Gay A. Bradshaw

**Gay A. Bradshaw** masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce kuma masaniyar ilimin muhalli ta Amurka, kuma darektan Cibiyar Kerulos don Rashin tashin hankali .  Ayyukanta suna mai da hankali kan farfado da raunin dabbobi da kuma Ƙaddamar da kai na namun daji. Ita ce marubucin Elephants on the Edge: What Animals Teach Us about Humanity, wani littafi game da PTSD a cikin giwaye.

Nazarin Bradshaw itace ta farko da ta gano Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) a cikin dabbobi marasa zaman kansu da suka fara da giwaye masu rai kyauta.   Ita ce marubuciyar jerin labaran da suka shafi ilimin halayyar mutum, rauni, haƙƙin jama'a, da sani. Wannan aikin ya fadada zuwa parrots, bears, da dabbobi na gida kuma ya kai ta ga kafa fagen ilimin halayyar jinsuna, ƙaddamar da tsarin ƙwayoyin cuta na kwakwalwa, tunani, da halayyar da ke tallafawa kimiyya ta yanzu.

## Binciken PTSD a cikin giwaye da chimpanzees
A shekara ta 2005, yayin da take binciken abin da ake kira barkewar "halayyar da ba ta dace ba," Bradshaw ya tabbatar da cewa a zahiri Giwaye na Afirka suna fuskantar Ciwon Tsoro na Post-Traumatic (PTSD). Alamun tunanin mutum sun haɗa da tashin hankali tsakanin jinsuna da na cikin jinsuna, amsawar tashin hankali, baƙin ciki, rikicewar yanayi, da rashin aiki na zamantakewa da motsin rai, gami da sakaci na jarirai. Dukansu suna da alaƙa da jerin raunin da mutum ya haifar: kisan kiyashi, rikice-rikice, rushewar zamantakewa, da asarar mazaunin da lalacewa. Binciken kimiyyar kwakwalwa ya kara tallafawa bincikenta yana mai cewa tsarin kwakwalwa da rauni ya shafa (yanki na kwakwalwa da na kwakwalwa na dama) suna da kiyayewa sosai a cikin jinsuna.   Rashin annobar giwa PTSD yana nuna wani muhimmin batu kuma yana nuna rushewar al'ummomin giwa a Asiya da Afirka.  

## Ilimin halayyar jinsuna
Trans-species psychology alama ce ta dukan kimiyya mai tsayawa wanda ke bayyana tsarin kwakwalwa, tunani, da halayyar dukkan dabbobi. Bradshaw ta ci gaba da cewa kafa ilimin halayyar jinsuna a matsayin sabon filin ya zama dole ne kawai don nuna amfani da kimiyya. Yawancin ka'idoji da bayanan da aka tara tun lokacin da Charles Darwin ya nuna cewa dabbobi marasa mutunci suna da tunani da motsin rai daidai da mutane, kuma sun wuce iyawar ɗan adam ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Koyaya, ka'idar kimiyya ba ta yarda da wannan fahimta a bayyane ba, kuma aikin kimiyya ba ya nuna shi a bayyane. Ta hanyar yin watsi da kwatankwacin tunanin mutum da sauran dabbobi, al'ummar kimiyya suna ƙarfafa al'adu da shari'a na dabbobi.

Ilimin halayyar jinsuna yana gyara wannan rashin daidaituwa ta hanyar kawar da rabuwa ta wucin gadi tsakanin jinsuna da kuma kawo ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a bayyane don ɗaukar wasu jinsuna. Afix *trans* a kan psychology saka jinsin ɗan adam, ba tare da gata ba, a cikin matrix na mulkin dabba. Ta hanyar gane kwatankwacin mutum da dabba, ilimin halayyar jinsuna ya sanya dukkan jinsuna a ƙarƙashin laima guda ɗaya - samfurin kwakwalwa, tunani, halayyar da sani. A cikin yin haka, ilimin halayyar jinsuna yana juyin juya halin sabon tsarin kimiyya da ɗabi'a wanda ke da tasiri mai zurfi ga dangantakar mutum da dabba, al'adu, ɗabi'u, bincike na kimiyya, da aikin halayyar mutum.

A cewar Bradshaw, ilimin halayyar jinsuna yana ba da tushen kimiyya don Hakkin dabbobi kuma akwai shaidu don tallafawa muhawara ta ɗabi'a don samar da dabbobi marasa mutunci da haƙƙoƙin da za a iya kwatanta da na mutane. Bradshaw yana nufin wannan motsi na al'adu a matsayin mai rai, "koyon rayuwa kamar dabbobi kuma."Rashin rayuwa na Trans-species ta rungumi ka'idar kasancewa cikin hidima ga dabbobi ta hanyoyin da ke inganta ƙaddamar da kai na dabbobi da kuma dawo da lafiyar dabbobi ta hanyar tallafawa mazauninsu, al'adu, ƙimar mutum, da hukumar. Ya musanta cin zarafin dabbobi don riba, nishaɗi, bincike, ko wasu riba.

## Cibiyar Kerulos don Rashin Rikicin
A shekara ta 2008, Bradshaw ta kafa Cibiyar Kerulos don Nonviolence, a Jacksonville, Oregon, Amurka, kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sadaukar da ita ga rayuwa ta ɗabi'a tare da yanayin da ba na ɗan adam ba. Cibiyar ta kunshi al'ummar kasa da kasa na membobin malamai da masu ba da shawara masu sana'a daga fannoni daban-daban da ke aiki don inganta rayuwar dabbobi ta hanyar fahimtar kimiyya da sabis.

## Littattafai
Bradshaw ta rubuta littafin, Elephants on the Edge: What Animals Teach Us about Humanity, (Yale University Press, 2009), wanda ke tattauna rayuwar motsin rai da zamantakewa na giwaye. Elephants on the Edge an rarrabe shi a matsayin lambar yabo ta zinare ta shekara ta 2009 (BOTYA), mai cin nasara a cikin ilimin halayyar dan adam, Littattafan Kimiyya na Amurka da aka fi so na 2009, gabatarwa don Kyautar Pulitzer 2009, Kyautar girmamawa ta 2009 PROSE, Psychology (Sashen Bincike da Masana'antu na Ƙungiyar Masu Buga na Amurka), da kuma Mention Mai Girma, 2010 Green Book Festival.

Archbishop Desmond M.Tutu, 1984 Nobel Peace Prize Laureate: "Mutanen Afirka da namun daji an ɗaure su tare a cikin hanyar sadarwa mai mahimmanci na dogaro da juna tun zamanin d ̄ a. Zuwan mulkin mallaka ya raba waɗannan alaƙa: ɗan'uwan ɗan adam yanzu yana yaƙi da ɗan'uwan giwa, kuma uwaye na jinsunan biyu suna makoki. Giwa a kan Edge kira ne na gaggawa don kawo ƙarshen wannan rikici kuma ga bil'adama su sake rungumi al'adun da suka kiyaye zaman lafiya tare da danginmu na dabbobi. "

Bradshaw kuma edita ce ta Minding the Animal Psyche, wani tarihin da ke rufe nau'o'i daban-daban daga hangen nesa na ilimin halayyar jinsuna.

## Manazarta