Hukuncin kisa a Brazil

Hukuncin kisa wani nau'i ne na azabtarwa da ba a yi amfani da shi ba a Brazil. Misali na karshe da aka rubuta na hukuncin kisa da aka yanke masa a kasar ya kasance a cikin 1876. Kodayake kusan an soke shi, har yanzu yana da doka a lokacin yaƙi, bisa ga Mataki na 5, XLVII, "a", na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Tarayya. Brazil ita ce ƙasa mafi yawan jama'a a duniya wacce ba ta riƙe hukuncin kisa a aikace (Mexico ita ce mafi yawan jamaʼa da ta soke shi gaba ɗaya). Har ila yau, yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe bakwai da suka soke hukuncin kisa ga laifuka na yau da kullun kawai.

## Tarihi

Kashe-kashen karshe da aka yi a Brazil shine na Francisco, wani bawa, a Pilar, Alagoas a ranar 28 ga Afrilu, 1876. Kashewa ta ƙarshe na mutumin da ya 'yanci shine, bisa ga bayanan hukuma, na José Pereira de Sousa, a Santa Luzia, Goiás . An rataye shi a ranar 30 ga Oktoba, 1861. Kashewar mace ta ƙarshe, kamar yadda za a iya kafawa, ita ce Peregrina, ɗaya daga cikin bayin Rosa Cassange a Sabará, MG, wanda aka kashe ta hanyar ratayewa a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 1858 (wasu kafofin sun kuma ambaci Afrilu 13, 1858), ta Lardin Minas Gerais. Mai kisa shi ne bawa Fortunato José . Daga baya aka gano cewa Peregrina ba ta da laifi.

Har zuwa shekarun ƙarshe na Daular Brazil, ana ci gaba da yanke wa wadanda ake tuhuma hukuncin kisa duk da gaskiyar cewa Sarkin sarakuna Pedro II na Brazil ya sauya duk hukuncin kisa da aka yanke bayan 1876, ga 'yanci maza da bayi. Koyaya, an soke hukuncin kisa ne kawai don laifuka na yau da kullun bayan shelar Jamhuriyar a cikin 1889. Ba a soke shi ba don wasu laifuffukan soja a lokacin yaƙi.

Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1937, wanda ya mallaki kasar a lokacin mulkin kama-karya na Getúlio Vargas, ya ba da damar Shari'a ta yanke wa fursunoni hukuncin kisa saboda laifuka da suka wuce laifuffukan soja a lokacin yaƙi. A cewar sanannen imani, an yanke wa marubucin mai suna Gerardo Mello Mourão hukuncin kisa a shekarar 1942 a karkashin zargin aikata leken asiri ga ikon Axis. Kamar yadda daga baya ya ce a wata hira, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai a wannan lokacin. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa "ba a taɓa yanke masa hukuncin kisa ba kamar yadda masana tarihi da mummunar bangaskiya suka nuna". A zahiri, babu wani rikodin kisa da ke faruwa a lokacin da wannan Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya yi mulki, wanda ya kasance har zuwa 1946.

## Dokar
Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Brazil na 1988 ya haramta amfani da hukuncin kisa ta hanyar tsarin shari'a. Koyaya, hukuncin kisa na iya aiki, bisa ga dokar ƙasa da ƙasa, idan aka ayyana yaƙi, a ƙarƙashin sharuddan Mataki na 84, sakin layi na 19, na Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Har ila yau, ya haramta, a cikin wannan labarin da ke nufin hukuncin kisa, yin amfani da hukuncin rai da rai,  yana mai da Brazil ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe kalilan da suka soke duka ɗaurin rai da hukuncin kisa. Dangane da Dokar Shari'a ta Brazil, ɗan ƙasa ba zai iya ciyar da fiye da shekaru 40 a kurkuku ba.

Brazil jam'iyya ce ta jihar da ke cikin Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Amurka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam don kawar da hukuncin kisa, wanda aka tabbatar a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta, 1996.

Dangane da dokar kasa da kasa, "aikace-aikacen hukuncin kisa a lokacin yaƙi bisa ga hukunci don babban laifi na yanayin soja da aka aikata a lokacin yaƙin" yana da kyau. Mataki na 2, sakin layi na 1 na Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Biyu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ga Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa da ke Manufar kawar da hukuncin Mutuwa, yana bawa membobin damar yin ajiya a cikin waɗannan sharuddan, a lokacin tabbatarwa ko shiga Yarjejeniyar.

## Manazarta