Anne Anastasi

**Anne Anastasi** (an haife ta a watan Disamba 19, 1908 - Mayu 4, 2001) ta kasance masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce ta Amurka  wadda aka fi sani da ci gabanta na farko na psychometrics . Ayyukanta na asali, Gwajin Halitta, ya kasance rubutu ne na gargajiya wanda ta ja hankalin mutum da ake gwadawa sabili da haka ga alhakin masu gwadawa. Ta yi kira da su wuce sakamakon gwajin, don bincika tarihin mutumin da aka tantance don taimaka musu su fahimci sakamakon kansu da kansu.

An san ta da guru na gwaji, Anastasi ta mai da hankali kan abin da ta yi imanin cewa amfani da gwaje-gwaje na psychometric ne. Kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin wani labari, "Ta ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar yadda ci gaban tunanin mutum ke rinjayar abubuwan muhalli da abubuwan kwarewa. Rubutun ta sun ba da sharhin da ya dace game da ginin gwaji da kuma aikace-aikacen gwajin tunani. "  A cewar Anastasi, irin waɗannan gwaje-gwaje sun bayyana abin da mai gwajin ya sani a lokacin; ba su bayyana sakamakon gwajin ba. Bugu da ƙari, duk wani ma'auni na psychometric dole ne ya yi la'akari da cewa iyawa ya dogara da mahallin. Anastasi ya jaddada muhimmancin rawar da mai jarrabawa ke takawa don zaɓar, gudanarwa, da kimanta gwaje-gwaje daidai.

Ta kasance shugabar kungiyar American Psychological Association (APA) a shekarar 1972, mace ta uku da aka zaba. A shekara ta 1984, an ba ta lambar yabo ta zinare ta American Psychological Foundation .  A shekara ta 1987, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Kimiyya ta Kasa . 

## Iyali da ilimi
An haifi Anne Anastasi a ranar 19 ga Disamba, 1908, a Birnin New York ga Anthony Anastasi da Theresa Gaudiosi Anastasi . Mahaifinta ya mutu lokacin da take jariri, kuma danginsa ba su ci gaba da hulɗa ba. Ta girma tare da mahaifiyarta, ɗan'uwan mahaifiyarta da kakarta. Theresa ta tallafa wa iyalin, daga ƙarshe ta yi aiki ga jaridar Italiyanci Il Progresso . Kakarta ce ta koyar da Anne a gida har zuwa aji na shida. Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci a makarantun jama'a da na shirye-shirye, ta shiga Kwalejin Barnard tana da shekaru 15. Sha'awarta a lissafi da ilimin halayyar dan adam. Ta kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Barnard tare da digiri na farko a shekara 20 a 1928, kuma ta kammala PhD a Jami'ar Columbia a shekara ta 1930.  

Harry Hollingworth ne ta hayar da Anastasi don koyarwa a Barnard, inda ta kasance daga 1930 zuwa 1939. Ta yi aiki a Kwalejin Queens, Jami'ar Birnin New York daga 1939 zuwa 1947, ta zama shugabar sashen. Ta yi aiki a Jami'ar Fordham daga 1947 zuwa 1979, tana aiki a matsayin shugabar daga 1968 zuwa 1974. Ta yi ritaya a matsayin cikakken farfesa a shekara ta 1979, kuma ta zama farfesa emeritus.

A 1933, Anastasi ta auri John Porter Foley, Jr. (1910-1994), masanin ilimin halayyar masana'antu. A shekara mai zuwa, an gano ta da Ciwon daji na mahaifa. An yi mata magani da radium, wanda ya lalata ciwon daji amma ya sa ta zama marar haihuwa. A lokacin Babban Mawuyacin hali na shekarun 1930, ita da mijinta sun sami aiki ne kawai a birane daban-daban, ita a New York kuma shi a Washington, DC 

Anastasi ta mutu a New York a ranar 4 ga Mayu, 2001.

## Ilimin halayyar mutum daban-daban
A cikin 1937, Anastasi ta buga bugu na farko na Differential Psychology, kusan aikin farko na shafi 900 akan abin da ta bayyana a matsayin "bincike na kimiyya na bambance-bambance tsakanin kungiyoyi"  Ma'anar ta ta ƙunshi ba kawai launin fata da kabilanci ba, har ma da bambance-gambance na rukuni wanda ke nuna Shekaru, ilimi, iyali, jinsi, Addini, da zamantakewar jama'a. An bayyana hanyar da ta yi game da nazarin al'adu da bambanci a matsayin "kyakkyawan samfurin" wanda ya haɗa da fannoni da yawa na yanzu na karatu tare da "mai sauƙi mai sauƙi".

Anastasi ta kuma magance kalubalen da ke tattare da nazarin bambance-bambance na rukuni. Wadannan an nuna su a sarari a cikin shekarun 1930 ta hanyar kimiyyar tseren Nazi. Taƙaitaccen bayanin Anastasi game da irin wannan aikin ya kasance mai ban sha'awa: "Tsarin shaidu don tallafawa wannan [mafi girman Aryan] ba cikakke ba ne kuma yana da gefe ɗaya a mafi kyawunsa, kuma yana da ban mamaki da almara a mafi muni. "  Tsakanin matsalolin da ke tattare da su da kuma abubuwan ban tsoro da Nazis suka yi, ilimin halayyar mutum ya ɓace a matsayin filin bincike. A shekara ta 1954, Anastasi kanta ta ƙaura daga nazarin bambance-bambance na rukuni zuwa na bambance-nambance na mutum.

Anastasi ta buga bugu uku na Differential Psychology (a cikin 1937, 1949 da 1958). A cikin 1985 Gidauniyar Nazarin Halitta ta Amurka ta bayyana shi a matsayin rubutu na "na gargajiya" da kuma samfurin "bayyanawa, cikakke, da kira". 

## Gwajin tunani

### Matsalolin da aka magance
Rubutun Anastasi na 1983 "What Do Intelligence Tests Measure?"  iyawa da niyyar gyara kuskuren fassarar game da fahimta da amfani da ƙwarewa da gwaje-gwajen mutum. Anastasi ta nuna cewa "ƙwarewar gwaji" na shekarun 1920 ta sa jama'a suka karɓi kalmar IQ kuma ba su yi amfani da ita ba. A cewar Anastasi, kuskuren amfani da kalmar ya haifar da ma'anar cewa hankali ne mai gado, mai ɗorewa a duk tsawon rayuwar mutum, kuma mai tsayayya da canji.

Sabanin haka, Anastasi ta jaddada cewa ƙididdigar psychometric tana nuna matsayin mutum na yanzu na abin da ya sani. Ta yi gargadi game da fassara irin waɗannan gwaje-gwaje kamar yin aiki mai ƙarfi na tsinkaya, kamar yadda maki kawai suka nuna zuwa wane matakin da mutum ya sami ilimi da ƙwarewa don ma'auni na gwajin da aka ba shi. Suna kimanta abin da ke cikin babban buƙata a cikin takamaiman mahallin; abin da mutum zai iya cimma a nan gaba ya dogara ba kawai da matsayinsa na ilimi na yanzu kamar yadda gwajin ya ƙayyade ba, har ma da abubuwan da suka biyo baya. Sabili da haka, Anastasi ya ba da shawarar game da gwaje-gwaje na psychometric da ke sanya alama ga mutum, yayin da suke tantance takamaiman nau'ikan ilimi kuma ba su lissafa yadda hankali zai iya canzawa a tsawon lokaci ba.

Muhimmanci ga Anastasi shine fahimtar tsarin al'adu na tunani wanda aka haɓaka gwajin. Ta bayyana cewa "Babu gwajin hankali da zai iya zama ba tare da al'ada ba, saboda hankali na ɗan adam ba ba ne da al'adu ba". Sabili da haka, a cewar Anastasi, mataki na farko na haɓaka gwajin hankali a cikin al'ada da aka ba shi shine tsara nazarin aiki don sanin yadda mutane ke samun ilimin da aka ƙima a cikin wannan al'ada.

### Hanyoyi
Anastasi galibi ta yi amfani da hanyoyin da ke akwai ga gwajin iyawar mutum da na rukuni, da kuma rahotanni na kai da auna abubuwan da ke sha'awa da halayen. Ta bi ka'idodin ka'idoji, amintacce, inganci, da nazarin abubuwa. Rubutun "Jarabawar Halitta: Tunanin Tushen da Ra'ayoyin Ruwa na yau da kullun,"  ya ƙunshi matsayin hanyar Anastasi. Anastasi ta jaddada cewa, don kimanta duk wani gwajin psychometric, mai jarrabawa dole ne ta kasance mai masaniya game da manyan fasalulluka na gwaje-gwajen, musamman yayin da suke amfani da ka'idoji, inganci, da amintacce. Hanyar da ta yi game da daidaitattun ƙididdiga da daidaitallacewar daidaitallaci shine wanda ta yi imanin cewa fahimtar ra'ayoyin ƙididdiga yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar ma'anar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga.

Game da gwaje-gwaje masu ma'ana, Anastasi ta rabu da masanin ilimin halayyar ilimi Robert Glaser, wadda ta fara gabatar da manufar a 1963. Maimakon kusantar irin waɗannan gwaje-gwaje kamar yadda suka bambanta da gwaje- gwaje-gaje na al'ada, Anastasi ya ci gaba da cewa za a iya haɗa su biyu don ba da cikakken kimantawa game da aikin gwajin mutum. Misali shine gwajin Stanford Diagnostic a cikin karatu da lissafi, wanda ke kimanta takamaiman ilimin batutuwa ta hanyar hada duka fassarorin biyu.

Anastasi ta fahimci cewa akwai nau'ikan amincin gwajin da yawa. Koyaya, yayin ma'amala da daidaitattun gwaje-gwaje, ana iya rage yawancin bambancin amintacce ta hanyar sarrafa irin waɗannan yanayi kamar yanayin gwaji, dangantaka, umarni, da iyakokin lokaci.

Ya bambanta da imanin cewa akwai nau'ikan inganci guda uku - ingancin abun ciki, ingancin ma'auni, da ingancin gini - Anastasi ta goyi bayan imani mai girma na tsakiyar shekarun 1980 cewa za'a iya amfani da wasu hanyoyin da yawa don gina inganci a cikin gwaji. Bayyana abubuwan da za a kimantawa yana fara tsarin tabbatarwa. Ya ƙare tare da "daidaitawa da kuma tabbatar da ƙididdiga daban-daban ta hanyar nazarin ƙididdiga game da ma'auni na waje, na ainihi".

### Bambanci tsakanin iyawa da gwajin nasara
A cikin Gwajin Halitta: Ka'idoji na asali da Ra'ayoyi Masu Mishe na yau da kullun, Anastasi ta bayyana bambance-bambance tsakanin nau'ikan gwaje-gwaje. Bambance-bambance guda biyu tsakanin gwaje-gwaje na iyawa da gwaje-gaje na nasara sune amfani da gwaji da kuma matakin ƙayyadaddun ƙwarewa wanda ya zama tushen ginin gwaje-gyaren. Ana amfani da gwaje-gwaje na nasara don tantance matsayin yanzu; gwaje-gaje na iyawa na iya hango hasashen aikin nan gaba kamar yadda aka bayyana ta takamaiman ka'idojin su. An bayyana takamaiman ƙwarewa don gwaje-gwaje na nasara, kamar gwaje-gaje na SAT. Sabanin haka, gwaje-gwaje na ƙwarewar ƙwarewar Stanford-Binet sun dogara ne akan cikakken ilimin al'adun Amurka da suka fara a karni na ashirin.

### Matsayi na ka'ida
Tsarin ka'idar Anastasi cewa iyawa ko basira tana canzawa tare da gogewa kuma cewa al'adunsu suna nuna sigogin su ya sanar da hanyar da ta ke amfani da gwajin psychometric. Ya kamata a zaɓi gwaje-gwaje kuma a yi amfani da su yayin da suke tunawa da yadda suka dace da iyakokinsu. Ta jaddada cewa gwaje-gwaje suna aiki da takamaiman ayyuka a cikin al'ummar Yamma, kamar sanya makaranta / aiki ko don tantance nakasassu ta hankali.

### Rashin amincewa
An soki fitowar farko ta 1955 na gwajin halayyar mutum saboda danganta sakamakon gwajin ne kawai ga bambance-bambance na mutum, maimakon gane cewa "'banbanbanci na lokaci-lokaci' ana auna su ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje". A cikin sabon fitowar littafin, Anastasi da marubuciyarta Susana Urbina sun ba da shawarar cewa za a iya samun sakamako mafi kyau ta hanyar hada bayanai daga gwaje-gwaje masu yawa. Kowane mutum zai rufe wani hali, ko kuma bangare daban-daban na ma'auni.   &#x5B;**&#x5D;

## Kyauta
Sashe na APA na 5: Hanyoyi masu yawa da inganci suna ba da kyautar Anne Anastasi Dissertation Award . 

## Manazarta