Energy industry

**Masana'antar makamashi** shine jimillar duk masana'antun da ke cikin samarwa da siyar da makamashi, gami da hakar mai, masana'anta, tacewa da rarrabawa. Al'ummar zamani na cin man fetur mai yawa, kuma masana'antar makamashi wani muhimmin bangare ne na ababen more rayuwa da kuma kula da al'umma a kusan dukkan kasashe .

Musamman, masana'antar makamashi ta ƙunshi:

* da burbushin man fetur masana'antu, wanda ya hada da man fetur masana'antu ( kamfanonin man fetur, man fetur refiners, man fetur sufuri da kuma karshen-mai amfani da tallace-tallace a tashar gas ) Coal masana'antu (hakar da sarrafawa) da kuma iskar gas masana'antu ( hakar iskar gas, da kuma kwal gas masana'antu, kamar yadda da kuma rarrabawa da tallace-tallace);
* masana'antar wutar lantarki, ciki har da samar da wutar lantarki, rarraba wutar lantarki da tallace-tallace;
* masana'antar makamashin nukiliya ;
* masana'antar makamashi mai sabuntawa, wanda ya ƙunshi madadin makamashi da kamfanoni masu ɗorewa, ciki har da waɗanda ke cikin wutar lantarki ta ruwa, wutar lantarki da hasken rana, da kera, rarrabawa da siyar da madadin mai ; kuma,
* masana'antun makamashi na gargajiya bisa tattarawa da rarraba itacen wuta, wanda ake amfani da shi, don dafa abinci da dumama, ya zama ruwan dare a cikin ƙasashe masu talauci.

Ƙara yawan dogaro a cikin ƙarni na 20 akan hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai fitar da iskar carbon kamar burbushin mai, da abubuwan sabuntawar carbon kamar biomass, yana nufin cewa masana'antar makamashi ta kasance mai ba da gudummawa akai-akai ga gurɓatawa da tasirin muhalli na tattalin arziki. Har ya zuwa kwanan nan, man fetur din ya kasance babban tushen samar da makamashi a mafi yawan sassan duniya, kuma yana da babbar gudummawa ga dumamar yanayi da gurbatar yanayi . A matsayin wani ɓangare na daidaitawar ɗan adam ga dumamar yanayi, ƙasashe da yawa suna saka hannun jari don sabunta makamashi mai dorewa .

## Tarihi
Amfani da makamashi ya kasance mabuɗin ci gaban al'ummar ɗan adam ta hanyar taimaka masa wajen sarrafawa da daidaita yanayin muhalli . Gudanar da amfani da makamashi ba makawa ne a kowace al'umma mai aiki. A cikin ƙasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu, haɓaka albarkatun makamashi ya zama mahimmanci ga aikin noma, sufuri, tattara sharar gida, fasahar sadarwa, sadarwa waɗanda suka zama abubuwan da ake bukata na al'umma masu tasowa. Karuwar amfani da makamashi tun bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu ya kuma kawo wasu matsaloli masu tsanani, wadanda wasunsu, kamar dumamar yanayi, ke kawo hadari mai tsanani ga duniya. 

A wasu masana'antu, ana amfani da kalmar *makamashi* a matsayin ma'anar makamashi albarkatun, wanda ke nufin abubuwa kamar man fetur, man fetur da kuma wutar lantarki a gaba ɗaya, saboda wani muhimmin ɓangare na makamashi da ke cikin waɗannan albarkatun ana iya samun sauƙin cirewa don yin amfani da manufa mai amfani. . Bayan an aiwatar da tsari mai amfani, ana kiyaye yawan kuzarin, amma albarkatun da kansu ba a kiyaye su ba, tunda tsari yakan canza kuzarin zuwa nau'ikan da ba za a iya amfani da su ba (irin wannan ba dole ba ko wuce gona da iri).

Tun lokacin da dan Adam ya gano albarkatun makamashi daban-daban da ake da su a cikin yanayi, yana ƙirƙira na'urori, waɗanda aka sani da injuna, waɗanda ke ƙara jin daɗin rayuwa ta hanyar amfani da albarkatun makamashi. Don haka, ko da yake tsohon mutum ya san amfanin wuta don dafa abinci, ƙirƙira na'urori kamar masu ƙona gas da tanda na microwave ya ƙara yawan amfani da makamashi don wannan dalili kaɗai. Halin ya kasance iri ɗaya a kowane fanni na ayyukan zamantakewa, ya kasance gina gine-ginen zamantakewa, masana'anta na yadudduka don sutura; tashar jiragen ruwa; bugu ; kayan ado, alal misali yadudduka, kwandishan ; sadarwar bayanai ko don motsi mutane da kaya ( motoci ).
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## Ilimin tattalin arziki
 
Haɓaka da amfani da albarkatun makamashi na da matukar muhimmanci ga tattalin arzikin duniya. Duk ayyukan tattalin arziki na buƙatar albarkatun makamashi, ko don kera kayayyaki, samar da sufuri, sarrafa kwamfutoci da sauran injuna .

Yaduwar bukatar makamashi na iya ƙarfafa gasa ga kayan aikin makamashi da samar da kasuwannin makamashin dillalai. Lura kasancewar sashin "Sabis ɗin Makamashi da Sabis na Abokin Ciniki" (EMACS). 

Bangaren makamashi yana da kashi 4.6 cikin 100 na rancen da aka yi amfani da su, idan aka kwatanta da 3.1% shekaru goma da suka gabata, yayin da haɗin gwiwar makamashi ke da kashi 15.7% na dala 1.3.Tiriliyan junk bond kasuwa, ya karu daga 4.3% akan lokaci guda. 

## Gudanarwa
 
Tun da farashin makamashi ya zama wani muhimmin al'amari a cikin aiwatar da tattalin arzikin al'ummomi, sarrafa albarkatun makamashi ya zama mai mahimmanci. Gudanar da makamashi ya ƙunshi amfani da albarkatun makamashi da ake da su yadda ya kamata; wato, tare da mafi ƙarancin ƙarin farashi. Sau da yawa yana yiwuwa a adana kashe kuɗi akan makamashi ba tare da haɗa sabbin fasaha ta hanyar dabarun gudanarwa masu sauƙi ba.  Galibi sarrafa makamashi shine al'adar amfani da makamashi yadda ya kamata ta hanyar kawar da almubazzarancin makamashi ko daidaita buƙatun makamashin da ya dace da samar da makamashi mai dacewa. Tsarin ya haɗa wayar da kan makamashi tare da kiyaye makamashi .

## Rabe-rabe

### Gwamnati
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ci gaba da Rarraba Matsayin Masana'antu na Duniya, wanda shine jerin rabe-raben tattalin arziki da zamantakewa.  Babu wani nau'i na musamman don masana'antar makamashi, saboda tsarin rarraba ya dogara ne akan *ayyuka*, *samfurori*, da kuma *kashe kuɗi bisa ga manufa* . 

Kasashe a Arewacin Amurka suna amfani da Tsarin Rarraba Masana'antu ta Arewacin Amurka (NAICS). Sassan NAICS #21 da #22 (haƙar ma'adinai da kayan aiki) na iya ƙayyadadden ma'anar masana'antar makamashi a Arewacin Amurka. Hukumar Tsaro da Canjin Amurka tana amfani da wannan rarrabuwa.

### Kasuwar kudi
Ma'aunin Rarraba Masana'antu na Duniya da Morgan Stanley ke amfani da shi ya ayyana masana'antar makamashi kamar yadda ya ƙunshi kamfanoni da farko waɗanda ke aiki da mai, gas, kwal da mai da ake amfani da su, ban da kamfanonin da ke aiki da wasu iskar gas na masana'antu.  Ƙara kuma don faɗaɗa wannan sashe: Matsakaicin Masana'antar Dow Jones 

## Tasirin muhalli
 
Ƙarfafa gwiwar gwamnati ta hanyar tallafi da tallafin haraji don ƙoƙarin kiyaye makamashi ya ƙara haɓaka ra'ayin kiyayewa a matsayin babban aikin masana'antar makamashi: adana adadin makamashi yana ba da fa'idodin tattalin arziki kusan daidai da samar da adadin makamashi iri ɗaya. Wannan yana haɓaka da gaskiyar cewa tattalin arziƙin isar da makamashi yakan zama farashi don iya aiki sabanin matsakaicin amfani. Ɗaya daga cikin dalilai na kayan aikin grid mai kaifin baki shine daidaita buƙatu ta yadda iya aiki da masu lankwasa buƙatu su daidaita sosai. Wasu sassa na masana'antar makamashi suna haifar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi, gami da iskar gas mai guba da gurɓataccen iska daga konewar mai, sharar nukiliya daga samar da makamashin nukiliya, da malalar mai sakamakon hakar mai. Dokokin gwamnati don shigar da waɗannan abubuwan waje suna haɓaka wani ɓangare na yin kasuwanci, kuma cinikin kuɗin carbon da ƙididdige ƙima a kan kasuwa kyauta na iya haifar da ceton makamashi da matakan sarrafa gurɓatawa don zama mafi mahimmanci ga masu samar da makamashi.

Amfani da albarkatun makamashi, (misali kunna haske) yana buƙatar albarkatu kuma yana da tasiri akan muhalli . Yawancin kamfanonin wutar lantarki suna ƙone kwal, mai ko iskar gas don samar da wutar lantarki don bukatun makamashi. Yayin da ake kona wadannan burbushin mai yana samar da isasshiyar wutar lantarki da gaggawa, kuma yana haifar da gurbacewar iska da suka hada da carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), sulfur dioxide da trioxide (SOx) da nitrogen oxides ( NOx ). Carbon dioxide wani muhimmin iskar iskar gas ne da ake kyautata zaton zai haifar da wani kaso daga cikin saurin karuwar sauyin yanayi da aka gani musamman a cikin bayanan yanayin zafi a karni na 20, idan aka kwatanta da dubun dubatan shekaru na bayanan zazzabi da za a iya karantawa. daga kankara da aka dauka a yankunan Arctic. Har ila yau, kona burbushin halittu don samar da wutar lantarki yana fitar da karafa irin su beryllium, cadmium, chromium, jan karfe, manganese, mercury, nickel, da azurfa a cikin muhalli, wadanda kuma suke aiki a matsayin gurbataccen yanayi.

Babban amfani da fasahohin makamashi mai sabuntawa zai "ragewa ko kawar da tasirin muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam da yawa na amfani da makamashi".   Sabbin fasahohin makamashi sun haɗa da makamashin halittu, dumama hasken rana da sanyaya, wutar lantarki, wutar lantarki, da wutar lantarki . Ƙaddamar da makamashi da ingantaccen amfani da makamashi zai taimaka.

Bugu da kari, ana zargin cewa akwai kuma yuwuwar bunkasa bangaren makamashi mai inganci . Ana iya yin hakan ta hanyar: 

* Canza man fetur a bangaren wutar lantarki daga kwal zuwa iskar gas ;
* Ƙimar wutar lantarki da sauran matakan inganta ingantaccen masana'antar wutar lantarki ta CCGT ;
* Haɗaɗɗen zafi da ƙarfi (CHP), daga ƙananan gidaje zuwa manyan masana'antu;
* Sharar da zafi dawo da

Mafi kyawun fasahar da ake samu (BAT) tana ba da matakan ingancin wadatar kayayyaki sama da matsakaicin duniya. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na iskar gas idan aka kwatanta da kwal suna tasiri ta hanyar haɓaka hanyoyin samar da makamashi masu inganci . Bisa ga kimanta tasirin da aka yi wa Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, matakan da ake amfani da su na makamashi na makamashin da aka gina a yanzu sun karu zuwa 46-49% masu dacewa, idan aka kwatanta da tsire-tsire da aka gina kafin 1990s (32-40%).  Koyaya, a lokaci guda gas na iya kaiwa 58-59% matakan inganci tare da mafi kyawun fasahar da ake samu.  A halin yanzu, haɗuwa da zafi da ƙarfi na iya ba da ƙimar inganci na 80-90%. 

## Siyasa.
Tunda yanzu makamashi yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin al'ummomin masana'antu, ikon mallakar da sarrafa albarkatun makamashi na taka rawa a siyasa . A mataki na kasa, gwamnatoci suna neman yin tasiri a cikin rabo (rarraba) albarkatun makamashi a tsakanin bangarori daban-daban na al'umma ta hanyoyin farashi; ko ma wanda ya mallaki albarkatun cikin iyakokinsu. Hakanan suna iya neman yin tasiri ga amfani da makamashi ta daidaikun mutane da kasuwanci a yunƙurin magance matsalolin muhalli .

Rigimar siyasar duniya ta baya-bayan nan game da albarkatun makamashi tana cikin yanayin yakin Iraki . Wasu manazarta harkokin siyasa sun tabbatar da cewa, boyayyar dalilin yakin 1991, da 2003, na 

### Siyasa
 
Manufar makamashi ita ce hanyar da wani abu da aka ba (sau da yawa na gwamnati) ya yanke shawarar magance matsalolin ci gaban makamashi ciki har da samar da makamashi, rarrabawa da amfani . Halayen manufofin makamashi na iya haɗawa da dokoki, yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙarfafawa ga saka hannun jari, jagororin kiyaye makamashi, haraji da sauran dabarun manufofin jama'a.

### Tsaro
 
Tsaron makamashi shine hanyar haɗin gwiwar tsaron ƙasa da samar da albarkatun ƙasa don amfani da makamashi . Samun makamashi mai arha ya zama mahimmanci ga ayyukan tattalin arziƙin zamani. Sai dai rashin daidaituwar rarraba wutar lantarki a tsakanin kasashen ya haifar da babbar illa. Barazana ga tsaron makamashi sun hada da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa na kasashe masu samar da makamashi da dama, sarrafa makamashin lantarki, gasar neman makamashi, hare-hare kan ababen more rayuwa, da hadarurruka, bala'o'i, ba da tallafi ga masu mulkin kama karya na kasashen waje, karuwar ta'addanci, da rinjaye. kasashen da suka dogara da albarkatun mai na kasashen waje.  Iyakantattun kayayyaki, rarraba mara daidaituwa, da hauhawar farashin mai, kamar mai da iskar gas, suna haifar da buƙatar canzawa zuwa ƙarin hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai dorewa a nan gaba. Tare da yawan dogaron da Amurka ke da shi a halin yanzu na mai da kuma iyakar iyakoki na samar da mai; tattalin arziki da al'ummomi za su fara jin raguwar albarkatun da muka dogara da su. Tsaron makamashi ya zama daya daga cikin batutuwan da ke kan gaba a duniya a yau yayin da mai da sauran albarkatu suka zama masu mahimmanci ga mutanen duniya. Duk da haka, tare da raguwar yawan albarkatun man fetur da kuma samar da man fetur a kusa da duniya ya zo don kare albarkatun da muka bari a duniya. Tare da sabbin ci gaba a albarkatu masu sabuntawa an rage matsin lamba kan kamfanonin da ke samar da mai a duniya, wadannan albarkatun sune, geothermal, wutar lantarki, wutar lantarki da wutar lantarki. Ko da yake waɗannan ba duka ba ne a halin yanzu da kuma abubuwan da za a iya yi a nan gaba don duniya za ta koma kamar yadda man fetur ya ƙare, batu mafi mahimmanci shi ne kare waɗannan muhimman albarkatun daga barazanar nan gaba. Wadannan sabbin albarkatun za su kasance masu amfani yayin da farashin fitar da mai da shigo da shi zai karu saboda karuwar bukatar.

Samar da makamashi don ci gaba da bukatun ɗan adam muhimmin aiki ne na zamantakewa, kuma ƙoƙari mai yawa yana shiga cikin aikin. Duk da yake mafi yawan irin wannan ƙoƙarin ya iyakance don haɓaka samar da wutar lantarki da mai, ana bincika sabbin hanyoyin samar da albarkatun makamashi mai amfani daga albarkatun makamashi da ake da su. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan ƙoƙarin shine gano hanyoyin samar da man hydrogen daga ruwa. Ko da yake amfani da hydrogen yana da alaƙa da muhalli, samar da shi yana buƙatar makamashi da fasahar da ake da su don yin shi, ba su da inganci sosai. Ana ci gaba da bincike don gano ɓarnawar enzymatic na biomass. 

Hakanan ana amfani da wasu nau'ikan albarkatun makamashi na yau da kullun ta sabbin hanyoyi. Gas gas da shayarwa sune fasahohi na baya-bayan nan waɗanda ke zama masu ban sha'awa bayan fahimtar cewa ajiyar mai, a halin yanzu ƙimar amfani, na iya zama ɗan gajeren rayuwa. Duba madadin mai .

Makamashi shine batun mahimman ayyukan bincike a duniya. Misali, Cibiyar Binciken Makamashi ta Burtaniya ita ce wurin bincike na makamashi na Burtaniya yayin da Tarayyar Turai ke da shirye-shiryen fasaha da yawa da kuma dandamali don shiga ilimin zamantakewa da ɗan adam a cikin binciken makamashi. 

## Sufuri
Duk al'ummomi suna buƙatar kayan da abinci da za a yi jigilar su ta *nisa*, gabaɗaya a kan wani *ƙarfi* na rikici. Tunda yin amfani da karfi a kan nesa yana buƙatar kasancewar tushen makamashi mai amfani, irin waɗannan hanyoyin suna da ƙima a cikin al'umma.

Yayin da albarkatun makamashi ke da mahimmanci ga kowane nau'in sufuri a cikin al'umma, jigilar albarkatun makamashi yana zama mahimmanci daidai. Abubuwan makamashi suna yawan kasancewa nesa da wurin da ake cinye su. Saboda haka, sufurin su ko da yaushe yana cikin tambaya. Ana jigilar wasu albarkatun makamashi kamar ruwa ko man gas ta hanyar amfani da tankuna ko bututun mai, yayin da sufurin wutar lantarki ke buƙatar hanyar sadarwa ta igiyoyi . Harkokin sufurin makamashi, ko ta hanyar tanki, bututu, ko layin watsawa, yana haifar da kalubale ga masana kimiyya da injiniyoyi, masu tsara manufofi, da masana tattalin arziki don sanya shi cikin haɗari da inganci.

## Rikici
 

Rashin zaman lafiya da tattalin arziki na iya haifar da rikicin makamashi . Sanannen rikicin mai shine rikicin mai na 1973 da rikicin mai na 1979 . Zuwan kololuwar mai, lokacin da aka kai matsakaicin adadin hako mai a duniya, zai iya haifar da wani rikicin makamashi.

## Haɗuwa da saye
Tsakanin 1985 zuwa 2018, an yi kusan yarjejeniyoyin 69,932 a fannin makamashi. Wannan ya haɗa zuwa jimlar ƙimar dalar Amurka biliyan 9,578. Shekarar da ta fi aiki ita ce 2010 tare da kusan yarjejeniyar 3.761. Dangane da ƙimar 2007 ita ce shekara mafi ƙarfi (biliyan 684. USD), wanda ya biyo bayan raguwa mai zurfi har zuwa 2009 (-55,8%). 

Ga jerin manyan yarjejeniyoyin 10 a tarihi a fannin makamashi:

## Duba kuma
  

## Nassoshi

## Kara karantawa

* Armstrong, Robert C., Catherine Wolfram, Robert Gross, Nathan S. Lewis, da MV Ramana et al. Ƙimar Makamashi, Makamashi *Nature*, Vol 1, 11 ga Janairu 2016.
*  
* Fouquet, Roger, da Peter JG Pearson. "Ƙarni Bakwai na Ayyukan Makamashi: Farashin da Amfani da Haske a Ƙasar Ingila (1300-2000)." *Jaridar Makamashi* 27.1 (2006).
* Gales, Ben, et al. "Arewa da Kudu: Canjin makamashi da ƙarfin makamashi a Turai sama da shekaru 200." *Binciken Tarihi na Tarihi na Turai* 11.2 (2007): 219-253.
* Nye, David E. *Amfani da iko: Tarihin zamantakewa na kuzarin Amurka* (MIT Press, 1999)
* Pratt, Joseph A. *Exxon: Canjin Makamashi, 1973-2005* (2013) 600pp
*  
* Stern, David I. "Matsayin makamashi a ci gaban tattalin arziki." *Annals na Kwalejin Kimiyya na New York* 1219.1 (2011): 26-51. kan layi
* Warr, Benjamin, et al. "Amfani da makamashi da ci gaban tattalin arziki: nazarin kwatancen samar da ayyuka masu amfani a Austria, Japan, United Kingdom da Amurka a cikin shekaru 100 na ci gaban tattalin arziki." *Ilimin Tattalin Arziki* 69.10 (2010): 1904-1917. kan layi
*