Gidan Tarihi na Kudancin Australia

Gidan kayan gargajiya na Kudancin Australia gidan kayan gargajiya ne na tarihin halitta da cibiyar bincike a Adelaide, Kudancin Ostiraliya, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1856 kuma mallakar Gwamnatin Kudancin ƙasar Australia. Yana da gine-gine masu rikitarwa a Arewacin Terrace a cikin yankin al'adu na Adelaide Parklands . Ana gudanar da shirye-shiryen motsa yawancin tarin Al'adun Aboriginal na ƙasar Australiya (mafi girma a duniya), a cikin sabon National Gallery for Aboriginal Art and CCultures.

## Tarihi

### Ƙarni na 19
An yi ƙoƙari a baya don kafa Cibiyoyin injiniya a cikin mulkin mallaka, amma sun yi ƙoƙari su sami gine-ginen da za su iya riƙe tarin ɗakin karatu da samar da sarari don laccoci da nishaɗi. A shekara ta 1856, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta yi alkawarin tallafawa dukkan cibiyoyin, ta hanyar samar da gine-ginen al'adu na farko da gwamnati ta gina. Cibiyar Kudancin Australia, wacce ta haɗa da ɗakin karatu na jama'a da gidan kayan gargajiya, an kafa ta ne a cikin shekarar 1861  a cikin ɗakin haya na Cibiyar Nazarin Laburaren da Injiniya a King William Street yayin da take jiran gina ginin Cibiyar a kusurwar North Terrace da Kintore Avenue. 

A watan Yunin shekara ta 1856 Majalisar Dokokin Kudancin Australia ta zartar da Dokar No. 16 na shekara ta 1855-6, ***Dokar '''Cibiyar Kudancin Australia***** (Dokar da za a kafa da kuma haɗa Cibiyar da za a kira Cibiyar ƙungiyar Kudancin Ostiraliya),  wanda ya haɗa da Cibiyar Kusancin ƙasar Australiya a ƙarƙashin ikon Kwamitin Gwamnoni,  wanda aka sauya duk kayan mallakar tsohuwar Laburaren da Cibiyar Injiniya nan da nan. Dokar ta samar da ɗakin karatu da gidan kayan gargajiya a matsayin wani ɓangare na sabuwar ƙungiyar.

Frederick George Waterhouse ya ba da ayyukansa a matsayin mai kula da Gidan Tarihi na Cibiyar Kudancin Australia a watan Yunin shekarar 1859 a matsayin girmamawa. Lokacin da aka kammala ginin Cibiyar, Hukumar ta naɗa shi a matsayin mai kula na farko, matsayin da ya rike har sai da ya yi ritaya a watan Fabrairun shekarar 1882. Wilhelm Haacke ne ya gaje shi, wanda a watan Janairun 1883 ya ba da shawarar a sake sunan Gidan Tarihi na Kudancin ƙasar Australia (wanda bai faru ba a lokacin), kuma a canza matsayin Curator zuwa Darakta. An nada Haacke a matsayin Darakta na farko,  amma kawai ya rike mukamin har sai da ya yi murabus a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1884 bayan jerin rikice-rikice tare da gudanarwar Gidan Tarihi 

=== Karni na 20 ===
''Dokar Gidan Tarihi (1939) '' ta ba Gidan Tarihin Kudancin ƙasar Australia ikon cin gashin kansa daga Gidan Tariha da Laburaren, kuma an sake sunan Gidan Tarih na Kudancin Australiya a hukumance Gidan Tarihimen Kudancin. Dokar Gidan Tarihi ta Kudancin Australia (1976) ta maye gurbin wannan dokar. A wani lokaci tsakanin 1996 da 2002, Gidan Tarihi ya zama wani ɓangare na Arts SA.

A shekara ta 1997, Ministan Fasaha na jihar Diana Laidlaw ta goyi bayan, an ba da kuɗin Gidan Tarihi na SA don bunƙasa bene na ƙasa na Australian Aboriginal Cultures Gallery . 

=== Karni na 21 ===

Shekaru goma masu zuwa, Mike Rann, Firayim Minista da Ministan Fasaha daga shekarar 2002 zuwa 2011, ya ba da kuɗin sake gina Gidan Al'adu na Pacific da ci gaban Gidan Tarihin Biodiversity na Kudancin ƙasar Australia. 

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2005, Firayim Minista ya bayyana wani zane-zane na jama'a wanda ya haɗa da ruwa, 14 Pieces, wanda ke gaban gidan kayan gargajiya. Masu zane-zane Angela da Hossein Valamanesh ne suka kirkireshi kuma Birnin Adelaide ne ya ba da umarni, ya maye gurbin maɓuɓɓugar Lavington Bonython wacce ta mamaye shafin daga 1965. Halinsa ya dogara ne akan kashin baya na wani dabba mai rarrafe na ruwa, ichthyosaur . 

== Gudanarwa da shugabanci ==

=== wajibai na doka da kwamitin ===
Matsayin hukuma na gidan kayan gargajiya, kamar yadda rahoton shekara-shekara na 2017/8 ya nuna, shine:

Ra'ayinta shine "...amfani da tarin duniya don ƙirƙirar da raba sabon ilmi, yana mai da hankali kan al'adun Aboriginal da Pacific na Australiya, Duniya da Kimiyya ta Rayuwa".[its]

A matsayin kamfani na doka, ana gudanar da gidan kayan gargajiya a karkashin ''Dokar Gidan Tarihi na Kudancin ƙasar ustralia ta 1976'' da ka'idojin gwamnati da tarayya. Gidan kayan gargajiya ya kasance wani ɓangare ne na Arts South Australia (a baya Arts SA) a cikin Ma'aikatar Ci Gaban Jiha har zuwa shekarar 2018.  Bayan zaɓen Gwamnatin Marshall a watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, an cire Ma'aikatar Fasaha, an rushe Arts SA, kuma Ma'aikatu da Ma'aiko sun sauya ayyukanta zuwa kulawa kai tsaye. Kwamitin mutane takwas da Ministan ya nada yana kula da gudanar da Gidan Tarihi.

A shekara ta 2011 Firayim Minista Mike Rann ya nada tsohon magajin garin Adelaide kuma Ministan Ilimi Jane Lomax-Smith a matsayin shugaban kwamitin gidan kayan gargajiya.

A watan Nuwamban shekarar2020 an naɗa Kim Cheater a matsayin shugaban kwamitin.

Bayan ajiye Shirye-shiryen sake fasalin 2024, Cheater ya yi murabus kuma Robert Saint ya zama shugaban jami'in.

=== Kungiyar gudanarwa ===
An nada Brian Oldman darektan gidan kayan gargajiya a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013.

A cikin Maris na shekarar 2023, a naɗa David Gaimster darekta,  tare da rawar da ake kira Shugaba   . 

A ranar 27 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024 an ba da sanarwar cewa Dokta Gaimster zai sauka a matsayin Shugaba, tare da sabon tsarin daukar ma'aikata don maye gurbin dindindin, kuma tsohon Shugaba na Birnin Adelaide Claire Mockler ya cika mukamin a cikin wucin gadi.

=== Tsarin sake fasalin (2024) ===
A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2024, Shugaba David Gaimster ya ba da sanarwar "sake tunanin" gidan kayan gargajiya, don sanya shi cikin ƙwarewar zamani mai dacewa ga baƙi. Koyaya sake fasalin zai haifar da soke matsayi 27 na bincike da tarin, maye gurbin su da sabbin ayyuka 22 na ƙananan rarrabuwa. Bayan kukan jama'a da kuma damuwa da ma'aikatan gidan kayan gargajiya suka nuna, gami da zanga-zangar a majalisar dokoki a Adelaide, Firayim Minista Peter Malinauskas ya shiga tsakani kuma a ƙarshen Afrilu ya ƙaddamar da kwamitin bita don bincika shirin. Ya ce duka gwamnatin da ta gabata da gwamnatinsa sun yanke kasafin kudin gidan kayan gargajiya. A ranar 14 ga Afrilun shekarar 2024, masu sa kai, ma'aikata, da magoya bayan gidan kayan gargajiya sun nuna rashin amincewa da sake fasalin ma'aikatan da aka shirya wanda ya haifar da kawar da mukamai 27 a cikin sashen bincike da tarin bayanai da kuma maye gurbin su da matsayi 22 da aka biya. Kungiyar Ma'aikatan Jama'a  da manyan masu ba da gudummawa sun nuna damuwarsu game da sake fasalin da aka tsara, kuma tsohon masanin kimiyyar gidan kayan gargajiya ya ce ba ta tunanin cewa kwamitin bita ya fahimci gudummawar da masana kimiyya suka bayar ga gidan kayan gargajiya, gami da muhimmiyar bincike.  A ranar 28 ga watan Agustan 2024, Mataimakin shugaban adawa John Gardner ya gabatar da takarda ga majalisar tare da masu sanya hannu sama da 10,000 tare da damuwa game da sake fasalin.

A ranar 19 ga Satumban shekarar 2024 Firayim Minista Peter Malinauskas ya ba da sanarwar cewa bisa ga shawarwarin sake dubawa na majalisa, ba za a ci gaba da sake fasalin da aka tsara ba, kuma za a samar da sabon shirin dabarun ta hanyar tsarin shawarwari na hadin gwiwa. Kim Cheater ya yi murabus a matsayin shugaban, tare da Robert Saint ya zama shugaban jami'in. Za a sami "babu canje-canje na aiki ko na tsari... ga binciken gidan kayan gargajiya da abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci da kuma tsarin kasuwanci". An kira gidan kayan gargajiya don yin aiki tare da jami'o'i na gida da na yanki don haɓaka samfuran bincike mai ɗorewa da tallafi don gidan kayan gargajiya, kuma gwamnatin jihar za ta samar da gidan kayan gargajiya da AU $ 4.1 miliyan a cikin shekaru biyu don haɓaka sabon shirin dabarun.

== Sabon Cibiyar Al'adu ta Aboriginal ==
Ya zuwa 2019 gwamnatin Kudancin Australia ta himmatu ga raba gidan kayan gargajiya, riƙe gidan kayan gargajiya na tarihin halitta a shafin da ke akwai kuma ƙirƙirar sabon tashar zane-zane da [[Australian Aboriginal culture|al'adu]] Aboriginal a shafin tsohon [[Royal Adelaide Hospital|Asibitin Royal Adelaide]],  wanda yanzu ake kira Lot Fourteen.  A farkon shekara ta 2019 an fara tsarin shawarwari, wanda ya hada da gwamnatin jihar, Gidan Tarihi, Gidan Ayyuka na Kudancin Australia, [[State Library of South Australia|Laburaren Jiha]], Cibiyar Al'adu ta Aboriginal ta Tandanya, da al'ummomin Aboriginal na Kudanci Australia, musamman [[Kaurna]].

Firayim Minista Steven Marshall ya sanar da sabuntawa a kan tashar Lot goma sha huɗu a watan Fabrairun 2020, tare da ranar da aka shirya kammala ta 2023. Koyaya, an sake duba tsare-tsaren tun bayan canjin gwamnatin jihar a 2023, kuma an jinkirta yanke shawara game da cibiyar Aboriginal ta Tarrkarri har zuwa 2024, yayin da gwamnatin jihar a ƙarƙashin Peter Malinauskas ke neman kudade na agaji. Bayan kimantawar farashi na farko na $ 200m, kwamitin da gwamnati ta nada karkashin jagorancin Ken Wyatt kuma ya hada da Bob Carr da memba na kwamitin Bankin Tsaro na Australiya Carolyn Hewson, sun ba da shawarar a watan Afrilu na 2023 cewa tsakanin dala miliyan 400 zuwa dala miliyan 600 ya kamata a kashe su a kan aikin don sanya Tarrkarri cibiyar muhimmiyar kasa da kasa.

== Tarin abubuwa ==
Gidan kayan gargajiya yana da abubuwa da samfurori sama da miliyan huɗu. Tashoshin dindindin sun haɗa da :

* Misira ta Dā
* Al'adun Aboriginal na Australiya
* Tarin Kudancin Australiya
* Abubuwan burbushin Ediacaran
* Megafauna
* Ma'adanai da Meteorites
* Fossils na Opal, gami da gembones
* Al'adun Pacific
* Kudancin Australiya Biodiversity
* Whales da Dolphins
* Dabbobi masu shayarwa na Duniya

=== Tarin kayan tarihi na asali ===
Gidan kayan gargajiya ya ƙunshi mafi mahimmancin tarin kayan Al'adun Aboriginal na Australiya a duniya,  inda ke da kimanin abubuwa 30,000.  Wannan tarin, tare da wasu da yawa a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya, ana sarrafa su, tare da hotuna da yawa da bayanai da yawa game da kowane abu yanzu ana samun su don bincike kan layi.

A cikin 2016, mai ba da gudummawa mai zAM kansa, Margaret Davy AM, ya ba da kuɗi don sabon matsayi ga mai kula da 'yan asalin ƙasar na tsawon shekaru biyar, wanda ta nemi a ba shi suna don girmama marigayi mijinta, William Geary. Wannan matsayi an san shi da William da Margaret Geary Curator na Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander Art da Al'adun Kayan Kayan Kimiyyar, tare da wanda aka nada na farko shine Glenn Iseger-Pilkington, mutumin Wadjarri, Nhanda da Nyoongar daga Yammacin Australia tare da asali a cikin zane-zane. Wannan shi ne karo na farko a tarihin gidan kayan gargajiya cewa an sanya rawar kulawa ga ɗan asalin ƙasar, kuma ana fatan cewa za a haɓaka tarin ta hanyar da muryoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar da ra'ayi na duniya suka sanar, kuma suna taimakawa wajen sanya shi, a cikin kalmomin Iseger-Pilkington, "mafi dacewa da kuma sauƙin isa ga al'ummomin Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander".

Gidan kayan gargajiya yana da mafi girman tarin zane-zane na Arrernte artist da kuma mai fassara ilimin ɗan adam Erlikilyika, wanda aka fi sani da Jim Kite, wanda ke zaune a ƙaramin ƙauyen Turai mai nisa a Tashar telegraph ta Charlotte Waters. Har ila yau, yana da littafin zane-zane na zane-zane 24 na bishiyoyi na asali, wanda aka kirkira a lokacin balaguron Spencer da Gillen kuma Herbert Basedow ya saya kafin Gidan Tarihi ya saye shi, da kuma hotunan "Jimmy Kite" da sauran kayan da suka danganci.

=== Tarin dabbobi masu shayarwa ===
Ya zuwa 2016, tare da samfurori sama da 2200 da ke wakiltar nau'ikan 59, tarin dabbobi masu shayarwa na gidan kayan gargajiya shine mafi girma kuma mafi cikakke a Ostiraliya. Gidan kayan gargajiya yana da kayan aiki na musamman wanda yake na musamman a Ostiraliya, kusa da kayan aikin ruwa mai guba na SA a [[Bolivar, South Australia|Bolivar]], kuma ana amfani dashi don shirya manyan samfurori.

== Maido da gawar mutum ==
Sabuwar manufofin gidan kayan gargajiya ta himmatu ga dawo da ragowar kakanninmu na kimanin Tsofaffi 4600, a halin yanzu ana adana su a gidan kayan gargajiya, zuwa Kasar. Wasu daga cikin ragowar da ake dawo da su yanzu daga cibiyoyin kasashen waje an "tattara" su ne ta hanyar maza kamar tsohon Daraktan Gidan Tarihi Edward C. Stirling, Jami'ar Adelaide Farfesa Archibald Watson da likita da kuma mai binciken birni William Ramsay Smith (wanda kuma ya sayi ragowar sata daga wuraren binnewa a Tsibirin Hindmarsh). Koyaya waɗannan lambobin ƙananan ne idan aka kwatanta da yawancin ragowar, waɗanda aka dame su ta hanyar [[Gandun daji|share ƙasa]], ayyukan gini ko membobin jama'a.

An nada wani manajan al'adun Aboriginal da kuma dawo da shi, Anna Russo, a cikin 2018 a matsayin wani ɓangare na sake fasalin da ya fi dacewa don mayar da shi da kuma hukumar Aboriginal zama fifiko ga gidan kayan gargajiya. Tsohon Kaurna Jeffrey Newchurch ya kasance yana yin lobbying a gidan kayan gargajiya na shekaru da yawa, kuma Shugaban SAM na Humanities John Carty ya ce Gidan kayan gargajiya na ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin al'adu na ƙarshe a Ostiraliya don dawo da mallaka da gudanar da ragowar kakanninmu ga mutanen Aboriginal.

A ranar 1 ga watan Agustan 2019, an kwantar da gawarwakin mutane 11 na Kaurna a wani bikin da Newchurch ya jagoranta a Kingston Park Coastal Reserve. Carty ya ce gidan kayan gargajiya yana da "sha'awar" game da aiki tare da mutanen Kaurna don dawo da kakanninsu, kuma zai taimaka wajen ilimantar da al'umma game da abin da yake nufi ga mutanen Aboriginal. Gidan kayan gargajiya ya ci gaba da karɓar ƙarin raguwa, kuma tare da al'umma za su buƙaci samun mafita mai kyau don karɓar raguwar Tsofaffi da yawa, kamar wurin shakatawa na tunawa.  .

== Shahararrun nune-nunen ==

* **Nunin Kyautar Fasaha ta Waterhouse**. Kyautar Fasaha ta Kimiyya ta Halitta ta Waterhouse ta shekara-shekara, kyautar da ta fi arziki don fasahar kimiyya ta halitta a Ostiraliya kuma mai suna bayan mai kula da gidan kayan gargajiya na farko, an ba da ita a mafi yawan shekaru tun daga shekara ta 2003. Ana gudanar da nune-nunen aikin da aka gabatar don kyaututtuka a Gidan Tarihi.
* **Gudun Antarctica: Kwarewar Australiya** (Disamba 2013 - Maris 2014). Abubuwan tarihi da nune-nunen da ke nuna alamun kimiyya, tarihi, da al'adu na hulɗar Ostiraliya da Antarctica.
* **Shimmer** (Oktoba-Nuwamba 2015). Nunin hadin gwiwa tare da tsakanin JamFactory, Gidan Tarihi na Kudancin Australia da ''Tarnanthi'', wani taron kasa da aka gudanar a kowace shekara ta Art Gallery na Kudanfin Australia don nuna fasahar 'yan asalin ƙasar da al'adu.
* Ngurra: Gida a cikin Ngaanyatjarra Lands (Oktoba 2017 - Janairu 2018) ''Ngurra'' kalma ce mai rikitarwa, ma'ana gida, ƙasa, sansani, wurin haihuwa da kuma kasancewa. Ya nuna kerawa da basira na mutanen Ngaanyatjarra na Yammacin Ostiraliya a duk fannoni na rayuwarsu da fasaha. Glenn Iseger-Pilkington ne ya tsara shi.
* "***Yurtu Ardla**'" (Maris-Yuni 2019). *Yurtu Ardla* na nufin itace a cikin yarukan Nukunu da Adnyamathanha . Nunin, wanda Jared Thomas ya tsara, ci gaba ne na jerin bita na Ku Arts a cikin 2015, wanda ya kunshi sansanonin zane-zane ta Nukunu (na Kudancin Flinders Ranges) da Adnyamathanha (na Arewacin Flindres da Gammon Ranges) kuma wanda ya sake farfado da ayyukan zane-zane na Nukunu. Kafin wannan nune-nunen, akwai kasa da abubuwa 20 da aka sani da Nukunu da Gidan Tarihi ke gudanarwa, galibi mutumin Nukunu Paddy Thompson ne ya yi kuma masanin ilimin ɗan adam Norman Tindale ne ya samo su a cikin shekarun 1920. Piti (Coolamon), *thiparra* (garkuwa), *wadna* (boomerangs), *yakadi* (tsuntsaye masu tafiya) da *wirri'' (clubs) sun kara da abubuwan tarihi don kwatanta ci gaba da al'adar. Roy Coulthard mai zane ne na ƙarni na uku a cikin iyalinsa, wanda ke ziyartar makarantu don raba iliminsa. Tare da wannan nune-nunen, SAM tana karɓar aikin sanya sunayen masu fasaha da kuma gano ayyukan su na zane-zane maimakon asalin kabilansu.

## Mutanen da ke da alaƙa da Gidan Tarihi

### Tarihi

* Edgar Ravenswood Waite, masanin ilimin dabbobi, masanin kimiyyar halittu, masanin herpetologist, kuma masanin ilimin tsuntsaye, Darakta na Gidan Tarihi na SA 1914-1928.
* Amandus Heinrich Christian Zietz, masanin ilimin dabbobi, mataimakin darektan gidan kayan gargajiya na SA 1900-1910.
* Sir Douglas Mawson, Mai binciken Antarctic, masanin ilimin ƙasa kuma masanin kimiyya, Mai Kula da Ma'adanai a Gidan Tarihi na SA 1907-1958, da kuma Shugaban Kwamitin Gwamnonin Gidan Tarihin 1951-1958. 

### Zamani na zamani

* Philip Jones, babban malami, masanin tarihi kuma marubuci mai nasara 
* Jared Thomas, mutumin Nukunu kuma marubucin almara na yara wanda ya lashe lambar yabo, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma mawaƙi,  shine William da Margaret Geary Curator na Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander Art and Material Culture (daga Mayu 2018 kuma   ). Shi ne kuma Jakadi na Gidauniyar Rubuce-rubuce ta 'Yan Asalin, memba na Majalisar Ostiraliya don Arts Aboriginal da Ƙungiyar Dabarun Tsibirin Torres Strait. 

## Haɗin gwiwa da tallafin kamfanoni
Haɗin gwiwa da tallafawa suna taimakawa gidan kayan gargajiya don sauƙaƙe abubuwan da suka faru, gudanar da bincike da haɓaka nune-nunen.

Abokan hulɗar jama'a sun haɗa da Jami'ar Adelaide, Jami'ar Kudancin Australia, Jami'ar Flinders, Lambunan Botanic na Kudancin Ostiraliya, CSIRO da SARDI .  Gidan kayan gargajiya kuma yana haɗin gwiwa tare da jami'o'in ƙasa da na duniya. 

Abokan haɗin gwiwar sun haɗa da bikin Adelaide, bikin Adelaide na ra'ayoyin, bikin fina-finai na Adelaide, Australian Geographic, BHP, Energy Beach, Newmont da Santos  

## Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

### Opal burbushin halittu a Kudancin Australiya Museum
 

## Duba kuma

* List of museums in South Australia

## Manazarta da bayanin kula

## Kara karantawa

* 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*