Frances James (ecologist)

**Frances Crews James** (an haife ta a ranar 29, ga watan Satumbar, shekara ta 1930) wata  Ba'amurke ce masanin muhalli wanda ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a Kimiyyar Halittu a Jami'ar Jihar Florida .

James yayi nazarin bambancin yanayin kasa a cikin girma da sifar tsuntsaye, wanda hakan ya haifar da dasa dashi ta hanyar canza launin fata mai dauke da fuka-fuki mai launin fuka-fukai masu launin ja da kuma gwaje-gwajen ra'ayoyin da ake bi na tsarin zababbun. Ita memba ce a Cibiyar Nazarin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka . James asalinsa daga Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ya nutse cikin rafin ilmin halitta tun yana ƙarami yana cikin ƙungiyar Nazarin Balaguron Kimiyyar Halitta ga Kowa. 

A shekara ta 1984, James ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama shugabar Orungiyar Orwararrun nwararrun nwararrun Americanwararrun Amurkawa da ke aiki na shekaru biyu har zuwa shekara ta 1986.  An ba ta lambar yabo ta Fitaccen Mahalli a watan Janairun shekara ta 1997; a wannan shekarar kuma ta sami Kyautar Shugabancin Kwarai daga Cibiyar Kimiyyar Halittu ta Amurka . Kuma an ba ta lambar yabo ta Margaret Morse Nice ta shekara ta 1999, ta Kungiyar Orabi'a ta Wilson .  Ta yi aiki a Hukumar Kula da Kula da Yanayi ta Yankin da kuma Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Asusun Kula da Dabbobin Duniya.

## Ayyukan ilimi.
James ya kammala karatunta na AB (Bachelor of Arts) a fannin ilmin dabbobi a Kwalejin Mount Holyoke sannan ya ci gaba da yin MS (Masters) a Jami'ar Jihar ta Louisiana .  Sannan ta gama digirinta na uku. a cikin Zoology daga Jami'ar Arkansas a shekara ta  1970, tana da shekara 40, bayan ta tara iyali na 'ya'ya mata uku tare da mijinta mai kula da ilimin halittu Douglas A. James.  Bayanan nata sun hada da lura da tsarin bambancin girma a cikin nau'in tsuntsaye 12, da aka samo a yankuna na Amurka.  James ya duba musamman kan dokar Bergmann da ke nuna cewa zafin jiki na iya zama ba shine mafi mahimmancin dalilin ƙayyade yanayin girman jikin ma'aurata ba. 

A shekara ta 1996, Frances James da takwararta a Jami'ar Florida, masanin ilimin lissafi Charles McCulloch sun wallafa wata kasida mai taken: Sabbin Hanyoyin Tattalin Arziki a Tsuntsaye.  https://www.jstor.org/stable/2265650?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Sun gabatar da hanyoyin kirkirar bayanai don nazarin bayanan daga Binciken Tsuntsaye na Kiwo, bayanan bai nuna raguwar gaba daya ba amma raguwar halittu daga wasu yankuna. 

A shekara ta 2009, tare da John Pourtless, ta buga wani kundin tarihin rayuwar ɗabi'a mai taken "Cladistics da Asalin Tsuntsaye: Nazari da Sabon Nazari Guda Biyu". A cikin wannan labarin sun yi jayayya cewa duka “farkon- archosaur ” da “ crocodylomorph ” hasashe suna da kyau kamar yadda ake tallafawa kamar BMT (tsuntsaye maniraptoran theropod dinosaur). Hakanan, gwaje-gwajen Kishino-Hasegawa  suka yi bai nuna wani bambanci ba na lissafi tsakanin zaton cewa tsuntsaye sun kasance masu laushi ne a cikin Maniraptora da kuma zaton cewa manyan sassan Maniraptora ( oviraptorosaurs, troodontids, da dromaeosaurs ) a zahiri suna tashi ne kuma ba iska mai haske. a tsakanin zanen da *Archeopteryx* da tsuntsayen zamani (Aves) suka ɗauka. James da Pourtless sun ƙarasa da cewa saboda Aves ba zai kasance a ciki ba, Theropoda kamar yadda aka tsara a yanzu ba zai zama mai son rai ba. Sun kuma yi gargadin cewa hanyar tabbatarwa a cikin adabin BMT na iya samar da bincike na yaudara kan asalin tsuntsaye. 

## Manazarta.

## Hanyoyin haɗin waje

* Bayanin malanta na Jami'ar Jihar Florida