Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Amurka ta Arewacin Carolina v. North Carolina

***Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Jama'a ta Amirka ta Arewacin Carolina & Syidah Mateen v. Jihar North Carolina***, 181 NC App. 430, 639 SE2d 136 (2007), wani shari'ar kotu ne a jihar North Carolina a cikin Amurka . Daya daga cikin wadanda suka shigar da kara ita ce Syidah Mateen Ba’amurke Musulma daga Greensboro, North Carolina . Ita da kungiyar 'yancin walwala ta Amurka reshen North Carolina sun yi kira ga kotunan jihar ta North Carolina su yanke hukuncin cewa ya dace a karkashin dokokin jihar wadanda ba Kirista ba su rantse a kan nassosin addini na imaninsu maimakon Littafi Mai Tsarki . Kiristanci .

## Mateen a matsayin shaida a 2003
A cikin 2003 Syidah Mateen (masanin kwamfuta na asibitocin rediyo, an haife shi a 1964) ta kasance sheda da aka saita don yin shaida a cikin odar kariyar tashin hankalin cikin gida, a gaban Alkalin Gundumar Guilford Tom Jarrell.   Lokacin da aka nemi ya rantse a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki na King James Version,  Mateen, musulmi na rayuwa, ya tambayi "Kuna da Kur'ani ?"  Matten ta tuno daga baya cewa "ta yi mamakin cewa ba su da komai". 

Dokar jihar North Carolina ta ba da damar shaidun da ke shirye-shiryen ba da shaida a gaban kotu su yi rantsuwa ta hanyoyi uku: ta hanyar ɗora hannu a kan 'Littafi Mai Tsarki', ta hanyar cewa 'don haka ku taimake ni Allah' ba tare da amfani da littafin addini ba, ko kuma ta hanyar tabbatarwa ba tare da amfani da alamomin addini ba". 

Lokacin da aka gaya mata cewa babu Kur'ani a cikin kotun an yarda da shaidar Mateen bayan ta amince ta tabbatar da cewa za ta kasance mai gaskiya. 

Yayin da Mateen ke ikirarin cewa alkali Jarrell ya gaya mata cewa "dukkan kotuna na bukatar kwafin Al-Qur'ani", Jarrell ya ci gaba da cewa kawai ya gaya mata cewa "zai duba halaccin irin wadannan rantsuwa idan tana son kawo Al-Qur'ani a nan gaba". 

## Ƙoƙarin bayar da gudummawa ya ƙi
Iyayen Mateen sun musulunta a farkon shekarun 1960 yayin da suke zaune a Flint, Michigan . Bayan ya koma Arewacin Carolina, mahaifinta, L'Fatihah Mateen, ya kafa Cibiyar Musulunci ta Al-Ummil Ummat a Greensboro kuma ya zama jagoran addu'a (ya rasu a shekara ta 1997). A cikin 2005 Syidah Mateen, ba tare da sanin cewa rashin yin kur'ani don rantsuwa a kotun ba na iya zama doka ta ba da izini, tare da sauran musulmi-Amurka a Cibiyar Musulunci ta Al-Ummil Ummat "don ba da gudummawar kwafin Kur'ani ga Kotuna biyu na Guilford County . "  Limamin Cibiyar, Charles Abdullah "yana aiki ta hanyar mataimaki na shari'a, ya kasance a shirye ya mika Al-Qur'ani",  amma alkalan Guilford guda biyu sun ki karbar nassosin, suna masu cewa " rantsuwa akan Kur'ani ba rantsuwar doka ba ce karkashin dokokin kasar". 

A Raleigh, lauyan Ofishin Gudanarwa na Kotunan Arewacin Carolina (AOC) ya ba da wani ra'ayi na farko wanda ya ce "dokar jihar ta ba da damar a rantsar da mutane ta hanyar amfani da kur'ani maimakon Littafi Mai-Tsarki".  Babban Alkalin Kotun Koli na gundumar Guilford W. Douglas Albright ya musanta hakan wanda ya tsara manufofin manyan kotuna tara na gundumar. Alkali Albright ya fadi a fili cewa "Rantsuwa a kan Al-Qur'ani ba rantsuwa ce halal ba a karkashin dokarmu."  Ya kiyaye cewa ka'idar tana nufin Littafi Mai-Tsarki kuma idan za a canza hakan yana kan Majalisar Dokoki ta Arewacin Carolina, "An samu hanya: Sun sami komai daga Littafin Mormon zuwa Littafin Wicca. a jerinmu matsayinmu shi ne, ba wai kawai irin rantsuwar da doka ta yi ba, a’a, tsari da gudanar da rantsuwar, kuma yanzu ya zama doka ta daidaita”. 

Alkalin Alkalan Guilford Joseph E. Turner "ya shaidawa [Imam] Abdullah cewa ba zai iya karbar Al-Qur'ani a kotuna ba".  Bayan kalaman Alkalan kakakin AOC Dick Ellis ya ce "Ba mu da masaniyar wani dakin shari'a da ya taba barin wani ya rantse da wani abu sai Littafi Mai Tsarki."  Alkalin Jarrell wanda ke jagorantar shari'ar inda Mateen ya shaida bai yi wani sharhi ba amma "ya jinkirta duk wani hukunci ga alkalan da suka tsara manufofin kotun".  Alkali Turner ya roki Imam Abdullah da ya ba da kyautar kwafin kur’ani ga dakunan karatu na shari’a a kotuna guda biyu na karamar hukumar wanda limamin ya yi. 

A wata hira da manema labarai Mateen ya bayyana "Wannan duniya ce daban-daban, kuma kowa da kowa ba ya bauta ko yarda da guda daya. Za mu kawai samun tuntubar mutane da dama da kuma sanin mataki na gaba."  An kara da cewa Mateen "ta damu cewa mutane za su yi la'akari da shaidarta ba ta da inganci idan sun ga ba ta son rantsewa a kan nassi mai tsarki". 

## Dokokin jihar da ke fitowa
Ayyukan rantsuwar North Carolina "tun zuwa 1777 amma sun samo asali tsawon shekaru".  Majalissar North Carolina ta fara aiwatar da ka'idodin rantsuwa a cikin 1777. A lokacin, taken dokar shine "Gudanar da rantsuwa akan Linjila". A shekara ta 1985 an maye gurbin kalmar “Linjila” da kalmar “Littafi Mai Tsarki”. 

A halin yanzu dokar ta North Carolina Janar akan rantsuwa (§11-2) ta ce: (an ƙara jaddadawa) "Alƙalai da sauran mutanen da za a iya ba su ikon gudanar da rantsuwa, (sai dai a cikin shari'o'in a cikin wannan Babi banda) **suna buƙatar jam'iyyar ta kasance. ya rantse zai ɗora hannunsa a kan Nassosi masu tsarki**, a cikin alamar alkawarin da ya yi don faɗin gaskiya kuma a cikin ƙarin alama cewa, idan ya kauce wa gaskiya, za a iya hana shi adalci daga dukan albarkar Littafi Mai Tsarki kuma a sanya shi abin dogaro. wannan ramuwa da ya yi wa kansa”. 

Kafin 1985 gyare-gyare ga NCGS § 11-2, sashin doka ya karanta cewa Alƙalai za su "bukaci jam'iyyar da ta rantse don ɗora hannunsa a kan Masu bishara Mai Tsarki na Allah Maɗaukaki". 

## Bayanan CAIR
A lokacin da aka sanar da cewa ba za a ba da izinin yin rantsuwa kafin ba da shaida ba, Majalisar Dokokin Amurka da Musulunci (CAIR) ta fitar da sanarwar manema labarai cewa, "Ta hanyar bayyana cewa littafi daya ne kawai ya cancanci zama 'Littafi Mai Tsarki', kotu yana iya kasancewa amincewar da bai dace ba na tsarin imani guda ɗaya na addini, kawar da damar yin rantsuwa a kan nassi mai tsarki na iya yin tasiri na rage amincin shaidar mutumin. Darektan shari'a na CAIR Arsalan Iftikhar ya ce "CAIR za ta ba da kyautar kwafin kur'ani kyauta ga kowane alkali a North Carolina ko kuma a duk fadin Amurka don amfani da shi wajen rantsuwa ko kuma sanin nassi mai tsarki."  Daraktan shari'a na CAIR a Washington DC, Arsalan Iftikhar, ya ce game da lamarin, "Wannan ya nuna cewa akwai kyamar musulmi da yawa, musamman a nan Amurka." 

## Taimakon tsakanin addinai don ba da damar rantsuwar Alkur'ani
A ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2005, ƙungiyar shugabannin addinai fiye da 20 daga yankin Guilford County, "ciki har da na Kirista, Yahudawa da kuma addinin Buddha ", sun aika da wasiƙa zuwa ga Alkalin Kotun Koli W. Douglas Albright, wanda ya yi rantsuwa a kan Qur'ani bai halatta ba. Wasikar ta lura cewa "North Carolina wuri ne da ke daɗa bambanta kuma ya ce ya kamata a mutunta bambancin addini." Ya ci gaba da cewa "A Arewacin Carolina, muna ci gaba da zama mutanen da suke ɗaukar imaninmu da ayyukanmu na addini da muhimmanci. Amma ba ma zama cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki Belt ba. A yau, muna rayuwa cikin Littafi Mai -Tsarki - Talmud - Kur'an - Veda - Dhammapada - Guru Granth Sahib - Kitabi Iqan Belt Ya zama wajibi ga shugabanninmu na jama'a, malaman makaranta, alkalai, da masu tilasta doka su yaba da mutunta bambance-bambancen addini da aka samu a cikin al'ummarmu."  Babban darektan FaithAction (kungiyar addinai) Rev. Mark Sills, ya rattaba hannu kan wasiƙar kuma ya ce shari'ar rantsuwar Kur'ani "ta same mu a matsayin batun da ya kamata a fuskanta". Ya gaya wa Kiristoci su yi tunanin yadda za a yi zama a wurin da ba a yarda da Littafi Mai Tsarki don yin rantsuwa ba, yana mai cewa “Hakan yana jin kamar bugun fuska ne kawai.” Rev. Julie Peeples, Fasto na Greensboro's Congregational United Church of Christ, ya sanya hannu kan wasiƙar kuma ya ce "Ina ganin dama ce ta haɓaka girmamawa ga dukan al'adun da muke da su a Greensboro." Babban mai kula da gundumar Greensboro na Cocin Methodist ta United, Rev. Frank Stith, ya ce "yana da ma'ana ga mutane su sami damar yin amfani da littafi mai ma'anar wani abu a gare su", yana mai bayanin "Ma'anar ita ce samun wani abu wanda yake da mahimmanci. ya tsaya a bayan maganar wani."

## Shiga ACLU
Kungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Amurka reshen North Carolina ta shiga cikin lamarin lokacin da a ranar 28 ga Yuni, 2005 suka yi kira ga AOC da su "daukar da manufar ba da damar yin amfani da kur'ani da sauran nassosin addini don rantsuwar rantsuwa a shari'ar kotu".  Lokacin da a ranar 14 ga Yuli, 2005 Ofishin Gudanarwa na Kotunan Jiha ya ƙi shiga tsakani (yana nuna "ko dai majalisa ko hukuncin kotu zai yanke shawarar wannan tambaya" ) ACLU ta kai batun zuwa kotu.  A cikin Yuli 2005 sun yi gardama a gaban kotu cewa "kalmar 'Littafi Mai Tsarki' da ke bayyana a cikin ƙa'idar tana nufin ba kawai ga Littafi Mai Tsarki na Kirista ba, har ma da wasu nassosin addini ciki har da, amma ba'a iyakance ga, Alƙur'ani, Tsohon Alkawari, da Bhagavad ba. - Gita ".   ACLU ta yi jayayya cewa tun a cikin 1985 "an cire kalmar 'Linjila' daga sashin [kan rantsuwa] kuma an canza kalmar 'Masu Bishara ta Allah Mai Iko Dukka' zuwa 'Littafi Mai Tsarki', saƙon da Majalisar Dokoki ta aika a bayyane yake: a'a. Littafi Mai Tsarki na Kirista zai zama nassin addini kaɗai wanda za a iya amfani da shi a bikin rantsuwa daban, kalmar 'Littafi Mai Tsarki' ya isa ya haɗa da Alƙur'ani."  Ofishin babban lauyan gwamnati ya yi gardama a cikin takardun kotu cewa ACLU ba ta da 'yancin kai kara saboda babu wata takaddama tsakanin su da jihar North Carolina. Wannan ya sa suka ƙara Muslim Syidah Mateen a matsayin mai ƙara a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 2005.

## Kungiyoyin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Kirista sun amsa
Michele Combs, darektan sadarwa na kungiyar hadin gwiwar Kirista ta ce "Ba mu da addini na gwamnati a kasar nan kuma abin alfahari ne a yi ibada a nan, amma wasu al'adun da muka yi shekaru 200 suna bukatar su zauna." 

Erik Stanley, lauya na kungiyar shari'ar Kirista *Liberty Counsel* ya yi ikirarin karar "ba wai kawai an yi nufin hada da wasu addinai ba ne". Ya ci gaba da cewa: "ACLU ba ta ƙoƙarin kawo matsuguni. Wannan ya riga ya wanzu. Suna ƙoƙarin shafe tarihi. An yi rantsuwar kotuna koyaushe akan Littafi Mai Tsarki." 

## Disamba 2005 hukunci
A ranar 5 ga Disamba, 2005, Alkalin Kotun Koli Donald L. Smith (mai yin aiki a matsayin alkali na gaggawa) ya saurari gardama kan shari’ar a cikin sauraron karar da ta dauki kasa da rabin sa’a. An bai wa lauyoyin bangarorin biyu minti bakwai da rabi domin su gabatar da shari’ar kuma ba a saurari shaidu ba.  Mataimakin Babban Lauyan Gwamnati, Grady L. Balentine Jr. ya bayar da hujjar "cewa dokar yin rantsuwar ta doka ce ta tsarin mulki domin ta bai wa mutane damar tabbatar da idan ba sa son yin rantsuwa da Littafi Mai Tsarki na Kirista. cikin wannan hali." Lauyan ACLU Seth Cohen ya bayar da hujjar cewa idan an fassara "Littafi Mai Tsarki" da cewa ba a haɗa da rubutun da ba na Kirista ba, to doka ba ta dace da tsarin mulki ba, saboda "amfani da Littafi Mai Tsarki na Kirista na musamman don rantsuwar kotuna ya saba wa Dokar Kafa Gyaran Farko a ciki. kundin tsarin mulkin Amurka".  Dukkan lauyoyin biyu sun amsa daya daga cikin tambayoyin Alkalin ta hanyar amincewa da "al'adar shari'a mai dadewa: Lokacin da doka ta kasance mai saukin kamuwa da fassarori da yawa, ya kamata alkali ya dogara da fassarar da ta sa doka ta zama tsarin mulki."

A cikin hukuncin da ya yanke, Alkali Smith ya yi watsi da karar Mateen, a wani bangare "saboda Mateen ya iya ba da shaida a ranar, babu wata takaddama ta doka da ta rage".  Alkali Smith "bai yi magana ba ko dokar jihar ta baiwa mutane damar yin amfani da rubutun da ba na Kirista ba don rantsuwa ba, babban batun da ACLU ke son a warware".  Shugabar zartarwa ta ACLU reshen North Carolina, Jennifer Rudinger, ta ce "zai yi matukar wahala mai son rantsewa a kan wani rubutu da ba na Kirista ba ya dakatar da shari'a don ci gaba da kalubalantar shari'a kan batun".  Mateen ya ce "Da na san za a kai wannan matakin, da ban tabbatar ba, da zan iya jinkirta komai har sai sun sami Qur'ani." ACLU ta kuma yi mamakin cewa Alkali Smith ya ambaci "rashin takaddama na gaske" a matsayin dalilin korar saboda Grady Balentine, lauya na ofishin babban lauya na jihar, bai yi wannan hujja ba. Balentine ya yi jayayya kawai "cewa doka ta ba mutane wani zaɓi idan ba sa so su rantse da Littafi Mai Tsarki na Kirista". 

A ranar 15 ga Disamba, 2005, mako guda bayan hukuncin Smith, reshen North Carolina na ACLU ya sanar da cewa za su daukaka kara kan hukuncin. Lauyan su Seth Cohen ya shaida wa manema labarai cewa "kungiyar ba ta amince da binciken da alkalin ya yi ba" kuma yana da yakinin cewa za su yi nasara a kotun daukaka kara ta NC.  Cohen ya ci gaba da cewa: "Abin kunya ne cewa ba za a iya magance wannan al'amari da wuri ba. Abin da kawai muka taba tambaya shi ne mutane na kowane irin addini su iya sanya hannayensu kan nassi mai tsarki da suka zaba. Abu ne mai sauki. Ba mu yi ba." Ban fahimci dalilin da yasa wannan babban lamari ne ba."  Cohen ya kuma ce 'yan addinin Yahudanci sun jefa goyon bayansu a bayan shari'ar saboda suna son su iya yin rantsuwa a kan Tanakh, kuma wannan shiga kan batun yana daya daga cikin abubuwan "da aka rasa a cikin wannan harka" .

## Hukuncin kotun daukaka kara
A ranar 16 ga Janairu, 2007, wasu alkalai uku na Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Arewacin Carolina sun yanke hukunci gaba ɗaya don soke hukuncin kotun da ta yi watsi da ƙarar.  Kotun daukaka kara ta gano cewa maganar ba ta da tushe.  Hukuncin Kotun ya kuma bayyana cewa an samu "shaidar shaida daga wasu Yahudawa takwas na ACLU-NC wadanda ke zaune a gundumar Guilford kuma suka cancanci yin aikin juri, suna mai cewa za su gwammace su rantse da Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci maimakon Littafi Mai Tsarki na Kirista idan an zabe su a matsayin alkalai ko kuma aka tambaye su. don ba da shaida a kotu". 

Kotun ta yi nazari kan tarihin shari’ar, inda ta ce, “Lokacin da Ms. Mateen ta bayyana a matsayin shaida, ta bukaci a rantsar da ita na fadin gaskiya a kan nassi mai tsarki na addininta, wato Alkur’ani. saboda ba za ta rantse da Littafi Mai Tsarki na Kirista ba, zaɓinta shine ta tabbatar ba tare da yin amfani da nassin addini ba ko kuma a hana ta damar ba da shaida ... Ms Hukuncin da ke tabbatar da ko, a ƙarƙashin NCGS § 11-2, tana da ikon yin rantsuwa a kan nassinta mai tsarki, Alƙur'ani." 

Kotun ta ce ya kamata a ci gaba da shari’ar, domin ba tare da yanke hukuncin kotu ba a kan lamarin ba za a iya kaucewa rikici ba, tana mai cewa “A cikin wannan yanayi, Ms. Mateen ta nuna a fili cewa aniyar ta na amfani da damar da ta ke da ita na rantsuwa a kan nassin addininta da kuma nata. Manufarta na yin shari'a a kan wannan haƙƙin, Ƙasa ta nuna a fili, ta ƙin yarda da shaidu su rantse a kan kowane nassi banda Littafi Mai Tsarki na Kirista, niyyarta ta ci gaba da aiwatar da ayyukanta cancantar ba da damar shari'ar ta ci gaba]. juror ko sheda, amma sai dai al’amarin ‘yaushe’ ne muka yarda. 

Kotun ta jaddada cewa kawai tana kira ne da a ci gaba da shari’ar, kuma ba ita kanta ta ke yanke hukunci kan shari’ar ba, tana mai cewa “Batun da wannan daukaka kara ya gabatar shi ne ko ko dai wanda ya shigar da kara ya gabatar da hujjar da ta dace a cikin korafin nasu, mun kawo karshen korafin. ya isa ya ba wa duka masu kara damar yin shari'ar da'awarsu a karkashin Dokar Shari'a, kodayake muna mai da hankali don bayyana ra'ayi game da cancantar waɗannan da'awar." 

Seth Cohen, Babban Lauyan Jam’iyyar NC ACLU ya bayyana cewa: “Mun yi matukar farin ciki da hukuncin da Kotun daukaka kara ta yanke a yau. Wannan lamari ne mai muhimmanci da ya shafi dubban mutane masu imani a fadin Arewacin Carolina wadanda ba addinin Kirista ba ne, kuma mu a sa ido a saurari tambayoyin Kundin Tsarin Mulki da wannan shari'a ta gabatar." 

Mateen ta sake maimaita matsayinta a cikin wata hira bayan da Kotun daukaka kara ta ba da izinin ci gaba da shari'ar, tana mai cewa a koyaushe "ta ji kamar, a wannan rana da lokaci, cewa akalla za su sami manyan nassosin addini guda uku a cikin dakin shari'a. Alqur'ani a cikin dakin shari'a kuma Kirista yana can, shin za su so su ba da shaida a kan Alkur'ani mai tsarki?" 

## Binciken Babban Lauyan
ACLU ta yi rahoton a shafinta na yanar gizo cewa "Mai Shari'a Janar na jihar yana da kwanaki 30 (daga hukuncin Janairu 16, 2007) don yanke shawara ko za a nemi nazari na hankali daga Kotun Koli ta Arewacin Carolina. Idan Kotun Koli ta Arewacin Carolina ba ta sake duba hukuncin ba. Kotun daukaka kara, sannan shari'ar za ta koma babban kotun don sake duba kalubalen da kundin tsarin mulki ya yi wa doka." 

Mai magana da yawun babban mai shigar da kara na jihar Noelle Talley ya tabbatar da cewa ofishin na "nazartar hukuncin amma bai yanke shawarar daukaka kara ba". 

## Kotun Koli
A ranar 24 ga Mayu, 2007, Alkalin Kotun Koli Paul Ridgeway ya yanke hukuncin cewa dole ne a bar mutanen da ba sa bin addinin Kiristanci su yi amfani da nassosin addini banda Littafi Mai Tsarki na Kirista lokacin da aka rantsar da su a matsayin alkalai ko kuma shaidu a shari’ar kotun jihar.  Duk da cewa jihar na da kwanaki 30 don yanke hukuncin daukaka kara kan hukuncin, amma ba ta dauki mataki ba.

## Ra'ayi kan lamarin
Wasu na ganin wannan al'amari "a matsayin sabon lamarin 'yancin addini da ya taso a Arewacin Carolina. A wasu lokuta, an kalubalanci masu daukan ma'aikata su kyale 'yan Sikh su rike gemu da mata musulmi su sanya mayafi."  Jami'ar North Carolina a Chapel Hill 's Farfesa na Addini, Thomas Tweed ya ce "Wannan shari'ar ta Arewa Carolina wani misali ne na hanyoyin da bambancin addini na Amurka ke shiga cikin rikici tare da kafaffen ayyuka a fagen jama'a

Farfesan shari'a na Jami'ar New York Noah Feldman ya ce "Wannan shari'ar dan uwa ce ga shari'ar Dokoki Goma a Alabama, inda wani alkali ya yi wani abu da ya sabawa kundin tsarin mulki, tare da burin aika sako ... cewa yana da mahimmancin dabi'un addini." 

*Jaridar Christian Science Monitor* ta lura cewa sabanin alkali Albright yawancin alkalan Amurka a tarihi na baya-bayan nan "da alama sun ba da wasu lamurra masu yawa. A cikin shari'ar ta'addanci ta tarayya a 1997 a Washington DC, alal misali, alkali ya ƙyale shaidun musulmi su rantse da Allah . Kuma al’adar ba sabon abu ba ce: Mochitsura Hashimoto, kwamandan jirgin ruwa na Japan wanda ya ba da shaida a kotun soji na wani kyaftin din sojojin ruwan Amurka a shekara ta 1945, wata kotun soji ta ba shi damar rantse a kan imaninsa na Shinto, tsohon addini na Japan ." 

Jaridar Christian Science Monitor ta kuma nakalto Manish Vij, wani marubuci a New York na Sepia Mutiny wanda ya ce, "Abin da ya fi jan hankali [ga] ... Musulman Kudancin Asiya shi ne a zahiri ku yi rantsuwa a kan mahaifiyar ku, kuma iyaye mata ba su dace ba. don ja da baya a kotu a matsayin kwafin Kur'ani."

## Kwatanta da rigima a Majalisar Dokokin Amurka
Kafofin yada labarai da dama    sun danganta wannan labari da takaddamar rantsuwar Kur'ani ta Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta 110 wadda ta shafi Wakilin Keith Ellison na Minnesota, Musulmi na farko da aka zaba a Majalisar Dokokin Amurka. Sha'awar Ellison na yin amfani da kur'ani a wajen bikin rantsuwar sa, ko da yake yana da mahimmanci a alamance, bai taba zama batun shari'a ba. Rantsuwar ta kasance *gabaɗaya* kuma ba ta ƙunshi rubutu ba. Dukkanin jiga-jigan biyu da ke tattaunawa da Ellison, Dennis Prager da Wakilin Amurka Virgil Goode na Virginia, sun tabbatar da cewa ba su nemi a dakatar da shi daga yin hidima ba idan ya dage kan yin amfani da kur'ani maimakon Littafi Mai Tsarki. reactment photo-op. A wannan batun lamarin Mateen ya fi muhimmanci.

Wani mai sharhi ya bayyana sakamakon da zai iya yiwuwa idan har ba a yanke hukunci kan shari'ar Mateen bisa cancantar ta ba, yana mai cewa wata rana wanda ba Kirista ba zai gurfana a gaban alkali North Carolina kuma "zai haifar da rikici a kotu lokacin da ya ki rantse da Littafi Mai-Tsarki kuma ya ki amincewa. don tabbatar da rantsuwa, yana mai dagewa a bar shi ya dora hannunsa a kan Alkur’ani ko wani littafi mai tsarki kuma ya yi alkawari a gaban Ubangijinsa na gaskiya”. Sai alƙali zai iya “rasa shaidar da ba ta ba da haɗin kai ba, a sakamakon haka ya hukunta mutumin da kawai ya ce a daraja imaninsa kamar na Kirista. . . . [da] Sa’ad da alƙali ya riƙa ba da shaidar raini. Hakanan zai iya hana shaidar da za a ba da ita - ta yadda za a lalata shari'ar ɗayan ko ɗayan ... Ko kuma alkali zai iya barin mai shaida ba tare da rantsuwa ko tabbatar da gaskiya ba ingancin shaidar—wani gardama na shari'a." 

## Duba kuma

## Manazarta