Manfred Nowak

**Manfred Nowak** (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Yuni 1950 a Bad Aussee) masanin kare hakkin dan adam ne na Austrian, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan azabtarwa daga 2004 zuwa 2010. Shi ne Sakatare Janar na Cibiyar Kula da ''Yancin ɗan adam ta Duniya (tsohon Cibiyar Kula Da' Yancin Dan Adam da Dimokuradiyya ta Turai, EIUC) a Venice, Italiya,  Farfesa na' Yancin Bil'adama na Duniya, kuma Daraktan Kimiyya na Vienna Master of Arts in Applied Human Rights a Jami'ar Applied Arts a Vienna.  Ya kuma kasance co-kafa kuma tsohon Darakta na Cibiyar Ludwig Boltzmann ta 'Yancin Dan Adam kuma tsohon alƙali ne a Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Bosnia da Herzegovina . A shekara ta 2016, an nada shi Masanin Mai Zaman Kanta wanda ke jagorantar Nazarin Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Yara da ba su da 'Yanci.

## Ayyuka
Nowak dalibi ne na Felix Ermacora, kuma ya yi aiki tare da shi har zuwa mutuwar Ermacora a shekarar 1995. Sun kafa *Ludwig Boltzmann Institut für Menschenrechte* (tare da Hannes Tretter) a shekarar 1992.

Baya ga aikinsa a matsayin Farfesa na Tsarin Mulki da Dokar Kasa da Kasa da 'Yancin Dan Adam a Jami'ar Vienna, Nowak ya kasance:

* Darakta na Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Netherlands (SIM) a Jami'ar Utrecht, Netherlands (1987-1989) 
* Shugaban Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Kwalejin Gudanar da Gwamnati ta Tarayya a Vienna, Austria (1989-2001) 
* Olof Palme Farfesa na 'Yancin Dan Adam da Dokar Jama'a a Jami'ar Lund, Sweden (2002-2003) 
* Farfesa mai ziyara a EIUC a Venice, Italiya (2004) 
* Shugaban 'Yancin Dan Adam na Switzerland a Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa da Kasa da Ci Gaban a Geneva, Switzerland (2008-2009) 
* Shugaban ziyara na Austrian a Jami'ar Stanford, Palo Alto, Amurka (2014).

Tun daga shekara ta 2016, shi ne Sakatare Janar na Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Duniya a Venice, Italiya, wanda ke da alhakin shirye-shiryen Jagora guda takwas kan haƙƙin ɗan adam a duk yankuna na duniya, da sauran ayyukan da yawa a fagen haƙƙin ɗan Adam da ilimin dimokuradiyya. Yana koyarwa a kai a kai a wasu jami'o'i daban-daban, gami da Jami'ar Amurka da ke Washington, DC.

A matsayinsa na Mai ba da rahoto na Musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan azabtarwa,  Nowak na ɗaya daga cikin marubutan biyar na rahoton Majalisar Dinkinobho game da tsare fursunoni a sansanin sojan ruwa na Amurka a Guantánamo Bay, Cuba (2006) kuma ɗaya daga cikin marubuta huɗu na rahoton Majalisar Dokoki game da tsare sirri a cikin yaki da ta'addanci (2010).

A shekara ta 2005, Nowak ya ziyarci kasar Sin, yana mai da'awar cewa azabtarwa ta kasance "ya yadu" a can. Ya kuma koka game da jami'an kasar Sin da ke tsoma baki cikin aikinsa.

A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2006, ya yi zargin cewa azabtarwa na iya zama matsala a Iraki tun lokacin Yaƙin Iraki fiye da a karkashin mulkin Saddam Hussein. Yawancin azabtarwa, ya yi jayayya, jami'an tsaro, 'yan bindiga da masu tayar da kayar baya ne ke aiwatar da su.

Daga 6 zuwa 9 ga Nuwamba 2006, ya gabatar a kwamitin kasa da kasa a Jami'ar Gadjah Mada don karɓar Ka'idodin Yogyakarta kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu sa hannu 29.

A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2008, Nowak ya kasance memba ne na kafa 'Research Platform Human Rights in the European Context' a Jami'ar Vienna.

A matsayinsa na sanannen masani a duniya a fannin haƙƙin ɗan adam, ya gudanar da ayyuka daban-daban na ƙwararru masu zaman kansu ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Majalisar Turai, Tarayyar Turai, OSCE da kuma kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da kuma kamfanoni. Ayyukan ƙwararru mafi muhimmanci sune:

* 1986-1993: memba na Wakilin Austriya a Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
* 1993: Mai kula da NGO-Input a cikin Taron Duniya na Biyu kan 'Yancin Dan Adam a Vienna
* 1993-2001: Kwararren memba na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Rashin Da son rai ko tilasta
* 1994-1997: Masanin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wanda ke kula da Tsarin Musamman kan Mutanen da suka ɓace ko Rashin da aka tilasta
* tun daga 1995: memba kuma memba na girmamawa na Hukumar Shari'a ta Duniya (ICJ), Geneva
* 1996-2003: Alkalin a Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Bosnia-Herzegovina a Sarajevo
* 2000-2015: Shugaban Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam mai zaman kanta a Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Austria da Hukumar Kula da Masu Kula da Ayyuka ta Austriya (Manufar Rigakafin Kasa) 
* 2001-2006: Masanin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Rashin Kashewa
* 2002-2006: memba na Cibiyar Tarayyar Turai ta Masana Masu Zaman Kansu kan Hakki na Musamman
* 2004-2010: Mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan azabtarwa da sauran zalunci, rashin mutunci ko rashin mutunci
* 2008-2010: memba da mai ba da rahoto na kwamitin sanannun mutane
* tun daga shekara ta 2010: Mataimakin Shugaban Hukumar UNESCO ta Austriya
* tun daga shekara ta 2011: memba na kwamitin ba da shawara na Cibiyar Turai don Tsarin Mulki da 'Yancin Dan Adam (ECCHR), Berlin
* 2012-2017: Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Hukumar Kare Hakki ta Tarayyar Turai, Vienna
* tun daga shekara ta 2012: Shugaban Kwamitin Bincike na Duniya kan kimanta bin Gwamnatin Taiwan tare da Alkawarin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya guda biyu
* tun daga shekara ta 2012: memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na OMV don Kwarewa
* tun daga shekara ta 2016: Masanin mai zaman kansa wanda ke jagorantar Nazarin Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Yara da aka hana 'Yanci

## Daraja
A shekara ta 1994, an ba Nowak lambar yabo ta UNESCO don Koyar da 'Yancin Dan Adam (maganar girmamawa), don nuna godiya ga gudummawar da ya bayar ga ci gaban koyar da' yancin dan adam. 

A shekara ta 2007, ya sami lambar yabo ta Bruno Kreisky don 'yancin dan adam don nasarorin da ya samu don hidimomi ga' yancin dan adam na kasa da kasa da kuma lambar yabo ta 'yancin ɗan adam ta Jami'ar Oslo don "tsaron' yancin ɗan adam na asali" a shekara ta 2013.

## Dubi kuma

* Inganta hanyoyin yin tambayoyi
* Bayani mai ban mamaki
* Yaƙi da Ta'addanci

## Manazarta