Kai komo na muhalli a Afirka ta Kudu

**[[Kai komo na muhalli]]** a **[[Afirka ta Kudu]],** ya gano tarihinsa daga farkon farkon kiyayewa, zuwa tashiwar radicalism da gwagwarmaya tsakanin masu ilimin mujallar gida. Kafin bala'in Chernobyl da faduwar Ginin Berlin, akwai 'yan gwagwarmayar kore kaɗan a kasar. Koeberg Alert da Dolphin Action and Protection Group tabbas biyu ne daga cikin tsofaffin kungiyoyin bayan kiyayewa. Duk da yake mafi yawan masu kiyayewa na farko, tare da 'yan kaɗan, sun haɗa kansu cikin tsarin wariyar launin fata, kungiyoyi irin su *Earthlife Africa* sun san rawar da suke takawa a matsayin masu kula da' yanci da haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma haƙƙoƙin duniya da mulkin dabbobi. Kungiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Cape Town misali, ta yi kamfen a bayyane don 'yancin siyasa tare da dandamali wanda ke "tsaron siyasa da kuma siyasa".

A lokacin wariyar launin fata yayin da aka dakatar da jam'iyyun siyasa, kungiyoyin muhalli sun zama hanyar fita don fafutuka da faɗakarwa ta siyasa. A Durban, Cibiyar Adalci ta Muhalli, ta tashi tare da batutuwan adawa da wariyar launin fata waɗanda suka shafi muhalli da kuma haƙƙin ma'aikata. Duk da yake masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da yawa daga baya sun shiga cikin majalisa mai mulki na Afirka, wasu sun yi wasa da kafa jam'iyyar siyasa da za ta wakilci bukatun kore.

Yunkurin muhalli ya koma cikin sararin siyasa a cikin 1989 tare da kafa Jam'iyyar Ecology, wacce ta rushe jim kadan bayan haka. A cikin 1992 Ian Brownlie ya ƙaddamar da Green Party, amma shi ma ya rushe bayan mummunar kamfen ɗin zabe a cikin 1994. Judy Sole daga nan ta kafa Gwamnatin Green Party a 1999.

## Jerin lokaci

### Zamanin mulkin mallaka

* 1918: An kafa Kungiyar Manoma ta asali;
* 1926: An kafa kungiyar namun daji ta Afirka ta Kudu

### Lokacin wariyar launin fata

* 1955: Congress_of_the_People_(1955) da aka gudanar a Kliptown. Yarjejeniyar 'Yanci ta haɗa da labarin kan haƙƙin gona da muhalli, musamman 'ceton ƙasa'.
* 1973: An kafa Trust na namun daji mai haɗari
* 1976 Koeberg Alert da aka kafa bayan yanke shawara don sanya tashar makamashin nukiliya ta farko ta Afirka ta Kudu kawai 30 km daga Cape Town
* 1977: The Dolphin Action & Protection Group da aka kafa tare da taken da manufofin 'Dolphins Ya Kamata Kasancewa 'Yana da' Yanci'.
* 1983: Koeberg Alert ya sake ginawa, "ya fadada mayar da hankali ga zanga-zangar" don sanya dukkan batun nukiliya "a cikin yanayin zamantakewa, siyasa da tattalin arziki".
* 1984: Natsoc, an kafa wata al'umma ta halitta
* 1986: Bala'in Chernobyl
* 1987: An kafa Kungiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Cape Town; tare da taken: 'Yantar da Mutane'
* 1988: An kafa rayuwar duniya a Afirka; Khanyisa, kungiyar wayar da kan jama'a ta muhalli da aka kafa a garuruwan Langa, Nyanga, Guguletu da Khayelitsha
* 1989: Earthlife Africa ta fallasa guba ta mercury na ma'aikata a Thor Chemicals; An buga Kagenna Magazine; Green Action Forum wanda Greg Knill ya kafa. Kafa Jam'iyyar Muhalli a Cape Town.
* 1990: Kamfen na masana'antar kamun kifi ta Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Abinci da Allied Union ta haɗa al'amuran ma'aikatan da muhalli.
* 1991: Taron Kasa na farko kan Muhalli da Ci gaba; Kungiyar Kula da Muhimmanci ta saki takarda "Zuwa ga Ci Gaban Ci Gaba a Afirka ta Kudu"; Janar Magnus Malan ya zama sabon Ministan Harkokin Ruwa da dazuzzuka; Bev Geach na Weekly Mail ya buga The Green Pages, kundin tsarin kungiyoyin muhalli
* 1992: Rayuwar Duniya ta matsa wa gwamnati don bincike game da mutuwar da ke da alaƙa da asbestos. An kafa Cibiyar Harkokin Adalci na Muhalli (EJNF) a taron ELA. Kafa Green Party ta masu gwagwarmaya a Cape Town.
* 1993: An kafa Kungiyar Kula da Muhalli (GEM).

### Lokacin Bayan wariyar launin fata

* 1994: Bayan zaben dimokuradiyya na farko na Afirka ta Kudu, haƙƙin muhalli ya gabatar don muhawara ga Majalisar Tsarin Mulki.
* 1995: An kafa eThekwini ECOPEACE
* 1996: Dokar 'Yancin Afirka ta Kudu ta yi shelar cewa: "Kowane mutum yana da' yancin yanayin da ba shi da lahani ga lafiyarsu ko jin daɗi".
* 1997: Gwamnatin ANC ta motsa don samar da man fetur mara gubar a matsayin daya daga cikin manufofin kare muhalli na farko
* 1998: Hukumar Gaskiya ta ji game da mutuwar da ke da alaƙa da asbestos daga hakar ma'adinai
* 1999: Groundwork (GW), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta, sabis na adalci na muhalli da ƙungiyar ci gaba da tsoffin masu fafutuka 3 suka kafa. Kafawar Gwamnati ta Jam'iyyar Green Party ta Judy Sole.
* 2000: An kafa Kungiyar Muhalli ta Kudancin Durban (SDCEA); eThekwini ECOPEACE ta lashe kujerar daya a Majalisar Majalisa ta eTekwini, karo na farko da Green Party na kowane irin a Afirka ta Kudu ta ci nasara a zaben
* 2002: Taron Duniya na Rio+10 kan Ci gaba mai dorewa da aka gudanar a Johannesburg; Duniya ta kaddamar da Cibiyar Muhalli ta Jama'a, Greenhouse.
* 2003: Asbestos Relief Trust (ART) da aka kafa, da kuma Kgalagadi Recue Trust, dukansu suna kimanta da'awar kuma suna ba da diyya ga masu cancanta. Wata sanarwa ta kafofin watsa labarai, ta nuna cewa haramtacciyar amfani da asbestos da kayan da suka shafi asphestos "ya wuce". An kafa National Energy Caucus.
* 2004: An nada Marthinus van Schalkwyk a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Muhalli da Yawon Bude Ido
* 2006: Eskom, kamfanin samar da makamashi na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da fitila masu adana makami ga masu amfani a matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfen ɗin rage makamai.
** Ma'aikatar Harkokin Muhalli da Yawon Bude Ido tana gudanar da sauraro kan makamashin nukiliya. Shaidar farko ta gurɓata da mutuwar ma'aikaci sun haifar da bayyanar radiation.
* 2009: Afirka ta Kudu ta shiga cikin zagaye na Canjin Yanayi na Copenhagen .
* 2010: Gwamnatin SA ta ba da sanarwar hana PBMR. Edna Molewa ta nada Ministan Muhalli a karkashin Jacob Zuma .
* 2011: Afirka ta Kudu ta dauki bakuncin COP17 a Durban, sabon tsarin ya fito. Taron Allied Climate & Health ya fitar da "Durban Declaration" wanda ya ayyana gaggawa na kiwon lafiya, wanda kwararru 250 da kungiyoyin kifin lafiyar jama'a suka sanya hannu.
* 2015: Afirka ta Kudu ta dauki bakuncin taron makamashi na kasa da kasa na Afirka de Kudu.
* 2016: An kafa kungiyar shari'ar muhalli ta Vukani a lardin Mpumalanga. Kafa The Greens a Cape Town.
* 2019: Barbara Creecy ta rantsar da ita a matsayin sabon Ministan Muhalli a karkashin Ramaphosa . Gwamnatin Green Party ta shiga cikin Zaben Kasa da na Lardin 2019 kuma ta sami kashi 0.13% na kuri'un a Lundumar Yammacin Cape, amma babu kujerar majalisa.
* 2021: Greens sun yi takara a zaben kananan hukumomi a babban birnin Cape Town amma ba su sami kujerar a majalisar  ba.
* 2022: Maris, an ji shari'ar "Deadly Air" a Afirka ta Kudu. Kotun ta tabbatar da haƙƙin tsarin mulki na 'yan ƙasa na ƙasar ga yanayin da ba shi da lahani ga lafiyarsu. Wannan ya haɗa da haƙƙin iska mai tsabta, kamar yadda bayyanar gurɓataccen iska ke shafar lafiyar ɗan adam. 
* Satumba, Shell 'Wild Coast' Ocean Exploration Case ya ji. Kotun Koli a Makhanda ta yanke hukuncin cewa an ba da damar binciken shell na gudanar da binciken girgizar kasa a kan Tekun daji na Afirka ta Kudu ba bisa ka'ida ba sabili da haka ya ajiye shi.  

## Duba kuma

* Tarayyar Green Parties na Afirka
* Yunkurin adawa da nukiliya

## Manazarta