Ma'aikatar Gidan Tarihi ta Burtaniya ta Tsohon Masar da Sudan

Ma'aikatar Tsohon Misira sashen ne wanda ya zama wani bangare na tarihi na Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya, tare da fiye da 100,000  guda da ke sanya shi mafi girma  kuma mafi yawan tarin kayan tarihi na Masar a waje da Gidan Tarihin Masar a Alkahira.

## Tarihi
Abubuwan tarihi na Masar sun zama wani ɓangare na tarin Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a 1753 bayan ya karbi abubuwa 160 na Masar  daga Sir Hans Sloane . Bayan cin nasarar sojojin Faransa a karkashin Napoleon a yakin Nilu a shekara ta 1798, Sojojin Burtaniya sun kwace kayan tarihi na Masar da aka tattara kuma sun gabatar da su ga Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya a 1803. Wadannan ayyukan, wadanda suka hada da sanannen Rosetta Stone, sune rukuni na farko na manyan siffofi da gidan kayan gargajiya ya samu. Bayan haka, Burtaniya ta nada Henry Salt a matsayin Mai ba da shawara a Misira wanda ya tara babban tarin kayan tarihi, wasu daga cikinsu an tattara su kuma sanannen mai binciken Italiya Giovanni Belzoni ya kai su da basira. Yawancin kayan tarihi Gishiri da aka tattara sun sayi su ne daga Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya da Musée du Louvre.

A shekara ta 1866 tarin ya kunshi abubuwa 10,000. Abubuwan tarihi daga tonowa sun fara zuwa gidan kayan gargajiya a ƙarshen karni na 19 sakamakon aikin Asusun Bincike na Masar a ƙarƙashin ƙoƙarin E.A. Wallis Budge. A cikin shekaru fiye da abubuwa 11,000 sun fito ne daga wannan tushe, gami da ɓangarori daga Amarna, Bubastis da Deir el-Bahari. Sauran kungiyoyi da mutane sun kuma tono kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya, gami da Asusun Bincike na Masar na Flinders Petrie da Makarantar Archaeology ta Burtaniya a Misira, da kuma Jami'ar Oxford zuwa Kawa da Faras a Sudan.

Tallafin da gidan kayan gargajiya ya yi don tonowa a Misira ya ci gaba da haifar da muhimman sayayya a cikin karni na 20 har sai canje-canje a cikin dokokin tsohuwar Misira sun haifar da dakatar da manufofi da ke ba da damar fitar da abubuwan da aka gano, kodayake har yanzu ana ci gaba da rarrabuwa a Sudan. Gidan kayan gargajiya na Burtaniya ya gudanar da bincikensa a Misira inda ya sami rarrabuwar abubuwan da aka gano, gami da Asyut (1907), Mostagedda da Matmar (1920s), Ashmunein (1980s) da shafuka a Sudan kamar Soba, Kawa da Arewacin Dongola Reach (1990s). Girman tarin Masar yanzu ya kai abubuwa sama da 110,000.

A cikin kaka na shekara ta 2001 abubuwa miliyan takwas da suka samar da tarin dindindin na gidan kayan gargajiya sun kara fadada ta hanyar kara abubuwa miliyan shida daga Wendorf Collection of Egyptian and Sudanese Prehistory .  Farfesa Fred Wendorf na Jami'ar Methodist ta Kudu a Texas ne ya ba da gudummawa ga waɗannan, kuma sun haɗa da dukan tarin kayan tarihi da ragowar muhalli daga abubuwan da ya tono a wuraren Prehistoric a cikin Sahara Desert tsakanin 1963 da 1997. Sauran tarin aikin gona sun fito ne kwanan nan daga Dietrich da Rosemarie Klemm (Jami'ar Munich) da William Adams (Jami'ar Kentucky).

Gidajen Masar guda bakwai na dindindin a Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya, wanda ya haɗa da mafi girman wurin baje kolin (Gidan 4, don zane-zane), na iya nuna kashi 4% kawai na mallakar Masar. Gidajen bene na biyu suna da zaɓi na tarin kayan gargajiya na 140 da gawawwakin gawawwaki, mafi girma a waje da Alkahira. Babban rabo na tarin ya fito ne daga kaburbura ko mahallin da ke da alaƙa da bautar matattu, kuma waɗannan ɓangarorin ne, musamman mummies, waɗanda suka kasance daga cikin abubuwan da baƙi suka fi nema bayan nune-nunen da baƙi ke zuwa gidan kayan gargajiya.

## Tarin abubuwa
Muhimman abubuwan da suka fi dacewa a cikin tarin sun hada da:

**Lokacin Predynastic da Early Dynastic (c. 6000 BC - c. 2690 BC) **

* Mummy na  daga Gebelein (c. 3400 BC) 
* Flint wuka tare da maɓallin hauren giwa (wanda aka sani da Pit-Rivers Knife), Sheikh Hamada, Misira (c. 3100 BC) 
* Battlefield Palette da Hunters Palette, kayan kwalliya guda biyu tare da tsarin ado mai rikitarwa (c. 3100 BC) 
* Hoton hauren giwa na sarki, daga haikalin farko a Abydos, Misira (c. 3000 BC) 
* Alamar takalma ta Sarki Den daga Abydos, tsakiyar Daular 1 (c. 2985 BC) 
* Stela na Sarki Peribsen, Abydos (c. 2720-2710 BC) 

**Tsohon Masarautar (2690-2181 KZ) **

* Abubuwan tarihi daga kabarin Sarki Khasekhemwy daga Daular ta 2 (2690 BC) 
* Hoton dutse na Ankhwa, mai ginin jirgin ruwa, Saqqara, Misira, Daular 3 (kimanin 2650 BC) 
* Da yawa daga cikin duwatsu na asali daga Babban Pyramid na Giza, ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan al'ajabi bakwai na Dā (c. 2570 BC) 
* Siffar Nenkheftka daga Dishasha, Daular 4 (2500 BC) 
* Ƙofar ƙarya ta dutse na Ptahshepses (2380 BC) 
* Hoton kabarin katako na Tjeti, 5th zuwa 6th Daular (kimanin 2345-2181 BC) 

**Masarautar Tsakiya (2134-1690 KZ) **

* Akwatin ciki da na waje na Sebekhetepi, Beni Hasan (kimanin 2125-1795 BC) 
* Dutsen dutse na Heqaib, Abydos, Misira, Daular 12 (1990-1750 BC) 
* Siffar Quartzite na Ankhrekhu, Daular 12 (1985-1795 BC) 
* Hoton dutse na Senwosret III (1850 BC) 
* Hoton Block da stela na Sahathor, Daular 12th, mulkin Amenemhat II (kimanin 1922-1878 BC) 
* Siffar dutse da stelae daga ɗakin sujada na Inyotef, Abydos, Daular 12 (kimanin 1920 BC) 

**Sabon Masarautar (1549-1069 KZ) **

* Shugaban Fir'auna Hatshepsut ko magajinsa Tuthmosis III (1480 BC) 
* Yankin gemu na Babban Sphinx na Giza (karni na 14 BC) 
* Babban kai daga wani mutum-mutumi na Amenhotep III (1350 BC) 
* Babban dutse mai laushi na Amenhotep III (1350 BC) 
* Tables na Amarna, 99 daga cikin allunan 382 da aka samu, tarin na biyu mafi girma a duniya bayan Gidan Tarihi na Vorderasiatisches, Berlin (203 allunan) (1350 BC) 
* Jerin sarakuna Masar daga Haikali na Ramesses II (1250 BC) 

**Lokaci na Uku na Tsakiya (1069-664 BC) **

* Siffar allahn Nilu Hapi, Karnak (c.900 BC) 
* Kayan gawa da akwatin gawa na Nesperennub, Thebes (c.800 BC) 
* Shabaka Stone daga Memphis, Misira, Daular 25 (kimanin 700 BC) 
* Taharqa" id="mwow" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Statues of Amun in the form of a ram protecting King Taharqa">Siffar Amun a cikin siffar rago mai kare Sarki Taharqa (683 BC) 
* Akwatin ciki da na waje na firist Hor, Deir el-Bahari, Thebes, Daular 25 (kimanin 680 BC) 
* Hoton dutse na Sphinx na Taharqo (680 BC) 

**Lokacin Ƙarshe (664-332 KZ) **

* Saite Sarcophagus na Sasobek, vizier (firayim minista) na arewacin Masar a mulkin Psammetichus I (664-610 BC) 
* Siffar tagulla ta Isis da Horus, Arewacin Saqqara, Misira (600 BC) 
* Sarcophagus na Hapmen, Alkahira, Daular 26 ko daga baya (600-300 BC) 
* Hoton Wahibre, daga kusa da Tafkin Mariout (530 BC) 
* Sarcophagus na Ankhnesneferibre (525 BC) 
* Obelisks da sarcophagus na Fir'auna Nectanebo II (360-343 BC) 

**Daular Ptolemaic (305-30 KZ) **

* Shahararren Dutsen Rosetta, dutse na harsuna uku wanda ya buɗe wayewar Masar ta dā (196 BC) 
* Babban siffar kwari (32-30 BC) 
* Yankin wani mutum-mutumi na Masar na Ptolemy I Soter (305-283 BC) 
* Mummy na Hornedjitef (akwatin ciki), Thebes (karni na 3 BC) 
* Ganuwa daga ɗakin sujada na Sarauniya Shanakdakhete, Meroë (c. 150 BC) 
* Naos na Ptolemy VII, Philae (c. 150 BC) 

**Lokacin Roman (30 BC-641 AD) **

* Shugaba na saurayi, Alexandria (bayan 30 BC) 
* Meriotic Hamadab Stela daga Masarautar Kush da aka samo kusa da tsohuwar shafin Meroë a Sudan, 24 BC
* Gilashin akwatin gawa na Soter da Cleopatra daga Qurna, Thebes (farkon karni na 2 AD) 
* Mummy na wani matashi tare da hoton marigayi, Hawara (100-200 AD) 
* Fitila ta tagulla da patera daga kaburbura na X-group, Qasr Ibrim (karni na 1 zuwa 6 AD) 
* Hoton bango na Coptic na shahadar tsarkaka, Wadi Sarga (karni na 6 AD) 

## Hoto


File:Bm-ginger.jpg|Daki na 64 - Kabari daga Masar da ke dauke da mummin Gebelein daga zamanin kafin fara daular Masar, kusan 3400 KZ
File:HuntersPalette-BritishMuseum-August21-08.jpg|Daki na 64 - Wani bangare na farantin bukukuwa mai suna Farantin Masu Farauta, daga ƙarshen zamanin kafin fara daular Masar, Naqada III, kusan 3250-3100 KZ
File:London - British Museum - 2273.jpg|Daki na 4 – Murtani uku na dutse mai launin baƙi na fir'auna Senusret III, kusan 1850 KZ
File:British Museum el-Amarna Hoard.jpg|Daki na 68 - Wani bangare na tarin el-Amarna daga Masar, kusan 1850-1800 KZ (daular 18)
File:WoodenCoffinOfIntef-BritishMuseum-August21-08.jpg|Daki na 63 - Akushin itace na fir'auna Nubkheperre Intef daga daular 17 ta Masar, 1600 KZ
File:ThreeStatuesOfGoddessSakhmet-ProfileView-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg|Daki na 4 – Murtani uku na dutse mai baƙin launi na allahiyar Sakhmet, kusan 1400 KZ
File:British Museum Egypt 086.JPG|Daki na 4 – Babban mutum-mutumi na Amenhotep III, kusan 1370 KZ
File:Colossal quartzite head of Amenhotep III, British Museum EA7.jpg|Babban Kotu – Babban mutum-mutumi na quartzite na Amenhotep III, kusan 1350 KZ
File:TombofNebamun-2.jpg|Daki na 61 – Sanannen zane a bango mai suna 'Ruwa a cikin lambu' daga kabarin Nebamun, kusan 1350 KZ
File:Egyptian Couple BM (1).JPG|Daki na 4 - Mutum-mutumin dutse na Horemheb da Amenia, 1300-1250 KZ
File:P1050700 (5022075232).jpg|Daki na 63 - Akushin zinariya daga kabarin Henutmehyt, Thebes, Masar, Daular 19, 1250 KZ
File:Book of the Dead of Hunefer sheet 5.jpg|Littafin Matattu na Hunefer, takarda ta 5, Daular 19, 1250 KZ
File:British Museum Egypt 101.jpg|Daki na 4 - Tsohon mutum-mutumin tagulla na kulba daga zamanin ƙarshe, kusan 664–332 KZ
File:British Museum Egypt 107.jpg|Daki na 4 - Kai na dutse mai launin kore na wani Fir'auna, daga daular 26 zuwa 30, kusan 600-340 KZ
File:London_11-0313_-_17_-_British_Museum_(6466050303).jpg|Daki na 4 - Akushin Ankhnesneferibre, daular 26, kusan 530 KZ
File:The black siltstone obelisk of Pharaoh Nectanebo II, c.350 BCE. From Cairo, Egypt. British Museum.jpg|Babban Kotu - Obelisk na dutse mai baƙi na Sarki Nectanebo II daga Masar, daular 30, kusan 350 KZ
File:Rosetta Stone.JPG|Daki na 4 – Dutsen Rosetta, mabuɗin fassarar rubuce-rubucen Masarawa na hiyeroglif, 196 KZ
File:Fayum-66.jpg|Daki na 62 - Cikakken bayani daga akushin Artemidorus na Ƙarami, wani Bahelene da ya zauna a Thebes, Masar, a lokacin Romawa, kusan 100-200 AZ


## Manazarta