150th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)

**Brigade na 150th Infantry Brigade,** wani runduna ne na Sojan Biritaniya wanda ya ga aikin aiki a yakin duniya na biyu. Brigade na Territorial Army na 1st Line, wani bangare ne na 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division. Ya yi aiki a yakin Faransa kuma an fitar da shi daga Dunkirk. Daga baya ta yi aiki a Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma aka mamaye ta sannan kuma aka tilasta ta mika wuya a lokacin yakin Gazala a yakin Arewacin Afirka . Kusan sa'o'i 72 (29-31 ga Mayu 1942) a lokacin yakin Brigade na 150 da na Royal Tank Regiment na 44 da aka gudanar da hare-haren Erwin Rommel, ba tare da wani tallafi ba. A ranar 1 ga watan Yuni sojojin Jamus sun tilasta musu mika wuya. Ba a yi wa brigade gyara ba.

## Tsarin yaƙi
Raka'o'i masu zuwa sun kasance Brigade na 150: 

* 4th Battalion, Gabashin Yorkshire Regiment
* Bataliya ta 4, Green Howards
* Bataliya ta 5, Green Howards
* 150th Infantry Brigade Kamfanin Anti-Tank - *8 Disamba 1939 zuwa 1 Janairu 1941*

## Yaƙin Faransa
50th (Northumbrian) Division aka tattara akan barkewar yaƙi a cikin Satumba shekarar 1939. Bayan horarwa ta yi tafiya zuwa Faransa a cikin Janairu 1940 don shiga sabuwar Rundunar Baƙin Biritaniya (BEF).   

Yaƙin Faransa ya fara ne a ranar 10 ga Mayu tare da mamayewar Jamus na Ƙasashen Ƙasashe . BEF ta bi shirin D da aka riga aka shirya kuma ta ci gaba zuwa Belgium don ɗaukar matakan tsaro tare da Kogin Dyle . Rukunin 50th (N) yana cikin tanadi don sassan da ke kan layin Dyle zuwa 15 ga Mayu.  Duk da haka, Sojojin Jamus sun kutsa cikin Ardennes zuwa gabas, wanda ya tilasta BEF sake janyewa a cikin jerin layin kogi. A karshen 19 ga Mayu gaba ɗayan sojojin sun dawo a fadin Escaut, tare da 50th (N) Division suna mai da hankali kan Vimy Ridge a sama da Arras kuma suna shirin kai hari kan sojojin Jamus da ke wucewa zuwa teku.   An kai harin ( Yakin Arras ) ne a ranar 21 ga Mayu, amma 150th Bde bai shiga ba, an tura shi don ƙarfafa sansanin Arras da kuma riƙe layin kogin Scarpe . Da rana ta kai farmaki a rafin.  Yayin da Jamusawa suka ci gaba da tafiya zuwa yamma, bayan BEF, Arras ya zama mai haɗari mai haɗari, kuma 150th Bde ya fuskanci hari a ranar 23 ga Mayu. Ya yi yaƙi da hanyarsa daga Arras ta hanyar Douai a wannan dare yayin da BEF ta yunƙura don samar da zoben tsaro zagaye Dunkirk .  Daga nan ne aka jefa runduna ta 50 (N) cikin tazarar da ta bar kusa da Ypres lokacin da Sojojin Belgium suka mika wuya.    Ya zuwa yanzu an yanke shawarar ficewa daga BEF ta hanyar Dunkirk ( Operation Dynamo ), kuma 50th (N) Division ya rike layin don ba da damar hakan ya ci gaba. Duk ranar 29 ga Mayu an kai harin bam yayin da take ja da baya, har yanzu tana tuntuɓar abokan gaba.  An kwashe sauran na II Corps a daren 31 ga Mayu/1 ga Yuni, yayin da 50th (N) Division ya ci gaba da rike layin.  A ƙarshe, Bde na 150th ya zo, kuma an kwashe shi zuwa Ingila a ranar 2 ga Yuni. 

Rukunin na 50 (N) ya shafe kusan shekara guda yana sake samar da kayan aiki da horarwa a Burtaniya, inda ya ɗauki matsayinsa a cikin tsaron mamayewa, kafin a zabi shi don sabunta hidimar ƙasashen waje. 

## Arewacin Afirka
Runduna ta 50 (N) ta tashi don karfafa sojojin Gabas ta Tsakiya a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1941, ta sauka a Masar ranar 13 ga Yuni. Daga nan aka aika zuwa garrison Cyprus, amma 150th Bde aka ware zuwa Western Desert Force (WDF). Duk da haka, Operation Battleaxe na WDF ya gaza, ba a buƙatar 150th Bde nan da nan ba, kuma a cikin Agusta ya koma 50th (N) Division a Cyprus. A watan Nuwamba ƙungiyar ta ƙaura ta teku da hanya zuwa Iraki, amma an sake 150th Bde aka ware zuwa Masar a matsayin ƙungiyar brigade mai zaman kanta, ta isa ranar 29 ga Nuwamba kuma ta shiga soja na takwas a ranar 22 ga Disamba.   

Yayin da yake aiki azaman ƙungiyar brigade mai zaman kanta ya haɗa da ƙarin ƙungiyoyi masu zuwa: 

* 72nd (Northumbrian) Regiment, Royal Artillery
* 232nd (Northumbrian) Filin Kamfanin, Injiniyoyi na Sarauta 
* Battalion Recce na 50 - *har zuwa 22 ga Disamba 1941*
* Kamfanin 'B', Royal Army Service Corps
* Sassan, Royal Army Ordnance Corps

Operation Crusader yana ƙarewa yayin da brigade ya isa jeji, kuma an yi jinkiri na wasu watanni kafin a sake fara aiki. Sauran runduna ta 50 (N) ta isa a watan Fabrairu, kuma 150th Bde ta koma ga umarninta a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, amma dukkanin dakarunta za su yi aiki a matsayin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a mataki na gaba na fada ( Yaƙin Gazala ). 

### Yakin Gazala

" Layin Gazala " jerin "akwatuna" ne da aka mamaye kowanne daga cikin ƙarfin sojojin da aka kafa a cikin hamada tare da wuraren nakiyoyi da waya da masu sintiri akai-akai ke kallo a tsakanin akwatunan. Lokacin da Janar Erwin Rommel ya kai hari a ranar 26 ga Mayu, 150th da 69th Bdes na Division 50th sun mamaye akwatuna biyu: akwai tazarar  tsakanin Bde 150 a Sidi Muftah da 69th Bde zuwa arewa, da wani tazar  tsakanin 150th Bde da 1st Akwatin Faransa Brigade a Bir Hakeim zuwa kudu. Ba a yi amfani da layin ba daidai ba, yawancin sojojin da ke rufe bakin tekun sun bar kudu ba tare da kariya ba. Runduna ta farko ta Afirka ta Kudu ta kasance mafi kusa ga bakin tekun, tare da runduna ta 1 da ta 7 masu sulke suna jira a bayan babban layi a matsayin rundunar hana kai hare-hare ta wayar hannu. Sashen Afirka ta Kudu na 2 ya kafa sansanin soja a Tobruk kuma 5th Indian Infantry Division (wanda ya zo a watan Afrilu don rage 4th Indian Infantry Division ) aka ajiye a ajiye. 

Rundunar Sojojin Afirka ta Kudu ta 4 ta ga ci gaban Jamus a farkon hasken ranar 27 ga Mayu. Da Misalin Karfe 08:30 suka wuce HQ ta 7th Armored Division. Wannan ya warwatsa Brigade na Motoci na 7, wanda ya ja baya zuwa Akwatin Retma, mil goma sha biyar gabas da Bir Hakeim, yayin da Brigade na 4th Armored Brigade, ya yi yaƙi duk rana don dakile maharan. Da yammacin ranar, harin na Jamus ya ragargaza rukunin 7th Armored Division kuma suna cikin matsayi don kai hari ga 201st Guards Motor Brigade, a cikin Akwatin Knightsbridge . A yanzu Jamusawa sun kai hari Akwatin Retma, wanda Rangers (Karki na 9th King's Royal Rifle Corps ) suka yi garkuwa da shi, Brigade na Biyu, C Bty 4th RHA, da kuma rukunin hana tanki na Rhodesian . Tare da manyan bindigogin Panzers sun kutsa kai cikin sauri, inda suka mamaye KRRC ta 9, tare da sauran dakarun da suka koma gabas da Bir El Gubi . Jamusawa yanzu sun tura Panzers ɗin su zuwa arewa, suna tafiya a bayan Akwatin Gazala, inda juriyar Birtaniyya ta yi ƙarfi a cikin abin da aka sani da Yaƙin Cauldron . Da yammacin ranar 28 ga Mayu ya bayyana wa Birgediya CW Haydon cewa za a kai wa Bde nasa na 150 hari daga wannan wajen, kuma ya ja da bataliyarsa ta kudanci ya shirya domin tsaron ko'ina, wanda wani bangare na 1st Army Tank Bde ya karfafa. ciki har da tankuna 30. Garrison na 150th Bde Box yanzu ya tsaya a: 

* 150th Infantry Brigade HQ (Brig CW Haydon)
** 4th Gabashin Yorkshires
** 4th Green Howards
** 5th Green Howards
** Kamfanin D, Rejiment na Cheshire na 2 (bindigu na inji)
** 72nd (Northumbrian) Field Rgt, RA
** 25/26 Baturi, 7th Medium Rgt, RA
** 259 Baturi, 55th (Norfolk Yeimanry) Anti-Tank Rgt, RA
** 81 Baturi, 25th Haske Anti-Aircraft Rgt, RA
** 232 (Kamfanin Filayen Arewa, RE 
* Dabara HQ, 1st Army Tank Bde (Brig WOL O'Carroll)
** Tawaga daya, Rejimentar Tankin Royal na 42
** 44th Royal Tank Regiment

Don taƙaita layin samar da kayayyaki, Axis ta fara share hanyoyi guda biyu ta cikin mahakar ma'adinan kowane gefen Akwatin Bde na 150 tare da Trigh el Abd da Trigh Capuzzo. Rundunar ta ajiye layukan samar da kayayyaki a ƙarƙashin wutan bindigogi, kuma duk da cewa ta kasa tsayar da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, hakan ya sa hanyar ba ta da amfani, ta yadda makiya da ke dauke da sulke a gabashin wuraren nakikan sun koma wani yanki mai zaman kansa na man fetur, alburusai da kuma man fetur. abinci. Rabon ruwansu ya kai rabin kofi na mutum.

Tun a ranar 30 ga watan Mayu wasu sassan Afrika Korps suka yi yunkurin kutsa kai daga matsayin brigade amma suka tashi bayan sun yi asara. Washegari Rundunar Trieste ta Italiya da ta Jamus ta 90th Light Division sun kai hari, amma ba su sami ci gaba kadan ba a kan tsaron da suka bayyana a matsayin 'masu fasaha da taurin kai'. A ranar 1 ga watan Yuni Rommel ya karfafa maharan tare da runduna ta 21 ta Panzer da karin bindigogi, kuma an ci gaba da kai harin bayan nutsewar bam . Da tsakar rana 150th Bde ya ci nasara da jerin hare-hare masu yawa da mamayewa, an kashe Brigadier Haydon, kuma waɗanda suka tsira (ciki har da Brigadier O'Carroll) suka zama fursunonin yaƙi.

:: Panzerarmee Afrika ** ce a cikin rahoton yaƙi na yau da kullun. "Maƙiya da aka kewaye, da ke da goyon bayan tankuna masu yawa, sun sake tsayayya da taurin kai", "Kowane bangare daban a cikin kariya mai ƙarfi dole ne a yi yaƙi da shi. Maƙiya ta sha wahala mai nauyi, asarar jini. A ƙarshe aikin, wanda ya haifar da asarar nauyi ga sojojinmu, ya ƙare da cikakken nasara".

## Kwamandoji
Mai zuwa ya umarci brigade: 

* Brigadier HS Kreyer (a kan barkewar yaki)
* Laftanar-Kanar WE Bush (wanda ya yi aiki daga 9 Afrilu 1940)
* Brigadier CW Haydon (daga 26 Afrilu 1940; an kashe shi a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1942)

## Bayan yakin
'.'Ba a sake fasalin 150th Brigade ba lokacin da aka sake kafa rukunin 50th (Northumbrian) a cikin Sojojin Yanki a shekarar 1947. Maimakon haka, 4th East Yorkshires da 4th Green Howards da aka gyara sun zama wani ɓangare na 151 Infantry Brigade, yanzu mai taken 'Yorkshire & Durham

## Bayanan kula

## Nassoshi
* Maj L.F. Ellis, ''History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The War in France and Flanders 1939–1940'', London: HM Stationery Office, 1954/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2004, 978-1-85457-056-6.
* I.S.O. Playfair, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The Mediterranean and Middle East, Vol III: (September 1941 to September 1942) British Fortunes reach their Lowest Ebb, London: HM Stationery Office, 1960 /Uckfield, Naval & Military Press, 2004,  
* Graham E. Watson & Richard A. Rinaldi, *The Corps of Royal Engineers: Organization and Units 1889–2018*, Tiger Lily Books, 2018,  

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
* Graham Watson, ''The Territorial Army 1947''