Yanayin Kazakhstan

**Kazakhstan** tana cikin Asiya ta Tsakiya, tare da Kazakhstan" karamin yanki a Gabashin Turai. Tare da yanki na kimanin  kilomita 2,724,900 (1,052,100 sq  Kazakhstan ita ce ƙasa ta tara mafi girma a duniya, fiye da sau biyu girman girman sauran jihohin Asiya ta Tsakiya guda huɗu kuma 60% ya fi Alaska girma. Kasar tana da iyaka da Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, da Kyrgyzstan a kudu; Rasha a arewa; Rasha da Tekun Caspian a yamma; da Yankin Xinjiang Uygur na kasar Sin a gabas.

## Yankin da iyakoki

A cewar CIA World Factbook kimantawa: 

; Area
:* Total: 
:** *country rank in the world*: 9th
:* Land: 
:* Water: 

; Yankin kwatankwacin
:* Kwatanta Ostiraliya: dan kadan ya fi Yammacin Ostiraliya
:* Kwatanta Kanada: dan kadan kasa da 1 + 2⁠ sau girman Nunavut 
:* Kwatanta Amurka: kusan 3/5⁠ ya fi Alaska girma 

; Yankunan ƙasa
:* Jimillar: kilomita 13,364 (8,304  
:* Kasashen iyaka: Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (zuwa kudu maso gabas) kilomita 1,765 (1,097 mi) Kyrgyzstan (zuwa kudu gabas) kilometres 1,212 (753 mi) Rasha (zuwa arewa) kilomita 7,644 (4,750 mi) Turkmenistan (zuwa kudu yamma) kilomita 413 (257 mi) Uzbekistan (zuwa kudanci) kilomita 2,330 (1,450 mi).
:** Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (zuwa kudu maso gabas) kilomita 1,765 (1,097  
:** Kyrgyzstan (zuwa kudu maso gabas) kilomita 1,212 (753  
:** Rasha (zuwa arewa) kilomita 7,644 (4,750  
:** Turkmenistan (zuwa kudu maso yamma) kilomita 413 (257  
:** Uzbekistan (zuwa kudu) kilomita 2,330 (1,450 .
; Yankin bakin teku
:* 0 km (0 mi) Lura: Kazakhstan tana kan iyaka da Tekun Caspian. Yankin bakin tekun tare da Tekun Caspian yana da kilomita 1,894 ko mil 1,177.
:** Lura: Kazakhstan tana da iyaka da Tekun Caspian. Yankin bakin tekun tare da Tekun Caspian yana da kilomita 1,894 ko mil 1,177.
; Da'awar teku
:* Rashin jituwa na kan iyaka da Rasha, Azerbaijan, da Turkmenistan

; Babban tsawo
:* Matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci: Karagiye Rashin lafiya - mita 132 (-433  
:* Matsayi mafi girma: Khan Tengri mita 6,995 (22,949  

## Ƙasashe
Fiye da kashi uku cikin huɗu (75%) na ƙasar, gami da dukan yamma da mafi yawan kudu, ko dai hamada ce (kashi 33.2) ko hamada (kashi 44).

:* Hamada: 44% (1,198,956 km2) 
:* Semi-desert: 14% (381,486 km2) 
:* Steppe: 2% (708,474 km2) 
:* dazuzzuka: kawai 5.5% (149,870 km2) 
:* Hamada + rabin hamada: 58% (1,580,442 km2) 
:* Hamada + rabin hamada + tsaunuka: 84% (2,288,916 km2) 

### Amfani da ƙasa
A cewar CIA World Factbook kimantawa: 

; Yankin noma 77.4% (2011) 
:* Yankin noma: 8.9%
:* amfanin gona na dindindin: 0%
:* Filaye na dindindin: 68.5%
:* Dajin: 1.2%
:* Sauran: 21.4%

; Ƙasar da ake ban ruwa (2012) 
:* 2,660 km2

### Hamada

# Aral Karakum Desert 40,000 km2
# Dajin Aralkum
# Dajin Barsuki
# Betpak-Dala 75,000 km2
# Kyzylkum Desert 2,000 km2
# Jejin Moiynkum 37,500 km2
# Ryn Desert 40,000 km2
# Hamada ta Saryesik-Atyrau
# Taukum 10,000 km2
# Ustyurt Plateau 2,000 km2

## Yanayin ƙasa da magudanar ruwa

Akwai bambancin yanayin ƙasa a cikin Kazakhstan. Matsayi mafi girma shine saman dutsen Khan Tengri, a kan iyakar Kyrgyz da China a cikin kewayon Tian Shan, tare da tsawo na    ( m (23,000  tare da kankara) sama da matakin teku; mafi ƙasƙanci shine kasan Karagiye depression a    ƙasa da matakin teku, a lardin Mangystau gabashin Tekun Caspian. Yawancin ƙasar suna tsakanin 200-300   sama da matakin teku, amma bakin tekun Caspian na Kazakhstan ya haɗa da wasu daga cikin mafi ƙasƙanci a Duniya.

Yawancin tsaunuka na Altay da Tien Shan suna rufe da dusar ƙanƙara, duk shekara, kuma runoff ɗin su shine tushen mafi yawan koguna, rafi, da tabkuna na Kazakhstan. Yankin Almaty na Kazakhstan kuma gida ne ga tsaunin dutsen Mynzhylky.

Sai dai kogin Tobol, Ishim, da Irtysh (sunayen Kazakh waɗanda suke, bi da bi, Tobyl, Esil, da Ertis), ɓangarorin da ke gudana ta Kazakhstan, duk koguna da rafi na Kazakhstan suna cikin tsarin da ba a rufe su ba. Ko dai suna gudana cikin ruwa mai zaman kansa kamar Tekun Caspian ko kuma kawai sun ɓace cikin tsaunuka da hamada na tsakiya da kudancin Kazakhstan. Koguna da yawa, rafi, da tabkuna na yanayi ne, suna narkewa a lokacin rani. Mafi girman ruwa guda uku sune Tafkin Balkhash, wani tafki mai ɗanɗano, wani tafkin gishiri a gabas, kusa da Almaty, Tekun Caspian, da Tekun Aral, dukansu suna cikin Kazakhstan.

Kimanin kashi 9.4 cikin dari na ƙasar Kazakhstan sun haɗu da gandun daji da gandun dajin da ba su da itace, da farko a arewa ko a cikin kwandon Kogin Ural a yamma. Fiye da kashi uku cikin hudu na kasar, gami da duk yamma da mafi yawan kudu, ko dai hamada ce (kashi 33.2) ko hamada (kashi 44). Yankin da ke cikin waɗannan yankuna ba shi da komai, ya lalace, ya lalacewa (Upland da lowland), tare da yashi a cikin Qizilqum ("The Red Sands"; a cikin tsarin Rasha, Kyzylkum), Moyunqum (a cikin tsarin Rasha), Muyunkum) da hamadar Barsuki, waɗanda ke zaune a kudancin tsakiyar Kazakhstan.

## Yanayi

Yanayin Kazakhstan ya kunshi mafi yawan yanayi na nahiyar, tsaka-tsaki, da yanayin hamada mai sanyi. A lokacin rani yanayin zafi ya kai fiye da  ° C (86 ° F) kuma a cikin hunturu matsakaicin -9 ° C (15.8 ° F). 

Shafukan yanayi da aka gani a ƙasa wasu misalai ne masu ban sha'awa na yanayin yanayi daban-daban na ƙasar, waɗanda aka ɗauka daga birane biyu masu banbanci (tare da teburin su) waɗanda ke wakiltar sassa biyu daban-daban nke ƙasar; Aktau da Tekun Caspian a yammacin ƙasar suna da Yanayin hamada mai sanyi da yanayin sanyi mai sanyi, yayin da Petropavl ke nuna yanayin yanayi na musamman ga sauran ƙasar; bambancin yanayi mai zafi na nahiyar da aka sani da rarraba ruwan sama mara kyau da yanayin zafi tsakanin lokutan. 

Duk da karancin ruwan sama na kasar da kuma mafi yawan yanayin busasshiyar ƙasa, ambaliyar ruwa da aka kawo ta hanyar ruwan sama mai yawa da narkewar dusar ƙanƙara ba sabon abu ba ne a yankunan arewa da na tsakiya na kasar. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2017, bayan hunturu tare da dusar ƙanƙara kashi 60 cikin dari sama da matsakaici, ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya haifar da lalacewa mai yawa kuma ya kori dubban mutane na ɗan lokaci.

## Matsalolin muhalli
 

Yanayin Kazakhstan ya lalace sosai ta hanyar ayyukan ɗan adam. Yawancin ruwa a Kazakhstan an gurɓata shi da magungunan masana'antu, magungunan kashe kwari da sauran taki, kuma, a wasu wurare, abubuwa masu guba. Lalacewar da aka fi gani ta kasance ga Tekun Aral, wanda a kwanan nan kamar shekarun 1970 ya fi girma fiye da kowane Babban Tafkuna Arewacin Amurka sai dai Lake Superior. Tekun ya fara raguwa da sauri lokacin da aka kara yawan ban ruwa da sauran buƙatu a kan manyan masu ba da gudummawa, Sir Darya da Amu Darya (wanda ya kai Aral daga makwabciyar Uzbekistan), duk an kawar da shigowar. A lokacin Soviet Era, Kazakhstan ta karbi ruwa daga Tajikistan da Kyrgyzstan, kuma Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, da Kazakhstan sun samar da man fetur da iskar gas ga waɗannan ƙasashe biyu. Koyaya, bayan rushewar USSR wannan tsarin ya rushe kuma ba a sanya wani shiri na maye gurbin wannan tsarin ba. Dangane da binciken da Ƙungiyar Crisis ta Duniya ta gudanar, akwai ƙarancin niyyar siyasa don warware wannan matsalar duk da bukatar Asiya ta Tsakiya don raba albarkatun juna. A shekara ta 1993 Tekun Aral ya rasa kimanin kashi 60 cikin dari na girmansa, a cikin tsari ya fashe zuwa sassa uku marasa alaƙa. Karin salinity da rage mazaunin sun kashe kifin Aral Sea, saboda haka sun lalata masana'antar kamun kifi da ta taɓa aiki, kuma bakin teku mai raguwa ya bar tsohon tashar jiragen ruwa ta Aral'sk fiye da kilomita saba'in daga gefen ruwa. Rashin wannan babban ruwa ya kara bambancin zafin jiki a yankin, wanda hakan ya shafi aikin gona. Babban tasirin aikin gona, duk da haka, ya fito ne daga ƙasa mai cike da gishiri da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta wanda aka sani iska tana ɗauke da shi har zuwa tsaunukan Himalaya da Tekun Pacific. Sanya wannan ƙasa mai gishiri a gonakin da ke kusa da ita yana hana su. Shaida ta nuna cewa gishiri, magungunan kashe kwari, da raguwar takin sinadarai suma suna shafar rayuwar ɗan adam a kusa da tsohuwar Tekun Aral; mutuwar jarirai a yankin ya kusanci kashi 10 cikin dari idan aka kwatanta da kashi 2.7 cikin dari na ƙasa a 1991.

Sabanin haka, matakin ruwa na Tekun Caspian yana ƙaruwa a hankali tun 1978 saboda dalilan da masana kimiyya ba su iya bayyanawa ba. A ƙarshen arewacin teku, fiye da murabba'in kilomita 10,000 na ƙasa a Lardin Atyrau sun cika da ambaliyar ruwa. Masana sun kiyasta cewa idan yawan karuwa na yanzu ya ci gaba, garin Atyrau na bakin teku, wasu cibiyoyin jama'a tamanin da takwas, da yawancin filayen mai na Caspian na Kazakhstan za a iya nutsewa nan ba da daɗewa ba.

Rugujewar iska ta kuma shafi sassan arewa da na tsakiya na jamhuriya saboda gabatar da noman alkama mai yawa. A cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960, an rasa ƙasa mai yawa lokacin da aka noma manyan yankuna na filayen Kazakhstan a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin noma na Khrushchev na Virgin Lands. A tsakiyar shekarun 1990s, kimanin kashi 60 cikin 100 na makiyaya na jamhuriya suna cikin matakai daban-daban na hamada.

## Manazarta