open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kyaututtuka na matsayi

**Kyaututtukan Darajoji** sun ƙunshi **lambar yabo don Optoelectronics** da **lambar yabo don Gina Jiki.** Kyaututtukan sun gane, ba da lada da ƙarfafa masu bincike da ke aiki a fannoni daban-daban na optoelectronics da abinci mai gina jiki . 

An ba da kyaututtukan kyauta ta hanyar sadaka **Rank Prize**, wanda masana'antun masana'antu, masu ba da agaji da kuma wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Rank, J. Arthur Rank da matarsa Nell, ta hanyar Rank Foundation a kan 16 Fabrairu 1972, ba da daɗewa ba kafin mutuwar Arthur. Kudade biyu, Asusun Gina Jiki na Dan Adam da Dabbobi da Kiwon Lafiyar amfanin gona da Asusun Optoelectronics, suna tallafawa ilimin kimiyya wanda ke nuna sha'awar kasuwancin Rank ta hanyar "haɗin gwiwa tare da masana'antar fulawa da silima da masana'antar lantarki", wanda Rank ya yi imanin zai zama babban fa'ida ga ɗan adam.

Hakanan lambar yabo ta Rank tana sane, tallafawa da haɓaka ƙwazo a tsakanin matasa da masu bincike masu tasowa a fannoni biyu na abinci mai gina jiki da optoelectronics .  Kyautar daraja tana nufin ci gaba da haɓaka ilimi da koyo don amfanin jama'a. 

## Kyautar daraja don Optoelectronics
The Rank Prize for Optoelectronics yana goyan bayan, ƙarfafawa, da kuma ba da lada ga masu binciken da ke aiki a ƙarshen binciken optoelectronics,  da farko (daga 1976) ana ba da shi kowace shekara, yanzu lambar yabo ta shekaru biyu tana darajar £ 100,000.  Optoelectronics yana da alaƙa da haɗin kai tsakanin na'urorin gani da na'urorin lantarki, da abubuwan da suka shafi alaƙa. 

* Donal Bradley CBE FRS (Shugaba)
* Roberto Cipolla FREng 
* Martin D. Dawson FRSE
* Helen Gleeson OBE
* Anya Hurlbert
* Jonathan Knight FOSA FRS 
* John Mollon DSC FRS
* Alison Noble OBE CBE CEng FRS FIET FWES FREng 
* Miles Padgett FRSE FRS

## Manazarta
Ruwan shinkafa

**Shinkafa furotin** shine keɓewar furotin na vegan wanda aka yi daga shinkafa. Ana amfani da shi sau da yawa azaman madadin mafi yawan ruwan whey da keɓe masu gina jiki na soya .  Don yin ta, ana kula da shinkafa mai launin ruwan kasa tare da enzymes waɗanda ke haifar da rabuwa da sunadarai . Sakamakon furotin foda za a iya ɗanɗana, kuma a sha shi da ruwa, madara, ko ƙara zuwa santsi ko girgiza lafiya .

Shinkafa furotin foda yana da dandano na musamman fiye da sauran nau'ikan furotin foda . Kamar whey hydrolyzate, wannan dandano ba a rufe shi da kyau ta hanyar yawancin abubuwan dandano; duk da haka, dandano na furotin shinkafa yawanci ana la'akari da shi ba shi da daɗi fiye da ɗanɗano mai ɗaci na whey hydrolysate. Wannan nau'in furotin na shinkafa na musamman na iya ma fi son ɗanɗanon ɗan adam daga masu amfani da furotin shinkafa.

Ana hada furotin shinkafa da foda na furotin . Sunadaran shinkafa yana da yawa a cikin sulfur mai ɗauke da amino acid, cysteine da methionine, amma ƙananan lysine . Sunan furotin na fis, yana da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cysteine da methionine amma yana da yawa a cikin lysine. Don haka, haɗuwa da furotin shinkafa da furotin na fis suna ba da ingantaccen bayanin martabar amino acid wanda ya dace da kiwo ko sunadaran kwai, amma ba tare da yuwuwar rashin lafiyar jiki ko matsalolin hanji da wasu masu amfani ke da su tare da waɗannan sunadaran ba.  Bugu da ƙari, haske, nau'in nau'in furotin na fis yana kula da fitar da karfi, dandano mai laushi na furotin shinkafa.

## Manazarta
Bayar da abinci

Allofeeding wani nau'in halayyar Raba abinci ne da aka lura a cikin nau'ikan tsuntsaye masu haɗin gwiwa. Allofeeding yana nufin iyaye, ɗan'uwa ko tsuntsaye masu girma da ba su da alaƙa da juna suna ciyar da yara masu ban sha'awa, waɗanda suka dogara da kulawar iyaye don rayuwarsu. Allofeeding kuma yana nufin raba abinci tsakanin manya na wannan nau'in. Allofeeding na iya faruwa tsakanin ma'aurata a lokacin bukukuwan jima'i, soyayya, sa kwai ko incubation, tsakanin takwarorinsu na jinsuna iri ɗaya, ko kuma a matsayin nau'in Kula da iyaye.

Bayar da abinci ya samo asali ne saboda dalilai daban-daban a cikin nau'ikan tsuntsaye daban-daban. Duk da yake sabulu na sagebrush Brewer an ba da su don rage cinyewa a lokacin shayarwa, Sichuan jays an ba da shi don ƙara matakin abinci mai gina jiki na mace kafin a sa kwai, kuma an ba da chinstrap penguins don ƙarfafa haɗin tsakanin ma'aurata yayin kula da kaji.

Duk da yake ba da abinci ga iyaye shine hanyar kulawa ta iyaye tsakanin nau'ikan tsuntsaye da yawa, ba a ƙuntata aikin ga iyayen halitta da 'ya'yansu ba, kuma ana yin sa ne sau da yawa saboda dalilai da ba su da alaƙa da jin daɗin kaji. Masu magana da Larabawa, alal misali, an ba da takwarorinsu a cikin ƙoƙari na kara matsayi na zamantakewa, yayin da sarki penguin ya ɗauki waɗanda 'marasa kiwo' waɗanda suka ba da kaji su zama masu son kai da girmamawa sosai. Kuma mafi amfani da ma'aurata masu amfani da su suna ciyar da su ne kawai don rage kishiyar 'yan uwa / gasa a lokacin cin abinci.

## Manazarta
Masana'antar abinci a Rasha

**Masana'antar abinci a Rasha** muhimmiyar bangare ce a cikin tattalin arzikin Rasha.

Girman samarwa a cikin masana'antar kayan abinci da taba - rubles tiriliyan 3.12 (a cikin 2010), gami da: 

* Samar da abinci - rubles tiriliyan 2.952;
* Samar da kayayyakin taba - rubles biliyan 164.

Ya zuwa 2020, Rasha tana fuskantar matsalolin rashin abinci mai gina jiki tare da sama da kashi 23% na manya masu kiba da kuma sama da kashi 57% masu kiba. Kasa da kashi 2.5% na yawan jama'a suna fama da rashin abinci mai gina jiki. Rasha ta tsara manufofin Ci gaban Hanyar Rayuwa mai Lafiya wanda ya shafi shekarun 2017 zuwa 2025. 

## Tarihi
A shekara ta 2003 yawan samarwa a masana'antar abinci ya kai rubles biliyan 987 (sama da dala biliyan 32).

Yawan samarwa a cikin masana'antar kayan abinci da taba a cikin 2009 ya kai rubles tiriliyan 2.77, gami da: 

* Samar da abinci - 2,626 tiriliyan rubles;
* Samar da kayayyakin taba - rubles biliyan 148.

A shekara ta 2008, Rasha ta samar da tan miliyan 2.9 na nama, tan miliyan 2.5 na sausages, tan miliyan 3.7 na samar da kifi na abinci, tan miliyan 2.5 na man kayan lambu, tan 120 na shayi, dal miliyan 413 na ruwan ma'adinai.

Matsakaicin albashi na kowane wata a cikin abinci da taba - 16982 rubles / wata (Maris 2010). 

## Abin sha

### Masana'antar abin sha da giya da yin ruwan inabi
A shekara ta 2008, Rasha ta samar da dal miliyan 50 na inabi.

Yankin Novorossiysk (Krasnodar Krai) yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin ruwan inabi na Rasha. Aikin noma na cikin gida da takalma suna Sparkling wine.

A cikin garin Novorossiysk ana yin aikin giya Abrau-Dyurso da "Myskhako".

A shekara ta 2009, Rasha ta fitar da vodka a cikin adadin dala miliyan 121.

Kasuwanci:

* Daga "Novokuznetsk Distillery"
* Gidan shayarwa na Barnaul

### Yin giya
A shekara ta 2008, Rasha ta samar da decaliters biliyan 1.14 . 

Kasuwanci:

* Kamfanin Baltika Breweries - babbar mai samar da giya a Rasha, tana fitar da kayayyakin ta zuwa kasashe 46. Shuka a Saint Petersburg Shuka a Voronezh Shuka a Novosibirsk Shuka a Krasnoyarsk Shuka da Samara Shuka a Tula Shuka a Khabarovsk Shuka na Chelyabinsk Shuka
** Shuka a Saint PetersburgSt. Petersburg
** Shuka a Voronezh
** Shuka a Novosibirsk
** Shuka a Krasnoyarsk
** Shuka a Samara
** Shuka a Tula
** Shuka a Khabarovsk
** Shuka a Chelyabinsk
** Shuka a Yaroslavl
* Ltd. "United Breweries Heineken" Shuka a Irkutsk Shuka a Sterlitamak Shuka a Kaliningrad Shuka a Khabarovsk Shuka da Saint Petersburg Shuka a Nizhny Novgorod Shuka a Ekaterinburg Shuka a Novosibirsk
** Shuka a Irkutsk
** Shuka a Sterlitamak
** Shuka a Kaliningrad
** Shuka a Khabarovsk
** Shuka a Saint PetersburgSt. Petersburg
** Shuka a Nizhny Novgorod
** Shuka a Ekaterinburg
** Shuka a Novosibirsk
* "SUN InBev", reshe a cikin garin Ivanovo (Ivanovo Brewery) 
* Gidan giya na Angarsk
* Gidan giya na Barnaul
* Gidan giya na Zhiguli

### Samar da abin sha mai laushi

## Manazarta
Cibiyoyin abinci

**Cibiyar abinci**, kamar yadda USDA ta bayyana, ita ce "wani cibiyar da ke tsakiya tare da tsarin gudanar da kasuwanci wanda ke sauƙaƙa tarawa, ajiya, sarrafawa, rarrabawa, da / ko tallace-tallace na kayan abinci da aka samar a cikin gida / yanki. "  Cibiyoyin abinci suna daga cikin tsarin tsarin tsarin tsarin ƙimar noma kuma galibi suna raba dabi'u na yau da kullun da suka shafi kiyayewa, dorewa, samun damar abinci mai lafiya, da tallafawa manoma na cikin gida.  Wani fasalin ma'anar cibiyoyin abinci shine gano tushen, amincin abinci da fa'idar talla wanda ke bawa masu amfani damar gano asalin samfuran da suke saya. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan manufofi na cibiyoyin abinci shine ba da ƙananan manoma da matsakaici damar zuwa manyan ko ƙarin kasuwanni. Cibiyoyin abinci kuma sun cika gibin a cikin tsarin abinci, kamar sufuri, ajiyar samfur, da sarrafa samfur. Kodayake kamfanoni da kungiyoyi da suka dace da ma'anar USDA suna aiki a Amurka tun a farkon shekarun 1970, yawancin cibiyoyin abinci, da kuma amfani da kalmar, sun fara ne a cikin ko bayan 2008.

## Ayyuka masu mahimmanci
Cibiyoyin abinci suna kula da wasu ko duk waɗannan: 

* Haɗuwa: Rubuta kayayyaki daga masu samarwa / gonaki daban-daban don rarraba ta hanyar tashar guda ɗaya
* Rarraba: Ajiye kayayyaki da jigilar su zuwa abokin ciniki 
* Tallace-tallace da tallace-tsala: Neman masu siye, siyarwa da tallace'o'i, da kuma inganta alamun gonaki

## Nau'o'in
Cibiyoyin abinci galibi ana rarraba su cikin nau'o'i daban-daban guda uku.

* Retail ko Farm to Consumer (F2C): Wannan samfurin yana ba manoma damar shiga kasuwannin da ke da ƙima ta hanyar rarraba samfuran kai tsaye ga masu amfani akan layi, a cikin sararin sayarwa, ko ta hanyar biyan kuɗi na aikin gona (CSA). 
* Kasuwanci ko Gona zuwa Kasuwanci / Cibiyar (F2B): Wannan samfurin yana ba manoma damar shiga manyan kasuwanni kamar makarantu, shagunan kayan masarufi, asibitoci, da gidajen cin abinci waɗanda ba za su iya samun su da kansu ba saboda rashin girma ko daidaito. Wannan hanyar tara kayayyaki don biyan buƙatun ƙarar da suka fi dacewa ga masu siye kuma yana sauƙaƙa musu sayen yanki a duk shekara.
* Hybrid: Wannan samfurin ya haɗa da ayyukan tallace-tallace da na siyarwa. Ana iya kafa cibiyar abinci a matsayin kungiya mai zaman kanta, kasuwanci mai riba, ko hadin gwiwa.

## Dubi kuma

* Kungiyar hadin gwiwar noma
* Abinci na cikin gida

## Manazarta
Masana'antar abinci a Bangladesh

**Masana'antar abinci** wani bangare ne mai saurin girma a Bangladesh, yana amfani da wani bangare mai yawa na ma'aikata a kasar.

Tsakanin shekara ta 2004 zuwa 2010, masana'antar sarrafa abinci a Bangladesh ta karu da matsakaicin kashi 7.7 cikin dari a kowace shekara. Ofishin Kididdiga na Bangladesh, a cikin Ƙididdigar Tattalin Arziki na 25006, ya ba da rahoton cewa akwai kusan masana'antun sarrafa abinci 246 masu matsakaici da ke daukar ma'aikata 19 cikin dari na ma'aikatan masana'antu a Bangladesh ko kashi 8 cikin dari na jimlar ma'aikatan kerawa. Masana'antar abinci tana daukar ma'aikata kashi 2.45 cikin dari na jimlar ma'aikata na kasar kuma rabonta a cikin GDP ya kasance kashi 2.01 cikin dari a cikin 2010. Har ila yau, akwai ƙananan masana'antu da yawa da kuma rukunin gida da ke aiki da abinci a duk faɗin ƙasar. A cewar wasu masu sharhi kan masana'antu, bangaren sarrafa abinci a Bangladesh masana'antar dala biliyan 4.5. A cikin shekara ta 2010, Bangladesh ta fitar da kayayyaki da abin sha sama da dala miliyan 700, sama da kashi 60 cikin dari daga cikinsu shrimp ne da kayayyakin kifi.

Gudanar da abinci a Bangladesh ya kasance karamin sikelin, tare da kasuwancin gida ko na iyali ta amfani da ilimin sarrafawa na yau da kullun don kiyayewa da sarrafa kayan aikin gona don yin amfani da su azaman abinci da abinci. Kodayake sarrafa abinci na kasuwanci ta amfani da fasahar zamani musamman don niƙa alkama da shinkafa, niƙa kwayar mustard da ƙarancin gurasa da ƙera kuki sun bayyana a cikin shekarun 1960, ci gaban wannan ɓangaren bai sami ƙarfi ba dangane da sikelin aiki da inganci har zuwa shekarun 1980. Kwanan nan ma'anar halaye na masana'antar ita ce sarrafa samfuran da ke ƙaruwa daban-daban don biyan buƙatun canjin yawan mutanen Bangladesh. Manyan sassan sarrafa abinci a Bangladesh sun hada da madara, Mai mai cin abinci, sukari, shinkafa, alkama, 'ya'yan itace da kayan lambu, shayi, kaji / naman sa, pulses da kayan yaji da masana'antun sarrafa kifi. Sakamakon ci gaban da ke tattare da yawan mutanen da ke cikin matsakaicin matsayi na Bangladesh da kuma karuwar buƙatun ƙarin amfani,  an saita bangaren sarrafa abinci don ganin ci gaba mai girma a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.

## Manazarta
Daidai da gishiri

**Gishiri daidai** yake yawanci akan tebur bayanan abinci mai gina jiki akan alamomin abinci, kuma wata hanya ce ta daban ta ayyana shan sodium, lura da cewa gishiri shine sinadarin sodium chloride .

Don canzawa daga sodium zuwa kusan gishiri daidai, ninka abun ciki na sodium da 2.5:

\frac{m_\mathrm{NaCl}}{m_\mathrm{Na}} = \frac{m_\mathrm{Na}+m_\mathrm{Cl}}{m_\mathrm{Na}} \approx \frac{23\mathrm{u} + 35.5\mathrm{u}}{23\mathrm{u}} = \frac{58.5}{23} \approx 2.5

## Sources

* Labarin Gidauniyar Abinci ta Burtaniya akan gishiri

## Kara karantawa

*
Hyperglycemia na damuwa

**Damuwa hyperglycemia** (wanda ake kira **danniya ciwon sukari** ko **ciwon sukari na rauni** ) kalma ce ta likitanci da ke nufin hawan glucose na jini na wucin gadi saboda damuwa na rashin lafiya. Yawancin lokaci yana warwarewa nan da nan, amma dole ne a bambanta shi da nau'ikan ciwon sukari iri-iri.

Ana gano shi sau da yawa lokacin da ma'aunin sunadarai na jini na yau da kullun a cikin mara lafiya ya bayyana girman glucose na jini. Ana iya tantance glucose na jini ko dai ta hanyar mita glucose na 'yatsa' a gefen gado ko glucose na plasma kamar yadda aka yi a dakin gwaje-gwaje (na karshen yana da inganci). Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan da Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Mayo ta gudanar ya nuna cewa glucometry na gefen gado shine ingantaccen kimanta glucose na plasma tare da ma'anar bambanci na 7.9.&nbsp;mg/dL, amma har yanzu bazai zo daidai da kowane mutum ba.  Glucose yawanci yana cikin kewayon 140-300&nbsp;mg/dl (7.8-16.7mM) amma lokaci-lokaci na iya wuce 500&nbsp;mg/dl (28 mM), musamman idan an haɓaka ta da kwayoyi ko glucose na cikin jijiya. Glucose na jini yawanci yakan dawo daidai a cikin sa'o'i sai dai in an ci gaba da yin amfani da magunguna masu saurin kamuwa da glucose na cikin jini. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>


Damuwa hyperglycemia ya zama ruwan dare a cikin marasa lafiya da [[Dehydration|rashin ruwa]] na hypertonic da waɗanda ke da matakan [[catecholamine]] masu girma (misali, bayan [[Emergency department|sashen gaggawa]] na maganin [[Cutar Asthma|asma]] mai tsanani tare da [[epinephrine]] ). [[Steroid diabetes|Ciwon sukari na Steroid]] takamaiman nau'i ne na damuwa hyperglycemia. <sup>&#x5B; **' &#x5D; da suka fuskanci matsananciyar hyperglycemia a lokacin rashin lafiya mai tsanani suna da haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon sukari sau uku a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, kuma yana iya dacewa don bincikar ciwon sukari a cikin waɗanda suka tsira daga rashin lafiya mai tsanani. 

## Manazarta
Tebur na abinci mai gina jiki

Teburan da ke ƙasa sun haɗa da jeri na tebur don zaɓaɓɓun abinci na yau da kullun, waɗanda aka haɗa daga tushen Ma'aikatar Aikin Noma ta Amurka ( USA ). Haɗe ga kowane abinci shine nauyinsa a cikin grams, adadin kuzari, da (kuma a cikin gram,) adadin furotin, carbohydrates, fiber na abinci, mai, da cikakken mai .  Kamar yadda abinci ya bambanta ta nau'o'i da shaguna, alkaluman ya kamata a yi la'akari da ƙididdiga kawai, tare da ƙarin ainihin alkaluma galibi ana haɗa su akan alamun samfur. Don cikakkun bayanai game da bitamin da abubuwan da ke cikin ma'adinai, ana iya amfani da tushen USDA. 

Don amfani da tebur, danna "nuna" ko "ɓoye" a hannun dama na kowane nau'in abinci. A cikin ma'auni, "t" = teaspoon da "T" = tablespoon. A cikin ginshiƙan abinci na abinci, harafin "t" yana nuna adadin adadin kawai yana samuwa.

## Manazarta
Thermogenics

**Thermogenic** yana nufin kulawa don samar da zafi, kuma ana amfani da kalmar akan magungunan da ke ƙara zafi ta hanyar motsa jiki,  ko ga ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke haifar da zafi a cikin sharar gida . Kusan dukkanin halayen enzymatic a cikin jikin mutum shine thermogenic, wanda ke ba da haɓakar basal na rayuwa . 

A bodybuilding, 'yan wasa fatan rage jiki mai kashi amfani thermogenics domin ya yi ƙoƙari ya ƙara basal na rayuwa kudi, game da shi ƙara overall makamashi kashe kudi. Caffeine da ephedrine ana amfani da su don wannan dalili a cikin tari na ECA . 2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) magani ne mai ƙarfi na thermogenic da ake amfani da shi don asarar mai wanda ke haifar da karuwar dogaro da kashi a cikin zafin jiki, har zuwa inda zai iya haifar da mutuwa ta hyperthermia. Yana aiki azaman mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler, yana rushe sarkar jigilar mitochondrial electron . Wannan yana dakatar da mitochondria daga samar da adenosine triphosphate, yana haifar da sakin makamashi azaman zafi.

## Manazarta
Rigakafin cutar thrombosis

**Rigakafin ƙwayar cuta** ko **thromboprophylaxis** magani ne na likita don hana haɓakar thrombosis ( jini a cikin tasoshin jini ) a cikin waɗanda aka yi la'akari da haɗarin haɓakar thrombosis.  Wasu mutane suna cikin haɗari mafi girma don samuwar jini fiye da wasu, kamar wadanda ke da ciwon daji da ke yin aikin tiyata.   Yawancin matakan rigakafi ko tsoma baki ana farawa ne bayan tiyata saboda rashin motsin da ke tattare da shi zai kara haɗarin mutum. 

Ana amfani da magungunan jini don hana ƙumburi, waɗannan magungunan jini suna da tasiri daban-daban da bayanan tsaro. Wani bita na tsari na 2018 ya gano binciken 20 wanda ya haɗa da mutane 9771 masu ciwon daji. Shaidar ba ta gano wani bambanci tsakanin illar nau'ikan sinadirai na jini daban-daban akan mutuwa, tasowa guda ɗaya, ko zub da jini ba .  Wani bita na 2021 ya gano cewa ƙananan ƙwayar heparin (LMWH) ya fi heparin mara kyau a farkon maganin thromboembolism na jini ga mutanen da ke fama da ciwon daji. 

Akwai abubuwan da suka shafi magunguna da abubuwan da ba na magani ba.  Ana iya saukar da haɗarin haɓaka ƙwayar jini ta hanyar gyare-gyaren salon rayuwa, dakatar da maganin hana haihuwa, da asarar nauyi . A cikin waɗanda ke cikin haɗari mai girma, ana amfani da su sau da yawa.  Magunguna don hana samuwar ɗigon jini suna daidaitawa da haɗarin zubar jini. 

Ɗaya daga cikin manufofin rigakafin zubar da jini shine iyakance jijiyar jijiyar jini saboda wannan yana da mahimmancin haɗari don samar da jini a cikin zurfin jijiyar kafafu.  Ciwon jijiyoyi na iya faruwa a cikin dogon lokaci na rashin motsi . Hakanan ana ba da shawarar rigakafin thrombosis yayin tafiya ta iska.  Ƙwararrun ƙwayar cuta yana da tasiri wajen hana samuwar jini na jini, masaukin su a cikin jijiyoyi, da kuma tasowa zuwa thromboemboli wanda zai iya tafiya ta cikin tsarin jini don haifar da toshewa da mutuwar nama a cikin wasu gabobin .  Clarence Crafoord an ƙididdige shi da farkon amfani da rigakafin thrombosis a cikin 1930s.

## Manazarta
Alamar ƙarfe

**Ƙarfe-ƙarfe** sune ƙananan ƙarfe na abubuwan ganowa ; wato, karafa da aka saba samu a cikin qanana amma masu iya aunawa a cikin kwayoyin halitta da nama. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan ƙananan ƙarfe sune mahimman ɓangaren abinci mai gina jiki da ilimin halittar jiki . Wasu nau'ikan halittun ƙarfe ne. Ci, ko bayyanawa, yawan wuce kima na iya zama mai guba . Duk da haka, rashin isasshen plasma ko matakan nama na wasu ƙananan ƙarfe na iya haifar da cututtuka, kamar yadda yake da baƙin ƙarfe. karafa a cikin jikin mutum sun hada da baƙin ƙarfe, lithium, zinc, jan karfe, chromium, nickel, cobalt, vanadium, molybdenum, manganese da sauransu.   

Wasu daga cikin karafa da ake buƙata suna buƙatar rayayyun halittu don yin aiki yadda ya kamata kuma suna raguwa ta hanyar kashe kuzari ta hanyoyi daban-daban na rayuwa na rayuwa. Ana cika su a cikin dabbobi ta hanyar cin abinci da kuma bayyanar da muhalli, da kuma a cikin tsire-tsire ta hanyar cin abinci mai gina jiki daga ƙasa da shuka ke tsiro. Kwayoyin bitamin na mutum da takin zamani na iya zama tushen karafa.

## Manazarta
Tsarin mai na trans

**Ka'idar kitse mai**, wanda ke da nufin iyakance adadin " fat mai-fat " - mai mai dauke da  acid - a cikin kayayyakin abinci na masana'antu, an kafa shi a cikin kasashe da yawa. Wadannan ka'idoji sun motsa su ta hanyar bincike da yawa waɗanda ke nuna mummunar tasirin kiwon lafiya na mai mai. An yarda gabaɗaya cewa kitse mai yawa a cikin abinci shine abin da ke ba da gudummawa ga cututtuka da yawa, gami da cututtukan zuciya, ciwon sukari, da ciwon daji .

Tun a shekara ta 1956, an sami shawarwari a cikin adabin kimiyya cewa *kitsen* mai na iya zama sanadin karuwar cututtukan jijiyoyin jini amma bayan shekaru talatin ba a magance damuwar ba.  Maimakon haka, ta hanyar 1980s, kitse na asalin dabba ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke damun likitocin abinci. Masu fafutuka, irin su Phil Sokolof, wanda ya fitar da cikakken tallace-tallacen shafi a cikin manyan jaridu, sun kai hari kan yin amfani da tallow na naman sa a cikin fries na Faransa na McDonald kuma ya bukaci kamfanonin abinci mai sauri su canza zuwa mai. Sakamakon ya kasance kusan sauyi na dare ta yawancin kantunan abinci mai sauri zuwa mai mai. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

Nazarin a farkon shekarun 1990, duk da haka, ya kawo sabon bincike da tabbatar da mummunan tasirin lafiyar mai. A cikin 1994, an kiyasta cewa kitsen mai ya haifar da mutuwar 20,000 kowace shekara a Amurka daga cututtukan zuciya. 

An gabatar da lakabin abinci na tilas don *kitse* a cikin ƙasashe da yawa.  Masu fafutuka sun kaddamar da yakin don kawo hankali ga batun da kuma canza ayyukan masana'antun abinci. 

## Manazarta
Magungunan rigakafin shanu da aka samo daga serum / sunadarai

**Bovine immunoglobulin/protein ware** ( **SBI** ) wanda aka samu daga sinadiran sinadarai (SBI) wani samfurin abinci ne na likitanci wanda aka samo shi daga ruwan magani na bovine da aka samu daga shanun manya a Amurka. Ana sayar da shi a ƙarƙashin sunan **EnteraGam** . (SBI) an yi niyya ne don kula da abinci mai gina jiki na zawo na yau da kullun da kwancen stools. Dole ne a gudanar da shi a ƙarƙashin kulawar likita. Ana amfani dashi don gudanar da kullun maras kyau ko akai-akai a cikin kowane yanayi ko cuta inda zawo ya kasance na yau da kullum, kamar a cikin marasa lafiya tare da zawo-mafi yawan ciwon hanji mai zafi (IBS-D), cututtuka na hanji (IBD), ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji (SIBO),  - kamuwa da cututtuka da ke hade da zawo ko cututtuka da yawa a cikin cututtuka na cututtuka da cututtuka na cututtuka kamar yadda cututtuka masu yawa da ke da alaka da cutar HIV . gudawa.  EnteraGam an kera shi ta Health Entera kuma RedHill Biopharma ta rarraba shi.

Matsakaicin ƙimar AE gabaɗaya (Matsayin Abubuwan da ba su da kyau) bai wuce 0.4%. Mafi yawan AEs da aka ruwaito ta hanyar marasa lafiya da aka gudanar da EnteraGam sun hada da maƙarƙashiya mai laushi (23), ciwon kai (13), ciwo mai laushi (11), tashin zuciya (8), ciwon ciki (8), ciwon ciki (7), da amya (7). 

## Manazarta
Mai ƙarfi da kuma ƙara sukari

**M fats da ƙara sugars** (SoFAS) shiri ne na ilimin abinci na USDA game da yawan cinye kitse mai ɗorewa, transfats (waɗanda duka ke da ƙarfi a cikin ɗaki) da kuma ƙara sukari na wucin gadi musamman a cikin abinci da aka sarrafa sosai. 

## Manazarta
USDA National Nutrient Database

**Bayanan Bayanai na Kayan Abinci na Ƙasa na USDA don Daidaitaccen Magana** (wanda aka sake masa suna a cikin 2019 zuwa **FoodData Central** ) wata ma'aunin bayanai ne da Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta samar wanda ke ba da abun ciki mai gina jiki na yawancin abinci iri-iri da na mallakar mallaka. An sake shi a cikin watan Agusta 2015 kuma an sake sabuntawa a kowace shekara biyu, bayanan ya ƙunshi bayanai game da abinci dubu da yawa da kuma yawancin abubuwan da ke cikin abinci, ciki har da macronutrients da micronutrients .  Sabbin sakewa suna faruwa kowace shekara biyu. Ana iya bincika bayanan bayanan akan layi, tambaya ta hanyar wakilcin API na canja wuri, ko zazzagewa. 

FoodData Central ya haɗa da nau'ikan bayanai guda biyar: Abinci na Gidauniya, Abinci na Gwaji, Abincin Gada ("SR Legacy"), Database Database don Nazarin Abincin Abinci 2021-2023 (FNDDS 2021-2023), da USDA Global Branded Products Food Database (Abiyoyin Alamar Abinci). 

## FoodData Central
FoodData Central shine tsarin haɗin gwiwar USDA wanda ke ƙunshe da nau'ikan bayanai guda biyar masu ɗauke da bayanai kan bayanan bayanan abinci da na gina jiki: 

* Madaidaicin Magana, ta amfani da hanyoyin da suka gabata don tantance bayanan bayanan abinci na abinci a kasuwa, yana ba da cikakken jerin ƙimar abubuwan gina jiki da abubuwan abinci waɗanda aka samo daga ƙididdigewa da nazari.
* Abinci na tushe ya haɗa da ƙimar sinadirai da kuma fa'ida mai fa'ida akan abinci na kasuwanci.
* Abincin Gwaji a halin yanzu yana haɗe zuwa bayanan binciken aikin gona masu dacewa daga tushe da yawa, kamar Tsarin Sakamakon Bincike na Haɗin gwiwar Aikin Gona (AgCROS).
* Bayanan Abinci da Gina Jiki don Nazarin Abincin Abinci (FNDDS) yana ba da ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki don abinci da abubuwan sha da aka ruwaito a cikin Abin da Muke Ci a Amurka, ɓangaren cin abinci na Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya da Gina Jiki ta Ƙasa (NHANES).
* Bayanan Bayanai na Kayayyakin Abinci na Duniya na USDA ya ƙunshi bayanan sinadirai waɗanda ke bayyana akan samfuran alama da masu zaman kansu waɗanda masana'antar abinci ta samar, daga ILSI, GS1 US, 1WorldSync, Label Insight, da Cibiyar Hadin gwiwar Abinci ta Jami'ar Maryland don Tsaron Abinci da Aiwatar da Abinci. 

## Manazarta
Magadosage na bitamin C

**Vitamin C megadosage** kalma ce da ke kwatanta amfani ko alluran bitamin C (ascorbic acid) a cikin allurai fiye da na yanzu Amurka Shawarar Bayar da Abincin Abinci na 90 milligrams kowace rana, kuma sau da yawa fiye da jurewa matakin ci na sama na milligrams 2,000 kowace rana.  Babu wata hujjar kimiyya mai ƙarfi cewa megadosage na bitamin C yana taimakawa wajen warkarwa ko hana ciwon daji, mura, ko wasu yanayin kiwon lafiya.  

Masu ba da shawara na tarihi na megadosage na bitamin C sun hada da Linus Pauling, wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel a Chemistry a 1954. Pauling ya yi jayayya cewa saboda mutane da sauran primates ba su da wani nau'i na aikin L-gulonolactone oxidase, wani enzyme da ake bukata don yin bitamin C wanda ke aiki a kusan dukkanin sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa, tsire-tsire, a cikin nau'i na nau'i na nau'i, nau'i na nau'i na nau'i na nau'i, nau'i na nau'i da nau'i na nau'i-nau'i na mutum, da sauran nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'i na nau'i, nau'i da nau'i na nau'i na nau'i. kasawa. Wadannan gyare-gyaren, in ji shi, sun rage tsawon rayuwa amma ana iya jujjuya su ko rage su ta hanyar karawa mutane tare da yawan adadin bitamin C da aka samar a jiki idan enzyme yana aiki.

Vitamin C megadoses suna da'awar wasu masu ba da shawarwarin magunguna ciki har da Matthias Rath da Patrick Holford don samun rigakafin rigakafi da maganin cututtuka akan cututtuka irin su ciwon daji da AIDS,  amma shaidar kimiyya ba ta goyi bayan waɗannan da'awar ba.  Wasu gwaje-gwajen suna nuna wani tasiri a hade tare da wasu hanyoyin kwantar da hankali, amma wannan baya nufin bitamin C megadoses a kansu suna da wani tasiri na warkewa. 

## Fage
Vitamin C wani muhimmin sinadari ne da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da collagen da sauran kwayoyin halittu, da kuma rigakafin scurvy .  Har ila yau, yana da maganin antioxidant, wanda ya haifar da amincewa da wasu masu bincike a matsayin ƙarin magani don inganta yanayin rayuwa .  Wasu nau'in dabba, ciki har da haplorhine primates (wanda ya haɗa da mutane ),   mambobi ne na dangin Caviidae na rodents (ciki har da aladu na guinea da capybaras ),  yawancin nau'in jemagu,  yawancin tsuntsaye na passerine,   kuma game da 96% na kifi na ciki ba za su iya yin amfani da su ba. don haka dole ne a dogara ga kafofin waje, yawanci ana samun su daga abinci.

* Ascorbic acid a cikin jini
* Megabitamin far
* Magungunan Orthomolecular
* Uric acid

## Manazarta
"Abin da nake ci a rana"

**"Abin da na ci a rana" videos** ne Trend a kan da dama kafofin watsa labarun dandamali inda mutum ya bayyana duk abinci da abun ciye-ciye da suke ci a lokacin da aka ba da rana, sau da yawa a matsayin wani ɓangare na abinci da aka ba . Hotunan, waɗanda aka raba akan dandamali da suka haɗa da Twitter, TikTok da YouTube, sun ƙara zama sananne a cikin 2020, tare da wasu daga cikinsu suna tara miliyoyin ra'ayoyi, kuma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin masana'antar riba ga mutanen da ke yin su.  Wasu sun tada damuwa cewa bidiyon na iya haɓaka ƙa'idar da ba ta dace ba don cin abinci mai kyau kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar matsalar cin abinci . 

## Tsarin
da mahalicci ke ci a tsawon rana, wani lokaci tare da adadin kalori mai alaƙa na abincin da suka bayyana.  Ba kamar bidiyoyin mukbang masu alaƙa ba, duk da haka, waɗanda mahalarta ke cin abinci mai yawa, abincin da aka kwatanta galibi yana ƙuntatawa. Koyaya, wasu bidiyon ana yiwa lakabi da "marasa lafiya" kuma suna nuna girman yanki mai girma da yawan sarrafa abinci .  bidiyon galibi suna nuna adadin abincin da mahalicci ke ci a tsawon rana, wani lokaci tare da adadin kalori mai alaƙa na abincin da suka bayyana.  Ba kamar bidiyoyin mukbang masu alaƙa ba, duk da haka, waɗanda mahalarta ke cin abinci mai yawa, abincin da aka kwatanta galibi yana ƙuntatawa. Koyaya, wasu bidiyon ana yiwa lakabi da "marasa lafiya" kuma suna nuna girman yanki mai girma da yawan sarrafa abinci . 

"Abin da nake ci a rana" bidiyon ya wanzu na dogon lokaci,  musamman a YouTube, amma sun zama mafi tartsatsi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.  Wannan al'amari yana ƙarfafa kai saboda lokacin da masu amfani da kafofin watsa labarun suka kalli ko kuma suna son waɗannan bidiyon za su iya ganin yawancin su nan gaba.  Lallai, wasu bidiyoyin da suka fi nasara suna da dubun dubatar kowane ɗayansu. 

## Manazarta
Zinc chloride hydroxide monohydrate

**Zinc chloride hydroxide monohydrate** ko mafi daidai **pentazinc dichloride octahydroxide monohydrate** wani fili ne na zinc hydroxy tare da dabarar sinadarai.  . Yawancin lokaci ana kiransa tetrabasic zinc chloride (TBZC), zinc chloride na asali, zinc hydroxychloride, ko zinc oxychloride. Yana da kauri marar launi crystalline mai ƙarfi mara narkewa a cikin ruwa. Simonkolleite, wanda ke faruwa a zahiri, an nuna shi ya zama abin sha'awar abinci mai gina jiki ga dabbobi.

## Abun halitta
An kwatanta nau'in ma'adinai na halitta, *simonkolleite,* a matsayin sabon ma'adinai a 1985 don samfurori da aka tattara a Richelsdorf, Jamus. Yana da ma'adinan da ba kasafai na sakandare ba da aka samu ta yanayin yanayin tutiya mai ɗaukar nauyi, kuma yana da alaƙa da zinc na asali, hydrocerussite, diaboleite, zincite da hydrozincite . Sunan ta bayan Werner Simon da Kurt Kolle, masu tara ma'adinai na Cornberg, kusa da Michelsdorf waɗanda suka gabatar da samfuran don bincike. Ana samun Simonkolleite akai-akai azaman samfurin lalata na ƙarfe masu ɗauke da Zinc.    

## Tsarin
Simonkolleite shine rhombohedral, rukunin sararin samaniya *R* 3 *m* . Akwai wuraren zinc guda biyu daban-daban daban-daban a cikin Simonkolleite, duka biyun sun mamaye su ta hanyar zinc. Rukunin hydroxyl (OH) shida ne suka haɗu da rukunin yanar gizon Zn(1) a cikin juzu'i na octahedral  . Rukunin OH guda uku ne suka haɗu da rukunin yanar gizon Zn(2), da kuma atom ɗin Cl ɗaya a cikin ma'auni na tetrahedral.  . The  octahedra ya samar da takardar dioctahedral mai raba gefen gefen kamar wanda aka gani a cikin micas dioctahedral. A kowane rukunin yanar gizo na octahedron da ba kowa, a  tetrahedron yana haɗe zuwa anions guda uku na takardar kuma yana nesa da takardar. Matsakaici tsakanin zanen gadon kusa akwai ruwan tsaka-tsaki (  ) ƙungiyoyi. Ana gudanar da zanen gado tare ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar hydrogen daga ƙungiyoyin OH na takarda ɗaya zuwa Cl anions na zanen gadon kusa, kuma zuwa tsaka-tsaki.  kungiyoyin. The  octahedra suna da dogayen igiyoyin equatorial guda huɗu (a 2.157).&nbsp;Å) da gajerun ƙulla apical biyu (a 2.066&nbsp;Å). Wannan gajeriyar apical sakamakon buƙatun haɗin kai na ƙungiyoyin OH masu daidaitawa da haɗin polyhedra a cikin tsarin. Ƙungiyoyin OH na equatorial [O (1) H] suna daidaitawa ta hanyar Zn (1) cations guda biyu da Zn (2) cation ɗaya, yayin da ƙungiyoyin OH na apical [O (2) H] suna daidaitawa ta hanyar Zn (1) guda uku. Kamar yadda Zn(1) ke daidaitawa guda shida kuma Zn(2) tana da haɗin kai guda huɗu, buƙatun haɗin kai na gida suna buƙatar haɗin Zn (1) -O (1) ya fi tsayi fiye da na Zn (1) -O (2). The  tetrahedron yana da gajerun hanyoyin Zn (2) -O (1) guda uku (a 1.950).&nbsp;Å) da kuma dogon Zn (2) - Cl bond (2.312&nbsp;Å) (Hoto na 1).   

## Manazarta
Abinci na dabbobi

**Abincin dabba** yana mai da hankali kan abubuwan da ake buƙata na abinci na dabbobi, da farko waɗanda ke cikin aikin noma da samar da abinci, har ma a cikin gidajen namun daji, aquariums, da sarrafa namun daji.

## Abubuwan abinci
Macronutrients (ban da fiber da ruwa) suna samar da kayan tsari (amino acid wanda aka gina sunadaran sunadarai, da lipids daga abin da aka gina membranes cell da wasu kwayoyin sigina) da makamashi . Ana iya amfani da wasu kayan aikin don samar da makamashi a ciki,  ko da yake makamashin yanar gizo ya dogara da irin waɗannan abubuwan kamar sha da ƙoƙarin narkewa, waɗanda suka bambanta sosai daga misali zuwa misali. Vitamins, ma'adanai, fiber, da ruwa ba sa samar da makamashi, amma ana buƙatar wasu dalilai. Kayan abinci na aji na uku, fiber (watau kayan da ba za a iya narkewa kamar cellulose), da alama kuma ana buƙata, saboda dalilai na inji da na sinadarai, kodayake ba a fayyace ainihin dalilan ba.

Molecules na carbohydrates da fats sun ƙunshi carbon, hydrogen, da oxygen atom. Carbohydrates sun bambanta daga monosaccharides masu sauƙi (glucose, fructose, galactose) zuwa hadadden polysaccharides (sitaci). Fats sune triglycerides, waɗanda aka yi da nau'in monomers fatty acid monomers waɗanda ke ɗaure zuwa kashin baya na glycerol . Wasu fatty acid, amma ba duka ba, suna da mahimmanci a cikin abinci: ba za a iya haɗa su cikin jiki ba. Kwayoyin gina jiki sun ƙunshi atom ɗin nitrogen ban da carbon, oxygen, da hydrogen. Mahimman abubuwan gina jiki sune amino acid masu ɗauke da nitrogen. Dabba ba za ta iya samar da muhimman amino acid ba. Wasu daga cikin amino acid suna canzawa (tare da kashe kuzari) zuwa glucose kuma ana iya amfani da su don samar da makamashi kamar glucose na yau da kullun. Ta hanyar rushe furotin da ke akwai, ana iya samar da wasu glucose a ciki; sauran amino acid ana watsar da su, da farko kamar urea a cikin fitsari. Wannan yana faruwa a al'ada ne kawai a lokacin yunwa mai tsawo.

## Manazarta
Abincin jarirai

**Ciyar da jarirai al'ada** ce ta ciyar da jarirai . Nono yana samar da mafi kyawun abinci idan aka kwatanta da madarar jarirai . Yawancin lokaci ana gabatar da jarirai ga abinci mai ƙarfi a kusan watanni huɗu zuwa shida. 

Shayar da nono tana taimakawa wajen hana anemia, kiba, da ciwon mutuwar jarirai kwatsam, da haɓaka lafiyar narkewa, rigakafi, hankali, da haɓaka haƙori. Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Yara ta Amurka ta ba da shawarar ciyar da jariri nono kawai na tsawon watanni shida na rayuwa kuma a ci gaba har tsawon shekara guda ko fiye kamar yadda jarirai da uwa suke so, kuma ta bayyana cewa dabarar ita ce "madaidaicin abin da za a iya karba". A zamanin kafin tarihi, shayar da jarirai ita ce kawai zaɓi na abinci mai gina jiki, ta yadda matasa za su halaka idan ba haka ba. Ba a cika shayar da nono ba, amma ba a ba da shawarar ga iyaye mata da ake jinyar cutar kansa ba, masu fama da tarin fuka, HIV, shaye-shaye, ko cutar sankarar bargo.  Ana iya tuntuɓar likitocin likita don sanin menene mafi kyawun tushen abinci mai gina jiki ga kowane jariri.

## Bukatun abinci na jarirai

Kyakkyawan abinci mai gina jiki na jarirai yana buƙatar samar da abubuwa masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke tallafawa ci gaban al'ada, aiki, haɓakawa, da juriya ga cututtuka da cututtuka. Za'a iya samun ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki ta hanyar uwar mai ciki ta yanke shawarar shayarwa ko shayar da jariri kafin haihuwa da kuma shirya shawarar da aka zaɓa. 

## Manazarta
Kungiyar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta ƙasar Ghana

**Tawagar wasan kurket na mata ta Ghana** ita ce tawagar da ke wakiltar Ghana a wasan kurket na mata na duniya.

Ghana ta shiga gasar cin kofin mata ta Arewa maso Yammacin Afirka (NWACC) da aka gudanar a Gambiya a shekarar 2015. Kungiyar ta kammala ta uku a bayan Saliyo da Gambiya, kuma a gaban Mali. Ghana ta dauki bakuncin gasar ta biyu a shekarar 2016. 

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2018, Majalisar Cricket ta Duniya (ICC) ta ba da cikakken matsayin Mata na Twenty20 International (WT20I) ga dukkan mambobinta. Sabili da haka, duk wasannin Twenty20 da aka buga tsakanin matan Ghana da sauran Mambobin ICC bayan 1 ga Yuli 2018 za su sami cikakken matsayin WT20I. Ghana ta buga wasanninsu na farko na WT20I a watan Maris na shekara ta 2022 a lokacin gasar cin kofin mata ta T20I ta Najeriya ta 2022.

## Rubuce-rubuce da kididdiga
**Bayani na Wasanni na Duniya - Ghana Mata&nbsp;**

*Rubuce-rubucen sun cika zuwa WT20I # 1395. An sabunta shi na ƙarshe a ranar 31 ga Maris 2023.*

### Twenty20 International
**Rubuce-rubucen T20I da sauran kasashe**

*Sabuntawa ta ƙarshe 31 Maris 2023*

## Manazarta
Jam'iyyar Cibiyar (Tasmania)

The **Center Party**, a baya **Jam'iyyar Ƙasa**, ta kasance ƙaramar jam'iyyar siyasa ta Ostiraliya a jihar Tasmania . Da farko an kafa shi a cikin 1962 a matsayin sabon reshen Tasmania na Jam'iyyar Ƙasar Ostiraliya bayan shekaru da yawa na rashin aiki a cikin jihar, da farko ba ta sami nasarar zaɓe ba.  A gaban zaben 1969 jam'iyyar ta kasance tare da Kevin Lyons, wani tsohon mai sassaucin ra'ayi ya zama memba mai zaman kansa na Majalisar don Braddon, wanda ya canza mata suna **Center Party** kuma ya ci gaba da zama a zaɓen, yana tabbatar da daidaiton iko da kuma zama mataimakin firayim minista a gwamnatin haɗin gwiwa har zuwa 1972.  Bayan da jam'iyyar Centre ta rushe kafin 19 ta ruguje.

Jam'iyyar ta fara tsayawa takara a zaben jihar a shekarar 1964, inda ta samu kuri'u 9,280 (5.26%) amma babu kujeru. Kevin Lyons, ɗan marigayi Firayim Minista Joseph Lyons, asalin ɗan jam'iyyar Liberal Party ne. A cikin 1966, rikici ya taso game da zaɓe kuma Lyons ya yi murabus daga Liberal a ranar 7 ga Satumba.  Lyons ya ci gaba da zama a Majalisar Dokoki a matsayin mai zaman kansa, har zuwa zaben 1969 lokacin da ya shiga jam'iyyar kuma ya canza mata suna zuwa Cibiyar Cibiyar.  Ko da yake kuri'un jam'iyyar ta ragu zuwa 8,160 (4.31%), an sake zabar Lyons a Majalisar Dokoki a matsayin MHA kawai na jam'iyyar, bayan da aka canza masa yawan abubuwan da aka zaba daga masu jefa kuri'a na Liberal a cikin za ~ e na Braddon .  Labour da Liberal duk sun lashe kujeru 17 a majalisar, wanda ya haifar da rataye majalisar, tare da kujeru guda na Jam'iyyar Center ta bai wa Lyons daidaiton iko. A tattaunawar da aka yi da shugaban masu sassaucin ra'ayi Angus Bethune, Lyons ya amince da kafa haɗin gwiwa tare da masu sassaucin ra'ayi, kuma ya zama Mataimakin Firayim Minista na Bethune. Haɗin gwiwar cibiyar Liberal-Centre ya kasance har zuwa 1972, inda Lyons ya yi murabus a matsayin mataimakin firaministan bayan rikici da Bethune, wanda ya wargaza jam'iyyar da kuma haɗin gwiwa. Sakamakon rashin zaman lafiya ya haifar da zaben 1972, wanda Jam'iyyar Centre ba ta yi takara ba. 

Takarar jam’iyyar ta karshe ta zo ne a zabukan tarayya na 1974  da 1975 (ya zuwa yanzu a matsayin Jam’iyyar Kasa)   amma ba ta yi nasara ba. Jam’iyyar ta bace a shekarar. 

## Manazarta
Binciken Afirka

***The African Review*** Mujalla ce da aka buga a kasar Ghana tsakanin 1965 zuwa 1966.  Gwamnatin Kwame Nkrumah ta ba da tallafi, ta shafi siyasa, tattalin arziki da al'adu ta fuskar gurguzanci da adawa da mulkin mallaka . 

Ma'aikatanta sun hada da mambobin shahararrun al'ummar Afirka ta Ghana. Marubucin Julian Mayfield shine babban editan mujallar yayin da Maya Angelou ta ba da gudummawa ga labarai game da siyasa da al'adu. Jean Carey Bond, St. Clair Drake da Preston King suma sun rubuta wa mujallar yayin da Tom Feelings ya ba da gudummawar zane-zane na asali.   Har ila yau, ya ƙunshi aikin farko na marubucin Botswanan Bessie Head da mawaki na Jamaica Neville Dawes . 

Sakatariyar Tallace-tallace a Ghana da John Henrik Clarke a Amurka ne suka rarraba *Binciken Afirka*, amma karancin kudade ya bayyana ya iyakance isar da shi a wasu wurare. Bayan juyin mulki ya hambarar da gwamnatin Nkrumah a shekarar 1966, sabuwar Majalisar 'Yancin Kasa ta haramta mujallar kuma an dakatar da bugawa har abada.

## Manazarta
Ƙasar da aka yi

**CountryMinded** wata jam'iyyar siyasa ce ta Australiya da aka kafa a cikin 2014 wacce ta yi iƙirarin wakiltar muradun 'yan Ostireliya na yanki waɗanda rayuwarsu ta dogara ko dai kai tsaye ko a kaikaice akan noman noma.  Ƙungiyoyin mutane ne suka kafa jam'iyyar da ke neman wakilcin yanki, ciki har da 'yan'uwa biyu daga New South Wales, David da Peter Mailler a matsayin **Jam'iyyar Ƙasa ta Ostiraliya**,  kuma ta canza suna zuwa CountryMinded a watan Satumba na 2015.   A cikin 2018, jam'iyyar ta haɗu da Australian Democrats .

## Tarihi
Peter Mailler ya tsaya ne a matsayin dan takarar majalisar dattijai ta Australiya na jam'iyyar Katter's Australian Party a New South Wales a zaben Australia na 2013 kuma shi ne tsohon shugaban masu samar da hatsi a Australia. 

An kafa CountryMinded (a matsayin Jam'iyyar Ƙasa ta Ostiraliya) don mayar da martani ga rashin kulawa ga al'amuran karkara a cikin tsarin siyasar Ostiraliya, da rashin gamsuwa da yadda Jam'iyyar Kasa ke wakiltar 'yan Australiya na yanki.  

## Manazarta
Abinci na asibiti

Cibiyoyin **abinci mai gina jiki na asibiti** akan rigakafi, ganewar asali, da sarrafa canje-canjen abinci mai gina jiki a cikin marasa lafiya da ke da alaƙa da cututtuka na yau da kullun da yanayi da farko a cikin kiwon lafiya .  a cikin wannan ma'anar yana nufin kula da marasa lafiya, ciki har da ba kawai marasa lafiya a asibitoci da kuma masu zaman kansu ba, har ma da marasa lafiya a asibitoci. Ya haɗa da farko fannonin kimiyya na abinci mai gina jiki da abinci mai gina jiki . Bugu da ƙari kuma, abinci mai gina jiki na asibiti yana nufin kiyaye ma'aunin makamashi mai lafiya, yayin da kuma samar da isasshen adadin abubuwan gina jiki kamar furotin, bitamin, da ma'adanai ga marasa lafiya.

## Bukatun abinci da hanyoyin cututtuka
A al'ada, daidaikun mutane suna samun mahimman abubuwan gina jiki da jikinsu ke buƙata ta hanyar abincin yau da kullun na yau da kullun waɗanda ke sarrafa abincin daidai a cikin jiki. Duk da haka, akwai yanayi kamar cututtuka, damuwa, damuwa, da sauransu waɗanda zasu iya hana jiki samun wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki ta hanyar abinci kawai. A cikin irin waɗannan yanayi, ana iya buƙatar ƙarin kayan abinci da aka tsara musamman don yanayin kowane ɗayansu don cike ɓangarorin da takamaiman yanayin ya haifar. Wannan na iya zuwa ta hanyar Abincin Abinci na Likita. 

## Hanyoyin abinci mai gina jiki
Daga cikin hanyoyin gudanarwa, hanyoyin da aka fi so na abinci mai gina jiki shine, idan zai yiwu, gudanar da baki . Madadin sun haɗa da gudanar da shiga ciki (a cikin ciyarwar nasogastric ) da na jijiya (a cikin abinci na mahaifa ).

Ba kamar Abinci na Likita ba wanda Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Sabis ta Amurka ta ayyana Cibiyar Abinci da Magunguna, a cikin *Takardun Jagorancin Abinci na Likita & Jagorar Bayanai* a cikin sashe na 5 (b) na Dokar Magungunan Marayu (21 USC 30ee (b) (3)); a matsayin "abincin da aka tsara don cinyewa ko gudanar da shi a ciki a ƙarƙashin kulawar likita kuma wanda aka yi niyya don kulawa da abinci na musamman na cuta ko yanayin wanda keɓaɓɓen buƙatun abinci mai gina jiki, dangane da ka'idodin kimiyya da aka sani, an kafa shi ta hanyar kimantawar likita," 

* Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru
* Rashin cin abinci
* Abincin likitanci
* Abinci mai gina jiki
* Abincin warkewa

## Manazarta
Abinci na Holozoic

**Holozoic abinci mai gina jiki** (Girkanci: *holo* -duka ; *zoikos* -na dabbobi) wani nau'i ne na abinci mai gina jiki na heterotrophic wanda ke da alaƙa da ciki ( cikin ciki ) da sarrafa kayan ciki na ruwa ko kayan abinci mai ƙarfi.  Protozoa, irin su amoebas, da kuma mafi yawan dabbobi masu rai masu kyauta, irin su mutane, suna nuna irin wannan nau'in abinci mai gina jiki inda ake ɗaukar abinci a cikin jiki a matsayin ruwa ko mai ƙarfi sannan kuma a kara rushewa da ake kira holozoic nutrition .

A cikin abinci mai gina jiki na Holozoic, ana samun makamashi da tubalan gina jiki ta hanyar cinyewa sannan kuma narkar da wasu kwayoyin halitta ko guda na wasu kwayoyin halitta, gami da jini, nama da rubewar kwayoyin halitta. Wannan ya bambanta da abinci mai gina jiki na holophytic, wanda ake samun makamashi da tubalan gine-gine ta hanyar photosynthesis ko chemosynthesis, kuma tare da abinci mai gina jiki na saprozoic, wanda aka saki enzymes masu narkewa a waje da kuma sakamakon monomers (kananan kwayoyin halitta) suna shiga kai tsaye daga yanayin.

Akwai matakai da yawa na abinci mai gina jiki na holozoic, wanda yakan faru a cikin sassa daban-daban a cikin kwayoyin halitta (kamar ciki da hanji):

# Ciwa : A cikin dabbobi, wannan shine kawai ɗaukar abinci ta baki. A cikin protozoa, wannan ya fi faruwa ta hanyar phagocytosis .
# Narkewa : Rushewar jiki na hadaddun manyan barbashi na abinci da rugujewar enzymatic na hadaddun mahadi na ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta masu sauƙi.
# Absorption : Aiki da jigilar kayayyaki na sinadarai na narkewa daga cikin sashin abinci da cikin jiki.
# Assimilation : Abubuwan sinadarai da aka yi amfani da su don matakai daban-daban na rayuwa.
# Egestion: Cire sharar gida da abinci mara narkewa, A cikin protozoa, wanda aka fi sani da pinocytosis.

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Siyasa ta Manoma da Masu Samar da Kayayyaki

**Ƙungiyar Siyasar Manoma da Furodusa (FPPU)** ƙungiya ce ta siyasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya mai zaman kanta wacce aka kafa a Kudancin Ostiraliya don mayar da martani ga Labour, tana da sha'awar kawar da wata barazana ga muradun FPPU akan haɓakar ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata da Labour. Masu hannun jari da masu kiwo na yankunan karkara sun damu matuka game da taro na Ostiraliya National League (ANL) game da zaɓe na birni da al'amuran birane, wanda ya haifar da kafa FPPU wanda ke da tsarin siyasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, kuma ya yi adawa da sake fasalin ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar kamfani . Da gaske ne reshen karkara na ANL. An kirkiro FPPU a shekara ta 1904 kuma ta ci gaba har zuwa bayan zaben 1910 lokacin da ta hade da Liberal and Democratic Union da National Defence League zuwa Liberal Union .

A nasu kan su jam'iyyar FPPU ta samu kuri'u kashi 8.8 a zabukan 1905 da 1906, inda suka lashe kujeru tara da biyar bi da bi.

## Manazarta
Jam'iyyar Katter ta Australiya

**Jam'iyyar Katter's Ostiraliya** ( **KAP** ) jam'iyyar siyasa ce mai yawan jama'a a Ostiraliya wacce ke ba da shawarar manufofin tattalin arziki na gurguzu da manufofin zamantakewa na mazan jiya .   ɗan siyasa Bob Katter ne ya kafa shi, ɗan majalisa mai zaman kansa kuma tsohon ɗan majalisar wakilai na ƙasa don kujerar Kennedy, tare da takardar rajista da aka shigar da Hukumar Zaɓe ta Australiya a 2011. 

An sake zaben Katter a karkashin lakabin jam'iyyar a zabukan tarayya na 2013, 2016, 2019, 2022 da 2025 . Har ila yau jam'iyyar ta lashe kujeru biyu a zaben jihar Queensland na 2012, wanda ta ci gaba da kasancewa a zaben jihar na 2015 . Jam'iyyar ta samu karin kujera a zaben jihar na 2017 wanda ta rike a zaben jihar na 2020 da na 2024 .

A cikin Fabrairu 2020, Bob Katter ya mika jagorancin jam'iyyar ga dansa Robbie Katter, dan majalisar jihar Queensland . 

Hukumar zaben Australia ta ki amincewa da bukatar jam’iyyar ta yin rajista a ranar 17 ga Agusta 2011, bisa dalilin cewa sunan jam’iyyar da ake so (“Jam’iyyar Australian”) ya yi yawa kuma yana iya haifar da rudani.  A ranar 27 ga Satumba 2011, Hukumar Zaɓe ta Ostiraliya ta yi rajistar Jam'iyyar Katter ta Ostiraliya.  Ko da yake jam'iyyar ba ta yi nasara ba wajen yin rijista ga guntun sunan jam'iyyar "Jam'iyyar Ostiraliya" a cikin ƙasa, aikace-aikacen ta na lokaci guda don yin rajista a Queensland tare da taƙaitaccen sunan ya yi nasara, duk da 'yan adawar jama'a. 

A karkashin dokar zaben Queensland jam'iyyar tana fitowa ne a kan kuri'un zaben jihar a karkashin sunan ta. Don kaucewa sunayen jam’iyyun da ke da bambancin ra’ayi a fadin jihohin Ostireliya, KAP ba ta yi nasara ba, ta yi kira ga kotuna da su sake buga kuri’u domin cikakken sunan jam’iyyar ba gajarce ba ya bayyana a kan kuri’un zaben jihar Queensland na 2012 . 

## Manazarta