Bettina Aptheker

**Bettina Fay Aptheker** (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1944)  'yar fafutukar siyasa ce ta Amurka, mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, farfesa kuma marubuciya. Aptheker ta kasance mai himma a cikin ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin jama'a da yaƙi da yaƙi na shekarun 1960 da 1970, kuma tun daga lokacin ta yi aiki wajen haɓaka nazarin mata .

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Shekarun farko da ilimi
An haifi Aptheker a Fort Bragg, North Carolina, ga wani iyali na Yahudawa,  Fay Philippa Aptheker da Herbert Aptheker, 'yan uwan farko waɗanda suka yi aure a Brooklyn. Iyayen biyu 'yan gwagwarmayar siyasa ne; mahaifiyarta, wacce ta yi aure a da kuma ta girmi mijinta da shekaru goma, mai shirya ƙungiyar kwadago ce. Mahaifinta masanin tarihi ne na Marxist, wanda littafinsa na farko game da tawayen bayi ya canza ra'ayoyin da aka yi a baya game da bayin Amurkawa 'yan Afirka . Ya kasance babban mutum wajen canza rubutun tarihin Baƙar fata na Amurka.  Bettina ta girma a Brooklyn, New York, inda iyayenta Yahudawa, 'ya'yan baƙi, suka girma. Aikinta na farko a matashiya shine a gidan WEB Du Bois, wanda abokin mahaifinta ne nagari.

Aptheker ta sami digirinta na farko daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley . Ta kasance mai fafutuka a WEB Du Bois Club, wata ƙungiyar matasa ta ƙasa da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Amurka ke ɗaukar nauyinta, kuma ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar Berkeley Free Speech Movement a lokacin kaka na 1964.

Shekaru goma bayan haka, ta yi ritaya daga fafutukar siyasa ta wani ɓangare kuma ta koma jami'a don yin karatun digiri. A shekarar 1976, ta kammala digirin ta na biyu a fannin sadarwa a Jami'ar Jihar San José, sannan ta fara koyarwa a can.

### Aikin siyasa

Aptheker wakili ne a taron kafa WEB DuBois Clubs na watan Yunin 1964, wata ƙungiyar matasa da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta ɗauki nauyinta, wadda aka gudanar a San Francisco. 

Ta samu karbuwa har ta zama memba a Kwamitin Kasa na CPUSA. Shugabar jam'iyyar California Dorothy Healey ta tuna da ita a cikin tarihin rayuwarta na 1990 a matsayin "daya daga cikin matasa mafi farin jini da suka yi fice a jam'iyyar a shekarun 1960, kuma daya daga cikin mutane mafi dumi da na taba haduwa da su." 

A shekarar 1968, mamayar Soviet a Czechoslovakia ta raba shugabannin CPUSA mai mambobi 120. Duk kwamitin ƙasa, ban da uku, ƙarƙashin jagorancin shugaban jam'iyyar Gus Hall, sun goyi bayan shiga tsakani na tankunan Soviet.  Taron Kwamitin Ƙasa da aka gudanar a ƙarshen mako na Ranar Ma'aikata ya goyi bayan Hall da rinjayen kuri'u biyar da ɗaya.  Duk da haka, Bettina Aptheker ta yi Allah wadai da mamayar, kuma ta kaɗa ƙuri'a tare da tsiraru; ta yi adawa da mahaifinta Herbert Aptheker kan wannan batu.  Ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana na CPUSA, shi da mafi yawan shugabanninta sun kare shiga tsakani na Soviet a Hungary a 1956. 

A shekarun 1970, Aptheker ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kare kanta a shari'ar da aka yi wa Angela Davis, wata kawa da ta daɗe tana aiki kuma 'yar jam'iyyar Kwaminis ce da ake zargi da hannu a yunƙurin George Jackson na tserewa daga gidan yari. Ta kuma rubuta littafi game da shari'ar, wadda aka buga a shekarar 1974.  A shekarar 1977, ta zama mataimakiyar Cibiyar 'Yancin 'Yan Jarida ta Mata (WIFP).  WIFP wata ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta buga littattafai ta Amurka. Ƙungiyar tana aiki don ƙara sadarwa tsakanin mata da haɗa jama'a da nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai na mata.

### Aikin ilimi
Bayan kammala karatun digiri na biyu, Aptheker ta koyar da Baƙar fata da Nazarin Mata a Jami'ar Jihar San José. A farkon shekarun 1980, ta kammala karatun digiri na uku a fannin Tarihin Sani a Jami'ar California da ke Santa Cruz . Tun daga shekarar 1980, ta koyar a sashen Nazarin Mata a can.

### Aure da iyali
A shekarar 1965, Aptheker ta auri abokiyar karatunta Jack Kurzweil, wanda shi ma ɗan gwagwarmayar Kwaminisanci ne. Sun rabu a shekarar 1978 bayan sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu tare. Tun daga watan Oktoba na shekarar 1979, Aptheker ta kasance tare da Kate Miller, abokiyar zamanta. Suna da 'ya'ya uku a tsakaninsu, domin kowacce mace tana da 'ya'ya a aurenta na farko.

## Tunawa da cin zarafin uba
A cikin littafin tarihinta, *Intimate Politics,* (2006), ta rubuta game da girma a cikin gidan masu ra'ayin hagu, a matsayin abin da ake kira " Jariri Mai Ja ." Ta sami tasiri sosai a cikin fafutukar ta ta hanyar iyayenta. Ta kuma yi tsokaci game da ilimin da mahaifinta ya samu. Baya ga jajircewarsa ga kare hakkin 'yan Afirka, ta yi imanin cewa mahaifinta ya yi bikin nuna adawa ga baƙar fata a ƙarƙashin bauta a matsayin yunƙurin "don rama mummunan kunyar da ya yi game da yadda, ya yi imani, Yahudawa suka aikata a lokacin Holocaust." 

Labarin tarihinta ya ruwaito cewa mahaifinta ya yi mata lalata tun tana 'yar shekara 3 zuwa 13. A cikin wani shafi na ra'ayi da aka rubuta bayan an sake duba littafinta, Aptheker ta ce ta yi shiru tun da farko don kare iyalinta.  Tunawa ta fara bayyana a shekarar 1999, bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarta da kuma lokacin da ta fara rubuta tarihin rayuwarta. Lokacin da mahaifinta ya tambaye ta, "Na taɓa cutar da ke tun tana ƙarama?" ta amsa "eh" ta kuma bayyana tasirin motsin rai na maganin da ya yi masa. Ya bayyana baƙin ciki da baƙin ciki, kuma daga ƙarshe suka sulhunta. Tare da shawara, ta gano cewa ta sha wahala a rabuwar aure tun tana ƙarama, kamar yadda a lokacin iyalinta ke cikin mawuyacin hali a lokacin shekarun McCarthy. Bettina Aptheker ta jaddada tausayinta ga mahaifinta. 

Ikirarinta ya haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce mai yawa a cikin al'ummar ilimi saboda matsayin mahaifinta a matsayin malami kuma ɗan gurguzu. An buga wasiƙu da yawa a cikin *The Chronicle of Higher Education ,* wanda ya yi bitar littafinta, da kuma a kan Tarihin Labarai na Jami'ar George Mason .  Wasu masana tarihi sun yi mamakin yadda wannan labarin ya shafi fahimtar mutane game da aikin Herbert Aptheker. Wasu kuma sun yi tambaya game da sahihancin Bettina Aptheker, suna rarraba labarinta a cikin labaran "tunani mai dawo da hankali"  . Masanin tarihi Mark Rosenzweig ya rubuta, "gaskiyar game da Herbert da Bettina ba ta isa gare mu ba."  Masanin tarihi Jesse Lemisch ya rubuta a cikin rubutunsa na biyu game da ce-ce-ku-cen, "Shhh! Kada ku yi magana game da Herbert Aptheker":

Takaddamar ta ci gaba har tsawon watanni. A watan Nuwamba na 2007, masanin tarihi Christopher Phelps ya buga wani bayani a mujallar The Nation . Ya haɗa da sakamakon wata hira da Kate Miller, wacce ta kasance a wurin a lokacin tattaunawar Aptheker da mahaifinta a shekarar 1999 game da cin zarafin, kuma ya tabbatar da labarinta.

## Ayyuka

### Littattafai

* *Babban Kasuwanci da Jami'ar Amurka.* New York: New Outlook Publishers, 1966.
* *Columbia Inc.* New York: WEB DuBois Clubs of America, Mayu 1968.
* *Wariyar launin fata da martani a Amurka: Nazarin Marx guda biyu.* Tare da Herbert Aptheker. New York: New Outlook Publishers, 1971.
* *Hutun Safiya: Shari'ar Angela Davis.* Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1976 
* * .* Tare da Herbert Aptheker. New York: Mawallafan Ƙasa da Ƙasa, 1979.
* *Gadon Mace: Makaloli Kan Kabila, Jinsi da Aji a Tarihin Amurka.* Amherst, MA: Jami'ar Massachusetts Press, 1982 
* *Tapestries of Life: Aikin Mata, Sanin Mata da Ma'anar Rayuwa ta Yau da Kullum.* Amherst, MA: Jami'ar Massachusetts Press, 1989 
* 
* *<nowiki/>'Yan Kwaminisanci a cikin kabad: Rage Tarihin 1930-1990s.* Routledge, Satumba 2022 

### Babi da labarai na littafi

* "Toni Cade Bambara: Rayuwar Siyasa ta Ruhu", a cikin Linda J. Holmes da Cheryl A. Wall, editoci, *[https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt14bt0dw Savoring the Gishiri: Gado na Toni Cade Bambara]*, Temple University Press, 2008. shafi na 1.&nbsp;226–235.
* " Tsayawa Jam'iyyar Kwaminis Daidaito, 1940-1980s ", *Sabuwar Siyasa*, Lokacin bazara 2008, Vol. XII, Lamba ta 1, shafi na 1.&nbsp;22–27.
* " Koyarwa game da Ƙiyayya ga Yahudawa da Gado na Mata Yahudawa ". *Nazarin Mata Kwata*, vol. 21, no. 3/4, 1993, shafi na&nbsp;63–68.
* " Kabila da Aji: Siyasar Ubanni da Kwarewar Mata ". *Nazarin Mata Kwata-kwata*, vol. 10, no. 4, 1982, shafi na 1.&nbsp;10–15.
* "  Abin da Muke Yi Wa Juna Shi Ne Ƙarfi': Rashin Koyon Wariyar Launin Fata a Cikin Nazarin Mata" . *Nazarin Mata Kwata-kwata*, vol. 9, no. 4, 1981, shafi na 1.&nbsp;13–16.

## Lambobin yabo da girmamawa
Aptheker ta sami kyautar "Kyautar Kyau a Ilimi" ta 2004 daga reshen California na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙasa (CA NOW).  A shekarar 2012, an naɗa ta tare da Karen Yamashita a matsayin Shugabar Shugabancin UC a Nazarin Kabila da Ƙabila Mai Tsanani na Mata; matsayin da aka bai wa fitattun ma'aikatan jami'ar da nufin ƙarfafa haɓaka shirye-shirye na sabbin fannoni ko na fannoni daban-daban.  Ta sami kyautar Koyarwa ta John Dizikes a fannin Bil Adama ta 2017  da kuma wanda aka naɗa a karon farko a matsayin Shugabar Shugaban Ƙasa na Nazarin Mata na Gidauniyar Peggy da Jack Baskin. 

## Manazarta