Bangaren wutar lantarki a Ghana

Ghana tana samar da wutar lantarki daga makamashin lantarki, burbushin mai (makamashin thermal), da kuma hanyoyin samarda makamashi. Samar da wutar lantarki na daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da ci gaban tattalin arzikin kasar ta Ghana, tare da hadaka da habaka masana'antu cikin sauri; Yawan amfani da wutar lantarki na kasar ta Ghana ya kai awanni 265 a kowace kwata a cikin shekarar 2009.

Ghana na fitar da wasu makamashin da ta samu zuwa wasu kasashen. Bayar da wutar lantarki yana karkashin ayyukan Kamfanin Grid na Ghana. Rabon wutar yana karkashin Kamfanin Rarraba Wutar Lantarki na Arewa da Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Ghana.

## Tarihi
Samun wutar lantarki na farko da gwamnatin Ghana ta tallafawa a Ghana ta fara ne a shekara ta 1914 a Sekondi-Takoradi, wanda Hukumar Kula da Railway ta Ghana (Ghana Railway Corporation) ke aiki. An fadada wutar lantarki zuwa Sekondi-Takoradi a shekarata 1928. Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ta Ghana ta fara wadataccen kayan aiki kai tsaye (DC) a cikin Accra a lokacin 1922. Babban aikin canzawa na yanzu (AC) ya fara ne a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 1924, kuma an girka wata karamar shuka wacce ta kunshi injiniyoyi guda uku a kwance masu amfani da mai a cikin Koforidua a 1925.

A cikin 1926, an fara aikin rarraba wutar lantarki zuwa Kumasi. Kuntataccen isar da yamma ya fara a watan Mayu 1927, kuma an kawo tashar wutar lantarki cikakke aiki a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1927. A wannan shekarar aka sanya wadatar DC a Winneba amma daga baya aka canza ta zuwa AC ta hanyar fadada wadataccen wadata daga Swedru kuma a lokacin 1929-30, an ba da wadataccen wutar lantarki zuwa Tamale har sai da aka sanya sabon injin AC a 1938.

Tashar wutar lantarki ta gaba da za a kafa ita ce Cape Coast a cikin 1932. Ma'aikatar Wutar Lantarki ta Ghana ta karbi wannan a cikin 1947. An ba da tashar samarda wutar lantarki ta Ghana a Swedru a 1948 kuma wannan ya biyo bayan girka shuke-shuke a Akim Oda, Dunkwa-on-Offin da Bolgatanga a 1948. A ranar 27 ga Mayu, 1949, an samar da wutar lantarki a Nsawam ta hanyar gina layin watsa daga sama daga Accra. Rashin wutar lantarki na Keta wanda aka sanya shi cikin shirin ya sami jinkiri saboda matsalolin ma'aikata kuma ba a kaddamar da shi ba har zuwa 1955.

An kaddamar da tashar wutar lantarki ta Tema a cikin 1956 tare da samfurin kilowatts 3 x 650 (870 hp) na samar da dizal. Tashar wutar Ho ta biyo baya a 1957 kuma daga 1961-64. An fadada tashar wutar Tema zuwa matsakaicin karfin kilowatts 35,298 (47,335 hp), saboda haka, yana mai yiwuwa ya zama babbar tashar samar da mai ta diesel a Afirka.

A cikin 1963 sashen Ghana na Wutar Lantarki ya fara aiki da tsarin watsawa na farko 161 kV a Ghana, wanda aka yi amfani dashi don daukar wuta daga tashar wutar lantarki ta Tema. A lokacinda yakai kololuwa a shekarar 1965, anyi amfani da kusan kashi 75 na ikon a cikin Accra. 

A shekarar 1994, karfin samarda Ghana ya kai kimanin 1,187GW, kuma yawan abin da ake samarwa a shekara ya kai kimanin 4.49GW. Babban tushen wadatar shine Hukumar Volta River tare da injinan lantarki 127MW shida da aka girka a Akosombo Hydroelectric Project. A wannan lokacin, wannan aikin ya samar da yawancin wutar lantarki da aka cinye a Ghana, kusan kashi 60 cikin dari wanda Kungiyar Aluminium ta Volta (Valco) ta saya don ƙarata. Fitar da tashar wutar lantarki ta kai kimanin tan 180,000 na mai a cikin 1991.

Ididdigar wutar lantarkin ta Ghana an samar da ita ne ta injunan dizal mallakar Kamfanin Lantarki na Ghana, na kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai, kuma ta wata tashar samar da ruwa mai karfin 160MW a Kpong, kimanin kilomita 40 ta gangara daga Akosombo. An yi nazarin madatsar ruwa ta uku a Bui a kan Kogin Black Volta kuma an kammala ta a cikin 2013.

Sauran rukunin yanar gizon da ke da karfin samar da lantarki, a kan Kogin Pra (Ghana), da Kogin Tano, da White Volta River, da Kogin Ankobra, suma zasu buƙaci saka hannun jari mai yawa.

Ghana ta yi yunkurin kara rarraba wutar lantarkin ta a duk fadin kasar. Daya daga cikin shirye-shiryen da Ghana ta ƙaddamar zai samar da ingantaccen wutar lantarki a cikin birane da kudancin kasar. Bugu da kari, an ba da aikin fadada layin sadarwar kasa zuwa yankin Arewa a shekarar 1989. Fadada aikin ya danganta arewacin Ghana da ikon da aka samu daga Madatsar ruwan Akosombo.

Kashi na biyu na fadada aikin zai hade manyan garuruwa a yankin Upper East da Bolgatanga babban birnin yankin, kan kudi dalar Amurka miliyan 100. Mataki na karshe zai ga fitar da lantarki daga iyakar Ghana zuwa Burkina-Faso. A farkon 1991 Kamfanin Lantarki na Ghana ya fara fadada hanyoyin sadarwar lantarki a yankunan arewa maso yammacin Accra kuma kamfanin na Ghana na da niyyar fadada samar da wutar zuwa dukkan cibiyoyin da ke kebe a Ghana inda man dizel shi ne babban tushen samar da wuta. An kuma shirya wani shiri na kara samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar amfani da makamashin zafin sannan kuma ana sa ran ginawa a karshen shekarar 1994 a kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na farko a kusa da Sekondi-Takoradi kuma an shirya kammala shi a shekarar 1997, kamfanin ya ba da gudummawar wutar lantarki 300MW ga Ghana tsarin kasa.

Tun daga 2007, Ghana ta zama mai fitar da wutar lantarki kuma tun daga 2011 ta kasance mai fitar da danyen mai, da iskar gas, da kuma janareta na lantarki ta hanyar makamashin zafi, da wutar lantarki, da hasken rana da kuma kuzarin sabuntawa tun daga 2012.

## Burbushin mai

### Danyen mai da kuma iskar gas

Ghana na samar da gas mai nauyin cubic miliyan 140-200 a kowace rana kuma a cikin ta an hana samar da iskar gas a Ghana daga cikakken damar samarwa tun daga watan Disambar 2012, saboda jinkirin gina matatar iskar gas ta Ghana a Sekondi-Takoradi wanda aka tsara za a kammala shi a watan Disambar 2012 kuma yanzu an shirya kammala shi a watan Disambar 2013, kuma saboda hakan ne ya haifar da barkewar iskar gas kuma Ghana ta yi asarar daruruwan miliyoyi a rana tun Disambar 2012 a cikin kudaden shiga daga samar da iskar gas. Tun watan Disambar 2012 biliyoyin daloli a shekara suka yi asara daga GDP na Ghana saboda jinkirin da ake yi na gina matatar iskar gas a Sekondi-Takoradi.

An gano wani filin mai na Ghana wanda aka ruwaito yana dauke da gangar mai biliyan 3 (480,000,000 m3) na danyen mai a 2007, kuma a cewar gwamnatin Ghana, kasar za ta iya fadada yawan mai da ya kai ganga biliyan 5 (790,000,000 m3) na danyen mai a cikin yan shekaru kadan.

Ghana na fitar da gangar danyen mai 200,000 a kowace rana a kan matsakaita daga ganga miliyan 1-2 na danyen mai a kowace rana, da kuma kudin shigar da ake hako danyen mai na dala biliyan 30 a shekara; kamar yadda yake tare da Angola, ita ma mai samar da danyen mai, tana da ganga miliyan 2 na danyen mai a kowace rana kuma tana samun dala biliyan 33.7 da ake tsammani a duk shekara a kudaden shigar danyen mai.

Babban tasirin tattalin arziki daga burbushin halittu a cikin tattalin arzikin Ghana ya fara ne daga rubu'in farko na shekarar 2011 lokacin da Ghana ta fara samar da danyen mai da iskar gas a yawan kasuwanci kuma masana'antar danyen mai ta Ghana tana da kashi 6% na kudin shigar Ghana na 2011. Ana ci gaba da binciken Mai da Gas a kasar Ghana kuma adadin danyen mai da iskar gas a Gana yana ci gaba da karuwa.

## Makamashin rana
Babban hoto (PV) da kuma babbar tashar samar da hasken rana a Afirka, aikin Nzema, wanda yake a Ghana, zai iya samar da wutar lantarki ga gidaje sama da 100,000. Kamfanin 155MW zai kara karfin samar da wutar lantarki a Ghana da kashi 6%.

Aikin gini a kan GH ¢ 740 miliyan (GB£ 248 million) da kuma kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki mai amfani da hasken rana na 4 a duniya, ana bunkasa shi ne ta kamfanin Blue Energy, wani kamfani ne mai sabunta makamashi na samar da makamashi, wanda mambobi ne na, Stadium Group, babban kamfani mai zaman kansa na Turai da kamfanin ci gaba tare da fam biliyan £ 2.5 karkashin kulawa. Daraktan aikin shine Douglas Coleman, daga Mere Power Nzema Ltd, Ghana.

Sabanin sauran ayyukan samar da hasken rana a Afirka wadanda ke amfani da karfin hasken rana, tsirrai masu amfani da hasken rana za su yi amfani da fasahar daukar hoto (PV) don sauya hasken rana kai tsaye zuwa lantarki. Girkawar fiye da 630,000 masu amfani da hasken rana na PV za ta fara a ƙarshen 2017.

Tun daga watan Agusta 2015, aikin yana ci gaba.

## Makamashin iska

Baya ga samar da wutar lantarki da kuma amfani da hasken rana, kasar ta Ghana tana kuma samar da wasu makamashi masu yawa, sauran nau'ikan makamashi da ke samar da wutar lantarki a Ghana sune makamashin iska, da na geothermal da kuma na biomass. Manufa ce ta masana'antar makamashi ta Ghana a samu kashi 10% na curin makamashin na Ghana ya fito ne daga kafofin da za a iya sabuntawa (ba tare da kidaya wutar lantarki mai karfi ba) a shekarar 2015, ko kuma a karshen shekarar 2020.

Ghana tana da albarkatun iska na aji 4-6 da wuraren da iska mai karfi take - kamar Nkwanta, da Accra Plains, da Kwahu da Gambaga. Matsakaicin karfin da za'a samu daga albarkatun iska na Ghana don wutar lantarki an kiyasta ya kai kimanin 500 - 600 GWh / shekara. Don bayar da hangen nesa - A cikin 2011, daga wannan Hukumar Makamashi, babbar madatsar ruwa ta Akosombo a cikin Gana kawai ta samar da GWhrs 6,495 na wutar lantarki kuma, ana kirga dukkan albarkatun da ke samar da makamashi a Ghana gaba daya, duka makamashin da aka samar ya kai GWhrs 11,200 a wannan shekarar.

Wadannan kididdigar ba sa la'akari da karin iyakance abubuwan kamar kuntatawa-amfani da kasa, grid din da ake ciki (ko yadda nisan albarkatun iska zai iya kasancewa daga layin wutar) da kuma isa. Karfin iska yana da damar bayar da gudummawa sosai ga masana'antar makamashin kasar - tabbas za a iya samun kashi 10 cikin 100 dangane da karfin shigar da shi, kuma kusan 5% na karfin samar da lantarki daga iska kawai.

## Bio makamashi

Ghana ta tsara wasu dabaru don jawo hankalin masu saka jari a bangarorin ta na zamani da kuma makamashi domin karfafa ci gaban karkara, samar da ayyukan yi da kuma adana kudaden kasashen waje.

Kasar da ake nomawa da tabarbarewar ƙasar ta Ghana na da damar noman albarkatun gona da tsire-tsire wadanda za a iya canza su zuwa nau'ikan makamashi masu karfi da ruwa, kamar yadda habakar wasu hanyoyin zirga-zirgar kebabben na iya taimaka wa Ghana ta faɗaɗa da kuma tabbatar da ita samar da makamashi na gaba. Babban saka hannun jari a cikin karamin sashin makamashi ya wanzu a fannonin samarwa, sune sufuri, ajiya, rarrabawa, sayarwa, kasuwanci da fitarwa.

Burin kasar Ghana dangane da makamashi, kamar yadda manufofin bangaren makamashi suka bayyana, shine zamanantar da zamani da kuma nazarin fa'idodin makamashin a dunkule. Biomass ita ce babbar hanyar samar da makamashi a kasar Ghana dangane da baiwa da kuma amfani, tare da manyan albarkatun mai guda biyu da ake amfani dasu sune ethanol da biodiesel. Don haka, ma'aikatar makamashi ta Ghana a shekarar 2010 ta kirkiro dabarun bangaren makamashi da shirin bunkasa. Karin bayanai kan dabarun manufofin manufofi na bangaren makamashi mai sabuntawa sun hada da dorewa da samarwa da ingantaccen amfani da itacen mai-mai yayin tabbatar da cewa amfani da su ba zai haifar da sare dazuzzuka ba.

Tsarin zai tallafawa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu saka jari a fannin noman bio-fuel, hakar mai da kuma tace shi a cikin kayayyakin na biyu, ta haka ne zai samar da hanyoyin da suka dace na kudi da haraji. Dokar Sabunta makamashi ta Ghana ta samar da kwarin gwiwa na kasafin kudi don cigaban makamashi daga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, sannan kuma yayi bayani dalla-dalla game da sarrafawa da gudanar da aiyukan samar da mai da bishiyoyi a Ghana. Hukumar Kula da Man Fetur ta Ghana (NPA) ta yi aiki da Dokar Sabunta makamashi ta 2011 don ta sanya farashin kayan mai na kasar ta Ghana bisa ga tsarin farashin mai.

Hadakar tasirin canjin yanayi da rikice-rikicen tattalin arzikin duniya, ya haifar da da hanzari tsakanin masu tsara manufofin Ghana, masana'antu da masu neman ci gaba don nemo dorewa da ingantacciyar hanyar samar da mai.

A halin yanzu, Brazil, wacce ke samar da ethanol daga masara da dawa, ita ce babbar kasuwar mai a duniya.

## Duba kuma

* Tattalin Arziki na Ghana
* Ikon nukiliya a Ghana
* Dumsor, kalmar gida don wutar lantarki bakar fata

## Nassoshi