Hanyoyin aiki mai guba

**yanayin aiki mai guba** shine saiti na yau da kullun na alamun ilimin lissafi da halayyar da ke nuna nau'in amsawar halittu mara kyau. Bai kamata a rikita yanayin aiki da tsarin aiki ba, wanda ke nufin hanyoyin biochemical da ke haifar da yanayin aiki da aka ba da. Hanyoyin aiki mai guba suna da mahimmanci, kayan aiki da aka yi amfani da su sosai a cikin ilimin ecotoxicology da ilimin toxicology na ruwa saboda suna rarraba masu guba ko gurɓataccen abu bisa ga irin aikin guba. Akwai manyan nau'o'i biyu na aikin guba: abubuwan guba da ba takamaiman aiki ba da takamaiman abubuwan guba. Abubuwan da ba takamaiman ba ne wadanda ke samar da narcosis, yayin da takamaiman abubuwan da ke aiki sune wadanda ba na narcotic ba kuma suna samar da takamaitan aiki a takamaiman shafin da aka yi niyya.

## Nau'o'in

### Ba takamaiman ba
Hanyoyin aiki marasa mahimmanci na aikin guba suna haifar da narcotic" id="mwGw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Narcotic">narcosis; sabili da haka, narcosis yanayin aikin guba ne. An bayyana Narcosis a matsayin baƙin ciki a cikin Ayyukan halittu saboda kasancewar kwayoyin guba a cikin kwayoyin. Shafin da aka yi niyya da kuma hanyar aikin guba wanda narcosis ke shafar kwayoyin ba su da tabbas, amma akwai ra'ayoyi da ke tallafawa cewa yana faruwa ta hanyar canje-canje a cikin membranes na sel a takamaiman shafuka na membranes, kamar su lipid layers ko sunadarai da aka ɗaure zuwa membranes. Kodayake ci gaba da kasancewa mai guba na narcotic na iya haifar da mutuwa, idan an dakatar da bayyanar guba, narcosis na iya zama mai juyawa.

### Takamaiman
Toxicants cewa a low concentrations gyara ko hana wasu kwayoyin halitta tsarin da ɗaure a wani takamaiman shafin ko kwayar halitta suna da takamaiman aiki yanayin aiki na guba. Koyaya, a isasshen maida hankali, masu guba tare da takamaiman hanyoyin aiki na ayyukan guba na iya haifar da narcosis wanda zai iya ko bazai iya juyawa ba. Duk da haka, takamaiman aikin mai guba koyaushe ana nuna shi da farko saboda yana buƙatar ƙananan maida hankali. 

Akwai wasu takamaiman hanyoyin aiki na aiki mai guba:

* ***Uncouplers na Oxidative phosphorylation***. Ya haɗa da masu guba waɗanda ke cire matakai biyu da ke faruwa a cikin phosphorylation na oxidative: canja wurin lantarki da samar da adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
* ***Masu hana Acetylcholine (AChE) ***. AChE wani enzyme ne da ke da alaƙa da jijiyoyin jijiyoyi wanda aka tsara shi don daidaita motsin jijiyoyi ta hanyar rushe Neurotransmitter Acetylcholine (ACh). Lokacin da masu guba suka ɗaure zuwa AChE, suna hana rushewar ACh. Wannan yana haifar da ci gaba da motsi na jijiyoyi a fadin synapses, wanda a ƙarshe ke haifar da lalacewar tsarin jijiyoyi. Misalan masu hana AChE sune organophosphates da carbamates, waɗanda sune abubuwan da aka samo a cikin Magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta (duba Masu hana Acetylcholinesterase).
* Abin da ke fushi. Waɗannan sunadarai ne waɗanda ke haifar da tasirin kumburi a kan nama mai rai ta hanyar aikin sinadarai a wurin hulɗa. Sakamakon tasirin abubuwan da ke haifar da fusata shine karuwa a cikin ƙarar sel saboda canji a girman (hypertrophy) ko karuwa a yawan sel (hyperplasia). Misalan abubuwan da ke ba da rai sune benzaldehyde, acrolein, zinc sulphate da chlorine.
* ***Tsakanin tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya (CNS) masu saurin kamuwa***. Wakilan ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa na CNS suna hana siginar sel ta hanyar aiki a matsayin masu karɓar masu adawa. Suna haifar da hana martani na kwayoyin halitta. Misalan masu saurin kamuwa da cutar CNS sune magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta na organochlorine.
* ***Masu hana numfashi***. Wadannan abubuwa ne masu guba waɗanda ke shafar numfashi ta hanyar tsoma baki tare da sarkar jigilar lantarki a cikin mitochondria. Misalan masu hana numfashi sune rotenone da cyanide.

## Ƙaddamarwa
Ayyukan farko na gano manyan nau'ikan hanyoyin aiki mai guba (duba bayanin da ke sama) masu bincike ne suka gudanar da su daga Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Duluth ta amfani da kifi,    dalilin da ya sa suka sanya wa rukunin suna Fish Acute Toxicity Syndromes (FATS). Sun ba da shawarar FATS ta hanyar kimanta halayyar halayyar da halayyar kifi lokacin da aka yi gwajin guba, kamar ayyukan locomotive, launi na jiki, alamu na iska, tari, bugun zuciya, da sauransu.

An ba da shawarar cewa za'a iya kimanta hanyoyin aikin guba ta hanyar haɓaka saitin bayanai na ragowar jiki mai mahimmanci (CBR).  CBR shine maida hankali ga dukkan jiki na sinadarai wanda ke da alaƙa da amsawar da aka ba da mummunan halittar halitta  kuma an kiyasta ta amfani da ma'aunin rabuwa da ma'anar ma'auni. Ragowar jikin duka sune kusanci na farko na adadin sunadarai da ke wurin aiki mai guba (s).  Saboda hanyoyi daban-daban na aikin guba gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da nau'o'i daban-daban nke ragowar jiki,  ana iya raba hanyoyin aikin guba zuwa rukunoni. Koyaya, ba zai yiwu kowane sinadarin yana da irin wannan yanayin aikin guba a cikin kowane kwayoyin ba, don haka ya kamata a yi la'ƙari da wannan bambancin. Ya kamata a yi la'akari da tasirin haɗakar guba, duk da cewa haɗakar gubu gabaɗaya tana ƙarawa,  sunadarai tare da yanayin aiki mai guba fiye da ɗaya na iya taimakawa ga guba. 

## Aikace-aikacen

### Binciken haɗarin muhalli
Manufar kimanta hadarin muhalli ita ce kare muhalli daga mummunan sakamako. Masu bincike suna ci gaba da bunkasa samfuran QSAR tare da babban burin samar da kyakkyawar fahimta game da yanayin aikin guba, amma kuma game da ainihin shafin da aka yi niyya, maida hankali ga sinadarai a wannan shafin da aka nufa, da kuma hulɗar da ke faruwa a shafin da aka manufa,  da kuma hango yanayin aikin gubu a cikin cakuda. Bayani game da yanayin aikin guba yana da mahimmanci ba kawai a fahimtar tasirin guba na haɗin gwiwa da yiwuwar hulɗa tsakanin sunadarai a cikin cakuda ba, har ma da haɓaka gwaje-gwaje don kimantawa na cakuda mai rikitarwa a fagen.

### Tsarin mulki
Haɗin halayyar halayyar jiki da halayyar lissafi, ƙididdigar CBR, da ƙaddamar da sinadarai da ƙididdigaren ƙwayoyin cuta na iya zama kayan aiki mai ƙarfi  don magance gurɓataccen yanayi da guba a wuraren da ake fitar da magunguna.

## Manazarta