Sacheen Littlefeather

**Maria Louise Cruz**  (Nuwamba 14, 1946 - Oktoba 2, 2022), wanda aka fi sani da Sacheen Littlefeather,   'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Amurka. Bayan mutuwarta, 'yan uwa da 'yan jarida sun zarge ta da yin ikirarin al'adun' yan asalin Amurka.

Littlefeather ta wakilci Marlon Brando a lambar yabo ta 45 ta Academy Awards (Oscars) a 1973, inda ta - a madadin Brando - ta ki amincewa da kyautar Mafi kyawun Actor da ya lashe saboda rawar da ya taka a The Godfather . Wanda aka fi so ya ci nasara, Brando ya kaurace wa bikin a matsayin zanga-zanga game da yadda Hollywood ke nunawa game da 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka da kuma jawo hankali ga rikici a Wounded Knee. A lokacin jawabinta, amsar masu sauraro game da kauracewawar Brando ta raba tsakanin booing da applause.

Bayan jawabin Academy Awards, Littlefeather ya yi aiki a kula da asibiti. Ta ci gaba da gwagwarmayarta ga batutuwan 'yan asalin Amurka ciki har da kiwon lafiya da rashin aikin yi, kuma ta samar da fina-finai game da' yan asalin Amurka. A watan Yunin 2022, Kwalejin ta aika wa Littlefeather wata sanarwa ta neman gafara wacce aka karanta ta gaba ɗaya a An Evening with Sacheen Littlefeather a ranar 17 ga Satumba, makonni biyu kafin mutuwarta.

Littlefeather ta ce mahaifinta dan asalin Apache ne da Yaqui kuma mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga asalin Turai. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwar Littlefeather, marubuciyar Navajo kuma mai fafutuka Jacqueline Keeler ta yi hira da 'yan uwan Littlefeather guda biyu, waɗanda suka ce danginsu ba 'Yan asalin Amurka ba ne kuma Littlefeather ta ƙirƙiri asalin asalin Amurka. Sun kuma ce mahaifinsu, wanda aka haife shi a Oxnard, California, ya fito ne daga Mutanen Espanya-Mexican kuma ba shi da alaƙa da kabilanci.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Littlefeather Marie Louise Cruz ko Maria Louise Cruz  a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 1946, a Salinas, California. Mahaifiyarta, Geroldine Marie Cruz (née Barnitz), ta kasance mai fata na Faransanci, Jamusanci, da Dutch, kuma An haife ta kuma ta girma a Santa Barbara, California.   Mahaifin Littlefeather shine Manuel Ybarra Cruz, mai ba da takalma na zuriyar Mexico wanda aka haife shi kuma ya girma a Oxnard, California.

Littlefeather ta yi iƙirarin cewa mahaifinta yana da asalin White Mountain Apache da Yaqui. Koyaya, 'yan uwanta mata, da kuma masu bincike waɗanda suka bincika da'awar, sun tabbatar da cewa shi dan asalin Mutanen Espanya ne-Mexican ba tare da sanannun kakannin da ke da asalin kabilanci a Mexico ba, kuma ba shi da alaƙa da kabilun Yaqui ko White Mountain Apache na Arizona.

Dukansu Geroldine da Manuel sun kasance masu yin takalma. Geroldine ya koyi sana'a daga Leo Leonard, wanda ya mallaki Kamfanin Leonard Saddle a Santa Barbara, kuma Manuel ya koyi yin kekuna tun yana yaro a San Francisco. A shekara ta 1949, sun koma Salinas kuma sun bude nasu kasuwancin, Cruz Saddlery .  Geroldine Cruz ta ci gaba da gudanar da kasuwancin bayan mutuwar mijinta a shekarar 1966.

Littlefeather ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Arewacin Salinas daga 1960 zuwa 1964 kuma ya kasance mai aiki a cikin 4-H, yana samun kyaututtuka a cikin rukunin tattalin arzikin gida kamar adana abinci da kayan ado. Bayan makarantar sakandare, ta halarci Kwalejin Hartnell Junior kuma ta yi karatun firamare.

Littlefeather ta ce a kusa da shekaru 19, ta kwashe shekara guda a Asibitin mahaukaci bayan da ta ji muryoyin da suka tura ta zuwa yunkurin kashe kanta, tana ba da labarin abin da ya faru a lokacin hira ta tarihin gani na sa'o'i uku a 2022 tare da darektan Gidan Tarihin Kwalejin. A cewar Littlefeather, ma'aikatar ta kasance "rami ne na jahannama" kuma likitoci sun yi amfani da abin da ta ce "psychodrama" tana taka rawar iyayenta "yayinda adadi masu baƙar fata suka saurara a cikin ɗaki mai haske" don taimaka mata "sake tunanin cin zarafin yara da watsi".

Yayinda ta halarci Kwalejin Jihar California a Hayward (yanzu Jami'ar Jihar California, East Bay) kuma ta yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo da magana, ta ci gaba da horar da asalin asalin Amurka. A shekara ta 1969, ta shiga Majalisar Indiya ta United Bay .  Ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta shiga cikin ɗan lokaci a cikin mamayar Alcatraz a cikin 1970, kodayake an yi jayayya da wannan da'awar. A wannan lokacin, ta ɗauki sunan Sacheen Littlefeather .  Ta ce ta zaɓi sunan Sacheen saboda wannan shine sunan mahaifinta ya kira ta kafin ya mutu, kuma Littlefeather ya fito ne daga gashin da take sawa koyaushe a cikin gashin kanta. Ta kara koyo game da al'adun 'yan asalin Amurka daga dattawa da sauran masu zanga-zangar, kamar Adam Fortunate Eagle (wanda aka sani da Adam Nordwall).  A cikin wata hira bayan bayyanar ta Academy Awards, Fortunate Eagle ta tabbatar da cewa Littlefeather ta goyi bayan zanga-zangar a Alcatraz;  duk da haka, a cewar wata kasida da aka buga bayan mutuwar Littlefeather, mai fafutuka LaNada War Jack, wanda ke Alcatraz, ya ce Littlefeather ba ta nan. 

A shekara ta 1974, Littlefeather ta halarci azuzuwan a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Conservatory na Amurka, tana karatun wasan kwaikwayo, yoga, fencing, Shakespeare, rawa, da sauran ƙwarewa daban-daban don aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo. Ta taka rawar Paleflower a cikin *Winterhawk*, wanda aka yi fim a Kalispell, Montana . 

### Labaran cin zarafin yara
A cikin tambayoyin, Littlefeather ta ce tana da wahala tun tana yarinya. A cikin wata hira ta 1974, ta bayyana cewa mahaifiyarta ta bar mahaifinta lokacin da take 'yar shekara hudu kuma ta dauke ta ta ta zauna tare da kakanninta. A shekara ta 1988, ta bayyana cewa iyayenta suna zaune kusa da kakanninta na uwa, Marie da Gerold "Barney" Barnitz, yayin da ita da 'yan uwanta mata biyu ke zaune tare da waɗannan kakanni. Ta bayyana wannan a matsayin ko dai "an karbe shi",  ko kuma a cikin kulawa.  A lokacin wata hira da aka yi da ita a talabijin a shekara ta 1976, ta bayyana mahaifinta a matsayin mai cin zarafi. Ta ce mahaifiyarta da 'yan uwanta mata biyu sun fusata da kuma duka daga mahaifinsu.

A cikin wani ra'ayi bayan mutuwarta, marubuciyar Navajo kuma mai fafutuka Jacqueline Keeler ta rubuta cewa 'yan uwan Littlefeather sun yi jayayya cewa mahaifinsu ya kasance mai cin zarafi kuma labarin Littlefeather game da yarinta ya zama kamar an ɗauke shi daga na mahaifinta, wanda ya girma cikin talauci kuma mahaifinsa mai cin zarafin.

## Farkon aiki
Da yake son zama 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, Littlefeather ta karɓi ƙididdigar kasuwanci da yawa ta rediyo da talabijin kuma ta shiga ƙungiyar Screen Actors Guild .  Daga baya ta ce ta "yi koyi tun da wuri a rayuwa cewa akwai yiwuwar wani wuri a gare ni a fagen zane-zane, yin ... idan kuna da iyaye wanda yake kurma, dole ne ku yi musu saƙonni", tana nufin sadarwa tare da mahaifinta. A shekara ta 1970, a matsayin "Sacheen Littlefeather of Alcatraz", an ba ta suna Miss Vampire USA, gabatarwa ga House of Dark Shadows .  &nbsp;

Yayinda yake zaune a yankin San Francisco Bay a farkon shekarun 1970, Littlefeather ya shiga cikin bikin Indiyawan Amurka na 1971 a Kwalejin Foothill, ya yi hukunci a wasan kwaikwayo na gida na 1972 a matsayin "Princess Littlefeather", kuma ya shirya bikin Indiyawan Amirka na 1972 a Fadar Fine Arts .   Ta yi aiki a tashar rediyo, KFRC, na kimanin watanni shida kuma ta yi rahoto mai zaman kanta ga tashar memba ta PBS KQED .  

Mujallar *Playboy* ta shirya yaduwar da ake kira "10 Little Indians" a cikin 1972, kuma daya daga cikin samfuran shine Littlefeather, amma an soke yaduwar. Shekara guda bayan haka a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1973, saboda shaharar da ta samu a kyautar Kwalejin, sun gudanar da hotunan Littlefeather a matsayin fasalin da ya dace. An soki Littlefeather da kansa saboda abin da aka gani a matsayin cin zarafin sunanta, amma ta bayyana cewa "kwangilar kasuwanci ce kawai" don samun kuɗin da ake buƙata don halartar bikin wasan kwaikwayo na duniya a Nancy, Faransa. Da yake kallon baya a lokacin daukar hoto, Littlefeather daga baya ya ce, "Na kasance matashi kuma wawa".

A watan Janairun 1973, ta bayyana a cikin "Make-up for Minority Women' kuma an gano ta a matsayin ƙwararren ƙwararre. A matsayinta na mai magana da yawun Majalisar Indiyawan Amurka, ta nuna rashin amincewa da raguwar kasafin kudin Shugaba Richard Nixon ga shirye-shiryen Indiyawan tarayya a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1973.  A ranar 6 ga Maris, 1973, ta halarci taron tsakanin Hukumar Sadarwa ta Tarayya da membobin kungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru da yawa game da wakilcin' yan tsiraru a talabijin. A cikin wata hira da aka buga kafin bayyanar ta a Kwalejin Kwalejin, ta bayyana cewa ta taimaka wajen aika da ma'aikatan jinya biyu na Indiya zuwa Wounded Knee kuma ya bar 'yancin Amurka, tare da' yan asalin Amurka bakwai.

A shekara ta 1975, Littlefeather ta ba da rahoton cewa tana aiki a kan rubutun fim game da Edward S. Curtis tare da Cap Weinberger, Jr, wanda ya rubuta wani labarin game da Curtis don mujallar *[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]*.  Ta yi nasara a wasan kwaikwayo na maraice a taron matasa na Ƙasar Indiya a Birnin Oklahoma, Oklahoma, a shekara ta 1976.  Ta ci gaba da neman damar yin wasan kwaikwayo, kamar yawon shakatawa tare da "Red Earth Theater Company".

## Magana ta lambar yabo ta Kwalejin 1973

### Tarihi

Bayanan yadda Littlefeather ya fara saduwa da Marlon Brando sun bambanta. A daya daga cikin tambayoyin da ta yi da farko bayan jawabin, ta ambaci cewa sun hadu "ta hanyar sha'awarsa ga ƙungiyar Indiya". Wani asusun daga daren bikin Oscar ya bayyana Francis Ford Coppola yana lura da Littlefeather a kan mai saka idanu na TV kuma yana cewa "Sacheen Littlefeather. Tana zaune a San Francisco. Ita aboki ce ta wanda na gabatar da ita ga B ... Ita yarima ce ta Indiya. "&nbsp;

Wani labarin 1974 game da wata hira da Littlefeather ya bayyana cewa tana aiki a gidan rediyo na San Francisco lokacin da ta nemi aiki tare da Coppola kuma sai ya tura ta zuwa Brando, "sanin sha'awar Brando ga Indiya". A lokacin Oscars, ta san Brando kusan kusan shekara guda. Bayanan da suka biyo baya sun bayyana Coppola a matsayin maƙwabcin Littlefeather a San Francisco.

A cikin wata hira ta 2021, Littlefeather ta ce ta san Coppola yayin da take tafiya a kan tuddai na San Francisco kuma ta sami adireshin Brando daga gare shi. Daga baya, ta rubuta wa Brando wasika, tana tambaya game da sha'awarsa ga batutuwan 'yan asalin Amurka. A cikin wannan asusun, ya kira tashar rediyo inda ta yi aiki watanni bayan ta aika wasikar. Littlefeather ta kuma ce ta sadu da Brando a Washington, DC, inda take gabatar da ita ga Hukumar Sadarwa ta Tarayya game da 'yan tsiraru.

A shekara ta 1972, Brando ya buga Vito Corleone a cikin The Godfather, wanda yawancin masu sukar suka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin fina-finai mafi girma a kowane lokaci. Don wasan kwaikwayon an zabi shi a matsayin Mafi kyawun Actor a 45th Academy Awards, wanda aka gabatar a ranar 27 ga Maris, 1973, a Dorothy Chandler Pavilion a Los Angeles, California. Kafin bikin, Brando ya yanke shawarar cewa - a matsayin wanda aka fi so ya ci nasara  - zai kauracewa a matsayin zanga-zangar da AIM ke jagoranta game da ci gaba da kewaye da Wounded Knee da ra'ayinsa game da yadda aka wakilta 'yan asalin Amurka a fina-finai na Amurka.  Ya kira Littlefeather kuma ya tambaye ta ta bayyana a madadinsa. "Na kasance mai magana da yawun, don haka a ce, don ra'ayi na 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka a cikin fim da talabijin, "in ji daga baya.

## Manazarta