Anne Sexton

**Anne Sexton** (an haife shi **Anne Gray Harvey** ; Nuwamba 9, 1928 - Oktoba 4, 1974) mawaƙiyar Amurka ce da aka sani da ayar ta na sirri. Ta ci lambar yabo ta Pulitzer don waƙoƙi a cikin 1967 don littafinta *Live or Die* . Waƙarta ta yi bayani dalla-dalla game da dogon yaƙin da ta yi da cuta ta biyu, halayen kashe kansa, da cikakkun bayanai daga rayuwarta ta sirri, gami da alaƙa da mijinta da 'ya'yanta, waɗanda ta ci zarafin ta jiki da ta jima'i.

## Rayuwar farko da iyali
An haifi Anne Sexton Anne Gray Harvey a Newton, Massachusetts zuwa Mary Gray (Staples) Harvey (1901-1959) da Ralph Churchill Harvey (1900-1959). Tana da ’yan’uwa maza biyu, Jane Elizabeth (Harvey) Kishi (1923 – 1983) da Blanche Dingley (Harvey) Taylor (1925 – 2011). Ta yi yawancin yarinta a Boston. A cikin 1945 ta shiga makarantar kwana ta Rogers Hall a Lowell, Massachusetts, daga baya ta yi shekara guda a Makarantar Garland .  Na ɗan lokaci ta yi ƙirar Boston's Hart Agency. A ranar 16 ga Agusta, 1948, ta auri Alfred Muller Sexton II kuma sun kasance tare har zuwa 1973.   Sexton ta haifi ɗanta na farko, Linda Gray Sexton, a cikin 1953. An haifi ɗanta na biyu, Joyce Ladd Sexton, bayan shekaru biyu.

## Waka
Sexton ta sha fama da matsanancin rashin lafiya ga yawancin rayuwarta, abin da ta faru na manic na farko ya faru a cikin 1954. Bayan kashi na biyu a cikin 1955 ta sadu da Dr. Martin Orne, wanda ya zama likitanta na dogon lokaci a asibitin Glenside. Orne ce ta ƙarfafa ta ta rubuta waƙa. 

Taron wakokin farko da ta halarta John Holmes ne ya jagoranta. Sexton ya ji tsoro sosai game da yin rijista don aji, yana tambayar abokinsa ya yi kiran waya kuma ya raka ta zuwa zaman farko. Ta sami yabo da wuri tare da wakokinta; An karɓi lamba ta *New Yorker*, *Mujallar Harper* da *Binciken Asabar* . Sexton daga baya yayi karatu tare da Robert Lowell a Jami'ar Boston tare da mawaƙa Sylvia Plath da George Starbuck .  

Sexton daga baya ya ba da girmamawa ga abokantaka da Plath a cikin waƙar 1963 " Mutuwar Sylvia ". Kundin wakokinta na farko, *To Bedlam da Part Way Back*, an buga shi a cikin 1960, kuma ya haɗa da waƙar " Irin ta ", wanda ke amfani da tsananta wa mayu a matsayin kwatankwacin zaluncin mata a cikin al'ummar uba. 

Aikin waƙar Sexton ya sami kwarin gwiwa daga mai ba ta WD Snodgrass, wanda ta sadu da shi a taron Marubutan Antakiya a 1957. Wakarsa mai suna Alurar Zuciya ta tabbatar mata da sha'awa a cikin taken ta na rabuwa da 'yarsa 'yar shekara uku. Sexton ta fara karanta waƙar ne a daidai lokacin da ƙaramar 'yarta ke zaune tare da surukarta. Ita kuma ta rubuta “Hoton Biyu”, wa}ar wa}ar da ta yi nazari kan alakar da ke tsakanin uwa da ’ya da yawa. Sexton ya fara rubuta wasiƙu zuwa Snodgrass kuma sun zama abokai.

Yayin aiki tare da John Holmes, Sexton ya ci karo da Maxine Kumin . Sun zama abokai na kwarai kuma sun kasance haka har tsawon rayuwar Sexton. Kumin da Sexton sun soki aikin juna sosai kuma sun rubuta littattafan yara hudu tare. A cikin ƙarshen 1960s, abubuwan da ke tattare da cutar Sexton sun fara shafar aikinta, kodayake har yanzu ta rubuta da buga aiki kuma ta ba da karatun waƙar ta. Ta hada kai da mawaka, inda ta kafa kungiyar jazz-rock mai suna Her Kind wanda ya kara waka a cikin wakoki. Wasanta na *Mercy Street*, wanda ke nuna Marian Seldes, an yi shi ne a cikin 1969 bayan shekaru da yawa na bita.  Sexton kuma ya haɗu tare da mai zane Barbara Swan, wanda ya kwatanta yawancin littattafanta. 

A cikin shekaru 12 na rubuta ɗanta na farko, ta kasance daga cikin mawaƙan da suka fi karramawa a Amurka: wanda ya ci lambar yabo ta Pulitzer, ɗan'uwan Royal Society of Literature kuma mace ta farko a cikin Harvard babin Phi Beta Kappa .  

## Mutuwa

A ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 1974, Sexton ya ci abincin rana tare da Kumin don sake bitar galleys don rubutun Sexton na *The Mummunan Rowing Ga Allah*, wanda aka shirya don bugawa a cikin Maris 1975 (Middlebrook 396). Daga baya a ranar ta mutu ta hanyar kashe kanta tana da shekaru 45. 

A wata hira da aka yi da ita sama da shekara guda kafin mutuwarta, ta bayyana cewa ta rubuta daftarin farko na *The Mummunan Rowing Toward God* a cikin kwanaki 20 tare da "kwana biyu don yanke ƙauna da kwana uku a asibitin tunani ." Ta ci gaba da cewa ba za ta bari a buga wakokin kafin rasuwarta ba.

An yi jana'izar ta a cocin St. Paul da ke Dedham, Massachusetts.  An binne ta a makabartar Forest Hills &amp;amp; Crematory a Jamaica Plain, Boston, Massachusetts .

## Abun ciki da jigogi na aiki
Ana ganin Sexton a matsayin abin koyi na zamani na mawaƙin ikirari saboda kusanci da abin da ke cikin waƙar tata. Sexton sau da yawa yakan rubuta kuma yana bayyana gwagwarmayarta da tabin hankali ta hanyar aikinta. Sexton ya ƙunshi batutuwa da yawa waɗanda a lokacin ana ɗaukar su a matsayin batsa da abin ƙyama, musamman don mata suyi magana a bainar jama'a a lokacin. Maxine Kumin ya bayyana aikin Sexton: "Ta rubuta a fili game da haila, zubar da ciki, al'aura, jima'i, zina, da kuma shan kwayoyi a lokacin da abubuwan da suka dace ba su karbi ɗayan waɗannan a matsayin batutuwa masu dacewa don waƙa." 

Ayyukan Sexton zuwa ƙarshen 1960s an soki su da "preening, malalaci da jujjuya" ta wasu masu sukar mutuntawa.  Wasu masu suka suna ɗaukar shaye-shayenta a matsayin lalata aikinta na ƙarshe. Duk da haka, wasu masu suka suna kallon Sexton a matsayin mawaƙi wanda rubutunsa ya girma akan lokaci. "Tunfarawa a matsayin marubuciya na al'ada, ta koyi daidaita layinta&nbsp;... don amfani da matsayin kayan aiki ga 'masu ladabi' na harshe, siyasa, addini [da] jima'i." 

Kundin wakokinta na takwas mai suna *The Mummunan Rowing Ga Allah* . Taken ya fito ne daga taronta da wani limamin Katolika na Roman Katolika wanda, bai yarda ya gudanar da ayyukan ibada na ƙarshe ba, ya gaya mata "Allah yana cikin injin injinki." Wannan ya bai wa mawaƙin sha’awa da ƙudirin ci gaba da rayuwa da rubutu. *Mummunan Rowing Ga Allah* da *Littattafan Mutuwa* suna cikin ayyukanta na ƙarshe, kuma duka biyun suna kan jigon mutuwa. 

Aikinta ya fara ne a matsayin nata, duk da haka yayin da aikinta ya ci gaba, sai ta yi ƙoƙari na lokaci-lokaci don isa wajen duniyar rayuwarta don jigogi na waƙa.  *Canje-canje* (1971), wanda shine sake bayyana hangen nesa na *Grimm's Fairy Tales*, ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan littafi. 

( Anyi amfani da *canje-canje* a matsayin libertto don wasan opera na 1973 na wannan suna ta mawakin Ba'amurke Conrad Susa .) Daga baya ta yi amfani da Christopher Smart 's *Jubilate Agno* da Bible a matsayin tushen wasu ayyukanta. 

An yi abubuwa da yawa daga zaren rubutunta, rayuwarta, da baƙin cikinta, daidai da yadda Sylvia Plath ta kashe kansa a 1963. Robert Lowell, Adrienne Rich, da Denise Levertov sun yi sharhi a cikin ra'ayoyin daban-daban game da rawar da ke tattare da kerawa a cikin mutuwar Sexton. Levertov ya ce, "Mu da muke raye dole ne mu bayyana, kamar yadda ba za ta iya ba, bambanci tsakanin kerawa da halaka kai." 

## Rigima ta biyo baya
Bayan ɗayan yunƙurin kashe kansa da yawa da ɓarna ko ɓarna, Sexton yayi aiki tare da mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali Martin Orne.  Ya gano ta da abin da a yanzu ake bayyana shi a matsayin cuta mai bipolar, amma iyawarsa na yin hakan ana tambayarsa ta hanyar yin amfani da dabarun da ba su da kyau a farkon lokacin da ya yi amfani da su.  A yayin zaman tare da Sexton, ya yi amfani da hypnosis da pentothal sodium don dawo da tunanin da aka danne . A yayin wannan aikin, an yi zargin cewa ya yi amfani da shawarar don gano abubuwan da mahaifinta ya yi mata.  An yi sabani da wannan cin zarafi a hirar da aka yi da mahaifiyarta da sauran danginta. 

Orne ya rubuta cewa hypnosis a cikin manya akai-akai baya gabatar da ingantaccen tunanin yara; a maimakon haka, "manyan da ke ƙarƙashin hypnosis ba a zahiri suna rayuwa a farkon ƙuruciyarsu ba amma suna gabatar da su ta hanyar prisms na girma."  A cewar Orne, Sexton ya kasance mai ba da shawara sosai kuma zai kwaikwayi alamun marasa lafiya da ke kewaye da ita a cikin asibitocin tunani da aka yi ta. Tarihin Diane Middlebrook ya nuna cewa wani mutum dabam mai suna Elizabeth ya fito a cikin Sexton yayin da yake ƙarƙashin hypnosis. Orne bai ƙarfafa wannan ci gaba ba kuma daga baya wannan "madadin hali" ya ɓace. A ƙarshe Orne ya ƙarasa da cewa Anne Sexton tana fama da rashin lafiya . 

A lokacin rubuta tarihin Middlebrook, 'yarta, Linda Gray Sexton, ta bayyana cewa mahaifiyarta ta yi lalata da ita.   A cikin 1994, ta buga tarihin rayuwarta *ta Neman titin jinƙai: Tafiya ta Komawa ga Mahaifiyata, Anne Sexton*, wanda ya haɗa da asusunta na cin zarafi.  

Middlebrook ta buga tarihin rayuwarta mai rikitarwa na Anne Sexton tare da amincewar 'yar Linda, mai aiwatar da adabin Anne. Don amfani a cikin tarihin rayuwa, Orne ya ba Diane Middlebrook yawancin kaset ɗin da ke rikodin zaman jiyya tsakanin Orne da Anne Sexton. An gamu da amfani da waɗannan kaset ɗin, kamar yadda jaridar New York Times ta ce, "la'anci mai tsauri".  Middlebrook ta karɓi kaset ɗin bayan ta rubuta adadi mai yawa na daftarin farko na tarihin rayuwar Sexton, kuma ta yanke shawarar farawa. Kodayake Linda Gray Sexton ta haɗu tare da tarihin Middlebrook, sauran membobin gidan Sexton sun raba kan littafin, suna buga gyare-gyare da yawa da op-ed guda a cikin The New York Times da The New York Times Book Review .

Takaddama ta ci gaba tare da sakin kaset ɗin bayan mutuwar jama'a (waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin sirrin likita da haƙuri ). An ce sun bayyana irin cin zarafin da Sexton ya yi wa diyarta Linda,   ta ta'allaka a zahiri game da 'ya'yanta mata biyu, da kuma husuma ta jiki da mijinta. 

Ƙarin takaddama ya haɗa da zarge-zargen cewa tana da "alama da" likitan kwantar da hankali wanda ya maye gurbin Orne a cikin 1960s.

Babu wani mataki da aka ɗauka don tsawatawa ko ladabtar da mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali na biyu. Orne ta ɗauki "al'amarin" tare da mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali na biyu (wanda aka ba da sunan "Ollie Zweizung" na Middlebrook da Linda Sexton) a matsayin abin da ya haifar da kashe kansa. 

## Gado
Peter Gabriel ya sadaukar da waƙarsa mai suna " Mercy Street " (mai suna don wasanta *na Mercy Street* da kuma wahayi ta hanyar karanta waƙarta "45 Mercy Street") daga kundi na 1986 *So* to Sexton.  An bayyana ta a matsayin "dutsen taɓawa na sirri" don Morrissey, tsohon mawaƙin jagora kuma marubucin The Smiths .  Ana tunawa da ita akan Hanyar Gadon Mata ta Boston . 

## Littafi Mai Tsarki

### Waka

* *Zuwa Bedlam da Sashe na Hanya Baya* (1960)
* *All My Pretty Ones* (1962)
* *Rayuwa ko Mutu* (1966)
* *Wakokin Soyayya* (1969)
* *Canje-canje* (1971)
* *Littafin Wawa* (1972)
* *Littattafan Mutuwa* (1974)
* *Mummunan Rowing Ga Allah* (1975)
* *45 Mercy Street* (1976)
* *Kalmomi don Dr. Y.: Waƙoƙin da Ba a Tara ba* (1978)
* *Cikakkun Wakokin: Anne Sexton* (1981)

### Larabci

* *Anne Sexton: Hoton Kai a cikin Haruffa* (1977)

## Manazarta