Canjin Dan Adam

Transhumanism ƙungiya ce ta falsafar da ilimi wacce ke ba da shawarar haɓaka yanayin ɗan adam ta hanyar haɓaka da samar da sabbin fasahohi na gaba waɗanda zasu iya haɓaka rayuwa, fahimta, da jin daɗi sosai.

Masu tunani na Transhumanist suna nazarin fa'idodi da haɗari na fasahar da ke tasowa waɗanda zasu iya shawo kan iyakokin ɗan adam, da kuma ka'idojin amfani da irin waɗannan fasahohin. Wasu masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suna hasashen cewa 'yan adam na iya canza kansu zuwa halittu masu karfin gaske don cancanta a kira su "post-human".

Wani batu na bincike na transhumanist shine yadda za a kare bil'adama daga haɗarin rayuwa, gami da hankali na wucin gadi, Tasirin asteroid, launin toka, annobar, rushewar al'umma, da Yaƙin nukiliya.

Masanin ilimin halitta Julian Huxley ya shahara da kalmar "transhumanism" a cikin wata kasida ta 1957.  Ma'anar kalmar ta zamani ta nuna ta daya daga cikin farfesa na farko na ilimin gaba, mutumin da ya canza sunansa zuwa FM-2030. A cikin shekarun 1960, ya koyar da "sabon ra'ayoyin ɗan adam" a Sabon Makarantar lokacin da ya fara gano mutanen da ke karɓar fasahar, salon rayuwa, da ra'ayoyi na duniya "canji" zuwa post-humanity a matsayin "trans-humanity". Wannan ikirarin ya kafa tushen ilimi ga masanin falsafar Burtaniya Max More don fara bayyana ka'idodin transhumanism a matsayin falsafar gaba a cikin 1990, shirya a California makarantar tunani wacce tun daga lokacin ta girma cikin ƙungiyar transhumanist ta duniya.

Tasiri daga ayyukan almara na kimiyya, hangen nesa na trans-humanist na ɗan adam mai canzawa na gaba ya ja hankalin magoya baya da masu sukar da yawa daga ra'ayoyi daban-daban, gami da falsafar da addini.

Masu sukar suna jayayya cewa ana iya yin wannan ta hanyar eugenics mai sassaucin ra'ayi a matsayin aikin juyin halitta mai kai tsaye ko "amfani mai kyau" wanda ake nufi don kara yawan abin da ake kira 'yancin morphological.

## Tarihi

### Masu gabatarwa na trans-humanism
A cewar Nick Bostrom, an bayyana motsin zuciyar Transcendentalist aƙalla tun daga baya kamar neman rashin mutuwa a cikin Epic of Gilgamesh, da kuma a cikin binciken tarihi don Maɓuɓɓugar Matasa, Elixir na Rayuwa, da sauran ƙoƙarin hana tsufa da mutuwa.

Trans-humanists suna amfani da kuma da'Waƙar ci gaba daga al'adun ilimi da al'adu kamar tsohuwar falsafar Aristotle ko al'adar kimiyya ta Roger Bacon .  A cikin Divine Comedy, Dante ya kirkiro kalmar *Trasumanar* ma'ana "don wuce yanayin ɗan adam, don wucewa bayan yanayin ɗan adam" a cikin canto na farko na Paradiso.

Za'a iya ganin haɗuwa da burin transhumanist tare da tunanin kimiyya a cikin ayyukan wasu masu gabatarwa na Haskakawa kamar Francis Bacon .  Ɗaya daga cikin farkon abubuwan da suka fara ga ra'ayoyin transhumanist shine René Descartes's Discourse on Method (1637), inda Descartes ya yi la'akari da sabon nau'in magani wanda zai iya ba da rashin mutuwa na jiki da tunani mai ƙarfi.

A cikin bugu na farko na *Adalci na Siyasa* (1793), William Godwin ya haɗa da muhawara da ke goyon bayan yiwuwar "rashin mutuwa na duniya" (abin da yanzu za a kira rashin mutuwa ta jiki). Godwin ya binciki jigogi na tsawo da rashin mutuwa a cikin littafinsa na Gothic St. Leon&nbsp; (novel)">''St. Leon&nbsp;'', wanda ya zama sananne (kuma sananne) a lokacin da aka buga shi a cikin 1799, amma yanzu an manta da shi. St. Leon na iya yin wahayi zuwa ga 'yarsa Mary Shelley littafin *Frankenstein* . 

Akwai muhawara game da ko za'a iya la'akari da falsafar Friedrich Nietzsche a matsayin tasiri a kan transhumanism, duk da ɗaukaka da ta na Übermensch (mafi girman mutum), saboda jaddadawa kan inganta kai maimakon canjin fasaha. Falsafar transhumanist na More da Sorgner sun sami rinjaye sosai daga tunanin Nietzschean. Sabanin haka, The Transhumanist Declaration "yana ba da shawarar jin daɗin duk wani hankali (ko a cikin masu hankali na wucin gadi, mutane, ko dabbobi marasa rai) ".

Ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 zuwa farkon ƙarni na 20 da aka sani da cosmism na Rasha, ta masanin falsafar Rasha N. F. Fyodorov, an lura da shi don tsammanin ra'ayoyin transhumanist.[1] A cikin 1966, FM-2030 (tsohon F. M. Esfandiary), mai hangen nesa wanda ya koyar da "sabon ra'ayoyin ɗan adam" a Sabon Makarantar, a Birnin New York, ya fara gano mutanen da suka karɓi fasahohi, salon rayuwa da ra'ayoyi na duniya masu sauyawa zuwa post-humanity a matsayin "transhumant".[2]

### Tunanin transhumanist na farko

Tunanin asali na transhumanism an fara gabatar da su ne a cikin 1923 ta hanyar masanin kwayar halitta na Burtaniya J. B. S. Haldane a cikin rubutunsa *Daedalus: Kimiyya da Makomar*, wanda ya annabta cewa fa'idodi masu yawa za su zo daga aikace-aikacen kimiyyar ci gaba ga ilmin halitta na ɗan adam - kuma kowane irin wannan ci gaba zai fara bayyana ga wani a matsayin saɓo ko karkatarwa, "marasa da rashin al'ada". Musamman, yana da sha'awar ci gaban kimiyya na ectogenesis (halicci da kiyaye rayuwa a cikin yanayin wucin gadi), eugenics, da kuma aikace-aikacen kwayoyin halitta don inganta halayen ɗan adam kamar kiwon lafiya da hankali.

Labarinsa ya yi wahayi zuwa ga ilimi da sha'awar jama'a. J. D. Bernal, masanin ilimin crystallograph a Cambridge, ya rubuta The World, the Flesh and the Devil a cikin 1929, inda ya yi hasashe game da yiwuwar mulkin mallaka na sararin samaniya da canje-canje masu mahimmanci ga jikin mutum da hankali ta hanyar Bionic implants da haɓaka fahimta. Wadannan ra'ayoyin sun kasance jigogi na yau da kullun tun daga lokacin.

Masanin ilimin halitta Julian Huxley galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wanda ya kafa transhumanism bayan ya yi amfani da kalmar don taken wani labarin mai tasiri na 1957.  Amma kalmar ta samo asali ne daga takarda ta 1940 da masanin falsafar Kanada W. D. Lighthall. Huxley ya bayyana trans-humanism a cikin waɗannan kalmomi:

## Manazarta