Tsayawa kadai

Gidan kurkuku (wanda aka taƙaita zuwa **kadaici**) wani nau'i ne na ɗaurin kurkuku wanda mutum da aka tsare yake zaune a cikin tantanin halitta guda tare da ƙarancin ko babu hulɗa da wasu mutane. Kayan aiki ne na azabtarwa da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin tsarin kurkuku don horo ko raba mutanen da aka tsare waɗanda ake la'akari da haɗarin tsaro ga wasu mutanen da aka ɗaure ko ma'aikatan kurkuku, da kuma waɗanda suka keta dokokin wurin ko kuma an dauke su masu rushewa. Koyaya, ana iya amfani da shi azaman kariya ga mutanen da ke kurkuku waɗanda wasu fursunoni ke barazana ga lafiyarsu. Ana amfani da wannan don raba su daga yawan fursunoni da kuma hana rauni ko mutuwa.

Kyakkyawan bincike ya nuna cewa tsare-tsare yana da mummunar tasirin tunani, jiki, da jijiyoyin jiki ga waɗanda ke fuskantar shi, sau da yawa yana wuce lokacin mutum a cikin kansa. Duk da yake jami'an gyare-gyare sun bayyana cewa tsare-tsare na kaɗaici kayan aiki ne mai mahimmanci don kiyaye aminci da tsaro na kurkuku da kurkuku,  yawancin kungiyoyin likitoci, lafiyar kwakwalwa, da masu sana'a sun soki aikin kuma suna riƙe da ra'ayi cewa ya kamata a rage shi sosai.  

Nelson Mandela, Mai fafutukar adawa da wariyar launin fata na Afirka ta Kudu, ya bayyana tsare-tsare a matsayin "mafi hana rayuwar kurkuku".  Masana kare hakkin dan adam sun bayyana cewa tsare-tsaren zaman kansa na dogon lokaci na iya zama azabtarwa,  kuma an sake fasalin Dokokin Ƙananan Dokokin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Kula da Fursunoni (wanda aka sani da Dokokin Mandela) a cikin 2015 don hana sanyawa a cikin kaɗai fiye da kwanaki 15.

## Tarihi

Ayyukan tsare-tsare a Amurka sun samo asali ne daga ƙarshen karni na 18, lokacin da Quakers a Pennsylvania suka yi amfani da hanyar a matsayin maye gurbin azabtarwar jama'a. Binciken da ke kewaye da yiwuwar tasirin tunani da na jiki na mutum ɗaya ya samo asali ne daga shekarun 1830. Lokacin da aka gabatar da sabon horo na kurkuku na rarrabewa a gidan yarin Jihar Gabas a matsayin wani ɓangare na "Pennsylvania" ko tsarin rarrabewa cikin 1829, masu sharhi sun danganta babban adadin lalacewar hankali ga tsarin ware fursunoni a cikin sel ɗin su. Charles Dickens, wanda ya ziyarci gidan yarin Philadelphia yayin tafiye-tafiyensa zuwa Amurka, ya bayyana "sannu a hankali da kuma yau da kullun tare da asirin kwakwalwa ya zama mafi muni fiye da kowane azabtarwa na jiki". 

Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yi sharhi na farko game da mummunar tasirin tsare-tsare a cikin 1890, tana mai lura da cewa amfani da mutum ɗaya ya haifar da rage ƙarfin tunani da na jiki (In re Medley 134 US 160). Rubuce-rubuce daga kurkuku na Danish tsakanin 1870 da 1920 sun nuna cewa mutane da ke cikin kurkuku a can sun kuma sami alamun matsanancin damuwa, gami da damuwa, paranoia, da hallucinations.

Amfani da tsare-tsare ya karu sosai a lokacin annobar COVID-19 don mayar da martani ga karuwar yaduwar kwayar cutar a cikin kurkuku da kurkuku. An kulle wurare da yawa na gyarawa har zuwa awanni 23 a rana, suna kulle mutane a cikin sel ɗin su ba tare da shirye-shirye ba, damar wayar, ko hulɗar mutum. A Amurka kadai, an tsare mutane sama da 300,000 da aka tsare a cikin kulle-kulle da suka shafi kwayar cuta a farkon watanni na annobar.

## Manufar

### Cire ikirari
Sau da yawa ana amfani da tsare-tsare don haifar da ikirari daga fursuna a tsare-tsaren kafin shari'a. Wannan al'ada ta fi yawa a Denmark da sauran ƙasashen Scandinavia a ƙarni na ashirin da ɗaya.

### Tsaro na kariya
Ana amfani da tsare-tsare a kan mutanen da ke kurkuku lokacin da aka dauke su haɗari ga kansu ko wasu. Hakanan ana amfani dashi akan mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin cutar da wasu, misali saboda su ma'aurata ne, sun yi aiki a matsayin shaida wani laifi, ko kuma an yanke musu hukunci kan laifuka kamar cin zarafi yara ko cin zarafin su. Wannan nau'in keɓewa na ƙarshe an san shi da kulawa mai kariya, kuma yana iya zama na son rai ko ba da son rai ba.

Kodayake masu goyon bayan zaman kansu sau da yawa sun nuna imanin cewa tsare-tsare yana inganta aminci a wuraren gyarawa, akwai shaidar da ke nuna akasin haka. A shekara ta 2002, Hukumar Tsaro da Cin zarafi a Amurka, karkashin jagorancin John Joseph Gibbons da Nicholas Katzenbach, sun gano cewa "ƙaruwar amfani da rarrabewar tsaro ba ta da amfani, sau da yawa tana haifar da tashin hankali a cikin wurare kuma tana ba da gudummawa ga sake aikata laifuka bayan an sake shi".

Shira E. Gordon ya yi jayayya cewa tsare-tsare "ba ta kusa warware matsalar da aka nufa ta rage ba: tashin hankali na kurkuku. " Don tallafawa wannan ra'ayi, Gordon ya ambaci binciken 2012 wanda ya nuna cewa yawan tashin hankali a cikin kurkuku na California ya fi kashi 20 cikin dari fiye da yadda yake a 1989, lokacin da aka bude kurkuku na farko na California. Gordon ya kuma ambaci kotun Gundumar Arewacin California a cikin *Toussaint v. McCarthy*, wanda ya gano cewa tsare-tsare na zaman kansa "ya kara[d] maimakon rage[d] halin rashin zaman lafiya tsakanin fursunoni" a Folsom da San Quentin State Prisons a California

### Hukunce-hukunce
Ana kuma amfani da tsare-tsare a matsayin horo ga waɗanda suka keta dokokin kurkuku ko kuma suka aikata wasu laifuka na horo. Wannan aikin shine al'ada a cikin kurkuku masu tsaron gida (supermax), inda ake gudanar da mutanen da ake ganin suna da haɗari ko haɗari sosai.

### Cire zanga-zangar
Masu sukar sun yi zargin cewa an yi amfani da tsare-tsare don azabtarwa da kuma hana shirya, gwagwarmaya, da sauran ayyukan siyasa a cikin kurkuku. A Cibiyoyin tsare shige da fice, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa ana sanya fursunonin baƙi a matsayin su kaɗai don kiyaye waɗanda suka san game da hakkinsu daga sauran fursunoni. Mutanen da ke yajin aikin yunwa don nuna rashin amincewa da yanayin da ba shi da kyau a wuraren shige da fice ana sanya su a cikin su kaɗai. Kodayake jami'an shige da fice sun yi iƙirarin cewa manufofin su na ware masu yajin aikin yunwa shine don kare mutumin da aka tsare, masana kiwon lafiya da shari'a sun nuna cewa babu wani tushen kiwon lafiya a bayan manufofin, kuma, a Amurka, ya zama keta haƙƙin Kwaskwarimar Farko na wanda aka tsare. 

## Ta hanyar ƙasa ko yanki

### Turai
Duk da yake tsare-tsare ba a saba gani ba a Turai fiye da sauran sassan duniya ciki har da Amurka, har yanzu ana amfani da shi sosai a kasashe da yawa na Turai a yau.

Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai ta bambanta tsakanin cikakkiyar keɓewa ta ji, cikakkiyar ke warewa ta zamantakewa da keɓewar zamantakewa  kuma ta lura cewa "cikakken keɓewa na ji, haɗe da cikakkiyar kewaye ta zamantakewa na iya lalata mutum kuma ya zama wani nau'i na rashin mutunci wanda ba za a iya tabbatar da shi ta hanyar bukatun tsaro ko wani dalili ba. A gefe guda, haramtacciyar hulɗa tare da wasu fursunoni don tsaro, horo ko dalilai na kariya ba ya kai ga rashin mutunci ko hukunci ba. 

Kwamitin Turai don Rigakafin azabtarwa, ko CPT, ya bayyana tsare-tsare a matsayin "duk lokacin da aka umarci fursunoni da za a tsare shi daban daga wasu fursunoni, alal misali, sakamakon yanke shawara na kotu, a matsayin horo da aka sanya a cikin tsarin kurkuku, a matsayin matakan kariya na gudanarwa ko don kare fursunoni. "  CPT "ya yi la'akari da cewa ya kamata a sanya tsare-tsaren kaɗaici ne kawai a yanayi na musamman, a matsayin mafita ta ƙarshe kuma mafi ƙanƙanta".

## Dubi kuma

* Rashin zazzabi na gida
* Keɓewa don sauƙaƙe cin zarafi
* Kurkuku #Sashe na sarrafawa
* Yunkurin kawar da kurkuku
* Kwayar halitta guda ɗaya
* Tsarin rabuwa
* Akwatin (nau'in azabtarwa wanda ya haɗa da tsare-tsare a cikin ɗaki mai zafi) 
* Tsaro Mai Zaman Kanta
* Tsaro na kashe kansa
* Horarwa da Hukunce-hukunce
* Taɓawa yunwa

## Manazarta