open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Soumaya Naamane Guessous

**Soumaya Naamane Guessous** kwararriya  ce kan zamantakewar al'ummar Moroko, zakaran kare hakkin mata, kuma marubuciya.

An fi saninta da marubuciya littafin *Au-delà de toute pudeur*, wanda aka fara bugawa a shekara 1988, game da rayuwar jima'i na matan Morocco. Dangane da binciken ilimi Naamane Guessous a cikin shekarun 1980 a tsakanin mata ɗari biyar 500 na zamantakewa daban-daban da shekaru, ba da daɗewa ba littafin ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwa a Maroko, inda ya sayar da kwafi 40.000 cikin shekaru biyar 5, kuma an yi masa lakabi da "ɗan ƙaramin juyin juya hali" a cikin jaridar Faransa., lura da cewa "karo na farko da 'mace mai mutunci', musulma, ta yi kira da tsinkaya". 

Ta sauke karatu a matsayin likita a fannin ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Paris VIII kuma tana koyarwa a Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines na Ben M'Sick, wani ɓangare na Jami'ar Hassan II a Casablanca Ta yi bincike mai zurfi game da yancin mata,  dokokin iyali, jima'i na mata, da yanayin zamantakewar iyaye mata masu aure. 

Naamane Guessous ta ƙaddamar da wani kamfe na watsa takardar shaidar zama dan ƙasar Morocco ga 'ya'yanta, inda ta yi tir da rashin wannan hakkin a cikin 'yan jaridu.  Daga karshe an yi gyara a cikin shekara 2007.  Ta rubuta ginshiƙai akai-akai da kasidu don mujallun mata na Moroccan, irin su *Femmes du Maroc*, *Ousra*, *Citadine*, *Famille Actuelle*  da kuma kwanan nan illi. Har ila yau, ginshiƙanta sun bayyana a cikin mujallar Mutanen Espanya *M'Sur.*

She has been appointed Chevalier of the Légion d'Honneur cikin shekara 2005. ta auri wani  Dan maroko Mai ilimin ki miyya da fannin tsirrai Chakib Guessous.

## Ayyuka

* *Au-delà de toute pudeur; La Sexualité na mata au Maroc* shekara (1988) (Casablanca: Edif, bugu na 10., shekara 1997, 280 p. )
* *Printemps et Automne sexuel* shekara (2000)
* *Grossesses de la honte* shekara (2011) avec Chakib Guessous
* *Ga mata da maza, da kuma maza !* Shekara (2013)

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* ''L'oeil de Soumaya'' a cikin mujallar illi
* ''Mutane da sunan Maroc''
* ''M'Sur''

## Nassoshi
Renanthera caloptera

***Renanthera caloptera*** wani nau'i ne na dangin Orchidaceae . A da shine nau'i wanda aka rage shi da Ascgm acikin kasuwancin lambu. Yana da bala'i zuwa tsibirin Dinagat a kudancin Philippines, kuma yana cikin haɗari sosai ta hanyar tarin a matsayin tsire-tsire na ado da asarar wurin zama. Furancinsa shunayya ce.

## Taxonomy
An kwatanta *Renanthera caloptera* acikin 1882 ta Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach a matsayin *Saccolabium calopterum*. Daga baya aka canza sunansa zuwa *Ascoglossum caloptera* ta Rudolf Schlecter. A ƙarshe, bisa binciken da Alexander Kocyan & Andre Schuiteman suka buga, an canza sunansa zuwa *Renanthera caloptera*.

## Noman noma
Royal Horticultural Society yana amfani da *Renanthera caloptera,* don dalilai na rijistar matasan.

Kafin wannan bita, taxonomic ta 2014, *Ascoglossum* ya kafa nau'ikan hybrids daban-daban(notogenera):

Orchid hybrids suna yin rajista tare da The International Register a Royal Horticultural Society. Ɗaya daga cikin mahaukaci na farko ya samo asali kuma ya yi rajista da A.Kolopaking a cikin 1989 a matsayin Renanthoglossum Nina Rach (Ascoglossum purpureum). Ya zuwa shekara ta 2014, an rarraba wannan a matsayin Renanthera Nina Rach. 

## Manazarta
Ceratocentron

***Ceratocentron*** wani nau'in tsire-tsire ne mai hatsarin gaske a ikin dangin Orchidaceae. Shi kaɗai ne sanannen nau'in, ***Ceratocentron fesselii***, ana samunsa a guri mai tsayi sosai daga Nueva Vizcaya da Nueva Ecija zuwa tsaunin Cordillera a tsibirin Luzon a Philippines. An gano holotype a arewacin Nueva Ecija. Wannan nau'in yana da wuya acikin daji, kuma kimiyya ba ta san shiba har zuwa 1989 aka gano shi.

Yana cikin haɗari sosai saboda lalacewa da tattarawa. A cewar IUCN, yawan tattarawa don cigaba da buƙata acikin kasuwancin orchid na duniya ya haifar da raguwa.

## Manazarta

*   (Eds) (2014) Genera Orchidacearum Volume 6: Epidendroideae {Part 3}; page 148 ff., Oxford: Oxford University Press.  

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Hotunan IOSPE Orchid
* Bakin Jungle Terrarium Supply (Turners Falls Massachusetts Amurka), ''Ceratocentron fesselii''
* ARKive
* Kyawun Orchids & Furanni, ''Ceratocentron fesselii'' Senghas 1989
* Lambun Orchids na Martine, ''Ceratocentron fesselii''
Mantella mai shuɗi

**Mantella mai launin shuɗi** (***Mantella expectata***)ƙaramin nau'in kwadi ne acikin dangin Mantellidae. Yana da girma zuwa ga gandun daji na Isalo da yankunan kudu da shi a Madagascar, kewayon da yake rabawa tare da bakan gizo-gizo(*Scaphiopryne gottlebei*).Dukansu na kowa ne a cikin gida, amma suna cikin haɗari saboda asarar wurin zama da kuma yawan tattarawa don cinikin dabbobi.

## Mazauni da hali
Mantella mai shuɗi mai yana rana kuma yana cikin rukunin nau'in *M. Betileo.*Wuraren da aka fi so sun fallasa rana kamar rafukan dutse na wucin gadi da cikin manyan kwalayen dutse.Lokacin haifuwar su daga Satumba zuwa Disamba. Ana rataye ƙwai akan bangon kwarin ko kuma a ajiye su a ƙarƙashin duwatsu.Bayan haka ruwa ya cika su kuma suna kammala cigaban su acikin tafkunan wucin gadi.Wani nau'in ɗan gajeren lokaci ne tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin shekarun shekaru 3.

## Bayyanar

Mantella mai shuɗi mai shuɗi yana da tsayin hanci-zuwa- hushi na 2–3 cm (0.8-1.2 in). Ya bambanta da launuka na aposematic, gargaɗi game da guɓoɓi na alkaloid a cikin fata. Baya da saman kai rawaya ne, an bambanta da ƙafafu shuɗi, da baƙar fata da gefen kai. Ƙarƙashin ƙasa baki ne mai launin shuɗi. Akwai bambance-bambancen ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaiku da ƙauyuka, tare da wasu suna da ƙafafu masu duhu da launin toka ko, a arewa mai nisa na kewayon sa, ƙananan baya ja (wanda ya bambanta da babban baya da rawaya da saman kai). Wadanda ke da jajayen baya na kasa da launin toka wasu lokuta ana kiransu da "mantella mai shudewa" ko "mantella na fitowar rana". A kudancin kewayon nau'in, mutane yawanci suna da ɗan launin ruwan kasa zuwa ƙafafu, suna gabatowa bayyanar mantella mai launin ruwan kasa (*M. Betileo*), wasu kuma suna cikin jinsin halittu tsakanin nau'ikan biyu, amma matsayinsu na haraji har yanzu ba a warware shi ba. Wannan matsakaicin yawan jama'a wani lokaci ana kiransa *M. cf. expectata*, yayin da abin da ake kira "mantella na hamada", mai yiwuwa nau'in nau'in da ba a bayyana shi ba daga wurare masu bushewa a kudu da yammacin Madagascar wanda ke da alaƙa da mantella mai launin shuɗi, wani lokaci ana kiransa *M. aff. expectata*. Ana iya ƙayyade jima'i a cikin mantella mai shuɗi mai shuɗi ta girman jiki (mace masu matsakaicin matsakaicin girma fiye da maza), tabo mai launin shuɗi mai launin doki wanda yake a ƙananan muƙamuƙi a cikin maza, da kuma siginar murya waɗanda ke fitowa musamman ta hanyar kawai. mazaje.

## Manazarta
Gibbon mai farin gemu mai Haihuwa

**Gibbon farin gemu na Bornean** (***Hylobates albibarbis***), wanda kuma aka sani da **Bornean agile gibbon** ko **kudancin gibbon**, wani nau'in gibbon ne wanda ke da alaƙa da kudancin Borneo. Wani nau'i ne da ke cikin hatsari, saboda cigaba da yin sare dazuzzuka masu zafi tsakanin kogin Kapuas da Barito. Ƙarin al'amurran da suka shafi damuwa ga haɗarin gibbons masu fararen gemu suma suna yin barazana ga sauran dabbobin daji.

Gibbon mai farin gemu yayi kama da sauran gibbon acikin halayensu da abincinsu mai ban sha'awa. Gibbon mai farin gemu na Bornean a da anyi la'akari da shi a matsayin wani nau'i na gibbon agile amma bisa binciken DNA na baya-bayan nan, wasu yanzu suna rarraba shi azaman jinsi daban.

## Bayani da tarihin rayuwa
Gibbon mai farin gemu na Bornean ana yawan ganin sa da launin toka ko launin ruwan ƙasa mai duhu, baƙar fuska, da farin gemu. Hakazalika da sauran gibbons, waɗannan gibbons ƙaramin biri ne wanda ba shida wutsiya. Suna zama acikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin iyali da suka ƙunshi namiji, mace, da zuriyarsu. Suna bayyana alaƙar haɗin kai biyu kuma ba sa yin gidaje. Hanyar sufurin su ana kiranta brachiation, inda suke lilo daga rassan don zagayawa. An rubuta su don yin lilo har zuwa mita 15(ƙafa 49.2) acikin tsalle ɗaya kuma cikin sauri kamar kilomita 55(mil 34)acikin awa ɗaya. Baya ga sauran primates, duk gibbons suna tafiya bipedally; rike da dogayen hannayensu akan kawunansu.

Matsakaicin tsawon rayuwar gibbon mai farin gemu, shine shekaru 25, kuma yana girma zuwa ko'ina daga . Gibbons masu fararen gemu suna auna kusan 6.1 zuwa 6.9 kg (13.5 zuwa 15.2 fam), kuma mata suna auna kilo 5.5 zuwa 6.4 (fam 12 zuwa 14). Gibbons masu fararen gemu na mata sukan kai ga balaga cikin jima'i acikin kimanin watanni 48.

## Abinci
Abincin gibbons masu fararen gemu na Bornea a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi suna da yawa, inda suka dogara da yawan bishiyoyi da ɓaure ; suna sanya abincin su 65% 'ya'yan itace da 23% ɓaure, bi da bi. Wani lokaci za su kara abincinsu da ganye da kwari.  

## Barazana
Yin gandun daji da hakar ma'adinai sun haifar da yanayi mai ban tsoro a Borneo don gibbons da duk halittun arboreal . Tunda gibbons sun dogara da gandun daji masu yawa da dogayen daji don aminci da tafiye-tafiye, wannan babbar matsala ce ga rayuwar gibbons masu fararen gemu. Ƙarin barazanar ga gibbon mai farin gemu sun haɗa da gobarar daji saboda al'amuran El Niño  da sauyin yanayi . 

## Manazarta
Ƙyaƙƙyawan mantella

**Ƙyawawan mantella**, **Parker's mantella**, ko **mantella mai kyan gani** ( ***Mantella pulchra*** ) nau'in kwaɗi ne acikin dangin Mantellidae .

Yana endemic zuwa Madagascar. Mazaunanta na yanayi su ne dazuzzukan qasar wurare masu zafi, da swamps. Ana barazanar asarar wurin zama. Yana iya zama barazana ta cinikin dabbobi, amma kaɗan ne aka sani game da tarin kasuwanci.

## Manazarta
Mantella Cowan

**Mantella na Cowan** ( ***Mantella cowanii*** ) wani nau'in kwadi ne acikin dangin Mantellidae. Yana endemic zuwa Madagascar.Mazaunanta na dabi'a su ne dazuzzukan dazuzzukan montane na wurare masu zafi ko na wurare masu zafi, dazuzzukan dazuzzuka ko na wurare masu zafi masu tsayi, da koguna. Ana barazanar asarar wurin zama. Tarin don cinikin dabbobi kuma ya kasance barazana.

## Manazarta
Platypelis tsaratananaensis

***Platypelis tsaratananaensis*** wani nau'in kwaɗi ne acikin dangin Microhylidae.

Amphibian yana da girma zuwa arewacin Madagascar .

## Rarrabawa
Wurin zama na ɗabi'ar *Platypelis tsaratananaensis* shine dazuzzukan montane masu zafi ko na wurare masu zafi. Tana zaune dogayen gandun daji na montane da na bamboo, kuma mai yiwuwa ba a same shi a wajen dajin da balagagge ba, kuma mai yiwuwa an iyakance shi zuwa tsayi sama da .

Ana samun su kusan akan bamboo, kuma yana iya amfana daga kasancewar  (lemur dare) don ƙirƙirar ramuka a cikin bamboo.

Yana haihuwa acikin bamboo mai tushe ta hanyar ci gaban tsutsa.

## Kiyayewa
Yana fuskantar barazanar asarar wurin zama saboda noman rayuwa, haƙar katako, ƙera gawayi, yaɗuwar bishiyoyin eucalyptus masu mamaye, kiwo dabbobi, da faɗaɗa matsugunan mutane.

## Manazarta

*  
* Current IUCN Red List of all Threatened Species
Hourya Benis Sinaceur

**Hourya Sinaceur** masaniyar falsafar Moroko ne. Kwararriya ce a ka'idar da tarihin lissafi.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Hourya Benis a shekara ta 1940 a Casablanca a kasar Maroko.  Sinaceur ya yi aiki a Jami'ar Paris-Sorbonne da Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Faransa wadda ita ma a Paris, da URS.cikin Rabat.Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Tarihi na Faransa da Falsafa na Kimiyya (Comité National Francais d'Histoire et de Philosophie des Sciences. 

## Littattafai
Ita ce marubucin littafin *Corps et Modèles* shekara(1991), wanda aka fassara zuwa Turanci a matsayin *Field da Model: Daga Sturm zuwa Tarski da Robinson* (Birkhauser, shekara 2003). da na *Ayyuka da Gabaɗaya na Ma'ana: Tunani akan Dedekind's da Frege's dabaru* (Springer, 2015).

## Manazarta
Green mantella

**Koren mantella** (***Mantella viridis***), wani nau'in kwaɗi ne acikin dangin Mantellidae. Yana endemic zuwa Madagascar. Mazaunanta na yanayi sune busassun dazuzzukan na wurare masu zafi, koguna masu tsaka-tsaki, da kuma dazuzzukan da suka lalace sosai. Ana barazanar asarar wurin zama. kasuwanci a cikin waɗannan nau'ikan yana buƙatar ƙayyadaddun tsari don kar a yi masa barazana.

## Bayani
Koren mantella ƙaramin kwaɗo ne. Maza suna 22-25&nbsp;mm, mata 25-30&nbsp;mm. Irin nau'in ya zama ruwan dare a cikin dabbobi a matsayin nau'in vivarium. Wasu daga cikin kwaɗi sun fi fitowa launin rawaya. Baƙar fuskarta ce da farin band a saman leɓansa. Ƙarƙashin kwaɗin baƙar fata ne mai launin shuɗi. Nau'in mata ya fi girma tare da karin hancin murabba'i. Suna cikin haɗari sosai saboda asarar matsuguni da yawan tarawa don cinikin dabbobi.

## Wurin zama
Green mantella yana zaune ne acikin matsanancin arewacin Madagascar, kuma yana bunƙasa acikin busasshiyar dajin da ke ƙasa a tsayi tsakanin mita 50 zuwa 300 sama da matakin teku.

## Abinci
Suna kuma cin 'ya'yan itace masu laushi. Koren mantella yana buƙatar ruwa, kamar yadda yawancin kwadi ke yi, amma ba sa samun shi ta hanyar sha. Fatarsu mai raɗaɗi tana ba su damar sha ruwan.

## Manazarta

## Sources
Nadia Ch toafik

**Nadia Chafik** (an haife ta biyu ga watan  02 01 junairu shekar 1962 a Casablanca ) marubuciya ce ta Moroko.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Nadia Chafik a Casablanca a cikin shekara 1962, kuma ta girma a Rabat.Ta fito daga kabilar Ait Sadden, kabilar Middle Atlas Berber Chafik ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Montreal (Master & Ph.D) kuma ta koyar (a matsayin "Chargee de cours") a jami'a guda a cikin shekaru biyu. Babban ayyukanta na ilimi sune: *"Être Romancière au Maghreb"* shekara (1988) da *Une autre lecture du Maghreb à travers l'art scriptural et pictural français du 19e siècle shekara* (1998).

Bayan koyarwa kuma a Jami'ar Ibn Tofaïl ta Kénitra, Nadia Chafik ta bi aikinta a Jami'ar Mohammed V na Rabat inda take koyar da adabi da kuma shirya wasu ayyukan al'adu kamar: *"Ateliers d'écriture"*, ko *"Rencontres avec les auteurs".*

Ta buga gajerun labarai da litattafai uku. *Nos jours aveugles* ( *Our blind days* ) shine tarin gajerun labarai dinta na farko. Na ƙarshe shine: *Tête de poivre* (Afrilu, shekara 2012) wanda aka zaɓe ta don Prix Grand Atlas shekara 2012 na Ofishin Jakadancin Faransa.Wani mai sukar Cibiyar Faransa da ke Maroko ya rubuta game da wannan littafi: "autant de fragments de vie qui metent à l'honneur la poésie de l'existence".

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

### Littattafan gama gari

* *L'atelier d'écriture.* *Un Laboratoire a babban specter didactique* , aikin ilimi, shekara2013
* *Tête de poivre*, gajerun labarai, shekara2012
* *Nos jours aveugles,*, gajerun labarai, shekara2005
* 
* *Le secret des djinns*, novel, shekara1998 - Wani bakon labarin mutum.
* *Filles du vent*, novel, shekara1995 - Mahaukaci da rashin sa'a uwa daya

### Littattafai

* *Talatin da bakwai 37 printemps*, *Écoute retomber le shiru* (tsatsa), shayari, a cikin *Mots de neige, de sable et d'Océan*, shekara2008
* *Clair-Obscur*, a cikin *Game da enfant*, shekara2003 Ce
* *Ce bayar, ne l'as-tu pas rêve ?*, *Perles de l'Atlantique.* *Les Carnets marocains*, gajeren rubutu, shekara2001
* *Le Tatouage bleu*, in *Des Nouvelles du Maroc*, shekara1999
* *Ecoute retomber le shiru* (tsatsa), shayari, a cikin *Sources - Revue de la Maison de la Poésie, Namur* n°18, shekara1997
* *Entre chiens et loups*, in *Anthologie de la nouvelle maghrébine*, shekara1996
* *Cin hanci*, a cikin *Liberté* n°182, Montréal-Kanada, shekara1989

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* "Au-delà de la condition des femmes : les romans de Nadia Chafik", na Mana Derakhshani, Kwalejin Saint Mary http://www.cief.info/congres/2004/pre-programme.pdf shafi.&nbsp;8
* Hirar rediyo, na Patrice Martin, Médi1 http://www.medi1.com/player/player.php?i=101065
* Hoto https://web.archive.org/web/20070927020217/http://www.desfemmes.fr/ecrits/fictions/chafik_jours.htm
* Hoto http://www.francopolis.net/liens/annonces.htm
Debby (Polar bear)

**Debby** (shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da shida 1966&#x2013;Nuwamba, goma sha bakwai 17, shekarar alif dubu biyu da takwas 2008) ɗan beyar mace ce, wanda masana suka ɗauka a matsayin mafi tsufa a duniya. Ta zauna a Assiniboine Park Zoo a Winnipeg. Acikin watan Agustan shekarar alif  dubu biyu da takwas 2008, *[[Guinness World Records]]* ya ba ta tabbacin ba wai kawai mafi tsufa na polar bear ba, amma ɗayan manyan mutane uku da aka taɓa yin rikodin duk nau'ikan bear takwas.

An haifi Debby acikin Arctic Soviet a shekarar alif  dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da shida 1966, kuma daga baya marayu: ta isa Winnipeg tana da shekara guda.

Yayin da take zaman bauta, tana da 'ya'ya shida tare da abokiyar zamanta Skipper.

A cikin Nuwamba, shekarar alif dubu biyu da takwas 2008, an gano ta tana da ciwon gaɓoɓin jiki da yawa, kuma daga baya aka kashe ta. Tana da shekaru arba'in da daya 41.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin beyoyin guda ɗaya

## Manazarta
Akwatin Abyss

**Akwatin Abyss** jirgi ne mai ɗauke da  na ruwa a matsanancin matsin lamba na megapascals 18 don dai-daita yanayin ruwa na fauna na wanka da ke rayuwa a kusan  ƙasa da ƙasa. Ana kuma nuna shi acikin akwatin kifayen Oceanopolis a Brest, Faransa.Wani masanin Faransa Bruce Shillito daga Jami'ar Pierre da Marie Curie a Paris ne suka tsara shi.

Duk kayan aikin dake kula da matsananciyar matsa lamba a cikin Akwatin Abyss suna auna  ku. Na'urar tana adana halittu masu zurfin rai don a iya yin nazari, musamman game da yadda suke dacewa da yanayin zafi na teku.A halin yanzu Akwatin Abyss yana gidaje ne kawai nau'in halittu masu zurfi da suka hada da kaguwar teku mai zurfi, *[[Bythograea thermydron]]* da zurfin teku mai zurfi, *Pandalus borealis*, waɗanda wasu daga cikin nau'in nau'in nau'i mai wuyar gaske tare da mafi girma na rayuwa a cikin yanayin dake cikin damuwa. *Victor 6000* ne ya tattara dabbobin da aka nuna, wani abin hawa na musamman da ake sarrafa shi (ROV).

## Duba kuma

* Abyssal fili
* Teku mai zurfi
* Halittar teku mai zurfi
* Ruwan teku mai zurfi
* Zaftarewar ruwa a cikin ruwa
* *Blue Planet*
* Kashewar zagayawa na thermohaline

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Foraminifera mai zurfi - Teku mai zurfi daga zurfin mita 4400, Antarctica - hoton hoto da bayanin ɗaruruwan samfurori
* Binciken Zurfin Teku akan Tashar Tekun Smithsonian
* Halittun Teku Mai Zurfi Gaskiya da hotuna daga mafi zurfin sassan teku
* Yadda Zurfin Teku Yake  Archived   Gaskiya da bayanai akan zurfin teku
Samuwar gajimare da sauyin yanayi

**Nephology**//nɪˈfɒlə dʒi/; daga kalmar Helenanci *nephos* don 'girgije'),nazarin gajimare ne da samuwar gajimare. Masanin yanayi na Burtaniya Luke Howard babban mai bincike ne acikin wannan fanni, yana kafa tsarin rarraba girgije.

Duk da yake wannan reshe na meteorology,yana wanzu a yau, kalmar nephology, ko likitan nephologist, da wuya a yi amfani da shi.Kalmar ta fara amfani da ita a ƙarshen karni na sha tara, kuma ta faɗi daga amfani da ita a tsakiyar karni na ashirin. Kwanan nan, sha'awar ilimin nephology(idan ba sunan ba) ya ƙaru yayin da yawancin masana kimiyyar yanayi suka fara mayar da hankali kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin girgije da dumamar yanayi wanda shine babban tushen rashin tabbas game da ƙididdiga da fassarori na sauyin duniya. kasafin kuɗin makamashi."

* Tun daga ƙarshen 1990s, wasu sun ba da shawarar cewa lokacin da babban aikin hasken rana ya rage matakan haskoki na sararin samaniya, hakan yana rage murfin girgije kuma yana dumama duniya. Wasu kuma sun ce babu wata shaida ta Ƙididdiga da ke nuna irin wannan tasirin. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=cloud-formation-may-be-linked-to-cosmic-rays

Wasu masana ilimin nephologists sunyi imanin cewa ƙaruwar zafin duniya zai iya rage kauri da haske (ikon nuna makamashin haske), wanda zai ƙara yawan zafin jiki na duniya. Kwanan nan ana ci gaba da bincike a cibiyar CERN 's CLOUD don nazarin tasirin zagayowar rana da haskoki na sararin samaniya akan samuwar gajimare.

## Bayanan kula

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Coral bleaching a cikin Oahu

**Murjani bleaching a Oahu** ya kasance yana ƙaruwar tun 1996, lokacin da babban bleaching na farko na Hawaii ya faru a Kaneohe Bay, sannan manyan abubuwan da suka faru a tsibirin Arewa maso yamma a 2002 da 2004. Acikin 2014, masana ilimin halittu daga Jami'ar Queensland sun lura da taron bleaching na farko, kuma sun danganta shi ga Blob.

Bleaching na murjani yana mayar da murjani fari, amma ba ya kashe shi nan da nan. Dangane da dalilai kamar wane nau'in murjani ne, da zafin ruwa acikin takamaiman yanki, yanke shawarar tsawon lokacin da murjani yake da shi. Sakamakon bleaching na coral acikin Hawaii na faruwa ne da farko sakamakon karuwar zafin ruwa saboda canjin yanayi. Yunƙurin zafin ruwa yana haifar da damuwa ga murjani. Lokacin da aka damu, murjani yana sakin algae dake rayuwa acikin ƙyallen jikinsu, don haka idan aka saki su sun rasa dukkan launi, suna mayar da su fari.

## Wuraren da bleaching na murjani ya shafa
Adadin murjani bleached yana karuwa a kusa da tsibirin Oahu. Tun daga watan Nuwamba na 2019, rairayin bakin teku guda biyu da ke tsibirin,Yokohama bay da bakin tekun Makua sun sami rahotannin murjani bleaching. Har'ila yau ciki har da kusa da filin jirgin sama na Daniel K.Inouye, waɗannan yankunan suna da 75% ko fiye na murjani bleached. Babban abin da ke haifar da wannan babban taron bleaching shine ta hanyar haɓakar zafin ruwan da bai kai digiri biyu zuwa uku na Fahrenheit ba.Nau'in murjani sun haɗada mashahuran murjani guda biyu na Hawaii, Coral Rose ko Farin kabeji. Waɗannan murjani suna  a diamita.

### Kaneohe Bay Reef
Kogin Kāne'ohe Bay yana da  tsayi da  a faɗin. Ruwan shinge na biyu ya rufe  kusa da bakin tekun tsibirin Molokaʻi acikin tsibiran.Kimanin shekaru 40 da suka gabata an sami danyen zubar da ruwa a Kaneohe Bay, wanda ya kashe wasu murjani. Ruwan najasa ya ba da fa'ida ga nau'in algae mai girma. Koren algae *Dictyosphaeria cavernosa,* ya samar da tabarma kamar tsarin da ke rufewa da kashe wasu murjani.Kuma murjani da algae ba su kai ba,najasa da ƙarancin ingancin ruwa sun raunana su a tsawon lokaci. An sassauta zagayowar haifuwar murjani kuma mafi kusantar kamuwa da cuta. In 1996, when coral bleaching started to Kaneohe Bay, the corals were effected by the algae growth.In 1996,when coral bleaching started to Kaneohe Bay, the corals were effected by the algae growth.  In 1996,when coral bleaching started to Kaneohe Bay,the corals were effected by the algae growth.It is predicted by Kuulei Rogers of the Cibiyar Nazarin Halittar Ruwa ta Hawai'i ya annabta cewa "Acikin 2030s,30 zuwa 50 bisa dari na shekaru zasu sami manyan abubuwan bleaching a Hawaii." 

## Manazarta
Ishrat Afreen

**Ishrat Afreen** (madadin rubutun kalmomi: **Ishrat Aafreen** ; an haife ta ashirin da biyar ga watan 25 Disamba shekara 1956) mawaƙin Urdu ne. An fassara ayyukanta a cikin yaruka da yawa ciki har da Ingilishi, Jafananci, Sanskrit da Hindi.Mawakan ghazal Jagjit Singh & Chitra Singh suma sun yi wakokinta a cikin tarihin tarihinsu, *Beyond Time* (1987). Zia Mohyeddin kuma yana karanta nazms dinta a cikin kundinsa na goma sha bakwai  17 da na ashirin 20 da kuma wasannin kide-kide da ya gudana.

## Rayuwar farko da aiki
An fara buga ta tana da shekaru 14 a cikin *Daily Jang* a ranar talatin da daya 31 ga watan Afrilu shekaru 1971.  Ta ci gaba da rubuce-rubuce kuma an buga ta a cikin ɗimbin mujallu na wallafe-wallafe a Indiya da Pakistan. Daga karshe ta zama mataimakiyar editan mujallar *Awaaz* na wata-wata, wadda mawaƙiya Fahmida Riaz ta shirya. Daidai da aikinta na rubuce-rubuce ta shiga cikin shirye-shiryen rediyo da yawa a Rediyon Pakistan daga shekara 1970 – zuwa shekara 1984 waɗanda aka watsa a cikin ƙasa da ma duniya baki ɗaya. Daga baya ta yi aiki a ƙarƙashin Mirza Jamil akan rubutun Noori Nastaliq Urdu na InPage a yanzu.

Ishrat Afreen a halin yanzu ita ce Babban Malami na Urdu na Jami'ar Texas a Shirin Hindu Urdu Flagship na Austin. 

## Ilimi
Afreen ta yi karatun digiri na farko a Kwalejin Allama Iqbal Govt Karachi sannan ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin adabin Urdu daga Jami'ar Karachi, Pakistan.Ta kuma koyar a Makarantar Aga 

## Labarai
Afreen ta buga tarin wakoki guda biyu masu suna *Kunj Peeleh Poolon Ka shekara* (1985) da *Dhoop Apne Hisse Ki* (2005). Daga cikin wasu, an haɗa ta a cikin babban littafin tarihin *Mu Mata Masu Zunubi*  kuma ta yi wahayi zuwa ga sanannun tarihin *Ƙira Bayan Imani: Waƙar Urdu na Mata na zamani* .

## Manazarta
Arturo (Polar bear)

**Arturo** (1985Yuli 3, 2016) ɗan beyar iyakacin duniya ne da ke zaune acikin Mendoza Zoological Park a Mendoza, Argentina, beyar polar kawai da ke zaune a ƙasar.An haife shi a Amurka kuma ya koma Argentina a 1993.Abokinsa, wata mace mai suna Pelusa, ta mutu sakamakon cutar kansa a shekara ta 2012. Yanayin rayuwa na kejin Arturo dake zaune yana da cece-kuce, saboda yanayin zafi ya kai  a Argentina, kuma tafkin da ke cikin kejin Arturo ya kasance kawai  a zurfi. Masu fafutukar kare hakkin dabbobi sun a mayar da martani, sun yiwa Arturo laƙabi da dabba mafi baƙin ciki a duniya kuma sun gabatar da koke don a kai shi Assiniboine Park Zoo, gidan zoo a Winnipeg, Manitoba, Kanada. Laura Morales na Hamilton, Ontario ce ta ƙirƙiri koken. Ya sami kulawa sosai bayan hashtag #Freearturo ya fara canzawa akan Twitter. Magoya bayan wannan koke sun kuma lura da cewa beyar polar ta mutu a Buenos Aires a watan Disambar 2012, saboda tsananin zafi, kuma sunyi iƙirarin cewa Arturo ya nuna alamun damuwa da sauran matsalolin lafiyar hankali.

Tun daga ranar 19, ga Yuli, 2014, koken yana da sa hannu sama da 400,000, kuma Newt Gingrich da Cher sun amince da shi. Assiniboine Park Zoo ya amsa cewa yayin da zasu yarda da Arturo da farin ciki a can, ba suda ikon yin hakan sai dai idan Argentina ta amince da kai shi can, kuma gidan zoo na Mendoza ba zai iya ba da bayanan likita da suka dace don yin irin wannan tafiya ba.

A ranar 24, ga Yuli, 2014, darektan gidan Zoo na Mendoza, Gustavo Pronotto, ya shaida wa Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Associated Press cewa Arturo ya tsufa da yawa don a koma Kanada.  A cikin kafofin watsa labarun, mutane kuma sun ba da shawarar cewa Arturo ya koma Kanada.  da hashtag na Twitter #FreeArturo. 

Arturo ya mutu a ranar 3, ga Yuli, 2016, yana da shekaru 30-31, duk da berayen polar da wuya su rayu fiye da 25. 

## Duba kuma.

* Jerin beyoyin guda ɗaya.

## Manazarta.
Tashar wutar lantarki ta Ashama Solar

**Tashar wutar lantarki ta Ashama Solar**, tana shirin samar da  ita ce tashar wutar lantarki mai amamfani da hasken rana a kasar Najeriya. Idan aka kammala aikin, ana sa ran za ta kasance tashar wutar lantarki mafi girma a yammacin Afirka.
## Wuri
Ana sa ran tashar wutar lantarkin za ta mamaye kusan  na gidaje a wani yanki da ake kira Aniocha South, a kauyen Ashama, a jihar Delta, a kudu maso gabashin Najeriya.  Ashama tana da tazarar , ta hanya, yammacin birnin Asaba, inda hedikwatar jiha take.  Ashama tana da nisan  arewa maso yammacin Fatakwal, birni na biyar mafi girma a Najeriya kuma babban birnin jihar Ribas.

## Dubawa
A cewar Bankin Duniya, kimanin 'yan Najeriya miliyan 80 ne ba su da wutar lantarki. Daga cikin wadannan, kimanin miliyan 60 na kashe kimanin Naira Tiriliyan 1.6 (kimanin dalar Amurka biliyan 4.2) a duk shekara, wajen saye, aiki da kuma kula da “kasusuwan man fetur”. Gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya na inganta amfani da makamashin da ake iya sabuntawa domin rage yawan gibin wutar lantarki a kasar.

## Masu haɓakawa
Ana ci gaba da gina tashar wutar lantarki ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin kamfani wanda aka kwatanta a cikin jadawalin da ke ƙasa: 

## Amfani
Ana sa ran wannan tashar wutar lantarki za ta saukaka wa Najeriya gudunmuwar  na iskar carbon dioxide a duk shekara. Wannan zai kiyaye tsabtar muhalli, da samar da ingantacciyar rayuwa ga 'yan Najeriya. Bugu da kari, ana sa ran tashar wutar lantarkin za ta rage yawan iyalai da suke girbe dazuzzuka da gandun daji domin yin itace da gawayi. An yi kiyasin yawan sare dazuka a Najeriya a shekarar 2021 da kusan  a duk shekara, kwatankwacin kashi 3.6 cikin 100 na gandun daji da dazuzzuka a lokacin.

## Fitar da iskar gas
Tsarin PV yana samar da wutar lantarki ta amfani da makamashi daga rana. Makamashin hasken rana tushe ne mai tsafta da sabunta makamashi, sabanin kasusuwan da ke fitar da iskar gas (GHGs) da ke haifar da dumamar yanayi da sauyin yanayi.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Najeriya

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* 200 MW Solar Project 'Mafi Girma a Yammacin Afirka' Zai Taso a Najeriya Daga 18 ga watan Fabrairu 2021.

## Manazarta
Khvicha Kvaratskhelia

**Kvicha Kvaratskhelia** (an haifeshi ne a ranar 12 ga watan fabrairu a shekarar 2001) wanda aka fi sani da kvara kwararren dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafan kasar Georgia ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan wasan gaba a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta seria wato napoli da kuma kungiyar kasarsa ta Georgia.

## Manazarta
Kogin Hamilton (New Zealand)

**Kogin Hamilton** kogi ne dakeMarlborough na Kudancin Tsibirin wanda yake yankin New Zealand.  A yankin Garin kogin Wairau ne.

## Nassoshi
Kogin Hodder

**Kogin Hodder** kogi ne dake arewa maso gabashin Tsibirin Kudu wanda yake yankin New Zealand. Yana gudana zuwa arewa daga gangaren arewa maso yammacin Dutsen Tapuae-o-Uenuku, tare da kogin Awatere mai  kudu maso yammacin Seddon .

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi
Kogin Ohinemahuta

**Kogin Ōhinemahuta**, wanda aka fi sani da **Kogin Onamalutu**, kogi ne dake Marlborough na Tsibirin Kudu wanda yake yankin New Zealand . Da farko dai tana tafiya arewa maso gabas, ta juya kudu maso gabas ta isa kogin Wairau mai  arewa maso yamma na Renwick .

A watan Agustan 2014, an canza sunan kogin a hukumance zuwa Kogin Ohinemahuta.  Tsohon sunan kogin, Onamalutu, ya kasance cin hanci da rashawa na Ohinemahuta, wadda komai da wurin in da Rangitāne / Ngāti Mamoe Hine Mahuta ya taɓa rayuwa. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi
Mërgim Vojvoda

**Mërgim Vojvoda** (an haife shi ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu, 1995) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Kosova wanda ke taka leda a matsayin cikakken 'dan wasan baya ko mai tsaron gida ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Torino ta Italiya da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kosovo.   

## Manazarta
Kogin Okaramio

**Kogin Okaramio** kogine dakeMarlborough na Tsibirin Kudu wanda yake yankin New Zealand . Yana gudana cikin kogin Kaituna kusan rabin tsakanin Renwick da Havelock .

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi

*
Kogin Omaka

**Kogin Omaka** kogine dake Marlborough na Tsibirin Kudu wanda yake yankinNew Zealand . Yana gudana arewa daga gangaren Dutsen Horrib  yammacin Seddon, yana isa kogin Opaoa a gabashin ƙarshen Renwick .

Ma'aikatar Al'adu da Tarihi ta New Zealand ta ba da fassarar "wurin rafi" don *Ōmaka* . 

## Duba kuma
Kogin Opouri

**Kogin Opouri** kogi ne dake Marlborough na Tsibirin Kudu wanda yake yankin New Zealand .  Yana gudana gabaɗaya yamma daga tushen sa a cikin Bull Range,a jihar bakin teku wanda ke kallon Sautin Marlborough, yana haɗuwa da kogin Rai  yammacin Havelock .

Ma'aikatar Al'adu da Al'adu ta New Zealand ta ba da fassarar "wurin bakin ciki" don *Pōuri* . 

## Duba kuma
Kogin Kennet (New Zealand)

**Kogin Kennet** kogi ne dake arewa maso gabas na tsibirin Kudancin wanda yake yankin New Zealand.Yana gudana  arewa maso yamma na Molesworth Stations kudu, hade da babban kogin Awatere.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi
Kogin McRae

**Kogin McRae** kogine dake Marlborough na Tsibirin Kudu wanda yake yankin New Zealand . Yana gudu zuwa arewa daga tushenta a cikin Kaikoura Range na Inland don saduwa da kogin Awatere mai  kudu maso yammacin Seddon .

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi
Kogin Saxton

**Kogin Saxton** kogi ne dake Marlborough na Tsibirin Kudu wanda yake yankin New Zealand. Yana gudana kudu daga tushensa zuwa gabas na Range Raglan, ya isa kogin Acheron  yamma da tashar Molesworth .

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Manazarta
Kogin Severn (New Zealand)

**Kogin Severn** yana cikin Tsibirin Kudancin New Zealand .  Ruwan kogin yana cikin Raglan Range kuma yana gudana cikin kogin Acheron .  Daya daga cikin yankunan ruwa shine kogin Alma . 

## Nassoshi
Hijira da Canjin Muhalli na Duniya

**Hijira da Canjin Muhalli na Duniya** wani rahoto ne game da tasirin sauyin yanayi kan yanayin ƙaura wanda ɗan adam ya ke yi, da aka buga a cikin 2011. Sashen *Foresight* a Ofishin Kimiyya na Gwamnatin Burtaniya ne ya fitar da rahoton.Ya zama sananne a baki da sunan Rahoton Hasashen' a tsakanin mutanen da ke aiki a fagen ƙaura, mai alaƙa da yanayi. *Farfesa Richard Black* na Jami'ar Sussex ne ya jagoranci rahoton.

Rahoton ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin kima na farko na duk shaidun da ake dasu da kuma bincike kan alakar da ke tsakanin sauyin yanayi da ƙaura. Marubutan rahoton sun kuma ba da izini da dama na sabbin takwarorinsu da sukayi bitar labarai game da ƙaura da sauyin yanayi, wanda ke ƙara mahimmanci ga tushen shaidar batun. Rahoton ya ja hankalin kafafen yada labarai sosai kan sakinsa.

Rahoton yayi suka kan hasashen da akayi a baya na adadin mutanen da canjin yanayi zai iya tilastawa yin motsi. Yayi nuni da cewa yin irin wannan hasashe na lambobi ba zai yiwu ba saboda danganta sauyin yanayi a matsayin dalilin ƙaura na wani yana da wahala.

Rahoton ya yaɗa ra'ayin mutanen da suka maƙale. Rahoton ya bayar da hujjar cewa kamar yadda tasirin canjin yanayi ya tilasta wa mutane yin motsi,ana iya tilasta wa mutane su tsaya a inda suke. Rahoton ya zayyana shaidun da ke nuna cewa, yayin da mutane ke kara samun talauci sakamakon gurɓacewar muhalli, saisu kasa yin hijira.Tunanin yawan mutanen da ke cikin tarko ya kasance acikin littattafan ilimi na ɗan lokaci,duk da haka sakamakon kulawar kafofin watsa labarai daga fitowar rahoton ya kawo ra'ayin ga sauran jama'a a karon farko.

Rahoton ya kuma yada ra'ayin ƙaura a matsayin daidaita yanayin sauyin yanayi .  Bugu da kari, marubutan sun zana adabin ilimi da ake da su a kan batun. Sun bayyana cewa ya kamata a kalli ƙaura a matsayin halastacciyar hanya kuma mai ba da ƙarfi ga wasu mutane don dacewa da tasirin sauyin yanayi.

## Manazarta
Shin River (New Zealand)

**Kogin Shin kogi** ne dake Marlborough wanda yake yankin Kasar New Zealand . Yana gudana arewa daga tushen sa a cikin Kaikoura Range na Inland don isa kogin Hodder, wanda ke cikin tsarin kogin Awatere,wanda aka gano wurin mai nisan  kudu maso yamma na Seddon, New Zealand . 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi
Kogin Teme

**Kogin Teme kogine dake**Marlborough na Tsibirin Kudu wand yake yankin New Zealand . Yana gudana zuwa arewa daga tushensa a cikin ƙasa mai tsauri a arewacin kwarin Awatere don isa kogin Avon . 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi
Kogin Tuamarina

**Kogin Tuamarina** kogi ne dakeMarlborough a Kudancin Tsibirin wanda yake yankin New Zealand. Yana gudana cikin kogin Wairau kudu da Tuamarina.  

## Bayanan kula
Kogin Tummil

**Kogin Tummil** kogi ne dakwMarlborough na Tsibirin Kudu wanda yake yankin New Zealand . Yana gudana arewa maso yamma daga ƙasa mai tsauri daga arewa da Dutsen Horrib don isa kogin Avon kudu maso yammacin Blenheim .

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi
"Place name detail: Tummil River". New Zealand Gazetteer. New Zealand Geographic Board. Retrieved 12 July 2009.
Ƙasar carbon feedback

**Ra'ayin carbon na ƙasa** ya shafi fitar da carbon daga ƙasa don mayar da martani ga ɗumamar duniya.Wannan martani a ƙarƙashin canjin yanayi shine tabbataccen yanayin.Akwai kusan sau biyu zuwa uku fiye da carbon acikin ƙasan duniya fiye da yanayin duniya, wanda ya sa fahimtar wannan ra'ayi mai mahimmanci don fahimtar canjin yanayi na gaba.Ƙara yawan numfashin ƙasa shine babban dalilin wannan ra'ayi, inda ma'auni ke nuna cewa 4&nbsp;°C na ɗumama yana ƙara shaƙar ƙasa a shekara da kashi 37%.

## Tasiri kan sauyin yanayi

Wani bincike da aka yi dangane da sauyin yanayi a nan gaba, a kan ƙasar da ake yi na carbon,wanda aka gudanar tun 1991 a Harvard, ya ba da shawarar fitar da kusan petagrams 190 na carbon,kwatankwacin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata na hayaƙi mai gurɓataccen iska daga ƙonewar mai, har zuwa 2100 daga saman mita-1 na ƙasa ta ƙasa,saboda canje-canje a cikin al'ummomin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi.

Wani bincike na 2018 ya ƙare, Asarawar yanayin na carbon a halin yanzu yana faruwa acikin yawancin halittu, tare da ganowa da kuma cigaba da tasowa a duniya.

### Permafrost
Narkar da permafrost (daskararre ƙasa),wanda ke cikin manyan latitudes, yankunan Arctic da sub-Arctic, suna bada shawarar bisa ga shaidar lura da madaidaiciyar sakin hayaki mai gurbata yanayi tare da cigaba da sauyin yanayi daga waɗannan halayen carbon.

### Wurin tipping
Wani bincike da aka buga a shekara ta 2011 ya gano abin da ake kira takin -bam rashin kwanciyar hankali, da ke da alaƙa da wani wuri mai fashewa tare da fashewar ƙasa mai fashewa daga filayen ƙasa . Marubutan sun lura cewa akwai madaidaicin ma'aunin carbon na ƙasa na musamman don kowane tsayayyen yanayin yanayi.  Duk da hasashen cewa ma'aunin carbon na peat zai canza daga ramin ruwa zuwa tushe a wannan karnin, har yanzu ana cire halittun peat daga manyan tsarin tsarin duniya da kuma hadadden tsarin tantancewa. 

### Rashin tabbas
Samfuran yanayin ba su da lissafin sakamakon sakin zafi na sinadarai masu alaƙa da bazuwar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta.  Ƙayyadaddun fahimtarmu game da keken carbon ya fito ne daga ƙarancin haɗakar da dabbobin ƙasa, gami da kwari da tsutsotsi, da kuma hulɗar su da al'ummomin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta cikin samfuran ruɗuwar duniya.  

## Duba kuma

* Ice-albedo feedback
* Ƙaddamar da iyakacin duniya
* Zagayowar biochemical
* Yanayin yanayi
* Farfadowar ƙasa

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2)
* Asarar carbon ƙasa a ƙarƙashin ɗumamar yanayi na iya daidai da hayaƙin Amurka Jami'ar Yale 2016
* Ƙungiyoyin Ƙira na Bugawa Bincike da Nazari
Kogin Tunakino

**Kogin Tunakino** kogi ne dake Marlborough na Tsibirin Kudu wanda yake yankin New Zealand . Yana gudana kudu daga asalinsa a bakin tekun tuddai a gindin Sauti na Marlborough don isa kogin Opouri mai  gabas da Rai Valley .

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi
Kogin Tweed (New Zealand)

**Kogin Tweed** ƙaramin kogi ne na hakika Marlborough a gundumar a kan da Kudancin tsibirin wanda yake yankin New Zealand.

Yana zubar da tafkin McRae, Carters da Robinson Saddles a gefen kudu maso yamma na Inland Kaikoura Range kuma yana ciyarwa cikin kogin Waiau Toa / Clarence . Kogin Tweed yana cikin iyakokin tashar Molesworth .
Kogin Tinline

**Kogin Tinline** kogine dake Marlborough na Tsibirin Kudu wanda yake yankin New Zealand. Yana gudana gabaɗaya kudu daga tushen sa a arewacin ƙarshen Bryant Range don isa kogin Pelorus kilomita bakwai yamma da gadar Pelorus . Sunan kogin don John Tinline kuma yana tunawa da gano hanyar daga Nelson zuwa Wairau . 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi
Kogin Waikakaho

**Kogin Waikakaho** kogi ne dake Marlborough na Tsibirin Kudu wanda yake yankin New Zealand. Yana gudana kudu daga tushen sa kudu maso gabas na Havelock don isa kogin Wairau  yammacin Tuamarina .

Ma'aikatar Al'adu da Tarihi ta New Zealand ta ba da fassarar "ruwa na furen furen ƙafar ƙafa " don . 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand
Kogin Tone (New Zealand)

*Rubutun tsutsa***''Kogin Tone** kogi ne dakeMarlborough na Tsibirin Kudu wanda yake yankin New Zealand . Yana gudana gabaɗaya,arewa daga maɓuɓɓugarsa a cikin Yankin Kaikoura na Inland don isa Kogin Awatere  arewa maso gabas na tashar Molesworth.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi
Kogin Wakamarina

**Kogin Wakamarina** kogine da ke Marlborough na Tsibirin Kudu wanda yake yankin New Zealand. Yana gudana gabaɗaya arewa maso gabas daga asalinsa a cikin Range na Richmond don isa kogin Pelorus a mazaunin Canvastown,  yammacin Havelock . A cikin 1864, an sami zinari a cikin kogin kusa da Havelock, kuma ba da daɗewa ba maza 6,000 ke aiki a yankin. Gudun gwal ɗin bai daɗe ba kuma yawancin masu hakar ma'adanai sun ƙaura zuwa Yammacin Kogin Gold Rush . 
## Hotuna


 
## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi
Kogin Ahuroa

**Kogin Ahuroa,** kogi ne dakw Arewa na Arewacin Tsibirin wanda yake yankin New Zealand. 

Garin rafi ne na kogin Waipu wanda ya hade kusa da garin Waipu .

## Nassoshi
Janca

**Janca** yana ɗaya daga cikin yankuna takwas na Halitta na Peru (*Janq'u* shine Aymaran don Fara). Yana cikin daskararrun tuddai inda gidan kwandon ke zaune.

Dabbobin namun daji a wannan yanki suna da iyaka saboda yanayin sanyi sosai. Ita ce tsiron da ke tsiro a nan shine yareta ko yarita ().

## Dubawa
**Rarraba Nahiyar Andean**

Dutsen Dutsen:

* Tsawon tsaunuka - 4,100 m
* Puna ciyawa
* Hamadar Andean-Alpine
* Layin dusar ƙanƙara - kimanin 5,000 m
* Janca - Rocks, Snow da Ice
* Kololuwa

## Duba kuma

* Yankunan yanayi da tsayi
* Altitudinal zone

## Adabi
Tierra caliente

**Tierra caliente,** kalma ne na yau da kullun da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Latin Amurka don komawa zuwa wuraren da ke da yanayi na musamman. Waɗannan yawanci yan kuna ne daga ƙafa 0 zuwa ƙafa 3,000 sama da matakin teku.Masanin yanki na Peruvian Javier Pulgar Vidal yayi amfani da tsayin mita 1,000 a matsayin iyaka tsakanin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi da gandun daji na gajimare (*Yunga fluvial*).

Yawancin yankunan tierra caliente suna kan filayen bakin teku, amma wasu yankunan na cikin ruwa ma sun dace da alamar. Noma a waɗancan yankunan sun mamaye amfanin gona na wurare masu zafi, irin su ayaba da rake.
## Manazarta
Dazuzzukan Kuros-Niger

**Dazuzzukan Kuros-Niger** wani dazuzzukan yankin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya ne, dake tsakanin kogin Neja a yamma da kuma Cross River a gabas. Da zarar cakuda dazuzzuka masu zafi da gandun daji na Savanna ya rufe wadannan tsaunuka marasa karfi, amma a yau, wannan yanki na daya daga cikin wuraren da ke da yawan jama'a a Afirka kuma a yau an kawar da yawancin dazuzzuka kuma yankin ya zama ciyawa.     

## Wuri da bayanin
Yankin muhalli ya mamaye jihohin Najeriya Abia, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Ebonyi, da Imo, wanda ya kai fadin kasa  .   Kogin Neja ya raba dazuzzukan Cross-Nijar daga dazuzzukan dazuzzukan Najeriya zuwa yamma, wanda mai yiwuwa ya yi kama da ainihin yanayin yanayin yankin Cross-Nijar. A kudu da kudu maso yamma akwai dazuzzukan fadama na Neja Delta . A arewa, dazuzzukan Cross-Niger suna fitowa zuwa ga gandun daji na Guinea-savanna na busasshiyar ciki.

Yanayin ya zama rigar, yana ƙara bushewa a cikin ƙasa, tare da lokacin rani daga Disamba zuwa Fabrairu.

## Flora
Tsire-tsire da namun daji na ecoregion "mai canzawa ne", abubuwan da suka haɗu daga gandun daji na Upper Guinea sun haɗa da *Afzelia*, wanda aka noma don katako, da dabino *[[Giginya|Borassus aethiopum]]* .

## Fauna
Ƙananan wuraren dajin da aka karewa sun kasance a cikin ciyayi kuma waɗannan gida ne ga dabbobi irin su Sclater's guenon da crested chameleon ( *Trioceros cristatus* ). Kogin Neja ya kasance babban shingen zirga-zirgar namun daji a ciki da wajen yankin. Manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa sun lalace a yankin tun a shekarun 1940 kuma yanzu akwai sauran namun daji da suka rage a yankin wanda hatta jemagu da kwadi sun makale ana ci.

## Barazana
Yankin ya ci gaba da dawwama tsawon shekaru aru-aru, kuma yawancin gandun daji na asali an share su don noma, dazuzzuka, da raya birane kamar matatun mai na Fatakwal . Ragowar dazuzzukan na asali sun hada da gandun dajin Stubbs Creek da ke Akwa Ibom tare da wasu dazuzzukan dajin, wadanda ke ci gaba da bacewa yayin da rayuwar kauye ke lalacewa, da facin dajin kogi. Akwai gandun daji a Anambra da sauran wurare amma waɗannan na ƙarshe sun fi yawa don aikin noman katako maimakon kiyaye yanayin asali.

## Manazarta
Kogin Awaroa (Far North)

**Kogin Awaroa** ɗan gajeren kogi ne dake Arewa Mai Nisa da gundumar wanda yake yankin New Zealand.  Yana da  kudu da Kaitaia, kuma yana gudana kudu maso yamma na , yana isa Tekun Tasman zuwa arewacin tashar Hokianga .  Gidansa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin makamai biyu na Whangape Harbor (ɗayan kuma shine gabar kogin Rotokakahi ).

Ma'aikatar Al'adu da Tarihi ta New Zealand ta ba da fassarar "dogon kogi" don *Awaroa* . 

## Nassoshi
Kogin Awarua (Arewa)

**Kogin Awarua** kogine dakeArewa tsibirin wanda yake yankin New Zealand .  Yana gudana kudu don saduwa da kogin Mangakahia  arewa da Dargaville .

## Nassoshi
Polar Bear tare da Cubs

***Polar Bear Tare da Cubs*** ( Danish:*Isbjørn med unger*) wani sassaka ne da ke a ƙarshen Langelinie Quay, kusa da Langelinie Marina, acikin gundumar Østerbro na Copenhagen, Denmark.

## Tarihi
Holger Wederkinch ne ya ƙirƙiro wannan sassaken a birnin Paris. An fara baje kolin shi ne a gidan salon a shekarar 1929 inda ya samu lambar zinare. An samu simintin tagulla acikin 1937 ta wani mai siye daba a san shi ba kuma aka ba shi kyauta ga Hukumar Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Copenhagen. An buɗe shi a ƙarshen ƙarshen Langelinie Quay a cikin 1939. Wani sojan Jamus ne ya harbe beyar a kai a lokacin da ake mamayar Denmark. An mayar dashi Jamus don yin aikin.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Cicada

Cicada shine kwaron da yafi kowane kururuwan sauti a duniya.bugu da kari,akwai wani irin kuwwa da sukeyi don kusantar ahalinsu,ta yadda suke gane Yan uwansu batare da wani yayi ma wani kutse ba.

Suna Kuma rera Waka a rukuni-rukuni don korar tsuntaye ko wasu kwari da suke farautar su da karar sautin su,suna Kuma yin wani irin sauti da ake kira "decibels"Wanda yayi kama da sautin fashewar gungumen dutse,ko injin jirgin sama Mai saukar ungulu,ko Kuma tsawa.

Akwae nau'in kwarin cicada guda 1,300 a duniya,150 daga cikinsu ana samun su a afrika da kudu (south Africa).

## Manazarta
Kogin Hakaru

**Kogin Hakaru** kogi ne dake Arewa tsibirin wanda yake yankin New Zealand . Yana farawa a cikin tsaunin Brynderwyn kuma yana gudana zuwa kudu don shiga kogin Topuni da ke fitowa a cikin Kogin Oruawharo, wanda ya zama wani ɓangare na Harbour Kaipara . 

Sunan a zahiri yana nufin "girgiza" a cikin yaren Māori .  A al'adance ana kiranta da Te Hakoru zuwa Te Tai Tokerau Māori, amma an fassara shi da Hakaru akan taswirar 1870. 

## Nassoshi
Jerin sunayen rafukan Nijar

Wannan shine **jerin [[Tafsiri|Tafsirin]] [[Neja (kogi)|kogin Neja]]** . An jera su a ƙasa, a daidai lokacin da suke haɗuwa cikin Nijar.

## Benin.
Alibori River

## Burkina Faso
Sirba River

## Guinea

* Tinkisso River
* Milo River
* Niandan River

## Mali
Sankarani River

Bani River

## Niger
Mekrou River

## Nigeria
Sokoto River

Kaduna River

Benue River

Forcados River

Nun River

## Manazarta
Kogin Hapuawai

**Kogin Hapuawai** ɗan gajeren kogi ne dake Arewa gunduma Mai Nisa wanda yake yankin  New Zealand . Ya haɗu da Kogin Takou jim kaɗan kafin bakinsa a Takou Bay a Kudancin Tekun Pacific . 

## Nassoshi
Kogin Haumi

**Kogin Haumi kogi** Ne dake Arewa kasar yankin New Zealand . Yana gudana zuwa cikin Bay of Islands kai tsaye kudu da Paihia . 

## Magana
Kogin Hikurangi

**Kogin Hikurangi** kogine dake Northland, wanda yake yankin New Zealand. Tsawon kogin da ke jujjuyawa, ana iya la'akari da shi fadada kogin Kaikou, wanda aka kafa shi daga mashigin wannan kogin da rafin Moengawahine . Hikurangi ya bi ta kudu ya wuce matsugunin Pipiwai na tsawon kilomita da yawa kafin ya kwarara cikin kogin Mangakahia,  yammacin Whangarei .
## Nassoshi
Kogin Utakura

**Kogin Utakura** kogi ne dake Arewa na Tsibirin Arewa wanda yake yankin New Zealand . Yana gudana zuwa yamma daga tushensa arewa maso yamma na Kaikohe, ya isa kogin Waihou a inda ya fadada ya zama hannun tashar Hokianga .

Dogayen da gajere, narke, inanga, torrentfish da redfin bully suna zaune a cikin kogin.  Ana kimanta kogin a matsayin gaskiya, a cikin ma'auni tsakanin masu kyau da matalauta,  yayin da yake fama da turbidity da e-coli da gurɓataccen phosphorus . 

## Nassoshi
Kogin Victoria (New Zealand)

**Kogin Victoria** kogi ne dake Arewa kasa naTsibirin Arewa wanda yake yankin New Zealand . Yana gudana gabaɗaya arewa maso yamma daga Ragin Maungataniwha, ya isa kogin Awanui zuwa gabas da Kaitaia .

## Nassoshi
Kogin Ngunguru

**Kogin Ngunguru** kogine dake Arewa kasa na Tsibirin Arewa wanda yake yankin New Zealand. Da farko yana kwararowa kudu maso yamma kafin ya juya gabas ya kwararo zuwa cikin wani dogo mai fadi wanda ya shiga cikin Ngunguru Bay zuwa arewa maso yamma na Whangarei . Garin Ngunguru yana zaune a bakin gabar arewa a bakinsa.

## Nassoshi
Kogin Arewa (New Zealand)

Kogin **Arewa rafi** ne dake Arewa kasa na, New Zealand. Rafin yana gudana ta kogon dutsen farar ƙasa kafin ya shiga kogin Pohuenui, wanda kuma ya ratsa cikin kogin Waipu kafin wannan ya fito cikin Bream Bay kusa da Waipu . Kogin kuma ya ba da kansa don zama a kan kogin.

## Manazarta