Muhalli na Magnetism

**Muhalli Magnetism**  shine nazarin magnetism kamar yadda yake da alaƙa da tasirin yanayi, jigilar turɓaya, gurɓataccen yanayi da sauran tasirin muhalli akan ma'adanai na magnetic. Yana amfani da dabaru daga dutsen magnetism da Magnetic Mineralogy. Ana amfani da kaddarorin magnetic na ma'adanai a matsayin wakilai don canjin muhalli a aikace-aikace kamar paleoclimate, paleoceanography, nazarin asalin turɓaya, gurɓata da ilimin kimiyyar tarihi. Babban fa'idodi na amfani da ma'aunin magnetic shine cewa ma'adanai na magnetic kusan suna ko'ina kuma ma'auni na magnetic suna da sauri kuma ba su da haɗari.

## Tarihi
An fara gano *Magnetism na muhalli* a matsayin wani yanki na musamman a cikin 1978 kuma an gabatar da shi ga masu sauraro da yawa ta littafin Environmental Magnetism a cikin 1986.  Tun daga wannan lokacin ya girma da sauri, yana samun aikace-aikace a ciki kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga fannoni daban-daban, musamman paleoclimate, sedimentology, paleoceanography, da nazarin gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin cuta.

## Abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci
An gina magnetism akan muhalli na sassa biyu na magnetism na dutse: Magnetic mineralogy, wanda ke kallon yadda ainihin abubuwan maganadisu suka dogara da abun da ke ciki;  da Magnetic hysteresis, wanda zai iya ba da cikakkun bayanai game da girman barbashi da sauran kaddarorin jiki waɗanda suma suka shafi hysteresis.  An ɓullo da sigogi da yawa kamar su yiwuwar maganadisu da nau'ikan wanzuwa iri-iri don wakiltar wasu fasalulluka na ɗabi'a.  Ana amfani da waɗannan sigogi don kimanta girman ma'adinai da abun da ke ciki.  Babban masu ba da gudummawa ga abubuwan magnetic na duwatsu sune baƙin ƙarfe oxides, ciki har da magnetite, maghemite, hematite;  da baƙin ƙarfe sulfide (musamman greigite da pyrrhotite).  Wadannan ma'adanai suna da ƙarfin maganadisu saboda, a cikin zafin jiki, ana yin odar su ta hanyar maganadisu (magnetite, maghemite da greigite ferrimagnets ne yayin da hematite ke zama antiferromagnet na canted).

Don danganta ma'aunin magnetic ga muhalli, masu ilimin magnetic na muhalli sun gano matakai daban-daban waɗanda ke haifar da kowane ma'adinai na magnetic. Wadannan sun hada da rushewa, sufuri, konewar man fetur, da kuma samar da kwayar cuta. Wannan na ƙarshe ya haɗa da hazo na waje da kuma samar da Magnetosomes ta hanyar kwayoyin cuta na magnetotactic.

## Aikace-aikacen
An yi amfani da ma'aunin magnetic don bincika yanayin da ya gabata. Misali na gargajiya shine nazarin loess, wanda shine ƙurar da iska ta hura daga gefen kankara da gefen hamada. A arewa maso tsakiyar kasar Sin, bargo na loess da aka ajiye a lokacin glacial suna canzawa tare da paleosols (ƙasa mai burbushin halittu) wanda aka kafa a lokacin zafi da rigar interglacials. An tsara bayanan magnetic na waɗannan sediments ta amfani da Magnetostratigraphy, wanda ke gano juyawa na geomagnetic, kuma yana da alaƙa da alamun yanayi kamar matakan isotope na oxygen. Daga ƙarshe, wannan aikin ya ba da damar masu kula da muhalli su tsara bambance-bambance a cikin sake zagayowar ruwan sama a lokacin Quaternary. Hakanan ana iya amfani da ma'aunin magnetic na sediments na lacustrine don sake gina hanyoyin da ke da alaƙa da yanayin da ya gabata.

## Manazarta