Ahmad Shah Durrani

**Ahmad Shāh Durrānī** (Pashto: احمد شاه دراني; Dari: احمد شاه درۆانی), wanda aka fi sani da **Ahmad Shāhi Abdālī** (احمد شاه__wol____wol____wol__), shi ne wanda ya kafa Daular Durrani kuma an dauke shi a matsayin wanda ya kafa Afghanistan ta zamani. A watan Yulin shekara ta 1747, an nada Ahmad Shah a matsayin Sarkin 'yan Afghanistan ta hanyar *loya jirga* a Kandahar, inda ya kafa babban birninsa. Da farko tare da goyon bayan kabilun Pashtun, Ahmad Shah ya tura gabas zuwa Mughal da Maratha Daular Indiya, yamma zuwa ga rushewar Daular Afsharid ta Iran, da arewa zuwa Khanate na Bukhara na Turkestan. A cikin 'yan shekaru, ya faɗaɗa ikonsa daga Khorasan a yamma zuwa Arewacin Indiya a gabas, kuma daga Amu Darya a arewa zuwa Tekun Larabawa a kudu.

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya hau mulki, Ahmad Shah ya ɗauki sunan *Shāh Durr-i-Durrān*, "Sarkin, Pearl of Pearls", kuma ya canza sunan kabilarsa ta Abdali zuwa "Durrani" bayan kansa. Kabarin Ahmad Shah Durrani yana cikin tsakiyar Kandahar, kusa da Kirka Sharif (Shrine of the Cloak), wanda ya ƙunshi mayafin da aka yi imanin cewa annabin Musulunci Muhammad ne ya sa shi. 'Yan Afghanistan galibi suna kiran Ahmad Shah a matsayin *Ahmad Shāh Bābā*, "Ahmad Shah Uba".

## Shekaru na farko

Mahaifin Ahmad, Mohammad Zaman Khan, shi ne Gwamnan Herat kuma shugaban kabilar Pashtun Abdali, yayin da kuma mahaifiyarsa, Zarghona Anaa, 'yar Khalu Khan Alakozai ce kuma ta kasance daga kabilar Alakozai. An haifi Ahmad a Herat (sa'an nan Sadozai Sultanate of Herat, yanzu Afghanistan), ko Multan (sa'annan Mughal Empire, yanzu Pakistan) a cikin 1720-1722 a lokacin mutuwar mahaifinsa, lokacin da jagorancin Abdali ke sarrafa yankin Herat.

A watan Yunin shekarar 1729, sojojin Abdali a karkashin Zulfiqar sun mika wuya ga Nader Shah Afshar, sabon mai mulkin Farisa. Koyaya, nan da nan suka fara tawaye kuma suka mallaki Herat da Mashad. A watan Yulin 1730, ya ci Ibrahim Khan, kwamandan soja kuma ɗan'uwan Nader Shah. Wannan ya sa Nader Shah ya sake karbar Mashad kuma ya shiga tsakani a gwagwarmayar Harat. A watan Yulin 1731, Zulfiqar ya koma babban birninsa Farah inda yake aiki a matsayin gwamna tun 1726. Bayan shekara guda ɗan'uwan Nadir Ibrahim Khan ya mallaki Farah. A wannan lokacin Zulfiqar da saurayi Durrani sun gudu zuwa Kandahar inda suka nemi mafaka tare da Ghiljis. Daga baya Hussain Hotak, mai mulkin Ghilji na yankin Kandahar ya sanya su fursunonin siyasa.

Nader Shah ya kasance yana tattara Abdalis a cikin sojojinsa tun a kusa da 1729. Bayan sun ci Kandahar a 1738, an saki Durrani da ɗan'uwansa Zulfiqar kuma an ba su manyan ayyuka a gwamnatin Nader Shah. An sanya Zulfiqar Gwamna na Mazandaran yayin da Durrani ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai kula da Nader Shah. Ghiljis, wadanda suka fito ne daga yankunan gabashin yankin Kandahar, an kore su daga Kandahar don sake zama Abdalis tare da wasu Qizilbash da sauran Farisawa.

Durrani ya tabbatar da kansa a cikin hidimar Nader Shah kuma an inganta shi daga mai kula da kansa (*yasāwal*) don ya umurci Abdali Regiment, sojan doki na sojoji da jami'ai dubu huɗu. Rundunar Abdali ta kasance wani ɓangare na sojojin Nader Shah a lokacin da ya mamaye Daular Mughal a 1738.

Tarihin da ya shahara ya nuna cewa Shah zai iya ganin baiwa a cikin matashin kwamandansa. Daga baya, a cewar labarin Pashtun, an ce a Delhi Nader Shah ya kira Durrani, kuma ya ce, "Ku zo gaba Ahmad Abdali. Ka tuna Ahmad Khan Abdali, cewa bayan ni Sarkin zai wuce ku. Nader Shah ya dauke shi ne saboda "mutuntakarsa mai ban sha'awa da jaruntaka" kuma saboda "amincinsa ga masarautar Farisa".

## Samun iko

Mulkin Nader Shah ya ƙare ba zato ba tsammani a watan Yunin 1747 lokacin da masu tsaronsa suka kashe shi. Masu gadi da ke da hannu a kisan sun yi hakan a asirce don hana Abdalis zuwa ceton Sarkin su. Koyaya, an gaya wa Durrani cewa daya daga cikin matansa ne ya kashe Shah. Duk da haɗarin kai musu hari, rundunar Abdali karkashin jagorancin Durrani ta yi gaggawar ceton Shah ko tabbatar da abin da ya faru. Bayan sun isa alfarwar Shah, sai kawai suka ga jikinsa kuma suka yanke kansa. Bayan ya yi masa hidima da aminci, Abdalis sun yi kuka saboda sun kasa shugaban su, kuma sun koma Kandahar. Kafin koma Kandahar, ya "cire" hatimin sarauta daga yatsa na Nader Shah da lu'u-lu'u na Koh-i-Noor da aka ɗaure "a kusa da hannun maigidansa da ya mutu". A kan hanyarsu ta komawa Kandahar, Abdalis sun "karɓi" Durrani a matsayin sabon shugabansu. Saboda haka ya "yi amfani da alamar sarauta" a matsayin "mai mulkin Afghanistan".

Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan farko na Durrani a matsayin shugaban shine ya ɗauki sunan *Shāh Durr-i-Durrān*, "Sarki, Pearl of Pearls".

## Duba kuma

* Jerin sarakunan Afghanistan

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Tarihin Ƙabilar Abdali 
* Yaƙin Panipat na Uku, 1761
* Shahararrun Diamonds: Koh-I-Noor
* Hare-haren Ahmad Shah Abdali
* Labarin Koh-i Noor