Kamfanin BP P.L.C. v. Magajin gari da majalisar birnin Baltimore

**Kamfanin BP P.L.C. v. Magajin gari da Majalisar Birni na Baltimore**, 593 U.S. ____ (2021), wani shari'a ne a Kotun Koli ta Amurka da ke magana da al'amuran da suka shafi hukunce-hukuncen shari'o'in canjin yanayi daban-daban a cikin tsarin shari'a na Amurka.

## Fage
A cikin shekara ta 2017, birane da yawa a Amurka sun fara shigar da kara a kan kamfanonin mai da iskar gas, suna masu tabbatar da ayyukan da suke yi a duk duniya wajen hakar ma'adinai da samar da albarkatun man fetur ne ke da alhakin sauyin yanayi a biranen su da jihohinsu. Kararrakin sun nemi diyya ta kudi daga wadannan kamfanoni a karkashin dokokin jihohinsu don samun kudaden da ake kashewa wajen yakar sauye-sauyen da suka taso daga sauyin yanayi, kamar magance illar hawan teku. Wasu daga cikin shari'o'in farko, kamar waɗanda aka shigar a California da New York, an fara shigar da su a cikin tsarin kotunan tarayya; wadannan shari’o’in an yi watsi da su tun da wuri kamar yadda a matakin tarayya, doka ta tabbata cewa dokokin tarayya kamar dokar Clear Air sun maye gurbin dokokin jihohi, kuma ya rage ga bangaren majalisa da zartarwa su dauki mataki a kan kamfanonin mai a karkashin wadannan dokokin, maimakon jihohi da kananan hukumomi.

Birnin Baltimore, Maryland, ya shigar da kara a kan kamfanonin mai 26 a watan Yulin 2018, yana mai cewa wadannan kamfanoni sun ba da gudummawar kashi 15 cikin 100 na hayakin Carbon Dioxide tsakanin shekarar 1965 zuwa 2015 wanda ya haifar da sauyin yanayi a duniya da ke barazana ga gabar teku. Maimakon a kotun tarayya, birnin ya shigar da shi a cikin kotunan jihar Maryland, wanda masana shari'a suka yi imanin cewa zai zama madadin kotun tarayya, kuma zai fi dacewa da birnin. Ba wannan kadai ba ne irin wannan karar sauyin yanayi da aka shigar a matakin jiha kan kamfanonin mai, kuma kamar sauran kararrakin, wadanda ake kara sun bukaci a sauya wurin zuwa kotunan tarayya a karkashin dokar tsige jami’an gwamnatin tarayya karkashin dokar kawar da kai a 28 U.S.C. § 1441, tunda sun yi aiki tare da gwamnatin tarayya. An mayar da shari'ar zuwa Kotun Lardi na Amurka don Gundumar Maryland.

Daga baya birnin ya kalubalanci tsige shi bisa la’akari da rashin hukunce-hukuncen da kotun tarayya ke da shi kan dokokin jihar, wanda alkali Ellen Hollander ta amince da shi, inda ta ba da umarnin mayar da shari’ar zuwa kotun jiha. Kamar yadda ka’idar cirewa ta dora alhakin tsige jam’iyyar da ke neman tsige shi, Alkali Hollander ya yi watsi da dalilan da kamfanonin mai suka bayar na ci gaba da shari’ar a matakin tarayya. Wadanda ake tuhumar sun daukaka kara zuwa Kotun Koli ta Hudu a kan umarnin Hollander, amma kotun ta hudu ta amince da hakan, inda ta yanke hukuncin cewa bai wa jami’an gwamnatin tarayya izinin yin hakan ga kamfanonin duk da kusancin da suke da gwamnatin tarayya.

## kotun Koli
Shawarar da'irar ta huɗu ta ƙara rarrabuwar kawuna tare da yadda kotunan ƙararrakin za su iya bitar ƙalubalen da aka yi wa dokar tsige jami'an tarayya. Hukuncin da kotun sauraren kararrakin zabe ta yi ya samu ne ta hanyar wasu da’irori bakwai da kotun daukaka kara za ta iya duba yanayin da ake ciki kan batun cire hurumin, yayin da a kwanan baya kotun ta bakwai ta shiga ra’ayi na hudu da na biyar inda kotunan daukaka kara za su iya duba sauran abubuwan da suka dace da shari’ar don yanke hukunci. Kamfanonin mai sun yi jayayya cewa da a ce an gudanar da shari’arsu a karkashin Sashe na Bakwai, da za su iya ci gaba da rike hurumin tarayya bisa hujjar cewa dokokin tarayya sun wuce dokokin jihohi.

Kamfanonin mai sun kai karar kotun koli da ta sasanta rikicin da’irar dangane da batun tsige jami’an gwamnatin tarayya. Kotun ta tabbatar da bukatar a watan Oktoban 2020. Mai shari’a Samuel Alito, wanda ke da hannun jari a wasu kamfanonin mai, ya janye kansa daga shari’ar. Mai shari’a Amy Coney Barrett, wacce mahaifinta ya yi aiki da kamfanin Shell Oil Company, daya daga cikin wadanda ake tuhuma a shari’ar Baltimore, wasu da dama ne masu gabatar da kara suka bukaci ta janye kanta daga shari’ar, domin a baya ta yi watsi da shari’ar da ta shafi Shell a lokacin da take rike da madafan iko na Bakwai, amma ba ta yi hakan kan wannan shari’ar ba.

An ji muhawara ta baka a ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2021.

Kotun ta yanke hukuncin ne a ranar 17 ga Mayu, 2021. A cikin hukuncin da aka yanke na 7-1, Kotun ta yi watsi da hukuncin Kotun Hudu tare da sake sa karar ta sake duba lamarin. Mai shari'a Neil Gorsuch ne ya rubuta yawancin ra'ayi kuma kowa ya haɗa shi sai Justice Sonia Sotomayor (da kuma mai shari'a Alito da aka soke a baya).

## Manazarta