Victor Niederhoffer

**Victor Niederhoffer** (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1943)  manajan asusun hedge na Amurka ne, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na zakara, marubuci mafi sayarwa kuma masanin kididdiga .

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Niederhoffer a Brooklyn daga dangin Yahudawa.

Kakansa na uba Martin (Martie), akawu kuma mai fassara kotu, ya auri Birdie (née Kuminsky) a shekarar 1916.    Kakanninsa na uwa sune Sam da Gertrude Eisenberg.  Mahaifinsa, Dr. Arthur "Artie" Niederhoffer (1917–1981), ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Brooklyn a shekarar 1937, sannan daga Makarantar Lauyoyi ta Brooklyn, sannan daga ƙarshe ya sami digirin Ph.D. daga Jami'ar New York (1963). Ya yi aiki a Sashen 'Yan Sanda na Birnin New York na tsawon shekaru 21 (ya yi ritaya a matsayin laftanar), sannan ya koyar a matsayin farfesa a fannin zamantakewa a Kwalejin Shari'a ta John Jay na tsawon shekaru 14.       Ya kuma koyar a Jami'ar Hofstra, Kwalejin Brooklyn, Jami'ar New York, Kwalejin Queens, da Kwalejin 'Yan Sanda ta Birnin New York, ya rubuta littattafai da dama kan ilimin 'yan sanda da laifuka, ciki har da *Behind the Shield*, *The Ambivalent Force*, *The Gang*, da *The Police Family: From Station House to Ranch House* (tare da matarsa), kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Shugaban Kwalejin John Jay saboda nasarorin da ya samu a fannin shari'a.   Mahaifiyarsa, Elaine (née Eisenberg) Niederhoffer (1925–2006), malamar Turanci ce, marubuciya, kuma edita wacce ta fito daga dogon layin malamai.     Ɗan'uwansa Roy Niederhoffer, wanda shi kansa manajan asusun shinge ne, ya yi aiki da Victor da asusun shingensa daga 1987 zuwa 1992, yana cinikin hannun jari masu matsakaicin kuɗi .  

Niederhoffer ya yi karatun kididdiga da tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Harvard (BA 1964) da Jami'ar Chicago (Ph.D. 1969). Ya kasance farfesa a fannin kuɗi a Jami'ar California, Berkeley (1967–1972). A shekarar 1965, yayin da yake kwaleji, ya kafa tare da Frank Cross wani kamfani mai suna Niederhoffer, Cross da Zeckhauser, Inc., wani bankin saka hannun jari wanda ke sayar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ga kamfanonin gwamnati. Wannan kamfani yanzu ana kiransa Niederhoffer Henkel, kuma Lee Henkel ne ke kula da shi (wanda ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2008), tsohon lauyan IRS. Niederhoffer ya fara amfani da tsarin tallan jama'a a fannin saka hannun jari kuma ya yi manyan yarjejeniyoyi a wannan kamfani. Ya kuma sayi kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da yawa tare da Dan Grossman, abokin aikinsa a wannan lokacin.

A matsayinsa na farfesa a kwaleji a shekarun 1960 da 1970, Niederhoffer ya rubuta labarai na ilimi game da rashin ingancin kasuwa, wanda ya haifar da kafa wani kamfanin ciniki, NCZ Commodities, Inc. (wanda aka fi sani da Niederhoffer Investments, Inc.) a shekarar 1980. Nasarar wannan kamfani ta jawo hankalin George Soros . Niederhoffer ya zama abokin tarayya na Soros kuma ya sarrafa dukkan kuɗaɗen shiga da musayar kuɗi na ƙasashen waje daga 1982 zuwa 1990.  Soros ya ce a cikin *The Alchemy of Finance* cewa Niederhoffer shi kaɗai ne daga cikin manajojinsa waɗanda suka yi ritaya da son rai daga ciniki a gare shi yayin da yake kan gaba. Soros ya girmama Niederhoffer sosai har ya aika ɗansa ya yi masa aiki don ya koyi yadda ake ciniki. 

## Ilimi
A matsayinsa na malami a Berkeley a shekarun 1960, Niederhoffer ya rubuta takardu da dama kan abubuwan da ba su dace ba a cikin halayen kasuwar hannayen jari. Takardarsa *ta Kasuwa da Juyawa a Kasuwar Hannun Jari (1966)*  ta sanya Niederhoffer uban sasantawa na kididdiga da kuma nazarin tsarin kasuwa . Ya yi amfani da hanyoyi masu kirkire-kirkire don neman damammaki a kasuwannin hannayen jari, kamar takardarsa mai suna *The Analysis of World Events and Stock Prices (1971)*, wadda ta yi amfani da girman rubutun labarai don tantance muhimmancin abubuwan da suka faru a labarai da kuma auna yadda suka shafi kasuwar hannayen jari. Ya bar jami'a a shekarar 1972 don mai da hankali sosai kan ayyukan kasuwancinsa. 

## Dawowa
Kamfanin Niederhoffer Investments ya dawo da kashi 35% a kowace shekara tun daga farkonsa har zuwa 1996, lokacin da MAR ta sanya shi a matsayin manajan asusun shinge na 1 a duniya. A shekarar 1997, Niederhoffer ya buga wani littafi mafi sayarwa a jaridar New York Times, *The Education of a Speculator* .

## asarar 1997
A shekarar 1997, Niederhoffer Investments ba ta sami damammaki da yawa na saka hannun jari ba, kuma bayan ta mayar da mafi yawan kuɗaɗenta ga abokan ciniki kamar George Soros, ta fara saka hannun jarin da ya rage dala miliyan 100 a yankunan da Niederhoffer daga baya ya yarda cewa ba shi da ƙwarewa sosai.  Niederhoffer ya yanke shawarar sayar da zaɓuɓɓukan saka hannun jari a hannun jarin bankunan Thailand don tattara ƙarin kuɗi (bayan dogon lokaci waɗannan hannun jari), waɗanda suka faɗi sosai a cikin rikicin kuɗi na Asiya, farensa shine gwamnatin Thailand ba za ta bar waɗannan kamfanoni su fita daga kasuwanci ba. A ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 1997, asarar da ta faru daga wannan jarin, tare da raguwar maki 554 (7.2%) a cikin Matsakaicin Masana'antu na Dow Jones (ƙasa mafi girma na takwas  har zuwa yau a tarihin fihirisa), ya tilasta wa Niederhoffer Investments rufe ƙofofinta. A cikin wata ƙara da Niederhoffer ya shigar daga baya a Kotun Gundumar Amurka ta Gundumar Arewa ta Illinois a kan Chicago Mercantile Exchange, inda ya yi ciniki da zaɓuɓɓuka, ya yi zargin cewa 'yan kasuwar bene sun haɗa kai don su tumbuke kasuwar a wannan rana don tilasta masa barin matsayinsa. 'Yan kasuwa a lokacin sun ce Refco na iya zama alhakin asarar da ta kai dala miliyan 35 na Niederhoffer. 

## Sabon asusu
Bayan rufe asusunsa a shekarar 1997, Niederhoffer ya sake fara ciniki da asusunsa a shekarar 1998 bayan ya jingina gidansa ya kuma sayar da tarin azurfarsa na gargajiya. Wannan asusun na asali ana kiransa Wimbledon Fund, sunan da ke nuna ƙaunarsa ga wasan tennis. Ya fara sarrafa kuɗi ga abokan cinikin ƙasashen waje a watan Fabrairun 2002, tare da Matador Fund. Niederhoffer yana amfani da shirye-shiryen kwamfuta na mallakar kamfani waɗanda ke da'awar hasashen motsi na ɗan gajeren lokaci ta amfani da nazarin jerin lokaci mai yawa . A cikin shekaru biyar da suka fara a shekarar 2001, asusun Niederhoffer ya dawo da kashi 50% a shekara (wanda aka haɗa). Shekararsa mafi muni a wannan lokacin ita ce 2004, inda ya dawo da kashi 40%. A shekarar 2005, ya dawo da kashi 56.2% (kamar yadda aka ruwaito a cikin eFinancial News). A ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 2006, ƙungiyar masana'antu MarHedge ta ba da kyautar Matador Fund Ltd. da Manchester Trading, asusun biyu da Niederhoffer ke gudanarwa, kyautar mafi kyawun aiki da mai ba da shawara kan cinikin kayayyaki (CTA) ya yi a cikin shekaru biyu na 2004 da 2005.

Duk da haka, asusun Niederhoffer sun mamaye rikicin kuɗi na jinginar gida na ƙasa da ƙasa na 2007, kuma an rufe Asusun Matador a watan Satumba na 2007 bayan raguwar darajar fiye da kashi 75%.  

Daga 2000 zuwa 2003, Niederhoffer ya rubuta wani shafi na mako-mako kan kasuwannin hannayen jari tare da marubucin kuɗi Laurel Kenner don CNBC MoneyCentral.  Shi da Kenner sun rubuta *Practical Speculation* (John Wiley & Sons, Fabrairu 2003), tarihin rayuwar Niederhoffer, da darussan da ya koya, an ba su a cikin littafin 1997 *The Education of a Speculator* .

## Kaza
Niederhoffer ɗan wasan ƙwallon hardball ne mai nasara kuma memba ne na zauren wasan ƙwallon squash na shahara.  Niederhoffer bai taɓa buga ƙwallon squash ba lokacin da ya shiga Jami'ar Harvard a 1960, amma ya buga wasu wasannin raket. Shekara ɗaya bayan haka, ya lashe gasar matasa ta ƙasa, kuma, lokacin da ya kammala karatunsa, shi ne zakaran gasar ƙwallon squash ta ƙasa ta Intercollegiate. Ya lashe gasar US Nationals sau biyar (bayanan da Stanley Pearson ne kawai ya wuce, wanda ya lashe gasar shida a 1923). Ya kuma lashe gasar ƙwallon squash ta ƙasa sau uku. A 1975, ya kayar da ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa a tarihin wasan, Sharif Khan, a wasan ƙarshe na gasar North American Open (lokaci ɗaya tilo da Khan ya kasa lashe gasar a cikin shekaru 13 tsakanin 1969 da 1981).

## Sauran ayyuka
Niederhoffer shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa NYC Junto, wata ƙungiyar 'yanci da aka shirya a ranar Alhamis ta farko ta kowane wata daga 1985 zuwa 2017. Shi mai sha'awar Ayn Rand ne, kuma ya sanya wa 'ya'yansa mata biyu suna Galt da Rand.  Kungiyar NYC Junto ta mayar da hankali kan 'yanci, Objectivism da saka hannun jari kuma an yi wahayi zuwa gare ta daga kungiyar Junto da Benjamin Franklin ya shirya a Philadelphia daga 1727 zuwa 1757. Yana da 'ya'ya mata shida da ɗa ɗaya.

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