Magnetosphere

A cikin ilimin taurari da kimiyyar duniya, **Magnetosphere** yanki ne na sararin samaniya da ke kewaye da wani abu na taurari, kamar duniyar ko wani abu, wanda ke shafar barbashi da aka caji ta hanyar filin magnetic na wannan abu. Wani jiki na sama ne ya halicce shi tare da dinamo na ciki mai aiki. 

A cikin yanayin sararin samaniya kusa da jikin duniya tare da filin Magnetic na dipole kamar Duniya, Layin filin suna kama da dipole magnetic mai sauƙi. Daga baya, layin filin na iya karkatar da shi sosai ta hanyar kwararar Plasma mai gudanar da lantarki, kamar yadda aka fitar daga Sun (watau, iskar rana) ko tauraron da ke kusa. Duniyoyin da ke da magnetospheres masu aiki, kamar Duniya, suna iya ragewa ko toshe tasirin Hasken rana ko Hasken sararin samaniya. Ana nazarin hulɗar barbashi da yanayi tare da magnetospheres a ƙarƙashin batutuwan kimiyya na musamman na kimiyyar plasma, kimiyyar sararin samaniya, da kuma ilimin iska.

## Tarihi
Nazarin magnetosphere na duniya ya fara ne a cikin 1600, lokacin da William Gilbert ya gano cewa filin magnetic a saman Duniya yayi kama da na terrella, ƙaramin, magnetized sphere. A cikin shekarun 1940, Walter M. Elsasser ya ba da shawarar samfurin ka'idar dynamo, wanda ke danganta filin magnetic na Duniya ga motsi na ƙarfe na waje na Duniya. Ta hanyar amfani da Magnetometers, masana kimiyya sun sami damar nazarin bambance-bambance a cikin filin magnetic na Duniya a matsayin ayyukan lokaci da latitude da longitude.

Da farko a ƙarshen shekarun 1940, an yi amfani da rokoki don nazarin Hasken sararin samaniya. A shekara ta 1958, Explorer 1, na farko na jerin ayyukan sararin samaniya na Explorer, an ƙaddamar da shi don nazarin ƙarfin hasken sararin samaniya sama da yanayi da kuma auna sauye-sauye a cikin wannan aikin. Wannan manufa ta lura da wanzuwar Belin radiation na Van Allen (wanda ke cikin yankin ciki na magnetosphere na Duniya), tare da bin diddigin Explorer 3 daga baya a wannan shekarar da ke tabbatar da wanzuwarsa. Har ila yau, a cikin shekara ta 1958, Eugene Parker ya gabatar da ra'ayin iskar hasken rana, tare da kalmar 'magnetosphere' da Thomas Gold ya gabatar a 1959 don bayyana yadda iskar haskakawa ta yi hulɗa da filin magnetic na Duniya. Aikin da ya biyo baya na Explorer 12 a cikin 1961 wanda Cahill da Amazeen suka jagoranci a cikin 1963 na raguwar kwatsam a cikin ƙarfin filin magnetic kusa da tsakar rana, daga baya an kira shi Magnetopause. A shekara ta 1983, mai binciken Cometary na kasa da kasa ya lura da magnetic, ko filin magnetic mai nisa.

## Tsarin da halayyar
Tsarin magnetospheres ya dogara da dalilai da yawa: nau'in abu na astronomical, yanayin tushen Plasma da ƙarfin, Lokacin juyawa na abu, yanayin axis wanda abu ke juyawa, axis na magnetic dipole, da girman da kuma jagorancin kwararar iskar rana.

### Rashin daidaituwa na hasken rana
Lokacin da aka kalli daga Rana, motsi na sararin samaniya na iya matsawa da magnetosphere na ɗan adam, kuma ya shimfiɗa shi a cikin hanyar da ta saba da motsi (a cikin misalin Duniya, daga yamma zuwa gabas). Wannan an san shi da *asymmetry na asuba*. 

## Tsarinsa

### Tsinkaye na baka

Tsinkaye na baka ya zama mafi girman layin magnetosphere; iyakar tsakanin magnetosphere da matsakaiciyar da ke kewaye. Ga taurari, wannan yawanci iyaka ce tsakanin iskar taurari da matsakaiciyar taurari; ga taurari, saurin iskar hasken rana yana raguwa yayin da yake kusantar magnetopause. Saboda hulɗa tare da girgizar baka, Plasma na iska na tauraron yana samun Anisotropy mai yawa, wanda ke haifar da rashin daidaituwa daban-daban na plasma sama da ƙasa na girgizar bakan. 

### Magnetosheath
Magnetosheath shine yankin magnetosphere tsakanin girgizar baka da magnetopause. An kafa shi ne galibi daga iskar hasken rana, kodayake yana dauke da karamin plasma daga magnetosphere. Yankin ne wanda ke nuna babban ƙarfin makamashi, inda shugabanci da girman filin magnetic ya bambanta ba daidai ba. Wannan ya samo asali ne daga tarin iskar iskar hasken rana wanda ya sami iskar zafi. Yana aiki azaman matattarar da ke watsa matsin lamba daga iskar hasken rana da shingen filin magnetic daga abu.

### Magnetopause
Magnetopause shine yankin magnetosphere inda matsin lamba daga filin magnetic na duniya ya daidaita tare da matsin lamba manipud da iskar rana. Shi ne haɗuwa da iskar hasken rana mai ban tsoro daga magnetosheath tare da filin magnetic na abu da plasma daga magnetosphere. Saboda bangarorin biyu na wannan haɗuwa suna dauke da plasma mai magnetized, hulɗar tsakanin su tana da rikitarwa. Tsarin magnetopause ya dogara da Lambar Mach da rabo na beta na plasma, da kuma filin magnetic. Magnetopause yana canza girman da siffar yayin da matsin lamba daga iskar rana ke canzawa.

## Manazarta