open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Canjin yanayi a Nicaragua

Sauyin yanayi yana da tasiri sosai ga kasar Nicaragua ta Tsakiyar Amurka. Sauyin yanayi zai sa Nicaragua tayi zafi da bushewa acikin karni na 21, tare da wani bincike na 2020 wanda yayi hasashen yanayin zafi acikin kasar na iya zama wanda ba za'a iya rayuwa ba ga mutane nan da 2070.

Kamar yadda yake da sauran ƙasashe a Amurka ta tsakiya, ana tunanin illar sauyin yanayi zai taimaka wajen kaura daga Nicaragua. Haka kuma yanayin zafi yana shafar noman kofi, lamarin da yasa wasu manoman ke yin gwaji da nau’o’in iri daban-daban domin amfanin gonakinsu ya samu karbuwa.

Nicaragua kungiya ce ta Kyoto Protocol kuma ta amince da yarjejeniyar Paris a cikin 2017. Tun farko kasar na daya daga cikin kasashe kalilan da ba su amince da yarjejeniyar ba, saboda adawar da wakilinta Paul Oquist ya yi na nuna rashin amincewa da gudummawar da kasashen ke yi na son rai. Acikin 2022, ƙasar ta kuma amince da manufar sauyin yanayi ta kasa, wanda ke mai da hankali kan magance sauyin yanayi ta hanyar kiwon lafiya, kula da ruwa, kiyayewa da kuma amfani da albarkatu mai dorewa.

## Manazarta
Yanayin Nexus

**Climate Nexus** ƙungiya ce ta aikin jarida mai zaman kanta da ƙungiyar sadarwar yanayi. Ƙungiyar ta fi mayar da hankali ne kan rawar da Amurka ke takawa wajen sauyin yanayi. Anyi amfani da kayan daga rahoton nasu da dama na wallafe-wallafe na ƙasa da ƙasa, ta hanyar sadarwarsu Nexus Media News. An ƙirƙiri Climate Nexus acikin 2011. Tallafin farko ga ƙungiyar ya fito ne daga Gidauniyar Skoll.

## Manazarta

## Shafukan yanar gizo

*
Inshorar haɗarin yanayi

**Inshorar haɗarin yanayi** wani nau'in inshora ne wanda aka ƙera don rage kuɗi da sauran haɗarin da ke tattare da canjin yanayi, musamman abubuwan mamaki kamar matsanancin yanayi. Yawancin lokaci ana ɗaukar inshora azaman nau'in inshorar da ake buƙata don haɓaka juriyar yanayin talakawa da al'ummomi masu tasowa. Yana bada ruwa bayan bala'i don matakan taimako da sake ginawa yayin da kuma ke shirya matakan da za a ɗauka a nan gaba don rage raunin sauyin yanayi. Ana ɗaukar inshora muhimmin ma'aunin daidaita canjin yanayi.

Masu sukar inshorar, sunce irin wannan inshora yana sanya mafi yawan nauyin tattalin arziki akan al'ummomin da ke da alhakin mafi ƙarancin adadin iskar carbon. Ga ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi, waɗannan shirye-shiryen inshora na iya zama tsada saboda tsadar farawa da buƙatun abubuwan more rayuwa don tattara bayanai. Anyi hasashen cewa yawan kuɗin da ake samu a yankunan dake da hatsarin gaske dake fuskantar barazanar sauyin yanayi, zai hana yin sulhu a yankunan. Wadannan shirye-shiryen ma yawanci ba su da isasshen lokaci kuma ba su da isasshen kuɗi, wanda zai iya zama rashin tabbas ga kasafin kuɗin ƙasa. Matsala mai girma akan ƙananan matakan shine cewa bala'o'in da suka shafi yanayi yawanci suna shafar yankuna ko al'ummomi a lokaci guda, yana haifar da adadi mai yawa a lokaci guda. Wannan yana nufin cewa ana buƙatar sayar da shi akan sikeli mai girma da yawa. Duk da haka ingantaccen tsarin inshorar haɗarin yanayi zai iya aiki azaman hanyar aminci ga ƙasashe yayin inganta juriya.

Ƙasashen duniya sun saka hannun jari don haɓaka ƙarin tallafi don irin wannan inshora ta hanyar InsuResilience Global Partnership da aka ƙaddamar a COP23. Wannan rukunin yana goyan bayan shirye-shiryen yanki kamar Canjin Haɗarin Yanayi da Inshora a cikin Caribbean (CRAIC) da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar Shirin Inshorar Climate Insurance Initiative. Ƙungiyar ACT ta buga littafin jagora don daidaitawa da daidaitaccen tsarin adalci na yanayi don inshorar haɗarin yanayi acikin 2020.

## Nau'in inshorar haɗarin yanayi

### Inshorar ambaliyar ruwa

Haɗarin da ke da alaƙa da canjin yanayi, kamar hawan teku, ambaliya da guguwa, suna barazana ga rayuwa da araha na wuraren da abin ya shafa. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa daya daga cikin nau'ikan inshorar haɗarin yanayi da aka fi amfani da shi shine inshorar ambaliya, wanda ke ba da kariya ga asarar da ambaliya ta haifar.

## Manazarta
Fihirisar Tsananin Yanayi

**Ma'aunin tsananin yanayi** ya bambanta daga 1 zuwa 100. Makin 1 shine mafi ƙanƙanta kuma 100 shine mafi tsanani. Ma'aunin tsananin yanayi rabo ne tsakanin alamar yanayi da aka lura da kuma mai nunin yanayin yanayi.

Dangane da lissafin The Canadian Encyclopedia da matsayi na tashoshin yanayi masu dacewa, tashoshin da ke da ma'aunin tsananin yanayin sunkai ƙasa da maki 20 sun haɗada Penticton, Vancouver da Victoria, waɗanda duk suna cikin British Columbia. Mafi girman maki shine Isachsen, tare da maki 99, wanda ya sa ya zama wuri mafi rashin jin daɗi ga mazaunin ɗan adam.

## Manazarta
Clouds of Smoke (fim na 2007)

***Clouds of Smoke*** fim ne da Fatmir Terziu ya jagoranta kuma ya shirya shi. Ya binciko abin da ya faru na ɗumamar duniya na baya-bayan nan kuma yanayin tambayoyin muhalli da yawa. Yafi mai da hankali kan lalacewar muhalli da Albaniya ke haifarwa, musamman babban birninta na masana'antu, Elbasan. Takardun shirin ya fara ne a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tare da Sashen Muhalli, Abinci da Rural (DEFRA), kuma an ƙirƙira shi don manufar ilmantar da ɗalibai a Jami'ar Bankin Kudu ta London. An zaɓe shi don nunawa a Curzon, London, shirin farko da wani darektan Albaniya ya ba da umarni don zaɓar.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Kwalejin Canjin Yanayi da Kimiyyar Muhalli

**Kwalejin Canjin Yanayi Da Kimiyyar Muhalli** (**CoCCES**), wanda ake kira da Kwalejin Ilimi da Nazarin Sauyin yanayi (ACCER), wata cibiya ce da Jami'ar Noma ta Kerala ta kafa a 2010, don yin nazari game da canjin yanayi, a ƙarƙashin ikon aikin gona. Harabar makarantar tana a Vellanikara, Thrissur, Kerala, Indiya, kuma tana da kwas na shekaru biyar akan M.Sc. (Haɗin kai) Canjin Yanayi da kwas na shekaru huɗu akan B.Sc. Canjin yanayi da Kimiyyar Muhalli.

## Tarihi

Lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da kwasɗin akan 6 Satumba 2010, rukunin farko sun sami azuzuwan farko a Kwalejin Kifi (CoF) Panangad, Ernakulam. Bayan an cire CoF daga KAU zuwa Jami'ar Kifi da Nazarin Tekun Kerala acikin 2010, an tura ɗaliban na ɗan lokaci zuwa wani gini dake babban harabar KAU a Vellanikara, tare da NH-47, tareda GSLHV Prasad Rao a matsayin babban jami'in farko na musamman. Ɗaliban sun cigaba da zama a wurin har zuwa shekarar 2015, kusan tazarar shekaru biyar, inda kwalejin ta karu zuwa cikakken damarta na batches biyar. Oommen Chandy, sannan Babban Ministan Kerala ne ya kaddamar da sabon ginin kwalejin a ranar 28 ga Satumba 2015. A cikin 2020, sunan kwalejin ya canza zuwa Kwalejin Canjin Yanayi da Kimiyyar Muhalli, kuma an gabatar da wani sabon kwas mai suna B.Sc.(Hons), Canjin Yanayi da Kimiyyar Muhalli.

## Darussan da aka bayar

* B.Sc-M.Sc (Hadadden) Daidaituwar Canjin Yanayi
* B.Sc (Yanayi  ) Canjin Yanayi da Kimiyyar Muhalli

## Manazarta
Kwamitin Haɗin Kimiya da Fasaha na Canjin Yanayi

An ƙirƙiri **Kwamitin Kimiyya da Haɗin Fasaha na Canjin Sauyin yanayi** a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ƙaddamarwar sararin samaniya acikin Fabrairu 2002 ta George W. Bush, a matsayin ƙoƙari na matakin majalisar ministoci don dai-daita binciken kimiyya da fasaha na canjin yanayi.

Fadar White House ta ce: 

: " Sakataren Kasuwanci da Sakatariyar Makamashi za su jagoranci kokarin, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da mai ba shugaban kasa shawara kan Kimiyyar Kimiyya . Za a ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan bincike ta hanyar Majalisar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kasa bisa ga Dokar Binciken Canjin Duniya ta 1990."

## Manazarta
Kasuwancin Kayayyakin Bratislava

**Kasuwancin Kayayyaki Bratislava, JSC** ( Slovak   *(KBB)* ,German ) a da **BMKB**, sannan **BCE**, yanzu **CEB** shine musayar kayayyaki na Turai da aka yi don tsara kasuwa tare da kayayyaki bisa ga hukunci na Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki na Jamhuriyar Slovak. CEB ita ce kadai mai shirya kasuwar kayayyaki a Slovakia. CEB ita ce musanya ta farko wacce ta fara ciniki da sharewa ta kan layi ba tsayawa.

## Kasuwanni
Kasuwannin farko akan musayar sune:

* Kasuwancin fitar da iska
* Kasuwancin noma
* Lu'u-lu'u na zuba jari

## Ayyukan yanar gizo
Kasuwancin Kayayyaki Bratislava yana gudanar da aikin EUAMarket.com. Hakanan ana ba 'yan kasuwa damar amfani da sabis na yanar gizo don kasuwanci a kasuwa ta hanyar shirye-shiryen harsuna.

## Tsaro
CEB tana amfani da tsarin garanti da yawa, da kamfani daidaitawa don samar da ƙarin tsaro.

* Tsarin garanti 1 - garanti 2% na ƙimar kwangilar
* Tsarin garanti 2 - cikakken biya ko bayarwa kafin oda
* Kasuwar OTC - babu garanti, bayanin lamba kawai ana musayar

### Kamfanin daidaitawa
Kamfanin dai-daitawa yana bada ƙarin tsaro dangane da cewa ana buƙatar kamfanoni biyu masu zaman kansu don sanya hannu kan ciniki mai fita Kamfanin dai-daitawa a CEB shine LINNA.

## Manazarta


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Yanar Gizon Kasuwancin Kasuwanci Bratislava 
* Cibiyar Ilimi ta CEB 
* Sashen ciniki na CEB na hukuma don ƙimar carbon - Wurin Carbon 
* Sashen ciniki na CEB na hukuma don lu'u-lu'u 
* Sashen ciniki na CEB na hukuma don kwangilar MON (Kasuwar Agrocommodities tare da bayarwa na gaba)
Gano Ɗumamar Duniya

***Ganewar Dumuwar Duniya*** littafi ne na masanin kimiyyar lissafi kuma masanin tarihi Spencer R. Wearo an faɗaɗa kuma sabunta sigar *The Discovery of Global Warming*  

## Manazarta
Rijistar Ciniki Mai Yawa

**Registry Trading Emissions;** aikace-aikacen tushen yanar gizo ne wanda ke yin rikodin

* CO2 allowances and units allocated to and held in operator, person and Government accounts
* The movement of allowances and units between accounts (including allocations, transfers, surrender and cancellations)
* Annual verified emissions of installations
* Annual compliance status of installations.

Don haka ma'abucin asusu na iya riƙe, canja wuri, soke ko samun Alawus na EU (EUAs)da ƙungiyoyin Kyoto (misali. CERs, ERUs, AAUs, RMUs, tCERs da lCERs).Ana iya samun ƙarin cikakkun bayanai game da kowane ɗayan waɗannan nau'ikan naúrar acikin Jagora don Amfani da Raka'a Kyoto a cikin Tsarin Kasuwancin Fitar da hayaƙi na Tarayyar Turai, wanda ake samu akan gidan yanar gizon Hukumar Muhalli. Bugu da ƙari, masu mulki da ƙwararrun hukumomi waɗanda aka zaɓa zasu iya sarrafa masana'antu da aka tsara (waɗanda ke da manufar rage hayaƙi na doka), da sa ido kan bin ƙa'idojin ƙasa da aiwatar da ayyukan rage fitar da hayaƙi na ƙasa da ƙasa.

Rijista na kwamfuta sune manyan abubuwan dake cikin Tsarin Kasuwancin Emissions na EU (EU ETS) da kuma kasuwancin fitar da hayaƙi na ƙasa da ƙasa, a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Mulki ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya akan Canjin Yanayi (UNFCCC's) Kyoto Protocol. A ƙarƙashin Dokar 2003/87/EC, an buƙaci ƙasashe membobin EU su kafa daidaitattun rajista na ƙasa, na lantarki daga 2005, yayin da aka buƙaci ƙungiyoyin yarjejeniyar Kyoto su kafa rajista na ƙasa don bada damar cinikin hayaƙi na ƙasa da ƙasa daga 2008. Abubuwan da ake buƙata na aikin rajista suna ƙaddara ta Hukumar Turai (ta hanyar Dokokin Rijista) da sakatariyar UNFCCC (ta hanyar yanke shawara daban-daban na COP/MOP).

Duk rajistar ƙasa ana haɗa kai tsaye zuwa UNFCCC 's International Transaction Log (ITL). Wannan ma'amalar ma'amala tana da alhakin bincika duk ma'amaloli don tabbatar da cewa sun bi ka'idodin kasuwancin fitar da hayaki na duniya ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar Kyoto. Hakanan ITL yana da hanyar haɗi zuwa EC's Community Independent Transaction Log (CITL). Wannan log ɗin ma'amala yana da alhakin bincika duk ma'amaloli don tabbatar da cewa sun bi ka'idodin EU ETS.

## Manazarta
 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Jerin rajistar hayaki na ƙasa da ƙasa (hanyar haɗin gwiwa ta ƙare)
* Hukumar Tarayyar Turai (ETRs)
Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli

**Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli(EAI)** (Danish -**IMV**) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Danish. An kafa ta  acikin Fabrairu shekarar dubu biyu da biyu 2002 ta Gwamnatin Danish mai sassaucin ra'ayi/ Conservative tareda aikin yin nazarin yanayin muhalli da tsadar tattalin arziki/ fa'ida. Darakta na farko na EAI shine masanin kimiyyar siyasa Bjørn Lomborg.

Wasu suna ganin EAI a matsayin abin hawa da aka ƙirƙira don Lomborg, wanda littafinsa *The Skeptical Environmentalist* ya ba da hujjar cewa yawancin matsalolin muhalli da ake ganin sun wuce gona da iri ta hanyar harabar muhalli kuma martanin manufofin da suka dogara da irin wannan ƙazamin da'awar galibi ana yin kuskure. Gwamnati ta naɗa Ole P. Kristensen, tsohon farfesa a cibiyar da Lomborg yayi aiki, a matsayin Darakta na farko na Hukumar. Aikinsa shi ne ya nemo darakta da sauran membobin hukumar. Ba da daɗewa ba aka sanar da Lomborg a matsayin darekta.

EAI ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Yuni 2002.

EAI ta buga jerin rahotanni kan al'amuran muhalli, daga darajar tsarin ajiya/dawowa don gwangwani sha zuwa dumamar yanayi. Yawancin su suna cikin Danish. Wani rahoto daga Oktoba shekarar ta dubu biyu da biyu 2002 ya yi nazarin fa'idar tattalin arziƙin tattalin arziki na adibas akan kwalabe da gwangwani. An kammala cewa zai fi kyau a yi watsi da tsarin ajiya a bar kwalabe da gwangwani a ƙone su tare da sauran sharar gida. Duk da haka, ya zama bayan haka cewa yawancin tsire-tsire na Danish suna aiki a yanayin zafi wanda gwangwani na aluminum ba zai ƙone ba, amma kawai narke, kuma gwangwani za su haifar da babbar matsala ta tattalin arziki a gare su.

An kafa kwamiti acikin Maris shekarar ta dubu biyu da uku 2003, don tantance rahotannin da EAI ta bayar a lokacin rabin na biyu na shekarar dubu biyu da biyu 2002. Wannan kwamiti ya ƙunshi ɗan ƙasar Denmark ɗaya da kwararru hudu daga kasashen Sweden da Norway. Kwamitin ya yanke hukunci game da rahotanni uku, na farko da aka buga a cikin 2002 a matsayin yunƙuri na zahiri don mai da hankali kan EAI. Sauran rahotannin an yanke sune da ke jan hankalin jama'a, amma kwamitin ba shida kwarin gwiwa game da kammala rahoton guda biyu kuma a gaba ɗaya ya soki nazarin farashi.

A watan Nuwambar shekara ta dubu biyu da uku 2003, biyar daga cikin bakwai mambobin kwamitin sunyi murabus a rana guda. Uku daga cikinsu sunyi hakan ne saboda rashin jituwa game da shigar da Cibiyar ta Copenhagen Consensus aikin, sauran kuma sunyi hakan ne saboda rashin lokaci da rikice-rikicen sha'awa.

A tsakiyar watan Yuni na shekara ta dubu biyu da hudu 2004, an sami tada hankali a kafafen yaɗa labarai na Danish, saboda an bayyana cewa, shugaban EAI (Lomborg) ya danne sukar littafin Lomborg daga masana yanayi na Danish shekaru da yawa. Lomborg yayi murabus a matsayin darekta a ranar 1 ga Agusta shekarar dubu biyu da hudu 2004.

Daga 1 ga Yuli shekarar dubu biyu da bakwai 2007, Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli ta canza zuwa sashin Majalisar Tattalin Arziki na Danish, don haka ba a wanzu a matsayin wata cibiyar daban.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Copenhagen Consensus
Fit don 55

**Fit for 55** ƙunshin ne da Tarayyar Turai ta ƙera don rage hayaƙin iskar gas na Tarayyar Turai da kashi 55% nanda shekarar 2030. Hukumar Tarayyar yankin Turai ta gabatar da ƙunshin a watan Yulin shekarar 2021. Ƙarƙashin ingantaccen tsarin doka, tsare-tsaren na iya zama doka acikin shekarar  2022. Matakan sun haɗada ƙarin tallafi don sufuri mai tsafta, abubuwan sabuntawa, da jadawalin kuɗin fito da ake kira Tsarin Dai-daita Kan Iyakar Carbon akan hayaƙi don shigo da iskar carbon mai yawa daga ƙasashen da ba suda isassun matakan rage gurɓataccen iskar gas insu. Tana bada shawarar tsawaita Tsarin Kasuwancin Haɓɓaka Iskar hayaƙin Tarayyar yankin Turai don jigilar kayayyaki da zafi. Idan aka kwatanta da yanayin net-zero daga Hukumar Makamashi ta Duniya, shirin ya ƙunshi ƙarin matakan don tabbatar da cewa makamashi ya kasance mai araha. Ƙungiyar kare muhalli ta GreenPeace ta soki ƙunshin da cewa bai dace da dakatar da ɗumamar yanayi, bada kuma lalata muhimman tsare-tsare na taimakon rayuwa saboda abin da akayi hasashen ya yi kadan. Kungiyar ta soki rabe-raben makamashin halittu a matsayin makamashin da ake iya sabuntawa da kuma sayar da motocin da ba su da hayaki nan da shekarar 2035.

## Duba kuma

* Canjin yanayi a Turai #Manufofin Yanayi

## Manazarta

### Sources
Hanyoyi Biyar Don Ceton Duniya

***Hanyoyi biyar don Ajiye Duniya;*** wani fim ne na Birtaniyya kan batutuwan muhalli da suka shafi canjin yanayi, wanda aka fitar a cikin Shekara ta 2006. Karen O'Connor ne yayi fim ɗin, don babban allo, kuma an harbe shi cikin harshen Ingilishi don isa ga masu sauraro na duniya. Ya haɗada tattaunawa da masana kimiyyar muhalli guda biyar da masana ciki har da Paul Crutzen, James Roger Angel, John Latham, Ian Jones, da Klaus Lackner.

“Hanyoyi biyar” da aka gabatar sune dabarun aikin injiniya:

* **ruwan tabarau na sararin samaniya** a cikin kewayawa, don nisantar da hasken rana daga duniya
* **shukar girgije** tare da ruwan teku don haɓaka albedo
* **sulfur ya ƙaddamar a cikin stratosphere** don ƙara albedo
* **hadi na teku** da ƙarfe ko urea (nitrogen taki)
* **itatuwan wucin gadi** (duba kama carbon da rarrabawa )

Tunda na farko hanyoyin uku ba su cire carbon dioxide daga yanayi, zasu kawai rage ɗumamar yanayi amma ba teku acidification. Tunda hanyoyin biyu na ƙarshe zasu cire carbon dioxide, acikin ra'ayi zasu iya rage ɗumamar yanayi da acidification na teku.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* ''Hanyoyi Biyar Don Ceton Duniya''
Injin: A cikin Yaƙin Yan'uwan Koch akan Kimiyyar Yanayi

***Injin Shakka: Acikin Koch Brothers' War on Climate Science*** shine taƙaitaccen bayani na 2016 game da Koch Industries da ƙoƙarinsa na ɓata binciken yanayi.An sake shi ta hanyar Gidan Rediyon Real News a ranar 31 ga Oktoba, ’yar wasan kwaikwayo Emma Thompson ce ta ruwaito shi.  

## Manazarta
Na'urar rage fitar da iska

**Sashin rage fitar da hayaki** (**ERU**) yanki ne da aka bayar a ƙarƙashin aikin Haɗin gwiwar aiwatarwa dangane da yarjejeniyar Kyoto. Wani ERU yana wakiltar raguwar iskar gas, a ƙarƙashin tsarin aiwatar da haɗin gwiwa, inda yake wakiltar tan ɗaya na CO  an rage shi.

## Bayani
Don bada damar kwatanta tasirin iskar gas a kan muhalli daban-daban, masana kimiyya sun ayyana masu ninkawa ga iskar gas waɗanda ke kwatanta ƙarfin su na greenhouse (yuwuwar dumamar yanayi) dangane da na carbon dioxide.

Misali ɗaya na aikin Haɗin gwiwar aiwatarwa wanda ya haifar da sashin rage yawan hayaƙi, shine samar da iskar gas ta wuraren zubar da ƙasa. Waɗannan iskar gas sun kunshi musamman methane wanda ke gudu zuwa sararin samaniya idan ba a tattara ba. Babban dalilin mu'amala da methane shine cewa yana da yuwuwar dumamar yanayi na shekaru 100 da ya ninka 25 idan aka kwatanta da carbon dioxide (watau yana da ƙarfin wutar lantarki sau 25). Tarin methane yawanci yana tare da konewa. Kona tonne guda na methane yana samar da kusan tan 3 na CO, don haka rage tasirin greenhouse ta (25-3=22) ERU.

A cikin watan Disamba na 2012, farashin ERU ya fadi zuwa ƙasa da cents 15 kafin murmurewa zuwa 23c bayan labarin cewa Kwamitin Canjin Yanayi na EU zai jefa kuri'a kan dakatar da ERUs daga ƙasashen da ba su sanya hannu ba har zuwa lokacin alkawari na biyu a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar Kyoto.

Acikin Janairu 2013, *Bloomberg* ya ba da rahoton cewa farashin raguwar hayaki ya ragu da kashi 89 acikin 2012.

## Manazarta

## Duba kuma
Naúrar adadin da aka ware
Martanin Jamus ga Kyoto Protocol

Jamus ita ce mafi girma a Turai kuma ta 6 mafi girma a duniya, mai fitar da iskar CO2.A cikin Yuli 2007, Jamus tana Turai, tareda mutane miliyan 82.4. Jamus na shigo da mafi yawan kayanta da hanyoyin makamashi, acikin 2004 tana shigo da ganga miliyan 2.135 na mai da biliyan 85.02m³ (2003) na iskar gas a rana. Acikin 2004, Jamus ta fitar da tan miliyan 886 na CO2 . Ac

cikin 2004, akwai kusan motoci miliyan 45 masu rajista a Jamus.

Tsakanin Maris 1998 da Maris 1999, ƙasashe 84 ciki hada Jamus sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Kyoto. Acikin Maris 2002, Bundestag ya amince da Kyoto baki daya. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2002, Tarayyar Turai ta gabatar da kasidu na amincewa ga dukkan kasashe 15 da ke cikinta a lokacin.

A matsayinta na kasa ta Annex II, alkawarin da Jamus tayi ga hukumar UNFCCC game da Kyoto shine rage hayaki da kuma samar da turbar tattalin arziki ga kasashe masu tasowa ta hanyar tsaftataccen tsarin raya kasa.

A watan Nuwamba na 2006, rabon da Jamus ta tsara na shekara-shekara shine tan miliyan 482 na CO2. Iskar gas na Greenhouse na Jamus ya ragu da kashi 17.2 cikin 100 daga 1990 zuwa 2004, a cewar UNFCCC. Jamus tana haɓɓaka kuɗaɗen carbon na gwamnati kuma tana tallafawa kuɗaɗen carbon na bangarori daban-daban waɗanda ke da niyyar siyan Kiredit ɗin Carbon daga ƙungiyoyin da ba na Annex I ba. Ƙungiyoyin gwamnati suna aiki kafaɗa da kafaɗa da manyan kayan aiki, makamashi, mai da iskar gas, da kuma ƙungiyoyin sinadarai don ƙoƙarin samun yawancin Takaddun Gas na Greenhouse a cikin arha mai yiwuwa.

Tun lokacin da aka rattaba hannu tareda tabbatar da wannan yarjejeniya, Jamus ta himmatu wajen rage hayakin da take fitarwa zuwa kashi 21 cikin ɗari ƙasa da matakan 1990 tsakanin 2008 da 2012. A watan Nuwamban shekarar 2008, wani bincike ya nuna cewa, Jamus ta riga ta rage fitar da hayaƙi mai gurɓata muhalli da kashi 22.4%, wanda ke nufin ta riga ta kai ga aiwatar da ayyukanta na fitar da hayaƙi na Kyoto.

## Wasu daga cikin nasarorin da Jamus ta samu tun bayan sanya hannu kan wannan yarjejeniya

* Ya zuwa yanzu Jamus ta rage hayakin CO2 da kashi 22.4%.
* Kasar Jamus ita ce ta kan gaba wajen samar da makamashin iska a duniya tare da injinan iska sama da 16,000, wadanda ke samar da kashi 39% na yawan karfin iska a duniya.
* Kasar Jamus ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shigar da kashi 64% na karfin samar da makamashin hasken rana a shekarar 2003. 

Jamus ta kuma sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar sauyin yanayi tare da Isra'ila da Jordan da Masar . An tsara wannan yarjejeniya ne don saukakawa da arha ga ƙasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu irin su Jamus don cimma burinsu na rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli a karkashin wannan yarjejeniya.

## Matakai na gaba

* Jamus na shirin samar da kashi 20 cikin 100 na makamashinta daga hanyoyin samar da makamashi nan da shekarar 2020. http://www.bmu.de/hausa/current_press_releases/pm/46293.php 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Bayanin Jamus
* Un Foundation
Sana’a

Masana da yawa sun bayyana ra’ayoyinsu a kan abin da ake nufi da sana’a a Bahaushiyar al’ada. Misali:
A ra’ayin Yahaya, (2001: 84) cewa ya yi:
“Sana’a hanya ce ta amfani da azanci da hikima, a sarrafa albarkatu da ni’imomin da dan Adam ya mallaka don bu}atun yau da kuma”
“Sana’a ita ce tushen rayuwar al’umma gaba ]aya, wadda suke dogaro da ita don gudanar da tsarin rayuwa ta yau da kullum”. Shi kuma Sharifai (1990:) ya danganta sana’a da cewa:
“Duk wata hanya da mutum yake bi don nema ko samun abinci, abinci yana zuwa ta hanyar ku]i ko wani abin da rayuwa zatta dogara a kai. Kuma wannan hanya ta zama wadda aka gada ce tun iyaye da kakanni, ba wata ba}uwar al’umma ce ta kawo ta.”

## Manazarta
Tsarin yanayi na duniya

**Tsarin yanayi na duniya;** tsari ne na duniya wanda ke da nufin dai-daita hulɗar ayyukan ɗan adam da tsarin yanayin duniya, don rage sauyin yanayi a . Tsarin irin wannan tsarin ya samo asali ne daga Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Sauyin yanayi ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ko UNFCCC a takaice.

## Tarihi
Bayan da aka amince da yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi a shekarar 1992, wadda ta kafa makasudin kaucewa tsoma baki mai hatsarin gaske ga tsarin yanayi na duniya, kokarin shawarwarin gwamnatoci ya mayar da hankali wajen aiwatar da wannan buri. Sakamakon farko da aka daure bisa doka shine Yarjejeniyar *Kyoto* wadda aka amince da ita a shekarar 1997 kuma ta fara aiki a shekarar 2005, tare da lokacin da ta fara aiki daga 2008 zuwa 2012. Ranar ƙarshe na 2009 don cimma yarjejeniyar bayan-Kyoto, wanda aka kafa a COP13 a Bali a 2007 ya ɓace, kuma tun daga ƙarshen 2012, raguwar hayaki na son rai daga yarjejeniyar Copenhagen ya zama tsarin mulkin sauyin yanayi na *duniya*.

A cikin 2015, an rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Paris, wanda ke tabbatar da matsayinsa na tsarin yanayi na duniya. Yana buƙatar ƙasashe su ba da gudummawar ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tsarin tsare-tsare don rage hayaƙin hayaki, da sabunta tsare-tsarensu duk bayan shekaru biyar a hannun jarin duniya. A karkashin tsarin sauyin yanayi na birnin Paris, dukkan kasashe sun rattaba hannu kan manufar daidaita ma'auni tsakanin tushe da kuma nitsewar iskar gas a rabin na biyu na karni na 21. Manufar ita ce ta riƙe haɓakar yanayin zafi zuwa "ƙasa" digiri 2 na ma'aunin celcius, da kuma "ƙoƙarin ƙoƙarin iyakance yawan zafin jiki zuwa 1.5°C sama da matakan masana'antu." 

Acikin 2021, a taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi na 2021, an rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar sauyin yanayi ta Glasgow, wanda a ƙarƙashinta ƙasashe suka amince su "saukar da" amfani da Kwal tareda ɗaukar wasu matakai don bunkasa buri da rage fitar da hayaki.

## Batutuwa
Acikin ƙarnin daya gabata ƙaruwar yawan iskar gas kamar carbon dioxide, methane da nitrousoxide sun kafa bargo acikin yanayi, suna haifar da tasirin greenhouse. Ɗumi-ɗumin ya kawo wasu muhimman batutuwa. Ƙanƙarar Arctic yana narkewa, wanda ke haifarda ƙaruwar yawan zafin dake riƙe a sandunan duniya. Sarke dazuzzuka, ko da gangan ko ta hanyar wutar daji, yana shafar yanayin tace iska. Hakanan yana rage albedo saman ƙasa, yana haɓɓaka yanayin zafi a duniya. Acikin shekaru goman da suka gabata an sami canje-canje da yawa a yanayin yanayi, kamar yawancin ranakun zafi da darare waɗanda ba'a saba yin sanyi ba da daddare. Fari ya zama ruwan dare a wasu yankunan, yayin da ruwan sama ya ƙaru a wasu.

## Shawarwari
Shawarwari don tsarin yanayin yanayi na duniya sun haɗa da:

* Kwangila da Haɗuwa
* Haqqoqin Ci gaban Greenhouse
* Kafa kuma Share
* Shawarar Nishimura na kasuwar iskar carbon ta duniya 
* Hanyar Budget na WBGU
* Kyoto2
* Duniya Atmospheric Trust
* Tsarin Takaddar Yanayi na Duniya

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya

An kafa **Cibiyar Global Commons**;gci.org.uk acikin United Kingdom, acikin 1990 ta Aubrey Meyer da sauransu don yin kamfen don ingantacciyar hanya don magance sauyin yanayi.

Ta musamman inganta samfurin Contraction and Convergence of CO  emissions a matsayin hanyar magance sauyin yanayi wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya COP kan sauyin yanayi da wasu kungiyoyin addinai na duniya suka amince da shi. Da yawa daga cikin wadanda suka kafa da kuma sanya hannu kan sanarwa na farko don amincewa da kwangila da haɗin kai sun kasance membobin jam'iyyar Green Party.

## Duba kuma

* Jim Berreen
* Aubrey Meyer ne adam wata
* Kwangila da Haɗuwa

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya
Gallery Climate Coalition

An kafa Ƙungiyar **Gallery Climate Coalition** acikin 2020, don magance sawun carbon na kasuwar fasaha ta duniya. Yayin da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ciki harda Tate sukayi magana game da sauyin yanayi da tasirin fasaha a kai, ana tunanin wannan shine mataki na farko da duniyar fasahar kasuwanci tayi.

Ƙungiyoyin da aka kafa sun haɗada: Thomas Dane, Kate MacGarry, Sadie Coles na Lisson Gallery da Greg Hilty, Frieze Art Fair co-kafa Matthew Slotover da darekta Victoria Siddall.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* galleryclimatecoalition.org
Ɗumamar Duniya: Alamu da Kimiyya

***Dumamar Duniya: Alamomin da Kimiyya*** shine fim ɗin shirin 2005 akan dumamar yanayi wanda ETV, ƙungiyar PBS a South Carolina ta shirya, kuma Alanis Morissette ya shirya. Shirin shirin yayi nazari ne kan kimiyyar da ke tattare da ɗumamar yanayi tareda tattaro wasu sassan da aka yi fim a Amurka, Asiya da Kudancin Amurka tareda nuna yadda jama'ar Waɗannan yankuna daban-daban ke mayar da martani ta hanyoyi daban-daban kan kalubalen dumamar yanayi don nuna wasu hanyoyin da duniya ke bi. iya amsawa.

## Duba kuma

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Dumamar Duniya: Alamomin da Kimiyyar  PBS 2005-11-02
The Green Initiative

**The Green Initiative** ne na ƙasa da ƙasa takardar shaida  da kuma shawarwari sabis kamfanin, alhakin da takardar shaida na Machu Picchu a matsayi na farko carbon neutral yawon shaƙatawa manufa a duniya, kazalika da takardar shaida na manyan 'yan wasa kamar adidas da AJE Group. Green Initiative yana tsara hanyoyin magance sauyin yanayi mai kyau don magance haɗarin sauyin yanayi, ƙalubalen kasuwa, da damar ƙirƙira dake da alaƙa da Yarjejeniyar Paris da Manufofin Cigaba mai dorewa. Suna daya daga cikin kamfanoni 24 da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta amince dasu don bada shawarwarin sauyin yanayi. Manyan manufofin Green Initiative sun hada da kashe gurbataccen iskar gas da ayyukan dan adam ke fitarwa, da kuma aikin sake dazuzzuka a yankunan magudanan ruwa da ya kamata a dawo dasu. Bishiyoyin da aka dasa daga waɗannan ayyukan zasu sha carbon dioxide daga yanayi, da fa'idodin muhalli, kamar kiyaye ingancin ruwa da iska, da kare rayayyun halittu.

## Manazarta
Maƙarƙashiyar Greenhouse

***The Greenhouse Conspiracy*** wani shirin fim ne wanda Channel 4 ke watsawa a Burtaniya a ranar 12 ga Agusta 1990, a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin *Equinox,* wanda yaƙi amincewa da ijma'in kimiyya game da sauyin yanayi kuma yayi iƙirarin cewa an hana masana kimiyya masu mahimmancin ka'idar dumamar yanayi ta duniya.

## Magana
Yana daya daga cikin farkon abubuwan da aka bada shawarar haɗa baki don inganta da'awar karya da ke tallafawa dumamar yanayi. Ko da yake taken shirin ya nuna cewa akwai wata makarkashiya, lokacin da aka yi hira da shi a kan shirin, Patrick Michaels ya yi watsi da ra'ayin.

## Duba kuma

*  Global warming portal

## Ƙara karantawa ==

## Manazarta
The Hand of Franklin (Fim)

***Hannun Franklin***  wani fim ne na shekarar 2015 na Kanada wanda Frank Wolf ya yi wanda ya biyo bayan ƙungiyar mutane huɗu da ke ƙoƙarin yin layi na Wurin Arewa maso Yamma don ba da haske kan canjin yanayi a cikin Arctic. Fim ɗin ya sami lambar yabo don 'Best Documentary Feature' a shekarar 2016 Ramunas Atelier International Film Awards, ya lashe kyautar 'Mafi kyawun Fim na Kanada' a shekarar 2015 Vancouver International Mountain Film Festival (VIMFF) kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta 'Adventure Award'.'a shekarar 2016 San Francisco International Ocean Film Festival. Yana fasalta kida ta Peirson Ross, The Cyrillic Typewriter, Sylvia Cloutier da Madeleine Allakariallak kuma ana watsawa a Kanada akan tashar *shirin* CBC.  

## Manazarta
Babban Majalisar kan Yanayi

**Babban Majalisar kan Yanayi**  Majalisar zartarwa ce mai zaman kanta acikin Gwamnatin Faransa ta sanar da Emmanuel Macron a cikin shekarar 2018 kuma an ƙirƙira ta a ranar 14 ga Mayun shekarar 2019. Majalisar na da nufin yin magana kan manufofin sauyin yanayi, da kuma samar da rahotanni kan ci gaban da Faransa ta samu kan alkawurran da ta dauka kan sauyin yanayi. An kafa kungiyar daban daga Majalisar Kasa don Canjin Muhalli wanda aka kafa don ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar tattaunawa ta zamantakewa da ke amsa ƙungiyoyi, kamar motsin Yellow vests.

Shugaban majalisar na yanzu Corinne Le Quéré kuma majalisar ta haɗada masana kimiyya 13 da kwararru kan sauyin yanayi. Majalisar ta samu kwarin gwuiwa daga kwamitin sauyin yanayi a Burtaniya.

## Membobi

* Corinne Le Quéré
* Valérie Masson-Delmotte ,
* Katheline Schubert ne adam wata
* Céline Guivarch
* Jean-Francois Soussana
* Laurence Tubiana
* Alain Grandjean
* Michel Colombier ne
* Marion Guillou
* Jean-Marc Jancovici
* Benoît Leguet
* Sophie Dubuisson-Quellier
* Magali Reghezza-Zitt

## Manufar
Babban aikin babban majalisar kan yanayi shine bayar da shawarwari ga gwamnatin Faransa kan manufofi da dabarun sauyin yanayi, gami da aiwatar da yarjejeniyar Paris. Majalisar tana da alhakin tantance tasirin manufofi da ayyukan gwamnati wajen rage fitar da hayaƙi mai gurɓata muhalli da Dai-daita tasirin sauyin yanayi.

Yana da gwaninta a fagage guda uku:

* rage fitar da iskar gas kai tsaye (rage yawan amfani da man fetur, sauya tsarin aikin gona, kama methane daga sharar gida, da sauransu.);
* ci gaba da nutsewar carbon (dazuzzuka, ƙasa, tekuna);
* rage sawun carbon na Faransa .

Majalisar ta fitar da rahotannin shekara-shekara da ke tantance ci gaban da Faransa ta samu, wajen cimma manufofinta na yanayi tareda bada shawarwari kan ayyukan da za'a yi a nan gaba. Rahotonni sun ƙunshi batutuwa da dama da suka haɗa da:

* yarda da yanayin rage hayaki mai gurbata yanayi na Faransa;
* aiwatar da tsare-tsare da matakan da suka dace don rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata yanayi (haraji, tallafi, tallafi, da dai sauransu) da bunƙasa nutsewar carbon (dazuzzuka, ƙasa da tekuna);
* dorewar tattalin arziƙi, zamantakewa da muhalli na waɗannan ayyuka;
* tasirin wadannan ayyuka a kan ma'auni na cinikayyar waje.

A kowace shekara biyar, tana fitar da rahoto kan yanayin rage fitar da hayaƙi mai gurɓata muhalli na Faransa, wanda ita kanta ake bita a duk shekara biyar. Acikin wannan rahoto, kwamitin ya tantance ko wannan yanayin ya isa dangane da ƙudurin Faransa na cimma yarjejeniyar sauyin yanayi a birnin Paris, da alkawurran da kasashen Turai sukayi, da kuma jajircewarsu wajen kawar da gurɓatar yanayi a shekarar 2050, tareda yin la'akari da dorewar tattalin arziki da zamantakewar sauye-sauyen da ake samu, da ma ƙasashen Turai. lamurran da suka shafi mulki.

Majalisar koli kan yanayi ta kuma shiga cikin wayar da kan jama'a da ilmantar da jama'a, tare da wayar da kan jama'a game da mahimmancin magance sauyin yanayi da kuma bukatar daukar matakan gaggawa.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Babban Majalisar kan Yanayi

## Manazarta
Iska mai zafi (tattalin arziki)

**Iska mai zafi,** a fannin tattalin arziki yana nufin ƙididdige ƙididdiga na Ƙididdiga, DA aka bayar don rage hayaƙin Green House Gas (GHG), a tsakanin tsoffin ƙasashen Tarayyar Soviet tun 1990.

Faduwar Tarayyar Soviet ta haifar da gagarumin gyare-gyare da kuma raba masana'antu da yawa daga cikin tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet. Lokacin da akayi shawarwarin yarjejeniyar Kyoto, akwai hanyoyi da yawa waɗanda ke bada izinin ciniki na ƙirƙira hayaki. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ƙididdigewa da aka samar a ƙarƙashin tanadin Haɗin gwiwa, Ƙididdigar Rage Fitarwa; Tsarin Ci Gaban Tsabta (CDM): Ƙididdigar Rage Ƙirar Ƙira; da Raka'a Adadin Ƙididdiga (AAU) , yanzu kuma an fi sani da Hot Air a cikin mahallin bayan Soviet. An bai wa Rasha waɗannan a matsayin abin ƙarfafawa don sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar. Kwararru masu mahimmanci kan sauyin yanayi sun yi tir da wadannan lamurra a matsayin wata hanya ga kasashe su sayi hanyarsu ta fita daga ɗaukar matakan magance sauyin yanayi.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
* Japan ta musanta Sayan 'Jikin Zafi' don Haɗu da Burin Kyoto
* Rasha da kasuwancin carbon, *[[New York Times]]*, 28 Disamba 2005
Hotspot Ecosystems Bincike akan Margin Tekun Turai

**Hotspot Ecosystems Research on Margins of European Seas**, ko **HERMES**, wani shirine na ƙasa da ƙasa da yawa, daga Afrilu 2005 zuwa Maris 2009, wanda yayi nazarin halittu masu zurfi na teku tareda zurfin teku na Turai.

Shirin HERMES ya samu tallafi daga Tsarin Mulki na shida na Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, kuma shi ne wanda ya gabaci aikin HERMIONE, wanda ya fara a cikin Afrilu 2009.  

## Manazarta
Dan Adam niche yanayi

**Yanayin ɗan adam;** shine tarin yanayin yanayin da ya cigaba da rayuwar ɗan adam da ayyukan ɗan adam, kamar noma, a duniya har tsawon shekaru dubu da suka gabata. An ƙiyasta yanayin ɗan adam ta hanyar ƙididdige yawan adadin ɗan adam dangane da ma'anar zafin rana. Rarraba yawan jama'a a matsayin aiki na matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara, shine bimodal kuma yana haifar da hanyoyi guda biyu; daya a 15&nbsp;°C da kuma wani a~20 zuwa 25&nbsp;°C. Amfanin amfanin gona da dabbobin da ake buƙata don ɗorewa yawan jama'ar ɗan adam suma suna iyakance ga irin wannan yanayin. Idan aka yi la’akari da hauhawar yanayin zafi a duniya, ana hasashen yawan ɗan adam zai fuskanci yanayin yanayi fiyeda yanayin yanayin ɗan adam. Wasu hasashe sun nuna cewa idan aka yi la'akari da yanayin zafi da sauye-sauyen al'umma, mutane biliyan 2.0 da biliyan 3.7 za su rayu daga cikin ma'auni nan da 2030 da 2090, bi da bi.

## Manazarta
Ice da Sky

***Ice da Sky*** ( , wanda kuma aka sani da ***Antarctica: Ice da Sky***) wani fim din Faransanci na 2015 ne wanda Luc Jacquet ya jagoranta game da aikin Claude Lorius, wanda ya fara nazarin Ƙanƙara Antarctic a 1957, kuma, a 1965, shine masanin kimiyya na farko da ya damu da dumamar yanayi. An zaɓi fim ɗin don rufe 2015 Cannes Film Festival.
Koffi Djidji

**Koffi Djidji** (An haifeshi ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba, 1992) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida don ƙungiyar Kwallon kafar Torino a Serie A ta Italiya. An haife shi a Faransa, Djidji yana buga wa tawagar ƙasar Ivory Coast wasa  

## Manazarta
Ice2 teku

**Ice2sea** wani shiri ne na binciken kimiyya wanda Shirin Tsari na 7 na Tarayyar Turai ya bada tallafi don nazarin tasirin sauyin yanayi kan glaciation da narkar da ƙanƙara a matakin teku. Aikin ice2sea, na haɗin gwiwar cibiyoyin bincike na 24, wanda Farfesa David Vaughan ya jagoranta, da nufin rage rashin tabbas acikin tsinkayen matakan teku wanda ke da mahimmancin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa ga Turai, musamman ma yadda manyan yankunan Turai na bakin teku ke ƙasa ko. kasa da mita sama da matakin teku.

Rahoton kwamitin sulhu na huɗu kan sauyin yanayi na shekara ta 2007 (IPCC) ya nuna alamar ƙanƙara a matsayin mafi girman rashin tabbas da ya rage a hasashen tashin matakin teku. Fahimtar mahimmancin tasirin ƙanƙara ya kasance "iyakantacce ne don tantance yuwuwarsu ko samar da mafi kyawun ƙima na babban iyaka don hawan matakin teku".

Ingantattun sakamakon kimiyya daga ice2sea da aka ciyar acikin rahoton IPCC na biyar (2013) don samar da ingantattun hasashen hawan teku.

Wannan yunƙurin ya ɗauki nauyin binciken da masana kimiyya daga Cibiyar Nazarin Polar da Ruwa ta Alfred Wegener a Jamus, wanda aka buga acikin *Nature* acikin 2012, wanda yayi hasashen bacewar . babban Shelf Filchner-Ronne Ice a gabashin Antarctica a ƙarshen ƙarni wanda zai iya ƙara har zuwa  na hawan teku a kowace shekara saboda narkewar shi kadai.

## Duba kuma

* Hawan matakin teku
* Tsarin kankara Antarctic
* Greenland kankara
* Glaciers
* Kwamitin Tsakanin gwamnatoci kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC)
* Tsarin Tsarin Tarayyar Turai 7
* Binciken Antarctic na Burtaniya

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/226375

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Sadarwar Indiya akan Ƙimar Canjin Yanayi

**Cibiyar Sadarwar Indiya akan Ƙimar Canjin Yanayi;** (INCCA) wata hanyar sadarwa ce ta masana kimiyya a Indiya da za'a kafa don buga binciken da akayi bita kan canjin yanayi a Indiya.

An sanar a ranar 7, ga Oktoba 2009http://moef.nic.in/downloads/others/Final_Book.pdf, yana cewa:

Wani jami'in sashen sauyin yanayi a Ma'aikatar Muhalli ya sake sanar da shi a ranar 25, ga Janairu, 2012, bayan wani taron dabarun da sakataren hadin gwiwa (Climate) JM Mausker ya jagoranta, wanda kuma yayi magana game da tsara Tsarin Ayyukan Kasa na Indiya kan Sauyin Yanayi (Climate Plan). NAPCC). A ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2010, Ministan muhalli na Indiya Jairam Ramesh ya ba da sanarwar cewa za ta tattara masana kimiyya 250, daga cibiyoyin bincike na Indiya 125, tare da haɗa kai da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa. An fitar da kima na farko game da hayaƙi mai gurbata yanayi a ranar 11, ga Mayu, 2010, kuma za a buga kimantawar yanayi ta biyu. acikin Nuwamba 2010, zai hada da rahotanni game da Himalayas, gabar tekun Indiya, tsaunukan Yammacin Ghat da yankin arewa maso gabashin Indiya. Ya ce za ta yi aiki ne a matsayin "irin IPCC ta Indiya", amma ba za tayi hamayya da kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi (IPCC) ba.

Ramesh ya kuma bada sanarwar ƙaddamar da Cibiyar Nazarin Glaciology ta Himalayan ta Indiya. Ya ce duk da yana mutunta hukumar ta IPCC, amma ba tayi dai-dai da aikin ba, kuma rauninta shine bata gudanar da nata binciken ba. Ramesh ya kuma nuna son zuciya ya sa ya zama mai rashin hankali ga gaskiyar yankin, kuma a maimakon haka ya dogara da tattara kima na wasu rahotanni, wanda, ya haifar da "lalata" acikin dazuzzukan Amazon, glaciers Himalayan, da kuma kankara.

## Manazarta.
Cibiyar Pierre Simon Laplace

**Cibiyar Pierre Simon Laplace** (*Cibiyar Pierre Simon Laplace*); ƙungiya ce ta Faransa wacce ta ƙunshi ɗakunan gwaje-gwaje 9 (CEREA, GEOPS, LATMOS, ƙungiyar LERMA, LISA, LMD, LOCEAN, LPMAA, LSCE da METIS) waɗanda ke gudanar da bincike kan kimiyyar yanayi.

## Manazarta

## Shafukan waje
Gidan yanar gizon hukuma
Ƙungiyar Hadin gwiwar makamashi Ta Johannesburg

**Kungiyar Haɗin gwiwar Makamashi Mai Sabuwa na Johannesburg**, wanda aka fi sani da **JREC**, ƙungiyar ƙasashe ne da ke goyon bayan sanarwar kan hanyar cigaba kan makamashi mai sabuntawa (wanda aka fi sani da sanarwar JREC), da akayi a taron koli na duniya kan cigaba mai dorewa a Johannesburg, Kudu Afirka, a watan Satumba 2002. Hukumar Tarayyar Turai da Gwamnatin Maroko ne ke jagorantar JREC.

## Duba kuma

* Makamashi mai sabuntawa

## Manazarta


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* JREC gidan yanar gizon
Jarida don Nazarin Geoclimatic

The ***Journal for Geoclimatic Studies;*** sunan da aka baiwa wata jarida da bata wanzu wadda ta buga wani ƙirƙira binciken ɗumamar yanayi a watan Nuwamba 2007 mai take, "Carbon dioxide samar da benthic ƙwayoyi: mutuwar mutum-mutumin duniya ƙa'idar?" Binciken da aka buga ya gano *Journal for Geoclimatic Studies* a matsayin bugu na hukuma na **Cibiyar Nazarin Geoclimatic** ta Jami'ar Okinawa, (Cibiyar Nazarin Geoclimatic ita ma yaudara ce, kuma ba ta wanzu). Binciken da akayi, wanda Daniel Klein da Mandeep J.Gupta na Sashen nazarin yanayi na Jami'ar Arizona suka rubuta, da Philip Cooper da Arne FR Jansson a Sashen nazarin ilimin yanayi na Jami'ar Gothenburg, sunyi iƙirarin cewa ɗumamar yanayi bata kasance ba. mutum ya haifar, amma aikin carbon-dioxide dake fitar da ƙwayoyin cuta akan bene na teku.

Wasu masu musanta dumamar yanayi ne suka yada rahoton kafin gano cewa marubutan binciken da sassan jami’o’in da aka gano a cikin littafin ba su wanzu ba. An saukar da gidan yanar gizon da aka buga binciken da zarar an bayyana yaudarar, kuma an gano mallakarsa ga David Thorpe, ɗan jaridar kimiyya kuma mai tsara gidan yanar gizo da ke zaune a Burtaniya . Gaskiyar marubucin labarin wani mutum ne da ke bayyana kansa a matsayin Mark Cox, wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa an ƙirƙira wannan labarin ne don fallasa rashin fahimta da jahilcin kimiyya na masu ƙaryata dumamar yanayi .

## Manazarta ==
King Review

Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ƙaddamar da **King Review na ƙananan motocin Carbon** a cikin 2007 don nazarin abin hawa da fasahohin man fetur waɗanda zasu iya taimakawa wajen lalata zirga-zirgar motoci acikin shekaru 25 masu zuwa.

Farfesa Julia King CBE FREng, Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Aston,kuma tsohon Darakta na Advanced Engineering a Rolls-Royce plc ne ya jagoranci biyar.

An buga rahoton nazari na wucin gadi a watan Oktoba 2007, kuma ya maida hankali kan yuwuwar rage hayakin CO  daga safarar hanya. Ya ƙarƙare da cewa:

* Ana buƙatar ci gaba cikin gaggawa daga zirga-zirgar hanya don taimakawa wajen saduwa da raguwar hayaƙi ga ƙasashen da suka ci gaba na 60-80 bisa ɗari ta 2050 wanda aka zayyana a cikin Binciken Stern .
* A kan farashi mai rahusa kuma nan da shekarar 2030, za a iya rage hayakin kilomita daya daga zirga-zirgar hanya da kashi 50 cikin 100.
* Motocin da ke da wutar lantarki ko hydrogen suna da yuwuwar yin kusa da cikar lalatawar jigilar titi ta zama manufa ta dogon lokaci.
* Biofuels suna da rawar gani a kasuwannin mai na Burtaniya a nan gaba, kodayake ba dole ba ne a bar buƙatu ya yi girma da sauri ba tare da ƙaƙƙarfan kariyar muhalli a wurin ba.

An buga matakin ƙarshe na Bita acikin Maris 2008, kuma ya bada shawarwari kan yadda Gwamnati zata iya taka rawa wajen lalata sufuri.

## Manazarta
Jimi Solanke

**Jimi Solanke** Listen  (an haife shi a watan Yuli shekarar 1942 - 5 ga Faburairu, 2024) ɗan wasan fim ne na Najeriya, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, mawaƙin gargajiya, mawaƙi kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo .

## Ok Rayuwar farko
Solanke ya kammala karatunsa a jami'ar Ibadan, inda ya samu shaidar difloma a fannin wasan kwaikwayo .

## Sana'a
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Solanke ya koma Amurka, inda ya kirkiro ƙungiyar wasan morning kwaikwayo mai suna *The Africa Review*, yana mai da hankali kan al'adun Afirka. Mambobin wannan kungiya sukan sanya  tufafin Afirka, musamman kayan Yarbawa . Sun yi wasa a  makarantun bakar fata na Afirka.  Solanke ya kafa kansa a Los Angeles, California, inda aikinsa na ba da labari ya fara. CNN ta bayyana shi a matsayin "babban mai ba da labari". 

A cikin  shekarar 1986, ya dawo Najeriya tare da mambobi uku na African Review Group don yin aiki da Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya .  Sunansa ya sa ya zama jagora a yawancin fina-finan Ola Balogun .  Yana cikin tawagar da suka yi fim din *Kongi's Harvest* na Wole Soyinka wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel.

## Filmography

* *Girbin Kongi (fim)*
* *Sango (fim)* (1997)
* *Shadow Party* (2020)

## Manazarta
Klimaforum09

**Klimaforum09** – *Babban taron sauyin yanayi na mutane*, buɗaɗɗe kuma madadin taron sauyin yanayi acikin Disamba 2009, ya sami halartar kusan mutane 50,000. Masu fafutukar kare muhalli daga yankuna na duniya da sauyin yanayi yafi shafa sunyi taro a Copenhagen a Klimaforum09 tareda shugabanni irinsu Vandana Shiva, wanda ya kafa Navdanya, Nnimmo Bassey, shugabar Friends of the Earth International, da marubuciya Naomi Klein.

An tsara sanarwar jama'a daga Klimaforum09 kafin da kuma yayin taron kolin yanayi na jama'a wanda ke kira ga" *canjin tsari - ba sauyin yanayi ba* " kuma an mika shi ga taron 15th na jam'iyyun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Tsarin Tsarin Sauyin yanayi a ranar 18 ga Disamba.

Klimaforum09 ya faru daga 7 zuwa 18 Disamba 2009 acikin DGI-byen taron cibiyar, kusa da Copenhagen Central Station, a matsayin buɗe da madadin taron a lokacin UNFCCC COP15. Taron wanda ya kunshi muhawarori sama da 300, nune-nune, fina-finai, kide-kide da wasan kwaikwayo, cibiyar sadarwar Klimaforum, wata babbar hanyar sadarwar ƙungiyoyin farar hula ce ta shirya, kuma ta samu tareda taimakon daruruwan masu sa kai.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Sanarwa ta Jama'a daga Klimaforum09  Archived  
* Klimaforum cibiyar sadarwa  (Ingilishi/Danish)

## Manazarta
Laboratoire des sciences du climat et de l'environnement

(**LSCE**, Climate and Environment Sciences Laboratory) ɗakin gwaje-gwaje ne don nazarin yanayi da kuma musamman sauyin yanayi. Yana daga cikin Cibiyar Pierre Simon Laplace, kuma tana kan cibiyoyin karatun a L'Orme des Merisiers da Gif sur Yvette.

Ƙungiyar tana taka muhimmiyar rawa acikin tsarin Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun kuma sun haɗa da masu ƙira acikin glaciology, fahimtar nesa da nazarin ingancin iska.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Shafin hukuma (a Turanci)
Alaƙar ƙasa da ƙasa Ga Sauyin Yanayi na Duniya

***Dangantakar Duniya da Canjin Yanayi na Duniya*** littafi ne na 2001 wanda Urs Luterbacher da Detlef F. Sprinz suka gyara. MIT Press ne ya buga shi. Littafin ya ƙunshi nazari mai mahimmanci na wallafe-wallafen dangantakar ƙasa da ƙasa dangane da batutuwan yanayi. Ya haɗa da nazarce-nazarce, na ƙa'ida, da kuma nazarce-nazarce na siyasar sauyin yanayi ta duniya. Littafin taƙaitaccen bayani ne na tsaka-tsaki.

## Manazarta
Rahoton kari na IPCC, 1992

An buga **ƙarin rahoton [[Kungiyar gwamnatoci a kan Canjin Yanayi|IPCC]]** na 1992 don bada gudummawa ga muhawara kan Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi, a taron duniya na 1992 da aka gudanar a Rio de Janeiro.

Rahoton ya sabunta kuma ya sake duba wasu daga cikin bayanan da ke ƙunshe acikin Rahoton Ƙididdigar Farko na IPCC, kuma ya haɗada sababbin sauyin yanayi guda shida, ciki harda sabuntawa na yanayin 1990.

Babban ƙarshe shine bincike tun 1990 "bai shafi ainihin fahimtar kimiyyar tasirin greenhouse ba kuma ko dai tabbatarwa ko kuma bada hujjar canza manyan abubuwan da aka yanke na farko na kima na IPCC na farko ba". An lura cewa simulations na wucin gadi {dogara}, waɗanda suka kasance na farko sosai acikin FAR, yanzu an inganta su, amma ba su haɗada canje-canjen aerosol ko ozone ba.

## Duba kuma

* Gujewa Canjin Yanayi Mai Haɗari - taron ƙasa da ƙasa (2005)
* Ayyukan mutum da na siyasa akan sauyin yanayi
* Ayyukan kasuwanci akan sauyin yanayi
* Manufar makamashi
* Kiyaye makamashi
* Samfurin yanayi na duniya
* Ka'idar taka tsantsan
* Albarkatun makamashi na duniya da amfani

## Ƙara karantawa

* Canjin Yanayi 1992: Rahoton Ƙarin IPCC; masu gyara: JT Houghton, BA Callander da SK Varney; Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge; 1992
* IPCC Publications / Rahotanni: 1992 Ƙarin Rahotanni (shafukan da ke da alaƙa zuwa PDFs na sassan):
** Ƙarin Rahoton zuwa Ƙididdigar Kimiyya ta IPCC
** Ƙarin Rahoton zuwa Ƙididdigar Tasirin Tasirin IPCC
** Ƙididdigar IPCC 1990 da 1992

## Manazarta
Cibiyar binciken Dabbobi da tattalin arziki

**Cibiyar Binciken Dabbobin Dabbobi da Tattalin Arziki;** cibiyar bincike ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ke mayar da hankali kan inganta fahimtar hayaƙin da ake fitarwa daga noman dabbobi.

An kafa shi a watan Nuwamba 2007.

## Duba kuma

* Canjin yanayi a New Zealand
* Muhalli na New Zealand

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Fitar Dabbobin Dabbobi da Cibiyar Binciken Rarraba