open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Babban Masallacin Balai Gadang Mungo

**Balai Gadang Mungo Grand Mosque** tsohon masallaci ne a kasar Indonesia, dake Jorong Balai Gadang Bawah, Nagari Mungo, gundumar Luhak, Lima Puluh Kota Regency, West Sumatra . An gina masallacin a shekara ta 1914, wanda ya maida shi daya daga cikin tsofaffin masallatai a Indonesia, kuma masallaci mafi tsufa a Nagari Mungo. 

## Tarihi
An fara gina masallacin a shekarar 1914, wanda ɗaya daga cikin fitattun malamai (malamai) a Nagari Mungo mai suna Haji Badu Ghani ya fara.  Da farko, ginin yana da bene da bango kawai da aka yi da bamboo mai zare na dabino ; don haka, an ƙone shi a lokacin dogon lokacin rani a Nagari Mungo a shekarar 1918.  Bayan kimanin shekara guda, Haji Badu Ghani ya gayyaci 'yan'uwa biyu, Haji Sultan da Haji Syarbaini, don sake gina masallacin. Tare da goyon bayan jam'iyyu da yawa, ciki har da shugabannin gargajiya kamar Tuanku Nan Balimo, an kammala sake gina masallacin a shekarar 1920. 

A shekarar 2012, an sanya masallacin a matsayin daya daga cikin wurare goma sha daya da aka yi bikin cika shekaru 35 na Gundumar Limapuluh Kota da ke Luhak, wanda aka gudanar daga 25 zuwa 28 ga Yuni, 2012.

## Manazarta
Masallacin Jameh na Amol

**Masallacin Jāmeh na Amol** masallacin Juma'a ne na 'yan Shi'a (Jāmeh), wanda ke cikin Amol, a lardin Mazandaran, Iran,    kusa da Amol Sassanid Bazaar. Babban gininsa ya samo asali ne tun ƙarni na farko bayan hijira da kuma lokacin mulkin daular Qajar da kuma gyaran daular Safavid . 

An ƙara masallacin a cikin Jerin Gidajen Tarihi na Ƙasa na Iran a ranar 29 ga Janairu 2008, wanda Hukumar Al'adu, Sana'o'i da Yawon Bude Ido ta Iran ta gudanar.

## Manazarta
Masallacin Jaame, Blackburn

**Masallacin Jaame**, wanda aka fi sani da **Cibiyar Al'adun Musulunci ta Jaame Masjid**,  masallaci ne, wanda ke kan titin Lambert a Blackburn, Lancashire, Ingila, a Burtaniya .

An kafa cocin ne daga gida a shekarar 1962, wanda ya ƙunshi gidaje biyu na baranda, kuma tun daga lokacin aka faɗaɗa shi a lokuta da dama.   Ya zama Masallaci na farko a Lancashire, wanda aka amince da shi a matsayin babban masallacin Blackburn na hukuma. 

## Duba kuma

* Tarihin Musulunci a Ingila
* Jerin Masallatai a Ingila

## Manazarta
Babban Masallacin Birgi

**Babban Masallacin Birgi** wanda kuma ake kira "Aydınoğlu Mehmet Bey Mosque", masallacin tarihi ne a Turkiyya.

Masallacin yana cikin garin Birgi a Ödemiş ilçe (a gundumar) na lardin İzmir .

Aydınids masarautar Anatoliya ce a ƙarni na 14 a Yammacin Anatolia . Birgi, wanda yanzu ƙauye ne babban birnin Beylik. Mehmet, sarkin Beylik na farko ne ya ba da umarnin a gina masallacin.

## Gine-gine
An gina masallacin a shekara ta 1312.   Misali ne na masallacin Seljukid na yau da kullun. Mafi shaharar sassan masallacin sune kyakkyawan mimbar mai aikin katako wanda ba shi da ƙusa na ƙarfe  da kuma mihrab wanda aka yi da marmara mai duhu cyan.  Mutum-mutumin zaki da ke kusurwar kudu maso gabashin ginin shi ma abin sha'awa ne domin siffofi ba su da yawa a cikin gine-ginen Musulunci kuma wannan mutum-mutumin wani abu ne da aka samo daga ginin Lydia .

## Satar ƙofar Mimbar
A shekarar 1993 ƙofar mimbar ta ɓace kuma wani ɗan yawon buɗe ido ɗan Birtaniya a Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya ya gano ta. Ma'aikatar Al'adu da Yawon Buɗe Ido ta sayi ƙofar kuma a shekarar 1996 ta koma inda ta dace. 

## Manazarta
Masallacin Batumi

**Masallacin Batumi**masallaci ne a Batumi, Adjara, Georgia.

Batumi gida ne ga dimbin al'ummar musulmi. Masallacin da aka fi sani da " Jamia a tsakiya" domin a da yana tsaye a tsakanin wasu masallatai biyu waɗanda ba su tsira ba. 

## Tarihi
An ƙaddamar da Masallacin Batumi a shekarar 1866 ta hannun iyalan Aslan Beg Khimshiashvili, wani fitaccen Musulmi ɗan ƙasar Georgian mai suna Adjara.  An san shi da "Orta Jame" ( Georgian , "masallacin tsakiya") domin yana tsakanin wasu masallatai biyu a Batumi, waɗanda daga baya aka rushe su. 

A zamanin Soviet, an rufe masallacin aka mayar da shi ma'ajiyar sojoji a matsayin wani ɓangare na manufofin gwamnati na kin addini.  An mayar da shi ga al'ummar Musulmi na yankin a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20. An yi gyare-gyare a shekarar 1946, lokacin da aka ƙara *sanhn* da minaret, kuma a shekarun 1990, lokacin da aka sake gyara da kuma gyara lambuna. An sake buɗe masallacin don ibada a shekarar 1995 kuma tun daga lokacin ya ci gaba da kasancewa cibiyar addini mai aiki a Batumi.  

## Gine-gine
An tsara masallacin a salon Ottoman . Yana da kumfa mai launin zinare da kuma farin minarets. An shirya tagogi na ginin a matakai biyu. Yana da rufin katako. 'Yan'uwan Laz ne suka zana bangon masallacin. 

## Matsayin al'umma da na zamani
Masallacin yana aiki ne kawai a matsayin masallaci mai aiki a Batumi kuma yana aiki a matsayin babban cibiyar addini ga al'ummar Musulmin birnin. Yana karbar bakuncin salloli biyar na yau da kullun da kuma sallar Juma'a *ta Juma'a* ta mako-mako.  Masallacin kuma yana gudanar da makarantar addini inda yara ke koyon Alqur'ani da tarihin yankin.  A lokacin manyan bukukuwan Musulunci kamar Eid al-Fitr, ana yin sallolin bukukuwa da tarukan jama'a, wani lokacin Mufti na Georgia da jami'an yankin suna halarta.  Saboda ƙarancin wurin da yake, yawancin masu ibada galibi ana tilasta musu yin sallah a waje a titunan da ke kewaye. 

Fiye da shekaru goma, shugabannin al'umma sun yi ta fafutukar gina masallaci na biyu a Batumi, buƙatar da har yanzu ba a warware ta ba a kotuna.    Masallacin ba wai kawai wurin ibada ba ne, har ma alama ce ta juriyar al'umma wajen kiyaye asalin addininta da al'adunta a cikin Georgia. 

## Gidan Hotuna

Fayil:Табличка_на_мечеті_Ортаджаме_в_Батумі.jpg
Fayil:Batumi_Mosque_Entrance.jpg|alt=Mosque entrance from Kutaisi Street| Shigar masallaci daga titin Kutaisi


## Manazarta
Masallacin Barsian da minaret

**Masallacin Barsian da minaret** ya kunshi masallacin Juma'a na 'yan Shi'a, wanda kuma ake kira **Masallacin Jameh na Bersian** da kuma  minaret, wanda ke cikin ƙauyen Barsian,  kimanin  gabashin Esfahan, a lardin Isfahan, Iran.

An ƙara masallacin da minaret cikin Jerin Gidajen Tarihi na Ƙasa na Iran a ranar 3 ga Maris, 1937, wanda Hukumar Al'adu, Sana'o'i da Yawon Bude Ido ta Iran ta gudanar.

## Bayani
A cewar rubuce-rubucen, an gina minaret da masallaci a shekara ta 1098 bayan Miladiyya da kuma tsakanin shekara ta 1105 bayan Miladiyya da kuma shekara ta 1134 bayan Miladiyya, a lokacin mulkin Sultan Barkiyaruq na daular Seljuk .

Minaret ita ce minaret ta huɗu mafi tsufa da aka rubuta a Iran. An kammala ɓangaren ƙasan minaret da tubali mai sauƙi, yayin da ɓangaren sama yana amfani da tubali masu ado. 

Masallacin Barsian yana da kyakkyawan aikin tubali, sanannen mihrab da kyawawan stuccoes . Kayan ado na tubali na masallacin da murfin kumbonsa sun yi kama da kumbon Taj ol-molk da ke Masallacin Jameh na Isfahan kuma wasu sun yi imanin cewa Masallacin Barsian yana da mai ginin iri ɗaya. A zamanin Tahmasp I, an ƙara *[[sahn]]* da iwan a gefen arewacin masallacin. An kammala *sahn* da iwan a ƙarni na 16.

## Gidan Hotuna

Fayil:Bersian_Mosque.jpg|alt=The mosque dome and minaret| Kubba da minaret na masallaci


## Manazarta
Masallacin Chui

**Masallacin Chui** Masallaci ne a Chuí, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

## Tarihi
An fara gina masallacin a shekarar 2007. Duk da haka, an dakatar da shi a tsakiyar hanya saboda matsalar tattalin arziki.   , an ruwaito cewa masallacin a buɗe yake don yin hidima, duk da cewa aikin da aka yi a masallacin bai kammala ba. 

Masallacin zai iya ɗaukar masu ibada har 150 a faɗin  babban zauren addu'a. An raba shi zuwa hawa biyu inda bene na ƙasa na maza ne masu zuwa, bene na sama kuma na mata ne. Ya ƙunshi minaret da kumfa mai tsayin waje na .

## Manazarta
Harsunan Gunwinyguan

Harsunan **Gunwinyguan** (Gunwinjguan, Gunwingguan), kuma ainihin Gunwinyhuan ko Gunwinyguar daidai, iyali ne na Harsunan Aboriginal na Australiya a Arnhem Land, arewacin Australia. Harshen da ya fi yawan jama'a shine Kunwinjku, tare da wasu masu magana 1500.

Harsunan Gunwinyguan suna da bambancin Fortis-lenis a cikin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden. Lenis / gajeren plosives suna da rauni a lamba da kuma murya mai saurin murya, yayin da fortis / dogon plosives ke da cikakken rufewa, fashewar saki mai ƙarfi, kuma babu murya.

## Kasancewa memba
A shekara ta 2003, Rebecca Green ta ba da shawarar zama memba ga Gunwinyguan:

Koyaya, Green ya yi imanin kamanceceniya tsakanin waɗannan harsuna saboda rabawa ne daga Proto-Arnhem, kuma ba sa nuna dangantaka ta musamman tsakanin su.

An taɓa haɗa Yangmanic, amma an cire shi daga rarrabuwa na baya-bayan nan. Sauran harsuna daban-daban sun bayyana suna da alaƙa da wannan Gunwinyguan core. Wannan dangi mafi girma wani lokacin ana kiransa Gunwinyguan, amma mafi mahimmanci **Macro-Gunwinyguan** ko **[[Arnhem languages|Arnhem]]**.

## Manazarta
Harsunan Hibito-Cholon

Harsunan **Hibito-Cholón** ko **Cholón** da suka mutu ko kuma wadanda suka mutu sun samar da dangin harshe da aka tsara wanda ke haɗa harsuna biyu na Peru, Hibito da Cholón. An yi imanin cewa wannan iyalin sun ƙare amma a cikin 2021 an sake gano wani semispeaker; ita ce Martha Pérez Valderrama, kuma a halin yanzu ita ce kawai sanannen mai magana da wannan Iyalin harshe (musamman daga Cholón). Hakanan suna iya kasancewa da alaƙa da yarukan Culle da Chirino, kuma watakila da yaren Chachapoya, amma bayanan duk waɗannan yarukan ba su da kyau. Wannan rukuni na harsuna an kira su harsunan **Cholonoid**.

## Tattaunawar harshe
Jolkesky (2016) ya lura cewa akwai kamanceceniya da iyalan yaren Kechua, Leko, Mapudungun, Mochika, Kandoshi, Muniche, da Barbakoa saboda hulɗa.

## Lexicon
Kalmomin Hibito da Cholon da yawa na asali sun bayyana suna da alaƙa, kodayake bayanai a kan harsuna biyu ba su da kyau. An ba da misalai masu zuwa a cikin rubutun *ad hoc* na tushe guda uku da muke da su akan waɗannan harsuna

## Manazarta
Harsunan Hmong-Mien

**Harsunan Hmong-Mien** (wanda aka fi sani da **Miao-Yao** kuma da wuya a matsayin **Yangtzean**)  iyali ne na harshe mai mahimmanci na kudancin China da arewacin Kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Ana magana da su a yankunan tsaunuka na kudancin kasar Sin, gami da lardunan Guizhou, Hunan, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guangxi, Guangdong da Hubei. Masu magana da waɗannan harsuna galibi "mutane ne na tsaunuka", sabanin maƙwabtan Han na kasar Sin, waɗanda suka zauna a kwarin kogi masu kyau. Tun lokacin da suka yi ƙaura kimanin ƙarni huɗu da suka gabata, mutanen Hmong-Mien sun kuma kafa al'ummomi a arewacin Vietnam da Laos.

## Dangantaka

Hmongic (Miao) da Mienic (Yao) suna da alaƙa sosai, amma a bayyane suke. Don rarrabuwa na ciki, duba yarukan Hmongic da yarukan Mienic. Bambance-bambance mafi girma sun kasance ne saboda bambance-bambancen ci gaba a cikin Tsarin sauti. Harsunan Hmongic sun bayyana sun ci gaba da babban saiti na farko da aka nuna a cikin harshe amma sun rage bambance-bambance a cikin sassan karshe, musamman rasa duk glides da dakatar da codas. Harsunan Mienic, a gefe guda, sun adana ƙarshen syllable amma sun rage yawan ƙayyadaddun farko.

Rarrabawar harsuna na farko sun sanya harsunan Hmong-Mien a cikin dangin Sino-Tibetan, inda suka kasance a cikin yawancin rarrabawar Sinanci. Yarjejeniyar da ake yi a yanzu tsakanin masana harsuna na Yammaci ita ce sun zama danginsu, kamanceceniya da nau'ikan harsunan Hmong-Mien da Sinitic ana danganta su da tasirin da aka haifar.

Paul K. Benedict, masanin Amurka, ya faɗaɗa Ka'idar Austric don haɗawa da yarukan Hmong-Mien. Wannan ra'ayi bai taba samun karbuwa sosai ga Hmong-Mien ba, duk da haka. Kosaka (2002) ya yi jayayya musamman ga dangin Miao-Dai.

## Ƙasar
Wataƙila ƙasarsu da aka fi sani da yarukan Hmong-Mien tana cikin Kudancin China tsakanin kogin Yangtze da Mekong, amma masu magana da waɗannan yarukan na iya ƙaura daga Tsakiyar China ko dai a matsayin wani ɓangare na fadada Han China ko kuma sakamakon gudun hijira daga asalin ƙasar Han na Han. Gudun mutanen da ke magana da waɗannan harsuna daga Kudancin China zuwa Kudu maso gabashin Asiya ya faru ne a cikin karni na 17 (1600-1700). Shaidar DNA ta dā ta nuna cewa kakannin masu magana da yarukan Hmong-Mien sun kasance yawan jama'a da suka bambanta da na Tai-Kadai da Austronesian a wani wuri a kan Kogin Yangtze. Shaidar Y-DNA ta baya-bayan nan ta goyi bayan ra'ayin cewa mutanen da ke magana da yarukan Hmong-Mien sun fito ne daga yawan mutanen da ke da alaƙa da waɗanda yanzu suke magana da yaren Mon-Khmer.

## manazarta
Harsunan Huarpean

**Huarpe** (*Warpe*) ƙaramin iyali ne, wanda ya ƙare na tsakiyar Argentina (Lardin Cuyo na tarihi) wanda ya ƙunshi aƙalla harsuna biyu masu alaƙa. A al'adance ana ɗaukar su a matsayin yaruka, kuma sun haɗa da **Allentiac** (Alyentiyak, Huarpe) da **Millcayac** (Milayakyk). Na uku, **Puntano** na San Luis, ba a rubuta shi ba kafin harsunan su ƙare.

Kaufman (1994) ya danganta Huarpe da yarukan Mura-Matanawi a cikin dangin da ya kira *Macro-Warpean* . Koyaya, ya lura cewa "babu binciken tsari" da aka yi, don haka ya fi kyau a yi la'akari da su iyalai masu zaman kansu. Swadesh da Suárez dukansu sun haɗa Huarpe zuwa Macro-Jibaro, yiwuwar da ba a bincika ba tukuna.

## Iri-iri

### Loukotka (1968)
Iri-iri da Loukotka (1968) ya rarraba a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin yaren Huarpe (duk ba a tabbatar da su ba sai dai idan an lura da haka, watau ga Chiquiyama da Comechingon): 

### Mason (1950)
Iri-iri na ƙungiyar harshe ta *Huarpe-Comechingon* da aka ambata daga Canals Frau (1944) ta Mason (1950): 
 
Pericot da Garcia (1936) sun lissafa Zoquillam, Tunuyam, Chiquillan, Morcoyam, Diamantino (Oyco), Mentuayn, Chom, Titiyam, Otoyam, Ultuyam, da Cucyam.

## Fasahar sauti
Harsunan biyu suna da irin wannan tsarin sauti, kuma ba su da bambanci da Mutanen Espanya, aƙalla daga bayanan da muke da su. Barros (2009) ya sake gina ƙwayoyin kamar haka: 

## Kalmomin kalmomi
Loukotka (1968) ya lissafa abubuwa masu mahimmanci na asali don harsunan Huarpean.
## manazarta
Hurro-Urartian languages

**Hurro-Urartian** wani dangin harshe ne na Tsohon Gabas ta Tsakiya, wanda ya ƙunshi harsuna biyu da aka sani kawai: Hurrian da Urartian .

## Asalin
Sau da yawa ana zaton cewa yarukan Hurro-Urartian, ko yaren Proto-Hurro-Uratian da aka raba, mutanen Al'adun Kura-Araxes ne suka fara magana da su a Gabashin Anatolia, Caucasus, arewa maso yammacin Iran, Upper Mesopotamia da arewacin Levant daga ƙarshen karni na 5 BC zuwa ƙarshen karni na 3 BC.

## Rarrabawar waje
Duk da yake Dangantakar kwayar halitta tsakanin Hurrian da Urartian ba ta da wata matsala, haɗin Hurro-Urartian da sauran iyalai na harsuna suna da rikici. Bayan fassarar rubuce-rubucen Hurrian da Urartian da takardu a cikin karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20, Hurrian da Uartian nan da nan an gane su ba su da alaƙa da Semitic ko daga baya harsunan Indo-Turai, Harsunan Kartvelian, ko kuma harsunan da ke cikin yankin kamar Harshen Sumerian, Harshen Elamite, Harshen Gutian da Haren Hattian. A halin yanzu, ra'ayi na yarjejeniya na masu ilimin harshe shine ra'ayi mafi ra'ayin mazan jiya: Hurro-Urartian iyali ne na farko wanda ba shi da alaƙa da kowane iyali na harshe.

Tun bayan gano alaƙar iyali tsakanin Hurrian da Urartian, masu bincike daban-daban sun gabatar da yiwuwar alaƙar kwayoyin halitta tsakanin harsunan Hurro-Urartian da sauran iyalai na harsuna. Shawarwari na farko don dangantakar kwayoyin halitta ta waje ta Hurro-Urartian sun haɗa su da harsunan Kartvelian, Elamite, da sauran harsunan da ba na Semitic ba da waɗanda ba na Indo-Turai na yankin. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

More modern proposals attempt to link the Hurro-Urartian family with either the Northeastern Caucasian language family (via Igor Diakonoff and Sergei Starostin's proposed Alarodian language family)  or with Indo-European languages (via Arnaud Fornet and Allan R. Bomhard). Neither proposal has gained much traction within mainstream historical linguistics, with some scholars raising doubts regarding the arguments advanced in favour of a genetic relationship between the language-families, or else, at least, maintaining that the evidence is—as yet—inconclusive.

Harshen Kassite da ba a tabbatar da shi ba memba ne na iyalai na Semitic ko Indo-Turai ba, kuma yana iya kasancewa a maimakon haka harshen Hurro-Urartian ko yare mai zaman kansa. Koyaya, kusan kalmomi 100 ne kawai aka sani na Kassite.

## Saduwa da wasu harsuna
Hurrian shine harshen Hurrians, wani lokaci ana kiransa "Hurrites". An yi magana da shi a sassan arewacin Mesopotamiya da Siriya da sassan kudu maso gabashin Anatolia tsakanin akalla kwata na karshe na karni na uku BC da ƙarewarsa zuwa ƙarshen karni na biyu BC. Akwai jihohi daban-daban na Hurrian, wanda mafi shahara shine masarautar Mitanni (1450-1270 KZ), da kuma wani ɓangare na Lullubi da Turukkaeans, biyun na ƙarshe suna nuna tasirin Akkadian na Gabas. An ba da shawarar cewa ƙungiyoyi biyu da ba a san su sosai ba, Nairi na kudu maso gabashin Anatolia da Mannae na arewa maso yammacin Iran,  na iya kasancewa masu magana da Hurrian. Kamar yadda ba a san komai game da su ba, yana da wahala a yanke shawara game da yarukan da suke magana.

## manazarta
Harsunan Iwaidjan

Harsunan **Iwaidjan** ko Yiwaidjan ƙananan iyali ne na Harsunan Aboriginal na Australiya waɗanda ba na Tama-Nyungan ba waɗanda ake magana a Yankin Cobourg Peninsula na Yammacin Arnhem Land .

A cikin 1997 Nicholas Evans ya ba da shawarar dangin Arnhem Land wanda ya haɗa da yarukan Iwaidjan, kodayake ba a yarda da haɗa su a Bowern ba (2011). 

## Harsunan Iwaidjan
Garig da Ilgar kusan yare ne guda biyu. Manangkari na iya zama yaren Maung.

Dixon (2002) ya yi la'akari da Warrkbi ya nuna, amma Iwaidjic (Warrkbi-Maung) da Iwaidjan su zama masu hasashe. Ya yi hasashen cewa yin amfani da tarihin harsuna zai zama "babban ƙalubale", ba tare da la'akari da ko dangin asali ne ko yankin harshe ba.

Marrgu da Wurrugu, a baya sun haɗu da Iwaidjan, ba su da alaƙa da shi kuma suna iya zama iyali daban.

## Matsayi
Tun daga shekarar 1998, kimanin mutane 150 ne suka yi amfani da harshen Iwaidja a cikin al'ummar Minjilang da ke Tsibirin Croker,   tare da Ingilishi, Kunwinjku da Maung. &#x5B; ** &#x5D; Maung galibi ana magana da shi ne a cikin al'ummar Warruwi da ke Tsibirin Goulburn, kuma yana da masu magana da kusan 150.  Yara har yanzu suna koyon harsunan biyu.  Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan game da matsayin Iwaidja da Maung shine cewa duka suna da masu magana da kusan 200 kuma ana magana da su kowace rana ta mutane masu shekaru daban-daban. 

Duk sauran yarukan Iwaidjan suna kusa da halaka. A cik, Amurdak yana da sauran masu magana uku kuma Garig da Ilgar masu magana uku tsakanin su. Koyaya, wasu daga cikin waɗannan harsuna suna da matasa waɗanda, yayin da ba su da kyau, zasu iya taimakawa wajen fassara tsoffin rikodin a ƙoƙarin adanawa ko farfado da yaren.

## Fasahar sauti
Harsunan Iwaidjan suna da irin wannan kayan aiki. An lura da banbanci a ƙasa da teburin.

## manazarta
Harsunan Jafananci

**Japonic** or **Japanese–Ryukyuan** (Japanese: 日琉語族, romanized: Nichiryū gozoku) is a language family comprising Japanese, spoken in the main islands of Japan, and the Ryukyuan languages, spoken in the Ryukyu Islands. The family is universally accepted by linguists, and significant progress has been made in reconstructing the proto-language, Proto-Japonic.[1] The reconstruction implies a split between all dialects of Japanese and all Ryukyuan varieties, probably before the 7th century. The Hachijō language, spoken on the Izu Islands, is also included, but its position within the family is unclear.

Yawancin malamai sun yi imanin cewa an kawo Jafananci zuwa Tsibirin Japan daga Yankin Koriya tare da Al'adun Yayoi a lokacin karni na 1 BC. Akwai wasu shaidu da ke nuna cewa harsunan Jafananci na iya kasancewa a cikin sassan tsakiya da kudancin Koriya (duba Peninsular Japonic) a farkon ƙarni AD.

An ba da shawarar yiwuwar alaƙar kwayar halitta tare da wasu iyalai da yawa na harsuna, mafi yawan tsari tare da Koriya, amma ba a nuna alaƙar kwaya ba.

## Rarraba
Harsunan Japon da ke wanzuwa suna cikin rassan biyu masu kyau: Jafananci da Ryukyuan. [ 2 ] Yawancin masana sun yi imanin cewa manoman shinkafa masu ruwa-ruwa na al'adun Yayoi ne suka kawo Japonics zuwa arewacin Kyushu daga yankin Koriya a kusan 700 zuwa 300 BC kuma suka bazu ko'ina cikin tsibirin Japan, suna maye gurbin harsunan asali. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]  Tsohon yaduwar harsunan Ainu ya tabbatar da hakan ta hanyar sunayen wurare a arewacin Honshu wanda ya ƙare da  (daga kogin Ainu  ) da  (daga rafi na Ainu  ). [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Daga baya, harsunan Japon suma sun bazu zuwa kudu zuwa Tsibirin Ryukyu . [ 3 ] Akwai shaidar sunan wuri mai rarrabuwar kawuna cewa har yanzu ana magana da harsunan Japon da suka shuɗe a sassan tsakiya da kudancin yankin Koriya ƙarnuka da yawa bayan haka. [ 10 ] [ 11 ]

### Jafananci
Jafananc*i* shine harshen ƙasa na Japan, inda kusan mutane miliyan 126 ke magana da shi. Ts*o* shaidar ita ce Tsohon Jafananci, wanda aka rubuta ta amfani da Haruffa na Sinanci a ƙarni na 7 da 8.[12] Ya bambanta da Jafananci na zamani ta hanyar samun tsari mai sauƙi (C) V syllable da guje wa jerin wasula.[13] Har ila yau, rubutun ya bambanta wasula takwas (ko diphthongs), tare da biyu kowannensu ya dace da i, e da o na zamani.[14] Yawancin matani suna nuna maganar yankin da ke kusa da Nara, babban birnin Japan na ƙarni na takwas, amma an rubuta waƙoƙi sama da 300 a cikin yarukan gabashin Tsohon Jafananci.[15][16]

Harshen ya sami babban kwararar ƙamus na Sin-Jafananci bayan gabatar da Addinin Buddha a karni na 6 kuma ya kai kololuwa tare da shigo da al'adun kasar Sin a ƙarni na 8 da 9.[17] Kalmomin aro yanzu suna da kusan rabin ƙamus.[18] Sun kuma shafi tsarin sauti na harshe ta hanyar ƙara wasula masu haɗari, syllable-ƙarshe hanci, da geminate consonants, wanda ya zama morae daban.[19] Yawancin canje-canje a cikin yanayin da haɗin kai da aka nuna a cikin harshen zamani sun faru ne a lokacin Late Middle Japanese (karni na 13 zuwa 16). [20]

Yaren Jafananci na zamani, waɗanda ake magana a kan Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku, da Hokkaido, galibi ana haɗa su kamar haka:[21]

## manazarta
Harsunan Jarrakan

**Harsuna** **<span cx-link="" data-linkid="61" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" href="./Kija_language" mw-redirect="" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kija language">Kija-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">''jarrag''</span>** (a baya, **Jarrakan** ko **Djeragan**) ƙananan iyali ne na yarukan Aboriginal na Australiya da ake magana a arewacin Australia. An samo sunan ne daga kalmar jarrag, wanda ke nufin "harshe" a Kija.

Manyan harsuna uku na Jarragan sune:

Wadannan sun kasu kashi biyu: **Gijic**, wanda ya kunshi Gija kawai, da **Miriwoongic**, wanda ya hada da Miriwoung da Gajirrawoong; Dixon (2002) ya dauki karshen a matsayin yare daya.

Doolboong na iya kasancewa yaren Jarragan, amma wannan ba shi da tabbas saboda ya ƙare kuma ba a tabbatar da shi ba.

## Kalmomin kalmomi
Capell (1940) ya lissafa abubuwa masu mahimmanci masu zuwa: 

## Manazarta
Jicaquean languages

**Jicaquean**, wanda aka fi sani da **[[Yaren Tol|Tol]]**, ƙaramin iyali ne na Honduras . Akwai harsuna biyu da aka tabbatar da Jicaquean, Tol (Eastern Jicaque) da Yammacin Jicaque (Holt 1999), wanda Campbell (1997) ya ba da rahoton cewa suna da nisa kamar Turanci da Yaren mutanen Sweden. Tol ne kawai ya tsira.

## Rarraba
Kafin wani takarda mai tasiri da Greenberg da Swadesh suka rubuta a shekarar 1953  An yi zaton Tol (wanda aka fi sani da Eastern Jicaque) ya zama wani harshe da aka ware, wato, babu wani ilimi game da yiwuwar alaƙar kwayoyin halitta. Sun yi jayayya cewa ya kamata a ƙara Tol a cikin Hokan stock, wani babban harshe, phylum ko iyali, wanda RB Dixon da Alfred D. Kroeber suka gabatar a shekarar 1913.  A shekarar 1977, David Oltrogge  ya gabatar da shawarar danganta Tol da harshen Subtiaba da ya ɓace na Nicaragua, da kuma Chontal na Oaxaca, wanda kuma aka sani da Tequistlateco . Wannan a kaikaice ya zama kawai rarrabuwa, tunda dukkan harsuna uku da ake magana a kansu wani ɓangare ne na Hokan stock da aka gabatar. Bayan 'yan shekaru, Campbell da Oltrogge  sun buga sake gina phonemes na Jicaquean, bisa ga bayanan da ake da su game da Yamma da Gabashin Jicaque. A cikin wannan takarda sun nuna shakku mai ƙarfi game da alaƙar Hokan da Tol da kuma ɗan sha'awa game da yiwuwar alaƙar da ke tsakanin Chontal na Oaxaca, amma sun jaddada cewa ana buƙatar ƙarin bayani don a iya faɗin wani abu mai ma'ana. Kwanan nan, Kaufman  ya nuna ci gaba da goyon bayansa ga alaƙar Hokan da Tol.

Granberry & Vescelius (2004) sun yi hasashen cewa Harshen Ciguayo na Hispaniola na iya samun dangi a cikin yarukan Tolan.

## Harshe na asali
Ginin Proto-Jicaque na Campbell da Oltrogge (1980): 
 

## Manazarta
Yaren Jirajaran

**Harsunan Jirajara** rukuni ne na harsunan da ba a taɓa magana da su a yammacin Venezuela a yankunan Falcón da Lara. Dukkanin yarukan Jirajaran sun bayyana sun ƙare a farkon karni na 20. A cewar Glottolog, harsunansa sun zama harshe mai zaman kansa.

## Harsuna
Dangane da isasshen takardu, an rarraba harsuna uku a matsayin na dangin Jirajaran: 

* † **[[Jirajara language|Jirajara]]**, ana magana da shi a jihar Falcón
* † **[[Ayoman language|Ayoman]]**, ana magana da shi a ƙauyen Siquisique a jihar Lara
* † **[[Harshen Gayon|Gayon]]**, ana magana da shi a maɓuɓɓugar Kogin Tocuyo a jihar Lara

Loukotka ya haɗa da ƙarin harsuna huɗu, waɗanda babu takardun harshe: 

* **Coyone**, ana magana a maɓuɓɓugar Portuguese_River" id="mwMw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Portuguesa River">Kogin Portuguesa a cikin jihar Portuguesa, wani lokacin ana ɗaukarsa daidai da Gayon
* **Cuiba**, ana magana a kusa da birnin Aricagua
* **Atatura**, ana magana tsakanin kogin Rocono da Tucupido
* **Aticari**, ana magana a gefen Kogin Tocuyo

## Rarraba
Harsunan Jirajaran galibi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin masu zaman kansu. Adelaar da Muysken sun lura da wasu kamanceceniya da Harsunan Timotean da kuma kamanceceniyar nau'ikan Harsunan Chibchan, amma sun bayyana cewa bayanan sun iyakance sosai don yin rarrabuwa ta ƙarshe. Jahn, da sauransu, ya ba da shawarar dangantaka tsakanin yaren Jirajaran da yarukan Betoi, galibi bisa ga irin waɗannan sunayen. Greenberg da Ruhlen sun rarraba Jirajaran a matsayin na dangin yaren Paezan, tare da yarukan Betoi, yaren Páez, yarukan Barbacoan da sauransu.

## Tattaunawar harshe
Jolkesky (2016) ya lura cewa akwai kamanceceniya da iyalan Sape, Timote-Kuika, da Puinave-Kak saboda hulɗa.

## Nau'in
Dangane da ƙananan takardun da suka wanzu, ana iya sake gina halaye da yawa:

## manazarta
Harsunan Kalapuyan

**Kalapuya** (kuma Kalapuya) ƙaramin iyali ne na yaren da ba a taɓa magana da shi ba a cikin Kwarin Willamette na Yammacin Oregon, Amurka. Ya ƙunshi harsuna uku.

Harshen Kalapuya a halin yanzu yana cikin farfadowa. Zuriyar Kalapuyan a yankin Kalapuya mafi kudancin Yoncalla, Oregon, sun buga kwafin 100 na cikakkiyar ƙamus, tare da shirye-shiryen fadadawa.

## Rarrabawar iyali

## Dangantakar kwayar halitta

Kalapuyan yawanci ana danganta shi da shawarwari daban-daban na Penutian. Wannan asalin wani bangare ne na reshen *Oregon Penutian* tare da Takelma, Siuslaw, Alsea da Coosan .  An ba da shawarar dangantaka ta musamman tare da Takelma, tare da samar da iyalin "Takelma-Kalapuyan" ko "Takelman". Koyaya, wata takarda da ba a buga ba ta Tarpent & Kendall (1998)  ta sami wannan dangantakar ba ta da tushe saboda tsarin yanayin Takelma da Kalapuyan daban-daban.

## Harshe na asali
Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin abubuwan da Shipley ya sake ginawa na Proto-Kalapuyan (1970): 

## Manazarta
Iroquoian languages

**Harsunan Iroquoian** (, ih-rə-KWOY-ən) ko yarukan Ogintenweh  iyali ne na harshe na 'Yan asalin Arewacin Amurka. An san su da rashin sautin baki. Harsunan Iroquoian sune polysynthetic da alamar kai.

Ya zuwa 2020, kusan dukkanin harsunan Iroquoian da suka tsira Yana cikin haɗari sosai ko haɗari sosai, tare da wasu harsuna suna da 'yan tsofaffi masu magana da suka rage. Harsuna biyu da suka fi yawan masu magana, Mohawk (Kenien'kéha) a New York da Kanada, da Cherokee a Oklahoma da North Carolina, kasa da kashi 10% na yawan mutanen kasashensu ne ke magana.

## Rarrabawar iyali
**†** - harshen da ya ƙare / ya yi barci

Shaida tana fitowa cewa abin da ake kira harshen *Laurentian* ya zama fiye da yare ɗaya ko yare. Ayyukan Ethnographic da harshe tare da dattawan kabilar Wyandot (Barbeau 1960) sun samar da isasshen takardu ga malamai don bayyanawa da rarraba yarukan Wyandot da Petun.

Harsunan kabilun da suka kafa karamin Wenrohronon, mai iko Conestoga Confederacy da ƙungiyoyin Neutral Nation da Erie Nation ba su da kyau a rubuce a cikin bugawa. Wyandot suna magana ne game da mutanen Neutral kamar Atiwandaronk, ma'ana 'waɗanda suka fahimci yaren'. Wenro da Neutral suna da tarihi tare, kuma a cikin ƙasa yankin Wenro a ƙarshen gabashin Tafkin Erie ya sanya su tsakanin manyan ƙungiyoyi. A gabashin Wenro, bayan Genesee Gorge, ƙasashen Haudenosaunee Confederacy ne. A kudu maso gabas, bayan manyan ruwa na Kogin Allegheny, ya kasance Conestoga (Susquehannock).  Conestoga Confederacy da Erie sun kasance masu iko a fannin soja kuma kabilun makwabta suna girmama su. A shekara ta 1660 duk waɗannan mutane sai dai Conestoga Confederacy da Haudenosaunee Confederacy an ci su kuma sun warwatse, suna ƙaura don kafa sababbin kabilun ko karɓar su cikin wasu. Mutanen Iroquoian suna da al'ada na karɓar abokan gaba masu ƙarfin zuciya a cikin ƙabilar; sun kuma karɓi mata da yara da aka kama don maye gurbin waɗanda suka mutu.

## Dangantaka ta waje
Kokarin haɗa yarukan Iroquoian, Siouan, da Caddoan a cikin dangin Macro-Siouan suna da ban sha'awa amma ba a tabbatar da su ba (Mithun 1999:305).

## Harshe da sake farfado da harshe
Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, an tsara wani shirin a cikin ilimin harshe na Iroquois a Jami'ar Syracuse, Takardar shaidar a cikin ilimin harshen Iroquoes don masu koyon harshe, don dalibai da malamai na harshe da ke aiki a cikin farfado da harshe.

Six Nations Polytechnic a Ohsweken, Ontario tana ba da difloma da shirye-shiryen digiri na Ognveh a cikin Mohawk ko Cayuga . 

Farawa a watan Satumbar 2017, Jami'ar Waterloo a Waterloo, Ontario ta fara bayar da karatun bashi a cikin Mohawk; za a ba da darussan a Kwalejin Jami'ar Renison tare da hadin gwiwar Cibiyar Ilimi ta Aboriginal ta Waterloo, Kwalejin Jama'ar St. Paul.

## manazarta
Harsunan Kamakã

**Harsunan Kamakã** ƙananan iyali ne na yarukan Macro-Jê na Bahia, arewa maso gabashin Brazil. Harsunan Kamakã da aka tabbatar sune:

* (arewa) Kamakã (harshe: Mongoyó/Mangaló), Kotoxó, Menien
* (kudu) Masakará

## Rarraba

### Mason (1950)
Camacán (Kamakán) iri-iri da Mason ya lissafa (1950): 

* Camacán (Kamakán) Mongoyó Monshocó (Ezeshio) 
** Mongoyo
** Monshocó (Ezeshio) 
* Cutashó (Kotoxó) Catethoy (Katathoy) 
** Katethoy (Katathoy) 
* Menián (Manyá) 
* Masacará

### Loukotka (1968)
Da ke ƙasa akwai cikakken jerin harsunan Kamakã da yaruka da Loukotka ya lissafa (1968), gami da sunayen nau'ikan da ba a tabbatar da su ba.

* **Kamakán** / **Ezeshio** - sau ɗaya ana magana da shi a Kogin Ilheus, Kogin De Contas da Kogin Pardo, jihar Bahia.
* **Mangalo** / Mongoyo / **Monshoko** - yaren da ba a taɓa magana a kan ƙananan Kogin Pardo kusa da iyakar jihohin Bahia da Minas Gerais.
* **Kutasho** / **Cotoxo** / **Catathoy** - sau ɗaya ana magana tsakanin Kogin Pardo da Kogin De Contas.
* **Menien** / Manyã - sau ɗaya ana magana da shi a maɓuɓɓugar Kogin Jequitinhonha .
* **Dendi** - sau ɗaya ana magana da shi a cikin Serra Geral de Condeúba, yankin iyaka tsakanin jihohin Bahia da Minas Gerais.  (Ba a tabbatar da shi ba) 
* Catolé - sau ɗaya ana magana da shi a jihar Minas Gerais a cikin kwarin Kogin Pardo da Kogin Verde.  (Ba a tabbatar da shi ba) 
* Imboré / **Amboré** - sau ɗaya ana magana da shi a maɓuɓɓugar Kogin Gongogi, jihar Bahia.  (Ba a tabbatar da shi ba) 
* **Piripiri** - sau ɗaya ana magana da shi a jihar Minas Gerais a cikin kwarin Kogin Verde da Kogin Gorutuba .  (Ba a tabbatar da shi ba) 
* **Payaya** - sau ɗaya ana magana da shi a Kogin Camamu, jihar Bahia.  (Ba a tabbatar da shi ba) 

* **Masacará** - yaren da ba a taɓa magana a kudancin birnin Juazeiro kuma a cikin tsohuwar manufa ta Saco dos Morcegos, jihar Bahia.

### Martins (2007)
Rarrabawar cikin gida na yarukan Kamakã ta Martins (2007): 

### Rashin Rayuwa (2015)
Rarrabawar ciki na yarukan Kamakã bisa ga Ramirez, da sauransu (2015): 

### Nikulin (2020)
Rarrabawar cikin gida na yarukan Kamakã bisa ga Nikulin (2020): 

* Masakará
* Kudancin Kamakã Menien Kamakã; Kotoxó/Mongoyó
** Menien
** Kamakã; Kotoxó/Mongoyo

## Kalmomin kalmomi
Loukotka (1968) ya lissafa abubuwa masu mahimmanci masu zuwa.

## manazarta
Harsunan Kariri

The **Karirí languages**, generally considered dialects of a single language, are a group of languages formerly spoken by the Kiriri people of Brazil. It was spoken until the middle of the 20th century; the 4,000 ethnic Kiriri are now monolingual Portuguese speakers, though a few know common phrases and names of medicinal plants. A revival of the Dzubukuá variety has been ongoing since 1989.

## Tarihi
Bayan an kori Dutch daga Arewa maso gabashin Brazil a karni na 17, mazauna Portuguese sun mamaye yankin da sauri, suna tilasta masu magana da Kariri su zama masu warwatse saboda tilasta ƙaura da sake zama. Saboda haka, yarukan Kariri sun warwatse a fadin Paraíba, Ceará, Pernambuco, Bahia, da sauran jihohi.

## Harsuna
Harsunan Kariri guda huɗu da aka sani (ko yaruka) sune:

* Kipeá (Quipea, Kiriri) 
* Kamurú (Camuru, White Stone) 
* Dzubukuá (Dzubucua, Kariri) 
* Sabujá (Sapoyá) 

Akwai ɗan gajeren bayanin ilimin lissafi  da kuma catechism  a cikin Kipeá, catechism a Dzubukuá,  da jerin kalmomi don Kamurú da Sabujá  Bayanan ilimin lissafi na zamani suna samuwa ga Kipeá  da Dzubukuá.  Ribeiro ya kafa ta hanyar nazarin yanayin cewa Kariri na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da yarukan Jê. Wannan yanzu ana jayayya da shi.

### Loukotka (1968)

Da ke ƙasa akwai cikakken jerin harsunan Kiriri da yaruka da aka jera ta Loukotka (1968), gami da sunayen nau'ikan da ba a tabbatar da su ba.

* **Kiriri** / **Quipea** / **Quiriri** - da farko ana magana da shi a cikin Serra dos Velhos, jihar Paraíba, daga baya a tsoffin manufofi na Missão Velha, Missão Nova, Milagres, Crato, da sauransu, a cikin jihohin Paraíba. Yanzu gaba ɗaya ya ƙare, kuma waɗanda suka tsira suna magana da Portuguese kawai.
* **Kariri** / **Dzubucua** / **Cariri** - yaren da ba a taɓa magana a tsibirin Kogin São Francisco kusa da Cabrobó, Pernambuco . Yanzu sun ƙare, kuma waɗanda suka tsira na ƙarshe suna magana da Portuguese kawai.
* **Sapuyá** / **Sabuya** - yaren da ba a taɓa magana da shi ba a Serra Chapada, daga baya a Caranguejo, Bahia
* **Kamurú** - da farko ana magana da shi a Kogin Pardo da Pedra Branca; waɗanda suka tsira na ƙarshe a Kogin Gongogi suna magana da Portuguese kawai.

## manazarta
Kaure–Kosare languages

Harsunan **Kaure-[[Yaren Kosare|Kosare]]** ko Nawa River ƙananan iyali ne da ake magana a gefen **Kogin Nawa** a Yammacin Papua, kusa da iyakar arewacin Papua New Guinea .  Harsunan su ne Kaure da Kosare .

## Rarraba
Kaure da Kosare (Kosadle) suna da alaƙa a sarari. Akwai tarihin rarraba su tare da yarukan Kapori-Sause. Koyaya, Kapori da Sause ba su nuna wata alaƙa ta musamman da yarukan Kaure ba, kuma suna iya kasancewa kusa da Kwerba.

Foley (2018) ya ɗauki haɗin da Trans-New Guinea ya zama mai alƙawari, amma ya bar Kaure-Kosare a matsayin iyali mai zaman kansa yana jiran ƙarin shaida.

## Harshe na asali

### Fonoems
Usher (2020) ya sake gina kayan aiki kamar haka: 

### Wakilan sunaye
Usher (2020) ya sake gina sunayen a matsayin: 

### Kalmomin asali
Wasu sake fasalin ƙamus na Usher (2020) sune: 

## Kwatanta ƙamus
Kalmomin ƙamus masu zuwa sun fito ne daga Voorhoeve (1971, 1975)   da sauran tushe, kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin bayanan Trans-New Guinea. 

Kalmomin da aka ambata sun zama kwatankwacin fassarar, ko suna da alaƙa (misali *poka*, *paka* don "wata") ko a'a (misali *goklu*, *huaglüt*, kɔro don "kunne").

## manazarta
Harsunan Khoe-Kwadi

**[[Harsunan Khoe]]-Kwadi** iyali ne wanda ya kunshi yarukan Khoe na kudancin Afirka da kuma yaren Kwadi na Angola. Tom Güldemann, Edward Elderkin, da Anne-Maria Fehn ne suka yi aiki da dangantakar.

## Tarihi
Ƙasar Proto-Khoe-Kwadi mai yiwuwa ta kasance a tsakiyar Kwarin Zambezi, shekaru 2,000-3000 da suka gabata. Mutanen Kwadi na farko sun yi ƙaura zuwa yamma zuwa Angola yayin da Khoe na farko suka koma kudu. Masu magana da harshen Khoe sun yi ƙaura zuwa Okavango Delta da Kalahari Desert, inda mummunan yanayi ya tilasta musu su daina fastoci kuma su koma zama masu tarawa. Sauran masu magana da harshen Khoe sun bi hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa da ruwa, sun haye Kogin Limpopo kuma sun shiga Bushveld a Afirka ta Kudu. a cikin Bushveld sun sadu da mutanen Bantu a karo na farko, kuma "sun fuskanci gasa daga mutanen da ke da tattalin arzikin Iron Age mai amfani, Khoe sun juya zuwa kudu maso yamma. "Khoe daga ƙarshe sun sami wuraren zama guda biyu masu amfani waɗanda suka zama wuraren zama: ɗaya a gefen Kogin Orange da Vaal ɗayan kuma kusa da Cape of Good Hope . 

## Rarraba
An sake gina sunayen suna da wasu ƙamus na asali kamar yadda aka saba da Khoe da Kwadi. Saboda Kwadi ba shi da tabbaci sosai, yana da wahala a faɗi waɗanne kalmomi na yau da kullun ne kuma wanda zai iya zama rance, amma an gano kusan takardun kalmomi 50 da kuma aikin aikatau na yau da kullum. Har yanzu ana nazarin bayanan Westphal a kan Kwadi har zuwa 2018, tare da fatan cewa za a iya gano ƙarin daidaitattun ilimin lissafi.

Güldemann (mai zuwa) ya ba da rahoton tsarin sake fasalin da aka sake ginawa, na ƙaramin / ƙara nau'in:

## Fasahar sauti
Ana sake gina sautunan harshe a matsayin baki *e *i *o *u da hanci *ã *ĩ *ũ, tare da diphthongs *ai *ae *ao *au *oa *ue *ui da hanci -ããã.

Ana sake gina ma'anar da ba a danna ba kamar haka: Kasancewar ƙayyadaddun murya a cikin parentheses ba su da tabbas. Yanayin ƙididdigar da aka rubuta a cikin manyan haruffa ba su da tabbas. Misali, jerin *K na iya kasancewa palatal, amma ana iya bayyana shi ta hanyar jituwa da sautin ko bambancin ±RTR. * (TS) H ya dace da /ts/ a wasu harsuna da /h/ a wasu. *TSʼ mai yiwuwa ba /tsʼ/ ba ne; mai yiwuwa ma dannawa ne.

Kaddamar da hakora ne kawai suka rage a Kwadi. Khoe lateral, palatal da alveolar dannawa daidai da Kwadi lateral, palatial da velar stops da affricates. Koyaya, akwai ƙarin takaddama: Kwadi uvular affricate da fricative daidai da dannawa na gefe da na alveolar a cikin Proto-Khoe, kama da jerin dannawa na biyar a cikin Proto -Kxʼa, kuma Fehn & Rocha (2023) suna zaton cewa irin wannan ci gaba ya faru a cikin yarukan Khoe-Kwadi. Don haka Proto-Khoe-Kwadi na iya samun jerin 5 na dannawa. Maimakon bayar da shawarar wani darajar sauti, kamar yadda misali *!! ya nuna na Proto-Kxʼa, Fehn & Rocha suna amfani da alamar katin daji.

## Manazarta
Harsunan Kilimanjaro-Taita

Harsunan **Kilimanjaro-Taita** ko **Chaga-taita** rukuni ne na harsuna da ake magana a arewacin Tanzania da kudu maso gabashin Kenya.  

## Manazarta
Harsunan Kuliak

**Harsunan Kuliak**, wanda kuma ake kira **Harsunan Rub**,  ko yarukan Nyangiyan  rukuni ne na harsuna da ƙananan al'ummomin da ke magana a yankin Karamoja na sakewa maso gabashin Uganda.

Ik" title="Nyang'i language">Nyang'i da Soo Yana mutuwa, tare da wasu tsofaffi masu magana. Koyaya, Ik yana da ƙarfi kuma yana girma.

Tsarin kalma a cikin yarukan Kuliak shine kalma-farko.

## Sunayen
Harsunan Kuliak kuma ana kiransu da **Rub languages** ta Ehret (1981), tunda Ehret ya sake gina "Rub" don nufin 'mutum' a cikin Proto-Kuliak. Ya nuna cewa "Kuliak" na iya zama kalmar wulaƙanci da mutanen da ke magana da Nilotic maƙwabta ke amfani da ita don ɓata wa masu magana da Kuliak suna a matsayin "matalauta," don haka ya fi son amfani da Rub maimakon haka.  Duk da haka, Kuliak ya ci gaba da zama sunan da aka fi amfani da shi, kuma Roger Blench, Terrill Schrock, Sam Beer da sauran masana harshe sun fi son shi, waɗanda suka lura cewa sunan "Kuliak" ba a ɗaukarsa a matsayin abin ƙyama ko ɓatanci ga kowane mai magana da Kuliak ba. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Tarihi
Harsunan Kuliak a baya sun sami mafi girma a baya. Kalmomin aro na Kuliak a cikin yarukan Luhya, Gusii, Kalenjin da Sukuma sun nuna cewa waɗannan mutane sun zauna a yammacin Kenya da sassan kudancin Tafkin Victoria kafin kakannin waɗannan masu magana da Bantu da Nilotic su shawo kansu. Wadannan mutanen Kuliak da suka ƙare yanzu an san su da "Southern Rub". Kudancin Rub ya rayu har zuwa kudu kamar Lake Eyasi, kamar yadda kalmomin aro na Kuliak suka nuna a Hadza da Sandawe, kuma mai yiwuwa har zuwa gabas kamar Yankin Kilimanjaro, kamar yadda maganganun aro na Kuliaka suka nuna a cikin yarukan Chaga da Thagiicu.

## Rarraba

### Cikin Gida
Dangane da rarrabuwa na Heine (1976),  Soo da Nyang'i sun kafa rukuni, Western Kuliak, yayin da Ik ke tsaye da kanta.

### Na waje
Bender (1989) ya rarraba harsunan Kuliak a cikin Harsunan Gabashin Sudan. Daga baya, Bender (2000) ya sake fasalin wannan matsayi ta hanyar sanya Kuliak a matsayin reshe na Nilo-Saharan. *[[Glottolog]]* yana bi da Kuliak a matsayin dangin harshe mai zaman kansa kuma ba ya yarda da Nilo-Saharan a matsayin danginsa harshe mai inganci.

Archibald Tucker ne ya ba da shawarar farko ga Ik a matsayin memba na Afroasiatic a cikin shekarun 1960s; an soki wannan a matsayin mai rauni kuma an watsar da shi a cikin shekarun 1980. 
## manazarta
Harsunan Kunama

**Harsunan Kunama** iyali ne na harsuna da aka saba la'akari da yaren yare ɗaya, ana magana da su a yammacin Eritrea da kuma fadin iyaka a Habasha. An haɗa su a matsayin reshe na Iyalin yaren Nilo-Sahara. Harsunan su ne Kunama da Ilit.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Harsunan Kunimaipan

**Harsunan Kunimaipan** ƙananan yare ne da ake magana a Papua New Guinea .  Su ne ƙananan yarukan Goilalan.

Harsunan da aka tabbatar sune:

* Kunimaipa
* Tauade
* Weri / Amam
* Biangai

## Manazarta
Lakes Plain languages

Harsunan Lakes Plain iyali ne na yarukan Papuan, waɗanda ake magana a cikin Lakes Plaan na Indonesian New Guinea . Sun shahara ne saboda kasancewa da sautin da yawa da kuma rashin sautin hanci.

## Rarraba
Stephen Wurm ya haɗa harsunan Lakes Plain tare da Harsunan Tor a cikin shirinsa na Trans-New Guinea. Clouse (1997) ya ki amincewa da wannan alaƙa da harsunan Tor kuma ya haɗa su da harsuna na Geelvink Bay. Malcolm Ross ya rarraba harsunan a matsayin iyali mai zaman kanta, matsayin da Timothy Usher ya tabbatar.

Saboda bayyanar kamanceceniya da rarraba kalmomi masu mahimmanci kamar 'louse', William A. Foley ya yi hasashen yiwuwar dangantaka mai nisa da aka raba tsakanin iyalan Skou da Lakes Plain, amma ba a yi wani shawarwari na al'ada da ke haɗa iyalai biyu ba saboda rashin isasshen shaida. Bugu da ƙari bisa ga Foley, bisa ga wasu kamanceceniya da sauti, yaren Keuw (a halin yanzu ba a rarraba shi ba) na iya raba dangantaka mai zurfi tare da yarukan Lakes Plain.

Like the East Cenderawasih Bay, Trans-New Guinea, and South Bougainville language families, Lakes Plain languages have ergative case marking systems. In contrast, most languages of northern Papua New Guinea have accusative case marking systems.

### Gidan da aka yi amfani da shi (1997)
Clouse (1997, shafi na 155) a ciki ya rarraba iyalin Lakes Plain kamar haka: &nbsp;

Clouse ya kammala cewa Harsunan Gabashin Geelvink Bay sune mafi kusanci da harsunan Lakes Plain, suna samar da faɗin Geelvink bay tare da shi.

### Usher (2018)
Harsunan Lakes Plain kamar yadda Usher ya rarraba su ne kamar haka:

## manazarta
Harsunan Lencan

**Harsunan Lencan** ƙananan iyali ne na harshe daga Amurka ta tsakiya, waɗanda masu magana da su kafin nasarar Mutanen Espanya suka bazu a duk El Salvador da Honduras. Amma a farkon karni na 20, harsuna biyu ne kawai na iyali suka tsira, Salvadoran Lenca ko Potón da Honduran Lenca, waɗanda aka bayyana kuma aka yi nazari a ilimi; Daga cikinsu, Salvadorian Lenca ne kawai ke da masu magana a yanzu, duk da gaskiyar cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar Lenca sun wuce tsakanin mutane 37,000 da 100,000. 

## Harsuna
Akwai harsuna biyu da aka tabbatar da Lencan:

* Ana magana da harshen **Lencan na El Salvador** a cikin Chilanga da Guatajigua .  Lencans ya isa El Salvador kimanin shekaru 2,295 BC kuma ya kafa shafin Quelepa. Ɗaya daga cikin masu magana ya rage.

* Ana magana da harshen **Lencan na Honduras** tare da ƙananan bambance-bambance na yare a Intibucá, Opatoro, Guajiquiro, Similatón (Cabañas na zamani), da Santa Elena. Wasu jimloli sun tsira; ba a san ko harshe gaba ɗaya yana nan ba.

Harsunan ba su da alaƙa sosai; Swadesh (1967) ya kiyasta shekaru 3,000 tun bayan rabuwa. Arguedas Cortés (1987) ya sake gina Proto-Lencan tare da ƙwayoyi 12 (ciki har da ejectives) da wasula 5.

## Dangantaka ta waje
Dangantakar waje na yarukan Lencan suna jayayya. Sau da yawa ana ba da shawarar haɗawa a cikin Macro-Chibchan; Campbell (1987) ya ba da rahoton cewa bai sami wata hujja mai ƙarfi don irin wannan haɗin ba, amma Constenla-Umaña (2005) ya ba da shawarar rubutu na yau da kullun tsakanin Lencan, Misumalpan, da Chibchan.

Campbell (2012) ya yarda cewa waɗannan da'awar haɗin tsakanin Lencan, Misumalpan, da Chibchan ba a riga an tabbatar da su ba, amma ya lura cewa Constenla-Umaña (2005) "ya gabatar da shaidar don tallafawa dangantaka da iyalai biyu makwabta [na harsuna]: Misumalpan da Lencan, waɗanda suka zama Lenmichí Micro-Phylum. Bisa ga binciken Constenla -Umaña (2005), Lenmichi-Phylums na farko ya rabu zuwa Proto-C6 da sauran harsunan yanzu suna da Miscan da suka rabu da suka kasance a kusa da Miscan.

Wani tsari na Lehmann (1920:727) ya haɗa Lencan da dangin yaren Xincan, kodayake Campbell (1997:167) ya ƙi mafi yawan kwatancin Lehmann goma sha biyu kamar yadda ba shi da inganci. Wani bincike na atomatik (ASJP 4) na Müller et al. (2013)  kuma ya sami kamanceceniya tsakanin Lencan da Xincan. Koyaya, tunda an samar da bincike ta atomatik, rukuni na iya zama ko dai saboda rance na juna ko gado na kwayar halitta.

## manazarta
Harsunan Katukinan

**Katukinan** (Catuquinan) iyali ne na harsuna biyu a Brazil, [./Katukina-&#x3C;b&#x20;id= Kanamari_language" id="mwCA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Katukina-Kanamari language">Katukina-Kanamarí] da watakila Katawixi mai mutuwa. Sau da yawa ba a bayyana waɗanne sunaye ne a cikin wallafe-wallafen, waɗanda gabaɗaya sunayen kabilanci ne kuma galibi sun dace da yaruka ba, suna nufin harsuna daban-daban. Lalle ne, suna kusa sosai cewa wasu suna ɗaukar su duka a matsayin yaruka na yare ɗaya, Kanamari . 

Campbell (2012) ya lura cewa Adelaar "ya gabatar da shaidar da ta dace cewa Harákmbut da Katukinan suna da alaƙa da kwayar halitta".

## Tattaunawar harshe
Jolkesky (2016) ya lura cewa akwai kamanceceniya da Jivaro, Máku (Jukude), Mura-Matanawi, Puinave-Nadahup, Taruma, Tupi, Yanomami, da iyalan yaren Arawak saboda hulɗa. Wannan yana nuna cewa Katukinan da iyalan harsunan da yake hulɗa da su an riga an yi magana a baya a cikin tsakiyar yankin hulɗar Amazon.

## Raberabe
Yawancin kabilun Katukina sun sauya zuwa wasu harsuna a lokacin hulɗar Turai. Misalan su ne Panoan Katukina da Katukinaru wanda ba a rarraba shi ba.

Harshen yau da kullun dyapa, djapa yana nufin 'ƙabilar' ko 'ƙabila', wanda ake kiran nau'ikan. Fabre (2005) ya lissafa Kanamarí, Txuhuã-djapá, Katukína do Jutaí (Katukina da kyau), da *Katawixi* a matsayin harsuna huɗu da aka tabbatar.

  an yi imanin suna magana da yaren Katukinan.

### Loukotka (1968)
Yawancin yarukan Katukinan sun ƙare. Loukotka (1968) ya kwatanta bayanai daga *Catuquina* (Wiri-dyapá, na Kogin Jutaí), *Canamari, Parawa* (Hon-dyapa), Bendiapa, da *Catauxi* (Catosé, Hewadie, Katawishi, Quatausi).  Canamari, Parawa, da Bendiapa (Beñ-Dyapá) na iya zama yare ɗaya, kamar yadda *Tucundiapa* (Mangeroma, Tucano Dyapa, Tsohom-Djapá, Hon-dyapa, Txunhuã-Djapán ). Ya kuma lura da *Tawari* (Tauaré, Kadekili-dyapa, Kayarára), da *Buruá* (Burue, Buruhe), wanda ba a rubuta komai ba. Dukansu an rarraba su a matsayin "Kudancin Catuquina" ban da Catauxi, wanda shine kawai harshen "Kudanci Catuquina". Wuraren kowane iri-iri da Loukotka (1968) ya bayar sune:

## manazarta