open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Carthage

**'Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Carthage** wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Roman wanda aka gina a ƙarni na farko AZ a birnin Carthage, Tunisiya, wanda Dictator Julius Kaisar ya sake gina shi kuma ya zama babban birnin Afirka Proconsularis .

Rashin jaraba da ke addabi shafin binciken archaeological ya wanzu ne kawai a cikin filin wasa da kansa. Ginin ya sami sha'awar matafiya, musamman a lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya.

## Tarihi
An gina gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Carthage a ƙarshen ƙarni na 1 ko farkon ƙarni na 2, zuwa yammacin tudun Byrsa. Ranar rubutun ta tabbatar da cewa yana aiki daga 133-139 AZ. Ya fadada a cikin karni na 3.

Al-Bakri ya ba da labarin gidan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin karni na 11, inda ya bayyana abin tunawa a matsayin "[mafi ban mamaki Carthage: Wannan ginin ya ƙunshi da'irar arches da ke goyan bayan ginshiƙai kuma an rufe shi da wasu *abubuwa* masu kama da arcades na gaba. A bangon wannan ginin, muna ganin hotuna da ke wakiltar dabbobi [...] ana iya rarrabe siffofin da ke nuna alamar iskõki: Gabas tana da murmushi, kuma Yamma tana da fuska mai banƙyama. " [the]

Tsawon arches shine sha'awar baƙi a lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya ciki har da Al Idrissi,  wanda ya burge shi da "ginin circus wanda ya kunshi kusan arches hamsin"; ya kara da cewa: "A saman kowane arches akwai arches, kuma arches na ƙananan arches, muna ganin adadi daban-daban da aka sassaƙa a cikin sauƙi da kuma wakilci masu ban sha'awa na mutane, dabbobi, jiragen ruwa, duk an kashe su da ƙwarewa mara iyaka da ƙwarewar ƙwarewa".

Tun lokacin da 'yan fashi suka mamaye abin tunawa, an rushe dutse da ƙarfe zuwa ƙasa. Don haka, filin wasa ne kawai ya kasance a buɗe a ƙarshen karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20, a tsakiyar bishiyoyin pine. An kuma mayar da bango.

A shekara ta 1887, an gina gicciye a tsakiya don tunawa da shahadar Kiristoci  ciki har da Perpetua da Felicity . Wadannan tsarkaka biyu na Cocin Katolika tabbas an yi musu shahada a cikin irin wannan abin tunawa, kodayake ba mu da tabbacin wane ne musamman. Ginin zamani na ɗakin sujada da aka keɓe ga mata masu tsarki guda biyu ya rushe kayan ginshiki a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo.

## Abubuwan gine-gine

Gidan wasan kwaikwayon yana ba da filin wasa na mita 64.66 (212.1 a kan [ƙarin bayani da ake buƙata] mita 36.70 (120.4 , kewaye da wani dandalin da aka gina opus quadratum na mita 2.5 (8 in) a tsawo kuma yana tsaye bisa ga jerin 54 spans.  Yankin iyaka waje da mita 120 (390 a kan mita 93 (305 . A lokacin fadada shi, babban jigonsa ya tashi zuwa mita 156 (512 da faɗin mita 128 (420 , tare da gaba da aka yi da tubalan Kadhel. An kiyasta iyawarsa a kujeru 30,000.

Wannan yana daya daga cikin gidajen wasan kwaikwayo guda uku na Afirka da aka gina a kan ƙasa mai laushi maimakon a kan tudu, sauran su ne El Jem da Thapsus.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Yaƙin Biddulphsberg

**Yaƙin Biddulphsberg** ya kasance wani haɗin kai ne na Yaƙin Boer na Biyu a ranar 29 ga watan Mayu, 1900, kuma yana cikin Ci gaban Pretoria. Dakarun Ruƙunin 8th an girke su a yankunan Kudancin Orange Free State domin su rufe ci gaban Lord Roberts akan Transvaal, da kuma hana Orange Free State faɗowa a ƙarƙashin ikon Boer. Turawan Burtaniya sun yi yunkurin afkawa Biddulphsberg-kopje, wanda Boers na Senekal Commando ya kare, amma ba su samu ba saboda wata gobara da ta bazu a cikin ciyawa, lamarin da ya tilasta musu ja da baya.  

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Kogin Blood Poort

A **yakin kogin jini** ko kuma **Scheeper's Nek**  a ranar 17 ga watan Satumba Shekara ta 1901 wani kwamandan Boer ƙarƙashin jagorancin Louis Botha ya murkushe sojojin Burtaniya da Manjo Hubert Gough ya ba da umarni a lokacin yakin Boer na biyu.

## Tarihi
A cikin watan Agustan 1901, shugabannin Boer sun yanke shawarar tura sojojin kudu zuwa Natal da Cape Colony suna fatan haifar da tashin hankali a cikin Cape Colony na Holland-mafi rinjaye ko akalla don samun ma'aikata ga sojojinsu.  Saboda haka, wani kwamandan da ke ƙarƙashin Botha ya koma kudu maso gabas zuwa Natal yayin da wani kwamandan da ke ƙarƙashin Jan Smuts ya kai hari kudu zuwa yankin Cape Colony.

Jami'an leken asirin Birtaniyya sun gano shirin, amma Botha ya kaucewa ginshikan shiga Burtaniya. Ruwan sanyin bazara ya sanya tattakin da wahala musamman ga dawakan Boers. A ranar 14 ga watan Satumba, Botha ya bar sansaninsa na mutum 1,000 a kusa da Utrecht don ba da damar dawakan su murmure. A halin yanzu, Gough's 24th Mounted Infantry (MI) yayi  ƙaura ta jirgin ƙasa daga Kroonstad a cikin Orange Free State zuwa Dundee a Natal. Gough ya sami bayanan sirri cewa Botha da Boers 700 suna nan kusa.

## Yaƙi
Gough ya jagoranci MI nasa daga Dundee zuwa De Jaeger's Drift, wani shingen shinge akan Kogin Buffalo. Da yake watsi da rahoton na leken asirin kamar yadda aka yi ƙarin gishiri, ya jagoranci kamfanoni uku don leken asiri a faɗin kogin. Ta gilashin filinsa, ya hango Boers 300 da suka sauka a wata gona kusa da Kogin Jinin Poort.  Ya bar abokin aikinsa Laftanar-Kanar HK Stewart tare da 450 MI a baya, Gough ya matsa gaba zuwa wani fili da yammacin rana, yana shirin bai wa Boers mamaki a gonar. Gough bai sani ba, Botha yana tafiya kusa da gefen damansa tare da mutane 700.

Hare-haren Botha ya mamaye karfin Gough gaba ɗaya. Laftanar Llewellyn Price-Davies na King's Royal Rifle Corps ya lashe Victoria Cross don bajintar kare bindigogin filin. An kama Gough, ya tsere, an sake kama shi kuma a ƙarshe ya tsere da ƙafa a cikin duhu. A ɓangaren Birtaniyya, an kashe jami’ai huɗu da wasu mukamai 19 ko kuma aka raunata su, jami’ai 2 da mutane 19 sun samu raunuka, sannan an kama jami’ai 6 da mutane 235. A cewar manufar Boer, an cire waɗanda aka kama daga makamansu da duk wani kayan aiki mai amfani, da yawancin tufafinsu, kuma an ba su damar tafiya zuwa ofishin Burtaniya mafi kusa. Boers ɗin dai sun kwace bindigogi biyu, bindigu 180 da kuma ƙananan harsasai masu yawa. Dawakan 200 da aka kama sun zama marasa kyau kuma ba su da amfani ga maharan. Asarar boer tayi haske.

## Bayan haka
Botha ya kasa cin gajiyar nasarar da ya samu saboda ya tarar da duk mashigar kogin Buffalo da turawan Ingila suka toshe. Boers sun koma kudu maso gabas, suna fatan samun wurin da za su haye zuwa Natal. A kan iyakar Zululand, Botha ya kai hari ga wani sansanin Birtaniya mai suna Fort Itala, yana zaton cewa ba a kare shi ba. Maimakon haka, Boers sun sami hanci na jini lokacin da aka kashe 56 daga cikin mazajensu ko aka raunata. Lokacin da Botha ya gane cewa sojojin Birtaniya suna gabatowa da karfi sosai, sai ya koma cikin Transvaal, harin da ya yi ya ci nasara.

## Sources

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* 

## Manazarta
Bloody Sunday (1900)

**Bloody Sunday (1900)**  18 ga watan Fabrairu, 1900, rana ce da aka yi asarar rayuka da yawa a cikin Yaƙin Boer na Biyu. 

## Tarihi
Ya faru ne a ranar farko ta yakin Paardeberg. Haɗaɗɗiyar rundunar Biritaniya da Kanada ta 6,000 a ƙarshe sun kama wani rukunin sojoji kusan 5,000 na Boer da wasu fararen hula, a ƙarƙashin Piet Cronjé, a cikin lankwasa kogin Modder kusa da Kimberley, bayan sun ci gaba daga kudancin kogin Modder a ranar 11 ga wata. Boers sun kare jerin ramuka a kan Dutsen Paardeberg.

Kwamandan Imperial, Kitchener (mai maye gurbin Roberts marasa lafiya na ɗan lokaci), ya fara yaƙin ta hanyar ba da umarnin caji kai tsaye a ramukan Boer. Ƙasar ta gangara zuwa matsayin Boer kuma ba ta da wani murfin tsawon  ko fiye. Rundunar Highland Brigade da Bataliya ta 2 (Special Service), Rundunar Sojin Kanadiya ta Royal Canadian Regiment of Infantry ne suka jagoranci harin.

Sojojin Boer sun riƙe wuta har sai da sojojin Birtaniya suka kasance a cikin  . Turawan Ingila sun makale kuma ana ta musayar wuta har dare yayi lokacin da turawan suka janye. Highlanders sun kashe kusan 300; Asarar Kanada 18 ne suka mutu sannan 60 suka jikkata. Hare-haren da aka kai a wasu wurare tare da layin sun yi sanadin jikkatar mutane 1,100, tare da kashe ɗari biyu - mafi munin asarar rana guda ga sojojin Daular suka yi.

Bayan harin farko Roberts ya sake datukar umarni a wannan maraice. Tare da makale Boers ya ba da umarnin tono ramuka da bama-bamai, wanda ya ci gaba har tsawon kwanaki tara. A ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu, bayan wani harin dare mai ruɗani, sojojin Boer da suka tsira sun miƙa wuya - kusan 4,000 gaba ɗaya.

Wasu sojoji 2,000 na Imperial sun mutu ko kuma an lalata su a Paardeberg saboda rashin lafiya, galibi saboda shan ruwan kogin Modder, daga magudanar ruwa daga inda Boer ke jifan doki da gawar shanu da aka kashe da wutar artillery.

## Duba kuma

* Tarihin soja na Afirka ta Kudu
* Bakar Makon

## Manazarta
Wurin wanka na Romawa na Gafsa

**na Gafsa** (Faransanci: Piscines Romaines) an kiyaye su sosai  ragowar zamanin Limes Tripolitanus na tarihin Arewacin Afirka, lokacin da ake kira Gafsa, Tunisia Capsa. A cewar tarihin ruwa a duniyar Romawa, "akwai tafkuna biyu na tsakiya" a wani bangare saboda mulkin mallaka ne na Trajanic. An kafa wanka da Gafsa Oases da ke kusa da shi saboda maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da ke fitowa daga duwatsun da ke kusa. Sallust ya ambaci oasis / mazaunin da ke akwai a kusa da 100 BC. Har ila yau, "Ginin Byzantine" ya kasance.

Rundunar Sojojin Amurka ta 16 ta yi amfani da wanka don hutu a lokacin Yakin Arewacin Afirka na yakin duniya na biyu.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Wurin wanka na Aïn Doura

**Wurin wanka na Aïn Doura** jerin rushewar zamanin Roman ne da ke Dougga, Tunisiya . Shafin ya ƙunshi rushewa daga wanka na Romawa wanda ya fara daga karni na 4, kuma Cibiyar Tarihin Kasa ta Tunisia ta dauke shi muhimmin wurin tarihi na archaeological.

## Bayyanawa
An gina wanka na Aïn Doura a farkon 2nd, ƙarshen 3rd ko 4th karni AD a Dougga, wanda a lokacin wani muhimmin birni ne a zamanin Roman-Tunisia. Ba a san asalin sunan wanka ba, kamar yadda aka fara ba da sunan Aïn Doura ga shafin a karni na 19. Wurin wanka na Aïn Doura yana ɗaya daga cikin wuraren wanka guda uku a Dougga

An gina wanka da *Opus africanum* da rushewa masonry a cikin salon Punic-North African. Tsarin ya ƙunshi ɗakuna daban-daban - kamar ɗakuna masu zafi da frigidarium - da kuma latrines. Binciken archaeological ya nuna cewa wanka sun kasance daidai. Har ila yau, wanka suna dauke da mosaics da ke nuna dabbobi na ruwa da siffofin Romawa.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Romawa na Dougga

**Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Romawa na Dougga** tsohon gidan wasan kwaikwayo ne (har yanzu ana amfani dashi) wanda ke Teboursouk a arewa maso yammacin Tunisia .

## Tarihi
Kamar sauran biranen Romawa na Arewacin Afirka daga mulkin Augustus, Dougga tana da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kanta. A cewar masana tarihi, an gina abin tunawa tsakanin 168 da 169. Tana cikin gabashin yankin Dougga,  kuma tana iya karbar bakuncin masu kallo sama da 3,500. 

An rarraba gidan wasan kwaikwayon a matsayin abin tunawa a ranar 8 ga Yuni 1891.  Yana daya daga cikin wuraren wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau na Roman Afirka.

A zamanin yau, shi ne shafin yanar gizon shekara-shekara na duniya na Dougga.

## Gine-gine
Wani sadaukarwa da aka zana a cikin bangon mataki kuma a kan portico ya mamaye birnin, ya tunatar da kwamishinan ginin, P. Marcius Quadratus, wanda "ya gina don ƙasarsa tare da nasa denarii"; an yi bikin sadaukarwar tare da "nuna, rarraba rayuwa, bikin, da wasannin wasanni".[it]

## Hotuna

Fayil:Théâtre_de_dougga_3.jpg|The theatre in 2016
Fayil:Tunisia-Dougga-theatre.jpg|Old photo of the theatre before restoration work
Fayil:Tunisia-2744_-_Leaving_the_Theatre_(7845230192).jpg|Current situation
Fayil:Theater_of_Dougga_By_night.jpg|A concert in the theatre during the International festival of Dougga


## Bayanan da aka ambata
Kasbah na Béja

**Kasbah na Beja** birni ne na tarihi a cikin birnin Béja na Tunisian . An gina Kasbah a ƙarni na 2 BC, kuma har yanzu yana nan a yau, wanda ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin birane a yankin.

## Wurin da yake
An gina Kasbah a saman tudu mai tsawon mita 305 a arewacin Béja, An zaɓi wannan shafin don gidan sarauta ya iya kallon birnin da filayen da ke kewaye da shi da ƙauyuka.

## Tarihi

### Tsohon zamani da Zamanin Tsakiya
Ginin farko na Béja an gina shi ne a ƙarni na 2 BC ta Carthaginians. A wannan lokacin, ana kiran Béja Vaga, kuma muhimmiyar garin noma ce. Saboda haka, Carthage ta buƙaci kare Vaga (musamman daga hare-haren barbarians), amma bayan faduwar ikon Carthaginian, musamman bayan Yaƙin Punic na uku, birnin ya fada ƙarƙashin tasirin Numidians kuma sarkinsu Jugurtha ya sanya sansanin cibiyar mulkinsa. 

A cikin 109 BC, Romawa sun karɓi iko a kan gidan sarauta sannan suka lalata shi. A cikin 14 BC, Romawa sun sake gina sansanin kuma sun inganta shi ta ƙara garuruwa, ganuwa, da hasumiyoyi 22.

Vandals sun sake rushe sansanin zuwa ƙasa, a lokacin mamayewar Vandal na Arewacin Afirka, kuma ginin ya sake tashi ne daga Byzantines bayan Yaƙin Vandalic, lokacin da sarki na Byzantine Justinian I ya umarci Count Paulos ya sake gina gidan sarauta. 

Yaduwar sansanin ya ci gaba bayan mamayar musulmi na Maghreb inda sabbin sarakunan musulmi na kasar suka ba shi sunan "Kasbah" kuma suka sanya shi cibiyar hukuma ta wakilan su na yankin arewa. An ci gaba da fadada a lokacin mulkin Aghlabids. A cikin 943 Kasbah ya sha wahala sosai lokacin da 'yan tawayen Kharijite suka kori Béja, karkashin jagorancin Abu Yazid, kuma Fatimid Caliph al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah ya dawo da shi a cikin 946.

### Farkon zamani da zamani

A cikin karni na 16, a lokacin mulkin Ahmed III, an karfafa Kasbah ta hanyar ƙara canons 14 ga sansanin. 

Ottomans ma sun ba da gudummawa ga fadada birni ta hanyar kafa hasumiya mai tsayi wanda ya kare sassan kudancin Kasbah da Janissary garrison, kuma a cikin 1677 sarkin Tunisia Ali I Bey ya goyi bayan garrison da wani battalion na 500 Spahis.

Bayan mamayar Faransa a Tunisia a 1881, Kasbah ya zama barikin 'yan sanda daga 21 ga Satumba, 1888, har zuwa samun' yancin kasar a 1957.

## Amfani na yanzu
Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Tunisia daga Faransa, an juya sansanin zuwa cibiyar al'adu, amma a yau Kasbah tana cikin mummunan yanayi. An fara maidowa a shekara ta 2005 kuma Cibiyar Tarihin Kasa ta Tunisia ta ba da umarni, amma ta tsaya saboda rashin kudade.

## Hotuna

Fayil:Bejaaaa_01234_06.JPG
Fayil:Murailles_beja_01.jpg
Fayil:Forteresse_Béja007.jpg
Fayil:Bejaaa123457123_09.JPG
Fayil:Beja_tours_07.JPG


## Bayanan da aka ambata
Yaƙin Buaró

**Yaƙin Buaró (1886)** yaƙin wani kamfen ne a ƙauyen Buaró na ƙasar Guinea-Bissau, inda aka gwabza yaƙi tsakanin sojojin Turawan mulkin mallaka na ƙasar Portugal, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Marques Geraldes, wanda Umbucu ke marawa baya, da kuma dakarun Fuladu, waɗanda hakiman Musa Molo suka jagoranta.  

## Tarihi
Bayan nasara a yakin Mansomine, Geraldes da abokansa sun fuskanci yanayi mai haɗari. Duk da rashin ƙarfafawa daga gwamnan mulkin mallaka, Gomes Barbosa, wanda ya ƙi ba da goyon baya, Geraldes ya yanke shawarar ci gaba. Yankin ya kasance cikin tashin hankali, yayin da Umbucu ya tattara mataimaka 800 don shiga cikin sojoji 40 a ƙarƙashin Alferes Amaral Carvalho Vieira da grumetes 70, wanda ya zama ginshiƙi na maza 910.  

Musa Molo ya samu rauni ne bisa kuskure, don haka sarakunansa suka jagoranci rundunarsa, ya yi hasashen zawarcin, ya kuma yi katanga a Buaró, a cikin yankin Mansomine. An zaɓi wurin da dabara, kuma dukan régulos daga yankin sun haɗa kai da sojojinsu don korar ginshiƙi na Portuguese, a can ne maƙiya masu sa ido suka yi sintiri a filin. 

## Yaƙi
Bayan ya kafa sansani a Cheuvel, Geraldes ya tsara yadda zai ci gaba a hankali, yana guje wa hanyoyin da za su iya yin kwanton ɓauna. Bisa jagorancin mutanen yankin da suka san filin, ginshiƙin ya tunkari Buaró ba tare da an gano shi ba, sai da suka fito daga cikin daji zuwa filin da katangar *tabonca* ta tsaya. 

An fara yakin ne da musayar wuta mai tsanani yayin da sojojin Portugal suka ajiye makamansu a gefen hagu na ginshiƙin. Yunkurin mayar da makaman rokan kusa da abokan gaba ya sa an yi watsi da shi da wata mummunar wuta, tare da raunata guda 5 mai tsanani. Da yake kama lokacin, sojojin dawakai na abokan gaba sun kaddamar da hari, wanda ya tilasta Geraldes ya aika da ƙarfafawa don daidaita layin. 

Komawa ga bindigogin da aka yi watsi da su, Geraldes da sojoji 4 sun sami nasarar dawo da su kuma sun sake mayar da yanki. Wani harbi mai kyau da aka yi daga makaman atilari ya kutsa kai cikin tsaron abokan gaba, inda ya kashe masu tsaron baya shida. Dakarun da suka rage ko dai sun gudu ko kuma an datse su cikin fafatawa. Bayan awa huɗu ana gwabza ƙazamin faɗa, *tabanka* ya faɗi.  

## Bayan haka
Nasarar ta baiwa dakarun Geraldes damar gudanar da jerin hare-hare a yankin da ke kewaye, inda suka lalata *tabancas* guda huɗu cikin kwanaki uku masu zuwa. Sojojin Pata Jedé da Sambel Nhantá ba su kuskura su ba da juriya ba bayan shan kaye a Buaró. 

## Manazarta

## Littattafai
* 
*
Antonio Numai

**Antonio Numai** (ya mutu a shekara ta 1568) ya kasance limamin Roman Katolika wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Bishop na Isernia (1524-1567). 

## Tarihin rayuwa
A ranar 19 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1524, an nada Antonio Numai a lokacin papacy na Paparoma Clement VII a matsayin Bishop na Isernia . Ya yi aiki a matsayin Bishop na Isernia har zuwa lokacin da ya yi murabus a shekara ta 1567. Ya mutu a shekara ta 1568.

Yayinda yake bishop, shi ne babban co-consecrator na Evangelista Cittadini, Bishop na Alessano (1544); da Giulio Giovio, Bishop na Nocera de 'Pagani (1553).

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin waje da ƙarin tushe

*  (don Tarihin Bishops) [wanda aka buga da kansa]
*  (don Tarihin Bishops) [wanda aka buga da kansa]
Uthina

**Uthina** ko **Oudna** tsohon birni ne na Roman carthage dake kusa da Tunis, Tunisiya .

## Tarihi
**Uthina** wani gari ne a lardin Afirka Proconsularis, yanzu arewacin Tunisiya . 

Uthina ta zama Mulkin mallaka na Romawa na tsoffin sojoji na Legio XIII Gemina a lokacin mulkin Sarkin sarakuna Augustus .  Saboda haka, Ptolemy (IV, 3, 34), Pliny the Elder, da *Tabula Peutingeriana* sun ambaci shi.

Daga asusun da masu ilimin ƙasa suka bayar shafin yana da alama shine rushewa da ke samar da shafin binciken archaeological na Oudna, kusa da tashar kan hanyar jirgin ƙasa daga Tunis zuwa Kef kuma ba da nisa da abin da ya kasance yakin duniya na biyu na Oudna Airfield. Wadannan rushewar suna da kusan kilomita uku a kewayon, suna rufe tudu mai tsawo, kuma suna ba da umarni ga gefen hagu na Milian; akwai ragowar sansani, koguna, hanyar ruwa, bakan nasara, gidan wasan kwaikwayo, gidan wasan kwaikwayon, gidan wasan motsa fili, Basilica tare da kabari mai zagaye, da gada. Ana iya samun mosaics da yawa a can.

## Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Uthina

Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Uthina yana arewacin tsohon birnin. An haƙa rabin a cikin tudun kuma an haɗa kujerun zuwa gangaren; kawai ɓangaren sama na ginin tare da arcs yana sama da ƙasa.

Ginin, wanda ya kasance daga mulkin Hadrian, ya kai 113mx90m kuma ya zauna kusan 16,000. Gidan wasan kwaikwayon ya sami tonowa da gyare-gyare tun lokacin da aka fara tonowa a 1993. Filin wasa na tsakiya ya auna 58mx35m. Wani tashar da ke karkashin kasa da aka daidaita a cikin babban axis yana ba da damar shiga cikin ginshiki na filin wasa tare da ɗakunan da ke ƙarƙashin filin wasa na tsakiya.

## Wurin fim din
Shafin (wanda aka ba da izini a matsayin "Oudhna") ya zama wurin yin fim na fim din 2001 Murder in Mesopotamia wanda ya dogara da littafin Agatha Christie na wannan sunan.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Antonio de Caro

**Antonio de Caro** (ya mutu a shekara ta 1517) ya kasance limamin Roman Katolika wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Bishop na Nardò (1507-1517) da Bishop na Avellino da Frigento (1505-1507).

## Tarihin rayuwa
A cikin 1505, an nada Antonio de Caro a lokacin papacy na Paparoma Julius II a matsayin Bishop na Avellino da Frigento . A ranar 27 ga Oktoba 1507, an nada shi a lokacin papacy na Paparoma Julius II a matsayin Bishop na Nardò . Ya yi aiki a matsayin Bishop na Nardò har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1517.

## Manazarta
Sylvain Gbohouo

**Guelassiognon Sylvain Gbohouo** (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1988) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Ivory Coast wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin Mai tsaron gida na Wasannin Afirka .

## Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Gbohouo ya fara bugawa tawagar ƙasar Ivory Coast ya fara buga wasa a ranar 6 ga watan Yuli na shekara ta 2013, a wasan da aka yi da Najeriya 4-1 a gasar cin kofin Ƙasashen Afirka ta 2014.

Ya kasance daga cikin tawagar da ta buga wasa a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2014, to amma bai bayyana ba.

Ya kasance mai tsaron gida na Ivory Coast a gasar cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka na 2015 yayin da suka kai ga wasan karshe, amma raunin cinya da aka samu a wasan kusa da na karshe da DR Congo ya gan shi ya rasa wasan karshe a madadin tsohon soja Boubacar Barry .  Har yanzu ana kiransa mai tsaron gida mafi kyau a gasar, kuma tun lokacin da Barry ya yi ritaya, Gbohouo ya zama lambar farko ta Elephants.

A lokacin gasar cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka na 2019 tsakanin Côte d'Ivoire da Aljeriya a wasan kusa da na karshe, an zabi Gbohouo a matsayin dan wasan, duk da shan kashi na tawagarsa a kan hukuncin kisa.

Gbohouo ba zai iya shiga gasar cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka na 2021 ba saboda gwajin miyagun ƙwayoyi. Saboda haka FIFA ta ba shi haramtacciyar watanni 18 kuma bai buga wa Ivory Coast wasa ba tun daga lokacin.

## Kididdigar aiki

### Kasashen Duniya

## Daraja
**Wasanni na Séwé**

* Cote d'Ivoire Farko na farko: 2012-13, 2013-14
* Kofin Houphouët-Boigny: 2012, 2013, 2014

**Mazembe**

* Linafoot: 2015-16, 2016-17, 2018-192018–19
* DR Congo Super Cup: 2016
* Gasar Zakarun Turai ta CAF: 2015
* Kofin Tarayyar CAF: 2016, 2017
* CAF Super Cup: 2016

**Ivory Coast**

* Kofin Kasashen Afirka: 2015 

**Mutumin da ya fi so**

* Kungiyar Kofin Kasashen Afirka ta Gasar: 2015

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Mansomine

**Yaƙin Mansomine (1886)** yaƙin wani kamfen ne a kusa da ƙauyen Mansomine na ƙasar Guinea-Bissau, tsakanin sojojin mulkin mallaka na Portugal, wanda Marques Geraldes ke jagoranta, wanda Umbucu ke marawa baya, da dakarun Fuladu, wanda Musa Molo ya jagoranta.   

## Tarihi
Halin da ake ciki a yankin Mansomine, arewacin kogin Geba, ya kasance cikin tashin hankali, tare da ƙauyuka biyu na abokan gaba suna tsayayya da faɗaɗa Portuguese. A aikace, shirin Geraldes ya inganta, yana dogara da abin mamaki. Ya tattaro ƴan ƙaramar runduna guda 20, da mataimaka 70, da 'yan kasuwa biyar, da kuma harsashi guda ɗaya kafin ya tashi daga Geba zuwa Umbucu a watan Yulin 1886, wanda ya umarci mutane 180 su kare kan iyaka.  

## Yaƙi
Da safe na watan Yuli 1886, Geraldes da ƙananan sojojinsa sun tashi daga Geba, suna tafiya ta wuri mai wuyar gaske. Sai da suka shafe sa'o'i takwas kafin su isa sansanin abokinsu, Umbucu, wanda ya jagoranci mutane 180. Karfe 9:00 na safe suka yi shirin kai hari da yamma, wanda aka shirya da misalin karfe 3:00 na rana, bayan sun huta da lekowa wurin. 

Kariyar makiya ta kasance mai ban tsoro. Ƙaramin ƙauyen Mansomine yana da ƙaƙƙarfan tushen bishiyu masu kafa katanga na halitta, kuma wani tudu ya kewaye shi. A ciki, an sanya maƙiyan alamar abokan gaba a bayan waɗannan shingen, tare da ƙananan buɗe ido don kallo da harbi a kan duk wani dakarun da ke gabatowa. Ƙauyen shine wurin gaba na wani babban palisade, wanda ke hayin babban tafkin. 

Turawan Portugal sun fara kai farmakin ne ta hanyar amfani da makami wajen karya garkuwar abokan gaba. Sai dai an ɗauki sa'o'i biyu ana lalata ginin saboda ƙarancin karfin harbin bindigogi, harbi huɗu ne kawai aka iya harba sakamakon rigar foda. Duk da tsayin daka, an kashe masu tsaron baya. 

A kokarin gujewa faɗa da aka daɗe a sansanin abokan gaba, Geraldes ya aiwatar da wata dabara. Wani ɓangare na rundunar ya nuna ja da baya, tare da fitar da makiya daga matsayinsu zuwa fili. A halin da ake ciki, sauran rundunonin, waɗanda ’yan kasuwa João José Rosa da Domingos Gomes Araújo suka ba su umarni, sun yi wa abokan gaba baya ta cikin dazuzzuka kuma suka tsallaka rafin a wani wuri marar zurfi. Dakarun da ke gefe sun far wa babban falon daga baya, inda suka kona shi. 

A lokacin da makiya suka gane tarkon, ya yi latti. Sakamakon rashin tsari na bibiyar dakarun da suka ja da baya, sai suka gudu a firgice. An kashe mutane da yawa a faɗan hannu da hannu na ƙarshe da ruɗanin da ya biyo baya. 'Yan Portugal sun mutu uku da jikkata biyar, yayin da makiya suka rasa adadi mai yawa na maza. 

## Bayan haka
Nasarar da aka samu a Mansomine ta ƙarfafa Geraldes, wanda ya ba da shawarar haɗa kai don ƙara tsaro hanyoyin kasuwanci na kogin. Sai dai Gwamna Gomes Barbosa ya ki amincewa da goyon bayansa, saboda ƙarancin sojoji da kayan aiki. Geraldes bai yi nasara ba, tare da goyon bayan Umbucu, ya ci gaba da kamfen ɗin shi kadai. 

## Littattafai
*  
* 
*  

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Fancá

**Yaƙin Fancá (1886)** yaƙin wani kamfen ne wanda ya gudana a Fancá, Gabú na zamani, Guinea-Bissau, tsakanin sojojin mulkin mallaka na Portugal, wanda Marques Geraldes ya ba da umarni, wanda ke samun goyon bayan ƙawayen gida a ƙarƙashin Nbuku, da sojojin Fuladu, wanda Musa Molo ya jagoranta.   

## Tarihi
Alfa Molo ne ya kafa Masarautar Fuladu a shekara ta 1869,  bayan rasuwarsa a  shekarar 1881, ɗan uwansa, Bakari Demba, ya gaje shi, daga baya kuma Musa Molo, ɗan Alfa Molo.  A Geba, Portuguese sun sami kansu ba su da ƙarfi don magance buƙatun Musa Molo na haraji da haraji. Sai dai a shekarar 1886, Nbuku, sarkin Ganadu kuma ɗaya daga cikin sarakunan lardunan Musa Molo, ya nuna rashin jin daɗinsa da mulkin Musa. Da yin amfani da wannan dama, Turawan Portugal sun nemi Nbuku da su kulla kawance da Musa Molo. An ƙarfafa wannan ƙawancen, kuma an fara shirye-shiryen yaƙin wani kamfen ne na soja. 

## Yaƙi
A ranar 6 ga watan Satumban 1886, Laftanar Francisco António Marques Geraldes, wanda ke jagorantar garison Portuguese a Geba, ya jagoranci rundunar sojojin Portugal 80, masu goyon bayan Fula 4,300 da Mandinka, 170 Biafadas, 120 grumetes, da bindigogi biyu. Haɗaɗɗiyar ƙungiyar ta kaddamar da farmaki kan katangar *tabanca* na Fancá.  

An ɗauki tsawon sa'o'i uku ana gwabzawa, inda dakarun Musa Molo suka yi turjiya da karfi amma daga ƙarshe suka ci karfinsu. Sojojin Portugal da kawayenta sun tilastawa Musa Molo da mayakansa yin watsi da matsayinsu. Da yake komawa arewa zuwa Casamance, Musa Molo ya bar waɗanda suka mutu da raunuka. 

## Bayan haka
Bayan nasarar da suka yi, Portuguese sun fara haɗa sassan Fuladu zuwa cikin sabuwar lardin da aka yi shelar "Guiné Portuguesa."  Za a kammala ayyukan a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba,  amma Marques Geraldes zai jagoranci wani yakin da Musa Molo a shekarar 1889-1891. 

## Littattafai
*  
* 
* 
* 
*  

## Manazarta
Rainford Kalaba

**Rainford Kalaba** (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1986) tsohon ɗan dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na Zambiya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya.

## Ayyuka
An haifi Kalaba a Kitwe .

Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar tare da kungiyar Firayim Minista ta Braga a watan Afrilun shekara ta 2008.

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2013, saboda rashin jituwa tsakanin kulob din su TP Mazembe da Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Zambiya game da kiran ƙasa da ƙasa, Kalaba da wasu 'yan wasa biyu (Nathan Sinkala da Stoppila Sunzu) sun kasance batun takardar shaidar kamawa ta Zambiya. Dukkanin 'yan wasan uku daga baya hukumomin shige da fice na Zambiya sun kwace fasfo din su,  kafin gwamnatin Zambiya ta gafarta musu. 

Ya buga wasan sa na 100 na kasa da kasa a kan tawagar kwallon kafa ta Mozambique a watan Yunin 2017  amma an maye gurbinsa a cikin shan kashi 1-0 kuma yana cikin ra'ayin kocin tawagar kasa Wedson Nyirenda da sauri don komawa dakin gyaran tufafi maimakon kallon abokan aikinsa kuma yana buƙatar a horar da shi.  Ba a zaba shi a cikin 'yan wasa don wasannin cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2018 da Aljeriya da Najeriya a cikin kaka na 2017.

## Kididdigar aiki

: *Sakamakon da sakamakon sun lissafa burin Zambia na farko.*

## Daraja
**ZESCO United**

* Sashe na farko na Zambia: 2007
* Kofin Zambiya: 2006

**TP Mazembe**

* Linafoot: 2011, 2012, 2013, 2013-14, 2015-162015–16
* Gasar Zakarun Turai ta CAF: 2015
* CAF Super Cup: 2011, 2016
* Kofin Tarayyar CAF: 2016

**Zambia**

* Kofin Kasashen Afirka: 2012

**Mutumin da ya fi so**

* Babban mai zira kwallaye na Super League na Zambia: 2007
* Babban mai zira kwallaye na gasar cin kofin Confederation na CAF: 2016

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa tare da 100 ko fiye

## Manazarta
Kamfanin Cacheu da Rivers da Kasuwanci na Guinea

**Kamfanin Cacheu da Rivers da Kasuwanci na Guinea** ( Portuguese: Companhia de Cacheu, rios e comércio da Guiné) wani kamfani ne na 'yan mulkin mallaka na Portugal. Ya yi nasara a Kamfanin Coast na Guinea kuma an yi niyya don inganta kasuwanci a masana'anta da aka ƙera, hauren giwa, da cinikin bayi a yankin Guinea na yammacin Afirka.

## Tarihi
Duarte Nunez a shekara ta 1654 da Manuel de Costa Pessoa a shekara ta 1671 ne suka gabatar da shirye-shiryen a Portugal don kafa sabon kamfani. A cikin shekarar 1664 an yi ƙoƙari don ƙirƙirar kamfani don kasuwanci a Palmarin, amma bai yi nasara ba.  Bayan shekaru na muhawara na bureaucratic, masarautar Portuguese ta kafa Kamfanin Cacheu da Rivers da Ciniki na Guinea a shekarar 1675.  An tabbatar da ita a ranar 19 ga watan Mayu, 1676 ta Prince Regent Peter II, wato haƙƙin cinikin bayi da sauran kayayyaki a bakin tekun Guinea da tsibiran Cape Verde, da kuma fitar da samfuran zuwa Amurka.  Koyaya, kashi 1/3 na jiragen kamfanin an keɓe su ne ga mazaunan Cape Verde waɗanda za su iya jigilar kayayyakinsu cikin iyakokin da ke da tabbacin haƙƙin ciniki cikin 'yanci a yankin. Mazaunan Cape Verde sun sami 'yancin cin gashin kai, banda kawai an hana su mu'amala da baki.  Irin waɗannan gyare-gyaren da aka yi wa ka’idojin kamfanin sun haɗa da na gwamnan Cape Verde a lokacin, .

Babban kyaftin na farko na kamfanin Antonio de Barros Bezerra ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru huɗu kafin a kama shi da laifin cin hanci da rashawa da cinikin jiragen ruwa na ƙasashen waje ba bisa ka'ida ba, amma aka wanke shi.  Ko da yake ya yi aiki a matsayin babban ɗan tsakiya a cikin kasuwancin bakin teku, kamfanin bai taɓa iya kafa ainihin abin da ya mallaka ba da kuma  na Portuguese. ya yi hasashen halittarsa, kuma ya daina ayyukan a cikin shekarar 1682, wanda Kamfanin Cacheu da Cape Verde suka gaje shi daga shekarun 1690 zuwa gaba.   

## Manazarta
Bad Boll

**Bad Boll** (Jamus pronunciation: [baːt ˈbɔl]) wata ƙaramar hukuma ce a cikin gundumar Göppingen a Baden-Württemberg, Jamus .

## Tarihi
A cikin shekara ta 1321, County of Württemberg ta sayi taken a kan Bad Boll kuma ta mallake shi *de jure*, amma har yanzu ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar Priory na gida. Wannan ya canza tare da juyin juya halin Duchy na Württemberg zuwa Lutheranism da kuma kwace dukiyar coci. Tun daga shekara ta 1321, an sanya Bad Boll a ƙarƙashin ikon Göppingen. An gano maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai zafi a kusa da Bad Boll a cikin shekara ta 1595. Shekara guda bayan ,  ne ya gina wurin shakatawa na farko a cikin gari.[de] An sake gina wannan wurin shakatawa kuma an faɗaɗa shi daga 1823 zuwa 1825. An kafa Eckwälden a cikin Bad Boll a cikin 1933. An kafa Kwalejin Bishara ta farko a Jamus a Bad Boll a cikin 1945. Bad Boll ya canza sunansa daga Boll zuwa Bad Boll a cikin 2007. 

## Yanayin ƙasa
Garin (*Gemeinde*) na Bad Boll yana samuwa a gefen yammacin Göppingen_( ɗaya daga cikin Jihohi 16 na Tarayyar Jamus. Bad Boll  cikin tsaunuka na tsakiyar Swabian Jura [de], kodayake wani ɓangare na yankinsa  cikin Tsakiyar Kuppenalb [de] zuwa kudu maso gabas. Hawan sama da matakin teku a cikin yankin birni ya kasance daga mita 734 (2,408  Normalnull (NN) zuwa ƙasa da mita 367 (1,204 . 

Wani bangare na ajiyar yanayi mai kariya ta daga&#x5D;yana cikin yankin Bad Boll.

## Siyasa
Bad Boll yana da yanki ɗaya (*Ortsteile*), Boll, da ƙauyuka biyu: Bad Boll da Eckwälden . Bad Boll wani bangare ne na Ƙungiyar birni tare da yankunan Aichelberg, Dürnau, Gammelshausen, Hattenhofen, da Zell unter Aichelberg . 

### Alamar makamai
Gidan makamai na Bad Boll  nuna fararen maɓuɓɓugar ruwa fari da fararen ruwa da ƙaho na doki [de], a baki, a kan filin kore. Maɓuɓɓugar tana nufin maɓuɓɓugan ruwa masu zafi na gida da ƙaho na doki zuwa Württemberg. Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Tarayya ta ba da wannan makami da tutar birni ga Bad Boll a ranar 25 ga Janairun 1961. 

## Sufuri
Bad Boll an haɗa shi da hanyar sadarwa ta Jamus ta hanyar *Landesstraßen* da *Kreisstraßen*, waɗanda suka haɗu da Bundesautobahn 8 a Aichelberg.  1926 zuwa 1989, an haɗa Bad Boll da hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta Jamus ta hanyar  [de], wanda aka rufe shi a hukumance a 1997 amma ba a rushe shi ba. daga&#x5D;-jama'a.

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Shafin yanar gizon hukuma (a cikin Jamusanci)
Angela Bryant

**Angela R. Bryant** (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 1951) 'yar siyasar Democrat ce ta Amurka wacce a halin yanzu ke aiki a matsayin memba na Hukumar Kula da Tsaro da Tsaro ta Arewacin Carolina (matsayi na cikakken lokaci). Daga 2007 zuwa 2018, ta yi aiki a Babban Taron Arewacin Carolina .

Bryant ta wakilci gundumar ta 7 a Majalisar Wakilai ta Arewacin Carolina tun daga nadin ta a 2007 don cika gurbin da ya haifar da murabus din Ed Jones a lokacin da aka nada shi a Majalisar Dattijan jihar. An sake zaɓar ta a shekarar 2008, 2010, da kuma 2012. A shekara ta 2013, kwamitin ƴan Democrat na cikin gida ne suka zaba ta sannan kuma Gwamna Pat McCrory (wanda ake buƙatar ya karɓi zaɓin kwamitin na cikin gida), don cika kujerar Sanata Ed Jones, wanda ya mutu bayan an sake zabarsa a babban zaben 2012. Ta wakilci Gundumar 4 a Majalisar Dattijai ta Arewacin Carolina (ciki har da masu jefa kuri'a a yankunan Halifax, Nash, Vance, Warren, da Wilson). 

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

|-

* Babban Taron Arewacin Carolina - Shafin yanar gizon Sanata Angela Bryant**Shafin yanar gizon hukuma**
* Shirin Vote Smart - Angela R. Bryant (NC)  bayanin martaba
* Bi Kudi - Angela Bryant
** Gudummawar kamfen na 2008
Haikali na Juno Caelestis (Dougga)

**Haikali na Juno Caelestis** wani wurin tarihi ne a Dougga, Tunisiya . An keɓe haikalin da aka rushe ga allahiyar Romawa Juno, kanta juyin halitta ce ta allahiyar Punic Tanit. An gina haikalin tsakanin AD 222 da 235,  kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun haikalin da aka keɓe ga Juno a Afirka. 

## Bayyanawa
An gina haikalin tsakanin AD 222 da 235 a lokacin mulkin Severus Alexander . An keɓe haikalin ga allahiyar Romawa Juno, wanda mazaunan Dougga ke da alaƙa da allahiyar Punic Tanit. Sabanin sauran wuraren binciken archaeological a Dougga, an gina Haikali a gefen waje na birnin. Tons na haikalin Muna da siffar kamar karamin karami, alama ce ta gargajiya ta Juno.

An fara tono haikalin ne a cikin shekarun 1890, kuma aikin gyara haikalin ya fara ne a cikin 1904. Sabunta sha'awar wuraren binciken archaeological na Dougga ya haifar da binciken haikalin 1999 da 2002

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Wurin wanka na Antoninus

Baths na Antoninus ko Baths na Carthage, wanda ke cikin Carthage (Tunisiya), sune mafi girman rukunin Roman thermae da aka gina a Nahiyar Afirka kuma ɗaya daga cikin uku mafi girma da aka gina cikin Daular Roma. Su ne mafi girma a waje da ƙasar Italiya. Wurin wanka kuma shine kawai sauran Thermae na Carthage wanda ya samo asali ne daga Zamanin Daular Roma. An gina wanka a lokacin mulkin Sarkin Roma Antoninus Pius . 

Bayan da aka ci Punic a lokacin Yaƙin Punic na Uku (149-146 BC), al'adun Romawa da al'adu sun mamaye Carthage. Carthage daga ƙarshe ya zama birni na uku ga Sarakunan Berber na Romawa. A karkashin ikon Sarkin sarakuna Hadrian, an gina gidajen wanka a Carthage tare da Bahar Rum. An ba da gidan wanka da sunan sarki na baya, Antoninus Pius . An yi amfani da wanka har sai Vandals sun hallaka su bayan sun mamaye Tunisia a cikin 439 AD. Ragowar ƙididdigar galibi a cikin rushewa, amma an adana kaɗan.

Wurin wanka yana kudu maso gabashin wurin binciken kayan tarihi, kusa da fadar shugaban kasa ta Carthage. Binciken archaeological ya fara ne a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu kuma ya kammala ta hanyar kirkirar wurin shakatawa na archaeological don abin tunawa. Har ila yau, yana daya daga cikin muhimman wuraren tarihi na Tunisia. Wurin wanka na Antoninus na musamman ne idan aka kwatanta da sauran gidajen wanka na Romawa. Yankin yumɓu da ke kan iyaka da Tekun Bahar Rum ya haifar da buƙatar tushe mafi girma. Tsarin da aka saba da shi na gidajen wanka yana da wuraren sabis a cikin ginshiki, amma yumbu mai laushi ba zai iya ɗaukar irin wannan ci gaba ba. Masu zanen dole ne su daidaita kuma su ɗaga tsarin wannan wanka na musamman, suna sa wanka na Antoninus ya fi tsayi fiye da sauran gidan wanka na Romawa.

Wurin wanka a yau yana daga cikin shafin Archaeological na Carthage a cikin jerin wuraren Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO. A ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2012, gwamnatin Tunisia ta ba da shawarar ginin ruwa na Romawa Zaghouan-Carthage, cewa wanka wani bangare ne na, a matsayin wurin Tarihin Duniya na gaba.

## Wurin da yake

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Tafkin Chrissie

**Lake Chrissie**  wani tafki ne a ƙaramar hukumar Msukaligwa, Mpumalanga, Afirka ta Kudu. Tafki ne marar zurfi kuma babba, mai zurfin zurfin kusan ,  tsayi,  faɗi. Sunan tafkin sunan Christiana Pretorius, 'yar Marthanus Wessel Pretorius, shugaban farko na Jamhuriyar Boer Transvaal.  Hakanan ana kiran tafkin da sunan "Matotoland" (ma'ana "ƙasar kwaɗi ") kuma sunan ta Swazi shine "Kachibibi" (ma'ana "babban tafkin"). Sunan Sotho shine Seokodibeng, ma'ana wurin ruwa da yawa. 

Shahararren yakin yakin Boer na Biyu an yi ta ne da tafkin Chrissie a ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairun 1901. 

## Duba kuma

* Chrissiesmeer, wurin zama

## Manazarta

## Bayanan kula

* Encyclopædia Britannica shigarwa akan tafkin Chrissie
* Chrissiesmeer a Bayanin Tafiya na Hanyoyi
Yaƙin farko na Colenso

**Yaƙin farko na Colenso** (3 Nuwamba 1899), sau da yawa ana kiransa Skirmish na Colenso, ya kasance aikin soja tsakanin Durban Light Infantry da Boer commando.  A lokacin, Boers sun kewaye birnin Ladysmith, sun sanya su a ƙarƙashin kewaye. 

## Bayani
Tare da Boers sun sanya Ladysmith a ƙarƙashin kewaye, kuma sun kama yawancin sojojin Birtaniya a Natal a can, sauran sojojin Birtaniya sun fara motsawa zuwa Estcourt. Wani ƙaramin ma'aikacin Dakarun Haske na Durban da kuma rundunar sojojin ruwa daga HMS Tartar sun gina garu a Colenso, suna aiki a matsayin sansanin sojojin Burtaniya a yankin.  A ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamba, Boers sun matsar da manyan bindigoginsu zuwa tudu zuwa arewacin Colenso. Sun fara buɗe wuta a kan matsayin Birtaniyya, inda turawan ba su da wani wurin fakewa saboda ba su da makaman da za su iya tunkarar su. Sun yi gaggawar ficewa daga wurarensu bayan wani lokaci, kuma suka tafi kafin sojojin Boer su kai garin. Daga nan ne sojojin suka koma Estcourt, inda suka bar kogin Tugela ba tare da kariya ba, wanda hakan ya baiwa Boers damar kafa wuraren kariya a can. 

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Driefontein

**Yakin Driefontein** a ranar 10 ga watan Maris 1900  biyo bayan yakin Poplar Grove a yakin Boer na biyu tsakanin Birtaniya da Jamhuriyar Boer, a ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu a yanzu. A farkon rabin shekara ta 1900, Burtaniya ta kai hari ga manyan biranen jamhuriyar Boer biyu na Bloemfontein da Pretoria.

## Yaƙi

Sojojin Boer ƙarƙashin jagorancin Christiaan de Wet suna riƙe da  layin da ke rufe hanyar zuwa Bloemfontein. Daga baya Lord Roberts ya ba da umarnin rabuwa a ƙarƙashin Laftanar Janar Thomas Kelly-Kenny don kai hari daga gaba, yayin da ɓangaren Laftanar Janar Charles Tucker ya koma kan gefen hagu.   Daga bisani an tilasta wa Boers janyewa da aka kashe mutane 124 da aka kashewa da kamawa, yayin da Birtaniya suka kashe 82 da 342. 

## Tsarin Yakin Burtaniya

Tsarin Yakin 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* 
*
Yaƙin Dwarsvlei

**Yakin Dwarsvlei** (Afrikaans: Slag van Dwarsvlei, Action at Onrust) a cikin yakin Boer na biyu (1899-1902) Boer da sojojin Britaniya suka yi a ranar 11 ga watan Yuli 1900 a gundumar Krugersdorp, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu.   Ayyukan da aka yi a Dwarsvlei wani ɓangare ne na sabuwar dabarar kungiyar ta Koos de la Rey kuma ya zo daidai da faɗace-faɗacen da aka yi a Silkaatsnek da Onderstepoort a ranar 11 ga watan Yuli, 1900.

## Yaƙi
Boers mai karfi 150, galibi Krugersdorp Commando ƙarƙashin Janar Sarel Oosthuizen (wanda aka sani da "Rooibul", Red Bull na Krugersdorp, saboda jan gemunsa) sun yi wa sojojin Birtaniyya na 1st Gordon Highlanders kwanton ɓauna da Sarkin Shropshire Light Infantry ƙarƙashin Manjo Janar Horace Smith-Dorrien a kan Oosthuizens mallakin Oosthuizens. Boers sun kasance ɗauke da bindigogi iri-iri kamar Mausers, Lee-Metfords, Martini-Henry 's da Guedes Model 1885. 

Sun kai hari kan ayarin motocin Burtaniya a kan hanyarsu daga Krugersdorp a kudu zuwa Hekpoort a arewa daga manyan wurare - mai alamar Z akan taswirar Smith-Dorrien da aka nuna akan wannan shafin - akan tudun tsaunin Witwatersberg da ke kallon wata hanya a kan hanyar Krugersdorp-Hekpoort.  

Yaƙin ya rinjayi dukan yini kuma a faɗuwar rana Oosthuizen ya ji rauni sosai lokacin da ya yi ƙoƙari a banza don kama majingin Ingilishi, tare da ƴan burgewa. Ya mutu daga raunukansa a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta 1900.  Birtaniya sun janye yayin da Boers suka yi rauni sosai don bin diddigin.  

## Duba kuma

* Jerin yaƙe-yaƙe a Afirka ta Kudu

## Kara karantawa

*  Biography. 46 pages. 

*  522 pages. Full text on Archive.org.

## Manazarta
Africitas

Africitas wani ***Africitas*** ne na Latin. Kalmar ta fara amfani da ita ne daga Erasmus a matsayin abin ƙyama don nuna wasu abubuwa na ayyukan Latin na Afirka. A cikin karni na 20, masana sun tattauna batun Africitas, waɗanda galibi suna nazarin marubutan Afirka kamar Saint Augustine, Uba na Ikilisiya, da masanin ilimin lissafi Marcus Cornelius Fronto game da wannan yaren da ba a sani ba. Bayan 1945, wannan tattaunawar masanin ta mutu shekaru da yawa. Koyaya, an farfado da tattaunawar a farkon karni na 21 tare da buga littafin, *Apuleius *'Yan Afirka** (2014), wanda ya sake nazarin manufar Africitas, a wannan lokacin galibi game da marubucin Apuleium.

Wadanda ke jayayya da goyon bayan Africitas suna da'awar cewa yaren yana da iyaka ta hanyar "ƙwarewar ƙamus, haɗin kai, tsarin jumla, da salon". G. N. Olcott ya ci gaba da jayayya cewa Latin *<nowiki/>'Yan Afirka* "ya fi 'yanci a cikin tsari na kalma".  Bayan dogon la'akari da batun, J. N. Adams ya yi jayayya cewa "akwai [wani nau'in harshe da muke kira Africitas, amma] cewa, saboda nesa da sassa *<nowiki/>'Yan Afirka*, akwai yiwuwar akwai nau'ikan Latin maimakon 'Latin Afirka' guda ɗaya.  Catherine Conybeare na Bryn Mawr ta yi jayayya da cewa za'a iya kallon rarrabe Africitas a matsayin mai wariyar launin fata. Game da wannan, Vincent Hunink na Jami'ar Radboud Nijmegen ya lura cewa, yayin da ba za a iya musanta cewa bambance-bambance na yanki na Latin da ake magana ba, "babu irin wannan muhawara ta ilimi" game da ƙamus, haɗin kai, tsari-shirin jumla, da salon "'Germanitas' ko 'Brittanitas' ya taɓa fitowa", yana ba da shawarar cewa mai da hankali kan Africitas matsala ce.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Yaƙin Graspan

**Yaƙin Graspan**, wanda kuma aka sani da **Yaƙin Enslin**, ya kasance haɗin gwiwa ne a Yaƙin Boer na Biyu kusa da tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Enslin a Graspan kopje. An yi yakin ne a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba, 1899, tsakanin sojojin Birtaniya ƙarƙashin jagorancin Lord Methuen da Boers karkashin jagorancin Koos de la Rey.

Bayan Yaƙin Belmont, Ƙarfin Lord Methuen ya haɓaka hanyar jirgin ƙasa a cikin jiragen ƙasa masu sulke. A ranar 24 ga watan Nuwamba, an harba jirgin ƙasan da bindigogin Boer a tsaunin da ke kusa da shi, wanda ya kawar da shi. Daga nan Methuen ya yanke shawarar shiga Boers don ci gaba da ci gaba, tare da kai hari a rana mai zuwa. 

## Yaƙi
Da safiyar ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba, Brigade ta 9 ta nufi arewa zuwa Graspan kopje. Boer pom-pom ya fara harbi kan ci gaban Burtaniya, tare da bindigogin Krupp 75mm guda huɗu. Gobarar ta kashe 'yan Burtaniya 5 na yau da kullum da dawakai biyu, a martanin da Birtaniyya ta harba bindigoginsu na ruwa mai inci 12,  cikin sauri ta rufe Boers. Bayan haɗin kai da manyan bindigogi, Methuen ya zana Coldstreams, Scots, da Grenadiers don ci gaba daga Belmont zuwa Graspan.

Da misalin karfe 7 na safe, Brigade na Guards, tare da Northamptonshires da Northumberland Fusiliers, sun haura layin dogo zuwa kopje. Brigade na Naval wanda ya ƙunshi ma'aikatan ruwa daga , , , da kuma bataliyar Royal Marines, sun halarta.

Yayin da aka fara yaƙin, an tsare Brigade na Guards a ajiye a baya, yayin da suke cikin yaƙin Belmont kwanaki biyu kacal da suka wuce. An kawo 'yan fusiliers da rundunonin sojoji masu haske an aika su kai farmaki kan Matsayin Boer.

Brigade na Naval ya ci gaba zuwa wuraren Boer, fallasa. Ba kamar takwarorinsu na sojojin ba, waɗannan sojojin ba su saba da salon yaƙin da sojojin da suka saba fuskanta ba. Don haka, rundunar sojojin ruwa ta samu hasarar rayuka da dama saboda rashin kwarewa.

Yayin da suke ci gaba zuwa wuraren Boer, Birtaniya sun buɗe wuta a kan wuraren Boer a ƙarƙashin murfin ciyawa da duwatsu.  Turawan ingila ne suka ci gaba da zage-zage har suka isa tudu. Wutar bindigar Boer ta yi nasarar kama wasu daga cikin 'yan Burtaniya, amma ta ƙasa dakatar da ci gaba. Daga ƙarshe masu gadin sun isa gindin tsaunin, kuma suka caje Boer matsayi. Wasu Boers, da suka ga zargin Birtaniya, sun ja da baya daga tudun. Wasu sun tsaya a baya, suna riƙe da Birtaniya muddin zai yiwu. Daga karshe turawan ingila sun kewaye wannan matsayi kuma sun yi nasarar kutsawa cikin ramuka, wanda hakan ya sa suka koma kogin Modder. 

## Tsarin yaƙi

### Sojojin Burtaniya

### Sojojin Boer

## Bayan haka
Bayan yakin, sojojin Lord Methuen sun ci gaba da hawan hanyar jirgin ƙasa zuwa Kimberley. Daga ƙarshe a ranar 28 ga watan Nuwamba, sojojinsa za su shiga tare da sojojin Boer mafi girma a yakin Modder River. Methuen zai yi nasara, amma ya sami raunuka da yawa. Za a dakatar da ci gaban Metheun, duk da haka, bayan mummunan shan kashi a yakin Magersfontein. Za a gina wani abin tunawa a cikin shekarar 1903, kuma an sadaukar da shi ga Royal Marines, mai suna bayan wannan yakin. 

## Manazarta
Souad Zuhair

Souad Zuhair yar kasar Misira an haife tane shekara ta 1925 ta kasance marubuciya ce ,tayi aiki da gidan jarida na (Rose al-Yusūf), Wadan da sune suka wallafa mafi yawan litatafanta kuma suka kasance a jere. Souad Zuhair ta rasu ne a shekara ta 2000.

Ta ka sance ya ce ga malami kuma Dan jarida , an haife tane a garin El Rahmaniya .Ta kamala karatun sakandari a shekara ta 1938 Amma bata samu damar kammala makarantar gaba da sakandari BA sanadiyar rasuwan mahaifinta . Tayi zaman gidan gyarar Hali a shekarar 1948 sanadiyar harkan siyasa. 

Ta kasance mahaifiyace ga da daya tilo me suna Lenin El-Ramly