Helen Suzman

**Helen Suzman**, OMSG, DBE (née **Gavronsky** ; 7 ga watan Nuwamba 1917 - 1 Janairu 2009) 'yar gwagwarmayar adawa da nuna wariyar launin fata ce kuma 'ƴar siyasa a Afirka ta Kudu. Ta wakilci jerin jam'iyyun adawa masu sassaucin ra'ayi da masu ra'ayin rikau a tsawon shekaru 36 da ta yi a majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Kudu ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar 'yan farar fata na mulkin nuna wariyar launin kawai.

Ta ɗauki nauyin taron da ya kafa jam'iyyar Progressive Party a shekarar 1959, kuma ita ce 'yar majalisa ɗaya tilo a cikin majalisar mai wakilai 160 na tsawon shekaru goma sha uku. Ita ce kaɗai mamba a majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Kudu da ta yi adawa da duk wata dokar nuna wariyar launin fata a kai a kai ba tare da wata shakka ba.

Suzman ta taka rawar gani wajen inganta yanayin gidan yari ga mambobin majalisar dokokin Afirka da aka haramtawa ciki har da Nelson Mandela, duk da cewa ta yi la'akari da manufofin juyin juya hali na Mandela, sannan kuma ta shahara wajen yin amfani da damarta ta majalisar dokoki wajen kaucewa cece-kucen gwamnati da kuma miƙa bayanai ga kafafen yaɗa labarai game da munanan cin zarafin da aka yi wa mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata. An zaɓe ta sau biyu don bata lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Suzman Helen Gavronsky a cikin shekarar 1917 zuwa Frieda da Samuel Gavronsky, baƙin Lithuanian Yahudawa.   An haife ta a Germiston, sannan wani ƙaramin garin hakar ma'adinai a wajen Johannesburg. Mahaifiyarta ta rasu jim kaɗan bayan an haife ta.

Suzman ta yi digiri a cikin shekarar 1933 daga Parktown Convent, Johannesburg. Ta yi karatun digiri na farko a fannin kasuwanci a Jami'ar Witwatersrand. A shekaru 19, ta auri Dr. Moses Suzman (wanda ya mutu a shekarar 1994), wanda yake 33, kuma fitaccen likita; ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya mata biyu, ɗaya daga cikinsu ta zama likita. Helen Suzman ta koma jami'a a shekarar 1941 don kammala digiri a fannin tattalin arziki da tarihin tattalin arziki. Bayan ta kammala digirinta ta shafe sauran yakin tana aiki da Asusun Yaki na Gwamna-Janar kuma a matsayin mai kididdiga a hukumar samar da yaki. A shekarar 1945, ta zama malama kuma daga baya malama a tarihin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Witwatersrand.

## Aiki

### Aiki kafin Majalisa
Bayan Suzman ta kammala dukkan matakan aikinta na kwaleji, an sa ta taimaka wa ƙasarta ta zama mamba a hukumar samar da yaƙi. Matsayinta ya ƙunshi a hankali yin lissafin gaskiyar kididdigar kayayyaki daban-daban, adadin kayan aiki, da ƙarancin kayan da aka kera. Daga ƙarshe, Suzan ta ci gaba da wannan sana’a na ɗan gajeren lokaci daga shekarun 1941 zuwa 1952. Daga baya, a cikin shekarar 1944, ta bi sawun mijinta ta zama farfesa a Jami'ar Witwatersrand, tana koyar da tattalin arziki. https://forward.com/news/14904/helen-suzman-jew-to-the-world-not-always-at-home-03131/  Daga nan Suzman ta yanke shawarar barin lacca a baya don shawo kan yanayin siyasa a Afirka ta Kudu. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Helen-Suzman

A matsayinta na mamba a cibiyar huldar jinsi ta Afirka ta Kudu, ta shiga cikin shirya shaidu kan binciken da hukumar Fagan ta yi kan dokokin da suka shafi 'yan Afirka a cikin birane da kuma tsarin ayyukan bakin haure. Ta danganta wannan gogewar da saninta ta farko game da wahalhalu da wahalhalun da ’yan Afirka masu neman aiki ke fuskanta a birane.

### Aikin majalisa
An bayyana Suzman a cikin *[[The Guardian]]* a matsayin wacce ta kasance "a cikin mafi girman jaruntakar ayyukan majalisar da aka taɓa yi".

An zaɓe ta a Majalisar Dokoki a shekarar 1953 a matsayin memba na Jam'iyyar United Party a mazaɓar Houghton a Johannesburg.

Jam'iyyar United Party Caucus ta goyi bayan karatu na biyu a shekarar 1953 Rarraba Abubuwan Aminci wanda ya samar da wurare daban-daban (kuma marasa daidaituwa) ga Baƙaƙe, Launi, Indiyawa da Farare. Lokacin da aka kaɗa kuri'ar, Helen Suzman da wani memba na jam'iyyar UP sun ki kaɗa kuri'a kuma suka fice daga majalisar.

Ba su gamsu da matakin da jam'iyyar United Party ta ɗauka kan manufofin gwamnatin mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata ba, Suzman da wasu 'yan jam'iyyar 'yan sassaucin ra'ayi goma sha ɗaya suka ɓalle suka kafa jam'iyyar Progressive Party a shekarar 1959. Jam'iyyar ta yi watsi da mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata da kuma bayar da shawarar daidaitattun dama ga kowa da kowa tare da cancantar ikon mallakar  fasaha tare da jerin sunayen masu jefa kuri'a na kowa.

A babban zaɓen Afirka ta Kudu na shekarar 1961, duk sauran 'yan majalisar masu ci gaba sun rasa kujerunsu, yayin da Suzman ta riƙe ta da tazarar kuri'u 564 kacal. Wannan ya bar Suzman a matsayin 'yar majalisa tilo mai adawa da wariyar launin fata tsawon shekaru 13 daga 1961 zuwa 1974.

## Manazarta