Stefanus Gie

Stefanus François Naudé Gie (13 Yuli 1884 - 10 Afrilu 1945) ɗan Afirka ta Kudu ɗan tarihi ne, ɗan siyasa, kuma jami'in diflomasiyya.

## Malami
An haifi Gie a Worcester, Cape Colony (yanzu lardin Western Cape) ga dangin Afrikaner. Ya kasance dan asalin Holland, Faransanci da Jamus. Iyayensa sune Coenraad Johannes Carolus Gie da Martha Naude. Gie ya yi karatu a makarantar sakandare ta Worcester Boys kuma a Kwalejin Victoria (Jami'ar Stellenbosch yanzu) a Stellenbosch. ] Daga baya, ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Amsterdam da Jami'ar Humboldt ta Berlin, inda ya sami digiri na uku.Babban mai kula da PhD na Gie shine Friedrich Meinecke, ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun masana tarihin Jamus na zamaninsa. Likitan PhD na Gie shine Die Kanditatur Ludwigs XIV bei der Kaiserwahl vom Jahre 1658, game da takarar Sarki Louis XIV na Faransa don ofishin Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki a 1658.

Tsakanin 1906 da 1909, ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a Cradock and Worcester. ] A cikin 1910, an ƙara masa girma zuwa Sufeto na Makarantu. A cikin 1911, ya zama Shugaban Kwalejin Horar da Malamai a Graaff-Reinett. Gie ta auri Johanna Jordaan kuma ta haifi 'ya'ya maza uku, Coenraad, Johan, da Gert. A matsayinsa na ɗan kishin ƙasa na Afrikaner, yana da sha'awar haɓaka ayyukan al'adu waɗanda za su ɗaukaka fahimtar asalin Afirkaner. A cikin 1915, ya kasance memba na kafa Letterkundige en Toneel Vereniging kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo a Graaff-Reinet. Gie ya yi aiki a matsayin darekta kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo tare da kamfanin Letterkundige en Toneel Vereniging.

A cikin 1918, ya zama farfesa na farko na Tarihin Afirka ta Kudu a Jami'ar Stellenbosch, ya tashi ya zama Shugaban sashen tarihin Afirka ta Kudu a Stellenbosch.[1] Masanin tarihin Afirka ta Kudu W.S. Barnard ya bayyana Gie a matsayin "mai sophisticated, amma mai kishin Afirkaner mai kishin kasa" wanda ya yi nasarar samun yaren koyarwa a Stellenbosch ya canza daga Dutch zuwa Afrikaans.
A cikin 1918, ya zama farfesa na farko na Tarihin Afirka ta Kudu a Jami'ar Stellenbosch, ya tashi ya zama Shugaban sashen tarihin Afirka ta Kudu a Stellenbosch.[1] Masanin tarihin Afirka ta Kudu W.S. Barnard ya bayyana Gie a matsayin "mai sophisticated, amma mai kishin Afirkaner mai kishin kasa" wanda ya yi nasarar samun yaren koyarwa a Stellenbosch ya canza daga Dutch zuwa Afrikaans.

Gie ya zama babban masanin tarihin Afrikaner na zamaninsa, daya daga cikin kwararrun masana tarihi na Afirkaner na farko wadanda suka yi niyyar baiwa Afrikaners masu ilimi da ke karuwa tarihin da za su yi alfahari da shi. Kamar yadda Boers gabaɗaya ba su iya karatu ba a ƙarni na 19, rubuce-rubuce kan tarihin Afirka ta Kudu ya kasance ko dai aikin masana tarihi na Biritaniya ne ko kuma Anglos (fararen Afirka ta Kudu na Burtaniya). Babban tsarin tarihi na rubuta tarihin Afirka ta Kudu a farkon karni na 20 shine a kwatanta Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin wani yanki na daular Burtaniya kawai, ko da yake wani bangare ne na musamman. Gie da sauran masana tarihi na Afrikaner sun nemi ƙalubalantar wannan samfurin kuma a maimakon haka sun gabatar da kasida ta volksgeskiedenis ("Tarihin mutane") wanda ya ga tarihin Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin abin da ya dace kuma ya sanya Afirkaners a tsakiyar labarin.

Gie ya ga kansa a matsayin daya daga cikin shugabannin tarihin "kimiyya-maƙasudi", yana bayyana a cikin jawabin 1920 ga ɗalibansa a Stellenbosch cewa zama masanin tarihi na "kimiyya" yana buƙatar hangen nesa "gaskiya da haƙiƙa", wanda kawai za a iya samu ta hanyar "aiki mai wuyar gaske da gogewa". Gie ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu tallata "tarihin kimiyya-maƙasudin", wanda ya zama babban abin koyi ga rubuce-rubucen tarihi a cikin Afrikaans a Afirka ta Kudu har zuwa ƙarshen wariyar launin fata a 1994. Gie ya ga tarihi a matsayin kimiyyar zamantakewa inda masana tarihi za su yi aiki kamar yadda masana kimiyya suke gano karfin zamantakewar al'umma a cikin al'ummarsu don ba da bayanin "kimiyya" game da ci gaban tarihi a cikin "manufa" da tsaka tsaki., Masanin tarihin Afirka ta Kudu Albert Grundlingh ya rubuta wannan samfurin "tarihin kimiyya-maƙasudin" wanda ya mamaye rubuce-rubucen tarihi a Afirka ta Kudu babban ƙoƙari ne ga masana tarihin Afirka ta Kudu don ɓoye ra'ayinsu a bayan facade na "abu" wanda aka ce yana da tushe a cikin tsantsar ma'anar kimiyya da kanta. Grundlingh ya lura cewa duk da iƙirarin da masana tarihi na “manufa-kimiyya” suka yi na bayar da bayanai na “kimiyya” cewa irin waɗannan masana tarihi a aikace suna son guje wa rubuce-rubucen nazari, maimakon haka sun gwammace su ba da bayanin abin da ya faru a baya maimakon dalilin da ya sa Grundlingh kuma ya lura a cikin "tarihin kimiyya-maƙasudin", an mai da hankali kan siyasa sabanin tarihin zamantakewa, wanda ya ba da ra'ayi mai ɓatarwa cewa Boers/Afrikaners sun kasance da haɗin kai fiye da sau da yawa, suna haɓaka labarin "mu da su".
wanda ya shahara sosai a Turai, musamman a Jamus da Netherlands, saboda yawancin masana tarihi na Afirkaner kamar Gie sun sami ilimi a cikin Netherlands da/ko a Jamus. Mwaniki ya lura cewa a cikin tarihin "kimiyya-manufa" an mayar da hankali kan tarihin "kasa" tare da mai da hankali sosai kan tarihin siyasa da na soja; cewa irin waɗannan tarihin sun kasance sun kasance masu bayyanawa maimakon nazari; kuma baƙar fata kawai sun bayyana a cikin waɗannan tarihin game da tarihin soja a matsayin masu adawa da Boers kuma sun kasance ba su da tarihin Afirka ta Kudu. ]

Saboda horon da ya yi a Netherlands da Jamus, Gie yana da "kusan tsarin Rankian mai ban sha'awa" ga tarihi kuma ya riƙe bambancin da aka saba yi a jami'o'in Turai a lokacin tsakanin ilimin ɗan adam da tarihi. Ga Gie, ilimin ɗan adam shine binciken kimiyya na "jahilai da talakawa" da tarihi wanda a gare shi shine binciken kimiyya na abubuwan da suka wuce na "al'ummai masu wayewa".Don haka ga Gie, tarihin Afirka ta Kudu shine tarihin farar fata na Afirka ta Kudu yayin da tarihin baƙar fata na Afirka ta Kudu ya kasance ilimin ɗan adam. Gie ya bayyana muradinsa a matsayin nazarin "wayewa" da "fararen fata" na Afirka ta Kudu kamar yadda ya rubuta cewa volksgeskiedenis ("Tarihin mutane") shine ainihin "Tarihin Wayewar Turai a Afirka ta Kudu" ya bayyana tarihin Afrikaners a matsayin labarin shugabannin da suka fi girma waɗanda suka jarumtaka da jarumtaka suka jagoranci mutane masu taurin kai a cikin veld don ƙirƙirar "wayewa".. A lokacinsa a Stellenbosh, ya rubuta abin da ya zama littafinsa na 1928 Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika, na Ons Verlede (Tarihin Afirka ta Kudu, na Tsohon Mu), wanda daga baya ya mai da Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika, 1652-1795 (Tarihin Afirka ta Kudu, 1652-1795). Daga baya aka buga juzu'i na biyu mai suna Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika, 1795-1918. Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika ya zama littafin tarihin da aka fi so na masu kishin ƙasa na Afrikaner a cikin 1940 Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika ya zama wajibi ga daliban makarantar sakandare a Afirka ta Kudu.
Musamman ma, ga Gie, tarihin Afirka ta Kudu ya fara ne lokacin da mutanen Holland na farko suka isa a 1652 kuma kafin 1652 Afirka ta Kudu a zahiri ba ta da tarihi., gue ya yarda a fili cewa ya yi watsi da tarihin "'yan ƙasa" domin ya gaya wa "Tarihin Wayewar Afirka ta Kudu" yana buƙatar yin la'akari da alakar da ke tsakanin "Bature da tsohon al'adu a kan teku". Gie ya rubuta cewa don mallakar wannan fili yana buƙatar yin aikin ƙasar, don haka ya bayar da hujjar cewa ’yan asalin Khoekhoe makiyaya makiyaya waɗanda ya kira su da sunan wulakanci mai suna "Hottentots" ba su da wani haƙƙi na mallakar fili saboda salon rayuwarsu na makiyaya tare da abin da ya kira "siyasa na fashi"  Gie ya rubuta cewa: "Babu wani mutum ko wata al'umma da ke da cikakken hakki ga kasa, idan wani yana son ci gaba da zama a mallake shi dole ne ya nuna hakkinsa ta hanyar amfani da kasar. Wajibi ne wata al'umma ta yi amfani da kasarsa gwargwadon yadda zai yiwu domin hidimar bil'adama" Ta haka ne Gie ya yi jayayya da cewa "Hottentots" kamar yadda ya kira Khoekhoe ba su da wani hakki ga ƙasar da suke rayuwa a cikinta[ Ya bambanta, ya yi jayayya cewa mazauna Holland, waɗanda suka haɗa daga baya a cikin karni na 17 da 'yan gudun hijirar Huguenot na Faransa da Jamusawa, su ne masu "halal" masu ƙasar saboda su ne "ma'aikatan ƙasa" 

Gie ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta ra'ayin cewa Jan van Riebeeck wanda ya kafa sansanin kamfanin Dutch East India Company a yanzu Cape Town shi ne ya kafa Afirka ta Kudu. Gie ya rubuta cewa van Riebeeck shine "wanda ya kafa Afirka ta Kudu, Afirka ta Kudu na farin mutum" Akasin haka, matar Riebeeck, Maria van Riebeeck, ta zama ga Gie alamar "kyakkyawan kiwo" wanda ke nuna farkon "fararen jinsi" a Afirka ta Kudu tare da zama alamar gida wanda ya gani a matsayin abin sha'awa ga matan Afrikaner. Gie na ɗaya daga cikin jagororin yaƙin neman zaɓe don yin 6 ga Afrilu-ranar da van Riebeeck ya sauka a Cape Town a 1652-zuwa hutun jama'a saboda shi wannan ita ce farkon tarihin Afirka ta Kudu kansa. A

## Jami'in diflomasiyya
Daga 1934 zuwa 1939, ya yi aiki a matsayin babban minista na Afirka ta Kudu zuwa Jamus. Gie ɗan Jamus ne wanda ya ji daɗin matsayinsa a Berlin, birnin da aka ba shi digiri na uku. ya rungumi Nazinci. A cikin abubuwan da ya aika zuwa Pretoria ya kwatanta gwamnatin Nazi a cikin mafi kyawu mai yuwuwa yayin da yake ci gaba da ci gaba da zarge-zargen "makircin" da Yahudawa suka yi wa Jamus. Gie ya dangana ga yahudawa masu girman gaske da munanan iko don yin amfani da siyasa da tattalin arzikin duniya, kuma a cikin karatunsa na abubuwan da suka faru Jamus ta kasance abin sha ga Yahudawa har abada. Firayim Minista J. B. M. Hertzog bai yarda da kyamar Gie ba, amma mafi kyawun hoto mai kyau na Rikici na Uku da Gie ya gabatar ya kasance Firayim Minista ya yi amfani da shi don tallafawa manufofinsa na ketare. Har ila yau Hertzog ya yi aiki a matsayin nasa ministan harkokin wajen, kuma duk aika aikar Gie ya tafi kai tsaye zuwa gare shi. Hertzog ba mai adawa da Yahudawa ba ne, amma shi ɗan Jamus ne mai ƙwazo. Mataimakin firaministan kasar, Jan Smuts dan sahyoniyawan kirista ne wanda ya yi aiki kafada da kafada da shuwagabannin yahudawan sahyoniya daban-daban, kuma yana da ra'ayin kyamar Yahudawa. Sakamakon haka, dangantakar Gie da Smuts ta kasance mai wahala yayin da Gie ya fito fili yana adawa da Smut's Zionism.

A cikin Janairun 1935, jirgin ruwa na Jamus Emden ya ziyarci Cape Town, babban tashar jiragen ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu, inda ministan tsaron Afirka ta Kudu Oswald Pirow ya isa don tarbar Karl Dönitz, kyaftin na Emden, zuwa Afirka ta Kudu. A wani jawabi ga ma'aikatan jirgin Emden, Pirow ya bayyana.
An yi watsi da jawabin Pirow da farko a cikin jaridar Cape Argus kawai har sai da dan jaridar Birtaniya George Ward Price, "mai ba da labari na musamman" na Daily Mail, ya kawo shi a wata hira da Adolf Hitler. A mayar da martani, Hitler ya ce: "Har sai an tabbatar da hakan, bai kamata in so in ba da wani ra'ayi ba. Zan ce kawai idan Afirka ta Kudu ko wata gwamnati za ta ba mu wani yanki na mulkin mallaka, za mu karbe su da son rai" A wannan lokacin, jawabin ya zama batun muhawara mai yawa a cikin Afirka ta Kudu da kuma Birtaniya, inda aka ji cewa tayin komawa Afirka ta Kudu maso yammacin Afirka (Namibiya ta zamani) zuwa Jamus.

A cikin Ofishin Harkokin Waje na Birtaniya, an yi imanin cewa Hitler yana "gwajin jirgin ruwa mai rauni da farko" a matsayin gambit don tilastawa Birtaniya, Faransanci da Belgium su mayar da tsoffin yankunan Afirka na Jamus. Pirow ya musanta a majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Kudu cewa gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu na shirin komawa Afirka ta Kudu maso yammacin kasar. ] Pirow ya ci gaba da cewa kawai yana bayyana fatan Jamus ta sake samun daular mulkin mallaka a Afirka. A cewar ofishin jakadancin Birtaniyya a birnin Berlin wanda ya samu labarin abubuwan da ke cikin ganawar da aka yi tsakanin Johan Paul van Limburg Stirum, mai rike da madafun iko na kasar Holland, da Gie, jawabin Pirow ba wata magana ba ce, sai dai mafarin wata sabuwar manufa kamar yadda Hertzog ke jin cewa samun Jamus ta dawo a matsayin mulkin mallaka a Afirka yana da matukar muhimmanci "domin kare lafiyar farar fata nan gaba". A cewar majiyar, Hertzog na shirin ci gaba da rike Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma kuma yana ganin bai kamata Biritaniya ta mayar da Tanganyika (Tanzaniya ta zamani) ko Kamaru zuwa Jamus ba. sai dai majiyar ta bayyana cewa, ga Hertzog zai zama "mafi kyau" idan Jamus za ta iya mamaye yankunan da Portugal ta yi wa mulkin mallaka a Afirka, kuma ta haka ne ya kamata a fahimci jawabin Pirow.
A ranar 22 ga Oktoban 1935, Gie ya rubuta wa Sakataren Harkokin Waje, Helgard Bodenstein, cewa Majalisar Afirka ta Kudu a Berlin ta cika da Yahudawan Jamusawa da ke neman yin hijira zuwa Afirka ta Kudu. Gie yana da mummunan ra'ayi game da Yahudawan Jamus waɗanda ke yin layi a gaban majalisa a kowace rana ta mako, yana rubuta wa Bodenstein cewa yana tunanin cewa yawancinsu 'yan gurguzu ne, har ma waɗanda ba ya shakka za su dace da Afirka ta Kudu sosai.  Gie ya kasance yana hulɗa akai-akai tare da Eric Louw, babban minista na Afirka ta Kudu a birnin Paris, wanda ya ba da ra'ayin kyamar Yahudawa.A cikin Janairun 1936, Louw ya mika wa Hertzog wata "Tallafi kan Hijira zuwa Afirka ta Kudu" da kansa ya sanya wa hannu; Gige; Charles te Water, babban kwamishinan a Landan; Wilhelm Heymans, babban minista a Roma; da Hermann van Broekhuizen, babban minista a Hague. ] An fi sanin wannan bayanin da “Te Water Memorandum” kamar yadda te Water ya kasance sanannen jami’in diflomasiyyar Afirka ta Kudu a duniya a lokacin. Sanarwar ta yi gargadin cewa Afirka ta Kudu tana gab da karbar dimbin Yahudawan Turai, wadanda takardar ta bayyana cewa "... nau'in tambaya ne wanda ba ya karfafa kwarin gwiwa. Shin Afirka ta Kudu ba tare da lahani ba har ma da haɗari ga bukatunta na kasa ta ci gaba da ba da damar kasuwancinta da ayyukan da suka danganci su don ciyar da ma'aikatan wannan nau'in daga ketare?" Afirka ta Kudu", kuma ta ba da shawarar kawo ƙarshen hijirar Yahudawa a lokaci ɗaya.

=Manazarta==