open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Yaren yankjn Zenaga

**Zenaga** (autonym) yare ne na Amazigh da dubban mutane ke magana a Mauritania da arewacin Senegal. Ana magana da Zenaga Amazigh a matsayin yaren uwa daga garin Mederdra a kudu maso yammacin Mauritania zuwa gabar tekun Atlantic da arewacin Senegal. Gwamnatin Mauritania ta amince da yaren.

Yana raba tsarin harshe na asali tare da wasu maganganun Amazigh a Maroko da Aljeriya, amma takamaiman fasalulluka sun bambanta sosai. A zahiri, Zenaga tabbas shine mafi yawan harshen Amazigh da ya tsira, tare da tsarin sauti daban-daban wanda aka yi nisa da canje-canjen sauti kamar /l / > /dj / da /x / / /, da kuma yawan tsayar da ba tare da masu ba da labari a wasu nau'ikan Amazigh waɗanda aka fassara su a matsayin kawai masu tsira na Proto-Berber  . 

Sunan *Zenaga* ya fito ne daga na wata kabila mafi girma ta tsohuwar Amazigh, Iznagen (Iẓnagen), waɗanda aka sani a Larabci da Sanhaja . Adrian Room's African Placenames  ya ba da Zenaga derivations ga wasu sunayen wurare a Mauritania.

## Yawan jama'a
Zenaga yare ne wanda ya fito ne daga ƙungiyar Sanhaja wacce ta mallaki yawancin Arewacin Afirka a farkon Zamanin Tsakiya. An taɓa magana da Zenaga a ko'ina cikin Mauritania da bayan amma ya faɗi cikin raguwa lokacin da Larabawa Maqil masu mamayewa suka ci nasara a Yaƙin Char Bouba na karni na 17. Bayan wannan yaƙin, an hana su ɗaukar makamai kuma sun zama ƙwararru a cikin ilimin addinin Islama ko bayin kabilun da suka fi iko. Ya kasance daga cikin tsoffin, mafi girman rukuni wanda Zenaga ya tsira mafi tsawo.

A cikin 1940 (Dubié 1940), kimanin mutane 13,000 ne ke magana da Zenaga daga cikin kabilun makiyaya guda huɗu da aka rarraba a yankin da ke kusa da Saint-Louis, Podor, Boutilimit da Nouakchott (amma ba tare da ɗayan waɗannan biranen ba): 

Wadannan kabilun, a cewar Dubié, a al'adance sun kware a ilimin addinin Islama kuma sun jagoranci salon rayuwa mai zaman kansa, suna kware a cikin tumaki da shanu (rassan kiwo na raƙuma na kabilun nan sun riga sun sauya zuwa Larabci).  Ko da a lokacin, masu magana da yawa suna canzawa zuwa Hassaniya Larabci, babban nau'in Larabci da ake magana a Mauritania, kuma duk suna da harsuna biyu. An yi amfani da Zenaga ne kawai a cikin kabilar, kuma an dauke shi rashin mutunci don yin magana lokacin da wadanda ba masu magana ba suka kasance; wasu masu magana da gangan sun guji amfani da Zenhague tare da 'ya'yansu, suna fatan ba su farawa a Hassaniya. Koyaya, masu magana da yawa sun ɗauki Zenaga a matsayin alama ce ta 'yancin kansu da himma ta addini; Dubie ya yi nuni da karin magana na Hassaniya: "Mawor wanda ke magana da Zenaga tabbas ba Zenagui ba ne (wato,  ko memba na kabilar Amazigh da Larabawa Beni Hassan suka mamaye ), ko kuma jarumi".

Bayan rabin karni, an ruwaito cewa adadin masu magana ya kai kusan 2,000. Duk da yake Zenaga ya bayyana yana kusa da halaka, Hassaniya Larabci ya ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na kalmomin aro na Zenaga (fiye da 10% na ƙamus).
## manazarta
Anasuya Sarabhai

**Anasuya** ko **Anusyabehn Sarabhai** (11 ga Nuwamba 1885 - 1 ga Nuwamba 1972) ta kasance majagaba na ƙungiyar ma'aikatan mata a Indiya . Ta kafa kungiyar kwadago ta Ahmedabad (Majdoor Mahajan Sangh), kungiyar kwadago mafi tsufa a Indiya, a cikin 1920 da Kanyagruha, a cikin 1927 don ilimantar da 'yan mata na ma'adinai. Har ila yau, ta kasance ƙaunatacciyar abokiyar Mahatma Gandhi wacce ta ɗauke ta "Pujya" ("Revered"), a lokacin gwagwarmayarsa ta farko ta Indian Independence Movement da kuma taimaka masa ya kafa ashram a Sabarmati.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Sarabhai a Ahmedabad a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 1885 cikin iyalin Sarabhai, dangin masana'antu da 'yan kasuwa. Iyayenta biyu sun mutu lokacin da take da shekaru tara, don haka aka tura ta, da ɗan'uwanta Ambalal Sarabhai, da ƙanwarta su zauna tare da kawunta.  Ta yi auren yara ba tare da nasara ba tana da shekaru 13.  Daga baya aka soke auren. Da taimakon ɗan'uwanta, ta tafi Ingila a shekarar 1912 don yin digirin likitanci, amma ta koma Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London lokacin da ta fahimci cewa rarraba dabbobi da ke tattare da samun digirin likita ya saɓa wa imaninta na Jain .  Yayin da take Ingila, ƙungiyar Fabian Society ta yi mata tasiri, kuma ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar Suffragette .  

## Aikin siyasa
Sarabhai ta koma Indiya a shekarar 1913  ta fara aiki don inganta mata da talakawa, musamman a tsakanin ma'aikatan injina. Ta kuma fara makaranta. Ta yanke shawarar shiga cikin harkar kwadago bayan ta ga ma'aikatan injina mata da suka gaji suna komawa gida bayan aikin sa'o'i 36. Ta taimaka wajen shirya ma'aikatan masaku a wani yajin aiki na 1914 a Ahmedabad. Ta kuma shiga yajin aiki na tsawon wata guda a shekarar 1918, inda masu saka ke neman karin kashi 50 cikin 100 a albashi kuma ana ba su kashi 20 cikin 100. Mahatma Gandhi, abokin iyali, a lokacin yana aiki a matsayin mai ba Sarabhai shawara.  Gandhi ya fara yajin cin abinci a madadin ma'aikata, kuma daga karshe ma'aikatan sun sami karin kashi 35 cikin 100. A lokacin, Sarabhai ta shirya tarurrukan jama'a na yau da kullun na ma'aikatan da Gandhi ya yi jawabi.  Bayan haka, a shekarar 1917, aka kafa kungiyar kwadago ta Ahmedabad (Majdoor Mahajan Sangh) kuma Gandhi ya nada Anasuya a matsayin shugabar kungiyar har abada. 

Sarabhai ta kafa ƙungiyoyin sana'o'i daban-daban a farkon aikinta, kuma a shekarar 1920 ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Yadi. A tsawon rayuwarta, Sarabhai ta taimaka wajen tattaunawa da warware takaddama ga ma'aikatan da ta yi aiki da su. [1]

## Gado da mutuwa
An kira Sarabhai da *Motaben*, Gujarati don "'Yar'uwa".  Ta jagoranci Ela Bhatt, wacce ta kafa Ƙungiyar Mata Masu Aikin Kai ta Indiya (SEWA).  Sarabhai ta mutu a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1972.  

A ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 2017, Google ta yi bikin cika shekaru 132 da haihuwar Sarabhai da Google Doodle,  wanda masu amfani da shi a Indiya za su iya gani. 

Anasuya Sarabhai ta kasance goggon masanin kimiyya ɗan ƙasar Indiya Vikram Sarabhai wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin uban shirin sararin samaniya na Indiya . 

## Duba kuma

* Iyalan Sarabhai
* Jerin Jains

## Manazarta
Sheila Dowling

**Sheila** or **Sighle Dowling** ( – 26 June 1957) was an Irish republican, socialist, trade unionist, feminist and a member of Cumann na mBan.

## Farkon aiki
An haifi Dowling Sheila Bowen a kusa da shekara ta 1896. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai rubutun rubutu a Kotunan Dáil a arewacin birnin Dublin a lokacin yakin neman 'yancin kai, tana aiki ga lauyan jamhuriya Michael Noyk . A lokacin wani hari a wani tashar IRA a Blackhall Place, an kama Dowling kuma an kai shi Dublin Castle. Ta samu nasarar zubar da muhimman takardu ta hanyar cin su. Ta yi adawa da Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Irish, kuma an kama ta ta barin Dublin a kan hanyar da take magana a Glasgow don Sinn Féin a lokacin Yaƙin basasa . Dowling na ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyar fursunonin mata 81 na Jamhuriyar Republican a Kilmainham Gaol waɗanda suka yi tsayayya da canjin su zuwa Tarayyar Arewacin Dublin saboda ba sa son a raba su da abokan aikinsu biyu waɗanda ke yajin aikin yunwa. An tilasta wa kungiyar ta hanyar tashin hankali da jami'an kurkuku maza suka yi a watan Mayu 1923. Ta kasance a cikin zartarwa na Cumann na mBan a ƙarshen 1920s. Dowling ta kasance mai aiki a cikin ƙungiyar ma'aikata, tana aiki a matsayin sakatare na babban sakatare ya Irish Transport and General Workers' Union, William O'Brien, tana aiki ne a matsayin mai shirya Kungiyar Ma'aikatan Mata ta Irish (IWWU), tana wakiltar Union a majalisar kasuwanci ta Dublin kuma tana wakiltar Irish Trade Union Congress a taron ma'aikata na duniya a Prague da Geneva. A kusa da 1930, ta auri Frank Dowling . Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan gidan fina-finai na Metropole na Dublin. Suna da 'yar daya.

## Aiki bayan 'yancin kai na Ireland
A cikin IWWU Dowling akwai wata abokiyar kawance ta 'yan gurguzu masu fafutuka kuma mai goyon bayan jam'iyyar Republican Helena, wanda hakan ya jawo mata rikici da Louie Bennett da Helen Chenevix masu matsakaicin ra'ayi. Rikicin da ke tsakanin ƙungiyoyin biyu a farkon shekarun 1930 ya mayar da hankali ne kan tausayi da alaƙar da ke tsakanin Dowling da Molony da 'yan gurguzu na Irish. Ta kasance mamba mai himma a ɓangaren Irish na Abokan Soviet Rasha, ta ziyarci Tarayyar Soviet a lokacin bazara na 1930 tare da wakilai tare da Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington da Charlotte Despard . Da yake ta gamsu da alƙawarin daidaiton jinsi a Tarayyar Soviet, Dowling ta yi lacca kan rayuwa a can, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin ce-ce-ku-ce. [1] [2]

## Manazarta
Janet Horner

**Janet Horner** 'yar siyasar Irish Green Party ce wacce ta kasance memba na Majalisar Birnin Dublin tun watan Satumbar 2019.  An zabe ta Cathaoirleach (shugaban) na jam'iyyar a watan Mayu 2025, ta gaji Pauline O'Reilly.  Ita ce mai magana da yawun jam'iyyar a kan Harkokin Waje, Ciniki da Tsaro.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Horner ta zauna a Arewacin Birnin Cikin Gida na Dublin sama da shekaru goma, inda ta taɓa zama a Ingila, Uganda da Indiya tana aiki a fannin siyasa, haƙƙin ɗan adam da ayyukan ci gaban al'umma. Tana da digiri a fannin Ilimin Halayyar ɗan adam da Nazarin Ci Gaba da kuma digiri na biyu a Siyasa da Manufofin Jama'a. Ita mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ce kuma memba ce a Kwamitin Daidaito na Ƙasa da Haɗin Kan Duniya na SIPTU . [1] Horner ta yi yaƙin neman zaɓe tare da Together for Yes a zaɓen raba gardama na 2018 don amincewa da Kwaskwarima ta Talatin da Shida, wanda ya cire haramcin da kundin tsarin mulki ya yi kan zubar da ciki a Ireland. [2]

An haɗa Horner da kujerar Majalisar Birnin Dublin da Ciarán Cuffe ta riƙe a watan Satumba na 2019 bayan zaɓen Cuffe a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai a watan Mayun da ya gabata.  An sake zaɓenta a majalisar a zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi na 2024.  A lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓe na 2024, an kai wa Horner hari kuma an yi masa barazanar kisa yayin da yake kafa fosta a titin North Circular, Dublin. 

A watan Mayun 2025, an sanar da cewa an zaɓe ta don ta maye gurbin Pauline O'Reilly a matsayin Cathaoirleach na Jam'iyyar Green. A watan Fabrairun 2026, jam'iyyar ta sanar da cewa Horner za ta zama 'yar takarar jam'iyyar a zaɓen maye gurbin Dublin Central na 2026. 

## Manazarta
Sheila Nunan

**Sheila Nunan** tsohuwar shugabar kungiyar kwadago ta Irish ce kuma tsohuwar Sakatare Janar na kungiyar malamai ta Irish. Ta kasance memba na zartarwa na INTO tun 1995 kuma ta kasance Shugaban INTO daga 2005 zuwa 2006, kuma Babban Sakataren INTO daga 2010 har zuwa 2019. Sheila Nunan ita ce mace ta farko da ta rike matsayin Babban Sakatare a tarihin kungiyar kwadago na shekaru 150.

A shekarar 2006, an zaɓe Nunan a matsayin Mataimakiyar Sakatare Janar/Ma'ajin Kuɗi na Janar kuma ta yi aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa lokacin da aka zaɓe ta a matsayin Sakatare Janar a shekarar 2009.

Nunan tsohuwar malamar firamare ce kuma shugabar makaranta. Ta koyar a Tallaght da Bray. Ta kammala karatunta a Kwalejin Jami'a, Dublin da Kwalejin St. Patrick, Drumcondra . &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

Ta tsaya takarar jam'iyyar Labour a mazabar Ireland ta Kudu a zaben Majalisar Tarayyar Turai na 2019 a Ireland . Zaben da aka yi mata ya jawo ce-ce-ku-ce saboda tana zaune a Gundumar Dublin, wadda ba ta cikin mazabar Kudu. Tawagarta ta amsa cewa tana zaune kusa da kan iyaka da Gundumar Wicklow kuma iyayenta sun fito ne daga Gundumar Kerry, dukkansu suna cikin mazabar Kudu. [1] [2]

## Manazarta
Louise O'Reilly

**Louise O'Reilly** (an haife ta 27 Satumba 1973) 'yar siyasar Sinn Féin ce ta Irish wacce ta kasance TD ga mazabar Dublin Fingal West tun daga Babban zaben 2024, kuma a baya ga Dublin Fingal daga 2016 zuwa 2024. 

## Bayani
O'Reilly ta bayyana kanta a matsayin "an haife ta a matsayin jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Republican " saboda hannun iyalinta a cikin ƙungiyar kwadago . Kakanta mai kula da shago ne na ƙungiyar sufuri da janar ta Irish yayin da kakarta ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyar ma'aikatan mata ta Irish . Mahaifinta Mick O'Reilly shi ma jami'in ƙungiyar ma'aikata ne, kuma memba ne na ƙungiyar matasa ta Connolly, reshen matasa na jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Ireland, kafin ya shiga jam'iyyar Labour, wacce ƙungiyar da yake aiki a kanta ke da alaƙa da ita.  

O'Reilly da kanta ta yi aiki a matsayin mai shiryawa tare da ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta SIPTU tsawon shekaru goma kafin ta shiga siyasa.  

## Aikin siyasa
An zaɓi O'Reilly a matsayin 'yar takarar Sinn Féin ga Dublin Fingal a watan Maris na 2015 don shirya babban zaɓen Ireland na 2016. [1] A wannan zaɓen, an zaɓi O'Reilly bisa ƙidaya ta 10. 'Yan Phoenix sun ba da shawarar cewa Sinn Féin ta sanya O'Reilly da gangan a Dublin Fingal maimakon Dublin South-Tsakiya (wanda ke ɗauke da Crumlin, inda take zaune a lokacin) tana ganin za ta iya maye gurbin James Reilly na Fine Gael cikin nasara. An yi la'akari da cewa takarar Reilly a matsayin Ministan Lafiya ta tsaya cak yayin da ake kyautata zaton O'Reilly tana da ƙarfi a fannin lafiya saboda gogewarta a baya a matsayin jami'ar ƙungiyar kwadago da ke wakiltar ma'aikatan jinya da likitoci. A gaskiya ma, O'Reilly ta ci gaba da neman James Reilly don zama kujera. [2] Masu adawa da ita sun zarge ta da "yin tsalle-tsalle" zuwa mazabar, kuma bayan an zaɓe ta ne ta ƙaura daga Crumlin zuwa Skerries don zama a mazabar da take wakilta. [3] [4]

A babban zaɓen da aka yi a watan Fabrairun 2020, an sake zaɓen O'Reilly a Dublin Fingal, inda ya mamaye zaɓen da kusan kashi 25% na ƙuri'un farko.  

An naɗa ta a matsayin mai magana da yawun Sinn Féin kan harkokin kasuwanci, kasuwanci da aiki a ranar 2 ga Yuli, 2020.  A da ita ce mai magana da yawun lafiya na jam'iyyar. 

An sake zabar O'Reilly a Babban zaben Irish na 2024 a Dublin Fingal West .  Daga baya aka nada ta Cathaoirleach na Kwamitin hadin gwiwa kan korafe-korafe na jama'a da Ombudsmen . 

## Manazarta
Mary Maher (mai jarida)

**Mary Maher** (9 ga Nuwamba 1940 - 30 ga Nuwamba 2021) 'yar asalin Amurka ce mai fafutukar kwadago ta Irish, mai fafutuka, kuma 'yar jarida. Ta kasance wacce ta kafa kungiyar Irish Women's Liberation Movement kuma editan mata na farko a jaridar The Irish Times, inda ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 36.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Maher a Chicago ga iyayen 'yan asalin ƙasar Ireland, waɗanda kakanninsu suka fito daga County Tipperary.  Tana da 'yan'uwa huɗu, James, Jerome, William da Bonnie. Maher ta girma a Rogers Park, tana halartar Makarantar Sacred Heart ta gida. Maher ta ci gaba da samun takardar shaidarta daga Kwalejin Barat da ke Lake Forest, Illinois . 

## Sana'a
Maher ta zama mai ba da rahoto ga *[[Chicago Tribune]]* a teburin al'umma.  Ba tare da ta gamsu ba, ta koma Ireland inda ta zama 'yar jarida tana aiki da *jaridar The Irish Times* a shekarar 1965, ma'aikaciyar da ta zauna tare da ita tsawon shekaru 36. 

Da yake ta san da canje-canje da cikas da aka samu a al'ummar Ireland a wancan lokacin, shafukan Maher sun tattauna batutuwa kamar hukunta mutane da gangan, daidaiton albashi da kuma gidaje a unguwannin talakawa .  Ta kasance memba a cikin ƙungiyar 'Yantar da Mata ta Ireland .     

Maher ɗaya ce daga cikin gungun 'yan jaridar mata 'yan ƙasar Ireland waɗanda suka haɗa da Maeve Donnellan, Nell McCafferty, Geraldine Kennedy, Gabrielle Williams, Renagh Holohan, Christina Murphy, Mary Cummins, da Caroline Walsh. Sun rubuta game da jima'i da kuma juyin juya halin zamantakewa a shekarun 70 a ƙasar Ireland. Maher ta bayyana shi a matsayin lokacin da "an ƙirƙiro matan Ireland". [1] [2] [3] Ta kafa tarihi ta hanyar zama ma'aikaciya mace ta farko da ta koma aiki a jaridar Irish Times bayan aure da kuma yin shawarwari kan hutun haihuwa, wani kuma na farko. [4]

## Rayuwa daga baya
Maher ya auri Des Geraghty a shekarar 1969 kuma ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya mata biyu, Maeve (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga Mayu 1970) da Nóra (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga Mayu 1971). Daga baya sun rabu, amma sun ci gaba da zama abokai na kud da kud har abada kuma suna aiki tare akai-akai kan ayyukan al'adu da ƙungiyoyin kwadago. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Manazarta
Valerie Mulcahy

**Valerie Mulcahy** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1983) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Ireland . A matsayinta na 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Gaelic, ta yi wasa a babban matakin Cork, inda ta lashe lambobin yabo goma na All-Ireland da kuma lambobin yabo tara na Ladies' National Football League tsakanin 2005 da 2015. Ta kuma kasance All Star a lokuta shida. A matsayinta na 'yar wasan kwallon kafa ta mata, ta wakilci Ireland a 2003 Summer Universiade kuma ta buga wa Cork City wasa a cikin Ƙungiyar Mata ta Kasa . A cikin 2015, Mulcahy ta taimaka wajen ƙaddamar da Kungiyar 'Dan wasan Gaelic na mata. A cikin wannan shekarar, ta kuma fito a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi.

## Kwallon Gaelic
Tsakanin shekara ta 2004 zuwa 2015 Mulcahy ta taka leda a babban matakin Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta gundumar Cork, tana wakiltar gundumar ta a gasa kamar All-Ireland Senior Ladies' Football Championship, Munster Senior Ladies 'Football Championship da Ladies' National Football League. Tare da Rena Buckley, Nokil Cleary, Briege Corkery, Juliet Murphy, Mary O'Connor da Angela Walsh, ta kasance fitacciyar memba na ƙungiyar Cork, ta lashe lambobin yabo goma na All-Ireland, sunayen sarauta goma na Munster da kuma sunayen sarauniya tara.[1][2][3][4] Tsakanin shekara ta 2005 zuwa 2015, Mulcahy ya buga wasanni goma na karshe na All-Ireland, inda ya zira kwallaye 7-38. Ta ci kwallo a kowane wasan karshe da ta buga sai dai a shekara ta 2006. Ta zira kwallaye biyu a shekara ta 2007 kuma ta zira kwallayen kwallo a shekara ta 2008. [5][6] Ta kasance babbar mai zira kwallaye a wasan karshe na All-Ireland a 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2013 da 2015. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13] A watan Janairun 2015 Mulcahy ta taimaka wajen kaddamar da kungiyar 'yan wasan Gaelic mata kuma daga baya ta yi aiki a cikin ƙungiyar zartarwa ta kungiyar.[14][15]

## Rayuwa ta mutum
A watan Janairun 2015, Mulcahy ta fito a matsayin lesbian. Ta sanar da shawarar da za ta yi daidai da ta shiga cikin shirin Donal Óg Cusack / RTÉ, Coming Out of the Curve . Daga baya ta yi yakin neman zabe don tallafawa auren jinsi guda a Jamhuriyar Ireland a lokacin raba gardama na 2015. A watan Yunin 2015 Mulcahy ta auri Meg Blyth, abokin aikinta na shekaru shida. Blyth mai tsara wasan kwaikwayo ne.

## Malami
Mulcahy ta yi karatun PE da Irish a Jami'ar Limerick kuma malamin PE ne da Maths a Gaelcholáiste Mhuire a Cork .  

## Manazarta
Beigoma

***Beigoma*** ( Jafananci : ベーゴマ) wani wasan saman gargajiya ne na Japan wanda yake da tsawon ƙafa 3&nbsp;diamita cm kuma sau da yawa ana yi masa ado da kanji .    Idan aka juya shi daidai, *beigoma* yana yin sautin ƙara. 

## Wasan kwaikwayo
'Yan wasa suna naɗe samansu da igiyoyi masu sirara masu tsawon santimita 60 waɗanda suke amfani da su don harba saman a saman wasan zanen zane da aka shimfiɗa a kan bokiti ko makamancin haka. Wanda ya yi nasara shine ɗan wasan da samansa ya juya mafi tsayi ko kuma ya fitar da saman abokin hamayyarsa daga wurin wasa. [ ana buƙatar ambato ] 'Yan wasa za su gyara saman su don dacewa da salon wasa daban-daban ta hanyoyi kamar ajiye kayan don canza siffar saman, ƙara kayan kamar kakin zuma ko gubar don canza rarraba nauyi, da kuma gyara ta hanyar goge kurakuran da tsarin jefawa ya haifar.

## Tarihi
Koma wataƙila ya zo Japan ne daga China, wanda ya shahara a zamanin Kamakura .  An san shi sosai a zamanin Edo na ƙarni na 17, an fara yin *beigoma* ne ta hanyar cika harsashin teku mai karkace (wanda ake kira "Bai") da yashi sannan aka rufe su da kakin zuma mai narkewa . A ƙarni na 20, an yi kayan wasan da gubar sannan daga baya aka yi su da ƙarfe . Shahararsu ta kai kololuwa a rabin farko na ƙarni na 20 kafin ta faɗi ƙasa yayin da sabbin kayan wasan bayan yaƙi suka fara samuwa. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

Zuwan layin zamani na saman yaƙi da ake kira Beyblade (wanda aka gabatar a shekarar 1999) ya haifar da sake farfaɗo da sha'awar *beigoma* .     Duk da haka, tun daga shekarar 2001, akwai masana'anta ɗaya kawai da ke ƙera beigoma na gargajiya.   

## Nassoshi
Harshen Kurame na Albarradas

**Harshen Albarradas**, wanda kuma aka sani da **Didxa ná**',  yaren 'yan asalin ƙauye ne na ƙasar Mexico .  Ya samo asali ne kimanin shekaru 150 da suka gabata a ƙauyukan Zapotec na Santa Catarina Albarradas, San Antonio Albarradas da kuma wataƙila wani gari da ke kusa, saboda yawan kamuwa da kurma a lokacin haihuwa.

## Dubi kuma

* Santa Catarina Albarradas Zapotec

## Manazarta
Sally Kosgei

**Dr. Sally Jepng'etich Kosgey** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1949) 'yar siyasa ce ta ƙasar Kenya. Ta fito daga jam'iyyar ODM kuma an zaɓe ta don ta wakilci mazaɓar Aldai a Majalisar Dokokin Kenya a zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokokin Kenya na she52007.

Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta Alliance.  Ta sami digirin BA daga Jami'ar Dar es Salaam a shekarar 1974. Daga baya ta sami digirin MA a shekarar 1975 da kuma digirin digirgir Ph.D. a shekarar 1980, dukkansu daga Jami'ar Stanford da ke ƙasar Amurka.

Ta yi aiki a ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, kafin tsohon shugaban ƙasa Daniel arap Moi ya naɗa ta inda ta yi aiki a muƙamai daban-daban, wanda ya kai ga naɗinta a matsayin jakadiya da kuma shugabar ma'aikatan gwamnati/sakatariyar majalisar ministoci.

Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin ministar ilimi mai zurfi a gwamnatin haɗin gwiwa wacce ta samo asali a shekarar 2008 bayan rikicin bayan zaɓe. Duk da haka, a watan Afrilun 2010, ta yi musanyar aiki da Ministan Noma William Ruto. 

A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2017, wani bincike da ƙungiyar 'yan jarida ta duniya ta gudanar ya nuna sunanta a cikin jerin 'yan siyasa da aka ambata a cikin zarge-zargen "Paradise Papers". 

## Manazarta
Harshen Kurame na Tsakiya

**Harshen Kurame na Tsakiya** na Taurus (CTSL; Turkiyya:  yaren kurame ne na ƙauyen Turkiyya . Ana magana da shi a ƙauyuka uku a tsakiyar tsaunukan Taurus. Rabia Ergin ce ta kawo shi ga hankalin duniya, [ ya fallasa shi yayin da yake girma.

## Dubi kuma

* Kurma a Turkiyya

## Manazarta
Wasannin gargajiya na Afghanistan

Ƙasar Afghanistan tana da wasanni da wasanni daban-daban na gargajiya.

## Wasannin gargajiya

### harbin baka
 
Kiba ta kasance abin sha'awa a tsakanin kabilu daban-daban na Afghanistan .   

### Barfi
Ana yin wannan wasan ne a lokacin da dusar ƙanƙara ta farko ta faɗo a shekara. Mutum ɗaya yana aika da manzo zuwa gidan wani, kuma idan mai karɓar saƙon bai kama manzo ba kafin manzo ya koma gida, to mai karɓar saƙon dole ne ya biya babban abinci ga mai aika saƙon; in ba haka ba, mai aika saƙon zai biya.   

### Bujal bazi
 
Bujal bazi, wanda aka fi sani da Bejali a wasu sassan ƙasar, wasan marmara ne da yara ke yi da ƙasusuwan tumaki .  

### Gudiparan bazi

Gudiparan bazi a Dari ko kaghazbad a Pashto wasu daga cikin sunayen 'yan asalin ƙasar ne ke amfani da faɗan kite da kuma gudu a Afghanistan.   Yana faruwa a ƙasar sama da shekaru 100. 

### Khusai
A wasan khusai (wanda ake kira *ghorsai* a cikin harshen Farisanci), ƙungiyoyi biyu sun yi ƙoƙarin wuce junansu zuwa layin ƙwallon ƙungiyar, yayin da suke hana ɗayan ƙungiyar yin hakan.  Wasan yana buƙatar tsalle da ƙafa ɗaya domin ya doke abokan hamayyarsa.  

### Riga mai sangi
Ƙungiyoyi biyu masu 'yan wasa huɗu zuwa biyar suna fafatawa ta hanyar jifan wani abu da aka yi wa hari; kowanne ɗan wasa yana samun jifa 10, kuma ɗan wasan da ya fi kusa da wanda aka yi wa hari a wani zagaye ya yi nasara a wannan zagayen. Buga abin da aka yi wa hari kai tsaye yana samun maki ninki biyu. Ƙungiyar da ta kai maki 10 ta fara cin nasara. 

### Tokhm-jangi
A wasu lokutan bukukuwan jama'a kamar Eid al-Fitr, mahalarta wannan wasan suna fentin ƙwai da aka dafa da tauri sannan su yi karo da ƙwai na sauran mahalarta domin su karya sauran ƙwai.    

## Wasannin allo

### Carrom
Ana yin wasan carrom a gidajen Afghanistan da yawa, ciki har da wuraren shakatawa na jama'a. 

### Chaka
Chaka shine sunan yankin da ake kira Ludo board game a Afghanistan.

### Satranj
Satranj is the local name for chess in Afghanistan.

## Kokawa

### Koresh
Koresh, wanda aka fi sani da kokawa ta chepanki, nau'i ne na kokawa ta bel .  

### Pahlawani
Pahlawani wani nau'i ne na kokawa da ake fafatawa a zagaye huɗu, inda kowane zagaye ake cin nasara ta hanyar ɗan wasan da zai iya juya abokin hamayyarsa a bayansa.

## Abubuwan da suka faru na dabbobi

### Buzkashi

### Haɗa tanti

## Duba kuma

* Al'adun Afghanistan
* Wasanni a Afghanistan
* Wasannin gargajiya na Kudancin Asiya

## Manazarta
Chatino Sign Language

**San Juan Quiahije Chatino Harshen Alama** ( Spanish  , wanda kuma aka sani da **Cha'ya**'  ) yaren ƙauye ne mai tasowa na ƙauye na Chatino na asali na San Juan Quiahije da Cieneguilla a Oaxaca, Mexico, wanda kurame da wasu daga cikin masu ji ke amfani da shi.  A bayyane yake ba shi da alaƙa da Harshen Kurame na Mexico . Tun daga shekarar 2014, akwai wani bincike da Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa ta ba da kuɗi, da kuma wani bincike da Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Ƙasa suka ba da kuɗi don ci gaban wannan harshe. 

Mutanen da ba sa hannu a cikin ƙauyen suna amfani da alamomi daban-daban don musantawa yayin magana, kuma ana riƙe waɗannan a cikin Harshen Kurame na Chatino. Bambancin waɗannan alamu na iya zama saboda ƙananan girman kurame idan aka kwatanta da yawan mutanen da ke ji waɗanda ke amfani da su azaman alamun magana.

## Manazarta
Yaren kurame na Enga

**Harshen Kurame na Enga** yare ne na kurame na ƙauye tsakanin mutanen Tato Enga a lardin Enga, Papua New Guinea . An ruwaito shi a cikin 1980 a cikin labaran uku na Adam Kendon, bisa ga fina-finai na ethnographic na masu sa hannu uku (ɗaya kurma, biyu masu ji) a cikin kwarin Kogin Lagaip, amma tare da rahotanni na amfani da yawa a yankin da ke kewaye. Ba a san matsayinta na yanzu ba, saboda babu wani bayani na baya-bayan nan.

## Manazarta
Traditional sports and games

**Wasanni da wasannin gargajiya** (wanda galibi ake kira **TSG** ) motsa jiki ne da mutane ke yi tsawon ƙarni da yawa a faɗin duniya tun kafin wayewar zamani ta fara, kafin zuwan wasannin Yammacin duniya na zamani . Yawancin TSGs sun rasa shahararsu ko kuma sun mutu a lokacin mulkin mallaka saboda tilastawa da yaɗuwar wasannin Yammacin duniya .    An ƙara samun raguwar tattalin arziki a zamanin bayan mulkin mallaka.   

UNESCO ta tallata TSG a matsayin wani nau'i na " gadon al'adu marasa taɓawa ", kuma tana da Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na TSG da aka keɓe.   UNESCO ta gudanar da Taro Huɗu na Tattaunawar Gaggawa: 2006 a Paris, 2009 a Tehran, 2017 a Paris, inda na huɗu a 2018 a Istanbul ya tara mahalarta sama da 82 daga ƙasashe 40. 

An danganta TSG da yadda mutane daban-daban ke bin ayyukan addini da kuma haɓaka haɗin gwiwa a zamantakewa tare da fahimtar alaƙar su da yanayi mai kyau;     Ana kuma ganin TSG a matsayin wata hanya mai yiwuwa ta ƙara tattaunawa tsakanin al'adu.  

## Tarihi

A zamanin mulkin mallaka, adawa da tasirin wasannin Yammacin duniya ya haifar da daidaito da kuma gabatar da gasa mai tsari ga wasannin gargajiya na Kudancin Asiya kamar kabaddi .   

Tun daga ƙarni na 18 zuwa gaba, masu bincike sun fi mai da hankali kan darajar wasannin gargajiya wajen bayyana dabi'u da asalin al'adu. Misali, Joseph Strutt a shekarar 1801 ya rubuta cewa "Domin samar da kimantawa mai adalci game da halayen kowane mutum, ya zama dole a binciki Wasanni da Wasannin Nishaɗi da suka fi yawa a cikinsu."  Wannan tunani ya rinjayi Wasannin Olympics na zamani, kuma Pierre de Coubertin ne ya kafa su bisa ga "Duk Wasanni, Duk Kasashe", kodayake wannan ɓangaren na Olympics bai taɓa fahimta gaba ɗaya ba kuma ya ɓace da sauri bayan 'yan shekaru, galibi wasannin Yammacin duniya ne kawai ake yi. 

Tun daga shekarun 1970, an sami kulawa ta duniya da kuma kafa tsarin mulki don kiyaye TSG. A wasu ƙasashen Turai, farfaɗo da wasannin gargajiya ya zama hanyar bayyana asalin yanki ta hanyar siyasa ko ilimi.

An ƙara karɓar TSG a cikin wasannin wasanni da yawa na duniya kamar Wasannin Asiya da Wasannin SEA .  

## Duba kuma

* Ethnosport
* Jerin wasannin yara
* Wasannin 'Yan Asalin Duniya

## Manazarta
Harshe na Kurame na Ghandruk

**Harshen Alamar Ghandruk** ( Nepali   भाषा   ) yaren ƙauye ne na Kwamitin Ci Gaban Ƙauye na Ghandruk a tsakiyar Nepal .

## Duba kuma

* Harshe na Jumla
* Harshe na Kurame na Jhankot
* Harshen Kurame na Maunabudhuk-Bodhe
* Harshen Kurame na Nepalese

## Manazarta
Bamboo gun

Bindiga mai siffar **bamboo bindiga** ce ta gargajiya, bindiga ce mai siffar pop da aka yi da wani yanki mai siffar bamboo mai siffar silinda da kuma piston wanda ke aiki a matsayin abin hura sirinji. Ana saka ƙaramin "harsashi" mai tauri kamar busasshen iri ko takarda mai danshi a ƙarshen silinda ɗaya sannan a tura piston cikin sauri a ɗayan ƙarshen. Wannan yana haifar da iska ta matse ciki kafin ta fitar da "harsashi" ɗin da wani abu mai kama da "pump".

A yau, ana gyara kayan da ke cikin ganga mai bindiga daga bamboo zuwa ƙarfe.   

## Indonesiya
A Indonesia, ana kiran bindigar bamboo da sunaye daban-daban, musamman waɗanda suka samo asali daga Yammacin Java, Banten, da Jakarta, inda a cikin Sundanese ake kiranta *bebeletokan*, yayin da a Betawi ake kiranta *pletokan* ko *peletokan* . A wasu yankuna kuma ana samunta, a Kudancin Sumatra ana kiranta da *dor-doran*, mutanen Madurese suna kiranta da *tor-cetoran*, yayin da a Tsakiyar Java ana kiranta da *tulup* ko *bedhil-bedhilan* . 

## Philippines
Bindigan bamboo ya shahara tsakanin yara a yankunan karkara na Philippines. Sunayen yanki sun haɗa da *sumpak*, *sulpak*, *sulpot*, *palsuot*, *paltok* da *luthang* .   

Asalin sunan *luthang* shine Cebuano, ma'ana ƙaramin bindigar ruwa ( *lantaka* ). An rubuta kalmar a cikin ƙamus na Sifaniyanci na harsunan Visayan tun aƙalla 1711, inda ma'anarta ta samo asali ta haɗa da muskets, arquebuses da bindigogin harba.    Har yanzu ana amfani da kalmar a matsayin fi'ili ma'ana "bindiga a kashe" a cikin harsunan Cebuano; kuma a cikin Hiligaynon a matsayin ma'anar *pistola* (bindiga ko bindiga).  

## Vietnam
Gun bamboo wani abin wasa ne da ya shahara sosai a Vietnam a cikin 90s-2000s kuma yana da sunaye da yawa, kamar su súng phóc, ống phóc, ống thụt, da sauransu.

## Duba kuma

* Babban Kofin Sumpit
* Lantaka
* Piston na wuta
* Sipa
* Bindiga mai tsalle

## MANAZARTA
Harshen Kurame na Hawai'i

**Harshen Alamar Hawai'i** ko Harshen Alamar **Hawai'i** (HSL; Hawaiian  Hoailona ʻŌlelo  ), wanda kuma aka sani da **Hoailona ʻŌlelo**, **Tsohon Harshen Kurame na Hawaiʻi** da **Harshen Kurame na Hawaiʻi Pidgin**,  harshen kurame ne na asali wanda ya samo asali daga Hawaiʻi . Bayanan tarihi sun nuna kasancewarsa a tsibiran tun farkon shekarun 1820, amma masana harsuna ba su amince da HSL a hukumance ba har sai a shekarar 2013. 

Kodayake a baya an yi imanin cewa suna da alaƙa da Harshen Kurame na Amurka (ASL),  harsunan biyu ba su da alaƙa.   A cikin 2013, kusan mutane 40 ne suka yi amfani da HSL, galibi sun wuce shekaru 80. Wani yaren HSL-ASL, Creole Hawai'i Sign Language (CHSL), kusan mutane 40 ne ke amfani da shi a cikin tsararraki tsakanin waɗanda suka sanya hannu kan HSL kawai da waɗanda suka sanya alamar ASL kawai. Tun daga shekarun 1940, ASL kusan ya maye gurbin amfani da HSL a tsibirin Hawai'i  kuma CHSL mai yiwuwa zai ɓace a cikin shekaru 50 masu zuwa.  HSL an dauke shi da haɗari sosai.

## Tarihi
Kodayake HSL kanta ba pidgin ba ce,  an fi sani da Hawai'i Pidgin Sign Language ko Pidgin Sign language saboda tarihinsa da Hawai 'i Pidgin. Masana ilimin harsuna waɗanda suka fara yin rubuce-rubuce game da harshe da membobin al'umma sun fi son sunan Hawai'i Sign Language,   kuma wannan shine sunan da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ISO 639-3 tun daga shekarar 2014.

Amfani da alamar ƙauyen, ta kurame da ji, an tabbatar da shi daga 1820. Akwai yiwuwar tasiri daga alamar baƙi daga baya a wannan ƙarni, kodayake HSL ba shi da wani abu a yau tare da ASL ko wasu yarukan hannu da ake magana da su. Kafa makarantar kurame a shekara ta 1914 ya karfafa amfani da alamar, da farko HSL, tsakanin ɗalibai. Wani kurma na kasar Sin-Hawaii mai suna Edwin Inn ya koyar da HSL ga wasu manya d / Deaf kuma ya tsaya a matsayin shugaban kulob din kurame. Koyaya, gabatarwar ASL a cikin 1941 a maimakon koyarwar baki kawai ya haifar da canji daga HSL.

## Sanarwa
Masana ilimin harshe sun amince da HSL a ranar 1 ga Maris, 2013, ta ƙungiyar bincike daga Jami'ar Hawai'i a Mānoa. Kungiyar bincike ta sami wasika daga Reverend Hiram Bingham zuwa Reverend Thomas H. Gallaudet daga ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 1821. Wasikar ta bayyana lokuta da yawa na kurma Kānaka Maoli suna sadarwa da Bingham a cikin yarensu. Kungiyar bincike ta farko ta yi hira da kurame 19 da yara biyu na iyaye kurame a tsibirai huɗu. Kashi tamanin cikin dari na ƙamus na HSL ya bambanta da Harshen Kurame na Amurka (ASL). 

Wasu rahotanni game da HSL sun yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne "sabon yare na farko da za a gano a cikin Amurka tun daga shekarun 1930,"  ko kuma cewa yana iya zama "harshe na ƙarshe da ba a gano ba a kasar". 

Kafin shekara ta 2013, HSL ba ta da takardun shaida. HSL tana cikin haɗarin zama mai barci  saboda ƙarancin masu sa hannu da kuma karɓar ASL.

## manazarta
Harshe na Jumla

**Harshen Alamar Jumla** ( Nepali   साङ्केतिक भाषा   ) yaren ƙauye ne na garin Jumla da ke yammacin Nepal . Akwai makarantar koyon harshen kurame ta Nepal a Jumla, kuma ɗaliban suna zuwa daga tafiya ta kwana 1-2 daga nesa kuma ba sa jin yaren kurame na Jumla. 

## Duba kuma

* Harshe na Kurame na Jhankot
* Harshe na Kurame na Ghandruk
* Harshen Kurame na Maunabudhuk-Bodhe

## Manazarta
Harshen Kurame na Kafr Qasem

Harshen yana cikin tsari na rubuce-rubuce, galibi a Jami'ar Haifa. Kafr Qasem yana da yawan mutanen da ke fama da matsalar ji, kuma a bayyane yake, yarensu na kurame ya bunkasa ba zato ba tsammani a tsawon shekaru, koda kuwa yaren kurame na Isra'ila da yaren kurama na yankin sun rinjaye shi.

Harshen yana cikin tsari na rubuce-rubuce, galibi a Jami'ar Haifa. Kafr Qasem yana da yawan mutanen da ke fama da matsalar ji, kuma a bayyane yake, yarensu na kurame ya bunkasa ba zato ba tsammani a tsawon shekaru, koda kuwa yaren kurame na Isra'ila da yaren kurama na yankin sun rinjaye shi.

Farkon al'ummar kurma a Kafr Qasem ya fara ne a farkon karni na 20, lokacin da wani ɗan ƙauye ya auri wata kurma daga Mazraa. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya kurame, wadanda su ma suka yi aure kuma suna da' ya'ya kurma. A shekara ta 1951, akwai mazauna 1800 a Kafr Qasem, 12 daga cikinsu kurame ne. Bukatar sadarwa tare da su ya haifar da ci gaban yaren kurame da mazauna yankin suka raba - kurma da ji.

## Manazarta
Harshen Kurame na Ƙasar Jamaica

Harshen **Alamar Ƙasa** Jamaica, kuma Alamar Ƙasa, ko Konchri Sain (KS) a cikin Jamaican Patois, yare ne na ƙauyen ƙauyen Jamaica. Ƙananan kurame da masu ji Jama'a suna amfani da shi, sun bazu a kan al'ummomi da yawa a cikin yankunan karkara na kudu maso yammacin St. Elizabeth . 

Gabatar da ilimi na yau da kullun ga kurma na St. Elizabeth a cikin 1975 ta hanyar mishaneri na Mennonite na Amurka sun gabatar da ƙarin tsarin sa hannu guda biyu waɗanda suka shafi KS: Harshen Turanci da Harshen Kurame na Amurka. Jami'an makarantar sun yi watsi da amfani da harshe a ciki da waje da aji, wanda ya haifar da raguwa mai yawa a cikin adadin masu sa hannu na KS da raguwa sosai a cikin darajar harshe. Don haka, a shekara ta 1985, tsofaffi masu magana da yaren kurame sun yi amfani da KS, yayin da wasu mambobin al'umma suka yi amfani da Harshen Kurame na Jamaica, yaren Harshen Kurame na Amurka.

A shekara ta 2007 an kiyasta cewa harshe zai ƙare a cikin shekaru ashirin zuwa talatin masu zuwa, idan ba a yi ƙoƙari da gangan don adana shi ta hanyar ingantaccen dabarun tsara harshe ba. Jami'ar West Indies tare da Jami'ar Tsakiyar London sun riga sun fara aiki a kan aikin rubuce-rubucen harshe don harshe. Wani binciken zamantakewa da harshe na 2011 ya ba da rahoton cewa akwai tsofaffin masu sa hannu na KS a tsibirin a cikin 2009.

## Manazarta
Harshe na Kurame na Jhankot

Harshen **Alamar Jhankot** ( Nepali   साङ्केतिक भाषा   ) yaren ƙauye ne na al'ummar Jhankot da ke yammacin Nepal . Kurame sun kai kashi 10% na ƙauyen, kuma al'ummar jin labarin Jhankot SL ta san shi sosai.

## Duba kuma

* Harshe na Jumla
* Harshe na Kurame na Ghandruk
* Harshen Kurame na Maunabudhuk-Bodhe
* Harshen Kurame na Nepalese

## Manazarta
Harshe na Kajana

**Harshen Alamar Kajana** ( Dutch   ) yaren ƙauye ne na Suriname . Ana magana da shi a Kajana,  ƙauyen da ke da iyalai uku kacal.

## Manazarta
Harshen Kurame na Keresan

**Harshen Kurame na [[Keres people|Keresan]]**, wanda aka fi sani da Harshen Kurama na Indiya na Keresan Pueblo (KPISL) ko Keresign, yare ne na kurame na ƙauye wanda yawancin mazaunan ƙauyen Keresan ke magana da shi tare da babban abin da ya faru na kurma (ba a gano ƙauyen a cikin tushe ba, amma yawan mutanen da aka ambata sun nuna shi ne Zia Pueblo, New Mexico). [haɗin da bai dace ba?] &#x5B;**

Harshen Kurame na Keresan ya bunkasa a cikin gida, kuma ba shi da alaƙa da harshen kasuwanci na Harshen Kurame na Indiya.

## Manazarta
Harshe na Kurame na Koniya

**Alamar Koniya** ( Japanese   ), ko **Amami Oshima Sign** ( **AOSL** ;奄美大島手話,  ) harshe ne na ƙauye, ko kuma rukuni na harsuna, a kan Amami Oshima, tsibiri mafi girma a Tsibirin Amami na Japan . A yankin  a tsibirin, akwai yawan kamuwa da kurma a lokacin haihuwa, wanda ya fi yawa kuma yana faruwa a cikin wasu iyalai kaɗan; haka ma, wahalar ƙasa ta sa waɗannan iyalai suka rabu sosai, don haka akwai bambancin kalmomi a faɗin tsibirin, kuma saboda haka AOSL wataƙila ba harshe ɗaya ba ne.

## Dubi kuma

* Ted Supalla
* Harshen Kurame na Jafananci
* Harshe na Miyakubo

## Bayanan littattafai

*
Harshen Kurame na Mardin

**''Harshen Kurame na [[Mardin]]** (**MarSL**; Turkiyya:  yare ne na kurame na iyali na Turkiyya . [ fara magana da shi ne a garin Mardin, wanda ya samo asali ne daga akalla ƙarni biyar a cikin iyali ɗaya. Duk masu magana yanzu suna zaune a İzmIzmir IstaIstanbul ƙaramin ƙarni ya sauya zuwa HarsHarshen Kurame na Turkiyya

Masu sa hannu suna magana da yarensu a matsayin "dilsizce" (Turkish don "harshe kurma") ko "eski Frostler" (Turks don "tsoffin alamomi"). 

## Takardun
MarSL yana cikin haɗari sosai. Yawancin matasa masu sa hannu suna amfani da Harshen Kurciya, kuma masu amfani da MarSL kawai sun wuce 50. An yi ƙoƙari na baya-bayan nan don ƙirƙirar corpora don MarSL, da kuma yin rubuce-rubuce na yaren.

## Dubi kuma

* Deafness in Türkiye

## Manazarta
Adelaide Coari

**Adelaide Coari** (4 Nuwamba 1881 - 16 Fabrairu 1966) ta kasance mace 'yar Katolika ta Italiya, mai rajin kare haƙƙin mata, mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a, malamar makaranta kuma daga baya mai duba makaranta. Ta gyara mujallar wata-wata *L'Azione muliebre*, ta kafa mujallar *Pensiero e Azione* da ke fitowa sau biyu a mako, kuma ta taimaka wajen kafa ƙungiyar mata ta Kirista. Ta kasance mai himma wajen haɓaka haɗa kan mata, ilimin mata da kuma zaɓen 'yan mata.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Coari a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 1881 a Milan, Italiya cikin dangin Katolika na Roman masu addini sosai.    Mahaifinta mai sayar da katako ne, kuma ba a ɗaukar iyalin a matsayin masu arziki ba.  Coari ta cancanci zama malamar makaranta a shekarar 1901, kuma ta sami matsayin koyarwa a wata makarantar gwamnati ta karkara a Cascina (Milan). Tun tana ƙarama ta yi karatun aikin jarida kuma tana da shekaru 20 ta zama mai rajin kare hakkin mata ta Kirista . A lokaci guda kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar edita a mujallar Lega Cattolica Femminile ta wata-wata *L'Azione muliebre*, inda daga baya ta zama edita . Da wahayi daga aikin Romolo Murri, Coari ta taimaka wajen kafa ƙungiyar Kiristoci ta mata ta Gruppo di Donne Democratiche Cristiane, tare da Adele Colombo, Angiolina Dotti da Pierina Corbetta. Membobin ƙungiyar sun ƙunshi mata malamai da ɗalibai. Coari kuma ta shiga cikin Federazione delle Donne di Milano, ƙungiyar mata ta Milanese.  

Mataimakiyar coci ga *L'Azione muliebre*, Don Marianu, ta soki ra'ayoyin Coari a matsayin abin da ya wuce gona da iri. A shekarar 1904, tare da goyon bayan Andrea Ferrari, Coari ya bar *L'Azione muliebre* ya fara *Pensiero e Azione* (Tunani da Aiki), wani littafi da ake bugawa a duk mako biyu wanda ke tallata hada kan mata a cikin kungiyar.   A shekarar 1905, Pensiero ta goyi bayan kuri'un mata, wanda ya saba wa ra'ayin da L'Azione muliebre ta dauka. Coari ta shiga cikin wasu shirye-shirye da dama da nufin ilmantar da mata, kamar da'irar karatu da ilimin karatu da rubutu.  

Coari ta je Cosenza da Catania don tallafawa mutanen da girgizar ƙasa ta Calabria ta shafa a shekarar 1905. A shekarar 1907 tana cikin kwamitin zartarwa na taron mata a Villa Reale da ke Milan. 

A shekarar 1909, hukumomin coci sun rufe Pensiero e Azione a matsayin mai ra'ayin zamani, kuma Coari ta yi watsi da fafutukar ƙungiyar kwadago don koyarwa da sauran ayyukan agaji. [1] [2] Ta sake yin tafiya don taimaka wa waɗanda girgizar ƙasa ta shafa a Messina a shekarar 1909. Imani na koyarwa na Coari shine cewa bai kamata a shirya darussan da aka tsara ba, amma ya kamata a jagorance su bisa ga muradun yaron. An gayyace ta ta kafa makaranta ga malamai a kudu, amma tunda za a gina ta ne bisa hanyoyin Montessori, wanda ba ta amince da shi ba, ta ƙi amincewa. Daga baya ta zama mai duba makaranta a Milan. [3]

## Manazarta
Wasannin gargajiya na Myanmar

Myanmar tana da wasannin gargajiya da dama, wasanni, da kuma wasannin fada .   An tsara wasu daga cikin waɗannan wasannin ne don koya wa mutane yadda za su kare kansu da al'ummominsu. 

## Wasannin gargajiya

### Chinlone
Chinlone (Burmese: ခြင်းလုံး, ana furta shi [t͡ɕʰɪ́ɰ̃.lóʊɰ̃]), wanda ake kuma kira caneball, shi ne wasan gargajiya kuma na ƙasa na Myanmar (Burma).
Ba wasa ne na gasa ba; yawanci mutane shida ne suke wasa tare a matsayin ƙungiya ɗaya. Kwallon da ake amfani da ita ana yin ta ne da rattan (itacen zare) da aka saƙa da hannu, wadda idan aka bugata tana yin sauti kamar kwando.
Kamar wasan hacky-sack, ana wasa da chinlone ta hanyar jefa ƙwallo daga mutum zuwa mutum a cikin da’ira ba tare da amfani da hannu ba. Amma a chinlone, ‘yan wasan suna tafiya ne yayin da suke wuce wa juna ƙwallon, tare da mutum ɗaya a tsakiya.
Manufar wasan ita ce a ci gaba da riƙe ƙwallon daga faɗuwa ƙasa yayin da ake miƙa ta gaba da baya cikin salo mai kyau da ƙirƙira.
Maza, mata, da yara suna iya wasa da chinlone tare, ba tare da bambanci ba. Duk da cewa wasan yana da sauri, ana kallonsa a matsayin nishaɗi mai santsi, kamar wata rawa ko wani irin wasan kwaikwayo.
Wannan wasa ne da abokan hamayya biyu ke zaune a kan sandar da aka ɗaga sama da ƙasa suna ƙoƙarin bugun juna ta hanyar bugun juna da matashin kai.  

## Bambance-bambancen tag

### Zum-zum

### Htote si toe
Htote si toe (ma'ana "wasan ketare iyaka") wasa ne na tag inda 'yan wasan hari ke ƙoƙarin ketare layukan filin wasa mai kunkuntar ba tare da an yi musu alama da masu tsaron baya da ke tsaye a kan waɗannan layukan ba.

## Fagen yaƙi

### Lethwei

Lethwei ko Lek Whay (Burmese: လက်ဝှေ့), wanda ake kuma kira damben Myanmar, wani wasan damben fada ne mai cikakken bugun juna da ya samo asali daga ƙasar Myanmar. Ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin wasannin damben da suka fi tsanani a duniya.
A wannan wasa, ‘yan wasa suna amfani da naushi, shura, gwiwa, da gwiwar hannu, sannan kuma buga kai da kai (headbutt) ana yarda da shi. ‘Yan wasan Lethwei suna fafatawa ba tare da safar hannu ba, sai dai su nade hannayensu da tef da gauze. Saboda amfani da kai tare da sauran sassan jiki, ana kuma kiran Lethwei da “fasahar gabobin jiki guda tara” (Art of Nine Limbs).
A cikin dokokin gargajiya, kowanne bangare na dan wasa yana da damar samun hutun minti biyu sau ɗaya a fafatawa domin farfaɗo da dan wasan da aka buga ya fadi (knockout). Duk da cewa wasan ya shahara a Myanmar, a tarihi an fi danganta shi da kabilar Karen da ke jihar Kayin, domin yawancin ‘yan wasan Lethwei na gasa suna daga wannan kabila.

### Naban

### Kyin

## Wasannin allo

### Sittuyin

## Abubuwan da suka faru na dabbobi

### Polo
Polo ya shahara a tsakanin sarakunan Myanmar, kamar yadda zane-zane na tarihi suka nuna. 

## Duba kuma

* Wasannin gargajiya na Kudancin Asiya

## Manazarta
Harshen Kurame na Kailge

**Harshen Kurame na [[Kailge]]** yaren kurame ne na ƙauyen da ya bunƙasa sosai na lardin Western Highlands, Papua New Guinea . Ana magana da shi a cikin yanki mai faɗi na ƙananan ƙauyuka a kusa da garin Kailge, da kuma a cikin Kailge kanta, a cikin yankin Ku Waru. Ana iya bayyana shi azaman cibiyar sadarwa ta gidaje maimakon a matsayin yare guda ɗaya. Amfani da sararin sa hannu ya fi kama da na yarukan kurame na kurame fiye da na yaren kurame da yawa na ƙauyuka da aka raba tare da masu sauraro.

KSL yana da kamanceceniya da wani yaren kurame na ƙauye a yankin, Sinasina Sign Language . 

## Manazarta
Harshen Kurame na Maunabudhuk-Bodhe

****Maunabudhuk &#x2013; Harshen Alamar Bodhe''' ( Nepali   बोधे साङ्केतिक भाषा   ) yaren ƙauye ne na ƙauye na Maunabudhuk da Bodhe da ke maƙwabtaka da Nepal a gabashin ƙasar. 

## Dubi kuma

* Harshe na Jumla
* Harshe na Kurame na Jhankot
* Harshe na Kurame na Ghandruk

## Manazartq
Alessandra Codazzi

**Alessandra** " **Sandra** " **Codazzi** (11 Nuwamba 1921 - 5 Mayu 2010) 'yar siyasa ce ta Italiya, mai rajin kare haƙƙin 'yan kwadago, kuma mai goyon bayan jam'iyya .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Codazzi a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 1921 a Reggio Emilia .  Ɗan fari ne ga 'yan'uwa maza bakwai kuma 'yar Kanar Alberto Codazzi, wanda ya fito daga zuriyar Agostino Codazzi, masanin ƙasa kuma gwarzon ƙasa a Venezuela da Colombia. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ta kasance mai goyon bayan jam'iyya, ta zama ma'aikaciyar ƙungiyar masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin Katolika Brigate Fiamme Verdi da aka ɓoye a Reggio Apennines, tana ɗaukar sunan "Rosario" don guje wa kama ta daga Nazi-Fascists. [1] Ta kammala karatunta a fannin adabi da falsafa a Jami'ar Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, ɗalibi a Giuseppe Dossetti, ta fara shiga Azione Cattolica kuma jim kaɗan bayan haka a CISL na Giulio Pastore, inda ta halarci "Dogon Kwas" a Cibiyar Nazarin CISL da ke Florence tare da Farfesa Mario Romani. [2] A CISL ta kula da haƙƙin mata da ma'aikata har sai da ta zama sakatariyar ƙasa ta masana'antar yadi ta CISL. [3] [4] [5] A 1976 an zaɓe ta Sanata a jam'iyyar Democrat ta Kirista, ta riƙe wannan matsayin har zuwa 1987. [6] [3]

Ta yi aiki kuma tana da dangantaka ta kud da kud da abokan aikinta Anna Gabriella Ceccatelli, Tina Anselmi da Nilde Iotti .

Ta rasu a Rome a ranar 5 ga Mayu, 2010. 

## Manazarta
Harshen Kurame na Mehek

**Harshen Kurame na Mehek** ko dai alamar gida ne ko kuma yiwuwar yaren kurame na ƙauyen Mutanen Mehek na arewa maso yammacin Papua New Guinea. Akalla kurame biyu ne ke amfani da shi - daya a cikin kowane al'umma biyu daban-daban - da danginsu da abokai, amma ba al'umma gaba ɗaya ba. An bayar da rahoton cewa akwai kimanin masu sa hannu 100, amma maganganun lambobi wannan ba za su iya zama daidai ba.

Akwai iyalai da yawa na Mehek tare da kurame. Ba a daidaita alamomi ba, kuma sun bambanta sosai tsakanin kurame, tare da alamomi da yawa na musamman. Wannan yana nuna lokuta da yawa na alamar gida kuma watakila pidgin na tuntuɓar maimakon harshe mai jituwa. Baya ga nunawa da riƙe hannaye a sama da ƙasa don nuna tsayin mutane daban-daban, Hatfield (2016) ya sami alamomi talatin kawai waɗanda suka dace tsakanin maganganu da tsakanin masu sa hannu, kuma mafi yawansu suna da mimetic sosai, wasu alamun cikakken jiki, maimakon kawai alamun hannu kamar yadda yake a cikin yarukan kurame masu tasowa. Ɗaya daga cikin alamun ya haɗa da taɓa hannayensu da ƙafafu. Sa hannu ya haɗa da nunawa da maimaitawa da yawa, kuma maimaitawa "sau da yawa yana ɗaukar nau'o'i daban-daban".

Koyaya, tsarin ya haɗa da tsarin bayani na bayyane, tare da "ma'anar shiri" wanda ke tsara mataki don abin da za a bayyana, ba kamar abin da aka samu a cikin Mehek da aka fada ba. Misali, don 'mutum da mace sun yi yaƙi', mai sanya hannu zai nuna tsayin dangi na mahalarta kafin sanya hannu 'mutum' (ƙafar kafa), 'mace' (kai ko sanya hannu don nono) da kuma 'yaƙi' (slap one's face). 

## Dubi kuma

* Harshen Mehek
* Harshen Kurame na Wanib

## Manazarta