Harshen Khekhoe

Harshen **Khoekhoe** / ˈk ɔɪk ɔɪ / KOY -koy harshe (  ), wanda kuma aka sani da kalmomin kabilanci **Nama** ( *Namagowab* ) / ˈnɑːmə / NAH - NAH,  **Damara** ( *ǂNūkhoegowab* ), ko **Nama/Damara**   kuma a da kamar **Hotentot**,  shine mafi yaɗuwar harsunan Bantu na Kudancin Afirka waɗanda ke yin amfani da latsa baƙaƙe don haka a da an ƙidaya su a matsayin Khoisan, ƙungiyar da aka gane yanzu a matsayin wadda ta ƙare. Yana cikin dangin harshen Khoe, kuma ana magana da shi a Namibiya, Botswana, da Afirka ta Kudu da farko daga kabilu uku: Namakhoen, ǂNūkhoen, da Haiǁomkhoen .

## Tarihi
Haiǁom, wanda ya yi magana da yaren Juu, daga baya ya koma Khoekhoe. Sunan masu magana, *Khoekhoen*, ya fito ne daga kalmar *khoe* "mutum", tare da maimaitawa da kari *-n* don nuna jam'i na gaba ɗaya. Georg Friedrich Wreede shi ne Bature na farko da ya fara nazarin harshen, bayan ya isa ǁHui!gaeb (daga baya Cape Town) a shekara ta 1659.&#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

== Matsayi ==
Khoekhoe harshe ne na ƙasa a Namibiya. A Namibiya da Afirka ta Kudu, hukumomin watsa shirye-shirye mallakar gwamnati suna samarwa da watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo a Khoekhoe.

An kiyasta cewa kusan masu magana da Khoekhoe 167,000 ne kawai suka rage a Afirka, wanda ya sa ya zama yare mai hatsarin gaske . A cikin 2019, Jami'ar Cape Town ta gudanar da jerin gajerun darussan koyar da harshe, kuma 21 ga Satumba 2020 ta ƙaddamar da sabuwar Khoi da San Center. Ana shirin kaddamar da shirin digiri na farko a shekaru masu zuwa. 

== Yaruka ==
Malaman zamani gabaɗaya suna ganin yaruka uku:

* Nama – Damara, incl. Sesfontein Damara
* Haɗa
* ǂĀkhoe, ita kanta tarin yare, kuma tsaka-tsaki tsakanin [[Harsunan Khoe|harsunan Haiǁom da Kalahari Khoe]]

Sun bambanta sosai da za a iya la'akari da harsuna biyu ko uku daban-daban.</link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

* Eini (bacewa) shima yana kusa amma yanzu gabaɗaya ana kirga shi azaman yare dabam.&#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Fassarar sauti

### Wasula
Akwai halayen wasali guda 5, ana samun su azaman baka  da hanci  .  yana da ƙarfi sosai,  dan kadan kawai.  shine kawai wasali mai sanannen allophony; ana furtawa  kafin  ko  .

### Sautin
An bayyana Nama da cewa yana da sautuna uku  ko huɗu   ,  ko  , wanda zai iya faruwa akan kowane mora (wasulan da baƙaƙen hanci na ƙarshe). Babban sautin yana da girma idan ya faru akan ɗayan manyan wasulan (  ) ko a kan hanci (  ) fiye da tsakiyar ko ƙananan wasulan (  ). 

Sautunan suna haɗuwa cikin iyakacin adadin 'waƙoƙin sautin' ( sautunan kalmomi ), waɗanda ke da nau'ikan sandhi a wasu mahalli na daidaitawa. Mahimman wakoki, a cikin nassosinsu da manyan siffofin sandhi, sune kamar haka: 

### Damuwa
A cikin jimla, kalmomin ƙamus suna karɓar damuwa fiye da kalmomin nahawu . A cikin kalma ɗaya, syllable na farko yana karɓar mafi yawan damuwa. Kalmomin da ke gaba suna samun raguwar damuwa kuma ana yin magana da sauri da sauri.

### Consonants
Nama yana da baƙaƙe 31: dannawa 20 kuma ba dannawa 11 kawai ba. 

#### Rashin dannawa
Orthography a cikin brackets.

Tsakanin wasali,  ana furta  da  ana furta  . Jerin haɗin gwiwar yana da ƙarfi sosai, kuma ana iya bincikar shi ta hanyar sauti kamar yadda ake neman tsayawa; a cikin Kur'ani mai alaƙa sune  .

Bakin teku (1938)  ya ruwaito cewa Khoekhoe na lokacin yana da alaƙar ɓarna a gefe,  , fahimta gama gari ko allophone na  a cikin harsuna tare da dannawa. Wannan sautin baya fitowa a cikin Khoekhoe amma yana cikin dan uwansa Koran.

#### Dannawa
An danna maballin baƙar magana sau biyu . Kowace dannawa ta ƙunshi ɗaya daga cikin manyan maganganu huɗu na farko ko "fitowa" da ɗaya daga cikin maganganun sakandare guda biyar ko "efluxes". Haɗin yana haifar da wayoyi 20. 

Buri akan dannawa da ake nema sau da yawa haske ne amma ya fi 'raspier' fiye da danna hancin da ake nema, tare da sauti yana gabatowa ch of Scotland loch . Ƙwaƙwalwar da aka ɗauka a fili ba su da murya saboda riƙon kafin a saki, kuma ana rubuta su azaman maƙallan murya mai sauƙi a cikin rubutun gargajiya. Bangaren hanci ba a ji a wuri na farko; Bangaren hanci mara murya na danna dannawa shima yana da wahala a ji idan ba tsakanin wasali ba, don haka ga kunnuwan kasashen waje, yana iya zama kamar tsayin tsayi amma ba kasala ba na dannawar kwane-kwane.

Tindall ya lura cewa koyan turai kusan ba sa yin la'akari da dannawa ta gefe ta hanyar sanya harshe a gefen hakora kuma wannan furci "mai tsanani ne kuma baƙon abu ne ga kunnen ƙasa". A maimakon haka, Namaqua ya rufe baki dayan baki da harshe kuma ya samar da sautin "har zuwa baya a cikin palate kamar yadda zai yiwu". 

### Wasan kwaikwayo
Kalmomin tushen lexical sun ƙunshi moras biyu ko da wuya uku, a cikin sigar CVCV(C), CVV(C), ko CVN(C). (Ana buƙatar baƙar magana ta farko.) Baƙi na tsakiya na iya zama *wrmn* kawai ( *w* *b~p* da *r* is *d~t* ), yayin da baƙin ƙarshe (C) zai iya zama *p, s, ts* . Kowane mora yana ɗauke da sautin, amma na biyu na iya zama babba ko matsakaici kawai, don "waƙar waƙa" guda shida: HH, MH, LH, HM, MM, LM.

Jerin wasula na baka a CVV sune /ii ee aa oo uu ai [əi] ae ao au [əu] oa oe ui/ . Saboda rage yawan wasulan hanci, jerin hanci shine /ĩĩ ãã ũũ ãĩ [ə̃ĩ] ãũ [ə̃ũ] õã ũĩ/ . Jerin suna ƙarewa cikin babban wasali ( /ii uu ai au ui ĩĩ ũũ ãĩ ãũ ũĩ/ ) ana furtawa da sauri fiye da wasu ( /ee aa oo ae ao oa oe ãã õã/ ), ya fi kama da diphthongs da dogayen wasulan fiye da kamar jerin wasula a cikin hiatus. Sautunan ana gane su azaman kwane-kwane. Kalmomin CVCV sun kasance suna da jerin wasali iri ɗaya, kodayake akwai keɓanta da yawa. Sautunan biyu kuma sun fi bambanta.e are ((

An taƙaita jerin nau'ikan wasali da hanci zuwa wasulan da ba na gaba ba:  . Sautunan su kuma ana gane su azaman contours.

Barbashi na nahawu suna da siffan CV ko CN, tare da kowane wasali ko sautin, inda C zai iya zama kowane baƙo amma dannawa, kuma na ƙarshe ba zai iya zama NN ba. Suffixes da mora na uku na tushen, suna iya samun siffan CV, CN, V, N, tare da kowane wasali ko sautin; akwai kuma suffixes C-only guda uku, *-p* 1m.sg, *-ts* 2m.sg, *-s* 2/3f.sg.

## Rubutun Rubutu
An yi amfani da rubutun ƙididdiga da yawa don Nama. *Kamus na Khoekhoegowab* (Haacke 2000) yana amfani da mizanin zamani.

A daidaitaccen rubutun kalmomi, ana amfani da baƙaƙen bdg don kalmomi masu ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin ƙananan sauti da ptk don ɗayan mafi girman sautin; In ba haka ba ana kiransu iri daya. Ana amfani da W kawai tsakanin wasula, kodayake ana iya maye gurbinsa da b ko p bisa ga sautin. In ba haka ba an daina yin alamar sautin gabaɗaya.

Ana rubuta wasulan hanci da dawafi. Duk wasulan hanci suna da tsayi, kamar a cikin *hû*  'bakwai'. Dogayen wasula (biyu) in ba haka ba ana rubuta su da macro, kamar yadda yake cikin *ā*  'kuka, kuka'; waɗannan sun ƙunshi moras guda biyu (raka'a masu ɗaukar sauti biyu).

Ba a rubuta tasha mai girma a farkon kalma (inda ake iya hasashenta), amma ana rubuta ta da saƙa a cikin kalmomin da aka haɗa, kamar *gao-aob*  'shugaba'.

An rubuta dannawa ta amfani da alamun IPA:

* ǀ ( sanshi a tsaye ) don danna haƙori
* ǁ (masanin tsaye biyu a tsaye) don danna gefe
* ǃ ( mashaya mai ɗigon ƙasa, kusan alamar motsi ) don danna alveolar
* ǂ ( mashaya mai bugun giciye sau biyu) don latsawa ta palatal

Wani lokaci ana canza wasu haruffa, misali zanta (#) a maimakon ǂ. 

## Nahawu
Nama yana da tsarin kalma -abu-abu-fi'ili, azuzuwan sunaye uku ( *namiji/gu-class, mace/di-class* da *neuter/n-class* ) da lambobi uku na nahawu ( *mufuradi, dual* da *jam'i* ). Ana amfani da ƙayyadaddun kalmomi don yiwa mutum alama, jinsi, da lamba akan jimlolin suna .

### Mutum, jinsi da alamomin lamba
Alamar PGN ( mutum - jinsi - lamba ) suna da ƙayyadaddun karin magana waɗanda ke haɗe zuwa jumlar suna .  Alamar PGN sun bambanta mutum na farko, na biyu, da na uku, na namiji, na mace, da jinsin jinsi, da muɗaɗɗa, dual, da jam'i . Ana iya raba alamomin PGN zuwa naɗaɗɗen ƙira, abu, da ƙa'idodin ƙa'ida .

#### Nadinawa

#### Abu
(PGN + *i* )

#### Oblique
(PGN + *a* )

### Labarai
Khoekhoe yana da takamaiman labarai guda huɗu:  *ti*, *si*, *sa*, *ǁî* . Ana iya haɗa waɗannan ƙayyadaddun labaran labarai tare da alamun PGN.

Misalai daga Haacke (2013):

* *si-khom* "mu maza biyu" (wani ban da addressee da ni)
* *sa-khom* "mu maza biyu" (mai magana da ni)
* *ǁî-khom* "mu maza biyu" (wani wanda ake magana a baya da ni)

### Rubutun magana
Akwai alamomi guda uku, ge ( bayani ), kha ( tambaya ), da ko/km ( tabbatacce ). Waɗannan alamomin suna bayyana a cikin sassan matrix, kuma suna bayyana bayan batun. 

## Misalin rubutu
Mai zuwa shine samfurin rubutu a cikin yaren Khoekhoe. 

: *Nē ǀkharib ǃnâ da ge ǁGûn tî ǀGaen tsî doan tsîn; tsî ǀNopodi tsî ǀKhenadi tsî ǀhuigu tsî ǀAmin tsîn; tsî ǀkharagagu Ɓaon tsîna ra hō.*

: A cikin wannan yanki, muna samun springbuck, oryx, da duiker; francolin, guinea fowl, bustard, da jimina; da macizai iri-iri.

## Kalmomin gama gari da jimloli

* Gai tsēs - Barka da rana
* ƁGâi Ɓagoas - Barka da safiya
* ƁGai ƃoe - Barka da yamma
* Matisa – ya ya kake?
* Gâise ƃgu re – Barka da warhaka
* Khawa mugus - Mu hadu anjima
* Regkomtani – Zan sarrafa
* Tae na Tae - Yaya yake rataye (fassara kai tsaye "Mene ne")

## Littafi Mai Tsarki

* *Khoekhoegowab/Turanci don Yara*, Editions du Cygne, 2013, 
* Bakin teku, Douglas M. 1938. Wayoyin Sautin Harshen Hottentot. Cambridge: Heffer.
* Brugman, Johanna. 2009. Yankuna, Sautuna da Rarrabawa a cikin Khoekhoe Prosody  . Karatun PhD, Jami'ar Cornell.
* Haka, Wilfrid. 1976. *A Nama Grammar: Sunan-jumlar* . Littafin MA. Cape Town: Jami'ar Cape Town .
* Hacke, Wilfrid HG 1977. "Abinda ake kira "Personal Pronoun" a cikin Nama." A cikin Traill, Anthony, ed. , Nazarin Harshen Khoisan 3, 43-62. Sadarwa 6. Johannesburg: Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka, Jami'ar Wiwaterrand .
* Haka, Wilfrid. 1978. *Bayanin Jigo a Nama* . Littafin MA. Colchester, UK: Jami'ar Essex .
* Haka, Wilfrid. 1992. "Hanyoyin Jumlolin Suna a cikin Nama". A cikin Gowlett, Derek F., ed. , *Gudunmawar Harshen Afirka (Festschrift Ernst Westphal)*, 189-194. Pretoria: Ta Afirka.
* Haka, Wilfrid. 1992. "Kasuwancin Kalmomin Suna a cikin Khoekhoe (Nama/Damara): Ƙarin Shaida ga Hasashen Hasashen Jiki". *Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere*, 29, 149–162.
* Haka, Wilfrid. 1995. "Misalan Haɗawa da Haɗawa a Khoekhoegowab (Nama/Damara)". A cikin Anthony Traill, Rainer Vossen da Marguerite Anne Megan Biesele, ed. , *Cikakken Linguist: Takardu a Tunawa da Patrick J. Dickens* ", 339-361. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
* Hacke, Wilfrid; Eiseb, Elifas da Namaseb, Lawi. 1997. " Dangantakar Ciki da Waje na Yarukan Khoekhoe: Binciken Farko ". A cikin Wilfrid Haacke & Edward D. Elderkin, ed. , Harsunan Namibiya: Rahotanni da Takardu, 125–209. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag na Jami'ar Namibia .
* Haka, Wilfrid. 1999. *Tonology na Khoekhoe (Nama/Damara).* *Quellen zur Khoisan-Forschung/Bincike* a cikin Nazarin Khoisan, Bd 16. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
* Haacke, Wilfrid HG & Eiseb, Eliphas. 2002. *Kamus na Khoekhoegowab tare da Fihirisar Turanci-Khoekhoegowab* . Windhoek : Gamsberg Macmillan. ISBN&nbsp;
* Hagman, Roy S. 1977. *Nama Hottentot Grammar* . Halayen Kimiyyar Harshe, v 15. Bloomington: Jami'ar Indiana .
* Krönlein, Johann Georg. 1889.  . Berlin Deutsche Kolonialgesellschaft.
* Olpp, Johannes. 1977. Nama-grammatika. Windhoek : Inboorlingtaalburo van mutu Departement van Bantoe-onderwys.
* Ruwa, Friedrich. 1965. Praktische Namagrammatik. Cape Town : Balkema.
* Vossen, Rainer. 2013. *Harsunan Khoesan* . Oxon: Rutledge.

## Bayanan kula

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* 
* Nama grammar and a story at Cornell (dead link as of January 2009; cached by the Internet Archive)
* Nama (KhoeKhoegowab) Phrase Video Lessons
* KhoeSan Active Awareness Group (dead link as of 17 October 2010)
* An 8-minute clip of spoken Hottentot (khoekhoegowab)
* Khoekhoe phonology and a story by Johanna Brugman (dead as of January 2017; Internet Archive cache)
* Khoekhoe basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
* Khoe music / field recordings (International Library of African Music)