Agnes Arber

**Agnes Arber** FRS (née Robertson; 23 Fabrairu 1879 - 22 Maris 1960) ta kasance masanin ilimin shuke-shuke na Birtaniya kuma masanin ilimin jikin mutum, masanin tarihin botany kuma masanin falsafa na ilmin halitta. An haife ta ne a Landan amma ta rayu mafi yawan rayuwarta a Cambridge, gami da shekaru 51 da suka gabata na rayuwarta. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaba a matsayin Fellow na Royal Society (21 Maris 1946, tana da shekaru 67) kuma mace ta uku gaba ɗaya. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta karbi lambar yabo ta zinare ta Linnean Society na London 

Binciken kimiyya ta mayar da hankali kan ƙungiyar monocotyledon na tsire-tsire masu fure. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban nazarin ilimin halittu a cikin botany a farkon karni na 20. Ayyukanta na baya sun mayar da hankali kan batun falsafar a cikin botany, musamman kan yanayin binciken halittu.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Agnes Robertson a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 1879 a Primrose Hill, London. Ita ce 'yar farko ta Henry Robert Robertson, mai zane, da Agnes Lucy Turner, kuma tana da' yan uwanta uku, Donald Struan Robertson (wanda daga baya ya zama Regius Farfesa na Girkanci a Jami'ar Cambridge), Janet Robertson, wanda daga baya yafuuka mai zane-zane, da Margaret Robertson (mai suna Hills), wanda ya kasance sanannen mai ba da izini kuma ɗan siyasa na gida. Mahaifinta ya ba ta darussan zane na yau da kullun a lokacin yarinta, wanda daga baya ya ba ta ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don kwatanta wallafe-wallafen kimiyya da kanta.

A lokacin da yake da shekaru takwas Robertson ya fara halartar Makarantar Kwalejin Arewacin London da Frances Buss ta kafa kuma ke gudanarwa, daya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan ilimin 'yan mata. A karkashin jagorancin malamin kimiyya na makarantar Edith Aitken, Robertson ta gano sha'awar ilimin shuke-shuke, ta buga bincikenta na farko a 1894 a cikin mujallar makarantar kuma daga baya ta zo na farko a cikin jarrabawar ilimin shuke'a ta makarantar, ta lashe tallafin karatu.

A nan ne Robertson ya fara saduwa da Ethel Sargant, masanin ilimin shuke-shuke wanda ke ba da gabatarwa na yau da kullun ga kulob din kimiyya na makaranta. Sargant daga baya za ta zama mai ba da shawara da abokin aiki, tana da tasiri sosai a kan abubuwan da Arber ke sha'awa da hanyoyin da yake da su.

A shekara ta 1897, Robertson ta fara karatu a Kwalejin Jami'ar, London, inda ta sami BSc a shekara ta 1899. Bayan samun tallafin karatu na shiga Arber ya zama memba na Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge kuma ya kara digiri a Kimiyya ta Halitta. Ta sami sakamakon aji na farko a kowane jarrabawa a jami'o'in biyu, tare da kyaututtuka da lambobin yabo da yawa daga Kwalejin Jami'ar, London.

Bayan kammala karatunta na Cambridge a 1902 Robertson ta yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje mai zaman kansa na Ethel Sargant na shekara guda, kafin ta koma Kwalejin Jami'ar, London a matsayin mai riƙe da Quain Studentship a Biology. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Doctorate of Science a 1905.  &#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

Robertson ya sadu da Edward Alexander Newell Arber (1870-1918) yayin da yake karatu a Kwalejin Newnham . Sun yi aure a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, 1909 kuma suka koma Cambridge, inda za ta kasance har tsawon rayuwarta. An haifi ɗanta kaɗai, Muriel Agnes Arber, a 1913, ta zama masanin ilimin ƙasa, kuma ta mutu a shekara ta 2004. 

Arber da mijinta suna da sha'awa da yawa, kuma an bayyana aurenta a matsayin 'mai farin ciki'.  An ba Arber kyautar Bincike daga Kwalejin Newnham a 1912 kuma ta buga littafinta na farko **' a wannan shekarar. Mijinta Newall Arber ya mutu a shekara ta 1918 bayan wani lokaci na rashin lafiya. Arber ba ta sake yin aure ba, amma ta ci gaba da bincikenta. Ta yi karatu a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na Balfour Biological Laboratory for Women daga aurenta har zuwa rufe dakin gwaje'a a 1927. Arber ta ci gaba da wani karamin dakin gwaje-gwaje a cikin ɗakin baya na gidanta daga wannan lokacin har sai da ta daina yin bincike a kan benci a cikin 1940s kuma ta juya zuwa nazarin falsafa.

## Mutuwa
Agnes Arber ta mutu a ranar 22 ga Maris 1960, tana da shekaru 81, kuma an binne ta a cocin St Andrew, Girton . 

## Ayyukan kimiyya
Kafin halartar Kwalejin Jami'ar, London Arber ta shafe lokacin rani na 1897 tana aiki tare da Ethel Sargant a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na sirri a Reigate, inda Sargant ta umurce ta da microtechniques da aka yi amfani da su don shirya samfurori na shuka don gwajin microscopic. Arber ta koma aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Sargant aƙalla sau ɗaya a lokacin hutun bazara yayin da take karatu a Kwalejin Jami'ar London. Sargant ta yi amfani da Arber tsakanin 1902 da 1903 a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike da ke aiki a kan tsarin shuke-shuke, a lokacin da a 1903 ta buga takarda ta farko 'Notes on the anatomy of *Macrozamia heteromera*' a cikin Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society .  Yayinda yake a Kwalejin Jami'ar London Arber ya gudanar da bincike kan rukunin tsire-tsire na gymnosperm, yana samar da takardu da yawa game da yanayin su da jikin su. Nazarin da falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke za su zama babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga aikinta na baya.

### Gidan gwaje-gwaje na Balfour, Cambridge
A cikin 1909 an ba Arber sarari a cikin Laboratory na Balfour don Mata ta Kwalejin Newnham. Kwalejin mata biyu na jami'ar sun sayi wannan ginin kuma sun kafa shi a 1884 don amfani da ɗaliban su da masu bincike (mata a wannan lokacin ba a ba su izinin halartar zanga-zangar dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma azuzuwan aiki).  Arber ya yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe shi a 1927.

Bayan bayar da kyautar Bincike ta Kwalejin Newnham tsakanin 1912 da 1913 Arber ta buga littafinta na farko a 1912. *Herbals, asalin su da juyin halitta* sun bayyana canjin Herbals da aka buga tsakanin 1470 da 1670. Arber ya danganta fitowar da ci gaban botany a matsayin horo a cikin Tarihin halitta tare da juyin halitta na bayanin shuke-shuke, rarrabuwa da ganewa da aka gani a cikin Herbals a wannan lokacin. Arber ta sami damar tuntuɓar babban tarin Herbals da aka buga a cikin ɗakin karatu na Makarantar Botany a Cambridge a matsayin wani ɓangare na bincikenta don wannan aikin. An sake rubuta shi kuma an faɗaɗa shi don fitowar ta biyu da aka buga a 1938, an buga shi a matsayin fitowar ta uku a 1986 kuma har yanzu ana ɗaukarsa aiki ne na tarihin Herbals.

Arber ta mayar da hankali ga bincikenta kan jikin mutum da yanayin jinsin tsire-tsire, wanda Ethel Sargant ya gabatar da ita. A shekara ta 1920 ta rubuta littattafai biyu da wasu wallafe-wallafe 94. Littafinta na biyu Water Plants: A Study of Aquatic Angiosperms an buga shi a shekarar 1920. A cikin wannan littafin Arber ya gabatar da nazarin kwatankwacin Tsire-tsire na ruwa ta hanyar nazarin bambance-bambance a cikin yanayin su. Arber kuma tana ba da fassarori game da ka'idodin da ta yi amfani da su don ƙirƙirar bincikenta. Nazarinta shine na farko da ya samar da cikakken bayani da fassarar tsire-tsire na ruwa. Ta kasance mai zane-zane mai kyau kuma sau da yawa tana kwatanta littattafanta kanta; ta zana kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na zane-zane a cikin *Shuke-shuke na Ruwa.*

A cikin 1921, "tsarin tsire-tsire" ya hana Arber shugabancin 1921 na Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don ci gaban kimiyya (BAAS) 'sashen Botany (Sashe na K). Frederick Orpen Bower ne ya fara wannan tsari, bisa ga cewa Arber bai kamata ya bi Saunders nan da nan a matsayin shugaban kasa ba saboda duka mata ne daga Cambridge kuma akwai wasu manyan maza masu ilimin shuke-shuke don shugabancin. Wannan ya nuna rashin jin daɗi ga Arber ba kawai a matsayin mace mai ilimin shuke-shuke ba har ma a matsayin masanin shuke-huke na Cambridge. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa Edinburgh (inda aka gudanar da taron) "yana da 'yancin yin tsammanin fiye da wannan... Don neman Balfour [na Edinburgh] ya zauna a ƙarƙashin Shugabancin Mrs. Arber abin ba'a ne!" Albert Seward ya sadu da Arber, wanda ya janye takararsa kuma ya yi murabus a matsayin sakataren BAAS.

A cikin 1925 Arber ta buga littafinta na uku The *Monocotyledons* . Editocin *Jerin Littattafan Botanical na Cambridge* sun tambayi Ethel Sargant a cikin 1910 don shirya ƙarar a kan monocots don wannan jerin. Koyaya rashin lafiya da ci gaba shekaru sun sa Sargant ya kusan ba zai yiwu ba ya kammala littafin, kuma a cikin 1918 ta ba da shawarar Arber ya kammala aikin. *Monocotyledons* ya ci gaba da hanyoyin nazarin Arber da ta gabatar a cikin *Shuke-shuke na Ruwa*. Ta ba da cikakken nazarin tsire-tsire na monocot daga kwatanta jikin su na ciki da na waje. Koyaya tattaunawarta game da ka'idodin da take amfani da su a cikin bincikenta sun fi bayyane a cikin wannan ƙarar, yayin da take tattauna hanyoyin da falsafar nazarin morphological. Kodayake nazarin jikin mutum kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin *Monocotyledons* da Water Plants: Nazarin Angiosperms na Aquatic ya kasance tsakiya ga binciken botanical a farkon karni na 20, akwai bambance-bambance daban-daban tsakanin masu binciken Burtaniya da Turai game da manufofin binciken morphological. Arber ta magance wannan ta hanyar ƙirƙirar bambanci tsakanin "tsarkakewa" da "amfani" yanayin, tare da aikinta yana mai da hankali kan kwatankwacin jikin mutum don bincika tambayoyin da suka shafi batutuwa masu mahimmanci kamar gina phylogenies, maimakon amfani da ra'ayoyin gargajiya na tsarin shuka. Wannan ra'ayi ya ci gaba da bunkasa a cikin aikinta na baya.

### Ayyukan da suka biyo baya
Bayan rufewar 1927 na dakin gwaje-gwaje na Balfour Arber ta kafa wani karamin dakin gwaje'a a cikin ɗakin baya na gidanta don gudanar da bincikenta, bayan shugaban mazaunin Makarantar Botany Farfesa Albert Seward ya yi iƙirarin cewa babu sarari a Makarantar don Arber don ci gaba da bincikenta ta amfani da kayan aikinta. An gabatar da Arber ga ra'ayin bincike mai zaman kansa daga lokacin da ta yi tare da Ethel Sargant a cikin 1902-1903, kuma daga maganganun da suka biyo baya ga membobin kungiyar Girton College Natural Sciences kuma a cikin wasiƙu ga abokai ta bayyana cewa tana son yin aiki a gida saboda ƙalubalen da bincike mai zaman kanta ta kawo, duk da cewa ba ta fara zabar kanta ba.

Bayan wallafa The *Monocotyledons* Arber ta ci gaba da bincikenta a cikin wannan rukuni, ta mai da hankali ga bincikenta a kan iyalin Gramineae na shuke-shuke, musamman hatsi, ciyawa da bamboo. Wannan ya haifar da buga littafinta na ƙarshe game da yanayin shuke-shuke, The *Gramineae* a 1934. A cikin wannan littafin Arber ya bayyana sake zagayowar rayuwa, embryology da sake zagayowan haihuwa da kayan lambu na kitse="Cereals">hatsi, ciyawa da bamboo ta amfani da nazarin jikin mutum na waɗannan tsire-tsire. Da yake fahimtar muhimmancin waɗannan tsire-tsire ga ci gaban al'ummomin ɗan adam, Arber ya fara wannan binciken tare da tarihin waɗannan tsire'o'in dangane da mutane, tare da "mafi tsananin fasalin tsire-shuke ana bi da shi kamar yadda yake tasowa daga ɗan adam". Littafin ya riga ya wuce takardu 10 a cikin Annals of Botany wanda ke ba da cikakken bayani game da sakamakon bincikenta.

Tsakanin 1930 da 1942 Arber ta gudanar da bincike game da tsarin furanni, inda ta bincika tsarin siffofi daban-daban kuma ta yi amfani da bayanan morphological don fassara wasu tsarin furanni. An buga sakamakon ta a cikin takardu 10 na bita da suka shafi wannan lokacin. A shekara ta 1937 ta wallafa taƙaitaccen ra'ayoyin morphological wanda aka tattauna game da tsarin furanni, wanda aka dauka a matsayin muhimmiyar labarin bita don nazarin morphological.

A watan Janairun 1942 Arber ta buga takarda ta ƙarshe da ta shafi binciken botanical na asali. Dukkanin wallafe-wallafen da ta biyo baya sun damu da batutuwan tarihi da falsafa.
https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/

## Nazarin falsafa
A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu Arber ta sami wahalar kula da ƙaramin dakin gwaje-gwaje, saboda matsalolin kiwon lafiya da kayan aiki sun zama da wuya a samu. Bugu da ƙari, ba ta yi imani da cewa "yana da kyau ga maƙwabtanta" don samun kayan dakin gwaje-gwaje masu cin wuta a gidanta yayin da akwai haɗarin fashewar bam a lokacin yaƙi. Wannan ya haifar da shawarar da ta yanke na dakatar da yin aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma mayar da hankali kan batutuwan falsafa da tarihi. Arber ya wallafa aiki a kan masana kimiyyar tarihi, gami da kwatanta tsakanin Nehemiah Grew da Marcello Malpighi a 1942, John Ray a 1943 da Sir Joseph Banks a 1945.

An gabatar da Arber ga aikin Goethe yayin da yake makaranta kuma ya kasance yana sha'awar ra'ayoyinsa game da botany. A shekara ta 1946 ta buga Goethe's Botany, fassarar Goethe'tti's Metamorphosis of Plants (1790) da Georg Christoph Tobler's (1757-1812) Die Natur tare da gabatarwa da fassarar matani.

The Natural Philosophy of Plant Form, wanda aka buga a 1950 an dauke shi mafi mahimmancin littattafan Arber.  An bayyana shi a matsayin "bincike na shekaru dubu biyu na al'adar halittu". Arber ya tattauna hanyoyin da ke bayan samar da ra'ayi daga bincike kuma ya bincika falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke. Arber yana amfani da wannan don bincika tsarin tsire-tsire masu fure, kuma yana ba da shawarar ka'idar tsire-shire na ganye. Dangane da wannan ka'idar, kowane bangare na shuka harbi ne ko harbi na ɓangare. Bishiyoyi ne na ɓangaren da ke nuna raguwar ƙarfin girma. Ta ambaci cewa: "shafi ne mai ɗan gajeren lokaci, yana nuna sha'awar zama harbi gaba ɗaya, amma ba a taɓa cimma wannan burin ba, tunda daidaituwa ta radial da ƙarfin ci gaban apical suna fama da hanawa". Haɗakarwar ganye da harbi sun samo asali ne daga Goethe, wanda ya fara bayyana ganye masu fili a matsayin "rassan gaskiya, wanda buds ba zai iya bunkasa ba, tunda tsutsa na yau da kullun yana da rauni sosai". Ga Arber, ganyen fili sune tarin ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan. Shaidar ci gaban kwayar halitta ta baya-bayan nan ta goyi bayan fannoni na ka'idar harbi ta ganye, musamman ma a yanayin ganye.

Nazarinta a kan falsafar yanayin shuke-shuke ya kai ta ga ɗaukar ra'ayi mai zurfi game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin kimiyya da falsafar. The Mind and the Eye: A Biologist's Standpoint da aka buga a 1954 ya ba da gabatarwa ga binciken halittu kuma ya haɓaka hanyar yin wannan binciken. Arber ya bayyana bincike kamar yadda yake faruwa a matakai shida: gano batun bincike ko batun; tattara bayanai ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje ko kallo; fassarar bayanan; gwada ingancin fassarar; sadarwa da sakamakon; da kuma la'akari da bincike a cikin mahallin. Ga Arber, mahallin ya haɗa da fassara sakamakon dangane da tarihi da falsafar kuma ya rufe rabin littafin. Littafin Arber ya bambanta da cewa an rubuta shi kafin Thomas Kuhn ya nuna cewa ra'ayoyin masanin kimiyya suna rinjayar ra'ayoyi na wasu a fagen su kuma kafin sukar Ernst Mayr na bayyana falsafar ilmin halitta kamar yadda falsafar kimiyyar lissafi ta kasance.

Littafinta na karshe, The Manifold and the One da aka buga a shekara ta 1957 ya damu da tambayoyin falsafa da suka fi girma. Littafin bincike ne mai zurfi da haɗin kai, wanda ya samo asali ne daga al'adun wallafe-wallafen, kimiyya, addini, asiri da falsafar falsafar, wanda ya haɗa da falsafar Buddha, Hindu da Taoist tare da falsafar Turai.,  a cikin neman tattaunawa game da kwarewar asiri wanda Arber ya bayyana a matsayin "wannan tunani kai tsaye da ba a shiga tsakani ba wanda ke nunawa da kyakkyawar fahimta game da Dukan abubuwa a matsayin Haɗin kan dukkan abubuwa". 

## Karramawa da kyaututtuka
A shekara ta 1921 ta karɓi matsayin shekara-shekara a matsayin shugabar sashen botany na Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don Ci gaban Kimiyya, bayan Edith Saunders a shekarar da ta gabata, amma nan da nan ta yi murabus bayan wasu mambobi sun nuna cewa ba sa son shugaban mata biyu a jere. Lokacin da aka sake miƙa ta shugabancin a 1926, ba ta yarda ba.

A shekara ta 1946 an zabe ta Fellow na Royal Society . Ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara ilimin shuke-shuke kuma mace ta uku da ta karbi wannan girmamawa. A shekara ta 1948 an ba ta lambar yabo ta zinare ta Linnean Society na London . 

## Kyauta
A watan Fabrairun 1961, Muriel Arber ta ba da gudummawar wasu kayan mahaifiyarta ga Cibiyar Hunt don Takaddun Botanical.

An shigar da Blue Plaque a gidan yarinta (9 Elsworthy Terrace, Primrose Hill, London) a cikin 2018. A shekara ta 2024 an haɗa daya da gidanta na Cambridge inda ta kuma gudanar da yawancin bincikenta.

Har ila yau, akwai wani nau'in gin mai suna don girmama ta.

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, an kirkiro sabon kyautar rubutun PhD na Agnes Arber a fannin ilmin halitta a Jami'ar Cambridge. Farfesa Sam Brockington, na Jami'ar Cambridge Botanic Gardens, ya ce yana fatan kyautar "za ta goyi bayan ƙarni na gaba na masu ilimin shuke-shuke, suna bin sawun Agnes".

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa
 

## Dubi kuma

* Dorothea Pertz, wanda Agnes Arber ta rubuta masa labarin mutuwarsa

## Manazarta

## Bayanan littattafai
 

## Haɗin waje

* 
* Works by Agnes ArberaShirin Gutenberg
* Ayyuka ta ko game daAgnes ArberaTushen Wikisource