Senedu Gebru

**Senedu Gebru** ( Amharic : Sendu Gebru; 13 Janairu 1916 - 20 Afrilu 2009) malami ne, marubuci kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan Habasha. A shekara ta 1957, ta zama mace ta farko a Habasha da aka zaba a majalisa.

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Senedu Gebru a ranar 13 ga Janairun 1916 a Addis Alem, Menagesha, 30.&nbsp;km yamma da Addis Ababa . Mahaifinta, Gebru Desta, marubuci ne wanda ya yi karatu a Turai kuma tsohon magajin garin Addis Ababa kuma a takaice shugaban majalisar dattawa. Mahaifiyarta, Kasaye Yelamtu, Kiristan Habasha ce ta Orthodox kuma ta rene ta cikin bangaskiya.   

Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Mishan ta Sweden da ke Addis Ababa kafin a tura ta zuwa Switzerland tana da shekaru 12, tare da 'yar uwarta, Emahoy Tsegué-Maryam Guèbrou . Ba ta son makarantar ba, don haka aka tura ta zuwa wata makaranta a Faransa, inda ta koyi Faransanci da Turanci. Ta kuma gano cewa tana son adabi, kuma ta sami digiri a fannin a Jami'ar Lausanne da ke Switzerland.   

### Komawa Habasha
A shekarar 1933, ta koma Habasha ta fara aikin koyarwa a Makarantar Qidus Georgis (St. George) da ke Addis Ababa, sannan ta yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara ga 'yan jarida na ƙasashen waje. Ta koyar da rubutu da adabi, sannan ta yi aiki tare da marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Yoftahe Negussie a fannin shirya wasannin kwaikwayo na makaranta, bayan ta taka rawa a wasu wasannin kwaikwayo a lokacin da take ƙasar waje.

Bayan shekara guda tana koyarwa, ta bar Addis Ababa bayan mijinta, Lorenzo Taezaz, an naɗa shi gwamnan Harar . Sun koma babban birnin bayan watanni 18 bayan da rawar da ya taka a gwamnatin Haile Selassie ta canza a lokacin da aka fara kai hari ga sojojin Italiya . 

### Yaƙin da ake yi da Fascist
Senedu ta fara shiga harkokin siyasa a lokacin da aka fara kai hari ga mamayar Italiya ta hanyar amfani da hulɗarta da 'yan jarida na ƙasashen waje waɗanda ke rubutu game da Habasha a lokacin.  Bayan mamayar, ita da 'yan'uwanta, ba da daɗewa ba suka shiga cikin adawa da sojojin mamaye. Tare da mijinta da Sarkin ya raka shi gudun hijira, ya kawo ƙarshen aurensu, ta ƙaura zuwa Goré a Lardin Illubabor, inda ta shiga tare da ɗaliban jami'a 100 daga makarantar sojoji kuma ta sami horon soja.    

Tawagarta ta yi tafiya zuwa Neqemte, inda ta yi ƙoƙarin tayar da ƙayar baya ga Italiyawa kuma kusan an kama ta. Gebru ta koma Goré, inda ta shiga Black Lions ta kafa Sashen Red Cross bayan ta sami horo na likitanci. Gebru ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da labari ga Black Lions game da motsin sojojin Italiya. Daga ƙarshe, bayan ta kamu da ciwon huhu, Italiyawa sun kama ta kuma sun yi mata tambayoyi. A halin yanzu, an kashe ɗan'uwanta a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, 1937. Daga baya ta rubuta wasan kwaikwayo game da wannan lamari. Taurin kai da ta nuna ya sa aka tsare ta a tsibirin Asinara na Italiya tare da mahaifinta da 'yar'uwarta.    

An mayar da ita Habasha a shekarar 1939 kuma ta yi aure na ɗan lokaci da *Dejjazmach* Amede Ali Mikael, wanda ɗan'uwan Lij Iyasu ne kuma jikan Negus Mikael Ali. A shekarar 1941, bayan 'yantar da ƙasar, ta fara aikin koyarwa a Makarantar Weyzero Sihin da ke Dessie .  

### Aikin adabi
An naɗa Senedu a matsayin mataimakiyar darakta a makarantar 'yan mata ta farko a Habasha a shekarar 1943. Ta zama shugabar makaranta shekaru biyu bayan haka, wannan shine karo na farko a tarihin Habasha. Da isowarta ta gano cewa shugabar makarantar a yanzu, wacce ba ta nan ƙasar waje ba, ta shirya wasan kwaikwayo na haihuwar sarki a shekarar 1942, tare da dukkan rawar da 'yan mata suka taka. Bayan naɗin da aka yi mata, shugabar makarantar ta sake shirya wani wasan kwaikwayo na haihuwar sarki kuma ta ci gaba da rubutawa da kuma shirya wasu wasannin kwaikwayo 20 tsakanin 1947 da 1955. Waɗannan ƙoƙarin sun taimaka wa ɗaliban su inganta ƙwarewarsu ta magana a bainar jama'a.     

Aboneh ta bayyana cewa da yawa daga cikin waɗannan wasannin kwaikwayo sun yi magana ne game da gwagwarmayar adawa da mulkin kama-karya, suna nuna jarumtakar Habasha da shahada. Ta kuma koma ga mutane na tarihi, kamar Sarki Tewodros, Sarki Menilik da Sarki Haile Selassie, da kuma batutuwan zamantakewa, ciki har da soyayya da aure. Ana bayyana aminci ga sarki na yanzu a ko'ina. Yawancinsu an rubuta su kuma an yi su da harshen Amharic, amma kaɗan ne daga cikinsu aka yi su da Turanci. 

A cikin waɗannan shekarun ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga Littafin Girki na Makarantar Sarauniya Menan . A cikin gabatarwarta ta gode wa malamar makarantar Habasha, Yengusenesh Flatie, da kuma 'yan ƙasashen waje uku waɗanda wataƙila suka ba da gudummawa ga girke-girken Turawa: "Miss Jean Robertson, Miss Kerstin Olausson da Mrs. Siri Fog."

A shekarar 1950 ta buga littafinta guda ɗaya tilo, *Ye Libbie metsihaf* (Littafin Zuciyata), wanda ya ƙunshi wasannin kwaikwayo guda biyu da wasu waƙoƙinta. Ta ci gaba da rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo, amma bayan ta bar makarantar don neman aikinta na siyasa ta ragu da sauri saboda babu wani malami mai himma da ya biyo ta.   

### Aikin siyasa
A shekarar 1957, Senedu Gebru ta hau kujera a Majalisar Dokokin Habasha, mace ta farko da ta yi hakan. An nada ta mataimakiyar shugabar majalisar wakilai a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba. A shekarar 1960 ta zama Mataimakiyar Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa, sannan a shekarar 1966, Sakatare Janar na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Jama'a.   

A cikin waɗannan shekarun ta yi kira da a daidaita maza da mata gaba ɗaya, gami da wasu ƙasidu da suka yi karo da juna a cikin Dokar Farar Hula ta 1960 waɗanda suka ba wa mijin 'yancin zaɓar wurin zama. Duk da haka, ba ta sami goyon baya sosai ba kuma *Fitawrari* Zewde Otero, 'yar majalisa a lokacin, ta tuna da cewa tana cewa, *"Wataƙila ni kaɗai ce mace mai wakiltar maza a yau kuma za ku iya yin watsi da maganganuna amma akwai lokacin da mata da yawa za su kasance a majalisar dokoki kuma wannan doka za ta kasance a wurin"* .   

Ta auri mijinta na uku, Manjo Aseffa Lemma, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin jakadan Habasha a Aden. Yayin da ta ziyarce shi, ba ta koma Aden ba. Lokacin da aka naɗa shi jakadan Jamus ta Yamma a shekarar 1969, an kuma naɗa ta a matsayin jakadan ilimi, mukamin da ta riƙe tsawon shekaru biyu. 

### Rayuwar jama'a
Senedu Gebru ta kasance mai himma a tsawon rayuwarta a cikin kungiyoyi da dama, ciki har da Ƙungiyar Jin Daɗin Mata ta Habasha, Ƙungiyar Agajin Gaggawa ta Habasha, da Ƙungiyar Matan Sojoji.  

### Daga baya rayuwa da mutuwa
Senedu ta koma Habasha a shekarun da suka gabaci juyin juya halin 1974 yayin da mijinta ke neman gudun hijira zuwa Jamus. Juyin juya halin ya kawo karshen aikinta na siyasa. Ta zauna a Addis Ababa kuma ta ci gaba da rubutu, ciki har da a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa akai-akai ga 'shafin mata' a jaridar Amharic *Addis Zemen* . Ta kuma ba da rubuce-rubuce tara ga Cibiyar Nazarin Habasha a Jami'ar Addis Ababa . A shekarar 2005, Jami'ar ta ba ta digirin girmamawa don girmama gudummawarta 'a matsayinta na mai fafutukar 'yantar da matan Habasha'. Ɗanta, Samuel Assefa, yana aiki a matsayin jakada a Amurka a lokacin mutuwarta a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 2009.     

## Littattafan tarihi

* Makarantar Gindit Etege Minenen Makarantar Abincin Abinci [The Empress Menan School Cook Book]. Addis Ababa: Berhanena Salem, 1945
* Ye Libbie Metsihaf [Littafin zuciyata]. Addis Ababa: Berhanena Salem, 1950.
* Ye Itegie Menen Timihirt Bet Achir Tarik 1924-1949 [Takaitaccen tarihin Makarantar Empress Menen 1932-1957]. Addis Ababa: Fasaha Buga, 1957.
* Ye Tagayoch Simmet Ke Graziani Negegir Behuwala [The Feelings of Fighters after Graziani's Speech]. 1948. Mimeographed.
* Ye Etiopia Tigil [Gwargwadon Habasha]. 1949. Mimeographed.
* Adwa [Yaƙin Adwa]. An yi kwafi.
* Atse Tewodros [Emperor Tewodros]. Mimeograph, 1951.
* "Ilimin 'Yan Mata". Mai Kula da 'Yan Matan Habasha. Vol. 1 No. 2, 1957

## Manazarta