open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ariel Serena Hedges Bowen

**Ariel Serena Hedges Bowen** (3 ga Maris, 1863 - 7 ga Yuli, 1904) marubuciya ce 'yar asalin Afirka-Amurka, mai fafutukar kare kai, kuma farfesa a fannin kiɗa a Jami'ar Clark da ke Atlanta a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20. *Adabin Negro na ƙarni na 20* (1902) ya lura cewa "ana ɗaukarta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mata mafiya hazaka kuma mafi kyawun al'adu a cikin ƙabilarta."  Ta kasance memba ta rayuwa a Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Waje ta Mata ta Cocin Methodist Episcopal .

## Da wuri
A shekarar 1863, an haifi Ariel Serena Hedges a Newark, New Jersey inda mahaifinta, Charles Hedges, limamin cocin Presbyterian ne. Ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Lincoln da ke Pennsylvania a shekarar 1869 kuma ya kafa coci-coci a Jihar New York. Mahaifiyarta ta wakilci ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin iyalan Presbyterian na wannan jihar.  Kakanta mai yin barna ne a lokacin yakin Mexico, kuma ya kasance mai tsaron girmamawa lokacin da Lafayette ya sake ziyartar Amurka.

Iyayenta sun ƙaura zuwa Pittsburgh, inda ta halarci Cibiyar Avery kuma ta kammala karatunta a wannan makarantar. Daga nan iyayenta suka ƙaura zuwa Baltimore, inda mahaifinta ya zama fasto na Cocin Presbyterian na Madison Avenue, kuma daga ƙarshe na Cocin Grace Presbyterian. An tura ta zuwa makarantar sakandare a Springfield, Massachusetts inda ta ci gaba da zama, kuma suka kammala karatunta da girmamawa a 1885. Ta kuma yi Kwas ɗin Malamai da Jarrabawarsu kuma ta ci jarrabawar da ta dace, daga baya aka ɗauke ta a matsayin malamar ɗaya daga cikin makarantun birnin. Daga nan ta koyar da Tarihi da Harshen Turanci a Cibiyar Tuskegee da ke Tuskegee, Alabama a ƙarƙashin Booker T. Washington . Ta iya karanta Girkanci, Latin, da Jamusanci. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

A shekara ta 1886, Hedges ta auri Dr. John WE Bowen na Kwalejin Tauhidi ta Gammon da ke Atlanta.  Ta zama memba ta rayuwa a Ƙungiyar Mishan ta Ƙasashen Waje ta Cocin Methodist Episcopal. Ta ƙaura zuwa Atlanta tare da mijinta a shekara ta 1893, inda ma'auratan suka haifi 'ya'ya huɗu (ɗa ɗaya da 'ya'ya mata uku).

Bowen ya zama Farfesa a fannin Kiɗa a Jami'ar Clark a shekarar 1895, yana rubutu sosai a kan kiɗa ( *Music in the Home* ), haka kuma ya zama ƙwararren mawaƙi kuma mawaƙi mai piano da bututun organ.

Bowen kuma fitaccen mutum ne a cikin ƙungiyar 'Yancin Kai na Kirista ta Kudancin Mata, inda ya rubuta littafin 'The Ethics of Reform' kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban jiha na Georgia WCTU, No. 2.

An sanya wa cocin Ariel Bowen Memorial United Methodist da ke Atlanta, Georgia suna don tunawa da ita.

## Manazarta
Deirdre Cooper Owens

Deirdre Cooper Owens ƙwararriyar masaniyar tarihi ce kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin haihuwa, wadda aka fi sani da littafinta na 2017 mai suna Medical Bondage: Race, Gender, and the Origins of American Gynecology . Ita farfesa ce a Jami'ar Connecticut .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Deirdre Cooper Owens a hannun uba ma'aikacin Hukumar Kula da Taskar Tarihi ta Ƙasa kuma mahaifiyarta mai nazarin tarihin iyali kuma ta girma a Anacostia, wata unguwa a kudu maso gabashin Washington DC   Ta fito daga Kudancin Carolina Lowcountry Gullahs a ɓangaren iyayenta biyu,  ta koyi labaran harshen Gullah daga kakanta tun tana ƙarama. 

Cooper Owens ta kammala karatunta a Kwalejin Bennett, Jami'ar Clark Atlanta, da Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, inda ta sami digirin digirgir a tarihi.  Daga baya ta shiga jami'ar Nebraska-Lincoln, inda ta kasance Farfesa Charles da Linda Wilson a Tarihin Magunguna kuma ta jagoranci shirin Humanities In Medicine.  Ta kuma jagoranci shirin Kamfanin Laburare na Philadelphia a tarihin Baƙar fata na Amurka .A shekarar 2023, ta koma Sashen Tarihi na Jami'ar Connecticut da Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka kuma ta zama farfesa a can. 

A matsayinta na ƙwararriyar masaniyar ilimi, Cooper Owens ta ƙware a tarihin Baƙar fata-Amurka, musamman tarihin magani .  A shekarar 2017, ta buga *[[Medical Bondage: Race, Gender, and the Origins of American Gynecology]]*, wani littafi kan cin zarafin mata baƙaƙe a fannin ilimin mata na ƙarni na 19;  ta lashe kyautar Darlene Clark Hine Award ta 2018 saboda wannan littafin.  A shekarar 2024, ta kasance mai ba da gudummawa ga littafin *Roe v. Wade: Fifty Years After*, wani littafi kan ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin zubar da ciki ta Amurka . 

Cooper Owens mai fafutukar kare hakkin haihuwa ce, bayan ta yi aiki tare da ƙungiyoyi wajen yaƙi da mace-macen mata masu juna biyu baƙaƙe a Amurka .  Tana kuma aiki a matsayin mai jawabi a bainar jama'a. 

## Littattafan tarihi

* *[[Medical Bondage: Race, Gender, and the Origins of American Gynecology|Lamunin Lafiya: Kabila, Jinsi, da Asalin Ilimin Haihuwar Mata na Amurka]]* (2017)  
* *Roe da Wade: Shekaru Hamsin Bayan* (2024) 

## Manazarta
Mellonee Burnim

**Mellonee Victoria Burnim** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1950) ƙwararriyar masaniyar kiɗan al'adu ce ta Amurka. Farfesa ce mai ƙwarewa a fannin kiɗan al'adun Afirka ta Amurka a Jami'ar Indiana Bloomington, wacce ta ƙware a fannin kiɗan bishara na Afirka ta Amurka, a baya ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta a Taskar Kiɗa da Al'adun Afirka ta Amurka .

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Burnim ta girma a ƙauyen Teague, Texas a shekarun 1950 da 1960.   Ta halarci makarantu da majami'u na baƙar fata, inda ta rera waƙoƙin bishara . Lokacin da take da shekaru 12, Burnim ta kasance mai yin piano a ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa na coci guda uku daban-daban a cikin al'ummarta.

Burnim ta halarci Jami'ar Jihar North Texas, inda ta yi karatun digiri a fannin kiɗa tare da mai da hankali kan piano. A lokacin karatunta, ta ci gaba da buga piano ga ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta cocin Black Baptist a ranakun Lahadi.  Burnim ta ci gaba da kammala digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison, tare da takardar digiri a kan waƙoƙi a cikin tatsuniyoyi na Mende .

An ɗauki Burnim aiki zuwa Jami'ar Indiana Bloomington don kammala karatun digirin digirgir na PhD sannan ta kafa ƙungiyar mawakan Afirka ta jami'ar a shekarar 1976.  Ta sami digirin digirgir na uku a fannin ilimin kiɗan al'adu a shekarar 1980,  tare da wani digiri mai taken *Al'adar Waƙar Baƙar Fata: Alamar Ƙabilanci* . 

## Sana'a
Bayan kammala karatunta, Burnim ta ci gaba da karatu a Jami'ar Indiana, inda ta shiga sashen nazarin Afirka-Amurka (wanda yanzu haka yake sashen nazarin Afirka-Amurka da Afirka da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje ).  Ta ci gaba da zama shugabar sashen.  Ta koma Sashen Al'adu da Kiɗan Kiɗa a 1999. Ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta a Taskar Kiɗan Afirka da Al'adun Afirka daga 2014 zuwa 2016. Ya zuwa shekarar 2017, Burnim tana da matsayin farfesa a fannin ilimi. 

An san Burnim a matsayin wacce ta fara bincike kuma ƙwararriya a fannin nazarin waƙoƙin bishara na Afirka ta Amurka.    Ta kasance mai bincike mai "ƙarfi"  wacce ta wallafa kuma ta yi lacca sosai kan tarihi da kuma ayyukan waƙoƙin addini na Baƙar fata.   

Burnim ta haɗa hannu wajen gyara littattafai guda biyu tare da abokiyar aikinta a Jami'ar Indiana Portia K. Maultsby : Waƙar Afirka ta Amurka: Gabatarwa (2006) da Matsaloli a Waƙar Afirka ta Amurka: Iko, Jinsi, Jinsi, Wakilci (2016). Ana iya samun tarin takardu da kayan gani na Burnim a cikin taskar Jami'ar Indiana.

## Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka

### Littattafai
 

### Labarai na mujallu
 

### Surorin littafi
 

## Manazarta
Margaret Burnham

**Margaret A. Burnham** (an haife ta a ranar 28 ga Disamba, 1944)  lauya ce 'yar Amurka kuma mai ilimi. Ita ce Farfesa a fannin Shari'a a Jami'a a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Northeastern, wacce ta kafa Aikin Haƙƙoƙin Bil'adama da Maido da Shari'a, kuma wacce ta kafa Taskar Dijital ta Burnham-Nobles.  Ita ce kuma Darakta a Fannin Shari'a na Cibiyar Shari'a, Daidaito da Kabila (CLEAR).  Ita memba ce a Hukumar Binciken Rikodin Rikodin Shari'o'in Haƙƙoƙin Bil'adama .

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Burnham a ranar 28 ga Disamba, 1944, a Birmingham, Alabama, ga masu fafutuka Louis E. Burnham da Dorothy Burnham ( née Challenor). 'Yar uwarta, Linda Burnham, ita ma ƙwararriya ce kuma 'yar jarida, kuma ɗan'uwanta, Charles Burnham, ƙwararre ne a fannin goge da waƙa. Tana da alaƙa da Forbes Burnham, shugaban Guyana na biyu. 

Ta sami digirin farko a fannin fasaha a tarihi daga Kwalejin Tougaloo da kuma digirin farko a fannin shari'a daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Pennsylvania . 

## Sana'a
Aikin lauya na Burnham ya haɗa da yin aiki a matsayin lauya tare da Asusun Kare Shari'a na NAACP . 

In 1970, Burnham worked with Communist Party USA lawyer John Abt to defend Angela Davis, her friend since childhood, and later wrote the foreword to Abt's memoir.

A shekarar 1977, Burnham ta zama mace 'yar asalin Amurka ta farko da ta zama alkali a Massachusetts, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar alkali a Kotun Gundumar Boston har zuwa 1982. 

A shekarar 2008, Burnham yana ɗaya daga cikin lauyoyin da suka shigar da ƙarar da ta fi muhimmanci a kan Franklin County, Mississippi saboda hannun jami'an tsaro a cikin satar Ku Klux Klan, azabtarwa da kisan wasu matasa 'yan shekara 19, Henry Dee da Charles Eddie Moore a shekarar 1964.

A ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2021, Shugaba Joe Biden ya naɗa Burnham a matsayin memba na Hukumar Binciken Bayanan Laifukan Jama'a ta 'Yancin Dan Adam.  Kwamitin Tsaron Cikin Gida na Majalisar Dattawa ya gudanar da zaman sauraren ra'ayoyin jama'a kan naɗin Burnham a ranar 13 ga Janairu, 2022. Kwamitin ya bayar da rahoton zaɓenta mai kyau a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2022. Majalisar Dattawa ta amince da Burnham a hukumance ta hanyar ƙuri'ar amincewa da ita a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2022. 

Burnham ta rubuta kuma ta rubuta labarai da dama tare;  da kuma littafi guda ɗaya, *By Hands Now Known: Jim Crow's Legal Executioners*,  wanda ke nazarin tarihin tashin hankali mai kisan kai a lokacin zamanin Jim Crow. Littafinta ya sami bita mai kyau a cikin *[[New York Times|The New York Times]]*,  *The New York Review of Books*,  kuma ya lashe kyautar littafin Los Angeles Times for History a 2022.  Ta kuma lashe kyautar Hillman ta 2023 don aikin jarida na littattafai, da kuma kyautar Hurston/Wright Legacy Award. *By Hands Now Known* ta kasance wacce ta zo ta ƙarshe a gasar Kirkus Prize for Nonfiction ta 2022, kuma an sanya mata suna a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Littafin Shekara ta *The New Yorker*, *Oprah Daily*, *Kirkus Reviews*, Chicago Public Library, da *Publishers Weekly* . 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin Masu Shari'ar Bakar fata
* Jerin lauyoyi da alkalai mata na farko a Massachusetts

## Manazarta
Elizabeth Brown-Guillory

Elizabeth Brown-Guillory ƙwararriyar masaniya ce a fannin ilimi, marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai fasaha. Ita tsohuwar farfesa ce a fannin Turanci a Jami'ar Houston kuma yanzu ita ce Dean of Texas Southern University 's Thomas F. Freeman Honors College.

## Sana'a
Brown-Guillory ta yi wasannin kwaikwayo goma sha biyu a Washington DC, New York City, Los Angeles, Denver, New Orleans, Houston, Cleveland, da Chicago. Wasanninta sun haɗa da *<nowiki/>'Bayou Relics'<nowiki/>*, ' *Snapshots of Broken Dolls* ', *Mam Phyllis*, *La Bakair*, ' *When the Ancestors Call'<nowiki/>*, da kuma *<nowiki/>'The Break of Day* '. An buga goma daga cikin wasanninta a cikin *Black Drama: 1850 to Present'<nowiki/>*, tarin wasannin kwaikwayo 1,200 na Blacks.  An bayyana littafinta, ' *Their Place on the Stage*' a matsayin "aikin tunani mai mahimmanci ga duk wanda ke nazarin marubutan wasan kwaikwayo na mata baƙar fata ko wasan kwaikwayo na baƙi". 

Brown-Guillory ta kasance farfesa a fannin Turanci a Jami'ar Houston .  Tun daga shekarar 2009 ita ce Farfesa a fannin Wasan Kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Texas Southern da ke Houston, Texas.

## Littattafai

* *Matsayinsu a kan Dandalin: Marubutan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Mata Baƙaƙe a Amurka* . Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1988. Murfin bango, shafi na 165; New York da London: Praeger, 1990 Paperback, shafi na 165; Fassarar Koriya, 2001.

## Wasannin da aka buga

* *Hutun Rana.* A *Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Baƙi a Texas* . Ed. Sandra Mayo da Ervin Holt. Austin: Jami'ar Texas Press. (wanda za a fara a 2011)
* *Lokacin da Kakannin suka Kira* . A *Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Baƙar fata* a Texas. Ed. Sandra Mayo da Ervin Holt. Austin: Jami'ar Texas Press. (wanda za a fara a 2011)
* *Ceton Alheri* . *The Griot* (mujallar hukuma ta taron Kudancin kan Nazarin Afirka ta Amirka, Inc.) 22.2 (Kaka 2003): 47-66.
* *La Bakair* . *SHARHIN SUNO: Mujallar Fasaha da Bil Adama* 1:2 (Bazara 2001): 49-88.
* *Mam Phyllis* . A cikin *Ruwan inabi a cikin daji: Wasan kwaikwayo na Mata 'Yan Afirka-Amurka daga Harlem Renaissance zuwa Yanzu* . Ed. Elizabeth Brown-Guillory. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1990: 191-227.
* *Hotunan 'Yan Tsana Masu Karya* . Colorado: Sabis na Wasan Kwaikwayo na Zamani, wani sashe na Kamfanin Buga Littattafai na Meriwether, 1987. 36pps.
* *Bayou Relics* . Colorado: Sabis na Wasan Kwaikwayo na Zamani, wani ɓangare na Kamfanin Buga Littattafai na Meriwether, 1983. Shafuka 30.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Bayanin Malamai
* http://www.alexanderstreetpress.com  Archived
Julia Evangeline Brooks

**Julia Evangeline Brooks** (Yuni, 1882 &#x2013; Nuwamba 24, 1948) ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Alpha Kappa Alpha, ƙungiyar mata ta farko da mata 'yan Afirka-Amurkawa suka kafa.

Bayan ta sami digirin BA a Jami'ar Howard da kuma digirin MA a Jami'ar Columbia, Brooks ta kasance mai himma wajen koyarwa har tsawon rayuwarta. Ta yi aiki a mafi yawan lokacin aikinta a Makarantar Sakandare ta Dunbar da ke Washington, DC. Ta kasance mataimakiyar shugabar makaranta a can tsawon shekaru 26, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar 'Yan Mata.

## Rayuwar farko
Brooks tana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya goma da Walter Henderson Brooks da Eva (Holmes) Brooks suka haifa a New Orleans, Louisiana .  Mahaifinta, wanda aka bautar tun yana yaro, ya sami damar samun ilimi, inda ya sami digirin BA da tauhidi daga Jami'ar Lincoln da ke Oxford, Pennsylvania a 1873. Ya zama fasto na Cocin Baptist na Nineteenth Street da ke Washington, DC.  

A lokacin ƙuruciyarta, Brooks ta halarci makarantun gwamnati a Washington, DC Brooks ta yi rajista a Makarantar Firamare ta Sumner Magruder da Makarantar Sakandare ta M Street (wanda aka fi sani da Makarantar Sakandare ta Dunbar). 

Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Brooks ta shiga Makarantar Miner Normal School, wata makarantar horar da malamai. Ta koyar da firamare na tsawon shekaru kaɗan, sannan Brooks ta ci gaba da karatu a Jami'ar Howard.

## Rayuwar kwaleji da kuma shiga Alpha Kappa Alpha
Brooks yana ɗaya daga cikin mambobi da dama waɗanda suka goyi bayan ra'ayin haɗa Alpha Kappa Alpha don samar da fa'idarsa a nan gaba.  Sakamakon haka, Brooks, Nellie Quander, Norma Boyd, Nellie Pratt Russell, Minnie B. Smith da Ethel Jones Mowbray sun haɗa Alpha Kappa Alpha a ranar 29 ga Janairu, 1913.  Brooks da sauran waɗanda suka haɗa, an jera sunayensu a cikin Mataki na Huɗu na Takaddun Shaidar Haɗa Ƙungiyar 'Yan Uwa. Bayan haɗewarsu, Brooks ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'ajin darakta har zuwa 1923. 

## Aiki da rayuwa daga baya
After graduation from Howard University with a B.A. degree in 1916, Brooks was qualified to teach at the high school level. She taught Spanish and English for six years at Washington D.C.'s Dunbar High School. Brooks went on to graduate study during summers at Columbia University in New York City and received her Master of Arts in 1928.

Brooks ta sadaukar da rayuwarta ga ilimi. Tun daga shekarar 1922, an ɗaukaka Brooks zuwa mataimakiyar shugaban makaranta a makarantar sakandare ta Dunbar. Brooks ta yi aiki a wannan matsayin na tsawon shekaru 26, har tsawon sauran rayuwarta. An kuma naɗa ta shugabar 'yan mata.

Brooks ya taimaka wa 'yan'uwa mata shida kai tsaye wajen samun ilimin kwaleji ta hanyar tallafi, kai su zuwa ga tarurruka na musamman, koyarwa idan ya zama dole, da kuma bayar da gudummawa ta kuɗi.

Ta kasance memba mai rijista a cikin babin Xi Omega na Alpha Kappa Alpha da aka kafa a Washington, DC, a 1923. Brooks ta rubuta tarihin farko na ƙungiyar 'yan gurguzu, wanda ta bayar a Boulé na 1923 a Baltimore, Maryland . A Ranar Masu Kafa Gidaje a Xi Omega a ranar 30 ga Janairu, 1924, an gabatar da tarihin a matsayin lacca. 

Brooks ya mutu a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 1948. 

## Manazarta
Anna Easter Brown

**Anna Easter Brown** (13 ga Afrilu, 1879 - 5 ga Maris, 1957) ta kasance cikin rukunin farko na mutane ashirin da suka kafa ƙungiyar sorority ta Alpha Kappa Alpha . Ita ce ƙungiyar agaji ta farko da ɗaliban mata 'yan Afirka-Amurka suka kafa. Tana da gadon samar da jarin zamantakewa na tsawon shekaru sama da 100.

Brown ta kuma kammala karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Columbia . A matsayinta na malamar makaranta a matakin sakandare a North Carolina na kusan shekaru 42, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen koyar da tsararraki masu zuwa. Tare da cancantar da ta samu, ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai babban matsayi a fannin ilimi. Brown ta kuma samar da nunin kayan tarihi don koyar da al'umma game da tarihin Baƙar fata. Ta taimaka wajen kafa YWCA a Rocky Mount, North Carolina, kuma ta faɗaɗa Alpha Kappa Alpha ta hanyar kafa wani babi na gida.

## Rayuwar farko
An haife ta a West Orange, New Jersey, Brown 'yar Beverly da Lawrie Brown ce. Ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta West Orange a shekarar 1897, tare da girmamawa.   Ta shirya sosai don Jami'ar Howard, babbar kwalejin baƙar fata a tarihi a ƙasar. Lokaci ne da kashi 1/3% na 1% na 'yan Afirka da kashi 5% na fararen fata masu shekaru masu cancanta suka halarci kowace kwaleji. 

## Kafa Alpha Kappa Alpha
A Jami'ar Howard, Brown ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar mai kula da ɗakin karatu na yamma yayin da ta kammala azuzuwan a Sashen Kwalejin Malamai.  A ranar 15 ga Janairu, 1908, Brown tare da wasu mata takwas suka taimaka wajen kafa Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority. Brown ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'ajin farko na ƙungiyar sorority. Ta kuma rubuta waƙar ƙungiyar sorority.  Ta taimaka wajen rubuta daftarin ƙarshe na kundin tsarin mulkin ƙungiyar sorority da ƙa'idodi. A lokacin zaman tsare-tsare, ta rubuta tarihin ƙungiyar sorority na gaba.  Brown ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1909 da digiri na B.Ed.

## Koyarwa da rayuwa ta gaba
Brown ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Columbia . Bayan kammala karatunta, Brown ta yi aiki a Makarantar Bricks da ke Bricks, North Carolina, daga 1909 zuwa 1926. A lokacin da take aiki a Bricks, ta kuma yi tafiye-tafiye a duk faɗin ƙasar kuma ta rubuta muƙaloli ga mujallar National Urban League Opportunity .

A shekarar 1925, Brown ta koma Rocky Mount, North Carolina, ta kuma ci gaba da aikinta na ilimi. Ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar tarihi a Makarantar Sakandare ta Booker T. Washington da ke Rocky Mount na tsawon kusan shekaru 30, daga 1926 zuwa 1952. 

Brown ta kasance memba mai rijista a reshen Chi Omega a Rocky Mount, North Carolina, a shekarar 1925, lokacin da ita ma ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar reshen. Ta kuma kasance memba da ta kafa kungiyar YWCA ta Rocky Mount. 

Brown ta haɓaka ilmantarwa ga al'umma game da Tarihin Negro ta hanyar haɓaka nunin kayan tarihi na gida, wanda ta shirya kowace shekara. Nunin ta na ashirin da shida ya sami ɗaukar hoto na ƙasa.   Brown ta mutu a ranar 5 ga Maris, 1957, tana da shekaru 77.

## Manazarta


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Tarihin Rayuwa a Jami'ar Commonwealth ta Virginia
* Girmama Abin da Ya Gabata: Kafa Alpha Kappa Alpha
* Bikin Shekaru 100: An Ajiye Wadanda Suka  Archived
Harsunan Shastan

Harsunan **Shastan** (ko **Sastean**) iyali ne na harsuna da ba a taɓa amfani da su ba wanda ya ƙunshi harsuna huɗu, waɗanda ake magana a arewacin California da kudancin Oregon na yanzu:

Konomihu ya bayyana cewa shi ne mafi yawan yaren Shastan. Okwanuchu na iya kasancewa yaren Shasta daidai, wanda aka sani yana da yaruka da yawa.

Dukan iyalin Shastan yanzu sun ƙare. Shasta shine yaren karshe da aka yi magana. An bayar da rahoton tsofaffi uku a cikin shekarun 1980.

Shastan sau da yawa ana ɗaukarsa a cikin ƙididdigar Hokan.

## Manazarta
Kim F. Hall

**Kim F. Hall** farfesa ce ta Lucyle Hook a fannin Turanci kuma farfesa ce ta Nazarin Afirka a Kwalejin Barnard. An haife ta a shekarar 1961 a Baltimore. Ƙwararren masanin kimiyyar mata ne a fannin nazarin mata baƙaƙen fata, ka'idar launin fata mai mahimmanci, adabin zamani na farko da na Zamunan baya.

## Ilimi
Hall ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Hood a matsayin dalibar farko, sannan ta yi karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Pennsylvania, inda ta sami digiri na uku a fannin adabin Turanci na ƙarni na sha shida da sha bakwai.

## Sana'a
Kim F. Hall ta buga littafinta na farko mai suna *Things of Darkness* a shekarar 1996 ta *Cornell University Press* - ta ɗauki hanyar baƙar fata ta mata wajen fassara Adabin Zamunan baya.

Hall ta koyar a Jami'ar Pennsylvania, Kwalejin Swarthmore, da Jami'ar Georgetown, sannan ta riƙe Shugaban Adabi na Thomas FX Mullarkey a Jami'ar Fordham kafin ta zama memba na malaman Barnard a 2006. Ta hau kujerar Lucyle Hook a Barnard a 2010.

A shekarar 2016 ta sami tallafi daga National Endowment for the Humanities don gudanar da bincike kan littafinta, *"Othello Was My Grandfather: Shakespeare and Race in the African Diaspora".* Haka kuma a shekarar 2016, ta ba da laccar Shakespeare Anniversary ta Cibiyar Folger, kan wannan batu. A shekarar 2017 ta gabatar da laccar tunawa da Paul Gottschalk a Kwalejin Barnard. Laccarta mai taken "Tsayayya mai tsari da hankali": Shakespeare a cikin siyasar diasporic na John E. Bruce'.

## Littattafai da aka zaɓa

* *Abubuwan Duhu: Tattalin Arzikin Kabila da Jinsi a Ingila ta Farko ta Zamani* (Ithaca da London: Cornell University Press, 1995).
* *Othello: Rubuce-rubuce da Ma'anoni* (St. Martin's Press, 2006).
* "'Yi Amfani da Kalmomi, Ba Jikinka Ba': Yunwa wadda ba ta da suna", *Mata da Aiki: Mujallar Ka'idar Mata* 18:2 (2008): 169–180. An zaɓe ta don Kyautar Labarin da ta fi fice ta Ƙungiyar Wasannin Kwaikwayo a Ilimi Mai Girma (ATHE).
* (ed., tare da Christine Cynn) "Sake Rubuta Watsawa: Nazarin Jinsi na Afirka." *Scholar & Feminist Online* . 7.2 (Bazara 2009).
* (ed., tare da Monica L. Miller da Yvette Christiansë) "Duniyar Ntozake Shange." *S & F Online* . 12.3-13.1 (Lokacin bazara na 2014/Kaka na 2014).
* (ed., tare da Peter Erickson) *Shakespeare Quarterly.* fitowa ta musamman kan Nazarin Kabilar Zamani na Farko. 67.1 (2016).
* "Za Ka Iya Zama Fari Ka Ji Wannan?: Fasahar Kabila ta Sauraro a cikin *Moor* da *Desdemona* na Amurka", Ed. Arthur L. Little, Jr., A cikin *Mutanen Fari a Shakespeare*, 219–234. (London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2023).

## Manazarta
Harsunan Kudancin Bougainville

Harsunan **Kudancin [[Tsibirin Bougainville|Bougainville]]** ko Gabashin Bougainville ƙananan yare ne da ake magana a tsibirin Bougainville a Papua New Guinea . Stephen Wurm ya rarraba su a matsayin yarukan Gabashin Papua, amma wannan yanzu ba ya da tabbas, kuma an watsar da shi a Ethnologue (2009).

## Rarraba
*Glottolog* v4.8 ya gabatar da rarrabuwa mai zuwa ga yarukan Bougainville na Kudu: 

## Kudancin Bougainville

### Wakilan sunaye
Ross ya sake gina nau'o'i uku na wakilci don proto-South Bougainville, siffofi kyauta tare da mai ba da izini da haƙuri (duba daidaitawar morphosyntactic) affixes:

### Lexicon
Evans ya gudanar da cikakken binciken kwatankwacin tarihi na Kudancin Bougainville (2009).  An sake gina ƙamus na Proto-South Bougainville daga Evans (2009):

## Nau'in
Harsunan Kudancin Bougainville suna da tsari na kalma na SOV, ba kamar yarukan SVO Oceanic ba.

## Manazarta
Southern Daly languages

**Harsunan Kudancin Daly** iyali ne da aka tsara na harsuna biyu na asalin Australiya da ke da alaƙa da juna. Su ne:

## Rarraba
Kudancin Daly dangantaka ce mai nisa da matsala. Murrinh-Patha an taɓa tunanin shi ne mai zaman *Sanya)* , saboda bayanan ƙamus: Yana da, a kalla, ƙamus na  *(kanhi)*  11 cikin 100 da aka raba tare da kowane harshe wanda aka kwatanta shi. Koyaya, Murrinh-patha da Ngan'gityemerri sun dace da juna a cikin sauye-sauyen su. Green (2003) ya yi la'akari da cewa takardun da suka dace a cikin jerin abubuwan da suka dace na kalmomin su masu iyaka sun yi kama da juna (a cikin rikitarwa da rashin daidaito) don su zo ta hanyar wani abu banda gado na kwayar halitta daga harshen iyaye na yau da kullun. Duk da haka, a cikin kalmomin suna da kusan komai, ban da cognates a cikin kalmomin su don 'kai' (nhinhi da__ssw____ssw____sw____s__) da kuma 'wannan' (kanhi da kuma),  kuma ba a bayyana abin da zai iya bayyana wannan bambancin ba.

## Kalmomin kalmomi
Abubuwan ƙamus masu zuwa sun fito ne daga Tryon (1968). 

## Manazarta
Harsunan Taman

Harsunan **Taman** ko Tamaic sun zama reshe na dangin yaren Sudan na Gabas da ake magana a Chadi da Sudan, kodayake *Glottolog* ya lura cewa "babu wani tushe mai mahimmanci, mai kyau don sanya Tama ga Gabashin Sudan".  An gabatar da shi.

Claude Rilly (2010)  ya haɗa da sake ginawa don Proto-Taman .

## Dubi kuma

*  (Wiktionary) 

## Manazarta
Sepik languages

Harsunan **Sepik** ko Sepik River iyali ne na wasu Harsunan Papua 50 da ake magana a cikin **Kogin Sepik** na arewacin Papua New Guinea, wanda Donald Laycock ya gabatar a 1965 a cikin wani nau'i mai iyaka fiye da wanda aka gabatar a nan. Suna da sautuna masu sauƙi, tare da ƙananan ƙwayoyi ko wasula kuma yawanci babu sautuna.

Harshen Sepik da aka fi nazarin shi ne Iatmul . Mafi yawan jama'a sune yarukan Iatmul na Ndu Abelam da Boiken, tare da kusan masu magana 35,000 kowannensu.

Harsunan Sepik, kamar maƙwabtansu na Ramu, sun bayyana suna da tsarin sautuna uku, , wanda ke rarrabe tsayin sautuna kawai a cikin tsarin sautunan tsaye. Phonetic  sune sakamakon daidaitawa na baki da labial zuwa sassan da ke kusa. Ana zargin cewa harsunan Ndu na iya rage wannan zuwa tsarin sautuna biyu, tare da  epenthetic (Foley 1986).

## Rarraba
Harsunan Sepik sun kunshi rassa biyu na shirin Sepik-Ramu na Laycock na Kandru, Sepik subphylum da Leonhard Schultze stock. A cewar Malcolm Ross, dangantakar waje mafi kyau ba tare da Ramu ba, Laycock, amma tare da Iyalin Torricelli.

Palmer (2018) ya rarraba Harsunan Leonhard Schultze a matsayin harshe mai zaman kansa.

### Usher (2020)
A cikin cladogram da ke ƙasa, ƙananan iyalai masu alaƙa da juna a cikin bold a ƙarshen rassan an rufe su a cikin labarai daban-daban.

### Foley (2018)
Foley (2018) yana ba da rarrabuwa mai zuwa, tare da manyan rassa 6 da aka gane.

Kamar makwabta na Harsunan Torricelli, amma ba kamar sauran harsunan Sepik ba, harsunan Ram da Yellow River ba su da gine-ginen sarƙoƙi (don misali na ginin sarƙoƙoƙi a cikin harshen Trans-New Guinea, duba harshen Kamano # Sarƙoƙi). Foley (2018) ya nuna cewa yawancin mutanen da ke magana da Ram da Yellow River na iya kasancewa masu magana da Torricelli waɗanda daga baya mutanen da ke da Sepik suka daidaita su. : 298 

Foley ya rarraba **Harsunan Leonhard Schultze** daban a matsayin dangin harshe mai zaman kansa.

## Wakilan sunaye
Wakilan da Ross ya sake ginawa don proto-Sepik sune: 

Lura kamanceceniya na nau'i biyu da jam'i tare da na Harsunan Torricelli.

Ross ya sake gina sunayen biyu don "proto-Upper Sepik" (a zahiri, Abau-Iwam da Wogamusin (Tama)). Waɗannan su ne saitin tsoho (Saiti na I), da kuma saiti tare da "wasu ayyukan hulɗa da na aiki" (tebur 1.27):

## manazarta
Harsunan Tangkic

**Harsunan Tangkic** sun samar da ƙaramin iyali na Harsunan Aboriginal na Australiya da ake magana a arewacin Australia.

Harsunan Tangkic sune Lardil (Leerdil) da rajista na musamman Damin, Kayardild, da Yukulta (wanda aka fi sani da Ganggalida ko Nyangga). Daga cikin waɗannan Lardil ya bambanta sosai, yayin da Yukulta da Kayardild suna fahimtar juna.

Harshen Minkin da ba a tabbatar da shi ba na iya kasancewa wani ɓangare na dangin Tangkic.

## Kalmomin kalmomi
Capell (1942) ya lissafa abubuwa masu mahimmanci masu zuwa: 

## Manazarta
Harsunan Tanoan

**Tanoan** (/təˈnoʊ.ən/ tə-NOH-ən), kuma **Kiowa-Tanoan** ko **Tanoan-Kiowa**, iyali ne na harsuna da 'yan asalin ƙasar ke magana a New Mexico, Kansas, Oklahoma, da Texas na yanzu.

 

Yawancin harsuna - Tiwa (Taos, Picuris, Southern Tiwa), Tewa, da Towa - ana magana da su a cikin 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka na New Mexico (tare da ɗaya a Arizona). Wadannan sune harsuna na farko da aka ba da sunan *Tanoan.* Kiowa, wanda harshe ne mai alaƙa, yanzu ana magana da shi galibi a kudu maso yammacin Oklahoma. Kiowa a tarihi sun zauna a yankunan Texas da Oklahoma na zamani.

## 6Harsuna
The Tanoan language family has seven languages in four branches:  

Kiowa-Towa na iya zama reshe na tsakiya, kamar yadda Tiwa-Tewa zai iya.

## Sunan
*Tanoan* ya daɗe ana gane shi a matsayin babban dangin harsunan Pueblo, wanda ya ƙunshi Tiwa, Tewa, da Towa. Haɗakar da Kiowa cikin iyali da farko ya kasance mai kawo rigima saboda bambancin al'adu tsakanin waɗancan kungiyoyi. Mutanen Kiowa da suka kasance masu zaman kansu na Filayen sun bambanta da al'adun Tiwa, Tewa, da Towa pueblos, wanda ya rufe alaƙar harshe tsakanin *Tanoan* da Kiowans. Masana ilimin harshe yanzu sun yarda cewa dangin Tanoan ba tare da Kiowa ba zai zama paraphyletic, kamar yadda kowane kakannin harsunan Pueblo zai zama kakannin Kiowa. Kiowa na iya kasancewa kusa da Towa fiye da Towa zuwa Tiwa-Tewa. A cikin tsofaffin matani, an yi amfani da Tanoan da **'Kiowa-Tanoan**'. Saboda amfani da al'adu na sunan Tanoan kamar yadda yake nuna mutane da yawa waɗanda ke da al'ada, ana amfani da kalmar Kiowa-Tanoan a bayyane yanzu don dangin harshe gaba ɗaya, tare da Tanoan shine reshe wanda ke ƙunshe da harsunan da ake magana yanzu a New Mexico da Arizona (watau Arizona Tewa).

## Tarihin sauti
Shafin da ke ƙasa  ya ƙunshi ƙididdigar yaren Tanoan kamar yadda Hale ya sake ginawa (1967) bisa ga takardun ƙididdiga a matsayi na farko.

Shaidar **' ta fito ne daga prefixes; **' ba a samo shi a matsayin farko ba don haka yana cikin parentheses a sama. Hale ya sake fasalin fasalin nasalization don wasula na hanci. Ingancin sautin da siffofin prosodic kamar tsawon sautin, sautin, da damuwa ba a sake gina su ba ga dangin Tanoan. Hale (1967) ya ba da wasu saiti na takaddun ingancin wasula

The following table illustrates the reconstructed initial consonants in Proto-Tanoan and its reflexes in the daughter languages.&#x5B;**&#x5D;

Kamar yadda za'a iya gani a cikin teburin da ke sama, yawancin Haɗuwa da sauti sun faru a cikin harsuna daban-daban. An jera rukunin cognate da ke tallafawa abubuwan da ke sama a ƙasa:

## manazarta
Harsunan Teberan-Pawaian

**[[Teberan languages|Harsunan Teberan]]-[[Pawaia language|Pawaia]]**, ko yarukan Kogin Tua, iyali ne na yarukan Papuan, wanda Timothy Usher ya kafa, waɗanda ake magana da su a yankin Kogin Tua . Su ne yarukan Teberan da Wiru da Pawaia. Teberan da Pawaian a baya an haɗa su, tare da yarukan Kutubuan na Gabas, a cikin reshen Trans-Murray na Wurm na 1975 na Trans-New Guinea.

## Manazarta
Harsunan Temein

**Harsunan Temein**, ko yarukan Nuba Hills, rukuni ne na yarukan Gabashin Sudan da ake magana a Dutsen Nuba na Sudan

## Harsuna
Harsunan Temein ba su da alaƙa sosai. 

* Temein (Ronge; masu magana 10,000) 
* Doni (Keiga Jirru) 
* Tese (Tese) 

Temein shine mafi yawan harshe mai ra'ayin mazan jiya; Harsunan Kadu sun rinjayi Doni da Tese sosai.

## Yawan jama'a
Bayanan yawan jama'a na harsunan Temein guda uku bisa ga Blench (2013): 

## Manazarta
Harsunan Tequistlatecan

**Harsunan Tequistlatecan**, wanda kuma ake kira **Chontal**, harsuna ne guda uku da ke kusa amma daban-daban da ake magana ko sau ɗaya da Oaxaca_Chontal_people" id="mwDg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Oaxaca Chontal people">Mutanen Chontal na Jihar Oaxaca, Mexico ke magana.

Mutane 6,000 ko fiye ne ke magana da Chontal a cikin 2020.

## Harsuna
Harsunan Tequistlatecan sune:

* Huamelultec (Lowland Oaxaca Chontal) 
* †Tequistlatec
* Highland Oaxaca Chontal

## Sunan
Kodayake yawancin marubutan suna amfani da nau'in tequistlatec (an) a yau, wannan ya dogara ne akan ƙaddamar da ba daidai ba a cikin Nahuatl (wanda ya dace daga *[[Tequisistlán]]* zai zama Tequisistec (an), kuma Sapir ya yi amfani da kalmomin biyu.

## Rarraba
Harsunan Tequistlatecan suna daga cikin dangin Hokan da aka tsara, amma galibi ana ɗaukar su iyali ne daban. Campbell da Oltrogge (1980) sun ba da shawarar cewa harsunan Tequistlatecan na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da Jicaquean (duba Tolatecan), amma ba a yarda da wannan ra'ayi ba.

## Manazarta
Harsunan Ticuna-Yuri

**[[Ticuna language|Ticuna]]-Yuri** ƙaramin iyali ne, watakila ma wani yaren ci gaba, wanda ya ƙunshi aƙalla biyu, kuma watakila uku, sanannun harsuna na Kudancin Amurka: babban yaren Amazon na yammacin Ticuna, yaren da ba a tabbatar da shi ba kuma ya ƙare Yurí, da yaren da aka fi sani da Carabayo, wanda zai iya zama zuriyar . Kaufman (2007: 68) ya kuma kara Munichi ga iyalin.

Kaufman (1990, 1994) ya yi jayayya cewa haɗin tsakanin su biyu yana da gamsarwa ko da tare da iyakantaccen bayanin da ke akwai. Carvalho (2009) ya gabatar da shaidar "mai tilasta" ga iyalin (Campbell 2012). 

## Tattaunawar harshe
Jolkesky (2016) ya lura cewa akwai kamanceceniya da iyalan Andoke-Urekena, Arawak, Arutani, Jukude, da Tukano saboda hulɗa.

## Bayanan littattafai

* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Ticuna na Tattaunawa. Yarinacocha: Cibiyar Nazarin Harshe ta bazara.
* 
* Daga Alviano, F. (1944). Gramatica, ƙamus, aikatau da jimloli da ƙamus na amfani na harshen Indiyawa ticunas. Rio de Janeiro: Jaridar Kasa.
* 
*  

## Manazarta
Harsunan Totonacan

**Harsunan Totonac** (wanda aka fi sani da yarukan Totonac-Tepehua) iyali ne na harsuna masu alaƙa da kusan 290,000 Totonac (kimanin 280,000) da Tepehua (kimani 10,000) ke magana a jihohin Veracruz, Puebla, da Mexico)" id="mwDQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hidalgo (Mexico)">Hidalgo a Mexico. A lokacin da Mutanen Espanya suka ci nasara ana magana da yarukan Totonacan a duk faɗin bakin tekun Mexico. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, ana rubuta harsunan Totonacan a wasu lokuta kuma an samar da akalla harshe ɗaya. A cikin karni na 20 yawan masu magana da mafi yawan nau'o'in sun ragu yayin da asalin asalin ya zama abin zargi yana ƙarfafa masu magana su karɓi Mutanen Espanya a matsayin babban yarensu.

An kwatanta harsunan Totonacan da sauran iyalai kwanan nan bisa ga ilimin harshe na tarihi, kodayake suna da siffofi da yawa tare da wasu harsuna na yankin Mesoamerican Linguistic Area, kamar Harsunan Maya da Nahuatl. Ayyukan kwanan nan sun nuna yiwuwar haɗin kwayar halitta ga dangin yaren Mixe-Zoque, kodayake wannan bai riga ya kafu ba.

## Rarrabawar ciki
Iyalin sun kasu kashi biyu, Totonac da Tepehua . Daga cikin biyun, Tepehua gabaɗaya ana ɗaukarsa ya ƙunshi harsuna uku - Pisaflores, Huehuetla, da Tlachichilco - yayin da reshen Totonac ya fi bambanci. MacKay (1999) ya raba Totonac zuwa kashi huɗu, bisa ga García Rojas (1978):  

Ya zuwa 2023, Ethnologue ya gane harsuna 12 a cikin iyalin Totonacan, harsuna Tepehua guda uku da Totonac tara. Wannan rarrabuwa shine tushen sabon sigar lambobin harshe na ISO don Totonacan, kodayake wasu daga cikin waɗannan rarrabuwa suna jayayya.

Cibiyar Nazarin Harsuna ta Mexico (INALI) ta amince da harsuna 10 daban-daban ko "nau'ikan harsuna" a cikin iyali, 3 Tepehua da 7 Totonac 

Coyutla Totonac an haɗa shi da Kudancin Tsakiyar Totonac ta INALI yayin da Tecpatlán Totonac an hada shi a cikin kungiyar Totonac ta Arewacin Tsakiya. Sauran yunkurin da aka yi kwanan nan a rarrabuwa sun ba da shawarar cewa wasu daga cikin waɗannan rarrabuwar, musamman Arewacin Tsakiya, Costal, da Kudancin Tsakiya.

Wani lamari na Ethnologue da INALI rarrabuwa shine rashin ƙananan rukuni bayan rabuwa biyu zuwa Totonac da Tepehua. A cikin reshen Totonac na iyali, Misantla shine mafi banbanci, kuma sauran harsuna sun samar da ƙungiyar da ta fi dacewa. Rarraba tsakanin rukuni na ƙarshe, wanda za'a iya kiransa "Central Totonac," ba a bayyane yake ba, kodayake yawancin masu bincike sun yarda cewa akwai akalla rarraba hanyoyi uku tsakanin Arewa, Kudancin / Sierra, da Lowland / Coast iri. Kokarin da aka yi kwanan nan a sake ginawa da shaidu daga kamanceceniya na ƙamus sun kara nuna cewa Kudancin / Sierra da Lowland sun haɗa kai da Arewa, kodayake wannan har yanzu ba shi da tabbas, suna jiran ƙarin bincike. Shirin da aka bayar kwanan nan ga iyalin kamar haka:  

## manazarta
Yaren Trans-Fly

Harsunan **Trans-Fly** ƙananan dangin yarukan Papuan ne da Timothy Usher ya gabatar, waɗanda ake magana da su a yankin Fly River . 

## Harsuna

* Gabashin Trans-Fly (Oriomo Plateau) 
* Pahoturi (River Paho) 
* *Waia* (Tabo) 

## Nau'in
Ana samun bambancin mai suna na farko da na musamman a cikin iyalan Pahoturi River da Oriomo, da kuma a cikin harshen Yammacin Torres Strait, amma ba a wasu harsuna na Kudancin New Guinea ba.

## Manazarta
Harsunan Tungusic

**Harsunan **Tungus**** (/ HTMLˈɡʊsɪk/; wanda aka fi sani da **Manchu-Tungus** da Tungus) sun samar da dangin harshe da ake magana a Gabashin Siberia da Manchuria ta Mutanen Tungusic. Yawancin harsunan Tungusic suna cikin haɗari. Akwai kusan masu magana da harsuna 75,000 na harsuna masu rai da yawa na dangin yaren Tungusic. Kalmar "Tungusic" ta fito ne daga sunan waje ga Mutanen Evenk (Ewenki) da Yakuts ("harshe") suka yi amfani da su.

## Rarraba
Masana ilimin harshe da ke aiki a kan Tungusic sun ba da shawarar rarrabuwa daban-daban bisa ga ka'idoji daban-daban, gami da halaye na morphological, lexical, da phonological. Wasu malamai sun soki tsarin bishiyoyi na rarraba Tungusic kuma suna jayayya cewa dogon tarihin hulɗa tsakanin harsunan Tungusic ya sa aka fi bi da su a matsayin ci gaba da yaren.

arewa da reshe na kudu (Georg 2004) kodayake rassan biyu ba su da rarrabuwa, kuma rarraba ƙungiyoyi na tsakiya yana da muhawara.

Hölzl (2018),  wato Ewenic, Udegheic, Nanaic, da Jurchens sun gane ƙungiyoyi huɗu na matsakaici.

## manazarta
Tupian languages

Iyalin yaren **Tupi** ko Tupi sun ƙunshi harsuna 70 da ake magana a Kudancin Amurka, wanda aka fi sani da su shine Tupi da Guarani.

## Gida da ''Urheimat''
6Rodrigues (2007) yayi la'akari da Proto-Tupian Urheimat a wani wuri tsakanin kogin Guaporé da Aripuanã, a cikin Kogin Madeira . ://= o#cite_note-SouthAmerica-1 [1] Yawancin wannan yanki ya dace da jihar Rondônia ta zamani, Brazil. Biyar daga cikin rassan Tupian goma suna samuwa a wannan yanki, da kuma wasu yarukan Tupi-Guarani (musamman Kawahíb), yana mai da shi mai yiwuwa Urheimat na waɗannan yarukan kuma watakila na mutanen da ke magana. Rodrigues ya yi imanin cewa yaren Proto-Tupian ya samo asali ne daga kusan 3,000 BC.&nbsp;

## Tattaunawar harshe
Harsunan Tupian sun yi tasiri sosai ga iyalai da yawa a Kudancin Amurka. Jolkesky (2016) ya lura cewa akwai kamanceceniya da Arawa, Bora-Muinane, Guato, Irantx, Jivaro, Karib, Kayuvava, Mura-Matanawi, Taruma, Trumai, Yanomami, Harakmbet, Katukina-Katawixi, Arawak, Bororo, Karaja, Macro-Mataguayo-Guaykuru, Takana, Nadahup, da iyalan yaren Puinave-Kak saboda hulɗa.

## Tarihi, mambobi da rarrabuwa
Lokacin da Portuguese suka isa Brazil, sun gano cewa duk inda suka tafi tare da babban bakin tekun Kudancin Amurka, yawancin 'yan asalin suna magana da irin wannan harsuna. Masu wa'azi na Jesuit sun yi amfani da waɗannan kamanceceniya, suna tsara ka'idojin gama gari sannan ake kira línguas gerais ("harsuna na gaba ɗaya"), waɗanda ake magana a wannan yankin har zuwa karni na 19. Mafi sanannun kuma mafi yawan magana da waɗannan harsuna shine Tsohon Tupi, zuriyar zamani wanda har yanzu ana amfani da shi a yau ta 'yan asalin yankin Rio Negro, inda aka sani da *Nheengatu* (), ko kuma "harshe mai kyau". Koyaya, dangin Tupi sun haɗa da wasu harsuna.

A cikin yankunan Ni_language" id="mwSA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Spanish language">Mutanen Espanya da ke makwabtaka, Guarani, wani yaren Tupian da ke da alaƙa da Tsohon Tupi, yana da irin wannan tarihin, amma ya sami nasarar tsayayya da yaduwar Mutanen Espanya fiye da yadda Tupi ya yi tsayayya le Portuguese. A yau, Guarani yana da masu magana da miliyan bakwai, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin harsunan hukuma na Paraguay. Iyalin Tupian sun hada da wasu harsuna da yawa tare da ƙananan masu magana. Wadannan suna da alaƙa da yanayin da ba daidai ba tare da iyalan Je da Carib, kuma Rodrigues ya haɗa su duka a matsayin dangin Je-Tupi-Carib.

### Rodrigues & Cabral (2012)
Rodrigues & Cabral (2012) sun lissafa rassa goma na Tupian, wanda ya taru a cikin Yammacin Tupian da Gabashin Tupian. A cikin Yammacin da Gabashin Tupian, an lissafa rassan da suka fi bambanta da farko, sannan manyan rassan.

Meira da Drude (2015) sun sanya reshe da ke haɗa Mawé da Aweti tare da Tupi-Guarani, wanda aka fi sani da Maweti-Guarane .  Purubora na iya samar da reshe tare da Ramarama.

### Jolkesky (2016)
Rarrabawar ciki ta Jolkesky (2016): 

## Kalmomin kalmomi
Loukotka (1968) ya lissafa abubuwa masu mahimmanci masu zuwa.

## manazarta
Harsunan Yam

Harsunan **Yam**, waɗanda aka fi sani da harsunan **Morehead River**, dangin harsunan Papua ne. Sun haɗa da harsuna da yawa a kudu da yamma na Kogin Fly a Papua New Guinea da kuma Yammacin New Guinea na Indonesia ( Kudancin Papua ).

## Sunan
Sunan *Morehead da Upper Maro River*, ko *Morehead-Maro*, yana nufin yankin da ke kusa da kogin Morehead da Maro. Yawancin harsuna suna samuwa tsakanin waɗannan koguna, amma ana magana da rukunin Nambu a gabashin Morehead. Evans (2012) yana nufin iyali a maimakon haka tare da sunan **'yam**'. Wannan sunan ya samo asali ne daga abubuwa da yawa na harshe da al'adu masu mahimmanci: yam (da cognates) yana nufin "al'ada, al'ada"; *yəm* (da cogniates) yana nufi "shi"; kuma yam tubers sune kayan gida da na muhimmancin al'adu.

## Dangantaka ta waje
Ross (2005) ya haɗa da yarukan Yam a cikin iyalin Trans-Fly - Bulaka River. Kwanan nan (Evans 2012) ya yi jayayya cewa wannan ba daidai ba ne kuma dole ne a tattara ƙarin bayanai. Evans (2018) ya rarraba Harsunan Kogin Pahoturi a matsayin dangin harshe mai zaman kansa.

Har ila yau, yarukan Yam sun kasance cikin hulɗa mai zurfi tare da masu magana da Marind da Suki, waɗanda a tarihi suka faɗaɗa zuwa yankunan da ke magana da Yam ta hanyar hare-haren farauta da sauran ƙaura masu faɗaɗa.

## Rarraba
Rarrabawar ciki na yarukan Yam: 

## Harsuna
Harshen Yam suna magana da mutane 3,000 a bangarorin biyu na iyaka a Papua_New_Guinea" id="mwPg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea da Indonesia. A Papua New Guinea, ana magana da yarukan Yam a Morehead Rural LLG, Lardin Yamma. A Papua, Indonesia, ana magana da yarukan Yam a cikin Merauke Regency . 

An ba da harsunan Yam da bayanan jama'a da Evans ya lissafa (2018) a ƙasa. Hakanan ana ba da ma'aunin ƙasa ga wasu ƙauyuka.

## manazarta
Otelia Shields Howard

**Otelia Roberta Shields Howard** (Satumba 15, 1900  – Disamba 13, 1945) farfesa ce 'yar Amurka a fannin Turanci. Ta koyar fiye da shekaru ashirin a Kwalejin Jihar Virginia, kuma ta kafa jaridar makarantar, *Virginia Statesman* .

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Otelia Roberta Shields a Petersburg, Virginia, 'yar James E. Shields da Otelia Jones Shields. Mahaifinta, shugaban makaranta, memba ne na farko a aji na kammala karatun digiri a Cibiyar Normal and Collegiate ta Virginia a 1886. Ta yi horo a matsayin malamar makaranta a Cibiyar Normal and Collegiate ta Virginia, sannan ta halarci Jami'ar Fisk, inda ta kasance memba na Fisk Pageant Singers kuma ta sami digiri na farko a Turanci tare da babban girmamawa a 1921.  Ta sami digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Columbia a 1926. 

Ɗan'uwanta, James E. Shields Jr., likita ne da aka horar a Jami'ar Howard . Likitan jijiyoyi Audrey S. Penn 'yar'uwarta ce. 

## Sana'a
Shields ta kasance memba mai rijista a reshen digiri na Jihar Virginia na Alpha Kappa Alpha,  kuma shugabar YWCA ta gida.  A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikinta da YWCA, ta shirya Kwamitin Jin Daɗin 'Yan Mata da Ayyukan Mata na Majalisar Yaƙin Camp Lee da ke Petersburg. 

Howard ta koyar fiye da shekaru ashirin a makarantarta ta ƙarshe, wacce aka sake mata suna Virginia State College, ta fara aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta a shekarar 1921, sannan ta zama farfesa a shekaru da dama bayan haka. Ta kafa ƙungiyar girmamawa ta makarantar da jaridarta, Virginia Statesman a shekarar 1929. A shekarar 1930 ta fara bayar da lambar yabo ta Shields-Howard, kyautar ɗalibai ta shekara-shekara don rubuce-rubuce masu ƙirƙira. Ta kuma gyara mujallar Virginia State College Gazette da Catalogue, kuma ta jagoranci wasannin kwaikwayo na ɗalibai, gami da shirya A Doll's House a shekarar 1928.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Otelia Shields ta auri farfesa a fannin ilmin halitta Roscoe Conklin Howard a shekarar 1936. Otelia Shields Howard ta mutu a shekarar 1945, a birnin Petersburg, sakamakon matsalolin da suka shafi cutar sclerosis mai yawa .  An buga wani bugu na musamman na *Virginia Statesman* mai suna "In Memoriam" don tunawa da ita, a watan Maris na shekarar 1846. An ci gaba da bayar da kyautarta, sai kawai aka sake mata suna da lambar yabo ta tunawa da Shields Howard don Adabin Kirkire-kirkire.  Howard Hall, wani ɗakin kwanan mata da aka sanya mata suna a Jami'ar Jihar Virginia, an gina shi a shekarun 1960 kuma aka rushe shi a shekarar 2010.  

## Manazarta
Sonya Douglass

**Sonya Douglass** (wadda a da Horsford ce ) ƙwararriyar masaniyar ilimi 'yar Amurka ce wacce ke bincike kan rashin daidaiton ilimi a Amurka, adalci a zamantakewa, da manufofin ilimi . Douglass farfesa ce a fannin jagoranci a fannin ilimi a Kwalejin Malamai, Jami'ar Columbia .

## Rayuwa
A shekarar 1997, Douglass ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin sadarwa da aikin jarida, *wato cum laude*, a Jami'ar Jihar Colorado . Ta sami digiri na MPA (2002) da kuma Ed. D. a fannin jagoranci a fannin ilimi (2007) a Jami'ar Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV).  An yi mata taken rubutun digirinta na *Vestiges of desegregation: Black superintendent reflections on the complex legacy of Brown v Board of Education* . Mai ba Douglas shawara kan harkokin digiri na uku ita ce Edith A. Rusch. 

Douglass tana bincike kan rashin daidaiton ilimi a Amurka, adalci na zamantakewa, da manufofin ilimi . A UNLV, ta kasance mataimakiyar farfesa a sashen jagoranci na ilimi a UNLV daga 2008 zuwa 2010 kuma babbar daliba a fannin ilimi daga 2011 zuwa 2013. Daga 2013 zuwa 2016, Douglass ta kasance farfesa a makarantar digiri na biyu ta ilimi a Jami'ar George Mason . A 2016, Douglass ta shiga jami'ar Kwalejin Malamai, Jami'ar Columbia a matsayin farfesa a shirin jagoranci na ilimi. A 2017, ta zama darakta ta farko ta Kwalejin Malamai ta Ƙungiyar Binciken Ilimi ta Baƙar fata kuma darakta mai haɗin gwiwa na shirin shugabannin ilimi na birane.  Ta zama cikakkiyar farfesa a kaka ta 2021. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Douglass ya auri ɗan siyasa Steven Horsford a shekara ta 2000. Suna da 'ya'ya uku.  Douglass ya shigar da ƙarar saki a shekara ta 2022. Horsford ya taɓa amincewa da yin lalata da wata mace 'yar shekara 15 da ke ƙarƙashinsa tun tana ɗaliba 'yar shekara 21 a jami'a. 

## Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka

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## Manazarta
Phebe Hayes

**Phebe Archon Hayes** masaniyar tarihi ce mai zaman kanta ta Amurka, wacce ta mayar da hankali kan tarihin Baƙar fata 'yan asalin Iberia Parish, Louisiana .   Ta taɓa yin aiki a matsayin mai ilimin magana, mai gudanar da ilimi, da kuma farfesa. Hayes ita ce ta kafa ƙungiyar tarihi ta Afirka ta Amurka (IAAHS) ta Iberia .   Ta yi aiki a wurare da dama (ciki har da shugaban jami'a ) a Jami'ar Louisiana da ke Lafayette (UL Lafayette) daga 1986 zuwa 2013.  

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Ta yi aiki a Jami'ar Louisiana da ke Lafayette (UL Lafayette) daga 1986 zuwa 2013, kuma ta kasance wani ɓangare na sashen kimiyyar sadarwa da nakasassu. Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kwalejin nazarin gabaɗaya a UL Lafayette, daga 1998 zuwa 2013.

A lokacin da take ritaya, ta yi aikin sa kai a ɗakin karatu, kuma ta sami littafi game da fitattun likitoci daga Iberia Parish daga 1859 zuwa 1959, amma mazan fararen fata ne kawai aka ambata.  Tana da tunanin tarihin baki tun lokacin yarintarta game da likitocin baƙar fata na gida, kuma an yi mata wahayi zuwa ga binciken tarihin da ya ɓace.   A cikin bincikenta ta sami likitoci 'yan Afirka-Amurkawa ashirin na tarihi daga Iberia Parish, ciki har da Dr. Emma Wakefield-Paillet .  Ta taimaka wajen tara kuɗi don sanya wani allo na tarihi a 2018, don girmama Wakefield-Paillet.   An karrama aikinta na bincike kan Wakefield-Paillet, kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Trailblazer Award ta mujallar New Orleans a 2019. 

Hayes ya kafa ƙungiyar tarihi ta Afirka ta Amurka ta Iberia (IAAHS) a shekarar 2017, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta 501(c)(3) wadda ta mayar da hankali kan tarihin Afirka ta Amurka a Iberia Parish, Louisiana.    Hayes da IAAHS sun kuma haɗa gwiwa da Cibiyar Nazarin Louisiana ta UL Lafayette a matsayin wurin adana tarin tarihi da na tarihi na IAAHS. 

## Manazarta