Chanjin Yanayi a Uganda

**Sauyin yanayi a [[Uganda]]** na ƙara shafar rayuwar al'ummar mutanan Uganda da muhalli su baki ɗaya.  Yanayi a Uganda ya haifar da matsanancin yanayi kamar tsawan lokaci fari da ruwan sama wanda ba a saba gani ba, ba na yau da kullun ba, wanda ba a saba da shi ba kuma ba a iya hasashensa.  Uganda galibi tana da yanayi mai zafi tare da ruwan sama na yau da kullun da yanayin hasken rana. Sai dai saboda sauyin yanayi yanayi ya canza, inda kasar ta fuskanci karancin ruwan sama ko tsayi da kuma tsananin fari musamman a gabashi da arewa maso gabashin Uganda. Yuganda kasa ce da ba ta da ruwa, aikin noma shi ne babban bangaren tattalin arziki wanda ya kai sama da kashi 25% na babban abin da take samu a cikin gida (GDP).  Bangaren yana daukar kusan kashi 70% na ma'aikatan kasar na yau da kullun da na yau da kullun. Duk da haka, wannan yana zuwa tare da gazawar ci gaba da dama wasu daga cikinsu sune: Girman yawan jama'a wanda ya kai kimanin kashi 3.3, cututtuka kamar HIV/Aids da cututtuka (kamar Malaria ), zaizayar ƙasa da lalacewa.  Haɓaka yanayin zafi da haɓakar sauye-sauyen ruwan sama ya kuma kawo ƙarin matsin lamba kan ci gaba tunda ƙasar ta dogara ne akan noman ruwan sama. Haɓakar yanayin zafi da yanayin damina ba za a iya faɗi ba yana rage adadin ƙasar noma, raguwar lokutan noma, lalata albarkatun ruwa (ƙasa) da canza abubuwan da suka faru da rarraba ƙwari. 

## Tushen gas na Greenhouse
Fitar da iskan da ake fitarwa a Uganda kaɗan ne, inda carbon dioxide bai taba wuce kilogiram 150 ga kowane mutum a shekara ba, kuma ya kai kusan tan miliyan 5 a kowace shekara.  
Ya zuwa 2022, sama da kashi 90% na wutar lantarki wutar lantarki ce ta ruwa, amma yawancin yankunan karkara ba su da wutar lantarki kuma suna ƙone itace don dafa abinci.  Ana sukar gwamnati da yadda ake kara sare itatuwa.

## Tasiri kan yanayin yanayi

### Zazzaɓi da canjin yanayi
Matsakaicin zafin jiki a Uganda ya karu da 1.3°C tun a shekarun 1960 kuma mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi ya ƙaru da 0.5-1.2°C na wannan lokacin tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi yana ƙara da 0.6-0.9°C. An sami ƙarin matsakaicin yanayin zafi a 0.28 ° C a kowace shekara goma tun daga 1960 kuma yanayin yanayin zafi na yau da kullun tun 1960 yana nuna haɓakar haɓakar yawan lokutan zafi, da haɓaka haɓaka mafi girma a cikin mitar zafi dare. Sauye-sauyen yanayi da canjin yanayin zafi kuma suna shafar tsaunin Rwenzori ta hanyar haifar da narkewar glacier wanda ke ƙara yawan ruwa a kogin Nyamwamba, Mubuku, da Ruimi. Wannan ya haifar da ambaliya akai-akai a fadin yankin Rwenzori.    Daga 1906, filayen ƙanƙara sun ragu daga 6.5 sq/km zuwa kasa da 1 sq/km ta 2003 kuma yana iya ɓacewa gaba ɗaya cikin ƴan shekaru. A cikin 2012, gobarar daji ta faru a yankin Rwenzori wanda ya sa filin ƙanƙara / glaciers ya narke wanda ya haifar da ambaliya na kogin da ke kewaye da dutsen. 

Sakamakon ruwan sama kamar da bakin ƙwarya a kusa da tsaunin Muhavura, a ranar 24 ga Janairu, 2022 ambaliya, laka, duwatsu da tarkace sun yi hadari a sassan gundumar Kisoro, tare da lalata gidaje, hanyoyi da ababen more rayuwa. Yankunan da lamarin ya fi shafa sun hada da Nyarusiza, Muramba da Bunagana. An bayar da rahoton cewa mutane tara ne suka rasa rayukansu sannan dubban mutane suka rasa matsugunansu da wannan bala'in ya shafa.

A gundumar Kasese, kusan duk shekara ana samun ambaliyar ruwa wanda ke haifar da mummunar tasiri ga rayuwa da rayuwar jama'a a wannan wuri. Sakamakon haka, makarantu da gidajen jama'a da dama sun kone tare da lalata su tare da yin barna da yawa,

### Tasiri kan albarkatun ruwa
Ɓangaren samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Uganda ya sami ci gaba sosai a cikin birane tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1990 har zuwa aƙalla 2006, tare da ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin ɗaukar hoto da kuma ayyukan aiki da kasuwanci. gyare-gyare da gyare-gyare a fannin daga shekarar 1998 zuwa 2003 sun hada da kasuwanci da zamanantar da kamfanin samar da ruwa da magudanar ruwa ta kasa (NWSC) da ke gudanar da ayyuka a birane da manyan garuruwa, da kuma karkatar da gwamnati da kuma shiga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a ƙananan garuruwa.  

Uganda tana da albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa na kusan 2085 m3 / yr wanda ya ke sama da iyakar da aka sani a duniya na 100 m3 / yr na ƙarancin ruwa. Duk da haka, an haɓaka fannin ruwa kuma kusan kashi 0.5% na yawan ruwan da ake da shi ne ake amfani da shi a kowace shekara.

Uganda ta samu dan ci gaba da inganta samar da ruwan sha ta hanyar inganta kayan aiki wanda ya kai kashi 39% a shekarar 1990 zuwa kashi 48 cikin 100 a shekarar 2008 kuma wannan ya takaita ne a yankuna masu nisa da karkara da kashi 40% a shekarar 1990 da kashi 49% zuwa 2008. Ba haka lamarin yake ba a yankunan birane da ke da kashi 35 a shekarar 1995 da kashi 38 cikin 100 a shekarar 2008.

### Tsarin halittu

Uganda, a matsayinta na ƙasa, ta dogara ne da albarkatun ƙasa da kuma ingantaccen yanayin muhalli : noman ruwan sama, yawon bude ido, kamun kifi, da gandun daji, misali, gudummawar GDP: yawon shakatawa 9% da gandun daji (5.2%).  Al'ummar Uganda na fuskantar barazanar karuwar yawan jama'a, karuwar birane da ayyukan tattalin arziki, fadada filayen noma zuwa dazuzzuka, dausayi da ciyayi inda kashi 75% na filayen dausayi ake ganin sun lalace sosai, kashi 90% na makamashin makamashin halittu ne: gawayi da man itace yana haifar da asara. na murfin gandun daji yana gudana a 1.7% a kowace shekara, masana'antun gine-gine: buƙatun katako yana da yawa, ayyukan hakar ma'adinai : yashi da yumbura, quarrying, haƙar gwal, yawon shakatawa na yanayi: fadada ayyukan yawon shakatawa da wurare.  Bangaren mai da iskar gas mai tasowa: binciken da aka yi a cikin mahalli mai wadatar muhalli amma yanki mai hankali a cikin Albertine graben, asarar wurin zama, mamaye noma da faɗaɗawa, gurɓatawa.   

A cikin 2010, Uganda tana da 6.93Mha na murfin itace, wanda ya kai sama da 29% na yankin ƙasarta. A cikin 2020, ta yi asarar 73.6kha na murfin itace, daidai da 36.0Mt na hayaƙin CO₂. Daga 2001 zuwa 2020, an yi asarar 918kha na murfin bishiyar, daidai da raguwar 12% na murfin bishiyar tun 2000, da 413Mt na hayaƙin CO₂. Daga 2001 zuwa 2019, kashi 3.8% na asarar murfin bishiyar sun faru a wuraren da manyan masu yin asara suka haifar da sare dazuzzuka.  Wannan ya rage duka ayyukan yanayin halittu da gandun daji ke bayarwa, gami da rage yawan amfanin itace da inganci, da nau'in halittun da suke tallafawa. 1.4Mha na kasa ya kone har zuwa 2021. Wannan jimillar al'ada ce idan aka kwatanta da jimillar shekarun baya da suka koma 2001. Gobara mafi girma da aka samu a cikin shekara ita ce 2005, tare da 7.3Mha. 

## Tasiri kan mutane

### Tasirin tattalin arziki
Tattalin arzikin Uganda ya kasu zuwa manyan sassa uku: noma, masana'antu da bangaren ayyuka kuma duk wadannan suna da matukar hadari ga illar sauyin yanayi.  Wasu daga cikin hanyoyin da suka bi ta babban fannin wanda shi ne bangaren noma abin ya shafa sun hada da: rage yankin da ya dace da noma saboda ƙaruwar yawan jama’a, da canza tsawon lokacin noman noma, rage yawan amfanin gona, da kara yaduwa da kuma tsananin abubuwan da suka faru ( musamman fari da ambaliya) da kuma kara yawaitar cututtuka na shuka (Bankin Duniya, 2013). 

Ƙididdigar lalacewar canjin yanayi a fannin noma, ruwa, ababen more rayuwa da sassan makamashi gaba ɗaya sun kai kashi 2-4% na GDP tsakanin 2010 da 2050. Tare da ƙiyasin yawan jama'a 48,432,863, Uganda ita ce kan gaba wajen noman kwayoyin halitta tare da kiyasin kadada 231,157 na filayen noma.  Ana hasashen sauyin yanayi zai yi tasiri sosai ga Uganda a ma sassan. 

#### Noma da kiwo
 
Canjin yanayi ya riga ya yi tasiri sosai a fannin aikin gona wanda ya kasance ƙa

ashin bayan tattalin arzikin Uganda tsawon shekaru da yawa wanda ya ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 37% na Babban Haɓaka Cikin Gida (GDP).  A bisa ka'ida lokacin farko shine dasa shuki a watan Maris kuma ana girbi a Yuli-Agusta, yayin da kakar ta biyu ta kasance daga Agusta zuwa Janairu. Manoma ko da yaushe suna guje wa shuka a makare tunda yana haifar da karuwar kwari da hare-haren cututtuka don haka rage yawan amfanin gona kuma yawancin noman dagaƙkananan manoma ne.  Matsakaicin yanayin zafi yana tsakanin digiri 18 zuwa 30 ma'aunin celcius amma yana iya yin girma zuwa kusan ma'aunin celcius 37 a wasu wurare.  Wani bincike da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Muhalli ta gudanar tare da tallafi daga Cibiyar Ilimi ta Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) ta yi hasashen raguwar ruwan sama da zai iya rage yuwuwar makamashin ruwa na Uganda da kusan kashi 26% nan da shekarar 2050.   &#x5D;

#### Ɓangaren masana'anta
Ɓangaren masana'antu na Uganda ya mamaye aikin noma, abinci da abin sha, kayayyakin gida, kayan gini da kayan masarufi masu saurin tafiya. Yawancin kamfanoni ƙanana ne da matsakaitan masana'antu waɗanda ke da alaƙa a Kampala da yankin Tsakiya. Yawancin kayayyakin da ake samarwa a Uganda ana amfani da su ne don amfanin cikin gida, kuma ana fitar da su zuwa kasuwannin yankin Gabashin Afirka da suka haɗa da Rwanda, Burundi, Sudan ta Kudu, Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango (DRC) da yankunan Kenya da Tanzaniya da ke maƙwabtaka da Uganda . . 

Masana'antu, ƙarin ƙimar (% na GDP) a Uganda an ba da rahoton da kashi 15.8% a cikin 2020, bisa ga tarin alamun ci gaban Bankin Duniya, wanda aka tattara daga tushe da aka sani a hukumance. Uganda, Bangaren Masana'antu, ƙarin ƙima (% na GDP) ainihin ƙima, bayanan tarihi, hasashe da tsinkaya an samo su daga Bankin Duniya a watan Afrilu na 2022, wanda ke ɗaukar kusan kashi 6.622% na sashin Labour na yau da kullun. 

#### Tasirin lafiya
Sauyin yanayi yana fusata faruwar cututtuka da ke haifar da ruwa kamar su dysentery, kwalara, hepatitis E, cututtukan da ke haifar da vector musamman zazzabin cizon sauro, cututtukan numfashi da cututtuka masu alaƙa da rashin abinci mai gina jiki. Shirin bunƙasa sashen kiwon lafiya na Uganda na hudu ya nuna muhimmancin bunkasa "tsarin gargadi na farko da yada hasashen yanayi don taimakawa masu kula da lafiya wajen inganta shiri da mayar da martani".

## Ragewa da daidaitawa
Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Kasa (NEMA),, National Forestry Authority Ma’aikatar Ruwa da Muhalli , Hukumar Kula da Gandun Daji ta Kasa, Ma’aikatar Filaye, Gidaje da Rarraba Birane  da Ma’aikatar Ayyuka da Sufuri, Uganda Namun daji Hukuma  su ne manyan ƴan wasa da gwamnati ta kafa don gudanarwa da gina juriyar yanayi.

## Manazarta