Philippa Marrack

**Philippa "Pippa" Marrack,** FRS (an haife ta a ranar 28 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1945) masanin ilimin rigakafi ne kuma masanin kimiyya, wanda ke zaune a Amurka, wanda aka fi sani da bincikenta da abubuwan da suka shafi sel T. Marrack shi ne Farfesa na Ida da Cecil Green kuma shugaban Sashen Binciken Kiwon Lafiya a Lafiya ta Yahudawa kuma fitaccen farfesa ne na ilimin rigakafi da microbiology a Jami'ar Colorado Denver . 

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Marrack a Ewell, Ingila a ranar 28 ga Yuni 1945. An haife ta ne a Ingila, tana riƙe da 'yan asalin Burtaniya da Amurka a halin yanzu. Mahaifin Marrack ya yi aiki a cikin Royal Navy, don haka iyalinta sun ƙaura akai-akai a duk lokacin yarinta. Marrack ta lura cewa mafi tsawo da ta zauna a wuri daya a farkon shekarunta ya kasance a Cambridge inda ta fara neman digiri na farko. Bayan ya halarci Jami'ar Cambridge, Marrack ya koma Amurka don kammala aikin postdoctoral da bincike. A Amurka ta sadu da abokin tarayya da mijinta, John W. Kappler . Sun kammala bincike da yawa kuma sun sami ci gaba da yawa a fannonin rigakafi, ilmin sunadarai, da ilmin halitta. Marrack da Kappler suna da 'ya'ya biyu tare. A waje da kimiyya, Philippa Marrack tana jin daɗin kunna piano, da kuma gudu tare da Kogin Platte tare da Labradors.

## Ilimi
Marrack ya kammala karatun digiri na farko (1967) da Ph.D. (1970) a Jami'ar Cambridge da ke New Hall, Cambridge . A lokacin Ph.D., Marrack ta yi aiki a MRC Laboratory na Molecular Biology tare da Alan Munro, inda ta fara nazarin bambance-bambance tsakanin sel T da sel B. Alan Munro ya zama mai ba da shawara ga rubutun ta; ta zama ɗalibar digiri wanda ta yi aiki tare da shi saboda sha'awarsa na aiki tare da dangi na John Marrack. John Marrack ɗan'uwan kakan Philippa Marrack ne, kuma sanannen masanin rigakafi ne a cikin shekarun 1930. Marrack ya lura cewa ya rinjayi ta kai tsaye don ci gaba da nazarin rigakafi.

Marrack daga nan ta koma La Jolla, San Diego tare da mijinta na farko kuma ta kammala aikin postdoctoral tare da Richard Dutton a Jami'ar California, San Diego .  Ta yaba Dutton da cewa tana da babban tasiri a kan aikinta a lokacin da take tare, yayin da ya koya mata yadda ake rubutu, lacca, da gudanar da dakin gwaje-gwaje, da kuma yadda ake tunani da kyau.

## Ayyuka
Marrack ta sadu da abokin aikinta na dindindin kuma mijinta na yanzu, John W. Kappler, a matsayin abokin karatun postdoctoral a Jami'ar California, San Diego . Matsayinta na farko a Jami'ar Rochester, inda ta koyar da karatun digiri na farko. Ma'aurata sun ƙaddamar da dakin gwaje-gwaje na hadin gwiwa a Jami'ar Rochester .  A lokaci guda, ta sami tallafi mai zaman kanta daga Ƙungiyar Zuciya ta Amirka da Ƙungiyar Ciwon daji ta Amirka don nazarin ƙwayoyin T. Marrack ya sami matsayi na farfesa a Jami'ar Rochester, sannan ya biyo bayan mukamai a Hukumar Lafiya ta Yahudawa, Denver, Colorado da Jami'ar Colorado Denver. Ta kuma kasance mai bincike a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Howard Hughes .  A cikin aikinta, Marrack ta wallafa labarai sama da 300 da aka sake dubawa. Yawancin abubuwan da ta ambata da kuma labaran mujallar sun sanya ta a matsayin mai bincike na uku mafi tasiri a cikin al'umma kuma ya bambanta ta a matsayin babbar mace mai bincike.

## Bincike
A shekara ta 1983 yayin da suke aiki a dakunan gwaje-gwaje a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Yahudawa a Denver, Colorado, Philippa Marrack da mijinta da abokin bincike, John Kappler, sun gano kuma sun ware mai karɓar T cell, tare da Ellis Reinherz da James Allison. Sakamakon wannan binciken, a cikin 1987 Marrack ya gano yadda tsarin rigakafi ke iya nuna bambanci na kwayoyin, kamar yadda jikin mutum zai iya kawar da ƙwayoyin T da ke kaiwa ga ƙwayoyin jikin mutum, yana lalata su a cikin Thymus kafin su sami damar haifar da matsaloli, duk da haka jiki yana riƙe da ƙwayohin da ke yaƙi da masu mamayewa. Ta koyi cewa kwayoyin da ba a lalata su ba na iya haifar da cututtukan rigakafi kamar Cutar kanjamau, Ciwon sukari, Multiple sclerosis, da lupus. Wannan aikin tushe a kan juriya ta rigakafi ta Marrack da Kappler ya haifar da binciken da suka yi daga baya a cikin 1990 na superantigens: guba mai ƙarfi wanda ke motsa yawan yaduwar T-cell kuma yana iya haifar da mummunar amsawar rigakafi da alamun tashin hankali kamar waɗanda aka gani a cikin cutar shock ko guba na abinci. Ayyukan bincike na Marrack na yanzu suna mai da hankali kan dalilin da ya sa wasu cututtukan rigakafi, kamar lupus ko Multiple sclerosis, sun fi yawa a cikin mata fiye da maza. Marrack da Kappler kwanan nan sun gano yawan Kwayoyin B waɗanda zasu iya lissafa wasu daga cikin wannan lura. Ayyukanta na farko da juyin juya hali na ware mai karɓar T-cell da kuma bayyana yadda T-cell ke karewa daga kamuwa da cuta, fitar da cututtukan autoimmune da allergic, da kuma taka rawar gani wajen kin amincewa da cututsin daji, ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga fahimtar yanzu game da allurar rigakafi, HIV, da cututsen rigakafi a fagen kiwon lafiya.

## Ayyukan sana'a
Marrack ya yi aiki a kan allon edita da mujallu na Kimiyya da yawa ciki har da Cell, Science, da Journal of Immunology . Ta kuma yi aiki a kan allon da bangarori daban-daban na American Cancer Society, Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Kasa, da Asusun Maraba da Burroughs .  Daga 1986 zuwa 2017, Marrack ya kasance mai binciken Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Howard Hughes. Daga 1995 zuwa 2002, Marrack ya yi aiki a Majalisar Kungiyar Kwararrun Kwararrun Amurka kuma ya yi aiki ne a matsayin shugaban Kungiyar Kwararru ta Kwararrun (AAI) daga 2000 zuwa 2001. Ta kasance memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa a Amurka tun daga 1989 kuma Fellow na Royal Society a Burtaniya tun daga 1997. Har ila yau, ita ce farfesa ta Ida da Cecil Green a yanzu kuma shugabar Sashen Binciken Kiwon Lafiya a Lafiya ta Yahudawa kuma fitacciyar farfesa a Jami'ar Colorado Denver . Ta shiga fannin kiwon lafiya na Yahudawa da Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Colorado a shekarar 1979.

## Daraja da kyaututtuka

* 1990 - Medal na Feodor Lynen don Nasarar Musamman da Ayyuka Masu Kyau 
* 1990 - Kyautar Gidauniyar Royal Society Wellcome 
* 1991 - An zabe shi zuwa Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka 
* 1991 - Kyautar William B. Coley 
* 1992 - Kyautar tunawa da Ernst W. Bertner (MD Anderson Cancer Center) 
* 1993 - Cibiyar Nazarin Ciwon daji William B. Coley Award 
* 1993 - Kyautar Paul Ehrlich da Ludwig Darmstaedter 
* 1994 - Kyautar Louisa Gross Horwitz (Jami'ar Columbia) 
* 1995 - Kyautar Behring-Heidelberger Lecture 
* 1995 - Kyautar FASEB a Kimiyya 
* 1995 - Kyautar Louisa Gross Horwitz (Jami'ar Columbia) 
* 1996 - Kyautar Dickson a fannin kiwon lafiya (Jami'ar Pittsburgh) 
* 1996 - Dokta na girmamawa na Kimiyya, Kwalejin Macalester
* 1998 - Kyautar Tunawa da Rabbi Shai Shacknai 
* 1999 - Taron Interscience kan Antimicrobial Agents da Chemotherapy Award
* 1999 - Kyautar Howard Taylor Ricketts (Jami'ar Chicago) 
* 2000 - Kyautar Rayuwa ta Rayuwa, Ƙungiyar Masu Kwarewar Kwarewar Ruwa ta Amirka
* 2001 - Kyautar Jagorancin Kimiyya ta Cibiyar Irvington a cikin Immunology
* 2002 - memba, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya 
* 2003 - American Association of Immunologists Lifetime Achievement Award  
* 2003 - Kyautar Jakadan Faculty, Lafiya ta Yahudawa ta Kasa
* 2004 - Kyautar Bonfils Stanton don Kimiyya 
* 2004 - Kyautar Mata a Kimiyya ta L'Oreal UNESCO
* 2004 - Kyautar Lafiya ta Yahudawa ta Kasa Ibrahim J. Kauvar Kyautar Shugaban kasa 
* 2004 - Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Lafiya ta Jami'ar Colorado, Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya, Kyautar Mentoring 
* 2005 - Kyautar Pearl Meister Greengard 
* 2006 - Kyautar Avery-Landsteiner[de]
* 2008 - Zababben memba, Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa 
* 2010 - An shigar da ita cikin Hall of Fame na Mata na Colorado 
* 2015 - Kyautar Wolf a cikin Magunguna 
* 2015 - An shigar da ita cikin Hall of Fame na Mata na Kasa   
* 2016 - Kyautar Novartis don Kayan rigakafi na asali 
* 2019 - Bayyana Bayani Laureate 
* 2024 - Mai karɓar digiri na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Rockefeller 

## Manazarta

## Ƙarin karantawa
 

* HHMI Bayanan aiki 
* "Zuwa Masanin Kimiyya" , Philippa Marrack, HHMI
* Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha.&nbsp;
* "Profile: Philippa Marrack", Nature Medicine, v.10, n.12.
* Tarihin Magana na Philippa Marrack, Ph.D. (AAI '74, shugaban 2000-2001), https://vimeo.com/64907450

## Haɗin waje

* Gidan yanar gizon KM