open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
𒊍

cuneiform a matsayin alamar, kuma aṣ, **az az**, ana samun su a cikin haruffa Amarna na karni na 14 BC da Epic na Gilgamesh . ***'''kamar yadda****' *az az* cikin haruffa na Amarna ya bayyana iri ɗaya a cikin haruffan Amarna EA 365, da EA 362. A cikin hoton rabin rabin [[Wasikar Amarna EA 365]] (aikin gona mai aiki), ana amfani da shi don kiran ma'aikata kamar haka: LÚ-MEŠ- (jama'a) -ma-as-sà-meš- (jamajama'a), (amēlu-massu)  

A cikin Epic na Gilgamesh, (Tablets I-XII) an yi amfani da shi kamar haka: kamar yadda, sau 26, aṣ, 25, da az, 21.

== Amarna haruffa amfani ==
A cikin haruffa na Amarna, an fassara shi daban daga na lantarki, sigar dijital. Bayani don amfani biyu, a kan haruffa [[Wasikar Amarna EA 365|EA 365]], da [[Wasikar Amarna EA 362|EA 362]] kamar haka: ana samun sassan ciki a waje da nau'i-nau'i na bugun jini na kwance; Har ila yau, nau'i na biyu na bugun jini, yana nuna bugun jini na ƙasa da ke kusurwa zuwa dama (ba da sarari don bugun jini na kusurwa biyu, maimakon 362 da 365, 'haɗe-ƙananan-ƙasa-ƙasa'). Ƙarshen, bugun jini na biyu na dama da aka yi don alamar bugun jini ta 4 + 4 + 2, suna bin alamar, kuma tsakanin bugun jini na dama 2 (a cikin sarari tsakanin; bugun jini goma an sanya shi a kan bugun jini 9, yana yin bugun jini biyu na ƙarshe, ta matsayi na dama na ƙarshe).

Za'a iya ganin gajerun bugun jini na tsaye, kuma tsakanin ƙasan hagu-kwatanta (ƙarshen ta), da kuma farkon bugun jini na dama-kwatanci; saboda haka, ko dai rukuni na ƙarshe na bugun jini 4, ko 'ƙarshe' bugun jini 2, sun zama bugun jini na ƙarshe a cikin yin alamar. Da yake alamar tana cikin rukuni na "alamu na coupound", (alamu 'an kara-zuwa', 'kewaye-da' (a rufe-cikin) wasu bugun jini), ana iya ɗauka cewa amfani da sa cuneiform don ƙarin ƙwarewa, ko yanayi na musamman. A cikin Wasikar Amarna EA 362, Rib-Hadda zuwa Fir'auna, dogon tattaunawa ya haɗa da 'yanki' (birni-jihohi), da sauran mutane, da tashin hankali a yankin da ke kewaye da Byblos. Ana amfani da alamar a cikin kalmar "ƙaryaci", ('ƙaryaci'), (ka-az-bu-te), layi na 53, Rib-Hadda yana da'awar cewa ba ya ƙarya, (ko yaudari) Fir'auna.

== Manazarta ==


* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.'' Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
* Rainey, 1970 El Amarna Tablets, 359-379, Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, Alter Orient Altes Testament 8, Kevelaer da Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, shafuka 107.
𒆗

Alamar cuneiform *dan* alama ce mai amfani da yawa da aka samo a cikin haruffa Amarna na karni na 14 BC da Epic na Gilgamesh . Baya ga **dan**, (da **tan**), masu zuwa sune amfani da shi (daga Epic of Gilgamesh): 

As sumerogram **GURUŠ**, it is only used for its Akkadian language meaning "eṭlu"-("young man"). Half of the spellings of *eṭlu* use GURUŠ combined with other signs, and half spell *eṭlu* alphabetically/syllabically. The quantities used for specific meanings of the sign, in the Epic of Gilgamesh are as follows: *dan*-(27), *kal*-(23), *lab*-(19), *lap*-(3), *lép*-(1), *líb*-(7), *líp*-(3), *reb*-(7), *rib*-(2), *tan*-(10), *GURUŠ*-(23).

## Amarna wasika amfani da "dan-is"
Haɗe da is, (is (cuneiform)), kalmar Akkadian **dan-is**, "danniš",  ma'ana "mai girma", "mai ƙarfi", "mai himma", da dai sauransu ana amfani da su a cikin haruffa Amarna, musamman daga Mesopotamiya, na Mitanni (Sarkin Tushratta), Babila, da sauransu. Wasikar Tushratta zuwa Fir'auna, Wasikar Amarna EA 19, *Ƙauna da Zinariya* suna amfani da misalai da yawa na danniš; kuma daga Tushratt, EA 26 da EA 28.

Lokacin da ake karfafawa, (kamar yadda yake a takamaiman sakin layi na EA 19), amfani shine danniš-danniš. A cikin haruffa na Amarna ana amfani da wani nau'in Kan'ana daban: **ma-gal**, **ma-gal** (Amarna wasika EA 364, da Amarna wasika EA 299 misali).

An kuma san sau uku na kalmar danniš. Takaitaccen Wasikar Amarna EA 23, sananne ne ga rubutun Hieratic na Masar a baya, daga Tushratta, layi 18 a gaba, da layi 19-32 a kasa zuwa tsakiyar baya, yana da dogon sakin layi na gabatarwa, layi 1-12. Layin 12 da ya ƙare sakin layi ya ce "....kowane abu-ku, da ƙarfi, da ƙarfi. 'zai iya zama' ("šalāmu" [1]- (a zaman lafiya))." ("a zaman lafiya" daga layin da ya gabata, 'zai iya kasancewa', lu-ú, ƙarshen layin EA 23:6, 8, 12)

## Manazarta

* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
𒅈

AlamAr cuneiform Ar, . - alama ce ta cuneiform wacce alama ce ta haɗuwa, wacce ke dauke da Ši (cuneiform) , da Ri (cuneiformation). Ana amfani da shi a cikin sanannen suna a cikin haruffa na Amarna, don Šuwardata, da kuma a cikin haruffan Amarna da yawa. An kuma yi amfani da "Ar" a cikin Epic of Gilgamesh, da sauran matani.

## Amfani da Epic na Gilgamesh
Amfani da alam**'ar**' Ar a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh kamar haka: ar- (sau 21). 

## Manazarta

* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
Bi (cuneiform)

Alamar cuneiform **bi**, kuma pí, kuma ana amfani da ita don wasu siffofin syllabic, da kuma sumerogram, alama ce ta amfani da syllabic da haruffa cuneiform da aka yi amfani da ita a tsakiyar karni na 14 BC Amarna haruffa da E**pi** of Gilgamesh. A cikin haruffa na Amarna, wani lokacin ana amfani da shi don rubutun masu harbi (pitati na Masar) , 'pí-t (x) -t (x), buƙatar da ake buƙata daga Fir'auna a cikin ɓangaren haruffa.

A matsayin sumerogram, (babba harafi (majuscule)), ana amfani da alamar *bi* don **KAŠ**, Harshen Akkadian don "šikāru", *giya*.

Ana amfani da abubuwa masu zuwa na harshe don *bi* a cikin Epic: 

: **ya tabbata**
: **bi**
: **gaš**
: **kaš**
: **pi**
: **KAŠ**, sumerogram: "biya"

Lambo*bi* amfani da alamar *bi* a cikin E*pi* na Gilgamesh sune kamar haka: bé- (sau 25), bi- (190), *gaš*- (1), *kaš*- (12), pí- (2), KAŠ- (1).

## Amarna haruffa amfani

### Amfani da pí, masu harbi na Masar
Masu harbi sun kasance wani ɓangare na sojojin Masar, kuma sau da yawa ana buƙatar su ta biranen Kan'ana, lokacin da suke rubutu ga Fir'auna a cikin wasiƙun Amarna. An kira su pi)" id="mwZw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Archers (Egyptian pitati)">Pitati, Harshen Akkadian "piṭātu", [1] "dakarun sojoji", kuma ana rubuta su ta hanyoyi da yawa, galibi suna farawa da alamar bi kamar pí.

Jerin rubutun *"ERIM.MEŠ-pitati"*, ta wasikar Amarna:

* EA 86, 86:7--pí-ṭa-ti*pí-ṭa-tikai*
* EA 282, 282:11--pí-ṭa-ti*pí-ṭa-tikai*
* EA 290, 290:20--pí-ṭa-ti*pí-ṭa-tikai*
* EA 296, 296:34--pí-ṭa-ti*pí-ṭa-tikai*

## Manazarta

* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
* Rainey, 1970 El Amarna Tablets, 359-379, Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, Alter Orient, Altes Testament 8, Kevelaer da Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, shafuka 107.
DAGAL

Alamar cuneiform **DAGAL**, wacce babba wasika ce (majuscule) Sumerogram tare da Harshen Akkadian ma'anar zama mai faɗi, ko mai faɗi; kuma "da yawa", Akkadian "rapāšu",  ƙaramar alamar cuneiform ce da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin haruffa Amarna da Epic na Gilgamesh . Ana amfani da alamar amfani iri ɗaya don DAGAL a cikin haruffa na Amarna, *Gáb*, don harshen Akkadian "*gabb*",  (don "da yawa", "da yawa" (dukanmu) ", da dai sauransu) kuma ana samunsa a cikin haruffan kamar EA 362, EA 367, da sauransu. Gáb yana da wasu dabi'un syllabic, waɗanda ake amfani da su don rarraba kalmomin Akkadian.

DAGAL alama ce mai siffar rectangular; duk da haka amfani da ita a cikin EA 325, don samar da tanadi "mai yawa", sannan maimaitawa bayan jerin tanadi shida, an kara alamar a karo na 2. Dukkanin alamun da ke cikin EA 325 iri ɗaya ne, kuma sun fi 'kusurwa'- (marasa layi daya) fiye da rectangular. A gefe guda, gáb yana da rectangular, amma ya fi DAGAL guntu, kuma yana da wasu amfani da syllabic. Gáb da DAGAL suna da sauƙin ganewa ta hanyar bugun jini na tsaye, wanda ke cikin alamar cuneiform - hagu, kuma suna a kusurwoyi daban-daban ban da tsaye (kusurwa a gaban, ƙasa, zuwa hagu). Abubuwan da aka haɗa (wanda aka nuna a matsayin An, An (cuneiform) ) a hannun dama na alamar, ba su da sauƙin ganewa, ko kuma an haɗa su da tsayi mai tsayi, wanda ke ɗaure gefen dama na alamar cuneiform.  (Tsohon sigar DAGAL: .) 

A cikin EA 9, ana amfani da alamar DAGAL sau da yawa a cikin sakin layi (2); DAGAL ba ta da tsawo kamar yadda yake a cikin EA 325. EA 9 labari ne mai rikitarwa na sakin layi uku kawai, amma kamar yadda hoton ya nuna baya (wanda aka nuna a sama, 2/3 na karshe na sakin layi (3)), rubutun yana da ɗan ƙarami. Rubutun EA 325 rubutu ne na Kan'ana, tare da sarari mai faɗi, galibi, tsakanin alamun cuneiform. Alamun EA 9 suna da sarari, amma yawanci kawai tsakanin jimloli, ko kuma a matsayin maki masu mahimmanci.

## Manazarta

* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
* Rainey, 1970 El Amarna Tablets, 359-379, Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, Alter Orient Altes Testament 8, Kevelaer da Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, shafuka 107.
* Ugarit Forschungen (Neukirchen-Vluyn). UF-11 (1979) ya girmama Claude Schaeffer, tare da kimanin labarai 100 a cikin shafuka 900. shafi na 95, ff, "Comparative Graphemic Analysis of Old Babylonian and Western Akkadian", marubucin Giorgio Buccellati, (watau Ugarit da Amarna (wasiku), wasu uku, Mari, OB,Royal, OB, non-Royal haruffa).
𒁹

**Diš** alama ce ta cuneiform da ke wakiltar ː ko . Yana da amfani da yawa a cikin matani na cuneiform, gami da Epic of Gilgamesh .

## Bayyanawa
Wannan alama ce ta cuneiform. A cikin Unicode, U+12079 (DISH) ne ke wakilta shi

## Amfani da alamar tsaye
A cikin haruffa na Amarna, ana amfani da shi don nuna *Maza*.  (Ana nuna mata da sal (cuneiform), . ) 

Ana amfani da alamar don nuna "lambobi na abubuwa". Ana amfani da alamar don 1. Misalan amfani da yawa a cikin haruffa na Amarna, shine don yin magana da Fir'auna, sau da yawa a matsayin "Bawanku, a 2 Feet, .. Ina durƙusa. " Misali na amfani da yawa cikin haruffan Amarna, sau da mingi ana durƙusawa ƙasa: " .. 7 da 7 sau (Ina durƙusa)! ", tare da ƙananan bugun jini bakwai a matsayin raka'a na lamba "1".

## Amfani da Epic na Gilgamesh
A cikin Epic na Gilgamesh, akwai kuma amfani da "*diš*", da "*tiš*".  (A cikin Harshen Akkadian, "d" & "t", suna musayar (murya vs unvoiced). **'Ana**', (*diš*) amfani da alamar a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh kamar haka: ana- (sau ***1***); diš- (6); tiš- (6)); da 1- (sau 87). 

## Amfani da glossenkeil na alamar kusurwa
Yawancin haruffa na Amarna suna amfani da glossenkeils, na nau'o'i biyu: nau'in 1: da nau'in 2: (gl (AL) ). Ana samun nau'in 2 a cikin haruffa na misali: EA 364, EA 245, da EA 287.  (A cikin jerin *CDLI* (Chicago Digital Library Initiative), an wakilta shi a cikin rubutun kamar **":"**. Hakazalika a cikin fassarar Moran, William L. ) Ana iya samun nau'in 1 a cikin Amarna misali harafin EA 147.

Nau'in 2 glossenkeil, ɗan gajeren fasalin babban kusurwa ne, nau'in 2; (tsawon bugun alamar dan kadan ne, ko kuma mafi girma, an gajarta shi. A cikin haruffa Amarna, sau da yawa har zuwa 50% na "cikakken bugun".). Hoton mai inganci na EA 364, layi na 8, yana nuna tsawon kusan 3/4 na cikakken bugun jini.

## Manazarta
𒂍

Alamar cuneiform É, alama ce ta amfani da haruffa Amarna, Epic of Gilgamesh, da sauran matani na cuneiform (alal misali matani na Hittite). Amfani da shi na yau da kullun shine don logogram "É", wanda a cikin Harshen Akkadian shine *bītu*, (don Turanci: *"gida"*), (kuma me ya sa aka jera *bit* / *rami* a cikin amfani da haruffa.) 

Amfani da alamar É a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh kamar haka: *bit*, sau 11, *dabba*, lokaci 1, *rami*, sau 7, da kuma É, sau 64.

## Manazarta

* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List.
𒁺

Alamar k" **d="mwHw">daga**-linkid="14" href="./C*u*" id="mwHg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Cuneiform">daga-linkid="18" href="./Cuneiform" id="mwJw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform **DU**, *ku* ***ku''p****, da Sumerograms DU da ***GUB***, alama ce ta amfani da Epic na Gilgamesh, haruffa Amarna na 1350 BC, da sauran matani na cuneiform. A cikin Harshen Akkadian don *sama* da kalmomi, ana iya amfani da shi a cikin syllabically don: du, ko *kup* (da ku, sama); kuma a cikin haruffa don haruffa d, u, k, ko p. (Dukan wasula huɗu a cikin Akkadian suna iya musayar su don samar da kalmomin (*a, e, i, u*), don haka zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa na marubuta suna bayyane don rubuta ainihin kalmomin 'ƙamus'. ) Hakanan gaskiya ne a cikin harshen Akkadian, cewa wasu ƙwayoyin suna da nau'i-nau'i (k / g, k / q), don haka an bayyana dangantakar da ke tsakanin kup, da sumerogram GUB (k / G).

Ga sumerogram GUB, GUB a cikin Harshen Akkadian ya zama Uzuzuzu, Harshen Ingilishi don "tsayawa", ko "don kasancewa"; a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh, ana amfani da GUB kawai (2) -lokaci don Uzuzuzu, [1] kuma ana amfani da shi a wasu wurare a cikin Tablets I-XII (surori), (15) -lokaci.

== Amfani da Epic na Gilgamesh ==
Lambobin amfani don *DU* a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh sune kamar *daga*: <sup class="mw-ref reference" i="">daga-cx="{}" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-2","html":"Parpola, 1971. , Sign List, pp. 155-165, Sign No. 206, , p. 159."}}' id="cite_ref-2" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Du_(cuneiform)#cite_note-2 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"></span></span>]</sup> du- (148) sau, *kup*- (1), da DU- (17) sau.

== Manazarta ==


* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.'' Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
𒁲

Alamar i" **d="mwLg">d="mwIw">daga**-linkid="11" href="./Cuneiform" id="mwIQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" *t*="Cuneiform">cuneiform ***'DI***',*da kuma* de, ***''ṭ****, *'ṭi**, da Sumerograms DI da **SÁ** alama ce ta amfani da Epic na Gilgamesh, haruffa Amarna na 1350 BC, da sauran matani na cuneiform. A cikin Harshen Akkadian don samar da kalmomi, ana iya amfani da shi a cikin syllabically don: ''de, di, ṭe, da ṭi''; kuma a cikin haruffa don haruffa d, ṭ, e, ko i. (Dukan wasula huɗu a cikin Akkadian suna iya musayar su don samar da kalmomin (''a, e, i, u''), don haka zaɓuɓɓukan marubuta da yawa suna bayyane don rubuta ainihin kalmomin 'ƙamus'. ) Wasu nau'i-nau'i (d / t), suma ana iya musayar su (misali d, t, da ṭ).

== Amfani da Epic na Gilgamesh ==
Lambobin amfani don **'DI** / de a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh sune kamar *daga*:  de- (8) sau, di- (161), *ṭe*- (7), *ṭi*- (19), DI- (1), *SÁ*- (2) sau.

*Saha* ga amfani da ša a cikin kalmomin kalmomin kalmomi, sunaye, da dai sauransu, *Saha* da babban amfani tsakanin kalmomi. A cikin Akkadian, don Harshen Ingilishi *"wanda"*, yana da wakilci na tambaya; a cikin Harshen Akkadian kamar ša, (a matsayin "wannan", "abin da"; ("wannan (na) ", "wanda (na) " ), a cikin Turanci ya yi amfani da shi don wanene, menene, wanene, da sauransu.

## Ša, da Ka, bambance-bambance na bugun jini
Bambanci a cikin ginin alamun ka da ša sune ka Saha: "ka" lokacin da aka rubuta a cikin haruffa na Amarna sau da Saha Saha nuna bambancin ɓangaren Saha na alamar, da ɓangaren hagu. Ga ša, sashin dama an gina shi tare da bugun jini guda biyu (wanda aka rubuta a sama da ɗayan), tsakanin madaidaiciya biyu, a dama. Ga ka, gefen dama galibi, a cikin haruffa na Amarna yana da madaidaiciya biyu, tare da kwance biyu da ke ƙetare su duka biyu; (gefen dama yana kama da siffar tsani biyu - (don Hittite ka: -)). Misali mai kyau na ša, an nuna shi don EA 365, Reverse (rabi na sama), inda bugun 2-wedge na ša tsakanin 2-dama tsaye ya bayyana. (Lura, ša na EA 365 ya bayyana yana da 3-horizontals a hagu (tsawon bambance-bambance), sannan 2-verticals tare da bugun 2-wedge, a dama. ) 

## Manazarta

* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
Gi (cuneiform)

Alamar ***'GI***' ta cuneiform alama ce ta amfani da yawa na Epic na Gilgamesh, haruffa Amarna na 1350 BC, da sauran matani na cuneiform. Hakanan yana da amfani da sumerogrammic don GI a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh . Tsarin alamar cuneiform kamar tagwayensa, Zi (cuneiform), .

Alamar "g">GI" tana da amfani da syllabic don ge da gI, da kuma amfani da sumerogram don GI. Ana iya amfani da "gi" a haruffa don g ("g" za a iya musayar shi da "k", ko "q"); kuma ana iya amfani da shi "gi" / "ge" don i, ko e. A cikin Akkadian, duk wasula 4, a, e, i, u suna musayar juna.

## Amfani da Epic na Gilgamesh
Amfani da alamar **'GI**' a cikin Epic na *gi* kamar haka: *ge*- (sau 4); gi- (17), GI- (sau 20). 

## Manazarta

* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
𒄑

Alamar cuneiform ***'GIŠ***', (kuma sananne ne ga, isu, da **iz**), alama ce ta kowa, mai amfani da yawa, a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh, haruffa Amarna, da sauran matani na cuneiform. Har ila yau, yana da babba amfani a matsayin sumerogram, GIŠ, (babban harafi (majuscule)) don Harshen Ingilishi *"itace"*, kuma ana amfani dashi azaman ƙaddara a farkon kalmomi, don abubuwan da aka yi da itace. Babi 12 (Tablets) na Epic of Gilgamesh ya lissafa abubuwa 16 da aka kira da *"GIŠ"*.

Don 

## Amfani da alamar Gilgamesh
The usage numbers for *giš* in the *Epic of Gilgamesh* are as follows: *eṣ*-(2) times, *ez*, (3), *giš*, (1), *is*, (46), *iṣ*, (77), *iz*, (17), and *GIŠ* (355) times.

### Kalmomin almara tare da ''GIŠ'' mai mahimmanci
Jerin kalmomin yaren Akkadian masu zuwa sun fito ne daga Sumerograms da aka yi amfani da su a cikin Epic of Gilgamesh . 
 

## Manazarta




* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
𒁁

Alamar zama-linkid="11" href="./Cuneiform" id="mwFg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform mara kyau, **bat**, be, da dai sauransu alama ce ta amfani da yawa a tsakiyar karni na 14 BC Amarna haruffa, da Epic na Gilgamesh. A cikin Epic kuma yana da amfani da 5 sumerogram (babba harafi (majuscule)). Daga Giorgio Buccellati (Buccellati 1979) 'bincike na kwatankwacin hoto' (kimanin alamun cuneiform 360, nos. 1 zuwa no. 598E), na nau'ikan haruffa 5, lambobin amfani da ***mummunar*** alamar sune kamar haka: Tsohon haruffa na Babila (71), OB wadanda ba na sarauta ba (392), haruffa Mari (2108), haruffa (334), haruffan Ugarit (39). 

Ana amfani da abubuwa masu zuwa na harshe don *mummunar* alama a cikin babi na 12 (Tablets I-Tablet XII) Epic of Gilgamesh: 

Lambobin amfani masu *zuwa* don abubuwan harshe na alamar *mummunar* a cikin Epic sune kamar haka: *mummunar*, (0 sau), *bat*, (61), *zama*, (16), *tsakiya*, (7), *mit*, (8), *rana*, (1), *TIL*, (11), *ZIZ*, (8), *BE*, (2), *IDIM*, (2), TIL, (1), ÚŠ, (2), ZIZ, (1). 

Maimakon babban kwance, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin (tsarin dijital, amma nau'in "mummunan"), ana ganin alamar a cikin haruffa na Amarna kamar yadda ya ƙunshi fuska biyu masu fuskantar juna (triangles), wedges. Ana iya ganinsa a nan li">[1], Wasikar Amarna EA 153- (layi 153:4, 11), don "Sarkin-Ubangiji-mine", "LUGAL, Be-li-ia", ko Be-lí-ia", inda "bēlu" shine Akkadian don "Ubangiji".

## Manazarta

* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Nazarin Bayani na Tsohon Babila da Yammacin Akkadian, daga *Ugarit-Forschungen 8*, (Neukirchen-Vluyen).
* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.  (Sauce-cover,  ) - (Volume 1) &nbsp;
* Rainey, 1970 El Amarna Tablets, 359-379, Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, Alter Orient Altes Testament 8, Kevelaer da Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, shafuka 107.
𒂗

Alamar cuneiform en, alama ce ta amfani da haruffa na Amarna, Epic of Gilgamesh, da sauran matani na cuneiform (alal misali matani na Hittite). Yana da amfani na biyu a cikin haruffa na Amarna don ka4. [1]

a ciki*n* harshe, yana da amfani da har*u* *a cikin* matani don n, e, ko en, *da kuma* maye gurbin *"e"*, ta hanyar wasula, a, ko i, ko u.

## Amfani da Epic na Gilgamesh
Amfani da alamar en **'A cikin**' Epic na Gilgamesh kamar haka: (en, sau 32, da EN, sau 184).  EN **'A cikin**' Epic na Gilgamesh ana amfani dashi don [./Akk&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Adi_language" id="mwMw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian], adi (Turanci "har zuwa, ƙari", da Akkdian *bēlu*), don "Ubangiji, mai shi".

## Manazarta
𒃲

GAL (Borger 2003 nr. 553; U+ 意) shine tsarin cuneiform na Sumerian don "babba".[1] Haɗin kai tare da Larabci: جلّ, , lit. 'babban' (daga inda Al-Jalil). [2][3]

## Dubi kuma
 

* LÚ. GAL (Sarki, watau Mutum-Babban) 
*  nan ne. KI. GAL

## Manazarta
𒂟

ERIM ita ce babba harafin- (majuscule) Sumerogram don kalmar kalmar Akkadian, ko "sojoji". Kalmar yaren Akkadian don sojoji shine ("ṣābu"-ta amfani da s-dot, s na musamman); *Sab* haka halayyar cuneiform don ERIM daidai yake da sab, *zab*, da dai sauransu.- (kuma ta amfani da s'dot).

cuneiform-compound don amfani da 'sojoji' cuneiform hali shine kalmar harshen Akkadian don *yaƙi*, ko *yaƙi*, Akkadian "tāhāzu"- (kuma sumerogram: MÈ-no. 098, Parpola). A cikin wasikar Yašdata tare da sunan wuri don Hannathon, ana amfani da ƙayyadaddun a farkon kalmar yaƙi, sannan ana rubuta tāhāzu ta-ha- (zu).

## Labarin Gilgamesh
Halin cuneiform don "sojoji"-Sab ana amfani dashi sau 19 a cikin allunan Epic of Gilgamesh- (surori). Ana amfani dashi sau ɗaya kawai a matsayin zab; kuma sau ɗaya kawai kamar ERIM, don "sojoji" a Babi na XI, kamar ERIM-mesh (jama'i), don "mutane, sojoji".

## Amarna wasika
A cikin wasiƙun Amarna na 1350 KZ, ana amfani da alamar sojoji ERIM a cikin gabatarwa ga Fir'auna na Masar ta dā- (yawanci Amenhotep IV-*Akhenaton*, ko mahaifinsa Amenhotep III). Magana tana zuwa ga 'lafiya mai kyau'-Shalom- (harshe na Akkadian *šālāmu*-"don zama lafiya") na jerin cajin Fir'auna, kuma kusa da ƙarshen jerin ana magance "dakarunsa", ko sojojinsa: a matsayin ERIM-mesh; (mash shine jam'i kamar "s", a cikin harshen Akkadian). Sarakuna da suka fi shahara sun yi amfani da wannan gabatarwa ga Fir'auna, misali Tushratta na Mitanni, "Sarkin Alashiya" - (wanda yanzu ake kira tsibirin Cyprus); kuma sarkin Babila, Burna-Buriash; kuma Kadashman-Enlil I na Babila.

Wani amfani na musamman na halayyar cuneiform na sojoji a cikin haruffa na Amarna, yana cikin cuneiform-compound don kalmar 'yaƙi', a matsayin mai ƙayyadewa a cikin Wasikar Amarna No. 245, game da labarin game da Yašdata, tare da batun kasancewa mutumin Habiru, Labaya .

## Manazarta

*
𒅁

Alamar D="mwGw">i" data-linkid="10" href="./Cuneiform" id="mwEw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform ib, (ko **i''p***) alama ce ta yau da kullun a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh, haruffa na Amarna, da sauran matani na cuneiform. Amfani da shi na yau da kullun shine syllabic don **ib** (ko *ip*), ko haruffa don i ko b / p; ana musayar "i" don "e" lokacin da ake rubuta takamaiman kalmomi a cikin Harshen Akkadian. Cuneiform ib kuma ana iya samunsa a matsayin sumerogram *URTA*, (babba wasika (majuscule)), kuma alal misali ana amfani da shi a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh don sunan allahn: Ninurta, wanda aka rubuta DNIN . URTA . 

== Amfani da Epic na Gilgamesh ==
Cuneiform *ib* yana da wasu amfani a cikin *ep* na Gilgamesh . Ana iya samun waɗannan: *eb*-- (4) sau, ep-- (9), *ib*-- (114), *ip*-- (45), da *URTA*-- (4) sau.

== Irin wannan nau'in cuneiform ==
Halin cuneiform ib cuneiform (no. 535) an gina shi a cikin 'sashin akwatin rectangular', yana zaune a kan dogon bugun kwance. Ya ƙunshi 2- tsaye a dama da 1- tsaye a hagu. An gina wasu alamomi guda uku, cuneiform ur shine hoton madubi na "ib" / "ip", amma tare da madaidaiciya biyu a hagu. Alamar "lu (cuneiform) " daidai take da "ib", amma maimakon 1-gajere tsaye a tsakiya, lu ya ƙunshi 3-gajere tsaye tsaye a tseren. Wani alamar yana kama da lu, amma yana da kawai 1- tsaye, hagu da dama, ku (cuneiform), kuma haruffa Amarna yawanci suna da ƙarancin gaske, cewa da wuya a gano kowane bugun jini cikin sauƙi.

Wani alamar yana kama da wannan rukuni zuwa cuneiform *ur*, amma an maye gurbin cibiyar da 2 stokes, ɗayan yana kusurwa ƙasa, ɗayan kuma yana da wedge (a matsanancin dama tsaye), kuma shine alamar gáb. A cikin haruffa na Amarna ana amfani da shi sau da yawa don Turanci "duk", ko "duk (mu) ", Harshen Akkadian, *'' .  (Haruffa na Amarna EA 153, EA 287, EA 288, da EA 267) 

## Manazarta
Steve Baer (mai fafutukar siyasa)

Steve Baer ɗan Amurka ne mai fafutukar siyasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma mai saka hannun jari. A tsawon lokacin da yake shiga harkokin siyasa, ya sami suna a matsayin mai tayar da hankali a cikin da'irar 'yan Republican.

Mafi mahimmanci, ya ƙalubalanci Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Illinois Jim Edgar a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Republican a Illinois na 1990. Ya kai wa Edgar hari daga ɓangaren masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na jam'iyyar, inda ya sami kusan kashi 33% na ƙuri'un.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
A shekarar 2013, *National Review* ta buga wani labari game da Baer mai taken *This Conservative Mega-Donor Is the Most Nasara Email Harasser a Duniya* . Labarin ya ce an san shi da "aikawa saƙonnin imel masu ƙarfi da launuka iri-iri a cikin watannin da suka gabata ga jerin dillalan iko a duniyar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya."  Wani mai suka a *Huffington Post* na 2016 ya ce, "Salon Baer shine a yi amfani da cc da bcc a matsayin kwararar mutane masu ƙarfi marasa iyaka, kuma yawanci yana da tasirin sa babu ɗayansu ya saurara." 

Baer tsohon shugaban Asusun Jam'iyyar Republican na Illinois ne.  Ya sami kusan kuri'u 250,000 a zaɓen fidda gwani na takarar gwamna na jam'iyyar Republican a jihar Illinois ta 1990 a wani shiri na hana haraji,  hana zubar da ciki da kuma zaɓen makaranta idan aka kwatanta da Sakataren Harkokin Waje na Jam'iyyar Republican Jim Edgar, wanda daga baya ya zama gwamna.  Bayan rashin nasararsa, *Jaridar Chicago Tribune* ta rubuta cewa "Baer yana son kansa a matsayin soja mai ra'ayin mazan jiya na Jam'iyyar Republican. Amma murmushinsa mai gamsarwa da kuma shagaltuwa da barkwancin siyasa da kuma ɓoye-ɓoye ba abin da za a iya dannewa ba ne."  Rahoton *Daily Beast* ya ce Baer "sanannen mutum ne a da'irar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a matsayin ƙwararren mai tayar da zaune tsaye wanda ke jin daɗin yin abin da ya ga 'yan Republican waɗanda yake ganin ba su da ra'ayin mazan jiya fiye da yadda Babban Jam'iyyarsa ta Tsohuwa ta cancanta." 

A tsakiyar shekarun 1990, Baer ya taimaka wajen kafa jam'iyyar siyasa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi a Illinois mai suna Jam'iyyar Iyakokin Zamani da Iyakokin Haraji. Jam'iyyar siyasa ta kasance wani aiki na ɗan gajeren lokaci. 

Baer da matarsa, Donna, iyayen yara goma ne. 

## Manazarta
𒆏

Alamar cuneiform gáb, (kuma qáb), alama ce da ba a saba amfani da ita ba ta haruffa Amarna, da sauran matani na cuneiform. Wataƙila alama ce mai kama da DAGAL na baya (Sumerogram mai zurfi), , tare da, , maye gurbin sigar da ta gabata, "taurari" (kamar Dingir), wanda ke cikin alamar cuneiform. Wannan sigar DAGAL ta baya tana da kama da gáb, (a 'rectangular-box form'). Ma'anar "DAGAL", Harshen Akkadian don "mai yawa" - ya kwatanta da haruffa Amarna amfani da gáb a matsayin harshen Akkadi "gabb", harshen Ingilishi don "duk", ko "duk (mu) " [1]

Ga Rainey na haruffa EA 359-379 (kawai haruffa 10 na ainihi)  ana amfani da gáb ne kawai don rubuta Akkadian "**'"Kabba"**'", da kalmomi 2 ta amfani da *qáb*, galibi don Akkadian ""qabû", Turanci "yi magana", kuma a cikin EA 259 (Sarkin Yakin, Tablet I"), don "yaƙi", Akkadian 'qablu".

Cuneiform gáb / *qáb* galibi ana amfani dashi azaman syllabic don haruffa uku na alamar. Yana cikin ƙaramin rukuni na alamun da suka ƙunshi bugun jini na 1- ko 2- tsaye (a dama ko hagu), sauran alamun su ne No. 535 Ib (cuneiform) , No. 536 ku (cuneiforme) (kawai 1- tsaye, hagu da dama), No. 537 lu (cuneiformes), kuma No. 575, ur (cuneiformat).

## Amfani da Epic na Gilgamesh
Alamar gáb / *qáb* kamar yadda aka nuna ba a samu a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh ba. Epic yana amfani da *kab* / *kap*, alal misali, - (digitized version).

## Manazarta

* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
* Rainey, 1970 El Amarna Tablets, 359-379, Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, Alter Orient Altes Testament 8, Kevelaer da Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, shafuka 107.
𒄿

Alamar i" data-linkid="18" href="./Cuneiform" id="mwIg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform i alama ce ta amfani da sautin da aka saba amfani da ita. Ana iya samunsa a cikin harsuna da yawa, misalai sune Harshen Akkadian na Epic of Gilgamesh (shekaru na shekaru, sassa na dubban shekaru) da kuma tsakiyar karni na 14 BC haruffa Amarna; har ma da Harshen Hitti- (duba teburin alamun cuneiform na Hittite a ƙasa).

A c*i* Epic ***Na*** Gilgamesh yana da ƙananan amfani a matsayin sumerogram, I. Lambobin amfani daga Epic sune kamar haka: i- (698), I- (1).

Kamar yadda i da ɗaya daga cikin wasula huɗu a cikin Akkadian (babu "o"), marubuta na iya amfani da alamar ɗaya (wasula, ko syllable tare da wasula) don maye gurbin wasula ɗaya ga wani. A cikin haruffa na Amarna, kalmar segu adverb "yanzu", ko "yanzu, a wannan lokacin", yaren Akkadian 'enūma', [1] ba a rubuta shi da 'e'; a maimakon haka rubutun sa yawanci: anūma, inūma, kuma wani lokacin enūma. A cikin haruffa na Amarna da Epic na Gilgamesh wani amfani na yau da kullun na alamar "i" shine don gabatarwar, harshen Akkadian ina, an rubuta i-na, don a ciki, cikin, don, da dai sauransu. (Akwai wata alama Sa'a (cuneiform) don ina (cuneiform) , amfani da nau'ikan aš (cuneiforme), guda ɗaya, bugun jini a kwance. )

## Manazarta

* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
William Delavan Baldwin

**William Delavan Baldwin** (5 Satumba 1856 - 26 Satumba 1930) ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan Amurka.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi William Delavan Baldwin a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 1856, ga Lovewell Hurd Baldwin da Sarah Jane Munson a Auburn, New York .  Ya fito ne daga zuriyar John Baldwin, ɗaya daga cikin fararen mazauna Dedham, Massachusetts . 

Baldwin yana da sha'awar makanikai kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya fara aiki da DM Osborne & Co. Ya yi fice a kasuwanci kuma an ɗaukaka shi a cikin kamfanin, daga ƙarshe aka tura shi Turai don faɗaɗa kasuwancin kamfanin a can yana da shekaru ashirin da ɗaya.   Ya zauna a wannan matsayin na tsawon shekaru biyar, amma daga ƙarshe ya yanke shawarar komawa Amurka. A shekara ta 1882, ya yi murabus daga kamfanin don neman sha'awarsa ta kera lif, kuma ya shiga Otis Brothers & Co, wanda ya riga ya zama Kamfanin Otis Elevator, a matsayin ma'ajin kuɗinsa. A lokacin, lif "wani abu ne mai ban mamaki," kuma shiga harkar ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin shawara "mai kyau".  An san Baldwin da ƙwarewarsa ta kasuwanci, ladabi, mutunci, da juriya. Ya jagoranci sake tsara kasuwancin,  kuma ya kasance "mai matuƙar muhimmanci" a cikin shugabanci da tsarin Kamfanin Otis Elevator a lokacin da yake can.  Daga ƙarshe ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba kuma Darakta, sannan kuma Babban Manaja kuma Shugaban Hukumar Gudanarwa ta kamfanin, wanda a lokacin shi ne babban kamfanin kera lif a duniya.

An sanya wa Delavan Terrace, wanda yanzu yake wani ɓangare na Gundumar Tarihi ta Delavan Terrace, suna bayansa, kuma tsohon gidan da ya mallaka mai fadin eka 550 a New York yanzu yana cikin Donald J. Trump State Park .

Baldwin ya mutu a gidansa da ke Yorktown Heights, New York a ranar 26 ga Satumba, 1930.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
A shekara ta 1881, ya auri Helen Runyon Sullivan, 'yar Nahum M. Sullivan, wani fitaccen ɗan kasuwa a New York, kuma yana da 'ya'ya akalla bakwai tare da ita.   

## Manazarta
𒅀

Alamar cuneiform ia, alama ce ta haɗuwa, tana ƙunshe da i (cuneiform) da aka haɗa da a (cuneiforme); tana da ma'anar gama gaRI a cikin nau'in -ia, don ma'anar "-mine". A cikin wasiƙun Amarna, wasiƙun da aka rubuta wa Fir'auna na Masar (Mizri / Misri a cikin wasiƙu), ana kiran Fir'auna sau da yawa a matsayin "Ubangiji-na", ko kuma musamman: Sarki-Ubangiji -na: "Sarkin, Ubangijinni". A cikin Akkadian, nau'in shine "Šarru-Bēlu-ia"- (Sarkin-Ubangiji-mine), tunda rubutun a wasu haruffa na Amarna wani lokacin shine ŠÁR-RI don Šarru, (LUGAL = ŠÁR).

An kuma yi amfani da *Ia* a cikin Epic of Gilgamesh . An jera shi a cikin Parpola's Glossary (Parpola, 1971), don kalmomin Harshen Akkadian: ma'ana *"Na"*, " (a) ni", da kuma *"Ni"*, da kuma amfani ɗaya don kalmar "rago mai bugawa", *iašubů* .

## Amarna wasika amfani da "ia"
Ba ga amfani da kalmomin yaren Akkadian da suka fara *Ya Ya*, ana amfani da misalai na yau da kullun na -ʻiši, " (zuwa) ni", *iāti*, "me", "na",  da kumaʻinu,  "babu", (sau da **'Hawai**' ia-a-nu), "ia" a *Aikin* Gabatarwa Paragraph, ga Fir'auna. Sanarwar sau da yawa tana cikin nau'in mallaka a matsayin ma'anar, **-ia**- (iYa), farawa a farkon wasikar, kuma wani lokacin ana maimaita shi a cikin layi don bi, ko a cikin sakin layi na baya:

## Manazarta

* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
* Rainey, 1970 El Amarna Tablets, 359-379, Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, Alter Orient Altes Testament 8, Kevelaer da Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, shafuka 107.
𒄬

a*l* h="./C*u*" id="mwHw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform **hal**, alama ce ta yau da kullun a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh, haruffa na Amarna, da sauran matani na cuneiform, misali matani na Hittite. Amfani da shi na yau da kullun shine syllabic don *hal*, amma kuma ana iya amfani dashi don haruffa h ko l, ko a, *da kuma* sauran wasula uku na e, i, ko u.

## Amfani da Epic na Gilgamesh
Cuneiform *hal* yana da amfani guda ɗaya a cikin Epic of Gilgamesh, don *hal*. Amfani shine: *hal*, sau 11.

A cikin Epic na Gilgamesh, amfani da hal, a farkon kalmomin da aka rubuta "hal-" a cikin ƙamus, shine ga Akkadian halāqu, Turanci, ya ɓace, don haifar da ɓacewa; a cikin haruffa Amarna ana amfani da shi don komawa ga birane-jihohi, ko garuruwa, sun ɓace ga Hapiru.

A cikin Epic, wasU kalmomi biyu suna amfani da ***hal*** a farkon rubutun su, **'hal**', don *gandun daji* na Turanci, sau uku a cikin Epic, Tablets VII, IV, da II. Ɗaya daga cikin rubutun *halāpu*, (Turanci, "don sutura"), na rubutun huɗu, yana amfani da hal, Tablet IV, layi 196, ú-hal-lip.

## Amarna haruffa amfani
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan amfani a cikin haruffa na Amarna, shine don kalmar Harshen Akkadian *halāqu*,  yana nufin kama birane-jihohi, ko garuruwa, (Amarna wasika EA 288).

## Manazarta

* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.
* Rainey, 1970 El Amarna Tablets, 359-379, Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, Alter Orient Altes Testament 8, Kevelaer da Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, shafuka 107.
𒄭

**A** cuneiform **hi** / **shi**, (da Sumerograms), tana da amfani da yawa a cikin haruffa Amarna na karni na 14 BC da Epic na Gilgamesh; da kuma wasu matani, misali matani na Hittite. Hakanan ana amfani dashi don samar da amfani na biyu na jam'i **HI.** A, . Mafi yawan jam'i shine Meš, wanda aka samo a cikin nau'ikan alamar, tsaye (hagu), da kwance, tare da 3 wedges, a wurare daban-daban (dama); (nau'in dijital) -.

Amfani da haruffa / syllabic da Sumerograms na alamar 'hi' daga Epic of Gilgamesh: [1]

: **shi**
: **hi**
: Daga Allah (Sumerogram) 
: **HI**
: **ŠÁR**, = Akkadian *šar*,  (3600), (yanki na ƙasa).

Lambobin amfani da *s**HI*** daga Epic na Gilgamesh sune kamar haka:  he- (5), hi- (86), DīG- (3), HI- (6), da *ŠÁR*- (13).

## Manazarta

* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
𒆍

Alamar cuneiform ***KÁ***, don *ƙofar* ita ce Sumerogram- (logogram) da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin haruffa Amarna da Epic na Gilgamesh; kamar yadda kawai KÁ ke nufin "ƙofar" ko "ƙofar", Harshen Akkadian, "bābu"; a matsayin "Gate-Great", **KÁ.** **GAL** don City-Gate, daga Akkadian "abullu", (" (birni) ƙofar"). Dukkanin amfani suna cikin Epic of Gilgamesh .  A cikin Epic, ana amfani da shi ne kawai a matsayin sumerogram, jimlar sau 19, (sau 7 don 'abullu', ƙofar birni).  A cikin Epic, duk rubutun ƙofar birni suna amfani da KÁ. GAL; don ƙofar ('bābu') kawai rubutun yana amfani da haruffa na haruffa don b-a-b-u; sauran suna amfani da KÁ tare da wasu alamun cuneiform (KÁ-x-x, ko KÁ-x, da dai sauransu).

Irin wannan amfani da KÁ don ƙofofi an kuma tabbatar da shi a cikin matani na gudanarwa daga zamanin Tsohon Babila, yana nuna ci gaba a rubuce-rubucen Mesopotamiya.[1]

## Harafin Amarna
A cikin wasiƙun Amarna, batun Qatar-linkid="24" data-mw-i18n='{"title":{"lang":"x-*A karkashin Yoke,*, shine tsaron birane biyu, a ƙofar birni; kuma mutumin da ya rubuta wasikar, Yabitiri- (Yahtiru) - (gwamnan?) na City? ana kiranta "mai tsaron gida", layi 24 da 31: LÚ. PA. KÁ. *šu*, Man-Gate-"hannuwa". Šu (cuneiform) , (shaped kamar 'hannu'), yana da ma'ana ta biyu ban da šu, don harshen Akkadian qat, don "qātu", 'hannu" (a matsayin ŠU, sumerogram), kuma an yi amfani da shi don 9 na kimanin 15 rubutun 'qātu' a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh . 

## Manazarta
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*a* h="./Cuneiform" id="mwLA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform ***'HA***' ta zo ne a cikin nau'o'i biyu na yau da kullun a cikin *ha* Amarna na 1350 BC. *ha* ana samunsa a cikin babba surori 12 (Tablets I-XII) na Epic of Gilgamesh . Ana amfani da ha na Cuneiform a matsayin syllabic don ha, da haruffa don h, ko a; daga Epic na Gilgamesh yana da amfani biyu na sumerogramic (babban harafi (majuscule)), don HA (Harshen Akkadian *zittu*, don "raba"), da **KU<sub>6</sub>**, don *nūnu*, "kifi".

Siffar dijital ta ha tana da 4, gajeren bugun tsaye, 2-biyu-na-2, a cikin murabba'i; an ha shi a dama, yawanci tare da babban, ko matsakaici-babban wedge-stroke. Nau'in nau'in cuneiform ha na 2 ya dace kamar haka: 2-verticals, tare da wedge tsakanin, da kuma (al'ada) babban wedge ligatured a dama; (saboda haka duka nau'ikan suna dauke da wedge a dama).

Nau'in I na alamar tare da gajerun bugun jini guda huɗu, (1-biyu, sama da wani nau'i), shine alamar za (cuneiform) , wanda ake amfani da shi don abubuwa na harshe kamar: ṣa, za, ZA,  ZA kasancewa sumerogram.

A cikin Epic na Gilgamesh lambobin amfani don alamar **'HA**' kamar *ha*: ha- (sau 145), HA- (2), *KU<sub>6</sub>*- (4). 

## Jerin da aka zaɓa na amfani da wasika na Amarna ta hanyar nau'i
Zaɓin amfani da wasikar Amarna ta hanyar nau'i, tare da wasu bayani game da rubutun wasikar:

* EA 153, 153:6
* EA 256, 256:28, birni: URU-**Ha**-Ya-uN, *Hayyunu*, birni: Ayyun (wasika da ke lissafin birane a Golan, Kan'ana) 
* I" data-linkid="40" href="./Amarna_letter_EA_367" id="mwaA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Amarna letter EA 367">EA 367, 367:7, Manzo HaNI, IHA-A-NI (duba a nan: layi 3-5, marubuci-layi, layi 6-8) 

## Manazarta




* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.  (Sauce-cover,  ) - (Volume 1) &nbsp;
* Rainey, 1970 El Amarna Tablets, 359-379, Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, Alter Orient Altes Testament 8, Kevelaer da Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, shafuka 107.
𒅖

Alamar cuneiform ***''IŠ**** alama ce ta amfani da ita a cikin haruffa na Amarna da Epic na Gilgamesh . Ana amfani da shi a cikin syllabically don iš; kuma don *mel*, mil, da kuma amfani da Sumerogramic don IŠ (Epic of Gilgamesh). A cikin haruffa kamar "iš", mafi yawan amfani da shi, ana iya amfani da shi don "i" ko "š". A cikin Akkadian, sautuna *dubu* *a, e, i, o*, duk suna musayar, kuma ana iya musayar "s" daban-daban guda uku: *s, ṣ, š*.

== Amfani da Epic na Gilgamesh ==
Ga Epic na Gilgamesh, ana samun amfani mai zuwa a cikin Tablets I-XII: *iš*- (sau 134); *mel*- (1); mil- (8); IŠ- (sau 18). 

== Wasu amfani da "iš" a cikin haruffa na Amarna ==
Ɗaya daga cikin amfani da aka fi sani da "iš" a cikin haruffa na Amarna, shine amfani da kalmar yaren Akkadian "ištu", [1] wanda ke nufin "daga", ("tun daga"), a Turanci. A cikin wasiƙun birni, a cikin tattaunawa da Fir'auna-a-Masar, sau da yawa ana ambaton sauraron wasikar - "kalmomin Fir'auna", don haka kalmomin - "Na ji ...", ko "Na saurari ...", allon yumɓu "kalmomi" (wasika), daga Fir'auna. Kalmar Akkadian ta yau da kullun don "ji", ko "ji", ita ce "šemû".[2]

== Manazarta ==


* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Farawa na Hitti. Warren H. Held, Jr, William R. Schmalstieg, Janet E. Gertz, c. 1987, Slavica Publishers, Inc. w / Glossaries, Sign List, Indexes, da dai sauransu, shafuka 218.
* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.'' Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
* Rainey, 1970 El Amarna Tablets, 359-379, Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, Alter Orient Altes Testament 8)
Shawn Baldwin

**Shawn D. Baldwin** (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 1966)  Shi ne shugaban AIA Group (AIA), wani kamfanin saka hannun jari na daban da ke Chicago  

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Shawn D. Baldwin (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 1966) yana gidan yarin tarayya saboda zambatar masu zuba jari na dala miliyan 10 daga 2006 zuwa 2017.Ya kasance mai ba da kuɗi na duniya, ɗan kasuwa kuma mai saka hannun jari. Ya kasance shugaban AIA Group (AIA), wani kamfanin saka hannun jari na madadin da ke Chicago, kafin a tuhume shi da zambatar masu zuba jari da yawa daga 2006 zuwa 2017.

## Sana'ar ƙwararru
Kamfanin Baldwin's Capital Management Group (CMG) wanda hedikwatarsa ke Chicago, an kafa shi ta hanyar sayen kamfanoni da dama. Da farko, Baldwin ya sayi MuniDirect a watan Nuwamba na 2001, dillalin dillali da ke Atlanta, Georgia . A watan Disamba na wannan shekarar, Baldwin ya sayi KCM Capital Management, dillalin dillali da ke Anguilla amma hedikwatarsa ta Chicago . Ya kuma sami ikon mallakar Asusun Rarraba Kayayyaki Mai Yawa na Stature, wani asusun shinge mai darajar dala miliyan 56.  Daga 2002 zuwa 2005, CMG ta shiga cikin ma'amaloli sama da 75 kan ma'amaloli sama da dala biliyan 68 a cikin hannun jari da bashi, waɗanda suka haɗa da Google da Kamfanonin Tafiya . 

## Ra'ayoyin kafofin watsa labarai da bambance-bambance
An yi ta samun bayanai game da Baldwin a mujallu da dama,  ciki har da *The Economist*, *BusinessWeek*, *Forbes*, *Fortune*, *Money*, da *[[Investment Dealers' Digest]]*, kuma ya bayyana a wasu gidajen talabijin, ciki har da Bloomberg, CNN, CNBC, NBC, da CBS .  *Dillalan Investment Dealers' Digest* sun nada shi daya daga cikin Manyan Bankuna 40 Masu Zuba Jari 'Yan Kasa da Shekaru 40. A shekarar 2006, an nada Baldwin daya daga cikin Manyan Bakake 75 a Wall Street ta *Black Enterprise .*  Shi mai bayar da gudummawa ne ga labaran kudi na *Fast Company*  da *Forbes* . A shekarar 2006, Baldwin shine mai magana da yawun kudi na BlackBerry kuma batun tallace-tallace da wani kamfe da aka buga a *Forbes*, *Fortune* da *BusinessWeek* .  An kuma ambato Baldwin a cikin *Jaridar Wall Street* .

## Manazarta
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*a* k" *Saha*-linkid="16" href="./Cuneiform" id="mwLg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform **ka** alama ce ta kowa, mai amfani da yawa, syllabic don **'ka**', da kuma alamar haruffa da aka yi amfani da ita don k, ko a; ya zama ruwan dare a duka Epic na Gilgamesh sama da daruruwan shekaru, da kuma haruffa Amarna na 1350 BC. Cuneiform "ka" kusan yayi kama da irin wannan 'tsakiyar girman' zuwa babbar alamar cuneiform, ša (cuneiform); saboda duka ka, da ša suna da takamaiman amfani guda biyu, da zarar an gano waɗannan rukunin amfani a kan takamaiman wasikar Amarna, alal misali, ana iya bin bambancin tsakanin su biyu.

Cuneiform ka yana da amfani na biyu a matsa wakilin, -yours . Ga wasikar Ayyab, EA 364 (hoton), bayan ya yi magana da Fir'auna, wani ɓangare na Gabatarwa, shine ya bayyana "...Bawanku, ...." Musamman, Ayyab ya fito ne daga ɗayan jihohi / birane / garuruwa a Kan'ana, don haka dangantakar da Fir'a'auna a cikin wasiƙun Amarna sau da yawa suna nuna dangantakar kasancewa bawan Fir'auna. Wannan an haɗa shi da haruffa na Amarna daga Tushratta na Mitanni, (haruffa EA 19, EA 23, EA 26, EA 28, EA 30- (kawai fasfo-type, gajeren wasika), da dai sauransu), ko daga Babila, ko Sarkin Alashiya. Harafin daga waɗancan sarakuna suna da dogon jerin, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Gabatarwa yana cewa: Bari ka (Sarki, Fir'auna) ku sami zaman lafiya (lafiya), ... don, matarka-ku, ga 'ya'yanku, ga manyan-ku- ("sa-meš"), da dai sauransu.[1]

Ga cuneiform ša, takamaiman amfani da shi (ban da syllabic, ko haruffa), *Saha* da nau'i na haɗin kai yawanci a farkon sanarwa, *"wanda..."* aka fassara kamar: "wannan ...", "abin da ... ", da dai sauransu, tare da sauran rubutun da za a bi.

## Manazarta

* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;