open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Samuwar Tendaguru

**Samuwar Tendaguru** Ƙirƙirar Tendaguru, ko Gadajen Tendaguru ƙaƙƙarfan samuwar burbushin halittu da Lagerstätte dake cikin yankin Lindi na kudu maso gabashin Tanzaniya. Samuwar tana wakiltar mafi tsohuwar sashin sedimentary na Mandawa Basin, sama da ginshiƙan Neoproterozoic, rabuwa da dogon lokaci da rashin daidaituwa. Ya kai jimlar kauri mai ƙarfi fiye da mita 110 (360 ft). Samuwar ya kasance cikin shekaru daga marigayi Jurassic na Tsakiya zuwa farkon Cretaceous, Oxfordian zuwa matakan Hauterivian, tare da tushen samuwar mai yiwuwa ya faɗa cikin Callovian.

An raba Tsarin Tendaguru zuwa mambobi shida; Waɗannan su ne daga babba zuwa ƙarami Memba na Dinosaur Ƙananan, Memba Nerinella, Memba na Dinosaur na Tsakiya, Memba na Indotrigonia africana, Memba na Dinosaur na Upper, da kuma memba na Rutitrigonia bornhardti-schwarzi. Magajin ya ƙunshi jerin duwatsun sandstones, shales, siltstones, conglomerates tare da ƙananan limestones oolitic, wanda kuma aka ajiye a cikin tekun gabaɗaya mara zurfi zuwa yanayin bakin teku, wanda kuma ke da tasirin tidal, fluvial da lacustrine tare da ajiyar tsunami da ke faruwa a cikin memba na Afirka ta Indotrigonia. Yanayin Late Jurassic da Early Cretaceous ya kasance ɗan bushewa tare da ruwan sama na yanayi kuma matakin tekun eustatic yana tashi a cikin Late Jurassic daga ƙananan matakan a cikin Jurassic ta Tsakiya. Sake gine-ginen paleogeographical ya nuna yankin Tendaguru yana cikin yankin kudu masu zafi a lokacin Late Jurassic.

Tsarin Tendaguru ana ɗaukarsa mafi arziƙin Late Jurassic strata a Afirka. Samuwar ta samar da tarin burbushin kungiyoyi daban-daban; farkon dabbobi masu shayarwa, nau'ikan nau'ikan dinosaurs, crocodyliforms, amphibians, kifi, invertebrates da flora. Fiye da tan 250 (ton 250 dogayen ton; 280 gajerun tan) na kayan da aka aika zuwa Jamus yayin da ake tono albarkatu a farkon karni na 20. Taron faunal na Tendaguru yayi kama da Morrison Formation na tsakiyar-yammacin Amurka, tare da ƙarin namun daji da ba su kasance a cikin Morrison ba. Dabbobin dabbobin dinosaur da aka samu a cikin samuwar sun yi kama da na sauran rukunonin burbushin halittu na Late Jurassic; da sauransu Kimmeridge da Oxford Clays na Ingila, Sables de Glos, Argiles d'Octeville, Marnes de Bléville na Faransa, Alcobaça, Guimarota da Lourinhã Formations na Portugal, da Villar del Arzobispo Formation na Spain, da Shishugou, Kalazha da Shangshaximiao Ƙirƙiri a cikin Sin, Tsarin Toqui na Chile da Cañadón Calcáreo Samuwar da Morrison Formation, tare da kasancewar dinosaur tare da takwarorinsu iri ɗaya, misali, Brachiosaurus da Stegosaurus a cikin Morrison, da Giraffatitan da Kentrosaurus a cikin Tendaguru.

## Manazarta
Takembeng

**Takembeng** ko **Takumbeng** wata ƙungiya ce ta zamantakewar mata a yankin Arewa maso yammacin Kamaru. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin suna da alaƙa da al'adun gargajiya da aka saba a ko'ina cikin filayen ciyawa na yammacin Kamaru

## Asalin sunan
Takembeng ana kiransa ta hanyoyi daban-daban, ciki har da Takumbeng, Amazons, les Amazones des SDF, da Mami Takembeng. Duk da haka, Takembeng shine mafi yawan rubutun rubutu da fassarawa a cikin jaridun Ingilishi na Kamaru.Ana da'awar sunan ya samo asali ne daga al'ummar sarakuna a yankin kabilar Bafut kafin mulkin mallaka.

## Jerin ɓangaren manyan ƙungiyoyin Takembeng
Bayan 26 ga Mayu 1990- Bayan an kashe 'yan ƙasa shida a wata zanga-zangar neman dimokuradiyya, matan Takembeng sun fara shiri.
5 Yuli 1991- Matan Takembeng sun fito fili sun kalubalanci jami'an tsaron Kamaru a wani maci zuwa gidan gwamnan lardin. Sojoji da jami'an tsaro sun zama marasa karfi a kan matan idan sun tube kuma an kammala tattakin.

## Manazarta
Dokar Biza na Cape Verde

Dole ne baƙi masu zuwa **[[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]]** su karbi visa don shiga, sai dai idan sun fito ne daga ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe da basu bukatar biza, waɗanda galibi suna yankunan Afirka, Turai da Amurka. Ana iya samun biza a gaba daga ofishin jakadancin Cape Verde ko daga karamin ofishin jakadanci, ko kuma da kan shi bayan isowa a kowane filin jirgin sama na kasa da kasa.

## Taswirar Dokar Biza

## Ba'a bukatar biza
'Yan ƙasa daga ƙasashe da yankuna masu zuwa na iya ziyartar Cape Verde ba tare da biza ba  (amma dole ne su yi rajista a yanar gizo,  idan so samu ne kwanaki biyar kafin isowa) kuma su biya kuɗin tsaro na filin jirgin sama na CVE 3400 ko dai ta yanar gizo ko a lokacin isowa: 

Kwana 1 - 90 a kowace shekara.

Ba a buƙatar biza ga masu riƙe da fasfo na diflomasiyya, na hukumance ko na aiki daga kowace ƙasa (amma banda Afghanistan) na tsawon kwanaki 90.

Ba a buƙatar biza ga tsoffin 'yan ƙasar Cape Verde da matansu da 'ya'yan su.

## Biza bayan isa
Baƙi daga duk sauran ƙasashe da ba'a daukewa dokar biza ba na iya samun biza a lokacin da suka isa Filin jirgin sama na Sal, Boa Vista, San Vicente ko Santiago (amma dole ne su yi rajista ta yanar gizo, mafi kyau kwanaki biyar kafin isowa kuma su biya kuɗin tsaro na filin jirgin sama na CVE 3400 ko dai ta yanar gizo ko a lokacin isa ).

## Dubi kuma
 

* Bukatar biza ga 'yan ƙasar Cape Verde

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Wobgho

**Wobogo** (ya mutu ne a shekarar 1904), shi ne Mogho Naba (mai mulki) na Ouagadougou daga shekarar 1890 zuwa 1897, a lokacin da Faransa ta mamaye Upper Volta. Tun da farko ana kiran Wobogu Boukary Koutou, amma ya jefa waɗancan sunaye a lokacin hawansa kuma ya ɗauki sunan "Wobogu", ma'ana giwa.

## Shekarun 'yanci
Ouagadougou ita ce babbar masarautar Mossi a kasar Burkina Faso a yanzu, wadda ta samo asali a karni na 15. Mossi al'umma ce mai yaki da manyan mayaƙan doki, waɗanda suka yi nasarar tinkarar duk mahara da suka gabata. Tare da faduwar jaha ta tsakiya a cikin karni na 18, Yatenga, mai hedkwata a Ouahigouya, ya zama mai cin gashin kansa daga Ouagadougou, kamar yadda yake da sauran wurare. A cikin karni na 19, an yi yaƙe-yaƙe a tsakanin Mossi.

## Hali
Wani dan kasar Faransa mai binciken Louis Gustave Binger ya ziyarci Mossi a shekarar 1888. Ya bayyana Boukary Koutou, wanda ya same shi a gudun hijira a Bassawarga, a matsayin wani dogo kuma kyakkyawa mai shekaru arba'in, sanye da kyau, mai zagaye da fuska da aka yi masa ado da jarfa da dan akuya.

## Manazarta
Uganda Airlines, 1976–2001 (kamfani)

Jirgin saman Uganda, bisa doka Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Uganda, shine mai ɗaukar tuta na Uganda. An kafa kamfanin a watan Mayu 1976, kuma ya fara aiki a shekarar 1977. Yana da hedikwata a Entebbe, gundumar Wakiso, Uganda, kuma yana aiki daga cibiyarsa ta filin jirgin sama na Entebbe.

Gwamnatin Uganda ta yi kokarin mayar da kamfanin zuwa wani kamfani, amma duk masu son yin takara sun janye, wanda a karshe ya kai ga rushe kamfanin jirgin Uganda a watan Mayun 2001. Daga baya aka farfado da jirgin kuma ya sake tashi a shekarar 2019 da sunan daya, Uganda. Jiragen sama. 

## Tarihi
An kafa kamfanin jirgin Uganda a matsayin wani reshen Hukumar Raya Yunƙurin Uganda (UDC) mallakar gwamnati a cikin Mayu 1976 a matsayin maye gurbin ayyukan da East African Airways ke gudanarwa a baya. Ya fara aiki a cikin 1977, lokacin da Uganda Aviation Services (UAS), wanda British United Airways  ya kafa a cikin 1965 amma sai wani reshen UDC, Jirgin Uganda ya mamaye shi, yana karɓar hanyar sadarwar UAS. Bayan isar da jirgin Boeing 707-320C na farko a ƙarshen 1970s, an buɗe sabbin hanyoyin zuwa Brussels, London da Rome . Boeing 707-320C na biyu ya shiga cikin jirgin a cikin 1981. A wannan shekarar, an ƙaddamar da sabbin hanyoyin zuwa Cairo, Cologne da Dubai , sai Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro da Nairobi a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.

## Manazarta
Takhar

**Takhar** (Dari/Pashto: تخار) ɗaya ne daga cikin larduna talatin da huɗu na ƙasar Afganistan, dake arewa maso gabashin ƙasar kusa da Tajikistan. An kewaye ta da Badakhshan a gabas, Panjshir a kudu, da Baghlan da Kunduz a yamma. Birnin Taloqan ya zama babban birninsa. Lardin ya ƙunshi gundumomi 17, fiye da ƙauyuka 1,000, da kuma kusan mutane 1,113,173, wanda ke da kabilu da yawa kuma galibi ƙauye ne.

## Alkaluma
Ya zuwa shekarar 2021, jimillar yawan mutanen lardin kusan 1,113,173 ne wanda galibin kabilanci ne da kuma al'ummar karkara. Manyan mazaunan lardin Takhar sune Tajik mafi rinjaye da Uzbek tare da ƴan tsirarun Pashtun. Sauran kananan kabilu sun hada da Hazaras, Gujars da Balochi.

## Manazarta
Jirgin kasar TAZARA

**Jirgin kasar TAZARA** Titin jirgin kasa na Tazara, wanda kuma ake kira da Uhuru Railway ko Tanzam Railway, layin dogo ne a gabashin Afirka wanda ya hada tashar jiragen ruwa na Dar es Salaam da ke gabashin Tanzaniya da garin Kapiri Mposhi a lardin tsakiyar kasar Zambia. Titin jirgin kasa mai guda daya yana da tsawon kilomita 1,860 (mita 1,160) kuma hukumar kula da layin dogo ta Tanzania-Zambia (TAZARA) ce ke sarrafa shi.

Gwamnatocin Tanzaniya da Zambiya da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin sun gina layin dogo ne domin kawar da dogaro da tattalin arzikin kasar Zambiya a kan Rhodesia da Afirka ta Kudu, wadanda gwamnatocin 'yan tsiraru ne ke mulkinsu. Titin jirgin kasa ya samar da hanya daya tilo da za a yi ciniki mai tarin yawa daga Copperbelt ta kasar Zambiya don isa teku ba tare da wucewar wasu yankunan da fararen hula ke mulki ba. Ruhin tsarin gurguzu na Pan-Africa tsakanin shugabannin kasashen Tanzaniya da Zambiya da kuma alamar goyon bayan da kasar Sin ke baiwa kasashen Afirka masu 'yancin kai, ya sa aka ayyana Tazara a matsayin "Babban layin dogo na Uhuru", wato kalmar Swahili ta 'yanci.

An gina aikin ne daga shekarar 1970 zuwa 1975 a matsayin wani muhimmin aikin da kasar Sin ta samar da kuma tallafawa. A lokacin da aka kammala shi, Tazara ita ce layin dogo mafi tsayi a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Har ila yau, Tazara shi ne aikin bayar da agajin waje mafi girma guda daya da kasar Sin ta aiwatar a wancan lokacin, kan aikin gini na dalar Amurka miliyan 406 (kwatankwacin dalar Amurka biliyan 3.19 a yau). Tazara ta fuskanci matsalolin aiki tun daga farko kuma tana ci gaba da gudanar da ita ta hanyar ci gaba da taimakon kasar Sin, da kasashen Turai da dama, da kuma Amurka. Yawan zirga-zirgar ababen hawa ya kai tan miliyan 1.2 a shekarar 1986, amma ya fara raguwa a shekarun 1990 bayan kawo karshen mulkin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu da 'yancin kai na Namibiya ya bude madadin hanyoyin safarar tagulla na Zambia. Yawan zirga-zirgar sufurin kaya ya ragu da tan 88,000 a cikin kasafin kuɗi na shekarar 2014/2015, ƙasa da kashi 2% na ƙarfin ƙirar layin dogo na tan miliyan 5 a kowace shekara.

A watan Fabrairun 2024, Kamfanin Gine-gine na Injin Injiniya na kasar Sin (CCECC) ya gabatar da shawarar inganta Tazara zuwa ma'aunin ma'auni, da kuma neman izinin gudanar da layin. An rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna a taron dandalin tattaunawar hadin gwiwa tsakanin Sin da Afirka karo na 9 (FOCAC) a nan birnin Beijing a watan Satumba na shekarar 2024. Za a fara aikin sake fasalin ne a matsayin hadin gwiwar jama'a masu zaman kansu.

## Manazarta
Dokar Biza na Eswatini

Dole ne baƙi da ke son shiga **[[Eswatini]]** su karbo visa sai dai idan sun kasance 'yan ƙasa na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu da suka cancanci shiga ba tare da biza.

## Taswirar Dokar Biza

## Ba'a bukatar biza
Masu riƙe da fasfo na yankuna 94 masu zuwa ba sa buƙatar biza don shiga Eswatini da nufin ziyara har zuwa tsawon kwanaki 30 (sai dai in ba haka ba): 

Kwana 1 - 90

Eswatini ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar cire dokar biza don fasfo na diflomasiyya da na aiki da kasar Ruwanda a watan Agustan 2024 da kuma kasar Indonesia a cikin watan Satumbar 2024 kuma har yanzu ba a tabbatar da dokokin ba.

## Kididdigar baƙi
Yawancin baƙi masu shiga Eswatini sun fito ne daga ƙasashe masu zuwa: 

## Dubi kuma
 

* Bukatar biza ga 'yan ƙasar Swazi
* Dangantakar kasashen waje ta Eswatini

## Manazarta
Hu Jieguo

**Hu Jieguo** (Sinanci: 胡杰国; : ) (an haife shi a shekarar 1948 wanda sunansa na turanci shine Jacob Wood) shugaban kasuwanci na kasar Sin ne dan asalin Najeriya, ɗan kasuwa kuma shugaban Majalisar Kasuwancin Najeriya,  kuma shugaban kasar Sin na kasashen waje. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2015, kusan shi kaɗai ne shugaban ƙabilar asalin kasar Sin a Afirka.

## Farkon rayuwa
An haifi Hu Jieguo a shekara ta 1948 kuma ya girma tare da mahaifiyarsa da 'yan uwansa a birnin Shanghai. A shekara ta 1962, ya kasance daya daga cikin rukunin farko na ma'aikata, manoma da sojoji waɗanda suka shiga kwaleji a lokacin ƙarshen Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu yayin da ya shiga Makarantar Tsakiya ta Shanghai Jingyuan . Daga baya ya kammala karatu a shekarar 1972 a matsayin babban malamin harshen Ingilishi kuma ya kasance malami a makarantar sakandare ta Shanghai Nanhai na tsawon shekaru 7. 

## Manazarta
Mata a kasar Mali

Matsayi na zamantakewar **mata a kasar Mali** an kafa su ne ta hanyar rikitarwa na hadisai daban-daban a cikin kabilun, tashi da faduwar manyan jihohin Sahelien, mulkin mallaka na kasar Faransa, 'yancin kai, birane, da rikice-rikice da ci gaba bayan mulkin mallaka. Da yake sun kasance ƙasa da rabin yawan mutanen kasar Mali, matan Mali a wasu lokuta sun kasance cibiyar al'ummomin matrilineal, amma koyaushe suna da mahimmanci ga tsarin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa na wannan yawancin yankunan karkara, al'ummar noma.

Bugu da kari, rawar da suka taka ta hanyar rikice-rikice game da addini, yayin da al'ummomin animist suka ba da hanya a hankali ga Islama a cikin shekara ta alif dubu daya da goma 1100 zuwa shekara ta alif dubu daya da tara 1900. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, haɓakar tsattsauran ra'ayi na addini ya haifar da barazana ga lafiyar mata.

Matsalolin zamani da mata ke fuskanta a kasar Mali sun haɗa da yawan tashin hankali ga mata,  auren da yara  . 

## Tarihin al'adu
Mali ƙasa ce da ba ta da iyaka a Yammacin Afirka . Ta samu yancin kai daga kasar Faransa a shekarar alif dubu daya da sittin 1960. Rikicin Arewacin kasar  Mali ya lalata kasar. Mali tana da mazauna sama da miliyan 24, kuma tana da kabilanci daban-daban da aka kafa daga kungiyoyi masu zuwa: Bambara kashi 34.1%, Fulani (Peul) 14.7%, Sarakole 10.8%, Senufo 10.5%, Dogon 8.9%, Malinke 8.7%, Bobo 2.9%, Songhai 1.6%, Tuareg 0.9%, wasu Malian 6.1%, daga memba na Tattalin Arziki na Yammacin Afirka kashi 0.3%, wasu 0.4%. Yawancin jama'a suna bin addinin Musulunci. Birane ya kai kashi 42.4%. Yawan haihuwa kusan yara 6 ne da aka haifa mace, daya daga cikin mafi girma a duniya.

## Ilimi
Ilimi wajibi ne daga shekaru shida zuwa 15. Koyaya, yara da yawa ba sa zuwa makaranta, kuma rajistar 'yan mata ƙasa da na yara maza a kowane mataki saboda dalilai kamar talauci, fifiko na al'umma don ilimantar da yara maza, auren yara da cin zarafin jima'i. A cikin gidajen kasar Mali, 'ya'yan suna taimakawa tare da gonakin iyali, kamfanoni, da sayen kasuwa. Suna da alhakin duk manyan yanke shawara. Ana sa ran mazajen kasar Mali za su sami albarkatu kuma su sami kudin shiga na iyali. Da sauri 'ya'ya mata suka fara yin ayyukan gida da kuma kula da' yan uwan. Ana sa ran mata za su gudanar da ayyukan gidaje kuma su kula da filayen lambu. A cikin gidaje masu auren mata da yawa, mata suna raba ayyukan su.
Fir'aunan Masar

Fir'auna (/ ˈfɛəroʊ/, US kuma / ˈfeɪ.roʊ/; Misira: pr ꜥꜣ; [bayanin kula 1] Coptic: ⲡⲣ̄ⲣⲟ, romanized: Pǝrro; Ibrananci na Littafi Mai-Tsarki: פַּרְעֹה Parʿ galibi ana amfani da kalmar vernacular) ga sarakunan zamanin d Misira, wanda ta yi mulki tun daga Daular Farko (c. 3150 KZ) har zuwa lokacin da Jamhuriyar Rum ta mamaye Masar a shekara ta 30 KZ.
## Asalin Tarihi
Kalmar fir'auna ta samo asali ne daga harabar Masarawa pr ꜥꜣ, */ ˌpaɾuwˈʕaʀ/ "babban gida", da aka rubuta tare da harufan biyu na biliteral pr "gida" da ꜥꜣ "column", anan ma'anar "babba" ko "high". 

## Manazarta
Ahmed Umar (Dan Wasa)

**Ahmed Umar** (Larabci: أحمد عمر, an haife shi 10 Fabrairu, shekara ta 1988) ɗan Sudan-Norwegian be kuma mai zanen gani ne kuma mai fafutukar LGBT. Ya girma a cikin dangi masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a Sudan kuma daga baya ya gudu zuwa Norway. Ayyukan zane-zanensa sun haɗu da dan Sudan (misali, Bakar fata Fir'auna na tsohuwar Masarautar Kush) da tasirin Yammacin Turai. An ba da labarinsa a cikin  shirin 2020 na haramtaccen zane (The Art of Sin) a turance.
## Rayuwar yarinta
An haifi Ahmed Umar a Sudan a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu 1988,dane ga Siddig da Zainab Umar kuma yakasance a matsayin auta a cikin 'yan'uwa biyar. Shi dangin Sufaye ne na gargajiya wadanda suka rayu tsakanin Makka da Sudan.Umar ya yi karatu a Makka kuma ya fara soyayya da wasu samari yana zaune a can. Daga baya ya ci gaba da karatu a Sudan kuma ya kulla dangantaka ta halal da mace, duk da cewa ya ci gaba da jin dadinsa da maza.
## Manazarta
1.Jahshan, Elias (2022). "Ahmed Umar: Pilgrimage to Love". This Arab is queer : an anthology by LGBTQ+ Arab writers. pp. 75–82. ISBN 978-0-86356-478-9. OCLC 1334646295.
2.
Mata a kasar Mauritania

Batutuwan da suka shafi **Mata a cikin al'ummar kasar Mauritania** sun haɗa da yankan mata,  auren yara,  da auren mata da yawa. 

Ayyukan Leblouh (Arabic) shine aikin tilasta ciyar da 'yan mata daga ƙuruciya biyar, har zuwa matasa, a Mauritania, Yammacin Sahara, da kudancin kasar Morocco, inda ake la'akari da kiba a matsayin abin sha'awa.

Tsofaffin mata da ake kira "fatteners" suna tilasta wa 'yan mata cin abinci da ruwa da yawa,  suna haifar musu da ciwo idan ba su ci ba kuma sha ba. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da za a iya haifar da ciwo shine a ɗaure wani ɓangaren tsakanin sanduna biyu. Wata yarinya mai shekaru shida za a iya tilasta mata shan lita 20 (4.4     na Madarar raƙumi, kuma ta ci kilo biyu na millet da aka gauraya da kofuna biyu na man shanu, kowace rana. Kodayake aikin yana da cin zarafi, iyaye mata suna da'awar cewa babu wata hanyar da za a tabbatar da kyakkyawar makoma ga yaransu.

Wannan aikin ya koma karni na 11, kuma an ruwaito cewa ya dawo da gagarumin dawowa a kasar Mauritania bayan wani junta na soja ya karɓi Mauritania a shekara ta alif dubu biyu da takwas 2008. 

## Yawan jama'a
zuwa watan Yulin shekara ta alif dubu biyu da sha shidda 2016, ƙididdigar yawan mutanen kasar Mauritania ya kai mutane 3,677,293. Matsakaicin shekarun mata a kasar Mauritania shine shekaru 21.4. Rayuwa a lokacin haihuwa shine shekaru 65.4. Ƙungiyoyin kabilanci sune: baƙar fata Moors 40%, fararen Moors 30%, kasar Mauritanians na yankin Sahara 30% . Dukkanin jama'a suna yin addinin Islama (duba Addini a Mauritania). Birane shine 53.7%.

## Ilimi

Ilimi a  kasar Mauritania ya sami rinjaye sosai daga Tsarin ilimi na Faransa. Har yanzu ana darajar ilimin mata ƙasa da maza, kuma yawan karatun mata (shekaru 15 da sama) ya fi na maza: a cikin shekara ta alif dubu biyu da sha biyar 2015, yawan karatun mata ya kasance 41.6%, idan aka kwatanta da yawan maza na 62.6%.

## 'Yancin mata

### Aure na yara
A cikin shekara ta alif dubu biyu da sha bakwai 2017, kashi 37% na 'yan mata a kasar Mauritania sun yi aure kafin su kai shekaru 18. Kashi 14% na 'yan mata sun yi aure kafin su cika shekaru 15.
Kungiyar kallon kafa ta mata 'yan kasa da shekara 17 ta Zambia

**Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta kasar Zambia ta 'yan kasa da shekara 17** ta kasance ita ce ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta U-17 ta kasar Zambia da aka kafa a shekarar 1929. Tawagar wacce aka fi sani da Junior Chipolpolo, tana wakiltar kasar a wasannin kasa da kasa na 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 kuma hukumar kwallon kafa ta kasar Zambia ce ke kula da ita. A cikin shekarar alif 2016, an hana su shiga gasar COSAFA Under-17 na 2016 saboda an gano 'yan wasa biyu sun wuce shekaru 17.
## Tarihin Gasanni
**gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-17**
* 1985 - Bai cancanta ba
* 1987 - An fitar dashi
* 1989 - Bai cancanta ba
* 1991 - Bai cancanta ba
* 1993 - Bai shiga ba
* 1995 - Bai cancanta ba
* 1997 - Bai shiga ba
* 1999 - Bai cancanta ba
* 2001 - Bai cancanta ba
* 2003 - Bai cancanta ba
* 2005 - Bai shiga ba
* 2007 - Bai cancanta ba
* 2009 - Bai cancanta ba
* 2011 - Bai cancanta ba
* 2013 - Bai cancanta ba
* 2015 - Bai cancanta ba
* 2017 - Ban cancanci ba
* 2019 - Bai cancanta ba
* 2023 - Bai cancanta ba
* 2025 - Za a ƙayyade

**Gasar CAF U-16 da U-17 na cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya**

* 1985 - Bai cancanta ba
* 1987 - An cire shi
* 1989 - Bai cancanta ba
* 1991 - Bai cancanta ba
* 1993 - Bai shiga ba

**Gasar cin kofin Afrika ta U-17**
* 1995 - Bai cancanta ba
* 1997 - Bai shiga ba
* 1999 - Bai cancanta ba
* 2001 - Bai cancanta ba
* 2003 - Bai cancanta ba
* 2005 - Bai shiga ba
* 2007 - Bai cancanta ba
* 2009 - Bai cancanta ba
* 2011 - Bai cancanta ba
* 2013 - Bai cancanta ba
* 2015 - Matakin rukuni
* 2017 - Bai cancanta ba
* 2019 - Bai cancanta ba
* 2023 - Matakin rukuni
* 2025 - Za a ƙayyade
## Manazarta
Toni Fernandez

**Antonio** **Fernández Casino** (an haifeshi 15 ga watan Yuli 2008) haifaffen dan kasar Spaniya ne wanda ke taka leda a Barcelona Atlètic a matsayin lamba 9.

## Aikin Kulob
An haife shi a Rubí, Barcelona, Kataloniya, a matsayin matashin ɗan wasa ya shiga makarantar matasa ta Sifen La Liga Barcelona. "An dauke shi a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun basira a Barcelona" yayin da yake taka leda a kulob din. A cikin Satumba da Oktoba 2024, Fernández ya kasance cikin tawagar manyan qungiyar don wasannin gasar zakarun Turai da dama na La Liga da UEFA, amma ya zuwa yanzu ya kasance a kan benci a dukkan su.[3] A ranar 4 ga Janairu 2025 Fernández ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi ƙaranci da ya fara bugawa Barcelona yana da shekara 16 da kwanaki 173.

## Yanayin wasa
Shi tsayayyen lamba 9 ne, kuma kafar hagu.

## Manazarta
Ernesto Figueiredo

**Ernesto de Figueiredo Cordeiro** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1937) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Portugal mai ritaya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba.

## Aikin Kungiya
An haife shi a Tomar, gundumar Santarém, Figueiredo ya isa Sporting CP a lokacin rani 1960 daga masu son União Desportiva e Recreativa de Cernache, wanda ya riga ya shekara 23. Ya zura kwallaye 17 a wasanni 24 kacal a kakar wasa ta farko tare da sabuwar kungiyarsa, wanda ya isa ya lashe gasar Premier League ta biyu.

A ƙarshen yaƙin neman zaɓe na 1965 – 66, Figueiredo ya gama zura kwallaye tare da SL. Eusébio na Benfica - duka a kwallaye 25 - amma kungiyarsa ta lashe gasar da maki daya. Ya zura kwallo 147 a wasanni 232 a fafatawar da ya yi a zamaninsa; Bugu da ƙari, a cikin bugu na 1963–64 na gasar cin kofin UEFA Cup, ya fito a wasan karshe da MTK Budapest FC, ya yi nasara bayan sake buga wasa kuma tare da ɗan wasan ya ci sau biyu a wasan farko (3–3 sun zana).

Wanda ake yi wa lakabi da Altafini na Cernache yayin da yake Estádio José Alvalade, [3] Figueiredo ya yi ritaya a cikin 1970 bayan shekaru biyu tare da Vitória de Setúbal shi ma a babban rukuni, yana da shekaru 33.

## Aikin Ƙasa da ƙasa
Figueiredo ya buga wa Portugal wasanni shida, ya fara buga wasa a ranar 21 ga Yuni 1966 a wasan sada zumunci da Denmark. Manaja Otto Glória ne ya zabe shi don tawagarsa ta gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 1966, kasancewar ba a yi amfani da shi ba ga kungiyar da ta zo matsayi na uku.

## Manazarta
Olusola Friday

**Olushola Jumma'a** (an haife shi ranar 28 ga watan, Fabrairun 1990) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Najeriya, yana fafatawa a rukunin kilo 94 kuma yana wakiltar Najeriya a gasar ta duniya. &nbsp;Ya shiga cikin Wasannin Commonwealth na shekarar 2014 a taron 94 kg. 

## Manyan gasa

## Manazarta
Sarakunan Romawa

**Sarakunan Romawa** su ne masu mulki kuma shugabannin masarautar Daular Roma, wanda ya fara da da augustus  Octavian a shekara ta 27 BC.
Kalmar ***Emporor*** kalmar zamani ce wacce a lokacin da ake da masarautar babu ita.
## Masoma
Majalissar koli ta musulinci ta kasar Uganda

Majalisar Koli ta Musulmi ta Uganda (UMSC) ita ce babbar kungiya don gudanar da mulki da wakilcin Musulunci a Uganda. An kafa kungiyar UMSC a shekarar 1972 domin hada al'ummar musulmi da suka rabu a kasar Uganda. A halin yanzu Sheikh Shaban Mubaje ke jagoranta, wanda ke aiki a matsayin Babban Mufti na Uganda.

## Kungiya
Kundin tsarin mulki na farko (1972)

[gyara tushe]

An tsara tsarin mulkin UMSC na farko a cikin 1972 a wani taron addini wanda dan mulkin kama-karya na Uganda Idi Amin ya shirya. Wannan kundin tsarin mulkin ya bayyana cewa kwamitin koli mai wakilai goma sha daya ne zai jagoranci kungiyar daga gundumomin gudanarwa na farar hula 21 na Uganda. Duk wani musulmi namiji a Uganda zai cancanci tsayawa takara ko kada kuri'a don wannan rawar. Wannan majalisa za ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru biyar kuma an umurce ta ta taru a kalla sau ɗaya a shekara. A taronsu na farko, majalisar za ta zabi Cif Kadhi (wanda ake kira Mufti daga baya)   da mataimakinsa, Shugaban Majalisar Zartaswa, Sakatare Janar, da hukumomin gudanarwa guda biyu waɗanda za su yi aiki na tsawon shekaru biyar: Majalisar Zartarwa da Kwalejin Shehi. 

Majalisar zartaswa ce za ta dauki nauyin gudanar da ayyukan gudanarwa na kungiyar gaba daya kuma za ta kasance karkashin jagorancin Shugaban kasa, Cif Kadhi, Sakatare Janar, da sauran membobin 11 da aka zaba. Kwalejin Sheik ita ce za ta kasance mai iko kan dukkan al'amuran addini ga al'ummar musulmin Uganda kuma za ta kunshi babban Kadhi, mataimakinsa, gundumar Kadhis 21, da wasu zababbun Sheik. Hakanan za a sami Majalisar Wakilai da ta ƙunshi wakilan dukkan gundumomi da gundumomi Kadhi ke jagoranta. 

gyare-gyaren tsarin mulki na farko (1982 & 1986)

[gyara tushe]

An yi wa kundin tsarin mulkin UMSC kwaskwarima a 1982 da 1986. Gyaran tsarin mulkin na biyu ya kasance hannun Nsambu da Lubega Advocates, wani kamfanin lauyoyi a Kampala.

## Manazarta
MediaWiki

**MediaWiki** software ce ta wiki, wacce Magnus Manske ya kirkira don amfani akan Wikipedia a ranar 25 ga Janairu, 2002, kuma Lee Daniel Crocker ya inganta shi, bayan haka Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta haɓaka al-amuranta. Ana amfani da MediaWiki wurin daura shafukan sadarwa akan yanar gizo, da kuma yawancin shafukan Gidauniyar Wikimedia, su Wikipedia, Wiktionary, Wikimedia Commons, Wikiquote, Meta-Wiki and Wikidata.

## Manazarta
Dokar Biza ta Guinea

Dole ne baƙi dake son zuwa **[[Gini|Guinea]]** su samu eVisa sai dai idan sun fito ne daga ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe ko yankuna waɗanda ba su bukatar biza. A madadin haka ana iya samun biza daga ofishin jakadancin Guinea. 

## Taswirar manufofin Visa

## Ba'a bukatar biza
'Yan ƙasa na kasashe 21 masu zuwa da kuma 'yan gudun hijira da marasa ƙasa da ke zaune a waɗannan ƙasashe na iya shiga Guinea ba tare da biza ba: 

Bugu da kari, a dangane da Timatic, 'yan kasar Sin da ke riƙe da fasfo na yau da kullun da aka amince da su "don ayyukan jama'a" ba sa buƙatar biza don matsakaicin zama na tsawon kwanaki 30.

### Fasfo na musamman
Bugu da ƙari, masu riƙe da fasfo na diflomasiyya ko na aiki da aka bayar ga 'yan kasar Sin, Romania, Rasha, Afirka ta Kudu  da Zimbabwe ba sa buƙatar biza don zama na tsawon kwanaki 90. Masu riƙe da fasfo na diflomasiyya na Turkiyya ba sa buƙatar biza don zama har zuwa kwanaki 90.

## Biza a lokacin isa
A cewar Timatic, 'yan ƙasa daga  Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa na iya samun biza a Lokaci isowa don matsakaicin zama na kwanaki 90. Amma kuma, wannan bayanin, ba'a amince da shi ba a shafin yanar gizo na hukumar Babban Daraktan 'yan sanda na kan iyaka (DCPAF) na Ma'aikatar Tsaro da Tsaron 'Yan Kasa na kasar Guinea, wanda ya bayyana cewa dole ne' yan ƙasar Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa su sami eVisa.

## Biza na zamani (e-Visa)
'Yan ƙasa na duk ƙasashe da yankuna da ke buƙatar biza na iya samun biza na zamani. Ana samun e-Visa don zama na tsawon kwanaki 90.

'Yan ƙasar Kanada da Amurka waɗanda suka sami e-Visa na iya zama a Guinea har tsawon shekaru 5.

## Dubi kuma
 

* Bukatar biza ga 'yan ƙasar Guinea

## Bayanan da aka ambata
ZANU-PF

**Zimbabwe African National Union - Patriotic Front** (ZANU-PF) ƙungiya ce ta siyasa wacce ta kasance jam'iyyar Zimbabwe mai mulki tun bayan samun ƴancin kai a shekarar 1980. Robert Mugabe ne ya jagoranci jam'iyyar shekaru da yawa, da farko a matsayin Firayim Minista tare da Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) sannan kuma a matsayin shugaban ƙasa daga shekara ta 1987 bayan haɗewa da Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) kuma ya riƙe sunan ZANU-PF, har zuwa shekara ta 2017, lokacin da aka cire shi a matsayin jagora.

A zaɓen majalisar dokoki na shekara ta 2008, ZANU-PF ta rasa iko da majalisa a karo na farko a tarihin jam'iyyar kuma ta yi sulhu da yarjejeniyar raba iko tare da jam'iyyar Movement for Democratic Change - Tsvangirai (MDC). ZANU-PF ta lashe Zaɓen shekarar 2013, inda ta samu kashi biyu bisa uku. Jam'iyyar ta samu rinjaye a Zaɓen shekarar 2018.

A ranar 19 ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017, bayan juyin mulki, ZANU-PF ta kori Robert Mugabe a matsayin shugaban jam'iyya, wanda ya yi murabus bayan kwana biyu, kuma ya naɗa tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban ƙasa asa Emmerson Mnangagwa a madadinsa.

## Tarihi
Kungiyar 'yan kasa ta Afirka ta farko a Kudancin Rhodesia ita ce City Youth League (CYL), wacce James Chikerema, Dunduzu Chisiza, George Nyandoro, da Edson Sithole suka kafa a babban birnin mulkin mallaka, Salisbury, a watan Agustan 1955. A ranar 12 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1957, CYL ta haɗu da tsohuwar reshe na Kudancin Rhodesia na Majalisar Dokokin Afirka don kafa Kudancin Rhodeesia (SRANC). Sabuwar kungiyar ta karɓi ƙa'idar CYL ta "mutum ɗaya, kuri'a ɗaya" kuma ta zaɓi Joshua Nkomo a matsayin shugabanta. SRANC, wanda ke buƙatar mulkin mafi rinjaye na Afirka, ya sami goyon baya mai yawa a duk faɗin ƙasar, amma gwamnatin Kudancin Rhodesia ta hana shi a watan Fabrairun 1959. Hakanan, a ranar 1 ga Janairun 1960, an kafa Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Kasa (NDP). NDP ta ba da shawarar irin wannan dandalin yaƙi, kuma an dakatar da shi a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1961. A cikin wannan watan, Nkomo ta kafa kungiyar Jama'ar Afirka ta Zimbabwe, wacce ta raba manufofi da dabarun kungiyoyin da suka riga ta. A watan Satumbar 1962, a cikin rikice-rikicen da ke ƙaruwa a manyan garuruwan Kudancin Rhodesia, an dakatar da ZAPU kuma an tsare da yawa daga cikin shugabannin ta. An kuma yi gyare-gyare ga Dokar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasashen Ƙasashen Duniya a cikin ƙoƙari na hana ZAPU sake sakewa da sunan daban.

## Manazarta
Tiberianus (Mawaƙi)

**Tiberianus** ya kasance marubucin Latin marigayi kuma mawaƙi, wanda ya tsira kawai a cikin gutsuttsura, wanda ya yi gwaji tare da ma'auni daban-daban.

Shi ne mai yiwuwa dan takara don marubucin Pervigilium Veneris.

## Ainihi
A al'adance an gano Tiberianus tare da Annius Tiberianus, gwamnan Gaul "mai magana" [disertus] a 336 AD da Jerome ya ambata.

Wani ɗan takarar da ya gabata duk da haka shine shugaban Rome 303-4, Iunius Tiberianus.

## Sanannun Waƙoƙi
An san cewa Tiberianus ne ya rubuta waƙoƙi huɗu (da kashi na biyar a faɗuwar rana): Ranar bazara [Amnis ibat]; wani hari a kan ikon zinariya; waƙa; da bayanin tsuntsu mai mutuwa.

## Manazarta

## Karin Karatu
*E Courtney, *The Fragmentary Roman Poets* (1993)

## Adireshin waje
* "Catullus. Tibullus. Pervigilium Veneris"
Williamson Diamond Mine

Ma'adanar lu'u-lu'u ne mai tazarar kilomita 23 (mita 14) arewa maso gabas da Shinyanga a Tanzaniya; ya zama sananne a matsayin ma'adinin lu'u-lu'u na farko a wajen Afirka ta Kudu. An samo bututun kimberlite a cikin Maris 1940 kuma ma'adinan da John Williamson, masanin ilimin kimiya na Kanada ya kafa,  kuma yana ci gaba da aiki tun daga lokacin, yana mai da shi ɗayan mafi tsufa da ke ci gaba da sarrafa ma'adinan lu'u-lu'u a duniya.
## Bayani
Ma'adinin lu'u-lu'u na Williamson babban buɗaɗɗen rami ne a halin yanzu zurfin zurfin mita 90 (ft 300). Ayyukan hakar lu'u-lu'u a ma'adinan lu'u-lu'u na Williamson sun ƙunshi ayyuka daban-daban guda huɗu: hakar ramin, sake yin gyaran wutsiya don dawo da lu'u-lu'u da aka rasa, da ma'adinan tsakuwa duka a kan kadarorin da kuma kusa da kadarar da aka ajiye tsakuwa. Aikin hakar ma'adinan ramin da aka bude da sake gyaran wutsiya shine mafi girma daga cikin ayyuka hudu. Ma'adinan na daukar ma'aikata kusan 1,100, galibi 'yan kasar Tanzaniya.
## Tarihi
Masana'antar lu'u-lu'u ta Tanzaniya a cikin 1930s tana da alaƙa da tarwatsa ƙananan ayyukan hakar ma'adinai waɗanda ba su da wani tasiri a tsarin tattalin arzikin ƙasar. Williamson ya dauki hayar daya daga cikin wadannan ayyuka, ma'adanin lu'u-lu'u na Mabuki, a cikin 1938 kuma ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin tushen sa don neman lu'u-lu'u a yankin. A cikin 1940 ya gano bututun Mwadui kimberlite; a cikin shekaru da yawa masu zuwa ya kera ma'adinan, duk da cewa ya sha wahala wajen sayan kayan aiki da tara kudade saboda yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin shekarun 1950 ya haɓaka ma'adinin lu'u-lu'u na Williamson zuwa ma'adinin lu'u-lu'u na farko a Tanzaniya.
Kamfanin mai na kasar uganda

Kamfanin Uganda National Oil Company (UNOC), wanda kuma aka sani da Kamfanin Mai na ƙasar Uganda, kamfani ne mai iyakacin abin alhaki a cikin Uganda  mallakin gwamnatin Uganda. Dokar 2013 Petroleum (Exploration, Development and Production) na Uganda ta tanadi kafa kamfanin mai na kasa. Shugaban kasar Uganda ne ya kaddamar da kwamitin gudanarwa na UNOC a ranar 23 ga Oktoba 2015.  

## Wuri
Hedkwatar UNOC tana cikin Hasumiyar Fairway, a 15 Yusuf Lule Road, akan tsaunin Nakasero, a cikin Kampala, babban birnin Uganda kuma birni mafi girma. Haɗin kai na hedkwatar UNOC sune 0°19'42.0"N, 32°34'57.0"E (Latitude:0.328333; Longitude:32.582500).

## Manazarta
Tita Mandeleau

**Tita Mandeleau** shine sunanta da ta samu dalilin rubutunsa , **Danièle Saint-Prix Brigaud** (an haife ta a shekarar 1937), marubuciya daga Senegal.

## Farkon rayuwar
An haifi **Danièle Saint-Prix** a Fort-de-France, Martinique, inda ta rayu tare da mahaifiyarta. Ta halarci makarantar firamare a West Indies sannan kuma makarantun sakandare a Senegal, Faransa da Sudan ta Faransa. Bayan an sallami mahaifinta daga aikin soja, sun koma Afirka day zama. Ta zauna a Saint-Louis, Dakar, Bamako da Paris. A shekara ta 1991, ta koma Birnin New York tare da mijinta; ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya hudu.

Mandeleau ta wallafa littafin Signare Anna, wani labari na tarihi, a cikin 1991.

## Manazarta
Ismaïla Manga

**Ismaïla Manga** (8 ga Agusta, 1957 - 13 ga Maris, 2015) ya kasance mai zane-zane na Jola dan kasar Senegal. 

## Farkon rayuwa
An haife shi a Kamoya, ya yi karatu a makarantar zane-zane ta kasar Senegal tsakanin 1977 da 1982. Ya zauna na tsawon shekaru 13 a Montreal (Quebec).

Ya zauna a ƙauyen Arts de Dakar har zuwa mutuwarsa a ranar 13 ga watan Maris, 2015. Yana da ɗa, Wesley (aka. Lamin) Manga .

## Bayanan littattafai

* (a cikin Faransanci) *Rana* a ƙauyen zane-zane, littafin tafiye-tafiye na mai zane daga Kamoya, labarin Jean Pires a cikin Le Soleil, 13 http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200706130156.html

## Manazarta
Moustapha Lô

**Moustapha Lô** (ya mutu ranar 15 ga watan Yuni, 1967) ɗan kasar Senegal ne wanda ya yi yunkurin kashe Shugaban Senegal Léopold Sédar Senghor a ranar 22 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1967 a Babban Masallacin Dakar . An yanke wa Lô hukuncin cin amana, kotun Senegal ta yanke masa hukuncin kisa kuma An kashe shi ta hanyar harbewa. Lô ita ce ta biyu daga cikin mutane biyu da Senegal ta kashe tun lokacin da kasar ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960. 

## Bayanan kula

## Manazarta
*Elimane Fall, "La démocratie à l'épreuve", *[[Jeune Afrique]]*, no. 1760, 1994-10-05
*Keesing's Publications (1972). *Africa Independent: A Survey of Political Developments* (New York: Scribner) p. 236
Khalilou Sall

**Khalilou Sall** (Saint Louis, 3 ga watan Oktoba, 1926 - Dakar, 16 ga Afrilu, 2008) ɗan siyasar kasar Senegal ne kuma injiniya. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa PAI.

## Farkon Rayuwa da Karatu
Ya yi karatu a Lycée Pierre-de-Fermat a Toulouse da kuma ESME-Sudria a Paris, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin injiniya a kasar Faransa, ya dawo Senegal a shekarar 1957.

Saboda rashin jituwa da Sékou Touré, ya koma Bamako, Mali a shekarar 1962. Ya kuma dawo a 1963.

A shekara ta 1968, shugaban kasar Léopold Sédar Senghor ya sanya shi matsayin mai kula da aikin jirgin ƙasa na kasar Senegal kuma ya yi aiki ga Bankin Raya Afirka (1971-1977) 

## Bibliography
* Amadou Booker Washington Sadji, *Matsayin ƙarni na Yammacin Afirka: 'yancin kai da ci gaba *, Harmattan, 2006
* Majhemout Diop, Memoires de lutes: texts don amfani da tarihin Jam'iyyar 'yancin Afirka, Kasancewar Afirka, 2007
* [Hasiya]

## Manazarta
Salomon Matalon

**Solomon Matalon** ya kirkiro rundunar Scout ta farko a kasar Senegal a watan Oktoban 1935 kuma ya kafa Éclaireuses et Éclaireurs du Sénégal a  shekarar 1937.

## Lambar yabi
A shekara ta 1997, an ba Matalon lambar yabo ta 259th Bronze Wolf, bambancin da kawai na Ƙungiyar Scout ta Duniya ta bayar, wanda Kwamitin Scout na Duniya ya bayar da kyauta don ayyuka na musamman ga Scouting na duniya 

## Manazarta
Dokar biza ta Guinea-Bissau

Dole ne baƙi masu zuwa **[[Gine-Bisau|Guinea-Bissau]]** su sami visa, ko dai a lokacin da suka isa ko kuma kafin hakan a ɗaya daga cikin ofisoshin diflomasiyya na Guinea-Bisau, sai dai idan su 'yan ƙasa ne na ƙasar da basu bukatar biza.

## Taswirar manufofin Visa

## Rashin izinin visa
'Yan ƙasa na ƙasashe da yankuna 14 masu zuwa na iya ziyartar Guinea-Bissau ba tare da biza ba na na tsawon lokaci da ba'a kayyade ba: 

Masu riƙe da fasfo na diflomasiyya ko na aiki da aka bayar ga 'yan ƙasa daga Ƙasashe masu amfani da harshen Portuguese:  Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, Mozambique, Portugal, Sao Tome da Principe, Vietnam  ba sa buƙatar biza don zama mara iyaka a kasan.

Guinea-Bissau ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar cire dokar biza ga kasar Serbia don masu riƙe da fasfo na diflomasiyya, na hukuma da na musamman a watan Afrilun 2023 kuma har yanzu ba ta fara aiki ba.

## Biza a lokacin isa
'Yan ƙasa na sauran ƙasashe waɗanda ba a cire masu dokar biza ba na iya samun biza a lokacin da suka isa Guinea-Bissau, wanda zai yi aiki don dan lokaci na tsawon kwanaki 90.

## Dubi kuma
 

* Bukatar biza ga 'yan ƙasar Guinea-Bissauan

## Manazarta
Mulkin umayyad a arewacin afrika

Mulkin Umayyawa a Arewacin Afirka ko Umayyad Ifriqiya lardin ne na Khalifancin Banu Umayyawa (661-750) a zamanin tarihi da ta yi mulkin yankin yammaci da tsakiyar  Arewacin Afirka kamarsu algeria maroko (ban da Masar), tun daga mamaye yankin. Maghreb daga shekara ta 661 zuwa 661. Rikicin Kharijite Berber ya ƙare a shekara ta 743, wanda ya kai ga kawo ƙarshen mulkinta a yammaci da tsakiyar Maghreb. Bayan wannan lokaci ne Banu Umayya suka ci gaba da mulkin Ifriqiya (daga baya suka fada hannun khalifancin Abbasiyawa) yayin da sauran Maghreb suka fada hannun daulolin Musulunci da suka biyo bayan zuriyar Larabawa da Berber da Farisa
## Tarihi
Yakin musulmi na Maghreb ya fara ne a shekara ta 647 karkashin daular Rashidun, wadda ta yi amfani da Masar a matsayin sansanin yaki da Maghreb. Abdallah bn Sa’ad ya jagoranci mamayewa da sojoji dubu 20 daga Madina a yankin Larabawa, inda suka karbe birnin Tripolitaniya cikin gaggawa sannan kuma suka fatattaki sojojin Rumawa mafi girma a yakin Sufetula a wannan shekarar. Duk da haka, sojojin Larabawa sun janye bayan da sabon Exarch na Afirka ya amince da ba da kyauta a musayar.Bayan da ya ci Cyrenaica a shekara ta 642 ko 643, Amr bn al-As ya kafa jiziya da kabilar Berber za ta biya a kan dinari 13,000. Ya kuma bukaci kabilar Lawata da su sayar wa larabawa ‘ya’yansu maza da mata da yawa a kan kasonsu na jimlar jiziya. Bayan fitina ta farko da kafa daular Umayyawa a shekara ta 661 da Mu'awiya  ya yi, sai aka fara kai hari na biyu ga Magrib. Dakarun musulmi 10,000 da wasu dubbai, karkashin jagorancin Balarabe Janar Uqba ibn Nafi, sun taso daga Damascus, suka shiga Afrika, suka ci ta. A shekara ta 670, an kafa birnin Kairouan a matsayin cibiyar ci gaba da ayyuka da kuma babban birnin lardin Arewacin Afirka. A cikin wannan shekarar ne aka assasa babban masallacin Kairouan.
Banu Umayyawa sun fuskanci turjiya daga sojojin Berber karkashin jagorancin Kahina da Kusaila a shekarun 680, wadanda suka yi adawa da dakarun Musulunci na Daular Umayyawa da ke ci gaba. Kusaila ya yi nasarar yi wa sojojin Banu Umayyawa kwanton bauna ya kashe Uqba bn Nafi a yakin Vescera a shekara ta 682. Amma daga baya Hassan bn al-Numan da Musa bn Nusayr sun fatattaki shugabannin Berber duka biyu, inda suka kashe Kusaila a yakin Mamma (688) kashe Dihya a yakin Tabarka (702), wanda ya kai ga fatattakar kabilar Berber.[5] Yakin Carthage a shekara ta 698 ya taimaka wajen kwato garin da Banu Umayyawa suka yi.
## Manazarta
1 Fenwick, Corisande (November 2020). "The Umayyads and North Africa". ResearchGate.
2.Kaegi, Walter E. (2010). Muslim Expansion and Byzantine Collapse in North Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521196772.
Maria Thomas

**Roberta Worrick** (*Roberta Thomas*) an haife ta Yuli 6, 1941 ta mutu a  Agusta 7, 1989, wacce aka fi sani da sunanta na alkalami *Maria Thomas *, marubuciya Ba'amurke ce. ta buga labari, gajerun labarai, da kasidu.  Yawancin rubuce-rubucenta an kafa su ne, ko kuma game da su, kasashe daban-daban na Afirka, inda ta zauna kuma ta yi aiki a yawancin rayuwarta ta sana'a.  Rubuce-rubucenta sun sami kyaututtuka da yawa da yabo mai mahimmanci.  Mutuwarta tana da shekaru 48,a wani hatsarin jirgin sama a kasar Habasha, ya katse sana'ar adabi mai cike da nasara.

## Rayuwa da Aiki
### Shekarun Farko, 1941–1971
An haife ta a Camden, New Jersey, diyar Robert R. da Aida Thomas, daga baya ta rubuta cewa "iyalina sun yi yawan ƙaura a shekarun farko na rayuwata." Roberta Thomas ta girma a Ohio da Massachusetts, inda ta haɗu da mijinta na gaba tun lokacin makarantar firamare. Ta sami digiri na B.A. daga Mount Holyoke College, inda ta kammala karatu a shekarar 1963.

Bayan kammala makaranta, Roberta Thomas ta yi karatun zanen hotuna a Florence, Italy, na tsawon shekara guda, sannan ta auri Tom Worrick, wanda shi ne ƙwararren tattalin arziƙin gona, ta ɗauki sunansa na ƙarshe. Sun zauna a Vermont na tsawon shekaru biyu, inda ta koyar da Turanci (ta kuma ce ta koyar da lissafi da zane) a Makarantar Mountain da ke Vershire, sannan ta haifi ɗansu, Raphael Worrick.

Daga Vermont, danginsu suka ƙaura zuwa Las Cruces, New Mexico, inda ta koyar da Turanci a New Mexico State University, sannan suka koma Pennsylvania, inda Roberta da Tom Worrick suka shiga makarantar gaba da digiri a Pennsylvania State University.

A Penn State, Roberta ta sami digirin M.A. a fannin Turanci. Daga cikin darussanta a can akwai wani taron kwatanta adabi na 1971 wanda marubuci Paul West ya koyar. West ya zama jagora da abokin rubutu na tsawon rayuwa gare ta, kuma daga baya ya wallafa wakar yabo game da ita.  
### Rayuwa da aiki a kasashen Afirka (mafi yawa), 1971-1989
Worrick da mijinta sun nemi shiga Peace Corps saboda rashin aikin da ke cikin fannin mijinta a Amurka a wancan lokacin. Suna fatan a tura su zuwa Latin America saboda sun kware cikin Sifaniyanci, wanda suka koyo lokacin da suke zaune a New Mexico da kuma ziyartar Mexico. Amma maimakon haka, an tura su zuwa Afirka, wanda ya zama gida da kuma fannin aikin su na mafi yawan ragowar rayuwarsu. Sun yi hidima a matsayin Mambobin Peace Corps a Ethiopia daga 1971 zuwa 1973, suna tafiya tare da dansu mai shekaru hudu. (Sun yi hidima a matsayin iyali tare da yara, wani abu da ba a taba yi kafin ko bayan haka ba, a karkashin wani shirin Peace Corps na wucin gadi da ke daukar ma'aurata masu yara.)  Aikin Roberta Worrick a Peace Corps shine, kamar yadda ta ce, "zama mai rubutun fasaha ga hukumar ci gaban shanu a Addis Ababa," tana kokarin sabunta masana'antar shanu ta Ethiopia. Ta yi aiki kan littafin koyarwa ga wakilan fadakarwa na noma da manoma. (Dansu ya ce ta koyar da Turanci; yana yiwuwa ta yi duka biyun). 
## Manazarta
Gbawe

wani gari ne a cikin Babban yankin Accra na kudu maso gabashin Ghana kusa da babban birnin Accra. Gbawe shine yanki na ashirin da uku mafi girma a Ghana, dangane da yawan jama'a, yana da yawan mutane 74,403. Gbawe yana da tazarar kilomita kadan daga yamma da Accra a majalisar karamar hukumar Ga South.
Khady Hane

**Khady Hane** (an haifeta a shekara ta 1962) marubuciya ce daga Senegal . Ta Yi Karatu a Jami'r Paris, kuma tana zaune a birnin Paris. Ita ce shugabar wata kungiya da ake kira "Black Arts and Culture" kuma ta rubuta litattafai da yawa a harshen Faransanci.

## Manazarta
Muhammad Saeed Khan

**Muhammad Saeed Khan** (Urdu) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na Pakistan kuma wanda ya kafa Al-Nadwah Educational Trust, a Islamabad, Pakistan . Ya shiga cikin yunkurin juyin mulkin Pakistan na 1995 kuma ya shirya mujallu ciki har da *Al-Nadwah* da *Al-Manad* . Shi memba ne na babban kwamiti na Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf .

## Rayuwa da ayyuka
Khan shine wanda ya kafa Al-Nadwah Educational Trust, a Islamabad, Pakistan .  Ya shirya mujallu *Al-Nadwah* da *Al-Manad* sannan ya yi aiki a matsayin editan *Al-Hamid*, mujallar wata-wata da Jamia Madaniyah ta buga a Lahore. Ya shiga cikin yunkurin juyin mulkin Pakistan na 1995 kuma an gan shi a matsayin mai rikitarwa a cikin addinai tun daga lokacin. Ya ba da jawabai a kai a kai a wasu zaman garuruwa kuma kwamandan X Corps na lokacin ya ƙarfafa shi. An kama shi daga Rawalpindi a wannan lokacin  kuma an daure shi saboda ayyukansa a lokacin wannan aikin. 

Wani labarin da Aezaz Syed ya rubuta a kan BBC Urdu ya bayyana cewa, "Mustansir Billah ya ba shi wasu takardu don hallaka kuma daga baya hukumomin sojoji sun dawo da kwafin jawabin daga Mufti Saeed wanda Manjo Janar Zaheerul Islam Abbasi zai gabatar bayan ya karɓi ikon ƙasar. Mufti Saeid shine kadai mutumin da ke da waɗannan jami'an soja wanda ya san kowane batun.  An san Khan da shirya wannan jawabin ga Abbasi. Shi memba ne na babban kwamiti na Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf . 

An soki Khan game da ka'idarsa game da kafa Darul Uloom Deoband . An danganta shi da wata sanarwa da ta ambaci cewa an kafa makarantar sakandare ta Deoband tare da goyon baya daga gwamnatin Indiya ta Burtaniya kuma cewa gwamnati ta ba da makirci ga wanda ya kafa makarantar sakandaren. Khan ya ba da bayani a cikin littafinsa yana mai cewa, "A kowane tattaunawa ta sirri, akwai yiwuwar kuskure a cikin matakai huɗu: magana, sauraro da fahimta sannan kuma samun ƙarshe daga wannan tattaunawar. Idan tattaunawar da na yi game da ginin farko na Darul Uloom Deoband ya ba da ra'ayi cewa seminary ya sami tagomashin gwamnatin Burtaniya, ba kawai cewa na musanta wannan ra'ayi gaba ɗaya ba, amma waɗanda suka ji rauni saboda wannan ra'ayyar; Ina neman gafara daga gare su kuma daga wannan bayanin, ina fatan cewa Allah ba za su kasance ba.

Khan ya koyar da fassarar Alkur'ani da kimiyyar Islama a Jami'ar Jihar Wayne, Cibiyar Islama ta Irving, da Jami'ar Kwamfuta da Kimiyya ta Kasa.

Khan ya yi bikin auren Imran Khan tare da Bushra Bibi . 

## Kotu na Jama'a game da Cin Hanci da Fice a Amurka
An gurfanar da Mufti Saeed Khan da kungiyarsa ta Al Nadwa Educational Trust a Jihar Texas saboda zamba. Cibiyar neman lalacewa inda ake zargi Mufti Saeed da Madani Memorial Inc., wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Michigan wacce ta tara kudade a Amurka kuma ta tura wannan ga Mufti Saeid da cin hanci da rashawa fiye da $ 250,000 daga Gidauniyar YPS. Shugabannin kowace kungiya suma wadanda ake tuhuma ne a cikin korafin.

## Manazarta

### Bayanai

## Manazarta

### Bayanan Littafi Mai Tsarki

* 

## Haɗin waje

* Yunkurin juyin mulkin Musulunci na 1995 - Sashe na II