open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Harshen Cholón

****Cholón*' (Spanish), wanda aka fi sani da *Seeptsá* da *Tsinganes'', yare ne na Peru . An yi magana da shi a kusa da Uchiza,   daga Tingo María zuwa Valle a cikin kwarin Huallaga na yankunan Huanuco da San Martín. 

A baya an yi tunanin cewa yaren ya ƙare amma an gano mai magana da asali a cikin 2021, a birnin Juanjuí. Martha Pérez Valderrama an yi imanin cewa ita ce mai magana da ya rage na Cholón. Koyaya, dan uwanta Clemente ma yana magana da Cholón, kuma ta ba da rahoton cewa akwai ƙarin masu magana a yankin. Duk da masu magana da suka dace na ƙarshe da suka mutu a cikin shekarun 1990, masu magana na yanzu na iya samar da taƙaitaccen matani, ba a iyakance su ga kalmomi da jimloli ba.

## Fasahar sauti
Saboda furcin Mutanen Espanya da aka yi amfani da shi don fassara Cholon, kayan sautin sa ba shi da tabbas. Wadannan su ne ƙoƙari na fassara su.

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

Ana samun wakoki a cikin (ƙuƙwalwa) ne kawai a cikin kalmomin aro. /g/ na musamman ne ga kalma ɗaya,  'turkey na gandun daji'.

[h] da [ʃ] ana nazarin su a matsayin allophones na /x/ da /s/, bi da bi.

### Sautin sautin
Sautin sun yi kama da Mutanen Espanya .

## Harshen harshe
Cholon ya bambanta jinsi na namiji da na mace a cikin mutum na biyu. Wato, mutum yana amfani da siffofi daban-daban don "ku" dangane da ko mutum yana magana da namiji ko mace:

## Manazarta
Harshen Waruna

Harshen **Waruna** yare ne na Papuan na New Guinea, ana magana da shi a cikin Kogin Fly. Yana da kamanceceniya ta 50% tare da Ari, dangi mafi kusa. Ana magana da shi a ƙauyen Waruna a Gogodala Rural LLG .  

## Bayanan littattafai

* Ray, Sidney H. 1923. Harsunan Yammacin Yammacin Papua. *Jaridar Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland* 53: 332-360.
* Riley, E. Baxter da Sidney H. Ray. 1930–1931. Kalmomi goma sha shida daga Kogin Fly, Papua. Anthropos 25: 173-193, 831-850, 26: 171-192.

## Manazarta
Harsunan Taulil-Butam

Harsunan **Taulil-Butam** ko Butam-Taulil ƙananan harsuna ne da ake magana a lardin Gabashin New Britain, Papua New Guinea . Suna iya kasancewa da alaƙa da yarukan Baining. Masu magana koyaushe suna ba da rahoton cewa kakanninsu sun fito ne daga New Ireland.

## Rarraba
Harsunan sune:

* Taulil
* Butam (ya ƙare) 

Harsunan ba su da kusanci amma suna da alaƙa a sarari. An rarraba su tare da yarukan Baining a cikin dangin Gabashin New Britain ta Ross (2001, 2005), bisa ga kamanceceniya a cikin tsarin su, amma ya zuwa yanzu ba a yi wani aiki don tallafawa irin wannan haɗin ba. Tasirin Austronesian akan harsuna, ko aƙalla akan Taulil, ƙarami ne.

## Dubi kuma

* Harsunan wanka
* Harsunan Papua

## Manazarta
Harsunan wanka

Harsunan Baining ƙananan yare ne da mutanen Baining ke magana a yankin Gazelle na yankin Papua New Guinea . Sun bayyana suna da alaƙa da yarukan Taulil-Butam,sunyi makwabtaka, waɗanda suka bazu daga New Ireland.

## Harsuna
Harsunan sune:

* Mali (masu magana 2,200) 
* Qaqet (masu magana 6,400) 
* Kairak (masu magana 900) 
* Simbali (masu magana 450) 
* Ura (masu magana 1,900) 

Makolkol da ya ƙare yana kusa da (sauran) yarukan Baining zuwa kudu maso yammacin su amma ba a tabbatar da shi ba.

## Kwatanta ƙamus
Kalmomin ƙamus na asali masu zuwa sun fito ne daga bayanan filin SIL (1970, 1971, 1975), kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin bayanan Trans-New Guinea.

Kalmomin da aka ambata sun zama kwatankwacin fassarar, ko suna da alaƙa (misali *sʌdʌm*, *asdɛmgi* don "kunnuwa") ko a'a (misali *Tʌřʌk*, don "louse").

## Manazarta
Harsunan Gabashin New Britain

****Harsunan Gabashin New Britain** suna iya zama ƙananan harsuna da ake magana a yankin Gazelle na New Britain a [[Sabuwar Gini Papuwa|Papua New Guinea]]. Wurm ya rarraba su a matsayin yarukan Gabashin Papua, amma wannan yanzu ba zai yiwu ba. Ayyukan kwatankwacin da aka yi tsakanin rassan biyu na dangin da aka gabatar shine Ross (2001), wanda ke nuna kamanceceniya a cikin sunayen.
5
== Harsuna ==
The languages are:

* **Ruwa**: Mali, Qaqet, Kairak, Simbali, Ura, ? Makolkol (ya ƙare?)  
* **Taulil_languages" id="mwHg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Taulil–Butam languages">Taulil-Butam*': Taulil, Butam (ya ƙare) 

*Glottolog'' bai yarda da cewa an nuna alaƙa tsakanin rassan biyu ba. Stebbins et al. (2018) sun lura cewa ana buƙatar ƙarin aiki, kuma ba su da tabbas yadda za a bayyana kamanceceniya a cikin sunayen tsakanin iyalai biyu tare da gaskiyar cewa kakannin mutanen Taulil da Butam sun yi ƙaura daga New Ireland don haka tabbas za su sami danginsu mafi kusa a can.

## Wakilan sunaye
Wakilan Ross (2001) ya kwatanta ga Gabashin New Britain kamar haka.

## Dubi kuma

* Mutanen da ke wankewa
* Harsunan Papua

## Manazarta
Harriet Werley

**Harriet Helen Werley** (12 ga Oktoba, 1914 - 14 ga Oktoba, 2002) ma'aikaciyar jinya ce 'yar Amurka wadda ta bayar da gudummawa da wuri ga binciken asibiti da kuma ilimin aikin jinya . Werley ta zama ma'aikaciyar jinya ta farko a Cibiyar Bincike ta Sojojin Walter Reed kuma Rundunar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Sojoji ta koma wata kungiya da ta shirya kammala karatun digiri a karkashin jagorancinta. Ita ce edita ta farko a *Research in Nursing and Health* . Ta hada kai da kafa Nursing Minimum Data Set a 1991.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Werley a ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 1914, a Berks County, Pennsylvania . Duk da cewa mahaifinta ya mutu tun tana ƙarama kuma ta girma cikin talauci, Werley ta sami damar kammala difloma daga Makarantar Kula da Jinya ta Asibitin Jefferson a shekarar 1940. Ta shiga Rundunar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Sojoji a shekara mai zuwa kuma ta yi aiki a Bahar Rum a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Werley ta kammala karatun digiri na farko daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley tsakanin 1946 da 1948. Ta koma aikin soja mai aiki kuma ta kammala digiri na biyu a fannin gudanar da aikin jinya a 1951. Yayin da take cikin ayyukan jagoranci tare da Rundunar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Sojoji tsakanin 1951 da 1955, Werley ta mayar da rundunar zuwa wata ƙungiya da ta shirya kammala karatun digiri. Daga nan ta ƙirƙiri sashen bincike na aikin jinya a Cibiyar Bincike ta Sojojin Walter Reed . Werley ta yi ritaya daga aikin soja a 1964 a matsayin babbar ma'aikaciyar jinya ta Rundunar Sojan Amurka ta Takwas . 

Ta kammala karatun digirin digirgir a shekarar 1969 daga Jami'ar Utah . Bayan ta bar aikin soja, Werley ta kasance a sashen koyar da aikin jinya a Jami'ar Jihar Wayne, Jami'ar Illinois da ke Chicago (1974 zuwa 1979), Jami'ar Missouri (1979 zuwa 1983) da Jami'ar Wisconsin–Milwaukee (1983 zuwa 1997).  A lokacin karatunta na ilimi, Werley ta zama editan kafa na *Research in Nursing and Health* kuma ta taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar tsarin rarraba bayanai da aka sani da Nursing Minimum Data Set.  An nada Werley a matsayin Charter Fellow of the American Academy of Nursing a shekarar 1973; ƙungiyar ta nada ta a matsayin Living Legend a shekarar 1994. Ta zama Fellow of the American College of Medical Informatics a shekarar 1991. 

## Gado
Jami'ar Wisconsin–Milwaukee gida ne ga Cibiyar Bincike da Kimantawa ta Harriet H. Werley. [1] Ƙungiyar Binciken Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Midwest ta ba da lambar yabo ta Sabuwar Mai Bincike ta Harriet H. Werley. [2] Ƙungiyar Informatics ta Lafiya ta Amurka kuma ta ba da lambar yabo ta Harriet H. Werley ga wata takarda da ma'aikaciyar jinya ta rubuta a taronta na shekara-shekara. [3]

## Duba kuma

* Jerin Tatsuniyoyi Masu Rai na Kwalejin Aikin Jinya ta Amurka

## Manazarta
Harshen Daju Mongo

****Daju Mongo**, kuma **Wadai Daju** ko **Dar Daju Daju''', yare ne na Gabashin Sudan, ɗaya daga cikin harsuna uku masu alaƙa da yankin da ake kira "Daju" (sauran biyu sune yaren Nyala da yaren Sila). Mutanen Dar Daju Daju ne ke magana da shi a Chadi kusa da iyakar Darfur. Akwai yare uku, Bardangal, Eref, da Gadjira.

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

* Ana jin sautin /z h/ ne kawai a cikin kalmomin aro na Larabci.
* /s/ ana iya jin sautin a matsayin [ʃ] lokacin da yake cikin yanayin ƙayyadaddun baki, ko kuma kafin wasula na gaba.

### Sautin sautin

* Ana iya jin sautin /e, o/ a matsayin [ɛ, ɔ] lokacin da aka rufe sautin.

## Manazarta
Harshen Nyala (Sudan)

****Nyala**, wanda aka fi sani da **Dar Fur**, **Darfur Daju**, **Daju Darfur*', *Beke, Dagu, Daju Ferne* da Fininga, yare ne na Gabashin [[Sudan]] na Sudan, ɗaya daga cikin harsuna uku masu alaƙa da yankin da ake kira "Daju" (sauran biyu sune *Ƙarshen,'' Daju Mongo da Harshen Sila). Ana magana da shi a kusa da Nyala, babban birnin lardin Darfur ta Kudu ta Mutanen Dar Fur Daju. Akwai yare biyu daban-daban: Nyala da Lagowa .

Ana magana da yaren Lagowa na Kudancin Kordofan a ƙauyukan Dar el Kabira, Jebel Miheila, Lagawa, Nyukri, Silecce, Tamanyik, da Warina (Ethnologue, 22nd edition).

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

* /p/ kuma ana iya gane shi azaman [f]
* /r/ ana iya jin sa a matsayin trill [r] ko flap [ɾ] a cikin bambancin kyauta.

### Sautin sautin

* Ana iya gane sautin /o, u/ a matsayin [ɒ, ʊ] .

## Manazarta
Harshen Nyolge

**Nyolge** ko **Nyagulgule** (Njalgulgule) yare ne na Daju na Yammacin Daju, ana magana da shi a ƙauye ɗaya a Sudan ta Kudu .

## Manazarta
Sila language (Chad)

**Harshen Sila**, wanda aka fi sani da *Dar Sila*, **Dar Sila Daju**, *Bokor, Bokorike, Bokoruge, Dadjo, Dajou, Daju,* da *Sula,* yare ne na Gabashin Sudan, ɗaya daga cikin harsuna uku da ke da alaƙa da yankin da ake kira "Daju" (sauran biyu sune yaren Nyala da yaren Daju Mongo). Ana magana da shi a Chadi kusa da iyakar Darfur, tare da ƙaura zuwa Sudan. Akwai yare guda biyu, Sila da kansa da Mongo, wanda ba za a rikita shi da Daju Mongo ba.

## Manazarta
Harshen Obispeño

**Obispeño** (kuma aka sani ****  ) yana ɗaya daga cikin harsunan ' yan asalin Amurka na Chumash da suka ɓace a baya waɗanda ake magana da su a yankunan bakin teku na California . Babban tushen takardu kan harshen ya fito ne daga aikin masanin harsuna JP Harrington . 

## Rarraba
An rarraba Obispeño a matsayin memba ɗaya na reshen arewacin dangin yaren Chumashan. Yana da yare guda biyu, yaren arewa da na kudu.

## Yankin da aka rarraba
An yi magana da Obispeño a yankin San Luis Obispo, California.

## Rubutun kalmomi
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Harshen Hanis

**Hanis**, ko **Coos**, yana ɗaya daga cikin yarukan Coosan guda biyu na Oregon, kuma mafi kyawun rubuce-rubuce. An yi magana da shi a arewacin Miluk a kusa da Kogin Coos da Coos Bay.  shine sunan Hanis ga kansu. Mai magana da yawun Hanis na karshe shine Martha Harney Johnson, wacce ta mutu a shekarar 1972.  Wani mai magana shi ne Annie Miner Peterson, wanda ya yi aiki tare da masanin harshe Melville Jacobs don yin rikodin harshe.

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2007, ƙungiyoyin Coos, Lower Umpqua da Siuslaw Indians ne suka ba da darussan a cikin Hanis. An buga littafi da CD, Hanis for Beginners, a cikin 2011, kuma akwai shafin yanar gizon abokin ga membobin kabilanci.

## Fasahar sauti
Wasula /i ɛ u/ na iya zama tsawo ko gajere; akwai kuma gajeren .

Ana zaɓar /p t tɬ tʃ k q/ jerin.  na iya zama syllabic. Damuwa tana da sauti.

Ana iya jin sautin // a matsayin palatalized [] lokacin da a gaban wasula na gaba. // na iya samun kwatankwacin labialized kamar [kw kwh kʼw xw hw].

## Manazarta
Harsunan Coosan

***'Coos***' (kuma Coos ko **Kusan**) ƙaramin ayyananen  ne na harsuna da suka ƙare wanda ya ƙunshi harsuna biyu da ake magana a kudancin Oregon.

## Rarraba
Melville Jacobs (1939) ya ce harsunan suna kusa da Yaren mutanen Holland da Jamusanci. Suna raba fiye da rabin ƙamus ɗin su, kodayake wannan ba koyaushe yake bayyane ba, kuma bambance-bambance na nahawu ya sa harsuna biyu su bambanta sosai.

Asalin sunan *Coos* ba shi da tabbas: ra'ayi ɗaya shine cewa an samo shi ne daga Hanis tushe  ma'anar 'kudu' kamar yadda yake a  'kudu'; wani ra'ayi shine cewa an haife shi ne daga kalmar kudu maso yammacin Oregon Athabaskan *ku·s* ma'anar'aunin 'bay'.

Frachtenburg shine babban masanin ilimin harshe na farko da ya magance alaƙar waɗannan harsuna, yana cewa Hanis da Miluk yare ne na yaren "Kusan". Melville Jacobs ya kuma ce su yare ne guda biyu na harsuna ɗaya; kodayake ya lura cewa Mrs. Annie Miner Peterson ta ce a zahiri harsuna ne daban-daban kuma Miluk yana da yare biyu. A cikin 1916 Edward Sapir ya ba da shawarar cewa harsunan Coosan suna daga cikin manyan rukunin kwayoyin halitta na Oregon Penutian. Wasu sun yarda da wannan bincike.

Koyaya, aikin kwanan nan ya sanya Hanis da Miluk a matsayin harsuna daban-daban kuma wani ɓangare na dangin yarensu,  tare da Douglas-Tavani yana yin kwatankwacin sake fasalin sauti da ƙamus na Proto-Coosan 

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin sautin

### Maɓalli

* Tsayawa na ƙuƙwalwa suna wakiltar ʔ don ː ː ̊ ̊ ː [yanawa da ake buƙata] &#x5B;**&#x5D;
* Za'a iya maye gurbin abubuwan da aka gabatar ta hanyar apostrophe (pʼ) a matsayin maki na mamaki (p!) 
* Tsawon da gemination ana nuna su ta hanyar dot (m·) 

## Manazarta
Barbareño language

**Barbareño** yana ɗaya daga cikin yarukan Chumashan, ƙungiyar yarukan 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka da ake magana kusan kawai a yankin Santa Barbara, California. Har ila yau, an yi magana da yaren Barbareño a San Emigdio kusa da Tafkin Buena Vista a kudancin Kwarin Tsakiya. Wannan yaren, wanda ake kira Emigdiano, "Buena Vista Yokuts ne ya rinjayi shi sosai".  Barbareño ya rasa mai magana da yawunsa na karshe a shekarar 1965 tare da mutuwar Mary Yee.  Dukansu Barbareño da Ineseño a halin yanzu suna fuskantar matakai na farfado da harshe.

## Sabunta harshe
Ya zuwa shekara ta 2013, Majalisar Barbareno Chumash tana cikin ci gaba da kokarin farfado da harshen. Biyu daga cikin mambobinta masu koyon harshe ne da malamai. Garin Wishtoyo Chumash, a Malibu, California, ya sanar da bude makarantar harshe ta Šmuwič a cikin 2010 . 

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

## Manazarta
Yaren tsibirin Chumash

**Tsibirin Chumash**, wanda aka fi sani da **Isleño** (Ysleño) ko kuma sunan yaren **Cruzeño**, yana ɗaya daga cikin yarukan Chumashan da aka taɓa magana a yankunan bakin teku na Kudancin California.  

## Lexicon
Yana nuna shaidar haɗuwa tsakanin ainihin yaren Chumashan kamar Barbareño ko Ventureño da yaren asalin Channel Islands. Ana iya magana da ƙarshen a tsibirin tun lokacin da ƙarshen zamanin kankara na ƙarshe ya raba su daga ƙasar; An gabatar da Chumash a cikin karni na farko bayan gabatar da jirgin ruwa a ƙasar. Shaidar yaren substratum an riƙe shi a cikin sanannen ilimin sauti wanda ba na Chumash ba, da kuma kalmomin da ba na C Humash ba kamar waɗanda ke don 'ruwa' da 'gida'. 

## Manazarta
Harshen Cocama

****Cocama''' (Kokáma) yare ne da dubban mutane ke magana a yammacin Kudancin Amurka. Ana magana da shi a bakin kogin Arewa maso gabashin Ucayali, ƙananan Marañón, da kogin Huallaga da kuma yankunan da ke makwabtaka da Brazil da kuma wani yanki mai nisa a Colombia. Akwai yare uku. An san yaren mai ƙarfi da Cocama, Kokama, Kukama-Kukamiria, Ucayali, Xibitaoan, Huallaga, Pampadeque, da Pandequebo. A shekara ta 1999, Cocamilla (Kokamíya) yana mutuwa, ana magana da shi ne kawai daga mutanen da suka wuce 40.

## Rarraba
Cocama yana da alaƙa da Omagua, yaren da ba a taɓa magana a Peru da Brazil ba.

## Yankin da aka rarraba
Daga cikin kabilanci da aka tsara na 15,000, yawancin masu magana da Cocama, 2,000, suna zaune a Peru. Sauran masu magana suna zaune a jihar Amazonas a Brazil, inda 50 daga cikin 411 na Chayahuitas ke magana da shi kuma an san shi da Kokama ko Kokamilla . Yawancin masu magana suna da harsuna uku kuma suna iya magana da Portuguese da Mutanen Espanya. Mutane kalilan ne ke magana da harshe ɗaya. Akwai kabilun 20 a yankin Lower Putumayo na Colombia tare da adadin da ba a sani ba na masu magana da Cocama-Cocamilla. Yawancin masu magana da ake tsammani za su kasance masu magana da harsuna uku, amma harshe na iya zama ya ƙare a yankin.

## Kokarin farfadowa
A cikin 2013, mazaunan Nauta, Lardin Loreto, Peru sun kirkiro bidiyon rap na yara a cikin yaren Kukama-Kukamiria, tare da haɗin gwiwar Rediyo Ucamara . Tashar rediyo ta cikin gida ta shiga cikin kokarin adana yaren na "wasu shekaru," kuma "ta fara gudanar da makarantar da ake kira Ikuar, tare da burin koyar da yaren ta hanyar waƙoƙi da labarun gargajiya".

## Fasahar sauti

Hakanan ana iya fahimtar sautunan plosive kamar yadda ake furta.

## manazarta
Harshen Ineseño

Ineseño (Ineseño:  ) wani yaren Chumashan ne wanda ya ƙare kuma ya sake farfadowa da ake magana a kudancin California. Yana da alaƙa da, kuma yana iya kasancewa yaren, Barbareño. Ineseño a halin yanzu yana fuskantar matakai na farfado da harshe. An buga ƙamus na Ineseño a cikin shekara ta 2007.

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

### Sautin sautin

## Manazarta
Harshen Purisimeño

**Purisimeño** na ɗaya daga cikin yarukan Chumashan da aka saba magana a yankunan bakin teku na Kudancin California kusa da Lompoc . An kuma yi magana a Ofishin Jakadancin La Purisima . 

Henry Wetherbee Henshaw ne ya tattara ƙamus na "La Purrissima ko Kagimuswas (Purismeno Chumash) " a cikin 1884.  John P. Harrington ya kuma rubuta harshen, kuma ya rubuta zane-zane na harshe.

Dokta Timothy Henry na Cibiyar Nazarin Harshe ta Yamma (WIELD) ya kirkiro ƙamus na harshe.

## Fasahar sauti

Cikakken baya na  yana da wuyar tantancewa. Ko dai wasali ne na tsakiya ko na baya.

## Harshen harshe

### Sunaye

### Labarai
Kamar yawancin harsunan Chumashan, Purisimeño ya ƙunshi Labarai da za a iya amfani da su tare da sunaye. Ayyukansu daidai ba su da tabbas amma ana iya samun wasu ra'ayoyi. Mataki na farko, prefix "a- da alama an yi amfani da shi a tsoho a cikin nau'in ambato kuma ana iya fassara shi azaman alamar rashin tabbas ko rashin ganewa, yayin da labarin na biyu, prefix  za'a iya fassara su azaman alamar tabbatarwa da / ko ganewa. Ko da yake, saboda rashin tushen da ya tsira a kan harshen yana da wahala a faɗi wannan da tabbaci.

### Shari'ar da aka haɗa
Halin haɗin gwiwa a cikin Purisimeño yana da alamar prefixes , , , ko ; kuma ana amfani dashi tare da sunayen da yawanci suna da dangantaka mai ƙarfi tare da wani mutum kamar kalmomin don aboki (), ɗaukar net ('a), pinkie ("i), da yatsa (). 

### Tushen lokaci
Purisimeño yana da alamomi guda uku don nan gaba, nan gaba, da kuma lokacin da ya gabata tare da lokacin da ya wuce  da aka tabbatar a cikin sunayen da ke da alaƙa da baya amma inda ta wata hanya har yanzu yana da mahimmanci a yanzu kamar sawun ("e'). 

## Rubutun kalmomi

## Manazarta
Yaren Chinook

****Asalan sunan Upper Chinook**, endonym **Kiksht**,  wanda aka fi sani da **Columbia Chinook**, da **Wasco-Wishram''' bayan yaren da ya tsira na ƙarshe, yare ne da ya ƙare kwanan nan na Arewa maso Yammacin Amurka. Tana da masu magana 69 a cikin 1990, daga cikinsu 7 suna da yare ɗaya: Wasco biyar  da Wishram biyu. A shekara ta 2001, akwai sauran masu magana da Wasco guda biyar.

Mai magana da yawun Kiksht na karshe, Gladys Thompson, ya mutu a watan Yulin 2012.  Majalisar Dokokin Oregon ta girmama ta saboda aikinta a 2007 .   Sabbin masu magana biyu suna koyar da Kiksht a Warm Springs Indian Reservation a shekara ta 2006.  Cibiyar Harshen Indiya ta Arewa maso Yamma ta Jami'ar Oregon ta kafa haɗin gwiwa don koyar da Kiksht da Numu a makarantun Warm Springs.   Ana samun fayilolin sauti da bidiyo na Kiksht a cikin Endangered Languages Archive . 

Mai magana da harshen Wasco-Wishram na karshe shine Madeline Brunoe McInturff, kuma ta mutu a ranar 11 ga Yulin 2006 tana da shekaru 91.

## Harsuna

* Multnomah, wanda aka taɓa magana a Tsibirin Sauvie da yankin Portland a arewa maso yammacin Oregon
* Kiksht Watlala ko Watlalla, wanda aka fi sani da Cascades, yanzu ya ƙare (ƙungiyoyi biyu, ɗaya a kowane gefen Kogin Columbia; ƙungiyar Oregon ana kiranta Gahlawaihih [Curtis]). Kogin Hood, yanzu ya ƙare (wanda Hood River Band na Hood River Wasco ke magana a Oregon, wanda aka fi sani da Ninuhltidih [Curtis] ko Kwikwulit [Mooney]) White Salmon, yanzu ya ɓace (wanda White Salmon River Band of Wishram ke magana a Washington) Wasco-Wishram (Wishram ya zauna a arewacin Kogin Columbia a Washington kuma dangin Wasco ya zauna a kudancin wannan kogi a Oregon) Clackamas, yanzu ya mutu, ana magana da shi a arewa maso yammacin kogin Clackamas da Sandy.
** Watlala ko Watlalla, wanda aka fi sani da Cascades, yanzu ya ƙare (ƙungiyoyi biyu, ɗaya a kowane gefen Kogin Columbia; ƙungiyar Oregon ana kiranta Gahlawaihih [Curtis]).
** Kogin Hood, yanzu ya ƙare (wanda Hood River Band na Kogin Hood Wasco ke magana a Oregon, wanda aka fi sani da Ninuhltidih [Curtis] ko Kwikwulit [Mooney]) 
** White Salmon, yanzu ya ƙare (wanda White Salmon River Band na Wishram ke magana a Washington) 
** Wasco-Wishram (Wishram ya zauna a arewacin Kogin Columbia a Washington kuma dangin Wasco sun zauna a kudancin wannan kogi a Oregon) 
** Clackamas, wanda yanzu ya ƙare, ana magana da shi a arewa maso yammacin Oregon tare da kogin Clackamas da Sandy.

## Fasahar sauti

Sautin a cikin Kiksht sune kamar haka: /u a i ɛ ə/ .

## Manazarta
Almyra Maynard Watson

Manjo **Almyra Maynard Watson** (Satumba 17, 1917 - Disamba 9, 2018) ma'aikaciyar jinya ce ta soja ta Amurka. Ta yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Jinya ta Bayar da Agaji ta Red Cross ta Amurka kafin ta shiga Rundunar Jinya ta Sojojin Amurka a 1941. Watson ta yi aiki a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu da Yaƙin Koriya, kuma ta yi aiki a Amurka, Jamus, Japan, da Philippines.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Watson a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 1917, a Lake Landing ga George M. Watson da Jennie Lloyd Watson. [1] Tun tana ƙarama, ita da iyalinta suka ƙaura zuwa Bethel, wani gari a Pitt County, North Carolina . [2] Mahaifin Watson shine mutum na farko a gundumar da ya mallaki mota kuma ya gudanar da tashar sabis ta farko ta gundumar. [3]

## Sana'a
Watson ta yi horo a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a Asibitin St. Vincent DePaul da ke Norfolk, Virginia .  Bayan kammala horonta, ta yi aiki a Asibitin Gaggawa da ke Annapolis, Maryland kuma ta shiga Sabis na Ma'aikatan Agajin Gaggawa na Red Cross na Amurka . Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a Rundunar Tsaron Ƙasa ta Amurka kuma ana sa ran za ta bar aikin lokacin da Amurka ta shiga Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu .  Ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya ta soja tsawon shekaru ashirin da uku, tare da tashoshi a Jamus, Japan, Amurka, da Philippines kuma ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ma'aikatan jinya na farko da suka yi aiki a yanayin fagen soja a cikin rundunar.  An zaɓe ta don shirin asibiti na musamman kuma ta zama mai ba da shawara kan aikin jinya a ayyukan filin.   Daga ƙarshe an ɗaukaka ta zuwa matsayin major .  A lokacin Yaƙin Koriya, an tura ta Asibitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Philippines.  An kuma tura ta, a tsawon aikinta, a Fort Monroe da ke Virginia, Asibitin Walter Reed da ke Washington, DC, da Fort Knox da ke Kentucky. 

Bayan ta yi ritaya daga aikin soja a shekarar 1963, Watson ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a Bethel Clinic kuma ta shiga ƙungiyar ma'aikatan jinya ta sojojin da suka yi ritaya. 

## Manazarta
Yuni Wandrey

**Yuni Wandrey Mann** (25 ga Yuni, 1920  - 27 ga Nuwamba, 2005) ta kasance Laftanar ta farko a Rundunar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Sojojin Amurka daga Wautoma, Wisconsin . Ita ce ta rubuta *Bedpan Commando,* wani labarin aikinta na soja a Afirka, Sicily, Italiya, Faransa da Jamus daga 1942 zuwa 1946, inda aka ba ta lambar yabo ta taurari takwas na yaƙi .

Littafin Mann ya jawo hankalin jama'a da kafofin watsa labarai sosai, wanda hakan ya haifar da fitowar talabijin, rediyo da kuma na kashin kai da dama, ciki har da shirin *The Larry King Show*, *NBC Nightly News* da kuma littafin Paul Harvey mai *suna The Rest of the Story*, da sauransu.

A ranar 22 ga Yuni, 1995, Mann ya gana da Shugaba Bill Clinton a Nettuno, Italiya, a wani ɓangare na bikin tunawa da cika shekaru 50 da mamayar bakin teku ta Anzio .

Ta kasance memba a cikin ƙungiyoyin tsoffin sojoji da yawa, ciki har da nakasassun tsoffin sojojin Amurka, tsoffin sojojin yaƙi na ƙasashen waje, ƙungiyar Anzio Beachhead, 36th Inf. Div., 3rd Inf. Div., da kuma 10th & 40th Combat Engineers.

An kuma nuna ta a cikin shirin talabijin na Tashar Tarihi *na Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a HD* . Amy Smart ta ba da muryarta ga watan Yuni Wandrey.

Yuni Wandrey Mann ya mutu a Asibitin St. Charles-Mercy da ke Oregon, Ohio, a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 2005, yana da shekaru 85. 

## Manazarta
Julia Catherine Stimson

**Julia Catherine Stimson** RRC (26 ga Mayu, 1881 - 30 ga Satumba, 1948) ma'aikaciyar jinya ce 'yar Amurka, wacce aka yaba da ita a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mutane da yawa da suka kawo matsayin aikin jinya zuwa matsayin sana'a. 

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Julia Catherine Stimson a Worcester, Massachusetts a ranar 26 ga Mayu, 1881. Iyayenta su ne Reverend Henry A. Stimson da Alice Bartlett Stimson. Tana da 'yan'uwa biyar: Dr. Barbara B. Stimson, Dr. Philip M. Stimson, Elsie Stimson Smith, Lucile Stimson Harvey da Henry B. Stimson. Ita kuma 'yar'uwa ce ta farko ga Sakataren Yaƙi kuma Sakataren Harkokin Waje Henry L. Stimson da kuma Masanin Ilimin Dan Adam da Harshe John Francis Stimson . Ta sami digirin farko daga Kwalejin Vassar a 1901, sannan ta sami digiri daga Makarantar Horar da Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Asibiti ta New York a 1908. Ta riƙe muƙamai da dama na gudanarwa a Birnin New York da Missouri, inda ta sami digirin digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Washington da ke St. Louis a 1917. Ta yi aikin sa kai don aikin soja a watan Afrilun 1917. 

## Aikin soja

A matsayinta na babbar jami'ar kula da ma'aikatan jinya ta sojoji a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, Stimson ta zama mace ta farko da ta kai matsayin Manjo (Amurka) a Rundunar Sojan Amurka. Mary T. Sarnecky, marubuciyar *A History of the US Army Nurse Corps* (Penn Press, 1993) ta rubuta, "Stimson ta rayu akidar mata a cikin yanayi daban-daban na zalunci da uba - gidan Victorian na babban aji, wurin asibiti na ƙarni na farko da kuma sansanin soja na farkon ƙarni na 20." 

Dubban ma'aikatan jinya mata ne suka shiga rundunar, kuma suka dawo daga Yaƙin a matsayin ƙwararru da tsoffin sojoji. An ba Stimson lambar yabo ta musamman ta Amurka, [1] wanda Janar John J. Pershing ya ba ta. An kuma ba ta lambar yabo ta Royal Red Cross . [2] Duk da cewa ta yi ritaya daga aikin soja a 1937, Stimson ta dawo bayan barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a matsayin shugabar Majalisar Kula da Ma'aikatan Jinya kan Tsaron Ƙasa, kuma ta ɗauki sabbin mata don yin aikin jinya. An ɗaukaka ta zuwa cikakken Kanar a 1948, jim kaɗan kafin rasuwarta. [3] Stimson, wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Amurka daga 1938 zuwa 1944, an shigar da ita cikin Zauren Shahararrun Ƙungiyar a 1976. [4]

Takardun nata suna nan a Taskar Tarihi ta Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Weill Cornell . 

## Manazarta
Simone Askew

**Simone Marie Askew**  kyaftin ce a Rundunar Sojojin Amurka .  A shekarar 2017, ta zama mace ' yar asalin Afirka ta farko da ta kai matsayin Kyaftin na Farko, shugabar Rundunar Kadet.  An dauki wannan a matsayin babban mataki a daidaiton launin fata da jinsi a cikin sojojin Amurka. Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a West Point a shekarar 2018 tare da digiri na farko a fannin nazarin kasa da kasa da injiniyancin muhalli .

Mujallar Glamour ta kuma sanya mata suna a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mata 10 na Kwalejin Shekara. 

Askew ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta Fairfax da ke Virginia a shekarar 2014. [1] An ba ta tallafin karatu na Rhodes a shekarar 2017. [2] Askew ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin karatun 'yan gudun hijira da na tilasta ƙaura daga Cibiyar Nazarin 'Yan Gudun Hijira a shekarar 2019, kuma a halin yanzu tana neman MPP daga Makarantar Gwamnati ta Blavatnik da ke Jami'ar Oxford . [3]

## Manazarta
Nina Albert

**Nina M. Albert** 'yar Amurka ce mai tsara birane, wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin mukaddashin mataimakiyar magajin gari kan tsare-tsare da ci gaban tattalin arziki na Washington, DC tun daga shekarar 2023. Ta kasance kwamishinar Hukumar Gine-ginen Jama'a daga 2021 zuwa 2023.

## Rayuwa
Albert ta sami digirin farko a fannin Injiniyan Injiniya daga Jami'ar Tufts . [1] Ta sami digirin Master a fannin Gudanar da Kasuwanci da kuma digirin Master a fannin Tsarin Birni da Yankuna daga Jami'ar North Carolina da ke Chapel Hill . [1]

Albert ta yi aiki a matsayin laftanar farko kuma Jami'ar Gudanarwa ta Kamfanin Signal Corps na Amurka .  Ta yi aiki a fannin raba kadarorin gwamnati, tattaunawar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu, farfaɗo da tattalin arziki, da ci gaba mai ɗorewa.  A ƙarshen shekarun 2000, Albert ta yi aiki a matsayin manajan shirin Anacostia Waterfront inda ta kula da aikin sake ginawa na dala biliyan 1.3 a Washington DC, gami da shirin farfaɗo da ruwa mai fadin eka 2,800.   Yayin da take aiki a Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Muhalli ta Gundumar, Albert ta jagoranci ƙira da haɓaka shirin samar da kuɗi na dala miliyan 250 wanda ya shafi masu kadarorin kasuwanci da na iyali da yawa.  Albert ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar gidaje da wuraren ajiye motoci a Hukumar Sufuri ta Yankin Birnin Washington (WMATA), inda ta gudanar da fayil ɗin gidaje na dala biliyan da yawa. 

A shekarar 2021, an naɗa ta kwamishinar Hukumar Gine-ginen Jama'a (PBS).  Ta kula da harkokin kula da kadarorin ƙasa, ƙira, gini, hayar gidaje, gudanar da gine-gine da kuma zubar da kimanin murabba'in ƙafa miliyan 371 na sararin mallakar gwamnati da haya a faɗin Amurka da yankuna shida.  Albert ta yanke shawara ta ƙarshe ta zaɓi Greenbelt, Maryland a matsayin wurin da za a gina hedikwatar FBI ta gaba.  Shawarar Albert ta yi watsi da shawarar da aka bayar daga kwamitin da ya ƙunshi jami'an GSA da FBI na aiki, wanda ya ba da shawarar cewa Springfield, Virginia ya kamata ta zama wurin da za a gina hedikwatar FBI ta gaba. Daraktan FBI Christopher Wray ya rubuta imel na ciki ga ma'aikatan FBI yana nuna damuwa cewa tsarin ya gurɓata da "rikicin sha'awa" na Albert a matsayin tsohon mataimakin shugaban WMATA, wanda zai amfana daga ƙarin masu hawa a tasha ta Greenbelt.   Sanatocin Virginia Mark Warner da Tim Kaine, tare da Gwamnan Virginia Glenn Youngkin da kuma mambobi takwas na tawagar majalisar dokokin jihar, sun bayyana cewa tsarin zaben "ya lalace kuma ya lalace ba tare da wata matsala ba" kuma sun yi kira da a sauya shawarar.  Masu goyon bayan shawarar, ciki har da Gwamnan Maryland Wes Moore da tsohon Shugaban Masu Rinjaye na Majalisar Steny Hoyer, tare da Shugaban GSA Robin Carnahan, sun kare sakamakon, kuma GSA ta buga wata takardar sanarwa mai shafuka shida da ke mayar da martani ga damuwar Wray, yayin da kuma suka lura cewa kwamitin da ke cikin GSA ya ba da shawarar wurin Greenbelt gaba ɗaya kuma ya ƙi wurin Springfield.  

A shekarar 2023, magajin garin Muriel Bowser ta naɗa Albert a matsayin mukaddashin mataimakin magajin gari na tsare-tsare da ci gaban tattalin arziki na Washington, DC .   Ta maye gurbin John Falcicchio . 

## Manazarta
Barbara Lee Bass

**Barbara Lee Bass** fiɗa ce 'yar ƙasar Amurka kuma mai kula da harkokin ilimi wadda ta ƙware a fannin tiyatar endocrine da nono . Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Makarantar Magunguna da Kimiyyar Lafiya ta Jami'ar George Washington tun daga shekarar 2020. Ita ce Shugabar Kula da Magungunan Gudanarwa ta Walter A. Bloedorn.

## Rayuwa
Bass ta girma a Arewacin Virginia .  Ta sami digirin BS daga Jami'ar Tufts .  Ta sami digirin MD daga Makarantar Magunguna ta Jami'ar Virginia a 1979.   A 1986, Bass ta kammala karatun tiyata na gabaɗaya a Jami'ar George Washington .   A lokacin zamanta, ta yi jagoranci a ƙarƙashin Kathryn Anderson da Paul E. Shorb .  Ta gudanar da karatun bincike a Cibiyar Bincike ta Sojojin Walter Reed yayin da take kyaftin a Rundunar Likitoci ta Sojojin Amurka .  A 1988, Bass ta zama Fellow na Kwalejin Likitoci ta Amurka . 

Bass ta yi aiki a Jami'ar Uniformed Services ta Kimiyyar Lafiya da kuma a Jami'ar George Washington a matsayin likitan tiyata.   Ta kasance likitan tiyata-masanin kimiyya a Asibitin Harkokin Tsoffin Sojoji da ke Washington, DC  Bass ta yi aiki a Makarantar Magunguna ta Jami'ar Maryland a wurare da dama.  Daga 1994 zuwa 2005, farfesa ce a fannin tiyata kuma shugabar binciken tiyata a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tsoffin Sojoji, Baltimore.  Ta kasance mataimakiyar shugabar bincike da harkokin ilimi, kuma daraktan shirin zama likitan tiyata na gaba a sashen tiyata daga 1999 zuwa 2005.  Daga 2005 zuwa 2019, Bass ta yi aiki a Asibitin Methodist na Houston .  Ta kasance Shugabar John F. da Carolyn Bookout Distinguished Presidential Endowed kuma shugabar sashen tiyata.  Bass kuma ta kasance shugabar sashen tiyata a Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Musamman ta Houston Methodist.  Bass farfesa ne a fannin tiyata a Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Weill Cornell da Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta Houston Methodist. 

Bass ita ce shugabar Hukumar Tiyatar Amurka kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Ƙungiyar Tiyatar Magungunan Abinci da Ƙungiyar Kujerun Tiyata. [1] A shekarar 2017, an zaɓe ta zuwa wani taron girmamawa a Kwalejin Tiyatar Masu Suga ta Royal kuma ita ce shugabar Kwalejin Tiyatar Masu Suga ta 98 a Amurka. [1] [2] Ta ƙware a fannin tiyatar endocrine da nono . [1] A ranar 15 ga Janairu, 2020, Bass ta shiga Jami'ar George Washington a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar harkokin lafiya kuma shugabar Makarantar Magunguna da Kimiyyar Lafiya . [3] Ita ce mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a wannan matsayin. [3] A ranar 18 ga Mayu, 2022, an naɗa ta a matsayin Walter. Shugaban Magungunan Gudanarwa na Bloedorn. [4]

Bass yana auren lauya Richard S. Marshall.  Suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu. 

## Manazarta
Uzor Kogin

**Uzoma Okwuchi Osimkpa** // Yar wasan kwaikwayo ce Ta Najeriya wanda aka fi sani da Uzor Osimkpa . Ta fito ta 5 a cikin 2012 Gulder Ultimate Search kakar 9.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Osimkpa ta sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Jihar Abia, Najeriya . 

### Ayyuka
Aikin wasan kwaikwayo na Osimpa ya fara ne a shekarar 2004 lokacin da ta fito a fim ɗin Shallow Waters.[1] A shekarar 2005, an nuna ta a cikin shirin gwajin BBC World Service Trust na Wetin dey. Shirin talabijin na Do Good da Hustle ya ƙara mata shahara. Daga baya, ta fito a fina-finai da shirye-shiryen talabijin waɗanda suka haɗa da Tinsel, The Maze, Flatmate, Edge of Paradise, Doctors Quarters, da sauransu.[1]

Osimkpa ta yi hamayya kuma ta fito na biyar a cikin 2012 Gulder Ultimate Search . [1] Duk da haka an kawar da ita bayan ta karya doka ta hanyar cire gashin kunya daga kafa a matsayin horo don kammala karshe a kalubalen karshe mai taken 'Wave your Flag' . [2][3][4]

## Hotunan fina-finai

## Godiya gaisuwa
A cikin 2017 an zabi Uzor don Kyautar Kyautar Movies na City People - Mafi kyawun Actress a cikin fim din Ingilishi.  Ta fito ta biyar a cikin 2012 Gulder Ultimate Search, wanda aka gudanar a Usaka, Obot Akara, Jihar Akwa Ibom . 

## Manazarta
Anita Allen (mai tsere)

**Anita Allen** (an haife ta a ranar 10 ga Satumba, shekara ta 1977, a Star City, Indiana ) [1] jami'ar kula da lafiya ce ta Rundunar Sojojin Amurka wadda ta fafata a Gasar Olympics ta 2004 a gasar pentathlon ta zamani, inda ta kare a matsayi na 18 cikin 32. [2] Allen, wacce ta kammala karatunta a West Point a shekarar 2000, ta kammala a matsayi na farko a gasar hawa keke ta gasar. [3] Ta kasance fitacciyar 'yar tseren ketare ƙasa yayin da take makarantar. [2] Ta lashe gasar pentathlon ta zamani ta mata a ranar 11 ga Agusta, 2003, a Wasannin Pan American na 2003. [4]

## Hotunan Hotuna

Fayil:AnitaAllen-Riding.jpg
Fayil:AnitaAllen-Running.jpg
Fayil:AnitaAllen-Fencing.jpg
Fayil:AnitaAllen-Flag.jpg


## Manazarta
Linda L. Bray

**Linda L. Bray** (an haife ta a shekarar 1960)  tsohuwar jami'ar sojojin Amurka ce da aka sani da kasancewa mace ta farko a rundunar sojojin Amurka da ta jagoranci sojoji zuwa yaƙi. Ta yi aiki a lokacin mamayar Panama da kuma lokacin Yaƙin Cacar Baki. Aikin Bray ya fara ne a shekarar 1982 kuma ya ƙare da ritayarta a shekarar 1991.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Bray a Sanford, North Carolina, kuma ta girma a Butner . Ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta South Granville da ke Creedmoor, North Carolina . Ta halarci Jami'ar Western Carolina, a shekarar 1981, amma ba ta shiga Rundunar Horar da Jami'an Reserve Officers (ROTC) ba sai a shekarar 1983. Bray ta kammala karatunta da digiri a fannin shari'a a 1982, amma ta dawo a shekarar 1983 don samun digirin kimiyyar soja da kuma cika buƙatunta na ROTC. Ta cancanci samun kwamiti kai tsaye. 

## Sana'a

### Horarwa
Bray ta shiga shirin ROTC na Jami'ar Western Carolina a ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1983. A watan Yunin 1983, an naɗa ta a matsayin Laftanar ta biyu .

Daga Nuwamba 1983 zuwa 1987, Bray ta yi aiki tare da Rundunar 'Yan Sanda ta Soja ta 556 a Siegelsbach, Yammacin Jamus. Bayan haka, ta fara horo don zama jami'in horo sannan daga ƙarshe ta zama jami'in ma'aikata. 

Bray memba ne na soja mai himma a lokacin Yaƙin Cacar Baki daga 1983 zuwa 1991. 

### Mamayar Panama
Linda Bray ita ce jami'ar yaƙi mace ta farko da ta jagoranci sojojin Amurka a yaƙi, a shekarar 1989. 

Daga Disamba 1989 zuwa Afrilu 1990, an tura Bray zuwa Panama don Operation Just Cause a matsayin kwamandan Kamfanin 'Yan Sanda na Sojoji na 988.  Shugaba Bush ya ba da umarnin mamaye Panama bayan kisan wani sojan ruwan Amurka a wani shingen hanya da sojojin Rundunar Tsaron Panama (PDF) suka yi, da kuma sace da azabtar da wasu 'yan Amurka biyu a lokacin wannan lamari. Dalilin mamayar shine don hambarar da shugaban mulkin kama karya na Panama a lokacin, Manuel Noriega . 

Manufar Bray da rundunarta ita ce ta kawar da wani gidan kare da ke kewaye da birnin Panama . [1] Suna dauke da bindigogin inji da na'urorin harba gurneti. [1] Rundunar Tsaron Panama ta kare gidan kare sosai (PDF) . [2] Tawagarta ta yi amfani da ƙaho don gaya musu su mika wuya sannan suka harba bindigogin gargadi. [1] Lokacin da ba a yi biyayya ga gargadinsu ba, sai suka bude wuta. PDF din ya mayar da shi. Yakin ya dauki awanni uku kafin a tsare gidan kare. [1] Tawagarta ta kashe uku kuma ta kama fursuna daya. An kuma kashe da dama daga cikin karnukan da aka kai harin a lokacin yakin. [1]

A lokacin, an hana mata shiga fagen fama.  Tawagar da ta jagoranta ta haɗa da maza da mata. 

## Manazarta
Deborah Birx

**Deborah Leah Birx** (an haife ta a ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 1956) likita ce kuma jami'ar diflomasiyya ' yar Amurka wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da Kwamitin Aiki na Coronavirus na Fadar White House a karkashin Shugaba Donald Trump daga 2020 zuwa 2021. Birx ta ƙware a fannin rigakafi kan cutar HIV/AIDS, binciken allurar rigakafi, da kuma lafiyar duniya .  Tun daga shekarar 2014, ta kula da aiwatar da shirin Shugaban Kasa na Gaggawa don Rage Cutar AIDS (PEPFAR) don tallafawa shirye-shiryen magance cutar HIV/AIDS da rigakafi a kasashe 65.   Daga 2014 zuwa 2020, Birx ta kasance mai kula da cutar kanjamau ta duniya ta Amurka ga shugabannin Barack Obama da Donald Trump kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin wakili na musamman na Amurka kan diflomasiyyar lafiya ta duniya tsakanin 2015 da 2021. Birx ta kasance wani bangare na Kwamitin Aiki na Coronavirus na Fadar White House daga Fabrairu 2020 zuwa Janairu 2021.   A watan Maris na 2021, Birx ta shiga ActivePure Technologies a matsayin Babban Mai Ba da Shawara kan Lafiya da Kimiyya. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Birx a Pennsylvania. Ita 'yar Donald Birx ce, injiniyan lissafi da lantarki, da kuma Adele Sparks Birx, mai koyar da aikin jinya.    Ɗan'uwanta marigayi Danny masanin kimiyya ne wanda ya kafa kamfanin bincike, kuma babban ɗan'uwanta, Donald Birx, shine shugaban Jami'ar Jihar Plymouth . 

Iyalinta suna zaune ne a Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, inda ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Lampeter-Strasburg .  Tun suna girma, 'yan'uwan sun yi amfani da wani rumfar da ke bayan gidansu a matsayin dakin gwaje-gwaje na wucin gadi don gwaje-gwaje a fannin ilmin taurari, ilmin ƙasa, ilmin halitta, kuma a wani lokaci, an saka eriya ta tauraron dan adam a kan keken hawa. 

A shekarar Birx ta biyu, ta lashe matsayi na uku a bikin baje kolin kimiyya na Lancaster City-County, kuma an nuna ta a wani labari na farko a cikin *Lancaster New Era* tare da ƙaramin taken: 'Yan mata sun lashe kyaututtuka 3 mafi girma.  Ta shaida wa *mujallar Intelligencer* cewa, "na uku lafiya lau, amma zan dawo. Ina son wannan kyautar ta farko." Shekarar ta ta farko ta fafata a bikin baje kolin kimiyya da injiniya na duniya da aka yi a San Diego.  Daga baya iyalanta suka koma Carlisle, Pennsylvania, kuma ta halarci babban makarantar sakandare ta Carlisle a shekararta ta ƙarshe a makarantar sakandare.   A lokacin shekararta ta ƙarshe, ta fafata a bikin baje kolin kimiyya na yankin Capital Area kuma an ba ta babbar kyauta. 

Birx ta sami digirin farko na Kimiyya a fannin sinadarai, inda ta kammala karatun digirinta na farko cikin shekaru biyu, a Jami'ar Houghton (a wancan lokacin Kwalejin Houghton). [1] A shekarar 1976, yayin da take shiga Makarantar Likitanci ta Hershey, Birx ta auri ɗalibar likitanci kuma likitan zuciya na gaba Bryan Dudley Raybuck, wanda ta haɗu da shi a Houghton. [2] A shekarar 1980, Birx ta sami digirin farko na Likitanci daga Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Penn State Milton S. Hershey . [3]

## Manazarta
Miemie Winn Byrd

**Miemie Winn Byrd** ( Burmese   An haife ta a shekarar 1966), ƙwararriyar masaniyar harkokin tsaro ce a ƙasar Burmese-Amurka, kuma mai sharhi kan harkokin tsaro, kuma jami'ar sojojin Amurka mai ritaya. A halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin Farfesa a fannin Nazarin Tsaro a Cibiyar Nazarin Tsaro ta Asiya-Pacific ta Daniel K. Inouye (DKI APCSS), wata Cibiyar Ilimi ta Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka da ke Honolulu, Hawaii .  Haka kuma ta ƙware a ayyukan farar hula da soja, jagoranci, ci gaban ƙungiyoyi da kirkire-kirkire, mata, zaman lafiya da tsaro, da kuma ilmantarwa mai sauyi da ilimin manya.   

A matsayinta na farfesa, ta jagoranci manyan jami'an gwamnatin Burma, ciki har da manyan janar-janar na soja, ta hanyar gudanar da zaman horon tsaro. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Miemie Winn Byrd a Thonze, Burma ( Myanmar ), kuma ta yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka tare da iyayenta tun tana ƙarama. Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Nicholas Junior da Makarantar Sakandare ta Sunny Hills a Fullerton, California. Dr. Byrd ta sami digirin farko na Fasaha (BA) a fannin Tattalin Arziki da Lissafi daga Kwalejin Claremont McKenna da kuma digiri na biyu na Gudanar da Kasuwanci (MBA) tare da mai da hankali kan Tattalin Arziki da Kasuwanci na Asiya-Pacific daga Jami'ar Hawaii . Daga baya ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin Ilimi (Ed.D.) a fannin Jagoranci daga Jami'ar Kudancin California . 

## Aikin soja
Byrd ta yi ritaya daga rundunar sojin Amurka bayan shekaru 28 na aiki. Aikinta ya fi mayar da hankali kan rawar da take takawa a matsayin Jami'ar Harkokin Jama'a, inda ta shiga ayyukan da suka shafi ayyukan soja da fararen hula a ƙasashen da ke karɓar baƙunci. Ta shiga cikin ayyukan samar da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin sojojin Amurka da ƙungiyoyin farar hula, musamman a yankunan da rikici da bala'i suka shafa.  

A lokacin aikinta, ta riƙe mukamai daban-daban, ciki har da Mataimakiyar Mai Ba da Shawara kan Tattalin Arziki, Jami'in Tsare-tsare na Ayyukan Farar Hula da Sojoji, da Jami'in Ayyukan Haɗaka a Rundunar Sojojin Amurka ta Pacific. Ta goyi bayan Operations Enduring Freedom da Yaƙi da Ta'addanci. Bugu da ƙari, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan harsuna da al'adu ga wakilan Amurka a Taron Yankin Ƙungiyar Kasashen Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya (ASEAN), ta halarci tattaunawar murmurewa na POW/MIA a Myanmar, ta ba da gudummawa ga Operation Careing Response to Cyclone Nargis, kuma ta shiga cikin Tattaunawar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Amurka da Myanmar. 

Kwarewarta a fannin zamantakewa da siyasa na Myanmar da ƙasashen da ke makwabtaka da ita ta taimaka wa ƙoƙarin soja da diflomasiyya na Amurka a yankin. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da aiki kan manufofi da dabaru, musamman a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. [1]

## Manazarta
Marcia Isakson

**Marcia Joyce Isakson** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1970, née Geiger, kuma an buga ta a matsayin Marcia J. Geiger)   masanin kimiyyar Amurka ce wacce ke jagorantar Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Bayanai ta Cibiyar Nazari ta Aikace-aikace a Jami'ar Texas a Austin . Har ila yau, tsohuwar shugabar Acoustical Society of America ce,  kuma tana da matsayi na haɗin gwiwa a matsayin malami a Ma'aikatar Injiniyan Injiniya ta Walker ta jami'ar.  Binciken ta ya shafi yin samfurin da fahimtar halayyar sonar a cikin ruwan teku mai zurfi, tare da aikace-aikace a cikin taswirar yankuna masu tasowa  da kuma tsaron kasa.   

## Ilimi da aiki
Isakson ta fito ne daga Hereford, Texas, amma ta koma sau biyu a matsayin matashiya zuwa Chicago da Connecticut,  inda ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta New Milford.  Ta kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Sojan Amurka a West Point, New York a shekarar 1992, tare da digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar injiniya da lissafi,  gami da aikin horarwa a Brookhaven National Laboratory . [1] Bayan digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a shekarar 1994 daga Jami'ar Texas a Austin, a matsayin Hertz Foundation Fellow,  da kuma horar da jami'in tsaro a Aberdeen Proving Grounds,  ta zama jami'in aiki a cikin Sojojin Amurka daga 1994 zuwa 1997,  tana aiki a matsayin kyaftin a Fort Hood.  Komawa Jami'ar Texas don ci gaba da karatun digiri a fannin kimiyyar lissafi, ta kammala Ph.D. a shekara ta 2002. Greg Sitz ne ya ba da shawara game da rubutun ta, The Effects of Alignment on the Dissociation of H2 on Pd (111).

Ta shiga Laboratories na Bincike na Jami'ar Texas a Austin a shekara ta 2001. A can, ta fara aikinta a cikin acoustics na karkashin ruwa, duk da cewa binciken da ta yi a baya na kimiyyar lissafi ya mayar da hankali ga lasers, radiation na lantarki,  da kuma "dynamics na halayen gas- surface".  Har ila yau, tana da matsayin malami a fannin injiniya a jami'ar,  kuma ta koyar da ilimin ruwa a karkashin ruwa tun daga shekara ta 2009. 

Ta zama shugabar Acoustical Society of America a shekarar 2017-2018. [1] Wannan ya sa ta sauya aikinta a Laboratories na Bincike daga bincike zuwa gudanarwa, kuma a cikin 2021 ta zama darakta na Laboratory na Kimiyya da Bayanai.[1]

## Sanarwa
An zabi Isakson a matsayin Fellow na Acoustical Society of America a cikin 2013, "don gudummawa ga yin samfurin yaduwar ruwa mai zurfi ta amfani da hanyar ƙayyadadden abu".

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Isakson ta auri John Isakson,  injiniyan lantarki kuma tsohon jami'in bindigogi.  Suna da 'ya'ya biyu, mai binciken hotunan likita Grace Isakson-Murley da kuma dan kwangila na injiniyan software na tsaro Nicholas Isakson . 

## Manazarta