Rand na Afirka ta Kudu

**Rand na Afirka ta Kudu**, ko kuma kawai **Rand**, ( alamar : **R** ; code : **ZAR** ("South African rand"); the *ZA* is a historical relic from Dutch, used because "SA" is allocated to Saudi Arabia.}} ) ita ce kudin hukuma na yankin hada-hadar kuɗaɗe na Afirka ta Kudu : Afirka ta Kudu, Namibiya (tare da dalar Namibiya ), Lesotho ( tare da Lesotho loti ) da Eswatini (tare da Swazi lilangeni ). An raba shi zuwa cents 100 (alama: "c").

Kudin Rand na Afirka ta Kudu ya kasance na doka a cikin ƙasashe membobin Namibia, Lesotho da Eswatini, tare da waɗannan ƙasashe uku kuma suna da nasu kuɗin ƙasa ( dala, loti da lilangeni bi da bi) tare da Rand a daidaito kuma har yanzu. yarda da ko'ina a matsayin madadin. Har ila yau, Rand ya kasance mai ba da izini na doka a Botswana har zuwa 1976, lokacin da pula ya maye gurbin rand a daidai.

## Bayani
Rand ya ɗauki sunansa daga Witwatersrand ("farin ruwa" a cikin Ingilishi, *rand* shine kalmar Dutch da Afrikaans don 'ridge'), dutsen da aka gina Johannesburg kuma inda aka sami yawancin ajiyar zinare na Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin Turanci da Afrikaans nau'in nau'i ɗaya da jam'i na naúrar ("rand") iri ɗaya ne: rand ɗaya, rand goma, rand miliyan biyu.

## Tarihi
An gabatar da Rand a cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 1961, watanni uku kafin kasar ta ayyana kanta a matsayin jamhuriya.   Although pronounced in the Afrikaans style as  in the jingles when introduced,  An kafa Hukumar Samar da Kuɗin Decimal a cikin 1956 don yin la'akari da ƙaura daga ƙungiyoyin fam, shillings, da pence; ta gabatar da shawarwarinta a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1958.  Ya maye gurbin fam na Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin ɗan takara na doka, a farashin Rand 2 zuwa fam 1, ko shillings 10 zuwa Rand. Gwamnati ta gabatar da mascot, Decimal Dan, "mutumin da ba shi da kuɗi" (wanda aka sani a Afrikaans da Daan Desimaal). Wannan yana tare da jingle na rediyo, don sanar da jama'a game da sabon kudin. Ko da yake an furta shi a cikin salon Afrikaans kamar /r ʌ n t / a cikin jingles lokacin da aka gabatar da shi,  furcin zamani a cikin Turanci na Afirka ta Kudu shine /r æ n d /.

### Takaitaccen tarihin canjin musaya

#### 1961-2000

Rand daya ya kai dalar Amurka 1.40 (R0.72 kowace dala) tun daga lokacin da aka fara shi a shekarar 1961 har zuwa karshen 1971, kuma dalar Amurka ta yi karfi fiye da kudin Afirka ta Kudu a karon farko a ranar 15 ga Maris 1982.  Ƙimar sa daga baya ta canza kamar yadda musayar kuɗi daban-daban Hukumomin Afirka ta Kudu ne suka aiwatar da  . A farkon shekarun 1980, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da matsin lamba na siyasa gami da takunkumin da aka kakaba wa kasar sakamakon adawar da kasashen duniya ke yi wa tsarin wariyar launin fata ya fara zubar da kimarsa. Kudin ya karye sama da daidaito da dala a karon farko a watan Maris na 1982, kuma ya ci gaba da yin ciniki tsakanin R1 da R1.30 zuwa dala har zuwa watan Yunin 1984, lokacin da faduwar darajar kudin ta kara karfi. A watan Fabrairun 1985, ana cinikin sama da R2 akan kowace dala, kuma a watan Yuli na wannan shekarar, an dakatar da duk kasuwancin musayar waje na tsawon kwanaki uku don ƙoƙarin dakatar da faduwar darajar.

A lokacin da shugaban jihar PW Botha ya yi jawabinsa na Rubicon a ranar 15 ga Agusta 1985, ya ragu zuwa R2.40 kowace dala. Kuɗin ya dawo da ɗan tsakanin 1986 zuwa 1988, yana kasuwanci a kusa da matakin R2 mafi yawan lokaci har ma yana karya ƙarƙashinsa kai tsaye. Farfadowar ba ta daɗe ba, amma a ƙarshen 1989, Rand yana cinikin fiye da R2.50 kowace dala.

Kamar yadda ya bayyana a farkon shekarun 1990 cewa kasar na nufin mulkin mallaka mafi rinjaye na bakar fata da kuma sake fasalin daya bayan daya, rashin tabbas game da makomar kasar ya gaggauta faduwar darajar har zuwa matakin R.&nbsp;3 zuwa dala an keta shi a watan Nuwamba 1992. Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin gida da na waje sun rinjayi kudin bayan haka, musamman babban zaben 1994, wanda ya raunana zuwa sama da R3.60 zuwa dala, zaben Tito Mboweni a matsayin gwamnan babban bankin Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma rantsar da shugaba Thabo Mbeki a shekarar 1999, wanda yayi saurin zamewa sama da R6 zuwa dala. Shirin sake fasalin kasa mai cike da cece-kuce da aka fara a Zimbabwe, wanda harin na ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001 ya biyo baya, ya kai shi mafi raunin tarihin R13.84 zuwa dala a watan Disambar 2001.

#### 2001-2011

Wannan faduwar darajar kwatsam a cikin 2001 ya haifar da bincike na yau da kullun, wanda hakan ya haifar da farfadowa mai ban mamaki. A karshen shekarar 2002, an sake cinikin kudin a karkashin R9 zuwa dala, kuma a karshen shekarar 2004 ana cinikin kasa da R5.70 zuwa dala. Kudin ya ɗan yi laushi a cikin 2005, kuma yana cinikin kusan R6.35 zuwa dala a ƙarshen shekara. A farkon shekara ta 2006, duk da haka, kuɗin ya ci gaba da yin gangami, kuma tun daga ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2006, an sake yin ciniki a ƙarƙashin R6 zuwa dala. Koyaya, a cikin kashi na biyu da na uku na 2006 (watau Afrilu zuwa Satumba), Rand ya raunana sosai.

A cikin sharuddan sittin, ya faɗi daga kusan kashi 9.5% zuwa sama da kashi 7 cikin ɗari, ya yi asarar kusan kashi 25% na ƙimar kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin watanni shida kacal. A ƙarshen 2007, Rand ya haɗu cikin ladabi zuwa sama da 8% kawai, kawai don fuskantar faifai mai zurfi a cikin kwata na farko na 2008.

Za a iya danganta wannan zamewar ƙasa da abubuwa da yawa: tabarbarewar gibin asusu na Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya ƙaru zuwa shekaru 36 da ya kai kashi 7.3 cikin ɗari na jimlar yawan amfanin gida (GDP) a 2007; hauhawar farashin kaya a cikin shekaru biyar mafi girma na kusan 9%; haɓaka kyamar haɗari a duniya yayin da damuwar masu zuba jari game da yaduwar tasirin rikicin na ƙasa ya karu; da kuma jirgin gaba ɗaya zuwa "masu tsaro", nesa da haɗarin da ake gani na kasuwanni masu tasowa. Matsalar wutar lantarki ta Eskom ta kara ta'azzara faduwar darajar Rand, wanda ya taso saboda rashin iya biyan bukatun makamashin kasar cikin hanzari.

#### 2012 - yanzu
A stalled ma'adinai masana'antu a cikin marigayi 2012 ya haifar da sabon lows a farkon 2013. A ƙarshen Janairu 2014, Rand ya zame zuwa R11.25 zuwa dala, tare da manazarta suna danganta canjin zuwa "kalmar daga Tarayyar Tarayyar Amurka cewa za ta rage kashe kashe kuɗi mai ƙarfafawa, wanda ya haifar da kasuwa mai yawa a cikin tattalin arziki masu tasowa."  A cikin 2014, Afirka ta Kudu ta fuskanci mafi munin shekararta akan dalar Amurka tun daga 2009,  kuma a cikin Maris 2015, Rand ya yi ciniki a mafi muni tun 2002. A lokacin, Trading Economics ya fitar da bayanai cewa Rand "ya kai R4.97 zuwa dala tsakanin 1972-2015, wanda ya kai R12.45 a kowane lokaci a watan Disamba 2001 da kuma raguwa na R0.67 a watan Yuni na 1973." Ya zuwa karshen shekarar 2014, kudin Rand ya ragu zuwa R15.05 a kowace dala, wani bangare saboda gibin asusun kasuwancin Afirka ta Kudu da sauran kasashen duniya. 

Daga ranar 9 zuwa 13 ga watan Disambar 2015, cikin kwanaki hudu, kudin Rand ya ragu da kashi 10 bisa dari, sakamakon abin da wasu ke zargin cewa shugaba Zuma ya bayyana mamakinsa na cewa zai maye gurbin ministan kudi Nhlanhla Nene da David van Rooyen wanda ba a san shi ba. Faduwar darajar da aka yi cikin sauri ta samo asali ne lokacin da Zuma ya ja baya tare da bayyana cewa a maimakon haka za a nada fitaccen ministan kudi Pravin Gordhan a kan mukamin. Korar da Zuma ya yi na ba-zata da Nene ya yi illa ga amincewar kasashen duniya a kan kudin kasar Rand, kuma farashin musayar ya yi kasala a tsawon watan Janairun 2016, kuma ya kai matsayin da ba a taba gani ba na R17.9169 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun 2016 kafin ya koma R16.57 daga baya. rana guda. 

Faduwar darajar watan Janairu kuma wani bangare ne ya haifar da masu zuba jari na kasar Japan sun yanke asarar da suke yi a cikin kudin don neman zuba jari mai yawa a wasu wurare kuma saboda damuwa kan tasirin koma bayan tattalin arziki a kasar Sin, babbar kasuwar fitar da kayayyaki a Afirka ta Kudu. A tsakiyar watan Janairu, masana tattalin arziki sun yi hasashe cewa Rand na iya sa ran ganin ƙarin canji ga sauran 2016.   Ya zuwa ranar 29 ga Afrilu, ya kai mafi girman aikinsa a cikin watanni biyar da suka gabata, inda aka yi musanya akan farashin R14.16 zuwa dalar Amurka. 

Bayan da Burtaniya ta kada kuri'ar ficewa daga Tarayyar Turai, kudin Rand ya ragu da sama da kashi 8 cikin dari idan aka kwatanta da dalar Amurka a ranar 24 ga watan Yunin 2016, raguwar kudin mafi girma a rana guda tun bayan faduwar tattalin arzikin shekarar 2008.  Wannan ya kasance wani bangare ne saboda koma bayan tattalin arzikin duniya gaba daya daga kudaden da ake ganin suna da hadari ga dalar Amurka  kuma wani bangare na damuwa kan yadda ficewar Burtaniya daga kungiyar EU zai yi tasiri ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da huldar kasuwanci.

A watan Afrilun 2017, wata kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a ta Reuters ta yi kiyasin cewa, Rand zai ci gaba da kasancewa da kwanciyar hankali har zuwa karshen shekara, yayin da kuri'u biyu suka gano cewa manazarta sun riga sun yi la'akari da yiwuwar raguwa zuwa matsayi na "junk". A lokacin, Moody's ya kima Afirka ta Kudu daraja biyu sama da matsayin takarce.  A lokacin da shugaba Jacob Zuma ya samu da kyar a yunkurin kin amincewa da kasar Afirka ta Kudu a watan Agustan 2017, kudin Rand ya ci gaba da zamewa, inda ya ragu da kashi 1.7 cikin dari a wannan rana.  A cikin watan Satumban shekarar 2017, Goldman Sachs ya ce basussuka da cin hanci da rashawa na kamfanin Eskom Holdings shi ne babban hatsari ga tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu da kuma canjin kudin Rand. A lokacin, ba ta da wani babban jami'in gudanarwa na dindindin, kuma Colin Coleman na Goldman Sachs a Afirka ya ce kamfanin yana "tattaunawa kan mafita" kan samun ingantaccen gudanarwa.  A watan Oktoban 2017, Rand ya tsaya tsayin daka akan dalar Amurka yayin da ya murmure daga karanci na watanni shida. Kamfanin dillancin labaran reuters ya bayyana cewa, "Afrika ta kudu na da matukar saukin kai ga ra'ayin masu zuba jari a duniya yayin da kasar ta dogara da kudaden kasashen waje wajen cike manyan kasafin kudinta da kuma gibin kudaden da take samu."  A ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamban 2017, kudin Rand ya fadi da sama da kashi 1% a lokacin da shugaban kasafin kudi Michael Sachs ya sauka daga mukaminsa a gwamnatin Zuma. 

A cikin Oktoba 2022, Rand ya nutse zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin shekaru biyu, ya kai R18.46 zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2022.

## Tsabar kudi

An gabatar da tsabar kudi a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin , 1, , 5, 10, 20, da 50 cents. A 1965, 2 cent tsabar kudi maye gurbin  cent tsabar kudi. The An buga tsabar  ƙarshe don yaduwa a cikin 1973. An ƙaddamar da tsabar kudin Rand 1 don rarrabawa a cikin 1967, sannan tsabar kudi 2-rand a 1989 da tsabar rand 5 a 1994. An dakatar da samar da cent 1 da 2 a shekara ta 2002, sai kuma cent 5 a 2012, da farko saboda hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da ya rage musu daraja, amma sun ci gaba da zama a doka.     Shaguna yawanci suna zagaye jimillar farashin siyan kaya zuwa kusan centi 10 (don mabukaci).

A kokarin da ake na dakile jabun, an fitar da sabon tsabar kudin Rand 5 a watan Agustan 2004. Abubuwan tsaro da aka gabatar akan tsabar kudin sun haɗa da ƙirar bimetal (mai kama da tsabar kuɗi €1 da €2, tsabar kuɗin Thai ฿10, tsabar kuɗin Philippine ₱10 kafin 2018, tsabar £2 na Burtaniya, da tsabar kuɗin Kanada $2 ), a keɓaɓɓen tsagi na tsaro na musamman tare da baki da ƙananan haruffa. 

A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a fitar da sabon jerin tsabar kudi. Waɗannan za su kasance da ɗarika ɗaya da jerin da suka gabata. 10c zai ƙunshi hoton Cape Honey Bee, 20c da Bitter Aloe, da 50c da Knysna Turaco, da R1 da Springbok, da R2 da King Protea, da kuma R5 da kudancin dama Whale.  

## Takardun kuɗi
An gabatar da jeri na farko na takardun kuɗin Rand a cikin 1961 a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1, 2, 10, da 20 rand, tare da ƙira da launuka iri ɗaya zuwa bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata don sauƙaƙa sauyawa. Sun ɗauki hoton abin da aka yi imani da shi a lokacin Jan van Riebeeck, shugaban VOC na farko na Cape Town . Daga baya an gano cewa hoton ba gaskiya ba ne Van Riebeeck kwata-kwata, hoton Bartholomeus Vermuyden ya yi kuskure da Van Riebeeck.  Kamar bayanin kula na fam na ƙarshe, an buga su cikin bambance-bambancen guda biyu, ɗaya da Ingilishi aka fara rubuta ɗayan ɗayan kuma an fara rubuta Afirkaans .

A cikin 1966, an fitar da jeri na biyu tare da ƙira waɗanda suka ƙaura daga bayanan fam ɗin da suka gabata. Bayanan kula tare da raka'o'i na 1, 5 da 10 rand an samar da su tare da galibin launi ɗaya a kowane bayanin kula. An gabatar da ƙaramin bayanin rand 1 tare da ƙira iri ɗaya a cikin 1973 kuma an gabatar da bayanin rand 2 a cikin 1974. An yi watsi da darajar rand 20 daga jerin farko. Duk bayanan kula sun ɗauki hoton Jan van Riebeeck. An ci gaba da yin amfani da sigar Ingilishi da Afrikaans na kowane bayanin kula a cikin wannan jerin.

Jerin 1978 ya fara da ƙungiyoyin 2, 5, 10 da 20 rand, tare da ƙaddamar da rand 50 a cikin 1984. Wannan silsilar tana da bambance-bambancen harshe guda ɗaya kawai ga kowane rukunin bayanin kula. Afrikaans shine yaren farko akan Rand 2, 10, da 50, yayin da Ingilishi shine yaren farko akan Rand 5 da 20. An maye gurbin bayanin kula da Rand 1 da tsabar kudi.

A cikin 1990s, an sake tsara bayanin kula tare da hotunan Big Five nau'in namun daji. 10, 20 da 50 rand an gabatar da su a cikin 1992 & 1993, suna riƙe da tsarin launi na fitowar da ta gabata. An gabatar da tsabar kudi don 2 da 5 rand, tare da maye gurbin bayanin kula na jerin da suka gabata, musamman saboda tsananin lalacewa da tsagewar da aka samu tare da ƙananan bayanan ƙididdiga a wurare dabam dabam. A cikin 1994, an gabatar da bayanan rand 100 da 200. [ana buƙatar hujja]￼

Jerin 2005 yana da babban ƙira iri ɗaya, amma tare da ƙarin fasalulluka na tsaro kamar tawada mai canza launi akan rand 50 da sama da kuma ƙungiyar taurarin EURion . An buga sassan duka ƙungiyoyin a cikin Turanci, yayin da aka buga wasu harsuna biyu na hukuma a baya, don haka ana amfani da duk harsunan hukuma 11 na Afirka ta Kudu .

A cikin 2010, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu da bankunan kasuwanci sun janye duk jerin takardun banki na rand 200 na 1994 saboda ingantattun kuɗaɗen jabun da ke yawo. 

A cikin 2011, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da takardun banki na rand 100 waɗanda ba su da lahani saboda ba su da bugu mai kyalli da ake iya gani a ƙarƙashin hasken UV . A cikin watan Yuni, an ƙaura da buga wannan ɗarika daga Kamfanin Bayanan kula da Bankin Afirka ta Kudu zuwa sashin Crane Currency na Sweden ( Tumba Bruk ), wanda aka bayar da rahoton ya samar da tsabar kuɗi miliyan 80 100 rand.  Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya soke takardun banki miliyan 3.6-rand 100 da Crane Currency ya buga saboda suna da lambobi iri ɗaya da rukunin da Kamfanin Bayanan Bankin Afirka ta Kudu ya buga. Bugu da ƙari, bayanin kula da aka buga a Sweden ba su kasance daidai launi ba, kuma sun kasance 1&nbsp;mm gajere. 

A ranar 11 ga Fabrairun 2012, Shugaba Jacob Zuma ya sanar da cewa kasar za ta fitar da sabbin takardun kudi masu dauke da hoton Nelson Mandela .   An shigar da su a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2012.  Waɗannan sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi iri ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand.

A cikin 2013, an sabunta jerin 2012 tare da ƙari na ƙungiyar taurarin EURion zuwa duka ƙungiyoyin guda biyar. 

A ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2018, an fitar da jerin takardun kudi na musamman don tunawa da cika shekaru 100 na haihuwar Nelson Mandela. Wannan jeri ya ƙunshi bayanin kula na duk ƙungiyoyin, 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand. Waɗannan bayanan kula za su yi yawo tare da bayanan da ke akwai.  Bayanan bayanan sun nuna madaidaicin fuskar Nelson Mandela a zahiri, amma a maimakon dabbobin Big Five a baya, suna nuna ƙaramin Mandela tare da fage daban-daban da suka shafi gadonsa. Wadannan al'amuran sun hada da: tsaunin Gabashin Cape, wanda ke nuna wurin haifuwar Mandela na Mvezo (rand 10); Gidan Mandela a Soweto, inda ya bayyana rayuwarsa ta siyasa tare da sauran gumakan gwagwarmaya (rand 20); wurin da aka kama Mandela a kusa da Howick, bayan watanni 17 a boye, inda aka gina masa wani abin tunawa ( rand 50); wurin daurin shekaru 27 da Mandela ya yi a gidan yari a tsibirin Robben, yana nuna tarin dutsen farar ƙasa (rand 100); mutum-mutumin Mandela a ginin Tarayyar don tunawa da lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a can a shekarar 1994 (rand 200).   ￼

A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2023, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a sami sabon jerin takardun banki waɗanda za su riƙe hoton Nelson Mandela a zahiri, yayin da yake nuna Big 5 a cikin hoton dangi a baya.  Wannan silsilar ta ƙunshi ɗarika ɗaya na 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 rand.

### Zubi na farko

### Zubi na biyu

### Zubi na uku

### Zubi na hudu

### Silsilar ta biyar

### Siridi na shida

### Siri na bakwai

### Siri na takwas

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje