1935 Nuni na New York anti-lynching

Nune-nunen adawa da kisan gilla na New York na 1935 sun kasance nune-nune-naren fasaha guda biyu da aka gudanar a farkon 1935 ta ƙungiyoyi daban-daban guda biyu, duka biyu don mayar da martani ga lissafin 1934 a Majalisa ta Amurka wanda ya shafi kisan guluka. Kungiyoyin da ke da hannu sune NAACP da Artists Union, na ƙarshe tare da kungiyoyi ciki har da John Reed Club, League of Struggle for Negro Rights, da kuma International Labor Defense.

## Ƙungiya da asali
Nunin farko shine nune-nunen NAACP mai taken An Art Commentary on Lynching kuma an gudanar da shi a Arthur U. Newton Galleries, daga Fabrairu 15 zuwa Maris 2 . Mujallar NAACP, The Crisis, ce ta rufe shi, wanda musamman ya lura da ƙarin tallace-tallace da aka tara saboda canjin wuri na ƙarshe, kwanaki huɗu kawai kafin a buɗe baje kolin. Da farko an shirya za a gudanar da shi a cikin Jacques Seligmann Galleries, amma Galleries sun janye suna bayyana wa NAACP cewa ba za su iya wucewa tare da nune-nunen ba saboda "matsi na siyasa, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki", kodayake Seligmann bai bayyana inda wannan matsin ya samo asali ba. Fiye da mutane 3,000 ne suka halarci baje kolin.

Nunin na biyu yana da taken Gwagwarmaya don 'Yancin Negro kuma an shirya shi ne ta hanyar membobin Kungiyar Masu zane-zane tare da John Reed Club da kungiyoyin Kwaminisanci da yawa ciki har da League of Struggle for Negro Rights, Vanguard Group of Harlem (ƙungiyar Marxist tare da Louise Thompson Patterson da Augusta Savage ), da kuma Tsaron Ma'aikata na Duniya. Ya gudana daga Maris 3 zuwa Maris 16. A wani bangare saboda Harlem Renaissance, duka nune-nunen sun sami tallafi daga masu zane-zane da masu ilimi na Harlem.

Sun faru a baya-baya a farkon shekara ta 1935, kuma manufar hadin gwiwa ita ce ta motsa mutane su dauki nauyin Costigan-Wagner Bill a Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka, a tsakanin sauran dokokin adawa da kisan gilla, wanda ya nemi ya zama laifi a karkashin dokar tarayya ga jami'an tilasta bin doka da ba su dauki mataki ba yayin aiwatar da kisan   (kamar yadda suke da, alal misali, a kisan John Carter ). Walter White, shugaban NAACP, ya yi tunanin zane-zane zai zama hanyar da za ta yi nasara don jawo hankalin masu sauraro da kuma sa su goyi bayan doka. A siyasance kungiyoyin biyu sun kasance masu hamayya, kuma a bainar jama'a ba su dace da juna ba;  Kungiyar 'Yan wasa ta ba da shawarar dokar da ta sanya mutane a cikin' yan bindiga da ke da alhakin, suna neman hukuncin kisa, yayin da dokar Costigan-Wagner ta yi niyya ga jami'an da suka ba da izinin tashin hankali ya faru.  Kungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta dauki matsayi na siyasa fiye da NAACP, tare da na ƙarshe yana zargin tsohon na Kwaminisanci, kuma na baya yana zargin na ƙarshe na kasancewa bourgeois kuma mara tasiri. 

## Bayani game da kayan da aka nuna da masu zane-zane
Dukkanin nune-nunen sun cire ainihin hotuna na lynchings, suna mai da hankali kan zane-zane, zane-zane.   Ayyukan sun haɗa da Reginald Marsh's This Is Her First Lynching da George Bellows's The Law Is Too Slow, dukansu an yi amfani da su azaman zane-zane a cikin kundin baje kolin NAACP, da sauransu ta John Steuart Curry da Thomas Hart Benton; tare da nune-nunen NAACP da ke nuna hotuna masu bayyane yayin da nune*'a kan* wasan kwaikwayo ke nuna alamomi. A wani bangare, cire hotunan ya kasance ne saboda ba a dauke su da fasaha mai girma ba; amma a wani bangare kuma saboda hotunan kisan gilla masu nunawa suna kallon su a matsayin masu halarta da kamfanonin kasuwanci da ke neman riba ta kudi daga kisan gashin gilla. Masu baje kolin sun ga wannan karshen musamman kamar yadda bai dace da burinsu na aikin siyasa game da kisan kai ba.

Masu zane-zane biyar da aka wakilta a cikin nune-nunen biyu sune Harry Sternberg, Sam Becker, Aaron Goodelman, José Clemente Orozco, da Isamu Noguchi. Gaskiyar wasu ayyukan zane-zane ta kasance mai ban sha'awa ga wasu baƙi zuwa baje kolin NAACP, kuma an soki shi a matsayin cikakkun bayanai da za a iya kare mutane daga wani mai bita. *Mutuwa* Noguchi ta musamman ta ware saboda mummunar gaskiyar ta masu bita, an soki ta (alal misali) don "kyakkyawan damar", da kuma kasancewa "macabre" da "mai ban mamaki", ta hanyar Art News; kuma don mayar da martani ga wannan da wasu zarge-zargen wariyar launin fata Noguchi ya cire shi daga baje kolin NAACP a rana ta huɗu kuma a maimakon haka ya nuna shi a baje kolin Artists' Union. Orozco's Negros Colgados (Hanged Negros) lithograph kuma an nuna shi a duka nune-nunen, wanda dillalinsa Alma Reed ya gabatar.

Sauran zane-zane sun haɗa da Sternberg's Southern Holiday, Paul Cadmus's To The Lynching! ,  uku daga cikin ayyukan Curry (Manhunt, da The Fugitive a cikin mai kuma a matsayin lithograph),  Benton's A Lynching,  E. Simms Campbell's I Passed Along This Way in charcoal,  Louis Lozowick's Hold the Fort,  Hyman J. Warsager's The Law,  da kuma linocut guda biyu na Woodruff (*Giddap!* Hale! da By Parties Unknown). 

## Manazarta