Amfani da barasa da matasa ke yi a Amurka

Kodayake mafi ƙarancin shekarun doka don *sayen* barasa shine 21 a duk Jihohin Amurka da yawancin yankuna  , cikakkun bayanai na doka don amfani sun bambanta sosai. Ko da yake wasu jihohi sun haramta shan barasa ga mutanen da ke ƙasa da 18, yawancin suna da keɓancewa waɗanda ke ba da izinin sha. 

Shan kasa da shekaru ya zama aiki da farko da aka yi a asirce. A cikin abin da aka sani da pre-caming ko pre-partying, masu shaye-shaye masu karancin shekaru na iya boye shan barasa ta hanyar shansu da sauri kafin su fita. Brittany Levine ta bayyana a cikin labarinta na "Pre-Gaming" a Amurka A Yau cewa "dukkan abubuwan sha da suka shafi pre-biki, 80% sun haɗa da ƙarin shan giya bayan haka".
 
Yawancin jihohi sun yanke shawarar 21 a matsayin shekarun sha bayan Hani, amma Kwaskwarima na 26 ya ba wa mutane 18 da haihuwa damar jefa kuri'a da kuma yin aikin soja, don haka jihohi da yawa sun rage shekarun sha. Duk da haka, Shugaba Ronald Reagan, wanda kungiyoyi irin su Uwaye da Masu Bugawa (MADD) suka rinjayi da kuma Cire Direbobin Masu Buga (RID), sun yanke shawarar aiwatar da shekaru 21+ na shaye-shaye ta hanyar sanya hannu kan Dokar Zaman Lafiya ta Kasa ta 1984.  Ya yi imanin cewa yin hakan zai rage yawan hadurran da ke da alaka da tuki a buguwa, domin a cewarsa, jihohin da suka kai shekaru 21+ ba su da yawan hadurran tuki a bugu. Reagan ya ce ko da yake yana fatan jihohi za su samar da nasu dokar don kara yawan shekarun shaye-shaye, amma sai an aiwatar da dokar tarayya don gujewa iyakokin jini, ko kuma matasa masu tuka mota zuwa jiha mafi kusa da karancin shekarun shaye-shaye.  Reagan ya yi barazanar jihohi da Hanawa 5% na kudaden tarayya don manyan hanyoyi idan ba su bi da kara yawan shekarun shan giya zuwa 21. 

A shekara ta 2007, an sabunta muhawarar shekarun sha a Amurka lokacin da wata kungiya mai zaman kanta Select Responsibility ta fara inganta rage shekarun sha tare da ilimi da dokoki don shawo kan mutane su sha da hankali kafin su kai shekarun doka. Kafin mutum ya cancanci siye, mallaka da cinye barasa, dole ne a kammala karatun ilimin barasa gabaɗaya kuma kowane matashi dole ne ya ci jarrabawar ƙarshe kafin samun lasisi. Idan matashi yana da wasu laifukan da suka shafi barasa kafin su cika shekaru 18, za su sami aƙalla shekara ɗaya a kowace cin zarafi kafin su cancanci a ba su lasisi.

A shekara ta 2008, McCardell da shugabannin kwalejoji da jami'o'i sama da 100 na Amurka sun kaddamar da Amethyst Initiative, kamfen don muhawara game da tasirin dokokin barasa na yanzu. A shekara ta 2008, Gallup ya ba da rahoton cewa kashi 77% na yawan mutanen da suka wuce 18 suna adawa da shekarun shan giya. Kamar yadda yake a yanzu, duk jihar da ta rage siyan barasa ko shekarun mallakarta, za ta yi asarar kashi biyar na kuɗaɗen babbar hanyar tarayya. Wannan na iya kasancewa daga asarar dala miliyan 6 zuwa miliyan 150 ga kowane jiha.&nbsp;&nbsp;

## Shirye-shiryen rigakafi
A cewar Frances M. Harding na Abuse Abuse da Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA) "Manufarmu ita ce canza ka'idojin zamantakewa. "

### Takaitaccen Binciken Alcohol da Shiga tsakani ga Daliban Kwalejin
Taƙaitaccen shirin tantance barasa da shiga tsakani ga ɗaliban Kwalejin (BASICS) ya ƙunshi ɗan taƙaitaccen binciken da aka ba ɗalibai don taimaka musu tantance shan barasa ga sauran ɗalibai. Hakanan ya ƙunshi zaman nasiha ɗaya ko biyu da aka baiwa ɗalibai don ba da tallafi kuma kada su kasance masu gaba da juna game da shan barasa.

### "Yana magana. Suna jin Ka"
Hukumar Zagin Abu da Kula da Lafiyar Hankali ta kirkiro kamfen na "Magana. Suna jinka" wanda ya ƙunshi aikace-aikacen wayar hannu don taimaka wa iyaye tare da tattaunawa game da shan barasa ga 'ya'yansu.

## Dalilan da ya sa aka yi amfani da su
Don taƙaita abubuwan da ke motsa shaye-shaye masu ƙanƙanta, ƙa'idodin al'adu suna ba da izinin shan ƙarancin ƙarancin lokacin da matsalolin zamantakewa ke sauƙaƙe su. Kodayake an saita shekarun sha na doka a shekara 21, shan giya yana da shekaru 18 ko lokacin shiga kwaleji shine iyakar yarda da al'ada. Wannan izinin al'ada shine dalilin farko da yawancin ɗaliban kwaleji suka yi watsi da dokoki game da sha. Baya ga abubuwan motsa jiki na al'adu, ana tsammanin ɗalibai su sha a cikin jama'a. Sau da yawa idan ba koyaushe ba, taron jama'a yana kan shaye-shaye. Bugu da ƙari, baya ga jin buƙatar sha don a yarda da su, maye gurbin barasa yana ba wa ɗaliban da za su iya jin kunya ko kuma ba su da ƙarfin hali don jin dadin kansu. Wani babban abu shine ga matasa waɗanda suka girma a cikin gidaje inda shan giya ya zama ruwan dare, ya ƙarfafa, ko kuma ya ba su. Wani binciken daga shekara ta 2005 ya nuna cewa kashi 26% na manya suna tunanin shan giya mara shekaru yana da kyau idan wani babba yana nan. 

Wadanda ke rage yawan shekarun sha gabaɗaya suna jayayya cewa matsakaicin yawan shan barasa akai-akai a matsayin abin da ake ci ko sha tare da abokai ya fi dacewa kuma ya fi koshin lafiya fiye da ɗabi'ar shaye-shaye da ake dangantawa da busassun ƙasashe kamar Amurka. Wadannan ra'ayoyin gabaɗaya suna haifar da hujjar cewa ya fi tasiri da fa'ida ga dokoki don sa ido, iyakancewa, da jagorar halayen sha mai kyau maimakon hana shi kai tsaye. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ana jayayya cewa rashin amfani da barasa yana faruwa - aƙalla a wani ɓangare - sakamakon tsauraran dokokin sha. An ce idan ba a tilasta lokacin shan giya sosai ba kuma mutanen da ke ƙasa da shekara 18 suna da damar koyon yadda ake shan alhaki kafin kwaleji, ƙananan matasa za su yi amfani da barasa da kyau. Dwight B. Heath, Farfesa a Brown ya nuna ciwon 'haramtacciyar 'ya'yan itace' wanda aka halicce shi lokacin da shekarun sha ya yi yawa. Sabanin kasashen da ke da karancin shekarun sha. " Barasa ba shi da wani asiri, ba wani babban abu ba ne. "  Da yawa daga cikin masu ba da goyon baya kuma suna jayayya cewa maimakon akwai ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun shekaru, ya kamata dokoki su kasance a hankali a hankali tare da shawarwari kamar yin gwaji don samun lasisin sha ko aiwatar da dokoki kamar na Turai waɗanda ke iyakance nau'in barasa ko wurin da za a iya sha a ƙarƙashinsa. 

Wadanda ke jayayya don kiyayewa har ma da ƙarfafa dokokin sha na yanzu, duk da haka, suna ba da misalai na baya, gabaɗaya suna jayayya cewa raunuka da mutuwar da ke da alaƙa da sha ba su da kyau a halin yanzu. Har ila yau, suna jayayya cewa yunƙurin aiwatar da dokokin shan ruwa a hankali ko shirye-shiryen ilimi na da kyakkyawan fata da rashin gaskiya. Bugu da ƙari kuma, suna ba da shawarar cewa matsalolin shan giya da tuƙi sun yi yawa a tsakanin waɗanda ba su da shekaru a shari'a kuma rage yawan shekarun sha zai ba da damar waɗannan halaye kawai, yana haifar da ƙara yawan matsalolin barasa.

## Kididdiga

### Farashin

Ko da yake har yanzu matsalar shan kananan yara na da matukar muhimmanci, gwamnati, jami'a da kididdiga na kasa sun tabbatar da cewa shan barasa da yawan shan barasa a tsakanin daliban makarantar sakandare ya ragu a hankali cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata, kuma yana ci gaba da raguwa a duk shekara.A cewar wani binciken da aka yi a Amurka na Abuse Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration binciken da ya shafi matasa 30,000 masu shekaru 12 zuwa 20, tsakanin 2002 da 2013 yawan masu shaye-shaye ya ragu daga 28.8% zuwa 22.7%. Masu shaye-shaye marasa shekaru sun ragu 19.3% zuwa 14.2%. A watan Disamba 2014, binciken da Jami'ar Michigan ta gudanar ya kuma gano cewa 75% na manyan daliban sakandare ba su yarda da shan barasa a karshen mako ba. Har yanzu barasa ya zama abin da aka fi so tsakanin matasa na Amurka duk da haka, tare da taba da miyagun ƙwayoyi masu haramtacciyar suna bin matsayi. Dangane da bayanai daga Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka, waɗanda The Hill ya samu, mutuwar miyagun ƙwayoyi da barasa tsakanin yara masu shekaru 15 zuwa 19 sun karu daga 788 a cikin 2018 zuwa 1,755 a cikin 2021. 

## Kulawar iyaye game da shan barasa ga yara
Wadanda ke adawa da cikakken dokar hana shan kananan yara suna jayayya cewa yana da mahimmanci a gabatar da yara kanana cikin barasa a cikin yanayi mai sarrafawa, domin kulawa da jagora na iya faruwa a maimakon gwaji. Wasu iyaye suna shirye su ba ’ya’yansu barasa idan sun sha shi a wurin da aka sarrafa su. Bayar da barasa ga 'ya'yansa an halatta a cikin jihohi 31, yayin da aka haramta yin hakan ga 'ya'yan sauran mutane a duk jihohi hamsin. An kafa ka'idojin masu karɓar bakuncin jama'a a wasu yankuna don ƙoƙarin iyakance jam'iyyun inda manya zasu iya ba da izinin yara su sha. Dokoki ko farillai na zamantakewa sun haɓaka a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata saboda yana da wuya jami'an tsaro su tabbatar da cewa manya ne suka yi tanadi ko ba da barasa ga yara ƙanana a cikin gidansu, don haka ya ba su damar ba da labari ko kama babban da ke da iko a wurin.  Saboda wahalar tabbatar da waɗannan shari'o'in, wasu jihohi sun sanya wannan kariya ce mai tabbatar da cewa wanda ake tuhuma dole ne ya tabbatar da cewa amfani da shi ya dace da doka.

## Dubi kuma

* Tallace-tallace na barasa a makarantun koleji
* Ma'aikatar Kula da Abin sha ta California
* Shekarar shan giya ta doka a Amurka

## Bayanan da aka ambata

* California Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control Shoulder Tap Program  Archived 2019-06-21 at the Wayback Machine
* Choose Responsibility
* The Century Council: Learn the Facts
* MADD Online: Stats & Resources
* National Youth Rights Association
* SAMHSA's "Talk. They Hear You." page 
* "#1 Party School". *This American Life*, December 18, 2009. *This American Life* examines the party (and therefore drinking) culture at Penn State.
*  Alcohol, Marijuana, and Tobacco Use Patterns among Youth in Canada