open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Antoine de Thomassin de Peynier

A ranar 1 ga Janairun 1792,Antoine de Thomassin de Peynier ya kasance mataimakin Admiral.A cikin bazara mai zuwa, ya karɓi umurnin Brest Squadron na Sojan Ruwa na Faransa,amma bayan ya sake tunani,ya ƙi shawarar Ministan ￼￼Bertrand-Molleville￼￼.￼

Ya yi murabus daga dukkan mukaman da yake rike da su,kuma ya yi ritaya bayan ya shafe shekaru 48 yana aikin sojan ruwa na Royal.Ya nemi fansho na rayuwa 4,300,wanda bai samu ba.

Bayan faduwar Masarautar da shelar Jamhuriyar a ƙarshen lokacin rani na 1792,Peynier ya yi rantsuwa a gaban jami'in gundumar Orthez,Dutilh,"ya kasance da aminci ga al'umma da kiyaye 'yanci da daidaito ko mutu ta hanyar kare shi".A ranar 1 ga Satumba 1793,ya mayar da Grand Cross of Commander a cikin Order of Saint Louis.Duk da haka, tsakanin ƙarshen 1793 zuwa 1794,an kama shi a gida a Château Orthez.A cikin shaidarsa ga kwamitin juyin juya hali na gundumar Orthez,a cikin wata wasika mai lamba 31 Pluviose An III(9 ga Fabrairu 1795),ya bayyana cewa wannan kama ya samo asali ne daga"matakan zalunci da na gama-gari".

A cikin Disamba 1794,wata daya mahaifinsa ya rasu,Peynier ya koma Aix inda yake fatan dawo da lafiyarsa.A wannan lokacin,ya rasa ganinsa saboda tsohon raunin kansa.

Peynier ya mutu a ranar 11 ga Oktoba 1809 a Arance(yanzu Mont,Pyrénées-Atlantiques).

## Asalin da iyali
Antoine de Thomassin ya fito ne daga gidan Thomassin dangi mai daraja daga Burgundy,wanda aka sani daga karni na 15 kuma yana tushen Provence.Wannan iyali sun kafa rassa da yawa,babban ɗaya shine na Marquis de Saint-Paul.Takwas daga cikin mambobinta sun zama Kansiloli a Majalisar Aix-en-Provence, kuma daya ya zama Shugaban kasa. Wasu biyu kuma sun zama kansiloli a Kotun Auditors na Provence,kuma hudu sun zama babban lauya.

An haifi Antoine de Thomassin a ranar 27 ga Satumba 1731 a Aix-en-Provence Shi ɗan Louis de Thomassin Peynier ne (1705-1794),*Marquis* de Peynier,sau biyu a cikin Karamar Antilles tsakanin 1763 da 1783, da Anne. Dupuy de la Moutte(1705-1785).Iyayensa sun yi aure a ranar 19 ga Maris 1726 a Aix-en-Provence.'Ya'yansu sune:

# Jean-Luc de Thomassin de Peynier (1727-1807), mashawarci, sannan shugaban majalisar Aix-en-Provence (1748), baron na Trets
# Marie Anne Thérèse, an haife shi a 1729 a Peynier
# Alexandre Henry (1729-1736)
# **Antoine de Thomassin de Peynier**
# Marie Gabrielle de Thomassin de Peynier (1733-1772), abbess na Hyères a 1769 ;
# Jacques-Louis-Auguste de Thomassin de Peynier (1734-1815), canon-count of Saint-Victor de Marseille, abbé na Aiguebelle, memba na Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Letres na Marseille ;
# Michel Marie Sextius de Thomassin de Peynier (1736-1765), jarumi, jami'in jiragen ruwa na sarki.
# Madeleine de Thomassin de Peynier (1737-1815), Benedictine nun
# Marie Henriette de Thomassin de Peynier (1739-1800), wanda ya yi aure a 1757 a Aix zuwa Jacques-Henri de Lieuron, squire na Saint-Chamas ;
# Angélique Thérèse de Thomassin de Peynier (1744-1810), wanda ya yi aure a 1770 a Aix zuwa Étienne-François Baudil Senchon de Bournissac (an haife shi 1729, guillotined a 1792).

## Bayanan kula

## Manazarta
Bordj Badji Mokhtar

**Bordj Badji Mokhtar** () birni ne kuma yanki ne a gundumar Bordj Badji Mokhtar,lardin Bordj Badji Mokhtar,a kudu maso yammacin Aljeriya. Dangane da ƙidayar jama'a ta 2008 tana da yawan jama'a 16,437, sama da 9,323 a cikin 1998,  tare da ƙimar haɓakar shekara ta 6.0%, mafi girma a lardin.An ba ta sunan mai fafutukar 'yancin kai na Aljeriya Badji Mokhtar(1919-1954).

Prime Meridian ya wuce kusa da Bordj Badji Mokhtar.

## Geography
Bordj Badji Mokhtar yana kan tsayin a cikin Tanezrouft,kufai kuma galibi a cikin hamadar Sahara. Yankin yana da ƙarancin yawan jama'a tare da ƙauyuka huɗu kawai a cikin ɓangaren Aljeriya (sauran ukun su ne Timiaouine,A Guezzam da Tin Zaouatine ).Ba kamar sauran garuruwan Saharan Aljeriya ba,Bordj Badji Mokhtar ba ya zama a kusa da wani bakin ruwa amma ana samun ruwa daga rijiyoyin da aka haƙa karkashin kasa. 

## Yanayi
Bordj Badji Mokhtar yana da yanayin hamada mai zafi(Köppen weather classification *BWh* ),tare da dogayen lokacin rani mai tsananin zafi da gajere amma lokacin sanyi,da kuma ruwan sama kadan a duk shekara yayin da garin ya kai 38 kawai.&nbsp;mm(1.5&nbsp;in)na ruwan sama. Ana samun ruwan shawa da tsawa lokaci-lokaci daga watan Yuli zuwa Satumba saboda garin ya fada karkashin yankin arewa mai nisa da damina ta yammacin Afirka.
Alexandre de Vincent de Mazade

**Alexandre de Vincent de Mazade**(ko Mazarade;1735 – 1808) sojan Faransa ne wanda ya zama gwamna sau biyu na mulkin mallaka na Faransa na Saint-Domingue tsakanin 1787 zuwa 1789.

## Shekarun farko
An haifi Alexandre de Vincent de Mazade a Saint-Péray,Ardèche,Faransa,a cikin 1735.Mahaifansa su ne Louis de Vincent de Mazade(ya mutu 1779)da Françoise Victoire de Geys de Montguillard.A ranar 31 ga Disamba 1779 ya auri Marie Thérèse Sophie Chappotin (an haife ta 1757)a Port-au-Prince,Saint-Domingue.Matarsa ƴar Creole ce,don haka ya kasance cikin rukunin masu mallakar mallaka.Ya mallaki hannun jari a wani kamfanin sukari a Terrier-Rouge da gonakin kofi da yawa a Lardin Yamma.

Vincent de Mazade ya zama *maréchal de camp.￼￼An* sanya shi jarumi na Order of Saint Louis.￼￼A cikin 1780s ya kasance brigadier a cikin sojojin sarki,shugaba na biyu a Port-au-Prince,kwamandan yammacin tsibirin kuma kwamandan tsibirin Leeward na Faransa( *Îles Sous-le-Vent* )Ya yi suna a soja.

## Gwamnan Saint-Domingue
Vincent ya gaji César Henri,comte de La Luzerne a watan Nuwamba 1787,a matsayin gwamnan riko.Shi ne Gwamnan Santo Domingo daga Nuwamba 1787 zuwa Yuli 1789.   François Barbé-Marbois shi ne *mai niyyar*, ko shugaban gwamnatin farar hula,a wannan lokacin.Ɗaya daga cikin matsalolin da Vincent da Marbois suka fuskanta shine tsananin zalunci da mai shuka Lejeune ya yi wa bayinsa,wanda ya saba wa dokokin Saint-Domingue.Za a iya kallon hukunci a matsayin zargi na cibiyar bauta, kuma zai wulakanta masu shukar a idanun bayinsu.Akwai haɗarin cewa bayi za su ƙi bin umarni,kuma tsarin duka zai rushe.Wannan ba wani keɓantaccen lamari ba ne.Sun ba da umarnin korar mai shukar Maguero saboda laifin cin zarafin bayinsa,kuma sun rubuta cewa akwai wasu shari'o'in da suka fi tsanani,amma ba su da"tsara"da ikirari da mai shuka ya bayar. 

Marie-Charles du Chilleau,Marquis du Chilleau,an nada shi Gwamna Janar a cikin Maris 1788.Bai isa yankin ba har zuwa ƙarshen shekara,kuma ya kasance kawai har zuwa farkon Yuli 1789.An maye gurbin Vincent da Antoine de Thomassin de Peynier a watan Agusta 1789.

## Daga baya aiki
Vincent de Mazade shi ne kwamandan yankin arewacin yankin a shekarar 1789. Ya yi haƙuri da tawaye na Jean-Jacques Bacon de la Chevalerie,amma ya narkar da Majalisar tawaye ta Saint-Marc,ko Léopardins,a cikin 1790.  

Vincent de Mazade ya mutu a Saint-Thomas,Haute-Garonne a shekara ta 1808. 

## Bayanan kula

## Manazarta
Farid Ghadry

**Farid Al-Ghadry** ( Larabci : فريد الغادري) (An haife shi a ranar 18 ga Yuni, 1954) ɗan asalin Siriya ne kuma wanda ya kafa jam'iyyar Reform Party ta Siriya a yanzu, jam'iyyar da ke fafutukar neman sauyi a Siriya. An kwatanta Al-Ghadry da Ahmed Chalabi ɗan gudun hijira na Iraqi wanda ya yi kira ga gwamnatin Amurka ta ƙwato ƙasar sa daga hannun Saddam Hussein .
       

## Rayuwar sirri
An haifi Ghadry a birnin Aleppo na ƙasar Siriya, amma a shekara ta 1964 danginsa sun yi hijira zuwa Beirut na kasar Lebanon saboda rikicin siyasa. A can ya halarci Makarantar Brothers ta Maristes (Champville - Deek-el-Mehdi). A cikin shekarar 1975, dangin Ghadry sun yi hijira zuwa Amurka kuma suka zauna a bayan gari na Washington, DC Ghadry ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Amurka da ke Washington DC a cikin shekarar 1979 tare da digiri a fannin kuɗi da tallace-tallace.

Ghadry, saboda aikin mahaifinsa, an ba shi izinin zama ɗan ƙasar Saudiyya. A cikin watan Satumban 2007, shugaban Syria Bashar al-Assad ya soke Ghadry zama dan ƙasar Syria bayan Ghadry ya bayyana a gaban kwamitin harkokin waje da tsaro na Knesset na Isra'ila. 

Ghadry yana da yara huɗu. Ana kuma san shi a Amurka da "Frank Ghadry." Ya yi aiki a Kwamitin Amintattu na Makarantar Norwood a Bethesda, Maryland, kuma ya jagoranci Babban Kamfen na Crew a St. Albans da Makarantun Cathedral na Ƙasa.

## Aiki
Ghadry ya yi aiki a EG&G Intertech Inc., reshen EG&amp;amp;G, ɗan kwangilar tsaron Amurka na Fortune 500, na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin ya fara kasuwancin nasa, International TechGroup Inc., a cikin shekarar 1983. Wannan kamfani ya kasance na Washington kuma ya samar da software don Sojojin ruwa na Amurka don ƙididdige ajiyayyun takardu akan masu jigilar jirage. Ya sayar da wannan kasuwancin a shekarar 1989. A shekarar 1990, ya fara siyan tsoffin kwamfutoci na Soviet da kuma tuɓe su don yin zinare. Sauran kasuwancin sun haɗa da Kamfanin Kofi na Hannibal, jerin shagunan kofi waɗanda suka yi fatara a cikin shekarar 1996.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Daga Hama zuwa Hamas: Manufofin Islama na Siriya, Farid Ghadry, *Cibiyar manufofin Yahudawa kwata-kwata*, Sprint 2009
* Appearances  
* Chalabi na Siriya?, Gary Leupp, Farfesa na Tarihi a Jami'ar Tufts, 24 Disamba 2005
* Shugaban 'yan adawar Syria da ke gudun hijira zai ziyarci Knesset a wata mai zuwa, *Ha'aretz*, 27 ga Mayu 2007
* MKs Larabawa sun kai hari kan shugaban Syria Amnon Meranda, *Ynetnews*, Yuni 11, 2007
Shin ko ka san Ilimi

**Shin ko kansan ilimi** nanufin zaman duniyar  dan adam kalmar ilimi ta fito ne daga harshe lati verb, ilimi na nufin horarwa ko habaka baya da ilimantarwa acikin tarihi munufar ilimantarwa ta bawa yan kananan jama'a damar fahimtar juna da fahimtar al'ummomi.

## Manazarta
Nahajul balaga

**Nahajul balaga** da take nuna girmar Allah da kuma kasawar dan adam ga sanin zatin ubangiji da hikimominsa Allah wanda masu magana suka kasa fadar kalmar yabo da ta cancanta gareshi madaukaki shi ne abin yabo da godewa akowane hali wanan yabo nasa yana kasancewa yabon zuci kona aiki kuma dukkan halitta tana gode masa dai tana sane ko kuma bata saneb.ba mutum halittace mai alajabi allah yayi mutum da tunani hankali to shi allah sabanin hakane sannan kamar yadda bazaa iya sanin zatin ubangiji ba sakamakon bashi da iyaka a samuwarsa da kamalarsa haka nan siffofinsa domin siffofin suna bin zatin
 

## Manazarta
Yusuf Abd. Wahab

**Haji Yusuf bin Abdul Wahab** (Jawi; ɗan siyasar ƙasar Malaysia ne. Ya yi aiki a cikin gwamnati a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Ci gaban Masana'antu (CIDB).

## Sakamakon zaɓen

## Manazarta
Joseph d'Honon de Gallifet

**Joseph d'Honon de Gallifet** (ya mutu a shekara ta 1706) ɗan ƙasar Faransa ne kuma mai gudanar da mulkin mallaka.Ya yi aiki a matsayin Gwamnan Saint-Domingue (yanzu Haiti)daga 1700 zuwa 1703,da Gwamnan Guadeloupe daga 1703 zuwa 1706.Gallifet yayi magana game da gaskiyar buccaneers da zarar ya isa Saint-Domingue.

## Nassoshi
Jerin sarakunan Ife

**Ooni na Ile-Ife** ( **Ọọ̀ni** na **Ile-Ifẹ̀** )shi ne sarkin gargajiya na Ile-Ife kuma shugaban ruhaniya na kabilar Yarbawa.Daular Ooni ta wanzu tun kafin mulkin Oduduwa wanda masana tarihi suka ce ya kasance tsakanin karni na 7-9 miladiyya.

Bayan rasuwar Oduduwa da kuma asarar sarautar Ogun,sansanin goyon bayan Oduduwa ya watse daga Ile-Ife.Wani labari amma bai yi daidai da hujjojin da ake da su ba ya nuna cewa da gangan Ogun ta tura duk ’ya’yan Oduduwa tafiye-tafiye daban-daban don aiwatar da fadada yankin Yarabawa.

Koma dai menene,bayan gajeriyar sarautar Oduduwa,Obatala ya sake zama sarkin Ile-Ife kuma aka rika juya gadon sarautar tsakanin gidajen Obatala da Obalufon har sai da Oranmiyan ya dawo wanda ya katse tsarin gadon sarautar a takaice.Shahararren tarihi kamar yadda ya danganta Ooni Lajamisan da Oranmiyan a matsayin dansa.Duk da haka,al'adar Ife ta nuna cewa Lajamisan ya kasance zuriyar Oranfe. Duk da haka,ana yawan cewa Lajamisan ya buɗe tarihin Ife na zamani.

Kafin karni na 20,tsarin maye gurbin Ooni ya kasance mai ruwa.Duk da haka,tare da zamani da ya zo da mulkin mallaka,an tsara tsarin maye gurbin zuwa ga ainihin Majalisun Mulki guda huɗu daga Ooni Lafogido,Ooni Osinkola, Ooni Ogboru da Ooni Giesi. An soki tsarin sosai saboda siyasa,cin zarafi na sirri da kuma ɓarna tarihi.Misali,yayin da aka ce ukun na farko ‘ya’yan Ooni Lajodogun ne, wasu mutanen da ake ganin‘yan uwan Ogboru ne,ko dai an cire su gaba daya ko kuma a ci su.Ooni na yanzu shine Adeyeye Enitan Ogunwusi Ojaja II (an haifi Oktoba 17,1974).

## Marubuta daban-daban suna da jeri iri-iri
Tushen tushen tarihin Yarbawa sun fito ne daga al'adar baka.Al’adun Ile-Ife na baka sun nuna cewa Oranfe Olofin ne kuma shi ma Obatala wanda ake ganin ya mallaki Are (kambin Ife).Tun da ba a sami karatun biki na jerin Oonis (a lokacin jana'iza ko lokacin rawani),a haƙiƙa akwai hadisai na baka da yawa, waɗanda suka haifar da adadin rubuce-rubuce daban-daban da ba a saba gani ba.A cikin abin da ke biyo baya,#nn shine fihirisar Ooni a cikin **jerin A** (duba tebur,shafi **LA** ).Duk da haka, littattafan da ake da su sun fitar da Oranfe da Obatala daga jerin sarakunan Ile-Ife.

### Littattafai da takardun bincike

# Ojo Bada 1954ya kawo sunaye 15 na zamanin Oduduwa zuwa Lajamisan.Duba shafi na **5** .
# Cif Fabunmi 1975 ya kawo sunaye 7 a lokaci guda.  Duba shafi na **6** . Cif Fabunmi sananne ne da bayanan tarihi. 
#:
# Cif Fasogbon 1976 ya kawo sunaye 12 na wannan lokacin. Duba shafi na **7**.
# Cif Awosemo 1985 ya kawo sunaye 22 daga Oduduwa zuwa Giesi. Duba shafi na **8.**
# Eluyemi 1986 ya kawo sunaye 41 daga Oduduwa zuwa yau. Duba shafi na **9.**

## Manazarta
Laurent de Valernod

**Laurent de Valernod** (1669 - 24 ga Mayu 1711) ɗan mulkin mallaka ne na Faransa wanda ya kasance gwamnan Grenada daga 1708 zuwa 1710, sannan gwamnan Saint-Domingue har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1711.

## Sana'a
Laurent de Valernod ya kasance mutumin Dauphine.Shi ɗan Hugues de Valernod ne,seigneur de Fay da Anne de Mistral (1633-1687).An yi masa baftisma a ranar 21 ga Agusta 1669 a Saint-Valier,Drôme, Faransa.Laurent de Valernod ya shiga soja kuma ya zama kyaftin na gurneti.  Ya zama jarumi ga Order of Saint Louis .

## Gwamnan Grenada
A cikin 1709 Valernod ya maye gurbin M.de Bouloc, Gwamnan Grenada,wanda ya mutu a shekara1708.Tsibirin yana ƙarƙashin Martinique a wannan lokacin.Ya bar ofis a cikin 1710 kuma Chevalier de Maupeou-Ribaudon (ya mutu a shekara ta 1725),jami'in sojan ruwa ne ya maye gurbinsa.

## Gwamnan Saint-Domingue
A ranar 22 ga Satumba 1710 sarki ya ba Valernod umurnin Tortuga da bakin tekun Saint-Domingue.  Wasiƙar 23 Satumba 1710 ta gaya wa François-Joseph, comte de Choiseul-Beaupré cewa sarki ya sauke shi daga aikinsa na gwamnan Saint-Domingue.Har ila yau,a ranar 23 ga Satumba 1710 Secrétariat d'État à la Marine ya rubuta wa Valernod yana sanar da shi nadinsa a matsayin gwamnan Saint-Domingue a madadin Choiseul,kuma ya rubuta wa *mai gabatar da kara* Jean-Jacques Mithon de Senneville akan wannan batu. .Haruffa na 24 Disamba 1710 sun tattauna sake tsara tsarin gudanarwa na Saint-Domingue, haɗin gwiwa tare da Mithon,gudanar da shari'a da tsare-tsaren da injiniyan Cauvet ya yi don karu a Petit-Goave.Wasiƙar 6 ga Fabrairu 1711 ta tattauna batun kiyaye hanya,buccaneers,horo na Negros da sauran batutuwa.

An karɓi Valernod a Le Cap a ranar 7 Fabrairu 1711 da majalisar Petit-Goâve a ranar 5 ga Mayu 1711.aiki a gare su, a kan zafi na samun undeclared negros kwace.Valernod ya mutu a Petit-Goâve a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1711.Jean-Pierre de Charitte ya zama gwamnan rikon kwarya. 

## Manazarta
Paul-François de La Grange d'Arquien

**Paul-François de La Grange**,comte d'Arquien (ko Arquian,Arquyan; c. 1670 - 4 May 1745)wani jami'in sojan ruwa na Faransa ne kuma mai kula da mulkin mallaka.Ya kasance gwamnan wucin gadi na Saint-Domingue (yanzu Haiti)a 1712-1713.

## Iyali
Paul-François de La Grange,Comte d'Arguien,shi ne ɗan fari na Antoine de la Grange,Comte d'Arguien,vicomte de Soulangis,na farko chamberlain na Philippe I,Duke na Orléans,da Louise Charpemtier.Kakansa shine Jean-Jacques de la Grange,ɗan'uwan Henri Albert de La Grange d'Arquien,wanda shine mahaifin Marie Casimire Louise de La Grange d'Arquien (1641-1716).Marie Casimire ta zama sarauniyar PolandYa auri Lucrece Jouffelin-Melforts(ya mutu 26 Yuli 1717 yana da shekara 42),uwargidan shugaban kasar Marie Casimire Louise de La Grange,a ranar 12 ga Afrilu 1706.Sun haifi 'ya'ya maza uku da mace daya.

## Sana'a
Arquien ya zama jarumi na Order of Saint Louis,kyaftin na jirgin ruwa( *capitaine de vaisseau* )da kuma laftanar sarki a gwamnatin Aunis.A cikin Oktoba 1711 ya kasance kwamandan tsibirin Grenada.Arquien an nada shi gwamnan tsibirin Sainte Croix a ranar 1 ga Satumba 1711 a madadin M.de Charite,kuma shi ne kwamandan babban Tortuga,Cap François (yanzu Cap-Haïtien)da kuma bakin tekun Saint-Domingue.A ranar 29 ga Yuni 1712 aka nada shi gwamnan rikon kwarya na Saint-Domingue.Majalisar Cap François ta karbe shi a ranar 29 ga Agusta 1712.A wannan watan ya sami labari daga Faransa cewa an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ta kawo karshen tashin hankali tsakanin Faransa da Ingila.A ranar 13 ga Maris 1713 ya ba da wata doka ta hana siyan itace daga baƙar fata da kuma sayar da eau de vie ga baƙi. 

Louis de Courbon, comte de Blénac was named governor of Saint-Domingue in place of Nicolas de Gabaret on 1 October 1712, and was received by the Council of Cap François on 13 June 1713.
Arguyan resumed his post at the Cap-Français, which he commanded as Governor of Sainte-Croix.
Arguyan has issued an inexplicable ordinance under which the inhabitants required his written permission to sell their houses.
Blénac promptly cancelled this order.
La Cap was the main town and capital of the colony at the time, but the church was wooden and poorly built.
On 28 March 1715 Arquien laid the first stone of a new church,and by 22 December 1718 the new masonry building was consecrated.
He was still Governor of Le Cap in November 1722.
Charles Joubert de La Bastide

**Joseph Joubert Charles La Bastide**,jarumi kuma marquis na Chateaumorand (ko Château-Morand), jami'in sojan ruwa ne kuma mai kula da mulkin mallaka Faransanci a ƙarni na sha bakwai da sha takwas.Ya kasance gwamnan Saint-Domingue tsakanin Janairu 11,1717,da Yuli 10, 1719,da Laftanar-Janar na Sojojin Ruwa (1 Nuwamba 1720). Shi ne Knight na St. Louis, kuma Knight na Royal Order of Our Lady of Dutsen Karmel da Saint Li'azaru na Urushalima .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Shi ɗan Annet Joubert La Bastide,Conde Chateaumorand († 1699) da Francoise de Costentin Tourville,'yar'uwar Marshal de Tourville. Daga cikin 'yan uwansa,an bambanta biyu a hidimar sojojin Sarkin Faransa:Francis Annet Joubert de la Bastide,Marquis na Chateaumorand,da kyaftin,da Jean Francois Joubert La Bastide,Marquis na Chateaumorand,Laftanar Janar na sojojin Sarki kuma shugaban St.Louis.

Neveu de Tourville,ya shiga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na kawunsa a cikin 1672,yana aiki tare da kawunsa a duk yakin.Ya shiga yakin League of Augsburg kuma musamman a ranar 29 ga Mayu,1692,a yakin La Hogue.

An nada shi Knight a St.Louis ta Sarki a cikin 1693,a cikin gabatarwa na farko.A shekara mai zuwa,ya mamaye Toulon.A cikin 1699,bayan mutuwar ɗan'uwansa mafi girma, Francis Annet, ya zama Marquis na biyu na Chateaumorand.

D'Iberville ya koma Faransa a shekara ta 1697,inda Ma'aikatar Sojan Ruwa ta zabe shi a matsayin shugaban wani balaguro don sake gano bakin Mississippi da Louisiana don yin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya.Chateau-Morand ne ke da alhakin rakiya.

Jirgin ruwan Faransa ya tashi daga Brest Oktoba 24, 1698.Bayan watanni uku a teku,sun isa tsibirin fuskar Santa Rosa,a Pensacola,Florida, Janairu 25,1699, wani birni na Spain. D'Iberville ya watsar zuwa Mobile Bay,kuma ya fara binciken Tsibirin Massacre,daga baya aka sake masa suna Dauphin Island .Ya tsaya tsakanin Cat Island da Ship Island a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu,1699, kuma ya ci gaba da bincikensa zuwa babban yankin,a Biloxi,tare da ɗan'uwansa Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville.A ranar 20 ga Afrilu,Castle-Morand,wanda ya zo kawai don raka Iberville,ya ɗauki jirginsa hanyar Turai .

A 1702,ya zama kyaftin.  A cikin bazara na 1704,yayi magana zuwa mashigin Gibraltar.A ranar 24 ga watan Agusta na wannan shekarar,a yakin ruwa na Vélez-Málaga, ya ba da umarni ga Perfect,jirgin ruwa mai bindigogi 74 a cikin rukunin yaƙi karkashin jagorancin Comte de Toulouse,Admiral na Faransa.

A cikin 1705,an ɗaga albashinsa zuwa fam 2400 a kowace shekara.An kara masa girma zuwa matsayin Admiral a 1712.Ya gaji Charles Courbon a matsayin gwamnan Saint Dominguedaga Janairu 28,1716,zuwa Yuli 1718.An maye gurbinsa a ranar 1 ga Satumba,1718, ta M. Sorel.Ya kai matsayin Laftanar-Janar na sojojin ruwa a 1720.

## Mutuwa
Ya mutu a Paris ranar 3 ga Yuni, 1722.

## Manazarta
Léon de Sorel

**Léon de Sorel**,  marquis de Sorel (1655 - 4 Nuwamba 1743)wani jami'in sojan ruwan Faransa ne kuma mai kula da mulkin mallaka wanda ya kasance gwamnan Saint-Domingue a 1719-1723.

## Iyali

Léon marquis de Sorel (1655-1743) ya fito daga iyali daga Bailiwick na Noyon.Iyayensa sune Charles,seigneur de Villiers da Jeanne du Montel.Ya kasance jikan Robert de Sorel da Antoinette des Essarts,kuma babban jikan Florent de Sorel.A ranar 23 ga Maris 1699 a Rennes ya auri Marie Louise Marguerite de Marnière.Suna da ɗa,Charles Gilles Léon (2 Janairu 1701 - 24 ga Mayu 1767).A cikin 1708 ya auri Catherine Allain,gwauruwar Cosme de Séran.Yarsa Marie-Catherine ta yi aure a 1729 zuwa Jacques-Etienne-Louis Texier, Comte d'Hauteville,kyaftin na sojoji. 

## Sana'a
Léon marquis de Sorel,ya zama kyaftin na Sojojin Navarre.A ranar 3 ga Janairun 1693 an nada shi mai kula da sojojin ruwa a Brest,tare da mukamin kyaftin na jirgin ruwa (*capitaine de vaisseau* ),daya daga cikin irin wadannan sufeto uku a cikin sojojin ruwa.A ranar 1 ga Satumba 1718 aka nada Sorel gwamna janar na Saint-Domingue,wanda ya gaji Charles Joubert de La Bastide,marquis de Chateaumorand.Majalisar ta karbe shi a Le Cap (Cap-Haïtien)a ranar 10 ga Yuli 1719,da majalisa a Léogâne a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 1719.

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da Sorel ya isa Saint-Domingue,ya amince da wani shiri da injiniyan soja Amédée-François Frézier ya yi na maye gurbin baraguzan bariki a Le Cap-Français da sabon gine-ginen katafaren gini, da kuma wasu gine-gine kamar rumbun adana foda da ma'ajiyar sarki. Duk da haka,majalisar ta kuma amince da kashe kudaden,kuma masu mulkin mallaka ba za su iya ba.Sorel ya himmatu sosai don aikin da za a yi,kuma daga ƙarshe mai kula da harkokin kuɗi, Jean-Jacques Mithon de Senneville,ya amince ya tallafa masa.An fara ginin bariki tun daga watan Janairu 1720, ta amfani da dutse da aka shigo da shi azaman ballast daga Faransa.A watan Agusta 1721 bariki ya kusa kammalawa. Jimlar kudin ya kasance *livres* 500,000, kuma kasafin mulkin mallaka ya ƙare.

A cikin 1723 Gilles, comte de Nos de Champmeslin (c.1653-1726) an nada shi babban kwamandan dukkan tekuna,tsibirai da babban yankin Kudancin Amurka, yayin da Étienne Cochard de Chastenoye,gwamnan Le Cap,aka nada gwamnan wucin gadi- Janar na Saint Domingue.A ranar 6 ga Disamba 1723 Gaspard Charles de Goussé,chevalier de La Rocheallart ya maye gurbin Sorel.An nada Sorel kwamandan Order of Saint Louis.
Pierre, Marquis de Fayet

**Pierre, marquis de Fayet** (ranar 11 ga Yuli 1737)kwamandan sojojin ruwan Faransa ne.Yana aiki a matsayin Kyaftin a sojojin ruwa na Sarki Louis XV,Pierre ya bambanta da kasancewa memba na Order of St.Louis,kuma daga baya ya zama Gwamna Janar na mulkin mallaka na Faransa na Saint-Domingue.

## Gwamna
Sarki Louis XV ya nada Pierre Saint-Dominigue sabon Gwamna-Janar a cikin Yuli 1732,bayan mutuwar Marquis de Vienne a cikin Fabrairu.Tun farkon mulkinsa,Pierre ya kawo doka don yaƙar karuwar yawan bayi na Afirka da ke shiga cikin 'yan tawayen Maroon .

## Mutuwa
Pierre ya mutu a Petit-Goâve a ranar 11 ga Yuli 1737.Étienne Cochard de Chastenoy ya gaje shi a takaice a matsayin mukaddashin Gwamna-Janar kafin zuwan Marquis de Larnage.

## Iyali
Pierre de Fayet ya auri Catherine Olivier.Ɗansu, Alain-Pierre,kuma ya zama memba na Order of St.Louis.

## A cikin shahararrun al'adu
Pierre de Fayet ya bayyana a matsayin babban dan adawa a cikin wasan bidiyo na *Assassin's Creed: Freedom Cry*,wanda ke nuna shi a matsayin gwamna maras kyau da rashin tausayi tare da rashin son bayi,wanda yake mu'amala da shi da tsangwama kuma yana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗan adam kuma ba zai iya kai kansa ba. - mulki. Jarumi Adéwalé,Assassin kuma tsohon bawa ne ya kashe shi a shekara ta 1737.
Louis Cane

An haife ta a shekara ta 1943 a Beaulieu sur Mer,Faransa.Shi mai zane ne,sculptor kuma mai tsara kayan daki. 

Louis Cane ta halarci Makarantar Ƙwallon  Ƙwararru a Paris a 1961.

Daga nan ta yi karatu a babbar makarantar koyar da kayan ado da ke birnin Paris kuma ya samu difloma a fannin gine-ginen cikin gida. 

Cane wani ɓangare ne na Ƙungiyoyin Tallafawa/Surfaces a Faransa wanda ya dade daga shekarar  1969 zuwa shekarar 1972 kuma ya kafa tare da gyara Peinture,TheoriquesCahiers. 

A shekarar 1978,ya fara sculpting sake. Sun ƙunshi siffofi na mata a cikin salon gargajiya.

Louis Cane ya mutu a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2024 a Paris.

## Aiki
Cane ya mayar da hankali kan manufar rushe zane. Jerinsa, *Louis Cane artiste peintre français*, ya ci gaba da buga sunansa a kan takarda, yana bincika ra'ayin yin alama na sirri. 

A shekara ta 1970,Cane ya canza zuwa jerin zane-zanen da aka yanke,*da toiles découpées*,wanda ya yi aiki tare da shekaru da yawa.  Tsarinsa na zane-zane ya kasance kamar Jackson Pollock ko Helen Frankenthaler, ta hanyar zana zanen da ba a miƙe a ƙasa
Borgu Game Reserve

**Gandun dajin Borgu** wani sashe ne na  dajin Kainji da ke ƙaramar hukumar Borgu ta jihar Neja da kuma karamar hukumar Baruten ta jihar Kwara a Najeriya. Tana iyaka da gabas ta tafkin Kainji kuma ta kai kusan iyakar Benin zuwa yamma, wanda ya kai .  An haɗa shi da ajiyar Wasan Zugurma a cikin shekara ta 1975 don samar da filin shakatawa na Kainji Lake. 

Wurin ajiyar namun daji na Borgu  ya ƙunshi gandun daji na Borgu da Zugurma kuma yana da wadatar namun daji, da suka haɗa da baboons, duikers, hippopotamuses, hyenas, kobs, roans, da warthogs. 

## Manazarta
Louis de Courbon, comte de Blénac

**Louis de Courbon**, Comte de Blénac,Marquis de Coutré (ya rasu ranar 10 ga Yuli 1722) shi ne gwamnan yankin Faransa na Saint-Domingue daga 1713 zuwa 1716.

## Iyali
Louis de Courbon,Marquis de Coutré,shi ne ɗa na biyu na Charles de Courbon de Blénac,marquis de la Roche-Courbon (ya mutu 10 Yuni 1696),da Angélique de la Rochefoucau.Mahaifinsa ya zama *sansanin maréchal de* a cikin sojojin sarki,a cikin 1669 ya zama kyaftin na jirgin ruwa,kuma a cikin 1677 ya zama gwamna da laftanar janar na tsibirin Faransa da duk ƙasashen Amurka.

Louis de Courbon yana da ’yan’uwa maza da mata tara.Yana yaro ya kasance shafin Sarki Louis XIV na Faransa.Ya shiga sojan ruwa a watan Nuwamba 1675,kuma ya zama kyaftin na jirgin ruwa ( *capitaine de vaisseau* )a cikin Janairu 1689.

## Gwamnan Saint-Domingue

An adana wasiƙun da Sakataren Gwamnati na Sojan Ruwa zuwa Blénac da Jean-Jacques Mithon de Senneville daga Satumba 1712 zuwa *Yuli* 1715.Ya shafi kudi,tanadi,jihar na mulkin mallaka,Yarjejeniyar Utrecht (1713),garu,alƙawura,gunaguni,ƙuntatawa na kasuwanci da dangantaka da Spain (wanda ke mamaye gabashin tsibirin).An ba Blenac tsauraran umarni don hana kasuwancin waje,wanda ke da wahala a Saint-Domingue saboda tsayin daka na bakin teku wanda jiragen ruwa zasu iya jigilar kayayyaki zuwa Jamaica.

A cikin 1713 Brenac da Mithon sun ba da rahoton cewa garin Léogâne,wanda aka kafa shekaru biyu da suka gabata,yana girma cikin sauri.Suna yin iya ƙoƙarinsu don ƙarfafa mazauna garin su yi gini a garin.An yi wahala wajen samun tubali na bariki da mujallu a Léogâne da Petit-Goâve . Lemaire ya fara masana'antar yin bulo akan farashi mai yawa amma ba tare da wani sakamako ba. Ba a samo ƙasa mai kyau ba, kuma tubalin ya rushe cikin ƙanƙanta a cikin ruwan sama. De Champ ya sami kyakkyawan sakamako a Cap Français (yanzu Cap-Haïtien), amma tubalinsa ya fi na Faransa tsada.

A ranar 1 ga Janairu,1714sarki ya sanya hannu kan odar yin tsibiran leeward masu zaman kansu daga tsibiran iska.Wasiƙar 10 Janairu 1714 daga Sakataren Gwamnati na Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta sanar da Blénac game da mutuwar Raymond Balthazar Phélypeaux,babban gwamna na Faransa West Indies.West Indies yanzu za su sami gwamnoni biyu-janar,Blénac a Saint-Domingue, da kuma wani a cikin Windward Islands.Ƙarin haruffa sun tattauna baƙar fata bayi da Compagnie du Sénégal ya aika,haraji,kasuwanci,ƙarancin kuɗi,masana'antun sukari,ka'idojin negro,shari'o'i da fashin teku.Blenac bai cika aiki ba fiye da Duquesne a cikin tsibiran Windward,kuma yana da wahalar bin masu fasa kwauri.Lafiyarsa ba ta iya jure yanayin yanayi na wurare masu zafi,kuma ya nemi a kira shi zuwa Faransa.

Blénac ya koma Faransa a 1716.An maye gurbinsa a matsayin gwamna-janar a ranar 1 ga Janairu 1717 ta Charles Joubert de La Bastide,marquis de Châteaumorand.Blénac ya mutu a Rochefort a ranar 10 ga Yuli 1722.Bai taɓa yin aure ba.

## Bayanan kula

## Manazarta
Annie Evelyn

**Annie Evelyn** mai zanen kayan daki ne kuma mai fasaha da aka sani da ayyukan da ke haɗa sabbin amfani da kayan da ban dariya. Ita ce co-kafa tebur Fights.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Evelyn ta karɓi BFA (1999) da MFA (2007) a cikin ƙirar kayan ɗaki daga Makarantar Zane ta Rhode Island (RISD) a Providence,Rhode Island. 

Evelyn tana zaune a Penland,North Carolina.

## Aiki
"Ƙirƙirar ra'ayi ta hanyar aiki"

Fasahar kayan daki ta Evelyn tana kallon sama da yanayin aiki na masu kera kayan daki wanda aka sani da kujerun sassaka na musamman,wurin zama,da abubuwan da ke aiki azaman kari na jiki.Tana amfani da kayan da ba zato ba tsammani a saman kayan aikinta,kamar furanni na wucin gadi,tile na yumbu,siminti, graphite,da ƙarfe.

"Farin ciki,dariya,da kuma abubuwan da ba zato ba tsammani sun kasance koyaushe a cikin zuciyar aikina,"in ji Evelyn a cikin wata hira da Majalisar Craft ta Amurka.

### Kujeru masu kauri
Aikin farko na Evelyn ta kasance jerin kujerun katako na gargajiya tare da kujerun kujeru na geometric waɗanda aka yi da alama masu wahalla.Kujerun da aka fi sani da kujerun “Squishy”kujerun kujerun suna da alama suna da tsauri,amma a zahiri ana goya su da kumfa don su amsa matsi kamar kayan ado, ta hanyar lanƙwasa don dacewa da jiki.Kujerun an yi su ne da kayan aiki kamar fashe-fashe,guntun katako mai fuska,da sanduna a ƙarshe.Kujeru daga wannan jerin sun sami kulawa bayan da aka nuna su a Baje kolin Kayan Aiki na Duniya a New York a 2015. Yawancin kujerun kujerun an ƙirƙira su ne tare da haɗin gwiwar wasu masu fasaha,kamar tare da kujeru da benci tare da kujerun tayal yumbu waɗanda Shay Bishop ya ƙirƙira. 

### Adon tsaye
Ta rabu da nau'ikan kayan daki na gargajiya,Evelyn ta ƙirƙiri jerin ayyuka masu taken "Adon Tsaya",kayan gini da aka ɗora da bango da aka yi wa ado da kayan ado kamar wardi na karya,ma'aunin ƙarfe,da beads,zai bayyana a matsayin haɓakar jiki lokacin da mutane suka shiga jiki tare da kayan ado.zane-zane.

## Sauran ayyukan jama'a

### Yakin Tebur
Tsakanin 2008 da 2012,Evelyn,tare da haɗin gwiwar Shaun Bullenssun shirya ɗaruruwan kayan wasan kwaikwayo na jama'a inda aka saita zane-zane-zane-zane-zane-zane,na'ura mai sarrafa kansa,da tebur mai sarrafa nesa don yin faɗa a cikin zobe a gaban masu sauraro.An gudanar da abubuwan a New York,Boston,da Providence,Rhode Island.

### ''Dabbobin Dajin Kudu''
Evelyn ta sami yabo na Abokin samarwa don aikinta akan fim ɗin 2012 *Beasts of the Southern Wild* wanda aka yi fim a Louisiana.Ta yi aiki a simintin gyare-gyare da kuma a cikin sashen fasaha a matsayin mai suturar kan layi. 

## Kyaututtuka da karramawa

* Jerin Mawakan Maɗaukaki, James Renwick Alliance (2020) 
* Kyautar EFASO Societyungiyar Furniture Society da aka bayar (2020) 
* Wornick Babban Farfesa Ziyarar Farfesa California College of Arts (2019) 
* Dan wasan karshe, Kyautar Burke don fasahar fasahar studio ta Amurka daga Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha da Zane (2018) 
* Windgate Fellowship Artist a zaune a Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison (2018) 
* John D. Mineck Furniture Fellowship (2016) 
* Mai zane a wurin zama a Makarantar Sana'a ta Penland  (2014-2017)
Henry Atkins (mai tsarawa)

**John Henry Paul Atkins** (Yuli 13,1867-Nuwamba 25,1923) wani mai zanen Irish-Ba'amurke ne wanda ta haɗu da San Francisco,California art gallery Vickery,Atkins &amp;amp; Torrey.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Henry Atkins a Skibbereen,County Cork,Ireland,ɗaya daga cikin yara tara da aka haifa ga mai cinikin masara daga Belfast da matarsa Corkonian. Iyalin sun bar Cork a cikin shekarar  1869 don ƙaura zuwa Egremont a Cheshire,Ingila.Iyalin sun sake komawa cikin 1878 zuwa kusa da Liverpool tare da yawan mutanen Irish.Henry da kansa ya bar gida bayan ƴan shekaru kaɗan.Ya isa yankin San Francisco Bay a cikin 1888,jim kaɗan kafin cikarsa shekaru 21.Dan uwansa, Arthur,ta shiga shi a takaice a cikin 1892 kafin ya tafi nazarin zane-zane a Paris.Arthur ya dawo tare da David,wani ɗan'uwa,a shekarar 1898 amma ya mutu a cikin Janairu 1899 bayan ya kafa sunansa a matsayin sanannen mai zanen California.David ya zama mai kisa a Sonora kafin ya fara kamfanin shigo da kaya.

Henry ya auri Daisy Howard, kuma ya kai ta Ingila a 1900.Sun dawo tare da wasu ’yan uwa biyu,Elsie da Ernest.Ernest ya zauna na watanni goma sha takwas kawai,ya koma Ingila a 1901 don Kirsimeti tare da iyali.Daga nan ya dauki matsayi a Port Said,Misira na tsawon shekaru uku,kuma ya koma California a watan Fabrairu,1905.Wani ɗan’uwa da ’yar’uwa, Herbert da Avesia,sun isa California a watan Yuli,1906.Sauran dangin,ciki har da iyaye,Georgina da Henry,da babbar yarinya,Marion,sun isa a 1908.

## Aiki
Ya haɗu da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 236 Post Street,San Francisco tare da kawunsa William Kingston Vickery da zarar ya isa yankin Bay a 1888.Frederic Cheever Torrey ya shiga su bayan ƴan shekaru.Kasuwancin ya sami ɗan lalacewa a girgizar ƙasa na 1906 kuma daga baya sun buɗe reshe a 550 Sutter Street.Daga farkon mayar da hankali kan mu'amalar fasaha kasuwancin ya faɗaɗa ya haɗa da kayan fasaha,tsara hoto,ƙirar ciki,da kayan ado.

Atkins ya ƙera kayan ɗaki,kayan murhu,sandunan fitulu,urns da fuska,tagogin kanti,kayan ado,ƙofofin lambu,agogo,giciye, jita-jita,trays,ƙirji,allo, firamiyoyi da chandeliers. Ya kuma tsara cikakkun abubuwan ciki,ciki har da babban ɗakin karatu na Doe Memorial Library a Jami'ar California,Berkeley.

Ya kuma tsara matakan siminti a Bancroft Steps da Orchard Lane (1910) a gindin Dutsen Panoramic a Berkeley,California.

## Nassoshi
Zugurma Game Reserve

**Gandun daji na Zugurma** wani sashe ne na dajin Kainji dake karamar hukumar Mariga ta jihar Neja a Najeriya.Tana iyaka da kogin Kontagora daga arewa maso yamma da kuma kogin Manyara a arewa, kuma tana da fadin kasa hekta 138,500.  An haɗe shi da gandun daji na Borgu a cikin shekarar 1975 don samar da wurin shakatawa na Lake Kainji. 

Wurin ajiyar ya ƙunshi ƙasan tudu mai gangarewa a hankali a hankali ya zama magudanar ruwa daga gabas zuwa yamma.Ba shi da ƙarancin magudanar ruwa, ba tare da magudanar ruwa da ke gudana cikin kogin Manyara ba, kuma tare da kogunan Yampere da Lanser suna gudana a kan lokaci kawai.Tsire-tsire galibi tsibiri ne na gandun daji na Guinea, amma ana yin kiwo sosai sai dazuzzuka da ke gefen kogin Manyara da sauran ramukan ruwa.Kusan ajiyar bai sami kulawar bincike ba. 

## Manazarta
Susan Gubar

**Susan D. Gubar** (an Haife ta Nuwamba 30,1944( marubuciya Ba’amurke ce kuma fitaccen farfesa Emerita na turanci da nnazari Mata a Jami’ar Indiana.

An san ta da kyau don haɗin gwiwar wallafe-wallafen wallafe-wallafen mata *The Madwoman in the Attic:Mawallafin Mace da Ƙwararru na Ƙarni na Sha Tara* (1979) tare da Sandra Gilbert.Ta kuma rubuta trilogy akan rubutun mata a karni na 20.Abubuwan girmamawarta sun haɗa da lambar yabo ta Ivan Sandrof Lifetime Achievement Award.

## Ilimi
Gubar ta sami digiri na BA daga Kwalejin City na New York,MA daga Jami'ar Michigan,da PhD daga Jami'ar Iowa.

## Sana'a
Gubar ya shiga tsangayar jami'ar Indiana a shekarar 1973,a lokacin da akwai malamai mata uku a cikin 70 na sashen turanci. 

Gubar da Gilbert sun gyara *Norton Anthology of Literature ta Mata:Hadisai a Turanci*,wanda aka buga a 1985 (ISBN 0393019403); ta ya sa su duka biyun sun kasance a cikin matan *Ms.*a cikin shekara ta 1986. 

Littafinta *Judas: A Biography*,an buga shi a cikin 2009 ta WW Norton (ISBN 9780393064834). Sauran rubuce-rubucenta sun hada da kasidu kan alakar Yahudanci da mata,da kuma rawar da waka ke takawa a cikin tunawa da Holocaust.

A cikin Disamba 2009,Gubar ta yi ritaya daga Jami'ar Indiana yana da shekaru 65,saboda matsalolin da suka biyo bayan binciken da aka yi a watan Nuwamba 2008 na ciwon daji na ovarian.“Labari mai ban tsoro” na jinyar da ta biyo baya (wanda aka yi mata tiyatar “debulking” wanda ya haɗa da cire mata appendix,mahaifa, ovaries,tubes na fallopian,da ɓangaren hanjin ta) ya sa ta rubuta *Memoir of macen da aka lalata* (2012,).Ta ci gaba da labarinta a matsayin mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo a cikin "Rayuwa da Ciwon daji"don *[[New York Times|The New York Times]]*. A yanzu ana kiran alƙawarin shugabanci a Indiana don Gubar.

An zaɓi Gubar ga Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka a 2011.

A cikin 2012, ita da abokin aikinta na dogon lokaci Sandra M.Gilbert an ba ta lambar yabo ta Ivan Sandrof Lifetime Achievement Award na National Book Critics Circle.

## Littafi Mai Tsarki

### Tare da Sandra M. Gilbert

* *Mahaukaciya a cikin soro: Mawallafin Mace da Hasashen Adabi na ƙarni na 19*
* *Shakespeare's Sisters: Rubutun Mata akan Mawakan Mata*
* *Jagora ga "The Norton Anthology of Literature by Women: The Tradition in English"*
* *Yaƙin Kalmomi, Juzu'i na I na Ƙasar Babu Mutum: Wurin Marubuciyar Mace a Ƙarni na Ashirin*
* *Canje-canjen Jima'i, Juzu'i na II na Babu Ƙasar Mutum: Wurin Marubuciyar Mace a Ƙarni na Ashirin*
* *Wasiƙu daga Gaba, Juzu'i na III na Babu Ƙasar Mutum: Wurin Marubuciyar Mace a Ƙarni na Ashirin*
* *Babban Gidan wasan kwaikwayo: Melorama na Ilimi*

## Manazarta
Miriam Shomer Zunser

**Miriam Shomer Zunser** (Nuwamba 25, 1882-Oktoba 11,1951) yar jaridar Amurka ce,marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai fasaha.Ta kasance muhimmiyar mai tallata al'adun Yahudawa kafin yakin duniya na biyu.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Zunser Manya Shaikevitsch a Odessa,daular Rasha,zuwa Nokhem Mayer Shaikevitsch,marubuci kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo,da matarsa Dinneh Bercinsky.Iyalinta sun yi hijira a 1889 zuwa New York.Bayan ta kammala makarantar sakandare ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar ɗakin karatu yayin da take halartar darussan fasaha da Henry McBride ya koyar a Ƙungiyar Ilimi.

A cikin 1932 Zunser ya kasance abokin haɗin gwiwa kuma shugaban farko na MAILAMM,Cibiyar Kimiyyar Kiɗa ta Amurka-Palestine (wanda aka sani da acronym na Ibrananci), al'umma don nazari da haɓaka kiɗan Yahudawa a Falasdinu da Amurka.  Daga baya,ta kasance ma'aji na Dandalin kiɗan Yahudawa. 

Bayan ta yi aiki tare da Henrietta Szold, ita ce ta kafa reshen Brooklyn na Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America.

Zunser ta mutu a birnin New York.

## Na sirri
A cikin 1905 ta auri Charles Zunser,ɗan mawaƙin Eliakum Zunser.Sun haifi 'ya'ya uku. 'Yar'uwarta ita ce 'yar kabilar Yiddish Anna Shomer Rothenberg.

## Labarai

* *Wawa ta arziki; wasan ban dariya na kiɗa a cikin ayyuka biyu da fage huɗu* . New York: 192? 
* *Mulkin yaro* . New York: 192? 
* *Goldenlocks da bears* . New York: 192? 
* *Jiya : tarihin dangin Yahudawa na Rasha* . An buga shi a cikin 1939 ta Stackpole Sons. Harper & Row ya sake bugawa a cikin 1978. 
* *Avinu Shomer (אבינו שמ״ר).* Urushalima: Ahiʼasaf, 1953. 

## Nassoshi
Louis-Armand-Constantin de Rohan

**Louis-Armand-Constantin de Rohan**,*Chevalier de Rohan* da *Prince de Montbazon*, (6 Afrilu 1732 &#x2013; 27 Yuli 1794) wani jami'in sojan ruwan Faransa ne na karni na sha takwas.

## Rayuwa
Louis-Armand-Constantin shi ne na biyar cikin yara bakwai na Hercule Mériadec,  da Louise Gabrielle Julie de Rohan-Soubise, 'yar Hercule Mériadec,Prince de Rohan,shugaban reshen cadet na House of Rohan. Louis-Armand-Constantin memba ne na babban reshe na House of Rohan,dangin Faransa mai ƙarfi waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin zuriya daga zuriyar Dukes na Brittany,wanda dama yana riƙe da matsayin *yarima étranger* a kotun Faransa.

Rohan ya shiga rundunar sojojin ruwan Faransa kuma shi ne kyaftin na  a ranar 29 ga Afrilu 1758,inda HMS  ya kama jirginsa a Bay of Biscay a lokacin Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai.A cikin 1764,bayan yakin,an kara masa girma zuwa *Chef d'escadre* kuma a cikin 1766 aka nada shi gwamnan tsibirin Leeward.A cikin 1768 ya tsunduma cikin murkushe tawaye da turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka yi a Saint-Domingue.A 1770 de Rohan aka kara zuwa Navy Lieutenant Janar kuma shekara ta gaba ya auri Louise Rosalie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, 'yar François Victor Le Tonnelier de Breteuil.Ya kasance mai aiki Freemason .

A lokacin barkewar yakin Juyin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka, Rohan ya samu mukamin mataimakin Admiral a cikin Levant Fleet,tushen a Toulon,amma ayyukansa a Saint-Domingue a 1768 da 1769 ya jawo cece-kuce kuma an ki yarda da shi akai-akai.Bayan juyin juya halin Faransa na 1789,wanda ya kasance mai adawa da shi a fili,ya bar sojojin ruwa,kuma a cikin 1794,bayan da ya ki tabbatar da mubaya'arsa ga Jamhuriyar Faransa,an yanke masa hukuncin kisa a gaban kotun juyin juya hali kuma aka kashe shi a birnin Paris a ranar 27 ga Yuli.

## Manazarta
1975 juyin mulkin Najeriya

**Juyin mulkin Najeriya a 1975** juyin mulkin soja ne wanda bai zubar da jini ba wanda ya faru a Najeriya a ranar 29 ga Yuli 1975   lokacin da wani bangare na kananan hafsoshin sojan kasar suka hambarar da Janar Yakubu Gowon (wanda shi kansa ya karbi mulki a juyin mulkin 1966).)Kanar Joseph Nanven Garba ya sanar da juyin mulkin ne a wani shiri da aka watsa a gidan rediyon Najeriya(wanda ya zama FRCN a shekarar 1978).A lokacin juyin mulkin,Gowon yana halartar taron kungiyar hadin kan kasashen Afirka(OAU) karo na 12 a birnin Kampala na kasar Uganda.Masu yunkurin juyin mulkin sun nada Birgediya Murtala Mohammed a matsayin shugaban kasa,sai kuma Birgediya Olusegun Obasanjo a matsayin mataimakinsa.  Rashin jin dadin kananan hafsoshi ne ya sa aka yi juyin mulkin saboda rashin samun ci gaban da Gowon ya samu wajen ciyar da kasar nan tafarkin dimokuradiyya,yayin da Garba ya taka rawar gani a matsayinsa na mai bin diddigi da tabbatar da cewa juyin mulkin ya kasance marar jini.

Mohammed,wanda manufofinsa da jajircewarsa suka ba shi goyon baya ga jama'a da kuma daukaka shi zuwa matsayin gwarzon jama'a,ya ci gaba da mulki har zuwa 13 ga Fabrairu 1976 lokacin da aka kashe shi a lokacin yunkurin juyin mulki .Obasanjo ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban kasa.

## Nassoshi
Wendell Castle

**Wendell Castle** (Nuwamba 6,1932-Janairu 20,2018) ɗan Amurka ne mai sassaƙa kuma mai yin kayan daki kuma muhimmin adadi a ƙarshen karni na 20 na Amurka. An kira ta a matsayin "uban motsin kayan fasaha" kuma an haɗa shi a cikin "Big 4" na aikin katako na zamani tare da Wharton Esherick,George Nakashima,da Sam Maloof.

Castle ta gabatar da dabarar aikin itace da ake kira stack lamination don ƙirƙirar kayan daki.Asalin da aka yi amfani da shi don yin lalatar duck,wannan dabarar ta ba da damar “sauƙi mara iyaka” da ikon da ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba akan siffa da siffa.  Baya ga aikin katako,ya yi amfani da robobi da karafa. 

A lokacin rayuwarsa,Castle ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta 1994 'Masu hangen nesa na ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Amirka na 1997,da lambar yabo ta 2001 na Ƙwararrun.

## Ilimi

An haifi Castle a Emporia,Kansas.Ta girma kuma ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Holton a Holton,Class Kansas na 1951. A cikin 1958,ta sami digiri na farko na Fine Arts a ƙirar masana'antu,kuma a cikin 1961,ta sami Jagora na Fine Arts a sassaka,duka daga Jami'ar Kansas. 

## Sana'a
Daga 1962-1969,Castle ya koyar a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Rochester,Makaranta don Masu Sana'a na Amurka,a Rochester,NY,kuma ya kasance Mai zane a Mazauna.  Ya sayi tsohon injin waken soya a Scottsville,New York a cikin 1967 kuma ya canza shi zuwa ɗakin studio mai faɗin murabba'in ƙafa 15,000. Yana tsaye kusa da tsohon tashar jirgin ƙasa na Baltimore Ohio,ɗakin studio na matar Castle,ceramicist da sculptor Nancy Jurs.

Daga 1969 zuwa 1980 Castle koyarwa a kan baiwar Kwalejin a Brockport,Jami'ar Jihar New York.  A cikin 1980,ya buɗe Makarantar Castle ta Wendell a Scottsville. Makarantar ba da riba ta ba da koyarwa kan ingantattun fasahohin aikin itace da ƙirar kayan daki. Tun daga 1988 Makarantar Castle ta Wendell ta zama wani ɓangare na shirin kera kayan daki na Cibiyar Fasaha ta Rochester.

Castle ya shahara don yin amfani da majagaba na amfani da stack-lamination,dabarar aikin itace da ya gabatar a cikin 1960s. An kafa ta ne a kan wata fasaha ta sassaƙa ta ƙarni na 19 da aka yi amfani da ita don yin kwalliyar agwagwa.Stack-lamination ya ƙyale Castle ya ƙirƙiri manyan ɓangarorin itace daga jerin allunan, waɗanda aka sassaƙa kuma aka ƙera su cikin sifofin halittu waɗanda aka fi saninsa da su. 

Castle ya mutu daga cutar sankarar bargo a cikin 2018. Ya rasu ya bar matarsa na shekara hamsin, Nancy Jurs . 

## Kyauta
Grant Featherston

**Grant Stanley Featherston** (17 Oktoba 1922-9 Oktoba 1995) ta kasance mai zanen kayan daki na Australiya wanda ƙirar kujera a cikin 1950s ya zama gumaka na Atomic Age.

An haife ta a Geelong,Victoria.  A cikin 1965 ya auri Mary Bronwyn Currey,mai zanen cikin gida da aka haifa a Ingila,kuma ma'auratan sun yi aiki tare da haɗin gwiwa a matsayin masu zanen ciki a cikin shekaru da yawa.

Ya shahara da kera kayan daki,musamman kujera 'Contour Chair R160'.Ya tallata kujerunsa na zamani ta wuraren zane-zane ciki har da Peter Bray Gallery a Melbourne kuma a yanzu ana iya tattara su sosai akan daidaitaccen fasaha kuma a cikin 2013 sun fara samun farashi mai yawa a gwanjo. Ana ɗaukarsa sanannen mai tsara kayan daki a Ostiraliya.

Ayyukansa an nuna su a cikin abubuwan da suka shafi kayan tarihi na baya-bayan nan,   ciki har da National Gallery of Victoria 2013 nuni,Tsararrun Kayan Aiki na Australiya na Zamani na Tsakiyar Karni. 

## Ayyuka

### Kayan kayan daki

* *Shugaban R152* (1951) Grant Featherston.
* *Wing kujera* (1951) Grant Featherston.
* *R160 Lounge kujera* (1951) Grant Featherston.
* *R161 & R161H* (1952) gado mai matasai, Grant Featherston.
* *Z300 Chaise longue* (1953) Z300 Grant Featherston (An yi shi ƙarƙashin lasisi ta Gordon .Mather Industries tun 1989)
* *Kujeru masu magana* (1967) Grant da Mary Featherston.

## Kara karantawa
Charles Leclerc (haihuwa 1772)

**Charles Victoire Emmanuel Leclerc** (French pronunciation: ʃaʁl viktwaʁ emanɥɛl ləklɛʁ];17 Maris 1772-2 Nuwamba 1802) Janar ne na Sojojin Faransa wanda ya yi aiki a karkashin Napoleon Bonaparte a lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa.Shi ne mijin Pauline Bonaparte,'yar'uwar Napoleon.A cikin 1801,an aika shi zuwa Saint-Domingue (Haiti),inda sojojin mamaye karkashin umarninsa suka kama kuma suka kori shugaban Haiti Toussaint Louverture, a matsayin wani ɓangare na yunƙurin da bai yi nasara ba na sake tabbatar da ikon mulkin mallaka a kan Saint-Domingue da kuma mayar da bautar a cikin gida. yawan jama'a. Leclerc ya mutu sakamakon zazzaɓin rawaya a lokacin mamayewar da bai yi nasara ba.
## Hotuna

File:G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_CHARLES-EMMANUEL_LECLERC_(1772-1802).jpg|Charles Victoire Emmanuel Leclerc
 

## Manazarta
Victor-Thérèse Charpentier

**Victor-Thérèse Charpentier d'Ennery** (Maris 24,1732 - Disamba 13,1776)shine marquis,kuma daga baya ƙidaya, na Ennery kuma ya kasance gwamna janar na Saint-Domingue a tsakiyar tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen karni na 18.

## Iyali
An haifi Charpentier a Paris,Faransa ga Thomas-Jacques Charpentier d'Ennery da Madeleine Angélique Rioult de Curzay.Charpentier d'Ennery jikan Jacques Charpentier d'Ennery ne,Ubangijin D'Ennery da Espier.Yana da 'yar'uwa,Cécile Pauline Charpentier d'Ennery,wadda ta auri Gilbert de Chauvigny de Blot,gwamnan Chantelle.Ranar 11 ga Janairu,1768,a Paris,ya auri Benedicte d'Alesso,zuriyar Philip I na Faransa,kuma yana da ɗa guda:

~ Pauline François de Paule Charpentier (ya mutu 1819)ta auri Pierre-Marc-Gaston de Lévis,ɗan Francois de Gaston,Chevalier de Levis.

Charpentier kuma yana da wani ɗa tare da Olive Puybaudet:

Geneviève Pauline Aimée Charpentier (1776-1850),wanda ya auri Louis de Tibi (ya mutu 1802) sannan ya auri Joseph Castel.

## Nasara
Charpentier ya kasance Count kuma daga baya Marquis na d'Ennery da kuma gwamnan-janar na Saint-Domingue.Ya kuma kasance gwamnan Martinique daga 1765 zuwa 1768 sannan kuma shine babban gwamnan tsibirin Windward daga 1768 zuwa 1771,shekaru hudu kafin rasuwarsa.

## Zuriya
 Adele-Charlotte, Duchess na Levis
           
            Raymond de Nicolay
            Aymar de Nicolay