Yanayi Tsaro

Energy Czar, kuma daga baya Climate Czar, laƙabi ne, ta amfani da Kalmar siyasa "czar", ga mutumin da ke cikin gwamnatin Amurka da aka ba shi iko kan makamashi ko manufofin yanayi a cikin reshen zartarwa. Wannan bai taɓa zama taken hukuma na kowane ofis ba, amma ana amfani dashi sau da yawa don komawa ga jami'ai daban-daban tun daga shekarun 1970s.

Bugu da ƙari, jami'an da ke kula da manufofin makamashi a Jiha ko wasu matakan tarayya ana kiransu "Energy Czars", misali Richard W. DeKorte ana kiransa "Energy Czar of New Jersey".

John A. Love, wanda Shugaba Richard M. Nixon ya nada Darakta na Ofishin Manufofin Makamashi a 1973, shi ne na farko da aka fi sani da "Energy Czar". A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1973, Nixon ya maye gurbin Ofishin Manufofin Makamashi da Ofishin Makamashi na Tarayya, wanda a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1974 ya zama Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Tarayya. Shugabannin wadannan mukamai (William E. Simon, sannan John Sawhill ya biyo bayan Love) ya ci gaba da kasancewa "Energy Czars" ta hanyar gwamnatin Nixon, da kuma karkashin magajinsa Gerald Ford wanda ya nada Frank Zarb a matsayin shugaban FEA.

A cikin 1977, Gwamnatin Jimmy Carter ta kirkiro Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka.  Ya haɗa ayyukan Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Tarayya tare da Hukumar Bincike da Ci Gaban Makamashi, sannan ta ɗaga shugaban sashen zuwa matsayi na majalisar ministoci.  Sakataren Makamashi na Amurka (na farko shine James R. Schlesinger) ya karbi aikin "Energy Czars" na baya.  Matsayin ya zama mafi yawanci ana kiransa kawai a matsayin "Sakataren Makamashi" da sunan barkwanci "Energy Czar" ya fadi daga amfani..

A watan Disambar 2008, zababben shugaban kasa Barack Obama ya nada Carol Browner a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban kasa kan makamashi da sauyin yanayi.  Bayan Obama ya hau karagar mulki, an nada Browner a matsayin darektan ofishin makamashi da canjin yanayi na fadar White House.  An sake farfado da sunan barkwanci "Energy Czar" don wani lokacin kwatanta matsayin Browner.  An kuma yi amfani da kalmar "Climate Czar".  (Haka ma ana amfani da fom ɗin "Czarina" a wasu lokuta don Browner. Duk da haka, da zarar ta bar gwamnati a 2011, kalmar ta sake yin amfani da ita a matakin tarayya. 

Koyaya, ana ci gaba da amfani da shi a wasu lokuta a matakin jiha. A watan Janairun 2013, Gwamnan New York Andrew Cuomo ya ba da sanarwar kirkirar matsayin sarkin makamashi na farko a Jihar New York, kuma ya nada Richard Kauffman don jagorantar manufofin makamashi ta jihar.

A watan Nuwamba na 2020, Shugaban kasa Joe Biden ya sanar da tsohon Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka John Kerry zai yi aiki a matsayin Wakilin Shugaban kasa na Musamman na Yanayi, sabon matsayi wanda zai zama wani ɓangare na Majalisar Tsaro ta Amurka (NSC).  An yi amfani da kalmar "Climate Czar" don bayyana rawar da Kerry ke tsammani. Wannan rawar yanzu ana kiranta wakilin yanayi. Sa'an nan Biden ya sanar da cewa tsohon mai kula da EPA Gina McCarthy zai yi aiki a wani sabon matsayi, Mai ba da shawara kan yanayin yanayi na Fadar White House, kuma rahotanni na kafofin watsa labarai sun kuma kira wannan matsayi a matsayin "Climate Czar".

## Dubi kuma

* Dokar sake tsara makamashi ta 1974
* Hukumar Kula da Nukiliya
* Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Amurka
* Manufofin makamashi na Amurka
* Manufofin yanayi na Amurka