Judith Heumann

**Judith Ellen** **Heumann** / / ˈhj uː mən / ;  Disamba 18, 1947 Maris 4, 2023) ta kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin nakasassu ta Amurka, wacce aka fi sani da "Uwar Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Nakasassu".  An san ta a duniya a matsayin shugaba a cikin al'ummar nakasassu. Heumann ta kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a ga mutanen da ke da nakasassu tsawon rai.  Aikinta tare da gwamnatoci da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs), kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da sauran kungiyoyi daban-daban masu sha'awar nakasassu sun taimaka sosai wajen haɓaka dokokin kare hakkin dan adam da manufofi da ke amfanar yara da manya masu nakasassu. Ta hanyar aikinta a Bankin Duniya da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje, Heumann ta jagoranci shigar da hakkokin nakasassu cikin ci gaban kasa da kasa. Gudunmawarta ta fadada isa ga harkokin rayuwa masu zaman kansu na duniya. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Heumann a Philadelphia,  ga Werner da Ilse Heumann, waɗanda suka yi ƙaura daga Jamus zuwa Yahudawa.  Ita ce babba cikin 'ya'ya uku   kuma ta girma a Brooklyn, New York.  Mahaifiyarta ta zo Amurka daga Jamus a 1935, mahaifinta kuma a 1934. An kashe kakannin Heumann, kakanninta, da sauran 'yan uwa da yawa a lokacin kisan kiyashin Holocaust .   Ɗan'uwanta Joseph Heumann farfesa ne na fim kuma marubuci.  

Heumann ta kamu da cutar shan inna tana da watanni 18, kuma ta yi amfani da keken guragu a mafi yawan rayuwarta. [1] Ta ƙi yin amfani da kalmomi masu ma'ana game da nakasa a matsayin abin tausayi, tana cewa, "Nakasa takan zama abin takaici ne kawai a gare ni lokacin da al'umma ta kasa samar da abubuwan da muke buƙata don rayuwarmu -- damar aiki ko gine-gine marasa shinge, misali. Ba abin takaici ba ne a gare ni cewa ina zaune a cikin keken guragu."

Heumann da iyayenta sun sha yin fafutuka akai-akai don a saka ta a cikin tsarin ilimi. Makarantar gwamnati ta yankin ta ƙi barin ta ta halarci, suna kiranta da haɗarin gobara  saboda rashin iya tafiya.  Madadin haka, tsawon shekaru uku ana ba ta koyarwa a gida sau biyu a mako, na kimanin awa ɗaya a kowace ziyara. Mahaifiyar Heumann, Ilsa Heumann, mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin al'umma a cikin ikonta, ta ƙalubalanci shawarar. Daga nan aka ba Heumann izinin zuwa makarantar musamman a aji na huɗu ga yara masu nakasa. A bisa ga manufar birni, Heumann zai koma makaranta a gida don makarantar sakandare. Mahaifiyar Heumann ta yi adawa da wannan manufar tare da wasu iyaye waɗanda suka matsa wa makarantar lamba don ta soke manufar. Heumann ya shiga makarantar sakandare a 1961. 

Heumann ta halarci sansanin yara masu nakasa, a Hunter, New York, kowace bazara daga shekaru 9 zuwa 18. Abubuwan da ta fuskanta a sansanin sun sa ta fahimci irin wannan yanayin nakasassu da aka raba: "Mun yi farin ciki tare, fushi iri ɗaya game da yadda aka yi mana mu'amala da kuma irin wannan takaicin da muka samu a damar da ba mu samu ba."  A sansanin Jened, Heumann ta haɗu da Bobbi Linn da Freida Tankus, waɗanda daga baya ta yi aiki tare da su a matsayin masu fafutukar kare hakkin nakasassu.   Shirin fim ɗin *Crip Camp* da aka zaɓa a shekarar 2020 wanda aka ba shi lambar yabo ta Oscar ya ƙunshi 'yan sansanin Camp Jened, ciki har da Heumann.   

Heumann ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Long Island a shekarar 1969.  Ta sami digirin Master of Science a fannin lafiyar jama'a a Jami'ar California, Berkeley a shekarar 1975. 

Heumann ta fara yin manyan yunƙuri don neman haƙƙin mutanen da ke da nakasa yayin da take halartar Jami'ar Long Island . Ta shirya tarurruka da zanga-zanga tare da sauran ɗalibai masu nakasa da waɗanda ba su da nakasa, tana neman damar shiga azuzuwan ta hanyar ƙofofi da kuma 'yancin zama a ɗakin kwanan dalibai. Heumann ta yi karatun maganin magana . 

## ''Heumann da Hukumar Ilimi ta Birnin New York''
A shekarar 1970, an hana Heumann lasisin koyarwa a New York saboda Hukumar ba ta yarda cewa za ta iya fitar da kanta ko ɗalibanta daga ginin ba idan gobara ta tashi. Ta kai ƙarar Hukumar Ilimi  saboda nuna wariya.  Wata jarida a yankin ta buga taken "Za Ka Iya Zama Shugaba, Ba Malami Ba, da Polio". An warware shari'ar ba tare da an yi shari'a ba  kuma Heumann ya zama mai amfani da keken guragu na farko da ya koyar a birnin New York,    yana koyar da makarantar firamare a can tsawon shekaru uku. 

## Aikin siyasa da kuma bayar da shawarwari

### An nakasa a Aiki
Heumann ta sami wasiku da yawa daga nakasassu a faɗin ƙasar saboda rahotannin manema labarai game da ƙararta da Hukumar Ilimi. Mutane da yawa sun rubuta game da abubuwan da suka fuskanta game da wariya saboda nakasassu. Dangane da kwararar goyon baya da wasiƙu, a shekarar 1970, Heumann da wasu abokai sun kafa Nakasassu a Action (DIA), wata ƙungiya da ta mai da hankali kan tabbatar da kare nakasassu a ƙarƙashin dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam ta hanyar zanga-zangar siyasa.   Da farko an kira ta da Nakasassu a Action, amma Heumann bai so wannan sunan ba kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin canza shi. Shugaban ƙasa Richard Nixon ya yi watsi da sigar farko ta Dokar Gyaran Hali ta 1973 a watan Oktoban 1972 da Maris 1973.  A shekarar 1972, DIA ta yi zanga-zanga a birnin New York da zanga-zangar zama a ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka yi adawa da ita. A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Heumann, masu fafutuka 80 sun shirya wannan zaman dirshan a kan titin Madison, suna dakatar da zirga-zirga.