Ivan Asen II

**Ivan Asen II** wanda kuma aka sani da **John Asen II** (Bulgarian: Иван Асен II, [iˈvan ɐˈsɛn ˈftɔri]; 1190s - Mayu/Yuni 1241), shi ne Sarkin sarakuna (Tsar) na Bulgaria daga 1218 zuwa 1241. Har yanzu yana yaro lokacin da nasa. An kashe mahaifinsa Ivan Asen I - daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa daular Bulgaria ta biyu - a shekara ta 1196. Magoya bayansa sun yi kokarin tabbatar masa da karagar mulki bayan da aka kashe kawunsa, Kaloyan a shekara ta 1207, amma wani dan uwan ​​Kaloyan, Boril, ya ci nasara a kansu. Ivan Asen ya gudu daga Bulgaria kuma ya zauna a cikin manyan hukumomin Rasha.

Boril ba zai taba ƙarfafa mulkinsa ba wanda ya ba Ivan Asen damar tara sojoji ya koma Bulgaria. Ya kama Tarnovo kuma ya makantar da Boril a shekara ta 1218. Da farko, ya goyi bayan cikakken haɗin kai na Cocin Bulgeriya tare da Papacy kuma ya kulla kawance da maƙwabtan Katolika, Hungary da Daular Latin na Konstantinoful. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya cim ma mulki ga Sarkin Latin Baldwin II, mai shekaru 11, bayan 1228, amma aristocrats na Latin ba su goyi bayan Ivan Asen ba. Ya yi wa Theodore Komnenos Doukas na Daular Tasalonika mugun kaye, a Yaƙin Klokotnitsa a shekara ta 1230. Ba da daɗewa ba daular Theodore ta rushe kuma Ivan Asen ya ci manyan yankuna a Makidoniya, Thessaly da Thrace.

Sarrafa kasuwancin kan hanyar Via Egnatia ya ba Ivan Asen damar aiwatar da wani shiri na gini mai ban sha'awa a Tarnovo kuma ya buge tsabar zinare a sabon mint ɗinsa a Ohrid. Ya fara tattaunawa game da komawar Cocin Bulgaria zuwa ga Orthodoxy bayan baron daular Latin sun zaɓi John of Brienne regent for Baldwin II a 1229. Ivan Asen da Sarkin Nicaea, John III Vatatzes, sun kulla kawance da Daular Latin. a taron da suka yi a shekara ta 1235. A wannan taron, an ba shugaban Cocin Bulgeriya matsayi na sarki a matsayin alama ta autocephaly ('yancin kai). Ivan Asen da Vatatzes sun haɗu da sojojinsu wajen kai farmaki a Konstantinoful, amma tsohon ya fahimci cewa Vatatzes zai iya amfani da faɗuwar daular Latin da farko kuma ya warware dangantakarsa da Nicaea a shekara ta 1237. Bayan Mongols sun mamaye yankunan Pontic, ƙungiyoyin Cuman da yawa sun gudu. zuwa Bulgaria.

## Rayuwar farko

Mahaifin Ivan Asen, Ivan Asen I, yana ɗaya daga cikin jagorori biyu na babban boren Bulgeriya da Vlachs a kan Daular Rumawa a 1185.[1]. Makiyaya Cuman, waɗanda ke zaune a cikin tudun Pontic, sun goyi bayan ’yan tawayen, suna taimaka musu a kafuwar daular Bulgariya ta biyu.[1][2] Tun da farko al'ummar ta kewaye tsaunin Balkan da filayen da ke arewacin tsaunuka har zuwa Danube na kasa[1]. An yi wa Ivan Asen I salon "basileus" (ko sarki) na Bulgarians daga kusan 1187.[3]. An haifi ɗansa da mai suna a tsakanin 1192 zuwa 1196.[3][4] Ana kiran mahaifiyar yaron Elena, "sabuwar tsarina" (ko empress), a cikin Synodikon na Tzar Boril.[5].

Wani boyar (ko mai daraja), Ivanko, ya kashe Ivan Asen I a 1196.[6] Sarkin da aka kashe shi ne kaninsa mai suna Kaloyan.[6] Ya shiga cikin wasika tare da Paparoma Innocent III kuma ya ba da izinin amincewa da fifikon fafaroma domin ya sami goyon bayan Mai Tsarki.[7][8] Paparoma ya ki amincewa da buƙatar ɗaukaka shugaban Cocin Bulgeriya zuwa matsayin sarki, amma ya ba wa Bulgarian lakabi na farko.masu girma.[9] [10] Paparoma bai amince da da'awar Kaloyan na matsayin sarki ba, amma wani limamin Paparoma ya nada sarautar Kaloyan a Tarnovo a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 1204.[9] Kaloyan ya yi amfani da rugujewar daular Rumawa bayan yaƙin Salibiyya na hudu kuma ya fadada ikonsa a kan wasu yankuna masu mahimmanci[7]. An kashe shi yayin da yake kewaye Tasalonika a watan Oktoba 1207.[7][11]

Matashin Ivan Asen yana da ƙwaƙƙwaran da'awar ya gaji kawun nasa, amma gwauruwar Kaloyan Cuman ta auri Boril–ɗan ɗaya daga cikin ƴan uwan ​​Kaloyan-wanda aka ayyana sarki.[4][12] Ba a san ainihin yanayin hawan Boril karagar mulki ba[12]. Masanin tarihi na karni na 13, George Akropolites, ya rubuta cewa ba da daɗewa ba Ivan Asen ya gudu daga Bulgaria ya zauna a cikin "ƙasashen Rasha" (a cikin Masarautar Galicia ko Kiev).[13]. A cewar wata majiya daga baya, Ephrem the Monk, Ivan Asen da ɗan'uwansa Alexander, wanda malaminsu ya kai su ƙasar Cuman kafin su ƙaura zuwa manyan hukumomin Rasha.[14] Florin Curta da John V. A. Fine sun rubuta cewa ƙungiyar boyars sun yi ƙoƙarin tabbatar da kursiyin ga Ivan Asen bayan mutuwar Kaloyan, amma magoya bayan Boril sun rinjaye su, kuma Ivan Asen ya bar Bulgaria.[4] [11] Masanin tarihi Alexandru Madgearu ya ba da shawarar cewa da farko boyars waɗanda ke adawa da haɓakar tasirin Cumans sun goyi bayan Ivan Asen.[12]

A ko da yaushe mulkin Boril ba shi da tsaro.[15] 'Yan uwansa, Strez da Alexius Slav, sun ƙi yi masa biyayya kuma dole ne ya fuskanci tayar da hankali akai-akai.[15] Ivan Asen ya zauna a cikin Rus '' lokaci mai tsawo ", a cewar Akropolites, kafin ya tattara game da shi "wasu daga cikin ɓangarorin Rasha" ya koma Bulgaria.[16]. Madgearu ya ce, Ivan Asen zai iya daukar sojoji mai yiwuwa saboda abokan adawar Boril sun aika masa kudi.[17] Masanin tarihi István Vásáry ya haɗu da "Rabble na Rasha" na Ivan Asen tare da Brodnici na makiyaya.[18] Ya ci Boril ya kwace “ba ‘yar karamar kasa ba” (wanda Madgearu ya yi tarayya da Dobruja da gangan)[16].

Curta da Fine sun rubuta cewa Ivan Asen ya koma Bulgaria bayan abokin Boril, Andrew II na Hungary, ya tashi zuwa Crusade na biyar a 1217.[19][20] Boril ya koma Tarnovo bayan ya sha kaye, amma Ivan Asen ya kewaye garin.[17] Akropolites sun yi iƙirarin cewa kewayen ya kasance tsawon shekaru bakwai.[16][21] Yawancin masana tarihi na zamani sun yarda cewa Akropolites sun ruɗe watanni na shekaru, amma Genoveva Cankova-Petkova ta yarda da tarihin Akropolites.[16][21] Ta ce sarakunan Cuman uku da kwamandan sojojin Andrew II, Joachim, Count of Hermannstadt, ya ci a kusa da Vidin a kusa da 1210 Ivan Asen ne ya dauki hayarsa, saboda yana so ya hana Joachim goyon bayan Boril a kan 'yan tawayen da suka kwace garin. 22] Vásáry ya bayyana cewa ka'idar ta "ta kasance mai nisa", ba ta da wata kwakkwarar hujja[23]. Mutanen garin Tarnovo sun mika wuya ga Ivan Asen bayan dogon kewaye.[19] Ya kama kuma ya makantar da Boril, kuma "ya sami iko da dukkan yankin Bulgaria", a cewar Acropolites.[16][19]

## Mulki
### Ƙarfafawa
Horismos na Ivan Asen II don birnin Ragusa (Dubrovnik)

Shekaru goma na farko na mulkin Ivan Asen ba su da kyau a rubuce.[19] Andrew na biyu na Hungary ya isa Bulgaria a lokacin da ya dawo daga yakin Crusade na biyar a ƙarshen 1218.[24][25] Ivan Asen bai ƙyale sarkin ya tsallaka ƙasar ba har sai da Andrew ya yi alƙawarin ba da ’yarsa Maria da aure.[24] Sadakin Maria ya haɗa da yankin Belgrade da Braničevo, wanda sarakunan Hungarian da Bulgeriya suka yi jayayya da mallakar mallakarsa shekaru da yawa.[24]

Lokacin da Robert na Courtenay, sabon zababben Sarkin Latin, yana tafiya daga Faransa zuwa Constantinople a 1221, [26] Ivan Asen ya raka shi a fadin Bulgaria.[17] Ya kuma ba wa ‘yan gidan sarki abinci da abinci.[17] Dangantaka tsakanin Bulgaria da daular Latin ta kasance cikin lumana a zamanin mulkin Robert.[27] IvanAsen kuma ya yi sulhu da mai mulkin Epirus, Theodore Komnenos Doukas, wanda yana daya daga cikin manyan makiya daular Latin.[28] Brotheran’uwan Theodore, Manuel Doukas, ya auri shege na Ivan Asen [29] [29] [ana buƙatu] diyar Maryamu, a cikin 1225.[30] [31] Theodore wanda ya dauki kansa a matsayin halastaccen magajin sarakunan Rumawa ya sami sarautar sarki a shekara ta 1226.[28][32]

Dan uwansa Baldwin II mai shekaru 11 ne ya gaje shi a cikin Janairu 1228.[27] [30] Ivan Asen ya ba da shawarar ya auri 'yarsa, Helen, ga matashin sarki, saboda yana son yin da'awar mulki.[30][33] Ya kuma yi alkawarin hada kan sojojinsa da na Latin domin su kwato yankunan da suka rasa a hannun Theodore Komnenos Doukas[33]. Ko da yake sarakunan Latin ba su so su amince da tayin nasa ba, amma sai suka fara tattaunawa a kai, domin sun yi kokarin kaucewa rikicin soji da shi[30]. A lokaci guda, sun ba da sarauta ga tsohon sarkin Urushalima, John na Brienne, wanda ya yarda ya bar Italiya zuwa Konstantinoful, amma sun kiyaye yarjejeniyarsu a asirce tsawon shekaru.[34] Marubutan Venetian ne kawai waɗanda suka tattara tarihinsu shekaru da yawa bayan abubuwan da suka faru–Marino Sanudo, Andrea Dandolo da Lorenzo de Monacis – sun rubuta tayin Ivan Asen ga Latins, amma masana tarihi na zamani sun yarda da amincin rahotonsu.[33]

Dangantaka tsakanin Bulgaria da Hungary ta tabarbare a karshen shekarun 1220.[35] Jim kadan bayan Mongols sun yi mummunar kaye a kan hadin kan sojojin sarakunan Rasha da na Cuman a yakin kogin Kalka a shekara ta 1223, wani shugaban wata kabilar Cuman ta Yamma Boricius, ya koma Katolika a gaban magajin Andrew II. da mai mulki, Béla IV.[36] Paparoma Gregory na IX ya bayyana a cikin wata wasika cewa wadanda suka kai hari kan mutanen Cuman da suka tuba su ma makiyan Cocin Roman Katolika ne, watakila dangane da harin da Ivan Asen ya kai a baya, a cewar Madgearu[33]. Ƙila sojojin Hungary sun yi ƙoƙarin kama Vidin a cikin 1228, amma kwanan watan da aka kewaye ba shi da tabbas, kuma yana iya faruwa ne kawai a cikin 1232.[25][27].

### Fadadawa

￼Daular Bulgaria a zamanin mulkin Ivan Asen II.

Theodore Komnenos Doukas ya mamaye Bulgaria ba zato ba tsammani a bakin kogin Maritsa a farkon shekara ta 1230.[31] Sojojin Epirote da Bulgaria sun yi arangama a Klokotnitsa a watan Maris ko Afrilu.[19][21] Ivan Asen da kansa ya umarci sojojin ajiyar, ciki har da maharba 1,000 Cuman.[31] Ya rike kwafin yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Theodore a sama yayin da yake tafiya cikin yaki a matsayin abin da abokan hamayya suka ci amanar[37]. Harinsu kwatsam a kan Epirotes ya tabbatar da nasararsa.[21][31] Bulgarian sun kama Theodore da manyan jami'ansa kuma suka kwace ganima mai yawa, amma Ivan Asen ya saki sojojin gama gari.[31] Bayan da Theodore ya yi ƙoƙari ya kitsa wani makirci a kan Ivan Asen, ya sa aka makantar da sarkin da aka kama[31]. Wani malamin kasar Spain mai suna Jacob Arophe, an sanar da shi cewa Ivan Asen da farko ya umurci Yahudawa biyu su makantar da Theodore, domin ya san cewa sarki ya tsananta wa Yahudawan da ke daularsa, amma suka ki, aka jefo su daga wani dutse.[38] [39]

Bulgeriya ta zama babbar ikon kudu maso gabashin Turai bayan yakin Klokotnitsa.[40] Sojojinsa sun mamaye ƙasashen Theodore kuma suka ci garuruwan Epirote da dama.[41] Sun kama Ohrid, Prilep da Serres a Makidoniya, Adrianople, Demotika da Plovdiv a Thrace kuma sun mamaye Great Vlachia a Tassaly.[41][38] An kuma hade daular Alexius Slav a cikin tsaunin Rhodope.[41][42] Ivan Asen ya sanya rundunonin sojan Bulgaria a cikin muhimman kagara ya nada mutanensa don su ba su umarni da karɓar haraji, amma jami’an yankin sun ci gaba da gudanar da wasu wurare a yankunan da aka ci yaƙi.[43] Ya maye gurbin bishop na Girka da limaman Bulgaria a Makidoniya.[44] Ya ba da kyauta mai yawa ga gidajen ibadar da ke Dutsen Athos a lokacin ziyararsaa can cikin 1230, amma ya kasa shawo kan sufaye su amince da ikon da ake yi na babban cocin Bulgaria.[45] Surukinsa Manuel Doukas ya mallaki daular Tasalonika[38]. Sojojin Bulgaria kuma sun kai farmaki kan Sabiya, saboda Stefan Radoslav, Sarkin Sabiya, ya goyi bayan surukinsa, Theodore, a kan Bulgaria.[38]

Yunkurin Ivan Asen ya tabbatar da ikon Bulgarian ta hanyar Via Egnatia (muhimmin hanyar kasuwanci tsakanin Tasalonika da Durazzo).[42] Ya kafa mint a Ohrid wanda ya fara buga tsabar zinare.[46] Yawan kudaden shiga da ya samu ya ba shi damar cim ma wani babban shiri na gini a Tarnovo.[40] Cocin Mai Tsarki Arba'in Shahidai, wanda aka yi masa ado da fale-falen fale-falen fale-falen buraka da zane-zane, sun yi bikin tunawa da nasararsa a Klokotnitsa.[40] An fadada fadar daular da ke tsaunin Tsaravets.[47] Rubutun tunawa a ɗaya daga cikin ginshiƙan Cocin na Shahidai Arba'in Mai Tsarki ya rubuta nasarar da Ivan Asen ya yi.[38][19] Ya kira shi da “tsarki na Bulgaria, Girkawa da sauran kasashe”, yana nuna cewa yana shirin farfado da daular Rumawa a karkashin mulkinsa[43]. Ya kuma sanya kansa a matsayin sarki a cikin wasiƙarsa na bayar da taimako ga gidan ibada na Vatopedi da ke Dutsen Athos da kuma takardar shaidarsa game da haƙƙin ƴan kasuwan Ragus.[48] Ya yi koyi da sarakunan Rumawa, ya rufe hayarsa da bijimai na zinariya.[49] Daya daga cikin hatiminsa ya nuna shi yana sanye da alamar sarauta, kuma yana bayyana burinsa na daular[50].

## Rikici da ikon Katolika

Labari game da zaɓen John na Brienne ga mulkin daular Latin ya fusata Ivan Asen.[51] Ya aika da wakilai zuwa ga Ecumenical Patriarch Germanus II zuwa Nicaea domin su fara tattaunawa game da matsayin Cocin Bulgaria.[52] Paparoma Gregory na IX ya bukaci Andrew na biyu na Hungary da ya kaddamar da yakin yaki da makiya daular Latin a ranar 9 ga Mayu 1231, mai yiwuwa dangane da ayyukan makiya na Ivan Asen, a cewar Madgearu.[53] Béla IV na Hungary ya mamaye Bulgaria kuma ya kame Belgrade da Braničevo a ƙarshen 1231 ko a cikin 1232, amma Bulgarian sun sake cin nasarar yankunan da suka ɓace a farkon 1230s.[53][25] Hungarian sun kwace sansanin Bulgaria a Severin (yanzu Drobeta-Turnu Severin a Romania) zuwa arewacin Danube Lower Danube kuma suka kafa lardin iyaka, wanda aka sani da Banate na Szörény, don hana Bulgarian fadada zuwa arewa.[54]

Sarakunan Serbian waɗanda suka haɓaka ƙawance da Bulgaria sun yi tawaye ga Stefan Radoslav kuma suka tilasta shi gudun hijira a 1233.[55][56]. Ɗan’uwansa kuma magajinsa, Stefan Vladislav I, ya auri ’yar Ivan Asen, Beloslava.[55] Ivan Asen ya kori Uniate primate na Bulgarian Church, Basil I kuma ya ci gaba da tattaunawa game da komawar Cocin Bulgaria zuwa Orthodoxy.[55] Archbishop na Orthodox na Ankyra, Christophoros, wanda ya ziyarci Bulgaria a farkon shekara ta 1233, ya bukaci Ivan Asen da ya aika da bishop zuwa Nicaea domin shugaban Ecumenical ya nada shi.[57] An kulla yarjejeniya game da auren Theodore II Laskaris–magada Sarkin Nicaea, John III Vatatzes–da ’yar Ivan Asen, Helen, a shekara ta 1234.[55]

Sava, babban Bishop na Cocin Orthodox na Serbia, ya mutu a Tarnovo a ranar 14 ga Janairu 1235.[57] A cewar Madgearu, mai yiwuwa Sava ya kasance mai zurfi a cikin shawarwarin da aka yi tsakanin Cocin Bulgeriya da kuma Shugaban Ecumenical[57]. Ivan Asen ya sadu da Vatatzes a Lampsacus a farkon 1235 don cimma matsaya da kulla kawance.[55][25] Patriarch Germanus II da sabon shugaban Cocin Bulgaria Joachim I, suma sun halarci taron.[51] Bayan da Joachim ya yi watsi da da'awarsa ta ikon Dutsen Athos da arnabishop na Thessaloniki, Germanus ya gane shi a matsayin sarki, don haka ya yarda da autocephaly na Cocin Bulgaria.[51] Auren Helen da TheodorAn kuma yi bikin Lascaris a Lampsacus.[55]

Ivan Asen da Vatatzes sun kulla kawance da daular Latin.[58] Sojojin Bulgaria sun mamaye yankunan da ke yammacin Maritsa, yayin da sojojin Nice suka kwace filayen da ke gabashin kogin.[58][59] Sun yi wa Constantinople kawanya, amma John na Brienne da jiragen ruwa na Venetian sun tilasta musu ɗaga kewayen kafin ƙarshen 1235.[59][60] A farkon shekara ta gaba, sun sake kai hari a Konstantinoful, amma kewaye na biyu ya ƙare da sabuwar gazawa.[60]

### Shekarun baya
Ivan Asen ya gane cewa Vatatzes zai iya amfani da faɗuwar daular Latin.[59] Ya rinjayi Vatatzes ya mayar masa da diyarsa Helen, inda ya bayyana cewa shi da matarsa ​​"suna son ganinta" kuma "su yi mata rungumar uba"[59][61]. Ya yanke ƙawancensa da Nicea kuma ya shiga sabon wasiƙa tare da Paparoma Gregory na IX, yana ba da tabbacin kasancewarsa na farko a farkon 1237.[61] Paparoma ya bukace shi da ya yi sulhu da daular Latin[62].

Wani sabon mamayewa na Mongol na Turai ya tilastawa dubban Cumans tserewa daga tudu a lokacin bazara na 1237.[62][63] Ivan Asen wanda ya kasa hana su tsallakawa Danube zuwa Bulgaria ya ba su damar mamaye Makidoniya da Thrace.[62][63] Cumanwa sun kama tare da wawashe mafi ƙanƙanta kagara, suka wawushe yankunan karkara.[62][63] Latins sun yi hayar sojojin Cuman kuma suka yi kawance da Ivan Asen wanda ya kewaye sansanin Nice a Tzurullon.[62] Har yanzu yana kewaye da kagara lokacin da labarin mutuwar matarsa, ɗansa, da sarki Joachim na farko ya zo wurinsa.[64] Ɗaukar waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin alamun fushin Allah don warware dangantakarsa da Vatatzes, Ivan Asen ya watsar da kewayen ya aika da 'yarsa Helena zuwa ga mijinta a Nicaea a ƙarshen 1237.[65].

Matashiyar Ivan Asen ta ƙaunaci Irene da aka kama tare da mahaifinta Theodore Komnenos Doukas a shekara ta 1230.[66] A cewar Akropolites, Ivan Asen ya ƙaunaci sabuwar matarsa ​​"mafi kyau, ba kasa da Antony ba Cleopatra" [67]. Aure ya sa aka saki Theodore, wanda ya koma Tasalonika, ya kori ɗan’uwansa Manuel, ya sa ɗansa Yohanna ya zama maƙasudi.[66] Paparoma Gregory na IX ya zargi Ivan Asen da kare 'yan bidi'a kuma ya bukaci Béla IV na Hungary da ya kaddamar da yakin neman zabe a kan Bulgaria a farkon shekara ta 1238.[67] Paparoma ya miƙa wa Béla Bulgaria, amma sarkin Hungarian bai so ya yaƙi Ivan Asen ba.[68] Ivan Asen ya ba da kyauta ga Sarkin Latin Baldwin II, da kuma 'yan Salibiyya da suka raka shi a lokacin tattakinsu daga Faransa zuwa Konstantinoful a shekara ta 1239, ko da yake bai yi watsi da alakarsa da Vatatzes ba.[69] Sabbin sojojin 'yan Salibiyya sun tsallaka Bulgaria tare da izinin Ivan Asen a farkon shekara ta 1240.[69]

Ivan Asen ya aika da wakilai zuwa Hungary kafin Mayu 1240, mai yiwuwa saboda yana son kulla kawancen tsaro da Mongols.[66] Hukumomin Mongols sun fadada har zuwa Lower Danube bayan sun kwace Kiev a ranar 6 ga Disamba 1240.[70] Fadadawar Mongol ta tilasta wa sarakunan Rasha da dama da aka kora daga gidajensu da boyar su gudu zuwa Bulgaria.[70] Cumans waɗanda suka zauna a Hungary su ma sun gudu zuwa Bulgaria bayan an kashe babban hafsansu, Köten, a cikin Maris 1241.[71][72] Bisa tarihin rayuwar sarkin Mamluk, Baibars, wanda ya fito daga kabilar Cuman, ita ma wannan kabilar ta nemi mafaka a Bulgaria bayan mamayar Mongol.[73] Haka majiyar ta kara da cewa, "A.n.s.khan, sarkin Vlachia", wanda malaman zamani ke alakanta shi da Ivan Asen, ya baiwa Cumans damar zama a wani kwari, amma nan da nan ya kai musu hari ya kashe su ko kuma ya bautar da su[74]. Madgearu ya rubuta cewa mai yiyuwa ne Ivan Asen ya kai hari ga Cumans saboda yana so ya hana su kwace Bulgaria.[75]

Ba a san ranar mutuwar Ivan Asen ba.[75] Vásáry ya ce, sarkin ya rasu ne a ranar 24 ga watan Yuni 1241.[76] Koyaya, Alberic na Trois-Fontaine na zamani ya rubuta cewa Ivan Asen'smagajin Kaliman I Asen, ya rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya a kan idin Saint John the Baptist (24 Yuni), yana mai shaida cewa Ivan Asen ya riga ya mutu.[75] Madgearu ya rubuta, cewa mai yiwuwa Ivan Asen ya mutu a watan Mayu ko Yuni 1241.[75]

## Iyali

Ivan Asen ya yi aure sau biyu ko uku.[77] Bisa ga ka'idar masana, matarsa ​​ta farko ita ce Anna wadda ya tilasta wa shiga gidan sufi bayan ya yi aure da Mariya ta Hungary kuma Anna ta mutu a matsayin Nun Anisia.[77] Masanin tarihi Plamen Pavlov ya ce Anna–Anisia ita ce gwauruwar Kaloyan.[77Wataƙila Anna – Anisia ta kasance ƙwarƙwara maimakon mace ta halal, kuma ta kasance mahaifiyar manyan ‘ya’yansa mata guda biyu:[78].

Maria (?), wacce ta auri Manuel na Tasalonika.[29][79]

Beloslava (?), wanda ya auri Stefan Vladislav I na Serbia.[80]

Ivan Asen ya auri Maria ta Hungary a shekara ta 1221.[77][81] Synodikon na Tsar Boril da sauran kafofin farko na Bulgaria suna kiranta da Anna, suna ba da shawarar cewa an canza sunanta ko dai bayan ta zo Bulgaria, ko kuma bayan ta koma Orthodoxy a 1235.[77][82]. Ta haifi ‘ya’ya hudu[83].

Helen, wadda ta auri Theodore II Lascaris a shekara ta 1235, tana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yanta mata.[84] Wata 'yar Maria-Anna,

Tamara, an yi masa alkawari ga sarkin Byzantine mai zuwa, Michael Palaiologos a shekara ta 1254.[85] Ivan Asen da babban ɗan Maria-Anna,

Kaliman Asen, an haife shi a shekara ta 1234, don haka har yanzu yana ƙarami lokacin da ya gaji mahaifinsa[75]. Maria-Anna da sauran dansa

Peter (?) ya mutu a lokacin da Ivan Asen II ke kewaye da Tzurullon a lokacin rani na 1237.[62]

Da yake auren Irene Komnene Doukaina, Ivan Asen II zai karya dokokin coci, saboda 'yarsa daga auren da ta gabata ta auri kawun Eirene Manuel na Tasalonika.[86] Akwai shaidar da ba ta dace ba [bayani da ake buƙata] cewa cocin Bulgaria ya yi adawa da auren kuma an kori sarki (wanda ake kira Spiridon ko Vissarion) ko kuma aka kashe shi ta hanyar irate tsar.[87][88] Akropolites ya rubuta jerin sunayen biyu game da yaran Ivan Asen ta matarsa ​​ta uku (ko ta biyu), Irene Komnene Doukaina.[89] Irene ta haihu

"Michael Asen, Theodora da Maria", bisa ga jerin farko, amma jeri na biyu ya ambaci "ɗa, Michael, da ... 'ya'ya mata, Maria da Anna" [89]. Za a iya warware sabanin da ke tsakanin lissafin biyun ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar Theodora da Anna, kamar yadda ɗan tarihi Ivan Božilov ya gabatar.[90] Michael ya gaji dan uwansa Kaliman a shekara ta 1246.[91]

Daya daga cikin 'ya'yan mata biyu ya kamata a aurar da su ga Sebastokrator Peter wanda aka ambata a matsayin surukin Michael II Asen a 1253.[92]. A al'adance an danganta matar Bitrus da Anna-Teodora, amma ta yiwu ta kasance iri ɗaya da Maria, a cewar ɗan tarihi Ian Mladjov.[85] Masana tarihi na zamani sun ɗauka cewa Michael Shishman, Ivan Alexander da waɗanda suka gaje su sun fito ne daga zuriyar Bitrus da matarsa.[85]

'Yar Ivan Asen ta biyu ta Irene ita ce mai yiwuwa matar boyar Mitso.[93] Mitso ya yi da'awar Bulgaria bayan Michael II Asen ya mutu a 1256 ko 1257.[94] Masana tarihi da suka danganta matar Sebastokter Peter da Anna-Teodora sun ce Mitso ya auri Mariya, amma Mladjov ya jaddada cewa wannan ba shi da tabbas, kuma mai yiwuwa Mitso ya auri Anna-Teodora.[93] Reshen Byzantine na gidan Asen ya fito ne daga Mitso da matarsa.[85]

Iyali na Ivan Asen II[95][96]Ivan Asen I na BulgariaElena-EvgeniaIvan Asen II na Bulgaria1.Anna (Anisia)2.Anna Maria na Hungary3.Irene Komnene Doukaina112222333MariaElenaKaliman Asen IMichael AsenmarMariaBeloslavaThara (Tehara)

=Gado==

Akropolites sun siffanta Ivan Asen a matsayin "mutumin da ya yi fice a tsakanin barayi ba wai kawai ga mutanensa ba har ma da baki"[75]. Masanin tarihi Jean W. Sedlar ya kwatanta shi a matsayin "mai mulki na karshe na Bulgaria"[97]. Kasancewa mai nasaraKwamandan soja kuma ƙwararren jami'in diflomasiyya, ya ci kusan dukkan ƙasashen da aka haɗa a cikin daular Bulgeriya ta farko a zamanin Saminu I.[1]. Ya kuma cimma cewa Hungary ba ta haifar da babbar barazana ga Bulgaria ba.[98][99]

Tsoron azabtarwa da yunwar ganimar da boyars suka yi ya tabbatar da amincewarsu ga Ivan Asen.[98] Duk da haka, waɗannan alaƙa na sirri ba za su iya tabbatar da ikon mallakar sarauta ba har abada.[98] boyar yankin sun kasance ainihin masu mulkin larduna, domin su ne suke kula da karbar haraji da tara sojoji[98]. Mulkin Ivan Asen "ya ƙare a lokacin cikakken bala'i", [100] a lokacin mamayewar Mongol na Turai.[98] Mongols sun mamaye Bulgaria a shekara ta 1242 kuma suka tilasta wa Bulgarian biyan harajin shekara-shekara a gare su.[98] ’Yan tsirarun magajin Ivan Asen ne suka haifar da samuwar kungiyoyin boyar kuma kasashen da ke makwabtaka da su cikin gaggawa suka mamaye yankunan da ke kewaye.[98]

An zana hatimin Ivan Asen II a bayan bayanan banki na lev na Bulgarian, wanda aka bayar a cikin 1999 da 2005.

## Manazarta