Shuka, Florida

plantation birni ne a cikin Broward County, Florida, Amurka . Yana daga cikin Yankin Ku dancin Florida. Sunan garin ya fito ne daga tsohon mai mallakar ƙasar, Kamfanin Everglades Plantation, da kuma yunkurin da shuka yi na kafa gonar shinkafa a yankin. Ya zuwa Ƙididdigar Amurka ta 2020, yawan jama'a ya kai 91,750.

## Tarihi

### Samun ƙasa da zubar da ruwa (1855-1930)
Kafin farkon karni na 20, yankin da ya zama Plantation ya kasance wani ɓangare na wuraren da ke cikin Everglades, a kai a kai an rufe shi da 2-3 feet na ruwa. A cikin 1855, jihar Florida ta zartar da Dokar Ingantawa ta Cikin Gida kuma ta kafa Asusun Amincewa na Ingantawa na Cikin Gida, wanda masu kula da shi ke aiki a matsayin hukumar gwamnati don kula da gudanarwa, siyarwa, da ci gaban ƙasar jihar. A shekara ta 1897, Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta gabatar da kadada miliyan 2.9 ga Ofishin Ƙasar Florida; duk da haka, an soke gabatarwar a shekara mai zuwa, saboda tsoron cewa za ta "shafar da hakkoki da bukatun kabilun Seminole. "  Mutanen Seminole suna amfani da yankin a kai a kai don farauta, kamun kifi, da sansani, kuma suna amfani da Pine Island Ridge da ke kusa da shi a matsayin hedkwatar a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na biyu da na Seminole . [1]

A shekara ta 1899, Gwamnan Florida William Sherman Jennings ya fara wani shiri na zubar da Everglades. Don kafa haƙƙin Florida ga ƙasar, Jennings ya sami sabon takardar shaidar (wanda aka sani da 'Everglades Patent') don ƙasar "ta tara kadada 2,862,280."  Bayan zabensa a 1905, magajin Jennings, Napoleon Bonaparte Broward ya nada Jennings a matsayin babban lauya na Asusun Ingantawa na Cikin Gida kuma ya ci gaba da shirin don kammala zubar da ruwa na Everglades (wanda shine babban jigon yakin neman zabe). Broward ya bayyana magudanar ruwa a matsayin aikin amintattu, kuma ya yi alkawarin ƙirƙirar "Daular Everglades".  

Kokarin farko na zubar da *Everglades* ya fara ne a cikin 1906, tare da gini da ƙaddamar da dredges guda biyu a cikin New River: *Okeechobee* (wanda Kyaftin Walter S. Holloway na Sojojin Injiniyoyi na Amurka ya ba da umarni) ya fara yankewa daga kudancin kogin (kafa Kudancin New River Canal), kuma Everglades sun fara yankewa ne daga arewacin arewacin kogin zuwa Lake Okeechobe (kafa North New River Canal).  Hanyar ruwa ta farko da aka buɗe bayan yunkurin zubar da ruwa an kira ta The Holloway Canal, bayan Kyaftin Holloway . 

Bayan wani taro a Yarjejeniyar Kasa ta Democrat ta 1908, Broward da Jennings sun kafa yarjejeniya tare da : Masu kula da asusun sun ba Bolles 500,000 acres (2,000  na filayen jihar da suka cika a $ 2 a kowace acre, tare da yarjejeniya ga Jiha don amfani da kashi 50% na dala miliyan 1 kawai don zubar da ruwa da sake farfadowa, da kuma wata yarjejeniya don kafa manyan tashoshi 5. Bayan wannan, Bolles ya kafa Kamfanin Florida Fruit Lands, ya zama mai haɓaka mai zaman kansa na farko na Everglades.  

An kafa kamfanin Everglades Plantation Company a watan Janairun 1909, biyo bayan shuka kwangilar shekaru 2 tare da masu kula da Asusun Ingantawa na Cikin Gida ta Adam A. Boggs (aboki da mataimakin shugaban Bankin Miami da Kamfanin Amincewa) da A.B. Sanders (injiniya kuma daga baya shugaban Kamfanin Injiniya da Gine-gine na Miami) don ƙirƙirar gonar shinkafa a cikin Everglades. Yarjejeniyar ta ba Boggs & Sanders damar hayar ƙasa mai yawa a kusa da (a lokacin aiki-a ci gaba) North New River Canal, kuma daga baya su sayi ƙasar tsakanin $ 3 da $ 15 a kowace acre.

Daga baya aka gano cewa yankin da aka hayar Boggs & Sanders ya riga ya kasance na Dicky Bolles, a matsayin wani ɓangare na kadada 500,000 da ya saya; duk da haka, Kamfanin Everglades Plantation ya sami damar riƙe ƙasar, duk da ikirarin Bolles. Sanders ya jagoranci ci gaba da kokarin farfadowa ga yankin, gami da tono mil 60 na ramin. Boggs & Sanders kuma an ba su kari ga kwangilarsu ta shekaru 2, a kan dalilin da ya sa ƙasar ta kasance a ƙarƙashin ruwa.

A cikin 1911, Bolles ya gudanar da caca ta ƙasa (wanda aka sani da Progresso Land Auction) a $ 20-24 a kowace acre, yana ba da wuraren zama a cikin garin Progresso (yanzu yankin da aka sani da Wilton Manors) ga duk wanda ya sayi gonar gona na kadada biyar ko fiye a cikin ƙasar magudanar ruwa;   duk da haka, babu gwanjo da ya faru kuma ƙasar da aka saya ta kasance a ƙarƙashin ruwa. A sakamakon haka, an gabatar da karar a kan Bolles.  

A cikin 1912, North New River Canal ya buɗe,  kuma Sewell Lock (wanda aka fi sani da Lock No.1), kulle na farko a Florida, kuma ɗayan tsofaffin gine-ginen da suka rage a Broward County, an gina shi a ciki, a waje da abin da ke yanzu Plantation. Makullin ya ba da damar shiga tsakanin Everglades da Lake Okeechobee ta ruwa.

An warware karar da aka shigar a kan Bolles a watan Nuwamba 1913, tare da Bolles yana riƙe da dala miliyan 1.4 da aka riga aka karɓa, amma yana hana duk wani ƙarin tattarawa har sai an zubar da ƙasar kuma an bincika ta. An kuma kama Bolles a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar amma daga baya aka same shi marar laifi.

Rashin ruwa na ƙasar ya gaza sosai, tare da mafi yawansu sun koma jihar don haraji; duk da haka, manoma biyu na gida, O. L Daniel da Dewey Hawkins sun fara siyan shi, suna samun kusan kadada 6,000 da kadada 4,000 bi da bi.

A cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan yarjejeniyarsu ta asali, tattaunawar kwangila ta karu zuwa yaƙe-yaƙe na shari'a tsakanin Kamfanin Everglades Plantation da Masu Kula da Ingantawa na Cikin Gida. Wadannan rikice-rikice sun ƙare a shekara ta 1914, a cikin ni'imar kamfanin. Masu Amincewa ba su ci gaba da yunkurin shuka shinkafa ba kuma, daga wannan lokacin, kamfanin ya mayar da hankali kan tallace-tallace na ƙasa.

Broward County (wanda aka tsara da farko a ƙarƙashin sunan Everglades County amma daga ƙarshe an sanya masa suna bayan tsohon gwamnan Broward) majalisar dokokin Florida ce ta kirkireshi a 1915 ta hanyar hada ɓangarorin Dade County da Palm Beach County.

Sakamakon nasarar ayyukan magudanar ruwa, Florida Land Boom ya faru ne tsakanin 1920 da 1925, yana ganin saurin ci gaba a cikin yawan jama'a da tallace-tallace na ƙasa. Girman ya kai kololuwa a farkon shekara ta 1925 kuma daga baya ya rushe a shekara ta 1926. 

Girman ƙasa ya biyo bayan guguwa biyu masu tsanani da suka mamaye yankin, suna tasiri sosai ga al'ummomin da aka kafa kuma suna kashe dubban mutane. Na farko, a watan Satumbar 1926 (wanda aka sani da guguwar Miami ta 1926), ya kai saurin iska na mil 140 a kowace awa, kuma na biyu, a watan Sambar 1928 (wanda aka fi sani da gwagwarmayar Okeechobee ta 1928), ya kai sautin iska na mil 135 a kowace awa. A mayar da martani, an kafa ƙarin dokokin kula da ambaliyar ruwa, kuma an kashe miliyoyin ƙarin daloli a kan kokarin zubar da ruwa a fadin Everglades a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya.

### Ci gaban farko (1931-1952)
Wanda ya kafa Plantation na gaba, Frederick C. Peters, magajin biliyan ga kasuwancin takalma, ya koma Goulds, Florida a 1931 (biye da shawarar likita don neman yanayi mai dumi ga ɗansa), ya fara kasuwancin dankali da shanu; about="#mwt210" class="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":26"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:26-27","html":"nbsp;"}}' id="cite_ref-:26_27-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Plantation,_Florida#cite_note-:26-27 ] duk da haka, a 1939, Peters ya sami shawara daga Stephan Zacher (mai ranch-mai) don neman ƙasa mafi kyau ga shanu a Davie, Florida. Tare da mafi yawan manyan yankuna a Davie da aka riga aka kafa a matsayin bishiyoyi, Peters (bayan gwaji mai zurfi ta Hukumar Kula da Kasa ta Amurka ya sayi kadada 10,000 (40 ) zuwa arewa don kusan $ 10-25 a kowace kadada, wanda aka ba da kuɗin tare da jinginar gida na $ 350,000.   Dewey Hawkins ne ya mallaki ƙasar a baya (wanda ke da rinjaye) da kuma Boggs da Sanders' Everglades Plantation Company.  

Tare da manufar kirkirar aikin gona, madadin karkara ga yankin Dade, Peters ya gina gine-ginen ranch na farko na birnin, wanda Stephan Zacher ya tsara. A shekara ta 1942, ya sa Leslie E. Bitting (ɗan Ben Bitting, wanda ya yi aiki a gonar Dade County ta baya ta Peters) ya fara motsa shanu na Peters zuwa yankin, kuma ya kula da ginin.

Tsakanin 1944 da 1945, Peters ya sauya daga ra'ayin gina hadin gwiwar noma, ya hayar masanin gine-gine Russell Pancoast don taimakawa wajen kirkirar babban shirin birni, da kuma C. Kay Davis don kafa tsarin kula da ruwa. A shekara ta 1946, wata karamar hukuma mai ma'ana ta musamman, mai suna Old Plantation Water Control District, ta kuma yi hayar jihar (wanda injiniyan farar hula John Brendla ya jagoranta) don fara zubar da ruwa daga yankin da aka yi niyya a baya don ci gaban shuka, da kuma kula da tashoshin sa na biyu.

Chauncey Clark Jr. (asalinsa daga Michigan, amma yana zaune a Miami Beach) Peters ya gaya masa cewa, don musayar ingantaccen shirin ci gaba, Peters zai samar da zaɓuɓɓukan ƙasa da cikakkiyar magudanar ruwa da samun dama kamar yadda ake buƙata. Shirin Clark Jr. na ranches na 40 acre, clubs, golf courses da filin jirgin sama sun kasa jan hankalin saka hannun jari, amma mahaifinsa, Chauncey Clark Sr., ya kafa wani madadin shirin don kuri'a guda ɗaya tare da gidaje masu dakuna 2 da gonar bishiyoyi 20 a kowannensu. Robert Law Weed na Miami ya tsara gidaje na farko, waɗanda aka gina a 1947, a East Acre Drive a ƙarƙashin sunan Plantation Homes Inc .  Sunan ci gaban (wanda ya ci gaba da zama sunan dukan birnin) ya fito ne daga abin da aka san yankin, gami da yankin Kula da Ruwa, 'Plantation'.

Tallace-tallacen Clark ya kira Plantation a matsayin "Birnin Mafarki" tare da "Rich Living at Small Cost" kuma tallace-tallen Peters ya bayyana "A Full Acre with Every Home. "    An sayar da gida mai dakuna biyu tare da kadada na ƙasa da itatuwan 'ya'yan itace 20 don $ 10,241, kuma an kimanta dukiyar a $ 200 a kowace kadada; [3] duk da haka, da haka, farkon ginin, ambaliyar ruwa ta lalata yawancin gidaje, wanda ya haifar da kwanaki 93 a jere na ruwan sama da guguwa biyu.[4] Duk da koma baya, gidaje 15 suna cikin gini a lokacin da guguwar ta wuce.**' Clark ya gyara kuma ya dawo da dukkan gidajen da suka lalace a kan kudin kansa. A wannan shekarar, mai gina hanya Finley Smith ya fara shirye-shiryen fadada Broward Boulevard daga State Road 7 zuwa Holloway Canal.**'

A shekara ta 1948, gidan Chauncey Clark Jr. shine na farko da aka kammala, kuma Clark ya koma cikin gidan tare da iyalinsa.**' Ayyukan gini sun fadada, tare da ƙungiyar tallace-tallace, tare da kusan gidaje uku da aka kammala kuma aka sayar da su a kowane mako.**' An gina kimanin gidaje 120 a wannan shekarar, **' kuma yawan mutanen garin ya karu zuwa iyalai 30 a girman. A wannan shekarar, Ann Carter (matar Claude E, Carter) ta kuma haifi Eugene Carter, yaro na farko da aka haifa a cikin birni.**' 1948 kuma ya ga kammala sabbin dikes da tashar famfo a kan East Holloway Canal, **' da kuma kafa The Plantation Community Church (wanda ya gudanar da ayyukansa na farko a ofishin motar Frederick Peters). 

A watan Satumba da Oktoba 1948, guguwa biyu sun shafi yankin, sun haifar da ambaliyar ruwa da rushewar wani madatsar ruwa mai ci gaba a lokacin guguwa ta biyu.**' An yi amfani da gyare-gyare da tsawo da tsawo ga dicks, sabbin cofferdams, da famfo don kawo karshen ambaliyar; **' duk da haka, tallace-tallace na gidaje sun tsaya a 1949 saboda ambaliyar da aka sake maimaitawa. Kodayake aikin ya ci gaba a kan sabbin hanyoyi, dicks, da gidaje, an rushe Clark's Plantation Homes Inc., kuma kadarorin sun tafi Frederick C. Peters.**'

1949 kuma ya ga bude Plantation Pumping Station No. 2 (yana ba da damar yin famfo na galan miliyan 126 a kowace rana a cikin North New River Canal),  mata ta Plantation (ta Mrs. Helen Hoffman),  da kuma kafa kungiyar masu mallakar Plantation Homeowners (ta Dr. Abram Hoffman). A wannan lokacin, akwai gidaje 40 a yankin.

1950 sannan ya ga kammala filin wasan Golf na Plantation da Country Club, wanda aka gina tare da niyyar karfafa fadada yammacin Broward Boulevard.

### Kasancewar birni (1953-1963)
An kafa birnin Plantation a matsayin birni a ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 1953  (tare da yawan mutane 300  da kasafin kuɗi na kasa da $ 2,000 a lokacin ). Kungiyar Masu Gida ta Plantation ta nada Ellsworth D. Gage (a lokacin shugaban kungiyar masu Gida) a matsayin magajin gari na farko, tare da Paul Stoner, Winslow Freeman, George Bartold, Walter Bartels, da Wilfred J. Perry Lohman da aka zaba zuwa Majalisar Birnin;  duk da haka, babu wani daga cikin wadannan jami'an birni na farko da ya dauki albashi daga mukamin.  Ginin da aka yi niyya a matsayin cibiyar al'umma, amma ana amfani da shi azaman ɗakin ajiya, an yi amfani da shi don taron majalisa na farko, zauren gari, tashar wuta, da ofishin 'yan sanda. Wannan ginin, wanda aka fi sani da Ginin Hoffman, yanzu shine yankin kicin na Deicke Auditorium.

A ranar 1 ga watan Agusta, 1954, jaridar *Miami Herald* ta bayyana shirin birni a fili, tana kiran Plantation "Birnin Makomar".

A shekara ta 1955, an zabi S. Robinson Estey a matsayin magajin gari na biyu (kuma na farko da aka zaba a matsayin).  An shirya Sashen 'yan sanda na Plantation a cikin wannan shekarar, tare da motar' yan sanda ta farko da jami'in (Henry C. 'Hank' Donath), wanda ke gudanar da sashen shi kaɗai na shekaru da yawa, a kan kira awanni 24 a kowace rana. A wannan lokacin, yawan mutanen garin ya kasance kasa da mutane 800.

An fara tattara kudade na sashen kashe gobara a shekarar 1956 kuma ya kasance daya daga cikin al'adun shekara-shekara na birnin. An kafa Plantation's Volunteer Fire Dept. daga baya a shekara ta 1957, tare da Richard Stephenson da aka nada a matsayin shugaban wuta na farko.  Masana'antar masana'antu ta farko ta birnin (Airpax Products, Co.) ta buɗe a kan Sunrise Blvd a cikin 1957 (a cikin abin da ke yanzu Plantation Technology Park),  kamar yadda masallacin farko na Plantation Community Church (wanda yanzu ake kira Missions Prayer Chapel)  da Sunshine State Parkway (wanda yanzu aka sani da Florida's Turnpike), wanda ya haɗa Miami da Fort Pierce, Florida. A shekara ta 1958, an kammala ginin a Gidan Gida. An gina tashar wuta a Broward Boulevard, tare da Frederick T. Peters (ɗan Frederick C. Peters) wanda aka nada a matsayin shugaban kashe gobara na birnin.

Kasafin kudin Plantation ya karu zuwa sama da $ 170,000 a shekarar 1959. A wannan shekarar, an keɓe makarantar farko ta birnin: Makarantar Firamare ta Berenice Todd Peters (mai suna bayan matar wanda ya kafa birnin Frederick C. Peters;  aka sani a yau da Peters Elementary) aji ne mai ɗaki 24, makarantar yara 725, wanda aka gina a kan kadada 10 na ƙasar da Frederick Peters ya ba shi.  An nada Hank Donath a matsayin shugaban 'yan sanda na farko na birnin, tare da kuɗin aiki na sashen' yan sanda da harajin sigari ke rufewa.

A cikin 1960, birnin ya karɓi taken "The Dream City", gami da daidaita lambobin lasisi.

An kafa ɗakin karatu na Plantation, wanda ya samo asali ne daga makarantar firamare ta Peters, a 1961, tare da Helen B. Hoffman a matsayin shugabar kuma membobin kungiyar Plantation Woman's Club a matsayin ma'aikatan sa kai. A cikin 1962, Edwin Deicke ya ba da gudummawar $ 100,000 ga birnin don fadadawa da gyaran Ginin Hoffman (wanda aka sake masa suna zuwa Deicke Auditorium a cikin 1973).  Har ila yau, a cikin 1962, an kafa ɗakin kasuwanci na birnin kuma an buɗe Babban Asibitin Likitoci.

Yawan jama'ar garin ya kai 8,500 a 1963,  kuma asalinsa "Daga jeji, Wannan Birni" an sanya shi hukuma, tare da karɓar hatimi na gari (wanda Mayor Robinson Estey da masanin gine-gine AT Hardel suka tsara). An gano fassarar Latin na wannan taken ya haɗa da kuskuren rubutun kalmomi; duk da haka, magajin gari na gaba, Frank Veltri ya zaɓi kada ya canza shi. Cibiyar al'umma ta gari, wacce masanin gine-ginen birni na asali Russell Pancoast ya tsara, an gina ta ne a 1963, ta zama shafin yanar gizon farko na birni (wanda aka ajiye a Peters Elementary ).

### Ci gaban Gulfstream (1964-1979)
Following the death of Frederick C. Peters in July 1964, the Peters family sold  of undeveloped land west of University Drive (originally named Annapu Road) at approximately $3,000 per acre to the Gulfstream Land Development Company, led by president John H. Cleary. The land is purchased for the development of the Jacaranda community, the intent of which was to build an equivalent to Coral Gables in Broward County.

Sauran fadadawa a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da Plantation Elementary School a 1965,  Florida Air Academy a 1969,  Plantation High School (makarantar sakandare ta farko a birnin)   Plantation General Hospital (a lokacin, asibitin gado 264) a 1966,   da kuma kayan aiki ga kamfanin sadarwa Motorola a 1969.

Yawan jama'ar garin ya kai 23,523 a shekarar 1970,  kuma a shekarar 1972, an karɓi tayin gini na dala miliyan 1.03 don sabon zauren gari, tare da gina ginin Deicke Auditorium. 

Plantation Acres (wanda aka sanya shi a Gundumar Karkara ta Musamman don kare yanayin halitta ) da Melaleuca Isles an haɗa su cikin Plantation a cikin 1973. Deicke Auditorium da sabon Plantation City Hall an keɓe su a watan Mayu da Disamba na wannan shekarar bi da bi. Har ila yau, a cikin 1973, ƙungiyar Gulfstream ta sami ragowar ƙasar daga mallakar iyalin Peters. Da yake ƙaura daga asalin yankunan karkara na Plantation, Gulfstream a maimakon haka ya yi niyya ga cibiyoyin kasuwanci, masana'antu da ofisoshi na gida, fara yarjejeniya tare da Motorola, American Express, da waɗanda za su gina Broward Mall. Genevieve Veltri, Dorothy O'Hare, Lois Brickhouse, da Marilyn King ne suka kafa kungiyar Plantation Historical Society a shekara mai zuwa, tare da taron su na farko da aka gudanar a gidan Veltri.   
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