Hazel Jane Raines

**Hazel Jane Raines** (21 ga Afrilu, 1916 - 4 ga Satumba, 1956) ta kasance majagaba a fannin jiragen sama kuma mai koyar da jirgin sama tare da Shirin Horar da Jiragen Sama na Farar Hula . A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ta kasance cikin rukunin farko na mata 'yan Amurka da suka tashi da jiragen sama na soja, wanda suka yi a yankin yaƙi don taimakon farar hula na Jiragen Sama na Burtaniya. Daga baya ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar ma'aikatan kwangila na farar hula Mata Masu Jiragen Sama . Bayan yaƙin, ta koyar da horar da kayan kida a Brazil. Lokacin da Shugaba Harry S. Truman ya ba da izinin haɗa mata cikin soja, ta yi aiki tare da Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Mata kuma tana zaune a Texas, Alabama, kuma a ƙarshe London har zuwa mutuwarta. Raines ita ce mace ta farko a Georgia da ta sami lasisin matukin jirgi, kuma an shigar da ita cikin Zauren Shahararrun Jiragen Sama na Georgia da kuma Mata Masu Nasara na Georgia .

An haife ta a Waynesboro, Georgia, a ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 1916, ga Frank da Bessie Raines, cikin iyali da suka riga sun haɗa da 'yan'uwa mata Frankie da Martha. Raines ta ci gaba da burinta na tashi sama duk da cewa an haife ta da ciwon zuciya da ba a bayyana ba da kuma asma mai tsanani.  Ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1936 daga Kwalejin Wesleyan, wata makarantar fasaha mai sassaucin ra'ayi da aka kafa ƙarni ɗaya da ya gabata a matsayin Cibiyar Mata ta Georgia.  Abin da aka sani game da horonta da ƙwarewarta ta farko an tattara shi ne daga tarihin rayuwar *Hazel Jane Raines: Mawakiyar Mata ta Jirgin Sama* ta 1996 wadda 'yar'uwarta Regina Trice Hawkins ta rubuta, ta hanyar samun damar samun wasiƙun sirri da iyalin suka gada bayan mutuwar Bessie Raines a shekarar 1971. Ta yi darussanta na farko na matukin jirgin sama a Filin Jirgin Sama na Herbert Smart da ke Macon.  Lokacin da ta sami lasisin matukin jirgin sama a shekarar 1938, ya ba ta matsayin mace ta farko a Georgia da ta yi hakan. Bayan haka, ta yi aiki a matsayin matukin jirgin sama mai ban mamaki a shirye-shiryen jiragen sama na gida. 

## Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu

### Shirin Horar da Matukin Jirgin Sama na Farar Hula
Yayin da yanayi ya haifar da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Amurka ta haɗu da ƙasashen Turai wajen ƙarfafa sojojinta, waɗanda suka haɗa da horar da fararen hula don shiga cikin tsaron ƙasar. Shirin Horar da matukan jirgi na gwaji (CPTP) ya fara aiki tun 1938, lokacin da Shugaba Franklin D. Roosevelt ya sanya hannu kan Dokar Horar da matukan jirgi na farar hula a ranar 27 ga Yuni, 1939. Dokar ta ƙunshi wani muhimmin tanadi daga ɗan majalisar dokoki na Illinois Everett Dirksen, "ba za a hana ko ɗaya daga cikin fa'idodin horo ko shirye-shirye ba saboda launin fata, addini, ko launin fata",  kuma ta buɗe ƙofofi ga mutanen da ba za su cancanci shiga cikin rundunar sojoji da aka ware a wancan lokacin ba. "Ra'ayoyin" jiragen saman Tuskegee sakamakon wannan shirin ne kai tsaye.  Kuma a karon farko, ana horar da mata a matsayin matukan jirgi da yawa. A cikin shekarar farko, shirin ya cancanci mata 2,500 a matsayin matukan jirgi. A lokacin da aka kawo ƙarshen yaƙin a shekarar 1944, maza da mata 435,000 ne suka cancanci zama matukan jirgi a makarantun jirgin sama 1,460, da kuma kwalejoji da jami'o'i 1,132. 

### Mataimakin Sufurin Jiragen Sama na Burtaniya
A wancan lokacin, matukin jirgin sama na Amurka Jacqueline Cochran tana da hannu a ɗaukar mata don hidimar jiragen ruwa na Burtaniya (ATA), matukin jirgi 14 a Ingila da Scotland waɗanda ma'aikatan kwangila ne na farar hula zuwa rundunar sojojin sama ta Royal Air Force . [1] [2] Jiragen yaƙin da ke rakiyar hare-haren bama-bamai a kan Jamus, ana jigilar su daga sansanin soja ɗaya ko runduna zuwa wani ta hanyar ATA. Suna ɗaukar maza da mata aiki, na biyu kuma kashi 16% ne na rundunar. Bukatun maza da mata iri ɗaya ne amma suna da wasu manyan bambance-bambance. Ana karɓar mata matukan jirgi a lokacin da suke ƙanƙantar shekaru, suna da buƙatar ilimi kafin kammala makarantar sakandare, kuma suna buƙatar wasiƙun shaida guda biyu. Matukin jirgin maza ba su da ilimi ko sharuɗɗan shaida don aikinsu. [3] [4]

## Manazarta