Ambaliyar kogin nilu

**Ambaliyar** kogin Nilu ya kasance muhimmin zagayowar yanayi a ƙasarMasar tun a zamanin da . Masarawa suna bikin ne a matsayin hutu na shekara-shekara na makonni biyu daga kimanin 15 ga watan Agusta, wanda aka fi sani da *Wafaa El-Nil* . Hakanan ana yin bikin a cikin Cocin 'yan Koftik ta hanyar biki ta jefar da shahidi a cikin kogin, don haka sunan,  **Shahidai** ( Coptic  ⲡⲓⲧⲏⲃ ,    ). Masarawa na dā sun gaskata cewa kogin Nilu yana ambaliya kowace shekara domin Isis ya yi hawaye na baƙin ciki ga mijinta da ya mutu, Osiris.

## Zagayowar ambaliya
Ambaliyar kogin Nilu sakamakon damina ne na shekara tsakanin watan Mayu da Agusta wanda ya haifar da hazo mai yawa a kan tsaunukan Habasha wanda kolinsu ya kai tsayin mita kusan 4550 (14,928).&nbsp;ft). Mafi yawan wannan ruwan sama da kogin Nilu ne da kuma kogin Atbarah ya shiga cikin kogin Nilu, yayin da wani abin da ba shi da muhimmanci ya ratsa ta cikin kogin Sobat da farin Nilu zuwa cikin kogin Nilu. A cikin wannan ɗan gajeren lokaci, waɗannan kogunan suna ba da gudummawar kusan kashi casa'in cikin ɗari na ruwan kogin Nilu da mafi yawan ɗigon ruwa da yake ɗauka, amma bayan damina, suna raguwa zuwa ƙananan koguna.

Waɗannan abubuwan ba su sani ba ga Masarawa na d ¯ a waɗanda za su iya lura da tashi da faduwar ruwan Nilu kawai. Ambaliyar ta kasance kamar haka, kodayake ana iya yin hasashen ainihin kwanakinsa da matakansa na ɗan gajeren lokaci ta hanyar watsa karatun ma'auni a Aswan zuwa ƙananan sassan masarautar inda dole ne a canza bayanan zuwa yanayin gida. Abin da ba a iya hangowa ba, shine ba shakka, shi ne girman ambaliya da fitar da shi gabaɗaya.

An raba shekarar Masar zuwa yanayi uku na Akhet (Inundation), Peret (Growth), da Shemu (Girbi). Akhet ya rufe zagayowar ambaliya ta Masar. Wannan zagayowar ya yi daidai da yadda Masarawa suka fara yin amfani da tashin hankali na Sirius, babban taron da aka yi amfani da shi don a saita kalandarsu .

Ana iya ganin alamun farko na hawan kogin a farkon cataracts na kogin Nilu (a Aswan) a farkon farkon watan Yuni, kuma ana ci gaba da karuwa har zuwa tsakiyar watan Yuli, lokacin da karuwar ruwa. ya zama mai girma sosai. Kogin Nilu ya ci gaba da hauhawa har zuwa farkon watan Satumba, lokacin da matakin ya tsaya tsayin daka na kusan makonni uku, wani lokacin kadan kadan. A cikin Oktoba sau da yawa ya sake tashi, haka kuma ya kai matsayi mafi girma. Tun daga wannan lokacin ya fara raguwa, kuma yawanci yana nutsewa har zuwa watan Yuni lokacin da ya kai mafi ƙasƙanci, kuma. Ambaliyar ruwa ta isa Aswan kusan mako guda kafin Alkahira, da Luxor kwanaki biyar zuwa shida kafin Alkahira. Matsakaicin tsayin ambaliya shine ƙafa 45 (mita 13.7) a Aswan, ƙafa 38 (mita 11.6) a Luxor (da Thebes) da ƙafa 25 (mita 7.6) a Alkahira. 

## Noma
 

### Basin ban ruwa
Yayin da Masarawa na farko suka yi aiki a yankunan da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye, kimanin kusan shekaru 7000 da suka wuce, sun fara haɓaka hanyar ban ruwa. An raba ƙasar noma zuwa manyan filayen da aka kewaye da madatsun ruwa da dykes tare da samar da magudanan ruwa da na fita. Ruwan ruwa ya cika kwandunan sannan kuma a rufe na tsawon kwanaki 45 don cike kasa da danshi sannan a bar simintin ya ajiye. Sa'an nan kuma an zubar da ruwan zuwa ƙananan filayen ko kuma a koma cikin Kogin Nilu. Nan da nan, aka fara shuka, kuma girbi ya biyo bayan wasu watanni uku ko huɗu. A lokacin rani bayan haka, noma ba zai yiwu ba. Don haka, duk amfanin gona dole ne ya dace da wannan tsari mai tsauri na ban ruwa da lokaci.

Idan aka yi ruwa kadan, kwanukan sama ba za su cika da ruwa ba wanda hakan na nufin yunwa. Idan ambaliya ta yi yawa, zai lalata wasu ƙauyuka, dykes da magudanar ruwa.

Hanyar ban ruwa basin ba ta cika ƙasƙan ƙasa da yawa ba, kuma ana samun ci gaba da haifuwarsu ta wurin ajiyar zuriyar da ake samu a shekara. Ciwon ruwa bai samu ba, tunda a lokacin rani, ruwan karkashin kasa yana kasa da kasa sosai, kuma duk wani sinadarin da zai iya taru sai ambaliya ta gaba ta wanke ta.

An yi kiyasin cewa ta wannan hanyar, a ƙasar Masar ta dā, za a iya ciyar da kusan mutane miliyan kimanin  2 har zuwa aƙalla miliyan 12. A ƙarshen Late Antiquity, hanyoyin da abubuwan more rayuwa sun lalace sannu a hankali, kuma yawan jama'a ya ragu daidai da haka; zuwa 1800, Masar tana da yawan jama'a kusan miliyan 2.5.

### Perennial ban ruwa
Muhammad Ali Pasha, Khedive na Masar a shekarun (r. 1805-1848), yayi ƙoƙari ya zamanantar da sassa daban-daban na Masar. Ya yi yunƙurin faɗaɗa ƙasar noma da samun ƙarin kuɗin shiga ta hanyar gabatar da noman auduga, amfanin gona mai tsayin lokacin girma kuma yana buƙatar isasshen ruwa a kowane lokaci. Don haka, an gina magudanar ruwa na Delta da kuma faffadan tsarin sabbin magudanan ruwa, tare da canza tsarin ban ruwa daga noman rani na gargajiya zuwa noman rani na shekara ta yadda za a iya yin ban ruwa a duk shekara. Ta haka, ana iya girbe amfanin gona da yawa sau biyu ko ma sau uku a shekara kuma amfanin noma ya karu sosai. A cikin shekarata 1873, Isma'il Pasha ya ba da umarnin gina magudanar ruwa na Ibrahimiya, wanda hakan ya ba da damar ban ruwa na shekara-shekara.

## Ƙarshen ambaliya
Ko da yake Birtaniyya, a lokacin farkon lokacin su a Masar, sun inganta da kuma tsawaita wannan tsarin, ba su iya adana ruwa mai yawa ba kuma su ci gaba da kiyaye ambaliyar ruwa na shekara-shekara. Domin kara inganta ban ruwa, Sir William Willcocks, a matsayinsa na babban darekta na reservoirs na Masar, ya tsara da kuma kula da aikin gina madatsar ruwa ta Aswan Low Dam, tafki na gaskiya na farko, da kuma Assiut Barrage, dukansu sun kammala a shekarata 1902. Duk da haka, har yanzu ba su iya riƙe isasshen ruwa don jure wa bushewar bazara ba, duk da cewa an tayar da Aswan Low Dam sau biyu, a cikin shekarun 1907-1912 da 1929-1933.

A cikin shekarun 1920, an gina madatsar ruwa ta Sennar akan kogin Blue Nile a matsayin tafki domin samar da ruwa ga babban tsarin Gezira akai-akai. Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta farko a kan kogin Nilu don riƙe da ruwa mai yawa (da kuma karkatar da adadi mai yawa a cikin magudanan ruwa) kuma duk da buɗe ƙofofin sluice yayin ambaliya don zubar da ruwa, ana ɗaukar tafki. ya yi asarar kusan kashi uku na karfin ajiyarsa. A cikin shekarata 1966, an ƙara Dam ɗin Roseires  ban ruwa da Tsarin Gezira. An kammala gina madatsar ruwa ta Jebel Aulia da ke gabar kogin White Nile a kudancin birnin Khartoum a shekara ta 1937 domin a biya diyya ga kananan ruwan kogin Blue Nile a lokacin sanyi, amma har yanzu ba a samu nasarar shawo kan lokacin karancin ruwa a kogin Nilu ba, don haka kauce wa fari lokaci-lokaci., wanda ya addabi Masar tun zamanin da.

Domin shawo kan wadannan matsalolin, Harold Edwin Hurst, wani masanin ruwa dan kasar Birtaniya a Hukumar Ayyukan Jama'a ta Masar daga shekarar 1906 har zuwa shekaru da yawa bayan shekarun ritayarsa, ya yi nazari kan sauyin yanayin ruwa a cikin kogin Nilu, kuma tuni a shekara ta1946 ya gabatar da wani cikakken shiri na yadda za a iya samun “ajiya na ƙarni” don jure yanayin rani na musamman da ke faruwa a ƙididdiga sau ɗaya cikin shekaru ɗari. Jihohin da abin ya shafa sun yi adawa da ra'ayinsa na ƙarin tafkunan tafkunan Victoria, tafkin Albert da tafkin Tana da kuma rage ƙawancewar ruwa a cikin Sudd ta hanyar tona magudanar ruwa ta Jonglei .

A ƙarshe, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Shugaban Masar daga shekarar 1956 zuwa  shekarar 1970, ya zaɓi ra'ayin Babban Dam na Aswan a Aswan a Masar maimakon yin hulɗa da ƙasashen waje da yawa. An ƙididdige girman da ake buƙata na tafki ta amfani da alkalumman Hurst da hanyoyin lissafi . A cikin shekarata 1970, tare da kammala Babban Dam na Aswan wanda ya sami damar adana mafi girman ambaliya, zagayowar ambaliya na shekara-shekara a Masar ya ƙare a tafkin Nasser .

Al'ummar Masar sun haura miliyan 92.5 (kimanin shekara ta 2016). 

## Duba wasu abubuwan

* Nilometer
* Ayyukan Jama'a na Masar
* Aswan Dam #Makarantar Ruwa
* Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Masar
* Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa a Masar ta zamani
* Cibiyar Nazarin Ruwa ta Kasa (Misira)

### ambato

### Littafi Mai Tsarki

*
* William Willcocks, James Ireland Craig: ''Masarawa Ban ruwa.'' Juzu'i na I ; ''Ban ruwa na Masar.'' Juzu'i na II. Bugu na 3. Spon, London/New York, 1913.
* Greg Shapland: *Kogin Rikici: Rikicin Ruwa na Duniya a Gabas ta Tsakiya.* C. Hurst & Co., London 1997, , shafi.&nbsp;57. ( samfoti akan littattafan Google ).
* John V. Sutcliffe, Yvonne P. Parks: *Ruwan Ruwa na Nilu.* Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya na Kimiyyar Ruwa, Wallingford 1999, , shafi.&nbsp;151. ( PDF  Archived).

## Manazarta