open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Dutsen Dutsen

**Volcanic Ridge** wani tudu ne  wanda ke cikin tsaunin Saliyo Nevada a gundumar Madera ta arewacin California, Amurka.  Yana cikin jejin Ansel Adams a ƙasar dajin Inyo National Forest . An saita shi a cikin Ritter Range,  kudu maso gabas na Dutsen Ritter, kuma kusan  yamma da al'ummar Tafkunan Mammoth . Minarets suna da nisan mil ɗaya zuwa yamma kuma Aljannu Postpile National Monument yana da mil biyar zuwa kudu maso gabas. Taimakon yanayi yana da mahimmanci yayin da bangaren yamma ya tashi sama da  sama da tafkin Iceberg a cikin kusan mil ɗaya.

## Tarihi
Wataƙila an yi amfani da wannan ma'anar toponym a lokacin binciken 1898-99 ta USGS,  kuma Hukumar Amurka akan Sunayen Geographic ta karɓe ta a hukumance. 

An rubuta hawan farko na taron a ranar 13 ga Agusta, 1933, ta Craig Barbash da Howard Gates. 

Ma'adinan Minaret ya kasance a gefen kudu na rafin. Ana haƙa gubar a wurin, amma wurin da yake nesa ya sa haƙar ma'adinai ba ta da fa'ida, kuma ma'adinan ya daina aiki a farkon shekarun 1930. 

Volcanic Ridge shine wurin da hatsarin jirgin saman Steve Fossett ya yi muni a 2007. 

## Yanayi
Bisa ga tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, Dutsen Volcanic Ridge yana cikin yankin yanayi mai tsayi .  Mafi yawan yanayin yanayi sun samo asali ne daga Tekun Pasifik, kuma suna tafiya gabas zuwa tsaunukan Saliyo. Yayin da gabas ta gabatowa, kololuwar kololuwa na tilasta su zuwa sama ( orographic lift ), yana sa su sauke danshinsu a cikin nau'in ruwan sama ko dusar ƙanƙara a kan kewayon. Ruwan hazo daga wannan tsarin ƙasa yana magudawa zuwa Kogin Fork na Tsakiyar San Joaquin .

## Gallery

Fayil:Minarets_past_lupines_from_High_Trail.jpg|alt=Northeast aspect, with the Minarets in upper right corner.| Ta fuskar arewa maso gabas, tare da Minarets a kusurwar dama ta sama.
Fayil:Sunset_from_Minaret_Vista_near_Mammoth_Mountain.jpg|alt=Volcanic Ridge centered, with Ritter Range behind it.| Volcanic Ridge a tsakiya, tare da Ritter Range a bayansa.
Fayil:Ritterrange.JPG|alt=Volcanic Ridge seen with Mount Ritter and Banner Peak behind.| Ana ganin Rijiyar Volcanic tare da Dutsen Ritter da Banner Peak a baya.
Fayil:View_of_the_Minarets,_Mt_Ritter,_and_Banner_Peak_from_Mammoth_Mountain.jpg|alt=View of the Minarets, Volcanic Ridge, Mount Ritter, and Banner Peak seen from Mammoth Mountain.| Duban Minarets, Dutsen Volcanic, Dutsen Ritter, da Banner Peak da aka gani daga Dutsen Mammoth.
Fayil:170828-FS-Inyo-PRW-MountRitter_(36861833706).jpg|alt=Northwest aspect from Mt. Ritter| Arewa maso yamma daga Dutsen Ritter
Fayil:170828-FS-Inyo-PRW-MountRitter_(37049559145).jpg|alt=Volcanic Ridge and Ediza Lake| Volcanic Ridge da tafkin Ediza
Fayil:FossettCrash-file1443.jpg|alt=Steve Fossett crash site on Volcanic Ridge| Steve Fossett ya yi hatsari a kan Dutsen Volcanic
Fayil:Ediza_Lake.jpg|alt=Volcanic Ridge (left) and the Minarets reflected in Ediza Lake.| Volcanic Ridge (hagu) da Minarets suna nunawa a tafkin Ediza.
Fayil:Ediza_Lake_and_snowy_Volcanic_Ridge.jpg|alt=Volcanic Ridge rises above Ediza Lake| Volcanic Ridge ya tashi sama da tafkin Ediza


## Manazarta
Jerin girgizar ƙasa 2001-2010

Wadannan jerin manyan girgizar asa na tsawon lokacin 2001-2010, suna lissafin girgizar kasa mai girma 7 da sama, ko kuma wadanda suka haddasa asarar rayuka.  An hada da mace-mace sakamakon girgizar kasa da ta haifar da tsunami.  Dangane da mace-mace, girgizar kasar da aka yi a tekun Indiya a shekara ta 2004 ita ce ta fi yin barna, sai kuma girgizar kasa ta Haiti ta 2010, girgizar kasar Pakistan ta 2005 da girgizar Sichuan ta 2008.

Don lissafin girgizar asa ta ƙasa, wanda zai iya haɗawa da ƙanana da ƙananan al'amura masu lalacewa fiye da waɗanda aka jera a nan, duba Lissafin girgizar asa ta ƙasa.

 

## 2001

## 2002

## 2004

## 2005

## 2006

## 2007

## 2008

## 2009

## 2010
Dutsen White

**White Mountain Peak** (ko a sauƙaƙe **Farin Dutse** ), a , shi ne kololuwar kololuwa a cikin White Mountains na California, kololuwa mafi girma a gundumar Mono, kuma na uku mafi girma a cikin jihar bayan Dutsen Whitney da Dutsen Williamson . Duk da sunansa, shingen ƙoli na kololuwa yana da manyan ɓangarorin duhu da launuka na lemu da dutse; Ya ƙunshi dutsen Mesozoic metavolcanic dutsen, wanda shine dutsen da ba a so ya canza ta hanyar hawan dutse.

Shine kololuwar kololuwa na goma sha huɗu mafi girma a cikin ƙasar Amurka .  White Mountain Peak yana ɗaya daga cikin goma sha huɗu kawai (kololuwa sama da ƙafa 14,000) a California waɗanda ba a cikin Saliyo Nevada, ɗayan kuma Dutsen Shasta a ƙarshen arewacin jihar a cikin Cascade Range . Shi ne kawai goma sha huɗu kawai a cikin Amurka mai jujjuyawa wanda ba ya cikin Dutsen Rocky, Ramin Cascade, ko Saliyo Nevada. Yana cikin Inyo-White Mountains . 

## Tashar Bincike
Jami'ar California tana gudanar da Cibiyar Bincike ta White Mountain, wanda ya ƙunshi tashoshin bincike masu tsayi uku, akan dutsen: Crooked Creek Station a , Tashar Barcroft a , da kuma wata karamar bukka a taron koli. Ana nazarin tasirin tsayi a kan ilimin lissafi a tashar Barcroft da bukkar taro. 

## Hawa

Akwai titin ƙazanta mai jujjuyawar da zai kai ga tashar taron da aka saba kawar da dusar ƙanƙara tsakanin ƙarshen Yuni da Satumba. Ana iyakance isa ga masu tafiya ne kawai ta hanyar ƙofar da aka kulle kusan mil 2 kafin tashar Barcroft, amma tashar Bincike ta White Mountain yawanci tana buɗe wannan ƙofar da aka kulle a  sau ɗaya a kowace shekara. Ana gudanar da ranakun buɗe kofa a ranar Lahadi a lokacin bazara. 

Tafiya-tafiya daga ƙofar zuwa babban taron yana da nisan  mai ƙasa da  na riba a tsaye. Koyaya, akwai dips daban-daban guda biyu a cikin hanyar kusan ƙafa 250 kowannensu, ƙara har zuwa jimlar haɓakawa yayin zagayen sama da ƙafa 3500. Buɗaɗɗen ƙofar yana aske kusan  da  samun riba daga tafiya zagaye. Wannan hanya ta shahara da masu hawan dutse .

Yayin da kololuwar ita ce mafi sauƙi na California ta goma sha huɗu ta hanyar hanyar jeep, yana da ƙarin hawan hawa kamar dutsen yamma,  hawa daga Owens Valley ta wani tudu mai tsayi daga ƙarshen wata hanya mara kyau. Wata hanya daga Gabas, sama Wyman Canyon daga Deep Springs Valley, yana da ruwa mai yawa a cikin mil 12 na farko. Yana hawan ƙafa 7,100 zuwa koli. Ba kasafai ake tunkarar kololuwar daga arewa ba inda aka tsare shi da ƴan ƴan ƴan ƙuƙumman ƙuƙumman ƙugiya ko wuƙa. Ingantacciyar hanyar da ba ta fasaha ba ta hanyar motar jeep ita ce tuƙi har zuwa Leidy Canyon daga Kwarin Kifi na Kifi, sannan ɗauki hanyar shanu masu daraja sama da babban tudu zuwa Perry Aiken Flat.

## Yanayi
Babban taron da tashar yanayi a  yana da yanayin tundra mai tsayi ( Köppen weather classification : *ET* ). Lokacin sanyi yana da matuƙar tsanani, tare da kololuwar samun sama da  na dusar ƙanƙara kowace shekara.

## Manazarta
Kwando Dome

**Basket Dome** babban dome ne a cikin Yosemite National Park, Amurka .

An ba da sunan Basket Dome daga wani ɗan asalin ƙasar Amirka wanda ya shafi wata mata ɗauke da kwando, wanda fushi ya juya ya zama dutse, ya zama kubba. 

## Manazarta
Urir Char

**Uir Char** ( Bengali   ) tsibiri ne da ke cikin Tekun Bengal . Hakanan Ikklesiya ce ta ƙungiyar Sandwip Upazila a ƙarƙashin gundumar Feni a cikin Chattogram Division, Bangladesh .  

## Geography
Wannan tsibirin kogin yana arewacin Sandwip, kuma tana kewaye da Tashar Sandwip ta kowane bangare da Bay na Bengal a kudu. A kudancin tsibirin akwai kungiyar Santoshpur, gabasnsa kuma Mirsharai Upazila, a arewa kuma ita ce kungiyar Musapur sannan daga karshe a yammacinta akwai Char Elahi da Char Clerk .

## Tarihi
Kusan 1970/1971, wani tsibiri ya fito a arewa maso yammacin Sandwip kusa da Estuary Meghna . Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan bayyanarsa, mazaunan Sandwip sun fara bincika sabon tsibirin kuma sun gano cewa akwai nau'in ciyawa da aka fi sani da *Uri* a cikin tsibirin. Saboda haka, tsibirin ya zama sananne da *Urir Char* ( Bengali   ) wanda ke nufin *tsibirin kogin Uri* . A wannan lokacin, Asadul Haq Chowdhury (Prakash Saheb Miah) shi ne Shugaban Sandwip Upazila 's Kalapania Union Parishad. Ta hanyar yunƙurinsa, wasu mutanen Sandwip (waɗanda aka rasa gidajensu saboda diluvium ) an ƙaura zuwa Urirchar tsakanin 1980 da 1981. 

A cikin 1985, Urir Char yana cikin tsibiran da yawa a cikin Bay na Bengal waɗanda guguwar Tropical One ta lalata su. Sojojin Bangladesh sun yi jigilar kayan agaji da jirgi mai saukar ungulu.  Urirchar kuma ya fuskanci wasu bala'o'i da yawa bayan wannan kamar guguwar Bangladesh ta 1991, Cyclone Sidr 2007 da Cyclone Aila na 2009 . Bala'i na 1985 da 1991 sun fi cutar da Urirchar. 

Tahmina Haq Chowdhury, matar Asadul Haq Chowdhury, an nada Urirchar shugabar kungiyar ta farko a shekarar 1988. Hussain Muhammad Ershad, Khaleda Zia da Sheikh Hasina sun ziyarci tsibirin.  Mawlana Abdur Rahman ne ya kafa makarantar Miah Bazar a shekara ta 2007. A shekara ta 2010, gwamnatin Bangladesh ta sanar da shirin gina madatsar ruwa a Urir Char don kwato fili. 

## Gudanarwa
Urir Char ya kasu kashi uku mouzas .

## Tattalin arziki da yawon shakatawa
Akwai kasuwannin haat da yawa a cikin tsibirin, kamar New Bazar, Janata Bazar, Wahidpur Bazar, Subil Bazar, Burirpar Bazar, Bangla Bazar, Miah Bazar, Rajib Bazar da Colony Bazar. Dajin Kewra da ke bakin teku sanannen yawon shakatawa ne, daya daga cikin wuraren yawon bude ido a cikin 6th ward na kungiyar.  

Har ila yau, Urirchar yana da ɗimbin ƴan ƙasar waje da ke ba da gudummawa ga tattalin arzikinta. Yawancin mutane daga ƙauyukan Narayanpur, Abdullahpur, Burirpar, Wahidpur, Syedpur, Hadipur, Shivanagar, Subil, Raghavpur, Pomkara sun yi ƙaura zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya, Italiya da Malaysia .

## Facilities da ilimi
Urir Char yana da kashi 26.4% na yawan karatun karatu. Tana da makarantar tsakiya guda ɗaya (Urirchar Multilater Lower Middle School), makarantun firamare huɗu na gwamnati (AH Naba Diganta, GU Saikat, Batajora da Meghna) da makarantar wasan kwaikwayo ɗaya a cikin Colony Bazar.

Tsibirin na da masallatai 15 da iddah 8.

## Manazarta
Dutsen Biyu (Alaska)

**Dutsen Biyu** shine  taron koli a Alaska, Amurka .

## Bayani
Dutsen Double yana cikin Alaska Range a cikin Denali National Park da Tsare . Yana da  arewa maso yammacin Dutsen Fang akan rabe mai raba Wuri Mai Tsarki da kogin Teklanika . Ruwan hazo daga tsaunin yana malalowa yamma zuwa kogin Teklanika da gabas zuwa kogin Tsarkakewa, wadanda dukkansu bangare ne na kogin Tanana . Taimakon Topographic yana da mahimmanci yayin da taron ya tashi  sama da kogin Teklanika a cikin 1.75&nbsp;mil (2.8&nbsp;km). An nuna sunan kwatancen wannan dutsen akan takaddar USGS na 1916, kuma Hukumar Amurka ta karɓi sunan toponym a hukumance akan Sunayen Geographic . 

## Yanayi
Dangane da rarrabuwar yanayi na Köppen, Dutsen Double yana cikin yankin yanayin tundra mai tsayi, sanyi, lokacin sanyi, da lokacin zafi mai laushi.  Yanayin sanyi na iya faɗuwa ƙasa da -20&nbsp;°F tare da abubuwan sanyin iska ƙasa -30&nbsp;°F. Watanni Mayu zuwa Yuni suna ba da mafi kyawun yanayi don hawa ko kallo. 

## Gallery

Fayil:Double_Mountain,_Denali_National_Park.jpg|alt=Northeast aspect| Bangaren arewa maso gabas
Fayil:Double_Mountain_and_Denali.jpg|alt=Double Mountain (left) and Denali| Dutsen Biyu (hagu) da Denali
Fayil:Double_Mountain,_west.jpg|alt=West aspect of Double Mountain viewed from Igloo Mountain| Yankin Yamma na Dutsen Biyu da aka duba daga Dutsen Igloo
Fayil:Ice_and_mountain_view_in_Denali_National_Park.jpg|alt=Double Mountain| Dutsen Biyu
Fayil:Double_Mountain_1932.jpg|alt=Northwest aspect in 1932| Yankin Arewa maso Yamma a 1932


## Manazarta
Mary Jean Collins

**Mary Jean Collins** (an Haife shi Disamba 8, 1939) yar Amurka ce. Ita ce shugabar reshen Chicago na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙasa (NOW), memba na hukumar ƙasa kuma darektan kamfen don tabbatar da Daidaita Haƙƙin Haƙƙin (ERA) a Illinois. Ta jagoranci zanga-zangar nuna wariya ga Sears da AT&amp;amp;T .

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Collins a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 1939, a Superior, Wisconsin . Ta sami digiri a cikin tarihi tare da yara ƙanana a cikin Ingilishi da tauhidi daga Kwalejin Alverno .  Yayin da take karatu, ’yan zuhudu sun ƙarfafa ta ta shiga harkar mata.  Ta yi aiki a matsayin gudanarwa a Taylor Electric, Allied Radio Corporation da Westinghouse Electric Corporation . Ta yi aiki da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru tsakanin 1975 da 1979 sannan ta Katolika don Zaɓin Kyauta a 1985. 

## Ayyukan aiki
Ta shiga Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙasa (NOW) a cikin 1967 a matsayin jami'a a babin Milwaukee.  A cikin 1968, ta koma Chicago, Illinois, inda ta shiga cikin yankin NOW kuma aka zabe ta a matsayin shugaba.   Babin ya dauki nauyin yajin mata don daidaito, wanda ya faru a cikin 1970.   Collins shi ne darektan yankin Midwest tsakanin 1970 da 1972 kuma ya kasance shugabar kungiyar Chicago ta NOW tsakanin 1978 da 1980, ta zama babban darektan yanki na  don samo babi a jihohin Midwest goma sha uku akan kasafin kuɗi na $100.  Ta kasance memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na NOW daga 1972 zuwa 1975, tare da alhakin rundunonin aiki.  A cikin 1974, ta yi takarar shugaban kasa a karawa da Karen DeCrow amma ta yi rashin nasara da dan karamin rata.   An zabe ta a matakin kasa a matsayin babban darektan kamfen na Daidaita Hakki (ERA) daga 1980 zuwa 1982 kuma a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban kasa don aiki daga 1982 zuwa 1985.  

Collins shi ne darektan kamfen na ERA na Illinois don daidaita amincewa da gyara ta Babban Taron Illinois .  Ta dauki hutun aiki na shekara don mayar da hankali kan wannan aikin.  Har ila yau, ta kasance shugabar kungiyar Sears Task Force a NOW, tare da Anne Ladky, wanda ya yi yaki da wariyar launin fata ta Sears, sannan mafi girma ga mata a duniya.   Har ila yau, ta jagoranci yunƙurin nuna wariya ga AT&T .  

An zabe ta a cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na Veteran Feminists of America . Ita kuma darekta ce ta Katolika don Zaɓi, memba na Hukumar Zaɓar Amurka, kuma mataimakiyar shugaba kuma darektan siyasa na Jama'a don Hanyar Amurka .  

## Girmamawa
Ta kasance daya daga cikin jaruman fim din tarihin mata *mai kyau lokacin da ta yi fushi* .  Wasu daga cikin takardunta suna riƙe da ɗakin karatu na Schlesinger a Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba na Radcliffe a Jami'ar Harvard . 

## Manazarta
Dutsen Tarumae

Mount Tarumae (樽前山, Tarumae-zan) is located in the Shikotsu-Toya National Park in Hokkaidō, Japan. It is located near both Tomakomai and Chitose towns and can be seen clearly from both. It is on the shores of Lake Shikotsu, a caldera lake. Tarumae is a 1,041 metre active andesitic stratovolcano, with a lava dome.

## Fashewa

Fashewa na baya-bayan nan, a cikin 1982, ya kasance fashewar phreatic .  Babban fashewar da ya gabata ya faru a cikin 1667, 1739 ( plinian eruption na VEI 5  ), da 1909. Ƙwararrun 1667 da 1739 sune ke da alhakin siffar ta yanzu. Sauran fashewar sun kasance a cikin 1919-21, 1923, 1926, 1933, 1936, 1944, 1951, 1953-55, da 1978. 

Tarumae dutsen mai aman wuta ne na 'A' - mai yuwuwa ya barke nan gaba kadan. 

## Hokkaido Natural Monument
A ƙarƙashin Tarumae a gefen arewa-maso-yamma ana iya samun wani kogo mai ban sha'awa wanda aka lulluɓe gansakuka (Koke-no-domon).

## Gallery

Fayil:Mount_Tarumae_Relief_Map,_SRTM-1.jpg|alt=Relief Map| Taswirar Taimako
Fayil:Lake_Shikotsu,_Hokkaido,_Japan_by_Planet_Labs.jpg|alt=With Lake Shikotsu. Mount Tarumae in the bottom.| Tare da Lake Shikotsu. Dutsen Tarumae a cikin ƙasa.
Fayil:Mount_Tarumae.jpg|alt=Mt. Tarumae and Mt. Fuppuishi as seen from the NNE.| Mt. Tarumae da Mt. Fuppuishi kamar yadda aka gani daga NNE.
Fayil:樽前山火口原.JPG|alt=Lava Dome| Lawa Dome


## Manazarta
Dabbobin daji

**Patoda** tehsil ne a yankin Beed na gundumar Beed, jihar Maharashtra, Indiya . Patoda yana da mahimmancin tarihi da al'adu, kuma yana cikin sauran wuraren da masu yawon bude ido ke sha'awar.

## Siffofin
Paramount Solar Park wurin shakatawa ne na makamashin hasken rana a cikin Patoda. Ita ce wurin shakatawa mafi girma mai zaman kansa mai zaman kansa wanda Kamfanin Makamashi na Solar Energy Corporation na Indiya (SECI) ya amince da shi a ƙarƙashin Jaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission a Indiya.  An baje wurin shakatawa a kan    . An ba da shawarar wurin shakatawa don samun karfin 500 MW.  Maharashtra ya karɓi tayin kuɗin fito na Rs 4.42 a kowace kWh a cikin 2016, kuma ana tsammanin ƙimar za ta ragu ta lokacin da KP Power - Paramount Solar Park ya ƙare.  Tana da wurin dawisu na farko na Asiya da aka kafa a Naygaon. Har ila yau, akwai sanannen magudanar ruwa a Sautada a cikin Patoda Taluka.

## Manazarta
Jerin girgizar ƙasa 2021-yanzu

Wadannan jerin manyan girgizar kasa ne daga shekarar 2021-2030, inda aka lissafa girgizar kasa mai karfin maki 7 da sama, ko kuma wadanda suka yi sanadin mutuwar mutane.  An hada da mace-mace sakamakon girgizar kasa da ta haifar da tsunami.

Don Jerin girgizar ƙasa ta ƙasa, wanda zai iya haɗawa da ƙananan abubuwan da ba su da lalacewa fiye da waɗanda aka jera a nan, duba Jerin girgizar ƙasar ta ƙasa.

## 2021

## 2022

## 2023

## 2024

## 2025
Gidan shakatawa na Dutsen Lewis

**Dutsen Lewis National Park** filin shakatawa ne na kasa a cikin Shire na Mareeba da Douglas Shire na Far North Queensland, Australia. Yana kusa da duka Daintree National Park da Dutsen Spurgeon National Park . Yana daga cikin Rigar Tropics na Queensland da Einasleigh Uplands bioregions.  Gidan shakatawa yana cikin wuraren da aka kama kogin Mitchell, kogin Mossman da kogin Daintree . Dutsen Lewis National Park yana adana wani yanki na Dutsen Carbine Tableland .

A cikin 2009, Dutsen Lewis Forest Reserve da Riflemead Reserve sun haɗu don kafa Dutsen Lewis National Park.  Yanayin yana da tsaunuka kuma daji ya rufe shi. Kimanin rabin kashi 1% na wurin shakatawa na ƙasa an lasafta su azaman wuraren dausayi . 

## Muhalli
Wurin wuri ne da ke fama da bambancin halittu .  Gabaɗaya, an gano nau'ikan nau'ikan 43 da ba kasafai ko barazanar ba a cikin wurin shakatawa. 

Dutsen Lewis spiny crayfish wani nau'in nau'in halitta ne. Har ila yau, ana samun su a cikin wurin shakatawa na zinariya bowerbirds, blue-fuskõkin parrotfinch, giant blue earthworms, cinereus ringtail possum, masked farin wutsiya bera, ja-bellied baki maciji kazalika da dama jinsuna ko rare frogs.  A cikin Fabrairu 2017 an gano ƙananan adadin bettong na arewa da ke cikin haɗari a cikin National Park.

## Nishaɗi
Tuki mai ƙafa huɗu da kuma hawan keke sune shahararrun ayyukan nishaɗi. An gano wurare da yawa a kan titin Dutsen Lewis a matsayin wurare masu kyau don hange nau'ikan tsuntsaye iri-iri. 

## Shiga
Hanyar Dutsen Lewis ne ke ba da damar shiga.  Wannan hanya ta bar Mossman Dutsen Molloy Road a arewa da Julatten . Yawancin kamfanonin yawon shakatawa masu zaman kansu suna aiki a wurin shakatawa. 

## Kayayyakin aiki
Ba a ba da izinin yin zango ba.  Babu keɓantattun wuraren amfani da rana da aka kafa. 

## Manazarta
Shari'ar cin zarafin jima'i ta Peterborough

**Shari'ar [[Bautar Jima'i|cin zarafin jima'i]] ta [[Peterborough]]** ta shafi maza 10 da suka aikata laifukan jima'i ga 'yan mata marasa shekaru, wasu tun suna da shekaru 12, a garin Ingila na Peterborough, Cambridgeshire .  A cikin jerin fitina a cikin 2014 da 2015, an same su da laifin fyade, karuwanci na yara da fataucin mutane don cin zarafin jima'i. Rotherham da Rochdale sun yi gargadi da 'yan sanda game da yiwuwar cin zarafin yara.

## Laifukan
Wadanda abin ya shafa sun kasance daga asalin Czech, Slovak da Ingilishi  kuma yawanci 'yan mata masu rauni,  wasu a cikin kulawar hukuma,  waɗanda aka shirya su da kyauta na taba, abinci kyauta da kuma nuna soyayya da abota daga tsofaffin maza waɗanda ke niyya da su. Daga nan sai aka rinjaye su sha vodka ko wasu abin sha mai karfi kuma aka tilasta su cikin jima'i. Daga baya aka yi fataucin wasu a matsayin yara masu karuwanci. Mutumin da aikinsa ya haifar da aikin 'yan sanda, Mohammed Khubaib, mai gidan cin abinci mai shekaru 43 na al'adun Pakistan, an bayyana shi a lokacin shari'arsa a Old Bailey kamar yana da "'mai ci gaba da kusan sha'awar' ga 'yan mata matasa". Khubaib kuma ya mallaki hukumar ba da izini kuma ya ɗauki 'yan mata marasa shekaru zuwa gidaje a ƙarƙashin ikonsa, inda shi da abokansa za su ba su barasa  kuma su buga musu bidiyon kiɗa na jima'i  a matsayin wani ɓangare na lalata.

## Masu aikata laifin
An yanke wa mutane 10 hukunci daga aikin Erle: 

## Halin da ake ciki
Jami'an tsaro na Cambridgeshire sun yi maraba da hukuncin kuma sun yaba da ƙarfin hali na wadanda abin ya shafa wajen ba da shaida a gwajin. Wani mai magana da yawun 'yan sanda ya ce' yan sanda sun "yi kokari sosai don kare wadannan matasa, samun amincewarsu da kuma bincika abin da suka gaya mana" kuma ya lura cewa binciken da aka yi wa "wanda aka azabtar", wani shiri na hadin gwiwa da' yan sanda na Cambridgeshire da majalisar birni ta Peterborough suka yi, sun "ba da izini a farkon watan Janairun 2013". Shari'ar cin zarafin yara ta Rotherham da Rochdale, sun faɗakar da 'yan sanda da jami'an majalisa game da yiwuwar irin wannan cin zarafin yana faruwa a yankin Peterborough. Ɗaya daga cikin wadanda Khubaib ya shafa ya ce a cikin wata sanarwa da ya yi mini: "Yana da banƙyama abin da ya yi a gare ni. Kafin hakan ya faru, ni ɗan shekara 13 ne wanda bai san wani abu mafi kyau ba kuma ya yi tunanin cewa Mohammed abokina ne wanda nake da shi a ƙarƙashin yatsan hannu. Yanzu na san cewa shi ne wanda ke da iko.  Mai magana da yawun National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC), wata ƙungiya ta kasa da ke nuna wa wadanda ya aikata laifuka don kare lafiyar yara, ya ce: "ya ga wadanda suka shafi abin da Mohammed ya kamata ya kamata ya fuskanci abin da ya faru da ya kamata ya faru a cikin waɗannan 'yan mata suka shafi abin ya kamata ya aikata la' yankanar da su".

## Dubi kuma

* Labarin 'yan bindiga
* Jerin cin zarafin jima'i da kungiyoyi suka yi

## Manazarta
Yanayi mai dawowa

Sakamakon sake dawowa, wanda kuma aka sani da yanayin sake dawowa, yana nufin sake bayyana alamun bayyanar da ba su da shi a baya ko sarrafawa yayin da ake shan magani, wanda ke faruwa lokacin da aka dakatar da maganin ko kuma an rage adadin. A lokuta da suka sake fitowa, alamun sun fi tsanani fiye da yadda suke kafin magani.

## Ma'anarsa
Tasirin sake dawowa, ko yanayin dawo da magunguna, shine fitowar ko sake bullowar alamun bayyanar da ko dai babu ko sarrafawa yayin shan magani, amma yana bayyana lokacin da aka daina wannan magani ko rage a cikin sashi. A cikin yanayin sake fitowa, tsananin alamun bayyanar cututtuka yawanci ya fi muni fiye da matakan riga-kafi.

## Misalai
Sedative hypnotics

Rashin barci na sake dawowa shine rashin barci wanda ke faruwa bayan dakatar da abubuwan kwantar da hankali da aka dauka don kawar da rashin barci na farko. Yin amfani da waɗannan abubuwan akai-akai na iya sa mutum ya dogara da tasirin su don yin barci. Saboda haka, lokacin da mutum ya daina shan maganin kuma yana 'sake dawowa' daga tasirinsa, za su iya samun rashin barci a matsayin alamar janyewa. Lokaci-lokaci, wannan rashin barci na iya zama mafi muni fiye da rashin barcin da aka yi nufin maganin. Magungunan da aka sani suna haifar da wannan matsala sune eszopiclone, zolpidem, da anxiolytics irin su benzodiazepines waɗanda aka rubuta wa mutanen da ke fama da matsalar faɗuwa ko barci.

Bacin rai na sake dawowa yana iya bayyana yana tasowa a cikin marasa lafiya da ba su da irin wannan rashin lafiya a baya.

Sakamakon dawowar rana na tashin hankali, ɗanɗanon ƙarfe, ɓacin rai waɗanda ke nuna alamun cirewar benzodiazepine na iya faruwa washegari bayan ɗan gajeren aikin benzodiazepine hypnotic ya ƙare. Abubuwan da ke dawowa ba dole ba ne kawai su faru a kan dakatar da adadin da aka tsara ba. Wani misali kuma shi ne rashin bacci na sake dawowa da sanyin safiya wanda zai iya faruwa a lokacin da saurin kawar da hypnotic ya ƙare wanda ke haifar da farfadowar farkawa wanda ke tilasta wa mutum ya farka kafin ya yi cikakken barcin dare. Ɗaya daga cikin magungunan da ake ganin ana danganta su da waɗannan matsalolin shine triazolam, saboda yawan ƙarfinsa da kuma matsakaicin matsakaicin rabin rayuwa, amma waɗannan tasirin na iya faruwa tare da wasu magungunan hypnotic masu gajeren lokaci.5]. Quazepam, saboda zaɓin sa don nau'in masu karɓar benzodiazepine na nau'in benzodiazepine da tsawon rabin rayuwa, baya haifar da tasirin tashin hankali na rana yayin jiyya, yana nuna cewa rabin rayuwar yana da matukar mahimmanci don tantance ko hypnotic na dare zai haifar da sakamako na dawowa na gaba ko a'a.[6] Sakamakon dawowar rana ba lallai ba ne mai sauƙi amma wani lokacin yana iya haifar da alamun tabin hankali da damuwa.[7]

## Manazarta
Tushen kankara

Tushen ƙanƙara shine ainihin samfurin da aka saba cirewa daga takardar kankara ko babban dutsen glacier. Tun lokacin da ƙanƙara ke fitowa daga haɓakar yawan dusar ƙanƙara na shekara-shekara, ƙananan yadudduka sun girmi na sama, kuma tushen ƙanƙara yana ɗauke da ƙanƙara da aka kafa tsawon shekaru. Ana haƙa maƙalli tare da augers na hannu (don ramukan da ba su da zurfi) ko na'urori masu ƙarfi; za su iya kaiwa zurfin sama da mil biyu (kilomita 3.2), kuma suna ɗauke da ƙanƙara har zuwa shekaru 800,000.

Ana iya amfani da abubuwan da ke cikin jiki na ƙanƙara da na kayan da aka makale a ciki don sake gina yanayin sama da kewayon shekarun ainihin. Matsakaicin isotope daban-daban na oxygen da isotope na hydrogen suna ba da bayanai game da yanayin zafin daɗaɗɗen, kuma ana iya yin nazarin iskar da ke makale a cikin ƙananan kumfa don sanin matakin iskar gas kamar carbon dioxide. Tunda zafin zafi a cikin babban kankara yana da sannu a hankali, zafin rijiyar burtsatse wata alama ce ta yanayin zafi a baya. Ana iya haɗa wannan bayanan don nemo samfurin yanayi wanda ya fi dacewa da duk bayanan da ke akwai.

Rashin ƙazanta a cikin ƙanƙara na iya dogara da wuri. Yankunan bakin teku sun fi dacewa sun haɗa da kayan asalin ruwa, kamar ions gishiri na teku. Cibiyoyin kankara na Greenland sun ƙunshi nau'ikan ƙurar da iska ke hura da su wanda ke da alaƙa da sanyi, bushewar lokatai a da, lokacin da sahara mai sanyi ke ta fama da iska. Abubuwan da ke da radiyo, ko dai na asali na asali ko kuma waɗanda aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar gwajin nukiliya, ana iya amfani da su zuwa kwanan wata yadudduka na kankara. Wasu al'amura masu aman wuta waɗanda ke da isassun ƙarfi don aika abubuwa a duniya sun bar sa hannu a cikin ma'auni daban-daban waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don daidaita ma'aunin lokacinsu.

Tun farkon karni na 20 ne aka yi nazari kan kankara, kuma an hako ma'adinan da yawa a sakamakon shekarar Geophysical ta kasa da kasa (1957-1958). An kai zurfin sama da 400 m, rikodin wanda aka fadada a cikin 1960s zuwa 2164 m a tashar Byrd a Antarctica. Ayyukan hako kankara na Soviet a Antarctica sun hada da shekaru da yawa na aiki a tashar Vostok, tare da zurfin zurfin da ya kai 3769 m. An kammala wasu zurfafan muryoyi da yawa a cikin Antarctic tsawon shekaru, ciki har da aikin Ice Sheet na Yammacin Antarctic, da ma'adinan da Binciken Antarctic na Biritaniya ke gudanarwa da Balaguron Kimiyya na Trans-Antarctic na kasa da kasa. A cikin Greenland, jerin ayyukan haɗin gwiwa sun fara a cikin 1970s tare da Aikin Ginshin Kankara na Greenland; akwai ayyuka da yawa na bin diddigin, tare da na baya-bayan nan, Aikin Gabashin Greenland Ice-Core Project, da farko ana tsammanin kammala babban cibiya a gabashin Greenland a cikin 2020 amma tun da aka jinkirta shi.

## Manazarta
Pininyahang manok

***Pininyahang manok***, wanda aka fi sani da anglicized kamar **kajin abarba**,  abinci ne na Philippine wanda ya ƙunshi kajin da aka yi braised a cikin madara ko madarar kwakwa tare da abarba, karas, dankali, da barkono kararrawa . Wasu bambance-bambancen jita-jita suna amfani da tushe na kaji maimakon madara. Abincin ya samo asali ne daga Kudancin Luzon wanda ya kasance cibiyar yanki na fiber abarba ( Spanish : *piña* ) a cikin Mutanen Espanya Philippines .  

## Bayyanawa
*Pininyahang manok* ana yin ta ne ta hanyar fara marinating kaza a cikin ruwan 'ya'yan itace, kodayake wasu girke-girke sun tsallake wannan ɓangaren. Sa'an nan kuma a dafa kaza a cikin mai tare da tafarnuwa da albasa har sai an yi launin ruwan kasa. Ana ƙara ruwa tare da ƙananan madara ko madara mai ƙuntata, tare da ɓangarorin pineapple, karoshi, dankali, da ƙwanƙwasa. Hakanan ana iya amfani da madarar kwakwa ko cream a maimakon madara. Ana sanya shi da gishiri, sukari, baƙar fata, ko sauce na kifi don ɗanɗano, kuma an bar shi don ya dafa shi a yanayin zafi har sai an dafa sinadaran sosai.

Abincin yana lalacewa cikin sauƙi saboda madara ko sinadaran madara. Wani nau'i na yau da kullun na abincin ya cire su gaba ɗaya, kuma a maimakon haka kawai yana amfani da Kayan kaza a matsayin tushe. Ana iya ƙara Masara don kauri da sauce a wannan yanayin.

Ana iya ƙara Sausage na Vienna, karnuka masu zafi, cuku, ƙwai, ko Tumatir tare da sauran sinadaran. Ana ba da shi a kan farin shinkafa kuma an yi masa ado da scallions kuma, wani lokacin, cashews.

*Pininyahang manok* yayi kama da nau'in kaza da aka yi da itace, amma wannan na ƙarshe yana amfani da Sauce na tumatir. Har ila yau, yayi kama da *hamonado* na kaza, amma wannan na ƙarshe yana amfani da soy sauce. Dukkanin irin wannan jita-jita ba sa amfani da madara.

A cikin Silang, Cavite, Sauce na tumatir ya juya abincin ja a launi. A cikin kaza na Batangas tare da nau'in pineapple, ana dafa kaza na asali 'Banaba' a cikin madarar kwakwa mai tsabta tare da sassan pineapple , albasa mai laushi, tafarnuwa da aka yanka, karot da aka yankan, cubes na dankali, Kayan kaza, da jan-kore.

## Dubi kuma

* Pininyahang hipon
* Ginataan
* Kare-kare
* Tsuntsu na lemun tsami
* Kayan kaza na orange
* Jerin abincin kaza
* Sarsiado
* Tinola

## Manazarta
Tsibirin Madre de Dios

**Madre de Dios Island** (Spanish: *Isla Madre de Dios*,  ) tsibiri ne da ba kowa a cikin yankin Magallanes, Chile . Tana yamma da tashar Trinidad da tashar Concepción . Tsibirin Madre de Dios ya ƙunshi wani ɓangare na dutsen farar ƙasa kuma yana da kogo na halitta da yawa. A daya daga cikin kogon da ake kira "Kogon Whales", an gano kwarangwal na kifayen masu shekaru 2600 zuwa 3500 da suka wuce mita 10 zuwa 30 sama da matakin teku. A wani kogon, mai suna Cueva del Pacifico, an gano fasahar dutse a shekara ta 2006. ’yan asalin Kaweskar ’yan asalin ƙasar sun yi amfani da wasu kogo da yawa da ke kusa da bakin teku don binne su. Wani kwanyar da aka gano tun shekaru 4500 da suka gabata. An yi amfani da wasu kogo a matsayin sansanin wucin gadi. Tsibirin, tare da 53 ƙananan tsibiran da ke kusa, an kiyaye shi azaman ajiyar yanayi ( *Bien Nacional Protegido* ) a cikin 2007. 

Tsibirin ya sami sunansa na yanzu daga taswira a cikin aikin Alonso de Ovalle *Histórica relación del reino de Chile* wanda aka buga a 1646 a Italiya. A bayyane yake Alonso de Ovalle ya kafa wannan suna akan binciken balaguron Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa a yankin a cikin 1579. Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa ya kira cove daga inda ya lura *Nuestra Señora (del Rosario)*, kuma daga wannan sunan Alonso de Ovalle ya ba da cikakken bayani game da shi zuwa Madreedland. 

## Manazarta
Baimo Cave

**Kogon Baimo** ( Chinese ), a zahiri yana nufin 'Kogon Aljanu ɗari',  wani kogon dutse ne na halitta  wanda yake a ƙauyen Poyue, garin Jiazhuan, gundumar Bama, birnin Hechi, lardin Guangxi, na kasar Sin . Hakanan sanannen abin jan hankali ne ga tsofaffi masu ziyara zuwa gundumar Bama.  Kalmar "Baimao" tana nufin "bakin bazara" a cikin Zhuang . 

Matsakaicin tsayin kogon Baimo yana da mita 70 kuma faɗinsa ya kai mita 50.  Mafi girman stalagmite a cikin kogon shine mita 39 da mita 10 a diamita. 

## Manazarta
Koguna na Maastricht

**Kogon Maastricht**, wanda kuma aka fi sani da kogon Dutsen Saint Peter  ko Ƙarƙashin Ƙasar Maastricht, tarin dutse ne na dutsen dutse a Maastricht, Netherlands, wanda asalinsa ya samo asali ne tun ƙarni na 13.

Tun asali an tona su a alli na .  A cikin duka, an yanke hanyar sadarwa na 20,000 tunnels a cikin dutse, wanda 8,000 har yanzu ba su da kyau. 

A ƙarshe an daina amfani da ma'adinai don hakar ma'adinai, saboda darajar lemun tsami ta ragu. Tsawon ƙarnuka da yawa, an zana zane-zane akan bangon dutsen, wanda ya ba da jan hankali ga masu yawon bude ido waɗanda za su iya zagayawa da wasu sassan dutsen.   

A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, an yi amfani da dutsen dutsen don adana hotuna masu daraja da kayan yaki da za a iya amfani da su a kan Jamusawa, ciki har da wata rundunar da aka tsara na tankokin yaki 30 da za su kai farmaki kan Jamusawan da aka shirya kai hari a daidai lokacin da ake samun 'yanci. Baya ga sojoji, sama ** &#x5D; &#x5B; 6,000 sun sami mafaka a wuraren da ake kaɗawa a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.  Bayan yakin, an yi shirin yin amfani da rukunin karkashin kasa a matsayin mafakar bam.

Daga cikin zane-zanen da aka ɓoye a cikin ƙwanƙwasa a lokacin WWII shine The Night Watch na Rembrandt van Rijn . Zaren wanda ya auna 363 × 437 cm an ware shi daga firam ɗinsa kuma an mirgine shi cikin babban silinda.

Wani babban yanki na tsohon tsarin rami ba ya wanzu yayin da dutsen da ke kewaye da shi ya keɓe a cikin buɗaɗɗen ma'adinan simintin ENCI . An daina fasa dutse a cikin 2018. 

## Manazarta
Yancin dan aďam a Yuganda

Hakkokin dan Adam a Uganda sun yi ta rikidewa a shekaru da dama da suka gabata wajen kara muzgunawa 'yan adawa, da murkushe kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke aiki kan zabe da kayyade wa'adin mulki, cin hanci da rashawa, 'yancin filaye, batutuwan muhalli, mata, yara da 'yancin luwadi. A cikin 2012, Gidan Yanar Gizo na Relief ya ɗauki nauyin Bayanan Bayanan Bil Adama - 2012 ya ce Uganda ta sami ci gaba mai yawa.[1] Tun aƙalla 2013, rahoton shekara-shekara na Freedom in the World na Freedom House ya sanya Uganda a matsayin "Ba 'Yanci ba". Akwai wurare da yawa da ake damuwa idan ana batun haƙƙin ɗan adam a Uganda, kuma rarrabuwar "Ba 'Yanci ba" ya faru ne saboda ƙarancin haƙƙin siyasa da martabar 'yancin ɗan adam.[2]

## Manazarta
Kai Caves

**Kai Caves** suna cikin kwarin Kai  na Sindh, Pakistan . Kwarin Kai yana zuwa kudu da Sehwan Sharif, gundumar Jamshoro a cikin Tsaunukan Kirthar . Anan, akwai shafuka biyu na Kogon Kai. Daya shi ne na sama wanda yake wajen gabas a wani tudu mai tsayi, na biyu kuma yana wajen yamma a wani tudu na kasa. Ana kiran ƙananan kogon "Satt Ghariyoon" (Kogo bakwai).  

## Tarihi
Kusa da koguna na sama, saman tudun yana kewaye da bango mai tsufa wanda aka gina da duwatsu. An bincika ragowar tsoffin mazauna da tsoffin tukwane. Abubuwan da aka gano ko kayan yumbu suna nufin wayewar Indus Valley na baya yayin da aka dauki lokacin koguna a matsayin Stone Age. A kusa da Kai Valley, kusa da Kai Caves, an gano sauran shafuka na **Bulo-Ji-Buthi**, Yuu-Buthi، **Kai-Buthi** da Naig na zamanin prehistoric da Chalcolithic. Dokta Louis Flam ya ziyarci Kai Caves tare da masanin ilimin kimiyyar Taj Sehrai a shekara ta 1976. 

## Manazarta
Batcheller na Yankin

**Breed Batcheller** ya kasance farkon mazaunin Roxbury, New Hampshire . An ce bai ji tausayin 'yan tawaye a yakin juyin juya halin Amurka ba, don haka ya gudu daga garin, ya ƙare a ɓoye a cikin kogon Batcheller don lokacin rani na 1777. 

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Breed Batcheller a ranar 11 ga Disamba, 1740.  Ya koyi bincike a Brookfield, Massachusetts .  

Taron farko na gari na Packersfield, New Hampshire, daga baya aka sake masa suna Nelson, New Hampshire ), an gudanar da shi a gidansa. 

Ya kasance babba a cikin Keene, New Hampshire 'yan bindiga kamar na littafin 1773. 

## Yakin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka
A cikin 1775, ya shiga cikin tafiya zuwa yakin Lexington da Concord, amma ya koma New Hampshire kafin yakin Bunker Hill kuma ya zama mai ba da shawara kan tawaye. Ya ɓoye a cikin kogon Batcheller, kafin ya gudu zuwa Kanada, a cikin 1777. 

An lura da Breed Batcheller a matsayin alamar "mutumin da ba zai rufe bakinsa ba" da labarinsa na daya game da tashin hankali tsakanin zafin juyin juya hali da 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki a yakin juyin juya halin Amurka . 

## Manazarta
Kwarin numfashi

**Kogon numfashi** ko **kogon barometric** wani nau'in kogon ne da ba kasafai ba wanda a cikinsa matsatsin yanayi tsakanin ciki da wajen kogon yana sa iska ta shiga ko fita daga cikin kogon.   Ma'anar iskar da ke gudana ta cikin kogo abu ne na kowa, amma a yawancin kogo ana haifar da wannan iska ta hanyar bambance-bambancen yanayin zafi maimakon matsa lamba; A cikin kogon barometric tsarin zafin jiki na cikin kogon bai isa ya haifar da irin wannan iska ba.  Gudun iskar iska a cikin kogon barometric yana da alaƙa kai tsaye tare da bambancin matsa lamba na yanayi tsakanin ciki da waje na kogon.  Lokacin da iskan iska a wajen kogon ya yi sama da na cikin kogon sai iskar ta buso cikin kogon kuma akasin haka; idan ma'aunin iska ya kasance a daidaici babu iska. 

A wasu kogo na numfashi, za a iya auna iskar da ma'ana kawai kusa da ƙofar. Wannan yana faruwa a cikin kogo waɗanda ke da manyan manyan hanyoyi masu faɗi, musamman kogon iska a South Dakota, Amurka, da Kogon Lechuguilla a New Mexico, Amurka.  A cikin kogo waɗanda galibi sun ƙunshi kunkuntar hanyoyi, irin su Jewel Cave, kuma a South Dakota da ƙasa da  nesa da Kogon Iska (ko da yake ba a haɗa kogon),  ana iya auna yawan iska a wurare da yawa a cikin tsarin kogon.  Ka'idar barometric na iska a Jewel da Wind Caves an fara lura da Herb Conn a cikin 1966.   Kogon Jewel da Wind Cave sune mafi kyawun rubuce-rubucen misalai na kogo na numfashi.

## Geology
Duk kogon numfashi da aka sani sune kogon warwarewa, kuma kogon numfashi yana da tsayi fiye da sauran kogon. Hudu daga cikin kogo goma mafi dadewa a duniya sune kogo masu numfashi (wato Jewel Cave, Cave Wind, Clearwater Cave, da Lechiguilla Cave).

Wasu misalan kogon numfashi sun haɗa da:

* Butler Cave, Virginia, Amurika 
* Cave of the Winds, Colorado, Amurika 
* Kogon Clearwater, Malaysia 
* Jewel Cave, South Dakota, Amurika 
* Lechuguilla Cave, New Mexico, Amurika 
* Peștera Vântului, Romania
* Postojna Cave, Slovenia 
* Wind Cave, South Dakota, Amurika 

## Manazarta
Jerin girgizar ƙasa da tsunami a Amurka

Wadannan sune jerin fitattun girgizar kasa da tsunami wadanda suka zama jigon su a yankunan da a yanzu ke cikin Amurka tare da yankunan da suka shafi Amurka.  Wadanda ke cikin rubutun ba na Amurka ba ne lokacin da abin ya faru.

## Jerin girgizar ƙasa

Girgizar kasa da ta shafi Amurka:

* 1962-71 Girgizar ƙasa ta Denver 
* Girgizar kasa ta Enola
* Girgizar ƙasa ta Reno ta 2008
* Girgizar ƙasa ta Guy-Greenbrier
* Girgizar ƙasa ta Oklahoma (2009-yanzu) 

Girgizar ƙasa da ta shafi Amurka amma abubuwan da suka faru sun kasance a waje da iyakokin Amurka:

* 1925 Girgizar ƙasa ta Charlevoix-Kamouraska - girgizar ƙasa mai girman 6.2, babu rauni ko mutuwa a ko'ina
* 1979 Girgizar ƙasa ta Imperial Valley - girgizar ƙasa mai girman 6.4 tare da cibiyar ƙasa da 1 km a cikin Mexico - mummunar lalacewa da raunin a bangarorin biyu na iyaka (60 a Amurka) &nbsp;
* Girgizar kasa ta 2010 Baja California (Mexico kusa da S California) - girgizar kasa mai girman 7.2, mutuwar mutane 4 da raunin 100, babu wani a Amurka

* 1960 Girgizar ƙasa da tsunami na Valdivia - girgizar ƙasa mai girman 9.5, tsakanin mutane 2200 da 6000 da suka mutu, ciki har da 61 a Hilo, HI
* 2006 Girgizar ƙasa da tsunami na tsibirin Kuril - girgizar ƙasa mai girman 8.3, babu rauni ko mutuwa a ko'ina
* 2009 girgizar ƙasa da tsunami na Samoa - girgizar kasa mai girman 8.0 tare da cibiyar   kudu maso yammacin Samoa ta Amurka ta haifar da raƙuman tsunami har zuwa  m), ta kashe mutane 34 a Samoa ta Amurka kuma ta haifar da mummunar lalacewa 
* 2010 Girgizar ƙasa da tsunami na Chile - girgizar ƙasa mai girman 8.8, ~ 525 mutuwar da ba a san adadin raunin ba, babu wani a Amurka
* 2011 Girgizar ƙasa da tsunami na Tohoku - girgizar ƙasa mai girman 9.0, mutuwar mutane 15,850-28,000 da 6,011 da suka ji rauni, mutuwar mutum ɗaya da kuma yawan raunin da ba a sani ba a Amurka
* Girgizar ƙasa ta Haida Gwaii ta 2012 - girgizar ƙasa mai girman 7.8 tare da cibiyar a Tsibirin Moresby a British Columbia, girgizar kasa ta biyu mafi girma a Kanada da aka taɓa yin rikodin ta seismometer. Fiye da mutane 100,000 ne aka kwashe su zuwa wuri mafi tsawo a jihar Hawai'i.
Hakkin dan Adam a Gabas ta Tsakiya

Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Gabas ta Tsakiya an tsara shi ta hanyar ci gaban doka da siyasa na dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya bayan yakin duniya na biyu, da aikace-aikacensu ga Gabas ta Tsakiya. Rahoton Ci gaban Bil Adama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2004 (AHDR) ya yi iƙirarin cewa duk da cewa al'adar Larabawa-Musulunci tana da mahimmanci na musamman ga ra'ayoyin jin daɗin ɗan adam, Tarihi ya tabbatar da cewa "ba su isa ba a cikin al'umma don haɓaka al'ada da ta danganci kwangilar siyasa, kuma suna ba da izinin halaccin bambance-bambancen ra'ayi, tattaunawa da mika mulki a cikin manyan batutuwan da suka shafi dimokuradiyya. fuskantar al'ummar Gabas ta Tsakiya a yau.

## Tsarin doka
Wajibi na kasa da kasa

A cikin 1948 Masar, Iran da Pakistan sun rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Duniya (UDHR). Saudiyya ba ta yi ba, tana mai cewa "ta kasa yin la'akari da yanayin al'adu da addini na kasashen da ba na yammacin duniya ba"

Kasashe 45 na Kungiyar Hadin Kan Musulunci (OIC) ne suka amince da sanarwar da Alkahira ta fitar a watan Agustan shekarar 1990. Wannan ikirari ya gurgunta da dama daga cikin hakokin da UDHR ta ba wa dukkan kasashe mambobi damar bin tsarin hakkin dan Adam bisa tsarin shari'a.Misali, doka ta 18 ta UDHR ta tabbatar da cewa kowa yana da ‘yancin yin addini, ’yancin canza addininsa, da ’yancin bayyana addininsa ta hanyar koyarwa, aiki, ibada da kiyayewa[5]. Mataki na 10 na CDHRI ya tabbatar da cewa "An haramta yin duk wani nau'i na tilastawa ga mutum ko amfani da talaucinsa ko jahilcinsa domin a mayar da shi wani addini ko zindikanci[6].

An kafa kwamitin kare hakkin bil adama na Larabawa,[7] a cikin 2009 don kula da bin Yarjejeniya ta Larabawa kan Hakkokin Dan Adam, wanda ya fara aiki a watan Maris 2017. Tun daga farkon Oktoba 2009, kasashe Larabawa goma sun amince da Yarjejeniya ta Larabawa kan Hakkokin Dan Adam. Waɗannan su ne: Aljeriya, Bahrain, Jordan, Libya, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab Emirates, da Yemen.[7] Tun daga watan Fabrairun 2012, wasu ƙasashe huɗu sun amince da Yarjejeniya ta Larabawa. Waɗannan su ne: Iraki, Kuwait, Lebanon, da Sudan.[8] Yarjejeniya ta samar da tsari ta hanyar da kwamitin ke karba da duba rahotannin jihohi da bayar da shawarwari yadda ya dace. Yarjejeniya ba ta tanadar da tsarin korafe-korafe ba.[8]

Kwamitin ya yi zama guda uku a lokacin da yake mai da hankali kan "hanyoyin tsara ayyukansa"[7].

## Manazarta
Mai dumama mai cikawa

Mai dumama mai (ko Biomeiler) tsari ne don amfani da kuzari na biomass don dumama gine-gine.

Hanyar da ta dogara da ƙarancin katako na halitta ta samo asali ne daga Jean Pain a cikin shekarun 1970s. Ana amfani da masu dumama da farko don dalilai na nunawa a matsayin ƙananan tsarin don dumama gida. Za'a iya canza sharar gida zuwa makamashi.

## Nau'o'in

### Tarin mai cike da ruwa
Mai dumama mai al'ada yana amfani da zafi na babban tarin mai don dumama gida. Wannan nau'in yana buƙatar babban tarin, wanda aka haɗa shi da bututun ruwa mai juzu'i. Ruwa mai zagayawa yana gudanar da zafi zuwa ginin, inda za'a iya ciyar da shi zuwa zagaye na dumama.

Dole ne tarin ya ƙunshi aƙalla lita 8,000 na biomass don kula da zafin jiki a lokacin hunturu.

Don wannan dalili, yawanci ana tara itace da aka yanka kuma ana wucewa da bututun ruwa ta ciki. Tsarin lalacewar microbiological yana haifar da zafi har zuwa watanni 24. Zafin yana samar da ruwa mai zafi, wanda aka ciyar da shi zuwa zagaye na dumama. Tare da isasshen iskar oxygen, biomass yana lalacewa ta hanyar lalacewar iska. Ayyukan microorganisms za a iya sarrafa su ta hanyar abun da ke ciki.

### Ruwa mai zafi da iskar gas

Bambancin 'Biomeiler' na Pain ya haɗu da composting tare da ƙarni na biogas.

Abubuwan da ke cikin turare na Pain sun kasance tsire-tsire, rassa da underbrush. Ya ƙirƙiro injunan da ke niƙa waɗannan kayan zuwa ƙarami. Ɗaya daga cikin injunansa, samfurin tractor, ya sami lambar yabo ta huɗu a cikin 1978 Grenoble Agricultural Fair . 

Bayan Pain ya r albarkatun, za a tara su zuwa tarin mita uku da mita shida a fadin (10 × 20 feet).  Tarin yana da nauyin kimanin tan 50 (49 ton tsawo; 55 gajeren ton), kuma an ɗora shi a kan tankin ƙarfe na  mita 4 (140 cu . Wannan tankin ya cika zuwa 3/4 tare da mai, wanda a baya an tsoma shi cikin ruwa na watanni biyu. An haɗa tankin da aka rufe ta hanyar bututu zuwa bututun taya 24 na ciki don tattara iskar methane. Ciwo ya kiyasta cewa kilo 10 (22 fam) na itace zai samar da iskar gas daidai da lita daya (0.22   US . na Man fetur.

Yana ɗaukar kimanin kwanaki 90 don samar da 500  mita (18,000 cu  na iskar gas: ya isa ya ci gaba da murhu biyu da murhu uku na ƙonewa suna tafiya na shekara guda. 

Ciwo ya yi amfani da iskar gas don dafa abinci da samar da wutar lantarki. Ya kuma ba da man fetur ga motar mai sauƙi. Injin konewa mai amfani da methane ya fitar da janareta wanda ya samar da 100 watts na wutar lantarki. Wannan ya caji batir, yana ba da haske.

Tarin mai na ciwo yana samar da ruwa mai zafi ta hanyar mita 200 (656  na bututu da aka binne a cikin tudun mai. Ana rufe bututun a k da janareta na methane tare da shigarwa don ruwan sanyi da kuma fitarwa don ruwan zafi. Zafin daga lalacewa yana samar da lita 4 a minti daya (0.88 imp gal / min; 1.1 US gal / min) na ruwan zafi da aka dumama zuwa digiri 60 na Celsius (140 digiri Fahrenheit) - ya isa ya sadu da tsakiya na dumama, gidan wanka da bukatun kicin. Tarin ya ƙunshi kusan watanni 18, bayan haka ana rushe shi kuma ana amfani da humus don Mulch ƙasa.

## Manazarta
Rashin ƙarfi na dutse

**Shaƙewar dutse** tarin manyan duwatsu ne ko tarkace da ke toshe shinge ko wucewa a cikin kogo ko nawa. Domin samun ci gaba ta hanyar kogo sau da yawa suna buƙatar yin shawarwari ko share shaƙewar dutse.

Ana iya yin shaƙewar dutse ta hanyar faɗuwar dutse, jibgar rafi, ko tarkacen ma'adinai. Saboda yanayin samuwar su dutsen dutse na iya zama mara ƙarfi kuma yana iya zama da wahala a kewaya da taswira saboda sarƙaƙƙiyarsu. 

Domin share wani dutse shake duwatsun da ke toshe hanyar na iya buƙatar cirewa, galibi suna buƙatar farfashewa da farko ko dai ta hanyar inji ko ta amfani da ƙaramin fashewa.  Tsarin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Uku ya zama kogo mafi tsawo a Birtaniya lokacin da kogo suka yi nasarar kawar da hanya ta hanyar dutsen dutse na tsawon  don haɗa tsarin kogo guda biyu da aka sani, motsa jiki wanda ya ɗauki shekaru uku. 

Ƙunƙarar dutse na iya zama haɗari, saboda tsaunin da ba a daidaita ba na iya motsawa ba zato ba tsammani, mai yuwuwar murkushe ko kama koguna.  A cikin Mayu 1988, alal misali, an kashe wasu kogo uku a cikin wani dutsen dutse a Ease Gill Caverns .  A cikin kogo masu saurin ambaliya, kunkuntar hanya da karkatacciyar hanya ta cikin shaƙewar dutse na iya cika ruwa da sauri, hana ci gaba.  A cikin 1972, mambobi goma na Jami'ar Leeds Speleological Association sun makale a bayan wani hadadden dutsen dutse da ya mamaye Langcliffe Pot, wanda ya haifar da tafiya mai tsawon sa'o'i 44. 

## Manazarta
Gwangmyeong Cave

**Kogon Gwangmyeong** ( Korean  ) wani kogo ne  da mutum ya yi a Gwangmyeong, lardin Gyeonggi, Koriya ta Kudu . Tana kan iyakar kudu maso yammacin Seoul mai nisa. Tun daga 2011, an buɗe wa jama'a azaman abin jan hankali na yawon buɗe ido, tare da abubuwan more rayuwa kamar wurin shakatawa, akwatin kifaye, da kayan inabi da ake samu a ciki. Yana da 7.8&nbsp;km tsayi. 

## Tarihi

An kirkiro kogon ne a lokacin mulkin mallaka na kasar Japan kuma wurin da ake yin aikin tilas ne.   Bayan ƙarshen wannan lokacin a cikin 1945, an ci gaba da yin amfani da shi azaman ma'adinai har zuwa 1972. Daga ƙarshe, saboda ambaliyar ruwa da gurɓatattun filayen shinkafa a kusa, an rufe ma'adinan. 

An yi amfani da shi azaman wurin ajiya don shrimp mai gishiri ( *saeu-jeot* ) daga 1978 zuwa 2010. Sannan, gwamnatin birnin Gwangmyeong ta sayi filin kuma ta zama wurin shakatawa. 

Ginin kogon ya sake buɗewa a cikin 2011. Yanzu yana da abubuwan baje kolin tarihi, amma ya fi mayar da hankali kan nishadi, tare da aquariums, sassakaki, nunin haske, nishaɗin yara, da sauran abubuwan jan hankali, gami da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa.  

Ginin kogon ya shahara, musamman saboda yanayin sanyi na karkashin kasa a lokacin rani. 

## Manazarta