Mutanen Beja

**Mutanen Beja** (Larabci: البجا, Beja: Oobja, Tigre: Beja) ƙabilar Kushitic ne ƴan asalin Hamada ta Gabas, suna zaune a bakin teku daga kudu maso gabashin Masar ta gabas ta Sudan zuwa arewa maso yammacin Eritrea. Sun fito ne daga mutanen da suka zauna a yankin tun shekara ta 4000 BC ko kuma kafin haka, ko da yake Larabawa da suka zauna a yankin sun yi musu Balarabe. Makiyaya ne kuma suna rayuwa da farko a cikin Hamada ta Gabas. Lambar Beja a kusa da 1,900,000 zuwa 2,759,000.

Wasu daga cikin Beja suna magana da yaren Cushitic da ake kira Beja kuma wasu suna magana da Tigre, yaren Semitic; yawancin suna magana da Larabci. A Eritrea da kudu maso gabashin Sudan, yawancin mambobin ƙungiyar Beni-Amer suna magana da Tigre. Da farko, Beja ba sa magana da Larabci, amma ƙaurawar kabilun Larabawa da yawa na Juhaynah, Mudar, Rabi'a, da sauransu da yawa zuwa yankunan Beja sun ba da gudummawa ga Arabisation da Islama su. Duk da haka Larabawa ba su zauna a yankunan Beja ba yayin da suke neman yanayi mafi kyau a wasu yankuna. Beja sun haɗu da Larabawa ta hanyar aure a cikin ƙarni, kuma a ƙarni na 15 sun shiga cikin Islama. Tsarin Arabization ya haifar da Beja ta karɓi harshen Larabci,  tufafin Larabci  da ƙungiyar dangin Larabci.

Duk da yake yawancin kafofin na biyu sun nuna Ababda a matsayin kabilar Beja mai magana da Larabci saboda alaƙar al'adunsu da Bishari, wannan da'awar ba ta da tabbas kuma ba a tabbatar da ita ba; Ababda ba sa ɗaukar kansu Beja, kuma yawancin mutanen Beja ba sa la'akari da su.

## Tarihi

Beja al'adun gargajiya ne masu magana da harshen Cushitic waɗanda ke zaune a arewa maso gabashin Afirka, waɗanda ake kira Blemmyes a cikin matani na dā. Masanin ilimin ƙasa Abu Nasr Mutahhar al-Maqdisi ya rubuta a ƙarni na goma cewa Beja a wannan lokacin Krista ne. Yankunan Beja a cikin hamadar Gabas sun ci nasara Kuɗi Masarautar Aksum ta mamaye su a ƙarni na uku. Masanin tarihi Al-Yaqubi ya rubuta Masarautar Beja guda biyar a karni na 9. Da farko, Beja ba sa magana da Larabci, duk da haka ƙaurawar kabilun Larabawa da yawa na Juhaynah, Mudar, Rabi'a, da sauransu da yawa zuwa yankunan Beja sun ba da gudummawa ga Arabisation da Islama su,  duk da haka Larabawa ba su zauna a yankunan Beya ba yayin da suke neman yanayi mafi kyau a wasu yankuna.  Beja sun haɗu da Larabawa ta hanyar aure a cikin ƙarni, kuma a ƙarni na 15, Beja sun zama Musulunci. Balaw na kudancin Tekun Maliya na iya fitowa ne daga haɗuwa da mutane daga yankin Larabawa da mutanen Beja, amma an sami babbar gardama ta tarihi game da wannan al'amari. Hadendoa Beja a karni na 18 ya mamaye yawancin gabashin Sudan. A cikin Yaƙin Mahdi na 1880s zuwa 1890s, Beja sun yi yaƙi a bangarorin biyu, Hadendoa suna tare da sojojin Mahdist, yayin da kabilun Bisharin da Amarar suka goyi bayan Birtaniya,  kuma wasu Beni Amer - wani ɓangare na Beja waɗanda ke zaune a Eritrea sun goyi bayan Ras Alula na Habasha a wasu yaƙe-yaƙe, kamar Kufit.

An kafa Majalisa ta Beja a 1952 tare da manufar neman ikon cin gashin kai na yanki daga gwamnati a Khartoum. Da yake ba shi da kyau saboda rashin ci gaba, Majalisa ta Beja ta shiga kungiyar National Democratic Alliance a cikin shekarun 1990. Majalisa ta Beja ta mallaki wani ɓangare na gabashin Sudan wanda ke tsakiyar Garoura da Hamshkoraib. Majalisa ta Beja ta lalata bututun mai zuwa Port Sudan sau da yawa a cikin 1999 da 2000. A shekara ta 2003, sun ki amincewa da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da aka shirya tsakanin gwamnatin Sudan da Sojojin 'Yancin Jama'ar Sudan, kuma sun haɗa kai da ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye ta yankin Darfur, Sudan Liberation Movement / Army, a watan Janairun shekara ta 2004. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tare da gwamnatin Sudan a watan Oktoba 2006. A cikin babban zaben da aka yi a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010, Majalisa ta Beja ba ta lashe kujerar daya a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a Khartoum ba. A cikin fushi game da zargin zamba na zabe da jinkirin aiwatar da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya, Majalisa ta Beja a watan Oktoba na 2011 ta janye daga yarjejeniyar, kuma daga baya ta sanar da kawance da Sudan Liberation Movement / Army. 

## Yanayin ƙasa

Mutanen Beja suna zaune a wani yanki tsakanin Kogin Nilu da Bahar Maliya a Sudan, Eritrea da gabashin Masar da aka sani da Gabashin Gabas. Yawancin su suna zaune a cikin jihohin Sudan na Bahar Maliya a kusa da Port Sudan, Kogin Nilu, Al Qadarif da Kassala, da kuma Arewacin Bahar Maliya, Gash-Barka, da Yankunan Anseba a Eritrea, da kudu maso gabashin Masar. Akwai ƙananan jama'a na wasu kabilun Beja da ke arewacin hamadar gabashin Masar. Wasu kungiyoyin Beja suna nomadic. Kharga Oasis a cikin Yammacin Yammacin Masar gida ne ga yawancin Qamhat Bisharin waɗanda Aswan High Dam ya kori. Jebel Uweinat ana girmama shi da Qamhat. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

## Sunayen
An kira Beja "Blemmyes" a zamanin Roman,  gàga a cikin rubutun Aksumite a Ge'ez,  da kuma "Fuzzy-Wuzzy" na Rudyard Kipling. Kipling yana magana ne game da Hadendoa, wanda ya yi yaƙi da Birtaniya, yana goyon bayan Mahdi, shugaban Sudan na yaƙin da aka yi da mulkin Turkiyya da Masar, wanda gwamnatin Burtaniya ta goyi bayan.

## Harshe

Yawancin Beja suna magana da Larabci, yayin da wasu ke magana da Harshen Beja,  wanda aka sani da *Bidhaawyeet* ko *Tubdhaawi* a cikin wannan yaren. Yana cikin reshen Cushitic na dangin Afroasiatic. Cohen ya lura cewa harshen Beja shine harshen Cushitic tare da mafi yawan Tushen Semitic, kuma ya bayyana cewa su ne mafi yawan asalin Larabci.

## Dubi kuma

* Masarautar Jarin
* Osman Digna
* Tarihin Sudan
* Yawan jama'a na Sudan

## Manazarta