open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
An Óige

An Óige ( [ənɣ ˈoːɟə]; ma'ana "Matasa"), ko kuma Irish Youth Hostel Association (**IYHA**), kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke ba da masaukin matasa a duk faɗin Ireland. An Óige memba ne na Hostelling International.

## Bayani

An kafa An Óige a ranar 7 ga Mayu 1931 ta hanyar kwamitin shirya taron wanda ya haɗa da Thekla Beere, Shane Bodkin, da Chalmers (Terry) Trench.   An sami kwarin gwiwa daga nasarar Jugendherbergen a Jamus.  An buɗe masaukin matasa na farko na An Óige a Lough Dan, kusa da Roundwood, a County Wicklow .  An kafa An Óige a matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta kuma a lokacin da yake kan gaba yana da membobi kusan 15,000 kuma yana gudanar da masauki 55.  Yanzu memba ne na Hostelling International .

A kusan shekarar 1990, ƙungiyar ta sayi tsohuwar makarantar sufaye da kuma gidan marayu a lamba 60-61 Mountjoy Street, ta gina a kusan shekarar 1865, sannan ta sake gyara shi don amfani da shi a matsayin masaukin baƙi.  An yi amfani da wannan a matsayin babban hedikwatar An Óige.

Ya zuwa shekarar 2017, ƙungiyar ta gudanar da gidajen kwanan matasa 24 a Ireland .  A watan Mayu na 2019, An Óige ta rufe ɗakin kwanan dalibai na Dublin International Youth Hostel, wanda a lokacin shine babban wurin/hedkwatarta kuma an ruwaito cewa ya kai kashi 60% na kuɗin shigarta a lokacin.  A ƙarshen shekarar 2019, An Óige yana gudanar da gidajen kwanan dalibai 18, tare da haƙƙin mallakar ikon mallakar wasu 10.  A lokacin shekarar 2020, duk gidajen kwanan dalibai sun kasance a rufe, a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin da aka bayar ga annobar COVID-19 a Ireland . 

A watan Oktoban 2019, an sanya wurin tsohon hedikwatar da ke kan titin Mountjoy a kasuwa kan farashin jagora na €5 miliyan.  Ya zuwa watan Agusta na 2022, yanzu ana amfani da wurin a matsayin masaukin baƙi mai zaman kansa mai suna Leevin Hostel Mountjoy . 

## Manufofi
An Óige, kungiyar Irish Youth Hostel Association, tana da manufofi da yawa na sadaka. Wadannan sun hada da tallafawa "ƙauna da godiya ga ƙauyuka" ta hanyar samar da "mazaunin masauki mai sauƙi ga [mutane] yayin da suke tafiya", don inganta godiya ga al'adun Irish da al'adunsu, don yin aiki tare da kungiyoyin Irish waɗanda ke neman adana ƙauyuka da hanyoyin tafiya, da kuma inganta ƙungiyoyi tare da irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi a wasu ƙasashe.

Ƙungiyar agaji ce mai rijista a ƙasar Ireland. 

## Manazarta
Děti Země

**Děti Země** (Yaran Duniya – COE) ƙungiyar ƴan ƙasar Czech ce don kare muhalli.

An kafa COE a watan Satumba na 1989, jim kaɗan kafin juyin juya halin Velvet a Czechoslovakia, a matsayin wani shiri na hukuma na masu fafutukar kare muhalli da dama a Prague .   Masu fafutukar kare muhalli na Czech Jindřich Petrlík,  Miroslav Patrik, Ivo Šilhavý, Jiří Macas da Tomáš Fajkus suna cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar. 

A cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata Dětí Země ya yi lobbied don kariya ta Layer ozone, sufuri mai dorewa  da ingancin iska,  a tsakanin sauran batutuwa. Babban mahimmanci na Děti Země tun daga 2001 sune abubuwan muhalli na gina sababbin tituna, musamman ta České středohoří duwatsu. Hedkwatarsu kuma ta koma Plzeň . 

Membobin Hukumar Daraja sune Jiří Dědeček, Erazim Kohák, Vladimír Merta, Zdeněk Thoma, Jaroslav Pavlíček da Jan Vodňanský . Ivan Dejmal, tsohon dissident ( Charta 77 ) da kuma Ministan Muhalli na Czech na farko ya kasance mai goyon bayan COE na dogon lokaci.

## Manazarta
David Combe

**Harvey David Mathew Combe** (26 ga Afrilu 1943 - 21 ga Satumba 2019) ya kasance Sakataren Kasa na Jam'iyyar Labor Party (ALP), mai ba da shawara kan siyasa da mai fafutuka, Kwamishinan Ciniki na Australiya, Babban Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa na Southcorp Wines, kuma mai ba da shawarar masana'antar ruwan inabi ta Australiya. Ya sami digiri na shahararren da ba a so ta hanyar Al'amarin Combe-Ivanov na 1983.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Harvey David Mathew Combe a 1943 a Adelaide, Kudancin Australia, kuma ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Prince Alfred da Jami'ar Adelaide inda ya sami BA. Ya zama mai sha'awar siyasa a jami'a kuma ya shiga ALP, wani bangare ta hanyar abokantaka da Don Dunstan.  (Ya zama Patron na Gidauniyar Don Dunstan a shekara ta 2004.) 

## Ayyuka
Combe ya kasance Sakataren Kasa na Jam'iyyar Labor ta Australiya (1973-1981), mai ba da shawara kan siyasa da mai fafutuka (1981-1985), kuma babban kwamishinan kasuwanci na Australiya (1985-1991), kuma ya rike manyan mukamai da mukamai a cikin masana'antar ruwan inabi ta Australiya (1991-2008).

### Siyasa
A shekara ta 1973 Combe ya zama Sakataren Kasa mafi ƙanƙanta na Jam'iyyar Labor ta Australiya bayan zaben gwamnatin Labor ta farko na shekaru 23. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1975, an yi zargin cewa shi ne mai gabatar da kara, tare da Gough Whitlam da Bill Hartley, na hanyar da ba ta yi nasara ba ga Saddam Hussein's Iraki don kyautar $ 500,000 don taimakawa wajen tallafawa yakin neman zaben Labour na shekara ta 1975. Koyaya tsohon shugaban jam'iyyar Labor, Bill Hayden, daga baya Gwamna Janar na Ostiraliya, a cikin tarihin kansa da aka buga a 1996, ya nuna shakku da wasu ke da shi game da zargi da aka haɗa wa Combe a kan lamarin lokacin da ya ce " ... ya bayyana cewa an bar sakataren jam'iyyar na kasa, David Combe, a ware shi a matsayin mai tserewa a cikin wannan ɓarna. "  A cikin taron, Labor ya rasa Zaben 1975. A cikin wata kasida da aka buga a cikin The Bulletin a watan Janairun 1982 Combe ya ba da shawarar cewa cin nasarar Labor wani bangare ne saboda tasirin CIA. : p.232 A cewar wata kasida ta C. J. Coventry, Combe ya kasance mai ba da labari ga Amurka kafin zaben 1975. 

#### Al'amarin Combe-Ivanov
 
A shekara ta 1983 an zargi Combe da cin zarafin tsaron kasa na Ostiraliya a cikin hulɗa da jami'in diflomasiyyar Soviet, Valery Ivanov.

Al'amarin Combe-Ivanov ya samo asali ne daga tafiya da Combe da matarsa suka yi zuwa USSR a 1982, yayin shirye-shiryen da suka sadu kuma suka haɓaka dangantaka da Valery Ivanov, sannan Sakatare na farko a Ofishin Jakadancin Soviet a Canberra. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kafa gwamnatin Hawke ASIO ta nuna damuwa cewa Combe, wanda ke da alaƙa da ALP, na iya zama ɗan ƙasar Soviet tare da alaƙa na KGB. Firayim Minista Bob Hawke ne ya kori Ivanov daga Ostiraliya a shekarar 1983.

## Manazarta
Hanyar keken Kogin Charles

**Hanyar Keke ta Charles River** hanya ce ta amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban a yankin Boston, Massachusetts . Wani ɓangare na hanyar an sanya masa suna ne bayan likitan zuciya Paul Dudley White, wani fitaccen mai fafutukar maganin rigakafi. Bincikensa ya sa ya yi shelar cewa " *Ina so in sa kowa ya hau keke.* "  A shekarar 1955, White ya yi aiki a matsayin likitan zuciya na shugaban Eisenhower kuma ya rubuta masa sanannen maganin keke bayan bugun zuciyarsa a shekarar 1955.

Hanya ta bi ta gabar kogin Charles daga Boston, Massachusetts zuwa Norumbega Park da ke Newton, tana ratsawa ta Watertown da Waltham .  Hanyar ta ƙunshi sassa da dama a cikin Wurin Ajiye Kogunan Charles da aka raba ta hanyar hanyoyin hanya da gada kuma ta zama wani ɓangare na hanyar East Coast Greenway da aka tsara, tsarin hanya mai nisan mil 3,000 wanda ke haɗa birane daga Maine zuwa Florida.

## Wurin Ajiye Kayan Ajiya na Kogin Upper Charles
Hanyar Keke ta Paul Dudley White tana gudana a ɓangarorin biyu na kogin a cikin Wurin Ajiye Keke na Kogin Charles . Daga Gidan Tarihi na Kimiyya da ke kan Gadar Dam ta Kogin Charles, suna gudu a kan titin tafiya ko kuma hanyar kwalta mai layi zuwa Dandalin Watertown (Titin Galen/gadar Hanya ta 16 ), madauri mai tsawon  .  Hanyoyin suna tafiya a gefen Cambridge da Watertown a arewa; da kuma unguwannin West End, Back Bay, da Allston-Brighton na Boston a gefen kudu.

Za a mayar da wani ɓangare na hanyar zuwa hanyar kogi a matsayin wani ɓangare na daidaita Massachusetts Turnpike . An sake gina yankin da ke tsakanin Longfellow Bridge da Boston University Boathouse a gefen Cambridge a tsakanin 2015-16.  A cikin 2019, DCR ta fara neman ra'ayoyin jama'a don shirin sake ginawa a gefen Cambridge daga gadar Boston University zuwa gadar Eliot .

A shekarar 2004, an kammala babban shirin dala miliyan 9 don faɗaɗa hanyar yamma daga Watertown Square zuwa Norumbega Park da ke Newton. 

Hanyar ta ci gaba a gefen arewa na kogin daga Watertown Square zuwa Bridge Street, inda aka sake tsallakawa daga Watertown zuwa Newton. An kammala wannan ɓangaren a shekarar 1997. 

Tafiyar kogin ta ci gaba da tafiya a gefen kudu, tana komawa bakin arewa a gadar Blue Heron, wacce aka gina a shekarar 2004 kawai don hanyar, sannan ta ci gaba zuwa titin Moody da ke Waltham, kusa da Gidan Tarihi na Masana'antu na Kogin Charles da Waltham Common . Hanyar ta miƙe sama da hanyoyin da tituna, zuwa Auburndale, unguwar Newton inda Norumbega Park take. 

## Manazarta
Himpunan Hijau

**Himpunan Hijau** (Turanci: "Green Assembly" ko "Green Rally") ƙungiya ce mai rajin kare muhalli ta Malaysia da ke zanga-zangar adawa da Lynas Advanced Materials Plant (LAMP), wata masana'antar sarrafa ƙasa mai wahalar samu da ke aiki a Gebeng, Kuantan, Pahang wanda kamfanin Lynas na Australiya ya kafa.   Ana zargin tsarin matatar mai da zubar da tan na sharar guba da rediyoaktif a rayuwar mazauna, abubuwan more rayuwa, muhalli da lafiyar tsararraki masu zuwa.  Ƙungiyar *Save Malaysia Stop Lynas* (SMSL) a halin yanzu tana ƙarƙashin jagorancin ɗan majalisar dokoki na Bentong ; Wong Tack . 

Cibiyar tace mai ta fara samar da tan 1,089 na iskar gas mai ƙarfi a cikin kwata na farko na 2014, tare da burin samar da tan 11,000 a kowace shekara.  A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2014, Hukumar Lasisin Makamashin Atomic ta Malaysia (AELB) ta ba Lynas lasisin aiki na tsawon shekaru 2 (FOSL). 

## Duba kuma

* Muhalli na Malaysia
* Lynas
* Wong Tack

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Kula da Ma'adanai da Makamashi

Cibiyar Kula da Ma'adanai da albarkatun makamashi (IMER) ita ce ma'anar hulɗa a Jami'ar Adelaide don abubuwan da suka shafi dabarun bincike da suka shafi ma'adanai le albarkatun makamashin. An kafa shi a cikin 2009 kuma ya ƙaddamar da Ministan Australiya na Ci gaban Ma'adanai, Paul Holloway a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2010.  Cibiyar ta janyo hankalin sama da dala miliyan 18.5 a cikin kudaden bincike da tallafin kamfanoni a shekarar farko. IMER tana sauƙaƙa bincike na hadin gwiwa tsakanin bangaren ilimi mafi girma da masana'antu  kuma tana iya ɗaukar siffar haɗin gwiwar aikin don biyan takamaiman bukatun kamfani, ba da shawara ta amfani da masu bincike na ilimi da ɗaliban PhD, haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyi don amfani da kudaden gwamnati da haɗin gwiwa na dogon lokaci wanda ke ba da fa'idodin juna. 

## Manyan ayyukan
A cikin shekara ta 2012, an ba da kyautar cibiyar sama da miliyan 1.5 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Canjin Masana'antu na Majalisar Bincike ta Australiya. Za a kashe kudade sama da shekaru shida yayin kafa cibiyar bincike don inganta samar da jan ƙarfe-uranium. BHP Billiton ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da IMER a kan aikin kuma tana ba da dala miliyan 2.5 a tsabar kudi tare da ƙarin gudummawa.

## Cibiyoyin Bincike na hadin gwiwa
Jami'ar Adelaide kuma tana da Cibiyoyin Bincike na hadin gwiwa guda uku (CRCs) waɗanda ke hulɗa tare da IMER, ma'aikatanta da ayyukan bincike. CRC don Greenhouse Gas Technologies yana mai da hankali kan fasahar kama carbon da adanawa kuma Energy Pipelines CRC yana mai daɗi da fasaha da matakai don kiyayewa da tsawaita bututun gas na yanzu da bukatun bututun mai na gaba. Deep Exploration Technologies CRC yana mai da hankali kan bunkasa hanyoyin da suka fi rahusa, mafi aminci da kuma inganci don hakowa, bincike da kuma niyya na zurfin ma'adanai. An ba da tallafin CRC na ƙarshe fiye da dala miliyan 145 ta hanyar haɗuwa da tallafin gwamnatin tarayya da tallafin kamfanoni, yana mai da shi "ƙwarewar bincike mai zaman kansa mafi kyau a duniya a binciken ma'adinai".

## Kwamitin ba da shawara

Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na IMER ya ƙunshi mambobi daga jami'a, gwamnatin Jiha da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.

## Manazarta
Sue Knight

**Sue Knight** masanin falsafa ne na Australiya, malami kuma masanin kimiyya wanda bincikensa ke mai da hankali kan koyar da ƙwarewar tunani da saka falsafar a cikin tsarin karatun makaranta. Ita ce marubucin tsarin karatun Primary Ethics, wanda aka miƙa shi a matsayin madadin Nassi a makarantun jama'a na New South Wales don ɗalibai daga Kindergarten zuwa Shekara 6 tun 2010.

## Ilimi
An ba Knight digirin digirgir a fannin Falsafa a shekarar 1978 daga Jami'ar Adelaide tare da rubutun da ke nazarin "Matsalar duniya, matsala ce ta asali a cikin Metaphysics".

A shekara ta 1981 ta sami digiri na farko na ilimi daga wannan jami'a. Bayan ya zama mai sha'awar aikin Matthew Lipman, Knight ya gudanar da wani bita na horo a Cibiyar Ci gaban Falsafa ga Yara (IAPC) wanda Dokta Lipman ya kafa a Jami'ar Jihar Montclair, New Jersey, Amurka. Shirin Falsafa don Yara yana da niyyar shigar da dalibai na kowane zamani (daga makarantar sakandare zuwa babban sakandare) a cikin binciken falsafa.

## Ayyuka
Ayyukan Knight sun mayar da hankali kan ci gaban ƙwarewar tunani da kuma saka falsafar a cikin tsarin karatun makaranta a duk matakan shekara.
 
A lokacin da ta dawo Ostiraliya, Knight ta ɗauki matsayi na ilimi da farko tare da Jami'ar Adelaide sannan kuma tare da Makarantar Ilimi ta Jami'ar Kudancin Ostiraliya.

Ayyukanta sun haifar da sa hannu a rubuce-rubucen Babban Darasi na Falsafa na Kudancin Australia kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban farko na Babban Kwamitin Bincike na Kudanci na Kudanfin Australia.

### New South Wales Ethics Course Trial

A shekara ta 2010 Knight ta kasance babban mai kimantawa na NSW Ethics Course Trial  kuma ta buga rahotonta na karshe a watan Satumbar 2010.  A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010 Majalisar dokokin New South Wales ta yi gyare-gyare ga *Dokar Ilimi ta New South Wales* don ba wa ɗaliban da ba su halarci azuzuwan Addini na Musamman (Littafi) a makarantun jama'a na NSW damar shari'a don halartar azuzuwan ka'idojin falsafa a matsayin zaɓi don kula da "bincike mai zaman kansa"

## Manazarta
Evaporimeter na ma'auni na ƙugiya

Na'urar **auna ƙugiya (Quoke ma'aunin evaporimeter)** kayan aiki ne na daidaici da ake amfani da shi don auna canje-canje a matakan ruwa saboda ƙafewa .  Ana amfani da shi don auna daidai matakin saman ruwa kyauta a matsayin tukunyar ƙafewa ko tanki. Manyan masu amfani da shi sune masana yanayi da injiniyoyin ruwa, musamman a ƙasashe masu zafi da bushewa inda kiyaye ruwa yake da matuƙar muhimmanci.

## Bayani
Na'urar ta ƙunshi ƙugiya mai kaifi da aka rataye daga silinda mai auna silinda, tare da jikin na'urar yana da hannaye waɗanda ke kan gefen rijiya mai tsayawa a cikin kaskon. Rijiyar da ke tsaye tana taimakawa wajen ware na'urar daga duk wani motsi da zai iya kasancewa a cikin samfurin da ake aunawa, yayin da take barin matakin ruwan ya daidaita. Ana ɗaukar ma'aunin ta hanyar juya maɓalli don saukar da ƙugiya ta saman ruwan har sai aikin capillary ya haifar da ƙaramin rami a kusa da ƙarshen ƙugiyar. Sannan ana juya maɓalli a hankali har sai ɓacin ya "faɗo," tare da ma'aunin da ke nuna a sikelin micrometer.

## Amfani
Ana ƙayyade ƙimar tururin ruwa ta hanyar jerin ma'auni a cikin tazara ta lokaci, yawanci bayan kowace awa 24.

## Duba kuma

* Na'urar auna yanayi

## Nassoshi
Honeywell T87

**Honeywell T87 Round Thermostat** wani ma'aunin zafi ne da Honeywell International, Inc. ta fara kera a shekarar 1953.  Henry Dreyfuss ya tsara ma'aunin zafi bisa ga wani ra'ayi da injiniyan Honeywell Carl Kronmiller ya gabatar. 

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* "Honeywell Round Thermostat"  a cikin *MNopedia, Minnesota Encyclopedia*
Sabis ɗin nishaɗi na gida

Tsarin **sabar nishaɗin gida** ya bambanta da tsarin cibiyoyin watsa labarai na gargajiya domin an tsara su tun daga farko don ajiya, gudanarwa da raba abubuwan nishaɗi, kamar yadda sabar fayil manufa ce ta raba fayilolin kwamfuta na gargajiya. An inganta waɗannan tsarin don raba fayilolin nishaɗi wanda ke ba da damar samun damar ɗakunan karatu a cikin sabar da yawa daga ɗakuna da yawa. Hakanan suna haɗa nau'ikan kayan aikin samun abun ciki ciki har da hanyar sadarwa ta raba, faifan gani da aka gina a ciki da masu gyara. Ana sarrafa waɗannan tsarin daga menu mai sauƙi na TV. Sabarori daban-daban suna da ajiyar ajiya mai ƙarfi wanda za a iya faɗaɗawa ciki har da faifan ciki, da na waje da jerin faifan diski cikin kewayon multiterabytes .

Telly (uwar garken nishaɗin gida) misali ne na irin wannan na'urar.
Makarantar Shari'a ta Adelaide

Adelaide Law School wata makarantar shari'a ce a Adelaide, Ostiraliya kuma tana daga cikin Jami'ar Adelaide . Ita ce makarantar shari'a ta biyu mafi tsufa a Ostiraliya da aka kafa a 1883 kuma tana ba da digiri na farko da digiri na biyu.

Akwai sanannun tsofaffi da yawa ciki har da: lauya John Finnis, alƙalin Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya James Crawford, tsohon Ministan Harkokin Waje Julie Bishop, tsohon Minista na Masana'antar Tsaro Christopher Pyne, Ministan Harashen Waje kuma Shugaban Gwamnati a Majalisar Dattijai Penny Wong, tsohon Firayim Minista na Kudancin Australia Jay Weatherill, da Firayim Ministan Mata na farko na Ostiraliya, Julia Gillard. A halin yanzu, shugaban makarantar shari'a shine Judith McNamara.

## Matsayi
Matsayin Jami'ar Duniya ta QS ta Batun 2014 - Shari'a  ya sanya Makarantar Shari'a ta Adelaide ta 46 a duniya kuma ta 6 a Ostiraliya. Kyakkyawan Gwamnatin Commonwealth don Bincike a Ostiraliya (ERA) 2012 ya ba da matsayi mai daraja na 4 (sama da matsakaicin duniya a kan Makarantar Shari'a ta Adelaide don ingancin kasa da kasa na binciken da mambobin ƙungiyar suka samar.

## Shahararrun ɗalibai

## Kungiyar Daliban Shari'a ta Jami'ar Adelaide
The Adelaide University Law Students' Society, ko "LSS", ƙungiya ce da aka kafa wacce duk ɗaliban da suka shiga makarantar Adelaide Law School mambobi ne ta atomatik. An kafa shi a cikin 1898 kuma shine ƙungiya ta biyu mafi tsufa ga ɗaliban shari'a a Ostiraliya. Dalibai na Makarantar Shari'a ta Adelaide ne ke gudanar da LSS kuma manufarta ita ce inganta rayuwar dalibai a makarantar. Ayyukanta na farko sune shirya abubuwan zamantakewa, kamar Law Ball na shekara-shekara, don shirya gasa, kamar tattaunawa da gabatar da kara, da kuma wakiltar ɗaliban ɗalibai a kan allon makarantar shari'a da kwamitocin.  Har ila yau, tana gudanar da wasu ayyukan da yawa da nufin taimaka wa ɗalibai da inganta lokacin su a makarantar. LSS kuma tana da alhakin tallafawa Adelaide Law School Revue.

## Manazarta
Sauti na kai staye daga Holographic

**Buga sauti kai tsaye na Holographic** ( **HDSP** ) hanya ce ta buga sauti ta 3D wadda ke amfani da holograms na acoustic, waɗanda masu bincike a Jami'ar Concordia suka ƙirƙiro.   Masu bincike sun yi iƙirarin cewa ana iya aiwatar da aikin bugawa sau 20 cikin sauri kuma yana gabatar da fa'idodin cewa ana iya ƙirƙirar abu a lokaci guda kuma ana iya ƙirƙirar abubuwa da yawa a lokaci guda. A cewar masu bincike, ana iya amfani da shi don bugawa a cikin saman da ba a iya gani, misali a cikin jikin ɗan adam, don haka yana buɗe sabbin damammaki a fannin magani. Ya dogara ne akan hanyar Buga Sauti kai tsaye, wanda aka gabatar a 2022. Masu bincike a Cibiyar Binciken Lafiya ta Max Planck da Jami'ar Heidelberg sun gabatar da irin wannan hanyar, don buga abubuwa 3D ta amfani da holograms na ultrasound, bisa ga tarkon acoustic, a watan Fabrairun 2023. 

## Duba kuma

* Maƙallan sauti

## Nassoshi
Coláiste Chiaráin (Athlone)

Coláiste Chiaráin makarantar sakandare ce ta Katolika ta haɗin kai a Summerhill a gefen yammacin Athlone, County Roscommon, Ireland.  An kafa makarantar a cikin 2017 bayan haɗakarwar St Joseph's Convent Summerhill, da St. Aloysius College, Athlone, kuma tana aiki a ƙarƙashin amintaccen Diocese na Elphin.  Makasudin ginin harabar ɗakin bene mai hawa uku a Summerhill ya fara amfani da shi a cikin 2020 kuma an buɗe shi bisa hukuma a watan Mayu 2023.  Kamar yadda na 2023 ya kula da kusan ɗalibai 770 daga Athlone da kewaye.

## Tarihi
Shirye-shiryen sabuwar makarantar sakandare ta hadin gwiwa ta diocesan da ke hidima a yammacin Athlone an ɓullo da ita a tsakiyar 2010s ƙarƙashin kulawar Diocese na Elphin.[1] A cikin Fabrairu 2016 diocese ta ba da sanarwar cewa sabuwar makarantar, da za a kasance a Summerhill, za a kira Coláiste Chiaráin kuma za a ƙirƙira ta ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar Kwalejin St Aloysius da Kwalejin St Joseph.[2]. An bayyana sabuwar makarantar a lokacin a matsayin makarantar sakandare daya tilo da ke yammacin Athlone, wacce ke hidimar dalibai har 800.

An kafa kwamitin gudanarwa na wucin gadi, kuma a cikin Janairu 2017 an nada Brendan Waldron a matsayin shugaban makarantar farko.[1] Coláiste Chiaráin ya buɗe wa ɗalibai a farkon shekarar makaranta ta 2017-18, da farko yana amfani da wuraren da ake da su a wurin Summerhill yayin da ake shirin gina sabon gini da sayan.[2]

An ci gaba da gina sabon ginin makaranta da aka gina a Summerhill a ƙarƙashin shirin ginin makarantar bayan firamare na Sashen Ilimi. A shekara ta 2017 wakilan gida sun ba da rahoton ci gaban aikin bayan amincewar ministoci.[1] Sabon ginin bene mai hawa uku, wanda ke da fili kusan 10,864 m2, an gina shi ne a harabar Summerhill kuma ya haɗa da rusa tsarin makarantun sakandaren da ake da su.[2][3]

## Manazarta
John William Magarey Lawton

**John William Magarey Lawton** (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Afrilu 1939) masanin rigakafi ne na Australiya kuma mawaƙi wanda ke da aiki a Hong Kong.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Lawton a Adelaide, ga Edgar Vincent Lawton da Kathleen Elsie Lawton, née Magarey, na 3 Hilda Terrace, Hawthorn, Kudancin Australia. Ya girma a cikin yanayi mai kyau a cikin iyali mai kusa, mai kiɗa, mai zuwa coci, kuma ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Prince Alfred, inda ya kasance dalibi mai lashe kyautar. Ya yi karatun violin, ya sami tallafin karatu na Gladys Lloyd Thomas a shekara ta 1954,  kuma ya kasance memba na Kudancin Australia Symphony Orchestra . 

## Ayyukan likita
Ya yi karatun likitanci a Jami'ar Adelaide, ya kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin kiwon lafiya da na farko a 1963, yana aiki a matsayin jami'in kiwon lafiyar mazaunin Asibitin Sarauniya Elizabeth 1963-1964 da Asibitin Yara na Adelaide 1964-1965. Ya yi aiki a matsayin abokin bincike, Jami'ar Adelaide 1965-1967. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa, ya sami Dokta na Medicine a 1968 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai rajista a Asibitin Royal Adelaide 1968-1970. Ya tafi Amurka, ya sami ƙarin ƙwarewar bincike a sashen microbiology, Jami'ar Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1970-1972, sannan ya yi shekaru uku a Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh a matsayin babban mai rajista, haematology da ƙarin jini. A nan ne ya shiga MRCP.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Lokacin da yake Hong Kong, an lissafa ayyukan shakatawarsa a matsayin yin yawo a kan dutse, kabewa, iyo da kuma yin kwale-kwale. Yana koyon yin Sinanci. Yana kuma jin daɗin buga piano, kuma sanannen mai goge ne wanda ya buga a ƙungiyoyin makada da dama.  a Ostiraliya.

## Manazarta
Garfen da Ake Hagarami

**Buɗe rami** wata na'ura ce da ake amfani da ita don faɗaɗa ramin rijiya yayin aikin haƙa rijiya . Ana iya sanya shi ko dai a saman ramin haƙa ko kuma sama da injin haƙa rami a cikin ramin da ke akwai. Amfanin ya kama daga ayyukan haƙa hydrocarbon zuwa haƙa ruwa ko haƙa rami a kwance. Ana kuma amfani da masu buɗe rami lokacin da dole ne a yi haƙa rami, tunda kayan aikin haƙa rami gabaɗaya ba za su iya ɗaukar ramukan da suka fi inci 17 da rabi diamita ba. 

Hannun buɗe rami dole ne su ɗauki nauyi mai yawa yayin aiki  kuma galibi ana yin su ne da ƙarfe mai inganci, wanda aka haɗa a jikin ƙarfe mai ƙarfi. Wasu ƙira suna da hannayen da za a iya maye gurbinsu, wanda ke ba da damar canje-canje a girma amma yana rage ƙarfin gaba ɗaya. Akwai ƙira da yawa, a cikin girma dabam dabam daga inci biyu zuwa sama da 50". Suna iya samun masu yanke birgima ko ruwan wukake, kuma ana iya amfani da su don aikace-aikacen zagayawa kai tsaye ko na baya. 

## Duba kuma

* Mai yanka casing
* Injin haƙa rami
* Injin haƙa mai (mai)
* Ja bit
* Ramin haƙa rami
* Mai daidaita hakowa

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Nau'ikan Buɗe Rami
* Buɗe ramin Halliburton PDC
Masarrafa daga Abu

**Mai sarrafa ɗagawa** shine mai kula da ɗagawa . Kalmar ana amfani da ita ne musamman a cikin mahallin ɗagawa da ake amfani da wutar lantarki, amma a bayyane yake cewa tsarin sarrafawa na ɗagawa da yawa na tururi na ƙarni na 20 sun haɗa da masu sarrafawa masu rikitarwa. Yi la'akari da tsarin sarrafawa na Hawan Quincy Ma'adinai Mai Lamba 2.  Wannan tsarin sarrafawa ya haɗa da makullan da ke rufe bawul ɗin matsi a ƙarshen tafiya da kuma hana sake buɗe matsi har sai injin mai lanƙwasa ya juya. Tsarin sarrafawa ya kuma haɗa da governor don sarrafa saurin ɗagawa da ƙafafun nuni don nuna wa mai sarrafa ɗagawa matsayin tsallaka a cikin ma'adinan .

Masu sarrafa ɗagawa na injin haƙar ma'adinai na zamani sun daɗe suna da siffofi kamar fara ɗagawa ta atomatik lokacin da nauyin kwal ko ma'adinai a cikin tsallaka ya kai wani matsayi, hanzarta ɗagawa ta atomatik zuwa cikakken gudu da kuma rage gudu ta atomatik a ƙarshen tafiya.  Masu sarrafa ɗagawa suna buƙatar duka nassoshi na gudu da matsayi cikakke, waɗanda aka saba ɗauka daga ganga mai lanƙwasa na ɗagawa.  Masu sarrafa ɗagawa na zamani suna maye gurbin yawancin hanyoyin analog na injina na masu sarrafawa na baya da tsarin sarrafawa na dijital.

## Duba kuma

* Na'urar ɗaga ƙugiya ta na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa

## Nassoshi
HP 10s

An gabatar da shi ta HP ga ɗalibai, **HP&nbsp;10s** (F2214A) kalkuleta ne na kimiyya wanda ke da ayyuka sama da 240 da aka gina a ciki, tare da layuka 2 x lambobi 10 na LCD . An yarda a yi amfani da shi a gwaje-gwajen SAT da ACT . 

Yana da tsarin kimiyya na yau da kullun da kuma tsarin aiki wanda ke da alaƙa sosai da Casio fx-85MS, wanda ke ba da damar yin lissafi cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci.

A shekarar 2022, kamfanin Moravia Consulting ya ƙaddamar da **HP** .**&nbsp;10sII** don kasuwar Ostiraliya.

## Duba kuma

* Kalkuleta na kimiyya

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Sharhin HP na HP&nbsp;Kalkuleta na Kimiyya na 10s
* Kalkuleta na Kimiyya na HP 10s - Jagorar Mai Amfani 
* 
* Mai kwaikwayon HP 10s
Yakin Kashe Makaman Nukiliya (NZ)

An kafa **ƙungiyar Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (NZ)** tare a Christchurch, New Zealand, a shekarar 1959 tare da taimakon Elsie Locke da Mary Woodward.  Mabel Hetherington, wacce ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin masu fafutukar zaman lafiya daga Ingila, ita ce ke da alhakin kafa ƙungiyar a Auckland lokacin da ta ƙaura zuwa New Zealand bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Tare da Alison Duff da Pat Denby, Hetherington ta yi ta a Auckland har zuwa shekarun 1960.  Galibi daga ƙungiyar Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (NZ) da Peace Media ne Greenpeace New Zealand ta samo asali. 

A shekarar 1959, yayin da take mayar da martani ga karuwar damuwar jama'a bayan gwajin H-Bomb na Birtaniya a Ostiraliya, New Zealand ta kaɗa ƙuri'a a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don yin Allah wadai da gwajin nukiliya yayin da Burtaniya, Amurka da Faransa suka kaɗa ƙuri'a a kan hakan, kuma Ostiraliya ta kaurace. A farkon shekarun 1960, Gangamin Kwantar da Makamai na Nukiliya New Zealand ta shirya zanga-zanga da jawabai a duk faɗin ƙasar don nuna damuwar da ake da ita game da gwajin nukiliya na Faransa a sararin samaniyar Mururoa a yankin Polynesia na Faransa . A shekarar 1961, tare da goyon bayan wasu ƙungiyoyin zaman lafiya, Gangamin Kwantar da Makamai na Nukiliya New Zealand ta bukaci gwamnatin New Zealand da ta ayyana cewa "ba za ta mallaki ko amfani da makaman nukiliya ba" kuma ta janye daga kawancen nukiliya kamar ANZUS . A shekarar 1963, ƙungiyar ta gabatar da buƙatar 'Babu Bombs a Kudancin Layin' tare da sa hannu 80,238 ga Majalisar Dokokin New Zealand, tana kira ga gwamnati da ta ɗauki nauyin taron ƙasa da ƙasa don tattauna batun kafa yankin da ba shi da makaman nukiliya a yankin kudu. Wannan ita ce babbar buƙatar New Zealand tun bayan wanda aka yi a shekarar 1893 yana neman kuri'u ga mata . 

A shekarar 1972, a wani yakin neman zabe da Greenpeace ta yi, an sake wa jirgin ruwan Vega suna "Greenpeace III", kuma ya yi zanga-zanga mai tsauri zuwa yankin da ba a iya amfani da makamin nukiliya a Mururoa Atoll.  Jirgin ruwan yakin Faransa ya yi wa jirgin ruwan Vega kawanya, kuma David McTaggart (wanda ya kafa Greenpeace International) ya sha kaye sosai a hannun 'yan sandan Faransa a wani tafiya ta biyu a shekarar 1973.  Tallafin da kasashen duniya suka yi wa lamarin ya nuna farkon zanga-zangar shekaru talatin da suka gabata kan gwajin makamin nukiliya a Mururoa, inda Faransa ta aiwatar da haramcin gwajin makami a shekarar 1996. A shekarar 1987, majalisar dokokin New Zealand ta amince da Dokar Yankin Nukiliya, Kwantar da Makamai, da Kula da Makamai na New Zealand ta 1987, inda ta ayyana kasar da yankunanta a matsayin yankin da ba a iya amfani da makamin nukiliya ba .

Shugabannin biyu na Yaƙin Kwace Makamai Masu Guba a New Zealand a shekarun 1970 sun ci gaba da aiki a majalisar dokoki. Shugaba Richard Northey ONZM ya kasance ɗan majalisar Eden daga 1984 zuwa 1990 da kuma ɗan majalisar Onehunga daga 1993 zuwa 1996. Mataimakin Shugabansa, Mike Rann CNZM ya kasance Firimiyan Kudancin Ostiraliya daga 2002 zuwa 2011.

## Manazarta
Haɗin Hoecken

A cikin kinematics, **haɗin Hoecken** (wanda aka sanya wa suna don Karl Hoecken )  haɗin sanduna huɗu ne wanda ke canza motsi na juyawa zuwa kimanin motsi na layi madaidaiciya . Haɗin Hoecken haɗin haɗin gwiwa ne na haɗin Chebyshev da Tsarin Lambda na Chebyshev .

An fara buga wannan haɗin a shekarar 1926.  

Gabaɗaya **haɗin Hoecken** shine sandar Wittgenstein .

## Duba kuma

* Haɗin Chebyshev da haɗin lambda na Chebyshev, haɗin da ke samar da wuri iri ɗaya ba tare da buƙatar haɗin gwiwa mai zamiya ba.
* Tsarin layi madaidaiciya
* Haɗin sanduna huɗu

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
On Dit

**On Dit** Jaridar dalibai ce da ake bugawa kowane mako biyu a lokacin semester, wanda Jami'ar Adelaide Union da tallace-tallace suka tallafawa. An kafa shi a 1932, shi ne jaridar dalibai ta biyar mafi tsufa a Ostiraliya, bayan Farrago (an buga 1925), Honi Soit (an buga 1929), Pelican (an buga 1930) da Togatus (an buga 1931). An fara buga Semper Floreat a wannan shekarar kamar On Dit .  Takardar ta maye gurbin Varsity Ragge wanda ya gudana daga 1928 zuwa 1931, ya ƙare saboda abin da On Dit ya bayyana a cikin bugawa ta farko a matsayin 'rashin tausayi na ɗalibai'. Varsity Ragge ya dawo a 1934 don fitowa guda ɗaya a matsayin abokin hamayya ga On Dit . 

## Sunan
On-dit (Faransa pronunciation: [ɔ̃ di]) kalma ce don jin daɗi; fassararsa ta zahiri ita ce "ɗaya ya ce," amma Faransanci yana amfani da ita kamar yadda ake amfani da "su" a Turanci. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ƙananan fassarori ("don haka na ji," "abin da mutane ke fada," "rukunin," "sun ce," "mun ce," 'mutane suna cewa") na iya zama mafi dacewa. A cikin zanga-zanga game da Gwajin nukiliya na Faransa a cikin Pacific, a cikin 1972 editocin sun ki amfani da taken asalin harshen Faransanci na takarda kuma sun maye gurbin.

## Tarihi
Jaridar ta fara ne a matsayin shafi biyu amma a cikin 'yan shekaru da sauri ta girma zuwa shafuka huɗu. Editoci na farko sune C. R. Badger (Arts), K. L. Litchfield (Law) da C. G. Kerr (Arts"),  wadanda suka buga bugu na farko a ranar 15 ga Afrilu 1932.  A farkon shekarunta, On Dit ya fi mayar da hankali kan ayyukan da abubuwan da suka faru na kungiyoyi da al'ummomi a harabar North Terrace na Jami'ar Adelaide.

Tun daga farko, jaridar ta jawo fushin gwamnatin jami'a. Editansa na farko ya soki wasu ka'idojin ɗakin karatu na Barr Smith - zargi da ba a karɓa da kyau a lokacin ba. A cikin ƙungiyar edita ta Dit a cikin shekara ta biyar ta wanzuwarta, Helen Wighton da Finlay Crisp, daga baya sun yi aure.

## Manazarta
Labaran ARY

***ARY News HD*** (Urdu) tashar labarai ce ta Pakistan da aka ƙaddamar a ranar 26 ga Satumba 2004 da sunan "ARY One", daga baya aka sake wa tashar suna zuwa "ARY One World" har zuwa watan Mayu 2009 lokacin da aka sake sanya mata suna zuwa "ARY News". Tashar labarai ce mai harsuna biyu a Turanci da Urdu, wani ɓangare ne na ARY Digital Network, wanda wani reshe ne na ARY Group. ARY wata kalma ce ta Abdul Razzak Yaqoob da Salman Iqbal, wanda shine mamallakin ARY Group. Babban ofishin ARY da ke Karachi, Pakistan.

## Tashoshi 'yan'uwa mata

* ARY Digital - tashar nishaɗi ta gabaɗaya
* ARY Music - tashar kiɗa
* ARY Qtv - tashar addini
* ARY Zindagi - tashar nishaɗi ta gabaɗaya
* Tashar wasanni - wasanni
* ARY Sahulat Bazar - ARY Siyayya Kan layi

## Shirye-shirye

* *Masu Laifi da Aka Fi Neman Kudi* 
* *Sar e Aam*
* *Babu Tarihi* 
* *Sawal Yeh Hai* 
* *Sa'a ta 11* 
* *Hoshyarian* 
* *Bakhabar Savera* 
* *Aiteraz Hai* 
* *Jahan Bean* 
* *Masu Rahoto* 
* *Har Lamha Purjosh* 

### Tsoffin shirye-shirye

* *Ab Tak* 
* *Andar Ki Baat* 
* *Anjaam* 
* *Jurm Bolta Hai* 
* *Shirin Safe* 
* *Ƙarfin Wasa* 

## Samuwar ƙasa da ƙasa
Ana samun labaran ARY a Amurka ta hanyar Dish Network. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin tashoshin labarai a Pakistan

## Manazarta
Aulnay, Charente-Maritime

**Aulnay**, wanda aka fi sani da **Aulnay-de-Saintonge** (Faransa pronunciation: [onɛ də sɛ̃tɔ̃ʒ]), wani Garin ne a Charente-Maritime, sashen da ke yankin Nouvelle-Aquitaine (kafin 2015: Poitou-Charentes), Faransa .

Aulnay yana kan hanyar *Via Turonensis* . Ɗaya daga cikin Hanyoyin St. James kimanin 45&nbsp;kilomita gabas ta kudu maso gabashin Surgères da kuma 17&nbsp;km arewa-maso-gabas da Saint-Jean-d'Angély .

Ƙungiyar tana ɗaukar nauyin kuɗin ƙauyen La Cressoniere a yammacin garin, Pinsenelle arewa maso yammacin garin, da kuma Salles-lès-Aulnay a gabashin garin. Baya ga yankin birni na garin, ƙungiyar gaba ɗaya gona ce. 

### Hydrography
Kogin *Brédoire* yana ratsawa ta cikin garin kuma garin daga gabas zuwa yamma ya haɗu da *[[Boutonne]]* a Nuaillé-sur-Boutonne . Duk da cewa wani ƙaramin kogi *Brédoire* ya mamaye garin a watan Disamba na 1982. *Palud* yana ratsawa ta arewacin garin daga gabas don shiga *Brédoire* a La Cressoniere. *Saudrenne* yana ratsawa daga gabas a kudancin garin wanda ke zama wani ɓangare na iyakar kudu kafin ya ci gaba da shiga *Boutonne* a Saint-Pardoult . 

## Tarihi

### Aulnay a zamanin Daular Romawa
A da ana kiransa *Aunedonnacum* a cikin jadawalin Antoninus Pius da *Auedonnaco* a Tabula Peutingeriana . &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

### Aulnay a Zamanin Tsakiya

A matsayin babban birnin ikon gudanar da harkokin kuɗi, Aulnay ta riga ta kasance wurin zama na sarauta a shekara ta 925, kamar yadda gudummawar da *Cadelon I* ya bayar ga wasu abbys ta shaida. Viscounts na Aulnay (ko Viscounts na Aunay) zuri'ar wasu iyalai masu daraja ne a Poitou da Saintonge kuma suna zaune a cikin wani gidan sarauta wanda aka rushe a shekara ta 1818 amma hasumiyarsa har yanzu tana nan.  

### Aulnay a cikin zamani zamani
Sunan da aka fi sani da Aulnay shine Aulnay-de-Saintonge amma a ƙarƙashin Ancien Régime Aulnay (wanda galibi ake rubutawa Aunay) bai kasance na lardin Saintonge ba amma na Lardin Poitou da Diocese na Poitiers .

Bisa ga doka mai kwanan wata 12 ga Disamba 1973, kwaminan Salles-lès-Aulnay sun haɗu da kwaminan Aulnay.

Aulnay ita ce babban birnin gundumar Aulnay-de-Saintonge wadda ke da mafi girman yanki a sashen Charente-Maritime.

### Manazarta
Lydia Yaako Donkor

**Lydia Yaako Donkor** (an haife ta a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 1974) lauya ce kuma jami'ar 'yan sanda ta Ghana. Tana aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan 'Yan Sanda kuma Darakta Janar na Sashen Binciken Laifuka (CID) na Hukumar 'Yan Sandan Ghana. Donkor kuma ita ce Shugabar Ƙungiyar 'Yan Sanda Mata ta Ƙwallon ƙafa kuma Shugabar Kwamitin Tsaro da Tsaro na Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghana (GFA).

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Donkor a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 1974. Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta Wesley, Cape Coast. Ta sami digirin farko a fannin Shari'a da Kimiyyar Siyasa daga Jami'ar Ghana, sannan ta sami horo na ƙwararru a Makarantar Shari'a ta Ghana . Daga baya ta yi digirin LL.M. a fannin Shari'ar Ƙasa da Haƙƙin Dan Adam daga Jami'ar Leeds da ke Burtaniya.  

## Sana'a
Donkor ta fara aikin lauya a matsayin mataimakiya a Acquah ‑Sampson & Associates, tana shiga cikin shari'o'i da tsara dokoki. Daga baya ta yi aiki tare da Hukumar Taimakon Shari'a a Takoradi, inda ta kula da shari'o'in da suka shafi jinsi da haƙƙin yara. 

Ta shiga aikin 'Yan sandan Ghana a shekarar 2003 a matsayin jami'ar shari'a kuma ta samu ci gaba har ta zama lauya mafi girma a cikin wannan aikin. Ayyukanta na baya sun haɗa da:

* Shugaban Lauyoyi da Masu Shari'a a kwamitocin yankuna daban-daban
* Kwamandan Yanki da Gundumar a Tesano-Accra
* Memba na 'Yan sandan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNPOL) a Laberiya, yana mai da hankali kan tantancewa da ladabtarwa
* Darakta Janar na Ofishin Kula da Ka'idojin 'Yan Sanda (PPSB) 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Lydia Donkor 'yar Jane Christie Donkor ce, Kwamishinar 'Yan Sanda mace ta farko a Ghana, wacce aka naɗa a shekara ta 2000.  An san ta da cewa mai sha'awar Hearts of Oak da Arsenal FC ce .

## Manazarta
Tarihi da Fasaha

Alaƙar da ke tsakanin tarihi da fasaha tana da fuskoki da yawa kuma mai sarkakiya. Tarihi yana ba da yanayi don fahimtar ci gaban fasaha da tasirinsa, yayin da fasaha na iya tsara abubuwan tarihi da canjin zamantakewa. Matsayin tarihi wajen fahimtar fasaha, da kuma akasin haka, yana da mahimmanci don gane mahimmancin kirkire-kirkire, gano alamu a cikin ci gaban fasaha, da kuma guje wa tarkon ci gaban fasaha.

## Mahadar Bayani & Haɗin Waje
Kamfanin Injiniya na WC https://wc.engineering/research/history-and-technology***Tarihi da Fasaha*** mujalla ce ta ilimi da aka yi nazari a kanta a kowace kwata, wadda aka keɓe don buga takardu kan dukkan fannoni na tarihin fasaha . An kafa ta a shekarar 1983. Ɗaya daga cikin editocin da suka kafa ta shine Pietro Redondi . Batutuwan sun fara ne tun daga zamanin da da na gargajiya har zuwa yau. A baya Gordon & Breach ne ya buga ta, mai buga ta yanzu shine Taylor & Francis .

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*
Prosh (Jami'ar Adelaide)

Prosh a **Jami'ar Adelaide** taron shekara-shekara ne wanda Ƙungiyar ɗalibai ta shirya. An kafa shi a hukumance a 1905 a matsayin hanyar da dalibai za su yi wasa da kuma yin ba'a a cibiyoyin da aka kafa a Kudancin Australia a lokacin fareti, taron tun daga 1954 ya haɗa da sayar da jaridar Prosh mai ban dariya don tara kuɗi don agaji. Wannan taron ya ƙare tare da taron zamantakewa na Prosh After **Farko** a UniBar wanda ya samo asali ne daga Prosh Ball na shekara-shekara. Ana kuma gudanar da irin wannan taron a Jami'ar Western Australia .

## Tarihi

Kungiyar dalibai ta shirya abubuwan da suka *Farko* a mako-mako na Prosh wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar al'adar tsakiya na *ragging* ko "nuni mai yawa na halayyar rikice-rikice, wanda aka gudanar da shi cikin rashin amincewa da iko ko horo".   *Shirin* shekara-shekara ya fara ne a 1905 a matsayin hanyar da dalibai za su yi wa cibiyoyin da aka kafa a Kudancin Australia ba'a, kodayake ragging a jami'ar ya samo asali ne daga ƙarshen karni na 19. A cikin misali daya, agogon ƙararrawa da yawa da dalibai suka saita kuma suka ɓoye a bayan littattafai sun yi katsewa akai-akai yayin bikin 1896 a tsohon ɗakin karatu na Mitchell Building. A cikin zamani Prosh parade ya hada da live band performances a kan flatbed motoci, dalibai kulob-made floats da giya cruisers dauke da inebriated dalibai. Daga cikin sanannun wasan kwaikwayo, ɗalibai sun dakatar da mota a Jami'ar Adelaide Footbridge a 1974 sama da Kogin Torrens a matsayin wani ɓangare na Operation Bridge-hang.

### Jaridar Prosh

Tun daga shekara ta 1954, taron ya hada da sayar da jaridu na satirical a cikin saitunan jama'a.   The *Prosh Rag*, daga baya fitowar shekara-shekara ta mujallar On Dit, ta ƙunshi nassoshi masu ban dariya ga sanannun mutane daban-daban na ranar. Dalibai sun sayar da shi a kan titunan birni don tara kudade don sadaka a matsayin ƙoƙari na halatta taron biyo bayan ƙoƙarin hana shi a farkon shekarun 1950. Tun aƙalla shekarun 1960, taron da mujallar sau da yawa suna da hannu a cikin batutuwa masu rikitarwa ciki har da shigar Australia cikin Yakin Vietnam, wariyar launin fata, Yaƙin nukiliya, Hakkin Aboriginal da kuma babban gudanarwar jami'ar. Bayan ƙarshen ilimin jami'a kyauta, taron ya ragu a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan sakamakon karuwar aikin da ɗalibai suka yi da kuma hauhawar kafofin watsa labarun don gwagwarmaya. Prosh mako ya ƙare tare da Prosh Bayan Dark zamantakewar zamantakewa a cikin UniBar wanda ya samo asali ne daga Prosh Ball.

## Manazarta
Manus (mai ba da shawara ga AI)

**Manus** (ma'ana *hannu* a Latin ) wani jami'in leƙen asiri ne mai zaman kansa wanda kamfanin da ya ƙirƙiri Monica, hedikwata a Singapore ya ƙirƙira. An tsara wakilin don gudanar da ayyuka masu rikitarwa na gaske ba tare da jagorancin ɗan adam kai tsaye ko ci gaba ba. Wasu a cikin kafofin watsa labarai sun yi iƙirarin cewa yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai masu zaman kansu na farko a duniya waɗanda da alama suna da ikon tunani mai zaman kansu, tsara shirye-shirye masu ƙarfi, da yanke shawara.  

Xiao Hong shine babban mutum a bayan Manus.im. A farkon aikinsa, ya kafa Nightingale Technology, wacce ta ƙirƙiri kayan aikin samarwa kamar "Yi Ban Assistant" da "Wei Ban Assistant", waɗanda dandamali ne da ke amfani da fasahar AI waɗanda aka yi amfani da su sosai tsakanin masu amfani da kamfanoni. An san shi da tsarin "kitbashing", Xiao ya mai da hankali kan manufar haɓaka dandamali da aka kafa, kamar WeChat, ta hanyar haɗa ƙarfin AI cikin tsarin da suke da shi. 

## Tarihi
An kafa Manus ne don ƙirƙirar wakilan leƙen asiri na wucin gadi waɗanda za su iya aiki da kansu, bisa ga manyan samfuran harshe (LLM). An ƙaddamar da Manus a hukumance a ranar 6 ga Maris, 2025. *VentureBeat* ya bayyana Manus a matsayin babban ci gaba saboda yana iya sarrafa ayyuka masu rikitarwa da kansa, gami da rubutu da tura lambar.  An bayyana Manus a matsayin wani muhimmin ci gaba a cikin ci gaban leƙen asiri na wucin gadi saboda ikonsa na aiki gaba ɗaya ba tare da sa hannun ɗan adam kai tsaye ba da kuma kammala ayyuka masu rikitarwa da kansa, gami da rubuta da tura lambar. 

### Saye ta hanyar Meta Platforms
A watan Disamba na 2025, Meta ta sanar da cewa za ta sayi Manus, kamfanin da ke bayan wakilin Manus AI. Meta ba ta bayyana sharuddan kuɗi ba; rahoton ya nuna cewa yarjejeniyar ta kai tsakanin dala biliyan 2-3 na Amurka. Meta ta ce za ta ci gaba da aiki da sayar da sabis ɗin Manus tare da haɗa fasaharta cikin kayayyaki ciki har da Meta AI . Manus ta ce za ta ci gaba da bayar da biyan kuɗi ta hanyar manhajarta da gidan yanar gizonta kuma ta ci gaba da zama a Singapore.  

## Manazarta
Rediyon Adelaide

**Rediyon Adelaide** (alamu na kira: 5UV) ita ce tashar rediyo ta farko a Ostiraliya. Siginar ta kai ga yankin Adelaide zuwa Mid North, da Yorke Peninsula da Fleurieu Peninsula, da kudancin Barossa, Kangaroo Island, Riverland, da kuma wasu sassan Eyre Peninsula da ke watsa shirye-shirye a 13 kilowatts a kan 101.5 MHz FM. Ikon watsawa ya kasance kawai 7 kW har zuwa haɓakawa a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba 2006.&nbsp;&nbsp;

## Tsarin ƙungiya
Rediyon Adelaide *Waya* da ikon cin gashin kansa duk da cewa Jami'ar Adelaide ce ta mallake shi har zuwa 2016, lokacin da jami'ar ta sayar da gidan rediyo kuma ta canja lasisin watsa shirye-shirye ga masu watsa shirye-aikacen ilimi Adelaide Inc (EBA). Tashar tana gudanar da ma'aikatan sa kai sama da ɗari biyar da kuma ƙananan ma'aikatan da aka biya. Saboda Rediyon Adelaide tashar rediyo ce ta al'umma, akwai nau'ikan shirye-shirye da yawa ciki har da wasan kwaikwayo, kiɗa, da dai sauransu. Saboda wannan, Rediyon Adélaide yana amfani da shirye-shiryen layi don tabbatar da daidaito da daidaituwa. Shirye-shiryen Rediyo Adelaide ana bayar da su ne ta hanyar mai sa kai da kuma kungiyoyin samun dama waɗanda ke biyan kuɗi a lokacin iska. Babban mai siye na lokacin samun dama shine "Student Radio" tarin shirye-shiryen rediyo da daliban jami'a suka bayar daga Jami'ar Adelaide, Jami'ar Flinders da Jami'ar Kudancin Australia. Bayan gabatarwar kungiyar dalibai ta son rai an rage sa'o'in da Rediyon dalibai ke watsawa,  yana mai da shirin "Roundabout" mafi girma mai siye na lokacin samun dama. Rediyon Adelaide yana aiki tare da tashoshin rediyo na al'umma 2SER Sydney da 4EB Brisbane don ba da gudummawa ga abun ciki ga shirin rediyo na yau da kullun na kasa The Wire ta hanyar daidaitawa, wadata da haɓaka labarun.

## Tarihi
A cikin 1970, Kenneth Stirling, mai lissafin kuɗi wanda ya yi aiki ga kamfanin hakar ma'adinai, ba tare da sunansa ba ya ba da gudummawar $ 100,000 ga Jami'ar Adelaide don kafa gidan rediyo na ilimi. Wani ra'ayi ne wanda manyan mutane a jami'ar ke da sha'awar fadada damar samun ilimi, amma kuma wani sabon abu ne da kuma kirkirar abubuwa, saboda babu irin wannan tashoshin a Ostiraliya. Stirling ya mutu a shekara ta 1973 kuma gudummawar da ba a san shi ba ta zama ta jama'a. Lokacin da aka buɗe 5UV a 1972, yana da lasisi na musamman, amma ƙarfin samun damar watsa shirye-shirye na al'umma yana faruwa a cikin ƙasa kuma ya zama lasisin 'radio na jama'a' a 1974 tare da ƙarin tashoshin 11 duk a wasu jihohin Australiya. Kyautar Stirling ta ba da 5UV Radio Adelaide wuri na musamman a matsayin tashar farko a cikin sashin rediyo na al'umma daban-daban na Ostiraliya.

## Manazarta
Hogel

**Hogel** (wani hoto na kalmomin *holographic* da *element* ) wani ɓangare ne na hologram mai haske, musamman wanda kwamfuta ta samar . Ana ɗaukarsa ƙaramin abu mai haske na holographic ko HOE kuma tasirinsa gaba ɗaya ga na hologram na yau da kullun kawai cewa ƙudurin ya yi ƙasa kuma yana ɗauke da tsarin pixelated.  Jerin waɗannan abubuwan suna samar da cikakken hoton rikodin holographic, wanda yawanci ana nuna shi a cikin na'urar kallon kyauta ta 3D. 

Sabanin pixels 2D, hogels suna ɗauke da alkibla da ƙarfin haskoki masu haske daga fuskoki da yawa kuma a zahiri shine abin da ake kira micro-image a cikin kalmomin hoton plenoptic. Ana yin hogels na roba ta hanyar yanka biyu, yanke da da'ira ko kuma bin diddigin hasken polygonal/voxel/ray-casting. Bincike kan samar da ingantaccen tsari da matse hogels na iya ba da damar nunin holografi ya zama mai yawa.

Ana iya amfani da jerin hogels don sake gina filin haske ta hanyar fitar da haske ta hanyar jerin microlens ko ta hanyar hologram masu haske/watsa hotuna. Amfani da hogels yana kawar da iyakancewa akan adadi da girman pixels da kuma girman ruwan tabarau waɗanda suka ƙunshi jerin ruwan tabarau saboda holograms ba abubuwa bane na zahiri.  Bayanan da aka yi rikodin a cikin hogel suna ta hanyar hasken abu. 

## Ci gaba
Mark Lucente ne ya ƙirƙiro kalmar "hogel" wanda ya fara amfani da ita a cikin takardar digirin digirgir ta MIT ta shekarar 1994. 

Misalai na baya-bayan nan sun haɗa da takarda da aka gabatar a taron shekara-shekara na SMPTE na 2 a kan Stereoscopic 3D don Media da Nishaɗi mai taken "The First 20 Years of Holographic Video - and the Next 20",  ko kuma a cikin waɗannan surori na littafin kwanan nan: "Electronic Holography - 20 Years of Interactive Spatial Imaging" a cikin Handbook of Visual Display Technology [2] , da kuma "Computational Display Holograph" a cikin Holographia.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Bidiyo da ke nuna lokacin rubutu cikin sauri na tsarin nunin 3D
* Hogel Rendering
* Aikin Hogel Rendering
* Bidiyon hogel na 3D

### Ƙarin karatu

## Manazarta
* "Holographic mai girma uku ta amfani da babban yanki na polymer mai haskakawa" . *Nature* **468** :80-83. 4 Nuwamba 2010. doi :  .
* Klug, M., Burnett, T., Fancello, A., Heath, A., Gardner, K., O'Connell, S., Newswanger, C. (2013). "Tsarin Nunin Filayen Haske Mai Sauƙi, Haɗin gwiwa, Mai Hulɗa", *Taro na Taro na SID na Takardun Fasaha*
High-Definition Versatile Disc

**Faifan Faifan Mai Girma Mai Girma** ( **HVD** ) wani mizani ne na Asiya na fasahar zamani mai girma wanda Amlogic ya ƙirƙira, don bidiyo mai girma. Tsarin yana goyan bayan bidiyon 720p, 1080i, ko 1080p akan faifan sigar 1. Sigar 2 ta tsarin ta ƙara ƙuduri mai girma fiye da ƙimar HD don amfani akan allon da ba na TV ba waɗanda ke goyan bayan ƙuduri mai girma, har zuwa 1080p. 

An yi amfani da codec ɗin bidiyo na MPEG-2 MP@HL da aka gyara kuma an tsara tsarin sauti a cikin tsarin sauti na Dolby AC3, DTS, Dolby Digital EX, DTS ES, da Prologic 2.

Duk HVDs suna amfani da faifan DVD na yau da kullun. Duk da cewa ana kiran tsarin da adon HVD, ba shi da alaƙa da tsarin Holographic Versatile Disc wanda ya zo daga baya kuma ya yi amfani da adon iri ɗaya. Akwai 'yan wasan DVD kaɗan ne kawai waɗanda suka goyi bayan wannan tsarin. Nero Showtime, Media Player Classic, PowerDVD, VLC media player, da Kodi su ne kaɗan daga cikin fakitin software da aka sani don sarrafa tsarin saboda fayilolin MPEG2 ba na yau da kullun ba ne. Ba kamar VCD mai nasara ba, tsarin bai sami karɓuwa sosai ba ko da a Asiya kuma yanzu ba a samun faifan a ko'ina ba.

## Duba kuma

* Faifan da aka Inganta Mai Yawa

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* 
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