Ma'aikatar Muhalli (Spain)

**Ma'aikatar Canjin Muhalli da Ƙalubalen Jama'a** (**MITECO**) ita ce sashen Gwamnatin Spain da ke da alhakin haɓaka manufofin gwamnati kan yaki da Canjin yanayi, rigakafin gurɓataccen yanayi, kare al'adun halitta, bambancin halittu, gandun daji, teku, ruwa da makamashi don tsarin muhalli da zamantakewa mai amfani. Hakazalika, tana da alhakin bayani dalla-dalla da ci gaban manufofin gwamnati game da kalubalen yawan jama'a na ƙasar (tsufa, raguwar yawan jama'ar ƙasa, tasirin yawan jama'i, da sauransu). 

Ya dace da MITECO da bayani dalla-dalla game da dokokin ƙasa kan ruwa da gabar teku, muhalli, canjin yanayi, yanayin yanayi da ilimin yanayi; gudanarwa kai tsaye na yankuna jama'a na ruwa (duk nau'ikan ƙasa da Ruwa na ƙasa), na yankin jamaʼa na teku da ƙasa (ruwan ƙasa, ruwa na ciki, albarkatun halitta na Yankin tattalin arziki na musamman da shelf na nahiyar, da rairayin bakin teku da gabar ruwa); wakilcin Masarauta a cikin kungiyoyin kasa da suka dace da waɗannan batutuwa; da haɗin gwiwar jama'a da kuma ayyukan, hadin gwiwar su

Hakazalika, ya dace da Ma'aikatar ci gaban makamashi da manufofin hakar ma'adinai na kasa, tare da matakan da aka yi niyyar tabbatar da samar da makamashi, tabbatar da tsari mai kyau na bangaren da kuma nazarin da saka idanu kan waɗannan kasuwanni, tare da ƙwarewar hakar ma-adinai, duk a cikin tsarin canjin muhalli.

MITECO tana karkashin jagorancin Ministan Canjin Muhalli, wanda Sarkin ya nada bisa ga bukatar Firayim Minista. Sauran manyan jami'an ma'aikatar sune Sakataren Gwamnati na Makamashi, Sakataren Jiha na Muhalli, Sakatare Janar na Ƙalubalen Jama'a da Mataimakin Sakataren Sashen. Ministan yanzu shine Sara Aagesen tun Nuwamba 2024. 

## Tarihi
Tarihin manufofin muhalli a Spain ya koma karni na 18, lokacin da aka gabatar da Dokokin Karewa da Karuwar Dutsen Marine da kuma Karfafawa da Tsaro na dazuzzuka da Shuke-shuke (1748). 

Dokar Sarauta ta 9 ga Nuwamba, 1832, ta ba sabuwar Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a iko kan dasa da kiyaye duwatsu da bishiyoyi, da kuma ban ruwa da ayyukan magudanar ruwa na ƙasashe masu santsi. Bayan shekara guda, an kirkiro Babban Darakta na dazuzzuka, gwamnati ta farko da aka sadaukar don kiyaye yanayi. Ta hanyar Dokar Sarauta ta 31 ga Mayu 1837, an kafa cewa hawa da shuke-shuke waɗanda suka kasance na Crown da na mai ba da saninsa ba, a matsayin na Al'umma, gwamnati za ta gudanar da su. Kungiyar gwamnati da aka ba da wannan aikin ita ce Babban Darakta na dazuzzuka. A shekara ta 1855 an kafa kwamitin ba da shawara kan gandun daji.

### Muhalli ya zama ma'aikatar da ke tsaye
A cikin karni na 20, ƙwarewa a cikin muhalli sun bambanta a matsayi, kasancewar kwamitoci ne kawai, manyan daraktoci ko ma sakataren Jiha.

Duk waɗannan ƙwarewar ma'aikatar sun bambanta tsakanin ma'aikatu na ci gaba, noma da shugabancin, har zuwa 1993 lokacin da kalmar "Manuwa" ta kai matsayin ma'aiki, ta kirkiro Ma'aikatun Ayyukan Jama'a, Sufuri da Muhalli.

Amma ba har zuwa 1996 ba lokacin da Muhalli ta sami ma'aikatarta a lokacin shugabancin José María Aznar, ta kirkiro Ma'aikatar Muhalli wacce ke aiki har zuwa 2011 (a cikin 2008 Ma'aikatu ta ɗauki iko a cikin Karkara da Muhalli na Ruwa ).

### Haɗuwa da shigarwa Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona
A cikin 2011, sabon Firayim Minista Mariano Rajoy ya haɗu da wannan ma'aikatar tare da Ma'aikatun Aikin Gona, Abinci da Muhalli (2011-2016) kuma daga baya Ma'aikatu na Aikin Goma da Kifi, Abinci le Muhalli (2016-2018).

### Ma'aikatar ta sami 'yancin kai
A cikin 2018, tare da isowar Pedro Sánchez zuwa firaministan, ya sake samun ikon cin gashin kansa na ma'aikatar ta hanyar kirkirar ma'aikalin da ke mai da hankali kan aiwatar da sauye-sauyen makamashi zuwa ga hanyoyin samar da muhalli, Ma'aikatun Canjin Muhalli. Don wannan dalili Sánchez ta nada Teresa Ribera a matsayin minista kuma ma'aikatarta ta ɗauki nauyin farko kan manufofin makamashi, manufofin da a tarihi sun kasance na ma'aikatu na Masana'antu ko Tattalin Arziki.

A cikin 2020, don inganta manufofin muhalli da wannan sashen ke yi, Firayim Minista ya inganta Minista Ribera zuwa matsayin Mataimakin Firayim Minista  kuma ya amince da ita alhakin kalubalen al'umma daban-daban da Spain ke da shi.  A zamanin yau, sunan hukuma (a cikin Mutanen Espanya) shine Ma'aikatar Canjin Muhalli da Reto Demográfico a matsayin sabon, canza sunan daga wanda ake kira Ma'aunin Muhalli a baya.

### Sunan Ma'aikatar
Duk da dogon tarihinta, hukumar ba ta kai matsayin ma'aikatar ba har zuwa 1993:

* Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a, Sufuri da Muhalli (1993-1996) 
* Ma'aikatar Muhalli (1996-2008) 
* Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Harkokin Karkara da Ruwa (2008-2011) 
* Ma'aikatar Noma, Abinci da Muhalli (2011-2016) 
* Ma'aikatar Noma da Kifi, Abinci da Muhalli (2016-2018) 
* Ma'aikatar Canjin Muhalli (2018-2020) 
* Ma'aikatar Canjin Muhalli da Ƙalubalen Jama'a (2020-) 

## Tsarinsa
Tsarin Ma'aikatar shine: 

* Sakatariyar Gwamnati ta Makamashi Babban Darakta na Manufofin Makamashi da Ma'adanai Babban Daraktoci na Shirye-shiryen Makamashi
** Babban Darakta na Manufofin Makamashi da Ma'adanai
** Babban Darakta na Shirye-shiryen Makamashi da Haɗin Kai
* **Sakatariyar Jiha ta Muhalli** Darakta Janar na Ruwa Ofishin Mutanen Espanya na Canjin Yanayi Darakta-Janar na Ingancin Muhalli da Bincike Darakta Babban na Tekun da Tekun Darakta janar na Biodiversity, Forests da Desertification
** Babban Darakta na Ruwa
** Ofishin Mutanen Espanya na Canjin Yanayi
** Babban Darakta na Ingancin Muhalli da Bincike
** Babban Darakta na Tekun da Tekun
** Babban Darakta na Biodiversity, Forests da Desertification
* **Babban Sakatariyar Ƙalubalen Jama'a**. 
** Babban Darakta na Manufofin Rage Jama'a
* Mataimakin Sakatariyar Babban Sakatari na Fasaha Babban Darakta na Ayyuka Mataimakin Darakta Janar na Dangantaka ta Duniya
** Babban Sakatariyar Fasaha
** Babban Darakta na Ayyuka
** Mataimakin Darakta Janar na Harkokin Kasashen Duniya
* Kwamishinan Sabuntawa, Hydrogen da Storage, tare da matsayin Mataimakin Sakatare.
* **Kwamishinan Tsarin Ruwa da Maido da Tsarin Halitta**, tare da matsayin Mataimakin Sakatare.
* **Kwamishinan Tattalin Arziki**, tare da matsayin Mataimakin Sakatare.

### Hukumomin ma'aikatar da kamfanoni

* Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Kasa.
* Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Jiha.
* Cibiyar Don Canjin Kai.
* Cibiyar Diversification da Ajiye Makamashi.
* Gidauniyar Makamashi ta Birnin.
* Gidauniyar Biodiversity.
* Kamfanin Kasuwanci na Rediyo na Kasa.
* Shirye-shiryen Tsaro na Kamfanin Kayayyakin Man Fetur.

## Jerin masu rike da mukamai
**Sunan ofishin:**

* Ma'aikatar Muhalli (1996-2008) 
* Ma'aikatar Canjin Muhalli (2018-2020) 
* Ma'aikatar Canjin Muhalli da Ƙalubalen Jama'a (2020-yanzu) 

## Manazarta