Kogin Glen, Lincolnshire

*Rubutun tsutsa* 

kogin Glen wani kogi ne a Lincolnshire, ta kasar Ingila tare da ɗan gajeren hanya wanda ke wucewa ta Rutland kusa da Essendine .

Sunan kogin ya bayyana ya samo asali ne daga harshen Celtic na Brythonic amma akwai haɗin Ingilishi na farko.

## Sunayen

A cikin harshen Tsohon Britons, wanda ya tsira a yau kamar Welsh, Cornish da Breton, koguna makwabta, Glen da Welland suna da alama an ba su sunaye daban-daban. Welland ya gudana daga yankin da ke ƙarƙashin Northampton Sands wanda a wurare da yawa an ɗaure su tare da ƙarfe don samar da ƙarfe. A zamanin Roman, ana aiki da yashi a matsayin ƙasa mai noma kuma an haƙa dutsen ƙarfe don narkewa. A lokuta biyu, an fallasa ƙasa ga rushewa wanda ke nufin cewa an kai silt zuwa The Fens ta kogin. A cikin Welsh na zamani, gwaelod (daga Late Proto-British *Woelńd-) [1] yana nufin kasa da jam'iyyarsa, gwaelodion yana nufin turɓaya. Daga cikin siffofin zamani na sunan 'Welland' shine Weolod; saboda haka ana iya kiran kogin daga yanayin sa. Sabanin laka, Glen ya gudana daga yumɓu da dutse. Yankunan da ke da ƙasa mai laushi sun kasance a matsayin gandun daji yayin da yankunan dutse masu laushi suka samar da ciyawa don makiyaya. Sakamakon haka, Kogin Glen bai ɗauki turɓaya mai yawa ba. Welsh na zamani don tsabta shine Glan . Adadin dangi na yashi da aka ajiye a cikin fens a kusa da Maxey da kewayen Thurlby bi da bi, ta koguna biyu, suna tallafawa wannan ra'ayi.

## Hanyar da ake ciki

Kogin yana da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa guda biyu, duka biyu a cikin ƙananan duwatsun Jurassic a yammacin gundumar. Gabashin Glen ya tashi a matsayin ƙananan rafi kusa da Ropsley da Humby, kusa da  . Yana gudana a kudu, yana wucewa zuwa gabashin Ingoldsby da yammacin Bulby, don isa Edenham. Gabashin Glen wani lokacin ana kiransa Kogin Eden, wanda aka samo shi azaman tsari na baya daga wucewa ta Ikklisiya na Edenham. Ya ci gaba da kudu ta hanyar Toft, inda gada mai lamba II da aka gina a farkon shekarun 1800,  da kuma Manthorpe, inda akwai wata gada da aka jera tare da wata gada mai laushi da aka gina cikin 1813,  kafin ya juya gabas don shiga West Glen a Wilsthorpe, Lincolnshire. Yammacin Glen kuma yana da tushe da yawa, kusa da   a Old Somerby da Boothby Pagnall. Yana gudana a layi daya zuwa Gabashin Glen, yana wucewa ta Bitchfield, Burton-le-Coggles, Corby Glen da Creeton don isa Essendine, inda ya juya gabas zuwa Greatford. A cikin ƙauyen, gada mai dutse guda biyu da aka gina a ƙarshen 1700s tana ɗauke da Church Lane a kan kogi.

Yawancin ruwa daga kogin West Glen ba ya haɗuwa da wannan daga East Glen, kamar yadda yanzu yake gudana tare da Greatford Cut don shiga Kogin Welland a saman Market Deeping. G. Taverner, babban injiniya na Welland da Deepings Drainage Board, ne ya tsara sakewa, zuwa ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na babban aikin da ya haɗa da tono tashar Coronation, tashar taimakon ambaliyar ruwa don karkatar da Welland a gefen kudu maso gabashin Spalding, da kuma gina kulle na Fulney, don cire ruwan ruwa daga saman Welland. Dukan shirin ya kai £ 723,000, kuma tashar Coronation, wacce aka kammala a 1953, an sanya masa suna don tunawa da kambi na Sarauniya Elizabeth II a wannan shekarar.

A lokacin da koguna na Gabas da Yamma suka haɗu, suna sama da 35 feet (11 . Da zarar ya haɗu, kogin yana gudana a arewacin arewa, ya wuce Fletland Mill, tsohon ma'adinin hatsi wanda aka gina a 1759,  da Kate's Bridge weir, inda gada ta zamani ke ɗauke da Hanyar A15 a kanta. Wannan ya wuce gada mai arko guda ɗaya da aka gina a ƙarshen 1700s, wanda ke da shugaban mace da aka sassaƙa a kan maɓallin fuskar yamma, wanda ake zaton shi ne Kate wanda aka sanya sunan gadar. Bayan gadoji, kogin ya zama mai ɗaukar hoto na Fens, wanda aka ɗora a bangarorin biyu kuma an daidaita shi, tare da magudanar ruwa a bangarori biyu na tashar, don tattara ruwa ta bankunan, kamar yadda matakan ruwa na yau da kullun suka fi ƙasa da ke kewaye. A Tongue End ruwan Bourne Eau ya haɗu. Kogin da ke ƙasa a nan yana iya tafiya don kilomita 11.5 na ƙarshe (kilomita 18.5),  akwai sau ɗaya haɗin jirgin ruwa zuwa Bourne Eau, amma tashar famfo ta Tongue End yanzu tana zaune tsakanin koguna biyu, don taimakawa zubar da ƙasa zuwa yamma. Rashin ruwa na Weir Dyke yana gudana tare da arewacin kogin Bourne Eau sannan kuma yammacin kogin Glen, don shiga Kudancin Forty-Foot Drain kusa da Guthram Gowt. Don wani nesa ko dai gefen Tongue End, Counter Drain yana gudana da nisa mai yawa zuwa gabashin tashar,  yana haifar da wuraren wanka tsakanin su wanda za'a iya ambaliya idan ruwa ba zai iya canzawa daga kogi zuwa Welland estuary ba, sakamakon yanayin raƙuman ruwa. Kadan kafin Guthram Gowt, Counter Drain ya juya zuwa gabas don isa tashar famfo ta Pode Hole,  wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin magudanar Deeping Fen.

Bayan Guthram Gowt, kogin yana gudana a arewa maso gabas, kuma an kewaye shi a bangarorin biyu ta hanyar magudanar ruwa saboda ƙasar tana ƙasa. Yana wucewa ta Pinchbeck da Surfleet don isa ga ƙofar ƙofar inda ya haɗu da Kogin Welland .  Rufin yana iya tafiya ne kawai lokacin da matakin ruwa ya yi daidai da matakin kogi.

## Tarihi
Historia Brittonum, tsohuwar tarihin Burtaniya da aka danganta ga Nennius, wani ɗan majami'ar Welsh na ƙarni na tara, ya rubuta cewa Arthur, shugaban yaƙi na Britons ya yi yaƙi na farko da Anglo-Saxons a bakin Kogin Glein []. Thomas Green ya gabatar da shari'a ga Glein kasancewa Glen, bisa ga gano *Linuis*, gundumar don yaƙe-yaƙe huɗu masu zuwa, kasancewar Lindsey, kodayake ya yarda cewa an ba da shawarar wasu wurare, gami da Kogin Glen, Northumberland misali. Wannan hoton sama  yana nuna Kogin Glen a Guthram, a tsakiyar tsakanin Twenty da West Pinchbeck. A kudu, Hanyar Romawa a fadin fen ta ɓoye, an binne ta a Baston Fen da Pinchbeck Common. A lokacin Arthur, a kusa da shekara ta 500, ɓangaren arewacin Glen ya shiga Filayen ruwa da ke kwance a Pinchbeck North Fen, zuwa arewa maso gabashin Guthram. Layin kogin zuwa gabashin Guthram ya bayyana ya samo asali ne a matsayin bakin teku amma lokacin da yaduwa da kewaye da shi ya sa teku ba ta isa gare ta ba, an kwashe kogin tare da bakin don bakin teku ya zama ɗaya daga cikin bankunan kogi a maimakon haka. Sashe na Hanyar A151 a gefen 'teku' na Glen ba a gina shi ba har zuwa 1822.

Kusan shekara ta 500, yaduwar ƙauyen Anglian kwanan nan ya kai Baston, a wancan ƙarshen wannan hanyar Roman, a gefen ƙasa na wannan fen amma binnewa a makabartar Urns Farm kusa da King Street sannan ya tsaya kwatsam.  &#x5B;**&#x5D;

Idan aka kwatanta da makwabcinta, Welland, akwai 'yan rikodin tarihin Glen. Dugdale, yana rubuta littafinsa The History of Imbanking and Drayning of divers Fenns and Marshes a cikin shekara ta 1662, wanda ya dogara ne akan abubuwan da ya gani da ya yi yayin tafiya zuwa Fens a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1657, da kuma bayanan Ofishin Fens, mafi yawansu sun lalace a cikin Babban Wutar London a cikin shekara de 1666, ya yi tunanin cewa shi ne mafi ƙarancin kogin da ya gani, kuma ya riga ya yi amfani da shi da yawa daga cikin asusun kansa, tare da rill da ya sauko daga Burne, kamar yadda za a iya kiyaye shi tsakanin kogin da za a iya kare shi.

Dukkanin Bourne Eau da Glen sun shafar ambaliyar ruwa, wanda ya haifar da gazawar bankunan, wanda aka magance shi a cikin dokar Black Sluice ta 1765. Tarihin kewayawa yana da alaƙa da na Bourne Eau, tunda Bourne shine babban cibiyar yawan jama'a sama da Spalding. Dokar Bourne Eau ta 1781 ta nada amintattu, waɗanda za su tsabtace da tsaftace kogin, kuma za su iya cajin haraji don tallafawa aikin. Masara da ulu sun wuce kogin, suna kan hanyar zuwa Boston, yayin da kwal da kayan masarufi sune manyan kaya a wata hanya. A cikin shekara ta 1792, Thomas Hawkes ya rubuta game da cinikayya a cikin katako, wanda aka ɗauka daga Bourne zuwa Spalding, kuma akwai jirgin ruwa wanda ke ɗaukar fasinjoji zuwa kasuwa a Spalding a ranar Talata, amma ya yi sharhi cewa sabis ɗin ba daidai ba ne, saboda sau da yawa akwai ruwa kaɗan ko ruwa mai yawa don jiragen suyi aiki. Kwamishinonin Black Sluice sun shigar da ƙofofin ambaliyar ruwa tsakanin Glen da Bourne Eau a Tongue End, don hana matakan ruwa masu yawa a cikin Glen wucewa cikin kogi zuwa Bourne.

Rushe bankunan ta hanyar ambaliyar ruwa matsala ce ta ci gaba, tare da rushewa shida na bankin arewa da aka rubuta tsakanin 1821 da 1882, da takwas na bankin kudu a wannan lokacin. Ma'auni ya nuna cewa matakin kogi ya tashi da inci 9 ko 10 (23 ko 25  ga kowane inci 0.25 (6.4  na ruwan sama da ke faɗuwa a yankin kogi. Zuwan jiragen kasa a yankin ya haifar da raguwar zirga-zirgar kogi cikin sauri. An bude hanyar jirgin kasa daga Boston zuwa Spalding a 1848, yayin da layin daga Spalding ya buɗe zuwa Bourne a 1866 kuma zuwa Sleaford a 1872. Kodayake jiragen ruwa na lokaci-lokaci har yanzu suna isa Bourne a cikin 1857, an maye gurbin ƙofofin da ke aiki da kansu a Tongue End da wani shinge a cikin shekarun 1860, wanda ya hana wucewa daga Glen zuwa Bourne Eau, kodayake ba a soke haƙƙin kewayawa a hukumance ba har zuwa 1962,  a matsayin wani ɓangare na matakan kare ambaliyar ruwa wanda ya haɗa da maye gurbin shinge da tashar famfo a 1966. 

Da zarar an rufe hanyar zuwa Bourne, akwai ɗan cinikayya kaɗan a kan kogi, kodayake wani ɗan gajeren ɓangaren kusan mil 1 (1.6  an yi amfani da shi ta jiragen ruwa har zuwa shekarun 1920. Kodayake shugaban kewayawa na yanzu yana a Tongue End, akwai shaidar cewa masu amfani da wuta masu iya ɗaukar tan 15 da aka yi amfani da su don kewayawa zuwa Kate's Bridge, inda hanyar Lincoln zuwa Peterborough ta haye kogi, kuma akwai ragowar tashar jiragen ruwa a Greatford Hall, kodayake kewayawa a can dole ne ya ƙare bayan an sake gina Kate's Brid.

A cikin 1734, John Grundy, ɗaya daga cikin masu gabatarwa wajen amfani da ka'idodin kimiyya don magance matsalolin injiniyan farar hula, masu ba da labari na Deeping Fen sun nemi suyi la'akari da zubar da ruwa na murabba'in kilomita 47 (1 ) na fenland zuwa yammacin Spalding. Shirye-shiryensa sun haɗa da gina tafkin da ya rufe kadada 10 (4.0 , wanda aka rufe ta hanyar shingen a Surfleet. A lokacin da ruwa ya ragu, za a saki ruwa, kuma aikin wankewa zai zurfafa tashar, tare da ingantaccen ruwa. Humphrey Smith ya ba da umarnin ginin, tare da Grundy yana aiki a matsayin injiniya, wanda aka kammala a 1739, bisa ga takardar da aka sanya a lokacin. Rufin yana da ramuka uku, kowannensu   fadi, tare da ƙofofi masu kaifi a kan shafin da ke ƙasa, wanda ya rufe yayin da ruwa ya tashi, da ɗaga ƙofoci a gefen sama, wanda za a ɗaga shi don fitar da ruwa. Masu kula da Dokar Ruwa ta Deeping Fen, 1856 ne suka gina shingen na yanzu. Lord Kesteven ne ya kafa dutse na farko a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 1879 kuma an buɗe ƙofar a watan Nuwamba 1879 a jimlar farashi na £ 15,000.

## Ci gaba

The Environment Agency are the navigation authority responsible for the river. They issue licences for its use, and operate Surfleet sluice when required. While the river is navigable for  to Tongue End, the upper reaches above Pinchbeck Bars are only suitable for smaller boats, as there are no locations where it is possible to turn a boat which is over  long. However, the  section of the river from its source to Guthram Gowt forms part of the proposed Fens Waterways Link, which will ultimately link the River Witham to the River Nene, via the South Forty-Foot Drain, the River Glen, the River Welland and some upgraded drains near Peterborough. Phase One, the connection of the South Forty-Foot Drain to The Haven at Boston by a new lock, was completed by December 2008, and was officially opened on 20 March 2009.
Construction of the second phase of the project, which will involve making the South Forty-Foot Drain navigable from Donington to Guthram Gowt, where a connection with the River Glen will be made, has been delayed by the change in the economic climate, and the complexity of the task.

## Ingancin ruwa
Hukumar Kula da Muhalli tana auna ingancin ruwa na tsarin kogi a Ingila. Kowane mutum an ba shi matsayi na muhalli gaba ɗaya, wanda zai iya zama ɗaya daga cikin matakai biyar: mai girma, mai kyau, matsakaici, matalauta da mara kyau. Akwai abubuwa da yawa da ake amfani da su don tantance wannan, gami da matsayin halittu, wanda ke kallon yawan da nau'ikan invertebrates, angiosperms da kifi. Matsayin sunadarai, wanda ke kwatanta maida hankali ga sunadarai daban-daban da sanannun maida hankali, ana kimanta shi da kyau ko kasawa.

Ingancin ruwa na tsarin Kogin Glen ya kasance kamar haka a cikin 2019.

Dalilan ingancin ya kasance ƙasa da kyau sun haɗa da zubar da datti wanda ke shafar mafi yawan kogin, gyare-gyaren jiki na tashoshi, cire ruwa na ƙasa, da rashin kula da aikin gona da yankunan karkara da ke kusa da tsarin kogin. Kamar yawancin koguna a Burtaniya, matsayin sunadarai ya canza daga mai kyau zuwa kasawa a cikin 2019, saboda kasancewar polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS) da mahaɗan mercury, babu wanda aka haɗa shi a cikin kimantawa.

## Abubuwan da ke da sha'awa

## Dubi kuma

* Koguna na kayi r Ingila

## Manazarta

### Littafi Mai Tsarki
 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje