open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
The Entertainer (D'banj album)

The Entertainer shi ne album na uku na studio na Nigerian Afrobeats mai rikodin D'banj, wanda aka saki a cikin 2008. Don Jazzy ne ya dauki nauyin shiryawa a cikin kundin. Yana nuna baƙon baƙo daga Wande Coal, Kid na musamman, da Kayswitch 'D Produkt'. Mawaka guda bakwai ne suka goyi bayansa-" Fall in Love ", "Gbono Feli Feli", "Kwatsawa", "Kimon", "Igwe", "Olorun Maje", da "Entertainer". An sanya wa albam suna ne dangane da fasahar D'banj a matsayin mai nishadantarwa. Kundin ya kasance nasarar kasuwanci saboda yawancin wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo, rarrabawa, da dabarun talla.

## Background
Commenting on the album, D'banj said: "I tried not to remind my listeners of the high level of unemployment, poverty, disease, electricity outage including the pains and all the troubles in this world. The concept is to keep it live and happy. All the songs are my personal experiences and journey through life. I hope to touch everyone with this album and I pray the people find it worthwhile." 

## Reception
The album was met with great reception throughout Africa, but performed best in Ghana and Nigeria. The tracks "Gbono Feli Feli", "Igwe", and "Suddenly" influenced Africa's nightlife. The song "Fall in Love" was also met with commercial success, getting the most airplay from the album.

## Singles

* According to Bellanaija, "the music video for "Suddenly" was shot on location at Chief Razak Okoya's ‘Oluwa Ni Ishola’ Estate and directed by Sesan Ogunro. It features D’Banj, a bevy of scantily clad women, Ikechukwu, Wande Coal, Don Baba J and the rest of the Mo Hits Crew."
* The music video for "Kimon" was directed by Sesan.
* A video uploaded to YouTube shows the Kokomaster performing  "**Igwe**" with Wande Coal. D'banj also performed the song at the 2012 Hackney Weekend in London.
* "Olorun Maje" is a single from his third studio album.
* "Entertainer" is a single from this album.
* "Gbono Feli Feli" was produced by Don Jazzy. The music video for the single was shot in London and directed by Sesan. The music video first aired on an episode of reality television show, *Koko Mansion*. *Olamildent* described the music video, saying: "In this new video, D'banj poses as the prince charming who rescues the damsel or should I say kokolette in distress." Upon its release, the song and its music video was met with positive reviews. Onos O of *Bellanaija*, reflecting on the songs that shaped the Nigerian music industry, said: "This song and its video are like plot points in Nigerian pop culture. D’Banj and Don Jazzy didn’t take it easy on the music industry when this song came out. **Mo Gbono Feli Feli** took Nigeria by storm; the special effects and locations in the video were like none anyone had ever seen in the industry before, back then." M.I did a cover of the song, which was included on his *iLLegal Music* mixtape.

## Manazarta
Eyan Mayweather

Eyan Mayweather is the five studio album by Nigerian rapper Olamide, released on 23 November 2015. [1] [2] Released through YBNL Nation with studio production from Pheelz, Young Jonn, B Banks and ID Cabasa [3]

An sanar da *Eyan Mayweather* a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 2015, kuma an sake shi a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 2015 a matsayin kundi na biyar na Olamide a cikin shekaru biyar a jere, matakin da Ovie na *NotJustOk* ya bayyana a matsayin "matakin daidaito na ban dariya".  An riga an gabatar da kundin wakoki guda hudu, wanda ya kunshi " Bobo ", "Mats Arising", "Lagos Boys" da "Melo Melo". 

## Singles
The album's lead single "Bobo" was released on 2 May 2015. It was produced by Young John. Olamide won Best Street-Hop Artiste for "Bobo" at the Headies 2015 and it was nominated for Best Pop Single and Song of the Year. Young John was nominated for Producer of the Year for "Bobo". The second single, "Melo Melo" was released on 1 June 2015. It is mostly spoken in Yoruba and is a ballad produced by Pheelz. The third single off *Eyan Mayweather* was released on 14 August 2015, entitled "Lagos Boys". It was produced by Pheelz. The fourth and final single, "Matters Arising", was released on 18 September 2015. "Matters Arising" was produced by Pheelz.

## Critical reception
Ayomide Tayo's review of *Eyan Mayweather* for *Pulse Nigeria* highlighted the rapper's struggle to evolve beyond his typical hustle-centric themes, resulting in a lackluster album. While Olamide's previous successes and influence on Nigerian rap were acknowledged, Tayo noted that *Eyan Mayweather* fails to deliver a memorable or fresh experience, with repetitive topics and uninspired production. He concluded that Olamide's fifth album "falls short of a classic," giving it a rating of 2.5/5 (Average).

Wilfred Okiche of *360nobs* reviewed Olamide's Eyan Mayweather as an album that showcases his versatility, blending pop, highlife, and street anthems with energy and charisma. Okiche concluded, "It is still really Olamide’s world and we are all just living in it."

## Track listing
 

## Manazarta
Hammerskjoeld Simwinga

Hammerskjoeld Simwinga (an haife shi c. 1963) ɗan ƙasar Zambia ne mai kula da muhalli. Ya samu lambar yabo ta muhalli ta Goldman a shekarar 2007 saboda kokarin da ya yi na dakatar da farautar giwaye ta hanyar dabarun tattalin arzikin al'umma. [1] An ba shi sunan tsohon babban sakataren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Dag Hammarskjöld, wanda ya mutu a wani hatsarin jirgin sama a Zambiya a shekarar 1961.

Hammer Simwinga ya bayyana a jerin Jarumai na Mujallar Time na " Jarumai na Muhalli " Oktoba 2007. 

Hammer shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban zartarwa na gidauniyar kare namun daji da muhalli, mai hedikwata a lardin Muchinga a Arewacin Zambia. A halin yanzu shi ne ke jagorantar samar da Mukungule Community Conservancy Conservancy, don zama na farko da al'ummar Zambiya ta fara aiki da kuma kula da yanayin. Kusan duk wasu tsare-tsare da rangwamen wuraren shakatawa a Afirka ana sarrafa su kuma mallakar baƙi ne ko turawan Afirka, galibi suna ƙaura da mutanen gida. Ƙungiyar Mukungule Community Conservancy tana neman samar da sabon tsari don shigar da al'ummomin gida cikin kiyayewa, gami da sabbin tsare-tsare mai haɗa kai.

## Manazarta
The Glory (album na Olamide)

The Glory shine kundin studio na shida na mawakin Najeriya Olamide . An sake shi a kan 26 Disamban shekarar 2016 ta hanyar YBNL Nation, kuma yana nuna alamun baƙo daga Davolee, Wande Coal, Burna Boy, Phyno, Sossick da Akuchi. An gudanar da samarwa ta hanyar Pheelz, Shizzi, Paul Cleverlee, Young Jonn, DwillsHarmony, Major Bangz, HOD, 2Kriss da Sossick yayin da B.Banks ke gudanar da hadawa da haɓakawa. Kundin yana aiki azaman mai biyo baya ga Eyan Mayweather (2015).

## Background
Olamide announced the name and release date to the album on 18 November 2016, stating that "It’ll be a hip hop album this time, no experimenting, just rap. I’m doing this for the culture and hardcore fans." The album, released on 26 December 2016, coinciding with his third OLIC (Olamide Live in Concert) at the Eko Hotel & Suites in Victoria Island.

## Singles
The album's lead single is the remix to his 2016 hit single "Who You Epp?." The remix, titled "Who You Epp? (Refix)," features vocals from Wande Coal and Phyno and was released on 26 April 2016 with production being handled by Shizzi. The second single "Owo Blow" was released on 20 August 2016 and was produced by Major Bangz. The third single "Omo Wobe Anthem" features Burna Boy and was released on 6 December 2016. The song was produced by Pheelz. On 19 December 2016, the music video for the, Dwills-produced intro to the album; it was directed by Mr. Moe Musa.

## Commercial performance
*The Glory* debuted at number six on the Billboard World Albums chart and spent two weeks on the chart.

## Critical reception
Joey Akan of *Pulse Nigeria* praised *the Glory* for its honest portrayal of Olamide's street roots and lyrical prowess, noting that "he wins for effort... and above all, he wins for the streets," though he remarked that the album still fell short of being a classic street project. He gave it a rating of 3.5 out of 5. Will Fred of *[[YNaija]]* praised *the Glory* for its thematic simplicity, strong production, and Olamide’s return to his rap roots, noting that "critics... can finally point to *the Glory* and consider it the one fine moment where Olamide almost had it all together." Wilfred Okiche of *360nobs* described *the Glory* as a career reawakening for Olamide, marking a return to his rap roots and showcasing lyrical depth, precise production, and heartfelt themes. Praising tracks like "Letter to Milli" and "Journey of a Thousand Miles," Okiche concluded that *the Glory* is “the one fine moment where Olamide almost had it all together.” Osareme Edeoghon of *Music in Africa* described *the Glory* as Olamide's most stylish rap album of 2016, highlighting his commitment to local collaborations and themes that explore his legacy and societal issues, noting that "no matter what we do, they'll never respect us."

## Manazarta
Laurent Hilaire

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Laurent Hilaire (Faransa pronunciation: [lɔʁɑ̃ ilɛʁ]; (An haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamba a shikara 1962) ,ɗan wasan ballet ne na kasar Faransa. An dauke shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu rawa da suka fito daga ballet a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, ya kasance Taurari Paris Opera Ballet na shekaru 22. Daga shekara ta 2011, ya kasance mataimakin darektan zane-zane na Paris Opera Ballet kuma masanin wasan kwaikwayo ne tare da kamfanin daga shekara ta 2005 zuwa 2014. A cikin 2017, ya zama darektan rawa a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Stanislavski da Nemirovich-Danchenko . [1] Ya yi murabus a watan Fabrairun 2022, kan mamayar Rasha a Ukraine.[2] A watan Mayu, an nada shi sabon darektan a Bavarian State Ballet . [3]frfrfr

## Ayyuka
Hilaire ta shiga makarantar Paris Opera Ballet a 1975 kuma ta shiga Kungiyar ballet ta kamfanin a 1979, tana da shekaru 17.  A ranar 2 ga Nuwamba 1985, Rudolf Nureyev ya kara shi zuwa etoile (babban mai rawa) bayan wasan kwaikwayon Swan Lake.

Laurent Hilaire ya zama masanin wasan ballet tare da kamfanin a shekara ta 2005, wani lokaci yana yin wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin mai ba da labari har sai da ya yi wasan ban kwana a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 2007. Don haka ya yi *Apollo* na George Balanchine da Maurice Béjart's Song of A Wayfarer, wanda Manuel Legris ya yi aiki tare da shi. Bayan wasan kwaikwayonsa na ban kwana an ba Hilaire lambar yabo ta Kwamandan Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, matsayi mafi girma na tsari.

Shi ne shugaban juri a gasar ballet ta Prix de Lausanne a shekarar 2025.

## Kyaututtuka masu daraja

* Jami'in Ordre des Arts et des Lettres 1998 
* Maza mai rawa, Benois de la Danse 2004 
* Chevalier na Legion of Honour 2004
* Kwamandan Order of Arts and Letters 2007 
* Ayyukan Rayuwa, Benois de la Danse 2007 

## Manazarta
'Yan bindiga na Legas (sauti)

Gangs of Lagos (Original Soundtrack) shi ne kundin sautin sauti wanda Tolu Obanro ya tsara don fim ɗin 2023 na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na Gangs na Legas, [1] wanda Jade Osiberu ya jagoranta. An fitar da shi ne a ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 2023, daidai lokacin da fim ɗin ya fito a Najeriya. Waƙar tana nuna nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan kiɗan da ke nuna zurfin al'adu da tunanin fim ɗin. [2]

## Background
Tolu Obanro was announced as the composer for *Gangs of Lagos*, marking another collaboration with director Jade Osiberu, following his work on the score for *[[Brother hood 2022)|Brotherhood]]* (2022). Obanro began his career working in the oil and gas industry but eventually transitioned to music, pursuing his passion full-time. Initially, he worked as a music producer for gospel artists such as Mike Abdul, Kenny Kore, and Monique. Over time, he expanded his expertise to include music production and film scoring.

Obanro's first foray into film scoring came after working on several YouTube projects. His debut feature film score was for *[[Your Excellency (fim)|Your Excellency]]*, followed by the critically acclaimed Netflix series *[[King of Boys: The Return of the King]]* in 2021. The soundtrack also features an additional song by Chike.

## Track listing
 

## Release history

## Manazarta
Limonese Creole

****Limonese** Creole** (wanda kuma ake kira Limonese, **Limón Creole Turanci** ko **<span cx-link="" data-linkid="72" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" href="./Jamaican_Patois" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Jamaican Patois">Jamaican Patois-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">''Mekatelyu''</span>
**) yare ne na Jamaican Patois (Jamaican Creole), harshen Creole na Turanci, wanda ake magana a Lardin Limón a bakin Tekun Caribbean na Costa Rica . Ba a san adadin masu magana da asali ba, amma kimantawa na 1986 ya nuna cewa akwai kasa da masu magana da harshe na biyu 60,000 da suka haɗu.

## Asalin da kuma nau'ikan Creoles
Limonese yana da kama da tsarin da kuma ƙamus ga Jamaican Creole da ake magana a Jamaica da Panama kuma zuwa ƙaramin matakin wasu Creoles na Turanci na yankin, kamar Colón Creole, Mískito Coastal Creole, Belizean Kriol, da San Andrés da Providencia Creole; da yawa daga cikin waɗannan ma suna da ɗan fahimta ga Limonese da juna.

## Tarihi
Limonese ya samo asali ne daga Jamaican Creole wanda aka gabatar da shi zuwa Lardin Limón ta hanyar ma'aikatan ƙaura na Jamaica waɗanda suka zo don yin aiki a kan gina hanyar jirgin kasa ta Atlantic, gonakin ayaba da kuma kan hanyar jirgin ƙasa na Pacific. A lokacin Cinikin bayi na Atlantic, masu mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a Jamaica da sauran wurare a cikin British West Indies sun isar da bayi na Afirka daga yankuna daban-daban na Afirka waɗanda ba sa magana da yare ɗaya don haka Creoles daban-daban sun haɓaka don sauƙaƙe sadarwa tsakanin su, galibi tasirin Ingilishi na bayi.
## manazarta
Yankunan Neger

Negerhollands ('Negro-Dutch') yare ne na yaren Creole na Dutch wanda ake magana a cikin Danish West Indies, wanda yanzu aka sani da tsibirin Virgin Islands na Amurka . Yaren mutanen Holland shine harshensa mai mahimmanci tare da Danish, Turanci, Faransanci, Mutanen Espanya, da abubuwan Afirka da aka haɗa. Duk da sunansa, Negerhollands ya samo asali ne daga Zeeland da Flemish, maimakon Hollandic, yarukan Dutch.

## Tarihi

Negerhollands ya fito ne a kusa da 1700 a tsibirin Virgin Islands Saint Thomas da Saint John, sannan yankunan Danish. Dangane da ɗaya daga cikin ra'ayoyin da suka fi dacewa game da asalinsa, bayi sun ɗauki yaren creole na asali zuwa tsibirin Saint Thomas lokacin da suka bi masu shuka na Dutch waɗanda suka tsere daga tsibirin Sint Eustatius bayan Ingilishi ya mamaye shi a cikin shekara ta 1666. Ƙididdigar da aka yi a kan Saint Thomas daga shekara ta 1688 ya nuna cewa daga cikin gidaje 317 na Turai a kan Saint Tomas, 66 (21%) Dutch ne, 32 (10%) Turanci ne, kuma 20 (6%) Danish ne. Wannan kuma yana taimakawa wajen bayyana tasirin Ingilishi da Danish a kan ci gaban Negerhollands. A kan Saint John ana iya yin irin wannan lura, tare da ƙididdigar 1721 da ke nuna cewa 25 (64%) daga cikin masu shuka 39 da ke wurin sun kasance Dutch, kuma kawai tara (23%) sun kasance Danes. Wata ka'ida ita ce bayi ne suka kai yaren zuwa Caribbean daga sansanonin bayi na Dutch a Yammacin Afirka da Afirka ta Tsakiya (misali Dutch Gold Coast ko Dutch Loango-Angola). 

Daga 1732 zuwa gaba, masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje na Moravian sun fara ziyartar tsibirin Virgin, waɗanda suka gabatar da wani nau'in yaren, wanda ake kira Hoch Kreol . Daga 1765 zuwa 1834, an samar da matani da yawa a cikin wannan harshe, wanda ya ba Negerhollands kusan adadin matani tsakanin yarukan creole. A cikin shekara ta 1770, masu wa'azi na Moravian sun buga littafi mai mahimmanci da ƙaramin koyarwar Lutheran, wanda ya biyo baya a cikin shekara ta 1781 ta hanyar fassarar Sabon Alkawari zuwa Hoch Kreol .
## manazarta
Palenquero

***'Palenque***' (wani lokacin ana rubuta shi **Palenkero**) ko Palenque (Palenquero: Lengua) yare ne na Mutanen Espanya wanda ake magana a Colombia . An yi imanin cewa cakuda ne na Kikongo ( da ake magana a kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya na yanzu na Angola, Gabon, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Kongo) da Mutanen Espanya. Koyaya, babu isasshen shaida don nuna cewa Palenquero shine ainihin sakamakon hulɗa na harsuna biyu. Hakanan yana iya shawo kan abubuwa na yarukan asali na gida.

## Tarihi
An kafa Palenquero ne daga Karni na 17 tare da narkewar Harshen Mutanen Espanya da karuwar ayyukan maroon. Rubuce-rubucen da ke akwai daga zamanin cinikin bayi na Cartagena suna nuna alamar da Palenquero ya samo asali. Kamar yadda aka kwatanta a cikin rubutun ethnographic na De Instauranda Aethiopum Salute (1627), firist Alonso de Sandoval yana nufin 'cin hanci da rashawa na harshenmu na Mutanen Espanya' wanda aka saba Maruna tsakanin bayi na Afirka. Asalin Palenquero ba a bayyane yake ba; ba a ambaci shi a bugawa ba har zuwa 1772. 

### Palenque na San Basilio
Palenque de San Basilio ko San Basilio na Palenque ƙauyen ne wanda Palenquero ya samo asali kuma inda aka fi magana da shi a ƙarni na 21.

An kafa ƙauyen ne a farkon karni na 17 zuwa kudancin Cartagena ta hanyar bayi masu gudu waɗanda suka tsere daga gundumomin da ke kewaye, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Benkos Biohó .  Rushewar harshen Mutanen Espanya ya kara tsanantawa yayin da Maroons suka zauna a yankuna masu garu. Palenqueros sun ci gaba da nisantarsu ta jiki daga kabilun Turai a matsayin nau'i na adawa da mulkin mallaka amma mai yiwuwa sun yi aure da 'yan asalin mata. Sun haɓaka yaren Creole wanda ya dogara da yarensu na Afirka da Mutanen Espanya.

A farkon karni na 20, an lura da mazaunan wannan yanki kamar yadda suke da harsuna biyu a duka Palenquero da Mutanen Espanya. Wani takarda na 1913 ya lura cewa mazaunan Palenque de San Basilio suna da 'harshe na ciki wanda wasu suka yi imanin cewa shi ne ainihin harshen Afirka, idan ba a cikin dukan tsarkakarsa ba aƙalla yaren da wasu bambance-bambance'.

Kusan shekaru ashirin a cikin karni na 21, an rarraba Palenquero a matsayin harshen da ke cikin haɗari. Kodayake ana magana da shi a layi daya da Mutanen Espanya, ƙarshen ya mamaye aikin harshe na yau da kullun na Palenque de San Basilio. Kimanin kashi 53% na mazauna ba su iya magana da Palenquero ba. 

## manazarta
Louisiana Creole

**[[Louisiana]] Creole**, wanda aka fi baki da endonym   (Louisiana Creole: Kouri-vini), a tsakanin wasu sunaye, yare ne na harshen Creole na Faransanci wanda kasa da mutane 10,000 ke magana, galibi a jihar Louisiana ta Amurka.  A yau ana magana da shi ta hanyar mutanen da za su iya nuna launin fata a matsayin fari, baƙar fata, gauraye, da 'Yan asalin Amurka, da kuma Cajun da Creole. Bai kamata a rikita shi da yaren 'yar uwarsa ba, Louisiana Faransanci, yaren Faransanci. Yawancin Louisiana Creoles ba sa magana da harshen Louisiana Creole kuma suna iya amfani da Faransanci ko Ingilishi a matsayin harsuna na yau da kullun.

Saboda saurin raguwar yawan masu magana, ana ɗaukar Louisiana Creole a matsayin yare mai haɗari.

## Asalin da ci gaban tarihi
Faransanci ne suka mallaki Louisiana tun daga farkon shekara ta 1699, da kuma mutanen Akkadia waɗanda aka tilasta musu fita daga Acadia a tsakiyar karni na 18. Masu mulkin mallaka sun kasance manyan masu shuka, ƙananan masu gidaje, da masu kiwon shanu; Faransanci suna buƙatar ma'aikata, saboda sun sami yanayin sosai. Sun fara shigo da bayi na Afirka, kamar yadda suka yi a tsibirin tsibirin Caribbean. Kashi biyu bisa uku na bayi da aka kawo zuwa Louisiana sun samo asali ne daga Yankin Senegambian, suna magana da Malinke, Sereer, Wolof, Pulaar, da Bambara. Ƙungiyar da ta fi girma daga Senegambia ita ce Bambara, waɗanda ke magana da yarukan da ke fahimtar juna na Harshen Malinke.

## Canjin harshe, haɗari da sake farfadowa
A game da Louisiana Creole, wani *[[diglossia]]* ya haifar tsakanin Louisiana Creole da Louisiana Faransanci. Michael Picone, masanin ƙamus, ya ba da shawarar kalmar "Plantation Society French" don bayyana wani nau'in Faransanci wanda ya haɗa shi da masu gonar, masu kula da gonar, ƙananan masu mallakar ƙasa, jami'an soja / sojoji da masu magana da harsuna biyu, 'yanci masu launi, a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa ga tushen ƙamus na Louisiana Creole. A cikin ƙarni, haɗin kai mara kyau na Louisiana Creole tare da bautar ya lalata harshe har zuwa inda masu magana da yawa ba sa son amfani da shi saboda tsoron ba'a. Ta wannan hanyar, an ba da aikin "babban" iri-iri (ko harshen H) ga daidaitattun Faransanci na Louisiana kuma an ba da "ƙananan" iri-irin (ko harshen L) ga Louisiana Creole da Louisiana Faransanci.

A yau, Louisiana Creole yana magana da kasa da mutane 6,000. Kodayake bayanan ƙididdigar ƙasa sun haɗa da adadi game da amfani da harshe, waɗannan galibi ba abin dogaro ba ne a Louisiana saboda halin masu amsawa na gano yarensu daidai da asalin kabilansu. Misali, masu magana da Louisiana Creole waɗanda ke nuna kansu a matsayin Cajuns galibi suna lakafta yarensu 'Cajun Faransanci', kodayake a kan tushen harshe za a dauke yarensu Louisiana Creole., e.
## manazarta
Masallacin Creole na Mosquiti

Mosquitian Creole yare ne na Turanci wanda ake magana a Mosquitia, tare da kusan masu magana 100,000.   Yana da kusan iri ɗaya da, kuma yana da fahimtar juna tare da Belizean Creole, kuma yana riƙe da babban matakin fahimta tare da duk sauran Turanci na Caribbean. Kodayake wani lokacin ana rarraba shi a matsayin yaren Jamaican Patois, wannan rarrabuwa ta kasance mai jayayya. Harshen ya ƙunshi mahimman tasirin ƙamus da sauti daga Harshen Miskito da kuma daga Yammacin Afirka ta Tsakiya.

## Yankin da aka rarraba
Masu magana da harshen Creole na Mosquitian galibi mutane ne na Afirka, Amerindian, da zuriyar Turai a cikin garuruwa da tsibirin Mosquitia. Babban taro na masu magana suna Filin Bluefields, Pearl Lagoon, Moin, Tsibirin Masara, da San Andres, da sauran Ƙananan al'ummomin bakin teku.

Yawancin masu magana da yaren Creole suna gefen manyan koguna da tafkuna da ke kewaye da yankin. A cikin ƙasa, ana magana da yaren a cikin "triangle na hakar ma'adinai" wanda ke lalata Siuna, Bonanza da Nicaragua" id="mwLg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Rosita, Nicaragua">Rosita a kan Kogin Prinzapolka. A bakin tekun Pacific, akwai ƙananan masu magana a Corinto, Puerto Sandino, da babban birnin Nicaragua na Managua. Ƙananan ɓangaren yawan jama'a suna zaune a manyan garuruwa a arewacin Caribbean na Nicaragua, da kuma sauran ƙasashen Amurka ta tsakiya makwabta.

## Tarihi
An yi wa bayi na Afirka fashewa a bakin tekun Moskitian tun farkon shekara ta 1636, wanda ya fara hulɗa tsakanin su da yawan mutanen Miskito na yankin.

### Karni na 17 zuwa 19
A yau, Louisiana Creole yana magana da kasa da mutane 6,000. Kodayake bayanan ƙididdigar ƙasa sun haɗa da adadi game da amfani da harshe, waɗannan galibi ba abin dogaro ba ne a Louisiana saboda halin masu amsawa na gano yarensu daidai da asalin kabilansu. Misali, masu magana da Louisiana Creole waɗanda ke nuna kansu a matsayin Cajuns galibi suna lakafta yarensu 'Cajun Faransanci', kodayake a kan tushen harshe za a dauke yarensu Louisiana Creole.
## manazarta
Miss Diva 2016

Miss Diva bugu na 4 ya gudana ne a cikin shekarar 2016. 'Yan takara 16 ne suka fafata a gasar. [1] Miss Diva 2016 ta fito da jerin shirye-shiryen gaskiya na talabijin wanda aka watsar akan Launuka Infinity . 'Yan takarar 16, waɗanda tsohuwar Femina Miss India Universe 2000 da Miss Universe 2000 Lara Dutta suka jagoranta ta cikin jerin, an kafa su ne a cikin "Diva Villa" a tsibirin Madh kuma an yanke hukunci bisa la'akari da wasan kwaikwayon da alkalan shahararrun mutane suka yi. [2] [3]

⁸A wasan karshe da aka gudanar a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2016, Roshmitha Harimurthy ta lashe gasar kuma ta samu kambin Miss Diva India Universe 2016 ta wanda ya ci nasara a baya Urvashi Rautela, Srinidhi Shetty ya lashe lambar yabo ta Miss Diva Supranational 2016 ta Natasha Assadi da Stephania Stegman da kuma Aradhana 6 Diva na Buragoha Naveli Deshmukh. 

Roshmitha Harimurthy ta wakilci Indiya a gasar Miss Universe 2016 da aka gudanar a Philippines inda ba a saka ta ba.  Srinidhi Shetty, mai wakiltar Indiya, an ba shi sarautar Miss Supranational 2016 a ranar 2 ga Disamba, 2016 a Poland . 

## Wuraren Wuri

## Masu gasa

## Ketare
**Femina Miss India**

* 2016 : Roshmitha Harimurthy (Mafi 5)
* 2016 : Aradhana Buragohain (Top 10)

## Manazarta
Papiamento

**Papiamento** (Turanci: /ˌpæpiəˈmenntoʊ, ˌpɑː-/)  ko Papiamentu (Turanki: /-tuː/; Yaren mutanen Holland: Papiaments []) yare ne na yaren Creole na Portuguese da ake magana a cikin Yaren mutanen Caribbean. Ita ce yaren da aka fi magana a Aruba, Bonaire, da Curaçao (Tsibirin ABC). 

Harshen, wanda aka rubuta  a Aruba da  a Bonaire da Curaçao, ya dogara ne da Portuguese kamar yadda ake magana a cikin ƙarni na 15 da 16, kuma Yaren mutanen Holland da Mutanen Espanya sun rinjayi shi sosai. Saboda kamanceceniya tsakanin Portuguese da Mutanen Espanya, yana da wahala a gano ainihin asalin wasu kalmomi. Kodayake akwai ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da asalinsa, yawancin masana harsuna yanzu sun yi imanin cewa Papiamento ya fito ne daga yarukan Creole na Portuguese na gabar tekun Afirka ta Yamma,  saboda yana da kamanceceniya da yawa da Creole na Cape Verde da Guinea-Bissau.  

## Tarihi

### Ka'idar ci gaban gida
Ɗaya daga cikin ka'idar ci gaban gida ya ba da shawarar cewa Papiamento ya samo asali ne a cikin Caribbean daga asalin Portuguese-Afirka pidgin, tare da tasirin Dutch da Mutanen Espanya (har ma da wasu Arawak).

Wata ka'ida ita ce Papiamento ta fara samo asali ne daga amfani da 'harsuna' a yankin tun daga shekara ta 1499 da kuma sake gina tsibirin ABC ta Mutanen Espanya ta hanyar Cédula real a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1525 wanda aka ba Juan Martinez de Ampués, mai ba da labarin Hispaniola, damar sake gina tsibirai marasa amfani na Oroba, Islas de los Gigantes, da Buon Aire.
## manazarta
Rama Cay Creole

**Rama Cay Creole** yare ne na Creole wanda wasu mutane 800 zuwa 900 ke magana a tsibirin Rama Cay a gabashin Nicaragua. Ya dogara ne akan Miskito Coast Creole tare da ƙarin abubuwa na harshen Chibchan Rama kuma ana zaton wasu abubuwa na Turanci da ake magana da harshen Jamusanci. Ya kamata a yi amfani da yaren Creole lokacin da masu wa'azi na Moravian wadanda suka kasance 'yan asalin Jamus amma suka yi wa'azi a Turanci suka karfafa mutanen da ke magana da Rama na tsibirin su sauya zuwa Turanci.

## Manazarta
Saint Kitts Creole

**Saint Kitts Creole** iri-iri ne na Antiguan da Barbudan Creole  wanda ake magana a Saint Kitts da Nevis da kusan mutane 40,000 amma ba harshen hukuma ba ne.

Tarihin Saint Kitts Creole yayi kama da na sauran Turanci Caribbean Creoles. A cikin karni na 17, 'yan Afirka ta Yamma da ke Saint Kitts sun koyi Turanci na Burtaniya da sauri saboda aikin su a gonakin sukari ya buƙaci hakan. An gauraya Turanci da kalmomin Afirka ta Yamma kuma, a wasu lokuta, tsarin yaren Afirka ta Yankin. Faransanci, waɗanda suka mamaye tsibirin 1625-1713, suna da ƙaramin tasiri a kan yaren, ba kamar tsibirin Dominica da Saint Lucia na Faransa ba, waɗanda ke magana da harshen Faransanci maimakon harshen Ingilishi.

Saint Kitts Creole a yau ana magana da shi a tsibirin St. Kitts da Nevis (ko da yake Nevisians suna magana da harshen a matsayin "Nevisian" ko "Nevis creole"), musamman a *Capesterre* (Christ Church Nichola Town, Cayon) da Nevis. Harshen Creole na yau yana amfani da Turanci na yau da kullun fiye da baya, watakila saboda samun damar kafofin watsa labarai na kasashen waje. Mazauna karkara galibi sune masu amfani da creole mafi ƙarfi, kodayake yawancin jama'a suna amfani da siffofin mesolectal na harshe. Ga wadanda ba a san su ba, masu magana da yaren Creole na iya yin sauti na Jamaican, amma yaren Jamaican ba shi da tasiri ga yaren Saint Kitts da Nevis. Maganar Saint Kitts tana kama da maganganun da ke kusa da Antigua da Montserrat amma tare da ƙananan bambance-bambance waɗanda galibi ana iya lura da su ne kawai ga mazaunan Tsibirin Leeward.

## Yadda ake furta shi
 Saint Kitts Creole ana furta shi kamar yadda ake furta shi da Creoles na tsibirai makwabta, wato Antigua da Montserrat. Yawancin lokaci kawai mazauna dogon lokaci a cikin tsibirai zasu iya nuna ƙananan bambance-bambance. A yankunan karkara da Nevis, /aʊ/ (kamar yadda yake a cikin "gida") yawanci ana furta shi  (kamar "hose").

## Harshen harshe

Tambayoyin da suka ƙare a cikin "shi?" suna da "shi" maye gurbin da e be (eee bee); misali, Wanene shi? - *Wanene ne?* Menene shi? - Wanene ne?*Wanene ne ya kasance?*

Kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su don kara adjectives, kamar su "mai yawa" da "mai yawa", ba a amfani da su sosai. Maimakon haka, ana maimaita adjective da ake tambaya; misali: De gyul ya yi mummunar mummunar - "Yarinyar tana da mummunar dabi'a. " A madadin haka, ana sanya kalmar "don haka wutsiya" bayan adjective don nuna karfi ko karfafawa; misali: Dattijai ya yi mummuna don haka wutsiya - "Yamar yarinyar tana da mummunan hali".
## manazarta
Harshen Sidi

**Sidi** Sidi yaren Bantu ne a Pakistan da Indiya,] wanda ke da alaƙa da Swahili. Yawancin al'ummar Sidi a yau suna magana da yaren Indic na yanki, galibi Gujarati, wanda aka haɗa shi da wasu kalmomi da jimloli na Bantu,[ kuma ba a san adadin masu magana da shi a yanzu ba. An ruwaito cewa Siddi yana magana da shi a shekarun 1960 a Jambur, wani ƙauye a Kathiawar, Gujarat.Wani bincike kan harsunan yanki da gwamnatin Gujarat ta gudanar a shekarar 2016 ya nuna cewa yaren yana cikin haɗarin ɓacewa.
## manazarta
Harshen Saramaccan

**Saramacca** () yare ne na Creole wanda kusan mutane 58,000 na zuriyar Afirka ta Yamma ke magana a kusa da Saramacca da Suriname_River" id="mwDg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Suriname River">Kogin Suriname, da kuma Paramaribo, babban birnin Suriname (wanda aka fi sani da Dutch Guiana). Harshen kuma yana da masu magana 25,000 a Guiana ta Faransa da 8,000 a Netherlands. Yana da manyan yaruka uku. Masu magana galibi zuriyar bayi ne masu gudu waɗanda suka kasance 'yan asalin Yamma da Afirka ta Tsakiya; sun kafa ƙungiyar da ake kira Saamacca, wanda aka rubuta Saramaka.

Masana ilimin harsuna suna la'akari da Saramaccan sananne ne saboda ƙamus dinsa ya dogara ne Akan harsuna biyu na Turai, Turanci (30%) da Portuguese (20%), da kuma harsuna daban-daban na Yamma da Tsakiyar Afirka (50%), amma ya bambanta da su duka. Sashe na Afirka yana da kusan kashi 50% da zarar an yi la'akari da amfani da al'ada, mafi girman kashi a Amurka. Lokacin da aka cire amfani da al'ada, 35% daga Turanci, 25% daga Portuguese, tare da 35% daga ɗayan yaren Afirka. An samo shi ne daga yarukan Nijar-Congo na Yammacin Afirka, musamman Fon da sauran yarukan Gbe, da Akan da yarukan Afirka ta Tsakiya kamar Kikongo.

## Asalin
Harshen ya samo asali ne daga Plantation Creole, wanda a zamanin yau aka sani da Sranan Tongo, amma rassan sun rabu a kusa da 1690 kuma sun samo asali daban. Kalmomin Saramaccan galibi an samo su ne daga Turanci, Portuguese, kuma, zuwa ƙarami, Dutch, tsAkan yarukan Turai, da yarukan Neja-Congo na Yammacin Afirka, musamman Fon da sauran yarukan Gbe, Akan, da yaren Afirka ta Tsakiya, kamar KiKongo. Yankin Afirka yana da kusan kashi 50% na jimlar.

Harshen Saramaccan yana da halaye masu kama da harsunan Afirka ta Yamma. Ya haɓaka amfani da sautuna, waɗanda suka zama ruwan dare a Afirka, maimakon damuwa, wanda ya dace da harsunan Turai.

Fiye da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na kalmomi sun fito ne daga Turanci. An yarda da cewa tasirin Portuguese ya samo asali ne daga bayi waɗanda ke zaune a gonaki tare da iyayengiji na Portuguese kuma mai yiwuwa tare da wasu bayi waɗanda ke magana da yaren Portuguese. Wataƙila masanan sun kawo ƙarshen a cikin ƙaura zuwa Suriname daga Brazil. Masu asalin Saramaccan sun fara ne da farkon nau'in Sranan Tongo, wani nau'in Creole na Ingilishi, kuma sun canza shi zuwa sabon Creole ta hanyar shigowar Portuguese, haɗe da tasiri daga ilimin Fongbe da sauran yarukan Gbe.
## manazarta
Harshe na Socotra Swahili

**Socotra [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]** wani nau'i ne na Swahili, yaren Bantu, wanda aka taɓa magana a tsibirin Socotra a Yemen. An bayar da rahoton cewa kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na tsibirin (c. mutane 2,000) ne ke magana da shi a shekarar 1962.

## Rarraba
Socotra Swahili na cikin reshen Sabaki na Arewa maso gabashin Tekun Bantu, a cikin tarin yaren Swahili.

Kungiyar Swahili gabaɗaya ana bi da ita azaman yare ɗaya tare da lambar ISO 639-3 **swh** da glottocode **swah1253**, wanda ke rufe duka nau'ikan ƙasa da tsibirin.&nbsp;

## Matsayi da ƙididdiga
Wani asusun tsakiyar karni na 20 ya kiyasta cewa kusan mutane 2,000 ne ke magana da harshen Socotra Swahili, kusan kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na yawan mutanen Socotra a lokacin. .

Socotra **sw** ba shi da lambar ISO 639-3 ko Glottolog daban; a maimakon haka ya fada ƙarƙashin shigarwar Swahili gaba **swaya** (ISO 639-3 **swh**).  A cikin ka'idodin ISO 639-2 da ISO 639-1, an sanya macrolanguage Swahili lambar alpha-3 swa da lambar alpha-2 sw, bi da bi, ba tare da rarrabe Socotra Swahili ba. A cikin rarrabuwar Bantu na Guthrie, duk da haka, an gano Socotra Swahili a bayyane a matsayin G.411, yana nuna shi a matsayin lacca na Swahili da ke da alaƙa da Socotra.&nbsp;
## manazarta
Creole na Tobagonian

*'[[Tobago]] da turanci Creole yare ne na Turanci da kuma harshen da ake magana a Tobago. Ya bambanta da [[Trinidadian Creole|Creole na Trinidad]] kuma ya fi kusa da sauran Creoles na Ƙananan Antillean *

## Manazarta
Tui mine

Ma'adinan Tui mahakar ma'adinai ce da aka yi watsi da ita a yammacin gangaren Dutsen Te Aroha a cikin Kaimai Range na New Zealand. An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin wurin da ya fi gurɓata a cikin ƙasar, biyo bayan tsabtace tsohon rukunin Kamfanin Masana'antu na Fruitgrowers a Māpua, Nelson.

## Tarihi

Tui mine tana cikin samarwa a shekara ta 1881.  An gina Hanyar jirgin sama a kan hasumiyoyi 12 a cikin shekara ta 1889. An gina hanya a cikin 1950, lokacin da aka ce ma'adinin ya fi  ft (500  matakin teku.

A cikin shekarun 1960, ma'adinin Tui ya cire jan ƙarfe, gubar da Zinc sulphides,  amma yana da matsala tare da gurɓata su da mercury.  An watsar da ma'adinin a cikin 1973, bayan kamfanin ma'adinai na Norpac Mining ya fadi. An sayar da kayan aikin ga ma'adinai na Mineral Resources (NZ) a Waihi, amma an bar sharar gida, dutsen dutse da ma'adanai. Tailings suna da adadi mai yawa na zinc da cadmium. Ana adana ma'adanai a bayan madatsar ruwa a cikin babban yanki mai kama da tafki wanda ke da tsami, mai tsayi. Dam din ya ƙunshi fiye da 100,000 cubic mita na acidic sosai, sulphide-rich tailings. A shekara ta 1997, ba a sake gina shuke-shuke na halitta ba a kan tailings sama da shekaru 20.

## Batutuwan muhalli

Jami'ar Waikato ta gano matsalar manyan karafa da ke gurbata ruwa a shekarar 1984.  An yi la'akari da dam din wutsiya a matsayin rashin kwanciyar hankali kuma yana fitar da ma'adanai daban-daban, ciki har da karafa masu nauyi, cikin hanyoyin ruwa da ke makwabtaka da shi kuma hakan ya yi illa ga yanayin rafi. A cewar muhalli Waikato, ma'adinan Tui yana da manyan tasirin muhalli guda uku;

# Karfe masu nauyi da cadmium suna fitowa daga madatsar ruwa zuwa cikin rafin Tunakohoia, wanda ke gudana ta hanyar ƙasar da Ma'aikatar Karewa ke sarrafawa da kuma tsakiyar garin Te Aroha. Shekaru huɗu bayan an rufe ma'adinin, an gano cewa an gurɓata ruwan garin Te Aroha da ƙarfe mai nauyi da ke fitowa daga wutsiyoyi.
# Har ila yau, an gurɓata ramin Tui daban da ƙarfe mai nauyi daga madatsar ruwan.
# Dam din da aka watsar a cikin tafkin Tui yana cikin haɗarin rushewa a cikin wani taron girgizar ƙasa mai matsakaici ko kuma mummunan yanayi. Wannan na iya haifar da 90,000 cubic mita na sharar ma'adinai don zama ruwa kuma ya gudana a cikin kogin Tui kusa da Te Aroha.

## Magani
A cikin 2007, Gwamnatin New Zealand ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a samar da dala miliyan 9.88 don tsaftace shafin tare da aikin da aka shirya za a kammala shi a shekara ta 2010.  A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010 an ba da rahoton cewa kimanin kudin tsaftacewa zai zama dala miliyan 17.4  kuma a shekara ta 2011 an ba da adadin dala miliyan 16.2 don tsaftacewa tare da mafi yawan kudade daga gwamnatin tsakiya.  An kammala gyaran shafin ma'adinai a cikin 2013, a jimlar dala miliyan 21.7.  

## Dubi kuma

* Ma'adinai a New Zealand
* Batutuwan muhalli a New Zealand

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Samaná Turanci

Samaná English (**SE** da **SAX**) yare ne iri-iri na Harshen Ingilishi da zuriyar baƙi baƙi daga Amurka ke magana da su waɗanda suka zauna a Yankin Samaná, yanzu a Jamhuriyar Dominica. An san membobin yankin da Samaná Amirkawa.

Harshen yana da dangi na Turanci na Nova Scotian na Afirka, ko kuma a matsayin wanda aka samo daga Turanci na Afirka-Amurka (AAVE), tare da bambance-bambance na musamman ga tarihin yankin a yankin. A cikin ƙididdigar Jamhuriyar Dominica ta 1950, 0.57% na yawan jama'a (kimanin masu magana 12,200) sun ce yarensu Ingilishi ne.

## Shige da fice
Yawancin masu magana suna bin asalin su ga baƙi waɗanda suka isa tsibirin a cikin 1824 da 1825. A lokacin duk Hispaniola tana karkashin jagorancin Haiti, kuma shugabanta shine Jean-Pierre Boyer . Baƙi sun amsa gayyatar sulhu da Jonathas Granville ya kawo da kansa zuwa Philadelphia, Baltimore, Boston, da Birnin New York. Abolitionists kamar Richard Allen, Samuel Cornish, Benjamin Lundy, da Loring D. Dewey sun shiga yakin, wanda aka kirkiro shige da fice na Haiti. 

Amsar ba a taɓa gani ba, yayin da dubban 'Yan Afirka na Afirka suka shiga jirage a biranen gabas kuma suka yi ƙaura zuwa Haiti. Yawancin baƙi sun isa a lokacin faduwar 1824 da kuma bazara na 1825. Ƙarin sun ci gaba da motsawa a baya da gaba a cikin shekaru masu zuwa amma a hankali.

Tsakanin 1859 da 1863, wani yaƙin neman zaɓe ya kawo sabbin mazauna tsibirin amma a wani ɓangare na adadin a cikin 1824 da 1825. Wadanda suka zauna a Samaná sun kasance kasa da 600 amma sun kafa kadai yankin shige da fice da ya tsira..

## Rayuwa
Duk da yake fiye da baƙi 6,000 sun zo a cikin 1824 da 1835, a ƙarshen karni na 19, kaɗan ne kawai a tsibirin suka yi magana game da kowane nau'i na Black Vernacular. Sun kasance al'ummomi a Puerto Plata, Samaná da Santo Domingo. Mafi girma shine wanda ke Samaná wanda ke kula da makarantun coci, inda aka kiyaye shi. 

Ƙungiyoyin da ke fadin tsibirin nan da nan sun rasa wani muhimmin abu na ainihi, wanda ya haifar da rushewar su. Samaná English ya tsayayya da hare-haren a wani bangare saboda wurin Samaná ya dace da rayuwar al'adu mai zaman kanta. Koyaya, manufofin gwamnati har yanzu suna rinjayar raguwar yaren a hankali, kuma yanzu yana iya zama harshen da ke cikin haɗari.
## manazarta
San Andrés-Providencia Creole

**San Andrés-Providencia Creole** yare ne na Turanci wanda ake magana a cikin Colombia" id="mwFw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Departments of Colombia">Tushen San Andrés da Providencia na Colombia ta 'yan asalin Raizals. Ya yi kama da Moskitian Creole da Belizean Creole. Kalmomin ta sun samo asali ne daga Turanci, ƙamus, amma San Andrés-Providencia creole yana da nasa phonetics da maganganu da yawa daga Mutanen Espanya da Afirka, musamman yarukan Kwa (musamman Twi da Ewe) da yarukan Igbo. Harshen kuma an san shi da "San Andrés Creole", "Bende" da "Islander Creole English".    Babban sassanta guda biyu sune San Andres Creole English (ko *Saintandrewan*) da Providence Creole English.

## Tarihi
Jama'ar tsibirin San Andrés, Providencia da Santa Catalina suna amfani da harsuna uku: Creole, Turanci da Mutanen Espanya. San Andrés-Providencia Creole yare ne na hukuma a cikin yankinsa na tasiri, bisa ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Colombia na 1991 wanda ke tabbatar da haƙƙoƙi da kariya ga harsuna a cikin ƙasar. Kimanin mutane 20,000-30,000 suna magana da San Andrés-Providencia Creole..

San Andrés-Providencia Creole ya sami rinjaye ta hanyar zamantakewa da dangantaka ta iyali tare da Mosquito Coast, kuma ya yi tasiri ga Creoles na Turanci na Amurka ta Tsakiya daga farkon karni na 19 zuwa gaba. Yana riƙe da kalmomi da jimloli da yawa na Afirka da suka dace da Nicaraguan, Belizean, da Limón Creoles, da kuma Jamaican Patwah. Ya fi kusa da Belize Kriol .  Duk da yake malamai da yawa galibi suna ba da shawarar pidgin na Yammacin Afirka a matsayin tushen mafi yawan yarukan Caribbean, San Andrés Creole, musamman, na iya samo asali ne daga Jamaican Patwah na ƙarshen rabin karni na 18.  Sabanin haka, Providence Islander Creole ba shi da mashahuri a tsakanin 'yan asalin tsibirin, waɗanda ke jin kyakkyawar dangantaka da Turanci.

Tsakanin 1902 da 1926, wani tsari na tilasta Hispanization ya hana amfani da Turanci da Creole. A cikin 1946 da 1956, an dakatar da Turanci a makarantun jama'a da masu zaman kansu (bisa ga haka). Babban ƙaura daga nahiyar Colombia, inda yawancin mutane ke magana da Mutanen Espanya, ya haifar da mutanen Creole na San Andrés su zama maras kyau. Har ila yau ana amfani da Ingilishi don dalilai na liturgical a cikin majami'u na Baptist, amma zuwan talabijin na tauraron dan adam da ci gaban yawon bude ido na kasashen waje ya farfado da amfani da Inganci a tsibirin. Kyakkyawan Turanci da aka koyar a makarantu shine Turanci na Burtaniya kuma da wuya San Andrés Creole.

## manazarta
Bincike a cikin tsibirin Kudu

Bita na zaman wani tsari ne na bitar hayar hayar wasu manyan ƙasar a cikin Tsibirin Kudu na New Zealand. A halin yanzu ya ƙunshi kashi 20% na Tsibirin Kudu ko 10% na jimlar ƙasar New Zealand. Bita na wa'adin ya fara ne tare da zartar da Dokar Land Pastoral Land Act 1998.

A tarihance, mafi yawan yankunan tudu na tumaki da shanu ne ke kiwo. Daga tsakiyar 1930s zuwa tsakiyar 1980s, kusan kashi 27% na yankin New Zealand an yi hayar ko kuma an ba da izini daga Crown. A cikin Kudancin tsibirin noman makiyaya ya dogara da filin hayar Crown. Kusan kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na ƙasar da aka mamaye a Otago na da 'yanci. A Canterbury, kusan kashi biyu cikin biyar na ƙasar da aka mamaye ba shi da walwala.

A shekara ta 2006, malamin Jami'ar Lincoln Ann Brower ya yi jayayya cewa tsarin yana goyon bayan masu haya maimakon gwamnati.

A shekara ta 2008, Kwamishinan Majalisar na Muhalli ya gudanar da bincike kan sake dubawa. An ba da shawarwari da yawa, gami da kafa Babban Hukumar Kasar na wani lokaci don magance batutuwan da suka shafi babbar ƙasar.

## Dubi kuma

* Aikin noma a New Zealand
* Tashar (Aikin noma na New Zealand) 

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Ƙarin karantawa

*  

## Haɗin waje

* Bayanan ƙasa New Zealand - Shafin Bincike na Lokaci
* Babban Yarjejeniyar Kasar - ƙungiyar masu fafutuka da ke wakiltar bukatun noma
* Forest da Bird - Shafin Bincike na Yanayi
* Dakatar da Binciken Lokaci! , ƙungiyar da ke adawa da sake dubawa
Yakin cetun Manapouri

Yaƙin neman zaɓe na Ajiye Manapouri wani yaƙin neman zaɓe ne tsakanin 1969 zuwa 1972 a New Zealand don hana haɓaka matakan tafkunan Manapouri da Te Anau a zaman wani ɓangare na gina aikin wutar lantarki na Manapouri.

## Asalin
Shirye-shiryen asali na ci gaban Manapouri Power Station sun haɗa da ɗaga Tafkin Manapouri har zuwa mita 30, da haɗakar Tafkin Manapuuri da Te Anau. An kaddamar da Kamfen ɗin Ceton Manapouri a wani taron jama'a a Invercargill a watan Oktoba 1969.  Daga baya ya zo ya nuna wayar da kan jama'a game da muhalli wanda ya zo tare da wadatar shekarun 1960.

: "A mafi sauƙi, batun ya kasance game da ko tafkin Manapouri ya kamata a tada shi har zuwa mita 30. Amma akwai fiye da haka. Akwai muhawara mai karfi na tattalin arziki da injiniya da ke adawa da haɓaka tafkin, kuma akwai kuma batutuwan shari'a da dimokiradiyya da ke tattare da dukan muhawarar. Abin da ya kama tunanin jama'a a fadin kasar shi ne tunanin cewa tafkin a matsayin mai kyau kamar yadda ya rubuta depouri da kuma depourit Manat.

A cikin 1970, 'yan New Zealand 264,907, kusan 10% na yawan jama'a, sun sanya hannu kan takardar neman izinin Save Manapouri. Duk da haka, Kwamitin Majalisar kan Manapouri da Hukumar Bincike ta Manapouri dukansu sun kammala cewa an tilasta wa Gwamnatin New Zealand a karkashin sharuddan Dokar Ci gaban Manapouri-Te Anau ta 1963 don haɓaka matakan Lakes Manapouri Da Te Anau don tabbatar da samarwa ga Comalco (yanzu Rio Tinto Aluminium) na wutar lantarki don Mai narkar da aluminum da ke Tiwai Point.

## Tasirin
A cikin babban zaɓe na 1972, Manapouri ya kasance muhimmiyar batu, kuma an zaɓi Gwamnatin Labour ta Norman Kirk a kan dandamali wanda ya haɗa da amincewa mai karfi na Ajiye Manapouri. 

A shekara ta 1973, Kirk ya girmama alkawarin zaben jam'iyyarsa. Ya kirkiro wata kungiya mai zaman kanta, Masu kula da Tafkin Manapouri, Monowai, da Te Anau don kula da kula da matakan tafkin, wanda suke yi har zuwa yau. Masu kula da asali guda shida sune Alan Mark, Ronald McLean, Wilson Campbell, Les Hutchins, John Moore, da Jim McFarlane, kuma dukansu manyan shugabannin Kamfen din Ceton Manapouri ne.

Damn Dam guda daya da aka yi rikodin kuma aka saki a cikin 1973 ta John Hanlon ya koma baya yana da alaƙa da Gangamin Ajiye Manapouri. Waƙar Hanlon asalin jingle ce ta kiyaye makamashi don tallata rufin gida, tare da kuɗin da aka samu daga sakin sa zuwa ga ƙungiyoyin agaji. Koyaya, tun lokacin da aka fitar da wannan waƙar ya biyo bayan nasarar nasarar yaƙin neman zaɓe na Ajiye Manapouri, yanzu an san 'Damn the Dam' a matsayin waƙar waƙar girmamawa ga ɗayan mafi dadewa da yaƙin kare muhalli na New Zealand.

A cikin 1991, an sake farfado da Gangamin Ajiye Manapouri tare da yawancin shugabanni iri ɗaya kuma an sake masa suna Power For Our Future. Gangamin ya nuna adawa da sayar da tashar wutar lantarki, don tabbatar da cewa Comalco bai farfado da shirinta na tada ruwan tafkin Manapouri ba. Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya yi nasara: gwamnati ta sanar da cewa ba za a sayar da Manapouri ga Comalco ba. &#x5B;**&#x5D;

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Ƙarin karantawa

* 

## Haɗin waje

* Damn the Dam da John Hanlon ya yi
Cibiyar Nazarin Maria Mitchell

An kafa **Cibiyar Nazarin [[Maria Mitchell]]** a Massachusetts" Nantucket, Massachusetts, na kasar  Amurka, a cikin shekara ta  1908 kuma an sanya masa suna don girmama Maria Mitchell, mace ta farko ta Amurka mai ilimin taurari. Babban bangare ne na Ƙungiyar Maria Mitchell. Cibiyar ta ƙunshi cibiyoyin kallo guda biyu - babban Cibiyar Nazarin Maria Mitchell kusa da garin Nantucket da Cibiyar Nazarینی Loines game da kilomita daya a yammacin garin. Har ila yau, wurin adanawa ne don tarin abubuwa masu mahimmanci na fiye da 8,000 (13 ° x 16 °) faranti na hoto na gilashi, rikodin abubuwan lura na manyan sararin sama daga 1913 zuwa 1995.

Cibiyar tana da shirye-shiryen ilimi da bincike na jama'a. Fiye da shekaru 50, cibiyar ta ba da horo na bincike na rani a cikin ilimin taurari da astrophysics ga ɗaliban digiri, wanda Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Kasa ta tallafawa. An fahimci muhimmancin wannan aikin tare da lambar yabo ta Shugaban kasa ta 2009 don Kwarewa a Kimiyya, Lissafi, da Injiniya Mentoring, wanda Shugaba Barack Obama ya ba kungiyar Maria Mitchell. 

Gidajen kallo guda biyu sun kunshi na'urori masu tasowa guda uku. Wurin titin Vestal yana da ofisoshin bincike da kuma na'urar daukar hoto ta Dall-Kirkham mai inci 17. An shigar da wannan na'urar daukar hoto a cikin 2008 bayan kammala Loines Observatory. Cibiyar Loines Observatory tana da tarihin 7.5-inch Alvan Clark refractor, wanda ake amfani dashi don kallon tauraron jama'a. A wannan wurin akwai kuma mafi girma 24-inch Richey-Chretian reflecting telescope, shigar a cikin 2006, wanda aka sanya shi don yawon shakatawa na jama'a. Ana amfani da telescopes na inci 17 da na inci 24 don bincike a duk shekara.

## Ma'aikata
Regina Jorgenson ta zama Darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Maria Mitchell a watan Janairun, 2016.  Ta sami digirinta na PhD a fannin kimiyyar lissafi daga Jami'ar California da ke San Diego, don rubutun kan yanayin jiki a cikin tsarin Lyman-alpha. Kafin ta zama darakta a Maria Mitchell, ta rike mukamai masu zuwa: mai bincike na postdoctoral a Cibiyar Nazarin taurari (IoA), Jami'ar Cambridge, Burtaniya (2008-2011); NSF Astronomy & Astrophysics Postdoctoral Fellow a Cibiyar Astronomy (IfA), Jamiʼar Hawai Canal a Manoa (2011-2014), da Farfesa mai ziyara a Jami'ar Willamette, Oregon (2014-2015). A cikin shekara ta 2014, ta buga tare da masu haɗin gwiwa wani kimantawa na yawan deuterium.

Daraktocin da suka gabata na Cibiyar Nazarin Maria Mitchell:

* Margaret Harwood (1912-1957) 
* Dorrit Hoffleit (1957-1978) 
* Emilia Pisani Belserene (1978-1991) 
* Eileen Friel (1991-1996) 
* Vladimir Strelnitski (1997-2013) 
* Michael West (2013-2015) 

Masanin taurari Gary Walker shine injiniyan na'urar kallon taurari. Injiniyan jirgin sama ne ta hanyar horo, ya shafe sama da shekaru 30 yana lura, gina telescopes da observatories, daukar hotunan sammai, da kuma yin ma'aunin photometric na taurari masu canzawa tare da kyamarorin CCD. Ya kasance tsohon shugaban kungiyar American Association of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO).

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin wuraren lura da taurari

## MANAZARTA