manufofin muhalli, samar da abubuwan karfafa gwiwa don sabunta makamashi, makamashin halittu, da fasahohin kwal mai tsafta.

An soki gwamnatin Bush saboda lalata binciken kimiyya da inganta muradun masana'antu. Rahotanni sun fito na matsin lamba na siyasa kan masana kimiyya don yin watsi da barazanar dumamar yanayi, gyara ga takaddun kimiyya, da kuma dakile mahimman abubuwan da suka shafi sauyin yanayi. Dangantaka na kut-da-kut da gwamnatin ta yi da masana'antun man fetur da masu sha'awar kasuwanci ya kara ruruta zargin fifita muradun tattalin arziki da kamfanoni kan matsalolin muhalli. Wannan rigima mai cike da cece-kuce game da manufofin sauyin yanayi na da tasiri mai dorewa, wanda ya shafi yunƙurin da Amurka ke yi na rage ɗumamar yanayi da kuma matsayinta na ƙasa da ƙasa a harkokin mulkin yanayi.

## Alkawuran yakin neman zabe
A lokacin yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na George W. Bush na 2000, ya yi alkawarin daidaita fitar da iskar carbon dioxide da ke fitowa daga masana'antar wutar lantarki kuma zai kafa carbon dioxide a matsayin gurbacewa. Bayan watanni biyu, a cikin Maris 2001, Gwamnatin Bush ta goyi bayan wannan alkawari. A cikin wata wasika da aka aike wa Sanata Chuck Hagel, ya ambaci karuwar farashin makamashi, da "rashin cikakken ilimin kimiyya game da musabbabin, da mafita ga, sauyin yanayi na duniya da kuma rashin samun fasahohin kasuwanci don cirewa da adana carbon dioxide". Wannan canji a manufofin ya nuna wani rahoton Ma'aikatar Makamashi, wanda ya bayyana cewa ciki har da carbon dioxide a matsayin gurɓataccen abu "zai haifar da wani canji mai ban mamaki daga kwal zuwa iskar gas don samar da wutar lantarki da farashin wutar lantarki mai mahimmanci, idan aka kwatanta da yanayin da kawai sulfur dioxide da nitrogen oxides aka rage." ya bayyana cewa hada da wannan alkawarin yakin neman zabe "kuskure ne"

Masu rajin kare muhalli da 'yan majalisar dokoki daga jam'iyyun Republican da Democratic duka sun soki wannan koma-baya. Masu sukar sun hada da Sanatoci Max Baucus da Lincoln Chafee, inda suka bayyana cewa koma bayan da aka yi “abin takaici ne matuka” kuma matakin shugaban ya kasance “ya shafi” bi da bi. Carl Pope, babban darektan kungiyar Saliyo, wata kungiyar kare muhalli, ya bayyana cewa "A lokacin yakin neman zabe, Gwamna Bush yayi kokarin neman wani rigar muhalli, amma a fadar White House ya durkusa ga manyan 'yan kasuwa a maimakon girmama alkawarinsa ga 'ya'yanmu."

## Kyoto Protocol
A cikin Maris 2001, gwamnatin Bush ta ba da sanarwar cewa ba za ta aiwatar da yarjejeniyar Kyoto ba, yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da aka sanya hannu a 1997 a Kyoto, Japan, wanda zai bukaci kasashe su rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata yanayi, suna mai cewa amincewa da yarjejeniyar zai haifar da koma baya ga tattalin arziki a Amurka kuma baya sanya matsin lamba don iyakance fitar da hayaki daga kasashe masu tasowa. A cikin Yuni 2001, Bush ya ce zai ci gaba da adawa da yarjejeniyar Kyoto.

A watan Fabrairun 2002, Bush ya sanar da madadinsa ga yarjejeniyar Kyoto, ta hanyar fitar da wani shiri na rage karfin iskar gas da kashi 18 cikin dari cikin shekaru 10. Ƙarfin iskar gas ɗin musamman shine rabon hayaƙin da ake fitarwa da kuma fitar da tattalin arziki, ma'ana cewa a ƙarƙashin wannan shirin, har yanzu hayaƙin zai ci gaba da ƙaruwa, amma a hankali. Bush ya bayyana cewa, wannan shiri zai hana fitar da metric ton miliyan 500 na iskar gas, wanda ya kai kimanin motoci miliyan 70 daga titin. Wannan manufa za ta cimma wannan burin ta hanyar samar da kuɗin haraji ga kasuwancin da ke amfani da hanyoyin makamashi mai sabuntawa.

## Manazarta