open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Jerin Kamfanonin Ƙasar Guinea-Bissau

Guinea-Bissau, a hukumance Jamhuriyar Guinea-Bissau, ƙasa ce a yammacin Afirka. Tana iyaka da Senegal daga arewa da Guinea a kudu da gabas, tare da Tekun Atlantika a yammacinta.

Guinea-Bissau na cikin kasashe masu karancin ci gaba a duniya kuma daya daga cikin kasashe 10 mafi talauci a duniya, kuma sun dogara ne akan noma da kamun kifi. Kasar Guinea-Bissau ta fara nuna wasu ci gaban tattalin arziki bayan da wasu manyan jam'iyyun siyasar kasar suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya, wanda ya kai ga wani shirin yin garambawul ga tsarin da IMF ke marawa baya.  Mahimman ƙalubalen da ƙasar za ta fuskanta a cikin lokaci mai zuwa su ne cimma daidaito a fannin kasafin kuɗi, sake gina ayyukan gwamnati, inganta yanayin tattalin arziƙin don saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu, da haɓaka haɓakar tattalin arziki.

Bayan shekaru da dama na tabarbarewar tattalin arziki da tabarbarewar siyasa, a shekara ta 1997, Guinea-Bissau ta shiga tsarin hada-hadar kudi na CFA, wanda ya kawo kwanciyar hankali na cikin gida.  Yakin basasar da ya faru a shekarun 1998 da 1999 da juyin mulkin soji a watan Satumban 2003 ya sake kawo cikas ga harkokin tattalin arziki, wanda ya bar wani bangare na tattalin arziki da zamantakewar al'umma cikin rugujewa tare da kara tsananta talauci da tuni ya yadu. Bayan zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki a watan Maris na shekara ta 2004 da na shugaban kasa a watan Yulin 2005, kasar na kokarin farfadowa daga dogon lokaci na rashin zaman lafiya duk da cewa har yanzu tana cikin mawuyacin hali na siyasa.

## Fitattun kamfanoni
Wannan jeri ya haɗa da fitattun kamfanoni masu babban hedikwata dake cikin ƙasar. Masana'antu da sashin suna bin tsarin Taxonomy na Rarraba Masana'antu. Ƙungiyoyin da suka daina aiki an haɗa su kuma an lura da su a matsayin sun lalace.

## Duba kuma

* Tattalin arzikin Guinea-Bissau
* Jerin bankuna a Guinea-Bissau

## Manazarta
Babban Bankin Jamhuriyyar Gini

**Babban Bankin Jamhuriyar Gini** (   **BCRG**; N'Ko) shi ne babban bankin ƙasar Guinea. Babban hedkwatar bankin yana babban birnin Conakry. Gwamnan bankin na  yanzu shi ne Dr Karamo Kaba. 

## Tarihi

An kafa bankin a ranar 1 ga watan Maris din shekara ta 1960.  Ousmane Baldé ya kasance shugaban bankin a shekarun 1960 kafin a kashe shi a shekara ta 1971. A cikin shekara ta 1972 Shugaba Touré ya karɓi ragamar mulkin Bankin, ya mai da shi ga Fadar Shugaban kasa. 

### Gwamnoni

## Ayyuka
Bankin yana da ƙwazo wajen haɓaka manufofin haɗa kuɗin kuɗaɗe kuma babban memba ne na Alliance for hada-hadar kuɗi. Har ila yau, yana ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin gudanarwa na 17 na asali don yin takamaiman alkawurran kasa don hada-hadar kuɗi a ƙarƙashin sanarwar Maya  yayin taron  shekarar 2011 Global Policy Forum da aka gudanar a Mexico.

## Duba kuma

* Tattalin arzikin Guinea
* Guinea Franc
* Jerin manyan bankunan Afirka

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*  Central Bank of the Republic of Guinea home page
Fataucin miyagun kwayoyi a Mauritius

Magungunan **[[Kwayoyi|haramtattun kwayoyi]]** sun hada da marijuana da opiates . Dangane da Rahoton Magungunan Magunguna na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2011, kananan mutanen Mauritius suna da yawan amfani da opiate na 0.91%, yayin da 3.9% na yawan jama'a ke amfani da cannabis na yau da kullun. Masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi kuma na amfani da Mauritius a matsayin tasha musamman a lokacin da suke tafiya gabar tekun gabashin Afirka.

## Tarihi
Yin amfani da miyagun kwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba a tsibirin ba sabon abu ba ne na kwanan nan. Bayan kawar da bautar a cikin 1835, Mauritius, lokacin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, ya sami kwararar ma'aikata daga Indiya wadanda suka gabatar da cannabis a tsibirin. A daidai wannan lokacin, baki daga China sun kawo opium zuwa tsibirin. Wadannan magungunan sun fi yin amfani da dalilai na gargajiya kuma ba su da damuwa sosai ga jama'a.

A karshen 1970s, an gabatar da "sukari mai launin ruwan kasa", wani nau'i na tabar heroin . Shan miyagun kwayoyin ya kauce daga tsarin amfani da al'adu da zamantakewa da kuma amfani da miyagun kwayoyi ya yadu. Yaduwar yawan kwayoyi ya kara taimakawa ta hanyar habaka hanyoyin sadarwa na iska da ruwa zuwa Afirka, Kudu da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da Turai, tare da tashar jiragen ruwa kyauta.

Yayin da safarar miyagun kwayoyi ke karuwa, cibiyoyin zamantakewa na gida sun lura da karuwar yawan yara da matasa masu shan barasa . Shaye-shayen miyagun kwayoyi a Mauritius ya haifar da yawaitar karuwanci da sata da kuma kai hari da makami .

## Magani
A tarihi, tsarin ya hukunta masu shan miyagun kwayoyin maimakon ba su magani .

Koyaya, a cikin Janairu 2006, an aiwatar da maganin maye gurbin methadone  don taimakawa kula da masu shan muggan kwayoyi. Don jaddada sabon dabarunta na jiyya maimakon yanke hukunci, gwamnati ta ba da izinin musayar allura a watan Nuwamba 2007, lokacin da ta kaddamar, tare da hakin gwiwar Collectif Urgence Toxida (CUT), shirin musayar allura. 

Manyan cibiyoyin da ke da alhakin magance shaye-shayen miyagun kwayoyi sune:

* Cibiyar Farfado da masu shan miyagun kwayoyi ta kasa
* Dr. Idrice Goomany Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya
* Mauritius Sanathan Dharma Temples Federation
* Cibiyar d'Accueil de Terre Rouge.

Tsarin carceral kuma yana kokarin gyara masu laifi ta hanyar Tsarin Jiyya da Gyaran su.

## Sashin Yaki da Muggan Kwayoyi
Halin shan miyagun kwayoyi a Mauritius ya kai ga sake fasalin sashin yaki da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi (ADSU). An ba wa ADSU wadannan ayyuka kamar haka: 

* A dakile wadatar miyagun kwayoyi
* Kame masu laifin miyagun kwayoyi a gurfanar da su gaban kuliya
* Gano wuri da lalata duk shukar cannabis
* Hana da gano fasa kwauri.

Bayan yaki da yaduwar miyagun kwayoyi kai tsaye ta hanyar ganowa da kuma rigakafin laifukan miyagun kwayoyi, ADSU tare da hadin gwiwar gudanar da gangamin wayar da kan jama'a, tare da kai hare-hare daban-daban na jama'a, tare da Hukumar Kula da Jiyya da Gyaran Ma'adanai ta Kasa (NATReSA). A cikin 2016, Ministan Lafiya ya soki Hukumar Kula da Jiyya da Gyaran Abubuwan Ta'addanci na kasa don kasa hana shan kwayoyi. ￼

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin hadi na waje
* 
*  

## Manazarta
Jerin Kamfanonin Ƙasar Ivory Coast

Ivory Coast (wanda kuma aka fi sani da Cote d'Ivoire) ƙasa ce da ke a Yammacin Afirka. Babban birnin siyasar Ivory Coast shi ne Yamoussoukro, kuma babban birninta na tattalin arziki kuma birni mafi girma shi ne birnin Abidjan mai tashar jiragen ruwa. Ivory Coast na da, ga yankin, tana da babban kudin shiga ga kowane mutum (US $ 1014.4 a 2013) kuma tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen cinikin jigilar kayayyaki ga maƙwabta, ƙasashe marasa tudu. Kasar ita ce kasa mafi karfin tattalin arziki a cikin Tarayyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Yamma, wacce ta kunshi kashi 40% na jimillar GDP na kungiyar ta lamuni. Kasar ita ce kasa mafi girma a duniya wajen fitar da danyen koko, kuma kasa ta hudu wajen fitar da kayayyaki, gaba daya, a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara (bayan Afirka ta Kudu, Najeriya, da Angola). 

## Fitattun kamfanoni
Wannan jeri ya haɗa da fitattun kamfanoni masu babban hedikwata dake cikin ƙasar. Masana'antu da sashin suna bin tsarin Taxonomy na Rarraba Masana'antu. Ƙungiyoyin da suka daina aiki an haɗa su kuma an lura da su a matsayin sun lalace.

## Manazarta
Ilimin taurari a duniyar Islama ta tsakiyar zamani

**Ilimin taurari a Islama ta tsakiya zamani;** ta ƙunshi cigaba a fannin ilimin taurari da ya faru a duniyar Islama, musamman a lokacin Golden Age (ƙarni na 9-13), kuma galibi an rubuta su cikin harshen Larabci. 

Waɗannan ci gaban sun kasance mafi yawa a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Tsakiyar Asiya, Andalus, da Arewacin Afirka, daga baya kuma a Gabas Mai Nisa da kuma Indiya. Ta yi kamanceceniya da asali na sauran ilimomin kimiyya na Musulunci wajen sarrafa kayan waje da kuma hadewar abubuwan da suka sabawa wadannan abubuwa don samar da ilimi acikin siga irinta Musulunci. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ilimin Girka, Sassanid, da ayyukan Indiya musamman, waɗanda aka fassara kuma aka gina su.

Ilimin taurari na Musulunci ya taka rawa sosai wajen farfado da ilmin taurari na Rumawa da na Turai biyo bayan hasarar ilimi a farkon zamanin da, musamman tare da samar da fassarorin harsunan Larabci a cikin karni na 12. Har ila yau ilmin falaki na Musulunci ya yi tasiri a kan ilmin falaki na kasar Sin.

Mahimman adadin taurari a sararin sama, irin su Aldebaran, Altair da Deneb, da kalmomin falaki irin su alidade, azimuth, da nadir, har yanzu ana kiransu da sunayensu na Larabci. A yau akwai babban rukunin wallafe-wallafe daga ilimin taurari na Musulunci, wanda adadinsu ya kai kusan rubuce-rubuce guda 10,000 da suka warwatsu a ko'ina cikin duniya, waɗanda yawancinsu ba a karanta su ba, ba a shirya su ba. Duk da haka, ana iya sake gina ingantacce aiki na ayyukan Musulunci a fagen ilmin taurari.

## Manazarta
Pan African Chamber of Commerce and Industry

**Pan African Chamber of Commerce and Industry** (PACCI) kungiya ce mai tallafawa kasuwanci mai wakiltar Rukunin Kasuwanci na kasa da kuma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu daga ko'ina cikin Nahiyar. An sake haɗa shi a cikin Maris 2010, PACCI tana da matsayi na ƙungiyar mai zaman kanta ta duniya.

PACCI tana aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙungiyoyin watsa labarai, masu tsara manufofi da kuma ta ƙungiyoyin membobinta na ƙasa tare da gwamnatocin ƙasashen Afirka, don taimakawa kasuwancin Afirka don haɓaka ci gaban tattalin arziki mai dorewa, kasuwanci da wadata.

Hukumar ta PACCI tana da hedikwata a birnin Addis Ababa na kasar Habasha, mahaifar kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da kuma hukumar kula da tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya .   Kebour Ghenna yana aiki a matsayin Babban Darakta. 

## Nassoshi
Jerin Kamfanonin Ƙasar Lesotho

Lesotho ƙasa ce da ba ta da landlocked  a kudancin Afirka da ke kewaye da Afirka ta Kudu. Wacce aka fi sani da Basutoland a baya, Lesotho ta ayyana samun 'yancin kai daga Burtaniya a ranar 4 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1966. Memba ce ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Commonwealth of Nations da Ƙungiyar Ci gaban Afirka ta Kudu (SADC). Sunan *Lesotho* yana fassara kusan zuwa *ƙasar mutanen da ke jin Sesotho.*   Kusan kashi 40 cikin 100 na al'ummar kasar suna rayuwa kasa da International poverty line na dalar Amurka 1.25 a rana. 

## Fitattun kamfanoni
Wannan jeri ya haɗa da fitattun kamfanoni masu babban hedikwata dake cikin ƙasar. Masana'antu da sashin suna bin tsarin Taxonomy na Rarraba Masana'antu. Ƙungiyoyin da suka daina aiki an haɗa su kuma an lura da su a matsayin sun lalace.

## Duba kuma

* Tattalin Arzikin Lesotho
* Jerin bankuna a Lesotho

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ta Legas

**Cibiyar Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ta Legas** kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke inganta muradun 'yan kasuwa a Legas, Najeriya . Yana ba da dandamali ga 'yan kasuwa don bayyana ra'ayoyinsu da damuwarsu game da dokoki ko wasu matakan da suka shafi kasuwanci, masana'antu, kasuwanci, da noma. Kungiyar ta kuma wakilci ra'ayoyin 'yan kasuwar Legas kan tattalin arzikin kasa baki daya. Babban burinsa shi ne tallafawa ci gaba da nasarar kasuwanci a Legas ta hanyar ba da shawarwari don bukatunsu da samar da albarkatu da tallafi. Yana Kuma alfahari da mambobi sama da 1,500 tare da Babban Darakta na yanzu shine Chinyere Almona.

An kafa shi a ranar 5 ga Disamban shekara ta 1888, an haɗa shi a cikinshekara ta 1950 a matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta, Garanti mai iyaka a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kamfanoni na 1948. Cibiyar Kasuwancin Legas ita ce cibiyar kasuwanci ta farko a Najeriya.

Babban gininsa na Commerce House wanda ke da ofisoshi yana cikin Victoria Island, inda galibin kamfanonin Najeriya ke da hedikwatarsu ta kasa.

## Chamber Awards
Cibiyar Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ta Legas ta gabatar da lambar yabo ta Chamber a cikin 2014 don ganewa, haɓakawa da kuma bikin cibiyoyi masu zaman kansu da na jama'a da ke aiki a Najeriya don mafi kyawun ayyukan kasuwanci, haɓaka ta hanyar sabbin abubuwa, dorewar kasuwanci da tasiri mai kyau ga mutane / Al'umma.

An ba da lambar yabo ga kamfanoni a cikin masana'antu masu zuwa - Bankin, Inshora, Gudanar da Fansho, Biyan E-Biyan, Ilimi, Watsa Labaru, Sabis na Ƙwararru, Kiwon Lafiya, Mai & Gas, Masana'antu, Kasuwancin Kasuwanci / Kasuwanci, Gine-gine & Gine-gine da SMEs.

Ga lambar yabo ta 2015, Beat 99.9 FM a kan iska, Olisa Adibua da Rhythm 93.7 FM on-air person & celebrity vlogger, Toke Makinwa an zaba a matsayin wanda ya karbi bakuncin lambar yabo ta 2015 Lagos Chambers of Commerce & Industry (LCCI).

## Baje kolin Kasuwancin Duniya
Kungiyar ‘yan kasuwa da masana’antu ta Legas ta shahara wajen baje kolin kasuwanci na kasa da kasa na Legas duk shekara wanda aka kaddamar a shekarar 1977. An ce shi ne bikin baje kolin kasuwanci mafi girma a yankin Afirka ta Yamma kuma yana jan hankalin masu zuba jari daga wasu sassan duniya. An gudanar da bikin baje kolin ne a dandalin Tafawa Balewa da ke Onikan a tsibirin Legas.

## Jakadu
A watan Oktoba 2014, Legas Chamber of Commerce ya bayyana 2face Idibia, Brymo, Vector da Kunle Afolayan a matsayin jakadu. An bayyana masu ba da nishadi ne a yayin wani gagarumin biki da aka yi a gidan kasuwanci, wanda ke kan titin Idowu Taylor a Victoria Island, Legas.

## Nassoshi
Babban Bankin Lesotho

**Babban Bankin Lesotho** (Sotho) Shi ne babban bankin Lesotho, a kudancin Afirka. Bankin yana cikin Maseru kuma gwamnansa na yanzu shine Dr. Emmanuel Letete (wanda zai fara aiki daga watan Yuni 2022). An kafa bankin a cikin shekarar 1978 a matsayin Hukumar Kula da Kuɗi ta Lesotho. 

## Gwamnoni

* Kobeli Molemohi, 1979 - 1982
* Stefan Schönberg, Nuwamba 1982 - Nuwamba 1985  
* Erik Lennart Karlsson, Nuwamba 1985 - Yuni 1988 
* Anthony Mothae Maruping, Yuli 1988 - Mayu 1998 
* Stephen Mustapha Swaray, 1998 - 2001
* Motlatsi Matekane, 2001 - 2006
* Moeketsi Senaoana, 2007 - 2011
* Retselisitse Matlanyane, Janairu 2012 - Dec 2021
* Lehlomela Mohapi (mai aiki), Janairu 2022 - Mayu 2022
* Emmanuel Letete, Yuni 2022-present.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin manyan bankunan Afirka
* Tattalin Arzikin Lesotho
* Jerin manyan bankunan tsakiya

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Babban bankin Lesotho official site
Jerin Kamfanonin Ƙasar Kenya

Kenya kasa ce da ke gabashin *Afirka* kuma memba ce ta kungiyar kasashen gabashin Afirka (EAC). Babban birninta kuma mafi girma birni shine Nairobi. Babban birni, Nairobi, cibiyar kasuwanci ce ta yanki. Tattalin arzikin Kenya shine mafi girma ta GDP a Gabashi da Tsakiyar Afirka.   Noma babban ma'aikaci ne; A al'adance kasar na fitar da shayi da kofi kuma a baya-bayan nan ta fara fitar da sabbin furanni zuwa Turai. Har ila,yau, masana'antar sabis ita ce babbar hanyar tattalin arziki. Bugu da kari, Kenya mamba ce ta kungiyar hada-hadar kasuwanci ta yankin gabashin Afirka.

## Fitattun kamfanoni
Wannan jeri ya haɗa da fitattun kamfanoni masu babban hedikwata dake cikin ƙasar. Masana'antu da sashin suna bin tsarin Taxonomy na Rarraba Masana'antu. Ƙungiyoyin da suka daina aiki an haɗa su kuma an lura da su a matsayin sun lalace.

## Duba kuma

* Nairobi Securities Exchange
* Jerin kamfanoni da kungiyoyi da ke Nairobi

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Yanar Gizon Kasuwancin Nairobi
* Hukumar Kasuwan Jari, Kenya - kamfani na jiha da ke daidaita kasuwannin babban birnin Kenya, gami da kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Nairobi 
* KenInvest - kamfani na jiha, ƙungiyar cinikayyar zuba jari
* Tarihi da bayanin kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Nairobi daga MBendi
Orji Kalu

**Orji Kalu Okogbue** (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 1992) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan baya ga Mouloudia Oujda a Botola na Moroko .    

## Girmamawa

### Kulob

; Tirana

* Supercup na Albaniya : (1) 2017

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* 
*
Tattalin Arzikin Tarayyar Afirka

Jihohin **[[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]]** (AU) sun kasance kasa ta 11 mafi karfin tattalin arziki a duniya tare da jimlar kudaden shiga na gida (GDP) na dalar Amurka biliyan 2263  GDP ta hanyar siyan iko (PPP), tattalin arzikin Tarayyar Afirka ya kai dalar Amurka tiriliyan 1.515, inda ya kai matsayi na 11 bayan Rasha. A lokaci guda, suna da jimlar bashin dalar Amurka biliyan 2200.

AU tana da kashi 2% kacal na kasuwancin duniya. Amma saboda sama da kashi 90% na kasuwancin duniya sun kunshi makomar kudi, na Afirka a zahiri shine mafi yawan kayan masarufi da ake siyarwa a duk duniya don hada kusan kashi 70% na ma'adanai masu mahimmanci na duniya, gami da zinariya da aluminum . Afirka kuma babbar kasuwa ce ga masana'antun Turai, Amurka da China.

Manufofin kungiyar AU nan gaba sun hada da samar da yankin ciniki cikin 'yanci, kungiyar kwastam, kasuwa guda, babban bankin kasa, da kudin bai daya, ta yadda za a kafa kungiyar tattalin arziki da hada-hadar kudi . Shirin da kuma ake yi a yanzu shi ne a kafa kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka mai kudi guda ( afro ) nan da shekarar 2030. 

## Manazarta
Hukumar Tarayyar Afirka

**Hukumar Tarayyar Afirka** ( **AUC** ) tana aiki a matsayin reshe na zartarwa / gudanarwa ko sakatariyar Tarayyar Afirka (kuma tana da ɗan kwatankwacin Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ). Ya ƙunshi kwamishinoni da yawa waɗanda ke hulɗa da bangarori daban-daban na manufofi. Hedikwatar Tarayyar Afirka tana birnin Addis Ababa na kasar Habasha . Ya kamata a bambanta da Hukumar Haƙƙin Bil Adama da Jama'ar Afirka, (da ke Banjul, Gambia ), wacce ƙungiya ce ta daban da ke ba da rahoto ga Tarayyar Afirka.

## Tarihi
A ranar 13 ga Satumba, 2005 an cimma yarjejeniya da Hukumar da Faransa inda Faransa za ta ba da gudummawar Yuro miliyan 5 don ci gaban ayyukan Tarayyar Afirka. Wasu daga cikin tsare-tsaren da wannan kudi za su bi sun hada da manufofin sadarwa na Afirka da rundunar tsaro ta hadin gwiwa ta Afirka . Wanda ya sanya hannu a madadin Hukumar shine Bernard Zoba .

Hukumar Tarayyar Afirka ta zama wani bangare na dandalin tattaunawar hadin gwiwar Sin da Afirka (FOCAC) a shekarar 2012.  FOCAC ita ce babbar hanyar daidaita bangarori da dama tsakanin kasashen Afirka da kasar Sin. Tun bayan shiga FOCAC, Hukumar Tarayyar Afirka ta kara taka rawa wajen daidaitawa, ko da yake kowace kasa ta Afirka a FOCAC na ci gaba da wakilcin kanta a daidaikunsu.

## Mabuɗin membobin

* Moussa Faki shi ne Shugaban Hukumar, wanda ya maye gurbin Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma a cikin Janairu 2017.
* Thomas Kwesi Quartey shine mataimakin shugaba.
* Nedjat Kellaf ne ke jagorantar Darakta na Gudanar da Taro da Labarai
* Ramtane Lamamra ne ke shugabanta Directorate of Peace and Security
* Julia Dolly Joiner ne ke jagorantar Daraktan Harkokin Siyasa
* Daraktan samar da ababen more rayuwa da makamashi na karkashin jagorancin Elham Mahmood Ibrahim
* Hukumar kula da harkokin jin dadin jama'a na karkashin jagorancin Amira El Fadil
* Nagia Essayed ne ke jagorantar Darakta na Albarkatun Dan Adam, Kimiyya da Fasaha
* Babban wakilin kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka mai kula da ci gaban ababen more rayuwa shi ne Raila Odinga tun watan Oktoban 2018. Kafin wannan, Cibiyar Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ta kasance karkashin jagorancin Elisabeth Tankeu .
* Rosebud Kurwijila ne ke jagorantar hukumar kula da tattalin arzikin karkara da aikin gona
* Maxwell Mkwezalamba ne ke jagorantar Darakta na Harkokin Tattalin Arziki
* Ofishin mai ba da shawara kan shari'a yana ƙarƙashin Ben Kioko

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Gidan yanar gizon hukuma
Muhammad Bux Johar

anfani

**Muhammad Bux Johar** ( Sindhi ) yakasance ɗan jaridar Sindhi ne daga Hyderabad, Sindh, wanda kuma ya yi aiki a kafofin watsa labarai sama da, shekaru 45.   Ya yi aiki a matsayin editan Hilal Pakistan na Karachi, Pakistan da Daily Aftab na Sindh.  Hakanan ya yi aiki ga *Sindhi Digest* . 

Littattafansa sun yi ƙarfi sosai kan al'amuran Sindh har mutane suka manna su a bangon garinsu.  ’Yan uwansa kwararru a kungiyar Jarida ta Hyderabad sun yaba masa a matsayin mutum mai bin ka’ida,wanda bai taba yin ƙasa a gwiwa ba. 

Baya ga editocin labarai, ya kuma rubuta littattafai, gami da fassarar tatsuniyoyi na Girka.  Ya shiga cikin almarar Kimiyya kuma, a cikin Sindhi, yana rubuta *kafet mai tashi sama* ( Sindhi   ), *Sojojin tururuwa* ( Sindhi   ) da *Rampant Holidays* ( Sindhi   ). 

Johar ya yi ritaya daga aikin jarida a shekaru goma da suka gabata lokacin da aka rufe *Aftab* na Sindhi.  Ya mutu Yuni shekarar 2010 a Karachi . 

## Littattafai

* Karachi jaa ddeeha' aee' raatioo (Sindhi: ڪراچيءَ جا ڏينهن ۽ راتيون ), Kwanaki da Dare na Karachi  Wannan littafin ana gudanar da shi har zuwa duniya a matsayin taimako ga fahimtar al'adun Karachi. 
* Shahzado Gul Muniru: Asulu vado qisso, 1957. 
* Doh Aen Saza Jee Tareekh 
* Hebatnak Israr 

### Labarin Kimiyya

* **اڏام کٽولو** Flying Carpet (madadin fassarorin kwamfuta na taken: Cire Rufin, Cire jirgin), 1959, Madubi na Madina, Hyperbad 
* **اڏامندڙ ٿالهيون** Rampant Holiday (madadin fassarorin kwamfuta na take: Abubuwan Tafiya, Abubuwa masu ban mamaki), 1956. 

## Manazarta
Chiaquelane

**Chiaquelane,** ƙauye ne kuma sansanin mutanen da ambaliyar ruwa ta raba da muhallansu, kusan 30&nbsp;kilomita daga birnin Chókwè, lardin Gaza, a ƙasar Mozambique.

An ƙirƙiri kauyen ne bayan mummunar ambaliyar ruwa a shekarar 1977-1978. A lokacin, gwamnati ta samar wa mutanen da abin ya shafa filaye da filayen da za su jawo hankalinsu su zauna a wurare masu tsayi.” 

A cikin shekarar 2013, birnin Chókwè "ya lalace saboda ambaliyar kogin Limpopo. Yawancin mazaunanta mutum 70,000 sun tsere da duk abin da za su iya kamawa." Mutane da yawa sun kwashe zuwa Chiaquelane. Ya zuwa ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2013, kimanin mutane 56,000 ne ke zama a sansanin, daga cikin kusan mutane 150,000 da ambaliyar ruwan kogin Limpopo ta raba. 

A watan Janairun 2013, mawaƙa Stewart Sukuma, Jakada na alheri na ƙasa na UNICEF Mozambique, ya ziyarci waɗanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa a Chiaquelane.   

A tsakiyar watan Maris, 2013, ƙiyasi ya nuna cewa "babu fiye da iyalai 5,000 da ke zama na dindindin a sansanin Chiaquelane. Yawancin waɗanda suka rage mata ne da yara, an bar su a baya don tabbatar da matsuguni, abinci da kayayyaki yayin da mazan suka je Chókwè don tantance ɓarnar da aka yi da kuma shirya dawowa. " 

Gwamnatin Mozambique "ta ba da kuma bayar da filaye don sake tsugunar da iyalai da abin ya shafa. A cewar INGC, daga cikin jimillar filaye guda 8,790 da aka tsara, an keɓe filaye 1,940 tare da sake tsugunar da iyalai 926, ciki har da iyalai 403 a gundumar Chokwe.” 

Américo Ubisse, babban sakataren ƙungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta Mozambique ya yi tsokaci."Ya kamata mu ƙarfafi mutane a wannan yanki su sami gidaje biyu," in ji Ubisse - gidan dindindin a manyan wuraren da 'ya'yansu za su iya zuwa makaranta, da kuma gidan wucin gadi da za su zauna yayin da suke aiki a gonakinsu. "Akwai isasshen ƙasa a cikin manyan wuraren da za a yi wannan." 

## Manazarta
Dam ɗin Donaldson

**Dam ɗin Donaldson,** wani dam ne kusa da garin Bekkersdal (Afirka ta Kudu) tare da Wonderfonteinspruit. Ya ƙunshi tafkunan ruwa guda 2 - Tafkin Sama da Tafkin Ƙasa. Ruwan da ke cikinsa ya kuma ƙazantar da shi ta hanyar kwararar ruwan acid a saman Wonderfonteinspruit da najasa daga Bekkersdal na kusa. 

Duk da ingancin ruwan da madatsun ruwa ke zama sanannen wuraren kamun kifi a tsakanin masu kamun kifi na Carp, tafkin na sama na ɗaya daga cikin fitattun wuraren da aka fi sani da haɗin kai a Afirka ta Kudu.

## Samfuran Angling

### Tafkin Sama
Babban tafkin ana kiransa madadin tafkin Gold Syndicate na Afirka a tsakanin masu kama kifi kuma yana kan kadarori masu zaman kansu, ana buƙatar yin booking domin yin kamun kifi a wurin kuma membobin ƙungiyar su sami fifiko fiye da jama'a. An san dam ɗin da dodo irin kifi, ba sabon abu bane kama kifi kusan 25&nbsp;kg. Babban rikodin tabkuna shine 27.1&nbsp;kg a cikin 2016.

### Tafkin Kasa
Tafkin ƙasa ya kasance wurin hutu da aka taɓa yin farin jini, wanda ya shahara a tsakanin iyalai da ke neman ciyar da rana a ruwa, a yau an yi watsi da wuraren kuma sun lalace. Yanzu kuma gwamnati ce ke tafiyar da madatsar ruwa kuma ana kiyaye shi kuma ana kula da shi sosai.  Har ila yau, madatsar ruwa ta shahara tsakanin masu kau da kai da kuma na al'ada da masu bass anglers. Tafkin kasan gwamnati ce ke tafiyar da ita don haka a bude take ga kowa da kowa ba tare da fifita membobin kungiyar ba sabanin babban tafkin. Irin Carp na yau da kullun (Cyprinus carpio) da aka kama a madatsar sun haɗa da irin kifi na madubi, Carp na fata, carp fatalwa, irin kifi na Isra'ila da koi, sauran nau'ikan da ake samu a madatsar ruwa sun haɗa da Sharptooth Catfish (Clarias gariepinus), Moggel (Labeo umbratus), Mudfish River Orange ( Labeo capensis), Banded Tilapia (Tilapia sparrmanii), Kudancin Mouthbrooder (Pseudocrenilabrus philander), Threespot Barb (*Enteromius* trimaculatus), Straightfin Barb (*Enteromius* paludinosus), Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) da Western Mosquitofish (Gumbisaffin).

## Manazarta
Dam ɗin Rust de Winter

**Dam ɗin Rust de Winter,** dam ne da ke kan kogin Elands, Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu.

## Tarihi
An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1920 kuma yana da damar 28 miliyan m 3 a bayan bango na 31.&nbsp;m. Ana amfani da dam ɗin ne wajen ban ruwa na gonaki. Sunan ya samo asali ne daga lokacin da aka kawo shanu daga Highveld don kiwo a cikin lokacin hunturu. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu
* Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu

## Manazarta

## Masama

* Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa
* Ma'aikatar Harkokin Ruwa na jerin madatsun ruwa da ake da su, Oktoba 2011, sun ziyarci 10 Yuni 2013
Babban Bankin Afirka

**Babban bankin Afirka** ( **ACB** ) na ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin kuɗi biyar na asali da hukumomi na musamman na Tarayyar Afirka . A tsawon lokaci, za ta dauki nauyin asusun lamuni na Afirka .

Lokacin da aka gama aiwatar da shi gabaɗaya, ACB za ta kasance ita kaɗai ce mai fitar da kuɗin Afirka guda ɗaya (" Afro " ko " Ariq ") da/ko aiki tare da bankunan ajiyar yanki na Afirka, za ta zama ma'aikacin banki na Gwamnatin Afirka da/ko Za ta kasance ma'aikacin banki ga cibiyoyin banki masu zaman kansu da na jama'a na Afirka tare da manyan bankunan yankin Afirka, za ta tsara, tuntuɓar da kuma kula da masana'antar banki ta Afirka tare da masana'antar banki da ƙungiyoyin yanki, kuma za ta kafa sha'awa da musanya a hukumance. ƙimar da ƙila ko ƙila ba ta daidaita da bankunan tsakiya na yanki; duk tare da hadin gwiwar gwamnatin Afirka.

Kudin Afirka guda ɗaya zai ƙunshi raka'o'in kuɗaɗe waɗanda ke kunshe da raka'o'in kuɗaɗen babban bankin yanki waɗanda ke cikin ƙayyadaddun kuɗaɗe na ƙasa ( Ƙungiyar Larabawa Maghreb (AMU) - **Arewacin Afriq**, Ƙungiyar Ci gaban Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) - **Kudancin Afriq**, Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) - **Yammacin Afriq** ko ECO, Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afrika (EAC), **Gabashin Afriq** - Kasuwar Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) - **Afrika ta Tsakiya** da dai sauransu. ).

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*
*https://web.archive.org/web/20070828225900/http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/calestous_juma/2007/07/right_vision_wrong_strategy.html
*
*
*https://web.archive.org/web/20120609070731/http://www.edpsg.org/Documents/Dp14.doc
*
Dam ɗin Da Gama

**Dam ɗin Da Gama**, dam ne mai nau'in cikar ƙasa/na nauyi akan kogin Witwaters, kusa da White River, Mpumalanga, Afirka ta Kudu . An kafa shi a shekarar 1971 kuma babban manufarsa ita ce ban ruwa. An sanya yuwuwar haɗarinsa ya zama babba.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu
* Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu

## Manazarta

* Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa da Dazuka (Afrika ta Kudu)
Saad al Ghamidi

**Sa'ad al-Ghāmidī** ( ; An haife shi a shekarar 1967)  mahaddaci ne kuma limamin babban masallaci mai alfarma Masjid an-Nabawi. Al-Ghamdi ya zama limami ga al'ummar musulmi a faɗin duniya.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi al-Ghāmidi a Dammam, Saudi Arabia a shekara ta 1967. Ya haddace Al-Qur'ani mai girma gaba dayansa a shekarar 1990 lokacin yana ɗan shekara 22. Ya shahara a bangare *tajwidi*. Ya karanci bangaren shari'ar Musulunci (Islamic Studies) a Dammam,  musamman a mazhabar Shari'a, tushen dokokin addinin musulmi . A shekarar 2012 aka nada shi a matsayin Limamin Masallacin Yousef bin Ahmed Kanoo da ke birnin Dammam kafin nan ya jagoranci sallah a masallatai da dama na duniya ciki har da Amurka da Ingila da Ostiriya. 

A cikin Ramadan a shekarar 2009, Sheikh Sa'd al-Ghāmidi ya shugabanci sallar Tarāwīḥ a al-Masjid an-Nabawi (Madina's Holy site of Islam) na Madina.

## Duba kuma

* Saud Shuraim
* Abdulrahman Sudais
* Yasser Al-Dosari
* Abdullahi Awad Juhany
* Maher Al-Mu'aiqly

## Manazarta


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Karatun Qur'ani daga Saad Al-Ghamidi on Google Play (saurara kyauta da saukewa kyauta)
* http://muflihun.com/recitations/SaadalGhamdi  Archived  
* https://quranicaudio.com/section/2
Ka'idar Rijistar Shaida

Hukumar Kula da Lambobi na Intanet, (IANA) ta sanya TCP tashar jiragen ruwa 4604 bisa hukuma zuwa **ka'idar rajistar Identit,** (IRP) wanda Sixscape Communications, Pte. Ltd. IANA ce ta ba da aikin a ranar 17 ga Maris 2014, kuma an jera shi a cikin rajistar albarkatun IANA na hukuma.

Akwai ƙayyadaddun adadin lambobin tashar jiragen ruwa, waɗanda IANA ke ba su don ƙa'idodin da aka amince da su a matsayin masu yuwuwa, suna bin ƙa'idodin ƙirar ƙa'idar yanzu, kuma ba a riga an rufe su da ƙa'idodin Intanet na yanzu ba. Misali, an sanya tashar jiragen ruwa 25 zuwa ka'idar imel ta SMTP shekaru da yawa da suka gabata. &#x5D;Wannan yana kafa ma'auni kuma yana kawar da rikici tare da wasu ka'idoji. Binciken fasaha na IRP ya yi ta Lars Eggert, fitaccen shugabar Hukumar Bincike ta Intanet . 

Lawrence, E. Hughes, co-kirkira da CTO, na Sixscape Communications ne ya ƙirƙira IRP, don ba da damar aikace-aikacen yin rajistar sunansu, adireshin imel, ID ɗin mai amfani, adireshin IPv6 ɗin su na yanzu da sauran bayanan tare da uwar garken rajista na Domain,Identity Registry na kamfanin. IRP kuma tana goyan bayan duk ayyuka na Kayan aikin Maɓalli na Jama'a da ingantaccen rajistar adireshi. Sixscape's Domain Identity Registry al'amurran uwar garken kuma yana sarrafa X.509 takaddun shaida na abokin ciniki don tantancewa da amintaccen saƙo. Siffar rajistar adireshi tana ba da sabon tsarin haɗin kai, mai suna End2End Direct, wanda aikace-aikacen mai amfani za su iya haɗa kai tsaye da juna maimakon ta hanyar sabar tsaka-tsaki kamar yadda aka saba da aikace-aikacen gine-gine na Abokin ciniki/Server gama gari akan tsohon Intanet na IPv4.

IRP,yarjejeniya ce ta hanyar sadarwa mai yawo (tushen TCP, dangane da haɗin kai).  Ƙirar Abokin Ciniki/Server ne tare da ƙayyadaddun uwar garken da ayyukan abokin ciniki da aiwatarwa. An kiyaye shi tare da TLS v1.2 ta amfani da sabbin, mafi ƙarfi ciphersuites (misali Diffie Hellman Ephemeral don musayar maɓalli, AES256 don ɓoyayyen simmetric da SHA2/384 don narkar da saƙo). Yana yin uwar garken ga amincin abokin ciniki ta amfani da takardar shedar uwar garken X.509, kama da sabar yanar gizo ko sabar imel.  Kullum yana yin abokin ciniki zuwa amincin uwar garke tare da takaddun abokin ciniki na X.509 (yawanci ana samun ta ta IRP), tare da faɗuwa zuwa Sunan mai amfani/Gabatar da kalmar wucewa (UPA) idan an buƙata. Ana iya kashe UPA akan kowane mai amfani. Saƙonnin yarjejeniya na IRP cikakkun takaddun XML ne.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin lambobin tashar TCP da UDP

## manazarta


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje,

* IANA resource rejist
*
Jerin Jihohin Najeriya bisa yawan jama'a

Tebu,mai,zuwa yana gabatar da jerin jahohin Najeriya 36 da aka jera a jere bisa jimillar yawan jama'arsu bisa kididdigar kidayar jama'a,ta shekarar 2006,  da kuma, yawan al'ummarsu da aka yi hasashen, 2019, wadanda Hukumar,Kididdiga ta Kasa ta wallafa 

## manazarta
Bincike

**Exploratorium** gidan tarihi ne na kimiyya, fasaha, da fasaha a San Francisco, California . An kafa gidan tarihin ne ta hanyar masanin kimiyyar lissafi kuma malami Frank Oppenheimer a shekarar 1969, kuma asalin gidan tarihin yana cikin Fadar Fasaha ta Fine kuma an mayar da shi zuwa Piers 15 da 17 a bakin tekun San Francisco a shekarar 2013.

Gidan tarihin yana da fiye da nunin faifai 1,000 na mahalarta kuma an raba shi zuwa gidajen tarihi da dama, galibi an raba shi da abubuwan da ke ciki. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, Exploratorium ya faɗaɗa zuwa wasu fannoni kuma ya ƙarfafa hanyar sadarwa ta duniya ta gidajen tarihi masu halartar taron. 

## Tarihi

### Kafawa da shekarun farko

Frank Oppenheimer, masanin kimiyyar lissafi na gwaji kuma farfesa a jami'a ne ya ƙirƙiro ginin Exploratorium. Oppenheimer, wanda ya yi aiki a Manhattan Project tare da ɗan'uwansa J. Robert Oppenheimer, an karkatar da shi daga aikinsa na ilimi lokacin da aka tilasta masa yin murabus daga matsayinsa a Jami'ar Minnesota a shekarar 1949 sakamakon wani bincike da Kwamitin Ayyukan da Ba na Amurka ba na Majalisar Wakilai ya yi. An saka shi cikin jerin sunayen waɗanda ba sa cikin ma'aikatun ilimi a faɗin ƙasar kuma ya janye tare da iyalinsa don gudanar da gonar shanu ta Colorado na kusan shekaru goma.  

Oppenheimer ya kuma fara taimaka wa ɗaliban makarantar sakandare na gida da ayyukan kimiyya, daga ƙarshe ya zama malamin kimiyya kaɗai a makarantar sakandare da ke Pagosa Springs, Colorado . Tafiye-tafiyen filin wasa da gwaje-gwajen da ya yi da ɗaliban makarantar sakandare za su zama tsarin hanyoyin koyarwa da koyo na hannu da zai kawo daga baya zuwa Exploratorium.  

Lokacin da aka gayyaci Oppenheimer ya shiga sashen kimiyyar lissafi na Jami'ar Colorado a shekarar 1959, ya ga bai sha'awar binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje na gargajiya ba, kuma ya fi sha'awar bincika hanyoyin jawo sha'awa da bincike. Ya sami tallafi daga Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Kasa, wadda ya yi amfani da ita wajen gina samfuran gwaje-gwajen kimiyya kusan ɗari.  Wannan "Laburaren Gwaje-gwaje" zai zama ginshiƙin tarin baje kolin Exploratorium kuma shine farkon *Littafin Girke-girke na Exploratorium*, littafin da ke bayanin yadda ake gina waɗannan baje kolin kimiyya na asali. 

Da yake ya gamsu da buƙatar gidajen tarihi na gwamnati don ƙara wa manhajojin kimiyya a kowane mataki, ya zagaya Turai kuma ya yi nazarin gidajen tarihi a kan wani shiri na Guggenheim Fellowship a shekarar 1965. Gidajen tarihi guda uku na Turai, waɗanda aka gani a wannan shekarar, sun yi tasiri mai mahimmanci kan kafa Exploratorium: Palais de la Découverte, wanda ya nuna samfuran koyar da ra'ayoyin kimiyya kuma ya ɗauki ɗalibai aiki a matsayin masu zanga-zanga, wani aiki da ya zaburar da Shirin Bayanin Makaranta na Makarantar Sakandare na Exploratorium wanda aka yaba sosai; Gidan Tarihi na Kimiyya da Fasaha na Kudancin Kensington, wanda Oppenheimer da matarsa suke ziyarta akai-akai; da Gidan Tarihi na Deutsches da ke Munich, gidan tarihi na kimiyya mafi girma a duniya, wanda ke da nunin faifai masu hulɗa da yawa waɗanda suka burge Oppenheimers.

## Manazarta
Jerin wuraren cin kasuwa a Afirka ta Kudu

Wannan **jerin sanannun cibiyoyin siyayya ne a Afirka ta Kudu** tare da manufar haɗa duk (kuma kawai) cibiyoyin siyayya tare da aƙalla shagunan anka guda biyu kamar manyan kantuna, manyan kantuna, manyan kantuna, ko multicinemas, ko kuma waɗanda aka sani.

GLA = Babban yanki na haya. Sunayen yanki na tsakiya (misali Pretoria, Bloemfontein, Durban) an ambaci su a cikin taken sashe kawai don dacewa da masu karatu na duniya waɗanda ƙila ba su saba da sunayen Manyan Birane ba (misali. Tshwane, Mangaung, eThekwini).￼

## Arewa maso Yamma

## Gabashin Cape

### Birnin Buffalo inc. Gabashin London

### Nelson Mandela Bay inc. Port Elizabeth

### Sarah Baartman Region

### Transkei

## Western Cape

### Birnin Cape Town

### Cape Winelands

### Hanyar Lambu

## Gauteng

### Gabashin Rand

### Johannesburg

### Birnin Tshwane incl. Pretoria

### West Rand

## Mpumalanga

## Jiha Kyauta

### Mangaung incl. Bloemfontein

## Limpopo

### Polokwane

### Mopane

## Arewacin Cape

## Kwa-Zulu Natal

### eThekwini incl. Durban

### Midlands

### Newcastle

### Pietermaritzburg

### Kudancin KwaZulu Natal

## Nassoshi

* jerin kantunan kantuna a cikin birni , gidan yanar gizon gundumar Johannesburg
* Cikakkun jerin manyan kantuna a Afirka ta Kudu, tare da mall da bayanai masu dacewa
Tsibirin Picard

**Tsibirin Picard** (kuma aka sani da **West Island** ) tsibiri ne a cikin Seychelles . Shi ne tsibiri na uku mafi girma na Aldabra Atoll a cikin rukunin tsibirin Aldabra, mai tazarar kilomita 1150 kudu maso yammacin babban birnin kasar, Victoria . Tsibirin ya ƙunshi yanki na 9.29&nbsp;km2 .

Wannan tsibiri ya zama gefen arewa maso yamma na Aldabra atoll. An raba shi da tsibirin Grand Terre (Kudu) a kudu ta hanyar tashar Passe Femme, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙananan tsibirai da yawa, kuma daga tsibirin Polymnieli a yamma ta Grand Passe . Wurin zama kawai na atoll shine tushen kimiyya (La Gigi) akan tsibirin Picard, wanda masana kimiyya 12 ke mamayewa na dindindin.

## Duba kuma
 

* Jerin fitilun fitilu a Seychelles

## Gallery

File:Aldabra islands seychelles-fr.svg| Taswira 4
File:Seychelles outer islands 25.08.2009 10-20-09.jpg|Duban iska na Aldabra


## Nassoshi
Jerin Kamfanonin Ƙasar Laberiya

Laberiya kasa ce da ke gabar da tekun yammacin Afirka. Laberiya na nufin "Ƙasar 'Yanci" a harshen Latin.  Babban Bankin Laberiya ne ke da alhakin bugawa da kuma kula da dalar Laberiya, wanda shine ainihin nau'in kuɗi a Laberiya. Laberiya na daya daga cikin kasashen da suka fi talauci a duniya, inda ake samun aikin yi a hukumance da kashi 15%.  GDP na kowane mutum ya kai kololuwa a cikin shekarar 1980 akan dalar Amurka 496, lokacin da ya yi daidai da na Masar (a lokacin).  A shekarar 2011, yawan GDP na kasar ya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 1.154, yayin da adadin GDP na kowane mutum ya kai dalar Amurka 297, na uku mafi karanci a duniya.  A tarihance tattalin arzikin kasar Laberiya ya dogara kacokan kan taimakon kasashen waje da zuba jari kai tsaye da kuma fitar da albarkatun kasa kamar tama da tama da roba da katako zuwa ketare. 

## Fitattun kamfanoni
Wannan jeri ya haɗa da fitattun kamfanoni masu babban hedikwata dake cikin ƙasar. Masana'antu da sashin suna bin tsarin Taxonomy na Rarraba Masana'antu. Ƙungiyoyin da suka daina aiki an haɗa su kuma an lura da su a matsayin sun lalace.

## Duba kuma

* Kamfanonin Laberiya

## Manazarta
Volcano mai aiki

**Dutsen mai aman wuta mai ƙarfi,** shine dutsen mai fitad da wuta wanda ko dai yana fashewa ko kuma zai iya tashi nan gaba. Dutsen, dutse mai ƙarfi wanda ba ya fashewa a halin yanzu ana sani da dutsen mai aman wuta .

## bincike
Tlocene Epoch.  Yawancin tsaunuka suna kan Ring na wuta pacific .  Kimanin mutane miliyan 500 ne ke zaune a kusa da tsaunuka masu aman wuta. 

*Lokaci na tarihi* (ko tarihin da aka yi rikodi)wani lokaci ne don *aiki* .   Koyaya, tsawon tarihin da aka rubuta ya bambanta daga yanki zuwa yanki. A China da Bahar Rum, ya kai kusan shekaru 3,000, amma a yankin Pacific Northwest na Amurka da Kanada, ya koma baya kasa da shekaru 300, kuma a Hawaii da New Zealand kusan shekaru 200 ne kawai.  *Tsarin aikin da bai cika ba na duniya na duniya*, da aka buga a cikin sassan tsakanin 1951 da 1975 da ƙungiyar ƙasa da wutar lantarki, wacce akwai fiye da 500 masu aiki masu aiki.     , Shirin Dutsen Dutsen Duniya na Smithsonian ya gane tsaunuka 560 tare da tabbatar da fashewar tarihi. 

Tun daga shekara ta  2013, ana ɗaukar waɗannan a matsayin manyan tuddai masu ƙarfi a duniya: 

* Kīlauea, sanannen dutsen mai aman wuta na Hawaii, yana kusan ci gaba, fashewar fashewa (wanda lava ke gudana a ƙasa) tsakanin 1983 zuwa 2018, kuma yana da tafkin lava mafi dadewa .
* Dutsen Etna yana kusa da Stromboli, dutsen tsaunuka biyu na Bahar Rum a cikin "kusan ci gaba da fashewa"  tun zamanin da . 
* Piton de la Fournaise, a cikin Réunion, yana fashewa akai-akai don zama abin jan hankali.

a shekara ta 2010 baban abun da ke ta fiya babu tabacen zai cigaba shene aman wuta:

* Dutsen Yasur, shekara 111
* Dutsen Etna, shekaru 110
* Stromboli, shekaru 108
* Santa Maria, shekaru 101
* Sangay, shekara 94

## Manazarta
Jerin Kamfanonin Ƙasar Libya

Libya kasa ce da ke yankin Maghreb na Arewacin Afirka, tana iyaka da tekun Mediterrenean daga arewa, Masar a gabas, Sudan a kudu maso gabas, Chadi da Nijar a kudu, da Aljeriya da Tunisia a yamma. Tattalin arzikin Libya ya dogara da farko kan kudaden shiga daga bangaren mai, wanda ke da kashi tamanin 80% na GDP da kashi 97% na abubuwan da ake fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje.  Libya tana da mafi girman arzikin man fetur da aka tabbatar a Afirka kuma tana da muhimmiyar gudummawa ga samar da haske, danyen mai zaki a duniya.  Baya ga man fetur, sauran albarkatun kasa sune iskar gas da gypsum. 

## Fitattun kamfanoni
Wannan jeri ya haɗa da fitattun kamfanoni masu babban hedikwata dake cikin ƙasar. Masana'antu da sashin suna bin tsarin Taxonomy na Rarraba Masana'antu. Ƙungiyoyin da suka daina aiki an haɗa su kuma an lura da su a matsayin sun lalace.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin kamfanonin jiragen sama na Libya
* Jerin bankuna a Libya

## Manazarta
Jerin Kamfanonin Ƙasar Madagascar

Madagascar ƙasa ce mai tsibiri a cikin Tekun Indiya, kusa da gabar tekun Kudu maso Gabashin Afirka. Madagaskar na cikin rukunin kasashe mafi karancin ci gaba a cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.  Kiwon shakatawa da noma, haɗe tare da manyan saka hannun jari a fannin ilimi, kiwon lafiya, da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, sune muhimman abubuwan dabarun ci gaban Madagascar. A karkashin Marc Ravalomanana, waɗannan jarin sun samar da ci gaban tattalin arziki mai yawa, amma fa'idodin basu  bazu a ko'ina cikin jama'a ba, ya haifar da tashin hankali game da hauhawar tsadar rayuwa da raguwar yanayin rayuwa a tsakanin talakawa da wasu sassa na matsakaicin matsakaici. A shekarar 2017, tattalin arziƙin ya raunana ta rikicin siyasa na shekarun 2009-2013, kuma ingancin rayuwa ya kasance ƙasa da ƙasa ga yawancin al'ummar Malagasy.

## Fitattun kamfanoni
Wannan jeri ya haɗa da fitattun kamfanoni masu babban hedikwata dake cikin ƙasar. Masana'antu da sashin suna bin tsarin Taxonomy na Rarraba Masana'antu. Ƙungiyoyin da suka daina aiki an haɗa su kuma an lura da su a matsayin sun lalace.

## Manazarta
Asalin jinsi

**Gane jinsi shi ne** ma'anar jinsin mutum.Halin jinsi na iya daidaitawa da jima'i da aka ba mutum ko yana iya bambanta da ita. A yawancin mutane, nau'ikan abubuwan da suka shafi ilimin halitta na jima'i sun yi daidai, kuma sun yi daidai da ainihin jinsin mutum. Maganar jinsi yawanci tana nuna ainihin jinsin mutum, amma wannan ba koyaushe haka yake ba. Yayin da mutum zai iya bayyana ɗabi'a, halaye, da bayyanar da suka yi daidai da wani matsayi na jinsi, irin wannan furci bazai zama dole ya nuna ainihin jinsin su ba. Kalmar *shaidar jinsi* ta fito ne daga farfesa a fannin tabin hankali *Robert J. Stoller* a 1964 kuma masanin ilimin halin ɗan Adam John Money ya shahara.   

A cikin mafi yawan al'ummomi, akwai rarrabuwa na asali tsakanin halayen jinsi da aka ba maza da mata, jinsin jinsi wanda yawancin mutane suka bi kuma ya haɗa da tsammanin namiji da mace a kowane bangare na jima'i da jinsi : jima'i na halitta, jinsin jinsi., da kuma bayanin jinsi.  Wasu mutane ba sa sanin wasu, ko duka, na bangarorin jinsi da aka ba su ga jinsin halittarsu;  wasu daga cikin waɗancan mutanen transgender ne, ba binary, ko jinsi . Wasu al'ummomi suna da nau'ikan jinsi na uku .

Littafin 2012 *Gabatarwa zuwa Kimiyyar Halayyar Kimiyya a Magunguna* ya ce ban da ban, "Bayyanawar jinsi na tasowa da sauri cikin sauri a farkon shekarun yara, kuma a mafi yawan lokuta yana bayyana ya zama aƙalla wani ɓangare na 3 ko 4."   Ƙungiyar Endocrine ta ce "Babban shaidar kimiyya ta fito da ke nuna wani abu mai ɗorewa da ke tattare da asalin jinsi. Mutane na iya yin zaɓi saboda wasu dalilai a rayuwarsu, amma da alama ba a sami wasu ƙarfi na waje waɗanda ke haifar da ainihin canjin jinsi ba."  .

Masu mahimmanci suna jayayya cewa an ƙayyade ainihin jinsi a lokacin haihuwa ta hanyar ilimin halitta da kwayoyin halitta, yayin da masu ginin zamantakewa suna jayayya cewa jinsin jinsi da kuma yadda aka bayyana shi an gina su ta hanyar zamantakewa, maimakon haka an ƙaddara ta hanyar al'adu da zamantakewa. Waɗannan mukamai ba su bambanta da juna ba, saboda ana iya bayyana asalin jinsi na asali ta hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin al'adu daban-daban.

## Manazarta
Jerin Kamfanonin Ƙasar Mali

Mali kasa ce a yammacin Afirka. Tattalin arzikin kasar ya ta'allaka ne kan noma da kamun kifi. Wasu daga cikin fitattun albarkatun kasa na kasar Mali sun hada da zinari, kasancewar sa na uku a fannin samar da zinari a nahiyar Afrika,  da gishiri. Kusan rabin yawan jama'a suna rayuwa ƙasa da layin talauci na duniya (International poverty line) na dala 1.25 (US) a rana. 

## Fitattun kamfanoni
Wannan jeri ya haɗa da fitattun kamfanoni masu babban hedikwata dake cikin ƙasar. Masana'antu da sashe suna bin tsarin Rarraba Masana'antu. Ƙungiyoyin da suka daina aiki an haɗa su kuma ana lura da su a matsayin sun lalace.

## Duba kuma

* Tattalin arzikin Mali

## Manazarta
Jerin Kamfanonin Ƙasar Mauritania

Mauritaniya, a hukumance Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Mauritaniya, kasa ce da ke yammacin Afirka ta Arewa.  Duk da cewa tana da arzikin albarkatun ƙasa, Mauritania tana ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarancin ƙimar GDP a Afirka. Mafi yawan al’ummar kasar har yanzu sun dogara ne da noma da kiwo domin rayuwa, duk da cewa yawancin makiyaya da manoma da dama sun tilastawa shiga garuruwan sakamakon fari da aka samu a shekarun 1970 da 1980. Mauritania tana da ma'adinan ƙarfe mai yawa, wanda ke kusan kusan kashi 50% na jimillar abubuwan da ake fitarwa. Tare da hauhawar farashin karafa a halin yanzu, kamfanonin hakar gwal da tagulla sun buɗe ma'adinai a cikin gida.

## Fitattun kamfanoni
Wannan jeri ya haɗa da fitattun kamfanoni masu babban hedikwata dake cikin ƙasar. Masana'antu da sashin suna bin tsarin Taxonomy na Rarraba Masana'antu. Ƙungiyoyin da suka daina aiki an haɗa su kuma ana lura da su a matsayin sun lalace.

## Duba kuma

* Tattalin Arzikin Mauritania
* Jerin bankuna a Mauritania
* Jerin kamfanonin jiragen sama na Mauritania

## Manazarta
Jerin Kamfanonin Ƙasar Malawi

Malawi,a hukumance Jamhuriyar Malawi, kasa ce marar landlocked a kudu maso gabashin Afirka wacce a da ake kira Nyasaland. Malawi na daga cikin kasashen da ba su da ci gaba a duniya da kuma mafi yawan jama'a. Kusan kashi 85% na yawan jama'ar ta suna zaune a yankunan karkara. Tattalin arzikinta ya dogara ne akan noma, kuma kashi 41% na GDP da kashi 90% na kudaden shiga na fitar da kayayyaki na zuwa daga wannan. A shekara ta 2006, a matsayin mayar da martani ga rashin girbin noma, ta hanyar wani yunƙuri na Marigayi Shugaba Bingu Mutharika, masanin tattalin arziki a fannin tattalin arziki, ya fara wani shiri na tallafin taki, wanda aka tsara don sake ƙarfafa ƙasa da haɓaka noman amfanin gona. An ba da rahoton cewa, wannan shiri da shugaban kasar ke jagoranta, yana inganta aikin gona na Malawi matuka, da kuma sa Malawi ta zama mai fitar da abinci zuwa kasashen da ke kusa.  Korafe-korafen tattalin arziki duk da haka sun yi kasa a gwiwa yayin wa'adi na biyu na Mutharikas. Korafe-korafe na tattalin arziki ya kasance abin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar tattalin arziki a Malawi a cikin shekarar 2011 a watan Yuli.

## Fitattun kamfanoni
Wannan jeri ya haɗa da fitattun kamfanoni masu babban hedikwata dake cikin ƙasar. Masana'antu da sashe suna bin tsarin Rarraba Masana'antu. Ƙungiyoyin da suka daina aiki an haɗa su kuma an lura da su a matsayin sun lalace.

## Duba kuma

* Tattalin Arzikin Malawi

## Manazarta
Jerin Kamfanonin Ƙasar Mauritius

Mauritius kasa ce mai tsibiri a Tekun Indiya kimanin  daga gabar tekun kudu maso gabas na nahiyar Afirka. Tun bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1968, Mauritius ta samu ci gaba daga kasa mai karancin kudi, tattalin arzikinta da ya dogara da noma zuwa matsakaicin matsakaiciyar tattalin arziki. Tattalin arzikinta ya dogara ne akan yawon shakatawa, masaku, sukari, da sabis na kuɗi. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, fasahar sadarwa da sadarwa, abincin teku, karimci da haɓaka kaddarori, kiwon lafiya, makamashi mai sabuntawa, da ilimi da horarwa sun zama muhimman sassa, wanda ke jawo jari mai yawa daga masu zuba jari na gida da na waje. 

## Fitattun kamfanoni
Wannan jeri ya haɗa da fitattun kamfanoni masu babban hedikwata dake cikin ƙasar. Masana'antu da sashin suna bin tsarin Taxonomy na Rarraba Masana'antu. Ƙungiyoyin da suka daina aiki an haɗa su kuma ana lura da su a matsayin sun lalace.

## Manazarta