Sinima na Ghana

**Sinima a Ghana** ta fara ne lokacin da aka fara gabatar da fim na farko zuwa masarautar Burtaniya ta Kogin Zinare (yanzu Ghana) a 1923. A lokacin mutane masu wadata ne kawai ke iya ganin fina-finai, musamman ma jagoran mulkin mallaka na Kogin Zinare. A cikin shekarun 1950, shirya fim a Ghana ya fara ƙaruwa. Gidajen sinima sune filin firamare don kallon fina-finai har bidiyo na gida ya zama sananne.

## Sinima a lokacin mulkin mallaka
A farkon shekarar 1920s, mutane a kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun kawo fim a Ghana (sannan Kogin Zinare) ta hanyar buɗe siniman a cikin birane. Zuwa shekara ta 1923, sinima ta zama sabon salo na nishadi, kuma masu hannu da shuni ne kawai ke iya ganin finafinan da ake nunawa a gidajen sinima. Fina-finai sun kasance a cikin rukunin farko, wannan shine masarautan mulkin mallaka da manyan jami'ansu. Daga baya akan yi amfani da motocin daukar silima a yankunan karkara.

A cikin shekarar 1948, lokacin da masanan mulkin mallaka suka gano cewa fim, banda ƙimar nishaɗin sa, ana iya amfani dashi don wankin kwakwalwa da canza al'umma ta hanyar mai yin fim, ya yanke shawarar kafa Kungiyar Fim ta Kogin Zinare a Sashin Bayanai na Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. Fim ya zama wani tsarin, wanda ake ganin ya dace da ilimin kimiyya, don yin tasiri ga al'umma. Sashin Fina-finai na Kogin Zinare ya yi amfani da motocin bas-bas-kore mai launin rawaya don nuna finafinai na gaskiya, labarai da fina-finan bayanin gwamnati ga jama'a. Ba a kyauta ba. (Sakyi 1996: 9). Fina-Finan sun hada da fina-finan farfaganda game da Yaƙin Duniya na II, waɗanda Kungiyar Fina-Finan Turawa (CFU) ta shirya a Landan. (gwama Diawara 1992: 3).

Bayan yakin, rukunin ya samar da fina-finai na ilimantarwa tare da nuna fina-finai ga kasashen Afirka da suka yi mulkin mallaka. An shirya fina-finan ne don su bambanta rayuwar mutanen yamma da "wayewa" da kuma tsarin rayuwar Afirka "ta baya". Sun ba da shawarar a daina al'adun "camfi". (Diawara 1992: 3; Ukadike 1994: 44ff).

Bangaren Fina-finai na Kogin Zinare, ya kuma samar da fina-finai tare da sha'awar cikin gida don ƙarfafa ci gaban kiwon lafiya, amfanin gona, rayuwa, kasuwanci da kuma haɗin kan ɗan adam. (Middleton–Mends 1995: 1; Diawara 1992: 5). A 1948, Sashin Fina-finai na Kogin Zinare ya fara horar da masu shirya finafinai na Afirka na gida. An yi musayar fina-finai tare da sauran ƙasashen da Ingila ta yi wa mulkin mallaka a Afirka. (Middleton-Mends ibid.)

## Gollywood: Fina-Finan Ghana na zamani
Sabuwar masana'antar sinima a Ghana, wacce aka fi sani da Gollywood, ta fara ne a farkon shekarun 1980. Kafin Gollywood, gwamnatin Ghana, wacce ta gaji harkar fim daga hannun turawan mulkin mallaka, ita kadai ce mai shirya fina-finai a kasar. Shugaban Ghana na farko, Dokta Kwame Nkrumah, a shekarar 1964 ya kafa Kamfanin Masana’antar Fina-Finan ta Ghana (GFIC) a Kanda, a Accra, wanda zai zama babban birnin kasar a shekarar 1977. GFIC yanzu tana da TV3, gidan TV na Malaysia mai zaman kansa. Dokta Kwame Nkrumah, Shugaban Jamhuriya ta farko na Ghana, ya aika da yawancin mutanen Gana zuwa kasashen waje don koyon shirya fim da gangan domin gudanar da GFIC. Kasar Ghana ta horar da masu sana'ar fim wadanda gwamnati ta dauke su aiki don shirya fina-finai don cigaban tattalin arzikin kasar. Jarumai irin su Rev. Chris Essie, Mr. Ernest Abbeyquaye, Mr. Kwaw Ansah da sauran su duk gwamnati ta basu horo, karkashin jagorancin shugaba Nkrumah. GFIC an kafa ta ne don amfani da 'yan asalin ƙasar Ghana da aka yi fina-finai don kawar da mummunan tasirin fina-finan da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta yi da kuma dawo da alfaharin zama ɗan Ghana da Afirka a cikin' yan ƙasa. Kamfanin Masana'antar Fina-finai ta Ghana na yin fina-finai don amfanin manufar gina dogaro da kai a cikin jama'ar Afirka. Sama da fasali da finafinai 150 ne GFIC ta shirya a ƙarshen 1960s. Bayan kifar da gwamnatin Nkrumah a 1966, masana'antar fim a Ghana ta yi hanci hanci.

A shekarar 1981, fim na farko mai zaman kansa, *Love Brewed in the African Pot,* wanda Kwaw Ansah, daya daga cikin fitattun masu shirya finafinai a Ghana ya shirya. An dauki fim din a kan fim ɗin celluloid. Bayan haka, Sarki Ampaw, wani ɗan fim ɗin Gana da aka horar da Jamusanci shi ma ya bi sahu tare da fitar da fim ɗinsa *Kukurantumi - The Road to Accra* a 1982. Zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1980, sabbin tsara a Ghana, karkashin jagorancin William Akuffo, sun yanke shawarar daidaita sabuwar fasahar bidiyo da aka gabatar wa duniya a shekarar 1978, don samar da fina-finai. An yi amfani da kyamarorin Bidiyo na Gida (VHS) don daukar finafinai masu fasali daga 1986 a Ghana. Manufar ita ce a gaya wa ɗan Ghana da Afirka labarin ɗan Afirka. Ghana ce kasa ta farko a duniya da ta fara amfani da kyamarar VHS don daukar finafinai masu dauke da fasali. A ƙarshen 1980s, Ghana na iya yin alfahari da yawancin fina-finai da aka shirya a Ghana akan kaset ɗin kaset na VHS.

Tun a ƙarshen 1980s, yin fina-finai kai tsaye zuwa bidiyo ya ƙaru a Ghana. Kudaden da suka shafi fim din sun kasance da wahalar samu ga mallakar kamfanin Masana'antar Fina-Finai ta Ghana (GFIC) da kuma masu shirya finafinai masu zaman kansu. Saboda haka, mutane a Ghana sun fara yin nasu fim ta amfani da kyamarar bidiyo ta VHS. 'Yan fim masu zaman kansu sun kirkiro nasu labaran na Ghana da rubutun finafinai, sun haɗu da' yan wasa, da ƙwararru da kuma 'yan wasa kuma sun yi fina-finai masu nasara musamman a Accra. Kudin shiga daga wadannan finafinan bidiyo na VHS sun taimaka don tallafawa masana'antar fim. A cikin shekarar 1980s, lokacin da masu yin fina-finai suka fara yin fina-finai na bidiyo, GFIC ya tashi da haushi ƙwarai da shi. Hukumomin GFIC ba su ga makomar fasahar bidiyo ba ta zama wani ɓangare na tsarin fim na duniya don haka kusan sun tashi tsaye da shi kuma sun sanya shi wahala ga masu kera keɓaɓɓu a Ghana a lokacin. GFIC ta hana daraktocin fim ɗin su taimaka wa furodusa mai zaman kansa wajen yin fim ɗin bidiyo. Sakamakon wannan shawarar ta GFIC ya sa ƙasar ta rasa ƙwarewa a cikin fasahar fim a Ghana. An tilasta wa furodusoshin fara jagorantar finafinan bidiyo. Wannan al'adar samarwa da kuma tsari kai tsaye ba tare da wani kwararren horo kan shirya fim ba zai zama abin sarrafawa cikin shekaru talatin masu zuwa.

Bayan wasu shekaru, GFIC ya fara ba da tallafi na fasaha ga masu yin fim na VHS a madadin haƙƙin fara nunawa a silima ta Accra. Fina-Finansu sun yi suna sosai tun lokacin da 'yan Gana suke ganin labaran gaske na waɗanda suke ta hanyar waɗannan fina-finai da igenan asalin filan fim na Ghana suka yi. A farkon 1990s, kimanin fina-finai bidiyo VHS hamsin ake yi a kowace shekara a cikin Ghana. Yawancin lokaci, ƙwararru kuma masu son fina-finai a Ghana sun samar da fina-finai masu ƙima iri ɗaya kuma sun sami girmamawa daidai.

A cikin 1996, gwamnatin Ghana ta sayar da kashi saba'in na hannun jari a cikin GFIC ga kamfanin samar da talabijin na Malaysia, Sistem Televisyen Malaysia Berhad na Kuala Lumpur. An canza GFIC zuwa "Gama Media System Ltd". Wannan kuma ya shafi masana'antar fim da ke tashe a cikin ƙasar sosai. GFIC ya kasance kusan rabin gidan sinima a cikin ƙasar a lokacin. Tallace-tallace na kashi 70% na GFIC sun rushe masana'antar sinima. Kamfanin ba shi da sha'awar yin fim don haka masana'antar fim a Ghana ta ci gaba tare da masu shirya fim masu zaman kansu waɗanda kuɗaɗen su suka dogara da shahararrun fina-finan. Misali, a sinima ta Ghana, akwai shahararren taken duhu da rufin asiri wanda aka sanya a cikin tsarin addinin kirista wanda ya shafi Allah da Iblis (duba Meyer 1999a).

An fi sani da fina-finan yare na Twi da suna "Kumawood". Fina-Finan Gana masu amfani da Ingilishi a wasu lokuta ana kiransu shirye-shirye "Ghallywood". Kuma duk fim din da aka yi a Ghana ana kiransa fina-finan Gollywood. Fina-Finan da ke nuna sihiri na Afirka sun shahara a Ghana, duk da sukar da ake yi musu. Ghana na samar da finafinai masu tasiri na kasafin kuɗi. Wadannan sun hada da 2016 (2010), da *Obonsam Besu* (Iblis zaiyi kuka).

A kusan 1997, 'yan Ghana da' yan Nijeriya sun fara yin fina-finan haɗin gwiwa waɗanda suka gabatar da daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya kamar Ifeanyi Onyeabor (a.k.a. Big Slim), Rev. Tony Meribe-White sannan daga baya ya kusan zuwa 2006, ɗan fim ɗin Najeriya Frank Rajah Arase wanda Ifeanyi Onyeabor ya kawo shi a matsayin mai taimaka masa na kan sa ko na samarwa. Ya kuma girma ya zama daraktan fim kuma ya hada kai da Venus Films, wani kamfanin samar da Ghana, don shirya fina-finai da dama wadanda suka fitar da fitattun 'yan wasan Ghana da za su iya samun aiki a Najeriya (Nollywood). Wasu daga cikin ‘yan wasan sun hada da Van Vicker, Jackie Appiah, Majid Michel, Yvonne Nelson, John Dumelo, Nadia Buari da Yvonne Okoro. Wasu furodusoshin Nijeriya sun yi fim a Ghana inda farashin farashi ya yi ƙasa.

A cikin shekarar 2017, bikin Fina Finan mata na Ndiva, wani bikin fim na Afirka don mata masu yin fim da masu sauraro, an kafa shi a Accra.

## Manazarta