Ottoman Arabia

Zamanin Ottoman a tarihin ƙasar Larabawa ya kasance daga shekarar 1517 zuwa 1918. Matsayin Ottoman na iko a kan waɗannan ƙasashe ya bambanta a cikin waɗannan ƙarni huɗu, tare da ƙarfin canzawa ko rauni na ikon tsakiyar Daular.

## Tarihi
  
A cikin karni na 16, Ottomans sun ƙara da Bahar Maliya da Tekun Farisa (Hejaz, Asir da al-Hasa) zuwa Daular kuma sun yi ikirarin mulkin mallaka a cikin gida. Babban dalilin shi ne ya hana yunkurin Portuguese na kai hari kan Bahar Maliya (saboda haka Hejaz) da Tekun Indiya. Tun a farkon shekara ta 1578, Shari'a na Makka sun kaddamar da hare-hare cikin hamada domin cin nasara da azabtar da kabilun Najdi waɗanda suka kai hari kan oases da kabilanci a cikin Hejaz. kuma bayan shekaru uku (1581) A cikin karni na goma sha bakwai, Sharifs sun mamaye Najd sau biyar a cikin waɗannan shekarun (1606, 1647, 1669, 1676, 1697). 

Fitowar abin da zai zama dangin sarauta na Saudiyya, wanda aka sani da Al Saud, ya fara ne a Nejd a tsakiyar Arabiya a cikin shekarar 1744, lokacin da Muhammad bin Saud, wanda ya kafa daular, ya haɗu da sojoji tare da jagoran addini Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab wanda ya fito daga makarantar Hanbali. Wannan kawancen da aka kafa a karni na 18 ya ba da ra'ayi na faɗaɗa Saudiyya kuma ya kasance tushen mulkin daular Saudiyya a yau.

A ranar 10 ga watan Muharram, 961 AH (Lahadi, 13 ga watan Disamba, 1553 AZ), Ottomans, ta hanyar Sarkin su a Al-Ahsa, Muhammad Emir (Bey), sun naɗa Sa'dun ibn Hamid (Sanjak Bey) a matsayin Sarki a kan wasu ƙasashen Al-Aridh da Najd, kamar Al-Uyaynah, Ma'kal, Manfuhah, Huraymila, Al-Qasab da wasu yankunan da ke kewaye da Ottomans. A wannan shekara ta 961 AH (1553 AZ) an ba da umarnin Ottoman ga Shari'a don sanya yankin Najd tsakanin yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin kariya. Wataƙila hare-haren da wasu kabilun suka kai wa Mahajjata suna daga cikin dalilan da suka sa Sharif gabatar da korafe-korafe   

### Hajji a cikin ƙarni na 16 da 17
A farkon karni na 16 Lokacin da Ottomans suka ci yankin Mamluk a shekara ta 1517, duk tsibirin ya zo ne a ƙarƙashin ikon Sultan Ottoman  yayin da suka ci gaba da da'awar haƙƙin mallaka a kan dukkan tsibirin,   rawar da sultan Ottoman ya taka a cikin Hijaz ya kasance na farko kuma mai mahimmanci domin kula da birane masu tsarki na Makka da Madina da kuma samar da hanyar lafiya ga Musulmai da yawa daga yankuna daban-daban waɗanda suka yi tafiya zuwa Makka don yin Hajji. A wasu lokuta ana kiran Sultan a matsayin "Bawan Wurare Mai Tsarki" amma tun da sarakunan Ottoman ba za su iya iƙirarin cewa su zuriya ce daga Annabin Musulunci Muhammadu ba,  yana da mahimmanci a kula da ganin iko da ibada ta hanyar ayyukan gini, tallafin kuɗi da kulawa.

Babu wani bayanai na mulkin Sultan da ya ziyarci Makka a lokacin Hajji  amma bisa ga bayanan farko, an aika sarakunan Ottoman da sarakuna domin yin aikin hajji ko ziyartar birane masu tsarki a cikin shekaran.  Nisan dake tsakani daga tsakiyar daular a Istanbul, da kuma tsawo da haɗarin tafiyar, mai yiwuwa shine babban abin da ya hana Sultans tafiya zuwa Hijaz.

An bar gwamnatin yankin Makka da Madina a hannun Sharifs, ko kuma masu kula da Makka tun lokacin Khalifancin Abbasid. Sharifs sun ci gaba da samun ikon cin gashin kansu a karkashin mulkin Sultan. Don daidaita tasirin yankin, Sultan ya naɗa kadis da ƙananan jami'ai a yankin. Da farko, naɗa shi kadi da akayi a yankin ana ganin shi a matsayin mara kyau, amma yayin da addini ya zama mafi mahimmanci a cikin al'adun Daular Ottoman, rawar kadis a Makka da Madina ta zama sananne.

Baya ga al'adun da aka tattara a Jeddah, mazaunan Hijaz ba su biya haraji ga daular ba  kuma ana kula da kuɗaɗen birnin ta hanyar dukiyar waqf daban-daban a duk faɗin daular, an sadaukar da su don tallafawa mutanen Makka da Madina a matsayin aikin sadaka tare da muhimmancin addini saboda matsayi mai tsarki na biranen biyu. 

Gwamnatin Ottoman ta tsakiya ta kula da hanyoyin matafiya zuwa Makka kuma an tilasta ta kare mahajjata tare da waɗannan hanyoyin. Wannan ya haɗa da samar da kayan aiki kamar abinci da ruwa domin tafiya. Wannan ya haɗa da samar da tallafi ga kabilun Sahara ƴan kauye waɗanda mahajjata suke amfani da su a kan manyan hanyoyin daga Dimashƙu da Alkahira bi da bi. Daular Ottoman, a matsayin mai kula da Makka da Madina, ya kamata ta samar da hanyar lafiya ga duk mahajjata da ke tafiya zuwa Birane Masu Tsarki. Koyaya, haɗin gwiwar siyasa da rikice-rikice sun tsara hanyoyin da aka buɗe ko rufe.

Musamman a cikin yanayin Daular Safavid, Ottomans sun rufe hanya mafi sauƙi daga Basra, a cikin Iraki na yanzu, wanda zai ba da damar mahajjata na Shi'i su haye Tekun Farisa zuwa yankin Larabawa. A maimakon haka ana buƙatar mahajjata su yi amfani da hanyoyin tafiye-tafiye na hukuma daga Damascus, Alkahira ko Yemen.

Daga Daular Mughal, hanyoyin teku sun toshe ta hanyar kasancewar jiragen ruwa na Portugal a cikin Tekun Indiya. Daga Asiya ta Tsakiya, yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin Uzbeks da Safavids sun haifar da rikice-rikice a hanyoyin motoci. Yawancin mahajjata na Asiya ta Tsakiya sun ratsa Istanbul ko Delhi domin shiga aikin hajji. Hanyoyin kasuwanci galibi suna bunƙasa tare da hanyoyin aikin hajji, tun lokacin da aka kafa kayan aikin da ke akwai da kariya, kuma mahajjata masu tafiya sun kara bukatar kayayyaki.

Gine-gine, gyare-gyare, da ƙari ga wuraren addini a Makka da Madina sun kasance masu tsada, saboda wurin biranen da kuma buƙatar kayan shigo da su, amma alama ce ta iko da karimci na Sultan. Gyaran da ya kamata a yi wa Kaaba bayan ambaliyar ruwa a cikin 1630 sun kasance masu jayayya saboda muhimmancin addini da ginin da kansa. Wadannan gyare-gyare galibi an yi su ne domin adana amincin tsarin yankin. Duk da haka, ra'ayin malaman addinai na cikin gida game da girman gyare-gyaren yana nufin cewa aikin ya zama siyasa saboda Ridhwan Agha, wanda ke kula da gyare- gyaren, ya kasance wakilin Sultan ne akasin wani ƙwararren daga Hijaz.

Sauran ayyukan sun haɗa da gini, gyarawa, da kiyaye bututun ruwa waɗanda ke ba da sabis ga mahajjata, da kuma kafa ɗakunan abinci, makarantu, da tushe na sadaka a cikin yankin.

### Tasirin ƙasar Saudiyya

An kafa jihar Saudiyya ta farko a cikin shekara ta 1744 a yankin da ke kusa da Riyadh, ta faɗaɗa cikin sauri, kuma ta ɗan mallaki mafi yawan yankin Saudi Arabia na yanzu. Lokacin da Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab ya watsar da matsayin imam a cikin shekarar 1773, an kammala yaɗuwar ikon Saudiyya a duk kudanci da tsakiyar Najd. A ƙarshen shekarun 1780, an ƙara arewacin Najd zuwa masarautar Saudiyya. A shekara ta 1792, Al-Hasa ya fada hannun Saudiyya. Masarautar Saudiyya ta sami iko da Taif a cikin 1802, da kuma Madina a cikin 1804. 

Gwamnatin Saudiyya ta farko ta lalace a shekara ta 1818 ta hanyar mataimakin sarki na Ottoman na Masar, Mohammed Ali Pasha.  An kafa ƙaramin "jiha ta Saudiyya" na biyu, wanda yafi yawa a Nejd, a cikin shekarar 1824. A cikin sauran karni na 19, Al Saud ya ƙalubalanci iko da ciki na abin da zai zama Saudi Arabia tare da wani dangin Larabawa mai mulki, Al Rashid. A shekara ta 1891, Al Rashid sun yi nasara kuma an kori Al Saud zuwa gudu Misira a Kuwait.

A farkon ƙarni na 20, Daular Ottoman ta ci gaba da iko a kan mafi yawan yankin Larabawa. Duk da wannan mulkin, Larabawa ta mallaki shugabannin kabilu daban-daban, tare da Sharif na Makka yana da iko a yankin Hejaz.

A cikin shekara ta 1902, Ibn Saud ya kwace iko da Riyadh a Nejd, ya sake kafa ikon dangin Al Saud a yankin. Ya sami goyon baya daga Ikhwan, rundunar kabilanci da Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi kuma Sultan ibn Bijad da Faisal Al-Dawish suka jagoranta. An kafa shi a shekarar 1912, Ikhwan ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a yakin Ibn Saud, ya taimaka masa ya kama al-Hasa daga cikin Ottomans a shekara ta 1913.

A cikin shekara ta 1916, tare da ƙarfafawa da goyon baya na Burtaniya (kamar yadda Burtaniya ta shiga yaƙin duniya na farko da Ottomans), Sharif na Makka, Hussein bin Ali, ya fara tawaye wa Larabawa a kan mulkin Ottoman, da nufin kafa ƙasar Larabawa mai haɗin kai. Nasarar ƙawance Sojoji a yaƙin duniya na farko ya nuna ƙarshen mulkin Ottoman da ikon ta a ƙasar Larabawa.

## Rarraba yankuna
A zamanin mulkin Ottoman, an raba yankin Saudi Arabia na zamani tsakanin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi masu zuwa:

* Gundumomi da masarautun Ottoman: Sharifate na Makka (968-1916; ikon Ottoman 1517-1803; 1841-1916) Eyalet na Masar (1517-1701; 1813-40) Eyalet na Jeddah (1701-1813; 1840-1872) Hejaz vilayet (1872-1918) Lahsa Eyalet (1560-1630) Najd Sanjak (1871-1918) (wani ɓangare na al-Hasa oasis maimakon Najd) Eyalet (1517-1636; 1849-1872) Yemen vilayet (
** Sharifate na Makka (968-1916; ikon Ottoman 1517-1803; 1841-1916) 
** Eyalet na Masar (1517-1701; 1813-40) 
** Jeddah Eyalet (1701-1813; 1840-1872) 
** Hejaz vilayet (1872-1918) 
** Lahsa Eyalet (1560-1630) 
** Najd_Sanjak" id="mwARM" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Najd Sanjak">Najd Sanjak (1871-1918) (wani ɓangare na al-Hasa oasis maimakon Najd) 
** Yemen Eyalet (1517-1636; 1849-1872) 
** Yemen vilayet (1872-1918) 
* **Jihohin Saudiyya**: Jihar Saudiyya ta farko (1744-1818) Jihar Saudiya ta biyu (1818-1891) Masarautar Nejd da Hasa (1902-1921; ta zama Saudi Arabia ta zamani) 
** Jihar Saudiyya ta farko (1744-1818) 
** Jihar Saudiyya ta Biyu (1818-1891) 
** Masarautar Nejd da Hasa (1902-1921; ta zama Saudi Arabia ta zamani) 
* **Sauran jihohi da ƙungiyoyi**: 
** Masarautar Jabal Shammar (1836-1921) 
** Masarautar Idrisid ta Asir (1906-1934)  

## Manazarta