Kusurwar Afar

**Triangle na Afar** (wanda kuma ake kira **da ɓacin rai** ) wani yanayi ne na ɓacin rai wanda ya haifar da junction na Afar sau uku, wanda wani yanki ne na Babban Rift Valley a Gabashin Afirka . Yankin ya bayyana burbushin halittu na farkon hominins ; ma'ana, farkon suturar ɗan adam, kuma wasu masana burbushin halittu suna tunanin cewa shi ne jigon juyin halittar ɗan adam. Tashin hankali ya mamaye kan iyakokin Eritrea da Djibouti da kuma yankin Afar na kasar Habasha ; kuma yana dauke da mafi ƙasƙanci a Afirka, Lake Assal, Djibouti, a  kasa matakin teku.

Kogin Awash shine babban ruwa a cikin yankin, amma yana bushewa a lokacin rani na shekara-shekara, kuma ya ƙare a matsayin sarkar tabkuna masu gishiri. Yankin arewacin Afar Depression kuma an san shi da Danakil Depression . Yankunan da ke ƙasa suna shafar zafi, fari, da ƙananan iska, kuma suna ƙunshe da wurare masu zafi (zafin shekara-shekara) na ko'ina a Duniya.

Triangle na Afar yana da iyaka kamar haka (duba taswirar taswirar): a yammacin da Filayen Habasha da tsaunuka; zuwa arewa maso gabas (tsakanin shi da Bahar Maliya) da toshe Danakil; zuwa kudu da Dutsen Somaliya da tsaunukan; kuma zuwa kudu maso gabas da toshe Ali-Sabieh (kusa da Dutsen Somali). 

Akwai wurare masu muhimmanci na burbushin halittu a yankin Afar, gami da yankin Awash na Tsakiya da shafukan Hadari, Dikika, da Woranso-Mille. Wadannan shafuka sun samar da samfurori na farko (fossil) hominins da na al'adun kayan aikin mutum, da kuma burbushin halittu da yawa na flora da fauna daban-daban.

## Muhalli

Dallol a cikin Danakil Depression yana ɗaya daga cikin wurare masu zafi a duk shekara a ko'ina a Duniya. Babu ruwan sama ga mafi yawan shekara; matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya kasance daga 100 zuwa 200  in), tare da ma karancin ruwan sama da ke fadowa kusa da bakin teku. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi na yau da kullun a Dallol ya kasance daga  ° C (86 ° F) a watan Janairu zuwa  ° C (102 ° F) A watan Yuli a cikin shekaru shida na lura daga 1960 zuwa 1966.

Kogin Awash, wanda ke gudana zuwa arewa maso gabas ta kudancin yankin Afar, yana samar da ƙuƙƙarfan bel mai launin kore wanda ke ba da damar rayuwa ga flora da namun daji a yankin da kuma ga Afars, mutanen da ke zaune a cikin hamadar Danakil . Kimanin  daga Bahar Maliya Awash yana ƙarewa a cikin jerin tafkunan gishiri, inda ruwansa ke ƙafe da sauri kamar yadda aka kawo shi. Wasu    na Bacin ran Afar yana cike da ajiyar gishiri, kuma gishirin hakar ma'adinai shine babban tushen samun kudin shiga ga yawancin kungiyoyin Afar.

An bayyana yanayin da ake kira Afar Depression a matsayin hamada. Shuke-shuke galibi ana iyakance su ne ga Tsire-tsire masu tsayayya da fari kamar ƙananan bishiyoyi (misali nau'in itacen dragon), shrubs, da ciyawa. Dabbobin daji sun haɗa da Masu cin ganyayyaki da yawa kamar su Grévy's zebra, Soemmerring's gazelle, beisa kuma, musamman, yawan mutanen da ke rayuwa na ƙarshe na jaki na Afirka (*Equus africanus somalicus*).

Tsuntsaye sun haɗa da Tsuntsu, Archer's lark, sakatare tsuntsaye, Arabian da Kori bustards, Abyssinian roller, da kuma crested francolin. A kudancin filin yana da wurin ajiyar namun daji na Mille-Serdo .

Triangle na Afar shine tushen asalin hominins na farko. Ya ƙunshi gundumar paleo-archaeological wanda ya haɗa da yankin Awash na Tsakiya da kuma shafuka masu yawa na burbushin burbushin halittu, gami da: hominids da yiwuwar hominins, Ardi, ko *Ardipithecus ramidus*, da *Ardipithecus kadabba*, duba ƙasa; Gawis cranium hominin daga Gona; shafuka da yawa na kayan aikin dutse mafi tsufa a duniya; Hadari, shafin Lucy, burbushin *Australopithecus afarensis*; da Dikika, shafin na jaririn burbushin Selam,

A shekara ta 1994, kusa da Kogin Awash a Habasha, Tim D. White ya sami kakannin ɗan adam mafi tsufa a lokacin: Ar mai shekaru miliyan 4.4. *Ar. ramidus*. Wani burbushin kusan cikakkiyar kwarangwal na mace wanda ya kira "Ardi", ya ɗauki kusan shekaru 15 don tonowa, adanawa, da kuma bayyana samfurin da kuma shirya bugawa na taron.

## Ilimin ƙasa

Rashin jituwa na Afar shine mahaɗar maɓalli uku (maɓallin maɓallin Afar sau uku), inda yaduwar tsaunuka na Bahar Maliya da Tekun Aden suka haɗu da Rift na Gabashin Afirka. Wadannan rassan suna haifar da motsi zuwa arewa maso gabas na Farantin Larabawa (kimanin 20 mm / shekara ) da kuma saurin motsi zuwa gabas na Farantin Somaliya (kimani 5 mm / shekara ) dangi da Farantin Nubian (Afirka) .

A karamin sikelin, tectonics na Afar Depression ya fi rikitarwa. Wani microplate mai zaman kansa, Danakil (ko Arrata) microplate, yana ɗauke da wani abu na nahiyar (kusa na Danakil) tsakanin Afar da Bahar Maliya kuma yana juyawa a gefen saurin yaduwar Afar Rift zuwa arewa da yaduwar Bahar Maliya zuwa kudu.

Tarihin ilimin ƙasa na baya-bayan nan na Afar Depression ya fara ne kimanin shekaru miliyan 33 da suka gabata, kafin wani rikici, tare da fashewar Ambaliyar Habasha Basalts wanda ya rufe manyan sassa na Habasha da Yemen tare da daruruwan zuwa dubban mita na dutsen dutse. Wadannan fashewar sun samo asali ne daga wani zafi mai tasowa wanda ya shafi gashin nahiyar kuma ya samar da adadi mai yawa na Magma. Wannan tasirin rigar ya haifar da babban yanayin yankin,   tasirin da har yanzu ake gani a yau. 

Wannan aikin dutsen wuta ya raunana ɓawon burodi kuma ya ba da damar fara rabuwa tsakanin farantin Larabawa da farantin Nubian. Rashin Gulf of Aden ya yadu zuwa yamma kuma ya fara ne a yankin Afar kimanin shekaru miliyan 28 da suka gabata, a lokaci guda kamar yadda yake a kudancin Bahar Maliya. Tsakanin 13 da 8 Ma, babban sake tsara yankin ya faru. Danakil microplate ya fara juyawa, wanda ya haifar da rabuwa da aikin tectonic a kudancin Bahar Maliya, da yaduwar rift din Afar a cikin Danakil Depression (watau arewacin yankin Afar Triangle).  A lokaci guda, Babban Rift na Habasha (bangaren arewacin Gabashin Afirka) ya fara samuwa kuma Afar Depression ya zama mahaukaci uku. Wannan motsi a wurare daban-daban guda uku ta manyan faranti uku sun haifar da tsawo da raguwar ɓawon burodi, suna bayanin yanayin gaba ɗaya na Mawuyacin Afar. 

A lokacin fadadawa, dutsen wuta ya kasance mai mahimmanci a cikin Mawuyacin hali, tare da kilomita na duwatsun dutsen wuta da basalts suka mamaye a tsakiyar Afar   . An kara duwatsu masu yawa a cikin ɓawon burodi, a farfajiyar yayin da laka ke gudana, amma kuma a cikin ɓangarorin a matsayin intrusions kuma a ƙarƙashin ɓawon burodin a matsayin kayan da aka rufe, cewa bai yi taushi kamar yadda ake tsammani ba    . Wannan sabon abu ana kiransa raguwar magma-compensated  kuma yana iya bayyana dalilin da ya sa tsakiyar Afar shine kawai ɓangaren Gulf of Aden - tsarin Bahar Maliya wanda ba ya nuna alamar teku na yau da kullun.   Saboda wannan babban aikin dutsen wuta, wasu masu bincike sun ba da shawarar cewa wannan yankin bazai taɓa samar da teku ta al'ada ba, amma a maimakon haka ya samar da Filin teku, mai kama da Iceland. 

Ayyukan Dutsen wuta da tectonic har yanzu suna da ƙarfi sosai a cikin Mawuyacin hali. A yankuna daban-daban na Afar, fadadawar ta dace da lalacewa ko intrusions na magmatic   . Kuskuren sun samar da tsarin rikitarwa na horst da graben     da sauƙin lura akan orthophotos godiya ga yanayin da ba a sani ba. Magmatic intrusions ya shiga cikin ɓawon burodi kamar yadda dikes wanda kuma zai iya fashewa a farfajiya    . Dukkanin matakai suna haifar da muhimman girgizar ƙasa da suka kai girman 6  kuma suna da mummunar sakamako ga jama'ar yankin. A shekara ta 2005, wani muhimmin rikici na magmatic da tectonic a Dabbahu ya haifar da tsawon mita 8 tare da ɓangaren rift na kilomita 60 da kuma shiga cikin 2.5 km3 na lava a cikin makonni biyu kawai   . Lissafi don tsawo na kimanin. 20 mm / shekara a yankin, 8 m na tsawo ya dace da sakin shekaru 400 na tarawar damuwa a cikin ɓawon burodi. 

A arewacin yankin Afar Depression, wanda ake kira Danakil Depression, aikin dutsen wuta bai yi tsanani ba har sai kusan. 0.6 Na da suka gabata. Wannan ya ba da damar ɓawon burodi ya yi taushi fiye da tsakiyar yankin Afar da kuma yanayin ƙasa don isa tsaunuka a ƙasa da matakin teku. Wannan ya ba da damar Bahar Maliya ta mamaye Danakil Depression a lokacin akalla lokutan hudu na matakin teku a cikin Pleistocene. Ambaliyar ruwa ta ƙarshe ta faru kusan. Shekaru 130'000 da suka gabata. Wadannan ambaliyar ana tabbatar da su ta hanyar burbushin coral reefs   da kuma kauri (> 500 m) evaporites deposits (musamman halite, watau gishiri) da aka samu a tsakiyar ɓangaren kwandon.  

Masana ilimin ƙasa sun yi hasashen cewa a cikin kimanin shekaru miliyan 10 duk tsawon kilomita 6,000 kilometres (3,700 mi) (3,700 na Rift na Gabashin Afirka za a nutse, samar da sabon tafkin teku mai girma kamar Bahar Maliya ta yau, kuma ya raba Farantin Somaliya da Horn na Afirka daga sauran nahiyar.

## Manazarta