Dokar Kasuwancin Bayi ta 1807

**Dokar Kasuwancin Bayi 1807** ( 47 Geo. 3 Ses. 1 c. 36), ko **Kashe Kasuwancin Bayi na 1807**,  wani aiki ne na Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya da ke haramta cinikin bayin Atlantic a cikin Daular Burtaniya. Ko da yake ba ta ‘yantar da waɗanda ake bautar da su a lokacin ba kai tsaye, ta ƙarfafa matakin Burtaniya na matsa wa sauran ƙasashe su kawar da nasu cinikin bayi. Ya fara aiki ne a ranar 1 ga watan Mayu, 1807, bayan shekaru 18 na ƙoƙarin zartar da dokar sokewa. 

Da yawa daga cikin magoya bayan sun yi tunanin wannan matakin zai kai ga kawo ƙarshen bautar.  Bauta a ƙasar Ingila ba ta da tallafi a cikin dokar Ingilishi kuma an tabbatar da wannan matsayi a shari'ar Somerset a cikin shekarar 1772, amma ya kasance doka a yawancin daular Biritaniya har zuwa lokacin da dokar kawar da bautar ta 1833 (3 &amp;amp; 4 Will. 4. c. 73).

## Tarihi
Kamar yadda masanin tarihin Birtaniya Martin Meredith ya rubuta, "A cikin shekaru goma tsakanin shekarun 1791 da 1800, jiragen ruwa na Birtaniya sun yi tafiya kimanin 1,340 a cikin tekun Atlantika, suka sauka kusan bayi 400,000. Tsakanin shekarun 1801 da 1807, sun ɗauki ƙarin 266,000. Kasuwancin bayi na Burtaniya ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin kasuwancin da ya fi riba." 

An kafa kwamitin kawar da cinikin bayi a cikin shekarar 1787 ta ƙungiyar Furotesta na Ikklesiyoyin Ingilishi da ke da alaƙa da Quakers, don haɗa kai a cikin adawar da suke yi na bautar da cinikin bayi. Quakers sun daɗe suna kallon bauta a matsayin lalata, da kuma lahani ga ɗan adam. A shekara ta 1807 ƙungiyoyin kawarwa a Biritaniya suna da babban ɓangaren mambobi masu ra'ayi iri ɗaya a cikin Majalisar Biritaniya. A tsayinsu suna sarrafa kujeru 35-40. Wanda aka fi sani da "Waliyai", ƙawancen ya kasance ƙarƙashin jagorancin wanda aka fi sani da masu fafutukar yaƙi da bautar bayi, William Wilberforce, wanda ya ɗauki dalilin kawar da shi a shekara ta 1787 bayan ya karanta shaidar da Thomas Clarkson ya tara akan cinikin.  Waɗannan 'yan majalisar da aka sadaukar sun sami damar yin amfani da doka ta James Stephen, surukin Wilberforce. Sau da yawa suna ganin yaƙin da suke yi da bauta a matsayin  yaƙin da Allah ya ƙaddara. A ranar Lahadi, 28 ga watan Oktoba, 1787, Wilberforce ya rubuta a cikin littafin tarihinsa cewa: "Allah Maɗaukakin Sarki ya sanya mini manyan abubuwa guda biyu, danne cinikin bayi da kuma gyara ɗabi'u." 

A ranar 2 ga watan Afrilun 1792, William Wilberforce ya ɗauki nauyin wani kuduri a majalisar dokokin ƙasar "cewa ya kamata a kawar da cinikin da al'ummomin Birtaniyya ke yi, domin samun bayi a gaɓar tekun Afirka." A shekarar 1791 ya gabatar da irin wannan kudiri, wanda ‘yan majalisar suka kaɗa kuri’a, inda 163 suka nuna adawa, 88 suka amince.  Henry Dundas bai halarci wannan kuri'a ba, amma lokacin da ya sake kasancewa a gaban 'yan majalisa a shekarar 1792, Dundas ya gabatar da koke daga mazauna Edinburgh waɗanda suka goyi bayan sokewa.  Sa'an nan ya ci gaba da tabbatar da yarjejeniyarsa bisa ka'ida tare da motsi na Wilberforce: "Ra'ayina ya kasance koyaushe a kan cinikin bayi." Ya ce, duk da haka, kaɗa kuri'ar kawar da ita cikin gaggawa ba za ta yi tasiri ba, domin hakan ba zai hana 'yan kasuwa daga wasu ƙasashe shiga ba don ci gaba da cinikin da Birtaniya ta yi watsi da su. Ya ce: "Dole ne a kawar da wannan ciniki a ƙarshe, amma ta hanyar matsakaicin matakai".  Ya ba da shawarar gyara wanda zai ƙara kalmar "a hankali" zuwa motsi na Wilberforce. An amince da gyaran, 192 sun amince, 125 suka nuna adawa. Kudirin da aka yi wa kwaskwarima ya amince da 230, 85 suka nuna adawa.   Dundas ya dage kan cewa duk wani matakin soke cinikin bayi dole ne ya dogara da goyon bayan majalisun dokokin mulkin mallaka na yammacin Indiya, da kuma aiwatar da dokokin da suka shafi inganta yanayin bayi. Abolitionists sun yi iƙirarin cewa majalisun yammacin Indiya ba za su taɓa goyan bayan irin waɗannan matakan ba, kuma sanya soke cinikin bayi ya dogara da sauye-sauyen mulkin mallaka zai haifar da tsaiko mara iyaka.

Makonni uku bayan jefa kuri'ar, Dundas ya gabatar da kudurori da suka tsara shirin aiwatar da sokewa a hankali a ƙarshen shekara ta 1799. A wancan lokacin ya shaida wa majalisar cewa yin gaggawar zai sa 'yan kasuwa na yammacin Indiya da masu mallakar filaye su ci gaba da cinikin "ta wani yanayi na daban da sauran tashoshi."  Ya yi jayayya cewa "idan kwamitin zai ba da lokacin da aka tsara, za su iya soke cinikin; amma, akasin haka, idan ba a bi wannan ra'ayi ba, 'ya'yansu har yanzu ba a haifa ba ba za su ga ƙarshen zirga-zirga ba."  'Yan majalisar sun kaɗa kuri'ar amincewa da kawo ƙarshen cinikin bayi a ƙarshen shekara ta 1796, bayan da suka yi fatali da shawarwarin kawo ƙarshen cinikin bayi a shekarun 1795 ko 1794.   Majalisar ta kuma gyara kudurori masu goyan bayan da Dundas ya gabatar, don nuna sabon ranar da aka yi niyya na 1796.  Kudirin da kudurori ba su sami izini ba a cikin Majalisar Dokoki, duk da haka, la’akari da ɗage shi a hukumance zuwa zama na gaba a ranar 5 ga watan Yuni 1792, inda ba a sake farfaɗo da su ba.

Don haka Dokar Ciniki Bayi ta 1792 ta wuce Majalisar Tarayya; amma gyare-gyare da gyare-gyare na Pitt, Earl na Mornington, Edward James Eliot da MacDonald sun lalace kuma an lalata su, ya kasance tsawon shekaru, a cikin House of Lords.  

Lambobin abolitionists suna da girma da matsayi na gwamnati a ƙarƙashin Lord Grenville, wanda ɗan gajeren wa'adinsa na Firayim Minista aka sani da Ma'aikatar Duk Talents. Grenville da kansa ya jagoranci yakin don zartar da lissafin a cikin House of Lords, yayin da a cikin Commons lissafin ya jagoranci Sakataren Harkokin Waje, Lord Howick (Charles Gray, daga baya Earl Grey).  Sauran abubuwan da suka faru kuma sun taka rawa; Acts of Union 1800 sun kawo 'yan majalisar Irish 100 a cikin majalisar, yawancinsu sun goyi bayan sokewa.  An fara gabatar da dokar ga majalisar a watan Janairu 1807. Ya tafi House of Commons a ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairu 1807. A ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairun 1807, shekaru ashirin bayan ya fara yaƙin yaƙin neman zaɓe, Wilberforce da tawagarsa sun sami lada da nasara. Bayan muhawarar da ta ɗauki tsawon sa'o'i goma, majalisar ta amince da karatu na biyu na daftarin dokar da za ta soke cinikin bayi na Atlantic ta hanyar kuri'u 283 na kuri'u 16.  Kudirin ya sami izinin sarauta daga Sarki George III a ranar 25 ga watan Maris 1807.  Dokar ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga watan Mayu 1807. Koyaya, Kitty's Amelia ta sami izinin tafiya jirgin a ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu, kafin ranar ƙarshe. Don haka, lokacin da ta tashi a ranar 27 ga watan Yuli, ta yi hakan bisa doka. Wannan shi ne balaguron bayi na ƙarshe na doka na jirgin ruwa na Biritaniya.

Duk abin da ya faru a bayan yakin da ake yi na haɗin gwiwa na huɗu . A cikin watanni na ƙarshe na 1806, Napoleon ya sami babban nasara, ya murkushe ikon soja na Prussia, ya shiga Berlin babban birninsa kuma ya ba da dokar Berlin, wanda ya haifar da tsarin  nahiyoyi wanda manufarsa ita ce ta raunana tattalin arzikin Birtaniyya ta hanyar rufe yankin da Faransa ke sarrafawa zuwa kasuwancinta.  Tun asali, juyin juya halin Faransa ya soke bautar, amma Napoleon  duk da cewa yana da'awar ci gaba da al'adun juyin juya hali a cikin shekarar 1802 ya ɗauki matakin mayar da martani na sake dawo da bauta a cikin yankunan Faransa. Don haka, wajen kawar da cinikin bayi Biritaniya  wacce ba za ta iya yin komai ba kai tsaye wajen adawa da jerin nasarorin da sojojin Faransa suka samu a nahiyar  na iya samun aƙalla samun kyakkyawan matsayi a kan abokan gaba na Faransa.

## Manazarta