open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Oliur Rahman (mai kiwon lafiya)

**Oliur Rahman** ya kasance likitan gida na Gabashin Pakistan, mai fassara, kuma masanin ilimin Islama. Shugaban da ya kafa Jam'iyyar Awami Ulama, mambobin 'yan bindiga na Al-Badr ne suka kashe shi a lokacin kisan gillar da aka yi wa masu ilimi na Bengali a shekarar 1971.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Oliur Rahman a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 1932 a Maiarchar, Gundumar Sylhet, Lardin Assam, Indiya ta Burtaniya (wanda ke cikin Tukerbazar Union na yanzu, Bangladesh). Shah Habibur Rahman Khorasan, mahaifin yara goma sha uku ciki har da Oliur, ya kasance zuriyar mai tsarki na Sufi Shah Kamal Quhafah, abokin Shah Jalal . Kakannin Oliur sun yi ƙaura daga Khorasan. Yayansa, Safiur Rahman Khorasani, malami ne a Cibiyar Gudanar da Gwamnati kafin samun 'yancin kai na Bangladesh kuma daga baya ya zama farfesa. Bayan ya wuce jarrabawar Alim a 1949 da kuma jarrabawar sakandare mafi girma a 1950, Oliur ya wuce jarrabar Fazil a 1951. A shekara ta 1953, ya wuce jarrabawar Dawra-e-Hadith.

## Ayyuka
A cikin wannan shekarar ya wuce jarrabawar Dawra-e-Hadith, Oliur ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai kula da Ahmadia Madrasah a Barisal. Daga shekara mai zuwa, ya koyar da shekaru biyar a Sylhet Alia Madrasah . A shekara ta 1960, ya koma Dhaka. A cikin shekarun 1960, ya yi aiki a Kwalejin Bangla a matsayin mai fassara da mai bincike na Urdu da Larabci. Tare da wannan, ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai sharhi na Alkur'ani. A shekara ta 1965, bayan ya sami ilimi a fannin kiwon lafiya a Karachi, Yammacin Pakistan, ya koma Gabashin Pakistan kuma ya kafa asibitin kansa a Jitane kusa da Dhaka, inda ya fara samar da sabis na homeopathic.

## Yunkurin fafutuka
A shekara ta 1952, ya kasance mai aiki a cikin ƙungiyar yaren Bengali daga Sylhet . A cikin shekarun 1960, ya shiga ƙungiyar addini da ake kira Uttehadul Ulama, wanda a wannan lokacin yana da alaƙa da Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan . Ya zama mataimakin shugaban reshen Gabashin Pakistan da kuma shugaban reshen Dhaka na Uttehadul Ulama . Koyaya, bayan rikice-rikice sun tashi tare da Jamaat-e-Islami, ya bar kungiyar. A shekara ta 1966, bayan Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, shugaban Kungiyar Awami ta Gabashin Pakistan, ya gabatar da Points shida a Lahore, Jamaat-e-Islami's amir Abul A'la Maududi ya soki shi. A mayar da martani, Oliur ya rubuta masa wasiƙu da shugabannin da yawa a Gabashin Pakistan, yana roƙon su da su yarda da Abubuwa Shida. Daga baya, Oliur ya shiga cikin kusanci da Mujib kuma ya zama shugaban kafa Jam'iyyar Awami Ulama, wanda aka kafa a karkashin umarnin Mujib don gina goyon baya ga Abubuwa shida. Don magance farfaganda da Jamaat-e-Islami ya yada don murkushe Abubuwa shida, ya rubuta littattafai da yawa waɗanda suka taimaka wajen fadada shirin. Ya bukaci a kafa ma'aikatar daban don harkokin addini a Pakistan. Ya kuma shiga cikin tashin hankali na Gabashin Pakistan na shekarar 1969.

## Manazarta
Harshen Pitta

**Pitta Pitta** (wanda kuma aka sani da wasu sunaye da haruffa da dama) yaren 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya ne da ya daɗe . Ana magana da shi a kusa da Boulia, Queensland . 

## Matsayi
A shekarar 1979, Barry J. Blake ya ba da rahoton cewa Pitta Pitta ta "kusan ta mutu", inda masu magana uku kacal suka rage - Ivy Nardoo na Boulia, da Ted Marshall da Linda Craigie na Mount Isa .  Yanzu ana ganin ba zai yiwu a sami wani mai magana da zai kasance ba. 

## Ilimin sautuka

### Wasula

### Baƙaƙe

## manazarta
Harshen Kurame na Angami Naga

**Harshen Alamar Naga Hills** yare ne na ƙauye a Nagaland . A farkon ƙarni na 20, an ga yawan kurame a tsakanin al'ummomin tuddan Naga . Kurame da masu ji na al'umma suna amfani da yaren kurame.

Masanin ƙabilanci kuma jami'in siyasa John Henry Hutton ya rubuta:

## Manazarta
Henniker yaren kurame

**Harshen Alamar Henniker** yare ne na ƙauye na Henniker, New Hampshire da ƙauyukan da ke kewaye da shi a Amurka a ƙarni na 19. Yana ɗaya daga cikin harsuna uku na gida waɗanda suka zama tushen Harshen Alamar Amurka . Duk da cewa adadin ɗaliban Henniker ba su kai waɗanda suka fi yin magana da Yaren Alamar Vineyard na Martha ba, rashin jin magana a Henniker ya fi rinjaye a fannin kwayoyin halitta, don haka akwai yiwuwar Henniker SL ta fi MVSL ci gaba.

## Duba kuma

* Harshen Alamar Kwarin Sandy

## Manazarta
Harshen Kurame na Rennellese

**Harshen Kurame na Rennell** wani nau'in alamar gida ne da ya ɓace wanda aka rubuta daga Tsibirin Rennell a Tsibirin Solomon a 1974.  An ƙirƙiro shi a kusan 1915 ta wani kurma mai suna Kagobai kuma danginsa da abokansa masu ji suka yi amfani da shi, amma da alama ya mutu tare da shi; shi kaɗai ne kurma a tsibirin, kuma babu wata al'umma mai kafawa da ke kwaikwayon masu sa hannu. Saboda haka, a watan Janairun 2017 an yi ritaya da lambar ISO 639-3 [rsi].  Kuschel,  tushen bayanai kawai game da wannan tsarin sadarwa, bai ambaci wata shaida da ke nuna cewa akwai wata hulɗa da kowace harshen kurma ba.

## Manazarta
Maria Arruvaia

**Maria Virgínia Arruvaia** 'yar siyasa ce 'yar ƙasar Mozambique. A shekarar 1977 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ruƙunin mata na farko da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Jama'a.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1975, Arruvaia ta kasance 'yar takarar FRELIMO a zaɓen 'yan majalisa na shekarar 1977,  inda ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ruƙunin farko na mata 27 da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Jama'a.

## Manazarta
Ahmed Rafiq

**Ahmed Rafiq** (12 Satumba 1929 - 2 Oktoba 2025) ya kasance mai fafutukar yunkurin yaren Bangladesh, marubuci kuma mai bincike kan Rabindranath Tagore da wallafe-wallafensa. Ya sami Ekushey Padak a shekarar 1995 ta Gwamnatin Bangladesh .  Cibiyar Bincike ta Tagore a Kolkata ta ba shi taken *Rabindratattacharya* a cikin 2011. 

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Rafiq a ranar 12 ga Satumba 1929 ga iyayen Musulmi na Bengali Abdul Hamid da Rahima Khatun a ƙauyen Shahbazpur a Sarail, sannan wani ɓangare na Yankin Brahmanbaria na Gundumar Tipperah ta Lardin Bengal .  Ya kammala MBBS daga Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Dhaka a shekarar 1958.  Ya wallafa littafin waka *Nirbashita Nayak* (1996) da kuma littafin rubutun *Onek Ronger Akash* (1966). Ya zama ɗan'uwan Kwalejin Bangla kuma memba na rayuwarsa na Asiatic Society of Bangladesh . 

## Mutuwa
Rafiq ya mutu a Dhaka a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2025, yana da shekaru 96. 

## Kyaututtuka

* Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Kwalejin Bangla (1979) 
* Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Olokto (1992) 
* Ekushey Padak (1995) 
* Kyautar Kwalejin Bangla Rabindra (2011) 
* "Swadesh e Rabindra" daga Cibiyar Bincike ta Tagore a Kolkata (2011) 

## Ayyuka

* *Shishuder Rabindranath*
* *Kishorder Rabindranath*
* *Nirbachita Rabindranath*

## Manazarta
Alamar tuntuɓar

**Harshen alamar hulɗa**, ko **alamar hulɗa**, nau'in harshe ne ko salon magana da ke tasowa daga hulɗa tsakanin kurame ta amfani da harshen alamar hulɗa da kuma jin mutane ta amfani da harshen baki (ko kuma nau'in harshe na baki da aka rubuta ko aka rubuta da hannu ). Harsunan hulɗa kuma suna tasowa tsakanin harsunan alamar haɗi daban-daban, kodayake kalmar pidgin maimakon alamar hulɗa ana amfani da ita don bayyana irin waɗannan abubuwan.

An siffanta alamar hulɗa da "harshen alamar da ke da abubuwan da suka shafi harshen alamar halitta da kuma harshen baki da ke kewaye da shi". 

## Sadarwar harshe
Sadarwar harshe abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare a yawancin al'ummomin Kurame, waɗanda kusan koyaushe suna cikin al'adar harshe na baki ('ji').  Kurame suna fuskantar harshen da ke kewaye da su, idan kawai a cikin siffofi na gani kamar karatun lebe ko rubutu, tun daga ƙuruciya. A cikin rayuwar yau da kullun ba sabon abu bane ga Kurame su yi hulɗa da harsunan baki.  Iyaye masu ji da malaman yara kurame, idan sun yi rubutu kwata-kwata, yawanci ɗaliban harshe na biyu ne, kuma salon sa hannunsu zai nuna alamun tsangwama daga harshen baki. Haɗa harsuna da yanayi na iya faruwa yayin fassara tsakanin harshen magana da harshen kurame. 

Duk da cewa harsunan kurame sun bambanta da harsunan da ake magana da su, tare da kalmomi daban-daban da nahawu, iyaka tsakanin su biyun sau da yawa yana da wuya a zana. Sau da yawa ana bayyana 'ci gaba' na harshe tsakanin sa hannu da nahawu mai ƙarfi na harshen kurame zuwa sa hannu da nahawu mai ƙarfi na harshen magana, wanda yankuna na tsakiya galibi ana siffanta su da alamar tuntuɓar juna (ko Alamar Pidgin). A cikin tattaunawa tsakanin mai sa hannu na asali da mai koyon harshe na biyu, abokan hulɗar tattaunawa biyu na iya sa hannu a ɓangarori daban-daban na bakan. Haɗin da ake gani sau da yawa shine ƙamus daga harshen kurame da aka sanya hannu a cikin jerin kalmomi na harshen baki, tare da nahawu mai sauƙi ko raguwa wanda aka saba gani a cikin harsunan tuntuɓar. Za mu iya gane cewa halayen magana na mai magana da Turanci wanda ke koyon Faransanci a karon farko zai bambanta da na mai magana da Faransanci na asali. Haka abin yake faruwa lokacin da mai ji yana koyon harshen kurame. 

Duk da haka, ko da tattaunawa tsakanin masu sa hannu biyu na asali sau da yawa yana nuna wasu alamu na hulɗa da harshe. Kurame a Amurka na iya amfani da salon sa hannu kamar na Turanci a cikin yanayi mafi tsari, ko kuma idan ba su saba da mai magana ba. 

Huenerfauth ya yi iƙirarin cewa Turancin Pidgin Signed, da kuma harsunan hulɗa, na iya haifar da fa'idodi ga masu amfani da harshen kurame waɗanda ke da ƙarancin matakan rubutu na rubutu,  yayin da Ceil Lucas ya bayyana yadda hulɗa ke faruwa lokacin da masu sa hannu kurame ke canza harshensu don jin mutanen da ke cikin tsarin koyon amfani da harshen kurame.
## manazarta
Alamgir Siddique

**Alamgir Siddique** (আলমগীর সিদ্দিকী) ɗan siyasa ne daga Jashore, Bangladesh, wanda aka san shi da hannu a cikin ƙungiyar yaren Bengali wanda ya ba da shawarar amincewa da Bengali a matsayin harshen jihar Pakistan .

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Siddique a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 1926. 

## Ayyuka
A farkon aikinsa na siyasa, Alamgir Siddique ya shiga cikin Kungiyar Daliban Musulmi ta Gabashin Pakistan .  A watan Janairun 1948, ya fitar da wata sanarwa a madadin daliban Jessore, yana neman Bengali a matsayin harshen ƙasa, wanda aka buga a cikin jaridar Ittehad . Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa Kwamitin Ayyukan Harshe na Kasa a Jessore a watan Fabrairun 1948. A ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, a wani taron shugabannin dalibai a gidansa, an yanke shawarar kafa kwamitin da ya yi kama da Kwamitin Ayyukan Harshe na Kasa a Dhaka. An kafa kwamitin a Jessore a ranar 2 ga watan Maris a cikin zauren Kwalejin Michael Madhusudan . Shi (a madadin Ƙungiyar Dalibai) da Ranjit Mitra (a madarin Ƙungiyar Dalibi) sun kasance masu haɗuwa da wannan kwamitin.

Yunkurin yaren Bengali a Gabashin Pakistan ya faru ne a matakai biyu - 1948 da 1952. A Jessore, matakin 1948 ya fi fashewa da shiga fiye da matakin 1952. Yayin da motsi ya girma a watan Maris na shekara ta 1948, taron ya yi karo da 'yan sanda a Jessore. A ranar 13 ga watan Maris, a karkashin jagorancin Alamgir Siddique, Jiban Ratan Dhar, da Afsar Ahmed Siddiqui taron jama'a da dalibai sun kai hari ofishin majistare na gundumar da kuma ginin tarawa na Jessore. An harbe Siddique a lokacin rikici da 'yan sanda suka yi, yana fama da rauni. Shi, tare da Jiban Ratan Dhar da Afsar Ahmed Siddiqui, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gina Shaheed Minar na farko a Jessore. Daga baya, a cikin 1962, shi da Muhammed Abdul Hye, shugaban Kwalejin Michael Madhusudan, sun kafa harsashin Shaheed Minar na dindindin a harabar kwalejin, wanda aka dauka a matsayin Shaheed Miner na Tsakiya na Jessore har zuwa 2017. Ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa Kwalejin Jessore City . 

A shekara ta 1949, Siddique ya shiga kungiyar Awami Muslim League .  Ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren jam'iyyar a Jessore .  A shekara ta 1957, lokacin da Awami League ta rabu zuwa Awami League (AL) da National Awami Party (NAP), ya shiga kungiyar NAP da ke karkashin jagorancin Bhasani, wacce ke goyon bayan manufofin kasashen waje marasa haɗin kai, a adawa da manufofin kasashen duniya na Suhrawardy. Daga nan, ya zama shugaban gundumar Jessore NAP kuma sakataren hadin gwiwa na kwamitin tsakiya na NAP.  

Alamgir Siddique ta shiga cikin babban zaben Bangladesh na 1973 daga mazabar Jessore IX a matsayin dan takarar NAP-B a kan Raushan Ali na Awami League, Mosharraf Hossain LL. . B. na JSD, da Kazi Abdus Shahid Lal na NAP-M. Ya mutu a ranar 17 ga Yuni 1977. A cikin ƙwaƙwalwarsa, an sanya wa wani zauren a cikin Cibiyar Jessore suna Alamgir Siddique Hall  .

## Manazarta
Jerin yarukan kurame ta yawan masu sa hannu na asali

Ga wasu harsunan kurame da aka ruwaito cewa akalla mutane 10,000 ne ke amfani da su. Karin harsuna, kamar Harshen Kurame na Sin, za su iya samun ƙarin masu sa hannu, amma babu wani bayani da ake da shi. Kiyasin amfani da harshen kurame ba shi da tushe sosai, kuma ma'anar abin da ake ɗauka a matsayin ƙwarewa ta bambanta. Ga yawancin harsunan kurame, babu wani kimantawa na zahiri. Misali, an ruwaito cewa akwai masu sa hannu miliyan ɗaya a Habasha, amma akwai kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na adadin kurame, ƙasa da rabinsu suna da ƙwarewar rubutu, kuma ban da haka ba a san adadin harsunan kurame daban-daban da suke amfani da su ba.

A cewar mutane da yawa masu ilimi a cikin al'ummar ASL Deaf, adadin masu rubuta ASL ya fi kusa da miliyoyin mutane. Saboda haka, ƙididdigar da aka lissafa a ƙasa, duk da cewa an ɗauko ta daga majiyoyi daban-daban da aka buga, ya kamata a tantance ta sosai kafin a yaɗa ta ko a ambace ta a wani wuri.

## Manazarta
Muhammad Takiullah

**Muhammad Takiullah** (1926 - 16 Nuwamba 2017)  ya kasance tsohon dan kasar Bangladesh. Gwamnatin Bangladesh ta ba shi kyautar Ekushey Padak a shekarar 2018. Shi ne ɗan na huɗu na masanin harshe na Bengali Muhammad Shahidullah . 

## Ayyuka
Takiullah ya sake fasalin kalandar Bangla Promita Bangla Barshapanji . Ya shiga cikin ƙungiyar kwaminisanci tun daga shekarun 1940. Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban sakatare na kwamitin Dhaka na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis a shekarar 1951. 

## Manazarta
Ghulam Arieff Tipoo

**Ghulam Arieff Tipoo** (Bengali; 28 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1931 - 15 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2024) ya kasance lauya ne na Bangladesh, mai fafutukar 'yancin kai, kuma mai fafutuka na harshe. Ya kasance Babban Mai gabatar da kara na Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya,   kotun laifukan yaki na cikin gida a Bangladesh da aka kafa don bincika da kuma gurfanar da wadanda ake zargi da kisan kare dangi da aka aikata a lokacin Yakin 'Yancin Bangladesh. 

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Tipoo a ranar 28 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1931 a kauyen Kamalakantapur na Shibganj Upazila a Chapainawabganj na Indiya ta Burtaniya a lokacin (yanzu Bangladesh).  Shi ne ɗa na biyu a cikin 'ya'ya tara na iyayensa. Ya kammala takardar shaidarsa ta makarantar sakandare daga makarantar Kaliachar a 1948 da kuma Takardar shaidar Makarantar Sakandare ta Rajshahi a 1950. Ya kammala karatu daga wannan kwalejin a shekarar 1952. Ya sami digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Dhaka .  Ya kasance Babban Sakatare na Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Bangladesh daga 1954 zuwa 1956. 

## Ayyuka
Tipoo ya fara aikinsa a matsayin lauya a shekarar 1958. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban kungiyar lauyoyin Rajshahi . Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan majalisar dattijai da membobin ƙungiyar Jami'ar Rajshahi . Ya kuma kasance a cikin kwamitin Majalisar Lauyan Bangladesh . 

Tipoo ya yi yaƙi a Yakin 'Yanci na Bangladesh . 

An shirya Movement na Harshe na 1952 a yankin Rajshahi galibi a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa.  Ya kasance mai haɗuwa na Rastrabhasa Sangram Parishad a wannan yanki. Don nuna godiya ga gudummawar da ya bayar ga ƙungiyar yaren Bengali, Gwamnatin Bangladesh ta ba shi lambar yabo ta biyu mafi girma ta farar hula, Ekushey Padak a shekarar 2019.

An nada Tipoo a matsayin Babban Mai gabatar da kara na Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya a shekarar 2010. 

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Tipoo ta auri Jahan Ara Chowdhury Lui; ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya mata uku da ɗa ɗaya.

## Mutuwa
Tipoo ya mutu a ranar 15 ga Maris 2024, yana da shekaru 92. 

## Manazarta
Harshen Kurame na Bhutan

**Harshen Alamar Bhutanese** ( **BhSL** ;  a cikin Dzongkha  ) shine harshen 'yan asalin Bhutan, wanda ake amfani da shi musamman a Cibiyar Wangsel don Kurame, Paro, Bhutan .

Bhutan ta kafa shirin ga kurame a wata makarantar ji a Thimphu kimanin shekara ta 2000, kuma an amince da makarantar farko da aka keɓe, a Paro, a shekara ta 2013.  Wani ɓangare na tallafin gwamnati don ilimin kurame ya haɗa da haɓaka **Harshen Kurame na Bhutan** a matsayin harshen koyarwa. Ci gaba ya haɗa da aƙalla ƙirƙirar ƙamus don fannoni na fasaha,  da kuma yanke shawara kan waɗanne alamun yanki za a yi amfani da su inda suka bambanta. 

Ba a fayyace ko akwai harsunan kurame da yawa a Bhutan ba, ko kuma bambance-bambancen ƙamus na gida ne kawai. Ba a san ko Harshen Kurame na Bhutan yana da alaƙa da Harshen Kurame na Indiya ko Harshen Kurame na Nepal ba. 

## Manazarta
Harshen Kurame na Guyanese

****Harshen Kurame na Guyana''' shine harshen kurame na Guyana . Ba a samun bayanai sosai. Tunda ana amfani da Harshen Kurame na Amurka don ilimi a Guyana, "Harshen Kurame na Guyanese" na iya zama sunan yankin ASL.

## Manazarta
Jerin yarukan kurame

A cewar mai bincike Nobutaka Kamei, akwai aƙalla harsunan kurame 25 a Afirka.    Wasu suna da yare-yare waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da na harsunan Afirka. An gabatar da aƙalla harsunan kurame 13 na ƙasashen waje, galibi daga Turai da Amurka, ga aƙalla ƙasashen Afirka 27; wasu daga cikin harsunan kurame 23 da Kamei ya rubuta sun samo asali ne ko kuma sun yi tasiri a kansu.

An rarraba jerin da ke ƙasa zuwa sassa uku :

An tsara jerin harsunan kurame ta hanyar yanki da kuma haruffa, kuma bai kamata a ɗauki irin waɗannan rukunonin a matsayin wata alaƙar kwayoyin halitta tsakanin waɗannan harsunan ba (duba Jerin iyalai na harshe ). 

## Jerin yaren kurame

### Harsunan kurame na zamani
A cewar mai bincike Nobutaka Kamei, akwai aƙalla harsunan kurame 25 a Afirka.    Wasu suna da yare-yare waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da na harsunan Afirka. An gabatar da aƙalla harsunan kurame 13 na ƙasashen waje, galibi daga Turai da Amurka, ga aƙalla ƙasashen Afirka 27; wasu daga cikin harsunan kurame 23 da Kamei ya rubuta sun samo asali ne ko kuma sun yi tasiri a kansu.
## manazarta
Dutsen Follick

**Montefiore Follick** (31 Disamba 1887  - 10 Disamba 1958 ) ya kasance ɗan siyasan Jam'iyyar Labour ta Burtaniya, mai fafutuka don sake fasalin rubutun kalmomi, polyglot kuma mai ba da shawara game da Kudin ƙididdiga. Ya kasance memba na majalisar (MP) na Loughborough daga 1945 zuwa 1955, bayan da ya rike mukamin Farfesa na Turanci a Jami'ar Madrid a Spain. Jam'iyyar Labour Party ta Loughborough ta karbe shi a 1936 a matsayin dan takarar majalisa amma ya jira dogon lokaci saboda shekarun yaƙi kafin a zabe shi. A cikin 1949 kuma a cikin 1952 ya gabatar da takardun kudi na memba masu zaman kansu a majalisar dokokin Burtaniya don sake fasalin rubutun Ingilishi. Ya kuma sayi gidan haɗin kai na yanzu na Jam'iyyar Labour ta Loughborough a shekarar 1947. 

An haifi Follick a Cardiff kuma ya yi karatu a Sorbonne, Halle (Dr Phil) da Padua . Iyalinsa Yahudawa ne, kuma an sanya masa suna ne bayan Sir Moses Montefiore .  Ya yi aiki a matsayin sakatare ga Aga Khan, Sir Robert Philp (Premier na Queensland)  da Mulay Hafid (Sultan na Morocco). Ya tsaya ba tare da nasara ba ga mazabar majalisar dokoki ta Ashford (1929), East Surrey (1931) da Fulham West (1935)  kafin nasarar da ya samu a Loughborough a 1945.

Follick shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa kuma mai mallakar Regent School of Languages (wanda aka lalata ta hanyar aikin abokan gaba, amma yanzu wani ɓangare na Jami'ar Westminster). A kan mutuwarsa, ya ba da gudummawar da wannan kamfani ya tara don ganowa da kuma ba da kujerar farfesa na Comparative Philology "wanda sauye-sauyen rubutun (ba kawai koyarwar karatu ba) ya kamata ya zama babban ɓangare". Jami'ar Manchester ta karɓi kyautar, kuma har yanzu akwai kujera da ke ɗauke da sunan Follick.

Littattafansa sun haɗa da The Adam's Lottery, 1919; Influence of English, 1934; Facing Facts, 1935; Efforts of Chance, 1938; English Grammar for Foreigners, 11 editions; da The Twelve Republics, 1952.  A cikin littafinsa "Facing Facts", (wanda aka fara a 1932) Follick ya annabta ainihin hare-haren Jamus da mamayar Japan a kasar Sin. Littafin ya fara da kalmomin "Ka kula da Turai" kuma ya ƙare da "An gargadi ka". Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons ne suka buga Case for Spelling Reform bayan mutuwarsa a shekarar 1965; a kan shafi na v sune jimloli "Ga 'yan makaranta na Burtaniya haruffa mai daidaituwa; Ga al'ummomin duniya harshe na duniya".

## Magana da aka tsara
Follick ya gabatar da rubutun Ingilishi ya cire q, x da y, yayin da yake ba da duk sauran haruffa darajar sautin da suka fi dacewa a Turanci kuma yana ƙara daidaitattun amfani da digraphs dh da zh, da kuma trigraph tsh.

### Dokoki
Tsarin Follick gaba ɗaya yana da sauti har zuwa amfani da '-t' don '-ed' na gargajiya lokacin da ba a furta shi ba (kamar a cikin 'poazt'), da kuma '-d' lokacin da aka furta shi (kamar yadda a cikin 'ruumerd').

## Manazarta
Tessa Calders

**Tessa Calders da Artís** (an haife ta 27 Disamba 1950) masanin ilimin kimiyyar Catalonia ce, masanin ilimin harshe kuma gwani a al'adun Ibrananci. Ta kasance farfesa kuma shugabar sashen Harsunan Semitic a Jami'ar Barcelona, kuma ta kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Duniya ta Yahudawa. 

## Tarihin rayuwa
Ita ce ta uku da aka haifa a Birnin Mexico ga Rosa Artís i Gener, matar ta biyu ta marubucin Catalan kuma mai zane-zane, Pere Calders da Rossinyol, wanda ya bar Spain kuma ya tafi gudun hijira bayan nasarar Fascist a Yaƙin basasar Spain . Sun zauna a Mexico na tsawon shekaru 23. Tessa ta fito ne daga dangin marubuta, kuma kawunta marubucin Catalan ne Avel·lí Artís-Gener (wanda aka fi sani da sunan Tisner) wanda kuma ya zauna a gudun hijira ta Mexico tare da dangin Tessa.  Bayan faduwar mai mulkin kama-karya na Spain, Francisco Franco, dangin da aka yi gudun hijira sun koma gida zuwa Spain.

A watan Satumbar 1973, Tessa ta kammala karatu a fannin ilimin kimiyyar Gabas ta Tsakiya daga Jami'ar Barcelona, wanda ke yankin Catalonia na arewacin Spain.  Mai gabatar da Harshen Catalan, ta yi tawaye da al'ada a wannan lokacin na rubuta rubutun digiri na farko a cikin Mutanen Espanya (harshen hukuma na Jami'ar Barcelona). Sanin cewa jami'an jami'ar za su ƙi yarda da ita, gami da masu kula da rubutun ta, ta rubuta rubutun ta a cikin Catalan kuma ta buga shi kuma ta ɗaure shi kafin a gabatar da shi ga kwamitin tsaro, wanda ya sanya kwamitin cikin matsala. Saboda an riga an kammala takardar, kwamitin ya gamsu da kai farmaki ga wasu fannoni na aikin ba yaren da aka rubuta shi ba. Duk da haka, ta wuce jarrabawar, ta sami digiri na biyu kuma ta ci gaba da samun digirin digirin ta a al'adun Ibrananci, daga ƙarshe ta zama cikakken farfesa da darektan Sashen ilimin Semitic a Jami'ar Barcelona. 

Ta kuma kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Duniya ta Yahudawa a Barcelona kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta. Ya zuwa Yuni 2025, ita ce sakatariyar Cibiyar.

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

* 2002: *Yarima da Monk.* .  
* 2023: *Arendt ta ɓoye Yahudawa.*  
* Artís, Tessa Calders da Esperança Valls da Pujol. "L'Institut d'Estudis Món Juïc." (2016).

## Manazarta
Núria Cadenes

**Núria Cadenes da Alabèrnia** (Barcelona, 18 ga Fabrairu 1970) 'yar jaridar Catalonia ce, marubuci kuma mai fafutukar 'yancin kai.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife ta a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 1970 a unguwar Turó de la Peira, Núria Cadenes 'yar Teresa Alabèrnia i Domènech ce da Josep Maria Cadenes . Iyalin mahaifiyarta sun fito ne daga Meranges, Ger da Palamós . A lokacin ƙuruciyarta ta yi karatu a Makarantar Heura, wacce ba ta da addini da kuma Katalanist. Daga baya, ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar ɗaliban Catalan na ƙarshen shekarun 1980 kuma ita ce ta kafa ƙungiyar matasa masu neman 'yancin kai Maulets .

A safiyar 9 ga Satumba 1988, lokacin da take da shekaru 18, an kama ta a Barcelona kusa da Gidan Jami'an Barcelona tare da wasu mutane uku saboda zargin da ta yi a wani hari da aka yi a Terra Lliure. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1990, Kotun Kasa ta yi mata shari'a, tare da Jordi Petit da Ferrer, Jaume Palou i Guijarro da Guillem Godó i Blasco, saboda zargin da ta yi a yunkurin kai hari na Terra Lliure a kan gidan jami'an Sojojin Spain a Barcelona a ranar 9 ga Satumba 1988, wanda 'yan sanda suka rushe. Dukansu sun musanta a gaban kotun cewa sun kasance cikin kungiyar da ke dauke da makamai kuma sun shiga cikin aikin da aka ambata a sama, da kuma mallakar makamai ba bisa ka'ida ba tare da mummunar yanayi na share lambobin su.

Bayan daukaka kara, Kotun Koli a cikin hukuncin da ta yanke a ranar 30 ga Janairu, 1992 ta yanke shawarar wanke ta daga zargin kasancewa cikin ƙungiyar da ke dauke da makamai saboda rashin shaidar, amma ta tabbatar da sauran zarge-zargen. Kodayake an kama ta ba tare da ɗaukar makamai ko fashewa ba, kotun ta yi la'akari da maganganun sauran wadanda ake tuhuma da suka haɗa ta da shiga cikin yunkurin sanya na'urar fashewa, tare da mallakar makamai ba bisa ka'ida ba, a gidan jami'an a Barcelona a ranar 9 ga Satumba. An yanke mata hukuncin shekaru shida a kurkuku da biyu a kurkuku na yara.

## Kyaututtuka

* 2010 - Kyautar Crítica na Marubutan Valencian, don *AZ*
* 2016 - Kyautar Laifukan Tinta, don *Dukan Gaskiya*
* 2021 - Kyautar Lletra d'Or, don *Guillem*
* 2020 - València Negra, don *Guillem*
* 2025 - Kyautar Proa na Novel·la, don Wanda ya ceci rayuwa*Wanda ya ceci rai*

## Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen

* Katunan fursuna. Valencia: Eliseu Climent, 1990.  
* Gidan da ke cikin ocks. Barcelona: Columna, 1999. ISBN &nbsp;
* *Tarihin kurkuku (1988-1992) *. Valencia: Eliseu Climent, 1994. ISBN &nbsp;
* Rashin jin daɗi. Valencia: Eliseu Climent, 2002. ISBN  (a kan Ovidi Montllor) &nbsp;
* *Na zo kudu! Jagoran wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasar Valencian*. Barcelona: Columna, 2008. ISBN &nbsp;
* *AZ*. València: Eliseu Climent, 2009   (26 gajerun labaru)  
* *Mai banki*. Barcelona: Edicions na 1984, 2013. ISBN &nbsp;
* Gaskiya ce. Barcelona: La Magrana, 2016. ISBN .&nbsp;
* *Makarantun sakandare.* Comanegra, 2018)   
* William Barcelona: Amsterdam, 2020. ISBN  (a kan *Guillem* Agulló)   &nbsp;
*  
*  
*  
* Wanda ya ceci rai. Barcelona: Proa, 2025. 

## Manazarta
Harshen Kurame na Makidoniya

**Harshen Alamar Makidoniya** ( Macedonian     or македонски гестовен јазик   ) shine harshen kurame na al'ummar kurame a Arewacin Macedonia .  Kamar yadda yake a cikin dukkan harsunan kurame, Harshen Kurame na Macedonia ya dogara ne akan motsin jiki da motsin jiki, musamman motsi da hannuwa. Ba a san ainihin adadin masu sanya hannu a Arewacin Macedonia ba, amma mutane 6,000 sun nemi labarai da aka sanya hannu a talabijin na Macedonia.  Koyon da amfani da harshen, da kuma haƙƙin al'ummar kurame a Arewacin Macedonia, an tsara su ne bisa ga dokar ƙasa. 

## Haruffa
An yi haruffan ne da alamomi 31, wanda yayi daidai da sautunan Macedonian guda 31. Kowace harafi tana da nata alamar. Akwai nau'ikan haruffa guda biyu: haruffan da aka bayyana da hannu ɗaya da haruffan da aka bayyana da hannu biyu . 

## Dokoki
Dokar ƙasa ta tsara harshen Kurame na Macedonia tun daga ranar 21 ga Agusta 2009. Dokar Macedonia ta bayyana shi kamar haka:

Duk da haka, dokar ta ƙunshi abubuwa da dama, kamar fayyace harshen da kansa, fayyace haƙƙin kurame na Arewacin Makedoniya, nazarin harshen, shirya masu fassara, fayyace ayyukan Ƙungiyar Kurame ta Ƙasa ta Arewacin Makedoniya da kuma kuɗaɗen da take bayarwa, da kuma tabbatar da aiwatar da haƙƙin kurame. Kowane mutum yana da izinin neman mai fassara harshen kurame kuma cibiyar da aka yi irin wannan buƙatar, ko kuma mutumin da kansa, dole ne ya nemo ɗaya.

## Manazarta
Harshen Kurame na Rwanda

Ba a fayyace ma'anar yaren kurame ko harsunan a Rwanda ba . A shekara ta 2006, an fara wani aikin ƙamus don daidaita **Harshen Kurame na Rwanda** ( Kinyarwanda       or Amarenga yo mu 

Duk da haka, aikin bai cika ba, kuma an fara wani ƙamus mai faɗi, wanda ya dogara da alamun da aka saba gani a duk faɗin ƙasar, a cikin 2013. Bayanin aikin na ƙarshe yana nuna cewa waɗannan yaruka ne na harshe ɗaya, amma hakan ba shi da tabbas. Ana samun shirye-shiryen fassara a Uganda ; ba a san ko wannan yana nufin cewa Harshen Kurame na Rwanda yana da alaƙa da Harshen Kurame na Uganda ba . 

## Manazarta
Harshen Kurame na Samoan

**Harshen Kurame na Samoa** shine harshen kurame na Samoa .

Yawancin Harshen Kurame na Samoa sun dogara ne akan Harshen Kurame na Australiya, kodayake akwai alamun gida na abincin Samoa.  Ba a fayyace ko wannan yana nufin Harshen Kurame na Samoa yana da alaƙa da Harshen Kurame na Australiya, ko kuma kawai yana da kalmomi da yawa na aro daga Harshen Kurame na Australiya.

An tattara ɗan gajeren ƙamus don Harshen Kurame na Samoa, kuma a bayyane yake an tattara wani ƙamus daban don Harshen Kurame na Samoa na Amurka.   "Harshen Kurame na Samoa na Amurka" na iya zama Harshen Kurame na Amurka kamar yadda ake amfani da shi a Samoa na Amurka. 

## Manazarta
Shirin Taimako na Alamar

**Shirin Koyarwa Mai Taimakawa Alamu** ( Chinese Makarantar Lutheran For The Kurame ce ke gudanar da wannan  tun daga watan Fabrairun 2012 tare da tallafin kuɗi daga Asusun Ilimi Mai Inganci . 

## Bayani
Yawancin ɗaliban kurame suna da tallafin dashen cochlear da gwamnatin Hong Kong ta ba su, amma babban jami'in sadarwa na Hukumar Daidaito Damar, Chen Jie-zhen, ya nuna cewa ikon dashen cochlear yana da iyaka. Akwai rahotanni daga ɗalibai suna cewa sautuka marasa ƙarfi ne kawai ake jin su a mafi yawan lokuta kuma dashen ba zai iya magance matsalolin koyo ba. Makarantar Lutheran For The Kurame tana koyarwa ta baki, tare da taimakon harshen kurame don ɗalibai su iya koyo cikin sauƙi. 

Duk da haka, Hong Kong ba ta da harshen kurame mai haɗin kai da cikakken harshe.  Yawancin harsunan kurame ana ƙirƙira su ne ta ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na kurame na gida don haka ƙamus na iya samun maganganu da yawa. Bugu da ƙari, yawancin ƙamus suna da alaƙa da rayuwar yau da kullun kuma ƙamus na musamman da suka shafi ilimi ba su isa ba. 

## Buri
Daga watan Fabrairun 2012 zuwa Janairun 2015, ana aiwatar da wani shiri na shekaru uku. Manufofin sune:   

## Liyafar maraba
Wanda ta kafa Silence, Polly Lam, ta ce adadin makarantun musamman na kurame a Hong Kong ya ragu daga uku zuwa ɗaya. Ta kuma nuna cewa makarantun musamman na baya ba sa koyar da harshen kurame don haka ɗaliban da suka yi kurame gaba ɗaya ana tilasta musu sauraro ba tare da iya ji ko kuma karanta lebe ba. Sakamakon haka, ɗalibai ba za su iya koyo sosai ba. Ko da iyalin za su iya biyan kuɗin koyarwa, yana ɓata lokaci. Yana sa ɗalibai su rasa sha'awar koyo kuma su ji takaici. 

## Manazarta
Queralt Vidal

**Queralt Vidal Sala** (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2000 a Manresa)  lauya ne na Catalonia kuma mai tallata kafofin sada zumunta.

## Kafofin sada zumunta
A lokacin da take karatun shari'a da alakar kasa da kasa, Vidal ta yi karatu a New York, inda ta fara yin bidiyo a kan kafofin sada zumunta game da yadda birnin ya bambanta da tsammanin, da farko ana iya gani ne kawai ga abokanta. Sun ƙarfafa ta ta yi bidiyon jama'a, kuma ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da yin su a cikin Harshen Catalan a matsayin yaren ta. Ta kuma tattauna yadda ake jin ba ta da alaƙa da yaren ta yayin da take zaune a kasashen waje, tare da bidiyo wani dalili na magana da shi, da kuma sha'awar kiyayewa da raba shi a duniya. Ta yaba da bidiyon da ta yi na farko da ke yaduwa tare da yin shi a New York da kuma yanayin "mafi girman yanki" na TikTok. Lokacin da mutane suka tambayi game da yaren, sai ta fara yin bidiyo game da shi don nishaɗi, kuma ta kuma fito da bidiyo game da doka a Spain.

Bidiyoyinta a kan TikTok da Instagram sun zama sanannun lokacin da ta fara karatun digiri na biyu a warware rikice-rikice a Geneva, Switzerland. Abubuwan da ke cikin bidiyon ta mayar da hankali kan rayuwarta a Switzerland, gami da yanayin yau da kullun da kuma dimokuradiyya da cin hanci da rashawa da take karatu. Bidiyoyinta da ke mai da hankali kan bambance-bambance na al'adu sun zama sanannun, suna fallasa harshe ga wadanda ba masu magana ba, gami da mutanen da suka zagi ta da wadanda suka zama masu sha'awar koyon shi a sakamakon haka.

## Manazarta
Harshe na Kurame na Qahveh Khaneh

**Harshen Alamar Qahveh Khaneh** ( Persian     ), a zahiri **Harshen Kurame na Coffee House**, harshe ne na kurame na wasu tsofaffi 'yan al'ummar kurame a Tehran . An fara amfani da shi tun daga 1900 ko a baya. Ba a san ko yana da alaƙa da Harshen Kurame na Iran ba; yana yiwuwa ya samo asali ne daga wani nau'in Harshen Kurame na Iran, wanda ya samo asali tun kafin a daidaita wannan harshe. 

## Manazarta
Daniel Jones (mai magana)

**Daniel Jones** (12 Satumba 1881 - 4 Disamba 1967) ya kasance masanin sauti na Burtaniya wanda ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Paul Passy, farfesa a fannin sauti a École des Hautes Études a Sorbonne (Jami'ar Paris). Ya kasance shugaban Sashen Phonetics a Kwalejin Jami'ar London.

## Tarihin rayuwa
A cikin 1900, Jones ya yi karatu a takaice a Cibiyar Harshen Marburg ta William Tilly a Jamus, inda aka fara gabatar da shi ga phonetics. A shekara ta 1903, ya sami digiri na BA a lissafi a Jami'ar Cambridge kuma ta hanyar MA a shekara ta 1907. Daga 1905 zuwa 1906, ya yi karatu a Paris a karkashin Paul Passy, wanda ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar International Phonetic Association, kuma a 1911 ya auri dan uwan Passy Cyrille Motte . Ya ɗan ɗauki darussan sirri daga masanin sauti na Burtaniya Henry Sweet .

A shekara ta 1907 ya zama malami na ɗan lokaci a Kwalejin Jami'ar London kuma daga baya aka nada shi zuwa matsayi na cikakken lokaci. A shekara ta 1912 ya zama shugaban Sashen Phonetics kuma an nada shi a kujera a 1921, mukamin da ya rike har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a 1949. Daga 1906 zuwa gaba Jones ya kasance memba mai aiki na Ƙungiyar Phonetic ta Duniya; ya rike matsayin mataimakin sakatare (1907 zuwa 1927), sakatare (zuwa 1949), da shugaban kasa (zuwa 1967).

A cikin 1909 Jones ya rubuta ɗan gajeren Pronunciation of English, littafin da daga baya ya sake fasalinsa sosai. Ayyukan da suka biyo baya, An Outline of English Phonetics, sun biyo baya a cikin 1918 kuma shine cikakkiyar bayanin farko na furcin da aka karɓa na Burtaniya, kuma irin wannan bayanin na farko na furtaccen kowane harshe.

Shekarar 1917 ta kasance alama ce ga Jones a hanyoyi da yawa. Ya zama masanin harshe na farko a yammacin duniya don amfani da kalmar phoneme a ma'anarsa ta yanzu, yana amfani da kalmar a cikin labarinsa "The phonetic structure of the Sechuana Language". Jones ya yi wani yunkuri na farko a cikin ƙamus na furci amma yanzu ne ya samar da bugu na farko na sanannen Ingilishi Pronouncing Dictionary, aikin da aka sake fasalinsa har yanzu ana bugawa. A nan ne zane-zane na wasula ya fara bayyana.

## Tarin abubuwa
An ajiye tarihin Jones a Kwalejin Jami'ar London a 1993 da 2024.  Tarin ya ƙunshi tarihin mutum, takardun da suka shafi lokacin Jones a Sashen Phonetics, bayanan lacca, da kayan bincike.

## Manazarta
Sunan alama

A cikin al'adun kurame da yaren kurame, **sunan alama** (ko **alamar suna** ) alama ce ta musamman da ake amfani da ita don gane mutum ( suna ).

## Harshen Kurame na Amurka
A cikin al'ummar kurame ta Amurka da Harshen Kurame na Amurka (ASL), akwai ƙa'idodin al'adu game da alamun suna na ASL ; misali, dole ne mutumin da aka ambata da kuma al'ummar kurame ta amince da su. Wannan yana tabbatar da cewa babu wani a cikin al'umma da ya riga ya sami sunan alama iri ɗaya ko kuma cewa alamar iri ɗaya tana da ma'ana daban. Har sai mutum ya sami sunan alama, yawanci ana rubuta sunan mutumin da yatsa,  yana nuna wakilcin sunan mutum na Turanci ta wasiƙa. 

Masanin harsuna Samuel James Supalla ya gano alamun suna a matsayin suna da ayyuka biyu: don gano mutane da kuma nuna "memba a cikin al'ummar Kurame."  Al'adu daban-daban na kurame suna da al'adu daban-daban game da sunayen alamu. Misali, a cikin al'ummar kurame ta Amurka, ana raba sunayen alamu zuwa tsarin suna guda biyu: bayanin (DNS) da kuma rashin bin doka (ANS).  Sunaye masu bayanin suna nuna bayanin mutum da hannu (misali, hali ko kamannin jiki) kuma ana isar da su ta hanyar siffofi masu rarrabewa, kuma alamar suna mai sabani ta yi daidai da haruffan farko (ko harafin farko na sunan da aka yi magana da shi) da aka yi amfani da shi a wurare ɗaya ko fiye.   Nau'i na uku, alamun suna marasa al'ada, suna haɗa abubuwan da ke cikin rashin bin doka da kuma bayanin.  Alamar ANS yawanci alama ce ta musamman ba tare da wata ma'ana ba, amma akwai iya samun tsarin iyali, kamar duk yaran da ke cikin iyali da ke da sunayen da aka sanya hannu a haɓa.  Alamomin suna na iya canzawa a tsawon rayuwar mai amfani. 

Duk da cewa a da, alamun sunaye sun keɓance ga kurame, wasu masu ji waɗanda ke amfani da ASL kuma suna hulɗa da al'ummar kurame suma suna da alamun suna.  Fitattun mutane waɗanda ba su da alaƙa kai tsaye da al'adun kurame, wani lokacin ana ba su alamun suna; misali, George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, William Shakespeare, da Vincent van Gogh duk suna da alamun suna.  Mutane marasa kurame na zamani, kamar zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai, wani lokacin ana ba su alamun suna.  Misali, bayan ta zama Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka, an ba Kamala Harris alamar suna wadda ta ƙunshi juyawar wuyan hannu da aka kammala a lokaci guda tare da buɗe babban yatsa, manuniya da yatsan tsakiya; alamar ta samo asali ne daga alamar furen lotus (wanda shine abin da "Kamala" ke nufi a Sanskrit ) kuma daga lamba ta uku (wanda ke wakiltar Harris a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ƙasa na farko da ya zama mace, Baƙar fata Ba'amurke, da Ba'amurke 'yar Asiya). 

## Manazarta
Harshen Kurame na Somaliya

**Harshen Kurame na Somaliya** ( **SSL** ) harshe ne da kurame ke amfani da shi a Somaliya da Djibouti .

A shekarun 1980, Annalena Tonelli, wacce ta kafa makarantar kurame a garin Wajir na Somaliya, ta ƙasar Kenya. Ɗaliban da ke can sun ƙware a harshen kurame na ƙasar Kenya . A shekarar 1997, waɗanda suka kammala karatu uku daga Wajir sun taimaka wajen kafa makarantar kurame ta farko a Somaliya mai suna Makarantar Kurame ta Annalena, wacce aka sanya wa suna bayan marigayiya Annalena Tonelli, a Borama . Ɗaya daga cikin malaman Boroma ta kafa wata makaranta a Djibouti, kuma, da ɗan wahala, an kafa wata a Hargeisa . 

## Duba kuma

* Harsunan Somaliland

## Manazarta
Harshe na Yarinya

**Yolŋu** (Yolngu) ko **Harshen Alamar Penguin** harshe ne na al'ada da Yolngu, wata al'umma ' yan asalin ƙasar Aboriginal a yankin Arnhem Land na Ostiraliya ke amfani da shi. Kamar sauran harsunan alamar Aboriginal na Ostiraliya, an ƙirƙiri YSL ta hanyar sauraron don amfani lokacin da aka haramta magana ta baki, kamar lokacin makoki ko tsakanin wasu dangantaka ta iyali. (Duba maganar gujewa .) Duk da haka, "YSL ba sigar da aka sanya hannu ba ce ta kowace harshe da ake magana da shi na Yolngu... YSL kuma tana aiki a matsayin babbar hanyar sadarwa ga wasu kurame a cikin al'ummomin Yolngu... YSL tana aiki a matsayin madadin da kuma harshen alamar farko".  Wato, ana amfani da ita don sadarwa da kurame, amma kuma lokacin sadarwa daga nesa, lokacin farauta, ko lokacin da bukukuwa ke buƙatar shiru. An samo ta ne daga haihuwa ta masu sauraro. Yanzu ana ɗaukar YSL a matsayin harshen da ke cikin haɗari . 

## Duba kuma

* Harsunan alamar 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya

## Manazarta
Harshen Kurame na Zambiya

**Harshen Kurame na Zambia** harshe ne da al'ummar Kurame ke amfani da shi a Zambia . Ba a san adadin 'yan Zambia da ke amfani da Harshen Kurame na Zambia ba, kodayake ana koyar da shi a wasu makarantu na musamman kuma masu fassara suna bayyana a wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin. Ƙungiyar Masu Fassara Harshen Kurame na Zambia (ASLIZ) tana da hannu wajen haɓaka goyon baya da amincewa da Harshen Kurame na Zambia a makarantu, gwamnati da kuma kafofin watsa labarai na nishaɗi kamar talabijin.

## Manazarta
Esme Francis

**Esme Francis** marubucin waƙoƙin yaren Cornish ne, mawaƙi, mawaƙiƙi, malamin kiɗa, kuma mai kiɗa wanda ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga kiɗan gargajiya na Cornwall.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Francis marubuciya ce a cikin yaren Cornish .  Ɗaya daga cikin tarin waƙoƙinta ya haɗa da waƙar " Baƙi da Zinariya ".  A shekara ta 1978, an naɗa Francis a matsayin Bard of Gorsedh Kernow, yana ɗaukar sunan bardic  ko *Ylades*  (Mawallafin Waƙa).  Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai buga harp ga Gorsedh Kernow sama da shekaru 40.  Ta yi ritaya a shekarar 2019. 

A shekara ta 2006 an zabi ta a gasar Gorsedd don littafinta Seny: Cornish Celtic Songs .  A shekara ta 2014, Holyer an Gof Publishers' Awards ne suka zaba ta saboda aikinta na *Trewarveneth* .  Ta sami lambar yabo ta Awen saboda hidimarta ga kiɗa na Cornish a shekarar 2016.  

Francis yana zaune a St Just . 

## Ayyuka

### Ba tatsuniyoyi ba

* 1998 - *Kan: Waƙar Celtic ta Cornish*
* 1999 - *Rakka: Waƙar Celtic ta Cornish* 

### Sakamakon

* 2005 - *Seny: Waƙoƙin Celtic na Cornish* 
* 2008 - *Inda Seagulls Cry: waƙoƙi shida na gargajiya don soprano*
* 2009 - *Inda Lark Rises: waƙoƙi shida na gargajiya don tenor*
* 2010 - Trelawny: Celtic Cornwall a cikin Song 
* 2011 - *Dare na bazara: waƙoƙi shida na gargajiya don mezzo-soprano / contralto *
* 2013 - *Trewarveneth: waƙoƙi shida na gargajiya don baritone da bass*
* 2013 - *Keltek Kan: Waƙar Celtic ta Cornish* 
* 2017 - *Land's End Suite: don garaya*

### Labari ne

* 2007 - *Kudu maso Yamma ta Kudu maso Yankin* 
* 2015 - *Rialobran: wasa*

## Bayanan da aka yi

* 2004 - *Kernow: Waƙar Cornish* 
* 2004 - *Keltek: Waƙoƙin Cornish* 

## Manazarta
Thomas Beirne (marubuci)

**Wani t-Athair Liam Ó Beirne** (fl. c.) ya kasance Firist na Roman Katolika, marubucin wallafe-wallafen zamani a cikin Irish kuma mai fafutukar farfado da harshe.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Liam Ó Beirne a Milltown, County Galway a watan Agustan shekara ta 1871 a garin Carrownageehy ga Thomas da Bridget (née Quinn) Beirne . Ana magana da yaren Connaught Irish na gida a gida. Beirne ta halarci makarantar Ballindine National a County Mayo . Bayan kammala makarantar firamare, Beirne ta halarci Kwalejin St Jarlath a Tuam . Daga nan sai ya ci gaba da shiga aikin firist, ya yi rajista a Kwalejin St Patrick, Maynooth a ranar 3 ga Satumba 1892.

An naɗa shi firist na Tuam Archdiocese a Galway City a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 1899. A lokacin Farfadowar Gaelic, ya rubuta a ƙarƙashin sunaye da ba a sani ba *Wani Beirneach* da An Fear Mór Maoil ("The Big Bald Man"). Littattafansa An Troid agus an tUaigneas da *Seo Suid* sun sami yabo sosai. 

Ɗaukowa. Beirne ya mutu a shekara ta 1949, yana da shekaru 78. An binne shi a Kilclooney Graveyard, Milltown . 

## Kyauta
Kofin tsarkakewarsa, tare da alamun auren iyayensa da aka ɗora a ciki, ana nuna shi a Cibiyar Tarihin Milltown.

A cikin 1999, cika shekaru dari na Fr. An yi bikin naɗa Byrne a shekara ta 1899, a cikin asalinsa na Milltown don nuna godiya ga Harshen Irish na ƙauyen da ya gabata. Bikin kuma ya nuna cika shekaru dari na mutuwar ɗan'uwan Milltown a Birnin New York, editan mujallar yaren Irish, wanda ya kafa Philo-Celtic Society, da kuma ƙarfin motsawa a bayan Farfadowar Gaelic Micheál Ó Ló公. 

A wannan bikin, an ɗora kambi a kan kabarin "An Beirneach" a Kabari na Kilclooney, Milltown ta danginsa biyu da suka tsira. Wannan ya biyo bayan Mass a cikin Irish a cikin Cocin Roman Katolika na St. Joseph a Milltown da kuma ceilidh na kiɗa na gargajiya na Irish da mawaƙa na gida suka yi.

## Bayanan littattafai

* An Troid agust an tUaigneas, Mc Ghuill, 1926.
* [Hasiya]
* *Mai magana da yawun Irish ya bincika gida* (wanda aka danganta).

## Manazarta
Shagalin Iftar

***'Bikin Iftar''' (wanda kuma aka sani da ***Dawat-e-Iftar**' ) taro ne da ke faruwa a lokacin watan Ramadan mai tsarki na Musulunci, inda baƙi ke taruwa don yin buda baki da faɗuwar rana. Ana yin waɗannan bukukuwan a al'ada tare da dangi da abokai amma sun rikide zuwa tarurrukan zamantakewa da siyasa masu zurfi a cikin al'adu daban-daban. Bikin Iftar yana faɗaɗa wannan al'ada zuwa tarurrukan jama'a, yana mai jaddada sadaka, haɗin kai na zamantakewa, da tattaunawa tsakanin addinai. Mutane, ƙungiyoyi, ko gwamnatoci na iya ɗaukar nauyin waɗannan tarurrukan, waɗanda suka bambanta a girma da manufa. 

## Tarihi da asali
Al'adar yin buda baki tare ta kasance wani bangare na al'adun Musulunci tun farkon zamanin Musulunci. Duk da haka, karbar bakuncin bukukuwan buda baki na yau da kullun kamar yadda muka san su a yau ya fara samun karbuwa a karni na 20, musamman lokacin da shugabannin siyasa suka fara shirya irin wadannan tarurruka don karfafa hadin kai da kyautatawa tsakanin al'ummomi daban-daban. 

## Iyali da abokai
Ana shirya bukukuwan buda baki masu dacewa da iyali a gidajen cin abinci da cibiyoyin al'adu. Bikin buda baki na iyali tarurruka ne na kud da kud inda dangi ke taruwa don yin buda baki. Waɗannan bukukuwa galibi suna ɗauke da abincin gargajiya, kamar dabino, miyar lentil, da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi yankin.  

Bukukuwan buda baki a tsakanin abokai sun shahara saboda yanayin bukukuwansu da annashuwa. Waɗannan tarurruka galibi sun haɗa da haɗakar abinci na gargajiya da na zamani, tafiye-tafiye, da kuma addu'o'i iri-iri.  

## Zamantakewa
Bukukuwan buda baki sun bazu zuwa manyan da'irori na zamantakewa, gami da cibiyoyin al'umma, masallatai, da ƙungiyoyin agaji. Kamar Shirin Buda baki na Duniya na Saudiyya wanda ke ba da abinci ga mutane sama da miliyan 1 a faɗin ƙasashe 61 ta hanyar ofisoshin jakadanci da cibiyoyin Musulunci.  Haka nan Shirin Mai Kula da Masallatai Biyu Masu Tsarki yana ba da buda baki ga dubban mutane a Masallacin Harami da Masallacin Annabi .  

## Siyasa
Shugabannin siyasa da jam'iyyu ne ke shirya bukukuwan buda baki a matsayin wata alama ta alheri da kuma isar da sako ga al'ummar Musulmi a duk fadin duniya. Sau da yawa manyan mutane ne ke halartar waɗannan tarurrukan, ciki har da 'yan siyasa, shugabannin addinai, da kuma shahararrun mutane. Duk da cewa suna da nufin haɓaka zaman lafiya a tsakanin al'umma, wani lokacin ana sukarsu da kasancewa alama maimakon tasiri.  

## manazarta
Ƙungiyoyin Harp na Belfast

**The Belfast Harp Society** (1808-1813) da magajinsa, Irish Harp Society (1819-1839), ƙungiyoyi ne masu ba da agaji da aka kafa a garin Belfast, Ireland, don manufar ci gaba da kiɗa da al'adun masu balaguro na Irish, kuma na biyu, na inganta nazarin harshen Irish, tarihi, da kayan tarihi. Don tallafawa, al'umma ta asali ta jawo hankalin tsoffin sojoji na kishin kasa da sake fasalin siyasa na shekarun 1780 da 1790, daga cikinsu akwai 'yan United Irishmen da yawa da ba su tuba ba. A cikin rarrabuwar ɗarika, Belfast ta ƙara ƙin yarda da sha'awar Furotesta a cikin al'adun Irish na musamman. Kungiyar ta sake taruwa a matsayin Irish Harp Society a cikin 1819 kawai sakamakon babban biyan kuɗi da aka samu daga baƙi a Indiya. Da zarar wannan tushe ya ƙare, sabuwar al'umma ta daina aikinta.

## Ƙungiyar Harp ta Belfast

### Masu biyan kuɗi
An kaddamar da shi a taron da aka gudanar a ranar St. Patrick, 1808, kungiyar Belfast Harp Society wani shiri ne na membobin kungiyar don inganta ilimi (Linen Hall Library). Dokokin sun tsara su ne daga likitocin garin James MacDonnell, Samuel Bryson da Robert Tennent. Manufofin da aka ayyana sune: 

Shugaba jerin mutane 191 da ke yin alkawari don wannan dalili tsakanin Guinea daya da guineas ashirin a kowace shekara,  shine mai mallakar garin, Marquis na Donegall.  Shugaban shi ne Earl O'Neill .  Duk da haka daga cikin masu biyan kuɗi a cikin garin Presbyterian akwai da yawa waɗanda, a matsayin United Irishmen, sun kalubalanci aristocracy da Kafawar Anglican. Gilbert McIlveen ne ya jagoranci kungiyar, memba ne na kafa United Irishmen  kuma ya dogara da goyon bayan Dr. William Drennan wanda a matsayin marubucin gwajin ko alkawarin United Irish ya yi kira ga "haɗin iko tsakanin Irishmen na kowane rinjaye na addini";  'yar'uwar Drennan da amintaccen siyasa, Martha McTier; Francis, John, da Mary Ann McCracken, 'yan'uwa da' yan'uwa ga Henry Joy McCracken wanda a cikin 1798 ya jagoranci 'yan tawaye wanda ya kashe mahaifin O'Neill a jihar Antriman kuma Thomas Thomas Thomas ya rataye; wanda ya yi gudun hijira a cikin fursuna Robert McCabe yaƙi a Antrim;

Halittawar al'umma ta koma bikin farko na Harp na Belfast a watan Yulin shekara ta 1792. An shirya wannan ne don amfanin Belfast Charitable Society amma ya dace da bukukuwan Ranar Bastille ta garin. Wadannan sun cika tare da fareti da Kungiyar masu sa kai na gida, da ƙuduri, waɗanda sabbin 'yan United Irishmen suka ɗauka, don goyon bayan Katolika da Gyaran Majalisar Dokoki.

## Manazarta