open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Nabila Rabiu Zango

**Nabila Rabiu Zango**, ta kasance'yar asalin garin Zangon-Daura Karamar Hukumar Zango, ce da ke a Jihar Katsina Najeria. An haife ta a ranar 19 ga watan Agustan,shekara ta alif dari tara da tamanin da tara 1989 a ƙaramar hukumar Funtua dake a Jihar Katsina . Shahararriyar marubuciyar littafan hausa ce wadda ake ma lakabi da *Marubuciyar Zamani*. Ta halarci taron ƙara sani  (workshop) akan harkar rubutu da dama, a ciki akwai wanda tayi a karkashin kungiyar MacArthur foundation (KILAF2022), Kannywood foundation na shekarar  2022, Ta fara rubutun littafin hausa a shekarar 2015. Cikin litattafan da ta rubuta sun haɗa da:  

# Agola.
# Shatu ɗiyar Maharbi.
# A maƙabarta Aka Haife ni.
# Rayuwar Mata Ayau.
# Kafin In Zama Lauya.
# Darajar Muhalli.
# Kowa ya Taka Dokar Allah.
# Ƴaƴan mu Amanar Mu.
# Matasan Mu.
# A Wani Gida.
# Almajirai Ma Ƴaƴa ne.
# A Wata Makaranta.
# Mai Nasara.
# Mata Jigon Alumma.
# Na Shiga Ban ɗauka ba.
# Waye Ne.
# Ba ni Ba ne.
# Alƙali ne.
# Daga Baya Kenan.
# Halinta Ne.
# Burin Ɗan Adam.
# Darasi Ne.
# Ajalinta Ne.

A halin yanzu ta koma harkar rubutun fina-finai (screenplay). Daga cikin finafinan da ta rubuta akwai babban shirin nan mai dogon Zango wanda aka fi sani da ALAQA,  akwai DALA-DALA, akwai SIRRIN BOYE,  KE DUNIYA, BINTU. Ta rubuta ƙananun finafinai irin su RANA DUBU,  MARWANATU,  LABARIN MAIMUNATU da sauransu.  

Nabila Rabiu Zango, Mace ce mai kaifin basira, hazaƙa, kyauta da fara'a, da son gyaruwar al'umma musamman Matasa. Tana da sha'awar koyarwa,  bincike da kallon fina-finai da kuma rubutu akan Matasa.

## Farkon rayuwa
Ta yi karatun Firamare a Model Primary School Funtua daga shekara ta alif 1995 zuwa shekarar 2000. Ta kuma yi Sakandare a Government Girls Secondary School Malumfashi inda ta gama a shekarar 2006. Ta cigaba da karatu daga shekara ta 2008 an Isa Kaita College Of Education Dutsin-ma har zuwa shekara  ta 2011.

## Mukami da Aiki
A halin yanzu  tana aikin koyarwa a makarantar Firamare da ke a ƙaramar hukumar Zango ta Jihar Katsina.

## Manazarta
Kisan kiyashi a Jihar Kaduna, 2019

A ranakun 10-11 ga Fabrairu, 2019,  an kashe mutane 141 a karamar hukumar Kajuru ta jihar Kaduna a Najeriya a cewar gwamnan jihar, sa'o'i kaɗan kafin babban zaɓen Najeriya. Waɗanda suka mutu sun haɗa da ‘ yan Adara 11 da Fulani 130. Sai dai an ruwaito ƙungiyar Fulani ta Miyetti Allah ta fitar da jerin sunayen Fulani 131 da suka mutu sannan ta kuma bayyana cewa an gano gawarwakin Fulani 66 yayin da sauran gawarwakin wasu Fulani 65 suka bace. Wani hari da wasu ‘yan bindiga da ake kyautata zaton Fulani ne suka kai kan Ungwar Bardi, ya kashe mutane 11 a Adara. Su kuma ‘yan bindigar Adara sun kaiwa Fulani hari. Daga baya ƙungiyar Miyetti Allah ta bayyana cewa an binne mutane 66 a cikin kaburbura sannan wasu 65 sun bata. 

Wasu majiyoyi kamar ƙungiyar Kiristoci ta Najeriya, sun bayyana cewa gwamnan ya yi karya. Haka ma Hukumar bayar da agajin gaggawa ta kasa ta musanta hakan. Sai dai an nuna wasu daga cikin kaburburan da aka binne Fulanin da aka kashe a cikin su ga jaridar Premium Times. 

Mazauna yankin sun yi ikirarin cewa an fara kai harin ne a matsayin ramuwar gayya a watan Oktoban 2018 tsakanin Kirista da Musulmi a Kajuru wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 55 baki ɗaya. Daga cikin waɗanda suka mutu, 22 yara ne, yayin da wasu 11 kuma mata ne. Rikici a gab da lokutan zaɓe ya zama ruwan dare a Najeriya. An kashe ɗaruruwan mutane a rikicin da ya biyo bayan zaɓen 2011.  

Aƙalla mutane 29 ne aka ruwaito an kashe a wani hari da aka kai a ƙauyen Karamai na Kajuru a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2019. Harin dai ana zargin Fulani ne na matsayin ramuwar gayya ga rikicin da ya ɓarke a baya inda aka kaiwa Fulani hari. Bayan yan kwanaki Gwamnan ya tabbatar da adadin waɗanda suka mutu ya ƙaru zuwa 40.

Ƙungiyar haɗin kai akan kashe kashen Kajuru ta bayyana a ranar 18 ga watan Maris cewa tun daga lokacin mutane 130 ne aka kashe a wasu hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan kisan kiyashin da El-Rufai ya sanar.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin kisan kiyashi a Najeriya
* Rikicin Zangon Kataf, 1992

## Manazarta
Harin bom a Konduga, 2019

A yammacin ranar 16 ga watan Yuni 2019, wasu ƴan ƙuna baƙin wake uku sun tayar da bam a ƙauyen Konduga da ke jihar Bornon Najeriya, inda suka kashe mutane 30 tare da raunata sama da 40. Ɗan kunar bakin wake na farko ya afkawa masoya kwallon kafa da ke kallon wani wasa a gidan talabijin a zauren. Maigadi ne ya hana shi shiga falon. An tafka zazzafar muhawara, inda ɗan kunar bakin waken ya tayar da bam din da ke jikinsa. Wannan harin dai shi ne harin kunar baƙin wake mafi muni a shekarar 2019 a Najeriya. Ba da daɗewa ba, sauran biyun - dukansu mata ne - sun tarwatsa kansu a kusa.

## Wai-wa-ye
Garin Konduga ya sha fama da hare-hare a baya-bayan nan, da suka haɗa da kisan kiyashi a watan Janairun 2014 da kuma a watan Fabrairun 2014, harin ƙuna bakin wake sau uku a watan Fabrairun 2018 harwayau da wani harin kuna bakin wake a wani masallaci a watan Yulin 2018.

A ranar 27 ga Yuli, 2019, wasu gungun da suka dawo daga jana'izar a Nganzai, jihar Borno, sun mutu sakamakon harbin da aka yi musu a harin jana'izar Nganzai. Akalla mutane 65 ne suka mutu. Babu dai Ƙungiyar da ta dauki alhakin kai harin, amma ƙungiyar Boko Haram mai kishin Islama ta kan aiwatar da kisan kiyashi, galibi a Borno.

## Alhakin kai harin
Babu dai ƙungiyar da ta ɗauki alhakin kai harin, duk da cewa harin Konduga na ɗauke da alamomin na Boko Haram ne. Ɗaya daga cikin sansanonin kungiyar na nan kusa da Maiduguri. Boko haram na kallon wasan kwallon kafa a matsayin wanda bai dace da Musulunci ba kuma gurbataccen tasirin kasashen yamma.

## Manazarta
Nasiru Sani Zangon-Daura

**Nasiru Sani Zangon-Daura** (An haifeshi ranar 23 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 1959). Ya kasance ɗan asalin karamar hukumar Zango ta jihar Katsina ne, kuma ɗa ne ga Alhaji Sani Zangon-Daura da Fatima Sani.

## Zaben 2023 na Sanata mai wakiltar Katsina Zone
A ranar 26 ga watan Febwairu, shekara ta 2023, Hon Nasiru Sani Zangon Daura ya samu nasarar lashe zaɓen da akayi da ƙuri'a 174,062.

## Manazarta
Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Balkhi-Rumi

**Jalal ad-Din Mohammad Balkhi Rumi**, an haife shi Iran a Wakhsh, wani gari da ke kan kogi da sunan daya a Balkh, Greater Khorasan.  Yanzu Wakhsh yana Tajikistan yayin da Balkh yake a kasar Afghanistan.

Muhimman tasiri a kansa, ban da mahaifinsa masani Baha od-Din Walad wanda ke da alaƙa da zuriyar Gnostic Najm od-Din Kubra na Iran, su ne mawaƙan Farisa Attar Naishapuri da Sana’i Ghaznavi.  Bai cika shekara goma ba lokacin da dangi suka gudu daga Khorasan zuwa Iraki saboda mamayar Mongol.

A cikin shekara ta 1229, Sarkin Seljuk Turks ya gayyaci mahaifinsa don koyar da ilimin tauhidi a babban birnin kasar, Konya.  Rumi ya zama malami kuma babban malami;  bayan an aika shi zuwa Aleppo da Dimashƙu don ya kammala samun horon addini, daga baya Rumi ya karɓi mukamin mahaifinsa.

## Wakoki
Gano waqoqin Rumi gabaɗaya ya samo asali ne daga abokantakarsa ta tsakiyar rayuwa da sufanci Shams al-Din Tabrizi. A shekara ta 1244, Shams ya isa Konya, yana wa'azin yuwuwar da wajibcin tarayya da Allah kai tsaye.  Rumi ta zama almajiri kuma aminin Shams;  su biyun ba kasafai suke rabuwa ba.  An ce ’ya’yan Rumi da mabiyansa sun yi kishin Shams suka kore shi daga garin.  Ko mene ne sanadin, bayan bacewar Sham, Rumi ya jajanta wa kansa da rubuta wakoki, rera wakoki, da raye-raye, musamman raye-rayen dawake da aka yi a kade-kade da aka fi sani da whirling dervish.  Da sauri Rumi ya samu suna a matsayin mai hangen nesa mai cike da farin ciki, kuma ya sadaukar da sauran rayuwarsa wajen rubutu da ibada.  Manyan ayyukan Rumi duk sun kasance tun bayan bacewar Shams: Diwan-e Shams-e Tabiz, “The Collected Poems of Shams,” da aka rubuta a wani bangare cikin muryar Shams;  Mathnawi, ko “Ma’auratan Ruhaniya,” wani lokaci ana kiranta da Kur’ani na Farisa, kuma waƙar da aka fi karantawa a duniyar Musulmi;  da ayyuka daban-daban da suka haɗa da Fihe ma fih, ko “Magana”;  wa'azin da aka tsara don lokuta, Majales-e sab'a;  da haruffa da yawa da aka sani da Maktubat.  Shaharar Rumi a lokacin rayuwarsa ta shahara, kuma an yi alhinin mutuwarsa.

Rumi ta kasance daya daga cikin fitattun mawakan duniya.  Malamai irin su A.J.  Arberry, Franklin D. Lewis, Jawid Mojaddedi, da Reynold A. Nicholson sun fassara ayyukan Rumi masu tarin yawa cikin Ingilishi.  Shahararrun fassarorin ayyukan Rumi kuma Coleman Barks ne suka yi.  A cewar Mojaddedi, jin daɗin Rumi tare da masu karatu na zamani za a iya gano su a wani ɓangare na zayyana, sauƙi, yadda ya yi amfani da mutum na biyu da dagewa kan adireshin kai tsaye, da kuma "fatan sa na samun haɗin gwiwa… Rumi yana murna da haɗin gwiwa.

## Manazarta
Kilogram

**Kilogram** (KG) shine naúrar Gwaji a cikin Tsarin Raka'a na Duniya (SI), yana da alamar naúrar kg . Ma'auni ne da ake amfani da shi sosai a fannin kimiyya, injiniyanci da kasuwanci a duk duniya, kuma galibi ana kiransa kilo da baki. Yana nufin ' gram dubu daya.
an Samar da kilogram a ƙarshen karni na 18 ta wani ɗan ƙaramin silinda na platinum. An maye gurbinsa a cikin 1889 dilogiram, kuma silinda mai ƙarfi, mai tsayi daidai da diamita, wanda aka yi da alloy iri ɗaya na platinum-iridium a matsayin mashaya sannan ake amfani da shi azaman ma'aunin ayyana mita.  Madaidaicin kilogiram an adana shi a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Ofishin Ma'auni da Ma'auni na Duniya a Sèvres, Faransa. a cikin 1989 an gano cewa samfurin da aka ajiye a Sèvres ya fi mikrogram 50 sauƙi fiye da sauran kwafin madaidaicin kilogiram.  Don guje wa matsalar samun siffanta kilogram da wani abu mai yawan gaske, babban taron ma'auni da ma'auni (CGPM) ya amince a shekara ta 2011 ga wata shawara ta fara sake fasalta kilogram ba ta wani abu na zahiri ba amma ta ainihin nauyi na zahiri. Zaɓin akai-akai shine Planck's akai-akai, wanda za'a bayyana shi daidai da 6.62607015 × 10−34 joule.  Joule ɗaya yana daidai da murabba'in sau kilo mita ɗaya a murabba'in daƙiƙa guda.  Tun da na biyu da mita an riga an ayyana ta dangane da mitar layin cesium da saurin haske, bi da bi, sannan za'a tantance kilogram ta ingantattun ma'auni na dindindin na Planck.  An karɓi shawarar a 2018 CGPM kuma, mai tasiri daga Mayu 20, 2019, za a ayyana kilogram ta dindindin na Planck.  Duba kuma Tsarin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasashen Duniya.
 

## Manazarta
Lita

**Lita** ko lita (da Turanci *litre*, ko *liter* a haruffa na Turancin Amurka) (alamomin SI L da l,[1] sauran alamar da aka yi amfani da su: ℓ) yanki ne na awo na ƙara.  Yana daidai da 1 cubic decimeter (dm3), santimita cubic 1000 (cm3) ko 0.001 cubic mita (m3).  Adadin decimeter (ko lita) ya mamaye girman 10cm × 10 cm × 10 cm (duba adadi) don haka yana daidai da dubu ɗaya na cubic mita. Tsarin awo na Faransa na asali ya yi amfani da litar azaman rukunin tushe.  Kalmar lita ta samo asali ne daga tsohuwar rukunin Faransanci, litron, wanda sunansa ya fito daga Girkanci na Byzantine—inda raka'a ce ta nauyi, ba girma ba[2] — ta Late Medieval Latin, kuma wacce ta kai kusan lita 0.831.  Hakanan an yi amfani da litar a cikin nau'ikan tsarin awo da yawa na gaba kuma an karɓa don amfani da SI,[3] ko da yake ba naúrar SI ba — naúrar SI ita ce mita cubic (m3).  Rubutun da Ofishin Ma'auni da Ma'auni na Ƙasashen Duniya ke amfani da shi "lita", [3] haruffa ne wanda galibin ƙasashen masu magana da Ingilishi ke rabawa.  Rubutun "lita" galibi ana amfani dashi a cikin Ingilishi na Amurka.

Lita ɗaya na ruwan ruwa yana da nauyin  kusan kusan kilogiram ɗaya, saboda asalin kilogram ɗin an bayyana shi a cikin 1795 a matsayin adadin dicimeter cubic ɗaya na ruwa a zazzabi na narkewar ƙanƙara (0 °C).[4]  Ma'anar sake fasalin mita da kilogram na gaba yana nufin cewa wannan dangantakar ba ta kasance daidai ba.
### Manazarta
Maryam Endowment Fund

**Maryam Endowment Fund** Ta kasance Ƙungiya ce ta jin-kai mai zaman kanta wacce take taimakon gajiyayyu a Faɗin Jihar Katsina da Faɗin Najeriya. Alh. Sani Zangon-Daura shine wanda ya assasata a shekarar 1982. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da samar da tallafin karatu ga iyalai masu ƙaramin karfi kama daga Firamare, makarantar gaba da Firamare, da kuma makarantar gaba da Sakandare, Kiwon Lafiya, Ciyarwa, tufatar wa, samar da likafani, gina masallatai da islamiyyu da sauran ayyuka na jin ki.
Smith

**Smith** na iya komawa zuwa:
* Alex Smith (ɗan siyasa)
* Jada Pinkett Smith
* Bessie Smith
* Elle Smith
* Tye Smith
* Adam Smith
* Will Smith
Nishaɗantarwa

**Nishaɗantarwa**  wani nau'i wasan kwaikwayo ne wanda manufarsa ita ce sanya masu sauraro dariya.  Barkwanci kuma nau'in wasan kwaikwayo ne na ban mamaki wanda ke amfani da sautunan ban sha'awa, Basuda da ƙarewa.
maƙasudin wasan barkwanci shine nishadantar da masu sauraro da kuma Aika musu da wani sako a Hikimance.

Yawancin lokaci ana samun hakan lokacin da haruffa suka sami damar yin nasara akan munanan yanayi tare da ƙirƙirar wani nau'in wasan ban dariya, A cikin barkwanci, ƙarshensa yana kasancewa mai daɗaɗawa, tabbatacce, kuma mai  nasara.
Comedies suna faruwa a cikin nau'ikan adabi masu ban mamaki da na ba da 

## Manazarta
Theatre

**Wurin Gabatar da Wasan Kwaikwayo** ko gidan wasan kwaikwayo wuri ne wanda ake amfani don gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo kai tsaye, yawanci 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ne gabatar da ƙwarewarsu akan wani abu na gaske ko kirkiraren abu a gaban yan kallo kai tsaye a wani killataccen wuri.  Masu wasan kwaikwayo na gabatar da wasan kwaikwayonsu ga masu sauraro ta hanyar haɗin kai, magana, waƙa, kiɗa, da rawa.  Ana amfani da abubuwa na fasaha, kamar fenti da zane-zane da haske don kawata wurin wasan.

## Manazarta
Wayewa

Wayewa (ko **wayewa** ) ita ce yanayi da kowace sarƙaƙƙiya al'umma ke da samun cigaban ƙasa ta fuskar, zamantakewar al'umma, ƙayyadaddun birni, da tsarin sadarwa fiye da harshen magana na gargajiya (wato tsarin rubutu ).Kuma Wayewa na nufin wata sabuwar hanyar rayuwa wadda ta shigo masu a zamanance.      

Wayewa na da alaƙa da wasu sharudda kamar haɓakawa, kula da nau'ikan tsirrai da kuma dabbobi na gida (ciki har da mutane), ƙwarewa na aiki, akidun ci gaba da imani, gine -ginen wuraren tarihi, haraji, dogaro da al'umma akan noma, da faɗaɗawa.     

A tarihi, ana fahimtar wayewa sau da yawa a matsayin al'ada mafi girma kuma "mafi ci gaba", a ma'anar suna da bambanci da ƙananan al'adu, da ake zaton basu cigaba ba.     A cikin wannan ma'ana mai faɗi, wayewa ta bambanta da al'ummomin ƙabilanci waɗanda ba su da tushe, gami da al'adun makiyaya makiyaya, ƙungiyoyin Neolithic ko mafarauta ; duk da haka, wani lokacin kuma ya bambanta da al'adun da aka samu a cikin wayewar kansu. Wayewa an shirya matsugunan jama'a da suka kasu kashi-kashi na tsarin zamantakewa tare da jiga-jigan al'umma masu mulki da mazauna birni da karkara, wadanda ke gudanar da aikin noma, hakar ma'adinai, kananan masana'antu da kasuwanci . Wayewa tana mai da hankali kan iko, tana shimfida ikon ɗan adam akan sauran yanayi, gami da sauran mutane. 

## Manazarta.
Tarihin ɗan-Adam

**Tarihin ɗan adam**, wanda kuma ake kira **tarihin duniya**, shine labarin tarihin ɗan adam, na baya. Ana iya fahimtarta da nazarinta ta hanyar ilimin ɗan adam, ilmin kayan tarihi, ilmin halittu, da ilimin harshe. Tun da aka ƙirƙiri rubuce-rubuce, ana nazarin tarihin ɗan adam ta takaddun asali na farko da na zamani.

Rubuce-rubucen tarihin ɗan adam na bin bayan tarihin duniya na farko-, ya fara da zamanin Paleolithic ("Tsohon Dutsen Zamani"). Wannan ya biyo bayan zamanin Neolithic ("New Stone Age"), wanda ya ga juyin juya halin noma ya fara a Gabas ta Tsakiya kusan 10,000.&nbsp;BC . A wannan lokacin, mutane sun fara kiwo na tsire-tsire da dabbobi na tsari. Yayin da aikin noma ya ci gaba, yawancin mutane sun sauya sheka daga makiyaya zuwa salon rayuwa a matsayin manoma a matsugunan dindindin . Tsaron dangi da haɓaka aikin noma ya ba al'ummomi damar faɗaɗa zuwa manyan raka'a, wanda ci gaban sufuri ya haɓaka.

## Manazarta
Ajuran Sultanate

**Ajuran Sultanate** (Somali, ), wanda kuma aka fi sani da **Ajuuraan**,  kuma sau da yawa a na cewa **Ajuran** kawai,  ta kasance daular Somaliya a tsakiyar zamanai (middle ages) a cikin Horn of Africa wacce ta mamaye kasuwancin arewacin tekun Indiya. Sun kasance na Sarkin Musulmin Somaliya    wanda ya yi mulki a manyan sassan Horn of Afirka a tsakiyar zamanai. Ta hanyar gwamnatin tsakiya mai karfi da kuma matsananciyar soji ga mahara, daular Ajuran ta yi nasarar kalubalantar mamayar Oromo daga yamma da kuma kutsen Portuguese daga gabas a lokacin Gaal Madow da yakin Ajuran-Portuguese. Hanyoyin kasuwanci da suka samo asali daga zamanin da da na farko na kasuwancin teku na Somaliya sun ƙarfafasu ko sake kafa su, kuma kasuwancin ciki da kuma kasuwancin waje a lardunan bakin teku sun bunƙasa tare da jiragen ruwa da ke tafiya da kuma fitowa daga yawancin masarautu da dauloli a Gabashin Asiya, Kudancin Asiya, Turai., Gabas Kusa, da Arewacin Afirka da Gabashin Afirka. 

Daular ta bar gadon gine-gine mai yawa, kasancewarta ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashen Somaliyawa na tsaka-tsakin  da ginin katakai da kagara. Da yawa daga cikin rugujewar katangar da ke kewayen kudancin Somaliya a yau ana danganta su ga injiniyoyin Daular Ajuran,  da suka haɗa da ginshiƙan  kaburbura, ƙauyuka da rusassun biranen da aka gina a wancan zamanin. A lokacin Ajuran, yankuna da jama'a da dama a kudancin yankin Horn of Afirka sun musulunta saboda tsarin mulki.  Gidan sarauta, Gidan Garen, ya faɗaɗa yankunansa kuma ya kafa tsarin mulkinsa ta hanyar haɗe-haɗe na yaƙi, haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci da ƙawance. 

A karni na goma sha biyar, alal misali, daular Ajuran ita ce kawai daular hydraulic a Afirka. A matsayinta na hydraulic empire, jihar Ajuran ta mamaye albarkatun ruwan kogin Shebelle da Jubba.  Ta hanyar injiniyan ruwa, ya gina da yawa daga cikin rijiyoyin farar ƙasa da rijiyoyin jihar waɗanda har yanzu ake amfani da su. Masu mulkin sun kirkiro sabbin tsare-tsare na noma da haraji, wadanda aka ci gaba da amfani da su a sassan yankin Horn of Afirka har zuwa karni na 19.  Mulkin sarakunan Ajuran na baya ya haifar da tawaye da yawa a cikin daular, kuma a ƙarshen karni na 17, ƙasar Ajuran ta wargaje zuwa masarautu da jahohi da yawa waɗanda suka gaje su, mafi shaharar ita ce ta Geledi Sultanate.

## Location (Wuri)
Fannin tasirin daular Ajuran a yankin Horn of Afirka na daya daga cikin mafi girma a yankin. Daular ta rufe yawancin kudancin Somaliya da gabashin Habasha,   tare da yankinsa ya tashi daga Hobyo a arewa, zuwa Qelafo a yamma, zuwa Kismayo a kudu. 

## Manazarta
Daular Kitara

**Masarautar Banyakitara**, wacce aka fi sani da **Union of Kitara** **(Union of Chwezi)** ko **Chwezi Union**, ko wacce aka fi sani da **Daular Kitara**, daula ce a Gabashin Afirka. Ta wanzu a yankin tun daga farkon bronze age zuwa kusan 500 AZ A lokacin da take kololuwa a karkashin sarakunan Chwezi masu ban mamaki, daular ta ƙunshi Uganda ta zamani, Gabashin Kenya, Gabashin DR Kongo, Ruwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe da Angola.  

## Tarihi

Dangane da al'adun baka na yammacin Uganda, daular Kitara ta wargaje a cikin ƙarni na 14-15, kuma ta balle zuwa sabbin masarautu masu cin gashin kansu waɗanda zuriyar Chwezi ke mulka waɗanda, ta hanyar baka, ta ɓace ba tare da wata alama ba. Sabbin masarautun sun haɗa da Bunyoro, Tooro, Ankole, Buganda, Busoga a Uganda, Masarautar Ruwanda, Burundi, da Karagwe dake arewacin Tanzaniya da sauran su a gabashin Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango.  An bayar da rahoton cewa dauloli biyu ne suka yi mulki a Kitara, gumakan Batembuzi da waɗanda suka gaje su sarakunan Bachwezi. Ana tunanin daular Chwezi tana da alaƙa da ɗan Isaza ɗan sarkin Tembuzi Ngonzaki. Ana kyautata zaton Isaza shine shugaban daular Batembuzi na karshe, ya auri Nyamata, diyar Nyamiyonga, “Sarkin duniya”. Wannan ƙungiyar ta haifar da sarki Isimbwa wanda daga baya ya haifi Ndahura a Runyakitara (wanda aka fi sani da Rwanda Ndahiro I Bamara da kuma a Buganda a matsayin Wamala Ndawula), na farko na sarakunan daular Chwezi.   Sarki Ngonzaki ɗan Sarki Bada neh. Bada shi ne dan Kakama (Kayima) wanda mahaifinsa Hanga ya sauko daga heaven.

## Masu mulki

## Timeline
Wanda ya gabata:

* Iteru daular
* Havira
* Masarautar Aksum
* Masarautar Ruwanda
* Masarautar Gitega ko Burundi
* Masarautar Lozvi
* Da mulkin
* Masarautar Karagwe
* Masarautar Zagwe
* masarautar shewa
* Masarautar Makuriyya

Wanda ya gaje shi:

* Masarautar Bunyoro
* Masarautar Buganda
* Masarautar Tooro
* Masarautar Busoga
* Masarautar Ankole
* Masarautar Rwenzururu

## Duba kuma

* Daulolin Afirka
* Tarihin Afirka
* Tarihin Afirka
* Tarihin Gabashin Afirka
* Tarihin Uganda
* Jerin masarautu a Afirka kafin mulkin mallaka
* Daular Solomon 

## Manazarta



## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
  
* Organization & Mystification in an African Kingdom
*  
* P6 Materials | PDF | East Africa | Archaeology
* 
* Uganda Bantu Languages 
* PanAfrican L10n page
Adal Sultanate

**Adal Sultanate**, ko **Adal Empire** or the ʿAdal or the **Bar Sa'ad dīn** (alt. spelling *Adel Sultanate,* Adal *Sultanate*) (Somali) Daular musulmin Sunni ce  wacce take a yankin Horn of Afirka.  Sabr ad-Din II ne ya kafa ta bayan faduwar daular Sultan na Ifat. Mulkin ya bunƙasa a kusan shekarar 1415 zuwa 1577.  Mazaunan Zeila ne suka kafa masarautar da jiha.  ko kuma tudun Harar.  A tsayin daka, mulkin Sultan Badlay ne ke iko da yankin da ya tashi daga Somaliland zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Suakin a Sudan.   Daular Adal ta ci gaba da kulla dangantakar kasuwanci da siyasa da daular Usmaniyya.

## Asalin kalmar
An yi imanin Adal gajarta ce ta Havilah. 

Eidal ko Aw Abdal, shi ne Sarkin Harar a karni na sha daya.  A cikin karni na goma sha uku, marubucin Larabawa al-Dimashqi yana nufin babban birnin Adal Sultanate, Zeila,  da sunan Somaliya "Awdal" (Somali).  Yankin Awdal na zamani na Somaliland, wanda ya kasance yanki na Adal Sultanate, yana dauke da sunan masarautar.

A cikin daular musulmi ne suka san daular da *Bar Sa'ad ad-din* ma'ana "Kasar Sa'ad ad-din" 

## Tarihi

### Sultanate established

Masanin tarihin kasar Habasha Taddesse Tamrat ya bayyana cewa babbar hukumar Adal a karni na sha hudu ta kunshi mutanen Argobba, Harari da Silt'e.  A cewar Patrick Gikes, Adal a karni na sha shida ya nada tsohuwar Harla da mutanen Somaliya.  Kawancen auratayya tsakanin Argobba, Harari da Somaliya shima ya zama ruwan dare a cikin masarautar Adal. 

### Kafa Mulki
Masarautar Adal (kuma *Awdal*, *Adl*, ko *Adel* )  ta kasance a tsakiyar birnin Zeila, babban birninta.    Kabilun Somaliya na gida ne suka kafa ta a farkon karni na tara. Zeila ta jawo hankalin 'yan kasuwa daga sassa daban-daban na duniya, suna ba da gudummawa ga arzikin birnin. Birnin Zeila tsohon birni ne kuma yana daya daga cikin garuruwan farko da suka karbi Musulunci.  

A karshen karni na tara, Al-Yaqubi, wani masani musulmin Armeniya kuma matafiyi, ya rubuta cewa Masarautar Adal karamar masarauta ce kuma Zeila ta kasance hedikwatar masarautar, wacce ta fara aiki tun farkon karni.  

#### Tasirin Musulunci
An fara gabatar da Musulunci a yankin horn tun daga yankin Larabawa, jim kadan bayan hijira. Masallacin mihrab biyu na Zeila Masjid al-Qiblatayn ya kasance a kusan karni na bakwai, kuma shine masallaci mafi tsufa a Afirka.  A karshen karni na tara, Al-Yaqubi ya rubuta cewa Musulmai suna zaune a gefen tekun arewacin Somaliya.   Daulolin Somaliya na cikin gida ne ke gudanar da mulkin da Adelites suka kafa.  Tarihin Adal tun daga wannan lokacin kafuwar zai kasance da tarihin yake-yake da Abyssiniya makwabta. 

An haifi Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn a garin Zeila a zamanin masarautar Adal. Al-Kawneyn waliyyi musulmi ne dan kasar Somaliya.  An yi imani da cewa shi ne kakan gidan sarauta da aka sani da daular Walashma, wanda daga baya ya yi mulkin Ifat Sultanate da kuma Adal Sultanate a lokacin tsakiyar zamanai.

## Manazarta
D'mt

**D mt** (Ge'ez: دعالت, *DʿMT* a ka'idar vocalized as da'amamat, *Da'amat*  ko da'mat, Da'əmat  ) wata masarauta ce dake cikin Eritriya da arewacin Habasha wacce ta wanzu a tsakanin ƙarni na 10 zuwa ƙarni na 5 BC. Rubuce-rubuce kaɗan daga ko game da wannan masarauta sun tsira kuma kaɗan ne aka yi aikin binciken kayan tarihi. Sakamakon haka, ba a sani ba ko D'mt ta ƙare a matsayin civilization kafin farkon  mulkin Masarautar Aksum, ya samo asali ne zuwa cikin jihar Aksumite, ko kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan jihohin da suka haɗu a cikin Masarautar Aksum mai yiwuwa a farkon karni na 1. 

## Tarihi
Ganin kasancewar babban ginin haikalin, babban birnin D'mt na iya kasancewa yau Yeha, a yankin Tigray, Habasha.  A Yeha, haikalin gunkin Ilmuqah yana tsaye har yanzu. 

Masarautar ta ɓullo da dabarun ban ruwa, ta yi amfani da garma, da noman gero, ta yi kayan aikin ƙarfe da makamai.

Wasu masana tarihi na zamani ciki har da Stuart Munro-Hay, Rodolfo Fattovich, Ayele Bekerie, Kayinu Felder, da kuma Ifraimu Ishaku sunyi la'akari da wannan wayewar ta zama 'yan asali, ko da yake Sabaean-ya rinjayi saboda rinjaye na karshe na Bahar Maliya, yayin da wasu kamar Joseph Michels, Henri de Contenson, Tekle-Tsadik Mekouria, da Stanley Burstein sun kalli D'mt a matsayin sakamakon cakuɗen mutanen Sabae da ƴan asali.   Wasu majiyoyi suna ɗaukar tasirin Sabae a matsayin ƙarami, iyakance ga wasu ƙananan yankuna, kuma ya ɓace bayan ƴan shekarun da suka gabata ko karni, watakila wakiltar ciniki ko mulkin mallaka na soja a cikin wani nau'i na symbiosis ko haɗin gwiwar soja tare da wayewar D'mt ko wasu proto. Aksumite state.  

Masanin ilimin tarihi Rodolfo Fattovich ya yi imanin cewa an sami rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin al'ummar D'mt da arewacin Habasha saboda sarakunan da ke mulkin *<nowiki/>'sb* (Sabaeans) da *<nowiki/>' br*, 'Red' da 'Blacks'.  Fattovich ya kuma lura cewa sanannun sarakunan Dʿmt suna bauta wa gumakan Kudancin Larabawa da na asali masu suna *<nowiki/>'str*, *Hbs*, *Dt Hmn*, *Rb*, *Šmn*, *Sdqn* da *Šyhn*. 

Bayan faduwar D'mt a ƙarni na 5 BC, ƙananan masarautu waɗanda ba a san su ba ne suka mamaye yankin tudu. Wannan ya ci gaba har zuwa hawan ɗayan waɗannan mulkin a ƙarni na farko BC, Masarautar Aksumite. 

## Name (Suna)
Saboda kamanceceniyar sunan D'mt da Damot lokacin da aka rubuta su zuwa haruffan Latin, waɗannan masarautun biyu galibi suna rikicewa ko kuma suna haɗuwa da juna, amma babu wata shaida ta kowace dangantaka da Damot, masarauta mai nisa zuwa kudu kuma tana da shekaru dubu. da rabi daga baya.

## Sarakunan da aka sani
Wadannan sune jerin sanannun sarakunan D'mt guda hudu, a cikin tsarin lokaci: 

## Yankuna

* Barka
* Bur
* Hamasien
* Marya
* Seraye
* Yeha

## Duba kuma

* Tarihin Eritrea
* Tarihin Habasha
* Masarautar Aksum
* Ƙasar Punt

## Manazarta
Alodia

**Alodia**, wacce kuma aka fi sani da **Alwa** (Greek, *Aruwa*;  , *ʿAlwa*), wata masarauta ce a  kudancin Sudan a yanzu. Babban birninta shine birnin Soba, dake kusa da Khartoum na zamani a mahaɗar kogin Blue and White Nile.

An kafa ta a wani lokaci bayan daular Kush ta faɗi, kusan shekara ta 350 AD, an fara ambaton Alodia a cikin tarihin tarihi a shekara ta 569. Ita ce ta ƙarshe daga cikin masarautun Nubian uku da suka koma Kiristanci a shekarar 580, bayan Nobadia da Makuria. Ta yiwu ta kai kololuwarta a cikin ƙarni na 9 zuwa 12 lokacin da bayanai suka nuna cewa ta zarce makwabciyarta ta arewa, Makuria, wadda take da alaƙa ta kut-da-kut, girmanta, ƙarfin soja da wadatar tattalin arziki. Da yake Alodia babbar ƙasa ce mai al'adu dabam-dabam, wani sarki mai iko da hakiman larduna da ya naɗa ne ke gudanar da mulkin Alodia. Soba babban birnin kasar, wanda aka kwatanta shi a matsayin gari mai "zaman gidaje da coci-coci cike da zinariya da lambuna",  ya ci gaba a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci. Kayayyakin sun zo ne daga Makuria, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Yammacin Afirka, Indiya har ma da China. Ilimin karatu a cikin Nubian da Girkanci ya bunƙasa.

Tun daga karni na 12, musamman a karni na 13, Alodia tana raguwa, mai yiyuwa ne saboda mamayewa daga kudanci, fari da kuma canjin hanyoyin kasuwanci. A cikin karni na 14, watakila annobar ta lalata kasar, yayin da kabilun Larabawa suka fara ƙaura zuwa kwarin Upper Nile. A kusan shekarun 1500 Soba ta faɗa hannun Larabawa ko Funj. Wataƙila wannan ya nuna ƙarshen Alodia, kodayake wasu al'adun baka na Sudan sun yi iƙirarin cewa ta rayu a cikin tsarin mulkin Fazughli a cikin iyakokin Habasha da Sudan. Bayan rugujewar Soba, Funj ya kafa Sarkin Musulmin Sennar, inda ya kawo lokacin Musulunci da kuma Larabawa.

## Sources

Alodia ita ce mafi ƙarancin karatu game da masarautun Nubian uku na tsakiya,  don haka shaida ba ta da ƙarfi sosai.  Mafi yawan abin da aka sani game da ita ya fito ne daga ƴan tsirarun malaman tarihi na Larabci na zamanin da. Mafi mahimmancin wadannan su ne masana ilimin kasa na Musulunci al-Yaqubi (karni na 9), Ibn Hawqal da al-Aswani (karni na 10), wadanda dukkansu suka ziyarci kasar, da kuma dan Copt Abu al-Makarim  (karni na 12).  Abubuwan da suka faru a kusa da Kiristanci na mulkin a cikin karni na 6 an kwatanta su ta wurin bishop John na Afisa na wannan lokacin;  Madogara daban-daban na Sudan ta baya-bayan nan suna magana game da faɗuwarta.   Al-Aswani ya lura cewa ya yi hulɗa da wani masanin tarihi na Nubian wanda ya kasance "masanin al'ummar Alwa",  amma har yanzu ba a gano wani aikin tarihin Nubian na tsakiya ba. 

Duk da yake an san wuraren Alodian da yawa,  babban birnin Soba ne kawai aka tona sosai.  An gano sassa na wannan rukunin yanar gizon a farkon shekarun 1950, an sake yin tono abubuwa a cikin shekarun 1980s da 1990s.  Wani sabon aikin bincike da yawa ana shirin farawa a ƙarshen 2019.  Soba tana kusan 2.75 km2   girmansa kuma an lulluɓe shi da tarkacen bulo da yawa a baya mallakar manyan gine-gine.  Binciken da aka yi ya zuwa yanzu sun haɗa da coci-coci da dama, gidan faɗa, makabartu da ƙananun abubuwa masu yawa. 

## Manazarta
Muhammad Tukur Abdullahi

**Muhammad Tukur Abdullahi** wanda akafi sani da Mallam, (An haifeshi ranar 1 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 1936), ga iyalin Galadiman jihar Katsina, karamar hukumar Malumfashi. Ya kasance likita, wanda ya rike matsayin Babban Chiyaman na cibiyar kula da lafiya wato (Health Management Board) na tsohuwar jihar Kaduna daga bisani kuma Babban chiyaman na (Family Support Trust Fund) a lokacin mulkin Gen. Sani Abacha.

## Kuruciya da Ilimi
Mahaifinsa Alhaji Abubakar shine Galadiman Katsina daga karamar hukumar Malumfashi, mahaifiyarsa kuma Hauwa ta fito ne daga gidan sarauta itama. Ya fara karatun Qur’ani tun yana da shekaru 5, sannan ya fara karatunsa na firamare a katsina central elementary school dake Rafukka Quarters acikin tsohon ginin Kwalejin Katsina. 

Ya kuma cigaba da karatunsa Middle School daga shekarar 1949 inda ya kammala a alif 1953, inda ya wuce makarantar ilimin magunguna ta Zaria (Pharmacy School) inda yanzu aka sani da ABU Zaria sannan ya zama likitan magunguna (Pharmacist) a 1957.

Ya samu tallafin gwamnati (Northern Nigeria Government scholarship) don fita kasar waje don cigaba da karatu a Uk.

Dr. Tukur ya sama kololuwar sakamako daga Norwood Technical College, London tsakanin 1961-1963 duk a UK. Ya dawo Jami’ar Lagos a don samun horon likitanci tsakanin 1963-1968. Ya samu sakamakon digiri na MB.BS a 1968 daga Jami’ar London. Ya koma UK don karatun digiri na biyu a Middlex University.

## Aiki
Ya zama cikakken likita a asibitin Horarwa ta Zaria a tsakanin 1968-1970, sannan an turashi zuwa asibitoci daban daban. Har wayau kuma yayi aiki a asibitin Norwood Technical College London. Ya kuma rike mukamai a ma’aikatu da dama na gwamnati. Ya rike matsayin kwamishinan aiki na ma’aikatu kamar haka; Fannin Kudade (finance), Lafiya (Health), Kasuwanci (commerce) da kuma Masana’antu (industries). 

An bashi matsayin Executive Chairman health management board, na tshouwar Jihar Kaduna, daga bisani kuma a ofishin shugaban kasa matsayin, Executive Chairman na Family Support Trust Fund a lokacin Abacha daga 1980 zuwa 1983 sannan kuma PTF.

## Kungiyoyi

* Founding member of the west Africa college of Physicians

* Former Vice president of Nigerian Association of physician
* A member of the royal college of physicians

* Member of board Nigerian and British medical associations

* Fellow of Nigerian medical college of physicians

## Muƙamai
Ya rike shugaban (ciyaman) na wurare kamar haka:

* EMI (Nigerian)

* Jinya medical clinics limited

* Arewa Astra pharmaceuticals limited

* Health care security limited 

* Nigerian universal Bank ( as commissioner of commerce )

* Trans Nigerian medical electronics and equipment company limited

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Ya auri mata biyu kuma dukkanninsu sunan su Bilkisu. Yana da ‘ya’ya 15 tare da su. Sannan kuma yana da jikoki da dama.

## Manazarta
Harin bam a Konduga, 2018

A ranar Juma'a 16 ga watan Fabrairu 2018, an kai harin ƙuna baƙin wake sau uku a Konduga, jihar Borno, arewa maso gabashin Najeriya.

## Lamarin
Wasu ‘yan ƙuna baƙin wake biyu sun tayar da bama-baman da ke jikinsu a wata kasuwar kifi mai cike da cunkoson jama’a da misalin karfe 8:30 na dare. Mintuna huɗu bayan haka, bam na uku ya tashi a kusa da wurin.

Hare-haren sun kashe tsakanin mutane 17 zuwa 22 tare da jikkata tsakanin 22  zuwa 70. Ɗaya daga cikin maharan mace ce, yayin da sauran biyun kuma maza ne. An kai waɗanda suka jikkata a harin zuwa asibiti a birnin Maiduguri.

### Bayan harin
Ba a samu labarin lamarin ba, har sai washegari.  Babu wanda ya ɗauki alhakin kai harin, amma mayakan Boko Haram sun sha kai manyan hare-hare a Konduga a baya (ciki har da kisan kiyashi a watan Janairu da Fabrairun 2014 ) da kuma (ciki har da harin kunar bakin wake sau uku a watan Yunin 2019 ).

## Manazarta
Masarautar Nri

**Masarautar Nri** (Igbo) ta kasance medieval polity da ke cikin Najeriya a yanzu. Masarautar ta kasance a matsayin wata yanki na addini da siyasa a kan kashi uku na ƙasar Igbo, kuma wani sarki mai suna *Eze Nri* ne ke gudanar da mulkinta. *Eze Nri* ya gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci da diflomasiyya a madadin al’ummar Nri, wata kungiya ce ta kabilar Igbo, kuma tana da ikon  a harkokin addini.

Masarautar ta kasance mafaka ga duk waɗanda aka ƙi a cikin al'ummominsu da kuma wurin da aka 'yantar da bayi daga bauta. Nri ta faɗaɗa ta hanyar masu tuba suna samun goyon bayan al'ummomin makwabta, ba da karfi ba. Wanda ya kafa sarautar Nri, Eri, an ce shi 'halitta ne' wanda ya sauko duniya sannan ya kafa civilization. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun ragowar civilization na  Nri yana bayyana a cikin kayan tarihi na igbo. Al’adun Nri sun yi tasiri a kan kabilar Ibo ta Arewa da ta Yamma, musamman ta hanyar addini da taboos.

Da alama Masarautar ta wuce kololuwarta a cikin karni na 18, ta mamaye daular Benin da Igala, daga baya kuma cinikin bayi na Atlantic, amma ya bayyana cewa ya ci gaba da rike ikonsa har cikin karni na 16, da ragowar daular. *Sarakunan eze* sun dawwama har zuwa lokacin da Najeriya ta kafa mulkin mallaka a shekarar 1911 kuma tana wakiltar ɗaya daga cikin jihohin gargajiya na Najeriya ta zamani.

## Tarihi

Masarautar Nri wata masarauta ce a yankin Igbo ta Najeriya. Nri da Aguleri, inda tatsuniyar halittar Umueri-Igbo ta samo asali, suna cikin yankin dangin Umu-Eri, waɗanda suka samo asali daga zuriyarsu tun daga siffa ta sarki-baba, Eri.  Ba a san asalin Eri ba, kodayake an bayyana shi a matsayin “halitta na sama”  da Chukwu (God) ya aiko.  An yaba masa da fara ba da odar al'umma ga mutanen Anambra.  Za a iya raba tarihin Nri zuwa manyan lokuta shida: zamanin kafin Eri, lokacin Eri, ƙaura da haɗin kai, zamanin tasirin Nri, raguwa da rugujewa da Farfaɗowar al'adun zamantakewa (1974-Present). 

### Tushe/Kafuwa

Marubuci Onwuejeogwu ya ba da shawarar cewa tasirin Nri a yankin Igbo na iya komawa baya har zuwa karni na 9,  kuma an gano binne sarakuna tun a kalla karni na 10.

A cewar wasu mawallafa, Eri, wanda ya kafa Nri mai kama da  an yi imanin ya zaunar da yankin a kusa da shekarun 1500s.   Eze  na farko (Sarkin Nri), Ìfikuánim, yana biye da shi kai tsaye. A cewar Angulu (1981), al’adar baka ta nuna kasancewar Eri a shekarar 1043.   Chambers (2005) ya zare sarautar Ìfikuánim a kusan 1225 CE. 

## Manazarta
Premium Times

***Premium Times*** jarida ce ta yanar gizo a Najeriya da ke Abuja a babban birnin tarayya. An ƙaddamar da ita a cikin shekarar 2011. Jaridar  sananna ce akan  bincike da ma samar da rahotanni.

## Kyaututtuka da zaɓe
A shekarar 2013, an zaɓi jaridar *Premium Times* a matsayin *Website/blog of the year* a lambar yabo ta Nigerian Broadcasters Merit Award. A cikin shekara ta 2017, 'yan jarida na *Premium Times* sun samu kyautar the Pulitzer Prize, biyo bayan haɗin gwiwar su da ƙasa da ƙasa wurin bincike akan Takardun Panama, wanda ya nuna cin hanci da rashawa a wuraren haraji na teku da mutane da yawa ke amfani da su. A watan Nuwamba 2017, ƙungiyar (Global Investigative Journalism Network) ta sanar da cewa jaridar *Premium Times* ta samu lambar yabo ta (Global Shining Light Award) saboda aikin binciken kisan gilla da aka yi a yankin Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya da kuma yadda aka kitsa kisan kiyashin Onitsha da magoya bayan Biafra su kayi.

## Duba kuma
 * Jerin Jaridun Najeriya
 * Mujalla
## Manazarta
Masarautar Benin

**Masarautar Benin**, wacce kuma ake kira daular **Edo**, ko kuma **daular Benin** (Bini: *<span lang="bin" dir="ltr">Arriọba ɗo</span>* ) wata masarauta ce a yankin kudancin Najeriya a yanzu. Ba ta da dangantaka ta tarihi da jamhuriyar Benin ta zamani, wacce aka fi sani da Dahomey daga karni na 17 har zuwa shekara ta 1975. Masarautar Benin babban birnin jihar ita ce Edo, wacce a yanzu ake kiranta da birnin Benin a jihar Edo, Najeriya. Masarautar Benin ta kasance "ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin jihohin da suka fi ci gaba a gabar tekun yammacin Afirka". Ta girma ne daga Masarautar Edo da ta gabata ta Igodomigodo a wajajen karni na 11 miladiyya,  kuma ta daɗe har zuwa lokacin da Daular Burtaniya ta mamaye ta a shekarar 1897.

## Oral traditions

Asalin mutanen da suka kafa Masarautar Benin, ’yan ƙabilar Edo, tun farko su ne Ogiso (King's of sky) suka yi wa ƙasarsu suna Igodomigodo. Ogiso na farko (Ogiso Igodo), ya yi tasiri sosai kuma ya samu farin jini a matsayinsa na shugaba nagari. Ya rasu bayan ya dade yana mulki sai Ere, babban ɗansa ya gaje shi. A cikin karni na 12, wani babban makircin faɗa ya barke kuma aka yanke wa yarima Ekaladerhan, ɗan ɗaya tilo na Ogiso na karshe hukuncin kisa, sakamakon sauya sakon baka ga Ogiso.  A cikin aiwatar da umarnin sarki na cewa a kashe shi, manzannin fadar sun yi jinƙai suka 'yantar da yariman a Ughoton kusa da Benin. Lokacin da mahaifinsa Ogiso ya rasu, sai daular Ogiso ta kare. Jama'a da sarakunan sarauta sun gwammace ɗan sarkinsu marigayi a matsayin wanda, zai gaje shi.

## Manazarta
Masarautar Lunda

**Kasar Lunda** (c. 1665 - c. 1887) ƙungiya ce ta jihohi a yanzu a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, arewa maso gabashin Angola, da arewa maso yammacin Zambiya, jihar tsakiyarta tana cikin Katanga.

## Asali
Da farko, ainihin abin da zai zama ƙungiyar Lunda ita ce ƙungiyar da ake kira *N'Gaange* a cikin yaren kiLunda (kiyaka-kipunu). Wani sarki mai suna Mwane-a-n'Gaange ne ya yi mulkinsa. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan sarakuna, Ilunga Tshibinda, ya fito ne daga ƙasar Luba inda ɗan'uwansa ya yi sarauta kuma ya auri wata mata mai sarauta daga wata ƙasa zuwa kudancin su. Ɗansu ya zama babban sarki na farko na Lunda, ya ƙirƙiri taken Mwane-aY
 amvu (c. 1665).

## Apex
Masarautar Lunda ta mallaki kusan 150,000&nbsp;km2 da 1680. Jihar ta ninka girmanta zuwa kusan 300,000&nbsp;km2 a tsayinsa a karni na sha tara.  *Mwane-a Yamvo* na Lunda ya zama mai karfin soja daga tushe na mazauna 175,000. Tare da wannan karfin soja ta hanyar adadi mai yawa, Masarautar Lunda ta kuma karbi mashawartan sojoji na musulmi da wasu makaman zamani daga garuruwan Nyangwe da Kabambare. Ta hanyar auratayya da zuriyar sarakunan Luba, sun sami alaƙa ta siyasa.

Mutanen Lunda sun sami damar zama tare da yin mulkin mallaka na wasu yankuna da ƙabilu, ta haka suka faɗaɗa mulkinsu zuwa kudu maso yammacin Katanga zuwa Angola da arewa maso yammacin Zambia, da kuma gabas da Katanga zuwa lardin Luapula na Zambia. Masarautar ta zama ƙungiyar manyan masarautu waɗanda ke jin daɗin ƴancin kai na gida (muddin an biya haraji), tare da Mwata Yamvo a matsayin babban mai mulki da majalisa mai mulki (mai bin tsarin Luba) don taimakawa wajen gudanar da mulki.

Ƙarfin da masarautar ke da shi ya ba ta damar mamaye yankin sauran ƙabilu, musamman a gabas. A karni na sha takwas, an yi hijira da dama har zuwa yankin kudu da tafkin Tanganyika. Mutanen Bemba na Arewacin Zambiya sun fito ne daga bakin haure na Luba da suka isa Zambia a tsawon karni na sha bakwai. A lokaci guda kuma, wani shugaban Lunda kuma jarumi mai suna Mwata Kazembe ya kafa daular Lunda ta Gabas a cikin kwarin kogin Luapula.

## Rushewa
Masarautar Lunda ta zo karshe a karni na sha tara, lokacin da Chokwe suka mamaye ta, waɗanda ke dauke da bindigogi. Daga nan ne Chokwe suka kafa daularsu da yarensu da al'adunsu. Sarakunan Lunda da mutanen sun ci gaba da zama a cikin zuciyar Lunda amma sun ragu a cikin iko.

A farkon zamanin mulkin mallaka (1884), an raba yankin  Lunda tsakanin Angola Fotigal, Sarki Leopold na biyu na Jamhuriyar Kongo 'Yanci na Beljiyam da Burtaniya a Rhodesia ta Arewa maso Yamma, wanda ta zama Angola, DR Congo da Zambia bi da bi. Ƙungiyoyin Lunda a Arewacin Rhodesia sun kasance ƙarƙashin jagorancin manyan sarakuna biyu; Ishindi da Kazembe Kazembi), tare da Ishindi ya kafa daularsa a yankin Arewa maso yammacin kasar da Kazembe a Arewa maso Gabas. Daga cikin manyan sarakunan biyu, Ishindi shi ne ɗan fari ga Mwanta Yamvo wanda aka naɗa Kazembe sarki sakamakon ladan biyayyarsa ga Mwanta Yamvo.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin sarakunan daular Lunda
* Luba Empire

## Manazarta



# Pogge, Im Reich des Muata Jamwo (Berl. 1880);
# Buchner, Das Reich des Muata Jamwo (a cikin "Deutsche Geographische Blätter", Brem. 1883

*
Daular Ghana

**Daular Ghana**, wacce kuma aka fi sani da Wagadou () ko **Awkar**, wata daula ce ta yammacin Afirka da ke kudu maso gabashin.Mauritania da yammacin Mali ta zamani wacce ta wanzu tun daga c. 200s zuwa  1200s. Mutanen Soninke ne suka kafa daular, kuma ta kasance a babbar birnin Koumbi Saleh.

Ƙungiyoyin haɗaɗɗun jama'a, wasu bisa ga cinikin gishiri da zinari na trans-Sahara sun wanzu a yankin tsawon ƙarni a lokacin da aka kafa daular.  Gabatar da rakumi zuwa yammacin Sahara a karni na 3 miladiyya ya kasance babban silar kawo sauyi na zamantakewar al'umma wanda ya haifar da samuwar daular. A lokacin da Musulmai suka mamaye Arewacin Afirka a ƙarni na 7 rakumi ya canza tsohuwar hanyoyin kasuwanci da ba ta dace ba zuwa cibiyar kasuwanci da ke gudana daga Maroko zuwa kogin Nijar. Daular Ghana ta sami wadata daga wannan ƙaruwar cinikin zinari da bayi da gishiri, wanda ya ba da damar bunkasa manyan biranen birane. Har ila yau, zirga-zirgar ta ƙarfafa faɗaɗa yanki don samun iko akan hanyoyin kasuwanci daban-daban.

Lokacin da  Ghana ta fara zama babu tabbas a tsakanin masana tarihi. Muḥammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi ne ya ambata daular sarauta ta farko a rubuce a shekara ta 830.  An ba da ƙarin bayani game da daular ta asusun masanin Cordoban Al-Bakri lokacin da ya rubuta game da yankin a karni na 11.

Bayan shekaru aru-aru na wadata, daular ta fara durkushewa a cikin karni na biyu, kuma a karshe za ta zama wata kasa mai tasowa ta daular Mali a wani lokaci a karni na 13. Duk da rugujewar da ta yi, ana iya jin tasirin daular wajen kafa cibiyoyin birane da dama a duk fadin kasar da ta gabata. A cikin shekarar 1957, Turawan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya na Gold Coast karkashin jagorancin Kwame Nkrumah sun ba wa kanta sunan Ghana bisa samun 'yancin kai don girmamawa da tunawa da daular tarihi, duk da cewa iyakokinsu ba su ta'allaka ba.

## Asalin kalmar
Kalmar *ghana* na nufin *jarumi* ko *shugaban yaki* kuma ita ce take da aka baiwa sarakunan asalin masarautan wanda sunan Soninke shine *Ouagadou*. *Kaya Maghan* (king of gold) wani lakabi ne na waɗannan sarakuna.

## Manazarta
Masarautar Mutapa

**Masarautar Mutapa** Wani lokacin ana kiranta **daular Mutapa**, **Mwenemutapa**, (Shona,   Portuguese)–Masarautar Afirka ce a Zimbabwe, wacce ta faɗaɗa har  zuwa ƙasar Mozambik a yau.

A kalmar *Fotigal Monomotapa* fassarar sarauta ce ta Shona *Mwenemutapa wacce* aka samo daga haɗakar kalmomi biyu *Mwene* ma'ana Yarima ko sarki, da *Mutapa* ma'ana ƙasa. A tsawon lokaci an yi amfani da laƙabin sarauta ga masarautar gaba ɗaya, kuma ana amfani da ita don nuna yankin masarautar akan taswira daga lokacin.

## Tarihi
Akwai labarai na asali na Mutapa da yawa, wanda al'adar baka ta yarda da ita ita ce ta sarakunan Babbar Zimbabwe. Na farko "Mwene" wani jarumi ne mai suna Nyatsimba Mutota daga Masarautar Zimbabwe wanda ya fadada ikon masarautar da farko don gano sabbin hanyoyin gishiri a arewa.  An yi imani cewa Yarima Mutota ya sami gishiri a cikin cin nasarar Tavara, wani yanki na Shona. Wani labari na tarihi na asalin daular shine Yarima Mutota ya balle daga kasar Zimbabwe bayan ya yi yaki da yarima Mukwati, (wanda aka yi imanin ko dai dan kaninsa ne ko dan uwansa) ke ikon da mulkin.

### Faɗaɗawa

Ɗan Mutota kuma magajinsa, Nyanhewe Matope, ya faɗaɗa wannan sabuwar masarauta zuwa wata daular da ta mamaye yawancin ƙasashe tsakanin Tavara da Tekun Indiya.  Wannan daular ta sami nasarar haɗa kan al'ummomi daban-daban a Kudancin Afirka ta hanyar gina dakaru masu karfi da horarwa da karfafawa jihohi gwiwa don shiga  tare da ba da damar shiga cikin babbar majalisar daular ga duk wanda ya shiga ba tare da juriya ba.  Sojojin Matope sun mamaye masarautar Manyika da kuma masarautun bakin teku na Kiteve da Madanda.  A lokacin da Turawan Portugal suka isa gabar tekun Mozambik, Masarautar Mutapa ita ce jiha ta farko a yankin.  Ya kafa runduna mai karfi wacce ta mamaye yankin Dande na Tonga da Tavara. Daular ta kai gaci a shekara ta 1480 shekaru 50 kacal bayan ƙirƙirar ta. 

### Addini
Sarkin sarakuna Mutope ya bar daular tare da ingantaccen tsarin addini  mai iko. Addinin masarautar Mutapa ya ta'allaka ne da tuntubar ruhohi da na kakannin sarauta. Masu duban ruhohi da aka fi sani da *mhondoro* sun kula da wuraren ibada a cikin babban birnin ƙasar. Haka kuma mhondoro ya yi aiki a matsayin masana tarihi na baka da ke rubuta sunaye da ayyukan sarakunan da suka gabata. 

## Manazarta
Masarautar Mapungubwe

**Masarautar Mapungubwe (ko Maphungubgwe)** (c. 1075–c. 1220) jaha ce ta tsakiya a Afirka ta Kudu wacce take a mahaɗar kogin Shashe da Limpopo, kudu da Great Zimbabwe. An samo sunan daga ko dai TjiKalanga da Tshivenda. Sunan na iya nufin "Tudun Jackals"  ko "dutse-tsoffin gine-gine".  Masarautar ita ce mataki na farko a ci gaban da zai kai ga kafa daular Zimbabwe a ƙarni na 13, kuma tare da hada-hadar kasuwancin zinari zuwa Rhapta da Kilwa Kisiwani a gabar tekun gabashin [Afirka. Masarautar Mapungubwe ta ɗau kimanin shekaru 80, kuma a tsawonta yawan mutanen babban birnin ya kai kusan mutane 5000. 

Ana iya danganta wannan wurin binciken kayan tarihi ga Masarautar BuKalanga, wacce ta ƙunshi mutanen Kalanga daga arewa maso gabashin [Botswana da yamma/tsakiya ta kudancin Zimbabwe, Nambiya ta kudu da kwarin Zambezi, da Vha Venda a arewa maso gabashin Afirka ta Kudu. Tarin kayan tarihi na Mapungubwe da aka samu a wurin binciken kayan tarihi yana cikin gidan kayan tarihi na Mapungubwe a Pretoria.

## Asali

 Mafi girman mazaunai daga abin da aka yiwa laƙabi da al'adun Kopje na damisa ana kiransa da al'adun K2 kuma shine wanda ya gabace shi nan da nan da zuwan Mapungubwe.  Mutanen al'adun K2, mai yiwuwa sun samo asali ne daga kakannin Shona da mutanen Kalanga na kudancin Afirka,  suna sha'awar yankin Shashi-Limpopo, mai yiwuwa saboda yana ba da damar noman gauraye.  Har ila yau yankin ya kasance babbar ƙasar giwaye, inda ya ke samar da hauren giwa mai daraja. Gudanar da cinikin zinari da hauren giwa ya ƙara ƙarfin siyasa na al'adun K2.  A shekara ta 1075, yawan mutanen K2 sun zarce yankin kuma suka ƙaura zuwa Tudun Mapungubwe. 

## Manazarta