open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Hotton Iftar Cannon

The **Iftar Cannon** ( Arabic     ; Turkish   ; a zahiri "bindigogi don yin buda baki ") wata al'ada ce ta Ramadan da aka daɗe ana amfani da ita a Masar wadda ta bazu zuwa manyan sassan duniyar Musulunci ; kowace maraice idan rana ta faɗi ana kiran sallah ( maghrib adhan ), ana harba bindiga sau ɗaya don sanar da mutane game da farkon buda baki a watan Ramadan, lokacin da Musulmai suka sami damar karya azumin yini ɗaya yayin da rana ta faɗi. An fara amfani da buda baki don sanar da birnin gaba ɗaya lokacin buda baki, kafin ƙirƙirar agogon ƙarfe da kafofin watsa labarai na jama'a;   ba ya cika babban manufarsa ba amma al'ada ce ta alama.  Duk da haka a Turkiyya, wasu mutane har yanzu suna dogara da sautin don karya azuminsu, amma kwanan nan a wasu birane, ana amfani da bam mai sauti maimakon canon.  

## Asali

Ko da yake ana yin hakan a yau a mafi yawan sassan duniyar Musulmi a matsayin al'ada, an fara amfani da fashewar bindigar a aikace don sanar da birnin gaba ɗaya lokacin buda baki, kafin ƙirƙirar agogon da suka dace da kafofin watsa labarai. Ana fara harba bindigar ne don nuna farkon watan Ramadan mai tsarki, sannan kowace rana don sanar da buda azumi a lokacin sallar Magrib da faɗuwar rana.

Wani labari da aka saba gani ya nuna asalin al'adar a ƙarni na 19, a zamanin gwamnan Ottoman na Masar Muhammad Ali . Wasu masana tarihi sun gano al'adar daga sarkin Mamluk Sayf ad-Din Khushqadam a ƙarni na 15. An rubuta al'adar a Istanbul tun aƙalla 1852. 

Wannan al'ada ta bazu ko'ina cikin duniyar Musulmi a ƙarni na baya. Gwamnatin Saudiyya ta karɓe ta ne bayan ta mamaye biranen Makka da Madina masu tsarki a shekarun 1920, kuma an gabatar da ita a Sharjah da Dubai a tsakiyar ƙarni na 20. Ana amfani da nau'ikan bindigogin Ramadan daban-daban, tun daga na'urorin harba ba tare da wani dalili ba zuwa bindigogin yaƙi na gargajiya, kamar su howitzer na Burtaniya mai nauyin fam 25 da aka yi amfani da shi a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa . Ana amfani da howitzer na Amurka mai nauyin mm 75 M1916, wanda aka bai wa hukumomin Musulmi na gida daga sojojin Burtaniya, a Urushalima . A Alkahira, ana amfani da bindigar Jamus mai nauyin mm 75 Krupp . Ana yi wa wannan lakabi da "al-ḥājja Fāṭima", bayan matar Sayf ad-Din Khushqadam. 

## Manazarta
Shirin Don Pencari суhin dan ramadan

***Para Pencari Tuhan*** (The Godseekers) wani shiri ne na talabijin na Indonesia wanda Deddy Mizwar ya ƙirƙira. Shirin ya mayar da hankali kan wani mai kula da musalla mai suna Bang Jack (wanda Deddy Mizwar ya zana) da mutanen da ke zaune kusa da shi yayin da suke koyon yin amfani da darajar Musulunci a rayuwarsu. An fara watsa shi ne a ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2007. Ana watsa shi ne kawai a kowane wata mai tsarki na Ramadan, a lokacin sahur a ranar 03:00–04:30 WIB a Kashi na 1–6, da kuma 03:00–04:00 WIB a Kashi na 7–a yanzu da kuma lokacin iftar a ranar 18:00–19:00 WIB (a Kashi na 1–6 da Kashi na 13) a SCTV . Wannan shirin kuma yana dauke da Telequiz. Ya zuwa shekarar 2025, shirin ya kunshi shirye-shirye 511 a cikin shekaru goma sha shida kuma an sabunta shi a karo na sha bakwai.  A shekarar 2023, ya sami rikodin jerin shirye-shiryen addinin Ramadan mafi tsayi daga Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Duniya na Indonesia . 

## Gidaje
Shirin ya fara mayar da hankali ne kan tsoffin masu laifi guda uku, Chelsea, Barong, da Juki waɗanda aka sake su kwanan nan daga gidan yari kuma ba za su iya komawa rayuwarsu ta baya ba. Ba da daɗewa ba suka tsinci kansu a cikin musalla kuma suka bar mai kula da su Bang Jack (wanda Deddy Mizwar ya zana) ya jagorance su. Shirin kuma yana da wasu ƙananan shirye-shirye da ke faruwa a ƙauyen ɗaya, kamar aikin Ustad Ferry a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shirye a talabijin, soyayya tsakanin surukar Ferry Aya da tsohuwar kawarta Azam, da kuma gwagwarmayar tattalin arziki na manyan abokai biyu Udin da Asrul waɗanda ke da alaƙa mai gauraya da attajirin ɗan kasuwa Jalal. A tsawon yanayi, akwai canje-canje a cikin jerin haruffa kuma daga ƙarshe an lalata ƙauyen asali ta hanyar ambaliyar ruwa a kakar wasa ta sha ɗaya. Lokacin da suka biyo baya sun mayar da hankali kan Bang Jack, Jalal, Udin da Asrul tare da sabbin haruffa a cikin sabbin wurare.

* Miqdad Addausy as Viral (lokaci na 12-14)
* Nadya Fricella a matsayin Hera (kashi na 12, 14)
* Irfan Siagian a matsayin Maing (lokaci na 12-14)
* Rochman as Sukarni Bombi Yusenberg (lokaci na 12–14)
* Totos Rasiti a matsayin Atep (lokaci na 12-14)
* Ujang Ronda as Ajung (lokaci na 12-14)
* Dimas Anggara as Fadhli (Season 12)
* Dina Lorenza a matsayin Nurlaela (Season 12)
* Sania Velova a matsayin Putri (Season 12)
* Silvia Angraini a matsayin Alya (lokaci na 12-13)

## manazarta
Fergal O'Hanlon

**Fergal O'Hanlon** (Irish: Feargal Ó hAnnluain (2 ga Fabrairu 1936 - 1 ga Janairu 1957) ya kasance mai sa kai a cikin Pearse Column na Sojojin Jamhuriyar Irish . 

## Tarihi
An haife shi a Ballybay, County Monaghan, Ireland, a cikin dangin jamhuriya mai tsayin daka, Feargal O'Hanlon ya kasance mai zane-zane wanda Majalisar Gundumar Monaghan ta yi aiki. Ya kasance Dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Gaelic  kuma mai fafutukar yaren Irish. Wani Katolika mai ibada, O'Hanlon ya yi la'akari da zama firist kuma ya shafe shekara guda a makarantar firamare a St. Macartan. A cikin rubutunsa ya bayyana yadda yake ji game da amfani da karfi: "Ban san hanyar da za a iya samun 'yanci ba, wanda aka kiyaye sai dai ta hanyar mutane masu dauke da makamai. "  Ya shiga IRA a shekarar 1956.

## Harin Brookeborough
Lokacin da yake da shekaru 20, an kashe O'Hanlon tare da Seán South yayin da yake shiga cikin wani hari a kan barikin Royal Ulster Constabulary a Brookeborough, County Fermanagh, a lokacin Yakin Yankin . Sauran mambobin IRA da yawa sun ji rauni a cikin harin da bai dace ba. IRA ta tsere daga wurin a cikin babbar mota. Sun watsar da shi kusa da iyaka. Sun bar Kudu da O'Hanlon, dukansu ba su da hankali, a cikin wata saniya, kuma sun haye zuwa Jamhuriyar Ireland da ƙafa don taimakawa ga abokan aikinsu. Ma'aikatan tausayi a Asibitin Mater Misericordiae da ke Dublin sun bi da mutanen IRA da suka ji rauni a matsayin "masu hatsarin mota".

## Halin da ake ciki
Mahaifiyar O'Hanlon ta kasance mai tsayin daka ga IRA kuma ta ji rauni da shawarar cewa akwai madadin aikin IRA ko kuma cewa ɗanta wani abu ne banda jarumi na Irish.

Wani abin tunawa na marmara yanzu yana tsaye a wurin da Kudu da O'Hanlon suka rasa rayukansu. An gudanar da lacca na shekara-shekara don tunawa da O'Hanlon tun 1982, kuma kimanin mutane 500 sun halarci bikin tunawa da mutuwar maza a watan Janairun 2007 a Limerick.

A shekara ta 1971, an bayyana wani abin tunawa ga O'Hanlon a garinsu - a kan tudu da ke kallon hanyar Clones inda ya yi tafiyarsa ta ƙarshe zuwa gida. An kafa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Gaelic a Monaghan a shekara ta 2003 kuma ana kiranta Fergal O'Hanlons . 

An zabi ɗan'uwansa Eighneachán Ó hAnnluain a matsayin dan jam'iyyar Sinn Féin a babban zaben 1957 ga Dáil Éireann . 'Yar'uwarsa Pádraigín Uí Mhurchadha ta kasance mai ba da shawara na Sinn Féin a Majalisar Birnin Monaghan.

## Manazarta
Babban Masallacin Andalas

**Babban Masallacin Andalas** (kuma aka sani da **Andaleh** a yaren Minangkabau; Indonesian) masallaci ne da ke Titin Andaleh mai lamba 56, Andaleh, gundumar Gabashin Padang, Padang, Yammacin Sumatra, Indonesia . Masallacin ya ƙunshi ginin kore mai hawa biyu wanda faɗinsa ya kai mita 1,200, da kuma minaret a kudu maso gabas da kuma ƙofar shiga a kudu. 

## Sake Ginawa
Masallacin yana ɗaya daga cikin wurare 608 na addini a Yammacin Sumatra waɗanda girgizar ƙasa ta Sumatra ta 2009 ta lalata, tare da girgizar ƙasa mai ƙarfin gaske ta 7.6.  Ganin yanayin tashin hankali na ginin, an wargaza masallacin daga baya. Don haka, an dakatar da ayyukan addini a wannan masallaci na ɗan lokaci, ciki har da bikin Ramadan Pesantren na shekara-shekara a shekarun 2010 da 2011.

An sake gina masallacin jim kaɗan bayan haka kuma an karɓi kuɗaɗe daga tallafin jama'a da aka aika ta hanyar Gidauniyar Yayasan Satu Untuk Negeri (One to Home) ta TvOne .  An fara sake gina masallacin a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2010   kuma an kammala shi akan kuɗin Rupiah miliyan 3.25 a shekarar 2012. Ministan Sadarwa da Yaɗa Labarai, Tifatul Sembiring, ne ya buɗe masallacin a hukumance a ranar 9 ga Maris, 2012. 

## Manazarta
Harsunan Utian

**Utian** (wanda kuma **ake kira Miwok–Costanoan**, **Miwok–Ohlone** ko kuma a da **Mutsun** ) iyali ne na harsunan asali da ake magana a Arewacin California, Amurka . Kabilar Miwok da Ohlone duka suna magana da harsunan dangin harshen Utian. An yi jayayya cewa harsunan Utian da harsunan Yokuts ƙananan iyalai ne na dangin harshen Yok-Utian .    An yi la'akari da Utian da Yokutsan a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin harshen Penutian .   

Duk harsunan Utian suna cikin mawuyacin hali, sun ɓace ko kuma suna farfaɗowa.

## Harsuna
Rarraba Miwok da ke ƙasa ya dogara ne akan Mithun (1999),  yayin da rarraba Ohlone da ke ƙasa ya dogara ne akan Callaghan (2001). Sauran rarrabuwa na Ohlone sun lissafa Arewacin Costanoan, Kudancin Costanoan, da Karkin a matsayin harsuna guda ɗaya, tare da waɗannan ƙananan ƙungiyoyi na kowannensu da ake ɗauka a matsayin yaruka:
 

## Manazarta
Harsunan Uto-Aztecan

**Harsunan Uto-Aztecan**,  wanda kuma aka sani da harsunan **Uto-Aztekan** ko **Uto-Nahuatl**,  dangin harsunan 'yan asalin Amurka ne, waɗanda suka ƙunshi harsuna sama da talatin. Ana samun harsunan Uto-Aztecan kusan gaba ɗaya a Yammacin Amurka da Mexico . Sunan dangin harshen yana nuna asalin asalin harshen Ute na Utah da harsunan Nahuan (wanda kuma aka sani da Aztecan) na Mexico.

Iyalin harshen Uto-Aztecan yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan iyalai masu harsuna a Amurka dangane da adadin masu magana, adadin harsuna, da faɗaɗa yanayin ƙasa.  Harshen Uto-Aztecan mafi arewa shine Shoshoni, wanda ake magana da shi har zuwa arewa kamar Salmon, Idaho, yayin da harshen kudu shine harshen Nawat na El Salvador da Nicaragua .    *Ethnologue* ya ba da jimlar adadin harsuna a cikin iyali a matsayin 61, kuma jimlar adadin masu magana a matsayin 1,900,412.  Masu magana da harsunan Nahuatl sun kai sama da kashi 85% na waɗannan.

Rarraba iyali a cikin gida sau da yawa yakan raba shi zuwa rassan biyu: reshen arewa wanda ya haɗa da dukkan harsunan Amurka da reshen kudu wanda ya haɗa da dukkan harsunan Mexico, kodayake har yanzu ana tattaunawa ko an fi fahimtar wannan a matsayin rarrabuwar kwayoyin halitta ko kuma a matsayin ta ƙasa. A ƙasa da wannan matakin rarrabuwa, manyan rassan sun yi karɓuwa sosai: Numic (gami da harsuna kamar Comanche da Shoshoni ) da harsunan California (wanda a da aka sani da ƙungiyar Takic, gami da Cahuilla da Luiseño ) sune suka fi yawa a cikin harsunan Arewa. Hopi da Tübatulabal harsuna ne da ba sa cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin. Harsunan Kudu sun kasu zuwa harsunan Tepiman (gami da Oʼodham da Tepehuán ), harsunan Tarahumaran (gami da Raramuri da Guarijio ), harsunan Cahitan (gami da Yaqui da Mayo ), harsunan Coracholan (gami da Cora da Huichol ), da harsunan Nahuan .

Asalin harsunan Uto-Aztecan galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin yankin Kudu maso Yammacin Amurka ko kuma wataƙila Arewa maso Yammacin Mexico. Wata ka'ida ta daban ta nuna yiwuwar cewa dangin harsunan sun samo asali ne daga kudancin Mexico, a cikin yankin yaren Mesoamerican, amma ba a ɗauka hakan a matsayin abin gamsarwa ba.

## Yaɗuwar yanki

Harsunan Uto-Aztecan ana magana da su a cikin tsaunukan Arewacin Amurka da guraren da ke kusa da yammacin Amurka a cikin jihohin Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Utah, California, Nevada, da Arizona . A Mexico, ana magana da su a cikin jihohin Sonora, Sinaloa, Chihuahua, Nayarit, Durango, Zacatecas, Jalisco, Michoacán, Guerrero, San Luis Potosí, Hidalgo, Puebla, Veracruz, Morelos, Jihar Mexico, da kuma cikin birnin Mexico . Nahuatl na gargajiya (harshen Aztec ) da danginsa na zamani, harsunan Nahuan, suna cikin dangin Uto-Aztecan. Harshen Nawat, yaren Nahuan, ya bazu zuwa Amurka ta tsakiya a cikin guguwar ƙaura a zamanin Pre-Columbian kuma yana da masu magana da yawa a wurin. Ya ƙare a Guatemala, Honduras, da Nicaragua kuma kusan ya ƙare a yammacin El Salvador, amma an sake farfaɗo da shi kwanan nan.

## manazarta
Harsunan Wakashan

**Wakashan** iyali ne na harsunan da ake magana da su a British Columbia a kusa da Tsibirin Vancouver, da kuma a kusurwar arewa maso yammacin yankin Olympic na jihar Washington, a gefen kudu na mashigin Juan de Fuca .

Kamar yadda yake a yankin Arewa maso Yamma, harsunan Wakashan suna da manyan tarin harufa - baƙaƙen da galibi ke faruwa a cikin rukunoni masu rikitarwa.

## Rarrabawa

### Sashen iyali
Iyalin harshen Wakashan ya ƙunshi harsuna bakwai: 
 

### Alaƙar da za ta iya kasancewa da iyalai masu harsuna na waje
Kamar yadda Edward Sapir da Leo J. Frachtenberg suka gabatar da farko, kuma daga baya Morris Swadesh ya yi bayani dalla-dalla, an haɗa harsunan Wakashan tare da harsunan Salishan da Chimakuan a cikin iyali na "Mosan" .  Wannan iyali na macro da aka gabatar yanzu an ƙi shi gabaɗaya a matsayin rukunin zuri'a.   Kamanceceniya tsakanin tsari da ƙamus da aka raba an fi bayyana su a matsayin sakamakon ci gaba da hulɗa mai zurfi; don haka harsunan Mosan suna wakiltar wani yanki a cikin yankin Pacific Northwest mai faɗi. 

A shekarun 1960, Swadesh ta kuma ba da shawarar alaƙar harsunan Wakashan da harsunan Eskimo-Aleut . Holst (2005) ya ɗauki wannan kuma ya faɗaɗa shi. 

Sergei Nikolaev ya Kuma yi jayayya a cikin takardu biyu game da dangantaka mai tsari tsakanin harshen Nivkh na tsibirin Sakhalin da kogin Amur da harsunan Algic, da kuma dangantaka ta biyu tsakanin waɗannan biyun tare da harsunan Wakashan.  

## Suna da lambar sadarwa
Sunan Wakesh ko Waukash ya samo asali ne daga kalmar *Nuu-chah-nulth* mai ma'ana 'mai kyau'. Masu bincike na farko sun yi amfani da shi, ciki har da Kyaftin James Cook, waɗanda suka yi tunanin cewa sunan ƙabila ne. 

Asalin harsunan Uto-Aztecan galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin yankin Kudu maso Yammacin Amurka ko kuma wataƙila Arewa maso Yammacin Mexico. Wata ka'ida ta daban ta nuna yiwuwar cewa dangin harsunan sun samo asali ne daga kudancin Mexico, a cikin yankin yaren Mesoamerican, amma ba a ɗauka hakan a matsayin abin gamsarwa ba.

A shekara ta 1843, Kamfanin Hudson's Bay ya kafa cibiyar kasuwanci a Victoria. Turawa-Kanadawa suna da hulɗa akai-akai da ƙasashen farko bayan wannan lokacin. An sami asarar jama'a mai yawa a farkon ƙarni na 20 saboda annobar ƙananan kuraje (saboda ƙasashen farko ba su sami kariya daga sabuwar cutar ba), rikice-rikicen zamantakewa, da kuma shan giya. A shekara ta 1903, 'yan asalin ƙasar sun kai kimanin 5200, waɗanda 2600 suka kasance a Hukumar Yammacin Tekun, 1300 a Hukumar Kwawkewlth, 900 a Hukumar Arewa maso Yammacin Tekun, da 410 a Kamfanin Neah Bay, Cape Flattery . A shekara ta 1909, sun kai 4584, ciki har da 2070 Kwakiutl da 2494 Nootka . Masu wa'azin Katolika na Roman Katolika suna aiki a yankin.

## manazarta
Harsunan Yammacin Daly

**Harsunan Western Daly** ƙaramin iyali ne na harsunan asali na Australiya waɗanda ke da nau'ikan nahawu iri ɗaya. Su ne:

 

## Kalmomi
Waɗannan ƙamus na asali daga Tryon (1968) ne. 

## Manazarta
Hamidreza Ghorbani (singer)

**Hamidreza Ghorbani** (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Yuli, 1991 a Tehran) fitaccen mawaki ne, marubucin waka, kuma mai shirya kida daga ƙasar Iran. Ya shahara a fagen kida na duniya saboda salon sa na musamman wanda ke hada kida na pop da rock na zamani. Ghorbani yana daya daga cikin mawakan Iran da suka samu damar mika kida zuwa matakin duniya ta hanyar hadin gwiwa da mawaka daga kasashen duniya.

## Rayuwar Farko da Ilimi
Ghorbani ya fara sha'awar kida ne tun yana dan shekara goma sha daya. Ya shafe shekaru yana nazarin ka'idojin kida da hada sauti (composition). Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya mayar da hankali kan koyon fasahar shirya kida ta amfani da na'urori na zamani da kuma nazarin salon kida na kasashen yamma. Wannan horo na ilimi ya taimaka masa wajen gina harsashi mai karfi don ayyukansa na kwararru a nan gaba.

## Ayyukan Fasaha
Ayyukan Hamidreza Ghorbani sun kunshi bangarori da dama na masana'antar kida, tun daga rera waka har zuwa fannoni na fasaha.

### Hadin Gwiwa da Mawakan Duniya
Daya daga cikin muhimman nasarorin Ghorbani shi ne ikon sa na gina gado tsakanin al'adun kida daban-daban. Ya yi aiki tare da fitattun mawaka irin su Shayne Ward da sauran mawaka daga Amurka da Turai. Wadannan ayyuka sun sanya shi zama daya daga cikin mawakan Iran da ke da muryar kasa da kasa a kasuwannin kida.

### Kidan Fina-finai da Talabijin
Baya ga fitar da wakoki, Ghorbani ya kware sosai wajen shirya kidan fage (soundtrack) don fina-finai da shirye-shiryen talabijin a Iran. Ayyukansa a wannan fanni sun samu yabo saboda yadda kidan sa ke dacewa da yanayin labarin fina-finan.

## Jerin Wakoki (Discography)
Wannan tebur ne na wasu daga cikin fitattun ayyukansa na kida:

## Salon Kida da Kayan Kida
Salon kidan Ghorbani ya dogara ne akan *Alternative Rock* da kuma *Soft Pop*. Shi kwararre ne wajen amfani da kayan kida da dama (multi-instrumentalist). Ghorbani yana amfani da **gita ta lantarki (electric guitar)**, **gita ta gargajiya (classical guitar)**, **gita ta acoustic**, da kuma **harmonica** wajen samar da sauti na musamman a wakokinsa. 

Masu sharhi kan kida sun bayyana salon sa a matsayin wani yunkuri na isar da sako na zaman lafiya da fahimtar juna tsakanin al'adu. Yana amfani da kida a matsayin harshe na duniya wanda baya bukatar fassara.

## Rayuwar Kai da Tasiri
Hamidreza Ghorbani mutum ne mai son taimakon al'umma kuma yakan halarci ayyukan jin kai ta hanyar amfani da muryarsa da fasaharsa. Yana daya daga cikin mawakan da ke karfafawa matasa gwiwa wajen nazarin kida a matsayin hanya ta isar da sako mai kyau ga duniya. Ra'ayinsa akan fasaha shine cewa kida yakamata ya zama silar hadin kan dan adam ba tare da la'akari da iyakokin kasa ba.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
* Shafin Hamidreza Ghorbani a Instagram
* Hamidreza Ghorbani a Apple Music
* Lambar shaida ta ISNI
Daara

**Dara** ita ce taken da ake amfani da shi a Senegal don sanya makarantun Alƙur'ani na gargajiya waɗanda suka tabbatar da cewa ilimin Musulunci ya yaɗu sosai a dukkan sassan al'umma a ƙasashen Yammacin Afirka.

Daara sau da yawa tana aiwatar da hukunci na zahiri, wanda ga yawancin Musulmai na Yammacin Afirka ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na tsarin ilimi. Wannan ƙungiyar tana nuna wani hoto mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce dangane da fahimtar da mutum yake da ita game da amfanin da take da shi a ci gaban zamantakewa. Akwai rahotannin cin zarafi da "bautar zamani" da ƙungiyoyi kamar XALAAT da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya suka bayar akai-akai. Waɗannan rahotannin sun haɗa da zarge-zargen cin zarafin kuɗi da kuma cin zarafin yara mabarata da ake kira talibe]]. Mutane da yawa a Senegal suna cutar da kansu da gangan don haka za su buƙaci kulawar likita kuma a cire su daga daaras.

## Nassoshi
Brenda Swann Holmes

**Brenda Swann Holmes** ƙwararriyar masaniyar sinadarai ce 'yar Amurka.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Holmes ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Howard a shekarar 1971, kuma ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin sinadarai a can a shekarar 1976, tare da wani digirin digirgir mai taken "Nazarin Lokacin Hutu na Spin-Lattice na 19 F, 31 p, da 2 D a cikin PF 6 -In Deuterated Dimethyl Sulfoxide". 

## Sana'a
Holmes ya sami mukamin postdoctoral na Majalisar Bincike ta Ƙasa a fannin binciken sinadarai a Dakin Gwajin Nazarin Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka (NRL),  yana nazarin dabarun maganadisu na nukiliya .   A shekarar 1985 ta lashe kyautar EEO a NRL.  Ta kasance tare da Rundunar Tsaron Tekun Naval (NAVSEA) a shekarun 1990. 

Holmes ya yi aiki a kwamitin bita na edita na Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Ƙasa a shekarar 1990, kuma ya kasance babban mai jawabi a taron karawa juna sani na Jami'ar Howard a shekarar 1997.

## Littattafai
A shekarun 1980, an buga binciken Holmes a cikin *Macromolecules*,   *Journal of Magnetic Resonance*,  da *Journal of Applied Polymer Science* .  

* "Amfani da dabarar J cross-polarization zuwa nitrogen-15 na polyamides a cikin maganin" (1981, tare da GC Chingas, WB Moniz, da Raymond C. Ferguson) 
* "Nazarin NMR na nailan 66 a cikin maganin (proton, carbon-13, da nitrogen-15 NMR ta amfani da adiabatic J cross polarization)" (1982, tare da WB Moniz da Raymond C. Ferguson) 
* "Tsarin juyawa na .NO 2 radicals da aka samar ta hanyar photolysis na RDX, HMX, da nitroguanidine" (1983, tare da MD Pace) 
* "Sa ido kan maganin kayan polymer" (1984) 
* "Tasirin ruwa akan ƙarfin polychloroprene vulcanizates da aka cika" (1986, tare da Jeffrey A. Hinkley) 
* "Nazarin warkarwa game da hanyoyin sadarwa masu shiga tsakani ta hanyar amfani da microdielektrometry" (1988, tare da Craig A. Trask) 

## Manazarta
Monica C. Jackson

**Monica Christine Jackson** is an American statistician and academic administrator, the deputy provost and dean of faculty at American University. Her research focuses on spatial statistics and disease monitoring, pertaining to the analysis of identifying cancer clusters and assessing global clustering trends.

## Ilimi da aiki
Jackson 'yar Afirka ce, asalinta daga Kansas City, Missouri,  kuma tana da 'yan'uwa maza biyu, ɗaya tagwayenta.  Tana son lissafi tun tana ƙarama,  kuma bayan ta gaji da manhajar lissafi ta makarantar gwamnati da take da ita, ta koma makarantar sakandare zuwa wani shiri mai wahala a makarantar 'yan mata ta Katolika, Notre Dame de Sion .  Ta yi digiri a fannin lissafi a Jami'ar Clark Atlanta, ta kammala karatunta a 1992, kuma ta ci gaba a can don digiri na biyu a 1994.  Ta kammala karatun digirin digirgir a fannin kididdiga a 2003 a Jami'ar Maryland, College Park, tare da rubutun *Spatial Data Analysis for Discrete Data on a Lattice* wanda Estelle Russek-Cohen ke kula da shi. 

Binciken digiri na uku a Jami'ar Emory ya sa ta mayar da hankali kan kididdigar wurare na sa ido kan cututtuka.  Ta shiga Jami'ar Amurka a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin kididdiga a shekarar 2005. Ta sami aiki a can a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a shekarar 2011.  Bayan ta zama cikakkiyar farfesa, kuma mataimakiyar shugabar nazarin digiri na farko, an nada ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar malamai kuma shugabar malamai a shekarar 2021. 

## Littattafai da aka zaɓa
Jackson tare ne ya rubuta littafin Elementary Statistics: A Guide to Data Analysis Using R (Cognella, 2022, tare da Nancy Glenn-Griesinger da Daniel Vrinceanu).

Rubuce-rubucenta na bincike sun haɗa da:

*  
*  
* Jackson, Monica C.; Trotman, Adria; Stephens, Melissa; Sellers, Kimberly F. (2013), “The Effect of Latency Variables on Repeated Measures Inference Applied to the Measurement of Risk-Taking as a Function of Psychopathy.” *Quality & Quantity* 47 (1): 15–26. 
*  

## Manazarta
Chonnettia Jones

Chonnettia Jones ƙwararriyar masaniyar kwayoyin halitta ce ta Amurka kuma masaniyar ci gaban halittu. Ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar darakta a Addgene tun daga shekarar 2022. Jones a da ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar bincike a Gidauniyar Michael Smith don Binciken Lafiya kuma daraktan Insight & Analysis a Wellcome Trust .

## Ilimi da aiki
Jones ƙwararriyar masaniyar kwayoyin halitta ce kuma mai nazarin halittun ci gaba.  Ta kasance mai bincike a Ruth L. Kirschstein a Jami'ar Emory inda ta yi bincike kan ilimin halittar kwakwalwa yayin da take kammala digirin digirgir a fannin biochemistry, cell and development biology.   Rubutun Jones na 2005 mai taken *Molecular and functional characterization of mini-me, wani babban mai gyara bushiya a ci gaban ido na Drosophila* . Mai ba ta shawara kan digirin digirgir shine Kevin Moses . 

Jones farfesa ce a jami'o'in Amurka kafin ta jagoranci shirin binciken kimiyya na Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Howard Hughes a Jami'ar Janelia Research Campus . Ta shiga Wellcome Trust a shekarar 2012 don tantance tasirin tallafin da aka ba su. A watan Janairun 2016, Jones ta zama darektan fahimta da nazari a Wellcome.  A watan Janairun 2020, an sanar da Jones a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar bincike a Gidauniyar Michael Smith don Binciken Lafiya a British Columbia, wadda ta fara aiki daga ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2020.  A ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2022, ta zama babbar darakta a Addgene . 

## Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka

* 
* 
* 

## Manazarta
Adele Logan Alexander

**Adele Logan Alexander** (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga Janairu, 1938) ƙwararriyar masaniyar ilimi ce kuma marubuciya 'yar Amurka wacce farfesa ce ta tarihi a Jami'ar George Washington . An san ta da ayyukanta kan tarihin iyali, jinsi, da kuma batutuwan zamantakewa a cikin iyalan 'yan Afirka ta Amurka.

## Ilimi da aiki
Alexander ta kammala karatunta a Kwalejin Radcliffe, makarantar da goggon ta ke karatu a shekarar 1959.   Ta sami digirin digirgir na uku daga Jami'ar Howard a shekarar 1994,  bayan ta fara karatun digirin digirgir tana da shekaru 46.  Farfesa ce a fannin tarihin Amurka a Jami'ar George Washington.   A shekarar 2009 aka sanya mata suna a cikin Asusun Tallafawa Bil Adama na Kasa .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Alexander marubuciya ce da aka sani da littattafanta kan iyalai 'yan Afirka ta Amurka, gami da fitattun membobin danginta waɗanda ta rubuta a cikin littafin *Princess of the Hither Isles: A Black Suffragist's Story from the Jim Crow South*  game da kakarta mai rajin kare haƙƙin jama'a Adella Hunt Logan .   In *Homelands and Waterways: The American Journey of the Bond Family, 1846-1926*, Alexander ta ba da labarin sauyawa daga iyali matalauta masu aiki zuwa matsakaicin aji a lokacin daga Yaƙin Basasa zuwa Zamanin Jazz.  Littafinta *Parallel Worlds* ya bayyana rayuwar jami'in diflomasiyya William Henry Hunt da matarsa Ida Gibbs wacce ta kasance jagora a cikin ƙungiyar Pan-Africanism a shekarun 1910.  A shekarar 1999 ta kasance a shirin Charlie Rose inda ta yi magana game da asalin launin fata da aji.  A shekarar 2020, Alexander tana cikin wata ƙungiyar mata tana tattaunawa da *[[New York Times|jaridar New York Times]]* game da cika shekaru 100 na Kwaskwarima ta Sha Tara ga Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka, a lokacin tattaunawar ta raba ra'ayoyinta kan matakan da mata suka ɗauka don samun 'yancin zaɓe da kuma tunaninta na kashin kanta na zuwa kaɗa ƙuri'a tare da mahaifiyarta tun tana ƙarama.  

## Littattafai da aka zaɓa

*  
*  
*  
*  

## Lambobin yabo da girmamawa
A shekara ta 2000, Alexander ta lashe kyautar Adabin Baƙar fata ta 2000 daga Ƙungiyar Laburare ta Amurka .  A shekara ta 2003, ta sami kyautar nasara ta rayuwa daga Ƙungiyar Tarihi da Asalin Baƙar fata ta Amurka . 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Ta auri Clifford Alexander Jr. a shekarar 1959; ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Sojoji daga 1977 har zuwa 1981. 'Yarsu, Elizabeth Alexander, mawaƙiya ce kuma marubuciya.

## Manazarta
Pratyaksha Bhardwaj

**Dokta Pratyaksha Bhardwaj likita** ne na Indiya, Kakakin TedX, Mawallafi kuma ɗan kasuwa na kiwon lafiya wanda aka sani da aikinsa a cikin kula da nauyi da magani mai kyau. Shi ne darektan **Shree Skin Care** & **Slimming Center Pvt. Ltd**., wanda ke zaune a Yamunanagar, Haryana .

## Ayyuka
Dokta **Pratyaksha Bhardwaj** ya fara aikinsa a matsayin babban likita kuma daga baya ya koma cikin fannin kula da kiba da kuma maganin asarar nauyi ba tare da tiyata ba. Ya kafa Shree Skin Care & Slimming Center, inda yake mai da hankali kan shirye-shiryen kula da nauyi, tsarin jiki, da kuma hanyoyin da suka danganci warkewa.

An haɗa shi da ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru kamar su Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙasa ta Indiya, Cibiyar Nazaren Ƙasa ta Kanada, Ƙungiyar Laser ta Indiya, da Ƙungiyar Girman Duniya.

## Sanarwa
A cikin 2022, Dokta Pratyaksha Bhardwaj an jera shi ta World Book of Records, London, dangane da aikinsa a fagen asarar nauyi. Ya kuma sami kyaututtuka na kwararru a cikin kula da nauyi.

## Manazarta
Rosemarie Allen

**Rosemarie Allen** ƙwararriya ce a fannin bambancin ra'ayi, daidaito, da kuma haɗa kai . Ita farfesa ce a fannin ci gaban ƙananan yara a Jami'ar Jihar Metropolitan ta Denver kuma shugabar kuma babbar jami'ar gudanarwa ta Cibiyar Daidaito da Kyau ta Jinsi.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Allen ta girma ne a Kudancin Tsakiyar Los Angeles, California .   Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a Jami'ar Jihar California, Long Beach . Allen ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Ilimi daga Jami'ar Lesley da kuma digiri na uku a fannin Ilimi a fannin daidaito da jagoranci a fannin Ilimi a Jami'ar Colorado Denver . 

## Sana'a
Ayyukan Allen sun ƙware a fannin ci gaban ƙananan yara, bambancin ra'ayi, daidaito, da haɗa kai .  Ta rubuta littattafai uku na yara kan bambancin ra'ayi. Allen ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta tare da Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Colorado a matsayin darektan sashen koyon farko da kuma gyaran matasa.   Allen ta shiga jami'a a Jami'ar Jihar Metropolitan ta Denver a shekara ta 2004 kuma farfesa ce a fannin ilimin ƙananan yara.  Ita ce shugaba kuma shugabar gudanarwa ta Cibiyar Daidaito da Kyau ta Ƙasa,  wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta wadda ke ba da lasisi ga masu kula da yara a gundumomi uku a Colorado . 

## Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka

*  
*  

## Manazarta
Maryrose Reeves Allen

**Maryrose Reeves Allen** (5 ga Nuwamba, 1899 - 14 ga Janairu, 1992) farfesa ce ta kwaleji kuma mai gudanarwa ta Amurka. Ta kasance farfesa a fannin ilimin motsa jiki a Jami'ar Howard daga 1925 zuwa 1967, kuma ta kafa Ƙungiyar Wasannin Mota ta Negro, don ƙarfafawa da ɗaga darajar wasannin mata a kwalejoji da jami'o'i na Baƙar fata (HBCUs).

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Maryrose Reeves a Louisville, Kentucky, kuma ta girma a Indiana, 'yar Mary Saunders Reeves kuma 'yar uwarsa ga Frank Walden. Ta kammala karatun difloma a Makarantar Ilimin Jiki ta Sargent a shekarar 1923, kuma ta sami digiri na farko a can a shekarar 1933; ta sami digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Boston a shekarar 1938, tare da takardar digiri mai taken ""Ci gaban Kyawun Mata a Kwaleji Ta Hanyar Lafiya da Ilimin Jiki".

## Sana'a
Allen ta koyar a makarantun gwamnati a New Jersey da kuma Jami'ar Hampton da ke Virginia a lokacin da take ƙarama. Tun daga shekarar 1925, ita ce darakta ta farko a sashen Ilimin Jiki ga Mata a Jami'ar Howard.   Tsarin karatunta na motsa jiki ya haɓaka jin daɗin ɗalibai, gami da damuwa da siffar jiki, kula da kai, jima'i, da ruhi.    "Ban taɓa yin shakkar kyawun matan Howard ba," in ji ta, kuma "mace mai kyau a zahiri, a tunani da ruhi abu ne mai muhimmanci ga ƙabilarta da ƙasarta."  Ta ƙarfafa kowace ɗaliba mace a Howard ta koyi wasanni, ta rubuta littafin tarihin rayuwa, da kuma tsara tsarin kula da fata. Ta shirya rawa, ranakun fita, da kuma bukukuwan hutu don ci gaba da sa ɗalibai su shiga cikin jiki da al'adu.  Ta zama memba na ƙungiyar Alpha Kappa Alpha a 1923. 

Allen ta kuma kafa ƙungiyar rawa ta Jami'ar Howard,  ta jagoranci ƙungiyar rawa ta zamani ta Jami'ar Howard, kuma ta yi aiki tare da mai tsara rawa Charles Weidman .  Ta kafa ƙungiyar wasanni ta mata ta Negro.  Ta hana mata shiga cikin "wasanni masu nauyi" kamar ƙwallon kwando, saboda "suna ɓata mata kyawawan halayenta na mata da kuma sau da yawa lafiyarta mai kyau".  A shekarar 1929 ta kai ƙarar wata ɗaliba mace saboda ta sumbaci ɗalibi namiji a gaban ɗakin motsa jiki na harabar jami'ar; an dakatar da ɗalibar kuma aka mayar da ita gida zuwa Indiana saboda laifin, wanda ya haifar da bore ga ɗalibai.  Ta yi ritaya daga Howard a shekarar 1967. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Maryrose Reeves ta auri likita Elijah Henry Allen Jr., darektan Hukumar Lafiya ta Jami'ar Howard,  a kusan 1928; sun rabu a 1943. Allen ta mutu a Washington, DC, a 1992, tana da shekaru 92.  Ana gudanar da takardun karatunta a Cibiyar Bincike ta Moorland-Spingarn da ke Jami'ar Howard.  

## Manazarta
Salvador Namburete

**Salvador Namburete** ya kasance Ministan Makamashi na ƙasar Mozambique.  Ya riƙe wannan muƙamin a tsakanin shekarun 2005 da 2015, a lokacin shugabancin Armando Guebuza na wa'adi biyu. 

## Manazarta
Nuno Gomes Nabiam

**Nuno Gomes Nabiam** (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Nuwamba, 1966) ɗan siyasa ne ɗan ƙasar Bissau-Guine wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Ministan Guinea-Bissau daga ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairu, 2020 zuwa ranar 8 ga watan Agusta, 2023. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Gomes Nabiam ya kammala karatunsa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Kwame Nkrumah ta Ƙasa. Ya kammala karatunsa a Babbar Kwalejin Injiniyancin Jiragen Sama da ke Kyiv, Ukraine, kuma an ba shi tallafin karatu a fannin sufurin jiragen sama a shekarar 1986. Daga baya Gomes Nabiam ya yi karatu a Amurka, inda ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin gudanar da kasuwanci.

A ranar 29 ga watan Afrilu, 2020, shi da ministoci uku sun kamu da cutar COVID-19.

## Aikin siyasa
Gomes Nabiam ya zama mai fafutuka a cikin matasan Afirka Amílcar Cabral a shekarar 1978. A shekarar 1980, ya zama mai fafutuka a cikin jam'iyyar PAIGC. A shekarar 2012, gwamnatin Bissau-Guinean ta naɗa shi shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Guinea-Bissau. 

A ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairu, 2020, an naɗa Gomes Nabiam a matsayin Firayim Ministan Guinea-Bissau. Shi memba ne na Majalisar Jam'iyyar Jama'a ta Haɗaka. 

## Manazarta
Angela M. Banks

Angela M. Banks lauya ce 'yar Amurka kuma ƙwararriyar masaniyar shari'a a fannin shige da fice da zama ɗan ƙasa. Ita ce farfesa ta musamman ta Charles J. Merriam a Kwalejin Shari'a ta Sandra Day O'Connor . A shekarar 2020, an zaɓi Banks a matsayin memba na Majalisar Hulɗa da Ƙasashen Waje .

## Rayuwa
Banks 'yar farfesoshi biyu ne na jami'a.  Mahaifinta, James A. Banks, ya yi bincike kan ilimi da adalci a zamantakewa.  Banks da ƙanwarta sun girma ne a Seattle . Ta fara sha'awar shari'a ne lokacin da mahaifinta ya ba da labarai game da girma a Kudancin Arkansas, Kudancin da aka raba, da Jim Crow . 

Banks ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin ilimin zamantakewa, *wato digiri na uku a fannin ilimin* zamantakewa, a Kwalejin Spelman a shekarar 1995.  Ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Oxford a shekarar 1998 a matsayin Malamin Marshall .   Ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu a Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard a shekarar 2000.  Banks edita ne na *Harvard Law Review* da kuma *Harvard International Law Journal* . 

Banks ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar koyarwa da lauya a Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara kan shari'a ga Gabrielle Kirk McDonald a Kotun Da'awar Iran da Amurka .  Banks ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar Wilmer, Cutler &amp;amp; Pickering kuma a matsayin magatakardar shari'a ga Carlos F. Lucero na Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Amurka ta Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Goma .  Daga 2007 zuwa 2017, ta kasance farfesa a fannin shari'a a Makarantar Shari'a ta William &amp;amp; Mary .  Tun daga shekarar 2017, Banks ita ce farfesa ta Charles J. Merriam a fannin shari'a a Kwalejin Shari'a ta Sandra Day O'Connor .  A shekarar 2020, an zabe ta a Majalisar Hulɗa da Ƙasashen Waje a 2020. 

A shekarar 2021, Banks ta buga littafinta na farko mai suna "The...  Manema Labarai na Kwalejin Malamai . 2021. ISBN&nbsp; . 

Banks yana da 'ya'ya biyu. 

## Manazarta

### Ambato
Moya Bailey

**Moya Bailey** ƙwararriya ce a fannin mata 'yan Afirka-Amurka, marubuciya, kuma mai fafutuka. An san ta da ƙirƙirar kalmar *misogynoir*, wadda ke nufin abin da Bailey ya bayyana a matsayin haɗuwa ta musamman ta nuna wariyar launin fata da wariyar launin fata ta baƙar fata da mata baƙar fata ke fuskanta. Bailey farfesa ce a Jami'ar Northwestern .  

## Sana'a
Bailey ta halarci Kwalejin Spelman don digirin farko. Ta sami digirin digirgir daga Jami'ar Emory a sashen Nazarin Mata, Jinsi, da Jima'i. Bayan ta yi aiki a Jami'ar Northeastern a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a Sashen Al'adu, Ƙungiyoyi, da Nazarin Duniya da kuma shirin Nazarin Mata, Jinsi, da Jima'i, ta shiga Sashen Nazarin Sadarwa a Northwestern.

Tana aiki tare da Octavia E. Butler Legacy Network,  "ƙungiyar da ke tallafawa da kuma tallata gadon marubuciyar,"  kuma ita ce wacce ta kafa Quirky Black Girls, ƙungiya ta mata baƙaƙe waɗanda ba su dace da ra'ayoyin al'adu ba.   Ta kuma yi aiki a kan aikin #tooFEW. Alamar "FEW" tana nufin "Feminists Engage Wikipedia".  Manufar wannan aikin ita ce a sa masu ra'ayin mata su shiga shafukan Wikipedia, suna ƙarawa da kuma gyara bayanai game da daidaikun mutane, abubuwan da suka faru da abubuwan da suka shafi ra'ayin mata (tare da mai da hankali kan ra'ayin mata baƙaƙe).  Ta sami suka da kuma sukar wulaƙanci saboda shiga cikin wannan shiri. 

## ''Misogynoir''
Bailey ta fara ƙirƙiro kalmar *misogynoir* a shekarar 2008, amma ta fara amfani da kalmar a cikin wani rubutu na 2010 mai taken "Ba sa magana game da ni...".  Alamar kalmar *misogyny* da *noir ce*, kalmar Faransanci don 'baƙi'.   Bailey ta ƙirƙiro kalmar ne don bayyana wani nau'in wariya na musamman da mata baƙar fata ke fuskanta, musamman "ƙiyayya ga wariyar launin fata da mata baƙar fata ke fuskanta, musamman a al'adun gani da na dijital na Amurka."  Tun lokacin da ta fara ƙirƙiro kalmar, ta ƙara yin bayani kan batun a cikin ayyuka da dama, kuma wasu masana a fannoni kamar ilimin mata,  magana da sadarwa,  da kuma doka sun amince da kalmar. 

A cikin wani rubutu a shafinta na yanar gizo a shekarar 2014, ta rubuta:

## Littattafai

*  
* “‘The Illest’: Disability as Metaphor in Hip Hop Music.” *Everyday Women’s and Gender Studies: Introductory Concepts*, 2016, pp. 36–40, .

## Manazarta
Stella Nkoro

**Stella Nkoro** 'yar siyasa ce a ƙasar Najeriya wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin wakiliya a mazaɓar Ikom II ta Jihar Cross River a majalisar dokokin jihar Cross River. Bayan rasuwar mijinta, Simon Nkoro, kujerar ta zama babu kowa a ciki, wanda hakan ya haifar da zaɓen maye gurbi a shekarar 2018. Stella Nkoro ita ce 'yar takara ɗaya tilo a zaɓen, wacce ke wakiltar Jam'iyyar PDP, kuma daga baya aka ayyana ta a matsayin wacce ta yi nasara bisa ga sashe na 41 na Dokar Zaɓe ta shekarar 2010 (kamar yadda aka gyara). Da zaɓenta, ta zama mutum na biyu da ta maye gurbin mijinta a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Cross River.    

## Manazarta
Augustine Gbao

**Augustine Gbao** (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta 1948), wanda kuma ake rubutawa da **Augustine Bao**, tsohon kwamandan rundunar sojoji ne ta Revolutionary United Front (RUF) a yaƙin basasar Sierra Leone. A watan Fabrairun 2009, kootun musamman ta Sierra Leone ta same shi da laifukan yaki da laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 25 a gidan yari.    Ya kasance babban kwamanda a RUF daga shekarar 1991 har zuwa lokacin da aka kama shi a shekarar 2002. 

Bayan ya yi zaman gidan yari a Rwanda saboda laifukan yaƙi tun daga shekarar 2009, an mayar da Gbao ga Blama a ranar 23 ga watan Disamban 2020 dan ya yi sauran shekaru 25 da aka yanke masa na hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai. 

## Manazarta
Mary Annette Anderson

**Mary Annette Anderson** (27 ga Yuli, 1874 - 2 ga Mayu, 1922) farfesa ce 'yar Amurka a fannin nahawu da tarihi kuma mace 'yar Afirka ta farko da aka zaɓa a matsayin Phi Beta Kappa .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Anderson a ranar 27 ga Yuli, 1874, a Shoreham, Vermont, ga William da Philomine (Langlois) Anderson. Mahaifinta, manomi ne, bawa 'yantacce wanda asalinsa daga Virginia ne, kuma mahaifiyarta baƙuwa ce 'yar ƙasar Kanada daga asalin Faransa da 'yan asalin Amurka.  Ƙanenta, William John Anderson Jr., ya zama Ba'amurke ɗan Afirka na biyu da ya yi aiki a Babban Taron Vermont .  Anderson ya halarci Makarantar Northfield for Young Ladies a Northfield, Massachusetts, kuma ya shiga Kwalejin Middlebury a 1895. Ta kammala karatunta a 1899 a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin aure, inda ta zama mace 'yar Afirka ta farko da aka zaɓa a matsayin Phi Beta Kappa. 

Bayan kammala karatunsa, Anderson ta yi koyarwa na tsawon shekara guda a Jami'ar Straight da ke New Orleans, kafin a naɗa ta farfesa a fannin nahawu da tarihi na Turanci a Jami'ar Howard . Ta koyar a Howard na tsawon shekaru bakwai kafin ta auri Walter Lucius Smith, shugaban makarantar Paul Laurence Dunbar da ke Washington, DC, a ranar 7 ga Agusta, 1907, kuma ta daina koyarwa. Ita da mijinta sun sayi gidan bazara a Shoreham a shekarar 1919. 

Ta rasu a ranar 2 ga Mayu, 1922, bayan wata gajeriyar rashin lafiya, kuma an binne ta a makabartar Lake View ta Shoreham.

## Manazarta
Karefa Kargbo

**Karefa Kargbo** (an haife shi a watan Agusta a shekarar 1967) ɗan siyasa ne ɗan ƙasar Saliyo.  Ya kasance ministan harkokin ƙasashen waje  a ƙarƙashin Valentine Strasser a shekarun 1993 da 1994 a ƙarƙashin majalisar mulkin wucin gadi ta ƙasa, juyin mulkin soja wanda ya hambarar da Joseph Saidu Momoh a matsayin shugaban ƙasa.

Shi ne babban akawunta a sashen albarkatun man fetur {PRU} wanda Ernest Bai Koroma ya naɗa. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Manazarta
Yammacin Lakes Harsunan Bantu

Harsunan **Bantu na Tafkunan Yamma** sun samar da wani ƙaramin rukuni na harsunan Bantu na Manyan Tafkunan da ake magana a Rwanda, Burundi, Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo, Uganda da Tanzania .

## Rarrabawa
An rarraba harsunan Yammacin Tafkunan Bantu a cikin bayanan Glottolog kamar haka: 

## Tarihi
An ƙirƙiro Bantu na Tafkunan Proto-Western a shekara ta 400 AD ta hannun waɗanda suka rage a asalin ƙasar Bantu ta Proto-Great Lakes, wadda take a cikin da kuma gefen tsaunukan Kwarin Kivu Rift. 

Kamar mutanen Okiek a Kenya, Manyan Tafkunan Twa sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin "masu fita waje" a cikin al'adun gargajiya da tarihin baki na al'ummomin magana da harshen Bantu na Yammacin Tafkunan. 

## Manazarta
Harsunan Witotoan

**Witotoan** (wanda kuma **ake kira Huitotoan** ko **Uitotoan**, wanda wani lokacin ake kira Huitoto–Ocaina don bambanta shi da Bora–Witoto ) ƙaramin iyali ne na yare na kudu maso gabashin Colombia ( Sashen Amazonas ) da kuma yankin da ke makwabtaka da Peru.

## Dangantakar Halitta
Aschmann (1993) ya gabatar da cewa iyalan harsunan Boran da Witotoan suna da alaƙa, a cikin wani yanki na *Bora-Witoto* . Echeverri & Seifart (2016) sun musanta alaƙar.

## Sadarwar harshe
Jolkesky (2016) ya lura cewa akwai kamanceceniya tsakanin kalmomin Pijao, Yaruro, Arawak, Bora-Muinane, Choko, da Tukano saboda hulɗa. Wasu daga cikin wannan hulɗar ta faru ne saboda faɗaɗa masu magana da Witotoan a Kogin Putumayo . 

## Sashen iyali
Rarraba da ke sama ta dogara ne akan Campbell (1997), wanda ya biyo bayan rarrabuwa da sake gina proto-Witoan na Richard Aschmann a shekarar 1993.

Nonuya ya kusa bacewa, amma ana ƙoƙarin farfaɗo da shi.

Waɗannan harsunan da suka ɓace ba a rarraba su cikin Witotoan ba:

* Andoquero (kuma aka sani da Andokero, Miranya-Karapana-Tapuyo, Miraña, Carapana) *Amazonas, Colombia* *(†)*
* Coeruna (wanda aka fi sani da Koeruna) *Amazonas, Brazil* *(†)*
* Koihoma (kuma aka sani da Coto, Koto, Orejón, Coixoma) *Loreto, Peru* *(†)*
* Hairúya *(†)* 

* An yi amfani da sunan *Muiname* don nufin *harshen Muinane (Bora Muinane)* na dangin Boran da kuma *harshen Nipode (Witoto Muinane)* na dangin Huitotoan.
* An yi amfani da sunayen *Koto*, *Coto*, da *Orejón* don nufin *harshen Koihoma (Coixoma)* da kuma *harshen Orejón* da ba shi da alaƙa (wanda kuma aka sani da *Koto* ko *Coto* ) na dangin harshen Tucanoan .

### Mason (1950)
Rarraba harsunan Witotoan na cikin gida ta Mason (1950): 

## Kalmomi
Loukotka (1968) ya lissafa waɗannan ƙamus na asali don nau'ikan harsunan Witotoan. 

## Manazarta
Yaren Worrorran

Harsunan **Worrorran** ( **Wororan** ) ƙaramin iyali ne na harsunan Aboriginal na Australiya waɗanda ake magana da su a arewacin Yammacin Ostiraliya .

Harsunan Worrorran sun kasu kashi uku na yare:

 

Bugu da ƙari, **Gulunggulu** ba a tabbatar da shi ba amma ana iya cewa shi Worrorran lect ne . 

## Inganci

An yi muhawara kan ko harsunan Worrorran suna da alaƙa da juna, ko kuma sun ƙunshi ƙungiyar harsunan yanki .

Dixon (2002) ya ɗauke su a matsayin waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da harshe ba tare da wata alaƙa da za a iya nuna ta ba sai ta *Sprachbund* .

Duk da haka, wallafe-wallafen da suka gabata sun bambanta da Dixon:

* Rumsey da McGregor (2009) sun nuna haɗin kan iyali da kuma yadda za a iya sake gina shi, kuma;
* Bowern (2011) ya yarda da harsunan Worroorran a matsayin iyali. 

## Kalmomi
Capell (1940) ya lissafa waɗannan ƙamus na asali don harsunan Worrorran: 

## Manazarta
Harsunan Xukuruan

Harsunan **Xukuruan** dangin harshe ne da Loukotka (1968) ya gabatar wanda ke haɗa harsuna biyu na gabashin Brazil.   Harsunan sune:

Loukotka (1968) kuma ya lissafta Garañun (Garanhun) da ba a tabbatar da shi ba, ɓatacce, harshe mara izini da aka taɓa magana a cikin Serra dos Garanhuns . 

## Kalmomi
Loukotka (1968) ya lissafa waɗannan ƙamus na asali na Shukurú da Paratió. 

## Manazarta
Harsunan Yanomaman

**Yanomaman**, wanda kuma ake kira **Yanomam**, **Yanomáman**, **Yamomámi**, da **Yanomamana** (wanda kuma ake **kira Shamatari**, **Shirianan** ), iyali ne na harsunan da kimanin 'yan Yanomami 20,000 ke magana da su a kudancin Venezuela da arewa maso yammacin Brazil ( Roraima, Amazonas ).

## Sashen

### Ferreira da sauransu (2019)
Ferreira, Machado & Senra (2019) sun raba dangin Yanomaman zuwa reshe biyu, tare da jimillar harsuna shida.  

Sanumá shine mafi banbanci. Yanomamö yana da mafi yawan masu magana (20,000), yayin da Yãnoma ke da mafi ƙanƙanta (178).

### Jolkesky (2016)

## Dangantakar kwayar halitta
Yanomaman yawanci ba shi da alaƙa da kowane iyali na harshe. Joseph Greenberg ya ba da shawarar dangantaka tsakanin Yanomaman da Macro-Chibchan. Migliazza (1985) ya ba da shawarar alaƙa da Panoan da Chibchan. Babu wani tsari da aka yarda da shi.

## Tattaunawar harshe
Jolkesky (2016) ya lura cewa akwai kamanceceniya da iyalan yaren Irantx, Taruma, Katukina-Katawixi, Puinave-Kak, Tupi, Arawa, Guahibo, da Jivaro saboda hulɗa.

## manazarta
Yawa languages

**Harsunan Yawa**, waɗanda aka fi sani da **harsunan Yapen**,  ƙaramin iyali ne na harsunan Papua guda biyu masu alaƙa da juna, Yawa (ko Yava) da Saweru . Saboda kamanceceniya mai ƙarfi, wani lokacin ana ɗaukar su a matsayin yaruka daban-daban na harshe ɗaya &#x2013; a wannan yanayin, wannan harshe zai zama keɓancewa .

Ana yin su ne a tsakiyar Tsibirin Yapen da kuma tsibiran da ke kusa, a Tekun Cenderawasih, Papua na Indonesia, wanda suke amfani da harsunan Yapen na Austronesian.

Yawa da kyau yana da masu magana 6000 a 1987. An bayar da rahoton Saweru daban-daban: 1/ don zama wani ɓangare mai fahimta tare da wasu yarukan Yawa kuma masu magana da shi su dauki shi a matsayin yaren Yawa, ko 2/ don ya bambanta da fahimta kuma a fahimta a matsayin yare daban. Saweru Yana mutuwa, ana magana da shi ta mutane 150 daga cikin kabilun 300.

## Rarraba
Masanin harshe C. L. Voorhoeve ya danganta Yawa da Harsunan Gabashin Geelvink Bay a cikin shawararsa ta Geelvink bay. Koyaya, dangantakar za ta kasance mai nisa a mafi kyau, kuma Mark Donohue ya ji a cikin 2001 cewa ba a nuna Yawa yana da alaƙa da wani yare ba. Reesink (2005) ya lura da kamanceceniya da harsunan East Bird's Head. Kwanan nan Malcolm Ross ya ba da shawarar cewa Yawa na iya zama wani ɓangare na Extended West Papuan language phylum. Abubuwan da suka dace sun fi bayyana yayin kwatanta proto-Yawa da harshen East Bird's Head Meax:

d~r, b~w, we~o, p~f duk takaddun sauti ne na yau da kullun.

Ethnologue (2009, 2013) ya ɗauki wannan mataki, kuma ya sanya Yawa a cikin Yammacin Papua kanta.

Foley (2018) ya rarraba Yawa daban a matsayin dangin harshe mai zaman kansa.

## Bayani na nau'i
Harsunan Yawa sun rabu da harsuna marasa iyaka, waɗanda ba a saba gani ba a New Guinea.

Ba kamar Harsunan Sepik ba, Taiap, da sauran harsunan arewacin New Guinea, namiji maimakon mace shine jinsi mara alama, yayin da Taiap da harsunan sepik suna bi da mata a matsayin jinsi mara alama. A cikin yarukan Yawa, ana ba da mata galibi don sunayen rayayyu tare da halayen jima'i na mata.

## Kalmomin asali
Kalmomin asali na yarukan Yapen Yawa da Saweru da aka jera a cikin Foley (2018). Ma'aurata ba lallai bane su kasance masu alaƙa. Wannan samfurin ya nuna cewa nisan harshe tsakanin harsuna biyu a zahiri ya fi nisan da ke tsakanin yaruka biyu na yare ɗaya.

## Manazarta