Robert Blake (admiral)

**Robert Blake** (27 Satumba 1598)&nbsp;– 7 ga Agusta 1657) jami'in sojan ruwa ne na Ingila wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin janar a teku kuma Ubangijin Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Cinque daga 1656 zuwa 1657. Blake ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin Oliver Cromwell a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Ingila da Yaƙin Anglo-Spanish, kuma a matsayin babban Admiral na Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Jiha a lokacin Yaƙin Anglo-Holland na Farko . An amince da Blake a matsayin "babban wanda ya kafa ikon mallakar jiragen ruwa na Ingila", ikon da Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Burtaniya ta gada tun daga farkon ƙarni na 20.   Duk da haka, saboda yunƙurin da aka yi na kawar da 'yan Majalisar Dokoki daga bayanan tarihi bayan Stuart Restoration, nasarorin Blake ba su da tabbas.   Duk da haka, ana ɗaukar nasarorin Blake a matsayin "ba a taɓa yin fice ba, har ma da Nelson " a cewar wani mai rubuta tarihin rayuwa,  yayin da ake kwatanta Blake da Nelson da wasu.   

## Rayuwar farko
Robert Blake shi ne ɗan fari na 'ya'ya goma sha uku da Humphrey Blake da Sarah Williams suka haifa. [1] [2] An yi masa baftisma a Cocin Saint Mary the Virgin da ke Somerset a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 1598. [3] Ya halarci Makarantar Grammar ta Bridgwater don Maza, sannan ya tafi Kwalejin Wadham, Oxford . Ya yi fatan bin aikin ilimi, amma ya kasa samun gurbin karatu a Kwalejin Merton, wataƙila saboda ra'ayoyinsa na siyasa da addini, amma kuma saboda mai kula da Merton, Sir Henry Savile, yana da "rashin son maza masu ƙarancin matsayi". Blake, yana da 5 feet 6 inches (168 cm) tsayi, don haka ya kasa cika 'ƙa'idar Savile ta kyawun namiji'.

Lokacin da mahaifin Blake ya mutu a shekara ta 1625, ya gaji gadon dangin Knoll Hill. A nan, yana ɗaukar nauyin ɗansa na fari, ya ɗauki mafi yawan lokacinsa wajen ilmantar da 'yan'uwansa maza da mata da yawa, da kuma shirya su don girma. Marubucin tarihin Blake kuma masanin tarihi David Hannay (1853–1934) ya dage cewa hakan shine dalilin da yasa Blake bai taɓa yin aure ba, yayin da yake nuna cewa wasu masu rubuta tarihin rayuwa suna ba da dalilai daban-daban.  Masanin tarihin Ingila Edward Hyde,  wanda ya rayu a zamanin Blake ya rubuta game da Blake, "... ya ƙware sosai a littattafai ga mutumin da ba ya son yin kowace sana'a, yana da isasshen nasa don ya kula da shi a cikin yalwar da ya shafa, kuma ba shi da wani buri na zama mutum mafi girma fiye da shi." 

Iyalan Blake suna da wurin zama na tsawon tsararraki da dama a (kuma sun kasance Lords of the Manor) na Tuxwell, a cikin cocin Bishops Lydeard, kusa da Bridgwater, Somerset . Mutumin farko a cikin dangin da ke cikin tarihin shine Humphrey Blake, wanda ya rayu a zamanin Henry VIII . Kakan Robert Blake, wanda kuma ake kira Robert, shine na farko a cikin dangin da ya fito daga rayuwar ƙauye a matsayin ɗan kasuwa, yana fatan ya zama mai arziki daga cinikin Sipaniya. Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban alkali kuma memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Bridgwater sau da yawa, don girmama girman da mutanen gari ke yi masa.  Ɗansa, Humphrey, ya gaje shi a harkokin kasuwanci, kuma ban da kadarorin mahaifinsa a Puriton (wanda yake riƙe da sarauta), Catcot, Bawdrip da Woolavington, sun shiga cikin kadarorin da ke Plainsfield wanda dangin matarsa, Sarah Williams, ke riƙe da su, tun zamanin Henry VIII . 

Bayan ya bar jami'a a shekarar 1625, ana kyautata zaton Blake yana da hannu a harkokin kasuwanci, kuma wani marubuci ɗan ƙasar Holland ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya rayu na tsawon 'shekaru biyar ko shida' a Schiedam .  Bayan ya koma Bridgwater, wataƙila saboda mutuwar mahaifiyarsa a shekarar 1638, ya yanke shawarar tsayawa takarar zama ɗan majalisar dokoki .

## Tarihin siyasa

A watan Afrilu, 1640, an zaɓi Blake a matsayin ɗan majalisar dokoki na Bridgwater a Majalisar Dokoki ta Gajere, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan Burgesses guda biyu na Bridgwater. Lokacin da Yaƙin Basasa na Ingila ya ɓarke a lokacin Dogon Majalisa, kuma bayan ya gaza sake zaɓensa a watan Nuwamba, Blake ya fara aikinsa na soja a gefen ' yan majalisar duk da cewa bai da ƙwarewa sosai a fannin soja ko na ruwa. 

Blake ya koma Majalisar Dokoki a matsayin memba na Taunton a shekarar 1645, lokacin da aka kori Kanar Windham na Royalist.  Daga baya ya dawo don murmurewa daga raunin da ya samu a Yaƙin Portland . A wannan lokacin ya wakilci Bridgwater a Majalisar Barebone ta 1653 da Majalisar Kariya ta Farko ta 1654 da Taunton a Majalisar Kariya ta Biyu ta 1656 kafin ya koma teku.

## Sabis na Sojan Ruwa
Ana kiran Blake da 'Uban Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal'. Baya ga kasancewarsa babban mai alhakin gina rundunar sojojin ruwa mafi girma da ƙasar ta taɓa sani, daga jiragen ruwa da dama zuwa sama da ɗari, shi ne kuma na farko da ya ajiye jiragen ruwa a teku a lokacin hunturu. Blake ya kuma samar da dokoki da ƙa'idoji na farko na rundunar sojojin ruwa, *Dokokin Yaƙi da Umarnin Teku*, sigar farko, wacce ta ƙunshi tanade-tanaden 20, Majalisar Wakilai ta zartar a ranar 5 ga Maris 1649,  ta lissafa laifuka 39 da hukunce-hukuncen su - galibi kisa.  *Umarnin Admiral da Janar na Rundunar Sojan Ruwa don Majalisar Yaƙi*, wanda Blake, George Monck, John Disbrowe da William Penn suka bayar a shekarar 1653, shi ma ya kafa kotunan soji na farko a rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Ingila. 

Blake ya ƙirƙiro sabbin dabaru don yin shinge da sauka; *Umarnin Jirgin Ruwa* da *Umarnin Yaƙi*, waɗanda manyan gyare-gyare ne na dabarun jiragen ruwa da aka rubuta yayin murmurewa daga rauni a 1653, su ne ginshiƙin dabarun jiragen ruwa na Ingila a Zamanin Jirgin Ruwa . *Umarnin Yaƙi* na Blake, wanda janar-janar a teku suka bayar a ranar 29 ga Maris 1653, su ne umarni na farko da aka sani da aka rubuta a kowace harshe don amfani da tsarin yaƙi na layi ɗaya a gaba .  Blake shi ma shi ne na farko da ya yi nasarar kai hari duk da harbin da aka yi daga sansanonin bakin teku. 

### Yaƙin Basasa na Ingila

Kafin Blake ya fara aikin sojan ruwa, ya shiga rundunar sojojin New Model a matsayin kyaftin a rundunar Alexander Popham, Blake ya shahara a yakin Bristol (Yuli 1643) kuma aka ɗaukaka shi zuwa laftanar kanar . Bayan rawar da ya taka wajen riƙe Lyme Regis a yakin Lyme Regis (Afrilu 1644), an ɗaukaka shi zuwa kanar . Ya ci gaba da riƙe yankin Majalisar Dokoki ta Taunton a lokacin yakin Taunton a 1645. Taunton yana da matuƙar muhimmanci domin yana nan inda dukkan manyan hanyoyi suka haɗu, yana jagorantar dukkan hanyoyin sadarwa, waɗanda a lokacin Blake kaɗai ya fahimta.  Bayan ya yi mamaki, yakin ya sa ya sami karramawa a ƙasa; a nan ne ya shahara da cewa zai ci takalmansa uku daga cikin takalmansa huɗu kafin ya miƙa wuya. Daga baya ya yi nasarar cin nasarar yakin Dunster (Nuwamba 1645).