open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Studs Terkel Rediyo Archive

The **Studs Terkel Rediyo Archive** wani tarihin ne na fiye da 1,000 digitized audio tapes asali watsa sama da 45 shekaru a Studs Terkol ta rediyo show a kan WFMT-FM ko amfani da shi a cikin ta oral tarihin tarin a cikin littattafan Division Street America (1967) da Working (1974). Terkel ya ba da gudummawar jimlar kaset 5,600 ga Gidan Tarihin Chicago, wanda ya kwangila da cibiyar sadarwa ta WFMT Radio (tsohon ɓangare na WFMT-FM), don buga rikodin kan layi. Yawancin kaset ɗin suna ƙididdigewa, kuma ajiyar tana rarraba da yawa a kan layi. Cibiyar rediyo ta jama'a ta Amurka NPR ta nuna yawancin kaset daga littafin "Working" a cikin mako na Satumba 25 - Oktoba 2, 2016. Gidan Tarihin Chicago yana *Aiki* tare da Laburaren Majalisa don samar da kaset ga baƙi zuwa gine-ginen su a Washington, DC.

## Tattaunawa
Shirin rediyo na awa daya na Terkel ya fito ne kwana biyar a mako daga 1952 zuwa 1997. Wadanda aka yi hira da su sun hada da Muhammad Ali, Saul Alinsky, Woody Allen, James Baldwin, Ronald Blythe, Gwendolyn Brooks, Carol Channing, Cesar Chavez, Jacques Cousteau, Bob Dylan, Allen Ginsberg, Mahalia Jackson, James Earl Jones, Janis Joplin, Buster Keaton, Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., Shirley MacLaine, David Mamet, Ethel Merman, Bertrand Russell, Mort Sahl, Pete Seeger, da Hunter S. Thompson.

Tassara sun haɗa da shirye-shirye 50 da aka rubuta a China a cikin 1980, da kuma shirye-shiryen da aka rubuta da Tarayyar Soviet, Afirka ta Kudu, Italiya, Faransa, Burtaniya, da Denmark. Batutuwan sun haɗa da kiɗa, haƙƙin ɗan adam, haƙƙin gay, haƙƙin mata, sake fasalin kurkuku, da muhalli.

## Samar da tarihin
Terkel ya ba da gudummawar kaset dinsa ga Gidan Tarihin Chicago inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane. Gidan kayan gargajiya ya yi aiki tare da Laburaren Majalisa don ƙididdige kaset ɗin. Wani kamfen na Kickstarter a cikin 2016 ya tara $ 87,152 wanda aka yi amfani da shi don ƙarin samun dama ta hanyar ƙirƙirar rubutun shirye-shirye da ƙirƙirar gidan yanar gizon dindindin. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2016 National Endowment for the Humanities ta ba da tallafin $ 400,000 ga WFMT don ƙididdige kaset ɗin, sanya su a kan layi, da kuma haɓaka shirye-shiryen ilimi masu alaƙa.

## Manazarta
The Ides of March (littafi)

The Ides of March wani littafi ne na Thornton Wilder wanda aka buga a shekarar 1948. A cikin kalmomin marubucin, 'wani mafarki ne game da wasu abubuwan da suka faru da mutane na kwanakin ƙarshe na jamhuriyar Roma. Sake fasalin tarihi ba yana cikin manyan manufofi na wannan aikin ba'. Littafin yana magana ne game da haruffa da abubuwan da suka haifar da, da kuma ƙare a cikin, kisan Julius Kaisar .

## Yanayi
Littafin ya kasu kashi huɗu, kowannensu yana farawa a baya kuma yana ƙare daga baya fiye da littafin da ya gabata. Waƙoƙin Catullus da sashi na rufewa na Suetonius sune kawai takardu a cikin littafin da ba a yi tunanin su ba; duk da haka, yawancin abubuwan da suka faru tarihi ne, kamar ziyarar Cleopatra zuwa Roma.

Kodayake littafin ya bayyana abubuwan da suka haifar da kisan Kaisar a ranar 15 ga Maris 44 BC, an bayyana abubuwan da dama da suka faru a baya kamar dai sun kasance na zamani. Don haka, keta asirin Bona Dea da Publius Clodius Pulcher ya yi, saki na Kaisar na matarsa ta biyu Pompeya, da kuma yaduwar waƙoƙi biyu da Catullus ya nuna cewa Kaisar da injiniyarsa, Mamurra, masoya ne (da neman gafara na Catallus) an canza su daga Disamba 62 BC zuwa Disamba 45 BC. Bugu da kari, yawancin haruffa da aka nuna suna rayuwa a cikin littafin sun mutu a 44 BC, gami da M. Porcius Cato (a cikin 46 BC), Catullus (a cikin 54 BC), Julia (a cikin 69 BC) da Clodius (a 52 BC).

## Manyan mutane
Lura cewa an bayyana sunaye, dangantaka, da abubuwan da suka faru kamar yadda suka faru a cikin littafin kuma ba lallai ba ne a tarihi daidai.

## Karɓar baƙi

## Manazarta
Julius Caesar (fim na 1970)

***Julius [[Julius Caesar|Kaisar]]*** fim ne na 1970 wanda aka yi amfani da shi daga wasan kwaikwayon William Shakespeare na wannan sunan, wanda Stuart Burge ya jagoranta. Tauraruwar Charlton Heston a matsayin Mark Antony, Jason Robards a matsayin Brutus, Richard Johnson a matsayin Cassius, John Gielgud a matsayin Kaisar, Robert Vaughn a matsayin Casca, Richard Chamberlain a matsayin Octavius, da Diana Rigg a matsayin Portia. Shine samarwa mai zaman kanta na Commonwealth United Entertainment, wanda aka yi fim a Ingila da Spain. Shi ne fim na farko na wasan da aka yi a launi.

## Makirci

## Masu ba da labari

## Fitarwa

An harbe fim din da farko a MGM-British Studios da Pinewood Studios a Ingila. An yi fim din jerin yaƙe-yaƙe a wurin Manzanares na Real, Spain.

### Kasuwanci
Orson Welles shine zaɓi na farko don nuna Brutus, amma an wuce shi ga Jason Robards, wanda ke da matsaloli masu yawa yayin samarwa: sau da yawa ya rasa maimaitawa, ya ƙi bayyana a kan doki, kuma ya riƙe aikin saboda rashin lafiya.

John Gielgud da Charlton Heston dukansu sun bayyana a cikin fina-finai na baya na wasan Shakespeare; Gielgud ya buga Cassius a Fim din 1953 wanda Joseph L. Mankiewicz ya jagoranta, kuma Heston ya buga Mark Antony a cikin wani karamin kasafin kuɗi na 1950.  Zai sake yin hakan, a cikin fim din 1972 na Shakespeare's *Antony da Cleopatra*, wanda Heston ya ba da umarni.

An ba da Peter Eyre a matsayin mai kunna Cinna mawaki, amma an yanke rawar da ya taka daga fim na karshe. An jefa Max Adrian a cikin rawar da aka nuna, amma ya fita kafin yin fim.

## Saki
*Julius Caesar* had its world premiere in Tokyo on 20 February 1970 and was released in the UK on 4 June 1970. The film failed at the box office.&#x5B;**&#x5D;

## Manazarta
Jami'ar Tennessee

***Jami'ar '''Tennessee'<nowiki/>***, Knoxville** (ko Jami'ar Tennessee; **UT**; **UT Knoxville**; ko kuma **UTK** ko Tennessee) jami'ar bincike ce ta jama'a a Knoxville, Tennessee, Amurka. An kafa shi a shekara ta 1794, shekaru biyu kafin Tennessee ta zama jiha ta 16, ita ce babbar harabar Jami'ar Tennessee, tare da kwalejoji 14. Yana karbar bakuncin dalibai sama da 30,000 daga dukkan jihohi 50 da kasashe 100 na kasashen waje.

UT tana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin jami'o'in jama'a a Amurka kuma tsohuwar ma'aikatar duniya a yammacin Gabashin Gabas. An rarraba shi cikin "R1: Jami'o'in Doctoral - Babban aikin bincike".

== Tarihi ==


=== Kafa da farkon kwanakin ===
A ranar 10 ga Satumba, 1794, shekaru biyu kafin Tennessee ta zama jiha kuma a taron majalisar dokoki na Yankin Kudu maso Yamma a Knoxville, an kafa **Kwalejin Blount** (mai suna ga Gwamna William Blount) tare da takardar shaidar. Sabuwar, ba ta da ƙungiya, duk maza, ma'aikata masu farar fata kawai sun yi gwagwarmaya na tsawon shekaru 13 tare da ƙaramin ɗalibai da baiwa, kuma a cikin 1807, an sake ba da makarantar a matsayin **Kwalejin Gabashin Tennessee** a matsayin yanayin karɓar kuɗin da aka samu daga sulhu da aka tsara a cikin Yarjejeniyar 1806. Lokacin da Samuel Carrick, shugabanta na farko kuma memba ne kawai, ya mutu a 1809, an rufe makarantar na ɗan lokaci har zuwa 1820. Lokacin da aka sake buɗewa, ya fara fuskantar ciwo mai girma. [[Thomas Jefferson]] a baya ya ba da shawarar cewa kwalejin ta bar ginin da ke cikin birni kuma ta koma wurin da za ta iya yadawa. A lokacin rani na 1826 (ba zato ba tsammani, shekarar da Thomas Jefferson ya mutu), masu kula sun binciki "Barbara Hill" (a yau da aka sani kawai da The Hill) a matsayin wurin da za a iya komawa can a shekara ta 1828. A cikin 1840, an ɗaga kwalejin zuwa **Jami'ar Gabashin Tennessee''' (ETU). Matsayin makarantar a matsayin cibiyar ilimi mafi girma da ba ta da alaƙa da addini ba ta da kyau ga lokacin da aka hayar ta, kuma an san makarantar gabaɗaya a matsayin tsohuwar irin wannan kafa ta yammacin Appalachian Divide.

### Sake ginawa
Jihar Tennessee ta kasance memba na Confederacy a 1862 lokacin da aka zartar da Dokar Morrill, samar da kudade daga sayar da ƙasar tarayya ga kwalejojin aikin gona na jihar. A ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, 1867, Majalisa ta zartar da Dokar ta musamman da ta sa Jihar Tennessee ta cancanci shiga cikin Dokar Morrill ta 1862. A watan Janairun 1869, gwamnatin jihar Tennessee ta sake ginawa ta sanya ETU a matsayin mai karɓar Tennessee na Land-Grant designation da kudade.

A matsayinta na ma'aikatar bayar da ƙasa, ETU ba za ta ware kowane ɗan ƙasa na jihar ba bisa launi ko launin fata. Don kauce wa abin da ake buƙata, jami'ar ta zaɓi biyan kuɗin karatu ga ɗaliban baƙar fata don halartar wata ƙungiya daban, Jami'ar Fisk .  A shekara mai zuwa, a cikin 1870, an tabbatar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Tennessee tare da tanadi, Mataki na XI sakin layi na 12, wanda ya haramta makarantun jama'a daga yin rajistar ɗaliban Black da White, manufofin da suka kasance har zuwa shekarun 1950.

## Manazarta
Tchéky Karyo

**Tchéky Karyo** (; an haife shi Baruh Djaki Karyo; 4 Oktoba 1953 - 31 Oktoba 2025) ɗan wasan Faransa ne kuma mawaƙa. Ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ɗan wasa a kan mataki a cikin wasannin gargajiya da na zamani, daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin fina-finai a cikin 1980s. Ya yi fina-finai da dama na Hollywood da daraktocin Faransa, ciki har da Luc Besson. An zabe shi don lambar yabo ta César don Mafi kyawun Jarumi saboda rawar da ya taka a cikin fim ɗin La Balance na 1982.

Kyautar fim ɗinsa sun haɗa da La Femme Nikita, Vincent da Ni, Nostradamus, Crying Freeman, Bad Boys, GoldenEye, Manzo: Labarin Joan na Arc, Patriot da Kiss na Dragon. Ayyukansa na talabijin sun haɗa da Dr. Willy Rozenbaum a cikin fim ɗin HBO Da Bandan Wasa, Georges Méliès a cikin HBO miniseries Daga Duniya zuwa Wata, da kuma ɗan binciken Faransa Julien Baptiste a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na laifi na BBC The Bace, da jerin waƙoƙinsa na Baptiste (2019–21).
## Rayuwar farko, iyali da ilimi
An haifi Baruh Djaki Karyo a shekara ta 1953 a birnin Istanbul na kasar Turkiyya. Mahaifiyarsa Bayahudiya ce ta Girka, kuma mahaifinsa, mai bayarwa kuma magini,  ya fito daga dangin Yahudawa Sephardic na Baturke; duka iyalai suna da tushen Mutanen Espanya. Sa’ad da yake ƙarami, iyalinsa suka ƙaura zuwa birnin Paris na ƙasar Faransa. An canza rubutun sunansa, Djaki, zuwa Tchéky a wani nau'i na fassarar Faransanci. Yana da shekara 13, iyayensa suka rabu, mahaifiyarsa kuma ta umarce shi da ya bar gidanta.

Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Parisian Lycée Arago.Lokacin da yake saurayi, Karyo ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Cyrano,  kuma daga baya ya zama memba na Kamfanin Daniel Sorano, yana taka rawar gargajiya da yawa.

## Manazarta
Diemoth

**Diemoth** (wanda aka fassara daga Latin zuwa Diemudus, Diemut, Diemud, Diemuth, Diemod ko Diemudis) ta kasance mai zama a Wessobrunn Abbey a Upper Bavaria, Jamus, an haife ta a kusan shekara ta 1060 kuma ta mutu a ranar 30 ga Maris, wataƙila a shekara ta 1130. Ta yi aiki a kan rubuce-rubuce 45 daga 1075 zuwa 1130.  Sunanta ya fito ne daga kalmar Jamusanci ta Tsakiya ta Tsakiya don "tawali'u" ko "tawali'u") 

## Rayuwa da ayyuka
Ba a san komai game da rayuwar Diemoth ba. Yawancin bayanan da ake da su sun dogara ne akan wani marubuci na ƙarni na sha shida. Yawancin wannan dole ne a ɗauke su a matsayin tatsuniya mai ado maimakon gaskiya. A cewar sigar gargajiya, an haife ta ne daga dangin Bavaria ko Swabian masu daraja, kuma tun tana ƙarama ta shiga gidan ibada na Benedictine da ke da alaƙa da gidan ibada na Benedictine na Wessobrunn . Wannan ba gaskiya ba ne, tunda gidan ibada na Wessobrunn maza ne kawai har zuwa aƙalla 1100 CE. Sufaye ba za su ɗauki nauyin ilmantar da yarinya ɗaya tilo ba. Don haka yana da yuwuwar Diemoth ta shiga gidan ibada na Wessobrunn tun tana babba. Rubutun hannunta na ƙwararru yana nuna shaidar horo na ƙwararru, don haka wataƙila Diemoth ba ta zo Wessobrunn ba sai bayan aiki mai aiki a matsayin marubuci na ƙwararru. Ilimin Latin ɗinta yana nuna cewa ta yi karatu a wata cibiyar coci, wataƙila gidan ibada biyu a wani wuri a Jamus.

Diemoth ta killace kanta a cikin wani ɗaki da ke kusa da cocin, inda ta yi sauran rayuwarta cikin addu'a da kuma rubuta littattafai masu daraja. Saboda kyawun rubutun hannunta na musamman, an sanya mata suna "kyakkyawan marubuci". Ta kwafi littattafai kusan arba'in da biyar,  waɗanda suka fi muhimmanci su ne: Littafi Mai Tsarki ; *Moralia* da sauran ayyukan Saint Gregory Mai Girma ; ayyuka bakwai na Saint Augustine ; huɗu na Saint Jerome ; biyu na Origen ; da kuma ayyukan ibada kusan goma sha biyar.

Diemoth babbar abokiyar Herluka ce mai albarka wadda ta yi musayar wasiƙu da yawa yayin da ta biyun ta kasance baƙuwa a gidan sufi na Epfach da ke makwabtaka da ita. An daɗe ana adana wasiƙun a gidan sufi na Bernried inda Herluka ta shafe shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarta, amma abin takaici sun faɗa tarko ga barnar sojojin Sweden a lokacin Yaƙin Shekaru Talatin . Har yanzu ana adana wasu daga cikin rubuce-rubucen Diemoth a Bayerische Staatsbibliothek da ke Munich, inda aka ɗauke su bayan da aka mayar da Wessobrunn saniyar ware a shekarar 1803.

An binne Diemoth a cikin basilica na Uwargidanmu da ke Wessobrunn, kusa da gawarwakin Abbot Thiento da abokansa shida, waɗanda suka sha shahada a hannun ' yan Hungary a shekara ta 955. A shekara ta 1709 aka mayar da gawarta zuwa cocin abbey na St. Peter. Wani lokaci ana kiranta da "Mai Albarka," kodayake ba a taɓa samun girmamawa a bainar jama'a ba kuma ba a taɓa girmama ta a hukumance ba.

## Bayanan kula
Cibiyar Vietnam da Sam Johnson Vietnam Archive

**Cibiyar Vietnam da Sam Johnson Vietnam Archive** suna tattara da adana rikodin rikodin Vietnam War. Cibiyar Vietnam da Tarihin, wani ɓangare na Jami'ar Texas Tech, ita ce mafi girma kuma mafi cikakkiyar tarin bayanai game da Yaƙin Vietnam. A ranar 17 ga watan Agusta, 2007, Cibiyar Texas Tech Vietnam ta zama cibiyar Amurka ta farko da ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar musayar da aka tsara tare da Sashen Tarihin Jiha da Tarihin Vietnam. Wannan yana buɗe ƙofar don musayar hanyoyi biyu tsakanin ƙungiyoyi.

Manufar Cibiyar Vietnam ita ce tallafawa da ƙarfafa bincike da ilimi game da dukkan fannoni na kwarewar Vietnam ta Amurka; inganta kyakkyawar fahimta game da wannan kwarewar da mutane da al'adun kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Yana inganta ilimi ta hanyar nune-nunen, koyarwar aji, da wallafe-wallafen; tallafi ga ajiya da tattarawa da adana kayan tarihi masu dacewa; da ƙarfafa ƙwarewar da ta shafi ta hanyar shirya da karɓar bakuncin taro da tarurruka a kowace shekara.

## Tarihi

A shekara ta 1989, wani rukuni na tsoffin sojan Vietnam daga Yammacin Texas sun taru a Jami'ar Texas Tech don tattauna abin da za su iya yi, a hanya mai kyau, game da abubuwan da suka samu a Vietnam. James Reckner ne ya jagoranci taron su, farfesa a tarihin soja na Texas Tech kuma tsohon sojan ruwa na Vietnam War,  wanda ya damu da rashin ilimin ɗalibansa game da yaƙin. Wannan ya kasance mafi yawa saboda 'yan ƙasa da yawa bayan yaƙin sun yi kamar ba ya faruwa. Shawarwarin da kungiyar ta yanke nan da nan shi ne ta kafa Tarihin Vietnam kuma ta fara tattarawa da adana kayan da suka shafi kwarewar Vietnam ta Amurka.  

## Ayyuka na Musamman

### Tarihin Vietnam na Virtual

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2002, an kaddamar da Virtual Vietnam Archive tare da tallafin tarayya na dala dubu ɗari biyar don tsara tarin takardu, sauti, da hotuna na Vietnam Archive. Nau'o'in kayan sun haɗa da takardu, hotuna, zane-zane, negatives, tarihin baki, kayan tarihi, hotuna masu motsi, rikodin sauti, taswira, da taimakon neman tarin. Dukkanin kayan da ba a mallaka ba da kuma kayan dijital suna samuwa ga masu amfani don saukewa kyauta. A shekara ta 2004, an ba da sanarwar cewa aikin Virtual Vietnam Archives zai sami dala miliyan 1.8 a cikin kudade sama da shekaru hudu daga Cibiyar Gidan Tarihi da Ayyukan Laburaren Gwamnatin Tarayya.

## Manazarta
Chang Ch'ung-ho

**Chang Ch'ung-ho** ko **Zhang Chonghe** ( Chinese ; Mayu 17, 1914 - Yuni 17, 2015),  wanda kuma aka sani da sunan aurenta **Ch'ung-ho Chang Frankel**, mawaƙiyar Sinawa Ba'amurke ce, mawaƙin ƙira, malami kuma mawaƙin opera Kunqu . Ana yaba mata a matsayin "mace mai hazaka ta karshe a Jamhuriyar Sin " () ). 

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Chang Ch'ung-ho (Zhang Chonghe) a Shanghai a shekarar 1914, tare da gidan kakanninta a Hefei, Anhui . Kakanta, Zhang Shusheng (張樹聲 ), babban jami'in soja ne a rundunar sojojin Huai . Mahaifinta, Zhang Wuling (張武齡 ), malami ce. Mahaifiyarta, Lu Ying (陸英 ), matar gida ce. Tana da 'yan'uwa maza shida da 'yan'uwa mata uku. Babbar 'yar uwarta, Chang Yuen-ho (張元和 ; 1907–2003), masani ne na Kunqu . 'Yar uwarta ta biyu, Zhang Yunhe (張允和; 1909–2002), shi ma kwararre ne na Kunqu. Yayarta ta uku, Chang Chao-ho (張兆和; 1910–2003), malami ne kuma marubuci, kuma matar shahararren marubucin marubuci Shen Congwen .

Tana da shekaru 21, an karɓe ta a Jami'ar Peking . Bayan kammala karatunta a PKU, Chang Ch'ung-ho ta zama edita a jaridar *Central Daily News* .

A shekarar 1947, Chang ya haɗu da Hans Fränkel a Jami'ar Peking, suka yi aure a watan Nuwamba na 1948, suka kuma zauna a Amurka a watan Janairu na 1949.    Suna da 'ya mace, Emma Fränkel (  ) da ɗa ɗaya, Ian Frankel. Ch'ung-ho ya koyar a Jami'ar Yale, Jami'ar Harvard da wasu jami'o'i 20, yana koyar da al'adun gargajiya na kasar Sin .

Bayan juyin juya halin al'adu, Chang ya ziyarci Suzhou a shekarar 1979.

A shekarar 1986, Chang Ch'ung-ho da 'yar uwarta Chang Yuen-ho sun halarci wani wasan kwaikwayo da aka yi bikin cika shekaru 370 da mutuwar Tang Xianzu a birnin Beijing .

A lokacin kaka na shekarar 2004, Chang Ch'ung-ho ya gudanar da baje kolin zane-zane a Beijing.

A ranar 17 ga Yuni, 2015, Chang Ch'ung-ho ya mutu a New Haven, Connecticut, yana da shekaru 101. 

## Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka

* *Taohuayu* () ko *Kifin Fure-fure na Peach*

## Nassoshi

## Ƙarin karatu

* 
*
Shirin Tarihin Magana na Swaziland

**Shirin Tarihin Magana na [[Kabilar Swazi|Swazi]]** (SOHP) shiri ne na bincike da kuma adana bayanai wanda aka kafa a 1985 a National Archives a Lobamba, Eswatini .  An kafa shi ne don tattara, adanawa, fassarawa da fassara tarihin baki, asalin dangin da shaidu na dattawan Swazi, tare da kulawa ta musamman ga tarihin mulkin mallaka na mulkin Swazi. An haɓaka ta hanyar hadin gwiwa tsakanin masu adana bayanai na Swazi da dattawa da ƙwararrun masana tarihi, musamman Carolyn Hamilton da Philip Bonner. 

An kuma tura kayan SOHP zuwa Tarihin Tarihi na Tarihi a Jami'ar Witwatersrand a Afirka ta Kudu inda Bonner ke jagora. Masu adana bayanai da masu bincike na Swazi, ciki har da Isaac Dlamini da Dumisa Dlamini, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin aikin gona da tattara shaidu da kuma kafa SOHP. 

## Tarihi
Tarihin Swaziland ya koma dubban shekaru, amma a tsakiyar shekarun 1800, tare da isowar 'yan kasuwa na farko na Turai, an fara yin rikodin abubuwan da suka faru a rubuce.

Ba a san komai game da lokutan da suka gabata ba saboda rubuce-rubucen shaidu ba su da yawa, duk da haka, masana tarihi sun gano wadataccen bayani game da waɗannan lokutan da aka gabata ta hanyar amfani da wasu nau'ikan shaidu, musamman al'adun baki da kayan tarihi na zahiri. An kafa SOHP don tattara, fassara, fassarar da adana shaidu na baki daga dattawa.

## Manazarta
Tarihin ƙasa

**[[Tarihi]] ƙasa** shine reshe na Yanayin ƙasa wanda ke nazarin hanyoyin da abubuwan da suka faru na ƙasa suka canza a tsawon lokaci. A cikin tsarinsa na zamani, horo ne mai haɗawa wanda ke da alaƙa da abubuwan da suka dace da tarihi, ilimin ɗan adam, ilimin muhalli, ilimin ƙasa, Nazarin muhalli. Kodayake yawancin ayyukan da ke cikin tarihin ƙasa ana ɗaukar su a matsayin Yanayin ɗan adam, filin kuma ya haɗa da nazarin canjin ƙasa waɗanda ba su da asali ga ɗan adam. Tarihin ƙasa sau da yawa babban bangare ne na tsarin karatun makaranta da jami'a a cikin ilimin ƙasa da Nazarin zamantakewa. Binciken yanzu a cikin tarihin tarihi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar masana a cikin kasashe sama da arba'in.

## Jigogi
Wannan reshe na Yanayin ɗan adam yana da alaƙa da Tarihi, Tarihin muhalli, da ilimin muhalli na tarihi.

Tarihin ƙasa yana neman tantance yadda siffofin al'adu na al'ummomi daban-daban a duk faɗin duniya suka fito kuma suka samo asali ta hanyar fahimtar hulɗarsu da mahallinsu da kewayenta.

Nazarin da aka yi kwanan nan suna amfani da hanyoyin da ba na gargajiya ba, kamar su botany da Archaeology.

## Ci gaban horo
A farkon kwanakinsa, yanayin tarihi yana da wuyar bayyanawa a matsayin batun. Wani littafi daga shekarun 1950 ya ambaci ma'anar da ta gabata a matsayin 'ƙoƙarin da masu ilimin ƙasa suka yi don bayyana tarihi'. Marubucinsa, J. B. Mitchell, ya sauka da ƙarfi a gefen yanayin ƙasa: 'masanin ilimin ƙasa na tarihi shine masanin ilimin ƙasa da farko na ƙarshe kuma a kowane lokaci'. A shekara ta 1975 lambar farko ta Journal of Historical Geography  ta fadada horo ga masu sauraro da yawa: 'rubuce-rubucen malaman kowane tushe na horo waɗanda ke da wani abu da za su faɗi game da batutuwan sha'awar ƙasa da suka shafi lokacin da ya gabata'. 

A Amurka, kalmar *Tarihin ƙasa* ita ce sunan da Carl Ortwin Sauer na Jami'ar California, Berkeley ya ba shi ga shirinsa na sake tsara Yanayi al'adu (wasu suna cewa duk yanayin ƙasa) tare da layin yanki, wanda ya fara a farkon shekarun karni na 20. Ga Sauer, za'a iya fahimtar wuri mai faɗi da al'adu a ciki ne kawai idan an yi la'akari da duk tasirinsa ta hanyar tarihi: na zahiri, al'adu, tattalin arziki, siyasa, muhalli. Sauer ya jaddada ƙwarewa yanki a matsayin hanyar samun isasshen ƙwarewa a yankuna na duniya. Falsafar Sauer ita ce babbar mai tsara tunani yanayin ƙasa na Amurka a tsakiyar karni na 20. Masana yankin sun kasance a cikin sassan ilimin ƙasa har zuwa yau. Duk da wannan, wasu masu ilimin ƙasa suna jin cewa ya cutar da horo; cewa an yi ƙoƙari sosai a kan tattara bayanai da rarraba, kuma kaɗan ne a kan bincike da Bayani. Nazarin ya zama mafi mahimmanci a yankin yayin da masu ilimin ƙasa daga baya suka yi ƙoƙari su sami wurare don yin sunaye ga kansu. Wadannan dalilai na iya haifar da Rikicin shekarun 1950 a cikin yanayin ƙasa, wanda ya haifar da tambayoyi masu tsanani game da yanayin ƙasa a matsayin horo na ilimi a Amurka.

## Manazarta
Shirin Dinosaur na China da Kanada

Shirin Dinosaur na China-Canada (Sinanci: shirin Tsoro na China-Kanada; Pinyin: Zhōngguó-jiānádà kǒnglóng jìhuà; wanda aka fi sani da Shirin Dinora na Sino-Kanada) jerin shekaru shida ne na tafiye-tafiye na paleontological da masana kimiyya daga China da Kanada suka gudanar.

## Tarihi

### Tarihi
A ƙarni na 19 da farkon karni na 20, masu bincike na ƙasashen waje da na cikin gida, ciki har da Roy Chapman Andrews da Yang Zhongjian, sun yi bincike da yawa da suka shafi dinosaur a China da Mongolia, musamman a cikin Hamadar Gobi . Wannan ya canza tare da haɓakar Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta China da kuma kafa Jamhuriyar Jama'ar China a 1949, wanda ya sa aka sake tsara makarantun China kuma wasu fannoni, ciki har da ilimin ɗan adam, suka faɗi ba tare da goyon baya ba saboda alaƙar da suke da ita da mulkin mallaka .  Cibiyar Nazarin Paleontology da Paleoanthropology ta Vertebrate (IVPP) a Beijing ta sake tura ɗalibanta da yawa zuwa wasu ayyuka, kamar Down to the Countryside Movement, amma ta fara sake ginawa a tsakiyar shekarun 1970 tare da sake kafa mujallar *Vertebrata PalAsiatica* ta cibiyar da kuma manyan abubuwan da aka gano kamar ginshiƙan ƙasusuwan Dashanpu . Masanin ilimin halittar halittu na kasar Sin Dong Zhiming ya shahara a cikin kungiyar bayan mutuwar Yang Zhongjian, mai ba shi shawara kuma "uba na ilimin halittar halittu na kasar Sin." 

### Halitta
Shirin Dinosaur na China-Canada (CCDP) an ƙaddamar da shi ne ta hanyar Gidauniyar Ex Terra a cikin 1985 don shirya tafiye-tafiye na hadin gwiwa tsakanin Gidan Tarihi na Kanada a Ottawa, IVPP a Beijing, da Gidan Tarihin Palaeontology na Tyrrell a Drumheller, Alberta tare da goyon bayan Gwamnatin lardin Alberta, Gwamnatin tarayya ta Kanada, Gidauniyoyin Kimiyya ta Kasa ta China, da Gidauni na Inner Mongolia. Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Kanada ya ba da sufuri zuwa China ga masu binciken Kanada da ke cikin aikin.

## Manazarta
Gidan Tarihin Yara na Yakin

**Gidan Tarihin Yara na Yakin** (Bosnian) gidan kayan gargajiya ne na tarihi a Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina wanda aka buɗe a watan Janairun 2017. Gidan kayan gargajiya ya gabatar da abubuwan da yara suka rayu a lokacin yaƙi a Bosnia, an fada ta hanyar abubuwa, shaidar bidiyo, da kuma abubuwan da suka fito daga tarihin baki. Kyautar Gidan Tarihi na Majalisar Turai ta 2018, ɗaya daga cikin manyan kyaututtuka a masana'antar gidan kayan gargajiya, an ba da ita ga Gidan Tarihin Yara na Yakin a matsayin wani ɓangare na Kyautar Gidauniyar Turai ta Shekara ta 2018. 

An fara aikin ne a shekara ta 2010 lokacin da Jasminko Halilovic, ɗan kasuwa na Sarajevan, mai fafutuka, kuma "yaro na yaƙi," ya yi amfani da dandamali na kan layi don tattara gajeren abubuwan tunawa na matasa waɗanda suka kasance yara a lokacin yakin Bosnian. Fiye da matasa 1,000 sun gabatar da tunaninsu. Halilovic ya tattara waɗannan abubuwan tunawa a cikin littafi wanda aka buga a cikin 2013. Daga baya aka fassara littafin zuwa Jamusanci da Jafananci.

Kamar yadda Halilovic ya fara rubutu tare da matasa da suka gabatar da abubuwan tunawa, ya fahimci cewa yawancin tsoffin "yara na yaki" har yanzu suna da takamaiman abubuwa da suka haɗa da tunanin su. Ya fara aiki tare da ƙungiyar wasu matasa masu sana'a don haɓaka tarin gidan kayan gargajiya, daga ƙarshe ya tattara abubuwa sama da 3,000 da shaidun tarihin baki sama da 60.

A watan Mayu 2016, Gidan Tarihin Yara na Yakin ya gudanar da nune-nunen farko na wucin gadi a Gidan Tarihi na Bosnia da Herzegovina .  Ƙarin nune-nunen sun biyo baya a biranen Zenica da Visoko. A watan Janairun 2017, an bude baje kolin gidan kayan gargajiya na dindindin a titin Logavina a Sarajevo.

Tarin kayan gargajiya suna da littattafai, kayan wasa, hotuna, tufafi, da sauran abubuwa da yawa da waɗanda suka tsira daga yaƙi suka ba da gudummawa. Dukkanin abubuwa an gabatar da su tare da abubuwan tunawa na mutum na farko daga mutumin da ya ba da gudummawa. Baya ga abubuwa, baƙi na iya sauraron shaidu da karanta raguwa daga tambayoyin tarihin baki.

## Hotuna

Fayil:War_Childhood_Museum_2.jpg
Fayil:War_Childhood_Museum_3.jpg
Fayil:War_Childhood_Museum_4.jpg


## Manazarta
Benz Hui

**Benz" Hui Shiu-hung** (4 Nuwamba 1948 - 28 Oktoba 2025) wani fim ne na Hong Kong kuma ɗan wasan talabijin a cikin fina-finai sama da 165. Ya bayyana akan TVB, an san shi da "Sarkin Tallafawa 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo".
## Rayuwar farko da iyali
Hui ya ƙaura zuwa Hong Kong a cikin 1958. Hui ya yi rajista a cikin Darasin Horar da Mawaƙi a Watsa shirye-shiryen Talabijin Limited a cikin 1971.[1]

Hui ya fito ne daga dangi mai tasiri a Canton. Kakansa, Xu Yingkui, shi ne allahn sarki Dowager Cixi kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in daular a lokacin marigayi daular Qing. Kawar Hui, Xu Guangping, abokin aikin marubuci Lu Xun ne.Kakansa Xu Chongzhi  (Cantonese: Hui Chung-chi) shi ne wanda ya kafa makarantar soja ta Whampoa, yayin da sauran kakansa Xu Chongqing  (Cantonese: Hui Chung-ching) ya taba zama ministan ilimi na Canton.

## Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa
Hui ya sadu da Angeli Hui (née Yin-yi Lung), ɗan Singapore, a cikin 1980s lokacin da yake aiki a Singapore. Lung tana da ɗa daga aurenta na baya sannan kuma diya tare da Hui a cikin 1997. Don taimakawa 'yarsu da ta yi gwagwarmaya da ilimin lissafi a karkashin tsarin ilimin Hong Kong, Hui da matarsa sun bude makarantar koyarwa irin ta Singapore a Hong Kong.

A ranar 27 ga Oktoba 2025, an bayar da rahoton cewa Hui yana kwance a asibiti kuma yana cikin mawuyacin hali, a ƙarshe masu fasaha da yawa sun isa asibiti don ziyarar.Ya rasu washegari, a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, mako guda kafin cikarsa shekaru 77. Dalilin mutuwar shi ne raunin gabobi da yawa saboda ciwon daji na koda.

## Manazarta
Tim Cook (masanin tarihi)

**Timothy Raleigh Brown Cook** CM FRSC (Nuwamba 10, 1971 - Oktoba 25, 2025) masanin tarihin sojan Kanada ne kuma marubuci. Cook masanin tarihi ne a gidan tarihin Yaƙin Kanada kuma marubucin littattafai goma sha uku game da tarihin soja na Kanada. Bayan ya yi rubuce-rubuce da yawa game da yakin duniya na daya, Cook ya mayar da hankali ga shigar Kanada a yakin duniya na biyu tare da buga 2014 na ƙarar farko a cikin jerin juzu'i biyu na tarihin rawar Kanada a wannan yakin. Ya lashe kyautar Charles Taylor a 2009 don littafinsa Shock Troops. Ya kasance mai karɓar sau biyu (2000 da 2015) na C.P. Stacey Prize, mai karɓar sau biyu na J.W. Dafoe Book Prize, kuma wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Ottawa sau uku. An zabe shi zuwa Royal Society of Canada a 2019. Ya kasance memba na Order of Canada.
## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Timothy Raleigh Brown Cook a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1971.Haihuwarsa ita ce Kingston, Ontario, kuma ya girma a Ottawa.Iyayensa su ne Terry Cook, sanannen masanin tarihi, da Sharon Anne Cook, farfesa a tarihi kuma marubuci. Ya karanci tarihi a jami'ar Trent da ke Peterborough, sannan ya sami digiri na biyu a Royal Military College of Canada da digiri na uku a Jami'ar New South Wales.
## Mutuwa
Cook ya mutu a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2025. Ya kasance 53. Gidan kayan tarihi na Yaƙin Kanada ya sanar da mutuwar Cook bayan ya rasa yaƙin sa na shekaru 14 da cutar Hodgkin.

## Manazarta
Tarihin yanayin ɗan adam a kasar Sin

**Tunanin Yanayin ɗan adam** ya samo asali ne da wuri a kasar Sin, kimanin shekaru 2,000 da suka gabata. Ayyukan gargajiya na falsafar da Tarihi sun ƙunshi yawancin ra'ayin dangantakar da ke tsakanin ayyukan ɗan adam da "Tian" (sama) ko "Di" (duniya), suna fahimtar cewa bangarorin biyu suna cikin jituwa ko kuma suna cikin rikice-rikice, kuma bangarorin duka suna da nasu dokokin juyin halitta

## Dubi kuma

* Yanayin kasar Sin
* Tarihin kasar Sin
* Tsarin Bayanai na Tarihi na Sin

## Ƙarin karantawa

* Wu Chuan-jun. "Ci gaban yanayin ɗan adam a China: nasarorin da ya samu da kuma abubuwan da ya samu" GeoJournal Volume 21, Lamba 1-2 / Maris, 1990
* Yue-man Yeung da Yixing Zhou . Yanayin ɗan adam a China: juyin halitta, sake farfadowa da fata. *Ci gaba a cikin Yanayin Dan Adam* 15,4 (1991) shafuffuka 373-394
* Tao-Chang Chiang. "Historical geography in China" Ci gaba a cikin Human Geography, Vol. 29, No. 2, 148-164 (2005) 

## Haɗin waje

* China, Land and the People: A Human Geography by L. H. Dudley Buxton . 333 pgs.
Yanayin aiki

**Yanayin aiki** wani bangare ne na Yanayin ɗan adam da Yanayin tattalin arziki wanda ke hulɗa da alaƙar sararin samaniya da yanayin ƙasa a cikin tsarin aiki da siyasa.

## Dubi kuma

* Yanayin Marxist
* Yankin kasuwar aiki

## Ƙarin karantawa

*
Yanayi (mujallar)

**Landscape** wata mujallar ilimin ƙasa ce ta ɗan adam wacce J.B. Jackson ya kafa a 1951 kuma ana buga ta sau uku a shekara a Berkeley, California har zuwa 1999.

Taken asalin mujallar shine "Human Geography of the Southwest"; daga baya aka sauke wannan.

Batutuwan farko guda biyar sun kunshi yawancin rubutun Jackson. Jackson ya kasance mai wallafa mujallar kuma editan har zuwa 1968. An dakatar da bugawa daga 1971-1974.

ISSN dinsa shine 0023-8023.

## Manazarta
The Historical Geography of the Holy Land

***Tarihin Tarihi na Ƙasar Mai Tsarki*** aiki ne na tarihin tarihi da ilimin Littafi Mai-Tsarki da aka fara bugawa a 1894, da kuma magnum opus na masanin tauhidin Scotland George Adam Smith . Littafin ya nemi ya bayyana tarihin, wallafe-wallafen da addinin Littafi Mai-Tsarki ta hanyar bayanin yanayin yanayin Palasdinu, tare da hada lura da farko tare da sukar Littafi Mai-Msarki da bincike na archaeological. An karanta aikin sosai, an sake shi akai-akai (tare da bugu 26), kuma ya kafa Smith a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan hukumomi a kan yanayin ƙasa mai tsarki.

Smith ya tsawaita aikinsa na ƙasa tare da Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land (1915), wanda Smith ya tsara kuma ya shirya a ƙarƙashin jagorancin John George Bartholomew a Cibiyar Nazarin Edinburgh. An buga shi kawai 'yan shekaru kafin Taron Zaman Lafiya na Paris (1919-1920) , 'yan siyasa da diflomasiyya sun yi amfani da littafin don tattauna kan iyakokin Mandatory Palestine.

## Tarihi
Smith ya yi tafiya a Falasdinu a cikin 1880 kuma a cikin 1891, 1901 da 1904, yana gudanar da lura da wuri mai faɗi, yanayi, ilimin ƙasa da sulhu.

## Yankin da tsari

### Tarihin Tarihi
An tsara littafin zuwa manyan sassan uku. Sashe na farko, kusan kashi 20% a girman, yana bi da Siriya da Falasdinu gaba ɗaya, yana nazarin siffar jiki, yanayi, haihuwa, shimfidar wuri da alaƙarsu da tarihin Littafi Mai-Tsarki. Na biyu, kusan kashi 60% na aikin, yana mai da hankali kan Falasdinu a yammacin Kogin Urdun, yayin da na uku, kusan kashi 20%, ke magana da Transjordan. A ko'ina, an gabatar da yanayin ƙasa a matsayin mai tsarawa a ci gaban tarihi, wallafe-wallafen annabci da kuma furcin addini.

### Atlas
Atlas ɗin ya haɗa bincike na ƙarni na sha tara, musamman Binciken PEF na Falasdinu, kuma ya gabatar da taswirar tarihi da ke kwatanta canjin yanki daga Littafi Mai-Tsarki zuwa zamani. Ya ƙunshi taswira 60 da cikakken bayani.

## Manazarta
Kulhulmcilh

**Kulhulmcilh** (ItNuxalkmc: "ƙasar"; ana kiranta: ), wanda kuma aka fi sani da **Nuxalkulmc** ("Ƙasar Nuxalk"; )  da kuma **Yankin Nuxalk**, shine yankin kakanninmu, na gargajiya, da ba a ba da shi ba (ko ƙasa) na Ƙasar Nuxolk. Tana kan gabar tekun British Columbia, al'ada, a ciki da kewayen Bella Coola (Q'umk'uts) . Yankin Nuxalk yana makwabtaka da yankunan Heiltsuk da Haisla zuwa arewa, Wuikinuxv zuwa kudu, da Dakelh Keyoh  da Tŝilhqot'in Nen  a cikin ciki. Ba tare da wata yarjejeniya tsakanin Jihar Kanada da Nuxalk Nation ba, yawancin ƙasar Kulhulmcilh ana jayayya tsakanin gwamnatocin biyu. Tun daga shekara ta 1869 da kuma amfani da Dokar Indiya, an mallaki al'ummar ta hanyar shugaban da aka ɗora wa majalisa, wanda ya rushe tsarin tarihi na *nunuts'xlhuusnm* inda Stataltmc (shugabancin kakanninmu) ke mulkin Nuxalkmc.  Shugaban da aka zaba da Majalisar sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimta tare da Nuxalk Stataltmc a ranar 28 ga Yuni, 2019, wanda ya tsara hanyar ci gaba don farfadowa da sake aiwatar da tsarin shugabancin kakanninmu a Kulhulmcilh.   Hakazalika, yaren (ItNuxalkmc) yana fuskantar farfadowa inda ake jin sa a CKNN-FM Nuxalk Radio kuma ana koyar da shi a duka tsarin makarantar lardin da makarantar Nuxalk Nation, Acwsalcta, wanda ke nufin "wurin ilmantarwa".

## Magana
***Kulhulmcilh*** da ******** suna nufin "ƙasarmu" da "Ƙasar Nuxalk," bi da bi, a cikin ItNuxalkmc. Sunan "Nuxalk" don yaren ya fito ne daga asalin nuxalk (ko ), yana nufin "Bella Coola Valley". "Bella Coola" fassarar Heiltsuk bḷ́xwlá ce, ma'ana "baƙo".

## Gwamnati
A halin yanzu, Kulhulmcilh tana karkashin kulawar gwamnatoci daban-daban: asalin, gwamnatin kakanninmu (ko *nunuts'xlhuusnm* kamar yadda Nuxalk Stataltmc ke jagoranta), gwamnatin ƙungiyar da aka ɗora tare da zaɓaɓɓen Cif da Majalisar, da gwamnatocin British Columbia da Kanada. Cif da Majalisar, a matsayin abin tunawa na Dokar Indiya, kai tsaye suna kula da Bella Coola Indian Reserve No. 1 (wanda ke da kashi 0.1% kawai na yankinsu) yayin da gwamnatocin larduna da tarayya ke kula da sauran kashi 99.9% na ƙasashe da ruwa na Kulhulmcilh. Koyaya, akwai sake farfadowa na mulkin gargajiya, kuma Stataltmc kwanan nan sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimta tare da Cif da Majalisar don kafa tushe don aiwatar da yanke shawara na gaba a cikin al'umma.

## Manazarta
Yanayin harshe

**Yanayin harshe** reshe ne na Yanayin ɗan adam wanda ke nazarin rarrabawar ƙasa na harshe (s) ko abubuwan da ke tattare da shi. Harshen harshe na iya komawa ga nazarin yadda mutane ke magana game da wuri mai faɗi. Misali, toponymy shine nazarin sunayen wurare. Landscape ethnoecology, wanda aka fi sani da ethnophysiography, shine nazarin ilimin shimfidar wuri da kuma yadda aka bayyana su cikin harshe.

Akwai manyan fannoni biyu na karatu a cikin yanayin harshe:

# *yanayin harsuna*, wanda ke hulɗa da rarraba ta hanyar tarihi da sararin harsuna, da / ko ya damu da 'bincike na tsarin rarraba da tsarin sararin samaniya na harsuna da ke hulɗa'.
# geolinguistics kasancewa, lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi azaman karamin horo na yanayin ƙasa, nazarin 'tsarin siyasa, tattalin arziki da al'adu waɗanda ke shafar matsayi da rarraba harsuna'. Lokacin da aka fahimta a matsayin wani bangare na *ilimin harshe* wanda ya haɗa da ilimin harshe na hulɗa, ma'anar da ta bayyana ita ce 'bincike na harsuna da yaruka a hulɗa da rikici tare da al'umma, tattalin arziki, akidar, siyasa da sauran abubuwan zamani dangane da wani wuri na ƙasa da kuma a kan sikelin duniya'. 

An ba da shawarar wasu kalmomi da ƙananan horo, amma babu wanda ya sami kuɗi mai yawa,  gami da:

* ilimin harshe,  wanda ke hulɗa da bambancin harshe na yanki a cikin harsuna,    wanda kuma ake kira ilimin harshe na yare, wanda wasu ke la'akari da rarrabawar ilimin harshe [3]
* rarrabuwa a cikin jarrabawar ilimin harshe wanda ke raba nazarin canji a kan lokaci da sarari; 

Nazarin da yawa a cikin abin da ake kira yanzu ilimin harshe na hulɗa sun bincika tasirin hulɗar harshe,  kamar yadda harsuna ko yaruka (nau'o'i) na mutane suka yi hulɗa.  Wannan fadada yankuna na kungiyoyin harsuna yawanci ya haifar da rufe harsuna a kan wuraren magana da ke akwai, maimakon maye gurbin wani harshe da wani. Alal misali, bayan nasarar Norman na Ingila, Tsohon Faransanci ya zama harshen aristocracy amma Turanci na Tsakiya ya kasance harshen yawancin jama'a.

## Kungiyoyin ilimin harshe
Yawancin Ƙungiyoyin ilimin harshe sun bayyana kansu a matsayin ƙungiyoyin masu ilimin harshe maimakon masu ilimin ƙasa. Wannan ya haɗa da tsofaffi biyu waɗanda duka biyu sun kasance zuwa 1965 tare da "Amici Linguarum" (abokai na harshe) wanda Erik V. Gunnemark da The American Society of Geolinguistics da Mario A. Pei suka kafa. Bincike a cikin ilimin harshe wanda waɗannan ƙungiyoyi da sauransu, waɗanda suka fi dacewa da yanayin ƙasa, suna ingantawa sau da yawa haɗuwa, kasancewa a wasu lokuta a lokaci guda duka harshe da na ƙasa, kuma a wasu lokuta suna da alaƙa da wasu ƙananan fannoni na ilimin harshe da kuma wucewa da ilimin harshe don haɗawa da ilimin zamantakewa, ilimin ɗan adam, ilimin lissafi, tarihi, ilimin siyasa, nazarin fahimta da sadarwa, da sauransu.

## Dubi kuma

* Ci gaba da yaren
* Manufofin Harshe
* Ilimin ilimin harshe
* Yanayin harshe
* Taswirar harshe
* Hakkin harshe
* Kasuwanci

## Manazarta
Jingbo Wang

**Jingbo Wang** masaniyar kimiyyar lissafi ce na Australiya wadda ke aiki a fannin kwaikwayon lissafi, algorithms, da kimiyyar bayanai.

## Ilimi
Wang ta sami digirinta na PhD daga Sashen Physics da Mathematical Physics, Jami'ar Adelaide, Ostiraliya.

## Ayyukan ilimi
Wang a halin yanzu Farfesa ce kuma Shugaban Sashen Physics a Jami'ar Western Australia .  Tana jagorantar Cibiyar Bincike ta QUISA (Quantum Information, Simulation and Algorithms), wacce ke da niyyar inganta hadin gwiwa da kasuwanci, ta hada ma'aikatan ilimi, daliban bincike, gwamnati da abokan hulɗa na masana'antu don bunkasa sabbin hanyoyin magance matsaloli masu rikitarwa da abubuwan da ba za a iya magance su ba. Farfesa Wang kuma shi ne Shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Australiya (WA Branch). 

Tawagarta ta gudanar da bincike da ya shafi musamman tafiya ta kwantum guda ɗaya da kuma ta barbashi da yawa,     suna nuna ƙarfinsu wajen nazarin hanyoyin sadarwa masu rikitarwa, wajen gano kamanceceniya a cikin tsarin rikitarwa, a cikin sarrafa hoto da koyon injin, da kuma inganta matsalolin haɗin gwiwa.   Sun kuma sami da'irorin kwantum masu inganci don aiwatar da algorithms na kwantum masu mahimmanci.

## Daraja da karbuwa

* Kyautar Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa don Gudanar da Bincike, Jami'ar Yammacin Australia (2022) 
* Fellow, Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Australiya (2020) 
* WA Dennis Moore Award don nasarorin da aka samu a binciken lissafi, Australian Computer Society (2018) 

## Manazarta
Tattaunawar shaida

**Taron shaida** hanya ce ta tattara kayan Tarihin baki, inda mutane da yawa da ke da alaƙa da wani taron ko batun suka hadu don raba abubuwan tunawa da sa hannunsu. Ana iya yin rikodin sakamakon ko bidiyo kuma an buga rubutun da aka gyara.

Cibiyar Tarihin Burtaniya ta zamani (yanzu Cibiyar Tarihi ta Burtaniya ta Zamani) ce ta tsara manufar kuma daga baya The History of Modern Biomedicine Group ta karbe ta, kuma an buga ta a matsayin kundin a cikin Shaidu masu Kyau ga jerin Magunguna na Zamani.

## Manazarta
Zhydachiv

**Zhydachiv** (Ukrainian, IPA) birni ne a cikin Stryi Raion, Lviv Oblast (yankin) a yammacin Ukraine . Yana karbar bakuncin gwamnatin Zhydachiv birni hromada, ɗaya daga cikin hromadas na Ukraine.  Gwamnatin karamar hukuma ce ke gudanar da ita ta Majalisar Birnin Zhydachiv. Yawan jama'arta kusan 10,353 ne (kimanin 2022).

Zhydachiv yana kan Kogin Stryi . Tana da makarantu biyu da kuma dakin motsa jiki na Ukraine guda daya.

## Sunan
Birnin a tarihi yana da nau'o'in sunaye da yawa, suna nuna tarihinsa mai rikitarwa, gami da Yiddish: Subirדיט酸,  Zidichov, Zhidetshoyv. An ambaci shi a karo na farko a cikin 1164 a ƙarƙashin sunan *Udech* . A cikin takardu daga ƙarni na 14 zuwa 17, an kira birnin Zudech, Zudachiv, Sudachiv, Zidachiv, Sidachiv, Zudechev da sauransu.

## Tarihi

Rubutun farko da aka ambaci birnin ya kasance daga shekara ta 1164. A wannan lokacin birnin ya kasance wani ɓangare na Galician Rus' kuma ya kasance muhimmiyar cibiyar kasuwanci a wurin haɗuwar kogin Stryi a Dniester tare da cocin dutse na St. Nicholas . Sa'an nan kuma ana kiransa Udech (Udeč), Zhydachiv ya samo asali ne daga ƙauyuka biyu da ke da nisan mita 800 daga juna. Babban sansanin yammacin ya mamaye yankin dutsen "Bazyivka" na yanzu kuma sansanin gabas yana cikin dutsen "Zamok" ("Castle"). Tun daga wannan lokacin (karni na 13) ya zo sanannen siffar mu'ujiza ta Budurwa Maryamu wacce har yanzu ta kasance a cikin birni.

A tsakiyar karni na 17, yawan mutanen Zhydachiv sun shiga cikin Khmelnytsky Uprising wanda aka fi sani da yakin 'yanci wanda Bohdan Khmelnytky ya jagoranta. A shekara ta 1772, Daular Habsburg ta kwace shi, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Austrian Galicia kuma a cikin 1800 an kafa Makarantar Yahudawa.

Har zuwa 18 ga Yulin 2020, Zhydachiv ita ce cibiyar gudanarwa ta Zhydachvi Raion . An soke raion a watan Yulin 2020 a matsayin wani ɓangare na sake fasalin gudanarwa na Ukraine, wanda ya rage yawan raions na Lviv Oblast zuwa bakwai. Yankin Zhydachiv Raion ya haɗu da Stryi Raion.

## Manazarta
Georgina Bruce

**Georgina Bruce** marubuciya ce 'yar Birtaniya mai rubuta gajerun labarai masu ban tsoro . Ta lashe kyautar British Fantasy Award ta 2017 saboda aikinta *White Rabbit* . An buga ta a mujallu da dama ciki har da *Black Static*, *Interzone*, *[[Best British Horror]]* da *Strange Horizons*, da kuma tattara ayyukanta a cikin *This House of Rounds* . Tana aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta a Edinburgh bayan ta yi tafiya a duniya kuma ta shafe lokaci tana zaune a Japan . Bruce ya ci gaba da karatun rubutun allo wanda Liz Clegg ta koyar. Ta lashe matsayi a matsayin gajeren labarinta na farko bayan ta cika shekaru talatin. Daga nan ta fara aiki kan rubutun da koyar da shi. kafin ta ci gaba da hada da rubutun. Wannan gajeren labarin farko daga baya aka mayar da shi wani gajeren fim.      

## Littattafan tarihi

### Tarin abubuwa

### Gajerun labarai na almara

* "Rose is Rose" (2009)
* "Mafarkin Yarjejeniyar" (2010)
* "Taɓawa, Rubutawa" (2010)
* "Miss Lonelyhearts" (2010)
* "Crow Voodoo" (2010)
* "Fatalwar Doki a ƙarƙashin Chandelier" (2010)
* "Mai Kyau" (2011)
* "Mafarkan da aka Zana na Kakanni" (2011)
* "Mayya" (2011)
* "Kare" (2011)
* "Geometry na Convent" (2011)
* "Mr. White Umbrella" (2011)
* "Sarauniyar Wukake" (2013)
* "Duniyar kyanwa" (2013)
* "Duk Nau'o'in da Za Su Yi Duniya" (2013)
* "Fasaha ta Tashi" (2013)
* "Tashi, Phil" (2014)
* "Farin Zomo" (2016)
* "Haɗakar Ƙarfe ta Ƙasashen Duniya" (2016)
* "Ƙaramin Zuciya" (2017)
* "Littafin Mafarkai" (2017)
* "Masoyan Fasaha" (2018)
* "Teku na Wata" (2018)
* "Jininta, Tuffa, Kasusuwanta, Bishiyoyi" (2018)
* "Café Corona" (2019)
* "Kuebiko" (2019)
* "Jakar Sarauniya" (2019)
* "Uwargidan Yanayi" (2019)
* "Mutanen Inuwa" (2019)

## Manazarta
Ada Buisson

**Ada Buisson** (26 Maris 1839 - 27 Disamba 1866) marubuciyar marubuciya 'yar Ingila ce da aka fi tunawa da ita saboda labaranta na fatalwa .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Ada Buisson a Battersea da ke Surrey, 'ya ta uku ga ɗan kasuwa Jean François (wanda aka fi sani da 'John Francis') Buisson (1797–1871) da matarsa 'yar Ingila Dorothy Jane ( née Smither; 1817–1852).   Babban ɗan'uwanta shine Leontine, wanda daga baya ya zama malami, marubuci kuma ƙwararren marubuci, mai rajin kare haƙƙin mata kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata a Queensland, Ostiraliya .  An ayyana mahaifinta a matsayin wanda ya yi fatara a 1842, kuma a kusan 1850 ita da iyalinta suka ƙaura zuwa Brighton,   inda mahaifiyarta ta mutu a 1852. Daga 1854 zuwa 1855, tare da 'yan'uwanta mata Leontine da Irma, ta yi karatun falsafar ɗabi'a da tarihin halitta a Kwalejin Bedford ta mata kaɗai da ke Landan. 

Ada Buisson ta mutu a shekara ta 1866 a Boulogne-sur-Mer, tana da shekaru 27.

## Aiki
A lokacin rayuwarta, Buisson ta buga wani littafi mai suna *Put to the Test* (1865), wanda John Maxwell ya buga.  Sauran ayyukanta, wanda ya ƙunshi wani littafi na biyu, *A Terrible Wrong: A Novel* (1867), wanda TC Newby ya buga, da kuma gajerun labarai daban-daban, an buga su jim kaɗan bayan mutuwarta. Rubuce-rubucenta daban-daban sun bayyana a *Belgravia*, wata mujalla da kawarta, marubuciyar marubuciya Mary Elizabeth Braddon, ta shirya,  wadda ta haɗu da ita ta hannun mijin Braddon, mawallafin Buisson John Maxwell. A cikin wannan an buga labaranta guda shida na fatalwa bayan mutuwarta: "Zoben Lu'u-lu'u na Goggo" (1867), "Labarin da aka faɗa a Coci" (1867), "The Ghost's Summons" (1868), "The Baron's Coffin" (1869), da "My Sister Caroline" (1870).  Daga baya Montague Summers, masanin adabin Gothic, ya danganta rubuce-rubucen Buisson da Braddon.  Kuskuren Summers, wanda aka buga a cikin Jaridar *The Times Literary Supplement* a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 1944, ɗan uwan Buisson Frederick Buisson Evans (1874-1952) ya gyara shi makonni uku bayan haka.  

Labarin Buisson mai suna "The Ghost's Summons", wanda aka buga bayan mutuwarsa a Belgravia (Janairu 1868), an rubuta shi a cikin tarin labaran fatalwa. An buga tarin labaran fatalwa guda biyar, waɗanda aka buga a Belgravia, a shekarar 2022 a matsayin Akwatin Baron da Sauran Tatsuniyoyi Masu Damuwa .

## Manazarta