Melville Jacobs

**Melville Jacobs** (Yuli 3, 1902 - Yuli 31, 1971) masanin ilimin ɗan adam ne na Amurka kuma masanin al'adun gargajiya wanda aka sani da aikinsa na adana al'adun asali da Harsuna na Pacific Northwest Amurka. Jacobs dalibi ne na digiri na Franz Boas, masanin ilimin ɗan adam na Jamusanci da kuma masanin ilimin kabilanci wanda ya yi aiki tare da Mutanen Chinookan. Bayan lokacinsa a fagen, Jacobs ya zama memba na bangaren Jami'ar Washington a 1928 kuma ya kasance a can har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1971. A lokacin McCarthy Era, an yi niyya ga Jacobs saboda ci gabansa na siyasa da kuma haɗin kai da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Amurka.

## Ilimi da rayuwar mutum
Jacobs ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko daga Kwalejin Birnin New York a 1922. Ya ci gaba da samun digiri na biyu a tarihin Amurka daga Jami'ar Columbia a 1923 da kuma digirin digirinsa a fannin ilimin ɗan adam daga Jami'war Columbia a 1931. Bayan ya yi karatu a karkashin masanin ilimin ɗan adam Franz Boas a Columbia, Jacobs ya ci gaba da yin aikin harshe da ilimin ɗan adam tare da kabilun da ke jihar Oregon. Ayyukansa na filin ya sami tallafin watanni shida a wani lokaci daga Boas tsakanin shekarun 1928 da 1936. 

A lokacin karatunsa, Jacobs ya sadu da Elizabeth Derr kuma zai ci gaba da aure ta a ranar 3 ga Janairu 1931. Ya jagoranci ta a fannin ilimin ɗan adam kuma ta ci gaba da yin aikinta tare da mutanen Tillamook bayan ta bi Melville a tafiye-tafiyen bincikensa a 1933. 

Jacobs ya kasance ɗan'uwan Ƙungiyar Anthropological ta Amurka kuma mataimakin edita na American Anthropologist a ƙarƙashin Ralph Linton daga 1939-1944. Ya kasance shugaban kungiyar American Folklore Society daga 1963-1964 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin su a Majalisar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Amirka daga 1966-1968. 

Jacobs ya mutu daga ciwon daji shekara guda kafin ya yi ritaya, makonni da yawa bayan ranar haihuwarsa ta 69 a ranar 31 ga Yuli, 1971 a Seattle, Washington.

## Ayyukan ilimin ɗan adam
A farkon aikinsa kuma tare da kudade daga Franz Boas, Jacobs ya tattara adadi mai yawa na bayanan harshe da rubutu daga harsuna masu yawa na 'yan asalin Oregon ciki har da Sahaptin, Mola, Kalapuya, Clackamas, Hanis, Miluk, Tillamook, Alsea, Upper Umpqua, Galicia da Chinook Jargon. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin tattarawa shine ta hanyar aiki tare da masu ba da labari na asali kamar Victoria Howard, wanda aka haifa a wurin ajiyar Grand Ronde, da rikodin sauti da sake rubuta waƙoƙinsu da labarun su.

Jacobs ya sadu da masu magana da harsuna na asali da yawa kuma ya yi aiki sosai don adana yawancin waɗannan harsuna masu mutuwa kamar yadda zai yiwu don nazarin nan gaba. Jacobs ya rubuta sauti a kan silinda na wax, a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, da kuma a kan rikodin acetate ta amfani da mai rikodin phonograph wanda aka gina ta al'ada wanda ya shiga filin. Bayan kammala aikinsa a 1939, an kashe ƙarshen aikin Jacobs wajen rubuta da fassara rikodin sa da bayanan bincike.

## Gwagwarmaya da jayayya
Biye da sawun Franz Boas, Jacobs ya kasance mai tsananin adawa da wariyar launin fata na kimiyya. Har zuwa 1948, shi da wasu 'yan uwansa masu ilimin ɗan adam a Jami'ar Washington sun ba da laccoci a yankin Pacific North West suna adawa da wariyar launin fata da kimiyyar launin fata, wanda a lokacin har yanzu ana ɗaukarsa wani ɓangare na fannin ilimin ɗan adam. Wadannan ayyukan musamman sune abin da ya ja hankalin FBI ga Jacobs a farkon shekarun Yaƙin Cold . 

Jacobs ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Amurka daga 1935 zuwa 1945 kuma ya shiga cikin ayyukan ci gaba da yawa. Shi, da Franz Boas, sun zauna a cikin kwamitin Amurka don kare wadanda aka haifa a kasashen waje a farkon shekarun 1940. Ya kuma shiga cikin ƙoƙari na toshe Dokar Hobbs "Camp Concentration" na 1941.  Lokacin da kwamitin Jihar Washington ya kusanci shi kan ayyukan da ba na Amurka ba kuma ya nemi ya ba da sunayen sauran jami'an Jami'ar Washington waɗanda suka halarci taron Jam'iyyar Kwaminis, ya ki yin hakan kuma ya bayyana ba tare da wata shakka ba cewa mutanen da ake magana a kansu ba su karya dokoki ba kuma Amurkawa ne masu aminci da abokansa. Matar Jacobs Elizabeth memba ce ta jam'iyyar kuma an san ta da FBI na ɗan lokaci kafin waɗannan abubuwan su faru. Daga ƙarshe, Jacobs ba zai taɓa rasa aikinsa a Jami'ar Washington ba kuma, bayan ya tsira daga lokacin gwaji na shekaru biyu daga 1949 zuwa 1951, ya kasance a jami'ar har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1971.

## manazarta