Makarantun kwana a kasar Sin

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2015 akwai kimanin makarantun kwana 100,000 a yankunan karkara na China" id="mwCQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mainland China">kasar Sin, tare da kimanin yara miliyan 33 da ke zaune a cikinsu.[1] Yawancin waɗannan makarantun kwana suna cikin yammacin kasar Sin, wanda gabaɗaya ba shi da wadata kamar gabashin da tsakiyar kasar Sin, kuma galibi suna da babban taro na kabilun 'yan tsiraru.[2] Ya zuwa shekara ta 2015 yawancin ma'aikatan ƙaura da manoma a yankunan karkara na kasar Sin suna tura yaransu zuwa makarantun kwana.[3]

Baya ga makarantun kwana na karkara akwai kuma makarantun kwana, gami da makarantun yara, a cikin birane.

## Makarantun kwana na ƙauyuka
Ya zuwa shekara ta 2017 game da kashi 4% na yara a cikin birane, game da miliyan 3.5, jirgi. 1% na dalibai a matakin firamare da 8% na dalibai na kwamitin matakan sakandare. Makarantun kwana galibi suna kusa da mazaunan ɗalibai, kuma iyaye sun yi imanin cewa shiga yana taimaka wa yaro ya mai da hankali fiye da idan kakanni suka kula da su. Iyaye na kasar Sin galibi ba su da ajiya game da farashi ko kuma ba su kasance kusa da yaransu ba kamar yadda iyaye na Yamma za su yi.

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2013 ana tura wasu yara a cikin birane zuwa makarantun kwana tun suna da shekaru 3. A shekara ta 1949 gwamnatin kasar Sin ta kafa makarantun yara masu zaman kansu ga marayu waɗanda suka rasa iyayensu a yaƙe-yaƙe da suka gabata. Shahararren makarantun yara masu zaman kansu ga iyalai masu arziki ya kai kololuwa a cikin shekarun 1990, amma shahararren ya ragu daga baya, tare da wasu makarantu da suka sauya zuwa makarantun rana wasu kuma sun rufe.

Gwamnatin kasar Sin ta fara kafa makarantun kwana a yankunan karkara da yankunan kabilanci a cikin shekarun 1950 don ba wa yaran da ke zaune a can damar samun ilimi na yau da kullun ba tare da su koma birane ba. Kafa makarantun kwana ya ragu a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu, amma ban da wannan lokacin, an kafa makarantun kwana tun daga lokacin. An kafa makarantun kwana na sakandare a yankuna masu tsakiya a cikin shekarun 1980.  Wadannan makarantu, wadanda ke rufe matakan sakandare (junior high school), suna cikin garuruwa da garuruwa.

, 11 million rural students at the primary level and about 21.76 million rural students at the secondary level board. , half of the secondary students and about 12% of the primary students in rural China board, with the number of primary school boarders being about 10 million.

### Tarihi
Asalin makarantun rana da wuraren koyarwa, ƙananan cibiyoyin ilimi, sun yi wa bukatun ilimi na yankunan karkara a matakin firamare hidima. Abubuwan koyarwa, kowannensu yana da malami ɗaya ko biyu, sun rufe maki 1-3 . Sabili da haka, makarantun kwana a matakin firamare ba su da yawa a yankunan karkara na kasar Sin.

Manufar Ɗaya daga cikin Yara da ƙaura zuwa cikin birane sun haifar da raguwar yawan yara a yankunan karkara, kuma ingancin ilimi tsakanin yankunan karamar hukuma da birane ya bambanta sosai. Gwamnatin tsakiya ta kasar Sin, a matsayin wani ɓangare na 2001 Decision of the State Council on Basic Education Reform and Development,  ta kafa shirin hadewar makaranta don karfafa ilimin ƙauyen firamare.  Da farko a shekara ta 2000 makarantun ƙauyuka da yawa sun rufe, kuma an sake tura ɗalibai zuwa makarantun kwana. Daga 2000 zuwa 2015, dubban makarantun kwana sun buɗe, sun maye gurbin kimanin makarantun ƙauyuka 240,000 da suka rufe a wannan lokacin;  wannan yana nufin kusan kashi 75% na makarantun firamare na ƙauyen China sun rufe.  Gwamnatin tsakiya ta kasar Sin ta yi jayayya cewa maye gurbin makarantun ƙauyen da makarantun kwana zai ba da damar amfani da albarkatun yadda ya kamata kuma ya kara ingancin makarantu a yankuna. Zhenzhou Zhao, marubucin labarin bincike na 2011 "A matter of money? Analysis of Country Internation Schools in China," ya bayyana cewa ainihin dalilin da ya sa aka rufe makarantun ƙauyuka da yawa shi ne saboda gwamnatin tsakiya ta zartar da sauye-sauyen haraji wanda ya iyakance adadin kudaden shiga da kananan hukumomi suka karɓa; saboda haka an rufe makarantun kauye da sake gudanar da yara don inganta yanayin kudi na kananan hukumomi, wanda har yanzu ke da alhakin ilimin yara a yankunansu.

A shekara ta 2007 kashi 53.6% na daliban sakandare a yankunan karkara a yammacin kasar Sin sun shiga makaranta,  kuma kashi 11.6% na dalibai na firamare a cikin yankuna iri ɗaya sun shiga.  A cikin larduna masu tsiraru kamar Guangxi, Tibet, da Yunnan yawan masu shiga makarantar sakandare sun wuce 70%,  yayin da yawan masu shiga firamare ya wuce 20%. 

A cikin 2013 wasu yankuna suna da karancin manajoji na dakunan kwana don makarantun firamare na karkara. Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi ta Karkara ta Jami'ar Stanford Freeman Spogli (REAP) ta nemi daukar manajojin kwana.

### Bincike
Don labarinta na bincike na 2011 Zhenzhou Zhao ta gudanar da tambayoyi a makarantun kwana a Guangxi da Qinghai, ta tattara tambayoyin dalibai sama da 2,500, tambayoyin dalibi 95, tambayoyin malamai 325, tambayoyin malaman malamai 63, da tambayoyin iyaye sama da 100; bayanan sun fito ne daga jimlar makarantu 21. Zhenzhou Zhao ya kammala cewa "an yi watsi da bukatun yara kuma an yi watsi da hakkinsu a cikin tsarin manufofin ilimi da aiwatar da su" kuma cewa makarantun "sun kasa samar da yanayi mai aminci, lafiya ko karewa da kuma ba da damar haƙƙin ɗan adam na ɗalibai".

## Manazarta