open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Iskar Helm Wind

Iska mai suna, **Helm iskar,** iskar ce mai suna a *Cumbria*, Ingila, iska ce mai karfi daga arewa maso gabas wacce ke kaɗa gangar kudu maso yamma na Cross Fell escarpment. Ita ce kawai iska mai suna acikin Tsibirin Biritaniya, ko da yake yawancin yankuna na tsaunuka a yankin Biritaniya suna nuna irin wannan al'amari lokacin da  yanayi yayi kyau. Yana iya ɗaukar sunan sa daga kwalkwali ko hular girgije wanda ke samuwa a sama da Cross Fell, wanda aka sani da **Bar Helm**, tunda layin girgije a kan faɗuwar ruwa na iya hango ko hasashen tare da Helm. Gordon Manley ne ya gudanar da bincike kan iskar helm acikin shekarar 1930s. Ya fassara al'amarin acikin sharuɗɗan,hydrodynamic a matsayin "tsayewar igiyar ruwa "da" "rotor", samfurin da aka tabbatar acikin, shekarar ta 1939 ta hanyar jiragen saman glider.

Dale a kan kwarin Eden yana da nasa Helm Wind, wanda ke mamaye Mallerstang Edge, musamman yana shafar tsakiyar dale. Wannan na iya zama mai zafi kamar haka, kuma yana iya yin busa na tsawon kwanaki biyu ko fiye da haka, wani lokaci yana jin kamar jirgin ƙasa mai saurin tashi. Kamar yadda iskar ta ke a Cross Fell, isowarsa yana tare da samuwar wata babbar gajimare (wani "Helm Bar") wanda, a wannan yanayin, ya kasance tare da babban ƙasa a gefen gabas na dale.

## Manazarta
Iskar Zonda

**Zonda iska** ( Spanish  ) kalma ce ta yanki don iskar foehn da ke faruwa a gabashin gangaren Andes, a Argentina.

## Samuwar

Zonda busasshiyar iskar ce (sau da yawa tana ɗauke da ƙura) wacce ke fitowa daga iskar ruwan tekun iyakacin duniya, wanda ke ɗumamawa ta hanyar gangarowa daga ƙwanƙolin, wanda yakai kusan . sama da matakin Teku. Yana iya wuce gudun .

Ana samar da iskar Zonda ta hanyar motsin arewa maso gabas na gabas na iyakacin duniya, kuma ko da yake yana da zafi da bushewa a ƙananan ƙasa, shine babban tsarin hazo na dusar ƙanƙara acikin manyan sarƙoƙi masu tsayi, inda yake kama da *viento blanco*, yana kaiwa ga sauri a wasu lokuta. Kilomita 200 acikin awa. Don haka, maimakon zama mai cin dusar ƙanƙara, wannan iskar tana da mahimmanci musamman ga wannan yanki mai busasshiyar, saboda tana da alaƙa da gina murfin dusar ƙanƙara ta lokacin sanyi da kuma tarin glaciers na gida.

## Abin da ya faru
Duk da yake irin wannan iska na föhn na iya faruwa a mafi yawan sassan tsakiyar yammacin Argentina, tasirinsa yafi ban sha'awa a La Rioja, San Juan, da arewacin lardunan Mendoza, inda shingen dutse (Andes) ya fi girma, yayin da zuwa arewa da Puna. Plateau yana watsa waɗannan iskoki.

Bisa ga binciken (wanda aka gudanar a tsawon lokacin 1967-1976), iska ta Zonda tafi farawa a lokacin rana (tsakanin 12 da 6 PM), kuma tana da tsayi tsakanin awanni 1 zuwa 12, ko da yake yana iya gabatar da kanta a lokaci-lokaci muddin dai. Kwana 2 ko 3. Yawancin lokaci ana fuskantar ta ta ƙofar iska mai sanyi tana tafiya arewa maso yamma (*viento sur*). Acikin kashi 90% na lokuta,lamarin yana faruwa tsakanin Mayu da Nuwamba.

## Madadin amfani
Kalmar *zonda* kuma tana bayyana iskar arewa mai zafi mai zafi acikin Pampas, a gabas da damuwa dake motsawa gabas, da kuma gaba da pampero. Wannan iska kuma ana kiranta da *sondo*. 

## Duba kuma

* Sashen Zonda, sashen lardin San Juan, Argentina.
* Pagani Zonda, motar wasan motsa jiki wacce ke ɗaukar sunanta daga iska.
* Puelche iska
* Foehn Kudu maso Gabashin Australiya

## Manazarta

*  MeteoBlogs – ''Viento Zonda''. National Meteorological Service, Air Regions Command, Argentine Air Force.
* "The land where blows el Zonda". Article.
Halny

**Halny** [Note 1]iska ce ta foehn da ke kadawa a kudancin Poland da kuma a cikin Slovakia a cikin tsaunin Tatra na Carpathians.Mafi yawan tashin hankali na halny a yankin Podhale na kudancin Poland, yana fitowa daga kudu, gangaren gangaren tsaunin Tatra; a Slovakia, a wancan gefen tsaunuka, ya fito ne daga arewa.

Halny guguwa ce mai zafi da ke kaɗawa ta cikin kwaruruka.Sau da yawa yana da bala'i; yage rufin, yana haifar da dusar ƙanƙara kuma, a cewar wasu mutane, na iya yin tasiri a yanayin tunani.

Yawancin halny yana faruwa a watan Oktoba da Nuwamba, wani lokaci a cikin Fabrairu da Maris, da wuya a wasu watanni. A watan Mayun  Alif dubu daya da dari tare da sidtin da takwasa1968 wata barna mai barna da aka fi sani da *Wind of the Century* inda aka ce iskar ta kai kilomita 288 a awa 1, ta lalata manyan gandun daji a kudancin Poland.

## Duba kuma

* Oroshi

## Manazarta

## Bayanan kula

# A note attempting to provide the English comprehension of *halny*, which lacks a one-word translation: *Halny* is a singular masculine noun in Polish (plural: *halne*) when denoting the wind. Wind is of masculine gender in Polish: *wiatr*. The terms *halny* and *wiatr halny* are synonymous. *Halny* is also a general masculine adjective derived from the feminine noun *hala*, a grassy meadow typical of the higher elevations of the Carpathian Mountains and the Alps.  The feminine singular adjective is *halna*, while the neuter singular and the plural for all three genders of the adjective is *halne*.
Jerin sunayen Igiyar ruwa

Wannan jerin **raƙuman ruwa ne mai suna bayan mutane** taguwar ruwa.

## Duba kuma

* Eponym
* Jerin sunayen dokoki
* Taguwar ruwa
* Abubuwan al'amuran kimiyya mai suna bayan mutane

## Manazarta
Massenerhebung sakamako

**Tasirin Massenerhebung** (Jamus don ɗaukakin hawan dutse) yana bayyana bambancin layin bishiyar bisa girman dutse da wuri. Gaba ɗaya, tsaunukan dake kewaye da manyan jeri zasu kasance suna da manyan layukan bishiya fiye da tsaunuka da ke ware saboda riƙe zafi da inuwar iska. Wannan tasirin yana da mahimmanci don tantance yanayin yanayi a yankuna masu tsaunuka, saboda yankuna masu tsayi iri ɗaya da latitude na iya samun yanayi mai zafi da sanyi sosai dangane da kewayen tsaunuka.

Alal misali, a cikin Borneo, Gunung Palung, dake bakin teku, yana da gandun daji a 900 m, yayin da gandun daji na montane a Gunung Mulu ya fara a 1200m kuma a 1800m akan Dutsen Kinabalu.

## Duba kuma

* Girman bambancin girman girma
* Krummholz

## Manazarta
Wajen fitar kwarin Jet

**Jet ɗin fita kwarin** ƙaƙƙarfan rafi ne, maɗaukakin iska wanda ke fitowa sama da mahadar kwarin da filin da ke kusa da shi. Waɗannan iskoki akai-akai suna kaiwa iyakar  a tsawo na  sama da ƙasa. Iskar da ke ƙasa da jet ɗin na iya karkatar da ciyayi amma ya fi rauni sosai.

Kasancewar waɗannan ƙaƙƙarfan kwararar iska mai ƙarfi acikin dare an rubutasu a bakin kwarin *Alpine* da yawa waɗanda ke haɗuwa da kwarin ruwa, kamar kwarin Inn na Ostiriya, inda jet ɗin ke da ƙarfi da za'a ji a ƙasa. A Amurka, an lura da sa hannun jirgin sama na ficewa a Kogin Fork Gunnison na Arewa a Paonia, Colorado; mafita daga Kudancin Boulder Creek kudu da Boulder, Colorado; Albuquerque, New Mexico a bakin Tijeras Canyon; da kuma bakin Canyon Fork Canyon a Utah.

## Ka'idar
Ana iya samun jirage masu saukar ungulu a yankunan kwari waɗanda ke nuna tsarin iska na tsaunuka na yau da kullun,kamar na busassun jeri na tsaunin Amurka.Waɗannan tsarin iska na yau da kullun ana tafiyar da su ta hanyar matsi a kwance.Saboda sauye-sauye na gaggawa akan ɗan gajeren tazara tsakanin matsi mai tsayi na kwarin da ƙananan matsi, gradients sunfi ƙarfi kusa da fitowar kwari, suna samar da jet.

Sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da yanayin da ke haifar da haɓɓaka saurin fitarwa,shine saurin iskar da ke tasowa acikin kwarin yayin da suke tafiya zuwa ƙananan tuddai acikin kwari,da tsarin iska mai sanyi na nutsewa da kwarara cikin fili.Zurfafan kwari da ke ƙarewa ba zato ba tsammani a fili waɗannan abubuwan sun fi tasiri fiye da waɗanda sannu a hankali ke zama ƙasa da ƙasa yayin da nisan kwari ke ƙaruwa.

## Tasiri
Jiragen fita daga kwarin na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rage gurɓacewar iska:

* Gudun iskar da ke fitowa cikin kwandon ya fi tsafta saboda ƙananan abun ciki na aerosol
* Haɗin kai tsaye wanda ya samo asali daga juzu'i mai juzu'i da kuma haɗuwar jet tare da ma'aunin kwandon ruwa yana rage ozone da sauran gurɓatattun abubuwa.
* Abubuwan da aka haifar a kusa da bakunan canyon suna hana jigilar gurɓatawa. 

Hanyoyin nazarin jiragen sama masu fita sun haɗa da hangen nesa da kuma kallo kai tsaye. An yi amfani da SODAR da Doppler LIDAR a cikin bincike da yawa don ganowa, ƙididdigewa da danganta jiragen zuwa jigilar yanayi na abubuwan haɗari.  Cikakkun bayanan martaba na iskõki a wuraren fita canyon za a iya lura da su kai tsaye da lissafta ta amfani da theodolite guda ɗaya ko biyu da tethersondes .

Ganewa da auna jiragen fita kwarin kuma na iya taimakawa sosai wajen sarrafa gobara, saboda sau da yawa wuta tana hawa jiragen kwarin, da kuma haɓaka makamashin iska.

## Manazarta
Oued Inaouen

**Inaouen,**kogin Moroccan ne wanda ke da tushensa kusa da garin Taza .kuma yana da girma sosai.

## Bayani akan kogin
Inaouen kogin Moroccan ne wanda ke samuwa a kusa da garin Taza ta hanyar mahadar Boulejraf da Larbaâ wadis, kuma ya biyo baya daga gabas zuwa yamma tazarar Taza wanda ke nuna iyaka tsakanin Rif da Middle Atlas .

Jirgin Inaouen ya hadu da I din Idriss I mai nisan  mita ashirin arewa maso gabashin Fez kafin ya tsallaka Sebou har ma kusa da Fez. Matsakaicin kwarara na shekara-shekara daga L'Inaouen zuwa Touabaa (kafin saduwa da dam) shine sha bakwai zuwa shidda . Babban magudanan ruwa shine Oued Lahdar (matsakaicin magudanar ruwa huɗu zuwa uku ) wanda ke saduwa da shi a saman dam din, da kuma gangaren dam din Oued Leben (matsakaicin kwarara bakwai zuwa uku).

Bugu da ƙari kuma, Inaouen yana da tsarin ruwan sama tare da ambaliya mai mahimmanci a lokacin damina  ,  kuma yana da kyau sosai.
Igiyar Gajimare

**Girgizan igiyar ruwa** wani nau'in girgije ne da aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar igiyar ruwa na ciki.

## Samuwar
An halicci raƙuman ruwa na ciki waɗanda ke samar da girgije na raƙuman iska yayin da iska ke gudana a kan fasalin ƙasa mai tasowa kamar tsaunuka, kuma suna iya samarwa kai tsaye a sama ko a cikin fasalin.Yayin da iska ke tafiya ta cikin raƙuman ruwa,yana fuskantar maimaitawa da saukowa.Idan akwai isasshen danshi a cikin yanayi, girgije zai samo asali a saman sanyi na waɗannan raƙuman ruwa.Acikin ɓangaren da ke saukowa na raƙuman ruwa,waɗancan girgije za su ɓace saboda dumama ta adiabatic,wanda ke haifar da halayen girgije da haske.Tushen girgije a gefen leeward ya fi girma fiye da gefen iska, saboda hazo a gefen iska yana cire ruwa daga iska.

Yana yiwuwa maɗaukaki mai sauƙi daga kololuwar tsaunuka kuma na iya haifar da gizagizai. Wannan yana faruwa yayin da jujjuyawar ta tilasta igiyar igiyar ruwa ko gajimare ta lenticular zuwa cikin ingantacciyar iskar da ke sama.

## Muhimmanci

### Tsarin yanayin yanayi
Giza-gizan igiyar ruwa yawanci tsakiyar-zuwa na sama-tsayin gizagizai na Ƙanƙara. Sunada sauƙin yin karatu, saboda suna da daidaito. A sakamakon haka, ana nazarin su don ƙara fahimtar yadda waɗannan manyan gizagizai na ƙanƙara ke tasiri a kasafin kuɗi na radiation na duniya. Fahimtar hakan na iya inganta yanayin yanayi.

### Nishaɗi
Layukan da ke cikin waɗannan gizagizai suna da gangare mafi tsayi da ke da nisan kilomita kaɗan daga cikin gangaren dutse. Acikin waɗannan yankuna na tsayin tsayin daka ne jiragen ruwa zasu iya kaiwa tsayin daka.

## Tsarin
A cikin kyakkyawan tsari,girgijen igiyar ruwa ya ƙunshi ruwan ruwa mai sanyi sosai a ɓangaren ƙasa,gauraye lokaci na daskararre da ruwa mai ruwa kusa da tudun,da ƙanƙara da ke farawa kaɗan ƙasa da rafin kuma yana shimfiɗa ƙasa.Duk da haka, wannan ba koyaushe yana faruwa ba Tsarin girgijen igiyar ruwa yana jeri daga santsi da sauƙi, zuwa jumbled matakan da ke faruwa ba da gangan ba.Sau da yawa, ana iya samun lu'ulu'u na kankara a ƙasan raƙuman ruwa.Ko wannan ya faru ya dogara da jikewar iska. Abubuwan da ke cikin ƙanƙara a halin yanzu batu ne mai aiki na nazari.Babban hanyar samar da ƙanƙara shine nucleation mai kama da juna.Lu'ulu'u na kankara galibi ƙananan ɓangarorin spheroidal ne da siffa marasa tsari.ginshiƙan ƙanƙara suna da ƙasa da 1%, kuma faranti kusan babu su. 

 Gizagizai masu girma dabam-dabam suna tasowa lokacin da danshi a cikin iskan da ke saman dutsen ya kasance a cikin yadudduka daban-daban, kuma an hana haɗuwa a tsaye.

## Duba kuma

* Lee taguwar ruwa
* Orographic dagawa
* A kwance juzu'i mai motsi

## Manazarta
Kogin Ikoy

**Ikoy** ko **Dcoye**  Kogi ne a ƙasar Gabon, wani yanki ne na kogin Ngounié kuma yanki ne na kogin Ogooué . Hanyarta ta bi ta tsakiyar yammacin kasar, tana gudana daga gabas zuwa yamma ta yankin arewa maso yammacin lardin Ngounié, a yankin da masu magana da Tsogo ke zaune. kuma yana da girma.

Wannan kogin ya samo asali ne daga yankin arewa mafi kusa na tsaunin Chaillu kuma yana gudana ta hanyar kuskuren yanayin ƙasa. Babban magudanan ruwansa sune kogin Ikobe da Kogin Oumba . Bakinsa a cikin kogin Ngounié yana faruwa kusa da kan iyaka da lardin Moyen-Ogooué da ke makwabtaka da shi, kimanin kilomita hamsin, kudu maso gabashin Lambaréné . kuma yana da kyau.

An san kogin a cikin tarihin Gabon a matsayin wurin da N'yamala ke zaune, wata fitacciyar dabbar dinosaur. yana da zurfi.
## Manazarta
Dutsen Copap

**Copap**(wataƙila daga Quechua *qupa* turquoise na ma'adinai da launin turquoise, *-p* a suffix), wani dutse ne a cikin Cordillera Blanca acikin Andes na Peru wanda koli ya kai kimanin , ko  sama da matakin teku dangane da tushen. Yana cikin gundumar Chacas, lardin Asunción, Ancash; acikin massif guda ɗaya da Perlilla wanda ke cikin tsarin glacial na Copap.

A cikin 1998, an ba da rahoton, cewa yana da dusar ƙanƙara mafi tsayi a cikin kewayon Cordillera Blanca (.

## Duba kuma

* ,

## Manazarta
Irodo

**Kogi** ne a gabashin gangaren Madagascar a yankin Sava . Yana kwarara cikin Tekun Indiya .yana da girma.

## Geography

### Ruwan ruwa
Irodo yana arewacin rafin Lokia .kuma yana da kyau.
Kogin Ekuma

**Ekuma**, a cikin sama ya kai **Etaka** (ko englisch Tashar *Etaka* tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan riviera uku (tare da Nipele da Gwashigambo ) waɗanda ke ciyar da Etosha Pan a arewacin Namibiya . A gabas wannan shine Omuramba Owambo .kuma yana da girma sosai 

Ekuma wani bangare ne na tsarin Oshana . Tsayinsa ya kai kusan kilomita ɗari biyu da hamsin. 

Ekuma/Etaka na iya nuna a fannin ilimin kasa cewa ita ce asalin babban tafarkin Kunene, wanda ya bushe kimanin shekaru miliyan biyu da suka wuce.  yana da kyau sosai.

## Manazarta
Yanamarey

**Yanamarey**(wataƙila daga Quechua *yana* baki, *maran*, *maray* batan ko niƙa, *maray* don rushewa, ƙwanƙwasa ƙasa, black batan or grindstone) ko **Yanaraju** dutse ne a cikin Cordillera Blanca a cikin Andes na Peru, kimanin  babba.  Tana tsakanin lardunan Recuay da Huari, a cikin Ancash. Yanamaray yana gabashin Pucaraju da arewa maso gabashin tafkin Querococha, tsakanin Matashcu a arewa da Cahuish a kudu.

Kogin Yanamaray ya samo asali ne daga yammacin dutsen. Tana samar da Qiruqucha da narkakken ruwan glacier na Yanamarey kafin ya zube cikin kogin Santa.

Abubuwan lura na shekara-shekara sun nuna cewa glacier na Yanamarey yana saurin ja da baya a cikin shekarun da suka gabata.

## Duba kuma

* Waraqayuq

## Manazarta
Dutsen Bima

**Tudun Bima** wani tudu ne a jihar Gombe, Nigeria dake cikin ƙaramar hukumar Yamaltu/Deba. Yana da girman 404 m (1325 ft).   Tudun Bima shine na hudu mafi tsayi a jihar Gombe a cikin 23. Hakanan shine farkon cikin biyu a Yamaltu/Deba. A shahararriyar tsaunin Bima shine na 80 a Najeriya, na biyu a Gombe kuma na daya a Yamaltu/Deba.

## Yankunan tsaunin Bima
**Shinga** gari ne, da ke a yankin Yamaltu/Deba a Jihar Gombe, a Nijeriya.  Ya ta'allaka ne a tsayin mita 425 (1394 ft) tsakanin tsaunin Bima da gefen hagu na Kogin Gongola. Shinga yana da nisan kilomita 8 (5 mi) arewa da tsaunin Bima. Sauran ƙauyukan da ke kusa su ne:

* Kalo: 4.4 km (5 mi)
* Gwani: 6.9 km (4.3 mi)
* Gadam: 9.7 km (6 mi)
* Nahantsi: 11.1 km (6.9 mi)

## Geography
Tudun Bima  yana gefen hagu na Kogin Gongola tare da latitude 10.3997°N, 11.5331°E.  tare da tsayin kusan 764 m (2,507 ft). 

**Alamomin ƙasa**

Gidan Gwamnatin Biryel: kilomita 9 (5.6 mi) kudu maso gabas

Dadin Kowa Dam: 10 km (6.2 mi) southwest

Wade Hills: kilomita 11 (6.8 mi) arewa maso gabas

Deba Fulani: 18 km (11.2 mi) yamma

Taimakon ya kasance ƙasa da 300 m (984 ft) wanda ya tashi sama da ƙasa mai kewaye tare da yanayin yanayi na tropical savanna.
 

Siffar tsaunin shine nau'in hypsographic wanda shine nazari da taswirar yanayin  duniya sama da matakin teku.

## Yanayin Zafi

A lokacin rana, yawan zafin wurin dutsen Bima ya kai 25 ° C. Jimlar ruwan sama 0 mm. Da dare gajimare. Mafi ƙarancin zafin wurin shine 22 ° C. 

## Yawon buɗe ido a Dutsen Bima
Tudun dai wani wurin yawon bude ido ne da ke kan titin Gombe-Biu, wanda ya kai mita 764 da taku 259 sama da matakin teku kuma galibin masu yawon bude ido na cikin gida da na kasashen waje ke ziyarta.

## Manazarta
Ƙanƙarar bera

**Rat Ice** sigar busasshiyar ƙanƙara ce ta kasuwanci wacce Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka ta amince da amfani da ita wajen shaƙa gidajen beraye. Alamar kasuwanci mallakar Bell Labs ne.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Bell Laboratories, Inc.: Rat Ice
Sake fasalin Carbon dioxide

**Gyaran carbon dioxide** (wanda kuma aka sani da **busassun gyara**)wata hanya ce ta samar da iskar gas (gaurayawan hydrogen da carbon monoxide) daga amsawar carbon dioxide tare da hydrocarbons kamar methane tare da taimakon abubuwan karafa masu daraja(yawanci Ni ko Ni alloys). Ana samar da iskar gas ta al'ada ta hanyar gyaran tururi ko iskar gas. Acikin 'yan shekarun nan, ƙarin damuwa game da gudummawar iskar gas ga ɗumamar duniya ya ƙara sha'awar maye gurbin tururi a matsayin mai amsawa da carbon dioxide.

Ana iya wakilta ra'ayin bushewar gyaran fuska ta hanyar:

: &lt;math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"&gt; CH4 + CO2 [975^oC] 2CO + 2H2 CH4 + CO2 [975^oC] 2CO + 2H2 CH4 + CO2 [975^oC] 2CO + 2H2 CH4 + CO2 [975^oC] 2CO + 2H2 CH4 + CO2 [975^oC] 2CO + 2H2 CH4 + CO2 [975^oC] 2CO + 2H2 CH4 + CO2 [975^oC] 2CO + 2H2 CH4 + CO2 [975^oC] 2CO + 2H2 CH4 + CO2 [975^oC] 2CO + 2H2 CH4 + CO2 [975^oC] 2CO + 2H2 CH4 + CO2 [975^oC] 2CO + 2H2 CH4 + CO2 [975^oC] 2CO + 2H2 CH4 + CO2 [975^oC] 2CO + 2H2 CH4 + CO2 [975^oC] 2CO + 2H2 CH4 + CO2 [975^oC] 2CO + 2H2&lt;/math&gt;CH4 + CO2 [975^oC] 2CO + 2H2

Don haka, ana cinye iskar gas guda biyu kuma ana samar da tubalan ginin sinadarai masu amfani, hydrogen da carbon monoxide. Ƙalubale ga kasuwancin wannan tsari shine cewa hydrogen da aka samar yana ƙoƙarin amsawa da carbon dioxide. Misali, halayen da ke biyo baya yawanci suna gudana tare da ƙaramin kuzarin kunnawa fiye da busassun gyara halayen kanta:

: &lt;math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"&gt; CO + H2O [600^oC] CO2 + H2 CO + H2O [600^oC] CO2 + H2 CO + H2O [600^oC] CO2 + H2 CO + H2O [600^oC] CO2 + H2 CO + H2O [600^oC] CO2 + H2 CO + H2O [600^oC] CO2 + H2 CO + H2O [600^oC] CO2 + H2 CO + H2O [600^oC] CO2 + H2 CO + H2O [600^oC] CO2 + H2 CO + H2O [600^oC] CO2 + H2 CO + H2O [600^oC] CO2 + H2 CO + H2O [600^oC] CO2 + H2 CO + H2O [600^oC] CO2 + H2 CO + H2O [600^oC] CO2 + H2&lt;/math&gt;CO + H2O [600^oC] CO2 + H2

Wani batu kuma game da gyaran busasshen yana kasancewa a cikin gaskiyar cewa yana aiki a yanayin da ke samar da ruwa. A sakamakon haka, wannan ruwa zai iya haifar da maras so mayar da martani ga CO2 via da ruwa-gas motsi dauki. Don hana CO2 daga samuwa, kuma saboda haka asarar CO2, ana iya sanya CO2 akan calcium oxide. Sakamakon haka, tsarin yana samar da CO da H2O kawai, yana haɓaka ingantaccen amfani da kayan abinci. Wannan tsari an fi sani da Super-bushe gyara.

CO2 za'a iya bushe gyara acikin CO gas a 800-850°C ta reacting tare da petcoke,biochar, kwal,da dai sauransu ta amfani da low cost baƙin ƙarfe tushen catalysts.Yin amfani da wutar lantarki mai rahusa mai sabuntawa kamar hasken rana ko makamashin iska, wannan hanyar mai rahusa tana canza petcoke da gas na gas CO2 zuwa mai mai amfani kamar methanol cimma kamawar carbon da amfani.Wasu iskar CO ana canza su zuwa hydrogen ta hanyar canjin iskar gas.

## Manazarta
Cherry cola

**Cherry Cola** wani abin sha ne mai laushi da akayi ta hanyar haɗa syrup mai ɗanɗanon ceri acikin Cola.Shahararren cakuda ne wanda aka samo shi a maɓuɓɓugan soda na zamani na shekaru.Manyan masana'antun soda da yawa suna tallata nau'ikan abin sha, gami da Coca-Cola Cherry, Pepsi Wild Cherry da Cherry RC. Akwai kuma abubuwan sha na barasa da ake kira cherry cola, mai ɗauke da Coca-Cola sau da yawa tare da vodka da grenadine.

## Duba kuma

* Cherry ruwan 'ya'yan itace
* Ina Son Ka (waƙar Savage Garden)
* Jerin sunayen samfuran kayan shaye-shaye masu laushi
* Jerin abubuwan dandanon abin sha mai laushi
* Jerin masu samar da abin sha mai laushi
* Jerin abubuwan sha ta ƙasa
* Sarauniya Maryamu (Cocktail)
* Roy Rogers

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Cherrytree Cola

**Fentimans Cherrytree Cola** wani ɗanɗano ne mai ɗanɗano na botanical cherry tareda Ginger da abubuwan sha mai laushi. Wannan shine ɗanɗano na 9 da Fentimans zai samar, kuma ana dafa shi kuma ana rarraba shi acikin Amurka ta hanyar Lion Brewery,Inc.An ƙaddamar da abin sha a Amurka a lokacin rani 2011 kuma an ƙaddamar da shi a Burtaniya a farkon 2012.

## A cikin shahararrun al'adu
Mawaƙin Redfoo ya fito da abin sha acikin faifan bidiyon waƙar don waƙarsa mai suna Mu Yi Ridiculous.

## manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Tangale Peak Hill

**Tudun Pan Kilang** Na ɗaya daga cikin wuraren yawon bude ido a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya.  Tana cikin garin Kaltungo ƙaramar hukumar jihar Gombe. Wani kyakkyawan tsauni ne mai aman wuta a kudancin Gombe kuma kololuwar sa yana ɗaya daga cikin kololuwar kololuwa a Najeriya.
  

Dutsen Pan Kilang yana da tsayin mita 1,102 sama da matakin teku.  Shi ne dutse mafi tsayi a cikin tsaunuka ashirin da uku na jihar Gombe kuma na farko a ƙaramar hukumar Kaltungo.  Wajen shahara, shi ne na hamsin na ɗaya (51) cikin dubu biyu da saba’in da huɗu (2074) a Nijeriya, na ɗaya (1) cikin ashirin da uku cikin (23) a Gombe, na ɗaya a Kaltungo. 

## Yanayi
Yanayin Tangale Peak (a rufe yake da gajimare, haɗe da temperature, iskar wurin na da sauri haɗe da hazo mm probab.)

## Manazarta
Coca-Cola Black Cherry Vanilla

**Coca-Cola Black Cherry Vanilla** da **Diet Coke Black Cherry Vanilla** nau'in Coca-Cola ne wanda Kamfanin Coca-Cola a Amurka ya ƙaddamar acikin Janairu 2006.An sabunta sigar abinci mai daɗi tareda cakuɗa aspartame da acesulfame potassium kuma an tallata shi azaman ɓangare na dangin Diet Coke.An samo shi a cikin 20-oza, 2-lita,da fakiti 12.

Sakin wannan samfurin yazo dai-dai da ƙarewar Vanilla Coke da takwaransa na abinci a Arewacin Amurka da kuma canza sunan Cherry Coke amatsayin Coca-Cola Cherry.

Acikin watanni 6 na farkon siyar da samfurin, yawan abin sha da aka saya daga Coca-Cola da bambance-bambancen sa wanda shine Black Cherry Vanilla Coke ya kasance 4%,idan aka kwatanta da 9%na Coca-Cola tare da lemun tsami da 3%na Diet Black Cherry Vanilla. Coke idan aka kwatanta da 7%na Diet Coke tare da lemun tsami, 13%na Colas kyauta Caffeine, 13.5%na Coke Cherry da Diet Coke Cherry, da 26%na Diet Coke.

Tare da ƙananan ƙididdigar tallace-tallace, da dawowar Vanilla Coke (yanzu Coca-Cola Vanilla ) a lokacin rani na 2007 a Amurka, Black Cherry Vanilla Coke ya daina.

Coca-Cola Freestyle maɓuɓɓugar ruwa suna da bambanci ta hanyar Coca-Cola Cherry Vanilla, wanda daga baya za a sake shi a cikin gwangwani/kwalabe a watan Fabrairu 2020.

## Nassoshi
R-407C

**R-407C** cakuɗene na hydrofluorocarbons da akayi amfani dasu azaman refrigerant. Haɗin zeotropic ne na difluoromethane (R-32), pentafluoroethane (R-125), da 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a). Difluoromethane yana aiki don samar da ƙarfin zafi, pentafluoroethane yana rage flammability, tetrafluoroethane yana rage matsa lamba. R-407C Silinda masu launin kona orange.

Anyi nufin wannan refrigerant a matsayin maye gurbin R-22. Za'a daina samar da R-22 nan da 2020 kamar yadda yarjejeniyar Montreal ta tanada.

## Ƙaddarorin jiki




## Manazarta
Dagona Birds Sanctuary

**Dagona Birds Sanctuary** wuri ne na tsaffin tsuntsayen ruwa kuma cibiyar yawon bude ido dake garin Bade karamar hukumar jihar Yobe a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Tana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman yankuna da aka yiwa alama dan kiyaye nau'ikan avifauna a cikin yankin Saharar Afirka.

## Bayani
Wuri Mai Tsarki wani yanki ne na gandun dajin Chadi Basin.  Tana  a kusa da wani tafkin baka mai cike da ruwa na zamani, wanda yake a Kuza Fadama a mashigar kogin Hadejia kuma ya kai kimanin faɗin murabba'in kilomita 657. Bayan tafkin, wurin tsattsarkan ya ƙunshi ciyayi na itace da ciyayi. Dabbobin daji a cikinsa sun haɗa da tsuntsayen ruwa masu ƙaura na Palearctic da Afrotropical, da flora da fauna na Sudano-Sahel da yankunan dajin. Ana amfani da tafkin matsayin wurin tsayawa na lokaci-lokaci ta dubban tsuntsayen da ke ƙaura a lokacin hunturu daga Turai, Amurka da Asiya.

## Maziyarta na duniya
Manyan mutane da yawa sun ziyarci Wuri Mai Tsarki, ciki har da Yarima Bernhard na Netherlands a shekarar 1987, Yarima Philips a 1989, Yarima Charles da Gimbiya Diana a shekarar 1990.

## Canjin yanayi
Sauyin yanayi ya haifar da fari da ambaliya a cikin Wuri Mai Tsarki (Sanctuary), inda suka bushe, dausayi tare da rushe gidaje. Baƙi na kan  zuwa tafkin amma ya na ƙara ƙaranci.

## Manazarta
Saukewa: R-454B

**R-454B**, wanda kuma aka sani da sunayen masu alamar kasuwanci **Opteon XL41**, **Solstice 454B**, da **Puron Advance,** shine haɗin zeotropic na 68.9 bisa dari difluoromethane (R-32), wani hydrofluorocarbon, da 31.1 bisa dari 2,3,3,3-netraproproproperoproperoprotective. R-1234yf), wani hydrofluoroolefin. Saboda rage yuwuwar dumamar yanayi (GWP), R-454B ana nufin ya zama madadin R-410A mai sanyi acikin sabbin kayan aiki. R-454B yana da GWP na 466, wanda shine kashi 78 ƙasa da GWP na R-410A.

R-454B ba mai guba ba ne kuma mai sauƙi mai ƙonewa, tare da rarrabuwar aminci na ASHRAE na A2L. A ƙasar Amirka, ana sa ran za a sanya shi a cikin wani akwati mai ja ko kuma yana da bandeji mai ja a kafaɗa ko sama.

## Tarihi
Masana'antar na'urorin sanyaya na'urar tana neman maye gurbin R-410A saboda yawan yuwuwar dumamar yanayi. R-454B, wanda aka fi sani da DL-5A, masana'antun da yawa sun zaɓa, ciki har da Mitsubishi Electric, Carrier, Johnson Controls, da sauransu.

R-454B an haɓɓaka shi kuma Chemours ne ya kera shi. Mai jigilar kaya ya fara bada sanarwar gabatarwar R-454B acikin ducted na zama da haske na kasuwanci kunshe-kunshe da samfuran kwandishan acikin 2018,tare da ƙaddamar da samfuran tushen R-454B acikin 2023.

## Abubuwan firiji masu alaƙa
R-454B ba shine kawai haɗakar R-32 da R-1234yf da za'a bada shawarar azaman refrigerant ba.Sauran haɗe-haɗe sun haɗa da R-454A (kashi 35 R-32, kashi 65 R-1234yf) da R-454C (kashi 21.5 R-32, kashi 78.5 R1234yf).Hakanan akwai gauraye da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da kashi na uku.

## Manazarta
Duniyar Sifili Carbon

**Duniyar Zero Carbon** sadaka ce mai rijista a Ingila da Wales. Har'ila yau , kamfani ne mai iyaka.

## Maƙasudi
Manufofin sadaka sune;

# Don aiwatar da ayyukan rage carbon
# Don ƙalubalantar rashin fahimta game da rage carbon tsakanin mutane da ƙungiyoyi
# Don ƙarfafa mafi girma tallafi na mafita mai dorewa

## Cajin abin hawa na lantarki
Hanya daya da Zero Carbon World ke da niyyar cimma manufofinta ita ce gudummawar tashoshi na Cajin Motocin Lantarki ga kungiyoyi daban-daban na Burtaniya. Shafukan da suka sanya caja da aka ba da gudummawa ana ƙara su zuwa taswirar caja na ZeroNet EV na sadaka.

## Tallafawa
Duniyar Carbon Zero sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin Masu Tallafawa Bikin Fina-Finan Bath na 2012 wanda ya haɗada nunin ɗaukar fansa na Motar Lantarki.

## Manazarta
Yanayi da Ci gaba

***[https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/tcld20/current Yanayi da Ci gaba]*** mujallar kimiyya ce da aka yi bita tsakanin takwarorinsu da ke rufe batutuwan da suka taso saboda sauyin yanayi, canjin yanayi, da manufofin yanayi tare da buƙatun cigaba, tasiri da fifiko. An kafa shi acikin 2009 kuma Taylor da Francis ne suka buga shi. Babban editocin sune E. Lisa F. Schipper (Jami'ar Bonn) da Jonathan Ensor (Cibiyar Muhalli ta Stockholm) (tun Oktoba 2018). Babban editan da kuma ya kafa shine Richard JT Klein (Cibiyar Muhalli ta Stockholm).

## Abstracting da indexing
An kuma zayyana mujallar kuma an jera su a cikin:

* CAB Abstracts
* Abubuwan da ke cikin Yanzu / Kimiyyar Zamantakewa & Halayyar
* EBSCO bayanan bayanai
* GEOBASE
* Zuciya
* Fihirisar Cigaban Ilimin zamantakewa

Dangane da *Rahoton Cigaban Jarida*, mujallar tana da tasirin tasirin 2020 na 4.280.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*
Canjin yanayi (jarida)

***Canjin yanayi*** mujallar kimiyya ce da takwarorinsu suka yi bita a kowane mako guda biyu wanda Springer Science+Business Media ya buga wanda ke rufe aikin ladabtarwa akan duk abubuwan da suka shafi sauyin yanayi da bambancin yanayi. An kafa shi acikin 1978, kuma manyan editoci sune Michael Oppenheimer (Jami'ar Princeton) da Gary Yohe (Jami'ar Wesleyan).

## Abstracting da indexing.
An zayyana mujallar kuma an jera su a cikin:

## Manazarta.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje.

*
Jarida ta Duniya ta Kula da Gas na Greenhouse

***Jaridar International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control*** mujallar kimiyya ce da akayi bita a kowane wata da ta shafi bincike kan sarrafa iskar gas. Elsevier ne ya buga shi kuma babban editan shine John Gale. Dangane da *Rahoton Cigaban Jarida*, mujallar tana da tasirin tasirin 2020 na 3.738,  

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*
Weather, Climate, and Society

**Weather, Climate, and Society** (*WCAS*) wata jarida ce ta kimiya da aka yi bita acikin kwata ta American Meteorological Society.

*WCAS* tana buga bincike wanda ya ƙunshi tattalin arziki, nazarin manufofi, kimiyyar siyasa, tarihi, da cibiyoyi, zamantakewa, da malanta da suka shafi yanayi da yanayi, gami da canjin yanayi. Dole ne gudummawar ta haɗa da bincike na kimiyyar zamantakewa na asali, bincike mai tushe, da kuma dacewa ga hulɗar yanayi da yanayi tare da al'umma.

Majalisar AMS mai mulki ta kawar da cajin shafi na takaddun da aka mika wa *WCAS*.

## Duba kuma.

* Jerin mujallolin kimiyya a duniya da kimiyyar yanayi.

## Manazarta.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje.

* Gidan yanar gizon hukuma
Connecticut v. ExxonMobil Corp.

***Connecticut v.*** ***ExxonMobil Corp*** shari'a ce ta canjin yanayi da'aka kawo kan ExxonMobil don neman riba dukda sanin ɓarnar dazai haifar akan muhalli.

A ranar Litinin, 15 ga Satumba, 2020, Babban Lauyan Connecticut William Tong ya shigar da ƙara ƙarfi a kan ExxonMobil saboda kayayyakinsu sun bada gudummawar hayaki dake haifar da ɗumamar yanayi da sauyin yanayi.Jihar na neman diyya ga abubuwan da suka faru a baya, na yanzu da kuma nan gaba daga canjin yanayi, ciki harda zuba jari da aka riga akayi, kuma tana bin wasu ribar da kamfanin ya samu.

Connecticut ta zargi ExxonMobil game da yaudarar masu saka hannun jari kan yadda samfuransu ke bada gudummawa ga canjin yanayi. Tong yace jihar na fuskantar miliyoyin daloli a cikin lalacewa saboda hauhawar matakan teku, da karin guguwa, da kara zazzagewa da sauran tasirin sauyin yanayi.Tong yayi iƙirarin ExxonMobil ya san cewa kona burbushin halittu yana shafar muhalli, amma maimakon yarda da shi, suna ƙoƙarin yaudarar jama'a. An shigar da karar zuwa Kotun Ƙoli ta Hartford.

A halin yanzu, shari'ar da ke akwai tsakanin jihar Connecticut da ExxonMobil Corp. har yanzu ba a daidaita ba, har yanzu ba a sami wani diyya ga jihar ba. Bayan shigar da karar a shekarar 2020, alkalin kotun Richard Sullivan ya bayyana a shekarar 2022, cewa idan aka yi la’akari da wahalar ire-iren wadannan shari’o’in, kotun jihar na iya jayayya cewa Connecticut ba ta da hurumin ci gaba da asarar da dumamar yanayi ta haifar daga. a cikin rabin karni/ƙarni na ƙarshe.

## Manazarta
Case din Grande-Synthe

***Kamfanin na Grande-Synthe v.*** ***Faransa;*** Kara ne da kungiyar Grande-Synthe ta shigar akan gwamnatin Faransa, inda take zargin gwamnatin ƙasar ba ta ɗauki kwararan matakan rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli ba domin cika alkawuran da ta ɗauka bisa dokokin cikin gida da na ƙasa da ƙasa.Acikin Yuli 2021, Conseil d'État ya yanke hukuncin cewa dole ne gwamnatin Faransa ta ɗauki duk matakan da suka dace don rage hayaki nan da Maris 2022.

## Manazarta
Harriet Bulkeley

**Harriet Bulkeley**, FBA (an Haife ta 17 Nuwamba 1972) 'yar ƙasar Biritaniya ce me labarin ƙasa kuma ilimi. Ita ce Farfesa na Geography a Jami'ar Durham. Bulkeley kuma mai gudanarwa ce acikin aikin Naturvation. Ta hanyar aikinta a Jami'ar Durham,Harriet ta shiga cikin aikin ReInvent-EU,wanda ke da nufin ƙarfafa lalatawa a cikin mahimman wurare 4: filastik, karfe, takarda da nama da kiwo.Binciken nata ya fi bincikar siyasa da tsarin tafiyar da muhalli, da kuma sarrafa sharar gida a Burtaniya da siyasa, musamman siyasar birane, na sauyin yanayi.

A Yulin 2019, an Zaɓe ta a matsayin Fellow of the British Academy (FBA), Cibiyar Nazarin Jama'a da zamantakewa ta Burtaniya.

## Ilimi
Bulkeley  tayi karatu a Jami'ar Cambridge, inda ta kammala a 1995 tare da digiri na farko a fannin Geography, kafin ta kammala digiri na uku a fannin Geography da Falsafa a 1998.

## Ayyukan da aka buga
Bulkeley ta wallafa littattafai da labarai sama da 50, ciki harda ' *Ƙasashen Carbon da Adalci* '(2012), wanda Sarah Fuller, abokiyar binciken girmamawa ce ta rubuta shi, kuma a Sashen Geography na Jami'ar Durham.

Bulkeley kuma editan *Muhalli da Tsare-tsare C: Gwamnati da Manufofi*.

## Ayyukan Bincike
Ta hanyar Jami'ar Durham, da Cibiyar Makamashi ta Durham, Harriet ta shiga cikin ayyukan bincike da yawa gami da:

* InCluESEV - Rukunin Matsakaicin Tsari akan Tsarin Makamashi, Daidaituwa da Rashin Lalacewa
* Cibiyar Sadarwar Ƙasa ta Duniya akan Ƙarƙashin Ƙarfafa Carbon (INCUT)
* Juyin Juyin Juya Halin Sadarwar Abokin Ciniki

## Manazarta
Mutane v. Exxon Mobil

***Mutanen Jihar New York v.*** ***Exxon Mobil Corp. girma*** karar ce da aka shigar a ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 2018, a Kotun Koli ta New York. Kotun tayi zargin zamba da Kamfanin Exxon Mobil yayi don yaudarar masu zuba jarin kamfanin game da yadda ake tafiyar da hadarin dake tattare da sauyin yanayi. A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2018, kotu ta rattaba hannu a kan wani umarni na farko na taron da aka tsara za'a fara shari’ar a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2019.

A ranar 22 ga Oktoba, an fara shari'ar agaban alkali Barry Ostrager, tare da bude jawabai daga bangarorin biyu. A cewar *New York Times*, shari'ar ita ce "karatun sauyin yanayi na biyu kawai don kai ga shari'a a Amurka. A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 2019, Babban Mai Shari'a na New York ya yi watsi da tuhume-tuhume biyu daga cikin hudun da suka shafi zamba bayan ya amince da cewa babu isasshiyar shaida don tallafawa tuhumar.

A ranar 10 ga Disamba, 2019, Justice Ostrager ya samu Exxon Mobil akan sauran tuhume-tuhumen da ake masa na zamba.

## Duba kuma

* Sauyin yanayi a Amurka
* *Gundumar Columbia v.* *Exxon Mobil Corp. girma*
* Takaddamar sauyin yanayi na ExxonMobil
* *Kivalina v.* *ExxonMobil Corp. girma*

## Manazarta

## Kara karantawa

* Pierce, Charles P. (Agusta 7, 2019). " The Oil Giants iya A karshe biya domin ja da Babban Hoax na Duk ". *Esquire* . An dawo da Agusta 8, 2019.
Neubauer v. Jamus

**Neubauer v.Jamus** shari’ar kotu ce ta shekarar 2020 inda gungun masu fafutuka suka kai kara kan rashin gaskiya dake cikin Dokar Kare Yanayi ta 2019.

## Fage
Masu fafutuka da ke goyon bayan Juma'a For Future, Greenpeace, Abokan Duniya, da sauran ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun kawo da'awar cewa rashin cikakken tsarin doka don rage hayaƙin carbon nan da shekara ta 2030, ya keta haƙƙinsu na asali kamar yadda dokar Jamus ta tanada. Koken ya yi nuni da cewa dole ne jihar ta kare hakkin rayuwa, yancin kai, haƙƙin mallaka, da mutuncin ɗan adam.

## Shawara
Kotun tsarin mulkin kasar ta ayyana wani bangare na Dokar Kare Yanayi ta Tarayya a matsayin wanda ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki, saboda bai kare yadda ya kamata ba daga cin zarafi da tauye hakkin 'yanci a nan gaba sakamakon karuwar sauyin yanayi a hankali. Ta yi fatali da wasu ikirari nasu, tana mai cewa masu shigar da kara ba za su iya tabbatar da cewa gwamnati ta saba aikinta na tsarin mulki ba.

Ministan kudi ya mayar da martani ga hukuncin inda ya ce zai hada kai da ma’aikatar muhalli domin gyara dokar. Ministar muhalli ta rubuta cewa za ta gabatar da sabbin shawarwarin yanayi a lokacin bazara.

## Manazarta
Auren mata da yawa

Yanayin, aure ga ma'aurata da yawa,Idan mutum ya yi aure fiye da mace guda a lokaci ɗaya,masana kimiyya, suna kiranshi da {polygamy} a turanci.

## manazarta
Silo

Wani tsari ne da akeyi don ajiye kayan aiki masu yawa. Ana amfani da silo a gona don ajiye abinci mai ƙwaya da ake kira silage,ana yawan amfani da ita wajen ajiye alkama.Ana yawan amfani da Silo domin ajiye alkama,siminti,gawayi,kayan katako da kuma kayan abinci.Mafi yawancin yanzun ana amfani da silo kala uku sune kamar haka,silo na tanki,silo na jaka da kuma silo na bukka.

## Manazarta
Stephen M. Gardiner

**Stephen Gardiner** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1967)ɗan falsafa Ba'amurke ne kuma Farfesa na Falsafa da Ben Rabinowitz Endowed Farfesa na Girman Dan Adam na Muhalli a Jami'ar Washington. An san shi da ayyukansa akan falsafar muhalli da falsafar tsohuwar Girka.

## Littattafai

* *Cikakkar Guguwar dabi'a*, Jami'ar Oxford Press, 2011
* *Muhawara kan Halayen Yanayi*, Jami'ar Oxford Press, 2016
* *Tattaunawa akan Adalci na Yanayi*, Rutledge, 2023
* *Da'a na nagarta, Tsoho da Sabon*, Jami'ar Cornell Press, 2005
* *Oxford Handbook of Intergenerational Ethics*, Oxford University Press, mai zuwa
* *Oxford Handbook of Environmental Ethics*, Oxford University Press, 2016
* *Dabi'ar Yanayi: Muhimman Karatu*, Jami'ar Oxford Press, 2010
* *Da'a na "Geoengineering" Yanayi na Duniya: Adalci, Halalci da Mulki*, Rarraba, 2020

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*
Tarihin Elizabeth Cripps

**Elizabeth Blanche Cripps** 'yar falsafar siyasar Burtaniya ce. Ita babbar Malamia ce a Ƙa'idar Siyasa a Jami'ar Edinburgh. Bincikenta yayi magana akan falsafar muhalli, gami da tambayoyi game da sauyin yanayi, yawan jama'a da tarbiyyar yara, da'a na muhalli, siyasar muhalli, da adalcin muhalli.

## Sana'a
Daga 1995–9, Cripps tayi karatu a St John's, Jami'ar Oxford, da farko tana karanta Maths da Falsafa, sannan Siyasa, Falsafa, da Tattalin Arziƙi. Daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar jarida, duka masu zaman kansu da kuma Financial Times Group. Ta koma makarantar kimiyya a cikin 2003,  tana yin MPhil (2003–5) da PhD (2005–8) a falsafa a Kwalejin Jami’ar London (UCL). Likitan karatun ta na PhD yana da taken *daidaikun mutane, Al'umma da Duniya: Tsaro na Ayyukan Muhalli na gama gari*. A lokacin karatunta, ta koyar da koyarwa daban-daban a UCL, Kwalejin Yammacin London, da Kwalejin Heythrop, da kuma cigaba da aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida mai zaman kansa. 

Bayan kammala karatun digirinta, Cripps ta koma Sashen Siyasa da Hulɗar Ƙasashen Duniya a Jami'ar Edinburgh, da farko (2008-9) a matsayin ƙayyadadden malami sannan kuma (2009-12) a matsayin ɗan'uwan Burtaniya Postdoctoral Fellow. Aikinta yana da taken *Gamayyar Aiki, Haƙƙi na Jama'a da Sabon Ƙa'idojin Muhalli*. Bayan haka, ta cigaba da zama a Edinburgh a matsayin Malamar a Ƙa'idar Siyasa. Littafinta na farko, masanin ilimin halin ɗan adam *Canjin Yanayi da Wakilin ɗabi'a: Ayyukan ɗaiɗaikun Mutum acikin Duniyar Maɗaukaki*, Jami'ar Oxford ta buga a 2013. 

An ƙara Cripps zuwa Babban Malami a 2016. A cikin 2022, ta buga *Abin da Adalci na Yanayi ke nufi da Me yasa yakamata mu kula* da Bloomsbury. A shekara mai zuwa, ta buga *Parenting on Earth: Jagoran Falsafa don Yin Dama ta Yaranku - da Kowa* tare da MIT Press.

## wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa

* Cripps, Elizabeth (2013). *Canjin Yanayi da Wakilin ɗabi'a: Ayyukan ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun a cikin Duniya mai dogaro da kai* . Jami'ar Oxford Press.
* Cripps, Elizabeth (2022). *Abin da Adalci Yanayi ke nufi da Me ya sa Ya kamata Mu Kula* . Bloomsbury.
* Cripps, Elizabeth (2023). *Iyaye a Duniya: Jagoran Falsafa don Yin Dama ta 'Ya'yanku - da kowa da kowa* . MIT Press.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Yanar Gizo na sirri
Tarihin Jonathan Overpeck

**Jonathan Taylor Overpeck** Masanin kimiyyar yanayi ne na kasar Amurka. Tun daga 2017, yayi aiki a matsayin Samuel A.Graham Dean na Makarantar Muhalli da Ɗorewa ta Jami'ar Michigan. Overpeck ya rubuta littattafai sama da 220 na kimiyya. Acikin 2007, ya kasance marubucin jagora mai gudanarwa akan rahoto ga Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Gwamnati akan Canjin Yanayi, wanda aka bada ƙyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Overpeck ya sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimin geology daga Kwalejin Hamilton.

## Sana'a
Kafin shiga Jami'ar Michigan, Overpeck ya kasance malami a Jami'ar Arizona, inda ya kasance darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Duniya ta Duniya. Ya zama Samuel A. Graham Dean na Makarantar Muhalli da Dorewa ta Jami'ar Michigan a cikin 2017. Ya kasance mai himma a jami'a, birni da jiha ƙoƙarin rage sauyin yanayi. Acikin 2015, an zaɓi Overpeck ɗan'uwan Tarayyar Geophysical na Amurka.

## Bugawar da aka zaɓa

* Jansen, E., J. Overpeck, KR Briffa, J.-C. Duplessy, F. Joos, V. Masson-Delmotte, D. Olago, B. Otto-Bliesner, WR Peltier, S. Rahmstorf, R. Ramesh, D. Raynaud, D. Rind, O. Solomina, R. Villalba da D. . Zhang (2007). "Paleoclimate." *Canjin Yanayi 2007: Jiki&nbsp;Tushen Kimiyya* . Gudunmawar Ƙungiya ta I zuwa Rahoton Ƙimar Huɗu na Kungiyar, Sulomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, KB Averyt, M. Tignor da HL Miller (eds).)]. Jami'ar Cambridge Press,&nbsp;Cambridge, United Kingdom da kuma New York, NY, Amurka.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Faculty profile page
Dokar Asusun Kula da Tsirrai, 2016

**Dokar CAMPA** ko **Dokar Asusun Tallace Kudaden Rarraba** Dokokin Indiya ce da ke neman samar da tsarin da ya dace, duka a Cibiyar da kowace Jiha da Ƙungiyar Tarayyar, don tabbatar da yin amfani da gaggawa cikin ingantacciyar hanyar da ba ta dace ba na adadin da aka fitar a madadin ƙasar dajin da aka karkatar. don dalilan da ba na gandun daji ba wanda zai rage tasirin karkatar da wannan filin daji.

## Tarihi
Ma'aikatar muhalli da gandun daji, New Delhi ta bada sanarwa a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 2004 wanda ke kwatanta tsarin mulki, gudanarwa da ayyukan kwamitin CAMPA. An aikada dokar ne domin tantancewa a karkashin wani kwamiti mai zaman kansa. Rajya Sabha ne ya zartar da shi a ranar 28 ga Yuli 2016.

## Asusun Kula da Ganyayyaki
Wannan kudi ne da masu ci gaban da suka lalata gonakin dazuka suka biya domin ayyukansu na gine-gine, kuma manufar ita ce irin wannan filin da aka lalata ya kamata a gyara ta ta hanyar sake farfado da dazuzzukan dajin da ba na gandun daji ba.

## Manufa
Dokar ta kafa Hukumar Kula da Tsirrai da Tsare-tsare (CAMPA) da Asusun Kula da Ganyayyaki (CAF). Dokarda aka gabatar zata kuma tabbatar da yin amfani da kuɗaɗen da ba'a kashe ba tareda Hukumar Gudanar da Asusun Kula da Tsirrai (CAMPA),wanda a halin yanzu yana kan tsari na Rs. 95,000 crore, da sabon tarin harajin ramawa da riba akan ma'aunin da ba a kashe ba, wanda zai kasance na kusan Rs. 6,000 crore a kowace shekara, cikin inganci da gaskiya.

## Duba kuma

* Ƙabilun da aka tsara da kuma sauran Mazaunan gandun daji na Gargajiya (Gane da Haƙƙin daji), 2006

## Manazarta
Denmark na shuka bishiyoyi

**Danmark na shuka bishiyoyi** (Danish) wani taron TV-telethon na Danish ne da aka gudanar a ranar Asabar 14 ga Satumba 2019 wanda ke da nufin tara kuɗaɗe don dasa sabbin bishiyoyi miliyan 1 a Denmark don zaburar da 'yan Danish suyi aikin sauyin yanayi. Ana dai kallon taron a matsayin telethon na farko a duniya don yaƙar matsalar yanayi.

An watsa taron kai tsaye sama da awanni 2½ akan gidan talabijin na Danish TV2 kai tsaye daga hasumiya na gandun daji a Næstved wanda ke tsakiyar dajin. A yayin taron anyi wasannin kade-kade da shahararrun baki. Firayim Ministan Denmark Mette Frederiksen ta shuka daya daga cikin bishiyu na farko. Telethon ya tara kudaden da suka isa shuka itatuwa 914,233, wanda ya kusa cimma burin da aka sa a gaba na itatuwa miliyan 1. An yanke shawarar cigaba da buɗe gidan yanar gizon bayar da gudummawa ta yanar gizo, kuma bayan makonni biyu an cimma burin itatuwa miliyan 1.

Gidan talabijin na TV2 ne ya watsa taron wanda shine gidan talabijin na TV mafi girma mallakar gwamnati a Denmark, da nufin mayar da hankali kan sauyin yanayi, da kuma rawar da gandun daji da bishiyoyi ke takawa, wajen magance sauyin yanayi. Kamfanin samar da talbijin na Danish Tiki Media ne ya tsara wannan tsari, kuma furodusan ya bayyana fatan cewa taron zai bazu zuwa wasu kasashe, domin shiga cikin jama'a kan batun sauyin yanayi.

Ƙungiyar Danish Growing Trees Network ta shuka bishiyoyi tare da haɗin gwiwar Danish Society for Nature Conservation.

## Manazarta
Kyautar Jarumin daji

An kafa **lambar yabo ta gwarzon daji** na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya acikin 2011, shekarar dazuzzuka ta duniya, don karrama mutanen da suka sadaukar da rayuwar su don kare gandun daji. Ana bada kyaututtuka a kowace shekara ga mutum ɗaya, acikin kowane yankuna biyar: Afirka, Asiya da Pacific, Turai, Latin Amurka da Caribbean, da Arewacin Amurka.

## 2011
An sanar da waɗanda sukayi nasara a 2011 a taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, kan dazuzzuka na 2012 a New York. Wanda aka zaɓa daga cikin mutane 90 da aka zaɓa a ƙasashe 41, waɗanda suka yi nasara sune:

* *Afirka* : Paul Nzegha Mzeka, Kamaru
* *Asiya da Pacific* : Shigeatsu Hatakeyama, Japan
* *Turai* : Anatoly Lebedev, Rasha
* *Latin Amurka da Caribbean* : Paulo Adario, Brazil
* *Arewacin Amurka* : Rhiannon Tomtishen da Madison Vorva, Amurka don nasarar yakin da suka yi na cire dabino daga Cookies Scout 

An ba da lambar yabo ta musamman ga aikin wasu ma’aurata da suka rasu, José Claudio Ribeiro da Maria do Espírito Santo, Brazil.

## 2012
Wadanda suka yi nasara a shekarar 2012 sune:

* *Afirka* : Rose Mukankomeje, Rwanda
* *Asiya da Pacific* : Preecha Siri, Thailand
* *Turai* : Hayrettin Karaca, Turkiyya
* *Latin Amurka da Caribbean* : Almir Narayamoga Surui, Brazil
* *Arewacin Amurka* : Ariel Lugo, Puerto Rico

## Duba kuma

* Zakarun Duniya
* Jaruman Muhalli
* Jerin lambobin yabo na muhalli

## Manazarta
Hekluskógar

**Hekluskógar** (Furuci a Icelandic: ˈhɛhklʏˌskouː(ɣ)ar̥], "Hekla Forest) aikin sake dazuka ne a Iceland kusa da dutsen mai aman wuta Hekla. Babban maƙasudin shine a ƙwato gandun daji na birch na asali da willow zuwa gangaren Hekla fara da takin ƙasa da shuka ciyawa. Wannan zai hana tokar dutsen mai aman wuta ta hura a yankunan da ke kusa bayan fashewa a Hekla kuma zai taimaka wajen rage yazawar iska. Ita ce mafi girma na dazuzzuka na nau'in sa a Turai kuma an kiyasta zai rufe kashi 1% na yankin Iceland.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Gidan yanar gizon hukuma
* The Hekla Reforest Project
* Gandun daji a cikin ƙasa mara bishiya
Kalubalen Bonn

**Kalubalen na Bonn** wani yunƙuri ne na duniya na maido da kadarar miliyan 150 na yankunan duniya da suka lalace da sare dazuka nan da shekarar 2020 da kuma hekta miliyan 350 nan da shekarar 2030. Jamus da Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Kare Halittu (IUCN) ne suka shirya kuma suka ƙaddamar da ita a Bonn a ranar 2 ga Satumba 2011, tare da haɗin gwiwar Ƙwararru na Duniya akan Daji/ Maido da shimfiɗar wuri da kuma niyya ga isar da Yarjejeniyar Rio da sauran sakamakon 1992 Duniya. Taron koli. Kamar yadda a shekarar 2013 sama da hekta miliyan 20 akayi alkawarin maidowa daga kasashe ciki har da Brazil, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Ruwanda, da Amurka. Koriya ta Kudu, Costa Rica, Pakistan, China, Ruwanda da Brazil sun fara shirye-shiryen maido da yanayi mai nasara.

IUCN ta ƙiyasta cewa cika burin ƙalubalen na Bonn zai haifar da kusan dala biliyan 84 a kowace shekara acikin fa'idodin fa'ida wanda zai iya tasiri ga damar samun kudin shiga ga al'ummomin karkara. An kuma yi ƙiyasin cewa rage gibin hayakin carbon dioxide na yanzu da kashi 11-17% za'a samu ta hanyar fuskantar kalubalen. Alƙawarin Khyber Pakhtunkhwa na Pakistan yana da bambanci na kasancewa alkawari na farko na ƙasa, alkawari na farko da za'a aiwatar da shi gaba ɗaya, da kuma alkawarin farko da za'a ƙara. 'Tsunami Biliyan' wani shiri ne a wannan hanya.|

Ƙalubalen na Bonn zai magance matsalar tsaron tattalin arziki, tsaron ruwa, samar da abinci da sauyin yanayi. Maido da yanayin ƙasa ta hanyar ƙalubalen Bonn yana haɓɓaka alƙawarin ƙasashen duniya na sauyin yanayi. Maido da kadarar miliyan 150 na gurɓacewar dazuzzukan duniya nan da shekarar 2020 zai taimaka wajen gano metrik ton biliyan 1 na carbon dioxide wanda zai rage gibin hayakin da ake samu a yanzu da kashi 20%.

Shirin maido da yanayin gandun daji na Afirka yayi daidai da kalubalen Bonn kuma yana da burin samun hekta miliyan 100 a cikin aikin maido da shi nan da shekarar 2030. Kasashen Afirka 28 sun yi alkawarin samar da hekta miliyan 113 ga shirin. Kasar Habasha ta yi alkawari mafi girma da ya kai kadada miliyan daya. Firayim Ministan Habasha Abiy Ahmed ya sanar a watan Mayun shekarar 2019 cewa kasar ta ƙudiri aniyar dasa itatuwa biliyan 4 a shekarar 2019 kaɗai.

## Duba kuma

* Maido da daji

## Manazarta