Mutanen Madurese na Pasuru

Pasuruan Madurese yare ne na Madurese da ake magana a gabashin da arewacin sassan Greater Pasuruan, duka a cikin Birnin Pasuru da Regency Pasuruan, kuma a kan iyakar Mojokerto Regency . [1] Ya bambanta da Situbondo da Bondowoso inda Madurese shine mafi yawan harshe, a nan Madurese yare ne na 'yan tsiraru tare da babban matakin cakuda, musamman tare da yaren Arekan Javanese.[4] Wasu ƙauyuka suna magana da harshen Madurese kawai, musamman waɗanda ke cikin yankuna masu nisa kuma nesa da manyan hanyoyi, yayin da wasu ƙauyuka ke magana da harsuna biyu tare da yaren Javanese. [5][6]

Hadisai da al'adun Mutanen Madurese a cikin Pasuruan galibi ana ba da su ta baki, kamar Labaran gargajiya, karin magana, shawara, da darussan rayuwa da aka isar da su a cikin harshen Madurese.[7] Koyaya, rashin kulawa a cikin ilimi na yau da kullun game da koyar da Harsunan yanki, a wannan yanayin Pasuruan Madurese, shima yana ƙara ƙarancin yaren. Harshen Madurese, wanda ya kamata ya zama ɗaya daga cikin muhimman ginshiƙai a cikin ilimin gida ga mutanen Madurese a cikin Pasuruan, galibi ana koyar da su ne kawai a cikin iyakantaccen hanya ko ma an yi watsi da su a cikin tsarin karatun makaranta. A sakamakon haka, ƙaramin ƙarni na mutanen Madurese a cikin Pasuruan suna ƙara nisantawa daga al'adunsu da al'adun harshe, suna hanzarta tsarin rage amfani da wannan harshe.[8]

## Tarihi
In East Java, there is a multicultural region known as eastern salient of Java (Indonesian: Tapal Kuda lit. 'The Horseshoe'), which is an area that was not part of the Mataram Sultanate colony and is a strategic area in eastern part of Java, so the economic level in this region is very high, including Pasuruan.[9] At the end of the 17th century, there were ethnic group villages in the coastal areas around Pasuruan, for example Madurese, Chinese, Arabs, Malays, Bugis, and Europeans around the city, which at that time Pasuruan was a socially diverse port city.[10] Since the Dutch colonial era, Pasuruan has been a trading and industrial area that can attract visitors. This is what causes Greater Pasuruan to also be called a heterogeneous. The two majority ethnic groups that inhabit the northern part of the Greater Pasuruan region are Javanese and Madurese.[11] However, it is also known that Madurese people have long immigrated to the north coast of Java, including Pasuruan, even since the Singasari era during the time of Aria Wiraraja in Sumenep in the 13th century.[12]

A cikin 1806, akwai ƙauyuka na Madurese a kusurwar gabashin Java, gami da ƙauyuka 25 a cikin Pasuruan. Zuwan raƙuman ruwa na ƙaura na Madurese an san cewa sun canza yawan jama'a a gabashin Java, alal misali, har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19, kusan rabin yawan mutanen Pasuruan Madurese ne (ko da yake babu bayanan hukuma, da alama cewa rabo har yanzu yana da yawa). [3] Sa'an nan a cikin 1830, iyakar arewacin Pasuruan ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren samar da sukari a Java, galibi ma'aikata daga Bangkalan da Sampang.[13] Tsarin noma da aka tilasta da Dutch suka aiwatar yana da babban buƙata don aiki a cikin ƙasƙanci, don haka mutane da yawa sun yi ƙaura zuwa tsaunuka inda buƙatar aikin mulkin mallaka ya kasance ƙasa. Koyaya, saboda yawan mutanen Javanese sun fi yawa ta hanyar ƙaura, Madurese sun maye gurbin rinjayar yankin.  , ƙwararren masanin zane-zane wanda ya yi yaƙi da mulkin mallaka a gonar sukari a Bangil, an san shi da Madurese. An san shi da yin gwagwarmaya don haƙƙin ma'aikata, mafi yawansu Madurese ne waɗanda ke mamaye yankin.[14]

Shige da fice na mutanen Madurese zuwa yankin da aka sani da gabashin gabashin Java, ya haifar da haɗuwa da al'adu a sabon wuri, tsakanin Javanese da Madurese, amma ya bambanta da al'adun Javanese na yanzu da Maduresi.[15] Wannan ya nuna cewa ko da yake suna zaune a sabon yanki, ba za a iya raba su da asalin su ba, don haka sabon al'adun da aka kafa har yanzu yana da yawa tare da al'adun asali. Wibisono & Haryono (2016) sun bayyana cewa harshen yau da kullun na mutanen Pendalungan (ciki har da Pasuruan) a zahiri ya fi Madurese da aka gauraya da Javanese. Idan muka kalli halayen sauti da ke fitowa, shi ne karin magana, a cikin tattaunawar yau da kullun misali, mutanen Pandalungan har yanzu suna amfani da karin magana na Madurese yayin da suke magana da Indonesian da Javanese.[16]

## Amfani da shi
Amfani da Harshen Madurese a rayuwar yau da kullun a nan kuma yana faruwa ne saboda al'amuran zamantakewa da tarihi da yawa waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar amfani da harshen Madura, kodayake ba a tsibirin Madura ba, ƙaurawar Mutanen Madurese zuwa gabashin Java, gami da Babban Pasuruan (birni da mulki), yana ci gaba na dogon lokaci.[17] Mutanen Madurese da suka zo su yi ƙaura sun kawo yarensu da al'adunsu tare da su, saboda yawan yawan mutanen Madurese masu ƙaura da kuma yawan ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa tsakanin mutanen Madurense da mutanen yankin, don haka harshen Madurese ya zama babban matsakaici na sadarwa a yankuna da yawa a Pasuruan da kewayenta.[18] Ko da masu magana da harshen Pasuruan Madurese ana iya samun su a Tosari, wani gundumar a cikin Pasuruan kusa da gangaren Dutsen Bromo.[9]

Aure tsakanin kabilun da musayar al'adu masu karfi sun ba da gudummawa ga mamayar yaren Madurese a wasu sassan Pasuruan.[19] An san cewa ya faru tun lokacin Sakera, jarumin almara na Pasuruan. Ko da yake ba a san shi sosai ba, ya saba da shi sosai a tsakanin mutanen Pasuruan. Baya ga wannan, an kuma san shi da alama ce ta bambancin da ke haɗa Javanese da Madurese. Wannan ya haifar da bude al'umma tare da bambance-bambance na al'adu a cikin Pasuruan, wanda yawancin mutanen Madurese da Javanese suka mamaye, wannan ya haifar da fitowar al'adun Pendalungan a matsayin halayyar mutanen Pendalungan, musamman Pasuruan.[20] Harshen Madurese kuma an san shi da rinjayar masu magana da Javanese ta hanyar amfani da sautuna masu ƙarfi, damuwa mai ƙarfi, da saurin magana, wanda shine ɗayan halaye na magana ta Pasuruan.[21] Wannan misali ne na al'adun al'adu, wanda ke nufin shigarwa da haɓaka darajar don zama wani ɓangare na mutumin da ya shafi, kamar yadda mutanen Madurese da Javanese ke rinjayar juna a nan.[22]

Ana amfani da harshen Pasuruwa Madurese a rayuwar yau da kullun ta masu magana da shi, gami da sadarwa tsakanin mazauna, ayyukan tattalin arziki, da hulɗar zamantakewa inda mutanen Madurese suka fi rinjaye. Amfani da wannan harshe kuma yana nuna alamar al'adu mai ƙarfi a cikin mutanen Madurese. Ana amfani da Madurese a matsayin babban harshe a cikin ayyukan gargajiya daban-daban da al'adun addini, kamar bukukuwan aure, haihuwa, da mutuwa. Mutanen Madurese a cikin Pasuruan suna amfani da Harshen Indonesian lokacin da suke sadarwa tare da baƙi waɗanda ba daga kabilansu ba ne, amma har yanzu suna da harshen Madurese na musamman. Koyaya, lokacin da suke magana da 'yan uwan Madurese, suna jin daɗi ta amfani da harshen Madurese.[18] Har ila yau, an san cewa a cikin dangi da sadarwa gaba ɗaya, yaren Javanese ya fi rinjaye a birnin Pasuruan, amma yaren Madurese yana ci gaba da rinjayar ƙamus.[23] Misali, a cikin gundumar Ngemplakrejo (*kelurahan*), kashi 67% sun yarda cewa yarensu na farko Javanese ne, idan aka kwatanta da Madurese wanda kashi 33% na yawan jama'a ke magana.[24]

## Rarraba
A cikin Babban Pasuruan, ana amfani da yaren Javanese na Gabas (Arekan) a kusan dukkanin yankin, sai dai a gundumar Tosari (masu magana da Tengger) da gabashin ɓangaren Pasuruan (masu Magana da Madurese). Baya ga wannan, a cikin Pasuruan, daga Bangil zuwa Grati, ana amfani da Madurese, yana samar da yanki na Harsuna biyu tare da Javanese. Mafi yawan amfani da harshen Madurese an iyakance shi ne ga ƙauyuka da yawa a gabashin Pasuruan, musamman waɗanda ke kusa da iyaka da Probolinggo, kamar Wates a gundumar Lekok da Kalipang a gundumar Grati, saboda haka masu magana da Madurese ne kawai ke amfani da su tare da 'yan uwan Madurese.[25][2] Wani yanki inda ake magana da harshen Pasuruan Madurese shine gundumar Winongan, inda ake amfani da shi a duk fannoni na rayuwa, misali a ƙauyen Jeladri.[26][27] Masu magana da Madurese suna da ƙwarewa a cikin Javanese, amma ba akasin haka ba. Hakazalika, masu magana da Javanese suna da yare ɗaya.[2] Baya ga yankin Greater Pasuruan, ana amfani da Madurese na Pasuruan a gundumar Ngoro a Mojokerto, wanda ke kan iyaka da Pasuruan zuwa gabas. An san yankin a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan wuraren masana'antu a Mojokerto, wannan kuma yana jan hankalin 'yan gudun hijirar Madurese, musamman wadanda suka fito daga Pasuruan, don yin ƙaura a can.[1] Misali, mutanen Madurese a ƙauyen Kunjorowesi waɗanda ke zaune a kan gangaren Dutsen Penanggungan, an san su da ƙaura shekaru 500 da suka gabata (kimanin 1500s). 

A gabashin ɓangaren Pasuruwa, masu magana da harshen Pasuruan Madurese suma suna zaune tare da masu magana da Javanese, a wannan yanayin yaren Javanese na Gabas (Arekan). Misali, a Ranuk, ƙauye a cikin gundumar Grati, duk da cewa yana kusa da ƙauyukan da ke magana da harshen Madurese, harshen da ya fi dacewa a nan shi ne Javanese.[29] A kusa da Ranu Grati, tafkin da ke kewaye da gundumomi uku a gabashin Pasuruan, wato Grati, Lekok, da Nguling, yawan jama'a sun bambanta, sun kasu tsakanin masu magana da Javanese da Madurese.[30] Wani gundumar da aka sani da yawan masu magana da harshen Pasuruan Madurese shine gundumar Lumbang . An san cewa yankin yana da yanayin ƙasa mai kyau don shuke-shuke da kayan yaji, wanda ya ƙarfafa mutanen Madurese su yi ƙaura a can.[31] Har ila yau akwai ƙaura zuwa yammacin ɓangaren Pasuruan, musamman zuwa yankunan tsaunuka kusa da gundumomin Prigen da Pandaan.[32] Ya bambanta da gabashin Pasuruan inda mutanen Madurese suka fi rinjaye, a yammacin Pasuruan, mutanen da ke magana da Madurese 'yan tsiraru ne kawai, mazaunan ƙauyuka da suka warwatse tsakanin yawancin Javanese, misali a Jatiarjo, ƙauye a gundumar Prigen, akwai Madurese tare da adadi mai yawa na Javanese.[33] A halin yanzu a cikin birnin Pasuruan, iyakokin ƙasa tsakanin amfani da Javanese da Madurese ba su da ganuwa sosai. Mutanen sun haɗu tare don samar da mutanen Pendalungan (haɗewar Madurese da Javanese), waɗanda yarensu da al'adunsu sun haɗu da duka biyun.[34]

## Halin da aka yi
Misali na bambancin h="./Lexicon" id="mwAQg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Lexicon">ƙamus da aka samu a cikin Pasuruan, kusan daidai da Lumajang Madurese, alal misali, a cikin haskakawa 'don haihuwa' a cikin masu magana da Madurese akwai kalmar *Alaɛr* . Kodayake masu magana da Madurese a yankin canji (yanayin amfani da West Madurese da East Madurese) suna da kalmar *arɛmbiʔ* 'don haihuwa', amma kalmar da aka fi amfani da ita ita ce *Alaɛr* saboda ana ɗaukar wannan nau'in ya fi girma (girmamawa) fiye da kalmar arñesbiʔ.[35] Ana ɗaukar harshen Madurese na Pasuruan a matsayin yaren Yammacin Madurese, kamar yaren Bangkalan . Masu magana da wannan yaren, musamman a ƙauyen Wates da aka ambata a baya, duk masu magana da Madurese ne kuma mafi yawansu suna iya magana da Madorese kawai. Ana iya tabbatar da wannan ta hanyar kasancewar etymology wanda shine nau'in yaren Yammacin Madurese, kamar *kakɛh* 'ku', *ɛbhik* 'itik', *Taʔ* 'a'a', da sauransu. Bugu da ƙari, siffofi guda biyu da kuma watsi da Ssan a cikin matsayi na ƙarshe ana samun su a wannan yanki, kamar su 'na gode', 'ɗan'uwa', pɔtɛ 'faren', *Klambhi* 'tufafi'. Sabanin yanayin da ya gabata, ƙauyuka a cikin gundumar Lekok (ban da Wates) ƙauyuka ne da ke da yawan jama'a daban-daban, wato akwai masu magana da Javanese da Madurese a can.[36]

## Dubi kuma

* Harshen Madurese
* Lumajang Madurese
* Bangkalan Madurese
* Regency na Pasuru
* Birnin Pasuru

## Manazarta

### Bayani