Lafiyar Duniya

lafiya ta duniya ita ce lafiyar jama'a a cikin mahallin duniya; [1] an bayyana shi a matsayin "yanki na karatu, bincike, da aiki wanda ke sanya fifiko kan inganta kiwon lafiya da cimma daidaito a cikin kiwon lafiya ga dukkan mutane a duniya". [2] Matsalolin da suka wuce iyakokin ƙasa ko kuma suna da tasirin siyasa da tattalin arziki na duniya ana jaddada su sau da yawa.[3] Don haka, Lafiyar Duniya tana game da inganta lafiyar duniya (gami da lafiyar kwakwalwa), rage bambance-bambance, da kariya daga Barazanar duniya da ke watsi da iyakokin ƙasa, gami da abubuwan da suka fi haifar da mutuwar ɗan adam da shekarun rayuwar da suka ɓace daga hangen nesa na duniya.[4][5]

Ba za a rikita kiwon lafiya na duniya da kiwon lafiya ba, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin reshe na kiwon lafiyar jama'a da ke mai da hankali kan Kasashe masu tasowa da kokarin taimakon kasashen waje da kasashe masu masana'antu suka yi.[1][2]

Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da za a iya auna lafiyar duniya ita ce ta hanyar yaduwar cututtuka duniya daban-daban a duniya da kuma barazanar su don rage tsammanin rayuwa a yau. Kimanin ya nuna cewa a cikin duniyar da ta gabata, matalauta, Tsawon rayuwa ya kasance kusan shekaru 30 a duk yankuna na duniya (musamman saboda yawan Mutuwar jarirai). [undefined] Ana iya amfani da wani hangen nesa mai suna One Health don magance matsalolin kiwon lafiya na duniya da kuma inganta tsaron kiwon lafiya a duniya.[2][3][1]

Babban hukumar da ke da alaƙa da kiwon lafiya na duniya (da kiwon lafiya ta duniya) ita ce Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO). Sauran mahimman hukumomin da ke tasiri ga lafiyar duniya sun haɗa da UNICEF da Shirin Abinci na Duniya (WFP). Har ila yau, tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya taka rawar gani a cikin ayyukan bangarori daban-daban don magance lafiyar duniya da abubuwan da ke tattare da zamantakewar al'umma tare da sanar da Manufofin Ci Gaban Millennium [1] da kuma Manufofin Ci gaba na baya-bayan nan.

## Ma'anar

Lafiya ta duniya tana amfani da ra'ayoyi da yawa waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan abubuwan da ke ƙayyadewa da rarraba kiwon lafiya a cikin yanayin duniya.

* Magunguna suna bayyana cututtukan cututtuka kuma suna inganta rigakafi, ganewar asali, da magani.
* Lafiyar jama'a tana jaddada lafiyar jama'a.
* Epidemiology yana taimakawa wajen gano abubuwan haɗari da abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalolin kiwon lafiya.
* Demography yana ba da bayanai don yanke shawara na manufofi.
* Tattalin Arziki yana jaddada tasirin farashi da hanyoyin farashi don mafi kyawun rabawa na albarkatun kiwon lafiya.
* Sauran kimiyyar zamantakewa kamar ilimin zamantakewa, Nazarin ci gaba, ilimin halayyar dan adam, Nazarin al'adu, da doka na iya taimakawa wajen fahimtar abubuwan da ke haifar da kiwon lafiya a cikin al'ummomi.

Dukkanin mutane da kungiyoyi da ke aiki a fannin kiwon lafiya na duniya galibi suna fuskantar tambayoyi da yawa game da ɗabi'a da haƙƙin ɗan adam. Bincike mai mahimmanci game da dalilai daban-daban da hujjoji na rashin daidaito na kiwon lafiya ya zama dole don nasarar hanyoyin da aka gabatar. Ana tattauna irin waɗannan batutuwan a taron koli na duniya na shekara-shekara na Majalisar Dokokin Kasa / Bioethics . [1]

## Tarihi

An dauki matakai masu mahimmanci don hadin gwiwar duniya a cikin kiwon lafiya tare da kafa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) da Bankin Duniya a 1945, bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II . A cikin 1948, kasashe membobin sabuwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka kafa sun taru don ƙirƙirar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya. Cutar kwalara wacce ta kashe rayuka 20,000 a Misira a 1947 da 1948 ta taimaka wajen karfafa al'ummomin duniya su dauki mataki.[1] WHO ta buga jerin sunayen magunguna masu mahimmanci, kuma Sanarwar Alma Ata ta 1978 ta jaddada muhimmancin kiwon lafiya na farko.[2]

A taron koli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekara ta 2000, kasashe membobin sun ayyana burin ci gaban Millennium guda takwas (MDGs), [1] wanda ya nuna manyan kalubalen da ke fuskantar ci gaban ɗan adam a duniya, wanda za a cimma shi a shekara ta 2015. [2] Sanarwar ta dace da saka hannun jari na duniya da ba a taɓa gani ba ta hanyar masu ba da gudummawa da masu karɓa. A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, waɗannan MDGs sun ba da muhimmiyar tsari don ci gaba kuma an sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci a wurare da yawa.[3] Koyaya, ci gaba bai kasance daidai ba kuma wasu daga cikin MDGs ba a cika su ba ciki har da lafiyar uwa, jarirai da yara da Lafiyar haihuwa.[3] Gina a kan MDGs, an kafa sabon Agenda na Ci gaba mai dorewa tare da 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) don shekarun 2016-2030.[3] Manufar farko ita ce alkawarin tarihi da na tarihi don kawo karshen talauci.[4] A ranar 25 ga Satumba 2015, kasashe 193 na Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun amince da Tsarin Ci Gaban 2030 mai taken Canja duniya tamu: Tsarin 2030 don Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa . [4]

Yawancin manyan shirye-shirye sun fara ne a cikin 2000s, gami da hadin gwiwar rigakafin GAVI a cikin 2000, Asusun Duniya don Yaki da AIDS, Tuberculosis da Malaria a cikin 2002, Shirin Gaggawa na Shugaban Amurka don Taimako na AIDS a cikin 2003, da kuma Shirin Malaria na Shugaban Amurka a cikin 2005. A cikin wannan shekaru goma kuma a matsayin wani ɓangare na Monterrey Consensus (wanda bai bi manufofi ba kamar yadda masu gwagwarmaya da yawa suka bukaci), [1] an kara jaddadawa kan auna ingantaccen sakamako na kiwon lafiya, maimakon kawai adadin kuɗin da aka kashe. [2]

A cikin 2015 an buga wani littafi mai taken To Save Humanity, tare da kusan rubutun 100 game da batutuwan kiwon lafiya na duniya mafi tsanani a yau.[1] An rubuta rubutun ne daga mutane na duniya a cikin siyasa, kimiyya, da kuma bayar da shawarwari daga Bill Clinton zuwa Peter Piot, kuma sun magance batutuwa da yawa ciki har da allurar rigakafi, juriya ta antimicrobial, ɗaukar kiwon lafiya, Amfani da taba, hanyar bincike, Canjin yanayi, daidaito, samun damar magani, da kuma ɗaukar hoto na binciken kiwon lafiya.

Lafiya ta duniya a matsayin horo ana ɗaukar ta asali ne na mulkin mallaka, kuma an yi kira don kawar da mulkin mallaka.[undefined][2][3] Har ila yau, an soki tsarin kiwon lafiya na duniya kamar yadda yake da tsarin feudal, yana aiki ga ƙaramin rukuni na cibiyoyi da mutane da ke zaune a kasashe masu samun kudin shiga wanda ke aiki kamar "Crown" na mulkin mallaka.[1]

## Matakan
Matakan kiwon lafiya na duniya sun haɗa da shekara ta rayuwa mai laushi (DALY), shekarun rayuwa mai launi (QALYs), da Yawan mace-mace.

### Shekaru na rayuwa da aka daidaita

DALY wani ma'auni ne na taƙaitaccen ma'aunin da ya haɗu da tasirin rashin lafiya, nakasa, da mutuwa ta hanyar auna lokacin da aka rayu tare da nakasa da lokacin da ya ɓace saboda mutuwar da ba ta dace ba. Za'a iya tunanin DALY daya a matsayin shekara daya da ta ɓace na rayuwa "mai lafiya". DALY don cuta shine jimlar shekarun rayuwa da suka ɓace saboda mutuwar da ba ta dace ba da kuma shekarun da suka ɓoye saboda nakasa don abubuwan da suka faru na yanayin lafiya.

### Shekaru masu inganci na rayuwa
QALYs sun haɗu da tsammanin rayuwa tare da ingancin rayuwa da ake tsammani a cikin adadi ɗaya: idan ƙarin shekara ta rayuwa mai lafiya ya cancanci darajar ɗaya (shekara), to shekara ta rayuwa mara lafiya ya canji ƙasa da ɗaya (shekarun). Ƙididdigar QALY ta dogara ne akan ma'auni na darajar da mutane ke sanyawa a cikin shekarun da ake tsammani na rayuwa. Ana iya yin ma'auni ta hanyoyi da yawa: ta hanyar dabarun da ke kwaikwayon caca game da fifiko ga wasu jihohin kiwon lafiya, tare da bincike ko bincike wanda ke nuna shirye-shiryen biyan wasu jihohin lafiya, ko ta hanyar kayan aikin da suka dogara da ciniki daga wasu ko duk lokacin rayuwa wanda sa hannun likita zai iya samarwa don samun karancin lokacin rayuwa mafi inganci.[1]

### Mutuwar jarirai da yara
Mutuwar jarirai da mutuwar yara ga yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 5 sun fi takamaiman DALYs ko QALYs wajen wakiltar kiwon lafiya a cikin mafi talauci na yawan jama'a, kuma saboda haka suna da amfani musamman lokacin da ake mai da hankali kan daidaito na kiwon lafiya. sashi da aka kara

### Rashin lafiya
Matakan cututtukan sun haɗa da yawan abin da ya faru, yaduwa, da kuma yawan abin da ke faruwa, tare da yawan abin wanda ya faru yana nufin haɗarin haɓaka sabon yanayin kiwon lafiya a cikin takamaiman lokacin. Kodayake wani lokacin ana bayyana shi kawai a matsayin adadin sabbin shari'o'i a cikin wani lokaci, ana nuna rashin lafiya a matsayin rabo ko ƙimar.

## Batutuwan kiwon lafiya

### Cututtukan cututtuka

#### Cututtukan numfashi
Cututtukan hanyar numfashi da kunne na tsakiya sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtuka da mutuwa a duk duniya. Wasu cututtukan numfashi na muhimmancin duniya sun hada da tarin fuka, kyanda, mura, coronaviruses da pneumonias da Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Morbillivirus, Haemophilus influenzae da Pneumococci bi da bi. Yaduwar cututtukan numfashi yana kara tsanantawa ta hanyar yawan jama'a, kuma talauci yana da alaƙa da karuwar fiye da sau 20 a cikin nauyin dangi na Cututtukan huhu.

#### Rashin lafiya na zawo
Rashin ciki shine na biyu mafi yawan dalilin mutuwar yara a duk duniya, wanda ke da alhakin kashi 17% na mutuwar yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 5.  Rashin tsabtace muhalli na iya kara yaduwar ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta ta hanyar ruwa, abinci, kayan aiki, hannu, da kwari. Rashin ruwa saboda zawo ana iya magance shi yadda ya kamata ta hanyar maganin rehydration na baki tare da raguwa mai yawa a cikin mutuwa. Muhimman matakan abinci mai gina jiki sun haɗa da inganta shayarwa da ƙarin zinc. Duk da yake matakan tsabta kadai na iya zama bai isa ba don rigakafin zawo na Rutavirus,  ana iya hana shi ta hanyar rigakafin rigakafi mai aminci kuma mai tsada. 

#### HIV / AIDS
Cutar HIV / AIDS ta nuna yanayin duniya na lafiyar ɗan adam da jin daɗi kuma duniya ta haifar da yanayin neman mafita ga ƙalubalen kiwon lafiya na duniya. An kafa kudade da yawa na kasa da kasa a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan don magance matsalolin kiwon lafiya na duniya kamar HIV. Tun farkon annobar, sama da mutane miliyan 70 sun kamu da kwayar cutar kanjamau kuma kimanin mutane miliyan 35 sun mutu daga kwayar cutar. A duniya, mutane miliyan 36.9 [31.1-43.9] suna rayuwa tare da kwayar cutar kanjamau a ƙarshen 2017. Kimanin 0.8% [0.6-0.9%] na manya masu shekaru 15-49 a duk duniya suna rayuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau, kodayake nauyin annobar ya ci gaba da bambanta sosai tsakanin ƙasashe da yankuna. Yankin Afirka na WHO ya kasance mafi tsanani, tare da kusan 1 a cikin kowane manya 25 (4.1%) da ke zaune tare da kwayar cutar kanjamau kuma kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na mutanen da ke zaune da kwayar cuta a duk duniya. Kwayar cutar rigakafin mutum (HIV) ana yaduwa ta hanyar jima'i mara kariya, allurai marasa tsabta, ƙarin jini, da kuma daga uwa zuwa yaro yayin haihuwa ko shayarwa. A duniya, cutar kanjamau ta yadu ne ta hanyar jima'i. Hadarin haɗari tare da jima'i na farji a cikin ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi daga mace zuwa namiji shine 0.38% kuma namiji zuwa mace shine 0.3%. Cutar ta lalata tsarin rigakafi, wanda ke haifar da ciwon rigakafi (AIDS) kuma a ƙarshe, mutuwa. Magungunan antiretroviral suna tsawaita rayuwa kuma suna jinkirta farawar cutar kanjamau ta hanyar rage yawan kwayar cutar kanjamauyyar cutar kansar a cikin jiki.

#### Malaria
 
Malaria cuta ce mai yaduwa da sauro ke haifar da kwayar cuta ta jinsin *Plasmodium*. Alamomin na iya haɗawa da zazzabi, ciwon kai, sanyi, ciwon tsoka da ƙishirwa. Kowace shekara, akwai kimanin mutane miliyan 500 da suka kamu da zazzabin cizon sauro a duk duniya, galibi tsakanin yara da mata masu juna biyu a kasashe masu tasowa. Yankin Afirka na WHO yana da babban rabo na nauyin zazzabin cizon sauro na duniya. A cikin 2016, yankin ya kasance gida ga 90% na masu kamuwa da zazzabin cizon sauro da 91% na mutuwar zazzabin sauro. Amfani da tarkon gado da aka yi da maganin kwari hanya ce mai tsada don rage mutuwar daga zazzabin cizon sauro, kamar yadda yake da maganin haɗuwa na Artemisinin, wanda ke tallafawa ta hanyar maganin rigakafi na lokaci-lokaci a cikin ciki. Ana ba da shawarar matafiya na duniya zuwa yankuna masu fama da cutar chemoprophylaxis tare da magungunan rigakafi kamar Atovaquone-proguanil, doxycycline, ko mefloquine. Amfani da duniya da cinikayya ta duniya a cikin kayan da ke da alaƙa da gandun daji na iya rinjayar haɗarin zazzabin cizon sauro a kaikaice. Yawancin kayayyaki na farko suna haifar da sare daji kuma sare daji na iya kara yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro. Amfani da irin waɗannan kayayyaki a kasashe masu tasowa na iya kara haɗarin zazzabin cizon sauro a kasashe mai tasowa.

#### Kwayoyin cuta

Wani binciken GBD ya ba da rahoton kimantawar duniya na yawan mutuwar daga (33) ƙwayoyin cuta, gano irin waɗannan kamuwa da cuta suna ba da gudummawa ga mutuwar ɗaya cikin 8 (ko ~ mutuwar miliyan 7.7), wanda zai iya sanya shi na biyu mafi girma a duniya a cikin 2019.

#### Cututtukan da aka yi watsi da su
Fiye da mutane biliyan daya ne aka kula da su don akalla cutar tropical daya da aka yi watsi da ita a shekarar 2015. Misali, cututtukan da aka yi watsi da su sune rukuni daban-daban na cututtukani masu yaduwa waɗanda ke da iyaka a yankuna masu zafi da na subtropical na ƙasashe 149, da farko suna haifar da ƙananan da matsakaicin matsakaicin jama'a a Afirka, Asiya, da Latin Amurka. Ana haifar da su daban-daban ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta (trachoma, kuturta), ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta (dengue, rabies), protozoa (trypanosomiasis na ɗan adam na Afirka, chagas), da helminths (schistosomiasis, onchocerciasis, Helminths da aka watsa daga ƙasa). Nazarin Duniya na Cututtuka ya kammala cewa cututtukan da aka yi watsi da su sun ba da gudummawa ga kimanin shekaru miliyan 26.06 na gyaran rayuwar nakasassu a cikin 2010, da kuma tasirin tattalin arziki mai mahimmanci. A cikin 2011, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ƙaddamar da taswirar hanya ta 2020 don cututtukan da aka yi watsi da su, da nufin sarrafawa ko kawar da cututtukani 10 na yau da kullun. Sanarwar London ta 2012 ta gina kan wannan shirin, kuma ta yi kira ga ƙasashe masu fama da cutar da kuma al'ummomin duniya da su inganta damar samun ruwa mai tsabta da tsabtace muhalli, inganta yanayin rayuwa, kula da vector, da ilimin kiwon lafiya, don cimma burin 2020. A cikin 2017, wani rahoto na WHO ya ambaci "ci gaba da ba a taɓa gani ba" game da cututtukan da aka yi watsi da su tun 2007, musamman saboda yawan maganin da kamfanonin magunguna suka bayar.

#### Rigakafin annoba da shirye-shirye
Cututtukan annoba suna da tasiri ga lafiyar duniya.

### Binciken kiwon lafiya da ci gaba
 
Hanyar kiwon lafiya ta duniya na iya inganta hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa a cikin binciken kiwon lafiya da ci gaba da kuma raba sakamakon sa kamar allurar rigakafi, inganta lafiyar duniya ga 'yan ƙasa. Sabon Tsarin Binciken Kiwon Lafiya da Ci Gaban Duniya na Hukumar Amurka ta 2023-2028 ya haɗa da shirye-shiryen daidaitawa tare da irin waɗannan masu ruwa da tsaki don tallafawa ci gaban samfuran kiwon lafiya na duniya da aiki tare da wasu hukumomi kamar CDC da Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Kasa. Wata hanyar kiwon lafiya ita ce kirkirar allurar rigakafi. Jaridar Washington Post ta ba da rahoton sabon kasafin kudin dala biliyan biyar na gwamnatin Amurka kan allurar rigakafi don hana bambance-bambancen COVID saboda damar allurar rigakanin da haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu suna da mahimmanci.[1] Sau da yawa muhimmancin hanyoyin da za su motsa bincike da ci gaba an iyakance shi ta hanyar kasa da kuma "ta hanyar yanayin matsalar da ke neman tsarin kasa da kasa".[2] Misalai na kudi, kirkirar shawarwarin da suka danganci shaida, da kuma dabaru na iya zama wani ɓangare na hakan.[3]

Wani labarin da Thomas Pogge ya wallafa, wanda aka buga a cikin Metaphilosophy a shekara ta 2005, ya magance Matsalar kiwon lafiya ta duniya, inda kashi ɗaya bisa uku na mutuwar mutane saboda abubuwan da suka shafi talauci, mafi yawansu ana iya hana su. Pogge ya soki tsarin mallakar da ke akwai, musamman Yarjejeniyar TRIPS, saboda rawar da ta taka wajen iyakance damar samun magunguna masu mahimmanci da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam. Pogge ya ba da shawarar sake fasalin tsarin kiwon lafiya na duniya tare da manufar samar da ilimin kiwon lafiya kyauta a matsayin Amfanin jama'a na duniya. Gyaran ya haɗa da samar da sakamakon ci gaban magunguna masu nasara a matsayin kayan jama'a, ba da lada ga kamfanonin masu kirkiro bisa ga tasirin abubuwan kirkirar su akan nauyin cutar duniya, da kuma tabbatar da rarraba farashi mai kyau da yiwuwar. Labarin ya yi jayayya cewa wannan gyare-gyare zai daidaita bukatun kamfanonin magunguna tare da na marasa lafiya da masu samar da magunguna, karfafa bincike kan cututtukan da aka yi watsi da su, kuma ya kasance mai tsada. Har ila yau, yana tattauna halin gaggawa na magance matsalar kiwon lafiya ta duniya da kuma alhakin kasashe masu samun kudin shiga don tallafawa sauye-sauyen da ke amfana da matalauta a duniya. Ya kammala ta hanyar jaddada yiwuwar da gaskiyar siyasa na sake fasalin da aka gabatar, wanda ke da niyyar fadada fa'idodin ci gaban kiwon lafiya ga matalauta da kuma fahimtar haƙƙin ɗan adam sosai.[1]

### Lafiyar uwa
 
Matsalolin ciki da haihuwa sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa tsakanin mata masu shekarun haihuwa. A kasashe masu tasowa da yawa, mace tana mutuwa daga rikitarwa daga haihuwa kusan kowane minti.[undefined] Dangane da Rahoton Lafiya na Duniya na 2005, yanayin rashin lafiya na uwa shine na huɗu na mutuwar mata a duk duniya, bayan HIV / AIDS, zazzabin cizon sauro, da tarin fuka.[2] Ana iya hana yawancin mutuwar uwaye da raunin da aka samu, kuma an kawar da irin waɗannan mutuwar a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa.[3] Manufofin inganta lafiyar uwa sun haɗa da ƙarawa da taimakawa yawan haihuwa tare da ƙwararrun Masu kula da haihuwa.[4] Kasashe 68 masu karamin karfi da WHO- da UNICEF-led collaboration Countdown to 2015 suka bi an kiyasta cewa suna riƙe da kashi 97% na mutuwar uwaye da yara a duniya.[1]

### Abinci
A shekara ta 2010, kimanin yara miliyan 104 ba su da nauyi, kuma Rashin abinci mai gina jiki yana taimakawa ga kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na mutuwar yara a duniya.[1] (Ba za a rikita rashin abinci mai gina jiki da rashin abinci mai kyau ba, wanda ke nufin rashin abinci mai zawo kuma saboda haka yana iya nufin kiba.) Rashin abinci mai gina ido yana lalata Tsarin rigakafi, yana ƙara yawan, tsananin, da tsawon lokacin kamuwa da cuta (ciki har da kyanda, huhu, da rabo).[2] Cutar na iya kara taimakawa ga rashin abinci mai gina jiki.[3]

Rashin abinci mai gina jiki, kagara bitamin A, baƙin ƙarfe, iodine, da zinc, sun zama ruwan dare a duk duniya kuma suna iya daidaita damar ilimi, ci gaba, ci gaba da yawan aiki na manya. Matakan don hana rashin abinci mai gina jiki sun haɗa da kariyar micronutrients, ƙarfafa abinci na asali, bambancin abinci, matakan tsabta don rage yaduwar kamuwa da cuta, da kuma inganta shayarwa.

### Cututtukan da ba sa yaduwa
Kimanin kashi 80% na mutuwar da ke da alaƙa da cututtukan da ba sa yaduwa suna faruwa a kasashe masu tasowa. Misali, birni da tsufa sun haifar da karuwar yanayin kiwon lafiya mara kyau da ke da alaƙa da cututtukan da ba sa yaduwa a Indiya. Hakazalika, saurin birane da sabuntawa na kasar Sin an haɗa su da karuwar salon rayuwa, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga hauhawar NCDs a yankin. Abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar da ke tasowa da sauri a cikin shekaru 26 da suka gabata sune Ciwon sukari (ya karu da kashi 80%) da cututtukan zuciya na ischemic (har zuwa 34%). Fiye da kashi 60% na mutuwar, kimanin miliyan 6.1, a cikin 2016 sun kasance saboda NCDs, daga kusan 38% a cikin 1990. Karin birane na 'yan gudun hijira, ya haifar da karuwar yawan mutanen da aka gano suna da cututtukan da ba sa yaduwa.

A watan Satumbar 2011, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta dauki bakuncin taron koli na musamman na farko kan batun cututtukan da ba sa yaduwa. Da yake lura da cewa cututtukan da ba sa yaduwa sune ke haifar da mutuwar mutane miliyan 35 a kowace shekara, ana kiran al'ummomin duniya da su dauki matakai don rigakafi da sarrafa cututtukani masu tsanani da rage tasirin su a kan yawan duniya, musamman ga mata, wadanda galibi sune Masu kula da farko.

Misali, yawan ciwon sukari na nau'i na 2, wanda ke da alaƙa da kiba, yana ƙaruwa a ƙasashe da ke fama da yunwa a baya. A cikin ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi, ana sa ran yawan mutanen da ke fama da ciwon sukari zai karu daga miliyan 84 zuwa miliyan 228 nan da shekara ta 2030. Girman kai, yanayin da za'a iya hanawa, yana da alaƙa da cututtukan da yawa, gami da Yanayin zuciya, bugun jini, wasu cututtukans, da cututattun numfashi. Kimanin kashi 16% na nauyin cutar a duniya, wanda aka auna a matsayin DALYs, an lissafa shi ta hanyar kiba.

Idan aka yi la'akari da cewa mutane miliyan 360 a duk faɗin duniya suna rayuwa tare da asarar ji, gami da yara miliyan 32 da kusan tsofaffi miliyan 180, kuma cewa cututtukan kunne masu tsanani, kamar su kafofin watsa labarai na otitis, na iya haifar da asarar jin kuma na iya haifar leken rayuwa, Majalisar Lafiya ta Duniya ta saba'in a ranar 31 ga Mayu, 2017 ta sanya hannu kan ƙudurin WHA70.13 (Agenda abu 15.8) tana roƙon kasashe membobin su haɗa dabarun kunne da kula da ji a cikin tsarin kula da ji na farko, a ƙarƙashin tsarin kula da lafiyar su na farko, ƙarƙashin laima na duniya. An buga Rahoton Duniya kan Ji (WRH) don mayar da martani ga ƙudurin (WHA70.13), don samar da jagora ga Kasashen membobin don haɗa kunne da kula da ji a cikin shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya na ƙasa.

### Cututtukan salon rayuwa
Abubuwan kasuwanci na kiwon lafiya suna nufin ayyukan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke shafar lafiyar mutane da kyau ko mara kyau kamar tallace-tallace don Abinci mara lafiya.

### Mafi yawan abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa

### Cin zarafin mata
An bayyana tashin hankali a kan mata a matsayin: " tashin hankali na jiki, jima'i da na tunani da ke faruwa a cikin iyali da kuma cikin al'umma gaba ɗaya, gami da duka, cin zarafin jima'i, tashin hankali da ke da alaƙa da sadaki, fyade, yankan mata da sauran ayyukan gargajiya da ke da lahani ga mata, tashin hankali ba tare da aure ba da tashin hankali da suka shafi Cin zarafin mata, a wurin aiki, a cikin cibiyoyin ilimi da sauran wurare, fataucin tilasta karɓar karɓar kiwon lafiya da cin zarafin jima'i, yawan shan giya, tashin hankali na dogon lokaci, tashin hankali, tashin hankali. Rahoton WHO game da kimantawa na duniya da na yanki game da tashin hankali a kan mata ya gano cewa cin zarafin abokin tarayya yana sa mata su sami damar samun kashi 16% na zubar da ciki, 41% karin abubuwan da suka faru na jarirai kafin haihuwa da kuma sau biyu yiwuwar samun zubar da ciki da samun HIV ko wasu STDs 

Kodayake kididdigar na iya zama da wahala a samu kamar yadda yawancin shari'o'in ba a bayar da rahoto ba, an kiyasta cewa daya daga cikin mata biyar yana fuskantar wani nau'i na tashin hankali a lokacin rayuwarta, a wasu lokuta yana haifar da mummunan rauni ko ma mutuwa. Abubuwan haɗari na kasancewa mai laifi sun haɗa da ƙarancin ilimi, bayyanar da aka yi a baya ga Cin zarafin yara ko shaida tashin hankali tsakanin iyaye, amfani da barasa mai cutarwa, halayen karɓar tashin hankali, da Rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi. An magance daidaito na mata a cikin Manufofin Ci Gaban Millennium . Yanzu, daidaito tsakanin jinsi shine Manufar Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa 5. Rigakafin tashin hankali ga mata yana buƙatar zama wani muhimmin bangare na sauye-sauyen kiwon lafiyar jama'a ta hanyar bayar da shawarwari da tattara shaidu. Ya kamata a gudanar da Rigakafin farko ta hanyar haɓaka wuraren Ƙarfafa tattalin arziki na mata, microfinance da ƙwarewar horar da ayyukan zamantakewa da suka shafi daidaiton jinsi.

Ayyukan da ke inganta dangantaka da ƙwarewar sadarwa tsakanin ma'aurata, rage damar shan giya da canza akidar al'umma ya kamata a shirya su. Ya kamata a gudanar da tsoma baki na yara, ilimi na al'umma da na makaranta, wayar da kan jama'a da sauran hanyoyin don kalubalanci ka'idojin zamantakewa da hanyoyin tunani na al'ada don inganta Canjin halayyar tsakanin maza da haɓaka daidaito tsakanin jinsi. Masu ba da kiwon lafiya da aka horar za su taka muhimmiyar rawa a rigakafin cin zarafi na sakandare da na uku ta hanyar yin ganewar asali na mata da ke fama da tashin hankali da kuma ba da gudummawa ga magance lafiyarsu da bukatun halayensu. Za su iya zama da mahimmanci wajen hana sake dawowar tashin hankali da kuma rage tasirinsa akan lafiyar matan da aka zalunta da yaransu. Kasashen membobin Majalisar Lafiya ta Duniya sun amince da wani shiri a cikin 2016 don karfafa rawar da tsarin kiwon lafiya ke takawa wajen magance matsalar cin zarafin mata da 'yan mata da kuma aiki don lafiyarsu da kariya.

### Aikin tiyata na duniya
Halfdan T. Mahler, Darakta Janar na 3 na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO), ya fara mai da hankali ga bambance-bambance a cikin tiyata da kulawa ta tiyata lokacin da ya bayyana, "mafi yawan jama'ar duniya ba su da damar samun kulawa ta tiyatawa kuma ba a yi wani abu don samun mafita".

Duk da yake an sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci a fannoni a cikin kiwon lafiya na duniya kamar Cututtukan cututtuka, lafiyar uwa da yara, har ma da sauran cututtukani marasa yaduwa a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, samar da tiyata da kulawa da tiyata a cikin saitunan da ke da iyakacin albarkatu sun kasance ba tare da an saduwa da kimanin mutane biliyan 5 da ba su da damar samun kulawa da tiyatawa da anesthesia mai aminci da araha. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman a cikin ƙasashe mafi talauci, wanda ke da sama da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yawan jama'a amma kawai kashi 3.5% na duk aikin tiyata da ke faruwa a duniya. A zahiri, an kiyasta cewa har zuwa kashi 30% na jimlar nauyin cutar duniya (GBD)  na iya kasancewa ga yanayin tiyata, wanda ya haɗa da haɗuwa da raunin, cutar, anomalies na haihuwa, da rikitarwa na ciki. A sakamakon haka, aikin tiyata na duniya ya zama wani yanki mai tasowa a cikin kiwon lafiya na duniya a matsayin "kamfanin da ke da fannoni da yawa na samar da ingantaccen kulawa da daidaito ga jama'ar duniya, tare da ainihin imaninsa a matsayin batutuwan buƙata, samun dama da inganci" kuma sau da yawa ana bayyana shi a matsayin "ɗan da aka yi watsi da lafiyar duniya", kalmar da Dokta Paul Farmer ya kirkira don nuna bukatar gaggawa don ci gaba da aiki a wannan yanki. Bugu da ƙari, Jim Young Kim, tsohon Shugaban Bankin Duniya, ya yi shelar a cikin 2014 cewa "aikin tiyata wani bangare ne mai mahimmanci na kiwon lafiya da ci gaba zuwa ga ɗaukar lafiyar duniya".

A cikin 2015, Hukumar Lancet kan Surgery ta Duniya (LCoGS) ta buga rahoto mai mahimmanci mai taken "Global Surgery 2030: shaida da mafita don cimma kiwon lafiya, jin daɗi, da ci gaban tattalin arziki", wanda ke kwatanta babban nauyin cututtukan tiyata a cikin ƙasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin kuɗi (LMICs) da kuma jagororin gaba don kara damar yin tiyata ta duniya ta hanyar shekara ta 2030. Hukumar ta nuna cewa ana buƙatar ƙarin hanyoyin miliyan 143 a kowace shekara don hana ƙarin cututtuka da Mutuwa daga yanayin tiyata da za a iya magance su da kuma asarar dala tiriliyan 12.3 a cikin yawan tattalin arziki a shekara ta 2030. Ya jaddada bukatar ingantaccen damar hanyoyin Bellwether - laparotomy, sashin caesarean, kulawa da karyewar budewa - wanda ake la'akari da mafi ƙarancin matakin kulawa wanda asibitoci na farko ya kamata su iya samarwa don kama mafi mahimmancin kulawa ta gaggawa. Don magance waɗannan ƙalubalen da bin diddigin ci gaba, Hukumar ta ayyana mahimman alamomi masu zuwa don kimanta damar samun kulawa mai aminci da araha: 

Samun waɗannan burin zuwa shekara ta 2030 zai buƙaci karuwa a cikin masu maganin rigakafi, likitocin haihuwa, likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya, da wuraren da ke da ɗakunan aiki da kuma damar kulawa kafin da bayan tiyata.

Bayanai daga WHO da Bankin Duniya sun nuna cewa haɓaka ababen more rayuwa don ba da damar samun damar kula da tiyata a yankuna inda a halin yanzu yana da iyaka ko kuma ba ya wanzu shine ma'auni mai tsada dangane da muhimmiyar cututtuka da mutuwa da aka haifar da rashin maganin tiyata. A zahiri, wani bita na tsari ya gano cewa farashin-tasiri - dala da aka kashe ta DALYs an kauce - don shiga tsakani na tiyata yana daidai ko ya wuce na manyan hanyoyin kiwon lafiya na jama'a kamar maganin rehydration na baki, ingantawar shayarwa, har ma da maganin HIV / AIDS antiretroviral. Wannan binciken ya kalubalanci kuskuren da aka saba da shi cewa kulawar tiyata yana da ƙuntataccen kuɗi wanda bai cancanci bi a cikin LMICs ba.

Dangane da tasirin kudi a kan marasa lafiya, rashin isasshen kulawa da tiyata da anesthesia ya haifar da mutane miliyan 33 a kowace shekara da ke fuskantar mummunar kashe kudi na kiwon lafiya - farashin kiwon lafiya na waje da aljihu ya wuce 40% na kudin shiga na iyali.

Dangane da kiran LCoGS don aiki, Majalisar Lafiya ta Duniya ta karɓi ƙudurin WHA68.15 a cikin 2015 wanda ya bayyana, "Ƙarfafa gaggawa da kulawa mai mahimmanci da anesthesia a matsayin wani ɓangare na ɗaukar lafiyar duniya".  Wannan ba kawai ya ba da umarnin WHO ta ba da fifiko ga ƙarfafa kulawa da anesthesie a duniya ba, har ma ya haifar da gwamnatocin membobin da ke fahimtar buƙatar haɓaka gaggawa a cikin tiyata da anesthesía. Bugu da ƙari, bugu na uku na Priorities na Kula da Cututtuka (DCP3), wanda Bankin Duniya ya buga a shekarar 2015, ya bayyana tiyata a matsayin mai mahimmanci kuma ya ƙunshi cikakken ƙarar da aka keɓe don gina ikon tiyata.

Babban tsarin manufofi wanda ya samo asali ne daga wannan sabuntawar sadaukarwar duniya game da kula da tiyata a duk duniya shine Shirin Kula da Ayyuka da Anesthesia na Kasa (NSOAP).  NSOAP tana mai da hankali kan gina ƙarfin manufofi zuwa aiki don kula da tiyata tare da matakai masu mahimmanci kamar haka: (1) bincike na alamun asali, (2) haɗin gwiwa tare da zakarun gida, (3) haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, (4) gina yarjejeniya da kuma hada ra'ayoyi, (5) gyaran harshe, (6) farashi, (7) watsawa, da (8) aiwatarwa. An karɓi wannan hanyar sosai kuma ta zama ƙa'idodin jagora tsakanin masu haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa da cibiyoyin gida da gwamnatoci. Samun nasarar aiwatarwa sun ba da damar dorewa dangane da saka idanu na dogon lokaci, inganta inganci, da ci gaba da tallafin siyasa da na kudi.

#### Sashin Binciken Lafiya na Duniya na NIHR kan Ayyukan tiyata na Duniya
Cibiyoyin bincike na tiyata guda bakwai a Benin, Ghana, Indiya, Mexico, Najeriya, Rwanda da Afirka ta Kudu tare da cibiyar sadarwa mai yawa na asibitocin 'Spoke' na birane da yankunan karkara sun shiga don ƙirƙirar NIHR. Jami'ar Birmingham ce ke jagorantar Sashin Binciken Lafiya na Duniya kan Ayyukan tiyata na Duniya  wanda ke ba da cikakken kulawa dangane da dabarun Sashin, ababen more rayuwa da isar da shi, bincike da kudi.

Cibiyar sadarwa ta ba da fifiko ga batutuwan tiyata waɗanda ke buƙatar bincike kuma sun yi nazarin tiyata da yawa. Cibiyar sadarwa ta haifar da kungiyoyin bincike da yawa ciki har da GlobalSurg I, II, III  da COVIDSurg  da sauran gwaje-gwaje da yawa tare da haɗin gwiwar duniya kamar aikin FALCON,  CHEETAH,  GECKO, HIPPO,  MAGPIES, WOLVERINE da sauransu.

An buga binciken a cikin labarai sama da 40 a cikin mujallu masu tasiri a cikin batutuwa kamar cututtukan wurin tiyata,  COVID-19  da mutuwa. 

#### Sauran hadin gwiwar tiyata na duniya
Ƙarin gwaje-gwaje sun fito don tantance sakamakon tiyata a duniya ta amfani da manyan bayanai daga dubban cibiyoyin. Sauran sanannun gwaje-gwaje sun hada da:

* Global PaedSurg; An buga binciken a cikin The Lancet ya bincika haɗarin mutuwa ga kusan jarirai 4000 da aka haifa tare da lahani na haihuwa a asibitoci 264 a duniya. Binciken ya gano jarirai da aka haifa tare da lahani na haihuwa wanda ya shafi hanji suna da damar mutuwa a cikin ƙasa mai karamin karfi idan aka kwatanta da ɗaya cikin biyar a cikin ƙasa masu matsakaicin kuɗi da ɗaya cikin ashirin a cikin ƙasa mafi girma.
* APORG: An ƙaddamar da Ƙungiyar Bincike ta Afirka (APORG) a Afirka ta Kudu
* ASOS da ASOS-2: Nazarin ya nuna cewa mutuwa bayan tiyata babbar matsala ce ta kiwon lafiyar jama'a a Afirka. Marasa lafiya a Afirka suna iya mutuwa sau biyu a asibiti bayan tiyata idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin duniya.
* ASOS PaedSurg: Sakamakon bayan tiyata na yara na Afirka ba shi da kyau, tare da har zuwa 4x cututtuka da 11x mutuwar fiye da ƙasashe masu samun kudin shiga.
* ACCCOS: Mutuwar COVID-19 ta fi girma a Afirka fiye da yadda aka ruwaito daga binciken da aka yi a wasu sassan Duniya.
* ACIOS (African Critical Illness Outcomes Study): Marasa lafiya 1/8 a asibitocin Afirka suna da mummunar rashin lafiya tare da 20% 7 days death rate. Kimanin kashi 56% ba sa karɓar ko da bukatun kulawa masu mahimmanci.
* Kungiyar Binciken Lafiya ta Duniya kan Cututtukan Yara da ba sa yaduwa Haɗin gwiwa

Masana da yawa daga ko'ina cikin duniya sun shiga cikin gwaje-gwaje masu haɗuwa ko dai a matsayin Babban Masu Bincike, Kwamitin Yaduwa ko shugabannin Yankin don inganta bincike da kula da tattara bayanai. Shahararrun abokan aiki daga waɗannan cibiyoyin sadarwa sun haɗa da manyan mutane daga ko'ina cikin Duniya kamar Farfesa Bruce Biccard (Afirka ta Kudu), Farfesa Adesoji Ademuyiwa (Nijeriya), Farfesa Kokila Lakhoo (Oxford, Burtaniya), Dokta Naomi Wright (Oxfordi, Burtaniya) Dokta Emrah Aydin (Turkey), Farfesa Mahmoud Elfiky (Masar) da Farfesa Milind Chitnis (Afirika ta Kudu). 

### Multimorbidity, cututtukan da suka shafi shekaru da tsufa
Multimorbidity is "a growing public health problem worldwide", "likely driven by the ageing population but also by factors such as high body-mass index, urbanisation, and the growing burden of NCDs (such as type 2 diabetes) and tuberculosis in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)". Around the world, many people do not die from one isolated condition but from a multitude of factors and conditions. &#x5B;**&#x5D; A study suggested there is a paucity of multimorbidity and comorbidity data globally and mapped comorbidity patterns.

Tare da yawan tsofaffi, akwai karuwar cututtukan da suka shafi shekaru wanda ke sanya manyan nauyi a kan Tsarin kiwon lafiya da kuma tattalin arzikin zamani ko tattalin arzikin yanzu da tsarin zamantakewar su. Tsawon lafiya da bincike na yaki da tsufa suna neman fadada tsawon lafiya a cikin tsofaffi da kuma jinkirin tsufa ko tasirinsa mara kyau kamar raguwar jiki da tunani. Fasahar zamani ta rigakafi da sabuntawa tare da karuwar yanke shawara na iya taimakawa "da alhakin kawar da gibin lafiyar rayuwa don makomar daidaito na duniya". Tsufa shine "mafi yawan haɗarin cututtukan da ba su da tsanani, rauni da nakasa, kuma an kiyasta cewa za a sami sama da mutane biliyan 2 masu shekaru > 60 a shekara ta 2050", yana mai da shi babban ƙalubalen kiwon lafiya na duniya wanda ke buƙatar ƙoƙari mai yawa (kuma mai kyau ko inganci), gami da tsoma baki da ke canzawa da kuma yin niyya ga tsarin tsufa.

### Matsalar rashin haihuwa
Wani bita na kimiyya ya gano cewa adadin maniyyi na mutum ya fadi da kashi 62% a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata, suna raguwa da sauri kuma suna raguwa a duk duniya,   mai yiwuwa sakamakon dalilai kamar rashin abinci, masu rushe endocrine a cikin samfuran da suka fi yawa, salon rayuwa mara lafiya da sinadarai masu guba har abada a cikin iska da ruwa.

## Hadin gwiwar kiwon lafiya
Harkokin shiga tsakani na duniya don inganta lafiyar yara da rayuwa sun haɗa da inganta shayarwa, ƙarin zinc, ƙarfafa bitamin A, iodization na gishiri, tsoma baki na tsabta kamar wanke hannu, allurar rigakafi, da kuma maganin Rashin abinci mai gina jiki mai tsanani. Majalisar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ba da shawarar jerin magunguna 32 da kuma sa hannun kiwon lafiya wanda zai iya ceton rayuka miliyan da yawa a kowace shekara.

Yawancin jama'a suna fuskantar "rashin sakamako", wanda ke nufin rata tsakanin membobin jama'a waɗanda ke da damar samun magani da waɗanda ba su da shi. Kasashen da ke fuskantar gibin sakamako ba su da kayan aiki masu ɗorewa. A Guatemala, wani ɓangare na bangaren jama'a, Programa de Accessibilidad a los Medicamentos ("Program for Access to Medicines"), yana da matsakaicin matsakaicin samuwa (25%) idan aka kwatanta da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu (35%). A cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, magungunan da suka fi tsada da mafi ƙarancin farashi sun kasance sau 22.7 da 10.7 fiye da farashin duniya bi da bi. Magunguna gabaɗaya ba za a iya biyan su ba, suna biyan albashi na kwanaki 15 don hanyar maganin rigakafi Ceftriaxone. Sashin jama'a a Pakistan, yayin da suke da damar samun magunguna a farashi mai rahusa fiye da farashin bincike na duniya, suna da karancin gaske da rashin samun dama ga magunguna na asali.

Jarida Laurie Garrett ta yi jayayya cewa fagen kiwon lafiya na duniya ba ya fama da rashin kudade, amma karin kudade ba koyaushe ba ne ke fassara zuwa sakamako mai kyau. Matsalar ta'allaka ne da yadda ake rarraba wadannan kudade, saboda sau da yawa ana rarraba su ba tare da daidaituwa ba don sauƙaƙe cuta ɗaya.

; Rashin ma'aikata

A cikin Rahoton Lafiya na Duniya na 2006, WHO ta kiyasta karancin kusan likitoci miliyan 4.3, masu juna biyu, ma'aikatan jinya, da ma'aikatan tallafi a duk duniya, musamman a yankin Sahara na Afirka. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2022 ya kiyasta cewa, "a cikin 2019, duniya tana da Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya miliyan 104.0 (95% rashin tabbas 83.5-128.0) ciki har da likitoci miliyan 12.8 (9.7-16.6), ma'aikatan jinya da masu juna biyu miliyan 29.8, ma'aikatan haƙori miliyan 4.6 (3.6-6.0) ma'aikatan magani miliyan 5.2 (4.0-6.7) kuma sun gano cewa Afirka ta kudu da arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya suna da mafi ƙarancin albarkatun mutane don kiwon lafiya. Koyaya, koda lokacin da kawai ake la'akari da fasahar yanzu da matakai (kamar kawai ƙananan amfani da Telehealth tun daga 2022), yawan ma'aikata da ƙarancin ba sa la'akari leken rarraba ƙasa na nau'ikan ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya daban-daban (ko ƙwarewa).

## Tsaro na Lafiya na Duniya
Cutar COVID-19 ta nuna yadda tsaron lafiya na duniya ya dogara da dukkan kasashe a duniya, gami da kasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin karfi, suna da tsarin kiwon lafiya mai karfi da akalla ƙwarewar binciken kiwon lafiya. A cikin wata kasida ta 2020 a cikin Annals of Global Health,  ƙungiyar ESSENCE ta tsara hanyar sake dubawa game da saka hannun jari a cikin haɓaka ƙarfin binciken kiwon lafiya a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi da matsakaici. Hanyar sake dubawa za ta ba masu ba da gudummawa ga bincike don kiwon lafiya bayanai don gano gibin da ke cikin damar da ke cikin ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi da matsakaicin kuɗi da kuma damar yin aiki tare don magance waɗannan bambance-bambance. Babban burin ya karu, daidaita tallafin bincike kan abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da kiwon lafiya na kasa da kuma inganta shirye-shiryen annoba a cikin LMICs, kuma, a ƙarshe, ƙasashe kaɗan da ke da iyakancewar ikon binciken kiwon lafiya.

## Abubuwan da ke tasiri a duniya

### Canjin yanayi
Wani cikakken binciken da aka tsara a kowace shekara ya gano cewa canjin yanayi yana "ƙazantar da kowane bangare na kiwon lafiya na duniya da aka saka idanu" kuma yana ba da rahoton mummunan ƙarshe daga bin diddigin alamun tasiri. Sakamakon canjin yanayi ya kara haɗarin yanayin kiwon lafiya, kamar cutar huhu ko asma wanda ke haifar da gurɓataccen iska. Wadannan yanayin kiwon lafiya suna haifar da matsanancin zafi ko kuma ta hanyar "mafi girman maida hankali na ozone na ƙasa". 

### Tsayayyar ƙwayoyin cuta
An bayyana AMR a matsayin babbar matsalar kiwon lafiya ta duniya. A duniya, mutuwar miliyan 1.27 a cikin 2019 sun kasance ga AMR. A wannan shekarar, AMR na iya ba da gudummawa ga mutuwar mutane miliyan 5 kuma daya daga cikin mutane biyar da suka mutu saboda AMR yara ne a karkashin shekaru biyar.

## Ƙungiya
Kungiyoyin gwamnati ko na gwamnati da ke mai da hankali kan kiwon lafiya na duniya sun hada da:

* Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Hukumar Bincike kan Ciwon daji (IARC) Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta WHO (WKC) Asusun Yara na Majalisar Dinkinobho (UNICEF) Shirin Abinci na Duniya (WFP) 
** Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya
*** Hukumar Bincike ta Duniya kan Ciwon daji (IARC) 
*** Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta WHO (WKC) 
** Asusun Yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNICEF) 
** Shirin Abinci na Duniya (WFP) 
* Hukumar Lafiya ta Pan American (PAHO) 
* Kwamitin Red Cross na Duniya
* Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka (CDC) 
* Asusun Duniya don Yaki da cutar kanjamau, Cutar Fuka da Malaria
* Shirin Gaggawa na Shugaban kasa don Taimako na Cutar Cutar AIDS (PEPFAR) 

Kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba ne da ke mai da hankali kan kiwon lafiya na duniya sun hada da:

* Likitoci Ba tare da iyakoki ba (Doctors Without Borders, MSF) 
* Gidauniyar Bill &amp;amp; Melinda Gates

### Gwamnatoci da bincike
Binciken zaɓaɓɓun ƙungiyoyi da shirye-shiryen da suka shafi kiwon lafiya na duniya ya nuna cewa manyan abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin mulkin kiwon lafiya a duniya sun bayyana "zuwa ga ƙarin kudade masu hankali da kuma nesa da mahimman kudade ko na dogon lokaci; zuwa ga ƙayyadaddun shugabanci masu ruwa da tsaki da yawa da kuma nesa daga wakilcin gwamnati na gargajiya da yanke shawara; da kuma zuwa ga ƙarancin umarni ko matakan tsaye da aka mayar da hankali da hankali ga matsala kuma nesa da manyan manufofi". Akwai karuwar niyyar amfani da sojoji a cikin tallafin da gwamnati ke jagoranta ga kokarin kiwon lafiya na duniya wanda ke da damar da ke fitowa daga "bincike, sa ido, da ƙwarewar kiwon lafiya zuwa saurin turawa, manyan kadarori don dabaru, sufuri, da tsaro".

### Shirin Tsaro na Duniya
Tsarin Tsaro na Lafiya na Duniya (GHSA) shine "ƙoƙarin bangarori da yawa, wanda ya haɗa da ƙasashe 60 masu shiga da kuma kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da na jama'a na duniya da yawa waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan gina damar tsaro na kiwon lafiya a duniya don fuskantar irin waɗannan barazanar" kamar yaduwar cututtukan cututtuka. A ranar 26-28 ga Maris, 2018, GHSA ta gudanar da babban taro a Tbilisi, Jojiya, kan kula da cutar cututtukan cututtukani, "wanda ya haɗa da misalai na zamani kamar HIV / AIDS, Ciwon numfashi mai tsanani (SARS) , mura H1N1, Cutar tarin fuka mai tsayayya da miyagun ƙwayoyi - duk wata cuta da ke fitowa ko sake fitowa da ke barazana ga lafiyar ɗan adam da kwanciyar hankali na tattalin arzikin duniya". Wannan taron ya haɗu da ƙasashen haɗin gwiwar GHSA, ƙasashe masu ba da gudummawa na Kayan Kayan Kwarewar Kwarewar Lokaci na Gaskiya, da ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke tallafawa ƙarfafa damar don gano barazanar cututtukan cututtukani a cikin Kayan Kungiyar Kwarewar Tsaro ta Gaskiya da sauran kunshe-kunan.

GHSA tana aiki ta hanyar manyan hanyoyin aiki guda huɗu, kunshin aiki, rundunonin aiki da hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa. A cikin 2015, Ƙungiyar Gudanarwa ta GHSA ta amince da aiwatar da alkawuransu ta hanyar 11 Action Packages. Ayyukan Ayyuka sadaukarwa ne daga kasashe membobin da abokan hulɗar su don yin aiki tare don ci gaba da aiwatar da Dokokin Lafiya na Duniya (IHR).  Kunshin aiki sun dogara ne akan manufar GHSA don ƙarfafa ikon ƙasa da na duniya don hanawa, ganowa, da kuma amsawa ga barazanar cututtukan cututtukani. Kowane kunshin aiki ya kunshi manufofi na shekaru biyar, matakan ci gaba, tasirin da ake so, alkawuran ƙasa, da jerin ƙididdigar asali. Tsarin Binciken Bincike na Haɗin Kai, wanda aka samo a matsayin wani ɓangare na Tsarin Kulawa da Bincike ne na IHR kimantawa game da ikon ƙasa don amsawa ga barazanar lafiyar jama'a. Ya zuwa yanzu, abokan hulɗa na G7 da EU sun yi alkawarin hadin gwiwa don taimakawa kasashe 76 yayin da Amurka ta himmatu ga taimakawa kasashe 32 don cimma burin GHSA don aiwatar da IHR. A watan Satumbar 2014, an kirkiro kayan aikin matukin jirgi don auna ci gaban Action Packages kuma an yi amfani da su a kasashe (Georgia, Peru, Uganda, Portugal, United Kingdom, da Ukraine) waɗanda suka ba da kansu don shiga cikin kimantawa ta waje.

## Dubi kuma
  

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Ƙarin karantawa
 

## Haɗin waje

* GlobalHealth.gov (wanda Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Amurka ta shirya) 
* Haɗin gwiwa don Kula da Matattu, Jarirai da Yara
* Roll Back Malaria - haɗin gwiwar duniya game da zazzabin cizon sauro
* Dakatar da tarin fuka - haɗin gwiwar duniya game da tarin fuki