Ƙananan (doka)

A cikin doka, **ƙarami** shine wanda ba shi da wani shekaru, yawanci shekarun mafi rinjaye, wanda ke rarraba mutum mara shekaru daga balaga na doka. Shekarar mafi rinjaye ya dogara da iko da aikace-aikace, amma yawanci 18. *Ƙananan* ana iya amfani da *ƙarami* a cikin mahallin da ba su da alaƙa da shekarun mafi rinjaye gaba ɗaya. Misali, shekarun shan sigari da shan giya a Amurka shine 21, kuma matasa da ke ƙasa da wannan shekarun ana kiransu kananan yara a wasu lokuta a cikin yanayin dokar taba da barasa, koda kuwa suna da akalla 18.  Kalmomin da ba su kai shekaru ba ko kuma ba su kai shekarun da suka fi girma, amma kuma suna iya nufin mutum a ƙarƙashin wasu iyakokin shekarun doka, kamar shekarun yarda, Shekarar aure, Shekarar aiki, shekarun jefa kuri'a, shekarun aiki, da dai sauransu. Irin waɗannan iyakokin shekarun galibi sun bambanta da shekarun mafi girma. 

Ma'anar *ƙarami* ba a bayyana shi sosai a yawancin hukunce-hukunce ba. Shekarar alhakin aikata laifuka, na ikon yarda da aikin jima'i bisa doka, inda halartar makaranta ba lallai ba ne kuma ta haka ne mutum na iya barin makaranta, inda za'a iya shigar da kwangila na doka, da sauransu, na iya bambanta da juna.

A kasashe da yawa, shekarun mafi girma shine 18. A Amurka, inda aka kafa shekarun mafi rinjaye ta jihohi daban-daban, "ƙananan" yawanci yana nufin wani wanda bai kai shekara 18 ba amma a wasu yankuna (kamar barasa, caca, da bindigogi) yana nufin kasa da shekara 21. A cikin tsarin shari'ar aikata laifuka ana iya gwada *ƙarami"* kuma An hukunta shi ko dai "a matsayin matashi" ko "A matsayin babba".

A Thailand, ƙarami mutum ne wanda bai kai shekara 20 ba, kuma, a Koriya ta Kudu, mutum ne wanda ba shi da shekaru 19. A New Zealand, shekarun mafi rinjaye ma shekaru 20,  amma yawancin haƙƙin balaga ana ɗaukar su ne a ƙananan shekaru.

## Ta hanyar ƙasa

### Kanada

Ga dukkan dokokin larduna, gwamnatocin larduna da yankuna suna da ikon saita shekarun mafi rinjaye a lardin su ko yankinsu, kuma shekarun sun bambanta a duk faɗin Kanada, tare da wasu larduna suna saita shekarun (baseline) na mafi rinjaye na 18 da sauransu a 19. A wasu yankuna mutum na iya samun 'yanci, kuma ya ɗauki cikakken alhakin tun yana da shekaru 16.

A cikin Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, da Tsibirin Prince Edward an saita shekarun mafi rinjaye a 18, yayin da a British Columbia, Yukon, Yankin Arewa maso Yamma, Nunavut, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, da New Brunswick shekarun mafi rinjayi shine 19.

A cikin lardunan Saskatchewan, Ontario, New Brunswick, British Columbia, Nova Scotia, shekarun caca na doka da shekarun shan giya na doka duka suna da 19, yayin da a Alberta, Quebec, da Manitoba yana da 18 wanda shine shekarun mafi rinjaye.

A karkashin dokokin wiwi, ƙarami yana nufin duk wanda bai kai shekara 19 ba a cikin ƙasar sai dai Quebec wanda ke da shekaru 21, da Alberta wanda ke da shekara 18.

### Italiya
A Italiya, doka nr. 39 na Maris 8, 1975, ta bayyana cewa ƙarami mutum ne wanda bai kai shekara 18 ba. 'Yan ƙasa da shekaru 18 ba za su iya jefa kuri'a ba, za a zabe su, samun lasisin tuki don motoci ko fitowa ko sanya hannu kan kayan aikin doka. Laifukan da kananan yara suka aikata a Italiya ana shari'ar su a kotun yara.

### Mexico
A cikin jihohi 31, ana kiran ƙarami a matsayin wanda bai kai shekara 18 ba.

Yara masu shekaru 16 ko 17 da ake tuhuma da laifuka ana iya bi da su a matsayin manya.

### Indiya
A cikin jihohin 28 da yankuna 8 na hadin gwiwa, ana kiran ƙarami a matsayin wanda bai kai shekara 18 ba. A lokuta masu wuya yara masu shekaru 16 ko 17 waɗanda ake tuhumar su da laifuka masu banƙyama a wasu lokuta ana iya bi da su a matsayin manya.

### Thailand
Dokar Jama'a da Kasuwanci ta Masarautar Thailand ba ta bayyana ƙananan ba; duk da haka, sashe na 19 da 20 sun karanta kamar haka:

* **Sashe na 19** - Mutum, bayan kammala shekaru 20, ya daina zama ƙarami kuma ya zama *sui juris*.
* **Sashe na 20** - Ƙananan ya zama *sui juris* a kan aure, idan an yi auren bisa ga tanadin Sashe na 1448.

Saboda haka, ƙarami a Thailand yana nufin duk wani mutum da bai kai shekara 20 ba, sai dai idan sun yi aure. An hana ƙarami yin ayyukan shari'a - alal misali, sanya hannu kan kwangila. Lokacin da kananan yara ke so su yi wani aiki na shari'a, dole ne su sami yardar daga wakilin su na shari'ar, yawanci (amma ba koyaushe ba) iyaye kuma in ba haka ba aikin ba zai yiwu ba. Ban da ayyukan da ƙarami kawai ke samun haƙƙi ko kuma an 'yantar da shi daga aiki, ayyukan da ke da tsananin mutum, da ayyukan da suka dace da yanayin mutum a rayuwa kuma ana buƙatar su don bukatunsu masu ma'ana. Ƙananan zai iya yin wasiyya yana da shekaru goma sha biyar.

### Ƙasar Ingila
A Ingila da Wales, Dokar Gyara Dokar Iyali ta 1969 ta sanya shekarun mafi rinjaye a cikin kasashe biyu a **18**. Yayinda yake a Arewacin Ireland, an saita shekarun mafi rinjaye a **18** ta hanyar Dokar Shekarar Mafi rinjaye (Northern Ireland) 1969 - (wanda ya dace da tsohuwar dokar, wadda aka kafa a Ingila da Wales). A Scotland, Dokar Shekarar Ikon Shari'a (Scotland) ta 1991 ta bayyana cewa shekarun shari'a na iyawa a cikin ƙasar shine **16.**

Shekarar (mafi ƙarancin) na alhakin aikata laifuka a Ingila da Wales, da Arewacin Ireland shine 10. Jagororin yanke hukunci a cikin waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen guda uku galibi ana rarraba su, don haka mutumin da ya wuce shekarun aikata laifuka (amma ba cikakke ba), zai sami kulawa mai sauƙi dangane da shekarun da aka ambata (don haka, hukunci zai bambanta tsakanin mai laifi wanda ke ƙasa da 12, ƙasa da 14, ko ƙasa da 16, a lokacin da aka ba shi laifi, alal misali, tare da hukunci mai tsanani da aka karɓa mafi girma da shekarun mai laifi da ake tambaya).

A Scotland, (mafi ƙarancin) shekarun alhakin aikata laifuka shine 12.

Abubuwan da aka haramta wa mutanen da ba su kai shekara 18 ba su yi sun haɗa da zama a kan juri, tsayawa a matsayin dan takara, sayen ko hayar fina-finai tare da rarrabuwa 18 ko R18 ko ganin su a cikin silima, kai karar ba tare da aboki mai shari'a ba, da siyan barasa, ko samfuran taba.

Ana ba da izinin tuki wasu manyan motoci, aiki a matsayin mai lasisi na mutum don wuraren lasisi, da kuma karɓar yaro ne kawai a lokacin da yake da shekaru 21. An rage mafi ƙarancin shekaru don tuka motar HGV1 zuwa 18. Koyaya, wasu motoci, misali, masu amfani da tururi, suna buƙatar wani ya kasance shekaru 21 don samun lasisin aiki.

### Amurka
A Amurka tun daga shekara ta 1971, an bayyana *ƙarami* a matsayin mutum a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18. Gyara ta ashirin da shida ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, wanda aka tabbatar a 1971, ya ba dukkan 'yan ƙasa damar yin zabe a kowace jiha, a kowane zabe, daga shekaru 18, yana rage mafi ƙarancin shekaru ga mafi yawan gata da aka saita a baya a 21 (sa hannu kan kwangila, yin aure ba tare da yardar iyaye ba, dakatar da kulawar iyaye) zuwa 18.

A karkashin wannan bambancin, waɗanda ake la'akari da yara yawanci (amma ba koyaushe ba) ana gwada su a kotun yara, kuma ana iya ba su wasu kariya ta musamman. Misali, a wasu jihohi dole ne iyaye ko mai kula su kasance yayin tambayoyin 'yan sanda, ko kuma ana iya kiyaye sunayensu a sirri lokacin da ake zargin su da laifi. Ga laifuka da yawa (musamman laifuka masu yawa), shekarun da za a iya gwada ƙarami a matsayin babba yana canzawa ƙasa da shekaru 18 ko (ba sau da yawa) ƙasa da 16. Hukuncin kisa a Amurka ga waɗanda suka aikata laifi yayin da ba su kai shekara 18 ba an dakatar da shi ta Kotun Koli ta Amurka Roper v. Simmons a shekara ta 2005. Shari'ar kotun ta 5-4 ta rubuta ta hanyar Shari'a Kennedy kuma Alkalai Ginsburg, Stevens, Breyer, da Souter sun shiga, kuma sun ambaci dokar kasa da kasa, kimiyyar ci gaban yara, da sauran dalilai da yawa don isa ga kammalawa.

Koyaya, ba duk yara ba ne ake ɗaukar su matasa dangane da alhakin aikata laifuka. Kamar yadda yake sau da yawa a Amurka, dokokin sun bambanta sosai ta jihohi. Wasu jihohi, gami da Florida, sun zartar da dokoki da ke ba da damar mutumin da ake zargi da wasu laifuka, kamar kisan kai, a yi masa shari'a a matsayin babba, ba tare da la'akari da shekaru ba. Wadannan dokoki sun kalubalanci kungiyar 'yancin jama'a ta Amurka. Ana gwada matasa kimanin 250,000, ana yanke musu hukunci, ko kuma a ɗaure su a matsayin manya a kowace shekara a duk faɗin Amurka.

#### Kiwon Lafiya
Ko matashi yana iya ba da izini ga kulawar likita da sabis ya dogara da ko ana ɗaukar su a matsayin 'yanci kaɗan, 'yanci na likita, ko kuma yara masu girma. Wannan kuma ya bambanta daga jiha zuwa jiha.

Aure, aikin soja, ko zama daban daga iyaye da kuma gudanar da harkokin kudi na mutum yawanci yana nufin 'yanci.

#### Shan giya da caca
An ɗaga shekarun shan giya zuwa 21 a cikin shekarun 1980 saboda shari'ar tuki mai maye da Mothers Against Drunk Driving suka nuna rashin amincewa. Shekarar caca ta bambanta da jihar. Don haka, a cikin mahallin barasa ko caca, ana iya kiran mutanen da ba su kai shekara 21 ba a wasu lokuta a matsayin yara.

#### Maƙiyan abokan gaba
Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka ta dauki matsayin cewa ba za su yi la'akari da "Maƙiyan abokan gaba" da aka tsare a cikin tsare-tsare ba tare da shari'a ba a sansanin tsare-tsaren Guantanamo Bay sai dai idan ba su kai shekaru goma sha shida ba. A kowane hali, sun raba uku kawai daga cikin fursunoni sama da goma sha biyu a ƙarƙashin shekara 16 daga yawan mutanen kurkuku. An tsare fursunoni da yawa tsakanin goma sha shida zuwa goma sha takwas tare da yawan mutanen kurkuku. Yanzu wadanda ba su kai shekara 18 ba ana kiyaye su daban, daidai da shekarun mafi rinjaye da tsammanin duniya.

## Samun 'yanci na yara
'Yanci na kananan yara wata hanyar doka ce wacce ƙarami ba ta ƙarƙashin ikon iyayensu ko masu kula da su ba, kuma ana ba ta haƙƙin doka da ke da alaƙa da manya. Dangane da ƙasa, 'yanci na iya faruwa a hanyoyi daban-daban: ta hanyar aure, samun wadatar tattalin arziki, samun digiri na ilimi ko difloma, ko shiga cikin wani nau'i na aikin soja. A Amurka, duk jihohi suna da wani nau'i na 'yanci na yara.

## Manazarta