Jeanne Altmann

**Jeanne Altmann**, an haife ta a ranar 18 ga Maris, 1940, a birnin New York,  Farfesa ce ta Eugene Higgins a fannin halayyar dabbobi da ilimin halittar jiki a Jami'ar Princeton .  An san ta da bincikenta kan halayen zamantakewa na beraye, gudunmawar  ga ilimin halittar halayyar beraye na zamani,  da kuma hanyar "juyin juya hali" ta samfurin filin.    Takardar da ta rubuta a shekarar 1974 kan nazarin halaye muhimmin abu ne ga masana muhalli kuma an ambace ta sau sama da 20,000.  Ta kuma kasance daya daga cikin masu bincike na farko da suka yi nazarin uwayen beraye da tasirin kwayoyin halitta akan iyaye da kuma saduwa. Ita ce wacce ta kafa kuma Darakta Emerita na Aikin Bincike na Amboseli Baboon, tsohuwar abokiyar Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa,  kuma memba ce ta Kungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka (2020). 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Jeanne Altmann ta fara digirinta na farko a UCLA a matsayin babbar jami'ar lissafi. A shekararta ta biyu, ta koma MIT bayan ta auri Stuart Altmann, wanda ɗalibi ne mai digiri na biyu a Harvard .  Ta raka shi zuwa Jami'ar Alberta, inda ta sami digirinta na lissafi a 1962.    Daga nan Altmann ta halarci Jami'ar Emory don samun digirinta na MAT a fannin lissafi da koyarwa, wanda ta samu a 1970.  Daga baya, ta fara digirinta na biyu a fannin ilmin halitta a Jami'ar Chicago . Ta mai da hankali kan hulɗar zamantakewa da iyali tsakanin beraye don digirinta na uku.  

Ta hanyar amfani da tarihin lissafinta, an ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin mai nazarin bayanai a wani dakin gwaje-gwaje da ke nazarin yarintar ɗan adam. Ta yi amfani da ƙwarewarta ta lissafi don rubuta takardar da ta fi shahara, wani bincike na hanyoyin ɗaukar samfurin bincike a fagen, a cikin 1974. An ambaci hakan sau sama da 20,000, har zuwa Oktoba 2025. 

## Aiki da bincike
Bayan kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Alberta, Altmann ta fara aiki a matsayin mai bincike kan dabbobi na farko a jami'ar; ta ci gaba da wannan matsayi har zuwa 1965. A lokacin da take a Emory, ta yi bincike a Cibiyar Bincike ta Primate ta Kasa ta Yerkes, sannan ta koma Jami'ar Chicago don karatun digirinta na uku da kuma mafi yawan aikinta. Ta zama farfesa a can a 1985 kuma an daukaka ta zuwa cikakkiyar farfesa a 1989. Ta kuma shirya nune-nunen dabbobi na farko a Brookfield Zoo da ke kewayen Chicago. A 1998, Altmann ta koma Jami'ar Princeton, inda ta ci gaba da zama farfesa a fannin ilmin dabbobi. Daga 2003 zuwa 2008, farfesa ce mai ziyara a fannin ilimin halittar dabbobi a Jami'ar Nairobi, kuma ta kasance malamar ilimin dabbobi ta girmamawa a can tun 1989. 

An san Altmann da hannu a cikin ƙirƙirar da haɓaka Aikin Bincike na Amboseli Baboon,  wanda ya fara aiki a hukumance a 1971, bayan wani bincike na farko a fagen daga 1963-4.   A 1981, Altmann ta yi aiki don "mayar da Aikin Baboon na Amboseli Afirka" ta hanyar ɗaukar mutanen gida a mukamai na iko. Maimakon dogaro da ƙungiyar masu bincike na Yamma masu juyawa (abin da aka saba yi a lokacin), Altmann ta ɗauki hayar wani memba na al'ummar Maasai na gida da sauran 'yan Kenya don yin lura, sarrafa samfuran dakin gwaje-gwaje, da kuma ilmantar da mataimaka a duk shekara.  A cewar masanin tarihi Georgia M. Montgomery, matsayin Altmann na Daraktan Aikin Baboon da kuma tarihin wallafe-wallafenta mai yawa sun "haifar da matsayinta a matsayin shugaba a nazarin ɗabi'un dabbobi." 

Wannan ba shine girman tasirin Altmann ba. A cikin wani kasida ta 1974 don , "Nazarin Kula da Halayya: Hanyoyin Samfur," Altmann ya sake duba hanyoyin tattara bayanai na yanzu.  Misali, samfurin *Ad lib* wataƙila shine hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita; yana nufin tsari mai sassauci inda mai binciken filin kawai ke yin bayanin abin da yake gani. Duk da haka, wannan nau'in yanke shawara "mara hankali" na iya haifar da sakamako mara son kai. (Masu binciken farko na baboon sun lura da ƙungiyar da aka zaɓa kawai daga cikin dabbobin da suka fi aiki ko masu ƙarfin hali kuma sun yanke shawara game da cikakken rukuni bisa ga wannan ƙaramin.  ) *Samfur mai da hankali*, akasin haka, hanya ce da masana kimiyya ke lura da dabbobi daban-daban na wani lokaci kuma suna lura da ayyukansu, koda kuwa ayyukan sun yi kama da ba su da mahimmanci. ( Robert Sapolosky ya tattauna amfani da wannan hanyar samfur a cikin sanannen tarihin rayuwarsa game da rayuwar baboon.  )

Kafin binciken Altmann na 1974, yawancin masu binciken filin ba su mai da hankali sosai kan yadda hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita wajen lura da dabbobi ta shafi nau'ikan bayanan da aka tattara ba. Wannan ya sa ya yi wuya a kwatanta halayen dabbobi a cikin bincike daban-daban da kuma cimma sakamako mai inganci. Amma takardar Altmann ta fara juyin juya hali a cikin nazarin filin, wanda ke taimakawa wajen kare kai daga son zuciya da kuma sauƙaƙa nazarin kwatantawa.

Altmann ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu bincike na farko da suka yi nazarin uwayen jarirai da tasirin kwayoyin halitta akan iyaye da kuma saduwa.  A shekarar 1980, littafinta mai suna *Baboons Mothers and Infants*, ya rubuta bambancin nasarar haihuwa tsakanin baboons mata na daji.  A cewar *International Encyclopedia of Primatology*, bincikenta "ya canza ra'ayin da ake da shi game da mata gabaɗaya, da kuma na mata masu shayarwa musamman."  An ɗauki wannan binciken a matsayin tushe, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin fahimtar yadda duniyar uwa ta shafi siffofin 'ya'yanta ta hanyar da ba ta da kwayar halitta. 

An ba Altmann lambar yabo ta Sewall Wright a shekarar 2013 da kuma lambar yabo ta cimma nasara ta rayuwa daga ƙungiyar Primatological ta duniya a shekarar 2014. Aikinta na filin ya yi amfani da hanyoyin samfoti maimakon gwaje-gwaje. Wannan yana ba ta damar bin halayen beraye a muhallinsu na halitta. Tana amfani da dabarun da ba sa yin illa ga muhalli. ABRP kuma tana tattara samfuran najasa don nazarin ƙwayoyin cuta na kwayoyin halitta, hormones, da hanji.  

Tare da abokan hulɗa Susan Alberts, Elizabeth Archie, da Jenny Tung, abubuwan da Altmann ya fi mayar da hankali a kansu sun haɗa da nazarin yanayin ƙasa, dangantakar uwa da jariri, ilimin halittu na ɗabi'a da ilimin endocrinology, juyin halittar halayen zamantakewa, tsufa, zaɓin jima'i, ilimin halittu na cututtuka, da kuma ilimin halittar jiki na aiki.

## Daraja da kyaututtuka

* 1988 - Abokin Hulɗa, Ƙungiyar Amurka ta Wuraren Shakatawa da Aquariums 
* 1989 - Abokin Hulɗa, Ƙungiyar Halayyar Dabbobi
* 1996 - Kyautar Misali, Ƙungiyar Halayyar Dabbobi 
* 1996 - Fellow, Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka
* 2003 - Abokin Aiki, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa
* 2012 - Kyautar Shahararriyar Mai Halayyar Dabbobi, Ƙungiyar Halayyar Dabbobi 
* 2013 - Kyautar Sewall Wright
* 2014 - Kyautar Nasara ta Rayuwa, Ƙungiyar Nazarin Halittu ta Duniya
* 2020 - Memba, Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka
* 2022 - Kyautar Gidauniyar BBVA Frontiers of Knowledge Award 

## Littattafan tarihi

* Altmann, Stuart A.; Altmann, Jeanne (1970) Ilimin Halittu na Baboon: Binciken Fagen Afirka, Jami'ar Chicago Press.
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* Altmann, Jeanne. (1980). * .* Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
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* Altmann, Jeanne. 2009. “Uwa, Hanyoyi, da Birai: Rayuwar Ƙwararru da ta Keɓaɓɓu da Keɓaɓɓu.” A cikin *Shugabanni a Halayyar Dabbobi*, wanda Lee Drickamer da Donald Dewsbury suka shirya, 39–58. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

## Manazarta