Jeanne Block

**Jeanne Lavonne Humphrey Block** (sha bakwai 17 ga watan Yuli, 1923 zuwa hudu 4 ga watan Disamba shekarar alif dari Tara da tamanin da daya 1981) masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce kuma gwana ce kan ci gaban yara. Ta gudanar da bincike kan zamantakewar jima'i da ka'idojin mutum. Block ta kasance abokiyar Ƙungiyar Amurka don Ci gaban Kimiyya kuma ta gudanar da bincikenta tare da Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa da Jami'ar California, Berkeley . Ta yi ritaya a 1981 bayan an gano ta da ciwon daji, kuma ta mutu a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Block a 1923 a Tulsa, Oklahoma .  Ta girma ne a wani karamin gari a Oregon . Bayan kammala karatunta daga makarantar sakandare, ta shiga Jami'ar Jihar Oregon a matsayin babbar jami'ar tattalin arziki ta gida, amma ba ta gamsu da iliminta ba. Ta shiga SPARS, reshen mata na Amurka Coast Guard, a 1944. Yayinda yake aiki a yakin duniya na biyu, Block ya ƙone sosai kuma kusan ya mutu. An kula da ita da fata, kuma ta sami damar komawa aikin soja har zuwa 1946.

A shekara ta 1947, bayan kammala digiri na ilimin halayyar dan adam a Kwalejin Reed, ta halarci makarantar digiri a Jami'ar Stanford .  A Stanford, Block ya sadu da masu ba da shawara biyu, Ernest Hilgard da Maud Merrill .  Hilgard ya rubuta wani sanannen littafi na ilimin halayyar dan adam kuma ya rubuta littafi kan ka'idojin ilmantarwa, kuma ya zama shugaban kungiyar American Psychological Association .  James ya kasance abokin aiki na mai binciken leken asiri Lewis Terman .  Block ta kuma sadu da mijinta na gaba kuma mai haɗin gwiwar bincike, Jack Block, a lokacin da take Stanford.

## Ayyuka
Block ta kammala Ph.D. a Stanford a 1951, yayin da take da ciki, kuma ta ci gaba da aiki mafi yawa na ɗan lokaci a cikin shekarun 1950 yayin da take kiwon yara huɗu. Block da mijinta sun kirkiro ka'idar mutum-mutumi wanda ya zama sananne tsakanin masu binciken mutum. Ka'idar ta bincika mutum dangane da masu canji guda biyu, son kai (ikon amsawa da sauƙi ga sauye-sauye na yanayi) da kuma kula da son kai (iyafin hana motsin rai).  A shekara ta 1963, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya ta Musamman ta Kasa kuma ta shafe shekara guda a Norway tare da iyalinta. Bayan dawowarta, Block ta shiga cikin bincike kan imanin ɗabi'a da dabi'u na masu gwagwarmayar ɗalibai. Ta shiga bangaren a matsayin masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar California, Cibiyar Ci gaban Dan Adam ta Berkeley a shekarar 1968. A wannan shekarar, ita da mijinta sun fara Block Study, binciken shekaru 30 na yara 128 a yankin San Francisco Bay. Fiye da shekaru goma bayan haka, an nuna Nazarin Block a kan taken shirin talabijin na PBS, "The Pinks and the Blues". Ta zama farfesa a cikin sashen ilimin halayyar dan adam a shekara ta 1979.  

A cikin shekarun 1970s, Block ta wallafa wani bincike game da zamantakewar jima'i da ke faruwa a cikin kungiyoyi da yawa na yara daga Amurka da kasashe shida na Arewacin Turai. Ta gano cewa a duk faɗin ƙasashe, ana tashe yara maza su zama masu zaman kansu, masu cin nasara da rashin jin daɗi, yayin da ake ƙarfafa 'yan mata su bayyana ra'ayoyi, don inganta dangantaka ta kusa da kuma bin ka'idodin mata.

A cikin aikinta na baya, Block ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa da kuma karɓar aikinta. A shekara ta 1972, an nada ta a matsayin Malami na Bernard Moses Memorial a Jami'ar California, Berkeley .  An sanya Block a matsayin ɗan'uwan Ƙungiyar Amurka don Ci gaban Kimiyya a cikin 1980 kuma ya sami Kyautar Lester N. Hofheimer don ƙwarewar bincike na ilimin halayyar mutum daga Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Amirka (APA) a cikin 1979. An zabe ta a matsayin shugabar sashen APA na ilimin halayyar ci gaba. Shekara guda bayan haka, an zabi Block a matsayin Fellow a cikin Ƙungiyar Amirka don Ci gaban Kimiyya . 

A shekara ta 1984 an buga littafinta, Sex Role Identity and Ego Development bayan mutuwarta.

## Mutuwa
Block ya mutu a Asibitin Alta Bates da ke Berkeley a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1981.  An gano ta da ciwon daji a farkon wannan shekarar. Mijinta, Jack, wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 2010, 'ya'ya hudu, ɗan'uwanta da mahaifiyarta sun mutu.

## Manazarta