Rashin sulfurization na gas

Flue-gas desulfurization (**FGD**) saiti ne na fasahar da aka yi amfani da ita don cire sulfur dioxide () daga iskar gas na masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki, da kuma fitar da wasu hanyoyin fitar da sulfur oxide kamar ƙonewa sharar gida, matattarar man fetur, siminti da bututun lime. 

## Hanyoyi
Tun lokacin da aka kafa ƙa'idodin muhalli masu tsauri da ke iyakance hayakin  a ƙasashe da yawa, ana cire  daga iskar gas ta hanyoyi da yawa. Hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su:  

* Ragewa mai laushi ta amfani da slurry na alkaline sorbent, yawanci lime ko lime, ko ruwan teku don share iskar gas.
* Rufe-buɗe mai bushewa ta amfani da irin wannan ƙamshi mai ƙamshi;
* sulfur_acid_process" id="mwLA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Wet sulfuric acid process">Tsarin sulfuric acid mai laushi yana dawo da sulfur a cikin nau'in sulfuric acid na kasuwanci;
* SNOX Flue gas desulfurization yana cire sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides da particulates daga iskar gas;
* Tsarin allurar rigakafi mai bushewa wanda ke gabatar da lemun tsami mai laushi (ko wasu kayan da ke da tsami) a cikin bututun fitarwa don kawar da  da  daga tsarin fitarwa.  

Ga tashar wutar lantarki ta yau da kullun, flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) na iya cire kashi 90 cikin dari ko fiye da  a cikin iskar gas. 

## Tarihi
Hanyoyin cire sulfur dioxide daga bututun ruwa da iskar gas an yi nazarin su sama da shekaru 150. An kafa ra'ayoyi na farko don cire sulfur a Ingila a kusa da 1850.

Tare da gina manyan tashoshin wutar lantarki a Ingila a cikin shekarun 1920, matsalolin da ke tattare da manyan  daga shafin guda ɗaya sun fara damuwa da jama'a. Matsalar hayaki ta SO2 ba ta sami kulawa sosai ba har zuwa 1929, lokacin da House of Lords ta tabbatar da da'awar mai mallakar ƙasa a kan Barton Electricity Works na Manchester Corporation don lalacewar ƙasarsa sakamakon hayaki na . Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an kaddamar da kamfen ɗin manema labarai game da gina tashoshin wutar lantarki a cikin iyakokin London. Wannan kukan ya haifar da tilasta ikon SO2 a kan duk irin waɗannan tashoshin wutar lantarki.  

An shigar da babban rukunin FGD na farko a cikin mai amfani a 1931 a Battersea Power Station, mallakar Kamfanin Wutar Landan. A cikin 1935, tsarin FGD mai kama da wanda aka shigar a Battersea ya shiga aiki a Swansea Power Station. An shigar da tsarin FGD na uku a cikin 1938 a Fulham Power Station. Wadannan manyan shigarwar FGD guda uku na farko an dakatar da su a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, saboda halayen fararen tururi zai taimaka wajen gano wurin da jirgin saman abokan gaba ya samu. An sake dawo da tashar FGD a Battersea bayan yakin kuma, tare da tashar fGD a sabon Tashar wutar lantarki ta Bankside B da ke gaban Birnin London, suna aiki har sai an rufe tashoshin a 1983 da 1981 bi da bi. Babban rukunin FGD ba su sake bayyana a kayan aiki ba har zuwa shekarun 1970s, inda yawancin shigarwa suka faru a Amurka da Japan.

Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa ta 1970 (CAA) da gyare-gyaren ta sun rinjayi aiwatar da FGD. A cikin 2017, an buga fasalin PTC 40 Standard. Wannan ma'auni da aka sake sabuntawa (PTC 40-2017) ya rufe tsarin FGD mai bushewa da mai sabuntawa kuma yana ba da cikakken bayani game da sashin Binciken Tabbacin. Wannan ma'auni a halin yanzu ana amfani dashi a yau ta kamfanoni a duniya.

Ya zuwa watan Yunin 1973, akwai raka'a 42 na FGD da ke aiki, 36 a Japan da 6 a Amurka, suna da ƙarfin daga 5 MW zuwa 250 MW. Ya zuwa kusan 1999 da 2000, ana amfani da raka'a na FGD a cikin ƙasashe 27, kuma akwai raka'a 678 na FGGD da ke aiki a jimlar ƙarfin wutar lantarki na kimanin 229 gigawatts. Kimanin kashi 45% na ƙarfin FGD ya kasance a Amurka, kashi 24% a Jamus, kashi 11% a Japan, da kuma kashi 20% a wasu ƙasashe daban-daban. Kimanin kashi 79% na raka'a, wanda ke wakiltar kimanin gigawatts 199 na iyawa, suna amfani da lemun tsami ko dutse mai laushi. Kimanin kashi 18% (ko 25 gigawatts) sun yi amfani da masu tsabtace bushewa ko tsarin allura mai ɗanɗano.&nbsp;&nbsp;

### FGD a cikin jiragen ruwa
Ƙungiyar Maritime ta Duniya (IMO) ta karɓi jagororin kan amincewa, shigarwa da amfani da Masu tsabtace iskar gas (tsarin tsabtace isar gas) a cikin jiragen ruwa don tabbatar da bin ka'idojin sulfur na MARPOL Annex VI. 

Nau'in da ya fi yawa a kan jiragen ruwa sune masu tsabtace madauki waɗanda ke amfani da ruwan teku don yayyafa iskar gas sannan kuma su fitar da ruwan wanka mai gurbatawa kai tsaye cikin teku. Wadannan tsarin sun haifar da mahimman zargi na muhalli saboda mummunar tasirin su a kan yanayin halittu na ruwa.

## Manazarta