Michael E. Krauss

**Michael E. Krauss** (15 ga Agusta, 1934 - 11 ga Agusta),  masanin harshe ne na Amurka, farfesa emeritus, wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban dogon lokaci na Cibiyar Harshen Ƙasar Alaska . An sanya masa suna a cikin Tarihin Harshen Alaska.

Krauss an san shi da farko kuma mafi mahimmanci a matsayin masanin ilimin Athabaskanist da Eyak, yaren da ya ƙare a watan Janairun 2008. Koyaya, ya yi aiki a kan dukkan harsuna 20 na Alaska, 18 daga cikinsu na cikin iyalan yaren Na-Dené da Eskimo-Aleut.

A duk lokacin da yake aiki, kuma musamman tare da jawabinsa na 1991 ga Linguistic Society of America, Krauss ya mayar da hankali ga wayar da kan jama'a game da matsalar duniya ta harsuna masu haɗari. Ya yi aiki don karfafa rubuce-rubuce da sake farfado da Harsunan da ke cikin haɗari a duk faɗin duniya.

Krauss ya shiga bangaren koyarwa na Jami'ar Alaska Fairbanks a cikin 1960 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan Cibiyar Harshen Ƙasar Alaska daga farkonta a cikin 1972 har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a watan Yunin 2000. Ya ci gaba da aiki a kokarin yin rubuce-rubuce game da harsunan asalin Alaska kuma ya karfafa wayar da kan jama'a game da matsalar harsunan da ke cikin haɗari.

## Ilimi
Krauss ya sami B.A. daga Jami'ar Chicago (1953); MA daga Jami'an Columbia, (1955); Certificat d'Etudes supérieures daga Jami'a ta Paris (1956); da Ph.D. a Linguistics da Celtic daga Jami'war Harvard (1959). An kira rubutunsa "Studies in Irish Gaelic Phonology & Orthography".

## Nazarin harshe na Athabaskan
Bayan kammala karatun kan harsunan Gaelic Krauss ya isa Alaska a 1960 don koyar da Faransanci a Jami'ar Alaska. Amma Krauss ya san kuma yana da sha'awar yarukan asalin Alaska kafin zuwansa. A zahiri, yayin da yake kan hanyarsa zuwa Alaska ya ziyarci Harry Hoijer, babban masanin harsunan Athabaskan a lokacin. Da ya isa Alaska nan da nan ya fahimci mummunan halin da ake ciki na yarukan asalin Alaska kuma da sauri ya mayar da hankalinsa ga rubuce-rubuce na waɗannan yarukan, yana mai da hankali da farko akan harshen (Lower) Tanana. Wannan ya zama abin mamaki ga malaman ilimin harshe na Athabaskan, kamar yadda Lower Tanana ya nuna rabuwa a cikin jerin Proto-Athabaskan *ts- wanda ba a tabbatar da shi a cikin bayanan Hoijer ba. Kodayake nan da nan Krauss ya sanar da wannan sabon bayani ga Hoijer, ba a haɗa shi cikin babban littafin Athabaskan na Hoijer ba, wanda aka buga a 1963. Bayanan Minto sun bayyana a cikin jerin labaran IJAL na Krauss a tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1960, amma wani lokaci ne kafin wanzuwar ƙarin jerin labaran Proto-Athabaskan ya zama sananne.

## Eyak
Babban gudummawar Krauss ga takardun harshe shine aikinsa a kan Eyak, wanda ya fara a 1961.  Eyak ya riga ya kasance mafi haɗari daga cikin yarukan Alaska, kuma ana iya ɗaukar aikin Krauss a matsayin ilimin harshe na ceto a yau. Duk da yake wasu bayanan Eyak sun kasance a baya, malaman da suka gabata sun yi watsi da su, gami da Edward Sapir. Koyaya, Eyak ya tabbatar da kasancewa muhimmiyar hanyar da ta ɓace don ilimin harshe na tarihi, yana da alaƙa da makwabcin Ahtna da Navajo mai nisa. Tare da kyakkyawan bayanan Eyak ya zama mai yiwuwa a tabbatar da wanzuwar dangin yaren Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit, kodayake shaidar phonological don alaƙa da Haida ta kasance mai rikitarwa. Bugu da ƙari, tsarin gyare-gyaren wasula da ke cikin Eyak ya yi wahayi zuwa ga ka'idar Krauss na Athabaskan tonogenesis, inda sautin ya bunkasa daga ƙuntatawar wasula.

## Harsunan da ke cikin haɗari
Michael Krauss' lacca a taron Linguistic Society of America a watan Janairun 1991 ana yawan ambaton shi a matsayin canji wanda ya sake mayar da hankali ga fannin ilimin harshe akan takardu kuma ya yi wahayi zuwa ga tsarin kokarin duniya don yin rikodin bambancin harsuna na duniya. A cikin lacca, mai taken "Harsunan duniya a cikin rikici," Dokta Krauss ya yi gargadi da kyau: 

## manazarta