Yanayin karfin ruwa

## '''Yanayin karfin ruwa'''
Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta
Zane-zane na Hybrid Sankey na 2011 Ruwa mai haɗin kai da makamashin Amurka.
Matsakaicin makamashin ruwa shine dangantakar da ke tsakanin ruwan da ake amfani da shi don samar da makamashi, ciki har da wutar lantarki da kuma tushen man fetur kamar man fetur da iskar gas, da makamashin da ake cinyewa don cirewa, tsarkakewa, bayarwa, zafi / sanyi, bi da zubar da ruwa (da ruwa mai tsabta) wani lokaci ana kiransa (E a matsayin ƙarfin makamashi). Ana buƙatar makamashi a kowane mataki na zagayowar ruwa tun daga samarwa, motsi, magani da dumama ruwa zuwa tattarawa da kuma kula da ruwan sha. Dangantakar da gaske ba rufaffiyar madogara ba ce kamar yadda ruwan da ake amfani da shi don samar da makamashi bai kamata ya zama ruwan da ake sarrafa shi ta hanyar amfani da makamashin ba, amma duk nau'ikan samar da makamashi na bukatar wasu bayanai na ruwa da ke sa dangantakar ba za ta rabu ba.
Daga cikin binciken farko da aka yi don kimanta dangantakar ruwa da makamashi akwai nazarin yanayin rayuwa wanda Peter Gleick ya gudanar a shekarar alif 1994 wanda ya nuna haɗin kai kuma ya fara nazarin haɗin gwiwa na ruwa da makamashi. A shekara ta 2014 Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka (DOE) ta fitar da rahotonsu game da ma'amalar makamashin ruwa tare da yin la'akari da buƙatar manufofin haɗin gwiwar ruwa-makamashi da kyakkyawar fahimtar dangantakar da ke tsakaninta da saurin sauyin yanayi a matsayin batun tsaron ƙasa.Zane-zanen Sankey matasan a cikin rahoton DOE's 2014 ruwa-makamashi nexus rahoton ya taƙaita ruwa da makamashi da ke gudana a cikin Amurka ta sassa daban-daban, yana nuna dogaro da juna tare da keɓance ikon wutar lantarki a matsayin babban mai amfani da ruwa, wanda aka fi amfani dashi don sanyaya.
 
## '''Ruwan da ake amfani da shi a fannin makamashi'''
Hoto 1. Jimlar WCEP ta nau'in makamashi, 2008
Duk nau'ikan samar da wutar lantarki suna amfani da ruwa ko dai don sarrafa albarkatun da ake amfani da su a wurin, gini da kula da masana'anta, ko kuma kawai don samar da wutar lantarki da kanta. Sabbin hanyoyin wutar lantarki kamar hasken rana na hotovoltaic da wutar iska, waɗanda ke buƙatar ruwa kaɗan don samar da makamashi, suna buƙatar ruwa wajen sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa don ginawa. Ana iya amfani da ruwa ko sha, kuma ana iya rarraba shi azaman sabo, ƙasa, saman ƙasa, shuɗi, launin toka ko kore da sauransu. Ana la'akari da amfani da ruwa idan bai rage samar da ruwa ga masu amfani da shi ba, watau ruwan da ake dibarwa a mayar da shi wuri guda (amfani da ruwa), kamar a cikin masana'antar thermoelectric da ke amfani da ruwa don sanyaya kuma su ne mafi yawan masu amfani da ruwa. Yayin da ake mayar da ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi zuwa tsarin da ake amfani da shi a ƙasa, yawanci yakan ƙasƙanta ta wata hanya, musamman saboda gurɓataccen zafin jiki ko na sinadarai, kuma an canza yanayin yanayin da ba ya haifar da ƙima idan kawai an yi la'akari da yawan ruwa. Ana shan ruwa ne idan an cire shi gaba ɗaya daga tsarin, kamar ta hanyar ƙaya ko amfani da amfanin gona ko mutane. Lokacin tantance amfani da ruwa duk waɗannan abubuwan dole ne a yi la'akari da su tare da la'akari da yanayin lokacin yin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun amfani da ruwa da wahala sosai. A cewar Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Duniya (IEA), damuwa da ruwa kuma yana haifar da haɗari ga jigilar mai da kayan. A cikin 2022, fari da tsananin zafin rana sun haifar da ƙarancin ruwa a cikin manyan kogin Turai kamar Rhine, iyakance jigilar kwal, sinadarai da sauran kayan aiki.[5]
Spang et al. (2014) ya gudanar da wani nazari kan yadda ake amfani da ruwa don samar da wutar lantarki (WCEP) a duniya cewa duka biyun sun nuna bambancin nau'ikan makamashin da ake samarwa a cikin kasashe da kuma bambance-bambance masu yawa na ingancin samar da wutar lantarki a kowace raka'a ta amfani da ruwa (Hoto na 1). Ayyuka na tsarin rarraba ruwa da tsarin rarraba wutar lantarki a ƙarƙashin yanayin gaggawa na iyakancewar wutar lantarki da samun ruwa yana da mahimmancin la'akari don inganta haɓakar ruwa gaba ɗaya - haɗin makamashi. Khatavkar da Mays (2017a) sun gabatar da wata hanya don kula da rarraba ruwa da tsarin rarraba wutar lantarki a ƙarƙashin yanayin gaggawa na fari da ƙarancin wutar lantarki don tabbatar da aƙalla samar da ruwan sanyi ga masana'antar wutar lantarki.[6] Khatavkar da Mays (2017) sun yi amfani da samfurin ingantawa don ruwa - tsarin haɗin gwiwar makamashi don tsarin matakin yanki mai ƙima wanda ya nuna ingantaccen juriya ga yanayin yanayi da yawa.[7]
Abin da ya fi jawo cece-kuce shi ne amfani da albarkatun ruwa don karyewar iskar gas da kuma ma'aunin mai. Yawancin masana muhalli sun damu matuka game da yuwuwar irin wannan ayyuka na kara ta'azzara karancin ruwa a cikin gida (tunda yawan ruwan da ake bukata yana da yawa) da kuma samar da gurbatacciyar ruwa mai yawa (dukansu ta hanyar gurbacewar ruwa kai tsaye, da kuma a kaikaice ta hanyar gurbata ruwan karkashin kasa).[8] Tare da hauhawar farashin makamashi a Arewacin Amurka da Turai a shekarun  2020s yana iya yiwuwa sha'awar gwamnati da masana'antu a cikin rarrabuwar ruwa za su yi girma.
## '''Ƙarfin makamashi'''
Ayyukan tsarin ruwa na birane na buƙatar tallafin makamashi mai yawa. Mahimmin matakai kamar canja wurin ruwa, amfani,  da kuma kula da ruwan shasuna cinye makamashi mai yawa, suna haifar da tattaunawa game da ƙarfin makamashi da fitar da carbon na tsarin ruwa.
Amurka (California)
A cikin 2001, tsarin ruwa mai aiki a Amurka ya cinye kusan 3% na jimlar wutar lantarki ta shekara (~ 75 TWh).[12] Aikin Ruwa na Jihar California (SWP) da Cibiyar Kwarin Tsakiya (CVP) sun kasance tare da tsarin ruwa mafi girma a duniya tare da mafi girman ruwa, fiye da 2000 ft. a fadin Tehachapi tsaunin, yana ba da ruwa daga rijiyar da ƙananan yankunan arewacin jihar, zuwa tsakiyar kwari mai zurfi na noma, kuma a karshe zuwa ga m da kuma kudancin jama'a. Sakamakon haka, SWP da CVP sune manyan masu amfani da wutar lantarki a California suna cinye kusan TWh 5 na wutar lantarki kowace shekara.[12] A shekara ta 2001, kashi 19% na yawan wutar lantarki da jihar ke amfani da shi (~48 TWh/shekara) ana amfani da shi wajen sarrafa ruwa, gami da amfani da karshensa, inda bangaren birane ya kai kashi 65% na wannan.[13] Baya ga wutar lantarki, kashi 30% na iskar gas da ake amfani da shi a California ya samo asali ne sakamakon hanyoyin da suka shafi ruwa, galibi dumama ruwan gida, da galan miliyan 88 na dizal ana cinye su ta hanyar famfunan ruwa na ƙasa don aikin gona.[13] Bangaren zama kadai ya kai kashi 48% na jimlar hada wutar lantarki da iskar gas da ake amfani da su don tafiyar da harkokin ruwa a jihar.[12][13]
## '''Wutar lantarki'''
Hydroelectricity wani lamari ne na musamman na ruwa da ake amfani da shi don samar da makamashi musamman saboda ana ɗaukar samar da wutar lantarki a matsayin mafi tsafta da makamashi mai sabuntawa, kuma madatsun ruwa (babban tushen samar da wutar lantarki) suna yin ayyuka da yawa ban da samar da makamashi, gami da rigakafin ambaliyar ruwa, adanawa, sarrafawa da nishaɗi wanda ke haifar da wahala. Bugu da ƙari, tasirin samar da wutar lantarki na iya zama da wahala a ƙididdige su duka biyun dangane da asarar da ake cinyewa da kuma canjin ingancin ruwa, tunda damming yana haifar da kwararar da ta fi sanyi fiye da magudanan ruwa. A wasu lokuta ana iya ganin daidaitawar magudanar ruwa a matsayin kishiyantar amfani da ruwa a cikin lokaci na iya buƙatar ƙididdigewa a cikin nazarin tasiri. Ana iya amfani da shirye-shiryen biya a matsayin ƙididdiga don ƙayyade ƙimar kuɗin.
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