Afrikawan Amurka Masu Mallakar Bayi

Masu mallakar bayi na Afirka a cikin tarihin Amurka sun wanzu a wasu birane da wasu a matsayin masu mallakar shuka a kasar. A wannan lokacin, mallakar bayi ya nuna wadata da karuwar matsayi na zamantakewa.

Masu bautar baƙi ba su da yawa, duk da haka, kamar yadda "na Amurkawa miliyan biyu da rabi da ke zaune a Amurka a cikin 1850, yawancin [sun kasance] bayi".

Abubuwan da suka faru na masu bautar baƙi sun kasance batun jayayya tsakanin masu goyon bayan Afrocentrism.

## Tarihi
Masu mallakar bayi sun haɗa da ƙananan mutane na akalla asalin Afirka a cikin kowane ɗayan asalin goma sha uku da kuma jihohi da yankuna da suka ba da izinin bautar;  a wasu lokuta na farko, baƙar fata Amurkawa suna da bayin fararen fata. An yi iƙirarin cewa tsohon ma'aikaci Afirka wanda ya zauna a Virginia a 1621, Anthony Johnson, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu mallakar bayi na farko a cikin yankunan Amurka lokacin da ya lashe karar farar hula don mallakar John Casor.

Koyaya, "bawan da aka rubuta don rayuwa" na farko, John Punch, ya zauna a Virginia amma Hugh Gwyn, fari ne ya riƙe shi, ba Anthony Johnson ba.

A shekara ta 1830, akwai baƙi 3,775 (ciki har da launin fata) masu bautar bayi a Kudu waɗanda suka mallaki jimlar bayi 12,760. 80% na masu bautar baƙi suna cikin Louisiana, South Carolina, Virginia da Maryland. 

Akwai bambance-bambance na tattalin arziki da kabilanci tsakanin baƙar fata masu 'yanci na Upper South da Deep South, tare da ƙananan ƙididdigar, amma mafi arziki kuma yawanci na launin fata. Rabin masu bautar baƙi suna zaune a birane maimakon ƙauyuka, tare da yawancin suna zaune a New Orleans da Charleston. Musamman, New Orleans tana da babban, mai wadataccen baƙar fata (gens de couleur) wanda ya ƙunshi mutanen da suka haɗu da launin fata, waɗanda suka zama aji na uku tsakanin fararen fata da baƙi, a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka na Faransa da Mutanen Espanya. Kadan daga cikin masu bautar da ba fararen fata ba ne masu shuka masu yawa; daga cikin wadanda suka kasance, mafi yawansu sun kasance na launin fata, sau da yawa masu ba da kyauta da wasu dukiya da kuma zamantakewar jama'a. Misali, Andrew Durnford na New Orleans an lissafa shi a matsayin mai mallakar bayi 77.

A cewar Rachel Kranz:

A cikin shekarun da suka kai ga yakin basasa, Antoine Dubuclet, wanda ya mallaki bayi sama da ɗari, an dauke shi mafi kyawun baƙar fata a Louisiana.

Masana tarihi John Hope Franklin da Loren Schweninger sun rubuta:

Masanin tarihi Ira Berlin ya rubuta cewa:

Masanin tarihin Afirka da al'adu Henry Louis Gates Jr. ya rubuta:

An fahimci baƙar fata masu 'yanci "a matsayin ci gaba da barazana ga masu bautar, suna kalubalantar ra'ayin cewa 'baƙar fata' da 'bauta' suna da ma'ana". A wasu lokuta ana ganin baƙi masu 'yanci a matsayin abokan hulɗa na bayi masu gudu kuma "masu bautar sun ba da shaida ga tsoronsu da ƙyamar baƙi masu' yanci ba tare da tabbas ba". Ga baƙi masu 'yanci, waɗanda ke da mummunar riƙewa a kan' yanci, "mallaka ba kawai sauƙin tattalin arziki ba ne amma tabbacin da ya dace na ƙudurin baƙi masu' yanci don karya da bautar da suka gabata da kuma karɓar su cikin shiru - idan ba amincewa ba - na bautar. "

Masanin tarihi James Oakes, a cikin 1982, ya bayyana cewa:

A cikin binciken da ya yi a jihar 1985 game da masu bautar baki a Kudancin Carolina, Larry Koger ya kalubalanci wannan ra'ayi mai kyau. Ya gano cewa yawancin masu bautar fata ko baƙar fata sun bayyana suna riƙe da akalla wasu daga cikin bayinsu saboda dalilai na kasuwanci. Misali, ya lura cewa a cikin 1850, fiye da 80% na masu bautar baƙi sun kasance na launin fata, amma kusan 90% na bayinsu an rarraba su a matsayin baƙi. Koger ya kuma lura cewa yawancin baƙi masu zaman kansu na Kudancin Carolina suna gudanar da ƙananan kasuwanci a matsayin ƙwararrun masu sana'a, kuma yawancin suna da bayi da ke aiki a cikin waɗannan kasuwancin. "Koger ya jaddada cewa ya zama ruwan dare ga bayi da aka 'yantar su zama masu bautar kansu".

Wasu masu bautar baƙi kyauta a New Orleans sun ba da kansu don yin yaƙi don Confederate Louisiana a cikin yakin basasa, amma dokokin confederate sun hana su zama sojoji. Fiye da mutane 1,000 masu haɗin kai (Creoles na launi) sun ba da kansu kuma sun kafa 1st Louisiana Native Guard, wanda aka rushe ba tare da ganin yaƙi ba.

## Bayanan da aka ambata