Hukuncin kisa a Montenegro

**[[Hukuncin Kisa|hukuncin kisa]]** a Montenegro an fara ba da umarni ta doka a cikin shekara ta 1798. An soke shi a ranar 19 ga Yuni 2002. Kashe-kashen karshe, ta hanyar harbi, ya faru ne a ranar 29 ga Janairun 1981, kuma an yanke hukuncin kisa na karshe a ranar 11 ga Oktoba 2001. Montenegro tana ɗaure da tarurruka na kasa da kasa masu zuwa da ke hana hukuncin kisa (an ba da kwanakin tabbatarwa a cikin parentheses): Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Biyu ga Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (6 Satumba 2001), da kuma Yarjejeniyar No. 6 da No. 13 ga Yarjejeniya ta Turai kan 'Yanfin Dan Adam (3 Maris 2004). Mataki A. 6  na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Montenegro (2007) wanda ya haramta hukuncin kisa ya ce: "A Montenegro, an haramta hukuncin hukuncin kisa".

## Tarihi

### Montenegro (1798-1914)
Har zuwa shekara ta 1851, Montenegro ta kasance mulkin addini, wanda Bishop na Orthodox da Majalisar Dattijai ke mulki, wanda ya kunshi wakilan kabilun Montenegro, waɗanda ke jin daɗin cikakken ikon cin gashin kansu. An rubuta dokar farko a cikin 1789 (kuma an yi gyare-gyare a cikin 1803), a lokacin mulkin Bishop Peter I. Ya ba da hukuncin kisa don kisan kai da cin amana kuma ya ba da izini ga hanyoyi uku na kisa: ratayewa, harbi da dutse.  Wakilan dukkan kabilun ne suka yi harbi (a wasu lokuta, daruruwan maza), don hana fansa na jini daga kabilar mai laifi. Kodayake doka ba ta tsara shi ba, ana amfani da hukuncin kisa ga ɓarayi. A cewar majiyoyin tarihi, "an rataye ɓarawo kuma an harbe mai kisan kai" a cikin 1831. A cikin 1839/1840, an kashe "kimanin masu laifi 20". Bayan da Montenegro ta zama masarauta, an karɓi sabon tsarin hukunci a 1855 (The Prince Danilo's Code). Ya ba da hukuncin kisa ga laifuka 18, gami da kisan kai, cin amana, laifuka game da mutuncin Yarima (lèse-majesté), nau'o'i daban-daban na sata, da ƙin biyan haraji. Mutumin da ya kashe matarsa da / ko masoyinta bayan ya same su cikin zina an cire shi daga duk wani hukunci. Hanyar kisa ta doka ita ce harbi, amma ga maza ne kawai. Ba za a iya harbe mata ba (kamar yadda zai "ƙasa bindigogi"), amma an rataye su, an nutsar da su, ko kuma an jajjefe su a maimakon haka. Kashe mata sun kasance da wuya sosai - wani shari'ar da aka rubuta ya shafi wata mace da aka jajjefe ta saboda kashe mijinta a shekara ta 1854.  Dokar Shari'a ta zamani ta farko, wacce aka karɓa a cikin 1906, ta haramta hukuncin kisa ga laifuffuka sama da ashirin. Kashewa ta hanyar harbi, wanda ƙungiyar harbi ta sojoji goma suka yi. Ba a san ainihin adadin hukuncin kisa da kisa kafin shekara ta 1914 ba, amma karami ne: a matsakaita, kisa ɗaya ko biyu a kowace shekara. Wani bambanci ga wannan shine shari'o'in siyasa guda biyu a cikin 1908 da 1909, lokacin da aka yanke wa mutane 13 da ake zargi da yin makirci da gwamnati hukuncin kisa kuma aka kashe 9.

### Yugoslavia (1918-1941)
Lokacin da aka kirkiro Yugoslavia a 1918, tsarin shari'a daban-daban sun kasance suna aiki a sassa daban-daban na sabuwar ƙasar. A cikin larduna na arewa maso yamma (Bosnia da Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia da Vojvodina), ana kashe-kashen ne ta hanyar ratayewa a cikin wani sarari mai rufewa tare da ƙuntataccen halartar jama'a. A cikin sauran ƙasar (Serbia, Kosovo, Montenegro da Makidoniya), ana kashe mutane ta hanyar harbi da kuma a fili. Lokacin da aka gabatar da Dokar Shari'a guda ɗaya ga dukan ƙasar (1929), ratayewa ya kasance kawai hanyar kisa ta doka, ban da hukuncin da kotunan soja suka zartar, waɗanda aka kashe ta hanyar harbi. Laifukan da aka hukunta ta hanyar mutuwa galibi kisan kai ne, fashi mai tsanani, da ta'addanci. Dangane da kididdigar hukuma, akwai hukuncin kisa 14 da kisa 5 a Montenegro daga 1920 zuwa 1940. A cikin wannan lokacin, duk Yugoslavia tana da hukunci 904 da kisa 291.

### Yugoslavia (1945-1991)
Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, an yanke hukuncin kisa da yawa a kan abokan huldar Nazi da masu aikata laifukan yaki, amma kuma a kan "maƙiyan mutane", watau duk waɗanda suka yi adawa da sabon mulkin kwaminisanci. Babu wani abin dogaro da bayanai, amma da alama a Yugoslavia har zuwa 1951 akwai kusan hukuncin kisa 10 000, mafi yawansu an kashe su. A Montenegro, akwai yiwuwar an yanke hukuncin kisa da yawa, kusan kashi biyu bisa uku an kashe su. Baya ga laifukan siyasa, laifukan kisa sun haɗa da sata dukiyar gwamnati, kisan kai, da fashi. Har zuwa 1959, ana kashe mutane ta hanyar harbi ko ratayewa, kamar yadda hukuncin kotun ya ƙayyade a kowane shari'a, kodayake ana ɗaukar ratayewa a matsayin nau'i mai tsanani kuma ana amfani da su akai-akai. A cikin shekaru na farko bayan yakin, kisan manyan masu aikata laifukan yaki sau da yawa ana yin su ne a fili. Bayan 1950, yawan hukuncin kisa ya ragu sosai. Dangane da kididdigar hukuma, daga 1950 zuwa 1958 akwai hukuncin kisa 229 a duk Yugoslavia, yayin da a Montenegro akwai kusan 15.

## Manazarta