Kurkuku ta ƙasa

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## Asiya da Oceania

### Ostiraliya
An gina gidajen kurkuku da yawa a Ostiraliya ta hanyar ma'aikatan da aka yanke musu hukunci a karni na 19. A cikin shekarun 1990s, gwamnatocin jihohi daban-daban a Ostiraliya sun shiga kamfanonin gyara masu zaman kansu don gina da gudanar da kurkuku yayin da aka dakatar da manyan cibiyoyin gwamnati. Har ila yau, an mallaki ayyukan cibiyoyin tsare-tsare na tarayya a lokacin da aka fara tsare Masu neman mafaka a Ostiraliya.

### China
An kiyasta yawan fursunonin kasar Sin a miliyan 2.

### Indiya
 
Kurkuku a Indiya, da gwamnatinsa, jigo ne na jiha wanda abu na 4 ya rufe a ƙarƙashin jerin jihohi a cikin Jadawali na Bakwai na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya.  Gudanarwa da gudanar da gidajen yari suna cikin tsarin gwamnatocin Jihohi ne kawai, kuma ana gudanar da su ne ta dokar gidan yari, 1894 da kuma dokokin gidan yari na gwamnatocin Jihohi.  Don haka, jihohi suna da matsayi na farko, nauyi da iko don canza dokokin kurkuku, ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodi.  Gwamnatin tsakiya na ba da taimako ga jihohi don inganta tsaro a gidajen yari, gyara da gyara tsofaffin gidajen yari, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, bunkasa makarantun bosta, kayan aiki ga mata masu laifi, koyar da sana'o'i, sabunta masana'antar gidan yari, horar da jami'an gidan yari, da samar da manyan guraben tsaro.
 

### New Zealand

## Turai

### Estonia
 
Estonia currently maintains five prisons around the country: Harku Prison, Murru Prison, Tallinn Prison, Tartu Prison and Viru Prison. In March 2011, there were 3,405 persons incarcerated in Estonia, and the number of prisoners per 100,000 residents were 254, which is the third highest rate in the EU. These figures include pre-trial detainees and remand prisoners. It is, however, a much lower rate than in the late 1990s and early 2000s, when the Estonian prison population reached almost 5,000 persons.

Finland tana da kurkuku 26, daga cikinsu akwai kurkuku masu budewa da kurkuku masu rufewa.

Wurin tsibiri na Suomenlinna a Finland misali ne na wurin gyara "buɗe" wanda kuma aka kafa a cikin ƙasashen Scandinavian.  Gidan yarin yana buɗe tun 1971 kuma, tun daga watan Satumba 2013, fursunoni maza 95 na wurin suna barin gidan yarin kullun don yin aiki a cikin garin da ya dace ko kuma tafiya zuwa babban ƙasa don ko dai aiki ko karatu.  Fursunonin za su iya yin hayan talabijan allo, na'urorin sauti, da na'urorin firiji tare da albashin aikin gidan yari da za su iya samu - albashin ya kai tsakanin Yuro 4.10 zuwa 7.3 a kowace awa (US $5.30 zuwa $9.50).  Tare da saka idanu na lantarki, ana barin fursunoni su ziyarci iyalansu a Helsinki kuma su ci abinci tare da ma'aikatan gidan yarin.  Fursunonin an halatta su sanya tufafin kansu..

Gyaran gidan yarin Finnish ya haifar da raguwa da ƙarancin fursunonin da ƙasar ke fuskanta a yanzu.  Wannan samfurin ya fi mai da hankali kan halin mutuntaka ga fursunoni da kuma tsarin da ya dace game da shari'a.  Sun faɗaɗa wasu shirye-shiryen su don nisantar da ƙarin ƴan ƙasa daga tsarin da aka tsara na gidan yari da fatan gujewa masu laifin sake yin laifi da kuma rage ƙimar sake maimaitawa.  A kasashe irin su Amurka sun yi amfani da dauri a matsayin hanyar siyasa, kuma adadin daurinsu ya nuna.  Tushen sabon samfurin Finnish shine "manufofin aikata laifuka na ɗan adam" (Lappi-Seppala, 2002).  Ta hanyar karkata hankalinsu kan dabarun rigakafin aikata laifuka da kuma aiwatar da matakan gyara laifuka na gida Finland ta sami nasarar yin nasara daga ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman adadin fursunonin duniya zuwa ɗayan mafi ƙasƙanci.  A cikin 'yan shekarun nan kasar Finland ta yi wani yunkuri na kara tsawaita wa'adin zaman gidan yari, wadanda ke cikin mafi kankanin lokaci a duniya.  An bayar da mafi tsayin hukunce-hukunce ga ayyukan fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi na kimanin shekaru 8-9 da kisan kai 8-12 shekaru (har zuwa shekaru 15 idan an aikata laifuka da yawa).  Duk da haka, kisan kai yana samun hukuncin daurin rai da rai tare da zaɓi na gwaji bayan shekaru 12 kaɗan (shekaru 10 idan fursuna yana ƙasa da 21 lokacin aikata laifin) tare da yuwuwar afuwar shugaban ƙasa (Putkonen).  Hukuncin rayuwa yakan ɗauki shekaru 14-15, wani lokacin ma fiye da haka, amma ba a ƙayyade iyakar tsawon lokaci ba

### Faransa
Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Faransa tana da kurkuku 194 a cikin ƙasa da yankunan kasashen waje. Ya zuwa 1 ga Janairun 2009, kididdigar ta nuna kusan wurare 52,000 da ke akwai, tare da kusan fursunoni 58,000 "da aka karɓa". Faransa gida ce ga gidan yarin Fleury-Mérogis, mafi girman wurin gyarawa a Turai.

### Jamus
Jamus tana da kurkuku 194 (daga cikinsu 19 cibiyoyin bude ne). Kididdigar hukuma ta nuna wurare 80,214 a ranar 31 ga Maris, 2007. A wannan rana, akwai fursunoni 75,719 (wanda 13,168 kafin shari'a; 60,619 suna yin hukunci; wasu 1,932 wasu, watau galibi fursunonin farar hula; 4,068 mata ne). Wannan bai kai darajar fursunoni 81,176 ba a ranar 31 ga Maris, 2003. 

### Iceland
A halin yanzu akwai kurkuku 6 da ke aiki a Iceland.

### Ireland

A halin yanzu akwai kurkuku 14 da ke aiki a Jamhuriyar Ireland tare da jimlar damar gado na 4,106 a ranar 31 ga Disamba 2009. Matsakaicin adadin fursunoni a cikin shekara ta 2009 ya kasance 3,881. Koyaya, yawancin waɗannan kurkuku a halin yanzu suna aiki a ko sama da ƙarfin.

### Netherlands
A cewar wani rahoto na tsakiyar watan Yunin 2013 daga gidan talabijin na Dutch NOS, za a rufe gidajen kurkuku 19 na Dutch saboda raguwar aikata laifuka da raguwar kasafin kuɗi. A sakamakon rufewar, za a buƙaci yawan fursunoni don raba sel kuma alamun lantarki za su zama zaɓi mai kyau yayin hanyoyin yanke hukunci ga mutanen da aka yanke musu hukunci.

### Norway
Ana sanya fursunoni a Norway a cikin ɗakunan kurkuku na nau'o'i daban-daban: Gidajen da fursunoni ke amfani da su a hannun 'yan sanda galibi suna cikin rukunin *[[glattcelle]]* ("smooth cell").  An ci tarar 'yan sanda na Oslo kroner 50 000 a shekara ta 2011 saboda rike fursuna na kwanaki 8 a cikin wani *glattcelle* (Kuma saboda irin wannan lamarin  daga baya a shekara ta 2011, ba a ci tarar gundumar' yan sanda ba saboda an riga an ci tarar ta saboda lamarin na farko).

Mai ba da shawara ga yara a Norway ya yi iƙirarin cewa kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya soki ayyukan da suka shafi ɗaurin yara a Norway.

### Poland
 
Ya zuwa ƙarshen watan Agusta 2007, Poland a hukumance ta ayyana fursunoni 90,199 (13,374 kafin shari'a; 76,434 suna yin hukunci; wasu 391; 2,743 fursunoni mata ne), yana ba da adadin ɗaurin kurkuku ga kowane mazauna 100,000 na kusan 234. Yawan jama'a (yawan fursunoni da aka riƙe idan aka kwatanta da yawan wuraren fursunoni) an kiyasta shi ta hanyar gidan yarin hukuma a matsayin 119%.

Yawan ci gaban ɗaurin kurkuku a Poland a lokacin 2006-2007 ya kasance kusan 4% a kowace shekara, bisa ga ƙididdigar Agusta 2007 na fursunoni 90,199 da ƙididdigatattun Yuni 2005 na fursunonin 82,572. 

### Rasha
 
Mai fafutukar Pussy Riot Nadezhda Tolokonnikova ta rubuta wasika ta jama'a game da gidajen kurkuku na Rasha a cikin 2013 tana karɓar kulawa ta duniya game da yanayin gidan kurkuku na Russia. A cewar Ilya Shablinsky, memba na kwamitin kare hakkin dan adam na shugaban kasa wanda ya bincika kurkukun ta, yanayin da ke kusa da na "aikin bawa". Mai binciken ya sami kurkuku na mata suna aiki sa'o'i 14 a rana da rana ɗaya a wata. A cikin 2013 Rasha tana da kashi na goma mafi girma a duniya na kurkuku na yawan jama'a. A cikin 2010 Dimitri Medvedev ya rage yawan fursunoni da kashi 17.5%. An raba kurkuku har yanzu a cikin 2013 a matsayin "ja" da hukumomin kurkuku ke gudanarwa da kuma "baƙar fata" da fursunoni ke gudanarwa. A cewar Economist (2013) canji zai buƙaci zurfin gyare-gyare na 'yan sanda da kotuna. Duk da gaskiyar da wayar da kan jama'a game da matsalar aikin bautar mata a kurkuku a Rasha ba shine dalilin da ya sa IOC ko mahalarta su soke Wasannin Olympics na hunturu na 2014 a Rasha ba.

### Turkiyya
An rarraba kurkuku a Turkiyya a matsayin kurkuku masu rufewa, masu budewa da budewa. An raba kurkuku masu rufewa zuwa nau'o'i daban-daban bisa ga tsarinsa da yawan fursunoni da aka tsare. Misalan sune nau'in A, nau'in B, nau'ikan E da Nau'in F. Nau'ikan F sune manyan kurkuku na tsaro, waɗanda aka sani a Amurka da Supermax .

### Ƙasar Ingila
A cikin Dokar Kurkuku ta 1952, kalmar "kotu" ba ta haɗa da gidan yarin sojan ruwa, soja ko rundunar sojan sama ba.

A cikin sashi na 38B na Dokar Shari'a ta 1977, kalmar "kotu" tana nufin, a cikin yanayin mutumin da ba shi da shekaru 21 da aka kama a Ingila da Wales, duk wani wuri da za a iya tsare shi a ƙarƙashin sashi na 12 (10) na Dokar Shari'a ta Laifi ta 1982, kuma, a cikin batun mutumin da ba a ƙarƙashin wannan shekarun ba aka kama shi a Arewacin Ireland, Cibiyar matasa masu laifi.

A cikin sashi na 1 na Dokar Tsaron Kurkuku ta 1992, kalmar "kotu" tana nufin kowane kurkuku, Cibiyar matasa masu laifi ko cibiyar tsare wanda ke ƙarƙashin babban mai kula da, ko kuma wanda aka bayar da shi, Sakataren Gwamnati a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kurkuku ta 1952, gami da kwangila daga kurkuku a cikin ma'anar Sashe na IV na Dokar Shari'a ta 1991 

A cikin sashi na 4 na Dokar Kula da Ikon Bincike na 2000, kalmar "kotu" tana nufin kowane kurkuku, ma'aikatar matasa masu laifi, cibiyar matasa masu laifi ko cibiyar tsare-tsare wanda ke ƙarƙashin babban mai kula da, ko kuma wanda aka bayar da shi, Sakataren Gwamnati a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kurkuku ta 1952 ko Dokar Kurkuku (Northern Ireland) 1953 (c. 18 (N.I.)), ko, kowane kurkuku na matasa masu laifi ma'aikin matasa ko kuma cibiyar tsare wanda ke ƙarƙashin janar Ministan jama'a a cikin Dokar Shari'a ta Scotland (Scotland) Dokar Shari'ar IV) Dokar Shari'a ta 1991) ma'a ta doka ta 1991) 

## Arewacin Amurka

### Kanada
Gidajen yari 52 (wanda aka fi sani da kurkuku) a Kanada gwamnatin tarayya ce ke gudanar da shi, kuma ga waɗanda aka yanke musu hukuncin yin fiye da shekaru 2 na tsare-tsare. Yankin shekaru biyu da ke raba kulawar lardin da tarayya ya haifar da hukuncin wasu masu laifi zuwa "shekaru biyu kasa da rana", don haka za su iya yin hukuncin su a cibiyoyin gyara lardin.

### Jamaica

### Amurka

A cikin tsarin azabtarwa na Amurka, **kurkuku** kayan aiki ne da ake amfani da su don tsare mutanen da ke cikin kulawar doka ta jihar, gami da mutanen da ake tuhuma da ke jiran shari'a da waɗanda aka yanke musu hukunci da Laifi kuma suna yin hukuncin kasa da shekara guda. Kurkuku yawanci ƙananan kurkuku ne da ke ƙarƙashin kowane yanki da birane,  kodayake wasu kurkuku a cikin manyan al'ummomi na iya zama babba kuma suna riƙe da fursunoni da yawa kamar kurkuku na yau da kullun. Kamar yadda yake tare da kurkuku, wasu kurkuku suna da fuka-fuki daban-daban ga wasu nau'ikan masu laifi, kuma suna da shirye-shiryen aiki ga fursunoni waɗanda ke nuna halin kirki.

Kimanin rabin yawan fursunonin Amurka sun kunshi wadanda aka tsare kafin a yi musu shari'a wadanda ba a yanke musu hukunci ba ko kuma a yanke musu hukuncin kisa. Fursunoni da ke aiki fiye da shekara guda yawanci ana sanya su a cikin gidajen kurkuku da gwamnatocin jihohi ke sarrafawa. Ba kamar yawancin kurkuku na jihar ba, kurkuku yawanci yana da maza da mata a sassa daban-daban na wannan wurin. Wasu kurkuku suna hayar sarari don saukar da fursunoni daga gwamnatin tarayya, kurkuku na jihohi ko wasu yankuna a matsayin hanyar tara kudaden shiga.

In 2005, a report by the Bureau of Justice Statistics found that 62 percent of people in jails have not been convicted, and are awaiting trial. , local jails held or supervised 819,434 individuals. Nine percent of these  individuals were in programs such as community service, work release, weekend reporting, electronic monitoring, and other alternative programs. As of 2013, ethnic and racial minorities are represented by 60% of the US prison population.

Wani binciken da aka fitar a shekarar 1982 ya bayyana cewa tsawon rayuwar jami'in gyarawa na Amurka shine shekaru 59, idan aka kwatanta da shekaru 75 na matsakaicin kasa. An buga shi a cikin mujallar Corrections Today, binciken ya kuma gano cewa an sami damuwa fiye da na kwatankwacin samfurin jami'an 'yan sanda, yayin da maye da ƙimar saki sun fi girma ga jami'an gyara fiye da yawan jama'ar Amurka.

## Kudancin Amurka

### Brazil
A shekara ta 2010, an tsare mutane 473,600 a kurkuku da kurkuku na Brazil.