Harold Wolpe

**Harold Wolpe** (14 Janairu 1926 - 19 Janairu 1996) lauya ɗan Afirka ta Kudu ne, masanin zamantakewa, masanin tattalin arziki kuma ɗan gwagwarmayar yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata. An kama shi kuma aka saka shi a kurkuku a shekara ta 1963 amma ya tsere ya kwashe shekaru 30 yana gudun hijira a Burtaniya. Ya kasance babban malami a fannin ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Essex tsakanin shekarun 1972 zuwa 1991 lokacin da ya koma Afirka ta Kudu tare da matarsa don jagorantar sashin manufofin ilimi a Jami'ar Western Cape a Cape Town. Mulkin farar fata ya ƙare bayan shekaru uku. Ya rasu ne sakamakon bugun zuciya kwatsam a shekarar 1996.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Harold Wolpe a cikin shekarar 1926 a Johannesburg zuwa dangin Lithuanian-Yahudawa. Ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Witwatersrand tare da BA a fannin ilimin zamantakewa da LLB. Ya auri AnnMarie Kantor a shekarar 1955 kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya uku - Peta, Tessa da Nicholas. Ya kasance babban memba na gwagwarmaya yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata kuma abokin Joe Slovo da Nelson Mandela. Ayyukansa na shari'a suna da alaƙa da gwagwarmayar Afirka ta Kudu har zuwa lokacin da aka kama shi a shekarar 1963 - yawancin abin ya shafi fursunonin siyasa. Ya kasance muhimmin memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Afirka ta Kudu ba bisa ka'ida ba (SACP) kuma yana da hannu tare da ANC (wanda aka dakatar da shi bayan Kisan Sharpeville a shekarar 1960). An kama shi kuma aka ɗaure shi a shekara ta 1963 amma ya tsere ya yi gudun hijira a Ingila tsawon shekaru 30. Ya kasance babban malami a fannin ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Essex tsakanin shekarun 1972 zuwa 1991, kuma Shugaban Sashen tsakanin shekarun 1983-1986. Ya koma Afirka ta Kudu tare da matarsa a cikin shekarar 1991 don jagorantar sashin manufofin ilimi a Jami'ar Western Cape a Cape Town. Mulkin farar fata ya ƙare bayan shekaru uku. Ya rasu ne sakamakon bugun zuciya kwatsam a shekarar 1996. Matarsa ta rubuta tarihin rayuwarta a duk lokacin gwagwarmaya - *The Long Way Home*  (1994).

## Aiki da siyasa
An fi sanin Wolpe da ka'idar cewa aiki mai arha a Afirka ta Kudu ya sami ci gaba ta hanyar fayyace tsarin jari-hujja tare da tattalin arzikin rayuwa a yankunan karkara. Ana iya biyan ma'aikata a ƙasa da farashin haifuwa na zamantakewa saboda ana biyan kuɗin haifuwa na zamantakewa a cikin daidaitaccen tattalin arzikin rayuwa. An kiyaye nuna wariyar launin fata da sauran gwamnatocin nuna wariyar launin fata don hana samar da tsayayyen proletariat na birni da kuma tabbatar da ci gaba da kashe kuɗin aikin haifuwa, saboda ana iya fitar da waɗanda ba su iya yin aiki zuwa Bantustans, kuma ma'aikata ba su haifar da tsayayyen iyalai a cikin biranen ba. An yi amfani da wannan ka'idar don bayyana ƙananan albashi a faɗin duniya ta Kudu, ciki har da a cikin ka'idar Gayatri Spivak na faɗaɗa nau'i na darajar. A cikin gwajin aikin nasa bayan mutuwa, Dan O'Meara yayi sharhi:

: "Yana da bayanin cewa Harold's Capitalism da Cheap Labour-Power labarin shine watakila mafi tasiri da kuma yada ka'idodin ka'idojin da aka rubuta a Afirka ta Kudu. Kowane ɗalibi na ilimin zamantakewa da siyasa da ke aiki a Afirka ta Kudu, an buƙaci ya karanta wannan labarin, kamar yadda fiye da 'yan tarihi na tarihi. Kowane mai sukar Neo-marxists na Afirka ta Kudu ya wajaba a fara wannan labarin a kan SACP. Mutuwar Harold, labarin ya ƙaddamar da wani sabon tsarin nazari akan Afirka ta Kudu amma ya yi fiye da haka ya faɗakar da sabuwar "makarantar" na "bita" na Afirka ta Kudu zuwa cikakkiyar 

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa
* "The Problem of the Development of Revolutionary Consciousness". *[[Telos (journal)|Telos]]*. 4 (Fall 1969). New York: Telos Press.
* 1970. "Industrialism and Race in South Africa", in S. Zubaida (ed.), *Race and Racialism*. London: Tavistock. 
* 1971. "Class, race and the occupational structure", in S. Marks (eds.), *The Societies of Southern Africa in the 19th and 20th Centuries*, Vol. 2. London: Institute of Commonwealth Studies, London University.
* 1972. "Capitalism and cheap labour-power in South Africa: From segregation to apartheid", *Economy & Society*, Vol. 1, no. 4.
* 1973. "Pluralism, Forced Labour and Internal Colonialism in South Africa". Paper to the Conference on the South African Economy and the Future of Apartheid. Centre of Southern African Studies, University of York, 30 March to 1 April.
* 1975a. "The Theory of Internal Colonialism: The South African Case", in I. Oxhaal et al., *Beyond the Sociology of Development*. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975.
* 1975b. "Draft Notes on: (a) Articulation of Modes of Production and the Value of Labour-Power; (b) Periodisation and the State", seminar paper, University of Sussex.
* 1976a. "The White Working Class in South Africa: Some theoretical problems", *Economy & Society*, Vol. 5, no. 2.
* 1976b. "The Changing Class Structure of South Africa: The African Petit-Bourgeoisie", mimeo.
* 1978. "A Comment on the Poverty of Neo-Marxism", *Journal of Southern African Studies*, Vol. 4., no. 2
* 1980a. "Introduction", H. Wolpe (ed.), *The Articulation of Modes of Production*. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,
* 1980b. "Towards an Analysis of the South African State", *International Journal of the Sociology of Law*, vol. 8, no. 4.
* 1987. Class, Race and the Apartheid State. Paris: UNESCO.Capitalism and Cheap Labour-Power in South Africa: From Segregation to Apartheid

## Manazarta