Peter Ibrahim

**Peter Henry Abrahams Deras** (3 Maris 1919 - 18 Janairu 2017), wanda aka fi sani da **Peter Abrahams**, marubuci ne ɗan Afirka ta Kudu, ɗan jarida kuma mai sharhi kan siyasa wanda a cikin 1956 ya zauna a Jamaica, inda ya rayu har tsawon rayuwarsa.  Ana ganin mutuwarsa yana da shekaru 97 a matsayin kisa. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Shekarun farko da ilimi
An haifi Abrahams a cikin 1919 a Vrededorp, wani yanki na Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu; mahaifinsa dan Habasha ne kuma mahaifiyarsa mai launi ce, mai asalin Faransanci da Afirka.  Abrahams yana ɗan shekara biyar sa’ad da mahaifinsa ya rasu, kuma tare da iyalinsa bayan haka suna fama da kuɗi mahaifiyarsa ta aika da shi ya zauna tare da dangi har ya kai shekara 11, sa’ad da ya zama ɗalibin kwana a Makarantar Grace Dieu na Cocin Anglican da ke Pietersburg .  Bayan kammala karatunsa daga can, ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta St Peter a Rosettenville, yana biyan kuɗin koyarwa ta hanyar aiki a Bantu Men's Social Center . 

### Motsa zuwa London (1939) da Jamaica (1956)
A cikin 1939, Abrahams ya bar Afirka ta Kudu, kuma ya fara aiki a matsayin jirgin ruwa, sannan ya zauna a Landan, inda ya kasance ɗan jarida. Yayin da yake aiki a Landan, Abrahams ya zauna tare da matarsa Daphne a Loughton, yayin da yake ganawa da wasu manyan shugabannin baki da marubuta.

Da fatan yin hanyarsa a matsayin marubuci, ya fuskanci ƙalubale masu yawa a matsayinsa na ɗan Afirka ta Kudu, kamar yadda Carol Polsgrove ta nuna a tarihinta, Ƙarshen Mulkin Biritaniya: Marubuta a cikin Harka gama gari (2009). Duk da shawarar da mai karanta rubutun hannu ya ba da game da bugawa, a cikin 1942 Allen & Unwin ya fitar da Alkawarinsa mai Duhu, wanda ya ƙunshi mafi yawa guntu-guntu da ya ɗauka tare da shi daga Afirka ta Kudu. Mawallafin Dorothy Crisp ya buga litattafansa na Song of the City (1945) da Mine Boy (1946). A cewar wani masani dan Najeriya Kolawole Ogungbesan, Mine Boy ya zama "littafin Afirka na farko da aka rubuta da Ingilishi don jan hankalin duniya." [1] Ƙarin littattafai da aka biyo baya tare da bugawa a Biritaniya da Amurka: litattafai biyu - The Path of Thunder (1948) da Wild Conquest (1950); labarin aikin jarida na dawowar Afirka, Komawa Goli (1953); da kuma wani abin tunawa mai suna Tell Freedom (1954)

A cikin 1945, Abrahams ya taimaka wajen shirya taron Pan-African Congress karo na biyar wanda ya gudana a Manchester kuma a yau ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani sauyi a cikin gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai. Wadanda suka halarci taron sun hada da Kwame Nkrumah, Hastings Banda, Jomo Kenyatta da WEB Du Bois .  A cikin 1956, Abrahams ya buga wani *ɗan roman à clef* game da al'ummar siyasar da ya kasance wani ɓangare na su a London: *Wreath for Udomo* . Babban halayensa, Michael Udomo, wanda ya dawo daga Landan zuwa ƙasarsa ta Afirka don jagorantar sauye-sauyen ta zuwa ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta, masana'antu, da alama an kwatanta shi da Nkrumah da alamar Kenyatta. Sauran ƙididdiga masu ƙididdiga sun haɗa da George Padmore . Littafin ya ƙare da kisan Udomo. An buga shekarar kafin Nkrumah ya karbi ragamar mulkin Ghana mai cin gashin kansa, *A Wreath for Udomo* ba hasashe ba ne na makomar Afirka. 

An yi bikin tunawa da Abrahams da wani shuɗi mai shuɗi akan tsohon gidan majalisarsa a Jessel Drive a Loughton, London wanda aka girka a cikin 2020.

A cikin 1956, Abrahams ya zauna a Jamaica,  inda ya ci gaba da litattafai da abubuwan tunawa, kuma yana aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida kuma mai sharhi na rediyo.  A cikin 1994 an ba shi lambar yabo ta Musgrave Gold Medal don rubuce-rubucensa da aikin jarida ta Cibiyar Jamaica . 

### Mutuwa
An tsinci gawar Abrahams a gidansa da ke Saint Andrew Parish, Jamaica, a ranar 18 ga Janairu 2017, yana da shekara 97.     Wani bincike da aka gudanar ya nuna cewa Abrahams ya kasance wanda aka yi masa mummunar wasa. An tuhumi wani dattijo mai shekaru 61 da haihuwa, Norman Tomlinson, da laifin kisan kai.  An fara shari’ar kotun ne a watan Maris din shekarar 2017 bayan tsaikon da aka samu sakamakon katsewar wutar lantarki a gidan kotun;  da kuma a kan 7 Oktoba 2018, bayan da ya amsa laifin kisan kai, Tomlinson ya kasance kurkuku na tsawon shekaru bakwai. 

## Rubutu
Peter Abrahams daya ne daga cikin fitattun marubutan Afirka ta Kudu,  ayyukansa da suka shafi al'amurran siyasa da zamantakewa, musamman tare da wariyar launin fata . Littafinsa mai suna *Mine Boy* (1946), daya daga cikin ayyukan farko da ya kawo shi ga kulawa mai mahimmanci,  da kuma tarihinsa *Tell Freedom* (1954)  sunyi magana a wani bangare tare da wariyar launin fata .  Sauran ayyukansa sun haɗa da tarin labarin *Alkawari mai duhu* (1942) da kuma litattafai *The Path of Thunder* (1948, wanda ya yi wahayi zuwa ga duka ballet na wannan suna da opera *Reiter der Nacht* na Ernst Hermann Meyer ), *A Wreath for Udomo* (1956), *A Dare na Nasu* (1965), da Jamaica-saitin 6 kawai a *Afirka* . da *The View from Coyaba* (1985). An buga littafin tarihinsa *The Coyaba Tarihi* a cikin 2000.

## Ayyuka

* *Dark Testament* (1942)
* *Song of the City* (1945) 179p, novel, published by Dorothy Crisp & Co Ltd London
* *Mine Boy* (1946) published by Dorothy Crisp & Co Ltd London – his seminal novel, the first author to bring the horrific reality of South Africa's apartheid system of racial discrimination to international attention.
* *The Path of Thunder* (1948)
* *Wild Conquest* (1950)
* *Return to Goli* (1953)
* *[[Tell Freedom]]* (1954; new edn 1970)
* *A Wreath for Udomo* (1956)
* *Jamaica: an Island Mosaic* (1957), Her Majesty's Stationery Office, the Corona Library
* *A Night of Their Own* (1965)
* *This Island Now* (1966)
* *The View from Coyaba* (1985)
* *The Coyaba Chronicles: Reflections on the Black Experience in the 20th Century* (2000)

## Kiɗa ya yi wahayi daga ayyukansa

* Ballet *İldırımlı yollarla* (" Hanyar Tsawa ") (1958) na mawakin Azerbaijan Gara Garayev.
* opera *Reiter der Nacht* (1973) na mawaƙin Jamus ta Gabas Ernst Hermann Meyer kuma ya dogara ne akan *Hanyar Tsawa.*

## Magana

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Gidan Yanar Gizo na Ayyukan Taskokin Masu fafutuka na Afirka ya ƙunshi hoton Peter Abrahams da danginsa a gidansa a Ingila.
* Ensor, Robert. (1992). *[https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/2488335 Littattafai na Peter Abrahams da Tashin Kishin Ƙasa a Afirka]* . Essen: Die Blaue Eule Verlag.
* J. Brooks Spector, "Ba daidai ba a siyasance tun 2009" , gidan yanar gizon PAWA .