Littafin hamada

**A book desert** wani yanki ne na ƙasa (ƙasa, jiha, gundumar, birni, unguwa, gida) inda littattafan da aka buga da sauran kayan karatu suke da wuyar samu, musamman ba tare da samun damar mota ko wani nau'in sufuri ba. Wasu masu bincike sun bayyana hamadar littattafai ta hanyar danganta su da talauci da ƙarancin kuɗin shiga, yayin da wasu ke amfani da haɗuwa da abubuwan da suka haɗa da bayanan ƙidaya, samun kudin shiga, kabilanci, yanayin ƙasa, harshe, da yawan littattafai a gida.

Kalmar "bishiyar littafi" ta fara amfani da ita akai-akai a tsakiyar shekarun 2010 lokacin da kamfanin zamantakewa Unite for Literacy, ya kirkiro kalmar.

Haɗa don Litattafai ya nuna cewa dasa da girma "Little Gardens" hanya ce ta kawar da hamadar littattafai. Shirye-shiryen da ke kara yawan littattafai ta hanyar irin waɗannan matakan kamar motocin littattafai da masu karatu a kan kekuna an ba su mafita ga hamadar littattafai, kamar yadda Little Free Libraries ke da kuma ba da wallafe-wallafen yara a kan layi, kyauta.

## Tarihi da bincike
A baya, masu bincike sun yi nazarin yadda rashin ko ƙarancin littattafai ke tasiri ga yadda ilimin yaro da ƙwarewar harshe ke tasowa. Unite for Literacy ya kirkiro ma'anar aiki na hamadar littafi lokacin da suka buga Taswirar Yankin Yankin Amurka: Yankin ƙasa (ƙasa, jiha, gundumar, ƙididdigar ƙidaya) inda aka yi hasashen cewa yawancin gidaje suna da ƙasa da littattafai 100 da aka buga. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2014, James LaRue, darektan Ofishin Ƙungiyar Laburaren Amirka don 'Yanci na Ilimi da kuma Freedom to Read Foundation, ya yi amfani da kalmar a cikin wani fitowar Littattafan Amurka, inda ya bayyana kalmar kamar yadda ake amfani da gidaje da littattafai 25 ko ƙasa da su kuma ya tattauna hanyoyin rage ko kawar da matsalar.

A watan Yulin 2016, farfesa Susan B. Neuman da Naomi Moland sun buga wani bincike a cikin Urban Education, inda suka bincika yadda rashin kayan karatu da aka buga tsakanin unguwanni masu karamin karfi da talauci ke tasiri ga ci gaban yara na farko kuma sun yi amfani da kalmar don bayyana yankuna da gidaje da ke da karancin damar yin amfani da kayan rubutu.  Wannan binciken da aka gina a kan wasu binciken da Neuman ya gudanar a shekara ta 2001. Masu binciken sun sami shaguna kaɗan a Detroit, Los Angeles, da Washington, DC. Yankunan da suka fi mayar da hankali ga binciken su sune albarkatun bugawa ga yara masu shekaru 0 zuwa 18. Daga cikin waɗannan shagunan, da yawa sun kasance shagunan dala.

A cikin 2016, The Atlantic ta ruwaito cewa a cikin 2015, Neuman da JetBlue Airways sun gudanar da gwaji don inganta karatu da rubutu, ta hanyar samar da injunan sayar da littattafai a unguwar Washington DC mai karamin karfi. An ba da littattafai sama da 20,000, wanda ya sa Neuman ya kammala cewa iyayen unguwar sun kula da ilimin yaransu, amma ba su da "albarkatun da za su ba yaransu damar samun nasara".

### Abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa
An ba da dalilai da yawa kamar yadda suke ba da gudummawa ga samar da hamadar littattafai, wanda aka fi nunawa akai-akai shine talauci da ƙarancin kuɗi. Sauran dalilai sun haɗa da harshe da yanayin ƙasa, kamar yadda wasu yankuna ba su da damar yin amfani da shagunan littattafai ko ɗakunan karatu na jama'a ko na al'umma waɗanda za su samar da littattafai. Rufewar kantin sayar da littattafai saboda fatarar kuɗi ko wasu matsalolin kuɗi ana kuma ambaton su a wasu lokuta a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa, lokacin da rufewar ta bar yankin ba tare da mai sayar da littattafu ba.

## Taswirar

Unite for Literacy ta haɓaka taswirar hamada ta Amurka da aka ba da wutar lantarki ta Esri, wanda ke ba da gabatarwa ta gani game da rashin littattafai a cikin ƙasa, jihohi, ƙauyuka da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga. Don ƙirƙirar taswirar, Unite for Literacy ya yi nazarin kididdiga na bayanai daga National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) da kuma US Census Bureau American Community Survey, gami da yawan littattafai a cikin gidajen masu karatun digiri na 4, matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na al'umma, bambancin kabilanci, wurin ƙasa da harshen gida. Unite for Literacy ta bayyana taswirar a lokacin taron Clinton Global Initiative America (CGI America) da aka gudanar a Denver, Colorado, a watan Yunin 2014.

A cikin 2023, Unite for Literacy ya yi aiki tare da Jami'ar Jihar Colorado Geospatial Centroid don tsaftace taswirar hamada ta littafin. Kungiyar Centroid ta tattara kuma ta bincika bayanai daga NAEP, Ofishin Ƙididdiga, da Diversity Data Kids, tare da martani na binciken daga sama da mahalarta 10,000 a cikin shirin Unite for Literacy's Growing Readers. Sabon taswirar ya fi dacewa kuma daidai ya gano yadda iyalai a cikin ƙididdigar ƙididdiga za su sami littattafai masu yawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran warƙoƙi.

## Dubi kuma

* Yankin banki
* Littattafai don Makafi
* Littattafai ga Fursunoni
* Yankin abinci a Amurka

## Manazarta