Alexander Downer

**Alexander John Gosse Downer** (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 1951) tsohon ɗan siyasa ne kuma jami'in diflomasiyya na Australiya wanda ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar Liberal daga 1994 zuwa 1995, Ministan Harkokin Waje daga 1996 zuwa 2007, kuma Babban Kwamishina a Burtaniya daga 2014 zuwa 2018.

An haifi Downer a Adelaide, ɗan Sir Alick Downer kuma jikan Sir John Downer. Bayan ya yi aiki a Bankin New South Wales da kuma ofishin diflomasiyya, an naɗa shi babban darektan ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta Australiya a shekarar 1983. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga shugabannin Liberal Malcolm Fraser da Andrew Peacock. An zaɓe Downer a majalisar dokoki a zaɓen tarayya na 1984, inda ya lashe zaɓen Mayo a Kudancin Ostiraliya. An ƙara shi a matsayin ɗan takarar jam'iyyar adawa a shekarar 1987.

Bayan da ƙungiyar Coalition ta sha kaye a zaɓen 1993, an fara tambaya game da matsayin John Hewson a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar Liberal. Downer ya yi nasarar ƙalubalantarsa kan shugabancin a watan Mayu na 1994, don haka ya zama Shugaban 'Yan adawa . Da farko ya sami goyon baya sosai, amma bayan wasu kurakurai, sai ya yi murabus daga shugabancin a watan Janairun 1995, aka maye gurbinsa da John Howard. Shi ne shugaban Liberal na farko da ya kasa jagorantar jam'iyyar zuwa zaɓe, kuma ya kasance shugaban da ya fi guntu a tarihin jam'iyyar.

Lokacin da gwamnatin Howard ta hau mulki a shekarar 1996, an naɗa Downer a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje. Ya yi aiki har zuwa lokacin da gwamnati ta sha kaye a shekarar 2007, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ministan harkokin waje mafi daɗewa a tarihin Ostiraliya. Downer ya bar siyasa a shekarar 2008, daga baya aka naɗa shi Mai Ba da Shawara na Musamman ga Sakataren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Cyprus. Ya riƙe wannan muƙamin har zuwa 2014, lokacin da gwamnatin Abbott ta naɗa shi Babban Kwamishinan a Burtaniya.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Iyalan Downer suna da dogon tarihi a siyasar Kudancin Ostiraliya. Kakannin farko na Downer sune Mary Ann Downer (1792–1868) da ɗanta Henry Downer (1811–1870), kakansa, wanda ya yi tafiya daga Ingila a 1862 a cikin jirgin *ruwan Eden*, ya zauna a Adelaide. Mahaifin Downer shine Ministan Shige da Fice a gwamnatin Menzies kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Kwamishinan Burtaniya. Kakansa na uba, Sir John Downer, ya yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin Firayim Ministan Kudancin Ostiraliya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, kuma daga baya ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin membobin farko na Majalisar Dattawan Ostiraliya. Kakan uwar Downer shine ɗan kasuwa kuma mai taimakon jama'a James Hay Gosse, wanda mahaifinsa shine mai binciken William Gosse. 

An haifi Alexander Downer a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 1951 a Adelaide, Kudancin Ostiraliya,  lokacin da iyalin ke zaune a gidan da mahaifinsa, Arbury Park, ya gina a Tuddan Adelaide. Shi ne na uku cikin 'ya'ya huɗu da Sir Alexander "Alick" Downer da Mary Downer (wanda aka haifa a Gosse) suka haifa; yana da 'yan'uwa mata uku. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

Downer ya yi karatu a [[Makarantar Grammar ta Geelong|Makarantar Grammar Geelong]] da ke Ostiraliya, a lokacin kuma yana Ingila (yayin da mahaifinsa yake Babban Kwamishina) a Kwalejin Radley tsakanin 1964 da 1970. Daga baya ya kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin siyasa da tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Newcastle da ke [[Newcastle|Newcastle upon Tyne]]. 

== Farkon aikina ==
Daga 1975 zuwa 1976, ya yi aiki a matsayin masanin tattalin arziki a Bankin New South Wales, kafin ya shiga Sashen Diflomasiyya na Australiya, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 1982. An yi amfani da wasu lokutan Downer a Sashen Diflomasiyya a wani aiki a Brussels, inda ya yi horon [[Faransanci|harshen Faransanci]]. Daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Firayim Ministan Liberal na wancan lokacin, [[Malcolm Fraser]] da kuma Shugaban Jam'iyyar adawa ta Tarayya Andrew Peacock na gaba. 

Kafin zaɓen maye gurbin da aka yi a shekarar 1981, Downer bai yi nasara ba wajen neman zaɓen jam'iyyar Liberal a matsayin kujerar Boothby, sannan kuma a shekarar 1982 ya zama kujerar Bragg ta jiha.  Daga 1983 zuwa 1984, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Daraktan Gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta Australiya .  A shekarar 1984, an zaɓe shi a matsayin wanda aka riga aka zaɓa kuma aka zaɓe shi a Majalisar Tarayya a matsayin ɗan Liberal na Mayo, a Tuddan Adelaide da ke Kudancin Ostiraliya. Ya riƙe wannan kujera har zuwa lokacin da ya yi murabus daga Majalisar a shekarar 2008. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

## Shugaban 'yan adawa

## Ministan Harkokin Waje

## Manazarta