Yanayin yanayin duniya

A kimiyyar duniya, **yanayin wuraren duniya** (GST; wani lokacin ana kiransa **yanayin zafin duniya na ma'ana**, GMST, ko **matsakaicin yanayin wuraren duniya** ) ana ƙididdige su  ta hanyar kididdige yanayin zafi ko sanyi na saman teku da kuma zafi ko sanyin iska akan ƙasa. Lokutan *sanyayar yanayi* da *[[Canjin yanayi|dumamar yanayi]]* sun canza a tarihin duniya.

Jerin ingantattun ma'aunin zafin duniya ya fara a cikin shekarar 1850-1880 lokaci. Ta hanyar 1940, matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara ya karu, amma ya kasance mai inganci tsakanin 1940 zuwa 1975. Tun daga 1975, ya karu da kusan 0.15&nbsp;°C zuwa 0.20&nbsp;°C a kowace shekara goma, zuwa akalla 1.1&nbsp;°C (1.9&nbsp;°F) sama da matakan 1880. 

Matakan teku sun tashi da faɗuwa sosai a cikin tarihin shekaru biliyan 4.6 na duniya. Duk da haka, hawan matakin tekun duniya na baya-bayan nan, sakamakon ƙaruwar yanayin yanayin duniya, ya karu fiye da matsakaicin adadin shekaru dubu biyu zuwa uku da suka gabata. Ci gaba ko haɓaka wannan yanayin zai haifar da gagarumin canje-canje a gabar tekun duniya.

## Fage

A cikin 1860s, masanin kimiyyar lissafi John Tyndall ya gane tasirin yanayi na duniya kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa ƴan canje-canje a cikin yanayin yanayi zai iya haifar da bambancin yanayi. A cikin shekarar 1896, wata takarda ta seminal ta masanin kimiyyar Sweden Svante Arrhenius ya fara annabta cewa canje-canje a cikin matakan carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi na iya canza yanayin zafin jiki ta hanyar tasirin greenhouse. 

Canje-canje a yanayin zafi na duniya a cikin karnin da ya gabata ya ba da shaida kan illar karuwar iskar gas. Lokacin da tsarin yanayi ya fuskanci irin waɗannan canje-canje, sauyin yanayi ya biyo baya. Auna GST (zazzabi na saman duniya) yana ɗaya daga cikin layukan shaidu da yawa da ke goyan bayan ijma'in kimiyya kan sauyin yanayi, wanda shine cewa ɗan adam yana haifar da ɗumamar tsarin yanayin duniya .

## Ruwan dumama
 
Tare da karuwar zafin duniya, tekun ya mamaye yawancin wannan ƙarin zafi, tare da saman mita 700 na teku yana nuna ɗumamar 0.22 C (0.4)&nbsp;°F) tun 1969.  Fadada ruwan dumi, tare da narkakken zanen kankara, yana haifar da hawan teku.

Rarraba yawan zafi a cikin tekun ba daidai ba ne, tare da ɗumamar teku mafi girma a yankin kudancin teku kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga narkewar ƙarƙashin ƙasa na shimfidar kankara na Antarctic.  Haka kuma ɗumamar ruwan teku yana da alaƙa da ɓarkewar rumbun kankara da ƙanƙarar teku, waɗanda dukkansu suna da ƙarin tasiri ga irin tsarin yanayin duniya. A ƙarshe, ɗumamar teku tana barazana ga yanayin ruwa da rayuwar ɗan adam.  Alal misali, ruwan dumi na yin illa ga lafiyar murjani, wanda hakan ke jefa al’ummomin tekun da ke dogaro da murjani don matsugunni da abinci. A ƙarshe, mutanen da suka dogara da kamun kifi na ruwa don rayuwarsu da ayyukansu na iya fuskantar mummunan tasirin ɗumamar teku.

## Rage zanen kankara

Gilashin kankara na Antarctic da Greenland sun ragu sosai a cikin taro. A cewar NASA's Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, ya nuna cewa Greenland ya yi asarar kimanin tan biliyan 286 na kankara a kowacce shekara.  Fadada ruwan dumi da narkakken zanen kankara yana haifar da hawan teku.

Kankara tana canzawa a ko'ina a duniya. Tun 1912, sanannen dusar ƙanƙara na Dutsen Kilimanjaro ya narke fiye da 80%. Gilashin kankara da ke yankin Garhwal Himalayas na Indiya suna ja da baya da sauri wanda masu bincike suka yi imanin cewa nan da shekara ta 2035, mafi yawan yankunan tsakiya da gabashin Himalayas za su bace. Tsawon rabin karni, kewayon sa ya ragu da kusan 10% a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata. NASA ta maimaita karatun altimeter na Laser ya nuna cewa gefen takardar kankara na Greenland yana raguwa. Yanzu, ƙanƙarar ruwan bazara a arewacin helkwatar ta karye kwanaki 9 kafin shekaru 150 da suka gabata, yayin da daskarewar kaka ke da kwanaki 10 bayan haka. Narkewar ƙasa mai daskarewa ya haifar da raguwar ƙasa a sassan Alaska zuwa sama da  . Daga Arctic zuwa Peru, daga Switzerland zuwa glacier equatorial a Manjaya, Indonesia, manyan filayen kankara, manyan kankara, da kankara na teku suna bacewa, cikin sauri. 

Lokacin da zafin jiki ya tashi kuma ƙanƙara ta narke, ƙarin ruwa yana gudana zuwa cikin teku daga glaciers da kankara, kuma ruwan teku yana dumi kuma yana fadada girma. A cewar Hukumar Kula da Canjin Yanayi (IPCC), wannan hadin gwiwar tasirin ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daukaka matsakaitan tekun duniya da  a cikin shekaru 100 da suka gabata.

Ruwan narkewar ruwan Greenland na iya yin tasiri sosai ga kwararowar magudanar ruwa mai girma, waɗanda ake kira Atlantic meridional turning circulation ko AMOC. Mai kama da babban bel ɗin jigilar kaya, AMOC yana taimakawa jigilar ruwan zafi daga yankuna masu zafi zuwa Arctic. Muhimmiyar rawar da take takawa wajen rarraba zafi a duniya shi ma ya sa ya yi tasiri sosai kan yanayin yanayin duniya - Ruwan zafi na AMOC ya samo asali ne saboda yanayin sanyin yanayi a wurare kamar yammacin Turai. Yayin da ruwa mai dadi ke zubowa cikin teku daga dusar kankarar da ke narke a Greenland, hakan na iya rage kwararar ruwa.  A sa'i daya kuma, bincike ya nuna cewa narkewar kankara daga Antarctica na iya kawo cikas ga tsarin tekun Kudu. Saboda yawan ruwan da ake da shi ya yi ƙasa da na ruwan gishiri, ruwa mai yawa na narkewa bazai iya haɗuwa da sauran teku ba, amma ya zama wani nau'i na kayan da aka haɗa zuwa saman ruwa. Wannan ruwan sanyi yana kama zafi a ƙarƙashinsa kuma yana haifar da yadudduka masu zurfi don yin zafi. Wannan yana ƙara yawan zafin jiki na teku, wanda ya sa ya rage ikon ɗaukar CO  daga yanayi. Sakamakon haka, ƙarin CO  zai kasance a cikin yanayi, wanda zai haifar da karuwar dumamar yanayi.

## Tasirin Greenhouse

### Turin ruwa
Mafi yawan iskar gas (GHG), amma mahimmanci, yana iya zama martani ga yanayin. Yayin da yanayin duniya ke dumama, tururin ruwa zai karu, amma yuwuwar gajimare da hazo za su karu, wanda ya zama wasu muhimman hanyoyin mayar da martani ga tasirin greenhouse. Misali, hanyar mayar da martani tana da yuwuwar haɓakawa ko rage ɗumama wa, ya danganta da wuri, tsayi, da zafin gajimare. 

### Carbon dioxide ( CO  )
Carbon dioxide ƙaramin abu ne amma mai matuƙar mahimmanci na yanayi. Ana fitar da ita ta hanyoyin yanayi kamar numfashi da fashewar aman wuta, da kuma ta hanyar ayyukan mutane kamar sare bishiyoyi, canjin amfani da kasa, da kona man fetur . Tun farkon juyin juya halin masana'antu, yanayin  na ɗan adam CO  taro ya karu da 47%. Wannan shine mafi mahimmanci na dogon lokaci "tilasta" canjin yanayi. 

### Methane
Ana fitar da methane a lokacin samarwa da jigilar gawayi, iskar gas, da mai. Haka nan hayakin methane ya samo asali ne daga ruɓewar datti daga dabbobi da sauran ayyukan noma da tarkacen shara na birni. 

### HNitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide yana da tasiri sau 300 fiye da carbon dioxide, kuma yana rage ma'aunin ozone. Tun da yake kuma yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci, rage tsawon rayuwarsa na iya yin tasiri cikin sauri da kuma tasiri ga dumamar yanayi. Duk da haka, babban tushen nitrous oxide shine noma, musamman takin ƙasa da takin dabbobi, wanda ke sa ya fi ƙarfin sarrafawa.

Permafrost ƙasa ce mai daskarewa wacce ta ƙunshi tsohuwar ƙasa, sediments, da kwayoyin halitta na tsirrai da dabbobi. Ya ƙunshi kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na yankin arewa. Yayin da yankin Arctic ke da zafi kamar sau biyu kamar na sauran kasashen duniya, dumamar yanayi ta fara narke, sannan kuma kayayyakin da suka dade suna shiga cikin iskar oxygen, wanda hakan ya sa iskar da suke fitarwa ke kara ta'azzara dumamar yanayi.

Ko da yake aikin nitrous oxide shine ya rage Layer ozone, ba a haɗa shi a cikin Yarjejeniyar Montreal kan Abubuwan da ke Rage Ozone Layer, yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da aka tsara don mayar da ozone Layer ta hanyar kawar da wasu abubuwa. 

### Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) da Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
Ana iya amfani da mahadi na roba waɗanda ke da masana'antu gabaɗaya a aikace-aikace iri-iri, amma saboda ikonsu na taimakawa wajen lalata Layer ozone, samar da su da sakin su cikin yanayi a halin yanzu ana sarrafa su ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa. Yayin da CFC da HCFC ke lalata ozone, su ma suna kama zafi a cikin ƙananan yanayi, wanda ke haifar da ɗumamar yanayi da sauyin yanayi da yanayi. HFC, wadda aka kirkiro ta asali don maye gurbin CFC da HCFC, ita ma tana sha kuma tana ɗaukar radiation infrared ko zafi a cikin ƙananan yanayi na duniya. A karshen wannan karnin, ana sa ran karin wadannan da sauran iskar gas za su kara yawan zafin duniya da maki  zuwa  .  Hydrofluorocarbons, CFCs da HFCs an kiyasta su na da kashi 11.5% na tasirin iskar gas na yau akan sauyin yanayi da sauyin yanayi.

## Duba kuma

* Rikodin yanayin zafi na duniya
* Rikodin zafin kayan aiki

## Manazarta