Afro-Brazilian culture

Al'adun Afro-Brazil shine haɗuwa da bayyanar al'adu a Brazil waɗanda suka sha wahala daga Al'adun Afirka tun zamanin mulkin mallaka har zuwa yau. Yawancin al'adun Afirka sun isa Brazil ta hanyar cinikin bayi na transatlantic, inda al'adun Turai da na asali suka rinjaye shi, wanda ke nufin cewa halaye na asalin Afirka a cikin al'adun Brazil gabaɗaya sun haɗu da wasu nassoshin al'adu.

A halin yanzu, ana iya gano bangarori masu karfi na al'adun Afirka a fannoni da yawa na al'ummar Brazil, kamar su kiɗa, Addini, abinci, al'adun gargajiya da kuma shahararrun bukukuwa. Jihohin Maranhão, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo da Rio Grande do Sul sune suka fi rinjayar al'adun asalin Afirka saboda yawan bayi da aka karɓa a lokacin cinikin bayi da ƙaurawarsu ta ciki bayan ƙarshen sake zagayowar sukari a Yankin arewa maso gabas.

Kodayake al'adun gargajiya sun ragu a zamanin mulkin mallaka kuma a cikin karni na 19, fannoni na al'adun Brazil na asalin Afirka sun sami tsari na sake darajar daga karni na 20 zuwa gaba wanda har yanzu yana nan a yau.

## Ci gaban tarihi

Gabaɗaya, a zamanin mulkin mallaka da kuma a cikin karni na 19, asalin al'adun Turai shine mafi daraja a Brazil, yayin da ake yawan watsi da al'adun al'adun Afirka da Brazil, an hana su har ma an haramta su. Addinai na Afro-Brazilian da fasaha na capoeira sau da yawa hukumomi sun hana su. A gefe guda, wasu bayyanar al'adu, kamar congadas da maracatu, da kuma maganganun kiɗa kamar Lundu, an yarda da su har ma da motsa su.

Daga tsakiyar karni na 20 zuwa gaba, maganganun al'adun Afro-Brazilian a hankali sun fara karɓar karɓa da sha'awar ƙwararrun Brazil a matsayin ainihin maganganun fasaha na ƙasa. Koyaya, ba duk bayyanar al'adu ba ne aka yarda da su a lokaci guda. Samba na ɗaya daga cikin maganganun farko na al'adun Afro-Brazilian da za a yi sha'awar lokacin da ya ɗauki matsayi mai daraja a cikin shahararren kiɗa a farkon karni na 20. 

Daga baya, gwamnatin mulkin kama-karya na Estado Novo na Getúlio Vargas ta aiwatar da manufofi don motsa kishin kasa inda za a iya karɓar al'adun Afro-Brazilian a hukumance. A wannan lokacin ne zanga-zangar Makarantar samba ta sami amincewar gwamnati ta hanyar Janar Union of Samba Schools of Brazil, wanda aka kafa a 1934. 

Haka ya faru da sauran al'adun al'adu. Capoeira, wanda aka dauka a matsayin aikin masu laifi da masu laifi, Mestre Bimba ne ya gabatar da shi a 1953 ga shugaban kasar Vargas, wanda ya kira shi "wasa kawai wasanni na kasa".  

Daga shekarun 1950 zuwa gaba, tsanantawa ga addinan Afro-Brazilian ya ragu kuma wani ɓangare na matsakaicin aji na Rio de Janeiro ya karɓi umbanda. A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, addinan Afro-Brazilian sun fara yin bikin ne daga fararen masu ilimi.

A shekara ta 2003, an sanya hannu kan Dokar No. 10.639, wanda ya canza Dokar Jagororin da Tushen Ilimi (LDB), wanda ke buƙatar makarantun firamare da sakandare na Brazil su haɗa da koyar da tarihin Afirka da al'adu a cikin tsarin karatun.

## Nazarin Afirka da Brazil

An nuna sha'awar al'adun Afro-Brazilian ta hanyar karatu da yawa a fannonin ilimin zamantakewa, ilimin ɗan adam, kabilanci, kiɗa da ilimin harshe, da sauransu, da suka mayar da hankali kan bayyanawa da juyin halitta na tarihin al'adun Afirka-Braziliya. 

Yawancin malaman Brazil, kamar lauya Edison Carneiro, mai bincike Nina Rodrigues, marubucin Jorge Amado, mawaki da marubuci daga Minas Gerais Antonio Olinto, marubuci da ɗan jarida João Ubaldo, masanin ilimin ɗan adam da masanin tarihin tarihi Raul Lody, da kuma baƙi kamar masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Faransa Roger Bastide, mai ɗaukar hoto Pierre Verger, masanin binciken kabilanci na Amurka Ruth Landes, da kuma mai zane na Argentina Carybé, waɗanda ba a riga an sadaukar da kansu don tattara bayanai game da al'adun Afirka da su ba, waɗanda ba su yi nazari dalla-Brazilian ba.

Wasu daga cikinsu sun shiga cikin addinan Afro-Brazilian, kamar yadda yake da João do Rio;  an gayyaci wasu su shiga Candomblé a matsayin cikakken mambobi, suna karɓar matsayi na girmamawa kamar Obá na Xangô a Ilê Axé Opô Afonjá da Ogã a Ilê Axé Iyá Nassô Oká da Ilê Axá Omin Iyamassê, suna taimakawa kudi don kula da waɗannan terreiros

Yawancin firistoci a cikin wallafe-wallafen sun ba da kansu don rubuta tarihin addinan Afro-Brazilian tare da taimakon malaman tausayi ko membobin candomblés. Sauran, tun da sun riga sun sami ilimin ilimi, sun zama marubuta tare da matsayinsu na firistoci, kamar masanan ilimin ɗan adam Júlio Santana Braga da Vivaldo da Costa Lima, iyalorishás Mãe Stella da Giselle Cossard Binon - Omindarewa, farfesa Agenor Miranda, lauya Cléo Martins da farfesa ilimin zamantakewa Reginaldo Prandi, da sauransu.

## Addini

Gabaɗaya, baƙi da aka kawo daga Afirka a matsayin bayi an yi musu baftisma nan da nan kuma an tilasta musu bin Katolika. Koyaya, juyowa ba ta da ma'ana kuma addinan asalin Afirka sun sami damar kasancewa ta hanyar aikin sirri ko haɗin kai tare da Katolika. Wasu addinan Afro-Brazilian har yanzu suna kula da yawancin al'adun Afirka, kamar su candomblé da xangô na gargajiya a yankin arewa maso gabas; wasu an kafa su ne ta hanyar haɗin addini, kamar su Batuke, Tambor na mina, xambá da umbanda.

Ko ta yaya, addinan Afro-Brazilian suna nuna tasirin daga Katolika da 'yan asalin encantaria da pajelança. Syncretism kuma yana nuna kansa a cikin al'adar baftisma na yara da aure a cikin Cocin Katolika, koda kuwa membobin suna bin addinin Afro-Brazilian a bayyane.

A cikin mulkin mallaka na Brazil, baƙi da Mulatto, ko bayi ko 'yanci, galibi suna haɗuwa da kansu a cikin addinin Katolika. Sisterhood of Our Lady of the Good Death da Sisterhood na Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black Men sun kasance daga cikin mafi muhimmanci, kuma suna aiki a matsayin hanyar haɗi tsakanin Katolika da addinan Afro-Brazilian. Ayyukan Katolika na gargajiya sun sha wahala daga tasirin Afirka a cikin bautar tsarkaka na asalin Afirka kamar Saint Benedict, Saint Elesbaan, Saint Ephigenia da Saint Anthony na Noto (Saint Anthony na Carthage ko Saint Anthony Habasha); a cikin ba'a mai kyau na tsarkaka da ke da alaƙa da orishas na Afirka kamar Saints Coszena da Damian (ibeji), Saint George (Ogun a Rio de Janeiro), Saint Barbara (Yansbaan), [4] a cikin kirkirar sabbin tsarkaka masu suna da Mashahuriyar addinin Ass Ass Ass Assanya na Masallaci;  da Masallaci, da Masallacin Masallacin Yesu (S)  da Masallatai na Masallacin Musulunci; [4] na Masallatai (S) 

Duk da yake Katolika ta musanta wanzuwar orishas, majami'u na Pentecostal sun yi imani da wanzuwarsu, amma a matsayin aljanu. A cewar IBGE, 0.3% na 'yan Brazil sun ce suna bin addinan asalin Afirka, kodayake yawancin mutane suna bin waɗannan addinan a asirce.

Da farko an yi watsi da su, addinan Afro-Brazilian sun kasance ko kuma suna yin su a bayyane ta hanyar wasu mahimman masu ilimi da masu fasaha kamar su Jorge Amado, Dorival Caymmi, Vinícius na Moraes, Caetano Veloso, Gilberto Gil, Maria Bethânia (wanda ya halarci Mãe Menininha's *Terreiro*), Gal Costa (wanda aka fara zuwa Orisha Babalú-Ayé), Mestre Didi (ɗan Frealorishá Senho), Antonio Risério, Caribé (mai zane-zane),  da Fernando Co).

### Addinai na Afirka da Brazil

* Babaçuê - Pará; 
* Batuque - Rio Grande do Sul; 
* Cabula - Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro da Santa Catarina; 
* Candomblé - A duk jihohin Brazil;
* Addinin Egungun - Bahia, Rio de Janeiro da São Paulo; 
* Ifá Cult - Bahia, Rio de Janeiro da São Paulo; 
* Macumba - Rio de Janeiro; 
* Omoloko - Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais da São Paulo; 
* Kimbanda - Rio de Janeiro da São Paulo; 
* Tambor na Mina - Maranhão da Pará; 
* Terecô - Maranhão; 
* Umbanda - A duk jihohin Brazil; 
* Xambá - Alagoas da Pernambuco; 
* Xangô na Arewa maso gabas - Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas da Sergipe; 
* Ƙungiyoyin;
* Sisterhood of Our Lady of the Good Death; 
* Sisterhood of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black Men; 
* Syncretism; 

## Fasaha

Alaká na Afirka, wanda aka sani a Brazil da pano-da-costa, masu saƙa ne na Ilê Axé Opô Afonjá candomblé *Terreiro* a Salvador, a cikin sararin da ake kira Casa do Alaká .  Mestre Didi, Alapini (babban firist) na addinin Egungun da Azobá (babban Firist) na Addinin Babalú-Ayé da Orishas na duniya, shi ma masassaƙi ne kuma aikinsa gaba ɗaya yana mai da hankali kan tatsuniyoyin Yoruba da fasaha.

A cikin zane, masu zane-zane da masu zanen kaya da yawa sun sadaukar da kansu don nuna kyawawan candomblé, umbanda da batuque a kan zane-zanen su. Ɗaya daga cikinsu shine mai zane-zane da mai zane-zanen Argentina Carybé, wanda ya sadaukar da yawancin rayuwarsa a Brazil yana zane-zane kuma yana fentin Orishas da bukukuwa har zuwa cikakkun bayanai. Ana iya ganin siffofinsa a Gidan Tarihin Afro-Brazilian kuma an buga wani ɓangare na aikinsa a cikin littattafai.

A cikin daukar hoto, Faransanci Pierre Fatumbi Verger, wanda ya ziyarci Bahia a 1946 kuma ya kasance har zuwa ranar ƙarshe ta rayuwarsa, ya nuna mutanen Brazil da duk nuances na candomblé a baki da fari. Baya ga daukar hoto, ya zama wani ɓangare na addini, a Brazil da Afirka, inda aka fara shi a matsayin Babalawo, da kuma fara Gidauniyar Pierre Verger a Salvador, inda duk tarin hotunansa yake.

## Abincin
 na Brazil, wanda ake la'akari da abincin ƙasa na Brazil, ana yawan ambaton shi azaman halittar bayi, tunda ana iya kirkirar shi a cikin *[[Senzala|senzalas]]*. A zamanin yau, duk da haka, ana ɗaukar *feijoada* na Brazil a matsayin daidaitawa na wurare masu zafi na *feijoada* ta Portuguese wanda ba a saba ba da shi ga bayi ba. Duk da haka, abincin yankin Brazil ya sami rinjaye sosai daga abincin Afirka, gauraye da abubuwan abinci na Turai da na asali.

Abinci na Bahia shine wanda ya fi nuna tasirin Afirka a cikin abincin da ya dace kamar *[[Ƙosai|Acarajé]]*, *caruru*, *vatapá* da *moqueca*. Ana shirya waɗannan jita-jita da Man dabino, wanda aka cire daga itacen dabino na Afirka da aka kawo Brazil a zamanin mulkin mallaka. A Bahia, akwai hanyoyi biyu don shirya waɗannan girke-girke. A hanya mai sauƙi, abincin ba ya ƙunshe da kayan yaji da yawa kuma ana yin su a cikin candomblé terreiros don a miƙa wa orishas. A wata hanya, ana amfani da shi a waje da terreiros, ana shirya abinci tare da kayan yaji da yawa kuma sun fi ɗanɗano, ana sayar da su ta baianas do acarajé kuma ana ɗanɗana su a gidajen cin abinci da gidaje.

## Waƙoƙi

Waƙoƙin da Afro-Brazilians suka kirkira haɗuwa ne da tasirin daga ko'ina cikin Afirka ta kudu da Sahara tare da abubuwa na Portuguese kuma, zuwa ƙarami, kiɗa na asali, wanda ya samar da nau'o'i daban-daban. Kyakkyawan kiɗa na Brazil yana da tasiri sosai daga rhythms na Afirka; shahararrun nau'ikan sune samba, marabaixo, maracatu, ijexá, koko, jongo, carimbó, lambada, maxixe, Maculelê.

Kamar yadda ya faru a duk yankunan Amurka inda bayi na Afirka suka kasance, an yi watsi da kiɗan da 'yan Afirka suka yi da farko kuma an ware shi, har sai ya sami sananne a farkon karni na 20 kuma ya zama mafi mashahuri a yau.

### Kayan kida na Afirka da Brazil

* Rashin jin daɗi; 
* Agogô; 
* Alfaia; 
* Ya kai Harin; 
* Berimbau; 
* Drum; 

## Dubi kuma

* Al'adun Afirka a Rio Grande do Sul
* Quilombo
* Tarihin Afirka da Brazil

## Bayanan da aka ambata