Kungiyoyin kasuwanci a Afirka ta Kudu

**Kungiyoyin kwadago a Afirka ta Kudu** suna da tarihin da ya samo asali daga shekarun 1880. Tun daga farkon ƙungiyoyi za a iya kallon su a matsayin nuna rashin haɗin kai na launin fata na ƙasar, tare da ƙungiyoyin farko da suka fi yawa ga ma'aikatan fari. A cikin shekarun rikice-rikice na 1948-1991 ƙungiyoyin kwadago sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasa juriya ta siyasa da tattalin arziki, kuma a ƙarshe sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke motsawa wajen fahimtar sauyawa zuwa gwamnatin dimokuradiyya.

A yau ƙungiyoyin kwadago har yanzu suna da mahimmanci a Afirka ta Kudu, tare da mambobi miliyan 3.11 waɗanda ke wakiltar kashi 25.3% na ma'aikata na yau da kullun. Majalisar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu (COSATU) ita ce mafi girma daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin kwadago guda uku, tare da mambobi miliyan 1.8, kuma tana daga cikin hadin gwiwar Tripartite tare da Majalisar Kwadaka ta Afirka (ANC) da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Afirka ta Kudancin (SACP).

## Tarihin
Kungiyoyin kwadago na farko galibi ga fararen fata ne kawai, tare da kungiyoyi kamar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu (SACoL) da ke goyon bayan manufofin aiki bisa ga nuna bambancin launin fata. Har ila yau, sau da yawa ba su yarda da mata a cikin ƙungiyoyi ba. Mary Fitzgerald an dauke ta mace ta farko a cikin ƙungiyar kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma wacce ta jagoranci yajin aiki da yawa kuma ta zauna kafin 1911. Kungiyar kwadago ta farko da ta shirya ma'aikatan baƙar fata ita ce Ma'aikatan Masana'antu na Afirka (IWA), wanda aka kafa a watan Satumbar 1917 ta ƙungiyar masu juyin juya halin International Socialist League (ISL). IWA ta haɗu a cikin Kungiyar Ma'aikatan Masana'antu da Kasuwanci ta Afirka (ICU), wanda aka kafa a 1919, a cikin 1920: 482 ICU da farko ƙungiya ce ga ma'aikatan tashar jiragen ruwa masu baƙar fata da launuka masu launi a Cape Town kuma Clements Kadalie da Arthur F. Batty ne suka kafa ta farko a cikin ƙasa don ma'aikatan baƙar fata waɗanda a ƙarshe za su haɗa da ma'aikatan gona na karkara, ma'aikatan gida da masana'aikata, ma'aikata, masu tashar jiragen jiragen ruwa, ma'antu da 'yan kasuwa masu sayar da yan kasuwa: 483 A cikin shekarun 1920 an ce sun fi shahara fiye da ANC kuma a cikin Jam' yan kasuwa na Jihar jiragen ruwa sun kafa su 486 Trans Trans Trans Transchukiukiyar Afirka: 486 

A cikin shekarun 1930 Majalisar Kasuwanci da Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu (SATLC) ta haɗa yawancin ƙasar. SATLC ta ci gaba da kasancewa a bayyane ba tare da wariyar launin fata ba, kuma ta yarda da haɗin gwiwar kungiyoyin kwadago na baƙar fata, tare da kiran cikakken haƙƙin doka ga 'yan kungiyar kwadago na baki. Wasu kungiyoyin baƙi sun shiga SATLC, yayin da a cikin shekarun 1940 wasu suka haɗa da Majalisar Kwadago da ba ta Turai ba, wanda ya ɗaga shi zuwa mafi girma na ƙungiyoyi 119 da mambobi 158,000 a cikin 1945.

A shekara ta 1946, CNETU tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Afirka ta Kudu sun tura yajin aikin ma'aikatan ma'adinai na Afirka ya zama Babban yajin aikin. Yunkurin ya rushe ta hanyar zalunci na 'yan sanda wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na tashiwar Jam'iyyar National Party (NP) da kuma taken su na wariyar launin fata yayin da aka murkushe dukkan kungiyoyin kwadago na baƙar fata.

## 1954 &#x2D; 1991
A shekara ta 1954 aka rushe SATLC, kuma tare da kafa Majalisar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu (TUCSA) membobin kungiyar sun hada da fari, masu launi, da Asians, tare da baƙi a cikin kungiyoyi masu dogaro. An cire ƙungiyoyin baƙar fata masu zaman kansu daga haɗin kai kuma ƙungiyoyi 14 da suka gabata daga SATLC sun kafa Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu (SACTU). SACTU ta haɗu da Majalisar Kwadago da ba ta Turai ba kuma ta zama ƙungiyar kwadago ta ANC. Kungiyar ta karu zuwa mambobi 53,000 a shekara ta 1961, amma an kori ta a karkashin kasa, kuma shekaru goma an sake yin shiru a Afirka ta Kudu.

A shekara ta 1979 an kafa Tarayyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu (FOSATU), tare da kirkirar Majalisar Kwadago na Afirka ta Kudu.

Abin da zai zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi a Afirka ta Kudu, an kirkiro Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Ma'adinai ta Kasa (NUM) a cikin 1982, kuma tana da hannu sosai a cikin rikice-rikicen siyasa da ke adawa da Jam'iyyar National Party mai mulki. Kungiyar ta rungumi "ginshiƙai" guda huɗu na aiki - gwagwarmayar makamai, tattara jama'a (rashin rinjaye), hadin kan kasa da kasa, da kuma aikin karkashin kasa.

An kafa Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) a shekarar 1985, kuma FOSATU ta haɗu da ita a wannan shekarar (wanda aka fi sani da shi a masana'antar koyarwa).

Babban yajin aiki har zuwa wannan ranar a tarihin Afirka ta Kudu ya faru ne a ranar 1 ga Mayu 1986, lokacin da ma'aikatan baƙar fata miliyan 1.5 suka "yi tafiya" a cikin buƙatar amincewa da hutun ranar Mayu. A watan Yuni mai zuwa an ruwaito cewa an kama jami'an kungiyar kwadago 200, ciki har da Elijah Barayi da Jay Naidoo na COSATU, da Phiroshaw Camay, babban sakataren CUSA, a karkashin sabon yanayin gaggawa.

Har ila yau, a cikin 1986, CUSA ta shiga tare da Azanian Confederation of Trade Unions (AZACTU) don kafa Majalisar Kwadago ta Kasa (NACTU), kuma Cif Mangosuthu Buthelezi ya kirkiro Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Afirka ta Kudu (UWUSA), musamman don adawa da kashe hannun jari a Afirka ta Kudu. UWUSA daga ƙarshe ta ɓace daga gani, amma ba kafin wahayi a watan Yulin 1991 ba cewa ta haɗa kai da masu ba da agaji a cikin kamfen ɗin da aka yi wa masu gwagwarmayar COSATU da NACTU, kuma ta sami akalla Rand miliyan 1.5 daga 'yan sanda na tsaro.

A cikin 1988 sabuwar Dokar Harkokin Ma'aikata ta sanya takunkumi kan ayyukan ma'aikata, gami da ba Kotun Ma'aikata ikon hana yajin aiki da kulle-kulle. Wannan ya kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci, kuma tattaunawar tsakanin COSATU, NACTU da Kwamitin Harkokin Kwadago na Afirka ta Kudu (SACOLA) daga ƙarshe sun samar da gyare-gyare na 1991 wanda ya soke ikon da ya gabata.

A cikin 1990 SACTU, wanda ya ci gaba da ayyukan karkashin kasa daga gudun hijira, ya rushe kuma ya shawarci membobinta su shiga COSATU. COSATU, a matsayin memba na hadin gwiwar Tripartite tare da ANC da SACP, sun ba da tallafi ta hanyar yajin aiki da rikice-rikicen siyasa da tattalin arziki, wanda daga ƙarshe ya haifar da ƙaurawar Jam'iyyar National, da kuma nasarar mafi rinjaye na ANC a zaben siyasa na 1994.

## A yau
An amince da kungiyoyin kwadago a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu na 1996, wanda ke ba da damar shiga kungiyoyin kwadoro da kuma kungiyoyin kwadano don yin ciniki tare da yajin aiki. Wannan ya fassara zuwa Dokar Harkokin Ma'aikata, wanda ya kafa tsarin aiki ga ƙungiyoyi da ma'aikata. An kuma kirkiro cibiyoyi uku don ci gaba da burin rage rikice-rikicen alaƙar masana'antu, kawar da nuna bambanci mara adalci da kuma gyara nuna bambanci da ya gabata a wurin aiki: Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki da Majalisar Aiki ta Kasa (NEDLAC), Kotun Kwadago da Hukumar Sakamako, Saki da Arbitration (CCMA).
 
Tare da kirkirar Tarayyar Kungiyoyin Afirka ta Kudu (FEDUSA) daga hadewar Tarayyar Ƙungiyoyin Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu, da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi da yawa a cikin 1997, an kafa manyan ƙungiyoyi uku. COSATU, tare da mambobi miliyan 1.8, FEDUSA ta biyo baya tare da mambozi 560,000 da NACTU tare da kusan mambobi 400,000 ciki har da ƙungiyar ma'aikatan ma'adinai. Dukkanin ukun suna da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya.

An kafa cibiyar kwadago ta kasa ta huɗu a shekara ta 2003. Kungiyar Kwadago ta Kwadago (CONSAWU) tana da alaƙa da Kungiyar Kwararrun Kwararrun Duniya (WCL).

Binciken shekara-shekara na ICFTU na 2006 game da keta haƙƙin ƙungiyar kwadago ya lura da Afirka ta Kudu:"An bayar da rahoton manyan keta doka a cikin shekara, gami da mutuwar ma'aikata biyu da ma'aikatansu suka kashe a cikin takaddamar albashi, da kuma ma'aikacin gona da masu tsaro suka kashe. Yunkurin zanga-zangar da zanga-zambe sun haɗu da tashin hankali, kamar yin amfani da harsashin roba, wanda a yanayin direbobin mota masu bugawa, ya haifar da rauni.

### Aiki da HIV / AIDS
Afirka ta kudu tana daya daga cikin mafi yawan kamuwa da cutar kanjamau / aids a duniya, tare da kimantawa na shekara ta 2005 na mutane miliyan 5.5 da ke zaune tare da cutar kansar, 12.4% na yawan jama'arta. kungiyar kwadago ta taka rawar gani wajen yaki da wannan annoba. cosatu babban abokin tarayya ne a cikin kamfen ɗin aiki na magunguna (tac), ƙungiyar agaji da aka yi rajista da ƙungiyar siyasa da ke aiki don ilimantarwa da inganta fahimta game da cutar kanjamau / aids, da kuma hana sabbin kamuwa da cuta, da kuma turawa don samun damar samun magungunan antiretrovirals. cosatu ta zartar da ƙuduri a cikin 1998 don kamfen don magani. "a bayyane yake ga ƙungiyar ma'aikata a wannan lokacin cewa membobinta mafi ƙasƙanci suna mutuwa saboda ba za su iya samun magunguna ba, "in ji theodora steel, mai kula da kamfen a cosatu. "mun ga tac a matsayin abokin tarayya na halitta a cikin kamfen don magani. mun zartar da ƙuduri na yau da kullun a taronmu don taimakawa da gina tac. "

Duk da hadin gwiwar COSATU tare da ANC mai mulki, ya kasance ba daidai ba ne da gwamnati ta hanyar yin kira ga ƙaddamar da cikakken damar jama'a ga magungunan antiretroviral.

### Dokar Dangantaka ta Aiki
An zartar da Dokar Dangantaka ta Ma'aikata a cikin 1995 kuma ta sami manyan gyare-gyare a cikin 1996 1998 da 2002. Manufar da aka bayyana ita ce "ba da tasiri ga sashi na 27 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki" ta hanyar tsara haƙƙin ƙungiyoyin kwadago, inganta yarjejeniyar ƙungiya, tsara haƙƙin yajin aiki da kuma neman mafita da kuma samar da hanyoyin warware rikice-rikice da kuma kafa Kotun Kwadago da Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Kwadago a matsayin manyan kotuna "tare da ikon yanke shawara na musamman don yanke shawara kan batutuwan da suka taso daga Dokar". Dokar ta kuma magance sa hannun ma'aikaci a cikin yanke shawara da wajibai na doka ta kasa da kasa dangane da dangantakar ma'aikata.

Dokar Harkokin Kasuwanci ba ta shafi Sojojin Tsaro na Afirka ta Kudu, Hukumar leken asiri ta Kasa ko Ofishin Asirin Afirka ta Kudu.

### Majalisar ciniki
An kafa majalisun sulhu ta ƙungiyoyin kwadago da ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata. Suna hulɗa da yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa, ƙoƙarin warware rikice-rikicen ma'aikata da kuma yin shawarwari game da manufofin ma'aikata le dokoki. Hakanan, suna iya gudanar da kudaden fansho, biyan marasa lafiya, rashin aikin yi da tsarin horo da sauran irin waɗannan fa'idodi ga membobinsu.
Dokar Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Amended ta kuma lura cewa majalisun suna "ba da sabis da ayyuka na majalisa ga ma'aikata a bangaren da ba na al'ada ba da ma'aikatan gida".

### Yarjejeniyar Shagon Hukumar
Yarjejeniyar Shagon Hukumar ta sami rinjaye daga ƙungiyar kwadago (ko dai ƙungiya ɗaya ko hadin gwiwar ƙungiyoyi da ke wakiltar mafi yawan ma'aikatan da aka yi amfani da su) da kuma ma'aikaci ko ƙungiyar ma'aikata. Yarjejeniyar ta buƙaci masu daukar ma'aikata su cire kuɗi daga albashin ma'aikatan da ba na ƙungiyar ba don "tabbatar da ma'aikatan waɗanda ba na ƙungiyar, waɗanda ke amfana daga ƙoƙarin sulhu na ƙungiyar, su ba da gudummawa ga waɗannan ƙoƙarin".

Ba a buƙatar izini daga ma'aikaci don a tantance raguwa. Koyaya, ma'aikatan da suka ƙi yarda da lamiri kuma sun ƙi zama memba a cikin ƙungiyar kwadago bisa tushen lamiri, suna iya neman a biya kuɗin su ga asusun da Ma'aikatar Ayyuka ke gudanarwa.

### Yarjejeniyar shagon da aka rufe
Yarjejeniyar shagon rufewa, wanda ke buƙatar duk ma'aikata a wurin aiki da aka rufe su shiga ƙungiyoyi, ana iya buga su idan kashi biyu bisa uku na ma'aikata sun jefa kuri'a don amincewa da yarjejeniyar. Dole ne ma'aikata su shiga ƙungiyar ko kuma su fuskanci korar su. Bugu da ƙari, "idan ƙungiyar ta kori memba ko ta ƙi ba da damar sabon ma'aikaci ya zama memba na ƙungiyar, kuma idan wannan fitarwa ko ƙin yarda ya dace da kundin tsarin mulkin ƙungiyar ko kuma saboda dalili ne mai kyau, to ma'aikacin zai kori ma'aikacen. Wannan korar ba a dauke ta rashin adalci ba. " Ba za a iya korar masu adawa da lamiri ba saboda kin shiga ƙungiyar.

Ƙuntatawa a kan shagunan da aka rufe sun haɗa da buƙatun kada su tilasta ma'aikata su zama membobin ƙungiyar kwadago kafin samun aiki da kuma biyan kuɗin da aka tattara daga ma'aikata don amfani da su kawai don "ci gaba ko kare bukatun zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na ma'aikata".

## Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su