Ayyukan yara a Indiya

Kashi na **yara a Indiya suna aiki da yara**. A cikin shekara ta 2011, ƙididdigar ƙasa ta Indiya ta gano cewa jimlar yawan ma'aikatan yara, masu shekaru [5-14], ya kai miliyan 10.12, daga cikin jimlar yara miliyan 259.64 a wannan rukunin shekaru. Matsalar aikin yara ba ta musamman ba ce ga Indiya; a duk duniya, kimanin yara miliyan 217 suna aiki, da yawa na cikakken lokaci.

Kamar yadda Dokar Kula da Yara da Matasa (Harkakewa da Dokar), 1986, wanda aka yi gyare-gyare a cikin 2016 ("Dokar CLPR"), an bayyana "Yara" a matsayin kowane mutum a ƙasa da shekaru 14, kuma Dokar CLPR ta haramta yin aiki da yaro a kowane aiki, gami da a matsayin taimakon gida; yin in ba haka ba laifi ne. Sabanin haka, ana bayyana yara tsakanin shekaru 14 zuwa 18 a matsayin "Matasa" kuma ana ba su izinin yin aiki sai dai a cikin hakar ma'adinai, kayan wuta da masu fashewa, da sauran matakai masu haɗari, bisa ga Dokar Masana'antu ta 1948.  A shekara ta 2001, kimanin kashi 1% na dukkan ma'aikatan yara, ko kimanin yara 120,000 a Indiya suna cikin aiki mai haɗari. Musamman, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya ya haramta aikin yara a masana'antu masu haɗari (amma ba a masana'antun da ba masu haɗari ba) a matsayin Hakki na asali a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 24. UNICEF ta kiyasta cewa Indiya tare da yawan jama'arta, tana da mafi yawan ma'aikata a duniya a ƙarƙashin shekaru 14, yayin da ƙasashen Afirka na kudu da Sahara suna da mafi yawan yara da aka tura a matsayin ma'aikatan yara. Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ta kiyasta cewa noma, a kashi 60 cikin dari, shine mafi girman ma'aikacin aikin yara a duniya, yayin da Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyashi kashi 70% na aikin yara ana tura su cikin noma da ayyukan da suka shafi. A waje da aikin gona, ana lura da aikin yara a kusan dukkanin bangarorin da ba a sani ba na tattalin arzikin Indiya.   

Kamfanoni ciki har da Gap,  Primark,  da Monsanto  an soki su saboda aikin yara a cikin samfuran su. Kamfanonin suna da'awar cewa suna da ƙa'idodi masu tsauri game da sayar da samfuran da yara marasa ƙanana suka yi don ribar kansu, amma akwai hanyoyin haɗi da yawa a cikin jerin kayayyaki da ke sa ya zama da wahala a kula da su duka. A cikin shekara ta 2011, bayan shekaru uku na kokarin Primark, BBC ta yarda cewa rahoton aikin jarida na bincike na cin nasara game da amfani da aikin yara na Indiya da Primark ya yi karya ne. BBC ta nemi gafara ga Primark, ga masu samar da kayayyaki na Indiya da duk masu kallo. Wani kamfani da ya zo karkashin bincike mai yawa shine Nike. Nike tana ƙarƙashin matsin lamba don yin magana game da wuraren da ake zargi da su da yara waɗanda kamfanin ke amfani da su don yin sneakers. Tun daga wannan lokacin Nike ta fito da shafin yanar gizo daban wanda ke nuna inda suke samun kayayyakinsu daga kuma inda ake kera kayayyakinsu.

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, Ma'aikatar Ayyuka ta Amurka ta ba da *Jerin Kayayyakin da Yara ke samarwa ko Aikin tilas* da Indiya da aka lissafa a cikin kasashe 74 inda aka lura da muhimmiyar yanayin aiki mai tsanani. Ba kamar kowace ƙasa ba, an ba da kayan aiki 23 ga Indiya, mafi yawansu ana samar da su ta hanyar ma'aikatan yara a bangaren masana'antu. 

Baya ga haramtacciyar doka game da aikin yara masu haɗari, dokoki daban-daban a Indiya, kamar Dokar Shari'a ta Yara (kiyayewa da kariya) na Dokar Yara-2000, da Dokar Ayyukan Yara (Harkakewa da Abolition) ta 1986 sun ba da tushe a cikin doka don ganowa, gurfanar da kuma dakatar da aikin yara a Indiya.

## Ma'anar aikin yara
Kalmar 'aikin yara', ta nuna ILO,  an fi bayyana shi azaman aikin da ke hana yara ƙuruciyarsu, iyawarsu da mutuntakarsu, kuma hakan yana da lahani ga ci gaban jiki da tunani. Yana tsoma baki tare da karatunsu ta hanyar hana su damar halartar makaranta; tilasta musu barin makaranta da wuri; ko kuma yana buƙatar su yi ƙoƙari su haɗa halartar makaranta tare da aiki mai tsawo da nauyi.

UNICEF ta bayyana aikin yara daban. Wani yaro, ya nuna UNICEF, yana da hannu a cikin ayyukan aikin yara idan tsakanin shekaru 5 zuwa 11, ya yi akalla sa'a daya na ayyukan tattalin arziki ko akalla sa-a'o'i 28 na aikin gida a cikin mako, kuma idan akwai yara tsakanin shekaru 12 zuwa 14, ya yi akasin haka sa'o'in 14 na ayyukan tattalin arziƙi ko akalla awanni 42 na ayyukan tattalin arzikin da aikin gida a kowane mako. UNICEF, a cikin wani rahoto, ya nuna cewa "Aikin yara yana buƙatar a gan shi kamar yadda yake faruwa tare da ci gaba, tare da aiki mai lalacewa ko cin zarafi a gefe ɗaya da aiki mai fa'ida - inganta ko inganta ci gaban yara ba tare da tsoma baki da karatunsu ba, nishaɗi da hutawa - a ɗayan. Kuma tsakanin waɗannan sanduna biyu akwai manyan wuraren aiki waɗanda ba sa buƙatar shafar ci gaban yaro.

Ofishin kididdigar Indiya na shekara ta 2001, ya bayyana aikin yara  a matsayin shiga cikin yaro wanda bai kai shekara 17 ba a kowane aikin tattalin arziki mai amfani tare da ko ba tare da diyya ba, albashi ko riba. Irin wannan shiga na iya zama na jiki ko na tunani ko duka biyun. Wannan aikin ya haɗa da taimako na ɗan lokaci ko aikin da ba a biya ba a gona, kasuwancin iyali ko a kowane aikin tattalin arziki kamar noma da samar da madara don sayarwa ko amfani da gida. Gwamnatin Indiya ta rarraba ma'aikatan yara zuwa rukuni biyu: manyan ma'aikata su ne waɗanda ke aiki watanni 6 ko fiye a kowace shekara, kuma ma'aikatan ma'aikata na yara su ne waɗanda suke aiki a kowane lokaci a cikin shekara amma ƙasa da watanni 6 a cikin shekara.

Wasu masu fafutukar kare hakkin yara suna jayayya cewa aikin yara dole ne ya hada da kowane yaro wanda ba a makaranta ba saboda shi ma'aikacin yaro ne. UNICEF, duk da haka, ya nuna cewa Indiya tana fuskantar babban karancin makarantu, ɗakunan ajiya da malamai musamman a yankunan karkara inda ake lura da kashi 90 cikin dari na matsalar aikin yara. Kimanin 1 a cikin makarantun firamare 5 suna da malami daya kawai don koyar da dalibai a duk maki.

Bayan samun 'yancin kai daga mulkin mallaka, Indiya ta zartar da kariya da dokoki da yawa game da aikin yara. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya a cikin Ka'idojin Hakki na asali da Dokokin Dokokin Manufofin Jiha ya haramta aikin yara a ƙasa da shekaru 14 a kowane masana'anta ko ma'adinai ko gidan sarauta ko shiga cikin kowane aiki mai haɗari (Mataki na 24). Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya kuma yi la'akari da cewa Indiya za ta, nan da shekara ta 1960, samar da ababen more rayuwa da albarkatu don ilimi kyauta da tilas ga duk yara masu shekaru shida zuwa 14.  (Mataki na 21-A da Mataki na 45).

Indiya tana da tsarin gwamnati na tarayya, kuma aiki yana cikin jerin abubuwan da ke tattare da su, gwamnatocin tsakiya da jihohi na iya kuma sun ba da doka game da aikin yara.

## Manazarta