Tallafin karatu na Rhodes

The **Rhodes Scholarship** kyatar tallafin karatu n ta ƙasa da ƙasa don ɗalibai suyi karatu a Jami'ar Oxford a Oxford, United Kingdom.

An kafa shi a cikin 1902, shi ne mafi tsufa a duniya. An dauke shi daga cikin manyan shirye-shiryen tallafin ilimi na duniya. Wanda ya kafa ta, Cecil John Rhodes, yana so ya inganta hadin kai tsakanin kasashe masu magana da Ingilishi da kuma ba da ra'ayi na jagoranci da ƙarfin halin kirki a cikin shugabannin nan gaba, ba tare da la'akari da hanyoyin aikinsu ba. Da farko an ƙuntata ga masu neman maza daga ƙasashe da ke cikin Commonwealth, Jamus da Amurka a yau, tallafin karatu yanzu yana buɗewa ga maza da mata daga kowane bangare a duniya.

Rhodes Scholars sun sami bambanci a matsayin 'yan siyasa, malamai, masana kimiyya da likitoci, marubuta, 'yan kasuwa, da masu lashe Kyautar Nobel. Yawancin malamai sun zama shugabannin jihohi ko shugabannin gwamnati, ciki har da Shugaban Amurka Bill Clinton, Shugaban Pakistan Wasim Sajjad, Firayim Minista na Jamaica Norman Manley, Firayim Mista na Malta Dom Mintoff, Firayim Firayim Ministan Kanada John Turner, da Firayim Ministocin Australia Tony Abbott, Bob Hawke, da Malcolm Turnbull.  Sauran sanannun Rhodes Scholars sun hada da masanin kimiyya wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel Howard Florey, masanin tattalin arziki wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Nobel Michael Spence, Babban Kotun Australiya James Edelman, ɗan jarida kuma mai watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin na Amurka George Stephanopolous, masanin taurari Edwin Hubble, marubuci Naomi Wolf, mawaƙi Kris Kristofferson, Ministan Kudi na Jamaica Nigel Clarke, Sakataren Sufuri na Amurka Pete Buttigieg, mai yin fim Jen Terrence Malick, da kuma darektan Hukumar Tsaro da Infrastructure Jen Easterly, Shugaba na Cybersecurity Partners Navigation Capital Navigation

## Tarihi

### Kafa da motsawa
Shirye-shiryen tallafin karatu na kasa da kasa da yawa sun fara sosai a shekara ta 1900. Tun daga shekarun 1880, gwamnatoci, jami'o'i, da mutane a cikin mazauna mazauna suna kafa tallafin karatu na tafiya zuwa jami'o-kashen gida. A shekara ta 1900, tallafin karatu na tafiya ya zama muhimmin bangare na hangen nesa na ilimi na jami'o'in mazauna. Ya yi aiki a matsayin muhimmiyar hanyar da suka nemi da'awar zama 'yan ƙasa na abin da suka gani a matsayin fadada duniyar ilimi ta Burtaniya. Shirin Rhodes kwafin ne wanda nan da nan ya zama sanannen sigar. Rhodes Trust ta kafa tallafin karatu a cikin 1902 a ƙarƙashin sharuddan da aka tsara a cikin nufin na takwas da na ƙarshe na Cecil John Rhodes, wanda aka rubuta a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1899 kuma an haɗa shi da codicils da yawa har zuwa Maris 1902.

An kafa tallafin karatu ne saboda dalilai biyu: don inganta hadin kai a cikin daular Burtaniya, da kuma karfafa dangantakar diflomasiyya tsakanin Burtaniya da Amurka. A cikin kalmomin Rhodes, "Ina so in ƙarfafa da kuma inganta godiya ga fa'idodin da na yi imani da su zai haifar da haɗin gwiwar mutanen da ke magana da Ingilishi a duk duniya da kuma ƙarfafa ɗalibai daga Arewacin Amurka waɗanda za su amfana daga tallafin karatu na Amurka. "  Rhodes ya kuma ba da tallafin karatu ga ɗaliban Jamus da fatan cewa, " kyakkyawar fahimta tsakanin Ingila, Jamus da Amurka za su tabbatar da zaman lafiya a duniya".

Rhodes, wanda ya halarci Kwalejin Oriel, Oxford, ya yi imanin cewa kwalejojin zama na jami'ar za su zama mafi kyawun wurin da za a inganta dangantakar diflomasiyya tsakanin shugabannin duniya na gaba.

Har zuwa yau, rikice-rikice suna ci gaba game da imanin Anglo-supremacist na Rhodes, mafi yawansu sun samo asali ne daga ikirarin bangaskiya na 1877.  Koyaya, irin waɗannan tabbacin ba su taka rawar gani a cikin hangen nesa na ƙarshe don ƙwarewar ba. Kyaututtuka sun dogara ne akan nufin karshe da wasiyya na Rhodes, wanda ya bayyana cewa "babu wani dalibi da zai cancanci ko ya hana shi don zabe... saboda tserensa ko ra'ayoyin addini".

Rhodes Scholarships ana gudanar da su kuma ana ba da su ta Rhodes Trust, wanda ke Rhodes House a Oxford. An canza amincin ta hanyar ayyuka huɗu na Majalisar: Dokar Rhodes Estate 1916, Dokar Rhodes Trust 1929, Dokar Rhodes trust 1946; kuma kwanan nan ta Rhodes Trust (Canji) Order 1976, kayan aiki na doka daidai da Sashe na 78 (4) na Dokar Nuna Bambanci na Jima'i ta 1975. 

### Bayan mutuwar Rhodes

### Karni na 20
A cikin 1925, an kafa Commonwealth Fund Fellowships (daga baya aka sake masa suna Harkness Fellowships) don mayar da Rhodes Scholarships ta hanyar ba da damar masu karatun Burtaniya suyi karatu a Amurka. Shirin Kennedy Scholarship, wanda aka kirkira a 1966 a matsayin abin tunawa ga John F. Kennedy, ya ɗauki tsarin zaɓin da ya dace da Rhodes Scholarships don ba da damar ɗalibai goma na Burtaniya a kowace shekara don yin karatu a ko dai Harvard ko Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). A shekara ta 1953, Majalisar Dattijai ta Burtaniya ta kirkiro Marshall Scholarship a matsayin madadin haɗin gwiwa ga Rhodes Scholarship wanda zai zama "kyauta mai rai" ga Amurka.

Cecil Rhodes ya yi fatan malaman yanzu da tsofaffin ɗaliban Rhodes (a cikin kalmomin nufinsa) su sami "hanzarin saduwa da tattauna abubuwan da suka faru da kuma abubuwan da suka samu". Wannan ya nuna, alal misali, a farkon mai kula da farko (Sir Francis Wylie), na wasikar Kirsimeti ta mai kula da shekara-shekara (yanzu Rhodes e-news da sauran sadarwa sun kara da shi); kirkirar ƙungiyoyin tsofaffi a ƙasashe da yawa, mafi mahimmanci Association of American Rhodes Scholars (wanda ke buga The American Oxonian, wanda aka kafa a 1914, kuma yana kula da Farfesa na Eastman); da kuma gudanar da tarurruka ga Rhodes Scholares na dukkan ƙasashe.

Don girmama shekaru dari na kafuwar Rhodes Trust a shekara ta 2003, Jami'ar Oxford ta ba da digiri na girmamawa guda hudu. Wadannan sune John Brademas, Bob Hawke (Yammacin Australia da Jami'ar 1953), Rex Nettleford da David R. Woods . A lokacin bukukuwan cika shekaru dari, an kuma yi alama da tushe na Gidauniyar Mandela Rhodes.

### Karni na 21
A cikin 2013, a lokacin bikin cika shekaru 110 na Rhodes, John McCall MacBain, Marcy McCall Mac Bain da Gidauniyar McCall Macbain sun ba da gudummawar fam miliyan 75 ga kokarin tara kudade na Rhodes Trust.

A cikin 2015, Rhodes Scholar R. W. Johnson ya buga wani muhimmin labari game da faduwar Rhodes Trust a ƙarƙashin mai kula da shi, John Rowett, kuma ya yaba da dawowarsa a ƙarƙashin masu kula da Donald Markwell da Charles R. Conn . 

Ya zuwa 2018, saboda gabatarwar Rhodes Scholarships na Duniya, Rhodes Scholarsship yana buɗewa ga ɗaliban digiri na biyu daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Yawancin manyan malamai sun aiwatar da manufa ta wanda ya kafa ta daga baya na "daidaitaccen haƙƙin ga dukan maza masu wayewa" sun zama wasu daga cikin manyan muryoyi a cikin haƙƙin ɗan adam da Adalci na zamantakewa. Wasu ma sun shiga cikin sukar Cecil Rhodes da kansa (duba Rhodes dole ne ya faɗi).  Saboda samun damar ci gaba da ilimi, musamman karatun digiri, yana da alaƙa da motsi na zamantakewa da Bambancin dukiyar launin fata, ƙwarewar (wanda ke ga ɗaliban digiri na biyu) yana ci gaba da jawo hankalin zargi; duk da haka, haɗin gwiwar ƙwarewar kwanan nan tare da Atlantic Philanthropies an yi niyya ne don taimakawa wajen magance waɗannan batutuwan.

A cikin 2019, Jami'ar Tennessee mai digiri Hera Jay Brown ta zama mace ta farko da aka zaba don Rhodes Scholarship. An kuma zaɓi malamai biyu wadanda ba na binary ba don aji na 2020.

## Bayar da tallafin karatu

An ambaci makarantun yara maza hudu na Afirka ta Kudu a cikin nufin Rhodes, kowannensu don karɓar tallafin shekara-shekara: Makarantar Yara a Stellenbosch (wanda aka sani da Paul Roos Gymnasium); Kwalejin Diocesan (Bishops) a Rondebosch; Makarantun Kwalejin Afirka ta Kudu (SACS) a Newlands; da Kwalejin St Andrew a Grahamstown. Wadannan daga baya an bude su kuma ga tsoffin dalibai na makarantun abokan hulɗarsu (masu mata ko makarantun haɗin gwiwa). 

A cikin shekaru 100 da suka biyo baya, masu kula sun kara kimanin wasu tallafin karatu 40 a wani lokaci ko wani, kodayake ba duk sun ci gaba ba. Wasu daga cikin wadannan sun mika makircin ga ƙasashen Commonwealth da ba a ambata a cikin wasiƙar ba. Za'a iya samun cikakkun bayanai ta yanki ta shekara a Rhodes Scholarship Allocations. Za'a iya samun taƙaitaccen taƙaitacciyar taƙaitawar wasu sharuɗɗa da sharuɗɗa a shafin yanar gizon amincewa. Ana iya samun cikakkun bayanai daga ƙasashen da suka zaba.

Ya zuwa 2018, ana zaɓar malamai daga mazabar Rhodes sama da 20 (kasashe 64) a duk duniya. A cikin 2015, Rhodes Scholarship ya faɗaɗa zuwa sababbin yankuna, da farko tare da sanarwar tallafin karatu da yawa ga China, daga baya tare da sanar da tallafin karatu ɗaya zuwa biyu a kowace shekara ga Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. Kungiyar da ke gudanar da tallafin karatu tana shirin fara kiran malamai daga kasar Sin. Matakin zuwa kasar Sin shine mafi girma tun lokacin da mata suka cancanci shiga cikin shekarun 1970s.

## Manazarta