open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Block (Brack)

Zane ne na ***The Block*** wanda wani mai zane na Australiya John Brack ya yi a shekarar 1954. Zane-zanen sun nuna cikin shagon mahauta babu kowa a ciki, gami da ginin mahauta mai suna iri ɗaya. Yana ɗaya daga cikin jerin zane-zane — ciki har da *The Aski's Shop* (1952), *The Fish Shop* (1955) da *Men's Wear* (1955) — na ƙananan kasuwancin manyan tituna . 

Ayyukan Brack, ciki har da *The Block*, galibi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin barkwanci na shekarun 1950 da 60 na Ostiraliya. Duk da haka, Helen Maudsley (matar Brack) ta yi iƙirarin cewa Brack ya yi niyyar aikin ya zama sharhi kan kisan kiyashin Holocaust. 

An fara nuna zanen a watan Fabrairun 1954 a gidan adana kayan tarihi na Peter Bray da ke Melbourne. Kanar Aubrey Gibson, wanda daga baya ya zama amintaccen gidan adana kayan tarihi na Victoria (NGV) ne ya saya shi. An nuna shi a NGV a shekarar 1969 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin Aubrey Gibson. Daga baya an haɗa shi a cikin nunin John Brack guda biyu da aka yi a baya — a NGV a shekarar 1987 da kuma a gidan adana kayan tarihi na ƙasar Ostiraliya da ke Canberra a shekarar 1999.[1]

## Manazarta
Zuwa Kudu

Zane ne ***na Coming South*** wanda wani mai zane ɗan ƙasar Australiya Tom Roberts ya yi a shekarar 1886. Zane-zanen sun nuna bakin haure da ke zuwa Ostiraliya daga Turai a cikin jirgin ruwa mai tururi. Roberts ya dogara da zanen ne bisa zane-zanen da ya yi lokacin da ya dawo Ostiraliya a cikin jirgin ruwan *SS Lusitania* a shekarar 1885 bayan shekaru huɗu a ƙasashen waje a Turai.

Masanin tarihi Humphrey McQueen ya bayyana Coming South a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin zane-zane bakwai da Roberts ya fi shahara.[1] Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Victoria ya bayyana shi a matsayin "hoton da ya dace na ƙwarewar ƙaura" da kuma "binciken Roberts na farko na ɗaya daga cikin manyan jigogi na rayuwar Australiya".[2]

## Manazarta
Collins St., 5 na yamma

***Collins St., ƙarfe 5 na yamma*** zane ne na 1955 wanda mai zane na Australiya John Brack ya zana. Zanen ya nuna ma'aikatan ofis suna tafiya a kan titin Collins mai cike da jama'a a Melbourne bayan sun gama aikin yini — "Ma'aikatan ofis masu fuska marasa komai suna sauri suna tafiya kamar masu yawo a cikin barci, suna tunanin mashaya ko gidajensu kawai a cikin unguwannin birni". Brack ya tsara aikin ne bayan ya karanta waƙar TS Eliot ta 1922 mai suna *The Waste Land*. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin Brack na farko mai suna *The Bar*. 

An sayi zanen daga Peter Bray Gallery don tarin zane-zane na dindindin na Australiya na National Gallery of Victoria kuma an nuna shi a Cibiyar Ian Potter da ke Federation Square a Melbourne.

A shekarar 2011, an zaɓi *Collins St., da ƙarfe 5 na yamma* a matsayin aikin da ya fi shahara a cikin tarin National Gallery of Victoria. 

## Manazarta
Gidan shakatawa na Velasquez

**Gidan Tarihi na Velasquez,** wanda aka fi sani da Velasquez Gallery a Tye's, sannan daga baya Tye's Art Gallery, wani gidan tarihi ne na Melbourne wanda ke nuna fasahar zamani ta Australiya, da ta zamani, ciki har da wasu sassaka da zane-zane, da kuma fasahar asalin ƙasar Australiya. Ya fara aiki daga 1940 zuwa 1955. 

## Tarihi
Gidan Tarihi na Velasquez, wanda ke cikin ginshiki a bayan ginin Tye's Furniture Building, 100 Bourke Street, Melbourne,[1] yana ɗaya daga cikin wurare kaɗan da aka baje kolinsu a shekarun 1940 a Melbourne.[2] An buɗe gidan tarihin a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a ranar 4 ga Yuni 1940 tare da baje kolin ayyukan da mai goyon bayan Tonalism na Australiya, Max Meldrum, da kuma "ganyen kaka daga lambun Mr. Tye's Macedon suka yi wa gidan tarihin ado".[3] [4] [5] Lokacin An fara buɗe shi a watan Yunin 1940, [6] The Age ya bayyana kayan aikinsa;

## Ethos
Manaja ita ce mai zane/mai buga littattafai, mai suka, mai watsa shirye-shirye kuma malami Stephanie Taylor (1899–1974),   kuma darakta, mai tattara fasaha kuma ƙwararre  George Page-Cooper (c.1895-1967).  Gidan adana kayan tarihi ya nuna fasahar gargajiya ta zamani, sannan daga baya, fasahar zamani ta Ostiraliya, gami da wasu sassaka da zane-zane, da kuma fasahar asali. A shekarar 1948, an nuna zane-zane ashirin da bakwai na jerin fina-finan Kelly na Sidney Nolan a Velasquez Gallery a karon farko. A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Taylor, an bai wa mata masu fasaha damar samun bayanai mafi kyau fiye da sauran gidajen tarihi,  kuma ta shirya wasu shirye-shirye don tara kuɗi ga ƙungiyoyin agaji. Rahoton Satumba 1943 a cikin *The Bulletin* ya nuna kyakkyawan fata ga Modernism;

## Rufewa
Page-Cooper ya ci gaba a shekarar 1952 da niyyar da ba a cimma ba ta kafa wani gidan tarihi a birnin  kafin a rufe gidan tarihi na Velasquez a farkon shekarar 1955.  Taylor ya rubuta wa jaridar *The Age* :

## Manazarta
Dunstanburgh Castle (zane-zane)

***Gidan Dunstanburgh*** wani zane ne na shimfidar wuri wanda mai zane ɗan Birtaniya JMW Turner ya yi a shekarar 1798.Yana da ra'ayin Gidan Dunstanburgh da ke bakin tekun Northumberland a Arewacin Ingila da fitowar rana bayan wata guguwa mai ƙarfi.

Turner ya zagaya yankin yana zana manyan wurare a yankin.[1] An nuna zanen a bikin baje kolin Royal Academy na 1798 a Somerset House da ke Landan, tare da wasu layuka daga waƙar James Thomson mai suna The Seasons.[2] Shi ne zanen mai na farko da ya sayar a bikin baje kolin bazara na Academy. A yau yana cikin tarin gidan adana kayan tarihi na Victoria da ke Melbourne, wanda Duke na Westminster ya saya a 1888 ta hanyar kyauta.

## Manazarta
Kungiyar mata ta New Zealand a Australia a 2007

Ƙungiyar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta New Zealand ta ziyarci Australia a watan Yulin 2007. Sun fara buga wa Australia wasa a daya Twenty20 International, wanda Australia ta lashe ta hanyar gudu daya.Daga nan sai bangarorin biyu suka buga wasanni biyar na One Day Internationals, wadanda za su fafata da Rose Bowl. Ostiraliya ta lashe jerin 3-2 . 

## Ƙungiyoyin

## WT20I kawai

## Jerin WODI

### ODI na farko

## Manazarta
Dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa (Nolan)

***Ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa*** zane ne na 1946 wanda wani mai zane na ƙasar Australiya Sidney Nolan ya zana. Yana nuna ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar Australiya yana tsaye a gaban taron jama'a a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. Shekaru da yawa ana ɗaukar hoton a matsayin hoton ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa, duk da haka daga baya Nolan ya bayyana cewa zanen ya dogara ne da Bill Mohr, fitaccen ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na St Kilda a shekarun 1930.

A shekara ta 2002, National Gallery of Victoria ta sayi zanen, kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan da aka fi shahara a gallery. A cewar ɗan jarida Geoff McClure, *ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa* "yana da mahimmanci na musamman domin, tare da Drysdale 's *The Cricketers*, yana wakiltar kusan dukkan ayyukan da suka shafi wasanni da masters ɗinmu suka taɓa yi." 

## Bayani

An haife shi a unguwar Carlton ta tsakiyar Melbourne a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 1917, Nolan ya girma a bakin teku St Kilda, babban wurin shakatawa na Melbourne. Yarintarsa ta yi wasa a Luna Park da kewaye da St Kilda Pier da kuma rairayin bakin teku masu kusa, magudanar ruwa da kuma wuraren wanka na teku; tunanin wannan lokacin ya taka rawa mai ban sha'awa a cikin hotunan zane-zanen farko na Nolan, gami da jerin wasannin Bathers wanda ya fara a 1942. Nolan kuma yana da sha'awar wasanni da yawa yayin da yake girma, musamman ninkaya, kekuna, wasan kurket da kuma ƙwallon ƙafa na Australiya. Ya kan yi tafiye-tafiyen ƙarshen mako zuwa filin wasa na St Kilda Cricket Ground don barrack ga ƙungiyarsa, St Kilda Football Club.[1]

A tsakiyar shekarun 1940, lokacin da Nolan ke zana zane-zanen tunawa da St Kilda da jarumai kamar bushranger Ned Kelly, ya yanke shawarar zana *Footballer*, wani "hoton jarumin wasanni". An zana aikin a ɗakin cin abinci da ke Heide, gidan masu zane-zane John da Sunday Reed a Templestowe, a ranar 24 ga Agusta 1946. A cikin littafinsa, Nolan ya rubuta: "Na gama zane-zanen ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na yau da safe kuma na kira Jim [mai lambu a Heide] don ya duba shi. Ya ce ya yi kama da gaske, kamar kuna wurin, don haka aƙalla ya wuce gaban ƙwararren masani."  Ranar kammala shi ta faɗi ne a tsakiyar jerin ayyukan farko na Nolan guda 27 na Ned Kelly, duk banda ɗaya da aka zana a ɗakin cin abinci na Heide. Tare da shirin Kelly, an fassara *ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa* a matsayin "hoton kai mai ɓoye" - duka mazan, kamar mai zane, suna tsaye a waje da al'umma a cikin "sararin da ba ya ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin yau da kullun."  

## Sayen Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Victoria
Zanen, wanda darajarsa ta kai kimanin dala 500,000 a shekarar 2002, ya kasance cikin jerin abubuwan da National Gallery of Victoria ke nema tsawon shekaru da yawa. Gidan adana kayan tarihin ya sami zanen a shekarar 2002 daga wani mai tattara kayan tarihi mai zaman kansa da ke Ingila, tare da gwamnatin jihar Victoria da Foster's Group suka biya tare da kuɗaɗen.  Firayim Minista Steve Bracks ne ya ba shi kyautar a hukumance a gidan adana kayan tarihin a tashar Channel Nine 's *The Footy Show*, wanda ya zama zanen farko da aka nuna a sabon ginin Ian Potter Centre, gidan tarin zane-zane na National Gallery of Victoria's Australia.

## Manazarta
Ince Hall Madonna

***Karatun Budurwa da Yaro*** wani zane ne mai mai wanda ba a san takamaiman lokaci ba. Kwaikwayon aikin tsohon malamin ƙasar Netherland Jan van Eyck ne na ƙarni na 15, wataƙila bayan wani zane na asali da ya ɓace daga 1433 - wani kwafin wannan aikin yanzu yana cikin cocin Colegiata da ke Covarrubias, Spain. An fara rubuta shi a shekarar 1619, lokacin da yake a Sicily sannan aka sake bayyana a cikin tarin Charles Blundell a Ince Blundell Hall kusa da Liverpool a farkon ƙarni na 19, ma'ana wani lokacin ana kiransa da ***Ince Hall Madonna***. George Frederick Zink ya mayar da shi a can a shekarar 1922. An samo shi daga dangin Weld-Blundell ta National Gallery of Victoria (NGV) da ke Melbourne a shekarar 1922 ta amfani da kuɗi daga Felton Bequest.

An nuna Budurwa Maryamu sanye da jajayen mayafi, da kuma baldachin a bayanta. Jaririn Yesu yana zaune a kan cinyarta; suna riƙe da kuma karanta littafi tare. Littafin zai iya zama Magnificat, kamar yadda aka nuna a al'adar Madonna .

Rubutun da ke kan bango a saman hagu yana cewa: "COPLETV ANO DM CCCC XXXIIJ P IOHEM DE EYC BRVGIS". Wannan yana fassara zuwa "An kammala a shekarar Ubangijinmu 1433 ta Jan van Eyck, Bruges ". A gefen dama na zane akwai taken van Eyck na kansa a cikin haruffan Girkanci "ALC IXH XAN" ("Kamar yadda na iya"), yana wasa da kamanceceniya tsakanin sunansa da 'IXH' (kimanin fassara "ich" ko "I" zuwa tsoffin haruffan Girka).

## Ba da izini
Bayan da NGV ta same shi a shekarar 1922, an ɗauke shi a matsayin aikin ɗaukar hoto na van Eyck. Duk da haka, gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje a shekarar 1958 ta P. Coremans, A. Philippot da RV Sneyers a IRPA da ke Belgium, wani bincike na infrared spectroscopy a shekarar 2003  da sauran fasaloli duk sun taimaka wajen cire haɗinsa. Misali, dangantakar sarari tsakanin siffofi biyu da kayan daki da ke kewaye ba a nuna su sosai ba kuma fahimtar aikin game da hangen nesa da zurfin ba ta bunƙasa kamar yadda yake a cikin takardar hannun Lucca Madonna da Rolin Madonna ba. Tsarin haruffa a cikin sa hannun bai yi daidai da sa hannun da aka tabbatar akan Virgin and Child tare da Canon van der Paele ko Dresden Triptych ba. Sa hannun ya bayyana a wurin da kansa, maimakon yadda van Eyck ya saba yin sa hannu a kan firam ɗin - wasu masana tarihi na fasaha suna jayayya cewa aikin ya fara ne a cikin irin wannan firam ɗin da aka sanya hannu amma bayan an rasa firam ɗin sai aka ƙara shi ga aikin da kansa ta hannun da ba a sani ba.

## Manazarta
Labari mai ban sha'awa (zane-zane)

***Labarin Mai Ban Sha'awa*** wani zane ne na nau'in zane na shekarar 1872 wanda mai zane-zanen Faransa James Tissot ya yi. Yana nuna wani yanayi a wani gidan cin abinci na bakin kogi na Ingila a ƙarni na 18. An yi nufin taken ya zama abin dariya, yayin da wata mace mai sanye da kayan ado ta kalli nesa maimakon ta kalli jami'in soja mai taswirar a gabansa, tana yi musu kallon abubuwan da ya yi. Amsar wata matashiyar ta fi rikitarwa. Tissot ya ƙirƙiri wani zane na wani yanayi makamancin haka wanda aka yi wa laƙabi da *Labarin Ban Sha'awa*. 

Tissot ya ƙaura zuwa Birtaniya bayan Yaƙin Franco-Prussian . An nuna zanen a bikin baje kolin Royal Academy na 1872 a Burlington House da ke Landan. A yau, aikin yana cikin Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Victoria da ke Melbourne, wanda aka saya a shekarar 1938.[1]

## Manazarta
Gidan Aljanna na Pan

***Lambun Pan*** wani zane ne da mai zane Edward Burne-Jones ya yi kafin Raphaelite, wanda aka kammala a kusan shekarar 1886 kuma a halin yanzu yana nan a National Gallery of Victoria. 

## Tarihi
Asalin wannan zanen an yi shi ne don ya zama wani ɓangare na wani zane da Burne-Jones ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi zuwa Italiya a 1872. Asalin zane ya yi nufin nuna "farkon duniya - tare da gumakan Pan da Echo da sylvan, da kuma daji cike da centaurs, da kuma asalin daji na dazuzzuka, duwatsu da koguna."[1] Mai zane, a wani lokaci, ya yanke shawarar cewa batun ya yi girma sosai kuma ya yanke shawara kan ƙirar yanzu a cikin jerin zane-zane da aka yi a tsakiyar shekarun 1870.[1]

Wani rubutu a cikin tarihin aikin Burne-Jones na 1876 ya nuna cewa ya fara aiki a kan "babban hoton Pan a cikin daji", amma sai a 1886 ne aka ce hoton ya fara da gaske. An nuna hoton ƙarshe a lokacin bazara na 1887 a Grosvenor Gallery. 

Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Victoria ne ya sayi zanen a shekarar 1919 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Gadon Felton.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin zane-zanen Edward Burne-Jones
* Kwandon kwanon rufi

## Manazarta
Dutsen St Michael, Cornwall

***Dutsen St Michael, Cornwall*** wani zane ne na shimfidar wuri na 1830 wanda mai zane ɗan Birtaniya Clarkson Stanfield ya yi. Stanfield, tsohon ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa, ƙwararre ne a fannin zane-zanen ruwa. Wannan kallon Dutsen St Michael a cikin yanayi mai haɗari ya zama babban ci gaba a gare shi. An shirya shi ne lokacin da Romanticism ya kai kololuwar sa. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ayyukansa da aka fi sani tare da *Yaƙin Trafalgar* (1836). 

An nuna shi a bikin baje kolin bazara na Royal Academy na 1830 da kuma a Cibiyar Burtaniya a 1831.[1] Da yake William na IV ya burge shi da zanen, ya ba da umarnin manyan ayyuka guda biyu daga Portsmouth Harbour da Buɗe Sabuwar Gadar London.[2] A yau yana cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Victoria da ke Melbourne.

## Manazarta
Tsirara tare da rigar rigar

Zane mai ɗauke da rigar bacci na Nude With Dressing Riga wani zane ne na 1967 da wani mai zane ɗan ƙasar Ostiraliya John Brack ya zana. Zanen ya nuna wata mace tsirara sanye da rigar bacci. Ba kamar yadda aka saba gani ba ga Brack tsirara, zanen ba zama ne na hukuma ba; maimakon haka an "kama shi ... a cikin wani yanayi na sirri yayin da take sanye da riga cikin ladabi".

Aikin wani ɓangare ne na tarin Joseph Brown da ke National Gallery of Victoria.

## Manazarta
Ikon tsakar rana mai haske

***Zane mai launin shunayya mai haske na tsakar rana*** wani zane ne na zane mai launin shuɗi wanda wani mai zane ɗan ƙasar Australiya Arthur Streeton ya zana a shekarar 1896. Zanen yana nuna Kogin Hawkesbury da ke New South Wales, yana kallon tsaunukan Blue Mountains. An ɗauko taken aikin ne daga waƙar *Stanzas Written in Dejection, kusa da Naples* ta Percy Bysshe Shelley.

Streeton ya zana aikin a cikin kwana biyu yayin da yake zaune a kan wani gangaren da ke saman bishiyoyi a lokacin zafi mai zafi; Streeton ya yi iƙirarin cewa zafin ya wuce 108 °F (42 °C) a cikin inuwa.[1] Daga baya Streeton ya tuna cewa ya zana a cikin "wani irin maye na fasaha tare da tunanin Shelley a cikin zuciyata. Aikina na iya lalacewa amma dole ne in yi aiki don in ci gaba".[1]

## Manazarta
Robert A. M. Stern

**Robert Arthur Morton Stern** (23 ga Mayu, 1939 - 27 ga Nuwamba, 2025) masanin gine-gine ne na Amurka, malami kuma marubuci. Shi ne abokin kafa kamfanin gine-gine, Robert AM Stern Architects, wanda aka fi sani da RAMSA . Daga 1998 zuwa 2016, ya kasance Dean na Makarantar Gine-gine ta Yale .
Babban ayyukan kamfaninsa sun haɗa da gine-ginen New York mai salo, 15 Central Park West; kwalejoji biyu na zama a Jami'ar Yale; Gidan Tarihi na Juyin Juya Halin Amurka na Philadelphia; da kuma gine-gidan Comcast Center na zamani a Philadelphia. A shekara ta 2011, an girmama Stern da Kyautar Gine-gine ta Driehaus saboda nasarorin da ya samu a gine-ginen gargajiya na zamani.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haife shi a gundumar Brooklyn na birnin New York a ranar 23 ga Mayu, 1939, ga dangin Bayahude, Stern ya shafe shekarunsa na farko tare da iyayensa a cikin gundumar Manhattan kusa. Bayan 1940, sun koma Brooklyn, inda Stern ya girma. Stern ya sami digiri na farko daga Jami'ar Columbia a 1960 kuma ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin gine-gine daga Jami'ar Yale a 1965. Stern ya buga tarihin ɗan tarihi Vincent Scully da mai zane Philip Johnson a matsayin masu ba da jagoranci da tasiri na farko.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Stern ya mallaki ɗaki a cikin Chatham, ginin da ya tsara a Birnin New York. A shekara ta 1966, ya auri mai daukar hoto Lynn Gimbel Solinger, 'yar David Solinger kuma jikokin Bernard Gimbel. Suna da ɗa ɗaya, Nicholas S. G. Stern, wanda ke kula da ginin boutique da kuma tsara kamfanin Stern Projects . Ma'auratan sun sake aure a shekara ta 1977.

## Manazarta
Pamela (zane-zane)

***Pamela*** jerin zane-zane ne guda goma sha biyu da mai zane-zanen Ingila Joseph Highmore ya shirya tsakanin 1741 da 1743 a matsayin tushen tarin kwafi. Waɗannan zane-zane ne kyauta na al'amuran daga littafin *Pamela, ko Virtue Rewarded* by Samuel Richardson. Yanzu an raba su daidai gwargwado tsakanin National Gallery of Victoria, Fitzwilliam Museum da Tate Britain.

## Tarihi
 

Littafin ya riga ya shahara ga masu zane-zane—ƙaramin mai fasaha Francis Hayman ya ƙera zane-zane na zane-zanen Gravelot don bugu na 1742 [1] da kuma wasu hotuna biyu daga littafin Vauxhall Gardens, wanda kuma yake a kusan 1742 [2] (ɗaya ya ɓace ɗayan kuma yanzu yana cikin tarin National Trust a Sizergh Castle [3] ). Highmore ya zana jerin ayyukansa goma sha biyu tsakanin 1741 da 1743 kuma a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 1744 ya yi tallan cewa goma daga cikinsu sun shirya a kalle su a ɗakin studio ɗinsa, tare da wani talla a ranar 10 ga Mayu yana sanar da cewa duk zane-zane goma sha biyu da ke cikin saitin sun kammala. Talla ta farko ta kuma bayyana cewa yana karɓar biyan kuɗi don saitin zane-zane goma sha biyu bayan littafin [4] —Highmore ya sa Louis Truchy da Antoine Benoist suka samar da su.[5] [6]

## Jeri

## Manazarta
Ceto (zane-zane)

***Zane*** ne na mai a kan zane na John Everett Millais, wanda aka yi a shekarar 1855. Wannan hoton wani mai kashe gobara ne ya ceci yara uku daga gobarar gida, yayin da mahaifiyarsu ta mayar da su hannunta.

## Zane
Millais ya shaida mutuwar wani mai kashe gobara a lokacin da ake aikin ceto, kuma ya yanke shawarar yin nuni ga batun. Kwanan nan ne aka sauya rundunar kashe gobara daga kasuwanci masu zaman kansu da aka keɓe don kare kadarori zuwa cibiyar gwamnati da aka ɗora wa alhakin kare rayuwa da farko. 

Millais ya yi ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar tasirin haske da hayaƙi daidai ta hanyar amfani da takardar gilashi mai launi da kuma ƙona katako. Wannan fifikon da aka yi wa tasirin launi da haske na ɗan lokaci wani sabon salo ne a cikin fasaharsa.

Zanen ya kuma shahara saboda sauyin launi mai ban mamaki, musamman tasirin da rigar barci ta uwar ta yi ta canzawa daga shuɗi mai launin shuɗi zuwa ruwan hoda mai haske. Wannan ya haifar da suka sosai a lokacin. 

*The Rescue* wani abin wuya ne (abin aboki) ga littafin Millais *mai suna The Order of Release, 1746* (1852–53). 

## Nunin da liyafa
Millais ya ɗauki The Rescue a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan zane-zanensa, kuma ya zaɓe shi a matsayin gabatarwarsa ga baje kolin Royal Academy na 1855. Masu suka sun karɓe shi da kyau, waɗanda suka amince da batun a matsayin abin mamaki na zamani ga Millais. John Ruskin ya ɗauki shi a matsayin "babban hoto da aka nuna a wannan shekarar; amma wannan babban abu ne. Abin da ba ya mutuwa yana cikinsa gaba ɗaya." [1]

## Manazarta
Infrastructure

**Infrastructure** shine saitin kayan aiki da tsarin da ke aiki da ƙasa, birni, ko wani yanki,  kuma ya ƙunshi ayyuka da kayan aikin da ake buƙata don tattalin arzikinta, gidaje da kamfanoni don aiki. Infrastructure ya kunshi tsarin jiki na jama'a da masu zaman kansu kamar Hanyoyi, layin dogo, gadoji, filayen jirgin sama, Tsarin sufuri na jama'a, bututun Ruwa, samar da ruwa, magudanar ruwa, tashar lantarki, da sadarwa (ciki har da Haɗin Intanet da damar samun damar sadarwa). Gabaɗaya, an bayyana ababen more rayuwa a matsayin "abubuwa na zahiri na tsarin da ke da alaƙa da juna waɗanda ke ba da kayayyaki da ayyuka masu mahimmanci don ba da damar, kiyayewa, ko haɓaka Yanayin rayuwa al'umma" da kuma kula da yanayin da ke kewaye.

## Rarrabawar

Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyin Injiniyoyi ta Amurka ta buga "Kardar Rahoton Infrastructure" wanda ke wakiltar ra'ayin kungiyar game da yanayin ababen more rayuwa daban-daban a kowace shekara 2-4. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2017 suna da nau'o'i 16, wato jirgin kasa, gadoji, madatsun ruwa, ruwan sha, makamashi, sharar gida, Hanyoyi ruwa na ciki, madatsar ruwa, wuraren shakatawa da nishaɗi, tashar jiragen ruwa, layin dogo, hanyoyi, makarantu, sharar ruwa, wucewa da ruwa. : 4 Amurka ta sami darajar "D+" a kan ababen more rayuwa. Wannan tsohuwar ababen more rayuwa sakamakon sakaci ne na gwamnati da rashin isasshen kudade. Kamar yadda Amurka ke neman inganta kayan aikinta na yanzu, matakan da za su iya zama la'akari da ƙira, gini, da tsare-tsaren aiki.

### Na Mutum
Hanyar da za a iya amfani da kayan aikin mutum ita ce yin tunani game da shi dangane da Babban birnin ɗan adam. Encyclopædia Britannica ta bayyana babban birnin ɗan adam a matsayin "dukiyoyin da ba a iya gani ba waɗanda mutane da kungiyoyi ke da su a cikin yawan jama'a". Manufar ababen more rayuwa ita ce ta tantance ingancin dabi'un jami'an tattalin arziki. Wannan yana haifar da manyan ayyuka guda uku: aikin wakilai na tattalin arziki a cikin tsarin tattalin arziki (malamai, ƙwararru da ƙwararrun ma'aikata, da dai sauransu); muhimmancin ababen more rayuwa ga mutum (gajeren lokaci da na dogon lokaci amfani da ilimi); da kuma muhimmancin zamantakewar ababen more more rayuwa. Ainihin, kayan aikin mutum suna nuna tasirin ɗan adam akan kayan aikin kamar yadda yake da alaƙa da tattalin arziki, ci gaban mutum, da tasirin zamantakewa.

### Cibiyar
Rukunin ababen more rayuwa na ma'aikata daga kalmar "kundin tsarin mulki na tattalin arziki". A cewar Gianpiero Torrisi, ababen more rayuwa ne batun tattalin arziki da na shari'a. Yana lalata ci gaba kuma yana saita ka'idoji. Yana nufin matakin adalci na daidaitattun bayanai na tattalin arziki kuma yana ƙayyade tsarin da jami'an tattalin arziki zasu iya tsara nasu tsare-tsaren tattalin arziki kuma su aiwatar da su tare da hadin gwiwa tare da wasu.

## Manazarta
Rikicin cikin gida a Colombia

**Rikicin cikin gida a Colombia**, kodayake doka ta haramta shi, ya kasance matsala mai tsanani. Tun daga shekarun 1990s, Colombia ta fara magance wannan matsala. Mataki na 42 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Colombia ya ba da cewa "dangantaka ta iyali ta dogara ne akan daidaito na hakkoki da ayyuka na ma'aurata da kuma girmama juna na dukkan mambobinta. Duk wani nau'in tashin hankali a cikin iyali ana ɗaukarsa mai lalata jituwa da hadin kai, kuma za a ba da izini bisa ga doka".  Ayyukan tashin hankali na gida za a iya caji a ƙarƙashin dokoki daban-daban, kuma wadanda abin ya shafa na iya samun umarnin kariya. Duk da wannan, ra'ayi mai yawa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cewa ya kamata a bi da tashin hankali na gida a matsayin al'amari na "masu zaman kansu"; kuma sau da yawa ba a tilasta dokokin ba.

## Dokoki
A cikin shekarun 1990s, Colombia ta kafa *Dokar 294 ta 1996*, don yaki da tashin hankali na cikin gida. A cikin 2008, Ley 1257 de 2008, an kafa cikakken doka game da cin zarafin mata. An yi wa fyade a cikin aure laifi a cikin shekara ta 1996. 

Kodayake Colombia tana da dokoki da yawa game da tashin hankali na cikin gida, a ƙarƙashin takamaiman dokoki, da kuma a ƙarƙashin Dokar Shari'a, ra'ayin jama'a ya ci gaba da ganin tashin hankali na gida a matsayin wani abu na sirri,  wanda dole ne a warware shi ba tare da hukunci na shari'a ba: binciken ya gano cewa kashi 64% na jami'an gwamnati a Colombia sun ce idan sun kasance a hannunsu don warware batun tashin hankali na abokin tarayya, matakin da za su dauka zai kasance don ƙarfafa bangarorin su sulhunta. 

## Yankin
Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya da Kimiyya ta Shari'a ta ba da rahoton kusan shari'o'i 33,000 na tashin hankali na gida akan mata a cikin shekara ta 2006. [1] Ya lura cewa an kawo karamin kashi ne kawai na shari'o'in da aka yi wa hankalinsa.[1] Dokar ta tanadi cewa dole ne gwamnati ta samar da wadanda ke fama da tashin hankali a cikin gida da kariya nan take daga cin zarafin jiki ko tunani.[1] ICBF ta ba da gidaje masu aminci da shawarwari ga wadanda abin ya shafa, amma ayyukanta sun ragu saboda girman matsalar.[1]￼

Baya ga cika ayyukan ba da shawara na iyali na gargajiya, masu kula da iyali na ICBF sun kula da shari'o'in tashin hankali na gida. Ofishin Mai ba da izini na Colombia na 'Yancin Dan Adam ya gudanar da bitar horo na yanki don inganta aikace-aikacen dokokin tashin hankali na cikin gida.

## Dubi kuma

* Laifi a Colombia
* Hakkin mata a Colombia

## Manazarta
Rikicin cikin gida a Bolivia

Rikicin cikin gida a Bolivia matsala ce mai yawa kuma ba a bayar da rahoto sosai ba. A cewar Cibiyar Bayanai da Ci gaban Mata (CIDEM), kashi 70 cikin 100 na mata suna fama da wasu nau'ikan cin zarafi.

CIDEM ta lura cewa kididdigarsu ta 2006 "ba ta nuna cikakken girman matsalar tashin hankali a kan mata ba" kuma "mata da yawa" ba su ba da rahoton tashin hankali da suka fuskanta a kowace rana ba. Binciken da aka fi yi a cikin gida game da tashin hankali na cikin gida wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙasa ta gudanar a shekara ta 2003 ta nuna kashi 64 cikin 100 na mata sun kasance manufa ta wasu nau'ikan cin zarafin motsin rai, jiki, ko jima'i daga abokin tarayya.

## Rayuwar gida a Bolivia
Rikicin tsakanin abokan hulɗa ga abokan hulɗa namiji ko mace ana ganin ya fi dacewa da waɗanda suka fuskanci cin zarafi tun suna yara. Cin zarafin na iya zama na jima'i, na tunani, ko na jiki, yana iya zama shaida ta farko. Ma'ana wadanda aka yi musu cin zarafi a rayuwarsu ta girma sun ga cin zarafin wani da ke kusa da karɓar wannan hali.

Sakamakon tashin hankali da za a iya gani a cikin mata shine ciwon kai akai-akai, fashewar tsoro, muryoyin ji, fashewa da / ko convulsions. Wadannan sakamako masu illa galibi suna haifar da tunanin kashe kansa wanda ke haifar da karuwar kudade. Bolivia ta ƙunshi ƙasa da 1-100 rabo na 'yan ƙasa ga masu ba da lafiyar kwakwalwa. Ƙananan masu samar da kayayyaki da ke akwai suna da tsada sosai ga talakawa, musamman waɗanda suka yi aure don kuɗi.

Gidajen zama na al'ada a Bolivia suna ƙarawa ga fallasa tashin hankali har ma da shekaru bayan birni na kasar. Gidajen zama na birane suna wakiltar waɗanda ke da gidaje, waɗanda aka gina da kansu ba tare da alaƙa da ayyuka na asali kamar ruwa ba. Wadannan yankuna sun bazu ko'ina cikin kasar saboda yawan jama'a wanda ya haifar da yawan talauci a kasashen.

## Ayyukan gwamnati
A cikin 2013, Bolivia ta zartar da sabuwar dokar cin zarafin gida, wacce ta haramta nau'o'in cin zarafin mata da yawa, gami da fyade a aure.

Ya zuwa ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 2006, 'yan sanda Family Protection Brigade sun halarci shari'o'i 8,954, idan aka kwatanta da kusan 5,200 a shekara ta 2005, kuma 3,640 sun kasance shari'oʼin masu maimaita laifi. An kiyasta cewa yawancin shari'o'in tashin hankali na gida ba a bayar da rahoton ba.[1]￼

## Dubi kuma

* Mata a Bolivia
* Laifi a Bolivia

## Manazarta
Ofishin Muhalli da Muhalli

**Ofishin Muhalli da Muhalli** (**EEB**; Sinanci) Ofishin manufofi ne na Gwamnatin Hong Kong . An kafa hukumar ne a ranar 1 ga Yulin 2022. Sakataren Muhalli da Muhalli na yanzu (tun daga 1 ga Yulin 2022) shine Tse Chin-wan .

An kafa wannan ofishin ne a karkashin sake tsara ofisoshin manufofi da Carrie Lam, Babban Darakta na biyar na Hong Kong, ya gabatar, kuma John Lee, Babban Dattijan da ya biyo baya bayan Carrie Lam ya karbe shi. A ranar 19 ga Yuni 2022, Majalisar Jiha ta kasar Sin ta ba da sanarwar nadin Tse Chin-wan, wanda a baya ya kasance Mataimakin Sakataren Muhalli, a matsayin Sakataren farko na Muhalli da Muhalli.

## Tarihi
An fara gabatar da kafa Ofishin Muhalli da Muhalli a ranar 17 ga Mayu 2022, a karkashin shugaban zartarwa na biyar na Hong Kong Carrie Lam na sake tsara tsarin gwamnati na karo na shida. A cikin abun da ke ciki da kuma manufar, an tsara shi don zama mahaukaci mai ƙarfi, wanda aka kafa daga haɗuwa da ɓangaren Ofishin Muhalli da Ofishin Abinci da Lafiya  (4, shafi na 2). Musamman, an tsara wannan hukumar ne don daidaita ci gaban samar da manufofi a duk yankunan da a baya suka fadi a tsakiya tsakanin ofisoshinsa guda biyu, kamar su "rage sharar gida da sake amfani da shi, kiyaye muhalli da ci gaban aikin gona da masana'antar kamun kifi".

## Tsarinsa

Ofishin Muhalli da Muhalli ya kasu kashi biyu, Muhalli, da Abinci da Muhalli.

Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin adadi 1, ofishin muhalli da muhalli ya ci gaba da raba zuwa yankuna 5 daban-daban ciki har da kare muhalli, Makamashi, Canjin Yanayi, Karewa, da Ci gaba mai dorewa.

Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin adadi na 2, sashen Abinci da Muhalli ya ci gaba da raba zuwa yankuna 7 daban-daban ciki har da, Muhalli na Muhalli, Tsaron Abinci, Aikin Gona da Kifi, Kasuwancin Abinci, Gudanar da Dabbobi da Welfare, binnewa, da Rage Gishiri da Shukara a cikin Abinci.

## Manufa da hangen nesa
Manufar Ofishin Muhalli da Muhalli (EEB) ita ce kara ingancin rayuwar da mazaunan Hong Kong ke fuskanta ta hanyar magance batutuwan muhalli da zamantakewa. Suna ƙoƙari su ƙirƙiri al'umma inda al'umma ke darajar adana yanayi mai kyau da jin daɗi ga tsararraki na yanzu da na gaba. Kazalika da wannan, suna da niyyar ƙirƙirar al'umma wacce ke ba da fifiko ga kula da wadataccen makamashi mai ɗorewa a matsakaicin matsakaicin kuɗi, yayin da suke ƙoƙarin inganta ingancin makamashi, inganta kiyaye makamashi. 

## Ayyuka

### Kare Muhalli
Bayan sake tsarawa (Janairu 1, 2023) na tsarin gwamnati, an sake rarraba ayyukan da Ofishin Muhalli da Muhalli (EEB) da Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli (EPD) suka taɓa gudanarwa. Ayyukan da EPD ke gudanarwa suna mai da hankali kan tsarin manufofi, da aiwatar da ayyuka, an yi wannan matakin ne don karfafa ayyukan sauyin yanayi na HK, da kuma rage sharar gida da haɓaka dorewar muhalli. Bayan sake tsarawa, Sakataren Muhalli ya ci gaba da jagorancin Sakataren Dindindin na Muhalli da Muhalli.

## Manazarta
Rikicin cikin gida a Argentina

**[[Tashin hankali na gida|Rikicin cikin gida]] a Argentina** babban batu ne. Tun daga shekarun 1990 zuwa gaba, Gwamnatin Argentina ta dauki matakai don magance wannan matsala. Koyaya, an soki manufofin Argentina saboda rashin ƙarfi, da farko saboda mayar da hankali ga farar hula, maimakon aikata laifuka tare da wannan nau'in tashin hankali, da kuma jaddada sulhu tsakanin wanda aka azabtar da mai aikata. Manufofin da ke hulɗa da tashin hankali na cikin gida sun fi wuya saboda yanayin rarrabawar ƙasar: Argentina kasancewa jihar tarayya tare da larduna 23 ya haifar da bambancin yanki tsakanin manufofin larduna game da tashin hankali a cikin gida, tare da mata a duk faɗin ƙasar suna da matakai daban-daban na kariya.

## Yanayin Shari'a
Dokar Argentina ta 24.417 ta 1994, ita ce doka ta farko game da tashin hankali na cikin gida. A karkashin wannan dokar, an bayyana tashin hankali na gida a matsayin "*Raunin jiki ko cin zarafin tunani*" (lesiones o maltrato físico o psíquico) ta dangin. A shekara ta 2009, an kafa wata doka mai zurfi: Dokar kariya ta gaba ɗaya don hanawa, hukuntawa da kuma kawar da tashin hankali a kan mata a wuraren da suke bunkasa dangantakarsu ta mutum ne [Dokar 26.485] (The Comprehensive Law on the Prevention, Punishment and Elimination of Violence against Women in their Interpersonal Relations [Dokar 28.485]). Wannan sabuwar doka ta bayyana nau'o'i da yawa na cin zarafin gida waɗanda ba su kasance a cikin tsohon dokar ba.

## Taimako na jama'a
Cibiyoyin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu suna ba da shirye-shiryen rigakafi kuma suna ba da tallafi da magani ga mata da aka zalunta. Gabaɗaya, ana magance korafe-korafe na tashin hankali na gida a kotunan farar hula, wanda zai iya tabbatar da matakan kariya, gami da haramta mai aikata laifin daga gidan wanda aka azabtar ko wurin aiki.[undefined] A cikin shekara ta 2012, Majalisa ta zartar da dokar hana Kisan mata da ke sanya hukunci mai tsauri ga masu aikata laifin da suka kashe matansu, abokan tarayya, ko yara sakamakon tashin hankali na jinsi.[1]￼

## Dubi kuma

* Mata a Argentina
* Laifi a Argentina
* Kisan kai na 2025 a Argentina

## Manazarta
'Yan uwan Frenkel

**<nowiki/>'Yan uwan Frenkel** 'yan uwan Yahudawa ne guda uku na Masar - Herschel Frenkel (1902-1972), Salomon "Shlomo" Frenkel (1912-2001), da David Frenkel (1914-1994) - wadanda suka fara fim din a Masar. Fim din su na farko da ya yi nasara, *Mafish Fayda* (1936), ya sanya mai gabatarwa Mish-Mish Effendi tauraruwar zane-zane ta Larabawa ta farko. Bayan Sanarwar 'yancin Isra'ila,' yan uwan sun yi hijira zuwa Faransa. A can ne suka ci gaba da yin fina-finai, amma ba tare da nasarar da suka ji daɗi a Misira ba. Sun yi fina-finai sama da talatin.

## Misira
Herschel, Shlomo da Hershel Frenkel na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan'uwa shida da aka haifa a cikin iyalin Yahudawa na Belarus. Mahaifin su Bezalel ya kasance mai yin kayan ɗaki tare da babban nasarar kasuwanci. A shekara ta 1914, iyalin suka koma Masar daga Urushalima.

Fim din su na farko, *Marco Monkey* ya soki *Al Ahram* sosai a 1936. A sakamakon haka, sun hayar da abokan aiki don inganta aikin su na baya. A bikin fina-finai na Masar na kasa a shekara ta 1936, sun nuna gajeren fina-fakka na baki da fari guda takwas, shirye-shirye da wuraren talla. Mafish profit (1936), gabatar da halin Mish Mish Effendi, ya kasance babbar nasara, kuma ya zauna a cikin fina-finai na Masar har zuwa 1939. Nasarar halayen ta haifar da buƙata daga gwamnati don amfani a fina-finai na farfaganda na ƙasa. Tsaron kasa, wanda aka nuna a 1940, yana tallafawa kokarin sabunta sojojin Masar. *Ka ji daɗin abincinka!* wani ɗan gajeren Mish Mish ne, wanda aka saita a cikin wasan motsa jiki. 'Yan uwan sun yi zane-zane na Mishmish Effenfi kusan goma sha biyu. Bayan yaƙin 'yan uwan sun kuma fara yin tallace-tallace: *Bravo Osman* kasuwanci ne na Vim foda.

## Faransa
Bayan sun koma Paris a farkon shekarun 1950, 'yan uwan sun yi ƙoƙari su yi fassarar Faransanci na Mish Mish, Mimiche, wanda ya sa Beret maimakon fez. 'Yan uwan sun ci gaba da samar da fim a shekara guda, suna hada Mimiche da wani hali Jenny, wanda daga baya aka haɗa shi da wani hali da ake kira Danny. Koyaya, ba su sami nasarar kasuwanci ba. Sun kuma ci gaba da yin tallace-tallace. A cikin *Kwarewar Atomic*, wani masanin kimiyya mai hauka ya jefa duniya daga ma'auni, ya aika da Hasumiyar Eiffel, Arc de Triomphe, Pyramids na Masar da Sphinx duk cikin iska.

## manazarta
Manufofin makamashi na kasar Sin

Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin ita ce Mafi yawan masu amfani da makamashi a duniya kuma babbar kasar masana'antu. Kasar Sin a halin yanzu ita ce babbar mai fitar da iskar gas a duniya, kuma kwal a kasar Sin babbar hanyar warming duniya ce. Har ila yau, kasar Sin ita ce babbar mai samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa a duniya, kuma babbar mai samarwa da wutar lantarki, hasken rana da wutar lantarki a duniya. Manufofin makamashi na kasar Sin suna da alaƙa da Manufofin masana'antu, inda burin samar da masana'antu na kasar Sin ke nuna kula da bukatar makamashi.    

## Takaitaccen Bayani

## Muhalli da hayaki mai guba

Tsakanin 1980 da 2000, yawan hayaki na kasar Sin (rabon da ya yi daidai da hayaki na carbon dioxide zuwa babban samfurin cikin gida) ya ragu sosai. : 26 Kasar ta ninka GDP sau huɗu yayin da ta ninka makamashi da ta cinye sau biyu. : 26 Babu wata ƙasa a irin wannan matakin ci gaban masana'antu da ta dace da wannan nasarar.

A ranar 19 ga Yuni, 2007, Hukumar Nazarin Muhalli ta Netherlands ta ba da sanarwar cewa binciken farko ya nuna cewa hayakin gas na kasar Sin na shekara ta 2006 ya wuce na Amurka a karon farko. Hukumar ta lissafa cewa hayakin CO2 na kasar Sin daga man fetur ya karu da kashi 9% a shekara ta 2006, yayin da na Amurka ya fadi da kashi 1.4%, idan aka kwatanta da 2005. Binciken ya yi amfani da bayanan samar da makamashi da siminti daga BP wanda suka yi imanin cewa 'daidai ne', yayin da suke gargadi cewa kididdigar tattalin arzikin da ke canzawa da sauri kamar China ba su da tabbas fiye da bayanai game da Kasashen OECD.

### Amfani da makamashi da hayakin carbon ta bangare
A cikin masana'antu, masana'antu shida - samar da wutar lantarki, ƙarfe, ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe, kayan gini, sarrafa mai da sunadarai - suna da kusan kashi 70% na amfani da makamashi.

A bangaren kayan gini, kasar Sin ta samar da kusan kashi 44% na siminti na duniya a shekara ta 2006. Samar da siminti yana samar da karin hayaki na carbon fiye da kowane tsarin masana'antu, yana da kusan kashi 4% na hayaki na duniya. A shekara ta 2023 mafi yawan ƙarfin wutar lantarki da aka shigar ya fito ne daga makamashi mai sabuntawa.

### Shirin Ayyuka na Kasa kan Canjin Yanayi
Kasar Sin ta dauki mataki kan canjin yanayi na wasu shekaru, tare da bugawa a ranar 4 ga Yuni, 2007, na Shirin Ayyuka na Kasa na farko na kasar Sin kan Canjin Yanayi,  kuma a wannan shekarar kasar Sin ta zama kasa ta farko da ta bunkasa don buga dabarun kasa da ke magance dumamar yanayi.  Shirin bai haɗa da manufofi don rage fitar da carbon dioxide ba, amma an kiyasta cewa, idan an aiwatar da shi gaba ɗaya, za a rage fitar da hayaki na shekara-shekara na China na iskar gas mai ɗumi da tan biliyan 1.5 na carbon dioxide daidai da shekara ta 2010.  Sauran masu sharhi, duk da haka, sun sanya adadi a 0.950 biliyan.

## Manazarta
WikiWoods

**WikiWoods** ƙungiya ce ta masu sa kai waɗanda ke dasa bishiyoyi da nufin haɗin gwiwa na hana sauyin yanayi da kuma ƙarfafa mutane su san game da muhalli. An kafa ta a shekarar 2007,  kimanin masu sa kai 3,400 sun dasa bishiyoyi 163,100 har zuwa Oktoba 2016. Ƙungiyar tana da tushe ne a kan wiki, wanda ke ba mutane damar yin rijistar abubuwan da suka faru na dasa bishiyoyi, don nemo abokai masu ra'ayi iri ɗaya a yankinsu, da kuma yin hulɗa da masu gandun daji da sauran ƙwararrun bishiyoyi.   An gudanar da tarurruka a Berlin, Brandenburg, Göttingen, da Mecklenburg-Vorpommern a Jamus da kuma a Hîrbovăț a Moldova . Ana fatan wannan ra'ayin zai yaɗu, tare da ƙarin masu sa kai da za su shiga cikin shirya tarurrukan dashen bishiyoyi ta amfani da manhajar WikiWoods a matsayin dandamali mai daidaitawa.

## Ayyuka
 
A cikin 2009, WikiWoods ya fara sabon yanki na aiki, wato dasa itatuwan 'ya'yan itace. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009, magajin garin Kreuzberg na Berlin, Franz Schulz, kuma memba na majalisar dokokin Jamus Hans-Christian Ströbele (Green Party) ya taimaka wa WikiWoods dasa itatuwan 'ya'yan itace 10 a , Berlin.

ya ga WikiWoods yana kamfen akan ayyukan matukin jirgi na kamawa da adanawa (CCS) da aka shirya don Beeskow, Neutrebbin, da Letchin. 'Trees maimakon CO store' () ya halarci kamfen ɗin da 'yan siyasa suka hada da Dagmar Enkelmann (Die Linke) da Hans-Georg von der Marwitz (CDU / CSU).

## Kyaututtuka
An ba da kyautar WikiWoods da yawa. A shekara ta 2008, ta lashe lambar yabo ta 'Mutanen da Yanayi' () daga mai watsa shirye-shirye ZDF da Gidauniyar Muhalli ta Tarayyar Jamus (BDU). Kungiyar ta yi gasa a karkashin sashin 'Ideas da Innovation'. A ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2011, WikiWoods ta karbi lambar yabo ta Theodor Heuss daga Gidauniyar Theodor Heuss ().  : An ba da wannan kyautar don misali na tsarin dimokuradiyya kuma mayar da hankali a cikin 2011 shine muhalli.

## Dubi kuma

* Maido da gandun daji
* Sabuntawa
* Itacen Ƙungiya
* Shuka itace

## Manazarta
Rikicin cikin gida a Panama

Rikicin cikin gida a Panama matsala ce mai tsanani kuma ba a bayar da rahoto sosai ba. Rikicin cikin gida, gami da fyade na aure, cin zarafin tunani, jiki, da tattalin arziki an aikata su ne. Panama ta kafa Dokar No.38 na 2001 game da tashin hankali na cikin gida. A cikin shekara ta 2013, kasar ta kafa Dokar 82 - Typifying Femicide and Violence Against Women (Dokar 82 - Tipifica el Femicidio y la Violencia contra las Mujeres) cikakken doka game da tashin hankali ga mata.

Integrated National System for Criminal Statistics (SIEC) ta ba da rahoton shari'o'i 1,283 na tashin hankali na cikin gida daga Janairu zuwa Yuni 2013. Kididdigar Janairu zuwa Satumba daga Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Panamanian ta nuna cewa daga cikin mata 47 da suka mutu da tashin hankali, 30 sun mutu sakamakon tashin hankali na gida.[1]￼

## Dubi kuma

* Laifi a Panama
* Mata a Panama

## Manazarta
Rikicin cikin gida a Norway

**Rikicin cikin gida a Norway** ana kiransa da hukuma kamar vold i nære reljoner (Turanci: ).  An bayyana shi kamar haka:

## Yankin
According to Norwegian police statistics, 5,284 cases of domestic violence were reported in 2008. These cases ranged from serious acts of violence such as murder and attempted murder to physical assault. The number of reported cases of domestic violence increased by 500 percent from 2005 to 2011.&#x5B;**&#x5D; It is argued that the majority of cases go unrecorded. A 2011 study claimed that one in four women will experience domestic violence in their lifetime.

## Matakan gwamnati
A shekara ta 2004 Gwamnati ta kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Rikicin Norway da Traumatic Stress, cibiyar bincike da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Oslo kuma tare da alhakin kasa don binciken tashin hankali a Norway, gami da tashin hankali na gida.[1]￼

An kuma magance tashin hankali na cikin gida ta hanyar *Handlingsplan mot vold i nære reljoner* (Turanci: Shirin Aiki don yaki da tashin hankali na gida).  An tsara wannan shirin ne a matsayin hadin gwiwa tsakanin Ma'aikatar Yara da Harkokin Iyali, Ma'aikatu, Ma'aikatan Shari'a da Ma'aunin Harkokin Jama'a. An bayyana manufar shirin kamar haka:

## Dubi kuma

* Laifi a Norway

## Bayani
Choi Yul

**Yul Choi** ɗan gwagwarmayar Koriya ta Kudu ne, mai kula da muhalli kuma mai shirya. Ya jagoranci Koriya Anti-Pollution Movement daga 1988, kuma ya jagoranci Koriya Federation for Environmental Movement daga 1993. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Global 500 Roll of Honour a 1994 da kuma lambar yabo ta Goldman Environmental a 1995.  A halin yanzu shi ne shugaban Koriya Green Foundation.

## Matsayi na yanzu

* Shugaban Gidauniyar Green ta Koriya
* Co-shugaban Cibiyar Canjin Yanayi, Gidauniyar Green ta Koriya
* Daraktan bikin na bikin fim na Green a Seoul
* Mataimakin shugaban gandun daji don rayuwa

## Kwarewa

* 2002 ~ 2005: Mataimakin shugaban Koriya ta Koriya don Yunkurin Muhalli 
* 2000: Mataimakin shugaban Citizens Alliance na Babban Zabe na 2000 
* 1998: Mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Forestry for Life Campaign 
* 1996 ~ 1998: Shugaban Kungiyar Koriya ta Eco-labeling 
* 1993 ~ 2002: An kafa Koriya Tarayyar Koriya don Yunkurin Muhalli, Sakatare Janar 
* 1992: Shugaban Wakilan Gwamnatin Koriya don Taron Duniya na Rio 
* 1988: Mataimakin shugaban Koriya Anti-pollution Movement Association 
* 1982 ~ 1987:Shugaba na Kungiyar Koriya ta yaki da gurɓataccen gurɓata

## Daraja da Ayyuka

* 2010: Kyautar Jakadan Al'adu - Kyautar Green Planet Movie 
* 1999: Kyautar "Masu gwagwarmayar 15 na duniya" ta mujallar Worldwatch 
* 1997: Sanarwar Kasa don tunawa da Ranar Muhalli ta Duniya 
* 1995: Kyautar Muhalli ta Goldman 
* 1994: Rubuce-rubucen girmamawa na Duniya 500 ta UNEP 
* 1993: Kyautar "Hakkin Jama'a" ta kungiyar lauyoyin Seoul 

## Littattafai

* 2010: Littafin Nazarin Canjin Yanayi 
* 2009: Rayuwata tare da Ayyukan Muhalli na tsawon shekaru 33   
* 2007: Tasirin Boomerang na Warming na Duniya / Labaran Yul Choi game da Warming na duniya 
* 2002: Labarin Muhalli na Duniya na Yul Choi 1,2 
* 1996: Duk abin da ke rayuwa yana da kyau. 
* 1994 (1,2) 1997 (3): Labarin Mu na Muhalli 1,2,3 
* 1988: Multi-Pollution - Wani labari 
* 1986: Taswirar gurɓataccen Koriya 

## Manazarta
Jerin hotuna na tashin hankali na cikin gida

Layin zafi na tashin hankali na cikin gida yana ba da tallafin gaggawa da sabis na turawa akan wayar waɗanda ke cikin dangantaka mai rikitarwa. Hotlines galibi ana sadaukar da su ga mata da ke tserewa daga dangantaka mai cin zarafi kuma suna ba da turawa ga mafaka ga mata.

Ana samun hotuna na tashin hankali na cikin gida a kowane lokaci a rana, duk da haka, matsaloli tare da layin aiki ko katsewa saboda rashin kudade wani lokacin suna iyakance amfaninsu.[1] Bugu da ƙari, mazajen gay da aka yi wa duka sun ba da rahoton cewa ma'aikatan hotline wani lokacin ba za su ba su sabis ba ko kuma za su tura su zuwa layin masu bugawa.[2] Duk da haka, malamai sun ɗauka cewa hotlines suna rage yawan tashin hankali na gida.[3]￼

## Ostiraliya

 

## Kanada

## China
 

## Denmark

## Finland

## Faransa

## Jamus

## Japan

## Manazarta
Batutuwan muhalli a Indonesia

**Batutuwan muhalli a [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]** suna da alaƙa da yawan jama'a da saurin masana'antu, kuma galibi ana ba su fifiko saboda matakan talauci, da kuma mulkin da ba shi da wadata.

Yawancin manyan gonakin man dabino a Indonesia mallakar kamfanoni masu arziki na Singapore waɗanda ke daukar dubban 'yan asalin Indonesiya na gida.

Batutuwan sun haɗa da sare gandun daji mai yawa (yawancinsu ba bisa ka'ida ba) da kuma gobarar daji da ke haifar da hayaki mai tsanani a sassa na yammacin Indonesia, Malaysia da Singapore; cin zarafin albarkatun ruwa; da matsalolin muhalli da ke da alaƙa da saurin birane da Ci gaban tattalin arziki, gami da gurɓataccen iska, tarwatsa zirga-zirga, sarrafa shara, da kuma amintaccen ruwa da sabis na ruwa.

## Tarihi da asali

Tsawon ƙarni, an yi amfani da albarkatun ƙasa na tsibiran Indonesiya ta hanyoyi da suka faɗi cikin tsarin zamantakewa da tarihi mai daidaito. Wani tsarin al'adu ya ƙunshi manoman da suka zama 'yan asalin ƙasar Indiya, waɗanda ke noman shinkafa a kwaruruka da filayen Sumatra, Java, da Bali ; wani rukunin al'adu kuma ya ƙunshi ɓangaren kasuwanci na bakin teku na Musulunci; wani ɓangare na uku kuma mai gefe ya ƙunshi al'ummomin noman dazuzzuka na tsaunuka waɗanda ke wanzuwa ta hanyar noma mai yawa.

### Rashin gurɓataccen ruwa

A bangaren kasuwanci na bakin teku, alal misali, rayuwar mutanen kamun kifi da waɗanda ke cikin ayyukan haɗin gwiwa - kusan mutane miliyan 5.6 - sun fara fuskantar haɗari a ƙarshen shekarun 1970 ta hanyar raguwar kifin da aka kawo ta hanyar gurɓata ruwan bakin teku. Masunta a arewacin Java sun sami raguwa a wasu nau'ikan kama kifi kuma a tsakiyar shekarun 1980 sun ga mafi munin bacewar kifi a wasu yankuna. Ruwa daga tsire-tsire masu amfani da taki a Gresik a arewacin Java ya gurɓata tafkuna kuma ya kashe kifin madara da ƙananan shrimp. Rashin gurɓatawar Malacca tsakanin Malaysia da Sumatra daga ɓarkewar mai daga babban tanki na Japan Showa Maru a watan Janairun 1975 babban bala'in muhalli ne ga bakin tekun Sumatran. Hadarin hatsarori na manyan tankuna ya karu a cikin hanyar da ake fataucin mutane da yawa.

### Gurɓatar ruwa
Indonesia tana da kusan kashi 6% na ruwan sha na duniya wanda ke godiya ga gandun daji mai kyau da yanayin zafi. Koyaya, Indonesia tana rasa gandun daji a kowace shekara inda a cikin 2018, kadada 440,000 na gandun daji sun ɓace kodayake wannan adadi ya fi ƙasa da 2017. Irin wannan sare daji yana da alaƙa da rage ƙarfin ruwa, kamar yadda binciken ya gano. A halin yanzu, Ma'aikatar Shirye-shiryen Ci Gaban Kasa ta Indonesia (BAPPENAS) ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 96% na koguna a Jakarta sun gurɓata,  suna sa ruwa mai tsabta, mai tsabta ya fi ƙaranci.

## Manazarta