Rikicin kabilanci na 1993 a Burundi

Mafi yawan al'ummar Hutu a Burundi ne suka gudanar da kisan gillar da aka yi wa 'yan kabilar Tutsi daga ranar 21 ga watan Oktoba zuwa Disambar 1993, a karkashin rikicin kabilanci da tarzoma bayan kashe shugaban kasar Burundi Melchior Ndadaye a wani yunkurin juyin mulki . An yi kisan kiyashin a dukkan lardunan baya ga Makamba da Bururi, kuma manoman Hutu ne suka aiwatar da su. A wurare da yawa a ko'ina, Tutsis sun ɗauki fansa kuma sun fara kisan kiyashi don mayar da martani.

Asusun kula da yawan jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da gwamnatin Burundi sun gudanar da bincike a shekara ta 2002, inda suka tabbatar da cewa mutane 116,059 ne suka mutu a yayin wannan lamari. Tambayar ko kashe 'yan kabilar Tutsi ya samo asali ne daga kisan kiyashi da aka shirya ko kuma ta tashin hankali ba tare da bata lokaci ba yana ci gaba da cece-kuce a tsakanin malaman jami'o'i da 'yan Burundin da suka rayu cikin al'amuran.

## Fage
Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1960, kasar Burundi ta kasance 'yan tsiraru 'yan kabilar Tutsi ne suka mamaye siyasar kasar tare da kashe 'yan Hutu masu rinjaye. Union pour le Progrès National (UPRONA), wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin jam'iyya mai mulki daga 1966, ta ƙunshi 'yan Tutsi masu yawa.   Jami’an soji ne suka mamaye fadar shugaban kasa, inda suka hau mulki ta hanyar juyin mulki.   A cikin wannan lokaci an sami matsalolin danniya na kabilanci, musamman a shekara ta 1972 lokacin da sojojin Burundi suka fatattaki 'yan tawayen Hutu, sannan suka kashe dubban fararen hula. 

A shekarar 1987, Pierre Buyoya ya zama shugaban kasar Burundi bayan juyin mulki . Da farko ya yi watsi da rikicin kabilanci a kasar, ya kuma ci gaba da mamaye rayuwar jama'a na Tutsi. A watan Agustan 1988, tashin hankali ya barke kuma sojoji sun kashe dubban Hutu. Da yake fuskantar matsin lamba daga ƙasashen waje, Buyoya ya ƙaddamar da gyare-gyare da aka tsara don kawo ƙarshen rikicin ƙabilanci na Burundi,  yayin da UPRONA ta yi ƙoƙarin shigar da ƙarin Hutu a cikin sahunta.  Tutsi a cikin sojoji da jami'an tsaro duk da haka sun ki amincewa da sauyi.  Kwamitin da shugaban kasa ya nada ya samar da kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya tanadi zabukan dimokuradiyya. An amince da takardar ta hanyar kuri'ar raba gardama a watan Maris na 1992, jim kadan bayan haka aka kafa sabbin jam'iyyun siyasa.  Buyoya ya shirya zaɓe na 'yanci a 1993 kuma ya miƙa kansa a matsayin ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na UPRA. Babban abokin hamayyar UPRONA ya zama Front pour la Democratie au Burundi (FRODEBU), jam'iyyar da ke da alaƙa da Hutus.  A zaben shugaban kasa na 1 ga Yuni, Buyoya ya fuskanci Melchior Ndadaye, wanda FRODEBU ke marawa baya. Ndadaye ya lashe zaben da gagarumin rinjaye, inda ya samu kashi 64 na kuri'un da aka kada. A zaben majalisar da aka gudanar a ranar 29 ga watan Yuni, FRODEBU ya samu kashi 71.4 cikin 100 na kuri'un da aka kada kuma ya samu kashi 80 na kujerun majalisar dokokin kasar .  Haka kuma jam’iyyar ta karbi mafi yawan kananan hukumomi. 

## Gabatarwa
An yi ta yada jita-jita a Burundi cewa sojojin kasar za su yi kokarin shiga tsakani don dakile yunkurin juyin mulkin.  Makircin wasu tsirarun jami’ai da aka gano a ranar 3 ga watan Yuli na kwace gidan Ndadaye ya ci tura saboda rashin samun goyon bayan wasu bangarorin sojoji, lamarin da ya sa aka kama wasu da dama.  An rantsar da Ndadaye a matsayin shugaban kasa a ranar 10 ga Yuli. Ya tattaro gwamnati mai ministoci 23 da suka hada da FRODEBU 13 da UPRONA shida. Tara daga cikin ministocin Tutsi ne, ciki har da Firayim Minista Sylvie Kinigi, memba na UPRONA. 

Zaman Ndadaye ya kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali, amma a lokacin da yake kan karagar mulki Burundi ta fuskanci matsaloli da dama na zamantakewa da siyasa. Daga cikin na farko, kafofin watsa labaru - kwanan nan masu sassaucin ra'ayi - sukan yi amfani da 'yancin su don tattauna batutuwan jama'a ta hanyar tayar da hankali. Dubban 'yan gudun hijirar Hutu 'yan Burundi da suka yi gudun hijira a lokacin tashin hankalin na 1972 sun fara komawa *gaba daya* suna neman a kwato musu kadarorinsu. Ko da yake Ndadaye ya ba da shawarar a sake tsugunar da su a wuraren da ba kowa, jami’an yankin da dama sun ba su wuri ta hanyar korar wasu daga gidajensu. A siyasance, gwamnatin Ndadaye ta sake yin nazari kan kwangiloli da dama da kuma rangwamen tattalin arziki da gwamnatin da ta shude ta yi, abin da ke zama barazana ga manyan ‘yan kasuwan Tutsi. Sauye-sauyen soji kuma ya haifar da rabuwa da umurnin Jandarma daga sojojin,  maye gurbin shugabannin hafsan soji da na Jandarma,  da sabbin bukatu don shiga aikin soja an gabatar da su. A watan Nuwamba ne dai ya kamata sojojin su bude aikin daukar ma’aikata na shekara-shekara, kuma ana fargabar wasu sojojin Tutsi na cewa za a sauya wannan tsari ta hanyar da za ta yi barazana ga mamayar hukumar. 

A wani lokaci ne wasu gungun sojoji suka fara shirin yi wa gwamnatin Ndadaye juyin mulki.  Har yanzu ana takaddama kan ainihin ainihin su. 

## Kisan gilla

Tashin hankali ya kaure ne a ranar 21 ga Oktoban 1993 lokacin da aka kashe shugaba Ndadaye a wani yunkurin juyin mulki, kuma kasar ta fada cikin rikicin cikin gida.  Gidan Rediyon Télévision Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM) mai hedkwata a kasar Rwanda ya bada rahoton cewa an yi juyin mulki kuma an kama Ndadaye a ranar 21 ga watan Oktoba. Hakan ya sa matasan FRODEBU suka yi garkuwa da ‘yan kabilar Tutsi da Hutu UPRA. Da zarar RTLM ta sanar da mutuwar Ndadaye a ranar, an kashe wadanda aka yi garkuwa da su. 

A ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 'yan Hutu sun kai hari kan 'yan Tutsi a lardunan Kirundo, Ngozi, Gitega, Muyinga, Ruyigi, da Karuzi, da kuma wasu sassan Kayanza, da Muramvya, da Rutana, da Bujumbura . Tashe-tashen hankula ba su yi kamari ba a lardunan Cibitoke da Bubanza a arewa maso yamma da lardin Cankuzo a gabas. Lardunan Makamba da Bururi ne kawai suka kauce wa tashin hankalin. Mazaunan Hutu sun kasance da hannu sosai, ko da yake a wasu lokutan ’yan FRODEBU na larduna da na gwamnatocin sun tsunduma cikin tashin hankali na kin jinin Tutsi. A Butzei, an ruwaito wani ma’aikacin FRODEBU ya shirya kona ma’aikatan Tutsi sama da guda uku

A lokuta da yawa, Tutsis sun shiga cikin ramuwar gayya. Rikicin ramuwar gayya ya kasance mai tsanani a lardunan Karuzi, Gitega, da Ruyigi. A ranar 24 ga Oktoba a Garin Ruyigi, Tutsis sun kashe Ma'aikatan gwamnati 78 na Hutu waɗanda ke neman mafaka a gidan bishop. Sojojin da suka mamaye Tutsi sun kuma shiga cikin kisan gilla. Ɗaya daga cikin 'yan kalilan da suka rage a wannan ya kasance a Lardin Karuzi, inda kwamandan yankin, Manjo Martin Nkurikiye, ya tafi ba tare da makamai ba tare da' yan majalisa biyu na FRODEBU zuwa ƙauyuka don ƙoƙarin shawo kan Hutus masu dauke da makamai su tsaya. Sojojin sun kare Tutsis ta hanyar sake sanya su a cikin ƙauyuka masu garu. Ministan Lafiya Jean Minani - wanda ke Rwanda a lokacin - ya zargi sojoji da aikata kisan kare dangi. A watan Nuwamba, Majalisar Faransanci ta Dindindin ta yi Allah wadai da kashe-kashen.

Kimanin farko na adadin wadanda suka mutu daga tashin hankali na kabilanci ya kasance daga 25,000 zuwa 500,000. Binciken hadin gwiwa da Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da gwamnatin Burundi suka gudanar a shekara ta 2002 sun kiyasta yawan mutanen da aka kashe daga 21 ga Oktoba zuwa 31 ga Disamba 1993 ya zama 116,059, tare da akalla mutuwar 100,000 da ta faru a ƙarshen Oktoba. Har yanzu ba a san wane rabo daga cikin waɗannan wadanda abin ya shafa sun kasance Tutsi da wane rabo ne Hutu.

## Sakamakon haka
A shekara ta 1997, gwamnatin Burundi ta zartar da dokar da ta hukunta kisan kare dangi da laifuka a kan bil'adama. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, gwamnati ta zargi daruruwan mutane da ake zargi da alhakin kisan gillar Tutsis, tare da 44 da aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa.

A cikin 2014, an kafa Hukumar Gaskiya da Sulhu (TRC) don bincika laifuka da aka aikata a lokacin tashin hankali na kabilanci tun bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1962. 

## Kimanta tashin hankali a matsayin kisan kare dangi
A watan Mayu na 1994, wani kwamitin binciken gaskiya na farko na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tabbatar da cewa kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa Tutsis ba wani bangare ne na "wani shiri na kisan gilla ga kabilar Tutsi da Hutu suka yi ba." Akasin haka, a shekara mai zuwa Hukumar Bincike ta Duniya ta Burundi ta kammala cewa kisan ya zama "wani kokari na ruguza kabilar Tutsi gaba daya. Ba kawai an kashe Tutsis a cikin zazzafar tashin hankali ba, sai dai an farautar su a kai a kai...hujja ta isa ta tabbatar da cewa an yi ayyukan kisan kare dangi a kan 'yan tsiraru na Tutsi a Burundi a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 1993, da kwanakin da suka biyo baya." Hukumar ta lura cewa "hujja ba ta isa ta tantance ko an shirya ko an ba da umarnin wadannan ayyukan kisan kare dangi ta manyan shugabanni ba." FRODEBU ta zargi hukumar da nuna son kai da kuma mika wuya ga bukatun 'yan siyasa na Tutsi, jami'an coci, da 'yan jarida don a sanya sunan asarar kabilar su a matsayin kisan kare dangi.

Batun ko kashe-kashen Tutsis ya samo asali ne daga kisan kare dangi da aka shirya ko kuma daga tashin hankali na bazata ya ci gaba da zama mai matukar jayayya a tsakanin masana da kuma 'yan Burundi da suka rayu a lokacin abubuwan. Marubutan Tutsi na Burundi sun ci gaba da cewa an shirya kashe-kashen tun da farko. Masanin kimiyyar siyasa Filip Reyntjens ya rubuta a 1995 cewa "babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa an taba samun shirin kisan kare dangi, kuma zarge-zargen cewa an yi shi wani bangare ne na dabarun kawar da sojoji da kuma jefa FRODEBU a ciki." Malamin Nigel Watt ya dauki tashin hankalin a matsayin "kisan kare dangi sau biyu", inda Hutu suka fara aikata shi a kan Tutsis, kuma sojoji suka yi na biyu a kan Hutu. Ya kuma rubuta cewa babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa an tsara shirye-shiryen kashe Tutsis a matakin kasa amma cewa "saurin tattara sojojin ya nuna cewa wasu mutane suna tsoron [juyin mulki] zai iya faruwa kuma sun yi shiri."
## Gado
Kashe-kashen da aka yi sun sami ɗan karamin labari a kafofin watsa labarai na duniya ko ilimi. Des Forges ya rubuta cewa, "Rashin martani na duniya ga kisan kai a Burundi ya haifar da bala'i a Ruwanda." Tutsis na Burundi sun fi ba da muhimmanci ga kisan kiyashin 1993 idan aka kwatanta da Ikiza na 1972, wanda Hutus ke jaddadawa. Wasu 'yan Burundi suna ɗaukar dukkan abubuwan biyu a matsayin kisan kare dangi wanda ya cancanci tunawa, amma gabaɗaya an kafa ƙungiyoyi don da'awar fifikon wani lamari a kan wani kuma a tuna su daidai. Manyan 'yan Tutsi masu ra'ayin rikau, yayin da suke jaddada cewa abubuwan da suka faru a 1993 kisan kare dangi ne da ke kai hari ga Tutsis, sau da yawa suna yin watsi da ambaton dubban Hutus da sojoji suka kashe a lokaci guda da kuma guduwar dubban wasu a matsayin 'yan gudun hijira zuwa Ruwanda. Masana ilimi na Tutsi suna ba da kisan Ndadaye kawai ɗan ɗan kulawa a cikin tarihin tashin hankalin su. Akasin haka, marubutan Hutu yawanci suna jaddada kisan Ndadaye da kisan kiyashin Hutus da sojoji suka yi kuma suna yin watsi da kisan Tutsis. Ƙungiyar masu tsatsauran ra'ayi ta Tutsi AC Genocide-Crimoso daga baya ta kafa abubuwan tunawa da dama don tunawa da Tutsis da aka kashe a 1993. Gwamnatin Burundi ta kafa abin tunawa a 2010 don tunawa da waɗanda suka fuskanci duk tashin hankali bayan mulkin mallaka a kasar.

## Manazarta

## Aiyukan da aka saka
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*Lemarchand, René (1996). *Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide*, Cambridge University Press, 
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## Ƙara karatu
*United Nations Committee on the elimination of racial discrimination, Fifty-first session, Summary record of the 1239th meeting. Held at the Palais des Nations, Geneva, 20 August 1997, Seventh to tenth periodic reports of Burundi (continued) (CERD/C/295/Add.1)
**[Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination : Burundi](http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/CERD.C.304.Add.42.En?Opendocument). 18 September 1997.
*René Lemarchand. "The Burundi Genocide". Century of Genocide. Ed. Samuel Totten *et al.* New York: Routledge, 2004. 321–337.
*"Burundi Genocide" , News about Burundi crimes since 1962, by Agnews (2000)