2019 a cikin canjin yanayi

Wannan labarin ya rubuta abubuwan da suka faru, binciken bincike, ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha, da ayyukan ɗan adam don auna, hangowa, ragewa, da daidaitawa da tasirin dumamar duniya da canjin yanayi - a cikin shekara ta 2019.

## Bayani

* A watan Nuwamba, *BioScience* ta wallafa wani labarin Gargadi wanda ya bayyana cewa "mun bayyana, tare da fiye da masana kimiyya 11,000 masu sa hannu daga ko'ina cikin duniya, a bayyane kuma ba tare da wata shakka ba cewa duniyar Duniya tana fuskantar gaggawa ta yanayi" kuma cewa "karin girma a cikin kokarin kiyaye yanayinmu yana buƙatar kauce wa wahalar da ba a taɓa gani ba saboda Rikicin yanayi".

## Ma'auni da kididdiga

* Cibiyoyin Kula da Muhalli na NOAA (NCEI) da WMO sun ba da rahoton cewa 2019 ita ce shekara ta biyu mafi zafi a cikin rikodin yanayi na shekaru 140 - 0.04 ° C (0.07 ° F) mai sanyi fiye da 2016 - tare da Ofishin Met na Burtaniya yana sanya shi cikin uku mafi zafi. 
* NOAA ta kuma ba da rahoton cewa abun cikin zafi na teku - adadin zafi da aka adana a matakan sama na teku - shine mafi girma da aka taɓa yin rikodin.
* NOAA ta kuma ba da rahoton cewa duka tekun Antarctic da Arctic sun rubuta mafi ƙanƙanta na shekara-shekara na biyu a lokacin rikodin 1979-2019.
* Cibiyar lura da yanayin WMO ta Duniya ta nuna cewa carbon dioxide (410.5±0.2 ppm), methane (1877±2 ppb) da nitrous oxide (332.0±0.1 ppb) sun kai sabbin matsayi a cikin 2019, bi da bi sun zama 148%, 260% da 123% na matakan kafin masana'antu.
* Lokacin wuta a Sakha (Siberia) ba a taɓa gani ba a cikin rikodin MODIS na shekaru 20 dangane da farkon farko da arewacin arewa, tare da wasu gobara da ke ƙone kusan kilomita 11 kawai daga Tekun Chukchi. Daga Maris zuwa Yuni, yankin da aka ƙone ya fi sau 2.9 na matsakaicin shekaru 20.
* Kungiyar Rhodium ta kiyasta cewa kasar Sin ta ba da gudummawa sama da kashi 27% na jimlar hayakin gas na duniya na 2019 (14 daga cikin 52 gigatons), ya wuce hayakin dukkan kasashe na OECD tare, kodayake suna bin su a cikin hayakin mutum; Amurka (11%), Indiya (6.6%), Turai-27 (6.4%). 
* 1 ga Fabrairu 2022: wani binciken da aka buga a cikin PLOS Climate ya ba da rahoton cewa, a cikin 2019, kashi 57% na saman teku na duniya ya rubuta matsanancin zafi, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 2% a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu na Biyu, kuma cewa, tsakanin shekarun 1980 da 2010, matsakaicin yanayin zafi na duniya ya karu da kashi 68.23%. Masu bincike sun bayyana cewa "bangarori da yawa na yankuna masu zafi da matsakaicin matsakaicin sun kai kusan yanayin zafi na dindindin".

## Abubuwan da suka faru

## Ayyuka da burin

### Ayyukan siyasa, tattalin arziki, al'adu

* A cikin 2019, Amazon da Global Optimism sun kafa The Climate Pledge wanda kamfanonin da suka sanya hannu suka yi alkawarin fitar da hayaki na carbon a shekara ta 2040, suna motsa saka hannun jari a cikin samfuran da sabis masu ƙarancin carbon.
* A watan Maris, an zabi mai fafutukar sauyin yanayi na Sweden mai shekaru 16 Greta Thunberg don Kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya, kuma ta sami gabatarwa a shekara mai zuwa.
* A watan Satumba, Thunberg ya yi magana a taron koli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2019, yana sukar shugabannin duniya saboda rashin aiki game da canjin yanayi.
* A watan Disamba, an kira Thunberg Mutumin Shekara na TIME . 
* A Norway, motocin lantarki sun ƙunshi kashi 54% na duk sabbin motocin tallace-tallace na 2019, wanda ya sa ta zama ƙasa ta farko da ta sayar da motocin lantarki fiye da man fetur, matasan, da injunan diesel a cikin shekara guda. Gwamnati ta shirya hana sayar da man fetur da motocin diesel nan da shekara ta 2025.

### Magana game da manufa

## Ra'ayin jama'a da yarjejeniyar kimiyya

* Yarjejeniya tsakanin masana kimiyya masu bincike game da dumamar duniya ta mutum ya karu zuwa 100%, bisa ga bita na labaran 11,602 da aka sake dubawa game da "canjin yanayi" da " dumamar duniya" da aka buga a cikin watanni 7 na farko na 2019. 
* Bincike 2019 ya nuna cewa yawancin mutane a duniya suna tunanin canjin yanayi yana faruwa kuma duk ko kuma wani bangare ne ga ayyukan ɗan adam. Koyaya, kashi 17% na Amurkawa da aka bincika sun yarda cewa "ra'ayin dumamar yanayi na mutum yaudara ce da aka ƙirƙira don yaudarar mutane", Saudi Arabia da Indonesia ne kawai ke da mafi yawan mutanen da ke shakkar canjin yanayi na mutum.

## Tsinkaya

* A watan Janairu, Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya ya lissafa manyan haɗari 10 ta hanyar *yiwuwar* (matsananciyar yanayi a matsayin # 1, gazawar rage canjin yanayi da daidaitawa a matsayin # 2, lalacewar muhalli da bala'o'i da mutum ya yi a matsayin # 6) da kuma *Tasirin* (rashin rage canjin sauyin yanayi da daidaitawar yanayi a matsayin $ 2, abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin # 3, lalacewar yanayi da bala'i da mutane suka yi a matsayin $ 9.

## Littattafai masu muhimmanci

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* "Kaddin Rahoton Arctic: Sabuntawa don 2020 / Canjin da aka ci gaba zuwa mai dumi, wanda ba shi da daskarewa kuma ya canza yanayin halittu Arctic ya kasance a bayyane" (PDF). Gudanar da Tekun Kasa da Yanayi (NOAA). Disamba 2020. An adana (PDF) daga asali a ranar 8 ga Disamba 2020. *Katin Rahoto* ya ƙunshi takamaiman rahotanni ciki har da:

## Manazarta