open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Tafoni

**Tafoni** (singular: **tafone**) ramuka ne da ke tasowa a cikin dutse mai laushi.

Ko da yake akwai ma'anoni daban-daban  a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya, ana bayyana tafoni a matsayin ƙarami (kasa da  ) zuwa babba (fiye da  ) fasalulluka na kogon da ke tasowa a cikin ko dai na halitta ko na mutum, a tsaye zuwa gangare mai zurfi, fallasa dutsen granular (watau granite, sandstone) tare da ganuwar daɗaɗɗen santsi, da sau da yawa zagaye baki da buɗewa. Ƙungiyoyin tafoni da aka gane sun haɗa da *saƙar zuma*, *lace*, *alveolar* (kasa da  ), *bangon gefe*, *basal*, *gida*, da *tafoni na relic* . Hakanan yana kama da *nido d'ape roccioso* a cikin Italiyanci. 

Maganar kalmar *tafoni* ba ta da tabbas. *tafoni* na iya fitowa daga kalmar Helenanci *taphos*, *kabarin*, ko kuma yana iya fitowa ne daga kalmar Corsican ko Sicilian don *ramuka*, *taffoni*, ko kuma daga *tafonare* ma'anar furewa. Littafin farko da aka sani na kalmar tafoni ya kasance a cikin 1882. 

## Rarraba
Tafoni sau da yawa yana faruwa a cikin kungiyoyi waɗanda zasu iya yin rikitarwa a gefen tudu, dutse, ko wasu tsarin dutse. Yawanci suna tasowa a cikin siliceous, ko dai mai laushi (sandstone) ko mai laushi mai laushi, nau'ikan dutse. An kuma lura da su a cikin lacustrine silts, tuffs, da conglomerates. Ana iya samun su a duk nau'ikan yanayi, amma sun fi yawa a cikin yanayin gishiri, kamar hamada da yankunan tafkin teku. An samo su a duk faɗin Duniya, tare da siffofi masu ban mamaki da aka samu a sashin Jodhpur-Ajmer na Indiya's Thar Desert, Petra, Jordan, Coastal California, da Australia, har ma a yankunan Arctic da Antarctica. Abubuwan da aka saba da su a cikin mahalli da ake samun su sune yawan gishiri da sauye-sauye ko sauye-shiryen bushewa.

## Asalin
An gabatar da bayani da yawa game da asalin tafoni. Sun haɗa da raguwar ruwa; lalata iska; yanayin inji wanda ya haifar da bambancin zafin jiki na ɗan gajeren lokaci; yanayin sinadarai na ciki na dutse (mai taushi) a ƙarƙashin ɓawon burodi mai kariya (mai taurin kai) sannan ya biyo bayan cire kayan da aka taushi; yanayin biogeochemical ta hanyar lichens; bambancin zazzabin jiki da ke aiki akan gishiri a yankunan bakin teku; da yanayin gishiri. Farawa a cikin shekarun 1970s, yawancin ma'aikata sun ba da shawarar gishiri a matsayin babban bayani game da kafa tafoni. A halin yanzu, ana ɗaukar tafoni a matsayin polygenetic a asali sakamakon rikitarwa na matakai na jiki da sinadarai, wanda ya haɗa da gishiri da wankewa da bushewa.
Fayil:Tafoni-davis_hg.jpg|
Fayil:Tafoni-san-francisco.jpg|
Fayil:Buntsandstein_Waben.jpg|
Fayil:Tafoni_at_Elgol,_Isle_of_Skye.jpg|
Fayil:HoneycombWeatheringCambrianIsrael.jpg|
Fayil:Korea-Mokpo_Gatbawi_11-01716.JPG|Tafoni formations, named Gatbawi (Hat Rock), found on the shore of Mokpo's east harbor, near the mouth of the Yeongsan River, South Jeolla Province, South Korea.
Fayil:Tafoni_weathering_in_monzonite_near_Corbara_in_Corsica.jpg|Tafoni on the shore of Corsica.
Fayil:Tafoni_in_granite_near_Corte_in_Corsica.jpg|Tafoni in the mountains of Corsica.
Fayil:Tafoni_in_conglomerate_near_Palasca_in_Corsica.jpg|Tafoni in conglomerate rock, Corsica.


## Manazarta
Tjørnuvík

**Tjørnuvík** (/ ˈt͡ʃʰœtnʊˌʋuɪk/, Danish   ) ƙauyen arewa ne akan Streymoy a gundumar Sunda, Tsibirin Faroe . Dangane da ƙidayar jama'a ta 2006, yawan jama'a yana da jimillar mutane 71. &#x5B;&#x5D;

Garin yana amfani da tarin teku na Stakkur don kiwon tumaki, wanda ake samun damar ta hanyar mota. Ana iya ganin tarin teku na Risin da Kellingin a fadin Sundini.

Hanyar    hanya guda ɗaya (hanya 594) daga Haldórsvík ita ce kawai hanyar zuwa Tjørnuvík. Masu yawon bude ido sun toshe hanya a lokacin rani, kafin tsarin kula da zirga-zirga ya inganta yanayin a cikin 2022. An amince da kudade don nazarin ramin.

## Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

Fayil:Tjørnuvík,_Faroe_Islands.JPG
Fayil:Is03080-Tjornuvik.jpg
Fayil:Is03073-Tjornuvik.jpg
Fayil:Gongutúrur_yvir_Tjørnuvík_(2).jpg


## Manazarta
Yankin wankewa

**layin drift** ko layin kwalliya,  wanda aka fi sani da **gefen wankewa**  ko gefen wanke  (Jamusanci: )  yanki ne na bakin teku wanda aka ajiye ko wanke kayan. Sau da yawa yana gudana tare da gefen ruwa kuma akwai ƙungiyoyi da yawa saboda bambancin matakan ruwa. A sakamakon wadatar abubuwan gina jiki da ke faruwa a cikin irin wannan wanka, nau'ikan ruderal suna faruwa akai-akai a nan, wanda, alal misali, a bakin Tekun Baltic ya ƙunshi ciyawa orache da kale na teku.

## Manazarta
Backkom Bear: Wakilin 008

*[[Bernard (jerin talabijin)|Backkom]]* Bear: Agent 008 (Chinese) fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo na kasada Sin na 2017 wanda Li Qingfang ya jagoranta, wanda ya samo asali ne daga jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Backkom .  An sake shi a kasar Sin a ranar 13 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2017.  Wannan fim din yana aiki ne a matsayin prequel ga wasan kwaikwayon. Ya zuwa 2019, har yanzu ba a saki fim din a Turanci ba.

An sake fitowa mai taken Agent Backkom: Kings Bear a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu 2020.

## Makirci
A shekara ta 2003, mutane sun fashe duk Antarctica tare da mahaifiyar Backkom da jariri Backkom tare da mutuwar mahaifiyar. Daga baya wata yarinya mai suna Jessica ta karbe shi sannan sunan Backkom.

Shekaru 3 bayan haka, Backkom yana cikin Zoo (inda yake barci a duk lokacin da mutane suka gan shi). Wani yaro mai fushi ya jefa masa kwano wanda Backkom ya sa ya tashi zuwa gare shi. Backkom yana aiki a matsayin Mai tsabta a Ma'aikatar Tsaro. Kan wani mutum ya kama wuta bayan wani alkalami mai fashewa ya fashe, Backkom ya buge shi a kai da cokali. Ba zato ba tsammani bears sun jefa bama-bamai a duk faɗin birnin, saboda mutane sun lalata gidajensu, don haka sun yanke shawarar lalata gidajen mutane. Wani wakili ya shiga cikin jirgin sararin samaniya na polar bear, wanda aka kama shi kuma ya daskare shi. Mutanen sun sanya babban kwakwalwa a cikin Backkom wanda ya juya shi ya zama ɗan leƙen asiri (amma har yanzu yana da wauta).

Backkom ya shiga horo, amma ya kasa tunawa da "mutuwar" mahaifiyarsa. An aika Backkom a kan wani aiki don shiga cikin tushe na polar bear kuma ya kawar da bama-bamai. Mai laifi ya kama Jessica kuma ya kalli tunanin ta. Backkom yayi ƙoƙari ya kashe bama-bamai, amma bai iya ba. Backkom ya gano cewa beyar da ke bayan duk wannan ita ce mahaifiyarsa. Shekaru da yawa da suka gabata bayan Antarctica ta fashe, mutane sun yi amfani da bears don yin gwaje-gwaje, wanda ya juya mahaifiyar Backkom mugunta.

Mataimakin shugaban da ya haukace ya kaddamar da makami mai linzami, wanda mahaifiyar Backkom ta dakatar da shi. Backkom ya yanke shawarar zama tare da iyalinsa da sauran bears. Wani ƙudan zuma na mutum-mutumi ya fito ne daga kifi da ke cin Backkom a cikin bututun.

A cikin wani yanayi na tsakiya, Backkom da Jessica suna ƙoƙari su dakatar da penguins daga lalata duniya. Sai kawai ga Backkom ya yi tsalle kuma penguins suka bi shi a cikin Gidan da aka daskare.

## Masu ba da labari

* Tang Shuiyu 
* Xu Jiaqi 
* Yang Mo 

## Saki
An fitar da fim din a kasar Sin a ranar 13 ga watan Janairun 2017. A Koriya ta Kudu an fitar da fim din a ranar 3 ga Mayu 2017.

### Tallace-tallace
An saki trailer a ranar 16 ga Disamba 2016. 

Fim din ya kuma fitar da hotunan da ke nuna fina-finai na Amurka, kamar su *Monsters, Inc.*, Cars, *TMNT*, *Spider-Man 3*, *Avatar*, How to Train Your Dragon, Despicable Me, da The *Smurfs*, da kuma hotunan da ke kwatanta *Pokémon*, My Neighbor Totoro, *Doraemon*, *Kung Fu Panda*, Big Hero 6, da *Zootopia*. 

## Karɓar baƙi
Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 46.9 a kasar Sin.

## Manazarta
Kamfanin Makamashi na Hasken rana na Indiya

**Solar Energy Corporation of India Ltd.** (**SECI**) kamfani ne na bangaren jama'a na Ma'aikatar Sabon Makamashi da Sabuntawa, Gwamnatin Indiya, wanda aka kafa don sauƙaƙe aiwatar da Ofishin Jakadancin Hasken rana na Kasa (NSM).  An fadada aikin kamfanin don rufe duk yankin makamashi mai sabuntawa kuma za a sake sunan kamfanin zuwa Kamfanin Makamashi mai Sabuntawa na Indiya (**RECI**).   Kamfanin ya sami matsayin *Navratna* a cikin 2024, wanda ke ba kungiyar damar yin saka hannun jari mai yawa har zuwa ₹ 1,000 crore ba tare da buƙatar amincewa daga Cibiyar ba.

Kamfanin yana da alhakin aiwatar da tsare-tsaren gwamnati da yawa,  manyan sune tsare-tsare na VGF don manyan ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da grid a ƙarƙashin NSM, tsarin filin shakatawa na hasken rana da tsarin rufin hasken rana, tare da wasu tsare-tsalle na musamman kamar tsarin tsaro, hanyoyin hasken rana.

Bugu da kari, SECI ta shiga cikin ci gaban aikin hasken rana a kan tushen maɓalli ga PSU da yawa. Har ila yau, kamfanin yana da lasisin cinikin wutar lantarki kuma yana aiki a wannan yanki ta hanyar cinikin wutar hasken rana daga ayyukan da aka kafa a ƙarƙashin tsare-tsaren da ake aiwatar da su. IREDA, REC da Tusco Ltd. wasu daga cikin masu fafatawa ne a bangaren jama'a a cikin wannan sarari.

## Tarihi
An kafa SECI a cikin shekara ta 2011 ba don kamfani ba ne (Sashe na 25 na Dokar Kamfanoni, 1956) kuma an canza shi zuwa kamfani na Kasuwancin e- cikin 2015 (Sashe 3 na Dokar Kamfanin, 2013). SECI ta saki takardun shaida don zabar masu haɓaka Sabunta Makamashi (RE) don kafa Ayyuka a kan Pan-India ko takamaiman tushen Jiha. Ana gudanar da tsarin zaɓe don masu cin nasara ta hanyar tsarin gasa na e-bidden farashi.

SECI ta gayyaci tayin don saita ayyukan wutar lantarki na hasken rana na 2000MW. Za a biya SECI dala miliyan 265 a karkashin wannan tayin.

Kodayake ba a nufin SECI ta sami riba ba, ta sami riba na ₹ 12 crores a cikin 2014-15 bayan haka majalisar dokokin Tarayyar karkashin shugabancin Firayim Minista Narendra Modi ta ba da amincewarta ga SECI ga:

# Juya shi zuwa Sashe na 3 Kamfanin a karkashin Dokar Kamfanoni, 2013, da
# Sake masa suna a matsayin Kamfanin Makamashi mai Sabuntawa na Indiya (RECI) 

Babban tasirin yanke shawara zai kasance:

# SECI za ta zama kungiya mai dorewa da samar da kanta tare da tashoshin wutar lantarki na hasken rana wanda zai samar da sayar da wutar lantarki. Hakanan zai taimaka wa kamfanin a wasu sassan ayyukan bangaren hasken rana, gami da masana'antar kayayyakin hasken rana da kayan aiki tun lokacin da ba a yarda da shi a baya ba.
# SECI za ta zama RECI bayan canjin sunanta sannan kuma za ta dauki ci gaban dukkan sassan makamashi mai sabuntawa wato, geo-thermal, iska mai zurfi, tidal da dai sauransu ban da hasken rana.
# A cikin 2016, SECI ta fuskanci manyan kalubale. Tun lokacin da tsarin siyarwar Indiya bai daidaita kasuwa da tsarin ba a cikin 2016, SECI ta gudanar da siyarwa 9. Koyaya, yawancin ayyukan ba su iya ci gaba yadda ya kamata ba, kuma yawancin tayin sun kasance a ƙarƙashin biyan kuɗi.

## Manazarta
Van Vigyan Kendra

**Van Vigyan Kendra** (**VVK**)    ko Cibiyoyin Kimiyya na Forestry (**FSC**) an kafa su ne ta Majalisar Binciken dazuzzuka da Ilimi ta Indiya (ICFRE)  na Ma'aikatar Muhalli da dazuzzuka,  Gwamnati.  na Indiya. Yana da niyyar taimakawa yada fasahohi daban-daban da manoma, masana'antun gandun daji da cibiyoyin bincike na gandun daji suka haɓaka.

## Ayyuka
**Van Vigyan Kendra** tana biyan bukatun binciken filin silviculture, inganta bishiyoyi, dabarun kiyaye ƙasa da ruwa, da dabarun gandun daji don ƙasar saline, dabarun fadada gandun daji, noma da dabarun composting, tsarin amfani da ƙasa mai ɗorewa da gabatar da kimantawa na nau'ikan katako da wadanda ba katako ba.

Za a jaddada ci gaba da ingantaccen kayan shuka don inganta yawan amfanin gona, wanda zai taimaka wa mutanen da ke da alaƙa da gandun daji da aikin gona.

An ba da horo da yawa a kan jigogi daban-daban ciki har da shirin wayar da kan jama'a kan Binciken dazuzzuka da amfani da shi da kariya ga gandun daji.

Ya zuwa 17 ga Nuwamba 2021, an zaɓi jimlar mutane 15 don yin horo na takardar shaidar kan kula da gobarar daji a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Muhalli da dazuzzuka, tare da jagorancin jami'an Arunachal Pradesh Forest Corporation Ltd (APFCL). Masu horar da masana daga cibiyoyi daban-daban na jihar, gami da wadanda daga Cibiyar Nazarin dazuzzuka, NERIST, Sashen dazuzzuka (APFC Ltd), ***Van Vigyan Kendra (VVK)***  da sauransu za su ba da horo kan batun.

## Dubi kuma

## Manazarta
Ilex na Argentina

Ilex Argentina, wanda aka fi sani da **Argentina holly**, nau'in itace ne na asali a arewa maso yammacin Argentina da Bolivia.

Yana da asali a cikin Yungas na Bolivia da Kudancin Andean, gandun daji masu zafi a gefen gabashin Andes da Sierras Pampeanas. Ana samunsa tsakanin mita 900 da 1800 a cikin Kudancin Andean Yungas, kuma har zuwa mita 2300 a cikin Yungas na Bolivia.

## Manazarta
Cryptobatrachus ruthveni

***Cryptobatrachus ''ruthveni**** wani nau'in [[Kwaɗo|kwari]] ne a cikin dangin Hemiphractidae . Yana da iyaka a gefen yammacin [[Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta]] a arewacin [[Kolombiya|Colombia]].**   takamaiman suna ruthveni yana girmama Alexander Grant Ruthven, masanin ilimin dabbobi na Amurka wanda shine na farko da ya yi karatu.*

## Bayyanawa
Manya maza suna auna 33-45  in) da kuma manya mata, bisa ga samfurin guda ɗaya,   in)  tsawon hanci. Kai ya fi faɗi fiye da tsayi kuma ya fi faɗi sama da jiki a cikin mata amma ba a cikin maza ko yara ba. Kunnen yana da ƙanƙara a cikin ra'ayi na baya amma an zagaye shi a cikin bayanin martaba. Tambarin yana da girma a cikin maza fiye da mata; suturar supratympanic tana da kyau. Ƙarƙashin baya suna da ƙanƙanta. Fata a kan dorsum yana da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta tare da warts masu girma. Hannunsu ba su da sutura. Hanyoyin yatsan hannu da yatsan hannu suna ɗauke da manyan diski. Subarticular adhesive pads suna nan. Samfurori masu adana barasa suna da launin ruwan kasa tare da launin ruwan hoda a baya da kuma wuraren cream a gefen. Ƙungiyoyin suna da launin ruwan kasa tare da launin ruwan hoda.

*Cryptobatrachus ruthveni* a waje kusan ba za a iya rarrabe shi ba daga *[[Cryptobatrachus boulengeri]]*, amma yana da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta masu girma a kan dorsum. Bambancin osteological shine cewa *C. ruthveni* ba shi da fadada gefe na ɓangaren baya na ƙwaƙwalwar da aka gani a cikin *C. boulengeri* . 

Kwayoyin mata suna ɗauke da ƙwai a bayansu. Kwayoyin suna da ci gaba kai tsaye  (watau, babu wani matakin larval mai rai kyauta ).

## Gida da kiyayewa
*Cryptobatrachus ruthveni* yana faruwa a wuraren zama na riparian a cikin koguna a tsawo na 1,000-1,600   sama da matakin teku. Yana da yawa a cikin ƙananan sanannun yankinsa. Yana fuskantar barazanar asarar mazaunin da gurɓataccen agrochemical wanda yafi haifar da shuke-shuke na kofi. Ba a san cewa yana faruwa a wuraren da aka kiyaye ba.

## Manazarta
Xiang Li (Mai fafutuka)

**Xiang Li** (向莉) (an haife ta a shekara ta 1976) mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ne a ƙasar Sin.

## Tsarewa
An tsare ta a watan Maris na shekara ta 2014 saboda nuna rashin amincewa da tsare lauyoyi hudu na kare hakkin dan adam a Jiansanjiang, lardin Heilongjiang . 

A watan Yulin 2015, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta dauki Xiang Li daya daga cikin wadanda aka yi niyya a cikin 709 kuma ta hana ta barin kasar. An fitar da ita daga kasar Sin kuma ta shiga Thailand a watan Janairun 2018, inda aka tsare ta a kurkukun shige da fice a Bangkok saboda shiga ba bisa ka'ida ba. An ba ta biza ta jin kai zuwa Amurka a watan Yulin 2018, amma jim kadan kafin ta tashi zuwa filin jirgin sama a ranar 23 ga Yuli, gidan yarin shige da fice ya soke tikitin iska a karkashin matsin lamba daga gwamnatin kasar Sin. Ta sami damar shiga jirgin kwana uku bayan haka kuma ta isa Amurka a ranar 27 ga Yuli, 2018. 

## Manazarta
Talus cave

Wani kogo na talus, wanda aka fi sani da **kogon dutse**, wani nau'in kogo ne wanda aka kafa ta hanyar gibin da ke tsakanin daya, ko kuma manyan duwatsu da yawa. Za'a iya kafa koguna na Talus a ko'ina manyan duwatsu da suka tara a cikin tarin, kamar a cikin Scree a gindin dutse. 

## Kafawa

An kafa kogon Talus a ko'ina tare da isasshen tarin manyan kayan dutse, kuma ta haka ne aka samo a cikin dutse iri-iri- a New England, an sami kogon talus a cikin Anorthosite, schist, slate, phyllite, conglomerate, marmara da sandstone. : 53 Duk da haka, koguna masu tasowa sun fi dacewa da samarwa a kusa da dutsen da ya dace sosai, kamar dutse ko gneiss, wanda ya fashe da tsabta tare da karyewa.

Daidaitaccen tsarin samar da kogo ya bambanta da mahallin ƙasa. Tare da ƙasan fuskokin dutse, ana kirkirar koguna na talus da farko daga motsi na dutse saboda gazawar gangara, yawanci ta hanyar rushewar ƙasa da ke haifar da ajiyar Scree wanda ke dauke da koguna. A cikin gorges masu tsayi, koguna na talus na iya zama haɗuwa da gazawar gangara da ragewa ta rafi ko kogi, inda aka wanke ƙananan duwatsu da ƙasa a ƙarƙashin manyan duwatsu, suna barin kogo a baya.

A cikin Scandinavia da sauran yankunan da aka yi amfani da su kwanan nan, koguna masu yawa sune sakamakon aikin neotectonic saboda sake dawowa bayan dusar ƙanƙara. Wadannan koguna ana samun su a cikin tsaunuka masu tsagewa, inda girgizar ƙasa mai karfi ta neotectonic ta haifar da manyan tsarin fashewa da koguna.

An gano siffofi da yawa a kan Mars don kama da muryar ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da yiwuwar koguna na waje.

## Halaye
Kogunan Talus yawanci gajere ne, kodayake mafi tsawo suna da kilomita da yawa na hanyoyin bincike. Misalan koguna masu tsawo sun haɗa da  [sv] a Hälsingland, Sweden, tare da mita 2,600 (8,500  na wucewa,   Touchy Sword of Damocles cave a New York, Amurka tare da mita 4,000 (13,000  na hanyar, : 55  da Merrills-Barn Door-And-The Hole-Scotts (DMBHS) kogo a Vermont, tare da metro 640 (2,100  na hanya. : 59 Duk da haka, saboda rikitarwa, yanayin labyrinthine na manyan koguna ba a san ainihin tsawon tsarin da yawa ba.

Kodayake ba a yi nazarin koguna ba idan aka kwatanta da wasu nau'ikan koguna, a wuraren da ba su da kyau ga samar da koguna ko bututun dutse suna iya zama mafi yawan nau'in kogon. Wasu koguna a Arewa maso gabashin Amurka koguna ne na kankara, tare da ajiyar kankara a cikin hanyoyin kogon. Talus caves sune mahimman wuraren zama ga jemagu da troglofauna, kamar su pseudoscorpion *Parobisium yosemite* wanda ke da alaƙa da caves na talus a cikin Yosemite National Park .  An juya wasu koguna a cikin koguna masu nunawa, kamar koguna a Lost River Reservation da Polar Caves Park a New Hampshire, da koguna a Pinnacles National Park a California.

## Manazarta
Hatsarin karkashin kasa na London

Cibiyar sadarwa ta Landan ta karkashin kasa tana daukar fasinjoji sama da biliyan guda a shekara.  Lokaci guda hatsarin ya faru yai sanadiyar mutuwar mutane guda  miliyam  300. Hatsari biyar da ke haddasa mutuwar fasinja sun faru ne sakamakon aikin jirgin kasa na  sama da shekaru 90 tun lokacin da aka kafa Hukumar Kula da Sufuri ta Landan, na karshe a Moorgate a 1975;  wasu hasarar rayuka dai na faruwa ne sakamakon tashin bama-bamai a lokacin yaki da ta'addanci, gobarar tasha da fasinja kan kan hanya a tashoshin. 

## Har zuwa Yaƙin Duniya na II
Dún Briste

**Dún Briste** (Irish: Broken Fort) tarin teku ne na halitta ko pilaster - a cikin ilimin ƙasa da ake kira tarin - wanda aka kafa a Ireland a Lokacin Carboniferous, mai yiwuwa Mississippian, kimanin shekaru miliyan 350 da suka gabata.

## Magana
Sunan ya fito ne daga kalmomin Irish  ma'anar "ƙarfi" da  ma'anar" karya, yana nuna bayyanar tsarin da asalinsa.

## Bayyanawa
Tarin yana kwance nan da nan a tsibirin Downpatrick Head, kilomita shida arewa maso gabashin garin Ballycastle, County Mayo .  Yana da mita 45 a tsawo, mita 63 a tsawo da kuma mita 23 a fadin.

## Tarihi
A cewar labari, kafin a raba Dún Briste daga yankin da ke makwabtaka da shi (Downpatrick Head), Saint Patrick ya gina daya daga cikin majami'u na farko na Ireland a can. Labarin ya ci gaba da cewa lokacin da wani druid na gida, Crom Dubh, ya ki tuba zuwa Kristanci, Patrick mai fushi ya buge ƙasa da ma'aikatansa kuma ya yanke tarin daga ƙasar, ya hukunta druid ya mutu a can cikin kaɗaici.

During World War II the nearby house served as a lookout post for the Irish Coast Guard. &#x5B;**&#x5D;

Shaidar cewa ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙasar an gabatar da shi a cikin 1980 ta hanyar masu bincike waɗanda suka sauka a ciki ta hanyar helikofta kuma suka gudanar da bincike, inda suka sami gine-ginen dutse da ragowar ƙetarewar tumaki.

## Manazarta
White Beaches (Spiagge Bianche)

**White Beaches** (Italiyanci: Spiagge Bianche) kusan kilomita biyar ne na bakin teku mai yashi wanda ke cikin garin Rosignano Marittimo a Tuscany, tsakanin ƙauyukan Rosignano Solvay da tsakiyar ƙauyen Vada .  An wanke su da Tekun Liguria,  suna a gefen arewacin bakin tekun Maremma.

Launi mai ban mamaki na yashi, wanda ke haifar da kwatantawa tare da iyakar tekun zafi, shine sakamakon shekaru na sarrafawa da fitar da carbonate na calcium ta hanyar masana'antar Solvay Group da ke Rosignano Solvay, kimanin kilomita daga bakin teku. Shuka na soda, wanda shine mafi girma a Turai,  an gina shi a 1912 kusa da rairayin bakin teku kuma ya fara aiki a 1914, yana samarwa, ban da ash na soda, hydrogen peroxide, polyethylene, calcium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, da hydrochloric acid.  Samun damar zuwa rairayin bakin teku ta hanyar karamin tudu wanda har zuwa 1983  ya yi aiki a matsayin zubar da shara don samarwa da sharar gida. 

Saboda fitar da Solvay, wanda ya hada da gurɓataccen abubuwa daban-daban  masu guba da / ko masu cutar kansa (ciki har da mercury, da zarar an sake shi yayin sarrafawa ta hanyar masana'antar sodium chloride electrolysis), Spiagge Bianche yana daga cikin rairayin bakin teku mafi gurɓata a Italiya, kuma kamun kifi a cikin ruwan da ke kewaye yana da iyakance sosai. Bugu da ƙari, wannan shimfiɗa na bakin teku yana daga cikin wuraren 15 da suka fi gurɓata a bakin teku a Italiya bisa ga Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, shirin muhalli na Majalisar Dattijai. Fiye da tan 100,000 na sharar gida ana zubar da su cikin teku a kowace shekara. Duk da haka, har ma a cikin shekaru kafin juyin juya halin masana'antar, an ba wannan iyakar bakin teku Blue Flag sau da yawa  kuma Spiagge Bianche ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun wuraren bakin teku a Tuscany duk da tsananin haramtacciyar haramtacciya kan yin iyo da kuma jinkiri da aka bayar ta gari na Rosignano kusa da fitar da sharar masana'antu. 

A watan Yulin 1994 'yan wasan Rugby Rosignano sun taru a bakin rairayin bakin teku don wani bangare na Sangria; a shekara mai zuwa, taron mai zaman kansa ya fadada ga abokai da sauransu, kuma a shekara ta 2003, ya ja hankalin mutane 25,000 zuwa yankin. A shekara ta 2004, saboda yawan masu halarta, kuma sakamakon wasu rikice-rikice da ayyukan da ba a ba da izini ba, karamar hukumar Rosignano Marittimo ta yanke shawarar dakatar da taron.

## Manazarta
Tata Solar Power

**Tata Power Solar Systems Limited**, tsohon **Tata BP Solar**, kamfani ne na Indiya wanda ke ƙwarewa a cikin ayyukan hasken rana. Kamfanin yana ƙera kayan aikin hasken rana, sel na hasken rana.  Yana ba da sabis na EPC don ayyukan hasken rana .

A watan Fabrairun 2017, Tata Power Solar ya zama kamfanin Indiya na farko da ya aika sama da 1 GW na hasken rana a duk duniya. Kamfanin masana'antu na kamfanin a Bangalore yana da ƙarfin samar da 400 MW na kayan aiki da 300 MW na sel.

## Tarihi
Tata Power da BP Solar sun kafa Tata BP Solar, kamfani na hadin gwiwa, a cikin 1989.  Kamfanin ya fara ayyukan kasuwanci a cikin 1991 ta hanyar kafa masana'anta ta farko tare da ƙarfin samar da 3 MW.

An rufe BP Solar a ranar 21 ga Disamba 2011, lokacin da BP ta sanar da ficewarta daga kasuwancin hasken rana. A ranar 30 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2012, an sake sunan Tata BP Solar India Limited a matsayin Tata Power Solar Systems Limited kuma ya zama cikakken mallakar Tata Group.

A watan Agustan 2016, Tata Power Solar ta ba da umarnin aikin hasken rana na 100 MW a NP Kunta Ultra Mega Solar Power Project a Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh . Wannan shine aikin hasken rana mafi girma da aka ba da izini ta amfani da ƙwayoyin hasken rana da aka ƙera a cikin gida a lokacin.

A cikin 2022, Tata Power Solar ta tara crore 4,000 daga Tata Power da ƙungiyar masu saka hannun jari karkashin jagorancin BlackRock, wanda ya haɗa da Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Mubadala. 

## Rufin rufin
Tata Power Solar yana daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan EPC na rufin hasken rana a Indiya tare da rabon kasuwa na 5.6%. Kamfanin ya kammala shigar da rufin hasken rana mafi girma a duniya a watan Agusta 2017. Aikin rufin da aka gina a filin wasan cricket a Mumbai, Indiya zai samar da fiye da raka'a miliyan 1 kuma zai rage amfani da wutar lantarki da kusan kashi 25%.

Tata Power Solar ta ba da izinin rufin hasken rana na 820.8 kWp a Cricket Club of India (CCI), a Mumbai. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa ita ce rufin hasken rana mafi girma a duniya a filin wasan cricket 

820.8kWp Solar Rooftop System

Filin wasa na CCI a Mumbai Goes Green

Kimanin ƙarni miliyan 1.12 a kowace shekara

Kashe tan 840 na carbon a kowace shekara

Tata Power Solar ne ya aiwatar da aikin don samar da mafita a saman rufin hasken rana don filin wasa da ke Mumbai kuma an kammala shi cikin kwanaki 100. Shri Devendra Fadnavis, Babban Ministan Maharashtra ya kaddamar da filin wasa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&#x5B;&#x5D;

## Manazarta
Sambucus na Peru

Sambucus peruviana wani nau'in itace ne a cikin dangin Adoxaceae . Yana da iyali a Amurka ta tsakiya da Amurka ta Kudu.

## Bayyanawa
Itace har zuwa 8 m, akwati mara kyau. Yankin ganye, tare da 7-9 ovate-oblong leaflets, margin serrate, acute apex, hairy underide. Inflorescences sune cymes 18-22 cm tsawo, tare da fararen furanni masu ƙanshi. 'Ya'yan itace baƙar fata ne 1.2 cm a diamita, tare da tsaba 3-5.&nbsp;&nbsp;

## Rarraba da mazaunin
Ana samun Sambucus peruviana daga Costa Rica da Panama zuwa Andes kudu zuwa arewa maso yammacin Argentina tsakanin 2800 da 3900 m na tsawo.

## Sunayen gargajiya
 (Colombia, Peru, Bolivia),  (Argentina),  (harshen Quechua).

## Amfani da shi
Ana iya sanya 'ya'yan itace a cikin jam, abin sha, da ruwan inabi. Ganyen, furanni da 'ya'yan itatuwa suna da kaddarorin magani; analgesic, antiinflammatory, antiseptic, sudorific. Itacen yana da ƙarfi kuma yana da ƙarfi, ana amfani dashi don gini, kayan aiki da yin Quenas.

## Manazarta
Yungas na Peru

Yankin **Yungas na [[Peru]]** sun ƙunshi yankin gandun daji mai laushi a cikin Peru.

## Tarihi
A lokacin Daular Inca, kalmar *Yunga* tana nufin gangaren yamma da gabashin Andes da mazaunansu. A zamanin mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya, ya zama da alaƙa da tuddai na yamma kusa da bakin tekun hamada da Indiyawa na gida. A yau, *yunga* na iya komawa ga ƙananan gangara a bangarorin biyu na Andes, kodayake yungas galibi suna nuna tuddai na gabas tsakanin Andes da kwarin Amazon, tare da duka biyun sun rasa yawancin kabilansu.

## Saitawa
Ana samun Yungas a kan gangaren gabas da kwari na Andes na Peruvian. Sun samar da yanki na sauyawa tsakanin gandun daji na Kudu maso Yammacin Amazon da gandun daji mai laushi na Ucayali a ƙananan tsaunuka zuwa gabas da Central Andean puna da rigar puna a mafi girman tsaunuka a yamma.

## Yanayi
Yanayin yanayi  wannan yankin ya bambanta daga Yanayin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi a arewa zuwa Yanayin tsaunuka masu zafi a kudu. Ruwan sama ya kasance daga 500 zuwa 2,000 millimeters (19.7 zuwa 78.7 in) a kowace shekara.

## Tsire-tsire
Wannan yankin ya ƙunshi fiye da nau'in shuke-shuke 3,000, gami da nau'ikan orchid 200. Orchid jinsuna sun hada da Epidendrum da *Maxillaria* . Ferns na itace (*Cyathea*) da bamboo (*Chusquea*) sun zama ruwan dare. A ƙasa da mita 2,700 (8,900 , gandun daji ya haɗa da nau'o'in kamar su itacen al'ul (Cedrela), itacen ƙaho (*Tabebuia*), da dangi na papaya (*Carica*). Sama da mita 3,500 (11,500 , akwai wuraren da ke da tsaunuka da duwatsu masu laushi tare da shrubs da orchid na ƙasa da kuma gandun daji na *Podocarpus* conifers.

## Dabbobi
Wannan yankin ya ƙunshi fiye da nau'in dabbobi 200. Galle na dutse (*Rupicola peruviana*) ya zama ruwan dare.

Shahararrun dabbobi masu shayarwa sun haɗa da shrew opossums (*Caenolestes*) da Kalinowski's Agouti (*Dasyprocta kalinowskii*), da kuma pudú na arewa (*Pudu mephistophiles*) da kuma gashi mai dogon hanci armadillo (*Dasypus pilosus*). 

Shahararrun nau'o'in da aka samu a nan sun hada da curassow mai ƙaho (*Pauxi unicornis*), hummingbirds (*Metallura theresiae*, *Heliangelus regalis*), owlet mai dogon gemu (*Xenoglaux loweryi*) da Marañón poison frog (Dendrobates mysteriosus). 

Dabbobi masu haɗari da barazana sun haɗa da biri mai launin rawaya (*Oreonax flavicauda*), jaguar (*Panthera onca*), ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), beyar kallo (*Tremarctos ornatus*), otter neotropical (*Lontra longicaudis*), colocolo (*Oncifelis colocolo*), zakara na Andean (*Rupicola peruviana*) da *Cinchona* sp.). 

Wannan yankuna kuma suna da nau'ikan malam buɗe ido daga jinsunan Dismopha, *Callithea*, Paridos, da *Morpho*.

## Manazarta
Gidan Tarihi na Yankin na Pleven

Gidan Tarihi na Yanki na Pleven (Bulgaria: Регионален исторически музей — Плевен), wanda aka kafa a 1953, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan gidajen tarihi a Bulgaria.  Gidan kayan tarihin yana cikin ginin bene mai hawa biyu kusa da tsakiyar Pleven wanda abin tunawa ne na al'adar mahimmancin ƙasa kuma yana da yanki na 7,000 m2.  Babban hannun jarinsa ya haɗa da raka'a sama da 180,000 da ɗakin karatu na gidan kayan gargajiya yana da ɗakunan littattafai sama da 10,000 na wallafe-wallafen kimiyya da na lokaci-lokaci.

## Tarihi
Gidan Tarihi na Yanki na Pleven ya samo asali ne a cikin Ƙungiyar Archaeological Society da aka kafa a 1903, wanda burinsa ya haɗa da ƙirƙirar gidan kayan gargajiya, da kuma ganowa da bincike na abubuwan tarihi na tarihi a cikin garin da yankin.  Farkon tonowar kagara na Roman Storgosia a Kaylaka Park a watan Mayu 1905 al'umma ne suka shirya kuma suka gudanar da su a karkashin jagorancin Yurdan Kantardzhiev.

Kungiyar ta tattara tarin kayan tarihi wanda ya nuna abubuwan da aka samu a cikin 1911. A cikin 1923, an tura dukkan kayan zuwa Cibiyar Al'umma ta Saglasie, inda aka kafa gidan kayan gargajiya.

An kafa shi a hukumance a 1953, gidan kayan gargajiya ya koma ginin da yake ciki na yanzu, wanda aka gina tsakanin 1884 da 1888 bayan aikin Italiyanci don bariki, a 1984.

Gidan kayan gargajiya ya zama yanki a ranar 1 ga Yulin 2000, yana rungumar lardunan Pleven da Lovech.

Gidan kayan gargajiya na dindindin na abubuwa 5,000 yana cikin jimlar dakuna 24 kuma an raba shi cikin sassan 5, waɗanda aka sadaukar da su ga ilimin kimiyyar archaeology, ethnography, Bulgarian National Revival da Mulkin Ottoman na Bulgaria, tarihin zamani, da yanayi. Bugu da ƙari, tarin numismatic wanda ya haɗa da tsabar kudi 25,000 ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin mafi arziki a Bulgaria.

## Manazarta
 

## Adireshin Waje
* Shafin yanar gizon hukuma
Cibiyar Kula da namun daji ta Indiya

**Cibiyar Kula da namun daji ta Indiya** (**WII**) cibiyar sabis ce mai cin gashin kanta da aka kafa a 1982 a karkashin Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi, Gwamnatin Indiya. WII tana gudanar da bincike kan namun daji a fannonin karatu kamar Biodiversity, Endangered Species, Wildlife Policy, Wildlife Management, Wildlife Forensics, Spatial Modeling, Ecodevelopment, Ecotoxicology, Habitat Ecology da Climate Change. WII tana da cibiyar bincike wacce ta hada da Forensics, Remote Sensing da GIS, Laboratory, Herbarium, da kuma ɗakin karatu na lantarki. Daraktan da ya kafa shi ne V. B. Saharia yayin da darektan farko shi ne Hemendra Singh Panwar wanda ya kasance darektan daga 1985 zuwa 1994. Ma'aikatan da aka horar daga WII sun ba da gudummawa wajen nazarin da kare namun daji a Indiya. Ƙididdigar tiger ta ƙasa ko All India Tiger Estimation, ana yin ta ne ta hanyar WII tare da NTCA da sassan gandun daji na jihar.

Cibiyar tana cikin Gundumar Dehradun, Indiya. Tana cikin Chandrabani, wanda ke kusa da gandun daji na kudancin gundumar Dehradun. Kwalejin tana da kadada 180, daga cikinsu kadada 100 suna cikin jeji kuma kadada 80 wuraren aiki ne. Yana kusa da Gidan shakatawa na Rajaji . Horar da ma'aikatan kai tsaye na Jami'an Kula da dazuzzuka na Indiya da kuma wadanda aka dauka a matsayin Jami'an dazuzzuka ne a nan kanta.

## Daraktoci
Darakta na yanzu na Cibiyar Kula da namun daji ta Indiya shine Dhananjai Mohan wanda aka nada shi a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019.  Ya kasance tsohon Babban Babban Mai Kula da dazuzzuka, Shirye-shirye da Gudanar da Kudi da Shugaban Hukumar Biodiversity ta Jiha a Uttarakhand . 

Daraktocin da suka gabata sun hada da:

* Vinod Bihari Mathur daga Fabrairu 2014 zuwa (Yuni 2019?) 
* Radha Krishna Goel daga 2013 zuwa Fabrairu 2014 
* Priya Ranjan Sinha daga Satumba 2004 zuwa Yuni 2013  
* Hemendra Singh Panwar daga 1985 zuwa 1994, darektan farko na Cibiyar Kula da namun daji ta Indiya.

## Manazarta
Canjin yanayi a Île-de-France

Canjin yanayi a Île-de-France yana shafar masana'antu daban-daban.

## Rashin iskar gas
A shekara ta 2005, hayakin gas a Île-de-France a shekara ta 2005 ya kai tan 48,600,000 na carbon dioxide daidai da tan 34,200,000 na carbon diox daidai.

## Tasirin canjin yanayi
Canjin yanayi zai kashe ƙananan kasuwanni a Île-de-France € 30,000,000,000 a cikin farashi kai tsaye, a cewar OECD. Babban fari zai haifar da farashin tattalin arziki har zuwa € 2,500,000.

A cikin shekarar 2024, a duk faɗin Faransa, an rage samar da zuma da kashi 30% idan aka kwatanta da shekarun da suka gabata tare da Île-de-France da ya fi muni fiye da sauran yankuna.

## Amsa

### Siyasa
Paris ta rage iyakokinta na saurin a cikin birni zuwa 30 km / h. An aiwatar da shi azaman ƙoƙari na rage hayaki da gurɓataccen yanayi, da kuma kara amincin masu tafiya da masu tuka keke da rage gurɓatawar hayaniya.

Hukumomin Paris sun rage saurin a kan Boulevard Periphérique zuwa 50 km / h a cikin 2024.  An aiwatar da matakin a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin yanayi na birnin. Shugaban Majalisar Yankin Île-de-France, Valérie Pécresse ya soki wannan.

A watan Satumbar 2024, Pécresse ta bayyana shirye-shiryen Île-de-France don zama yanki na minti 20, mai kama da biranen minti 15.

## Manazarta
Rikicin jihar

**Rikicin jihar** shine amfani da karfi, tsoratarwa, ko zalunci da gwamnati ke yi wa 'yan ƙasa. Rikicin jihar na iya faruwa ta hanyar tilasta bin doka ko rundunar soja, da kuma ta hanyar wasu rassan gwamnati da bureaucracy. Sau da yawa gwamnatoci suna tabbatar da tashin hankali na jihar a karkashin uzuri na kiyaye doka da tsari.

## Hanyoyi

### Kashe-kashen kare dangi da gwamnati ta dauki nauyin
Kisan kare dangi gabaɗaya ya haɗa da kisan kai tsaye na membobin ƙasa, kabilanci, launin fata ko addini. Masu aikata kisan kare dangi galibi 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ne na jihar.

### Kulawar Jiha
Kula da gwamnati kayan aiki ne da hukumomin gwamnati ke amfani da shi don kare 'yan ƙasa daga yiwuwar hare-hare daga' yan ta'adda, masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, ko masu adawa. Hanyoyin sa ido na iya haɗawa da saka idanu kan kiran waya, sa ido kan bidiyo, ko bin diddigin amfani da intanet. Kodayake an tsara sa ido don kare tsaron kasa, yana da damar ci gaba da tashin hankali na jihar. Ana iya amfani da fasahar binciken don mamaye 'yancin' yan kasa da kuma haƙƙin sirri.

## Misalan

### Myanmar
Bayan hare-haren da 'yan sanda da sojoji suka kai a Myanmar da' yan bindiga na Rohingya suka yi, [1] jami'an tsaro na jihar sun gudanar da kisan kiyashi na fararen hula na Rohingya wanda ya kashe dubban mutane kuma ya jagoranci sama da 700,000 su tsere daga kasar. [2][3][4] Myanmar ta ki amincewa da ikirarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya cewa sojojin su sun shiga cikin kisan kiyashi na Rohingya na 2017, duk da shaidar da Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta fitar.

### Amurka
Bayan hare-haren ta'addanci a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001, Shugaba George W. Bush ya sanya hannu kan Dokar Patriot; wannan Dokar ta ba da damar fadada sa ido ta gwamnati da tilasta bin doka. A cikin 2008, Majalisa ta Amurka ta zartar da Dokar Kwaskwarimar FISA wacce ta ba hukumomin gwamnati, kamar NSA, damar yin amfani da sadarwa ta sirri na baƙi ba tare da wani hani ba. Sashe na 702 na Dokar Kwaskwarimar FISA ya ba da damar hukumomin gwamnati su tattara bayanai daga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu kamar AT&T, Google, da Facebook don yin niyya ga wadanda ba 'yan Amurka ba. A wasu lokuta, wannan izinin ya haɗa da sadarwa tsakanin wanda ba ɗan ƙasa ba da ɗan ƙasar Amurka. An san FBI da amfani da waɗannan bayanan don bincika bayanai game da 'yan ƙasar Amurka a cikin wani tsari da ake kira "bincike na baya".

## Dubi kuma

* Ta'addanci na jihar
* Ta'addanci da gwamnati ke tallafawa
* Rikicin siyasa
* Kasancewa da cin zarafi
* Laifin jihar

## Manazarta
'Yanci / Orlando Classic

Freedom / Orlando Classic ta kasance gasar golf a kan LPGA Tour daga cikin shekarar 1979 zuwa shekara ta 1984. An buga shi a Orlando, yankin Florida: a Rio Pinar Country Club daga shekarar 1979 zuwa shekara ta 1982 kuma a Cypress Creek Country Club daga cikin shekarar 1983 zuwa shekara ta 1984.

## Waɗanda suka ci nasara

; 'Yanci / Orlando Classic

* 1984 Betsy King

; Combanks Orlando Classic

* 1983 Lynn Adams

; Orlando Lady Classic

* 1982 Patty Sheehan

; Florida Lady Citrus

* 1981 Beth Daniel
* 1980 Donna White
* 1979 Jane Blalock

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin Haɗin waje

* Sakamakon gasar a Golfobserver.com  An adana shi 2016-03-04 a 
* Kungiyar Ƙasar Rio Pinar
* Kungiyar Kasuwancin Cypress Creek
Gidan Ambaliyar

Gidan James C. Flood babban gida ne na tarihi a 1000 California Street, a saman Nob Hill a San Francisco, California, Amurka. Yanzu gidan Pacific-Union Club, an gina shi a 1886 a matsayin gidan gari na James C. Flood, wani baron azurfa na karni na 19. Ginin farko ne na dutse a yammacin Kogin Mississippi, kuma shine kawai gidan da ke kan Nob Hill don tsira daga girgizar kasa da wuta ta San Francisco ta 1906. An ayyana shi a matsayin Tarihin Tarihi na Kasa a shekarar 1966.

## Bayyanawa da tarihi
Gidan Ambaliyar ya mamaye dukan birni a kan Nob Hill, wanda ke da iyaka da titunan California, Cushman, Mason, da Sacramento. An rufe toshe shi a bangarori uku ta hanyar shinge na tagulla da aka shigar a lokacin da aka gina gidan. Babban tsari ne na masonry, hawa uku a tsawo, an gama waje a cikin brownstone da aka yi a Portland, Connecticut kuma an tura shi a kusa da Cape Horn. Yana da cikakkiyar magana game da gine-ginen Classical Revival, tare da kusurwa, gefen rufin da aka rufe, da windows da aka tsara ta hanyar pilasters da kuma ƙayyadaddun ƙuƙwalwa. Babban ƙofar, da ke fuskantar titin California, an kare shi da wani shinge mai zurfi mai zurfi guda uku wanda ke tallafawa da ginshiƙan murabba'i.

James C. Flood ne ya gina gidan, wanda ya yi arzikinsa a ma'adinan azurfa na Nevada.  Abin da ya ba shi sha'awa ga ginin shi ne gine-ginen Gilded Age da ya gani a Gabashin Gabashin Amurka, don haka ya ba da izini ɗaya daga Archus Laver.  An kammala shi a cikin 1888, yana ɗaya daga cikin gidajensa har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1889, kuma 'yarsa ta mamaye lokacin da girgizar ƙasa da gobara ta tashi a 1906.  Ta sayar da harsashi na ginin ga kungiyar Pacific-Union Club, wacce tun farko ta yi tunanin rushe shi.  Ya ƙare ƙaddamar da Willis Polk don tsara gyare-gyare ciki har da bene na uku da sabon ciki.  Waɗannan gyare-gyaren sun haɗa da amfani da ƙarin dutse mai launin ruwan kasa, wanda aka tanadar da shi daga magudanar ruwa iri ɗaya da na asali

Gidan shine kadai a Nob Hill wanda ya tsira daga girgizar kasa da wuta ta 1906; sauran gidajen da ke kan tudun an gina su da itace, tare da kammalawa wanda ya ba su bayyanar dutse, kuma an lalata su.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin wuraren da aka zaba na San Francisco
* Jerin Tarihin Tarihi na Kasa a California
* Jerin wuraren tarihi na kasa a San Francisco
Majalisar Shugabannin Birane ta Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi

Majalisar Mayors ta Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi (WMCCC) ƙungiya ce ta magajin gari waɗanda suka yi alkawarin kare canjin yanayi.[1] Tun daga shekara ta 2012, Shugaban shi ne Park Won-soon, Magajin garin Seoul, Koriya ta Kudu. Mataimakin Shugaban shi ne Juergen Nimptsch, Magajin garin Bonn, Jamus

## Tarihi
Yorikane Masumoto, magajin garin Kyoto (Japan) ne ya kirkiro WMCCC a shekara ta 2005. Shugaban farko shi ne Yorikane Masumoto . Baerbel Dieckmann, magajin garin Bonn (Jamus) ya kasance Shugaban har zuwa shekara ta 2009.

## Gudanarwa
Manufar WMCCC ita ce "ƙarin karɓa da shiga cikin Mayors a cikin ƙoƙarin da ke magance sauyin yanayi da batutuwan da suka shafi dorewar duniya". Tun lokacin da aka kirkireshi yana shiga cikin tattaunawar kasa da kasa kan canjin yanayi (UNFCCC) a matsayin kungiyar mai lura. Shugabanta ko membobinta sau da yawa suna jawabi ga taron majalisa na jam'iyyun kamar Baerbel Dieckman a cikin 2007.

### Jagora
Majalisar Mayors ta Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi an san ta da ɗaya daga cikin manyan mayors da ke jagorantar hanyar zuwa ga ci gaban low-carbon.

## Haɗin tare da ICLEI - Karamar Hukumar don Ci gabaICLEI - Karamar Hukumar Kula da dorewa
Tun lokacin da aka kirkireshi, ICLEI ta goyi bayan Majalisar Mayors ta Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi wanda ke aiki a matsayin Sakatariyarta kuma yana sauƙaƙa shiga membobinta cikin tattaunawar yanayi ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.

## Mambobin
Akwai kusan mambobi 50  ga WMCCC.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Gidan shakatawa na Sembilang

**Gidan shakatawa na Sembilang** wani wurin shakatawa ne na kasa wanda ke rufe kilomita 2,051 a gabashin gabar Sumatra, Indonesia . Gidan shakatawa ya mamaye tafkuna a matsayin gandun daji, kamar makwabcin Berbak National Park, kuma duka wuraren shakatawa biyu sune Ramsar wetlands na muhimmancin duniya. An yi la'akari da wurin shakatawa yana da mafi rikitarwa ga al'ummar tsuntsaye a duniya, tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan 213 da aka rubuta, kuma yana tallafawa mafi girman mazaunin kiwo a duniya na magunguna. Daga Palembang zuwa Sembilang National Park yana buƙatar sa'a ɗaya ta tuki tare da sa'a daya da rabi ta jirgin ruwa sannan sa'a guda ta ƙasa.&nbsp;

## Tsire-tsire da dabbobi
Kimanin rabin wurin shakatawa an rufe shi da gandun daji na mangrove, yayin da sauran ke rufe da gandun dajin turfasawa, gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, filayen laka, gandun daji da gandun gandun da ke cikin ruwa.

Gidan shakatawa yana ba da mazauni ga nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa 53, gami da tiger na Sumatran da ke cikin haɗari, giwa na Sumatra, Tapir na Malay, gibbon mai saurin gudu da siamang, da kuma leopard mai saurin gaske na Sunda, cat mai marble, cat mai laushi, bear da macaque mai wutsiya ta kudanci. Dabbobi masu rarrafe sun haɗa da giwayen ruwan gishiri da gharial na ƙarya.

Kogunan wurin shakatawa suna zaune da nau'ikan kifi sama da 140 da nau'in crab 38, da kuma barazanar Eurasian otter, mai laushi mai laushi, Malaysian giant turtle, Amboina box turtle, Asiatic softshell turtle, finless porpoise da Irrawaddy dolphin.

A cikin wurin shakatawa shine mafi girman mazaunin kiwo na magunguna a duniya, kuma ɗayan manyan mazauna na ƙaramin adjutant. Sauran tsuntsaye da ke fuskantar barazana a cikin wurin shakatawa sun haɗa da Storm's stork, fararen fuka-fuki, Nordmann's greenshank da Far Eastern curlew. An kiyasta yawan tsuntsaye na wurin shakatawa ya kai miliyan ɗaya, yayin da a lokacin hunturu har zuwa tsuntsaye masu ƙaura 100,000 suna tsayawa don hutawa.

## Karewa da barazanar
An ayyana wurin shakatawa na kasa a shekara ta 2003. Yana cikin barazana daga ƙananan katako ba bisa ka'ida ba,  15 mita Abrasion a shekara da kuma ayyukan tafkin kifi na bakin teku. An aiwatar da sabuntawar mangrove don hekta 200 kuma har yanzu an kara da ita.

Tare da makwabciyar Gidan shakatawa na Berbak a lardin Jambi, Sembilang an amince da shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves a cikin 2018.

A ranar 15 ga watan Janairun 2020, jaridar Jakarta Post ta ba da sanarwar cewa tsibirin da ba a zaune ba a cikin wurin shakatawa, tsibirin Betet yanzu ya nutse a mita 1 a ƙasa da matakin teku sakamakon Canjin yanayi. Tsibirin Betet ya kasance gida ne ga damisa mai haɗari na Sumatran.

## Manazarta
Ƙarfi na Uku (Afirka ta Kudu)

"**Ƙarfi na Uku**" kalma ce da shugabannin ANC suka yi amfani da ita a ƙarshen shekarun 1980 da farkon shekarun 1990 don komawa ga rundunar ɓoye da aka yi imanin cewa tana da alhakin karuwar tashin hankali a KwaZulu-Natal, da garuruwa a kusa da kudancin Witwatersrand (ko "Rand"). 

Hukumar Gaskiya da Sulhu (TRC) ta gano cewa:yayin da akwai ƙananan shaidu game da "Ƙarfin na Uku" wanda aka tsara ta tsakiya, mai jituwa ko kuma wanda aka kafa a hukumance, cibiyar sadarwa ta tsaro da tsoffin jami'an tsaro, sau da yawa suna aiki tare da bangarorin dama da / ko bangarori na IFP, suna da hannu a cikin ayyukan da za a iya gina su a matsayin tayar da tashin hankali kuma wanda ya haifar da manyan keta haƙƙin ɗan adam, gami da kisan kai da gangan.

## Amfani bayan 1994
A yau, yawan zanga-zangar a Afirka ta Kudu galibi ana danganta shi da "ƙarfi na uku",   sau da yawa ana zaton yana da alaƙa da hukumomin leken asiri na kasashen waje, jam'iyyun siyasa na adawa da fararen masu ilimi.

Koyaya, S'bu Zikode na ƙungiyar mazaunin shackdweller Abahlali baseMjondolo ya rushe kalmar ta hanyar da'awar ƙarfin na uku shine fushin matalauta. Abahlali baseMjondolo ya kuma yi jayayya cewa "a bayyane yake cewa karfi na uku wani suna ne kawai ga talakawa da aka tsara".

ANC kuma sau da yawa tana nufin masu zanga-zangar da sauran masu sukar a matsayin "masu adawa da juyin juya hali". Shugaban Cosatu Sdumo Dlamini ya yi iƙirarin cewa shahararrun kungiyoyi masu aiki a cikin siyasa na gida suna da alaƙa da CIA.

The *Mail &amp;amp; Guardian* ta ba da rahoton cewa: "A cewar masu fafutuka na kasa zarge-zargen 'laifuka' da 'dakarun uku' sanannu ne: ana amfani da su don kawar da rashin amincewa da korafe-korafe - da kuma ci gaba da ra'ayin al'umma da ke gamsu da gwamnatin da ke jagorantar ANC.  Jaridar ta kuma ambato mai fafutuka Ayanda Kota yana cewa waɗannan zarge-rarin "suna hukumar daga gare mu. Yana da su.

Har ila yau, an danganta kisan kiyashi a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008 ga 'ƙarfi ta uku'. A cikin 2015 Malusi Gigaba ya kuma danganta tashin hankali na xenophobic ga "ƙarfi na uku". zanga-zangar a hakar ma'adinai a kan ƙasashen al'umma,  aikin ƙungiyar kwadago mai zaman kanta,  zanga-zambe na ɗalibai  da kuma kafa sabbin jam'iyyun siyasa an kuma ga su a cikin sharuddan makirci ta ANC. Gwede Mantashe, babban sakatare na ANC, ya ba da yajin aiki a kan ma'adanai ga hukumar 'fararen baƙi'. Majalisa ta eThekwini da ke karkashin ikon ANC a Durban ta yi iƙirarin sau da yawa cewa 'ƙarfi ta uku' tana bayan ayyukan ƙasa a cikin birni. Charles van Onselen ya yi jayayya cewa ANC tana amfani da ra'ayin 'ƙarfi ta uku' a matsayin Ka'idar makirci don karkatar da hankali daga gazawar ta.

## Dubi kuma

* Ofishin hadin kan jama'a - ƙungiyar sojoji ta zamanin wariyar launin fata
* Inkatha - Ƙungiyar al'adu da siyasa ta Zulu
* Mai tayar da hankali na waje

## Manazarta