open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Princesses Monument

The Princes Monument (Jamusanci - Prinzessinnen-Denkmal) ko Princes Group (Prinzessinnengruppe) wani zane ne na ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus Johann Gottfried Schadow wanda ke nuna 'yan'uwa mata Louise da Frederica, sarakunan Prussia . Schadow ya fara samar da busts na 'yan'uwa mata sannan tsakanin 1795 da 1797 ya samar da cikakken rukuni mai girman rayuwa, da farko a cikin gilashi sannan a cikin marmara. Fassarar gyare-gyare ta farko yanzu tana tsaye a cikin Schinkelmuseum yayin da rukunin marmara na asali yana cikin Alte Nationalgalerie.

Masu zane-zane da jama'a sun yaba da aikin, amma mijin Louise ya soki shi kuma ya fada cikin watsi da shekaru casa'in. Yanzu an gudanar da shi a matsayin babban aiki na farkon Berlin neoclassicism tare da wannan mai zane-zane na Brandenburg Gate (1793).

## Tarihin tarihi
A ranar 24 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1793 yarima Frederick William III ya auri Gimbiya Louise na Mecklenburg-Strelitz a Fadar Berlin. Kwanaki biyu bayan haka a wannan wuri dan uwansa Yarima Louis ya auri Gimbiya Friederike, ƙanwar Louise.

Sarki Frederick William II ya burge shi sosai da kyakkyawa da kyawawan matasa na sabbin surukansa, wadanda ke da shekaru 17 da 15 a wannan lokacin, har ya nemi Schadow ya nuna su a cikin siffofi.

## Hotuna masu kama da juna

Abin da za a iya bayar da umarnin da farko shi ne hotuna biyu a cikin yumɓu. Don sauƙaƙe zaman samfurin, an ba Schadow ɗaki a cikin reshe na Kronprinzenpalais (Berlin)  inda yarima da matarsa suka zauna lokacin da suke Berlin. Friederica da Yarima Louis sun zauna a wani gini makwabta. Sau da yawa ta zo don zaman samfurin. Tattaunawar da Louise suka yi nisa kuma mai zane sau da yawa dole ne ya gamsu da halartar masu sauraro da yarima da matarsa suka bayar.

## Manazarta
Russell Mark

**Russell Andrew Mark**, OAM (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 1964) Zakaran Olympics ne na Ostiraliya kuma zakaran duniya mai maki da yawa. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun masu horar da harbin bindiga da na yumbu a duniya, yana da ƙwarewa a fannoni kamar Olympic Trap da American Trap. Mark tsohon mai riƙe da rikodin duniya da na Olympics kuma yana riƙe matsayi na ɗaya a duniya a lokuta da yawa. Ya lashe lambar zinare a gasar Double Trap a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1996 a Atlanta . Ya kuma lashe lambar azurfa a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2000 a Sydney . Mark ya fafata a wasannin Olympics shida: 1988 (Trap), 1992 (Trap), 1996 (Trap and Double Trap), 2000 (Trap and Double Trap), 2008 (Double Trap), 2012 (Double Trap).  Ɗan wasan Olympics na bazara na Ostiraliya kaɗai da ya fafata a ƙarin Olympics shine Andrew Hoy (bakwai).

Nasarar da ya samu a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta Atlanta ta 1996 ta ba shi fifikon zama ɗan wasan harbi na farko a duniya da ya lashe lambar zinare a dukkan manyan gasar wasanni huɗu na Hukumar Wasannin Harbi ta Duniya (ISSF); Kofin Duniya, Wasan Karshe na Kofin Duniya, Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya da Wasannin Olympics. Bayan gasar Olympics ta bazara ta Sydney ta 2000, ya kuma sami lambobin azurfa daga dukkan manyan gasannin duniya guda huɗu. Wannan girmamawa ce da yake rabawa tare da fitacciyar 'yar wasan harbi ta Amurka kuma wacce ta lashe lambar zinare sau shida a gasar Olympics, Kimberley Rhode .

Mark ya lashe gasar cin kofin duniya ta mutum biyu (1994 a Fagnano, Italiya da kuma 1997 a Lima, Peru) sannan kuma ya lashe gasar cin kofin duniya ta biyu a 1998 (Double Trap a Barcelona, Spain tare da Michael Diamond da Adam Vella) da kuma 1999 (Trap a Tampere, Finland tare da Michael Diamond da Glenn Kable). Lokacin da Mark ya lashe gasar cin kofin duniya ta Trap Gold Medal a Los Angeles, Amurka (1991) ya zama dan kasar Australia na farko da ya lashe gasar cin kofin duniya ta ISSF a kowane fanni na harbi. Ya kuma lashe lambobin zinare na gasar cin kofin duniya a Lonato, Italiya (1992); Munich, Jamus (1994); Lima, Peru (1999); Sydney, Australia (2000); da kuma Perth, Australia (2003). A wasannin Commonwealth na 2006 da aka yi a Melbourne, Mark ya lashe lambar zinare a gasar Double Trap ta maza.

## Rayuwa ta sirri

### Shekarun farko
Mark ya girma a wani yanki na karkara a wajen Ballarat a unguwar Brown Hill. Ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta matasa 'yan ƙasar Australiya a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta East Ballarat, sannan ya buga wasan kurket a ƙungiyar ƙwallon Cricket ta Brown Hill. Ya wakilci Ballarat a gasar ƙwallon cricket ta shekara-shekara ta 'yan ƙasa a watan Janairun 1979. Mark kuma memba ne na ƙungiyar Golf ta Buninyong inda mahaifiyarsa, Joan, ta kasance zakaran ƙungiyoyi da yawa. A lokacin makarantar sakandare, ya kasance zakaran wasanni masu hazaka a gasar tsalle-tsalle mai tsayi inda ya kafa tarihi da dama na makaranta kuma ya wakilci a gasar wasanni tsakanin makarantu daga 1975 zuwa 1981.
Caroline Kennedy

**Caroline Bouvier Kennedy**   (an haife ta a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 1957)  marubuciya ce 'yar Amurka, diflomasiyya, kuma lauya. Ta yi aiki a matsayin jakadar Amurka a Japan daga 2013 zuwa 2017 da kuma jakadar Australiya daga 2022 zuwa 2024.   Yawancin rayuwar Kennedy ta sana'a ta kasance a fannin adabi, shari'a, siyasa, gyaran ilimi, da kuma agaji. Ita memba ce ta dangin Kennedy kuma 'ya ce tilo da ta rage daga Shugaba John F. Kennedy da Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis .

An haifi Kennedy a birnin New York, tana da shekaru biyu lokacin da mahaifinta ya lashe zaben shugaban ƙasa na 1960 kuma ta shafe shekarun ƙuruciyarta a Fadar White House a lokacin shugabancinsa . Tana da shekaru biyar kacal lokacin da aka kashe ta a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 1963. A shekara mai zuwa, Kennedy ta ƙaura tare da ƙanenta, John F. Kennedy Jr., da mahaifiyarsu Jacqueline zuwa Upper East Side na Manhattan, kuma ta ci gaba da karatunta a can. Ta kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Radcliffe kuma daga baya ta halarci Makarantar Shari'a ta Columbia, inda ta sami digirin Doctor na Juris a 1988. Kennedy ta ci jarrabawar lauyoyi ta Jihar New York a shekara mai zuwa. Ta yi aiki a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Metropolitan na Manhattan, inda ta haɗu da mijinta na gaba, mai zane Edwin Schlossberg . Sun yi aure a 1986, kuma suna da 'ya'ya uku: Rose, Tatiana, da Jack .

A farkon takarar farko ta zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2008, Kennedy da kawunta, Ted Kennedy, sun goyi bayan ɗan takarar Democrat Barack Obama . Daga baya ta yi masa katsalandan a Florida, Indiana, da Ohio, ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar kwamitin binciken mataimakinsa na shugaban ƙasa, sannan ta yi jawabi a babban taron ƙasa na jam'iyyar Democrat na 2008 a Denver .  Bayan da Obama ya zaɓi sanata Hillary Clinton ta Amurka don ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatariyar harkokin waje, Kennedy ya nuna sha'awar a naɗa shi a kujerar Sanata da Clinton ta rasa daga New York, amma daga baya ya janye saboda dalilai na kashin kansa. A shekarar 2013, Shugaba Obama ya naɗa Kennedy a matsayin jakadar Amurka a Japan wanda ya sanya ta zama jakadiya mace ta farko da za ta yi aiki a ƙasar.  Shekaru takwas bayan haka, Joe Biden ya naɗa Kennedy a matsayin jakada a Ostiraliya kuma ta hau mulki bayan an tabbatar da ita a ranar 10 ga Yuni, 2022. 

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Caroline Bouvier Kennedy a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 1957, a Asibitin New York ga Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy da John F. Kennedy, sanata 'yar Amurka daga Massachusetts a lokacin. An sanya mata suna ne bayan goggon mahaifiyarta, Lee Radziwill, da kuma kakarta Caroline Ewing Bouvier. Shekara guda kafin haihuwar Kennedy, iyayenta sun haifi 'ya mace da ta mutu, Arabella. Kennedy yana da ƙane, John Jr., wanda aka haifa kwana biyu kafin ranar haihuwarta ta uku a 1960. Wani ɗan'uwa, Patrick, ya mutu kwana biyu bayan haihuwarsa da wuri a 1963. Kennedy ta zauna tare da iyayenta a Georgetown, Washington, DC a cikin shekaru uku na farko na rayuwarta. 

## manazarta
Mark Russell (ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an haife shi a shekara ta 1996)

**Mark Russell** (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Maris 1996) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Scotland wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na hagu a ƙungiyar Stranraer Scottish League Two . Hakanan yana taka leda a ɓangaren hagu/gefen hagu.

Ya fara aikinsa tare da Greenock Morton kuma ya buga wasanni sama da 100 a gare su, inda ya shafe ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da Falkirk kafin ya shafe shekaru biyu yana bugawa a Ireland a matsayin dan wasan Finn Harps .

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Russell a Paisley, kuma ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Gleniffer .

## Aikin kulob
Russell ya shiga wasan ƙwararru lokacin da ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar cikakken lokaci tare da Greenock Morton a gasar cin kofin Scotland a matsayin wani ɓangare na sabuwar ƙungiyar ci gaba.

Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Dougie Imrie a lokacin rauni a watan Nuwamba na 2013. 

A watan Yunin 2014, Russell ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangilar ƙungiyar ci gaba ta shekaru biyu da Morton.
Lycomedes of Comana

**Lycomedes na Comana** (Girkanci: ; fl. ƙarni na 1 BC) ya kasance mai daraja na Bithynian na zuriyar Girkanci na Kappadocian wanda ya mallaki Comana, Cappadocia a rabi na biyu na ƙarni na farko BC.

## Tarihin rayuwa
A cikin 47 BC, Lycomedes mai yiwuwa yana da kimanin shekaru 50 lokacin da mai mulkin kama karya na Roma, Gaius Julius Kaisar, firist na allahiya Bellona a cikin haikalin-jiha na Comana,   kuma mai mulki, sabili da haka, na ƙasar da ke kewaye da shi.  Wanda ya riga Lycomedes shi ne Archelaus, jikan Janar Archelaus na Pontic .  Strabo ya ba da rahoton cewa tare da abokin ciniki na Romawa Sarki Polemon I na Pontus, Lycomedes ya kewaye wani sansani da Arsaces, shugaban 'yan tawaye wanda ke kula da' ya'yan Sarki Pharnaces II na Pontus ya mika wuya.

Daga baya Lycomedes ya kasance mai goyon bayan Roman triumvir Mark Antony, wanda a wani lokaci ya faɗaɗa yankin mulkin Lycomedes.[undefined] Saboda goyon bayan Lycomedes tare da Mark Antony, Octavian ya tsige shi bayan Yaƙin Actium . [1] An gaje shi a matsayin firist da mai mulki, a takaice, da ɗan fashi-sarki Cleon na Gordiucome, kuma Dyteutus ya fi dindindin.[2]

Lycomedes ya auri yarima mai suna Orsabaris,  ƙaramar 'yar Sarki Mithridates VI na Pontus,  wanda ya haifi Lycomedes 'yar mai suna Orodaltis.

## Dubi kuma

* Orodaltis
* Orsabaris

## Manazarta
Cewice

**Cewice** [t͡sɛˈvit͡sɛ] (Jamusanci: ) ƙauyen ne a cikin garin Lębork County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, a arewacin Poland. Ita ce cibiyar gmina (gundumar gudanarwa) da ake kira Gmina Cewice. Tana cikin yankin al'adun gargajiya na Kashubia a yankin tarihi na

A lokacin da Jamus ta mamaye Poland (Yaƙin Duniya na II), a 1939, Jamusawa sun kashe firist na Poland, mai fafutuka kuma wanda ya kafa kungiyar adawa ta *Polska Żyje*,  , a ƙauyen.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Mark Russell

**Marcus Joseph Ruslander**    (Agusta 23, 1932 - Maris 30, 2023), wanda aka fi sani da **Mark Russell**, ɗan wasan barkwanci ne kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan Amurka. Ya fi shahara da jerin barkwancinsa na musamman na wata-wata a talabijin na PBS tsakanin 1975 da 2004. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da barkwancin siyasa da ke ɗauke da abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu da kuma barkwancin kiɗa inda ya raka kansa a kan alamar kasuwancinsa ta Amurka mai taken piano.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Mark Russell Marcus Joseph Ruslander [1] kuma ya girma a Buffalo, New York, ɗan Marie Elizabeth (Perry) da Martin Ruslander. Ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Canisius da ke Buffalo. Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, iyalinsa sun ƙaura zuwa Florida na ɗan lokaci, sannan zuwa Washington, DC, inda ya yi rajista a Jami'ar George Washington, amma ya zauna na tsawon wata ɗaya kacal kafin ya shiga Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Amurka.

## Sana'a
Tun daga farkon shekarun 1960, ya kasance mai nishadantarwa a Otal ɗin Shoreham da ke Washington, DC  kuma ya yi wasansa na farko na PBS a 1975. Ya kasance mai yawan shiga shirin CBS iri-iri na 1977 *The Starland Vocal Band Show* .  Daga 1979 zuwa 1984, ya kasance wakili a shirin talabijin na gaskiya na NBC *Real People* .

Waƙoƙin barkwancin Russell sun yi amfani da waƙoƙin da aka yi amfani da su daga tsoffin ƙa'idodi tare da sabbin waƙoƙin barkwanci da suka dace da batun. Misali, a shekarar 1990, bayan kashe shugaban mulkin kama karya na Romania Nicolae Ceaușescu, Russell ya yi waƙar barkwanci a shirinsa na "Chattanooga Choo-Choo". ("Ku yi haƙuri, samari / Shin ku ne kuliyoyi da suka harbi Ceauşescu?") Russell da kansa ya yarda cewa yawancin barkwancinsa da waƙoƙinsa suna da daɗi kuma suna da "rashin tsawon rai fiye da cukuwar gida".

## Manazarta
Oliur Rahman

**Shah Oliur Rahman** (Bengali; 1916 - 20 Janairu 2006) Masanin addinin Musulunci ne na Bangladesh, marubuci, ɗan siyasa kuma mai fafutukar ilimin mata.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Oliur Rahman a shekara ta 1916 ga dangin Musulmi na Bengali a ƙauyen Batiail a Kanaighat, Gundumar Sylhet . Shi ɗan Ibrahim Ali Tashna ne, masanin addinin Musulunci, da Asiya Khatun . Kakan mahaifinsa, Mawlana Mufti Shah Abdur Rahman Qadri ya fito ne daga Shah Taqiuddin, mai wa'azi na Sufi na ƙarni na 14 kuma abokin Shah Jalal.

Ya fara karatunsa ne a makarantar firamare ta Umarganj, sannan kuma a madrasa ta Imdadul Uloom Umarganj da mahaifinsa ya kafa. A shekara ta 1937, ya kammala takardar shaidarsa ta *fazil* daga Gachhbari Jamiul Uloom Kamil Madrasa . A shekara mai zuwa, ya yi ƙaura zuwa Jihar Rampur inda ya shiga Rampur Alia Madrasa, ya kammala karatun Hadith a ƙarƙashin Mawlana Abdul Khalil da fassarar Alkur'ani a ƙarƙashin Ahmed Ali Lahori . 

## Ayyuka
Daga 1956, Oliur Rahman ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa ga koyarwa kuma ya shafe sauran rayuwarsa a matsayin shugaban madrasa na Imdadul Uloom Umarganj .  Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen karfafa tushe na ilimin Maktab. A shekara ta 1968, ya kafa kuma ya jagoranci sansanin horar da Hukumar Alkur'ani ta Nadiyatul; na farko na irin sa a Gundumar Sylhet .  Ya kuma shirya taron mata na mako-mako (taron Islama) a wannan shekarar.  Ya kafa *Madrasatul Banat*, ɗaya daga cikin madrasa na mata na farko a Sylhet, a cikin 1981.   Ya ba da Ilimi na mata game da tajwid, ƙarin karatun Islama, wallafe-wallafen Bengali, lissafi, mulkin mallaka, ɗabi'a da sana'a. A shekara ta 1972, ya fara *jalsa* na mata na farko (taron Islama) a Bangladesh. Oliur Rahman ya rubuta littattafai da yawa da suka shafi ilimin mata ciki har da **Islah* Neswan*, *Taharatun Neswan*. 

### Ayyukan siyasa
Kafin samun 'yancin Pakistan, Oliur Rahman yana da alaƙa da All-India Muslim League . Bayan samun 'yancin kai, ya shiga Jam'iyyar Nizam-e-Islam a kiran *murshid* Athar Ali . Ya kuma kafa kungiyoyi biyu na kansa a 1979; Anjuman-e-Islah al-Muslimeen da Ittehad-ul-Ulama . 

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Oliur Rahman ya fara ba da bay'ah ga Nisar Ali, amma bayan mutuwarsa, ya yi alkawarin aminci ga Athar Ali, dalibi kuma Khalifa (mai maye gurbin ruhaniya) na Ashraf Ali Thanwi har zuwa mutuwar ta a 1976. Daga nan sai ya yi alkawarin biyayya ga Muhammadullah Hafezzi . 

## Mutuwa
Oliur Rahman ya mutu a ranar Jumma'a 20 ga Janairun 2006 da karfe 10:30 na yamma.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin Deobandis

## Manazarta
Mark Russell (darakta na sadaka)

**Mark Kenneth Russell** OBE (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Yuni 1974) babban jami'in agaji ne. Tun daga shekarar 2019, ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Yara . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na Babban Taron Majalisar Kiristoci na Cocin Ingila da kuma Majalisar Bishop-Bishop, daga 2005 zuwa 2011 da kuma daga 2015 zuwa 2019.   A da, ya kasance mai wa'azi na gida a Cocin Methodist da ke Ireland,  kuma mai karatu ne a Cocin Ingila .  

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Russell a ranar 25 ga Yuni 1974 kuma ya girma a Arewacin Ireland.   Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Portadown, wata makarantar nahawu da ke Portadown, County Armagh.  Ya yi karatun lauya a Jami'ar Queen's Belfast, inda ya kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin shari'a (LLB) a shekarar 1995.  

## Sana'a
A lokacin da yake da shekaru 21, Russell ya sami lasisin zama mai wa'azi na gida a Cocin Methodist da ke Ireland .  Daga 1997 zuwa 2000, ya kasance fasto na matasa a cocin Methodist da ke Lurgan, County Armagh.  Ya kuma kasance memba na taron Cocin Methodist a Ireland tsakanin 1996 da 1998. 

A shekara ta 2000, Russell ya koma Ingila don zama malamin matasa a Cocin Christ, Chorleywood, wani cocin Anglican mai suna Evangelical Anglican da ke Chorleywood, Hertfordshire, kuma memba ne na Cocin Ingila .   A shekara ta 2005, an zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na Babban Taron Majalisar Kiristoci na Cocin Ingila kuma an naɗa shi a Majalisar Archbishops a matsayin ƙaramin memba.  A shekara ta 2006, ya bar Chorleywood bayan an naɗa shi babban jami'in gudanarwa na Church Army, wata ƙungiyar agaji ta bishara ta Anglican da ke aiki a Burtaniya da Ireland.   Ya kasance memba na majalisar ƙungiyar Evangelical Alliance daga 2007 zuwa 2012.  An naɗa shi babban malamin cocin Worcester a 2011.  Ya sauka daga babban taron majalisar Krista da kuma majalisar Bishop a ƙarshen 2011.   A watan Nuwamba 2015, an sake zaɓe shi a babban taron majalisar Krista a matsayin wakilin cocin Katolika na Sheffield kuma aka sake naɗa shi a majalisar Bishop. Wa'adin aikinsa ya ƙare a 2019.   

A watan Afrilun 2019, an sanar da shi a matsayin babban jami'in gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Yara . [1] Ya karɓi muƙamin a watan Agusta. A cikin bikin karramawar Sabuwar Shekara ta 2026, an naɗa shi Jami'in Order of the British Empire (OBE) "don ayyukan agaji".
Caroline Theobald

**Caroline Helen Theobald** CBE ita ce babbar darakta a Bridge Club Ltd., Newcastle upon Tyne . A shekara ta 2007, an ba ta kyautar Sarauniya don Tallafawa Kasuwanci .

An naɗa ta a matsayin Kwamandar Order of the British Empire (CBE) a bikin karramawa na Sabuwar Shekara ta 2016 saboda ayyukan kasuwanci da kasuwanci. 

## Manazarta
Virginia Zeani

**Virginia Zeani** Commendatore OMRI  (an haife ta **Virginia Zehan** ; 21 Oktoba 1925 - 20 Maris 2023) mawaƙin opera ne ɗan asalin ƙasar Romania wanda ya rera wakokin soprano a gidajen opera na Turai da Arewacin Amurka.

A matsayinta na mawaƙiya, an san ta da ƙarfinta na ban mamaki da kuma kyawunta, faɗin murya, da kuma sassaucin muryarta, wanda hakan ya ba ta damar rera waƙoƙin waƙoƙi 69, tun daga jarumai a cikin wasannin opera na belcanto na Rossini da Donizetti zuwa na Wagner, Puccini da Verdi. Ta kuma ƙirƙiri ayyuka a cikin wasannin opera da dama na ƙarni na 20, ciki har da Blanche a cikin Dialogues of the Carmelites na Poulenc.

Zeani ta fara fitowa a matsayin Violetta a cikin fim *ɗin La traviata* a shekarar 1948, wanda hakan ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan rawar da ta taka; ta yi wannan rawar sama da sau 640. 

Bayan ta yi ritaya daga muƙami a shekarar 1982, ta zama sanannen malamar murya. Ta auri bass na Italiya Nicola Rossi-Lemeni daga 1957 har zuwa rasuwarsa a 1991. Dukansu sun koyar a Makarantar Kiɗa ta Jacobs ta Jami'ar Indiana tsawon shekaru da yawa (kuma sun ci gaba da koyar da waƙa a ɓoye daga baya).       Ta yi shekarunta na ƙarshe a Palm Beach County, Florida .

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Zeani a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 1925 a Solovăstru, wani ƙauyen tsakiyar Transylvania da ke Romania . Ta bayyana wa masu yin tambayoyi a lokacin ƙuruciyarta, duk da matsalolin numfashi, tana rera waƙa, koda lokacin da take ɗebo ruwa daga kogin don girki. Ta ce kiɗa ta "shiga cikin ranta" bayan ta ji ƙungiyar mawakan Gypsy, ɗaya daga cikinsu tana buga waƙa mai ƙarfi a kan goge, kuma a lokacin tana da shekaru tara ta ƙuduri aniyar zama mawaƙin opera bayan ta ji wasan *Madama Butterfly* .  

Lokacin da take da shekaru 13, mai taimakon jama'a a ƙauyen ta biya mata kuɗin karatu don yin waka a Bucharest tare da Lucia Anghel, wata 'yar mezzo-soprano wacce ta horar da ita a matsayin mezzo-soprano a lokacin ƙuruciyarta.  A lokacin da take ƙarama a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ta fara karatu tare da Lydia Lipkowska, 'yar Ukraine a Bucharest. Lipkowska ba ta yarda da kimantawar Anghel game da muryarta a matsayin mezzo-soprano ba, kuma ta sake horar da muryarta a matsayin mai waka . Zeani ta bayyana abin da ta fuskanta a wannan lokacin.

## Manazarta
Mai Tsarki Mercurius

**Mercurius** (Greek: Ἅγιος Μερκούριος, Coptic: Ⲫⲓⲗⲟⲡⲁⲧⲏⲣ Ⲙⲉⲣⲕⲟⲩⲣⲓⲟⲥ; {Ge'ez መርቆሬዎስ}Syriac: ܡܳܪܩܘ̇ܪܝܘ̇ܣ; 224/225 – 250 AD) was a Roman soldier of Scythian descent who became a Christian saint and martyr. He was born in the city of Eskentos in Cappadocia, in Eastern Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey). According to Christian tradition, he was the soldier who killed Julian the Apostate during his campaign in Persia. Saint Mercurius was also widely known by his Arabic-language name **Abu-Sayfain**, **Abu-Sifin** or **Abu-Sefein** in Egyptian Arabic (Arabic: أبو سيفين, romanized: Abū Seyfaīn; Coptic: ⲁⲃⲩⲥⲉⲫⲁⲓⲛ, romanized: Abû-Sefaīn) which means "wielder of two swords", referring to the second sword given to him by the Archangel Michael.

An haifi St. Mercurius a kusa da 225 AD a Cappadocia (Gabas ta Asiya Ƙananan) a cikin dangin zuriyar Scythian. Iyayensa sun tuba zuwa Kiristanci kuma sun kira shi "Philopateer" ko "Philopatyr" (sunan Helenanci wanda ke nufin 'Mahugaban Uba'). Sun yi renonsa a hanyar Kirista. Lokacin da ya girma (yana da shekaru 17), ya shiga cikin sojojin Roma a lokacin mulkin Sarkin sarakuna Decius . Ya sami babban suna tsakanin manyansa a matsayin mai takobi da kuma mai ba da shawara a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa.

## Tarihin gargajiya

Wasu asusun sun ce an haifi Philopater a Eskentos a Cappadocia. Koyaya, wasu suna magana ne game da Roma a matsayin wurin haihuwarsa.[1] Mercurius ɗan Yares ne, wani jami'in Sojojin Romawa.[2] Wata rana, yayin da Yares ke farauta a cikin gandun daji tare da mahaifinsa, wata dabba ta kai musu hari. Dabbar ta yi tsalle a kan mahaifin Yares, wanda ya sa Yares ya fadi. Yayinda Yares bai san komai ba, ya sami wahayi tare da haske mai haske da murya yana cewa:

## Manazarta
Thomas Stanley (marubuci)

**Sir Thomas Stanley** (1625 &#x2013; 12 Afrilu 1678) marubuci ne kuma mai fassara ɗan Ingila .

## Rayuwa
An yi masa baftisma a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 1625 a cocin Clothall, Hertfordshire, ɗan Sir Thomas Stanley da matarsa, Mary Hammond.  Babban Thomas ya mallaki Cumberlow Manor, wanda ke gefen kudu maso gabashin cocin Clothall.   Mary ɗan uwan Richard Lovelace ne, kuma Stanley ya sami ilimi tare da ɗan Edward Fairfax, mai fassara Tasso . Ya ci gaba zuwa Cambridge a shekara ta 1637, a shekara ta 13, a matsayin mutumin da ya fi kowa a Pembroke Hall . A shekara ta 1641, ya ɗauki digirinsa na MA, amma da alama a lokacin ya tafi Oxford.  Daga baya ya fara aikin lauya, ya shiga Haikalin Tsakiya a shekara ta 1664 don yin karatun lauya. 

Yana da arziki, ya yi aure da wuri, kuma ya yi tafiye-tafiye da yawa a Turai. Shi aboki ne kuma abokin tafiya, kuma yana buƙatar mataimaki ga mawaka da yawa, kuma shi kansa marubuci ne kuma mai fassara waƙoƙi. Sir Peter Lely da Sir Godfrey Kneller ne suka zana hotonsa; a duka an zana shi aƙalla sau goma sha biyar.

## Rubutu
Stanley shi ne na ƙarshe a cikin mawakan metaphysics ; an haife shi a cikin tsararraki na baya fiye da na Edmund Waller da John Denham, ya ƙi tasirinsu a cikin salon wakoki da kuma salon wakoki. Ya yaba wa Moschus, Ausonius, da *Pervigilium Veneris* ; a tsakanin mutanen zamani, Joannes Secundus, Góngora da Giambattista Marino .

Babban aikin Stanley shine *Tarihin Falsafa*, jerin tarihin rayuwa masu sukar masana falsafa, farawa daga Thales ; rayuwar Socrates ta haɗa da fassarar ayoyi marasa komai na *Girgije na Aristophanes .* Ya bayyana a cikin juzu'i uku tsakanin 1655 da 1661. An fassara juzu'i na huɗu (1662), mai taken *Tarihin Falsafar Chaldaick*, zuwa Latin ta Jean Le Clerc (Amsterdam, 1690). An buga juzu'i uku na baya a cikin babban sigar Latin ta Gottfried Olearius (Leipzig, 1711). A cikin 1664 Stanley ya buga bugu mai girma na rubutun Aeschylus a cikin folio. An ce Richard Bentley ya yaba da iliminsa, kuma ya yi amfani da bayanan Stanley, akan Callimachus .

## manazarta
Yankin Virginia

Yankin **Virginia Peninsula** wani yanki ne na ƙasa da ke kudu maso gabashin Virginia wanda Kogin York, Kogin James, Hampton Roads da Chesapeake Bay suka tsara. Wani lokaci ana kiransa da *Yankin Ƙasa* don bambanta shi da wasu yankuna biyu da ke arewa, Tsakiyar Tekun da kuma Neck ta Arewa .

Wurin ne Jamestown mai tarihi ya kasance, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1607 a matsayin wurin zama na farko na Ingilishi na dindindin a Arewacin Amurka . Gundumomin Charles City da New Kent suna yankin Virginia Peninsula. A ƙarni na 21, ana kuma ɗaukar su a matsayin wani ɓangare na yankin Richmond-Petersburg . Sauran yankin Virginia Peninsula duk wani ɓangare ne na Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC MSA ( yankin ƙididdiga na birni ) tare da yawan jama'a kusan miliyan 1.8. Hampton Roads MSA shine sunan da aka saba amfani da shi ga yankin birni wanda ke kewaye da ruwa mai suna iri ɗaya. Shine yanki na bakwai mafi girma a babban birni a Kudu maso Gabas kuma shine na 32 mafi girma a Amurka.

An raba ɓangaren ƙasar Hampton Roads zuwa yankuna biyu a tarihi, **Virginia Peninsula** ko **Peninsula** a gefen arewa, da South Hampton Roads a gefen kudu. (A yankin, ana kiran South Hampton Roads da "Southside", amma ba za a rikita wannan da " Southside Virginia " ba, wani yanki daban na yankin kudu maso tsakiyar Virginia wanda ke can nesa da ƙasar.) Kwanan nan, iyakokin yankin babban birnin Hampton Roads sun faɗaɗa har sun haɗa da gundumomi biyu mafi kudanci na Middle Peninsula ( Gloucester da Matthews ), a fadin Kogin York daga Virginia Peninsula.

## Tarihi

### Binciken Sipaniya
A farkon ƙarni na 16, masu binciken Sipaniya su ne Turawa na farko da suka ga Tekun Chesapeake, wanda suka kira *Bahía de Madre de Dios* ko *Bahía de Santa Maria.*  Suna neman hanyar Arewa maso Yamma zuwa Indiya da Gabas. &#x5B; ** &#x5D; Sun sanya wa ƙasar da ake kira Virginia suna,  .
### MANAZARTA
Wali Rahmani

**Wali Rahmani** (5 Yuni 1943 - 3 Afrilu 2021) masanin addinin Sunni ne kuma masanin kimiyya wanda ya kafa Rahmani30. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Bihar daga 1974 zuwa 1996.  Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban sakatare na All India Muslim Personal Law Board da Sajjada Nashin na Khanqah Rahmani a Munger .

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Wali Rahmani ga Minatullah Rahmani, masanin addinin Musulunci wanda ya taimaka wajen gano Hukumar Shari'ar Musulmi ta Indiya. Kakansa Muhammad Ali Mungeri na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Nadwatul Ulama . 

An nada Rahmani Sajjada Nashin na Khanqah Rahmani, a Munger, a cikin 1991 bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need]

Shah Imran Hasan ya rubuta tarihin Rahmani mai taken *Hayat-e-Wali* . 

Rahmani's spiritual chain goes back to Fazle Rahman Ganj Muradabadi. [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed]

Rahmāni ya mutu a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 2021 daga COVID-19 .   Umrain Mahfooz Rahmani, Sakataren Hukumar Shari'a ta Musulmi ta Indiya ne ya jagoranci addu'ar jana'izarsa.

## Ra'ayoyi
A watan Yunin 2015, Rahmani ya bayyana cewa, "Surya Namaskar (tsarin yoga) bai kamata ya zama tilas ba a makarantun gwamnati, kamar yadda Musulunci ya ba da izinin yin sujada ga Allah kawai".

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* All India Muslim Personal Law Board
* Barka da zuwa PRAGMATIC
* Wali Rahmani an tsara shi a matsayin Mataimakin CM na Bihar 
* AIMPLB don kauracewa UCC  An adana shi  
* Rahmani Mission
Isar ul-Haq Qasmi

**Isar-ul-Haq Qasmi** (Urdu; ya mutu a shekara ta 1991) Masanin addinin Musulunci ne na Pakistan kuma ɗan siyasa ne, wanda ya kasance memba na Sipah-e-Sahaba kuma ya kasance memba ne na Majalisar Dokokin Pakistan tsakanin 1990 da 1993 wakiltar Mazabar Jhang .

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Qasmi a shekara ta 1964 ga dangin da suka yi ƙaura daga Ambala kuma suka zauna a Samundri, Punjab, a Rarraba, tare da mahaifin da ya yi aiki a Gabas ta Tsakiya na shekaru (kamar yawancin mambobin SSP). Ya yi karatu a madrasas uku a Lahore, kuma da farko ya bi aikin kasuwanci amma sai ya yanke shawarar zama *Khatib* (mai wa'azi) a wani masallacin Okara daga 1985 zuwa gaba, inda ya kuma kafa madrasa, kuma nan da nan zai sami suna saboda rikice-rikice da 'yan sanda na yankin, kafin ya koma Jhang bisa buƙatar Haq Nawaz Jhangvi, don yin wa'azi a ɗayan garuruwan kasuwa na gundumar.

Iyalinsa Punjabi Rajput ne.

## Ayyukan siyasa
An zabe shi a Majalisar Dokokin Pakistan a matsayin dan takarar Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI) a Babban zaben Pakistan na 1990.  Ya samu kuri'u 62,486 kuma ya ci Nawab Amanullah Khan Sial na Pakistan Democratic Alliance (PDA). 

## Kashewa
An kashe shi a shekarar 1991 da ake zargi da mayakan Shia a lokacin wani zabe a Jhang . 

## Dubi kuma

* Azam Tariq
* Haq Nawaz Jhangvi

## Manazarta
Maurice (sarkin sarakuna)

Sarautar Maurice ta damu da kusan yaƙi na yau da kullun. Bayan ya zama sarki, ya kawo yaƙi da Sasanian Farisa zuwa Ƙarshen nasara. Yankin gabashin daular a Kudancin Caucasus ya fadada sosai kuma, a karo na farko a cikin kusan ƙarni biyu, Romawa ba su da tilastawa su biya Farisa dubban fam na zinariya a kowace shekara don zaman lafiya. 

Bayan haka, Maurice ya yi kamfen sosai a cikin Balkans a kan Avars - ya tura su baya a fadin Danube ta hanyar 599. Ya kuma gudanar da kamfen a fadin Danube, sarki na farko na Romawa da ya yi haka a cikin ƙarni biyu. A yamma, ya kafa manyan larduna biyu masu cin gashin kansu da ake kira exarchates, waɗanda *exarchs*, ko mataimakan sarki ke mulki. A Italiya Maurice ya kafa Exarchate na Italiya a cikin 584, ƙoƙari na farko na ainihi da daular ta yi don dakatar da ci gaban Lombards. Tare da kirkirar Exarchate na Afirka a cikin 591 ya kara karfafa ikon Constantinople a yammacin Bahar Rum.

Nasarar Maurice a fagen yaƙi da kuma manufofin kasashen waje an daidaita su ta hanyar matsalolin kudi na daular. Maurice ya amsa da matakai da yawa da ba a yarda da su ba wanda ya ware sojoji da jama'a gaba ɗaya. A cikin 602, sojoji marasa gamsuwa sun zabi wani jami'in mai suna Phocas, wanda ya kwace kursiyin kuma ya ba da umarnin kashe Maurice da 'ya'yansa maza shida. Wannan taron zai zama bala'i ga daular, wanda ya haifar da Yaƙin shekaru ashirin da shida tare da farfadowar Sassanid Farisa wanda zai bar daular biyu sun lalace kafin Nasarar Larabawa. 

Sarautar Maurice wani lokaci ne mai rubuce-rubuce da kyau na zamanin d ̄ a, musamman daga masanin tarihi Theophylact Simocatta . Strategikon, wani jagorar yaki wanda ya rinjayi al'adun soja na Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya sama da shekaru dubu, an danganta shi da Maurice.

## Rayuwa

### Asalin da farkon rayuwa
An haifi Maurice a Arabissus a Kappadocian" id="mwRw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia a cikin shekara ta 539. Mahaifinsa shi ne Paul. Yana da ɗan'uwa ɗaya, Peter, da 'yan'uwa mata biyu, Theoctista da Gordia, wanda daga baya ya zama matar janar Philippicus.[1] An rubuta shi a matsayin mai magana da harshen Girkanci, ba kamar sarakunan da suka gabata ba tun lokacin Anastasius I Dicorus . [1] Tushen Roman na Gabas na zamani suna kiransa ɗan Cappadocian na gida.[1][1] Paul the Deacon, marubucin Lombard na ƙarshen ƙarni na 8, ya kira shi sarki na farko "daga tseren Helenawa". [1][1] Evagrius, yana rubutawa a ƙarƙashin mulkin Maurice, ya bayyana cewa ya gano layinsa zuwa Tsohon Roma, wanda zai iya zama gaskiya ko yaudara.[1] Labarai daga lokutan da suka gabata sun kira shi Armeniya (a cikin ambaton yankunan da suka gabata na Cilician Armenia), amma tarihin wannan da'awar ya yi adawa da masanin tarihi Anthony Kaldellis.[2] [lower-alpha 1]

Maurice ya fara zuwa Constantinople a matsayin *notarius* don aiki a matsayin sakatare ga Tiberius, *ya zo excubitorum* (kwamanda na Excubitors, mai tsaron sarki). Lokacin da aka kira Tiberius *Kaisar* a cikin 574, an nada Maurice ya gaji shi kamar yadda *ya zo excubitorum* .
Stanley Thomas

Sir **Gilbert Stanley Thomas** OBE Ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan ƙasar Birtaniya kuma mai haɓaka gidaje. Ya kafa kamfanin abinci na Peter's Food Services kuma ya mallaki kashi 20% na hannun jari a TBI Airports, har sai da aka sayar da shi a shekarar 2004.

An ba Thomas lambar yabo a bikin tunawa da ranar haihuwarsa ta 2006 saboda "ayyukan da ya yi wa Kasuwanci da kuma ayyukan agaji a Wales".

A shekarar 2019, jaridar Sunday Times ta kiyasta dukiyarsa tare da ɗan'uwansa Peter Thomas CBE  akan fam miliyan 228.  Peter ya mutu a shekarar 2023.

## Takaddama kan sayar da filaye
A shekarar 2015, Ofishin Binciken Kuɗi na Wales ya ba da rahoton cewa masu biyan haraji sun yi asarar miliyoyin fam a sayar da filaye mallakar gwamnati ga kamfanoni mallakar Thomas, ta hanyar tallace-tallacen da ba a tallata su a kasuwa ba. 

Andrew RT Davies, shugaban jam'iyyar Conservative ta Welsh, ya yi tsokaci, "Abin kunya ne kwarai da gaske... miliyoyin fam sun ɓace a hannun jama'a sakamakon wannan sayar da filaye."  Ya yi tsokaci cewa wataƙila ita ce babbar asarar kuɗi ga mai biyan haraji a cikin ciniki ɗaya. 

Ofishin Binciken Kuɗi na Wales ya ba da rahoton cewa Asusun Zuba Jari na Regeneration Investment Fund for Wales mallakar gwamnati ya sayar da filaye 15 a shekarar 2012 kan fam miliyan 21.7 ga South Wales Land Developments (SWLD), wani kamfani da Thomas ke da alhakin ba da kuɗi ga Guernsey. Amma mai kimanta gunduma ya kiyasta cewa kowanne yanki na filaye ya kai fam miliyan 36. 

Bugu da ƙari, an sayar da kimanin eka 120 na gonaki a Cardiff ga SWLD a matsayin sirri kan fam miliyan 2, yayin da darajar ƙasar a kasuwa ta buɗe ya kamata ta kasance kusan fam miliyan 20. Watanni huɗu kacal bayan sayarwar, Majalisar Cardiff ta buga wani tsari wanda ya ƙara darajar kasuwa ta wannan filin zuwa fam miliyan 120 - sau 60 na farashin siyar da filin. 

Rahoton Ofishin Binciken Kuɗi na Wales ya kammala da cewa akwai manyan kurakurai a duk lokacin da ake gudanar da siyar da kaya. Thomas ya ƙi a yi masa tambayoyi don rahoton. 

## Manazarta
Mai Tunanin

The Thinker (Faransa: Le Penseur), na Auguste Rodin, wani mutum-mutumi ne na tagulla wanda ke nuna wani namiji tsirara mai girman jarumi, yana zaune a kan babban dutse, yana jingina gaba, hannunsa na dama ya sanya a cinyarsa ta hagu, tare da bayan hannunsa na hagu yana tallafawa gemu a cikin matsayi mai zurfin tunani da *tunani*. Wannan sanannen furcin "tunanin zurfi" ya sanya hoton daya daga cikin sanannun ayyukan fasaha a duniya. Ya zama alama ce ta tunani; ana amfani da hotuna na siffar a cikin bayanin martaba don nuna falsafar da sauran ayyukan tunani ko introspection.

Rodin ya ɗauki adadi a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikinsa The Gates of Hell wanda aka ba da izini a 1880, amma na farko daga cikin sanannun tagulla da aka yi a 1904, kuma yanzu ana nuna shi a Musée Rodin, a Paris.

Akwai wasu sanannun tagulla 27 da aka sani na adadi, kimanin 185 centimeters (73 in) tsawo, kodayake ba duk an yi su ba a karkashin kulawar Rodin. Sauran nau'o'i daban-daban, da yawa  gyare-gyare, da kuma karatu da gyare- gyare-gine, sun kasance a cikin nau'o-gyare.

## Asalin

Da farko an kira *Mai Tunanin* The Poet (Faransanci: Le Poète), kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na babban kwamiti da aka fara a 1880 don kewaye da ƙofar da ake kira The Gates of Hell . Rodin ya kafa wannan ne a farkon karni na 14 na waka mai suna Divine Comedy na Dante Alighieri, kuma mafi yawan adadi a cikin aikin suna wakiltar manyan haruffa a cikin waka tare da The Thinker a tsakiyar abun da ke ciki a kan ƙofar kuma ya fi girma fiye da yawancin sauran adadi. Wasu masu sukar sun yi imanin cewa da farko an yi niyyar nuna Dante a *Ƙofofin Jahannama*, yana tunani game da babban waka.

Sauran masu sukar sun ki amincewa da wannan ka'idar, suna nuna cewa adadi yana tsirara yayin da Dante ya cika a cikin waka, kuma cewa jikin mutum-mutumi bai dace da adadi na Dante ba.[1] Hoton yana tsirara, kamar yadda Rodin yake son jarumi a cikin al'adar Michelangelo, don wakiltar hankali da shayari.[2] Sauran masu sukar sun zo don ganin siffar a matsayin hoto na kansu. [1] [3] Wannan daki-daki daga Gates of Hell an fara kiransa The Thinker ta hanyar ma'aikatan foundry, waɗanda suka lura da kamanceceniya da mutum-mutumi na Michelangelo na Lorenzo de 'Medici, Duke na Urbino, wanda ake kira Il Pensieroso (The Thinker). [1]

## Manazarta
Yankin Virginia AVA

**Virginia Peninsula** yanki ne na Amurka mai suna American Viticultural Area (AVA) wanda ke kudu maso gabashin Virginia wanda ya ƙunshi gundumomin James City, York, New Kent da Charles City da kuma biranen Poquoson, Hampton, Newport News da Williamsburg masu zaman kansu. Ofishin Harajin Ciniki da Ciniki na Barasa da Taba (TTB) na Ma'aikatar Baitulmali ne ya kafa shi a matsayin AVA na tara da na 258 na jihar a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 2021 bayan ya duba takardar da The Williamsburg Winery ta gabatar, yana ba da shawarar yankin viticultural mai suna "Virginia Peninsula." 

AVA tana gano daga wurin da take a kan yanayin ƙasa na halitta wanda aka sani da Virginia Peninsula, wanda Kogin York, Kogin James, Hampton Roads da Chesapeake Bay suka tsara. Wani lokaci ana kiranta da Lower Peninsula don bambanta ta da wasu yankuna biyu da ke arewa, Tsakiyar Tekun da kuma Northern Neck .

A lokacin da aka gabatar da takardar neman izinin, yankin ya ƙunshi  tare da gonakin inabi guda 5 na kasuwanci da ake nomawa kimanin  .  A cewar takardar, ƙarin  na gonakin inabin nan gaba kaɗan. Bugu da ƙari, akwai wuraren yin giya guda 5 da ke cikin AVA. Takardar ƙarar ta gano abubuwan da suka bambanta Virginia Peninsula AVA a matsayin ilimin ƙasa da yanayinta. 

## Tarihi
Virginia tana da tarihin yin giya ta kasuwanci wadda ta samo asali tun daga farkon mazaunanta.  Kabilun 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma farkon mazauna Turai sun girbe inabin fox na asali daga yankin. Yankin Virginia Peninsula shine wurin da Jamestown mai tarihi ya kasance, wanda aka kafa a 1607, matsugunin farko na Ingilishi a Arewacin Amurka, da kuma Williamsburg mai tarihi, wani gari mai tasiri na mulkin mallaka inda ruwan inabi ke da dogon tarihi. Giya ta yi kyau ga yawancin tsoffin 'yan mulkin mallaka na Virginia. An shigo da waɗannan ruwan inabin daga Faransa, amma a ƙoƙarin tallafawa motsi na gida na lokacin, Williamsburg House of Burgesses ta zartar da "Dokar Sha Biyu" ta buƙaci dukkan gidaje su dasa gonakin inabi a 1619.    Kusa, a kan College Creek, John Johnson (ko Johnston) ya yi amfani da Jockey's Neck don dasa inabi.   A cikin 1760, an gabatar da shawarwari ga Babban Majalisar don ƙarfafa wannan aiki mai amfani. Ta tanadi "ƙarfafa noman gonar inabin, tana mai cewa a ba da £500 a matsayin kyauta ga duk wanda ke samar da mafi kyawun ruwan inabi a adadin da bai wuce 10 ba."  A kusan shekara ta 1807, Thomas Jefferson, wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu sayar da giya a Amurka, ya kafa gonakin inabi guda biyu a gonarsa ta kudu. Manufarsa ta yin ruwan inabi daga gidan gonarsa na Virginia Monticello ta cimma nasara wajen noman nau'ikan inabi na Turai na gargajiya saboda rashin iya sarrafa ɓarkewar baƙi da ƙwarƙwata mai lalata da ake kira phylloxera .  
### MANAZARTA
John Thompson (kwallon kwando)

**John Robert Thompson Jr.** (2 ga Satumba, 1941) A ranar 30 ga Agusta, 2020) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ne na Amurka kuma mai horar da ƙwallon kwando na kwaleji na ƙungiyar maza ta Georgetown Hoyas . Ya zama babban kocin Ba'amurke ɗan Afirka na farko da ya lashe babban gasar ƙwallon kwando ta kwaleji lokacin da ya jagoranci Hoyas zuwa gasar NCAA Division I ta ƙasa a 1984. An shigar da Thompson cikin Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame da National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame .

Thompson ya buga ƙwallon kwando na kwaleji a Providence Friars kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta All-American a 1964. Ya buga wasanni biyu a Ƙungiyar Kwando ta Ƙasa (NBA) ga Boston Celtics, waɗanda suka lashe gasar NBA a dukkan kakar wasa biyu. Thompson ya zama kocin makarantar sakandare a Washington, DC, kafin ya horar da Georgetown na tsawon shekaru 27. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sharhi kan wasanni a rediyo da talabijin bayan ya yi ritaya daga koyarwa. Thompson ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin Ba da Shawara da Jagoranci a Jami'ar Gundumar Columbia (UDC). Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaci a cibiyar 4-H da Ci gaban Matasa a UDC. 

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Thompson kuma ya girma a Washington, DC, kuma ɗan addinin Roman Katolika ne.  Tun yana yaro, mahaifiyarsa ta dage kan tura shi makarantun Katolika don samun damar ilimi da ƙalubalen ilimi. 

A Makarantar Sakandare ta Archbishop Carroll, Thompson ya fito a matsayin fitaccen ɗan wasa, yana buga wasanni uku a jere na Gasar City Championship (1958–60). A shekarar 1959, Carroll All-Mets Thompson, Monk Malloy, George Leftwich da Tom Hoover sun yi nasara a kan Cardozo da ci 79–52. A shekara mai zuwa, Thompson da Leftwich sun jagoranci Lions a kan Ollie Johnson/ Dave Bing sun jagoranci Spingarn, 69–54. A lokacin shekararsa ta ƙarshe, Thompson ya jagoranci Carroll zuwa rikodin 24–0, inda suka kiyaye nasarar da suka samu a wasanni 48 a jere. Carroll ya kammala kakar wasa ta 1960 ba tare da an doke su ba da ci 57–55 a kan St Catherine's Angels of Racine, Wisconsin a Gasar Cin Kofin Kasa ta Knights of Columbus inda Thompson ya zira kwallaye 15 a ƙungiyar tare da ƙara kwallaye 12. 

An zaɓe shi cikin ƙungiyar da ta yi fice a dukkan gasa, kuma daga baya aka naɗa shi a matsayin ɗan wasa na biyu  All-American . 

## Sana'ar wasa
Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Archbishop Carroll, Thompson ya tafi Kwalejin Providence, inda ya buga wasa a ƙungiyar NIT Championship ta 1963 tare da Ray Flynn, kuma yana cikin ƙungiyar gasar Providence NCAA ta farko a shekararsa ta ƙarshe a 1964,  lokacin da Associated Press ta yaba masa saboda ƙungiyar All-American .  Bayan kammala karatunsa, Thompson shine shugaban Friars a kowane lokaci a maki, matsakaicin maki, da kashi na ƙwallo a filin wasa, kuma na biyu a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron baya bayan tsohon abokin wasansa Jim Hadnot . 

## manazarta
Qamar ud Din

**Qamar ud Din** (Urdu) ɗan siyasan Pakistan ne wanda ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Pakistan daga Yuni 2013 zuwa Mayu 2018.

## Ayyukan siyasa
Ya tsaya takarar kujerar Majalisar Dokokin Pakistan a matsayin dan takarar Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA) daga Mazabar NA-269 (Khuzdar)  a Babban zaben Pakistan na 2008 amma bai yi nasara ba. Ya samu kuri'u 15,938 kuma ya rasa kujerar ga Muhammad Usman.

An zabe shi a Majalisar Dokokin Pakistan a matsayin dan takarar Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F)  (JUI-F) daga mazabar NA-269 (Khuzdar) a Babban zaben Pakistan na 2013   Ya samu kuri'u 26,028 kuma ya ci Mir Abdul Rauf Mengal, dan takarar jam'iyyar Balochistan National Party (BNP). 

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin Deobandis

## Manazarta
John Thompson (masanin ilimin kasuwanci)

**John Thompson**, ya kasance Farfesa Roger M Bale na Harkokin Kasuwanci a Jami'ar Huddersfield da ke West Yorkshire, Birtaniya, tun daga shekarar 1997. A shekarar 2009, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Sarauniya don Tallafawa Kasuwanci . 

## Manazarta
Hercules da Zaki na Nemean (Klein)

**Hercules da Zaki na Neme**a wani hoton ne na Hercules yana yaƙi da zaki na Nemea na Max Klein, wanda aka sanya a cikin Kolonnadenhof a waje da Alte Nationalgalerie a Berlin, Jamus.[1]

## Manazarta
Pōhiva Tuʻiʻonetoa

**Pōhiva Tu'i'onetoa** (30 ga Yuni 1951 - 18 Maris 2023) akawu ne kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan Tongan wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin firayim minista na Tonga daga 2019 zuwa 2021.  Tu'i'onetoa ya gaji Semisi Sika, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mukaddashin firayim minista, tun bayan mutuwar ʻAkilisi Pōhiva . 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haife shi a Talafo'ou a ranar 30 ga Yuni 1951,  Tu'i'onetoa ya kammala karatunsa daga Cibiyar Akanta Masu Zaman Kansu ta New Zealand a shekarar 1982, sannan ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Monash a shekarar 1993. Yana da takardar shaidar difloma a fannin gudanar da harkokin kuɗi da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin kasuwanci . Shi ma akawun gudanarwa ne mai takardar shaidar digiri . 

## Sana'a
Tu'i'onetoa ya shiga aikin gwamnati na Tonga a watan Janairun 1979. Shi ne Babban Jami'in Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci na Ma'aikatar Shari'a a Hamilton, New Zealand . Tsakanin 1983 da 2014 ya yi aiki a matsayin Mai Binciken Kuɗi na Tonga. Ya kasance Sakataren Sirri na Sarki Tāufaʻāhau Tupou na IV daga 1987–1988, kuma magatakarda na Majalisar Sirri a wannan lokacin. Bai yi nasara ba a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na Tonga na 2010 .

A babban zaɓen 2014, an zaɓe shi a Majalisar Dokoki ta Tonga don wakiltar mazabar Tongatapu 10. A gwamnatin ʻAkilisi Pōhiva, ya kasance Ministan Aiki, Kasuwanci da Masana'antu, kuma Ministan 'Yan Sanda, Gidajen Yari da Ayyukan Kashe Gobara.  A watan Maris na 2017 an naɗa shi Ministan Kuɗi da Kwastam,  ya maye gurbin Tevita Lavemaau . Ya riƙe wannan matsayin har zuwa Janairu 2018, lokacin da aka naɗa shi Ministan Kuɗi da Tsare-tsare na Ƙasa . 

## Firayim Ministan Tonga (2019–2021)
A ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2019, an zabi Tu'i'onetoa a matsayin firayim minista da kuri'u goma sha biyar yayin da Semisi Sika, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mukaddashin firayim minista, ya samu kuri'u takwas. [1] Sarki Tupou VI ne ya sanar da hakan a hukumance a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 2019. [1] Ya sanar da nadin ministocinsa a ranar 10 ga Oktoba.

A ranar 12 ga Janairu 2021, Tu'i'onetoa ya tsira daga kuri'ar amincewa da aka kada a Majalisar Dokoki, da kuri'u 13 a kan 9. 

An sake zaɓen Tuʻiʻonetoa a majalisar dokoki a zaɓen 2021,  kuma ya sanar da takararsa ta sake tsayawa takara a matsayin firayim minista,   amma daga baya ya janye a matsayin mai neman goyon bayan ʻAisake Eke .   Siaosi Sovaleni ya gaje shi a matsayin firayim minista.  

A ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2022, Kotun Koli ta Tonga ta bayyana rashin cancantar zaɓensa bayan ta gano cewa ya ba wa wata ƙungiyar mata cin hanci ta hanyar ba su Pa'anga 50,000.   An dakatar da hukuncin har sai an ɗaukaka ƙara a ranar 26 ga Mayu, 2022.  A ranar 9 ga Yuni, 2022, an sake gano cewa ya aikata cin hanci a wani ƙarar zaɓe na biyu.   A ranar 9 ga Agusta, 2022, Kotun Daukaka Kara ta soke dukkan ƙarar.  

## Rayuwar mutum da mutuwa
Tuʻiʻonetoa ya mutu a ranar 18 ga Maris 2023 a Amurka, yana da shekaru 71 yayin da yake ziyartar ƙasar saboda dalilai na lafiya.   

### MANAZARTA
Edi Truell

**Edmund George Imjin Fosbroke Truell** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1962) ɗan kasuwa ne mai zaman kansa a fannin hannun jari da fansho na Burtaniya.

Truell ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Durham a shekarar 1984 da digiri a fannin tattalin arziki.  A watan Janairun 2025, asusun saka hannun jari da Truell ke sarrafawa sun yi tayin fam miliyan 245 ga firintar takardar kuɗi ta De La Rue . 

## Manazarta
Rashid Ul Haq Haqqani

**Rashid Ul Haq Haqqani** (Urdu) Masanin addinin Musulunci ne na Pakistan, wanda ke aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Darul Uloom Haqqania .   

Shi ɗan Sami-ul-Haq ne,    jikan Abdul Haq Akorwi, ɗan'uwan Anwar-ul-Saq Haqqani,  ɗan'uwan Hamid Ul Haq Haqqani   kuma kawun Abdul Haq Sani  

Ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Darul Uloom Haqqania bayan kisan dan uwansa, Hamid Ul Haq Haqqani a wani harin bam a shekarar 2025.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin Deobandis

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Mercury da Psyche

**Mercury da Psyche** (Jamusanci: Merkur und Psyche) wani siffar marmara ce ta 1878 ta Reinhold Begas, wanda aka ajiye a ƙofar Alte Nationalgalerie a Berlin, Jamus .

## Dubi kuma

* 1878 a cikin fasaha

## Haɗin waje

*