open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Bayan karatu da rubutu

**Bayan [[Ilimin karatu|karatu da rubutu]]** ko **Ilimi bayan karatu da rubutu** shine ra'ayi da aka yi amfani da shi a ci gaba da ilimi da shirye-shiryen Ilimi na manya da nufin kwanan nan masu karatu ko "masu karatu da rubutu" manya da al'ummomi, galibi a kasashe masu tasowa. Ba kamar ci gaba da ilimi ko ci gaba da karatu ba, wanda ke rufe batutuwan sakandare ko sana'a ga masu koyo masu girma, shirye-shiryen bayan karatu da rubutu suna ba da ƙwarewa wanda in ba haka ba za a iya bayarwa a saitunan ilimin firamare. Ilimi na bayan karatu da rubutu yana da niyyar karfafa ilimin karatu da rubutu, samar da albarkatu da kafofin watsa labarai da aka yi niyya ga sababbin masu karatu, kuma yana iya ƙirƙirar tsarin ilimin da ba na yau da kullun ba don yin hidima ga waɗannan al'ummomi. Ayyuka sun haɗa da samar da ci gaba da ilimi na yau da kullun, samar da kayan rubutu (yanayin karatu da rubutu) wanda ya dace da ci gaban tattalin arziki ga sababbin membobin al'ummomin da ke tasowa, da kuma amfani da rediyo da sauran kafofin watsa labarai da ba a rubuta su ba don kara samun damar yin amfani da kayan ilimi a cikin saitunan da ba a sani ba.

## Dubi kuma

* E
** Tarihin ilimi a Amurka
** Ranar Koyarwa ta Duniya
** Karatun karatu da rubutu
** Karatun karatu da rubutu a Indiya
*** Ofishin karatu da rubutu na kasa (India)
** Yakin Karatun Rubuce-rubuce na Nicaragua
** Kyautar Confucius ta UNESCO don Karatu
** Shekaru goma na Koyarwa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Ƙungiyoyin da suka gabata

Al'umma mai karatu bayan karatu ita ce al'umma mai tunani wanda fasahar Multimedia ta ci gaba har zuwa inda karatu da rubutu, ikon karatu ko rubutu, ba lallai ba ne ko kuma ya zama ruwan dare. Kalmar ta bayyana tun farkon 1962 a cikin Marshall McLuhan's The Gutenberg Galaxy .  Yawancin al'ummomin kimiyya-fiction sun kasance masu karatu, kamar a cikin Ray Bradbury's *Fahrenheit 451*, Dan Simmons' novel *Ilium*, da Gary Shteyngart's Super Sad True Love Story . Duk da yake ana kiran al'umma mai karatu a cikin nau'in kimiyya-fi, ra'ayin al'umma ta bayan karatu kuma batun muhimmancin falsafa ne, dangane da aikin McLuhan da ka'idar Carnival ta Duniya. 

Al'ummar da suka kammala karatu za su bambanta da al'adun baki na zamani ko na tarihi, waɗanda ba su da tsarin rubuce-rubuce kuma al'adunsu masu kyau suna ɗaukar nau'in wallafe-wallafen baki da Tarihin baki, tare da taimakon fasaha, rawa, da waka. Al'umma mai karatu da rubutu za ta maye gurbin kalmar da aka rubuta tare da sauti da aka rubuta (CDs, littattafai masu sauti), watsa shirye-shiryen magana da kiɗa (rediyo), hotuna (JPEG) da hotunan motsi (talabijin, fim, MPG, bidiyo mai gudana, Wasannin bidiyo, gaskiyar kama-da-wane). Al'umma mai karatu na iya haɗawa da mutanen da ke da alaƙa, waɗanda suka san yadda ake karatu da rubutu amma sun zaɓi kada su yi. Yawancin idan ba duk mutane ba za su kasance masu ilimin kafofin watsa labarai, masu ilimin multimedia, masu ilimin gani, da kuma fassara.

Littattafan da ba na almara ba Amusing Ourselves to Death na Neil Postman da Empire of Illusion na Chris Hedges dukansu suna lura da hauhawar kwatsam na al'adun bayan karatu.
## Manazarta
Ilimin ilimin halayyar dan adam

**Ilimin [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar dan adam]]** shine "ƙwarewar gabaɗaya don daidaitawa da gangan don amfani da ilimin halayya don biyan bukatun mutum, ƙwararru, da zamantakewa" (McGovern et al. 2010). Wannan ya haɗa da tunani, yin aiki, da sadarwa yadda ya kamata ta amfani da kimiyyar halayyar mutum. 

Mutumin da ya iya karatun halayyar mutum yana amfani da ra'ayoyin halayyarsu don fahimtar halayensu da halayyar wasu. Suna amfani da wannan ilimin don yanke shawara mai kyau, warware matsaloli, da sadarwa. Ilimin ilimin halayyar dan adam ya dace da ayyukan halayyar mutum amma kuma a wasu ayyukan digiri, gami da ilimi, kiwon lafiya, kasuwanci, da sabis na zamantakewa. Ilimin ilimin halayyar dan adam ya dace da magance Manufofin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. 

## Tarihi
Boneau (1990)  ya samar da jerin manyan ra'ayoyi 100 / mahimman ƙamus a cikin ilimin halayyar dan adam, a matsayin kusanci na farko na ilimin halayya.

## Ra'ayi
Yayinda ma'anoni da yawa na ilimin halayyar mutum ke jaddada amfani da rayuwar yau da kullun (misali Hulme, 2014, 2025), wasu ra'ayoyin suna mai da hankali kan ilimin halayya a cikin mahallin ƙwarewar da aka samu ta hanyar nazarin ilimin halayyee. Koyaya, ɗaliban ilimin halayyar mutum da kansu ba su saba da kalmar ba.
## Manazarta
Karanta sosai Game da Shi

**'Read More About It*** is a public service announcement campaign created as a joint venture between [[CBS]] and the [[Dakin Karatu na Congres|Library of Congress]] that ran from 1980 to 1999 on CBS. The campaign, which usually aired one at the end of a special primetime program, was famous for its opening title sequence, which originally showed a live action TV set which zoomed in using stop motion that used pages on the side flipping into either the celebrity of the program aired or just on-screen graphics, which was remade in 1990 using computer animation that used CGI for the pages on the side of the TV flipping to revolve to the celebrity/graphics. The spiel in each PSA talks about learning more about what happened in the program, the books the Library of Congress suggests, and that they can be found in their local library or bookstore. It ended with either the celebrity of the program or an announcer saying, "Visit them. They'll be happy to help you *Read More About It*."

Asalin waƙar taken Keith Mansfield ne ya kirkiro, amma a cikin 1983, "Moments of Courage" ta mawaƙa [[Craig Palmer]] ta zama taken ga PSAs. Tare da sakewa ya zo sabon taken don kamfen ɗin wanda ya kasance a cikin shekarun 1990. Tare da isowar intanet sun zo sabbin albarkatu don koyo game da batun na musamman ko fim da aka watsa akan CBS da sauran cibiyoyin sadarwa. Saboda haka, karanta More About It ya yi nasara a farkon karni na 21 ta hanyar kamfen ɗin CBS Cares, wanda kamar wanda ya riga shi yawanci ana watsa shi a ƙarshen ko dai fim (misali: Labarin Karen Carpenter) (har zuwa 2010) ko shirin na musamman (misali, Grammy Awards ko Super Bowl) kuma yana mai da hankali da farko akan albarkatu, kan layi da bugawa, don koyo game da taron ko batun da aka nuna a cikin shirin da ya gabata ko shiga cikin al'umma.

*ce kawai jerin da ke da shawarwarin littafi na yau da kullun daga Laburaren Majalisa. Littattafan da aka ba da shawarar yawanci suna da alaƙa da makircin gyare-gyaren da aka nuna na rabin sa'a''

## Manazarta
Penelope Adinku

**Penelope Adinku** likita ce Dan Ghana kuma Likitan zuciya.

## Ilimi
Penelope Adinku ta sami digirin babba na PhD a fannin Molecular da Cell Biology daga Jami’ar Ghana, daga nan ta ci gaba da kammala aikin ƙwarewa (externship) a Asibitin Koyarwa na Korle-Bu. Ta kuma halarci kuma ta kammala karatu daga shirin kiwon lafiya na Jami'ar Kwame Nkrumah ta Kimiyya da Fasaha. Bayan shirin likitanci a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah ta shiga Kwalejin Likitocin Yammacin Afirka (WACS) inda ta kammala shirin zama memba na shekaru uku.

## Ayyuka
Penelope Adinku tana aiki a matsayin babban kwararre a Cibiyar Cardiothoracic, Accra Ghana a watan Afrilu na 2022  kuma a matsayin Likita da Likita a Asibitin Koyarwa na Kor ((()))le-Bu. 

## Sanarwa

* A shekara ta 2022, an san ta a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Dan takara a cikin Cardiothoracic Surgery a Yammacin Afirka. 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Reneé Anne Street

Reneé Anne Street mai binciken kiwon lafiyar jama'a da muhalli ne na Afirka ta Kudu. Tana aiki a matsayin ƙwararriyar masaniya kuma Daraktar Sashi a hukumar bincike kan Muhalli da Lafiya ta Majalisar Binciken Likitanci ta Afirka ta Kudu (SAMRC). An zabe ta a matsayin abokiyar Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka a shekarar 2023. 

## Ilimi
Street ta sami duka MPH da PhD a Botany daga Jami'ar KwaZulu-Natl . 

## Ayyuka
Ta rike mukamin lacca na girmamawa a Jami'ar KwaZulu-Natal a shekarar 2010, bayan haka ta shiga Majalisar Binciken Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Kudu. 

A lokacin annobar COVID-19, ta taimaka wajen kafa shirin sa ido da bincike na SAMRC Wastewater don nazarin yaduwar ruwa. A matsayinta na darakta na sashin bincike na Muhalli da Lafiya na Majalisar Binciken Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Kudu, bincikenta ya shafi gurɓataccen muhalli da tasirin su akan lafiyar ɗan adam.

## Kyaututtuka da Karramawa
An zabi Street a cikin 2023 a matsayin ɗan ƙungiyar Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka . Har ila yau, an nuna ta a cikin Cibiyar sadarwa ta Duniya don Shawarwarin Kimiyya na Gwamnati (INGSA) don jagorancin shirin Persistent Toxic Substances . 

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa
* 
* 
* 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Mmantsae Diale

**Mmantsae Diale** Farfesa ne ɗan Afirka ta Kudu a fannin ilmin lissafi (Physics) a Jami’ar Pretoria, mai bincike, kuma mai riƙe da kujerar bincike ta Afirka ta Kudu (SARCHI) a fannin tsabtace makamashi da makamashi mai dorewa (clean and green energy). . Binciken da ta yi ya mayar da hankali ne akan hanyoyin jiki da sunadarai don sarrafa kayan lantarki da na gani na kayan.   . Mmantsae Diale ita ce ta kafa kuma shugabar Mata a Physics a Afirka ta Kudu (WiPiSA). 

## Ilimi
Mmantsae Diale ta sami digiri na farko a fannin Kimiyya a fannin Ilimi (Fisika da Lissafi) daga Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma (Mafikeng), Jagoran Kimiyya a Kimiyya daga Jami'an Kiwon Lafiya na Kudancin Afirka (SMU) da BSc Honours a fannin Fisika a Jami'ar Sefako Makgatho da ke Pretoria .  Ta yi karatu don digiri na PhD a Jami'ar Pretoria .  

## Kyaututtuka
A cikin 2018, an ba Diale lambar yabo ta Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kasa (NSTF) don Ci gaban Ikon Binciken Injiniya saboda tasirin da ta yi a kan gina ƙarfin STEM a Afirka ta Kudu. A shekara ta 2023, an zabe ta Fellow na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka, ta amince da gudummawar da ta bayar ga binciken kimiyya da ci gaba a nahiyar.

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa
|last2=Meyer |first2=W.E. |last3=Auret |first3=F.D. |last4=Paradzah |first4=A.T. |last5=Diale |first5=M. |last6=Coelho |first6=S.M.M. |last7=Janse van Rensburg |first7=P.J. |date=2015 |title=The influence of high energy electron irradiation on the Schottky barrier height and the Richardson constant of Ni/4H-SiC Schottky diodes |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/50010/1/Omotoso_Influence_2015.pdf |journal=Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing |volume=39 |pages=112–118 |doi=10.1016/j.mssp.2015.04.031 |access-date=2025-08-29 |doi-access=free}}
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## Magana
Ilimi na zamantakewa

**Ilimi na zamantakewa**, daga hangen nesa na ka'idar zamantakewa da al'adu, ya fi ikon karatu da Rubuta, kuma ya fi sanin ƙwarewar karatu da rubutu. Yara na iya koyon karatu da rubutu ta hanyar hulɗar zamantakewa tsakanin kansu da yara da / ko manya a ciki ko a waje da makaranta. Manya na iya amfani da littattafai, wasanni, kayan wasa, tattaunawa, tafiye-tafiye, da labaru don haɓaka ayyukan karatu da rubutu ta hanyar nishaɗi.

Koyon hadin gwiwa tsakanin makarantu, iyali, da al'umma na iya taimakawa wajen bunkasa ilimin yaro. Bugu da ƙari, idan aka ba da ilimin fasaha na yau, manya na iya la'akari da yadda za a yi amfani da fasaha a cikin tsarin ilmantarwa da kuma amfani da shi wajen koya wa yara yadda za a karatu da rubutu a cikin yanayin zamantakewa.

"Ayyukan karatu da rubutu koyaushe suna cikin dangantakar zamantakewa, al'adu, tarihi da siyasa kuma an saka su cikin tsarin iko. Bugu da ƙari, ayyukan karatu da rubutu sun haɗa da tsarin zamantakewa na rubutu, watau wanda ke da damar yin amfani da shi kuma wanda zai iya samar da shi, kuma irin waɗannan ayyukan suna da manufofi kuma an saka shi cikin manyan manufofi na zamantakewa da al'adun al'adu. "  Bugu da ƙari ga waɗannan ayyukan suna canzawa kuma sababbin waɗanda ake samu ta hanyar hanyoyin ilmantarwa da ma'ana akai-akai. : 23 

Saboda waɗannan dalilai, malamai na iya tsara matakai da yawa na ayyukan karatu da rubutu don dacewa da ƙwarewar ɗalibai daban-daban da hanyar ilmantarwa da kuma "bayar da hanyar koyarwa wanda ke inganta al'ummomin masu koyo, tsara ayyukan aji waɗanda ke ba da damar da ke da ma'ana don shiga cikin bincike da gina matani na multimodal, da kuma amfani da hanyoyin koyarwa waɗanda ke wucewa fiye da tashin hankali na ƙarya tsakanin cire lambobin harshe da koyon aikace-aikacen su don dalilai masu ma'ana". : 126 
## Manazarta
Shirin karatu na bazara

Shirye-shiryen karatun bazara suna faruwa a kashi 95% na ɗakunan karatu na jama'a a Amurka. Yara, matasa, da manya suna shiga cikin ayyukan da ake nufi don ƙarfafa karatu, kamar adana rikodin karatu. Sauran sunayen shirye-shiryen karatun bazara sun haɗa da kulob din karatun hutu, kulob din karatu na rani, shirin karatun hutu, da shirin ɗakin karatu na rani. m.

## Tarihi
Shirye-shiryen karatun bazara a ɗakunan karatu na jama'a a Amurka sun fara ne daga shekarun 1890. Shirye-shiryen farko sun nuna yadda za a kula da littattafai, karanta katako ko jerin sunayen, kuma sun mai da hankali kan tsofaffi yara da matasa. A shekara ta 1929, shirye-shiryen karatun bazara wani lokacin ana yin jigogi. A cikin shekarun 1940, wallafe-wallafen kwararru sun fara ciki har da rigakafin asarar karatun bazara a matsayin burin shirye-shiryen karatun bazara. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2014, kashi 95% na ɗakunan karatu na jama'a a Amurka suna ba da shirin karatun bazara. Shirye-shiryen karatun bazara sun zama ruwan dare a Kanada.

## Abubuwan da ke ciki
Kashi biyu cikin uku na ɗakunan karatu na jama'a suna karɓar bakuncin shirin karatun bazara tare da taken. Yawancin shirye-shiryen karatu na rani suna ba da littattafai, takardun shaida, ko takardun littattafai a matsayin abubuwan da ke motsawa don shiga.   Masu halarta suna karɓar waɗannan ƙarfafawa lokacin da suka cimma burin. Gidajen karatu galibi suna kula da yawan mahalarta, lokacin da aka yi karatu, ko yawan littattafan da aka karanta.
## Manazarta
Taswirar ma'ana (ƙwarewa)

Taswirar Semantic ko webbing na Semantic, a cikin karatu da rubutu, hanya ce ta koyar da karatu ta amfani da wakilcin zane na ra'ayoyi da alaƙar da ke tsakanin su.. 
## Manazarta
Mai Karɓar Yammacin Yamma

The Westcoast Reader  jarida ce ta karatu da rubutu don fara karatun manya a British Columbia, Kanada . Manufarta ita ce ta taimaka wa Turanci a matsayin yare na biyu (ESL) da kuma masu koyon karatu da rubutu na manya suna haɓaka ƙwarewar karatu da harshe, yayin da suke ba da bayanai masu ban sha'awa da dacewa tare da mayar da hankali ga manya.

Ana buga jaridar sau 10 a kowace shekara (daga Satumba zuwa Yuni).

&#x5D;Labaran labarai na gida, na ƙasa da na duniya an daidaita su daga jaridu kamar The Vancouver Sun da Lardin don amfani a cikin The Westcoast Reader. Jaridar ta kuma ba da bayanai kan batutuwa daban-daban da suka hada da lafiya, aminci, doka, ayyukan gwamnati da rayuwar yau da kullun

&#x5B;''
Makarantar Sakandare ta Jami'ar Landmark

**makarantar sakandare ta Jami'ar Landmark** makarantar sakandare ce ta Kirista ta Najeriya da ke Omu-Aran, Jihar Kwara .

## Tarihi
An kafa ta ne a ranar 10 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2011 ta Ikilisiyar Bangaskiya mai Rayuwa a Duniya.

## Gidaje
Tana da wuraren zama don dalibai su zauna a makaranta, don haka tana aiki da rana da tsarin shiga.
Ranar Koyarwa ta Duniya

**Ranar Ilimi ta Duniya** ita ce Bikin kasa da kasa da ake yi a kowace shekara a ranar 8 ga Satumba. UNESCO ta ayyana shi a ranar 26 ga Oktoba 1966 a zaman 14 na Babban Taron UNESCO kuma an yi bikin a karo na farko a shekarar 1967. Manufar ranar ita ce ta nuna muhimmancin karatu da rubutu ga mutane, al'ummomi, da al'ummomin. Ana gudanar da bukukuwan a kasashe da yawa.

## Dalilin da ya sa aka yi amfani da shi
Kimanin miliyan 775 ba su da ƙwarewar karatu da rubutu; ɗaya daga cikin manya biyar har yanzu ba su da ilimi, kuma kashi biyu bisa uku daga cikinsu mata ne. Yara miliyan 60.7 ba su da makaranta kuma da yawa sun halarci ba bisa ka'ida ba ko kuma sun fita. A cewar UNESCO "Rahoton Kula da Duniya kan Ilimi ga Duka (2006),  Kudancin Asiya tana da mafi ƙarancin ilimin manya na yanki (58.6%), sannan Afirka ta kudu da Sahara (59.7%).  Kasashen da ke da ƙarancin karatu da rubutu a duniya sune Burkina Faso (12.8%), Nijar (14.4%) da Mali (19%). Rahoton ya nuna kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin jahilci da ƙasashe masu matsanancin talauci, har ma tsakanin jahilcin da nuna bambanci ga mata.

## Bikin

Bikin Ranar Ilimi ta Duniya sun haɗa da takamaiman jigogi, daidai da Ilimi don Dukkanin burin da sauran shirye-shiryen Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kamar Shekarar Ilimi ta Majalisar Dinkinobho . 

Jigogi don bukukuwan da ayyukan da suka gabata sune kamar haka:

**2007 da 2008**

**2009–2010**

Don wannan bikin, an ba da fifiko kan "Literation and Empowerment,"  tare da la'akari ta musamman ga daidaiton jinsi da Empowerment of women. 

**2011–2012**

Taken bukukuwan 2011-2012 shine "Literation and Peace".

**2022**

Taken shi ne Canja wuraren ilmantarwa na karatu da rubutu  don sake la'akari da muhimmancin mahimmancin wuraren ilmantar da karatu don inganta juriya da tabbatar da inganci mai kyau, daidaito, da ilimi mai haɗa kai ga kowa.

**2023**

Taken bikin na 2023 shine Inganta Karatun Karatu don Duniya a cikin canji: Gina tushe don Al'ummomi masu dorewa da zaman lafiya.

**2024**

Inganta ilimin harsuna da yawa: Karatun karatu da rubutu don fahimtar juna da zaman lafiya shine taken bikin.

Marubutan da ke biyowa suna tallafawa UNESCO ta hanyar Writers for Literacy Initiative:  Margaret Atwood, Paul Auster, Philippe Claudel, Paulo Coelho, Philippe Delerm, Fatou Diome, Chahdortt Djavann, Nadine Gordimer, Amitav Ghosh, Marc Levy, Alberto Manguel, Anna Moi, Scott Momaday, Toni Morrison, Érik Orsenna, Gisèle Pineau, El Tayeb Salih, Francisco Jose Sionil, Wole Soyinka, Amy Tan, Miklós Vámos, Abdourahman, Wei. 

Tare da aikin marubutan, akwai kamfanoni daban-daban da kungiyoyin agaji waɗanda ke tallafawa yaki da jahilci. Wasu magoya bayan Ranar Karatu ta Duniya sun hada da Cibiyar Binciken Ci Gaban Duniya, Montblanc, Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa, da Rotary International.

## Manazarta
Jaridar Matasa da Matasa

**The Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy** wata mujallar ilimi ce da An sake dubawa da Wiley-Blackwell ta buga sau shida a kowace shekara. Editocin yanzu sune Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy a halin yanzu Judith Franzak, Koomi Kim, da Heather Porter (Vols. 65-68) na Jami'ar Salisbury ne ke gyarawa. Jaridar tana ɗaya daga cikin mujallu uku da aka buga a madadin Ƙungiyar Nazarin Duniya. Jaridar ta rufe "ra'ayoyi masu amfani, ra'ayoyin da aka gwada a cikin aji da aka kafa a cikin bincike da ƙa'idar".  An fara buga Jaridar Matasa & Matasa a ƙarƙashin taken Jaridar Nazarin Ci Gaban a cikin 1957, amma an canza sunan zuwa *Jaridar Karatu* (ISSN 0022-4103) a cikin 1964 farawa da Volume 8. An sake canza sunan a cikin 1995 zuwa taken yanzu.

A cewar Jaridar Citation Reports, mujallar tana da tasirin tasirin 2011 na 0.728, wanda ya sanya shi na 102 daga cikin mujallu 203 a cikin rukunin "Ilimi & Binciken Ilimi"

## Manazarta
Jerin jihohin Brazil ta hanyar yawan karatu da rubutu

Wannan labarin shine jerin **Jihohin Brazil ta hanyar yawan karatu da rubutu**.

## Jerin

## Manazarta


## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

* Bayanan Statoids akan jihohin Brazil
* https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2103.htm
Jerin bangarorin gudanarwa na kasar Sin ta hanyar rashin iya karatu da rubutu

Dangane da *[[Seventh National Population Census of the People's Republic of China|ƙididdigar yawan jama'a ta bakwai]]* a cikin 2020 yawan mutanen da suka iya karatu da rubutu a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin ya kai kashi 96.74. A cikin yankuna daban-daban yawan jahilci ya bambanta sosai, duk da haka. Wadannan sune jerin yankuna na farko na gudanarwa da aka rufe a cikin ƙididdigar yawan jama'a, gami da dukkan larduna, yankuna masu cin gashin kansu da kuma kananan hukumomi, don haka rahoton Rashin iya karatu da rubutu ga mutanen da suka kai shekaru 15 da sama a cikin 2000, 2010, da 2020. 

An ba da adadi daga ƙididdigar da aka gudanar a Hong Kong (2021) da Macau (2021) ga yankuna biyu na musamman na gudanarwa; waɗannan ba su da daidaituwa kai tsaye kamar yadda hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su na iya bambanta.

## Babban yankin kasar Sin

## Hong Kong da Macau

## Manazarta
Karatun karatu da rubutu a Tokelau

A cikin shekara ta 2011, ƙididdigar Tokelauan a karo na farko ta tambayi jerin tambayoyi game da ƙwarewar karatu da rubutu. 

## Karatun Tokelauan
Ya zuwa shekara ta 2011, kasa da kashi 1% na Tokelauans ba su iya karatu a cikin Harshen Tokelauan ba, tare da ɗan bambanci saboda shekaru. Kashi 90.4% na mutanen Tokelau sun ba da rahoton cewa 'mai kyau' ko 'mai kyau sosai' a karatun Tokelauan.

## Karatun Turanci
A cikin Ƙididdigar Tokelauan na shekara ta 2011, an gano cewa shekaru sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙayyade ƙwarewar karatun Turanci - 75.5% na mazaunan Tokelau masu shekaru 15 ko sama da haka sun ba da rahoton cewa suna da ƙwarewar karatu ta Turanci 'mai kyau' ko 'mai kyau', yayin da kawai 9.1% na Tokelauans masu shekaru 75 ko sama da yawa suka ba da rahoton wannan.

Ba za a iya samun bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin daidaitattun jinsi na waɗanda suka ba da rahoton cewa suna da ƙwarewar karatun Turanci 'mai kyau', duk da haka jahilci a Turanci ya fi yawa a cikin matan Tokelauan fiye da maza na Tokelauan.

## Rubutun Tokelauan
Kasa da kashi 90% na Tokelauans, tun daga shekara ta 2011, suna da'awar suna da 'kyakkyawan' ko 'kyakkyawa sosai' ƙwarewa a rubuce-rubucen Tokelauan. Kashi 1.4% ne kawai na mutanen Tokelau ba su iya rubutu a cikin harshen Tokelauan ba.

## Rubuce-rubucen Turanci
Adadin mata a Tokelau tare da 'kyakkyawan' ƙwarewar rubuce-rubucen Ingilishi ya fi na maza na Tokelauan. Koyaya yawan matan Tokelauan waɗanda ba za su iya rubuta a Turanci ba sun fi na maza na Tokelauan.

An gano mutanen da suka tsufa suna da ƙwarewar rubuce-rubucen Turanci mafi kyau, tare da kashi 85.5% na mutanen Tokelau masu shekaru tsakanin 30 zuwa 49 da ke ba da rahoton 'mai kyau' ko 'mai kyau'.

## Manazarta
Canja wuri

**Canja wuri** na iya nufin:sauya wa

* Kasuwanci
* Canja wuri
* Kasuwanci
* Canjin tufafi
* Gasar musayar ko kasuwar ƙwayoyin cuta
* Canjin littafi
* Canjin matar
* Cumswapping

## Kimiyya da fasaha

* Canjin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, tsohuwar hanyar sarrafa ƙwaƙwalwa
* Canjin zafi

## Dubi kuma

* Swap (disambiguation)
Tangale

Tangale wata kabila ce dake da masarauta a Kudancin Jihar Gomben Nigeria.Mutanen Kabilar tangale ana kiransu da Tangalu.
A kusa da shi

Around na iya nufin:a kusa da

* "Around" (waƙar) , ta Julia van Bergen
* A kusa da, kundin 2006 na Tom Verlaine
* A kusa da, 2013 EP ta Whirr
* A kusa da Fim din Palasdinawa na 2006

## Dubi kuma

* Zagaye (disambiguation)
Adel Hassan Mohammed

**Adel Hassan Mohammed Hussein** Dan siyasar kasar Sudan ne kuma tsohon Ministan Sadarwa da Canjin samar da Dijital . 

## Ayyukan sa a siyasa
A lokacin da yake minista, ya sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Tarayyar Afirka kan Tsaro ta hanyar sadarwa da fasaha wato (intranet) da kuma Tsaron Bayanai na sirri na Mutum a matsayin sa na  wakilin Gwamnatin Kasar  Sudan a shekarar 2023.  Ya kuma sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimta tare da Ma'aikatar Innovation da Fasaha ta Habasha don inganta dangantakar ilimin dijital tsakanin Kasar Habasha (ethiopia) da kuma Kasar Sudan.  Ya mutu a ranar 7 ga Maris ta shekarar 2025 bayan ɗan gajeren rashin lafiya. 

## Inda Aka samu Bayanan da aka ambata
Yahya Abdullah Mohammed Hamad

**Yahya Abdullah Mohammed Hamad** Ya kasance masanin kimiyya ne na Kasar Sudan kuma tsohon Ministan Sadarwa da kuma Bayanai na Fasaha zamanki .

## Rayuwarsa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Yahya Abdullah Mohammed Hamad a ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu, na shekarar 1968. Ya sami takardar shaidar kammala makarantar firamare daga makarantar Khartoum Modern a tsakanin shekarar 1973 da 1980. Ya shiga  makarantar Alengelia Preparatory School tsakanin shekarar 1980 da 1983. Ya sami takardar shaidar kammala makarantar sakandare daga makarantar sakandare ta Abdelnasir Gamal a shekarar 1986. Ya sami digirin sa na farko a shekarar 1991 daga Jami'ar Ain Shams, dake Misira (Egypt), inda ya yi karatun Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta da Kula da Kayan Kayan Kwarewa (Honours). A shekara ta 1996, ya sami digirin sa na biyu wato (MSc) a Kan Kwamfuta a Jami'ar Limerick kuma ya sami digirin sa uku wato (PhD) a Kan Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta a shekarar 2002 a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kasar Sudan . 

## Inda Aka Samu Bayanan da aka ambata
Abdullah Mohamed Darf

**Abdullah Mohammed Daraf Ali** ya Kasance ɗan siyasan Kasar Sudan ne kuma Ministan Shari'a na yanzu na a Kasar Sudan . 

An haifi Daraf a Khashm El-Girba, aJihar Kassala, a gabashin Kasar Sudan.  Ya kammala karatun firamare sa a Hashm El-Girba ,ya kuma yi karatun sakandare sa a birnin Kassala. Ya sami digirin sa  na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Khartoum 

## Ayyukan sa Da Matsayinsa
Daraf ya yi aiki da  Ofishin Masu Shari'a na Kasar Sudan a tsakanin shekarar 1995 zuwa shekarar 2004. A shekarar  2005, an kuma nada shi a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Shari'a na Kassala tare kuma da bashi matsayin Minista. A shekarar 2012, an kuma nada shi a matsayin Ministan Lafiya na  Jihar Kassala, an kuma nada Shi a matsayin ministan Shari'a na tarayya ta Kasar Sudan a shekarar 2025 .  

## In Da Aka Samu Bayanan da aka ambata
Juyawa daga Raye

Daidaitawar ruwa mai shigowa da fita yana ba da damar Canal du Midi ya yi aiki kamar yadda yake. Kowace lokacin da kulle ke aiki, ana buƙatar ruwa mai yawa don cika shi ko zubar da shi zuwa cikin ƙananan matakin fam. Dole ne a sami tushen ruwa na yau da kullun don cikawa kuma ruwan da ya wuce gona da iri da aka zubar dole ne ya sami wurin fita daga tashar ba tare da ya cika ba. Kasancewa da iya samar da wannan tushen ruwa yana daya daga cikin mahimman matsalolin da Pierre Paul Riquet, mahaliccinsa ya warware.

A cikin asalin tashar na 1687, Rigole de la plaine ne ya samar da ruwa daga Kogin Sor da kuma Bassin de Saint-Ferréol. An kara Bassin de Lampy daga baya. Tun lokacin fari na 1989-1990, ana iya samun ruwa daga Lac de Montbel . 

**Ruwa da yake fita daga rafin ruwa tsakanin ''locks'', zai fita ta ko dai ''weir'' (Faransanci: ''déversoir'') ko kuma ta ''siphon'' (Faransanci: ''Épanchoir''). Idan ya fita ta ''weir'', ruwan yana zubowa kawai daga gefen rafin ta wani gangare na dutse ko kankare. Idan ruwan ya kai wani matakin tsawo na musamman, za a iya karkatar da shi ta cikin ''siphon'' na dutse.**

Kana so in yi maka karin bayani akan ma’anar **weir** da **siphon** cikin Hausa kai tsaye?

## Dubi kuma

* Hanyoyin ruwa a kan Canal du Midi
* Canal na Kudu
* Makullin a kan Canal du Midi

## Bayani

: Ts kilomita daga farkon tashar a Toulouse. 

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* CanalMidi.com
* The Canal du Midi - "Hanyar Naurouze"
Muawiya Osman Muhammad Khair

Maulana **Muawiya Osman Muhammad Khair** ya kasance lauya ne na Kasar  Sudan kuma tsohon Ministan Shari'a na Kasar Sudan . 

## Ilimi
Muawiya ya sami digirin sa  na farko a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Alkahira a shekarar 1985. A kuma shekara  1987, ya sami takardar shaidar Zama Dan kungiyar Organization of the Legal Profession a Jami'ar Juba, a kuma a shekarar 1995 ya sami shidar kammala difloma a fannin Shari'ar Jama'a daga Jami'ar Nilein . A shekarar 2006, ya sami digirin sa na biyu a fannin shari'a mai zaman kansa, a kuma a shekarar 2012 ya Kara sami digirinsa na (PhD) a fannin dokar sirri tare da rubutun da ake kira Regulating Legal Rules To Attract Foreign Investments . 

## Ayyukansa
Muawiya ya fara aikinsa na Farko ne a matsayin lauya a tsakanin shekarar 1987 da shekarar 1989. Daga nan sai ya koma aiki da Ma'aikatar Shari'a a ƙarshen inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Mai ba da shawara kan Shari'a ga Ma'aikatu na Kasuwanci tsakanin shekarar 1989 da shekarar 1992, ya Zama Mai ba da Shawara ga Babban Kamfanin don Spinning da Weaving tsakanin shekarar 1992 da shekarar 1993, ya kuma Zama mai gabatar da kara na El Fasher tsakanin shekarar 1993 da kuma shekarar 1994. A shekarar 1994, an kuma nada shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan shari'a ga Hukumar Taimako ta Jama'a har zuwa shekarar 1998 inda ya zama mai ba da shawara Kan  shari'a a Sashin Sufuri na Kasa. A shekarar 1999, ya kuma zama mai ba da shawara kan shari'a ga Ministocin hadin gwiwa da saka hannun jari na kasa da kasa na shekara guda daya Kacal , kafin a Ka nada  shi a ma'aikatar masana'antu na tsawon  shekaru biyu wato daga shekarar 2000 zuwa shekarar 2002. A kuma  shekarar  2023 ya zama Ministan Shari'a na Tarayyar Sudan Gaba daya .  A shekarar 2025, ya bayyana a gaban Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya (ICJ) a madadin Kasar  Sudan a cikin wata shari'ar da aka gabatar a kan Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (UAE), bayan gwamnatin sojan kasar Sudan ta zargi Hadaddiyar daular  Larabawa da goyon bayan RSF da mayakanta, wajen ba da gudummawa ga yakin basasar kasar.

## In Da Aka Samu Bayanan da aka ambata
Literate environment

A **literate environment** na iya haɗawa da kayan rubutu (jaridu, littattafai da posters), kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki da watsa shirye-shirye (radio da TVs) da fasahar sadarwa da sadarwa (wayoyi, kwamfutoci da damar Intanet), wanda ke ƙarfafa samun karatu da rubutu, al'adun karatu, ingantaccen riƙe karatu da rubutu da samun damar samun bayanai.

Ana iya samun mahalli masu karatu a bangarorin jama'a da masu zaman kansu, gami da gida, makaranta, wurin aiki, al'umma ta gida, da al'umma gaba ɗaya. Ci gaba da yanayin ilimi mai arziki saboda haka ya haɗa da Manufofin harshe, wallafe-wallafen littafi, kafofin watsa labarai, da kuma samun dama ga bayanai da kayan karatu.

Yanayin ilimi mai arziki yana da mahimmanci don ƙarfafa mutane su zama masu karatu da kuma ci gaba da haɗa sabbin ƙwarewar da suka samu a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun. Yanayin zamantakewa da al'adu wanda mutane ke zaune da aiki ana iya nuna su a matsayin masu goyon baya ko kaɗan ga samun da yin karatu da rubutu. A wasu kasashe masu tasowa, rashin rubuce-rubuce a kowane nau'i yana da matukar damuwa game da aikin karatu da rubutu.

## Koyon kai tsaye

### Makarantu na Sudbury
Makarantar Sudbury Valley ta yi iƙirarin cewa a makarantarsu akwai hanyoyi da yawa don koyon karatu, kuma ɗalibai ba sa neman taimako ga ma'aikata.

### Rashin makaranta
Carlo Ricci, Farfesa na Ilimi kuma editan Jaridar Unescolaring da Alternative Learning, ya tabbatar da cewa yara za su zama masu motsawa su karanta saboda suna zaune a cikin yanayin karatu.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Logographic cues

**Logographic cues** hotuna ne na gani da aka saka tare da takamaiman, ma'anar da aka fahimta sosai; hotuna ne da ke wakiltar wasu kalmomi ko ra'ayoyi. Wadannan hotuna "an tsara su ne don ba masu karatu saƙo mai amfani sosai a cikin mafi ƙarancin sarari. "  Wasu harsuna, alal misali, yawancin harsunan Gabashin Asiya, kamar nau'ikan Sinanci (misali Mandarin, Cantonese, Min, da Wu), da kuma wani ɓangare na Koriya da Jafananci, an rubuta su a cikin rubutun logographic; glyphs guda ɗaya suna wakiltar dukan morphemes. 

Misalan alamomin rubutun hotuna (logographic cues) sun haɗa da alamomin hanya, alamomin bandaki, da katunan koyo masu hoto. Ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa irin waɗannan alamomin suna yawan kasancewa ana sarrafasu ne a ɓangaren dama na kwakwalwa, wato ɓangaren da ke da alaƙa da fahimtar abubuwan gani da sararin samaniya. Saboda ci gaban fasaha da kafofin watsa labarai inda irin waɗannan alamomin ke yawaita kamar tambarin kamfanoni, iya fahimta da kuma saurin fahimtar ma'ana daga hotuna ya ƙara yaduwa kuma ya zama abin da ke zuwa da sauƙi.

## Amfani da ilimi
Alamun alamomi sun kuma zama masu amfani a fannin ilimi, musamman a ci gaban ƙwarewar karatu. Yawancin hanyoyin ba da shawara na ilimi suna ba da shawarar yin amfani da alamun logographic don shiga cikin ilmantarwa ta gani da hankali, wanda yawanci yana ɗaukar matsayi na ƙasa ga ilimin magana a makarantu; irin waɗannan hanyoyin sun haɗa da ƙwararren masani Kylene Beers da shirin karatu na ƙasa, All America Reads.

Takamaiman ayyukan da ke amfani da alamun logographic sun haɗa da ɗalibai suna yin alamomi a cikin gefen rubutu, takardun aiki waɗanda ke ba da taƙaitaccen bayani game da bayanin da aka bayar, da katunan hoto waɗanda ke inganta ci gaban ƙamus. Hanyoyin koyarwa da ke amfani da alamun logographic na iya taimakawa wajen ƙarfafawa da haɓaka fahimtar kalma, sake fasalin rubutu da ƙungiyar bayanai. Hanyar kuma tana taimakawa wajen shiga cikin motsawar ji wanda ke sanya bayanai a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta dogon lokaci.

### Tattaunawa
Amfani da wannan hanyar ya sami wasu zargi. Dangane da amfani da alamun logographic don haɓaka fahimtar kalma Jaridar Duniya ta Naƙasasshe, Ci gaba da Ilimi ta rubuta cewa "sakamakon binciken da aka sarrafa ya nuna cewa ba shi da tasiri kuma yana iya cutar da ilmantarwa ga ɗalibai. "  [yadda?] Wani binciken da aka rubuta a cikin wannan mujallar ya ba da shawarar irin wannan amma an canza shi kamar Integrated Picture Cueing ko Handle Technique. Hanyar Integrated Picture Cueing (IPC) tana yin hotuna daga kalmomin da ake so, kansu, maimakon alamun . Hanyar Hanyar tana nuna kalmar tare da ƙarin serif (hannun) wanda ke taimaka wa ɗalibai su ƙayyade kalmar da ma'anar ta. Duk da wadannan binciken da kuma madadin, ana amfani da alamun logographic a ko'ina kuma ana ƙarfafa su a ilimi. 

## Bayani

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Koyon Kafofin Watsa Labarai Na Yanzu

Media Literacy Now (**MLN**) ya kasance kamfani ne mai zaman kansa wanda "ke koyar da dalibai don su yi amfani da tunani mai mahimmanci ga mafi yawan sakonnin na kafofin watsa labarai, da kuma yanda zasuyi amfani da kafofin watsa labarai don ƙirƙirar nasu sakonnin".  Suna ba da shawara ga wannan hanyar ta hanyar yin "kamfen ɗin wayar da kan jama'a, ilimin mai tsara manufofi, gina hadin gwiwa, da kuma tasirin yin amfani da  ka'idoji da kuma dokoki".  MLN an kafa shi ne a cikin shekarar 2013 ta hanyar Erin McNeill, Wanda ya kasance ɗan jarida ne da ke zaune a Garin Massachusetts. 

Har Ya zuwa  shekarar 2021, MLN tana da nasarori 13 a kasar Amurka kuma ta sami nasarar ba da shawarwari ga sassa sha biyar (15 ) na dokokin da aka zartar a jihohi takwas. Dokar ta mayar da hankalin tame  kan kafa shirye-shiryen ga makaranti do min samun  ilimin kafofin watsa labarai. Daga cikinJihohin da suka zartar da dokar sun hada da Connecticut, Illinois, Rhode Island, da kuma Washington.

Daga Cikin Jihohin da har yanzu suke Kam  surori na gargajiya dayin aiki da sun ,sun haɗa da New Jersey,  da kuma Rhode Island. 

* Shirin Bayyana Labarai

## In Da Aka Samu Bayanan da aka ambata
Data Protection Act, 2023

**Dokar Kare Bayanai** da aka fi sani da **DPA** ko Doka, doka ce wacce ta  kasance ta ƙasa da Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Somalia ta kafa a cikin 2023 don tsara tattarawa ko hadawa , adanawa, sarrafawa, da canja wurin bayanan sirri na cikin ƙasar Somalia. Anyita ne da niyyar kare haƙƙin sirri na mutane da kuma tabbatar da amfani sa da bayanan sirri a zamanin dijital.

## Tarihin Samar da shi
Dokar Kare Bayanai (DPA) an kafa ta ne a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki a shekarar 2012, a Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Kasar Somaliya, wanda ke ba 'yan ƙasa haƙƙin boye sirri. Don tabbatar da aiwatuwar  wannan dokar, DPA ta kirkiro Hukumar Kare Bayanai a Somalia mai suna ("Authority") a matsayin hukumar kula da Wanan alhakin. An gabatar da lissafin ga Majalisar Tarayyar Somalia tsakanin watan Fabrairu da watan Maris na shekarar 2023. Bayan Shugaba Hassan Sheikh Mohamud  ya sanya hannu a dokance a ranar 21, ga watan Maris, na shekarar 2023, kuma hukumar ta fara aiki bayan kwana biyu, a ranar 23 ga watan Maris, na shekarar 2023 . 

## Tsarinsa

## Shirye-shiryen su
Dokar Kare Bayanai ta Somalia ta kafa tsarin doka don:  kamar haka:

* Hakkin mutane (batutuwa na bayanai) akan bayanan kansu wato (personal data).
* Doka ne ga masu kula da bayanai da kuma masu sarrafawa.
* Kakidojine  na doka don sarrafa bayanai, gami da yardar da kuma sha'awar jama'a.
* Tsaurarawa akan canja wurin bayanai Akan iyaka.
* Bukatar sanarwar keta bayanai.
* Samar da ikon kare bayanai mai zaman kansa wato (DPA).

## Hakkin batutuwa bayanai
Dokar ta tabbatar da haƙƙin kare  mutane akan bayanan kansu, gami da ikon samun dama, gyarawa, sharewa, janye izini, ƙin sarrafawa, da kuma guje wa yin yanke shawara ta hanyar atomatik (wato yi da kanshi). Har zuwa yanzu, ya Sanya takumkumi na yanayi inda waɗannan haƙƙoƙin zasu iya tsayawa ko in ba su dace ba.

## Ikon kare bayanai
Dokar ta kirkiri Hukumar Kare Bayanai ne wacce ke da alhakin tabbatar da aiwatar da nufinta. Wannan Hukumar tana da ikon Kara  samar da ƙa'idodin, gudanar da bincike, da kuma karɓar hukunci. Babban a ayyukansa  ya haɗa da yin rajistar GA manyan masu kula da bayanai da kuma masu sarrafawa, da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da ayyukan kare bayanai,da kuma ba da izini da ƙungiyoyin bin lasisi, kula da korafe-korafe da suka shafi amfani da bayanai da ba  daidai ba, da kuma ba da kyawanwan shawarwari da kuma manufofi ga gwamnati.

## Manazarta
Romanian literacy campaign

**Romanian literacy campaignce** ta fara kamfen ɗin karatu da rubutu ta hanyar Dokar Ilimi ta 1948 kuma kusan ta kawar da jahilci a Romania cikin shekaru shida.

A cikin rabin farko na karni na 20, Romania tana da ɗayan manyan ƙarancin karatu da rubutu a Turai. A cikin shekarun 1930, kashi 43% na yawan manya ba su iya karatu ba  kuma a watan Oktoba 1945, Romania har yanzu tana da manya miliyan 4.2 marasa karatu (maza miliyan 1.9 da mata miliyan 2.3). 

An gudanar da yakin **"**kamar yadda ake gudanar da farmakin soja**"**, inda masu sa kai suka halarta, ciki har da farfesoshin jami'a, masana, da kuma malaman makaranta, waɗanda suka buɗe makarantu a ƙauyuka. An tsara wannan shirin ne domin yara da suka bar makaranta ko kuma ba su da damar zuwa, da kuma manya masu shekaru tsakanin **14 zuwa 55**, waɗanda bayan shekara ɗaya ko biyu na karatu za su samu takardar shaidar da ta yi daidai da shekaru huɗu na makarantar firamare  .

## Dubi kuma
*Literacy in Romania
*Likbez
*Cuban Literacy Campaign
*Nicaraguan Literacy Campaign
## Bayanan da aka ambata
Zuciya da rai

***Zuciya da Rai*** kundi ne na 1994 na ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Birtaniya Five Star . Wannan shi ne kundi na farko na ƙungiyar na tsawon shekaru uku, wanda aka saki da kansa a kan lakabin su, Tent Records . An fara fitar da shi a Amurka a cikin 1994, kuma an sake shi a Burtaniya a cikin 1995 wanda ke nuna zane-zane daban-daban daga Amurka. Akwai waƙoƙi uku da aka saki daga kundin: I Love You (For Sentimental Reasons), I Give You, da Surely .  An samar da bidiyon talla don mutane biyu na farko; I Love You (For Sentimental Reasons) Malcolm-Jamal Warner ne ya ba da umarni. Ba ta yi nasara ba a kasuwanci a kasashen biyu.

## Saki
**'&#x5D;</sup>Ga fassarar rubutun:

A shekara ta **1995**, kungiyar **Five Stars** ta saki wakar **"Surely"** a matsayin **single** daga kundin su ''Heart and Soul''. Wannan single ɗin an saki shi ne kawai a **Amurka**, amma a **Birtaniya (UK)** ana iya samu ta hanyar **import** (shigo da shi daga waje). Duk da cewa bai shiga cikin jerin **Billboard Hot 100** ba, sai dai ya kai matsayi na **125** a watan Oktoban shekarar nan. Wannan waka ta haɗa da **rap** daga **Junior P**, wanda shi ne karo na farko da Five Star suka haɗa da mawakin rap a cikin wakarsu.

Kana so in fassara maka irin wannan rubutu gaba ɗaya da **salon fasaha (musical context)**, ko kuwa a **taƙaice''' kawai?

## Jerin waƙoƙi

# "Ina son ka (Domin Dalilan Jin dadi)  "
# "Tabbas"
# "Rubuta a kan bango"
# "Ka sami ƙauna mai yawa"
# "Mafi Kyawun Ni"
# "Lokacin da Ka Gida"
# "Tafiya tare da Lokaci"
# "Asirin Zuciyata"
# "Ka nuna Ni"
# "Ina Ba Ka"

## Manazarta
Jaridar Ilimi na Media

The Journal of Media Literacy Education ta kasance  wata mujallar ilimi ce ta kwata-kwata, wacce An sake dubawa da Digital Commons a Jami'ar Rhode Island a madadin National Association for Media Literace Education, kungiyar membobin kasa mai zaman kanta don samun ilimin kafofin watsa labarai a Kasar Amurka.  A cikin shekarar 2022, masu haɗin gwiwar sune Maria Ranieri (Jami'ar Florence, Italiya), Julian McDougall (Jamiʼar Bournemouth), da Lucas Jacob (LaJolla Country Day School). Masu yin gyara ne a JMLE a baya sun sami amincewar kungiyar saboda jagorancin su da samun sabis.

## Tarihin samuwarsa
An kafa Wana kungiyar mujallar CE  a cikin shekarar 2009 ta hanyar kafa co-editoci Renee Hobbs (Jami'ar Rhode Island) da Amy Petersen Jensen (Jamiʼar Brigham Young) 

### Masu Gyara
Mutanen da ke biyowa sun kasance masu haɗin gwiwan yin Gyara :

## Abstracting da indexing
An cire mujallar kuma an jera ta a cikin:

* Duniya Cat 

* Jerin mujallu na ilimi

## In Da Aka Samu Bayanan da aka ambata
Mafrum

Mafrum, wanda kuma aka rubuta " mafroom " [1] (Larabci: مفروم ), kayan lambu ne na Yahudawan Libiya da aka cusa. Tushen kayan lambu ana fashe a cika su da cakuda naman ƙasa da kayan yaji . Ana soya waɗannan kayan lambun da aka cusa a dafa su a cikin miya mai tumatur. Duk da yake dankali shine kayan lambu da aka saba amfani dashi, [2] [3] wasu girke-girke suna amfani da eggplants, zucchini, albasa da / ko barkono barkono . [4]

A al'adance ana ba da Mafrum tare da couscous **  kuma ana ci a lokacin bukukuwan Shabbat da na Yahudawa .  Ya bazu bayan Libya saboda yawan hijirar Yahudawa daga kasar a cikin 1950s da 60s. A Italiya, an gabatar da mafrum ga al'ummar Yahudawa na Roma bayan korar Yahudawan Libya bayan yakin kwanaki shida a 1967.  A Isra'ila, ya zama abincin da aka fi so, tare da fassarar Yahudawa daga Tunisia, Maroko, da Masar . 

## Manazarta
Kwalejin 'yan mata ta Gwamnatin Tarayya, Omu-Aran

**Kwalejin 'yan mata ta Gwamnatin tarayya, Omu-Aran** makarantar sakandare ce ta tarayya da ke Omu-Alan, Jihar Kwara .  An kafa makarantar ne a ranar 13 ga Mayu 1995 tare da dalibai 116 na majagaba da Mrs Hajia J. F. Gold a matsayin shugabarta ta farko. Taken da hangen nesa na makarantar shine "tare kowa yana samun ƙarin" da kuma "ikwatattun ilimin yara mata don ci gaban ƙasa" bi da bi. 

An dauki nauyin wannan Kwalejin ne daga sha'awar hada 'yan mata daga al'adu daban-daban, kabilanci da harshe daga sassa daban-daban na Najeriya don koyo a ƙarƙashin wannan yanayi tare da kallon inganta hadin kan kasa tsakanin su a matakin da ya dace na rayuwarsu. 

Kafa ta daidai yake da manufofin Gwamnatin Tarayya na samun akalla kwalejojin Gwamnatin Tarayyar guda biyu da aka sani da makarantun hadin kai a kowace Jiha ta Tarayyar ciki har da Abuja don zama Makarantun Misali ga wasu a cikin burinsu na ɗabi'a da zamantakewar al'umma. 

## Manazarta
Hukumar Karatu

**Hukumar Karatu ta kasance**  ƙungiya ce mai ba da agaji Wanda aka yi rajista a Kasar Ingila da Wales  wacce ke aikin inganta fa'idodin karatu tsakanin yara da kuma manya a Kasar Burtaniya, suna aiki a tare da abokan hulɗa ciki har da ɗakunan karatu na jama'a wato (public libraries), da kuma kwalejojin da gidan gyaran Hali wato kurkuku. 

## Ayyukansu
Ha zuwa shekarar  2014 Sue Wilkinson ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba. Hukumar karatun ta kasance ta samo asali ne daga ginin Society of Authors a Holborn, London kuma ta bayyana aikinta a matsayin " magance manyan ƙalubalen rayuwa ta hanyar tabbatar da ikon yin  karatu" kamar ƙwarewar rayuwa da kuma ilmantarwa, Samar da lafiya ,da rashin jin daɗi da ware kai da kaɗaici.

Babban shirin kungiyar ya kasance ga yara shine Summer Reading Challenge, wanda ya fara a shekarar 1999. Ana gudanar da ƙalubalen Karatun bazara tare da ɗakunan karatu na jama'a kuma yana ƙarfafawa Kan  yara su karanta littattafai shida a lokacin hutun bazara wato (summer) na makaranta. Hukumar Karatu ta kuma gudanar da kungiyoyin karatun yara na Chatterbooks a makarantu da dama da kuma  da dakunan karatu wato (libraries) a duk faɗin Kasar Burtaniya.

Hukumar Karatun ta kasance da shirye-shirye masu yawa ga manya ma . Kungiyar ya kasance tana aiki tare da sanannun marubuta da masu bugawa, don ƙirƙirar gajerun littattafai da ake kira Quick Reads waɗanda ake siyarwa a cikin shagunan littattafai kuma ana amfani da su a cikin ɗakunan karatu, kurkuku, asibitoci, kwalejoji da kungiyoyin ilmantarwa na manya. Quick Reads an saka shi a cikin shirin ilimin manya na kungiyar, Reading Ahead, wanda ke gudana a cikin ɗakunan karatu na jama'a wato (public libraries), gidan gyaran Hali wato kurkuku,ya kuma kumshi  kungiyoyin ilmantarwa na manya, kwalejoji, ƙungiyoyin kwadago da wuraren aiki a duk faɗin Kasar Burtaniya.

Hukumar Karatun tana gudanar da Daren Littafin Duniya wato (world book night), a duk bikin shekara-shekara na karatu da ake gudanar a duk ranar 23 ga watan Afrilu. A kuma cikin 2018, kashi  casa'in da Tara cikin dari wato (97%) na kungiyoyin da suka halarci taron sun kimanta kwarewarsu na shiga cikin World Book Night a matsayin Mai Kyau ko Mai Kyau.

Hukumar Karatu tana aiki tare da ɗakunan karatu na jama'a. Ana ba da Littattafan Reading Well a kan tsarin Prescription tare da haɗin gwiwar Littattafan da aka haɗa kuma ana samun su a cikin ɗakunan karatu na jama'a a duk faɗin Kasar  Ingila da kuma Kasar Wales.

A cikin shekarar 2018 Hukumar Karatu ta ƙaddamar da Abokan Karatu, shirin da Babban Asusun Lottery Wanda ya kasance tallafi ne Manufar ita ce magance kaɗaici da warewar kai ta hanyar fara tattaunawa ta hanyar karatu. Hukumar Karatu tana aiki tare da abokan hulɗa da yawa a duk faɗin Burtaniya don haɓaka da gwada hanyoyin da za a iya fitar da su a ko'ina.

Bugu da kari, Hukumar Karatu tana tallafawa kungiyoyin karatu sama da 4,000 da ke ba su kuma shawara da tallafi da kuma shigar da su cikin kyaututtuka na litattafan litattafai.

## In Da Aka Samu Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

*
Ranar Rubuce-rubuce ta Kasa

**Ranar Jarida ta Kasa**, wanda aka fi sani da **Ranar Rubuce-rubuce ta Kasa**, bikin rubuce-rubi ne na Amurka wanda ya fara faruwa a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2009, tare da bikin shekara ta biyu a ranar 12 ta Nuwamba, 2010. Majalisar Malaman Ingilishi ta Kasa (NCTE) ce ta tallafawa kuma an amince da ita a hukumance a cikin 2009 da 2010 ta hanyar kudurin Majalisar Dattijai, Ranar Jarida ta Kasa ta nemi Amurkawa suyi la'akari da rawar da take takawa a rubuce-rubuce a rayuwar yau da kullun. Ranar Jarida ana ɗaukar ta hutu ne mai nishaɗi wanda ke godiya da kuma daidaitawa da 'yan jarida da marubuta a ko'ina. Dangane da Ranar Rubuce-rubuce ta Kasa, NCTE ta kirkiro Gidan Rubuce'i na Kasa don marubutan kowane nau'i su iya raba ayyukansu a bainar jama'a. Ya zuwa 2017, ana yin bikin ne a ranar 20 ga Oktoba.

cewar shafin yanar gizon NCTE, hutun ya wanzu don:

: 1
:: . nuna bambancin rubuce-rubucen da muke ciki a yau;
:: 2. samar da tarin don bincike kan ko rubuce-rubuce a yau ya tashi zuwa sabon matsayi ko ya nutse zuwa sabon matsayi; da
:: 3. taimaka mana mu taimaka wa wasu su rubuta mafi kyau  .

## Bikin da liyafar
Cibiyoyin karatu da al'ummomi a duk faɗin ƙasar sun yi bikin Ranar Rubuce-rubuce tare da shirye-shiryen yanar gizo, rubuce-rubi na rubuce-rice, har ma da ƙalubalen tunawa da kalmomi bakwai. Labaran jaridu na kasa game da taron sun yi bikin gudummawar marubutan gida ga National Gallery of Writing.

## Gidan Rubuce-rubuce na Kasa
NCTE ta bayyana National Gallery of Writing a matsayin "dandalin rayuwa" na ayyukan rubuce-rubucen Amurka na zamani. Gidan ya buɗe a ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 2009, don girmama Ranar Rubuce-rubuce ta Kasa, kuma ya ci gaba da karɓar gabatarwar har zuwa 1 ga Yuni, 2011. Baƙi za su iya kallon Gallery har zuwa Yuni 30, 2011. Masu kallo za su iya bincika Gallery don koyo game da hanyoyin da Amurkawa suka haɗa rubuce-rubuce a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun. Abubuwan da aka gabatar sun haɗa da gajerun labaru, bincike na ilimi, shayari, shafukan yanar gizo, abubuwan da aka tsara na multimedia, har ma da rubuce-rubuce na al'ada kamar girke-girke ko saƙonnin rubutu. Wannan samfurin rubuce-rubuce mai wadata ya kasance mai amfani ga masu bincike waɗanda ke son fahimtar ayyukan rubuce-buce na zamani na duniya. Gidan yanar gizon NCTE  wanda aka adana 2018-06-28 a  ya lura cewa an gabatar da kusan abubuwa 18,000 zuwa yanzu ga Gallery, kodayake burinsu shine samun gudummawa 100,000 da aka kara ta hanyar rufe Gallery a watan Yunin 2011.
## Manazarta