Heidi Hammel

**Heidi B. Hammel** (an Haife ta   14 ga watan Maris,  shekara ta 1960) masanin sararin samiya  ne na duniya  yar kasar  Amurka wanda ta  yi karatun a akan   Neptune da Uranus sosai. Ta kasance cikin tawagar da ke daukar hoton duniyan  Neptune daga Voyager a shekarar ta  1989. Ta jagoranci tawagar ta amfani da na'urar hangen nesa ta Hubble don duba tasirin Shoemaker-Levy 9 tare da Jupiter a 1994. Ta yi amfani da na'urar hangen nesa ta Hubble da Keck Telescope don nazarin Uranus da Neptune, gano sababbin bayanai game da duhu spots, hadari na Uranus. A shekara ta 2002, an zaɓe ta a matsayin ƙwararriyar ƙwararrun ta James Webb .

Hammel ta dauki dogon lokaci mai yawa a matsayin mai sadarwa na kimiyya. Ita ce wadda ta samu lambar yabo ta Carl Sagan a shekara ta 2002 da aka baiwa wani masanin kimiyya wanda sadarwarsa ta inganta fahimtar jama'a sosai game da kimiyyar taurari.  Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata 50 mafi mahimmanci a kimiyyar Discover Magazine a 2003.  Baya ga aikin da ta shafi jama'a a NASA, ta zama mataimakiyar shugaban zartarwa na Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) a 2010.  

## Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Hammel a California kuma ita ce mahaifiyar yara uku. 

## Ilimi
Hammel ta sami digiri na farko daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT) a 1982 da Ph.D. a fannin kimiyyar lissafi da ilmin taurari daga Jami'ar Hawaii a shekarar 1988. Bayan kammala karatun digiri a NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, Hammel ta koma MIT, inda ta shafe kusan shekaru tara a matsayin babbar masanin kimiyyar bincike a Sashen Duniya, yanayi, da Kimiyyar halittu. 

## Sana'a
Hammel shi ne mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na Ƙungiyar Jami'o'i don Bincike a Astronomy (AURA), ƙungiyar mambobi 44 na Amurka (jami'o'i da cibiyoyin ilimi da masu zaman kansu) da kuma 5 na duniya.  AURA tana gudanar da masu lura da taurari na duniya da suka haɗa da Hubble Space Telescope, National Optical Astronomy Observatory, National Solar Observatory, da Gemini Observatory .  Hammel ya zama mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na kungiyar Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) a shekara ta 2010.   Hammel ta ce ta fahimci kimanin shekaru 15 da fara aikinta cewa ana bukatar mutane a cikin al'ummar kimiyya wadanda ke tsarawa da kuma aiki don makomar kimiyya.

Kafin nadin ta a AURA, Hammel ya kasance yana aiki a matsayin babban masanin kimiyyar bincike kuma babban darektan bincike a Cibiyar Kimiyyar Sararin Samaniya da ke Boulder, Colorado .  A cikin 2002, an zaɓe ta a matsayin ƙwararriyar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masana kimiyya don magajin Hubble Space Telescope, James Webb Space Telescope,  wanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin 2021.   Har ila yau, ta kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na madubi .  Ta yi aiki a kan haɗin gwiwar NASA / NSF Exoplanet Taskforce,  kuma a kan Ƙungiyar Ma'anar Kimiyya da Fasaha don aikin NASA 's Terrestrial planet Finder Coronograph . 

## Bincike
Babban wuraren da Hammel ke da sha'awa shine nazarin taurari na ƙasa da sararin samaniya na sararin samaniya  da tauraron dan adam  a bayyane da kusa da raƙuman raƙuman infrared  ta amfani da fasahar Adaptive Optics (AO).  

Hammel ta bayyana nata binciken da cewa:

Telescope Hubble Space Telescope da Keck Telescope tare da sabbin na'urorinsa masu daidaitawa sun canza yadda masana taurarin taurari ke kallon Uranus da Neptune. Tare da ci-gaba na kyamarori na Hubble da haɓakawa ga tsarin daidaita abubuwan gani na Keck na'urar hangen nesa, masu ilimin taurari sun sami damar ɗaukar "hotunan da ba za a iya yarda da su ba" kuma suna duba cikakkun bayanai waɗanda ba za a iya gani da su ba.  Binciken duniyar Hammel tare da Hubble da Keck sun nuna cewa duka Uranus da Neptune duniyoyi ne masu ƙarfi.   

### Voyager 2, Neptune

Hammel da farko yana nazarin sararin samaniya da tauraron dan adam, yana mai da hankali kan dabarun lura. Ta kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Kimiyya ta Hoto don saduwa da Voyager 2 tare da duniyar Neptune a 1989. 

### Shoemaker-Levy 9, Jupiter
A cikin 1994, Hammel ya jagoranci tawagar da suka binciki martanin da Jupiter ya yi a bayyane game da tasirin tauraron dan adam Shoemaker-Levy 9 ta amfani da na'urar hangen nesa ta Hubble .   Yayin da shugaban tawagar kasa Hammel ya nazarci hotunan wannan taron da aka dauka daga na'urar hangen nesa ta Hubble.  Hammel shine fuskar jama'a ta Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Kasa, yana bayyana kimiyya ga masu sauraron talabijin a duk duniya.   

### Babban Dark Spot, Neptune
Hammel yana cikin tawagar da ta fara ganin Neptune's Great Dark Spot,   guguwa mai girma kamar Duniya, kuma ta jagoranci tawagar Hubble Space Telescope wanda ya rubuta bacewar Babban Dark Spot bayan 'yan shekaru kadan, a cikin 1994. 

### Yanayi da zobe, Uranus
Tare da abokin aiki Imke de Pater, Heidi Hammel yana nazarin Uranus tare da na'urar hangen nesa na Keck tun daga 2000.  Hammel ya ba da rahoton rufe iskoki mafi sauri da aka yi rikodin akan Uranus, yana ruri tsakanin mita 107 da 111 a sakan daya (240 da 260 mil a kowace awa); An auna iskar ne a watan Oktoban shekara ta 2003 a kan iyakar arewacin duniya da ake gani a wancan lokacin.    

Hammel ya gano cewa manyan zoben Uranus guda tara sun ƙunshi nau'i ɗaya na barbashi, wani abu da ba a samu a cikin wasu zoben ba. Tare da tsarin na'urorin gani masu kaifi da aka yi amfani da su a WM Keck Observatory, de Pater da Hammel sun sami zobe na 11 a kusa da Uranus, tarkacen tarkace na dutse. Zoben, na cikin 'yan uwansa, yana da nisan  fadi kuma yana tsakiya kusan  daga asalin duniya. Zoben yana bayyane saboda gefensa zuwa rana da Duniya yana nuna haske fiye da yadda ake kallon fuska.     A cikin 2006, sun kuma bayar da rahoton cewa Uranus yana da zobe mai shuɗi mai wuyar gaske, da kuma zoben ja. 

Kamar yadda na 2014, bincikenta na baya-bayan nan ya haɗa da hoton Neptune da Uranus tare da amfani da Hubble Space Telescope, WM Keck Observatory, Mauna Kea Observatory, NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF), Mauna Kea da sauran abubuwan da suka shafi Duniya . 

## Ganewa da wayar da kan jama'a
An ba Hammel kyaututtuka duka don bincikenta (ciki har da lambar yabo ta 1996 Harold C. Urey na Ƙungiyar Astronomical Society Division for Planetary Sciences)  da kuma wayar da kan jama'a (irin su San Francisco Exploratorium 's 1998 Public Understanding of Science Award).  An zabi Hammel a matsayin Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2000.  An kuma yaba mata saboda aikinta na wayar da kan jama'a, ciki har da 2002 Carl Sagan Medal don sadarwa mai ban sha'awa daga wani masanin kimiyyar duniya mai aiki ga jama'a;  Ƙungiyar Astronomical na Pacific ta 1995 Klumpke-Roberts lambar yabo don fahimtar jama'a da kuma godiya ga ilimin taurari ;  da lambar yabo ta 1996 "Ruhu na Matan Amurka" don ƙarfafa matasa mata su bi hanyoyin aikin da ba na al'ada ba. 

Dangane da yawan nasarorin da ta samu, Mujallar Discover ta gane Hammel a 2002 a matsayin daya daga cikin mata 50 mafi muhimmanci a kimiyya.  Tarihinta "Bayan Jupiter: Labarin Masanin Astronomer Heidi Hammel" Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Amurka ta buga a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin "Kasuwar Mata a Kimiyya." 

Hammel ya shiga Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Planetary Society a cikin 2005.  A ranar 7 ga Mayu, 2009 Hukumar Mata ta Adler Planetarium ta ba Hammel lambar yabo ta Mata a Sararin Samaniya ta 2009. 

A cikin Yuni 2010, Hammel ya shiga cikin bikin Kimiyya na Duniya da aka gudanar a Birnin New York, ta hanyar James Webb Space Telescope model a Battery Park . Hammel ya yi magana game da binciken da aka yi tsammani a cikin 2014 tare da ƙaddamar da na'urar hangen nesa na James Webb, wanda zai zama na'urar hangen nesa mafi karfi a duniya, wanda zai maye gurbin Hubble Space Telescope . Sauran masu magana sun hada da John C. Mather, wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel da kuma babban masanin kimiyyar aikin na'urar hangen nesa ta Webb da kuma Dr. John Grunsfeld, 'yan sama jannati, masanin kimiyyar lissafi da kuma "babban mai gyara" na Hubble Space Telescope. 

A ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 2010, Ƙungiyar Jami'o'i don Bincike a Falaki ta sanar da nadin Hammel a matsayin mataimakin shugaban zartarwa. Hammel ya fara nadin nata ne a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2011.   Da yake karbar wannan nadin, Hammel ya ce:

An saka sunan Asteroid 3530 Hammel a cikin girmamawarta a cikin 1996. 

## Filmography

* The Planets and Beyond, 2018 TV episode on Science Channel
* Uranus & Neptune: Rise of the Ice Giants, 2018 TV episode in Yadda Universe Aiki, kanta a matsayin Astronomer
* Tafiya na Cosmic Hubble, 2015 TV shirin a kan National Geographic Channel
* Kimiyya Tsirara, 2006–2008 shirye-shiryen TV 2 akan tashar National Geographic Channel
* Hubble's Amazing Universe, 2008 TV episode
* Deadliest Planets, 2006 TV episode, kamar yadda Dr. Heidi B. Hammel, babban masanin kimiyyar bincike
* Hubble : Asirin daga sararin samaniya, 1998 TV episode, kamar yadda Farfesa Heidi Hammel

## Manazarta