Sufuri a Ghana

Ana aiwatar da **Sufuri a [[Ghana]]** ta hanyar hanya, jirgin ƙasa, iska da ruwa. Cibiyoyin sufuri da sadarwa na Ghana suna tsakiyar yankunan kudanci, musamman wuraren da ake samar da zinariya, koko, da katako. Yankunan arewa da na tsakiya suna haɗuwa ta hanyar babbar hanyar hanya.

Ƙarin saka hannun jari na sufuri ya taimaka wajen ƙara yawan sabbin rajistar motoci da hanyoyin sufuri sun haɗa da jirgin ƙasa, hanya, jirgin ruwa, ruwa da iska.

## Jirgin ƙasa

 
Tsarin jirgin kasa a Ghana a tarihi an tsare shi a filayen kudancin shingen a kan duwatsu a arewacin birnin Kumasi. Koyaya, Hanyar jirgin kasa mai ƙanƙanta 1,1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in), wanda ya kai kilomita 935 (581 , a halin yanzu yana fuskantar babban gyare-gyare kuma ana shiga cikin ciki yanzu. A Ghana, yawancin layin suna bin diddigin guda ɗaya, kuma a cikin 1997, an kiyasta cewa kilomita 32 (20  an bi diddigin sau biyu.

### fadada jirgin kasa
A shekara ta 2005, Ministan tashar jiragen ruWa, tashar jiragen kasa da jiragen kasa sun ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen fadada tsarin jirgin kasa don sauƙaƙe ci gaban tattalin arziki. Da farko, an saka dala miliyan 5 don nazarin yiwuwar. Ayyukan da za a iya yi a lokacin sun haɗa da tsawaita layin daga Ejisu zuwa Nkoranza da Techiman; layin daga Tamale zuwa Bolgatanga da Paga zuwa Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso; layin da daga Wenchi, Bole zuwa Wa da Hamile da kuma zuwa Burkina Faso, da kuma layin zuwa Yendi inda akwai ajiyar ƙarfe.

A cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, akwai karatu daban-daban  kuma a cikin 2007, an fara aiki. 

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2007, an ba da shawarar hadin gwiwar jama'a mai zaman kansa don sake farfado da Railway na Gabas daga Accra zuwa Ejisu da Kumasi, tare da tsawo daga Ejisu ta hanyar Mampong, Nkoranza, Tamale, Bolgatanga da Paga, tare da reshe daga Tamale zuwa Yendi da Sheini. Tsawaitawar ta fara ne a Kumasi kuma za ta kai $ 1.6b.

AkWa wani tsari a watan Satumbar 2007 don fadada Western Railway daga Awaso ta hanyar Techiman, Bole, Sawla, Wa zuwa Hamile. 

A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2008, Ghana General News ta ruwaito cewa Ma'aikatar Harbours da Railways da Ghana Railway Corporation (GRC) suna sa ran kammala sabon layin tafiye-tafiye da ke haɗa Accra da Tema a watan Yunin shekara ta 2008. An kammala tsarin daga Sakumono zuwa filayen SSNIT kusa da Tema. Za a shigo da jiragen kasa masu yawa na Diesel don amfani a kan layin. An kuma fara gina shuka mai barci don layin arewacin nesa a cikin 2008.

### Jirgin ƙasa

Cibiyar jirgin kasa ta Ghana tana da tsawon hanyar jirgin kasa da tsawon hanyar dogo na kilomita 947 da 1300, wanda ya ƙunshi layin dogo na ƙasa waɗanda ba sa fita waje da Ghana da iyakar ƙasa Ghana. Cibiyar jirgin kasa ta Ghana ta iyakance ga kudancin Ghana da kudancin Ghana a cikin yankin Greater Accra, yankin Tsakiya, yankin Yamma, yankin Gabas da yankin Ashanti na kudancin Ghana.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Akwai shirye-shiryen da ke gudana waɗanda ke sake fasalin ayyukan Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Ghana da Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Ghana don yin hakan, da kuma jawo hankalin masu zaman kansu. Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Ghana ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar izini don ci gaba da fadada layin dogo na Gabashin Ghana da kuma farfado da layin dogo ya Yammacin Ghana.

* Manyan hanyoyin dogo a Ghana sun hada da layin dogo na Gabashin Ghana wanda ya hada Kumasi zuwa Koforidua, da layin dogo na yammacin Ghana wanda ya hada Kumasi zuwa Sekondi-Takoradi, Sunyani da Cape Coast.  A cikin 2010, Kamfanin Railway na Ghana ya fara samun GH₵ biliyan 12.9 ( US $ 6).&nbsp;Biliyan) aikin layin dogo a aikin gina layin dogo na Ghana zuwa tashar jirgin kasa mai sauri ta Ghana ( *GHSR* ko HSR) da inganta dukkan hanyoyin layin dogo na kasar Ghana kuma an tsara shi kuma za a kammala shi a karshen shekarar 2014 tare da aikin babban layin dogo na kasar Sin (CHR) da hukumar shigo da kaya ta kasar Sin (CMC). 

### Aikin da ke jiran
 
Wadannan garuruwa an ba da shawarar yin amfani da su ta hanyar jirgin kasa:

* Ejisu
* Kintampo
* Paga - kusa da iyakar Burkina Faso da Ivory Coast.

* Hamile - kusurwar arewa maso yamma (An yi kwangila don fadada hanyar jirgin ƙasa a watan Yulin 2007.) 
* Boankra Inland Port (a karkashin gini) 

### Juyowa na gauge
Injiniyoyin Koriya da ke nazarin gina sabbin layi a watan Fabrairun 2007 suma za su yi la'akari da juyawa zuwa 1,1,435 mm (4 ft 8 + 1⁄2 in) ma'auni.

## Hanyoyi masu yawa
 

Sufurin hanya shine babban mai ɗaukar kaya da fasinjoji a cikin tsarin sufuri na ƙasar Ghana. Yana ɗaukar sama da 95% na duk zirga-zirgar fasinjoji da jigilar kaya kuma ya kai ga yawancin al'ummomi, kuma an rarraba shi a ƙarƙashin nau'o'i uku na manyan hanyoyi, hanyoyin birane, da hanyoyin ciyarwa. Hukumar Hanyar Ghana, wacce aka kafa a shekara ta 1974 tana da alhakin bunkasa da kiyaye hanyar sadarwa ta kasar da ta kai kilomita 13,367, wanda ya kai kashi 33% na hanyar sadarwa ta Ghana ta kilomita 40,186.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Ha**N** masu mahimmanci a Ghana an **R** su a matsayin hanyoyi na kasa, hanyoyin yanki, da hanyoyin yanki, dukansu sun samar da hanyar sadarwa ta Ghana. Hanyoyin ƙasa, waɗanda aka tsara tare da harafin N, suna haɗa dukkan manyan cibiyoyin jama'a a Ghana. Hanyoyin yanki, waɗanda aka tsara tare da harafin R, haɗuwa ne na hanyoyin farko da na biyu, waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin hanyoyin ciyarwa zuwa hanyoyin ƙasa; yayin da hanyoyin Inter-Regional, waɗanda aka sanya tare da prefix **IR**, suna haɗa manyan ƙauyuka a fadin iyakokin yanki.

Game da wannan yanayin sufuri, mutane da yawa sun fi son amfani da hanyoyin jama'a. Yawancin garuruwa da birane a cikin ƙasar ana iya isa ta amfani da bas din birane da aka sani da "trotro" ko taksi. Don sufuri tsakanin yankuna ana amfani da manyan bas.
 
Cibiyar sadarwa ta Ghana tana da kilomita 64,323 kuma sufuri na hanya shine mafi kyawun zaɓi na sufuri a Ghana. Ana iya amfani da kayan aikin sufuri a Ghana a ko'ina don sauƙaƙe musayar kayayyaki da kuma ba da damar halartar makaranta na yau da kullun da kuma samun damar samun saurin zuwa wuraren kiwon lafiya a Ghana. An sami karuwar saka hannun jari da fadadawa a cikin sufuri na Ghana, GH1 biliyan (US $ 500 miliyan) a cikin 2012. &nbsp;&nbsp;

Akwai Ghanaian Bus Rapid Transit, wanda aka sani da Metro mass Transit L.T.D, da kuma tsarin Taxicab wanda ke haɗa manyan biranen Ghana tsakanin kansu, da kuma Minibuses tsarin, wanda aka fi sani da Tro Tros, wanda ke haɗa manya birane tare da yankunan karkara da ƙananan garuruwa. Ofishin 'yan sanda na Ghana (MTTU) da Hukumar Kula da Hanyoyi ta Ghana suna da alhakin kula da Kula da Hanyar Hanya Ghana da kuma Ghana Road Network (Hanyar Hanyar Hadin Ghana da manyan hanyoyi). 

### Hanyoyin kasa da kasa
Hanyar Trans-West African Coastal Highway, wani ɓangare na hanyar sadarwa ta Trans-African Highway ta haye Ghana tare da **N1**, tana haɗa shi zuwa Abidjan (Ivory Coast), Lomé (Togo) da Benin da Najeriya. A ƙarshe babbar hanyar za ta haɗu da wasu ƙasashe bakwai na Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) zuwa yamma. **N2**, wanda ke haɗa Tema a cikin Babban Yankin Accra zuwa Kulungugu a cikin Yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya; **N10**, wanda ke haɗa Yamoransa a cikin Yunin Tsakiya zuwa Paga a Yankin Gabashin Gabas; da **N12**, wanda ke haɗa Elubo a Yankin Yamma zuwa Hamile a Yankin Wammacin Yamma;  duk suna haɗa Ghana zuwa Burkina Faso mai ƙuntata, inda ya haɗu da wata babbar hanyar sadarwa ta Trans-Afirka, Hanyar Trans-Sahelian.

## Jiragen ruwa da hanyoyin ruwa

Kogin Volta, Ankobra, da Tano suna ba da kilomita 168 na kewayawa na yau da kullun don ƙaddamarwa da wuta; Tafkin Volta yana ba da kilomita 1,125 na hanyar ruwa da mai ciyarwa.&nbsp;

There are ferries on Lake Volta at Yeji and Kwadjokrom.

## Jirgin ruwa

### Tashoshin jiragen ruwa da tashoshin jiragen sama

Akwai tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Tekun Atlantika a Takoradi da Tema. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Tema a Kudancin Ghana, wacce aka buɗe a hukumance a shekarar 1962, ita ce mafi girma daga cikin tashar jiragen ruwa guda biyu a Ghana, kuma ita ce tashar jiragen sama mafi girma a Afirka. Yana da yanki mai rufe ruwa na  kilomita 1.7 (0.66 sq  da kuma jimlar yankin ƙasa na  kilomita 3.9 (1.5 sq .  Baya ga sarrafa kayayyaki ga Ghana, ita ma tashar zirga-zirga ce, inda ake jigilar kayayyaki, da kuma jigilar kayayyakin da aka ƙaddara ga ƙasashen da ba su da iyaka zuwa arewacin Ghana.

Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Tema ita ce ke kula da mafi yawan kayayyakin da ake shigowa da su kasar nan da kuma fitar da su daga kasashen Sekondi-Takoradi da Tema.  Tashar tashar jiragen ruwa na Tema tana da  na magudanar ruwa, guraben ruwa mai zurfi 12, babban wurin dakon mai, filin jirgin ruwa, shagunan ajiya, da rumfunan wucewa. Tashar jiragen ruwa na da wuraren da aka bude da kuma rufe domin adana kaya, wadanda suka hada da shimfidar fili mai fadin mita 77,200-m 2 (hectare 7.72) don adana kwantena, kayayyakin karafa da sauran kayayyakin da aka saba amfani da su.  Gidan kwandon tashar tashar jiragen ruwa yana da ikon riƙe sama da TEU 8,000 a kowane lokaci. Wurin ajiyar da aka rufe, wanda ya kai kimanin 25,049 m 2 (kadada 2.51) a cikin fili, ya ƙunshi rumfuna guda shida tare da jimlar nauyin tan 50,000 na kaya. Tashar jiragen ruwan ta kuma hada da busasshiyar tashar dwt 100,000 da wurin zamewa.  Tashoshin ruwan Tema da Takoradi a Kudancin Ghana ana gudanar da su ne daga Hukumar Tashoshin Ruwa da Tashoshi na Ghana .

### Jirgin Ruwa
Akwai jiragen ruwa guda shida (tare da ƙarar 1,000 babban ton (GT) ko sama da haka) jimlar 13,484 GT / 18,583 Mataccen nauyi   . Wannan ya hada da tankunan mai guda biyu da tasoshin dakon kaya guda hudu (kimanin 1999).

Kogin Volta na Ghana, Kogin Ankobra, da Kogin Tano suna ba da kilomita 168 na kewayawa na yau da kullun don kaddamarwa da fitilu, kuma Tafkin Volta yana ba da kilomita 1,125 na hanyar ruwa da mai ciyarwa. Akwai manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa guda biyu a Ghana waɗanda ke cikin biranen kudancin bakin teku na Sekondi-Takoradi da Tema (Takoradi Harbour da Tema Harbour).  Yanayin dabarun ƙasa na Ghana zuwa Tafkin Volta da koguna da yawa na Ghana waɗanda ke ba da sufuri a cikin gida sun sa Ghana ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta ga masu jigilar kaya.&nbsp;

sufuri ruwa a cikin gida a Ghana ya haɗa da motsi na fasinjoji ta jirgin ruwa ko Takis na ruwa da kaya a kan koguna, tabkuna da sauran ruwa a Ghana da Ghana suna da tsarin sufuri na jirgin ruwa a Tafkin Volta a Yeji da Kwadjokrom .  Tafkin Volta shine babban wurin sufuri na ruwa wanda aka tsara shi yadda ya kamata don jigilar fasinjoji da kaya. Babban mai ba da sabis na sufuri a kan Tafkin Volta shine Kamfanin Sufuri na Volta Lake Limited (VLTC).  Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Tashoshe ta Ghana da Kamfanin Jirgin Ruwa na Ghana da Hukumar Kula da Kogin Volta gaba ɗaya suna da alhakin kula da Kogin Volta da Kamfanin Sufurin Volta Lake Limited (VLTC). 

## Jirgin sama

A ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1958, gwamnatin Ghana ta kafa Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Ghana wanda ke haɗa Ghana da wasu ƙasashe. A tsakiyar shekarun 1990s, Ghana Airways ta gudanar da sabis na fasinja da kaya na kasa da kasa zuwa wurare da yawa na Turai, Gabas ta Tsakiya, da Afirka, gami da London, Düsseldorf, Roma, Abidjan, Dakar, Legas, Lomé, da Johannesburg. A sakamakon ci gaba da gudanarwa da matsalolin kudi, Ghana Airways ta dakatar da duk ayyukan kuma ta shiga cikin warwarewa a shekara ta 2004. 

Ghana tana da filayen jirgin sama goma sha biyu, shida tare da hanyoyi masu tsayi. Mafi mahimmanci shine Filin jirgin saman Kotoka a Accra da filayen jirgin sama a Sekondi-Takoradi, Kumasi, da Tamale waɗanda ke ba da sabis ga zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na cikin gida. A cikin 1990, gwamnati ta kashe dala miliyan 12 don inganta kayan aikin Accra. Ma'aikata sun sake farfado da titin jirgin sama, sun inganta tsarin hasken wuta kuma sun gina sabon tashar jigilar kayayyaki. Har ila yau, ma'aikatan gine-gine sun faɗaɗa kuma sun inganta ginin tashar a Kumasi. A farkon shekara ta 1991, gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar ƙarin shirye-shirye don inganta filin jirgin saman Accra na duniya. An inganta babban titin jirgin sama, an inganta shi a saukowar kaya da ababen more rayuwa, kuma an inganta ginin tashar da kayan aikin jirgin sama.

Kamfanin jirgin sama na farko na Ghana shi ne Ghana Airways wanda ya fara aiki a shekarar 1958; sannan ya daina aiki a shekarar 2005 kuma Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Ghana International Airlines ya maye gurbinsa a shekarar 2005. Ghana tana da masana'antar jirgin sama mai ƙarfi kuma akwai manyan filayen jirgin sama guda biyar a Ghana: Filin jirgin sama Kotoka a Greater Accra, Filin jirgin sama na Kumasi a Kumasi, Filin jiragen saman Sekondi-Takoradi a Yammacin Ghana, Filin Jirgin saman Sunyani a Sunyani, da Filin jirgin ruwa na Tamale a Tamale. Bugu da kari, Ghana tana da filayen jirgin sama 8, wanda mafi yawan wucewa shine Filin jirgin saman Kotoka da ke Accra, tare da wucewa a cikin 2009 na fasinjoji miliyan 1.2.

A shekara ta 2005, Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Kasa da Kasa na Ghana (GIA) ya fara aiki a matsayin sabon kamfanin jirgin sama na kasa na Ghana. GIA tana aiki da jirgin Boeing 757 da Boeing 767 a karkashin shirye-shiryen haya tare da wasu kamfanonin jiragen sama, kuma sun haɗa Filin jirgin saman Kotoka a Accra tare da London Gatwick da Düsseldorf. Bayan shekaru da yawa GIA ta daina aiki. Bayan dakatar da ayyukan Ghana International Airlines a cikin 2010, manyan kamfanonin jiragen sama na Ghana sune Africa World Airlines, Antrak Air, CTK - CiTylinK da Starbow Airlines waɗanda ke tashi zuwa Wuraren cikin gida a Ghana, a duniya da kuma manyan wuraren jirgin sama na nahiyar Afirka. Har ila yau, akwai wasu kamfanonin jiragen sama na kasuwanci da ke gudanar da zirga-zirgar cikin gida tsakanin manyan biranen Ghana. A cikin 2010, Ghana ta shirya farfado da Ghana Airways don fara Jirgin sama na kasuwanci. A halin yanzu babu kamfanin jirgin saman Ghana wanda ke ba da sabis na kasa da kasa na dogon lokaci.

Tsakanin 2009 da 2013, yawan fasinjojin jirgin sama a Ghana ya ninka fiye da sau huɗu.

### Filin jirgin sama - tare da tituna masu kyau
Kotoka International Airport *jimillar:*: 6 *2,438 zuwa 3,047 m:* 1 *1,524 zuwa 2,437 m:* 3 *914 zuwa 1,523 m:* 2 (1999 est.) 

### Filin jirgin sama - tare da tituna marasa kyau
*jimillar:*: 6 *1,524 zuwa 2,437 m:* ba gaskiya ba

1 *914 zuwa 1,523 m:* 3 *a karkashin 914 m:*: 2

## Manazarta