Lyndsey Stonebridge

**Lyndsey Stonebridge** FBA FEA (an haifeta a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1965) masaniyar harshen Ingilishi ce kuma farfesa a fannin bil'adama da haƙƙin ɗan adam a Jami'ar Birmingham.  Ayyukanta suna da alaƙa da Nazarin 'yan gudun hijira, haƙƙin ɗan adam, da tasirin tashin hankali a hankali a ƙarni na 20 da 21. Har ila yau, ita ma mai sharhi ce ta rediyo da kafofin watsa labarai, tana rubutu don wallafe-wallafen kamar The New Statesman, Prospect Magazine, da New Humanist .

## Ayyuka
An haifi Lyndsey Stonebridge a Bromley, Kent .  Ta sami BA a Polytechnic na Arewacin London, MA a cikin ka'idar mahimmanci daga Jami'ar Sussex, da PhD a Jami'ar London.

Ta kasance farfesa a fannin adabi da tarihi na zamani a Jami'ar Gabashin Anglia, inda ta kafa Makarantar Graduate Arts and Humanities. A halin yanzu, farfesa ce a fannin ilimin ɗan adam da haƙƙin ɗan adam a Jami'ar Birmingham, inda kuma take koyarwa a Makarantar Shari'a.

Ita ce kuma babban edita na Tsarin Tsakanin Karni na Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Jami'ar Oxford, kuma ta rike mukamai na ziyara a Jami'ar Cornell da Jami'ar Sydney. 

An zabe ta a matsayin ɗan'uwan Turanci Association a 2017, kuma memba na Academia Europaea a 2019. Littattafanta, The Judicial Imagination: Writing after Nuremberg (2011) da Placeless People: Writing, Rights, and Refugees (2018) sun lashe British Academy's Modern Academy's Rose Mary Crawshay Prize, Prize Prize, Best Prize Association, Prize Prize, Prize Prize, Prize Prize. An zabe ta Fellow na Kwalejin Burtaniya a shekarar 2023.

Littafinta, Muna 'Yanci don Canja Duniya, an tantance shi don Kyautar Orwell don Rubutun Siyasa na 2024. 

## Ra'ayoyi

### 'Yancin Dan Adam da' yan gudun hijira
Stonebridge ya yi imanin cewa litattafai da shayari "sun haɗa da bayyana" ra'ayoyinmu game da haƙƙin ɗan adam da bil'adama yayin da lokaci ke ci gaba. Rubuce-rubucen wallafe-wallafen, in ji ta, na iya zama aikin siyasa wanda ke "ba da tsari da ma'ana"  ga hakkin dan Adam. Saboda haka, yawancin ayyukanta sun samo asali ne a fagen sukar adabi, inda ta yi nazari kan hanyoyin adabi daban-daban, irin su Franz Kafka, George Orwell, da Simone Weil, don nazarin rashin kasa na zamani da alakar da ke tsakanin 'yan kasa da 'yancin dan Adam. Ana yin nazarinta galibi ta hanyar tsarin ka'idar Hannah Arendt, saboda aikinta shine tsakiyar tunanin Stonebridge.

A cikin littafinta, Placeless People: Writing, Rights, and Refugees, Stonebridge ta bayyana tarihin rashin kasa na zamani, wanda ta kira mugunta wanda, ba kamar kisan kare dangi ba, wanda kuma ya fito a matsayin kalma a karni na ashirin, "duk da haka ya samo asali a cikin tunaninmu na al'adunmu na rauni na zamani". Ta yi bayani dalla-dalla game da gardamar Arendt cewa haƙƙin ɗan adam ba zai iya zama "mutum" da gaske ba muddin suna da alaƙa da jihohin ƙasa, ɗan ƙasa, da ikon mallaka. Wannan ya fi bayyane a cikin yadda ake bi da 'yan gudun hijira a duniya. Kamar yadda mutanen da suka "buɗe sarari...don tunani da kasancewa tsakanin jihohin al'umma",  'yan gudun hijira sune wadanda ya kamata a yi amfani da ka'idodin Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) a sarari. Koyaya, tasirin su (ko da yake, sau da yawa ba bisa ka'ida ba) rashin ƙasa ya bar su cikin yanayin limbo, ba tare da abin da Arendt ya bayyana a matsayin "dama na samun hakkoki ba". Stonebridge saboda haka a bayyane ya ki amincewa da siyasa, mafita na jin kai ga haƙƙin ɗan adam da 'yan gudun hijira, yana jayayya cewa waɗannan hanyoyin suna rufe yanayin' yan gudun hijira a matsayin ra'ayi na siyasa. Rukunin 'yan gudun hijira na zamani, ta yi jayayya, sakamakon kai tsaye ne na gaskiyar cewa UDHR ba ta tsarkake haƙƙin "mutumi" ba, amma haƙƙin "yan ƙasa".

Misali, Stonebridge ya ambaci tilasta (ko rashin shi) na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Babban Dokar 194 a matsayin gazawar sadaukarwar Majalisar Dinkinobho ga ƙaddamar da kai da 'Yancin Dan Adam na duniya bayan kirkirar Isra'ila,  wanda Arendt ya soki saboda rashin iya warware matsalar 'yan gudun hijira, kamar kowane ƙasa, an tilasta shi kawai ƙirƙirar sabbin' yan gudun hijira don maye gurbin tsoffin.

A cewar Stonebridge, Arendt ta koyar da The Castle na Franz Kafka a wasu daga cikin laccocin da ta yi don bayyana wannan ra'ayin. Mai gabatarwa, K, ana iya kallon shi a matsayin ɗan gudun hijira, baƙo, ko "Baƙo Bayahude"  wanda alkawuran ƙarya (kamar haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya) waɗanda a zahiri ba za a iya daidaita su da aikin masarautar (ko al'umma) ba.

Ta hanyar amincewa da wannan ra'ayin, Stonebridge yana ba da shawarar wani nau'in kishin kasa da kasa, inda aka saki haƙƙoƙi daga ikon mallakar ƙasa. Duk da haka, tana sukar labarun "makafin ɗan adam" na soyayya na duniya ko gudun hijira, waɗanda aka tsara a matsayin zaɓi na hankali da hanyar zuwa 'yanci. Alal misali, ta soki shahararriyar shelar Virginia Woolf cewa "A matsayina na mace ba ni da kasa. A matsayina na mace ba na son kasa. A matsayina na mace, kasata ita ce dukan duniya." Ga Stonebridge, wannan sanarwar za ta yi kama da "mai ban sha'awa" ga waɗanda "siyasa mai muni" na gudun hijira da ƙaura hanya ce ta tsira daga zalunci..

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

### Rubuce-rubuce

* Abun Lalacewa: Binciken Hankali na Burtaniya da Zamani. Macmillan, Basingstoke, 1998.
* Rubutun Damuwa: Tunanin lokacin Yaki a cikin 1940s Al'adun Burtaniya. Palgrave, Basingstoke, 2007.

* Tunanin Shari'a: Rubutun Bayan Nuremberg. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2011.

* Mutane marasa Wuri: Rubutu, Hakkoki da 'Yan Gudun Hijira. Jami'ar Oxford Press, Oxford, 2018.  

* Rubuce-rubuce da Dama  Jami'ar Oxford Press, 2021

* Muna da 'yanci don Canja Duniya  Jonathan Cape (2024) (Biography of Hannah Arendt) 

### An gyara shi

* Karatun Melanie Klein. Routledge, London da New York, 1998. (an gyara tare da John Phillips) 
* Almara na Biritaniya Bayan Zamani: Littafin Novel a Tsakiyar Karni. Palgrave, Basingstoke, 2007. (an gyara tare da Marina Mackay) 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
 

## Haɗin waje

* Shafin yanar gizon hukuma
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* Tattaunawar Laburaren Amurka, Fabrairu 2024