Nazarin kansa

Nazarin Technoself, wanda aka fi sani da **TSS**, yanki ne na bincike da ke hulɗa da asalin ɗan adam a cikin al'ummar fasaha da Rocci Luppicini ya fara. Yana mai da hankali kan sauya yanayin dangantaka tsakanin mutane da fasaha. Kalmar "Technoself" tana da niyyar kauce wa nuna bambanci na akida ko falsafar wanda ke cikin wasu kalmomi masu alaƙa da suka haɗa da cyborg, posthuman, transhuman, techno-human,  beman (wanda aka fi sani da ɗan adam na lantarki), asalin dijital, avatar, da homotechnicus, duk da cewa waɗannan rukunin "suna kama muhimman fannoni na asalin ɗan adam". Technoself ya ci gaba da bayani dalla-dalla kuma an bincika shi a cikin "Handbook of Research on Technoself: Identity in a Technological Environment" na Luppicini.

## Tarihi da tsarin mahallin
Technoself ya samo asali ne daga farkon aiki a cikin nazarin ainihi, falsafar tunani, da kimiyyar fahimta.[1] René Descartes sau da yawa ana yaba shi a matsayin daya daga cikin masu ilimin ainihi na farko don yin tambaya game da duniya mai mahimmanci da tabbacin ilimi daga kai. Duk da zargi mai tsanani, tambayar da ya gabatar game da dangantakar da ta dace tsakanin tunani da jiki har yanzu ana ɗaukarsa muhimmiyar taken a tattaunawar zamani game da ainihi da fasaha.[2] Wani babban ci gaba a cikin nazarin ainihi ya fito ne daga ilimin halayyar zamantakewa na farko, ilimin zamantakewa da psychoanalysis. Farawa tare da Freud, al'adar psychoanalytic ta taimaka wajen bayyana tasirin ainihi da ci gaban mutum. ka'idar wasan kwaikwayo ta Erving Goffman ta ba da gudummawa ga ka'idar ainihi ta hanyar jaddada tsakiya na zamantakewar al'umma da ra'ayin gabatar da kai ga ainihi. Daga baya, Foucault ya ba da gudummawa ga filin ta hanyar yin la'akari da yadda fasahar zata iya sauƙaƙa fitowar sabbin hanyoyin da za su danganta da kansa.[3]

Yankin da ya fi dacewa da nazarin Technoself yana kewaye da la'akari da ilimin lissafi da ra'ayoyin fasaha. Gano ainihin 'yan adam yana da yawa a cikin masana'antun falsafa kuma alama ce ta yau da kullun a cikin ƙwarewar ƙwarewa game da kansa. Binciken DeGrazia (2005) game da ainihi / ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ya ba da haske game da ka'idojin haɓaka ɗan adam. A cewar DeGrazia, asalin ɗan adam ya kasu kashi biyu: Na farko, asalin ɗan Adam ya ƙunshi asalin lambobi wanda ya shafi ci gaba da mutum kamar abu ɗaya a tsawon lokaci ko a duk hanyar. Abu na biyu, asalin ɗan adam ya haɗa da asalin labari wanda ya shafi canje-canje a cikin fahimtar kai da mutum ya samu a tsawon lokaci. Ta hanyar raba asalin ɗan adam zuwa kashi biyu, DeGrazia yana sauƙaƙa tattaunawa game da ɗabi'ar haɓaka ɗan adam. A halin yanzu, bincike na Croon Fors'  (2012) game da rikice-rikice na kai da dijital sun taimaka wajen tsara la'akari da ilimin lissafi da ke da alaƙa da ƙaddamar da nazarin fasaha.

Jigo na yau da kullun a cikin nazarin fasaha shine yanayin ainihi. Tambayoyin da suka shafi wannan batun sun haɗa da yadda ci gaba a cikin fasahar ji, biometrics, da kwayoyin halitta ke canza hanyar da muke bayyanawa da ganewa ko kuma yadda fasahar ke canza hanyar mutane ke bayyana kansu da gabatar da kansu a cikin al'umma. 

Wani muhimmin batun bincike a cikin TSS shine ra'ayin kai dangane da karuwar dogaro da amfani da fasahohi (kamar wayoyin salula, allunan, da kafofin sada zumunta) a rayuwar mutane da sana'a. Sabbin fasahohi, musamman kayan aikin sadarwa na kwamfuta, suna nuna tambayoyin da suka shafi ainihi dangane da batutuwan sirri, iyakokin ainihi na kama-da-wane, Zamba a kan layi, sa ido kan 'yan ƙasa, da dai sauransu. A cewar John Lester, a nan gaba, "ba za mu ji daɗin amfani da kayan aikinmu ba, za mu zo su kula da su. "  

## Kalmomin da suka danganci

### Noeme
Noeme kalma ce da masanin ilimin halittu Marios Kyriazis ya kirkira a shekara ta 2011,  kuma yana nuna "haɗin aikin kwakwalwa na zahiri da na wani mai kama da juna".  Noeme shine "kasancewar hanyar sadarwa" na mutum a cikin kwakwalwa ta duniya, jituwa mai ma'ana tsakanin kowane mutum, hulɗar zamantakewarsu da wakilai na wucin gadi, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da wasu "noemes" a duniya ta hanyar fasahar sadarwa ta dijital. Kyriazis ya kara bayyana cewa:

### Mutumin da ya wuce
Transhuman wani ra'ayi ne wanda ya fito ne sakamakon motsi na Trans-Humanism wanda ke kewaye da ra'ayin inganta iyawar 'yan adam galibi ta hanyar' yan kimiyya da fasaha. Ba kamar ra'ayin post-human ba, ra'ayin transhuman ya dogara ne akan karuwar ɗan adam amma ba ya sadaukar da kansa don gabatar da sabon nau'in daban. Falsafar transhumanism ta samo asali ne a cikin shekarun 1990s ta hanyar masanin falsafar Burtaniya Max More wanda ya bayyana ka'idodin transhumanisme a matsayin falsafar gaba. Falsafar Transhuman ta kasance ƙarƙashin bincike daga fitattun malamai kamar Francis Fukuyama.

### Bayan mutuwarsa
Posthuman wani ra'ayi ne wanda ke da niyyar nunawa da kuma nuna sabon nau'in mutum. Wannan kwayar halitta tana wakiltar mutum wanda ke rungumar karfin da ya wuce karfin ɗan adam na yanzu wanda a halin yanzu ke bayyana 'yan adam. Wannan yanayin bayan mutum yafi haifar da ci gaban kasancewar fasaha. A cewar Luppicini, iyawar post-human "yana ba da shawarar sabon nau'in kasancewa sama da mutum. Wannan yana lalata tsaka-tsaki da ake buƙata don kyakkyawar fahimta game da asalin ɗan adam a fuskar haɗin gwiwar ɗan adam-fasahar fasaha. " Wannan ra'ayi yana da niyyar ba da kyakkyawar makomar da ke damuwa da samun kyakkyawar fahimta ga duniya ta hanyar ra'ayoyi daban-daban.

### Homotechnicus
Homotechnicus is a term used by Jose Galvin in 2003 to help refine the definition of human beings to more accurately reflect the evolving condition of humans intertwined within advancing technological society". It refers to the notion that humans are technological by nature and evolve simultaneously with technology. Galvin states in his article titled "On Techno ethics", "mankind cannot do away with the technical dimension, going even to the point of considering this part of its constitution: mankind is technical by nature. Technology is not an addition to man but is, in fact, one of the ways in which mankind distinguishes itself from animals." Luppicini builds upon the concept of homotechnicus in his book *Handbook of Research on Technoself: Identity in a Technological Society*. Luppicini feels that the notion of homotechnicus contributes to the conception of humans as techno selves in two ways. First it helps to solidify the idea of technology as being a key component in defining humans and society and secondly it demonstrates the importance of technology as a human creation that aligns with human values. He further goes on to explain that human interactions with the material world around them helps to create meaning and this unique way of creating meaning has affected how humans have evolved as a species.&#x5B;**&#x5D;

An kirkiro kalmar "homotechnicus" a farkon shekara ta 2003. Russell E. Willis ne ya yi amfani da shi a cikin takardar karatun PhD ta 1990 don Jami'ar Emory: Zuwa ga Ka'idodin tauhidi na Fasaha: Bincike a Tattaunawa tare da Jacques Ellul, James Gustafson, da Falsafar Fasaha. Willis ya sake amfani da shi a cikin littafinsa na 1997, "Complex Responsibility in an Age of Technology," a cikin Living Responsibly in Community, ed. Fredrick E. Glennon, da sauransu (University Press of America, 1997): 251ff. A cikin wallafe-wallafen biyu ana ba da homotechnicus a matsayin abin koyi ga mai alhakin kai a cikin zamani na fasaha mai yawa.

### Avatar
Avatars suna wakiltar mutum, canza mutum, ko halayyar mutum a cikin mahalli masu kama da juna waɗanda mai amfani da mutum ke sarrafawa. Avatars suna ba da dama ta musamman don yin gwaji tare da ginin mutum a cikin duniyoyi masu kama da juna (Turkle, 1995) da kuma yin hakan tare da wasu. " Misalan avatar na iya haɗawa da mutane a cikin wasannin kan layi ko simulations na rayuwa mai kama da Second Life .

### Fasahar Dan Adam
Wani sabon nau'in halitta wanda ya haifar da haɗuwa tsakanin mutum da na'ura.

### Fasahar Fasahar
Techno-sapien zai zama kalma ce ga ɗan adam wanda ya saba da fasaha. Wanda ke da sabbin kayan aiki da kayan lantarki zai zama mai hankali.

### Bayyanawa ta dijital
Bayanan dijital shine bayanan da ke bayyana mutum ko abu kuma yana dauke da bayanai game da dangantakar batun. Asalin zamantakewar da mai amfani da intanet ya kafa ta hanyar asalin dijital a cikin sararin samaniya ana kiransa asalin kan layi.

## Muhimman wurare da batutuwa
Yankunan da aka mayar da hankali a cikin TSS sune: binciken falsafa da tsarin ka'idoji, asalin dijital da rayuwar kama-da-wane, fasahar haɓaka ɗan adam, da kuma tsarin su. Wadannan fannoni na binciken sun sami rinjaye ta hanyar bincike mai zurfi, shigarwa daga mai ba da shawara na edita da kwamitin bita a cikin shekaru da yawa.

## Dubi kuma

* Fasahar da al'umma
* Bayyanawa ta yanar gizo
* Halitta da kansa

## Manazarta