Heidi Ravven

Heidi M. Ravven (an haife ta a shekara ta 1952) ita ce Bates da Benjamin Farfesa na Nazarin gargajiya da Addini a Kwalejin Hamilton, inda ta koyar da ƙwarewarta, Falsafar Yahudawa, da Nazarin Yahudawa gaba ɗaya tun 1983. Ita Fellow ce a Neurophilosophy na Shirin Binciken Neurosciences, wanda Vilayanur Ramachandran da Kjell Fuxe suka jagoranta. An nada ta Farfesa mai ziyara na Falsafa a Makarantar Marxism a Jami'ar Arewa maso Gabas, Changchun, China, don 2017-20.

Farfesa Ravven yana da Ph.D. daga Jami'ar Brandeis (1984), ya halarci Kwalejin Smith, kuma ya kammala karatu a 1970 a Makarantar Commonwealth, Boston. Ravven ya kasance memba ne na kafa Society for Empirical Ethics, ƙungiyar da aka sadaukar don inganta tattaunawa tsakanin masana falsafa, masu ilimin kwakwalwa, masu ilimin halayyar dan adam, da sauran masana kimiyya na zamantakewa da na halitta game da ɗabi'a.

## Ayyuka
Ravven masanin ilimin jijiyoyi ne kuma kwararre ne a kan falsafar masanin falsafa na karni na sha bakwai, Baruch Spinoza . Ita ce ta farko da ta yi jayayya cewa falsafar ɗabi'a ta Spinoza ka'idar tsarin ɗabi'u ce. Ravven kuma shine masanin falsafa na farko da ya ba da shawarar cewa Spinoza ya yi tsammanin binciken tsakiya a cikin kimiyyar jijiyoyi. Ravven ya wallafa ko'ina a kan tunanin falsafar Spinoza, a kan masanin falsafa na karni na goma sha biyu Moses Maimonides, a kan G.W.F. Hegel da mata, da kuma kan ka'idojin Yahudawa da Mata na Yahudawa.

Ta kasance mai aiki a Kwalejin Falsafar Yahudawa, Ƙungiyar Neuroethics ta Duniya, Ƙungiyar Spinoza ta Arewacin Amurka, kuma memba ne na Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amirka, Ƙungiyar Nazarin Yahudawa, Kwalejin Shari'a da Lafiya ta Duniya, da Ƙungiyar Da'a ta Yahudawa. Ravven ya kasance memba na baya na Kwamitin Edita na *Jaridar Systemics, Cybernetics, da Informatics* .  Tana da alhakin ba da shawara da ayyukan edita a fannoni biyu: a cikin Neurophilosophy da kuma a cikin Da'a.

A shekara ta 2004 Ravven ya sami tallafin $ 500,000 da ba a nema ba daga Gidauniyar Ford don rubuta littafi mai sake tunani game da ka'idoji. Wannan littafin, The Self Beyond Itself: An Alternative History of Ethics, the New Brain Sciences, and the Myth of Free Will an buga shi ne ta hanyar The New Press a watan Mayu, 2013. Bincike ne mai tsawo da yawa game da ɗabi'a: dalilin da ya sa muke da ɗabiʼa, me ya sa kuma lokacin da ba mu da ɗabi" kuma yadda za a sa mutane su zama mafi ɗabi'u. Ravven ta kammala da ka'idarta game da ɗabi'a da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare ta da falsafar Spinoza, wanda ta sabunta don nuna fahimtar zamani game da yadda kwakwalwa / tunani ke aiki a cikin tunanin ɗabi'ar da aiki. An rubuta littafin ne don masu sauraro masu ilimi gabaɗaya maimakon kawai ga ƙwararru.

## Rubuce-rubuce
A cikin The Self Beyond Itself: Wani Tarihin Sauran Da'a, Sabon Kimiyya na Brain, da Tarihin Zaɓin 'Yanci, Ravven ya kalubalanci ra'ayin' yancin zaɓe. Bayyana 'yancin zaɓe ga mutane yana nufin cewa mutane suna da ikon tashi sama da yanayi da kulawa har ma da halin da ake ciki na yanzu don zama mutane masu kyau kuma su zaɓi yin aiki da kyau. Wannan ikon zabar ayyukanmu - don tashi sama da gadonmu na kwayar halitta duk abin da zai iya zama, sama da yadda yake girma ba tare da la'akari da yadda yake da ban tsoro ba, kuma sama da halin da muke ciki yanzu duk da matsin zuciyarsa - shine abin da ake nufi da "yancin zaɓe". Muna yin ayyukan ɗabi'a don dalilai na ɗabi'ar ɗabi'i, ba tare da wani cikakkiyar dalilai ba, kuma daga babu wani cikakkiyar cikakkiyar dalilai - kamar tsarin kwakwalwa, matsin lamba na rukuni, ko girma. Kuma wannan shine dalilin da ya sa za a iya ɗaukar mu da alhakin ɗabi'a. Ravven ya yi jayayya cewa wannan ra'ayi karya ne kuma cewa imani ne na al'adu na musamman ga duniyar Yamma. Ta gano imani da 'yancin zaɓe zuwa tatsuniyar tauhidi da ra'ayin yanayin ɗan adam, kuma ta fallasa asalin ra'ayin' yancin zaɓe a cikin tauhidin Kirista na Latin West wanda ya samo asali ne daga Ikilisiyar Uba St. Augustine . Ta bayyana yadda wannan tauhidin ya zama mai zaman kansa don mutane da yawa a yau ba su san cewa 'yancin zaɓe yana nuna mutum fiye da yanayi da muhalli wanda zai iya shiga tsakani kamar daga sama (kamar Allah mai iko duka). "The Self Beyond Itself" an fassara shi zuwa Sinanci a karkashin jagorancin Farfesa Han Quihong na Jami'ar Arewa maso Gabas a Changchun, China, kuma People's Publishing House ta buga shi a cikin 2016.

Ravven ya juya don bincika sabbin kimiyyar kwakwalwa don gano sabbin hanyoyin da za a iya sake tunani game da ɗabi'a ba tare da 'yancin zaɓe ba. Ta kammala cewa akwai dalilai uku da suka hada kai don tantance aiki: yanayi (biology, da dai sauransu), kulawa (biography, tarihi, al'adu, harshe, da dai dai sauransu), da kuma halin da ake ciki yanzu (haɗin zamantakewa da bukatun sa, abubuwan motsawa, da kuma hanawa, da sauransu). Don haka hanya mafi inganci na canza halayyar mutum shine shiga tsakani a cikin tsarin zamantakewa da al'adu da iyali a kowane sikelin. Ingantawa da karfafa bambancin da busawa a cikin dukkan wadannan tsarin yana da mahimmanci don yaki da halaye na Groupthink cewa yanayin ɗan adam ya sa mu kasance mai saurin yin hakan. Domin mu kasance masu zamantakewa da mahallin - kwakwalwarmu ta samo asali ta wannan hanyar. Duk da haka, kamar yadda Spinoza ya yi tsammani, hanya mai wahala ta ilimin sha'awa na iya haifar da 'yancin kai na tunani daga zalunci na duniya ta kusa ga waɗanda suka aiwatar da shi. Za mu iya koyon zama mai kyau ko da ba za mu iya zaɓar zama mai kyau ba.

Heidi Ravven ta rubuta da yawa game da falsafar Baruch Spinoza . Labaranta sun bayyana a cikin mujallu da yawa kuma an sake buga da yawa a cikin tarihin. Ravven ya yi imanin cewa falsafar Spinoza ita ce mafi kyawun farawa don ƙoƙarin haɗa shaidun da ke fitowa daga sabon kimiyyar kwakwalwa cikin samfurin da ya dace na kwakwalwar ɗabi'a ta asali, hanya mafi kyau zuwa ci gabanta, da kuma tasirin irin wannan ra'ayi don yadda za'a iya sake tsara zamantakewa, shari'a, siyasa, da sauran cibiyoyi da ayyuka. Ravven yanzu yana rubuce-rubuce a cikin littafi mai sauƙi ga masu sauraro masu ilimi game da muhimmancin Spinoza, wanda ake kira The Return of Spinoza .*Komawar Spinoza.*

## Bayanan littattafai

### Littattafai

* Jigogi na Yahudawa a cikin Falsafar Spinoza (State University of New York Press 2002) 
* The Self Beyond Itself: Wani Tarihi na Da'a, Sabon Kimiyya na Brain, da Labarin Zaɓin 'Yanci (The New Press, mai zuwa 2013) 

### Zaɓuɓɓukan labarai

* Gabatarwa ga *Benedict de Spinoza: 'Tarihin tauhidi da siyasa.*' New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 2009.
* "Abin da *Spinoza* zai iya koya mana game da Embodying da Naturalizing Ethics". [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] [Hasiya]
* "Me Spinoza Zai Iya Koyar da Mu A Yau Game da Halitta Da'a? Halitta da Halitti na Falsafa da 'Yanci ba tare da 'Yar'a ba, a cikin Halitta, Motsin rai, da Halittu na Halitta na Yin Shawarwari a cikin Mutane da kuma a cikin Ilimin Artificial 3. (2005)
* Gabatarwa ga Benedict de Spinoza: 'Da'a' da 'A kan Inganta Fahimtar.' New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 2005.
* "Spinoza's Systems Theory of Ethics. " a cikin Cognitive, Emotive, da Ethical Aspects of Decisioning in Humans da Artificial Intelligence 3. (2004)
* "Shin Spinoza ya dace game da ɗabi'a? Dubi abubuwan da aka gano kwanan nan a cikin Neurobiology of the Emotions, "a cikin *Studia Spinoza* 14. (2004)
* "Spinoza's Ethic of the Liberation of Desire". a cikin *Mata da Jima'i a Falsafar Yahudawa*. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Hava Tirosh-Samuelson, 2004.
* "Tsarin Spinoza game da kimiyyar jijiyoyin zamani, a cikin Consciousness & Emotion 4. (2003)
* "Spinoza ta mutum ta sake tunani: wasu darussan daga gajeren rubutun Allah, Mutum, da Rayuwarsa" a cikin Volume I CONTEXT, SOURCES, AND EARLY WRITINGS of Routledge Critical Assessments of Lead Philosophers: Spinoza, edited by Genevieve Lloyd, 2001
* "Wasu Tunanin Abin da Spinoza ya Koyi daga Maimonides game da tunanin annabci, " Jaridar Tarihin Falsafa (abubuwa biyu da aka tsara a cikin Afrilu da Yuli, 2001: Volume XXIX, Lamba 3 & 4) 
* "The Garden of Eden: Spinoza's Maimonidean Account of the Genealogy of Morals and the Origin of Society" a cikin Falsafa da tauhidin, Volume 13, Number 1 (2001) 
* "Shin Hegel Duk abin da zai ce wa mata?" a cikin The International Libraryof Critical Essays in the History of Philosophy Series: Volume II HEGEL, David Lamb, ed.  (Tom D. Campbell, Janar Edita na Jerin), Aldershot, Burtaniya: Ashgate: Buga na Duniya a cikin Kimiyya da Humanities, (1998).

## Dubi kuma

* Falsafar Amurka
* Jerin masana falsafa na Amurka

## Ƙarin karantawa

* *Bayyanawa a cikin Falsafa: Spinoza*, GillesDeleuze (1992) 
* *Spinoza da Siyasa*, Etienne Balibar
* *Jiki, Masses, da Ikon: Spinoza da Contemporarians,* Warren Montag
* *Sabon Spinoza,* Warren Montag da Ted Stolze, editoci
* Spinoza da Sauran Heretics, Yirmiyahu Yovel (ƙididdiga biyu) 
* Archaeology of Mind: Asalin Neuroevolutionary na Motsin Dan Adam (Norton Series a kan Interpersonal Neurobiology), Jaak Panksepp, 2012

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Ma'aikatar Nazarin Addini ta Kwalejin Hamilton An adana 2007-09-30 a