open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Harriet Tyce

**Harriet Tyce** (an haife ta a watan Nuwamba 1972) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Scotland, marubuciya *Blood Orange* (2019), *The Lies you Told* (2020), *It will ends at tight* (2022) da kuma *A Lesson in Cruelty* (2024).

Tyce ta yi aiki a matsayin lauya mai aikata laifuka kusan shekaru goma, kafin ta canza hanyar aikinta zuwa rubuta labaran laifuka . Littafinta na farko ya zama zaɓin Richard da Judy kuma ya shahara a lokacin kulle-kullen COVID-19 a shekarar 2020 .

A shekarar 2026, ta fito a matsayin mai takara a jerin shirye-shirye na huɗu na *The Traitors* .

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Harriet Tyce a watan Nuwamba 1972 kuma ta girma a Edinburgh, babbar 'ya'ya biyu ga Lord Nimmo Smith, alkali, da Jennifer, ƙwararriyar masaniyar ilimi da kuma ta gargajiya. Ta halarci makarantar 'yan mata duka a Edinburgh, inda ta zama abokai da Sarah Hughes . Daga baya ta koma Edinburgh Academy don aji shida, wanda ya ƙunshi jinsi daban-daban .

Tyce ya yi karatun adabin Turanci a Jami'ar Oxford, sannan ya kammala kwas ɗin canza shari'a a Jami'ar City .  

## Sana'a
Tsawon kimanin shekaru goma Tyce ta yi aiki a matsayin lauya mai aikata laifuka.  A shekara ta 2005, bayan ta yi ƙoƙarin yin aiki na ɗan lokaci kuma ba da daɗewa ba bayan an haifi ɗanta, ta bar aikin lauya .  Daga baya ta kammala digiri na biyu a fannin rubuce-rubuce masu ƙirƙira da almarar laifuka a Jami'ar East Anglia, inda ta kammala karatunta da kyau. 

Bayan kin amincewa da dama, ta sami wakili da yarjejeniyar littafi tare da Wildfire, wani hoton Headline.  Sun buga littafinta na farko mai suna *Blood Orange* (2019).   Ya zama zaɓin Richard da Judy .  A cewar Amazon, littafin ya shahara a lokacin kulle-kullen COVID-19 a shekarar 2020.  Quibi da World Productions, masu shirya *Line of Duty* da *Bodyguard*, sun zaɓi *Blood Orange* don haɓakawa zuwa jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin . 

Bayan ta bar wani littafi na biyu, ta fitar da littafin *"The Lies you Told"* a shekarar 2020.  Littafinta *mai suna "It" ya ƙare da tsakar dare* a shekarar 2022.  Ta rubuta babi na gabatarwa na *[[Holding Tight, Letting Go|"Holding Tight, Letting Go"]]* (2022).  An fitar da *darasi a kan zalunci* a shekarar 2024.  

A shekarar 2026, ta fito a matsayin mai takara a jerin shirye-shirye na huɗu na *The Traitors* . 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Tyce tana zaune tare da mijinta, wanda ke aiki a fannin kuɗi.  Suna da 'ya'ya biyu. 

## Littattafan tarihi

## Manazarta
John Gridunov

**John Ivanovich Gridunov** (Russian: Джон Иванович Гридунов; 6 October 1926 – 12 August 2015) was a Russian engineer in the Soviet space program, working as to validate tests for the former Soviet spacecraft equipment. Being the so-called ground cosmonaut, Gridunov conducted several environmental tests, including the explosive decompression while testing a space suit. He is the only person to experience a short-time  acceleration of 50 *g* (490&nbsp;m/s2), during an emergency landing imitation.

*g* kuma ya ci gaba da saurin 19 g (190 m / s2) a cikin jagorancin kashin baya ba tare da mai alaƙa da masauki ba.&nbsp;

## Rayuwa
An haifi John Gridunov a Serhetabat, sannan Kushka, Turkmenian SSR kuma an sanya masa suna ne bayan marubucin Amurka kuma mai fafutuka John Reed .  A cikin takardar shaidar haihuwa an rubuta Gridunov a matsayin John (Reed), a cikin ƙuƙwalwa. A shekara ta 1941 Gridunov ya shiga Kwalejin Sojan Sama ta Voroshilovgrad . A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, ya yi aiki a matsayin injiniya a cikin Soviet 999th, 58th da 80th Air Regiments. Kodayake Gridunov bai taba samun digiri a fannin injiniya ba, ya kammala makarantar Sojan Sama ta Serpukhov a 1944. A watan Nuwamba 1949-Afrilu 1950 ya kasance dalibi na Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojan Sama ta Zhukovsky .

A shekara ta 1872, Clarke ya zama Vicar na Cocin St Mary, Battersea kuma ya kasance a can har tsawon shekaru 37. A can, ya kafa "Provident Dispensary" a Battersea, kuma ya kafa "The Vicarage School for Girls" a gidan vicarage kusa da Kogin Thames. Daga baya makarantar ta koma Clapham Common. Daga 1872 har zuwa 1916 Clarke ya kasance gwamnan Sir Walter St John's Trust kuma ya taimaka wajen kafa Battersea Grammar School. A shekara ta 1875, ya zama Canon na girmamawa na Winchester Cathedral (Battersea sa'an nan yana cikin Diocese na Winchester). Bayan canja wurin Battersea da wasu majami'u da yawa a arewacin Surrey zuwa Diocese na Rochester a 1877, an nada shi Dean na Rural a 1880, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Proctor na diocesan. 

A lokacin da aka taɓa shi bayan faduwar mita 12 (39 g="">ft)  kyauta a kan cylinders na gubar, Gridunov ya sami saurin rikodin 50 g (490 m / s2), wanda ya karya na'urar da ta shafi. Ya tuna wannan labarin kamar haka: "Na ji su [injiniya] sun umurce ni: "Ku kula!" "Ku shirya!" Wadannan galibi suna bin umarnin "Ku zubar da!" amma a wannan lokacin sun jinkirta umarnin saboda wani dalili, kuma na karkata daga wurin zama kadan. Matsi na bugun jini ya yi yawa har na da na yi murmushi a kaina har kwana uku".&nbsp;

Duk da cewa bai taba kasancewa a kan aikin sararin samaniya na ainihi ba, Gridunov yana da dangantaka ta abokantaka tare da cosmonauts (musamman tare da Vladimir Komarov da Pavel Popovich) kuma ya yi hutu tare da su. Da zarar ya taƙaita, Gridunov ya ce: "Cosmonauts sun shawo kan nisa, sun ci sararin samaniya. Ina shawo kan kaina, na ci sararin ciki. "  Ya mutu a watan Agustan 2015 yana da shekaru 88. 

## Manazarta
Ilimin yaren Jafananci a Thailand

**Ilimin yaren Jafananci a [[Tailan|Thai]]** ya samo asali ne daga shekarun 1960, lokacin da jami'o'in Thai suka fara kafa darussan yaren Javananci. Binciken da Gidauniyar Japan ta yi a shekara ta 2006 ya gano malamai 1,153 da ke koyar da yaren ga dalibai 71,083 a cibiyoyi 385; yawan dalibai ya karu da kashi 29.5% idan aka kwatanta da binciken 2003.  Ya zuwa 2024, a cewar Gidauniyar Japan, mutane 194,366 suna koyon Jafananci a Thailand  .

## Gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun

Ana ba da gwajin ƙwarewar harshen Jafananci a birane uku a Thailand; da farko, an ba da shi ne kawai a Bangkok da Chiang Mai, amma an kara ƙarin wurin gwajin a Songkhla a shekara ta 2003. [1] Jarabawar Mataki na 4, da nufin fara dalibai tare da sa'o'i 150 na aikin gini, shine mafi yawan ƙoƙarin da aka yi; yawan masu jarrabawa sun ragu a matakan da suka fi girma. Adadin masu jarrabawa kusan ninka sau biyar tsakanin 1998 da 2006.[2][3] Bangkok ita ce kadai birni a Kudu maso gabashin Asiya inda ake ba da gwajin ƙwarewar Jafananci na Kasuwancin JETRO. A shekara ta 2006, 'yan takara 232 sun yi ƙoƙari su yi jarrabawar; aikin su, wanda aka auna ta yawan masu jarrabawa waɗanda aka tantance su kamar suna da kowane mataki shida na ƙwarewar kasuwanci na Jafananci, yayi kama da matsakaicin masu jarrabawa a duk ƙasashe a waje da Japan. Daliban Thai sun kafa kashi 13% na dukkan 'yan takara da ke ƙoƙarin jarrabawar a waje da Japan.

## Dubi kuma

* Jafananci a matsayin harshen waje
* Ilimi a Thailand
* Ilimin harshe

## Manazarta

## Ƙarin karantawa

* 
*
Gabatarwa ga Latin Syntax

An gabatar da Latin Syntax wani yaren Latin ne na John Mair wanda aka buga a 1750 a Edinburgh, wanda T. da W. Ruddiman suka buga. Ya ga bugu da yawa na gaba, na 8 da aka buga a 1813.

## Ƙarin bayani
An haɗa shi da Gabatarwa Mair daidai da Tarihin Dā, wanda aka rubuta taƙaitaccen ra'ayi game da manyan ma'amaloli da abubuwan da suka faru ... daga halittar duniya, zuwa haihuwar Kristi. An narkar da shi a cikin lokaci, kuma an daidaita shi da hanyar Gabatarwa ga Latin, Turanci yana cikin wani shafi, kuma kalmomin Latin a cikin wani. ... An sake buga wannan rubutun a cikin James Davidson mai sauƙi da kuma gabatarwa ga ilimin harshen Latin a cikin shekara ta 1798.

## Karɓar baƙi
John Stuart Mill ya ambaci *Gabatarwa* Mair a matsayin shaida ga bincikensa cewa "Ƙididdigar Latin kawai don dalilan makaranta da na sani, wanda aka samar a waɗannan tsibirai har zuwa kwanan nan, Scotchmen ne suka rubuta su" a cikin Adireshin Inaugural da aka ba Jami'ar St. Andrews.

## Littattafai

* wanda R. A. Carson ya sake sabuntawa kuma ya gyara, wanda D. Patterson ya faɗaɗa, New York, 1830 (Kwafin littattafan google) 

## Manazarta
Danny Alexander

**Sir Daniel Grian Alexander** (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1972) ɗan bankin Burtaniya ne, mai fafutuka kuma tsohon ɗan siyasa wanda ya kasance Babban Sakataren Baitulmalin tsakanin 2010 da 2015. Ya kasance memba Dan majalisa (MP) na mazabar Inverness, Nairn, Badenoch &amp;amp; Strathspey daga 2005 har zuwa babban zabe a watan Mayu 2015.  A cikin wa'adinsa na farko na majalisa (2005-2010), Alexander ya kasance Mai magana da yawun Liberal Democrat na Aiki da Fensho (2007-2008), Shugaban Ma'aikata ga shugaban jam'iyyar Nick Clegg, da Shugaban kungiyar Liberal Democrat Manifesto Group (2007-2010). 

Tare da Babban zaben 2010 wanda ya samar da majalisa mai rataye, ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan majalisa hudu na Liberal Democrat, tare da Andrew Stunell, Chris Huhne, da David Laws,  wadanda ke da hannu wajen tattauna Yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa don sabuwar gwamnatin hadin gwiwa tare da Jam'iyyar Conservative. Da farko an nada Alexander a matsayin Sakataren Gwamnati na Scotland,  amma a ƙarshen Mayu 2010, an ɗaukaka shi zuwa Babban Sakataren Baitulmalin, bayan murabus din David Laws. 

An ba shi lambar yabo a cikin 2015 Dissolution Honours a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta 2015. 

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Alexander a Edinburgh. Yayinda yake yaro ya zauna a tsibirin Colonsay inda mahaifinsa ya kasance mai kashe gobara, mai tukwane da mataimakin shugaban tashar jiragen ruwa. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Colonsay . Daga nan ne iyalin suka koma Kudancin Uist a cikin Outer Hebrides, kuma kusa da Invergarry a kan ƙasar, inda ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Invergary.

Daga nan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta Lochaber, Fort William a cikin Highlands na Scotland . Ya ci gaba da karatun Falsafa, siyasa da tattalin arziki (PPE) a Kwalejin St Anne, Oxford . 

## Farkon aiki
Daga 1993 zuwa 1994, Alexander ya yi aiki a matsayin Jami'in yada labarai tare da Scottish Liberal Democrats, kafin ya shafe shekaru takwas a matsayin Darakta na Sadarwa a Ƙungiyar Turai (1996-1999) da kuma kungiyar da ta maye gurbinsa, yakin neman zabe na Biritaniya a Turai (1999-2004). Daga shekara ta 2004 zuwa shekara ta 2005, ya kasance shugaban sadarwa na Cairngorms National Park,  wasu masu sukar suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin "mafi girman aikinsa a waje da siyasa". 

## Dan majalisa
An zaɓi Alexander a matsayin sabon ɗan majalisar mazabar Inverness, Nairn, Badenoch da Strathspey a babban zaɓen 2005. Ya lashe kujerar daga David Stewart, wanda a da shi ne ɗan majalisar jam'iyyar Labour mai wakiltar Inverness East, Nairn da Lochaber, tushen sabuwar majalisar. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

A watan Agustan shekara ta 2005, an bayyana cewa Christopher Haskins, abokin Labour wanda ya kasance abokin Alexander, ya ba da gudummawar £ 2,500 ga yakin neman zabe na Alexander; daga baya aka kori Haskins daga jam'iyyar Labour saboda wannan matakin.

## manazarta
St Luke's Anglican School

**Makarantar Anglican ta St Luke** wata makarantar kwana ce ta Anglican mai zaman kanta wacce ke koyar da yara tun suna ƙanana, firamare da sakandare, wacce ke Bundaberg, Queensland, Ostiraliya.

An kafa makarantar a shekarar 1994 kuma ta ƙunshi Cibiyar Koyon Farko (Junior, Kindy, da Pre-Prep), da Makarantar Firamare, Makarantar Tsakiya, da Makarantar Sakandare. Taken makarantar shine *Imani, Aiki, Daraja.*

## Ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya
Makarantar Anglican ta St Luke tana karɓar ɗaliban ƙasashen waje daga al'adu daban-daban. An yi musu rijista don karɓar ɗaliban da ke karatu a kan takardar izinin ɗalibai 500 daga aji na 1-12. St Luke's kuma tana ba da tallafi da masauki tare da shirin zama a gida. Duk ɗaliban ƙasashen waje 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18 doka ta wajabta su zauna tare da iyayensu/masu kula da su ko kuma tare da Mai Ba da Kula da Gidaje da aka amince da shi a makaranta.

## Gidaje
Kwalejin tana da gidaje huɗu da ke fafatawa a duk shekara a gasar al'adu da wasanni. Manyan abubuwan da ake gudanarwa a kowace shekara sune: bikin ninkaya, bikin motsa jiki, bikin cin abinci na ƙasa da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na rock-pop wanda ɗaliban shekara ta 12 ke shiryawa.[1]

Gidajen (masu launukan gida) da suka yi gasa sune kamar haka:

*  Hoog House
*  Morris House
*  Browning House
*  Noble House

An ɗauko launukan gidan ne daga rigar makarantar. An sanya wa gidajen suna ne saboda muhimman mutane a Cocin Anglican na Australiya.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin makarantu a Queensland
* Jerin makarantun Anglican a Ostiraliya
* Makarantu a Bundaberg

## Manazarta
Certamen Ciceronianum Arpinas

**Certamen Ciceronianum Arpinas** gasa ce ta Latin ta kasa da kasa don tsofaffin ɗaliban makarantar sakandare wacce ake shirya kowace shekara a wurin haihuwar Cicero Arpino, wanda ke kudancin Lazio .

## Shirye-shiryen
Taron, wanda aka gudanar a karkashin jagorancin Shugaban Italiya, ya dauki kwanaki uku, ya fara da bikin farawa na gargajiya a ranar Jumma'a ta biyu ta Maris, kuma Centro Studi Umanistici Marco Tullio Cicerone ne ya shirya shi. Gwajin yana faruwa a cikin gine-ginen Liceo-Ginnasio Tulliano . Tsofaffin ɗaliban makarantar sakandare da ke karatun gargajiya daga ko'ina cikin Turai suna da 'yanci su shiga, idan sun biya kuɗin rajista (ko da yake yawancin makarantun sakandare suna ba da izini kuma gwamnatoci da yawa suna aika ɗalibai waɗanda suka yi kyau a gasar zakarun ƙasa kyauta).

## Hanyar Certamen
Gasar ta ainihi tana faruwa ne a ranar Jumma'a kuma jarrabawar rubuce-rubuce ce da ta ƙunshi sassa biyu: fassarar matsakaiciyar girman da Cicero ya rubuta daga asalin Latin zuwa yaren mahalarta, da kuma sharhin salo da / ko mahallin rubutun (kuma a cikin yaren asali).

A lokacin rubuce-rubucen jarrabawar ana gayyatar malamai na makarantar sakandare da ma'aikatan da ke tare da su don shiga cikin tarurrukan Latin, taro, kide-kide da yawon shakatawa na birni. Ana gudanar da bikin karshe a ranar Lahadi da safe a Piazza Municipio (gidan gari) kuma ana watsa shi kai tsaye a kan Sky TG24. Bayan bikin buɗewa an gayyaci masu nasara goma zuwa filin wasa kuma an ba su kyaututtuka. Kashegari jaridar mai inganci Corriere della Sera ta buga sunayen masu nasara uku na farko.

## Aikin
Sai dai don inganta ilimin Latin da karatun gargajiya, Certamen Ciceronianum Arpinas koyaushe yana nuna kansa a matsayin dandamali wanda ke ba da matasa masu ilimin gargajiya daga ko'ina cikin duniya damar yin hulɗa. A cikin 2008, misali, dalibai 498 daga kasashe 16 daban-daban sun halarci.

## Haɗin waje

* shafin yanar gizon Certamen Ciceronianum Arpinas
Ƙungiyar don Canjin Koyarwar Latin

An kafa kungiyar don sake fasalin koyarwar Latin (**ARLT**) a Burtaniya a cikin 1913 ta hanyar masanin gargajiya W. H. D. Rouse. Yanzu an san shi da Association for Latin Teaching .

## Tarihi

### Asalin
Ya samo asali ne daga Makarantun bazara wanda Rouse ya shirya don horar da malamai na Latin a cikin Hanyar kai tsaye na koyar da harshe, wanda ya haɗa da amfani da harshe a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun maimakon kawai koyon harshe da haɗin kai ta hanyar rubutu. Makarantun bazara sun kasance babban aikin wannan kungiyar. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Jaridar da ake kira Latin Teaching ta ruwaito a makarantun bazara kuma ta haɗa da labarai game da *Koyarwar Latin*. Masu ba da gudummawa sun haɗa da Dorothy L. Sayers . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

### Bayan WWII
Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, abubuwa uku sun shafi ARLT sosai:

* Jami'o'in Oxford da Cambridge sun daina buƙatar ƙwarewa a cikin Latin a matsayin cancanta don shiga. Wannan yana nufin raguwa sosai a cikin yawan ɗaliban makaranta da ke koyon Latin. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

* Cambridge Latin Course ya kawo yawancin ka'idodin da Rouse da ARLT suka goyi bayan su a cikin koyarwar Latin. Wannan ya haifar da ARLT don karɓar ƙarin tallafi, maimakon kamfen, tsarin, yana ba da ƙarfafawa ga duk malamai na gargajiya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

* Kungiyoyi uku na gargajiya, The Classical Association, Orbilian Society (yanzu ya ɓace) da Association for the Reform of Latin Teaching, sun shiga cikin kafa ƙungiyar laima: Ƙungiyar Haɗin gwiwa ta Malaman gargajiya (JACT). [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

ARLT da JACT sun jimre da wani lokaci na dangantaka mara kyau, tare da wasu tambayoyi game da dalilin ARLT na ci gaba da wanzuwa, amma a cikin lokaci duk abin da ya shafi sun fahimci bukatar yin aiki tare don dalilin gama gari a kan waɗanda suka so mutuwar koyarwar Classics. Yanzu kungiyoyin biyu suna buga mujallar hadin gwiwa, The Journal of Classics Teaching . ARLT tana da shafin yanar gizo [1] da kuma shafin yanar gizo. [2] [ana buƙatar hujja] [ana buƙatar hujja]

## Rashin jituwa na siyasa
A lokacin hutun majalisa a cikin 2021, Ma'aikatar Ilimi, wanda Gavin Williamson ke jagoranta ta ba da sanarwar shirin £ 4m don gabatar da Latin a cikin makarantun jihohi 40. An riga an koyar da Latin a cikin kashi 3% na makarantun jihohi kuma an ba da izini a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Nazarin Kasa.

## Dubi kuma

* Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Amirka
* Ƙananan

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje
* Ƙungiyar don Canjin Koyarwar Latin
James Renner

**James Renner** marubuci ne na Amurka, ɗan jarida mai bincike, furodusa, kuma darektan. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto ga Cleveland Scene kuma ya kasance editan madadin jaridar *The Cleveland Independent* .  An san shi da aikinsa a cikin ban tsoro, fiction kimiyya, da nau'ikan aikata laifuka na gaskiya. A cikin 2019, Renner ya kafa The Porchlight Project, wani kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sadaukar don ba da tallafi ga iyalai na wadanda suka ɓace da kuma wadanda aka kashe.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
Renner ta fito ne daga Akron, Ohio,  kuma ta kammala karatu a Jami'ar Jihar Kent a shekara ta 2000.  Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto ga Cleveland Scene kuma ya kasance editan madadin jaridar *The Cleveland Independent* .  Ya kuma kasance memba na kafa Last Call Cleveland, ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo.

## Jarida da ba fiction ba
A shekara ta 2003, Renner ya fara aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto ga Cleveland Scene kuma ya kasance editan madadin jaridar, *The Cleveland Independent* .  A Cleveland Scene, ya bincika shari'ar Tina Harmon  da Amy Mihaljevic. 

Harmon yarinya ce 'yar shekara 12 wacce ta ɓace daga Creston, Ohio a shekarar 1981.  Bayan matsin lamba daga iyalinta, hukumomi sun gwada shaidar DNA da aka samu a jikin Harmon tare da sabuwar fasaha a shekara ta 2008. A shekara ta 2010, gwaje-gwajen sun danganta mutuwar Harmon da Robert Anthony Buell, mai kisan kai da aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa saboda kisan Krista Lea Harrison na 1982. Kodayake an kashe shi saboda mutuwar Harrison a shekara ta 2002, ba a taɓa yin shari'a ko kuma a yanke masa hukunci kan kisan Harmon ba.

A shekara ta 2005, Renner ya wallafa wani labari na Cleveland Scene game da sace-sacen da mutuwar Amy Mihaljevic mai shekaru 10 daga Ƙauyen Bay, Ohio a shekarar 1989. Renner ya yaba da mutuwar Mihaljevic saboda aikinsa a cikin aikata laifuka na gaskiya; ya sadaukar da kansa don gano mai kisan ta.

A ranar 8 ga watan Agusta, 2006, Renner ya fara rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo wanda ke ba da labarin bincikensa game da kisan Mihaljevic. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, ya buga Amy: My Search for her Killer .  A shekara ta 2007, Renner ya ba da gudummawar kayan aikinsa da suka shafi bincikensa ga Jami'ar Jihar Kent ta Musamman.

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2009, wani labarin da James Renner ya rubuta game da amfani da kudaden kamfen din Kevin Coughlin don sayen dakunan otal masu zaman kansu ga uwargidansa, wanda ya bayyana a Cleveland Scene, Shugaba na Times Shamrock ya yi amfani da shi.  An kori Renner bayan ya aika da imel ga Shugaba yana karyata waɗannan da'awar kuma an rarraba labarin tsakanin wasu journos da gidan gwamnati.  Renner ya kai karar Cleveland Scene saboda dakatarwar da ba daidai ba kuma kamfanin ya zauna a waje da kotu. Renner ya koma Scene a shekarar 2014 bayan Times Shamrock ya sayar da kamfanin.

## manazarta
Frances Elizabeth Tripp

Frances Elizabeth Tripp (1 ga Agusta 1832 – 26 ga Disamba 1890) ƙwararriyar masaniyar noman fure ce ' yar Birtaniya, mai zane-zanen tsirrai, mai taimakon jama'a kuma marubuciya. An fi saninta da littattafanta guda biyu na British Mosses, gidajensu, fannoni, tsarinsu da amfaninsu, wanda aka fara bugawa a shekarar 1868 kuma ya kai bugu uku.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Frances Elizabeth Tripp a ranar 1 ga Agusta, 1832 kuma an yi mata baftisma a St Sidwells, Exeter, Devon . Mahaifinta shine Reverend Robert Henry Tripp, mahaifiyarta kuma Elizabeth Ann ce; iyayenta 'yan uwan juna ne na farko. Mahaifinta shine Vicar na Altarnun a Cornwall, kusa da Bodmin Moor . Frances tana da ƙanne bakwai: 'yan'uwa biyar &#x2013; Reverend Robert Henry (1835–1904), Reverend George (1837–1896), John Chilcott (1838–1839), Charles Upton (1841–1912), William Blomefield (1843–1919, wanda ya zama injiniyan farar hula); 'yan'uwa mata biyu &#x2013; Emma Mary (1834–1835), da Emma Mary (na biyu, 1845–1902). 

Bayan ta gaji kuɗi mai yawa daga kakarta, Tripp ta bi diddigin binciken kimiyya da ayyukan agaji.  Ta tara kuɗi don tallafawa manufar haɗin kan Italiya, ta tallafa wa Kyrle Society kuma ta shiga cikin farkon kafa National Trust .  A rayuwarta ta baya ta ƙaura zuwa London,  inda ta mutu a ranar 26 ga Disamba 1890 bayan bugun zuciya. 

## ''Moss na Burtaniya''
An rubuta aikin Tripp mai suna *British Mosses* a matsayin wani littafi mai shahara na kimiyya wanda ta kuma kwatanta, ta hanyar zana faranti na tagulla waɗanda Benjamin Fawcett ya yi wa launi.  Aikin ya kai bugu uku: 1868;  1874;  1888.  A kan bugun da aka buga a bugu na uku, an bayyana aikin mai juzu'i biyu a cikin Jagorar Sotheran a matsayin: "don karantawa, yin tunani, yin alama, koyo da kuma narkewa a ciki".  An kuma sake duba shi a cikin *Nature* wanda ya bayyana salon sa a matsayin "mai matuƙar waka" kuma yana kula da "bushewa" a cikin sassa na gaba. 

## Hotunan Hotuna

Fayil:British_mosses,_their_homes,_aspects,_structure,_and_uses_-_with_a_figure_of_each_species_etched_from_nature_(IA_b28058720).pdf|alt=Cover, 1874 edition| Mujalla, bugu na 1874
Fayil:British_mosses,_their_homes,_aspects,_structure_and_uses._With_a_coloured_figure_of_each_species_etched_from_nature_(1874)_(19797411983).jpg
Fayil:British_mosses,_their_homes,_aspects,_structure_and_uses._With_a_coloured_figure_of_each_species_etched_from_nature_(1874)_(20230335048).jpg
Fayil:British_mosses,_their_homes,_aspects,_structure_and_uses._With_a_coloured_figure_of_each_species_etched_from_nature_(1874)_(20392094336).jpg
Fayil:British_mosses,_their_homes,_aspects,_structure_and_uses._With_a_coloured_figure_of_each_species_etched_from_nature_(1874)_(20418344115).jpg
Fayil:British_mosses,_their_homes,_aspects,_structure_and_uses._With_a_coloured_figure_of_each_species_etched_from_nature_(1874)_(20418312455).jpg


## Manazarta
Melva L. Farashin

Melva Lorinda Price (14 ga Nuwamba, 1902 - 10 ga Afrilu, 1996) malamar Amurka ce kuma mai fafutuka da ke zaune a Birnin New York . Ta koyar da Latin da sauran batutuwa sama da shekaru talatin a makarantun jama'a na New York, kuma tana aiki a Harlem tare da YWCA, Alpha Kappa Alpha, Hunter College Alumni Club, da sauran kungiyoyi.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Melva Lorinda Price a Arewacin Carolina, 'yar William J. Price da Josie (ko Jessie) A. Price. Iyalin sun koma Birnin New York lokacin da Melva Price ke ƙarami, wani ɓangare na Babban Migration. A lokacin da take da shekaru 13, ta yi labarai na kasa saboda nasarorin da ta samu a ilimi a makarantar da ke da kabilanci da kuma ilimi. Ta kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Brooklyn" id="mwFw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Bushwick, Brooklyn">Bushwick a Brooklyn a 1920,  kuma ta kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Hunter a 1924.  An zabe ta zuwa Phi Beta Kappa, ta lashe lambar zinare ta Classics don ƙwarewa a cikin Latin da Girkanci,   kuma ta kasance memba mai aiki na Alpha Kappa Alpha.  

## Ayyuka
Farashin ya koyar da Latin da sauran batutuwa a Makarantun Jama'a na New York daga 1924 zuwa 1960, gami da zama a makarantun P.S. 157, James Madison,  Wadleigh,  Theodore Roosevelt,  Morris da New Dorp.  A shekara ta 1943, ta yi aiki tare da Max Yergan da Kanada Lee don kafa Makarantar Jama'ar Harlem, cibiyar ilimi na manya da shirye-shiryen al'umma. Margaret Morgan Lawrence ta tuno da Price a matsayin daya daga cikin masu ba da shawara a Harlem,  kuma Price ta koyar da Philippa Schuyler a cikin Latin, Mutanen Espanya da Faransanci. 

Daga aji, Farashin yana kusa da masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama da sauran sanannun mutane na Harlem Renaissance. Ta yi aiki tare da Thyra J. Edwards a Kwamitin Jama'ar Negro don Taimaka wa 'yan gudun hijirar Mutanen Espanya, kuma ta ziyarci Edwards a Birnin Mexico.[1] Ta kasance shugabar Majalisar Mazauna ta Emma Ransom House a YWCA a cikin shekarun 1920.[2] A shekara ta 1937, ta ba da gudummawa tare da ƙungiyar baƙar fata da ma'aikatan zamantakewa a cikin Mississippi Delta . [3] A shekara ta 1942, ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Harlem Interracial Platform tare da Adam Clayton Powell Sr., Myra Adele Logan, Lester Granger, da sauransu.[4] A shekara ta 1943, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin membobin yarjejeniya na Hunter College Alumni Club . [5]

## Littattafai

* "The New York State Colonization Society" (1941) 

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Farashin ya zauna tare da malamin Ruth Martin a shekara ta 1940. Price ya mutu a shekara ta 1996, yana da shekaru 93, a New York. Ana gudanar da takardun Melva L. Price a Cibiyar Nazarin Al'adun Baƙi ta Schomburg, Laburaren Jama'a na New York.

## Manazarta
Ian Daly

**Ian Daly** (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1990,  a Dublin) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Ireland wanda ke buga wa Cray Wanderers a cikin Isthmian League North Division .

## Ayyukan kulob din
Daly ya fara aikinsa tare da kulob din Broadford Rovers na gida kuma ya shafe shekaru biyu a Home Farm FC, kafin ya koma Manchester City a watan Yulin 2006. Ya kasance daga cikin tawagar matasa ta Manchester City wacce ta lashe gasar cin kofin matasa ta FA ta 2008. 

A watan Yulin 2009, Daly ya shiga kungiyar Aris ta Girka Super League kan kwangilar shekaru biyu. A lokacin da yake Aris, Daly ya yi aiki tare da kocin Hector Cuper  wanda ya nuna amincewarsa ga Daly ta hanyar ba shi damar yin wasa da kungiyoyi irin su Olympiacos da AEK Athens.  Ya taka leda a wasan gwaji na Bristol Rovers a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta 2010 a Cheltenham Town kuma ya zira kwallaye a nasarar 1-0. A watan Agustan 2010, Cádiz CF na Mutanen Espanya Segunda División B ya sanar da sanya hannu kan Daly a ranar da aka ƙayyade canja wurin. Daly ya fara buga gasar ne a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 2010 a wasan da aka yi da Lorca Atletico 2-1 amma ya bar kulob din da yardar juna a ranar 28 ga Janairun 2011.

### St Patrick's Athletic
Daly ya sanya hannu ga St Patrick's Athletic a kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda a ranar Litinin 28 ga Fabrairu 2011, an ba shi lambar 24 shirt. Ya fara wasan farko na Pats a tafiyar tafiyar zuwa Galway United lokacin da ya sauka daga benci a ƙarshen. Daly ya zira kwallaye na farko ga Pats a nasarar 2-0 a kan Bray Wanderers a gasar Leinster Senior Cup a Carlisle Grounds a ranar 14 ga Maris 2011.  Daly ya zira kwallaye na farko a Dundalk a minti na 69 don daidaita maki a 1-1 bayan ya zo daga benci bayan minti 63. Saints sun sake fuskantar adawar County Louth a ranar Jumma'a mai zuwa, a matsayin Drogheda United. Daly ya buga cikakken wasan kuma ya zira kwallaye na huɗu a nasarar 4-1 a Hunky Dorys Park .  Daly ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a yakin neman zagaye na Pats na 2011-12 na UEFA League, inda ya kafa Dave McMillan a FC Shakhter Karagandy a Kazakhstan, inda ya buga wasanni shida kuma ya zira kwallaye a kan ÍBV daga Iceland a zagaye na farko. Daly ya sanya hannu kan karin shekara guda ga kwangilarsa don ci gaba da kasancewa a kulob din a kakar 2012. Goal na farko na Daly na kakar 2012 ya zo ne a cikin nasara 4-0 a kan Phoenix a gasar Leinster Senior Cup a Richmond Park .  Ya zira kwallaye na biyu na kakar a nasarar 2-1 a kan U.C.D a gasar cin Kofin League of Ireland na 2012. Daly ya rasa kisa a nasarar da aka yi wa abokan hamayyarsa Shamrock Rovers a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin wasanni ta EA  kuma wannan ya zama bayyanarsa ta karshe ga Pats yayin da ya nemi a dakatar da kwangilarsa ta hanyar yardar juna don neman kwallon kafa na farko. 

## Manazarta
Pompeiiana, Inc.

**Pompeiiana, Inc.** kamfani ne na 501c3 wanda ba don riba ba wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga nazarin Latin a matakin makarantar sakandare. Bernard F. Barcio, L.H.D. ne ya kafa shi kuma kwamitin daraktoci ne ke gudanar da shi, wanda ya hada da Allen W. Clowes (Mataimakin shugaban kasa), Carl R. Dortch (Mai ba da kuɗi), Mrs. Lillian R. Barcio (Sakatari), da Philip S. Kappes (Mai ba leken shari'a)  An san shi da tallafawa da daidaita "irin ayyukan Latin na kasa kamar Gasar Catapultana ta Kasa, ",  da kuma buga Newsletter Pompeii.

## Gasar Catapult ta Kasa
Gasar Catapult ta Kasa, gasa ce ta kasa da Bernard F. Barcio, L.H.D., ya fara, yayin da yake malamin Latin a Makarantar Park a Indianapolis a shekarar 1966. [1] Gasar ta fadada kowace shekara har sai ta ƙare a 1977. A cikin shekara ta farko ta gasar, an ba da izinin ɗalibai kawai su yi amfani da kayan aiki da dabarun da za su kasance ga Romawa na dā. Daga baya, an ba da izinin amfani da fasahar zamani.[2] A cikin tarihin taron, daliban makarantar sakandare daga ko'ina cikin Amurka sun kirkiro fiye da 100 catapults. Shirin Gasar Catapult ta Kasa ya bayyana sosai a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na Amurka, gami da Sports Illustrated, [1] Seventeen Magazine, da kuma NBC News.[3][4] A shekara ta 1978, Dokta Barcio ya wallafa tarihin iko na gasar, gami da cikakkun umarni game da gina catapults na zamani, a cikin littafin da ake kira Catapult Design, Construction & Competition . [2]

## Jaridar Pompeiiana
Jaridar Pompeiiana wata wallafe-wallafen kowane wata ce da aka rarraba ga ɗaliban Latin a duk faɗin duniya. Ya haɗa da labaran fasalin, waƙoƙi, wasan kwaikwayo, ƙwarewa da sauran abubuwan da aka nufa don taimakawa wajen koyar da Latin da Nazarin gargajiya. An buga Jaridar Pompeiiana daga 1974 zuwa 2003. A cikin shekara ta 2008, Dokta Barcio ya ba masu wallafa Bolchazy-Carducci haƙƙin mallaka na musamman kuma duk batutuwan baya na littafin. Bolchazy-Carducci daga baya ya ɗora dukkan batutuwan 229 na wasikar zuwa shafin yanar gizon su inda ake ba da abun ciki kyauta "ga malamai na Latin, ɗalibai, da sauransu masu sha'awar Classic".

## Manazarta
Kwalejin Katolika ta Shalom

**Kwalejin Shalom** makaranta ce ta sakandare mai zaman kanta ta Katolika, wacce ke Bundaberg, Queensland, Ostiraliya. An kafa kwalejin a shekarar 1984 bayan hadewar Kwalejin ' Yan'uwa Kiristoci ta Maza da Kwalejin Loyola ta Mata. Shugaban makarantar a halin yanzu shine Dan McMahon. A shekarar 2023, akwai dalibai 1529 da suka yi rajista a makarantar, da kuma kimanin ma'aikata 240.

## Harabar jami'a
Babban harabar jami'ar tana tsakanin 13 hectares (32 acres) na dazuzzuka a gefen titin Fitzgerald, Bundaberg. Kwalejin Shalom tana maraba da ɗaliban dukkan addinai.[1] Makarantar tana buƙatar iyaye su amince su goyi bayan shirinta na ilimin addini da ɗabi'un Kirista.[2] Harabar Chaverim ta Kwalejin Shalom mai fadin 85 hectares (210 acres) tana South Bingera, 23 kilometres (14 mi) kudu maso yammacin Bundaberg. Dalibai za su iya amfani da kayan aikinsu don sansanonin kuma ana ba su ayyuka kamar hawan kwale-kwale, hawan dutse ko harbin baka.[3] Walter Adams ne ya bayar da gudummawar ƙasar da aka gina makarantar. An binne Adams a makabartar Katolika, kusa da filin makarantar da ke Titin Fitzgerald. An sanya wa gidan kwaleji "Adams" suna saboda shi.[4]

## Manazarta
William Cunningham (masanin tattalin arziki)

**William Cunningham** FBA (29 Disamba 1849 - 10 Yuni 1919) Masanin tarihin tattalin arziki ne na Scotland kuma firist na Anglican . Ya kasance mai goyon bayan Hanyar tarihi a cikin tattalin arziki kuma mai adawa da cinikayya kyauta.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Cunningham a Edinburgh, Scotland, ɗan na uku na James Cunningham, Marubucin Signet.[8] Ya yi karatu a Cibiyar Edinburgh (wanda Robert McNair Ferguson ya koyar, da sauransu),  Kwalejin Edinburgh, Jami'ar Edinburgh, da Kwalejin Trinity, Cambridge, ya kammala BA a 1873, bayan ya sami girmamawa na farko a cikin Tripos na Kimiyya ta Ɗabi'a.

## Ayyuka
Cunningham ya ɗauki matsayin mai tsarki a shekarar 1873, daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin limamin cocin Trinity College, Cambridge, daga 1880 zuwa 1891. [ 11 ] Ya kasance malamin jami'a a tarihi daga 1884 zuwa 1891, a wannan shekarar aka naɗa shi Farfesa Tooke na Tattalin Arziki da Kididdiga a Kwalejin King's, London, mukamin da ya riƙe har zuwa 1897.  Ya kasance malami a tarihin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Harvard (  ), kuma Malamin Hulsean a Cambridge (1885). [ 13 ] Ya zama vicar na Great St Mary's, Cambridge, a 1887, kuma memba ne na kafa Kwalejin Burtaniya .  A 1907 aka naɗa shi Archdeacon na Ely .  

Cunningham's Growth of English Industry and Commerce During the Early and Middle Ages (1890; 4th ed., 1905) da Growth of Ingilishi Industry and Commercy in Modern Times (1882; 3rd ed., 1903) sun kasance a lokacin daga cikin daidaitattun ayyukan bincike kan tarihin masana'antu na Ingila.

Matsayin Cunningham a matsayin masanin tarihin tattalin arziki ya ba da muhimmancin gaske ga goyon bayansa ga Joseph Chamberlain daga 1903 zuwa gaba wajen sukar manufofin cinikayya na Ingila da kuma ba da shawarar sake fasalin farashi.

Ya kasance mai sukar tattalin arzikin neoclassical, musamman kamar yadda abokin aikinsa, Alfred Marshall, da makarantar Cambridge suka gabatar.

An bayyana Cunningham a matsayin "mai gwagwarmayar ilimin mata a Cambridge".  Ya koyar da masanin tarihin Burtaniya Annie Abram.

## Manazarta
Ada Trevanion

**Ada Trevanion** (1829 - 11 ga Fabrairu 1882) mawakiya ce kuma marubuciya 'yar Birtaniya.

An haifi Ada Trevanion a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1829, ƙarami ne cikin 'ya'ya mata uku na Henry Trevanion, ƙaramin mawaki, da kuma dan uwansa na uku Georgiana Leigh, 'yar Augusta Leigh. Sun yi aure duk da rashin amincewar mahaifin Georgiana, Col. George Leigh. Henry Trevanion daga baya ya fara dangantaka da ƙanwar matarsa, Elizabeth Medora Leigh, wata mace da aka yi tunanin mahaifinta shine ainihin Ubangiji Byron, ɗan'uwan Augusta Leigh. Kodayake Trevanions sun yi gwagwarmaya don samun kuɗi duk rayuwarsu, Ada Trevanion daga ƙarshe ta gaji £28,000 daga gidan Byron.

Trevanion ya kan buga waƙoƙi a mujallu kuma ya buga tarin baitoci, *Waƙoƙi* (1858), waɗanda suka ƙunshi waƙoƙin soyayya da dama kan jigogi na mata da aka halaka, fatalwowi, da mutuwa. Littafin bai yi kyau ba kuma bai jawo hankali sosai ba.  Wani masanin adabi na ƙarni na 20 ya gano cewa shafukan littafin da Laburaren Bodleian ya kwafi ba a yanke su ba, wanda ke nuna cewa ba a taɓa karanta shi ba. 

Labarin fatalwar Trevanion mai suna "Labarin Fatalwa" an fara buga shi a cikin *[[The Ladies’ Companion and Monthly Magazine|Mujallar The Ladies' Companion da kuma Mujallar Monthly]]* a shekarar 1857 kuma an sake yin bita a cikin *[[The National Magazine (1896)|Mujallar Kasa]]* a shekarar 1858. Ruth Irvine, ɗaliba a makarantar kwana ta 'yan mata ce wacce ta ƙulla dangantaka ta kud da kud da ɗaya daga cikin malamanta, Miss Winter. Yayin da hunturu ba ta nan daga makarantar, bayyanar malamin ta bayyana ga Ruth akai-akai, wadda daga baya ta ji cewa hunturu ya mutu. Sigar labarin ta 1858 ta jawo hankalin masana daga masu suka waɗanda suka gano wani rubutu na 'yan madigo a cikin dangantakar da ke tsakanin Irvine da Winter.   

Ada Trevanion ta mutu a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 1882 a Brixton Hill, London . 

## Littattafan tarihi

* *Waƙoƙi* . Landan, 1858. 

## Manazarta
Gwladys Sutherst Townshend

**Gwladys Ethel Gwendolen Eugénie Sutherst** (1884 - 1959), bayan 1905 **Gwladys, Marchioness Townshend**, marubuciya ce 'yar Birtaniya. Baya ga rubuta littattafai, waƙoƙi, da wasannin kwaikwayo, wataƙila ita ce " ƙwararriyar 'yar kasuwa ta farko da ta rubuta wa sinima."  Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Magajin Garin King's Lynn . Sau da yawa ana watsa cikakkun bayanai game da aurenta da kuɗaɗenta a kotun da kuma a jaridu. 

## Rayuwar farko
Gwladys Sutherst 'yar Thomas Sutherst ce, wani lauya .

## Sana'a
An yaba wa Gwladys Sutherst Townshend a matsayin mai tsara fim ɗin a cikin fina-finai takwas marasa sauti, waɗanda duk yanzu suka ɓace, waɗanda ɗakin studio na Clarendon ya yi, duk an yi su ne a shekarar 1913, 1914, ko 1915, duk sun fito a cikin fim ɗin Dorothy Bellew kuma Wilfred Noy ya ba da umarni. Lakabi sun haɗa da The Convent Gate, The House of Mystery, da A Strong Man's Love . Ta yi iƙirarin cewa ita ce "ƙwararriyar mace ta farko da ta rubuta wa sinima."

An shirya wasan kwaikwayo nata *Sir John and the Compriere* a shekarar 1914, a Landan.  Ta haɗa hannu wajen shirya wani tarin labarai, *True Ghost Stories* (1936).  Tarihin rayuwarta, *It Was, and It Wasn't*, an buga shi a shekarar 1937. Sauran littattafan Townshend sun haɗa da littafin waƙoƙi, *In the King's Garden* (1906), da kuma wani labari, *The Widening Circle* (1920). 

A shekarar 1928 aka zaɓe ta a matsayin Magajin Garin King's Lynn, kodayake ta ƙi amincewa da ra'ayin mata a matsayin 'yan majalisa. "A matsayina na Magajin Gari, ina ba da liyafa biyu a shekara, liyafa ga mutanen gari, wuraren shakatawa na buɗe, shimfida tubalan gini, da kuma wakiltar garin a kowane al'amari," ta bayyana wa wani ɗan jarida ɗan Amurka.  A cikin wannan matsayin, ta yi tafiya zuwa Amurka a shekarar 1929, don taimaka wa birnin Lynn, Massachusetts, yin bikin cika shekaru 100 da kafuwa. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Gwladys Sutherst ta yi aure sau biyu. A shekarar 1905 ta auri John Townshend, Marquess Townshend na 6 ; tsarin kuɗinsu ya zama batun badakala da ƙara,  lokacin da aka bayyana cewa mahaifinta bai yi sulhu da ma'auratan ba.   Akwai kuma damuwa cewa yanayin hankalin mijinta bai yi kyau ba,  da kuma zargin cewa Gwladys yana ɓoye shi har ma daga mahaifiyarsa.  Townshends suna da 'ya'ya biyu, George  da Elizabeth; idan aka yi la'akari da badakalar da ta faru a baya, ubancin 'ya'yan Townshend shi ma batun hasashe ne na manema labarai.  Gwladys ta rasu lokacin da John ya mutu a shekarar 1921. Ta sake yin aure, ga Bernard le Strange. Ta mutu a shekarar 1959, tana da shekaru 75, a Landan. 

Marquess Townshend, wacce take yanzu a yanzu, Charles Townshend, jikanta ne. Mai shirya kiɗa kuma injiniyan sauti Cenzo Townshend jikanta ne.

## Manazarta
Makarantar Fasaha ta Bundaberg

**Makarantar Fasaha ta Bundaberg** tsohuwar makarantar fasaha ce da aka lissafa a matsayin cibiyar al'umma a lamba 184 Bourbong Street, Bundaberg Central, Bundaberg, Bundaberg Region, Queensland, Ostiraliya. Anton Hettrich ne ya tsara ta kuma aka gina ta daga 1888 zuwa 1889. An ƙara ta cikin Rijistar Gado ta Queensland a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 1992. 

## Tarihi

Tsohon Makarantar Fasaha wani babban gini ne na gini a cikin salon farfaɗo da zamani kuma an gina shi a tsakanin 1888–1889 a matsayin ginin makaranta ta uku ta fasaha a wannan wurin. 

Yankin Burnett, wanda Bundaberg yake, Turawa ne suka fara zama a yankin a shekarun 1840 da 1850 a matsayin jerin ayyukan kiwo. A ƙarshen shekarun 1860, yayin da ƙasar noma mai kyau a kusa da Maryborough ta fara ƙaranci, masu noma da masu tattara katako suka fara sha'awar ƙasa a Kogin Burnett da ke arewa. Mazauna Bundaberg sun zaɓi ƙasa a 1867–68 a ƙarƙashin "Dokokin Sukari da Kofi" wanda ya samo asali daga Dokar Hana Filayen Masarautar Crown na shekarun 1860 wanda ke da nufin haɓaka noma da kuma kusanci da juna. An gudanar da bincike a hukumance kan wurin da Bundaberg yake a 1869. Yawan zirga-zirgar bakin teku ya ƙaru, kuma an fara haƙo jan ƙarfe a Dutsen Perry a 1871, wanda ya ba Bundaberg damar haɓaka a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa da cibiyar samar da kayayyaki, duk da gasa daga Maryborough don wannan sana'ar. Duk da cewa an yi binciken babban gefen kudu na kogin a hukumance a matsayin wurin da garin yake, ba da daɗewa ba ɓangarorin biyu suka samar da tasoshin ruwa da gine-gine kuma da farko an haɗa su da jirgin ruwa, sannan aka haɗa su da gadoji a shekarun 1870. An kafa gonakin sukari a yankin da ke kewaye kuma za su zama tushen arzikin birnin yayin da masana'antar ta bunƙasa daga shekarun 1880 zuwa 1920. 

A shekara ta 1871, an ware gidaje uku a Sashe na 20 a kusurwar titunan Bourbong da Barolin don Makarantar Fasaha. A wannan lokacin yawan jama'ar Bundaberg ya kai kimanin 100. Ba da daɗewa ba, cibiyar ta buɗe a cikin tsari mai sauƙi na yanayin yanayi ba tare da wani tsari ba, amma tana da ɗakin karatu da ɗakin karatu wanda ya ƙunshi littattafan almara. An kuma yi amfani da ita a matsayin wurin taro da kuma hidimomin coci. 

An kafa Cibiyoyin Makanikai ko Makarantun Fasaha na farko a Burtaniya a farkon shekarun 1800 kuma an yi nufin su taimaka wa ci gaban kai da kuma haɓaka ɗabi'a, zamantakewa da ilimi, ta hanyar ba da laccoci, tattaunawa da ba da lamuni ga ɗaliban matsakaicin aji. A lokacin babu ɗakunan karatu na jama'a kyauta kuma littattafai suna da tsada, don haka samun damar littattafai ta hanyar aro a matsayin masu biyan kuɗi ya samar da muhimmin hidima. An kafa kwamitin Makarantar Fasaha ta farko a Queensland a Brisbane a shekarar 1849 da nufin "ci gaban al'umma a fannonin adabi, falsafa da kimiyya". Yayin da aka kafa garuruwa da gundumomi, an kafa kwamitocin gida don kafa makarantun fasaha, wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin ilimin manya. Gwamnati ta fahimci hakan ta hanyar samar da filaye, tallafawa littattafai da taimakawa wajen biyan kuɗin gini.[1]

## Manazarta
William Cramp & Sons

**William Cramp & Sons** Shipbuilding Company (also known as **William Cramp & Sons Ship & Engine Building Company**) was an American shipbuilding company based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, founded in 1830 by William Cramp. During its heyday in late 19th century, it was the preeminent American iron shipbuilder. &#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

== Tarihin kamfanin ==
An haifi William Cramp a gundumar Kensington ta Philadelphia a cikin 1807. A shekara ta 1855, 'ya'yansa maza Charles Henry (an haife shi a shekara ta 1828)  da William C., sun zama abokan tarayya tare da mahaifinsu. A shekara ta 1872, an dauki sauran 'ya'yansa maza Samuel H., Jacob C., da Theodore cikin kamfanin. An kafa kamfanin ne a ƙarƙashin sunan "The William Cramp and Sons' Iron Shipbuilding and Engineering Company. "

Jirgin jirgi na  an gina shi ne ta hanyar jirgin ruwa na Cramp a cikin 1870 don matukan jirgi na Delaware Bay & River. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin jirage masu saurin jirgi na tashar jiragen ruwa ta Philadelphia.

A cikin 1890 kamfanin ya gina jiragen yaki na USS  da USS , jirgin ruwa mai dauke da makamai na USS New York, da kuma kare jirgin ruwa na USS . Uku daga cikin wadannan jiragen sun shiga cikin cin nasarar rundunar sojojin Spain a 1898 a Santiago na Cuba . Nasarar a wannan yaƙin ta sanar da fitowar Amurka a matsayin babbar iko. A cikin 1896 Cramps sun haɗa hannuwan bindigogin su, kamfanin Driggs-Schroeder Ordnance, tare da babban abokin hamayyarsa Hotchkiss Gun Company da kuma mai kera makamai daga Massachusetts zuwa kamfanin Amurka Ordnance Company. Kamfanin Jirgin Ruwa da Kasuwanci na Amurka ya sayi yadi a cikin 1919 amma ya rufe shi a cikin 1927  yayin da Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka suka ba da umarni kaɗan bayan amincewa da Yarjejeniyar Ƙuntatawa ta Sojan Ruwa a cikin 1923.

A shekara ta 1940, Sojojin Ruwa sun kashe dala miliyan 22 don sake buɗe filin a matsayin Cramp Shipbuilding don **Gina Jirgin Ruwa''' da Jiragen ruwa. Cramp ya yi amfani da hanyoyi masu tsawo don gina jiragen ruwa biyu a lokaci guda, tare da niyyar kaddamar da su a lokaci guda. Koyaya, shirin ginin jirgin ruwa na jirgin ruwa bai yi nasara ba, saboda rashin kulawa ya hana isar da jiragen ruwa. An fara isar da shi shekaru biyu bayan an shimfiɗa keel, kuma Portsmouth Navy Yard ne ya saita shi. Mafi kyawun lokacin gini don Jirgin ruwa na karkashin ruwa shine kwanaki 644.

## manazarta
David Nolan (ɗan siyasa)

**David Fraser Nolan** (/ˈnoʊlən/; 23 ga Nuwamba, 1943 - 21 ga Nuwamba) ɗan gwagwarmayar Amurka ne kuma ɗan siyasa. Ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa Jam'iyyar Libertarian Party ta Amurka, bayan ya dauki bakuncin taron a 1971 inda aka kafa Jam'iyya. Nolan daga baya ya yi aiki da jam'iyyar a wurare da yawa ciki har da Shugaban Kwamitin Kasa, editan jaridar jam'iyyar, Shugaban Kwamitin By-laws, Shugaban Kwamiti na Shari'a, da Shugaban Kwamiti.

David Fraser Nolan kuma an san shi da mai kirkirar Nolan Chart,  wani yunkuri na ingantawa a gefen hagu da dama siyasa taxonomy ta hanyar raba batutuwan 'yancin tattalin arziki da' yancin zamantakewa da gabatar da su a kan jirgin sama mai girma biyu maimakon layin gargajiya. Shekaru da yawa bayan gabatarwarsa, ya ci gaba da shahara, tare da miliyoyin kofe da aka rarraba, gami da ƙungiyar Advocates for Self-Government a matsayin "Ƙananan Ƙididdigar Siyasa ta Duniya".

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Nolan a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba, 1943, a Washington, DC, kuma ya girma a Maryland.  A lokacin makarantar sakandare, Ayn Rand da Robert A. Heinlein da 'yanci sun rinjaye shi. Ya shiga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts, ya kammala karatu tare da BS a kimiyyar siyasa a shekarar 1965.  Yayinda yake a MIT, ya taimaka wajen kafa M.I.T. Dalibai don Goldwater a shekarar 1964, yana inganta takarar shugabancin Jamhuriyar Republican na Sanata Barry Goldwater . 

Nolan ya kasance memba na Young Americans for Freedom a shekarar 1969 lokacin da fiye da 'yanci 300 suka shirya don karɓar iko da kungiyar daga masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. Mutane da yawa sun fita bayan rikici na zahiri wanda ya haifar da ƙone katin da aka tsara don nuna rashin amincewa da shawarar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya game da juriya. Yayinda yake jin tausayi ga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, Nolan ya kasance tare da kungiyar.

Nolan ya yi imanin cewa a watan Agustan 1971, Shugaba Richard Nixon ya tilasta wa albashi da kula da farashi da kuma rufe taga na zinariya na kasashen waje tare da imaninsa cewa yakin Vietnam ba shi da kyau kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba,  sun kasance uku daga cikin matakai na karshe ga Nolan da ƙungiyarsa na farko na Jam'iyyar Libertarian. Nolan da ƙungiyarsa sun fara kwamitin a watan Yulin da ya gabata, kwamitin da za a kafa jam'iyyar Libertarian, kuma sun haɗu da dakarun tare da aikin zanga-zangar da ya gabata na jam'iyyar Liberty International. Kungiyar ta shirya tsakanin 'yanci da yawa, gami da International Society for Individual Liberty, wanda mambobin masu adawa da Young Americans for Freedom da 'yanci na Turai suka kafa. Sun kafa Jam'iyyar Libertarian a hukumance a ranar 11 ga Disamba, 1971. 

Ya yi takara ba tare da nasara ba a matsayin Libertarian na Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka a zaben gundumar majalisa ta 8 ta Arizona na 2006 kuma ya sami kashi 1.9% na kuri'un. Ya kuma yi takara a matsayin dan takarar Libertarian a zaben Majalisar Dattijan Amurka na 2010 a Arizona, kuma ya sami kuri'u 63,000,  4.7% na jimlar.

## manazarta