Antoine Galland

**Antoine Galland** ; 4 Afrilu 1646 - 17 Fabrairu 1715) ɗan ƙasar Faransa ne kuma masanin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi, wanda ya shahara a matsayin mai fassara na farko a Turai na *dare dubu da ɗaya*, wanda ya kira *Les mille et une nuits* . Tatsuniyoyinsa sun fito a cikin juzu'i goma sha biyu tsakanin 1704 zuwa 1717 kuma sun yi tasiri sosai kan adabi da dabi'un Turawa na baya ga duniyar Musulunci . Jorge Luis Borges ya ba da shawarar cewa Romanticism ya fara lokacin da aka fara karanta fassararsa.

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Galland a Rollot a Picardy (yanzu a sashen Somme ). Bayan ya kammala makaranta a Noyon, ya karanta Greek da Latin a Paris, inda kuma ya sami Larabci. A cikin 1670 ya kasance a ofishin jakadancin Faransa a Istanbul saboda kyakkyawan iliminsa na Girkanci kuma, a cikin 1673, ya yi tafiya a Siriya da Levant, inda ya kwafi adadi mai yawa na rubuce-rubuce, zane-zane da - a wasu lokuta - cire abubuwan tarihi. .

Bayan wani ɗan gajeren ziyara a Faransa, inda tarin tsoffin tsabar kudi ya ja hankali, Galland ya koma Levant a cikin 1677. A cikin 1679 ya yi tafiya ta uku, wanda Kamfanin Faransa na Gabashin Indiya ya ba shi izini don tattara wa majalisar ministocin Colbert . A lokacin da wannan kwamiti ya kare, gwamnati ta umurce shi da ya ci gaba da bincike, kuma aka ba shi lakabin kayan tarihi ga sarki ( Louis XIV ). A lokacin da ya daɗe yana zama a ƙasashen waje, ya sami cikakken ilimin Larabci, Turkanci, da Harsuna da wallafe-wallafen Farisa, wanda, a lokacin da ya koma Faransa ta ƙarshe, ya ba shi damar ba da taimako mai mahimmanci ga Melchisédech Thévenot, mai kula da ɗakin karatu na sarauta, da kuma Barthélemy d'Herbelot de Molainville .

Lokacin da d'Herbelot ya mutu a shekara ta 1695, Galland ya ci gaba da karatunsa *na Bibliothèque Orientale* ("Laburaren Gabas"), babban tarin bayanai game da al'adun Islama, kuma galibi fassarar babban kundin larabci na *Kaşf az-Zunūn* na mashahurin malamin Ottoman Kâtip Çelebi . A ƙarshe an buga shi a cikin 1697 kuma ya kasance babbar gudummawa ga ilimin Turai game da Gabas ta Tsakiya, yana tasiri marubuta irin su William Beckford (a cikin tatsuniya *Vathek* na gabas).&#x5B; ** &#x5D;

Bayan mutuwar Thévenot da d'Herbelot, Galland ya rayu na ɗan lokaci a Caen a ƙarƙashin rufin Nicolas Foucault, wanda ke nufin Caen, kansa ba ma'anar archaeologist ba. A can ya fara, a cikin 1704, littafin *Les mille et Une Nuits*, wanda ya ba da sha'awa sosai a lokacin bayyanarsa kuma har yanzu shine fassarar Faransanci. A 1709 an nada shi shugaban Larabci a Collège de France . Ya ci gaba da gudanar da wannan aiki har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekara ta 1715.

Bayan da dama na archaeological ayyukan, musamman a cikin sashen numismatics, Galland buga a 1694 a tari daga Larabci, Persian, da kuma Baturke, mai suna *Paroles remarquables, bons mots et maximes des orientaux*,  kuma a cikin 1699 fassarar daga Rubutun Larabci, *De l'origine et du progrès du café* .  Tsohon waɗannan ayyukan ya bayyana a cikin fassarar Turanci a cikin 1795. An buga *Contes et tatsuniya indiennes de Bidpai et de Lokrnan* bayan mutuwa a cikin 1724. Daga cikin rubuce-rubucensa masu yawa akwai fassarar Kur'ani da *Tarihi générale des empereurs Turcs* . Charles Schefer ne ya buga mujallarsa a shekara ta 1881. 

### Fassarar ''Dare Dubu Da Daya''

Galland ya ci karo da wani rubutun *The Tale of Sindbad the Sailor* a Constantinople a cikin 1690s kuma, a cikin 1701, ya buga fassararsa zuwa Faransanci.  Nasarar da ta samu ya ƙarfafa shi ya soma fassarar wani rubutun Siriya na ƙarni na sha huɗu ko na sha biyar (wanda yanzu ake kira Galland Manuscript ) na *Dare Dubu da Daya* . Juzu'i biyu na farko na wannan aikin, ƙarƙashin taken *Mille et Une Nuits*, sun bayyana a cikin 1704. An buga juzu'i na goma sha biyu da na ƙarshe bayan mutuwa a cikin 1717.

Ya fassara sashe na farko na aikinsa daga rubutun Syria kaɗai. A cikin 1709 an gabatar da shi ga Kirista Maronite daga Aleppo, Hanna Diab, wanda ya ba da ƙarin labarai goma sha huɗu zuwa Galland daga ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Ya zabi ya saka bakwai daga cikin wadannan tatsuniyoyi a cikin sigarsa ta *Dare* .

Asiri ya kewaye tushen wasu shahararrun tatsuniyoyi. Misali, babu rubutun Larabci na *Aladdin* da *Ali Baba*, abin da ake kira "tatsuniyoyi marayu", wadanda suka rigaya fassarar Galland.  Shi kuma Galland ya ji wadannan tatsuniyoyi daga mai ba da labari na Syria Hanna Diyab .   

Galland kuma ya daidaita fassararsa da ɗanɗanon lokacin. Nasarar da tatsuniyoyi suka samu nan da nan ya kasance wani ɓangare saboda sha'awar labarun tatsuniyoyi (Faransanci: *contes de fées* ),  wanda abokinsa Charles Perrault ya fara a Faransa a cikin 1690s. Galland kuma ya yi marmarin yin daidai da canons na adabi na zamanin. Ya yanke yawancin sassa na batsa da kuma duk waƙoƙin. Wannan ya sa Sir Richard Burton ya koma zuwa ga "Galland's delightful delighting shortage and adaptation" wanda "ba a wakilta (s) asalin gabas." 

An gaishe da fassararsa da ƙwazo kuma ba da daɗewa ba an fassara shi zuwa wasu harsunan Turai da yawa: Turanci (wani sigar " Grub Street " ta bayyana a cikin 1706), Jamusanci (1712), Italiyanci (1722), Dutch (1732), Rashanci (1763)., da Yaren mutanen Poland (1768). Sun samar da guguwar kwaikwai da kuma yaɗuwar salon ƙarni na 18 don tatsuniyoyi na gabas.  Kamar yadda Jorge Luis Borges ya rubuta:Wata hujja kuma ba za a iya musantawa ba. Shahararrun mashahuran ƙwararrun ƙwararrun *Dare Dubu da Daya* - na Coleridge, Thomas de Quincey, Stendhal, Tennyson, Edgar Allan Poe, Newman - sun fito ne daga masu karanta fassarar Galland. Shekaru ɗari biyu da goma mafi kyawun fassarorin sun shuɗe, amma mutumin da ke cikin Turai ko Amurka wanda ke tunanin *dare dubu da ɗaya* yana tunani, ko da yaushe, na wannan fassarar ta farko. Siffar Sifen *milyunanochesco* [dubun-da-daya-dare-esque] ... ba shi da alaƙa da batsa na Burton ko Mardrus da duk abin da ya shafi bijoux na Antoine Galland da sihiri. 

## Ayyuka

* *Les paroles remarquables, les bons mots et les maximes des Orientaux, S. Benard*, 1694
* *Contes da tatsuniyoyi indiennes, de [[Bidpaï]] et de Lokman; traduites d'Ali-Tchelebi ben Saleh, auteur turc* .
* *Histoire de l'esclavage d'un marchand de la ville de Cassis, à Tunis*, *La Bibliothèque, « L'écrivain vogeur »* .
* De l'origine et du progrès du cafe, La Bibliothèque, coll. " L'écrivain vogeur ».
* *Le Voyage à Smyrne, Chandeigne*, *coll.* *" Magellane »*, 2000.
* *Histoire de Noureddin et de la belle persane*, André Versaille Éditeur, 2009
* *Histoire d'Aladin ou la lampe merveilleuse*
* *Les Milles et une Nuits*

## Duba kuma

* Charles Perrault
* Giambattista Basile
* Giovanni Straparola

## Manazarta

## Tushe

* *Les mille et une nuits* kamar yadda Galland ya fassara (Bugu na Garnier Flammarion, 1965)
* Jorge Luis Borges, "Masu Fassarorin *Dare Dubu Da Daya* " a cikin *Jimlar Laburare: Ƙirar Fassarar 1922-1986*, ed. Eliot Weinberger (Penguin, 1999)
* Sir Richard Burton - *Littafin Dubu Dare da Dare*, Juzu'i na 1 na Richard Francis Burton, Burton Club ne ya buga don masu biyan kuɗi masu zaman kansu kawai, an buga shi a cikin Amurka.
* Robert Irwin *Daren Larabawa: Aboki* (Penguin, 1995)

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
  

* Works by Antoine Galland at Project Gutenberg
* Works by or about Antoine Galland at the Internet Archive
* Works by Antoine Galland at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) 
* Antoine Galland by Maxime de Sars (in French)