open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Edith Ackermann

**Edith K. Ackermann** (an haife ta ne a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilu, na shekara ta 1946 - 24 ga Disamba, 2016) masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce wanda aka haifa a Switzerland wanda ta binciki hulɗar tsakanin ilimin halayya na ci gaba, wasa, ilmantarwa da ƙira. Ta kammala karatu a Jami'ar Geneva, kuma mai kare Jean Piaget, ta rike mukamai na dindindin da na ziyara a cibiyoyi da yawa a Amurka da Turai, gami da MIT Media Lab.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Ackermann a Switzerland a shekara ta 1946. Lokacin da take ƙarama, Ackermann ta ƙaura tare da iyalinta zuwa tuddai a wajen Cannes. Mahaifiyarta Edith da mahaifinta Klaus Peter Wieland dukansu sun yi aiki a matsayin wakilan mujallu; Mahaifin Klaus Peter shine mai zane Hans Beat Wieland .  Ta halarci Jami'ar Geneva don digiri na farko, digiri na biyu da Ph.D. a cikin ilimin halayyar ci gaba.

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunta, ta kasance ƙaramar memba a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Geneva kuma mai bincike na Jean Piaget a Cibiyar Duniya ta Epistémologie Génétique . 

## Ayyuka
Ayyukan Ackermann sun mayar da hankali kan ilimin halayyar ci gaba, wasa da tasirin fasaha akan ilmantarwa na yara. Ta yi aiki ga MIT Media Lab tare da masanin gine-gine Seymour Papert . Yin amfani da harshen shirye-shiryen Papert's Logo, Ackermann da Papert sun yi aiki ga The Lego Group wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Lego Mindstorms. Ta kuma kasance masanin kimiyya mai ziyara a Makarantar Gine-gine ta MIT, ta kasance Farfesa mai daraja na ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Aix-Marseille I, kuma ta kasance farfesa mai ziyara als Jami'ar Siena a Italiya. Bugu da kari, ta yi aiki tare da Harvard Graduate School of Design. Ackermann ya kasance Osher Fellow a Exploratorium . 

Ackermann ta gudanar da bincike na farko wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya sulhunta ka'idodin Piagetian tare da ilmantarwa. Da yake sake nazarin aikin Piaget tare da Aikin matakin ruwa dangane da yadda yara ke motsawa daga tunani na kankare zuwa abstraction, Ackermann ya rubuta cewa ka'idar Piaget tana hulɗa da yadda yara suka rabu da abubuwa na kankare, inda wasu masu ra'ayi suka mayar da hankali kan haɗewar yara ga abubuwa na kankara. A cikin wani aiki tare da Marina Bers, Ackermann ya yi nazarin marasa lafiya na zuciya na yara a asibiti kuma ya gano cewa sun amfana daga yanayin ba da labari.

## Rayuwa ta baya
A farkon shekarun 2000 Edith ta rubuta jagororin iyaye don taimakawa wajen bunkasa yaransu tare da kudade daga LEGO. Ta kuma jagoranci dalibai da yawa ta hanyar karatu da raba tunani game da ayyukansu tare da su. Ta kuma ba da shawara ga kamfanonin ƙira da R&D, INVIVIA  da kuma R&D na musamman. 

A ƙarshen rayuwa, Ackermann ya zama babban aboki na masanin falsafar Switzerland Ernst von Glasersfeld; ma'aurata sun sadu shekaru da yawa da suka gabata yayin aiki tare da Piaget. A shekara ta 2008, ya koma Massachusetts, kuma sun fara haduwa akai-akai kuma suna aiki a kan wata kasida da ba a gama ba bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 2010. 

## Kyaututtuka
A ƙarshen 2016, Ackermann ta sami lambar yabo ta rayuwa a FabLearn Conference a Stanford Graduate School of Education . 

## Manazarta
Nassima Hablal

**Nassima Hablal** (15 ga Satumba, 1928 - Mayu 14, 2013) 'yar gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai ta Aljeriya ce. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata 10,949 da suka yi gwagwarmaya a juyin juya halin Aljeriya.  Hablal ta kasance mai aiki a jam'iyyar Aljeriya (APP) kuma Ita ce sakatariyar Abane Ramdane a CCE, kwamitin gudanarwa da zartarwa na ɗaya daga cikin rassan FLN.  Ta karɓi muƙamin sakatariyar kwamitin daidaitawa da aiwatarwa (CEC) a farkon tafiyar.  Hablal ta yi kokarin ganin ƙasar ta ta kuɓuta daga mulkin mallaka na Faransa. 

## Aikin 'yancin kai
Nassima ta kasance tare da ƙoƙarin jajircewa daga shekarun 1945 zuwa 1962 (ta fara tun tana 'yar shekara 17).  Ta ba da katunan shaida na ƙarya ga membobin FLN kuma akai-akai ta buga da rarraba takardu na fafutuka.   Hablal ta zama sakatariyar Abane a shekarar 1955.  Ta shiga cikin shirya yajin aikin na kwanaki takwas tare da wasu jami'ai bayan ta zama mace ta farko da ta shiga kungiyar ma'aikatan ƙasar Aljeriya.

### Yajin aikin kwana takwas
Hablal tana cikin kwamitin da ya shirya yajin aikin na kwanaki takwas daga ranar 28 ga watan Janairu zuwa 4 ga watan Fabrairu, 1957. Yajin aikin dai da alama an yi nasara inda akasarin shagunan musulmi suka kasance a rufe; ma'aikata sun ƙasa zuwa kuma yara ba sa zuwa makaranta. Faransawa sun yi amfani da motoci masu sulke da sojoji wajen tara ma'aikata da ƴan makaranta tare da tilasta musu halartar aikinsu. Don haka, a cikin 'yan kwanaki an fasa yajin aikin.

## Kamawa

An kama Hablal a ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairu 1957. An yanke mata hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari kuma an gana mata azaba mai tsanani a Villa Susini. An samu labarin cewa an rataye ta ne daga saman silin kuma wutar lantarki ta kama ta.  Daga baya aka kai ta gidan yari a Faransa.

## Fim 10949 na ''Mata''
Darakta Nassima Ghessoum ta kirkiri fim ɗin *10949 Mata* domin tunawa da adadin mata da aka rubuta da su ke da hannu a yunkurin ‘yancin kai na Aljeriya daga Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa. An samo lambar a cikin bayanan da aka jera a hukumance a cikin fayil na ma'aikatar tsoffin sojoji. An nuna labarin Hablal a cikin shirin.   *Mata* *10949* sun kasance cikin gasa a bugu na 25 na FESPACO 2015 a matsayin wani ɓangare na zaɓi na hukuma. 

## Manazarta
Nadia Benbouta

**Nadia Benbouta** (an Haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Janairu 1970) 'yar wasan Aljeriya ce wacce ke zaune kuma tana aiki a Paris. 

An haife ta a Algiers, ta yi karatu a  da École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts.

Fasaharta ta haɗu da abubuwa marasa alaƙa: hotuna da aka samo daga talla, fina-finai na yara da sauran tushe, zane-zane mai ban dariya, tutoci, makamai da zane-zane.

An nuna aikinta a cikin shirye-shiryen solo a Faransa, Jamus da Ukraine. Ta halarci nune-nunen ruƙuni a Paris, Lyon, Marseille, Toulouse, Jamus, Norway, Girka, Aljeriya da Birnin New York. 

Benbouta ta karɓi Prix Albéric Rocheron a shekarar 1998 da Prix Fenêtre des Arts Européens da aka ba da kyautar Gidan Tarihi na Sprengel a Hanover a shekarar 1999. 

Ana gudanar da aikinta a cikin tarin Bibliothèque nationale de France, École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts,  da garin Bobigny. 

## Manazarta
Zoulikha Bouabdellah

**Zoulikha Bouabdellah** (an Haife ta a ranar 20 ga watan Yuni 1977) a ƙasar Rasha aka haife ta 'yar wasan fasaha ce na zamani na zuriyar Aljeriya. Tana zaune kuma tana aiki a Casablanca da Paris. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Ɗiyar , darektan fina-finai kuma marubuci, da Malika Dorbani, tsohuwar shugabar National Museum of Fine Arts of Algiers, an haife ta a Moscow kuma ta girma a Algiers. Bouabdellah ta koma Faransa a shekarar 1993 lokacin yakin basasar Aljeriya. Ta yi karatu a Ecole nationale supérieure d'arts de Cergy-Pontoise, ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 2002. 

Ayyukanta sun bincika haɗakar al'adu da haɗin gwiwar duniya, addini, harshe, da kusanci da yanayin mace. Ta haɗa da sassaka, ɗaukar hoto, bidiyo da zane,  kuma ta kan bambanta tarkon gargajiya na addini, misali, kayan addu'a, tare da alamomin zamani. 

An nuna fasaharta a Venice Biennial, a Bamako Biennial, a Aichi Triennale, a Mead Art Museum, a Cibiyar Georges Pompidou, a Gidan Tarihi na Brooklyn, a Tate Modern, a Mori Art Museum da kuma a MoCADA.  Ayyukanta suna wakilta a cikin tarin ciki har da Cibiyar Georges Pompidou, Mathaf: Arab Museum of Art Modern, da MUSAC Museum of Contemporary Art. 

## Kyautattuka
Bouabdellah ta samu:

* 
* Abraaj Group Art Prize (Dubai)
* Villa Medici Hors les Murs residency

## Manazarta
Nacera Belaza

**Nacera Belaza** 'yar wasan Aljeriya ce kuma ƙwararriya a fannin waƙa wacce ta shahara da wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda ke gabatar da maimaita ayyuka cikin tsauri.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Belaza a Médéa, Algeria kuma ta koma Faransa tana da shekaru 5.  Tun tana yarinya ba ta halarci azuzuwan rawa ba, maimakon haka sai ta yi rawa a cikin ɗakinta.  Ta karanci adabin Faransanci a Jami'ar Reims Champagne-Ardenne sannan ta kafa kamfanin rawa nata a shekarar 1989, Kamfanin Nacera Belaza. A farkon sana'arta ta fi yawan yin wasa tare da ƴar uwarta, Dalila. A cikin shekarar 2010s, ta fara haɗawa da sauran ƴan rawa a cikin wasanninta.  Ta kiyaye dangantakarta da Aljeriya,

## Kyaututtuka da karramawa
Belaza ta sami laƙabin Chevalier de l' Ordre des Arts et des Lettres a cikin shekara ta 2015.  An ba Belaza lambar yabo ta Syndicat de la Critique Prize don yanki na *Le Cri* da lambar yabo ta SACD Choreographic a shekarar 2017.  A cikin shekarar 2021, ƙungiyar Femmes de Culture ta Faransa ta naɗa ta ɗaya daga cikin Matan Al'adu 100. 

## Manazarta
Edith Achilles

**Edith Frances Mulhall Achilles** (an haife ta ne a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta, na shekara ta 1892 - Maris, 1989), masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce ta Amurka wadda ta yi aiki a makaranta da ilimin halayya na asibiti. A cikin aikinta, Achilles ta mai da hankali kan ci gaban ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da sanarwa a cikin yara, kuma ta bincika Hanyoyin gwaji don auna waɗannan ƙwarewar.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Edith Frances Mulhall Achilles a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta, 1892, a Boston, Massachusetts . Ba a san komai game da rayuwar farko ta Achilles ba har sai da ta fara karatunta a Kwalejin Barnard a Jami'ar Columbia. Bayan ta sAM B.S. a shekara ta 1914,  Achilles ta sami AM da Ph.D. a Jami'ar Columbia a 1915 da 1918, bi da bi.

A shekara ta 1917, Edith ta auri Paul Strong Achilles, wani dalibi a Jami'ar Columbia. Edith da Paul suna da 'yar daya.

## Ayyuka
Bayan ta sami Ph.D. a 1918, Achilles ta fara koyarwa a Jami'ar Columbia kuma ta yi aiki a fannonin makaranta da ilimin halayyar asibiti. Da zarar Paul ya sami Ph.D. kuma ya fara aiki a fagen ilimin halayyar dan adam, aikinsa ya rufe Edith. Edith ta yi aiki na shekaru da yawa a Jami'ar Columbia da kuma Kamfanin Psychological, wanda Paul ya jagoranta daga 1932 zuwa 1946. Edith da Paul sun sake aure a cikin shekarun 1930, amma Edith ta ci gaba da aiki a fagen ilimin halayyar dan adam. Ta yi shawarwari a Jami'ar Oxford kuma ta kasance mai kula da alma mater, Barnard College, na shekaru da yawa. Ayyukan Edith a cikin aikinta sun dogara ne akan yadda yara ke haɓaka ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da ganewa, da kuma waɗanne hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su azaman gwaje-gwaje masu aminci na wannan ci gaba.

## Ayyuka
Edith ta wallafa sanannun takardu biyu a lokacin aikinta. Na farko, wanda aka buga a 1920, ana kiransa Nazarin Gwaje-gwaje a Tunawa da Amincewa.

An buga takarda ta biyu a 1935, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Clairette Papin Armstrong da MJ Sacks . An kira shi Rahoton Kwamitin Musamman kan Shige da Fice da Naturalization na Kamfanin Kasuwanci na Jihar New York da ke gabatar da Nazarin kan Halin Yara na Puerto Rican a Birnin New York ga Gwaje-gwaje na Halitta.

## Dubi kuma

* Ilimin halayyar mutum
* Ci gaban ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya
* Ilimin halayyar makaranta
* Ilimin halayyar asibiti
* Binciken ilimin halayyar dan adam da hanyoyin bincike na halayyar mutumHanyoyin bincike na ilimin halayyar dan adam

## Manazarta
Harshen Ughele

**Ughele** yare ne na Oceanic wanda kusan mutane 1200 ke magana a Tsibirin Rendova, wanda ke cikin Lardin Yammacin Tsibirin Solomon .

Babu bambancin yare na ciki.

## Fasahar sauti
An tattara bayanai masu zuwa daga Benedicte Haraldstad Frostad . *A Grammar of Ughele: Harshe na Tsibirin Solomon* . 2012. Shafuffuka 35-48

### Lissafin wasula
Ughele ya ƙunshi lissafin sautuna biyar wanda ya dace da yawancin harsunan Oceanic.Wadannan an bambanta su ta hanyar canje-canje a wurin magana da kuma matakin tsauraran da ake buƙata don samar da sauti.Gidan da ke kewaye da baki kawai yana da asusun bambancin bangarori biyu.Waɗannan su ne wasula ta tsakiya  da wasula ta baya .

Wannan kayan ya ƙunshi wasula uku na gaba: , , ; biyu na baya ,  kuma babu alamomi na tsakiya.

Babu bambanci a cikin tsawon wasula.

#### Ƙananan nau'i-nau'i

##### An rarrabe shi ta wurin magana

:  da  - 'tsuntsu mai tashi' da 'bald'
:  da  - 'mu/mu' da 'ku'

##### An rarrabe shi ta hanyar matakin tsauraran ra'ayi

:  da  - 'dutse' da 'mangrove'
:  da  - 'dubban' da 'jiki'
:  da  - 'godiya mai laushi' da 'wuta'
:  da  - 'kogi' da 'karɓar'

### Lissafin ma'ana
Ughele yana da ƙwayoyin 18 kuma babu ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin, sai dai idan an samar da su yayin magana mai sauri, na al'ada.

#### Tsayawa
Ughele ya ƙunshi tsayar da bilabial, alveolar da velar. Wadannan sune ,  da  bi da bi, da kuma nau'i-nau'i masu murya da ba a bayyana su ba ga duk plosives. da   da  ('hudu' da 'mutuwa/mutuwa')  da  ('don yin pudding/pudding' da 'nail') Dukkanin muryoyin da aka yi suna da pre-nasalised, duk da haka matakin wannan ya bambanta tsakanin masu magana. Magana game da wannan yana gudana daga ƙarancin sauti zuwa kusan cikakkun sassan da aka yi amfani da su. Misali  → ,  → , → 

* **Nasal and oral pairs for all voiced stops** e.g.  → ,  → ,  → 
* **Voiced bilabial nasals and non-nasals** e.g.  and ,  and 
* **Voiced velar nasals and non-nasals** e.g.  'open' →  'a fish species'
* **Voiced bilabial, alveolar and velar stops** e.g.  'tired' →  'happy' →  'spirit, devil'
* **Unvoiced stops**  (negation indicator),  (location phrase indicator),  (possession indicator)
* **Voiced bilabial/alveolar/velar nasals** e.g.  'obey',  'sagopalm pudding',  'sharp, long'
## manazarta
Harshen Tuvalu

***'Tuvalu***' (/ˌtuːvəˈluːən/),  sau da yawa ana kiransa Tuvalu, yare ne na Polynesia wanda ke da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Ellicean da ake magana a Tuvalu. Yana da alaƙa da sauran yarukan Polynesian, kamar Hawaiian, Māori, Tahitian, Samoan, Tokelauan da Tongan, kuma mafi kusanci da yarukan da ake magana a kan Polynesian Outliers a Micronesia da Arewa da Tsakiyar Melanesia. Tuvaluan ya aro da yawa daga Samoan, harshen mishaneri na Kirista a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20.

Yawan mutanen Tuvalu kusan mutane 10,645 ne (2017 Mini Census),  amma an kiyasta cewa akwai fiye da 13,000 masu magana da Tuvaluan a duk duniya. A cikin 2015 an kiyasta cewa fiye da 3,500 Tuvaluans suna zaune a New Zealand, tare da kusan rabin wannan adadin da aka haifa a New Zealand kuma kashi 65 cikin dari na al'ummar Tuvaluan a New Zealand suna iya magana da Tuvaluan.

## Bambancin sunaye
Masu magana da harshen Tuvaluan suna da sunaye daban-daban don yarensu. A cikin harshe da kansa, ana kiransa  wanda ke fassara zuwa "harshen Tuvaluan", ko kuma ƙasa da haka kamar , ma'ana "harshenmu". Harsunan Vaitupi da Funafuti an san su tare a matsayin yaren da ake kira , ma'ana 'harshe na kowa". A baya, an san ƙasar Tuvalu da tsibirin *Ellice* kuma saboda haka ana kiran yaren Tuvalu da Ellice ko *Ellicean.*

## Tarihi
Kamar sauran harsunan Polynesian, Tuvaluan ya fito ne daga yaren kakanninmu, wanda masana harsuna na tarihi ke magana da shi a matsayin "Proto-Polynesian", wanda aka yi magana watakila kimanin shekaru 2,000 da suka gabata.

## Tasirin Harshe
Tuvaluan yana da kyakkyawar hulɗa da Gilbertese, yaren Micronesian; Samoan; kuma, da yawa, Turanci. Ana magana da Gilbertese a asali a Nui, kuma yana da mahimmanci ga mutanen Tuvalu lokacin da mulkin mallaka ke cikin Tsibirin Gilbert. Masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje ne suka gabatar da Samoan, kuma ya fi tasiri a kan yaren. A lokacin mulkin mallaka a duk faɗin Oceania a cikin karni na sha tara, harshen Tuvaluan ya rinjayi makiyaya na Samoan. A cikin ƙoƙari na "Kirista" Tuvaluans, inganta harshe na harshen Samoan ya bayyana a cikin amfani da shi don ayyukan gwamnati da koyar da karatu da rubutu, da kuma cikin coci, har sai an maye gurbinsa da harshen Tuvaluan a cikin shekarun 1950.

Tasirin Ingilishi ya iyakance, amma yana girma. Tun lokacin da ya sami 'yancin siyasa a cikin shekarun 1970s, ilimin harshen Ingilishi ya sami muhimmancin tattalin arziki a Tuvalu. Ikon yin magana da Turanci yana da mahimmanci ga sadarwa ta kasashen waje kuma sau da yawa shine yaren da ake amfani da shi a harkokin kasuwanci da kuma saitunan gwamnati.

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin sautin
Tsarin sautin na Tuvaluan ya ƙunshi wasula biyar (). Duk sautin sun zo a cikin gajeren da tsawo, waɗanda suke da bambanci.

Babu diphthongs don haka kowane wasali yana sauti daban. Misali: KO'a 'gobe' ana furta shi a matsayin kalmomi daban-daban guda huɗu (ta-e-a-o). 

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

## manazarta
Harshen Hoava

**Hoava** yare ne na Oceanic wanda mutane kusan 1000-1500 ke magana  da shie a Tsibirin New Georgia, Solomon Islands . Masu magana da Hoava suna da harsuna da yawa kuma yawanci suna magana da Rovian, Marovo, Solomon Islands Pijin, Turanci.   &#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

== Gabatarwa ==

=== Tarihi ===
Hoava yaren Austronesiya ne da ake magana da shi galibi a tsibirin New Jojiya . New Jojiya tsibiri ce mai tsaunuka, tsayin kilomita 85 kuma faɗinsa kilomita 41 a mafi faɗin ɓangarensa, tare da faɗin faɗin , an rufe shi da dazuzzuka masu yawa (Davis 2003). Tsibirin ya shiga cikin jerin fadace-fadacen yakin duniya na biyu, daga baya mai suna New Georgia Campaign, wanda ya dade daga Yuni 20 zuwa 3 ga Nuwamba, 1943.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

### jama'a
Hoava yare ne na Austronesian wanda ake magana a wurare uku da aka sani: Yammacin Lardin, Tsibirin New Georgia, da kuma tafkin North Marovo, amma galibi Tsibirin New Virginia . Dangane da ƙididdigar shekara ta 1986 akwai kusan masu magana da yaren 2,360 amma a ƙididdigarsa ta 1999, mutane 460 ne ke magana da yarensu, yana nuna raguwar yawan masu magana.

## Fasahar sauti

### Lissafin ma'ana
Hoava yana amfani da ƙwayoyi 16 a cikin tsarin sautin sa,  .

### Lissafin wasula
Hoava yana amfani da wasula biyar:  . Babu bambancin sauti na tsawon wasula, kodayake ana iya tsawaita wasula lokacin da aka jaddada (Davis 2003). Ana iya haɗa wasula a cikin nau'i-nau'i tare da nauyin sashi biyu (Davis 2003).

### Tsarin sautin
Hoava yana da tsarin syllable mai buɗewa na (C) V. Ana ƙidaya sautin biyu da ke faruwa tare a matsayin kalmomi biyu, tunda suna aiki kamar haka don ka'idojin alama (Davis 2003). Ga yawancin harsunan Oceanic na ƙungiyar iyalin Austronesian ya zama ruwan dare cewa kalmomi ba su ƙare a cikin consonants ba.

## Rubuce-rubuce

### Tsarin kalmomi na asali
A cikin al'adun gargajiya Hoava yare ne na kalma-subject-object (VSO). Akwai wasu gyare-gyare ga wannan tsari na musamman don mayar da hankali da kuma topicalization dalilai (Davis 2003).

## Yanayin Yanayi

### Maimaitawa
Ana amfani da sake Maimaitawa akai-akai a cikin Hoava a matsayin hanyar samar da kalma, don bayyana karuwa, da kuma samar da ɓangaren ci gaba na aikatau (Davis 2003). Ana amfani da reduplication don ƙirƙirar kalmomi da ke nuna ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa da mai magana da kalmar tushe, ko dai a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiya, ko kuma yana da kamanceceniya da shi, ko kasancewa tsawo na kwatanci " (Davis 2003). 

*  'ya ɓace';  'ya manta'
*  'tsalle';  'tsalle'
## manazarta
Zoubida Assoul

**Zoubida Assoul** ( ;an haife ta a ranar 15 ga watan Mayu na shekara alif 1956)  lauyace ta ƙasar Aljeriya kuma 'yar siyasa ce . Ita  ce shugabar jam'iyyar Union for Change and Progress Party  kuma an san ta da rawar da ta taka wajen bayar da shawarwari ga sauye-sauyen dimokuraɗiyya da 'yancin ɗan adam a Aljeriya. Assoul ta bayyana aniyarta ta tsayawa takarar shugabar ƙasa a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2024.  

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Assoul a Tébessa a shekara ta 1956. Mahaifinta, Assoul Tebessi,  malamin addini ne.

## Ilimi da aiki
A shekara ta 1976, Assoul ta kammala karatun sakandare, inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin adabi a Khenchela. Ta kuma yanke shawarar neman aiki a fannin shari'a kuma ta shiga Jami'ar Constantine.

A shekarar 1980 ta kammala karatu daga jami'a inda ta samu digiri a fannin shari'a. Bayan kammala karatun ta, ta yi nasarar cin jarabawar shiga gasar majistare. 

### Aikin doka
A cikin shekara ta 1982, Assoul ta sami aiki a matsayin alkali na iyali.  A can, ta shaida kararraki da dama da suka shafi batun 'yancin mata a Aljeriya. 

A shekarar 1987, Zoubida Assoul ta zama mace ta farko da aka nada a matsayin babbar manaja a ma'aikatar shari'a. Daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin sufeto har zuwa shekara ta 1993 sannan ta zama shugabar karatu a babbar sakatariyar gwamnati a shekarar 1994.

### Siyasa
Daga shekarun 1992 zuwa 1994, ta kasance memba a majalisar ba da shawara ta ƙasa (wata kungiya mai ba da shawara) sannan daga shekarun 1994 zuwa 1997 majalisar riƙon kwarya ta kasa, majalisar rikon kwarya bayan juyin mulkin Algeria a shekarar 1992. A shekara ta 2000, ta zama mai ba da shawara ga Shugaban Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Ta kuma shiga cikin 2019 Hirak, jerin zanga-zangar adawa da yanayin siyasa.

Ya zuwa shekarar 2024, ta sanar da takararta na zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Aljeriya a shekarar 2024.

## Manazarta
Theodora Mead Abel

**Theodora Mead Abel** (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga watan Satumba, na shekara ta 1899 - 2 ga Disamba, 1998) masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce kuma malami, wadda ta yi amfani da sababbin ra'ayoyi ta hanyar hada ilimin zamantakewa da ilimin halayya. Ta kasance majagaba a cikin ilimin halayyar al'adu.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Theodora Mead a Newport, Rhode Island, a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 1899,  kuma ta girma a Birnin New York. A shekara ta 1917, ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Miss Chapin, inda ta kasance shugabar gwamnatin dalibai.

Abel ta halarci Kwalejin Vassar kuma ta sami B.A. a 1921. A shekara ta 1924, ta sami MA daga Jami'ar Columbia, inda daya daga cikin farfesa ita ce Leta Stetter Hollingworth .  Daga nan ta halarci Jami'ar Paris kuma ta sami digiri a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a 1923. Digirinta na karshe ya fito ne daga Columbia kuma ya kasance Ph.D., a cikin 1925.

## Ayyuka
Bayan ta sami karatunta, Theodora ta yi amfani da lokaci a matsayin malami. Ta koyar a Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign (1925-1926), Kwalejin Sarah Lawrence (1929-1933), da kuma Makarantar Ciniki ta Manhattan don 'yan mata.

Daga nan sai ta shiga duniyar farar hula. Ta yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jihar New York daga 1940 har zuwa 1946, a matsayin babban masanin halayyar dan adam. A shekara ta 1947, ta ɗauki matsayin darektan ilimin halayyar dan adam a Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya ta Birnin New York, matsayin da ta rike na tsawon shekaru 24.

A shekara ta 1971, bayan ta koma New Mexico, ta zama shugabar maganin iyali a Cibiyar Kula da Yara, a Albuquerque, inda ta kuma kafa aiki mai zaman kanta. Yayinda take New Mexico, ta gudanar da nazarin Mutanen Puebloan.

Ta rubuta littattafai da yawa ciki har da: 

* Yarinyar Matashiyar da ba ta dace ba (1940) 
* *Rashin fuska* (1952) 
* *Gwajin tunani a cikin Al'adun Al'adu* (1973) 
* *Al'adu da Magunguna* (1974) 

Na ƙarshe daga cikin waɗannan littattafai huɗu sun haɗa da gabatarwa ta Margaret Mead, wanda Abel ya sadu da shi a lokacin makarantar digiri a Columbia. Sun zama abokai bayan sun yi layi a cikin haruffa (duka suna da sunan karshe "Mead" amma ba su da alaƙa).

## wucewa
Abel ya mutu a Forestburgh, New York, a ranar 2 ga Disamba, 1998, yana da shekaru 99. 

Mijinta, Theodore Abel, ya mutu a shekarar 1988. Sun sami 'ya'ya mata biyu Caroline (Abel) Lalire da Zita (Abel), Emerson da ɗa Peter Abel, tare da jikoki da jikoki.

## Manazarta
Shawnee Trail (West Virginia)

Shawnee Trail shine sunan fararen indiyawan mazauna  amirka  suna zaune a gabashin West Virginia, Amurka. Sashe ne (ko reshe) na babbar hanyar sadarwa ta Indiya da aka sani da Great Indian Warpath, wanda ya shimfiɗa daga New York zuwa Alabama. An kira GIW daga wannan batu a arewa a matsayin "Seneca Trail". Don haka, a kwanakin majagaba, ɓangaren da aka sani da Shawnee Trail ana kiransa Seneca Trail . 

## Hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita
Shawnee Trail ya fara ne a kan Kogin Potomac na Kudu a wani wuri a ƙasa da abin da ke yanzu Moorefield, West Virginia kuma ya ci gaba da wannan kogi zuwa haɗuwa da Kogin Potomec na Arewacin Fork na Kudu. Ya ci gaba da wannan Fork da Seneca Creek (yana wucewa Seneca Rocks) kuma ya haye tsaunukan Allegheny Mountains (kuma a cikin yin haka, manyan Kogin Cheat River) sama da bakin Horse Camp Creek. Wannan ɓangaren ya wuce kusa da wuraren Harman da Bowden na gaba. Hanyar ta shiga kwarin Tygart River kusa da Elkins kuma ta ci gaba da Tygart bayan Beverly zuwa Huttonsville . 

## Jirgin ƙasa
Algonquians (ciki har da Shawnee), Tuscarora, da Al'ummomin Seneca sun yi amfani da hanyar Shawnee don wuce wannan ɓangaren Alleghenies don dalilai na kasuwanci da yaƙi. An yi amfani da sunan "Shawnee Trail" bayan 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka na wannan ƙabilar sun bi hanyar daga yankin bayan ƙone Fort Seybert (1758) a Pendleton County, West Virginia . [The Shawnee Trail] an yi amfani da shi sosai ga mazauna farko kuma ya zama mahimmanci na ƙarni guda a matsayin babbar hanyar tsakanin reshen Kudu da Kwarin Tygart. A kan shi, ya yi tafiya da daruruwan dawakai da aka ɗora da gishiri, baƙin ƙarfe, da sauran kayayyaki, da kuma shanu da yawa da aka kitse don kasuwar gabas. A cikin Yaƙin basasa ya samar da hanyar tserewa ga ƙungiyar Confederates da aka yanke daga sojojin Janar Garnett a yakin Rich Mountain, kilomita biyar a yammacin Beverly, a 1861, kuma Imboden da Jones sun yi amfani da shi wajen fitar dawakai da shanu da aka kama a babban hari na 1863. 

## manazarta

## manazarta
Meriem Belmihoub

**Meriem Belmihoub-Zerdani** (1 Afrilu 1935  - 27 Yuli 2021  ) 'yar gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai ta Aljeriya ce, lauya kuma mai fafutukar ƙare 'yancin mata.

## Rayuwa
A matsayinta na ɗaliba a tsangayar shari'a, a watan Mayu 1956 Belmihoub ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibai na farko da suka amsa kiran kungiyar 'yantar da ƙasa ta National Liberation Front don yin aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya tare da gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Aljeriya.  An ɗaure ta a Faransa saboda ayyukanta na ba da jinya ga sojojin Aljeriya, ita da wasu fursunoni mata sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da tsare su a cikin wasiku da kungiyar agaji ta Faransa Secours populaire français ta sake bugawa, da kuma a cikin ƙasidu na Kwamitin Ɗaliban Mata na Aljeriya, Tunisiya da Morocco da ke Tunis. 

Belmihoub ta zama mataimakiya a Majalisar Zartarwar 1962–3. Ta ba da gudummawa ga jerin kasidu da jaridar *Le Peuple* ta buga a watan Agustan 1963, inda ta yi magana kan tambayar 'Shin akwai matsalar matan Aljeriya?':

A cikin shekara ta 1964 Belmihoub ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu na farko na Aljeriya da aka kira zuwa Bar of Algiers.  

Ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata (CEDAW).  A cikin shekarar 2012 ta nuna rashin amincewa da cire tsoffin  mata daga ofishin Kungiyar Sojojin  Ƙasa (ONM):

## Manazarta
Harshen Alutiiq

Harshen **Alutiiq** (wanda kuma ake kira **Sugpiak**, **Sugpiaq**,  **Sugcestun**,  **Suk**,  **Supik**,   **Pacific Gulf Yupik**, **Gulf Yupik**,  **Koniag-Chugach** )  masu magana daa alutiiq  suna zaune a  Alaskan kuma ana ɗaukar harshen Yup'ik na kudu maso yamma. harshe.

sunayen mutane Sugpiaq-Alutiiq matsala ce. *Aleut*, *Alutiiq*, *Sugpiaq*, *Rasha*, Pacific Eskimo, *Unegkuhmiut*, da *Chugach Eskimo* suna daga cikin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su don gano wannan rukuni na 'yan asalin ƙasar da ke zaune a yankin Lower Kenai na Alaska.

Kimanin  mutane 400 daga cikin mutanen Alutiiq na 3,000 har yanzu suna magana da harshen Alutiiq. Al'ummomin Alutiiq a halin yanzu suna cikin aiwatar da sake farfado da yarensu. A shekara ta 2010 makarantar sakandare a Kodiak ta amsa buƙatun ɗalibai kuma ta amince da koyar da harshen Alutiiq. Kimanin mutane 50 ne kawai ke magana da yaren Kodiak, dukansu tsofaffi ne, kuma yaren yana cikin haɗarin rasa gaba ɗaya. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2014, Jami'ar Alaska Pacific da ke Anchorage tana ba da azuzuwan ta amfani da dabarar "Where Are Your Keys?" . 

## Harsuna
Yana da manyan yaruka guda biyu:

* Koniag Alutiiq: ana magana da shi a saman Yankin Alaska da Tsibirin Kodiak; an kuma yi magana da shi ne a Tsibirin Afognak kafin mutane su bar hakan bayan girgizar kasa ta Jumma'a mai kyau ta 1964.
* Chugach Alutiiq: ana magana da shi a Yankin Kenai da kuma Prince William Sound .

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

Ana iya haɗa ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin (misali *kk*; ). Ana furta ma'anar guda biyu a jere ko dai daban ko kuma a matsayin geminate dangane da yaren. Ana samun karin sassan /ɾ~r, lj, rj/ a cikin kalmomin aro.

### Sautin sautin

Duk sautunan sai dai  ana ɗaukar su cikakkun sautunan kuma suna iya zama gajere ko tsawo.  ba ya tsawo kuma ba ya faruwa a cikin tarin wasula amma ana iya saita shi kamar yadda yake kusa da wasu sassan.

## Manazarta
Malika Hachid

**Malika Hachid** (An haife ta a watan Maris 1954) masaniya ce a fannin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi  ta ƙasar Aljeriya kuma masaniyar tarihi, wacce ta shahara saboda bincikenta kan fasahar kogo a Aljeriya da aikinta kan prehistory na Berbers. Ta kasance Darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Prehistoric, Anthropological da Historical Research (CNRPAH).

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Hachid a Algiers a cikin watan Maris 1954.  A cikin shekarar 1974, ta ƙaura zuwa Aix-en-Provence don yin nazarin ilimin kimiya na tarihi kafin tarihi.  A cikin shekarar 1982, ta koma Aljeriya kuma ta fara aiki a matsayin darektar bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Prehistoric, Anthropological and Historical Research (CNRPAH).  A cikin shekarar 1987, ta zama darekta na Tassili des Ajjer National Cultural Park.  Ta kasance memba mai kafa kuma mataimakiyar shugaban gidauniyar Sonatrach-Tassili. 

Binciken Hachid ya binciko tarihin farkon mutanen Berber, da kuma fasahar kogo da aka samu a Aljeriya. Musamman ta yi nazarin fasahar kogon da Henri Lhote ya gano a Tassili-n-ajjer, da kuma alaƙar da ke tsakanin Lhote da mai ba shi shawara Abbé Breuil.  A cikin shekarar 1998, Hachid ta sami damar tabbatar da cewa da yawa daga cikin ayyukan fasaha da Lhote ya kafa tafsirinsa masu kawo cece-kuce game da shafin na bogi ne, waɗanda 'yan Faransa na tawagarsa suka kirkiro.   Bayan buga littafin nata a shafin, mambobin kungiyar sun kara bayyana wa Hachid wasu jabun karya.  Hachid ta kuma yi magana game da ɓarnar da ba za a iya gyarawa ba da Lhote da tawagarsa suka yi ga fasahar, ta hanyar jika ayyukan da aka yi domin ɗaukar hotonsu, wanda ya haifar da raguwar kwarjinin launuka.  Hachid ta bayyana wasu daga cikin alkalumman a matsayin duka na Bahar Rum ne da kuma bakar fata na Afirka.   A cikin aikinta a kan tarihin  Berbers, Hachid ta yi jayayya cewa wayewar biyu, Capsian da Mechtoid, sun haɗu don samar da Berbers na farko 10-11,000 shekaru da suka wuce.  Ta yi imanin cewa asalin Berber ya samo asali ne a Arewacin Afirka. 

## Wallafe-wallafe

* *El-Hadjra el-Mektouba.* *Les pierres ecrites de l'Atlas saharien* (1992). 
* *Le Tassili des Ajjer.* *Aux Source de l'Afrique 50 siècles avant les pyramides* (1998). 
* *Les Premiers Berbères entre Méditerranée, Tassili et Nil*, ed. Edisud (2001). 

## Manazarta
Fatima Boudouani

Manjo-Janar **Fatima Boudouani** jami'ar sojan Aljeriya ce. 

Boudouani lauya ce daga Tipaza. Ta shiga reshen bincike da kasuwanci na Rundunar Sojojin Aljeriya a cikin shekara ta 1978 bayan Shugaba Houari Boumédiène ya buɗe mata. Daga baya Boudouani ta koma babban sakatariyar ma'aikatar tsaron ƙasar (DND) sannan kuma ta koma ɓangaren shari'a na hukumar jiragen sama inda ta zama shugabar harkokin ƙasa da ƙasa. A shekarar 2010 ta zama kwararriya a DND kuma ta zauna a kwamitin gudanarwa na shirin 5+5.  

A ranar 5 ga watan Yuli, 2012 an ƙara mata girma zuwa matsayin mejo-janar.  Ya zuwa shekarar 2017 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin janar-janar mata huɗu a cikin sojojin ƙasar Aljeriya. 

## Manazarta
Saïda Abouba

**Saïda Abouba** (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Mayu, 1963) ta kasance malama ce kuma marubuciya 'yar ƙasar Aljeriya.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Saïda Abouba a Thimsounin, Ichmoul, lardin Batna, a yankin Aurès. Ta kammala karatu a Jami'ar Batna Hadj Lakhder da digiri a fannin Turanci kuma ta sami DEA akan tsafta da aminci. A halin yanzu tana koyar da Turanci a Batna.

## Littattafai

### Littattafai da tatsuniyoyi

* *Aurès*: Littafin labari ne inda Saïda Abouba ya bibiyi tafiyar mutumin Chaoui a cikin "shekaru goma masu duhu" a Aljeriya.  
* Tarin wakoki a cikin Tamazight, cikin harsunan Faransanci da Ingilishi. 
* *Betta, le combat d'une aurassiène* : Littafin labari ne wanda ke nuna makomar macen Chaoui. 
* *Aurès Tamazight*.

## Karramawa
An karrama Saïda Abouba yayin bugu na 8 na bikin wasan kwaikwayo na Amazigh a Batna, wanda aka gudanar a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Yanki na Batna.

## Manazarta
Marion Bills

**Marion Bills Bills Almira Bills** (1890-1970) masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam ne na Amurka wanda ya ba da gudummawa na farko ga ilimin halayya na masana'antu da na ƙungiyoyi. Bills ta koyar a jami'o'i da yawa, amma an fi saninta da aikinta na yin amfani da ilimin halayyar ma'aikata a Aetna, inda ta kasance mace ta farko da kamfanin ya hayar.

## Ayyuka
Bills ta sami Ph.D. a Kwalejin Bryn Mawr, inda ta yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Clarence Ferree, mai kula da Edward B. Titchener wanda ya yi nazarin hanyoyin gani. Bills na iya samun ƙarfafawa a cikin gaskiyar cewa akwai mata da yawa a bangaren a Bryn Mawr, gami da Gertrude Rand . 

Bayan barin Bryn Mawr, Bills ta zama mataimakiyar bincike ga masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Walter V. Bingham a Ofishin Binciken Ma'aikata a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Carnegie, kuma daga baya aka nada ta mataimakiyar darakta na cibiyar. A cikin 1924-25, Bills ya gudanar da binciken bincike a Ofishin Binciken Inshora na Rayuwa . 

A cikin 1926, Aetna ta hayar da Bills a matsayin mace ta farko. Ta yi canje-canje masu mahimmanci ga manufofin ma'aikata, kuma ta aiwatar da tsarin biyan kuɗi na aiki don ma'aikatan sarrafa bayanai. Ta zama sananniya saboda kokarin da ta yi na yin amfani da kimiyya da masana'antu, ta yi amfani da bincike na ilimin halayyar dan adam don zabar malamai da ma'aikatan tallace-tallace.

Bills ta shiga cikin kafa Sashe na 14 na Ƙungiyar Psychological ta Amirka; daga baya ƙungiyar ta zama Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP).  An nada ta shugabar kungiyar a shekarar 1951.  Ba ta taɓa yin aure ba. Ta yi ritaya a 1955 kuma ta mutu a 1970. A cikin 2013, dukiyarta ta ba da kyautar dala miliyan 2.3 ga Jami'ar Hartford don taimakon kudi na ɗalibai.

## Manazarta
Zehira Houfani

**Zehira Houfani-Berfas** (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Satumba, 1952) marubuciya ce da yaren Faransanci ta Aljeriya da ke zaune a Kanada. Wataƙila ita ce mace ta farko da ta buga wani littafi mai bincike a Aljeriya. 

An haifi Zehira Houfani a ranar 16 ga watan Satumba, 1952 a M'Kira, Aljeriya.  Littafinta na farko shi ne Les Pirates du désert (Pirates of the Desert) (1986), wanda aka kafa a Tamanrasset a kudancin Aljeriya kuma an rubuta shi a cikin salon marubutan bincike masu tsananin zafi Dashiell Hammett da Raymond Chandler.  Ta watsar da fiction mai bincike a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Aljeriya. 

Ta koma Kanada a shekarar 1994.  Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai fafutukar neman zaman lafiya, inda ta kai ziyara Iraki don tattara bayanan fararen hula da aka kashe a yakin Iraki tare da neman shugaban ƙasar Aljeriya Abdelaziz Bouteflika ya yi murabus. 

## Littattafai

* *Les pirates du desert*, Alger : ENAL, 1986, 135 p. 
* *Le portrait du disparu*, Alger : ENAL, 1986, 74 p. 
* *Ba tare da komai ba*, Alger : ENAL, 1989, 140 p. 
* *Lettre d'une musulmane aux Nord-Américaines*, Montréal : Éditions Écosociété, 2002, 148 p.; 19&nbsp;cm.  
* *Jenan, la condamnée d'Al-Mansour*, Montréal : Lux, 2008, 158 p.; 21&nbsp;cm. ISBN&nbsp; 
* *La honte se vit seule*, Tizi Ouzou [Algérie]: editions Frantz Fanon, 2016, 203 shafuka. ISBN&nbsp; 
* *Françafrique, la matrice du chaos africain - Stratégie coloniale d'échec des indépendances*, Éditions L'Harmattan, tarin Tambayoyin zamani, 2024, Broché - 172 shafuka. ISBN&nbsp; 

## Manazarta
Leann Birch

**Leann L. Birch** (an haife ta Leann Elsie Traub; (1946-06-25) - (2019-05-26) Mayu 26, 2019) ta kasance masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce ta Amurka, wadda aka fi sani da bincikenta game da halayyar cin abinci na yara.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Birch a Michigan" Owosso, Michigan, kuma ya girma da farko a Kudancin California. Ta sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam daga Jami'ar Jihar California, Long Beach a shekarar 1971.  Ta kammala karatunta na digiri a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Michigan, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a 1973 da kuma PhD a 1975.

## Ayyuka
Daga shekara ta 1972 zuwa 1992, Birch ta kasance memba a Jami'ar Illinois a Urbana-Champaign, inda ta jagoranci Sashen Ci gaban Dan Adam da Nazarin Iyali. A shekara ta 1992, ta zama farfesa kuma shugabar sashen a Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania,   inda ta kasance na tsawon shekaru 21. A Penn State, ta kasance darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Girman Yara.   A shekara ta 2014, ta shiga bangaren koyarwa a Sashen Abinci da Abinci a Jami'ar Georgia . 

Birch ta rubuta littattafai sama da 250 waɗanda aka ambata sama da sau 51,000. Ta yi aiki a kwamitoci da yawa da aka keɓe don rigakafin kiba, gami da wani lokaci a matsayin shugaban Kwamitin kan Manufofin Rigakafin Girma ga Yara a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya daga 2009 zuwa 2011. An yaba da shirin bincikenta saboda tasirinsa a kan manufofi da maganganun matsayi daga masana kimiyya da masu sana'a, kamar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, Kwalejin Kwalejin Yara ta Amurka, da kuma shirin Binciken Bincike na Kiwon Lafiyar Gidauniyar Robert Wood Johnson. 

## Bincike
An yaba wa Birch da kasancewar ta majagaba a fagen halayyar cin abinci na yara. Ta gudanar da bincike a kan wasu batutuwa a cikin wannan yanki, gami da cin abinci mai zaɓaɓɓu, tasirin iyaye akan halayyar cin abinci, da kuma fannoni na tunanin mutum na kiba, daga jariri zuwa balaga.

Ɗaya daga cikin binciken Birch ta bincika neophobia na yara da ke da alaƙa da abinci, tsoro ko rashin son abubuwa na labari. Ta nuna cewa tare da maimaitawa, yara na iya koyon jin daɗin abincin da aka ƙi a baya, kamar kayan lambu.

Birch ta jagoranci wani aikin da ke kimanta wani shiga tsakani da aka tsara don koya wa iyaye na farko hanyoyin da za su iya amsa bukatun jariransu, ban da ciyarwa. A shekara uku, yara a cikin ƙungiyar shiga tsakani suna da ƙananan BMIs, idan aka kwatanta da yara a cikin rukuni na kulawa, da kuma karamin rabo wanda za'a iya rarraba shi a matsayin mai kiba ko kiba. An buga wannan binciken a cikin Jaridar Ƙungiyar Likitocin Amirka . 

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Birch ta auri Karl Newell kuma tana da 'ya'ya biyu, Charlotte da Spencer .  Ta mutu a ranar 26 ga Mayu, 2019, a Durham, North Carolina, tana da shekaru 72. 

## Daraja da kyaututtuka

* 2010: Kyautar Bar-Or don Kyakkyawan Binciken Girma na Yara daga Kungiyar Girma 
* 2011: Fellow, American Society for Nutrition 
* 2012: Kyautar E.V. McCollum, American Society for Nutrition 
* 2013: Pauline Schmitt Russell Kyautar Kwarewar Bincike, Jami'ar Jihar Penn 

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa
 

## Manazarta
Maria Mambo Cafe

**Maria Mambo Café** (an feshi aranar shida 6 ga Fabrairu shekarar alif 1945 - 1 Disamba 2013) ƴar ƙasar Angola ce masaniya a fannin tattalin arziki kuma ƴar siyasa. Ta kasance memba na aiki na Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola–Partido do Trabalho (MPLA).

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Café a shekarar 1945 a lardin Cabinda, wani yanki na Angola a arewacin ƙasar. Ta sami digiri a fannin tattalin arziki a Tarayyar Soviet a shekarar 1968. Café wata ɓangare ce ta yunkurin 'yancin kai na Angola, wacce ta fara aiki daga Kinshasa ta yau a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo kafin ta koma Angola a shekarar 1974. Ta kasance wata ɓangare na shawarwarin yarjejeniyar Alvor wanda aka sanya hannu a ranar 15 ga watan Janairu, 1975 kuma ta kai ga samun 'yancin kai na Angola.  Bayan samun 'yancin  kai, an ɗauke ta a matsayin memba mai aminci na MPLA wacce zata iya haɗa mutane tare. 

Aikin Café ya fara ne a cikin shekara ta 1977 lokacin da aka naɗa ta mataimakiyar Ministar Kasuwancin Cikin Gida, wanda ya kasance har zuwa shekara ta 1978. A shekara ta 1982, Café ta zama ministar harkokin zamantakewa, inda ta zama mace ta farko a Angola da aka naɗa a matsayin minista.  A cikin shekarar 1986, ta bar wannan ma'aikatar ta zama mataimakiyar Firayim Minista kuma ministar harkokin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa, ta ƙare a shekarar 1988. Ta kasance daga shekarun 1986 zuwa 1987 ɗauke ɗaya daga cikin "super Ministers". Bayan sake fasalin majalisar ministoci, Café ta zama sakatariyar harkokin matasa.  Ta kusa rasa matsayinta a kwamitin tsakiya na MPLA.  A shekarar 1992, an zaɓe ta a Majalisar Jama'a. 

A cewar rahotannin kafafen yaɗa labarai, ta kasance, har zuwa rasuwarta, ɗaya daga cikin ’yan ƙasar Angola 100 mafi arziki da ke da kadarori fiye da dala miliyan 100.  Daga cikin abubuwan da ta jagoranci taron masu hannun jari na bankin kasuwanci da masana'antu.    Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mambobin kwamitin tsakiya na MPLA da yawa da suka karɓi dala miliyan 10 daga Banco Espírito Santo Angola don bunƙasa ayyukan da suke so, ba tare da ba da wani garanti ga bankin ba.

Café ta mutu a ranar 1 ga watan Disamba 2013 a Lisbon, Portugal tana da shekaru 68.  An binne ta a makabartar Alto das Cruzes a Luanda a ranar 6 ga watan Disamba.  Ofishin siyasa na Angola ya karrama ta a cikin wata sanarwa da ta rubuta cewa, "Comrade Mambo Café 'Tchyina' yana da kyakkyawar manufa ta siyasa a gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci da dimokuraɗiyya a Angola da kuma duniya baki ɗaya."  Filin jirgin sama na Maria Mambo Café da ke arewacin lardin Cabinda an ba ta suna don girmama ta. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin sunayen mata na farko da suka rike mukaman siyasa a Afirka

## Manazarta
Dorothy E. Reilly

**Dorothy E. Reilly** (Fabrairu 6, 1920 - Afrilu 7, 1996) wata ma'aikaciyar jinya ce ta Amurka wacce ta kasance "ɗaya daga cikin manyan malamai a lokacin".    Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasa ilimin jinya a Amurka da Kanada. Ta shiga cikin bunkasa tsarin karatun jinya da kuma shirya malamai na jinya. A shekara ta 1998, an shigar da ita cikin *Hall of Fame na Ƙungiyar Nurses ta Amirka* . 

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Dorothy E. Reilly a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 1920, a Holyoke, Massachusetts, Amurka, ga James A. da Mary E. Kincaide Reilly .  A shekara ta 1937, ta fara karatun jinya a Kwalejin Mount Holyoke kuma ta sami difloma a shekara ta 1939. Ta ci gaba da karatun ta mafi girma a Jami'ar Columbia-Presbyterian Hospital School of Nursing, ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko na Kimiyya a shekarar 1942.  Bayan ta yi aiki na shekaru da yawa a matsayin babban ma'aikacin jinya na Cibiyar Ilimin Ilimin Ifi da kuma Asibitin Presbyterian a Birnin New York, ta fara aikinta na koyarwa a matsayin malami a Makarantar Nursing ta Asibitin Holyoke a garinsu.

A shekara ta 1948, ta shiga MA a fannin jinya a Jami'ar Boston, Makarantar Nursing . Bayan kammala karatunta a shekarar 1950, ta shiga bangaren koyarwa na Makarantar Nursing ta Jami'ar Columbia, inda ta shiga cikin ci gaban tsarin karatu da kuma tsara shirye-shiryen karatun digiri a fannin jinya. Ta kuma sami kudade da yawa na tarayya don kiwon lafiya don aiwatar da shirye-shiryen BSN da MSN a yankunan Michigan, inda cibiyoyin ilimi ba su da albarkatu don bayar da darussan jinya. A shekara ta 1958, ta zama mataimakiyar farfesa.

A halin yanzu, a 1967, ta kammala digirin digirin digirinta a ilimi mafi girma daga Jami'ar New York .  Daga nan sai ta koma Kwalejin Nursing ta Jami'ar Jihar Wayne a shekarar 1969 kuma ta zama cikakken farfesa a shekarar 1973.  Bayan ta yi ritaya daga Jami'ar Jihar Wayne a 1987, ta zama farfesa mai ziyara a Jami'ar Curtin da ke Perth, Ostiraliya. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa wajen samun tallafi ga asibitoci a Detroit da kuma tallafin karatu ga ɗaliban koleji.

A duk lokacin da ta yi aiki, ta rubuta ko'ina game da ilimin jinya. A shekara ta 1955, ta wallafa littafinta na farko, Quick Reference Book for Nurses .  Sauran littattafanta sun haɗa da Manufofin Halin Nursing: Binciken Koyarwa (1976) da Koyarwa na Asibiti a Ilimin Nursing (1992).  Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan ilimin jinya.

A shekara ta 1977, an zabe ta zuwa Kwalejin Nursing kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta musamman ta Jami'ar Columbia a shekarar 1983. Ta kasance memba na kungiyar Nurses ta Michigan . 

Don gane gudummawar da ta bayar a fagen jinya, an shigar da ita cikin *Hall of Fame na Ƙungiyar Nurses ta Amirka* a shekarar 1998. 

Ta mutu a ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 1996.

## Manazarta
Ruth Agatha Houghton

Kyaftin **Ruth Agatha Houghton** (29 ga Yuni, 1909 - 10 ga Maris, 1986) ma'aikaciyar jinya ce ta Amurka wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka daga 1958 zuwa 1962.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Houghton a watan Yunin 1909, 'yar Joseph J. da Mary Houghton Kelley.

A shekara ta 1932, ta kammala karatu daga makarantar asibitin St. John's Hospital School of Nursing a Lowell, Massachusetts .

## Ayyukan Nurses na Sojan Ruwa
An ba da izini ga Houghton a matsayin ensign a cikin Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 1935. A lokacin shekarunta na hidima, tashoshin aikinta sun haɗa da Yankin Canal na Panama, Ostiraliya, da New Guinea.

Daga 1935 zuwa 1936, an tura Houghton zuwa Asibitin Naval, New York, New York. Daga nan aka tura ta asibitin Naval. Ayyukan da suka biyo baya sun haɗa da Asibitin Naval, Coco Solo, Yankin Canal na Panama, Asibitin Marina, Puget Sound, Asibitan Naval, Corona, California.

A shekara ta 1946, an sanya Houghton a Sashen Nursing, Ofishin Medicine da Surgery a matsayin Babban Jami'in Nurses. Houghton ya zama Babban Jami'in Nurses, Sashin Kiwon Lafiya na Sojan Ruwa, Babban Asibitin Sojojin Tripler a Hawaii a 1950. Daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Nurs a Asibitin Sojan Ruwa na San Diego a 1952 kuma a matsayin Babban Nurse, Asibitin Naval na Bethesda a 1954. Ta zama ma'aikaciyar jinya ta farko ta Sojan Ruwa ban da Darakta da za a kara shi zuwa matsayin kyaftin a shekarar 1957. A shekara ta 1958, ta ɗauki matsayin Darakta na Rundunar Sojan Ruwa.

Houghton ya yi ritaya a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1962.

Ta halarci Jami'ar George Washington, Jami'ar Boston, da Jami'ar Katolika ta Amurka . Houghton ta sami digiri na farko na kimiyya a fannin Ilimin Nursing daga Kwalejin Boston a shekarar 1951. Daga baya ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin jinya daga Jami'ar Katolika ta Amurka, Washington, DC . 

Houghton ya auri Gordon Bennett Tayloe a watan Yulin 1963. Ta mutu a watan Maris na shekara ta 1986 a Portsmouth, Virginia, tana da shekaru 76.

## Manazarta

## Ƙarin karantawa
  
* Gaskiya cike, bincike mai zurfi game da juyin halitta na matsayin mata a cikin Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka, suna kula da hanyoyi masu layi daya da kuma hanyoyin da suka haɗu na Sojojin Nurses da WAVES. Kimanin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na shafuka an sadaukar da su ga bayanin kula da litattafai. 

## Haɗin waje

* Nurses da Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka - Bayani da Bayani na Musamman na Tarihin Naval
Sara Naomi Bleich

**Sara Naomi Bleich** Masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce kuma farfesa a fannin kiwon lafiyar jama'a wanda shine Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban Ayyuka na Musamman a Jami'ar Harvard. Ta ƙware a cikin cututtukan da suka shafi abinci da rashin daidaito na kiwon lafiya. Ta taba aiki a matsayin Fadar White House Fellow a lokacin Shugabancin Barack Obama. An shigar da ita cikin Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
Bleich ta fito ne daga Baltimore kuma ya halarci Makarantar Garrison Forest.  Ta kasance daliba ce a Jami'ar Columbia, inda ta yi karatun ilimin halayyar dan adam. Ta koma Jami'ar Harvard don bincikenta na digiri, inda ta yi nazarin manufofin kiba. Binciken da ta yi ya nuna cewa amincewa da masana kimiyya yana haifar da bin shawarwarin abinci mai gina jiki, kuma cewa mutanen Hispanic da tsofaffi suna da ƙananan damar amincewa da masanan kimiyya.

## Bincike da aiki

Bleich ta kasance farfesa a Jami'ar Johns Hopkins. Ta bincika bambance-bambance a cikin aikin likita, ta nuna cewa marasa lafiya masu kiba sun ji likitocin su suna hukunta su kuma ba su da damar rasa nauyi a sakamakon haka.

A shekara ta 2015, an nada Bleich a matsayin Fadar White House Fellow.  Ta shiga Fadar White House a lokacin Gwamnatin Obama. Ta ba da shawara ga Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka (USDA) kan abinci, abinci mai gina jiki da sabis na masu amfani. Ta kuma yi aiki tare da Michelle Obama a kan Let's Move! Ƙaddamarwa.

A cikin 2016, Bleich ta koma Jami'ar Harvard a matsayin farfesa na Manufofin Lafiya na Jama'a. Daga 2022 zuwa 2023, Bleich ya yi aiki tare da Joe Biden a matsayin Darakta na aikin USDA kan Tsaro na Abinci da Adalci na Lafiya. An sanya ta Mataimakin Provost na Ayyuka na Musamman a Harvard a 2023, inda aka sanya ta a matsayin mai kula da Kwamitin Shugaban kasa kan Harvard & Legacy of Slavery.

## Kyaututtuka da girmamawa

* Kyautar 2015 don Bincike a Sadarwar Jama'a 
* Kyautar Frank ta 2015 
* 2017 Garrison Forest Hall of Excellence 
* 2023 An shigar da shi zuwa Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa 

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

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## Manazarta