Peter Lynch

**Peter Lynch** (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Janairu, 1944)  ɗan Amurka ne mai zuba jari, manajan asusun haɗin gwiwa, marubuci kuma mai taimakon jama'a . A matsayinsa na manajan Asusun Magellan  a Fidelity Investments tsakanin 1977 da 1990, Lynch ya sami matsakaicin ribar shekara-shekara da kashi 29.2%,  ya fi ƙarfin kasuwar hannun jari ta S&amp;amp;P 500 a koyaushe kuma ya sanya shi asusun haɗin gwiwa mafi kyau a duniya.   A lokacin shekaru 13 na aikinsa, kadarorin da ke ƙarƙashin gudanarwa sun ƙaru daga dala miliyan 18 zuwa dala biliyan 14. 

Lynch, wanda ke goyon bayan saka hannun jari mai kyau, ya rubuta kuma ya rubuta littattafai da takardu da dama kan dabarun saka hannun jari, ciki har da *One Up on Wall Street*, wanda Simon &amp;amp; Schuster suka buga a shekarar 1989, wanda ya sayar da kwafi sama da miliyan ɗaya.  Ya ƙirƙiro wasu sanannun kalmomi na saka hannun jari na zamani, kamar " *zuba jari a cikin abin da kuka sani* " da " *ten bagger* ".  An siffanta Lynch a matsayin "tatsuniya" ta kafofin watsa labarai na kuɗi saboda tarihin aikinsa.  

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Peter Lynch a ranar 19 ga Janairu, 1944, a Newton, Massachusetts .  A shekarar 1951, lokacin da Lynch yake da shekaru bakwai, an gano cewa mahaifinsa yana da cutar kansar kwakwalwa.  Ya mutu bayan shekaru uku, kuma mahaifiyar Lynch dole ta yi aiki don tallafa wa iyalin. Lynch ya ba da rahoton cewa tun yana matashi yana aiki a matsayin caddie don taimakawa wajen tallafa wa iyalin.  A lokacin Lynch yana ɗan shekara biyu a Kwalejin Boston, ya yi amfani da tanadinsa don siyan hannun jari 100 na Flying Tiger Airlines akan dala 7 a kowace hannun jari.  Daga baya hannun jarin zai tashi zuwa dala 80 a kowace hannun jari, ribar da ta taimaka wajen biyan kuɗin karatunsa. 

A shekarar 1965, Lynch ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Boston inda ya karanci tarihi, ilimin halayyar dan adam, da falsafa. Daga baya ya sami digirin Master of Business Administration daga Makarantar Wharton ta Jami'ar Pennsylvania a shekarar 1968. 

## Sana'ar saka hannun jari

### Aminci
A shekarar 1966, an ɗauki Lynch aiki a matsayin mai horo a Fidelity Investments saboda yana goyon bayan shugaban Fidelity, D. George Sullivan, (da sauransu) a Brae Burn Country Club da ke Newton, Massachusetts .   Da farko ya kula da harkokin rubuce-rubuce, sinadarai, da kuma wallafe-wallafe, kuma lokacin da ya dawo bayan shekaru biyu na aikin soja, an ɗauke shi aiki na dindindin a shekarar 1969. A wannan karon an tuhumi Lynch da bin diddigin masana'antar yadi, karafa, hakar ma'adinai, da sinadarai, daga ƙarshe ya zama darektan bincike na Fidelity daga 1974 zuwa 1977.  

#### Asusun Fidelity Magellan
A shekarar 1977, an nada Lynch a matsayin shugaban Asusun Magellan wanda a wancan lokacin ba a san shi ba, wanda ke da kadarori na dala miliyan 18. Lokacin da Lynch ya yi murabus a matsayin manajan asusun a shekarar 1990, asusun ya karu zuwa kadarori sama da dala biliyan 14 tare da matsayi na hannun jari sama da 1,000.  Daga 1977 zuwa 1990, asusun Magellan ya sami matsakaicin riba na kashi 29.2% a shekara kuma har zuwa 2003 ya sami mafi kyawun riba na shekaru 20 na kowace asusun haɗin gwiwa, kamar na 2017.  

Lokacin da Magellan ƙaramin asusu ne, Lynch bai da wani takunkumi da Fidelity ta sanya masa kan nau'ikan hannun jari da zai iya saya, kuma dokoki ko ƙa'idoji ne kawai suka takaita shi.  Ya mai da hankali kan kamfanoni daban-daban da yake ganin suna da kyau a saka hannun jari maimakon kowace dabarar da ta fi dacewa, farawa da manyan kamfanonin Amurka sannan a hankali ya mayar da hankali kan ƙananan hannun jari na ƙasashen waje.  Lynch ya sami nasarori a cikin manyan hannun jari daga masana'antu daban-daban. A cewar *Beating the Street,* zaɓinsa mafi riba yayin gudanar da asusun Magellan sune Fannie Mae ($500 miliyan), Ford ($199 miliyan), Philip Morris ($111 miliyan), MCI ($92 miliyan), Volvo ($79 miliyan), General Electric ($76 miliyan), General Public Utilities ($69 miliyan), Tallan Lamunin Dalibai ($65 miliyan), Kemper ($63 miliyan), da Lowe's ($54 miliyan). 

## Falsafar saka hannun jari
Lynch ya rubuta (tare da John Rothchild ) rubuce-rubuce uku kan zuba jari: *One Up on Wall Street* (  ),  *Cin Karen Titi* (  ),  da kuma *Koyi don Samun Kuɗi* . Littafin da aka yi wa lakabi da ƙarshe an rubuta shi ne ga masu zuba jari na farko na kowane zamani, galibi matasa. A taƙaice, *One Up* ya yi aiki a matsayin ka'ida yayin da *Beating the Street* yake aiki. *One Up* ya tsara dabarun saka hannun jari na Lynch, gami da babi-babi da aka keɓe don rarraba hannun jari, aikin motsa jiki na mintuna biyu, lambobin shahara, da kuma tsara fayil. Yawancin *Beating the Street* sun ƙunshi tattaunawa mai zurfi game da zaɓaɓɓun *Mujallar Barron* ta Lynch ta 1992, wanda ke ba da misali na ra'ayoyin da aka tattauna a baya. Saboda haka, duka littattafan suna wakiltar kayan karatu ga masu zuba jari na kowane matakin ilimi ko ƙwarewa.

Lynch ya kuma rubuta jerin kasidu na saka hannun jari ga mujallar *Worth* waɗanda suka faɗaɗa kan ra'ayoyi da kamfanoni da aka ambata a cikin littattafan.
 
Lynch ya ƙirƙiro wasu daga cikin shahararrun dabarun saka hannun jari na zamani.

Shahararren ka'idarsa ta saka hannun jari ita ce, "zuba jari a cikin abin da ka sani," yana faɗaɗa ra'ayin tattalin arziki na " ilimin gida ".  Tunda yawancin mutane suna zama ƙwararru a wasu fannoni, amfani da wannan ƙa'idar "zuba jari a cikin abin da ka sani" yana taimaka wa masu zuba jari su sami kyawawan hannun jari marasa ƙima. Lynch yana amfani da wannan ƙa'idar a matsayin wurin farawa ga masu zuba jari. Ya kuma faɗi sau da yawa cewa mai zuba jari yana da yuwuwar samun kuɗi daga hannun jari fiye da manajan kuɗi, saboda suna iya gano kyakkyawan saka hannun jari a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun kafin Wall Street. A cikin manyan abubuwan farko guda biyu na saka hannun jari, ya bayyana yawancin jarin da ya samu lokacin da ba a ofishinsa ba. Misali, a cikin *One Up* Lynch ya bayyana yadda ya saka hannun jari a Dunkin' Donuts ba bayan karanta game da kamfanin a cikin *The Wall Street Journal ba*, amma bayan ya burge shi da kofi a matsayin abokin ciniki. Da yake tsammanin wasu za su yi irin wannan sha'awar kuma ya lura cewa wuraren kamfanin na Boston koyaushe suna da aiki, sai ya yi nazarin matsayin kuɗin kamfanin kuma ya yanke shawarar saka hannun jari a Dunkin' Donuts, wanda ya tabbatar da ɗayan mafi kyawun hannun jari da ya taɓa saya. Lynch ya yi imanin cewa kowane mai zuba jari zai iya yin irin wannan zaɓin saka hannun jari mai wayo ta hanyar lura da takamaiman damammaki kamar Dunkin' Donuts ko kuma kula da yanayin kasuwanci a cikin ayyukansu da abubuwan sha'awa. Ta amfani da misalai daga Magellan Fund, littattafansa suna bayyana yadda sabon shiga ya kamata ya karanta da fassara takaddun kamfani don bayanai kan ƙimar hannun jari, samun kuɗi, kwararar kuɗi, da sauran bayanai. 

Lynch ya bayyana a cikin *One Up on Wall Street* cewa karatunsa na farko a fannin falsafa da dabaru sun fi muhimmanci ga aikinsa fiye da lissafi ko kuɗin da ya yi karatu a fannin MBA.  A Wharton, ya yi imani da cewa ka'idojin saka hannun jari guda biyu da suka fi yawa a fannin ilimi, wato hasashen tafiya bazuwar da kuma hasashen kasuwa mai inganci, sun saba wa juna. Masana sun tabbatar da ra'ayoyin da farfesoshi ke koyarwa a makaranta a lokacin horon aikin sa a Fidelity. Don haka ya dogara ga masu aiki fiye da masana ka'idoji: "A gare ni, abin da ake tsammanin zai taimaka maka ka yi nasara a harkar saka hannun jari, zai iya taimaka maka ka gaza kawai ... Binciken adadi ya koya min cewa abubuwan da na gani suna faruwa a Fidelity ba za su iya faruwa da gaske ba." 

Lynch ya kuma yi jayayya game da lokacin kasuwa, yana mai cewa: "Kuɗi da yawa sun ɓace ta hanyar masu zuba jari da ke shirin gyara ko ƙoƙarin tsammanin gyara fiye da yadda aka ɓace a cikin gyaran da kansu." 

Lynch ya shahara da dabarun saka hannun jari "GARP" (Ci gaba a Farashi Mai Ma'ana), wanda hanya ce ta haɗakar tattara hannun jari wanda ke daidaita yuwuwar saka hannun jari na Ci gaba don ƙaruwar farashin hannun jari tare da fannin saka hannun jari na Value don guje wa siyan hannun jari masu tsada. Yawancin sanannun asusun yanzu suna bin tsarin GARP, tun daga asusun hannun jari kamar Fidelity Investments Fidelity Contrafund (FCNTX) da Lemma Senbet Fund, zuwa asusun index kamar Russell Indexes iShares Russell 1000 Growth Index.

Ya kuma ƙirƙiro kalmar "bagger goma" a cikin yanayin kuɗi.  Wannan yana nufin jarin da ya ninka farashin sa na asali sau goma, kuma ya fito ne daga wasan baseball inda adadin "jaka" ko "tushe" da batter zai iya guduwa zuwa gare shi shine ma'aunin nasarar bugun mai gudu. Ɗan wasan baseball wanda ya buga bugun gida zai wuce dukkan tushe huɗu, don haka irin wannan bugun wani lokaci ana kiransa bagger huɗu . Hakazalika, bugun baseball sau biyu wani lokacin ana kiransa bagger biyu. Kamar yadda Lynch ya rubuta a cikin *One Up on Wall Street*, "A cikin kasuwancina, bagger huɗu yana da kyau, amma bagger tenbagger daidai yake da na gida biyu da kuma na biyu."  A cikin *littafin Beating the Street*, Lynch ya yi bayani tare da masu zuba jari da yawa, "A mafi yawan lokuta, ƙungiyoyin NAIC (National Association of Investors Corp) suna siyan hannun jari a cikin kamfanonin haɓaka masu kyau waɗanda ke da tarihin wadata, kuma inda samun kuɗi ke ƙaruwa. Wannan ita ce ƙasar masu zuba jari da yawa, inda ba sabon abu ba ne a sami jarin farko sau 10, 20, ko ma 30 sau na asali a cikin shekaru goma. 

Peter Lynch ya sami riba mai yawa fiye da matsakaici, wani ɓangare saboda, a lokacin da yake manajan Asusun Fidelity Magellan (1977-1990), ya zuba jari mai yawa a cikin ƙananan kamfanoni da matsakaitan kamfanoni waɗanda manyan masu zuba jari na cibiyoyi galibi ba sa kula da su. Dabarunsa na gano ƙananan kamfanoni da ba a san su ba waɗanda ke da yuwuwar ci gaba ya taimaka sosai ga matsakaicin ribar shekara-shekara na kusan kashi 29.2%, wanda ya fi kasuwa girma sosai (S&P 500: 15.8%). 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Lynch ya auri Carolyn Ann Hoff kuma ya kafa Gidauniyar Lynch tare.  Sun haifi 'ya'ya mata uku. Matarsa ta mutu a watan Oktoban 2015 saboda matsalolin cutar sankarar bargo yana da shekaru 69.  Shi mai ibada ne na Katolika. 

## Arziki da taimakon jama'a
A shekara ta 2006, Mujallar Boston ta sanya Lynch a cikin manyan 50 mafi arziki a Boston, inda ta sanya shi a matsayi na 40, tare da jimlar dukiyar da ta kai dala miliyan 352.

Duk da cewa ya ci gaba da aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin mataimakin shugaban Fidelity Management & Research Co., sashin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin zuba jari na Fidelity Investments, yana ɓatar da mafi yawan lokacinsa yana jagorantar matasa masu sharhi, Peter Lynch ya mai da hankali sosai kan ayyukan agaji . Ya ce yana ɗaukar ayyukan agaji a matsayin wani nau'in zuba jari. Ya ce ya fi son bayar da kuɗi don tallafawa ra'ayoyin da yake ganin za su iya yaɗuwa, kamar Dare na Farko, bikin Sabuwar Shekara wanda ya fara a Boston a 1976 kuma ya jawo hankalin irin waɗannan abubuwan a cikin al'ummomi sama da 200, da kuma City Year, wani shiri na hidimar al'umma wanda aka kafa a Boston a 1988 wanda yanzu ke aiki a birane 29 a faɗin Amurka.

Lynches suna bayar da kuɗi ta hanyoyi biyar: a matsayin mutane ɗaya, ta hanyar Gidauniyar Lynch, ta hanyar Asusun Kyauta na Fidelity Charitable, da kuma ta hanyar amintattun agaji guda biyu.

Ƙungiyar Lynches ta ba da kyaututtuka a matsayin ɗaiɗaikun mutane, inda ta ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 10 ga ɗaliban makarantar Peter Lynch, Kwalejin Boston . A sa'i ɗaya kuma, BC ta ba wa Makarantar Ilimi da Ci gaban Dan Adam ta Lynch suna bayan iyalin.  

Gidauniyar Lynch, wacce darajarta ta kai dala miliyan 125, ta bayar da dala miliyan 8 a shekarar 2013 kuma ta samar da tallafin dala miliyan 80 tun lokacin da aka kafa ta.  Gidauniyar tana tallafawa ilimi, kungiyoyin addini, kungiyoyin al'adu da tarihi, da asibitoci da kuma binciken lafiya. Misali, Gidauniyar ta bayar da gudummawar dala miliyan 20 don kafa a shekarar 2010 a Kwalejin Lynch Leadership Academy (LLA), wani shiri na bincike da horarwa ga shugabannin makarantu a makarantar kasuwanci ta Carroll School of Management ta BC.  Gidauniyar Lynch tana daya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan Teach for America, AmeriCares, da Partners in Health .  An shigar da Lynch cikin Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka ta Junior Achievement a shekarar 1991. 

Lynch memba ne na Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Harvard . 

## Daraja
Lynch ya sami kyautar Seton ta shekarar 1992 daga Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta Katolika ta Ƙasa . 

## Littattafan tarihi

## Duba kuma

* Gerald Tsai
* Ka'idar zaɓin hannun jari
* William Danoff
* Zuba Jari na Gaskiya

## Manazarta