Alexander F. More

**Alexander F. More** masanin kimiyya ne na Turai (yanayi da kiwon lafiya), masanin tattalin arziki, kuma mai sadarwa na kimiyya da ke aiki a Amurka. Abubuwan da ya gano sun haɗa da tasirin Canjin yanayi a kan manyan annoba a cikin shekaru dubu biyu da suka gabata, tasirin annoba a kan gurɓataccen iska, da sake saita ka'idodin gurɓata iska mai guba ta hanyar cikakken bincike tsakanin fannoni. Ƙarin kuma ya gano kirkirar tsarin kiwon lafiya na jama'a na farko a lokacin rikicin muhalli da yanayi (babban annobar ta biyu). Sau da yawa yana bayyana a matsayin babban gwani a kan labaran labarai na kasa da na duniya game da canjin yanayi da lafiyar jama'a, da kuma sauran batutuwan manufofin jama'a. Ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaci ga Sanata Ted Kennedy lokacin da yake tsara Dokar Kulawa mai araha, kuma yana ci gaba da shiga cikin ayyukan jama'a da ayyukan da ba na riba ba a matsayin wani ɓangare na tushe da yawa.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi More a Italiya. Babban gurɓataccen da ya shafi yankin da ya girma ya motsa shi daga baya ya mai da hankali ga aikinsa kan canjin muhalli da ci gaban tattalin arziki da ke jagorantar shi. More ya halarci Liceo Classico kuma ya koma Venice na ɗan lokaci don karatun sakandare a Scuola Navale Militare Francesco Morosini, amma ya yanke shawarar barin Turai don halartar kwaleji a Amurka. Ya yi tafiya zuwa Birnin New York da kansa kuma ya tallafa wa kansa yayin da yake karatu don shiga kwaleji. More ya halarci Jami'ar Washington a St. Louis, inda ya sami digiri na farko a tarihi tare da ƙarami a ilmin sunadarai. Yayinda yake a Jami'ar Washington, More ya tallafa wa kansa ta hanyar koyarwa, da kuma aiki a cikin Laboratory na Biomedical Magnetic Resonance na Dokta Joseph Ackerman, yana mai da hankali kan ƙira da aiwatar da bincike wanda ke auna ƙimar ruwa a cikin sel na HeLa. A WashU ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban AMSA pre-med.  

Ƙarin sun kammala karatu tare da girmamawa daga Jami'ar Washington tare da rubutun da ya danganci bincike na asali, a cikin harsuna biyar, tare da tushe da aka samo daga ƙasashe da yawa a Turai. Nan da nan aka shigar da shi a Jami'ar Harvard, inda ya bi cikakken PhD. Saboda fannoni da yawa da ake buƙata don bincikensa na digiri, More ya tsara kuma ya sami amincewa a Harvard don PhD mai ban sha'awa (na wucin gadi) wanda ke rufe fannonin muhalli, tattalin arziki da lafiyar jama'a.

Ayyukansa na digiri ya mayar da hankali kan kirkirar manufofin kiwon lafiya da jin daɗi jama'a na farko da gwamnati ke tallafawa, wanda ya fito ne sakamakon rikice-rikicen muhalli da annoba a Turai. Daga cikin masu ba shi shawara sun kasance Allan M. Brandt, Angeliki Laiou, Ernest R. May, Michael McCormick, Katharine Park da Philip J. Landrigan.

Yayinda yake a Harvard, ya sami kyaututtuka fiye da goma na koyarwa da kyaututtaka uku na Hoopes a duk jami'a ("don ƙwarewa a cikin fasahar koyarwa," wanda aka ba shi don ba da shawara ga rubutun da suka lashe kyautar).  More ya kasance memba na Winthrop House a matsayin mai koyarwa wanda ba mai zama ba. Baya ga cikakken tallafin PhD, More ya kasance mai karɓar Dumbarton Oaks Junior Fellowship, Arango Fund Grant, da Gladys Krieble Delmas Foundation fellowship.

More ya kasance kwaleji na ƙarni na farko kuma ya kammala karatun PhD, kuma ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne, bayan ya yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka daga Turai. Shi kuma ɗan ƙasar Turai ne.

## Bincike da aiki
More ya ci gaba da aikinsa tare da haɗin gwiwar postdoctoral a Harvard da Cibiyar Canjin Yanayi (2015-18), yana mai da hankali kan tasirin canjin yanayi da gurɓataccen yanayi akan lafiyar ɗan adam da yanayin halittu. Asusun Arcadia na London ne ya ba da kuɗin bincikensa.

A cikin 2019, More ya ɗauki matsayi a matsayin mataimakin farfesa na kiwon lafiyar muhalli a Jami'ar Long Island, inda ya kuma jagoranci Kwalejin girmamawa kuma an kira shi ɗan'uwan Cibiyar Theodore Roosevelt. A cikin 2021, an zabi More a matsayin shugaban Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Jama'a a Jami'ar Long Island kuma ya jagoranci kokarin shirya taron koli na duniya guda biyu kan lafiyar ɗan adam da na yanayin halittu, tare da hadin gwiwar Ofishin Jakadancin Faransa, gwamnatin Portugal da Majalisar Kimiyya da Muhalli ta Kasa. More shine babban marubucin sanarwar Lisbon na Taron Bincike na Duniya, yana mai da hankali ga duk mahalarta don adana Lafiyar duniya. A cikin 2022, More ya karɓi matsayi a matsayin mataimakin farfesa na kiwon lafiyar muhalli a Jami'ar Massachusetts Boston, wanda ya ba shi damar kusanci da Harvard da Cibiyar Canjin Yanayi inda yake ci gaba da jagorantar aikin bincike kan yanayi da kiwon lafiya. More yana da haɗin bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Mutum a Harvard, Cibiyar Nazari ta Max Planck Harvard don Archaeoscience na Tsohon Bahar Rum, da kuma Mataimakin Farfesa a Cibiyar Canjin Yanayi a Jami'ar Maine  . Ya kasance Manajan Edita na Taswirar Ƙungiyoyin da suka gabata a Harvard tun daga shekara ta 2014. 

### Tasirin canjin yanayi akan annoba
A cikin 2020, More ya nuna shaidar da ta tilasta tasirin canjin muhalli akan fitowar annoba mafi girma a tarihin ɗan adam (ta yawan wadanda abin ya shafa), "Spanish flu". Ta hanyar hada yanayi da yawa, muhalli da bayanan annoba, More ya nuna yadda annobar mura ta Mutanen Espanya (wanda kwayar cutar H1N1 ta haifar) ta kara muni idan ba ta haifar da yanayin yanayi na shekaru shida wanda ya shafi Turai a lokacin yakin duniya na har zuwa 1920 ba.

Ƙarin ya nuna cewa ruwan sama mai yawa da yanayin sanyi mai ban mamaki (tare da tsarin matsin lamba) ya sauƙaƙa yaduwar kwayar cutar ta fagen yaƙi da biranen Turai. Yanayin yanayi ya kara muni ta hanyar fashewar bam na farko a Turai, wanda ya haifar da girgije na ƙura wanda ya sauƙaƙa kwantar da hankali (ko nucleation) na ruwa, yana ƙara hazo a duk lokacin rikici. Irin wannan yanayin yanayi ya katse tsarin ƙaura na yau da kullun na tsuntsaye waɗanda suka kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ɗaukar cutar, yayin da ambaliyar ruwa daga koguna da tabkuna inda tsuntsaye suka kasance sun ɗauki cutar zuwa rami da bayan. Ragewar martani na rigakafi saboda sanyi, da kuma rubuce-rubuce na kamuwa da kwayar cuta, sun kara yawan mutuwar cutar.

Ƙarin sun bincika tasirin canjin yanayi akan fitowar cutar ga wasu abubuwan da suka faru kamar annobar Cocoliztli da annobar ta biyu. Binciken da ya yi ya sami ɗaukar hoto na kafofin watsa labarai na duniya, ya kai saman 5% na abubuwan kimiyya da Altmetrics da sauran ayyukan ambato suka bi.

### Tasirin annoba a kan gurɓataccen yanayi da sake saita ka'idodin gurɓata ƙarfe masu guba
More ya shahara a matsayin marubucin binciken da yawa waɗanda suka sake daidaitawa game da ƙa'idodin gurɓata don karafa masu guba a duk duniya, yana hango hasashen raguwar gurɓataccen iska da ke faruwa a lokacin abubuwan da suka faru na annoba shekaru uku kafin cutar ta COVID-19.    Ta hanyar nuna cewa matakan gurɓata sun sauka ƙasa da abin da masana kimiyya suka yi tunanin a baya a matsayin "matakan halitta" a lokacin abubuwan da suka faru na annoba - lokacin da ayyukan tattalin arziki suka ragu ko suka ƙare - Ƙari sun tabbatar da cewa babu irin wannan "matakan yanayi" na gurɓata. Binciken da ya yi ya haɗu da mafi girman ƙuduri da rikodin yanayi na shekaru dubu biyu da suka gabata tare da cikakkun bayanai game da tattalin arziki da cututtukan cututtuka.  Ƙarin ya fara wannan aikin hadin gwiwa, ta amfani da bayanan cututtukan cututtuka (na tarihi) da ya samo da kuma asalin kankara (daga kankara da kankara a Arewacin Hemisphere da Arctic) bayanan da aka samar da kuma nazarin ta hanyar tsarin yankewa da ƙungiyar a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Dokta Paul Andrew Mayewski a Cibiyar Canjin Yanayi.    Mashahuran masana a duniya game da gurɓataccen gubar kamar su Philip J. Landrigan sun yaba da binciken More kamar yadda yake bayyana ainihin yanayin gurɓatawar zamani.

### Tunatarwa
More sanannen mai ba da shawara ne game da hanyoyin kimiyya waɗanda ke haifar da sassauci,  wani ra'ayi da masanin ilimin muhalli na Harvard E. O. Wilson ya shahara, wanda ke bayyana haɗuwa da tushen bayanai masu zaman kansu da yawa don cire son zuciya da wakiltar gaskiyar ko warware matsalar da ba za ta kasance a bayyane ba idan an yi amfani da horo ɗaya ko nau'in bayanai. More ya karɓi hanyar Wilson kuma ya yi amfani da ita ga bincikensa, yana jayayya cewa irin wannan tsarin tsarin ne kawai zai iya warware rikitarwa kamar canjin yanayi da annoba. Ya fara amfani da bayanan yanayi na tsattsauran ra'ayi a hade tare da cikakkun bayanai na cututtukan cututtukani da tattalin arziki (tarihi). Ƙarin ya kuma nuna yadda sassauci da tsarin tsarin tsarin ya annabta rikice-rikicen muhalli da tattalin arziki daidai fiye da shekaru hamsin da suka gabata.

### Manufofin kiwon lafiya na farko
Binciken More ya gano kirkirar tsarin kiwon lafiya da jin dadin jama'a na farko da gwamnati ke tallafawa a tarihin yamma, a lokacin rikicin muhalli da kuma ranar barkewar cutar ta biyu. Ta hanyar bincike mai zurfi ya gano shafin a matsayin Jamhuriyar Venice, inda manufofin tattalin arziki masu tasowa suka samar da abinci mai ci gaba tare da iyakancewar hauhawar farashin, har ma a lokacin matsanancin yanayi (shabi, girbi da ya gaza, ambaliyar ruwa).  A cikin wannan jamhuriya, matakan kiwon lafiya na jama'a sun tabbatar da amincin abinci da kuma samun damar samun kulawa ta lafiya ga matalauta da dukkan 'yan ƙasa. Ƙarin ya nuna cewa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya ƙunshi sassan da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare su ta hanyar manufofi iri ɗaya da ya gano, waɗanda aka sani ga masu tsarawa.

### Harvard MAPS
More shine co-kafa kuma co-manager edita na Harvard MAPS,  wani gidan yanar gizon dijital mai ma'amala wanda ke haɗakar bayanan bincike a kimiyyar muhalli, kiwon lafiyar jama'a, tattalin arziki, genomics, archaeoscience, da sauran fannoni da yawa. Shafin yana karɓar baƙi sama da miliyan 1 a kowace shekara kuma ya kasance tushen abubuwan da aka gano da yawa, gami da wuraren da ke fama da annoba, da wuraren ci gaba da wadata, da kuma jimrewar talauci.

## Kyaututtuka da girmamawa
A cikin 2021, an zabi More Fellow na Royal Society for Public Health da Fellow na Royal Geographical Society .  Bayan da Jami'ar Long Island ta dauki shi, an zabe shi Fellow na Cibiyar Theodore Roosevelt (2019-2022).  A shekara ta 2009, ya zama ƙaramin Fellow na Harvard's Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection .  More kuma ɗan'uwan Linnaean Society na New York da The Explorers Club na New York ne. A matsayinta na masanin kimiyya mai aiki a fannonin kiwon lafiya da kimiyyar yanayi, More memba ne na Ƙungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Amurka, Ƙungiyar Kiwan Lafiya ta Muhalli ta Ƙasa, Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya, kuma memba ne kuma Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Kimiyya da Muhalli  .

## Kafofin watsa labarai
Ƙarin yana bayyana akai-akai a cikin talabijin da kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin mai sharhi da gwani ga labarun yanayi da kiwon lafiya. Shi da bincikensa an nuna su a cikin rahotanni na labarai a kan CNN, The New York Times, The Washington Post, Forbes, Newsweek, The Times of London, The Guardian, Popular Science, National Geographic da sauran hanyoyin sadarwa a cikin harsuna da yawa. Tashar Discovery kuma ta sadaukar da wani labari a gare shi a kan hanyar sadarwar Discovery +. A cikin jawabinsa na TED da sauran tambayoyin, More ya jaddada muhimmiyar rawar da masana kimiyya ke takawa wajen shigar da jama'a cikin abubuwan da suka gano. Ƙarin yana jagorantar shirin (CHCR) wanda aka keɓe ga sadarwar kimiyya ta yanayi da kiwon lafiya, wanda Asusun Burroughs Wellcome ya tallafawa. Shirin yana ba da zumunci ga 'yan jarida waɗanda ke ilimantar da masana kimiyya kan yadda za a magance bayanan kimiyya da kuma haɗa su da kafofin watsa labarai yadda ya kamata. More ya kuma yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Cibiyar Pulitzer wajen samar da bayanan kimiyya ga 'yan jarida.

## Ayyukan jama'a
More ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaci a ofishin Sanata Ted Kennedy yayin da yake tsara Dokar Kulawa mai araha. Bayan mutuwar Kennedy, More ya ci gaba da aiki a karkashin maye gurbinsa, Paul G. Kirk, a cikin 2009-10. Ya ki tayin ci gaba da aiki a karkashin Scott Brown .  Kamar yadda ya tattauna a cikin tambayoyin da yawa, More ya bi wannan matsayin da ba a biya shi ba saboda yana son damar yin aiki a kan lissafin (ACA) wanda zai ba Amurkawa Kula da lafiyar duniya, haƙƙi da manufofi da ya yi aiki a duk lokacin aikinsa. Kodayake farkon lissafin, wanda Kennedy ya tsara, ya haɗa da zaɓi don ɗaukar hoto na duniya, bayan mutuwarsa an cire wannan. Ƙarin ya yi aiki a kan batutuwan shige da fice yayin da yake aiki a Majalisar Dattijai kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa mai ba da shawara ga haƙƙin baƙi, gafarar rancen ɗalibai, kula da lafiyar duniya, da kuma aikin yanayi.

## Ba riba ba
More yana aiki a kan kwamitocin daraktoci da yawa na masu zaman kansu, gami da Daniels Family Sustainable Energy Foundation,  Blue Ocean Watch,  Greenwater Foundation, da The Explorers Club (TEC). Ƙarin shugabanci kwamitin shirin na Makon Yanayi, a TEC, yana inganta binciken kimiyya da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnatoci, masana kimiyya da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Masu tallafa masa da abokan hulɗarsa sun haɗa da UNESCO, IUCN, Rolex, Cibiyar Pulitzer, XPRIZE, Yarima Albert II na Gidauniyar Monaco, Gidajen Afirka, Nia Tero, Cibiyar Sadarwar Jarida, Mongabay, Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi ta Woodwell, da Tashar Bincike. More ya kuma jagoranci shirya taron koli na duniya da yawa wanda ya sanya kasashe masu halarta da masana kimiyya don kare yanayin halittu da lafiyar ɗan adam a kokarin neman mafita ga sauyin yanayi da canjin muhalli, da kuma annoba mai tasowa.
* Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. "Bacterial pathogens and Climate Change". *Lancet*. **400** (10369): 2161–. Rubuce-rubuce na . PMID 36528366. &nbsp;S2CID 254705413.&nbsp;
* Yajima, R.; More, Alexander F.; Garvan, C.; Harper, C.; Grimes, K. V. (2022). . Magungunan Halitta. **28** (7): 1330–. doi:. PMID 35641823. &nbsp;S2CID 249236082.&nbsp;
* Bugu da ƙari, Alexander F. (2023). "aDNA Shaidar Gabatar da Cututtukan Cututtuka a Amurka". *Labaran Archaeology*. **169**: 69–.
* Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. " Tasirin Yanayin Yanayi na Shekaru shida akan 'Spanish Flu' Pandemic da WWI". *GeoHealth*. **4** (9): e2020GH000277. Bibcode: 2020GHeal......4..277M. [Hotuna a shafi na 1029] PMC 7513628. &nbsp;PMID 33005839.&nbsp;
* Bugu da ƙari, Alexander. [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita a lokacin da aka yi la'akari da wannan talifin a lokacin da ba a yi la'ana ba. "Hadin gwiwar Tarihi a Fahimtar Yanayin da ya gabata, Pollution da Bayanan Lafiya a cikin Nazarin Trans-disciplinary". *GeoHealth*. **2** (5): 162–. [Hotuna a shafi na 1029/2017GH000121. PMC 7007076. &nbsp;PMID 32159523.&nbsp;
* Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. "Fasahar ƙanƙara ta ƙarni na gaba ta nuna ainihin matakan gubar (Pb) a cikin yanayi: Bayani daga Black Death". *GeoHealth*. **1** (4): 211–. Bibcode: 2017GHeal......1..211M. [Hotuna a shafi na 10] PMC 7007106. &nbsp;PMID 32158988.&nbsp;
* Ƙari ga haka, A. F. (2022). "Canjin yanayi a farkon karni: sabon shaida daga sassauci na halitta da rubuce-rubuce". Collège de France - CNRS Monographies. **57**: 355–.
* Bugu da ƙari, Alexander FM (2014). ''A Asalin Manufofin Lafiya''. ProQuest&nbsp;1625429280. An samo shi a ranar 14 ga Yuli, 2023.


## Manazarta