Gwal Kwas ɗin Fotigal

**Gwalkwas ɗin Fotigal** ya kasance yankin mulkin mallaka na Portugal a gaɓar Gwalkwas ta Yammacin Afirka ( Gana ta yau) tare da Tekun Ginea . 

Daga wurin zama na iko a sansanin soja na São Jorge da Mina (wanda aka kafa a cikin 1482 kuma yana cikin Elmina na zamani), Portuguese ta ba da umarnin cinikin bayi na cikin gida, samar da hanyar sadarwar bawa wanda zai fadada bayan ƙarshen mulkin mallaka na Portuguese a yankin.  Babban fitarwa na mulkin mallaka shine zinare, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ciniki tare da jama'ar gida.  Kasancewar Fotigal tare da gabar tekun Zinariya ya ƙara yawan zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa da kasuwanci a Tekun Fasha, sun gabatar da amfanin gona na Amurka (kamar masara da rogo ) cikin yanayin noma na Afirka, kuma ya mai da Portuguese ya zama harshen kasuwanci mai dorewa a yankin. 

An shigar da mulkin mallaka a hukumance a cikin yankin Dutch a cikin 1642. 

## Tarihi

### Zuwan Portuguese akan Gold Coast

A cikin 1471, masu binciken Portuguese sun ci karo da ƙauyukan kamun kifi masu wadata da hauren giwa da zinariya a bakin tekun Atlantika na Ghana ta zamani, wanda Portuguese suka kira Gold Coast.  Batun ciniki a yankin Gold Coast ya taimaka wajen gina kagaran **São Jorge da Mina** (St. George na Mine) a shekara ta 1482, wanda nan da nan ya zama sananne da A Mina Castle (Portuguese " *a mina* " = "mine").  An gina ginin a kusa da wani gari mai yawan jama'a na Afirka wanda kuma ake kira A Mina, wanda mutanen Holland zasu dace da Elmina. 

Sauran manyan ƙauyuka na Portuguese a kan Gold Coast sun haɗa da masu zuwa: 

* Fort **[[Fort Saint Anthony|Santo António de Axim]]** (St. Anthony na Axim), zamani Axim : kafa 1515
* Fort **São Francisco Xavier** (St. Francis Xavier), Osu na zamani, gundumar Accra : kafa c.1557—c.1578
* Fort **São Sebastião** (St. Sebastian), Shama na zamani: kafa 1558

Shawarar Portuguese na gina kagara a Elmina ya sami tasiri ta hanyar tsarin kasuwanci da aka riga aka kafa tsakanin Elminans na asali da 'yan kasuwa na Portugal a yankin. An zaɓi yankin tsibiri na halitta, wanda Tekun Atlantika da kogin Benya ke kewaye, a matsayin wurin da aka gina Elmina Castle don haɓaka tsaro. Sarkin Fotigal, John II, ya naɗa wani mai daraja mai suna Diogo de Azambuja don gina kagara a bakin teku.  Don wanzar da zaman lafiya da mutanen Elmina, Azambuja ya shiga tattaunawa da shugaban ƙasar Caramansa kan shirinsu na gina Elmina Castle. A cikin tattaunawar da wani ɗan kasuwa ɗan Fotigal ya sauƙaƙe kuma wani mai fassara na asali ya taimaka, Caramansa ya mayar da martani cikin shakku game da shawarar, saboda za a lalata gidaje da yawa na Afirka don fara ginin ginin.  Bayan Portuguese sun yi barazanar tashin hankali, Caramansa ya cika bukatun Portuguese. Duk da haka, ya haramta amfani da tsattsarkan dutsen gida, wanda Elminans na ƙasar suka sani da Kokobo, kuma ya hana Portuguese samun damar samar da ruwan sha na 'yan asalin.  Mazaunan Portuguese, sun bijirewa bukatun Caramansa, sun haƙa dutsen Kokobo don dalilai na gini. Yin haka ya harzuka al'ummar yankin, duk da haka an kaucewa rikici bayan da Portuguese suka ba Elminans na asali kyauta.  Da zarar an gina shi, Elmina Castle ya wakilci babban gini na farko na Turai a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara kuma a halin yanzu an san shi a matsayin Cibiyar Tarihi ta UNESCO . 

Domin kulla kyakkyawar alakar kasuwanci da kasashen Afirka da ke makwabtaka da ita, Turawan Portugal suna yawan mika kyaututtuka ga shugabannin kasashen cikin gida, ciki har da jihar Eguafo wadda Elmina ta kasance.  Dabarunsu a bakin teku, duk da haka, ya ƙunshi yin amfani da ƙarfi a kan 'yan Afirka don hana su kasuwanci da fafatawa a Turai.  Rikicin Portuguese a bakin teku ya dagula dangantakarsu da kasashen Afirka makwabta; don haka, 'yan Portugal ba su da isasshen ƙarfin da za su iya tilasta mulkinsu a duk yankin Gulf na Guinea. Tasirin Portuguese tare da Kogin Zinariya ya tashi daga wani yanki kusa da Sabon Gari na zamani, Ghana, a yamma zuwa mazaunin tarihi na Adda (kusa da Denu na zamani, Ghana) a gabas. Sauran kasashen Turai da ke gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci a Tekun Fasha, da suka hada da Ingilishi da Dutch, sun ba da kayayyaki masu rahusa fiye da na Portuguese, abin da ya sa 'yan Afirka da yawa suka amince da hadarin ramuwar gayya ta Portugal don samun riba mai yawa daga kasuwanci.

### Gasar Holland

Gasa da ƙasashen Turai tare da koma bayan tattalin arzikin Portugal a farkon shekarun 1600 ya haifar da raguwar tasirin Portuguese a yankin Gold Coast. Sakamakon samun nasarar cinikin zinare na Portugal a mashigin tekun Guinea, sojojin Holland sun fara yin gangami don yakar 'yan Portugal a wani yunƙuri na kwace ikon yankin da kuma mamaye cinikin zinari.  A cikin 1625, Kamfanin Dutch West India Company ya fara kai hari kan São Jorge da Mina, wanda ya tsaya a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci ga Portuguese a Yammacin Afirka. Rundunar sojojin Holland sun hada da hadin gwiwar sojojin Kyaftin Jan Dircksz Lam da sauran jiragen ruwa daga Boudewijn Hendricksz da ya gaza a Salvador a kan Mutanen Espanya.  A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 1625, sojojin Portugal da kawayensu na Afirka suka yi wa 'yan kasar Holand kwanton bauna, wadanda aka shawo kan su shiga yakin bayan Portuguese din ya yi musu alkawarin biyan diyya. Bayan sun yi hasara mai yawa, an kori mutanen Holland daga yankin a cikin abin da aka sani da yakin Elmina (1625) .  

A cikin watan Agustan 1637, Kamfanin Yammacin Indiya na Yamma ya sake kai hari Elmina, wanda suka gani a matsayin wurin zama na ikon Portuguese a cikin Gulf of Guinea da kuma yiwuwar shiga cikin cinikin bayi na Afirka .  Don taimakawa a cikin rikici, wanda aka sani da yakin Elmina na biyu (1637), Yaren mutanen Holland sun ƙarfafa mambobin Elmina, Komenda, da Efutu don su juya baya ga Portuguese.  Bayan samun goyon bayan gida, 'yan kasar Holland sun fi dacewa su dauki sojojin Portugal masu adawa da juna kuma sun yi nasarar kama wani tudu da ke fuskantar katangar Elmina. Bayan kwanakin da aka yi na harbe-harbe, Portuguese sun yarda, kuma Elmina castle ya kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Dutch a ranar 29 ga Agusta, 1637. Ba tare da kagara a Elmina ba, an kori Portuguese gaba ɗaya daga yankin a shekara ta 1642. 

### Shugabannin bayar da gudummawa
Kyaftin ɗin gudummawa (donatário, ko Kyaftin-manjor) nadi ne da Crown Portuguese ya ba wani jami'in da ke da alhakin kula da yankin mulkin mallaka.  Wadannan sune jerin sanannun kyaftin na bayar da gudummawa a São Jorge da Mina: 

## Tattalin Arziki
Portuguese sun shigo da bayi zuwa Elmina a cikin karni na sha shida, suna amfani da su da farko don jigilar kayayyaki zuwa kuma daga cikin jihohin Afirka na ciki,  amma kuma don musayar tare da Elminans na gida don zinariya.  Babban wadatar bayi na Gold Coast ya fito ne daga hanyar kasuwanci tsakanin Benin da Elmina, wanda kuma ya ba wa Portuguese kayan masarufi kamar auduga, tufa, da beads.  Daga baya aka fadada cinikin bayi ya mamaye kogin Neja da tsibirin Sao Tome . Tufafi, lilin, beads, tagulla da tukwane na tagulla, kwanoni, mundaye, da bayi duk an yi amfani da su azaman kayan aikin saye don samun zinari daga ƴan kasuwar Elmina.  Zinaren Elmina ya samo asali ne daga yankunan Asante da Denkyira na Ghana na zamani kuma ya zama mafi girma da ake fitarwa daga mulkin mallaka tare da, zuwa ƙananan hauren giwa.   Bugu da kari, shigowar kayan amfanin gona na kasashen waje zuwa yankin Gold Coast ya sanya al'adun noma da yadda ake noma a yankin ya zama duniya, inda suka gabatar da sukari, masara, guava, dankali mai dadi, kwakwa, dawa, da rogo zuwa yanayin noma na Afirka.  Bugu da ari, rinjayen hanyar kasuwancin Portuguese tare da Tekun Fasha a karni na goma sha shida ya haifar da Portuguese ta zama babban harshen musayar a cikin Gulf of Guinea. Harshen ya dawwama a yankin duk da kasancewar sauran ƙasashen Turai a cikin Gulf bayan da aka ba da mulkin mallaka a 1642. 

## Gado
Cinikin bayi na cikin gida na Afirka wanda Portuguese ta kafa ya kafa harsashi ga manyan hanyoyin sadarwa na fataucin mutane da za su bunkasa a yankin a cikin ƙarni masu zuwa, kamar yadda Dutch da, daga baya, Birtaniyya suka yi amfani da hanyoyin kasuwanci da aka riga aka kafa a lokacin cinikin bayi na Atlantic .  Bugu da ari, karfin jigilar kayayyaki na Portuguese ya karfafa sabbin kasuwancin kogi mai nisa a tsakanin kasashen yammacin Afirka, kuma yawan kasuwancin da ke gabar tekun Guinea ya karu sakamakon kasancewar Portuguese.  Ginin kwale-kwale ya zama muhimmin sana'a wanda ke tare da karuwar kasuwancin bakin teku da kuma teku a cikin Tekun Fasha.  Bayan tsararru na cudanya da yarukan Afirka na gida, ƴan asalin ƙasar Portugal sun fito a matsayin muhimmin harshen kasuwanci a gabar Tekun Fasha, na biyu bayan Portuguese ɗin kanta.  Bugu da ari, haɗe-haɗe tsakanin Portuguese da 'yan Afirka ya haifar da ɗimbin yawan jama'a masu gauraya tare da gabar tekun Gold. 

Ƙoƙarin birni ya faru a kusa da Elmina, wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin Fotigal na kafa gundumomi a yankin. Gwamnonin 'yan asalin ƙasar, waɗanda aka fi sani da braffos, ƴan ƙasar Portugal ne suka ba su iko, kuma ƙaura daga ciki zuwa yankunan bakin teku ya ƙaru. Noman masara da rogo, wanda Turawan Portugal suka fara gabatar da shi a yankin ta hanyar cinikin tekun Atlantika, ya bunƙasa a gabar tekun Zinariya kuma ya zama abincin da ake ci a yammacin Afirka.  Bugu da ari, tuntuɓar Portuguese da ayyuka tare da Gold Coast sun haɗa yankin cikin tattalin arzikin duniya. Girman kasuwancin da ya fi girma a yankin ya daidaita ƙananan ƙananan jihohi daban-daban waɗanda suka wanzu kafin tuntuɓar Portuguese zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyin siyasa.  Zuwan kasuwancin duniya a gabar tekun Gold ya kuma karfafa harkokin kasuwanci a garuruwan da ke gabar teku, wadanda suka hada al'ummomin Afirka na cikin gida da kasuwancin Turai. 

## Magana