open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Jam'iyyar Socialist Workers and Farmers Party of Nigeria

**Socialist Workers and Farmers Party of Nigeria** jam'iyyar siyasa ce a Najeriya. An kafa ta a Shekarar 1963, shugabanninta sun hada da Dr. Tunji Otegbeye, Eskor Toyo, Wahab Goodluck, Kunle Oyero, Uche Chukwumerije, Bassey da Fatogun. SWFPN, wadda wasu ’yan jam’iyyar Matasa ta Nijeriya suka kafa da kuma shugabancin kungiyar ‘yan kasuwa ta Nijeriya, ta yi rajista a shekarar 1964.

SWFPN a farko jam'iyyar Najeriya ce amma ta karkata ga matsayin jam'iyyar Marxist da siyasa kusa da Tarayyar Soviet. Ya buga *Advance*, kuma ya sarrafa Gidan Bugawa na Socialist da Edo Printers kafin a dakatar da shi a cikin 1966.

## Nassoshi
United Middle Belt Congress

**United Middle Belt Congress** (**UMBC**) jam'iyyar siyasa ce a Najeriya a lokacin jamhuriya ta farko ta kasar.Jam'iyyar ta kasance hade ne na manyan kungiyoyin Middle Belt guda biyu,wato.jam'iyyar Middle Zone League da Middle Belt Peoples' Party.An kafa jam'iyyar ne domin samar da tsarin siyasa ga kabilu daban-daban na tsakiyar Najeriya da suka hada da jihohin Benue da Kogi da Filato da Nasarawa da Adamawa da kuma jihar Kwara.Kafuwarta wani mataki ne na tabbatar da samun ‘yan tsiraru a majalisar dokokin Arewacin Najeriya da ke karkashin jam’iyyar People’s Congress,jam’iyyar siyasa da shugabannin tsakiyar Najeriya ke ganin za ta iya danne muryoyin siyasar tsakiyar bel.Jam’iyyar UMBC a lokacin da ya dace,ta zama jam’iyyar adawa ta uku a Majalisar Arewacin Najeriya.A shekarar 1958,UMBC ta shiga kawance da kungiyar Action Group ta Kudu maso Yamma na Najeriya ta Cif Obafemi Awolowo.

## Tsarin Jam'iyya
Wasu daga cikin shugabannin farko na UMBC sune Joseph Tarka,Akase Dowgo,David Lot,Patrick Edward Kundu Swem Ahmadu Angara,Isaac Shaahu (Shugaban adawa na Majalisar Arewa),Solomon Lar,D.Bulus Biliyong,DD Dimka,VT Shisha,MD Iyorka,Ugba Uyeh and Vincent Igbarumun Orjime.Jam’iyyar ta yi amfani da tsarin fitar da ‘yan takara ta yadda kungiyoyin kananan kabilu ko kwamitoci na musamman a wani yanki suka gabatar da ‘yan takarar zaben kananan hukumomi,an yi amfani da wannan bangare ne wajen tabbatar da bambancin kabilanci na jam’iyyar.

## Nassoshi
United National Independence Party (Nigeria)

**United National Independence Party** (**UNIP**) jam'iyyar siyasa ce ta Najeriya da aka kafa a tsakiyar shekarun 1950.Ta kunshi gungun ‘yan jam’iyyar NCNC da ke adawa da wasu manufofin Nnamdi Azikiwe da suka kafa jam’iyyar ‘Yanci ta Kasa.A cikin 1954,Jam'iyyar Independence Party ta haɗu da Alvan Ikoku's United National Party don kafa Jam'iyyar Independence ta United National.

Jam'iyyar ta kasance daya daga cikin fitattun kungiyoyin da suka fito domin kalubalantar Azikiwe da NCNC a yankin Gabashin Najeriya.Kafin a kafa UNIP,yankin Gabas ba shi da wata gasa ta siyasa,sabanin takwarorinsa na Yamma da Arewa,wadanda ke da manyan abokan gaba.

## Nassoshi
Jam'iyyar United Nigeria Congress Party

**United Nigeria Congress Party** (UNCP) jam'iyyar siyasa ce ta Najeriya. Ta kasance daya daga cikin jam’iyyun siyasa biyar da gwamnatin Janar Sani Abacha ta amince da su shiga zaben ‘yan majalisar jiha da aka gudanar a watan Disambar 1997, inda ta lashe zabuka da dama, da kuma zaben ‘yan majalisar dokoki da aka gudanar a watan Afrilun 1998. Da yake adawa da ita a matsayin wakiliyar sojoji,ita ce ta mamaye shirin mika mulki na Abacha.

## Tarihi
UNCP ta kasance hadakar jam'iyyun siyasa guda uku, United Nigeria Congress (UNC)karkashin jagorancin Ibrahim Gusau, Attahiru Bafarawa,da Abdullahi Aliyu Sumailad United  Nigeria Party (UNP) karkashin jagorancin Bode Olajumoke Kashim Imam Babs Akerele da Empire Kanu da kuma Kungiyar Solidarity Group of Nigeria (SGN) karkashin jagorancin Umaru Dikk.    Alhaji Ibrahim Gusau tsohon minista a jamhuriya ta biyu shi ne shugabanta na kasa A babban taronta na farko a Owerri an zabi Ambasada Isa Aliyu Mohammed Argungu a matsayin shugaban kungiyar na kasa na farko Jam’iyyar ta hada da ‘yan siyasa irin su Atiku Abubakar Abdullahi Aliyu Sumaila Suleiman Takuma Ibrahim Saminu Turaki Attahiru Bafarawa Kabiru Ibrahim Gay, Adeleke Mamora Funsho Williams Mohameed Daggash Adamu Aliero Anyim Pius Anyim Nnenadi Usman Kashim Ibrahim-Ima, Ibrahim Kura Mohammed Anyim Pius Anyi,Ibrahimm Mantu Emeka Ojukwu Emmanuel Iwuanyanwu Abubakar Koko Joe Garba Bode Olajumoke Bello Matawalle and Ali Modu Sherif. Jam’iyya ce ta hagu wacce take da tushe da karbuwa fiye da na bangaren hagu na Grassroots Democratic Movement (GDM) karkashin Alhaji Muhammadu Dikko Yusuf.  Sauran jam’iyyun da aka ba su izini sun hada da Congress for National Consensus (CNC) Democratic Party of Nigeria (DPN) da National Center Party of Nigeria (NCPN)  UNCP ita ce mafi girma a cikin wadannan jam'iyyun siyasa kuma daya daga cikin hudu (cikin biyar) da suka goyi bayan Abacha a matsayin dan takarar shugaban kasa 

A lokacin da Janar Abdulsalami Abubakar ya gaji Sani Abacha bayan rasuwar marigayin a watan Yunin 1998,  ya rusa jam’iyyu biyar kuma ya bayyana cewa za a gudanar da zaben dimokuradiyya a cikin kwata na farko na 1999.Ya ba da shawarar kafa jam'iyyun siyasa kyauta,hukumar shari'a mai zaman kanta,masu sa ido kan zabe na kasa da kasa. 

## Nassosh
Jam'iyyar United Nigeria People's Party

Jam'iyyar **United Nigeria People's Party**,jam'iyyar siyasa ce a Najeriya wacce Cif Donald Etiebet ya kafa kuma ya jagoranta a zamanin mulkin Janar Sani Abacha. Jam'iyyar ta gaji jam'iyyar United Nigeria Democratic Party.

A zaben ‘yan majalisar dokoki na ranar 12 ga watan Afrilun 2003 jam’iyyar ta samu kashi 2.8% na kuri’un jama’a,2 daga cikin kujeru 360 na majalisar wakilan Najeriya,kuma babu kujeru a majalisar dattawa.

## Manazarta
Jam'iyyar Unity Party of Nigeria

Jam'iyyar **Unity Party of Nigeria** (UPN) jam'iyyar siyasa ce ta Najeriya wacce ke da rinjaye a yammacin Najeriya a lokacin jamhuriya ta biyu (1978-1983). Jam'iyyar ta ta'allaka ne a kan shugabancin siyasar Obafemi Awolowo,wani dan siyasa a wani lokaci amma mai gudanar da mulki. Sai dai babban abin da ya bambanta jam’iyyar da masu fafatawa ba wai shugaba ba ne,a’a,akidar dimokuradiyyar zamantakewa da aka kafa ta a kai. Jam’iyyar UPN ta gaji akidar ta ne daga tsohuwar kungiyar Action Group kuma ta dauki kanta a matsayin jam’iyyar kowa. Ita ce jam'iyya daya tilo ta inganta ilimi kyauta kuma ta kira kanta jam'iyyar masu ra'ayin rikau.

Burin da gwamnatin mulkin soja ta Olusegun Obasanjo ta sa a gaba na gina jam’iyyun siyasa na kasa ya haifar da rauni a hankali a hankali siyasar kabilanci a jamhuriya ta biyu. Jam’iyyar UPN, da jam’iyyar PRP, sun gabatar da tsarin aiki mafi daidaito a lokacin yakin neman zaben 1979. Jam'iyyar ta yi watsi da gina kawancen jin dadi a wani yanayi na siyasa mai cike da rudani,amma ya dogara da hadin gwiwar masu ra'ayin gurguzu na dimokuradiyya.

An dauki Action Congress of Nigeria a matsayin wanda zai gaji Action Group da UPN.

## Ra'ayi

* Jam’iyyar ta goyi bayan kaso 30-40% na kudaden shiga ga Gwamnatin Tarayya,kashi 40-50 na Jihohi da kashi 10% na kananan hukumomi a muhawarar da ta shafi tsarin rabon kudaden shiga a Najeriya.
* Ilimi kyauta ga kowa
* Magani kyauta
* Cikakken aiki
* Hadaddiyar ci gaban karkara
* Shirin ci gaba na bunkasa hanyoyi da makarantu, da
* gyare-gyaren tsarin mulki don ƙirƙirar jihohi, wanda ke nuna tsawon lokacin da ake buƙata daga farawa zuwa amincewa.

## Nassoshi
Robert Lister Bower

Manjo **Sir Robert Lister Bower** KBE CMG KPM (12 ga Agusta 1860-13 ga Yuni 1929) sojan Biritaniya ne,mai mulkin mallaka kuma jami'in 'yan sanda wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in Tsaro na Arewacin Riding na Yorkshire Constabulary daga 1898 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1929.

Bower ya fito ne daga tsohuwar dangin Yorkshire;mahaifinsa shine Robert Hartley Bower na Welham Hall,Malton kuma mahaifiyarsa 'yar Sir John Lister-Kaye,Baronet na 2 na Denby Grange.Bower ya tafi Makarantar Harrow a 1874 kuma daga baya aka ba shi izini a cikin Kerry Militia,daga nan ya koma King's Royal Rifle Corps a 1881Ya yi Yakin Anglo-Egypt sannan ya yi yaki a Tel-el-Mahuta,Kassassin da Tel-el-Kebir.Ya kuma yi aiki a Yaƙin Mahdist na 1884,yana yaƙi a El Teb da Tamai,inda aka ambace shi a cikin aikewa,da kuma a cikin balaguron Nilu na 1884&#x2013; 1885,ana ambatonsa cikin aika sau biyu.A cikin 1892 ya yi aiki tare da balaguron Jebu a Yammacin Afirka kuma daga 1892 zuwa 1893 ya kasance jami'in siyasa a Jebu Ode.Daga 1893 zuwa 1897 ya kasance Bature Bature a Ibadan Nigeria,inda ya kama tare da kama jarumin Yarbawa Ogedengbe na Ilesa.Don waɗannan ayyuka an nada shi Abokin Order of St Michael da St George (CMG) a cikin 1897.

A cikin 1898,an nada shi Chief Constable na Arewacin Riding na Yorkshire.Ya yi wannan aiki har zuwa mutuwarsa,tare da hutu a 1914&#x2013; 1916 lokacin da ya koma Soja a matsayin Mataimakin Mataimakin Adjutant-Janar a Masar.An nada shi Kwamandan Tsarin Mulkin Burtaniya (CBE) a cikin karramawar yakin farar hula na 1920 kuma an kara masa girma zuwa Knight Commander (KBE) a cikin 1925 Birthday Honors.

Bower ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani daga ciwon zuciya wanda ciwon huhu ya kawo shi.

## Manazarta
Lagelu

**Lagelu,***--Oro a pata maja* ("Oro"a harshen Yarbanci yana nufin sprite)--shine ya kafa Ibadan, wajen 1829. Shahararren soja kuma Janar na Yarbawa daga Ile Ife, ya kafa biyu daga cikin garuruwa uku(Eba Odan da Ebadan) wanda daga karshe ya zama birnin Ibadan.**Eba Odan + Ebadan = [[Ibadan]]**. Kwamandan soja na farko na Ibadan,Lagelu ya bar Ile Ife ya kafa Eba Odan. Wannan birni ya kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali da walwala har sai da garuruwa da garuruwan da ke makwabtaka da shi suka lalata shi. Wani tsoho Lageli da wasu mutanensa sun tsira daga wannan harin. Daga nan sai ya kafa wani gari mai suna Ebadan a saman "Ori Yangi" (ma'ana dutsen dutse),wanda a yanzu ake kira **Oja'ba** (Kasuwar Oba) da ke kusa da birnin Eba Odan da ya lalace. Jim kadan bayan haka Lageli ya rasu. Shekaru da yawa sabon birnin yana jin daɗin zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali har wani yaƙi ya ruguza shi. A karo na uku kuma wasu jama’a sun karbe ragamar jagorancin birnin da ake da su karkashin jagorancin Iba Oluyole dan zuriyar Basorun Yamba da Basorun Gaa, wanda ya zama Ibadan a yau. Bikin Oke Badan da bikin Ose Meji biyu ne daga cikin abubuwan gadon Lagelu wanda ya kafa Ibadan.

## Nassoshi
Daskroi taluka

**Daskroi taluka** Daskroi ita ce taluka na gundumar Ahmedabad, Indiya.

## Garuruwa da Ƙauyuka

**Teburin** da ke sama, na kunshe da jerin sunayen "Garuruwa da ƙauyuka" a cikin Daskroi Taluka. **Madogara**; daga alkaluman ƙidayar shekarar 2011.

## Manazarta
Oluyole

*Don Karamar Hukumar Jihar Oyo, duba [[Oluyole (Nijeriya)|Oluyole, Najeriya]] .*
 
Cif **Oluyole** fitaccen kwamandan soji ne daga Oyo.DonYa yi suna a matsayin **Bashorun**,sarautar da daga baya ya yi suna,kuma yana daya daga cikin shugabannin da suka bayar da gudunmawa sosai wajen bunkasa harkokin soji da tattalin arzikin Ibadan a shekarun da aka kafa garin,lokacin da ya yi kaca-kaca da rashin tabbas.

An haife shi a Old Oyo ga dangin Olukuoye mai auren mata fiye da daya ta Omoba Agbonrin, diyar Alaafin Abiodun.

## Rayuwa da aiki
Sakamakon dambarwar da yakin basasar Yarabawa na karni na 19 ya haifar,manyan sarakunan Oyo sun yi takun-saka a tsakanin su kan wanda zai hau gadon sarautar Alaafin na Oyo.Wannan ya haifar da rugujewar daular,wanda hakan ya tilastawa ‘yan asalin Oyo da dama barin matsuguninsu a yankin Savannah na yammacin Afirka,suka nufi dazuzzukan kudancin kasar Yarbawa domin kare lafiyarsu.Sai dai sakamakon kwararowar 'yan kabilar Yarbawan Arewa da aka fi sani da Oyos zuwa yankin bayan gari ya haifar da fadace-fadace da kuma yaki da Egbas,wadanda suka mallaki wani yanki mai yawa na yankin.A wannan zamanin ne Oluyole ya yi fice.Ya fara samun karbuwa ne a lokacin yana daya daga cikin gamayyar gamayyar kungiyoyin da suka yi nasara a yakin Owu,wanda a karshe ya kai ga rugujewar garuruwan Egba da dama ciki har da Ibadan.A matsayin tukuicin rawar da ya taka wajen cin galaba a kan Egba a Ipara da Ijebu-Remo,da kuma karfafa rarrabuwar kawuna a Oyo wanda ya yi rauni a sakamakon yake-yake,sai Oluyole ya zama Areago na Ibadan.Daga baya ya kirkiro wa kansa mukamin Osi-Kakanfo,na uku a matsayin kwamandan sojojin Ibadan.

Bayan nasarar yakin Owu,rashin iko ya kunno kai a fagen shugabancin soja a kasar Yarabawa.Oluyole ya dauki wannan kalubalen ne wajen samun nasarar kare sabon birninsa na Ibadan a kan ‘yan Egba da Fulani da Dahomeyan da suka sake haduwa.Daga baya aka nada shi sarautar Oloye Bashorun,wanda hakan ya sa ya zama shugaban mulkin soja na Ibadan kuma tsohon firaminista na Oyo.A wannan lokacin,mutane da yawa suna kallonsa a matsayin wani fitaccen dan gudun hijira na tarwatsa mutanen Oyo.Wataƙila Alaafin da kansa ne kawai ya fi iko a cikin Oyos.

Shi ma manomi ne mai nasara,yana da manyan gonakin tuber da kayan lambu.Yana da daya daga cikin manyan gonaki masu albarka a Ibadan,tare da ’yan asalin kasar kodayaushe suna zagayawa gonakinsa,suna kokarin yin koyi da fasahar dashensa na zamani.Za a iya bayyana ikonsa mai tasiri da nufinsa don sarrafa al'amuran tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a kaikaice,sabanin ta hanyar karfi.Saboda tsoron Oluyole,da kuma rashin ingantaccen farashi,yawancin 'yan kasuwa ba sa sayar da kayansu idan ya kai nasa kasuwa.
Mandal

Wannan gari ne daya ke a yankin Ahmedabad a jihar Gujarat dake a kasar India

           =Manazarta=
Linus Asong

**Linus Tongwo Asong** marubuci ne daga Kudancin Kamaru.An haife shi a cikin shekarar 1947 a Lewoh (Fotobong) a cikin tsohon Burtaniya na Kudancin Kamaru a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na biyu,ya zama sananne a matsayin haziƙi,marubuci, mai zane, mai sukar adabi,mawallafi da ɗan wasan barkwanci.Ya rasu ne a asibitin Mbingo a ranar Litinin 16 ga Yuli, shekarar 2012 da misalin karfe 1:00&nbsp;pm WAT.Ya yi ritaya daga Jami'ar Bamenda a watan Yunin  shekarar 2012 kuma yana gab da samun matsayi a matsayin shugaban jami'ar Katolika ta Kamaru,Bamenda.Ya kuma yi aiki tare da dan uwansa,Januarius Jingwa Asongu don fitar da Jami'ar Saint Monica daga kasa, aikin da 'yarsa,Laura Asong,ta taimaka wajen kawo gaskiya. Ya auri Teresa Ajab Asong kuma yana da 'ya'ya uku-Laura,Stephen, da Edward.

## Ilimi
Bayan kammala karatun firamare,ya samu gurbin shiga Kwalejin St.Joseph's College, Sasse (Buea),inda ya samu shaidar kammala karatunsa na yau da kullun (GCE) kafin ya wuce Kwalejin Fasaha,Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kamaru (CCAST)Bambili,inda a nan ne ya samu GCE Advanced Level.Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, an shigar da shi Jami'ar Cape Coast,Ghana,inda ya yi digiri a kan Ilimi,ya ƙware a koyar da Turanci.Bayan ya koma Kamaru,ya koyar da harshen Faransanci na Kamaru na wasu shekaru kafin ya sami gurbin karatu don karantar fasahar kere-kere a Kanada bayan wani baje kolin zane-zane a Yaounde.A Kanada,ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Windsor,inda ya sami Master of Fine Arts (MFA) a Creative Writing.Daga nan ya shiga Jami'ar Alberta,inda ya sami digiri na biyu (MA da PhD) a fannin adabi. Ya koma Kamaru a cikin 1984 kuma ya fara koyar da adabin Ingilishi a ENS Annex,Bambili, reshe na Jami'ar Yaounde I,wanda daga baya ya zama jami'ar Bamenda.

## Ayyuka
LT Asong ya rubuta littafai da yawa,galibi littafai, da suka haɗa da 

* Fayil na Aroma
* Chopchair
* Babban birnin Bangui
* Kambin ƙaya

* Almarar Ganewa da Yanayin Afirka
* Dokta Frederick Ngenito
* Shagon dariya
* Labarin Matattu
* Ndh Ntumazah
* Babu Hanyar Mutuwa
* Osagyefo. Babban Ha'inci
* Gine-ginen Ƙwararrun Afirka na shekarun baya
* Mulkin Ceto
* Bako a Kasarsa

## Manazarta
John Ngu Foncha

**John Ngu Foncha** (21 Yuni 1916-10 Afrilu 1999) ɗan siyasan Kamaru ne,wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na 5 na Kamaru.

## Sana'a
An haifi Foncha a Bamenda Ya kafa jam'iyyar Kamerun National Democratic Party (KNDP) a shekarar 1955 kuma ya zama Firimiyan kasar Kamaru a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 1959.Ya rike wannan mukamin har zuwa ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1961,lokacin da yankin ya hade cikin tarayya da kasar Kamaru.

Daga 1 Oktoba 1961 zuwa 13 ga Mayu 1965,Foncha ya yi aiki a lokaci guda a matsayin Firayim Minista na 5 na Kamaru kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Tarayyar Kamaru.Ya rike mukamin na karshe har zuwa 1970.

A cikin 1994,ya jagoranci tawagar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Kudancin Kamaru (SCNC) zuwa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don neman goyon bayan kungiyar na neman samun 'yancin cin gashin kai a lardunan Kamaru biyu masu magana da Ingilishi.Jikansa shine Jean-Christian Foncha.

Ya mutu a Bamenda a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 1999 yana da shekaru 82.

## Gallery

## Nassoshi
Fongum Gorji Dinka

**Fongum Gorji Dinka,** lauya ne ɗan ƙasar Kamaru,ɗan gwagwarmayar siyasa,kuma Fon na Widikum a arewa maso yammacin Kamaru.  

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Gorji Dinka ya kasance mai aiki a cikin Rikicin Anglophone kuma ya ba da shawarar ƙarin haƙƙoƙin Ingilishi na Kamaru,a kan gwamnatin Faransanci.   Shi ne shugaban farko na kungiyar lauyoyin Kamaru, kuma shi ne sunan jam'iyyar *Fongum Gorji Dinka v.Kamaru* wacce aka yi shari'a a Kotun Koli da Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Ɗan Adam na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya . Shi ma Gorji Dinka ya kirkiro sunan wurin Ambazonia,wanda ya fara amfani da shi a shekarar 1984. 

Tare da Bernard Fonlon da Carlson Anyangwe ya rubuta *The New Social Order*,wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa yankunan da ke magana da Ingilishi na Kamaru suna da 'yancin ballewa daga Kamaru. 

An kama shi a watan Mayu 1985 saboda zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati kuma an tsare shi har zuwa Fabrairu 1986.  Bayan an sake shi,ya tsere zuwa Najeriya.

A cikin wani hukunci na 2005 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kare hakkin dan Adam ICCPR,kotun ta yanke hukuncin biyan diyya ga Fon Gorji-Dinka saboda cin zarafin dan adam da aka yi wa mutumin da kuma tabbatar da cin moriyar hakkinsa na farar hula da na siyasa. 

*
Dorcas Idowu

**Dorcas Ewokolo Idowu** (an haife ta 27 ga Agusta 1903) yar siyasar Kamaru ce. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara zama a Majalisar Dokokin Kudancin Kamaru,kuma 'yar majalisa ta farko a kasar Kamaru.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Idowu a shekarar 1903,diyar Joseph Lifanjo Ekema. Ta auri Thomas Faguma Idowu kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin malami a makarantar gwamnati da ke Buea. 

Wani memba na Kamerun National Congress, An nada Idowu a Majalisar Wakilan Kudancin Kamaru a watan Yuli 1955 a matsayin memba mai wakiltar muradun mata, ta zama 'yar majalisa ta farko a Kamaru. Ta kasance memba har zuwa 1959.

## Manazarta
Tarihi Nazari

**Tarihi nazari: Sumawar** ɗan Adam wani abu ne da a iilimince aiya cewa kacibis ne da arziki inda a cikin sabular halittu har aka Kai ga samun wata dabba da kwkwalwarta.
## Manazarta
Babban taron jama'ar Kamaru

Babban **taron jama'ar Kamaru** (CPNC)jam'iyyar siyasa ce a Kamarun Burtaniya.

## Tarihi
An kafa CPNC a watan Mayun 1960 ta hanyar haɗewar jam'iyyar Kamerun National Congress da Kamerun People's Party, wadda suka fafata a zaɓen 1959 tare.

Zaben 1961 ya nuna jam’iyyar ta samu kashi 26.8% na kuri’un da aka kada,inda ta samu kujeru 10,kasa da biyu da jam’iyyun biyu suka samu a shekarar 1959.

A zaben farko da aka gudanar a kasar Kamaru dunkule a shekarar 1964,jam'iyyar ta tsaya takara a gabashin Kamaru.Duk da cewa ta samu kashi 24% na kuri'un da aka kada, amma ta kasa samun kujera.

## Nassoshi
Tambarin aikawasiku da tarihin gidan waya na Kamarun Burtaniya

Tarihin gidan waya na Kamarun Biritaniya ya fada cikin sassa biyu masu mahimmanci:mamayar Jamus Kamerun da sojojin Anglo-Faransa suka yi a 1915,lokacin da aka ba da tambarin mulkin mallaka na Jamus tare da kari da kari;da kuma yanayin da ya biyo bayan taron majalisar wakilai na 1961,bayan haka an raba tsohuwar Kamarun Birtaniya, a yau da ake kira Ambazonia,tsakanin Kamaru da Najeriya.

## Tarihin tarihi
Kasar Kamaru ta kasance wata kasa ce ta Jamus da ake kira Kamerun a lokacin barkewar yakin duniya na farko. Sojojin Anglo-Faransa ne suka mamaye shi a watan Satumban 1914 kuma daga karshe suka mamaye shi a watan Fabrairun 1916. Galibin kasar ta zama kasar Faransa ta mallaki kasar Kamaru yayin da Birtaniyya ta yi ikirarin yankuna biyu na yamma, kusa da kan iyakar Najeriya. Waɗannan an haɗa su da Kamarun Burtaniya da, bayan yakin duniya na biyu,daban kamar Arewacin Kamaru da Kudancin Kamaru. Da'awar Anglo-Faransa an amince da su ne ta umarnin League of Nations a cikin 1922.

## Matsalolin Mallakar Burtaniya: 1915

Tambarin Kamerun na Jamus an cika su da *CEF* (Sojan Expeditionary Force na Kamaru) kuma sojojin mamaya na Burtaniya sun caje su da kimar kuɗi daga rabin dinari zuwa shilling biyar a cikin Yuli 1915.

## Birtaniya Kamaru
Daga kimanin 1920,'yan Kamaru na Burtaniya sun yi amfani da tambari na Najeriya ba tare da wuce gona da iri ba.Ana iya gane waɗannan alamomin sokewa kawai waɗanda ke nuna ɗaya daga cikin ofisoshin gidan waya 15 da suka dace. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu,Ƙasar Kamaru ta Biritaniya ta rabu bisa ƙa'ida zuwa yankin arewaci da kudancinta amma dukansu sun ci gaba da amfani da tambarin Najeriya tare da sokewar gida.

## Yan Arewa da Kudancin Kamaru
Bayan Faransa Kamaru ta sami 'yancin kai a watan Janairun 1960, an yanke shawarar gudanar da taron jama'a a Arewacin Kamaru da Kudancin Kamaru a cikin Fabrairu 1961. 'Yan Arewacin Kamaru sun zabi shiga Najeriya,tun daga ranar 31 ga Mayu 1961, don haka suka ci gaba da amfani da tambarin Najeriya kamar da. Kudancin Kamaru sun zaɓi shiga Kamaru daga 1 ga Oktoba 1961.

A cikin tsaka-tsakin, tambarin Najeriya yana darajar rabin penny zuwa fam guda, an fitar da *CAMEROONS UKTT* (United Kingdom Trust Territory)3. Waɗannannan tambarin sun kasance suna aiki a Arewacin Kamaru da Kudancin Kamaru har sai an ƙare daban.

## Duba kuma
Kamerun National Congress

**Kamerun National Congress** (KNC) jam'iyyar siyasa ce a Kudancin Kamaru.

## Tarihi
An kafa KNC ne a shekarar 1952 a matsayin hadakar jam'iyyu biyu masu fafutukar kafa kasar,wato Kamerun United National Congress da kuma Kamarun National Federation.

Shugabannin jam'iyyar sun hada da EML Endeley,Salomon Tandeng Muna,John Ngu Foncha da Sampson George .Duk da haka, yayin da Endeley ya jagoranci jam’iyyar zuwa ga ra’ayin Najeriya,Foncha ya jagoranci wata kungiyar da ta balle ta kafa jam’iyyar Kamerun National Democratic Party (KNDP)a shekarar 1955.Wani ballewar ya kai ga kafa jam’iyyar Kamerun People’s Party (KPP).

Jam'iyyar KNC ta samu kashi 45% na kuri'un da aka kada a zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki na shekarar 1957, inda ta lashe kujeru shida daga cikin 13 kuma ta zama jam'iyya mafi girma a majalisar dokoki.Zaben 1959 ya sa KNC ta shiga kawance da KPP.Kawancen ya samu kashi 37 cikin 100 na kuri'un da aka kada,inda ya samu kujeru 12 daga cikin 26 da jam'iyyar KNC ta samu takwas.Sai dai jam'iyyar KNDP ta lashe zaben da kujeru 14.

KNC da KPP sun haɗu a 1960 don kafa taron jama'ar Kamaru.

## Manazarta
Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Kamerun

**Jam'iyyar Kamerun People's Party** (KPP) jam'iyyar siyasa ce a Kamarun Burtaniya.

## Tarihi
An kafa KPP ne a matsayin ta balle daga jam’iyyar Kamerun National Congress (KNC), lokacin da wani bangare karkashin jagorancin Nerius Mbile,PM Kale, da Motomby-Woleta suka nuna rashin amincewa da matakin da shugaban KNC EML Endeley ya dauka na neman ‘yancin cin gashin kai daga majalisar kasa ta Najeriya,Kamaru .

Jam'iyyar KPP ta samu kashi 20% na kuri'un da aka kada a zaben 'yan majalisa na 1957,inda ta lashe kujeru biyu daga cikin 13.Zaben 1959 ya sa KPP ta shiga kawance da Kamerun National Congress (KNC).Kawancen ya samu kashi 37% na kuri'un da aka kada,inda ya lashe kujeru 12 daga cikin kujeru 26 da KPP ta samu guda hudu.Sai dai jam'iyyar KNDP ta lashe zaben da kujeru 14.

KPP da KNC sun hade a 1960 don kafa babban taron jama'ar Kamaru.

## Manazarta
Daya Kamerun

**Ɗaya daga cikin Kamerun** (Ok) jam'iyyar siyasa ce a Birtaniya kamaru.

## Tarihi
Ɗaya daga cikin Kamerun ta kafa ta Ndh Ntumazah a cikin 1957 bayan Ƙungiyar Jama'ar Kamaru ta bar yankin. Taimakawa sake haɗuwa tare da Kamarun Faransanci,ya sami goyon baya daga membobin haɗin gwiwar,ma'aikata,masu ilimi da daliban jami'a.

Jam'iyyar ta samu kashi 1.5% na kuri'un da aka kada a zaben 1959,amma ta kasa samun kujera.Sai dai bayan da ta kara yawan kuri'un ta zuwa kashi 6.9 a zabukan 1961,ta samu daya daga cikin kujeru 37 na majalisar wakilai.

Bayan da aka samu haɗin kai a 1961,jam'iyyar ta ɓace.

## Manazarta
Yarjejeniyar Shigo da Kayayyakin Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu

**Yarjejeniyar shigo da kayan ilimi,kimiya da al'adu** (wanda kuma aka sani da **Yarjejeniyar Florence** ) yarjejeniya ce ta 1950 (UNESCO) wacce jihohi suka amince da kada su sanya harajin kwastam akan wasu kayan ilimi, kimiyya da al'adu da ake shigo da su.

## Abunda ta kunsa
Kayayyakin da yarjejeniyar ta kunsa sun hada da littattafai da aka buga,jaridu, jaridu na lokaci-lokaci, wallafe-wallafen gwamnati,kade-kade da aka buga, ayyukan fasaha, kayan tarihi da suka wuce shekaru (100),kayan aikin kimiyya da ake amfani da su wajen ilimi ko bincike,da kuma fina-finai na ilimi. Yarjejeniyar ba ta shafi kayan da ke ƙunshe da adadin tallan da ya wuce kima ba.

## Ƙirƙirar jam'iyyun jiha
An amince da yarjejeniyar ta hanyar kuduri a ranar 17 ga Yuni 1950,a babban taron UNESCO a Florence,Italiya.An buɗe shi don sa hannu akan 22 Nuwamba 1950 a Lake Success,New York kuma ya fara aiki a ranar 21 ga Mayu 1952.Ya zuwa shekarar 2014,jihohi 29 ne suka rattaba hannu a kai,kuma jihohi 102 suka amince da shi,wanda ya hada da kasashe mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 101 da kuma mai tsarki.Jihohin da suka rattaba hannu amma basu amince da yarjejeniyar ba sune Colombia,Dominican Republic,Ecuador, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras,da kuma Peru.Babu ƙayyadaddun lokaci kan sanya hannu ko tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar.

## Yarjejeniya
A ranar( 26) ga Nuwamba (1976),an ƙaddamar **da Yarjejeniyar Shigar da Kayayyakin Ilimi, Kimiyya ko Al'adu** a Nairobi, Kenya. Yarjejeniyar,wacce kuma aka sani da **ka'idar Nairobi**,ta fadada nau'ikan kayan da yarjejeniyar ta rufe. Yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki ne a ranar (2 )ga watan Janairun( 1982) kuma ya zuwa shekarar( 2013) jihohi (13) ne suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar,sannan jihohi (46 )suka amince da ita. New Zealand da Oman sun sanya hannu amma ba su amince da Yarjejeniyar ba.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin hadi na waje
*Agreement text and information, unesco.org
*Agreement signatures and ratifications, un.org
*Protocol text and information, unesco.org
*Protocol signatures and ratifications, un.org
Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa don dakile safarar fararen bayi

**Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa don dakile zirga-zirgar fararen hula** (Wanda kuma aka sani da **yarjejeniyar White Slave**) jerin yarjejeniyoyin yaki da fataucin mutane ne,musamman da nufin haramtacciyar fataucin fararen fata,farkon wanda aka fara tattaunawa.a cikin Paris a 1904.Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin yarjejeniyoyin ƙasashe da yawa na farko don magance batutuwan bauta da fataucin mutane.Babban taron ya ce fataucin mutane laifi ne da za a hukunta shi,don haka ya kamata kasashe 12 da suka rattaba hannu kan yin musayar bayanan da suka shafi safarar mutane.

Bautar Bauta, Bauta,Tilasta Ma'aikata da Makamantan Cibiyoyi da Yarjejeniyar Ayyuka na 1926 da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa don Kawar da Ciniki a Mata da Yara na 1933 takardu iri ɗaya ne.

## Yarjejeniyoyi na farko
An kulla yarjejeniyar farko a Paris a ranar 18 ga Mayu 1904 kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 18 ga Yuli 1905. Jimillar jihohi 26 ne suka amince da yarjejeniyar 1904 ta asali.Duk da haka,shekaru biyar bayan da yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki,an sake yin shawarwari a birnin Paris kuma aka kammala a ranar 4 ga Mayu 1910. Yarjejeniyar 1910 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Yuli 1920,kuma jimillar jihohi 41 ne suka amince da ita.

## 1949 Protocol
A cikin 1949 a cikin Success Lake,New York,an yi shawarwarin yarjejeniya wanda aka gyara da sabunta duka yarjejeniyar 1904 da 1910.An kammala yarjejeniyar a ranar 4 ga Mayu 1949 kuma ta fara aiki a rana guda.Sakamakon da aka gyara ya fara aiki a ranar 21 ga Yuni 1951 (1904 version) da 14 Agusta 1951 (1910 version).Ya zuwa shekarar 2013,jihohi 33 sun amince da yarjejeniyar da aka yi wa kwaskwarima,sannan kuma a cikin 1949 da aka yi wa kwaskwarima na yarjejeniyar suna da jam'iyyun jihohi 54.

## Duba kuma
Taron Ayyukan Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa (Mata), 1935

**Yarjejeniyar Ayyukan Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa (Mata),1935** Yarjejeniyar Ƙungiyar Kwadago ce ta Duniya.

An kafa shi a cikin 1935,tare da gabatarwa yana cewa:Bayan yanke shawarar amincewa da wasu shawarwari game da aikin yi wa mata aikin karkashin ka sa a ma'adinai iri-iri,..

## Amincewa
Ya zuwa shekarar 2023,jihohi 98 ne suka amince da yarjejeniyar. Daga cikin jihohin da suka amince da shi,30 sun yi tir da taron.

## Manazarta
1959 Kuri'ar raba gardama ta Arewacin Kamaru

An gudanar da kuri'ar raba gardama kan zama yankin Najeriya a Arewacin Kamaru a watan Nuwamba 1959. An bai wa masu kada kuri’a zabi tsakanin wata kungiya da Najeriya da kuma dage matakin. Masu jefa kuri'a sun goyi bayan na biyu,inda kashi 62.25% suka kada kuri'ar dage yanke shawarar. An gudanar da zaben raba gardama karo na biyu a shekarar 1961,inda kashi 60% suka kada kuri'ar shiga Najeriya sannan kashi 40% suka kada kuri'ar shiga Kamaru.

## Sakamako

## Manazarta
1961 Birtaniyyan Kamaru

An gudanar da zaben raba gardama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a kasar Kamaru a ranar 11 ga Fabrairun 1961 don sanin ko yankin zai shiga makwabciyar Kamaru ko Najeriya.Wannan ya biyo bayan wani taron da aka yi tun farko a Arewacin Kamaru a 1959 wanda ya kada kuri'ar dage yanke shawara.Zaɓin samun cikakken 'yancin kai bai kasance a cikin ƙuri'ar ba, bayan da Andrew Cohen,wakilin Burtaniya a Majalisar Amintattu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya,da wakilan Afirka da masu adawa da mulkin mallaka suka yi adawa da shi,musamman ta EML Endeley,wanda ya yarda da 'yancin kai ta hanyar shiga Najeriya,da kuma John Ngu Foncha,wanda ya yarda da 'yancin kai ta hanyar shiga Faransanci Kamaru.

Arewacin Kamaru wanda ke da rinjayen Musulmi ya ga kashi 60% na goyon bayan shiga Najeriya,yayin da Kudancin Kamaru masu rinjaye na Kirista suka amince da shiga Kamaru kashi 70.5%. Arewacin Kamaru ya zama lardin Sardauna a hukumance,wani yanki na yankin Arewacin Najeriya,a ranar 1 ga watan Yuni,yayin da Kudancin Kamaru ya zama yammacin Kamaru, daya daga cikin jihohin tarayyar Najeriya biyu na Tarayyar Kamaru,a ranar 1 ga Oktoba.

## Sakamako

## Nassoshi
Ambas Bay

**Ambas Bay** bakin teku ne na kudu maso yammacin Kamaru.

## Geography
Kogin yana buɗewa zuwa Tekun Ginea.Tashar jiragen ruwa na Limbe yana kan gabar Ambas Bay.

## Tarihi
Alfred Saker ya kafa wani yanki na ’yantattun bayi a bakin teku a cikin 1858,wanda daga baya aka sake masa suna Victoria.a cikin 1884 Biritaniya ta kafa Ambas Bay Protectorate,wanda Victoria ita ce babban birni.Daga nan aka ba da ita ga Jamus a cikin 1887.

### Gwamnonin mulkin mallaka na Ambas Bay

## Manazarta
Kyautar Adabin Najeriya

**Kyautar Adabi ta Najeriya** lambar yabo ce ta adabin Najeriya da ake bayarwa duk shekara tun 2004 don karrama ilimin adabi daga marubutan Najeriya. Kyautar tana juyawa tsakanin nau'o'i hudu; almara, waƙoƙi, wasan kwaikwayo da adabin yara, ana maimaita zagayowar kowace shekara huɗu. Tare da jimlar darajar kyautar dalar Amurka US$100,000 ga mutum  da ya yi nasara, har wayau kyautar ce babbar lambar yabo ta adabi a Afirka kuma ɗayan mafi kyawun lambobin yabo na adabi a duniya.

## Tarihi
An kafa bayar da kyautar ne a shekara ta 2004 kuma kamfanin samar da iskar gas na Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas ne ya ɗauki nauyinsa. Ko da yake Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Najeriya ce ke gudanar da tsari da yin hukunci tare da kwamitin ba da shawara wanda ya kunshi membobi daga Cibiyar Nazarin Wasika da Ƙungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya.

Kyautar ta kasance $20,000 da farko. An ƙara wannan zuwa $30,000 a 2006, kuma zuwa $50,000 a 2008. A cikin 2011 an ƙara kyautar zuwa $ 100,000.

### Shekaru ba tare da nasara ba

Tun lokacin da aka fara shi, ana bayar da kyautar ne a cikin watan Oktoba. Duk da haka, tsawon shekaru uku ba a jere ba, kwamitin alƙalan sun kasa cimma matsaya kan wanda ya yi nasara, wanda ya sa ba a ba da kyautar ba a 2004, 2009 da 2015.

## Masu karɓa na baya

## Duba kuma

* Kyautar Kimiyya ta Najeriya
* Jerin lambobin yabo na adabi
* Jerin mafi kyawun kyaututtukan adabi
* Grand Prix na Ƙungiyoyin Adabi
* Kyautar Adabi ta 9mobile
* Wole Soyinka Prize for Literature in Africa

## Bayanan kula da Manazarta

### Bayanan kula


### Nassoshi


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*
Usumutong

**Usumutong** al'umma ce da ke cikin ƙaramar hukumar Abi ta jihar Cross River, Nijeriya.  

Sun fito ne daga ƙabilar Bahumono, kuma suna jin yaren Kohumono.

## Manazarta
Zaben gwamnan jihar Bauchi na 2011

**Zaben gwamnan jihar Bauchi a shekarar 2011** shi ne zaben gwamnan jihar Bauchi karo na 7. Wanda aka gudanar a ranar 28 ga Afrilu, 2011, dan takarar jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party, Isa Yuguda ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke Yusuf Tuggar na Congress for Progressive Change (CPC).            

## Sakamakon zaben
‘Yan takara 12 ne suka fafata a zaben. Isa Yuguda na jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party (pdp) ne ya lashe zaben, inda ya yayi nasara akan Yusuf Tuggar na Congress for Progressive Change . da yawan  kuri'u 1,273,667. yayin dashi yusuf Tuggar ya samu kuri'u 238,426.     

## manazarta
Akpor Pius Ewherido

(4 Mayu 1963 &#x2013; 30 Yuni 2013)  ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne. An zabe shi Sanata mai wakiltar Delta ta tsakiya a zabukan kasa na watan Afrilun 2011, inda ya yi takara a jam'iyyar Democratic People's Party (DPP).

## farkon rayuwa
An haife shi a Ughelli, Ewherido  Urhobo ta asali.   Ya halarci Kwalejin Notre Dame, Ozoro da Kwalejin Urhobo, Effurun, Ya wuce Jami'ar Ife inda ya karanta Falsafa. Bayan yayi Bautar kasa, Ewherido ya zama dan kasuwa a Warri . Ya kuma karanci fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Benin, daga baya kuma ya zama cikakken lauya. 

## Siyasa
Ewherido ya shiga  jam'iyyar United Nigerian Congress Party (UNCP) a lokacin jamhuriya ta uku ta Najeriya . Bayan da Sani Abacha ya soke mulkin dimokradiyya ya bar harkar siyasa ya koma kasuwanci. A shekarar 1998 ya koma jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party (PDP) sannan kuma a watan Afrilu 1999 aka zabe shi a matsayin wakilin mazabar Ughelli ta kudu a majalisar dokokin jihar Delta.  An nada shi mataimakin kakakin majalisar a wancan lokacin da aka yi taro a watan Yuni 1999. Daga 15 ga Mayu 2000 har zuwa 20 Maris 2001 ya kasance shugaban Majalisar. An sake zaben Ewherido a cikin Afrilu 2003, kuma ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar daga Mayu 2003 har zuwa Mayu 2007.  A zaben fidda gwani na PDP na 2006 ya shiga jerin  yan takarar gwamnan jihar Delta a zaben da ka gudanar a watan Afrilu 2007, amma bai yi nasara ba a zaben fidda gwani. 

Ewherido ya fita daga jam’iyyar PDP ne saboda ya yi takarar kujerar Sanatan ta Delta ta tsakiya a jam’iyyar DPP.  A zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar DPP, an zabe shi a matsayin dan takara da kuri'u 125, abokin hamayyarsa ya samu kuri'u 108.  A zaben watan Afrilun 2011, ya samu kuri’u 102,313, inda Amori Ighoyota na jam’iyyar PDP ya samu kuri’u 85,365. 
## Mutuwa
Ewherido ya mutune a ranar 30 June 2013.
## manazarta
John Osbaldiston filin

**Sir John Osbaldiston Filin** KBE CMG (30 Oktoba 1913-1985) ya kasance mai kula da mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya wanda shine Kwamishinan Mazauni na ƙarshe na tsibirin Gilbert da Ellice daga 9 ga Janairu 1970 sannan,daga 1 ga Janairu 1972,Gwamna na farko na wannan Mulkin Sarauta.

Field na ɗaya daga cikin yara uku na Frank Osbaldiston Field na Gosport,Hampshire da Gertrude Caroline Perrin na Natal,Afirka ta Kudu.Ya yi karatu a makarantar Stellenbosch Boys a Afirka ta Kudu da Kwalejin Magdalene,Cambridge.

Daga 1963 zuwa 1969,ya kuma kasance Gwamnan Burtaniya na Saint Helena.Ya kasance a gaban Kwamishinan Kamaru na Burtaniya (United Nations trust territory) kafin a haɗa shi.

## Nassoshi
Fasa gidan yari na Owerri

An **fasa gidan yarin Owerri** ne da sanyin safiyar ranar 5 ga watan Afrilu, 2021, lokacin da wani fasa gidan yari ya faru a Owerri, Jihar Imo, Najeriya. Wata babbar ƙungiya dauke da makamai ta isa a cikin motocin daukar kaya da kuma motocin safa dauke da gurneti da bindigogi da kuma bindigu. ‘Yan kungiyar sun shiga harabar gidan yarin ne ta hanyhar amfani da bama-bamai wajen kutsa kai cikin shingen hukumar. Kungiyar ta saki fursunoni sama da 1,844 daga gidan yari.

## Manazarta
Land of the Rising Sun (waƙa)

" **Land of the Rising Sun** "ita ce taken kasa na kungiyar 'yan awaren Afrika ta Biafra,a kudu maso gabashin Najeriya.Nnamdi Azikiwe ne ya rubuta waƙar,kuma an ɗauko waƙar daga Jean Sibelius ' " Finlandia ", yayin da shugaban Biafra C.Odumegwu Ojukwu ya ji daɗin ayyukan waƙa na Sibelius.

## Waƙoƙi
Matsayin soja na Biafra

**Matsayin soja na Biafra** shi ne alamar soja da Sojojin Biafra suka yi amfani da su a tsakanin 1967 zuwa 1970,lokacin da Biafra ta mika wuya a yakin basasar Najeriya 1970.

## Darajoji na jami'in
Alamar darajar jami'an da aka ba da izini.

## Sauran darajoji
Alamar daraja ta hafsoshi marasa aikin yi da ma'aikatan da aka sawa.
Radio Biafra

**Radio Biafra**,wanda aka fi sani da **Muryar Biafra**, gidan rediyo ne da gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Biafra da ba a amince da ita ba (gwamnatin da MASSOB ke jagoranta a 1999).Yanzu Mazi Nnamdi Kanu ne ke sarrafa shi.An yi imanin cewa an fara watsa shirye-shiryenta na farko kafin yakin Najeriya da Biafra,gidan rediyon ya taka rawa wajen yada jawabai da farfagandar da Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu ya yi ga al'ummar Jamhuriyar Biyafara.

## Watsawa
Yanzu da ke da zama a Burtaniya,Rediyon Biafra na watsa ta hanyar intanet da watsa shirye-shiryen gajeriyar raƙuman ruwa zuwa Gabashin Najeriya,tare da watsa abubuwan da ke cikin su cikin Ingilishi da Igbo.Gidan Rediyon Biafra na ikirarin yada akidar Biafra – “Yancin Biafra”.

## Rigima
Rediyon Biafra dai ya sha fuskantar kalamai iri-iri.Yayin da wasu masu sukar tasha suka caccaki gidan rediyon da "inda yaki" ta hanyar shirye-shiryenta da kuma "wa'azin kiyayya" ga Najeriya da ta kira "Zoo",editan jaridar *Sahara Reporters* ya rubuta don kare gidan rediyon bayan ya yi.idan aka kwatanta Rediyon Biafra da sashen Hausa na Gidan Rediyon Burtaniya .

A ranar 14 ga Yuli,2015,an ruwaito a kafafen yada labarai cewa an kulle gidan rediyon saboda ba shi da lasisin watsa labarai daga Hukumar Yada Labarai ta Najeriya.Duk da haka,gidan rediyon a cikin hanzari ya yi wa irin wannan ikirari lakabin "karya" kuma ya ci gaba da fitar da sabon bayanan mitar ga jama'a.
Omi-Osun ya lalace

**Rugujewar Omi-Ọṣun** ita ce ragowar daɗaɗɗen mazauni na masarautar Òkè-Ìlá Òràngún,dake gefen kogin Omi-Ọsun a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Rugujewar ta ƙunshi ragowar tsoffin ganuwar,tukwane,da sauran kayan tarihi.Yawancin rukunin rukunin yanar gizon a halin yanzu suna cike da kauri, amma ana amfani da babban yanki azaman filayen noma. Tun daga karshen shekarun 1970 ake kokarin shawo kan mai mulki da al'ummar yankin don kare sauran kango daga barna ta hanyar noma,gine-gine,da gina tituna. Wadannan yunƙurin sun sami ƙarfafawa mai ƙarfi lokacin da babban mai ba da shawara na kiyaye rugujewa,masanin ilimin geologist/geophysicist tare da buƙatun archaeological, aka shigar da shi a matsayin sarautar daular Oba'lumo,wanda ya ba shi damar samun damar shiga majalisar sarakunan.Orangun,babban sarkin yankin.

Omi-Ọṣun wata mafaka ce da mutanen Oke-Ila suka yi amfani da ita a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe daban-daban da hare-hare da suka sa aka kwashe garin Oke-Ila.Daga karshe Masarautar Oke-IlaOrangun ta yi watsi da Omi-Ọṣun game da bayan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya a karshen yakin Yarabawa na karni na 19 ya ba da izinin komawa garin Oke-Ila.

Rugujewar Omi-Ọṣun a halin yanzu tana da sha'awar masana ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi da ke sake gina tarihin tsoffin matsugunan yankin da kuma ci gaban Igbomina na arewacin tsakiyar Yarbawa.

## Nassoshi
SURE-P

**Shirin Tallafin Sake Kuɗi da Ƙarfafawa** da aka fi sani da**<nowiki/>'SURE-P** wani shiri ne da gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta kafa a zamanin gwamnatin Jonathan,don sake saka hannun jarin gwamnatin tarayya daga kudaden tallafin man fetur a kan muhimman ayyukan more rayuwa da shirye-shiryen zamantakewar zamantakewa tare da kai tsaye.tasiri ga 'yan Najeriya. An kafa SURE-P ne a watan Janairun 2012 lokacin da gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta sanar da cire tallafin da ake baiwa Motocin Man Fetur (PMS). Shirin dai na daya daga cikin jigogin ajandar kawo sauyi na gwamnatin tarayya.Shugaban shirin na farko shine Dokta Christopher Kolade.Ya yi murabus ne a watan Satumban 2013.Janar Martin Luther Agwai ne ya gaje shi wanda shi kansa Mr Ishaya Dare Akau ya gaje shi.

## Makasudai
Babban makasudin shirin sun haɗa amma ba'a iyakance ga:

* Samar da ayyukan yi ga wadanda suka kammala karatu marasa aikin yi ta hanyar shirye-shiryen horarwa
* Ƙirƙirar ma'ajin bayanai na matasa marasa aikin yi da kuma rage wahalhalun zamantakewa tsakanin ƙungiyoyi a cikin ƙasa ta hanyar tsarin manufofin.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Yanar Gizo na hukuma 
* Ma'aikatar Kudi ta Tarayya 

## Nassoshi
S'Nobou

**Alima S'Nabou** an haife ta a shekara ta 1880, ta kasance mai fassarar Afirka (daga Najeriya a yau) wanda ta raka wani Bafaranshe mai bincike mai suna Lieutenant Mizon.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Alima S'Nabou ga wani dangin  basarake, Konanki, a ƙauyen Igbobé, kusa da Lokodja, kusa da mahaɗar kogin Benue da Niger. Tana magana kuma ta fahimci yaren Faransanci, Ingilishi, da sauran harsunan Basin Niger.  S'Nabou ta kasance a Assaba, wani wuri mai nisan kilomita 200 daga ƙauyenta tana da shekara 10 ko 11 lokacin da ta haɗu da Mizon   kuma mahaifiyarta ta ba da shawarar ta bi Mizon zuwa Lokodja don ta ga mahaifinta, kamar yadda Mizon yace. hanyar zuwa Lokoja don ganin abubuwan da ke faruwa a can. A Lokoja, S'Nabou ta sanar da mahaifinta da kakarta cewa za ta raka Mizon a balaguron da zai yi zuwa Yola, babban birnin Adamawa.    Manufar wannan balaguron dai ita ce ta hada ofisoshin Faransa da ke Yola zuwa Kongo tare da tabbatar da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin Jamus da Faransa ta hanyar hana ci gaba da mamaye yankin Kamaru da Jamus ta yi wa mulkin mallaka.

S'Nabou ta taimaka ta hanyar isar da ra'ayoyin mutanen Sudan kuma ta nuna cewa yana da amfani a yunkurin Mizon na haura kogin Nijar a cikin jirgin ruwa mai tururi.   Ta kuma taimaka wajen ɗaukar wani memba na tawagar binciken.   

Tayi murnar bikin  Mizon tare da "Larabawansa guda biyu"  a Otal din Paris Hotel de Ville da Majalisar Municipal suka isa Paris a cikin watan Afrilu 1892.   a Otal din Paris Hotel de Ville da Majalisar Municipal suka isa Paris a cikin watan Afrilu 1892.   Hotonta, *Mademoiselle S'Nabou*, Adolphe Yvon ne ya zana shi a shekarar 1892 kuma ana gudanar da shi a Musée Carnavalet a Paris.  *Le Monde illustré* ta buga labarin game da ita, inda ta sanya mata suna Sanabou, wanda ya ce ita "*en passe de devenir une celebrité Parisienne* " ("kan hanyar zama mashahuriyar Parisian").

Daga baya kuma an bayyana cewa ita ‘yar kanwar wani matukin jirgi ne na Kamfanin Neja da aka saya a matsayin bayi. 
 

A watan Satumba na shekarar 1893, Mizon da tawagarsa sun bar Yola a kan jirgin ruwansa kuma "sun sauke S'Nabou a wurin aikin Katolika a Onitsha inda ta haifi yaro mai haske". 

## Manazarta
Masarautar Warri

**Masarautar Warri**,**Masarautar Warri** ko **Masarautar Iwere**,(Itsekiri :*Oye Iwere*) an kafa ta ne a shekara ta 1480,tana cikin jihohin gargajiyar Najeriya babban birnin kakanninsa yana a Ode-Itsekiri,karamar hukumar Warri ta Kudu,Jihar Delta,Najeriya tare da gina gidan sarauta a shekarun 1950 a cikin garin Warri mai yawan kabilu da yawa,karamar hukumar Warri ta Kudu,Jihar Delta,Najeriya.

Olu na Warri na yanzu shine Ogiame Atuwatse III,wanda aka yi sarauta a ranar 21 ga Agusta 2021.

## Tarihi
Bisa ga tarihin Bini da Itsekiri,Olu Ginuwa,wani basarake na Masarautar Benin ya kafa masarautar Warri kimanin shekara ta 1480A cikin karni na 15 ’yan mishan na Portugal sun ziyarce ta. A farkon ƙarni na 17,an aika wani ɗan Olu mai sarauta zuwa ƙasar Portugal kuma ya dawo tare da matar ɗan Portugal. Ɗansu Antonio Domingo shi ne Olu na Warri a cikin 1640s. Olu Erejuwa,wanda ya yi sarauta daga kimanin 1760 zuwa 1800,ya fadada masarautar a siyasance da kasuwanci,ta hanyar amfani da Portuguese don kara karfin ikonsa na kasuwancin kogi da kuma kafa iko a kan wani yanki mai fadi.

Daga baya Warri ya zama tushe ga masu cinikin bayi na Portuguese da Dutch.Warri ya zama birni mai tashar jiragen ruwa mafi mahimmanci a ƙarshen karni na 19, lokacin da ya zama cibiyar kasuwancin dabino da sauran manyan abubuwa kamar roba,kayan dabino, koko,gyada,fatu, da fatu. Birtaniya ne suka kafa Warri a matsayin hedkwatar lardi a farkon karni na 20.

### Girman Mulkin Warri
A cikin aikin Jean-François Landolphe da aka buga daga littafin littafinsa ya bayyana girman Masarautar Warri “Mai sarautar wannan jiha ba ta mallaki dukkan bankunan kogin Benin ba har ma da dukkan kogunan wadannan sassan har zuwa magudanan ruwa na Calabar ko kuma. suna kusa da shi."

### Soja
A cikin 1656,kayan aikin soja na Warri sun mamaye kibau da javelins tare da amfani da ƴan muskets. A ƙarni na gaba,sojojin Warri sun saba da bindigogi. A ƙarshen karni na 18,jiragen ruwa na Warri suna sanye da jiragen ruwa masu sauƙi kuma tushen asali sun rubuta cewa irin waɗannan jiragen na iya ɗaukar wasu ma'aikata kusan 100.A cewar ɗan tarihi Thornton,sojojin ruwa na Warri ba su da masaniya game da kai hari.An gina garkuwa a kan tasoshin don ba da kariya ga ma'aikatan. Ta yiwu jiragen ruwa na Warri sun yi amfani da manyan bindigogi.Jean-François Landolphe ya ba da bayanin kwale-kwalen sarki a farkon karni na 19 wanda ya ambata cewa sun hau blunderbusses 7 da aka jera a jeri a kan swivel.A sakamakon haka,waɗannan bindigogi za su iya yin harbi lokaci guda kuma jihohin Landolphe ba a cika amfani da su ba.

## Rikicin Warri

## Sarakunan Warri, 1480 zuwa yanzu
Masarautar Warri ta ci gaba da zama Kiristanci tun lokacin da aka nada Sarkin Kirista na farko/Olu Atorongboye wanda aka fi sani da Sarki Sebastian I a shekara ta 1570,a cikin karni daya da kafuwar Masarautar Iwere.A ƙasa akwai jerin sunayen sarakunan Masarautar Warri tun daga farko.Lura cewa rubuce-rubucen sun fara ne da nadin sarautar Olu Atorongboye Sebastian I a 1570.
Ariam/Usaka

**Ariam/Usaka** daya ne daga cikin manyan kabilu hudu na karamar hukumar Ikwuano, jihar Abia, Najeriya.  Ariam/Usaka na dangin Isuogu ne. Ita kanta Ariam tana da rukunoni guda uku wato;Ariam, Ekpiri da Usaka. Wannan dangi yana iyaka da Ibere da Oboro a arewa,Oloko a yamma,da kuma wasu al’ummomin Ibibio a jihar Akwa Ibom zuwa kan iyakokinta na gabas da kudu.Forde da Jones sun rarraba dangin Isuogu (Ariam/Usaka da Oloko) a cikin rukunin Ohuhu-Ngwa na yankin Kudancin Igbo.

## Asalin
Ariam ya yi hijira daga Ugwuala a Abam da Usaka daga Ora Obara kuma a Abam.Wanda ya fara zama a Ekpiri ana kiransa Onyeike Ukwumbe daga Ubaha a cikin Nsulu Ngwa (wanda aka fi sani da Umu Osaji) a tsohuwar Lardin Aba.Suka kori mazaunan Annang suka zauna a Ariam Ala-Ala.Daga baya,karancin filayen ya sanya su mayaka wadanda suka kori kungiyar Annang zuwa kudu maso yamma zuwa Nto Ndang da Ita Ikpo.Sunan sabon mazaunin Ariam Elu-Elu.

## Al'adu
Mutanen Ariam na bikin Ekpe Al'ad;taron da sauran kungiyoyi uku suka yi a Ikwuano.Ana kuma shirya gasar kokawa ta cikin gida.Suna jin yaren Igbo amma suna da yaren nasu.

## Kauyuka
Ariam/Usaka na da kauyuka 15 da suka hada da;

• Amaegbu

• Ariam Elu-Elu

• Ariam Ala-Ala

• Azunchai

• Ekpiri Elu-Elu

• Ekpiri Ala-Ala

• Ekwelu

• N If

• Ndiokoro

• Nasara

• Obeagwu

• Obama

• Obani

• Sama

• Usaka Ukwu

## Rikicin kan iyaka da al'ummomin Akwa Ibom maƙwabta
Tsawon shekaru, al'ummar Ariam/Usaka na ci gaba da shiga cikin rikicin kan iyaka da makwabtanta na Akwa Ibom .Misali,a cikin Fabrairun 2021,an ba da rahoton kashe mutane 16,yayin da wasu shida suka bace a Usaka Ukwu,Azunchai,Ekpiri Ala-Ala da Ariam Elu-Elu da kuma makwabtan su Nkari da Obot Akara a kananan hukumomin Ini da Obot Akara.Jihar Akwa Ibom.Sauran al’ummomin da rikicin kan iyaka ya shafa sun hada da Oboni, Upa, Ndiorie,Obugwu da Ekwelu.  

## Duba kuma
'Yan gudun hijira na cikin gida a Borno

Sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira na cikin gida a jihar Borno,Najeriya,cibiyoyi ne da ke daukar 'yan Najeriya wadanda aka tilastawa barin gidajensu amma suna cikin iyakokin kasar.Sansanonin ‘yan gudun hijira a Maiduguri sun dauki mutane 120,000 zuwa 130,000,yayin da wadanda ke kananan hukumomi sama da 400,000. duk sansanonin IDP a jihar za a rufe ta ranar 29 ga Mayu 2017 saboda "yana zama matsala da kansu." 

A cikin watan Janairu,Rundunar Sojan Sama ta yi kuskuren kai harin bam a sansanin IDP a Rann.A watan Maris ne Boko Haram ta kai harin bam a sansanin ‘yan gudun hijira da ke Maiduguri.

## Nassoshi