Jo Spence

**Jo Spence** (15 Yuni 1934, London - 24 Yuni 1992, Camden ) ɗan Burtaniya ne mai daukar hoto, marubuci, ma'aikacin al'adu, kuma mai daukar hoto. Ta fara sana'arta a fannin daukar hoto na kasuwanci amma ba da jimawa ba ta fara nata hukumar da ta kware kan hotunan iyali, da hotunan aure. A cikin 1970s, ta sake mai da hankali kan aikinta don ɗaukar hoto, ta ɗauki hanyar siyasa ta hanyar fasaharta, tare da jigogin zamantakewa da na mata da aka sake duba cikin aikinta. Hotunan kai game da yaƙin nata da kansar nono, yana nuna matakai daban-daban na kansar nono don juyar da ra'ayi na nau'in mace mai kyau,  wahayin ayyukan a cikin 'maganin hoto', hanyar yin amfani da matsakaici don yin aiki akan lafiyar hankali.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Jo Spence a ranar 15 ga Yuni 1934 a Landan ga iyaye masu aiki. Iyayenta biyu suna aiki a masana'antu, kuma ta bar makaranta tana da shekaru 13. Daga baya ta halarci kwalejin sakatariya, kuma, a cikin shekarun 1950, ta zama sakatariya a cikin dakin daukar hoto.

## Sana'a
Ta fara aiki a matsayin mai daukar hoto na bikin aure kuma ta gudanar da ɗakin studio daga 1967-1974. Ba da daɗewa ba, ta fara aikin shirya fina-finai a farkon shekarun 1970, abubuwan da ke damun ta na siyasa. Duka 'yar gurguzu da mata, ta yi aiki don wakiltar waɗannan batutuwa ta hanyar aikinta na daukar hoto, na farko a matsayin memba na Hackney Flashers (1974), ƙungiyar mata masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da masu ra'ayin gurguzu waɗanda suka shirya nune-nune irin su 'Mata da Aiki' da 'Wane ne ke Rike Jariri'.  Daga baya ta kasance mai himma wajen kafa Taron Bitar Hoto (1974), ƙungiyar da ta mai da hankali kan ilimi da wallafe-wallafe, gami da mujallar *Camerawork* (1976-1985), tare da masanin tarihin gurguzu na daukar hoto Terry Dennett (1938-2018),  tare da wanda ta ci gaba da haɗin gwiwa har tsawon rayuwarta.

A cikin 1979, Spence ya yi nazarin ka'idar da aikin daukar hoto a Polytechnic na tsakiyar London tare da masanin hoto Victor Burgin . Ta sami digiri na farko na Daraja kuma ta ci gaba daga tunaninta na daukar hoto na baya, tare da yin la'akari da ƙididdigar gani da aka bayyana a cikin matsakaici. Tare da sauran ɗalibai Mary Ann Kennedy, Jane Munro da Charlotte Pembrey, Spence sun kafa The Polysnappers. A cikin ƙarshen 1970s zuwa farkon 1980s aikinta ya fi mayar da hankali kan jigogi na zaman gida da rayuwar iyali. [1] A cikin wani yanki na abokin tarayya don Beyond the Family Album, Hotunan Jama'a, Taro Masu zaman kansu ta rubuta game da yadda ta yi fatan "tambaya [...] wanda ke wakiltar wane a cikin al'umma, yadda suke yi da kuma wace manufa." [2]

A cikin 1982, an gano ta da ciwon daji na nono. Bayan bincikenta, Spence ta fara mai da hankali kan ainihi, batun batun, lafiyar hankali da ta jiki.  Ta ƙi jiyya na al'ada kuma ta binciko cikakken jiyya da yanayin siyasa na sirri da na mata na rayuwa tare da ciwon daji.  Ta hanyar fuskantar tasirin amfani da daukar hoto wajen fuskantar da rubuta bayanan asibiti da rashin lafiyarta ne Spence, tare da Rosy Martin, suka haɓaka 'maganin hoto' wanda a cikinsa aka ba batun ikon sarrafa hoton su don ganowa da wakiltar ji da ra'ayoyin da ba a bayyana ko dannewa ba. Ta hanyar aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar mutumin da ke gaban kyamara ya kasance batun kuma marubucin hoton.  Sauran masu haɗin gwiwa/masu kwantar da hankali sun haɗa da Ya'acov Kahn, David Roberts da Dr Tim Sheard.

Tare da daukar hoto, Spence ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin malami, marubuci, da watsa shirye-shirye kuma ya gudanar da rangadin watanni uku tare da aikinta zuwa Ostiraliya,   Kanada, da Amurka kafin gano cewa tana da cutar sankarar bargo wanda daga baya ta mutu a London a watan Yuni 1992, jim kadan bayan auren farar hula a watan Mayu ta samar da haɗin gwiwa tare da David Roberts.  Terry Dennett, wanda tsohon mai haɗin gwiwa ne kuma abokin Spence, shi ne mai kula da Taskar Tunawa da Jo Spence.  

## Ayyuka

* 1973–75: Taron Hakkokin Yara; takardun shaida
* 1979: *Bayan Kundin Iyali*
* 1980: *Tatsuniyoyi da Hoto,* BA, sake buga 2020 
* 1980–82: *Gyaran Tarihin Hoto*
* 1980–82: The Polysnappers
* 1982–86: *Hoton Lafiya?*
* 1982: *Ciwon daji*, Photonovel

### 1984-zuwa gaba: Ayyukan farfagandar hoto

* 1988-89: *Labaran Rashin Sauƙi: Hanyoyin da aka tsara*, wanda aka samar tare da likitan ilimin halin dan Adam, Dokta Tim Sheard
* 1989: Rikicin Libido, aikin gyaran hoto da aka samar tare da Rosy Martin da abokin aikin Spence David Roberts.
* 1990: *Cultural Sniper*, wanda Spence da David Roberts suka samar
* 1990: Jo Spence tare da haɗin gwiwar Terry Dennett: Ayyukan haɗin gwiwa; Ziyarar Australiya na Melbourne, Cibiyar Hoto ta Victoria a George Paton Gallery, Jami'ar Melbourne Satumba 27-Oct. 11; Sydney, Tin Sheds Gallery, Jami'ar Sydney, Oktoba 17-Nuwamba. 11; Adelaide, Gwajin Art Foundation Nov. 22-Dec. 16.
* 1991–92: *Aikin Rikici: Filayen Laifukan* . Haɗin gwiwar da ba a gama ba tare da Terry Dennett
* 1991–2: *Aikin Karshe*
* 1991-92: *Metamorphosis*
* 1992: *Hospice Diaries*

## Littafi Mai Tsarki

* Jo Spence: *Aikin Karshe* . Louisa Lee, edita. Gidan hawa . 2013. ISBN&nbsp;
* 
* Jo Spence: *Sanya kaina a cikin Hoto: Tarihin Siyasa, Na Kai da Hoto* . Frances Borzello, edita. Kamfanin Jarida na Camden. 1986. ISBN&nbsp;
* Jo Stanley (Ed.), Jo Spence: Cultural Sniping: The Art of Transgression, (London: Routledge, 1995) 
* Graham Clarke, *Hoton* . Jami'ar Oxford Press. pp.&nbsp;139–140 (daga jerin The Oxford History of Art), 1997  , 
* Robert Hirsch, *Samun Haske*, McGraw Hill. 1999. ISBN&nbsp;
* Charles Hagen, *Duban Hoto: Juya Lens Ciki* . *The New York Times*, Satumba 22, 1991, (Arts)
* Gill Saunders, 'Dabi'a da Al'adu,' a cikin *Tsirara: Sabuwar Ra'ayi*, pp .&nbsp;91-115. . Cambridge: Harper & Row, 1989 
* Susan Bell, Hotunan Hotuna: Labarin Jo Spence na rayuwa tare da rashin lafiya, Jaridar Lafiya Vol 6/No 1, p5-30, (London: Sage, 2002)
* Terry Dennett, 'Mai daukar hoto da aka raunata: Halin halittar 'maganin kamara' na Jo Spence', *Afterimage* Vol 29/No 3, p26-27, (Rochester, NY: Nazarin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin, 2001).
* Terry Dennett, 'Farin kamara na Jo Spence: Hoton warkewa na sirri azaman amsa ga wahala', *Jaridar Turai na Psychotherapy & Shawarwari*, Vol 11/ No 1, p7-19, (London: Routledge, 2009)
* Terry Dennett, 'Dabarun rayuwa ta atomatik na Jo Spence,' *Jaridar Lafiya* Vol 15/No 3, p223–29, (London: Sage, 2011)
* Terry Dennett, David Evans, Sylvia Gohl da Jo Spence, *Hoto/Siyasa: Daya*, (London: Taron Bitar Hoto, 1979)
* H. Hagiwara (Ed.), *Jo Spence autobiographical photography*, (Osaka: Shinsuisha Press, 2005)
* Patricia Holland, Jo Spence da Simon Watney, *Hoto/Siyasa: Biyu*, (London: Taron Bitar Hoto/Comedia, 1986)
* Jorge Ribalta, 'Ci gaba da yanayin Jo Spence,' *Kamara Austria*, Vol 94/ No 36, (Graz: Kamara Austria, 2006)
* Jo Spence. *Bayan Cikakken Hoto.* *Ɗaukar hoto, Magana, Haɓaka* , MACBA Nunin kasida, (Barcelona: MACBA, 2005)
* Jo Spence da Joan Soloman (Ed.), *Menene Mace Za Ta Iya Yi da Kamara?* *: Hoton Mata*, (London: Scarlet Press, 1995)

## Taskoki

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## Duba kuma

## Manazarta