Yanayin gudanar da muhalli a Brazil

Gudanar da muhalli ra'ayi ne a manufofin muhalli wanda ke jagorantar kasuwanni, fasaha da al'umma dan cimma burin dorewa. Yana la'akari da al'amuran zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da muhalli a cikin yanke shawara na manufofinsa.

A halin yanzu ƙasar Brazil tana tasowa cikin saurin gaske, kasashe irin su China da Indiya ne kawai ke aiwatar da su, duka ta fuskar cigaban tattalin arziki  da farfadowa bayan rikicin kudi na duniya a ƙarshen shekarata 2000s.  Maganar cewa "Brazil ita ce kasa a gaba. kuma za ta kasance" ta cikin Brazil a shekaru da yawa.  Amma sauye-sauyen manufofin tattalin arziki na baya-bayan nan, da aka yi tun kafuwar sabuwar jamhuriyar, sun baiwa Brazil damar fara samun amincewar kasashen duniya. An kwatanta hakan ne lokacin da shugaban Amurka Barack Obama ya bayyana cewa "Ya kamata jama'ar Brazil su san cewa gaba ta zo" a ziyarar da ya kai Rio de Janeiro a watan Maris na 2011.  Har ila yau, ba a kiran Brazil a m shekarata atsayin ƙasa mai tasowa, amma a matsayin ƙasa mai tasowa, sabuwar ƙasa mai masana'antu (NIC) kuma a matsayin memba na tattalin arzikin BRIC . Sanna kuma Amma tare da wannan saurin haɓakar tattalin arziƙin yana da nauyi mai yawa ta fuskar dorewa. Ci gaban tattalin arzikin Brazil yana samun goyon bayan babban bukatar albarkatun kasa daga kasar Sin, albarkatun da Brazil ke da su. Kuma A halin yanzu Brazil na samun nasarar daidaita bukatun masana'antun kasar Sin, kuma a halin yanzu ana zuba jari mai yawa don dorewar wannan bukatu daga kasar Sin, Brazil na gina sabbin tashoshin jiragen ruwa da filayen jiragen sama, tare da kara karfin na yanzu.  

Duk da haka, wannan ɗimbin hakar albarkatun ƙasa yana zuwa a kan farashi ga yanayin yanayi. Tsohuwar Ministar Muhalli Marina Silva ta yi murabus a shekara ta 2008 saboda tana jin gwamnatin Brazil tana ba da fifiko ga muradun manyan ‘yan kasuwa da tattalin arziki, kuma tana jin cewa tana fafutukar rashin nasara wajen kare yawancin mahalli na Brazil, gami da dajin Amazon Rainforest.

Duk da wadannan ikirari, an yaba wa Brazil saboda kokarin da take yi na dorewar muhalli da kuma yunƙurin rage hayakin da take fitarwa .    Gwamnatin Brazil ta kirkiro Ma'aikatar Muhalli (MMA) a cikin shakarar 1985 kuma bayan haka, an ƙirƙiri ƙungiyoyi, kamar IBAMA a cikin shekarata 1989, da nufin kare yanayin yanayi. Har ila yau, Brazil ta hau kujerar na gaba dangane da harkokin gudanar da muhalli ta duniya ta hanyar samar da hadin gwiwa tare da jagorantar kungiyar kasashe masu ra'ayi na Megadiverse, wanda ya hada da kashi 70% na rayayyun halittu na duniya da kashi 45% na al'ummar duniya. 

## Manufar Muhalli ta Kasa
A cikin 1981, gwamnatin Brazil ta aiwatar da Dokar Muhalli ta Kasa (NEP), ta hanyar Dokar No. 6938.  Babban makasudin wannan manufar ita ce kafa ka'idojin da ke ba da damar ci gaba mai dorewa, ta hanyar amfani da dabaru da kayan aikin da ke da ikon tabbatar da kariya ga muhalli. NEP ta ƙunshi batutuwan muhalli da yawa, gami da ma'anar ma'auni, lasisi, kimanta tasirin muhalli, wurare na musamman don adanawa, abubuwan ƙarfafawa don samarwa mai tsabta, da yanki na muhalli.  An haɓaka ƙa'idodin wannan manufar ta hanyar ƙa'idodi da tsare-tsare don jagorantar ƙungiyoyin jama'a na tarayyar Brazil, daidai da ƙa'idodi goma da aka bayyana a cikin labarin.&nbsp;2 na Shari'a 6938. Wadannan ka’idoji sune kamar haka:  

* Matakin gwamnati na kiyaye daidaiton muhalli, la'akari da muhalli a matsayin kadarorin jama'a da ya kamata a tabbatar da shi kuma a kiyaye shi, bisa la'akarin amfani da hadin gwiwa;
* Amfani mai ma'ana na ƙasa, ƙasa, ruwa da iska;
* Tsara da kulawa da amfani da albarkatun muhalli;
* Kariyar yanayin muhalli, adana wuraren wakilci;
* Sarrafa da rarraba ayyukan gurɓatawa ko yuwuwar gurbatawa;
* Ƙarfafawa don nazari da fasaha na bincike don amfani da hankali da kare albarkatun muhalli;
* Kula da yanayin ingancin muhalli;
* Maido da wuraren da suka lalace;
* Kare wuraren da aka yi barazanar lalacewa;
* Ilimin muhalli a duk matakan ilimi, gami da ilimin al'umma, an yi niyya don ba su damar shiga tsakani a cikin kare muhalli

An gabatar da kayan aiki goma sha biyu na Dokar Muhalli ta ƙasa da ake amfani da su don haɓaka kariyar muhalli a cikin labarin&nbsp;9 na Shari'a, kuma sune kamar haka:  

* Kafa ka'idojin ingancin muhalli;
* Tsarin muhalli;
* Ƙimar tasirin muhalli;
* Ba da lasisi da bitar ayyuka masu tasiri ko masu yuwuwar gurɓatawa;
* Abubuwan ƙarfafawa don samarwa da shigar da kayan aiki da ƙirƙira ko ɗaukar fasahar da aka tsara don haɓaka ingancin muhalli;
* Ƙirƙirar yankuna masu kariya ta musamman ta tarayya, gwamnatocin jihohi da na gundumomi, kamar wuraren kare muhalli masu mahimmancin sha'awar muhalli da tanadin cirewa; (Rubutun da aka gyara ta Doka Lamba 7804 na 18.07.89)
* Tsarin ƙasa na bayanan muhalli;
* Rijistar Fasaha ta Tarayya na Ayyuka da Kayayyakin Tsaron Muhalli;
* Hukunce-hukuncen ladabtarwa ga gazawar sanya matakan da suka dace don rigakafi da gyara lalata muhalli.
* Ƙaddamar da Rahoton Ingantattun Muhalli, wanda IBAMA za ta buga kowace shekara (Abin da aka ƙara da Dokar Lamba 7.804 na 18.07.89)
* Don tabbatar da samar da bayanan da suka shafi muhalli, da kuma tabbatar da gwamnati ta samar da su a lokacin da ba su nan; (Abin da aka ƙara ta Doka Lamba 7.804 na 18.07.89)
* Rijistar Fasaha ta Tarayya na ayyuka masu yuwuwar gurbatawa da/ko waɗanda ke amfani da albarkatun muhalli. (Abin da aka ƙara ta Doka Lamba 7.804 na 18.07.89)

## Tsarin Muhalli na Kasa
Brazil ita ce kasa ta biyar a duniya don haka ta tabbatar da cewa an samu cigaban tattalin arziki ta hanyar da ta dace kuma ba ta haifar da gurbacewar muhalli wani babban aiki ne. Kuma Don magance wannan, NEP ta kirkiro tsarin kula da muhalli na kasa (SISNAMA), wanda ya hada hukumomi da cibiyoyin kula da muhalli na kungiyar, jahohi, kananan hukumomi da gundumomi na tarayya, wanda babban manufarsa shi ne samar da ka'idoji da ka'idoji da suka dace. Kundin tsarin mulki ne ya sanya shi.  Shugaban tsarin wannan tsarin shine Majalisar Gwamnatin Kasa, wacce ita ce babbar hukumar ba da shawara, ta shugaban kasar Brazil, don tsara ka'idoji da manufofin muhalli na kasa. Kuma A ƙasan wannan akwai Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Ƙasa (CONAMA), wacce ita ce hukumar da ke ba da shawara ga gwamnatin ƙasa da kuma yin shawarwari kan dokoki da ka'idojin da suka dace don kare muhalli, wanda dole ne gwamnatocin jihohi da na kananan hukumomi su bi. Bayan haka kuma Ma’aikatar Muhalli (MMA) ta zo, wacce ke tsarawa, daidaitawa, kulawa da kuma kula da manufofin muhalli na kasa da ka’idojin da aka kafa don muhalli, tare da gudanar da aikin hada kan hukumomi da hukumomi daban-daban da suka hada da SISNAMA. An ɗaure shi da MMA ita ce Cibiyar Muhalli da Sabunta Albarkatun Ƙasa ta Brazil (IBAMA), wacce ke tsarawa, daidaitawa, kulawa, kulawa, haɓakawa da aiwatar da NEP da adanawa da adana albarkatun ƙasa. Sannan Kuma a karshe, a kasan tsarin SISNAMA akwai hukumomin kananan hukumomi da na jihohi da ke da alhakin duba ayyukan lalata muhalli da aiwatar da shirye-shirye, ayyuka da sa ido kan ayyukan da ke cutar da muhalli.

## Kalubale
Har yanzu yanayin yanayin Brazil yana fama da sakamakon mummunar manufar ma'amalar jama'a da ci gaban tattalin arziki da aka kirkira ta hanyar dabarun hadewar yanki, wanda aka aiwatar a lokacin gwamnatin soja daga shekarata 1964 zuwa 1985.  Manufar hakan ita ce a sassauta matsin lambar da jama'a ke fuskanta a yankin kudu maso gabashin Brazil mai yawan jama'a, don samar da ayyukan yi da kuma amfani da dimbin albarkatun kasa na Brazil. Wannan ya kawo yawancin ƙaura zuwa Basin Amazon (musamman a cikin jihohin Rondônia, Mato Grosso, da Pará ), da kuma kayan aikin gine-gine da kuma fadada garin da suka zo tare da wannan ƙaura ya sanya matsin lamba a kan gandun daji na Amazon, wanda ya sha wahala sosai. sare itatuwa. Mayar da wannan matsala aiki ne mai wuyar gaske domin ya hada da kawar da al'ummar da a halin yanzu ta samu kanta a cikin wadannan wurare da kuma karfafa karancin zuba jari da ci gaban da ake samu a wadannan wurare, domin kare muhalli. Ƙirƙirar NEP, a lokacin mulkin gwamnatin soja, mai yiyuwa ne martani ga ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na muhalli na ci gaba da matsin lamba ba kawai ga gwamnatin ƙasa ba, har ma da masu ba da lamuni na duniya, kuma a wani yunƙuri na rage ci gaba da lalata muhalli, a wannan lokaci na ma'aikata.

Bukatu na sirri da matsin tattalin arziki sune manyan shingaye ga cin nasarar gudanar da mulkin muhalli kuma kawar da son zuciya daga yanke shawara yana da matuƙar mahimmanci don kiyaye dorewa. Tushen samar da manufofin muhalli a Brazil shine ilimin kimiyya. Duk da haka, bincike ya nuna cewa, sannan  a wasu lokuta, masu tsara manufofi a Brazil suna da sha'awar yin amfani da shaidar kimiyya da ke goyan bayan shawararsu, maimakon yin shawarwari kan duk ilimin kimiyyar da ke akwai. 

## Matsayin ISO 14000
Wani muhimmin sashi na tabbatar da gasa ta Brazil a kasuwannin duniya shine ta kasancewa daidai da bukatun kasuwannin duniya. Sannna kuma Yawancin wuraren sinadarai na Brazil sun sami takaddun shaida na ISO 14000 kuma wasu da yawa suna kusa da samun takaddun shaida.  Abin da ya sa hakan shi ne muradin Brazil na bunkasa martabarta a kasuwannin duniya da kuma kara yin cinikayya da abokan huldar kasashen waje.  Brazil kuma tana shiga cikin kwamitin fasaha na ka'idojin ISO 14000.

## Gudanar da ruwa

### Yankin ruwa da na bakin teku
Gudanar da muhalli a Brazil ana son aiwatar da shi ta hanyar sama-sama, ta yadda gwamnati ta sanya dokar da ya kamata kasuwanni su bi. Wannan tsari na oda da sarrafa shi yakan haifar da tashe-tashen hankula a wasu lokutan tsakanin gwamnatoci da ‘yan kasuwa da kuma al’ummomin yankin.  Misalin wannan shi ne kafa wuraren kariya na ruwa da bakin teku a Brazil. Kuma Sau da yawa ana sanya takunkumi kan sana’ar kamun kifi ba tare da sa hannun al’ummomin yankin ba wajen yanke shawara,  kuma mummunan tasirin rayuwar waɗannan al’ummomin ya haifar da rikice-rikice da dama.  Har ila yau, an ce yanayin kamun kifi na bakin teku yana da tasiri ta hanyar sama da ƙasa na samar da tanadi.  Rashin shiga cikin gida, sa hannun jama'a da gudanar da haɗin gwiwa ana tsammanin zai iyakance juriyar yanayin muhalli da rage tasirin gaɓar teku wajen kare lambobin namun daji. 

### Manufar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa
Brazil tana da wadataccen ruwa mai yawa tare da wasu manyan kogin kogi a duniya ( Kogin Amazon, kogin Paraná da kogin São Francisco ). Kare wannan albarkatun ba wai kawai yana da mahimmancin yanayin muhalli ba, har ma da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, saboda yawancin birane da yankunan Brazil sun dogara da su a matsayin tushen ruwa mai tsabta. Wani zaɓi na mulkin ruwa a Brazil don gudanar da wannan batu shine National Water Resource Policy (NWRP), wanda aka kafa a cikin shekarata 1997  bayan fiye da shekaru goma na tattaunawar majalisa.  NWRP na da nufin haɓaka ruwa a matsayin albarkatu tare da ƙimar tattalin arziƙi kuma "yana ƙirƙira tsare-tsare don haɗin gwiwar gudanar da duk wani amfani da ruwa a matakin ruwan ruwa - majalissar rafukan ruwa (RBCs) - waɗanda ke aiki tare da ƙarin sarrafa al'adun gargajiya kamar gundumomi da gundumomi. hukumomin ruwa da muhalli na jihar”.  Duk da haka, an yi iƙirarin cewa wannan manufar ta fi mayar da hankali kan dabarun sama-sama, kamar gabatar da farashin ruwa da kuma cajin muhalli, maimakon magance tarurrukan jama'a, maido da kogi da tabbatar da muhalli . 

## Gudanar da gandun daji
Duk da babban tsarin kula da muhalli a Brazil, akwai lokuta inda ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, kamfanoni, gwamnatoci, da cibiyoyin bincike suka haɗa kai don haɓaka maido da muhalli.  Yarjejeniyar Maido da dajin Atlantika (AFRP) misali ne na wannan.  AFRP na da niyyar maido da kadada miliyan 15 na gurbatacciyar dajin Atlantika nan da shekara ta 2050 ta hanyar haɓaka:  kiyaye halittu, da haɓaka ayyukan yi ta hanyar maido da samar da kayayyaki, da kuma kafa abubuwan ƙarfafawa ga masu mallakar ƙasa don bin dokar daji.  Wannan yana nuna yadda ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na muhalli suka yi amfani da dokokin ƙasa (musamman yankin muhalli) don haɓaka kariyar muhalli da dorewa a Brazil.

## Gudanar da canjin yanayi
Babban arzikin masana'antu da tattalin arzikin Brazil, tare da kasancewar ta na da manyan albarkatun kasa a duniya, ya sa ta zama babban jigo a harkokin tafiyar da sauyin yanayi a duniya. A ƙarshen shekarar 2009, Carlos Minc, Ministan Muhalli na Brazil, ya sanar da shirye-shiryen rage sare dazuzzuka a Brazil da 80% nan da shekarata 2020, wanda yayi daidai da raguwar 40% na gurɓataccen iskar gas. Brazil ta yi amfani da karfin tasirinta na kasa da kasa don tabbatar da cewa kasashen da suka ci gaba sun cika alkawuran da suka dauka na mika fasahohin zamani da samar da kudaden raya kasa, da nufin kare muhalli da samar da dorewa. 

## Fasaha

### Injiniya Zagayen Rayuwa (LCE)
An sami shawarwarin aiwatar da LCE don rage yiwuwar tasirin muhalli da haɗari ga rayuwar ɗan adam, Kuma yayin da har yanzu ana ba da damar tattalin arziki da daidaiton zamantakewa .  Wannan dabara tana amfani da kayan aikin injiniya da dabaru don haɓaka dorewar tattalin arziki mafi girma. Kuma Waɗannan kayan aikin sun haɗa da ƙirar ƙirar yanayi da ƙima na rayuwa, dabarun samarwa mai tsabta, kayan aikin baya, rarrabuwa, sake yin amfani da su, sake yin amfani da su, sake amfani da tsarin bayanan ƙasa (GIS). 

### Halittu masu samar da makamashi
Ana yin man biofuels na ƙarni na farko ta hanyar amfani da kayan abinci da aka noma a sarari don samar da mai (misali ethanol da aka yi daga rake mai sukari) kuma ba a ɗaukarsa a matsayin amfanin muhalli. Advanced biofuels (2nd generation and sama) duk da haka ana ganin su a matsayin muhimmiyar hanya zuwa ci gaba mai dorewa . Ministar Muhalli ta ƙasar Brazil Izabella Teixeira ta yi iƙirarin cewa "haɓakar albarkatun mai a Brazil yana gudana ne ta hanyar manufofin jama'a da ke neman haɓaka haƙarsa a cikin "tsayi mai dorewa", kiyaye yanayi, samar da ayyukan yi da raba fa'ida tsakanin al'umma. 

Dorewar samar da man biofuel ya ƙunshi ayyukan noma mai ƙarfi don haka dole ne a tsara shi da sarrafa a hankali. Brazil na daya daga cikin kan gaba a duniya masu samar da man fetur da shigo da su. Sannan Kuma Ministan muhalli ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa "dabarun haɓaka samar da ethanol da biodiesel sun samo asali ne akan haɗakar muhimman kayan aikin gudanarwa guda biyu da tsarin aikin gona da muhalli: Tsarin Muhalli da Tattalin Arziki da Agro-Ecological Zoning".  An tsara waɗannan dabarun ta hanyar NEP kuma shari'ar da ke tattare da biofuels ta nuna yadda za a iya amfani da kayan aikin NEP cikin nasara ga tattalin arzikin, yayin da a lokaci guda inganta dorewa.

## Duba wasu abubuwan

* Cibiyar Muhalli na Brazil da Albarkatun Halitta masu Sabunta (IBAMA)
* sare itatuwa a Brazil
* Yanke dazuzzuka na Amazon
* Muhalli na Brazil
* Matsalolin muhalli a Brazil

## Manazarta