Dorothea Erxleben

**Dorothea Christiane Erxleben** (13 Nuwamba 1715 - 13 Yuni 1762) likita ce ta Jamus wacce ta zama mace ta farko a fannin kiwon lafiya a Jamus. Mahaifinta mai ci gaba da zama likitanci kuma shugaban makarantar ta, ta so ta halarci makarantar likita kuma ta yi karatun likita kamar ɗan'uwanta. Daga bisani ta roki Frederick the Great na Prussia don ba ta damar shiga Jami'ar Halle . Duk da izinin sarauta don halarta, Erxleben bai shiga Jami'ar ba. Lokacin da dan uwanta ya mutu, ya bar 'ya'ya biyar, ta yanke shawarar a shekara ta 1741, tana da shekaru 26, ta kula da su, ta auri gwauruwa Johann Christian Erxleben kuma ta ci gaba da samun 'ya'yan hudu tare da shi.

A shekara ta 1747, saboda matsalolin tattalin arziki, mahaifiyar yara tara ta fara yin aikin likita a Quedlinburg ba tare da digiri ba, kuma ta zama mai daraja sosai ga mutanen garin. Koyaya, likitocin yankin da suka ji cewa an yi barazanar mallaka su kan ayyukan kiwon lafiya sun shigar da kara, suna tuhumar ta da yaudara kiwon lafiya. A watan Janairun 1754, sarki ya yanke hukuncin cewa Erxleben dole ne ya wuce jarrabawa kuma ya gabatar da takarda a Jami'ar Halle. Rubutun farko da ta yi an kira shi Concerning the Swift and Pleasant amma don wannan dalili kasa da Full Cure of Illnesses, inda ta yi jayayya da amfani da rigakafi na laxative mai ƙarfi, purgatives da masu saurin kai kamar yadda ake yi a wannan lokacin. Ta nuna cewa likitoci sun yi sauri sosai don ba da magunguna marasa amfani kamar opiates don cututtukan da ba sa buƙatar su kuma sun ba da shawarwari game da amfani da su da sashi, da kuma mafi kyawun shiga tsakani don inganta haila da fitsari. Ta sake yin shekaru 8 tana aiki da likita a garinsu na Quedlinburg har sai da ta mutu daga ciwon nono.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Dorothea Erxleben Dorothea Christiane Polycarp Leporin a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 1715, a cikin ƙaramin garin Quedlinburg, Jamus ga likitan ci gaba na garin, likitan Kirista Polycarp leporin  da matarsa Anna Sophia, née Meinecke : 10 Mahaifinta a gida ya koyar da 'ya'yansa kuma ya lura da ita a aikinta na makaranta tun da wuri a rayuwa, da kuma haskenta gaba ɗaya. Ya shirya cewa za a koya mata Latin, lissafi da kimiyya tare da ɗan'uwanta Tobias . Lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da karatun 'yarsa, an lura da Christian Polycarp Leporin yana cewa ana lalata baiwar mata masu baiwa a cikin kicin. Iyalin Leporin sun rungumi sababbin ra'ayoyin Age of Enlightenment, kamar dabi'un *Bürgertum* na Jamus, wanda ya haifar da imanin Kirista cewa ya kamata 'ya'yansa biyu su sami ilimi mafi kyau.

Daga baya ta halarci Gymnasium (Jamus) inda shugaban ya ba ta rubuce-rubucen Anna Maria van Schurman da Olympia Fulvia Morata . Ta hanyarsa ta kuma ji cewa Laura Bassi, masanin kimiyyar Italiya kuma masanin kimiyya ya zama likita na falsafar a Jami'ar Bologna .  Bassi ita ce mace ta farko a duniya da ta zama farfesa a jami'a.

Mahaifin su ne ya gabatar da 'yan uwan biyu a cikin magani. Ɗan'uwanta Tobias ya shirya karatun likitanci a Jami'ar Halle, kuma 'yar'uwarsa tana so ta bi shi.

Ta roki Sarki Frederick the Great na Prussia da ya ba ta damar shiga Jami'ar Halle . Frederick the Great ya amince da wannan buƙatar a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1741. 

## Aikace-aikacen jami'a, shigarwa da aure
An soki shigar Erxleben a jami'a kuma an yaba da ita. Masu sukar kamar Johann Rhetius, marubuci, sun yi jayayya cewa doka ta haramta mata yin aikin likita sabili da haka samun digiri a irin wannan filin zai zama ɓata lokaci. Kodayake Erxleben ba ta taɓa yin tsokaci a bainar jama'a game da gardamar da ke bayan ilimin mata ba, sai ta fara rubuta hujjojinta da ra'ayoyinta game da batun, waɗanda aka buga a cikin 1742 a matsayin littafi mai taken A Thorough Inquiry into the Causes Preventing the Female Sex from Studying .  Littafinta na mata ya yi jayayya cewa Jamus ta yi amfani da baiwar rabin yawan jama'arta, yayin da mahaifinta ya rubuta gabatarwa wanda ya bayyana bukatar sake fasalin a jami'o'in Jamus da kuma yadda shigar mata zai haifar da wannan canjin da ake bukata na dogon lokaci.

Duk da shigar da ita a Jami'ar, Erxleben ba ta shiga Jami'ar nan take ba. A shekara ta 1742, tana da shekaru 26, ta auri mataimakin firist Johann Christian Erxleben, mijin dan uwanta da ya mutu kwanan nan, wanda ya riga ya haifi 'ya'ya biyar. Aure na su ya kasance mai farin ciki, kuma ta ci gaba da samun 'ya'ya hudu tare da Johann a cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa. Duk da kasancewa mai aiki a gida na shekaru yana kula da 'ya'yanta tara, ta sami damar ci gaba da karatun likita a hankali.

A shekara ta 1747, mahaifinta ya mutu kuma lafiyar mijinta ta fara tabarbarewa, ta bar iyalin Leporin da basussuka masu tsanani. Don biyan waɗannan basussuka, Erxleben ya fara yin aikin likita a Quedlinburg ko da ba tare da digiri ba, kuma garin ya girmama shi sosai. A lokacin da take da ciki na 4 a shekara ta 1753 daya daga cikin marasa lafiya ta mutu. Likitoci uku na cikin gida sun tuhume ta da yaudara kiwon lafiya kuma sun shigar da kara.Sun ji cewa an yi barazanar mallakar su kan magani. Duk da rashin hujja, an hana ta ci gaba da aiki.

Shari'ar ta tashi ta kotuna kuma an kawo ta gaban Frederick the Great a watan Janairun 1754. Sarkin ya yanke hukuncin cewa Erxleben dole ne ya wuce jarrabawa kuma ya gabatar da takarda a Jami'ar Halle, kuma tare da goyon bayan shugaban jami'ar, ta yi hakan a cikin 1754. Rubutun farko na likita an kira shi Concerning the Swift and Pleasant amma don wannan dalili ƙasa da Full Cure of Illnesses, inda ta yi jayayya cewa likitoci sun yi sauri don ba da magani mara amfani. Ta bayyana cewa likitoci sun shiga tsakani da sauri don ba da Magunguna kamar opiates don cututtukan da ba sa buƙatar su kuma sun ba da shawarwari da yawa game da amfani da magunguna, mafi kyawun shiga tsakani don inganta haila da fitsari, da kuma amfani da kyau da sashi na opiates. Rubutun Erxleben da sauri ya bazu a duk faɗin Jamus, musamman tsakanin mata masu matsalolin kiwon lafiya, kuma Erxleben har ma ya fassara rubutun daga Latin zuwa Jamusanci don ya fi dacewa ga matalauta. A ranar 12 ga Yuni 1754, Dorothea Erxleben ta sami digiri na MD, ta zama mace ta farko a Jamus da ta yi hakan.

Ta shafe shekaru 8 masu zuwa tana yin magani a garinsu na Quedlinburg kuma ta mutu daga ciwon nono  a ranar 13 ga Yuni 1762. 

For nearly 150 years, German medical history did not see another woman.

Koyaya, har yanzu tana majagaba a wannan fagen ga mata da kuma ra'ayinta game da opiates da kuma amfani da magunguna.

A Jami'ar Halle Medical School an sanya wa cibiyar ilmantarwa suna don girmama ta. An sanya wa asibitoci da tushe suna bayan ta.

A ranar 17 ga Satumba 1987, Ofishin Jakadancin Tarayyar Jamus ya ba da hatimi na 60 pfennig don girmama Dorothea a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin hatimi "Mata na Tarihin Jamus".

A ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 2015, Google ta yi bikin cika shekaru 300 da haihuwa tare da Google Doodle . 

## Manazarta

## Ƙarin karantawa

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