Sauyin yanayin muhalli da Jirgin Sama ke kawowa

A cikin jiragen sama, tsarin **kula da muhalli** (**ECS**) na jirgin sama wani abu ne mai mahimmanci wanda ke samar da iska, kula da zafi da kuma matsa lamba na gida ga ma'aikatan jirgin da fasinjoji. Sannan Ƙarin ayyuka sun haɗa da sanyaya na avionics, gano hayaki, da kashe wuta.

## Bayanin
Tsarukan da aka bayyana a ƙasa sun keɓanta ga samar da jiragen Boeing na yanzu, koda yake cikakkun bayanai sunyi dai-dai da ainihin jiragen fasinja na Airbus da sauran kamfanoni. Banda haka shi ne Concorde wanda ke da ƙarin tsarin samar da iska wanda ya dace saboda tsayin daka wanda yake tashi, da kuma ɗan ƙaramin matsi na ɗakin da yake amfani da shi.

## Samar da iska
A kan jirage masu saukar ungulu, ana ba da iska ga ECS ta hanyar zubar da jini daga matakin kwampreso na kowane injin turbine na iskar gas, Kuma sama da combustor. Zazzabi da matsa lamba na wannan iska mai zubar da jini ya bambanta bisa ga abin da ake amfani da matakin kwampreso, da kuma saitin wutar lantarki na injin. Matsakaicin matsi da ke daidaita bawul-kashe (MPRSOV) yana ƙuntata kwarara kamar yadda ya cancanta don kiyaye matsi da ake so don tsarin ƙasa.

Ana buƙatar wani ɗan ƙaramin matsi don fitar da iska ta cikin tsarin, amma ana so a yi amfani da ƙarancin matsi mai ƙarfi kamar yadda zai yiwu, saboda makamashin da injin ke amfani da shi don matsawa iska mai zubar jini baya samuwa don motsawa, kuma amfani da mai yana fama da wahala.Kuma Don haka, ana yawan jan iska daga ɗayan biyu (ko a wasu lokuta kamar Boeing 777, uku) tashoshi masu zubar da jini a wurare daban-daban na matakin kwampreso. Lokacin da injin yana cikin ƙananan matsa lamba (ƙananan matsawa ko tsayi mai tsayi), ana zana iska daga tashar jini mafi girma. Sannna Kuma Yayin da ake ƙara matsa lamba (ƙarin matsawa ko ƙananan tsayi) kuma ya kai ga ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun, babban matsi na kashe bawul (HPSOV) yana rufewa kuma an zaɓi iska daga ƙananan matsa lamba don rage yawan asarar aikin mai. Juya baya yana faruwa yayin da injin ya ragu.

Don cimma yawan zafin jiki da ake so, ana ratsa iska mai zubar da jini ta cikin na'urar musayar zafi da ake kira **pre-sanyi**. Ana busa iska daga fanin injin a saman na'urar sanyaya, Sannna Kuma wanda ke cikin injin strut, kuma yana ɗaukar zafi mai yawa daga iskar mai zubar da jini. Bawul ɗin gyaran iska na fan (FAMV) yana bambanta yanayin sanyaya iska don sarrafa zafin iska na ƙarshe na iskar mai zubar da jini.

Musamman ma, Boeing 787 ba ya amfani da iska mai zubar jini don matsa lamba a cikin gidan. Kuma A maimakon haka jirgin ya zana iska daga mashigai da aka keɓe, wanda ke gaba da fikafikai.

## Ƙungiyar iska mai sanyi
Babban abin da ake buƙata don aiki na sashin iska mai sanyi (CAU) shine na'urar sanyaya na'ura ta iska (ACM). Wasu jiragen sama, ciki har da jirgin Boeing 707 na farko, Kuma sun yi amfani da na'urar sanyaya tururi kamar yadda ake amfani da su a cikin na'urorin sanyaya iska .

ACM ba ya amfani da Freon : iska kanta ita ce firiji . Sannna kuma An fi son ACM akan na'urorin sake zagayowar tururi saboda rage nauyi da buƙatun kulawa.

Yawancin jetliners suna sanye take da PACKs, wanda ke nufin **P** ressurization **A** ir **C** onditioning **K** it. Wurin kwandishan (AC) PACK(s) ya dogara da ƙirar jirgin. A wasu ƙira, ana shigar da su a cikin fiffike-da-jiki fairing tsakanin fikafikan biyu a ƙarƙashin fuselage . Kuma A kan wasu jiragen ( Douglas Aircraft DC-9 Series ) AC PACKs suna cikin wutsiya. PACKs na jirgin saman McDonnell Douglas DC-10 / MD-11 da Lockheed L-1011 suna gaban jirgin a ƙarƙashin jirgin . Kusan duk jetliners suna da PACKs guda biyu, kodayake manyan jiragen sama kamar Boeing 747, Lockheed L-1011, da McDonnell-Douglas DC-10/ MD-11 suna da uku.

Yawan iska mai zubar jini da ke gudana zuwa fakitin AC ana daidaita shi ta hanyar bawul ɗin sarrafa kwarara (FCV). An shigar da FCV ɗaya don kowane FACK. Bawul ɗin keɓewa da aka saba rufe yana hana iska daga tsarin zubar jini na hagu isa zuwa PACK na dama (kuma *akasin haka* ), kodayake ana iya buɗe wannan bawul ɗin idan an rasa tsarin zubar jini ɗaya.

A ƙasa na FCV shine naúrar sanyi (CAU), kuma ana kiranta sashin firiji. Akwai nau'ikan CAU da yawa; duk da haka, duk suna amfani da mahimmancin mahimmanci. Iskar da ke zubar da jini ta shiga cikin farkon ram-iska mai musayar zafi, inda ake sanyaya ta ta ko dai iskar rago, kuma fadada ko hade da duka biyun. Daga nan sai iska mai sanyi ta shiga cikin kwampreso, inda aka danne shi, wanda ke sake dumama iska. Wucewa ta hanyar na biyun ragon zafi na iska yana sanyaya iska yayin da yake kiyaye babban matsa lamba. Daga nan sai iskar ta ratsa ta injin turbine wanda ke fadada iskar don kara rage zafi. Sannna kuma Hakazalika a cikin aiki zuwa naúrar turbo-caja, compressor da turbine suna kan shaft guda. Ana amfani da makamashin da ake samu daga iskar da ke wucewa ta cikin injin turbin don kunna kwampreso. Ana tura iskar da ke gudana zuwa na'urar reheater kafin ta wuce zuwa na'urar don zama a shirye don hakar ruwa ta hanyar cire ruwa.

Daga nan sai a aika da iskar ta hanyar mai raba ruwa, inda ake tilasta iskar ta karkace tare da tsawonsa kuma dakarun tsakiya suna haifar da damshin ta hanyar sieve zuwa bangon waje inda aka ratsa shi zuwa magudanar ruwa kuma a aika da shi a cikin ruwa. Sa'an nan, iska yawanci zai ratsa ta na'urar raba ruwa coalescer ko safa. Sannan kuma Safa yana riƙe da datti da mai daga iskar da injin ke zubar da jini don ci gaba da tsabtace gidan. Wannan tsari na kawar da ruwa yana hana ƙanƙara yin ƙanƙara da toshe tsarin, kuma yana kiyaye kokfit da ɗakin kwana daga hazo a kan aikin ƙasa da ƙananan tsaunuka.

Don ƙaramin sifili bootstrap CAU, ana fitar da danshin kafin ya kai ga injin turbine domin a iya kaiwa ga ƙananan sifili.

Ana sarrafa zafin jiki na iska mai fitar da PACK ta hanyar daidaitawa ta hanyar tsarin ram-air (a ƙasa), da kuma daidaita ma'aunin zafin jiki (TCV) wanda ke ƙetare wani yanki na iska mai zafi a kusa da ACM kuma ya haɗa shi da sanyi. ACM injin turbin.

## Ram tsarin iska
Mashigin ragon-iska ƙarami ne, wanda gabaɗaya yana kan fage-zuwa-jiki fairing. Kusan duk jetliners suna amfani da ƙofa mai daidaitawa akan mashigar ragon iska don sarrafa adadin sanyaya iska ta hanyar firamare da na biyu na ramuwar zafi.

Don ƙara farfaɗowar iskar rago, kusan dukkan jiragen sama suna amfani da modulating vanes akan sharar rago. Sannna kuma Mai fan na ragon da ke cikin tsarin ragon yana ba da kwararar ragon iska a kan masu musayar zafi lokacin da jirgin ke ƙasa. Kusan duk jirage masu kafaffen fiffike na zamani suna amfani da fanka akan mashigar gama gari tare da ACM, wanda injin injin ACM ke aiki dashi.

## Rarraba iska
Ana zuga iskar AC PACK a cikin fuselage ɗin da aka matse, inda za a gauraya shi da taceccen iska daga magoya bayan da aka sake zagayawa, sannan a shayar da shi a cikin mahaɗin. Kuma A kusan dukkanin jiragen sama na zamani, iskar ta kai kusan kashi 50% a waje da iska mai tace kashi 50%.

Jetliners na zamani suna amfani da babban inganci na kama matatun HEPA, wanda ke kama sama da kashi 99% na duk ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta .

Ana isar da iska daga mahaɗaɗɗen mahaɗar zuwa nozzles na rarraba sama  a cikin yankuna daban-daban na jirgin. Za a iya daidaita yanayin zafi a kowane yanki ta hanyar ƙara ƙananan iska mai datsa, wanda yake da ƙarancin matsa lamba, kuma iska mai zafi mai zafi ya tashi daga AC PACK a sama na TCV. Hakanan ana ba da iskar ga iskar gas ɗaya.  Ana iya jujjuya iko mai jujjuyawar iska don daidaita iskar iska tsakanin babu fitowar iska kwata-kwata da iskar da ta dace.

Gaspers  yawanci suna karɓar iskar su daga AC PACKs a cikin jirgin, wanda kuma yana karɓar iska mai tsafta daga matakan kwampreso na injunan jet na jirgin ko kuma lokacin da suke ƙasa daga sashin wutar lantarki (APU) ko tushen ƙasa. Mai sarrafa mai sarrafa gaspers yana cikin kokfit; kuma Yawancin lokaci ana kashe haƙoran haƙora na ɗan lokaci yayin wasu matakan jirgi (misali lokacin tashi da hawan) lokacin da nauyin da ke kan injinan buƙatun jini-iska dole ne a rage shi.

## Matsi

Gudun iska a cikin fuselage yana kusan tsayin daka, kuma ana kiyaye matsa lamba ta hanyar bambanta buɗewar bawul ɗin fita-fitowa (OFV). Sannna kuma Yawancin jetliners na zamani suna da OFV guda ɗaya da ke kusa da kasan ƙarshen fuselage, kodayake wasu manyan jiragen sama kamar Boeing.&nbsp;747 da 777 suna da biyu.

A yayin da OFV ya kamata ya gaza rufewa, aƙalla kyawawan bawul ɗin taimako na matsa lamba biyu (PPRV) da aƙalla bawul ɗin taimako mara kyau (NPRV) ana ba da su don kare fuselage daga wuce gona da iri.

Matsin gidan jirgin sama yawanci ana matsawa zuwa tsayin gida na 8000&nbsp;ƙafa ko ƙasa da haka. Wannan yana nufin cewa matsa lamba shine , wanda shine matsi na yanayi a  . Lura cewa ƙananan ɗaki yana da matsi mafi girma. Kuma Matsin gidan yana sarrafa tsarin matsa lamba na gida, wanda ke danganta kowane tsayin jirgin sama da tsayin gida. Sabbin jiragen sama irin su Airbus A350 da Boeing 787 za su sami ƙananan tsaunukan gidaje waɗanda ke taimakawa rage gajiyar fasinja yayin tashin jirgi.

Yanayin da ke cikin yanayin hawan jetliner na tafiye-tafiye gabaɗaya ya bushe sosai da sanyi; iskar waje da aka zura a cikin ɗakin a cikin jirgi mai tsayi yana da yuwuwar haifar da gurɓataccen ruwa wanda zai iya haifar da lalata ko lahani na lantarki, Kuma don haka ana kawar da shi. Saboda haka, lokacin da aka ci karo da iska mai zafi a ƙananan wurare kuma aka jawo shi, ECS ta bushe shi ta hanyar yanayin dumi da sanyaya da kuma mai rarraba ruwa da aka ambata a sama, ta yadda ko da zafi mai zafi na waje, a cikin ɗakin ba zai zama mafi girma ba. fiye da 10% dangi zafi.

Ko da yake ƙananan ɗakin zafi yana da fa'idodin kiwon lafiya na hana ci gaban naman gwari da ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙananan zafi yana haifar da bushewa na fata, idanu da membranes na mucosal kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga rashin ruwa, yana haifar da gajiya, rashin jin daɗi da al'amurran kiwon lafiya.Sannna Kuma  A cikin binciken daya yawancin ma'aikatan jirgin sun ba da rahoton rashin jin daɗi da batutuwan lafiya daga ƙarancin zafi.  A cikin wata sanarwa ga Majalisar Dokokin Amurka a shekara ta 2003 wani memba na kwamitin kula da ingancin iska a cikin Cabin Fasinja na Kasuwancin Jirgin Sama ya ce "ƙananan zafi na dangi na iya haifar da rashin jin daɗi na ɗan lokaci (misali, bushewar idanu, sassan hanci, da fata), amma sauran yiwuwar gajere. ko kuma ba a kafa tasirin dogon lokaci ba". 

Ana iya ƙara tsarin kula da yanayin zafi na gida zuwa ECS na wasu jiragen sama don kiyaye ɗanɗano zafi daga ƙananan matakan madaidaicin, daidai da buƙatun hana tari.  Har ila yau, Boeing&nbsp;787 da Airbus&nbsp;A350, ta hanyar amfani da ƙarin abubuwan da ke jure lalatawa a cikin ginin su, na iya aiki tare da ƙarancin gida na 16% akan dogayen jirage.

## Damuwar lafiya
 
Iskar jinin da ke fitowa daga injina amma tana zubar da jini daga injin da ke sama na combustor. Iska ba zai iya komawa baya ta cikin injin ba sai a lokacin rumbun kwampreso (mahimmanci injin jet ya dawo wuta), don haka kuma iskar da ke zubar da jini ya kamata ta kasance ba ta da gurbacewar konewa daga yadda injunan jirgin ke tafiya yadda ya kamata.

Koyaya, a wasu lokatai hatimin carbon na iya zubar da mai (wanda ke ɗauke da sinadarai masu haɗari) a cikin iska mai zubar jini, Kuma a cikin abin da aka sani a masana'antar a matsayin taron hayaƙi .  Ana magance wannan gabaɗaya cikin sauri tunda gazawar hatimin mai zai rage rayuwar injin.

Gurbacewar mai daga wannan da sauran hanyoyin da ke cikin injin ya haifar da matsalolin kiwon lafiya daga wasu kungiyoyin bayar da shawarwari kuma ya haifar da bincike daga cibiyoyin ilimi da hukumomi da yawa. Kuma Duk da haka, babu wani ingantaccen bincike da ya samar da shaidar wanzuwar yanayin kiwon lafiya da abubuwan hayaki suka haifar.   

## Bayanan kafa

## Manazarta