Dokar Crofters Holdings (Scotland) 1886

Dokar *crofter* Holdings (Scotland) Act 1886 (49 & 50 Vict. c. 29) (Scottish Gaelic: Achd na Croite model 1886) Dokar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ce wacce ta kirkiro ma'anar shari'a game da Ikklisiya da Crofter, ta ba da tsaro na mallakar ƙasa ga crofters kuma ta samar da Hukumar Crofters ta farko, kotun ƙasa wacce ta yi mulki kan rikice-rikice tsakanin masu mallakar gidaje da crofters. Kotun ta yanke hukunci kan ko majami'u sun kasance ko ba su da majami'a. A fannoni da yawa an tsara Dokar ne a kan Ayyuka Irish Land na 1870 da 1881.  Ta hanyar ba da tsaro ga masu ba da izini, Dokar ta kawo ƙarshen Highland Clearances.

Dokar ta kasance sakamakon tashin hankali na crofters wanda ya zama tsari mai kyau kuma yana da matukar ci gaba a Skye da kuma karuwar goyon baya, a duk faɗin Highlands, ga Jam'iyyar Crofters, wacce ta sami mambobi biyar 'Yan majalisa a babban zabe 1885. Rikicin ya ɗauki nau'in yajin aikin haya (tsayawa biyan kuɗin haya) da hare-haren ƙasa (ƙasar da mai gida ya tanada don farauta ko tumaki).

Dokar kanta ba ta dakatar da tashin hankali ba. Musamman yana da rauni sosai dangane da ba da damar Hukumar Crofters don warware rikice-rikice game da samun damar zuwa ƙasa. Ya isa duk da haka ya zama abin karɓa, a siyasa, amfani da sojoji a cikin rikice-rikice tare da masu tayar da kayar baya.

A cewar John Lorne Campbell, duk da haka, Dokar Crofters Holdings (Scotland) ta 1886 ba komai ba ne face "Magna Carta na Highlands da Islands, wanda ya ba wa kananan masu haya wani abu wanda manoma na ƙasashen Scandinavian suka sani na tsararraki, tsaro na zama da kuma babban haƙƙin biyan diyya don ingantawar kansu a ƙarshen haya. Babu wani abu da aka ba da shawarar a cikin rahoton, ko kuma yana cikin Dokar, don iyakance ikon mallakar kowane lokaci na Scotland.

Dokar ba ta da cikakken tasiri wajen kara daidaito na rarraba ƙasa a Scotland. A shekara ta 2000, kashi biyu bisa uku na yankin ƙasar Scotland har yanzu mallakar masu mallakar ƙasa 1,252 ne kawai daga cikin yawan mutane miliyan 5.

## Tarihi
A lokacin Highland Clearances, crofters ba su da haƙƙin ƙasar. Har zuwa shekara ta 1886, doka ce a kori duk wani mai cin zarafi a lokacin da mai gidan ya dace. Yaƙe-yaƙe na ƙasa sun fara ne a Scotland a cikin 1874 tare da nasarar shari'ar Bernera Riot a tsibirin Great Bernera a cikin Outer Hebrides . Masu sana'a suna son amincewa da hakkinsu na gargajiya ga ƙasar da suka ji daɗi a ƙarƙashin Tsarin dangin daga Zamanin Tsakiya. Ta hanyar ci gaban siyasa da tattalin arziki mutanen sun fara ɗaukar wani ra'ayi na daban game da hayar su.Ƙarfin al'adu na al' ya kasance a cikin Gaeldom kuma yana da mahimmanci ga haɗin kai na dangin saboda ya bayyana tsammanin jama'a cewa dangin da ke mulki suna da alhakin yin aiki a matsayin masu kare su da kuma tabbatar da tabbatar da mallakar ƙasa don dawo da aminci, aikin soja, haraji da haya. Bangaskiya ce mai ƙarfi da dindindin wacce ta ci gaba da rayuwa tsawon lokaci bayan da tunanin soja na dangin kanta ya ɓace kuma shugabannin kabilun sun watsar da ayyukansu na dā kuma sun zama masu mallakar kasuwanci.Rikicin ƙasa a Scotland ya fara ne saboda motsi na "Dokar Gida" a Ireland da bayanai da ra'ayoyin wannan motsi da masunta suka kawo zuwa Ƙasar Hebrides . Da yake sun yi imanin cewa su ne masu haƙƙin mallakar fili, ’yan damfara sun yi amfani da yajin aikin hayar da abin da aka fi sani da hare-haren ƙasa: sana’o’in da ake yi na filaye da ’yan damfara suka yi imanin cewa ya kamata su sami damar yin kiwo na gama-gari ko kuma don sababbin sana’o’i amma waɗanda masu gidaje suka ba da su ga gonakin tumaki da wuraren farauta (wanda ake kira dazuzzukan barewa). &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup> tsanani sosai; Masu gidajen sun dauki hayar jiragen yaki domin kariya daga ‘yan fashi. Daga lokaci zuwa lokaci ana tashe-tashen hankula da tarzoma.

A cikin Wakilcin Dokar Jama'a 1884 an ba da damar zaɓe ga maza masu mallakar ƙasa mai daraja aƙalla £ 10 ko biyan £10 na haya a shekara. Wannan ya haɗa da yawancin crofters Highland.  'Yan damfara suna son haƙƙin doka da **' (Ƙungiyar Gyara Dokar Ƙasa ta Highland) an kafa shi a cikin 1885 a London . An kafa jam'iyyar Crofters's Party kuma ta zabi 'yan majalisa biyar a 1885. **' ("Mutane sun fi Ubangiji ƙarfi.") ita ce takensu da aka fi sani.

Gwamnati ta ji tsoron cewa motsi na "Home Rule" zai bazu zuwa  (wuraren da ake magana da Gaelic a Scotland) daga Ireland. [[Napier Commission|Hukumar Napier]] ta yi hira da masu sana'a a duk faɗin  kuma ta yi nazarin matsayin masu sana'ar a hankali, ta buga rahotonta a 1884. [[William Ewart Gladstone|William Gladstone]] ya yi ƙoƙari ya zartar da sabuwar doka da ke ba wa masu crofters ƙarin haƙƙoƙi, amma an jefa kuri'a a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1885. Gladstone ya bar mukaminsa a 1885 amma sauran jam'iyyun sun kirkiro sabuwar gwamnati. Gladstone ya koma mulki a watan Janairun 1886 kuma a karshe an zartar da dokar a ranar 25 ga Yuni 1886.

== Dokar ==
A karo na farko a [[Scottish history|Tarihin Scotland]], Dokar Crofting ta 1886 ta tabbatar da haƙƙin crofters ga ƙasarsu. Har ila yau, ya ba da matsayin doka ga garuruwan crofting. Dokar ta shafi batutuwa masu zuwa musamman:

* Ya ba da tsaro ga masu aiki, muddin sun yi aiki da croft kuma sun biya haya.
* Crofters suna da 'yancin ba da su ga zuriyarsu.
* Crofters suna da 'yancin a biya su don inganta ƙasar, kamar gina shinge da magudanar ruwa
* An kafa ma'auni na haya mai ma'ana kuma ana buƙatar shi.
* An kafa Hukumar Crofters ta farko.
* Crofters sun sami damar sake tantance haya tare da Hukumar Crofters.

Dokar ta ƙayyade yankuna takwas na Scotland a matsayin yankuna inda za a iya gane Ikklisiya a matsayin Ikklisiya: [[Argyll]], [[Caithness]], [[Cromartyshire|Cromarty]], [[Inverness-shire|Inverness]], [[Orkney]], [[Ross-shire|Ross]], [[Shetland]], da [[Sutherland]]. A cikin waɗannan yankuna Ikklisiya ce ta crofting inda akwai [[Tenant farmer|masu zama]] na shekara-shekara na ƙasa (masu haya ba tare da hayar ba) waɗanda ke biyan ƙasa da £ 30 a shekara a haya kuma waɗanda suka mallaki [[Grazing rights|Hakkin kiwo]] na yau da kullun a cikin shekaru 80 tun daga 24 Yuni 1806. 

Hukumar Crofters ta kuma kula da kafa haya mai kyau da sake kimanta haya a kowace shekara bakwai. Idan masu ba da izini sun yi imanin cewa haya ya yi yawa suna da damar zuwa kwamiti. Sau da yawa ana rage kuɗin haya ko ma an cire shi, idan masu cin kasuwa sun riga sun biya da yawa. Hukumar tana da ikon sake fasalin Dokar da kafa wasu Ayyuka, da kuma ba da ƙasa mai kore ga masu shuka don fadada ƙananan shuka.

== Sakamakon ==
Akwai ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da Dokar. A gefe guda masu crofters sun koka cewa Dokar ba ta isa ba, saboda ba a ba su damar kai tsaye zuwa ƙasa mai kyau don fadada ƙananan crofts ɗin su ba. Mafi muni, Dokar ba ta bayyana matsayin cotters ba, waɗanda ba su taɓa samun ƙasa ba. Bayan wani lokaci, sun ga cewa hukumar ta kasance a shirye take ta kare hakkinsu, musamman game da [[Rent security|Tsaro na haya]]. Abin takaici, hukumar ba ta da isasshen kuɗi kuma babu isasshen ƙasa don rarraba wa masu noma. Dokar ba ta warware babbar korafin masu noma ba, cewa ya kamata a mayar musu da ƙasar. Babu wani ƙuduri game da batun inda masu gidaje da masu cin kasuwa suke son wannan yanki.

A gefe guda, masu mallakar gida sun ce akwai "kwaminisanci da ke gabatowa a nan gaba" kuma The Scotsman ya rubuta cewa Dokar "babban keta haƙƙin mallakar masu zaman kansu ne".

Dokar ba ta kawo karshen tashin hankali na ƙasa ba, saboda Arthur Balfour ya yi imanin cewa Dokar ta ba da ikon ɗabi'a ga hukumomi don murkushe kowane tashin hankali don sake kafa "doka da tsari".  Saboda wannan dalili, an aika jiragen yaƙi zuwa Isle of Skye da Tiree.

A cikin shekarun bayan Dokar, **' (yanzu ana kiranta **, "Land League") da kuma jam'iyyar Crofters' Party tasirin siyasar da suke da shi, saboda sun kasa yarda a kan batun filaye da kuma yadda za su bi tsarin "Dokar Gida" a Ireland game da batun mallakar filaye.

An sake tayar da wannan ra'ayi a cikin Dokar Crofting Reform (Scotland) ta 1976 inda masu sana'a suka sami damar doka don siyan ƙasarsu na shekaru goma sha biyar. Koyaya, ta hanyar mallakar ƙasarsu, masu noma sun rasa haƙƙin CCAGS (Crofting Counties Agricultural Grant Scheme). A cikin Dokar Gyara Ƙasa (Scotland) ta 2003 an ba da haƙƙin siye ga ƙungiyoyin al'umma har ma da nufin masu mallakar ƙasa, don ci gaba da ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Dokar Crofting Reform (Scotland) ta 2010 ta ba da daidaito tsakanin masu haya da masu mallakar ƙasa, musamman game da tallafi da wajibai kuma ta bayyana cikakkun bayanai game da bukatun zama. Yanzu, masu haya ko masu mallakar dole ne su zauna a cikin kilomita  (20 miles) daga cikin croft. Ana iya ba da kuɗin da ba a amfani da su ga sababbin masu haya.

Da yake duban baya a tarihi, Hunter ya yi imanin cewa Dokar ta kafa tsohuwar tsari, tare da wurin da ba a biya shi ba kamar yadda yake a Ireland inda masu ba da izini za su iya siyan ƙasarsu a ƙarƙashin ayyukan "Home Rule". Dokar ba ta da tasiri a ci gaban al'ummomin crofting kuma ba ta ƙunshi imani na siyasa da zamantakewa na waɗancan al'ummomi ba. Amma a cewar Wightman, Dokar ta shirya hanya don ci gaba da ci gaban ƙasa a Scotland, kodayake ba ta shafi yankunan da ke waje da  ba. Wightman ya kuma bayyana cewa "matsalar ƙasa" har yanzu ba a warware ta ba, saboda kashi biyu bisa uku na yankin ƙasar Scotland har yanzu mallakar masu mallakar ƙasa 1,252 ne kawai daga cikin yawan mutane miliyan 5.

## Manazarta