Yaren Maxakalí

**Maxakalí** ( *Tikmũũn yĩy ax*, *Mãxakani yĩy ax*   ) yare ne na Maxakalían da ake magana dashi a ƙauyuka huɗu na Minas Gerais, Brazil, da fiye da mutane kimanin 2000.  

## Harsuna
Babu wani bambancin yare da aka sani. Karexó, Kumanaxó, Makuní, Panháme, da ƙarni na 19 "Maxakalí", waɗanda a wasu lokuta ake ɗauke da yare na Maxakalí, a yanzun kuma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin wakilai daban-daban na dangin Maxakalían, suna kusa da Ritual Maxakalí .   Curt Nimuendaju ya tattara jerin kalmomi na ire- *irensu da aka sani da Mašakarí / Monačóbm* a shekarar 1939, wanda Araújo (1996) ya nuna shine farkon samun Maxakalí. 

Magana a harshen Maxakalí ya bambanta da ire-iren abubuwan da ake amfani da su a cikin waƙoƙin al'ada na Maxakalí, Ritual Maxakalí, duk da cewa dukansu ana sanya su a matsayin yaren Maxakalían.

## Rarrabuwa
Yaren Maxakalí an fara magana dashi a cikin Kogin Mucuri, Itanhém River, da yankunan Kogin Jequitinhonha. A yau, ana samun Maxakalí a cikin manyan al'ummomi huɗu ( *aldeias* ) na Minas Gerais, tare da jimillar ƙabilu kusan 2,000:  

* Pradinho (Sunan Maxakalí: *Pananiy* ), a cikin harshen Bertópolis, Minas Gerais
* Água Boa (sunan Maxakalí: *Kõnãg Mai* ko *Akmamo* ), a Santa Helena de Minas, Minas Gerais
* Aldeia Verde (sunan Maxakalí: *Apne Yĩxux* ), a Ladainha, Minas Gerais
* Cachoeirinha (Sunan Maxakalí: *Ĩmmoknãg* ), a cikin Teófilo Otoni, Minas Gerais

**Tsohon yaren Machacari** an tabbatar dashi daga karni na 19. Irin da aka ruwaito sun haɗa da Monoxó, Makoni, Kapoxó, Kumanaxó, da Panhame. Bayan watsawar masu magana da ita a cikin 1750s, suka zauna tsakanin babban kogin Mucuri da Kogin São Mateus (kusa da garin Teófilo Otoni na yanzu, Minas Gerais), watakila har zuwa Jequitinhonha a arewa har zuwa Suaçuí Grande River, a Kogin Doce, a kudu. Bayan shekara ta 1750, hijirar kudu ta Botocudos ta tilasta wa Machacari neman mafaka a garuruwan Portugal da ke gabar tekun Atlantika (a wani yanki daga bakin Kogin Mucuri zuwa Kogin Itanhaém ), a cikin Alto dos Bois (kusa da Minas Novas ), kuma a cikin Peçanha .  A cewar Saint-Hilaire (2000: 170),  Monoxó ya rayu a Cuyaté ( Kogin Doce, kusa da bakin Kogin Suaçuí Grande ) wataƙila kusan 1800, kafin ya nemi mafaka a Peçanha.  A farkon karni na 19, Panhame da sauran kungiyoyin Maxakali sun hada kai da Turawan Portugal don yakar Botocudos. 

**Maxakali na zamani** (wanda ake kira **Monaxobm** ta Curt Nimuendajú ) ya bambanta da Tsohon yaren Machacari. Tarihi ne yayi magana daga kwarin Mucuri har zuwa ruwan Kogin Itanhaém a cikin Minas Gerais . 

## Fasaha
Yaren Maxakalí yana da wasula goma, gami da wasula ta baka guda biyar da takwarorinsu na hanci.  A cikin teburin da ke ƙasa, ana ba da wakilcin rubutunsu a cikin ƙananan kusurwa.

### Wasula

Silva (2020) yayi bayanin akan matakai biyu na yada hanci wadanda suka shafi wasula. 

#### Saukar da wasali
Dangane da Silva (2020), dukkan wasula banda / a ã / sun saukar da allofan.  

Wasula / ɛ ɛ̃ i ĩɨ ɨ̃ u ũ / ana saukar da su ga [æ æ̃ ɪ ɪ̃ ɨ ɨ̃ ʊ ʊ̃], bi da bi, gabanin coda mai faɗi. Misalan sun hada da *tex ~ tehex* [ˈt̪æj ~ t̪æˈɦæj] 'ruwan sama', *yẽy* [ˈɲæ̃j] 'don yin shiru, don yin shiru', *pix* [ˈpɪj] 'wash ( *realis* )', *mĩy* [ˈmɪ̃j] 'make ( *realis* )', *kux* [ˈkɨ̞j] 'ya ƙare; goshi ', *mũy* [ˈmɨ̞̃j̃]' a riƙe, a kwace ( *irrealis* ) ', *tox* [ˈt̪ʊj ~ ̪t̪uwɪ]' dogon ', *nõy* [ˈn̪ʊ̃j]' sauran; dan uwan jinsi daya '.

Wasikun / ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ / ana sake saukar da su zuwa [ɘ ɘ̃ o õ], bi da bi, gabanin wata veda coda, kamar yadda a cikin *tuk* [ˈt̪ɘɰ] 'don girma', *yũmũg* [ɲɨˈ̃mɘ̃ɰ̃] 'don sani, fahimta, zuwa koyi ', *ponok* [puˈd̪oɰ]' fari ', *mõg* [ˈmõɰ̃]' ku tafi ( *realis* ) '. Wasalai na gaba / ɛ ɛ̃ i ĩ / ba a taɓa bin su da velar coda na farfajiyar ba, saboda ana yin amfani da codas da ke ƙasa don yin amfani da su a cikin wannan yanayin.

Bugu da kari, / ɨ̃ / saman kamar yadda [ɘ̃] kalma-karshe, kamar yadda a *yõgnũ* [ɲõɰ̃ŋ̞̊ˈn̪ɘ̃ʔ] 'nawa ne', dan *xõnnũ* [ʨũːˈn̪ɘ̃ʔ] '! (mai *motsi* ) ', *nũ* [ˈn̪ɘ̃ʔ]' wannan; har zuwa ( *irrealis* ).

#### Karfafa  / a ã /
Wasula / a ã / suna da goyon baya ga [ɑ ɑ̃] kafin coronal (hakori ko fatar baki) coda.   Misalansu sun hada da *sanya (ah) a* [pɨˈt̪ (ɑɦ) ɑə̯] 'hanya', *n (ãh) ãn* [ˈn̪ (ɑ̃ɦ) ɑ̃ə̯̃] 'achiote', *hax* [ˈhɑj] 'wari, don wari', *gãx* [ˈɡɑ̃j] ' fushi '.  

Wasulan / a ã / suna karfafawa kuma taso keya a bude syllables bin wani labial farko, kamar yadda a *kopa* [kupɒʔ] 'cikin', *Homa* [hũmɒʔ] 'dogon da suka wuce'.  

### Bakake

An yi nazarin haruffan dake fita ta hanci [m n̪ ɲ] azaman allophone na / b d̪ dʑ / gabannin hanci, amma bambancin dake tsakanin / m n̪ ɲ / da / b d̪ dʑ / yana fitowa ne a cikin bashin Fotigal da cikin rage abubuwa.  

A cikin matsayi na coda, wurin bayyanawa ya bambanta, yuwuwar kasancewa labial (orthographic *-p ~ -m* ), hakori ( *-t ~ -n* ), palatal ( *-x ~ -y* ), da velar ( *-k ~ -g* ). Tabbataccen sanannen codas ya haɗa da tsokaci, maɓallin keɓaɓɓu kansa zaɓi ne. 

### Rashin fitar da sauti ta harshe da hanci
Tsarin Taswirar duniya na Tsarin Harsuna ya yi iƙirarin cewa Maxakalí ba shi da wani bambancin fahimta ko baƙon hanci, yana ambaton "Gudschinski et al. 1970".   Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa WALS ba ya ɗauka [h] a matsayin mai gaskiya a cikin wannan hukunci ba. Matsayin magana irin na bakunan hanci akwai shubuha; Silva (2020) yayi jayayya cewa a cikin Maxakalí na zamani suna zama masu banbanci ta hanyar magana, duk da cewa har zuwa kwanan nan baƙi na hanci ya faru ne kawai azaman wayoyin masu hana muryar.  

## Tsarin aiki

### Tsarin kalma
Tsarin kalmomin da aka fi sani a harshen Maxakalí shine SOV.

: "Yaron ya shanye madara"

### Siffofin gaba-gaba da daidaituwar zubin furuci
Mafi yawan nau'ikan sassan jimla a cikin yyaren Maxakalí suna da alamun daidaito - cikakkiyar daidaitawar morphosyntactic. Wakilan kalmomin aiki suna wucewa ta hanyar kuskuren post *teition*, alhali marasa lafiyar kalmomin wucewa da maudu'in da basu dace ba. Ana gabatar da cikakken mahalarta mahaɗan ne ta hanyar karin kari na mutum; ergative pronominal mahalarta dauki musamman siffofin a kan samun da ergative postposition *te.* Ana samun nau'ikan fom iri ɗaya tare da wasu bayanan matsayi; moreari ga haka, *ã* da *xa* suna faruwa azaman nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan tsarin rubutu na *pu* na mutum na farko da na biyu, bi da bi.

: "Mu (ban da ku) za mu je kasuwa don sayan muku (abin da ba kai tsaye ba) abinci."

## Zubi

### Yanayin nuni
Maxakalí fi'ilai suna motsawa don yanayi. Yanayin realis shine mafi yawan mutane, yayin da ake amfani da yanayin rashin daidaituwa a cikin mahimman maganganu da dalilai. Thearfin yanayin yanayin yanayin yanayin yanayi yana bin ɗayan aƙalla alamu 7. 

## Furuci

### Lambar magana
Wasu kalmomin aiki suna da nau'i nau'i-nau'i, inda zaɓin fi'ili ya dogara da lambar ɗan takara cikakke (watau batun magana ta rashin aiki ko haƙuri mai aikatawa). Kalmar suna wacce ke sanya ɗan takara ba ta karɓar wata alama ta ƙarshe ba.

**Lambar magana**
 *Tik* ***yũm***
  / tik ɟɨ̃p /
  mutum ya zauna. SG . RLS
  'Mutumin ya zauna / ya zauna.'

 *Tik* ***mãm''' .''
  / tik bãp /
  mutum ya zauna. PL . RLS
  'Mutanen sun zauna / zauna.'
'''Lambar mara lafiya'''
 ''Tik'' ''te'' ''koktix'' ***putex** .''
  / tik te kuktik ptek /
  mutum ERG biri kashe. SG . RLS
  'Mutumin ya kashe biri.'

 ''Tik'' ''te'' ''koktix'' ***kix*' .*
  / tik te kuktik ki-k /
  mutum ERG biri kashe. PL - RLS

=== Sunan mahadi ===
Sunaye Maxakalí suna iya samar da mahadi cikin sauki, ga wasu misalai:
 *yyy* - *kox* - *xax*
  magana-rami-murfin
  'lebe'

 *ãmot* - *xuxpex*
  yashi-dadi
  'gishiri'

 *yĩm* - *kutok*
  hannun-yaro
  'yatsa'

== Amo ==
Yaren Maxakalí yana da lamuni iri-iri daga ɗayan Língua Geral *, kamar ãmãnex* 'firist', *tãyũmak* 'kuɗi', *kãmãnok* 'doki', *tapayõg* 'Black man'. 

Kalmomin aro daga kasashen a Brazil Portugual ne musamman yawa. Misalan sun hada da *kapex* 'kofi', *komenok* 'bargo', *kapitõg* 'kaftin', *pẽyõg* 'wake', *mug* 'bank', *tenemiyam* 'TV' (aro daga Portuguese *café*, *cobertor*, *capitão*, *feijão*, *banco*, *televisão'' ).  

## Duba kuma

* Harshen Maxakalí na al'ada
* Maxakalí Yaren kurame

 

## Hanyoyin haɗin waje

* Proel: Lengua Mashakalí
* Maxakalí – Nahawun Ingilishi da kamus
* Bayani akan Maxakalí a Etnolinguistica. Littafin Org na Yarukan Kudancin Amurka
## Manazarta