Yarjejeniyar Maputo

Yarjejeniyar **Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a kan' Yancin Mata a Afirka**, wanda aka fi sani da **Yarjejeniyar Maputo**, kayan aiki ne na kasa da kasa na' yancin dan adam wanda Tarayyar Afirka ta kafa wanda ya fara aiki a shekara ta 2005. Yana ba da tabbacin cikakkun hakkoki ga mata ciki har da haƙƙin shiga cikin tsarin siyasa, ga daidaito na zamantakewa da siyasa tare da maza, inganta ikon cin gashin kai a cikin yanke shawara na kiwon lafiya, da kuma kawo ƙarshen 'yancin mata. Ƙungiyar Afirka ta karɓa a Maputo, Mozambique, a cikin shekara ta 2003 a matsayin yarjejeniya ga Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a (wanda aka karɓa a 1981, wanda aka kafa a 1986).

## Tarihi

### Asalin
Bayan amincewa da cewa sau da yawa ana ware haƙƙin mata a cikin mahallin haƙƙin ɗan adam, wani taron da Mata a cikin Shari'a da Ci gaba a Afirka (WiLDAF) suka shirya a watan Maris na shekara ta 1995, a Lomé, Togo, sun yi kira ga ci gaba da takamaiman yarjejeniya ga Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a don magance haƙƙin mata. Taron OAU ya ba da umarnin Hukumar Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a (ACHPR) don haɓaka irin wannan yarjejeniya a zaman zamanta na 31 a watan Yunin 1995, a Addis Ababa . 

Wani tsari na farko da wani kwararren rukuni na mambobin ACHPR, wakilan kungiyoyin ba da agaji na Afirka da masu sa ido na duniya suka samar, wanda ACHPR ta shirya tare da hadin gwiwar Hukumar Shari'a ta Duniya, an gabatar da shi ga ACHPR a zamanta na 22 a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1997, kuma an rarraba shi don yin tsokaci ga wasu kungiyoyin ba tare da agaji ba. Binciken hadin gwiwa tare da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke da hannu ya faru a lokuta daban-daban daga Oktoba zuwa Janairu, kuma a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1998, zaman 23 na ACHPR ya amince da nadin Julienne Ondziel Gnelenga, lauya ta Kongo, a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na musamman na farko kan 'yancin mata a Afirka, yana ba ta aiki don karɓar yarjejeniyar' yancin mata.  Sakatariyar OAU ta karɓi kammalaccen rubutun a cikin 1999, kuma a cikin 2000 a Addis Ababa an haɗa shi da Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar kan Ayyukan Al'ada a cikin zaman hadin gwiwa na Kwamitin Afirka da ACHPR .  Bayan ci gaba da aiki a tarurruka da tarurruka na masana a lokacin shekara ta 2001, an dakatar da tsari kuma ba a gabatar da yarjejeniyar a taron koli na AU a shekara ta 2002.

A farkon shekara ta 2003, Equality Now ta dauki bakuncin taron kungiyoyin mata, don shirya kamfen don yin kira ga Tarayyar Afirka don karɓar yarjejeniyar, kuma an kawo rubutun yarjejeniyar zuwa ka'idojin duniya. Labbying ya ci nasara, Tarayyar Afirka ta ci gaba da aiwatar da shi kuma an kammala takardar ta amince da ita a hukumance ta taron koli na Tarayyar Afrika, a ranar 11 ga Yuli 2003.

### Rashin ajiya
A taron koli na Maputo, kasashe da yawa sun nuna damuwa. Tunisia, Sudan, Kenya, Namibia da Afirka ta Kudu sun rubuta ajiya game da wasu sassan aure. Masar, Libya, Sudan, Afirka ta Kudu da Zambia suna da damuwa game da "rabuwa ta shari'a, kisan aure da soke aure". Burundi, Senegal, Sudan, Rwanda da Libya sun gudanar da ajiya tare da Mataki na 14, game da "yancin kiwon lafiya da kula da haifuwa". Libya ta nuna damuwa game da batun da ya shafi rikice-rikice.

### Tsarin tabbatarwa
Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta karɓi yarjejeniyar a ranar 11 ga Yulin 2003 a taron koli na biyu a Maputo, Mozambique .  A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 2005, bayan da kasashe 15 da ake buƙata na Tarayyar Afirka suka tabbatar da shi, yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki.

Ya zuwa watan Satumbar 2023, daga cikin kasashe 55 da ke cikin Tarayyar Afirka, 49 sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kuma 44 sun tabbatar da kuma ajiye yarjejeniyar. AU ta bayyana cewa ba ta sanya hannu ko tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar ba har yanzu sune Botswana, Masar, da Morocco. Jihohin da suka sanya hannu amma ba a tabbatar da su ba sune Burundi, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Chadi, Eritrea, Madagascar, Nijar, Somaliya, da Sudan.

## Labarai
Babban labaran sune:

* Mataki na 2: Cire nuna bambanci ga mata
* Mataki na 3: Hakkin Girma
* Mataki na 4: 'Yancin Rayuwa, Aminci da Tsaro na Mutum
* Mataki na 5: Cire Ayyuka Masu Muhimmanci
** Wannan yana nufin yankan mata da sauran al'adun gargajiya waɗanda ke da lahani ga mata.
* Mataki na 6: Aure
* Mataki na 7: Rabuwa, Saki da Kawar Aure
* Mataki na 8: Samun Adalci da Daidaitaccen Karewa a gaban Dokar
* Mataki na 9: Hakkin Kasancewa a Tsarin Siyasa da Yanayi
* Mataki na 10: Hakkin Zaman Lafiya
* Mataki na 11: Kare Mata a cikin Rikicin Makamai
* Mataki na 12: Hakkin Ilimi da Horarwa
* Mataki na 13: 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a
* Mataki na 14: Lafiya da 'Yancin haihuwaHakkin haifuwa
* Mataki na 15: Hakkin Tsaro na Abinci
* Mataki na 16: Hakkin samun isasshen gidaje
* Mataki na 17: Hakkin Al'adu Mai Kyau
* Mataki na 18: Hakkin Yanayi Mai Lafiya da Mai dorewa
* Mataki na 19: Hakkin Ci Gaban Ci gabaCi gaba mai dorewa
* Mataki na 20: 'Yancin gwauraye
* Mataki na 21: Hakkin Gida
* Mataki na 22: Kariya ta Musamman ga Mata Masu Tsofaffi
* Mataki na 23: Kariya ta Musamman ga Mata Masu Naƙasasshe
* Mataki na 24: Kariya ta Musamman ga Mata a cikin Matsala
* Mataki na 25: Magani

## Hamayya
Akwai dalilai guda biyu masu rikitarwa da ke haifar da adawa da Yarjejeniyar: labarinta game da lafiyar haihuwa, wanda yawancin Katolika da sauran Kiristoci ke adawa da shi, da kuma labarinta game le yankan mata, auren auren mata da yawa da sauran ayyukan gargajiya, waɗanda Musulmai ke adawa.

### Hamayya ta Kirista
Paparoma Benedict na XVI ya bayyana haƙƙin haihuwa da aka ba mata a cikin Yarjejeniyar a cikin 2007 a matsayin "ƙoƙarin rage zubar da ciki a ɓoye". Bishops na Roman Katolika na Afirka suna adawa da Yarjejeniyar Maputo saboda ta bayyana zubar da ciki a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam. Kungiyar adawa da zubar da ciki ta Amurka, Human Life International, ta bayyana shi a matsayin "doki na Trojan don ajanda mai tsattsauran ra'ayi".

A Uganda, Majalisar Kirista mai karfi ta yi tsayayya da kokarin tabbatar da yarjejeniyar a kan dalilin da ya sa Mataki na 14, a cikin tabbatar da zubar da ciki "a lokuta na cin zarafin jima'i, fyade, dangi, kuma inda ci gaba da daukar ciki ke barazana ga lafiyar hankali da ta jiki na uwa ko rayuwar jariri, " ba daidai ba ne da dabi'ar Kirista ta gargajiya. A cikin wata wasika ga gwamnati da mutanen Uganda a watan Janairun shekara ta 2006, taron Bishops na Katolika na Uganda ya nuna adawarsu ga tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Maputo. Duk da haka an tabbatar da shi a ranar 22 ga Yuli 2010. 

### Hamayya da Musulmai
A Nijar, Majalisar ta kada kuri'a 42 zuwa 31, tare da masu kada kuri'u 4, game da tabbatar da shi a watan Yunin 2006; a cikin wannan ƙasar da yawancin Musulmai suka yi, al'adu da yawa da aka haramta ko kuma an yi watsi da su ta Yarjejeniyar sun zama ruwan dare.[1] Kungiyoyin mata Musulmai na Najeriya a shekara ta 2009 sun taru a Niamey don nuna rashin amincewa da abin da suka kira "dokokin shaidan Maputo", suna ƙayyade iyakokin shekarun auren 'yan mata da zubar da ciki kamar yadda ba shi da kyau.

A Djibouti, duk da haka, an tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2005 bayan wani taro na yanki game da yankan mata da gwamnatin Djibout ta kira da Babu Zaman Lafiya Ba tare da Adalci ba, inda aka karɓi Sanarwar Djibouta game da yanka mata. Takardar ta bayyana cewa Alkur'ani ba ya goyon bayan yankan mata, kuma akasin haka yin yankan mata ya saba wa ka'idodin Islama.

## Duba sauran bayani

* Mata baƙar fata
* Hakkin haifuwa
* 'Yancin mata

## Manazarta