Dolores Ibárruri

**Isidora Dolores Ibárruri Gómez**  ; 9 ga Disamba 1895 12 Nuwamba 1989), kuma aka sani da **** ("mai sha'awar" ko furen sha'awar "), 'yar siyasa ce ta jam'iyyar Republican ta Spain a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Spain (1936-1939) kuma 'yar gurguzu ce . An san ta da taken " Babu *Pasarán!* "), wanda ta fitar a lokacin Yaƙin Madrid a watan Nuwamba 1936.

Ibárruri ya shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Sipaniya ( Spanish   ) lokacin da aka kafa ta a 1920. A shekarun 1930, ta zama marubuciya a mujallar *Mundo Obrero* ta Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Spain (PCE), kuma a watan Fabrairun 1936, an zaɓe ta a Cortes Generales a matsayin mataimakiyar PCE ga Asturias . Bayan ta yi gudun hijira daga Spain zuwa ƙarshen Yaƙin Basasa a 1939, ta zama Sakatare Janar na Kwamitin Tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Spain, mukamin da ta riƙe daga 1942 zuwa 1960. Daga nan sai Jam'iyyar ta naɗa ta shugabar girmamawa ta PCE, mukamin da ta riƙe har tsawon rayuwarta. Bayan dawowarta Spain a 1977, an sake zaɓenta a matsayin mataimakiyar Cortes ga yankin da ta wakilta daga 1936 zuwa 1939 a ƙarƙashin Jamhuriya ta Biyu ta Spain .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Dolores Ibárruri a shekarar 1895 a matsayin ta takwas cikin 'ya'ya goma sha ɗaya.   Tana da uba mai hakar ma'adinai na Basque da kuma uwa 'yar Castilian . Ta girma a Gallarta amma daga baya ta koma Somorrostro ( Biscay ). Gallarta tana kusa da wani babban ma'adinan siderite . 

Ibárruri ta bar makaranta tana da shekaru 15 bayan ta shafe shekaru biyu tana shirin zuwa kwalejin malamai bisa ƙarfafawar uwar makarantarta. Iyayenta ba su da kuɗin ƙarin ilimi, don haka ta je aiki a matsayin mai dinki daga baya kuma a matsayin mai aikin gida .  Ta zama mai hidimar abinci a garin Arboleda, cibiyar birni mafi muhimmanci a yankin Somorrostro.  A can, ta haɗu da Julián Ruiz Gabiña, mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a kuma wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar matasa ta Socialist na Somorrostro. Sun yi aure a ƙarshen 1915, shekaru biyu bayan haihuwar ɗansu na fari.  Matasan ma'auratan sun shiga yajin aikin gama gari na 1917, wanda ya kai ga ɗaure Ruiz.  A wannan lokacin, Ibárruri ya kwana yana karanta ayyukan Karl Marx, Engels da wasu da aka samu a ɗakin karatu na Cibiyar Ma'aikatan Socialist da ke Somorrostro.  Ibárruri ta rubuta labarinta na farko a shekarar 1918 ga jaridar ma'aikatan haƙar ma'adinai *ta El Minero Vizcaíno* a ƙarƙashin sunan *"La Pasionaria" ("Furen Soyayya")* . An buga labarin a lokacin Makon Tsarki kuma ya mayar da hankali kan munafuncin addini, wanda ya bambanta da Soyayyar Almasihu . Saboda jigon labarin da lokacinsa, ta sanya hannu tare da sunan Pasionaria.   A shekarar 1920, Ibárruri da Cibiyar Ma'aikata sun shiga sabuwar Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Spain  (PCE), kuma an naɗa ta memba na Kwamitin Lardi na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Basque. Bayan shekaru goma na fafutukar jama'a, an naɗa ta a Kwamitin Tsakiya na PCE a shekarar 1930. 

A wannan lokacin, Ibárruri tana da 'ya'ya shida. Daga cikin 'ya'yanta mata biyar, huɗu sun mutu suna ƙanana. Ta "sha ba da labarin yadda mijinta ya yi ƙaramin akwatin gawa daga cikin akwati na 'ya'yan itace." [1] Ɗanta, Rubén, ya mutu yana da shekaru ashirin da biyu a lokacin Yaƙin Stalingrad . Yarinyar da ta rage, Amaya Ruiz Ibárruri, ta wuce mahaifiyarta. Ta auri ɗan Stalin da ya ɗauke ta, Artyom Sergeyev . A shekarar 2008, Amaya ta zauna a unguwar ma'aikata ta Ciudad Lineal da ke Madrid. [2] [3] Ta rasu a shekarar 2018 tana da shekaru 95. [4]

### A Madrid (1931–1936)
Da zuwan Jamhuriya ta Biyu a shekarar 1931, Ibárruri ya koma Madrid ya zama editan jaridar PCE  An kama ta a karon farko a watan Satumba na 1931. An daure ta tare da masu laifi na yau da kullun, ta shawo kansu su fara yajin cin abinci don tabbatar da 'yanci ga fursunonin siyasa. Bayan kama ta na biyu a watan Maris na 1932, ta jagoranci sauran fursunoni wajen rera waƙar " The Internationale " a ɗakin ziyara kuma ta ƙarfafa su su ƙi aikin da ba a biya su albashi mai tsoka ba a gidan yarin.  Ta rubuta labarai biyu daga gidan yari: ɗaya da aka buga ta mujallar PCE  dayan kuma na  A ranar 17 ga Maris 1932, an zaɓe ta a Kwamitin Tsakiya na PCE a Babban Taro na 4 da aka gudanar a Seville. 

A cikin 1933, Ibárruri ya kafa , wata ƙungiyar mata da ke adawa da Fascist da yaƙi.  A ranar 18 ga Afrilu, masanin ilmin taurari na Soviet Grigory Neujmin ya gano tauraron ɗan adam mai siffar asteroid 1933 HA kuma ya sanya mata suna " Dolores " don girmama ta. A watan Nuwamba, ta yi tafiya zuwa Moscow a matsayin wakiliya a taron 13 na Kwamitin Zartarwa na Kwaminisanci na Duniya (ECCI), wanda ya tantance haɗarin da mulkin kama karya da barazanar yaƙi ke haifarwa.  Ganin babban birnin Rasha ya burge Ibárruri. "A gare ni, wanda ya gan shi ta idanun rai ", ta rubuta a cikin tarihin rayuwarta, "ita ce birni mafi ban mamaki a duniya. Ana sarrafa ginin gurguzu daga gare ta. A ciki akwai ɗaukar siffar mafarkin duniya na 'yanci na tsararraki na bayi, waɗanda aka kore su, bayi, da masu fafutuka . Daga ciki mutum zai iya fahimta da fahimtar tafiyar ɗan adam zuwa gurguzu."  Ba ta koma Spain ba sai sabuwar shekara.

A cikin 1934, ta halarci Taron Duniya na Farko na Mata da Yaƙi da Fascism (  ) a birnin Paris. Duk da cewa Gabrielle Duchêne, shugabar ƙungiyar mata ta duniya ta Women's International League for Peace and Freedom ce ta jagoranci taron, ƙungiyar  daban-daban ta yi hakan. wani ɓangare ne na ƙungiyar French Popular Front mai ɗan gajeren lokaci.  Dukansu  kuma ƙungiyar Front ta wargaje a shekarar 1939.

A ƙarshen shekarar 1934, Ibárruri da wasu mutane biyu sun jagoranci wani aikin ceto mai haɗari zuwa yankin haƙar ma'adinai na Asturias don kawo yara sama da ɗari da ke fama da yunwa zuwa Madrid. An daure iyayen waɗannan yaran bayan juyin juya halin Oktoba da ya gaza, wanda Janar Franco ya hana bisa umarnin gwamnatin Republican. Ibárruri ta yi nasara a aikinta amma an tsare ta na ɗan lokaci a gidajen yarin Sama de Langreo da Oviedo .  Don kare 'ya'yanta daga ƙarin damuwa, ta aika su zuwa Tarayyar Soviet a bazara ta 1935.

A shekarar 1935, ta ketare iyakar Spain a ɓoye don halartar taron duniya na 7 na Kwaminisanci na Duniya, wanda aka gudanar daga 25 ga Yuli zuwa 21 ga Agusta a Moscow. A wannan taron, Georgi Dimitrov ya gabatar da wani muhimmin jawabi da ke ba da shawarar haɗin gwiwa da gwamnatocin " masu ra'ayin gurguzu masu ci gaba" a kan masu ra'ayin gurguzu .  A ƙarƙashin wannan koyarwar, Jam'iyyar Popular Front za ta hau mulki a Faransa a watan Yunin 1936. Ibárruri ta yi maraba da jawabin Dimitrov a matsayin tabbatar da matsayin PCE na dogon lokaci kuma ta koma gida "cike da sha'awa, da ƙudurin yin abin da ba zai yiwu ba don cimma matsaya tsakanin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na ma'aikata da dimokuradiyya na ƙasarmu."  A wannan taron, an zaɓe ta mataimakiyar memba na ECCI kuma ta zama fitaccen ɗan gurguzu na biyu a Spain bayan José Díaz, babban sakataren PCE. 

A shekarar 1936, an daure Ibárruri a karo na huɗu bayan ya sha wahala daga cin zarafi mai tsanani daga jami'an da ke tsare a Madrid. Bayan an sake ta, ta tafi Asturias don yin kamfen na PCE a babban zaɓen da aka gudanar a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu. A cikin waɗannan zaɓen, an jefa ƙuri'u 323,310. Duk da haka, "ƙuri'a ɗaya, ƙuri'a ɗaya" bai yi aiki ba; kowane mai jefa ƙuri'a zai iya zaɓar 'yan takara har zuwa 13 a lokaci guda. PCE ta sami ƙuri'u 170,497, wanda ya isa ya tabbatar da kujera ɗaya a Majalisar Dolores Ibárruri.  Tsarin zaɓen Popular Front ya haɗa da sakin fursunonin siyasa, kuma La Pasionaria ta shirya sakin fursunonin a Oviedo nan take.

## Manazarta