Henry Larcom Abbot

**Henry Larcom Abbot** (13 ga Agusta, 1831 - 1 ga Oktoba, 1927) injiniya ne na soja kuma jami'in aiki a Rundunar Sojan Amurka . Ya yi aiki a Rundunar Sojojin Tarayyar Amurka a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka kuma an naɗa shi Brigadier Janar na Masu Sa-kai saboda gudummawar da ya bayar a fannin injiniya da manyan bindigogi. A shekara ta 1866 ya sami ƙarin naɗin brevet a matsayin Manjo Janar na Masu Sa-kai da kuma Birgediya Janar a Rundunar Soja ta Kullum . Ya gudanar da bincike da dama kan Kogin Mississippi tare da kyaftin, daga baya Manjo Janar Andrew A. Humphreys . Bayan ritayarsa, Abbot ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan makullan da ke kan mashigar ruwa ta Panama . An zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a 1863.

## Rayuwar soja
Abbot ya halarci West Point  kuma ya kammala karatunsa na biyu a ajinsa, wanda ya haɗa da Jeb Stuart da GW Custis Lee tare da digiri a fannin injiniyan soja a 1854. Da farko ya so shiga Artillery, amma jim kaɗan bayan kammala karatun, wani abokin karatunsa ya shawo kansa ya zaɓi Injiniya. An naɗa shi a matsayin brevet second laftanar a rundunar sojojin Amurka a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1854, na biyu laftanar a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 1855, da kuma na farko laftanar a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1857.  A 1855, an tura Abbot aiki tare da Laftanar Robert Williamson 's Pacific Railroad Survey a California da Oregon . 

A lokacin da suke aiki a Soja, Abbot da Kyaftin Andrew Humphreys sun gudanar da bincike na kimiyya da dama game da Kogin Mississippi . Sun yi nazari sosai kan kwararar kogin Mississippi tun daga Kogin Ohio zuwa kudu har zuwa tushe a Tekun Mexico . Sun yi ƙoƙarin amfani da dabarun Turai da dama don kwararar ruwa da suka koya a West Point, amma suka gano cewa duk suna da lahani. Daga nan suka ƙirƙiro nasu dabarar wadda a ƙarshe ta zama matsala yayin da suka manta da yin la'akari da ƙaiƙayin gangara a cikin magudanan ruwa. Duk da haka, hakan ya yi tasiri ga juyin halittar ruwa kuma ya taimaka wajen kafa Makarantar Injiniyan Sojojin Amurka a Fort Totten da ke birnin New York . 

### Yaƙin Basasa
A lokacin da yakin basasa ya barke, an tura Abbot ga sojojin Brigadier Janar Irvin McDowell kuma ya ji rauni a Yaƙin Farko na Bull Run .  Daga baya ya zama injiniyan yanayin ƙasa a rundunar sojojin Potomac a lokacin yakin Peninsula da kuma mataimakin sansani ga Brig. Janar Andrew Humphreys.  A lokacin wannan yakin an ba shi mukamin babban soja saboda aikinsa a lokacin da aka kewaye Yorktown .  A ranar 18 ga Yuli, 1862, an ɗaukaka Abbot zuwa kyaftin a rundunar sojojin yau da kullun kuma an tura shi ga ma'aikatan Brig. Janar John G. Barnard har zuwa 11 ga Nuwamba, 1862.  Daga nan aka tura shi na ɗan lokaci a matsayin Injiniyan Tsarin ƙasa a Sashen Tekun Tekun.  A ranar 19 ga Janairu, 1863, an naɗa shi kanar na 1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery amma a ranar 3 ga Maris, 1863, an mayar da shi zuwa Washington Defenses, inda ya jagoranci rundunar. 

A watan Mayu na shekarar 1864, an mayar da shi kan mukamin kwamandan manyan bindigogi a lokacin da aka yi wa birnin Petersburg kawanya . A ranar 12 ga Disamba, 1864, Shugaba Abraham Lincoln ya naɗa Abbot a matsayin babban kwamandan rundunar sojojin sa kai ta Brevet, wanda zai yi aiki daga ranar 1 ga Agusta, 1864, kuma Majalisar Dattawan Amurka ta tabbatar da naɗin a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 1865.  A watan Disamba na shekarar 1864, an naɗa shi a matsayin kwamandan dukkan manyan bindigogin yaƙi a cikin Sojojin Potomac da Sojojin James, waɗanda suka kewaye Petersburg. A watan Janairu na shekarar 1865, Janar Alfred H. Terry ya nemi Janar Abbot ya raka rundunar sojojin sa zuwa Fort Fisher . Abbot ya jagoranci rundunar sojojin yaƙi ta wucin gadi a lokacin Yaƙin Fort Fisher na Biyu da ya yi nasara.

An tattara Abbot daga aikin sa kai a ranar 25 ga Satumba, 1865.  A ranar 13 ga Janairu, 1866, Shugaba Andrew Johnson ya naɗa Abbot a matsayin babban janar na 'yan sa kai na Brevet Major General' domin ya zama babban jami'in 'yan sa kai daga ranar 13 ga Maris, 1865, kuma Majalisar Dattawan Amurka ta tabbatar da naɗin a ranar 12 ga Maris, 1865.  A ranar 17 ga Yuli, 1866, Shugaba Johnson ya naɗa Abbot a matsayin babban brigadier janar na rundunar sojojin ƙasa don ya zama babban jami'in daga ranar 13 ga Maris, 1865, kuma Majalisar Dattawan Amurka ta tabbatar da naɗin a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 1865. 

### Bayan Yaƙin Basasa
A shekarun bayan yaƙi, Abbot ya ci gaba da aiki a Injiniyoyi na Sojojin Amurka. An ƙara masa matsayi zuwa babban aiki a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 1865. [1] An tura shi zuwa kwamandan rundunar injiniya a Willet's Point, New York. Ya ƙirƙiri Makarantar Injiniya ta Soja a can, kuma ya yi aiki a kan allunan da yawa, ciki har da Hukumar Amfani da Ƙarfe a Tsaron Dindindin, Hukumar Injiniyoyi don Kariya, Hukumar Kare Gun, Hukumar Kare Gun da Sauran Kariya, da Hukumar Kare Makamai da Kariya. Ana iya ganin tasirin Abbot a fannoni da yawa na tsarin tsaron gabar tekun Amurka na wannan lokacin, musamman a tsarin haƙar ma'adinai na ƙarƙashin ruwa, da kuma amfani da turmi na bakin teku . Abbot ya ba da shawarar tara turmi 16 a cikin saiti 4 na 4, waɗanda za su yi harbi a lokaci guda kan jiragen yaƙin abokan gaba. Shirin ya zama sananne da "Abbot Quad".

Bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja, Abbot ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula kuma an ɗauke shi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Comité Technique da Comité Statutaire don makullan da ke kan magudanar ruwa ta Panama tsakanin 1897 da 1900. Theodore Roosevelt ya naɗa shi a Kwamitin Injiniyoyi na Ba da Shawara kuma ya yi aiki tsakanin 1905 da 1906 bayan da Amurkawa suka karɓi iko kan gina magudanar ruwa. An ba shi aikin shirya tsare-tsare don gina magudanar ruwa kuma ya sami damar shawo kan Roosevelt da Sakataren Yaƙi William Howard Taft su amince da magudanar ruwa maimakon magudanar ruwa mai matakin teku. A shekarar 1915, ya kasance ɓangare na Kwamitin Zane-zanen Canjin Panama.

## Ritaya
Abbot ya yi ritaya a matsayin Kanar a ranar 13 ga Agusta, 1895.  A ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 1904, aka naɗa shi Birgediya Janar, Amurka, ya yi ritaya.  Ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1927, a Cambridge, Massachusetts kuma an binne shi a Makabartar Mount Auburn, Cambridge. 

## Daraja
Abbot memba ne na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa da Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka, ya sami digirin girmamawa na shari'a daga Jami'ar Harvard, kuma ya zama memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a 1863.   Cibiyar horar da sojoji ta Oregon Sansani Abbot, Abbot Pass a Clackamas County, Oregon, da Mount Abbot duk sunaye ne nasa.   Shi ma yana ɗaya daga cikin sunaye 158 na mutane masu mahimmanci ga tarihin Oregon waɗanda aka zana a ɗakunan Majalisa da Majalisar Dattawa na Babban Birnin Jihar Oregon .  Sunansa yana cikin ɗakin Majalisar Dattawa .

## Littattafai

*  
* Abbot, Henry L. "The Present Status of the Panama Canal." *Engineering News* 40 (October 6, 1898): 210–213. An optimistic view of the progress made by the new French canal company and its plans for future construction. Emphasizes the disadvantages of the proposed Nicaragua route. Published separately by the New York Evening Post Printing House, 1898.
* Abbot, Henry L. "The New Panama Canal." *Forum* 26 (November 1898): 343–53. Argues in favor of a Panama canal even though it would be in French hands, and urges Americans to abandon further consideration of a Nicaragua canal. Also printed separately by the Forum Publishing Company, 1898. Reprinted as Senate Document No. 41, 55th Congress, 3d Session, December 21, 1898, and as "General Abbot on the Panama Canal," Engineering Record 39 (January 14, 1899): 137–40.
* Abbot, Henry L. (?) "The New Panama Canal." *Scientific American* 80 (February 4, 1899): 73–75. Possibly by Abbot. "The present article is written for the purpose of putting the public in possession of the facts regarding the present status and future prospects of this undertaking." (p.&nbsp;73) Discusses the French canal company's international Comité Technique, of which Abbot was a member; the Culebra Cut; control of the Chagres River; health concerns; and relationship of the new canal company to the old company.
* Abbot, Henry L. "Climatology of the Isthmus of Panama, Including the Temperature, Winds, Barometric Pressure, and Precipitation." *Monthly Weather Review* 27 (May 1899): 198–203. Temperature, barometric pressure, and precipitation tables compiled by the old and new French canal companies. "In tropical regions it is not the excessively high temperatures which increase the difficulties of out-door labor and construction, but those which remain permanently high and are accompanied by great humidity of the air and heavy rainfall . . . . " (p.&nbsp;201) Rainfall comparable to areas of the United States near the Gulf of Mexico. The Weather Bureau issued, as a separate designated W. B. No. 201, a "slightly modified" (p.&nbsp;3) version of this article.
* Abbot, Henry L. "Climatology of the Isthmus of Panama." *Monthly Weather Review* 27 (July 1899): 302–03. Supplemental to May 1899 article. Updates rainfall figures to 1899.
* Abbot, Henry L. "Meteorology of Panama." *Monthly Weather Review* 27 (October 1899): 463. More rainfall and temperature data for 1899.
* Abbot, Henry L. "Contributions to the Meteorology of Panama." *Monthly Weather Review* 28 January 1900: 7. Hourly temperatures and barometric pressure at Alhajuela and La Boca, observed by personnel of the New Panama Canal Company, autumn of 1899.
* Abbot, Henry L. "Rainfall and Drainage in the Upper Chagres River." *Monthly Weather Review* 28 (June 1900): 243–44. Figures showing that "no fear of a lack of water in the dry season need be entertained with the reserves contemplated by the new French [Panama Canal] company." (p.&nbsp;244)
* Abbot, Henry L. "The Best Isthmian Canal." *Atlantic Monthly* 86 (December 1900): 844–48. "[T]his claim of gain of time by Nicaragua must be relegated to the class of visionary arguments so often advanced to offset the solid merits of the Panama route." (p.&nbsp;848).
* Abbot, Henry L. (Communication on "The Present Condition and Prospects of the Panama Canal Works," by James Thomas Ford, pp.&nbsp;150–70.) *Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers* (London) 144 (February 1901): 199–202. Regulation of the Chagres River is essential for a canal with locks and dams. Data on the discharge of the river at various locations; estimates of time needed for lockages.
* Abbot, Henry L. "Present Condition of the Panama Canal." *Engineering Magazine* 22 (January 1902): 487–92. (Editor's introduction to Abbot's article "International Aspects of the Isthmian Canal," pp.&nbsp;485–87.) Abbot: there are "only three formidable difficulties": "the cut at the continental divide, regulation of the Chagres River, and the tropical climate." Despite these problems, "Nature has placed on the Isthmus of Panama far fewer obstructions to the construction of a ship canal than on any other possible route between the oceans." (p.&nbsp;488). Abbot favors use of black laborers and suggests that American capital, not the government, should buy out the French company.
* Abbot, Henry L. "Why The Panama Canal Should Be Selected." *Collier's Weekly* 28 (February 8, 1902): 5. Panama route is preferable to one in Nicaragua because it would be shorter; no active volcanoes within ca.200 miles of Panama; lower annual rainfall; Colón a better port than Greytown; cheaper to operate and maintain a canal in Panama; rates for insurance and shipping from United States ports would be lower. "Whatever 'sentimental feeling' may exist in favor of the Nicaragua route, it would appear that if those interested in commercial expansion appreciated these facts there would be little doubt which canal would be demanded."
* Abbot, Henry L. "Mean Barometric Pressure at Sea Level on the American Isthmus." *Monthly Weather Review* 31 (March 1902): 124–25. "These figures certainly indicate a remarkable uniformity of barometric pressure in this tropical region throughout the year." (p.&nbsp;125).
* Abbot, Henry L. "The Panama Canal Question." Medical News (April 12, 1902):707. Communicates translation of health information, 1898-1901, submitted by Dr. (Elie?) Lacroisade, medical director of the New Panama Canal Company. Abbot: "The marked improvement in health since the early days of the enterprise is forcibly presented by these official hospital records."
* Abbot, Henry L. "Earthquakes and the Isthmian Canal." Collier's Weekly 29 (July 12, 1902):7. "[The commercial interests] of the world will protect us against placing a canal in the region of greatest danger from earthquakes to be found anywhere on the continent [i.e., Nicaragua], where we can have a safer, shorter and cheaper and in every respect better route elsewhere [i.e., Panama]."
* Abbot, Henry L. "The Panama Canal and the Regulation of the Chagres River." *Engineering Magazine* 24 (December 1902): 329–68. Abbot had carefully studied the river and the data amassed by the two French canal companies and concluded that "Far from being a menace, the Chagres is a most useful friend." (p.&nbsp;366) Topics include: "Topography of the Basin above Bohio"; "Regimen of the Chagres"; "Discharge of the Chagres"; "Great Floods of the Chagres"; "Regulation of the Floods"; "Ratio between Downfall and Drainage"; "Water Supply in the Dry Season."
* Abbot, Henry L. "Climatology of the Isthmus of Panama." *Monthly Weather Review* 31 (March 1903): 117–24. Because it appeared likely that the United States would build the Panama Canal "it has seemed to me desirable to prepare a summary bringing these records [compiled by the New Panama Canal Company] up to date, with an analysis designed to develop the information they convey." (p.&nbsp;117) Data on temperatures, rainfall, barometric pressure, winds, and health on the isthmus. Cites medical director Dr. Lacroisade as authority for asserting that health conditions had improved and that mortality and disease rates had declined in the last years of French activity.
* Abbot, Henry L. "Note on the Barometric Pressure at Colon." *Monthly Weather Review* 31 (April 1903):1 88. Update of his March 1903 article.
* Abbot, Henry L. "The Panama Canal: The Dual versus the Single-Lake Project." *Engineering Magazine* 25 (June 1903): 321–26. Followed by a reply by George S. Morison, "The Advantages of Lake Bohio at the Higher Level," pp.&nbsp;326–28. Abbot favors a dual lake system. Early planning called for a lake at Bohio.
* Abbot, Henry L. "The Solution of the Isthmian-Canal Problem." *Engineering Magazine* 26 (January 1904): 481–87. A Nicaragua canal would be "ill-suited to the transit of ocean shipping." (p.&nbsp;483). Answers objections to the Panama route. "[N]ow that the problem has been thoroughly studied, and that the facts are known, and that fortune has enabled us to secure the better route, we have good reason to rejoice that hasty action was delayed, and that no mistake has been made in the selection." (p.&nbsp;487)
* Abbot, Henry L. "Disposition of Rainfall in the Basin of the Chagres." *Monthly Weather Review* 32 (February 1904): 5–-65. "In connection with their other technical investigations the New Panama Canal Company found it obligatory to study some of these questions [relating to rainfall, evaporation, absorption by plants, and ground water] with considerable attention, and this paper is written in the hope that the resulting facts and figures may prove useful in throwing light upon the more general problem of the ultimate disposition of rainfall." (p.&nbsp;57) Article covers the basin of the Chagres above Bohio. See Abbot's 1907 article "Rainfall and Outflow Above Bohio."
* Abbot, Henry L. "Hourly Climatic Records of the Isthmus of Panama." *Monthly Weather Review* 32 (June 1904): 267–72. Mostly tables of temperature, rainfall, and barometric pressure data collected by engineers of the New Panama Canal Company at Alhajuela and Bohio. Abbot notes that the company's rights and property had been transferred to the United States in April.
* Abbot, Henry L. "The Regimen of the Chagres." *Harvard Engineering Journal* 3 (June 1904): 153–62. Knowledge of the regimen of the river "has been secured by the elaborate and long continued investigations of the New French Company." (p.&nbsp;153) "The old popular belief that the regulation of the floods of the Chagres presents unprecedented difficulties . . . is erroneous." (p.&nbsp;154)
* Abbot, Henry L. "Natural Conditions Affecting the Construction of the Panama Canal." Engineering Magazine 27 (August 1904):721-30. "While no one will claim that the climate of the Isthmus is salubrious, it is certain that much wild exaggeration has been circulated . . . ." (p.&nbsp;727) No danger of earthquakes. The Chagres River "is marvelously adapted to the needs of the canal." (p.&nbsp;729)
* Abbot, Henry L. Problems of the Panama Canal, Including Climatology of the Isthmus, Physics and Hydraulics of the River Chagres, Cut at the Continental Divide and Discussions of Plans for the Waterway. New York: Macmillan, 1905. "[A]n unbiased and truthful statement of how the work appears to a retired officer of the Corps of Engineers . . . who has spent his life in the prosecution of public works confided to that Corps . . . ." (p. vi) Written before the United States took over the project from the French. The author believes that Americans could have a voice in the operation of the canal by purchasing stocks and bonds of the French company, and that the United States could control transits across the canal by its domination of the surrounding seas. The appendix presents a strong case for a canal through Panama rather than Nicaragua. Some of the content is based on Abbot's periodical articles, but much of it is new. See also the second (1907) edition.
* Abbot, Henry L. "The Revival of De Lesseps' Sea-Level Plan for the Panama Canal." *Engineering Magazine* 28 (February 1905): 721–26. "Why . . . waste an extra ten or a dozen years and untold millions of dollars to execute a scheme which the investigations of thirty-five years have demonstrated to possess only a sentimental merit due to the imagination of M. de Lesseps?" (p.&nbsp;726) Cites advances in lock canal technology in recent years.
* Abbot, Henry L. "The Panama Canal Under Control of the United States." *Harvard Engineering Journal* 5 (April 1906): 1–13. Discusses the government of the Canal Zone; duties of the Isthmian Canal Commission; administration of the Panama Railroad; the work of Chief Engineer John F. Stevens, especially on the Culebra Cut; appointment of the Board of Consulting Engineers; the majority and minority reports of the board. Abbot responds to criticism that little had been accomplished in the building of the canal, pointing out that needed preliminary work was being done.
* Abbot, Henry L. "The Panama Canal. Projects of the Board of Consulting Engineers." *Engineering Magazine* 31 (July 1906): 481–91. The board, of which Abbot was a member, was unable to agree whether to recommend a sea-level or lock canal. Abbot, who had studied both types throughout the world, likens the Panama Canal to the Sault Ste. Marie Canal.
* Abbot, Henry L. "Hydrology of the Chagres River." *George Washington University Bulletin* 5 (December 1906): 48–54. The Panama Canal would follow the valley of the Chagres for much of the way and the river would provide water for the operation of the locks. "[I]t may be said that the dominating element in deciding what type of canal should be adopted at the Isthmus of Panama is neither more nor less than this eccentric little river; and that the long years that have been devoted to its study have been well expended. They have made certainly known that all which is required is a judicious system of regulation by well understood engineering methods." (p.&nbsp;54) Abbot was then professor of hydraulic engineering at George Washington University.
* Abbot, Henry L. Problems of the Panama Canal, Including Climatology of the Isthmus, Physics and Hydraulics of the River Chagres, Cut at the Continental Divide, and Discussion of Plants for the Waterway, with History from 1890 to Date. 2d ed. New York: Macmillan, 1907. "It has seemed desirable to extend this new edition [of the 1905 work] to cover the progress of events since the transfer of the work to the United States . . . . This has been accomplished by adding a new chapter to the historical portion of the book; by explaining and discussing . . . the new projects resulting from the studies of the Board of Consulting Engineers . . . and by introducing recent and valuable climatological and hydraulic data . . . ." (p. vii)
* Abbot, Henry L. "Rainfall and Outflow Above Bohio, in the Valley of the Chagres." *Monthly Weather Review* 35 (February 1907): 74–75. Update of Abbot's articles of June 1900 and February 1904.
* Abbot, Henry L. "The Preparatory Period, Panama Canal." Harvard Engineering Journal 6 (June 1907):1-10. Much preliminary work needed before "making the dirt fly," as demanded by the impatient American public. Discusses the Isthmian Canal Commission, Panama Railroad, Board of Consulting Engineers, congressional legislation, reorganization of the canal's administrative system, accomplishments of Dr. William C. Gorgas, flooding, rainfall, and work at Gatun and the Culebra Cut.
* Abbot, Henry L. "Present Status of the Panama Project." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 31 (January 1908):12-35. Discusses lack of danger from earthquakes, the need to study the Chagres River, climate, Gorgas' success in improving health conditions, lock construction, water supply, and the government of the Canal Zone. "In fine, an era of rapid progress has been inaugurated under an efficient organization, with every promise of success, and the expenditures have been kept within reasonable limits." (p.&nbsp;35).
* Abbot, Henry L. Hydraulics of the Chagres River." *Engineering Magazine* 39 (June 1910): 377–84. "In projecting a canal across the Isthmus of Panama, the dominating element is not the volume of excavation at the Continental Divide, but rather the hydraulics of the Chagres River whose valley must be traversed throughout the greater part of the route." (p.&nbsp;377)
* Abbot, Henry L. "Hydrology of the Isthmus of Panama." In *Professional Memoirs, Corps of Engineers, United States Army, and Engineer Department at Large* 7 (November–December 1915): 657–62. "The Panama Canal being now opened to traffic, there remains for study only one important hydraulic problem—the sufficiency of the available water supply to meet the needs for lockage, for mechanical power to operate the canal and railroad, and for the electric lighting of the Canal Zone." (p.&nbsp;657). See also Caleb Mills Saville, "Hydrology of the Panama Canal." *Transactions of the Society of Civil Engineers* 76 (1913): 985–987, "With Discussions by Henry L. Abbot and W. E. Fuller."

## Bayanan kula

## Manazarta

* Abbot, Charles Greeley 'Tarihin Rayuwar Henry Larcom Abbot, 1831–1927' . Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa, 1929. An dawo da shi a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2011.
* 'Littafin Membobi, 1780-2010: Babi na A' . Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka. An dawo da shi a ranar 18 ga Maris, 2011.
* Eicher, John H., da David J. Eicher, *Manyan Kwamandojin Yaƙin Basasa.* Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN&nbsp; .
* Farquhar, Francis P. Sunayen Wuri na Babban Saliyo . San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1926. An dawo da shi a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 2009.
* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the