Millai na abinci

Mile na abinci shine nisan da ake jigilar abinci daga lokacin da aka yi shi har sai ya kai ga mabukaci. Mile na abinci shine daya daga cikin abubuwan da ake amfani da su yayin gwada tasirin muhalli na abinci, kamar sawun carbon na abinci.

Ma'anar mil na abinci ya samo asali ne a farkon shekarun 1990 a Ƙasar Ingila. Farfesa Tim Lang ne ya yi ciki  a Cibiyar Abinci da Muhalli ta Aikin Gona (SAFE)  kuma ya fara bayyana a bugawa a cikin wani rahoto, "The Food Miles Report: The Dangers of Long-Distance Food Transport", wanda Angela Paxton ta bincika kuma ta rubuta. 

Wasu malamai sun yi imanin cewa karuwar tafiye-tafiyen abinci mai nisa shine saboda cinikayya ta duniya; mayar da hankali ga tushen samar da abinci a cikin ƙananan gundumomi; canje-canje masu yawa a cikin tsarin isar da kayayyaki; karuwar abinci da aka sarrafa da kuma kunshe; da kuma yin ƙananan tafiye-tsalle zuwa babban kanti. Wadannan suna yin karamin ɓangare na hayakin gas da abinci ya haifar; kashi 83% na hayakin CO2 gabaɗaya suna cikin matakan samarwa.

Nazarin da yawa sun kwatanta hayaki a Dukan Tsarin abinci, gami da samarwa, amfani, da sufuri. Wadannan sun hada da kimantawa na hayaki mai alaƙa da abinci na iskar gas 'har zuwa ƙofar gona' da 'bayan ƙofar gona'. A cikin Burtaniya, alal misali, hayaki mai alaƙa da aikin gona na iya kaiwa kusan kashi 40% na jerin abinci gaba ɗaya (gami da sayarwa, marufi, masana'antar taki, da sauran dalilai), yayin da iskar gas da aka fitar a cikin sufuri ta kai kusan kashi 12% na hayaki na gaba ɗaya.

Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar  ya nuna cewa mil na abinci na duniya CO yana da sau 3.5-7.5 fiye da yadda aka kiyasta a baya, tare da jigilar kaya kusan 19% na jimlar fitar da abinci,   duk da cewa canzawa zuwa tsarin abinci ya kasance mafi mahimmanci. 

An soki manufar "mil na abinci", kuma mil na abinci ba koyaushe ba ne ke da alaƙa da ainihin tasirin muhalli na samar da abinci. Idan aka kwatanta, yawan adadin makamashi da aka yi amfani da shi a shirye-shiryen abinci na gida shine 26% kuma a cikin sarrafa abinci shine 29%, ya fi girma fiye da sufuri.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya
Ma'anar mil na abinci wani bangare ne na batun da ya fi dorewa wanda ke hulɗa da batutuwan muhalli, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, gami da abinci na gida. Tim Lang (yanzu Farfesa na Manufofin Abinci, Jami'ar Birni, London) ne ya kirkiro kalmar wanda ya ce: "Manufar ita ce ta nuna ɓoyayyen tasirin muhalli, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na samar da abinci ga masu amfani a hanya mai sauƙi, wanda ke da gaskiyar gaskiya amma kuma ma'ana. "  Karuwar nisan da abinci ya yi a kasashe masu tasowa ya haifar da cinikin abinci na duniya, wanda ya karu da sau hudu tun 1961.  Abinci da ake jigilar ta hanyar hanya yana samar da karin hayaki na carbon fiye da kowane nau'in abinci da ake jigilatsa. Sufurin hanya yana samar da kashi 60% na fitar da carbon na jigilar abinci a duniya. Jirgin sama yana samar da kashi 20% na fitar da carbon na jigilar abinci a duniya. Jirgin ƙasa da jigilar teku suna samar da kashi 10% kowane jigilar abinci na duniya.

Kodayake ba a taɓa nufin shi a matsayin cikakken ma'auni na tasirin muhalli ba, an kai masa hari a matsayin hanyar da ba ta da tasiri don gano tasirin muhallar gaskiya. Misali, wani rahoto na DEFRA a shekara ta 2005 wanda masu bincike a AEA Technology Environment suka gudanar, mai taken The Validity of Food Miles as an Indicator of Sustainable Development, ya haɗa da binciken cewa "tsarin muhalli kai tsaye, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na jigilar abinci sun wuce £ biliyan 9 a kowace shekara, kuma sun mamaye ta tarwatsa. "  Rahoton ya kuma nuna cewa ba kawai yadda abinci ya yi tafiya ba amma hanyar tafiya a duk sassan jerin abinci da ke da muhimmanci a yi la'akari da shi. Yawancin tafiye-tafiye ta motoci zuwa cibiyoyin cin kasuwa za su sami mummunar tasirin muhalli idan aka kwatanta da jigilar wasu manyan motoci zuwa shagunan unguwa waɗanda za a iya isa cikin sauƙi ta hanyar tafiya ko keke. Ana haifar da karin hayaki ta hanyar fitarwa zuwa babban kantin sayar da kayayyaki don sayen kayan aiki na iska fiye da yadda aka kirkira ta hanyar jigilar jiragen sama a farkon wuri. Har ila yau, tasirin muhalli mai kyau na aikin noma na kwayoyin halitta na iya lalacewa ta hanyar kara yawan sufuri, sai dai idan gonaki na cikin gida ne suka samar da shi. The Carbon Trust ya lura cewa don fahimtar hayakin carbon daga samar da abinci, duk hanyoyin da ke haifar da carbon da ke faruwa sakamakon samun abinci daga filin zuwa faranti ɗinmu suna buƙatar a yi la'akari da su, gami da samarwa, asali, yanayi da kula da gida.

## Mile na abinci a cikin kasuwanci
Wani binciken da aka yi kwanan nan wanda Farfesa Miguel Gomez (Tattalin Arziki da Gudanarwa) ya jagoranta, a Jami'ar Cornell kuma Cibiyar Atkinson ta goyi bayan Cibiyar Ci gaba mai dorewa ta gano cewa a lokuta da yawa, jerin kayayyaki na manyan kantuna sun fi kyau dangane da mil na abinci da amfani da man fetur ga kowane fam idan aka kwatanta da kasuwannin manoma. Ya nuna cewa sayar da abinci na gida ta hanyar manyan kantuna na iya zama mafi inganci da dorewa fiye da ta hanyar kasuwannin manoma.

## Manazarta