Annie Easley

**Annie Jean Easley** (Afrilu 23, 1933 - Yuni 25, 2011) ƙwararriyar masaniyar kwamfuta ce 'yar asalin Afirka wacce ta ba da gudummawa sosai a farkon sake fasalin fasahar roket ta NASA.

An haifi Easley a shekarar 1933 a Birmingham, Alabama, wacce uwa mara miji ta rene ta. Raba kai ya hana Annie samun damar yin aiki da dama na yau da kullun da wasu masu launin fata da jinsi daban-daban za su iya samu, amma mahaifiyarta ta yi ƙoƙarin ganin ta sami kyakkyawar ilimi. Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Holy Family a mafi yawan rayuwarta ta makaranta, inda ta kammala karatunta a matsayin mai kula da ɗaliban makarantar sakandare.

Daga nan, Easley ta yi rajista a Jami'ar Xavier da ke New Orleans don yin karatun fannin magunguna. Sha'awarta ga wannan fanni ta ragu daga sha'awarta ta farko, kuma ta koma Birmingham na ɗan lokaci a shekarar 1945 don kaɗa ƙuri'a amma an sanya mata harajin zaɓe  . Kwarewar da ta samu a jami'a ta taimaka mata wajen ƙarfafa mata gwiwa su shawo kan wasu ƙa'idojin zaɓe.

Daga ƙarshe, Easley ta yi aure ta koma Cleveland, Ohio, amma ba ta sami aikin kantin magani ba bayan ta gano cewa yankin ba shi da yawa. Ta karanta wani labari a cikin jaridar game da damar lissafi a NASA. Bayan wannan karatun, aikinta ya fara a matsayin injiniyan NASA kuma ya ɗauki shekaru da yawa, yana zaburar da mata da yawa masu launin fata da shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a don tallafawa mata a fannonin STEM.

Sabbin fasahohin shirye-shirye, sauya makamashi, da kuma harba jiragen sama sun sanya ta zama wata muhimmiyar ɓangare na tarihin NASA kuma sun magance babban abin da suka fuskanta a lokacin: rashin masana lissafi da masu shirye-shirye daban-daban. Aikin da ta yi ya shafi dukkan fannoni na rayuwarta, tun daga digirinta na baya zuwa sabbin harsunan da ta koya da kuma aikin ƙwayoyin batir duk sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga aikin NASA na Centaur kuma sun share fagen ci gaba da sake fasalin jiragen sama na sararin samaniya a nan gaba. Bugu da ƙari, aikinta a shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a ga matasa masu ƙirƙira da masana lissafi ya taimaka wajen warware shingayen jinsi na STEM.

## Kuruciya da ilimi
An haifi Annie Easley ga Bud da Willie ( née Sims) McCrory a Birmingham, Alabama.  Tana da ɗan'uwa wanda ya girme ta da shekaru shida.  Mahaifiyarta ta rene su a matsayin bazawara. 

Kafin ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin jama'a, damar ilimi da aiki ga yaran baƙar fata ba su da yawa . Raba yara ya zama ruwan dare, ana koyar da yara 'yan Afirka daban da yaran fari, kuma makarantunsu galibi ba su kai na fararen fata ba. Mahaifiyar Annie ta gaya mata cewa za ta iya zama komai, amma dole ne ta yi aiki a kai. Ta ƙarfafa Annie ta sami ilimi mai kyau. Tun daga aji biyar har zuwa sakandare, Annie ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Holy Family, kuma ta kasance mai kula da azuzuwan karatunta.  A lokacin ƙuruciya, Annie tana da sha'awar zama ma'aikaciyar jinya, amma kusan shekara 16 ta yanke shawarar yin karatun kantin magani. 

A shekarar 1950, Easley ta yi karatun azuzuwa a Jami'ar Xavier ta Louisiana da ke New Orleans,  jami'ar Katolika ta Afirka-Amurka, kuma ta yi karatun digiri a fannin harhada magunguna na tsawon kimanin shekaru biyu.  Ta bar Xavier ta yi aure ta koma Cleveland, Ohio. 

A shekarar 1977, ta sami digirin farko a fannin Kimiyya a fannin Lissafi daga Jami'ar Jihar Cleveland .  

## Sana'a
Aikinta ya fara ne a matsayin kwamfuta ta ɗan adam a shekarar 1955, tana yin lissafi ga masu bincike da hannu. Aikinta na farko shi ne gudanar da kwaikwayon sabbin kayan aikin Plum Brook Reactor . A lokacin ɗaukar ma'aikata, tana ɗaya daga cikin ma'aikata huɗu 'yan Afirka a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Duk da waɗannan matsalolin, koyaushe tana da kyakkyawan hali kuma tana ƙoƙarin fita ta yi aikinta mafi kyau kamar yadda ta faɗa a wata hira ta 2001  .

Easley ta fara ne a matsayin kwamfuta ta ɗan adam, tana yin lissafin hannu ga masu bincike kafin ta koma shirye-shiryen kwamfuta yayin da aka gabatar da tsarin dijital a NASA. Yayin da kwamfutoci suka bunƙasa kuma aka haɓaka harsunan shirye-shirye, Easley ta ƙware da su da sauri. Kwarewarta a Tsarin Fassara na Formula ( Fortran ) da Tsarin Samun Abubuwan da ke Sauƙi (SOAP) sun sa ta yi suka wajen tallafawa shirye-shiryen farko na NASA. An haɗa lambarta cikin nazarin tsarin canza makamashi da fasahar wutar lantarki don motocin zamani da rokoki masu haɗaka.

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan gudummawar da ta bayar ta fasaha ita ce aikinta kan tsarin canza makamashi, gami da kwaikwayon da ke tallafawa ci gaban fasahar batir ga motocin haɗin gwiwa na farko. Ta kuma shiga cikin shirye-shirye da suka shafi madadin hanyoyin samar da makamashi, gami da fasahar hasken rana da iska.  Waɗannan ƙwarewar za su yi mata amfani sosai wajen haɓaka Centaur, wani roka mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi wanda aka keɓe don zama ɗaya daga cikin rokoki mafi ƙarfi a cikin shirin sararin samaniya na Amurka. Haɗaɗɗen mai na musamman na hydrogen da oxygen an yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ne daga Easley  . Easley ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin shirin roka na Centaur, wanda ya kasance mai mahimmanci ga nasarar harba tauraron ɗan adam da yawa da ayyukan duniya. Aikinta na shirye-shiryen ya goyi bayan nazari da tsara manufa ga roka na matakin sama na Centaur, wanda aka sani da kasancewa na farko da ya yi amfani da hydrogen da ruwa da iskar oxygen a matsayin abubuwan hawa. Wannan fasaha ta kasance muhimmiyar rawa wajen harba jiragen sama don ayyuka kamar Cassini da Voyager, kuma ta kasance babban ɓangaren ƙirar roka na zamani. 

A shekarun 1970, Easley ta ɗan yi ƙoƙari don kammala digiri a fannin Lissafi a Cleveland State yayin da take aiki na cikakken lokaci. Ta ƙarfafa wa sauran mata masu launin fata da yawa a jami'ar gwiwa su kasance masu himma da bin burinsu duk da irin wahalar da suke sha.

A tsawon shekaru 34 da ta yi tana aiki a NASA, Easley ta fuskanci cikas na tsarin aiki wanda ya zama ruwan dare ga mata da tsiraru a fannin STEM. Duk da cewa tana da digirin lissafi da kuma ɗaukar darussan ƙwarewa na ciki, ba koyaushe ake ba ta damar ci gaban sana'a iri ɗaya da takwarorinta ba. Misali, an hana ta tallafin kuɗi na ilimi ba tare da wani bayani ba kuma an ɗauke ta aiki a ƙaramin matakin albashi fiye da yadda aka yi alkawari. A hirarta da manema labarai, an gaya mata za ta fara aiki a matsayin GS-3, amma albashinta na farko ya lissafa ta a matsayin GS-2. Lokacin da ta yi tambaya, an gaya mata babu guraben aiki na GS-3 da ake da su. 

Baya ga aikin fasaha, Easley ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan Daidaiton Damammaki na Aiki (EEO) a NASA, tana taimakawa wajen shiga tsakani da warware shari'o'in wariyar launin fata a wurin aiki. Ta yi kira ga ayyukan daukar ma'aikata tare da shiga cikin wayar da kan jama'a ga kwalejoji, tana ƙarfafa mata da tsiraru su shiga ayyukan injiniya da kimiyya. Easley ta yi ritaya daga NASA a shekarar 1989, inda ta bar gadon juriya, kirkire-kirkire, da shugabanci mai natsuwa wanda ya taimaka wajen faɗaɗa iyakokin waɗanda za su iya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kimiyya a hukumar sararin samaniya ta ƙasar. 

Shekaru 34 da ta yi tana aiki sun haɗa da haɓaka da aiwatar da lambar kwamfuta wadda ke nazarin fasahar wutar lantarki ta madadin, tallafawa matakin roka mai ƙarfi na Centaur, ƙayyade ayyukan hasken rana, iska da makamashi, da kuma gano tsarin canza makamashi da tsarin madadin don magance matsalolin makamashi.  A cikin shekarun 1970, Easley ta yi aiki a kan wani aiki da ke bincika lalacewar layin ozone . Tare da raguwar da aka samu a cikin shirin sararin samaniya na NASA, Easley ta fara aiki kan matsalolin makamashi; ayyukanta na makamashi sun haɗa da nazarin amfani da batirin ajiya na tsawon rai, kamar waɗanda ake amfani da su a cikin motocin amfani da wutar lantarki. An yi amfani da aikace-aikacen kwamfuta ɗinta don gano tsarin canza makamashi wanda ke ba da ci gaba fiye da fasahar da ake da ita a kasuwa. Bayan rikicin makamashi na ƙarshen shekarun 1970, Easley ta yi nazarin fa'idodin tattalin arziki na samar da wutar lantarki tare da haɗin gwiwa waɗanda ke samun samfuran daga kwal da tururi.  Bayan ta yi ritaya a 1989, ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai himma a Ofishin Kakakin Majalisa da Gidauniyar Mata ta Kasuwanci da Ƙwararru .  Duk da dogon aikinta da gudummawarta da yawa ga bincike, an cire ta daga hotunan talla na NASA. A martanin da ya mayar ga wani irin wannan lamari, Easley ya mayar da martani da cewa "Na zo nan ne don yin wani aiki kuma na san ina da ikon yin sa, kuma a nan ne na fi mayar da hankali kan kammala aikin. Ba da gangan nake ƙoƙarin zama majagaba ba." 

Aikin Easley tare da aikin Centaur ya taimaka wajen shimfida harsashin fasaha don harba jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu na sararin samaniya nan gaba da kuma harba tauraron dan adam na sadarwa, sojoji da yanayi.   Aikinta ya taimaka wajen tashi zuwa Saturn na binciken Cassini a shekarar 1997, wanda aka harba shi da Centaur a matsayin babban mataki. 

An yi wa Annie Easley hira a Cleveland a ranar 21 ga Agusta, 2001, ta hannun Sandra Johnson .  An adana hirar a cikin Shirin Tarihin Baka na Cibiyar Sararin Samaniya ta Johnson. Rubutun hirar mai shafuka 55 ya haɗa da bayanai kan tarihin Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama, Cibiyar Bincike ta Glenn, Cibiyar Sararin Samaniya ta Johnson, jirgin sama na sararin samaniya, da gudummawar mata ga jirgin sama na sararin samaniya. A cikin wannan hirar, an tambayi Easley ko har yanzu tana wasa da na'urori kuma ta ce "Ba ni da lokaci ko sha'awa. Zan sami imel ɗin kuma zan aika shi, amma ba na wasa da shi. Ba kamar wannan abin sha'awa da nake wasa da shi ba ne. Zan fi son in fita yin wani abu a zahiri, kamar a filin wasan golf ko yin wasu abubuwa." 

Easley ta rayu ne a lokacin da mata da 'yan Afirka-Amurka ke fuskantar wariya daga al'umma. Ta fuskanci wariya da ta shafi zama Ba'amurke ɗan Afirka a lokacin aikinta. A wani lamari, an cire fuskarta daga hoto don a nuna ta. A cikin aikinta na shekaru 34, ta yi aiki a sassa daban-daban guda huɗu: Sashen Ayyukan Kwamfuta, Daraktan Makamashi, Ƙungiyar Launch Vehicles da Daraktan Injiniya, kodayake babu ɗaya daga cikin motsinta da aka yi saboda karin girma, wanda ta gane cewa wataƙila saboda launin fatarta ko jinsinta ne. 

A cikin shekarun 1970, Easley ta yi fafutukar ƙarfafa ɗaliban mata da tsiraru a lokacin aikin jami'a su yi aiki a fannin STEM .  Ta koyar da yaran firamare da sakandare da kuma matasa waɗanda suka daina makaranta a wani shirin nazarin aiki. 

Easley kuma ɗan wasa ne mai tasowa wanda ya kafa kuma daga baya ya zama Shugaban farko na NASA Lewis Ski Club kuma ya halarci wasu ƙungiyoyin wasan kankara na gida a yankin Cleveland.  

An sanya wa wani rami mai nisan mil biyar da rabi a kan wata suna Easley don tunawa da ita daga Ƙungiyar Masana Taurari ta Duniya a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2021. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri

A shekarar 1954, Annie Easley ta auri wani mutum da ke aikin soja. Bayan an sallami mijinta daga aikin soja, su biyun sun ƙaura zuwa Cleveland, Ohio don su kasance kusa da iyalansa. 

Bayan ta saki mijinta, Easley ta koma Birmingham. A matsayin wani ɓangare na dokokin Jim Crow waɗanda suka kiyaye rashin daidaiton launin fata, an buƙaci 'yan Afirka Amurka su ci jarrabawar karatu da rubutu da kuma biyan harajin zaɓe domin kaɗa ƙuri'a, wanda aka haramta a shekarar 1964 a cikin Kwaskwarima ta Ashirin da Huɗu . Ta tuna da wanda ya yi jarrabawar yana kallon aikace-aikacenta yana cewa kawai, "Kin je Jami'ar Xavier. Dala biyu." Daga baya, ta taimaka wa sauran 'yan Afirka Amurka su shirya don gwajin.  &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

Easley ta daɗe tana son yin ado. Tana sanya safa da takalma kusan kowace rana a jami'a. Duk da cewa babu wata dokar sutura a sashen aikinta, sanya wando a matsayinta na mace a wannan lokacin bai zama ruwan dare ba. Duk da haka, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara sanya wando a aiki a shekarun 1970 bayan ta yi magana da mai kula da ita game da hakan.

A cikin shekaru uku na farko bayan ta yi ritaya daga NASA, Easley ta mayar da hankali kan aikin sa kai, sau da yawa tana gaya wa mutane cewa ta saka mil fiye da kima a motarta a matsayin mai ritaya fiye da ma'aikaci. Ta yi yawo a duniya, galibi don yin wasan tsere kan dusar ƙanƙara, kuma ta zama mai kwangila mai zaman kanta a fannin gidaje. Duk da cewa ba ta sake koyarwa ba, ta bayyana cewa koyaushe tana son yin magana da ɗalibai a lokutan aiki da makamantansu idan aka tambaye ta.

## Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka

* *Kimanta Aiki da Tattalin Arzikin Aiki don Tsarin Wutar Lantarki na Haɗakar Gas na Kwal.* Nainiger, Joseph J.; Burns, Raymond K.; Easley, Annie J. NASA, Cibiyar Bincike ta Lewis, Cleveland, Ohio. NASA Tech Memo 82729 Maris 1982 31p
* *Famfon Mai Juya Jini a Tsarin Injin Roka na Nukiliya Mai Zurfi.* Kascak, AF; Easley, AJ Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Ƙasa da Sararin Samaniya. Cibiyar Bincike ta Lewis, Cleveland, Ohio. Lambar Rahoton: NASA-TM-X-2517; E-6639 Maris 1972
* *Tasirin Haɗawar Haɗakar Haɗawa Mai a Matsakaicin Yanayin Zafin Mai a cikin Injin Roka Mai Na Gas-Core Nuclear.* Easley, AJ; Kascak, AF; Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Ƙasa da Sararin Samaniya. Cibiyar Bincike ta Lewis, Cleveland, Ohio. Lambar Rahoton: NASA-TN-D-4882 Nuwamba 1968

## Duba kuma

* Katherine Johnson
* Jerin mata 'yan Afirka-Amurka a fannin STEM

## Manazarta