Bernadine Healy

**Bernadine Patricia Healy** (4 ga Agusta, 1944 - 6 ga Agusta), likitan zuciya ne na Amurka kuma darakta mace ta farko ta Cibiyar Lafiya ta Kasa (NIH).

A lokacin aikinta, Healy ta rike mukamai na jagoranci a Jami'ar Johns Hopkins, Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Cleveland, Jami'ar Jihar Ohio, da Jami'ar Harvard. Ta kuma kasance shugabar kungiyar Red Cross na Amurka da kungiyar American Heart Association . Ta kasance editan kiwon lafiya kuma marubuciya ga US News & World Report kuma sanannen mai sharhi a cikin kafofin watsa labarai kan batutuwan kiwon lafiya.

## Shekaru na farko da iyali
An haifi Healey a ranar 4 ga Agusta, 1944, a Birnin New York ga Violet McGrath da Michael Healy, ta biyu daga cikin 'ya'yansu mata huɗu. Ta girma ne a Long Island City, Queens . Iyayenta sun jaddada muhimmancin ilimi kuma ta yi fice a karatunta. A shekara ta 1962, ta kammala karatu a saman aji a Makarantar Sakandare ta Hunter College a Manhattan .  Tare da cikakken tallafin karatu, ta halarci Kwalejin Vassar, ta kammala summa cum laude a 1965 tare da babban digiri a ilmin sunadarai da ƙarami a falsafar. An zabe ta zuwa Phi Beta Kappa .  Daga nan sai ta ci gaba zuwa Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard, kuma a kan cikakken tallafin karatu, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin mata goma kawai daga cikin ɗalibai 120 a cikin aji. Bayan kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard a shekarar 1970, ta kammala aikinta na horarwa da zama a cikin likitanci na ciki da kuma ilimin zuciya a Makarantar Kiwo ta Johns Hopkins da Asibitin Johns Hopkins. Bayan kammala karatunta na post-doctoral, ta zama mace ta farko da ta shiga aikinta na cikakken lokaci a fannin ilimin zuciya kuma ta tashi da sauri zuwa matsayin farfesa na magani.

Shekaru takwas ta jagoranci sashin kula da zuciya a asibitin Johns Hopkins. A makarantar likita, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar dean don shirye-shiryen post-doctoral da ci gaban baiwa. A wannan lokacin ta shirya taron tattaunawa na Mary Elizabeth Garrett a cikin kasa kan mata a cikin magani wanda ya bincika Jama'a da matsalolin da mata likitoci suka fuskanta kusan shekaru 90 bayan kafa makarantar likita a 1893, kuma a lokaci guda ya girmama Garrett, mai ba da gudummawa na Victoria da kuma mai ba da agaji wanda ya tabbatar da cewa Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Johns Hopkins ta buɗe shigar da mata (makarantar kiwon lafiya ta buɗe ƙofofinta a watan Oktoba 1893; kuma uku daga cikin 'yan takarar mata goma sha takwas ne kuma a cikin' yan takarar digiri na MD) kuma a ƙarshe sun yarda da mata na asali.

## Haɗin kai
Yayinda take a Johns Hopkins, Healy ta rike mukamai da yawa a kungiyoyi kamar su American Federation of Clinical Research, American College of Cardiology, da American Heart Association, kungiyar da ta jagoranci daga baya a matsayin shugaban sa kai, kuma ta yi aiki a kwamitocin ba da shawara ga Cibiyar Nazarin Zuciya, Lung da Blood.

Ƙungiyar ba da riba ta Age of Autism ta ba ta suna 2008 Person of the Year  saboda ra'ayinta da ta bayyana a fili cewa ba a nuna cewa allurar rigakafi ba ta haifar da autism ba, kuma saboda dagewarta cewa a yi isasshen kimiyya don warware matsalar. Yarjejeniyar kimiyya ta kasance kuma ita ce cewa ba a sami wata alaƙa tsakanin allurar rigakafi da autism ba.

## Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Cleveland
A shekara ta 1985 Healy ta bar Washington kuma ta koma Cleveland inda ta zama shugabar Cibiyar Bincike ta Cleveland Clinic Lerner kuma ta yi aikin ilimin zuciya. Baya ga gina manyan sabbin shirye-shirye a cikin ilmin halitta, kimiyyar kwakwalwa, da ilmin halitta na ciwon daji, ta jagoranci babban shirin bincike na NIH a cikin hawan jini, kuma ita ce jagorar mai bincike don shiga Cleveland Clinic a cikin babban binciken binciken binciken asibiti wanda ke kwatanta angioplasty tare da tiyata na jijiyoyin zuciya. Ta jagoranci kwamitin ba da shawara na NIH don wani binciken asibiti mai yawa wanda ya nuna cewa statins na iya rage hanyar atherosclerosis a cikin jijiyoyin jijiyoyi. A wannan lokacin ta fara shirin daliban likita tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Jami'ar Jihar Ohio wanda ya zama mai gabatarwa ga kafa Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Cleveland a shekara ta 2004.

## Red Cross na Amurka
An dauki Healy daga Jihar Ohio don zama shugaban kasa da Shugaba na Red Cross na Amurka a ƙarshen 1999, wanda ya gaji Elizabeth Dole. Tun daga farko, ta yi ƙoƙari ta haɗa kan ayyuka daban-daban da masu sa kai a ƙarƙashin tutar "Tare za mu iya ceton rai".

Matsayinta a Red Cross ba shi da daidaituwa. A cikin bazara na shekara ta 2001, FDA ta ba da tarar rikodin ga Red Cross don rashin kula da kayan jini masu kamuwa da CMV.

An soki kungiyar Red Cross ta Amurka a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, musamman daga mai karɓar bakuncin Fox News Channel Bill O'Reilly, Babban Lauyan Jihar New York Eliot Spitzer, da wasu a Majalisa don yaudarar masu ba da gudummawa ta hanyar neman da karɓar gudummawa mai daraja dala miliyan 564 bayan hare-haren 9/11, bayan an gano cewa yawancin kudaden da aka karɓa an ajiye su don amfani da kungiyar na dogon lokaci maimakon zuwa tallafawa wadanda abin ya shafa da masu sa kai. An tilasta wa Red Cross canza manufofinta.

Healy ya kuma ba da shawarar hana biyan kuɗi daga Ƙungiyar Red Cross da Red Crescent ta Duniya don rashin ba da izinin ƙungiyar Red Cross ta Isra'ila (Magen David Adom) su shiga ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa ba tare da ɗaukar gicciye ko crescent a matsayin alama ba. Kwamitin Daraktocin Red Cross ya hayar da ita a matsayin "wakilin canji" amma ya yi fushi da salon gudanarwa mai tsauri da kuma "rashin iko kan yanke shawara na yau da kullun. "  Kwamitin ya tilasta mata murabus saboda waɗannan rashin jituwa da rikice-rikice.    Healy ya bar kungiyar a matsayin shugaban kasa a ranar 31 ga watan Disamba, 2001.

## Ayyukan gwamnati

### Mai ba da shawara ga Shugaban kasa
Shugaba Ronald Reagan ya nada Healy mataimakin darakta na Ofishin Fasaha da Fasaha na Fadar White House. Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar kungiyar majalisar ministocin Fadar White House kan ilimin halittu, babban sakatare na Kwamitin Kimiyya na Fadar Whitehouse kan Lafiya na Jami'o'i, kuma memba ne na kungiyoyi masu ba da shawara da yawa kan bunkasa jagororin gwamnati don bincike a cikin batutuwan ɗan adam da kuma kula da dabbobi a cikin bincike. Daga baya ta yi aiki a Majalisar Masu Ba da Shawara ta Shugaban kasa kan Kimiyya da Fasaha a lokacin gwamnatin Shugabannin George H. W. Bush da George W. Bush .

### Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Kasa
Healy ta kasance darakta na Cibiyar Bincike a Gidauniyar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Cleveland lokacin da Shugaba George H. W. Bush ya yi mata aiki a 1991 don zama darakta na NIH, shugaban mata na farko.  Ta dauki matakai da yawa a cikin shekaru biyu da ta yi a kan shugabanci, gami da ci gaban babban dakin gwaje-gwaje na intramural don nazarin kwayoyin halitta na mutum; ta dauki wata sananniyar kungiya a duniya don jagorantar aikin Genome na Mutum, gami lemin darektan NIH Dokta Francis Collins; ta inganta binciken jinya zuwa cibiyar NIH mai zaman kanta; kuma ta kafa manufofin da NIH za ta tallafa wa waɗannan gwaje-gidan asibiti kawai waɗanda suka haɗa da maza da mata lokacin da ake nazarin su shafi maza da mata duka.

A cewar Francis Collins, Healy ne ke da alhakin matsawa James Watson ya yi ritaya a matsayin darektan Human Genome Project saboda imanin da Watson ya yi cewa ya kamata a sami jerin kwayoyin DNA da aka gano don amfani da su don hana cututtuka maimakon barin jerin DNA su sami izini, ra'ayin da Watson ya nuna a matsayin mahaukaci da mahaukaci, da kuma ra'ayin wanda Healy ya fi so.

## Shirin Lafiya na Mata
A shekara ta 1991, ta fara karatun Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Mata. Healy ne ya tsara binciken WHI kuma ya kasance mafi girman gwajin asibiti a tarihi don ya shafi mata kawai, yana nazarin tasirin takamaiman dabarun rigakafi akan manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa da nakasa a cikin mata bayan haila. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan fara karatun WHI, Healy ya mutu daga ciwon ƙwaƙwalwa wanda ya haifar da glioblastoma. Ba ta taba ganin sakamakon shirin ta ba.

## Ƙungiyar Zuciya ta Amirka
A matsayinta na shugabar kungiyar American Heart Association daga 1988 zuwa 1989, ta nemi shawo kan jama'a da likitoci cewa cutar zuciya ita ma cutar mace ce, "ba cutar namiji ba. " An nada ta shugaban kungiyar Red Cross ta Amurka a 1999, Healy ta yi aiki don inganta aminci da wadatar jini na Amurka yayin da take kula da ci gaban shirin mayar da martani ga Makamai na Mass Destruction. A shekara ta 2001 ta jagoranci martani na kungiyar ga hare-haren 11 ga Satumba.   &#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

=== Dan takarar Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka ===
A shekara ta 1994, Healy ya kasance dan takarar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Jamhuriyar Republican]] don wakiltar Ohio a Majalisar Dattijan Amurka. Ta gudu a zaben fidda gwani na GOP kuma ta zo ta biyu a tseren mutum hudu. Laftanar Gwamna Mike DeWine ya ci nasara kuma ya yi nasara a babban zaben.

=== Jami'ar Jihar Ohio ===
Healy ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa da kuma dean na Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya daga 1995 zuwa 1999. A lokacin da take aiki, kwalejin ta fadada shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiyar jama'a don zama Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a, sake kirkirar Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya a cikin Kwalejin Magunguna da Kiwon Lawon Lafiyarsa.

Kokarinta ya haifar da sanya makarantar likita a matsayin Cibiyar Kwarewa ta Kasa a Lafiya ta Mata. An kirkiro sabon sashen orthopaedics tare da shirin ci gaban Cibiyar Musculoskeletal. Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta James ta fadada kokarin ta a cikin bincike na asali tare da daukar Dokta Clara Bloomfield, masanin ilimin kanjamau da mai bincike kan cutar sankara, da mijinta Dokta Albert de la Chappelle, sanannen masanin kwayoyin halitta a duniya: Tare, sun fadada shirye-shiryen kwalejin a cikin binciken ciwon daji da kwayar cutar kansa. Bincike da aiki na zuciya sun girma tare da daukar Dokta Robert Michler na Jami'ar Columbia, wanda ya taimaka wajen farfado da shirye-shiryen tiyata na zuciya da kuma ci gaba da daya daga cikin shirye-shirye na farko na tiyata na mutum-mutumi. Dokta Pascal Goldschmidt, masanin ilimin zuciya kuma mai bincike, wanda aka dauka daga Johns Hopkins, ya taimaka wajen kirkirar Cibiyar Zuciya da Lung.  <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

### Kwamitin ba da shawara
Healy ta yi aiki a kwamitocin ba da shawara kan kiwon lafiya da yawa da allon a kan aikinta. Sun hada da kwamitocin Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa, wacce ta kasance memba, da Kwalejin Injiniya ta Kasa; Ma'aikatar Makamashi, NASA, da Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Kasa. Ta shiga cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci a kan kwamitin ba da shawara na The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition (wani kungiya daga baya ya nuna cewa Philip Morris ne ya ba da kuɗin), kuma ta yi aiki a kungiyoyi masu ba da shawara da yawa na Ƙungiyar Zuciya ta Amurka da Kwalejin Cardiology ta Amurka, inda ta kasance mai sukar shan sigari da tasirinsa akan tsarin zuciya.

### Jarida
A cikin aikinta Healy ta yi aiki a matsayin mai sharhi na kiwon lafiya da mai ba da shawara ga CBS, PBS da MSNBC, kuma ta fito da yawa a kan CNN, C-SPAN da Fox News Channel. Healy ya rubuta wani shafi, "A kan Lafiya", don *Labaran Amurka &amp;amp; Rahoton Duniya* wanda ya fara a shekara ta 2003 a kan batutuwa masu yawa na kiwon lafiya daga lafiyar mata zuwa wiwi, cututtukan jijiyoyin zuciya zuwa ciwon daji, tattoos zuwa kaciya ta maza, da shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya don sake fasalin kiwon lafiya.

Healy ta zama abin da aka mayar da hankali ga gardama lokacin da ta yi tambaya game da binciken da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta 2004 ta yi cewa shaidar da ke karyata alaƙar da ke tsakanin allurar rigakafin yara da autism ta kasance cikakke. A cikin wata hira da aka yi da talabijin a CBS tare da Sharyl Attkisson, ta yi zargin cewa gwamnati ta guji yin nazarin ko akwai wasu ƙananan rukuni na jama'a waɗanda allurar rigakafi na iya haifar da autism, saboda tsoron cewa, idan an sami irin wannan alaƙa tsakanin allurar riguna da autism. 

## Iyali
Healy ta auri likitan zuciya Floyd D. Loop,  tsohon Shugaba na Cleveland Clinic, Ohio. Ita da mijinta suna da 'yar daya, Marie McGrath Loop . Tana da wata 'yar, Bartlett Bulkley, daga aurenta na baya.

## Mutuwa
Healy ya mutu a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta, 2011, a Gates Mills, Ohio, ya kawo karshen rashin lafiya na shekaru 13 tare da Ciwon daji na kwakwalwa.

## Shahararrun kafofin watsa labarai
Healy shine batun wani labari na 2018 na kwasfan fayiloli na Malcolm Gladwell "Tarihin Revisionist": "Strong Verbs, Short Sentences", Season 3, Episode #9. 

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Sanarwar manema labarai daga Jami'ar Jihar Ohio game da tashiwar Healy
* Mount Union College 2004 bayanin farawa mai magana
* Kwalejin Jama'a ta Lakeland 2002 bayanin farawa
* Tarihin Gale Group
* Appearancesa kanC-SPAN
* Canjin Fasahar Magunguna
* Labaran Amurka & Rahoton Duniya