Al'adun Gargajiya na Indiya

Wasu daga cikin shahararrun fasahar gargajiya da kabilanci na Indiya sune:

Daidaito tsakanin addinai da addinai a addinin Hindu yana gabatar da dalili ko bayanin da ke bayan ayyukan addini na gida kuma ya ƙunshi tatsuniyoyi na gida waɗanda ke bayyana al'adu ko bukukuwan addini. Al'adun gargajiya da yawa a Indiya suna rayuwa ta hanyar al'adar baki. 

## Fasahar gargajiya ta Indiya
Fasahar gargajiya da ta ƙabila a Indiya tana nuna gadar ƙasar mai albarka.  Fasahar Indiya tana da matuƙar sauƙi da haske. Fasahar gargajiya ta ƙunshi nau'ikan nau'ikan daban-daban kamar salon Mughal, salon Rajasthan, salon Nakashi da sauransu. Kowace nau'in tana da haɗin launi ko siffa ta musamman da halayenta. Sauran shahararrun fasahar gargajiya sun haɗa da fasahar Madhubani da zane-zanen Bhojpuri a Bihar, zane-zanen Kangra a Himachal Pradesh da zane-zanen Warli a Maharashtra. Ana amfani da ainihin zinare a zane-zanen Tanjore a Kudancin Indiya. Bikin baje kolin gida, bukukuwa, alloli da alloli da jarumai (mayaƙa) suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a wannan fasaha. A tarihi, manyan kabilu ne suka yi waɗannan fasaha amma a yau sun shahara a duk faɗin duniya.
 
Indiya tana da tarin waƙoƙin jarumtaka da almara da aka adana ta hanyar al'adar baki a cikin Sanskrit da harsunan gargajiya daban-daban. Dr. John Smith daga Rajasthan ya tattara wani irin wannan almara na baki wanda ke ba da labarin Pabuji; Wannan wata doguwar waƙa ce a cikin Rajasthan, wacce ƙwararrun masu ba da labari suka bayar da labarinta a al'ada da ake kira 'bhopas'. Suna ba da labarin a gaban wani zane da ke nuna halayen labarin tare da rakiyar wani kayan kida mai suna 'Ravanahatho' Babban halinsa shine wani yarima na tarihi na Rajput, wanda aka yi masa mu'amala da shi kamar allah a Rajasthan. 

* Zanen Tanjo
* Zane-zanen Madhubani ko Mithila
* Zane-zanen Bhojpuri
* Zane mai tsarki
* Zanen Worley na Jama'a
* Screenshots
* Zane-zanen Rajasthan Ƙarami
* Kalamezhuthu

## Al'adun Indiya

Manyan tarin labaran gargajiya na Indiya sun haɗa da Panchatantra, tarin labaran gargajiya da Vishnu Sharma ya rubuta a ƙarni na biyu kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. Hitopadesha na Narayan Pandit tarin tatsuniyoyi ne na dabbobi masu tausayi waɗanda aka tattara a cikin Sanskrit a ƙarni na tara.

Garba da Dandia Ras na Gujarat, Sambalpuri dance na Orissa, Chou dance, Alkap da Gambhira na West Bengal, Bihu na Assam, Jhumur (Ghoomar) na Rajasthan da Haryana, Bhangra da Gidda na Punjab, Dhangar na Goa, Panthi dance na Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra dance na Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra Elements na daban  Kummicha Elements. Kargattam na Tamil Nadu, Kolattam na Andhra Pradesh, Yakshagana na Karnataka, Thirayattam na Kerala  da Chang Lo na Nagaland an samo su ne daga tatsuniyoyi, tatsuniyoyi da canje-canjen yanayi.

A cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata, masana tatsuniyoyin gargajiya na Indiya sun ba da gudummawa mai yawa ga nazarin al'adun gargajiya. Devendra Satyarthi, Krishnadev Upadhyay, Praful Datta Goswami, Kunj Bihari Das, Ashutosh Bhattacharya da sauran manyan masana tatsuniyoyin gargajiya sun ba da gudummawa ga nazarin tatsuniyoyin gargajiya. Tun daga shekarun 1970, wasu masana tatsuniyoyin gargajiya sun yi karatu a jami'o'in Amurka kuma sun sami horo a kan ka'idoji na zamani da hanyoyin binciken tatsuniyoyin gargajiya, wanda ya fara wani sabon salo a nazarin tatsuniyoyin gargajiya a Indiya. Jami'o'i a Kudancin Indiya, musamman, sun jaddada fannin ilimi na al'adun gargajiya. A.K. Ramanujan yana ɗaya daga cikin irin waɗannan mutanen da suka yi nazarin al'adun gargajiya daga mahallin Indiya.

An ƙarfafa nazarin tatsuniyoyi ta hanyar masanin tatsuniyoyi na ƙasar Finland Lauri Honko da kuma masanin tatsuniyoyi na Amurka Peter J. Klaus. Waɗannan ƙwararru biyu sun gudanar da bincike a fagen 'Siri Epic' kuma sun nuna sabbin hanyoyi ga masu bincike na Indiya. Cibiyar Harsunan Indiya ta Tsakiya ta kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka nazarin al'adun Indiya.

Kwanan nan, Chitrasen Pasayat, M D Muthukumaraswamy, Vivek Roy, Jawaharlal Handu, Virendra Nath Dutt, P C Pattanaik, B Reddy, Sadhana Nathani, P Chubachari, Molly Kaushal, Shyam Sundar Mahapatra, Bhavagrahi Mishra da sauran sabbin masana tatsuniyoyi suna da ƙarfi wanda ke wakiltar tunawa da muryar mutane wanda ya ba da gudummawa wajen tsara nazarin tatsuniyoyi a matsayin fanni. Cibiyar Tallafawa Tatsuniyoyi ta Ƙasa da ke Chennai ta ɗauki matakai don yaɗa al'adun tatsuniyoyi da haɗa al'umma da ilimi.

## Jaruman al'adun Indiya, mugaye da kuma jarumai masu wayo
Jaruman gargajiya na Indiya sun haɗa da Rama (daga Ramayana) da Krishna (daga Mahabharata). An san su sosai a duk faɗin ƙasar kuma ana bauta musu a al'ada a matsayin alloli. Kowace al'umma mai alaƙa da ƙabila tana da jaruman gargajiya. Jaruman al'adun Chaotal sune Bir Kherwal da Bidu Chandan. Jarumin gargajiya na Gonds shine Chital Singh Satti. Jarumin gargajiya na Banjara shine Lakha Banjara ko Raja Ichalu. Littattafan Banjara galibi suna ɗauke da haruffa mata. 

Littattafan almara na baka galibi suna da sigar al'adun gargajiya na yankuna daban-daban, waɗanda abubuwan da suka faru suka bambanta da labaran gargajiya. Wani lokaci ana bauta wa jaruman al'adu kuma ana bauta musu a ƙauyen. A al'adun al'adun Indiya, babu bambanci sosai tsakanin jarumi na tatsuniyoyi da jarumi na soyayya. A Kalahandi, ana samun labaran almara na baki a tsakanin mawaƙan ƙabila, waɗanda aka yi su a cikin mahallin addini da zamantakewa. An yi nazari sosai kan nau'ikan yatra na gargajiya da ƙabila daban-daban, kamar Dhanu Yatra da Sunia Yatra, kuma an binciki 'halayen jarumai' waɗanda a lokuta da yawa suka zama alloli na gida. 

Littattafan Indiya na baka sun yi yawa kuma ƙasashe da yawa suna da nasu waƙoƙin na baka. An gudanar da bincike mai zurfi da bincike kan waƙoƙin Tulu 'Siri Epic'. Yawancin ƙabilun Indiya suna da nasu littattafan kuma littattafai da yawa kamar su littattafan Tulu da littattafan Pabuji sun sami karbuwa sosai saboda buga fassarar Turanci. 

A karkarar Kerala, akwai wata al'ada da ake kira 'Odiyan' inda wasu mutane suka yi iƙirarin cewa za su iya sanya tsoro a zukatan mutane har su mutu ta hanyar amfani da wata dabara mai suna 'Otiviki'   Odiyan wani mutum ne mai suna a cikin al'adun gargajiya na Kerala, wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin ɗan rabi-mutum da rabi-dabba wanda ke saba da tituna da daddare.  Waɗannan Odiyan suna amfani da takamaiman ganye a wasu sassan jikinsu, suna yin sihiri, kuma suna canza kansu zuwa dabbobi daban-daban, kamar bijimai, bijimai, ko diloli, bisa ga burinsu. 

## Manazarta