Yanayin yanayi na Iceland

Iceland Iceland tana da yanayin yanayin tekun subpolar (Köppen weather classification Cfc) [1] kusa da yankin bakin teku na kudu da tundra (Köppen ET) a cikin tuddai.  Tsibirin yana kan hanyar Arewacin Tekun Atlantika a halin yanzu, wanda ke sa yanayinsa ya fi zafi fiye da yadda ake tsammani don latitude ɗin sa a kudu da Arctic Circle.  Wannan tasirin yana taimakawa ta Irminger Current, wanda kuma yana taimakawa wajen daidaita yanayin zafin tsibirin Yanayin yanayi a Iceland yana da banbanci sosai.

Aurora borealis galibi ana iya gani da daddare a lokacin hunturu.  Ana iya samun rana ta tsakar dare a lokacin rani a tsibirin Grímsey daga bakin tekun arewa;  ragowar kasar, tun da yake kudu da da'irar polar, tana fuskantar lokacin faɗuwar rana wanda rana ke faɗuwa kaɗan, amma har yanzu tana da kusan makonni biyu na ci gaba da hasken rana a lokacin bazara.

## Lokaci

### Lokacin hunturu
Lokacin hunturu na Iceland yana da ɗan sauƙi don latitude, saboda tasirin teku da kusanci zuwa magudanar ruwa na Arewacin Gyre na Tekun Atlantika.  Yankin kudu maso kudu na tsibirin kusa da matsakaitan bakin teku a kusa da 1 °C (34 °F) a cikin hunturu, yayin da matsakaicin gabar tekun lowland ya kai kusan -1 °C (30 °F).  Mafi ƙanƙanta yanayin zafi a yankin arewacin tsibirin tsibirin yana daga kusan -25 zuwa -30 °C (-13 zuwa -22 °F).  Mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki akan rikodin shine -39.7 °C (-39.5 °F). . 

### Lokacin bazara
Matsakaicin zafin Yuli a kudancin tsibirin shine 10-13 ° C (50-55 ° F). Kwanakin bazara masu zafi na iya kaiwa 20-25  .  Mafi girman zafin da aka rubuta shine  ° C (86.9 ° F) a cikin fjords na Gabas a 1939. Matsakaicin sa'o'in hasken rana na shekara-shekara a Reykjavík kusan 1300, wanda yayi kama da garuruwa a Scotland da Ireland.

## Iska da guguwa
Iceland, musamman a cikin ƙasa da kuma lokacin hunturu, sau da yawa yana ƙarƙashin sauye-sauye na kwatsam da ban mamaki a cikin yanayi wanda zai iya rage ganuwa sosai, da kuma saurin haɓaka saurin iska da hazo, da sauya zafin jiki.

Gabaɗaya, saurin iska yana da girma a cikin tsaunuka, amma siffofin ƙasa na iya ƙara iska  ya haifar da guguwa mai ƙarfi a yankunan da ke ƙasa. Saurin iska a cikin ƙasƙanci ya kai  m / s (65 km / h) a cikin kwanaki 10-20 a kowace shekara, amma sama da kwanaki 50 a kowace shekara a wurare a cikin tsaunuka. Mafi ƙarfin saurin iska na minti 10 shine  m / s (225 km / h)  mafi ƙarfin saurin  m / s ( / h).  Ana iya samar da guguwar ƙura mai ƙarfi ta hanyar iska mai ƙarfi,  yana iya zama mai ƙarfi sashi. Har zuwa tan 10 (11 gajeren tan) na kayan zai iya kasancewa a cikin motsi a kowace sa'a a kowace awa. Wadannan guguwa suna da yawa a farkon lokacin rani a yankunan tsaunuka masu busassun arewacin dutsen Vatnajökull.

Hadari yana da matukar wuya ga kowane takamaiman wuri a Iceland, tare da kasa da hadari biyar a kowace shekara a kudancin tsibirin. Sun fi yawa a farkon ko ƙarshen lokacin rani. Za a iya haifar da su ta hanyar iska mai dumi da ke fitowa daga Turai, ko zurfin raguwa daga kudu maso yamma a lokacin hunturu. Ana iya lura da walƙiya dangane da fuka-fukan toka da ke fashewa daga tsaunukan wuta na tsibirin. Vortices, wani lokacin a kan sikelin guguwa, suma suna faruwa tare da fashewar dutse. Ana lura da tuddai da tuddai a wasu lokuta. Guguwa da aka samo daga mesocyclone na gargajiya (watau samarwa daga supercells) suna da wuya sosai, amma an lura da su. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan yana haifar da lalacewa a wasu lokuta, kodayake ƙarancin jama'a yana ƙara rage yiwuwar ganowa da haɗari.

## Matsin yanayi
Akwai wani yanki mai ɗorewa na matsin lamba kusa da Iceland da aka sani da Icelandic Low, wanda aka samu tsakanin Iceland da Greenland. Wannan yanki yana shafar adadin iska da aka kawo cikin Arctic zuwa gabas, da kuma adadin da ke fitowa daga Arctic zuwa yamma. Yana daga cikin tsarin matsin lamba mafi girma da aka sani da North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). 

## Canjin yanayi

Saboda Canjin yanayi, Iceland tana fuskantar saurin koma baya na kankara, canza tsarin ciyayi da sauya yanayin halittu na ruwa. Kodayake Iceland tana da ƙananan matsayi a duniya a cikin cikakkiyar hayakin gas, yana samar da kimanin tan 49 a cikin 2023, yana cikin manyan kasashe 25 don hayakin mutum. Babban tushen makamashi na Iceland shine geothermal da hydropower, tare da man fetur mafi yawa ana amfani dashi a bangaren sufuri. Iceland ta yi alkawarin kaiwa ga tsaka-tsaki na carbon kafin 2040 . 

750 square kilometers of Iceland’s glacier ice has melted since the year 2000. Iceland’s annual CO2 emissions and per capita CO2 emissions rose from 1950 to 2018,  but both metrics have been on the decline since 2018. A majority of Iceland’s CO2 emissions come from oil.

Yawancin kankara na Icelandic sun fara komawa baya a ƙarshen 1800s, amma binciken samfurin yanzu ya nuna cewa kankara za su rasa kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na girman su a cikin shekaru ɗari masu zuwa tare da hauhawar 1 ° C kawai a yanayin zafi na duniya. Hakanan samfuran suna hasashen cewa kankara na iya rasa kashi sittin cikin dari na girman su idan yanayin zafi na duniya ya tashi da 2 ° C. A wannan lokacin, ƙananan kankara ne kawai za su kasance bayan shekaru ɗari biyu. Wasu samfurori sun yi hasashen yawan kankara na Iceland ta ragu da kashi ɗaya bisa uku ta hanyar 2100.

Gilashin da ke janyewa na Iceland suna da sakamako na duniya da na gida. Rugujewar kankara na Iceland na iya haɓaka matakan teku da santimita,  wanda zai iya haifar da rushewa da ambaliyar ruwa a duk duniya.  A cikin gida, koma bayan gashi na iya haifar da hauhawar gashi,  wanda zai iya rushe gine-gine. Wasu wurare a Iceland sun riga sun ga karuwar ɓawon burodi a cikin millimeters 40 a kowace shekara.

### Okjökull
Okjökull wani dutse ne mai kankara a Iceland wanda ya narke a shekarar 2014. Okjökull ita ce dutsen kankara na farko na Iceland da ya narke saboda Canjin yanayi.

#### Canjin sunan
Masana ilimin ƙasa sun kiyasta cewa Okjökull ya rufe kimanin murabba'in mil 6 a ƙarshen 1800s,  amma sannu a hankali ya ragu har sai ya rasa matsayin glacier a hukumance a cikin 2014. Lokacin da ya "mutu", an canza sunan dutsen mai shekaru 800  daga Okjökull zuwa Ok. An bayyana Okjökall ya mutu a wani bangare saboda raguwar yankin, amma kuma saboda rashin iya gudana;  dole ne jikin kankara ya iya motsawa don a bayyana shi a matsayin kankara. "Jökull" yana nufin kankara a cikin Icelandic, don haka an cire wannan ma'anar daidai. 

#### "Aikin jana'izar"
A cikin 2018, wani shirin da ake kira Not Ok an sake shi ne daga masana kimiyyar ɗan adam na Jami'ar Rice shekaru huɗu bayan mutuwarsa.  A cikin 2019, kusan mutane ɗari sun gudanar da jana'izar Okjökull. Firayim Ministan Iceland a lokacin, Katrín Jakobsdóttir, tana daga cikin masu halarta.

A jana'izar, wani dalibi na makarantar sakandare ya karanta waka kuma an sanya takardar tunawa, mai taken "Wata wasika zuwa nan gaba,"  a kan dutse. Ya zuwa 2022, wannan takardar ita ce kawai ta tunawa da kankara da ta ɓace saboda Canjin yanayi. Alamar ta gargadi masu karatu na gaba cewa duk kankara na Iceland za su nan ba da daɗewa ba "bi wannan hanya" kamar Okjökull.

### Ci gaba da dorewa
A yunƙurin yaƙar tasirin sauyin yanayi a kan glaciers Iceland, Iceland ta yi aiki don samar da wutar lantarki gaba ɗaya.  Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, kusan dukkan wutar lantarkinta na zuwa ne daga makamashin da ake iya sabuntawa.  Kashi 13 cikin 100 na wutar lantarkin kasar na zuwa ne daga makamashin kasa da kasa - wanda kuma ke dumama kashi casa'in na gidajen Iceland - sauran kuma na zuwa ne daga wutar lantarki..