Sallie Baliunas

**Sallie Louise Baliunas** (an haife ta a watan Fabrairu 23, 1953)  ƙwararriyar ilimin taurari ce mai ritaya. Ta taba yin aiki a Cibiyar Astrophysics | Harvard &amp;amp; Smithsonian kuma shine Mataimakin Darakta na Dutsen Wilson Observatory daga 1991 zuwa 2003.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Baliunas kuma ya girma a birnin New York da kewayenta. Ta halarci makarantun gwamnati a yankin New York City da makarantar sakandare a New Jersey.  Ta sami BS a cikin ilimin taurari daga Jami'ar Villanova a 1974,  da AM da PhD a cikin astrophysics daga Jami'ar Harvard a 1975 da 1980.    Takardun karatun digirinta an lakafta shi, *Nazarin gani da ultraviolet na stellar chromospheres na Lambda* . 

## Ayyuka
Baliunas ya kasance abokin bincike na Kwalejin Kwalejin Harvard a cikin 1980 kuma ya zama masanin kimiyyar taurari a cikin Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory a Cibiyar Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian a cikin 1989. 

Baliunas ya kuma kasance malami mai ziyara a Kwalejin Dartmouth, farfesa a Jami'ar Jihar Tennessee, kuma ya kasance mataimakin darakta na Mount Wilson Observatory daga 1991 zuwa 2003. 

Ta kasance memba na American Astronomical Society, American Geophysical Union, American Physical Society, Astronomical Association of the Pacific, International Astronomical Union, da Sigma XI. 

Ta yi aiki a duka kwamitin ba da shawara na kimiyya  da kwamitin daraktoci na Cibiyar Marshall,  wanda yanzu ya ɓace mai ra'ayin mazan jiya.

## Astrophysics
Babban abin da Baliunas ya mayar da hankali da farko shi ne binciken astrophysical. Ta yi nazarin bayyane da ultraviolet spectroscopy na taurari; tsari, bambance-bambance, da aiki a cikin taurari masu sanyi; juyin halitta na kusurwar taurari; bambancin hasken rana da canjin duniya; na'urorin adawa; taurari masu kama da Sun. Ta wallafa kadan a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, tare da takardu biyu kawai na astronomy tun 2010.

## Warming na duniya da canjin hasken rana
A shekara ta 1992, Baliunas shine marubuci na uku a kan takardar Nature  wanda ya yi amfani da bambance-bambance da aka lura a cikin taurari masu kama da rana a matsayin kwatankwacin bambance-mbance na baya a cikin Sun. Jaridar ta ce

: "Rana tana cikin wani lokaci mai ban mamaki idan aka kwatanta da irin wannan taurari, wanda ke nufin cewa sake gina rikodin hasken tarihi na baya na iya zama mafi haɗari fiye da yadda aka yi tunani".

A shekara ta 1995, ta shiga cikin takaddamar dumamar yanayi . A cikin watan Janairu na wannan shekarar Cibiyar Tunani ta Marshall Institute ta buga wani bita da ta rubuta musu, "Shin Ayyukan Dan Adam ne Ke haifar da dumamar yanayi?" suna jayayya da rahoton kimantawa na biyu na IPCC da kuma jayayya cewa "an yi karin gishiri game da hasashen yanayin dumamar yanayi a duniya, kuma gudummawar da dan Adam zai bayar ga dumamar yanayi a tsawon karni na 21 zai kasance kasa da digiri daya a ma'aunin celcius kuma mai yiwuwa kadan ne kawai cikin goma na digiri." Ta kammala da ra'ayin cewa "ko da an gane fargabar dumamar yanayi a duniya - damuwar da ba ta samun tallafi a cikin bayanan kimiyya - babu wani gagarumin hukunci na jira a kalla shekaru ashirin kafin daukar matakin gyara don rage hayakin CO 2 a duniya."  Ayyukan Willie Soon da Baliunas, suna ba da shawarar cewa canjin hasken rana ya fi dacewa da bambance-bambance a cikin yanayin iska fiye da kowane nau'i, har ma da matakan carbon dioxide, an ba da shi sosai ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi masu shiga ciki ciki har da Cibiyar Marshall  da Tech Central Station,  kuma an ambata a cikin shahararren jarida.  Baliunas da Ba da da ewa sun zama sananne saboda musun canjin yanayi, kuma a cikin 1997 ta lashe lambar yabo ta Petr Beckmann saboda "mummunan sukar da ake yi game da dumamar yanayi." 

Game da kasancewa da alaƙa tsakanin hauhawar CO2 da canjin yanayi, ta ce a cikin wata kasida ta 2001 tare da Willie Soon:

: Amma shin yana yiwuwa cewa karuwar zafin jiki da aka lura a cikin shekaru 100 da suka gabata shine sakamakon carbon dioxide da ayyukan ɗan adam suka samar? Shaidar kimiyya a sarari ta nuna cewa wannan ba haka ba ne... ma'aunin yanayin yanayi da aka yi ta kayan aikin da aka ɗora a cikin tauraron dan adam da balloons sun *nuna cewa babu wani zafi da ya faru a cikin yanayi a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata*. Wannan shine kawai lokacin da carbon dioxide da mutum ya yi yana zubowa cikin yanayi kuma bisa ga nazarin yanayi, sakamakon yanayin zafi ya kamata ya kasance a bayyane.

Da'awar cewa bayanan yanayi ba su nuna yanayin dumama ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda aka buga bayanan tauraron dan adam da balloon a wannan lokacin sun riga sun nuna yanayin dumamar yanayi (duba rikodin zafin tauraron dan Adam). A cikin maganganun da suka biyo baya Baliunas ta amince da auna dumama a cikin bayanan tauraron dan adam da balloon, kodayake ta yi jayayya cewa dumama da aka lura ya nuna tasirin ɗan adam.

Baliunas ta yi jayayya cewa binciken tasirin ɗan adam akan canjin yanayi ya samo asali ne daga la'akari da kuɗi: "Idan masana kimiyya da masu bincike suna fitowa suna fitar da rahotanni cewa dumamar duniya ba ta da alaƙa da mutum, kuma mafi yawa za su yi da yadda duniyar ke aiki, ba za a sami kuɗi da yawa don nazarin ta ba. "  Ba ta magance la'akariwar kuɗi na kamfanonin makamashi da ke tallafawa wasu abokan aikinta, gami da Willie Soon wanda ya sami sama da dala miliyan 1 daga man fetur da kwal tun shekara ta 2001.

### Rikici game da takardar ''Binciken Yanayi'' ta 2003
 
A shekara ta 2003, Baliunas da injiniyan sararin samaniya Willie Soon sun buga takarda mai bita kan ilimin yanayi na tarihi a cikin *Binciken Yanayi*, wanda ya kammala cewa "karni na 20 mai yiwuwa ba shine mafi zafi ba ko kuma lokacin yanayi na musamman na karni na ƙarshe. " Tare da Ba da daɗewa ba, Baliunas ya bincika alaƙar tsakanin canjin hasken rana da yanayin zafi na yanayin duniya. Lokacin da akwai karin Sunspots, jimlar fitowar hasken rana tana ƙaruwa, kuma lokacin da akwai ƙananan sunspots، yana raguwa. Ba da daɗewa ba da Baliunas sun danganta lokacin zafi na Medieval ga irin wannan karuwar fitowar hasken rana, kuma sun yi imanin cewa raguwar fitowar haskakawa ya haifar da Little Ice Age, lokacin sanyaya wanda duniya ke murmurewa tun 1890. 

Yanayin da aka buga takardar ya kasance mai kawo rigima, wanda ya haifar da damuwa game da tsarin bita na masu bugawa. Wani tawaye na edita a cikin *Binciken Yanayi* ya biyo baya, tare da rabin editoci goma na mujallar daga ƙarshe sun yi murabus. Mai bugawa daga baya ya bayyana cewa masu sukar sun ce ƙaddamar da takarda "ba za a iya kammala shi da gamsarwa daga shaidar da aka bayar" kuma cewa mujallar "ya kamata ta nemi sake dubawa mai dacewa kafin bugawa" 

## Rashin Ozone
A cikin 1995, Baliunas ya ba da shaida a gaban Kwamitin Kimiyya na Majalisar Dokokin Amurka kan Makamashi da Muhalli cewa CFCs ba su da alhakin raguwar ozone .  Wani labarin da Baliunas ya rubuta da Ba da daɗewa ba a cikin 2000 don Cibiyar Heartland, mai ra'ayin ra'ayin mazan jiya da kuma 'yancin ra'ayin jama'a, ya inganta ra'ayin cewa lalatawar ozone maimakon CO 2 watsi zai iya bayyana yanayin zafi. 

## Kyaututtuka da girmamawa

* 1977-1979 - Amelia Earhart Fellowship, Zonta International 
* 1979 - Kyautar Donald E. Billings a cikin Astro-Geophysics, Jami'ar Colorado 
* 1980-1985 - Langley Abbot Fellowship, Smithsonian Institution 
* 1987 - Kyautar Alumni Medallion, Jami'ar Villanova 
* 1988 - Kyautar Bok, Jami'ar Harvard
* 1988 - Kyautar Newton Lacy Pierce a cikin Astronomy, American Astronomical Society  
* 1991 - Daya daga cikin fitattun mata masana kimiyya na Amurka, Mujallar DiscoverGano mujallar
* 1993-1994 - Wesson Fellow, Jami'ar Stanford 
* 1997 - Kyautar Petr Beckmann, Likitoci don Shirye-shiryen Bala'i 

## Manazarta