Kogin Indus Delta

Kogin Indus Delta ya kasance inda kogin Indus ke gudana zuwa cikin Tekun Arabiya, galibi a kudancin lardin Sindh na Pakistan tare da karamin yanki a yankin Kutch na Indiya. Yankin delta ya mamaye fili kimanin murabba'in kilomita 41,440 (sq mi 16,000 mi), kuma yana da kusan kilomita 210 (130 mi) ƙetare inda ya haɗu da teku. Sashin aiki na delta shine 6,000 km2 (2,300 sq mi)[maida: zaɓi mara inganci]. Yanayin yanayi mai bushewa ne, yankin yana samun ruwan sama tsakanin santimita 25 zuwa 50 (9.8 da 19.7 in) kawai a cikin shekara guda. Yankin delta gida ne ga dazuzzukan mangrove mafi girma a duniya, haka kuma da yawa tsuntsaye, kifi da kuma Indus dolphin. Na biyar mafi girma a duniya, Indus Delta yanki ne da aka keɓe da kuma wurin Ramsar, mai dauke da manyan rafuffuka ko magudanan ruwa guda goma sha bakwai da kananan koguna masu yawa. Manyan yankunan Indus gida ne ga dolphin humpback Tekun Indiya.

An kiyasta yawan jama'ar yankin da ke aiki a yankin ya kai 900,000 a cikin 2003.  Yawancin jama'a sun dogara ne akan noma da kamun kifi. Gandun daji na Mangrove suna ba da itacen mai. An yi watsi da tsoffin ƙauyuka da yawa sakamakon rashin ruwa a cikin Indus da mamaye Tekun Larabawa.

Yankin delta yana fuskantar batutuwa da yawa. Tun daga 1883, sakamakon zaizayar kasa da kutsawar teku ya ragu da kashi 92 cikin dari daga kusan murabba'in kilomita 12,900 (5,000 sq mi) zuwa kusan murabba'in kilomita 1,000 (390 sq mi) a cikin 2018. Tun daga shekarun 1940, yankin delta ya sami karancin ruwa sakamakon manyan ayyukan ban ruwa da ke daukar kaso mai yawa na kwararar Indus kafin ya isa gabar tekun. Sakamakon ya zama bala'i ga duka mahalli da mazauna yankin. Sakamakon haka, an dauki ambaliya ta Pakistan a shekarar 2010 a matsayin "labari mai dadi" ga yanayin muhalli da yawan kogin Delta yayin da suke kawo ruwan da ake bukata sosai.

## Tarihi
A cewar wasu asusu, jiragen ruwa na Makidoniya (na Alexander the Great) sun kafa kansu na wani lokaci a cikin kogin Indus. An lalata ta ne sakamakon tsunami da girgizar kasa ta haifar a gabar tekun Makran a shekara ta 325 BC.

A cewar *Tarikh-i-Hind* (wanda aka fi sani da *Chach Nama*) a ƙarni na 6 AD akwai tashar jiragen ruwa da ake kira Debal a cikin abin da ke yanzu yammacin ɓangaren Indus delta. Debal kuma ya zama tushen 'yan fashi daga kabilar *Nagamara*. Wadannan hare-haren 'yan fashi a kan Umayyawa, da kuma kin gyara batun da yarima mai mulki ya yi, ya haifar da Nasara Musulmi a kusa da 710 AD (ta Muhammad bin Qasim). Debal ya kasance tashar jiragen ruwa, kuma an ambaci shi na ƙarshe a cikin 1223 AD. A lokacin da Ibn Batuta ya isa Indus delta, an watsar da Debal saboda karuwar raguwa da ke hana tashar jiragen ruwa ta lokacin shinge teku.

Lokacin da mulkin khalifancin Abbasiyya ya fara wargajewa, yankin delta ya koma karkashin ikon lardin da ke da ikon cin gashin kansa wanda ke kan Mansura. Gabashin yankin delta ya ma fi samun 'yancin kai kuma kabilar Sumra ke iko da ita har zuwa shekara ta 1053 miladiyya, lokacin da Alauddin Khalji ya mayar da yankin karkashin mulkin Khalji Delhi Sultanate. Ƙabilar tana da manyan birane da yawa, amma babu kowa a yau. A shekara ta 1333 miladiyya, daular Samma ta mallaki dukkan yankunan delta, kuma ta kafa babban birninsu da farko a Samu-i (a gefen kudu da tafkin Keenjhar) daga baya kuma a Thatta.[1] A wannan daular ne “zamanin zinare na mulkin ‘yan ƙasa” (1461-1509 AD) ya faru a yankunan delta da Sindh, ƙarƙashin mulkin Jam Nizamuddin na biyu.

Daga 1591 zuwa 1592, Daular Mughal ta yi kamfen don kawo ƙananan Sindh ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka, wanda ya haifar da delta da ke ƙarƙashin lardin Multan kuma Mirza Ghazi Beg ya mallaka. A cikin 1739, an ba da yankin, tare da wasu da yawa, ga Nadir Shah. Kalhora sun mallaki yankin har zuwa shekara ta 1783. Daga nan ne aka sauya ikon ga Talpurs har sai Kamfanin Burtaniya na Gabashin Indiya ya ci su a 1839. A shekara ta 1947, Indus delta, tare da sauran Sindh ya zama wani ɓangare na Pakistan.

Tun daga 1957, Sashen gandun daji da namun daji na Sindh an dorawa alhakin karewa da sarrafa kadada 280,580 (kadada 693,300, an kiyasta kashi 45 cikin dari) na yankin gandun daji na Indus delta. A shekarar 1973, an mayar da kadada 64,405 (kadada 159,150, kashi 11 cikin dari) zuwa Port Qasim. Hukumar Kuɗi ta Sindh ta ci gaba da sarrafa kadada 272,485 (kadada 673,330, 44%) na yankin. A cikin watan Disamba 2010, fahimtar mahimmancin kiyayewar mangrove, Gwamnatin Sindh ta ayyana dukkan gandun daji na mangrove a cikin Indus Delta a matsayin "tsararrun dazuzzuka", a karkashin dokar gandun daji na 1927. Baya ga wannan aikin, Kwamitin Kula da Mangrove, tare da membobin duk masu ruwa da tsaki da suka dace don tabbatar da dorewar kiyaye gandun daji na Delta.

## Manazarta