Biodiversity na abinci

An bayyana bambancin abinci a matsayin "bambance-bambance na tsire-tsire, dabbobi da sauran kwayoyin da aka yi amfani da su don abinci, suna rufe albarkatun kwayar halitta a cikin jinsuna, tsakanin jinsuna da kuma samar da yanayin halittu".

Za'a iya la'akari da Bambancin abinci daga manyan ra'ayoyi guda biyu: samarwa da amfani. Daga hangen nesa na amfani, bambancin abinci yana bayyana bambancin abinci a cikin abincin ɗan adam da gudummawar da suke bayarwa ga bambancin abinci, asalin al'adu da Abinci mai gina jiki mai kyau. Samar da nau'ikan halittu na abinci yana kallon dubban kayan abinci, kamar 'ya'yan itatuwa, kwayoyi, kayan lambu, nama da kayan yaji da aka samo daga noma da kuma daga daji (misali gandun daji, filayen da ba a noma ba, ruwa). Bambancin halittu na abinci yana rufe bambancin *tsakanin jinsuna,* misali nau'ikan dabbobi da amfanin gona daban-daban, gami da waɗanda aka yi la'akari da nau'ikan da ba a amfani da su ba. Hakanan bambancin abinci ya ƙunshi bambancin *a cikin jinsuna,* misali nau'ikan 'ya'yan itace da kayan lambu daban-daban, ko nau'ikan dabbobi daban-daban.

Bambancin abinci, bambancin abinci mai gina jiki, kuma kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin sabon al'adun abinci wanda Brandon Eisler ya haifar, a cikin binciken da aka sani da Bambancin Abinci. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

== Amfani da bambancin abinci ==

=== Bambancin abinci a cikin amfani ===
Inganta bambancin abinci da nau'ikan da aka cinye a cikin abincin ɗan adam, musamman, yana da fa'idodi masu yuwuwa ga lafiyar jama'a da Tsarin abinci mai ɗorewa. Biodiversity na abinci yana ba da abubuwan gina jiki masu mahimmanci don abinci mai inganci kuma yana da mahimmanci ga tsarin abinci na gida, al'adu, da [[Tsaron abinci|Tsaro na abinci]]. Daga ra'ayi na kiyayewa, abinci wanda ya dogara da nau'o'in nau'o-in nau'in nau-in nau-on nau'in. A cewar FAO, kashi 75% na abincin duniya ya fito ne daga nau'ikan shuke-shuke 12 da biyar daga dabbobi.

=== Tasirin abinci mai gina jiki da lafiya ===
Hanyar auna don bambancin abinci shine Hanyar Bambancin Abinci na Gida (HDDS). HDDS ta taƙaita yawan kungiyoyin abinci da aka narke a rana ɗaya.

A fannin abinci mai gina jiki, bambancin abinci yana da alaƙa da isasshen micronutrient na abinci. A wasu lokuta, an tabbatar da abinci daban-daban suna da fa'ida ga lafiyar mutum. Misali, gabatar da abinci iri-iri da abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin lafiyan abinci a cikin shekara ta farko ta rayuwa na iya haifar da karuwar cin abinci mai gina jiki na tsakiya kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga canje-canje masu kyau a cikin tsari da aikin microbiome na ciki. Bambancin jinsuna yana rarraba yawan micronutrients, macronutrients، da adadin kuzari ga abincin ɗan adam. Daga cikin micronutrients, abubuwan gina jiki ga mutane waɗanda ke da mahimmanci don tsira sune A, nau'ikan bitamin B guda takwas, C, D, E, da K. Ayyukansu sun haɗa da yaki da kamuwa da cuta, ƙarfafa ƙasusuwa, warkar da raunuka, da daidaita hormones. Lokacin da jinsunan da ke samar da mafi girman macro da micronutrient yawa ana cinye su da yawa idan aka kwatanta da jinsunan mafi yawan cinyewa, mutane ba sa samun kusan fa'idodi iri ɗaya. Misali, shinkafa da alkama suna wakiltar abinci na yau da kullun a yawancin al'adu; duk da haka, teff da ƙananan millets suna da mafi yawan furotin, kitse, da baƙin ƙarfe.

Idan aka yi la'akari da tasirin da bambancin abinci ke da shi a kan kiwon lafiya, nau'ikan abinci na iya samun haɗari. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D; Abinci na daji (kifi, tsire-tsire, abinci na itace, nama na daji, kwari da ƙwayoyin cuta) suna aiki a matsayin muhimmiyar tushen bambancin abinci da mahimman micronutrients; musamman a cikin al'ummomin karkara, abinci na iya haifar da haɗarin lafiya da aminci na abinci a wasu lokuta. Bugu da ƙari, tsire-tsire da dabbobi suna ɗauke da cututtukan da aka wuce ta hanyar ɗan adam ko kuma zoonotic. A cikin Amurka, akwai sanannun cututtukan 31, daga cikin sanannun pathogens mutane miliyan 9.4 sun kamu da rashin lafiya daga cututtuken abinci, mutane 55,961 sun kwantar da su a asibiti daga rashin lafiya, kuma 1,351 suka mutu.  A sikelin duniya, raguwar bambancin kwayoyin halitta yana raunana juriya na tsarin abinci, yana barin su cikin ƙalubale daban-daban, wanda ya haɗa da kwari, pathogens, da mummunan yanayi. Wannan yana haifar da babbar haɗari ga tsaron abinci na duniya. Bugu da ƙari, bambancin halittu na abinci, kamar yadda aka auna ta hanyar cikakkiyar adadin nau'ikan halittu a cikin abincin da aka saba da shi, an haɗa shi da ƙimar mace-mace da ƙayyadaddun mutuwar saboda ciwon daji, cututtukan zuciya, cututsin numfashi, da cututtukatattun narkewa tsakanin ~ 450,000 manya daga ƙasashe tara na Turai. 

## Tarihi
Bambancin abinci a zamanin Neolithic ya wakilci canji daga farauta da cinyewa zuwa noma inda mutane suka fara kiwon dabbobi da noman shuke-shuke. Wadannan dabarun sun haifar da samar da abubuwa kamar alkama, sha'ir, 'ya'yan itatuwa, inabi, da hazelnuts. Green Revolution ya wakilci farkon sabon juyin juya hali da sabuntawa. Farkon juyin juya halin Green ya haifar da ci gaban manyan amfanin gona na bambancin a cikin takamaiman nau'o'in. Wannan ya haifar da sabbin nau'ikan shinkafa da alkama da kuma karuwar samar da abinci daga shekarun 1940 zuwa 1960, amma saboda haka ya haifar da rage ƙasar da aka yi amfani da ita a aikin gona. Hanyoyin farko sun yi amfani da magungunan kashe kwari da taki don samun yawan aiki. Hanyoyin sabuntawa sun haifar da dabarun da ake amfani da su a yau don kara yawan abinci a cikin jinsin guda. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Mulkin mallaka da cinikayya tsakanin albarkatun sun jagoranci makomar bambancin abinci a cikin abinci. Daga ra'ayi na bambancin abinci, musayar Columbian ta wakilci motsi na jinsuna da ra'ayoyi daga Tsohon Duniya zuwa Sabon Duniya. Abinci kamar nau'ikan dankali, masara, da cassava suna daga cikin 'yan jinsunan da aka gabatar. Wannan taron ya kasance sakamakon farko na duniya na abinci inda aka raba raba ilimi game da abinci.

## Tasirin da ke tattare da nau'ikan abinci

### Matsayin bambancin halittu a cikin tsarin samarwa
Karewa da gudanar da Bambancin kwayoyin halitta a cikin nau'ikan gida sun inganta samar da aikin gona na shekaru 10,000. Koyaya, al'ummomin halitta daban-daban sun samar da abinci da sauran kayayyaki na dogon lokaci. Babban bambancin halittu na iya kara matakan samarwa, wanda aka ci gaba da shi ta hanyar tasirin tasirin ayyukan muhalli don aikin gona, gyare-gyare, da yanayin muhalli na halitta. Sabanin haka, dogaro da ƙananan fayil na amfanin gona ko nau'ikan amfanin gona na iya lalata tsarin samar da abinci. Wannan ya nuna ta hanyar Babban Yunwa na Ireland . An gabatar da dankali a Ireland daga Sabon Duniya a cikin kimanin 1600, kuma sun zama babban tushen abinci na yawancin mutanen Irish. Fungus na dankalin turawa da iska ya bazu a duk faɗin ƙasar A cikin 1845-1847 kuma ya haifar da kusan cikakkiyar gazawar amfanin dankalin roba. An kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan 1 sun mutu daga yunwa, kwalara, da typhoid.

### Tasirin canjin yanayi
Ana sanya bambancin abinci na ɗan adam tsakanin jinsuna cikin haɗari lokacin da akwai canje-canje masu tsanani ga yanayin da ke kewaye da amfanin gona. Abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi masu tsanani ko marasa kyau na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako a kan amfanin gona, al'ummomin matalauta, manoma na karkara, da masu sayar da abinci. Saboda wadannan abubuwan da suka faru, ya zama da wahala ga talakawa su shawo kan sauye-sauyen farashin kayayyaki na duniya. Bayan fari a Rasha da China, da ambaliyar ruwa a Ostiraliya, Indiya, Pakistan, da Turai a (lokaci) Bankin Duniya a 2011 ya kammala cewa mutane miliyan 44 sun koma talauci. Koyaya, lokacin da aka samar da amfanin gona a cikin shimfidar wurare masu yawa, manoma na iya karɓar sauye-sauye. A cikin 2010-12, yanayin zafi na sama da matsakaici ya haifar da budding na cherries da ƙananan amfanin masara a fadin US Corn Belt. Tun lokacin da US Corn Belt ya zama kashi ɗaya bisa uku na wadatar duniya, dabarun rigakafin yanayi suna kare shuka daga bala'o'i masu lalacewa a nan gaba.

### Tasirin fasaha da ayyukan noma
Ana amfani da ayyukan bambancin amfanin gona da fasaha don kawo ayyukan da suka fi aminci, ƙarin bambancin abinci, da wadata ga bambancin abinci. Dangane da yankin ƙasa, kariya ga bambancin halittu na abinci ya haɗa da ayyuka kamar ayyukan noma mai ɗorewa, aikin gona mai ɗorewar halittu, aikin gona na kiyayewa, ilimin gona da muhalli, aikin gona da gandun daji, gudanar da ƙasa mai ɗorew, gudanar da gandun dajin mai ɗorewan, agroforestry, bambancin aikin kifi, da tsarin muhalli ga kamun kifi da sake gina yanayin halittu. Daga cikin kasashe 91 kashi 81% suna yin waɗannan halaye. Misali, ana amfani da dabarun gudanar da kaya wajen tantance yawan amfani, kuma kashi 78% na binciken sun nuna cewa ayyukan agroecological suna ba da sakamako mai fa'ida ga waɗanda ke cikin ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi da matsakaici. Ayyukan agro-ecological suna haifar da cikakkun dabarun da ke haɗa abubuwan muhalli, kiwon lafiya, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki cikin tsarawa da aiwatar da tsarin noma da abinci. Biotechnology yana bawa manoma damar shuka amfanin gona na halaye da ake so waɗanda ke ba da fa'idodin halittu na jinsuna. Wadannan fa'idodi sune rigakafi ga cututtuka, juriya ga fari, zafi, sanyi ko salinity, inganta dandano, da halaye masu girma. Fa'idodin biotechnology sun tafi zuwa yankunan da ba su da wadata don ƙirƙirar hanyoyin rayuwa mafi kyau. Manoma na Vietnam sun sami karin kudin shiga daga $ 6.85 zuwa $ 12.55 ga kowane ƙarin dala da aka saka a cikin tsaba na biotech idan aka kwatanta da tsaba na al'ada.

### Tasirin cinikayya ta duniya
Global trade allows people access to a wider variety of foods from different regions and climates, giving them more complex and balanced diets. The global trade model can be used to reflect the impact of trade on food concentrations and nutrition security. Food biodiversity plays a critical role in the livelihood of individual countries. Trade is reliant on quality, demand, cost, and if the food is a staple food. Bhutan is an example of a country whose landscape provides a wide array of nutritional diversity. The nation is made up of 40 species of wild vegetables and 350 species of mushrooms used for food and as a profitable source of revenue. The UNCDAT map 1 represents different basic food needs in countries by calculating the amount of trade balance divided by the total imports. The map  indicates that the concentrations of foods needed are different globally because import and export frequencies vary.

### Ayyukan muhalli
Yawancin mutane daban-daban a cikin yanayin halittu da ke cikin / kusa da yanayin halittu suna kula da muhimman ayyukan muhalli masu mahimmanci don samar da abinci. Irin waɗannan jama'a suna ba da gudummawa sosai ga, alal misali, keken abinci mai gina jiki, lalacewar kwayoyin halitta, Gyara ƙasa ko lalacewar ƙasa, tsarin cututtuka da cututtuka, kula da ingancin ruwa, da pollination. Ci gaba da bambancin jinsuna yayin gina da haɓaka ayyukan yanayin halittu yana rage buƙatun shigarwa na waje ta hanyar ƙara wadatar abinci mai gina jiki, inganta amfani da ruwa, da Tsarin ƙasa, da sarrafa kwari. Nau'ikan shinkafa masu daraja a yankin Cordillera mai cin gashin kansa na Philippines suna da zurfin al'adu, ruhaniya, da ƙimar tarihi, suna nuna yiwuwar bambancin abinci wajen adana al'adun al'adu.

### Halaye
Bambancin kwayoyin halitta a cikin nau'ikan abinci yana ba da damar ma'adanai, bitamin, da juriya, suna haifar da fa'idodi daban-daban. Misali:

* Kayan daji na tumatir (*[[Tumatir|Solanum lycopersicum]] chmielewskii*) an haɗu da nau'in tumatir da aka noma. Bayan tsararraki 10, an samar da sabbin nau'ikan tumatir tare da manyan 'ya'yan itace. Akwai karuwar alama a cikin pigmentation. Abubuwan da ke cikin narkewa, galibi fructose, glucose da sauran sukari sun karu.
* Tsire-tsire na sha'ir daga Habasha yana ba da kwayar halitta wacce ke kare amfanin sha'ir na kwayar cutar yellow dwarf.
* Kwayar halittar juriya, Xa21, daga *Oryza longistaminata* an haɗa shi cikin kwayar halittar *Oryza sativa* don juriya mai yawa ga cutar shinkafa da *Xanthomonas* oryzae pv ya haifar. oryzae 

## Dubi kuma

* Biodiversity
* Bambancin halittu na noma

## Manazarta