Asness na dutse

**Clifford Scott Asness** / / ˈæznəs / ; an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 1966) manajan asusun hedge ne na Amurka kuma wanda ya kafa AQR Capital Management . Ya zuwa watan Oktoba na 2025, *Forbes* ta kiyasta cewa dukiyarsa ta kai dala biliyan 2.9. name="Forbes profile">

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Asness ga wani iyali Bayahude a Queens, New York, ɗan Carol, wacce ke gudanar da wani kamfanin koyar da likitanci, da kuma Barry Asness, mataimakin lauya a gundumar Manhattan wanda tsohon ɗan dambe ne na Golden Gloves .   Iyalinsa sun ƙaura zuwa Roslyn Heights, New York, lokacin yana ɗan shekara huɗu. Ya halarci sansanin B'nai B'rith Perlman, kuma ya kammala karatunsa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Herricks . 

A shekarar 1988, Asness ya kammala karatun *digiri na farko* a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta da kudi a shekarar 1988, inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta da kudi a matsayin wani bangare na Shirin Jerome Fisher a fannin Gudanarwa da Fasaha (M&T).  Sha'awar Asness a fannin kudi da gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci ta fara ne lokacin da yake aiki a matsayin mataimakin bincike a Sashen Kudi a Wharton, inda ya koyi amfani da "shirye-shiryen kwamfuta na coding" don nazarin kasuwanni" da kuma "gwada ka'idojin tattalin arziki da kudi". 

A shekarar 1989, Asness ya yi rajista a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Chicago, inda ya sami digirin MBA da babban matsayi a shekarar 1991, da kuma digirin PhD a fannin kuɗi a shekarar 1994.   A Chicago, Asness ya kasance mataimakin koyarwa (TA) ga mai ba shi shawara kan rubutun digirinsa, wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel Eugene Fama  - wanda shi ma ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan Asness  - kuma masanin tattalin arziki, Kenneth French, waɗanda suka kasance masana tattalin arziki masu tasiri kuma waɗanda ake girmamawa sosai, sun kafa harsashin samfurin Fama-Faransa mai matakai uku a shekarar 1992.   Fama da Faransanci sun bambanta hannun jari masu daraja da hannun jari masu girma . Tun lokacin da Fama da Faransa suka fara hannun jari masu daraja, "quants sun tsara algorithms waɗanda za su iya bincika bayanan kasuwa" suna neman "abubuwan". 

Rubutun digirin digirgir na Asness ya kasance kan "aiwatar da ciniki na momentum, siyan hannun jari tare da hauhawar farashi". Asness ya yi ikirarin cewa ribar da ke kan matsakaicin kasuwa koyaushe ana iya cimma ta hanyar amfani da ƙima da ƙarfin aiki . An ambaci ra'ayin *ƙima* na Asness a cikin mahallin bincike na asali a matsayin hanyar tantance ainihin ƙimar tsaro. Amfani da ra'ayin *momentum* ya yi nuni da yin fare cewa ƙimar za ta ci gaba da hauhawa ko raguwa kamar yadda ta yi a baya-bayan nan. Duk da cewa ba shi ne ya fara samar da waɗannan ra'ayoyin ba, an yaba wa Asness da kasancewa na farko da ya tattara isassun shaidu na gwaji a cikin kasuwanni daban-daban don kawo ra'ayoyin zuwa babban fannin kuɗi na ilimi. 

## Sana'a

### Alfa na Duniya
Asness ya fara aikinsa a shekarar 1990, lokacin yana da shekaru 24 kuma har yanzu yana karatun digirin digirgir.  A farkon shekarun 1990, ya bar jami'a, wanda ya yi nadama ga mai ba shi shawara, ya zama manajan "sabon teburin bincike na adadi" na Goldman Sachs Asset Management (GSAM). Ya gayyaci abokai biyu daga tawagarsa a Jami'ar Chicago su haɗu da shi a GSAM. Tare, sun fara "ƙirƙirar samfura don kimanta haɗari a cikin kuɗaɗen shiga, takardun kuɗi da tattalin arziki gaba ɗaya."  Duk da cewa "ra'ayin abubuwan" ya fito ne daga Fama da Faransanci, Asness ya fara "yin aiki" a ƙarshen shekarun 1990, a cewar *The Economist* .  Asness da tawagarsa a GSAM sun gina bisa ra'ayin Fama da na Faransa game da abubuwan da suka faru,  kuma sun haɗa aikinsu da fahimtar da ya samu daga bincikensa na digirin digirgir.   Asness ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan GSAM har zuwa 1997, lokacin da shi da wasu membobin ƙungiyar GSAM suka tafi don fara asusun ajiyar kuɗi na adadi.  

A shekarar 1995, Asness ya shawo kan wasu abokan hulɗarsa a Goldman da su ba shi jarin farko na dala miliyan 10 don amfani da samfuran kwamfuta da ƙungiyarsa ta ƙirƙira, don saka hannun jari a kasuwa.   

Lokacin da jarin farko na dala miliyan 10 ya kai dala miliyan 100, Goldman ya buɗe asusun ga jama'a—Asusun Goldman Sachs Global Alpha. Global Alpha, wani asusun ciniki mai tsari shine ɗaya daga cikin farkon "motocin adadi" a masana'antar. Asusun ya shahara da ciniki mai yawan gaske kuma ya haɓaka ayyukan Asness da Mark Carhart . Asness da tawagarsa sun yi amfani da samfuran ciniki masu rikitarwa na kwamfuta don fara nemo hannun jari, shaidu, kuɗaɗen shiga, da kayayyaki marasa tsada sannan su yi amfani da siyarwar ɗan gajeren lokaci don cin gajiyar hauhawar farashi ko raguwa. An tsara asusun ne don samun kuɗi ba tare da la'akari da alkiblar da kasuwa ke tafiya ba. Jaridar Wall Street Journal ta bayyana Asness da Carhart a matsayin "gurus" waɗanda suka kula da Global Alpha, wani "babban asusun shinge mai ɓoye" - "Cadillac na rundunar saka hannun jari ta madadin" wanda ya sami miliyoyin kuɗi ga Goldman Sachs a shekarar 2006. Zuwa shekarar 2007, a lokacin da ya yi fice, Global Alpha ta kasance "ɗaya daga cikin manyan asusun shinge mafi kyau a duniya" tare da kadarori sama da dala biliyan 12 a ƙarƙashin gudanarwa (AUM). An rufe Global Alpha a kaka ta 2011. Asusun adadi ya ragu sosai a tsakiyar 2008, kuma ya ci gaba da raguwarsa zuwa dala biliyan 1 na AUM har zuwa 2011.

### Gudanar da Babban Birnin AQR
A shekarar 1998, Asness, David Kabiller, John Liew, da Robert Krail, sun kafa Applied Quantitative Research (AQR) Capital Management, wani "kamfanin asusun ajiyar kuɗi na adadi."  A shekarar 2002, diyya ta Asness ta kai dala miliyan 37, kuma a shekarar 2003, dala miliyan 50.  A shekarar 2004, AQR ta mayar da hedikwatarta daga New York zuwa Greenwich, Connecticut . 

AQR ta ba da rahoton asarar da aka samu a lokacin rikicin kuɗi na 2008 ;  duk da haka, a ƙarshen 2010, AQR tana da kadarori na dala biliyan 33 a ƙarƙashin gudanarwa (AUM).   Wani labarin *Bloomberg* na Oktoba 2010 ya bayyana AQR a matsayin "kamfanin saka hannun jari mai ƙima" wanda ke amfani da "algorithms da samfuran kwamfuta don cinikin hannun jari, shaidu, kuɗaɗen shiga da kayayyaki." 

A shekarar 2016, Hukumar Ba da Lamuni ta Jihar Connecticut ta tsawaita tallafin kuɗi na dala miliyan 35 ga AQR, a matsayin wani ɓangare na "babban matakin da gwamnatin Connecticut ta ɗauka don shawo kan kamfanoni", gami da asusun hedge Bridgewater Associates, su ci gaba da kasancewa a Connecticut. Za a yafe bashin dala miliyan 28 na AQR idan AQR ta ci gaba da riƙe "ayyuka 540 a cikin Connecticut" kuma ta ƙirƙiri sabbin ayyuka 600 nan da shekarar 2016. AQR ta sami tallafin da ya kai dala miliyan 7 don "taimakawa wajen biyan kuɗin faɗaɗawa."

A shekarar 2017, a cewar *Forbes*, Asness ta "rabu daga asusun hedge" kuma ta tallata ƙananan kuɗaɗe, ƙarin "kayayyaki masu ruwa da tsaki", kamar "kuɗaɗen juna, waɗanda ke amfani da samfuran kwamfuta, sau da yawa don kwafi ribar asusun hedge". 

Zuwa shekarar 2019, AQR ta zama "kamfanin saka hannun jari"—tana gudanar da "ɗaya daga cikin manyan asusun saka hannun jari a duniya".  Wani bayanin *Forbes* na 2020 ya bayyana AQR (Binciken Ƙididdiga Mai Amfani) a matsayin wata hukuma da ke ɗaukar "zuba jari bisa ga factor," kuma tana bayar da kayayyaki tun daga asusun saka hannun jari zuwa asusun saka hannun jari. 

A shekarar 2023, Asness, Stable Asset Management, da sauran masu zuba jari a cikin cibiyoyi sun yi alƙawarin dala miliyan ɗari da yawa a cikin sabon asusun Niche Plus mai kula da hedge, asusun farko na ClearAlpha Technologies.   Abokan haɗin gwiwar da suka kafa AQR, Brian Hurst da tsohon jami'in bayanai na Goldman Sachs Elisha Wiesel ne ke gudanar da asusun.   Asusun zai mayar da hankali kan dabarun musamman, gami da sasantawa kan yanayin zafi. 

## Littattafan ilimi da aka zaɓa
A cikin wani labarin da aka buga tare a shekarar 2001 a cikin *Journal of Portfolio Management*, marubutan sun bayyana yadda, yayin da wasu manajojin asusun hedge suke da ƙwarewa wajen zaɓar hannun jari, ba duka suke amfani da hanyoyi masu tasiri ba.  A cikin littafinsu na 2003 a cikin *Financial Analysts Journal*, Arnott da Asness sun rubuta cewa sabanin ka'idar da ta fi yawa, kamfanonin da ke biyan mafi girman riba, a zahiri suna da ƙarin ci gaba a cikin samun kuɗi.  Sun gano cewa ƙarancin rabon biyan kuɗi "ya riga ƙarancin ƙaruwar samun kuɗi."  A cikin wani labarin *Journal of Portfolio Management* na 2003, Asness ya ce kuskure ne a kwatanta rabon P/E na kasuwar hannun jari - yawan riba - da ƙimar riba (wanda ake kira Fed model ). 

A cikin wani kasidar da aka rubuta tare a shekarar 2013 da aka buga a cikin *Jaridar Kudi*, Asness, Tobias Moskowitz, da Lasse Pedersen sun gano "darajar riba mai daidaito da riba mai sauri a cikin kasuwanni takwas daban-daban da azuzuwan kadarori, da kuma tsarin haɗin gwiwa mai ƙarfi tsakanin ribar su."    Tunda wannan dabarar tarawa tana ƙarƙashin ƙuntatawa iri ɗaya kamar kowace kuma tasirin tsarin a cikin kasuwanni na iya ɓata ta: AQR da sauran kamfanoni makamantan sun rasa adadi mai yawa na dukiya a rikicin kuɗi na 2008 tare da raguwar kadarori daga dala biliyan 39 a 2007 zuwa dala biliyan 17 a ƙarshen 2008.  

## Littattafai game da Asness
*Jaridar New York Times* ta buga wani bayanin Asness a ranar 5 ga Yuni, 2005.  Jaridar *Times* ta ce "abin da Asness ke yi da gaske shine ƙoƙarin fahimtar alaƙar da ke tsakanin haɗari da lada." 

An nuna Asness a cikin littafin Scott Patterson na 2010, *The Quants*,  tare da Aaron Brown daga AQR Capital Management, Ken Griffin daga Citadel LLC na Chicago, James Simons daga Renaissance Technologies, da Boaz Weinstein daga Deutsche Bank .   wani "mummunan ayyuka a masana'antar sarrafa kuɗi" tare da "masu ilimin fasaha don tallafawa hare-harensa". Patterson ya ce an san Asness a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin masu zuba jari mafi wayo a duniya." Ya kasance "ɗalibi mai hazaka a sashen tattalin arziki mai daraja na Jami'ar Chicago a farkon shekarun 1990, sannan tauraro a Goldman Sachs a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 kafin ya fara bazuwa da kansa a 1998 don ƙaddamar da AQR da dala biliyan 1 da canji, kusan rikodin a lokacin." 

## Sharhin tattalin arziki da siyasa
Asness yakan yi tsokaci kan batutuwan kuɗi a cikin bugawa da kuma a CNBC  da sauran shirye-shiryen talabijin. Ya sha yin magana game da hauhawar kuɗin asusun shinge. Musamman ma, ya yi suka ga asusun shinge mai alaƙa da kasuwannin hannun jari, yana samar da aikin asusun hannun jari (wanda ake samu a araha) a farashin da za a iya tabbatar da shi ta hanyar fahimtar kasuwa mai ban mamaki cewa mafi kyawun asusun shinge ne kawai ke bayarwa akai-akai. 

A shekarar 2008, ya yi korafi game da takunkumin da aka sanya wa ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin *[[New York Times|jaridar The New York Times]] .*  ] A cikin wani rubutu da aka buga a *mujallar The Wall Street Journal* ta 2010 (wanda aka rubuta tare da Aaron Brown ) ya yi iƙirarin cewa dokar gyaran kuɗi ta Dodd-Frank za ta haifar da kamawa da kuma kama manyan hukumomi, tsarin jari-hujja mai kama da juna da kuma wani babban "tsarin kula da harkokin kuɗi."  A cikin ginshiƙan Bloomberg, ya tattauna batun haraji ga manajojin zuba jari  da kuma gyaran kiwon lafiya.  Ya wallafa sharhi kan batutuwan kuɗi, galibi daga ra'ayin 'yanci da inganci na kasuwa. 

A cikin wata takarda da ba a buga ba a shekarar 2000, "Bubble Logic," Asness ya soki "farashin hannun jari marasa ma'ana" da "farashin hannun jari mara dorewa"  wanda ya haifar da kumbura a kasuwar hannayen jari na 1999-2000. A cikin wani bugu na musamman na cika shekaru 60 na *mujallar The Financial Analysts,* ya ce wannan kuma shine cika shekaru biyar da kololuwar kumbura a hannun jari,  ya maimaita sukar da ya yi kan kumbura a fannin fasaha da kuma wadanda suka yi ikirarin cewa bai kamata a kashe kudi kan zabin ba.   

An kuma san shi da mai sukar shugaban Amurka Barack Obama a fili.  Rubuce-rubuce biyu da ya rubuta suna nuna rashin amincewa da yadda gwamnatin Obama ke musguna wa manyan masu hannun jari na Chrysler.   

A shekarar 2012, an saka shi cikin jerin sunayen 50 mafi tasiri a mujallar *Bloomberg Markets* .

A shekarar 2013, Asness ta sanya hannu kan wani takaddar amicus curiae da aka gabatar wa Kotun Koli ta Amurka don goyon bayan auren jinsi ɗaya a lokacin shari'ar *Hollingsworth da Perry* .  

A shekarar 2023, Asness ya bayyana cewa ba zai sake bayar da gudummawa ga Jami'ar karatunsa ta Pennsylvania ba saboda yadda suke karbar bakuncin bikin Falasdinawa na Writes, da kuma abin da ya kira "kubucewa daga ainihin 'yancin tunani, bayyana ra'ayi da magana." 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
A shekarar 1999, Asness ta auri Laurel Elizabeth Fraser daga Seward, Nebraska, 'yar wani fasto mai ritaya na Methodist .   Asness tana da 'ya'ya huɗu. 

Ya sayar da gidansa na Miami Beach akan dala miliyan 22 a watan Yulin 2020, bayan ya saya daga hannun ɗan kasuwa Boris Jordan a watan Mayun 2018.  

## Duba kuma

* Tsarin Fed

## Bayanan kula

## Manazarta