open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kabari na Afirka a Higgs Beach

Kabarin Afirka a Higgs Beach wani kabari ne a Key West, Florida, inda aka binne kusan 'yan Afirka 300 a 1860.￼

A cikin 1860, Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka sun tsayar da jiragen ruwa uku da ke dauke da 'yan Afirka 1,432 kuma suna shiga cinikin bayi ba bisa ka'ida ba. An ceto 'yan Afirka kuma an tsare su a keɓewa. A wannan lokacin, mutane 294 sun mutu kuma an binne su a Higgs Beach.  An gano makabartar ne a shekara ta 2002 ta amfani da Radar mai shiga ƙasa.  A ranar 26 ga Yuni, 2012, an kara shi a cikin National Register of Historic Places . 

## Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

Fayil:African_Cemetery_Historic_Marker.jpg|alt=|African Cemetery Historic Marker
Fayil:African_Cemetery_-_Key_West,_FL.jpg|alt=|African Cemetery at Higgs Beach - June 2020


## Bayanan da aka ambata
Tsohon Cibiyar binnewa Yard

Databox 

## Bayyanawa da tarihi
Cibiyar Burying Yard ta West Hartford tana arewacin cibiyar kasuwanci, a gefen gabas na North Main Street. Yana da wani kusan rectangular makabartar, iyakance a bangarori uku da sarkar-link shinge, kuma a kan titin da ke fuskantar yammacin gefen da wani karamin ƙarfe shinge. Yankin gabaɗaya yana da faɗi kuma yana kunshe da yankin ciyawa da ke cike da itatuwa masu girma. Yana da kusan kaburbura 155 da aka yi alama, mafi tsufa daga cikinsu ya kasance daga 1722. Baya ga iyalin Webster, sanannun jana'iza sun haɗa da Bristol, tsohon bawa mai rubuce-rubuce wanda ya mutu a 1814. [1]￼

West Hartford da farko an kafa shi ne a matsayin Ikklisiya ta Hartford a cikin 1713, bayan da aka fara zama a cikin 1679. Wataƙila an binne matattu da farko a cikin Tsohon Gidan Kabari na Hartford. A cikin 1719 John Janes ya sayar da garin wani yanki na ƙasa wanda yanzu ya zama arewacin kashi biyu bisa uku na wannan makabartar. Wannan ƙasar ta zama wurin binnewar al'umma kawai har zuwa shekara ta 1790. An faɗaɗa shi zuwa girmansa na yanzu a farkon karni na 19 ta hanyar sayen tsohon makabartar iyalin Whitman mai zaman kansa.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin wuraren tarihi na kasa a West Hartford, Connecticut

## Manazarta
Kabari na Yahudiya

Kabarin Yahudiya, wanda aka fi sani da Kabarin Tsohon Yahudiya, wuri ne na binnewa na zamanin mulkin mallaka wanda ke kan titin Yahudiya a Washington, Connecticut, Amurka. Kafin ya zama gari daban a cikin 1779, kuma ya zaɓi ya kira kansa "Washington", an san yankin da "Yudiya", kuma yana cikin Woodbury, Connecticut.￼

Kabarin Yahudiya shine wurin abin tunawa don girmama "Jeff Liberty da 'yan kasa masu launin fata", wanda aka gina a farkon karni na 20. An yi tunanin makabartar ita ce wurin hutawa na wasu sojojin Afirka da suka yi aiki a Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka, gami da Jeff Liberty . Kyaftin Jonathan Farrand ne ya bautar Liberty, wanda aka binne shi a Tsohon Yahudiya. Kyaftin Farrand ya saki Jeff Liberty don yaƙi a cikin Sojojin Continental. An san "Liberty" a matsayin sunan mahaifiyar wasu bayi da aka 'yantar a wannan zamanin.

An binne marubucin leken asiri mai suna Edward S. Aarons (1916-1975) a Yahudiya.

## Manazarta
Kabari na Scott (Walnut Ridge, Arkansas)

Kabarin Scott wani kabari ne na tarihi a kan Arkansas Highway 91 a kudu maso gabashin Walnut Ridge, Arkansas . Yana da yanki na 1.5 acres (0.61 ha) kusan rectangular a siffar. Akwai kimanin jana'iza 101 a cikin makabartar, kodayake 30 ne kawai ke da alamun jana'iza. Tsohon jana'izar da aka yi alama ya kasance a cikin shekarun 1910. An kafa shi a matsayin wurin binnewa ta 'yan Afirka na yankin a zamanin Jim Crow kuma ya haɗa da akalla kaburbura takwas na sanannun tsoffin bayi.[1]￼

An jera makabarta a cikin National Register of Historic Places a cikin 2017. 

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin wuraren tarihi na kasa a Lawrence County, Arkansas

## Manazarta
Shirin Iyali na Scott Bond

The Scott Bond Family Plot wani makirci ne na binne iyali a Madison, Arkansas, Amurka. Ya ƙunshi wurin binne Scott Bond, ɗan Black na farko na Arkansas.

An haife shi a cikin bautar, Bond ya zama babban mai mallakar ƙasa da ɗan kasuwa a St. Francis County, kuma yana da shekaru 60 an kiyasta cewa dukiyarsa ta wuce dala miliyan 2. Ya mutu yana da shekaru 81, wanda wata saniya ta kashe a gonarsa.

## Bayyanawa
Tana da nisan kilomita 0.3 (0.48 a yammacin titin 5 a kan babbar hanyar Amurka 70. Makircin ya kai 16 da 75 feet (4.9 m), kuma ya ƙunshi alamomi biyu da ke kewaye da ƙananan kankare.￼

## Jerin NHRP
An jera shafin a cikin National Register of Historic Places a shekara ta 2002. 

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin wuraren tarihi na kasa a cikin St. Francis County, Arkansas

## Manazarta
Shaguna na Raphael Mackeller

**Shagunan Raphael Mackeller** wani tsohon shago ne da aka lissafa a cikin tarihi kuma yanzu gidan tarihi yana a lamba 4-6 Kendall Lane a cikin yankin tsakiyar birnin Sydney na The Rocks a yankin ƙaramar hukumar birnin Sydney na New South Wales, Ostiraliya. An gina shi daga 1853 zuwa 1854 ga Joseph George Raphael. Ana kuma kiransa da **Gidan Tarihi na Rocks Toy**, **Gidan Kocin Unwin**, **Gidan Kocin**, da **Gidan Kocin** . Gidan mallakar Property NSW ne, wata hukuma ta Gwamnatin New South Wales . An ƙara shi cikin Rijistar Gado ta Jihar New South Wales a ranar 10 ga Mayu 2002. 

## Tarihi
An yi ikirarin cewa Shagunan Raphael Mackeller sun kasance shaguna kuma wataƙila a matsayin wuraren ajiye motoci kuma daga baya ana amfani da su don ƙananan ayyukan masana'antu. An bar gine-ginen a shekarun 1980, amma ba a amfani da su tsawon shekaru da yawa. Gine-ginen har yanzu suna ɗauke da wasu injuna da suka shafi tsoffin ayyukan masana'antu da/ko shagunansu. Duk da cewa an san su kuma ana kiransu a baya da "Gidan Koci", ƙofofi da hanyar shiga layin ba su isa sosai don sarrafa doki da keken doki ko motar ba, wanda hakan ya sa ba zai yiwu a taɓa amfani da ginin a matsayin gidan koci ba. 

Shagunan Raphael Mackeller gine-gine ne guda biyu masu ƙunci da ke fuskantar Kendall Lane. An gina su ne a gefen bayan kadarorin da ake kira Lambobi 77, 79 da 81 George Street North (wanda aka fi sani da Lambobi 81, 83 da 85 George Street bi da bi), kuma su ne Shagunan Unwin.[1] Shagunan Raphael Mackeller gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar su daban da kadarorin George Street da ake zargin an fara amfani da su a [2]

An fara ba wa Kyaftin John Piper filin da ake magana a kai a watan Yunin 1828 ta hannun Laftanar Janar Ralph Darling, Gwamnan Yankin. Rabon yana cikin shirin mataki na 2 na Asibitin Sydney a shekarun 1790. Lokacin da ba a buƙatar ƙasar don tsawaitawa nan gaba ba, an ba William Balmain hayar kadarar kuma a shekarar 1807 ya miƙa hayar ga Gwamnatin NSW. Frederick Wright Unwin ya sami mallakar ƙasar a shekarar 1839, kuma yankinsa na 1841 ya haɗa da waɗannan kadarorin. 

An fara gina shaguna da gidaje da ke gaban titin George shekaru kaɗan da suka gabata a shekarar 1843 ta hannun Unwin. An kammala ginin titin George mai lamba 85 a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1844 kuma an kammala titin George mai lamba 79 a ƙarshen rabin shekarar 1845. Dr. Frederick Mackellar ya sayi gidaje huɗu a watan Fabrairu na shekarar 1853 akan £2,100 kuma amintattunsa sun sake hayar gine-ginen ga Crown da Ministan Ayyukan Jama'a na NSW a watan Disamba na shekarar 1902 akan kuɗi £5,932/15/4. Dr. Frederick Mackeller, likita kuma likitan tiyata kuma mamallakin titin George mai lamba 79-81, ya gina shagon Mackeller da ke bayan titin George mai lamba 79-81 a shekarar 1853-4, a matsayin wani ɓangare na ginin shagon na asali (Raphael Stores) da aka gina a bayan titin George mai lamba 77. 

## Manazarta
Sandgate, Randwick

***Sandgate*** wani tsohon gidan zama ne, asibitin mayar da mutane gida da kuma cibiyar tarihi da aka lissafa a matsayin tarihi a lamba 128 Belmore Road, Randwick, Birnin Randwick, New South Wales, Ostiraliya. An gina shi a shekarar 1879 ta hannun Simeon Pearce. Ana kuma kiransa ***Kilkerran*** da ***Felton***. Gidan mallakar Majalisar Birnin Randwick ne. An ƙara shi cikin Rijistar Gado ta Jihar New South Wales a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 1999. 

## Tarihi

### Tarihin 'yan asalin ƙasar
Kafin shekarun 1780, ' yan asalin ƙasar Aboriginal da ke yankin sun yi amfani da wurin don kamun kifi da ayyukan al'adu; sassaka duwatsu, ramukan niƙa da kuma wuraren da ba a saba gani ba har yanzu suna nan. A shekara ta 1789, Gwamna Arthur Phillip ya ambaci "dogon bay", wanda ya zama sananne a matsayin Long Bay. Ana kyautata zaton 'yan asalin ƙasar sun zauna a yankin Sydney tsawon akalla shekaru 20,000.  An kiyasta cewa yawan 'yan asalin ƙasar tsakanin Palm Beach da Botany Bay a shekara ta 1788 ya kai 1500. Waɗanda ke zaune a kudu da Port Jackson zuwa Botany Bay su ne mutanen Cadigal waɗanda ke magana da Dharug,  yayin da sunan ƙabilar Maroubra na gida shine "Muru-ora-dial" (Shafin yanar gizon Birnin Sydney, 2003). A tsakiyar ƙarni na sha tara, masu wannan ƙasar na gargajiya sun ƙaura zuwa cikin ƙasa don neman abinci da matsuguni, ko kuma sun mutu sakamakon cutar Turai ko kuma fafatawa da 'yan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya. 

### Tarihin mulkin mallaka
Ɗaya daga cikin tallafin filaye na farko a wannan yanki an ba shi a shekarar 1824 ga Kyaftin Francis Marsh, wanda ya sami eka 12 wanda ke kewaye da titunan Botany da Babban Titi na yanzu, Alison da Belmore Roads. A shekarar 1839, William Newcombe ya sayi ƙasar arewa maso yamma na zauren garin na yanzu a titin Avoca. 

Randwick ya samo sunansa ne daga garin Randwick, Gloucestershire, Ingila. Simeon Pearce (1821-86) da ɗan'uwansa James ne suka ba da shawarar sunan. An haifi Simeon a Randwick na Ingila kuma 'yan'uwan ne suka ɗauki nauyin ci gaban Randwick da maƙwabcinsa, Coogee, tun farko. Simeon ya zo yankin a shekarar 1841 a matsayin mai binciken ƙasa mai shekaru 21. Ya gina Gidansa na Blenheim a kan 4 acres (1.6 ha) da ya saya daga Marsh, kuma ya kira gidansa "Randwick". 'Yan'uwan sun sayi kuma sun sayar da filaye masu riba a yankin da kuma wasu wurare. Simeon ya yi fafutukar gina hanya daga birnin zuwa Coogee (wanda aka cimma a shekarar 1853) kuma ya haɓaka haɗakar unguwar. Pearce ya nemi gina cocin da aka yi wa ado da cocin St. John a wurin haihuwarsa. A shekarar 1857, St Jude's na farko ya tsaya a wurin da ofishin gidan waya na yanzu yake, a kusurwar Titin Alison da Titin Avoca.[1] [2] :217–8

## Manazarta
Gidan Rouse Hill

**Gidan Rouse Hill Estate** gida ne da aka lissafa a matsayin gado da kuma fili a gefen titin Windsor (356 Annangrove Road), Rouse Hill, Birnin Blacktown, New South Wales, Ostiraliya. Gidan Rouse Hill da gonarsa gidan Richard Rouse ne, Sufeton Ayyukan Jama'a da Masu Laifuka na Mulkin Mallaka a Parramatta.

An gina gidan, a cikin salon Georgian na Australiya, tsakanin 1813 da 1819 tare da ƙarin ci gaba a  Gidajen tarihi na New South Wales ne ke kula da su a matsayin gidan tarihi wanda ke buɗe ga jama'a. Yawancin tsoffin filayen an mayar da su wurin shakatawa na Rouse Hill da kuma ci gaban gidaje da kasuwanci daga baya. An ƙara shi cikin Rijistar Gado ta Jihar New South Wales a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1999. 

## Tarihi

### Iyalan Rouse
Da alama Richard Rouse (1774-1852) ya fara gini a Rouse Hill a shekarar 1813 duk da cewa ba a bayar da tallafin 450 acres (180 ha) ba sai a watan Oktoba na shekarar 1816. [1] Wani lokaci tsakanin 1818 da 1825, Rouse, matarsa Elizabeth (1772-1849) da iyalinsa suka ƙaura daga Parramatta zuwa sabon gidan. Ɗan wani mai yin kabad na Oxfordshire kuma mai shago, Rouse ya zo yankin, kyauta, a shekarar 1801. Yana samun wadata cikin sauri, a shekarar 1805 ya zama Sufeto na Ayyukan Jama'a da Masu Laifuka a Parramatta.[2] [3]

A cikin wannan matsayin, ya kula da ginin Gwamna Lachlan Macquarie da matarsa da aka ƙara a Tsohon Gidan Gwamnati, Parramatta, a tsakiyar shekarun 1810. Yana yiwuwa waɗannan ayyukan su rinjayi Rouse ya gina babban gida fiye da yadda ya yi niyya da farko, yana ƙara manyan ɗakuna masu tsayi a bayan layin gaba. 

Ya zaɓi wurin da sabon gidansa zai zauna yayin da yake gina gidajen biyan kuɗi don hanyar da Macquarie ya inganta zuwa Kogin Hawkesbury . Rouse ya sanya sabon gidan a fili, wataƙila tare da lura da yuwuwar amfani da shi a matsayin masauki, a kan wani tudu kusa da gidan biyan kuɗi (wanda shi ma ya gina) a kan Parramatta zuwa Windsor Turnpike. Ya sami wasu kadarori, waɗanda suka fi gonakin Rouse Hill kyau, amma Rouse Hill yana da fa'idar zama mai kyau. Yayin da sauran gidajen mulkin mallaka na farko suka yi watsi da amfanin gona ko wuraren kiwo, Rouse Hill koyaushe yana kallon titin Windsor mai cike da jama'a. Daga nan ne Rouse da zuriyarsa suka kula da muradun kiwo da noma, maimakon kadarorin da kansu su zama abin da waɗannan sha'awar ke mayar da hankali a kai. 

Ba a yi wa Rouse kiwo a ƙasar ba, amma yana da wayo da iyawa, mai kula da kuɗi da kuma mallakar kadarori. Ya bar, bayan mutuwarsa a shekarar 1852, manyan kadarori a duk faɗin yankin. Gidan Rouse Hill ya girma zuwa  bayan mutuwar Rouse, ta hanyar siyan tallafi kusa da shi. Rouse ya haɗa filayensa a Arewacin Richmond tun daga kusan 1806 kuma ya ƙara yawan wuraren kiwo a arewa maso yammacin New South Wales, yana amfani da 'ya'yansa maza don mamaye yankin yamma yayin da yake ci gaba da samun filaye a Parramatta da Yammacin Sydney.

## Manazarta
Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Sydney

**Sydney Heritage Fleet**, sunan kasuwanci ne na Sydney Maritime Museum Ltd., wani kamfani na jama'a  da ke Sydney, New South Wales, Ostiraliya.

Rundunar tana gyara da kuma sarrafa jiragen ruwa na tarihi da dama, ciki har da jirgin ruwan ''James Craig''. A shekara ta 2003, Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Ruwa ta Duniya ta bai wa James Craig lambar yabo ta musamman ta Gado ta Ruwa.

Ofisoshin, wurin aiki na samfuri, wasu jiragen ruwa da aka nuna, da ɗakin karatu suna kan Wharf 7 da ke Darling Harbour. James Craig yana gefen tashar jiragen ruwa. Filin jiragen ruwa na rundunar yana cikin Rozelle Bay.

## Tarihi

Gidan Tarihi na Lady Hopetoun da Port Jackson Marine Steam sune suka fara kafa Sydney Heritage Fleet. A shekarar 1965, wata ƙungiyar masu sha'awar Warwick Turner ta kafa gidan tarihi don adana jirgin ruwa mai saukar ungulu na VIP na Sydney na 1902 , Lady Hopetoun.[1] [2] Daga baya, ƙungiyar ta zama sananne da Sydney Maritime Museum Ltd. A shekarar 1998, gidan tarihi ya ɗauki sunan kasuwanci na Sydney Heritage Fleet, sai dai shekaru biyu (2003/4) lokacin da aka yi amfani da 'Australian Heritage Fleet'.[3] Yanzu jirgin ya ƙunshi jiragen tarihi 10 waɗanda ke cikin manyan tarin irinsa a duniya.[4]

A ranar Lahadi 18 ga Fabrairu 2024, James Craig ya yi bikin cika shekaru 150 da kaddamar da jirgin, tare da rakiyar jiragen ruwa na tarihi daga Sydney Heritage Fleet, ciki har da jirgin ruwa mai suna Lady Hopetoun.

## Ƙungiya
Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Sydney tana samun tallafi daga membobin mambobi 1,200 da 450 masu aikin sa kai waɗanda ke gyara, aiki da kula da jiragen ruwan da kuma kiyaye hanyoyin gargajiya na jiragen ruwa da ƙwarewa. Baya ga manyan jiragen ruwa 10 da ake sarrafawa ko gyara, Rundunar Sojan Sama tana da ƙananan jiragen ruwa na gado 55 da tarin injunan ruwa masu mahimmanci da ake gyarawa, da kuma tarin jiragen sama sama da hamsin. Ana kuma kula da cikakken ɗakin karatu da taskar bayanai na bincike wanda ya haɗa da hotuna, tsare-tsaren jiragen ruwa, littattafan tarihi, rajista da mujallu. Ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar gudummawa, biyan kuɗi na membobinsu da kuma kuɗin shiga daga hayar jiragen ruwa da rangadin yawon shakatawa.

## Jiragen ruwa na aiki

## Manazarta
Gidan Tarihin Tramway na Sydney

**Gidan Tarihi na Sydney Tramway**, wanda ƙungiyar South Pacific Electric Railway Co-operative Society ke gudanarwa, shine gidan tarihi mafi tsufa a tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Ostiraliya kuma mafi girma a yankin kudu. Yana cikin Loftus a cikin yankunan kudu na Sydney.

## Tarihi

An fara gina gidan tarihi a wurin da aka gina shi a gefen Royal National Park a watan Agusta 1956. Mataimakin Firayim Ministan NSW Pat Hills ne ya buɗe shi a hukumance a watan Maris 1965. Kayan aikin sun kasance na yau da kullun, da farko rumfa ce mai layuka huɗu da aka gina da kayan aikin hannu na baya da kuma kimanin mita 800 na hanyar gudu.  

A shekarar 1975, Gwamnatin New South Wales ta amince da a mayar da gidan tarihi zuwa wani sabon wuri a fadin babbar hanyar Princes da ke kusa da tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Loftus. An fara gina ginin a watan Afrilun 1980, inda aka canja wurin jiragen ƙasa na farko daga tsohon wurin a watan Nuwamban 1982. An buɗe shi a hukumance a ranar 19 ga Maris, 1988.   An sake haɗa tsohon matsugunin layin dogo na Railway Square wanda aka wargaza a shekarar 1973. Jirgin ƙasa na ƙarshe ya bar Royal National Park a watan Mayun 1989. 

A shekarar 1989, an sayi wata na'urar wucewa daga masana'antar Granville ta Comeng.[1] Bayan da CityRail ta rufe layin Royal National Park mai tsawon kilomita biyu a shekarar 1991, gidan kayan tarihi ya sami damar fara gudanar da ayyukan layin a ranar 1 ga Mayu 1993.[2] [3]

## Manazarta
Sydney Mint

**Kamfanin** na'urar ...​​*​*​

Yana cikin babban yankin kasuwanci na Sydney a titin 10 Macquarie, yana kusa da wasu shahararrun gine-ginen tarihi na Australiya da yawa, ciki har da Hyde Park Barracks, Cocin St James da Gidan Majalisa. Ginin yanzu shine babban ofishin Gidajen Tarihi na NSW kuma an jera shi a cikin Rijistar Gado ta Jihar New South Wales. Sassan ginin a buɗe suke ga jama'a.

## Tarihi

### Babban Asibiti da Cibiyar Kula da Magunguna (1811 &#x2013; 1854)

A shekara ta 1811, Gwamna Lachlan Macquarie ya fara shirin gina sabon babban asibiti a Sydney wanda zai zama babban ginin gwamnati na farko da zai gina. An biya 'yan kwangilar galan 45,000 na rum, wanda hakan ya sa aka sanya masa suna *Rum Hospital* . An kammala ginin a shekara ta 1816.

Tsarin gininsa ya dogara ne kawai akan tsohon tsarin gine-ginen Girka tare da matakai biyu na ginshiƙai da aka yi da itacen al'ul a cikin salon ginin Doric. Ginshiƙan an karkatar da su zuwa ciki, suna haifar da wani ruɗani na gani wanda ke kwaikwayon Parthenon a Athens, Girka.

An buɗe wani kantin magani a shekarar 1842 wanda ya maye gurbin reshen kudu, bayan haka aka yi amfani da sauran wurin a matsayin asibitin soja har zuwa 1854. Gwamna Macquarie ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da Garnham Blaxcell, Alexander Riley da D'Arcy Wentworth don gina sabon asibitin fursunoni a watan Nuwamba 1810. A madadin haka, mutanen uku sun sami ikon mallakar siyan barasa na tsawon shekaru uku. Sakamakon haka, ginin ya zama sananne da Asibitin Rum. 

Duk da cewa ba a san mai ginin ba, ana kyautata zaton cewa wahayin tsarin gine-ginen ya fito ne daga zamanin Macquarie a Indiya, musamman Gidan Gwamnati na Madras. Duk da haka, an gina asibitin bisa ga tsarin rundunar sojoji na lokacin - kamar yadda aka gani a Victoria Barracks. An gina asibitin da farko da fikafikai uku, reshen arewa yanzu wani bangare ne na Majalisar Dokoki, an rushe reshen tsakiya kuma reshen kudu ya zama Mint.[1]

## Manazarta
Vienna, Hunters Hill

**Vienna** tsohon gida ne da aka lissafa a matsayin tarihi, yanzu haka gidan tarihi ne a lamba 38–40 Alexandra Street, Hunters Hill a karamar hukumar Hunter's Hill ta New South Wales, Ostiraliya. An gina shi a shekarar 1871 kuma an san shi da **Curan Curan**, **Carrum Carrum**, **Subiaco** da **Vienna Cottage.** Gidan mallakar National Trust of Australia (NSW) ne. An ƙara shi cikin Rijistar Gado ta Jihar New South Wales a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 1999. 

## Tarihi

### Tarihin 'yan asalin ƙasar

### Tarihin Tudun Hunters
A lokacin da Turawa suka haɗu, yankin daji na Kelly yana da zama a cikin Ƙungiyar Wal Umedegal, waɗanda ke magana da yaren Guringai. Suna rayuwa ne musamman a kan kifi da kifin shellfish, suna ƙara musu abincinsu idan ya cancanta da kayan lambu, marsupials, tsuntsaye da tsutsotsi. Haka kuma ana yawan ganinsu suna harba tarkacen don sauƙaƙe shiga cikin daji da kuma farautar dabbobin da ke fitowa daga teku. Ba a san komai game da tsarin zamantakewa da imaninsu na addini ba.  

Kyaftin John Hunter (1737–1821) na Sirius ya yi wa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Sydney Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Sydney a shekarar 1788. A ranar 28 ga Janairu 1788, ya rubuta a cikin mujallarsa: "Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan isowa da jiragen ruwa a Port Jackson, na tashi da jirgin ruwa mai hawa shida da ƙaramin jirgin ruwa, da nufin yin bincike mai kyau game da tashar jiragen ruwa kamar yadda yanayi zai iya nunawa: Na taimaka wa Mr Bradley, laftanar na farko, Mr Keltie, maigidan, da kuma wani matashin mutum a cikin jirgin ruwa (mai kula da jirgin ruwa Henry Waterhouse)." Taswirar Hunter mai kyau ta nuna sautuka masu zurfi 30 a kusa da yankin da ke da iyaka da Kogin Parramatta da Lane Cove . Hunter ya kasance Gwamnan Yankin daga 1795 zuwa 1800. Ana tunawa da shi da sunan Hunters Hill.  

A shekara ta 1855, an fara wani shiri na gina gidaje guda huɗu na Swiss Cottages da aka riga aka gina a Hunters Hill. A wannan lokacin, Hunters Hill wani yanki ne na Faransa, inda gidan jakadan Faransa yake a "Passy", kuma mazan Faransa ne suka gina yawancin gininsa na farko. An tallata gidajen da aka riga aka gina a matsayin "gidaje huɗu masu kyau na iyali, suna tsaye a cikin nasu fili, kowannensu yana da fadin eka 1," tare da "itace da ruwa mai yawa."[1] [2]

A cikin nazarinta kan Hunter Hill, Beverley Sherry ta lura cewa wannan shine rukunin gidaje na farko da aka tsara da za a gina a cikin gundumar, wanda ke nuna farkon yanayin unguwar lambu na tsohuwar unguwar lambu ta Ostiraliya. Tsarin yanki da kuma ginin unguwar lambu ya faru ne a tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara, kafin kafa ƙungiyar Garden Suburb. Ci gaban tarihi a Hunters Hill ya kasance mai hasashe akai-akai, kodayake an yi wasu ƙananan hukumomi don samar da gidaje ga 'yan uwa.  

## Manazarta
Tulkiyan

***Tulkiyan*** tsohon gidan tarihi ne da aka lissafa a matsayin tarihi a cikin babban titin Pacific na 707, a cikin unguwar Gordon ta Sydney a yankin karamar hukumar Ku-ring-gai na New South Wales, Ostiraliya. Bertrand James Waterhouse na Waterhouse and Lake ne ya tsara shi, kuma Mista Ochs ne ya gina shi; lambun Mista Mottram ne ya shimfida shi. Majalisar Ku-ring-gai ce ta mallakar kadarar. An ƙara shi cikin Rijistar Gado ta Jihar New South Wales a ranar 27 ga Mayu 2005. 

## Tarihi

### Gundumar Gordon
Masana tarihi ba su da tabbas game da asalin sunan Gordon. Kamar Willoughby, wataƙila yana tunawa da Janar Sir James Willoughby Gordon wanda, a matsayinsa na babban jami'in kwata a Ingila lokacin da Jirgin Ruwa na Farko ya yi tafiya zuwa NSW a 1787, zai kasance yana da alhakin sanya wa rundunar jiragen ruwa kayan aiki. 

Ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara zama a Gordon shi ne Robert McIntosh, wanda titin McIntosh ke tunawa da shi. A shekara ta 1832 ya dasa gonar inabi, wadda take a gaban Cocin Anglican na St. John na yau, a kusurwar titin St. John da Babbar Hanya ta Pacific. Wani majagaba kuma shi ne John Brown, wanda aka fi sani da Squire, wanda ta hanyar sana'arsa ta mai yanke itace, ya sami wadata. Ya fara samun ƙasa a shekarun 1850 a wurin da Kwalejin Mata ta Ravenswood Methodist ta yanzu take. Wannan kuma wurin ne na ofishin gidan waya na farko, wanda aka buɗe a shekara ta 1860, kuma gidan bulo da ke ɗauke da shi har yanzu yana nan a filin makaranta. Saboda unguwar tana cikin yankin da aka sani da Lane Cove, wannan shine sunan ofishin gidan waya na farko. Rudani da ya haifar ya sa aka sake masa suna Gordon a shekara ta 1879, kuma an canza wurin ofishin gidan waya. 

Burin Brown shine ya mallaki murabba'in mil ɗaya na fili kuma don haka ya sami filaye da yawa, har zuwa 1870 ya sayi filaye har zuwa ƙasan North Shore kamar St.Leonards, inda yake da babban filin katako. 

Cocin St. John na Ingila, Gordon wani wuri ne mai ban sha'awa na tarihi. An gina shi a shekarar 1872 da kuma fadarsa a shekarun 1890. A shekarar 1817, Gwamna Macquarie ya bayar da gudummawar fam 10 don gina wani ƙaramin gini na katako, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a matsayin coci, cibiyar al'umma da wurin taro. Gobarar daji ta lalata wani babban coci na 1832 a shekarar 1862, kuma an fara wani coci na 1873 wanda Edmund Blacket ya tsara, kuma daga baya aka faɗaɗa shi yayin da cocin ke girma.[1] [2]

## Manazarta
Cape Bowling Green Light

**Cape Bowling Green Light** wani wurin hasumiya ne mai aiki a Cape Bowling Green, wani dogon fili mai tsayi wanda ya ƙare da doguwar ƙasa mai ƙasa, kimanin  daga Ayr, Queensland, Ostiraliya. Hasken yana ƙarshen ƙasa, kusa da tushen ramin yashi. An motsa hasken farko a wurin, wanda aka kafa a 1874, sau da yawa. An riga an gyara shi a Brisbane, an aika shi zuwa wurin, an motsa shi sau biyu saboda zaizayar ƙasa a bakin teku kuma a ƙarshe an canja shi don nunawa a Gidan Tarihi na Ruwa na Ƙasa na Australiya da ke Darling Harbour a Sydney. 

## Tarihi
James Cook ya sanya wa Cape Bowling Green suna ne a binciken da ya yi a gabar tekun gabashin Ostiraliya a shekarar 1770. 

Jiragen ruwa da yawa da suka lalace a Cape Bowling Green sun tilasta gina hasumiyar fitila a wurin. An gina hasumiyar fitila ta farko ta Cape Bowling Green Light a shekarar 1874, ɗaya daga cikin hasumiyoyin fitila 22 masu irin wannan ƙira da aka gina a Queensland a wancan lokacin. Hasumiyar mai siffar zobe ce, wadda aka gina da firam ɗin katako na gida wanda aka lulluɓe da faranti na ƙarfe da aka shigo da su daga Birtaniya. An riga an gyara hasumiyar fitilar a Brisbane, sannan aka wargaza ta aka aika zuwa wurin da za a sake gina ta. Yan'uwa John da Jacob Rooney na Maryborough ne suka yi ginin, waɗanda suka kuma gina Sandy Cape Light, Cowan Cowan Point Light, Cape Capricorn Light, Lady Elliot Island Light  da Booby Island Light.

Ruwan tabarau na asali ruwan tabarau ne na Chance Brothers dioptric na tsari na 3, kuma tushen hasken fitilar laƙabin kerosene ne mai ƙarfin 13,000. cd, ana iya gani 14 nautical miles (26 km; 16 mi). An juya na'urar da tsarin aiki na agogo kuma masu kula da hasumiyar fitila guda huɗu, babban jami'i da mataimaka uku ne ke gudanar da tashar.[1]

A shekarar 1878, zaizayar teku ta yi barazana ga hasumiyar fitilar a karon farko kuma an motsa ta a karon farko. A shekarar 1908, dole ne a mayar da hasumiyar zuwa wani wuri mai nisa saboda wannan dalili. 

A shekarar 1913, an sanya wani mayafin iskar gas mai amfani da man fetur mai tururi, wanda ya ƙara ƙarfin wutar zuwa 64,000.cd. A shekarar 1920, an sanya fitilar gas ta acetylene mai aiki da kanta ( fitilar carbide ) mai bawul ɗin rana. Sakamakon haka, an nemi hasumiyar wutar lantarki kuma an rushe duk sauran gine-gine.

## Manazarta
Matt Wells (manajan kwallon kafa)

**Matthew Elliott Wells** (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1988) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwallonƙwallon ƙwararrun. A halin yanzu shi ne babban kocin kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Major League Colorado Rapids .

Wells ya yi aiki a cikin matasa na Tottenham Hotspur, tun yana da shekaru tara. Abin takaici, Wells bai taba yin babban matsayi na farko ba, tare da aikinsa a kulob din Arewacin London wanda raunin ya hana shi. A sakamakon haka, ya mayar da hankali kan horar da kwallon kafa kuma ya sami nasarar samun Lasisin UEFA B yana da shekaru 20, yayin da yake koyo daga irin su John McDermott da Alex Inglethorpe . 

An haifi Wells a Enfield, Greater London,  kuma ya halarci Makarantar John Warner a Hoddesdon . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&#x5B;**&#x5D;

## Ayyukan horarwa
Wells ya kasance mataimakin kocin Ugo Ehiogu da Scott Parker a tawagar ci gaban Tottenham Hotspur da 'yan kasa da shekaru 18 bi da bi, yana ci gaba da zama babban kocin 'yan kasa le shekaru 18 a farkon kakar 2018-2019. Ya bar Spurs a watan Maris na shekara ta 2019 don komawa Parker, wanda a wannan lokacin yake kula da wucin gadi a Fulham. Daga baya ya zama mataimakin kocin Parker a AFC Bournemouth kuma, a ranar 31 ga Disamba 2022, ya shiga ƙungiyar kocin Parker da ke Club Brugge .  A ranar 25 ga Afrilu 2023, an tabbatar da Wells a matsayin mataimakin kocin Tottenham Hotspur,  ya zama daya daga cikin mataimakan kocin Ange Postecoglou a ranar 27 ga Yuni 2023  kuma babban mataimakin mai horar da shi a ranar 25 ga Yuni 2024. Ya koma daga babban mataimakin zuwa mataimakin a watan Yulin shekara ta 2025. 

A ranar 23 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2025, kungiyar MLS ta Colorado Rapids ta nada Wells a matsayin kocin su.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Wells shi ne jikan tsohon dan wasan Wales na kasa da kasa kuma dan wasan Tottenham Hotspur, Cliff Jones . Har ila yau, dan uwan ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne, Scott Neilson, wanda ke da sihiri a Crawley Town, Luton Town, da Grimsby Town, da sauransu.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
MV Krait

Jirgin ruwa mai suna **MV ''Krait*** / ˈkraɪt / wani jirgi ne mai katako wanda aka shahara da amfani da shi a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] ta hannun rundunar Z Special Force (Z Force) ta [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] a harin da aka kai wa jiragen ruwan Japan da aka makale a tashar jiragen ruwa [[Singafora|ta Singapore]] . An san harin da Operation Jaywick.

Ana nuna *Krait* a Gidan Tarihi na Maritime na Ƙasa na Australiya (ANMM) da ke [[Sydney]].

== Tarihi ==
Asali *Krait* jirgin kamun kifi ne na Japan da ke Singapore mai suna *Kofuku Maru*. Bayan barkewar yaƙin, jirgin ruwan Amurka mai lalata jiragen ruwa na USS  ya kama jirgin kuma ya yi amfani da shi wajen kwashe mutane sama da 1,100 daga jiragen ruwa da suka nutse a gabashin gabar tekun [[Sumatra]]. Daga ƙarshe jirgin ya isa Ostiraliya ta [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] da [[Indiya]] a shekarar 1942, kuma aka miƙa shi ga sojojin Ostiraliya. A cikin aikin soja na Ostiraliya, an sake mata suna *Krait* bayan ƙaramin maciji mai kisa.

A watan Satumba na shekarar 1943, *Krait* ta jigilar membobin rundunar Z Special Unit zuwa Singapore, inda suka yi nasarar kai hari tashar jiragen ruwa ta birnin, inda suka nutsar da jiragen ruwa bakwai, a cikin abin da aka fi sani da Operation Jaywick. Ta koma Ostiraliya a watan Oktoba. Sojojin Ostiraliya sun yi amfani da *Krait* a duk lokacin yakin, kuma tana nan a lokacin da sojojin Japan suka mika wuya a Ambon a watan Satumba na shekarar 1945.

Daga baya an yi amfani da *Krait* a matsayin jigilar kayan aikin tattara bayanan sirri zuwa tsibiran yankin, ciki har da Buru, Aru, Ceram, Banda, da Saparua. A wannan lokacin, ta ɗauki fursunonin Japan da dama, ƙungiyoyin binciken sojoji, da kuma wani jami'in leƙen asiri na jiragen ruwa.

A Ambon, jirgin ruwan ya sami biri a matsayin abin ado. An sanya masa suna Peter kuma ya rasa wutsiyarsa. Peter ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da ma'aikatan jirgin har sai da Krait ta gama hidimarta aka ja ta zuwa Morotai. Daga nan aka yi mata jigilar kaya zuwa Labuan, inda aka sayar da ita aka miƙa ta ga Kamfanin Borneo na Burtaniya kuma inda Able Seaman Robert Harry Easom na Perth ya ajiye tutar a matsayin abin tunawa. Yanzu haka ana nuna wannan tutar a wurin tunawa da Yaƙin Australiya a Canberra.[1]<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
Fayil:Krait_rear_shot_2008.jpg|alt=Krait on display at the Australian National Maritime Museum in 2008| An nuna *Krait* a Gidan Tarihi na Maritime na Ƙasa na Australiya a shekarar 2008
Fayil:Krait_plaque.jpg|alt=The plaque affixed to the wheelhouse in 1964 dedicating Krait as a war memorial| Allon da aka liƙa a kan motar a shekarar 1964 yana keɓe *Krait'' a matsayin abin tunawa da yaƙi
Fayil:Krait_at_Noakes_Boatyard_11_June_2022.jpg|alt=Krait undergoing restoration 2022| Ana gyara Krait a shekarar 2022


## Manazarta
IMac G3

**IMac G3**, wanda aka fara fitar da shi a matsayin **iMac**, jerin kwamfutocin Macintosh ne da Apple Computer ta sayar daga 1998 zuwa 2003. IMac ita ce babbar fitowar kayayyaki ta Apple a karkashin Shugaba Steve Jobs bayan komawarsa kamfanin da ya kafa tare da matsalar kudi. Jobs ya sake tsara kamfanin kuma ya sauƙaƙa layin samfurin. An tsara iMac a matsayin sabon samfurin tebur na masu amfani da Apple - kwamfuta mai araha, mai sauƙin amfani wacce za ta iya haɗawa da Intanet cikin sauƙi.

Tsarin iMac ɗin gaba ɗaya ya dogara ne akan allon bututun cathode-ray ; an haɗa na'urar sarrafawa ta G3, kayan haɗin, da haɗin duk a cikin wani katanga ɗaya. Shugaban ƙira na Apple Jony Ive da tawagarsa sun ƙirƙiri akwati mai siffar hawaye, mai haske wanda ya bambanta da kamannin kwamfutocin kamfanin na baya. Kamfanin ya ƙirƙiro sabbin hanyoyin aiki don kammala kwamfutar da sauri, da sabbin hanyoyin aiki don tsara samfuran gaba. IMac ta yi watsi da tsoffin fasahohi kamar tashoshin jiragen ruwa na serial da faifai na floppy don fifita CD-ROMs da tashoshin USB.

Martanin da aka mayar wa iMac ya sha bamban; 'yan jarida sun ce na'urar za ta yi kyau ga sabbin masu amfani da kwamfuta amma sun nuna rashin fasahar da ta gabata, kuma sun ce linzamin kwamfuta da madannai daban-daban ba su da daɗi. Duk da sake dubawa, iMac ya kasance nasara ta kasuwanci nan take, inda ya zama kwamfutar da ta fi sayarwa da sauri a Apple, tana sayar da sama da na'urori miliyan shida a rayuwarta.

An sake duba tsarin asali sau da yawa, wanda ya inganta saurin sarrafawa, adadin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta hanyar bazuwar, sararin rumbun kwamfutarka, da sauran damar. Ana yaba wa iMac da ya ceci Apple daga lalacewar kuɗi, da kuma canza kwamfutocin mutum daga na musamman, samfuran fasaha zuwa salon masu amfani da yawa. Sauran kwamfutoci da kayayyakin masu amfani sun yi amfani da yanayin filastik mai haske, wanda ya haifar da shari'a daga Apple. An maye gurbin jerin iMac G3 da iMac G4, kuma matsayin iMac G3 a kasuwannin ilimi an maye gurbinsa da eMac.

## Bayani
A ƙarshen shekarun 1990, Apple Computer ta fuskanci matsaloli na kuɗi mai tsanani. A ƙarshen shekarar 1997, kamfanin yana sayar da 1.8&nbsp;miliyan Macs a kowace shekara, idan aka kwatanta da 4.5&nbsp;shekaru biyu da suka gabata. Tallace-tallacen Apple sun lalace ta hanyar tsarin Mac mai lasisi wanda ya rage darajar kayayyakin Apple da kuma yin fice.[ 1 ] Apple bai iya yin gasa a kasuwar kwamfuta mai rahusa ba, kuma ya yi watsi da fannin gaba ɗaya.[ 2 ]

A watan Disamba na shekarar 1996, Apple ta sayi kamfanin kwamfuta na NeXT, wanda Steve Jobs ya kafa. A matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar, ya koma Apple, kamfanin da ya kafa tare a shekarar 1976 sannan aka kore shi daga aiki a shekarar 1985.[1] [ 4 ] Apple ta kuma sayi tsarin aiki na NeXTSTEP na NeXTSTEP, wanda zai zama harsashin tsarin aiki na gaba na Apple na Mac OS X. [2] Jobs ya koma Apple a matsayin mai ba da shawara amma kwamitin gudanarwa na kamfanin ya kori Shugaba Gil Amelio a ranar 9 ga Yuli, 1997, kuma Jobs ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin na wucin gadi.[3] [ 7 ]

## Manazarta
Injin gurasa mai tsabta

**Injin Whitbread** da aka adana a Gidan Tarihi na Powerhouse da ke Sydney, Ostiraliya, wanda aka gina a shekarar 1785, yana ɗaya daga cikin injunan tururi na farko da aka taɓa ginawa, kuma shine mafi tsufa da ya tsira. Injin juyawa wani nau'in injin katako ne inda ake canza motsi na katako zuwa motsi na juyawa, yana samar da tushen wutar lantarki mai ci gaba wanda ya dace da injinan tuki.

Injiniyan injiniya James Watt, na kamfanin Boulton da Watt ne ya tsara wannan injin, kuma an fara sanya shi a cikin masana'antar giya ta Whitbread da ke Landan, Ingila. Bayan an dakatar da aikin a shekarar 1887, an aika shi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Powerhouse na Ostiraliya (wanda a lokacin ake kira Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha, Masana'antu da Tsabtace Muhalli ) kuma tun daga lokacin aka maido shi zuwa cikakken aiki.

## Tarihi

Samuel Whitbread ne ya ba da odar injin a shekarar 1784 don maye gurbin keken doki a harabar Chiswell Street na kamfanin giyarsa ta London. An sanya shi a shekarar 1785, injin tururi na biyu da aka sanya a cikin kamfanin giya,  kuma ya ba Whitbread damar zama babban kamfanin giya a Birtaniya. An riƙe ƙafafun doki na tsawon shekaru da yawa, yana aiki a matsayin madadin idan injin tururi ya lalace. Kayan tuƙi na injin, wanda har yanzu yake bayyane a yau, an haɗa shi da jerin sandunan katako waɗanda ke tuƙa injina a cikin kamfanin giya . Injinan da aka haɗa sun haɗa da na'urori masu juyawa don murƙushe malt ; sukurori na Archimedes, wanda ke ɗaga malt ɗin da aka niƙa zuwa hopper ; ɗagawa, don ɗaga abubuwa cikin ginin; famfon piston uku, don famfo giya; da kuma abin juyawa a cikin kwandon shara. Akwai kuma famfon da ke haɗa da katakon injin, wanda ake amfani da shi don famfo ruwa daga rijiya zuwa tanki a kan rufin gidan giya. 

## Manazarta
Ruhun Ostiraliya

***Spirit of Australia*** wani jirgin ruwa ne mai gudu na katako wanda Ken Warby ya gina a bayan gida a Sydney, wanda ya karya tarihin gudun ruwa na duniya a ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 1978. Rikodin ya kasance 328 mph.  

## Rikodin da jirgin ruwa
A ranar 8 ga Oktoba 1978, Ken Warby ya hau jirgin ruwan Spirit of Australia a kan madatsar ruwa ta Blowering da ke Australia a kan hanyar da ke akasin haka ta 492.813 kilometres per hour (306.220 mph; 266.098 kn) da kuma 529.412 kilometres per hour (328.961 mph; 285.860 kn),[1] don saurin rikodin hukuma na 511.11 kilometres per hour (317.59 mph; 275.98 kn), [2] [3] tare da mafi girman gudun 555 kilometres per hour (345 mph; 300 kn).[1] Injin jet na Westinghouse J34 ne ke amfani da shi. Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Westinghouse ne ya ƙirƙiro injin a ƙarshen shekarun 1940 kuma ana amfani da shi don jiragen yaƙi da sauran jiragen sama.Ana nuna Spirit of Australia a Gidan Tarihi na Maritime na Ƙasa na Australiya da ke Darling Harbour, Sydney, New South Wales.[4]

## Magada
Tun daga farkon shekarun 1990, Warby ya ƙera jirgin ruwa na biyu mai *suna Aussie Spirit*, wanda aka yi amfani da shi da sabuwar Westinghouse J34, amma bai taɓa yin wani ƙoƙari a kansa ba. Warby da ɗansa Dave sun yi aiki a kan sabon jirgin ruwa, *Spirit of Australia II*, wanda injin jirgin ruwa na Bristol Siddeley Orpheus ya samar daga jirgin yaƙi na Fiat G.91 na Italiya. An kammala wannan a watan Disamba na 2004. A shekarar 2007, Ken Warby ya miƙa ragamar ga ɗansa wanda ya samu maki  a wani gwaji da aka gudanar a kan Blowering Dam a shekarar 2018.  Ya zuwa ranar 22 ga Mayu 2021, ƙungiyar har yanzu tana gyara tsarin.

## Duba kuma

* Majalisar Rikodin Gudun Jiragen Ruwa ta Duniya
* Jerin bayanan saurin abin hawa

## Manazarta
Olivetti Valentine

**Olivetti Valentine** wani injin rubutu ne mai ɗaukuwa, wanda kamfanin Italiya, Olivetti, ya ƙera kuma ya tallata, wanda ya haɗa injinan rubutun ciki na Lettera 32 na kamfanin tare da kayan aikin filastik masu launin ja, masu sheƙi da kuma akwatin filastik masu dacewa. An ƙera shi a shekarar 1968 ta hannun mai ba da shawara na Olivetti ɗan ƙasar Austria, Ettore Sottsass (mahaifin Memphis Group ), wanda Perry A. King da Albert Leclerc suka taimaka masa, an gabatar da injin a shekarar 1969 kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin injinan rubutun filastik na farko kuma mafi shahara.    

Duk da cewa samfurin yana da tsada, mai iyaka ga aiki kuma mai matsakaicin tsari wanda bai samu nasara a kasuwa ba,    Valentine ya "ɓata yanayin da ake ciki" na ƙirar na'urar rubutu, ya kama matsayin da ake amfani da shi wajen yaƙi da al'adun bayan '68, kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama sanannen shahararriyar alama ta duniya, galibi saboda ƙirarsa mai bayyanawa.

An nuna bikin ranar masoya a cikin tarin kayan tarihi na Metropolitan Museum of Art, Museum of Modern Art, da Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum da ke New York;   London's Design Museum da Victoria and Albert Museum; Powerhouse Museum da ke Sydney; da kuma Triennale di Milano da ke Milan.

Mawaki Giovanni Giudici, wanda aka yi aiki da shi a Olivetti, ya bayyana Valentine a matsayin "wani Lettera 32 da aka ɓoye a matsayin yarinya 'yar shekara sittin." A tsawon lokaci, Sottsass da kansa &#x2013; wanda ya yi tunanin Valentine a matsayin Bic Biro/Cristal na masu rubuta rubutu, abin da yake kira ' ja &#x2013; na  *rosso*  zai gaji da ƙirarsa, yana kiransa "a bayyane yake, kamar yarinya sanye da gajeren siket da kayan kwalliya da yawa."   

## Zane da haɓakawa

Cikakkun bayanai sun haɗa da maɓallan filastik baƙi da haruffan fari; hular ribbon filastik mai launin lemu, hannun ƙarfe mai dawowa da jagorar takarda; tagwayen chrome, tallafin takarda mai kama da zomo; ƙafafuwan roba baƙi; madaurin juyawar filastik ja a bayan na'urar rubutu, da kuma haruffan "Valentine" da aka ɗaga tare da gaba da "olivetti" a farantin baya. A gabatarwa, an buga littafin jagorar mai amfani a kan saitin ƙananan "alamu" da aka riƙe tare da madauri na zare, tare da jimloli masu ban sha'awa waɗanda ke bayyana manyan ayyuka, tare da zane-zane baƙi da fari masu sauƙi.[1] A tsawon aikin samarwa, gyare-gyaren ƙira sun haɗa da faɗaɗa hular ribbon mai launin lemu, da ƙara manyan dimples guda biyu a saman aikin jiki, don taimakawa hana gogewa lokacin cire na'urar rubutu ko mayar da ita cikin akwatinta.[2]

## Manazarta
Kwalejin St Barnabas (Adelaide)

**Kwalejin St Barnabas** wata makarantar tauhidi ce ta Australiya da ke Arewacin Adelaide, Kudancin Ostiraliya, wacce ke da alaƙa da Cocin Anglican na Ostiraliya da Jami'ar Charles Sturt.[1]

## Manazarta
Makarantar Sakandare ta Mata ta Mitcham

**Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta Mitcham**, wacce take a Kingswood, ita ce makarantar sakandare ta gwamnati da ba ta da yanki, wacce ke da jinsi ɗaya a jihar Kudancin Ostiraliya.Tana da kimanin ɗalibai 850 a aji 7 zuwa 13. Ganin cewa makarantar ba ta da yanki, tana jan hankalin ɗalibai daga ko'ina cikin babban birnin Adelaide da kuma wasu yankuna na yankin.

## Tarihi
An kafa Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta Mitcham a shekarar 1964. Wurin a da Makarantar Sakandare ta Kingswood ce daga 1914 zuwa 1917, sannan daga 1918 zuwa 1963, wurin karatu ne na haɗin gwiwa wanda ya haɗa da Makarantar Sakandare ta Unley da ke kusa kafin ya zama makarantar sakandare ta fasaha ta 'yan mata kawai a 1964.

A shekarar 2015, kashi 18% na ɗalibai sun fito ne daga asalin waɗanda ba sa jin Turanci, haka kuma ɗaliban ƙasashen waje suna karatu a ƙarƙashin shirin ilimi na ƙasashen duniya.

Makarantar memba ce ta ƙungiyar Makarantun 'Yan Mata ta Australasia. Tun daga shekarar 1993, makarantar ta saba da ƙungiyoyi suna shiga gasar Duniya ta Solar Challenge.

## Kayan aiki
Makarantar tana da wurin ninkaya mai tsawon mita 25 da kuma cibiyar wasan kwaikwayo.

## Manazarta
Kwalejin Fasaha ta St Patrick

**Kwalejin Fasaha ta St Patrick**, (wanda kuma aka sani da **St Pat's Tech**, **St Patrick's** ), kwalejin fasaha ce a arewacin birnin Adelaide, babban birnin Kudancin Ostiraliya.Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta buɗe ta a shekarar 2007 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin Kwalejin Fasaha ta Ostiraliya, yanzu tana aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na Katolika Education SA .

St Patrick's tana ba da ilimin sakandare mai zurfi a fannin fasaha (Shekaru 10, 11 da 12) kuma ta ƙware a shirye-shiryen ilimin sana'a ga ɗaliban da ke son haɗa da Horarwa ta Makaranta (SbA)  a matsayin wani ɓangare na Takardar Shaidar Ilimi ta Kudancin Ostiraliya (SACE).

## Tarihi

### Kwalejin Fasaha ta Australiya - Arewacin Adelaide (2007–2009)

Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Ostiraliya ce ta kafa Shirin Kwalejojin Fasaha na Ostiraliya (ATCs) a shekarar 2005. Gwamnati ta kafa ATCs guda 24 a fadin Ostiraliya don samar da ilimin fasaha na ilimi da na sana'a. Sanarwar Gwamnati ta bayyana cewa "kowanne daga cikin yankuna 24 da aka zaba yana da tushe mai karfi na masana'antu tare da bukatar ƙwarewa da aka gano da kuma yawan matasa masu yawa". Shirin ya tsaya a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2009.

A shekara ta 2005, Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta zaɓi haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Archdiocese na Katolika na Adelaide da Ƙungiyar Masana'antu ta Arewacin Adelaide don kafa da gudanar da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Ostiraliya - Arewacin Adelaide.

Kwalejin Fasaha ta Australiya – Arewacin Adelaide ta fara aiki da ɗalibai 100 a wurare na wucin gadi a titin Bishopstone, Davoren Park, a watan Janairun 2007. A watan Mayun 2008, ayyukan sun koma wani wuri na musamman da aka gina dalar Amurka miliyan 12, wanda ke kula da ɗalibai har zuwa 350, a Hooke Road, Edinburgh North.[1]

### Kwalejin Fasaha ta St Patrick (2009–)
A watan Yulin 2009, shugabancin Kwalejin da mallakarta ya koma ga Hukumar Makarantun Katolika ta Kudancin Ostiraliya a madadin Archdiocese na Adelaide, daga baya aka sake masa suna Kwalejin Fasaha ta St Patrick. A cikin tsokaci game da canja wurin, Daraktan Ilimin Katolika SA, Jane Swift ta yi tsokaci, "Muna matukar daraja haɗin gwiwar da aka kafa tare da masana'antu da al'ummar yankin kuma muna da niyyar ci gaba da damar ilimi da kwalejojin fasaha ke bayarwa ga matasa."

## Kayan aiki

Fayil:Automotive-Workshop-A.jpg|alt=Automotive Workshop| Bitar Motoci
Fayil:Automotive-Workshop-B.jpg|alt=Automotive Workshop| Bitar Motoci
Fayil:StPatsTech-Kitchen.jpg|alt=Commercial Kitchen| Dakin girki na Kasuwanci
Fayil:Construction-Workshop.jpg|alt=Construction Workshop| Bitar Gine-gine
Fayil:Electrical-Lab.jpg|alt=Electrical Workshop| Aikin Wutar Lantarki
Fayil:Engineering-Workshop-A.jpg|alt=Engineering Workshop| Bitar Injiniya
Fayil:Engineering-Workshop-B.jpg|alt=Engineering Workshop| Bitar Injiniya
Fayil:Plumbing-Workshop.jpg|alt=Plumbing Workshop| Aikin Bututun Ruwa


## Manazarta
St Martin na Porres, Adelaide

Makarantar **St Martin de Porres** makarantar cocin Katolika ce da ke Sheidow Park, Adelaide, Kudancin Ostiraliya, tana kula da yara daga Makarantar Liyafa zuwa Aji 6. Makarantar ce ta ciyar da yara zuwa Makarantar Kwalejin Sacred Heart, da Kwalejin Cabra Dominican.
Frederick Cathcart

**Frederick Cathcart** (1859-1934) ya kasance dan Birtaniya ne, wanda ya kasance magatakarda na darasi kuma Shugaban Cheltenham Racecourse daga 1908 zuwa 1934. Shi ne ke da alhakin ci gaban Cheltenham a matsayin hedkwatar duniya na tseren Hunt na kasa, ya kafa Bikin Cheltenham azaman babban taron farauta na kasa a cikin kalandar tseren, da kuma haifar da manyan tserensa guda biyu - Kofin Zinare na Cheltenham da Champion Hurdle . A cikin 1999, takardar masana'antu Racing Post ta sanya masa suna a lamba 11 a cikin jerin 100 Makers of 20th Century Racing . 

An haife shi a shekara ta 1859, ɗan ƙwararren Mai wasan kwaikwayo. Ya shiga kamfanin gudanar da tseren Pratt & Co a 1895 kuma ya ci gaba da zama babban abokin tarayya.

A shekara ta 1911 ya ba da Taron Bincike na Kasa (wanda ya fara bikin Cheltenham) gida na dindindin a Cheltenham kuma ya fara fadada shi. A karkashin jagorancinsa, an gudanar da tseren farko na Kofin Zinare na Cheltenham (1924) da Champion Hurdle (1927).

A kan mutuwarsa, wani labari ya karanta, "Ya kasance marar gajiyawa a kokarinsa na kara shahara da kuma kiran jama'a na tarurrukan tseren da aka haɗa shi da ... Yawancin nasarar 'bincike a Cheltenham ya kasance saboda ƙarfin Mista Cathcart da kasuwanci. "

Kofin Gwagwarmayar Cathcart (daga baya Ryanair Chase ta maye gurbinsa) a taron bikin Cheltenham an sanya masa suna don girmama shi.
## manazarta
Christian Brothers College, Adelaide

**Kwalejin 'Yan'uwa ta Kirista** ( **CBC** ) makaranta ce mai zaman kanta ta Katolika a Adelaide, Kudancin Ostiraliya. Wata ƙungiyar ' Yan'uwa Kiristocin Irish ce ta kafa ta a shekarar 1878. Yanzu haka tana ɗaya daga cikin makarantu uku na 'Yan'uwa Kiristoci a jihar, tare da Kwalejin St Paul, Adelaide da Kwalejin Rostrevor. Kamar sauran kwalejoji, tasirin 'Yan'uwan Kiristoci na asali ya ragu, kuma yanzu EREA ce ke gudanar da ita. Ɗan'uwan ƙarshe ya bar makarantar a shekarar 2007.

CBC galibi makarantar sakandare ce, kodayake tana da harabar makarantar firamare, tare da jimlar ɗalibai kusan 970 (kamar yadda yake a shekarar 2024).

## Gidaje
Kwalejin 'Yan'uwa ta Kirista tana da gidaje shida. Kowanne gida an sanya masa suna ne saboda wani mutum ko wuri da ke da alaƙa da labarin Edmund Ignatius Rice.

Da zarar an fara karatu a kwalejin, kowane ɗalibi za a tura shi zuwa ɗaya daga cikin gidaje shida:

A cikin harabar makarantar sakandare ta Kwalejin 'Yan'uwa ta Kirista, ɗalibai za su iya zaɓar zama shugaban gidansu.

## Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai

### Fasaha da nishaɗi

* CJ Dennis, mawaƙi
* Roy Rene, wanda aka fi sani da Henry van der Sluys, ɗan wasan barkwanci na majagaba, " Charlie Chaplin na Australia" 
* Benedict Samuel, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo
* Xavier Samuel, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo

## Manazarta
Hotunan fim na Brigitte Bardot

Brigitte Bardot (28 Satumba 1934 - 28 Disamba 2025) 'yar wasan Faransa ce, mawaƙa kuma samfurin kayan ado, wacce daga baya ta zama mai fafutukar kare hakkin dabbobi.

## Hotunan fina-finai

## Manazarta
Christophe Bettally

**Christophe Bettally** (karni na 18 - karni na 19) ya kasance mai yin kayan aikin kimiyya na Ingila. Wataƙila ya fito ne daga asalin Italiyanci tare da sunan mahaifiyar anglicised.

Bettally ya kasance mai aiki tsakanin 1787 da c. 1807 a London, inda yake da shaguna a Oxford Street da Pimlico, da Paris. Ya samar da Thermometers, barometers, hygrometers, da kayan gilashi don gwaje-gwajen kimiyyar lissafi, bisa ga Katunan kasuwanci a cikin Banks Collection  a Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya.

## Manazarta