Adele Goldberg (masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta)

**Adele Goldberg** (an haife ta a ranar 22 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1945) masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta ce ta Amurka. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu haɓaka harshen shirye-shirye Smalltalk-80, wanda shine software na kwamfuta wanda ke sauƙaƙa harshen shirye-aikace, kuma ya kasance tushen ilimi da tsari ga wasu harsunan shirye-shirye da yawa kamar Python, C, da Java. Ta kuma haɓaka ra'ayoyi da yawa da suka shafi shirye-shiryen da suka dace yayin da take mai bincike a Cibiyar Bincike ta Xerox Palo Alto (PARC), a cikin shekarun 1970s.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Goldberg a Cleveland, Ohio, a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 1945. Iyalinta sun koma Chicago, Illinois, lokacin da take da shekaru 11, inda ta kwashe sauran yarinta. Ta ji daɗin warware matsaloli da lissafi tun tana ƙarama. A makarantar sakandare, ta kasance a cikin Majalisar Dalibai, amma sai ta fahimci cewa wannan ba yanki ne na sha'awarta ba. Malamanta sun karfafa mata gwiwa don neman lissafi. A cikin 1963, Goldberg ya yanke shawarar halartar Jami'ar Michigan . Ta yi la'akari da Ann Arbor babban canji daga salon rayuwarta na Chicago, inda ta ambaci wahalar da take fuskanta wajen daidaitawa da rayuwa da ta rabu a karon farko daga 'yar uwarta tagwaye. Lissafi a matsayin digiri ya kare ta saboda rashin kwanciyar hankali na kasar- kamar yadda aka kashe Shugaba John F. Kennedy a wannan shekarar. Lissafi da kimiyya sun kasance dama a gare ta ta ta ba da lokaci a cikin karatunta da guje wa yanayin zamantakewa. Ta yi shekaru uku a jami'a, ta dauki semester don tafiya a Turai, sannan daga baya ta dawo don kammala digiri. A shekara ta 1967, ta kammala karatunta kuma ta sami digiri na farko a lissafi a Jami'ar Michigan . 

Da yake sha'awar batun lissafi, Goldberg ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da horo tare da IBM a lokacin rani na ƙaramar shekarunta na kwaleji, inda ta koyi yadda za a tsara na'urorin rikodin naúrar. Bayan kammala karatunta, ta halarci Jami'ar Chicago, inda ta sami digiri na biyu (a 1969) da PhD (a 1973) a kimiyyar bayanai. Ta kammala karatunta, "Instruction-Assisted: The Application of Theorem-proving to Adaptive Response Analysis," yayin da take aiki a matsayin mai bincike a Jami'ar Stanford. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai bincike mai ziyara a Stanford .  Bayan kammala karatunta na PhD, Goldberg ta yi aiki a takaice a matsayin farfesa a Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, kafin ta shiga Xerox PARC a 1973 a matsayin masanin kimiyya mai bincike. A California, a lokacin taron kungiyar Association for Computing Machinery Special Interest Group on Computer Users in Education (ACM SIGCSE), Adele ta sadu da John Stoch, ma'aikacin XEROX, inda suka yi magana game da kwamfuta mai yuwuwa da aka tsara don ilimin yara, wanda ake kira Dynabook. 

## Ayyuka

### 1973
Goldberg ta fara aiki a PARC a 1973 a matsayin dakin gwaje-gwaje da mataimakiyar bincike, kuma daga ƙarshe ta zama manajan Laboratory na System Concepts inda ita, Alan Kay, da sauran masu bincike suka haɓaka harshen shirye-shiryen Smalltalk-80.  A lokacin, ba a saba da ita ga masana kimiyyar kwamfuta mata ba, duk da haka, Alan Kay, jagoran ƙira da ci gaban ƙirar kwamfuta ta zamani ta farko, ya hayar Adele Goldberg mai ciki. Wannan harshe ya haɓaka tsarin daidaitaccen abu na Simula 67 kuma ya gabatar da yanayin shirye-shirye na windows masu rufewa akan allo na nuni. Wannan sabon "kwamfutar mutum," tare da mahimman fasalulluka ciki har da ɗaukar hoto, haɗin cibiyar sadarwa, sadarwa tare da wasu, gina samfuran, da damar raba abun ciki shine manufar Smalltalk a lokacin. 

Tsarin sabon abu na Smalltalk yana da sauƙin amfani kuma ana iya keɓance shi. Ana iya canja wurin abubuwa tsakanin aikace-aikace tare da ƙaramin ƙoƙari. Goldberg da Kay sun shiga cikin ci gaban samfuran ƙira, masu gabatar da tsarin ƙira daga baya aka yi amfani da su a cikin ƙirar software. Adele ta ce Smalltalk ya yi wahayi daga wani harshe, wanda aka kirkira a cikin sittin, Simula. Smalltalk 72, daya daga cikin maimaitawa, shine na farko da ya ƙunshi ƙananan motsi, da kiɗa. Adele da tawagarta sun haɗu da Doug Engelbart, asalin mai kirkirar linzamin kwamfuta, don ganin yiwuwar shigar da shi zuwa Smalltalk tare da burin samun dama mafi kyau, guje wa layin umarni tare da haɗin kai. Smalltalk 72 ita ce damar farko ta Adele don "koyarwa" kuma ta bayyana wannan samfurin ga kowa.

### 1976
Tare da Kay, ta rubuta labarin mai tasiri "Personal Dynamic Media", wanda ya annabta duniyar da talakawa za su yi amfani da kwamfutocin rubutu don musayar, gyara, da sake rarraba kafofin watsa labarai na sirri. Wannan takarda ta tsara hangen nesa don Dynabook. Ta jaddada hangen nesa na ƙaramin na'ura, ana iya ɗaukarsa a ko'ina, wanda zai iya ba da bayanai a cikin adadi da ke kusa da na tsarin ji na ɗan adam, inda fitarwa dole ne ya zama mafi inganci fiye da jaridu. Wannan takarda ta tsara hangen nesa don Dynabook.

### 1981
Adele tana da sha'awar Smalltalk, tana ciyar da lokaci mai yawa don inganta halittarta. A cikin 1981, mujallar BYTE ta nuna Smalltalk, inda ta taimaka da kanta wajen rubuta da gyara wani labarin, tare da burin gabatar da daidaita shirye-shiryen da aka tsara a matsayin wajibi a cikin al'ummar da ke ci gaba da kuma dogara da fasaha.

### 1984
Yawancin ra'ayoyin da Goldberg da tawagarta suka haɓaka a PARC sun zama tushen ƙirar masu amfani. A cewar Goldberg, Steve Jobs ya bukaci a nuna tsarin Smalltalk, wanda da farko ta ki ba shi, kodayake manyanta sun tilasta mata ta bi. Apple daga ƙarshe ya ɗauki yawancin ra'ayoyin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin Xerox Alto da aiwatarwa kuma ya yi amfani da shi azaman tushen Yanayin tebur Apple Macintosh. Bayan haka, an nuna wa Steve Jobs farkon sigar Goldberg's Smalltalk (Model 76 a lokacin), inda nan da nan ya haɗa shi cikin sabon Kwamfutar Apple, Macintosh. Ya haifar da kasuwanci wanda aka watsa a shekarar 1984, a lokacin Super Bowl XVIII . Kasuwancin ya jaddada mahimman fasalulluka na Smalltalk, gami da muhimmancin GUI, yayin da ya sauƙaƙa hulɗa ta hanyar sauƙi.

### 1986
Tsakanin shekara ta 1984 zuwa shekara ta 1986, Adele ta kasance Shugaba na Ƙungiyar Injin Kwamfuta. Matsayinta na baya sun haɗa da Sakataren Kasa da Babban Edita na ACM's Computing Surveys, an ba ta lambar yabo ta ACM Software Systems ta 1987 tare da abokan aikinta Ingalls da Kay don ci gaban Smalltalk . 

### 1988
A shekara ta 1988, Goldberg ya bar PARC don ya kafa ParcPlace Systems, kamfani wanda ya kirkiro kayan aikin ci gaba don aikace-aikacen Smalltalk. Yawancin ayyukanta a PARC shine tushe ga hanyoyin masu amfani da yau, wanda ya maye gurbin tsarin layin umarni na baya. A can, ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar da Shugaba har zuwa 1995 da ta haɗu da Digitalk . Ta kuma kafa Neometron, Inc. mai ba da tallafin Intanet a cikin 1999. Tana aiki a Bullitics .  Ta ci gaba da bin sha'awarta ga ilimi, tsara darussan kimiyyar kwamfuta a kwalejojin al'umma a Amurka da kasashen waje. Ita memba ce ta kwamitin kuma mai ba da shawara a Cognito Learning Media, mai ba da software na multimedia don ilimin kimiyya.

## Ayyuka da yabo
"Aikin Dynabook ya kasance don ƙirƙirar matsakaici, duka yanayin ƙirar ƙira da tsarin karatu, don haɓaka yadda yara za su iya raba fahimtar su game da yadda abubuwa ke aiki, kuma a kalubalanci su game da ko wannan fahimtar tana nuna kusanci da gaskiyar. " - Adele Goldberg

An ba Goldberg kyaututtuka da girmamawa da yawa saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga ci gaban tsarin kwamfuta. Ta kasance shugabar kungiyar Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) daga 1984 zuwa 1986, kuma, tare da Alan Kay da Dan Ingalls, sun sami lambar yabo ta ACM Software Systems a 1987. An haɗa ta a cikin Forbes's "Twenty Who Matter". A shekara ta 1994, an shigar da ita a matsayin Fellow na ACM .  Ta sami lambar yabo ta Lifetime Achievement Award ta PC Magazine a shekarar 1996.  An ba ta lambar yabo ta Dr. Dobb's Excellence in Programming Award tare da Dan Ingalls a shekara ta 2002.  A shekara ta 2010, an shigar da ita cikin Hall of Fame na Mata a Fasaha ta Duniya (WITI).  Jami'ar Open ta ba ta digiri na girmamawa. A cikin 2021, ta sami lambar yabo ta Jami'ar Chicago Alumni Professional Achievement Award . Bugu da ƙari, an ba ta digiri na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Michigan a shekarar 2014. 

Gidan Tarihin Kwamfuta (CHM) yana da tarin takardun aiki na Goldberg, rahotanni, wallafe-wallafe da bidiyon da suka danganci aikinta akan ci gaban Smalltalk .  A cikin 2022, tare da Dan Ingalls, an sanya ta Fellow na CHM don ingantawa da haɓaka yanayin shirye-shiryen Smalltalk da gudummawa don inganta amfani da kwamfutoci a ilimi.

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

* Kay, A., Goldberg, A., & Learning Research Group a Cibiyar Bincike ta Xerox Palo Alto.  (Bayanin da suka gabata)  Kafofin watsa labarai na mutum. A cikin Kwamfuta (Vol. 10, Fitowa 3, shafuffuka 31-41). https://augmentingcognition.com/assets/Kay1977.pdf
*  (wanda ba a buga shi ba; *Littafin shuɗi* kamar yadda mutanen Smalltalk suka sani)  
*  (*littafin orange*)  
*  (littafin purple, sake fasalin *Littafin shuɗi*)  

## Manazarta


## Haɗin waje

* Tarihin Magana na Adele Goldberg a  wanda Gidan Tarihin Kwamfuta ya shirya
* Wasu daga cikin wallafe-wallafen Goldberg a ResearchGateBincike