Marmara (abin wasa)

**Marmara** ƙaramin abu ne mai siffar ƙwallo wanda galibi ana yin sa da gilashi, yumbu, ƙarfe, filastik, ko agate . Ana iya amfani da waɗannan kayan wasan don wasanni iri-iri da ake kira **marbles**, haka kuma ana sanya su a cikin gudu ko tsere na marmara, ko kuma a ƙirƙira su azaman nau'in fasaha. Girman na iya bambanta, amma yawanci yana tsakanin kimanin  diamita.  Sau da yawa ana tattara su, duka don tunawa da kuma launukan su na kyau. A arewacin Ingila, ana kiran wasan da abubuwa "taws", tare da manyan marmara ana kiransu "washers na kwalba", wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan amfani da marmara a cikin kwalaben Codd-neck .

## Wasanni

### Tarihi

A farkon karni na ashirin, an gano ƙananan ƙwallo na dutse daga kimanin 2500 KZ, waɗanda masu binciken tarihi suka gano a matsayin marmara, ta hanyar tonowa kusa da Mohenjo-daro, a cikin wani shafin da ke da alaƙa da wayewar Indus Valley. : A Indiya ta zamani ana kiran wasan "kanche". Sau da yawa ana ambaton marbles a cikin wallafe-wallafen Romawa, kamar yadda a cikin waka ta Ovid "Nux" (wanda ya ambaci wasa da wasan tare da walnuts), kuma akwai misalai da yawa na marbles daga tono wuraren da ke da alaƙa da Kaldiyawa na Mesopotamiya da Masar ta dā. An yi su ne da yumɓu, dutse ko gilashi. Marbles sun isa Burtaniya, an shigo da su daga Low Countries, a zamanin da. : 19 

A shekara ta 1503, majalisar garin Nuremberg, Jamus, ta takaita wasan marmara zuwa wani fili a wajen garin.  Sunan "marmara", wanda ake amfani da shi don ƙananan ƙwallon kayan wasa, ya fito ne daga wannan yanki da zamanin, kuma yana nufin irin waɗannan ƙwallon da aka yi da marmara .  A wannan lokacin, ana yin marmara a cikin niƙa da wuraren haƙa ta hanyar goge ƙananan gutsuttsuran dutse na gaske kamar marmara, agate, alabaster, farar ƙasa, har ma da tagulla.

Ba a san inda aka fara ƙera marmara ba.  Wani mai hura gilashi ɗan ƙasar Jamus ya ƙirƙiro almakashi na marmara, wata na'urar yin marmara, a shekarar 1846.  Marmarar yumbu sun shiga cikin samar da kayayyaki masu araha a cikin shekarun 1870. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

Wasan ya shahara a duk faɗin Amurka da sauran ƙasashe.  An yi wa dutsen farko na wasan yara (laka) da aka yi a Amurka a Akron, Ohio, ta hannun SC Dyke, a farkon shekarun 1890. Wasu daga cikin dutsen farko na gilashin da aka yi a Amurka an yi su ne a Akron ta hannun James Harvey Leighton. A shekara ta 1903, Martin Frederick Christensen - wanda shi ma ɗan Akron ne - ya yi dutsen farko na gilashin da aka yi a injin a kan injinsa mai lasisi. Kamfaninsa, MF Christensen & Son Co., ya ƙera miliyoyin kayan wasa da gilashin masana'antu har sai da suka daina aiki a shekara ta 1917. Kamfanin Amurka na gaba da ya shiga kasuwar dutsen shine Akro Agate. Akronites ne suka fara wannan kamfanin a shekara ta 1911, amma yana cikin Clarksburg, West Virginia . A yau, akwai masana'antar dutsen yara ɗaya kawai da ke Amurka: Marble King, a Paden City, West Virginia.  

=== Nau'ikan wasanni ===


Ana iya yin wasanni daban-daban da marmara.

Wani wasa da ya shahara a Burtaniya da Amurka shine zoben ring taw (ko "ringer"), inda aka zana zobe a ƙasa kuma aka sanya wasu ƙananan duwatsu a ciki. 'Yan wasa suna juyawa suna buga wani babban marmara mai "taw" a kan waɗannan duwatsun, suna ƙoƙarin fitar da su daga cikin zoben. 

A **kanche** (daga Kudancin Asiya), 'yan wasa  suna shirin wasan ta hanyar tsayawa a bayan layi suna ƙoƙarin jefa marmararsu zuwa wani rami da aka keɓe, inda ɗan wasan da ya sami damar jefa marmarar da ke kusa da ramin ya sami damar shiga farko a wasan. Sannan ana sanya marmarar a tsakiyar da'ira, inda kowane ɗan wasa zai sami marmara ɗaya mai ban sha'awa da kuma damar jefa marmararsa a ƙoƙarin fitar da marmarar da'ira daga da'irar. Kowane marmarar da aka kora ta haka ne ɗan wasan zai samu, kuma da zarar an fitar da dukkan marmarar daga da'irar, ɗan wasan da ya fi kowanne marmarar ya lashe wasan.  

Hakazalika, a **pili goli** (Kudancin Asiya), manufar wasan ita ce a buga wani marmara mai ban mamaki domin a jefa wasu marmara da aka shimfiɗa a kusa da filin zuwa ramukan da aka haƙa a ƙasa.   

=== Gasar cin kofin duniya ===
An gudanar da Gasar Cin Kofin Marmara ta Burtaniya da ta Duniya a Tinsley Green, West Sussex, Ingila, kowace shekara tun daga 1932.    (An buga Marmara a Tinsley Green da kewaye tsawon ƙarni da yawa:   Mujallar ''[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]'' ta gano asalinta tun daga 1588.  ) A al'ada, lokacin wasan marmara ya fara ne a ranar Ash Wednesday kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa tsakar rana a ranar Good Friday : ana tsammanin yin wasa bayan haka yana kawo sa'a.  Kungiyoyi sama da 20 daga ko'ina cikin duniya suna shiga gasar, kowace Good Friday; ƙungiyoyin Jamus sun yi nasara sau da yawa tun daga 2000,    kodayake ƙungiyoyin gida daga Crawley, Copthorne da sauran ƙauyukan Sussex da Surrey galibi suna shiga gasar;    Ellen Geary, wata ƙaramar yarinya daga Landan ce ta lashe gasar farko a 1932.

=== Kalmomin wasan kwaikwayo ===
 

* "Ƙulla ƙafa": matsayin da aka ɗauka a layin farko a farkon wasa. Ɗan wasan zai fara da gwiwarsa a ƙasa.
* "Quitsies": yana bawa duk wani abokin hamayya damar dakatar da wasan ba tare da wani sakamako ba. 'Yan wasa za su iya samun "ƙunci" (iya dainawa) ko kuma "babu ƙunci".
* "Keepsies" (ko "don riƙewa"): ɗan wasan yana riƙe duk kwallayen da ya ci.
* "Giwaye": idan aka kira shi, yana bawa ɗan wasa damar taka matakin marmara da saman ƙasa, wanda hakan ke sa ya yi wa sauran 'yan wasa wahala su buge.
* "Bombies": idan aka kira shi, yana bawa ɗan wasa damar ɗaukar matakai ɗaya ko biyu yayin da yake riƙe da marmararsa, sannan, yayin da yake rufe ido ɗaya, ya yi layi a kan ɗaya daga cikin marmarar abokin hamayyarsa ya jefar da marmarar yana ƙoƙarin buga marmarar a ƙasa.
* "Jinkirin saman": idan aka kira shi, mai harbi yana jingina da hannunsa don ya yi amfani da shi a kan wani abu da ya wuce gona da iri a kan kowane irin wuri ko cikas.
* "Taw" ko "mai harbi" gabaɗaya babban marmara ne da ake amfani da shi don harbi da shi, kuma "agwagwa" duwatsu ne da za a harba.
* Sunaye daban-daban suna nufin girman marmara. Duk wani marmara da ya fi yawancin girma ana iya kiransa dutse, bonker, cosher, goen, masher, plumper, popper, shooter, thumper, smasher, goom, noogie, taw, bumbo, crock, bumboozer, bowler, tonk, tronk, godfather, tom bowler, fourer, giant, dobber, dobbert, hogger, biggie, jumbo ko toebreaker. Marmara da ta fi yawancin girma ita ce peawee, pewee ko mini. "Kaka" ita ce babbar marmara, girman ƙwallon billiard ko ƙwallon tennis.
* Sunaye daban-daban na nau'ikan marmara daban-daban (magana game da filin wasa na yanki, [[Leicester]], UK): Marleys (marbles), prit (farin marmara), Kong (babban marmara), King Kong (ya fi bosser girma), ƙarfe (ƙwallon bearing-ball). Ana iya haɗa sunaye: misali prit-Kong (babban marmara fari).

== Nau'ikan marmara ==




Akwai nau'ikan marmara daban-daban, kuma sunaye sun bambanta daga wuri zuwa wuri. 

* Aggie - an yi shi da agate ( ''aggie'' a takaice yana nufin ''agate'' ) ko gilashi mai kama da agate, tare da siffofi daban-daban kamar a cikin titi, wanda ya shahara a Turai da Amurka
* Alley ko na gaske - an yi shi da marmara ko alabaster ( ''alley'' gajeriyar alama ce ta ''alabaster'' ), mai siffa mai launuka masu launuka masu launuka masu ban mamaki kamar su corkscrew, spiral, snake, ribbon, onyx, swirl, bumblebee, da malam buɗe ido
** Ade - zare mai launin fari mara haske, wanda ke yin lemun tsami, lemun tsami, orange, da sauransu.
** Idon kyanwa ko catseye – maƙallan ko ƙwayayen tsakiya masu launin ido kamar na tsakiya (an yi musu allura a cikin marmara) 
*** Kwallon ƙafa ta Beachball - launuka uku da ƙananan zobe shida
*** Idon Shaidan - ja da ido mai launin rawaya
* Jajayen shaidanu - tsarin launi iri ɗaya da idon shaidan amma yana juyawa
** Clambroth – layukan da ba a iya gani ba daidai a kan tushen farin madara. Ƙwayoyin da ba a iya gani ba na iya samun gilashin tushe shuɗi ko baƙi. Matsakaicin ƙima ga tsoffin marmara; launin tushe mai wuya ya fi daraja.
** Lutz – wani tsohon zane na Jamusanci, wanda aka yi da hannu, wanda ke ɗauke da madaurin ƙyalli na jan ƙarfe masu kyau waɗanda ke walƙiya kamar zinariya. An yi tunanin cewa Nicholas Lutz ne ya ƙirƙira shi da kuskure. Matsakaicin ƙima ga duwatsun gargajiya, ya danganta da takamaiman nau'in ƙirar Lutz.
** Mai ko mai - mai haske tare da bakan gizo, ƙarewar walƙiya mai haske
** Fatar Albasa – kayan gargajiya na Jamusanci da aka yi da hannu, tare da launuka masu yawa na saman da aka cika sosai. Matsakaicin farashi don kayan tarihi na tarihi.
** Opaque - sanannen marmara wanda ke zuwa da launuka da yawa
** Jini na Ox - wani yanki mai tsini kamar jini
** Lu'u-lu'u - ba ya bayyana a launi ɗaya, tare da ƙarewar lu'u-lu'u
** Man goge baki - wanda kuma aka sani da ''plainsies'' a Kanada. Yawancin lokaci yana da launin ja, shuɗi, baƙi, fari, da lemu.
** Kunkuru - ratsi masu launin kore da rawaya
* Bumblebee - marmara ta zamani, wacce aka yi da injina; galibi rawaya tare da layuka biyu baƙi a kowane gefe
* China – porcelain mai gilashi, tare da siffofi daban-daban kama da marmara mai layi. Tsarin geometric suna da ƙarancin ƙima; furanni ko wasu abubuwa da za a iya gane su na iya samun farashi mai tsada.
** Filasta - wani nau'i na china wanda ba a saka shi a cikin gilashi ba
* An yi shi da yumbu ko na gama gari - an yi shi da yumbu; launin halitta ko launin monochrome. An yi shi da adadi mai yawa a ƙarni na sha tara da farkon ƙarni na ashirin.
** Bennington - yumbu da ake amfani da shi a cikin murhu mai gishiri - yawanci launin ruwan kasa ne, sau da yawa shuɗi. Sauran launuka ba su da yawa. Ƙimarsu kaɗan ce.
** Crock - an yi shi da yumbun kayan kawa ( ƙasa )
* Croton alley ko jasper - gilashin gilashi mai haske da ba a saka ba, an yi masa ado da shuɗi
* Crystal ko clearie ko purie – kowace gilashi mai launi mai haske – gami da “opals,” “glimmers,” “jini,” “rubies,” da sauransu. Waɗannan na iya samun sunaye iri-iri kamar “teku mai shuɗi mai zurfi”, “wata mai shuɗi”, “fatalwa kore”, “kwalba tagulla”, “Maryamu mai jini”.
** Gimbiya - lu'ulu'u mai launi
** Galaxy - marmara ta zamani, wacce aka yi da injina; an saka ɗigo da yawa don su yi kama da sararin taurari
* Indiya - marmarar Jamus ta gargajiya, wadda aka yi da hannu; duhu da rashin haske, yawanci baƙi ne, tare da ƙungiyoyin launuka masu rufewa; yawanci fari, da launuka ɗaya ko fiye. Hakanan yana iya samun launuka da yawa kamar shuɗi, kore da ja. Matsakaicin farashi don marmarar gargajiya.
* Mica - wani dutse na Jamus da aka yi da hannu; mai gilashi zuwa mai haske tare da zare ko faci na mica, daga haske zuwa hazo. Darajar ta dogara ne akan launin gilashi.
* Karfe - an yi shi da ƙarfe; ana yin ƙarfe ta hanyar gargajiya daga wani yanki mai faɗi na ƙarfe da aka naɗe shi cikin wani yanki kuma yana nuna giciye inda kusurwoyin suka haɗu, amma sauran nau'ikan ƙarfe sune bearings na ƙarfe masu ƙarfi.
* Sulphide - marmarar Jamus ta gargajiya, da aka yi da hannu; babba (  ko fiye) siffar gilashi mai haske mai ƙaramin mutum-mutumi ko siffar da ke ciki. Mafi yawan su ne dabbobin gida kamar karnuka, kuliyoyi, shanu, da sauransu; sannan dabbobin daji; siffofin ɗan adam ba su da yawa; abubuwa marasa rai kamar jirgin ƙasa ko agogon aljihu suna da matuƙar tsada kuma suna da tsada sosai. Hotunan ciki an yi su ne da farin yumbu ko kaolin, kuma suna kama da launin azurfa saboda hasken haske. Sulphide mai siffar gilashi mai launi, ko kuma mai siffar da aka fenti a ciki, shi ma yana da matuƙar wuya kuma yana kawo farashi mai tsada. Kamar sauran nau'ikan marmara na gargajiya, an sake haifar da sulphides kuma an yi su da yawa.
* Swirly - marmara gama gari da aka yi da gilashi mai launin juyawa ɗaya
* Mai harbi - kowane marmara amma a girman da ya fi girma
* Damisa - bayyananne tare da ratsi masu launin orange-rawaya
* Jariri - fari da launuka a bayyane a waje
* Tom Bowler - babban marmara mai gilashi aƙalla ninki biyu na girman marmara na yau da kullun

=== Marbles na fasaha ===
 
Lu'ulu'u na fasaha lu'ulu'u ne masu inganci waɗanda ake tattarawa daga motsi na gilashin fasaha. Wani lokaci ana kiransu da lu'ulu'u na gilashi na zamani don bambanta su da lu'ulu'u na gargajiya da za a tattara, kuma su ne ayyukan gilashin fasaha masu siffar zagaye.

Ana yin marmara na zamani da ake tattarawa galibi a Amurka ta hanyar masu fasaha daban-daban kamar Josh Simpson .

Marmarar zane-zane yawanci suna da nisan  a diamita (girman da aka fi sani da "mai karya ƙafa"), amma yana iya bambanta, ya danganta da mai zane da kuma rubutun.

== Tattara marmara ==

Masu wasan marmara galibi suna girma don tattara marmara bayan sun girma fiye da yadda ake tsammani. Ana rarraba marmara ta abubuwa da yawa, ciki har da yanayi, girma, nau'i, masana'anta/ [[Mai sana'a|masana'anta]], shekaru, salo, kayan aiki, ƙarancin kaya, da kuma wanzuwar marufi na asali (wanda aka ƙara ƙima dangane da yanayi). Darajar marmara galibi ana ƙayyade ta nau'i, girma, yanayi da jan hankali, tare da dokar wadata da buƙata. Ana iya kimanta marmara masu muni, amma marasa inganci kamar waɗanda ke da inganci sosai. Duk da haka, wannan shine banda, maimakon ƙa'ida, kuma yawanci "yanayi shine sarki" idan ana maganar marmara. Duk wani lalacewar saman (wanda aka gano ta hanyar gilashin da ya ɓace, kamar guntu ko ramuka) yawanci yana rage darajar littafin da kashi 50% ko fiye.

Saboda kasuwa mai yawa, akwai kasuwanci da yawa da suka taso kamar littattafai da jagorori da yawa, shafukan yanar gizo da aka keɓe don gwanjon marmara kai tsaye, da kuma tarurrukan tattarawa. Bugu da ƙari, masu sana'ar gilashi da yawa suna samar da marmara na fasaha don kasuwar masu tattarawa kawai, wasu kuma suna sayarwa akan dubban daloli. 

== Masana'antu ==

Ana yin marmara ta amfani da dabaru da dama. Ana iya rarraba su zuwa nau'i biyu na gama gari: na hannu da na injina.

Asalin marmara an yi su ne da hannu. Ana iya yin marmara na dutse ko hauren giwa ta hanyar niƙa. Ana iya yin marmara na yumbu, tukwane, yumbu, ko porcelain ta hanyar naɗe kayan zuwa ƙwallo, sannan a bar su su bushe, ko kuma a harba su, sannan a bar su a zahiri, a fenti su, ko a yi musu fenti . Marmarar yumbu, wacce aka fi sani da ''marmara'' ko ''commies'' ( ''na kowa'' ), an yi ta ne da yumbu mai ɗan rami, wanda aka saba da shi daga yumbu na gida ko sauran kayan ƙasa ("kayan kasko"), an naɗe su zuwa ƙwallo, sannan a yi musu gilashi a wuta a ɗan zafi, suna ƙirƙirar wani yanki mara kyau wanda galibi ana sayar da shi azaman marmara "tsohuwar lokaci". Ana iya yin marmara na gilashi ta hanyar samar da sandunan gilashi waɗanda aka haɗa su wuri ɗaya don samar da tsarin da ake so, a yanka sandar zuwa guntu masu girman marmara ta amfani da almakashi na marmara, da kuma zagaye gilashin da har yanzu ba a iya canzawa ba. 

Wata dabara ta injiniya ita ce a zuba gilashin da aka narke a cikin wani rami da aka yi da sukurori biyu masu layi daya. Yayin da sukurori ke juyawa, marmara tana tafiya tare da su, a hankali ana siffanta ta zuwa wani yanki yayin da take sanyaya. Ana ƙara launi a cikin babban gilashin da kuma ƙarin kwararar gilashi waɗanda aka haɗa su da babban rafi ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Misali, a cikin salon "idon kyanwa", ana allurar jijiyoyin gilashi masu launi a cikin babban rafi mai haske. Sanya gilashin launuka masu tsada a saman gilashin mai haske ko fari mai rahusa shi ma wata dabara ce da aka saba amfani da ita.

A halin yanzu, babbar masana'antar yin amfani da marmara ita ce Vacor de Mexico. An kafa kamfanin a shekarar 1934, yanzu yana samar da kashi 90 cikin 100 na marmara na duniya.  Ana samar da sama da miliyan 12 kowace rana.

== A cikin al'adun jama'a ==

* A cikin jerin ''[[Squid Game|wasannin Squid]]'' [[Netflix|na Netflix]] na 2021, shi ne wasa na huɗu a gasar. Wasan mai hatsari ya ƙunshi 'yan wasa su zaɓi abokin tarayya ɗaya wanda za su yi wasan marmara da suka zaɓa, tare da kashe waɗanda suka sha kashi, kuma waɗanda suka yi nasara za su ci gaba zuwa wasa na gaba. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

## Masana'antun injin Amurka

* MF Christensen (1904-1917) 
* Kamfanin Akro Agate (1911-1951)  
* Christensen Agate (1925–1933) 
* Kamfanin Gilashin Peltier (1927–2002) 
* Ravenswood (1928–1955) 
* Alley Agate (1929–1947) 
* Gilashin Jagora (1930–1974) 
* Kamfanin Vitro Agate (1932–2004)  
* Kamfanin Gilashin Kokomo Opalescent (1939–1942) 
* Alox (1930s zuwa 1940s) 
* Kamfanin Jackson Marble (1945–1946) 
* Kamfanin Playrite Marble and Novelty (1940–1947) 
* Kamfanin Novelty na Alkahira (1946–1952) 
* Kamfanin Heaton Agate (1946–1971) 
* Davis Marble Works (1947–1948) 
* Marble King (1949–current) 
* CE Bogard & Sons (1971-1986) 
* Tsakiyar Tekun Atlantika ta Yammacin Virginia (1990–2004) 
* JABO, Inc. (1991-2021) 
* Sammy's Mountain Marbles (2012–na yanzu)
* Dave's Appalachian Swirls (2014–yanzu)

## Wasanni masu alaƙa

### Wasanin bidiyo

* *Marble Madness* (1984), wasan Atari inda 'yan wasa ke fafatawa da juna har zuwa layin ƙarshe
* *Oxyd* (1991), wasan Amiga, Atari ST, da Macintosh
* *Marble Drop* (1997), wasan kwamfuta inda 'yan wasa ke sanya marmara a cikin wani abu mai rikitarwa don ƙoƙarin warware wasanin gwada ilimi.
* *Lose Your Marbles* (1997), wasan wasan PC inda 'yan wasa ke jera duwatsu masu launi iri ɗaya don ƙara duwatsu masu daraja a kan allon ɗayan ɗan wasan sannan daga ƙarshe su toshe allonsu.
* *Marble Blast Gold* (2003), wasan mutum na uku "zuwa ƙarshe" don PC da Xbox ; wani wasan gaba, *Marble Blast Ultra* (2006), an sake shi daga baya don Xbox 360.
* *Balance* (2004), wasa don PC
* *Switchball* (2007), wasa ne na PC da Xbox 360
* *Sirri* (2007)
* *Duniya Ta Ƙare da Kai* (2007) da *Neo: Duniya Ta Ƙare da Kai* (2021) wasanni ne masu taka rawa waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙaramin wasan kwaikwayo irin na marmara da aka buga tare da tambarin fil mai suna "Tin Pin Slammer" ko "Marble Slash"
* *[[Marbles on Stream]]* (2018), wasan tsere na marmara wanda aka yi shi don a watsa shi kai tsaye akan *Twitch (sabis)*
* *Marble It Up* (2018), magajin ruhaniya na *Marble Blast Ultra*

### Wani

## Duba kuma

* Ƙwallon dutse da aka sassaka
* duwatsun Cherokee
* Sassaka ƙwallon birgima
* Croquet
* Zaɓe a Gambia . Masu zaɓe sun yi watsi da ƙuri'ar zaɓen ɗan takara.
* Jelle's Marble Runs, tashar YouTube da ke nuna tseren marmara da abubuwan da suka faru.
* *Ohajiki*, wani wasa makamancin haka na Japan

## Bayanan kula

## Manazarta