Kalemba Rockshelter

**Kalemba Rockshelter** wurin binciken kayan tarihi ne dake gabashin kasar Zambiya, a daidaitawa 14°7 S da 32°3 E. Al’adar gida tana tunawa da amfani da matsugunin dutse a matsayin mafaka a lokacin harin Ngoni a karni na 19. An san wurin don zane-zanen dutse daban-daban da kuma amfani da microlithic na ci gaba.

## Tarihin bincike
Kalemba rockshelter wani wurin binciken kayan tarihi ne dake gabashin Zambiya, wanda RA Hamilton ya gano a shekarar 1955 sannan ya kai rahoto ga tsohon gidan tarihi na Rhodes-Livingstone. Amma sai a shekarar 1971 ne DW Phillipson ya tono wurin. Sama da mita 30 a tsayi, matsugunin dutsen yana samuwa ne ta hanyar ɓangarorin granite gneiss. Fuskantar kwarin Chipwete, a gefen arewa-maso-yamma dutsen yana da tsayin mita 4.5, matsakaicin, kuma ya wuce  ta wurin buɗaɗɗen wuri don kariya. Filin lebur yana kusa da gefen arewa maso gabas na dutsen; An rufe ta ta kowane bangare, tana da tudu mai tudu a kan babban tudu. Arewa da kudu maso yamma na dutsen dutsen suna ba da faɗaɗa sararin zama na bene da kuma kyakkyawan wuri wanda ke kallon kwarin Chipwete na sama. Wuri na biyu, ƙarami, ƙarancin kariya yana da bene na  da kuma adjoins, a ƙarshen kudu maso yamma na babban masauki. Shiga daga ƙarshen arewa na babban tsari ko kuma daga tsaunuka a kusurwar kudu yana ba da damar shiga cikin sauƙi zuwa matsugunan dutsen biyu. Ana yin zane-zane a matsugunan biyu; tare da nisa na mita 12 wanda yake a bangon baya na babban matsuguni kuma a karkashin kudu maso yamma overhang yana da ƙaramin panel.

## Hakowa
Da farko dai, an keɓe haƙon da aka yi a Kalemba zuwa grid na murabba'i 10, duk da haka, ana buƙatar tsawaitawa don guje wa rugujewar bangon gefen. An raba tonon sililin gida biyu ne sakamakon fadowar wani dutse da ke daidai da bangon babban matsugunin. An gano jimlar sasannin ƙasa goma sha uku. Domin Philipson da membobin wani ɓangare na tono don samun damar zuwa ƙananan matakan, dole ne su ƙara ƙarin ƙari ga tonowar zuwa arewa maso yamma. A ƙarshe, tonowar ya ƙunshi jimillar yanki na . An tattara gawayi don saduwa da radiocarbon da kuma samfuran ƙasa don nazarin koyarwa. Duk da haka, bayan wani lokaci, tonowar ya kamata a bar shi a zurfin  saboda yanayin rashin lafiya tare da bangon gefe. Don ci gaba da tono, ya zama dole a cire duwatsu masu nauyin kimanin tan 25 tare da yin amfani da toshe da kuma magance. Ana tsammanin cewa mafi yawan ma'auni suna samuwa a ƙarƙashin waɗannan duwatsu. Abin baƙin cikin shine, abubuwan da ake buƙata don magance cikin aminci da nasara tare da halin da ake ciki na duwatsu ba su samuwa ga DW Philipson a 1971, don haka, tilas ne a dakatar da aikin tono.

## Stratigraphy da dating
Kwanan radiyo sun nuna cewa aikin ɗan adam ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru 37,000 a Kalemba. Idan hasashe cewa kwanakin GX-2767 da GX-2768 sun fi dacewa da dangantaka ta kusan shekaru 13,000 KZ, to a cewar Phillipson, Phillipson ragowar kwanakin sun kasance daidai kuma suna samar da jerin da ke nuna lokuta da dama na sana'a da suka biyo baya: lokaci na 1., kafin shekaru 35,000 KZ; lokaci 2,c. 25,000 zuwa 21,000 shekaru KZ; Lokaci 3, c. 15,000 zuwa shekaru 11,000 KZ, da kuma tsawon shekaru 4 <6,000 KZ.

## Ya samo

* Flakes
* Dutse
* Duwatsun guduma, anvils, shafa da nika dutse
* Kayan tarihi na kashi
* Shell kayan tarihi
* Tukwane
* Karfe abubuwa
* Jana'izar
* Ragowar sandar sanda da matsugunan bamboo

### Flakes
Flakes  sun dogara ne akan 1243 gabaɗayan flakes tare da samfuran bazuwar da aka ɗauka daga kusan samfurori 100. Don suna kaɗan daga cikin filayen da aka gano, akwai lanƙwasa na baya wanda ke wakiltar kusan kashi 30 cikin ɗari na kayan aikin da aka sake kunnawa. Hakanan an gano ma'anar lunates waɗanda ke wakiltar wani yanki mafi girma na nau'in juzu'i mai lankwasa, kashi 59 daidai yake, babu ɗaya daga cikin maɗaukakin maɗaukaki da ke da tsinkayar kunne a ƙarshen, duk da haka, a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan, tip akan ɗaya ya fi girma. jaddada. Wani nau'in flake da aka gano shine zurfin lunate mai matsakaicin tsayi  kuma talatin da uku ne kawai daga cikin waɗannan samfuran ake tattarawa. Goma sha bakwai ne kawai na asymmetrical lunate aka tattara waɗanda ke da matsakaicin tsayin  . An gano wasu nau'ikan microliths guda biyu, microlith trapezoidal ashirin da bakwai tare da ma'anar  . da microliths triangular goma sha huɗu tare da matsakaicin tsayin  .

### Kayan kayan tarihi na dutsen ƙasa
An tattara gatari goma sha daya, tudu biyu, duwatsu hudu da wani abu mai yare guda daya a cewar Phillipson. Abun harshe da kuma dutsen su ne kawai irin wannan nau'in da ake samu a Gabashin Zambiya a mahallin binciken kayan tarihi.

### Hammerstones. anvils, shafa da nika duwatsu
Kimanin guduma talatin da bakwai aka tattara, 32 daga cikinsu ba a karye ba, nauyinsu daga  guda. Daga cikin dukkan duwatsun da aka yi amfani da su guda daya ne kawai ma'adini da kuma wani nau'in guduma da aka fi so - guntuwar sifar ovoid mara kyau sun bayyana a cikin binciken. An tattara duwatsu masu bugun guda goma sha biyu, tare da matsakaicin girman  da kuma  . An tattara magudanar ruwa huɗu, uku kuma ma'adini ne ɗaya kuma a kan cobble . Aka tattara duwatsun shafa guda bakwai sai dutsen niƙa ɗaya kawai. Koyaya, dutsen niƙa ya kasance  lokacin farin ciki kuma an kafa shi zuwa zurfin mm goma sha biyu. Amfani na ƙarshe don dutsen niƙa shine don launin ja.

### Kayan tarihi na kashi
An tattara fil masu kai guda uku aka gano ana samar da su daga dogayen kasusuwan babban tsuntsu. An sami madaidaicin bodkins takwas da wasu lanƙwasa biyu waɗanda suka bambanta daga m zuwa madauwari. Ɗaya daga cikin lanƙwan jikin jikin kamar ƙaramin haƙarƙari ne mai kaifi yayin da ɗayan kuma ƙashi ne da ba a tantance ba. An tattara cikakkun maki guda biyu  da  tsawon; nuna asalin tsaga kashi. An kuma tattara allura, duk da haka, ana ɗauka cewa ba ta halitta ba ce. A karshe, an gano kayan aikin kashi daya sassaka wanda ya samo asali daga dogon kashin tsuntsu yana  diamita.

### Shell kayan tarihi
An tattara beads guda goma sha huɗu, lanƙwasa ɗaya da fayafai ɗaya a Kalemba. Hudu daga cikin bead ɗin an yi su ne daga harsashi na achatina, ɗaya kuma an yi su ne daga harsashin katantan ruwa, sauran tara kuma an yi su ne daga katantan ƙasar da ba za a iya tantance su ba. Faifan harsashi, ya karye rabin harsashin katantanwa na ruwa. Kuma harsashi kuma an yi shi ne daga harsashin katantanwa na ruwa, amma ana zaton ya ɓace ko kuma a jefar da shi kafin a gama shi.

### Tukwane
An tattara cikakkun tasoshin ruwa guda uku, amma an kuma gano ragowar tukwane 392. An yi wa 100 daga cikin tarkace ado a bakin baki, amma sauran 292 ba a yi musu ado ba.

### Karfe abubuwa
An gano ƙarfe huɗu na ƙarfe da aka yi aiki. An samu zobe da waya. Ring shine  a diamita tare da bandeji na rectangular  . Wayar ta kasance  tsawon da diamita na  iyakar.

### Siffofin
Siffofin da aka gano a lokacin tonowar sun hada da: Kaburbura guda hudu (kaburbura) da ragowar sanduna da matsuguni na bamboo da dama. 

## Manazarta

## Duba kuma

* Mumbwa Caves
* Tarihin Zambia