open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Gustav Isaksen

**Gustav Tang Isaksen** (an haife shi a ranar sha tara 19 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2001) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba ko na gefe don ƙungiyar Seria A ta Italiya Lazio.

## Manazarta
Carolyn Williamson

**Carolyn Williamson** kwararre ce ta Afirka ta Kudu masanin ilimin halittu kuma masanin ilimin halittu wanda farfesa ne a fannin likitanci a Jami'ar Cape Town . Ita 'yar'uwa ce ta Royal Society of Africa ta Kudu  da Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Afirka,  kuma memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya na Afirka ta Kudu .    Binciken nata ya mayar da hankali ne kan bunkasa rigakafin cutar kanjamau da rigakafin cutar.

## Ilimi da aiki
Williamson ta sami digirinta na uku daga Sashen nazarin halittu a Jami'ar Cape Town a 1988.  

## Nassoshi
Nicolò Rovella

**Nicolò Rovella** (an haife shi 4 Disamba 2001) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Italiya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na ƙungiyar Serie A Lazio, aro daga Juventus. 

## Manazarta
Lydia Makhubu

**Lydia Phindile Makhubu** (1 Yuli 1937 - Yuli 2021) ƙwararriya ce a fannin  kimiyya   ta Swazi kuma tsohuwar farfesa a fannin ilmin sinadarai, shugaba kuma mataimakiyar shugabar Jami'ar Swaziland (yanzu Jami'ar Eswatini). 

## Rayuwa
An haife ta a Ofishin Jakadancin Usuthu da ke Swaziland. Iyayenta malamai ne, amma mahaifinta kuma yana aiki a matsayin mai bin tsari (Orderly) a asibitocin lafiya. Farkon bayyanar da ita ga likitanci ya yi tasiri sosai a kan zaɓin aikinta; Da farko ta so ta zama likita, amma sai ta koma ɓangaren sinadarai. 

Makhubu ta kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Pius XII (yanzu Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Lesotho) a Lesotho tare da digiri na B.Sc. a shekarar 1963. Tare da tallafin karatu na Commonwealth na Kanada, ta sami M.Sc. a cikin ilimin kimiyyar halitta daga Jami'ar Alberta a cikin shekarar 1967, sannan kuma Ph.D. a cikin ilmin sunadarai na magani daga Jami'ar Toronto a shekara ta 1973,  ta zama mace ta farko a Swazi da ta samu digiri na uku. 

Ta koma mahaifarta ta shiga jami'ar Swaziland, ta zama Malama  a sashen ilmin sinadarai a shekarar 1973, shugabar kimiyya daga shekarun 1976 zuwa 1980, babbar malama a shekarar 1979, cikakkiyar farfesa a shekara mai zuwa, kuma mataimakiyar shugaban jami'a daga shekarun 1988 zuwa 2003.  Binciken da ta yi ya mayar da hankali ne kan illolin magani na tsire-tsire da masu maganin gargajiya na Swazi ke amfani da su.  

Tun daga farkonsa a cikin shekarar 1993 har zuwa shekara ta 2005, Makhubu ita ce Shugabar Ƙungiyar Mata ta Duniya ta Uku a Kimiyya, wanda ke ba da haɗin gwiwa don karatun digiri.   Ita ce mace ta farko shugabar kwamitin zartarwa na kungiyar jami'o'in Commonwealth.  Ta kuma yi aiki a wasu kungiyoyi da dama, kamar Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Kimiyya da Fasaha na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. 

Ta sami kyaututtuka  da yawa, gami da tallafin Gidauniyar MacArthur (1993-1995),   da digiri na girmamawa daga jami'o'i daban-daban,  gami da likitan dokoki daga Jami'ar Saint Mary a shekara ta 1991. 

Ta auri likitan fiɗa Daniel Mbatha; suna da ɗa da 'ya mace.

## Manazarta
Alessio Romagnoli

**Alessio Romagnoli** (an haife shi 12 ga Janairu 1995) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Italiya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin tsakiya don ƙungiyar Serie A Lazio da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Italiya.  

## Manazarta
Patric (Spanish footballer)

**Patricio Gabarron Gil** (an haife shi 17 ga Afrilu 1993), wanda aka fi sani da Patric, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Sipaniya wanda ke buga wa kulob ɗin Lazio na Italiya wasa.  Galibi ɗan bayan dama, zai kuma iya aiki a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na tsaro.  

## Manazarta
Harshen Pangwa

Pangwa ƙungiya ce ta kabilar Bantu da ke yankin Kipengere a gabashin gabar tafkin Malawi,a gundumar Ludewa ta yankin Njombe a kudancin Tanzaniya . A cikin 2002 an kiyasta yawan mutanen Pangwa ya kai 95,000  . Yaren Pangwa dan kabilar Bantu, ne.
## Manazarta
Hashil Abdallah

**Hashil Twaibu Abdallah** malami ne a fannin ilimi na ƙasar Tanzaniya kuma a halin yanzu shi ne babban sakataren kasuwanci da masana'antu a Tanzaniya. Ya kasance mataimakin babban sakataren kasuwanci da masana'antu da shugaba Samia Suluhu Hassan ta naɗa a ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu, 2021.      Ya kasance Mataimakin Dean a Sashen Shari'a kuma Shugaban Sashen Shari'a a Open university Tanzaniya sama da shekaru goma.

## Sana'a
A shekara ta 2003, ya sami Diploma a fannin shari'a daga Cibiyar Nazarin Shari'a, Bachelor of Law a shekara ta 2007 daga Jami'ar Zanzibar da Difloma a fannin Shari'a a shekarar 2008 daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Tanzaniya. Ya samu digirinsa na biyu a fannin ilimi a shekarar 2010 da kuma Doctor of Philosophy in Law (PhD) daga Jami'ar Katolika ta Ruaha. Shi ne kuma mai ba da shawara na Babbar Kotun Tanzaniya, memba na Tanganyika Law Society da East Africa Law Society.

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

*  Abdallah, Hashil; Wawa, Anna (December 2019). The Role of ODL System in Promotion and Protection of the Right to Education for Women in Tanzania:Challenges and Prospects. SemanticScholar. S2CID 233340650.

## Duba kuma

* Elifas Bisanda – Vice Chancellor of Open University of Tanzania
* Tolly Mbwette – Tanzanian academic (1956-2020)
* Irene Tarimo – Tanzanian scientist, biologist and educator

## Manazarta
Elifas Bisanda

**Elifas Tozo Bisanda** (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba 1956) farfesa ne kuma Malami na ilimi na ƙasar Tanzaniya  Injiniya ne kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗen Jami'ar Tanzaniya (Open University Tanzania) tun a shekarar 2015.    Har ila yau, a halin yanzu shi ne Shugaban Hukumar UNESCO ta Tarayyar Jamhuriyar Tanzaniya.  
    

Har ila yau shi ne tsohon shugaban majalisar gudanarwa na cibiyar koyar da ilimin manya a ƙasar Tanzaniya, shugaban majalisar kwalejin koyar da sana'a ta Morogoro, memba na majalisar jami'ar Arusha da hukumar horar da 'yan sanda.  Shi ne kuma shugaban kungiyar SIDO (Ƙananan Ci gaban Masana'antu) a Tanzaniya.  Bisanda kuma memba ne na kungiyar Jami'o'in Afirka. 

## Duba kuma

* Tolly Mbwette – Tanzanian academic (1956-2020)

## Manazarta
Lutsharel Geertruida

**Lutsharel Geertruida** (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Yuli 2000) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Holland wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan baya na dama, tsakiyar baya don ƙungiyar Eredivisie Feyenoord da Netherland.

## Manazarta
Justin Bijlow

**Justin Bijlow** (an haife shi 22 ga Janairu 1998) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Holland wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na ƙungiyar Eredivisie Feyenoord da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Netherland.

## Manazarta
Gernot Trauner

**Gernot Trauner** (An haifeshi ranar 25 ga Maris 1992) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Austriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin matsakaici don Eredivisie kulob Feyenoord, wanda yake  kyaftin, da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Austriya.

## Manazarta
Osman Aden Abdulle

**Osman Aden Abdulle** fitaccen likita ne kuma masanin ilimin halittar dan adam

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Osman dan shugaban Somalia na farko Aden Abdulle Osman Daar . Shi ne darektan Hukumar Buga Jini a Mogadishu, kuma shi ne wakilin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya a Somaliya. A cikin 1987, shi da abokan aikinsa tare sun gano wani sabon rukunin Rh wanda ke samar da antigen Cx (Rh9) da ba kasafai ba a cikin al'ummar Somaliya

## Aiki
Haemophilia a Somaliya (1989)

Rarraba jini a cikin al'ummar Somaliya ta Gabashin Afirka (1987)

## Manazarta
Damas Ndumbaro

**Damas Daniel Ndumbaro** (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Yuni 1971) ɗan siyasar Tanzaniya ne, lauya kuma Ministan Shari'a da Tsarin Mulki.

Ya kasance ministan albarkatun ƙasa da yawon buɗe ido kuma ɗan siyasa wanda a halin yanzu ya zama ɗan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Songea Urban na Chama Cha Mapinduzi a karo na biyu tun a shekarar 2015. Har ila yau, shi ne mukaddashin babban jami'in hukumar kula da layin dogo na Tanzaniya-Zambia tun daga watan Maris 2013.   Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kuma malami a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Budadden Jami'ar Tanzaniya (Open University Tanzania) kafin shiga harkokin siyasa kuma ya lashe zaɓen kuri'u mafi rinjaye a mazaɓar Songea Urban a karkashin jam'iyyar CCM mai mulki.

## Aikin siyasa
A cikin shekarar 2018, Shugaba John Magufuli ya naɗa shi a matsayin mataimakin ministan harkokin waje da hadin gwiwar kasashen gabashin Afirka.  A watan Disamba 2020 bayan babban zaben 2020, a majalisar ministocin Magufuli ta 2 an naɗa shi ministan albarkatun ƙasa da yawon buɗe ido.   Ya ci gaba da wannan aiki bayan rasuwar Magufuli, duk da haka, a watan Afrilun 2022 an naɗa shi sabon Ministan Tsarin Mulki da Shari’a a majalisar Samia Suluhu.  A ranar 1 ga watan Satumba, 2023, biyo bayan sake fasalin majalisar ministocin Samia Suluhu, ya karɓi sabon muƙamin ministar al'adu, fasaha da wasanni.

## Manazarta
Nathaniel Mtui

**Nathaniel Mtui** masanin tarihin Tanzaniya ne ɗan asalin Chagga wanda aka haifa a cikin shekarar 1892 a cikin mtaa na Mshiri a Marangu, Yankin Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Ya kasance malami a ƙungiyar Lutheran na mulkin mallaka a Marangu. An san shi da kasancewa mutum na farko na asalin Chagga da ya rubuta tarihin mutanen Chagga. Ya rubuta tarihin Chaggan a cikin harsunan Kichagga, Jamusanci, da Swahili daga shekarun 1913-1916. 
A lokacin mulkin Jamus, ya rubuta wa fastocin Lutheran Jamus, Johannes Raum da Bruno Gutmann, waɗanda suka yi amfani da bayanan Mtui don nasu littattafan kan mutanen Chagga. A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya Manjo Dundas ya ɗauki Nathaniel aiki, inda ya biya shi shillings 16 ga kowane cikakken littafin rubutu da ya rubuta game da mutanen Chaggan. Babu wanda ya san adadin litattafan rubutu da Mtui ya rubuta wa maza 3, kamar yadda da yawa suka ɓace, Gutmann ya adana 9 na littattafan rubutu na Mtui. Waɗannan littattafan rubutu guda 9 na Mtui sun fi mayar da hankali kan tarihin tsakiya da gabashin Chaggaland.

A cikin shekarar 1924 Nathaniel Mtui tare da Joseph Merinyo sun kafa Ƙungiyar Tsirrai ta Kilimanjaro (KNPA). An fara ne a matsayin ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa da nufin siye da raba kayan aikin feshi, amma cikin sauri ta haɓaka zuwa ƙungiyar da ke tallata kofi na Afirka da kuma zama ɓangaren siyasa na masu noman dutse. KNPA ta himmatu sosai ga ofishin gundumar Moshi na Biritaniya don kare hakkinsu na ruwa, kare gatan kofi, da kuma ba da ƙarin filaye don ci gaban gidaje. Sun kuma musanta ikirarin da mazauna garin suka yi. . Nathaniel Mtui ya mutu a shekara ta 1927 yana da shekaru 35. 
 

## Manazarta
Tumani Corrah

Farfey **Tumani Corrah** KBE Likitan dan kasar Gambia ne wanda fannin bincikensa ya hada da tarin fuka, HIV da zazzabin cizon sauro . Corrah shi ne Darakta na Asusun Kyautar Bincike na Afirka (AREF)  da Darakta, Ci gaban Binciken Afirka, Majalisar Binciken Kiwon Lafiya.
## Aikin Ilimi
Tumani Corrah ya yi karatun likitanci a Jami'ar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jihar Pavlov ta farko ta St Petersburg, Rasha da Kwalejin Jami'ar Ibadan, Najeriya.  A karshen shekarun saba'in ya tafi Birtaniya, da farko zuwa Edinburgh sannan ya tafi Wales, inda ya horar da shi don zama Memba na Kwalejin Likitoci ta Royal a matsayin likitan kirji a Sashen Magunguna, Gwynedd General Hospital. A cikin 1981, bayan samun MRCP ya zama likita mai ba da shawara.

A cikin 2014 Tumani Corrah an nada shi a matsayin Babban Daraktan Emeritus na Farko na Sashen MRC a Gambiya kuma Makarantar Kula da Tsabtace da Kula da Lafiya ta London ta ba ta lambar girmamawa ta Fellowship don girmamawa ga gagarumin gudummawar da ya bayar ga ci gaban bincike na asibiti a Gambiya da a cikin Afrika ta yamma baki daya. 

Corrah ya kasance mai masaukin baki na taron bangon bango

## Son Bincike
Corrah ya buga wallafe-wallafe sama da 140 a cikin mujallun da aka yi bitar takwarorinsu kuma aikinsa na baya-bayan nan ya mayar da hankali kan tarin fuka, ciwon huhu da kuma rawar jagoranci a cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya na mutane.

## sauran Ayyuka
Cibiyar INDEPTH, Shugaban Kwamitin Amintattu (tun 2017) 

Gidauniyar Bill da Melinda Gates, Memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Kimiyyar Kiwon Lafiyar Duniya 
Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO), Memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Afirka don Bincike da Ci gaba 

## Girmamawa da sauran nau'ikan karramawa
A cikin 2007, an nada Corrah Kwamandan Daraja na Tsarin Mulkin Burtaniya . 

A cikin 2016, masu sauraron ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryen rediyo mafi dadewa na Sashen Duniya na BBC, Outlook, sun zaɓi Corrah a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na duniya. 
 
A cikin 2016, Sir Leszek Borysiewicz ya bayyana Tumani Corrah da Nelson Sewankambo na Uganda a matsayin manyan masana kimiyya biyu na Afirka.   

A cikin 2019, an nada Corrah Kwamandan Daraja Knight na Tsarin Mulkin Burtaniya .  Kyautar ta kasance mai mahimmanci a cikin 2021.

## Manazarta
Julien Amegandjin

**Julien Amegandjin** (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Mayu, 1940 a Togoville) malami ne na Togo. Ya yi karatunsa a Togo da Faransa, inda ya karanci ilimin lissafi da kididdiga a Jami'ar Paris. Ya kasance malami na farko a Faransa, kuma a cikin shekarar 1970s ya kasance darektan Cibiyar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta Institut de Formation et de Recherche Demographiques (Institute for Demographic Training and Research) a Yaounde, Kamaru.  A cikin shekarar 1986 ya shafe shekara guda yana sadaukar da shirye-shiryen littafinsa, *Démographie mathématique*, wanda tun daga lokacin ya zama littafi mai mahimmanci ga ɗaliban ilimin halin ɗan Adam.   Tun daga lokacin ya sadaukar da kansa musamman a yammacin Afirka, wajen bunƙasa kididdigar noma.

## Manazarta
Cheikh Anta Diop

**Cheikh Anta Diop** (29 Disamba shekarar 1923 - 7 Fabrairun shekarar  1986) ɗan tarihi ɗan Senegal ne, masanin ɗan adam, masanin kimiyyar lissafi, kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi nazarin asalin jinsin ɗan adam da al'adun Afirka kafin mulkin mallaka .  Ana ɗaukar aikin Diop a matsayin tushen tushe ga ka'idar Afrocentricity, kodayake shi da kansa bai taɓa bayyana kansa a matsayin ɗan Afrocentrist ba.  Tambayoyin da ya yi game da nuna son kai a al'adu a cikin binciken kimiyya sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga juyar da mulkin mallaka a cikin nazarin wayewar Afirka . 

Diop ya bayar da hujjar cewa, akwai ci gaban al'adu iri-iri a tsakanin jama'ar Afirka da ke da muhimmanci fiye da ci gaban bambancin kabilu daban-daban da aka nuna ta hanyar bambance-bambance tsakanin harsuna da al'adu na tsawon lokaci.  Wasu daga cikin ra'ayoyinsa an soki su bisa ga tsofaffin tushe da kuma tsohon tunanin launin fata .   Wasu malaman kuma sun kare aikinsa daga abin da suke ganin ba a bayyana ba.    

## Farkon Rayuwa
An haife shi a Thieytou, yankin Diourbel, Senegal, Diop na cikin dangin Wolof musulmi ne a kasar Senegal inda ya yi karatu a makarantar Islamiyya ta gargajiya. Iyalin Diop wani bangare ne na ’yan uwantakar Mouride, ’yan uwan Musulmi daya tilo a Afirka a cewar Diop.  Ya sami takardar mulkin mallaka kwatankwacin babban baccalauréat na Faransa a Senegal kafin ya koma Paris don yin karatun digiri. 
## Sana`a

Diop ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin UNESCO na kasa da kasa na Kimiyya don daftarin Tarihin Afirka a cikin 1971 kuma ya rubuta babin budewa game da asalin tsoffin Masarawa a cikin UNESCO Janar na Afirka.  A cikin wannan babi, ya gabatar da shaidar ɗan adam da tarihin tarihi don nuna goyon baya ga hasashensa cewa Masarawa Tsohuwar suna da alaƙa ta kud da kud da ƙabilu na Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara, gami da rukunin jini na B tsakanin Masarawa na zamani da Afirka ta Yamma, "negroid"  Matsayin jiki a cikin fasahar zamani da mummies na d ¯ a Masar, nazarin ƙananan matakan melanin a cikin mummies daga dakin gwaje-gwaje na Musée de L'Homme a birnin Paris, asusun farko na masana tarihi na Girka, da haɗin gwiwar al'adu tsakanin Masar da Afirka a cikin yankunan totemism da ilmin sararin samaniya.  A taron tarukan da aka kammala Diop an gamu da ire-iren amsoshi, daga masu karfi da goyon baya mai kishi.  

## Manazarta
Felix A. Chami

**Felix A. Chami** masani ne daga Tanzaniya . Farfesa ne a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam, yana mai da hankali kan ilimin kimiya na bakin teku na gabashin Afirka.  Dokta Chami ya gano, a tsibirin Mafia da Juani, kayayyakin tarihi da suka bayyana Gabashin Afirka a matsayin wani muhimmin abu a cinikin Tekun Indiya .  Chami ya sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimin zamantakewa daga Jami'ar Dar es Salaam a shekarar 1986, inda ya yi digiri na biyu a fannin ilmin dan Adam a Jami'ar Brown a shekarar 1988 sannan ya yi Ph.D. a fannin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi daga Jami'ar Uppsala a 1994.  

## Manazarta
Mohamed Hag Ali Hassan

**Mohamed Hag Ali Hassan** (An haife shi 21 Nuwamba 1947) ɗan Sudan-Italiya ƙwararren lissafi ne kuma masanin kimiyyar lissafi wanda ya haɗu da ƙungiyoyin kimiyya da yawa. Shi ne Shugaban Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Duniya da Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Sudan.

## farkon Rayuwa
An haifi Hassan a Elgetina, Sudan, a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 1947.

Ya sami digiri na farko (B.Sc.) tare da girmamawa ta musamman daga Jami'ar Newcastle On Tyne a 1968, sannan M.Sc a Advanced Mathematics daga Jami'ar Oxford a 1969.https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/31701420/mohamed-ha-hassan-mohamed-yassin
## Sana`a
Hassan ya koma Sudan daga baya ya zama Farfesa kuma shugaban Makarantar Kimiyyar lissafi ta Jami'ar Khartoum daga 1985 zuwa 1986.

Cikin takaicin tabarbarewar kimiyya a Sudan, kuma bisa bukatar mahaifinsa, Hassan ya ziyarci kasar Italiya, sannan kuma wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel, Abdus Salam, wanda ya kasance (a lokacin) yana aiki a cibiyar nazarin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi ta kasa da kasa, ya motsa shi ya sake nazarin kimiyya. (ICTP), Trieste .  Abdus Salam ya baiwa Hassan damar zama memba a ICTP don samar da yanayi mai kyau don bincike.

Hassan yana da dogon jerin wallafe-wallafe a cikin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na plasma da makamashin fusion, ƙirar muhalli na zaizayar ƙasa a bushes, da geophysics, astrophysics da kimiyyar sararin samaniya. Ya kuma buga kasidu da dama kan kimiyya da fasaha a kasashe masu tasowa.
## Kyaututtuka da karramawa
Hassan shi ne Comendador (1996) da Grand Cross (2005) na Brazil National Order of Scientific Merit, Jami'in Order of Merit na Jamhuriyar Italiya (2003), kuma shi ne mai karɓar lambar yabo ta G77 jagoranci kuma na Abdus Salam. Lambar yabo ta Kimiyya da Fasaha.  

Hassan shi ne wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Kimiyyar Kimiyya ta Afirka (1985), Fellow of the World Academy of Sciences (1985),  Fellow of Islamic World Academy of Sciences (1992),  Mai Girma Memba na da Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales (1996), da Abokin Waje na Kwalejin Kimiyya na Pakistan (2002).

## Rayuwar sirri
Hassan yana da aure da ‘ya’ya uk

## manazarta
Félix Couchoro

**Félix Couchoro** (30 Janairu 1900 - 5 Afrilu 1968) ya kasance marubuci ne ɗan ƙasar Togo  kuma Malami a fannin ilimi.  

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Couchoro a ranar 30 ga watan Janairu 1900  a Ouidah, Dahomey, 'ya ce ga Dahomeyan. Ya halarci makarantar firamare da sakandare bi da bi a cocin Katolika a Grand-Popo da Minor Seminary na St. Joan na Arc a Ouidah daga shekarun 1915 zuwa 1919. Ya koyar a makarantar Katolika a Grand Popo daga shekarun 1919 zuwa 1924. Tsakanin shekarun 1924 da 1939 Couchoro ya gudanar da reshe na Société Commerciale de l'Ouest Africain (SCOA).  A cikin shekarar 1929, an buga littafin farko na Couchoro, *L'Esclave*, a Paris, littafi na biyu da wani ɗan Afirka ya buga a cikin harshen Faransanci, amma littafin ya kasance a ɓoye tsawon shekaru. Ya gyara jaridar *Éveil Togolais* daga shekarun 1931 zuwa 1933, wacce aka sake masa suna *Éveil Togo-Dahomeen*. A cikin takardar, ya ba da shawarar samar da yancin kasuwanci tsakanin Benin da Togo. Couchoro ya ƙirƙira litattafai irin Onitsha a wannan lokacin. 

A shekara ta 1939, ‘yan sanda sun tursasa shi ya nemi mafaka a Aneho a Togo. Daga shekarun 1939 zuwa 1952, ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin kasuwanci a Anecho kuma ya zama ɗan kishin ƙasa a kwamitin kungiyar Togo (CUT), jam'iyyar Sylvanus Olympio.  Ya fara buga litattafai a cikin sigar silsilar a cikin jaridar *Togo-Presse*, wanda ya fara da *Amour de féticheuse* a shekarar 1941.  Ya yi aiki a ƙungiyar edita na jaridu da yawa waɗanda ke ba da shawarar yankewa mulkin mallaka. Duk da haka, ba da daɗewa ba ya zama abin da 'yan sanda suka zalunta. Bayan wata tarzoma a Vogan a shekarar 1952, ya tsere zuwa Aflao, Ghana, don gudun kada a ɗaure shi. Kasuwancin sa ya gaza kuma yawanci yana da karancin kuɗi a Ghana. 

Ya koma Togo a shekarar 1958 kuma ya sami aiki a Lomé. Lokacin da Togo ta sami 'yancin kai a 1960, an naɗa Couchoro a matsayin edita a Sabis na Watsa Labarai.  Ya yi ritaya daga wannan matsayi a cikin shekarar 1965, kuma ya mutu a ranar 5 ga watan Afrilu 1968 a Lomé. Farfesa Martin Gbenouga, shugaban Sashen Harsuna na zamani a Jami'ar Lomé, ya ce Félix Couchoro "marubuci ne mai wadatar arziki amma bai shahara ba."  A cikin shekarar 2015, fiye da shekaru tamanin bayan an rubuta shi, an buga littafinsa na biyu *Amour de Féticheuse*.

## Ayyuka

* *L'Esclave*, 1929
* *Amour de féticheuse*, 1941
* *Drama d'amour à Anecho*, 1950
* *L'héritage cette peste*, 1963
* *Amour de Féticheuse*, 2015

## Manazarta
Adolé Isabelle Glitho-Akueson

**Adolé Isabelle Glitho-Akueson** (an haife ta a ranar 4 ga watan Mayu 1949) masaniya ce a fannin ilimin halitta 'yar ƙasar Togo  wacce Farfesa ce a fannin ilimin halittun dabbobi a Jami'ar Lomé. Ita ce shugabar kwamitin UNESCO na "Kimiyya da Gudanar da Ruwa mai Dorewa ta Mata a Afirka ta Yamma da Afirka ta Tsakiya" kuma Ma'aikaciyar Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Glitho-Akueson a ranar 4 ga watan Mayu 1949 a Cove, Benin. Ta yi makarantar sakandire a ƙasar Benin sannan kuma ta yi karatun digirinta na farko a can. A cikin shekarar 1973 ta koma Faransa don yin karatu a Jami'ar Dijon, daga nan aka ba ta Masters a fannin ilimin halittu a shekarar 1975. Ta ci gaba da karatu kamar yadda aka ba ta digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin halittar jiki a cikin shekarar 1977. 

A cikin shekarar 1978 ta koma Afirka ta Yamma kuma ta fara a matsayinta na farko na malamaba fannin ilimi a matsayin mataimakiyar malami a fannin ilimin halittu a cikin Faculty of Sciences a Jami'ar Lomé a watan Satumba 1978. A shekarar 1981 aka naɗa ta zuwa cikakkiyar laccara.  A cikin shekarar 1989 ta ba da tallafin karatu, wanda Tarayyar Afirka ta ba da tallafi, don nazarin microscope na lantarki a Jami'ar Tours. A cikin shekarar 1992 an naɗa ta Mataimakiyar Farfesa a Ilimin Halittar Dabbobi (na musamman a cikin Entomology) a Jami'ar Lomé. A shekarar 1998 aka naɗa ta cikakkiyar Farfesa. 

An yi amfani da Glitho-Akueson a matsayin abokin ziyara a Jami'o'in Tours (1993 - 2011), Yamai da Ouagadougou (1990 - 2015).   Ƙwarewarta ta ta'allaka ne a cikin haɗin gwiwar sarrafa yawan kwari.   Ita mamba ce a kwamitin ba da shawara na Gidauniyar Dorewar Abinci ta Yamma da Tsakiyar Afirka (SADAOC).  Ta riƙe UNESCO shugabar "Women, Science and Sustainable Water Management in West Africa" kuma ƙwararriya ce kan samun damar samun ilimi mai zurfi ga mata a Afirka.  Ta wallafa takardu sama da 130 kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na ƙasa da ƙasa kan manyan shirye-shiryen bincike na duniya da dama.  Ita ce mataimakiyar shugaban ƙasa ta Togo National Academy of Science, Art and Letters (ANSALT) kuma Fellow of the African Academy of Sciences.

## Kyauta

* Knight na CAMES Ilimin palms 
* Knight na La Légion d'Honneur (Faransa) 
* Wacce ta lashe lambar yabo ta Kimiyyar Kimiyya ta Tarayyar Afirka Kwame Nkrumah - 2013

## Manazarta
Najwa Al-Rayyahi

**Najwa Al-Rayyahii,** (an Haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan a shikara na Disamba, 1962, a Tunis) marubuciya ce kuma malama 'yar ƙasar Tunisiya. Ita ce malama a Sashen Harshen Larabci, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences a Tunis. 

## Ilimi
Ta samu digiri na farko a fannin fasaha daga Cibiyar Montfleury da ke Tunis a shekarar 1983, sannan ta samu digirin digirgir a fannin harshen Larabci da adabi daga Faculty of Arts da ke Manouba a shekarar 1987; ta kuma sami takardar shedar cancantar bincike daga sashin fasaha a Tunis a cikin shekarar 1988 tare da bincike mai taken: "Salon fasaha da tasirinsu a cikin littafin Ahlam Shahrazad na Taha." Hussaini". Bayan haka ta sami digiri mai zurfi a fannin bincike, da digiri na uku a mataki na uku daga Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences a Tunis a shekarar 1992 da kasida mai taken: “Research, Dream and Defeat in the Novels of Abd al-Rahman Munif.” Ta kuma sami digirin digirgir na jiha a cikin harshen Larabci da adabi daga Faculty of Letters, Arts and Humanities a Manouba a cikin shekarar 2004 tare da bincike mai taken "Bayyana a Littafin Larabci na Zamani."

## Sana'a
Ta fara aikinta a matakin sakandare a shekarar 1987 a cibiyar kula da kusancin Rasha da ke Tunisiya, ta ci gaba a can har zuwa shekara ta 1992. Daga nan sai ta koma aiki a babbar makarantar sakandare, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a fannin ilimin sakandare da ke aiki da manyan makarantu a Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences da ke Tunis, Sashen Harshen Larabci tsakanin shekarun 1992 zuwa 1993, sannan ta zama mataimakiya a tsangayar har zuwa shekara ta 1996, sannan mataimakiyar farfesa a kwalejin har zuwa shekara ta 2004, har zuwa lokacin da ta zama malama a kwalejin tun daga wannan shekarar. Ita ma memba ce a kwamitin Jagora a tsangayar ilimin ɗan Adam da ilimin zamantakewa, Sashen Harshen Larabci a Tunis, kuma mamba ce a Kwamitin Jagora a Faculty of Letters, Arts and Humanities, Sashen Harshen Larabci a Manouba.

## Wallafe-wallafe

* "Dream and Defeat in the Novels of Abd al-Rahman Munif”, Publications of the College of Humanities and Social Sciences, 1995.
* "Heroes and the Epic of Collapse: A Study in the Novels of Abd al-Rahman Munif”, University Publishing Center, 1999
*  "Description in the Modern Arabic Novel", College of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2007. 
* "On the Theory of Narrative Description: A Study of Boundaries and Morphological and Semantic Structures”, 2008. 
* Women in Foreign Places," University Publishing Center, Tunis, 2009.  &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Manazarta
Malika Zeghal

**Malika Zeghal** (an haife ta a shekara ta Alif (1965)  farfesa ce a Tunusiya a fannin Tunani da Rayuwar Musulunci ta Zamani a Jami'ar Harvard, kuma a da ta kasance mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin ilimin ɗan adam da ilimin zamantakewa na addini a Jami'ar Chicago Divinity School.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Ta kasance ɗaliba ta École Normale Supérieure kuma ta sami digiri na uku daga Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris a shekara ta Alif (1994). Ta fara binciken karatun digirinta a shekarar (1995) a *Cibiyar Nazarin Gabas ta Hagop Kevorkian* a Jami'ar New York kafin ta koma Faransa don shiga har tsawon shekaru goma, *Cibiyar National de la recherche scientifique* daga shekarun (1995) zuwa 2005.  Ita memba ce a Majalisar Kimiyya ta Cibiyar Kimiyya, Harrufa, da Fasaha ta Tunisiya. 

Aikinta, *Gardiens de l'Islam*, da aka rubuta da Faransanci bincike ne na tasirin malaman Jami'ar Al-Azhar. A. Marsot ta kafa hujja da tazarar ta na cewa: “Malaman Azhar sun yi imani da cewa aikinsu ne, da’awa, a matsayinsu na masu kula da addini su ga cewa dokokin ƙasa sun yi daidai da shari’a; don haka ake bayyana gwagwarmayarsu da hukuma. ta hanyar yin yunƙurin ajiye dokokin ƙasa a gefe domin shari’a”.  Littafin ya yi bayani ne kan yadda mu’amalar jihohi da malaman Azhari suka taimaka wajen bullowar sauran kungiyoyin Musulunci, wato ‘yan uwa Musulmi, a wajen cibiyoyin gargajiya.

## Darussan Da Aka Koyar
A shekarar 2013, ta koyar da wani kwas a Makarantar Divinity ta Jami'ar Harvard mai suna "HDS 3361: Political Islam in the 20th and 21st Centuries". 

## Littattafai

* *Gardien de l'Islam.* *Les oulémas d'al-Azhar dans l'Egypte zamani* Presses de Sciences Po, 1996. ISBN&nbsp;
* *Les islamites marocains: le défi à la monarchie* La Découverte, 2005. ISBN&nbsp;

## Manazarta
Emna Belhadj Yahia

**Emna Belhadj Yahia** ko **Emna Belhaj Yahia** (

Larabci : آمنة بلحاج يحي) an haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1945, a Tunis. Ita malama ce ’yar Tunisiya, masaniya ce a fannin falsafa kuma marubuciya a harshen Faransanci.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Satumba, 1945, a Tunis, ta fito daga dangin malaman tauhidi daga ɓangaren mahaifiyarta da kuma dangin ƴan kasuwa masu arziki  a ɓangaren mahaifinta. Ta yi karatun Falsafa a Faransa, sannan ta sami difloma na manyan karatuttuka a fannin Falsafa a tsangayar haruffa a Paris.  Ta yi rajista a matsayin ɗalibar PhD a " l'École pratique des hautes études ", tare da Jacques Berque, amma ba ta gama wannan kwas ba. Abubuwan da suka faru a watan Mayu '68 sun faru a lokaci guda a tafiyar jami'arta. 

Bayan haka, ta koyar da Falsafa ƴan shekaru a Tunisia, kafin ta zama darektar kimiyya a Tunisiya Academy of Sciences, letters and Arts.  Har ila yau, ta kasance memba a kungiyar masu ra'ayin mata, kuma daga baya ta shiga kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Tunisiya, kafin ta ba da kanta ga rubuce-rubuce.   Bayan juyin juya halin Tunusiya na  2011, da kuma shekarun da suka biyo baya, haɓakar jam'iyyun addini masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da kuma tambayar da waɗannan jam'iyyun suka yi na wasu 'yancin da mata suka samu, ta yanke shawarar tsara tunaninta da kuma masu suka a cikin littafinta " *Tunisie, questions à mon biya" (Tunisiya, tambayoyi ga ƙasata)* a cikin shekarar 2014.

## Wallafe-wallafe

* *Chronique frontalière ( Border criticism)*, Paris, Blandin, 1991
* *L'Étage marar ganuwa (The Invisible Floor)*, Paris, Joëlle Losfeld, 1996
* *Tasharej*, Paris, Balland, 2000
* Une fenêtre qui s'ouvre (Taga da ke buɗewa), dans Leïla Sebbar, Emna Belhadj Yahia, Rajae Benchemsi, Maïssa Bey et Cécile Oumhani, Tunis, Elyzad, 2007, p. 25-43
* Rouge à levres et brioche au chocolat (Lipstick da cakulan cake), dans Sophie Bessis et Leïla Sebbar, Tunis, Elyzad, 2010, p. 55-66
* Jeux de rubans (Ribbons games), Tunis, Elyzad, 2011 2012 Comar Golden Award
* *Tunisie, tambayoyi à mon biya (Tunisiya, tambayoyi zuwa ƙasata)*, Paris, Éditions de l'Aube, 2014

## Manazarta
Marcos López

**Marcos Johan López Lanfranc** (an haifeshi ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 1999) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Peru wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan baya na hagu don ƙungiyar Eredivisie Feyenoord da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Peru.  

## Manazarta
Soumaya Mestiri

**Soumaya Mestiri** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1976) masaniya ce a fannin falsafa 'yar ƙasar Tunisiya.

## Rayuwa
Bayan karatun ta, ta kasance malama a Jami'ar Paris, inda ta goyi bayan wani littafi a shekarar 2003 mai suna "The Conception of the Person in the Philosophy of John Rawls: Trial of Reconstruction of theory of Justice as Equity," a gaban wani  juri wanda Emmanuel Picavet ya jagoranta, da kuma Catherine Audard da Monique Canto-Sperber.   Bayan haka, ta gudanar da bincike na gaba da digiri a Jami'ar Louvain-la-Neuve kuma, a cikin shekarar 2005, ta koma koyarwa a Tunisiya. Ta kasance farfesa a Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences a Tunis.

An wallafa rubutun ta a matsayin littafi a cikin shekarar 2007 ta Gidan Kimiyya na Mutum kuma an sake masa suna *Daga Mutum zuwa Jama'a: Rawls da Matsalar Mutum*, 2009 ya biyo bayan wani littafi, *Rawls: Justice and Equity*.  Ta fara nazarin litattafan falsafa na al'adar Larabawa-Musulmai, ta fassara da yin sharhi game da masanin falsafar Farisa Al-Fârabî, masanin falsafa kuma masanin lissafi Al-Kindi da marubuci, masanin tauhidi kuma masanin halitta Al-Jahiz.

Tun daga shekarar 2009, bincikenta ya ɗauki sabbin kwatance, musamman jigogin Larabawa-Musulmi kamar dimokuraɗiyya da Musulunci, Al-Kindi da Ibn Khaldoun da Amartya Sen. Ta kuma yi nazari kan alakar mata, al'ummar yammacin duniya da kuma al'ummar musulmi, sannan ta yi nazari kan muhawarar da ake yi a kasar Faransa kan burkini, inda ta bayyana irin yadda Faransawa ke da alaka da 'yan matan da suka kira burkini wani nau'i na "tausayi mai yawa" ga mace musulma.

## Ayyuka

*  De l'individu au citoyen: Rawls et le problème de la personne (in French). Paris: Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme. 2007. p. 242. .
*  Soumaya, Mestiri (1 January 2003). "La conception de la personne dans la philosophie de John Rawls : essai de reconstruction de la théorie de justice comme équité". Theses. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
* Décoloniser le féminisme: une approche transculturelle (in French). Paris: Vrin. 2016. p. 180. ..

## Manazarta
Fethi Benslama

**Fethi Benslama** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1951) ɗan  Faransa ne mai nazarin ilimin halin ɗan Adam haifaffen  ƙasar Tunisiya. Shi Farfesa ne a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a Jami'ar Paris Diderot, kuma marubucin littafai da yawa game da Musulunci na siyasa.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Fethi Benslama a ranar 31 ga watan Yuli, 1951  a Salakta, Tunisia.

## Sana'a
Benslama masanin ilimin halin ɗan Adam ne.  Shi farfesa ne na ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a Jami'ar Paris Diderot, kuma memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya, harrufa, da Arts na Tunisiya.  Ya rubuta littafai da dama game da addinin Musulunci da siyasa, ciki har da na Larabawa. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa Islama mai tsattsauran ra'ayi tana da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin addini, amma ya ƙara da cewa wani ɓangare ya dogara ne akan "tatsuniya na ainihi na Musulunci" da aka haifa daga gaskiyar yaƙi.  Ya kuma bayar da hujjar cewa 'yan ta'adda suna kashewa ne saboda " jin dadi ," ba don yin aiki da niyyar kashe kansu ba. 

Benslama shi ne wanda ya kafa wata cibiya ta tarwatsa matasan Faransa da ke komawa Faransa bayan sun ziyarci Siriya.   A sakamakon harin da aka kai a Nice a shekarar 2016, ya yi kira ga manema labarai da su daina buga hotuna da sunayen 'yan ta'adda don gujewa "girmamawa".

## Ayyuka

* Benslama, Fethi (1994). Une fiction troublante : de l'origine en partage. La Tour d'Aigues: Editions de l'Aube. ISBN 9782876781542. OCLC 32166993. 
* Benslama, Fethi; Tazi, Nadia, eds. (1998). La virilité en Islam. Paris: Éditions de l'Aube. ISBN 9782876784048. OCLC 40431283.
*  Benslama, Fethi (2002). La psychanalyse à l'épreuve de l'islam. Paris: Aubier. ISBN 9782700724264. OCLC 401524225.
* Benslama, Fethi (2005). Déclaration d'insoumission : à l'usage des musulmans et de ceux qui ne le sont pas. Paris: Flammarion. ISBN 9782082105248. OCLC 420238914. 
* Benslama, Fethi (2011). Soudain la révolution ! : de la Tunisie au monde arabe : la signification d'un soulèvement. Paris: Denoël. ISBN 9782207111529. OCLC 762540744.
* Benslama, Fethi (2014). La Guerre des subjectivités en Islam. Paris: Lignes. ISBN 9782355261282. OCLC 881813224.
* Benslama, Fethi, ed. (2015). L'idéal et la cruauté : subjectivité et politique de la radicalisation. Paris: Lignes. ISBN 9782355261480. OCLC 932068846.
* Benslama, Fethi (2016). Un furieux désir de sacrifice : le surmusulman. Paris: Seuil. ISBN 9782021319095. OCLC 950464909.

## Manazarta
Veronika Bromova

**Veronika Bromova**, an haife ta a ranar 12 ga Agusta 1966 a Prague,  wata sabuwar mai fasaha ce Czech wacce  ke mai da hankali  akan sarrafa hotuna ta kwamfuta ta amfani da shirin Photoshop . Tana zaune kuma tana aiki a Prague . Tana aiki tare da jigogi iri-iri, ƴancin mata, cin zarafin mata da asiri, kuma ta nuna a Turai da Amurka . Ta karɓi kyauta da kyaututtu ka, gami da Czech "Grammy" don mafi kyawun murfin CD da Shirin Studio na Duniya a New York, 1998. Ta wakilci Jamhu riyar Czech a 1999 Venice Biennale a cikin ginin Czechoslovakia.

## Rayuwa da aiki
An gano Bromova a matsayin 'yar shekara biyu ta wani sanan niyar mai zane-zane na Socialist Realist, Lidicky, wanda ta yi amfani da ita a matsayin abin koyi ga yaron a cikin wani babban sassa ka na "Ideal Socialist Family." An ajiye hoton a gefen ginin tunawa da ƙasa a wani tudu da ke tsaki yar Prague, inda aka ajiye gawar shugaban Kwaminisan ci na farko na Czechoslovakia, Klement Gottwald . Mutum-mutumin da ta yi ƙirarsa har yanzu yana nan, amma ginin ya yi watsi da shi.

Babban aikin Bromova shine hoto; ta kan yi amfani da sarrafa kwamfuta ko kuma ƙara abubuwa.  Samfuran ta ita ce kanta ko na kusa da ita. Saka ma kon ya wuce hoto kawai ko narcissism, duk da haka; a maimakon haka, tana iya yin nisa daga al’amuranta a cikin aikin binciken jikin ɗan adam, iyakokinsa, sha’awoyinsa, da siffofi daban-daban.

## Duba kuma

* Fasahar dijital

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* 
* Bromova's Web site
Bohumila Bloudilová

**Bohumila Bloudilová** an haife ta a ranar (Maris 19, 1876 -  Agusta 11, 1946) wata mai daukar hoto ce na Czech kuma kani ga Josef Sudek . 

Mahaifinta Jan ya auri Anna Sudkova a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 1873. Daga 1894, ta yi aiki a ɗakin daukar hoto na František Krátký a Cologne, inda ta kuma yi karatu. Tun 1906, tana da shekaru 30, ta gudanar da nata ɗakin studio a Kolín . 

Gidan studio yana da yanki kusan murabba'i sittin, ɗakin studio na zamani wanda aka tanada don ɗaukar hoto na rana, tare da ban gon gilashi tana fuskan tar arewa. Gidan studio ya daina aiki a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1932. 

## Manazarta
Mutanen Gumuz

**Gumuz** (wanda kuma ake kira Gumaz da Gumz ) ƙabila ce da ke magana da yaren Nilo-Saharan da ke zaune a yankin Benishangul-Gumuz a yammacin Habasha da kuma yankin Fazogli a Sudan . Suna jin yaren Gumuz, wanda na dangin Nilo-Saharan ne, kusan mutane 250,0000

## Yare
Gumuz yana magana da yaren Gumuz, wanda na dangin Nilo-Saharan ne (Bender 1979). An raba shi cikin yaruka da yawa (Ahland 2004, Unseth 1985).

## Al`adu

Aikin Gumuz na canza noma kuma babban abincin su shine dawa (Wallmark 1981). Ana ajiye amfanin gonakin hatsi a cikin kwalabe da aka yi wa ado da dunƙule yumbu suna kwaikwayon ƙirjin mace. Ana amfani da dawa don dafa porridge ( nga ) da kuma shan giya ( kea ). Ana yin duk girki da girki a cikin tukwane na ƙasa, waɗanda mata ke yin su. Gumuz kuma suna farautar dabbobin daji, irin su duikers da warthogs, suna tattara zuma, 'ya'yan itacen daji, saiwoyi da iri. Wadanda ke zaune a kusa da iyakar Sudan sun musulunta, wasu kuma Kiristoci ne, amma yawancin Gumuz har yanzu suna bin al'adun gargajiya. Ana kiran ruhohi da mus'a kuma ana tunanin suna zama a gidaje, rumbun ajiya, gonaki, bishiyoyi da duwatsu. Suna da kwararrun al'ada da ake kira gafea . Tunda farko duk Gumuz sun kawata jikinsu da tabo, amma wannan al'ada tana bacewa ta hanyar matsin lamba da ilimi na gwamnati. An tsara duk Gumuz a cikin dangi . Rikici tsakanin dangi ya zama ruwan dare kuma galibi ana magance su ta hanyar wata cibiyar magance rikice-rikice, da ake kira mangema ko michu  dangane da yankin. Kamar yadda ya kasance a cikin ' yan Uduk na Sudan, auren ya kasance ta hanyar

## Manazarta
Mutanen Mandé

**Mutanen Mandé** rukuni ne na ƙabilanci na ƙabilun Afirka na asali waɗanda ke magana da harsunan Mande. Ana samun ƙabilu daban-daban masu magana da harshen Mandé musamman a yankunan yammacin Afirka. Harsunan Mandé sun kasu kashi biyu na farko: Gabashin Mandé da West Mandé.

## Tarihi
Bayan Kel Essuf Period da Round Head Period na tsakiyar Sahara, lokacin makiyaya ya biyo baya.  Wasu daga cikin mafarauta waɗanda suka ƙirƙira zane-zane na Round Head dutsen ƙila sun ɗauki al'adun makiyaya, wasu kuma ƙila ba su yi ba.  Sakamakon karuwar ciyayi na koren sahara, mafarautan mafarautan tsakiyar Sahara da makiyayan sun yi amfani da magudanan ruwa na yanayi a matsayin hanyar kaura zuwa kogin Neja da Basin Chadi na yammacin Afirka.  A cikin 4000 KZ, farkon tsarin zamantakewa na yau da kullun (misali, cinikin shanu a matsayin kadara mai kima) ya bunƙasa tsakanin makiyaya a cikin Zamanin Makiyaya na Sahara .  Al'adar makiyaya ta Sahara ta kasance mai sarƙaƙƙiya, kamar yadda ya tabbata daga filayen tumuli, zoben dutse, gatari, da sauran ragowar.  A shekara ta 1800 KZ, al'adun makiyaya na Saharan ya faɗaɗa ko'ina cikin yankunan Sahara da Sahelian.  Matakan farko na tsarin zamantakewar al'umma a tsakanin makiyayan Saharan sun kasance a matsayin babban jigon ci gaban manyan mukamai da aka samu a matsugunan Afirka, kamar Dhar Tichitt .
## Al`adu
Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilar Mandé galibi suna da tsarin dangin dangi da kuma al'ummar ubanni . Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilun Mandé da ke magana suna yin addinin Islama, kamar Mandinka da Soninke (ko da yake sau da yawa suna gauraye da imani na asali), kuma yawanci suna yin wanke-wanke da addu'o'in Musulunci. Matansu sun sanya mayafi . Mandinka musamman suna aiwatar da ra'ayin zamantakewa na sanankuya ko "dangantakar wasa" tsakanin dangi.

## Manazarta
Harsunan Khoisan

Harsunan Khoisan kuma Khoesan ko Khoesaan ) harsunan Afirka da dama ne da aka haɗa su tare, asalin Joseph Greenberg .   An bayyana Khoisan a matsayin waɗannan harsunan da ke da latsa baƙaƙe kuma ba sa cikin sauran iyalai na harsunan Afirka . Yawancin ƙarni na 20, ana tsammanin suna da alaƙa ta asali da juna, amma wannan ba a yarda da shi ba. Yanzu an gudanar da su don haɗa da iyalai daban-daban na yare guda uku da warewar harshe biyu.
## Tabbatacce
An ba da shawarar Khoisan a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin iyalai huɗu na harsunan Afirka a cikin rarrabuwar Joseph Greenberg (1949-1954, sake dubawa a 1963). Duk da haka, masana ilimin harshe da ke nazarin harsunan Khoisan sun ƙi haɗin kai, kuma suna amfani da sunan "Khoisan" a matsayin kalmar dacewa ba tare da wani ma'anar ingancin harshe ba, kamar yadda " Papuan " da " Australian " suke.   An ba da shawarar cewa kwatankwacin dangin Tuu da Kxʼa ya faru ne saboda yankin kudancin Afirka Sprachbund maimakon dangantakar zuriyarsu, yayin da dangin Khoe (ko wataƙila Kwadi–Khoe) ɗan ƙaura ne na baya-bayan nan zuwa yankin, kuma yana iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa. zuwa Sandawe dake gabashin Afrika. 

## Bambancin yaren Khoisan
Anthony Traill ya lura da tsananin bambancin harsunan Khoisan.  Duk da dannawar da suka yi, harsunan Khoisan sun bambanta sosai da juna. Traill ya nuna wannan bambancin harshe a cikin bayanan da aka gabatar a cikin tebur na ƙasa. Rukunin farko guda biyu sun haɗa da kalmomi daga keɓance yaren Khoisan guda biyu, Sandawe da Hadza . Waɗannan harsuna uku ne daga dangin Khoe, da iyalin Kxʼa, da kuma dangin Tuu, bi da bi.
## Manazarta
Abdelwahab Bouhdiba

**Abdelwahab Bouhdiba** (13 ga watan Agusta 1932 - 17 ga watan Disamba 2020) masanin kimiyya ne, Malami, ɗan ƙasar Tunisiya, masanin ilmin zamantakewa, kuma masanin Islama. Shi ne uban yara uku: Saber, Olfa, da Sofiane. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Bayan karatunsa a Kwalejin Sadiki da ke Tunis da Lycée Janson-de-Sailly da ke Paris, Bouhdiba ya karanci falsafa da adabi a Sorbonne. Ya sami wani agregation  a falsafa a shekarar 1959.  A shekarar 1972, ya sami digiri na uku tare da kasida mai suna *Islam et sexité*, wanda aka wallafa a shekarar 1975 a ƙarƙashin taken *La sexité en islam*. 

Shi farfesa emeritus ne a jami'ar Tunis, ya jagoranci sashen ilimin zamantakewa a Faculty of Human and Social Sciences na Tunis. Ya kasance Darakta Janar na Center d'études et de recherches économiques et sociales daga shekarun1972 zuwa 1992 da kuma na Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization daga shekarun 1991 zuwa 1994.  Ya yi aiki a Conseil supérieur islamique tunisien,  da kuma majalisar zartarwa ta UNESCO.
 
Bouhdiba bakon farfesa ne a Jami'ar Geneva-based Geneva Graduate Institute kuma ya yi aiki a majalisar kimiyya na Fondation tunisienne pour la traduction, l'établissement des textes et les études, da École tunisienne de philosophie,  the Academy of the Arabic language a Alkahira, da kuma Arab Academy of Damascus. Ya kasance mataimakin shugaban Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Turai kuma shugaban Cibiyar Kimiyya, harrufa, da Arts na Tunisiya, inda ya zama memba mai daraja a karshen 2012.  

Abdelwahab Bouhdiba ya rasu a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba, 2020 yana da shekaru 88.

## Girmamawa da kyaututtuka

### Girmamawa

* Jami'in order ta Jamhuriyar Tunisiya (1969) 
* Kwamandan National Order of Merit na Tunisia (1996)
* Jami'in Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (1998)

### Kyauta

* Kyautar UNESCO-Sharjah don Al'adun Larabawa (2004) 
* Prix Ibn Khaldoun (2015) 
* Prix Tahar-Haddad (2018)

## Manyan wallafe-wallafe

* *Criminalité et changements sociaux en Tunisie* (1965)
* *Les préconditions sociales de l'industrialisation dans la région de Tunis* (1968)
* *La sociologie du developpement africain : tendances actuelles de la recherche et bibliographie* (1971)
* Public *et adalci : une étude-pilote en Tunisie* (1971)
* *A la recherche des normes perdues* (1973)
* *La sexité en islam* (1975) 
* *Al'adu da zamantakewa* (1978) 
* *Raisons d'être* (1980)
* *Devoir de science and devoir de développement* (1982)
* *Les Arabes, l'islam et l'Europe* (1991)
* *Comprendre la dialectique de la société et de la religion* (1992) 
* *Les différents fannoni de la al'ada islamique : l'individu et la société en islam* (1994)
* *Quêtes sociologiques : ci gaba da ruptures au Maghreb* (1996)
* *L'expérience de l'altérité dans les sociétés musulmanes* (2002)
* *La Culture du Coran : À propos de l'œuvre du cheikh Omar Bouhadiba* (2004) 
* *L'Homme en islam* (2006)
* *Sur les pas d'Ibn Khaldoun* (2006)
* *Kairouan, la durée* (2010)
* *Entretien au bord de la mer* (2010)
* *L'bayanai et la Communication aujourd'hui : alienation et liberation* (2010)
* *La Culture du parfum en islam* (2017)
* *L'islam : ouverture et dépassement (2018)*

## Manazarta
Mohamed Hédi Cherif

**Mohamed Hédi Cherif** (   (23 Yuli 1932 - 23 Janairu 2021) masanin tarihi ne ɗan ƙasar Tunisiya kuma Malami ne a fannin ilimi.  Ya kware a tarihin zamani da na zamanin  Tunisiya.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Bayan karatunsa a Kwalejin Sadiki da École pratique des hautes études, ya sami agregation  a tarihi a Paris da digiri na uku daga Sorbonne a shekarar 1979. Ya kasance mai bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Faransa daga shekarun 1970 zuwa 1974 kafin ya zama farfesa a  sama da shekaru talatin. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaba daga shekarun 1987 zuwa 1990.

Farfesa Emeritus a Jami'ar Tunis, ya kasance memba na Majalisar Tunusiya don Binciken Kimiyya da Fasaha,  da kuma wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Kimiyya, harrufa, da fasaha na Tunisiya. Ya yi aiki sau da yawa a matsayin farfesa mai ziyara a Maghreb, Turai, da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Har ila yau, ya daidaita kokarin da Jamhuriyar Tunisiya ta yi na microfilming a ma'aikatar Turai da harkokin waje ta Faransa, don mayar da tarihin mulkin mallaka zuwa Tunisia, kuma ya jagoranci sashen tarihi a  . Ya taɓa zama Babban Editan **  

Cherif ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa kungiyar manyan makarantu da bincike na kimiya a kungiyar ma'aikata ta Tunisiya kuma ya kasance mai ɗaukar ma'aikata na manyan makarantu a Tunisiya.  A cikin shekarar 1987, an naɗa shi cikin kwamitin bayar da kyautar wallafe-wallafe da fasaha na Ma'aikatar Al'adun Tunisiya.  Ya shahara sosai da bincike akan daular Husaini. 

Mohamed Hédi Cherif ya mutu a ranar 23 ga watan Janairu, 2021 yana da shekaru 88.

## Girmamawa

* Officier (1969),  sai kuma Kwamandan oda na Jamhuriyar Tunisiya (1971) 
* Ma'aikacin National Order of Merit na Tunisia (1992) 
* Kwamandan  (2013) 
* Knight na National Order for Work (Tunisia)

## Wallafe-wallafe

* (1980) *تاريخ تونس : من عصور ما قبل التاريخ إلى الإستقلال*
* *Pouvoir et société dans la Tunisie de H'usayn Bin Ali (1705-1740)* (1984)
* Histoire *générale de l'Afrique, t. VI : L'Afrique au XIXe jusque vers les années 1880* (1996)
* Histoire *générale de l'Afrique, t. V : L'Afrique du XVIe ko XVIII siècle* (1999)
* *Individu et pouvoir dans les pays islamo-méditerranéens* (2009)

## Manazarta
Fauzi

**Fauzi** Sunan yanka ne. Ga jerin wasu shahararru masu sunan:

* Absor Fauzi (born 1987), Indonesian footballer
* Azka Fauzi (born 1996), Indonesian footballer
* Gamawan Fauzi (born 1957), Indonesian politician
* Helmy Fauzi (born 1964), Indonesian politician
* Rishadi Fauzi (born 1990), Indonesian footballer