Bourrée

**Burree** ( / b ʊ ˈreɪ / ; Occitan   ;  a Ingila, **borry** ko **bore** ) rawa ce ta asalin Faransanci da kalmomi da kiɗan da ke tare da ita.  Bourrée yana kama da gavotte domin yana cikin lokaci biyu kuma sau da yawa yana da salon dactylic . Duk da haka, yana da ɗan sauri, kuma jimlarsa ta fara da anacrusis na kwata-kwata ko "pick-up", yayin da gavotte yana da anacrusis na rabin-bar.

A zamanin Baroque, bayan da Louis XIV ya kafa Academie de Dance a shekarar 1661,  kotun Faransa ta daidaita bourrée, kamar sauran irin waɗannan raye-rayen, don manufar rawa ta kade-kade . Ta wannan hanyar ta ba da sunanta ga matakin rawa  wanda ke nuna halayen rawa, saurin motsi na ƙafafu yayin da ake magana a kai ko kuma ana magana a kai, don haka zuwa jerin matakan da ake kira  .

Bourrée ya zama wani motsi na zaɓi a cikin jerin raye-raye na gargajiya, kuma J.&nbsp;S. Bach, Handel da Chopin sun rubuta bourrées, ba lallai bane suna nufin a yi musu rawa.

## Tarihi

Bourrée ya samo asali ne daga Auvergne a Faransa. Wani lokaci ana kiransa " rawan Faransa mai santsi" ko kuma " branle of the sabots ". An fara ambatonsa a matsayin rawa mai shahara a shekarar 1665 a Clermont-Ferrand, har yanzu yana nan a Auvergne a Massif Central da kuma sashen Ariège kuma ana rawa a lokacin bals folk a Faransa da kuma wasu ƙasashe. Rawar da ake yi a yanzu a Lower Auvergne, wadda kuma ake kira Montagnarde ( *Montagnarde* ), tana cikin lokaci uku yayin da ta Auvergne mai girma da ake kira Auvergnate ( *Auvernhatas* ) take cikin lokaci biyu. Ana rawa irin ta zamani da ake kira bourrées a matsayin rawa ta abokan tarayya, rawa ta da'ira, rawa ta murabba'i da rawa ta layi .

Duk da haka, an tsara bourrées a matsayin waƙoƙin kiɗa tun tsakiyar ƙarni na 16. Michael Praetorius ya ambaci hakan a cikin *Syntagma musicum*  kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin raye-rayen da aka shirya don kundin waƙoƙinsa *na Terpsichore* . Duk da haka, babu wani bayanin rawa na farko kuma yana da wuya a tantance hulɗar farko tsakanin rawar gargajiya da rawar kotu. A fannin kiɗa, bourrée ya ɗauki nau'in motsi na gargajiya na biyu, wani lokacin ana faɗaɗa shi ta hanyar bourrée na biyu, ana buga su biyun a cikin babban tsari na ternary A–(A)–B–A.

Marguerite de Navarre, wacce matar Sarkin Navarre ce kuma 'yar'uwar Sarkin Faransa, ta gabatar da rawa a kotun Faransa a shekarar 1565 kuma ta shahara har zuwa zamanin Louis XIII (1601–1643) kuma ta buɗe ƙwallo da yawa,   amma bourrée ta ɗauki ɗan lokaci kafin ta bayyana a farkon alamar rawa ta ballet na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na baroque na Faransa . Feuillet ba ta kwatanta matakin da ke da motsi biyu ba amma ya bayyana a Rameau a matsayin "gaskiya" pas de bourrée, matakin da ya fi sauƙi, tare da motsi ɗaya, an gano shi da *fleuret* .  Matakin asali, tare da motsi ɗaya na farko (watau plié a kan ƙafar tallafi) da canje-canje uku na nauyi a cikin ma'auni, ana iya yin su a cikin bambance-bambance da yawa, kuma nau'ikan wannan matakin suna bayyana akai-akai a cikin raye-rayen da aka ambata waɗanda aka buga a ƙarni na sha takwas, farawa da Feuillet a 1700. 

Matakin minuet shine pas composé, mataki wanda ya ƙunshi matakai masu sauƙi. Pas de bourrée na motsi ɗaya shine rabin na biyu na matakin minuet da aka fi sani, matakin minuet na motsi biyu, ko "ɗaya da fleuret", kamar yadda ƙwararren ɗan Ingila Tomlinson ya bayyana shi. Pas de bourrée mai wuya na motsi biyu, wanda aka ambata a sama, yana faruwa a matsayin canji mai kyau a cikin wasu passied da aka yi rikodin, a matsayin wani ɓangare na matakin minuet na motsi uku.

Kamar yadda aka tsara daga baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya, matakin tsalle na bourrée ya zama mataki mai sauri, mai tafiya, sau da yawa *en pointe* ko *demi-pointe*, ɗaya daga cikin jerin matakan da aka fi amfani da su a wasan kwaikwayo na ballet. *Pas de bourrée*, wanda aka fi sani da "bayan gaba" ko "bayan gaba", jerin motsi ne masu sauri waɗanda galibi ake ɗauka don shirya babban mataki. A cikin wani labari yana farawa da tsawaita ƙafar farko yayin da *demi plié* ke rufewa, yana rufe ta zuwa ta biyu yayin da duka biyun ke tafiya zuwa *dacewa*, yana shimfiɗa ƙafar ta biyu zuwa wuri a buɗe sannan kuma yana rufewa ta farko zuwa ta biyu a cikin *demi plié*, ko kuma da ƙafafu a miƙe idan suna da sauri ko kuma a matsayin matakin ƙarshe na *enchainment* . Akwai bambance-bambance da yawa. *Pas de bourrée piqué* yana ɗaukar ƙafafu a tsakanin matakai. 

A cikin littafinsa mai suna Der Vollkommene Capellmeister (Hamburg, 1739), Johann Mattheson ya rubuta game da bourrée, "fasalinsa na musamman yana cikin gamsuwa da kuma kyakkyawan hali, a lokaci guda kuma yana da ɗan rashin damuwa da annashuwa, ɗan rashin himma da sauƙin kai, kodayake ba abin da ya dace ba ne".

Johann Sebastian Bach sau da yawa yana amfani da bourrée a cikin suites ɗinsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan rawa na zaɓi waɗanda ke zuwa bayan sarabande amma kafin gigue, kuma ya kuma rubuta gajerun bourrées guda biyu a cikin Littafin Rubutu nasa don Anna Magdalena Bach . Bourrée ɗinsa a cikin E minor a cikin Lute Suite, BWV 996 ya shahara musamman.

Handel ya rubuta bourrées da dama a cikin sonatas ɗinsa na kaɗaici (misali motsi na huɗu na Oboe sonata a cikin C minor ); duk da haka, wataƙila sanannensa shine motsi na bakwai na *Water Music* (Handel).

A ƙarni na 19, Frédéric Chopin da Emmanuel Chabrier sun rubuta bourrées don piano (kamar na ƙarshen Bourrée fantasque, wanda aka rubuta a 1891). Mawakin Turanci na Victorian Hubert Parry ya haɗa da bourrée a cikin ɗakin karatunsa na Lady Radnor Suite (1894).

## A cikin waƙoƙin da aka fi so
Wasu ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa na pop da rock sun yi amfani da bourrée, musamman E minor Bourrée na Bach don yin waƙar. A shekarar 1969, Bakerloo da Jethro Tull sun fitar da sigar wannan waƙar, ta farko a matsayin "Drivin' Bachwards", a Harvest Records (HAR 5004) a watan Yuli da kuma a kundin waƙar su na farko mai suna (Harvest SHVL 762) a watan Disamba mai zuwa, ta ƙarshe a kundin waƙar su na watan Agusta *mai suna Stand Up* . Paul McCartney ya kuma bayyana cewa Beatles sun daɗe suna san waƙar kuma hakan ya ba wa waƙar sa *Blackbird* kwarin gwiwa.  Jimmy Page na Led Zeppelin sau da yawa yana buga ɓangaren buɗewa na *Bourrée a cikin E minor* a matsayin wani ɓangare na wasan kwaikwayo kai tsaye na *Heartbreaker*, kuma ya kuma bayyana gabatarwar gitar acoustic da rikodin ga *Stairway To Heaven* ta Zeppelin a matsayin "mai tallafawa talakawa". Tenacious D ya buga ɗan gajeren fim a cikin kundin waƙar " Rock Your Socks " a cikin kundin waƙar su mai suna iri ɗaya da kuma a cikin kundin waƙar "Classico" na biyu. Mawakin guitar na rock Blues Saraceno ya buga wani nau'in jazz a farkon da ƙarshen waƙar "Bouree" a cikin kundin waƙar sa na uku, *Hairpick* .

Sauran guraben da aka daidaita sun haɗa da:

* Kundin wakokin "Evil Eye" na Yngwie Malmsteen mai suna *Rising Force* ya fara ne da bourrée na Johann Krieger.
* Gabatarwar waƙar "Totentanz" akan ƙungiyar mawakan thrash metal ta Coroner kundin *RIP* ne na bourrée wanda Robert de Visée ya tsara.
* Gidan "Ding Dong! The Witch Is Dead" na Fifth Estate yana da wani sashe na tsakiya wanda ya ƙunshi bourrée na Michael Praetorius daga *Terpsichore.*
* Kundin wakokin The Family Stand na shekarar 2010 *In 1000 Years* yana da sigar jazz ta bourrée in E minor.
* Waƙar Armin van Buuren ta shekarar 2022 mai suna "Pas de Bouree" daga jerin kundin wakokinsa *na Feel Again* ta dogara ne akan rawar.
* An yi amfani da waƙar bourrée daga George Frederic Handel 's *Water Music* a matsayin jigon shirin girki na PBS *The Frugal Gourmet.*

## Duba kuma

* Rawar ƙasa
* Polska
* Branle

## Manazarta