Yakin 'yancin kai na Eritriya

**Yakin 'yancin kai na Eritriya** rikici ne na makami da tayar da ƙayar baya da nufin cimma yancin kai da 'yancin kai ga Eritrea daga 'yan mulkin mallaka na Habasha. Tun daga shekara ta 1961 ne 'yan tawayen Eritrea suka shiga yakin neman 'yantar da lardin Eritiriya daga mamayar daular Habasha a ƙarƙashin Haile Selassie sannan daga bisani kuma Dergiya ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Mengistu. Ƙoƙarinsu a ƙarshe ya yi nasara a shekarar 1991 tare da faduwar gwamnatin Dergi.

Eritrea ta kasance ƙasar Italiya da ta yi wa mulkin mallaka tun daga shekarun 1880 har zuwa lokacin da sojojin kawance suka ci Italiya a yakin duniya na biyu a shekarar 1941. Bayan haka, Eritriya a ɗan gajeren lokaci ta zama mamaya na Burtaniya har zuwa shekara ta 1951. Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta yi taro bayan yaƙin don yanke shawara kan makomar ƙasar Eritiriya, inda daga ƙarshe ta kaɗa kuri'ar amincewa da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Eritrea da Habasha. A sakamakon haka, Eritriya ta zama ƙasa ta Tarayyar Habasha da Eritrea. An yi nufin Tarayyar ta ɗauki tsawon shekaru goma, a lokacin da Eritrea za ta kasance tana da iyakacin cin gashin kanta, kamar majalisar dokokinta, yayin da ta ci gaba da zama ƙarƙashin kambin Habasha. Duk da haka, an tauye 'yancin cin gashin kai na Eritriya kuma an gudanar da yankin sosai a matsayin 'yan sanda daga hukumomin daular a cikin shekarun 1950. Yayin da rashin gamsuwa da mulkin Habasha ya ƙaru, wani yunkuri na 'yancin kai ya ɓullo a ƙarƙashin tutar kungiyar 'yantar da 'yanci ta Eritrea (ELF) a shekarar 1961. 

A watan Satumban 1961, shugaban ELF Hamid Idris Awate ya kaddamar da gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Eritrea. A shekarar 1962, gwamnatin Masarautar ta rushe tarayyar, kuma daular Habasha ta mamaye ƙasar Eritrea a hukumance. Rushe tarayyar ya haifar da da yawa daga cikin 'yan Eritriya suna goyon bayan gwagwarmayar ELF don samun 'yanci. Yakin da sojojin Masarautar Habasha suka yi na yakar 'yan tawayen ELF a cikin shekarun 1960 sun tsoratar da fararen hula, wanda ya haifar da babban goyon bayan gida ga 'yan tawaye da kuma jawo hankalin duniya ga yakin.  Bayan juyin juya halin Habasha a shekarar 1974, Dergi ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mengistu ya kawar da daular Habasha tare da kafa daular gurguzu ta Marxist-Lenin. Dergi ya samu goyon bayan Tarayyar Soviet da sauran ƙasashen gurguzu wajen yakar 'yan Eritrea. ELF kuma ta sami goyon bayan diflomasiyya da ta hanyar soja daga ƙasashe daban-daban. A lokacin yakin basasa na Eritriya, EPLF ta fito a matsayin kungiyar 'yantar da ƙasa ta farko a shekarar 1977, bayan ta kori ELF daga Eritrea. Daga nan ne EPLF ta yi amfani da damar da aka yi a yakin Ogaden ta ƙara zafafa yakin da take yi da Habasha.

Yayin da mulkin Mengistu ya ragu a ƙarshen 1980s kuma ƙungiyoyin tawaye na Habasha suka mamaye su, EPLF ta fatattaki sojojin Habasha da aka tura Eritrea a watan Mayu 1991.  Jam'iyyar People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) da taimakon EPLF ta yi galaba a kan jam'iyyar PDRE a lokacin da ta kwace babban birnin Addis Ababa bayan wata guda.  A cikin watan Afrilun 1993, al'ummar Eritiriya sun kaɗa kuri'ar amincewa da 'yancin kai a kuri'ar raba gardama ta 'yancin kai, tare da amincewar ƙasa da ƙasa  na 'yancin kai, mai 'yanci a cikin wannan shekarar.

## Tarihi
Italiya ta yi wa Eritrea mulkin mallaka a shekarar 1882 kuma ta yi mulkinta har zuwa shekara 1941.  A cikin shekarar 1936, Italiya ta mamaye Habasha kuma ta ayyana ta a matsayin wani yanki na mulkin mallaka, wanda suka kira Italiya Gabashin Afirka. Italiya Somaliland da Eritriya suma wani yanki ne na wannan mahallin, wanda Gwamna-Janar ko mataimakinsa ya mulka. 

Ƙungiyoyin Ƙawance sun ci nasara a shekarar 1941, Italiya ta Gabas ta Tsakiya ta rabu. Somaliland  ta ci gaba da zama ƙarƙashin mulkin Italiya, amma a matsayinta na kariyar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ba mulkin mallaka ba, har zuwa shekara ta 1960 lokacin da ta haɗe da British Somaliland, don kafa ƙasar Somaliya mai cin gashin kanta.

An mai da Eritriya matsugunin Birtaniyya tun daga ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu har zuwa shekara ta 1951. Sai dai an yi muhawara kan abin da ya kamata ya faru da Eritriya bayan tafiyar Birtaniya. Tawagar Birtaniya a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da shawarar cewa a raba ƙasar Eritriya ta hanyar addini da Kiristocin Habasha da Musulmi zuwa Sudan.  A shekara ta 1952, Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta yanke shawarar haɗa kan ƙasar Eritriya zuwa Habasha, tare da fatan daidaita ikirarin Habasha na samun 'yancin kai da kuma burin Eritrea na samun 'yancin kai. Bayan kimanin shekaru tara, Sarkin Habasha Haile Selassie ya rusa tarayya tare da mamaye ƙasar Eritrea, wanda ya haifar da gwagwarmayar makami na tsawon shekaru talatin a Eritrea.  

## Juyin Juya Hali

A cikin shekarun 1960, gwagwarmayar samun 'yancin kai na Eritiriya ta kasance ƙarƙashin jagorancin kungiyar 'yantar da 'yancin kai ta Eritrea (ELF) a kokarin da take yi na ƙalubalantar mamayar da Habasha ta yi wa Eritrea tun bayan kare mulkin Italiya. Haka nan irin matakan da Masarautar Habasha ta ɗauka kan musulmi a gwamnatin Eritriya ya taimaka wajen juyin juya hali.  Da farko dai wannan kungiya ta sanya kungiyar ta ‘yantar da kungiyar ta hanyar ƙabilanci da yanki. Dokokin shiyya guda huɗu na farko na ELF duk yankunan ƙasa ne kuma musulmi. Kiristoci kaɗan ne suka shiga kungiyar tun farko, saboda tsoron mamayar musulmi. 

Bayan haɓakar rashin samun damar mallakar Habasha, Kiristocin tsaunuka sun fara shiga ELF.  Wannan kwararowar ƴan sa kai na Kirista ya sa aka buɗe umarni na biyar (Kirista na Highland).  Gwagwarmayar cikin gida a cikin rundunar ELF tare da rikicin addini tsakanin ƙungiyoyin shiyya daban-daban ya wargaza ƙungiyar. 

Yakin ya fara ne a ranar 1 ga watan Satumbar 1961 da yakin Adal, lokacin da Hamid Idris Awate da abokansa suka yi artabu da sojojin Habasha da 'yan sanda da suka mamaye.  A shekarar 1962, Sarkin sarakuna Haile Selassie ya rusa tarayya da majalisar dokokin Eritiriya ba tare da izini ba tare da mamaye ƙasar.

## Manazarta