Tarihin kimiyya da fasaha

**Tarihin kimiyya da fasaha** ( **HST** ) fanni ne na tarihi wanda ke nazarin ci gaban fahimtar duniyar halitta (kimiyya) da ikon ɗan adam na sarrafa ta ( fasaha ) a lokuta daban-daban a lokaci. Wannan fanni na ilimi kuma yana bincika yanayin al'adu, tattalin arziki, da siyasa da tasirin ayyukan kimiyya; haka nan yana iya yin nazarin sakamakon sabbin fasahohi akan fannonin kimiyya da ake da su.

## Nazarin ilimin tarihi na ilmin halitta
Tarihin kimiyya fanni ne na ilimi wanda ke da ƙungiyar ƙwararru ta ƙasa da ƙasa. Manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru na wannan fanni sun haɗa da Ƙungiyar Tarihin Kimiyya, Ƙungiyar Tarihin Kimiyya ta Burtaniya, da Ƙungiyar Tarihin Kimiyya ta Turai.

Yawancin nazarin tarihin kimiyya an sadaukar da shi ne ga amsa tambayoyi game da *menene* kimiyya, yadda take *aiki*, da kuma ko tana nuna manyan tsare-tsare da salon rayuwa. 

### Tarihin nazarin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na tarihi
 
Masana kimiyya masu aiki da kuma waɗanda suka yi ritaya ne suka rubuta tarihin kimiyya,  ya fara da littafin William Whewell *na Tarihin Kimiyyar Inductive* (1837), a matsayin hanyar isar da kyawawan halaye na kimiyya ga jama'a. 

Auguste Comte ya gabatar da shawarar cewa ya kamata a sami wani fanni na musamman da zai yi magana game da tarihin kimiyya. 

Ci gaban fannoni daban-daban na ilimi na tarihin kimiyya da fasaha bai faru ba sai a farkon karni na 20.  Masana tarihi sun nuna cewa wannan yana da alaƙa da canjin rawar da kimiyya ke takawa a lokaci guda. 

Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, an yi amfani da albarkatu masu yawa wajen koyarwa da bincike kan fannonin ilimi, tare da fatan hakan zai taimaka wa jama'a su fahimci Kimiyya da Fasaha sosai yayin da suka fara taka muhimmiyar rawa a duniya. 

A cikin shekarun da suka gabata tun bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, tarihin kimiyya ya zama fanni na ilimi, tare da makarantun digiri na biyu, cibiyoyin bincike, tallafin gwamnati da na masu zaman kansu, mujallu da aka yi wa bita kan takwarorinsu, da ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru. 

#### Kafa sassan ilimi
 
A Amurka, wani bincike na tarihi game da tarihin kimiyya a matsayin fanni mai zaman kansa ya fara ne ta hanyar wallafe-wallafen George Sarton, Gabatarwa ga Tarihin Kimiyya (1927) da mujallar Isis (wanda aka kafa a 1912). [1] Sarton ya nuna ra'ayin farkon ƙarni na 20 game da tarihin kimiyya a matsayin tarihin manyan mutane da manyan ra'ayoyi. Ya raba wa mutane da yawa daga cikin mutanen zamaninsa imani da tarihi na Whiggish a matsayin rikodin ci gaba da jinkiri a cikin tafiyar ci gaba.

Nazarin tarihin kimiyya ya ci gaba da zama ƙaramin ƙoƙari har zuwa lokacin da Babban Kimiyya ya taso bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.  Tare da aikin I. Bernard Cohen a Jami'ar Harvard, tarihin kimiyya ya fara zama wani ɓangare na tarihi a Amurka. 

A Amurka, babban jami'in gwamnati mai tasiri Vannevar Bush, da shugaban Harvard, James Conant, duk sun ƙarfafa nazarin tarihin kimiyya a matsayin hanyar inganta ilimin gabaɗaya game da yadda kimiyya ke aiki, da kuma dalilin da ya sa yake da mahimmanci a ci gaba da samun ma'aikata masu yawa a fannin kimiyya.

## Jami'o'i masu tarihin shirye-shiryen kimiyya da fasaha

### Argentina

* Cibiyar Fasaha ta Buenos Aires, Argentina, tana ba da darussa kan Tarihin Fasaha da Kimiyya.
** Jami'ar Fasaha ta Ƙasa, Argentina, tana da cikakken shirin tarihi game da ayyukanta da ake bayarwa.

### Ostiraliya

* Jami'ar Sydney tana bayar da shirye-shiryen digiri na farko da na gaba a fannin Tarihi da Falsafar Kimiyya, wanda Sashen Tarihi da Falsafar Kimiyya ke gudanarwa, a cikin Sashen Kimiyya. Ana iya kammala karatun digiri na farko a matsayin wani ɓangare na ko dai Digiri na farko a Kimiyya ko Digiri na Farko a Fasaha. Ana iya ƙara karatun digiri na farko ta hanyar kammala ƙarin shekara ta girmamawa. Don karatun digiri na biyu, Sashen yana ba da digiri na biyu a fannin kwas da kuma digiri na bincike. Digiri na biyu a fannin kwas sune Takardar Digiri na biyu a Kimiyya (HPS) da Takardar Digiri na biyu a Kimiyya (HPS). Digiri na biyu a fannin bincike sune Digiri na biyu a Kimiyya (MSc) da Takardar Digiri na uku a Kimiyya (PhD). 

### Belgium

* Jami'ar Liège, tana da Sashen da ake kira Center d'histoire des Sciences et Techniques. 

### Kanada

* Jami'ar Carleton Ottawa tana ba da darussa a fannin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tsohuwa a cikin shirinta na Fasaha, Al'umma da Muhalli.
* Jami'ar Toronto tana da wani shiri a fannin Tarihi da Falsafa na Kimiyya da Fasaha. 
* Kwalejin Jami'ar Huron tana ba da kwas a cikin Tarihin Kimiyya wanda ke bin ci gaban kimiyya da falsafar daga 10,000 BC zuwa zamani. 
* Jami'ar King's College da ke Halifax, Nova Scotia tana da Shirin Tarihin Kimiyya da Fasaha. 

### Faransa

* Jami'ar Nantes tana da wani sashe na musamman mai suna Centre François Viète. 
* Jami'ar Paris Diderot (Paris 7) tana da Sashen Tarihi da Falsafa na Kimiyya.
* Cibiyar bincike ta CNRS a fannin Tarihi da Falsafa na Kimiyya SPHERE, wacce ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Paris Diderot, tana da wani ɓangare na tarihin fasaha .
* Jami'ar Pantheon-Sorbonne (Paris 1) tana da Cibiyar Tarihi da Falsafa ta Kimiyya da Fasaha mai himma .
* Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris yana da tarihin sashen kimiyya.

### Jamus

* Technische Universität Berlin, yana da shiri a cikin Tarihin Kimiyya da Fasaha. 
* Deutsches Museum     na Manyan kayan tarihi na Kimiyya da Fasaha a Munich yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan gidajen tarihi na kimiyya da fasaha a duniya dangane da sararin nunin kayayyaki, tare da kusan abubuwa 28,000 da aka nuna daga fannoni 50 na kimiyya da fasaha.  

### Girka

* Jami'ar Athens tana da Sashen Falsafa da Tarihin Kimiyya

### Indiya
Tarihin kimiyya da fasaha fanni ne mai kyau a Indiya. Ana iya gano aƙalla tsararraki uku na malamai. Tsararraki na farko sun haɗa da DDKosambi, Dharmpal, Debiprasad Chattopadhyay da Rahman. Tsararraki na biyu galibi sun ƙunshi Ashis Nandy, Deepak Kumar, Dhruv Raina, S. Irfan Habib, Shiv Visvanathan, Gyan Prakash, Stan Lourdswamy, VV Krishna, Itty Abraham, Richard Grove, Kavita Philip, Mira Nanda da Rob Anderson. Akwai tsararraki na uku da suka fito waɗanda suka haɗa da malamai kamar Abha Sur da Jahnavi Phalkey. 

***Sassan da Shirye-shirye***

Cibiyar Kimiyya, Fasaha da Nazarin Ci Gaba ta Ƙasa tana da ƙungiyar bincike da ke aiki a shekarun 1990 waɗanda suka haɗa tarihin zamantakewa na kimiyya a matsayin fannin bincike a Indiya. A halin yanzu akwai cibiyoyi da sassan jami'o'i da dama da ke ba da shirye-shiryen HST.

* Jami'ar Jawaharlal Nehru tana da shirin MPhil-PhD wanda ke ba da ƙwarewa a Tarihin Zamantakewa na Kimiyya. Yana cikin ƙungiyar Tarihin Kimiyya da Ilimi ta Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi ta Zakir Husain (ZHCES) a Makarantar Kimiyyar Zamantakewa. Shahararrun masana kimiyyar Indiya Deepak Kumar da Dhruv Raina suna koyarwa a nan. Hakanan, *Cibiyar Nazarin Siyasar Kimiyya tana da shirin MPhil-PhD wanda ke ba da ƙwarewa a Kimiyya, Fasaha, da Al'umma tare da ƙananan fannoni daban-daban.
* Jami'ar Tsakiya ta Gujarat tana da shirin MPhil-PhD a fannin Nazarin Kimiyya, Fasaha & Manufofin Kirkire-kirkire a Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya, Fasaha & Manufofin Kirkire-kirkire (CSSTIP), inda Tarihin Zamantakewa na Kimiyya da Fasaha a Indiya babban abin da ake mayar da hankali a kai shi ne bincike da koyarwa.
* Jami'ar Banaras Hindu tana da shirye-shirye: ɗaya a Tarihin Kimiyya da Fasaha a Fannin Kimiyya da kuma ɗaya a Nazarin Tarihi da Kwatanta Kimiyya da Bil Adama a Fannin Bil Adama.
* Jami'ar Andhra ta sanya Tarihin Kimiyya da Fasaha a matsayin darasi na dole ga dukkan ɗaliban da ke shekarar farko ta B-Tech.

### Isra'ila

* Jami'ar Tel Aviv . Cibiyar Cohn don Tarihi da Falsafa na Kimiyya da Ra'ayoyi cibiyar koyarwa ce ta bincike da digiri na biyu a cikin tsarin Makarantar Tarihi ta Jami'ar Tel Aviv . 
* Jami'ar Bar-Ilan tana da shirin digiri na biyu a fannin Kimiyya, Fasaha, da Al'umma. 

### Japan

* Jami'ar Kyoto tana da wani shiri a fannin Falsafa da Tarihin Kimiyya. 
* Cibiyar Fasaha ta Tokyo tana da wani shiri a fannin Tarihi, Falsafa, da Nazarin zamantakewa na Kimiyya da Fasaha. 
* Jami'ar Tokyo tana da wani shiri a fannin Tarihi da Falsafar Kimiyya. 

### Netherlands

* Jami'ar Utrecht, tana da shirye-shirye guda biyu masu haɗin gwiwa: ɗaya a fannin Tarihi da Falsafa na Kimiyya a Fannin Kimiyyar Halitta da kuma ɗaya a fannin Nazarin Tarihi da Kwatanta Kimiyya da Bil Adama a Fannin Ilimin Bil Adama.  

### Poland

* Cibiyar Tarihin Kimiyya ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Poland tana ba da shirye-shiryen PhD da digirin gyarawa a fannonin Tarihin Kimiyya, Fasaha da Ra'ayoyi.

### Rasha

### Sipaniya

* Jami'ar Ƙasar Basque, tana ba da digiri na biyu da kuma shirin PhD a Tarihi da Falsafa na Kimiyya kuma tana gudana tun daga shekarar 1952 *THEORIA.* *Mujallar Duniya don Ka'ida, Tarihi da Tushen Kimiyya* .   Jami'ar kuma tana ɗaukar nauyin Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Magunguna da Kimiyya na Basque, gidan tarihi ɗaya tilo da aka buɗe na Tarihin Kimiyya na Spain, wanda a baya ke ba da darussan PhD.
* Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, yana ba da digiri na biyu da shirin PhD a cikin HST tare da Universitat de Barcelona . 
* Universitat de València, tana ba da digiri na biyu da shirin PhD a cikin HST tare da Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas . 

### Sweden

* Jami'ar Linköpings, tana da shirin Kimiyya, Fasaha, da Al'umma wanda ya haɗa da HST. 

### Switzerland

* Jami'ar Bern, tana da shirin digiri na farko da na digiri na biyu a fannin Tarihi da Falsafar Kimiyya. 

**<big>Ukraine</big>**

* Jami'ar Jihar ta Kayayyakin more rayuwa da fasaha, tana da Sashen Falsafa da Tarihin Kimiyya da Fasaha. 

### Ƙasar Ingila

* Jami'ar Bristol tana da digiri na biyu da na uku a fannin Falsafa da Tarihin Kimiyya. 
* Jami'ar Cambridge tana da kwas ɗin digiri na farko da kuma babban shirin digiri na biyu da na uku a fannin Tarihi da Falsafar Kimiyya (gami da Tarihin Magunguna). 
* Jami'ar Durham tana da darussa da dama na tarihin kimiyya a sashen Falsafa, da kuma shirye-shiryen digiri na biyu da na uku a fannin. 
* Jami'ar Kent tana da Cibiyar Tarihin Kimiyya, wadda ke ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na biyu da kuma shirye-shiryen digiri na farko. 
* Sashen Nazarin Kimiyya da Fasaha na Kwalejin Jami'ar London yana ba da shirin digiri na farko a Tarihi da Falsafar Kimiyya, gami da digiri biyu na girmamawa na BSc guda ɗaya (UCAS V550 da UCAS L391), da kuma manyan da ƙananan rafuka a tarihi, falsafa da nazarin zamantakewa na kimiyya a cikin shirin Kimiyyar Halitta na UCL. Sashen kuma yana ba da digiri na MSc a Tarihi da Falsafar Kimiyya da kuma nazarin Kimiyyar Zamani, Fasaha, da Al'umma. Ana kuma bayar da digiri na bincike na MPhil/PhD.  UCL kuma tana ɗauke da Cibiyar Tarihin Magunguna.  Wannan yana gudanar da ƙaramin shirin koyarwa a Tarihin Magunguna.
* Jami'ar Leeds tana da shirye-shiryen digiri na farko da na digiri na biyu a fannin Tarihi da Falsafar Kimiyya a Sashen Falsafa. 
* Jami'ar Manchester tana ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na farko da kuma karatun digiri na biyu a Tarihin Kimiyya, Fasaha da Magunguna kuma Wellcome Trust ce ke daukar nauyin karatun. 
* Jami'ar Oxford tana da kwas na shekara ɗaya na kammala karatun digiri a cikin 'Tarihin Kimiyya: Kayan Aiki, Gidajen Tarihi, Kimiyya, Fasaha' wanda ke da alaƙa da Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Kimiyya . 
* Cibiyar Tarihin Kimiyya, Magunguna, da Fasaha ta Landan - an rufe wannan Cibiyar a shekarar 2013. An kafa ta a shekarar 1987 kuma tana gudanar da wani shiri na MSc, wanda Jami'ar Kwalejin London Sashen Nazarin Kimiyya da Fasaha da Imperial College London ke koyarwa tare. Shirin Masters ya koma UCL. 

### Amurka
George Sarton ya ƙaddamar da nazarin ilimin tarihin kimiyya a matsayin fanni mai zaman kansa a Harvard tare da littafinsa *Gabatarwa ga Tarihin Kimiyya* (1927) da kuma mujallar  (wanda aka kafa a 1912). Sarton ya nuna ra'ayin farkon ƙarni na 20 game da tarihin kimiyya a matsayin tarihin manyan mutane da manyan ra'ayoyi. Ya raba wa mutane da yawa daga cikin abokansa imani na Whiggish a tarihi a matsayin rikodin ci gaba da jinkiri a cikin tafiyar ci gaba. Tarihin Kimiyya ba wani yanki ne da aka sani na tarihin Amurka a wannan lokacin ba, kuma yawancin aikin an gudanar da shi ne ta hanyar Masana Kimiyya da Likitoci masu sha'awar maimakon ƙwararrun Masana Tarihi.  Tare da aikin I. Bernard Cohen a Harvard, tarihin Kimiyya ya zama wani ɓangare na tarihi bayan 1945. 

* Arizona State University's Center for Biology and Society offers several paths for MS or PhD students who are interested in issues surrounding the history and philosophy of the science.
* California Institute of Technology offers courses in the History and Philosophy of Science to fulfill its core humanities requirements.
* Case Western Reserve University has an undergraduate interdisciplinary program in the History and Philosophy of Science and a graduate program in the History of Science, Technology, Environment, and Medicine (STEM).
* Cornell University offers a variety of courses within the Science and Technology course.
* Georgia Institute of Technology has an undergraduate and graduate program in the History of Technology and Society.
* Harvard University has an undergraduate and graduate program in History of Science
* Indiana University offers undergraduate courses and a masters and PhD program in the History and Philosophy of Science.
* Johns Hopkins University has an undergraduate and graduate program in the History of Science, Medicine, and Technology.
* Lehigh University offers an undergraduate level STS concentration (founded in 1972) and a graduate program with emphasis on the History of Industrial America.
* Massachusetts Institute of Technology has a Science, Technology, and Society program which includes HST.
* Michigan State University offers an undergraduate major and minor in History, Philosophy, and Sociology of Science through its Lyman Briggs College.
* New Jersey Institute of Technology has a Science, Technology, and Society program which includes the History of Science and Technology
* Oregon State University offers a Masters and Ph.D. in History of Science through its Department of History.
* Princeton University has a program in the History of Science.
* Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute has a Science and Technology Studies department
* Rutgers has a graduate Program in History of Science, Technology, Environment, and Health.
* Stanford has a History and Philosophy of Science and Technology program.
* Stevens Institute of Technology has an undergraduate and graduate program in the History of Science.
* University of California, Berkeley offers a graduate degree in HST through its History program, and maintains a separate sub-department for the field.
* University of California, Los Angeles has a relatively large group History of Science and Medicine faculty and graduate students within its History department, and also offers an undergraduate minor in the History of Science.
* University of California, Santa Barbara has an interdisciplinary graduate program emphasis in Technology & Society through the Center for Information Technology &amp;amp; Society.
* University of Chicago offers a B.A. program in the History, Philosophy, and Social Studies of Science and Medicine as well as M.A. and Ph.D. degrees through its Committee on the Conceptual and Historical Studies of Science.
* University of Florida has a Graduate Program in 'History of Science, Technology, and Medicine' at the University of Florida provides undergraduate and graduate degrees.
* University of Minnesota has a Ph.D. program in History of Science, Technology, and Medicine as well as undergraduate courses in these fields.
* University of Oklahoma has an undergraduate minor and a graduate degree program in History of Science.
* University of Pennsylvania has a program in History and Sociology of Science.
* University of Pittsburgh's Department of History and Philosophy of Science offers graduate and undergraduate courses.
* University of Puget Sound has a Science, Technology, and Society program, which includes the history of Science and Technology.
* University of Wisconsin–Madison has a program in History of Science, Medicine and Technology. It offers M.A. and Ph.D. degrees as well as an undergraduate major.
* Wesleyan University has a Science in Society program.
* Yale University has a program in the History of Science and Medicine.

## Shahararrun masana tarihi a fannin
See also the list of George Sarton medalists.
 

## Mujallu da jaridu

* *Tarihin Kimiyya*
* *Mujallar Tarihin Kimiyya ta Burtaniya*
* *Centaurus*
* *Dynamis*
* *[[History and Technology (magazine)|Tarihi da Fasaha (mujalla)]]*
* *Tarihin Kimiyya da Fasaha (mujalla)*
* *Tarihin Fasaha (jerin littattafai)*
* *Nazarin Tarihi a Kimiyyar Jiki da Halittu* (HSPS)
* *Nazarin Tarihi a Kimiyyar Halitta* (HSNS)
* ''HoST - Mujallar Tarihin Kimiyya da Fasaha''
* *ICON*
* *Tarihin IEEE na Tarihin Kwamfuta*
* *Isis*
* *Mujallar Tarihin Ilimin Halittu*
* *Mujallar Tarihin Magunguna da Kimiyyar Haɗin gwiwa*
* *Bayanan kula da Bayanan Royal Society*
* *Osiris*
* *Nazarin Kimiyya & Fasaha*
* *Kimiyya a Mahalli*
* *Kimiyya, Fasaha, & Ƙimar Ɗan Adam*
* *Tarihin Zamantakewa na Magunguna*
* *Nazarin Zamantakewa na Kimiyya*
* *Fasaha da Al'adu*
* *Mu'amalar Ƙungiyar Newcomen*
* *Lissafi na Tarihi*
* *Buga Mujallar Ƙungiyar Kayan Aikin Kimiyya*

## Duba kuma

* Tarihin kimiyya
* Tarihin fasaha
* Fasaha ta Masar ta dā
* Tarihin kimiyya da fasaha a China
* Tarihin kimiyya da fasaha a Japan
* Tarihin kimiyya da fasaha a Faransa
* Tarihin kimiyya da fasaha a yankin Indiya
* Kimiyyar Mesopotamian
* Fasahar inganta yawan aiki (na tarihi)
* Kimiyya da Fasaha a Argentina
* Kimiyya da Fasaha a Kanada
* Kimiyya da Fasaha a Iran
* Kimiyya da Fasaha a Amurka
* Kimiyya a duniyar Musulunci ta zamanin da
* Yawon shakatawa na kimiyya
* Tarihin Fasaha da Masana'antu na Amurka
* Jadawalin kimiyya da injiniyanci a duniyar Musulunci

## Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru

* Ƙungiyar Tarihin Kimiyya ta Burtaniya (BSHS)
* Tarihin Ƙungiyar Kimiyya (HSS)
* Ƙungiyar Sabon Gari
* Ƙungiyar Tarihin Fasaha (SHOT)
* Ƙungiyar Nazarin Kimiyyar Zamani (4S)
* Ƙungiyar Kayan Aikin Kimiyya

## Manazarta