Arusha

**Arusha** birni ne a ƙasar Tanzaniya . Birnin shine babban birnin yankin Arusha . Yana da yawan jama'a 617,631.  

Yankin Arusha yana ƙarƙashin Dutsen Meru a gefen gabas na reshen gabas na Babban Kwarin Rift, yana da yanayi mai kyau. Yankin yana kusa da Wurin Shakatawa na Serengeti, Yankin Kare Muhalli na Ngorongoro, Wurin Shakatawa na Tafkin Manyara, Kwarin Olduvai, Wurin Shakatawa na Tarangire, Dutsen Kilimanjaro, da Dutsen Meru a cikin Wurin Shakatawa na Arusha .

Yankin babban cibiyar diflomasiyya ce ta duniya. Tana dauke da Kotun Afirka  ta Tarayyar Afirka kuma ita ce babban birnin Al'ummar Gabashin Afirka . Daga 1994 zuwa 2015, yankin ya kuma dauki nauyin Kotun Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya a Rwanda, amma wannan hukumar ta daina aiki. A halin yanzu, tana dauke da daya daga cikin rassan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Tsarin Shari'a na Kotunan Laifuka .

Arusha yanki ne mai al'adu daban-daban wanda yawancin mutanen Tanzaniya suka fito daga wurare daban-daban: 'yan asalin Afirka, Larabawa-Tanzaniya da Indiya-Tanzaniya, da kuma ƙaramin ƙaramin yanki na Turai da Arewacin Amurka. Addinan yankin Arusha sun haɗa da Kiristanci, Musulunci, Sikhism da Hindu .

## Tarihi

An fara gina wurin da Arusha ke a yanzu a shekarun 1830 ta hannun Arusha Maasai mai kiwon dabbobi daga al'ummar Arusha Chini, kudu da Dutsen Kilimanjaro .  Sun yi ciniki da hatsi, zuma, giya, da taba tare da Kisongo Maasai na makiyaya a madadin dabbobi, madara, nama, da fatun dabbobi. Bukatar abincin Arusha ta ƙaru sosai a shekarun 1860 lokacin da aka faɗaɗa hanyar cinikin kwarin Pangani ta Old Moshi, Arusha, kuma daga ƙarshe zuwa yammacin Kenya.  Duk da cewa ba gari ba ne tukuna, cibiyar yanki ce mai fasaloli da dama na birane.

Jamusawa sun mamaye Arusha a shekarar 1896 bayan kisan gillar da aka yi wa masu wa'azin bishara guda biyu na farko waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin zama a Dutsen Meru da ke kusa. Jamusawa sun kafa sansani na dindindin a shekarar 1900 lokacin da aka gina sansanin soja ( *boma* ) kuma aka yi wa sojoji sansani a wurin.  " *Boma* wata magana ce mai ƙarfi, da aka yi niyya don burge tsarin ɗabi'a da siyasa na Jamus a ƙauyukan da ke kewaye. An kafa ginin kamar katangar, wanda ya mamaye yanayin da ke kewaye da shi" tare da bindiga mai inji.  

Jamusawa sun tilasta wa 'yan Afirka da yawa barin ƙasar kakanninsu, kuma sun tilasta musu tono lemun tsami ko ɗaukar duwatsu don gina sansanin. Turawan Birtaniya sun kwace Arusha daga hannun Jamusawa a shekarar 1916 a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya . Jami'an Jamus sun bar yankin, Turawan Birtaniya sun kori masu wa'azin Jamusawa da mazauna yankin, kuma gwamnatin soja mai ƙarfi ta rage a garin.  

A shekarun 1920, an aiwatar da tsarin mulkin farar hula, masu wa'azi daga Amurka sun iso, 'yan Birtaniya da Girka sun sake mamaye tsoffin gonakin Jamus, kuma garin ya girma, musamman bayan da Birtaniya ta mayar da gwamnatin yankin daga New Moshi zuwa Arusha. Fadada layin dogo daga Moshi zuwa Arusha a 1928-29 ya ƙara yawan kasuwanci sosai.  Ba da daɗewa ba, Babban Matsalar Tattalin Arziki ya dakatar da kasuwanci kuma Arusha a shekarar 1940 tana da mazauna ƙasa da 2,000. Ci gaban ya sake dawowa a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu kuma zuwa 1948, yawan jama'a ya karu zuwa sama da 5,000.  

A shekarar 1952, an gudanar da wani ƙaramin ƙidayar jama'a a Tanganyika, wanda ya shafi birane da garuruwa. Yawan jama'ar Arusha a lokacin ya kai 7,797, waɗanda daga cikinsu 1,084 'yan Turai ne, 3,153 'yan Asiya ne, da kuma 'yan asalin Afirka 3,560. 

A shekarun 1950, Arusha ta kasance "ƙaramin gari mai yawan jama'a, wanda aka mayar da shi yammacin duniya; tana da al'ummar Girkawa, Jamusawa da dama kafin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, da kuma wasu 'yan gudun hijirar Yahudawa 'yan Jamus bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu."  An ayyana dokar ta-baci a yankin Arusha a shekarar 1953 a matsayin martani ga Tawayen Mau Mau . Ɗan jarida John Gunther ya lura a lokacin cewa "wani ƙabila mai aminci, Waarusha, ta yi barazanar ɗaukar matakan mayar da martani ga 'yan Kikuyu da kansu, idan 'yan Birtaniya ba su yi ba. Hukumomi sun kama manyan masu shirya makircin Mau Mau, sun tantance dubban mutane, sannan suka kora wasu dubban mutane zuwa Kenya." 

A shekarun 1960, an ɗauki wasu sassan fim ɗin *Hatari!* tare da John Wayne a Momela Lakes da kuma a Mount Meru .

Arusha ta kasance birni mai mahimmanci a tarihin Tanzaniya ta zamani. Burtaniya ta sanya hannu kan takardun da suka nuna cewa ta mika 'yancin kai ga Tanganyika a shekarar 1961. An sanya hannu kan sanarwar Arusha a shekarar 1967 a Arusha. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Arusha a birnin Arusha a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta na shekarar 1993, ta hannun wakilan ƙungiyoyi masu fafatawa a yakin basasar Rwanda.

An sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya da Sulhu ta Arusha ga Burundi a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2000 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin samar da zaman lafiya a wannan ƙasar ta hanyar raba iko da kuma kafa gwamnatin riƙon ƙwarya. 

Yarjejeniyar Arusha ta watan Janairun 2015 ga Sudan ta Kudu ta samar da tsarin sake hade jam'iyyar SPLM mai mulki a Sudan ta Kudu, wadda ta rabu gida uku, wanda ya haifar da rikicin jin kai yayin da fada tsakanin bangarori ke kara karfi. Ta tanadi cewa duk membobin SPLM da aka kora za a mayar da su kan mukamansu na baya da kuma tsarin kada kuri'a na sirri. 

A shekarar 1994, Majalisar Tsaron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yanke hukunci bisa kuduri mai lamba 955 na ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 1994 cewa Arusha ta dauki nauyin Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya *ta wucin gadi* a Rwanda. Kafa kotun tare da ma'aikatanta na kasashen waje ya yi tasiri ga tattalin arzikin birnin, wanda ya kara tsadar rayuwa ga mazauna birnin. Kotun ta ragu saboda rufe ta a shekarar 2014, amma magajin ta na shari'a, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Duniya ta Tsarin Shari'a na Kotunan Laifuka da aka kafa bisa kuduri mai lamba 1966 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, zai ci gaba da nishadantar da reshenta a Arusha, wanda zai fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Yuli 2012. Kotun ta tuhumi mutane 93 tare da yanke musu hukunci 62. 

Gwamnatin Tanzaniya ta yi niyyar ayyana Arusha a matsayin birni a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2006,  amma an jinkirta hakan saboda jinkirin da ake yi na gyaran iyakokin ƙananan hukumomi. An bai wa Arusha matsayin birni a ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2012, inda aka fara aiki a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 2012. 

A shekarar 2013, wani wurin hakar ma'adinai da ke Arusha ya ruguje ya kashe ma'aikatan hakar ma'adinai 14 bayan ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. 

## Ƙungiyoyin gwamnati masu haɗin gwiwa
Arusha gida ce ga wasu manyan ƙungiyoyi na gwamnatoci . Birnin Arusha shine hedikwatar Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka,  yana ɗauke da reshe na Tsarin Ƙasashen Duniya na Kotunan Laifuka,  da Kotun Afirka kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Jama'a . 

## Sufuri

### Filin Jirgin Sama

Filin jirgin sama guda biyu ne ke aiki a Arusha: Filin jirgin saman Kilimanjaro na kasa da kasa ga matafiya daga kasashen waje, kimanin  gabas, kusan rabin Moshi . Filin jirgin saman yana samar da jiragen sama na ƙasashen waje da na cikin gida. Filin jirgin saman Arusha cibiyar zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ce ta yanki a yammacin birnin, kuma tana hidimar fasinjoji sama da 87,000 kowace shekara.

### Hanyoyin haɗi
Tafiya ta hanya za a iya yi ta hanyar kocina (bas) masu zaman kansu zuwa Nairobi, Dodoma, Babati, Morogoro, Tanga, Mbeya, Singida, Tabora, Mpanda, Kigoma, Mwanza, Bukoba, Iringa, da Dar es Salaam .

Arusha tana kan titin Cape zuwa Alkahira . Akwai wata alama a shekarun 1930 a Arusha da ke nuna tsakiyar hanyar.  Haka kuma tana kan babbar hanyar Alkahira zuwa Cape Town .

## Al'adu
Birnin yana dauke da Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Halitta na Ƙasa, wanda ya ƙunshi baje kolin tarihi guda uku game da mutanen farko, shuke-shuke da dabbobi na yankin, da kuma tarihin birnin. Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Halitta na Ƙasa ya kasance wurin gudanarwa ga Jamusawa a shekarun 1900. An buɗe shi a shekarar 1987 a matsayin gidan tarihi na jama'a kuma yana nuna muhimman kadarori ga al'ummar kimiyya kamar samfuran mutanen Australopithecus, kakannin mutane waɗanda suka rayu sama da shekaru miliyan 2 da suka gabata. [1] Haka kuma gida ne ga wani babban kunkuru, mai shekaru sama da 100, wanda ke yawo cikin 'yanci.

Wani ƙaramin gidan tarihi da ke kusa da abin tunawa da Uhuru yana nuna bayanai game da yadda aka gudanar da sanarwar Arusha ta 1967.

Cibiyar Al'adun Gargajiya ta Arusha babban gidan tarihi ne na fasaha mai zaman kansa a cikin wani gini mai ban sha'awa, wanda yayi kama da gidan tarihi na Guggenheim yayin da yake zana alamomin Afirka (ganga, mashi, da garkuwa). Tana da nau'ikan fasahar Afirka iri-iri, ciki har da makarantar TingaTinga ta Tanzaniya. Ana sayar da nunin kayan tarihi kuma babu tarin kayan tarihi na dindindin.

## Wuraren ibada

Wuraren ibada sun haɗa da mafi yawan majami'un Kirista : Archdiocese na Arusha, Anglican Church na Tanzania, Evangelical Lutheran Church a Tanzania, Baptist Convention of Tanzania, da Assemblies of God .  Akwai kuma masallatan Musulmai .

## Ilimi

Yawancin yaran Arushan suna zuwa makarantun gwamnati da ke kusan kowace gunduma ta birnin. Akwai makarantu biyar na duniya a Arusha da kewaye: Makarantar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Moshi (Harabar Arusha), Makarantar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Arusha Meru, Makarantar Braeburn, Makarantar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta St Constantine, da Makarantar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Kennedy House .

Birnin Arusha gida ne ga Kwalejin Yawon Bude Ido ta Ƙasa - Harabar Arusha, Kwalejin Fasaha ta Arusha, Cibiyar Ci gaban Al'umma ta Tengeru, Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Afirka ta Nelson Mandela, Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Gabashin da Kudancin Afirka, Cibiyar Horarwa ta MS don Haɗin gwiwar Ci Gaba (MS-TCDC), Cibiyar Lissafi ta Arusha, Cibiyar Horar da Gandun Daji, Olmotonyi, Cibiyar Binciken Namun Daji ta Tanzania, Jami'ar Tumaini Makumira, da Jami'ar Mount Meru . 

Jami'ar Arcadia ta dauki nauyin wani kwas na fina-finai wanda ya kai ga kafa bikin fina-finan Afirka na Arusha, wanda ke ba mutane damar zuwa su kalli fina-finan da mutanen yankin suka kirkira. Ka'idojin sun ba da damar yin la'akari da dimbin masu shirya fina-finai don kyaututtuka, kuma kowace shekara ana zabar sabon jigo don bikin. AAFF tana da alaƙa da bikin fina-finan Gabashin Afirka, wanda kuma yana ba da dama mai yawa don kyaututtuka da yabo ga matasa masu shirya fina-finai. 

## Yanayin ƙasa da yanayi
Duk da kusancinsa da ma'aunin ƙasa, tsayin Arusha na  a kan gangaren kudu na Dutsen Meru yana rage yanayin zafi kuma yana rage danshi. Iska mai sanyi da bushewa tana yaduwa a mafi yawan shekara. Zafin jiki yawanci yana tsakanin  tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara kusan  . Tana da yanayi daban-daban na danshi da bushewa, kuma tana fuskantar iska mai ƙarfi daga gabashin Tekun Indiya, 'yan kilomita ɗari kaɗan a gabas. A ƙarƙashin tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, tana da yanayi mai zafi ( *Cwb* ). Yankunan da ke nesa da Arusha zuwa kudu da yamma ana rarraba su a matsayin yanayi mai zafi na savanna ( *Aw* ).Babban rikodin  tun lokacin da aka fara rikodin a shekarar 2000 shine  . Mafi ƙarancin rikodin shine  . Arusha tana da matsakaicin kwanaki 29.8 a kowace shekara sama da  - duk tsakanin Nuwamba da Maris. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na Arusha shine , galibi suna zuwa ne a lokacin damina mai tsawo daga Maris zuwa Mayu. Yankunan da ke arewa da arewa maso gabashin Arusha nan take za su iya ganin ƙarin ruwan sama da yanayin zafi mai sanyi saboda tasirin Dutsen Meru, wanda inuwar ruwan samansa ta miƙe zuwa gefen kudu maso gabashin dutsen.

Arusha da tsaunukan arewacin Tanzaniya suna fuskantar yanayin ruwan sama mai matakai biyu, tare da yanayi biyu na damina. Ana shuka amfanin gona da yawa sau biyu a shekara. Dogayen ruwan sama na masika daga Maris zuwa Mayu ya fi aminci a Arusha fiye da yankunan da ke kewaye saboda tasirin Dutsen Meru. Gajerun ruwan sama na vuli ba su da inganci sosai, yawanci suna zuwa a watan Nuwamba da Disamba. Lokacin busasshen kiangazi shine daga Yuni zuwa Oktoba.

Yankunan da ke kan tsaunuka a arewa da arewa maso gabashin birnin gida ne ga manoma da ke noma ayaba, kofi, kabeji, dankali, karas, ganyen ganye, da sauran kayan lambu.

Noma a yankunan arewa maso yamma, yamma, kudu maso yamma, kudu, da kudu maso gabas ya mayar da hankali kan masara, wake da alkama. Akwai masana'antar noman lambu mai mahimmanci, tare da kamfanoni da yawa suna noman furanni don fitarwa zuwa Turai.

## Wasanni

Birnin gida ne ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon rugby ta ƙasar Tanzaniya. Birnin kuma yana karɓar bakuncin wasannin ƙwallon rugby na ƙasa da ƙasa. Joshua Peterson, wanda ya buga wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon rugby ta ƙasa, shi ne ɗan wasa na biyu mafi ƙarancin shekaru a duniya, bayan Jonny Wilkinson. An kuma karɓi bakuncin Southern Pool A na gasar Castel Beer Trophy ta 2007 a nan.

Birnin yana gida ne ga Arusha FC, wacce ke wasa a filin wasa na Sheikh Amri Abeid Memorial, wanda ke wakiltar birnin a gasar kwallon kafa ta lig ta Tanzania.

Birnin ya kuma karbi bakuncin tseren tseren Mount Meru, wanda aka gudanar daga 1985 zuwa 2004.  Tsohon dan tseren dogon zango Benedict Ako ne ya kafa tarihin "masu zuwa" na wasan tseren marathon mafi sauri a Tanzania, da ƙarfe 2:13:46 a wurin taron a ranar 1 ga Agusta, 1993. 

## Manazarta