Mary Chamot

**Mary Chamot** (8 Nuwamba 1899 - 10 Mayu 1993)  ƙwararriyar masaniyar fasahar zane-zane ce 'yar asalin Rasha kuma mai kula da gidan tarihi, kuma mace ta farko mai kula da gidan tarihi na Tate Gallery. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Chamot a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1899 a Strelna, kusa da Saint Petersburg, ɗa ɗaya tilo ga Alfred Edward Chamot (1854-1934)  (ɗan Ingila ne kuma asalinsa ɗan Faransa ne), mai kula da lambunan Fadar Imperial da ke Strelna, da Elisabeth Chamot (ɗan Grooten), 'yar asalin Holland da Jamus.   

Mary Chamot ta zauna a Strelna tare da iyayenta har zuwa shekarar 1918 lokacin da iyalan suka bar Rasha bayan juyin juya hali. A cikin tattaunawa da Dr. Anthony Parton (1985), ta tuna da Strelna a matsayin garin 'dacha' amma tana da hanyar shiga jirgin ƙasa zuwa St. Petersburg a hanya ɗaya da Peterhof (tasha ta gaba a layin daga Strelna) a ɗayan. A Peterhof, ta ji ƙungiyar makaɗa ta Court Orchestra tana wasa a daren bazara kuma a shekarar 1914 an gabatar da ita ga manyan duchess guda huɗu, waɗanda ke sayar da tutoci a can don taimakawa yaƙin Rasha. A shekarar 1913 ta je rangadin Turai, inda ta ziyarci Austria, Italiya, Faransa da Jamus amma akasin haka ta ci gaba da zama a Strelna. A shekarar 1917 ta yi rajista a matsayin ɗalibi a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Fine da ke St. Petersburg, inda ta yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Dmitry Kardovsky (1866-1943) amma kuma ta haɗu da Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin kuma ta ziyarci ɗakin studio ɗinsa. Ta tuna yadda, a farkon watannin juyin juya hali, ita da iyalinta suka fuskanci yunwa. Abincin da ake da shi kawai shine dankalin turawa amma ba su da mai da za su gasa su. Saboda haka, dole ta yi layi a tashar jirgin ƙasa ta gida don ta nemi masu gadi na jiragen ƙasa masu zuwa da waɗanda ke tashi su gasa su a cikin wutar injin.

A shekarar 1918, iyalin suka bar Rasha  ta jirgin ruwa ta Tekun Finland suka yi tafiya zuwa Bergen. Suna Norway lokacin da aka sanar da yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta. Daga baya, suka hau jirgin ruwa zuwa Aberdeen, daga nan suka hau jirgin ƙasa zuwa Yorkshire suka kwana a wurin wata goggo da ke zaune a can. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup> Daga ƙarshe, iyalin sun zauna a Landan, inda mahaifiyar Mary Chamot ta koyar da Faransanci da Jamusanci, mahaifinta kuma ya fassara wasannin kwaikwayo da littattafan Rashanci daga marubuta kamar Chekhov da Leskov.  Mary ta yi rajista a matsayin ɗaliba a Makarantar Fasaha ta Slade kuma ta sami Difloma ta Fasaha ta Fine a 1922.  Ta gudanar da aikin zane-zane amma daga baya ta fara sha'awar Tarihin Fasaha, kuma kamar yadda ta faɗa daga baya, "Ban sami lokacin yin zane ba tun lokacin". <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D; Abokanta sun haɗa da Stanley Spencer, Gilbert Spencer, Carlines, Lord Methuen, Edward Bawden da Jim Ede . 

A tsakanin 1945-1949, Chamot ta yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara ta Rasha tare da Hukumar Haɗin Gwiwa a Vienna. Bayan ta dawo Birtaniya a 1949, ta zama mace ta farko mai kula da Tate Gallery na London.  A Tate, ta kasance Mataimakiyar Mai Kula da Gida kuma ta yi aiki tare da Sir John Rothenstein da Ronald Alley . A wannan lokacin ne ta fara abokantaka da masu zane-zanen avant-garde guda biyu na Rasha da masu zane-zanen Ballets Russes Natalia Goncharova (1881-1962) da Mikhail Larionov (1881-1964).  Ta fara haɗuwa da masu zane-zane biyu a 1954 lokacin da, a matsayinta na Mataimakiyar Mai Kula da Gidan Tarihi na Tate, ta ziyarci Paris don siyan ayyuka don Tate Permanent Collection. &#x5B; ** &#x5D; Abotarta da mawakan biyu ta sa ta buga wani muƙala game da farkon ayyukansu a cikin *Mujallar Burlington* a 1955. A 1961, Chamot, tare da Camilla Gray, sun shirya wani babban baje kolin ayyukansu na baya-bayan nan ga Majalisar Fasaha ta Burtaniya.  An buga muƙaloli biyu, waɗanda aka keɓe ga aikin Goncharova, a 1972 da 1979.   A cikin shekarun 1980, an amince da Mary Chamot a matsayin ƙwararriya kan fasahar avant-garde ta Rasha da kuma musamman ayyukan Goncharova da Larionov. 

Bayan ta yi ritaya daga Tate Gallery, London kuma daga 1965 zuwa 1977, Chamot ta zama wakiliyar National Art Gallery na New Zealand da ke Landan kuma ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka tarin fasahar zamani a wannan cibiyar. Ta ziyarci New Zealand sau da yawa kuma ta himmatu wajen haɓaka tarin har ta kai ga ta ba da wasu daga cikin manyan tarin fasaharta a 1983. 

A shekarunta na ƙarshe Mary Chamot ta zauna a lamba 57 Melbury Road, London W14 8AD. Lokacin da aka fara hayar gidan a shekarar 1983  ta fara ƙaura zuwa lamba 6 Wyndham House, Sloane Square, London, SW1; sannan ta koma Creswell House, lamba 43-44 Cadogan Place, London, SW1X R9U sannan daga ƙarshe ta koma lamba 69 Oakwood Court, Addison Road, London W14 8JF. Ƙaurarta ta ƙarshe ta faru ne a shekarar 1989, lokacin da Chamot ta yi ritaya zuwa Weald Hall, Wadhurst, East Sussex. Ta mutu a can a ranar 10 ga Mayu, 1993. 

## Littattafai

* *Enamels na zamanin da na Ingila*, Ernest Benn, Landan, 1930.
* *Zane na Zamani a Ingila*, Country Life Ltd., London & Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1937.
* *Zane a Ingila daga Hogarth zuwa Whistler* (1939)
* *Fasaha: Zane, Fasahar Zane, Zane-zane da Gine-gine*, Odhams Press, (1948)
* *Zane da Zane na Rasha* Pergamon Press, London (1963)
* (Tare da Farr, D., & Butlin, M.), *Zane-zanen Burtaniya na Zamani, Zane-zane da Zane - Juzu'i na I da na II [Tate Gallery Catalogs]*, Oldbourne Press, London (1964)
* *Turner: Ayyukan Farko*, Tate Gallery, London, 1965
* *Gontcharova*, Bibliothèque des Arts, Paris (1972)
* *Goncharova: Zane-zane da Zane-zanen Matakala*, Littattafan Oresko, London (1979)

## Fassara daga Faransanci

* Bazin, G., *Zane-zanen Italiya a ƙarni na Xiv da Xvth*, Hyperion Press, London, 1938.
* Lepage-Medvey, *Kayan Sawa na Faransa*, Jaridar Hyperion Press, London, Paris, New York, 1939.
* Reau, L., *Zane-zanen Faransa a ƙarni na Xivth, Xvth da Xvith*, Hyperion Press, London, 1939.
* Cassou, J., *Picasso*, The Hyperion Press, London, 1940.
* Lassaigne J., Toulouse Lautrec, Jaridar Hyperion, Landan, 1946.

## Manazarta