open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Bagidaje

**Ba gidaje** na nufin Wanda bai waye ba, wanda ake mulka karkashin wayanda basu waye ba. Ana alakanta Bagidaje da Jahili, Wawa ko mai tabin kwakwalwa.

A harshen Girkanci kuma, ana cewa *Barbarian* wato tarihi ana siffanta Barbarian a matsayin mutumin da ke cikin wata ƙungiya ko kabila da ake ganin ba shi da wayewa ko kankanta a al'ada ta hanyar wayewar wannan lokacin. Kalma ce da ake amfani da ita don kwatanta al'ummomin da ba na Girkawa ko na Romawa ba a zamanin da. Barbar yawanci ana ganin cewa ba su da ci gaban tsarin zamantakewa, ilimi, da kuma wayewa.  Kalmar ta samo asali kuma ana iya amfani da ita ta misali don siffanta mutumin da ake gani danye, marar wayewa, ko na farko a halinsa ko ɗabi'arsa. Duk da haka, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa yin amfani da kalmar "barbari" na iya zama na al'ada da kuma tasiri ta hanyar al'adu, kuma a yanzu ana la'akari da shi tsohon zamani da kuma wulakanci.

## Manazarta
Michael Barratt

**Michael Reed Barratt,** (an haife shi Afrilu 16, shekara ta 1959) likita ne ɗan Amurka kuma ɗan sama jannati hukumar NASA. Ya kware a fannin injiniyancin sararin samaniya, ya yi aiki a matsayin likitan tiyata na jirgin sama.na NASA kafin zabensa a matsayin dan sama jannati, kuma ya taka rawa wajen bunkasa shirye-shiryen magungunan sararin samaniya na NASA na shirin Shuttle-Mir da tashar sararin samaniya ta kasa da kasa. Jirginsa na farko da ya yi a sararin samaniyar jirgin na dogon .lokaci zuwa tashar sararin samaniya ta kasa da kasa, a matsayin injiniyan jirgin a cikin jirgin Expedition 19 da 20. A cikin Maris shekara ta 2011, Barratt ya kammala jirgin sama na biyu a matsayin ma'aikacin . Barratt zai tuka aikin SpaceX Crew-8 a cikin bazara 2024.

## Abubuwan sirri

An haife shi a Vancouver, Washington, Barratt ya ɗauki Camas, Washington, a matsayin garinsa. Ya auri Dr. Michelle Lynne Barratt (née Sasynuik); suna zaune a League City, Texas, kuma suna da yara biyar. Mahaifinsa da mahaifiyarsa, Joseph da Donna Barratt, suna zaune a Camas. Abubuwan sha'awar sa na sirri da na nishaɗi sun haɗa da ayyukan iyali da coci, rubutu, tuƙi,  da maido da jirgin ruwa da kiyayewa. 

## Ilimi

Barratt ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Camas a 1977. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Washington a 1981 tare da digiri na farko a fannin ilimin dabbobi, ya ci gaba da samun MD daga Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma a 1985. Ya kammala zama na tsawon shekaru uku a fannin likitancin cikin gida a Jami’ar Arewa maso Yamma a shekara ta 1988; Babban shekarunsa ya kasance a Asibitin Gudanar da Tsohon Sojoji a Lakeside a Chicago a cikin shekara ta 1989. A cikin shekara ta 1991, Barratt ya kammala duka zama da kuma Jagora na Kimiyya a cikin likitancin sararin samaniya tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar Jihar Wright, NASA, da Wright-Patterson Air Force Base.  Yana da takardar shedar internal da Aerospace Medicine.

## Manazarta
Maxine Kumin

**Maxine Kumin** (Yuni 6,1925-Fabrairu 6,2014) mawaƙin Ba'amurke ce kuma marubuci.An nada ta mai ba da shawara ga mawaƙa a cikin waƙa zuwa ɗakin karatu na Majalisa a 1981-1982. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Shekarun farko
An haifi Maxine Kumin **Maxine Winokur** a ranar 6 ga Yuni,925 a Philadelphia,'yar iyayen Yahudawa,kuma ta halarci makarantar kindergarten na Katolika da makarantar firamare.Ta karɓi BA a cikin 1946 kuma MA a 1948 daga Kwalejin Radcliffe.A watan Yuni 1946 ta auri Victor Kumin,mashawarcin injiniya; sun haifi ‘ya’ya uku mata biyu da namiji.A cikin 1957,ta yi karatun waƙa tare da John Holmes a Cibiyar Ilimin Adult ta Boston.A can ta sadu da Anne Sexton,wanda ta fara abota da ta ci gaba har sai da Sexton ya kashe kansa a 1974.Kumin ya koyar da Turanci daga 1958 zuwa 1961 da 1965 zuwa 1968 a Jami'ar Tufts;daga 1961 zuwa 1963 ta kasance malami a Cibiyar Radcliffe don Nazarin Zaman Kai.Ta kuma gudanar da alƙawura a matsayin malama mai ziyara da mawaƙi a zaune a yawancin kwalejoji da jami'o'in Amurka. Daga 1976 har zuwa mutuwarta a watan Fabrairun 2014, ita da mijinta suna zaune a gona a Warner,New Hampshire,inda suke kiwon dawakai na Larabawa da kwata.

### Sana'a
Yawancin kyaututtukan Kumin sun haɗa da Eunice Tietjens Memorial Prize for Poetry (1972),Pulitzer Prize for Poetry (1973) for *Up Country*,a 1995 Aiken Taylor Award for Modern American Poetry,1994 Poets' Prize (*Neman Sa'a*),Kwalejin Amurka da Cibiyar Fasaha da Wasika don ƙware a cikin wallafe-wallafe (1980),Cibiyar Nazarin Mawaƙa ta Amirka (1986),lambar yabo ta Ruth Lilly na 1999,da digiri na girmamawa shida.A cikin 1979,an samar da saitin katin ciniki na Supersisters da rarraba;daya daga cikin katunan yana dauke da sunan Kumin da hotonsa. An kuma ba ta lambar yabo ta warƘwaƘwƘAmirka .  A cikin 1981-1982, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga waƙa ga Library of Congress. Kumin da aka buga a Beloit Poetry Journal .

## Manazarta
Josephine Lazarus

**Josephine Lazarus** (23 Maris 1846-1910) mawallafin Ba'amurke ce,mai sukar littafi,mai jujjuyawa,kuma sahyoniya.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Li'azaru Maris 23,1846,a Birnin New York,'yar Musa da Esther (Nathan) Li'azaru.Aikin farko da ya kawo ta cikin sanannen sanarwa shine zane-zane na rayuwar 'yar'uwarta,Emma Li'azaru,wanda ya fara bayyana a cikin *Mujallar karni*,Oktoba,1888,kuma an riga an riga an riga an shigar da shi zuwa "The Poems of Emma Li'azaru" (New York da Boston,1889).Tsakanin 1890 zuwa 1893 ta rubuta labarai akan Marie Bashkirtseff a cikin *Mujallar Scribner* da Louisa May Alcott da Margaret Fuller a cikin *Mujallar karni.*A cikin 1895,shida daga cikin kasidunta kan batutuwan Yahudawa,waɗanda suka bayyana daga 1892 zuwa 1895 a cikin *Mujallar Century* da *Manzon Yahudanci* an tattara kuma an buga su a cikin littafi a ƙarƙashin taken *Ruhun* Yahudanci.Roƙon da aka yi wa Yahudawa a cikin waɗannan kasidu shi ne don su sami ilimi mai zurfi game da yanayin Yahudawa,su fita daga keɓewar ruhaniya, da shiga zumunci da waɗanda suke zaune a cikinsu;kuma roƙon da aka yi wa kiristoci shine don ƙarin halin sassauci ga Yahudawa da tunanin Yahudawa. 

Li'azaru ya kasance fitaccen mai magana a Majalisar Matan Yahudawa tare da haɗin gwiwar Columbian Exposition na 1893 tare da maƙalarta,"Maganganun Yahudanci".  Tsakanin 1897 da 1902 Li'azaru ya rubuta,a cikin *Ibrananci na Amurka*,*Sabuwar Duniya*,da kuma *Maccabaean* labarai hudu game da bangarori na yunkurin Sahayoniya,wanda ta kasance mai tausayi.Bayan haka,ta buga,a cikin 1899,wani littafi mai suna *Madame Dreyfus*;kuma tsawon shekaru da yawa ta kasance mai ba da gudummawa ga yawancin sanarwa-littattafai ga *The Critic*. 

## Nassoshi
Ilana Kurshan

**Ilana Kurshan** marubuci Ba-Amurke-Isra'ila ne da ke zaune a Urushalima.An fi saninta da kuma tarihin bincikenta na Talmud a tsakanin rayuwa a matsayin mace mara aure,matar aure,da uwa,*Idan Duk Tekuna Tawada ne.*

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Kurshan ya girma a Long Island a matsayin 'yar wani rabbi mai ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma mai zartarwa a UJA-Tarayyar New York.Ta sauke karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Huntington,Kwalejin Harvard,da Jami'ar Cambridge,inda ta karanta Tarihin Kimiyya da Adabin Turanci.Ta yi aiki a matsayin edita da wakili na adabi a New York kafin ta ƙaura zuwa Urushalima tare da mijinta na farko don karatun rabbin.Ko da yake aurenta na farko ya lalace da sauri,Kurshan ya zauna a Urushalima,yana aiki a matsayin mai fassara da kuma mai kare haƙƙin ƙasashen waje.A cikin tarihinta,ta bayyana yadda ta sami hanyar rayuwa a cikin Daf Yomi,nazarin yau da kullun na Talmud na Babila,tana amfani da arzikinta ga rayuwarta a matsayinta na mace mara aure na farko,sannan a matsayin matar da ta sake aure da uwa.       

## Sana'ar sana'a
Baya ga littattafanta,Kurshan ta fassara littattafan Ruth Calderon da Binyamin Lau daga Ibrananci zuwa Turanci. Ita ce Editan Bita na Littafin don mujallar *Lilith*, kuma rubuce-rubucenta sun bayyana a cikin *Lilith*,*The Forward*,*The World Jewish Digest*,*Hadassah*,*Nashim*,*Zeek*,*Kveller*da *Tablet*.

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

* *Idan Duk Tekuna Tawada ne*,2017
* *Me yasa Wannan Dare Ya bambanta Da Duk Sauran Dare?: Tambayoyi Hudu A Duniya* ,2008
* **Fassara:** *Maciji, Ambaliyar ruwa, Jariri mai ɓoye (* asali a cikin Ibrananci ta Meir Shalev ) Littattafan Kalaniot, 2021 

## Duba kuma

* Hadran (kungiyar)
* Miriam Anzovin

## Nassoshi
Diane Heiman

**Diane Heiman** marubuciya ce ta rashin almara ga yara.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Heiman ya kammala karatun digiri ne a Jami'ar Brown da Makarantar Shari'a ta Georgetown.

Heiman ya rubuta game da batutuwan Yahudawa. Ita ce babbar editan *Moment*. 

Binciken *Mawallafa na mako-mako* na littafinta *t's a...A....Mitzvah* *ne* (Yahudawa Lights,2012) ya ce,"Tattaunawa masu daɗi da zane-zane masu ban dariya suna ba da yanayi mara kyau wanda ko ƙananan mahalarta zasu iya koyon yin mitzvah". 

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

## Manazarta
Esther Hautzig

**Esther R. Hautzig** (,he haife shi Oktoba 18,1930-ta mutu Nuwamba 1,2009 a Amurka) marubuciya ce ɗan asalin ƙasar Poland,wacce aka fi sani da littafinta mai suna *The Endless Steppe* (1968).

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Esther Hautzig (wanda aka fi sani da Esther Rudomin) an haife shi a Vilna,Poland (Vilnius na yanzuLithuania).Yarinta ya katse sosai a farkon yakin duniya na biyu da kuma cin nasara a 1941 na gabashin Poland da sojojin Soviet suka yi.An kori danginta kuma aka tura su zuwa Rubtsovsk,Siberiya,inda Esther ta yi zaman gudun hijira na tsawon shekaru biyar masu zuwa.Littafin littafinta mai suna *The Endless Steppe* lissafin tarihin rayuwar waɗancan shekarun ne a Siberiya.Bayan yaƙin,sa’ad da take ’yar shekara 15,ita da iyalinta suka koma ƙasar Poland,ko da yake Esther ta so ta zauna a ranta.Hautzig a gwargwadon rahoto ya rubuta *The Steppe marar iyaka* a lokacin da dan takarar shugaban kasa Adlai Stevenson ya rubuta,wanda ta rubuta bayan karanta labarinsa game da ziyararsa a Rubtsovsk.

## Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa
Rudomin ya sadu da Walter Hautzig,dan wasan piano na kade-kade,yayin da yake kan hanyar zuwa Amurka kan takardar visa ta dalibi a 1947.Sun yi aure a 1950,kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu,Deborah,marubucin yara,da David.Ta mutu a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba,2009, tana da shekaru 79,daga haɗuwa da cututtukan zuciya da rikice-rikice daga cutar Alzheimer.

Hautzig ta taimaka wajen ganowa kuma a ƙarshe ta buga karatun digiri a cikin lissafi wanda kawunta Ela-Chaim Cunzer (1914-1943/44) ya rubuta a Jami'ar Wilno a 1937.Antoni Zygmund ne ya koyar da Cunzer,da sauransu.Cunzer ya mutu a sansanin taro.

## Ayyuka
Yawancin ayyukan Hautzig litattafai ne game da rayuwar yau da kullun ga waɗanda suka riga sun yi balaga da kuma farkon samari.Suna ƙarfafa bincike da aiki. Littattafan *harsunanta guda huɗu* an rubuta su cikin Ingilishi,Spanish,Faransanci,da Rashanci.

Ta ci gaba da zurfafa dangantaka da jama'ar adabin Yiddish 'yan gudun hijira.Ta yi magana da Chaim Potok kuma ta rubuta gabatarwa don sabon bugu na tarihin al'adun Isra'ila Cohen na Vilna (Vilnius).  Littafin Hautzig *The Endless Steppe* ya bayyana a cikin bugu da yawa kuma an fassara shi zuwa harsuna da yawa, ciki har da Catalan, Dutch, Danish, English (Braille), Faransanci, Jamusanci, Girkanci, Indonesian, Jafananci, Sinhalese, da Yaren mutanen Sweden.
Elise Henle

**Elise (Sara) Henle Levi** (10 Agusta 1832,Munich-18 ga Agusta 1892,Frankfurt am Main) marubuci Bayahude ne,ɗan wasan kwaikwayo,kuma mawaƙi.Ita ce marubuciyar wasan ban dariya da yawa,opera libretti,wakoki,da littattafan dafa abinci.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Elise Henle a Munich,Bavaria a cikin dangin kotun Yahudawa masu arziki,na biyar cikin 'ya'ya shida na Therese (née.Ottenheimer) da Benedict (Baruch) Henle.  Mahaifinta ya yi wa kansa suna a matsayin marubucin littattafan bincike na yanki da horo. Shi ɗan mai fafutuka ne  da jikan Rabbi , da mahaifiyarta 'yar uwar mawaki Henriette Ottenheimer. Dan uwanta  zai zama fitaccen ɗan siyasa kuma lauya na gidan sarautar Bavaria.  Ta sami ilimi a makarantar kwana ta Aschersche Mädcheninstitut a Munich.

Bayan aurenta a watan Yuli 1853 zuwa ga masana'antar kayan ado Leopold Levi, Henle ta zauna a Esslingen,Württemberg,inda gidanta ya zama babban taron jama'a. Daga baya,lokacin da kamfanin mijinta ya yi fatara a 1881,ta koma Munich don zama tare da 'yarta. A cikin 1889 ta ƙaura zuwa gidan 'yar'uwarta gwauruwa a Frankfurt am Main, inda ta mutu bayan shekaru uku.An binne ta a makabartar Yahudawa ta Frankfurt a wani jana'izar da Rabbi Rudolf Reuben Plaut ya yi.  

## Aiki
Buga adabin Elise Henle na farko shine waƙar satirical *Hut ab!*,wanda aka rubuta a cikin 1867 don mayar da martani ga wata sanarwa ta anti-Semitic ta jami'in shari'a.  ya biyo bayan zane *Beim Volkfest* (1869),novella *Das Zweite Jägerbataillon* (1869),da labarin *Die Wacht am Rhein* (1870).

Ta shiga cikin fage mai ban mamaki cikin nasara tare da wasan barkwanci na siyasa *Der Zweite Satumba*,

wanda ba da daɗewa ba ya biyo bayan wasan kwaikwayo *Percy* (samun karbuwa na Philipp Galen kyauta) da kuma libertto na  .'s romantic-comic opera *Manon, oder Schloß de l'Orme*,bisa Abbé Prévost 's *Histoire du Chevalier des Grieux et de Manon Lescaut*. Tauraron wasan kwaikwayo *Durch die Intendanz*,*Die Wiener a Stuttgart*,*Aus Göthes lustigen Tagen*, *Der Erbonkel*,da *Liebesqualen* sun gana da gagarumar nasara a gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus da Austrian.  An yi na ƙarshe a Stadttheater a Altona a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 1881. Ta kuma rubuta rubutun *Murillo*,wasan opera a cikin ayyuka uku tare da kiɗa ta  .,wanda aka fara yi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Mannheim a cikin 1887. 

Kusan ƙarshen rayuwarta,Henle ta buga wasu shahararrun littattafan girke-girke na Swabian Jamusanci a cikin ayar*,Guat is's* (1888) da *So mag i's* (1892,sake buga 1988).

### Bangaren littafi mai tsarki
Aura Herzog

**Aura Herzog** (Ibrananci:אורה הרצוג) (née **Ambache**, An haife ta a 24 ga watan Disambar 1924- Ta mutu a 10 ga watan Janairun 2022) ɗan gwagwarmayar zamantakewa da muhalli ne na Isra'ila,wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban Isra'ila daga 1983 zuwa 1993; ita ce matar Chaim Herzog,shugaban kasar Isra'ila na shida kuma mahaifiyar shugaban kasa na yanzu, Isaac Herzog. A cikin 1968,ta kafa Majalisar don Kyakkyawan Isra'ila.

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Rayuwar farko da aiki
An haifi Aura Ambache a Ismailia,Masar,a ranar 24 ga Disamba 1924,ga dangin Yahudawan Ashkenazi na Yahudawa Yahudawa na Rasha da Poland.Iyayenta sune Leah Steinberg ('yar Yechiel Michal Steinberg,dangin kafa na Motza,ƙauyen da ke wajen Urushalima),da Simcha Ambache (acronym na Ibrananci don *ani ma'amin b'emunah shleima*-na gaskanta da cikakken bangaskiya),injiniya ta hanyar sana'a.'Yar'uwar Aura Suzy ta auri jami'in diplomasiyyar Isra'ila Abba Eban.

Asalinsu 'yan asalin Jaffa ne,amma sun koma Masar ne bayan da Turkawa suka kore su a lokacin yakin duniya na daya.Herzog ta halarci makarantun Faransa a Ismailia da Alkahira sannan ta kammala BA a fannin lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi a jami'ar Witwatersrand ta Afirka ta Kudu. 

A cikin Oktoba 1946,Herzog ya yi hijira zuwa Falasdinu na wajibi.A shekara ta gaba,an zaɓe ta don shiga aji na farko na Makarantar Diflomasiya da Hukumar Yahudawa ta kafa.Ta kasance memba na Haganah,ƙungiyar Yahudawa masu zaman kansu a cikin Dokar Burtaniya ta Falasdinu (1921-48).A 1947 ta auri Chaim Herzog.Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya hudu: Yoel,lauya da tsohon Brigadier Janar,Michael, Jakadan Isra'ila a Amurka,Isaac, Shugaban Isra'ila na yanzu,da Ronit,masanin ilimin likitancin likita. 

A ranar 11 ga Maris na shekara ta 1948,ta samu munanan raunuka a wani harin bam da aka kai kan ginin Hukumar Yahudawa da ke gidan cibiyoyi na kasa a birnin Kudus.A lokacin Yaƙin 'Yancin kai ta yi aiki a matsayin jami'ar leƙen asiri a sabuwar kafawar Sashen Kimiyya da leƙen asiri mai lamba 2 (Unit 8200).

### Aikin diflomasiyya da aikin gwamnati
Daga 1950 zuwa 1954,ta raka mijinta zuwa Amurka,inda aka aika shi a matsayin hadimin soja,kuma daga 1975 zuwa 1978,lokacin da ya zama jakada a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.

A shekara ta 1958,Herzog ya jagoranci kwamitin da ya shirya bikin cika shekaru 10 na Isra'ila kuma ya ƙaddamar da Gasar Littafi Mai Tsarki ta Duniya ta farko,wadda ke gudana kowace shekara a Ranar 'Yancin Isra'ila.

Daga 1959 zuwa 1968,ta jagoranci Sashen Al'adu a Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Al'adu kuma ta kasance mamba a majalisar fasaha da al'adu.A cikin 1969,ta kafa Majalisar don kyakkyawar Isra'ila,babbar ƙungiyar kare muhalli kuma ta jagoranci ta tsawon shekaru 38, bayan haka ta zama shugabanta na duniya.

Bayan karshen shugabancin mijinta da nata a matsayin uwargidan shugaban kasa,ta rike mukamai daban-daban:Shugabar Kwamitin Jama'a na bikin Jubilee na Isra'ila (1998),Memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Jama'a na Mifal Hapayis (Kasar Isra'ila ta caca),Memba na Hukumar Gwamnonin Gidan Tarihi na Tel Aviv,kuma Shugaban Abokan Schneider a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Yara ta Schneider na Isra'ila.

## Manazarta
Giselda Leirner

**Giselda Leirner** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1928) marubuci ɗan ƙasar Brazil ne,mai zane,kuma mai zanen filastik.An haife ta a Sao Paulo,Brazil. An nuna ayyukanta a Sao Paulo Museum of Art.

Leirner ta je Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙira a Birnin New York inda ta dauki darasi tare da Emiliano Di Cavalcanti,Yolanda Mohalyi da Poty Lazarotto.Ta sami digiri na farko a falsafa a Jami'ar de São Paulo kuma tana da digiri na biyu a falsafar addini.

## Littattafai

* *A Filha de Kafka* contos, Ed. Massao Hono, Brasil (trad. fr. de Monique Le Moing : *La Fille de Kafka*, Ed.Joelle Loesfeld, Gallimard)
* *Nas Aguas do mesmo Rio*, Ateliê Editora, Brasil
* *Ya Nono Mês*, Brasil
* "Naufragios" Editora 34, Brasil

## Manazarta
Linda Jaivin

**Linda Jaivin** (an Haife shi 27 Maris shekarar alif dari tara da hamsin da biyar 1955)  haifaffen Ba’amurke ce kwararre kuma mawallafi.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Linda Jaivin a New London,Connecticut,ga dangin Yahudawa na al'adun Rasha.   Kakaninta 'yan gudun hijira Yahudawa ne daga Tsarist Rasha,wadanda suka yi hijira zuwa Argentina da Amurka.

Sha'awarta ga kasar Sin ya sa ta yi karatun Sinanci a Jami'ar Brown da ke Rhode Island.  Ta koma Taiwan a shekarar 1977 don zurfafa sanin al'adu da yare na kasar Sin. Ta ƙaura zuwa Hong Kong a cikin 1979,aikinta na farko a can shine editan littattafan karatu na Jami'ar Oxford.Ta yi aiki da mujallar *Asiaweek*,inda ta sadu da masanin Australia Geremie Barmé,wanda ta auri daga baya.

Sun koma Canberra,Australia a 1986. Sun rabu a 1994. Yanzu tana zaune a Sydney.

## Aiki
Jaivin ta rubuta tarihin abubuwan da ta samu a matsayin mai fassara a kasar Sin,*The Monkey da Dragon*,da kuma litattafai da dama.Ta haɗu da rubutun tarihin ƙididdiga akan marubutan masu adawa a China,*Sabbin fatalwowi,Tsohuwar Mafarki:Muryar 'Yan tawayen China* tare da Geremie Barmé,a cikin 1992.Jaivin ya ba da gudummawa ga mujallu da dama ciki har da mujallar Ostiraliya na siyasa da al'adu, *The Monthly*.Ta rubuta don *Rubutun Kwata-kwata* *da aka samo a Fassara:A cikin Yabon Duniyar Jama'a* a cikin Nuwamba 2013.

Ta buga fina-finan kasar Sin da dama,ciki har da *Farewell my Concubine* da *The Grandmaster.*

Jaivin ya kasance bako a shirin rediyo na ABC *The Book Show*  kuma mai ba da shawara kan *Q&amp;amp;A* da sauran shirye-shirye.  

## Littafi Mai Tsarki

### Littattafai
Erica Jong

**Erica Jong** (née **Mann**;an haife shi watan Maris 26,1942) marubuciya ce Ba’amurke, mawaƙiya, kuma mawaƙi, wacce aka sani musamman don littafinta na shekarar 1973 *Tsoron Flying*..Littafin ya zama sanannen cece-kuce saboda halayensa game da jima'i na mata kuma ya yi fice sosai a cikin haɓakar mata na biyu. A cewar *The Washington Post*, ya sayar da fiye da miliyan 20 kofe a duniya.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi

An haifi Jong a ranar 26 ga watan Maris,1942.Ita ɗaya ce daga cikin 'ya'ya mata uku na Seymour Mann (ya mutu 2004),da Eda Mirsky (1911-2012). Mahaifinta hamshakin dan kasuwa ne na zuriyar Yahudawan Poland wanda ya mallaki kyauta da kamfanin kayan aikin gida wanda aka sani da yawan samar da ’yan tsana. An haifi mahaifiyarta a Ingila daga dangin Yahudawa baƙi na Rasha,kuma ta kasance mai zane-zane da zanen tufafi wanda kuma ya kera ƴan tsana ga kamfanin mijinta.Jong yana da 'yar'uwa dattijai,Suzanna,wanda ya auri ɗan kasuwa na Lebanon Arthur Daou,da ƙanwarsa,Claudia,ma'aikacin zamantakewa wanda ya auri Gideon S.Oberweger (babban jami'in Seymour Mann Inc.har zuwa mutuwarsa a 2006). Daga cikin 'ya'yanta akwai Peter Daou,wanda shi ne dan takarar jam'iyyar Democrat. Jong ta halarci Makarantar Kiɗa da Fasaha ta New York a cikin 1950s,inda ta haɓaka sha'awar fasaha da rubutu.A matsayinsa na ɗalibi a Kwalejin Barnard,Jong ya gyara *Mujallar Adabin Barnard* kuma ya ƙirƙiri shirye-shiryen waƙa don gidan rediyon harabar Jami’ar Columbia,WKCR .

## Sana'a

Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a Kwalejin Barnard a 1963 tare da MA (1965) a cikin 18th karni na Turanci Literature daga Jami'ar Columbia, Jong an fi saninta da littafinta na farko, *Tsoron Flying* (1973),wanda ya haifar da jin daɗi tare da gaskiyar yadda yake kula da jima'i na mace. sha'awa. Ko da yake ya ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa na jima'i, littafin ya fi dacewa da labarin Isadora Wing,wata mace mai shekaru 20 da haihuwa,tana ƙoƙarin gano ko ita wacece da kuma inda za ta. Ya ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa na hankali da ban dariya,gami da wadatattun bayanai na al'adu da na adabi. Littafin yayi ƙoƙarin amsa yawancin rikice-rikicen da suka taso ga mata a ƙarshen 1960s da farkon 1970s Amurka, na mace, mace, soyayya, neman 'yanci da manufa. Labarin cikar cikar Isadora Wing ya ci gaba a cikin ƙarin litattafai guda biyu, *Yadda ake Ajiye Rayuwar ku* (1977) da *Parachutes da Kisses* (1984).

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Jong ya yi aure sau hudu.Bayan wani ɗan gajeren aure da Michael Werthman yayin da yake Barnard,da kuma wani a 1966 zuwa Allan Jong,masanin ilimin likitancin Amurka na China,a cikin 1977 ta auri Jonathan Fast,marubuci,mai koyar da aikin zamantakewa,kuma ɗan marubuci Howard Fast. An yi bayanin wannan auren a cikin *Yadda ake Ceci Rayuwar ku* da *Parachutes da* Kisses.Tana da diya daga aurenta na uku,Molly Jong-Fast. Yanzu Jong ya auri Kenneth David Burrows,wani mai shigar da kara a New York. 

Jong ya zauna a sansanin sojoji a Heidelberg, Jamus, tsawon shekaru uku (1966-69) tare da mijinta na biyu. Ta kasance mai yawan baƙo zuwa Venice, kuma ta rubuta game da wannan birni a cikin littafinta *na 'Yar Shylock*.

## Manazarta
Jenifer Levin

**Jenifer Levin** (an Haife shi Oktoba 31,1955) marubuciya ce ta almara Ba’amurke,wacce aka sani saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga almara na madigo.Kazalika rubuta almara,ta ba da gudummawa ga *New York Times*  da *The Washington Post*.  Jaridar *Washington Post* ta kira ta ‘yar ‘yan madigo. 

Levin,ita kanta tsohuwar 'yar wasan ninkaya ce, ta kafa litattafanta da yawa a cikin duniyar wasanni masu gasa,tana mai da hankali kan ɗaukar nauyin jinsi,iko,da jima'i a cikin wannan mahallin.  Littafin littafinta na farko shine *mai rawan ruwa*,labarin wani dan wasan ninkaya mai nisa yana murmurewa daga wani rudani,wanda mai horar da shi da matarsa duk sun yi soyayya da ita.*Jaridar New York Times* ta lura cewa Levin ta shiga cikin masu karatun ta cikin nasara a cikin "duniya mara kyau",amma ta soki zurfin haruffan da rashin warware matsalolinsu. Levin Bayahude ce kuma littafinta na uku, *Masoyan Shimoni*, an saita shi a cikin Isra'ila. A cikin 1993 ta samar da *Tekun Haske*,wanda jaridar *Dallas Morning News* ta kira "kyakkyawa da bincike."  An zabi *Tekun Haske* a matsayi na 8 a cikin wani ra'ayi na Littattafan Bywater (mawallafin 'yan madigo) na muhimman litattafan madigo goma na karni na 20. Littafinta na biyar da aka buga,*Soyayya da Mutuwa da Sauran Bala'o'i*,ya tattara labaran da aka rubuta tsakanin 1977 da 1995.

Levin yana da 'ya'ya maza biyu, wanda aka karɓa daga Cambodia. Ta yi magana sau da yawa game da abubuwan da ta samu a matsayin mace 'yar luwaɗi ɗaya,daga ƙasar da ba ta ba da izinin yin riko da ƙasashen waje ba, ciki har da a cikin kundin 1995 *Wanting a Child* wanda Jill Bialosky da Helen Shulman suka shirya. 

## Nassoshi
Celia Moss Levetus

**Celia Moss Levetus** (1819-1873) marubuciya ce ta Ingilishi.Ayyukanta da aka fi sani da ita ita ce *Romance na Tarihin Yahudanci*,wanda ta buga a cikin nau'i na serial tare da 'yar'uwarta Marion Moss a 1840.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Celia Moss a Portsea ga Joseph da Amelia Moss a cikin 1819. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan'uwa goma sha biyu.Lokacin da Celia da 'yar'uwarta Marion (an haifi 1821) suna yara,mahaifinsu yakan karanta musu waƙoƙin soyayya yayin da suke dinki.A cikin 1838,'yan'uwa mata matasa sun buga kundin wakoki da aka sadaukar don Sir George Staunton.Salo da nau’in waqoqin sun fito ne daga gajerun waqoqin waqoqi zuwa dogon tarihi da ban mamaki, da kuma nuna ximbin ilimin tarihi da adabi.Wasu daga cikin waƙoƙin, irin su "Kisan Yahudawa a York,"suna da jigogi na Yahudawa a sarari,yayin da wasu,kamar "Yaƙin Bannockburn,"ba sa. Mawakan soyayya,rubutun Yahudawa na gargajiya,da marubutan mata na Victoria kamar Felicia Hemans da "LEL" (Letitia Elizabeth Landon) sun rinjayi 'yan matan.

A cikin 1840,yayin da suke aiki a matsayin malamai a Landan,’yan’uwa mata sun buga tare tare da *The Romance of Jewish History* .An sadaukar da littafin ga Sir Edward Bulwer-Lytton,kuma an buga shi ta hanyar biyan kuɗi;Bulwer-Lytton da Lord Palmerston suna cikin masu biyan kuɗi.Bayan shekaru uku sun buga *Tales na Tarihin* Yahudawa.Sun kuma buga wakoki da gajerun labarai,da kuma wani ɗan gajeren lokaci mai suna *The Sabbath Journal.*

Celia Moss ta auri Lewis Levetus na Birmingham kuma ta daina rubutawa na ɗan lokaci.A ƙarshen rayuwarta ta buga littafi na ƙarshe, *Likitan Sarki, da sauran Tatsuniyoyi.*Ta rasu bayan doguwar jinya a Birmingham a shekara ta 1873.

## Ayyuka

## Manazarta
Eugenia Levi

**Eugenia Levi:** (21 Nuwamba 1861-915), marubuci ɗan ƙasar Italiya ne,mai fassara, kuma ɗan jarida. An haife ta ga dangin Bayahude  a Padua,ta yi karatu a wannan birni,da kuma a Florence da Hanover. A 1885 an nada ta farfesa a *R.Istituto superiore femminile di Magistero* a Florence. 

## Labarai

## Manazarta
Deborah Lifchitz

**Deborah Lifchitz** kwararre ne Bayahudiya Bafaranshe akan harsunan Semitic na Habasha,wacce ta yi aiki a Musée de l'Homme a Paris kuma ta shiga cikin Ofishin Jakadancin Dakar Djibouti a 1932-3. 'Yan Nazi sun ɗaure ta a 1942;An kashe ta a Auschwitz.

Deborah (Desirée) Lifchitz (a wasu lokuta ana rubuta Lifschitz, Lifszyc ko Livchitz) an haife shi a Kharkiv,Rasha a 1907.A cikin 1919,bayan juyin juya halin Oktoba,danginta sun bar Kharkiv,na farko zuwa Crimea kuma daga can a cikin 1920 zuwa Warsaw .A shekara ta 1927 Deborah ta bar Poland zuwa birnin Paris,inda ta yi karatun harsunan Gabas ta kuma kware a harsunan Semitic na Habasha.Bayan kammala karatun ta ta shiga Ofishin Jakadancin Dakar Djibouti zuwa Afirka.A nan ta sadu da Beta Isra'ila (Yahudawa na Habasha).Bayan ta koma Paris,Deborah ta sami matsayi a sashen Afirka na Musée de l'Homme a Paris kuma a cikin 1935 ta kasance memba na Mission du Musée d'Ethnographie du Trocadero zuwa Sudan ta Faransa (Mali).Daga Mali ta dawo da kayan tarihi guda biyu na fasahar Dogon da aka nuna a halin yanzu a gidajen tarihi na Louvre da Quai Branly.Deborah Lifchitz ta rubuta littafi ɗaya da labarai da yawa, waɗanda har yanzu ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin ci gaba a cikin binciken harsunan Habasha.Ta sami asalin ƙasar Faransa a 1937. Lokacin da Nazis suka shiga Paris,Deborah ta zauna a birnin, kuma bayan ta rasa ayyukanta saboda dokokin launin fata da abokin aikinta Michel Leiris ya ɗauke ta.A watan Fabrairun 1942 'yan sandan Faransa suka kama ta,aka kai ta sansanin fursuna na Faransa,kuma daga nan zuwa Auschwitz inda aka kashe ta a cikin wannan shekarar.A cewar shaidar Marcel Cohen an yi mata iskar gas. A lokacin karatunta da kuma aiki a Musée de l'Homme,Deborah Lifchitz yayi karatu da haɗin gwiwa tare da manyan masana ilimin ɗan adam da 'yan Afirka a birnin Paris na wannan rana,daga cikinsu akwai Michel Leiris,Wolf Leslau,Marcel Griaule,Marcel Mauss,Marcel Cohen,Paul Boyer. Paul Rivet, Georges Dumézil,Denise Paulme,tare da wanda ta rubuta labarai da yawa,da
sauransu.

## Manazarta
Ellen Littmann

'*Rubutu mai gwaɓi***'Ellen Littmann** (shekarar alif 1909-shekarar 1975) ɗan ƙasar Jamus- Yahudawa masanin addinin Yahudanci kuma mace ta farko da ta kammala digiri daga Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums,makarantar hauza na Yahudawan Jamus.Daga baya an danganta Littmann da Kwalejin Leo Baeck ta Landan inda ta koyar da karatun Littafi Mai Tsarki. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife shi a garin Danzig a cikin shekarar 1909,Ellen Littmann ta sha'awar karatun Yahudawa tun tana ƙarami kuma ta nemi yin karatu a Hochschule.Rabbi Leo Baeck ya ƙarfafa ta ta yi karatu kuma ya jawo hankalin iyayenta su amince da wannan aikin bisa ga cewa Littmann zai sami matsayin koyarwa bayan kammala karatunsa.Yayin da Littmann ba ta sami naɗin naɗi na rabbin ba, ta cancanci koyar da karatun Yahudawa a ilimi.A cikin shekara ta alif 1928, Littmann ta sami digiri na uku daga Jami'ar Cologne,labarinta ya shafi sake shigar da Yahudawa cikin garuruwan Jamus bayan Mutuwar Baƙar fata.Daga baya Littmann ya koma garin Landan inda ta koyar a Kwalejin Leo Baeck.   Rabbi Dr. Werner van der Zyl ya taka rawa wajen daukar Littmann matsayinta a kwalejin.  

## Rubuce-rubuce da wallafe-wallafe

* Littmann, E. Year (1928). Studien zur Wiederaufnahme der Juden durch die deutschen Städte nach dem schwarzen Tode. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Judenpolitik der deutschen Städte im späten Mittelalter. *Monatsschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums*, (H. 11/12), 576-600.
* Littmann, E.year (1935). David Friedländers Aika Aika da Probst Teller und Sein Echo. *Zeitschrift für die Geschichte der Juden a Deutschland*, 6, 92-112.
* Littmann, E. Year (1959). Sunan mahaifi Lehrer. *Worte des Gedenkens für Leo Baeck*, 171-173.
* Littmann, E. Year (1960). Saul Ascher: Farkon Theorist na Yahudanci na Ci gaba. *Littafin Shekarar Cibiyar Leo Baeck*, 5 (1), 107-121.
* Littmann, E.year (1973). Shekaru Goma na Farko na Kwalejin Leo Baeck'. *Gyara Addinin Yahudanci: Kasidu akan Gyara Addinin Yahudanci a Biritaniya*, 160-78.
Alice Lucas (mawaki)

**Alice Julia Lucas** (née Montefiore ) (2 Agusta 1851 - 25 Maris 1935) mawaƙin Bayahude ne na Biritaniya, mai fassara, kuma ma'aikacin gama gari.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Alice Julia Montefiore a shekara ta 1851,babbar 'yar Nathaniel M. Montefiore da Emma Goldsmid. Tare da ɗan'uwanta Claude Montefiore,ta yi karatun Yahudanci a ƙarƙashin Solomon Schechter a Hochschule a Berlin .  A ranar 24 ga Afrilu 1873 ta auri barrister Henry Lucas,wanda daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'ajin kuma mataimakin shugaban majami'ar United synagogue. A cikin 1900 ta taimaka wajen kafa ƙungiyar Nazarin Yahudawa,wanda aka tsara bayan Majalisar Matan Yahudawa,wanda ta zama shugabar farko.   Har ila yau Lucas ya zauna a kwamitin mata na Makarantar Kyautar Yahudawa ta Westminster da wurin gandun daji na shirye-shiryenta,Makarantar Jarirai ta Yahudawa. 

## Aiki
Littafin farko na Alice Lucas shine *Fassarorin Mawakan Jamus na ƙarni na 18 da 19* (1876), wanda ke ɗauke da fassarorin Ingilishi na ƙaƙƙarfan Goethe, Heine, Schiller, da sauransu. Daga baya ta buga *The Children's Pentateuch* (1878) da fassarar David Cassel 's *Leitfaden für den Untericht in der jüdischen Geschichte und Literatur* (1883), litattafan yara akan Attaura da tarihin Yahudawa, bi da bi.  

Lucas a kai a kai ya buga fassarorin wakoki daga tushen Ibrananci na da da Talmudic a cikin shafuffukan *bita na kwata-kwata na Yahudawa*,*Tarihin Yahudanci*,da sauran lokuta. *Wakokinta na Sihiyona ta mawakan Ibrananci na Mediæval Times* (1894) sun haɗa da waƙa na asali da fassarorin waƙoƙin Ibrananci na zamanin da,kuma suna ba da waƙa ga kowane Shabbat na shekara da idodi da azumi.  Ayyukan fassarar ta ya ƙare a cikin littafin *Shekarar Yahudawa:Tarin Waƙoƙin Ibada don Asabar da Ranaku Masu Tsarki Duka Shekara* (1898,sake fasalin 1926),amsa ga shahararriyar *Shekarar Kirista* ta John Keble. Kundin ya ƙunshi ayyuka na asali, fassarori daga waƙar Ibrananci na dā,fassarar shayari na almara na Talmudic,da sake yin wakoki daga *siddur*,wanda aka tsara ta hanyar la'akari da sashin Attaura na mako-mako.

## Zaɓaɓɓen littafin littafi

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Ogedengbe of Ilesa

**Ogedengbe of Ilesa** (1822-1910), wanda aka fi sani da **Ogedengbe Agbogun Gboro**, sarkin Yarbawa ne kuma mayaka a kasar Yarbawa, wani yanki na Najeriya a yau. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Seriki (babban jarumi) a lokacin yakin Kiriji (1877-1893).Ya yi yaki ya ci Ibadan.
Rostam Aziz

**Rostam Abdulrasul Azizi** (an Haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta 1964) hamshakin attajirin dan kasar Tanzaniya ne, hamshakin dan kasuwa, masanin tattalin arziki kuma tsohon dan siyasa. A shekara ta 2013, a cewar Mujallar Forbes shi ne hamshakin attajirin dan kasar Tanzaniya na farko da ke da darajar sama da dala biliyan 1,  kuma a cewar rahoton  Henley &amp;amp; Partners Africa wealth report na shekarar 2022, kuma shi ne hamshakin attajirin dala kacal a gabashin Afirka.  

Ya wakilci mazabar Igunga a yankin Tabora daga 1994 har ya yi murabus a shekarar 2011.  Ya kasance Ma'ajin Kasa na Jam'iyyar Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) daga shekarun 2005 zuwa 2007 kuma memba na Kwamitin Siyasa/Babban Kwamitin CCM daga shekarun 2006 zuwa 2011. Wasu daga cikin mabuɗin a matsayinsa na ɗan majalisa da ya fara aikin inshorar lafiya na al'umma a gabashin Afirka kuma kowane gida a mazabarsa an ba shi inshorar lafiya daga Asusun Kiwon Lafiyar Al'umma.  Ya kuma samu damar samun ruwan sha ga kowane mazaunin mazabarsa sannan kuma Mazabar Igunga ta zama gunduma ta farko da ta samu wurin shan magani a kowane kauye da wutar lantarki a kowace Unguwa.

A cewar mujallar Forbes  Rostam Aziz na Tanzaniya ya mallaki kusan kashi 18% na Vodacom Tanzaniya, babban kamfanin wayar salula na kasar, tare da masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 15.  Rostam, ta hanyar Cavalry Holdings, ya mallaki kashi 35% na kamfanin a baya, amma, a watan Mayun 2014 ya sayar da kashi 17.2% na Vodacom Tanzania ga Vodacom Group na Afirka ta Kudu akan kimanin dala 250.&nbsp;miliyan.  A shekarar 2019 ya sayar da ragowar hannun jarinsa a Vodacom Tanzania ta hanyar motar sa hannun jarin Mirambo Holdings akan dala miliyan 220. 

Har ila yau, ya mallaki MIC Tanzania Plc (TIGO Tanzania da Zantel Ltd),  Taifa Gas Group,  Caspian ma'adinai, wani kamfanin hakar ma'adinai a Tanzaniya, da gidaje a Dubai da Oman. Aziz ya fara sana'ar kasuwancin danginsa sannan ya fara reshe da kansa.

## Fage
An haifi Rostam ne a gundumar Igunga ta yankin Tabora, inda ya kammala karatunsa kafin ya wuce kasar Ingila domin neman ilimi. Ya kammala karatunsa na farko a fannin tattalin arziki daga Exeter.

A lokacin aikinsa na siyasa Rostam ya sami godiya daga tsohon shugaban Tanzaniya Benjamin William Mkapa a cikin tarihinsa, don kafa Inshorar Lafiya ta Kasa.  Ya yi aikin inganta samar da ruwan sha a mazabarsa ta Igunga, wadda ta zama gunduma ta farko da ta samu wurin shan magani a kowane kauye da wutar lantarki a kowace Unguwa. 

## Dubawa
Saka hannun jari na Rostam ya fito ne daga wayoyin hannu, makamashi, ma'adinai, noma, kafofin watsa labarai, gidaje, wuraren tashar jiragen ruwa da ayyuka.

Abubuwan da ya mallaka sun haɗa da:

* Raba hannun jari a Vodacom Tanzaniya, babbar hanyar sadarwar wayar hannu a cikin ƙasar, reshen Vodafone. 
* *Caspian Limited, kamfanin hakar ma'adinai mafi girma a Tanzaniya.* *Dan kwangilar hakar ma'adinai zuwa DeBeers, Barrick Gold da sauransu.* 
* MIC Tanzania Plc (TiGO Tanzania) *tare da Axian-Telecoms.* 
* Taifa Gas Group ne *ke jagorantar samar da makamashi na LPG a Gabashi da Kudancin Afirka*. 
* Ace leather Tanzania 

## Manazarta
Said Salim Bakhresa

**Said Salim Awadh Bakhresa** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1949 a Zanzibar), ɗan kasuwan Tanzaniya ne.

Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban rukunin kamfanoni na Bakhresa. Shahararren masanin masana'antu ne a babban yankin Tanzaniya da tsibirin Zanzibar. Tare da tawadi'u da farawa a matsayin ɗan ƙaramin ma'aikaci a cikin shekarun saba'in, ya ƙirƙiri daular kasuwanci a cikin tsawon shekaru talatin. Yana da shekaru 14, ya bar makaranta ya zama mai sayar da dankalin turawa, sannan kuma zai ci gaba da zama hamshakin dan kasuwa na Afirka.  Kungiyar Bakhresa; kamfani ne na kamfanoni daban-daban kuma shi ne kamfani mafi girma na niƙa a Gabashin Afirka yana aiki a Tanzaniya da wasu ƙasashe biyar. 

## Sana'a
Bayan kuma ya shiga masana'antar hada-hadar dankalin turawa, Bakhresa ya shiga aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin gidan abinci a shekarun 1970 sannan ya shiga harkar nika hatsi.   Ko a yau, manyan kayayyakin da kamfanin na Bakhresa ya samar sun fito ne daga masana’antar fulawa ta Kipawa inda ake sarrafa shinkafa da hatsi iri-iri.  Makwabciyar kasar Ruwanda ta dogara ne da injinan Bakhresa don samar da tan 120,000 na garin alkama a kowace shekara; wanda ake sa ran zai sauƙaƙa matsin farashin abinci a ƙasar da kusan kashi 52% na gidaje ba su da  isasshen abinci.  Wannan babban abin damuwa ne a cewar dabarun taimakon kasashen bankin duniya.  Ana kuma sa ran ayyukan Bakhresa a Rwanda za su samar da ayyukan yi da kuma taimakawa wajen kara kudaden harajin kamfanoni na kasa. 

Ƙungiyarsa tana ɗaukar ma'aikata fiye da 2000 kuma ita ce babbar ƙungiya ta Tanzaniya.  Sauran sana'o'in da aka samar ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar Bakhresa sun haɗa da: kayan abinci mai daskarewa, daskararre abinci, abubuwan sha iri-iri, da marufi.  Alamar *Azam* ita ce ta Bakhresa da ta fi samun nasarar yin cakulan da ice cream a Tanzaniya.  Yayin da 'ya'yansa ke kula da kamfanin, Bakhresa ya mallaki kamfanin da kansa.  Ƙarfinsa na yau da kullum don masana'antu shine metric ton 2100 kuma ya sayar da dala miliyan 800 a shekarar 2011.  Sashen *Azam Marine* na Bakhresa yana ba wa masu yawon bude ido na duniya hidimomin jirgin ruwa cikin sauri yayin da mutane da yawa ke gano Tanzaniya.  Baya ga Zanzibar, mahaya kuma za su iya fuskantar tafkin Victoria da Dutsen Kilimanjaro. 

Bakhresa yana taimakawa wajen rage cutar zazzabin cizon sauro ga ma'aikatansa ta hanyar hana yaduwar cutar a wuraren aikinsa.  Sakamakon haka, kamfanin na Bakhresa yana kashe kusan dalar Amurka 3400 ne kawai a wata don maganin zazzabin cizon sauro sabanin dalar Amurka 10000 a kowane wata don warkar da ma'aikatansa marasa lafiya.  Sun daina amfani da *Fansidar*; magani na monotherapy don samun ƙarin ingantattun hanyoyin kwantar da hankali na tushen artemisinin waɗanda ke amfani da polytherapy.  Sauran kamfanoni sun hada kai da kungiyar Bakhresa don dakatar da zazzabin cizon sauro a yankinsu.  Mazauna Tanzaniya da ke aiki a wajen kamfanin Bakhresa su ma sun ci gajiyar yakin da Bakhresa ya yi na yaki da zazzabin cizon sauro a Afirka. 

## Manazarta
Doreen Kessy

**Doreen Kessy** ƴar gwagwarmayar ilimi ce 'yar ƙasar Tanzaniya, kuma 'yar kasuwa  wacce ta kafa kuma Shugaba na Jamani Africa kamfanin sarrafa abinci da rarraba abinci da ke Tanzaniya. Ita ce tsohuwar Babbar Jami'in Kasuwanci kuma Babbar Jami'in Ayyuka a Ubongo Learning Ltd, wani kamfani na zamantakewa wanda ke ba da abun ciki na ilimi ta amfani da zane-zane.   Kessy ta shiga Ubongo a shekarar 2014 don yin aiki da magance rashin nishaɗin abun ciki na ilimi a Afirka wanda aka samar a cikin harsunan Afirka na gida.  Sun yi imanin cewa ta hanyar amfani da Ubongo, aikin malamai tare da yara za a iya tallafawa da kuma sauƙaƙawa lokacin da aka koyar da batun ta hanyar zane-zane.  An kuma kiyasta cewa kusan gidaje miliyan 25 na iyalai a kasashe 41 na Afirka suna kallo da koyo daga zane-zanen Ubongo a kowane mako. 

## Ilimi da aiki
Kessy ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci da kuma digiri na farko a fannin Kasuwanci da Tattalin Arziki na Duniya daga Jami'ar Liberty da ke Virginia. Kafin Ubongo, Kessy ta yi aiki tare da kungiyoyi daban-daban da suka hada da Ofishin Jakadancin Duniya na Adalci, Wells Fargo da Smile Africa, kuma ta tsara shirye-shiryen rage talauci da aka aiwatar a Zimbabwe da Zambia.

## Gwagwarmaya
Mai fafutukar Ilimi, Kessy tana neman haɓakawa da sanya batutuwa masu wahala a cikin ilimi mafi sauƙi da sauƙin fahimta ga yaran Afirka. Ubongo yana koyar da lissafi da kimiyya ta hanyar labarai da waƙoƙi masu ban sha'awa. Kessy kuma tana ba da muryar Ingilishi na ɗaya daga cikin haruffa a cikin kayan wasan kwaikwayo na Ubongo, biri mai suna Ngedere. 

## Kyauta
A ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba, 2018, Kessy na cikin masu kirkire-kirkire guda takwas da aka baiwa lambar yabo ta Ilimin Tarayyar Afirka. An gudanar da bikin baje kolin ilimantarwa a Afirka 2018 a birnin Dakar na kasar Senegal. 

## Duba kuma

* Irene Tarimo
* Mary Mgonja
* Joyce Msuya
* Frannie Leautier
* Elizabeth Mrema 
* Fausta Shakiwa Mosha

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* https://www.ubongo.org/
Takeshi Kaneshiro

**Takeshi Kaneshiro** (金城 武, Kaneshiro Takeshi, an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1973) ɗan wasan Jafananci ne kuma mawaƙa. Tun da farko ya fara aikinsa a matsayin tsafi mai ban sha'awa, tun daga lokacin ya karkata hankalinsa daga kiɗa zuwa fim, wanda ya haifar da nasarar kasuwancin sa da kuma yabo.

## Manazarta
Padishah

**Padishah** (Pershanci ; lit.  Madaukakin Sarki &#x27;  daga Farisa :  [ko Tsohon Farisa: *  ], 'master', da *[[Shah|shāh]]*, 'sarki'), wani lokaci ana kiransa romanici kamar **padeshah**, **padshah** ko **badshah** ( Persian   ; Ottoman Turkish     ; , ana furta shi  [ˈpaːdiʃah] ;    , Hindi     ), babban laƙabi ne mai girma na asalin Farisa.

An riga an san nau'in kalmar a Farisa ta Tsakiya, ko yaren Pahlavi, a matsayin *pātaxšā(h)* ko *pādixšā(y).*  *Pād* na Tsakiyar Farisa na iya fitowa daga Avestan *pa <sup>i</sup> ti*,  kuma yana kama da Pati (lakabi) . *Xšāy*, "don mulki", da *xšāyaθiya,* "sarki", daga harshen Farisa na zamanin baya.

An sanyawa sarakuna da dama sunan da ke da'awar matsayi mafi girma, kusan yayi daidai da kalmar tsohuwar Farisa wato " Sarkin sarakuna ", sannan daga baya bayan Achaemenid da sarakunan Mughal na Indiya suka karbe shi. Duk da haka, a wasu lokuta ana amfani da shi gabaɗaya ga sarakunan musulmi masu cin gashin kansu, kamar yadda yake a cikin *Hudud al-'Alam* na ƙarni na 10, inda har wasu qananan sarakunan Afghanistan ake kira pādshā(h)/pādshāʼi/pādshāy. 

Sarakunan karaga masu zuwa - biyun farko sun mulka manyan daulolin Yammacin Asiya - an sanya su Padishah:

* Shahanshah na Iran, wanda ya samo asali ne daga Safawiyawa
* Padishah na Daular Ottoman
* Badshah na Hindustan, wanda Mughals ke amfani da shi
* Wasu sarakunan Seljuk, kamar Grand Seljuk Ahmad Sanjar (as , fassarar larabci  [Sarkin Gabas da Yamma]), Sultan na Rum Kaykhusraw I (as). *Padishah of Islam* ), and Sultan of Rum Kayqubad I (as  ). 
* Mongol Ilkhan Ghazan ya dauki lakabin *Padshah-i Islam* bayan da ya musulunta a shekara ta 1295, mai yiyuwa ne domin ya zubar da martabar addinin masarautar Mamluk a Masar.  Sunan *Ilkhan*, wanda aka fara amfani da shi  –1265, na iya zama daidai da *Padishah*, idan an ɗauke shi da ma'anar "sarautar khan" (kuma ba "Khan mai ƙarƙashin" kamar yadda aka saba gani ba). 
* Miangul Golshahzada Abdul Wadud (wanda ya riga ya zama *Amir-i shariat*, magajinsa [Khān da] *Wali* ) na Pakistan North-West Frontier state of Swat, wanda ya kira kansa *badshah* daga Nuwamba 1918 zuwa Maris 1926.
* Ahmad Shah Durrani, wanda ya kafa daular Durrani a shekara ta 1747 da lakabin *Pādshah-i Afganistan* a cikin harshen Farisa da kuma *Badcha Da Afganistan* a yaren Pashto . An hambarar da Sadduzai a cikin 1823 amma Shah Shujah ya sami ɗan gyarawa a cikin 1839 tare da taimakon Burtaniya Indiya & Ranjit Singh da Daular Sikh . Lakabin ya tsaya cik tun daga kisan gillar da aka yi masa a 1842 har zuwa 1926 lokacin da Amanullah Khan ya tayar da shi (a hukumance daga 1937) kuma a karshe an yi masa rasuwa tare da murabus din Mohammed Zahir Shah a 1973 bayan juyin mulki; a wani lokaci masarautar Afghanistan ta yi amfani da salon *Emir (Amir al-Momenin)* ko Malik ("Sarki"). 
* Basha bey na Tunisiya na ƙarshe, Muhammad VIII al-Amin (wanda aka yi shelar bey a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1943), ya ɗauki salon mulkin *padshah* 20 Maris 1956 - 25 Yuli 1957.

## Manazarta
Gimbiya Kitchen

Kitchin no Ohime-sama manga *[[Shojo|shōjo]]* scritto da Miyuki Kobayashi e disegnato da Natsumi Andō. Vince il Kodansha Manga Award per manga e anime per bambini nel shekara ta dubu biyu da shida. Pubblicato da Kōdansha in Giappone e da Del Rey Manga negli USA. Non esiste ancora un'edizione italiana.

Jaruma itane shugaba : girke-girke na duk abin da ta dafa a cikin manga an kwatanta shi a ƙarshen kowane manga a matsayin omake ("bonus" ko "karin").

Yana zuga wani labari mai suna *Gimbiya Kitchen - Neman Kek ɗin Mala'ikan* a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da takwas bayan ƙarshen manga. Za a kuma buga bugu na uku a watan Yuni shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyu ta Kodansha Comics USA.

## Makirci
Najika wata matashiyar girki ce mai ratsa jiki tare da jin daɗin ɗanɗano daga duniyar nan da zuciyar zinari. Marayu tun tana karama, Najika ta shiga sana’ar dafuwa da sha’awar ta nemo “yarima flan”, yaron da ba a sani ba wanda ya kuma taba zuciyarta kuma ya haska mata wani haske a rayuwarta a lokacin da mutuwar iyaye. Abinda ya kamata ta samu shine cokali na azurfa, wanda ya kai ta babbar makarantar Seika Academy, inda ta tsinci kanta tana fuskantar kalubale marasa adadi wajen neman farin ciki.

; Najika Kazami (風見 七虹香 Kazami Najika?)
: Najika è un'orfana proveniente dall'Hokkaidō che perse entrambi i genitori in un incidente quando era molto piccola. Najika va alla ricerca del suo "principe del flan", un ragazzino che in Hokkaido, sei anni prima, l'aveva salvata dopo esser caduta in un lago e le aveva donato un dolce per tirarle su il morale; gli promette che un giorno avrebbe preparato per lui il dolce più buono del mondo e comincia a coltivare il sogno di diventare uno chef. Viene accolta alla Lavander House, una casa per orfanelli dove cresce felice e coccolata; col passare del tempo diviene molto brava a cucinare e studiando sodo riesce a farsi ammetter alla prestigiosa accademia Seika, dopo aver scoperto che il cucchiaio lasciatogli dal suo principe proviene da quella scuola.
Kiyayya

**kiyayya** wani yanayi ne mai karfi da ke bunkasa a kan tsananin bacin rai da tsana, wanda ya wuce kiyayya ko rashin jituwa. Dafi ne mai guba wanda yake kawo rugujewar wasu mutane da kuma lalacewar zamanta kewarsu ta yau da kullum, yana karkatar da tunaninsu yana lalata ayyukansu. Kiyayya ta kafu sakamakon  son zuciya da rashin hakuri, kiyayya tana haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna da tarwatsewar alumma, tana haifar da tashin hankali, kuma tana gusar da tausayi da fahimta. Yana haifar da zagayowar bacin rai da ramuwar gayya, a karshe yana haifar da lalacewar dangantaka da lalata ruhin dan adam har ma yarabashi da ubangijinshi.  Don mu yaki kiyayya, dole ne mu karfafa tausayi da hakuri, habaka ilimi, kuma mu yi kokari don duniya da kauna da karɓuwa ke motsawa.

## Manazarta