Alan Turing

**Alan Mathison Turing** OBE FRS (/ˈtjʊərɪŋ/; 23 ga watan Yuni 1912&nbsp;-7 ga watan Yuni 1954) masanin lissafin Ingilishi ne, masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta, logician, cryptanalyst, masanin falsafa, kuma masanin ilimin halitta.  Turing ya kasance mai tasiri sosai wajen haɓaka ilimin kimiyyar kwamfuta na ka'idar, yana ba da ƙayyadaddun ra'ayoyin algorithm da ƙididdiga tare da na'urar Turing, wanda za'a iya la'akari da samfurin kwamfuta mai mahimmanci.    An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin uban ilimin kimiyyar kwamfuta da basirar wucin gadi. 

An haife shi a Maida Vale, London, Turing ya girma a Kudancin Ingila. Ya gama karatu a King's College, Cambridge, da digiri a fannin lissafi. Duk da yake shi abokin aiki ne a Cambridge, ya buga wata hujja da ke nuna cewa wasu ilimin lissafi ne kawai-babu tambayoyi da ba za a taɓa amsa su ta hanyar ƙididdigewa ba da ayyana injin Turing, kuma ya ci gaba da tabbatar da cewa matsalar dakatar da injin Turing ba ta da tabbas. A cikin shekarar 1938, ya sami digiri na uku daga Sashen Lissafi a Jami'ar Princeton. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Turing ya yi aiki da lambar gwamnati da makarantar Cypher (GC&CS) a Bletchley Park, cibiyar codebreaking ta Biritaniya wacce ta samar da hankali sosai. Na wani lokaci ya jagoranci Hut 8, sashin da ke da alhakin cryptanalysis na sojojin ruwa na Jamus. Anan, ya ƙirƙira dabaru da yawa don saurin karya sifofin Jamusanci, gami da haɓakawa ga hanyar bam na Poland kafin yaƙin, injin lantarki wanda zai iya samun saiti don injin Enigma. Turing ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fasa sakonnin da aka katse wanda ya baiwa Allies damar kayar da ikon Axis a cikin ayyuka masu mahimmanci da yawa, ciki har da yakin Tekun Atlantika.  

Bayan yakin, Turing ya yi aiki a National Physical Laboratory, inda ya tsara Injin Kwamfuta ta atomatik (ACE), ɗaya daga cikin na farko da aka tsara don kwamfutar da aka adana. A cikin 1948, Turing ya shiga dakin gwaje-gwaje na na'ura mai kwakwalwa na Max Newman, a Jami'ar Victoria ta Manchester, inda ya taimaka wajen haɓaka kwamfutocin Manchester  kuma ya zama mai sha'awar ilimin ilimin lissafi. Ya rubuta takarda a kan tushen sinadarai na morphogenesis  kuma ya annabta halayen halayen sinadarai kamar halayen Belousov-Zhabotinsky, wanda aka fara gani a cikin 1960s. Duk da waɗannan nasarorin, Turing ba a taɓa gane shi sosai a Birtaniya ba a lokacin rayuwarsa saboda yawancin aikinsa ya rufe shi da Dokar Sirri na Jami'a. 

An tuhumi Turing a 1952 saboda ayyukan luwadi. Ya yarda da maganin hormone tare da DES, hanyar da aka fi sani da chemical castration, a matsayin madadin kurkuku. Turing ya mutu a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni 1954, kwanaki 16 kafin cikarsa shekaru 42, daga gubar cyanide. Wani bincike ya tabbatar da mutuwarsa a matsayin kashe kansa, amma an lura cewa sanannun shaidar kuma sun yi daidai da gubar bazata. Bayan wani kamfen na jama'a a 2009, Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Gordon Brown ya ba da uzuri a hukumance a madadin gwamnatin Burtaniya saboda "hanyar da aka yi wa Turing". Sarauniya Elizabeth ta II ta ba da afuwa bayan mutuwa a cikin 2013. Kalmar "Dokar Alan Turing" yanzu ana amfani da ita ba bisa ƙa'ida ba don komawa ga wata doka ta 2017 a Burtaniya wacce ta sake yin afuwa ga mazajen da aka yi musu gargaɗi ko aka yanke musu hukunci ƙarƙashin dokar tarihi da ta haramta yin luwadi. 

Turing yana da babban gado tare da mutum-mutuminsa da abubuwa da yawa masu suna bayansa, gami da lambar yabo ta shekara-shekara don sabbin ilimin kimiyyar kwamfuta. Ya bayyana a bankin Ingila na yanzu £ 50 bayanin kula, wanda aka saki a ranar 23 ga Yuni 2021, don dacewa da ranar haihuwarsa. Wani jerin shirye-shiryen BBC na 2019, kamar yadda masu sauraro suka kada kuri'a, sun ba shi sunan mafi girma a karni na 20.

## Ƙuruciya  da ilimi

### Iyali
An haifi Turing ne a Maida Vale, London, yayin da mahaifinsa, Julius Mathison Turing (1873-1947), ya kasance a kan hutu daga matsayinsa na Ma'aikatar Jama'a ta Indiya (ICS) na gwamnatin Raj ta Burtaniya a Chatrapur, sannan a Fadar Shugaban Madras kuma a halin yanzu a jihar Odisha, a Indiya.   Mahaifin Turing shi ne ɗan wani limamin coci, Rev.&nbsp;John Robert Turing, daga dangin 'yan kasuwa na Scotland waɗanda suka kasance a cikin Netherlands kuma sun haɗa da baronet. Mahaifiyar Turing, matar Julius, ita ce Ethel Sara Turing (née Stoney; 1881–1976), 'yar Edward Waller Stoney, babban injiniyan Madras Railways. Stoneys sun kasance  dangin Furotesta na Anglo-Irish daga duka County Tipperary da County Longford, yayin da Ethel da kanta ta kwashe yawancin yarinta a County Clare.  Julius da Ethel sun yi aure a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba 1907 a cocin Batholomew da ke titin Clyde, a Dublin. 

Ayyukan Julius tare da ICS ya kawo iyali zuwa Birtaniya Indiya, inda kakansa ya kasance janar a cikin sojojin Bengal. Duk da haka, duka Julius da Ethel sun so a yi renon yaransu a Biritaniya, don haka suka ƙaura zuwa Maida Vale,  London, inda aka haifi Alan Turing a ranar 23 ga watan Yuni 1912, kamar yadda wani zane mai shuɗi ya rubuta a wajen gidan. na haihuwarsa,   daga baya Hotel Colonnade.   Turing yana da ɗan'uwa dattijo, John (mahaifin Sir John Dermot Turing, 12th Baronet na Turing baronets). 

Hukumar hidimar farar hula ta mahaifin Turing tana aiki kuma a lokacin ƙuruciyar Turing, iyayensa sun yi tafiya tsakanin Hastings a Burtaniya  da Indiya, suna barin 'ya'yansu maza biyu su zauna tare da ma'auratan Sojoji da suka yi ritaya. A Hastings, Turing ya zauna a Baston Lodge, Dutsen Maze Hill, St Leonards-on-Sea, yanzu an yi masa alama da alamar shuɗi.  An buɗe plaque ɗin a ranar 23 ga watan Yuni 2012, shekaru ɗari na haihuwar Turing. 
A farkon rayuwarsa, Turing ya nuna alamun hazaka wanda daga baya zai nuna sosai.  Iyayensa sun sayi gida a Guildford a cikin 1927, kuma Turing ya zauna a wurin lokacin hutun makaranta. Ana kuma yiwa wurin alama da shuɗin plaque.   

## Manazarta