Pliny the Younger

**Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus** (born **Gaius Caecilius** or **Gaius Caecilius Cilo**; 61 – ), better known in English as **Pliny the Younger** ( ), was a lawyer, author, and magistrate of Ancient Rome. Pliny's uncle, Pliny the Elder, helped raise and educate him.

Pliny the Younger ya rubuta daruruwan wasiƙu, daga cikinsu 247 sun tsira, kuma suna da babban darajar tarihi. Wasu ana magana da su ga sarakuna masu mulki ko kuma ga sanannun mutane kamar masanin tarihi Tacitus. Pliny ya yi aiki a matsayin majistare na mulkin mallaka a ƙarƙashin Trajan (ya yi sarauta 98-117), [1] kuma wasiƙunsa zuwa Trajan sun ba da ɗaya daga cikin 'yan kaɗan da suka tsira game da dangantakar da ke tsakanin ofishin mulkin mallaka da gwamnonin larduna. [2]

Pliny ya tashi ta hanyar jerin ofisoshin farar hula da na soja, *cursus honorum* . Ya kasance aboki na masanin tarihi Tacitus kuma mai yiwuwa ya yi amfani da mai ba da labari Suetonius a kan ma'aikatansa. Pliny ya kuma sadu da wasu sanannun mutane na lokacin, ciki har da masana falsafa Artemidorus da Yufiretis Stoic, a lokacin da yake Siriya.

## Tarihi

### Yaronta
An haifi Pliny the Younger a Novum Comum (Como, Arewacin Italiya) a kusa da 61 AD, ɗan Lucius Caecilius Cilo, wanda aka haife shi a can, da matarsa Plinia Marcella, ƴar'uwar Pliny the Elder. Ya kasance jikan Sanata kuma mai mallakar ƙasa Gaius Caecilius, yana girmama kawunsa, wanda a wannan lokacin ya shahara sosai a Daular Roma saboda basirarsa, kuma ya ba da zane-zane game da yadda kawunsa ya yi aiki a kan Naturalis Historia . 

Cilo ya kuma mutu tun yana ƙarami lokacin da Pliny yake matashi. A sakamakon haka, yaron mai yiwuwa ya zauna tare da mahaifiyarsa. Mai kula da shi kuma mai koyar da shi wanda ke kula da iliminsa shine Lucius Verginius Rufus,  wanda aka fi sani da murkushe tawaye da Nero a cikin 68 AD. Bayan an fara koyar da shi a gida, Pliny ya tafi Roma don ci gaba da ilimi. A can ne Quintilian, babban malami da marubuci, da Nicetes Sacerdos na Smyrna suka koya masa maganganu. A wannan lokacin ne Pliny ya kusanci kawunsa Pliny the Elder. Lokacin da Pliny the Younger ya kasance 17 ko 18 a cikin 79 AD, kawunsa Pliny the Elder ya mutu yana ƙoƙarin ceto wadanda ke fama da fashewar Vesuvius, kuma sharuddan nufin Elder Pliny ya ba da dukiyarsa ga dan uwansa. A cikin wannan takarda, kawunsa ya karɓa ƙaramin Pliny. A sakamakon haka, Pliny the Younger ya canza sunansa daga *Gaius Caecilius Cilo* zuwa *Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus* (sunan hukuma shi ne Gaius Plinio Luci filius Caeciliaus Secundus). 

Akwai wasu shaidu cewa Pliny yana da ɗan'uwa. Wani abin tunawa da aka gina a Como (yanzu CIL V, 5279) ya sake maimaita sharuɗɗan wasiyya wanda *aedile* Lucius Caecilius Cilo, ɗan Lucius, ya kafa asusun, wanda sha'awarsa ita ce sayen mai (wanda aka yi amfani da shi don sabulu) don wanka na mutanen Como. A bayyane yake suna da sunayen amintattu a cikin rubutun: "L. Caecilius Valens da P. Caeciliaus Secundus, 'ya'yan Lucius, da contubernalis Lutulla. " Kalmar contubernals da ke kwatanta Lutulla ita ce kalmar soja da ke nufin "aboki", wanda kawai zai iya nufin cewa tana zaune tare da Lucius, ba a matsayin matarsa ba. Mutumin farko da aka ambata, L. Caecilius Valens, mai yiwuwa shine ɗan fari. Pliny the Younger ya tabbatar  cewa ya kasance mai aminci ga girman "kakanina". Kamar dai ba a san shi ba ga Pliny the Elder, don haka mahaifiyar Valens mai yiwuwa ba 'yar'uwarsa Plinia ba ce; watakila Valens ɗan Lutulla ne daga dangantakar da ta gabata.  &#x5B;**&#x5D;

### Aure
Pliny the Younger ya yi aure sau uku: na farko, lokacin da yake matashi sosai (kimanin 18), ga 'yar mahaifiyar Veccius Proculus, wanda ya mutu yana da shekaru 37; na biyu, a ranar da ba a sani ba, ga 'yar Pompeia Celerina; kuma na uku ga Calpurnia, 'yar Calpurnius kuma jikokin Calpurnius Fabatus na Comum. Wasiƙu sun tsira inda Pliny ya rubuta wannan auren na ƙarshe da ke faruwa, alakarsa da Calpurnia, da baƙin cikinsa lokacin da ta zubar da ɗansu.

### Mutuwa
An yi tunanin Pliny ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani a lokacin taron sa a Bitiniya-Pontus, a kusa da 113 AD, tunda babu wani abin da ya faru da aka ambata a cikin wasiƙunsa daga baya.

## Ayyuka
Pliny ya kasance ta hanyar haihuwar matsayi na *doki*, wato, memba ne na tsarin aristocratic na equites (knights), ƙananan (a ƙarƙashin tsarin sanata) na umarni biyu na aristocratical na Romawa waɗanda suka mallaki manyan ofisoshin farar hula da soja a farkon Daular. Ya fara aiki ne tun yana da shekaru 18 kuma da farko ya bi hanyar hawan doki ta al'ada. Amma, ba kamar yawancin mahayan dawakai ba, ya sami shiga cikin tsari na sama ta hanyar zabarsa Quaestor a ƙarshen shekarunsa ashirin.  (Dubi taƙaitaccen aikin da ke ƙasa.) 

Pliny ya kasance mai aiki a cikin tsarin shari'ar Romawa, musamman a fannin kotun Romawa, wanda ke hulɗa da shari'o'in gado. Daga baya, ya kasance sanannen mai gabatar da kara da kuma mai karewa a gwajin jerin gwamnonin larduna, ciki har da Baebius Massa, gwamnan Baetica; Marius Priscus, gwamnan Afirka; Gaius Caecilius Classicus, gwamnatin Baetica; kuma mafi ban mamaki saboda nadin da aka sanya shi daga baya a wannan lardin, Gaius Julius Bassus da Varenus Rufus, gwamnonin Bithynia da Pontus. 

Ana ɗaukar aikin Pliny a matsayin taƙaitaccen babban cajin jama'a na Romawa kuma shine misali mafi kyau daga wannan lokacin, yana ba da hujja ga fannoni da yawa na al'adun mulkin mallaka. Tabbas, Pliny ya haye dukkan manyan fannoni na kungiyar farkon Daular Roma. Nasarar mutum ne ba wai kawai ya tsira daga mulkin sarakuna da yawa ba, musamman Domitian da aka ƙi sosai, har ma da ya tashi a matsayi a ko'ina.

### Takaitaccen Bayani game da Ayyuka

## Rubuce-rubuce
Pliny ya rubuta aikinsa na farko, bala'i a Helenanci, yana da shekaru 14. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin rayuwarsa, ya rubuta waƙoƙi da yawa, mafi yawansu sun ɓace. An kuma san shi da sanannen mai magana; kodayake ya yi ikirarin kansa mai bin Cicero, rubutun Pliny ya fi girma kuma bai kai tsaye ba fiye da na Cicero.

Magana daya tilo na Pliny wanda yanzu ya tsira shine *Panegyricus Traiani* . An gabatar da wannan a Majalisar Dattijai a cikin 100 kuma bayanin Trajan ne da ayyukansa a cikin tsari mai ladabi da ƙarfafawa, musamman bambanta shi da Sarkin sarakuna Domitian. Duk da haka, takarda ce mai dacewa wacce ke bayyana cikakkun bayanai game da ayyukan Sarkin sarakuna a fannoni da yawa na ikonsa na gudanarwa kamar haraji, adalci, horo na soja, da kasuwanci. Da yake tunawa da jawabin a cikin ɗaya daga cikin wasikunsa, Pliny ya bayyana dalilin kansa kamar haka:

### ''Abubuwan da suka faru''

Mafi girman jikin da ya tsira daga aikin Pliny shine Epistulae (Littattafai), jerin *Wasiƙu* sirri da aka aika wa abokansa da abokansa. Wadannan wasiƙu shaida ce ta musamman game da tarihin gudanarwa na Roman da rayuwar yau da kullun a ƙarni na 1 AD. Musamman abin lura daga cikin wasikun akwai biyu inda ya bayyana fashewar Dutsen Vesuvius a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 79, lokacin da kawunsa Pliny the Elder ya mutu (Epistulae VI.16, VI.20), kuma daya inda ya nemi Sarkin sarakuna don umarni game da manufofin hukuma game da Kiristoci (Epistilae X.96).

#### Wasiku game da fashewar Dutsen Vesuvius
Pliny wrote the two letters describing the eruption of Mount Vesuvius approximately 25 years after the event, and both were sent in response to the request of his friend, the historian Tacitus. The first letter outlines the events preceding the death of Pliny the Elder during the attempted rescue of his friend Rectina. The second letter details the Younger's movements across the same period of time. The two letters have great historical value due to their accurate description of the Vesuvius eruption; Pliny's attention to detail in the letters about Vesuvius is so keen that modern volcanologists describe those types of eruptions as "Plinian eruptions".

#### Wasiƙa game da addinin Kirista
 

A matsayinsa na gwamnan Romawa na Bitiniya-Pontus (yanzu a Turkiyya ta zamani) Pliny ya rubuta wasika ga Sarkin sarakuna Trajan a kusa da 112 AD kuma ya nemi shawara game da ma'amala da Kiristoci. A cikin wasikar (Epistulae X.96), Pliny ya ba da cikakken bayani game da yadda ya gudanar da gwaji na Kiristoci da ake zargi da su waɗanda suka bayyana a gabansa sakamakon zarge-zargen da ba a san su ba kuma suka nemi jagorancin Sarkin sarakuna game da yadda za a bi da su. Pliny bai taba gudanar da bincike na shari'a game da Kiristoci ba don haka ya tuntubi Trajan don ya kasance a kan tushe game da ayyukansa. Pliny ya adana wasiƙunsa da amsoshin Trajan  kuma waɗannan su ne takardun Romawa na farko da suka tsira don komawa ga Kiristoci na farko. 

#### Wasiƙa game da tsarin jefa kuri'a
Masu ilimin zabe da masana tarihi na zaɓin zamantakewa sun lura da farkon ambaton Pliny game da yadda zaɓin tsarin jefa kuri'a zai iya rinjayar sakamakon zaben. A ranar 24 ga Yuni, 105, Pliny ya rubuta wasika ga Titius Aristo,  inda ya bayyana shari'ar aikata laifuka: a karkashin ka'idojin gargajiya na Majalisar Dattijai, za a fara jefa kuri'a kan laifi sannan kuma (idan an sami wadanda ake tuhuma da laifi) kan hukunci, wanda aka ba da shawarar kisa da gudun hijira. Daga cikin shawarwari guda uku, wankewa, gudun hijira, da kisa, wankewar yana da mafi yawan magoya baya amma ba mafi rinjaye ba, kodayake gudun hijira za ta kayar da ko dai wankewa ko kisa a cikin kuri'un kai tsaye. Pliny ya goyi bayan wankewa amma ya yi tsammanin cewa za a zabi laifi na farko sannan kuma a kashe shi a karkashin ka'idojin gargajiya, don haka ya yi jayayya don sabon kuri'un hanyoyi uku, wanda zai haifar da wankewa. A mayar da martani, wadanda ke goyon bayan kisa sun janye shawarar su, kuri'un sun saba da kuri'un da suka fi yawa tsakanin gudun hijira da wankewa, da kuma gudun hijira.

### Rubuce-rubuce
An buga bugu na farko na *Wasiƙu* Pliny a Italiya a cikin 1471. Wani lokaci tsakanin 1495 da 1500 Giovanni Giocondo ya gano wani rubutun hannu a Paris na littafin wasiƙu na goma na Pliny, wanda ke dauke da wasikarsa da Trajan, kuma ya buga shi a Paris, yana keɓe aikin ga Louis XII. Kamfanin buga littattafai na Aldus Manutius ne ya samar da cikakkiyar fitowar farko a cikin 1508.   (Dubi *Editio princeps* don cikakkun bayanai.) 

## Birane, gonaki da filaye

Da yake yana da arziki, Pliny ya mallaki gidaje da yawa kuma ya rubuta dalla-dalla game da gidansa kusa da Ostia, a Laurentum, Italiya. Sauran sun haɗa da ɗaya kusa da Tafkin Como mai suna "Tragedy" saboda wurin da yake a kan tudu, kuma, wani, "Comedy," a bakin tafkin, wanda ake kira saboda an zauna ƙasa,  yana mai da hankali ga aikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo suna sanye da takalma masu laushi.

Babban gidan Pliny a Italiya kuma wanda ya fi so shi ne Villa "a Tuscis" kusa da San Giustino, Umbria, a ƙarƙashin hanyoyin Bocca Trabaria da Bocca Serriola, inda aka girbe itace don jiragen ruwa na Romawa kuma aka aika zuwa Roma ta hanyar Tiber . 

A matsayin martani ga "rashin dawowa daga gonakinsa na arewacin Italiya", Pliny na iya yin la'akari da sauya gudanarwar dukiyarsa zuwa tsarin sharecropping da ake kira colonia partiaria . A karkashin tsarin sharecropping, bayin Pliny za su yi aiki a matsayin masu kulawa.

* Herculaneum
* Rashin fahimta
* Pompeii
* Stabiae

## Manazarta

## Ƙarin karantawa

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* [Hasiya] *Daular Romawa a cikin wasiƙu: ɗaukakar Romawa a takarda da tawada (Plinius, Matashi da Trajan 98/113 AD).* Curitiba: Juruá Editora.
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## Haɗin waje

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* Ayyuka ta ko game daPliny the YoungeraTushen Wikisource
* Ayyukan Pliny the Younger a Perseus Digital Library
* Works by Pliny the YoungeraShirin Gutenberg
* Works by or about Pliny the Youngera cikinTarihin Intanet
* Works by Pliny the YoungeraLibriVox (littafan sauti na yankin jama'a) 
* Wasiƙu na Pliny the Younger - fassara a attalus.org (a Turanci) 
* Ayyukan Pliny ƙarami a ɗakin karatu  (a cikin Latin) 
* Cikakken tarihin rayuwa An adana shi   a livius.org