open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Peter Harrison (historian)

**Peter Harrison (historian)** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1955) Farfesa ne na Bincike a Jami'ar Notre Dame, Australia, kuma Farfesa Emeritus na Tarihi da Falsafa a Jami'ar Queensland

## Career
Peter Harrison yana da DLitt daga Jami'ar Oxford, PhD daga Jami'ar Queensland, da digiri na biyu daga Yale da Oxford. Ya girma a karkara da yanki na Queensland, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Bundaberg. Aikin karatunsa ya fara ne a Jami'ar Bond da ke Gold Coast ta Ostiraliya, inda tsawon shekaru ya kasance farfesa na tarihi da falsafa. Daga 2007 zuwa 2011 ya kasance Andreas Idreos Farfesa na Kimiyya da Addini a Jami'ar Oxford. A lokacin da yake a Oxford, ya kasance ɗan'uwan Harris Manchester College kuma darektan Cibiyar Ian Ramsey inda ya ci gaba da gudanar da babban haɗin gwiwar bincike. Ya zama darakta na farko na Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba a Jami'ar Queensland a cikin Yuli 2015, matsayin da ya yi ritaya a 2023.

## Rubuttutka
Harrison ya shahara da rubuce-rubuce masu tasiri kan addini da tushen kimiyyar zamani. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa canza hanyoyin yin fassarar Littafi Mai-Tsarki ya yi tasiri sosai ga ci gaban kimiyyar zamani. Ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa labarin faɗuwar Littafi Mai Tsarki ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka kimiyyar gwaji. Ayyukansa na farko sun gano sauye-sauyen tunanin addini a yammacin duniya. Harrison ya yi iƙirarin cewa ra'ayin addinai a matsayin tsarin imani da ayyuka ya bayyana a karon farko a ƙarni na 17. An sake duba wannan aikin na farko a kan addini a cikin Laccocinsa na Gifford na 2011, inda ya bayar da hujjar cewa tunanin yanzu na duka kimiyya da addini sun ƙirƙira kwanan nan na Yammacin Turai, kuma dangantakar zamani tsakanin kimiyya da addini an riga an gina su a cikin nau'ikan kansu.

## Manazarta
Charles Rowland Twidale

**Charles Rowland Twidale** shi mai ilimin likitanci na Australian da ke aiki a Jami'ar Adelaide.  Binciken Twidale ya ƙunshi batutuwan da suka bambanta da fasikanci na lalacewa, yanayin yanayi, tsoffin shimfidawa a cikin yankuna, Graniurfface-da tarihin Geromorphology.  Twidale ya kasance mai aiki da daukar nauyin binciken Geomorphology na Australia, Spain da Kudu maso yammacin Amurka.

A shekarar 1976 C. R. Twidale shi ne shugaban kungiyar Royal ta South ta Southeraliya. 

A shekarar 1993 aka ba shi lambar lambar Maneller da kungiyar Australiya da New Zealand saboda Ci gaban Kimiyya. 

## Manazarta
Ernst Mach

Ernst Waldfried Josef Wenzel Mach (18 Fabrairu 1838 – 19 Fabrairu 1916) ɗan ilimin lissafi, ƙwararren masanin falsafa da malamci ne daga ƙasar Austria. Ya sanar da kansa ta hanyar manyan gudummuwa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi da falsafa, musamman wajen fahimtar yadda ƙwayoyin iska ke motsi da girman saurin amo (shock waves). 

## Rayuwa da Ilimi
An haife shi a Brno, Moravia, wanda a lokacin yake ƙarƙashin Daular Austriya. 

Ya yi karatu a Jami’ar Vienna, inda ya samu digiri na Ph.D. a 1860, sannan digiri na “habilitation” na Dr. phil. hab. a 1861. 

Ya yi aiki a jami’o’i da dama—misali University of Graz, Charles-Ferdinand University (Prague), da University of Vienna. 

## Ayyuka a Fannin Kimiyya
Mach ya yi bincike a fannonin haske da sauti (optics da acoustics), musamman yadda haske ke yaduwa, rarrabuwa (diffraction), yanzuwar sauti da dai sauransu. 

Wata mahimmiyar gudummawarsa ita ce gano “shock waves” da kuma yadda ake samar da su idan abu ya yi tafiya cikin iska ko wani ruwa da sauri fiye da saurin sauti. 

Hakanan, an san shi saboda Mach number, wanda shi ne ƙididdigar da ke nuna yadda saurin wani abu yake idan aka kwatanta shi da saurin sauti. 

## Falsafa da Ra’ayoyi
Mach ya yi tasiri sosai ga falsafar kimiyya. Ya ba da gudummawa wajen gina gudummawar logical positivism da kuma tunanin falsafa da yawa gara da falsafar pragmatism. 

Ya yi sukar wasu daga cikin ƙa’idodin Isaac Newton musamman game da “Newton’s bucket argument” wadda ta shafi yadda ake ɗaukar sarari (space) da lokaci (time) a matsayin abubuwa masu zaman kansu. 

Daga cikin mahimman ra’ayoyinsa akwai empirio-criticism, wato ra’ayin cewa abinda mutum zai iya sani daidai shi ne abubuwan da aka ji kai tsaye ko aka gani (sensations), kuma ilimin kimiyya ya kamata ya dogara da wannan. 

## Gudummawa a Fannin Fisiology da Fahimtar Sani
Ya yi nazari akan yadda hankalin mutum (perception) yake, misali yadda gano bambanci tsakanin haske a gefuna (edges) yake, wanda ya haifar da abin da ake kira “Mach bands” a Turanci. 

A fannin jin motsi da daidaita ƙasa da jiki (balance), Mach ya gudanar da gwaje-gwaje da suka nuna yadda cikin kunne (inner ear) da kwakwalwa ke aiki wajen gane lokaci da kuzari idan mutum ya motsa. 

## Sauran Bayanai
Mach ya yi tasiri sosai ga Albert Einstein, musamman ma ta wajen tunaninsa game da sarari da lokaci da kuma ka’idojin da suka gabata na Newton. 

An san cewa Mach ya yi ritaya daga aiki saboda wasu matsalolin lafiya, ciki har da bugun zuciya (stroke) da ya haifar da nakasa wani bangare na jikinsa. 

Ya mutu ne a ranar 19 Fabrairu 1916 a Vaterstetten, Bavaria, a lokacin da ya kasance a Jamhuriyar Jamus. 

## Manazarta
"Mach". *Dictionary.com Unabridged* (Online). n.d.

"Ernst Mach". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2016.

Blackmore 1972.

Sonnert 2005, p. 221.

Cohen & Seeger 1975, p. 158: And Mach, in personal conviction, was a socialist and an atheist.

Blackmore 1972, p. 293, Chapter 18 – Mach and Buddhism: Mach was logically a Buddhist and illogically a believer in science.
Dominique Lambert

**Dominique Baron Lambert** (an haife shi 10 Satumba 1960 a Namur) masanin falsafar kimiyya ne na Belgium, masanin ka'idoji, kuma masanin tarihin kimiyya.

## Ilimi da aiki
A Jami'ar Katolika ta Louvain (UCL), Lambert ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a shekarar 1984, digiri na biyu a fannin falsafa a shekarar 1986. Ph.D. a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a shekarar 1988, da Ph.D a fannin falsafa a shekarar 1996.  Ya zama cikakken farfesa a Jami'ar Namur (a fannin kimiyya da fannin haruffa)  kuma ya rike furofesoshi da yawa. Har ila yau, farfesa ne na tunani da falsafar yanayi a Diocesan Seminary na Namur . 

A cikin tarihin kimiyya, yana da suna na duniya a matsayin marubucin cikakken tarihin masanin kimiyya Georges Lemaître .  A cikin 2000 Lessius  ya buga tarihin rayuwa a cikin asalin Faransanci.  A cikin 2015 an buga fassarar Turanci a Kraków ta Copernicus Center Press .   Lambert kuma an san shi da ayyukansa (wanda aka fassara cikin harsuna da yawa) akan dangantakar da ke tsakanin kimiyya da tauhidin. Ya yi bincike a cikin ka'idoji da ke hulɗa da amfani da robots masu cin gashin kansu don dalilai na soja. Shi mai ba da shawara ne ga Majalisar Siyasa ta Al'adu a Roma.

A cikin 1999 Lambert ya sami Prix Georges Lemaître, tare da masanin kimiyyar taurari Jean-Pierre Luminet, don aikin su na nazarin rubuce-rubucen kimiyya da addini na Lemaître. A shekara ta 2000 ya sami Kyautar Kungiyar Turai don Nazarin Kimiyya da tauhidin (ESSSAT). An zabe shi memba na Académie royale de Belgique a shekara ta 2005.  A watan Yulin 2016, Philip na Belgium, Sarkin Belgium ya ba Dominique Lambert daraja a matsayin baron.

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

* Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha.
* Dominique Lambert & Jacques Demaret, *Ka'idar ɗan adam - shin mutum shine cibiyar sararin samaniya? * [Hasiya]
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga littafin nan.
* Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha.
* Dominique Lambert & René Rezsöhazy, Yadda ƙafafun ke zuwa ga maciji: Rubuce-rubuce game da ban mamaki na filastik na rayuwa, Flammarion, 2004
* Dominique Lambert & Jacques Reisse, *Charles Darwin da Georges Lemaître, wani abu mai ban sha'awa amma mai ban shaʼawa*, Royal Academy na Belgium, 2008

## Manazarta
Eduard Jan Dijksterhuis

Eduard Jan Dijksterhuis (28 Oktoba 1892 a Tilburg - 18 Mayu 1965 a De Bilt) masanin tarihin kimiyya ne na Dutch.

## Karatu
Dijksterhuis ta yi karatun koyarwa a Jami'ar Groningen daga 1911 zuwa 1918. jarabawarsa ta Ph.D. Tana da Take "Gudunmawa Ga Ilimin Flat Helicoid

## Manazarta
Micheal R. Matthews

Michael Robert Matthews (an haife shi 19 Mayu 1948) farfesa ne mai daraja (Karramammen Maitaimakin farfesa) a makarantar ilimi, dake Jami’ar New South Wales (jamia'ar New South Wales, UNSW), Australia. 

## Ilimi da Farkon Rayuwa
An haife shi a Sydney, Australia. 

Ya yi karatu na farko (Bachelor of Science) a fannin kimiyya (Science) daga Jami’ar Sydney a shekara ta 1967. 

Nan take ya samu Diploma na koyarwa (DipEd) daga Sydney Teachers College a 1968. 

Ya ci gaba da digiri a fannoni daban-daban: digiri biyu (double honours) a Psychology da Philosophy, sannan MEd a falsafar ilimi (Philosophy of Education). 

Ya karɓi PhD daga UNSW a 1980, aikin thesis ɗinsa ya yi tsokaci ne kan epistemology na Paul Hirst. 

## Sana’a da Ayyuka
Ya fara koyarwa a matakin makarantar sakandare, sannan ya zama malami a Teachers College. 

A cikin shekarun 1992-1993, ya zama tushen farfesa na Science Education a Jami’ar Auckland, New Zealand. 

Ya koyar da falsafar ilimi (Philosophy of Education) a UNSW, har zuwa ritayarsa daga aiki koyarwa a 2008, sai ya zama mai daraja (honorary associate professor). 

Ya yi aikin ba da shugabanci a fannonin nazarin tarihi da falsafar kimiyya da ilimin kimiyya (History and Philosophy of Science, HPS) da kuma koyar da kimiyya. 

## Gudummawa da Ayyukan Bincike
Matthews ya wallafa littattafai, ƙasidu (“book chapters”), da takardu (“journal articles”) da dama a fannonin falsafar ilimi, tarihin kimiyya, da koyar da kimiyya. 

Ya kasance Editan farko na mujallar Science & Education: Contributions from the History and Philosophy of Science daga 1992 zuwa 2014. 

Ya jagoranci ƙungiyoyi da taruka masu alaƙa da koyar da kimiyya ta amfani da tarihin da falsafar kimiyya (HPS&ST). 

## Lambar Yabo da Girmamawa
A cikin shekarar 2010, an ba shi James H. Hazen Education Prize na History of Science Society (USA) don hazakar sa a fannin koyar da tarihi da kimiyya. 

A 2015, ƙungiyar International History, Philosophy and Science Teaching Group ta fara baiwa da ake kira ‘Distinguished Achievement Award’, kuma Matthews shi ne na farko aka ba wannan lambar. 

An kuma zaɓe shi a matsayin Fellow na Royal Society of New South Wales don gudummawar sa a binciken HPS&ST. 

## Ra’ayoyi da Muhimmancin Ayyukansa
Matthews ya yi ƙoƙari sosai wajen haɗa tarihin kimiyya da falsafar kimiyya cikin koyar da kimiyya ta makaranta, domin su taimaka wajen inganta fahimtar dalibai game da yanayin kimiyya, yadda ake gudanar da bincike (method), nazarin asalin ilimin kimiyya, da yadda kimiyya take hulɗa da al’adu da falsafa. 

Ya nuna muhimmancin ci gaba da koyarwa da bincike waɗanda basa yin ƙasa da tunanin kimiyya kawai, amma su haɗa tarihin kimiyya da falsafar kimiyya domin koyarwa ta zama mai ma'ana kuma mai zurfi.

## Manazarta
 
Matthews, Michael R. (1980). The Marxist theory of schooling : a study of epistemology and education. Brighton, Sussex: Harvester Press. . OCLC 7611572. ==
Matthews, Michael R. (1982). Pyrmont & Ultimo : a history. [Ultimo, N.S.W.]: [Pyrmont Ultimo History Project]. . OCLC 11235156.
Sabetai Unguru

## '''Sabetai Unguru'''
Sayetai Unguru (Ibrananci: שבanesיורו, Shabtai Unguru; 1 Janairu 1931 - 6 Janairu 2024) wani tarihi ne na Isra'ila da kimiyya.

## '''Tarihinsa'''
An haifi Sayai Unguru a 1931 a Podu Iliaiei, Romania. Ya yi nazarin falsafar Phosophy, Phermiyya, tarihi, da ilimin lissafi a Jami'ar Iaşi kafin yiyi wa Isra'ila a 1961.Ya sami ph.d. A cikin tarihin kimiyya daga Jami'ar Wisconsin a 1970, kuma ya kasance mataimaki kuma ya zama mataimaki a cikin Ma'aikatar Tarihi a Jami'ar Oklahoma tsakanin 1970 da 1982. 

An nada Unguru Noster Farfesa a Tel Aviv a 1983, kuma ya zama babban jami'in kimiyya da kuma falsafar a Tel Aviv daga 1991 zuwa 1997. 

Unguru ya mutu a ranar 6 ga Janairu 2024, yana da shekara 93. 

## '''Manazarta'''
Stillman Drake

**Stillman Drake** (Disamba 24, 1910 - Oktoba 6, 1993), masanin tarihin kimiyya na Amurka wanda ya koma Kanada a 1967 kuma ya sami 'yancin zama ɗan ƙasar Kanada bayan 'yan shekaru, an fi saninsa da aikinsa akan Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

Ciki har da fassarorinsa, Drake ya rubuta littattafai 16 game da Galileo kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga wasu 15.
## Manazarta
Olival Freire Jr.

**Olival Freire Jr.** an haife shi a Jequié, 1954, masanin fiziks ne kuma masanin tarihin fiziks. Yana matsayin Farfesa cikakken Farfesa na Fiziks da Tarihin Fiziks a Universidade Federal da Bahia, tsohon shugaban *Brazilian Society for the History of Science* kuma shugaban Kwamitin Tarihin Fiziks na Zamani na International Union of History and Philosophy of Science.
## Ilmi da Aiki
Freire Jr. ya yi karatun injiniyan lantarki na shekara da rabi a Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA) kafin, kasancewar ya burge da darussan masanin fiziks Benedito Pepe, ya koma karatun fiziks. Ya rubuta digirin digirgir (master's thesis) tare da Amelia Hambuger kan fassarar fiziks na quantum, musamman fassarar Vladimir Fock, sannan daga baya ya rubuta digirinsa na Ph.D. tare da Michel Paty da Shozo Montoyama kan hanyar David Bohm zuwa mechanics na quantum.
Bayan kammala Ph.D., Freire Jr. ya yi aiki a matsayin mai bincike na post-doctoral a Université Paris VII, sannan a Harvard University, daga baya kuma a MIT.

Yanzu haka, Freire Jr. shi ne Farfesa Mataimaki da Masanin Bincike II a UFBA a fannin Tarihin Kimiyya. Haka kuma shi shugaban *Brazilian Society for the History of Science* ne kuma mataimakin shugaban Kwamitin Tarihin Kimiyyar Zamani na International Union of History and Philosophy of Science.

Bincikensa na yanzu musamman yana mayar da hankali kan tarihin kimiyya a Brazil.

## Manazarta
Max Speter

Max Speter (1 Afrilu ga watan 1883 - 30 ga watan Yuni 1942) ya kasance Bayahude-Jamus masanin ilmin sinadarai da tarihin kimiyya. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Max Speter a Beszterce, Austria-Hungary (yanzu Bistrița, Romania), ƙaramin a cikin yara bakwai, ga iyayensa Yahudawa Johann Speter da Anna Dollberg. Ya girma a Bistrița kuma ya kammala karatunsa a cikin 1900 daga Gymnasium na Jamus. Speter ya fara karatun injiniya a Jami'ar Fasaha da Tattalin Arziki ta Budapest. Daga nan ya koma Hanover, kuma ya kammala karatunsa a Munich inda ya samu Diploma a fannin Injiniya. Bayan kammala karatunsa ya yi aiki tare da Oskar von Miller, wanda ya kafa gidan tarihi na Deutsches, a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar kafa gidan kayan gargajiya. A wani lokaci ya yi aiki a masana'antar sinadarai a Jamus da Hungary. Sannan aka dauke shi aikin bincike a Jami'ar Humboldt ta Berlin, inda ya kuma fara karatun digirin digirgir (Ph.D). littafin rubutu. Mashawarcinsa na digirin digirgir sune Hans Heinrich Landolt da Walther Nernst, wadanda daga baya suka lashe kyautar Nobel a fannin ilmin sinadarai a shekarar 1920. Speter ya sami digiri na uku a cikin 1910.

**Karkashin mulkin Nazi**Daga shekara ta 1934, bayan mulkin Nazi, ya zama da wuya Speter ya yi bincike da bugawa saboda zuriyarsa ta Yahudawa. A shekara ta 1937 gidan rediyon Jamus ya soke shirin watsa jawabinsa na jama'a. Daga shekarar alif  1939 kuma aka dakatar da shi gaba daya daga bugawa a Jamus. Speter ya kashe kansa a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni shekarar alif 1942. 

## Ayyukan sana'a
Bincike da ci gaban masana'antu[gyara tushe] Yayin da take aiki a matsayin mai bincike a Jami'ar Humboldt ta Berlin, Speter ya kirkiro hanyoyin da za a cire Thorium da Scandium. A cikin 1911 da 1912 ya yi rajistar haƙƙin mallaka akan waɗannan hanyoyin. A cikin shekarun nan ya yi aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje don samar da manna na Tungsten, sannan aka yi amfani da shi wajen kera filaye masu haske. A cikin 1923 da 1925 ya yi rajistar haƙƙin mallaka don fitilar disinfecting dangane da acetaldehyde. A cikin 1927 da 1928 ya yi nazarin abubuwan da ke tattare da siliki, kayan filastik da kayan aikin roba. An buga sakamakon waɗannan karatun a cikin jerin labarai a cikin mujallolin ƙwararru da yawa.

### Kimiyya=== Baya ga aikin nasa a matsayin masanin ilmin sinadarai, Speter yana da sha'awar nazarin tarihin sinadarai. Taken takardar karatunsa na digirin digirgir, wanda aka buga a shekara ta 1910, shi ne "Lavoisier and his Forerunners"  Daga baya ya karanci fannoni daban-daban na ilmin sinadarai, amma babban abin da ya fi so shi ne tarihin sukari da superphosphate.

## Manazarta
Eudemus of Rhodes

Eudemus na Rhodes (Girkanci na dā; c. 370 BC - c. 300 BC) masanin falsafa ne na Girka na dā, wanda aka ɗauka masanin tarihin kimiyya na farko. Ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan ɗaliban Aristotle, yana gyara aikin malaminsa kuma yana sauƙaƙa sauƙin isa. An kuma yaba wa dan uwan Eudemus, Pasicles, tare da gyara ayyukan Aristotle.
## Manazarta
Joseph S. Fruton

**Joseph Stewart Fruton** (14 Mayu 1912 – 29 Yuli 2007), wanda aka haifa da suna **Joseph Fruchtgarten**, ɗan kimiyyar halittu ne na Polish-Amurka kuma masanin tarihin kimiyya. Mafi muhimmancin aikin kimiyyarsa ya shafi peptide masu haɗaka da hulɗarsu da enzymes na protease; tare da matarsa Sofia Simmonds, ya wallafa littafi mai tasiri, *General Biochemistry* (1953; 1958). Daga shekara ta 1970 har zuwa rasuwarsa, Fruton ya mai da hankali sosai kan tarihin kimiyya, musamman tarihin biochemistry da molecular biology.

## Yarinta da Ilmi

An haifi Joseph Fruchtgarten a Częstochowa, Poland; mahaifinsa Shama Nuta (Charles) Fruchtgarten likita ne mai cinikin hatsi, yayin da mahaifiyarsa Ella (Aisenstadt) Fruchtgarten malamar Faransanci ce. Kamar yawancin ‘yan Yahudawan Poland, iyalin Fruchtgarten sun ƙaura zuwa Amurka kafin barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na Farko. Sun zauna a birnin New York daga 1913 zuwa 1917, sannan a Afrilu 1917 suka koma Minsk (wanda a lokacin sojojin Red Army ke mamaye shi a tsakiyar Russian Civil War).

Daga 1917 zuwa 1923, Fruchtgarten ya yi karatu lokaci-lokaci, yana motsawa daga Minsk zuwa Siedlce zuwa Warsaw zuwa Berlin, inda ya koyi Faransanci, Jamusanci da Latin (baya ga harshen Polish da Ingilishi). A shekarar 1923, iyalin Fruchtgarten sun koma New York kuma sun canza sunansu zuwa *Fruton* domin gujewa kasancewa masu fuskantar ƙiyayya ga Yahudawa. Joseph Fruton ya bi mahaifinsa wajen ƙin addini, amma ya koya tun wuri-wuri "kada ya bayyana ko Yahudancinsa ko ƙin addininsa."
Bayan wasu ‘yan watanni a De Witt Clinton High School, Fruton ya shiga ajin farko na ɗalibai a James Madison High School. Ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1927, inda ya fi fice musamman a fannin kimiya (chemistry). Ya nemi shiga Columbia University, kuma bayan an ƙi shi a farko—watakila saboda yana da shekaru 15 kawai a lokacin, ko kuma saboda makarantar ta riga ta cika adadin ‘yan Yahudawa na New York—mahaifiyarsa ta shawo kan jami’in shigar da dalibai don a juyar da hukuncin.

An yi wahayi ga Fruton daga hali Max Gottlieb daga littafin Sinclair Lewis mai suna Arrowsmith, inda ya tsara karatunsa a Columbia domin zama masanin kimiyya. Darussa da aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na masanin organic chemistry John M. Nelson sun sa Fruton sha’awar biochemistry. Ya samu digirinsa a chemistry a shekarar 1931, sannan ya shiga makarantar digiri na gaba a Sashen Biological Chemistry na Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, yana aiki ƙarƙashin jagorancin Hans Thacher Clarke.

Aikin digirin PhD na Fruton ya mayar da hankali kan "lability na cystine a cikin alkali", kodayake ya haɓaka sha’awa a fannoni daban-daban na bincike da suka shafi biochemistry da ake gudanarwa a College of Physicians and Surgeons.

A yayin karatun digiri na gaba, Fruton ya fara shiga harkokin siyasa, inda ya nuna adawa da fashizim, soja-mai-ƙarfi (militarism) da kuma wariyar launin Yahudawa (anti-Semitism). A shekarar 1933, ya sadu da Sophia "Topsy" Simmonds, wacce ya aura a 1936. Bayan kammala digirinsa na PhD a watan Mayu 1934, Fruton ya zama mataimakin mai bincike (research assistant) ga Max Bergmann a Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.

## Manazarta
John Farley (historian)

John Farley, an haife shi ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 1936 a Leicester - 10 ga Nuwamba, 2015) masanin tarihin kimiyya ne na Kanada, marubucin ayyuka da labarai da yawa game da Tarihin magani. Ayyukansa sun yi tasiri a kan ilimin zamantakewa na ilimin kimiyya

## Manazarta
David Roger Oldroyd (20 Janairu 1936, Luton - 7 Nuwamba 2014, Sydney) ɗan tarihi ne na Ingilishi-Australian na kimiyyar ƙasa.

David Roger Oldroyd (20 Janairu 1936, Luton - 7 Nuwamba 2014, Sydney) ɗan tarihi ne na Ingilishi-Australian na kimiyyar ƙasa.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
A lokacin WW II, an aika shi, tare da wasu yara da yawa, zuwa ga tsaron gundumar tafkin.[1] Bayan karatun kimiyya a makarantar Luton Grammar, ya shiga cikin 1955 Emmanuel College, Cambridge, [2] inda ya karanci ilmin sinadarai da ilmin kasa sannan ya kamala a shekarar 1958 da digirin B.A. a cikin Kimiyyar Halitta.[3] A cikin 1958 ya zama, a Harrow, London, malamin makaranta kuma, a cikin wani biki a Stroud, ya auri Jane Dawes. Ya sadu da ita a cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Matasa ta Ƙasa - ya buga cello kuma ta buga oboe. Yayin koyarwa, ya fara zuwa darussan yamma don samun digiri na M.Sc. a cikin tarihin kimiyya a Jami'ar College London. A cikin 1962 shi da matarsa ​​sun yi hijira daga Ingila zuwa New Zealand, inda ya rubuta Geology a New Zealand Kafin 1900 a matsayin M.Sc. karatun digiri. Victor Eyles ya bincikar shi, kuma ya wuce ta gidan waya, [2] kuma haka ya samu a 1967 M.Sc. daga Jami'ar College London.[3]
Ahmad Y. al-Hassan

**Ahmad Y. al-Hassan** (25 ga Yuni, 1925 – Afrilu 28, 2012 Bafalasdine/Syria/Kanada ɗan tarihi ne na Larabci da kimiyya da fasaha na Islama, ya yi karatu a Urushalima, Alkahira, da daga Landan tare da digiri na biyu a London Injiniya tare da digiri na biyu. Ya zama shugabanin Injiniya sannan kuma shugaban jami'ar Aleppo inda ya kafa tarihin Tarihin Kimiyyar Larabci (IHAS) kuma shine darekta na farko. Ya kuma taba zama Ministan Man Fetur, Wutar Lantarki da Albarkatun Ma'adinin na Siriya kafin 1971. Ya yi hijira zuwa Kanada a 1982.

## Mukamai da kyaututtuka
Farfesa mai ziyara a Sashen Tarihi da Falsafa na Kimiyya, Kwalejin Jami'ar, London [shekarar da ake buƙata] Farfesa mai ziyara a Sashen Gabas ta Tsakiya da Nazarin Musulunci, Jami'ar Toronto [shekarar da ake bukata] Farfesa a Cibiyar Tarihin Kimiyyar Larabci (IHAS), Jami'ar Aleppo [shekarar da ake bukata] Mai karɓar Ordre National de la Légion d'honneur na Jamhuriyar Faransa

## Manazarta
Adolphe Roma

**Adolphe Roma** (Yuli 12, 1889, Stavelot - 9 Afrilu 1971, Korbeek-Lo) masanin ilimin gargajiya ne na Belgium kuma masanin tarihin kimiyya wanda ya damu da tarihin tsohuwar ilimin taurari.

## Ilimi da aiki
Adolphe Rome ya yi karatu a Atheneum a Mechelen, inda mahaifinsa Eugène Rome ya kasance malamin harsuna na dā. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Atheneum, ya shiga makarantar sakandare ta Katolika a Mechelen kuma a 1912 an naɗa shi firist. Daga nan sai ya yi karatun ilimin gargajiya a Jami'ar Louvain kuma ya sami digirin digirinsa a can, bayan da WWI ta katse karatunsa, a shekarar 1919. Daga nan ya yi aiki a Matsayi malami a Schaerbeek da Nivelles kuma a 1922 ya sami tallafin karatu a Institut historique belge de Rome a Roma. Daga 1924 zuwa 1927 a Paris ya yi nazarin rubutun gargajiya da na zamani. Daga 1927 ya koyar da ilimin Helenanci a Jami'ar Louvain, inda aka nada shi farfesa a 1929 kuma ya koyar har zuwa 1958. A shekara ta 1935 ya zama mai daraja na babban coci na Mechelen . 

A lokacin karatunsa na digiri, Adolphe Rome, wanda ke da sha'awar lissafi tun lokacin da yake makaranta, ya zauna a fagen bincikensa na rayuwa, tarihin kimiyya na dā. Ya sami digirin digirinsa tare da rubutun Les fonctions trigonométriques a Héron d'Alexandrie . Farawa a cikin 1920s ya fara rubuta wani muhimmin bugu (wanda aka buga daga 1931 zuwa 1943) na sharhin kan Almagest na Ptolemy da ayyukan Theon na Alexandria, daga baya ya ci gaba da ɗalibinsa kuma magajinsa Joseph Mogenet (1913-1980) da ɗalibin sa Anne Tihon (an haife shi 1944). Wani daga cikin abokan Roma shine Albert Lejeune (1916-1988). Baya ga bincikensa kan tarihin kimiyya na dā, Roma ta buga rubutun kan batutuwa da yawa na ilimin gargajiya, kamar ayyukan Pindar, Aeschylus, Euripides da Theocritus. 

⁹A cikin 1932 ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa mujallar L'Antiquité classique . A cikin shekarun 1950, ya zama babban editan mujallar kimiyya-tarihi *Isis* . 

An zabi Adolphe Rome a matsayin memba mai dacewa a 1948 kuma a 1950 memba na yau da kullun na Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium .  A cikin 1950 a Cambridge, Massachusetts, ya ba da lacca a taron International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) kan lissafin hasken rana bisa ga Theon na Alexandria.

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa
Dubi jerin wallafe-wallafen a cikin Bibliographie Académique 6, 1914-1934, shafuffuka 132-134; 7, 1934-1954, shafufun 233-234; 8, 1954-1955, shafuffukan 99; 10, 1957-1963, shafuffuki 369-370.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

## Manazarta
Friedrich Stadler

Friedrich Stadler ne adam wata Friedrich Stadler (An Haife shi a watan Yuli 17, 1951) Zeltweg, Styria, Austria ɗan Austrian. Masanin tarihi, farfesa, falsafa Friedrich Stadler (an haife shi a watan Yuli 17, 1951, a Zeltweg, Styria) ɗan tarihi ne kuma masanin falsafa kuma farfesa na tarihi da falsafar kimiyya a Jami'ar Vienna. Shi ne wanda ya kafa (a shekara ta alif  1991) kuma babban darekta na Cibiyar Vienna Circle, wanda aka kafa a matsayin Sashen Faculty of Falsafa da Ilimi na Jami'ar Vienna a watan Mayu shekara ta 2011. A halin yanzu shi ma'aikaci ne na dindindin na wannan sashe kuma yana aiki a lokaci guda a matsayin Daraktan kungiyar hadin gwiwar Vienna Circle Society, wanda shine ci gaban tsohuwar Cibiyar Vienna Circle a matsayin cibiyar karin jami'a..

## Karatu da Aiki
Stadler yayi karatun falsafa, ilimin halin dan Adam, ilimi da tarihi a Jami'ar Graz da Jami'ar Salzburg. A shekarar alif 1977 ya samu digirin digirgir. Bayan ya koyar a manyan makarantu na tsawon shekaru, ya kammala karatunsa na Ph.D. a shekara ta 1982.

### Aiki
Koyarwa Tun shekarar 1989 Stadler ya rike matsayin koyarwa a Jami'ar Vienna. A shekarar alif 1997 ya zama mataimakin farfesa a Jami'ar Vienna. A shekara ta 2008 Stadler an nada Farfesa don Tarihi da Falsafa na Kimiyya a Jami'ar Vienna (nadin hadin gwiwa na Faculty of Philosophy da Education da Faculty of Historical and Cultural Studies).

**Bincike** Babban sha'awar binciken Stadler shine tarihin zamani da falsafar kimiyya, tarihin hankali da karatun gudun hijira, tarihi, ka'idoji da hanyoyin nazarin al'adu, tarihin zamani na Jami'ar Vienna, da tarihin falsafa da kimiyya na Austrian tare da mai da hankali na musamman akan da'irar Vienna da haɓakar hankali. A cikin wannan fagen ƙwarewarsa ta ƙasa da ƙasa an rubuta ta da littattafai guda biyu da ya rubuta (a kan Ernst Mach da na Vienna Circle a cikin Jamusanci, Ingilishi da Sifananci) da editan da ya yi na kundin littattafai da yawa dangane da ayyukansa na kujera da darektan Cibiyar Vienna Circle resp. Vienna Circle Society. Ya shiga cikin ayyukan bincike daban-daban a Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha da Ludwig Boltzmann Cibiyar Tarihi da Al'umma a Salzburg da Vienna, kuma ya gudanar da ayyukan bincike da yawa daga Asusun Kimiyya na Austrian (FWF).

## Kyaututtuka
A shekarar 2014 Stadler an ba shi Babban Ado na Daraja don Ayyuka ga Jamhuriyar Austria. A shekarar  2016 ya sami lambar yabo ta Jan Patočka na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Czech. A shekarar 2017 an ba shi lambar yabo ta George Sarton don Tarihin Kimiyya na Jami'ar Ghent.

## Manazarta
Antonella Romano

**Antonella Romano** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1962)  masanin tarihin kimiyya ne na Faransa wanda aka sani da bincikenta kan kimiyya da Cocin Katolika, kuma musamman kan aikin kimiyya da lissafi na Society of Jesus (Jesuits) a cikin Renaissance . Ita ce cikakken farfesa (Directrice d'études) a Cibiyar Alexandre Koyré  don bincike a tarihin kimiyya a Makarantar Nazarin Ci gaba a Kimiyya ta Jama'a (EHESS) a Paris, tsohon darektan cibiyar, kuma mataimakin shugaban EHESS.

## Ilimi
Romano ya halarci   kuma ya sami digiri na farko a shekarar 1980. Ta tafi Jami'ar Paris-Sorbonne don karatun digiri na farko, ta sami digiri na biyu a tarihi da lasisi a fannin ilimin ƙasa a shekarar 1984, sannan ta sami difloma a shekarar 1989 a Jami'ar París 1 Pantheon-Sorbonane, tana nazarin gudummawar kimiyya na Jesuits a karkashin kulawar Daniel Roche. Ci gaba da Roche, ta kammala digiri a shekarar 1996; rubutun ta shine Les jésuites et la révolution scientifique . A shekara ta 2013 ta sami izini a Makarantar Nazarin Ci gaba a Kimiyya ta Jama'a . Rubutun habilitation dinta shine Turai Katolika, kimiyya, manufa a zamanin zamani.

## Ayyuka
Ta koyar a  daga 1985 har zuwa 1994, kuma ta yi aiki daga 1994 har zuwa 1997 a Ecole Française de Rome . A shekara ta 1997 ta zama mai bincike a Cibiyar Alexandre Koyré, kuma a shekara ta 2005 ta tafi hutu daga cibiyar don ɗaukar kujera a tarihin kimiyya a Cibiyar Jami'ar Turai da ke Florence. A shekara ta 2013 ta koma Cibiyar Alexandre Koyré a matsayin darektan karatu, kuma a shekara ta 2014 ta zama darektan cibiyar.

Daga 2018 zuwa 2020 ta kasance mataimakiyar shugaban kasa don alakar kasa da kasa na Makarantar Nazarin Ci gaba a Kimiyya ta Jama'a . 

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

### Littattafai

* Ra'ayoyin China: Turai da kuma hada duniya (karni na 16-17th) (Fayard, 2016; fassarar Mutanen Espanya Ra'ayoyi na China: Europa da hada duniya, Marcial Pons, 2018) 
* Sauye-sauyen lissafi: Tsarin Mulki da yaduwar al'adun lissafi na Jesuit a Renaissance (1540-1640) [The mathematical Counter-Reformation: Tsarin Mulki and diffusion of a Jesuit mathematical culture during the Renaissance (1540) ] (Makarantar Faransanci ta Roma, 1999) 

### Littattafan da aka gyara

* *Roma da kimiyya ta zamani: Tsakanin Renaissance da Haske* (Makarantar Faransanci ta Roma, 2008) 
* Nassosi na zamani: Jesuits tsakanin al'adun maganganu da al'adun kimiyya (an shirya su tare da Perla Chinchilla, Univ. Iberoamericana / EHESS, 2008) 
* *Naples, Roma, Florence: Tarihin kwatankwacin masu ilimi na Italiya* (an shirya shi tare da Jean Boutier da Brigitte Marin, École française de Rome, 2005) 

## Manazarta
Arnold Reymond

**Arnold Reymond** (1874-1958) masanin tauhidi ne na Switzerland, masanin falsafa (masanin kimiyya) kuma masanin tarihin kimiyya.

Reymond ya sami digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Geneva a cikin 1908; Bertrand Russell ya sake nazarin rubutun nasa game da tarihin ra'ayoyi marasa iyaka, Logique et mathématiques, a cikin Mind .  Reymond ya koyar a Jami'ar Neuchâtel daga 1912 zuwa 1925, inda ya koyar kuma ya rinjayi Jean Piaget. A shekara ta 1925 ya hau kujera a Jami'ar Lausanne . 

## Ayyuka

* Logique da lissafi: gwaji na tarihi da kuma sukar game da adadi mara iyaka, Saint-Blaise: Gidan Solidariste, 1908
* Tarihin kimiyyar gaskiya da na halitta a cikin tsohuwar Girka da Romawa, Paris: 1924. An fassara shi a matsayin Tarihin kimiyya a zamanin d ̄ a na Girka da Romawa, New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1927 
* *Masu tunani na Girka; Tarihin Falsafar Dā*, 1928
* Ka'idodin tunani da sukar zamani, 1932
* *Falsafa ta ruhaniya; karatu da bimbini, bincike mai zurfi*, 1942
* *Tarihin kimiyya da falsafar kimiyya*, 1949

## Manazarta
Habila Sarki

Abel Rey (; 29 Disamba 1873, Chalon-sur-Saône - 13 Janairu 1940, Paris) masanin falsafa ne kuma masanin tarihin kimiyya na Faransa.

Abel Rey ya gaji Gaston Milhaud a matsayin farfesa na Tarihin falsafar dangane da kimiyya a Sorbonne, kuma ya kafa Cibiyar Tarihin kimiyya da Fasaha don ƙarfafa hadin kai tsakanin kimiyya da bil'adama. An yi jayayya cewa Rey ya rinjayi Philipp Frank da kuma kafa Vienna Circle .  Tarihin kimiyya na Rey ya kasance mai faɗi, gami da kimiyya daga kimiyyar lissafi zuwa ilimin zamantakewa, da zurfi, daga zamanin d ̄ a zuwa yanzu; Bugu da ƙari, ya haɗa da nazarin tasirin al'adu a kan kimiyya na lokacin.

## Ayyuka
Sanya Sakin layi

* L'énergie et le mécanisme au point de vue des conditions de la connaissance, Paris, F. Alcan, 1905 (reprinted 1923)
* Ka'idar kimiyyar lissafi a cikin masana kimiyyar zamani, 1907
* [Hasiya] Flammarion, 1908
* Kimiyya a zamanin d ̄ a, a cikin Juyin Halitta na Dan Adam, sata. 1-5 Kimiyya ta Gabas kafin Helenawa (1930) Matasa na Kimiyya ta Girka (1933) Girma na tunanin kimiyya a Girka (1939) Mafi girman kimiyyar fasaha ta Girka: kimiyyar halitta; lissafi daga Hippocrates zuwa Plato (1939) Mafi girma na kimiyyar fasahar Girka: ci gaban lissafi (bayan mutuwa, 1946)
** Kimiyya ta Gabas kafin Helenawa (1930)
** Matasa na kimiyyar Girka (1933)
** Girman tunanin kimiyya a Girka (1939)
** Babban fasahar kimiyyar Girka: kimiyyar halitta; lissafi daga Hippocrates zuwa Plato (1939)  
** Babban ci gaban kimiyyar fasaha ta Girka: ci gaban lissafi (bayan mutuwarsa, 1946)  
* Ilimin halayyar dan adam, 1934
* Lissafi a Girka, a tsakiyar karni na biyar, 1935

## Manazarta
William Everdell

William Romeyn Everdell malamin Amurka ne kuma marubucin. Shi ne Dean na Humanities, Emeritus, a Makarantar Saint Ann.
## Tarihi
An haife shi a ranar 25 ga Yuni, 1941, ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar St. Paul da Jami'ar Princeton a shekarar 1964.  Masanin Woodrow Wilson kuma Masanin Fulbright, yana da digiri na biyu a tarihi daga Jami'ar Harvard da Ph.D na 1971 daga Jami'an New York Rubutun Everdell, wanda daga baya aka buga a cikin littafi, sananne ne saboda kasancewa aikin farko da ya sanya Jean-Jacques Rousseau a cikin Counter-Enlightenment, a cewar Graeme Garrard .]https://books.google.com/books?id=RM7bmjNINt0C&dq=william+everdell+rousseau&pg=PA124</ref
## Manazarta
Aileen Fyfe

**Aileen Fyfe**  masaniya ce a fannin tarihi.

## Ilmi da Aiki a Jami’a
Fyfe ta yi waƙoƙin karatu a tarihin kimiyya da fasaha, musamman na ƙarni na sha tara, a NUI Galway a cikin shekarun 2000s. Tun daga 2011, ta koma University of St Andrews inda take Daraktar Bincike a Makarantar Tarihi. Bincikenta a can ya mayar da hankali kan yaduwa da amfani da ilimi daga ƙarshen ƙarni na sha bakwai zuwa gaba.

Fyfe memba ce ta Majalisar History of Science Society (Amurka). Daga shekarar 2002 zuwa 2007, ta kasance Ma’ajin Kuɗi na British Society for the History of Science, sannan ta shugabanci ƙaramar kwamitin tarihin kimiyya na Royal Irish Academy har zuwa 2010.

Daga 2013 zuwa 2017, ta jagoranci bincike na AHRC kan mujallar Philosophical Transactions, mujallar Royal Society of London. Ita ce babban marubucin takardar bayani ta 2017 mai taken *Untangling Academic Publishing: a history of the relationship between commercial interests, academic prestige and the circulation of research*, wacce ta samo asali daga wannan bincike.

Tun daga bazara ta shekarar 2021, Fyfe tana da alhakin tsara aikin *Women Historians of St Andrews*, wanda ke nufin bincikar ƙwarewar mata da suka yi karatu, bincike, da koyar da Tarihi a jami’ar St Andrews.

## Manazarta
Ana Millán Gasca

Ana María Millán Gasca (an haife shi a shekara ta 1964) ƙwararren masanin tarihi ne na ƙasar Spain, masanin ilimin lissafi, kuma marubucin littafi. Tana aiki a Italiya a matsayin farfesa a Jami'ar Roma Tre.[1]

## Ilimi da aiki
Mamoru Oguma

Mamoru Oguma (anhaifeshi a  24 Agusta 1885 – rashewa 10 Satumba 1971, masanin (nazarin ƙwari),  (nazarin ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin sassa na tsarin rayuwa) da ilimi kwayoyin halitta daga Japan ne. 

## Rayuwa da Ilimi
An haife Oguma a Akasaka, Tokyo Prefecture (wanda yanzu ke yankin Minato, Tokyo). 

Ya kammala karatu a “Tokyo First Middle School” (yanzu Hibiya High School) a shekarar 1903. 

Daga nan ya shiga kwalejin noma ta Sapporo 

A 1911, ya kammala digiri daga tsangayar noma ta Tohoku gawurtacciyar jamia'a 

Ya je ƙasashen waje domin bincike a tsakanin 1922-1924 — ya yi karatu da bincike a ƙasar Birtaniya, Jamus, da Belgium. 

## Manazarta
Benjamin Farrington

Benjamin Farrington (10 ga Yulin 1891  -17 ga Nuwamba 1974 masanin Irish ne kuma farfesa a fannin gargajiya, yana koyarwa a Ireland (1916-1920), Afirka ta Kudu (1920-1935), da kuma Burtaniya (1935-1956). Kodayake aikinsa na ilimi ya kunshi fannoni da yawa, an fi saninsa da gudummawar da ya bayar ga tarihin kimiyyar Girka. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin ci gaban horo, littattafansa sun kasance wasu daga cikin na farko da aka rubuta a cikin harshen Ingilishi wanda ya mayar da hankali musamman kan kimiyyar Helenanci. Baya ga sana'arsa ta sana'a ya kuma kasance mai aiki a cikin siyasar gurguzu, ta amfani da iyawarsa ta ilimi don magana da rubutu a kai. Yayinda yake fara aikinsa na ilimi a Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1920 ya shiga cikin kungiyar Irish Republican Association of South Africa . A cikin tsari ya rubuta labarai da yawa ga jaridu na Afirka ta Kudu game da bukatar Ireland ta rabu da Ingila. Bugu da kari, ya taimaka wajen kafa taron zaman lafiya na Irish a birnin Paris a shekarar 1922. [4] Irin wannan alkawuran siyasa ba za a iya gujewa ba ya rinjayar salon koyarwarsa, yana ba shi suna a Afirka ta Kudu na kasancewa Marxist mai basira.[5] Koyaya, daga hangen nesa na wasu masu sukar, alkawuransa na Marxist sun rufe aikinsa na ilimi, suna lalata su sosai. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun litattafansa game da zamantakewar al'umma, wanda aka rubuta a 1940, shine The Challenge of Socialism.

## Manazarta
Nikolai Fyodorov (falsafa)

**Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov** an haifeshi 9 Yuni 1829 – ya mutu a 28 Disamba 1903 shi ne masanin falsafa na Kiristocin Orthodox na Rasha, mai tunani kan addini da kuma futurologist, fitaccen mutum a fannin library science kuma malami mai ƙirƙira. Ya fara motsi na Russian cosmism
Fyodorov ya goyi bayan tsawon rai na ƙwarai (life extension), rayuwa marar mutuwa ta jiki (immortality) har ma da tashin matattu (Technological resurrection) ta amfani da hanyoyin kimiyya.
## Tahiri
An haifi Fyodorov a ranar 26 Mayu (7 Yuni) 1829 a ƙauyen, Lardin Tambov (yanzu Sasovsky District, Ryazan Oblast, Rasha). A matsayinsa na ɗa marar aure na Yarima Pavel Ivanovich Gagarin (1798–1872), ya samu sunan mahaifinsa na ruhaniya (godfather).

## Manazarta
Lisbet Rausing

## Rayuwa ta farko
Lisbet Rausing ita ce 'yar fari ta Hans Rausing da matarsa Märit Rausing . Tana da 'yar'uwa ɗaya, Sigrid Rausing, da ɗan'uwa ɗaya، Hans Kristian Rausing . Kakanta, Ruben Rausing, ya kasance co-kafa kamfanin kunshin kayan ado na Sweden Tetra Pak .

Rausing ta yi karatun Tarihi a Jami'ar California, Berkeley (B.A., summa cum laude 1984) kuma ta kammala MA (1987) da Ph.D. (1993) a Tarihi a Jami'ar Harvard.

## Ayyuka
Harvard University Press ta buga tarihin rayuwar masanin Rausing na Carl Linnaeus, Linnaeus: Nature and Nation  a cikin 1999. A cikin aikinta ta wallafa labarai da yawa a kan batutuwa masu alaƙa a cikin mujallu na ilimi ciki har da *Isis*, Representations,  Configurations,  da *Tarihin Tattalin Arziki* na Siyasa.  Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga Financial Times da The Sunday Telegraph, kuma ta buga abubuwa da yawa game da juyin halitta na adana bayanai  da kuma budewa ga tallafin karatu. 

Rausing babban jami'in bincike ne a Kwalejin Sarki. Tana da digiri na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Uppsala da SOAS .  Har ila yau, 'yar girmamawa ce ta Kwalejin Burtaniya,  Linnean Society,  Royal Historical Society,  The Royal Society of Biology  da Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry  . An zabe ta a cikin Kwamitin Masu Kula da Harvard  (2005-2011) da Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Yad Hanadiv (2001-2011). Ta yi aiki a kwamitin ba da shawara na Cambridge Conservation Initiative daga 2012 zuwa 2022.

## Taimako

Lisbet Rausing ta kafa Asusun Arcadia  a cikin 2001 tare da mijinta Farfesa Peter Baldwin . Ya zuwa watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, Asusun ya ba da gudummawa sama da dala miliyan 919 ga kungiyoyin agaji da cibiyoyin ilimi a duniya waɗanda ke adana al'adun al'adu da muhalli da inganta budewa. Ayyukan da aka ba da kuɗin Arcadia sun haɗa da Shirin Bayanan Harsuna Masu Hadari a Kwalejin Kimiyya da Humanities ta Berlin,  Shirin Tarihin Harsuna a British Library  da Fauna & Flora International's Halcyon Land and Sea fund. An lissafa su a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga Gidauniyar Wikimedia  kuma sun ba da gudana ga dala miliyan 5 ga kyautar Wikimedia a cikin 2017  bayan Baldwin ya shiga kwamitin ba da shawara.

Rausing da Baldwin sun kuma kafa Lund Trust . Tun daga shekara ta 2002 Lund Trust ta ba da fiye da dala miliyan 77.7 ga kungiyoyin agaji a Burtaniya da duniya.

## Manazarta
Nicolas Rasmussen

Bayan ya yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje na binciken ilmin halitta tun yana saurayi, bayyanar Rasmussen ta digiri na farko ga tarihin fasaha da ka'idar ta haifar da sha'awar tarihi da falsafar kimiyya. Ya shiga shirin PhD a Falsafa a Jami'ar Chicago yana aiki tare da William Wimsatt na tsawon shekaru biyu. Bayan ya sami digiri na biyu, ya yi nazarin tarihin ilmin halitta tare da Nick Jardine a cikin M.Phil . shirin a Tarihi da Falsafar Kimiyya a Jami'ar Cambridge. A shekara ta 1987 ya ɗauki tallafin PhD a fannin kimiyyar halittu a Jami'ar Stanford kuma, yayin da yake neman binciken digiri a fannin ilimin halitta na ci gaban shuke-shuke a karkashin Paul B. Green, ya ci gaba da aiki a tarihin kimiyya tare da Tim Lenoir. A shekara ta 2007, don ba shi damar shiga cikin ilimin manufofin kiwon lafiya, ya dauki digiri na biyu a fannin kiwon lafiya a Jami'ar Sydney Medical School. 

An haifi Nicolas Rasmussen a birnin Paris a shekara ta 1962 ga iyayen Amurka, masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta Norman L. Rasmussen (1928 - 2003), daga baya darektan Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Cambridge ta IBM kuma mai ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban Tsarin aiki na raba lokaci;  da Laura Sootin Rasmussen (33 -), daga baya mai shirya da kuma jami'in Ƙungiyar Mata ta Kasa a New England.  Ya halarci makarantar Roxbury Latin kusa da Boston, Massachusetts .

Bayan horo na postdoctoral a tarihin kimiyya a Stanford da Harvard da kuma gajeren lokaci yana koyarwa a fagen ƙarshe a Princeton da UCLA, ya koyar da tarihi da falsafar kimiyya a Jami'ar Sydney (1994 - 1997) sannan a Jami'an New South Wales a Sydney, inda yanzu yake Farfesa. A shekara ta 2019 an zabe shi a matsayin ɗan'uwan Kwalejin Humanities ta Australiya . 

Binciken nasa ya shafi rawar da kayan aiki ke takawa wajen tsara ilimin kimiyya; Tarihin biotechnology, ilmin halitta da Tarihin al'adu da ilimi; tarihin shan miyagun ƙwayoyi da magunguna a Amurka tun daga 1900; da kuma Tasirin tallafin masana'antu akan binciken kiwon lafiya. An fi saninsa da mayar da hankali kan hanyoyin da hanyoyin gwaji da fasaha zasu iya tsara fannonin bincike, a zamantakewa da ilimi, da kuma rawar da ke tattare da tallafawa wajen tsara fannonin kimiyya a tsakiyar karni na 20 a Amurka. Ya kasance babban mai bincike a kan tallafin Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kasa (Amurka) da kuma Majalisar Bincike ta Australiya.

## Manazarta
Jean Filliozat

Jean Filliozat (4 ga Nuwamba 1906 a Paris - 27 ga Oktoba 1982 a Paris) marubucin Faransa ne. Ya yi karatun likitanci kuma ya kasance likita tsakanin 1930 da 1947. Ya koyi Sanskrit, Pali, Tibet da Tamil. Ya rubuta wasu muhimman ayyuka a kan tarihin maganin Indiya. Ya koyar a Collège de France daga 1952 zuwa 1978.
## Tarihi

Jean Filliozat ya zama likita a 1930, kuma an ba shi difloma daga École pratique des hautes études a 1934. A shekara ta 1935 an ba shi difloma daga Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales . Ya kasance darektan karatu a École pratique des hautes études daga 1941 zuwa 1978. Ya kafa Institut Français d'Indologie a Pondicherry a 1955 kuma a lokaci guda ya kasance darektan École Française d'Extrême Orient daga 1956 har zuwa 1977. Ya zama memba na Academie a 1966 kuma mataimakin shugaban Societe Asiatique a 1974.
## Manazarta
Christoph Lüthy

**Christoph Lüthy** (an haife shi a Zürich, 1964) ɗan asalin Switzerland ne na tarihin falsafa da kimiyya kuma farfesa a Jami'ar Radboud Nijmegen .  Yankunan bincikensa sune tarihin kimiyyar zamani na farko, alaƙar da ke tsakanin falsafar da kimiyya, da ci gaban hotunan kimiyya da zane-zane. 

## Ayyuka
Ɗan fari na masanin tarihi Herbert Lüthy, Christoph Lüthy ya girma a Basel. Ya sami digiri na farko na BA tare da bambanci a Falsafa da Harsunan zamani a Kwalejin Magdalen, Oxford (1987)  da kuma MA da PhD a Tarihin Kimiyya daga Jami'ar Harvard (1989 da 1995). Bayan postdoctoral postposings a Cibiyar Swiss a Roma da kuma Cibiyar Max Planck don Tarihin Kimiyya a Berlin, ya koma a 1997 zuwa Jami'ar Radboud Nijmegen, inda ya kafa Cibiyar Tarihin Falsafa da Kimiyya. Tun daga shekara ta 1999, ya kasance editan mujallar Early Science and Medicine da kuma jerin littattafan Medieval da Early Modern Philosophy and Science .  Tsakanin 2016 da 2021, ya yi aiki a jami'arsa a matsayin shugaban ma'aikata.

A shekara ta 2013, an zabe shi zuwa Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Netherlands .  A cikin wannan shekarar, ya sami lambar yabo ta Kimiyya ta Radboud don littafinsa game da David van Goorle .  A shekara ta 2024, an zabe shi zuwa Academia Europaea ..

## Manazarta
Dhruv Raina

Haɗin ilimi tare da S. Irfan Habib ya haifar da buga jerin labaran bincike (wanda aka tattara kwanan nan a matsayin kundin da ake kira, Domesticating Modern Science, 2004) akan sake fasalin al'adu na kimiyya ta zamani a Indiya mai mulkin mallaka. Sun shirya wani girma a kan Joseph Needham (Situating the History of Science, 1999) da kuma sashen kan Kimiyya a Kudancin Kashi na ashirin da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya don kundi na 7 na UNESCO's History of Mankind Project . [1]

A halin yanzu yana cikin Majalisar Sashen Ma'ana, Hanyar da Falsafar Kimiyya da Fasaha na Ƙungiyar Tarihi da Falsafa ta Duniya (2020-2023). 

## Littattafai

* Dhruv Raina da S. Irfan Habib (ed.). 1999. *Yanayin Tarihin Kimiyya: Tattaunawa tare da Joseph Needham* . New Delhi: Oxford University Press . https://books.google.com/books?id=DJEPPwAACAAJ
* Dhruv Raina 2003. *Hotuna da Yanayi: Tarihin Kimiyya da zamani a Indiya*. New Delhi: Oxford University Press . https://academic.oup.com/book/4022
* Dhruv Raina da S. Irfan Habib . 2004. Domesticating Modern Science: Tarihin Jama'a na Kimiyya da Al'adu a Indiya mai mulkin mallaka . New Delhi: Littattafan Tulika . https://tulikabooks.in/catalog/product/view/id/21727/s/domesticating-modern-science-tulika/
* S. Irfan Habib da Dhruv. Ruwan sama.  (Abin da ke tattare da su). 2007. Tarihin Kimiyya na Jama'a a Indiya mai mulkin mallaka . New Delhi: Oxford University Press . https://academic.oup.com/jsh/article-abstract/43/1/238/916055?redirectedFrom=fulltext
* Feza Günnergun da Dhruv Raina (ed.). 2011. *Kimiyya tsakanin Turai da Asiya: Nazarin Tarihi kan watsawa, Amincewa da Daidaita Ilimi, Nazarin Boston a Falsafar Kimiyya*. Dordrecht: Springer . https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-90-481-9968-6
* Dhruv Raina 2015. *Cibiyar sadarwa ta Indiya ta Needham: Binciken Gida don Tarihin Kimiyya a Indiya (1950-1970) *. New Delhi: Yoda Press . https://books.google.com/books?id=NoVuvgAACAAJ
* Hans Harder da Dhruv Raina (Eds.). 2022. *Hanyar horo da ƙungiyoyi: Tattaunawa tsakanin Indiya da Duniya mai magana da Jamusanci.* Hyderabad: Gabas Blackswan.

## Dubi kuma

* Nazarin kimiyya da fasaha a Indiya

## Manazarta

* Bayani a shafin yanar gizon JNU
* Bayanan martaba, Cibiyar Kudancin Asiya, Jami'ar Heidelberg 
* Masanin Google
* 'Seminar Magazine Special Issue on State of Science: wani taro kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin kimiyya, ilimi da dimokuradiyya (wanda Dhruv Raina ya shirya) Mujallar Seminar Musamman a kan Jihar Kimiyya: wani taro kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin kimiyya, ilimi da dimokuradiyya (wanda Dhruv Raina ya shirya)
* "Tsakanin Jesuit da Haskakawa HIstoriography: Tarihin Jean-Sylvain Baily na Astronomy na Indiya" 
* "Bincike a cikin ilimin zamantakewa na "Kimiyyar Kimiyya da Al'umma" Ilimi a Jami'o'in Indiya da Cibiyoyin Fasaha"
* Cibiyoyin da Canjin Ilimi na Duniya: Tattaunawa 
* "Yaya za a je sama ko kuma yadda sammai ke tafiya?"
* "Aikin Classic: Muhimmancin zamani na Tarihin P.C. Ray"
* "Tsarin Kimiyya na zamani a Kudancin Asiya: Bayani na Tarihi game da Tsarin Gida da Globalization"
* Labarai a cikin Mujallar Down to Earth