Lincoln

**Lincoln** birni ne na babban coci kuma gundumomi a cikin Lincolnshire, Ingila, wanda birni ne. A cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta 2021, gundumar Lincoln tana da yawan jama'a 103,813. ƙidayar 2011 ta ba da yankin biranen Lincoln, gami da Arewacin Hykeham da Waddington, yawan jama'a 115,000, adadi wanda aka sabunta zuwa 127,540 tare da ƙidayar 2021.

Roman Lindum Colonia ya samo asali ne daga yankin Iron Age na Birtaniyya akan Kogin Witham, kusa da titin Fosse Way. Bayan lokaci an taƙaita sunansa zuwa Lincoln, bayan ƙauyuka masu zuwa, gami da Saxons da Danes. Alamomin ƙasa sun haɗa da Cathedral na Lincoln (Turanci Gothic gine; sama da shekaru 200 gini mafi tsayi a duniya) da Norman Lincoln Castle na ƙarni na 11. Garin yana karbar bakuncin Jami'ar Lincoln, Jami'ar Bishop Grosseteste, Lincoln City FC da Lincoln United FC Lincoln shine mafi girman mazauni a cikin Lincolnshire, tare da garuruwan Grimsby na biyu mafi girma da Scunthorpe na uku.

## Tarihi
Asalin farko na Lincoln za a iya gano shi zuwa ragowar zamanin Iron Age na kewayen gidaje na katako, wanda masana ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi suka gano a cikin 1972, waɗanda aka yi kwanan watan karni na 1 KZ.  An gina ta ne ta wani tafki mai zurfi (yanzu Brayford Pool ) a cikin Kogin Witham a gindin wani babban tudu, wanda daga baya Normans suka gina Lincoln Cathedral da Lincoln Castle ).

Sunan Lincoln na iya fitowa daga wannan lokacin, lokacin da ake tunanin an sanya sunan yankin a cikin yaren Brittonic na Iron Age mazaunan Celtic na Biritaniya kamar *Lindon*, "Pool",  mai yiwuwa yana nufin Brayford Pool (kwatanta ilimin ƙa'idar Dublin )., daga Gaelic *dubh linn* "black pool"). Ba a san iyakar asalin matsugunin ba, saboda an binne gawarwakin a ƙarƙashin rugujewar Rumawa da na zamanin da da Lincoln na zamani.

### Lindum Colonia
Romawa sun ci wannan yanki na Biritaniya a cikin 48 AZ kuma ba da daɗewa ba suka gina wani kagara mai tsayi a kan wani tudu da ke kallon tafkin na halitta, Brayford Pool, wanda aka kafa ta hanyar faɗaɗa kogin Witham, da ƙarshen arewacin hanyar Fosse Way Roman Road (A46) . Celtic *Lindon* ya kasance daga baya Latinised zuwa *Lindum* kuma an ƙara taken *Colonia* lokacin da tsoffin sojoji suka zaunar da shi. 

Juyawa zuwa *mulkin mallaka* ya faru lokacin da ƙungiyar ta koma York ( *Eboracum* ) a cikin 71 AZ. **Lindum colonia** ko fiye da cikakke, **Colonia Domitiana Lindensium**, bayan Sarkin Domitian na lokacin, an kafa shi a cikin ganuwar katangar tudu ta hanyar shimfida shi da kusan yanki daidai, ƙasa da tudu zuwa bakin ruwa.

Ya zama wurin zama mai ci gaba da samun dama daga teku ta Kogin Trent da ta Kogin Witham. Bisa lafazin cin hanci da rashawa na bishop bishop na Burtaniya da aka ce sun halarci Majalisar Arles ta 314, ana ganin birnin a matsayin babban birnin lardin Flavia Caesariensis, wanda aka kafa a ƙarshen karni na 3 na Diocletian Reforms . Bayan haka, garin da magudanan ruwa ya ragu. A ƙarshen karni na 5, ya kasance ba kowa, ko da yake wasu sana'o'i sun ci gaba a ƙarƙashin *Praefectus Civitatis* - Saint Paulinus ya ziyarci wani mutum mai wannan ofishin a Lincoln a 629 AD

## lincylene
Kabilun Jamusawa daga yankin Tekun Arewa sun zauna Lincolnshire a ƙarni na 5 zuwa na 6. Latin *Lindum Colonia* ya ragu a cikin Tsohon Turanci zuwa Lindocolina, sannan zuwa Lincylene. 

Bayan hare-haren Viking na farko, birnin ya sake tashi zuwa wani mahimmanci tare da alakar kasuwanci ta ketare. A zamanin Viking Lincoln yana da nata na'urar, wanda shine mafi mahimmanci a Lincolnshire kuma a ƙarshen karni na 10, kwatankwacin fitarwa zuwa na York .  Bayan kafa Danelaw a cikin 886, Lincoln ya zama ɗaya daga cikin Gundumomin Gabas ta Tsakiya Biyar . Binciken da aka yi a Flaxengate ya nuna cewa yankin da ba kowa tun zamanin Romawa ya sami gine-ginen katako da ke gaban wani sabon tsarin titi a kusan 900.  Lincoln ya fuskanci fashewar tattalin arziki tare da zama na Danes . Kamar York, Babban Birnin da alama yana da ayyukan gudanarwa kawai har zuwa 850 ko makamancin haka, yayin da Ƙananan City, ƙasa da tudun zuwa Kogin Witham, na iya zama ba kowa. A shekara ta 950, duk da haka, an haɓaka bankunan Witham, an sake tsugunar da Ƙananan City da kuma kewayen Wigford a matsayin cibiyar ciniki.

A cikin 1068, shekaru biyu bayan cin nasarar Norman na Ingila, William na ba da umarnin gina Lincoln Castle a wurin tsohon mazaunin Romawa, don dalilai iri ɗaya da sarrafa hanya ɗaya, Fosse Way . 

### Green cloth
A lokacin Anarchy, a cikin 1141 Lincoln wurin da aka yi yaƙi tsakanin Sarki Stephen da sojojin Empress Matilda, wanda ɗan'uwanta ɗan shege Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester ya jagoranta. Bayan an gwabza kazamin fada a titunan birnin, sojojin Stephen sun ci nasara kuma aka kama Stephen da kansa aka kai shi Bristol .

A shekara ta 1150, Lincoln yana cikin garuruwan da suka fi arziki a Ingila, wanda ya dogara da tattalin arziki akan tufafi da ulu da aka fitar da su zuwa Flanders ; Masu saƙa na Lincoln sun kafa wata ƙungiya a cikin 1130 don samar da Lincoln Cloth, musamman rini mai kyau "Sluve" da "kore", wanda daga baya ɗan wasan nan Robin Hood ya haɓaka sunansa sanye da ulun Lincoln kore . A cikin Guildhall, wanda ke kewaye da ƙofar birni da ake kira Stonebow, tsohuwar Majalisar Majalisar ta ƙunshi alamun jama'a na Lincoln, tarin kyawawan kayan gargajiya.

A waje da wuraren da ke cikin babban coci da katafaren gini, tsohon kwata ya taru a zagaye na Bailgate da gangaren Dutsen Dutse zuwa Babban Titin da Babban Gada, wanda gidaje masu rabin katako ke kan kogin. Akwai tsoffin majami'u uku: St Mary le Wigford da St Peter a Gowts, duka ƙarni na 11 na asali, da St Mary Magdalene, daga ƙarshen karni na 13. Na ƙarshe shi ne sadaukarwar da ba a saba gani ba a Turanci ga wani waliyyi wanda ɗaba'arsa ke ta yawo a nahiyar Turai a lokacin.

## Manazarta