Jim Brown

**James Nathaniel Brown** (Fabrairu 17, 1936 - Mayu 18, 2023) ya kasance ɗan wasan kwallon kafa na ƙwallon ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ya taka leda a matsayin fullback na Cleveland Browns na National Football League (NFL) daga 1957 zuwa 1965. An dauke shi daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa a kowane lokaci, da kuma daya daga cikin' yan wasa mafi girma a tarihin NFL,  An zabi Brown zuwa ƙungiyar Pro Bowl da All-Pro a kowane kakar da yake cikin league, kuma an san shi a matsayin AP NFL Mafi Kyawun Mai kunnawa sau uku. Brown ya lashe Gasar zakarun NFL tare da Browns a shekarar 1964. Ya jagoranci league a cikin yadudduka masu sauri a cikin takwas daga cikin lokutan sa tara, kuma a lokacin da ya yi ritaya, ya riƙe mafi yawan manyan rikodin gudu. A shekara ta 1999, The Sporting News da Associated Press sun ba shi suna mafi kyawun ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa.

Brown ya sami lambar yabo ta All-America yana wasa da Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a Jami'ar Syracuse, inda ya kasance dan wasa na kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Syracuse Orangemen. Daga baya kungiyar ya yi ritaya da lambar rigarsa ta 44, kuma an shigar da shi cikin Hall of tare na Kwalejin Kwallon Kafa a shekarar 1995. Har ila yau, an dauke shi daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan lacrosse na kowane lokaci,    kuma an sanya masa suna a matsayin lambar yabo ta Premier Lacrosse League MVP don girmama shi.  Brown ya kuma yi fice a wasan kwando da waƙa da filin wasa.

A cikin sana'arsa ta sana'a, Brown ya ɗauki kwallon sau 2,359 don yadudduka 12,312 da kuma 106 touchdowns, waɗanda duk sun kasance rikodin lokacin da ya yi ritaya. Ya kai matsakaicin yadudduka 104.3 a kowane wasa kuma shine kawai dan wasa a tarihin NFL don matsakaicin fiye da yadudduka 100 a kowane wasa don aikinsa. An tsarkake Brown a cikin Hall of Fame na Pro Football a shekarar 1971. An sanya masa suna a cikin 50th, 75th, da 100th Anniversary All-Time Teams na NFL, wanda ya ƙunshi mafi kyawun 'yan wasa a tarihin NFL. An girmama Brown a gasar zakarun kwallon kafa ta kwaleji ta 2020 a matsayin dan wasan kwallon kafa mafi girma a kowane lokaci.[1][2] Browns sun yi ritaya daga lambar 32 jersey dinsa.

Ba da daɗewa ba kafin ƙarshen aikin kwallon kafa, Brown ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ya yi ritaya a saman aikin kwallon kafa don neman aikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ya sami kyaututtuka 53 da kuma manyan matsayi da yawa a cikin shekarun 1970s. An bayyana shi a matsayin jarumi na farko na baƙar fata na Hollywood kuma rawar da ya taka a fim din 1969 *100 Rifles* ya yi tarihin fim don nuna al'amuran soyayya tsakanin launin fata.

Brown na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa kaɗan, kuma daga cikin shahararrun' yan Afirka na Amirka, don yin magana game da batutuwan launin fata yayin da ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ke girma a cikin shekarun 1950. Ya shiga taron koli na Cleveland bayan Muhammad Ali ya fuskanci ɗaurin kurkuku saboda ƙin shiga cikin shirin na Yaƙin Vietnam, kuma ya kafa Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Black don taimakawa wajen inganta damar tattalin arziki ga kasuwancin 'yan tsiraru. Brown daga baya ya ƙaddamar da tushe da aka mayar da hankali kan karkatar da matasa masu haɗari daga tashin hankali ta hanyar koya musu ƙwarewar rayuwa, ta hanyar da ya sauƙaƙa yarjejeniyar Watts tsakanin ƙungiyoyin tituna masu adawa a Los Angeles.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Brown a tsibirin St. Simons, Jojiya, ga Swinton Brown, ƙwararren ɗan dambe, da matarsa, Theresa, mai gida. Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Manhasset a Manhasset, New York . Brown ya sami haruffa 13 yana wasa kwallon kafa, lacrosse, baseball, kwando, da kuma gudu.

A kwallon kafa, ya jagoranci Nassau County a zira kwallaye sau biyu - a cikin 1951 da 1952 - kuma ya dace da wannan nasarar a wasan Kwando, ya fi gundumar a zira kwallan a cikin 1952 da 1953. Matsayinsa na 38.1 a kowane wasa a 1953 har yanzu rikodin Nassau County ne.

Kwarewarsa ta wasanni ta kasance irin wannan cewa New York Yankees sun gano shi kuma sun ba da ƙaramin kwangila. Da yake sha'awar gwada iyawarsa, ya ba da fifiko ga wasan baseball a wannan bazara kuma ya sami wasu nasarori a wasan da kuma buga wasan farko, amma ya yanke shawarar cewa baiwarsa ba za ta kai shi ga manyan wasanni ba kuma a ƙarshe ya aika da nadamarsa ga kocin Yankees na lokacin Casey Stengel.

## Ayyukan kwaleji

Lauyan kuma tauraron lacrosse na Jami'ar Syracuse Kenneth Molloy, wanda ke da hannu tare da shirin lacrosse a Manhasset, ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa ga Brown kuma ya shawo kan alma mater dinsa ya shigar da shi, wanda ya kasance da wahala saboda a cewar Molloy: "[Syracuse] ba ya son 'yan wasan baƙar fata. "  Brown shine kadai dan wasan Afirka a cikin ƙungiyar kwallon kafa a matsayin sabon shiga a 1953, kuma ba a girmama alkawuran cikakken tallafin karatu a rabi na biyu na shekara ba; Molloy da kansa ba kuma ya tara kuɗi don makarantar Brown ta farko. Ya jimre da zargi na wariyar launin fata yayin da yake a Syracuse. An bi da shi daban-daban daga abokan aiki: an ajiye shi a cikin ɗakin kwana wanda ba 'yan wasa ba, an yi gargadi game da yin soyayya da matan Caucasian, kuma ma'aikatan kocin sun yi ƙoƙari su sanya shi a wasu mukamai, gami da mai kunnawa, mai layi, da mai karɓa mai faɗi.

A matsayinsa na dalibi na biyu a Syracuse, Brown shine na biyu a cikin tawagar. Yayinda yake ƙarami, ya yi sauri don yadudduka 676 (5.2 a kowace ɗauka). A cikin babban shekarunsa a shekara ta 1956, Brown ya kasance dan wasa na farko na Amurka. Ya kammala na biyar a cikin jefa kuri'a na Heisman Trophy kuma ya kafa rikodin makaranta don mafi girman matsakaicin lokacin gaggawa (6.2) da kuma mafi yawan saurin touchdowns a wasa daya (6).  Ya gudu don yadudduka 986 - na uku mafi yawa a kasar duk da cewa Syracuse yana buga wasanni takwas kawai - kuma ya zira kwallaye 14. A wasan karshe na yau da kullun, 61-7 na Colgate, ya yi sauri don yadudduka 197, ya zira kwallaye shida, kuma ya zira kwallan karin maki bakwai don maki 43 na NCAA. Sa'an nan kuma a cikin Cotton Bowl, ya yi sauri don yadudduka 132, ya zira kwallaye uku, kuma ya zira kwallan karin maki uku, amma wani karin maki da aka toshe bayan da Syracuse ta buga ta uku shine bambancin yayin da TCU ta lashe 28-27.

Baya ga nasarorin da ya samu a kwallon kafa, ya yi fice a wasan kwando, waƙa, kuma musamman lacrosse. A matsayinsa na dalibi na biyu, shi ne na biyu da ya zira kwallaye a kungiyar kwallon kwando (15 ppg), kuma ya sami wasika a kan ƙungiyar waƙa. A shekara ta 1955, ya kammala a matsayi na biyar a cikin decathlon a gasar zakarun waje da filin Amurka. A ƙaramin shekarunsa, ya sami maki 11.3 a wasan kwando, kuma an kira shi na biyu na All-American a lacrosse. Babban shekarunsa, an ba shi suna na farko-team All-American a lacrosse tare da kwallaye 43 a wasanni 10, ya fara buga kwallo na kasa tare da Jack Daut, kuma shi ne Ba'amurke na farko da ya buga wasa a Arewa-Kudancin All Star Game .   Brown ya kasance mai rinjaye a wasan, cewa an canza dokokin lacrosse suna buƙatar mai kunna lacrosse ya ci gaba da motsa sandar su koyaushe yayin ɗaukar kwallon (maimakon riƙe shi kusa da jikinsa).  A halin yanzu babu wata doka a cikin lacrosse da ke buƙatar mai kunnawa ya ci gaba da motsa sandar su. Yana cikin Hall of Fame na Lacrosse .  JMA Wireless Dome yana da murabba'in mita 800 wanda ke nuna Brown a cikin tufafin kwallon kafa da lacrosse tare da kalmomin "Mai kunnawa mafi girma".

Da yake ganin Brown da sauran 'yan wasan Afirka na Amurka a matsayin barazana, Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya ya sa ido kan Brown da kungiyoyinsa. Files da aka bayyana a shekara ta 2003 sun nuna cewa FBI, Ofishin Asirin Amurka, da sassan 'yan sanda da yawa sun sa ido kan Brown da Black Economic Union, suna ƙoƙari su lalata kungiyar a matsayin tushen kwaminisanci da tsattsauran ra'ayi na Musulmi da tattara bayanai don lalata sunan Brown.

Tarihin rayuwar Brown, wanda Zebra Books ya buga a shekarar 1989, an kira shi Out of Bounds kuma an rubuta shi tare da Steve Delsohn. Ya kasance batun littafin 1971 Jim: The Author's Self-Centered Memoir of the Great Jim Brown wanda James Toback ya rubuta.

## Manazarta