Qian Linzhao

**Qian Linzhao** (Sinanci: 钱临照;:; 28 ga watan Agustan 1906 - 26 ga watan Yulin 1999), wanda aka fi sani da Tsien Ling-Chao, Masanin kimiyyar gani ne kuma masanin tarihi na kasar Sin. Ya kasance memba na kafa Kwalejin Kimiyya ta kasar Sin, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta kasar Sin. Ya kafa kungiyar Electron Microscopy Society ta kasar Sin, wacce ta kafa lambar yabo ta Qian .

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Qian a Wuxi, Jiangsu, China a ranar 28 ga watan Agusta 1906.  Mahaifinsa, Qian Bogui (), shi ne malamin sanannen masanin tarihi Qian Mu (Ch'ien Mu); ɗan'uwansa, Qian Lingxi (1916-2009), shi ma masanin kimiyya ne kuma memba ne na kafa Kwalejin Kimiyya ta kasar Sin.

A shekara ta 1929, Qian ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Utopia da ke Shanghai tare da digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar lissafi, kuma ta zama mataimakin malami a Jami'ar Arewa maso Gabas da ke Shenyang . A shekara ta 1934, an ba shi kyautar Boxer Indemnity Scholarship don yin karatu a Jami'ar London, Kwalejin Jami'ar, inda ya shafe shekaru uku yana gudanar da bincike kan tsarin lu'u-lu'u. Bayan ya zama mai ban sha'awa game da nuna bambanci ga ɗaliban ƙasashen waje a Ingila, ya tafi Berlin, Jamus a shekara ta 1937. 

## Yaƙin Sin da Japan na Biyu
Lokacin da Yaƙin Sin da Japan na Biyu ya ɓarke a watan Yulin 1937, Qian ya koma China don shiga cikin juriya. Ya taimaka wa Cibiyar Physics ta Kwalejin Beiping don kwashe Beiping (Beijing), wanda ya zo ƙarƙashin hari na Japan, da kuma komawa Kunming a kudu maso yammacin China.[1] Ya taimaka wa Yan Jici, darektan cibiyar, tare da kafa wani bita na gani a Kunming, inda suka haɓaka kuma suka ƙera daruruwan microscopes masu ƙarfi da sauran kayan aiki don asibitoci da masana'antu.[1] Ya tsara kayan aiki wanda ke auna ƙananan ƙuƙwalwa, wanda aka yi amfani da shi sosai a masana'antun kasar Sin.[1]

Qian kuma tana da sha'awar tarihin kimiyyar lissafi.[1] Ya yi nazarin Mozi (Mohist Canon), [1] kuma ya rubuta takarda mai mahimmanci game da injiniya da gani a tsohuwar kasar Sin. Lokacin da ya sadu da Joseph Needham a Kunming a 1943, ya nuna wa Needham takarda, wanda kai tsaye ya rinjayi fassarar Mozi da kuma maganin kimiyyar lissafi a cikin Kimiyya da wayewa a kasar Sin.[2]

## Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin
Bayan kafa Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin a 1949, an zabi Qian a matsayin memba na kafa Kwalejin Kimiyya ta kasar Sin a shekarar 1955. A shekara ta 1958, ya zama farfesa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a sabuwar Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta kasar Sin (USTC).  Ya kuma kafa kungiyar Electron Microscopy Society ta kasar Sin.

A cikin 1969-1970, a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu, an sake komawa USTC zuwa Hefei, Anhui . Yawancin farfesa da masu bincike sun ki barin Beijing zuwa birnin lardin kuma sun bar jami'ar, yayin da Qian Linzhao da Qian Zhidao su ne kawai malaman biyu da suka yarda su ƙaura. Koyaya, kawai kwanaki takwas bayan ya isa Hefei, an zarge shi da "mai kula da ilimin jari-hujja". A shekara ta 64, an tura shi aiki a ma'adinin kwal a Huainan na tsawon watanni biyar don "ma'aikata su sake ilimantar da shi".

Bayan karshen juyin juya halin al'adu, an nada Qian Mataimakin Shugaban USTC yana da shekaru 72. Da yake damuwa da tsufa na yawancin farfesa na kasar Sin, shi da kansa ya jagoranci aji na musamman na matasa masu baiwa a USTC kuma ya koya wa matasa dalibai. Ya buƙaci duk farfesa har zuwa kujerun sashen da shugabannin makaranta su ba da laccoci, dokar da har yanzu ke aiki.[1]

## Mutuwa da gado
Qian ya mutu a ranar 26 ga Yuli 1999, yana da shekaru 92.  Kungiyar Electron Microscopy ta kasar Sin ta kafa lambar yabo ta Qian Linzhao a cikin ƙwaƙwalwarsa don ba da lada ga masu bincike masu ban sha'awa a cikin microscopy na lantarki.

## Manazarta