Mark Starr (mai koyar da aiki)

**Mark Starr** (27 Afrilu 1894, Shoscombe - 24 Afrilu 1985, Birnin New York) masanin tarihin aiki ne kuma malamin Birtaniya-Amurka. Shekaru 25 ya kasance darektan ilimi na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Garment na Mata ta Duniya.

An haife shi a Shoscombe, Somerset shi dan wani mai hakar kwal ne na Free Methodist. Daga 1899 zuwa 1907 ya halarci Makarantar St Julian ta Kasa. A lokacin da yake da shekaru goma sha uku ya fara aiki a ma'adinai, daga baya ya yi ƙaura zuwa Kudancin Wales. Ya shiga kungiyar 'yan hakar ma'adinai ta Burtaniya da kuma jam'iyyar Independent Labour Party kuma ya halarci azuzuwan da kungiyar ma'aikata ta shirya. A shekara ta 1915 ya sami tallafin karatu a Kwalejin Kwadago ta Tsakiya a London, wanda ya taimaka wajen fadada iliminsa. A shekara ta 1916 ya koma filayen kwal kuma ya fara koyar da darussan a tarihin masana'antu a karkashin jagorancin kungiyar masu hakar ma'adinai ta gundumar Aberdare. Wadannan laccoci sun zama tushen A Worker looks at History.

A shekara ta 1918 an kira shi zuwa aiki a cikin sojoji amma ya zama mai ƙin yarda da lamiri saboda dalilai na siyasa. Yayinda yake cikin kurkuku 'yar'uwarsa ta aiko masa da kwafin Sabon Alkawari a Esperanto, wanda ya haifar da sha'awar rayuwarsa ga batun. Gudanar da mahaifinsa ya sa aka sauya Starr daga kurkuku zuwa aikin gona a Northumberland. A Northumberland Starr ya sadu da Plebs League kuma ya zama babban memba na wannan rukuni.

Bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku ya koma Kudancin Wales kuma ya ci gaba da aikinsa na ilimi. A shekara ta 1921 ya taimaka wajen shirya Majalisar Kolejojin Kwadago ta Kasa kuma ya kasance wakilin Plebs League a majalisar ta. A cikin shekarun 1920, Plebs League da NCLC sun kara rarrabuwa game da ƙiyayya ta mutum da siyasa. Iyalin Horrabin ne suka mamaye Plebs: J. F. Horrabin ta shirya mujallar Plebs, matarsa Winifred Horrabin sakatare ce ta kasa kuma 'yar'uwarsa Kathleen ta kasance magatakarda a ofishin kasa. Starr ta auri Kathleen. J. P. M. Millar da matarsa Christine ne suka mamaye NCLC. Lokacin da NCLC ta shawo kan Plebs a cikin 1927 Starr ya fara samun matsayinsa a cikin rukuni wanda ba zai yiwu ba kuma ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka don zama malami a Kwalejin Ma'aikata ta Brookwood a Katonah, New York. Ko da yake ana ganinsa a matsayin abokin tarayya na Horrabins, aurensa da Kathleen yana lalacewa kuma ya ƙare da saki.

Tare da Horrabins, Starr ya shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Burtaniya a farkon shekarun 1920, amma nan da nan ya bar, ba zai iya cin zarafin kungiyar ba. Tafiye-tafiye zuwa Leningrad a 1926 don halartar taron Esperanto ya kara nisanta shi daga Soviets. Ya tsaya a matsayin dan takarar Jam'iyyar Labour Party na Wimbledon a 1923 da 1924, yana samun kusan kashi 30% na kuri'un a kowane lokaci.

A Amurka, Starr ya ci gaba a matsayin malami a Brookwood har zuwa 1935, lokacin da ya zama darektan ilimi na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Kayan Kayan Kudancin Duniya, matsayin da ya ci gaba har zuwa 1960. Ya zama mai aiki a cikin Jam'iyyar Labor Party ta Amurka da Jam'iyyar Liberal Party ta New York, dukansu biyu ILGWU tana da alaƙa da su. Ya kasance shugaban reshen Queens na Jam'iyyar Liberal daga 1945 zuwa 1959. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga ILGWU ya wakilci Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya a Singapore da Gabashin Afirka kuma ya ci gaba da fafutukar Esperanto. An lissafa shi a matsayin shugaban Cibiyar Bayanai ta Esperanto a 1973 lokacin da ya sanya hannu kan Humanist Manifesto II . 

A cikin 1932 Starr ta auri Helen Norton, wanda shi ma malami ne a Brookwood. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu, John, wanda ya mutu tun yana jariri, da Emily. Mark Starr ya mutu a ranar 24 ga Afrilu 1985.

## Ayyuka

* Wani ma'aikaci yana kallon tarihi: kasancewa tsarin tarihin masana'antu musamman an rubuta shi don ɗaliban CLC-Plebs London: Plebs League, 1917
* Kungiyar kwadago: baya da kuma nan gaba London: Plebs League, 1923
* Esperanto da Labour. London: Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Esperantist Socialists ta Burtaniya, Yuli 1923 (an buga shi ba tare da an san shi ba) 
* Wani *Ma'aikaci yana kallon tattalin arziki* London: Labour Pub . [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 5]
* Ƙarya da ƙiyayya a cikin ilimi London, Hogarth press 1929
* Ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta Burtaniya Katonah, NY: Kwalejin Ma'aikata ta Brookwood 1931
* *Ma'aikaci a matsayin mabukaci - yadda ake cinye shi, yadda zai iya kare kansa* Katonah, NY: Brookwood labor wallafe-wallafen 1936
* Hanyar ido: kayan taimako na gani, hanyoyi da hukumomi, don ilimin ma'aikata New York: Sashen Ilimi, Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Garken Mata ta Duniya, 1938
* *Ilimi na mabukaci da aiki* New York: Ilimi Sashen, Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Kayan Mata ta Duniya, 1940
* *Ilimi, me ya sa kuma me?* New York: Ma'aikatar Ilimi, Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Kayan Mata ta Duniya, 1940
*  Birnin New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1941 
* *Aiki a Amurka* (tare da Harold Underwood Faulkner) New York; London: Harper & Bros., 1944
* Labor yana kallon ilimi Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1946
* Siyasa ta aiki a cikin Amurka da London Fabian Publications, 1949
* *Aiki da Hanyar Amurka* New York, Oxford Book Co., 1952
* "Creping socialism" vs. limping capitalism New York: Union for Democratic Socialism, 1954
* *Ma'aikatan tufafi: "yancin jin dadin jama'a"* New York: Ma'aikatar Ilimi, Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Mata ta Duniya, 1954
* Sadarwa da Madison Avenue magudi New York, n.p. 1958&nbsp;
* *Seventh Avenue; hanyar inganta dangantakar gudanar da aiki.* New York, Ma'aikatar Ilimi, Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Kayan Mata ta Duniya 1958
* *Takaitaccen bayani game da shekaru ɗari na farko na ma'aikata na Minnesota: ɗayan gajerun darussan ilimi na aiki* New York, n.p. 1960&nbsp;

## Manazarta