John Draper

**John Thomas Draper** (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Maris, Shekara ta 1943), wanda aka fi sani da **Kyaftin Crunch, Crunch،** ko **Crunchman** (a madadin kayan abincin safiya mai suna Cap'n Crunch da kayan wasa na roba na kyauta Cap'n crunch bo'sun da ake amfani da shi don bibiyar kiran waya), masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta ne dan Amurka kuma tsohon masanin wayar hannu. Shi sanannen mutum ne a duniyar shirye-shiryen kwamfuta da kuma masu satar bayanai ta kwamfuta da tsaro, kuma mafi akasari yana rayuwa irin ta makiyaya.[1]

## Kuruciya
Draper ya kasance ɗa ne ga injiniyan Sojojin Sama na Amurka. Yayinda yake yaro, ya gina tashar rediyo ta gida daga kayan aikin soja da aka watsar. An zalunta shi akai-akai a makaranta kuma ya sami magani na hankali a takaice.

Bayan ya dauki darussan kwaleji, Draper ya shiga cikin Sojojin Sama na Amurka a shekarar 1964. Yayinda yake aiki a Alaska, ya taimaka wa abokan aikinsa su yi kiran waya kyauta zuwa gida ta hanyar tsara damar yin amfani da allon wayar tarho na gida. A shekara ta 1967, yayin da yake aiki a Charleston Air Force Station a Maine, ya kirkiro WKOS (W-"chaos"), tashar rediyo ta fashi a kusa da Dover-Foxcroft, amma ya rufe shi bayan tashar rediyon da aka ba da lasisi, WDME, ta ki amincewa.

An sallami Draper daga rundunar sojin sama a matsayin Airman First Class a shekarar 1968.  Ya koma Silicon Valley kuma ya yi aiki a takaice ga National Semiconductor a matsayin masanin injiniya da kuma Hugle International, inda ya yi aiki akan zane-zane na farko don tarho mara igiya. Ya kuma halarci Kwalejin De Anza a wani lokaci na ɗan lokaci har zuwa shekara ta 1972.

A wannan lokacin, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin injiniya kuma dan wasan disc na KKUP a Cupertino, California  kuma ya karɓi salon al'adu na da ta hanyar sanya dogon gashi da shan wiwi. 

## Ayyuka

### Rashin ruwa

Yayinda yake gwada mai watsa rediyo na fashi da ya gina, Draper ya watsa lambar tarho ga masu sauraro da ke neman ra'ayoyi don auna karɓar tashar. Kira daga abokin aikin rediyo mai suna Denny Teresi  ya haifar da taron da ya jagoranci Draper cikin duniyar "phreaks na waya", mutanen da ke karatu da gwaji tare da hanyoyin sadarwar tarho, kuma wani lokacin suna amfani da wannan ilimin don yin kira kyauta. Teresi da wasu phreaks na waya sun makance. Koyon ilimin Draper game da ƙirar lantarki, sun tambaye shi ya gina janareta mai sautin multifrequency, wanda aka sani da akwati mai launin shudi, na'urar don fitar da sautunan sauti da aka yi amfani da ita don sarrafa hanyar sadarwar waya. Kungiyar a baya ta yi amfani da kwayar halitta da rikodin sauti don yin kira kyauta. Daga cikin phreaks na waya, wani yaro makaho wanda ya ɗauki sunan Joybubbles yana da cikakkiyar farar kuma ya sami damar gano mitoci daidai.

Draper ya koyi cewa ƙaho na kayan AT&T-linkid="92" href="./Boatswain's_call" id="mwTw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Boatswain's call">busa da aka kunshe a cikin akwatunan hatsi na Cap'n Crunch ya fitar da sautin a daidai 2600 hertz - wannan mitar da AT & T dogon layi ya yi amfani da ita don nuna cewa ana samun layin akwati don ba da sabon kira. Sautin ya cire ƙarshen ɗaya na akwati yayin da gefen da aka haɗa ya shiga yanayin mai aiki. Rashin lafiyar da suka yi amfani da shi an iyakance shi ne ga sauye-sauyen kira wanda ya dogara da siginar cikin-band. Bayan 1980 da gabatarwar Signalling System No. 7 mafi yawan layin waya na Amurka sun dogara kusan kawai akan siginar waje. Wannan canjin ya sa waƙoƙin wasa da akwatunan shuɗi ba su da amfani don dalilai na phreaking. Ana ɗaukar ƙaho a matsayin abin tunawa na zamanin da ya gabata, kuma mujallar 2600: An sanya sunan Hacker Quarterly bayan mitar sauti.

#### Bayanan da aka yi ta Esquire''Tsayawa''
A cikin 1971, ɗan jarida Ron Rosenbaum ya rubuta game da yin amfani da wayar Esquire. Labarin ya dogara sosai da tambayoyin da aka yi da Draper kuma ya ba shi wani matsayi na shahararren tsakanin mutanen da ke sha'awar al'adun gargajiya. Lokacin da Rosenbaum ya fara tuntuɓar shi game da labarin, Draper ya kasance mai rikitarwa game da yin hira, amma kuma, a cikin wannan numfashi, ya bayyana halin da yake da shi:
 
Shahararren labarin ya haifar da kama Draper a shekarar 1972 kan zargin zamba, da kuma hukuncin kisa na shekaru biyar. Koyaya, ya kuma ja hankalin Jami'ar California, ɗaliban injiniya na Berkeley kuma mai haɗin gwiwar Apple na gaba Steve Wozniak, wanda ya sami Draper yayin aiki a matsayin injiniya a gidan rediyo na KKUP .  Wozniak da Draper sun hadu don kwatanta dabarun gina akwatunan shuɗi. Har ila yau, abokin Wozniak Steve Jobs ne. Wozniak da Jobs daga baya sun kafa karamin kasuwanci da ke sayar da akwatunan shuɗi.

### Mai haɓaka kayan aiki da software

#### Kwamfuta ta Apple
A shekara ta 1977, Draper ya yi aiki ga Apple a matsayin dan kwangila mai zaman kansa,  kuma Wozniak ya ba shi izinin haɓaka na'urar da za ta iya haɗa kwamfutar Apple II zuwa layin waya. Wozniak ya ce ya yi tunanin kwamfutoci zasu iya aiki kamar na'urar amsawa, kuma ba a samu modems a ko'ina ba. Draper ya tsara na'urar dubawa da ake kira "Charlie Board", wanda aka tsara don kiran Lambobin tarho kyauta da kamfanoni da yawa ke amfani da su da kuma fitar da sautin taɓawa wanda zai ba da damar yin amfani da layin WATS da waɗannan kamfanonin ke amfani da shi. A ka'idar, wannan zai ba da damar kiran waya mara iyaka da kyauta mai nisa. "Wannan kwamiti ne mai ban mamaki. Amma babu wanda ke son Crunch. Ni kaɗai. Ba za su bari na'urarsa ta zama samfurin ba", in ji Wozniak game da lamarin. Wasu daga cikin dabarun sa daga baya za a yi amfani da su a cikin menus na kira, saƙon murya, da sauran ayyuka.

#### Mai Sauƙaƙe
A cikin 1976 da 1978, Draper ya yi wa kurkuku hukuncin sau biyu saboda zamba ta waya. Yayinda yake kan shirin fitar da aiki a lokacin lokaci na uku na ɗaurin kurkuku a 1979, Draper ya rubuta EasyWriter, mai sarrafa kalma na farko don Apple II. Draper daga baya ya canza EasyWriter zuwa IBM_PC" id="mwhw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="IBM PC">IBM PC, kuma IBM ta zaba shi a matsayin mai sarrafa kalmomi na na'ura, yana doke takaddun gasa daga Microsoft. Draper ya kafa kamfanin software da ake kira Capn 'Software, amma ya yi rajistar kasa da dala miliyan 1 a cikin kudaden shiga a cikin shekaru shida. Mai rarrabawa Bill Baker ya kuma hayar wasu masu shirye-shirye don ƙirƙirar shirin biyo baya, Easywriter II, ba tare da sanin Draper ba. Draper ya kai karar kuma daga baya aka warware lamarin a waje da kotu.

#### Autodesk da sauran kamfanoni
Draper ya shiga Autodesk a shekarar 1986, yana tsara software na direba na bidiyo a cikin rawar da co-kafa John Walker ya ba shi kai tsaye. A shekara ta 1987, an tuhumi Draper a cikin wani makirci don ƙirƙirar tikiti don tsarin Bay Area Rapid Transit.  Ya yi ikirarin aikata laifuka a shekarar 1988 kuma ya shiga shirin karkatarwa. Yayinda yake fuskantar gurfanar da shi, ya kasance a kan lissafin albashi na Autodesk amma bai yi aiki ga kamfanin ba har sai an kore shi a shekara mai zuwa.

Daga 1999 zuwa 2004, Draper ya kasance Babban Jami'in Fasaha (CTO) na ShopIP,  kamfanin tsaro na kwamfuta wanda ya tsara The Crunchbox GE, na'urar firewall da ke gudana OpenBSD. Duk da amincewa daga Wozniak, da tallace-tallace daga bayanan kafofin watsa labarai, samfurin ya kasa cimma nasarar kasuwanci.

A cikin shekara ta 2007, an nada Draper Babban Jami'in Fasaha (CTO) a En2go, kamfanin software wanda ya haɓaka kayan aikin isar da kafofin watsa labarai. Kamfanin a baya an sanya masa suna Medusa Style Corp. Ba a san lokacin da Draper ya shiga cikin kamfanin ba; duk da haka, takardun da aka yi tare da Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar Amurka sun rubuta murabus din da dama daga cikin jami'anta, gami da Wozniak, a lokacin rani na 2009. En2Go bai taba samun nasarar kasuwanci ba.

### Zarge-zargen halayyar da ba ta dace ba
A cikin 2017, masu shirya akalla tarurruka huɗu da suka shafi tsaro (ciki har da DEF CON, HOPE, da ToorCon) sun ce sun haramta Draper daga halarta bayan zarge-zargen da aka yi masa game da kulawar jima'i da ba a so ga sauran masu halarta. An bayar da rahoton zarge-zargen a cikin labaran biyu ta BuzzFeed News . 

Ƙarin zarge-zarge a kan Draper ya fito ne a cikin rahoton da The Parallax ya bayar. A cikin labarin, farfesa a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta na Jami'ar Pennsylvania Matt Blaze ya tabbatar da cewa Draper ya sanya shi cikin kamfen ɗin tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin shekarun 1970s lokacin da yake matashi kuma lokacin da Draper zai kasance cikin shekaru talatin. Bugu da ƙari, ɗan jarida Phil Lapsley ya yi zargin cewa Draper ya yarda da wata hira don musayar tafiya ta alade.

Bayan rahotanni game da zarge-zargen, Draper ya ce yana da cutar Asperger, wanda ya ce zai iya taimakawa ga halinsa. Ya musanta wasu zarge-zargen a wata hira da The Daily Dot kuma bai amsa wasu ba. Ya musanta duk wani niyyar jima'i kuma a maimakon haka ya bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin " motsa jiki na makamashi" ta amfani da dabarun amfani da kinesiology, wani nau'i na madadin magani wanda ya yi iƙirarin zama mai ba da shawara. Draper ya yarda cewa a wasu lokuta yana iya fuskantar tsayi a lokacin gamuwa, wanda ake zargin ya haɗa da tausa da tsokoki na kafa da hannu da kuma squats da pushups yayin da yake ɗauke da nauyin jikin Draper.

## A cikin al'adun gargajiya
A cikin al'amuran da ke nuna hulɗarsa da Wozniak da Jobs, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Wayne Péré ne ya nuna Draper a cikin fim din 1999 da aka yi don talabijin Pirates of Silicon Valley . 

An kuma ambaci Draper a cikin waka "Phone Phreaking" ta Neil Hilborn, a cikin tarin sa 'Our Numbered Days'. 

## Bayanan da aka ambata