Gabriel Almond

**Gabriel Abraham Almond** (Janairu 12, 1911 - Disamba 25, 2002) masanin kimiyyar siyasa ne na Amurka wanda aka fi sani da aikinsa na farko kan siyasa mai kwatantawa, ci gaban siyasa, da al'adun siyasa .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Almond a ranar 12 ga Janairu, 1911, a Rock Island, Illinois, ɗan baƙin Rasha-Yahudawa da Yukren-Yahudawa, wanda ya girma "a cikin gidan Yahudawa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi." Ya halarci Jami'ar Chicago, duka a matsayin dalibi na farko da kuma a matsayin ɗalibi na digiri na biyu, kuma ya yi aiki tare da Harold Lasswell . Almond ya kammala digirinsa na uku na Doctor of Philosophy a 1938, amma ba a buga takardar digirinsa ta uku ba, Plutocracy and Politics in New York City, sai a 1998, saboda ya haɗa da ambato marasa daɗi game da John D. Rockefeller, wani mai taimakon Jami'ar Chicago.

Almond ya koyar a Kwalejin Brooklyn (wanda yanzu ita ce Jami'ar City ta New York ) daga 1939 zuwa 1942. Da shigar Amurka Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Almond ya shiga Ofishin Ba da Bayani Kan Yaƙi, yana nazarin farfagandar abokan gaba, kuma ya zama shugaban Sashen Ba da Bayani Kan Maƙiya. Bayan yaƙin, Almond ya yi aiki a Binciken Bama-bamai na Amurka a Jamus bayan yaƙi.

Almond ya koma harkar ilimi a shekarar 1947 kuma ya koyar a Jami'ar Yale inda ya kasance wani ɓangare na Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙasashen Duniya har zuwa 1951, lokacin da yake cikin ƙungiyar da ta tafi Jami'ar Princeton kuma ta kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙasashen Duniya .  Daga baya ya koma Yale a 1959, sannan ya tafi Jami'ar Stanford a 1963, inda ya ci gaba da zama har zuwa ritayarsa a 1993. An zaɓe shi a matsayin Fellow na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a 1961  da kuma Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka a 1966.  Ya kasance shugaban sashen kimiyyar siyasa a Stanford daga 1964 zuwa 1969 kuma ya shafe lokaci yana zama farfesa mai ziyara a Jami'ar Tokyo, Jami'ar Belo Horizonte, da Jami'ar Taras Shevchenko ta Ƙasa ta Kyiv . Duk da cewa Almond ya yi ritaya a 1976 kuma ya zama farfesa mai ritaya a Stanford, ya ci gaba da rubutu da koyarwa har zuwa mutuwarsa.

Almond ya jagoranci Kwamitin Majalisar Binciken Kimiyyar Zamantakewa kan Siyasar Kwatanta shekaru da yawa kuma ya kasance shugaban Ƙungiyar Kimiyyar Siyasa ta Amurka (APSA) daga 1965 zuwa 1966. A shekarar 1981, ya sami kyautar James Madison ta APSA, wacce ake bai wa wani masanin kimiyyar siyasa wanda ya bayar da "gudummawar ilimi mai ban mamaki" a lokacin aikinsa. Shi ne kuma wanda ya fara cin kyautar Karl Deutsch  ta Ƙungiyar Kimiyyar Siyasa ta Duniya a 1997. Almond ya mutu a ranar 25 ga Disamba, 2002, a Pacific Grove, California, yana da shekaru 91.

## Bincike
Almond ya faɗaɗa fannin kimiyyar siyasa a shekarun 1950 ta hanyar haɗa hanyoyin da suka fito daga wasu fannoni na kimiyyar zamantakewa, kamar ilimin zamantakewa, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, da ilimin ɗan adam, zuwa cikin aikinsa. Ya mayar da sha'awar manufofin ƙasashen waje zuwa nazarin tsari na  siyasa da al'adu na kwatantawa. Daga ƙarshe binciken Almond ya shafi batutuwa da yawa, ciki har da siyasar ƙasashe masu tasowa, gurguzu, da tsattsauran ra'ayi na addini . &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

Almond marubuci ne mai hazaka, yana buga littattafai 18 da kuma muƙaloli da dama na mujallu, kuma ya rubuta wasu da yawa tare. Shahararrun aikinsa shine ''The Civic Culture'' (1963), tare da Sidney Verba . Ya yaɗa ra'ayin al'adun siyasa.&nbsp;- ra'ayi wanda ya haɗa da halin ƙasa da kuma yadda mutane suka zaɓi su mallaki kansu&nbsp;– a matsayin wani muhimmin al'amari na al'umma. Almond da Verba sun bambanta al'adun siyasa daban-daban bisa ga matakinsu da nau'in shigarsu siyasa da kuma yanayin halayen mutane game da [[siyasa]] . ''Al'adun Jama'a'' na ɗaya daga cikin manyan nazarin bincike na ƙasa da ƙasa da aka gudanar a kimiyyar siyasa kuma ya ƙarfafa nazarin kwatanta [[Dimokaraɗiyya|dimokuradiyya]] sosai.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

Almond ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga aikin nazari kan ci gaban siyasa. A cikin *Kwatanta Siyasa: Tsarin Ci Gaba* (1966), Almond da G. Bingham Powell sun gabatar da hanyoyi daban-daban na al'adu da aiki don auna ci gaban al'ummomi. A wani lokaci a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970, hanyoyin Almond sun zo don ayyana siyasa ta kwatantawa . &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

A cikin wata takarda da aka buga a shekarar 1991 mai taken, "Jam'iyyar Jari-hujja da Dimokuradiyya", a cikin sakin layi biyu na Almond ya bayyana abin da ya kamata a mayar da hankali kan muhimman manufofin nazarin shugabanci a jami'o'in Amurka: cewa jari-hujja da dimokuradiyya suna wanzuwa tare a matsayin tsarin mulki da ke gudana a duniya kuma koyaushe suna mu'amala da juna kuma suna canza juna ta hanyar lokaci." 

== Yarjejeniyar Almond-Lippmann ==
Kamanceceniya tsakanin ra'ayin Almond da na Walter Lippmann ya haifar da abin da aka sani da **yarjejeniyar Almond-Lippmann*', wanda ya dogara ne akan zato uku: 

# Ra'ayin jama'a yana canzawa, yana canzawa ba tare da wata matsala ba don mayar da martani ga sabbin abubuwan da suka faru ko kuma magudi.  Imani da jama'a a farkon karni na ashirin "sun kasance masu zaman lafiya sosai kuma suna da tashin hankali a yaƙi, suna da tsaka tsaki ko kwantar da hankali a cikin tattaunawa ko kuma ba sa jurewa." 
# Ra'ayin jama'a ba shi da daidaito, ba shi da tsari mai tsari ko daidaito har ya kai ga ra'ayoyin 'yan ƙasar Amurka za a iya kwatanta su da "ra'ayoyi marasa kyau". 
# Ra'ayin jama'a ba shi da alaƙa da tsarin tsara manufofi. Shugabannin siyasa suna yin watsi da ra'ayin jama'a saboda yawancin Amurkawa ba za su iya "fahimta ko yin tasiri ga abubuwan da rayuwarsu da farin cikinsu suka dogara a kansu ba."  

Yarjejeniyar Almond-Lippmann ta yi tasiri sosai a shekarun 1950 da 1960 amma ta raunana bayan Yaƙin Vietnam . Binciken da ake yi a yanzu ya karyata yawancin yarjejeniyar Almond-Lippmann, musamman ma batu na biyu da ke nuna cewa ra'ayin jama'a ba shi da daidaito kuma ba shi da tsari. A gaskiya ma, binciken da Jami'ar Pittsburgh da Jami'ar Kentucky suka yi ya nuna cewa Amurkawa suna cimma ra'ayi kan manufofin ƙasashen waje ta hanyar amfani da akidu marasa ma'ana, amma galibi suna da daidaito. Waɗannan akidu sun haɗa da ra'ayoyinsu game da [[Kwaminisanci|gurguzu]], soja, warewa, da sauransu. 

Lippmann ya yi watsi da ra'ayinsa na baya, yana mai jayayya cewa jama'a sun ɗauki matakin da ya fi na hankali game da yaƙi fiye da shugabannin gwamnati.

== Littattafan tarihi ==

* Almond, Gabriel A., da Harold D. Lasswell. 1934. "Halayyar Cin Zarafi ta Abokan Ciniki ga Masu Gudanar da Agajin Jama'a: Nazarin Daidaitawa." *Nazarin Kimiyyar Siyasa ta Amurka* 28(4): 643–655.
* Almond, Gabriel Abraham. "Plutocracy a Siyasa a Birnin New York" (dissertation na PhD, Jami'ar Chicago ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1938. T-00324).
* Almond, Gabriel A. "Halayen Siyasa na Arziki" *Mujallar Siyasa* (1945) 7#3 shafi na 213-255 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2125751 akan layi]
* Almond, Gabriel A. 1950. *Al'ummar Amurka da Manufofin Waje* . Harcourt, Brace.
* Almond, Gabriel A. 1954. *Kiran Kwaminisanci* . Princeton, NJ: Jami'ar Princeton Press.
* Almond, Gabriel A. 1956. “Tsarin Siyasa Mai Kwatantawa.” *Mujallar Siyasa* 18(3): 391-409.
* Almond, Gabriel A. da James S. Coleman. (eds.). 1960. *Siyasar Yankunan Ci Gaba* . Princeton, NJ: Jami'ar Princeton Press.
* Almond, Gabriel A., da Sidney Verba. 1963. *Al'adun Jama'a: Halayen Siyasa da Dimokuradiyya a cikin Kasashe Biyar* . Princeton, NJ: Jami'ar Princeton Press.
* Almond, Gabriel A. 1965. “Hanyar Ci Gaba ga Tsarin Siyasa.” *Siyasar Duniya* 17(2): 183-214.
* Almond, Gabriel A. 1966. "Ka'idar Siyasa da Kimiyyar Siyasa." *Sharhin Kimiyyar Siyasa ta Amurka* 60(4): 869–879.
* Almond, Gabriel A., da G. Bingham Powell, Jr. 1966. *Siyasar Kwatantawa: Tsarin Ci Gaba* . Boston: Little, Brown da Co.
* Almond, Gabriel A. 1968. “Siyasa, Kwatantawa,” shafi na 1.&nbsp;331–36, a cikin David L. Sills (ed.), *International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences* Vol. 12. New York: Macmillan
* Almond, Gabriel A., Scott C. Flanagan da Robert J. Mundt. (eds.). 1973. *Rikicin, Zabi, da Sauyi: Nazarin Tarihi na Ci gaban Siyasa* . Boston: Little, Brown da Co.
* Almond, Gabriel A. (ed.). 1974. *Siyasar Kwatantawa a Yau: Ra'ayin Duniya.* Ƙarami, Brown.
* Almond, Gabriel A., da Sidney Verba (masu gyara). 1980. *An sake duba Al'adun Jama'a* . Ƙarami, Brown.
* Almond, Gabriel A. 1988. "Dawowar Mulki." *Sharhin Kimiyyar Siyasa ta Amurka* 82(3): 853–874.
* Almond, Gabriel A. 1990. *Rarrabuwar Ladabi. Makarantu da Ƙungiyoyi a Kimiyyar Siyasa* . Newbury Park, Cal.: Sage Publications.
* Almond, Gabriel A., R. Scott Appleby, da Emmanuel Sivan. 2003. *Addini Mai Ƙarfi: Tashin Hankali a Duniya* . Jami'ar Chicago Press.
* Almond, Gabriel A. 2002. *Zuba Jari a Kimiyyar Siyasa: Labarai da Tunani'' . Boulder, Col.: Lynne Rienner.

## Manazarta