open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ayyukan Sojojin Tarayyar Turai a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya

**Sojojin [[Tarayyar Turai]] RCA**, wanda aka fi sani da **EUFOR RCA**, shine aikin kiyaye zaman lafiya na Tarayyar Tarayyar Amurka a Bangui, babban birnin Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya. Manufar aikin ita ce tabbatar da yankin bayan fiye da shekara guda na rikice-Rikicin cikin gida. An cimma yarjejeniya game da aikin a watan Janairun 2014, kuma ayyukan farko sun fara ne a ƙarshen Afrilu. Manufar ta ƙare aikinta bayan kusan shekara guda a ranar 15 ga Maris 2015. 

## Tarihi
A shekara ta 2012 Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya ta shiga cikin rikice-Rikicin cikin gida, wanda ya haifar da korar shugaban Kirista François Bozizé a watan Maris na shekara ta 2013. Michel Djotodia, shugaban 'yan tawayen Musulmi Séléka, ya hau shugabancin amma an tilasta masa ya yi murabus a watan Janairun 2014. A cewar Hukumar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, mutane 37,000 sun tsere zuwa kasashe makwabta, yayin da 173,000 suka rasa muhallinsu a cikin gida.[1][2] A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013, an kafa ayyukan kiyaye zaman lafiya na Operation Sangaris ta Faransa da MISCA ta Tarayyar Afirka.

A ranar 20 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, ministocin kasashen waje na Tarayyar Turai sun cimma yarjejeniya don kirkirar EUFOR RCA, wanda shine aikin soja na tara na Tarayyaa a cikin tsarin Tsaro da Tsaro na Tsaro.  A ranar 28 ga watan Janairu, Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da tura sojojin EU zuwa Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya. An kafa aikin soja a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, tare da Manjo Janar Philippe Pontiès a matsayin kwamandansa.

## Aikace-aikacen
A ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2014, EUFOR RCA ta fara babban aikinta na farko ta hanyar karɓar tsaro a Filin jirgin saman Bangui M'Poko. 

Sojojin farko sun kunshi sojoji 150, kuma tsohuwar ikon mulkin mallaka na Faransa da Estonia sun ba da gudummawa. A lokacin Mayu da Yuni sojojin daga Finland, Georgia, Latvia, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania da Spain da kuma masu ba da shawara na soja daga Luxembourg sun shiga rundunar. A ranar 15 ga Yuni ta sami cikakken damar aiki tare da sojoji 700. An shirya aikin EU na tsawon rabin shekara, tare da babban burin tabbatar da yanayi mai aminci a yankin Bangui, sannan daga baya ya mika shi ga abokan hulɗa na Afirka waɗanda ya kamata su zo tare da sojojin zaman lafiya 12,000 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a watan Satumba.   A ranar 28 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, sojoji daga Italiya sun shiga rundunar tare da sojoji 50 daga Folgore Parachute Brigade. 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Jodan gamae

Yawancin lokaci akwai nau'ikan jōdan-no-kamae guda biyu, hagu (*hidari*; 左) da dama (*migi*; 右), suna nufin wane ƙafa ne a gaba. A matsayin abin da ba a saba gani ba,ana amfani da hannu ɗaya kawai don riƙe takobi.Har ma da wuya,matsayi na hannayensu a kan wuyan takobi na iya juyawa.

Yawancin lokaci akwai nau'ikan jōdan-no-kamae guda biyu, hagu (*hidari*; 左) da dama (*migi*; 右), suna nufin wane ƙafa ne a gaba. A matsayin abin da ba a saba gani ba, ana amfani da hannu ɗaya kawai don riƙe takobi. Har ma da wuya, matsayi na hannayensu a kan wuyan takobi na iya juyawa.

## Manazarta
Jodan uke

**Age-uke** (上げ受け) wanda ke fassara zuwa "tsalle mai tasowa", ko "tsalle sama" shine kalmar Jafananci don dabarar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin zane-zane.Akwai bambance-bambance da yawa a yadda za a iya aiwatar da dabarar,kuma babu wani abu da ke cikin kalmar kanta da ke ƙuntata amfani da ita ga dabarun da ba su da makamai.Ana amfani dashi akai-akai game da dabarar Karate da ke tafiya da wannan sunan,amma kuma yana iya komawa ga irin wannan dabarun a Kobudo.
 
## Manazarta
Jiong Qiu

**Jiong Qiu** ƴar asalin ƙasar China, ba-a'amurkiya wacce kwararriya ce a fannin ilmin taurari da ta lashe kyautar Karen Harvey saboda aikin da ta yi a fannin hasken rana.

## Karatu
Qiu ta kammala karatun ta na Bachelor of Science a Astronomy a 1993 a Jami'ar Nanjing, da ke Jiangsu,China.Shekaru biyar bayan haka an ba ta lambar yabo ta PhD daga wannan jami'a saboda aikinta na lura da hasken rana.Tsakanin samun digiri na farko da PhD, tsakanin 1996-1997,ta sami tallafin dalibai wanda ya ba ta damar yin aiki a Arcetri Astrophysics Observatory a Italiya.

## Manazarta
John F. Huenergardt

**John F. Huenergardt** (1875-1955), ya kasance daya daga cikin masu gabatarwa na Adventism na kudu maso gabashin Turai, ministan Adventist na bakwai, malami, mai gudanarwa.

An haife shi a wani mulkin mallaka na Jamus a Rasha, tun yana yaro ya yi ƙaura tare da iyayensa zuwa Amurka, a kan S.S. City of Berlin a 1876. A shekara ta 1898, an tura shi zuwa Pannonian Basin don fara aiki a can. Ya koyi yaren Hungary kuma a cikin 1902, ya zama mai kula da filin aikin Hungary da Balkan kuma daga baya shugaban taron Hungary a cikin 1907, da kuma taron Danube Union a cikin 1912 tare da hedkwatar a Budapest. Wannan Taron ya kunshi yankunan Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia da Hungary.

Ya horar da ma’aikata da masu shelar littattafai kuma ya soma buga wasu littattafai a cikin harsunan yankin.  A cikin 1910 masu shelar bishara na Jamus sun zo don taimakonsa

A shekara ta 1919, ya koma Amurka. Ya shiga Kwalejin Broadview da Cibiyar Nazarin tauhidi. Daga 1925, zuwa 1929, ya kasance mataimakin sakatare na Ofishin Ayyukan Gida na Babban Taron.

Ya koma Turai kuma a farkon shekarun 1930, ya kasance shugaban taron Yugoslavian Union . A shekara ta 1935, ya koma Amurka, inda ya yi ritaya shekara guda bayan haka. Daga nan sai ya zama fastocin majami'un Jamus a California.

## Manazarta
 

## Haɗin waje

* John F. Huenergardt - ya yi nasara a kansa
* Encyclopaedia Adventist na bakwai (1976.) 
* Tarihin Yankin Turai
Bin

* Akwatin sharar gida
* Kayan sake amfani
* Akwatin buru ibu, akwatin girman pallet da aka yi amfani da shi don adanawa da jigilar abubuwa masu yawa.
* Kayan kwal

* Akwatin sharar gida
* Kayan sake amfani
* Akwatin buru ibu, akwatin girman pallet da aka yi amfani da shi don adanawa da jigilar abubuwa masu yawa
* Kayan kwal
John A. Power

**John A. Power** tsohon ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar Ingila (an haife shi (1976-12-23) 23 Disamba 1976 (mai shekara 48) a Rochdale, Greater Manchester, Ingila).

## Raunin da ya ƙare.
John yana da shekaru 18 kawai lokacin da ya sami mummunan rauni a kashin baya, yayin da yake wasa ga kungiyar Oldham RLFC 'A'. Ya ƙare aikinsa mai kyau a matsayin ƙwararren ɗan wasan rugby.

## Haɗin waje
RFL Benevolent Fund: Kokarin Oarsome Oldham Chronicle: Ikon ya buga alamar sa Oldham Chronicla: Ikon wutar lantarki don dawowa

## Manazarta
John Sisk

**John Sisk** (20 Satumba 1837 - 21 Oktoba 1921) magini ɗan ƙasar Irish ne wanda ya kafa kamfanin gine-gine na John Sisk & Son, a ƙarshe ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana'antar gini a Ireland.

## Tarihin rayuwa
### Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi John Sisk a shekara na 1837, a Cork, Ireland. Yaronsa ya kasance lokacin rikici mai tsanani ga Ireland ciki har da bala'in ƙasa na Babban Yunwa a lokacin da, ta hanyar mutuwa da ƙaura, yawan jama'a ya ragu da miliyan biyu. Ya kasance maraya lokacin da yake dan shekara 11,iyayensa sun mutu a cikin annobar kwalara. An binne iyayen Sisk a Kabari na St Joseph, inda dubban wadanda ke fama da yunwa suka kwanta (da yawa a cikin kaburbura marasa alama) kuma inda aka binne shi da kansa, bayan ya mutu kafin kafa Irish Free State a watan Oktoba 1921.

Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, Sisk ya sami koyo tare da dangin Quaker na plasterers. Ya zauna tare da wannan iyali, kuma John daga baya zai yi amfani da tsohon maigidansa, Richard Martin. An ƙuntata damar yin koyo a cikin sana'o'i a waɗannan kwanakin, kuma sau da yawa ana buƙatar mutum ya zama dangi na jini don samun shiga kasuwanci. Mahaifin John Patrick ya kasance mai gyaran gyare-gyare, kuma mai yiwuwa kakansa, Nicholas, yana cikin kasuwancin gini, wanda zai iya ba da tarihin iyali a cikin kasuwancin zuwa tsakiyar karni na 18.

### Ayyuka.
A cikin shekara na1859, John Sisk ya auri Kate Burke, kuma a cikin wannan shekarar, ya kafa nasa kasuwancin a matsayin ɗan kwangila mai zaman kansa.  Yawancin aikinsa na farko ba a rubuta shi ba (takardun ginin farko da aka rubuta shi ne rasidin kammala ginin makaranta a 1874), amma bayanan mutuwarsa shekaru 62 bayan haka ya haɗa da gina ba kasa da majami'u 30, manyan makarantu da yawa, dakunan karatu da gine-ginen banki. Koyaya, bayanan ba su nuna ba, alal misali, cewa yayin da yake gina ƙwanƙolin Cocin Katolika da ginin makaranta a Clonakilty a tsakiyar shekarun 1880, ya kuma gina Otal din Donovan a kan babban titi, wanda, kamar kasuwancin Sisk, ya kasance a yau a cikin mallakar iyali ɗaya. Yawancin irin waɗannan kwangilar kasuwanci ba a rubuta su ba.

Duk da yake tushen Cork ko da yaushe, kamfanin ya ci gaba da yin nisa a Munster, tare da lokutan aiki a arewacin Tipperary, yammacin Cork, arewacin Kerry da Waterford.  Don haka yayin da yake gina babbar coci a Nenagh, kusan mil 100 daga Cork a cikin 1896, John kuma ya ɗauki ƙaramin kwangilar ƙaramin coci a Cloughjordan.Don kammala wannan aikin, John ya sami kuma ya sake buɗe wani dutse na gida, ya dauki 'yan kasuwa daga ko'ina cikin Munster kuma ya ƙera dukkan siffofin katako a shafin, ko a cikin shagon sa a Cork. "Mutum zai iya tunanin wahalar isa wurare a kwanakin nan kuma 'yan kasuwa da yawa za su koma garuruwa, "in ji jikansa kuma shugaban Sisk Group a yau, George Sisk, wanda ya ga irin wannan aikin da farko yayin da yake makaranta. "A cikin Donamon Castle a Co Roscommon (Masu wa'azi na Allah Novitiate), aikin farko da na kasance, har yanzu akwai gado na 'yan kasuwa masu tafiya. "

## Manazarta
Filin Yaƙin Palette

**Palette filin yaƙi** (wanda kuma aka sani da Vultures Palette, Giraffes Palette, ko Palette Zaki) na iya zama farkon wurin yaƙin wakilci na dozin ko fiye na biki ko kayan kwalliyar kayan kwalliya na tsohuwar Masar. Tare da sauran a cikin wannan jerin palette, ciki har da Narmer Palette, ya haɗa da wasu daga cikin alamun farko na adadi, ko glyphs, waɗanda suka zama hieroglyphs na Masar. Mafi shahara akan Palette na fagen fama shine ma'auni (iat hieroglyph), da kuma ɗan fursuna hieroglyph, mai yiwuwa farkon wanda ya haifar da ra'ayi na bakuna tara (wakilin maƙiyan ƙabilanci na waje).

Ƙila palettes ɗin kwanan wata mafi yawa daga Naqada III (kimanin 3300-3100 BC), watau ƙarshen zamani, kusan 3100 BC. Manyan guda biyu na Palette na fagen fama suna riƙe da Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya da Ashmolean.

## The Battlefield Palette, guda biyu
Ƙwararren Ƙwaƙwalwa na Yaki ya yi ya ƙunshi da'irar da'irar da aka ƙayyade don haɗuwa da kayan kwaskwarima. Ya ƙunshi filin fagen fama, da kuma magabatan hieroglyphs: fursuna, ƙabila na yanki na katako, horus-falcon da tsuntsu ibis da ke hutawa akan ma'auni. Karye rabin rabin fursunonin da ke gefen dama na iya samun hieroglyph a gabansa (rectangle, kamar yadda aka zagaya don ƙasa) tare da tsire-tsiren papyrus da ake zargi a haɗe a sama.

Juyin palette ɗin yana da salo mai ban sha'awa na tsuntsu, dabbobi masu shayarwa guda biyu masu kama da tururuwa, kututturen dabino a tsaye, wani ɓangaren sama mai 'ya'yan itace, da gajerun dabino a kwance.

An yi wa mutum fashi da kuma cin nasara a makiya

Wani mutum da ke sanye da riga ya bayyana a ɓalle a bayan fursunoni tsirara. Wataƙila yana sanye da cikakkiyar rigar da aka yi da fatar damisa kuma mai yiwuwa wakilin Fir'auna mai nasara ne wanda ke tsaye a bayan ɗaya daga cikin fursuna tsirara (tsirara, amma ga kullin azzakari). Rubutun da ke gaban fursunoni na iya zama wani ɓangare na tsohuwar alamar “Libya”, maƙiyin farko na sarakunan Masar kafin zamanin daular daular. Halin zai ƙunshi sandar jifa da ke saman wani oval, ma'ana "yanki", "wuri", "tsibirin", babban sunan Libya ko Western Delta mai suna THnw, Tjehenw, kamar yadda aka gani a Palette na Libya.

## Manazarta
Lothar von Trotha

Adrian Dietrich Lothar von Trotha (3 Yuli 1848 - 31 Maris 1920) kwamandan sojan Jamus ne a lokacin sabon mulkin Turawa. A matsayinsa na kwamandan birgediya na rundunar sojojin kasashen gabashin Asiya, ya shiga cikin murkushe 'yan damben boksin a birnin Qing na ƙasar Sin, inda ya jagoranci sojojin da suka hada da gudunmawar Jamus ga Ƙungiyar ƙasashe takwas. Daga bisani ya zama gwamnan Jamus ta Kudu maso yammacin Afirka da kuma kwamandan sojojinsa na mulkin mallaka, wanda a cikinsa ne ya murkushe 'yan tawayen ƙasar a lokacin yakin Herero. An yi Allah wadai da irin ta’asar da ya yi a yakin Herero, musamman saboda rawar da ya taka wajen kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa Nama Khoekhoe da Herero

## Iyali
Lothar von Trotha ya kasance na wani fitaccen dangi mai daraja na Saxon. Ya yi aure sau biyu; Oktoba 15, 1872 ya auri Bertha Neumann, wanda ya mutu a 1905.

A ranar 19 ga Mayu, 1912, bayan ya yi ritaya daga hidima, ya auri Lucy Goldstein-Brinckmann (1881-1958), aure na biyu ga duka biyun. Lucy ta fito daga dangin Yahudawa na Frankfurt waɗanda suka tuba zuwa Kiristanci. Trotha yana da 'ya'ya maza biyu, waɗanda suka mutu ba tare da sanin zuriyarsu ba.

## Sana'a
An haife shi a Magdeburg, babban birnin lardin Saxony, Trotha ya shiga cikin sojojin Prussian a shekara ta 1865 kuma ya yi yakin Austro-Prussian da Franco-Prussian Wars, wanda ya sami lambar yabo ta Iron Cross ta 2nd Class. Ya auri Bertha Neumann a ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 1872.

Ya kasance kwamandan Lauenburgisches Jäger Batallon Nr. 9 na tsawon shekaru biyu a Ratzeburg kafin a tura shi Afirka a 1894.

A shekara ta 1894 an nada Trotha kwamandan sojojin mulkin mallaka a Jamus ta Gabashin Afirka kuma ya yi nasarar murkushe tashe-tashen hankula a can ciki har da Tawayen Wahehe. Yayin da aka buga shi na ɗan lokaci zuwa Imperial China a matsayin Kwamandan Rundunar Sojojin Gabashin Asiya, yana da hannu wajen murkushe Tawayen dambe. a ranar 3 ga Mayu, 1904 aka nada shi Kwamanda a Afirka ta Kudu maso yammacin Jamus kuma aka umarce shi da ya murkushe tawayen Herero na asali.
kashe-kashen mutuwar masu mutuwa da kukan mahaukata...sun yi ta maimaitawa a cikin maɗaukakiyar dawwama.” Dabarun Trotha sun bambanta da na shugabannin Herero, waɗanda a cikin su, sun yi taka tsantsan don tabbatar da cewa sojoji ne kawai aka kaiwa hari.

Hanyoyin Trotha sun haifar da kokewar jama'a wanda ya sa shugaban gwamnati Bernhard von Bülow ya tambayi William II, Sarkin Jamus, don sauke Trotha daga umurninsa.

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Waterberg

**Yaƙin Waterberg** (Yaƙin Ohamakari)  ya faru ne a ranar 11 ga Agusta, 1904, a Waterberg, Jamus ta Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka (Namibia ta zamani), kuma ya kasance babban yaƙi a yakin Jamus da aka yi da Herero .

## Sojoji
Sojojin Daular Jamus suna karkashin umurnin Lieutenant Janar Lothar von Trotha kuma sun ƙidaya sama da 1,500. Suna dauke da bindigogi na zamani 1,625 da bindigogi 30 da bindigori 14.

Herero suna karkashin umurnin Samuel Maharero kuma - a cikin tsammanin tattaunawar zaman lafiya - sun tara wasu mayaƙa 3,500-6,000 tare da iyalansu. &nbsp;&nbsp;Adadin Hereros a yankin an kiyasta shi a 25,000 zuwa 50,000. Wasu daga cikinsu suna dauke da makamai na gargajiya da ake kira Kirri.

## Shirye-shiryen yaƙi

Daga budewar Herero Wars a watan Janairun 1904 har zuwa 11 ga Yuni, 1904, Gwamnan mulkin mallaka Colonel Theodor Leutwein ne ya jagoranci kokarin soja na Jamus. Leutwein ya haɗu da manufofin matsin lamba na soja tare da sadarwa tare da Herero don tattaunawa game da sasantawa ga tashin hankali. Jamusawa sun sami nasarar soja a cikin jerin rikice-rikice kafin su kusurwo kan Herero a Waterberg Plateau. Koyaya, Kaiserreich ya maye gurbin Leutwein da Lieutenant Janar Lothar von Trotha, yana sa ran Trotha ya kawo ƙarshen tawaye tare da nasarar soja.

## Yaƙi

An fara aiwatar da shirin yaƙi na Trotha a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta, 1904, bayan da aka tara sojoji da kayayyaki. Kwamandan Jamus ya yi niyyar wani ɓangare na sojojinsa don matsa Herero a kudancin Plateau tare da ginshiƙai daga gabas da yamma yayin da wasu ginshiƙan biyu za su rufe hanyar tserewa zuwa kudu da kudu maso gabas. Kwamandan ginshiƙan toshewa na kudu maso gabas, duk da haka, ya kasa sarrafa dakarunsa zuwa matsayi a cikin lokaci, da kuma sanar da wannan gaskiyar ga Trotha. A halin yanzu, ginshiƙi na yammacin da ke ci gaba bai tsaya a layin da aka zaɓa ba kuma ya matsa Herero ta hanyar rata da ba a rufe ba wanda ya haifar da gazawar sojojin kudu maso gabas. Yawancin Herero da da shanu sun tsere zuwa gabas zuwa cikin hamadar Omaheke.
## Manazarta
Siege na Mbomwe

Tun a ranar 25 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1915 ne sojojin gwamnatin Nyasaland suka kai hari a babban birnin Mbombwe na 'yan tawaye. Washegari ne aka kawo karshen kawanya a lokacin da sojoji daga King's African Rifles suka mamaye babban birnin na 'yan tawayen bayan wani kazamin fada da 'yan tawayen.

## Fage
Domin mafi yawan tawayen, John Chilembwe ya kasance a Mbombwe yana addu'a kuma jagorancin 'yan tawayen David Kaduya, tsohon soja a cikin King's African Rifles (KAR) ya kama. Wani harin kwanton bauna ne da 'yan tawaye suka kashe a kan wata karamar kungiyar sojojin gwamnati kusa da Mbombwe a ranar 24 ga watan Janairu. An sha bayyana harin a matsayin "wanda gwamnati ta sha wahala" a duk lokacin da aka yi tashe tashen hankula na Chilembwe.[1]

## Yakin
Bayan sun isa wajen Mbombwe sojojin na King's African Rifles sun kaddamar da farmaki kan tungar 'yan tawaye a ranar 25 ga watan Janairu, amma duk da haka ba a cimma matsaya ba.[2] Dakarun Chilembwe sun rike wani kakkarfan matsayi na tsaro a bakin kogin Mbombwe kuma ba za a iya mayar da su baya ba. An kashe sojojin Birtaniya biyu na Afirka kuma uku sun ji rauni;[3] An kiyasta asarar Chilembwe kamar yadda aka kashe kusan 20 tare da raunata wasu da yawa.

A ranar 26 ga watan Janairu, wasu gungun 'yan tawaye sun kai hari kan wata tawagar Katolika a Nguludi mallakar Father Swelsen. Wasu masu gadi na Afirka hudu ne suka kare aikin, daya daga cikinsu ya mutu, shi ma Father Swelsen ya samu rauni a fadan da aka kona cocin.[4] Sojoji sun sake kai hari Mbombwe a wannan rana amma ba su ci karo da turjiya daga ‘yan tawayen ba don haka suka samu nasarar kwace garin cikin sauki[5].

## Bayan haka
Yawancin 'yan tawaye, ciki har da Chilembwe, sun gudu daga ƙauyen suna kama da farar hula.[5] Faduwar Mbombwe da rusa cocin Chilembwe da sojojin gwamnati suka yi a baya tare da dynamite sun kawo karshen tawayen.[5] An kama Kaduya aka dawo da shi Magomero inda aka kashe shi a bainar jama’a[6].

Bayan da aka sha kashi a hannun ‘yan tawayen, galibin sauran ‘yan tawayen sun yi yunkurin tserewa zuwa gabas ta tsaunukan Shire, zuwa kasar Portugal ta Gabashin Afirka, daga inda suke fatan za su nufi arewa zuwa yankin Jamus[5]. 'Yan sandan Nyasaland sun ga Chilembwe kuma suka harbe shi a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu kusa da Mlanje.[5] An kama wasu 'yan tawaye da dama; An daure 300 a kurkuku bayan tawayen kuma an kashe 40.[5] Kimanin 'yan tawaye 30 ne suka tsere daga kamawa suka yi zamansu a yankin Portuguese kusa da kan iyakar Nyasaland.[7]

## Manazarta
Layin shugabancin Najeriya

Layin maye gurbin shugaban kasa na Najeriya shine tsari na jami'an Gwamnatin Najeriya waɗanda zasu iya zama ko aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa a kan rashin iyawa, mutuwa, murabus, ko cirewa daga ofis (ta hanyar impeachment da kuma rashin cancanta) na shugaban da ke zaune ko shugaban da aka zaba.

An tsara layin maye gurbin a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya kuma yana bin umarnin Mataimakin Shugaban kasa da Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai. Duk da yake Mataimakin Shugaban kasa wanda ya gaji Shugaban kasa ya ba shi, Sashe na 146 (2) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai ikon Shugaban kasa na watanni uku. Dole ne a kira babban zabe kafin taga ta wuce. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010, mutuwar Shugaba Umaru Musa Yar'Adua ta haifar da tsarin maye gurbin, wanda ya haifar da maye gurbin mataimakinsa a matsayin Shugaban Tarayyar Najeriya.

## Tsarin yanzu
Tsarin shugaban kasa na yanzu na maye gurbin ofishin shugaban Najeriya an ƙayyade shi ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1999. Layin maye gurbin shugaban kasa ya bi tsari na: mataimakin shugaban kasa da shugaban majalisar dattijai. Idan akwai mutuwa, nakasa ta dindindin, ko rashin iyawar waɗannan jami'an, Majalisar Dokoki za ta, ta hanyar doka, ta samar da hanyar zabar mutumin da zai yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa har sai shugaban kasa ko mataimakin shugaban kasa ya cancanci.

Sabanin imanin da aka fi sani, layin shugaban kasa na maye gurbin ba ya haɗa da kakakin Majalisar Wakilai da babban alƙali.

### Layin maye gurbin yanzu

## Bayanan da aka ambata
William Jervis Livingstone

William Jervis Livingstone (1865 – 1915) shi ne manajan Estate na Magomero a Nyasaland (Malawi na yanzu) mallakar A L Bruce Estates Ltd kuma an kashe shi a 1915 a lokacin boren adawa da mulkin mallaka karkashin jagorancin John Chilembwe. Livingstone, daga Isle of Lismore a Argyllshire, Scotland, an haife shi a 1865 kuma an nada shi a matsayin manajan Magomero a 1893.

Ko da yake ya gwada noman kofi da auduga daga baya, gidan bai sami nasarar kuɗi ba kuma Livingstone ya ƙara matsananciyar buƙatun aiki akan ma'aikatan gidan. An kuma zarge shi da zaluntar wadancan ma'aikatan. Ko da yake Livingstone nan da nan ne ke da alhakin ƙaddamar da buƙatun aikin da ya wuce kima a kan ma'aikata da mugunyar da suke yi, sun kasance sakamakon matsin lamba na samun nasarar kuɗi wanda Alexander Livingstone Bruce, darekta kuma mai hannun jari na 40% a A L Bruce Estates Ltd ya yi, bayan ya zo ya zauna a Nyasaland daga 1908. Bruce ya ɗauki majami'u masu zaman kansu na Afirka su zama masu rugujewa, kuma ya ba da umarni ga cocin Livingstone. Izinin Bruce akan Estate Magomero.
## Haihuwa da iyali
An haifi William Jervis Livingstone a ranar 8 ga Maris, 1865 a Bachuil, Isle of Lismore, Argyllshire, a Scotland. Mahaifinsa, Alexander Livingstone (1815-1906), wazirin Baptist ne kuma mahaifiyarsa Jessie (née McPherson, 1824-99) ita ce matar Alexander ta biyu. Alexander Livingstone yana da 'ya'ya bakwai, wanda uku sun mutu a matsayin jarirai da biyu, ciki har da babban ɗan'uwan William, a cikin shekaru ashirin. William da ƙanensa Thomas kaɗai suka tsira zuwa ƙarni na 20. A cikin 1908, William ya auri Katherine (née MacLachlan), malamin makaranta, kuma suna da ’ya’ya uku, ɗaya daga cikinsu ya mutu yana jariri.

Dukansu Alexander Livingstone da kuma daga baya dansa William sun yi iƙirarin laƙabin Baron na Bachuil, duk da cewa ba a san wannan darajar a hukumance ba sai a shekara ta 2004, kuma hakan ba ya nufin mallakar kowace ƙasa[. William Jervis Livingstone ya yi la'akari da cewa yana da alaƙa da David Livingstone, amma ba a tabbatar da wata alaƙa kai tsaye ba, musamman saboda rashin tabbas game da ainihin kakannin David Livingstone da kakanni na nesa.

,

## Manazarta
Harin Blantyre

**Blantyre Raid** wani hari ne da shugaban 'yan tawaye John Chilembwe da mabiyansa suka kai a tashar kamfanin African Lakes Company a Blantyre a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 1915. 'Yan tawaye sun kasa kama tashar, kodayake sun sami damar kama ƙananan bindigogi daga tashar.

## Tarihi
'Yan tawaye sun yanke layin tarho na Zomba-Tete da Blantyre-Mikalongwe, suna jinkirta yaduwar labarai game da tawaye ga gwamnati da Gwamnan Nyasaland. 

## Harin
Kamfanin makamai na Kamfanin African Lakes a Blantyre ya kai hari da rundunar 'yan tawaye kusan 100 a kusa da karfe 02:00 na yamma a ranar 24 ga watan Janairu, kafin labarai game da hare-haren Magomero da Mwanje su tayar da babbar ƙararrawa. Masu kare sun taru bayan 'yan tawaye sun harbe wani mai tsaron Afirka. An kori masu tayar da kayar baya, amma ba kafin su kama bindigogi biyar da wasu harsashi ba, wanda aka dawo da shi zuwa Mbombwe.

An kama 'yan tawaye da yawa a lokacin da suka janye daga Magomero.
## Manazarta
Gidan gawawwaki na Amenhotep III

**Haikali na gawawwaki na Amenhotep III**, wanda kuma aka sani da Kom el-Hettân, babban masanin injiniya Amenhotep, ɗan Hapu, ya gina shi don Fir'auna Amenhotep III a lokacin daular 18th na Sabuwar Mulki. Haikalin gawarwakin yana kan gabar yammacin kogin Nilu, daura da birnin Luxor na gabacin bankin. A lokacinsa, Haikali na gawawwaki na Amenhotep III shine babban rukunin jana'izar a Thebes da aka gina. Sassan tsarin haikalin gawarwakin ne kawai ya rage, da kuma Colossi na Memnon, waɗanda manyan mutum-mutumin dutse ne na Amenhotep III da danginsa waɗanda ke gadin ƙofar mai tsayin mita 18 (ƙafa 59). Domin an gina haikalin gawarwakin kusa da kogin, ambaliya ta shekara-shekara ta sa wurin ya lalace da sauri. Wani sabon bincike ya nuna cewa mafi yawan lalacewar haikalin gawarwakin ana iya danganta shi da sakamakon girgizar kasa.[3] An dade ana hasashe cewa girgizar kasar ta faru a wajen shekara ta 27 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa; duk da haka, binciken da aka yi a cikin haikalin gawawwaki da kuma kewayen Colossi sun yi watsi da wannan lokacin kuma a maimakon haka sun nuna ya faru a kusan 1200 BC. Ƙarin girgizar asa bayan wanda ya faru a shekara ta 1200 BC ba a kawar da shi ba. Colossi na Memnon da Amenhotep III Haikali Project sun taimaka wajen kiyaye shafin gwargwadon yiwuwa.

## Tarihin hakowa
Dokta Hourig Sourouzian shi ne babban mai hakar ma'adinai a farkon shekarun 2000, kuma Dr. Zahi Hawass ya ziyarci wurin, kodayake a baya an hako haikalin gawarwaki a karshen shekarun 1900. Laurent Bavay yayi nazari akan tukwane daga lokutan hakowa na 1999-2002 a wurin. Myriam Seco Álvarez ya share zauren Hypostyle. Haikalin gawarwakin ya yi tonawa da yawa tun farkon shekarun 2000, waɗanda suka sami sabbin bayanai, waɗanda suka haɗa da bangon arewa, ɓangarorin granite marasa adon, Kushites a matsayin waɗanda aka ɗaure, jerin garuruwan Nubian da ke kewaye da Kogin Nilu, da jajayen mutum-mutumi masu girma. Binciken binciken geoarchaeological na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa an gina babban kusurwar haikalin a kan wani tudun halitta, tsayin daka wanda ya tsaya da kyau sama da matakin ambaliya na zamanin Sabon Mulki. A sakamakon haka, yankin Haikali a ƙarshen yamma ya tsaya tsayi kuma ya bushe mafi yawan lokaci kuma da zai kasance ƙarƙashin ambaliya kawai a lokacin bala'in ambaliyar ruwa da ba kasafai ba. Wani muhimmin binciken da wannan aikin ya yi shi ne reshen kogin Nilu da ba a san shi ba a baya a gefen yammacin kwarin Nilu. Ya gudu kusan kudu –arewa tare da Kolossi na Memnon da aka sanya a gabar yamma na kogin, yana ba da ƙofar kogi mai ban mamaki zuwa rukunin Haikali. Daga nan sai wannan reshe ya bi ta arewa daura da Ramesseum da sauran wuraren ajiye gawa kafin ya koma gabas ya koma babban tashar kogin Nilu a wani wuri daura da Haikalin Karnak. Wataƙila an yi amfani da wannan reshe a cikin bukukuwan jerin gwano iri-iri waɗanda ke da alaƙa da haikalin gabas da yamma. Wataƙila an yi amfani da ita don isar da kayan gini zuwa wurin, gami da manyan mutum-mutumi.

## Manazarta
Hukumar watsa shirye-shirye ta kasa

**Hukumar watsa shirye-shirye ta kasa** ita ce mai kula da watsa shirye-aikace na Tarayyar Najeriya. An kafa hukumar ne a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, 1992, ta hanyar Dokar 38 ta 1992 daga baya aka gyara ta a matsayin dokar Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa ta Dokar 55 ta 1999 kuma yanzu an san ta da Dokokin Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Kasa ta Tarayyar 2004, CAP N11 zuwa tsakanin sauran nauyin, tsarawa da sarrafa masana'antar watsa shirye-shirye a Najeriya.

Hukumar a cikin ikon ba da shawara ga gwamnatin tarayya a kai a kai tana amfani da hanyoyin bincike na kimiyya don tattara bayanai, nazarin abubuwan da ke faruwa daidai da ƙarfin masana'antar da kuma ba da shawara kan gwamnati daidai. Har ila yau, alhakin hukumar ne don karɓar, aiwatar da kuma la'akari da aikace-aikace don kafawa, mallaka ko aiki na tashoshin rediyo da talabijin ciki har da sabis na talabijin na kebul, watsa shirye-shiryen tauraron dan adam kai tsaye da kowane matsakaici na watsa shirye-aikace; tashoshin radiyo da talafiyar mallakar, kafa ko sarrafawa ta tarayya, jihohi da karamar hukuma; da kuma tashoshin da ke gudana a ƙarƙashin mallakar masu zaman kansu.

Hukumar ta ba da shawarar waɗannan aikace-aikacen bayan la'akari da su, ta hanyar Ministan Bayanai ga Shugaban kasa, Babban Kwamandan Sojoji, don bayar da lasisin rediyo da talabijin.

Charles Ebuebu ne ke jagoranta, babban darakta na yanzu na hukumar. 

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, Inview Technology da ke Northwich, Burtaniya, NBC ce ta nada ta don ba da damar sauya dijital daga analog  a duk faɗin ƙasar da kuma samar da tsarin Samun dama ta yanayi, akwatunan saiti tare da cikakken Jagoran shirin lantarki, tura bidiyo akan buƙata akan talabijin na ƙasa na dijital da kuma aiwatar da bayanan ma'aunin masu sauraro. NBC ta ci gaba da ba da lasisi ga masana'antun akwatin 10 wanda Gospell Digital Technology Nigeria babban kamfanin IT na asali wanda Sir ke jagoranta. Godfrey Ohuabunwa shine ya fara sauya dijital (DSO). 

## Daraktoci na baya

* Tom Adaba (?) 
* Nasir Danladi Bako (Yuli 1999 - Nuwamba 2002) 
* Silas Babajiya Yisa (Nuwamba 2002 - Agusta 2006) 
* Bayo Atoyebi (Agusta 2006 - Maris 2007) 
* Yomi Bolarinwa (Maris 2007 - Mayu 2013) 
* Emeka Nkem Mba (Mayu 2013 - Fabrairu 2016 ) 
* Isha'q Modibbo Kawu (Yuni 2016 - Fabrairu 2020) 
* Armstrong Idachaba [aiki] (Fabrairu 2020 - Yuni 2021) 
* Balarabe Shehu Ilelah (11 ga Yuni, 2021 - 2023) 
* Charles Ebuebu (Oktoba 2023 - yanzu) 

## Manazarta
Rikice Rikicen Bambari na Janairu 2019

A watan Janairun shekara  ta 2019, jerin rikice-rikice sun faru a garin Bambari a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya tsakanin 'yan tawaye na Union for Peace a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya (UPC) da gwamnati da sojojin kiyaye Zaman Lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Rikicin ya tara a cikin Operation BEKPA 2, lokacin da sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, gami da sojojin aiki na musamman na Portugal da Bangladesh da masu kula da zaman lafiya na Nepalese suka kaddamar da wani aiki don tabbatar da garin.

## Tarihi
A ranar 10 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2019, 'yan tawaye na UPC ta amfani da "makamai masu nauyi" sun kaddamar da hari kan garin Bambari a cikin ƙoƙari na kwace albarkatu da kuma karbar jama'ar yankin ta hanyar karbar harajin su. Bayan kisan jami'an 'yan sanda biyu da raunin na uku, 'yan gudun hijira na Portugal sun tura garin kuma sun shiga abokan gaba don kare fararen hula da kuma dawo da tsari, rikici ya dauki sa'o'i biyar kuma an yi yaƙi tare da Sojojin Afirka ta Tsakiya da kuma wadanda aka ruwaito sun hada da sojojin Rasha. A lokacin yakin, mutane 30 sun sami magani saboda raunin bindiga tare da mutum daya da ya mutu a asibiti. Corbeau News ta ba da rahoton mutuwar kusan mutane 10 ciki har da jami'an 'yan sanda biyu a garin. Gwamnatin CAR ta bayyana a shafin Twitter cewa an kashe 'yan ta'adda 20 kuma 15 sun ji rauni, shugaban' yan tawaye, Janar Bellow ya ji rauni yayin yakin bisa ga rahoton Majalissar Dinkin Duniya na ciki.

A ranar 11 ga watan Janairu, jiragen yaki na Faransa na Mirage 2000 guda biyu da aka ajiye a makwabciyar Chadi sun gudanar da tallafin iska tare da zanga-zangar "nuni na karfi" guda biyu a kan Bambari a cikin aikin da ya dauki sa'o'i hudu kuma ya buƙaci man fetur daga C-135 Tanker.

Bayan kwanaki na kwanciyar hankali, sojojin Portuguese, Nepalese, da Bangladesh sun kaddamar da hari a lokacin Operation BEKPA 2 a ranar 17 ga Janairu. Yaƙin ya fara ne da karfe 8:00 na safe kuma ya ɗauki sa'o'i takwas. Mayakan UPC sun yi tsayayya ta amfani da makamai masu nauyi, masu jefa rokoki da grenades. An lalata wani zubar da makamai kuma an kama makamai ciki har da wadanda aka yi a cikin gida da kayan aiki, an tsare 'yan tawaye uku da ake zargi da UPC kuma an mika su ga hukumomin yankin bayan aikin. Masu magana da yawun MINUSCA Vladimir Monteiro ya gaya wa Defense Times cewa sojojin kiyaye zaman lafiya "sun shiga cikin abubuwa na UPC a cikin unguwanni biyu na Bambari". 

A ranar 19 ga watan Janairu, sojojin UPC sun kashe wani ma'aikacin agaji da kuma malami, masu zaman lafiya na Portuguese da Nepalese sun amsa kuma rikice-rikice sun ci gaba, an yi wuta a kan unguwanni na Bornou da Livestock wani mazaunin yankin ya ce.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
George Kegoro

**George Mong'are Kegoro** lauyan Kenya ne kuma babban darektan ƙungiyar Open Society Initiative for Eastern Africa (OSIEA), reshe na Open Society Foundations (OSF). Kafin hakan shi ne daraktan hukumar kare hakkin ɗan Adam ta Kenya. 

## Ilimi
Kegoro tsohon ɗalibi ne na makarantar sakandaren Alliance.  Yana da Digiri a fannin Shari'a daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Nairobi da Masters na Fasaha a Gudanar da Rikicin Duniya daga wannan cibiyar.  Kegoro Lauyan Babban Kotun Kenya ne.

## Aiki
Kegoro ya kasance mai ba da shawara na Jiha a ofishin babban mai shigar da kara na Jamhuriyar Kenya inda yake da alhakin binciken shari'a don dalilan sake fasalin doka.   Fitaccen lauya, Kegoro ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in Harkokin Shari'a na Kenya daga shekarun 1998 zuwa 2006.  Shi ne tsohon Babban Darakta na Sashen Kenya na Hukumar Shari'a ta Duniya kuma a baya ya taɓa zama Sakataren Hukumar Bincike kan Rikicin Zaɓe (Hukumar Waki) kuma ya kasance Sakataren haɗin gwiwa na Hukumar Bincike kan badaƙalar Goldenberg.  A cikin watan Janairu 2007 an naɗa George Kegoro a matsayin sabon Babban Darakta na sashin Kenya a Hukumar Shari'a ta ICJ.

## Manazarta
Hukumar Kimiyya da Injiniya ta Kasa

**Hukumar Kimiyya da Injiniya ta Kasa** (NASENI) an kafa ta ne a cikin 1992 ta Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya ta shawarwarin Kwamitin White Paper a kan Rahoton 1991 na Kwamitin Injiniya na Kasa mai mambobi 150 wanda ya hada da masana kimiyya, injiniyoyi, masu gudanarwa, ma'aikatan tarayya da na jihohi, masana'antu, lauyoyi, bankuna da masana'antu.

Mista Khalil Halilu shine mataimakin shugaban zartarwa kuma shugaban zartaka na hukumar a Abuja, Najeriya. Bashir Gwandu ne ya rike mukamin a baya.

## Umurni
NASENI, ta hanyar umarninsa da ikon aiki shine kawai hukumar da aka gina don gudanar da aikin ci gaba a fannonin masana'antu, kuma saboda haka, yana iya daidaita yaduwar fasahar da aka haɓaka ko dai a ciki ko a waje da Cibiyoyinsa gami da takardun shaida da aka samu. Fasahar da aka haɓaka a fannonin kayan aiki, kayan aiki da tsarin injiniya za a canja su ga 'yan kasuwa don samar da kayayyaki da ayyuka. Najeriya na iya samun fa'idar ci gaban fasaha ta hanyar karfafa NASENI.

## Cibiyoyin Ci Gaban
NASENI tana aiki ne galibi ta hanyar Cibiyoyin Ci Gaban. Kowace cibiyar tana da umarni na musamman na ci gaban Injiniya.A halin yanzu, akwai Cibiyoyin Ci Gaban Goma sha ɗaya (11). 

Cibiyar Ci gaban Lantarki ta ELDI, Awka 

EMDI
Cibiyar Ci gaban Kayan Injiniya ta EMDI, Akure.

Cibiyar Ci gaban Injiniya ta Kasa ta NEDDI, Nnewi 

Cibiyar Ci gaban Fasahar Masana'antu ta AMTDI, Jalingo 

PEEMADI  Kayan aiki da Cibiyar Ci gaban Injin Lantarki, Okene 

Cibiyar Ci gaban Kayan Kimiyya ta SEDI-E, Enugu 

Cibiyar Ci gaban Kayan Kimiyya ta SEDI-M, Minna 

SOMMEDI  Solid Minerals Injin da Cibiyar Ci gaban Kayan aiki (SOMMEDi), Nasarawa 

A watan Agustan 2010 hukumar ta ce ta kammala shirye-shiryen kafa cibiyoyin ƙwarewa da bincike kan kimiyyar kayan aiki a jami'o'i tara a yankin Neja Delta.Hukumar ta samar da kayan kimiyya don makarantun sakandare, wanda za ta rarraba a duk fadin kasar idan akwai kudade.NASENI ta kammala masana'antar masana'antar 7.5 Megawatts Solar Panel a Abuja da kuma 10KW Hydro Power Plant a Ketti Site a Abuja.

## DGs / EVCs da suka gabata
Farfesa Gordian O. Ezekwe (FAS)  Shugaban farko / EC 1992 - 1997

Dokta Timothy I. Obiaga (OFR) DG/CE 1997 - 2003

Farfesa Olusegun O. Adewoye (FAS)  2003 - 2012

Dokta Mohammed Sani Haruna EVC / Shugaba 2012-2023

Dokta Bashir Gwandu EVC / Shugaba Mayu-Agusta (2023) 

## Manazarta
Philo Ikonya

**Philo Ikonya** marubuciya ce, 'yar jarida kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin ɗan adam daga ƙasar Kenya. Muƙalolin ta da littattafanta sukan yi tsokaci kan halin da ake ciki a siyasance a Kenya. Ita ce shugabar ƙungiyar PEN reshen Kenya, ƙungiyar marubuta ta duniya. Bayan da aka kama ta da dama saboda fafutuka da kuma shan mummunan duka a shekarar 2009 yayin da take hannun 'yan sanda, ta bar Kenya a gudun hijirar siyasa.

## Rayuwa
Baya ga labaran jaridu da mujallu, Ikonya ta buga littafai na wakoki da wani littafi mai suna *Kenya, Za Ku Aure Ni?* Ta kuma fassara littafin wakoki na mawaƙin ƙasar Sin Jidi Majia zuwa harshen Kiswahili. 

Ikonya ta halarci Jami'ar Nairobi, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin adabi. Ta koyar da ilimin kimiyya a Kwalejin Tangaza na Jami'ar Katolika ta Gabashin Afirka.

## Gwagwarmaya
Yayin da take a Kenya, Ikonya ta kasance mai aiki a cikin aikin kare 'yancin ɗan adam da gwagwarmayar marar tashin hankali kuma an kama ta sau biyu a cikin shekarar 2007.  A wata zanga-zangar adawa da shugaban Kenya na lokacin Mwai Kibaki a shekara ta 2008, ta ce, "Kowace rana wani abu na faruwa wanda ke nuna rashin jin daɗi daga ɓangaren shugabanni don haka ake samun rashin gamsuwa."  A cikin shekarar 2009, ta koyi littafin ɗan jaridan Burtaniya Michela Wrong *It's Our Turn to Eat: Labarin Wani Whistle-Blower na Kenya,* wanda ke samuwa a duniya amma ana tantance shi a Kenya. Ikonya da sauran membobin PEN na Kenya sun sami kwafi kuma sun dawo da su Kenya don ƙarin rarrabawa.

A ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairu, 2009, an kama Ikonya da wasu mutane biyu a wajen majalisar dokokin Kenya a wata zanga-zangar adawa da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki. Yayin da take hannun ‘yan sanda, wani ɗan sanda namiji ya yi mata mugun duka.    Daga baya a wannan shekarar, ta bar Kenya kuma ta tafi Birnin 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Duniya a Oslo, Norway.  Ta ci gaba da kasancewa tare da PEN, gami da Marubutansu a Kwamitin kurkuku.

## Manazarta
Jumai Khan Azad

**Jumai Khan Azad** ( 5 Agusta 1930 - 29 Disamba 2013) mawaƙin Indiya ne na harshen Awadhi daga Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh, Indiya.  Ya sami lambar yabo ta Awadhi Academy Award da Lokabandhu Rajnarayan Memorial Award. 

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Azad a ƙauyen Gobri a Uttar Pradesh">Pratapgarh a Uttar Pradesh ga mahaifinsa Siddiqui Ahmed da mahaifiyarsa Hameeda Bano.

Azad ya wallafa littattafai 21 na waka.  

## Mutuwa
Ya mutu a ranar 29 ga Disamba 2013 . 

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin mawaƙa na Indiya.
* Jerin mutane daga Pratapgarh
* Jerin mawaƙa na yaren Awadhi

## Manazarta
Wate

Wate longinus wani nau'in irin ƙwaro ne a cikin dangin Carabidae, nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in Wate.  Ana samunsa a Brazil 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Bight

kalmar "bight" an samotane daga wata tsohowar Kalmar a yaren turanci wato "byht"
Wanda  zata iya zama wata lanqwasa ko wata kwana  a takaice
Amma a zamanance Kalmar tana nufin:-

## A geography
Zata iya kasancewa Baki, ko gabar teku ko Kuma kogi,

Kokuma wani lungu

## knot
Ze iya kasancewa wani sashe kebantacce, kokuma wata roba da ta saki ta zama loose kokuma nannada ta igiya ko Kuma nade wani abu

## Misalai
Canto bight wani qagaggen garine a Shirin star wars

## Manazarta
Kalmar tana dauke da ma anoni da yawa Amma de Mafi rinjaye tana nufin nannada ko tattara.
Saint Thomas (Mamallakin Brandenburg)

**Ƙungiyar Brandenburg ta St. Thomas** ta ƙunshi wani yanki na hayar tsibirin Danish na St. Thomas (a yau wani ɓangare na tsibirin Virgin Islands ) zuwa Brandenburg-Prussia margraviate na Daular Roman Mai Tsarki daga 1685 zuwa 1754. 

## Manazarta
Gwanjon bayi

**Bambance-bambancen** wani nau'i ne na gwanjon bayi da aka yi a lokacin cinikin bayi na Atlantic a yankunan Turai na Yammacin Indiya da kuma cinikin bayi na gida na Amurka. An kira shi da suna “scramble” a harshen turanci domin masu saye za su yi ta yawo a sarari a sarari lokaci guda don tattara mutane da yawa da ake bautar da su. Wani suna na gwanjo shine gwanjon bayi na "A kama ku tafi" . Shugabannin jiragen ruwa suna yin  iyakacin ƙoƙarinsu don shirya mutanen da aka kama su da kuma saita farashin waɗannan gwanjon.

## Manazarta
Kya

* Kya Lau, mai dafa abinci kuma mai hamayya a kan MasterChef Junior, kakar 4 , kakar wasa ta 4
* Kya, mahaifiyar Katara da Sokka, a cikin Avatar,The Last.
* Airbender*Avatar: Airbender na Ƙarshe.*
* Kya, 'yar Aang da Katara a cikin The Legend of Korra *Labarin Korra*
* KYA, tsohon sunan Christina Parie

* kya (ɗaya), taƙaice don "shekaru kilo da suka gabata", wato shekaru dubu da suka gabata.
* Lambar IATA ta Filin jirgin saman Konya.
* KYA (AM), tashar rediyo ta San Francisco, California.
* KYA-FM, tashar rediyo ta San Francisco, California.
* Majalisar Matasa ta Kentucky (KYA), shirin YMCA na Matasa da Gwamnati.

* Kea,(rashin fahimta) 
* Kia,(disambiguation) 
* Kya: Dark Lineage, wasan bidiyo na 2003.
* Kyai, gwani a cikin Islama.
*
Masallacin Okija

Okija Shrine ko ***Ogwuwu Akpu*** wurin ibada ne mai ban tsoro  wanda ke cikin Okija, wani gari a cikin karamar hukumar Ihiala ta Jihar Anambra, Gabashin Najeriya.  A ranar 3 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2004, ƙungiyar 'yan sanda da tsohon Kwamishinan 'yan sanda na Jihar Anambra Felix Ogbaudu ya mamaye masallacin wanda ya kama likitoci, masu kula da masu aiki sama da 40. Fiye da gawawwakin mutane 70 da kwanyar da aka gano a cikin masallacin.

## Tarihi
Okija Shrine wuri ne na sasanta rigima inda mutanen da ke da al'amuran kansu, filaye da kasuwanci ke zuwa don neman hukunci daga wurin alloli. Amma kamar yadda Mrs Bridget Obi, 'yar asalin Okija & tsohon Kwamishinan Harkokin Mata, Jihar Anambra ta nuna "abin da ya faru a can [a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan, wanda ya sa' yan sanda su mamaye wurin] ba al'adun mutanenmu ba ne. Addinin gargajiya ba abin da muka gani a wannan wuri ba. Abin da muka gani kawai rashin mutunci ne".

## Dangantaka da 'yan siyasa na Najeriya
A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, ana kyautata zaton jiga-jigan ‘yan siyasar Najeriya ne suka dauki nauyin bautar Okija. A shekara ta 2003, an bayyana cewa tsohon gwamnan jihar Anambra, Chris Ngige ya ziyarci masallacin tare da Chris Uba don yin rantsuwa da biyayya ga "mahaifinsa na siyasa" bayan lashe zaben gwamna na jihar Anambra na shekara ta 2003.

## Manazarta
Haikali na Amenhotep IV

**Haikali na Amenhotep IV** tsohuwar abin tunawa ce a Karnak a Luxor, Misira . An yi amfani da gine-ginen a lokacin Sabon Masarautar, a cikin shekaru hudu na farko na mulkin Daular 18 na Fir'auna Akhenaton na Masar, lokacin da yake amfani da sunan Amenhotep IV. Wataƙila an gina gine-ginen a ƙarshen mulkin mahaifinsa, Amenhotep III, kuma Akhenaten ya kammala shi.

## Wurin da tsari
An gina haikalin a waje da iyakokin Yankin Amon-Re, zuwa gabas. Babban Haikali da ke cikin hadaddun an kira shi *Gm-p3-itn* (**Gem-pa-Aten**), wanda ke nufin "An samo Sun Disc a cikin Gidan Allah Aten". Sauran abubuwan tunawa an kira su *Hwt-bnbn* (**Hwt benben** / "Gidan Dutsen Benben"), Rwd-mnw-n-itn-r-nḥ (Rud-menu / "Sturdy sune abubuwan tunawa na Sun Disc Har abada"), da kuma Tni-mnw -n-it-r- nḥḥ (**Teni-menu** /"An ɗaukaka su ne abubuwan tunawa na Rana Disc Har abada").

Kadan daga cikin wadannan gine-ginen sun kasance; an gina su da sauri, ta amfani da tubalan Talatat, sabili da haka ana iya rushe su cikin sauƙi kuma sake amfani da su azaman ainihin tsarin daga baya.

### Gempaaten

Gem-pa-Aten ya bayyana ba shi da rufi kuma teburin miƙa shi sun fallasa hasken rana kai tsaye. A cikin wannan ginin (ko kuma an haɗa shi da shi) akwai siffofin jan dutse da sandstone na Akhenaton, teburin hadaya na jan dutse na wasu siffofi, gami da Sphinx da aka rubuta da sunan allahn Aten. Yana da girma sosai (130m x 216m), amma an lalata shi gaba ɗaya har ma da tushe kusan an shafe shi.

Ya tsaya a cikin wani shinge na bulo, kuma an daidaita shi zuwa gabas, mai yiwuwa tare da ƙofar yamma. Ya kai ga kotun da aka bude da ke kewaye da ginshiƙai masu murabba'i da manyan siffofi na Akhenaten da Nefertiti. 

### Hwt benben
An gina shi a gabas, *Hwt benben* ko Mansion of the Benben an sadaukar da shi ga Addinin hasken rana kuma yana da alaƙa da Gempaaten.

### Teni-menu
**Teni-menu** ya yi kama da ya ƙunshi ɗakunan gida da ajiya, kuma yana iya zama gidan sarauta, kodayake bai isa ba daga cikin tsarin don bayyana amfani.

An sake amfani da ganuwar Teni-menu a cikin Pylon na tara na babban haikalin Karnak. Tun daga wannan lokacin an gano su kuma an sake haɗa su kamar babban rikitarwa kuma an nuna su a wani bangare a Gidan Tarihi na Luxor. Ganuwar da aka sake tarawa tana nuna wuraren zama, gudanarwa da wuraren sarauta da wuraren Jubilee na hasken rana na bikin Sed na farko, wanda Akhenaten mai yiwuwa yake murna a lokaci guda da mahaifinsa Amenhotep III.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin wuraren Masar na dā, gami da wuraren temples

### Ƙarin karantawa

* 
* Donald Redford, Akhenaten: Sarkin Heretic , Princeton, 1984

## Manazarta
Akinola Davies Jr.

**Akinola Davies Jr.** mai shirya fina-finai ne dan Burtaniya-Nijeriya, marubuci, kuma mai fasaha na gani.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Davies a Landan kuma ya girma a Legas, Najeriya, da Amurka. Ya fara aikinsa yana taimaka wa masu daukar hoto da masu shirya fina-finai kafin ya ci gaba da horar da su a Kwalejin Fina-Finai ta New York, inda ya kammala karatunsa a 2009.

## Ayyuka
Ya ci gaba da fara kirkirar bidiyon kiɗa da alamun tallace-tallace kamar Gucci, Acne Studios, Moncler, Kenzo, Mulberry, da Louis Vuitton.

Fim dinsa na 2020 *[[Lizard (fim)|Lizard]]*, wanda ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga yarinta a Najeriya ya lashe kyautar Grand Jury don gajeren fim a bikin fina-finai na Sundance na 2021 kuma an zabi shi don mafi kyawun gajeren fim na Burtaniya a 2021 BAFTA Awards . *Lizard* kuma ta sami gabatarwa daga London Critics Circle Film Awards kuma an zaba ta don BFI London Film Festival da Raindance Film Festival . 

A cikin 2025, Davies ya fara zama darektan na farko tare da My Father's Shadow, wanda aka rubuta tare da ɗan'uwansa Wale Davies. My Father's Shadow ya fara ne a cikin sashin Un Certain Regard a bikin fina-finai na Cannes na 2025, yana yin tarihi a matsayin fim na farko na Najeriya da aka zaba don zaɓin hukuma na Cannes.

## Manazarta
Dokar Ƴancin Ɗan Adam ta Duniya

**Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya** ita ce sunan da aka ba da Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Resolution 217 (III) da yarjejeniyoyi biyu na kasa da kasa da Majalisar Dinkinobho ta kafa. Ya ƙunshi Sanarwar Duniya ta 'Yancin Dan Adam (wanda aka karɓa a 1948), Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan' Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (ICCPR, 1966) tare da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka guda biyu da Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan' Yanayin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu (ICESCR, 1966). Alkawari biyu sun fara aiki a shekara ta 1976, bayan isasshen kasashe sun tabbatar da su.

Da farko, an bayyana ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da nau'in da lissafin haƙƙin ya kamata ya ɗauka. A cikin 1948, Babban Taron ya shirya lissafin don haɗawa da UDHR, Alkawari ɗaya da matakan aiwatarwa. Kwamitin Rubuce-rubuce ya yanke shawarar shirya takardu biyu: daya a cikin hanyar sanarwar, wanda zai tsara ka'idoji ko ka'idojin haƙƙin ɗan adam; ɗayan a cikin hanyar yarjejeniya, wanda zai bayyana takamaiman haƙƙoƙi da iyakokinsu. 

Dangane da haka, kwamitin ya aika wa Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam rubutun wata sanarwa ta kasa da kasa da kuma yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan haƙƙin ɗan adam. A zamansa na biyu, a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1947, Hukumar ta yanke shawarar amfani da kalmar "Bill na Kasa da Kasa na 'Yancin Dan Adam" ga jerin takardu a shirye-shiryen kuma ta kafa kungiyoyi masu aiki guda uku: daya a kan sanarwar, daya a kan yarjejeniyar (wanda ta sake masa suna "allaka") da kuma daya a kan aiwatarwa. Hukumar ta sake fasalin daftarin sanarwar a zamanta na uku, a watan Mayu / Yuni na shekara ta 1948, ta hanyar la'akari da maganganun da aka karɓa daga gwamnatoci. Ba shi da lokaci, duk da haka, don yin la'akari da alkawarin ko batun aiwatarwa. Saboda haka an gabatar da sanarwar ta hanyar Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ga Babban Taron, taron da aka yi a Paris.

Daga baya an raba daftarin alkawari kashi biyu (kamar yadda Babban Taron ya yanke shawarar a 1952), ya bambanta da kundin haƙƙoƙi da matakin wajibai - alal misali, ICESCR yana nufin "ci gaba" na haƙƙoƙin da yake ƙunshe da su. A shekara ta 1998, an yaba da shi a matsayin "A Magna Carta for all humanity".

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

* Takardar Bayani ta UN OHCHR No. 2 Dokar Kasa da Kasa ta 'Yancin Dan Adam
* Kwamitin Rubuce-rubuce kan Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya, 1st session
* Kwamitin Rubuce-rubuce kan Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya, zaman na 2