Don L. Anderson

**Don Lynn Anderson** (Maris 5, 1933)&nbsp;– Disamba 2, 2014) masanin ilimin ƙasa ne na Amurka wanda ya ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga fahimtar asali, juyin halitta, tsari, da kuma tsarin Duniya da sauran duniyoyi. Ƙwararren masani a fannoni daban-daban na kimiyya, aikin Anderson ya haɗa da ilimin girgizar ƙasa, kimiyyar lissafi mai ƙarfi, ilimin geochemistry da petrology don bayyana yadda Duniya ke aiki. An fi sanin Anderson da gudummawarsa ga fahimtar zurfin cikin Duniya, kuma kwanan nan , don hasashen ka'idar farantin cewa wuraren zafi samfurin tectonics ne na farantin maimakon ƙananan fulawoyi da ke fitowa daga zurfin Duniya . Anderson ya kasance Farfesa (Emeritus) na Geophysics a Sashen Kimiyyar Ƙasa da Taurari a Cibiyar Fasaha ta California (Caltech) . Ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa daga ƙungiyoyin ilimin ƙasa, ilimin ƙasa da ilmin taurari.  A shekarar 1998 an ba shi kyautar Crafoord ta Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences tare da Adam Dziewonski .  Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Anderson ya sami lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta Kimiyya . Ya sami digirin girmamawa daga Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Rensselaer (inda ya yi karatun digirinsa na farko a fannin ilimin ƙasa da ilimin ƙasa ) da Jami'ar Paris (Sorbonne), kuma ya yi aiki a kwamitocin ba da shawara na jami'a da yawa, ciki har da waɗanda ke Harvard, Princeton, Yale, Jami'ar Chicago, Stanford, Jami'ar Paris, Jami'ar Purdue, da Jami'ar Rice . Binciken Anderson mai faɗi ya haifar da ɗaruruwan takardu da aka buga a fannonin kimiyyar duniya, ilimin girgizar ƙasa, kimiyyar ma'adinai, ilimin petrolaji, ilimin geochemistry, tectonics da falsafar kimiyya .

## Rayuwa da manyan gudummawar kimiyya

An haife shi a Frederick, Maryland, a shekarar 1933,  Anderson ya koma Baltimore yana ɗan shekara shida. Ya kammala karatunsa daga Baltimore Polytech Institute  sannan ya halarci Rensselaer Polytech Institute (RPI) inda ya sami digirin farko a fannin ilimin ƙasa da ilimin ƙasa a shekarar 1955. Daga nan ya yi aiki a masana'antar mai a California, Montana da Wyoming, kuma ya yi aiki a rundunar sojin sama a Massachusetts da Thule, Greenland kafin ya koma California, inda ya sami digirin Ph.D. a fannin ilimin ƙasa da lissafi a Caltech a shekarar 1962. Ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa na ilimi a ɗakin gwaje-gwajen girgizar ƙasa na Caltech, inda ya zama darakta na biyu mafi daɗewa a aikinsa daga 1967 zuwa 1989. Ya auri Nancy Ruth Anderson, ya haifi 'ya'ya biyu, Lynn Anderson Rodriguez da Lee Weston Anderson, da kuma jikoki huɗu.

Anderson ya fara aikinsa na kimiyya ne yayin da yake aiki a rundunar sojin saman Amurka . A Greenland, ya yi nazarin halayen kankara ta teku. An ɗora wa Anderson alhakin tantance ko kankara tana da ƙarfi sosai don jure saukar manyan jiragen sama. A lokacin da yake aiki tare da abokin aikinsa, Dr. Wilford Weeks, kan takardun kimiyya da suka samo asali daga binciken, ya bayyana wa Anderson cewa yana buƙatar ƙarin ilimi. Ya zaɓi halartar Caltech a fannin ilimin ƙasa. Rubutun Anderson ya mayar da hankali kan halayen anisotropic, ko kuma waɗanda suka dogara da alkibla, na mantle . Ya yi nazarin yaɗuwar raƙuman ruwa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai masu rikitarwa. Kafin aikin Anderson, masana girgizar ƙasa sun ɗauka cewa cikin Duniya yana aiki kamar gilashi, kuma yana da isotropic. Bayan kammala karatunsa na Ph.D. a 1962, Anderson ya shiga jami'a a Caltech kuma ya koma wasu fannoni na karatu, yana rubuta takardu kan abun da ke ciki, yanayin zahiri, da asalin Duniya da kuma sauran duniyoyi. Daga baya a cikin aikinsa, ya koma ga tasirin anisotropy da narkewar wani ɓangare da kuma kasancewar ruwa a cikin mantle na sama . Shi da abokan aikinsa sun ƙirƙiro hanyoyi don la'akari da anisotropy da kuma halayen raƙuman girgizar ƙasa marasa sassauci don bayyana yadda Duniya ke aiki. Kalmomin fasaha ga waɗanda suka yi nazarinsa sune rashin jituwa, rashin yarda, rashin yarda, da kuma rashin jituwa. A wata ma'anar, Duniya ba ta da wani tsari mai kyau, mai laushi.

A tsawon shekaru sama da 50 da ya yi yana aiki, Anderson ya buga takardu kan yadda wata, Venus da Mars suka kasance da kuma asalinsu . Shi babban mai bincike ne kan aikin Viking zuwa Mars a shekarar 1971. Anderson da abokan aikinsa sun binciki dangantakar da ke tsakanin halayen dutsen mantle a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba mai yawa da yanayin zafi, sauye-sauyen yanayi na ma'adanai na mantle, da kuma samar da girgizar ƙasa . Sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga fahimtar motsin faranti na tectonic ta hanyar zana taswirar kwararar iska a cikin mantle na Duniya ta amfani da hanyoyin girgizar ƙasa. Waɗannan nazarin sun haifar da haɓaka Tsarin Duniya na Farko (PREM), wanda ke ba da ƙimar mizanin ma'auni don mahimman halayen Duniya, gami da saurin girgizar ƙasa, yawan yawa, matsin lamba, raguwa, da anisotropy a matsayin aikin radius na duniya da tsawon rai. PREM yanzu shine samfurin ma'auni na duniya. An ambaci wannan aikin lokacin da Anderson, tare da abokin aikinsa Adam Dziewonski na Jami'ar Harvard, aka ba su kyautar Crafoord a shekarar 1998 a Sweden.

Ta hanyar la'akari da kimiyyar lissafi da yanayin zafi na kayan Duniya a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi mai yawa da matsin lamba a cikin zurfin ciki, Anderson ya ƙirƙiri ka'idoji waɗanda suka bambanta da hasashe na kimiyya na yau da kullun. Musamman, Anderson ya nuna cewa daidaitattun samfuran geochemical da juyin halitta na Duniya suna da lahani saboda sun karya dokokin thermodynamics ta hanyoyin da za su sa Duniya ta yi aiki a matsayin injin motsi na dindindin . Anderson ya kwatanta waɗannan samfuran da " Just-So Stories " na Rudyard Kipling, kuma ya nuna cewa waɗannan ka'idoji suna ci gaba da wanzuwa lokacin da aka bayyana shaidu masu rikitarwa a matsayin abubuwan da ba su dace ba ko abubuwan da ba su dace ba. Samfuran Anderson sun dogara ne akan kimiyyar lissafi da thermodynamics da kuma ilimin ƙasa, kuma suna tsayawa ga abubuwan lura da gwaje-gwajen da suka dogara da shaida.

Anderson ya ƙirƙiro wani madadin tsarin ma'adanai da isotopic na mantle. Duniya tana da asali mai zafi sosai kuma an raba ta ta hanyar sinadarai tun lokacin da ta haɗu shekaru biliyan 4.5 da suka gabata. Hikimar kimiyya ta al'ada ita ce dukkan mantle ɗin an yi su ne da peridotite wanda olivine ke mamaye, wasu daga cikinsu kayan asali ne. Anderson, a gefe guda, ya nuna cewa tsakiyar mantle ɗin ya ƙunshi piclogite, pyroxene da garnet -rick rock. Sabanin ra'ayoyin kimiyya da suka fi yawa, Anderson ya yi jayayya cewa zurfin mantle ɗin yana da yawa kuma ba ya iya tashi zuwa saman ko samar da basalts . Anderson ya ba da shawarar cewa duk basalts ana samar da su ne a cikin mantle na sama. Waɗannan ra'ayoyin sun samo asali ne daga haɗakar geochemistry, petrology, seismology, da thermodynamics, yayin da samfuran yau da kullun sun dogara ne kawai akan ɗaya ko biyu daga cikin waɗannan fannoni da zato da yawa.

Anderson ya kuma kalubalanci ra'ayoyin kimiyya na gargajiya kan yadda ake samar da duwatsu masu aman wuta, musamman ma ka'idar duwatsu masu aman wuta masu dauke da iska a Duniya, kamar yadda W. Jason Morgan ya gabatar, Anderson ya yi jayayya cewa abin da ake kira hasashen duwatsu masu aman wuta ba shi da inganci kuma cewa wurare masu zafi da tsibiran teku kamar Hawaii ko Iceland, maimakon haka, su ne kayayyakin da aka saba amfani da su wajen samar da duwatsu masu aman wuta . Duk da cewa masana kimiyyar geochemist da yawa sun yi imanin cewa duwatsu masu aman wuta sun samo asali ne daga ƙananan duwatsu masu aman wuta da ke fitowa daga saman tsakiyar Duniya, Anderson ya nuna cewa za a iya bayyana su gaba ɗaya ta hanyar abubuwan da ba su dace ba na sinadarai da ma'adanai a cikin babban murfin. Bugu da ƙari, Anderson ya nuna cewa duk wani nuni na hasashen duwatsu masu aman wuta ya karya dokokin thermodynamics na asali saboda suna dogara ne akan samar da zafi mai ɗorewa daga zurfin Duniya ko ma daga wajen Duniya. A gefe guda kuma, Anderson ya yarda da ra'ayin gargajiya cewa cikin Duniya yana sanyaya kuma cewa duwatsu masu aman wuta kawai suna taɓa wani yanki na dutse mai narkewa wanda ke cikin babban murfin, ko kuma harsashin waje na Duniya. Ta hanyar motsin faranti ne ake barin magma ta isa saman ta hanyar yankunan karyewa, ramuka, aman wuta da kuma wuraren da ake kira wurare masu zafi. Anderson ya kuma yi la'akari da cewa faranti tectonics sakamako ne na halitta na sanyaya wata duniya daga sama. 

Duk da cewa aikinsa ya dogara ne akan ilimin girgizar ƙasa, kimiyyar lissafi ta gargajiya da kuma yanayin zafi da kuma iliminsa game da cikin Duniya, ana ɗaukar ka'idodin Anderson a matsayin masu kawo cece-kuce saboda sun rabu da ra'ayoyin da al'ummar geochemical suka haɓaka kuma waɗanda aka ambata a cikin wallafe-wallafe masu tasiri kamar Nature and Science . Wani gidan yanar gizo mai aiki, mantleplumes.org, ya sadaukar da kansa ga ƙalubalen da Anderson da abokan aikinsa suka fuskanta game da bayanin daidaito, ko na littafi game da aman wuta da yanayin Duniya. Hanyar Anderson mai fannoni daban-daban, tare da ƙwarewarsa a fannin ilimin ƙasa, ilimin ƙasa, kimiyyar lissafi mai ƙarfi, da kuma ilimin thermodynamics, ta ba shi damar bayyana juyin halitta da tsarin Duniya ta hanyoyin da ke ƙalubalantar ra'ayoyin da aka yarda da su na zamaninsa. Abokin aikinsa Seth Stein  na Jami'ar Northwestern ya ce game da Sabuwar Ka'idar Duniya ta Anderson: "Wata tsohuwar karin magana ta ce babu ɗaliban Duniya na gaske saboda muna haƙa ƙananan ramukanmu mu zauna a cikinsu. Wannan littafin misali ne mai ban mamaki wanda ya haɗa batutuwa da yawa da suka shafi tsarin duniya, juyin halitta, da kuma yanayin rayuwa. Har ma masu karatu waɗanda ba su yarda da wasu hujjoji ba za su same su masu fahimta da kuma ƙarfafa gwiwa."

Anderson ya mutu a Cambria, California, a ranar 2 ga Disamba, 2014, sakamakon cutar kansa, yana da shekaru 81. 

## Bayanan fasaha

* Ya nuna cewa anisotropy da aelasticity suna da mahimmanci wajen yaɗuwar raƙuman girgizar ƙasa a Duniya.
* An gabatar da tasirin dogaro da mita da kuma rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin ilimin girgizar ƙasa na zamani. Wannan ya ba da damar warware bambance-bambance tsakanin nau'ikan bayanai na girgizar ƙasa daban-daban (rawayoyin jiki, samfuran yau da kullun; bambancin raƙuman ruwa na Rayleigh-Love) da kuma haɗa dukkan nau'ikan bayanai zuwa juye-juye guda ɗaya.
* An ƙirƙiro ka'idar dogaro da mitar gudu da kuma rage zafi (Q) kuma an yi amfani da ita ga mantle da core (Shan Mant Model).
* An ƙirƙiro hanyoyin da za a iya juya raƙuman ruwa na saman don tsarin anisotropic (Universal Dispersion Curves).
* Ya nuna (tare da Minster) yadda ƙananan kimiyyar lissafi za su iya bayyana yadda abubuwan da ke faruwa na ɗan gajeren lokaci za su iya alaƙa da ilimin halittar jiki na dogon lokaci.
* Tare da Nataf, Nakanishi, Tanimoto, da Montagner, Regan ya ƙirƙiro tsarin farko na 3D na anisotropic mantle.

## Lambobin yabo da girmamawa

* Lamba ta James B. Macelwane ta Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Amurka (1966) 
* Kyautar Nasarar Apollo ta Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama da Sararin Samaniya ta Ƙasa a 1969
* Ɗan ƙungiyar Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka (1972) 
* Ɗan ƙungiyar American Geophysical Union (1973) 
* Kyautar Newcomb Cleveland ta Ƙungiyar Amurka don Ci Gaban Kimiyya (1977) (Masana Kimiyyar Viking Mission ) 
* Nasarar Nasarar Kimiyya ta Musamman (1977)
* Memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa (1982)
* Ɗan Ƙasashen Waje Mai Girmamawa na Ƙungiyar Kimiyyar Ƙasashen Turai (1985) 
* Lambar yabo ta Emil Wiechert ta ƙungiyar nazarin halittu ta Jamus (1986) 
* Lambar Rana ta Arthur L. ta Ƙungiyar Masana Ƙasa ta Amurka (1987) 
* Ɗan ƙungiyar Amurka don Ci gaban Kimiyya (1988)
* Lambar Zinare ta Ƙungiyar Sararin Samaniya ta Sarauta (1988) 
* Memba na Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka (1990) 
* Lambar yabo ta William Bowie ta Ƙungiyar Nazarin Ƙasa ta Amurka (1991) 
* Guggenheim Fellow (1998) 
* Kyautar Craford ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Royal Swedish (1998 tare da Dziewonski) 
* Lambar Yabo ta Ƙasa ta Kimiyya (1998) 
* Digirin girmamawa daga Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) da Jami'ar Paris (Sorbonne)

## Muhimman littattafai

* AM Dziewonski; DL Anderson. (1981). *Tsarin farko na Tunani na Duniya* ; Ilimin Kimiyyar Duniya da Tsarin Ciki na Duniya 25, S.297–356.
* DL Anderson. (2007). Sabuwar Ka'idar Duniya ; Cambridge University Press, New York.
* DL Anderson. (1989). Ka'idar Duniya ; Blackwell Scientific Publications.
* Don L. Anderson da James H. Natland. (2014) *Sabunta Mantle da hanyoyin da dutsen mai aman wuta ke bi* ; Takardun Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa http://www.pnas.org/content/111/41/E4298.abstract juzu'i na 111 lamba 41.    .
* DL Anderson. (2013). *Tatsuniyar mantle plum mai ɗorewa - Shin plums suna wanzuwa?* ; Mujallar Kimiyyar Duniya ta Australiya: da James H. Natland. doi : 
* Anderson, Don L. (2011). *Hawaii, Layukan Iyaka da Man Fetur na Yanayi - Takaddun Ƙasa*, J. Petrol., 52, 1547–1577;    .
* GR Foulger, DL Anderson. (2005). *Kyakkyawan samfuri don wuraren zafi na Iceland* ; Mujallar Nazarin Dutsen Aman Wuta da Binciken Geothermal **141** .
* Anderson, DL (2005). *Nauyin kai, daidaiton kai, da kuma tsarin kai a fannin geodynamics da geochemistry, a cikin Deep Mantle na Duniya: Tsarin, Tsarin, da Juyin Halitta*, Editoci. RD van der Hilst, J. Bass, J. Matas & J. Trampert, AGU Geophysical Monograph Series 160, 165–186.
* Anderson, DL (2005). *Wuraren da ake samun maki: Tsarin plum da faranti*, a cikin Foulger, GR, Natland, JH, Presnall, DC, da Anderson, DL, edits., Faranti, plum, da paradigms: Takardar Musamman ta Ƙungiyar Geological Society of America 388, shafi na 10.&nbsp;31–54.
* Anderson, Don L. da Natland, JH (2005). *Takaitaccen tarihin hasashen plume da masu fafatawa da shi: Ra'ayi da jayayya*, a cikin Foulger, GR, Natland, JH, Presnall, DC, da Anderson, DL, edits., Plates, Plumes, & Paradigms, : Takardar Musamman ta GSA 388, shafi na 100.&nbsp;119-145.
* Meibom, A. da Anderson, DL (2003). *Haɗakar Manyan Mantle na Ƙididdiga*, Wasikun Kimiyya na Duniya, 217, shafi na 1.&nbsp;123–139.
* Wen, L., da Anderson, Don L. (1997). *Lakabin mantle convection: Samfurin geoid da topography*, Wasikun Kimiyya na Duniya da Duniya, v. 146, p.&nbsp;367-377.
* Anderson, Don L. (1995). *Lithosphere, taurari da kuma perisphere*, Sharhin Geophysics, v. 33, shafi.&nbsp;125-149.
* Anderson, Don L.; Zhang, Y.-S.; Tanimoto, T. (1992). *Kan plume, lithosphere na nahiyar, flood basalts da tomography*, a cikin: Magmatism da Sanadin Warwarewar Nahiyar, BC Storey, T. Alabaster da RJ Pankhurst, edits., Geological Society Special Publication, No. 68.
* Anderson, Don L.; Tanimoto, T.; da Zhang, Y.-S. (1992). *Fannin tectonics da wuraren da ke da zafi: Matsakaici na uku*, Kimiyya, v. 256, shafi.&nbsp;1645-1650.
* Scrivner, C. da Anderson, Don L. (1992). *Tasirin subduction bayan Pangea akan mantle tomography da convection na duniya*, Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 19, no. 10, p.&nbsp;1053-1056.
* Anderson, Don L. (1989). *Ina ne a Duniya akwai ɓawon?*, Physics Today, Maris, shafi.&nbsp;38-46.
* Anderson, Don L. (1987). *Daidaito na Girgizar Ƙasa na Jiha ta II. Halayen Shear da Thermodynamics na Ƙananan Mantle*, Phys. Duniyar Duniya. Ciki, v. 45, p.&nbsp;307-323.
* Anderson, Don L. (1985). *Maganganun zafi na iya samuwa ta hanyar rabawa da gurɓata MORB*, Nature, v. 318, shafi.&nbsp;145-149.
* Tanimoto, T., da Anderson, Don L. (1985). *Bambancin gefe da azimuthal anisotropy na saman mantle: Love and Rayleigh waves 100-250 sec*, Jour. Geophys. Res., v. 90, p.&nbsp;1842-1858.
* Anderson, Don L. (1986). *Kimiyyar Duniya & Manufofin Jama'a*, Geotimes, v. 31, lamba 10, shafi.&nbsp;5.
* Nataf, H.-C.; Nakanishi, I.; da Anderson, Don L. (1986). *Ma'aunin Saurin Raƙuman Mantle da Juyawa don Bambancin Lateral da Anisotropy, Sashe na III: Juyawa*, Mujallar Geophys. Res., v. 91, a'a. B7, p.&nbsp;7261-7307.
* Anderson, Don L. (1984). *Duniya a matsayin duniya: siffofi da bambance-bambance*, Kimiyya, v. 223, a'a. 4634, p.&nbsp;347-355. 178.
* Anderson, Don L. (1982). *Wurare masu zafi, wander na polar, mesozoic convection, da geoid*, Nature, v. 297, no. 5865, p.&nbsp;391-393.
* Anderson, Don L.; da Given, JW (1982). *Tsarin ƙungiyar shaye-shaye ta Q don Duniya*, Jour. Geophys. Res., v. 87, a'a. B5, p.&nbsp;3893-3904.

* Jerin Masana kimiyyar ƙasa

## Manazarta