Genyornis

***Genyornis newtoni*** wani nau'in bacewa ne na manya, tsuntsu mara tashi wanda ya rayu a Ostiraliya a lokacin Pleistocene Epoch har kusan shekaru 50,000 da suka gabata. Fiye da mita biyu a tsayi, sun kasance masu ban sha'awa .  Yawancin sauran nau'ikan megafauna na Australiya sun zama batattu a Ostiraliya a kusa da wancan lokacin, daidai da zuwan mutane. Shine sanannen memba na ƙarshe na dangin Dromornithidae da ba su da tashiwa wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na dabbobin nahiyar Australiya sama da shekaru miliyan 30. Ba su da dangantaka ta kut-da-kut da ratsi irin su emus, kuma danginsu na kusa ana zaton tsuntsaye ne .

## Taxonomy
An fara bayyana nau'in nau'in a cikin 1896 ta Edward Charles Stirling da AHC Zeitz, marubutan suna ba da epithet *newtoni* ga farfesa na Cambridge Alfred Newton . An samo sunan jinsin daga tsohuwar Girkanci *γένυς* ( *génus* ) 'jaw; chin' da *ὄρνις* ( *órnis* ) 'tsuntsaye', saboda girman girman ƙananan mandible.  Samfurin na hagu femur .   An same shi a tafkin Callabona a Kudancin Ostiraliya . Zietz ne ya yi wannan tono kuma ya bayyana shi. An ba da rahoton bayanin tonowar a cikin *yanayi*   wanda kuma ya gano kayan da aka gane a matsayin marsupials.

An lura da gutsuttsuran burbushin halittu masu yawa a cikin yumbu da ke kewaye da kau da burbushin halittu, sa'an nan cikakkun samfurori da suka haɗa da mahimman shaida na crania sun fito daga wurin. Takardar da aka yi bitar a baya da aka kwatanta burbushin halittu na "tsuntsaye masu gaskiya  jimina -kamar] a Ostiraliya", wanda ko dai an sanya su zuwa tsohuwar emus na *Dromaius* ko kuma kawai nau'in *Dromornis* da aka kwatanta, *D. australis* Owen. 

Wasika daga George Hurst game da gano wani ɓangaren kwarangwal na nau'in ya faɗakar da Stirling game da wanzuwarsa a cikin 1893. 

Ana iya taƙaita wurin sanya wannan nau'in dromornithid kamar:

Dromornithidae (jinin 8 a cikin nau'ikan 4) 

## Bayani

*Genyornis newtoni* ya kasance matsakaicin dromornithid mai tsayi mai tsayi, yana auna har zuwa  tsayi da nauyin , ko da yake ƙididdigar yawan jiki na iya bambanta dangane da hanyoyi daban-daban.  Yayin da ya fi *[[Ilbandornis]]* girma, bai kai tsayi da nauyin *[[Dromornis stirtoni]]* ko *[[Dromornis planei]]* ba .  An gano burbushin nau'ikan da suka rage a cikin fage, kuma ba a gano wani nau'in dromornithid a cikin wannan jihar ba. Haka kuma an danganta ragowar ƙwai da wannan nau'in. An gano gastroliths mallakar wadannan dabbobi tare da gawarwakinsu, lamarin da ya bayyana wurin burbushin halittu a wasu lokutan. 

Kafin 2024, sake gina kwanyar *Genyornis* ya kasance da farko bisa na danginsa na kusa, saboda lalacewar yanayin holotype. Duk da haka, nazarin 2024 game da ilimin halin kwakwalwa na *Genyornis*, wanda ya hada da kwanyar da aka gano da kyau a kwanan nan, ya gano bayyanar jiki na shugaban *Genyornis* ya bambanta fiye da yadda aka yi imani da shi a baya. Wato, lissafin da aka samu ya fi Goose -kamar, tare da tashe casque triangular. Wannan lissafin kamar Goose ya bambanta da ma sauran mihirungs, kuma yana iya zama ƙwarewa don ciyar da ciyayi na ruwa. Sauran yuwuwar daidaitawa ga salon ciyarwar ruwa na iya ba da damar kariya ga kunnuwa da makogwaro lokacin nutsar da kawunansu cikin ruwa.  

## Rarrabawa
An samo wannan mihirung a wurare a Kudancin Ostiraliya, New South Wales, Queensland da Yammacin Ostiraliya, tun daga lokacin Pleistocene Epoch. *Genyornis newtoni* shine kawai nau'in dromornithid da aka sani ya wanzu a lokacin Pleistocene. 

## Kashewa

Manyan ra'ayoyi guda biyu suna ba da shawarar dalilin bacewar megafauna - tasirin ɗan adam da canjin yanayi. An gudanar da wani bincike wanda sama da 700 *Genyornis* eggshell aka yi kwanan wata.  Ta hanyar wannan, an ƙaddara cewa *Genyornis* ya ƙi kuma ya zama bace a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci - ya yi takaice don a iya bayyana shi a fili ta hanyar bambancin yanayi . Marubutan sun yi la'akari da wannan a matsayin wata alama mai kyau da ke nuna cewa gaba dayan taron halakar jama'a a Ostiraliya ya kasance saboda ayyukan ɗan adam, maimakon sauyin yanayi.

Wani bincike na 2015 ya tattara guntuwar kwai na *Genyornis* daga wurare kusan 200 waɗanda ke nuna alamun kuna.  Binciken amino acid a cikin kwandon kwai ya nuna yanayin zafi daidai da ƙwan da aka sanya a kan wuta. An yi lissafin bawoyin kwai tsakanin shekaru 53.9 da 43.4 BP, wanda ke nuna cewa mutane suna tattarawa da dafa ƙwai *na Genyornis* a cikin dubban shekaru kafin bacewar su. Wani bincike da aka yi daga baya ya nuna cewa ƙwai a zahiri na cikin ƙaton malleefowl ne, nau'in megapode da batattu .  

Wani bincike na 2022 yayi nazari akan jerin furotin na waɗannan kwai da ba a tantance su ba kuma, ta hanyar nazarin halittu, ya kammala cewa zuriyar da ta samar da waɗannan ƙwai sun bambanta kafin fitowar megapodes, yana goyan bayan ma'anar da ta gabata cewa ƙwai da ake tambaya shine *Genyornis ne ya samar.*  Marubutan sun lura cewa yin amfani da ƙwai na *Genyornis* yana kama da yadda ɗan adam ya yi amfani da ƙwai na jimina a baya a cikin Pleistocene a Arewacin Afirka, Larabawa Larabawa, Kudu maso Yamma da Arewacin Asiya, da Indiya da China a yau, kodayake sun kasa tantance gwargwadon yadda ɗan adam ke hulɗa da *Genyornis* . 

Wani bincike na 2021 ya gano cewa, idan ana cinye ƙwai *na Genyornis* daidai gwargwado ga ƙwai na emu da kuma brushturkey na Ostiraliya, to da *Genyornis* ya zama bace a ƙananan ƙimar yawan amfani fiye da waɗannan tsuntsayen da ke wanzuwa. 

A watan Mayun 2010, masu binciken kayan tarihi sun ba da sanarwar sake gano wani zanen zanen dutse na Aboriginal, mai yiwuwa mai shekaru 40,000, a wurin zane-zane na dutse na Nawarla Gabarmung a yankin Arewa, cewa sun ba da shawarar ya nuna wasu mutane biyu *na Genyornis* .  A cikin 2011, an ba da shawarar ƙarshen rayuwar *Genyornis* a kudu maso yammacin Victoria, bisa al'adun Aboriginal.  Wani binciken da aka yi a baya ya nuna cewa zanen ba zai iya zama fiye da shekaru 14,000 ba, tsawon lokaci bayan da ake tunanin tsuntsu ya ɓace,   kuma ba za a iya bambanta ta hanyar ilimin halitta ba daga hotunan wasu tsuntsaye. 

A cikin binciken 2022, shaidun burbushin halittu sun nuna cewa yawan mutanen *Genyornis* a tafkin Callabonna sun mutu kusan shekaru 50,000 da suka gabata, yayin da tafkin ya bushe yayin da yanayin ya canza kuma ya zama bushewa. Tsuntsayen da aka kwato daga wurin da alama sun fi kamuwa da cutar osteomyelitis, sakamakon makalewa a cikin laka na gadon tafkin da ke bushewa yayin da ruwan ke ja da baya. Daga ƙarshe, lokacin da tafkin ya bushe, an bar jama'a ba tare da babban tushen ruwa ba kuma daga baya sun mutu. 

Wani bincike na 2024 na ilimin halittar kwanyar *Genyornis* ya gano abubuwan da suka dace don ciyar da tsire-tsire na ruwa, yana mai da su kusanci da wuraren zama na ruwa. Dogaro da waɗannan wuraren zama na iya sa nau'in ya zama masu rauni na musamman ga asarar tafkunan ruwa a lokacin busasshiyar Ostiraliya a lokacin ƙarshen Pleistocene, wanda zai iya haifar da bacewarsa.  

## Manazarta