Evelyn Fox Keller

**Evelyn Fox Keller** (Maris 20, 1936 - Satumba 22, 2023) masanin kimiyyar Amurka ce, marubuciya,  kuma mai fafutukar mata. Ta kasance Farfesa Emerita na Tarihi da Falsafar Kimiyya a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts .  Ayyukan farko na Keller sun mayar da hankali ne a tsakiya na kimiyyar lissafi da ilmin halitta. Binciken da ta biyo baya ya mayar da hankali kan tarihi da falsafar ilmin halitta na zamani da kuma jinsi da kimiyya.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife shi a Jackson Heights, Queens ga BA Yahudawa daga Rasha, Keller ya girma a Woodside, Queens .  Ta sami B.A. a fannin kimiyyar lissafi daga Jami'ar Brandeis a shekara ta 1957 kuma ta ci gaba da karatunta a fannin ilimin kimiyyar kimiyyar halitta a Jami'ar Harvard inda ta kammala karatun Ph.D. a shekara ta 1963. Ta zama mai sha'awar ilmin halitta a lokacin ziyarar da ta kai Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory yayin kammala karatun Ph.D. Keller ya kuma koyar a Jami'ar Arewa maso Gabas, Jami'ar Cornell, Jami'an Maryland, Jami'a ta Arewa maso Yamma, Jami'in Princeton, Jami'iyyar Jihar New York a Sayarwa, Jami'war New York da kuma sashen maganganu a Jami'an California, Berkeley .  Ɗan'uwanta Maurice Sanford Fox ne ya karfafa aikinta na farko a kimiyya.

A shekara ta 2007 Keller ya zauna a kwamitin ba da shawara na Amurka na FFIPP (Faculty for Israeli-Palestinian Peace-USA), cibiyar sadarwa ta Palasdinawa, Isra'ila, da kuma kasa da kasa, da dalibai, suna aiki don kawo karshen mamayar Isra'ila a yankunan Palasdinawa da zaman lafiya kawai. Lokacin da ta lashe kyautar Dan David ta Isra'ila a shekarar 2018, ta ba da kyautar ga kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam.

Evelyn Fox Keller ta mutu a ranar 22 ga Satumba, 2023, a Cambridge, Massachusetts tana da shekaru 87. 

## Tattaunawar aiki
Keller ta fara gamuwa da mata a matsayin horo yayin halartar taron da ake kira "Mata da Kwarewar Kimiyya. " A wannan taron, Erik Erikson da Bruno Bettelheim sun yi jayayya don ƙarin mata a kimiyya bisa ga gudummawar da "musamman mace mai basira" za ta iya yi wa kimiyya. [1] Shekaru hudu bayan haka, a shekara ta 1969, ta tattara bayanai da yawa game da abubuwan da mata suka samu kuma ta hada gardama game da mata a cikin (ko daga) kimiyya, bisa ga "yanayin mata". Tana jin rashin jin daɗi daga abokin aikinta da ke buga aikin tawagarta kuma ba ta fahimci dalilin da ke bayan ta ba har sai da ta yi bincike.

A shekara ta 1974 Keller ta koyar da karatun mata na farko. Ba da daɗewa ba, an gayyace ta don ba da jerin laccoci game da aikinta. Ba ta taɓa raba yadda yake a gare ta a matsayin mace ta zama masanin kimiyya kuma wannan lacca ta nuna farkon aikinta a matsayin mai sukar mata na kimiyya. Ya tayar da tambayoyi uku masu mahimmanci waɗanda suka nuna bincikenta da rubuce-rubuce a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa.

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukanta shine gudummawa ga littafin The Gender and Science Reader . Labarin Keller, mai taken "Asirin Allah, Yanayi, da Rayuwa", ya danganta batutuwan mata da juyin juya halin kimiyya a karni na 17 da juyin juyin juya hali na masana'antu a karni na 18. Ta ambaci Boyle: "Yana iya zama kamar abu mara godiya da rashin haihuwa don yin jayayya da yanayi, wanda ɗan adam ya ɗauka ga iyayenmu na kowa. Amma ko da yake abu ne mai ban sha'awa, don nuna rashin girmamawa ga iyayen da aka amince da shi, duk da haka ban san ba, dalilin da ya sa ba zai yiwu a tambayi ɗaya ba, cewa mutum yana kallon amma a matsayin mai kama; kuma ya bayyana a gare ni, cewa ita, ina tsammanin aikinta ne ya biya ni godiya, ba, amma ga wannan allahntaka da hikima ... Ta hanyar magance maganar Boyle a cikin wannan bangare, Keller ya ba da shawarar cewa da zaran an nuna al'amuran da ake tuhuma a cikin yanayi, "al'ada" ta zama "al'adu" sannan ta zama mace.

Keller ya rubuta yadda maza da mata suka gano jama'a suka tsara tunani a fannoni biyu na ilmin juyin halitta: yawan jama'a da ilmin lissafi. Damuwarta ita ce ta nuna yadda tsarin zaɓe da ke faruwa a cikin mahallin binciken ya iyakance abin da muka sani. Keller ya yi jayayya cewa zaton cewa mutum mai ƙwayoyin cuta shine ainihin sashi a cikin yanayi ya haifar da masu ilimin kwayoyin halitta na yawan jama'a don watsar da haihuwar jima'i daga samfuran su. Kodayake sukar da aka yi game da nuna bambancin kai ba sabon abu ba ne, yanayin jinsi da Keller ya bayyana shine. A cewar Keller, masu ilimin kwayoyin halitta suna bi da haifuwa kamar dai mutane suna haifuwa da kansu, yadda ya kamata suna kauce wa rikitarwa na bambancin jima'i, abubuwan da suka faru na jima'i. Ta kwatanta mutum mai ƙarancin halittu da mutum mai ƙwarewa wanda manyan masana siyasa da tattalin arziki na Yamma suka nuna. Keller ya ci gaba da jayayya cewa masana kimiyyar halittu suna amfani da dabi'un da aka danganta ga al'adun jama'a na al'adun Yamma don nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin mutane (yayinda dabi'un gabaɗaya ana danganta su ga masu zaman kansu don bayyana alaƙar suna rikicewa ga cikin ɗayan kwayoyin). 

#### MANAZARTA