John Cartwright (mai gyara siyasa)

**John Cartwright** (17 Satumba 1740 - 23 Satumba 1824) ya kasance jami'in sojan ruwa na Ingila, babban jami'in Nottinghamshire Militia kuma sanannen mai fafutuka don sake fasalin majalisa. Daga baya ya zama sananne a matsayin 'Uba na Gyara'. Yayansa Edmund Cartwright ya zama sananne a matsayin mai kirkirar kayan aiki.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haife shi a Marnham a Nottinghamshire a ranar 17 ga Satumba 1740 ga Anne da William Cartwright na Marnham Hall . Shi ne babban ɗan'uwan Edmund Cartwright, wanda ya kirkiro kayan aiki, kuma ƙaramin ɗan'uwan George Cartwright ne, ɗan kasuwa kuma mai binciken Labrador.

Ya yi karatu a makarantar sakandare a Newark-on-Trent da Heath Academy a Yorkshire, kuma yana da shekaru goma sha takwas ya shiga Royal Navy.

## Farkon aiki
Ya kasance, a cikin shekarar farko ta hidima, a hari na 1758 a kan Cherbourg, kuma ya yi aiki a shekara mai zuwa a Yaƙin Quiberon Bay tsakanin Sir Edward Hawke da Admiral Hubert na Brienne . Ya shiga daga baya a karkashin Sir Hugh Palliser da Admiral John Byron a Tashar Newfoundland, an nada shi ya yi aiki a matsayin babban majistare na sulhu. Ya yi aiki a wannan mukamin na tsawon shekaru biyar (1765-1770). 

Daga 1763 zuwa 14 ga Mayu 1766, Cartwright ya kasance kwamandan [./HMS_&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Sherborne_(1763)" id="mwPg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="HMS Sherborne (1763)">HM Cutter *Sherborne*] .  Ɗan'uwansa George, lokacin da yake da iyaka, ya tafi tare da shi a kan jirgin ruwa daga Plymouth don bin masu shigo da kaya a Sherborne. Rashin lafiya ya bukaci Cartwright ya yi ritaya daga aiki na ɗan lokaci a cikin shekara ta 1771.

Lokacin da rikice-rikice tare da mazauna Amurka suka fara, ya yi imanin cewa masu mulkin mallaka suna da dama a gefen su, suna goyon bayan manufar su kuma, a lokacin da aka fara yakin neman 'yancin Amurka, ya ki amincewa da nadin a matsayin mataimakin Duke na Cumberland. Don haka ya ba da hanyar zuwa wani ci gaba, tunda ba ya so ya yi yaƙi da dalilin da ya ji yana da adalci. A shekara ta 1774 ya buga roƙonsa na farko a madadin masu mulkin mallaka, mai taken "Independence of America the Glory and Interest of Great Britain".

A shekara ta 1765, lokacin da aka fara tasowa da Militia na Nottinghamshire, an nada shi babban jami'i, kuma a wannan matsayin ya yi aiki na shekaru goma sha bakwai. An yi watsi da shi don ci gaba; a bayyane yake cewa manufar ita ce ta sa shi ya yi murabus, amma ba zai yi hakan ba. Jami'an rundunar sun goyi bayansa, suna neman tabbacin cewa ci gaba zai kasance ta hanyar matsayi, kuma ba za a cire wani jami'in ba tare da akwai kotun bincike ba. Daga karshe an cire shi a ranar 23 ga Oktoba 1791 bayan ya yi bikin Storming of the Bastille .  

## Mai gyara kundin tsarin mulki
A shekara ta 1776 ya bayyana aikinsa na farko kan sake fasalin a majalisa, wanda, ban da litattafan Earl Stanhope na(1774), ya bayyana cewa shi ne littafi na farko game da batun sake fasalin zabe. An kira shi, Take your Choice, .  fitowar ta biyu da ta bayyana a ƙarƙashin sabon taken The Legislative Rights of the Commonalty Vindicated (1777)  kuma ta ba da shawarar majalisun shekara-shekara, kuri'un sirri da zaɓen maza. 

Aikin rayuwarsa daga nan gaba shine samun damar samun kuri'a ta duniya da majalisun shekara-shekara. A shekara ta 1778, ya yi tunanin aikin ƙungiyar siyasa, wanda ya samo asali a shekara ta 1780 a matsayin Society for Constitutional Information, ciki har da wasu daga cikin membobinta mafi kyawun maza na yau. Daga wannan al'umma ya fito da sanannen London Corresponding Society
## Manazarta