open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
A Feminist Dictionary

**A Feminist Dictionary** wani madadin ƙamus ne wanda Cheris Kramarae da Paula A. Treichler suka rubuta, tare da taimakon Ann Russo, wanda Pandora Press ta buga a shekarar 1985.

An buga bugu na biyu na rubutun a cikin 1992, a ƙarƙashin taken Amazons, Bluestockings, and Crones: A Feminist Dictionary .  Ƙamus ɗin ya ƙunshi kalmomi sama da 2500 da ma'anoni daga hangen nesa na mata kuma, a cikin kalmomin mai bita Patricia Nichols, ya tilasta wa mai karatu "yi la'akari da wanda ke tattara ƙamus ɗin da ake yawan tuntuɓar kuma ya tambayi yadda aka zaɓi kalmomin".

A Feminist Dictionary ba ya bin yarjejeniyar lexicographical: maimakon ba masu karatu kwatancin ma'ana ga kowane shigarwa, yana amfani da tsarin ƙamus don yin sharhi da kuma sukar yanayin jinsi. Nichols ya bayyana sakamakon sautin a matsayin "wani nau'i na giciye tsakanin *OED* da Whole Earth Catalog". A cikin tattaunawar amfani da koyarwa na A Feminist Dictionary a cikin ajiyar adabi, malaman Barbara DiBernard da Sheila Reiter sun kara da asalin aikin:Irin wannan yanayin zamantakewa wanda ke buƙatar shirye-shiryen kwaleji da ake kira "Kwarewar Mata," wanda aka rarraba a matsayin wanda ba na gargajiya ba, ya yi wahayi zuwa ga editocinsa, Cheris Kramarae da Paula Treichler, don tattara A Feminist Dictionary, wanda aka buga a shekarar 1985.

## Bayani
Masana sun yi amfani da ƙamus ɗin don magance gibin a fannoni daban-daban na ilimi ciki har da tarihi, siyasa, tattalin arziki, nazarin al'adu, jima'i, da jikin mutum. Farfesa Ilya Parkins da Eva C. Karpinski sun haɗa da ma'anar "rashin ganuwa" a cikin "Gabatarwa" ga aikin su In / Visibility: Absences / Presence in Feminist Theory .  Misali, an yi amfani da ƙamus na Feminist don haɓaka bincike a cikin aikin likita, nazarin fina-finai, da ɗabi'ar ƙirar gwaji.

A cikin wani bincike na ƙamus na mata da yawa da aka buga tsakanin 1970 da 2006, masanin Lindsay Rose Russell ya yi jayayya cewa bugu na farko da na biyu na A Feminist Dictionary sun bambanta da juna ta hanyar da ke nuna gazawar ƙamus na ƙamus ɗin mata gaba ɗaya:"Maganar A Feminist Dictionary, wanda aka buga a shekarar 1985, kuma aka sake buga shi a shekarar 1992, kamar yadda **'Amazon'', ''bluestocking'' da ''crone**', shine, ina tsammanin, yana ba da labarin yadda juyin juya halin da aka gabatar ta hanyar harshen Ingilishi na mata ya kasance (kuma an) a matsayin A Feminist Diction, rubutun yana barazanar tsarin ka'idoji (feminist) wanda za a maye gurbin ka'idodin ka'idojin ka'idojjoji na ƙamus da ka'idojojin da suka gabata sun samar da al'ada, amma a matsayin Amazons, har ma'a, Bluestocks da Crones masu amfani da su na musamman don ƙarin ƙwarewa, za su iya fahimtar wannan ƙamus na yau da kullun, nan gaba sun fi dacewa da kullun, amma a iya amfani da su, nan gaba suna iya zama mafi kyau.

## Duba kuma

* Ka'idar rukuni mai sauyawa
* Gishiri na Testosterone

## Manazarta
Media Network (Kungiya)

**Media Network** kungiya ce ta Amurka daga New York . An kafa shi a cikin shekarun 1980, kungiyar ta yi niyyar samar da canjin zamantakewa ta hanyar samar da bayanai game da fina-finai, bidiyo da slideshows ga malamai da masu gwagwarmaya.

## Ayyuka
Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun ayyukansu shine Jagora ga Fim a kan 'Yancin Reproductive (1983), littafin da suka samar tare da Cibiyar 'Yancin Rubuce-rubuce ta Kasa da Asusun Fim. Dangane da sabbin kungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyi da suka ba da shawarar halatta zubar da ciki, an ƙara tambayar Cibiyar Sadarwar Sadarwa da Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Rubuce-rubuce ta Kasa da su ba da shawarar "fim mai kyau mai tsarawa. "  Kungiyoyin biyu sun haɗu da albarkatun su, tare da tallafin kuɗi daga Asusun Fim ɗin, kuma sun kirkiro cikakken jagora ga fina-finai, bidiyon bidiyo da slideshows waɗanda suka shafi ƙungiyoyin haƙƙin haihuwa. Ya haɗa da abun ciki game da zubar da ciki, sterilization, rigakafin haihuwa, kula da yara, haƙƙin ɗan luwaɗi da 'yan mata, jima'i na matasa, haɗarin haihuwa da sauransu. Jagoran kuma yana ba da shawara mai yawa game da yadda za a shirya shirye-shiryen fim mai kyau, rarraba bayanan da aka buga game da fina-finai, da kuma samar da tattaunawa bayan fina-fukkuna. Daga ƙarshe, burinsu shine ƙirƙirar hanya mai mahimmanci ga malamai da masu shirya da kuma ƙarfafa amfani da kafofin watsa labarai. Sun nemi fina-finai da za su bayyana batutuwan a sarari kuma su ƙarfafa masu sauraro su tattauna kuma watakila su fara aikin gwagwarmaya.

## Wurin da yake
Media Network ta kasance a cikin 208 West 13th Street, New York, tare da wasu kungiyoyi kamar su Partnership for The Homeless, Community Health Project, Friends of the Earth, S.A.G.E., da Metropolitan Community Church. Ginin yanzu an san shi da Cibiyar Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender Community, ko kuma wanda aka fi sani da Cibiyar.

## Manazarta
Harshe na Laiyolo

**Laiyolo** (Layolo) ko **Loa"**  yare ne na Austronesian na Kudancin Sulawesi, Indonesia . Ana magana da shi a kudancin Tsibirin Selayar kuma yana cikin reshen Wotu-Wolio na ƙungiyar Celebic.

**Barang-Barang** iri-iri ne na Laiyolo . 

## Manazarta
Rashami Desai

**Shivani Desai** (an haife ta ranar 13 ga watan Fabrairu, 1986) wacce akafi sani da **Rashami Desai**, ƴar fim ce ta Indiya. Itace mai karɓar kyaututtuka da yawa ciki har da lambar yabo ta Kwalejin Talabijin ta Indiya da lambar yabo na Zinare. Ta kafa kanta a matsayin daya daga cikin shahararrun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da akafi biyan su a talabijin.

Bayan ta fara aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo tana aiki a fina-finai na yanki, Desai ta fara fitowa a Talabijin na Hindi tare da *Raavan* (2006) sannan ta taka rawa biyu a *Pari Hoon Main* (2008). Ta sami babban shahara tare da sanannen aikinta a matsayin Tapasya Thakur acikin wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu na *Uttaran* (2009-2014), wanda ya lashe lambobin yabo daban-daban. Desai ya kuma shiga cikin abubuwan da suka faru *Zara Nachke Dikha 2* (2010), *Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 5* (2012),Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 6 (2015) da *Nach Baliye 7* (2015) kuma yana da cameo a cikin fim din 2012 *Dabangg 2*. Ta shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo tare da nuna gaskiya kamar *Comedy Circus Mahasangram* (2010), *Comedy Ka Maha Muqabala* (2011), *Kahaani Comedy Circus Ki* (2012) da *Comedy Nights Live* (2016).

Desai daga baya ta koma talabijin na fiction tare da triangle na soyayya *Dil Se Dil Tak* (2017-2018) yana nuna rawar Shorvori, bayan haka ta shiga cikin *Bigg Boss 13* (2019-2020) da *Bigg Boss 15* (2021-22). Ta kuma taka taka rawar gani a *Naagin 4* da *Naagin 6* kuma ta fara OTT tare da gajeren fim din *Tamas* da kuma yanar gizo tare da *Tandoor.*

## Manazarta
Yaren Pattaeʼ

Pattaeʼ (sunan kai  ko ) yare ne da mutanen Pattaeʼ ke magana, da shie da  wata kabilanci da ke zaune a bakin tekun a gabashin Polewali Mandar Regency, West Sulawesi, Indonesia .  Dangane da kamanceceniya da fahimtar juna, an rarraba Pattae' a matsayin yaren Mamasa, amma masu magana da asali suna ɗaukar shi yare daban.

## Manazarta
Harshen Iwam

Yaren **May River Iwam**, sau da yawa ana kiransa **Iwam**, yare ne na Lardin Sepik na Gabas, Papua New Guinea.

Ana magana da shi a Iyomempwi da yake a  ( 141°53′34′′E / 4.24117°S 141.89271°E / -4.24117; 141.89-271 (Imombi)), Mowi (4°17′42′′S 141 °55′′E / .2971°S 141.529199°E / .

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin sautin

A cikin matsayi na ƙarshe,  , , da  sune [ʊ] [ɔ], [ɪ], da [ɛ], bi da bi.  ya bayyana ne kawai a cikin kalmomin da ba na ƙarshe ba. Lokacin da suke kusa da ƙwayoyin hanci, ana amfani da wasula; ana iya yin amfani da hanci lokacin da suke kusa le iyakokin kalma.

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

 da  suna da murya ([β] da [ɣ]) bi da bi) lokacin da ake amfani da su kuma ba a sake su ba lokacin ƙarshe ( kuma ba a saki su ba lokacin karshe).  kalma ce ta hanci ([ɾ̃]) da farko kuma tsakanin wasula.  shine [ts] da farko kuma in ba haka ba za a iya palatalized . Tsarin kowane ma'ana da  ana hana su kafin  inda ake jin wani offglide koyaushe.

### Fonotactics
Ana iya bin sautin Bilabial da velar da  da  lokacin da aka fara. Sauran rukunin farko sun haɗa da , , , , da  kuma rukunin ƙarshe sune  ko  biye da kowane ma'ana sai dai  ko  .

## Wakilan sunaye
Wakilan Kogin Iwam na Mayu: :

## Nau'o'in suna
Kamar yarukan Wogamus, Kogin Mayu Iwam yana da nau'o'i biyar: 

Kamar yadda misalin da ke sama ya nuna don *Ana* 'hannu', sunan na iya ɗaukar nau'o'i daban-daban dangane da halaye na jiki da aka jaddada.

## Halin Magana
Kogin Mayu *-uwa* yana da ƙididdigar lokaci guda huɗu: matutinal *-yok*, dayurnal *-harok*, postmeridial -tep da kuma dare -wae . 

## Kalmomin kalmomi
Kalmomin ƙamus na Iwam sun fito ne daga Foley (2005)  da Laycock (1968),  kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin bayanan Trans-New Guinea: 

## Manazarta
Harshen Seko Padang

**Seko Padang** yare ne na Austronesian da ake magana a Arewacin Luwu Regency na Kudancin Sulawesi, Indonesia . Tare da Seko_Tengah_yaran Seko Tengah, Panasuan da Budong-Budong, ya saasali ne daga cikin reshen Seko na Kudancin Sulawesi.

## Manazarta
Harshen Selayar

**Selayar** ko **Selayarese** yare ne na Malayo-Polynesian wanda kusan mutane 100,000 ke magana da shie  a tsibirin Selayar a lardin Kudancin Sulawesi, Indonesia . 

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin sautin

Ana tsawaita sautin lokacin da aka jaddada shi kuma a cikin sashi mai buɗewa.

#### Nasal
Nasalization ya shimfiɗa daga ƙwayoyin hanci zuwa wasula masu zuwa, yana ci gaba har sai an toshe shi ta hanyar raguwa ko ƙwayoyin ban da tsayawar ƙwayoyin cuta:

:  "Kwarya ta yi masa fitsari".
: [sassaʔ lamẽãĩʔĩ""A lizard ya yi masa fitsari, kuma wani kare ya yi masa datti. "

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
Daga cikin coronals, dakatarwar da ba ta da murya ita ce hakora, yayin da sauran su ne alveolar.

## Yanayin Yanayi
Kalmomin Selayarese marasa ma'ana suna nuna hujjoji ta hanyar cikakkiyar ma'ana.
  
A cikin kalmomin da ba su da yawa ana nuna hujja mai kama da wakili ta hanyar cikakkiyar ma'anar.
 
## Manazarta
Harshen Biksi-Yetfa

**Yetfa** da **Biksi** (Biaksi; Inisine ) yare ne na yaren da ake magana a Gundumar Jetfa, Pegunung Bintang Regency, tsibirin  Papua, Indonesia, da kuma fadin iyaka a Papua New Guinea. Harshen kasuwanci ne da ake magana a Yammacin New Guinea har zuwa iyakar PNG.

A cewar Hammarström (2008), ana ba da shi ga yara kuma ba a cikin haɗari nan take ba.

## Dangantaka ta waje
Yetfa ba ta kusa da wasu harsuna ba. Ross (2005), biyo bayan Laycock & Z"Graggen (1975), ya sanya Biksi a cikin reshen kansa na iyalin Sepik, amma akwai ƙananan bayanai don kafa rarrabuwa. Abubuwan da Laycock ya lura suna da alaƙa kuma suna iya zama rance kawai; Ross ya dogara da rarraba shi akan sunayen, amma sun bambanta sosai don haɗin ya zama ba shi da tabbas. Usher ya gano shi yaren Kudancin Pauwasi ne. Foley (2018) ya rarraba shi a matsayin yare mai zaman kansa.

Foley (2018b: 295-296) ya lura cewa wakilin mutum na farko da wakilin namiji na mutum na uku a cikin wakilan Yetfa da aka samo a cikin yarukan Sepik, tare da wasu kamanceceniya kamar *nim* 'louse' tare da proto-Sepik *nim 'louse', da wal 'ear' tare da Proto-Sepic *wan. Koyaya, Foley (2018b) ya ɗauki shaidar da ke haɗa Yetfa da iyalin Sepik ba ta isa ba, don haka ya rarraba Yetfa a matsayin yare mai zaman kansa har sai an sami ƙarin shaidar.

## Wakilan sunaye
Wakilan daga Ross (2005):

Wakilan daga Kim (2005), kamar yadda aka nakalto a Foley (2018): 

## Kalmomin asali
Kalmomin asali na Yetfa daga Kim (2006), wanda aka nakalto a Foley (2018): 

Kalmomin ƙamus masu zuwa sun fito ne daga Conrad & Dye (1975)  da Voorhoeve (1975),  kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin bayanan Trans-New Guinea: 

## Hukunce-hukunce
Akwai ƙananan bayanai game da Yetfa. Wasu daga cikin 'yan kalilan da aka rubuta a Yetfa sune: 

## Manazarta
Harshen Nakwi

**Nakwi** yare ne na hagu na Papua New Guinea, a Lardin Sepik na Gabas . Yana kusa da Nimo.

Ana magana da Nakwi a kudancin yankin Ama, a cikin Augot, Nakwi-Amasu, Tiki  yana a (4°09′23′′S 141°40′37′′E / 4.156505°S 141.677012°E / -4.156505; 141.679012 (Tigi)), da Uwau (4°10′10′′S 141 °35′57′′E / .169381°S 141.5°E / 44.169381; 141.59905°S East RU/Hwau) a cikin ƙauyukan East Tunstein.

## Manazarta
Harsunan Iwam

**Harsunan Iwam** ƙananan iyali ne na harsuna biyu da ke da alaƙa da juna,  Kogin Iwam da Sepik Iwam galibi ana rarraba su cikin yarukan  yankin Sepik na arewacin Papua New Guinea; Malcolm Ross ya sanya su a cikin reshen Upper Sepik na wannan dangin harsuna biyu.

Ana magana da yarukan Iwam a iyakar yammacin lardin East Sepik, Papua New Guinea tare da bakin kogin Upper Sepik, kuma suna kusa da yammacin harsunan Left May.

## Manazarta
Harsunan Seko

**Harsunan Seko** rukuni ne na harsuna huɗu masu alaƙa da juna waɗanda ake magana da su a  lardunan Yammacin Sulawesi da Kudancin Sulawesi, Indonesia. Sun kasance reshe na farko na ƙungiyar Sulawesi ta Kudu. Harsunan reshen Seko sune: Seko Padang, Seko Tengah, Panasuan da Budong-Budong . 

Bada_languages" id="mwHg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Badaic languages">Harsunan Badaic (watau Bada, Besoa, da Napu) an rarraba su ta hanyar Zobel (2020) tare da yarukan Seko a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar *Seko-Badaic* a cikin reshen Kudancin Sulawesi.

## Manazarta
Harshen Taeʼ

**Tae'ʼ** yare ne da ake magana a Kudancin Sulawesi, Indonesia . Yana cikin dangin yaren Austronesian kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin yarukan kabilun goma da ke zaune a yankin *Tana Luwu* na Kudancin Sulawesi. Yawancin mazauna yankuna uku na *Tana Luwu* (Luwu Regency, North Luwu Regency), da kuma birnin Palopo suna amfani da yaren Taeʼ . *Tae* wani bangare ne na rukunin harsunan Kudancin Sulawesi . Yana da alaƙa da Toraja, kuma mafi nisa da Mandar, Massenrempulu, da Mamuju. Ana amfani da Taeʼ a matsayin harshen magana daga kudancin iyaka tare da Buriko Wajo Regency zuwa Malili East Luwu Regency, da kuma Tana Toraja da Massenrempulu .

## Manazarta
Harshen Taman (Indonesia)

**Taman** yare ne na Austronesian (Dayak) na Borneo . Tare da Embaloh, ya ƙunshi reshen Tamanic na dangin yaren Kudancin Sulawesi.

## Manazarta
Harshen Mamboru

**Mamboru** (Memboro) yaren yankin  Austronesia ne da ake magana da shi a Sumba, a kasar  Indonesia.

## Manazarta
Harsunan Tamanic

**Harsunan Tamanic** ƙananan rukuni ne na harsuna na Kapuas Hulu Regency, da ke gabasie Kalimantan:

* Embaloh (ciki har da Kalis) 
* Taman (Taman Dayak) 

Harsunan Tamanic ba su da alaƙa da wasu harsuna a Borneo. Maimakon haka, suna cikin yarukan Kudancin Sulawesi, mai yiwuwa a cikin reshe ɗaya tare da Buginese.

## Canjin sauti
A nan akwai jerin canje-canjen sauti daga Proto-Malayo-Polynesian zuwa harsuna daban-daban na Tamanic.

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

* Haɗuwa da sauti:
** *d*="mwKw">*D ya haɗu da d.
** *d*="mwLg">*j ya haɗu da *s*, amma ya haɗu cikin d bayan **n*.
** **h*, **q* sun haɗu cikin 意, duk da haka, a cikin matsayi na ƙarshe sakamakon su har yanzu sun bambanta.
** *d*="mwNw">*z ya haɗu da d.
* Lenition a cikin matsayi na intervocalic:
** **-b-* > *-w-* (wani lokacin ya share).
** **-d-* > *-r-* (asalin **D* da **z* suma sun shafi).
** **-ŋ-*, **-k-* > -Xë- a cikin Taman (**takut* > ataut).
** Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi ko kuma ya bi ma'anar hanci, alamun asali sun kasance.
* **l* an daidaita shi da *r* kafin *r* a cikin wannan ko kuma mai zuwa (**ulaR* > *urar* "macijin"). 
** A ciki*n* Taman, **'*r**' ya kara zama kamar n bayan *r (*urar*: *Uranus*). 
* Ci gaban ƙarshen ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa (*-ʔ*) na mafi yawan asalin da ba a bayyana ba. 
** **-q* > *-ʔ*, amma **-h* > *-Z**-Sai*
** Sauran abubuwan da suka faru ana zaton su ne daga asalin Proto-Malayo-Polynesian phoneme *-ʔ*.

### Sautin sautin

* **aya*, *aV* > **a:* (*qi Daya* > Embaloh ira:) 
** A cikin Taman, wani lokacin ana nuna shi a matsayin *ɛ:* (Malay lain > lɛ:n).
* **u* an cire shi zuwa i kafin *u a cikin sashi mai zuwa (**tumpul* > Ble "blunt").
* **ay*, **ey* da **aw*, **ew* sun kasance m*o* a cikin e da o, bi da bi.
* **-iq* da **-uq* sun zama *-e* da *-o* bi da bi.

## Ƙungiyoyin Kalimantan na Yamma
 
Wasu ƙabilun Dayak masu magana da harshen Tamanic da yarensu a lardin Kalimantan na Yamma, Indonesia: 

## Kalmomin kirkire-kirkire na musamman a cikin dangin yaren Kudancin Sulawesi ko Buginese
Akwai kamanceceniya da yawa da harsunan Kudancin Sulawesi,  misali:

## Manazarta
Harshen Toraja-Saʼdan

**Toraja**-Saʼ  ko (kuma Toraja, Saʼdan, Kudancin Toraja) yare ne na  mutanan Austronesian da ake magana a Kudancin Sulawesi, Indonesia . Yana da sunan *Tae'ʼ* tare da Gabashin Toraja . Yawancin taswirar yaren Toraja sun yi ne daga masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje na Dutch da ke aiki a Sulawesi, kamar Nicolaus Adriani da Hendrik van der Veen .

## Sauti

Ana jin sautin [tʃ, dʒ] daga kalmomin aro na Indonesiya. /h/ kawai yana faruwa da wuya.

A matsayi na ƙarshe, kawai , ,  da  zasu iya faruwa.

## Manazarta
Harshen Sangir

***Sangi***, wanda aka fi sani da **'Sangih**', Sangi, *Sangil*, ko Sangih, yare ne na yankin Austronesian da ake magana a tsibirai da ke haɗa arewacin Sulawesi, Indonesia, da koma  Mindanao, Philippines da Mutanen Sangir. Yana cikin ƙungiyar Philippines a cikin iyalin yaren Austronesian . 

Wasu tasirin ƙamus sun fito ne daga Ternate da Mutanen Espanya,   da kuma Yaren mutanen Holland da Malay.  Yawancin Sangirese sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankunan da ke waje da Tsibirin Sangihe, gami da yankin Sulawesi, da kuma Philippines, inda yaren ya kasance mai ƙarfi. Sangir kuma ana magana da shi ta bakin haure na Sangirese a Arewacin Maluku, Indonesia.

Ana amfani da Manado Malay a tsakanin Sangirese, wani lokacin a matsayin yare na farko. Manado Malay yana da tasiri sosai a Tahuna da Manado . 

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

 galibi ana jin sa a cikin yaren Sangihé . 

### Sautin sautin

* Ana iya jin sautin  a matsayin  a cikin sassan.
*  ana iya jin sa a matsayin , , .

## Manazarta
Máirín Johnston

**Máirín Johnston** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1931) marubuciya ce ta Irish kuma mai fafutukar mata daga The Liberties a Dublin, Ireland wacce ta yi aiki don kawo maganin hana daukar ciki a Dublin a 1971 tare da Irish Women's Liberation Movement (IWLM). Johnston ya rubuta Dublin Belles: Conversations with Dublin Women da Around the Banks of Pimlico, da kuma littafin yara The Pony Express,  wanda ya lashe kyautar Bisto Merit a 1994.

## Yin aiki tare da Irish Women's Liberation Movement
Johnston ta yi aiki a matsayin babban memba na Irish Women's Liberation Movement, ƙungiyar mata masu aiki daga Dublin. Sun yi kira ga lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa da kuma haƙƙin maganin hana daukar ciki a duk faɗin Ireland. A ranar 6 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1971, a madadin kungiyar Irish Women's Liberation Movement, Johnston ya bayyana a wani kwamitin Late Late Show tare da wani memba na kungiyar da ta kafa, Nell McCafferty .  A cewar Rosita Sweetman, memba na kungiyar, "Duk abin da ke tafiya cikin iyo har sai, ba shakka, Mary Kenny mai zafi, eh, cewa Mary Kenny, ta jefa grenade na hannu a cikin cakuda ta hanyar shelar babu wani dan siyasa na Irish - a wannan matakin kusan dukkanin 'yan siyasa na Irish maza ne - za su kawo dokar da ta dame fa'idodin ɗaukaka na shugabanci, kuma "duk jahannama ya ɓace".  IWLM manifesto Chains ko Change da aka gabatar a cikin wasan kwaikwayon ya sayar da ba da daɗewa ba.

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1971, kungiyar Irish Women's Liberation Movement ta aika da wata kungiya ta mata ta Irish ta hanyar 'Train Contraceptive' zuwa Belfast don sayen maganin hana daukar ciki. A lokacin, maganin hana daukar ciki ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a Jamhuriyar Ireland amma yana samuwa a Belfast. A ranar 22 ga Mayu 1971 Johnston da ƙungiyar mata sama da 40, da kuma abokin tarayya, ɗa da 'yarta, sun yi tafiya zuwa Belfast ta jirgin ƙasa don siyan maganin hana daukar ciki. Wani ma'aikatan talabijin na Japan sun bi su don sayen maganin hana daukar ciki, kuma matan sun ci gaba da komawa ta hanyar kwastomomi ba tare da rasa wani abu da suka samu a Belfast ba.

Wani mural don girmama Johnston ya yi ta hanyar mai zane Fink a gaban shagon Norton's Greengrocer.

## Manazarta
J. Ann Tickner

**Judith Ann Tickner** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1937)  yar Anglo-Amurka ce mai ra'ayin mata ta kasa da kasa (IR) . Tickner fitacciyar malama ce a zaune a Makarantar Ayyukan Kasa da Kasa, Jami'ar Amurka, Washington DC.

Bayan shekaru goma sha biyar a matsayin Farfesa na Harkokin Ƙasashen Duniya a Jami'ar Kudancin California, Tickner kwanan nan ya zama mashahurin malami a zaune a Makarantar Ayyuka ta Duniya, Jami'ar Amirka, Washington DC,  A ranar 4 ga Yuni, 1999, Tickner ya sami digiri na girmamawa daga Faculty of Social Sciences a Jami'ar Uppsala, Sweden . 

Littattafanta sun haɗa da Siyasar Duniya ta Gendering: Batutuwa da Hanyoyi a cikin Bayan Yaƙin Cold War (Jami'ar Columbia Press, 2001), Jinsi a Hulɗar Ƙasashen Duniya: Ra'ayin Mata kan Samun Tsaron Duniya (Jami'ar Columbia, 1992), da Dogaro da Kai Versus Power Politics: American and Indian Experiences in Buildings University NCobia18. Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun labaran mujallolin Tickner shi ne yanki na "Ba ku Fahimce Ku kawai" ( Nazarin Duniya na Kwata-kwata (1997) 41, 611-632), wanda ya caccaki manyan masanan dangantakar kasa da kasa don tsallake jinsi daga ka'idarsu da aiki. [1] Duk da yake manyan malamai sun yi jayayya cewa ya kamata masu ra'ayin mata su haɓaka kimiyya, ra'ayoyin ƙarya, Tickner ya yi jayayya da wannan ikirari, yana mai da'awar cewa bai fahimci ɗaya daga cikin wuraren IR na mata ba. Yawancin ka'idar IR na mata suna ɗaukar tsarin ƙaddamarwa mai ƙarfi ga ilimi, suna jayayya cewa ra'ayoyin suna nuna matsayi na zamantakewar jinsi na marubutan su; don haka suka tambayi hanyoyin positivist ("kimiyya") hanyoyin da za su ruɗe siyasar jinsi na ginin ilimi. Ta fi son tsarin zamantakewa, "ƙasa-sama" na bincike wanda ke sa rawar mata a cikin IR a bayyane, sabanin hanyoyin kimiyya da aka saba waɗanda suke "sama-sama" kuma suna mai da hankali kan batutuwa na al'ada na maza, gami da maza, kuɗi, da yaƙi . Hanyoyi na mata game da dangantakar kasa da kasa wani lamari ne na lokacin yakin cacar baki . Binciken ƙwararrun mata ya fara ne a cikin 1980s a cikin fannonin ilimi daban-daban, daga adabi zuwa ilimin halin ɗan adam zuwa tarihi .

Tickner ya auri Hayward Alker har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 2007. 

## Ayyukan da aka buga

* *Feminism da Harkokin Ƙasashen Duniya: Tattaunawa game da Tsohon, Yanzu da Gaba*, ed. tare da Laura Sjoberg (Routledge, 2011).
* *Siyasar Duniya ta Gendering: Matsaloli da Hanyoyi a Zamanin Yakin Yakin Bayan Yakin Yakin Yaki* (Jami'ar Columbia, 2001).
* *Jinsi a Alakar Ƙasashen Duniya: Ra'ayin Mata akan Samun Tsaro na Duniya* (Jami'ar Columbia, 1992).
* *Dogaro da Kai Da Siyasar Ƙarfi: Ƙwararrun Amurkawa da Indiyawa a Gina Jihohin Ƙasa* (Jami'ar Columbia, 1987).

## Duba kuma
 

* Carol Cohn
* Ka'idar dangantakar kasa da kasa mai mahimmanci
* Claire Duncanson
* Cynthia Enloe
* Sara Ruddick

## Bayanan kula

## Manazarta

* ''J. Ann Tickner'', ɗan gajeren tarihin rayuwa akan Cibiyar Watson don Nazarin Ƙasashen Duniya
* ''J. Ann Tickner''  Archived  , taƙaitaccen tarihin rayuwar Mershon Center for International Security Studies

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Faculty Profile a Jami'ar Amurka
* ''Tattaunawar Ka'idar'' Magana
Thelma Dailey-Stout

**Thelma Dailey-Stout** (1918 &#x2013; 2005) yar Ba'amurke ce kuma yar fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a na Amurka wanda aka sani da kafa mujallar *The Ethnic Woman* (1977). Ta kasance mai ƙwazo a cikin ƙungiyar ƙwadago a birnin New York a cikin shekarun 1970 kuma ta kasance memba na ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a da yawa a duk rayuwarta. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Rayuwar farko
An haifi Dailey-Stout Thelma Jennings a Baltimore, Maryland a cikin 1918. 

Ta sami BA daga Kwalejin Empire State da Fellowship a cikin karatun mata a Kwalejin Sarah Lawrence . 

Ta na da ɗiya guda ɗaya, amma ta renon wasu 'ya'ya maza da mata da yawa. 

Dailey-Stout ya mutu Yuli 1, 2005. 

## ''Matar Kabilanci''
A cikin 1977, Dailey-Stout ya kafa Mujallar *The Ethnic Woman* .  An ƙirƙira wannan mujalla kuma an yi niyya ga mata na "Afrika, Latin, Indiyawan Indiya, da Asiyawa," don raba iliminsu na gama gari da ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwa. 

## Hakkokin jama'a
Dailey-Stout ya kasance ɗan takara mai himma a cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago a New York a cikin 1970s.

Dailey-Stout, mace Bakar fata ta farko mataimakiyar shugabar gundumar 65 na Kungiyar Ma'aikatan Rarraba, an kore ta daga matsayinta a 1976. Wata jarida ta ruwaito cewa saboda shekarunta ne. Sun zargi shugaban farar fata na kungiyar a lokacin, David Livingston, da kuma manufar "shekaru 30 da fita" na kungiyar ta ritaya.  Dailey-Stout ta kai karar kungiyar da jami’anta saboda shekaru, jima’i, da nuna wariyar launin fata, amma ta rasa karar ta. 

Dailey-Stout ita ce ta kafa kuma shugabar kungiyar kwadago ta matan al'adun Afirka. 

Ta kasance memba na Cibiyar Ilimin Siyasa ta Ethel Payne don Mata Baƙar fata,  abokiyar Cibiyar Mata don 'Yancin Jarida,  da Treasurer of Black Forum a 1977. 

Ta kasance mai himma sosai a wasu kungiyoyi, gami da Haɗin gwiwar Mata Baƙar fata 100, Majalisar Dokokin Racial Equality, da Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Duniya . [1] Sauran ƙungiyoyi sun haɗa da: memba na hukumar National Congress of Neighborhood Women, Inc.; Dandalin Mata na Duniya; mai kula da sashin Bronx na Ƙungiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ; Taron Bitar Mace Na Kabilanci a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Fasaha ; IWY Tribune; Tsohon sojan mata na Amurka daga 1992. [2]

## Bayanan Manazarta


## Manazarta
Draga Dejanović

**Draga Dejanović** ( Kanjiža, 18 ga Agusta 1840 - Bečej, 26 ga Yuni 1871) mawaƙiya yar asalin Serbia ne wanda ya zauna a Austria-Hungary . Bayan Milica Stojadinović-Srpkinja, an dauke ta daya daga cikin mata na farko na Serbia na zamani. Mawallafin wallafe-wallafen Jovan Skerlić ne ya kira ta "mafiyar farko ta Serbia" a cikin kimanta matsayinta a al'adun Serbia . 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Draga Dimitrijević a ranar 18 ga Agusta 1840 a Stara Kanjiza a cikin Daular Austriya (yanzu a Serbia).  Iyayenta sune Zivojin da Sofija Dimitrijević.  Mahaifinta babban lauya ne wanda ya aika Draga zuwa makarantar nahawu ta Serbia a garinsu kuma, daga baya, zuwa Cibiyar Vincikov a Timișoara (yau a Romania ).  Saboda rashin ganinta, karatun ta ya katse. Tare da danginta, ta ƙaura daga Stara Kanjiza zuwa Bečej, inda ta sadu kuma ta auri wani matashin malamin makaranta Mihailo Dejanović bisa ga burin mahaifinta.  Ba da daɗewa ba, ta ci gaba da karatunta a Pest ( Hungary ), inda ta sadu da ƙungiyar dalibai na Serbia, mambobi ne na United Serb Youth, wanda ya hada da Laza Kostić, Giga Geršić, da Jovan Turoma . A kasar Hungary, ta fara rubuta kasidu tare da yin kira ga Sabiya Matasan Sabiya da su tsaya a fili bayan bukatar daidaiton ilimi ga mata da maza.  An fara buga wakoki da laccocinta a wata mujalla mai suna *Danica* (Morningstar) daga baya kuma aka tattara aka buga su a matsayin littafi a ƙarƙashin taken *Spisi Drage Dejanović* (Rubutun Draga Dejanović, 1869). 

A cikin 1860s, Dejanović ya shiga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Serbian kwanan nan na Novi Sad .  Hutu ce mai ƙarfin hali tare da kafaffen dokoki kuma danginta sun ƙi yarda. Bayan shekara guda, Draga ta koma Belgrade inda ta fassara wasu wasanni a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Serbia. A 1864, Dejanović ya koma Bečaj, inda ta ci gaba da zama tare da mijinta.  Duk da wajibcinta, ba ta yi watsi da aikin jama'a ba da kuma aikin da ta ba da kanta ga *"prospećivanije Srpstva"* (waskar da Serbdom), furcin da ta yi amfani da shi sau da yawa a cikin matani. Ta rubuta muhimman karatu guda uku: *Nekoliko reći srpskim ženama* (Shawarwari biyu ga matan Serbia); *Emancipacija Srpkinje* ('Yancin Matan Sabiya); da *Srpskoj majci* (Ga hankalin Uwar Serbian), inda ta nuna rashin gamsuwarta da halin rashin aiki na matan Serbia. Dan Dejanović ya mutu yana jariri a 1867. Ita kanta ta mutu a shekara ta 1871 yayin da ta haifi diya mace. 

Wasu rubuce-rubucen Dejanović sun kasance ba a buga su ba. Mafi mahimmancin waɗannan sun haɗa da wasanta Deoba Jakšića (Nasara na Jakšić), Svećenik u moralku (Firist a Venice) da kuma nazarin ilimin ilmantarwa, Mati (Uwa). Wataƙila ayyukanta da aka fi sani da ita sune rubuce-rubucenta na mata. Ta ga wayar da kan mata ya zama wajibi don tada hankalin jama'a tare da neman ba da gudummawa ga wannan farkawa. [1]

## Duba kuma

* Ana Marija Marovic
* Gimbiya Anka Obrenović
* Milica Stojadinović-Srpkinja
* Staka Skenderova
* Eustahija Arsić

## Manazarta
Marjorie Hasler

**Marjorie Hasler** (c. 1887 - 31 Maris 1913) ta kasance 'yar Irish ce, an dauke ta "shahadar Irish ta farko don dalilin sufragist".   

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Marjorie Hasler a kusa da shekara ta 1887 a Ireland, ba tare da wani abu da aka sani game da rayuwarta ta farko ko iyali ba. Ta shiga kungiyar Irish Women's Franchise League (IWFL) a watan Yulin 1910. A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 1910 Hasler na ɗaya daga cikin wakilan Irish waɗanda suka yi tafiya zuwa Landan don tallafawa Emmeline Pankhurst tare da takardar shaidarta ga H. H. Asquith, Firayim Minista Burtaniya. A cikin hatsaniya da ta faru a wannan rana, wanda aka fi sani da "Black Friday", Hasler ta ji rauni a kai lokacin da aka buga ta da bango. A sakamakon haka ta sha wahala a kanta, da kuma wani sashin lalacewar kashin baya. Wannan bai hana Hasler daga aikinta na yaƙi ba, ta koma London a shekara Bayan sherar  a lokacin da aka ɗaure ta na kwanaki 14 saboda tuhumar karya tagogin gwamnati.

A watan Yunin shekarar 1912, an daure Hasler tare da Hanna Sheehy Skeffington da wasu mata shida a gidan yarin Mountjoy saboda rawar da ta taka wajen karya windows na Babban Ofishin Jakadancin, Dublin. Wadannan mata guda takwas sune na farko da aka yanke musu hukunci kuma aka ɗaure su a Ireland saboda aikin 'yan tawaye. An ci Hasler tarar £ 10 kuma an yanke mata hukuncin watanni shida, wanda shine mafi tsawo na kowane ɗayan 'yan takarar da aka yanke musu hukunci. 

Hasler ta kwatanta masu sufragists da Land Leaguers a cikin wata kasida ga The Irish Citizen a ranar 22 ga Yuni 1912: "Ba mu son karya windows fiye da maza kamar karya kwanyar, amma a lokuta biyu akwai, na yi imanin, jin daɗi mai ƙarfi cewa dole ne a karya wani abu kafin a iya gyara wani abu ba daidai ba". An sake ta a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 1912 bayan ta yi watanni huɗu, biyo bayan gabatar da takardar da goma daga cikin masu shari'a suka sanya hannu. Sheehy Skeffington ta yi iƙirarin cewa Hasler ta ki yarda da karar IWFL a madadin ta.

Bayan barin kurkuku, Hasler ta lalace, duk da haka wannan ya bambanta da shaidar Sheehy Skeffington game da wasan kwaikwayo na Hasler yayin da yake cikin kurkuku. Hasler ta mutu ba zato ba tsammani sakamakon bugawar zuciya a ranar 31 ga watan Maris 1913 bayan ta kamu da kyanda. 'Yan uwanta masu goyon bayanta da The Irish Citizen sun ci gaba da cewa kurkuku ne da kuma zalunci na' yan sanda wanda ya lalata lafiyarta a shekarar da ta gabata.

Sheehy Skeffington ya bayyana ta a matsayin "kyakkyawan kyakkyawa, fuskarta ta bayyana a matsayin cameo, tare da idanu masu launin ruwan kasa, an tsara su a cikin gajerun launin ruwan kasa".

## Manazarta
Zoraida Díaz

**Zoraida Díaz Chamize** (Maris 1881 - Yuni 14, 1948), wanda aka fi sani da **Zoraida Díaz de Schtronn**, mawaƙi ne kuma malami ɗan ƙasar Panama. Ana yi mata kallon mace ta farko da ta fara buga littafin wakoki a Panama. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Díaz a cikin 1881 a Las Tablas a cikin abin da yake a lokacin Sashen Panama,  Ita ce 'yar Francisco Díaz Medina da Carolina Chamize de Díaz. Ta yi makarantar firamare a garinsu, amma na sakandare ta koma babban birnin kasar, inda ta yi karatu ta zama malama a makarantar al'ada a can. "Zoraida Díaz". *Panamá Poesía*. Retrieved 2020-09-23.

Daga nan ta koma Las Tablas ta fara aiki a matsayin malami, inda ta kuma samar da shirin makarantar dare ga jahilai mazauna birnin. Koyaya, shugabannin birni masu ƙarfi sun ji barazanar shirin karatunta, kuma ta rasa aikinta a sakamakon haka.

Sa’ad da take ɗan shekara 17, Díaz ya auri Eleazar Escobar Restrepo, wani malami ɗan ƙasar Colombia wanda shi ne magajin garin Las Tablas a lokacin.  Amma ta kasance gwauruwa jim kaɗan bayan haka sa’ad da aka kashe mijinta a Yaƙin Kwanaki Dubu . Rasuwarsa ta biyo bayan nata kanwarta, wacce ta kasance ‘yar shekara 2 kacal. 

A wannan lokacin, Díaz ya fara rubuta waƙa, yana buga ayoyi a cikin mujallu da jaridu duka a Panama da ƙasashen waje.  Ta kuma koma koyarwa, inda ta zama darakta na Makarantar Chitré kafin ta dawo koyarwa a Las Tablas. Daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin malama a makarantar samari a birnin Panama . 

A 1915, ta sake yin aure. Amma sabon mijinta, ɗan kasuwa ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya Pedro Ross, ya mutu bayan 'yan makonni kaɗan, saboda yanayin kwakwalwa.

Bayan mutuwar Ross ba tare da bata lokaci ba, Díaz ya yanke shawarar fara sabo kuma ya sami aiki a National Archives na Panama, inda ta kasance har sai ta yi ritaya. Ta yi aure na uku a shekara ta 1918, da Mendel S. Schtronn na Rasha, auren da ya daɗe har mutuwarsa.

Yawancin wakokin Panama na wannan lokacin an buga su a cikin kasidu na lokaci-lokaci, ba a fitar da littattafai kaɗan ba.  Duk da haka, a cikin 1922 Díaz ta zama mace ta farko ta Panama da ta buga littafin aya, *Nieblas del Alma*. Littafinta na biyu, Cuadros, ya biyo baya a cikin 1937.  Ta kasance wani ɓangare na ƙarni na mawaƙa na Panama waɗanda suka mayar da hankali kan jigogi na 'yancin kai da asalin ƙasa, kuma wani lokaci ana ɗaukar aikinta wani ɓangare na igiyar zamani . 

Díaz ya kasance memba na farko na ƙungiyar mata ta Panama, Centro Feminista Renovación. A cikin 1923, ta shiga a matsayin wakili a Majalisar Mata ta Farko ta ƙasar, kuma ta kasance jami'a a Jam'iyyar Feminist National Party.

A 1946, Díaz ta yi fama da bugun jini wanda ya sa ta kusan gurgunta; bugun jini na biyu a shekarar 1947 ya sa ta kusa makanta. Ta rasu a birnin Panama a shekara ta 1948.

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

* *Nieblas del Alma* (1922)
* *Kuadros* (1937)

## Manazarta

## Kara karantawa

* UNICEF. *Mujeres que cambiaron nuestra historia.* *-- Panama* : UNICEF, 1996.
Ellen Sandelin

**Ellen Beata Elisabeth Sandelin** (19 Yuli 1862 - 7 Agusta 1907) likita ce ta Sweden wacce ta yi aiki a Stockholm, kuma ta kasance malami a fannin ilimin halittar jiki da ilimin kiwon lafiya . Ta sami lasisin likita a 1897.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Ita ce 'yar likita Carl Henrik Sandelin (1824-1871) da Beda Collett.

Sandelin ta sauke karatu daga makarantar ’yan mata ta Wallinska da ke Stockholm a shekara ta 1881. (Wallinska na ɗaya daga cikin makarantu biyar na farko a Sweden inda 'yan mata za su iya samun ilimin ilimi na yau da kullun, kuma ita ce farkon da aka ba da izinin ba wa 'yan mata jarrabawar shiga (wanda ake kira Studentexamen ) don shiga jami'a. Sandelin ta ci gaba da koyarwa a makarantar 'yan mata da ke Karlstad, Sweden, sannan ta halarci Jami'ar Kristiania, daga baya ta koma Jami'ar Oslo, Norway.

Sandelin ya girma a daidai lokacin da ake ba da karatun likitanci ga matan Sweden. [1] Kamar yadda ta rubuta a cikin 1899."... An ba da Dokar Sarauta, a cikin 1870, wanda mata suka sami 'yancin yin digiri na biyu don ci gaba da karatun likitanci, sun kammala digiri na likita a jami'o'i, da kuma yin aiki a matsayin likitoci .... A cikin 1873 Jami'ar Upsala ta shigar da dalibar likita ta farko..." A cikin 1885, Sandelin ta fara karatun likitancinta a Uppsala, Sweden.  A can, ta sami digiri na farko a fannin likitanci a 1891 kuma a 1897 ta sami lasisin likita a Cibiyar Karolinska da ke Stockholm. 

A wannan shekarar, Sandelin ya zama likita mai aiki a Stockholm kuma ya kasance malami a fannin ilimin halittar jiki da ilimin kiwon lafiya a cibiyoyin ilimi da yawa na mata da kuma likitoci a makarantun birni. Don yada ilimi a fannin ilimin halittar jiki da tsafta a cikin da'irori masu yawa, ta gudanar da laccoci na jama'a waɗanda suka shahara. A cewar Levin, "Ellen Sandelin ta yi kira ga koyarwar da ta koya wa yaron 'gani da fahimtar yanayi,' dabi'un dabi'a, don haka kuma koyi girmama su ..."

## Bayan shekaru
Sandelin kuma ta shiga cikin gwagwarmayar mata, ta kasance memba na farko na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙasa ta farko kuma ta ba da laccoci a taron mata a London 1899 da kuma a Berlin 1904. 

Ta mutu 7 Agusta 1907 a Stockholm yana da shekaru 45 kuma an binne shi a makabartar Arewa a can.   

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa da aka buga

* *Koyarwar Likita na Mata a Sweden* (1899) 
* *Akan Wasu Cututtuka masu Yaduwa da Hatsarin Rayuwarsu* (1902) 
* *Akan Ilimin ɗabi'a na Matasa* (a cikin jerin "Shahararrun Dissertations na Kimiyya," 23, 1902) 
* *Jikin Mata, Gininsa da Tsaftarsa* (1903) 

## Manazarta

## Kara karantawa

* Davidson, R. (Ed.), Hall, L. (Ed.). (2001). *Jima'i, Zunubi da Wahala* . London: Routledge,
Maria Svolou

**Maria Svolou** ( Greek  , *née* **Desypri** ;  1892 - 1976) shugabar mata ne kuma shugabar gurguzu.

An haifi Maria Desypri a shekara ta 1892 a Athens ga George Desypros da matarsa. Mariya na ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya mata hudu kuma ta rayu tsawon shekaru biyu a Piraeus . Ta ƙaura tare da danginta zuwa Larissa a lokacin ƙuruciyarta sa’ad da aka naɗa mahaifinta darektan wani reshe na Babban Bankin Girka. A can ta yi karatu a Arsakeion School of Larissa, inda ta sauke karatu a kusa da 1907. Bayan mutuwar mahaifinta a shekara ta 1915, iyalin sun koma Athens. Ta sami takardar shedar karatu a cikin Nazarin Faransanci a cikin 1916 da lasisi don koyar da Faransanci daga Ma'aikatun Majami'a da Ilimin Jama'a a 1919. 

Svolou ya kasance mai ƙwazo a cikin ƙungiyoyin mata na Girka tun yana ƙarami. Ta auri farfesa a fannin shari'a Alexandros Svolos a 1923. A matsayinta na sakatariyar kungiyar kare hakkin mata ta bayar da shawarar samar da makarantun dare ga mata masu aiki da yaki da karuwanci. Ta yi kamfen kuma ta rubuta a madadin daidaito ga matan Girka. Ta kasance mai kula da ma’aikatar kwadago ta ma’aikatar tattalin arziki kuma ta yi amfani da matsayinta na can wajen jawo hankulan mata marasa galihu na aiki da gidaje. [1]

NSvolou ya shiga siyasa mai sassaucin ra'ayi daga 1911 zuwa 1936 kuma ya goyi bayan yunkurin zaman lafiya. Ita ce editan mujallar *gwagwarmayar mata* kuma an kore ta daga Girka daga 1936 zuwa 1940 tare da mijinta ta hannun kama-karya Ioannis Metaxas . Svolou jagora ne na ƙungiyoyin mata masu sassaucin ra'ayi amma ya yi imanin cewa daidaiton jinsi za a iya samu ne kawai bayan canjin al'umma.  Ta koma Girka a 1940 kuma ta ba da gudummawa a yakin Greco-Italian a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya. Daga baya ta shirya abinci tare da kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ga yara a lokacin da Jamus ta mamaye kasar Girka . Svolou ta shiga kungiyar gwagwarmaya ta EAM-ELAS kuma an zabe ta a matsayin memba na majalisar kasa, yayin da mijinta ya zama shugaban kwamitin siyasa na 'yanci na kasa karkashin jagorancin EAM . Svolou ya ji tausayin 'yan gurguzu kuma an sake yin hijira a cikin 1948, lokacin yakin basasar Girka . Bayan dawowarta ta tsaya takarar majalisar dokoki a matsayin memba na United Democratic Left . An zabe ta sau biyu kuma ta kasance mamba a kwamitin tsakiya na jam’iyyar. 

## Manazarta
Sarah Hoagland

**Sarah Lucia Hoagland** (an haife ta 4 ga Yuni 1945 a Denver, Colorado ) ita ce Bernard Brommel ƙwararren Farfesa Farfesa kuma Farfesa Emerita na Falsafa da Nazarin Mata a Jami'ar Arewa maso Gabashin Illinois a Chicago .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Ta rubuta *[[Lesbian Ethics: Toward New Value|Da'a na Madigo: Zuwa Sabon Ƙimar]]* .   Har ila yau, ta kasance editan haɗin gwiwa (tare da Julia Penelope ) na *[[For Lesbians Only|<nowiki/>'yan madigo kawai]]*, tarihin rubuce-rubuce kan batun rabuwar madigo, da (tare da Marilyn Frye ) *Sake karanta Canon: Fassarar Mata na Maryamu Daly* .

Hoagland memba ne na haɗin gwiwar Cibiyar Nazarin Madigo a Chicago, ma'aikacin Escuela Popular Norteña, da Mataimakin Bincike na Fassara Falsafa da Cibiyar Al'adu a Jami'ar Binghamton ( Vestal, New York ). [1]

A cikin 2000, an shigar da Hoagland cikin Babban Gay na Chicago da Madigo na Fame . 

A cikin 2017, Hoagland ta auri abokin aikinta na shekaru 34, Anne Leighton. 

## Ayyuka

### Littattafai

### Kasidu
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

### Sharhi

* 

## Manazarta


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Sarah Hoagland.com
Soe Tjen Tafiya

Soe Tjen Marching (an Haife ta Afrilu 23, 1971, a Surabaya, Indonesiya) marubuciya ce, masanin ilimi, mai fafutuka, kuma mawallafin kiɗan avant-garde daga Indonesia. A cikin 1998, ta lashe gasar kasa don mawaƙa na zamani na Indonesiya wanda Ofishin Jakadancin Jamus ya gudanar. An buga waƙoƙinta a New Zealand, Indonesia da Japan . An fitar da aikinta akan CD Asia Piano Avantgarde - Indonesiya, wanda ɗan wasan pian Steffen Schleiermacher ya buga. [1] A cikin 2010, an zaɓi aikinta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ƙira guda biyu a gasar International Competition don mawaƙa avant-garde da aka gudanar a Singapore . A cikin aikinta na kiɗa, ta kasance mai sarrafa kansa.

Bayan kasancewarsa mawaki, Marching kuma marubuci ne mai kirkire-kirkire kuma babban malami yana koyar da Indonesiya a SOAS a Landan . Tana da digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Canterbury,  kuma ta kammala karatun digiri na uku a Jami'ar Monash a Australia. Littafinta, *The Disrepancy between the Public and the Private Selves of Indonesian Press* The Edwin Mellen Press (2007) ne ya buga littafinta.  Ta kuma ci gasar rubuce-rubuce da yawa a Ostiraliya kuma an buga ta a Australia, Amurka da Ingila . Ta auri Angus Nicholls, masanin adabi a Jami'ar Queen Mary, London. Littafinta, *Mati Bertahun yang Lalu*, Gramedia (Jakarta - Indonesia) ne ya buga a watan Nuwamba 2010. Littafin nata game da matan Indonesiya *Kisah di Balik Pintu* Ombak ne ya buga shi a cikin 2011 kuma littafinta game da wata mata da ke fama da cutar kansa, *Kubunuh di Sini*, Gramedia ta buga a 2013. A cikin 2017, littafinta game da kisan kare dangi na 1965 a Indonesia mai suna *The End of Silence: Accounts of the 1965 Genocide in Indonesia*, An buga ta Jami'ar Amsterdam University Press. Ya zuwa 2023, ta buga littattafai sama da goma. Na baya-bayan nan shi ne tarin wakoki mai suna *Tiga Kitab* [Littattafai uku], bisa Littafi Mai Tsarki amma ta fuskar Iblis.

A cikin 2009, Soe Tjen ya kafa wata mujalla a Indonesiya mai suna *Majalah Bhinneka* (Mujallar Bhinneka), wacce ke haɓaka tunani mai zurfi game da jinsi, siyasa da addinai. Soe Tjen ya rubuta kasidu da yawa akan mata, siyasar Indonesiya, da kuma addinai cikin Indonesian, Ingilishi da Jamusanci .

## Manazarta


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* https://archive.today/20121212124117/http://mcel.pacificu.edu/easpac/bio.php3
* https://web.archive.org/web/20070203232207/http://mcel.pacificu.edu/easpac/
* https://web.archive.org/web/20070720132131/http://www.geogr.uni-goettingen.de/kus/apsa/pn/pn27/pn27_marching.pdf
* https://web.archive.org/web/20110707000153/http://www.musikontakt.ch/neuheiten/MK_2005-09.pdf
* http://www.mellenpress.com/mellenpress.cfm?bookid=6994&pc=9
* http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue10/marching.html
* http://www.pulp.net/fiction/biogs/marching-soe-tjen.html 
* https://web.archive.org/web/20080719180319/http://www.colloquy.monash.edu.au/issue007/marching.html
Judith Astelarra

**Judith Astelarra Bonomi** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1943) ƙwararriyar ilimin zamantakewa ce ta Argentine wacce ke zaune a Spain inda ta kware a nazarin jinsi . A Chile, ta ba da gudummawar yin aiki kan sake fasalin aikin noma tare da haɗin gwiwar Cibiyar Kimiyyar Aikin Noma ta Inter-American. A cikin 1977, an nada ta Farfesa a fannin ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar mai zaman kanta ta Barcelona inda daga 1992, a matsayin wanda ya kafa kuma mai gudanarwa na Seminario de Estudios de la Mujer (Cibiyar Nazarin Mata), ta gabatar da nazarin jinsi a Spain. Daga baya ta yi aiki a jami'a a matsayin shugaban tsangayar kimiyyar siyasa da zamantakewa. Tun daga ƙarshen 1970s, ta buga yadu akan nazarin jinsi da mata .   

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haife shi a Buenos Aires a cikin 1943, Astelarra, ɗan fari a cikin yara tara, an girma a cikin gida mai daraja. Lokacin da ta kai shekara tara, ta ƙaura tare da danginta zuwa Chile inda ta halarci Colegio Dunalastair a Santiago . Bisa shawarar mahaifinta, ta ci gaba da karatun ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Katolika ta Pontifical na Chile . kammala karatu a shekarar 1968. A shekara ta 1966, sa’ad da take aikin noma a Isra’ila, ta sadu da Alberto Herrero, ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya daga Léon, wanda ya zama abokin aikinta na tsawon shekaru 27 na gaba, ta haifi ɗa tilo mai suna Rodrigo. Ya rasu a shekara ta 1992. 

Bayan ta kammala karatu a shekarar 1968 a kasar Chile, ta ci gaba da karatunta a jami'ar Cornell, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a shekarar 1971 da kuma Ph.D. a cikin ilimin zamantakewa a cikin 1975. Ta sami waɗannan cancantar ingantacce a Jami'ar Complutense ta Madrid a 1980 da 1981.

## Ci gaban mata
Yayin da take karatu a Santiago, ta gano ayyukan Viola Klein akan ilimin halin dan adam da yanayin mata da kuma abubuwan tarihin Simone de Beauvoir . Dukansu sun ƙarfafa ta ta koma ilimin mata da nazarin jinsi. Lokacin da ta kammala karatun ta, ta shiga Sashen Tsare-tsare na Yanki a Kamfanin Sake fasalin Yanki na Chile (CORA). Ta ziyarci wuraren da aka fara samar da samfuran haɗin gwiwa na farko da ma'aikatan gonaki. Yayin da take karatu a Amurka, ta samu ci gaban yunƙurin dalibai na neman a ba da labarin ci gaban mata a jami'o'i. Ta kuma ga yadda Betty Friedan ta kafa kungiyar mata ta kasa . Bayan ta sami digiri na uku a New York, ta koma Chile a cikin 1971 inda ta shiga Jam'iyyar Socialist . A cikin 1973, an yi barazanar yin juyin mulki a kan Salvador Allende, tare da danginta ta koma Buenos Aires inda ta yi aiki a matsayin jami'in gwamnati.

A cikin 1975, don tserewa mulkin kama-karya a Chile da Argentina, ita da danginta sun ƙaura zuwa Barcelona a lokacin Shekarar Mata ta Duniya . Ta zama memba mai kishin mata a Spain, tana tallafawa shirye-shiryen mata bayan mutuwar Francisco Franco . Bayan an nada ta Farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar mai zaman kanta ta Barcelona a 1977, ta kirkiro Cibiyar Nazarin Mata da, tare da Marina Subirats [es], shirya abubuwan da a ƙarshe ya jawo hankalin mata fiye da dubu, ciki har da 'yan siyasa, mata, da malaman ilimi. [1]

## Manazarta
Harsunan Malay-Polynesian na Tsakiya da Gabas

Harsuna Malay-Polynesian na Tsakiya-Gabas (CEMP) sun samar da reshe na harsunan Malayo-Polynesia wanda ya kunshi harsuna sama da 700 (Blust 1993). 

## Rarraba
Ana magana da yarukan Malayo-Polynesian na Tsakiya a cikin Ƙananan Sunda da Maluku_Islands" id="mwEg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Maluku Islands">Tsibirin Maluku na Tekun Banda, a cikin wani yanki wanda ya dace da lardunan Indonesian na Gabashin Nusa Tenggara da Maluku da ƙasar Timor"Timor ta Gabas (sai dai yarukan Papuan na Timor da tsibirai da ke kusa), amma tare da Harshen Bima ya kai ga rabin gabashin tsibirin Sumbawa a lardin Yammacin Nusa Tenggara kuma yarukan Sula a kusurwar kudu maso yammacin lardin Arewacin Maluku. Manyan tsibirai a wannan yankin sune Sumbawa, Sumba, Flores, Timor, Buru, da Seram. Harsunan da suka fi muhimmanci a lambobi sune Nggahi Mbojo (Bimanese), Manggarai na yammacin Flores, Uab Meto na West Timor, da Tetum, harshen ƙasa na East Timor.

## Ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyi

A cikin asalin shawarar, CEMP ya kasu kashi biyu cikin tsakiyar Malayo-Polynesian (CMP) da Gabashin Malayo- Polynesian (EMP). Koyaya, ana fahimtar CMP gabaɗaya a matsayin kalmar rufewa ga harsunan da ba na EMP ba a cikin CEMP, waɗanda ke samar da haɗin kai a mafi kyau maimakon ingantaccen clade.

Harsunan Malay-Polynesian na Tsakiya na iya samar da alaƙa. A mafi yawancin su ba su da tabbaci, amma ba su bayyana sun zama rukuni mai jituwa ba. Yawancin abubuwan da aka tsara na CMP ba a samo su a cikin matsanancin yanayin yankin ba. Saboda haka wasu masana harsuna suna la'akari da shi a matsayin hanyar haɗi; rarraba mai ra'ayin mazan jiya na iya la'akari na CMP a matsayin kalma mai dacewa ga waɗancan yarukan Gabas ta Tsakiya waɗanda ba Gabashin Malayo-Polynesian ba ne (Grimes 1991).

Harsunan Gabashin Malayo-Polynesian sun fito ne daga bakin tekun Halmahera a fadin Pacific. Wannan rukuni har yanzu yana da rikice-rikice saboda ya dogara ne kawai akan shaidar ƙamus, ba tare da sababbin sababbin sauti ba. Sabanin haka, rassan guda biyu, Kudancin Halmahera-West New Guinea da Oceanic, kowannensu an bayyana shi sosai ta hanyar sababbin sauti da ƙamus, kuma an yarda da shi a duniya a matsayin ƙungiyoyi masu inganci.

### Rashin amincewa
Donohue & Grimes (2008),  wadanda ba sa la'akari da CEMP har ma da alaƙa. Donohue & Grimes (2008) suna jayayya cewa siffofi da yawa da ake da'awar bayyana CMP ko CEMP ana samun su a wasu daga cikin harsunan Yammacin Malayo-Polynesian masu ra'ayin mazan jiya har ma da harsunan Formosan. Edwards & Grimes (2021) kuma ba ta la'akari da CEMP a matsayin reshe mai jituwa.

## Dubi kuma
* Harsunan Indonesia

## manazarta

* Fay Wouk da Malcolm Ross (ed.), *Tarihi da nau'ikan tsarin muryar yammacin Austronesian.* Jami'ar Kasa ta Australiya, 2002.   hdl: doi:
* K. Alexander Adelaar da Nikolaus Himmelmann, *Harsunan Austronesian na Asiya da Madagascar.* . [Hasiya]

## Haɗin waje