Rosa Bonheur

**Rosa Bonheur** (an haife ta **Marie-Rosalie Bonheur** ; 16 Maris 1822 - 25 Mayu 1899) wata mai zane ce 'yar Faransa da aka fi sani da mai zane-zanen dabbobi ( animanière ). Ta kuma yi sassaka a cikin salon gaskiya .  Zane-zanenta sun haɗa da *Ploughing in the Nivernais*,  an fara nuna su a Salon a 1849, kuma yanzu a Musée d'Orsay da ke Paris, da *The Horse Fair* (a cikin Faransanci: *Le marché aux chevaux* ),  wanda aka nuna a Salon a 1853 (an gama a 1855) kuma yanzu yana cikin Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Metropolitan a birnin New York . An yi la'akari da Bonheur a matsayin fitacciyar mai zane-zanen mata na ƙarni na sha tara. 

An ce Bonheur ta kasance lesbian a bayyane, yayin da ta zauna tare da abokin aikinta Nathalie Micas sama da shekaru 40 har zuwa mutuwar Micas. Bayan haka ta zauna tare da mai zane na Amurka Anna Elizabeth Klumpke . [1] Koyaya, wasu suna tabbatar da cewa babu wani abu da ke goyan bayan wannan hasashe.[2]

## Ci gaban farko da horo na fasaha
An haifi Bonheur a ranar 16 ga Maris 1822 a Bordeaux, Gironde, yaro mafi girma a cikin iyalin masu zane-zane.[1] Mahaifiyarta Sophie Bonheur (née Marquis), malamin piano; ta mutu lokacin da Rosa ke da shekaru goma sha ɗaya. Mahaifinta shi ne Oscar-Raymond Bonheur, mai zane-zane da zane-zane wanda ya karfafa baiwar 'yarsa ta fasaha.[2] Kodayake asalin Yahudawa ne, dangin Bonheur sun bi Saint-Simonianism, ƙungiyar kirista ta gurguzu wacce ke inganta ilimin mata tare da maza.[3] 'Yan uwan Bonheur sun hada da masu zane-zane na dabbobi Auguste Bonheur da Juliette Bonheur, da kuma mai zane-zane Isidore Jules Bonheur. Francis Galton ya yi amfani da Bonheurs a matsayin misali na "Genius na gado" a cikin rubutunsa na 1869. [4]

Bonheur ta koma Paris a shekara ta 1828 tana da shekaru shida tare da mahaifiyarta da 'yan uwanta, bayan mahaifinta ya riga su kafa zama da samun kudin shiga a can. Ta hanyar asusun iyali, ta kasance yarinya marar biyayya kuma tana da wahalar koyon karatu, kodayake za ta zana sa'o'i da fensir da takarda kafin ta koyi magana. Mahaifiyarta ta koya mata karatu da rubutu ta hanyar tambayar ta zabi da zana dabba daban-daban ga kowane harafi na haruffa. Mai zane ya yaba da ƙaunar da take da ita na zana dabbobi ga waɗannan darussan karatu tare da mahaifiyarta.

A makaranta, sau da yawa tana da rikici kuma an kore ta sau da yawa. Bayan da ya gaza koyo tare da mai sutura yana da shekaru goma sha biyu, mahaifinta ya fara horo a matsayin mai zane. Mahaifinta ya ba ta damar bin sha'awarta wajen zanen dabbobi ta hanyar kawo dabbobi masu rai zuwa ɗakin karatu na iyali don karatu.

Biye da tsarin karatun gargajiya na makarantar fasaha na lokacin, Bonheur ta fara horo ta hanyar kwafin hotuna daga zane-zane da kuma zane-zane. Yayin da horar da ita ta ci gaba, ta yi nazarin dabbobin gida, gami da dawakai, tumaki, shanu, awaki, da sauran dabbobi a cikin makiyaya a kusa da Paris, filayen Villiers kusa da Levallois-Perret, da kuma Bois de Boulogne. A shekara goma sha huɗu, ta fara kwafin zane-zane a Louvre. Daga cikin masu zane-zane da ta fi so sune Nicolas Poussin da Peter Paul Rubens, kodayake ta kuma kwafe zane-zanen Paulus Potter, Frans Pourbus the Younger, Louis Léopold Robert, Salvatore Rosa, da Karel Dujardin. 

## Nasarar farko da ci gaban aiki

Babban nasarar Bonheur ta farko za a iya danganta shi da The Horse Fair, wanda aka fara nunawa a Salon na Paris a 1853. An fara zanen ne a shekara ta 1851 kuma an kammala shi a shekara ta 2015. Ya auna takwas da goma sha shida feet (2.4 da 4.9 m)  kuma yana nuna kasuwar da aka gudanar a Paris, a kan titin da ke kusa da itace na Hôpital, kusa da Asibitin Pitié-Salpêtrière, wanda ke bayyane a bayan zane. Akwai raguwar da za a iya samu a cikin National Gallery da ke Landan. Bonheur ta kasance tana nuna aikinta a Salon na Paris na shekaru da yawa kafin ta nuna The Horse Fair, tana samun lambobin yabo da ƙaramin yabo. Wannan har ma ya haifar da kwamishinan Ploughing a cikin Nivernais daga jihar, wanda aka nuna a 1849 kuma yanzu ana nuna shi a cikin Musée d'Orsay da ke Paris. Saboda The Horse Fair da ke haifar da muhawara da jayayya tsakanin masu sukar da masu tarawa lokacin da aka fara nuna shi a Salon na Paris, ya ba da damar Bonheur ta ƙirƙiri hoton jama'a kuma ta saka kanta cikin duniyar fasaha ta duniya. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan muhawara ita ce Comte de Nieuwerkerke (1811 - 1892) ya nuna cewa jihar ta ba da izinin Bonheur don ƙirƙirar aikin, kodayake babu wani takarda da aka sani don tallafawa wannan ma'anar, kuma Bonheur kanta ta shiga cikin ƙoƙarin lalata shi. A shekara ta 1856, Bonheur ta yi tafiya zuwa Ingila da Scotland tare da Micas, inda ta sadu da Sarauniya Victoria, John Ruskin, da sauran manyan masu zane-zane na Burtaniya. A Scotland, ta kammala zane-zane da karatu don ayyukan da suka biyo baya kamar Highland Shepherd, an kammala shi a 1859, The Highland Raid, an kammala ta a 1860, da sauran zane-zane. Wadannan ɓangarorin sun nuna hanyar rayuwa a cikin Highlands na Scotland wanda ya ɓace ƙarni daya da suka gabata, kuma yana da babban roƙo ga ƙwarewar Victorian.

Bonheur ta nuna aikinta a Fadar Fine Arts da Ginin Mata a baje kolin Columbian na Duniya na 1893 a Chicago, Illinois .  A cikin 1889 da 1890, ta haɓaka abota da masanin zane-zane na Amurka Cyrus Dallin, wanda ke karatu a Paris. Tare suka yi tafiya zuwa Neuilly a wajen Paris don zana dabbobin da kuma jefa Buffalo Bill Cody's Wild West Show a sansanin su. A cikin 1890 Bonheur ya zana Cody a kan doki. Ayyukan Dallin daga wannan lokacin, "A Signal of Peace" za a kuma nuna shi a Birnin Chicago a 1893 kuma ya zama babban mataki na farko a cikin aikinsa.

Kodayake ta fi shahara a Ingila fiye da a asalinsa Faransa, Empress Eugénie ta yi mata ado da Legion of Honour na Faransa a 1865, kuma an inganta ta zuwa Jami'in Order a 1894.  Ita ce mace ta farko da aka ba ta wannan lambar yabo.

## Gudanarwa da kasuwa don aikinta
Bonheur was represented by the art dealer Ernest Gambart (1814–1902). It's unknown when the two of them first met, but by 1854, the two were on close terms. Gambart served as a friend, sponsor, and promoter for Bonheur's work and went to great lengths to ensure her work would be pushed to wider audiences. By 1855, Gambart had bought *The Horse Fair* for forty thousand francs so that he could display the painting in an exhibition of French art located in England. Through this exhibition, Bonheur's work was recognized by several English critics, such as William Rossetti, who commented on it positively. Regardless of the positive attention that Bonheur's work gained, she still received backlash for the fact that she was a woman artist. But through *The Horse Fair* being displayed in England, even at one point being moved to Buckingham Palace for a brief time to be studied by Queen Victoria, it erased all doubts that Bonheur's work was made by herself and paved the way for her success.

An halicci zane-zane da yawa na aikin Bonheur daga haifuwa ta Charles George Lewis (1808-1880), ɗaya daga cikin masu zane-zane mafi kyau na ranar.

A shekara ta 1859, nasarar da ta samu ta ba ta damar komawa Château de By kusa da Fontainebleau, ba da nisa da Paris ba, inda ta zauna har tsawon rayuwarta. Gidan yanzu gidan kayan gargajiya ne da aka keɓe mata.

## Rayuwa da gado
Mata galibi ana ilimantar da su ne kawai a matsayin masu zane-zane a zamanin Bonheur, kuma ta hanyar zama irin wannan mai zane-zane mai cin nasara ta taimaka wajen buɗe ƙofofi ga mata masu zane-zanen da suka bi ta.

An san Bonheur da sanya tufafin maza;  ta danganta zaɓinta na wando ga yadda za su yi aiki tare da dabbobi (duba Rational dress). 

Ta zauna tare da abokin aikinta na farko, Nathalie Micas, sama da shekaru 40 har zuwa mutuwar Micas, kuma daga baya ta fara dangantaka da mai zane na Amurka Anna Elizabeth Klumpke .  A lokacin da yawancin jami'an Faransa suka dauki lesbianism a matsayin dabba kuma suka haukace shi, Maganar Bonheur game da rayuwarta ta kasance mai ban mamaki.

A cikin duniyar da ake nuna bambancin jinsi,  Bonheur ya karya iyakoki ta hanyar yanke shawarar sanya wando, riguna, da igiyoyi, kodayake ba a cikin hotunan da aka fentin ba ko hotunan da aka sanya. Ba ta yi haka ba saboda tana so ta zama namiji, kodayake a wasu lokuta tana kiran kanta a matsayin jikan ko ɗan'uwa lokacin da take magana game da iyalinta; maimakon haka, ta nuna kanta da iko da 'yanci da aka tanada ga maza. Har ila yau, ta watsa shirye-shiryen jima'i a lokacin da ra'ayin lesbian ya kunshi mata waɗanda suka yanke gashin kansu, suka sa wando, kuma suka sha sigari. Rosa Bonheur ta yi duka uku. Bonheur ba ta taɓa bayyana a bayyane cewa ita 'yar luwaɗi ce ba, amma salon rayuwarta da kuma yadda ta yi magana game da abokan aikinta mata sun nuna wannan. Bonheur, yayin da yake jin daɗin ayyukan da aka tanada ga maza (kamar farauta da shan sigari), yana kallon zama mace a matsayin wani abu mafi girma fiye da duk abin da mutum zai iya bayarwa ko kwarewa. Ta kalli maza a matsayin wawaye kuma ta ambaci cewa maza kawai da take da lokaci ko kulawa da su ne bijimai da ta zana.

Daga 1800 har zuwa 2013, an haramta mata a Paris, Faransa, su sa wando ba tare da izinin 'yan sanda ba, tare da kaɗan kawai. An dakatar da wannan a lokacin yakin duniya na da kuma bayan haka, amma a lokacin Bonheur, har yanzu batun ne. A cikin shekarun 1850, Bonheur ta nemi izini daga 'yan sanda don sanya wando, saboda wannan shine tufafin da ta fi so don zuwa kasuwannin tumaki da shanu don nazarin dabbobin da ta zana.

Having chosen to never become an adjunct or appendage to a man in terms of painting, she decided she would be her own boss and that she would lean on herself and her female partners instead. She had her partners focus on the home life while she took on the role of breadwinner by concentrating on her painting. Bonheur's legacy paved the way for other lesbian artists who didn't favour the life society had laid out for them.

Tare da sauran masu zane-zane na ainihi na karni na 19, don yawancin karni na 20 Bonheur ya fadi daga fashion, kuma a cikin 1978 wani mai sukar ya bayyana Ploughing a cikin Nivernais a matsayin "an manta da shi gaba ɗaya kuma da wuya a janye shi daga mantuwa"; duk da haka, a wannan shekarar ya kasance wani ɓangare na jerin zane-zane da gwamnatin Faransa ta aika wa China don baje kolin da ake kira "The French Landscape and Peasant, 1820-1905". Tun daga wannan lokacin, an sake farfado da sunanta.

Rosa Bonheur Memorial Park wani makabartar dabbobi ne da ke Elkridge, Maryland, wanda aka kafa a 1935, kuma yana aiki sosai har zuwa 2002.

Masanin tarihin fasaha Linda Nochlin na 1971 da ya sa babu wata babbar mata masu zane-zane? , an dauke shi rubutun farko ga tarihin fasaha na mata da ka'idar fasaha ta mata,  ya ƙunshi wani sashi game da kuma mai taken "Rosa Bonheur".

Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan Bonheur, Monarchs of the Forest, an sayar da shi a gwanjo a cikin 2008 don sama da $ 200,000.

Don girmamawa ga mai zane, guinguettes hudu na Paris suna ɗauke da sunan Rosa Bonheur . An buɗe na farko a cikin 2008 a cikin Parc des Buttes-Chaumont . Virginie Despentes ta ambaci shi a cikin jerin litattafansa, Vernon Subutex . Na biyu a cikin 2014 a kan bankunan Seine a Port des Invalides, na uku a cikin 2017 a Asnières-sur-Seine, kuma na huɗu a cikin 2021 a cikin Bois de Vincennes, gidan Rosa Bonheur Modern Team (RBMT) na ƙungiyoyin wasanni daban-daban da ƙungiyar motsa jiki. Kowane wuri na hudu na Rosa Bonheur gida ne ga ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta harsuna da yawa, wanda aka fi sani da "Viens Chanter Bonheur," wanda mawaƙi da mai zane-zane Damien Bousquet ke jagoranta.

A ranar 16 ga Maris 2022, Google ta girmama Bonheur tare da Doodle don yin bikin cika shekaru 200 da haihuwarta. Doodle ya kai kasashe biyar: Amurka, Ireland, Faransa, Iceland da Indiya.

## Ayyukan tarihin rayuwa

The first biography of Bonheur was published during her lifetime: a pamphlet written by Eugène de Mirecourt, *Les Contemporains: Rosa Bonheur,* which appeared just after her Salon success with *The Horse Fair* in 1856. Bonheur later corrected and annotated this document.&#x5B;**&#x5D;

Littafin 1905 Women Painters of the World (wanda Walter Shaw Sparrow ya tattara kuma ya shirya) an sanya shi "daga lokacin Caterina Vigri, 1413-1463, zuwa Rosa Bonheur da yau".

Anna Klumpke, abokiyar Bonheur ce ta rubuta labarin na biyu a shekarar karshe ta rayuwarta. Tarihin Klumpke, wanda aka buga a 1909 a matsayin Rosa Bonheur: sa vie, son oeuvre, Gretchen Van Slyke ne ya fassara shi a 1997 kuma aka buga shi a matsayin Rosa bonheur: Tarihin mai zane-zane (Auto), wanda ake kira saboda Klumpke ya yi amfani da muryar mutum na farko na Bonheur.

Reminiscences of Rosa Bonheur, wanda Theodore Stanton (ɗan Elizabeth Cady Stanton) ya shirya, an buga shi a London da New York a cikin 1910. Ya haɗa da rubuce-rubuce da yawa tsakanin Bonheur da iyalinta da abokai, inda ta bayyana ayyukanta na yin fasaha.

## Jerin ayyukan

* *Ploughing in the Nivernais*, 1849
* *The Horse Fair*, 1852–1855
* *Haymaking in the Auvergne*, 1853–1855
* *The Highland Shepherd*, 1859
* *A Family of Deer*, 1865
* *Changing meadows* (*Changement de pâturages*), 1868
* *Spanish muleteers crossing the Pyrenees* (*Muletiers espagnols traversent les Pyrénées*), 1875
* *Weaning the Calves*, 1879
* *Relay Hunting*, 1887
* *Portrait of William F. Cody*, 1889
* *The Monarch of the herd*, 1868

## Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

## Dubi kuma

* Rosa Bonheur Memorial Park
*  (Rosa Bonheur Prize)
* Women artists

## Manazarta

## Abubuwan da aka samo asali
 

## Ƙarin karantawa

* Dore Ashton, *Rosa Bonheur: Rayuwa da Labari*. Hotuna da Kalmomi na Denise Browne Harethe. New York: Littafin Studio / The Viking Press, 1981 NYT ReviewBinciken NYT
* Catherine Hewitt, *Art ne a Tyrant: The Unconventional Life of Rosa Bonheur .* UK An buga ta Icon Books Ltd a cikin 2020.
* Isabella Zuralski-Yeager, "Tedesco Frères Selling Rosa Bonheur: An Inquiry into Dealers" Stock Books. " The Getty Research Journal, vol. 16, 2022, https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/721990.

## Haɗin waje

* Joseph J. Rishel, "Barbaro bayan Hunt by Marie-Rosalie Bonheur (W1900-1-2) [maɓallin mutu na dindindin]," a cikin John G. Johnson Collection: Tarihi da Ayyukan da aka Zaɓa [maɓalli na dindada], littafin dijital na Philadelphia Museum of Art kyauta.
* Ta yaya Faransa ke amfani da caca don tallafawa adana tarihi, rahoton PBS Newshour na 2020 tare da al'amuran ciki na ɗakin BonheurGidan aiki
* 20 artworks by or after Rosa Bonheur a cikinFasahar Burtaniyashafin yanar gizon
* Rosa Bonheur - Binciken Artcyclopedia
* Rosa Bonheur - Bayanan tarihin Rehs Galleries da hoton zane-zanen ta Couching Lion, 1872
* Rosa Bonheur Yin shuka a cikin Nivernais (1849). Tattaunawar bidiyo game da zanen daga smarthistory.khanacademy.org
* ''Rayuwa ba tare da Yarjejeniya ba'' - Tarihin Rosa Bonheur, zane-zane da rubuce-rubuce a kan Tarihin Fasaha na Trivium
* ''Art da birnin daular: New York, 1825-1861'', kundin baje kolin daga Gidan Tarihi na Metropolitan (cikakken yana samuwa a kan layi a matsayin PDF), wanda ya ƙunshi kayan akan Bonheur (duba index) 
* "Farin ciki, Rosa,--1822-1899." Library of Congress
* Rosa Bonheura cikin tarin jama'a na Amurka, a shafin yanar gizon Sculpture Census na Faransa
* Portraits of Rosa Bonheura cikinNational Portrait Gallery, London