Rana mai zafi

Sau da yawa ana haɗa '***hasken rana***' a cikin wani lokaci don bayar da rahoton hasken da aka fitar a cikin mahalli da ke kewaye (joule da murabba'in mita, J / m2) a wannan lokacin. Wannan hadadden ***'hasken rana***' ana kiransa hasken rana, hasken rana.

Ana iya auna irradiance a sararin samaniya ko a farfajiyar duniya bayan shawo kan yanayi da warwatsewa. Irradiance a sararin samaniya aiki ne na nesa daga Rana, sake zagayowar rana, da canje-canjen sake zagayolar. Rashin haske a saman duniya ya dogara da karkatawar ma'auni, tsawo na Rana sama da sararin samaniya, da yanayin yanayi. Hasken rana yana shafar metabolism na shuka-shuke da halayyar dabba.

Nazarin da ma'auni na hasken rana yana da mahimman aikace-aikace da yawa, gami da tsinkaya na samar da makamashi daga tashoshin hasken rana, dumama da sanyaya gine-gine, ƙirar yanayi da hasashen yanayi, aikace-aikacen sanyaya na rana, da tafiye-tafiye na sararin samaniya.

Akwai nau'ikan hasken rana da yawa.

* Total solar irradiance (TSI) ma'auni ne na hasken rana a kan dukkan wavelengths a kowane yanki da ya faru a saman yanayi na Duniya. Ana auna shi yana fuskantar (yana nunawa a / layi daya zuwa) hasken rana mai shigowa (watau gudana ta hanyar farfajiyar da ke tsaye ga hasken rana da ke shigowa; wasu kusurwoyi ba za su kasance TSI ba).  Kullum na hasken rana shine ma'auni na al'ada na ma'aunin TSI a nesa da ɗayan taurari (AU).
* Ana auna irradiance na yau da kullun kai tsaye (DNI), ko **radiation na hasken wuta**, a tsaye zuwa ga jagorancin Rana. Ya cire radiation na hasken rana (radiation wanda aka warwatsa ko nuna ta abubuwan da ke ciki yanayi).  Rashin haske kai tsaye daidai yake da hasken rana na waje a sama da yanayi wanda ya rage asarar yanayi saboda shawo kan warwatsewa. Rashin ya dogara da lokacin rana (tsawon hanyar haske ta cikin yanayi dangane da kusurwar hasken rana), Rufin girgije, abun ciki na danshi da sauran abubuwan da ke ciki. Rashin hasken sama da yanayi kuma ya bambanta da lokacin shekara (saboda nisan zuwa Rana ya bambanta), kodayake wannan tasirin gabaɗaya ba shi da mahimmanci idan aka kwatanta da tasirin asarar akan DNI.
* **Rashin ''Hasken rana'' (DHI) **, ko hasken sama mai rarraba shine radiation a farfajiyar Duniya daga hasken da sararin samaniya ya warwatse. Ana auna shi a kan farfajiyar kwance tare da radiation da ke fitowa daga dukkan maki a sararin sama ban da radiation na kewaye da rana (radiation da ke zuwa daga hasken rana). Za a sami kusan DHI ba tare da yanayi ba.
* Rashin hasken duniya (GHI) shine jimlar hasken rana a kan farfajiyar ƙasa a duniya. Adadin hasken kai tsaye ne (bayan lissafin kusurwar hasken rana] z) da kuma hasken rana mai laushi:     GHI    =    DHI    +    DNI    × cos (z)     

\text{GHI} = \text{DHI} + \text{DNI} \times \cos (z)
* Global tilted irradiance (GTI) shine jimlar radiation da aka karɓa a kan farfajiyar da aka ƙayyade da azimuth, tsayayya ko bin diddigin Rana. Ana iya auna GTI  ko kuma a tsara shi daga GHI, DNI, DHI.   Sau da yawa yana da ma'ana ga tsire-tsire na wutar lantarki, yayin da ake sanya kayan aikin photovoltaic a kan gyare-gyare ko bin diddigin gine-gine.
* Rashin haske na yau da kullun na duniya (GNI) shine jimlar haskakawa daga Rana a farfajiyar Duniya a wani wuri da aka ba shi tare da wani bangare na farfajiya da ke tsaye da Rana.

Sifuna na **bakan gizo-gizo** na sama irradiances (misali **TSI na ban mamaki**, **spectral DNI**, da dai sauransu) suna ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke sama tare da raka'a da aka raba ko dai ta mita ko nanometer (don jadawali na bakan a matsayin aikin tsayin raƙuman ruwa), ko per- Hz (don aikin bakan tare da x-axis na mitar). Lokacin da mutum ya tsara irin wannan rabe-raben rabe-rabe a matsayin jadawali, ainihin aikin (yankin da ke ƙarƙashin lanƙwasa) zai zama rashin haske (marasa gani). misali: Ka ce mutum yana da tantanin hasken rana a saman duniya yana fuskantar kai tsaye, kuma yana da DNI a cikin raka'a na Wm  nm , wanda aka zana a matsayin aiki na tsawon zango (a nm). Sa'an nan, naúrar haɗin (Wm  ) shine samfurin waɗannan raka'a biyu.

## Manazarta