Ervand Ibrahim

**Ervand Abrahamian** ( Persian   ; Armenian   ; an haife shi a shekara ta 1940) masanin tarihi ne ɗan asalin ƙasar Iran-Amurka a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Farfesa ne mai ƙwarewa a fannin tarihi a Kwalejin Baruch da kuma Cibiyar Digiri ta Jami'ar City ta New York . Ayyukansa sun shafi danne haƙƙin siyasa a Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran da kuma siyasar Iran .

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Ervand Vahan Abrahamian  a shekarar 1940  a Tehran  ga iyayensa 'yan Armenia .  Ya halarci aji uku a Makarantar Mehr da ke Tehran kuma ya ƙara karatu a Ingila a Makarantar Rugby mai daraja daga 1954 zuwa 1959.  Daga nan ya sami digirin BA a tarihin zamani daga Kwalejin St John's, Oxford, a 1963.  A wannan lokacin, ya yi karatu tare da Keith Thomas kuma ya mai da hankali kan tarihin Turai. 

Bayan kammala karatun digirinsa na farko, Abrahamian ya koma birnin New York,  inda ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Columbia kuma ya sami digiri na biyu a shekarar 1966.  Daga nan ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin MA daga Oxford a shekarar 1968 kuma ya sami digiri na uku a fannin Ph.D. daga Columbia a shekarar 1969.  Rubutunsa na digiri an yi masa taken, "Tushen Zamantakewa na Siyasar Iran: Jam'iyyar Tudeh, 1941-53." 

Abrahamian ɗan fafutuka ne kuma memba na ƙungiyar ɗaliban Iran — Ƙungiyar Ƙasa (CISNU) wadda ta yi adawa da mulkin Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi a shekarun 1960 da 1970.  A shekarar 1976, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mataimakan shugabanni na Kwamitin Fasaha da 'Yancin Hankali a Iran (CAIFI), wani ƙaramin ɓangare na Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Socialist (SWP). 

## Sana'a
Abrahamian ya taɓa koyarwa a Jami'ar Princeton, Jami'ar New York, Jami'ar Columbia, da Jami'ar Oxford .    Ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa a Jami'ar City ta New York (CUNY). A halin yanzu shi Farfesa ne na Tarihi a Kwalejin Baruch da Cibiyar Digiri ta CUNY. Abubuwan da ya fi mayar da hankali a kansu sun haɗa da tarihi da siyasa ta Gabas ta Tsakiya, musamman a Iran.   

Abrahamian yana yawan yin tsokaci kan siyasar Iran da kuma dangantakar kasashen waje ta Iran (gami da dangantakar Iran da Amurka ).  Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai iko kan ƙungiyoyin adawa na Iran,  gami da Mujahedin Jama'ar Iran (MEK).  Ya bayyana a matsayin baƙo a BBC Persian,  *Charlie Rose*,  *Worldfocus*,  *Amanpour &amp;amp; Company*,  *Democracy Now!,*  *Lou Dobbs Tonight*,  da sauran shirye-shirye da tashoshi.

## Ra'ayoyi
Abrahamian ya bayyana cewa "fahimtarsa game da Iran [ta kasance] ... mafi girman tsari [ta hanyar] rikicin mai na 1951-53 wanda ya kai ga juyin mulkin ."  A cikin littafinsa na 1989 *Radical Islam*, Abrahamian ya bayyana kansa a matsayin " mai shakkar horon ilimi; mai ra'ayin gurguzu na dimokuradiyya ta hanyar fifikon siyasa; kuma, dangane da imani na addini, mai rashin yarda da wanzuwar Allah a mafi yawan kwanaki - a wasu kwanaki, mai rashin yarda da Allah ."   A cikin 1983, ya shaida wa *[[New York Times|jaridar The New York Times]]* cewa yana da "ra'ayin Marxist mai zaman kansa."  Christoph Marcinkowski ya rubuta cewa wallafe-wallafen Abrahamian "suna nuna hangen nesa na siyasa na hagu na marubucinsu - musamman dangane da nazarin zamantakewa da siyasa da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki."  Abrahamian ya sami tasiri daga masana tarihi na Marxist Christopher Hill, Eric Hobsbawm, EP Thompson, da sauransu.  Ya kira Thompson "babban mutum saboda dalilai da dama - ba kawai ga masana tarihi na Iran ba, har ma ga masana tarihi na Marx a duk faɗin duniya."  Gabaɗaya yana tausaya wa Jam'iyyar Tudeh .  Werner ya bayyana Abrahamian a matsayin "mai rubuta tarihin hagu na Iran, yana ƙin duk wani yunƙuri na kallon Iran ta ƙarni na ashirin ta hanyar kallon Musulunci kawai." 

A shekarar 1986, Abrahamian ya yi adawa da cewa labarin mutuwar Loy W. Henderson a cikin *jaridar The New York Times* bai ambaci rawar da ya taka a juyin mulkin Iran na 1953 ba, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin "mai yiwuwa mafi mahimmancin gudummawarsa." Ya rubuta wa *jaridar Times* : "Jakadu kalilan ne suka canza tarihin wata ƙasa cikin sauƙi. Bugu da ƙari, ya kafa misali ga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta hanyar barin jami'an sirri su yi amfani da harabar ofishin jakadancin don aiwatar da juyin mulkin. Kulawar da kuka yi da ta ba George Orwell dariya; tabbas ba za ta ba shi mamaki ba." 

## Littattafai

* 

### ''Tsakanin Juyin Juya Hali Biyu a Iran''
Littafin Abrahamian da aka fi sani  kuma aka fi ambato  shine *Iran Between Two Revolutions* (1982), wanda Princeton University Press ta buga. Labarin tarihin Iran ne tun daga juyin mulkin kundin tsarin mulki na 1905-06 zuwa juyin juya halin Musulunci na 1978-79 . 

Sharhin farko sun kasance masu kyau sosai.    Sukar sun haɗa da mayar da hankali kan ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci  da Jam'iyyar Tudeh,  da kuma dogaro da tarihin Birtaniya.  Sepehr Zabih ya rubuta cewa ra'ayinsa na tsarin neo-Marxist na EP Thompson ya takaita shi.  ME Yapp ya rubuta: "tare da dukkan kurakuran da ke cikinsa, littafin Abrahamian shine littafi mafi ban sha'awa da ban sha'awa game da tarihin Iran na baya-bayan nan wanda ya bayyana tsawon shekaru da yawa."  Zabih ya fi kamewa: "wannan aikin wani muhimmin ƙari ne ga adabi kan wasu fannoni na ƙungiyar kwaminisanci ta Iran. Marubucin ya ƙware sosai a cikin lokutan da aka zaɓa na tarihin Iran na baya-bayan nan. Babu wanda ke da sha'awar siyasa ta Iran, musamman na hagu, da zai iya yin watsi da wannan kundin."  Gene R. Garthwaite ya rubuta cewa littafin ya bayar da gudummawa guda uku masu mahimmanci: "binciken ajinsa zai tilasta wa dukkanmu - masu ra'ayin Marxist da waɗanda ba masu ra'ayin Marxist ba - mu sake duba ra'ayoyinmu game da tarihin ƙarni na ashirin na Iran kuma zai samar da tushen tattaunawa na wani lokaci mai zuwa; yana ba da mafi kyawun bayani game da ci gaban jam'iyyar Tudeh da tushen zamantakewa, ilimi, da siyasa; kuma yana gabatar da cikakken bayani game da zamanin Pahlavi (kimanin 1921-78) da tarihin siyasarsa."  Mazzaoui ya bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun bayani kuma mafi daidaito game da ci gaban zamantakewa da siyasa a tarihin Farisa na zamani." 

### ''Musulunci Mai Tsattsauran Ra'ayi: Mujahidin Iran''
A cikin *littafin Musulunci Mai Tsattsauran Ra'ayi: Mujahedin na Iran* (1989) Abrahamian ya yi bincike kan asali da tarihin Mujahedin Jama'ar Iran (MEK). Littafin ya shirya don amsa tambayoyi da dama game da ƙungiyar, musamman game da "alaƙa tsakanin akidarta da tushen zamantakewarta."   Masu bita sun yi maraba da shi sosai.   Eric Hooglund ya kira shi "littafi mai matuƙar muhimmanci" wanda ke ba da "binciken cikakken bayani, na gaskiya, da na ilimi" game da MEK. Ya kuma yi jayayya cewa mafi mahimmancin gudummawarsa ita ce bayyana akidar jam'iyyar. [  Mazzaoui ya rubuta: "Babu wani abu da za a soki a cikin wannan binciken da aka rubuta da kyau. Dr. Abrahamian yana rubutu cikin tausayi da kuma a wasu lokutan mai ban mamaki - amma koyaushe a matsayin ƙwararren malami." 

### ''Khomeiniyanci''
Littafin Abrahamian na shekarar 1993 kan Jagoran Koli na farko na Iran, Ruhollah Khomeini da akidarsa, mai suna *Khomeiniism* . Littafin ya kunshi kasidu biyar. Ya yi jayayya cewa Khomeiniism "an fi fahimtarsa a matsayin motsi na jama'a, ba sake farfaɗo da addini ba."  Ya bayyana motsin Khomeini a matsayin wani nau'i na populism na Duniya ta Uku .    Fred Halliday ya kira shi "nazarin akidar siyasa gaba ɗaya da kuma juyin halittar akidar wanda ya kafa Jamhuriyar Musulunci musamman."  Baktiari ya yi bita mai gauraya. Ya lura cewa an rubuta shi da kyau, amma "ba a rubuta shi da kyau ba." Duk da haka, ya kira shi "littafi mai motsa rai wanda ya cancanci masu karatu da yawa."  Fakhreddin Azimi ya bayyana shi a matsayin "littafi mai haske da tayar da hankali." 

### ''Ikirarin da Aka Yi Wa Azaba''
Littafin Abrahamian na 1999 *mai suna Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran* ya ƙunshi matsin lamba na siyasa akan ƙungiyoyin adawa kafin da kuma bayan juyin juya halin Musulunci, wanda ya ƙare da kisan gillar da aka yi wa mutane da yawa a shekarar 1988. Ya yi bitar dabarun tambayoyi da wuraren tsare fursunoni da aka yi amfani da su a Iran a ƙarni na 20. Masu suka sun karɓe shi da kyau.    Mahdi ya yaba da shi a matsayin littafi mai mahimmanci kuma mai dacewa. 

### ''Tarihin Iran ta Zamani''
Littafin Tarihin Iran na Zamani, wanda aka buga a shekarar 2008, ya sami yabo sosai. Littafin ya ba da labarin gina ƙasa ta Iran ta zamani. John Limbert ya kira shi "nazarin ilimi, mai sauƙin karantawa, kuma mai jan hankali na ƙarni na ƙarshe na tarihin Iran."  Philip S. Khoury ya bayyana shi a matsayin "tarihin Iran na zamani mafi wayo da fahimta da ake samu a harshen Turanci."

### ''Juyin mulkin''
Littafin Abrahamian na shekarar 2013 mai suna The Coup: 1953, CIA, da Tushen Zamani na Hulɗar Amurka da Iran ya gamu da sharhi iri-iri da suka yi kyau. David S. Painter ya yi tsokaci cewa "Duk da wasu matsaloli, Juyin Juya Halin ya zama gyara mai mahimmanci ga ayyukan da suka gabata kuma muhimmin gudummawa ne ga tarihin Iran."  Mark Gasiorowski ya fi suka. Ya yi jayayya cewa littafin bai bayar da wani "babban wahayi ko fahimta ba kuma yana ɓatarwa ta hanyoyi da dama."

## Ganewa
An bayyana Abrahamian a matsayin fitaccen masanin tarihi game da Iran ta zamani.      An kuma bayyana shi a matsayin "fitaccen masanin tarihi na Iran ta zamani,"    kuma a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masana tarihin Iran na zamaninsa."  Mansour Farhang ya lura cewa littattafansa "tushen bayanai ne masu mahimmanci, fahimta da bincike ga malamai da masu karatu gaba ɗaya."  A cikin 1995 Fred Halliday ya yi tsokaci a cikin *Nazarin Iran* cewa Ervand Abrahamian "ya riga ya kafa kansa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun marubuta game da Iran ta ƙarni na ashirin."  Eric Hooglund ya rubuta a shekara ta 2000 cewa littattafan Abrahamian sun "kafa sunansa a matsayin babban masanin tarihin zamantakewa na Iran na ƙarni na ashirin."  Reza Afshari ya rubuta a shekara ta 2002 cewa tun bayan buga littafin juyin juya hali na *Iran tsakanin juyin juya hali biyu* (1982), Abrahamian ya "zama ɗaya daga cikin masana tarihi mafi tasiri a Iran ta zamani." 

An zaɓi Abrahamian a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekara ta 2010.   Shi ma memba ne na Ƙungiyar Nazarin Gabas ta Tsakiya ta Arewacin Amurka da Ƙungiyar Tarihi ta Amurka . 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Abrahamian ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne.  Abokansa sun san shi da "Jed".   A shekarar 1967, Abrahamian ya auri Helen Mary Harbison, wata mai wasan kwaikwayo a ƙungiyar makaɗa ta Princeton Chamber Orchestra da kuma ' yan wasan Da Capo Chamber Players wacce 'yar'uwar mawaki John Harbison ce kuma 'yar masanin tarihi E. Harris Harbison .   Harbison ya mutu a ranar 27 ga Janairu, 1981, sakamakon cutar kansa. 

Tun daga shekarar 2019, Abrahamian ya auri Mary Nolan, farfesa a fannin tarihi a Jami'ar New York (NYU).   Yana da 'ya'ya biyu: Emma da Rafi. 

## Littattafan tarihi

; Labarai na ilimi

* " Taron Jama'a a Siyasar Iran 1905–1953 ." *Tsohon &amp;amp; Yanzu*, lamba 41 (1968): shafuka 184–210.
* " Taron Jama'a a Juyin Juya Halin Farisa ." *Nazarin Iran* 2, lamba 4 (1969): shafuka 128–50.
* " Kwaminisanci da Kwaminisanci a Iran: ''Tudah'' da ''Firqah-I Dimukrat'' ." *Mujallar Duniya ta Nazarin Gabas ta Tsakiya* 1, lamba 4 (1970): shafuka 291–316.
* " Kasravi: Mai Haɗakatar da Ƙasashen Iran ." *Nazarin Gabas ta Tsakiya* 9, lamba 3 (1973): shafuka 271–95.
* " Rashin Ikon Juriya na Gabas: Shari'ar Qajar Iran ." *Mujallar Duniya ta Nazarin Gabas ta Tsakiya* 5, lamba 1 (1974): shafuka 3-31.
* " Fudalisanci na Turai da Tsattsauran ra'ayi na Gabas ta Tsakiya ." *Kimiyya da Al'umma* 39, lamba 2 (1975): shafuka 129–56.
* " Rikicin Siyasa Ya Ƙaru ." *Rahoton MERIP*, lamba 71 (1978): 3–6.
* " Ƙungiyoyin 'Yan Tawaye a Iran: Ƙungiyoyin Siyasa a Majalisar Dokoki ta 14 (1944-46) ." *Nazarin Gabas ta Tsakiya* 14, lamba 1 (1978): shafuka 22-55.
* " Mazauna Iran ta Zamani Ba Ta Juyin Juya Hali Ba ." *Nazarin Iran* 11, lamba 1/4 (1978): shafuka 259–304.
* " Dalilan Juyin Juya Halin Kundin Tsarin Mulki a Iran ." *Mujallar Duniya ta Nazarin Gabas ta Tsakiya* 10, lamba 3 (1979): shafuka 381–414.
* " Iran a Juyin Juya Hali: Sojojin 'Yan Adawa ." *Rahoton MERIP*, lamba 75/76 (1979): shafuka 3–8.
* " Dalilan Tsarin Juyin Juya Halin Iran ." Rahoton MERIP, lamba 87 (1980): shafuka 21–26
* " Ƙungiyar 'Yan Guerrilla a Iran, 1963–1977 ." *Rahoton MERIP*, lamba 86 (1980): shafuka 3–15.
* " 'Ali Shari'ati: Akidar Juyin Juya Halin Iran ." *Rahoton MERIP*, lamba 102 (1982): shafuka 24–28.
* " Ahmad Ashraf: Kasuwa da Masallaci a Juyin Juya Halin Iran ." *Rahoton MERIP*, lamba 113 (1983): shafuka 16–18.
* " Khomeini: mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ko mai ra'ayin jama'a? *Sabon Sharhin Hagu*, 1991
* " Juyin Mulkin 1953 a Iran ." *Kimiyya &amp;amp; Al'umma* 65, lamba 2 (2001): shafuka 182-215.
* " Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai na Amurka, Huntington da Satumba 11. " *Third World Quarterly* 24, lamba 3 (2003): shafuka 529-44.
* " Dalilin da Ya Sa Jamhuriyar Musulunci Ta Tsira ." *Rahoton Gabas ta Tsakiya*, lamba 250 (2009): shafuka 10-16. doi:10.2307/27735276.
* " Muryar Masu Rashin Jin Daɗi ." *Mujallar Bita ta Tarihi*, lamba 76 (2013): shafuka 256-58.

## Manazarta