Rushewar ciki

**Rushewar ciki** shine samar da ramuka a cikin ƙasa wanda ya haifar da cire kayan ta hanyar tsomawa. Ita ce ta biyu mafi yawan dalilin gazawar a cikin madatsar ruwa kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da gazawar madatsar ruwan ƙasa,  wanda ke da alhakin kusan rabin gazawar madadarar ruwa. 

rushewa ciki yana faruwa ne lokacin da dakarun hydraulic da ruwa ke shiga cikin pores da tsagewar kayan a cikin madatsar ruwa da / ko tushe sun isa su cire barbashi kuma su fitar da su daga tsarin madatsar ruwan. Rushewar ciki yana da haɗari musamman saboda babu wata hujja ta waje, ko kuma hujja mai zurfi, cewa yana faruwa. Yawancin lokaci ana iya samun tafkin yashi, amma ana iya ɓoye tafkin a ƙarƙashin ruwa. Dam na iya fashewa a cikin 'yan sa'o'i bayan shaidar lalacewar ciki ta zama bayyananne.

Piping wani abu ne mai alaƙa kuma an bayyana shi azaman ci gaba na rushewar ciki ta hanyar zubowa, yana bayyana a ƙasa a matsayin rami mai fitar da ruwa. Ana haifar da bututu ta hanyar rushewar barbashi daga ƙasa da kuma tare da layin sama zuwa yanayin waje har sai an kafa bututu mai ci gaba.

## Rushewar ciki da tsarin bututu
A cewar Hukumar Kasa da Kasa kan Manyan Dams (ICOLD), akwai hanyoyi huɗu na gazawar gaba ɗaya don rushewar madatsar ruwa da tushe: 

* Ta hanyar bakin tekuRashin ruwa
* Ta hanyar tushe
* Rashin ruwa a cikin tushe
* An haɗa shi da tsarin shiga ciki

Tsarin rushewar ciki yana faruwa a matakai huɗu: farawar rushewa, ci gaba don samar da bututu, rashin daidaituwa, kuma, a ƙarshe, fara fashewa. Har ila yau, an rarraba lalacewar ciki a cikin nau'o'i huɗu, dangane da hanyar gazawar, yadda lalacewar ta fara da ci gaba, da kuma wurin da take:

* Rashin ruwa mai zurfi: ruwa mai zurfa yana rushewa kuma yana fadada tsagewa har sai fashewa ta faru. Rashin zai iya ci gaba zuwa fita (ko da yake gazawar har yanzu tana yiwuwa), amma a ƙarshe ci gaba da lalacewa ya zama bututu ko rami.
* Rushewar baya: an fara shi a wurin fita na hanyar narkewa, wannan nau'in rushewar yana faruwa lokacin da gradient na hydraulic ya isa ya haifar da raguwa da sufuri; bututu yana samuwa a baya daga wurin fita har sai ya fashe.
* Suffusion: yana faruwa a cikin ƙasa tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta. Ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙasa suna lalacewa ta hanyar ramuka tsakanin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta. Ƙasa mai saukin kamuwa da ruwa ana kiranta ba ta da kwanciyar hankali a ciki. Suffusion na iya faruwa ne kawai idan ƙarar da ƙwayoyin da suka fi ƙanƙanta sun fi ƙarancin sararin samaniya tsakanin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin.
* Rushewar hulɗar ƙasa: wani abu da ake kira kwararar takarda yana faruwa a tsakanin ƙwayoyin ƙasa masu laushi da ƙanƙanta. Ruwa yana gudana tare da dubawa tsakanin ƙasa biyu, yana lalata barbashi daga mafi kyawun Layer zuwa cikin Layer mai laushi.

### Rashin hankali
Rashin ruwa yana faruwa ne lokacin da tsagewa ya samo asali a cikin ƙasa. Dole ne tsagewa ya kasance a ƙasa da matakin tafkin, kuma matsin ruwa yana buƙatar kasancewa don kula da bututun buɗewa. Yana yiwuwa ruwa ya kwarara ya sa bangarorin bututun su kumbura, rufe shi kuma ta haka ne ya iyakance lalacewa. Bugu da ƙari, idan ƙasa ba ta da isasshen haɗin kai don kula da tsagewa, tsagewar za ta rushe kuma ɓarkewar ɓarkewa ba za ta ci gaba zuwa tsagewa ba. Rashin da ke ba da damar mai da hankali na iya tasowa saboda dalilai da yawa, gami da:

* Gudun kwarin da ke haifar da matsin lamba a tsaye a gefen madatsar ruwan
* Babban kusurwa a kafaɗar gefen
* Yanayin bambanci (sama da bambancin 0.2%, kusan tabbas ne) 
* Ƙananan ƙididdigar ƙididdiga yayin babban magani (misali saboda ƙarancin ƙuntatawa) 
* Ragewa da gibin da ke kusa da magudanan ruwa ko bangon abutment ko kewaye da bututun ruwa
* Abubuwa daban-daban na muhalli kamar bushewa, zama a lokacin girgizar ƙasa, daskarewa, burrows na dabbobi, ciyayi / tushen.

Ragewa na tsawon lokac ya taso ne daga yaduwar tashar, yayin da budewa na gaba, wanda ya fi yawa, saboda daidaitawar madatsar ruwan ne. Za'a iya kimanta mahimmancin damuwa na hydraulic shear τc da ake buƙata don farawar rushewar leak ta amfani da gwajin dakin gwaje-gwaje, kamar gwajin rushewar rami (HET) ko gwajin rushewa na jet (JET). 

### Rushewar ƙasa a baya

Rushewar baya sau da yawa yana faruwa a cikin ƙasa marar filastik kamar yashi mai kyau. Zai iya faruwa a cikin tushe mai yashi, a cikin madatsar ruwa ko dam, ko a cikin cofferdams a ƙarƙashin matsin ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa yayin gini, wanda ke haifar da unraveling a fuskar ƙasa. Hakanan yana faruwa a cikin rushewar ƙasa da yankuna masu saurin ambaliyar ruwa inda aka damu da gangara.

Rugujewar baya sau da yawa ana nuna shi ta hanyar kasancewar yashi a gefen madatsun ruwa. Gwaje-gwaje daga Sellmeijer da abokan aiki sun nuna cewa rushewar baya ta fara ne a cikin rami ta hanyar ɓangarorin da ke rufe ƙasa mai rushewa (misali ta hanyar tonowa ko ramin ruwa)   sannan kuma ci gaba a cikin yawancin, ƙananan bututu (kasa da 2mm a tsawo) maimakon ɗaya. Tsayawa na bututu ya dogara da kai, kuma da zarar wannan ya fi girma fiye da ƙimar mahimmanci (0.3-0.5 na tsawon hanyar gudana), tashar ta shimfiɗa sama. Bayan wannan, a kowane shugabanci mafi girma fiye da mahimmancin darajar, rushewa yana ci gaba har sai a ƙarshe, bututun ya shiga cikin tafkin sama, a wannan lokacin fashewa ya faru. Don rushewar baya ta faru, madatsar ruwa ko jikin dam dole ne ya samar da kuma kula da 'rufin' don bututun.

### Rashin jinin
Sufusion yana faruwa ne lokacin da ruwa ke gudana ta hanyar ƙasa mai zurfi ko rata, ƙasa marar haɗin kai. Ana jigilar ƙwayoyin da suka fi kyau ta hanyar tsomawa, kuma ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin suna ɗauke da mafi yawan damuwa mai tasiri. Sufusion na iya faruwa ne kawai idan dai ƙwayoyin ƙasa masu kyau sun isa su wuce tsakanin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin kuma ba su cika ramuka a cikin ƙasa mai ƙarancin ƙasa ba. Dole ne saurin kwararar ruwa ya isa ya kai ga jigilar waɗannan ƙwayoyin.

Sufusion yana haifar da karuwar permeability a cikin maɓallin, mafi girman saurin saurin ruwa da yiwuwar fashewar ruwa. Hakanan yana iya haifar da sulhu  idan ya faru a cikin tushe na madatsar ruwan. Ƙasa da ke ƙarƙashin ƙwayoyin cuta suma suna shafar rarrabewa. Hanyar Kenney-Lau sanannen hanya ce don nazarin sufusion, wanda ke amfani da rarraba girman ƙwayoyin don tantance kwanciyar hankali na ƙasa, wanda ke shafar yiwuwar sufusion kai tsaye. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

=== Rushewar ƙasa ===
Rushewar hulɗar ƙasa yana faruwa ne lokacin da takardar gudana (ruwa mai gudana daidai da dubawa) ya rushe ƙasa mai kyau a cikin hulɗa da ƙasa mai laushi. Rashin lalacewa na hulɗa ya dogara da saurin kwarara, wanda dole ne ya isa ya rabu da kuma jigilar ƙwayoyin da suka fi kyau, da kuma ƙwayoyin ƙasa masu kyau da ke iya wucewa ta cikin pores a cikin layin mai laushi. Lokacin da aka fara lalacewar lamba, an kafa rami, wanda ke haifar da raguwar damuwa. Rufin ramin sai ya rushe; ana jigilar kayan da suka rushe wanda ya haifar da rami mafi girma. Tsarin yana ci gaba har sai an kafa rami. Yana yiwuwa ga rami kada ya rushe; wannan zai haifar da ''Rushewar ƙasa''.

Rugujewar hulɗar ƙasa na iya faruwa tsakanin kowane Layer granular da ƙasa mai kyau kamar a cikin laka-dutse, kuma sau da yawa yana haifar da asarar kwanciyar hankali, ƙaruwa a matsin lamba da toshewar Layer mai shiga. Sakamakon gwaji ya nuna cewa kusa da iyakar lissafi, inda ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin zasu iya wucewa tsakanin ƙwayoyin cuta (ma'aunin tacewa), farawa da lalacewa da gazawar sun fi dacewa.

== Rigakafin ta amfani da matattarar ==
Yana yiwuwa a katse tsarin rushewar ciki tare da amfani da matattarar. Filters suna kama barbashi yayin da har yanzu suna ba da izinin zubowa, kuma suna da tsananin gaske kuma sun fi dacewa fiye da ƙasa mai tacewa. Irin tacewa da ake buƙata da wurinsa ya dogara da waɗanne yankuna na madatsar ruwan ne suka fi saukin kamuwa da lalacewar ciki. Kowane tsari, [[Granular filter|Masu tacewa]] suna buƙatar gamsar da sharuɗɗa biyar: 

* **Tsayawa**: mai tacewa dole ne ya iyakance ko ya katse jigilar ƙwayoyin ƙasa.
* Self-filtration: kuma an bayyana shi azaman kwanciyar hankali, tace dole ne ya kasance a ciki.
* **Babu hadin kai**: mai tacewa dole ne bai sami ikon kula da tsagewa ko ikon siminti ba.
* Ragewa: Filin dole ne ya kasance mai isasshen shiga don ba da damar matsin ruwa ya ɓace.
* **Ƙarfi''': Filin dole ne ya iya canja wurin damuwa a cikin madatsar ruwan ba tare da an murkushe shi ba.

## Manazarta