Charles Francis Adams Jr.

**Charles Francis Adams Jr.** (27 ga Mayu, 1835 - 20 ga Maris, 1915) marubuci ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka, masanin tarihi, kuma kwamishinan layin dogo da wuraren shakatawa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban layin dogo na Union Pacific daga 1884 zuwa 1890. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Kanar a cikin Rundunar Sojojin Tarayyar Turai a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka . Bayan yaƙin, ya kasance mai kula da layin dogo da zartarwa, marubucin ayyukan tarihi, kuma memba na Hukumar Kula da Wuraren Shakatawa ta Massachusetts.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Adams a Boston, 27 ga Mayu, 1835,  cikin iyali mai dogon tarihi a rayuwar jama'a ta Amurka. Ya kasance jikan shugaban Amurka John Adams kuma jikan Shugaba John Quincy Adams . Mahaifinsa Charles Francis Adams Sr.   lauya ne, ɗan siyasa, jami'in diflomasiyya, kuma marubuci. 'Yan uwansa su ne babbar 'yar'uwarsa Louisa Catherine Adams, matar Charles Kuhn, na Philadelphia; babban ɗan'uwansa John Quincy Adams II, mahaifin Charles Francis Adams na III ; masanin tarihi Henry Brooks Adams ;  Arthur Adams, wanda ya mutu yana ƙarami; Mary Adams, wacce ta auri Henry Parker Quincy, na Dedham, Massachusetts; da kuma masanin tarihi Peter Chardon Brooks Adams, na Beverly Farms, Massachusetts, wacce ta auri Evelyn Davis. 

Adams ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Harvard a shekarar 1856  sannan ya yi karatun lauya a ofishin Richard Henry Dana Jr. kuma aka shigar da shi cikin lauyoyi a shekarar 1858.  A shekarar 1895, ya sami digirin LL. D. daga Jami'ar Harvard. 

## Yaƙin Basasa

Adams ya yi aiki a rundunar sojojin ƙasa a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa ta Amurka . An naɗa shi Laftanar na farko a rundunar sojojin sa kai ta Massachusetts ta 1 a ranar 28 ga Disamba, 1861. An ɗaukaka shi zuwa kyaftin a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1862. Ya yi yaƙi da ƙarfi a lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓen Gettysburg, inda kamfaninsa ya yi aiki sosai a Yaƙin Aldie . Lokacin da aka kammala aikin rundunar na shekaru 3, an mayar da shi bataliyar sojoji, kuma aka sallami Adams daga aiki a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1864.  

On September 8, 1864, he was commissioned as the lieutenant colonel of the 5th Massachusetts Cavalry (officially designated "5th Massachusetts Colored Volunteer Cavalry"). He was promoted to colonel and assumed command of the regiment on March 14, 1865, shortly before the end of the war. When he assumed command, the regiment was assigned guarding Confederate prisoners of war at Point Lookout, Maryland.

Adams, wanda ke son jagorantar rundunarsa a fagen fama, ya sami damar samun dawaki ga rundunarsa kuma aka sake tura su aikin sa na gaba a lokacin ƙarshen yaƙin neman zaɓe da Richmond. Adams ya rubuta a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa cewa ya yi nadamar sake tura rundunarsa tun lokacin da ya yanke shawarar cewa sojojin baƙaƙen rundunar ba su dace da aikin yaƙi ba. Ya jagoranci rundunarsa zuwa Richmond jim kaɗan bayan an kama ta a watan Afrilun 1865. Adams ya koma Massachusetts a watan Mayu saboda rashin lafiya (watakila ciwon mara) kuma ya yi murabus daga rundunar a ranar 1 ga Agusta, 1865. 

A ranar 9 ga Yuli, 1866, Shugaba Andrew Johnson ya naɗa Kanar Adams don bayar da lambar yabo ta Brigadier Janar Brevet (mai girmamawa), 'Yan Sa-kai na Amurka, "saboda jarumtaka da inganci a yaƙe-yaƙen Secessionville, South Carolina da South Mountain da Antietam, Maryland, da kuma ayyukan yabo a lokacin yaƙin" zuwa matsayin tun daga Maris 13, 1865, kuma Majalisar Dattawan Amurka ta tabbatar da lambar yabo a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 1866.  

Adams tsohon abokin aikin soja ne na Massachusetts Commander of the Loyal Legion of the United States (MOLLUS).

## Mai gyaran layin dogo

### Hukumar Layin Dogon Jirgin Kasa ta Massachusetts
Bayan Yaƙin Basasa, an naɗa shi a Hukumar Layin Dogo ta Massachusetts. A can ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan (maimakon tilasta) hanyoyin layin dogo su bi ƙa'idodin kasuwanci da aka amince da su. Thomas McCraw ya kira tsarin Adams na tsara dokoki "Hukumar Sunshine," domin manufar hukumar ita ce fallasa ayyukan kasuwanci masu cin hanci da rashawa da fatan, da zarar an bayyana a fili, 'yan kasuwa za su ji kunya su gyara halayensu. A wannan hanyar ne ya rubuta *Babi na Erie* . Duk da haka, bisa ga falsafar sa ta ƙa'ida, ya fifita kariyar 'yan kasuwa fiye da na masu amfani. Ya ga doka ta zama dole don kare masu zuba jari da sauran 'yan kasuwa daga son zuciya na jama'a masu adawa ko makircin wasu masu aikin hannun jari marasa gaskiya. 

### Layin Jirgin Ƙasa na Union Pacific
Majalisa ta ƙi amincewa da Union Pacific Railroad (UP) kuma a shekarar 1884 ta tilasta mata ɗaukar Adams a matsayin sabon shugaban ƙasa.  Adams ya daɗe yana tallata ra'ayoyi daban-daban na gyara, kamar yadda yake a cikin littafinsa *Railroads, Their Origin and Problems* (1878), amma ba shi da ƙwarewa sosai a fannin gudanarwa. A matsayinsa na shugaban layin dogo, ya yi nasarar samun kyakkyawan aikin jarida ga UP, kuma ya kafa ɗakunan karatu a kan hanya don ba wa ma'aikatansa damar inganta kansu. Ya sami mummunan sakamako wajen mu'amala da Knights of Labour . Lokacin da ƙungiyar ta ƙi ƙarin aiki a Wyoming a shekarar 1885, Adams ya ɗauki ma'aikatan China. Sakamakon ya kasance kisan kiyashin Rock Springs, wanda ya kashe 'yan China da yawa kuma ya kori sauran duka daga Wyoming.  Ya yi ƙoƙarin gina hanyar haɗin gwiwa mai rikitarwa da sauran kasuwanci, amma ba su taimaka wa UP ba. Ya sami matsala sosai wajen yanke shawara da kuma daidaita waɗanda ke ƙarƙashinsa. Adams bai iya dakatar da yanayin kuɗi na UP da ke ƙara taɓarɓarewa ba, kuma a shekarar 1890, mai layin dogo Jay Gould ya tilasta masa yin murabus.  

## Masanin tarihi

An zaɓi Adams a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a 1871  kuma memba na Ƙungiyar Antiquarian ta Amurka a 1891. 

Bayan 1874, ya sadaukar da mafi yawan lokacinsa ga nazarin tarihin Amurka. Domin girmama aikinsa, Adams ya zama mataimakin shugaban ƙungiyar tarihi ta Massachusetts a 1890, an zaɓe shi shugaban wannan ƙungiyar a 1895 da kuma ƙungiyar tarihi ta Amurka a 1901.  Rubuce-rubucensa da jawabansa kan matsalolin kula da layin dogo da sauran batutuwa na tarihi sau da yawa suna haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce mai yawa. 

A shekarar 1875, ya buga wani muƙala kan "The Granger Movement" a cikin Jaridar North American Review. Ya fallasa kurakuran da ake tafkawa kan farashin layin dogo da kuma yadda ake amfani da ikon mallakar ƙasa wanda ya haifar da wannan motsi .

Adams ya kuma rubuta tarihin rayuwarsa, wanda aka kammala a shekarar 1912 kuma aka buga shi bayan mutuwarsa a shekarar 1916. A farkon tarihin rayuwarsa akwai jawabi game da Adams wanda Henry Cabot Lodge ya rubuta.

## Ayyukan agaji

### Hukumar Kula da Shakatawa ta Massachusetts
Daga 1893 zuwa 1895, ya kasance shugaban Hukumar Kula da Wuraren Shakatawa ta Massachusetts, kuma saboda haka ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara tsarin wuraren shakatawa na jihar a yanzu.  Ya yi tasiri wajen kafa Wuraren Shakatawa na Blue Hills da kuma Wuraren Shakatawa na Middlesex Fells .

### Mai tallafawa haraji ɗaya tilo
A shekarar 1900, ya rubuta wa Shugaban Ƙungiyar Haraji ta Massachusetts wata buɗaɗɗiyar wasiƙa, inda ya bayyana kansa a matsayin mai goyon bayan gyaran da Henry George ya gabatar, wanda daga baya aka san shi da Georgism . Wani ɓangare na wannan wasiƙar ya bayyana a cikin The Outlook, 15 ga Disamba, 1900.

### Ƙungiyar Jama'a ta Ƙasa
Adams ya wakilci jama'a a kwamitin sasantawa a sashen masana'antu na Ƙungiyar Jama'a ta Ƙasa da ke birnin New York, a ranar 17 ga Disamba, 1901. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1865, ya auri Mary Hone Ogden (1843–1934), 'yar Edward da Caroline Callender Ogden. Ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya mata uku da 'ya'ya maza tagwaye, dukkansu sun kammala karatunsu a Harvard a shekarar 1898. 'Ya'yan biyar sune:

* Mary Ogden ("Molly") Adams (haihuwa a 1867), wacce ta auri Grafton St. Loe Abbott (1856–1915), ɗa ga Wakilin Amurka Josiah Gardner Abbott . Su ne iyayen Mary Ogden Abbott .
* Louisa Catherine Adams (1872–1958), wacce ta auri Thomas Nelson Perkins (1870–1937). 
* Elizabeth Ogden ("Elise") Adams (1873–1945). 
* John Francis Adams (1875–1964), wanda ya auri Marian Morse Adams (1878–1959). Su ne iyayen Thomas Boylston Adams . 
* Henry Quincy Adams (1875–1951). 

## Mutuwa da binnewa
Adams ya mutu a ranar 20 ga Mayu, 1915.  An binne shi a makabartar Mount Wollaston da ke Quincy, Massachusetts . 

## Ayyuka

## Itacen iyali

## Duba kuma
 

* Jerin Janar-janar na Massachusetts a Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka
* Jerin manyan jami'an layin dogo
* Massachusetts a Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka

## Manazarta