Michael P. Barnett

**Michael Peter Barnett** (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1929 - ya mutu a ranar 13 ga watan Maris ta shekara ta 2012) masanin kimiyyar kimiyyar kwamfuta ne kuma masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta. Ya haɓaka dabarun lissafi da kwamfuta don matsalolin sunadarai, da kuma wasu daga cikin software na farko don wasu nau'ikan aikace-aikacen kwamfuta. Bayan kwanakin farko a London, Essex da Lancashire, ya tafi Kwalejin Sarki, London, a 1945, Cibiyar Royal Radar a Malvern a 1953, IBM United Kingdom a 1955, Jami'ar Wisconsin Sashen Chemistry a 1957, da Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts da Ƙungiyar Molecular Theory a 1958.

A MIT ya kasance mataimakin farfesa na kimiyyar lissafi kuma darektan Laboratory na Kwamfuta. Ya koma Ingila, zuwa Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta ta Jami'ar London a 1964, sannan ya koma Amurka a shekara mai zuwa. Ya yi aiki a masana'antu, kuma ya koyar a Jami'ar Columbia 1975-77 da Kwalejin Brooklyn, Jami'ar Birnin New York, 1977-96, ya yi ritaya a matsayin farfesa mai daraja. Bayan ya yi ritaya ya mayar da hankali kan lissafin alama a cikin ilmin sunadarai da kuma ƙarfin magnetic na nukiliya.

## Rayuwa ta farko da aiki
Barnett ya shafe mafi yawan shekarun yakin duniya na biyu kusa da Fleetwood a Lancashire . Ya halarci makarantar Baines' Grammar School a Poulton-le-Fylde, sannan ya tafi Kwalejin King, London a 1945, inda ya sami BSc a cikin ilmin sunadarai a 1948, PhD don aiki a sashen kimiyyar lissafi tare da Charles Coulson a 1952, wanda ya ci gaba da zama na shekara guda bayan-doctoral. Ayyukan da aka ba shi shine ya tantance ko dakarun electrostatic zasu iya lissafin makamashi da ake buƙata don yin ɓangarori biyu na kwayar ethane suna juyawa a kusa da haɗin da ya haɗu da su.

Wannan aikin ya buƙaci kimantawa na wasu abubuwa na lissafi - ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin a kan Slater orbitals. Barnett ya ba da wasu ayyukan da Charles Coulson ya yi a baya  ta hanyar gano wasu tsarin maimaitawa,   waɗanda ke cikin hanyar bincike da lissafi da ake kira sau da yawa da fadada Barnett-Coulson. Kwayoyin kwayoyin sun kasance babbar matsala a cikin ilmin sunadarai  kuma sun ci gaba da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan Barnett. 

Shekaru biyu bayan Barnett ya fara wannan aikin, an gayyace shi ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mahalarta ashirin da biyar a wani taron da Robert Mulliken ya shirya, wanda Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kasa ta tallafawa kuma an san shi, daga wurin da yake, a matsayin Taron Tsibirin Shelter a kan Quantum Mechanics a cikin Valence Theory .  Harkokin Barnett sun sami damar halartar kungiyar British Rayon Research Association, wacce ta goyi bayan aikinsa na digiri.

A Cibiyar Royal Radar, Barnett ta gudanar da Babban Gidan Gwamnati. Ya yi aiki a kan fannoni na kimiyyar lissafi mai ƙarfi, wanda ya haɗa da kaddarorin semiconductors na Kwayoyin halitta. A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikinsa a IBM United Kingdom, ya ba da umarnin cibiyar kwamfuta ta IBM model 650. Ya ba da umarni kuma ya shiga cikin ayyukan da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da (1) lissafin tsarin DNA daga bayanan crystallographic, da (2) kwaikwayon don tsara wurin da aiki na madatsun ruwa da tafkuna a Kogin Nilu, yana aiki tare da Humphry Morrice, mai ba da shawara kan ruwa ga Gwamnatin Sudan, da wanda ya riga shi, Nimmo Allen.

A shekara ta 1957, Barnett ya karɓi gayyata daga Joseph Hirschfelder,  a sashen ilmin sunadarai na Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison, don yin aiki a kan ka'idodin lissafi na konewa da fashewa. 

## Ayyuka a MIT
A shekara ta 1958, John Clarke Slater ya gayyaci Barnett don shiga kungiyarsa ta Solid State da Molecular Theory Group. An sanya shi farfesa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a shekarar 1960 kuma, a shekarar 1962, ya kafa shigarwar IBM 709, Laboratory na Kwamfuta na hadin gwiwa (CCL). Wannan ya goyi bayan lissafi mai nauyi ta kungiyoyi da yawa a MIT. SSMTG ta yi amfani da yawancin lokaci don bincike na kwayoyin da na jihar, yana jan hankalin ma'aikatan post-doctoral da yawa daga Ingila da Kanada, . 

Lissafin ilmin sunadarai sun haɗa da ƙididdigar ƙididdigatattun hanyoyin lissafin Schrödinger. Hanyoyi da yawa don lissafin waɗannan suna buƙatar ƙididdigar kwayoyin da aka ayyana don tsarin 2, 3 da 4 atoms, bi da bi. Ƙungiyoyin 4-atom (ko 4-cibiyar) sune mafi wuya. Ta hanyar fadada hanyoyin takardun PhD, Barnett ya haɓaka cikakkun hanyoyin don kimanta duk waɗannan abubuwan  An tsara su a cikin FORTRAN, a cikin software wanda ke samuwa ga al'ummar IBM ta hanyar ƙungiyar SHARE.  Membobin SSMTG waɗanda suka haɓaka kuma suka yi amfani da waɗannan shirye-shiryen sun haɗa da Donald Ellis,  Russell Pitzer da Donald Merrifield .

A cikin 1960, Barnett ya fara fadada dabarar da ya koya daga Frank Boys don tsara kwamfuta don gina tsarin lissafi. Yana buƙatar hanyar da za ta buga waɗannan. Injin Photon, sanye take da takarda ya ba da mafita nan take. Barnett ya kirkiro software don tsara fitar da kwamfuta, kuma ya yi amfani da wannan ga takardun da ke dauke da tsarin lissafi da kuma wasu matsalolin tsarawa. Ya samar da littattafai don Litattafan MIT,  kuma tare da Imre Izs·k, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory.  An bayyana aikin tawagarsa da aikin layi daya na wasu kungiyoyi har zuwa 1964 a cikin littafinsa.

Barnett ya kuma fara bunkasa ra'ayoyinsa game da ƙirar fahimta, a matsayin memba na taron Frank Schmitt kan ƙwaƙwalwar halitta. Ya rubuta a kan kwaikwayon kogi  a matsayin memba na taron karawa juna sani na Harvard Water Resources (duba don aiki mai alaƙa. Shi, John Iliffe, Robert Futrelle,  Paul Fehder, George Coulouris da sauran mambobin CCL sun yi aiki a kan parsing,  sarrafa rubutu (mai gabatarwa na sarrafa kalma),  tsarin shirye-shiryen harshe,  hangen nesa na kimiyya,  da kuma ƙarin batutuwa waɗanda suka haɗu cikin kimiyyar kwamfuta na shekaru masu zuwa.

## Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta
A cikin 1963, Barnett ya karɓi alƙawari a matsayin mai karatu a cikin sarrafa bayanai a Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta a Jami'ar London, kuma, yayin da yake a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts, Ma'aikatar Binciken Kimiyya da Masana'antu (DSIR)  ta ba shi tallafi, don a ɗauka a London, don ci gaba da aikinsa a kan rubutun kwamfuta, wanda darektan, Richard A. Buckingham ya yada. Komawarsa ta sami karin tallace-tallace a matsayin "kayan ƙwaƙwalwa". Ya yi aiki sosai tare da jami'an kungiyar kwadago da ma'aikatan kwalejojin horo, don samar da fahimtar sabbin hanyoyin da damar su (shafi 208-218 na littafinsa).  An lura da damuwarsa game da al'amuran zamantakewa na sababbin fasahohi a cikin cikakken bita na littafi. Ya yi aiki a Kwamitin Bayanai na DSIR . 

An tambaye shi game da binciken jami'a a Ingila, a cikin wata hira da BBC a lokacin da ya isa a shekarar 1964, ya ce "matsalar ta fi kudi zurfi ... Fushin ya haifar da mayar da hankali ga iko a hannun 'yan kaɗan. "  Damuwarsa mai zurfi game da ayyukan kasuwanci a cikin ilimi ya kara tsanantawa, (Sashe na 10.6 na littafinsa.  ) 

## Masana'antu, Columbia da CUNY
Bayan shekara guda a Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta, Barnett ya koma Amurka Ya shiga sabuwar ƙungiyar Graphic Systems Division ta RCA, don ƙirƙirar software don tsara tsarin kwamfuta na kasuwanci. RCA ta sami haƙƙin Amurka ga na'urar Digiset ta Rudolf Hell kuma ta tallata daidaitawa a matsayin Videocomp . An sayar da kimanin 50. Barnett ya tsara harshen alamar algorithmic PAGE-1 don bayyana tsarin rikitarwa a cikin cikakken abun da ke cikin shafi. An yi amfani da wannan don samfuran da suka hada da, a tsawon shekaru, Social Sciences Index na Kamfanin H. W. Wilson da sauran wallafe-wallafen da aka cire a cikin takarda na bita daga baya. ,  Aikace-aikacen bugawa na bayanan ya jagoranci Barnett don tsarawa da aiwatar da harshe na shirye-shirye, wanda ya kira SNAP, don bayyana ayyukan sarrafa fayil a matsayin jerin kalmomin Ingilishi na ilimin Ingilishi. 

A shekara ta 1969, Barnett ya shiga Kamfanin H. W. Wilson, mai wallafa kayan aikin wallafe-wallafen don ɗakunan karatu, don sarrafa samar da waɗannan. Ya tsara kuma ya gabatar da tsarin da aka yi amfani da shi don samar da Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Jama'a na kimanin shekaru 10. Ya kuma fara koyar da darussan kan aikin sarrafa kansa na ɗakin karatu a Makarantar Columbia ta Sabis. Ya shiga makarantar Columbia na cikakken lokaci a 1975.

A shekara ta 1977, Barnett ya koma Sashen Kwamfuta da Kimiyya na Bayanai a Kwalejin Brooklyn na Jami'ar Birnin New York a shekara ta 1977, ya yi ritaya a matsayin farfesa a shekara ta 1996. Yayinda yake a CUNY, ya ba da umarnin babban aikin da NSF ke tallafawa don haɓaka abubuwan da aka buga na kwamfuta don koyar da digiri. Ya rubuta software wanda ya haɗa hotuna a cikin takardun da aka buga ta amfani da PAGE-1. Ya rubuta littattafai da yawa tare da 'ya'yansa matasa uku, Gabrielle, Simon da Graham, da nufin kasuwar gida. Wadannan sun shafi samar da zane-zanen kwamfuta a kan kwamfutocin mutum na farko, wanda ya hada da Commodore 64,  Apple II,  da IBM PC,  da kuma amfani da algorithms na asali.

## Integrals redux, ritaya da lissafin alama
A shekara ta 1989, Barnett ya fara ciyar da wani ɓangare na lokacinsa a matsayin masanin kimiyya mai ziyara a Cibiyar Supercomputer ta Kasa ta John von Neumann,   wanda ke kusa da Princeton kuma ƙungiyar jami'o'i ke gudanarwa. Ya sake fara aiki a kan kwayoyin kwayoyin, ta amfani da ikon supercomputer don wuce yiwuwar shekarun 1960. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga CUNY, ya ci gaba da bincika aikace-aikacen lissafin alama ga ƙwayoyin kwayoyin, ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin nukiliya, da sauran batutuwa.

## Bayanan da aka ambata