Seffarin Madrasa

**Madrasa Saffarin** makaranta ce a cikin Fes el-Bali, tsohuwar unguwa na madina na Fez, Maroko. An gina ta ne a shekara ta 1271 miladiyya (670H) wanda sarkin musulmi Abu Ya'qub Yusuf ya gina ta kuma ita ce ta farko a cikin makarantu da dama da daular Marini suka gina a zamanin mulkinsu. Yana kudu da Masallacin Qarawiyyin na karni na 9 a dandalin Saffarin (ko Place Seffarine), wanda ake kiransa da sunan maƙeran tagulla () da suke aiki a dandalin[1].(  coppersmiths .

## Tarihi

### Matsayin madrasas a Fez
Madrasas wani nau'i ne na ma'aikata wanda ya samo asali ne a arewa maso gabashin Iran a farkon karni na 11 kuma an ci gaba da karɓar shi zuwa yamma.: 284-285 Wadannan cibiyoyin sun yi aiki don horar da Masanan Islama, musamman a cikin dokar Islama da shari'a (*[[Fiƙihu|fiqh]]*). Madrasa a cikin duniyar Sunni gabaɗaya ta saba wa koyarwar addinai "marasa kyau", gami da koyarwar da Daular Almohad ta goyi bayan. Saboda haka, ya kama ne kawai a Maroko a ƙarƙashin daular Marinid wanda ya gaji Almohads. Ga Marinids, madrasas sun taka rawar gani wajen karfafa halattaccen siyasa na daularsu. Sun yi amfani da wannan tallafi don karfafa amincin masu rinjaye amma masu zaman kansu na addini da kuma nuna kansu ga jama'a a matsayin masu karewa da masu gabatar da addinin Sunni na Orthodox. Madrasas sun kuma yi aiki don horar da malamai da fitattun da ke gudanar da tsarin mulki na jihar su.

Saffarin Madrasa, tare da sauran madrasas da ke kusa da su kamar al-Attarine da Mesbahiyya, an gina su ne kusa da al-Qarawiyyin, babban cibiyar ilmantarwa a Fes kuma a tarihi shine cibiyar ilimi mafi muhimmanci a Maroko.: 40  Madrasas sun taka rawar goyon baya ga Qarawiyyin; ba kamar masallacin ba, sun ba da masauki ga ɗalibai, musamman waɗanda ke fitowa daga waje na Fes.: : Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan ɗalibai matalauta ne, suna neman isasshen ilimi don samun matsayi mafi girma a garuruwan su, kuma madrasas sun ba su abubuwan da ake buƙata kamar masauki da burodi. : Koyaya, madrasas ma sun kasance cibiyoyin koyarwa da kansu kuma sun ba da nasu darussan, tare da wasu Masanan Islama suna yin sunansu ta hanyar koyarwa a wasu madrasas.:: 141  Sun kuma yi aiki a matsayin cibiyoyin al'ummominsu kuma sun shirya bukukuwan.

### Tarihin Madrasa na Saffarin

Madrasa ta Saffarin ita ce ta farko da Marinids suka gina. An kammala shi a cikin 1271 ta kwamishinan Sultan Abu Ya'qub Yusuf, wanda kuma ya kasance sananne ne saboda kirkirar Fes el-Jdid (sabuwar birni ta Fez da babban birnin Morocco). :   Wani lokaci ana kiran madrasa *Madrasa Ya'qubiyya*, bayan sunansa. Masanin tarihi na karni na 14 Al-Jazna'i ya ba da labarin cewa lokacin da aka gina madrasa akwai jayayya game da daidaitawar *[[Alƙibila|qibla]]* na zauren addu'arta, wanda ya bambanta da na Masallacin Qarawiyyin da ke kusa.

A cikin ƙarni, madrasas a yankin da ke kusa da al-Qarawiyyin sun zama sanannun kowane ɗaliban gidaje daga wasu yankuna na Maroko. Wadanda suka zauna a Madrasa na Saffarin galibi sun fito ne daga Zerhoun da ke kusa, daga yankin arewacin Beni Zerwal, kuma daga yankin kudancin Sous.

A cikin karni na 18 an gina Mohammadia Madrasa kusa da Saffarin Madrasa a matsayin mahaɗin don adana ƙarin ɗalibai. Ya rufe yanki na murabba'in mita 752 kuma yana da matakai biyu na ɗakuna da ke kewaye da doguwar farfajiyar.

A cikin shekarun 1930 da 1940 an gyara Place Seffarin da gine-ginen da ke kewaye da shi. An kuma gyara Madrasa ta Mohammadia da ke kusa da ita kuma an faɗaɗa ta kan shirin Mohammed V tsakanin 1935 da 1942.  A ƙarshen karni na 20 madrasa ta kasance cikin lalacewa kuma ta rasa yawancin kayan ado.: An sake gyara shi a cikin shekarun 1960 kuma an sake buɗe shi ga ɗaliban Jami'ar Qarawiyyin .  Kwanan nan, a kan shirin Sarki Mohammed VI ya sami babban sabuntawa wanda aka kammala a cikin 2016-2017, a farashin dirhams miliyan 8. Har yanzu ana amfani da madrasa a matsayin gidaje ga ɗaliban Jami'ar al-Qarawiyyin .  

## Gine-gine

### Yanayi

Ana shigar da madrasa ta hanyar hanyar da aka karkatar da ita wanda ke kaiwa kai tsaye zuwa babban farfajiyar rectangular (*sahn*), a tsakiyar abin da babban kwandon ruwa na rectanguary. A kusa da wannan farfajiyar akwai ɗakuna da yawa waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin wurin barci ga ɗalibai, an rarraba su a cikin labaran biyu.: : 212, 216 Wani karamin Minaret na tubali yana tsaye kusa da ƙofar.

A gefen gabas na farfajiyar, a gaban ƙofar, akwai babban ɗaki mai tsawo wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin zauren addu'a (kamar ƙaramin masallaci ko oratory). Gidan yana rufe da rufin pyramidal kuma yana dauke da *mihrab*. Koyaya, gabaɗaya yanayin madrasa da façade na titin da ke cikin layi ya bambanta da na *qibla* (jagoran addu'a), saboda haka zauren addu'a bai dace da sauran farfajiyar ba kuma yana tsaye a kusurwa da shi.

A gefen arewacin zauren addu'a (kuma yana bin wannan tsari), kuma ya kai ta hanyar dogon gangara daga kusurwar babban farfajiyar, shine zauren wanka na madrasa (Arabic: ميضأة,  mida'a). Ya ƙunshi ƙaramin farfajiyar tare da tafkin ruwa na tsakiya, wanda ke kewaye da ƙananan ɗakuna da yawa waɗanda ke dauke da bayan gida.: Wannan zauren wanka yana da daidaituwa iri ɗaya da na zauren addu'a, maimakon sauran madrasa.

### Kayan ado

Madrasa ta rasa mafi yawan kayan ado, amma wasu sassanta sun tsira, musamman a cikin zauren addu'a.: : An mayar da kayan ado na ɗakin addu'a, wanda aka mayar da hankali a bangon sama, a lokacin sabuntawar ginin kwanan nan. Yana da siffofi masu laushi na Rubutun Larabci masu ban sha'awa, zane-zane na geometric, da kuma ƙungiyar makafi da windows cike da wasu arabesque ko geometric motifs. A cikin mihrab niche akwai *muqarnas* cupola .  Babban rufin katako na pyramidal na dakin kuma yana da kyau. Ana shirya katako na rufin don samar da nasu tsarin lissafi kuma ɓangaren tsakiya na rufin ya ƙare a cikin wani wuri mai laushi tare da murfin *muqarnas* a tsakiya da ƙananan huɗu a kusurwoyi. An sabunta ƙarin zane-zane da aka fentin a kan itace a lokacin sabuntawa na baya-bayan nan.

An kuma adana wani yanki na kayan ado a sama da ƙofar madrasa, a gefen farfajiyar. Masanin tarihin fasaha Xavier Salmon ya ba da shawarar cewa wannan na iya kasancewa wani ɓangare na kayan ado da ke tsara ƙofar ƙofar, kama da abin da ake gani a wasu masallatai na birnin. Har ila yau, an yi wa ƙaramin minaret ado da arches na makafi a kusa da windows dinsa da kuma ƙungiyar yumbu mai sauƙi a samansa, yayin da bangon gabashinsa (da ke fuskantar farfajiyar) an rufe shi da *darj-wa-ktaf* ko zane-zane.

### Kwatanta da gine-ginen madrasa na baya
Madrasa ta gabatar da wasu siffofi na farko waɗanda suka sake bayyana a madrasas na Maroko daga baya amma kuma sun bambanta da sauran a muhimman batutuwa saboda yana ɗaya daga cikin yunkurin farko na gine-ginen Marinid na ɗaukar ciki na ginin madrasa da aka gina (wanda bai riga ya sami misali a Maroko ba). Dukkanin ƙofar da ke da tsakiya tare da kwandon ruwa sune siffofi na yau da kullun na madrasas daga baya. Koyaya, tsari mara kyau na zauren addu'a da sauran abubuwa na shirin bene, da kuma gaskiyar cewa wuraren barci na ɗalibai sun buɗe kai tsaye a cikin farfajiyar a bene na ƙasa, duk fannoni ne waɗanda aka sake sabuntawa kuma ba a maimaita su a cikin ƙirar madrasas na baya ba. Tsarin madrasas na Marinid daga baya a cikin karni na 14 ya ga ingantawa wanda ya jaddada mafi girman daidaituwa da daidaito a cikin shimfidar su, gami da gabatar da shirin kayan ado.

Kasancewar minaret kuma ba fasalin wasu madrasas ba ne (ban da Bou Inania Madrasa wanda ke da matsayi na musamman na Masallacin Jumma'a), kamar yadda aka tanada zauren addu'a na madrasa ga ɗalibansa kuma ba a buɗe shi ga jama'a kamar cikakken masallaci ba.: Jonathan Bloom, yana mai cewa ba a gina minaret daga matakin ƙasa ba, ya nuna cewa mai yiwuwa an kara shi wani lokaci bayan ginin asali na madrasa.

## Dubi kuma

* Madrasa na Fes el-Jdid
* Madrasa ta Sahrij

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

* Hotuna na ciki na madrasa da minaret dinta a 2023 (Flickr)