Nazarin bambanci

**Nazarin Singularity** fanni ne na ilimi daban-daban wanda ke nazarin ra'ayin singularity na fasaha - inda aka yi hasashen cewa basirar wucin gadi za ta iya wuce hankalin ɗan adam, kuma za a iya cimma ta hanyar basirar wucin gadi (AI), fasahar robotics, da sauran fasahohi da kimiyya, da kuma tasirinta a zamantakewa.

A wannan fanni na ilimi, ana gudanar da bincike da bincike a fannoni daban-daban kamar kimiyyar bayanai, fasahar robotics, ilimin zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, falsafa, da ɗabi'a . Babban manufar nazarin keɓancewa shine samun fahimtar haɗin kai game da canjin tsarin zamantakewa da ke faruwa tare da juyin halittar AI mai fashewa da kuma canje-canjen da irin wannan canji zai haifar a ra'ayin ɗan adam, ɗabi'a, da tsarin shari'a.  

## Tarihi
Wani aiki na ilimi a kan fasahar fasaha ya bayyana a kimiyyar kwamfuta, falsafar, ilimin zamantakewa, da doka tun farkon shekarun 1990. 

Marubucin labaran kimiyya Vernor Vinge ya shahara da tattaunawa ta farko game da fashewar bayanai ta hanyar fasahar zamani a shekarar 1993, daga baya kuma wani masanin kimiyyar gaba Ray Kurzweil ya tsara shi. Tun daga shekarun 2010, jami'o'i kamar Oxford, Stanford, da Keio sun kafa shirye-shirye na musamman, yayin da mujallun da aka yi nazari a kansu suka fara buga nazarin yanayi da nazarin manufofi. Muhawarori da ake ci gaba da yi suna tambaya game da muhimmancin hasashen yanayi na musamman kuma suna gargaɗi game da ra'ayin da ya dace game da fasaha.

## Halayen bincike
Nazarin banbanci ya wuce tsinkaye na gaba kawai kuma yana ba da tushe na ilimi don tsarawa da ƙirƙirar makomar da ake so. Manyan jigogi na bincike a cikin wannan yanki sun hada da: 

* Ka'idojin AI;
* Tasirin zamantakewa na fasaha;
* Halin yiwuwar zaman lafiya na mutane da AI;
* Sadarwa tare da AI; da kuma
* Sake tsara tsarin zamantakewa.

## Masana fasaha da malamai

* Vernor Vinge: Ya gabatar da manufar bambanci a cikin 1993, yana yin tasiri sosai a fannonin ilimi da kimiyya.
* Ray Kurzweil: Ya annabta zuwan a kusa da 2045 na ƙwarewar fasaha a cikin littafinsa na 2005 The Singularity Is Near . 
* Nick Bostrom: An ba da tunani na falsafa game da superintelligence da haɗarin da AI ta kawo. Shi ne darektan da ya kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Dan Adam da aka rushe a Jami'ar Oxford.

### Japan

* Kento Sasano: Masanin kwamfuta na zamantakewa, malami na AI, kuma mai kirkiro. Shi ne shugaban Japan Society of Singularity Studies . 

## Kalubale da hangen nesa
Nazarin zama ɗaya yana ci gaba da bunƙasa a matsayin fannin ilimi, kuma akwai ƙalubale da yawa da ba a warware su ba dangane da tsara ka'idojinsu, hanyoyin bincike, da manhajojin ilimi. Duk da haka, a wannan zamanin da ake samun saurin sauye-sauye a fasaha da zamantakewa, hanyoyin da suka shafi fannoni daban-daban sun sami mahimmanci kuma suna jawo hankali sosai a fagen binciken ilimi, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin kamfanoni, da tsara manufofi. 

## Dubi kuma

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* Artificial general intelligence - Nau'in AI tare da iyawa mai yawa
* Futures studies - Nazarin yiwuwar yiwuwar, mai yiwuwa, da kuma mafi kyawun makomar
* Singularitarianism - Bangaskiya a cikin sabon fasahar fasaha
* Superintelligence - Wakilin da ya wuce hankali na mutum

## Bayanan da aka ambata
 

## Ƙarin karantawa

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* Marcus, Gary, "Am I Human?: Researchers need new ways to distinguish artificial intelligence from the natural kind",*[[:en:Scientific_American|Scientific American]]*, vol. 316, no. 3 (March 2017), pp.&nbsp;58–63. *Multiple* tests of artificial-intelligence efficacy are needed because, "just as there is no single test of athletic prowess, there cannot be one ultimate test of intelligence." One such test, a "Construction Challenge", would test perception and physical action—"two important elements of intelligent behavior that were entirely absent from the original Turing test." Another proposal has been to give machines the same standardized tests of science and other disciplines that schoolchildren take. A so far insuperable stumbling block to artificial intelligence is an incapacity for reliable disambiguation. "[V]irtually every sentence [that people generate] is ambiguous, often in multiple ways." A prominent example is known as the "pronoun disambiguation problem": a machine has no way of determining to whom or what a pronoun in a sentence—such as "he", "she" or "it"—refers. 

## Haɗin waje

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* Binciken Bincike na InjinCibiyar Binciken Ilimin Injin
* The Coming Technological Singularity:Yadda za a tsira a cikin Post-Human Era (a shafin yanar gizon Vernor Vinge, wanda aka dawo da Yuli 2019)