Hadarin hakar ma'adinai a New Zealand

**[[Hakar ma'adinai|Ma'adinai]] a New Zealand** sun fara ne lokacin da Māori suka tono dutse kamar Yumbu a lokutan da suka gabata kafin mulkin mallaka na Turai. Ma'adinai da Turawa suka fara ne a ƙarshen rabin karni na 19.

New Zealand tana da albarkatun kwal, azurfa, ƙarfe, dutse da zinariya. Ya kasance na 22 a duniya dangane da samar da ƙarfe kuma na 29 a cikin samar da zinariya. Jimlar darajar samar da ma'adinai a New Zealand ya kai dala biliyan 1.5 a shekara ta 2006 (ba tare da man fetur da iskar gas ba). Mafi mahimman ma'adanai na ƙarfe da aka samar sune zinariya (ton 10.62), azurfa (ton 27.2) da titanomagnetite Ironsand (ton miliyan 2.15). Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2008 ya kiyasta cewa albarkatun da ba a yi amfani da su ba na ma'adanai guda bakwai kawai (ciki har da zinariya, jan ƙarfe, baƙin ƙarfe da molybdenum) sun kai kusan dala biliyan 140.

Sashin hakar ma'adinai yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga Tattalin arzikin New Zealand. A shekara ta 2004 darajar samarwa daga hakar ma'adinai (ba tare da man fetur da iskar gas ba) ya kai dala miliyan 1,142, ko kuma kasa da 1% na babban samfurin cikin gida. A cikin 2017 hakar ma'adinai ya ba da gudummawar $ 3,079m (1.3%) ga GDP na $ 235,945m.

A cikin 2009 akwai mutane 6,800 da ke aiki kai tsaye a aikin hakar ma'adinai, kuma mutane 8,000, a kaikaice, suna kwarara daga ayyukan tattalin arziki na 6,800.  Matsakaicin albashi na ma'aikacin ma'adinai shine $57,320 a cikin 2008, idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin New Zealand na $33,530.  A cikin 2017 ma'adinai 5,300 (0.2%), daga cikin jimillar ma'aikata 2,593,000.  A cikin 2015 matsakaicin albashin masu hakar ma'adinai na sa'a shine $ 39.86 da matsakaicin sa'a $ 31.33, kodayake adadin masu hakar ma'adinai ya ragu zuwa 6,300, idan aka kwatanta da alkaluman dalar Amurka 27.49, $22.92 da 2,004,100 (3%).  Wadannan alkaluma na iya ko da yake ana bukatar a bi da su da taka tsantsan, kamar yadda masu hakar ma'adinai suka bayyana suna samun kashi 5% na jimlar kudin shiga (matsakaicin abin da ake samu x ma'aikata), kodayake gudummawar GDP a 2015 ta kasance kawai 1.6%  .

Shekaru da yawa na ƙarshe na karni na 20 da kuma cikin karni na 21 sun ga adawa da hakar ma'adinai a kan yanayin muhalli. Dokar Ma'adanai ta Crown ta 1991 babbar doka ce da ta shafi hakar ma'adinai, kuma bita na Schedule 4 na Dokar ya haifar da babbar gardama a ƙarshen shekaru goma na farko na 2000s.

## Tarihi
An nuna baƙin ƙarfe da aka yi daga Taranaki ironsand a Babban Nunin, London a 1851. 

In 1865, the Alpha well was drilled near Mikotahi at New Plymouth. This was the first oil well in what is now the Commonwealth and one of the first in the world. A petroleum industry developed at Moturoa, including producing wells and refineries. The last refinery there was closed in 1972.

A shekara ta 1914, a lokacin bala'in Huntly, New Zealand ta mayar da hankali ga bakin teku yayin da yaki ke tara tururi. Gwamnatin ranar da ta amince da muhimmancin hakar kwal ga tsarin tattalin arziki da zamantakewar kasar, ta bayyana shi a matsayin muhimmiyar masana'antu. A ƙarshen shekara ta 1915, an hana masu hakar kwal musamman su shiga aikin yaƙi. Lokacin da aka gabatar da aikin soja a shekara mai zuwa, an hana masu hakar kwal daga shiga idan aka kira su.

## Abubuwan da aka samo asali

Ma'adinai na kwal sun samar da kusan tan miliyan 4 na kwal a cikin 2014, wanda aka fitar da kashi 44% daga cikinsu. A cikin 2016 ya sauka zuwa tan 2,834,956,  yayi kama da samarwa a cikin 2020.  Ma'adanai na kwal na New Zealand sun wuce tan biliyan 15, galibi a Waikato, Taranaki, West Coast, Otago da Southland. Fiye da kashi 80% na ajiyar suna cikin ajiyar lignite na Southland wanda ya kai dala biliyan 100. A shekara ta 2008 an samar da kwal daga ma'adanai huɗu na karkashin kasa da 21 na buɗewa. A ƙarshen 2021 samarwa ya kasance daga ma'adanai 15,  mafi girma shine Stockton (duba batutuwan muhalli a ƙasa), wanda ya samar da ton 984,951 a wannan shekarar. Kamfanin hakar kwal mafi girma shine Solid Energy, kamfani na jihar, har zuwa rushewarsa a shekarar 2015, amma yanzu Bathurst Resources ne.

### Zinariya

Kafin hulɗar Turai, 'yan asalin Māori sun san kasancewar zinariya - wanda ake kira ferro (orthography na zamani: whero) daga haskensa- amma sun sami ƙarancin muhimmanci a *ƙarfe* shi har sai an sanar da su ta hanyar amfani da shi ta hanyar Turawa da suka zo kwanan nan don yin ado da agogo su da sauransu. Masu binciken sun gano zinariya a yankin Coromandel a cikin 1852, wanda ya haifar da Coromandel Gold Rush, Otago gold rush da West Coast gold rush a cikin shekarun 1860. Da farko an dawo da zinariya, amma daga bisani ma'adinai don zinariya a cikin jijiyoyin quartz wanda aka dawo da shi ta amfani da batirin stamper ya karɓi mulki. Daga shekarun 1890 an haƙa kogunan Otago don zinariya, ta amfani da jiragen ruwa masu tasowa na New Zealand.

Har zuwa shekara ta 2003 an kiyasta tan 998.71 na zinariya a New Zealand, dan kadan a kasa da kashi daya cikin dari duk zinariya da aka haƙa a duniya. Adadin da ke akwai ya nuna cewa a wannan lokacin akalla tan 312 sun fito ne daga yankin Coromandel, tan 274 daga West Coast, da kuma tan 265 daga Otago. Fitarwa ta kai kololuwa a 1866 a wasu tan 22.9.  An samar da zinariya mai darajar $ 250M a shekara ta 2006 daga manyan ma'adanai biyu (Martha Mine da Macraes Mine), ayyuka masu matsakaici da yawa, da kuma adadi mai yawa na ƙananan ma'adinai.

### Ironsands
Ma'adinin ƙarfe na Waikato North Head yana samar da tan miliyan 1.2 na ƙarfe a shekara, don amfani a cikin ma'adinin karfe na New Zealand a Glenbrook. An kiyasta ajiyar ta ƙunshi fiye da tan miliyan 150 a duka. Maimakon haka ana samar da karin a Tahāroa, duk ana fitar da su.

## Batutuwan muhalli
Batutuwan muhalli tare da hakar ma'adinai sun haɗa da dumama na duniya,  zubar da ma'adanai na acid da manyan gyare-gyare ga shimfidar wurare. Rashin ruwa na ma'adinai daga ma'adinin kwal matsala ce mai tsanani a New Zealand. An kiyasta cewa yana shafar kilomita 125 na rafi galibi a cikin Gundumar Buller na Yankin Yammacin Yamma Tsibirin Kudancin. An yi gyare-gyare kaɗan na magudanar acid. Dokar AMD ba ta da tabbas kuma tilasta aiki ba shi da shi. AMD daga ma'adanai da aka kafa kafin Dokar Gudanar da albarkatu ta 1991 an ba da izinin ci gaba.

Mine na Tui a cikin Kaimai Range wanda aka rufe a 1973 an dauke shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wuraren sharar gida a New Zealand kuma gwamnati ta ware kusan dala miliyan 10 don tsaftace shafin. Rashin nasarar gine-gine na tarihin ma'adinai na karkashin kasa ya haifar da raguwa, fashewa da rushewa a kan kadarorin a Waihi, wani gari da ya gina a kusa da rami na yanzu. Ma'adinin Stockton a Yammacin Yamma Tsibirin Kudancin, a tarihi yana da alhakin zubar da ma'adinin acid a cikin hanyoyin ruwa da ke kusa,  kuma tun daga lokacin ya gina cikakken masana'antar kula da ruwa a kan filin Stockton.  Stockton yana haifar da barazana ga wasu nau'o'in asali, kodayake ya gudanar da muhimmiyar aikin kiyaye halittu a yankin, kuma cire hakar ma'adinai a saman dutse ya faru a shafin a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Fiye da shekaru ɗari Dutsen Smart a Auckland an haƙa shi har ya zama daidai da ƙasar da ke kewaye da shi. Sauran tsaunuka masu fashewa da yawa na Auckland sun sha irin wannan sakamako.

A cikin 2011 an gano ƙasa mai cike da arsenic a cikin unguwar Moanataiari a Thames. An dawo da yankin daga Firth na Thames ta amfani da ma'adinai, sharar ma'adanai da tarkace. An ba da kuɗi daga gwamnati don farashin Gwajin ƙasa.

## Sabbin iyakoki
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) yana   jawo kudi a cikin biliyoyin daloli a matsayin wani bangare na kokarin duniya na magance hayakin iskar gas.[1]  CCS na iya samun muhimmiyar rawar da za ta taka a cikin tarin fasahohin da za a tura.  [Gwamnatin New Zealand abokin tarayya ne tare da Gwamnatin Ostiraliya a Cibiyar Bincike ta Cooperative Research for Greenhouse Gas Technologies (CO2CRC) don bincike don tallafawa CCS na kasuwanci.  Koyaya, a cikin mahallin New Zealand, masu bincike na Jami'ar Canterbury sun rubuta takarda na 2009 akan CCS da aka buga a cikin Mujallar Makamashi da aka sake dubawa.  Takardar ta yi la'akari da wanzuwar ajiyar CO2 ba shi da tabbas kuma cewa CCS ba zai iya rage yawan hayaƙin carbon ba.  Takardar ta ƙarasa da cewa ƙarin saka hannun jari a cikin CCS yana da matukar tambaya a matsayin manufa

Coal Seam Gas (CSG) wani nau'i ne na iskar gas wanda ke faruwa ta halitta a cikin zurfin kwal wanda zai iya ƙarawa ga iskar gas ta New Zealand. A cikin 2008, Solid Energy ta gwada hakar CSG a filayen kwal na Waikato, don amfani a cikin samar da wutar lantarki.

Ma'adinan ma'adinai mai zurfi-teku a cikin tudun dutsen mai aman wuta na Kermadec yana jan hankalin bincike kan yadda aka samar da su da kuma yadda suke yin tasiri ga bambancin halittun karkashin teku.[1]  Ruwan da ke fitowa daga magudanan ruwan zafi na teku suna tuntuɓar ruwan sanyi kuma suna fitar da ma'adinan ma'adinai masu daraja waɗanda ke ɗauke da zinariya, jan karfe, gubar, zinc, baƙin ƙarfe, manganese da sauran karafa.  A wata ma'ana, waɗannan albarkatu ne da za a iya sabuntawa domin ana samun su koyaushe.  Gano wadannan adibas abu daya ne;  hakar ma'adinan su ta hanyar da ta dace da tattalin arziki da muhalli wani ne.  Ana kallon hakar waɗannan albarkatun a matsayin dogon lokaci.  Ƙungiyar Muhalli ta Pew tana haɓaka wani tsari na kariyar wani ɓangare na dutsen mai aman wuta na Kermadec.

Makamashi na geothermal yana fuskantar sake farfadowa a New Zealand. Wannan tushen makamashi mai sabuntawa na iya ba da gudummawa ga kashi 20% na bukatun wutar lantarki na New Zealand bayan shekaru goma masu zuwa. Binciken yanzu da GNS Science da Jami'ar Auckland suka jagoranta an ba da shawarar don ba da damar makamashi mai arha, da kuma gano sabbin tsarin a Tsibirin Arewa ta Tsakiya don ci gaba.

Ironsands na bakin teku na New Zealand daga Arewacin kudu zuwa Whanganui, kuma daga Kudancin tsibirin West Coast an kiyasta cewa yana riƙe da biliyoyin ton na albarkatun titanomagnetite. Titanium da vanadium sune manyan samfurori. An yi amfani da albarkatun ne a matakin binciken su kuma a bincika su, kuma a tantance su don damar tattalin arziki.

Za'a iya amfani da makamashi mai ƙarancin zafin jiki don dumama sararin samaniya, tafkuna masu zafi, famfo masu zafi a cikin gida, ɗakunan dumama da kiwon kifi. Za'a iya samun zafi daga tsarin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai zafi, rijiyoyin man fetur da ba a amfani da su ba, ruwan zafi a cikin ambaliyar ruwa da ma'adanai, zafi a cikin ruwa mai zurfi, da zafi a cikin duwatsu. Bincike a wannan fagen a New Zealand yana karkashin jagorancin GNS Science . 

Methane hydrates (ƙanƙara ta wuta)  wani nau'i ne na methane da aka kama a cikin ruwa, wanda ke faruwa a cikin ruwa mai zurfi a sassa da yawa na duniya, gami da New Zealand .  Wannan albarkatun na iya samar da tushen iskar gas a nan gaba. Ana ci gaba da aiki a New Zealand don tantance ajiyar tattalin arziki, da fasahar samun aminci. A New Zealand, ana samun methane hydrates a cikin ruwa mai zurfi fiye da sauran wurare a duniya.

Gas na kwal na karkashin kasa (UCG) hanya ce ta samun damar samun makamashi daga ajiyar kwal wanda ke da zurfi a karkashin kasa ko kuma yana da haɗari sosai don a haƙa shi ko kuma ba shi da tattalin arziki. Ana yin allurar iska, iskar oxygen ko tururi a yanayin zafi mai girma, don ƙone kwal a ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ana hako rijiyoyi daban-daban don kama sakamakon "gas na kwal" wanda shine ainihin nau'in iskar gas. Lokacin da aka haɗa shi da CCS, wannan yana ba da hanya mai ƙarancin fitarwa don samar da wutar lantarki daga kwal.

## Hamayya

Kungiyar masu fafutuka ta Coromandel Watchdog ta kasance mai aiki a cikin fafutuka game da hakar zinariya a Yankin Coromandel tun daga shekarun 1970. Kwanan nan ya fara aiki a kan shawarwari don sake fara hakar ma'adinai a wasu yankuna na yankin Coromandel wanda aka hana hakar ma-adinai na dogon lokaci, kuma ya yi jayayya cewa duk wani da'awar aikin hakar ma 'yanci' yana yiwuwa ne ya zama farcical, lokacin da mutum ya fahimci cewa har ma da irin wannan hakar ma, dole ne a gina hanyoyi a cikin yankuna, an gina tsire-tsire-tsalle da sinadarai na tsarin rabuwa da aka zubar da shi.

Gudanar da yashi daga rairayin bakin teku da kuma zurfin teku sun fuskanci adawa. Kiwis Against Seabed Mining,  ƙungiyar masu fafutukar muhalli, an kafa ta ne lokacin da aka bayyana shirye-shirye don hakar ma'adinai na zurfin teku a Yammacin Tekun Arewa ta hanyar Trans-Tasman Resources.

Akwai ma'adanai masu yawa a Yammacin Yamma Tsibirin Kudancin. Cypress Mine, wanda aka shirya don yankin Westport, yana adawa da Save Happy Valley Coalition saboda tasirin da ke kan dabi'un wuri, bambancin halittu da canjin yanayi.

Wani jawabi da Ministan Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki Gerry Brownlee ya yi wa Cibiyar Ma'adinai da Ma'adanai ta Australasia a watan Agustan 2009  ya haifar da martani daga kungiyoyin muhalli. A cikin jawabin Brownlee ya sanar da sake dubawa na Schedule 4 na Dokar Ma'adanai ta Crown. Shirin ya lissafa ƙasar kiyayewa kamar wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa da wuraren ajiya a matsayin ƙayyadaddun ga hakar ma'adinai.

## Gudanar da bangaren albarkatun NZ
A cikin 2008 yawancin kamfanonin samar da zinariya da kwal a New Zealand sun kafa Straterra, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta, a matsayin ƙungiyar masu fafutuka ga ɓangaren albarkatun NZ. Mambobin kwamitin Straterra sun hada da wakilan OceanaGold, Bathurst Resources, ƙungiyar kamfanoni ta NZCC, Stevenson Construction Materials, Birchfield Coal Mines, da Federation Mining .  A cikin 2024, masu zanga-zangar Greenpeace sun mamaye ofisoshin Straterra a Wellington don nuna rashin amincewa da aikin hakar ma'adinai na teku da aka tsara a Kudancin Taranaki Bight ta abokin ciniki na Straterra Trans-Tasman Resources.

A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, hakar kwal yana da yawan raunin da mutuwa, mafi yawansu mutuwar mutum. Tsakanin kawai 1900 da 1914 an kashe mutane 141, daga cikinsu 98 mutuwar mutum ne.

* 21 Fabrairu 1879, Bala'in ma'adinin kwal na Kaitangata, masu hakar ma'adinai 34 sun mutu lokacin da kyandir suka haifar da fashewar karkashin kasa
* 26 Maris 1896, Bala'in ma'adinin kwal na Brunner, masu hakar ma'adinai 65 da aka kashe ta hanyar fashewa ko kuma ta hanyar iskar gas mai guba bayan fashewar. Ya zuwa 2020 wannan shine mafi yawan mutuwar New Zealand daga hadarin masana'antu.
* 12 Satumba 1914, Ralph's Mine, Huntly, haske mara kyau ya haifar da fashewa wanda ya kashe masu hakar kwal 43. Wannan shi ne karo na biyu mafi muni a karkashin kasa a cikin Waikato. Binciken da aka yi game da bala'in ya gano wasu raunin da ke cikin ayyukan ma'adinai kamar amfani da fitilu marasa tsirara ta ma'aikatan ma'adanai da kuma gudanarwa 'mai laushi da rashin gamsuwa' a wasu yankuna da aka ƙayyade. Rahotanni na farko na zamani sun lura cewa shekaru biyu da suka gabata, an bincika ma'adinin kuma an tabbatar da shi 'ɗaya daga cikin mafi aminci a cikin Dominion.' Koyaya, Hukumar Huntly ta ji wasu batutuwan da suka faru kwanan nan. Wani mai bincike ya rubuta wa Mataimakin Sakataren Ma'adinai, yana mai cewa 'Ina jin tsoron Holocaust a ma'adinan Ralph. ". Mai binciken ya ba da shawarar amfani da fitilun lantarki masu aminci a cikin ma'adinai. Abin farin ciki, masu hakar ma'adinai na yau da kullun ba su aiki a lokacin fashewar ba, in ba haka ba matsakaicin maza 200 na iya kasancewa a cikin hakar ma-adinai. Sai kawai masu tuka motoci da manyan hannaye aka yi amfani da su don tsaftacewa da daidaita hanyoyin. William Brocklebank shine kadai mutumin da ya tsira daga 'kujerar' fashewar, mahaifinsa ya mutu a cikin ma'adinai.
* 3 Disamba 1926, ma'adinin kwal na Dobson, tara sun mutu saboda fashewa
* 24 Satumba 1939, Glen Afton ma'adinin kwal, Huntly, 11 da carbon monoxide ya kashe
* 19 Janairu 1967, ma'adinin kwal na Strongman, ma'aikatan hakar ma'adinai 19 da aka kashe ta hanyar fashewa 
* 19 Nuwamba 2010, Hadarin ma'adinai na Pike River, 29 sun mutu 

* Yajin aikin ma'aikatan hakar ma'adinai na Waihi
* Masana'antar mai da iskar gas a New Zealand
* Rashin fashewar ruwa a New Zealand