Eleanor Mildred Sidgwick

**Eleanor Mildred Sidgwick** (née **Balfour**; An haifeta a ranar 11 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1845 - 10 Fabrairu shekarar alif 1936) ta kasance mai binciken kimiyyar lissafi wanda ke taimakawa Lord Rayleigh, mai fafutuka don ilimi mafi girma na mata, Shugaban Kwalejin Newnham na Jami'ar Cambridge, kuma jagora a cikin Society for Psychical Research .

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Eleanor Mildred Balfour a Gabashin Lothian, 'yar James Maitland Balfour da Lady Blanche Harriet . An haife ta ne a cikin watakila sanannen dangin siyasa a karni na 19 na kasar Burtaniya, 'Hotel Cecil': ɗan'uwanta Arthur zai zama Firayim Minista. 'Yar'uwarta ita ce masanin ilimin halitta Alice Blanche Balfour . Wani ɗan'uwa, Frank, wanda shi ma masanin ilimin halitta ne, ya mutu yana ƙarami a hatsarin hawa.

Ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibai na farko a Kwalejin Newnham a Cambridge, a cikin shekarar 1876 ta yi aure (kuma ta zama mai tuba zuwa mata ta) masanin falsafa Henry Sidgwick . A cikin shekarar 1880 ta zama Mataimakin Shugaban Newnham a ƙarƙashin shugaban da ya kafa Anne Clough, wanda ya yi nasara a matsayin shugaban a kan mutuwar Clough a cikin 1892. A cikin 1890 an zabi Sidgwick a cikin Ladies Dining Society wanda Louise Creighton da Kathleen Lyttleton suka kafa. Sauran mambobi sun hada da masanin tattalin arziki Mary Paley Marshall, masanin gargajiya Margaret Verrall, masanin ilimin sukari na Irish Mary Ward, tsohon malamin Newnham Ellen Wordsworth Darwin, mai fafutukar lafiyar kwakwalwa Ida Darwin, Baroness Eliza von Hügel da kuma 'yan kasuwa na Amurka Caroline Jebb da Maud Darwin.

Eleanor da mijinta sun zauna a Newnham har zuwa 1900, shekarar mutuwar Henry Sidgwick. A shekara ta 1894 Sidgwick na ɗaya daga cikin mata uku na farko da suka yi aiki a kwamishinan sarauta, kwamishinan Bryce a kan Ilimi na Sakandare wanda James Bryce ya kafa.

Yayinda take budurwa, Eleanor ta taimaka wa Rayleigh inganta daidaito na gwajin gwajin juriya na lantarki; daga baya ta juya hankalinta na gwaji zuwa batun gwada gaskiyar da'awar abubuwan da suka faru. An zabe ta Shugabar Society for Psychical Research a 1908 kuma an nada ta Shugabe na girmamawa a 1932. 

A shekara ta 1916 Sidgwick ta bar Cambridge don zama tare da daya daga cikin 'yan uwanta kusa da Woking, inda ta kasance har zuwa mutuwarta a shekara ta 1936.

Jami'o'in Manchester, Edinburgh, St Andrews da Birmingham sun ba ta digiri na girmamawa.

### Rubuce-rubucen bincike na sihiri
Yawancin rubuce-rubucenta da suka shafi binciken tunani, kuma suna ƙunshe a cikin Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research .  Koyaya, wasu suna da alaƙa da al'amuran ilimi, kuma wasu rubutun sun shafi ɗabi'ar al'amarin duniya.

Sidgwick ya kasance mai matukar sukar sihiri na jiki. A cikin 1886 da 1887 jerin wallafe-wallafen da S. J. Davey, Richard Hodgson da Sidgwick suka wallafa a cikin Jaridar Society for Psychical Research sun fallasa dabarun rubuce-rubuce na matsakaici William Eglinton. Sidgwick ya ɗauki Eglinton a matsayin mai sihiri mai basira. Saboda takardun da suka dace, Stainton Moses da sauran fitattun mambobin masu sihiri sun yi murabus daga Society for Psychical Research.

A shekara ta 1891, Alfred Russel Wallace ya nemi Society ta bincika hotunan ruhu yadda ya kamata. Wallace ya amince da hotuna daban-daban na ruhu a matsayin na gaskiya. Sidgwick ta amsa da takarda On Spirit Photographs (1891) wanda ya jefa shakku a kan batun kuma ya bayyana hanyoyin zamba da masu daukar hoto na ruhu kamar Édouard Isidore Buguet, Frederic Hudson da William H. Mumler suka yi amfani da su.

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] (1886). *Mista Eglinton*. Jaridar Society for Psychical Research 2: 282-334.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9]  (1886-87) *Sakamakon Binciken Mutum a cikin 'Abubuwan Jiki' na Ruhaniya. * *Tare da Wasu Magana Masu Muhimmanci game da Shaida don Gaskiya na Irin waɗannan abubuwan*. Ayyukan Society for Psychical Research 4: 45-74.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] (1891). *A kan Hotunan Ruhu: Amsa ga Mista AR Wallace* . Ayyukan Society for Psychical Research 7: 268-289.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] (1915). *Gudummawa ga Nazarin Ilimin Halitta na Misis Piper's Trance Phenomena* . Ayyukan Society for Psychical Research 28: 1-657.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] (1917–18). *Bincike: Gaskiyar Abubuwan Halitta ta W. J. Crawford* . Jaridar Society for Psychical Research: 18: 29-31.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] (1922). Phantasms of the Living: Bincike da Bincike na Al'amuran Telepathy tsakanin Rayayyun Mutane da aka buga a cikin "Journal" na Society for Psychical Research tun lokacin da aka buga littafin "Phantasms of The Living," na Gurney, Myers da Podmore a cikin 1886. Ayyukan Society for Psychical Research 33: 23-429.

## Ms

## Haɗin waje

* Tarihin Newnham
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* Eleanor Mildred SidgwickaNeman Kabari
* Works by Eleanor Mildred SidgwickaShirin Gutenberg
* Ayyuka a Open LibraryBude Laburaren