Rafael Viñoly

**Rafael Viñoly Beceiro** (1 ga Yuni 1944 - 2 ga Maris 2023) wani mai zane ne ɗan ƙasar Uruguay wanda ke zaune a New York.  Shi ne shugaban Rafael Viñoly Architects, wanda ya kafa a 1983. Kamfanin yana da ofisoshi a birnin New York, Palo Alto, London, Manchester, Abu Dhabi, da Buenos Aires .  Viñoly ya tsara gine-gine masu tarihi a duniya.

Viñoly ya samu karbuwa a duniya tare da taron kasa da kasa na Tokyo . Yayin da yake duba baje kolin kayayyaki da zane-zanen da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani ya yi a lokacin da ake gina shi, mai sukar gine-gine na New York Times a wancan lokacin, Herbert Muschamp ya yaba da tsarin Viñoly a matsayin "abin tunawa ga ra'ayin budewa" wanda "ke rayar da imani da gine-gine a matsayin kayan aikin fahimta ta hankali". [1] A lokaci guda, an yi ta yada wasu daga cikin ayyukansa sosai, ciki har da daya daga cikin manyan zane-zanensa, wanda ake kira " Walkie-Talkie ," wanda masu suka suka kira "Walkie Scorchy." An sanya masa suna bayan ya mayar da haske daga rana zuwa wani lokaci kuma ya narke motocin mutane a ranar 30 ga Agusta, 2013.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Viñoly a Montevideo, Uruguay, a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1944,  ga Román Viñoly Barreto, darektan fina-finai da wasan kwaikwayo, da Maria Beceiro, malamar lissafi. "Gida ne mai noma inda gine-ginen Le Corbusier, fasahar fassara, ko kuma jagorancin Arturo Toscanini za su iya zama wani ɓangare na tattaunawar tebur," in ji Louis Jebb, a cikin *Jaridar Fasaha* . "Iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa Buenos Aires lokacin da Rafael yake ɗan shekara biyar, bayan da aka gayyaci mahaifinsa zuwa birnin don ya jagoranci wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗan Wagner *Die Walküre* a Teatro Colón na birnin.  Viñoly ya halarci Jami'ar Buenos Aires, inda ya sami Diploma a fannin Gine-gine (1968) da kuma Master of Architecture (1969) daga Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism .

## Sana'a
A shekarar 1964, ya kafa wani kamfanin gine-gine a Buenos Aires tare da abokan aikinsa shida ( Flora Manteola, Ignacio Petchersky, Javier Sánchez Gómez, Josefina Santos, da Justo Solsona).  Wannan aikin, wanda aka fi sani da M/SG/S/S/S, ko MSGSSS, zai ci gaba da zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan gine-gine a Kudancin Amurka, yana kammala manyan ayyuka da yawa cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci.

A shekarar 1978, Viñoly da iyalinsa suka ƙaura zuwa Amurka. Na ɗan lokaci, ya yi aiki a matsayin babban malami a Makarantar Zane ta Harvard . A shekarar 1979, ya zauna a birnin New York na dindindin, inda a shekarar 1983 ya kafa kamfanin Rafael Viñoly Architects PC. Babban aikinsa na farko a New York shine Kwalejin Shari'a ta John Jay, wanda aka kammala a shekarar 1988. A shekarar 1989, ya lashe gasar ƙasa da ƙasa don tsara taron duniya na Tokyo, wanda aka kammala a shekarar 1996. Tsarin kamfaninsa yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka yi nasara a gasar zane ta Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya . 

A tsawon shekaru sama da 40 da ya yi yana aiki, Viñoly ya yi aiki a Amurka, Latin Amurka, Turai, Asiya, da Gabas ta Tsakiya. 

Viñoly memba ne na Cibiyar Masu Zane-zane ta Amurka, memba na Ƙasa da Ƙasa na Cibiyar Masu Zane-zane ta Royal ta Burtaniya, kuma memba ne na Cibiyar Masu Zane-zane ta Japan da kuma Sociedad Central de Arquitectos ta Argentina. 

### Suna
Viñoly ya sami suna a matsayin "mai natsuwa da kuma ƙwararren ƙira a cikin hukumomi", kamar yadda wani labarin da ba a haɗa shi ba a *Metropolis* ya faɗa, yana mai lura da cewa "makarantu, gine-ginen jama'a, cibiyoyin taruka, da makamantansu sun daɗe suna zama ginshiƙin aikin Viñoly." "Ina da sha'awar rashin kyawun gani!" in ji shi, a cikin wannan labarin. Game da amfani da gine-gine na ɗan adam, sabanin gine-gine a matsayin sassaka mai girma, ya ce "Mutane ba su fahimci muhimmancin wannan irin abu ba. Idan kun tuna, shekaru 10, 15 da suka wuce, idan ba ku aiki a gidan tarihi ba, ba ku zama mai zane ba. Tare da asibitoci, wannan matakin rashin son kai ba zai taɓa aiki ba - babu wanda ya damu da wannan abu".  John Gravois, yana rubutu a cikin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (UAE *National News)*, ya yaba wa "ƙaunar Viñoly ga ƙalubalen ma'aikata masu zaman kansu, kamar na ma'aikata na ƙira gine-ginen cibiyoyi masu rikitarwa: asibitoci, cibiyar nanosystems, cibiyar bincike kan cutar kansa. Gine-ginensa galibi suna kama da waɗanda aka tsara ba don a ɗauki hoto daga sama ba amma don a yi amfani da su kuma a goge su - daga ciki da waje. Kuma yana nuna ɗabi'ar da ba ta da tauraro ta tsara gine-gine waɗanda ke girmama maƙwabtansu." Haka kuma, Gravois ya lura, ya yi Allah wadai da "rashin hankali na al'adun gine-gine na zamani", yana mai sukar gine-ginen da ke yin abu ɗaya kawai, wanda shine ƙirƙirar jin daɗin shahara". 

## Manazarta