Lucy Shapiro

**Lucy Shapiro** (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1940, Birnin New York) masanin kimiyyar halittu ne na Amurka. Ita farfesa ce a fannin ilmin halitta a makarantar likitancin Jami'ar Stanford . Ita ce Virginia da D.K. Ludwig Farfesa na Binciken Ciwon daji kuma darakta na Cibiyar Beckman don Magungunan Kwayoyin Kwayoyin Kwayar halitta da Kwayoyin Kwalejin Kwalejin . 

Shapiro ya kafa sabon filin a cikin ilmin halitta na ci gaba, ta amfani da microorganisms don bincika mahimman tambayoyi a cikin ilman halitta na ci gaban. Ayyukanta sun ci gaba da fahimtar tushen aikin tantanin halitta da kuma tsara bambancin halittu. Ra'ayoyinta sun sauya fahimtar hanyoyin sadarwar kwayar cuta kuma sun taimaka wa masu bincike su haɓaka sabbin magunguna don yaki da juriya ta maganin rigakafi da cututtukan cututtukani masu yaduwa. A cikin 2013, an gabatar da Shapiro tare da lambar yabo ta Kimiyya ta Kasa ta 2011. don "bincike na farko cewa kwayar cuta tana sarrafawa ta hanyar haɗin kwayar halitta wanda ke aiki a cikin lokaci da sarari wanda ke aiki azaman tsarin injiniya na tsarin da ke haifar da bambancin tantanin halitta kuma a ƙarshe ƙarni na bambancin a cikin dukkan kwayoyin halitta."

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Lucy Shapiro a Brooklyn, Birnin New York, babba cikin 'ya'ya mata uku. Mahaifiyarta malamar makarantar firamare ce kuma mahaifinta, baƙo ne na Ukraine. Ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta New York City ta Music and Arts tare da babban digiri a Fine Arts . 

Shapiro ya shiga Kwalejin Brooklyn tare da manyan digiri biyu a Fine Arts da Biology da kuma niyyar zama mai zane-zane na likita. A matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin girmamawa na gwaji ta sami damar tsara nata tsarin karatun. Tare da ƙarfafawar Theodore Shedlovsky,  ta yi magana game da hanyar ta shiga cikin aji na ilmin sunadarai na girmamawa. A can abubuwan da take so na sararin samaniya da kimiyya sun karfafa juna yayin da take ganin abubuwan da ke cikin sararin samaniya na kwayoyin halitta a cikin nau'i uku. Ta sami A.B. a Fine Arts da Biology daga Kwalejin Brooklyn a shekarar 1962.

A cikin fall 1962 J. Thomas August da Jerard Hurwitz sun hayar Shapiro a matsayin mai kula da dakin gwaje-gwaje a sashen microbiology a Jami'ar New York (NYU) makarantar magani.  Hurwitz ya kasance mai gano RNA polymerase mai dogara da DNA. An ba Shapiro aikin neman RNA-dependent RNA polymerase ta amfani da F2 RNA phage daga Norton Zinder. Ta yi nasara wajen gano aikin enzyme da ke kwafin RNA. A cikin 1963 Shapiro ta zama dalibi mai digiri a NYU tare da Tom August a matsayin mai ba da shawara. Daga baya sashen ya shiga sabon sashen da aka kirkira na ilmin halitta a Kwalejin Magunguna ta Albert Einstein. Shapiro ya kuma halarci darussan bazara a Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) a Long Island .   Shapiro ta sami Ph.D. a Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Albert Einstein a shekarar 1966, tare da rubutun Replication of bacteriophage RNA .  

Shapiro ta wallafa ra'ayoyi game da farkon kwanakinta a Brooklyn da kuma rayuwarta a kimiyya a cikin Journal of Biological Chemistry  da kuma a cikin Annual Review of Genetics . 

## Ayyuka

### Matsayi na ilimi
Shapiro da farko ya shirya yin aikin postdoctoral a wasu wurare, amma Bernard Horecker ya ba shi matsayi a Einstein. Horecker ta ba da shawarar cewa ta ɗauki watanni uku don yin tunani game da tambayoyin mahimmanci da kuma jagorancin rayuwarta ta bincike ta gaba. Shapiro ya gano bayanan matsayi a matsayin mahimmin yanki na bincike, yana tambayar yadda aka tsara bayanan sararin samaniya kuma aka fassara su, don ƙirƙirar ƙungiya mai girma uku na tantanin halitta  da kuma samar da ƙwayoyin 'ya'ya daban-daban ta hanyar rarraba tantanin halitta. Tare da yadda tantanin halitta ke tsara tsarinsa na uku a matsayin mai da hankali,  Shapiro ta kaddamar da nasa dakin gwaje-gwaje a Einstein a shekarar 1967. 

Shapiro ya kasance a Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Albert Einstein daga 1967-1986, a matsayin mataimakin farfesa, mataimakin Farfesa, da farfesa. A shekara ta 1977, ta zama shugabar sashen ilmin halitta  kuma a 1981, darektan sashen kimiyyar halittu na Einstein. A shekara ta 1983,  an sanya mata suna zuwa Lola da Saul Kramer Endowed Chair a cikin Molecular Biology, Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Albert Einstein, NYC. 

Daga 1986-1989, Shapiro ya yi aiki a matsayin Farfesa Higgins da Shugaban Microbiology a Kwalejin Likitoci da Likitoci na Jami'ar Columbia . 

A shekara ta 1989, Shapiro ya zama farfesa kuma ya kafa kujerar sashen ilmin halitta na ci gaba a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Stanford, Stanford, California .  Ta kasance Farfesa Joseph D. Grant a makarantar likita daga 1989-1998,  kafin ta zama Farfesa ta Virginia da D.K. Ludwig na Binciken Ciwon daji a shekarar 1998. A shekara ta 2001 Shapiro ya zama darektan Cibiyar Beckman don Magungunan Kwayoyin Kwayoyin Kwayar Kwayar Kwayoyin Kwalejin Kwalejin Stanford . 

### Matsayi na masana'antu

* 1993-2000: Darakta, Silicon Graphics, Inc.
* 1993-2000: Darakta, SmithKlineBeecham 
* 2000-2006: Darakta, Glaxo Smith Kline
* 2002: An kafa Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Inc. tare da Dokta Stephen Benkovic, Jami'ar Jihar Penn, da Dokta Harley McAdams, Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Stanford.
* 2002: Darakta, Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
* 2008-2012: Darakta, GenProbe, Inc.
* 2012: Darakta, Pacific BioSciences, Inc .  
* 2015: An kafa Boragen, LLC tare da Stephen Benkovic, Gerry Fink da Paul Schimmel 
* 2021: Darakta, 5Metis, Inc.

### Nasarorin da aka samu
Bayan watanni shida a matsayin dalibi na postdoctoral a Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Albert Einstein, an nemi Shapiro ta shiga bangaren kuma ta kafa nata dakin gwaje-gwaje. Da aka tambaye ta abin da ta fi so ta yi aiki a kai, Shapiro ta yanke shawarar cewa ta yi sha'awar yadda za'a iya fassara lambar kwayar halitta guda ɗaya, DNA, zuwa kwayoyin halitta guda uku. Shapiro yana so ya wuce binciken gwajin-tube na abubuwan da aka cire, kuma ya bincika tsarin uku da halayyar ainihin sel masu rai. "Na sami mafi sauki kwayoyin halitta da zan iya, kuma na fara koyon yadda abubuwa da yawa na tantanin halitta masu rai ke aiki tare. "  Ta zaɓi kwayar halitta guda ɗaya, *Caulobacter crescentus*, kuma ta fara ƙoƙarin gano takamaiman hanyoyin halittu da ke sarrafa sake zagayowar tantanin halitta. 

Abin da ita da ɗalibanta suka gano ya karkatar da imani da aka yarda da shi game da ilmin halitta na ƙwayoyin cuta. A cikin kowane zagaye na tantanin halitta, *Caulobacter* ya kasu kashi biyu cikin 'ya'ya mata. Ɗaya, swarmer cell, yana da flagellum mai kama da wutsiya wanda ke taimaka masa yin iyo; ɗayan 'yar tana da tsutsa wanda ke ɗaure shi a farfajiya. Kwayoyin Swarmer sun zama ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci. Kwafin Chromosome da rarraba kwayar halitta suna faruwa ne kawai a cikin sel da aka ɗora. Maimakon ƙunshe da cakuda sunadarai da aka warwatsa daidai, *Caulobacter* guda ɗaya yana kama da masana'anta da aka tsara sosai, tare da takamaiman "injin" da ke tsara kowane mataki a cikin sake zagayowar tantanin halitta don tabbatar da cewa canje-canje suna faruwa a lokutan da suka dace da ci gaba. Ana kwafin DNA sau ɗaya a kowane sake zagayowar ta wani rukuni na kwayoyin. Da zarar an sanya kwafin DNA guda ɗaya a cikin kowane rabi na tantanin halitta, wasu hanyoyin suna ƙuntata tsakiyar tantanin halitta don raba shi zuwa 'ya'ya mata biyu. Shapiro shine mai bincike na farko da ya nuna cewa kwafin DNA na ƙwayoyin cuta yana faruwa a hanyar da aka tsara a sararin samaniya kuma wannan rarrabawar tantanin halitta ta dogara da wannan ƙungiyar sararin samaniya.

A ƙarshen shekarun 1990s, Shapiro da ɗaliban digiri Michael Laub sun sami damar nazarin tushen kwayar halitta na ci gaban sake zagayowar sel kuma saboda haka gano sunadarai guda uku, DnaA, GcrA, da CtrA, waɗanda ke sarrafa halayen lokaci da sararin samaniya masu rikitarwa waɗanda ke shafar yawancin kwayoyin halitta. Tare da Dickon Alley da Janine Maddock, ta nuna cewa sunadarai masu karɓar sun mamaye takamaiman wurare a cikin tantanin halitta. Shapiro da Christine Jacobs-Wagner da Janine Maddock sun nuna cewa siginar phosphokinases ma tana da takamaiman matsayi a sandunan tantanin halitta. A shekara ta 2004, ta amfani da microscopy na lokaci-lokaci da alamun haske, Shapiro ya nuna cewa yankunan chromosomal suna kwaikwayon a cikin tsari da kuma takamaiman wuri, wanda ya haɗa da "mafi girman tsari na sararin samaniya fiye da yadda aka yi tunani a baya".

Ta hanyar nazarin tsarin sake zagayowar tantanin halitta, rarraba tantanin halitta na asymmetric, da bambancin tantanin halitta. Wadannan matakai ne na asali waɗanda ke haifar da duk rayuwa, daga ƙwayoyin cuta guda ɗaya zuwa kwayoyin halitta masu yawa. Tsarin sake zagayowar kwayar halitta ta *Caulobacter* kuma yana nuna kamanceceniya da rarraba kwayar halitta, inda kwayoyin halitta guda biyu suka taso, daya daga cikinsu ya bambanta da kwayar halitta yayin da ɗayan bai yi ba.

Tun daga shekara ta 1995, aikinta tare da Harley McAdams ta yi amfani da fahimta da dabarun bincike daga fagen kewayon lantarki zuwa kwayoyin cuta, don bincika yadda tsarin halittu ke aiki gaba ɗaya. Tsarin lissafi na tushen kwayoyin halitta, musamman, nazarin hanyoyin sadarwar tsari, yana ƙara zama da muhimmanci ga ilmin halitta na tsarin. Binciken tsarin kula da sake zagayowar sel na *Caulobacter* a matsayin na'ura ta jihar yana haifar da fahimtar tsarin sake zagayolar kwayar cuta a matsayin abin da ya faru a cikin tantanin halitta.

A shekara ta 2002, Shapiro ya kafa Anacor Pharmaceuticals tare da masanin kimiyyar lissafi da masanin ilimin halitta Harley McAdams da masanin sunadarai Stephen Benkovic na Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania .  don tsarawa da haɓaka sababbin nau'ikan maganin rigakafi da Magungunan rigakafi. Sun haɓaka sabon nau'in ƙananan kwayoyin da suka haɗa da kwayar halitta ta Boron, kuma sun samar da ɗaya daga cikin sabbin magungunan rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta guda biyu da za a ƙirƙira su a cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata.,  FDA ta amince da shi a matsayin magani ga ƙwayoyin ƙusa, Kerydin . An kirkiro magani na biyu, Crisaborole, don magance cututtukan cututtukani. A cikin 2015, Shapiro, Benkovic, Fink da Schimmel sun kafa Boragen, LLC don amfani da boron da ke dauke da ɗakin karatu don kare amfanin gona.

### Gudanarwa
Shapiro ya ba da shawara ga gwamnatin Clinton da gwamnatin Bush ta biyu. Tana cikin Cibiyar Tsaro da Haɗin Kai ta Duniya a Cibiyar Nazarin Duniya ta Freeman Spogli a Jami'ar Stanford .  Tana da damuwa musamman game da tasirin cututtukan cututtukani masu yaduwa. Akwai batutuwa da yawa da ke sa cututtukan cututtuka masu yaduwa su zama damuwa sosai. Ɗaya daga cikin batutuwan shine ci gaban ƙwayoyin cuta masu tsayayya da maganin rigakafi, waɗanda ke fitowa sakamakon yawan amfani da maganin rigakawa tun daga shekarun 1950. Shapiro yana da hannu a ci gaban magungunan da za su kai farmaki ga wasu kwayoyin cuta da hanyoyin da suke amfani da su na juriya, don hana ƙwayoyin da ke tsayayya da miyagun ƙwayoyi daga tasowa. Wani damuwa shine gabatar da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin yawan mutanen da ba a bayyana su ba a baya, saboda karuwar tafiye-tafiye, fadada yawan jama'a a cikin wuraren da ba a gano su ba a gabata, da Canjin yanayi. Wannan ya haɗa da ci gaban cututtukan zoönotic waɗanda ke tafiya daga ɗayan jinsuna zuwa wani, kamar mura. Don magance ko dai barazanar da ke faruwa ta halitta ko kuma da gangan, yana da mahimmanci a fahimci hanyoyin da ke cikin sel da kuma yawan sel a cikin mahallinsu. Shapiro ya jaddada muhimmancin fahimtar rikitarwa na tsarin rayuwa, da kuma buƙatar sanin cewa tsoma baki na iya samun sakamako ba zato ba tsammani.

## Kyaututtuka da girmamawa

* 2023: Medal din Linus Pauling
* 2020: Dokta na Kimiyya, Honoris Causa, Jami'ar Rockefeller . 
* 2020: Kyautar Dickson a Kimiyya.
* 2017: Mai bincike na Chan Zuckerberg Biohub . 
* 2017: Ɗalibi na Shekara, Kwalejin Brooklyn 
* 2014: Kyautar Pearl Meister Greengard 
* 2013: ASCB Mata a cikin Kwayoyin Kwayoyin Kwayar halitta Kyautar Rayuwa, American Society for Cell Biology 
* 2012: Kyautar Louisa Gross Horwitz, tare da Richard Losick & Joe Lutkenhaus 
* 2012: Kyautar Dean, Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Stanford 
* 2011: Medal na Kimiyya na Kasa 
* 2010: Mai Girma Alumna, Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Albert Einstein 
* 2010: Abbott Lifetime Achievement Award, American Society for Microbiology  
* 2009: Kyautar Kanada Gairdner ta Duniya tare da Richard Losick  
* 2009: John Scott Legacy Medal da Premium, tare da Harley McAdams 
* 2008: Farfesa Hitchcock, UC Berkeley
* 2005: Kyautar Selman A. Waksman a cikin Microbiology 
* 2003: An zabe shi zuwa Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amirka 
* 1994: Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa  
* 1993: Kwalejin Kwalejin Microbiology ta Amurka 
* 1992: Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka  
* 1991: Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa  
* 1983: Mai Girma Ɗalibi, Kwalejin Brooklyn

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Lucy Shapiro Tarihin Magana, wanda Michela Rodriguez ta gudanar, Stanford Historical Society (2016)