Thérèse Bonney

**Thérèse Bonney** (an haife ta Mabel Bonney; 15 ga Yuli, 1894 - 15 ga Janairu, 1978) ta kasance mai daukar hoto da kuma mai tallatawa ta Amurka. An fi saninta da hotunan da aka dauka a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu a gaban Rasha da Finland. Kokarinta na yaki ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Croix de Guerre  a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1941, kuma daya daga cikin digiri biyar na Légion d'honneur . Ta wallafa takardun hoto da yawa, kuma ita ce batun fitowar True Comics ta 1944 "Photo-fighter".

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Mabel Thérèse Bonney a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1894, a Syracuse, New York . Ta sami digiri na farko a Jami'ar California, Berkeley a 1916 da kuma digiri na biyu a shekara mai zuwa daga Kwalejin Radcliffe a Cambridge, Massachusetts . Ta zauna a Paris kuma ta yi karatu a Sorbonne daga 1918-1919, ta wallafa wata takarda game da ra'ayoyin ɗabi'a a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alexandre Dumas, mahaifin. Ta sami digiri na doctor-des-lettres a 1921. Ta haka ne ta zama ƙarami, mace ta huɗu, kuma Ba'amurke na goma na kowane jinsi don samun digiri daga ma'aikatar. Ita ce kuma Ba'amurke ta farko da ta sami tallafin karatu daga Sorbonne .  Bayan kammala karatunta ta sami tallafin kudi da yawa, gami da Horatio Stebbins Scholarship; Belknap, Baudrillart, da Billy Fellowships; da kuma Carl Schurz Memorial Foundation Oberländer grant a 1936, wanda ya ba ta damar nazarin gudummawar Jamus ga tarihin daukar hoto. 

## Ayyuka
Da farko a 1925, ta rubuta cikakkun bayanai game da zane-zane na Faransa ta hanyar daukar hoto. A wannan lokacin, Bonney kanta ba ta dauki mafi yawan hotunan ba, amma an tattara su ne daga tushe kamar tarin 'yan uwan masu daukar hoto, hukumomin daukar hoto, gine-gine, masu zanen kaya, shagunan, da kuma cibiyoyi daban-daban. Wani mai tallata kansa, Bonney ya sami hotunan kai tsaye daga nune-nunen Salon, shagunan, masana'antun, gine-gine, da masu zanen kayan ɗaki, yumbu, kayan ado, da sauran zane-zane da kuma gine-gine. Ta sayar da hotunan ga masu biyan kuɗi daban-daban na abokin ciniki da farko a Amurka (wani karamin ƙoƙari ga Kamfanin dillancin labarai na yau) kuma ta caji kudade don haƙƙin haifuwa a hanyar gargajiya. Ta buga rubutun kuma ta manne su a bayan hotunan hoto. Wadannan hotuna, wani lokacin ana samun su ba tare da izini ba, an buga su ko'ina - tare da kuma ba tare da an buga su ba.

Ta halarci bikin "Stockholmsut catchingen" na 1930 (Stockholm Exhibition) kuma ta tattara hotuna a can. Yayinda take cikin Netherlands, ta tattara hotuna na gine-ginen Dutch na zamani.

Bayan ayyukanta na shekaru goma da rabi a tallace-tallace da daukar hoto na zane-zane da gine-gine ta wasu, Bonney ta ɗauki daukar hoto da kanta kuma ta zama mai daukar hoto. Damuwarta game da lalacewar da yakin duniya na biyu ya haifar ta sanar da hotunan ta, wanda ya mayar da hankali ga fararen hula. Hotunan da ta yi na farko sun mayar da hankali ga mutane a gaban Rasha-Finnish. Don takardun da ta yi game da wannan yawan jama'a, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Order of the White Rose of Finland don jaruntaka.

Ta kuma yi tafiya a yammacin Turai a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, tana daukar hotunan yara a cikin mummunan yanayi. An nuna tarin hotunan a Gidan Tarihi na zamani a Birnin New York a cikin 1940 kuma daga baya aka buga shi a cikin littafinta na 1943 Europe's Children . Sauran ayyukan sun haɗa da yin aiki tare da Croix-rouge (Faransa International Red Cross). A lokacin yakin, ta kuma yi aiki don Ofishin Ayyuka na Dabarun (OSS). 

Zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarta, Bonney ta ba da kayan ɗakinta ga *Alma Matar* a Berkeley, California, da hotuna da kuma abubuwan da ba su dace ba - da yawa daga cikin wasu cibiyoyin da ke Amurka da Faransa. Sauran takardu da littattafai an ba da gudummawa ga Jami'ar St. Bonaventure ta Ralph King . 

A Faransa, kusan 3,000 daga cikin abubuwan da ta yi a yanzu suna cikin tarin Caisse Nationale des Monuments Historique et des Sites (CHMHS), wanda aka adana a Paris kuma a yau a St. Cloud.  (A shekara ta 2000, CHMHS ta zama Cibiyar Tarihin Kasa [CMN]. ) An kwafe tarihin CHMHS ta hanyar dijital don adana hotunan, saboda lalacewar da ke lalacewa. Kimanin 2,000 negatives da 1,500 prints suna daga cikin tarin Bibliothèque historique de la ville de Paris. Kuma 3,000 negatives akwai a Fort de Saint-Cyr, Montigny-le-Bretonneux (Yvelines).

A cikin Amurka, an ba da gudummawar kusan hotunan hoto 4,000 ga Cooper-Hewitt, Gidan Tarihi na Kasa a Birnin New York, wanda aka shirya a cikin shekarun 1990 tare da kudade daga Majalisar Mata ta Smithsonian Institution (SIWC) ta hanyar mai adana bayanai Mel Byars. Amma ba dukansu ba ne a yau. An ba da gudummawar tarin hotunan yakin duniya na biyu, hotunan hotunan masu zanen kaya da gine-gine, zane-zane na masu zane-zane a karni na 20, da kayan aikinta (ciki har da misalai na Pierre Chareau) ga Jami'ar California, Berkeley. Ana samun takardunta da tarihin daukar hoto a ɗakin karatu na Bancroft na jami'ar, kuma wasu abubuwa suna a Gidan Tarihi na Berkeley. Wasu hotuna 6,200 suna hannun tarin hotuna na ɗakin karatu na jama'a na New York, gami da adadi mai yawa na hotuna daga Finland.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Bonney bai taba yin aure ba. Ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta ɗauki ɗa, amma bisa doka ba ta yi ba. Ta ba da kwanan wata na ƙarya na haihuwarta, wanda tun daga lokacin an gyara shi ta hanyar takardar shaidar haihuwa, kwafin da wani mai ba da labari, Claire Bonney ya riƙe. Ta mutu a birnin Paris a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1978.

## Nuni

* "War Comes to People: Tarihi da aka rubuta tare da Lens ta Therese Bonney, "The Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1940.
* "Zaɓuɓɓuka daga Tarin Thérèse Bonney na Cooper-Hewitt, Gidan Tarihi na Kasa, Cibiyar Hoto ta Duniya, New York, 1976.
* "Paris An rubuta: Thérèse Bonney Collection," Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum, New York, 1985.
* "Ba su da Rayuwa?: Nunin Kyautar Thérèse Bonney, aji na 1916, Jami'ar California, " Berkeley Art Museum, Yuni-Satumba 1992.

## Ayyuka

* Tare da 'yar'uwa Louise Bonney. *Sayen kayan gargajiya da na zamani a birnin Paris*. New York: Robert M. McBride da Kamfanin, 1929 Lin Library of Congress NK949. P27. B6
* Tare da 'yar'uwa Louise Bonney. Faransanci dafa abinci don abinci na Amurka. New York: Robert M. McBride da Kamfanin, 1929 tare da Library of Congress TX719. B673
* Tare da 'yar'uwa Louise Bonney. *Jagora zuwa Gidajen cin abinci na Paris* . New York: Robert M. McBride da Kamfanin, 1929 tare da Library of Congress TX637. B6
* Tare da 'yar'uwa Louise Bonney. *Jagoran Kasuwanci zuwa Paris*. New York: Robert M. McBride da Kamfanin, 1929 da kuma Library of Congress DC708. B55
* *Ka tuna lokacin da: Tarihin hoto na juyin karni da kuma kwanakin da aka sani da Edwardian.... Daga Tarin M. Therese Bonney* . New York: Coward McCann, 1933 Lin Library of Congress N7592. B6
* *Yaran Turai, 1939 - 1943*, New York: Rhode Publishing, 1943 tare da Library of Congress D810. C4 B68 1944
* Rattray, R. F. tare da hotunan Bonney. *Bernard Shaw: Tarihi*. New York: Roy Publishers, 1951 Lin Library of Congress PR5366. R3

## Manazarta