Shishmaref, Alaska

**Shishmaref** (/ ˈʃɪʃmərɛf/ SHISH-mə-ref; Inupiaq: Qigiqtaq, IPA: [qixiqtaq] ko Kigiqtaq; Rashanci: Шишмарёв, IPA: [ʂɨʂmɐˈrʲɵf] [ʂɨʂmɐˈrʲɵf]] [ʂɨʂmɐˈrʲɵf]], United States yanki ne. Tana kan tsibirin Sarichef a cikin Tekun Chukchi, arewa da mashigar Bering da mil biyar daga babban yankin. Shishmaref yana cikin gadar Bering Land National Preserve. Yawan jama'a ya kasance 563 a ƙidayar 2010, ya tashi daga 562 a cikin 2000.

## Ilimin kalmomi
Shishmaryov mai yiwuwa bambance-bambancen Shyshmánov na Rasha ne daga Turkic šyšman 'mai', amma akwai kuma Tsohon Rasha šiš 'rogue, knave' da Maréev '(ɗan) marine'. An sanya sunan a cikin 1821 zuwa wani mashigin da ke kusa da mai binciken Otto von Kotzebue na Rundunar Sojan Ruwa na Rasha, don girmama wani memba na balaguron da ya yi, kwamandan Gleb S. Shishmaryov (Глеб Семёнович Шишмарёв).

A cikin harshen Iñupiaq, Qigiqtaq (a zahiri Ḳigiḳtaḳ) yana nufin ‘tsibirin’. Ruwan da ke kudu da shi ana kiransa Qigiqtam Imaġrua ‘ruwa na Qikiqtaq’, wanda aka nuna a taswirar wurin a cikin gadar Bering National Preserve.

## Ilimin kasa
Dangane da Ofishin Kididdiga ta Amurka, garin yana da jimlar fadin mil 7.3 (kilomita 19), wanda 2.8 murabba'in mil (7.3 km2) nasa kasa ne kuma 4.5 murabba'in mil (12 km2) nasa (61.62%) ruwa ne.

Shishmaref mai bincike Lt. Otto von Kotzebue, na Rundunar Sojan Ruwa na Rasha ne ya kira Shishmaref a cikin 1821, bayan Kyaftin Lt. Gleb Shishmaryov wanda ya raka shi a bincikensa.

Tsibirin Sarichef (wanda Shishmaref yake a kansa) wani bangare ne na sarkar tsibiri mai tsayin kilomita 100 wanda ke rubuta tarihin dan Adam da muhalli wanda ya shafe shekaru 2000 da suka gabata; mafi tsufa shaidar suberial don samuwar wannan tsarin shine kimanin shekaru 1700 kafin yanzu, bisa ga haɗin gwiwar carbon 14 (duba References, a ƙasa). Zazzagewa a Shishmaref ya zama na musamman a cikin tsibiran saboda fitowar sa da kuma babban ƙwaƙƙwaran ruwa, ingantacciyar ci gaban ababen more rayuwa a cikin ƙarni na 20, da kuma tsarin tsaron teku da yawa da aka gina tun daga shekarun 1970s.

## dumamar yanayi
A wasu lokuta ana ganin tasirin sauyin yanayi na duniya kan Shishmaref a matsayin mafi ban mamaki a duniya.[10] Haɓakar yanayin zafi ya haifar da raguwar ƙanƙarar teku wanda ke ba da kariya ga Shishmaref daga guguwa. A sa'i daya kuma, dandazon da aka gina kauyen a kai shi ma ya fara narkewa, lamarin da ya sa bakin tekun ya fi fuskantar zazzagewa. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan bakin tekun yana komawa baya a matsakaicin adadin har zuwa ƙafa 10 (3.3m) a kowace shekara. Duk da cewa an kafa wasu shingaye domin kare kauyen, amma gabar ruwan na ci gaba da zamewa cikin wani yanayi mai ban tsoro. Rundunar Sojojin Injiniya ta gina jerin katanga amma babu wanda ya yi tasiri sosai a kan raƙuman ruwa.[12] Ana lalata gidajen garin, tsarin ruwa da abubuwan more rayuwa. A halin yanzu, Shishmaref ya sami kuɗi don gina bangon teku waɗanda ke kare wasu daga cikin bakin tekun.

Ƙauyen yana da shirin ƙaura mil da yawa zuwa kudu, a kan babban ƙasa zuwa wurin Tin Creek. Koyaya, Tin Creek bai dace da zama na dogon lokaci ba saboda narkewar permafrost a yankin. Ƙungiyar Shishmaref Yaɓanta da Ƙaura, wanda ya ƙunshi birni, Majalisar IRA da sauran kungiyoyi, suna neman tarayya, jihohi da masu zaman kansu kudade don ƙaura zuwa wani wuri. An kiyasta kudin tafiyar Shishmaref dala miliyan 180, kusan dala 320,000 ga kowane mazaunin gida. Gwamnatin Obama ta gaya wa ƙauyen cewa babu kuɗin tarayya, don haka tashin hankali ya tashi a cikin 2013 lokacin da John Kerry ya sanar da Vietnam za ta karɓi dala miliyan 17 don magance sauyin yanayi.

Adadin zaizayar ƙasa a gaban tsibirin ya zarce (kuma ba a kwatankwacinsa da) waɗanda ke tare da sassan da ke kusa. Yazara yana faruwa tare da dukan sarkar tsibirin, amma yana daɗaɗaɗawa a tsibirin Sarichef a wani ɓangare saboda tasirin hydrographic na ɗaurin sulke na bakin teku mai yashi da lalatawar permafrost wanda ke haɓaka ta hanyar abubuwan more rayuwa.

Mazauna garin sun kada kuri'a kan sake komawa garin sau da yawa, tun a shekarar 1975 sannan a shekarar 2002 wanda ya amince da shi. A ranar 16 ga Agusta, 2016, ƙauyen ya zaɓi ƙaura zuwa babban yankin. Mazauna garin sun fi son yin la’akari da ƙaura zuwa babban yankin a matsayin “faɗawa” maimakon “ƙaura”, amma duk da cewa an zaɓi wani wuri a ƙasar da ake kira West Tin-Creek Hills a cikin 2016, har yanzu akwai tsare-tsare da bincike da yawa da za a yi kafin a iya tabbatar da hakan.

## Manazarta