open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Alexander Gill Mai Girma

**Alexander Gil the Elder** (7 Fabrairu 1565 - 17 Nuwamba 1635), wanda aka fi sani da Gil, masanin Ingilishi ne, mai gyara rubutun kalmomi, kuma babban malamin Makarantar St Paul, inda ɗalibansa suka haɗa da John Milton . Shi ne marubucin harshen Ingilishi, wanda aka rubuta, duk da haka, a cikin Latin.

## Rayuwa
An haife shi a Lincolnshire 7 Fabrairu 1565, an shigar da shi a matsayin masanin Kwalejin Corpus Christi, Oxford, a watan Satumba na shekara ta 1583, kuma ya sami BA a shekara ta 1586 da MA a shekara ta 1589. Wood ya yi imanin cewa shi malamin makaranta ne a Norwich, inda yake zaune a shekara ta 1597. A ranar 10 ga Maris 1607-8 an nada shi babban malamin makarantar St. Paul, wanda ya gaji Richard Mulcaster. Milton yana daga cikin ɗalibansa daga 1620 zuwa 1625.

Yana da 'ya'ya maza biyu, George da Alexander (an haife shi a shekara ta 1597), da kuma 'yar, Annah . George Gill zai zama mai tsarki.

A shekara ta 1628, an ji ɗansa Alexander yana shan giya ga lafiyar John Felton, wanda ya soke George Villiers, Duke na 1 na Buckingham. Buckingham ya kasance ƙaunataccen Sarki Charles I, amma jama'a sun ƙi shi. An yaba wa Felton sosai a matsayin jarumi don kashe shi. An yanke wa Gill the Younger hukuncin cire kunnuwa biyu kuma an ci tarar £ 2,000. Koyaya, mahaifinsa ya shiga tsakani kai tsaye tare da William Laud. Wannan ƙoƙari ya sami raguwar hukuncin da Star Chamber ta yi. Alexander Gill the Younger daga baya zai zama sanannen malami a kansa.

## Mutuwa
Gill the Elder ya mutu a gidansa a St. Paul's Churchyard 17 Nuwamba 1635, kuma an binne shi 20 Nuwamba a cikin Mercers' Chapel . Matarsa, Elizabeth ce ta mutu.

## Ayyuka

### Harshen harshe
Logonomia Anglica, qua gentis sermo facilius addiscitur, London, by John Beale, 1619, 2nd edita. 1621, shi ne harshen Ingilishi da aka keɓe ga littafin James I. Gill, wanda aka rubuta a cikin Latin, ya buɗe tare da shawarwari don tsarin sauti na rubutun Ingilishi (duba ƙasa). A cikin sashi na al'ada da maganganu Gill ya nakalto kyauta daga Edmund Spenser, George Wither, Samuel Daniel, da sauran mawaƙa na Ingilishi. Ya fi cikakkun bayanai fiye da ayyukan da suka gabata, kuma ya mai da hankali ga haɗin kai da prosody. Otto Luitpold Jiriczek ne ya samar da wani bugu a shekara ta 1903;  an buga facsimile na fitowar 1619 a shekara ta 1972.
John Hart (mai gyarawa)

**John Hart** (ya mutu a shekara ta 1574) malamin Ingilishi ne, masanin ilimin lissafi, mai gyara rubutun kalmomi kuma jami'in makamai. An fi saninsa da bayar da shawarar tsarin gyaran rubutun Ingilishi, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "tsarin farko na gaske" a cikin tarihin rubutun Ingilishi na farko. A matsayinsa na jami'in makamai, John Hart ya rike taken Chester Herald tsakanin 1567 da 1574.

## Canjin rubutun kalmomi
Hart shine marubucin sanannun ayyuka guda uku a kan harshe da *Rubutun kal*: wani rubutun da ba a buga ba daga 1551 mai taken The Opening of the Unreasonable Writing of Our Inglish Toung; wani ɗan littafin da ake kira An Orthographie, wanda aka buga a 1569; da kuma rubutun karatu mai suna A Methode or Comfortable Beginning for All Unlearned, wanda aka wallafa a 1570. A cikin waɗannan ayyukan, ya soki ayyukan rubutun zamani na zamaninsa a matsayin rikici da rashin ma'ana, kuma yana jayayya da gyare-gyaren gyare- gyare-gine a kan ka'idojin sauti kawai. Manufarsa ita ce gabatar da tsarin rubutun kalmomi tare da alaƙa ɗaya-zuwa-ɗaya tsakanin sautuna da alamomi ("ga komai haruffa da yawa a rubuce-rubucenmu, kamar yadda muke yin murya ko numfashi a cikin magana, kuma ba ƙari ba").  Don wannan dalili, ya gabatar da sabbin alamomi guda shida don sautunan  da syllabic l, da kuma tsarin diacritics don wasula. Tsawon wasula an yi musu alama ta hanyar maɓallin da ke ƙasa da harafin, yayin da aka yi wa ƙaramin wasula schwa alama ta ë.

## Manazarta
Harry Lindgren

**Harry Lindgren** (25 Yuni 1912 - 1 Yuli 1992) ya kasance injiniyan Burtaniya-Australia, masanin harshe kuma masanin lissafi.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Lindgren a Newcastle-upon-Tyne a Ingila.

A shekara ta 1935 ya yi hijira don ya haɗu da iyalinsa a Perth, Ostiraliya. Ya sami digiri na BSc daga Jami'ar Western Australia kuma daga baya ya zama Jami'in Patent na Commonwealth. Ya auri Hauwa'u Spokone, wanda ya sadu da ita a jami'a, a ranar 30 ga Mayu 1941, ma'auratan sun ci gaba da samun 'yar daya. Lindgren ya buga violin a cikin Canberra Symphony Orchestra na shekaru da yawa.

## Lissafi
Lindgren ya wallafa labarai a cikin mujallu na lissafi da yawa wanda ya ƙare a cikin sanannen littafinsa 'Geometric Dissections' (Van Nostrand 1964), wanda ke bincika dabarun tsarawa da warware matsalolin dissection. Lokacin da aka buga, aikinsa shine kawai cikakkiyar maganin wannan batun a kowane harshe. Wannan ya kasance gaskiya na kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ƙarni.

## Harsuna da rayuwarsu ta baya
A cikin 1969 Lindgren ya buga Spelling Reform: A New Approach (Alpha Books, 104 Bathurst St, Sydney 2000, Australia). Wannan aikin ya tsara wani tsari don gabatar da gyaran phoneme-by-phoneme na rubutun Ingilishi, don rubutun zai iya wakiltar sautunan magana da suke nunawa daidai. Littafin yana da zane-zane da yawa da ke nuna wauta na rubutun da ke akwai. Ya shafe shekaru biyar yana rubuta littafin.

A ranar 1 ga Satumba 1971 Lindgren ta kaddamar da kungiyar Spelling Action Society (wanda ke da hedikwatar a Narrabundah, wani yanki na Canberra ) don inganta sauye-sauyen da ya ba da shawarar. Ya zaɓi sunan don raba asalinsa tare da Kamfanin jirgin sama na SAS na Scandinavia don amincewa da kakanninsa na Nordic. Ya wallafa jaridar Spelling Action a karkashin al'umma don inganta amfani da Mataki na Spelling Reform One (SR1). Yayin da lafiyar Lindgren ta kara tabarbarewa a rayuwarta ta baya Gary Jimmieson (kuma daga baya Doug Everingham) ya karɓi wasikar.

Ya mutu daga ciwon huhu a gidan jinya na Jindalee, Canberra. 

## Manazarta
Ru'ya ta Yohanna ta Sama'ila na Kalamoun

Ru'ya ta Yohanna ta Sama'ila ta Kalamoun rubutu ne na Coptic wanda aka danganta ga mai tsarki na Coptic Samuel the Confessor, wanda aka fi sani da Samuel na Kalamoun, wanda ya rayu a karni na bakwai. Ya ƙunshi mafi girman zargi game da Canjin harshe a Zamanin Tsakiya na Masar, inda aka maye gurbin harshen Coptic na ƙasar da Larabci a hankali. Ya rubuta cewa Kiristoci a Misira suna ƙara zama Larabawa a al'adu da al'adu. Gaskiyar juyowa zuwa Islama ba ta da damuwa ga marubucin. A zahiri, Larabawa na Ƙananan Misira ya riga ya wuce na Tsakiya da Upper Misira, kamar yadda Ibn Hawqal ya ba da shawara a ƙarshen karni na 10.

An samar da rubutun ne a cikin Masallacin Saint Samuel the Confessor . Ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne rubutun ɗan majami'ar Apollo na kalmomin wanda ya kafa gidan ibada, Samuel the Confessor .  Duk da yake an rubuta shi zuwa karni na 8, ainihin ranar rubutun ya dogara da fassarar jerin sarakunan Larabawa "da aka annabta" da ke ciki. Wadannan suna nufin Khalifa Fatimid, kuma aikin na iya kasancewa tsakanin karni na 10 da 12.

Aikin annabci ne na Sama'ila mai ikirarin yadda Masarawa za su watsar da yarensu na Coptic kuma su karɓi yaren masu mulkin mallaka, Larabci. Rubutun ya Coci karɓar Ikilisiyar ta karɓi Larabci a tsawon lokaci, ba kawai don gabatar da kalmomin tauhidin Musulmi cikin tauhidin Kirista ba, har ma don ba da damar wasu nau'o'in daidaitawa. Misalan irin wannan daidaitawa shine zaɓin da ya fi dacewa da sunayen Larabci ta Kiristoci, wanda ya haifar da watsi da Sunayen tsarkaka da kariya da ake zaton suna bayarwa. Har ila yau, ana ganin karɓar Larabci a matsayin ƙarfafa Copts su yi koyi da hanyoyin musulmai da kuma watsar da al'adunsu na gargajiya, kamar Kiristoci da ke ɗaukar mata da yawa ko ƙwaraƙwarai, da kuma karɓar halaye na cin abinci da shan giya na Musulmai wannan ya yi watsi da lokutan Kirista na azumi.

Wani sashi na rubutun, wanda Ziadeh ya fassara, ya karanta kamar haka 

## Dubi kuma

* Sama'ila Mai Taddamarwa
* Masallacin Saint Samuel the Confessor
* Harshen Coptic
* Bayyanawa na Coptic
* Arabisation

## Manazarta
Natalie Diaz

**Natalie Diaz** (an haife ta a ranar 4 ga Satumba, 1978)  ita ce mawaki Amurka mai suna Muhave, mai fafutukar harshe, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando, kuma malami. Ta shiga cikin Gila River Indian Community kuma ta bayyana kanta a matsayin Akimel O'odham .  A halin yanzu farfesa ce a Jami'ar Jihar Arizona . 

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Natalie Diaz a Needles, California, a ranar 4 ga Satumba, 1978.  Ta girma a ƙauyen Indiya na Fort Mojave a Needles, California, a kan iyakar California, Arizona, da Nevada . Ta halarci Jami'ar Old Dominion, inda ta taka leda a Kungiyar kwallon kwando ta mata, ta kai NCAA Final Four a matsayin sabon shiga kuma ta kasance goma sha shida a cikin sauran shekaru uku. Ta sami digiri na farko. Bayan ta buga wasan kwando a Turai da Asiya, ta koma Jami'ar Old Dominion, kuma ta kammala MFA a cikin shayari da fiction,  a shekara ta 2006.

## Ayyuka
Ayyukanta sun bayyana a cikin Narrative,  Mujallar Poetry,  Drunken Boat,  Prairie Schooner, Iowa Review, da Crab Orchard Review.

Littafin farko na shayari na Diaz, *Lokacin da Ɗan'uwana ya kasance Aztec*, "ƙwarewar da ta samo asali a rayuwar 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka tare da ikon mutum da na almara".  Ya kasance Zaɓin Littattafan Lannan na 2012,  an sanya shi cikin jerin sunayen don Kyautar PEN / Open Book ta 2013,  kuma ya kasance mai lashe Kyautar Littafin Amurka ta 2013.  Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da aka mayar da hankali ga littafin shine 'yar'uwa da ke fama da jarabawar ɗan'uwanta ga crystal meth.

A shekara ta 2012, an yi mata tambayoyi game da waƙarta da aikin gyara harshe a kan *PBS NewsHour* . 

A cikin 2018, an sanya mata suna a matsayin Maxine da Jonathan Marshall Chair a cikin Waƙoƙin zamani da na zamani a Jami'ar Jihar Arizona . 

A cikin 2019, ta kasance malama a CantoMundo Retreat . 

A cikin 2021, littafinta na Postcolonial Love Poem ya lashe Kyautar Pulitzer don Waƙoƙi . An kira shi "tarin waƙoƙi masu tausayi, masu raɗaɗi da ƙiyayya waɗanda ke bincika abin da ke nufi don ƙauna da ƙauna a cikin Amurka da ke fama da rikici. "  Littafin ya kasance mai tseren karshe don Kyautar Littafin Kasa ta 2020, mai tseren ƙarshe don Kyautar Littattafan Los Angeles Times ta 2020, mai ƙwarewa don Kyautar Forward don Kyautar Kyautar Kyautattun Kyauta ta 2020, kuma an ƙaddamar da shi don Kyautar T. S. Eliot ta 2020.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Diaz a halin yanzu tana zaune a Mohave Valley, Arizona, inda ta kasance tana aiki a kan farfado da harshe a Fort Mojave, ajiyar gidanta. Ta yi aiki tare da tsofaffi na ƙarshe na harshen Mojave. Ta yi rajista a matsayin memba na Gila Indian Community.

## Manazarta
Malati Murmu (mai jarida)

**Malati Murmu** (11 ga Fabrairu 1975 - 31 ga Disamba 2025) 'yar jaridar Indiya ce kuma mai fafutukar harshe da aka sani da rawar da ta taka a matsayin edita da kuma mai wallafa Fagun, jaridar kowane wata da aka buga a cikin Harshen Santali ta amfani da Rubutun Ol Chiki . An san ta sosai saboda gudummawar da ta bayar wajen adanawa da inganta harshen Santali da adabi ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai.

## Rayuwa ta farko
Malati Murmu na cikin al'ummar Santal na Odisha. An haife ta ne a ƙauyen Gayalkata na Kuliana block a gundumar Mayurbhanj . Mahaifinta Mangal Murmu ne, kuma mahaifiyarta Sharma ce, wacce aka fi sani da Surukuni Murmu . Ta kasance tana da alaƙa da gwagwarmayar yaren Santali ta hanyar aikin jarida da wallafe-wallafen, tare da mai da hankali kan kafofin watsa labarai na asali da rubutun Ol Chiki . 

## Ayyuka

### Jaridar ''Fagun''
An ƙaddamar da *Fagun* a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2008 a matsayin jaridar kowane wata a cikin harshen Santali da aka buga a cikin rubutun Ol Chiki kuma aka buga daga Bhubaneswar, Odisha . An yi rajistar jaridar tare da Janar Janar na Indiya a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2009. 

Malati Murmu ta yi aiki a matsayin edita na *Fagun*, yayin da iyalinta ke da alaƙa da kafawa da bugawa. An bayyana jaridar a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan jaridu na harshen Santali a Indiya kuma ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta wallafe-wallafen Santali, al'adu, da wayar da kan jama'a tsakanin al'ummomin Santal a fadin jihohi da yawa.

### Harshen da al'adu
A matsayinsa na editan *Fagun*, Murmu ya yi kokari sosai don karɓar da faɗaɗa amfani da harshen Santali a ilimi da rayuwar jama'a. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2023, ta kasance daga cikin tawagar kafofin watsa labarai ta harshen Santali wacce ta sadu da Shugaban Indiya, wakiltar *Fagun* a matsayin edita da mai bugawa. 

## Sanarwa
Ayyukan Murmu ta hanyar *Fagun* sun sami kulawa ta ƙasa saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga aikin jarida na kabilanci da adana rubutun Ol Chiki. Matsayinta a matsayin edita da mai fafutukar harshe an nuna shi a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na kasa da ke mai da hankali kan adana harsunan asali a Indiya.

## Manazarta
Esther Martinez

**Esther Martinez**, wanda aka fi sani da **Estefanita Martinez** (1912 - 16 ga Satumba, 2006), masanin harshe ne kuma mai ba da labari ga mutanen Tewa na New Mexico . An ba Martinez sunan Tewa P" Tsoeą́wą̈́ (ma'anar Ruwa Mai Laushi) kuma an san shi da sunaye daban-daban na ƙauna, gami da "Ko'oe Esther" da "Aunty Esther".

Ta rayu har ta kai shekaru 94, kuma an san ta da jajircewarta na kiyaye harshen Tewa. An buga *San Juan Pueblo Tewa Dictionary* a shekarar 1982.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Martinez ya girma a Kudu maso Yamma. An haife ta ne a Ignacio, Colorado, inda ta zauna tare da iyayenta; daga baya, ta zauna tare le kakanninta a Ohkay Owingeh .  Daga baya a rayuwa, za ta rubuta: Ku da kakanni da zan yi magana da su muna da sa'a sosai, saboda ina girmama kakanni da abubuwan da na koya daga gare su. Kakan na ya kasance mai ba da labari. Mutanen Indiya suna samun darussan su daga labarun da aka fada tun suna yara. Don haka yawancin labarunmu abubuwan ilmantarwa ne.Martinez ya halarci Makarantar Indiya ta Santa Fe da Makarantar Indiyawan Albuquerque, ya kammala karatu daga ƙarshen a cikin 1930. 

"Sai ta tsira daga shekarunta a makarantar kwana kuma ta ci gaba da taimaka wa al'ummarta ta hanyar ci gaba da yaren wata sanarwa ce mai ƙarfi", in ji jikanta, Matthew J. Martinez. "Duk da yanayin da ya fi tsanani, har yanzu tana da wannan sha'awar riƙe yarinta da al'adunta kuma ta rubuta shi kuma ta ba da shi", in ji Martinez, wanda ya koyi Tewa daga gare ta. "

Yayinda ta girma, Esther Martinez za ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan zakara a cikin gwagwarmaya don adana harshen Tewa. Uwargidan farko ta New Mexico, Barbara Richardson, ta ce "Ta ci gaba da kusan ita kaɗai ta ceci yaren Tewa".

## Kyauta
A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2006, US H.R. 4766, an sanya hannu kan Dokar Kare Harsunan 'Yan asalin Amurka ta Esther Martinez, ta zama doka, ta ba da izinin kudade ga sababbin shirye-shiryen da kabilun za su yi amfani da su don hana asarar al'adun da al'adu. Ya zuwa ranar 15 ga Satumba, 2012, mambobin tawagar majalisa ta New Mexico sun gabatar da doka don tsawaita shirin na wasu shekaru biyar.

*San Juan Pueblo Tewa Dictionary*, wanda Martinez ya rubuta a cikin 1992, an bayyana shi a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin manyan waɗannan ƙoƙarin don yin rubuce-rubuce game da yaren da ke cikin haɗari, "... Melissa Axelrod, mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin ilimin harshe a Jami'ar New Mexico.[by] "Yana da wadataccen ƙamus da bayanan ilimin lissafi kuma yana da wadata da bambancin al'adu".

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2008, jikanta, Dokta Matthew J. Martinez "yana aiki a Kwamitin Makarantar Ohkay Owingeh, inda yake taimakawa wajen aiwatarwa da tallafawa tsarin karatun yaren Tewa. "

## Littattafai

* *Rayuwata A San Juan Pueblo: Labaran Esther Martinez* . Jami'ar Illinois Press, 2004  
* Naughty Little Rabbit da Tsohon Mutum Coyote: Labarin Tewa daga San Juan Pueblo, (a matsayin Estefanita Martinez) An kwatanta shi da Rick Regan, Children's Press, Chicago, 1992  
* *San Juan Pueblo Tewa Dictionary*. San Juan Pueblo Bilingual Program, San Juan Pueblo, New Mexico, 1982; Bishop Publishing, 1983.

## Manazarta
Bárbara Muelas

**Bárbara Muelas Hurtado** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1945) masanin kimiyya ce ta Misak Colombian, masanin harshe, mai fassara kuma mai fafutukar yaren Namtrik . A shekara ta 2024 ta zama mace ta farko da aka nada a Kwalejin Harshen Colombia. Muelas ya fassara babi na kabilanci na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Colombia na 1991 zuwa Namtrik . 

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Muelas a cikin al'ummar Misak na Silvia, Cauca, Colombia a cikin 1945, a matsayin 'yar ma'aikatan ƙasa. Ɗan'uwanta Lorenzo Muelas ne kuma an kama 'yar'uwarta Jacinta sau ɗaya saboda kare yankinsu. Duk da cewa ba a yarda ta yi karatu a makarantar Silvia ba, Muelas ta sami damar yin karatu, tare da wahala, don difloma ta makarantar sakandare kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin Misak da 'yan asalin mata na farko da suka sami digiri a Jami'ar Valle, inda ta yi karatun ilimin harshe.

## Ayyuka
A cikin shekarun 1980s, ita, tare da ɗan'uwanta da 'yar'uwarta sun fara gwagwarmayar su don dawo da ƙasashen da suka kasance na al'ummarsu ta asali. A matsayinta na malama, ta kirkiro kayan aiki na ilimi da na hanya da kuma littattafai ga ɗaliban makarantar firamare don koyon karatu da rubuta yarensu na Namtrik, yayin da ga ɗaliban sakandare, waɗannan kayan aiki sun mai da hankali kan al'adu da tarihin mutanen Misak. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar gwamnan Cabildo de Guambia, wanda shine gwamnatin yankin 'yan asalin ƙasar, tare da ita daga baya ta yi aiki tare kan ingantawa da kare yaren.

Da zarar an kammala Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Colombia na 1991, Muelas ta karɓi kira daga Shugaba César Gaviria wanda ya ba ta, tare da wasu wakilan bakwai na wasu 'yan asalin Colombia, tare da fassarar kabilanci na Kundin Tsarin mulki zuwa Namtrik. Dole ne a kammala aikin a cikin watanni goma, kuma babban ƙalubale shine fassara ra'ayoyin fasaha zuwa harshe wanda ke da sauƙin fahimta ga al'ummar asalin. A zahiri, tare da malamai da Cabildo, Muelas dole ne su kirkiro ra'ayoyin da ba su wanzu a cikin harshen Namtrik ba, kamar "ma'adinai" da "jiha".   

Muelas ya kuma kasance manajan ƙamus na Namtrik-Spanish, marubucin taken yanzu na mutanen Misak, kuma marubucin rubutun kan lissafi, harshe, da kimiyya da aka yi niyya ga al'umma. Ayyukanta ga harshen Namtrik ya sa al'ummarta ta kira ta Øskøwampik, wanda ke nufin "mai kula da harshe da ƙasar zinariya".  

A ranar 10 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024 aka nada Muelas a Kwalejin Harshen Colombia, ta zama mace ta farko da aka nada a Kwalecin. An rantsar da ita a ranar 27 ga Yulin 2025 tare da jawabin "Namtrik da Mutanen Espanya: lokaci guda, yankuna a cikin tattaunawa".   

## Manazarta
Isaac Pitman

**Sir Isaac Pitman** (4 ga watan Janairun 1813 - 22 ga watan Janairu 1897)  ya kasance mai wallafa Ingilishi kuma malamin Harshen Ingilishi wanda ya haɓaka tsarin da aka fi amfani da shi na taƙaitaccen rubutu, wanda aka sani yanzu da taƙaitacciyar rubutu ta Pitman . Ya fara gabatar da wannan a cikin Stenographic Soundhand a cikin 1837. Ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Vegetarian Society . Sarauniya Victoria ce ta ba da sunan Pitman a shekara ta 1894.

## Tarihi
An haifi Pitman a Trowbridge, Wiltshire a Ingila. Ɗaya daga cikin 'yan uwansa shine Ibrahim Laverton . A shekara ta 1831 ya sami horo na watanni biyar a Kwalejin Horarwa ta British da Foreign School Society, wanda ya isa ya cancanta a matsayin malami. Ya fara koyarwa a Barton-upon-Humber, Lincolnshire . A shekara ta 1835 ya auri gwauruwa, kuma ya koma 1836 zuwa Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire, inda ya fara nasa makarantar. A shekara ta 1839 ya koma Bath, inda ya bude karamin makaranta.

A cikin ƙidayar 1851 ya bayyana a Bath yana da shekaru 38, yana zaune tare da matarsa, Mary, mai shekaru 58, an haife shi a Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire . Ya auri Isabella Masters a 1861, kuma ya bayyana a cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta 1871, yana da shekaru 58, tare da sabuwar matarsa Isabella, mai shekaru 46.

## Gyaran rubutun kalmomi da taƙaitawa
Pitman ya kasance mai ba da shawara na sake fasalin rubutun kalmomi don harshen Ingilishi, yana samar da litattafai da yawa a lokacin rayuwarsa game da sake fasalin rubutu. Taken sa shine "lokacin da aka adana shine rayuwa da aka samu".

Ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon sha'awarsa game da sake fasalin rubutun shine ƙirƙirar tsarin sautin sautin wanda ya fara bugawa a 1837, a cikin wata takarda mai taken Sound-Hand . Daga cikin misalai a cikin wannan takarda, akwai Zabura 100, Addu'ar Ubangiji, da *Dokokin Rayuwa* na Emanuel Swedenborg. A shekara ta 1843, kasuwancinsa na shirya da bugawa ya fadada sosai don ya daina koyarwa da kuma kafa nasa na'urar bugawa, da kuma tsarawa da ɗaurewa. A cikin 1844, ya buga Phonotypy, babban aikinsa kan sake fasalin rubutun kalmomi. A cikin 1845 ya buga sigar farko ta Turanci Phonotypic Alphabet.

## Manazarta
Rock a cikin yarenka

**Rock en tu idioma** wani kamfen ne na talla - wanda ya haifar da jerin kundin dutse - wanda lakabin kiɗa na BMG Ariola ya fara, wanda wasu lakabi daga baya suka shiga, don ingantawa da rarraba kiɗa na ƙungiyar Mexico, Mutanen Espanya da Argentina. Tsakanin 1986 da 1991 yakin ya kasance wani ɓangare na motsi na kiɗa a Latin Amurka, da kuma ci gaban da ya tashi daga abin da aka sani da Movida Madrileña.

Manufar kamfen ɗin ita ce yada kiɗa na rukuni na rukuni a cikin Mutanen Espanya. Ya kirkiro kundin tarawa daga kiɗa na masu fasaha daban-daban waɗanda ƙila ba su sami kulawa mai yawa daga fitowar solo ba. An kuma shirya kide-kide da yawa don haɓaka farin ciki.

Kundin Rock en tu idioma sun shahara sosai a Mexico a ƙarshen shekarun 1980, kuma sun haɗa da kiɗa daga ƙungiyoyin dutsen waɗanda aikin su zai kasance da wuya a samu a wasu wurare; da yawa ba su riga sun saki kundi ba kuma ba a san su ba. Shekaru 15 na *Rock a cikin yarenka* wanda BMG ta rarraba misali ne mai kyau.

 ita ce tashar da ta fara wasa da dutse a cikin Mutanen Espanya a Mexico, kuma ta samar da kide-kide na Miguel Ríos a Plaza de Toros .[es] Daga baya, tashar Espacio 59 AM ta watsa shirye-shiryen dutsen Mutanen Espanya ne kawai a cikin shekaru uku na karshe na 80s. Wannan ya kasance mai mahimmanci ga nasarar Rock en tu idioma . 

Rockotitlán wani wuri ne inda yawancin waɗannan kungiyoyin suka yi wasa, wanda ke kusa da titin Insurgentes (kudu) a Birnin Mexico. Yawancin ƙungiyoyi sun fara wasa a wannan wurin, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu suka ci gaba da samun kwangilar rikodin ƙwararru. Ƙungiyoyin kamar Maldita Vecindad, Fobia, Panteón Rococo, Los Amantes de Lola, Kaifanes da sauransu duk sun buga wasan kwaikwayo na farko a can.

## Ƙungiyoyin

### Argentina

* Green Dwarfs
* Charly García
* G.I.T.
* Hasumiyar
* Miguel Mateos
* Raúl Porchetto
* Soda Stereo
* Kwayar cuta
* 
* 
* Matashi mai tsaron gida (Félix Pando) [es]
* 

### Mexico

## Dubi kuma

* Dutsen Argentina
* Rock a cikin Mutanen Espanya
* Latino punk
* Ci gaba da Regia

## Manazarta
Te-ongsi Sirijunga Xin Thebe

**Tye-Angsi Sirijanga Thebe Limbu** masanin ilimin Limbu ne na ƙarni na 18, malami, masanin tarihi, masanin harshe, jagora, kuma masanin falsafa na Limbuwan (Nepal) da Sikkim . An san shi da *Sirichongba* kuma an fi sani da "Sirijanga".

## Rayuwa
An haifi Sirijanga a Tellok kuchintar (Yankin Yangwarok) a Limbuwan a cikin 1704. Sunansa na ainihi shine Rupihang Thebe . Sashe na (Hang ko Subba) na sunan kalma ce ta Limbu da ke nuna dangin babban ko sarauta. Sirijanga ya yarda da laƙabi na Limbu ta hanyar da'awar cewa shi ne sake haihuwar mashahurin sarki na Limbu na ƙarni na 9 Sirijonga wanda ya mallaki Limbuwan (a yau gabashin Nepal) daga 882 AD zuwa 925 AD An yi imani da shi sosai cewa wannan sarki Limbu ne wanda ya kirkiro Rubutun Limbu na dā.

## Ayyuka
Sirijanga Sing Thebe ta yi bincike kuma ta koyar da harshen Rubutun Limbu da addinin Limbu a sassa daban-daban na Limbuwan, Nepal da Sikkim, Indiya. Sirijanga ta farfado da tsohuwar rubutun Limbu. Tare da amfani da sabon rubutun da ya farfado, ya tattara, ya kirkiro kuma ya kwafe adadi mai yawa na wallafe-wallafen Limbu da suka shafi tarihi da al'adun al'adu. Ya yi tafiya sosai a cikin yankuna masu nisa, yana ƙoƙarin tara tushen ilimin Limbu da al'adu. Daga ƙarshe, ya fara tafiya daga ƙauye zuwa ƙauye, yana tallata bincikensa da kuma kafa cibiyoyin ilmantarwa na Limbu. A yin duk wannan, Sirijanga ya kafa harsashin farfadowar kabilanci na Limbu, kuma ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga juriya ga mulkin al'adun Buddha na Tibet. Sirijanga ya yi wa'azi cewa samun ilimi da gogewa na al'adu shine mabuɗin farfadowa da wadatar al'umma. A cikin ƙoƙari na gano tushen al'adun sa, da farko ya yi karatu tare da lamas na Buddha na Tibet, waɗanda a lokacin su ne kawai hanyar haɗi zuwa al'adar da aka koya a yankin.

## Mutuwa
Sirijunga ya shiga Sikkim a cikin 1734. Dalilin shigarwa shine koyarwar Buddha, harshen Bhutia da rubutun Tibet ga Limbus da Lepchas ta sarakunan Bhutia. Wannan ya sa Lepchas suka rasa addininsu na asali na Munism. Sirijunga ya fara koyar da Yuma mundhum da rubutun Limbu ga Limbus. Limbus ya daina ziyartar masallatai na Buddha. Malaman Buddha, thassang lamas, sun ga wannan ba kawai cikas ga yaduwar addinin Buddha tsakanin Limbus ba har ma da haɗari ga makomar addinin Buddha. Buddha lamas tare da Shugabannin Bhutia sun yi makirci don kashe Sirijunga. Sirijunga ya san game da haɗarin rayuwarsa don haka ya nemi mafaka a cikin 'kogunan Sirijunga'. Amma lamas sun same shi kuma suka ɗaure shi a kan itace suka kashe shi a Martam, Sikkim. An kashe almajiransa ko kuma sun gudu zuwa Nepal. An haramta harshe da rubutun Limbu a cikin Sikkim wanda ya sa harshen Limbu ya fada cikin duhu a cikin Sukkim. 

## Manazarta
Metodyj Trochanovskij

**Metodyj Trochanovskij** (Metodi Trochanovsky; Mayu 5, 1885 - Fabrairu 15, 1948) ya kasance mai fafutukar Lemko kuma malami.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Metodyj Trochanovskij a Binczarowa, Poland, lokacin da yake wani ɓangare na Masarautar Galicia da Lodomeria na Austria-Hungary, a ranar 5 ga Mayu, 1885.

Bayan ya sami ilimin koyarwa a Makarantar Malami a Krosno, ya koyar a makarantar firamare a ƙauyen Lemko na Uhryn . A shekara ta 1913, ya auri Konstancija Durkot, 'yar wani fitaccen firist na Lemko kuma mai fafutukar farar hula, Uba Ioann Chrysostom Durkot, kuma ya shiga cikin damuwa da ilimi da zamantakewa na Lemko-Rusyn.

A farkon yakin duniya na, an zarge shi da cin amana ga Austria-Hungary, an kama shi, an gurfanar da shi, kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa a 1916 a lokacin shari'ar Vienna ta biyu . An dakatar da hukuncin kisa, kuma an sake shi daga Talerhof a 1917, lokacin da aka rufe shi.

An san shi da yin kira ga 'yan uwansa Lemkos da su kafa hadin gwiwa da Kungiyoyin bashi, kuma sun yi gargadi game da haɗarin Ukrainization na Yankin Lemko. Ya rubuta littafi na farko da kuma yaren Lemko na Harshen Rusyn.

Ya kasance daya daga cikin masu shirya taron wanda ya haifar da gina Talerhof Cross . An tsare shi a kurkuku saboda ayyukansa na ilimi da siyasa daga masu mamaye Nazi a 1941, sannan kuma daga Soviets da NKVD a 1944. An sake shi daga kurkuku, amma ya koma tare da iyalinsa zuwa Wrocław a shekarar 1947. Ya mutu a can ba da daɗewa ba, a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 1948.

## Manazarta
Glenn Wasicuna

**Glenn Wasicuna** ( Dakota   ; 5 ga Yuni, 1950–3 ga Mayu, 2025) dattijo ne kuma ƙwararre a fannin harshe na Dakota wanda ya yi aiki don kiyaye harshen Dakota a matsayin farfesa da kuma ta hanyar wayar da kan jama'a a Minnesota.

## Sabuntawar yaren Dakota
Wasicuna ya fara koyar da yaren Dakota a shekarar 1998. Ya yi aiki tare da dukkan al'ummomin Dakota guda huɗu da aka amince da su a Minnesota: Al'ummar Indiya ta Upper Sioux, Al'ummar Indiyawa ta Lower Sioux, Shakopee Mdewakaton Sioux Community, da Al'ummar India ta Prairie Island. Ya kuma yi aiki tare da Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate a Dakota ta Kudu. Ya kasance Darakta na Nazarin Dakota, Makarantar Tribal ta Tiospa Zina don al'ummar Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux, yayin da yake aiki don fara shirin yaren Dakota a can a cikin 2000. Ya kuma koyar da darussan a Prior Lake .  Ya kuma koyar da koyar da Dakota a Kwalejin Gustavus Adolphus kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Jami'ar Minnesota a kan yaren Dakota.

A cikin 2019, ya zama farfesa a Jami'ar Jihar Minnesota, Mankato don koyar da harshen Dakota, kuma shine malamin yaren Dakota na farko a kwalejin. Ya ce yana so ya zama farfesa don ya iya "koyar da malamai" game da Dakota. Ya riga ya koyar sama da shekaru 20. Koyarwarsa ta harshe ta haɗa da koyarwar al'adun Dakota, kuma lokacin da ya koya wa mutanen Dakota yaren, ya gan shi a matsayin kwarewar warkarwa.

Ya kasance mai aiki a wuraren jama'a ta amfani da harshen Dakota, kamar lokacin da ya raira waƙar Dakota tare da Jason Mack da Dave Brave Heart a hidimar bautar Hauwa'u ta godiya a Ikilisiyar Ikilisiya ta farko a cikin 2019. A cikin 2020, ya yi magana a wani yunkuri na Tsohon Soja don Zaman Lafiya don tunawa da Dakota 38.

An haifi Wasicuna a cikin Sioux Valley Dakota Nation a Manitoba . Ya halarci makaranta a ajiyar daga K-8, kuma ya tafi Makarantar zama ta Indiya don makarantar sakandare. Ya girma yana magana da Dakota kuma ya koyi Harshen Ingilishi a makaranta. Lokacin da yake a makarantar zama, an hukunta shi saboda yin magana da Dakota, tare da azabtarwa daya da aka kwafe shi da hannu duk shafin ƙamus na Turanci.

A shekara ta 1984, Wasicuna ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Western Ontario kuma ya sami digiri a fannin aikin jarida. Ya yi aiki a matsayin edita da mai bugawa na *Dakota Times* kuma a matsayin manajan ofishin Kanada na Indiya A yau.

Wasicuna ya auri Gwen Westerman, wanda ya sadu da shi yana aiki a kan yaren Dakota a Shakopee . Ita ce ta uku ta Minnesota Poet Laureate . 

An rubuta labarin mutuwarsa a Dakota, ana nufin jaddada muhimmancin Dakota a matsayin harshe mai rai. Kafin mutuwarsa, yana ɗaya daga cikin malamai biyu kawai a Minnesota waɗanda ke magana da Dakota a matsayin yarensu na farko.

## Manazarta
Mika'el Agricola

**Mika'el Agricola** ( [ˈmikɑel ˈɑɡrikolɑ] i; c. 1510 - 9 Afrilu 1557) wani limami ne na Lutheran na Finland wanda ya zama wanda ya kafa harshen Finnish kuma sanannen mai goyon bayan Protestant Reformation a Sweden, gami da Finland, wanda yankin Sweden ne a lokacin. Sau da yawa ana kiransa "mahaifin Finnish na wallafe-wallafen".

An tsarkake Agricola a matsayin bishop na Turku (Åbo) a cikin 1554, ba tare da amincewar papal ba. Ya ci gaba da sake fasalin Cocin Finnish (sa'an nan wani ɓangare na Cocin Sweden)  tare da layin Lutheran. Ya fassara Sabon Alkawari zuwa Finnish kuma ya samar da littafin addu'a da waƙoƙi da aka yi amfani da su a sabuwar Ikilisiyar Lutheran ta Finland. Wannan aikin ya kafa ka'idojin orthography waɗanda sune tushen rubutun Finnish na zamani. Ayyukansa masu zurfi suna da ban mamaki musamman saboda ya kammala shi a cikin shekaru uku kawai.

Ya mutu daga rashin lafiya kwatsam yayin da yake dawowa daga tafiya inda ya taimaka wajen tattauna Yarjejeniyar Novgorod tare da Tsardom na Rasha.

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Rayuwa ta farko

### Nazarin
Lokacin da Michael ya yi karatu a Viborg (Viipuri) ya ɗauki sunan mai suna Agricola ("manomi" gv. "aikin gona"); sunayen da suka danganci matsayin mahaifin mutum da sana'a sun kasance na kowa ga malaman ƙarni na farko a lokacin. Wataƙila a Viipuri ne inda ya fara hulɗa da Juyin Juya Halin da Humanism. Gidan sarauta na Viipuri ya kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin ɗan Jamus, Johann, wanda ya yi wa sarkin Sweden hidima, Gustav Vasa . Wannan ƙididdigar ta kasance mai goyon bayan Juyin Juya Halin, kuma sun riga sun gudanar da ayyukan Lutheran.

A shekara ta 1528 Agricola ya bi malaminsa zuwa Turku (Åbo), sannan cibiyar gefen Finnish na mulkin Sweden da kuma babban birnin bishopric. A can Agricola ya zama marubuci a ofishin bishop Martinus Skytte.  Yayinda yake Turku Agricola ya sadu da ɗalibin farko na Finnish na Martin Luther Petrus Särkilahti, wanda ya yada ra'ayin Juyin Juya Halin. Särkilahti ya mutu a shekara ta 1529, kuma Agricola ya ci gaba da aikin Särkiahti. An naɗa Agricola don firist a wani lokaci a farkon shekarun 1530. 

## Manazarta
William Bullokar

**William Bullokar** ɗan buga takardu ne na ƙarni na 16 wanda ya kirkiro haruffa 40 don Harshen Ingilishi. An gabatar da haruffa a cikin baƙar fata ko salon rubutun "gothic" wanda aka saba amfani dashi a lokacin da kuma a cikin nau'Irin Roman. Da yake ɗaukar a matsayin abin koyi na yaren Latin na William Lily,  Bullokar ya rubuta yaren Ingilishi na farko da aka buga, a cikin littafin da ake kira Brief Grammar for English, wanda ya bayyana a cikin 1586. 

## Ayyuka

*  
** Bincike: Takaitaccen Gabatarwa ko jagora don bugawa, rubutu, da sake yin magana ta Turanci a 
*  
** facsimile edition: Bullokar, William (1968). Kwaskwarimar Orthographie don Maganar Turanci. Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum Ltd. 
** facsimile a cikin Bullokar (1977) 
** rubutun a Plessow (1906), 
*  
** rubutun a Plessow (1906), 
*  
** rubutun a Plessow (1906), 
*  
** facsimile a cikin Bullokar (1977) 
** rubutun a Plessow (1906), 
*  
** rubutun a Plessow (1906), 

## Dubi kuma

* Tarihin ilimin Ingilishi
* Canjin rubutun Ingilishi

## Manazarta
Connie Clausen

**Connie Clausen** (an haife ta **Constance Clausen** a ranar 11 ga Yuni, 1923, a Menasha, Wisconsin,  kuma ta mutu a ranar 7 ga Satumba, 1997, a birnin New York ) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka, marubuciya, kuma wakiliyar adabi . 

## Sana'a
Aikin Connie Clausen ya fara ne a shekarar 1942 yana da shekaru 19 lokacin da John Ringling North ya same ta a kan titin Main Street a Sarasota, Florida (a lokacin hutun hunturu na Ringling Brothers Circus), wanda ya gaya mata cewa dogon gashinta zai sa ta zama cikakkiyar Alice a cikin babban wasan ƙarshe na kakar wasa mai zuwa wanda aka yi wa taken "tatsuniyar almara". Ta shiga Ringling Bros. da Barnum &amp;amp; Bailey Circus kuma ta yi wasan acrobat a cikin wasan giwa.  Daga baya abubuwan da ta fuskanta a cikin wasan circus sun samar da kayan tarihi ga tarihin rayuwarta *I Love You Honey, amma Season's Over* (Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1961),  inda ta tattauna, tsakanin sauran batutuwa, "babban gibi" tsakanin abin da mata ke yi a cikin zoben circus da kuma yadda suke ji a wajensa. 

Bayan ta bar wasan kwaikwayo, ta yi aiki a matsayin marubuciya a mujalla da talabijin kuma ta fara da MGM Studios a Hollywood a matsayin darakta na musamman na tallatawa.  Bayan ƙarfafa ta daga mai ɗaukar hoto na studio na MGM, ta ƙaura zuwa birnin New York don fara aiki a matsayin Conover Model da kuma a matsayin jarumar Broadway da talabijin mai nasara. Ta fito a Broadway a cikin *The Gambler* tare da Alfred Drake kuma ta fito a shirye-shiryen talabijin da tallace-tallace a shekarun 1950 da 1960. Ta kasance mai magana da yawun talabijin na Beech-Nut da Westinghouse Electric Corporation .

A shekarar 1971, Connie Clausen ta fara sabuwar sana'a a fannin wallafa littattafai. A matsayinta na mataimakiyar mataimakin shugaban Macmillan, ta taimaka wajen ƙaddamar da biyu daga cikin fitattun masu sayar da littattafai na kamfanin, Watership Down da Jonathan Livingston Seagull . A shekarar 1978 ta fara kamfaninta na adabi, Connie Clausen & Associates, wanda ke da jerin littattafan kyau na masu ɗaukar hoto Francesco Scavullo, Jackson Pollock wanda ya lashe kyautar Pulitzer: An American Saga na Steven Naifeh da Gregory White Smith, "Eat to Win," "The Rules," da sauransu da yawa. Ta kuma kasance wakiliyar Amurka ta dogon lokaci ga marubucin Birtaniya Quentin Crisp .

Swoosie Kurtz ya fito a matsayin jarumi a fim ɗin ITV mai suna , wanda ya biyo baya a fim ɗin  .

## Fim ɗin fim

### Talabijin

## Manazarta
Edie Clark

**Edythe ("Edie") Sterling Clark** (Disamba 10, 1948 - Yuli 7, 2024) marubuciya ce 'yar Amurka wacce ba ta da almara wacce ta rayu a yankin Monadnock na New Hampshire . An san ta da rubuce-rubucenta da mujallar  da littattafai kan rayuwar New England .

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Clark a Summit, New Jersey, kuma ta halarci Makarantar Gill St. Bernard, inda ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1966.  Ta kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Beaver, wacce yanzu aka sani da Jami'ar Arcadia .  A shekarar 1973 ita da mijinta na farko suka ƙaura zuwa New Hampshire, a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar rayuwar ƙauye . 

## Rubutu
Littafin Clark na farko, *The Place He Made*,  tarihin rayuwar mijinta ne, Paul Bolton, wanda ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yana da shekaru 39. A cikin littafin Clark ya yi nazari kan abin da ya faru kwanan nan game da cutar kansa da kuma mutuwarsa. Jaridar *New York Times Book Review* ta kira *The Place He Made* "nasara ga ruhin ɗan adam ... tabbas zai ɗauki matsayinsa a cikin mafi kyawun adabi."  Ayyukan da suka biyo baya sun haɗa da *As Simple As That*,  wanda tarin rubuce-rubucenta da zane-zanenta ne daga ginshiƙan Mary's Farm da ta rubuta wa *Yankee*, da kuma *Saturday Beans and Sunday Suppers: Kitchen Stories from Mary's Farm*,  hadewar tarihin rayuwa da girke-girke.

Clark ta kuma yi rubutu a mujallar *Yankee*, inda labarinta na farko ya fito a shekarar 1979.  Labarai da dama na Clark sun bayyana a cikin bugu na 1985 na "Mafi Kyawun Mujallar Yankee", ciki har da "Abby Rockefeller's Graywater Greenhouse" (Janairu 1979), "The First Frost" (Satumba), da kuma "The Man Who'd Sooner Lamps" (Nuwamba).  A lokacin da yake rubutawa ga mujallar gaba, editan ya lura cewa wani zaɓi na labaran da ya kamata a haɗa ya nuna "komai daga Edie Clark". 

A shekara ta 2001, Clark ya yi an ƙirƙira Rubutun wani aikin ƙungiyar makaɗa mai suna Monadnock Tales tare da haɗin gwiwar mawaƙi Larry Siegel wanda aka fara gabatarwa a Keene, New Hampshire .

Wani labari mai ratsa zuciya ya ƙunshi bayanai da yawa game da rayuwarta. 

## Littattafai da aka zaɓa

*  
*  
*  

* 2003 Mai Sauƙi Kamar Haka
* Ra'ayin 2004 daga gonar Mary
* Tatsuniyoyin Monadnock na 2007
* Jihohin Alheri na 2014: Haɗuwa da Real Yankees

## Manazarta
Lance Twitchell

**Lance X̱ʼunei Twitchell** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1975) masanin Amurka ne, mawaki, kuma mai ba da shawara kan farfado da harshe. Yana aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa na Harsunan asalin Alaska a Jami'ar Alaska ta Kudu maso Gabas. Ya rubuta wa "Molly na Denali".

An ba X̱'unei Lance Twitchell matsayi a Ma'aikatar Humanities, Makarantar Fasaha da Kimiyya a Cibiyar UAS Juneau a cikin 2018.

Ya sami Ph.D. a cikin harshen Hawaiian da na asali da kuma farfado da al'adu daga Kwalejin Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani na Harshen Hawaiian a Jami'ar Hawaii a Hilo, M.F.A. a rubuce-rubuce masu kirkiro daga Jami'ar Alaska Fairbanks, da kuma BA a Turanci tare da ƙarami a cikin karatun Indiyawan Amurka daga Jami'in Minnesota Twin Cities . 

Yana aiki a Majalisar Kare Harshen Yaren Alaska da Ba da Shawara ta jihar, wanda gwamnan ya nada.

## Rayuwa ta farko
Twitchell ɗan ƙasa ne na Majalisar Tsakiya ta Tlingit & Haida Indian Tribes na Alaska kuma ɗan asalin Tlingit, Haida, Yup'ik, da Sami ne.

## Kyaututtuka da aiki

### Kyaututtuka

* Kyautar Top Forty Under 40, Alaska Journal of Commerce (2013) 
* Kyautar Jagorancin Judson L. Brown daga Cibiyar Tarihin Sealaska (2016) 
* Gudummawa ga Literacy a Alaska (CLIA) Awards, Alaska Center for the Book (2017) 
* Cibiyar Nazarin Matasan Kasa ta Alaska ta Farko (2020) 
* Kyautar Emmy don "Molly of Denali" a cikin rukunin Rubuce-rubuce na Musamman don Shirin Animated na Makarantar (2025) 

## Manazarta
Yin rawa a cikin yara

**Rawar gidan dabbobi** kowace irin rawa ce da ta ƙunshi kiɗan gargajiya ko na gargajiya tare da rawa ta gargajiya, wanda ake yi a wasu lokutan a cikin gidan dabbobi, amma, a kwanakin nan, akwai yiwuwar kasancewa a cikin kowane gini mai dacewa.

Kalmar "rawar barn" yawanci ana danganta ta da abubuwan da suka shafi iyali ko kuma abubuwan da suka shafi al'umma, yawanci ga mutanen da ba sa yin rawa a al'ada. Saboda haka, mai kiran zai yi amfani da raye-raye masu sauƙi don kowa ya shiga ciki.

Rawar barn na iya zama ceilidh, tare da rawa ta gargajiya ta Irish ko Scotland, kuma mutanen da ba su saba da kowane tsari ba sau da yawa suna rikitar da kalmomin biyu. Duk da haka, rawa ta barn kuma tana iya nuna rawa ta murabba'i, rawa ta contra, rawa ta ƙasar Ingila, rawa ta ƙasa da ta yamma, ko duk wani nau'in rawa, sau da yawa tare da ƙungiyar mawaƙa kai tsaye da mai kira . Rawar yammacin square ta zamani galibi ana rikitar da ita da rawa ta barn a Burtaniya.

Rawar barn, a matsayin raye-rayen zamantakewa, sun shahara a Ireland har zuwa shekarun 1950, kuma yawanci ana rawa da waƙoƙi 4 Sauti 4 

## Daidaita rediyo

An yaba wa WLS a Chicago da ƙirƙirar tsarin rediyo na "barn dance", wanda babban ɓangare ne ya haifar da zuwan kiɗan ƙasa a Amurka. Rawar Barn ta ƙasa ta fara ne a matsayin shirin tsohon wasa a ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 1924, inda George D. Hay ya zama mai masaukin baki kuma mai sanarwa a shirin. Shekara ɗaya da rabi bayan haka, Hay ta ƙaura zuwa Nashville, Tennessee kuma ta kawo wani tsohon mai wasan kwaikwayo don ƙaddamar da *Rawar Barn ta WSM* ; wannan shirin yanzu ana kiransa da Grand Ole Opry kuma yana ci gaba da kasancewa a shirye har zuwa yau. An sami shirye-shirye iri ɗaya da dama a tashoshin rediyo na AM a duk faɗin Amurka, daga New England zuwa Los Angeles, ciki har da Jamboree ta WWVA a Wheeling, West Virginia (1933), Rawar Barn ta Renfro Valley a Kentucky (1939), Louisiana Hayride (1948), Jamboree ta Tennessee (1953) da Ozark Jubilee (1954). Sauye-sauyen talabijin (sau da yawa suna ƙarƙashin faifan shirye-shiryen farko) sun shahara a shekarun 1950 da farkon shekarun 1960 amma daga ƙarshe sun ɓace daga salon.

## Duba kuma

* Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na mashaya
* Bikin Noz
* Noze looan
* Twmpath

## Manazarta
Flitter Dance

**Rawar Flitter** ( *Flitter Daunsey* a Manx ) rawa ce ta gargajiya daga Tsibirin Man da ke da alaƙa da Good Friday . Mona Douglas ce ta tattara ta a shekarun 1940 ko 50 kuma ta shahara a tsakanin matasa 'yan rawa na Manx a yau.

## Tarihi
Al'adar gargajiya ta ranar Juma'a Mai Tsarki a Tsibirin Man ita ce a tattara kifin da aka dafa a bakin teku  a ci naman da aka gasa musamman don karin kumallo,  bayan an dafa su a wuta ba tare da amfani da ƙarfe ba.  Mona Douglas ta tattara rawa dangane da waɗannan al'adun, wacce ta fara ambatonta a matsayin 'wani ɓangare amma har yanzu ba ta cika ba' a shekarar 1937. 
.

Mai ba ta labari a wannan lokacin,  wata Mrs Callow ta Cardle Veg, Maughold,  ta iya tuna yadda aka tattara mychurachan don ƙona wuta a bakin teku, inda aka yi kek ɗin "arran-traaie"  na sha'ir kuma aka gasa a cikin toka mai zafi sannan aka gasa flitters a cikin bawon. Bayan cin abinci tare da madara, an jefa ragowar a cikin teku da kalmomin: 'Gow shoh as bannee orrin' ('Ɗauki wannan ka albarkace mu')  an yi magana a matsayin 'wani irin addu'a ko fara'a.'  Bayan wannan ne aka yi wa Flitter Rawar, ta hanyar 'iska zuwa da dawowa cikin siffar S,'  duk da haka, babu wani mataki ko cikakkun bayanai na ainihin rawar da Mrs Callow ta tuna. 

A shekarar 1957, Douglas ya kammala tattara rawar, godiya ga kayan da Mrs Teare ta Ballaugh ta rubuta, musamman daga Ada Skillicorn da Mrs Radcliffe ta Maughold, waɗanda suka sami damar samar da ainihin matakan rawar.  Ba a samun matakin tambari na musamman da ke cikin sauran raye-rayen gargajiya na Manx ba, kuma Douglas ya lura da cewa "ana iya amfani da shi don kawar da duk wani garwashin da ya rage a cikin gobarar."  Wataƙila ta hanyar waɗannan masu ba da labari ne Douglas ya fahimci cewa wannan rawa ita ce kaɗai rawa da aka yarda a yi a ranar Juma'a Mai Tsarki,  cewa jefa ragowar abincin a cikin teku yana da alaƙa da 'wani tsohon al'adar Celtic'  kuma cewa ita da rawar 'rayuwa ce ta wani tsohon bikin Gaelic na fansa ko sadaukarwa ga ikon teku.' 

Mona Douglas ta kuma tattara waƙar rawa, wadda ta lura cewa 'iskar da ke cikin wannan rawa ta burge ni a matsayin tsohuwar waƙa, wataƙila mafi tsufa a cikin duk waƙoƙin Manx ɗinmu.' 

An dawo da rawar a cikin shekarun 1960 ta ƙungiyar rawa ta Manx, wadda kuma ta farfaɗo da al'adar rawa ta Manx a lokacin Ista .  Ƙungiyar rawa ta Manx Folk, ƙarƙashin kulawar Mona Douglas, ta gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo na farko na zamani na Flitter Dance, a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1960 a wani wasan kwaikwayo a Makarantar Ballakermeen ga membobin ƙungiyar rawa ta Ingila da waƙoƙin da suka ziyarta.

## Rawa
An fara buga Rawar Flitter a cikin *Rinkaghyn Vannin* a shekarar 1983. Ba a ambaci siffar S a nan ba; a maimakon haka, ana kwatanta ta ne kawai da 'a cikin tsari.'  A cikin wannan sigar ne ake yin rawa a yau. 

Rawar tana cikin rabi biyu: na farko, matakan tambari na musamman; sannan saitin matakai biyu na gefe da Manx Balance (wani juyawa na musamman na ƙafa a cikin motsi na shura), kafin sake haɗuwa da abokan hulɗa iri ɗaya da maimaitawa.

Saboda sauƙin salonta da kuma maimaituwa, rawan ta shahara a yau ga masu farawa da kuma matasa 'yan rawa.

## Manazarta
Janet Nabla

**Janet Asana Nabla** 'yar siyasa ce ta Ghana. Ta kasance 'yar takarar shugaban ƙasa a jam'iyyar People's National Party a babban zaɓen Ghana na shekarar 2024.   

## Siyasa

### Babban Taron Jama'a na Ƙasa
Nabla ya taɓa zama Sakataren Janar na Babban Taron Jama'a na Ƙasa. 

#### Takarar neman shugabancin ƙasa
An naɗa Nabla a matsayin wacce za ta lashe zaɓen jam'iyyar People's National Party (PNP) bayan taron kwamitin zartarwa na jam'iyyar a ranar 1 ga watan Satumba, 2024.   Nabla 'yar takarar shugaban ƙasa ce a Ghana tare da Dr. Ayesu a matsayin mataimakinta 

## Duba kuma

* Zaɓen gama gari na Ghana na 2024
* Siyasar Ghana

## Manazarta
Mahmoud Thabit Kombo

**Mahmoud Thabit Kombo** ɗan siyasa ne kuma ɗan ƙasar Tanzaniya wanda ke aiki a matsayin ministan harkokin waje na ƙasar Tanzaniya.  Ya ziyarci cibiyar MUHAS a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli, 2025 a ranar haihuwarsa. Ya yi fafutukar neman haɗin kan harkokin diflomasiyya da fannin lafiya.

## Manazarta
Kundo Mathew

**Kundo Mathew**, wanda aka fi sani da **Kundo Andrea Mathew**, ɗan siyasa ne kuma ɗan ƙasar Tanzaniya kuma mataimakin ministan yaɗa labarai, sadarwa da fasahar bayanai, kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin ɗan majalisar dokoki na Chama Cha Mapinduzi na mazaɓar Shinyanga Urban tun daga watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2020.   

## Manazarta
Ananda (Sarkin Anxi)

**Ananda** (Sinanci) ya kasance yarima ne na Daular Yuan na kasar Sin . Ya fito ne daga Genghis Khan, a matsayin jikan Kublai Khan, kuma ɗan Manggala, ɗan na uku na Kublai. Ya rike taken Sarki na Anxi (安西王).

Ananda Musulmi ne mai himma. A cewar masanin tarihin Farisa Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, wani Musulmi ne daga Asiya ta Tsakiya wanda sunansa Hassan ne ya haife shi. A karkashin tasirin mahaifinsa, Ananda ya zama Musulmi. Temür Khan na kasar Sin, dan uwan Ananda, ya yi ƙoƙari ya juyar da Ananda zuwa addinin Buddha bayan ya gano cewa Ananda yana gabatar da Islama a arewa maso yammacin kasar Sin inda yake. An ga aikin yarima a matsayin wanda ba na al'ada ba tun lokacin da yawancin Mongols suna da alaƙa da addinin Buddha. Koyaya, Ghazan Khan na Farisa, wani memba na dangin Genghis Khan, ya tuba zuwa addinin Musulunci. Ananda ya ambaci Ghazan lokacin da aka kira shi kotu. Temür bai iya canza tunanin Ananda ba kuma ya yanke shawarar jure ayyukansa na addini. 

Mahaifin Ananda ya kasance tare da Yankin Hexi, Tibet, da Lardin Sichuan .  Babban matsayi ya sanya Ananda dan wasa mai gasa a siyasar kasar Sin. Ya tara sojojinsa a ƙarƙashin alfarwarsa kuma ya maida sojojinsa zuwa Islama. Wurin kursiyin Ananda ya kasance a cikin tsaunukan Liupan na arewa maso yammacin China inda Genghis Khan ya kwashe kwanakinsa na ƙarshe. Taken hukuma na Ananda shine Sarkin Anxi . 

A cikin 1295, Ananda ne ke kula da tsaro game da mamayar Kaidu na Yuan China.  Bayan mutuwar Temür Khan, Ananda ya yi niyyar burinsa na kwace kursiyin kasar Sin. An nada shi mai mulki na kasar Sin tare da goyon bayan Aqutai, shugaban hagu. Koyaya, Külüg Khan da shugaban majalisa na dama Qarahesun sun rushe burinsa a shekara ta 1307. A cikin wannan shekarar, Külüg ya kashe shi. 

Tsarin Ananda na mamayewa, da kallo na farko, Külüg ya hana shi. Koyaya, bisa ga *Tarihin Yuan*, Ayurbarwada, ƙaramin ɗan'uwan Külüg, ya zo Khanbaliq kafin Ananda ya karɓi mulki kuma ya ɗaure shi.

Bayan shan kashi da mutuwarsa, yawan Musulmai a ƙarƙashin mulkinsa sun kasance kuma sun zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan tushen Hui Chinese. Ƙaunarsa a cikin Islama ya kuma sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin muhimman addinai a arewa maso yammacin China.

Ananda yana da ɗa, Yerutömör wanda ya gaji matsayinsa kuma ya zama Sarkin Anxi .

## Dubi kuma
* Hui Sinanci
* Ghazan Khan
* Mutanen Hazara

## Manazarta