Tashin tsaunukan Pan-Afirka

**Tashin tsaunuka na Pan-Afirka** ko kuma **Pan-African orogeny** jerin manyan Neoproterozoic orogenic al'amurran da suka shafi samuwar supercontinents Gondwana da Pannotia game da Shekaru miliyan 600 da suka wuce.  Wannan orogeny kuma ana kiransa da **Pan-Gondwanan** ko **Saldanian Orogeny** .  Orogeny na Pan-African da Grenville orogeny sune mafi girman sanannun tsarin orogenies a Duniya.  Jimlar ɓawon nahiya da aka kafa a cikin orogeny na Pan-African da Grenville orogeny ya sa Neoproterozoic ya zama lokacin tarihin Duniya wanda ya samar da mafi yawan ɓawon nahiyoyi. 

## Tarihi da kalmomi
Kalmar *Pan-African* ta kasance ta  ne ya ƙirƙira ta don taron tectono-thermal a kusan 500 Ma lokacin da jerin bel na wayar hannu a Afirka suka samu tsakanin tsofaffin cratons na Afirka. A lokacin, an yi amfani da wasu kalmomi don irin abubuwan da suka faru na orogenic a wasu nahiyoyi, watau *Brasiliano* a Kudancin Amirka; *Adelaidean* a Ostiraliya; da *Beardmore* a Antarctica.

Daga baya, lokacin da farantin tectonics ya sami karbuwa gabaɗaya, kalmar *Pan-African* ta kasance tana ƙarawa zuwa duk babban nahiyar Gondwana. Saboda samuwar Gondwana ya ƙunshi nahiyoyi da dama kuma ya tashi daga Neoproterozoic zuwa farkon Palaeozoic, *Pan-African* ba za a iya la'akari da orogeny guda ɗaya ba,  amma a maimakon haka wani zagaye na orogenic wanda ya haɗa da buɗewa da rufe manyan tekuna da dama da kuma haɗuwa da wasu tubalan nahiyoyi da dama. Bugu da ƙari kuma, abubuwan da suka faru na Pan-African sun yi zamani da Cadomian orogeny a Turai da na Baikalian orogeny a Asiya, kuma ɓawon burodi daga waɗannan yankunan sun kasance wani ɓangare na Pannotia (watau Gondwana lokacin da aka fara farawa) a lokacin Precambrian. 

Ƙoƙarin daidaita bel na Afirka ta Pan-African da bel ɗin Brasiliano na Kudancin Amirka a wancan gefen Tekun Atlantika yana da matsala a yawancin lokuta.

## Belin Pan-African

Belin Orogenic na tsarin Pan-African sun haɗa da:

* Garkuwar Arabian-Nubian, tana ƙetare daga Habasha zuwa kudu maso yammacin Levent, tana da alaƙa da buɗewar Tekun Ja. 
* Belin Mozambique, yana ƙetare daga gabashin Antarctica ta Gabashin Afirka zuwa Garkuwar Arabian-Nubian, ya samu ne sakamakon haɗuwar faranti yayin lokacin orogeny na Pan-African.  Tekun Mozambique ya fara rufewa tsakanin Madagascar-India da craton na Congo–Tanzania tsakanin shekaru miliyan 700 zuwa 580 da suka wuce, kuma ya kammala rufewa tsakanin shekaru miliyan 600 zuwa 500 da suka wuce. 
* Belin Zambezi yana raba daga Belin Mozambique a arewacin Zimbabwe kuma yana ci gaba zuwa Zambia. 
* Belin Damara yana bayyana a Namibia tsakanin craton na Congo da Kalahari, kuma yana ci gaba zuwa kudu zuwa Gariep da Saldania, sannan arewa zuwa Kaoko. An kafa shi ne sakamakon rufewar Tekun Adamastor da Tekun Damara, kuma yana ƙunshe da abubuwa biyu masu alaƙa da mummunar kankara da ta nufi kusantar da kankara zuwa layin daidai gwargwado kamar yadda ra'ayin Duniya Kankara ya nuna. 
* Lufilian Arc watakila cigaba ne na Belin Damara daga Namibia wanda ya haɗu a arewacin Botswana. Wata babbar laima ce da ta kai har zuwa kudu na DRC da Zambia. 
* Belin Gariep da Saldania suna gudana a gefen yamma da kudu na Craton na Kalahari. Haka ma sakamakon rufewar Tekun Adamastor ne, kuma sun ƙunshi kayan teku, tsaunuka masu fitowar ruwa (seamounts), da ophiolites da aka tarawa a gefen Kalahari kimanin shekaru miliyan 540 da suka wuce. Sun haɗa da dutsen granite a Sea Point, Cape Town wanda Charles Darwin ya ziyarta a 1836. 
* Belin Kaoko yana raba arewa maso yamma daga Belin Damara zuwa Angola. Haka ma, an samar da shi ne sakamakon rufewar Tekun Adamastor, kuma yana da wata babban yankin tangarda da ake kira Puros lineament wanda aka kiyasta yana tsakanin shekaru miliyan 733 zuwa 550 da suka wuce a kudancin Angola. Yana ƙunshe da tsoffin duwatsu masu shekaru miliyan 2030–1450 waɗanda aka nakasa ƙwarai, waɗanda ake tsammani sun fito daga Craton na Congo, tare da granitoid gneisses na ƙarshen Archaean da ba a san asalinsu ba. Ba a san wani tsibirin arc ko ophiolite daga Belin Kaoko ba. 
* Belin Yammacin Congo sakamakon fashewa ne tsakanin shekaru miliyan 999–912 a gefen yammacin Craton na Congo, wanda aka biyo da ƙirƙirar tudu wanda aka jingina da shi tsakanin shekaru miliyan 900–570. A yammacin belin, tsoffin duwatsu na Palaeo da Mesoproterozoic sun mamaye jerin gadojin tudu. Yana ƙunshe da tarkacen kankara masu kama da waɗanda ke cikin Lufilian Arc kuma yana da alaƙa da Belin Araçuaí a Brazil. 
* Belin Trans-Saharan mai tsawon km 3000 yana gudana a arewa da gabas na Craton na Yammacin Afirka wanda ya wuce shekaru miliyan 2000 da suka wuce, yana kewaye da garkuwar Tuareg da ta Najeriya. Yana ƙunshe da tsoffin duwatsu da aka nakasa ƙwarai kafin Neoproterozoic da duwatsun teku na Neoproterozoic da ke ɗauke da ophiolite, yashi masu haɗuwa, duwatsun arc da kuma duwatsun da suka samu matsin lamba sosai da aka gano daga shekaru miliyan 900–520. 
* Belin Afirka ta Tsakiya tsakanin garkuwar Congo da Najeriya sun ƙunshi duwatsun Neoproterozoic da tsoffin granitoids masu lanƙwasawa da ke haɗe da wedges na tsohon bene na Palaeoproterozoic. Yankin kudu ya samo asali ne daga haɗuwar ƙasashe, inda aka ɗaga shi a kan Craton na Congo. Sashen tsakiya da arewa kuma sune wuraren turawa da lanƙwasawa waɗanda aka danganta su da irin waɗanda ake da su a Brazil. Belin na Afirka ta Tsakiya yana ci gaba zuwa gabas a matsayin Belin Oubanguide, wanda ke hade da su don ƙirƙirar Yankin Lanƙwasa na Afirka ta Tsakiya. 
* Metacraton na Saharan tsakanin tsaunukan Hoggar da kogin Nilu yana ƙunshe da tsohon tushe na Archaean-Palaeoproterozoic wanda Pan-African granitoids suka mamaye. 
* Belin Rokelide yana bi tare da gefen yamma na garkuwar Man ta Archaean a kudancin Craton na Yammacin Afirka. An lanƙwasa shi ƙwarai lokacin orogeny na Pan-African tare da matsayi mafi girma da aka kai kimanin shekaru miliyan 560 da suka wuce, kuma ana iya ɗauka a matsayin belin haɗawa. 

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