Tarihin bautar da bayi a duniyar Musulmi

**Tarihin bautar da bayi a duniyar musulmi** ya kasance a tsawon tarihin Musulunci tare da bayi masu hidima a wurare daban-daban na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, tun daga sarakuna masu karfi har zuwa ga ma'aikatan hannu da suka sha wahala. and concubines.  An tilasta wa bayi yin aikin ban ruwa, hakar ma'adinai, da kiwon dabbobi, amma galibi a matsayin sojoji, masu gadi, ma'aikatan gida,  da ƙwaraƙwarai.  Amfani da bayi don aiki mai wuyar gaske tun farko a tarihin musulmi ya haifar da boren barna da yawa,  wanda ya fi shahara shine Tawayen Zanj na shekarar 869-883. Masu mulki da yawa kuma sun yi amfani da bayi a aikin soja da mulki ta yadda bayi za su iya kwace mulki, kamar yadda Mamluk suka yi.

Yawancin bayi an shigo da su ne daga wajen ƙasashen musulmi.  Bauta a shari'ar Musulunci tana da tushe na addini ba na ƙabilu ba, ko da yake ba koyaushe haka lamarin yake ba.  Kasuwancin bayi na Larabawa ya fi aiki a Yammacin Asiya, Arewacin Afirka (cinikin bayi na Trans-Saharan), da Afirka ta Kudu maso gabas (cinikin bayi na Bahar Maliya da cinikin bayi a Tekun Indiya), kuma kiyasi mai tsauri sun sanya adadin mutanen Afirka da aka bautar a cikin ƙarni goma sha biyu kafin ƙarni na 20 a tsakanin miliyan shida zuwa miliyan goma.      Sana'ar bayin daular Usmaniyya ta samo asali ne daga hare-haren da aka kai a gabashi da tsakiyar Turai da kuma yankin Caucasus da ke da alaka da cinikin bayi na Crimea, yayin da 'yan kasuwan bayi daga gabar tekun Barbary suka kai farmaki kan gaɓar tekun Bahar Rum na Turai da kuma nesa da tsibirin Birtaniya da Iceland.

A tarihance, Gabas ta Tsakiyar Musulmi ta kasance da haɗin kai fiye ko žasa har tsawon ƙarni da yawa, don haka bautar da aka nuna a cikin cibiyar bauta a cikin Rashidun Caliphate (632-661), bauta a cikin Umayyad Caliphate (661-750), bauta a cikin Abbasid Haliphate (750-1258), bauta a cikin Masarautar Mamluk-58 (127-1258), bauta a Masarautar Sarkin Musulmi. (1517-1922), kafin a daina bauta a ƙarshe a ƙasar musulmi ɗaya bayan ɗaya a cikin ƙarni na 20.

A ƙarni na 20, hukumomi a ƙasashen musulmi sannu a hankali sun haramta bautar da kuma murkushe bauta, sakamakon matsin lamba da ƙasashen yammacin duniya irin su Birtaniya da Faransa suka yi.  An kawar da bautar da ake yi a Zanzibar a shekara ta 1909, lokacin da aka ’yantar da ƙwaraƙwaran bayi, kuma an rufe kasuwar bayi a ƙasar Maroko a shekara ta 1922. An kawar da bauta a daular Usmaniyya a shekara ta 1924 lokacin da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Turkiyya ya rusa Imperial Harem kuma ya sanya ƙwaraƙwara da eunuch na ƙarshe ya 'yantar da sabuwar jamhuriyar da aka shela.  Bautar da ake yi a Iran da bautar da ake yi a Jordan an kawar da ita a shekara ta 1929. A cikin Gulf Persian, an fara kawar da bautar a Bahrain a cikin shekarar 1937, sannan kuma bautar a Kuwait a shekarar 1949 da bauta a Qatar a shekarar 1952, yayin da Saudi Arabia da Yemen suka soke shi a shekarar 1962,  kuma Oman ya biyo baya a shekarar 1970. Mauritania ta zama jiha ta ƙarshe da ta kawar da bauta, a shekara ta 1981. A cikin shekarar 1990 sanarwar Alkahira game da 'yancin ɗan adam a Musulunci ta bayyana cewa "babu wanda ke da ikon bautar" wani ɗan adam.  Ya zuwa shekara ta 2001, duk da haka, al'amuran bautar zamani sun ci gaba da wanzuwa a yankunan Sahel,   da wasu kungiyoyin jihadi na ta'addanci na ƙarni na 21 sun yi ƙoƙarin yin amfani da bautar tarihi a duniyar musulmi a matsayin hujja don farfaɗo da bauta a cikin ƙarni na 21st.

Masana sun yi nuni da wahalhalu daban-daban wajen nazarin wannan al’amari mai ban mamaki da ke faruwa a kan wani yanki mai girman gaske (tsakanin Afirka ta Gabas da Gabas ta Tsakiya), tsawon lokaci na tarihi (daga ƙarni na bakwai zuwa yau), wanda kuma ya sami kulawa sosai bayan kawar da cinikin bayi a tekun Atlantika.     Kalmomin “cinikin bayin larabawa” da “kasuwancin bayi na musulunci” (da sauran sharuɗɗan makamantan haka) ana amfani da su a koda yaushe wajen yin nuni da wannan lamari.

## Bautar Larabawa kafin Musulunci
Bauta ta kasance a ko'ina a cikin Larabawa kafin zuwan Musulunci,  da kuma a sauran tsoho da kuma farkon na tsakiyar duniya. Bauta a duniyar musulmi ta fara ne da cibiyoyi da aka gada daga larabawa kafin zuwan musulunci.    ’Yan tsirarun Turawa ne da Caucasus, mai yiwuwa ’yan iska ne suka shigo da su ko kuma samfurin kama Badouin, al’adar da ta taso tun zamanin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Bayin Larabawa na asali ma sun wanzu, babban misali shi ne Zayd ibn Haritha al-Kalbi, wanda Annabi Muhammadu (S) ya ɗauke shi daga baya. Bayin Larabawa, duk da haka, yawanci ana samun su a matsayin fursuna, gabaɗaya ana fansa a tsakanin ƙungiyoyin makiyaya.  An san cinikin bayi na Bahar Maliya na ’yan Afirka zuwa yankin Larabawa da ke gudana tun da farko. 

Yawan bayi ya ƙaru ta hanyar al'adar watsi da yara (duba kuma kashe jarirai) da kuma sace ko sayar da ƙananan yara.  Ko bautar bashi ko siyar da ’ya’yansu ya zama ruwan dare gama gari ana jayayya. (masanin tarihi Henri Brunschvig ya ce yana da wuya,  amma a cewar Jonathan E. Brockopp, bautar bashi ya ci gaba.  ) Masu 'yanci na iya sayar da 'ya'yansu, ko ma kansu, cikin bauta. Bauta kuma yana yiwuwa a sakamakon aikata wasu laifuka da suka saɓa wa doka, kamar a cikin Daular Roma. 

Akwai bayi guda biyu: bawa da aka saya da wanda aka haifa a gidan ubangidansu. A ƙarshe, maigidan yana da cikakkun haƙƙoƙin mallaka, kodayake waɗannan bayi da wuya maigidan ya sayar ko ya zubar da su. A wasu lokuta ana tilasta wa bayi mata yin karuwanci don amfanin iyayengijinsu, bisa bin al'adun Gabas ta Tsakiya.

## Manazarta