Kare Muhalli UK

**Kare Muhalli na Burtaniya** wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta muhalli ta Burtaniya (NGO) da ke aiki don inganta yanayin muhalli na gida - wacce ta kware a fannoni kamar ingancin iska, kula da hayaniya da ingancin ƙasa. A da, an san ta da Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Tsabtace Iska da Kare Muhalli (NSCA), ta canza sunanta zuwa 2007, don nuna ci gaba da aiki a fannoni daban-daban fiye da ingancin iska.

## Tarihi da aikin farko

Ƙungiyar ta samo asali ne daga tushen ƙungiyar Coal Smoke Abatement Society (CSAS) da aka kafa a shekarar 1898, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin agaji na muhalli mafi tsufa. An kafa CSAS ne ta hannun mai zane Sir William Blake Richmond da ke zaune a Landan, wanda ya fusata da ƙarancin haske a lokacin hunturu da hayakin kwal ya haifar. A cikin wata wasiƙa da ya rubuta wa jaridar Times a shekarar 1898, Sir William ya ce, "duhun ya yi kama da kusufin rana gaba ɗaya".

A cikin shekaru da suka biyo baya, CSAS ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gabatar da Dokar Lafiyar Jama'a ta 1926 (Dokar Rage Hayaki) da Dokar Tsabtace Iska ta 1956. Wannan dokar ta fara aiki a matsayin kudirin membobin sirri wanda Sir Gerald Nabarro ya gabatar bayan Babban Hazo na Landan na 1952. Wannan lamari ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane tsakanin 4,000 zuwa 12,000 sakamakon gurɓatar iska .  An sabunta Dokar ta asali ta Dokar Tsabtace Iska ta 1968 da 1993. Waɗannan Dokokin sun haifar da ayyana yankuna da yawa na Burtaniya a matsayin Yankunan Kula da Hayaki inda aka haramta amfani da mai ko kuma kawai a yarda da amfani da mai a cikin kayan aiki da aka ba da izini. Tare da ƙaruwar yanayin ƙona mai ko dai a matsayin zaɓin salon rayuwa ko kuma wani nau'in dumama mai rahusa kuma mai ɗorewa, waɗannan dokokin suna da matukar muhimmanci a yau.

Yayin da barazanar hayakin kwal ke raguwa, ƙungiyar ta canza sunanta zuwa Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Tsabtace Iska, wanda ke nuna mayar da hankali kan gurɓatar iska daga tushe na gargajiya da na zamani - gami da nasarar yaƙin neman zaɓe don hana ƙona tarkace, kariya ga masu ƙona tarkace, gurɓatar masana'antu da sufuri (gami da gubar da ke cikin fetur, dizal mai datti, da kuma yankunan da ba su da hayaki mai yawa).

A wannan lokacin, an ɗauko membobinsu daga hukumomin yankin, masana'antu, masu ba da shawara da kuma masana ilimi. Bayan Dokokin Tsabtace Iska, NSCA ta yi aiki kafada da kafada da ƙwararru da gwamnati wajen haɓaka manufar Gudanar da Ingancin Iska ta Gida da kuma yin nasarar yin fafutukar sanya ta cikin Dokar Muhalli ta 1995. Dokar Muhalli ta asali ta ƙunshi kafa Hukumar Muhalli, gurɓatattun filaye, Wuraren Shanu na Ƙasa da batutuwan sharar gida.

Ta hanyar aikin, an gabatar da wasu mataimakan shugabanni biyu na ƙungiyar (Lord Lewis na Newnham da Lord Nathan) an yi wa Dokar kwaskwarima a Majalisar Malamai (inda Dokar ta fara aiki) don ƙara abin da yanzu ake kira Sashe na IV na Dokar, Ingancin Iska. Ƙungiyar ta taimaka wajen tsara dokar ta hanyar Kwamitin Ingancin Iska, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1992 don haɗa ƙwararrun masana ingancin iska - ciki har da jami'an hukumomin yankin, masu ba da shawara da kuma masana ilimi.

## Aikin da aka yi kwanan nan

### Ingancin iska
Tun lokacin da Dokar ta sami amincewar Sarauta a shekarar 1995, Ƙungiyar, ta hannun Kwamitin Ingancin Iska, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da ƙarin takaddun jagora don taimakawa hukumomin yankin wajen aiwatar da Gudanar da Ingancin Iska na Gida . Duk da cewa Gwamnati ta samar da jagororin fasaha da manufofi, har yanzu ta bar wasu fannoni masu duhu saboda irin wannan jagorar ƙasa ba za ta iya magance kowace matsala ba. Da farko, jagorar NSCA ta magance hanyoyin tantance matsalolin ingancin iska da kuma tambayoyi masu sarkakiya da suka shafi ayyana Yankunan Gudanar da Ingancin Iska . Zagaye na biyu na jagora ya duba ci gaban Tsarin Ayyukan Ingancin Iska . Jagorar da aka gabatar kwanan nan ta magance matsalolin da suka fi tsanani na haɗa ingancin iska cikin tsarin tsara tsarin kula da ci gaba na gida.

Ingancin iska ya ci gaba da zama babbar matsala a Burtaniya. A shekarar 1998, Kwamitin Gwamnati kan illolin gurɓatar iska (COMEAP) ya kiyasta cewa kimanin mace-mace 24,000 a kowace shekara sun ƙaru saboda tasirin "al'ada" na gurɓatar iska a Burtaniya.  A cikin shekarun zafi kamar 2003, wannan adadi ya fi girma. EPUK ta kafa kuma ta ƙaddamar da Yaƙin Neman Lafiyar Iska a 2011 - wanda yanzu Client Earth ke jagoranta. Gurɓatar iska ta kasance babbar barazana ga lafiya - tare da Burtaniya tana fuskantar barazanar tara daga EU saboda karya ƙa'idodin ingancin iska - don haka aikin kwamitin ingancin iska na EPUK ya kasance mai mahimmanci.

### Hayaniya
Ƙungiyar tana da sha'awar harkokin hayaniya na dogon lokaci - a shekarar 1984 ta buga 'Hayaniya da Al'umma', wanda ya haifar da karuwar damuwa game da hayaniya - musamman daga zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, a cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata. An kafa Kwamitin Hayaniya na NSCA a shekarar 1986, musamman saboda karuwar damuwa game da rashin ingancin rufin sauti a cikin masu canza filaye - kuma kwamitin ya gudanar da bincike kuma ya ba da rahoto kan matsalar. Wannan ya yi tasiri ga ci gaban dokokin sauti. Wannan ya nuna farkon karuwar shiga cikin aiki a Burtaniya da Tarayyar Turai kan samar da mafita masu amfani da manufofi a cikin hayaniyar makwabta da hayaniyar muhalli (sufuri).

### Hayaniyar unguwa
Hukumar NSCA ta fara shirya 'Ranar Wayar da Kan Jama'a Kan Hayaniya' a shekarar 1997 - ta dauki nauyin hukumomin kananan hukumomi kusan 50 wajen wayar da kan jama'a kan matsalolin hayaniya a unguwanni. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, wannan shiri ya sami karin goyon baya - a lokacin da yake kan gaba wajen jawo hankalin dukkan gwamnatocin gwamnatin Burtaniya, inda ya jawo hankalin akalla mahalarta kananan hukumomi 200 da kuma samun rahotannin manema labarai na kasa. Don tallafawa wannan rana, an gudanar da binciken hayaniya na shekara-shekara, don auna matakan koke-koken hayaniya da ra'ayoyi kan hanyoyin magance su masu inganci. A wannan lokacin, an fadada shi zuwa Makon Aiki na Hayaniya Archived   - wanda har yanzu yana ci gaba da aiki, yana gudana a mako na uku na watan Mayu. Tana samun ƙarin tallafi daga masu samar da gidaje, tare da ƙungiyoyin hayaniya na hukumomin yankin, ayyukan sulhu da makarantu.

### EPUK a yau
Kare Muhalli na Burtaniya yana ci gaba da kasancewa memba a tsakanin hukumomin yankin tare da gudummawa mai yawa daga masu ba da shawara, masana ilimi, mutane masu zaman kansu da masana'antu. Ƙungiyar tana da sassa bakwai a Ingila da kuma sashe ɗaya kowannensu a Scotland, Wales da Arewacin Ireland . Kare Muhalli na Burtaniya memba ce ta ƙasa ta Ƙungiyar Hana Gurɓatar Iska da Kare Muhalli ta Duniya (IUAPPA).

A shekarar 2023, Kare Muhalli na Burtaniya ya hade cikin Cibiyar Kimiyyar Muhalli, wanda hakan ya taimaka wajen samar da Al'umma kan Aiwatar da Manufofin Muhalli. 

## Manazarta