Satellite na Binciken Muhalli

Shirin **Satellite na Binciken Muhalli** (**ERS**, Shirin ERS, madadin Tauraron Dan Adam na Albarkatun Duniya) jerin ƙananan tauraron dan adam ne da Ofishin Sojojin Sama na Amurka na Binciken Aerospace suka fara sarrafa su.  An ƙera don harba "piggyback" zuwa wasu tauraron dan adam yayin harbawa, wanda ya keɓe sau ɗaya a cikin orbit, su ne mafi ƙanƙanta tauraron dan adam da aka harba har zuwa yau-abin da za a ƙira a yau azaman microsatellites.  An harba tauraron dan adam 33 ERS a cikin silsila daban-daban guda shida tsakanin 1962 da 1971,  suna gudanar da bincike na kimiyya kuma suna aiki a matsayin gadajen gwaji don bincika amincin sabbin kayan aikin sararin samaniya. 

## Takaitaccen Bayani na Farawa

TRS (Tetrahedral Research Tauraron Dan Adam) Mk.  1 ya haɓaka ta dakunan gwaje-gwajen Fasaha na Space, wani yanki na TRW Inc., a matsayin mai rahusa, ɗan ƙaramin tauraron dan adam "off-the-shelf" wanda abokan ciniki za su iya amfani da su don yin gwaje-gwaje masu sauƙi a cikin kewayawa.  A Mk.  1 wani tetrahedron ne na yau da kullun yana auna 16 cm (6.3 in) a gefe, kowace fuska tana ɗauke da isassun ƙwayoyin rana don sarrafa gwaje-gwajen da tsarin na'urar daukar hoto lokacin tauraron dan adam yana cikin rana.  Isar da bayanai ya kasance akai-akai a wancan lokacin yayin da jirgin saman ba ya hada da batir na ciki ko tsarin umarni. Tsarin tushen transistor ya ba da tashoshi takwas na bayanai: biyar don gwaje-gwaje, biyu don daidaitawa na telemetry, da ɗaya don zafin sararin samaniya. An watsa bayanai  in (1.0 . a kan 136.771 Mhz.

Kowane tauraron dan adam na TRS an kiyasta yana da tsada kawai $ 25,000 (daidai da $ 213,888.89 ) don ginawa, ban da ci gaba, ƙaddamarwa da farashin ayyukan manufa.

Air Force Space Systems Division (AFSSD), wanda Col. T. O. Wear ke jagoranta, shine abokin ciniki na farko kuma kawai na STL's TRS Mk. 1 tauraron dan adam, da farko sayen shida don shirin Satellite na Binciken Muhalli (ERS).  Goma TRS Mk. An samar da tauraron dan adam guda 1, wanda aka tsara don binciken radiation da micrometeoroid flux a cikin duniya. Dukkanin an kaddamar da su daga Vandenberg Air Force Base a haɗe da kayan aiki na farko.

### Jiragen sama masu muhimmanci

#### ERS 2 (TRS 1)
A lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi, TRS 1 shine mafi ƙanƙanta tauraron dan adam da aka taɓa sanyawa cikin sararin samaniya. Jirgin sararin samaniya na aluminum ya ɗauki sel na hasken rana 140, yana samar da 600 milliwatts na wutar lantarki, da kuma sel masu gano radiation guda biyar. Kodayake tauraron dan adam bai rabu da tauraron dan uwansa na farko ba,  ya dawo da minti takwas na bayanai a kowace hanya zuwa tashoshin sa ido a ƙasa. An tsara shi don kashewa bayan kwanaki 90 na aiki. TRS 1 ta kewaye Duniya a cikin Low Earth orbit.

#### ERS 5, 6, da 9 (TRS 2-4)
Bayanai sun dawo daga waɗannan tauraron dan adam na TRS guda uku masu nasara, suna kewaye da Duniya a cikin matsakaicin duniya ((a cikin Van Allen Belts), ya dawo da bayanai masu mahimmanci game da tasirin radiation na orbital akan ƙwayoyin rana.  Mahimmanci, an ƙaddara cewa p-on-n silicon sel sun lalace sau biyar da sauri fiye da ƙwayoyin n-on-p.  Duk da yake murfin kariya bai shafi lalatar n-on-p ba, an nuna su don taimakawa ga mafi yawan ƙwayoyin p-on-n.  Wani sakamakon da ba zato ba tsammani na gwajin kwayar hasken rana shi ne, yayin da aka lura a cikin gwaje-gwajen ƙasa cewa fallasa radiation na ƙwayoyin quartz na sel da mannen epoxy da ke riƙe su a cikin sel sun rage hasken da suke watsawa (da haka ƙarfin da aka samar) zuwa sel da kashi 15%, ba a lura da irin wannan ba a cikin kewayawa.

TRS 2 da 3 sun nuna karo na farko da aka tura tauraron dan adam guda biyu a cikin sararin samaniya a lokaci guda. Cibiyar sadarwa ta Minitrack ta NASA ce ta samo bayanai tare da hadin gwiwar USAF.

## TRS Mk. 2

TRS Mk. Tsarin 2 shine tetrahedron mai auna 21 cm a gefe ɗaya. An samar da hudu: ERS-11 ta hanyar ERS-14, kodayake an kaddamar da biyu ne kawai, duka biyu suna karɓar baya tare da kayan aikin USAF na farko. An tsara su don aiki na shekara guda, a wannan lokacin, wani lokaci na jirgin zai rufe tauraron dan adam.&nbsp;

### Jiragen Sama

#### ERS 12 (TRS 5)
Launched into a highly elliptical orbit that took the satellite as high as  above the Earth and as close as  at perigee, ERS 12 measured the intensity of charged particles in the magnetosphere. Its experiment package detected radiation from all directions, measuring electrons at levels greater than 0.5 and 5 MeV and protons between 10 and 20 eV and 50 to 100 eV. The spacecraft returned data until 1963-10-30.

#### ERS 13 (TRS 6, "Pygmy")
Tafsirin ERS 13 yayi kama da na ERS 12, mai tsawon kilomita 250 (160 mi), amma ma mafi girman apogee: 120,317 km (74,762 mi).  Yin juyi sau ɗaya kowane daƙiƙa shida, tauraron dan adam ya auna matakan lantarki da matakan proton a cikin Van Allen Belts tare da na'urori masu gano radiyo na ko'ina-ma'auni na scintillation da ƙwanƙwasa mai gano jihar..  Mai watsawa a cikin jirgin, tare da ƙarfin 100 mW zai iya isa tashoshin ƙasa ne kawai lokacin da ERS 13 ke cikin kilomita  (25,030 mi) daga Duniya. Satellite din ya yi aiki yadda ya kamata har zuwa 1964-10-20, lokacin da watsawa ya zama mara kyau. Satellite din ya yi shiru a 1965-01-25.

(yana yiwuwa ERS 12 da ERS 13 suna da irin wannan gwaje-gwaje a cikin kunshin su)  

Babu wata shaida cewa kowane Octahedral Research Satellite Mark 1 ya taɓa tashi.

## ORS Mk. 2
ORS Mk.  Zane 2 octahedron ne mai auna 23cm a gefe.  An samar da biyar: ORS-1 da ORS-2 (ERS-15 ta hanyar ERS-16), wadanda suka gudanar da gwaje-gwajen walda mai sanyi a sararin samaniya akan samfuran karfe iri-iri, da ERS-23 ta hanyar ERS-25, tauraron dan adam da aka ware wadanda watakila an soke tashin jiragensu.

Dukansu ERS 15 da 16 sun yi amfani da masu aiki don gwaje-gwajen walda na sanyi, na farko (16) yana yin gwaje-gaje biyar zuwa ƙarfe, kuma na biyu (15) yana yin takwas.

ORS Mk. 3 zane ne na octahedron mai auna 28 cm a gefe. An samar da biyu: ORS-3 da ORS-4 (ERS-17 da ERS-18). &nbsp;

Yin amfani da babban apogee, mai ban sha'awa na tauraron dan adam na Vela 3A da Vela 3B, an haɗa ERS 17 a matsayin tauraron dan Adam "pigmy", yana ƙarawa da rashin kulawa ga nauyin da aka kwatanta da Velas da aka ƙaddamar a ranar 20 ga Yuli 1965 don saka idanu kan Duniya don gwajin nukiliya. ERS 17 ta    apogee da    perigee orbit ya dauke shi ta hanyar Van Allen Belts na Duniya, wanda aka tsara tauraron dan adam don bincika, auna barbashi masu caji, X rays, gamma rays, da kuma cosmic rays a cikin kusa da duniya. Kimanin sa'o'i 1500 na bayanai an tattara su ta hanyar masu gano radiation guda biyar na ERS 17 har zuwa Nuwamba 3, 1965, lokacin da mai watsawa ya daina. Kodayake wannan ya fi guntu fiye da rayuwar da aka tsara na shekara guda,  tauraron dan adam ya tattara bayanai masu amfani a cikin makonni huɗu na farko na aiki. Baya ga dawo da bayanan kimiyya na asali, kazalika da taimakawa wajen tsaftace ƙirar Vela ta hanyar fahimtar haɗarin radiation da jerin tauraron dan adam za su jimre, ERS 17 kuma ta saka idanu don karuwar ƙarancin lantarki a yayin fashewar nukiliya a kusa da sararin samaniya. ERS ta sake shiga 1 ga Yulin 1967.

ERS 18 mai nauyi,  wanda aka ƙaddamar tare da saitin tauraron dan adam na Vela na gaba tare da wannan manufa kamar ERS 17,  ya yi aiki cikin nasara daga ƙaddamarwa har zuwa watanni goma sha uku bayan haka, a ranar 3 ga Yuni, 1968, lokacin da aka kashe mai watsawa ta hanyar saiti na jirgin, kamar yadda aka tsara. Binciken bayanan da aka dawo ya nuna cewa ƙarfin hasken gamma na makamashi mafi girma fiye da 1 MeV ya fi girma fiye da yadda za a sa ran ta hanyar kawai ƙaddamar da ƙarfin hasken gama na ƙasa da 1 Me V makamashi. Wannan ya ba da shawarar ƙarin, har yanzu ba a tantance tushen hasken gamma mai ƙarfi ba.

Ya zuwa 8 Yuni 2022, ERS 18 har yanzu yana cikin orbit, kuma ana iya bin diddigin matsayinsa akan layi.

Tsarin OV5 (Orbiting Vehicle 5) ya dogara ne akan ORS Mk. 3 zane da motocinsa an kuma ba su lambobin ERS. An samar da tara: OV5-1 ta hanyar OV5-9. Wadannan ƙananan tauraron dan adam ne da aka kaddamar da su tare da kayan aiki na farko tun 1962 - dacewa da halitta a ƙarƙashin laima na Orbiting Vehicle. Babban sabon abu a kan jerin ERS na baya shine mai karɓar umarni, yana ba da izinin aika umarni daga ƙasa, da kuma tsarin gyaran dijital na Pulse-code, : da masu watsawa na analog da aka yi amfani da su a ayyukan ERS na gaba.  Kamar ERS da ya gabata, OV5s an daidaita su kuma ana sarrafa zafi. Dukkanin jerin OV5 an gina su ne ta hanyar TRW ban da OV5-6, wanda AFCRL ta gina, da OV5-9 wanda Kamfanin Northrop ya gina. : 425 

TETR (wanda aka fi sani da TTR da TATS, duk suna tsaye ne don "Test and Training Satellite") jerin tauraron dan adam ne na octahedral ERS waɗanda aka gina don horar da ma'aikatan tashar ƙasa na Shirin Apollo don Manned Space Flight Network .  An samar da hudu: TTR-1 ta hanyar TTR-4 (ERS-30 ta hanyar ERS-33)  TETR 2 ta goyi bayan horo don ayyukan Apollo 8 zuwa 13 duk da kuskuren batirin batir. TETR C ya kasa zagayawa saboda gazawar da aka samu a cikin motar kaddamarwa.