open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Abbas el-Akkad

**Abbas Mahmoud al-Aqqad** ( Arabic  , ALA-LC : 'Abbās Maḥmūd al-'Aqqād ; 28 ga Yuni 1889 - 12 ga Maris 1964) ɗan jarida ne na Masar, mawaƙi kuma mai sukar adabi,   kuma memba na Kwalejin Harshen Larabci da ke Alkahira.  

A takaice dai, saboda "rubuce-rubucensa sun shafi fannoni daban-daban, ciki har da waƙa, suka, ilimin addinin Musulunci, tarihi, falsafa, siyasa, tarihin rayuwa, kimiyya, da adabin Larabci",  ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin babban lissafi .  

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Al-Aqqad a Aswan, wani birni a Upper Egypt, a shekarar 1889. [undefined] Mahaifinsa ɗan canjin kuɗi ne wanda asalinsa ya fito daga birnin Damietta na karkarar Masar, yayin da mahaifiyarsa asalin Kurdawa ce. [2] [3] Bai sami ilimi mai zurfi ba, ya kammala karatun firamare kawai; daga baya ya ƙara masa ilimi ta hanyar siyan littattafai da karatu shi kaɗai. [4] Ba kamar abokan karatunsa ba, ya kashe duk kuɗin sa na mako-mako akan littattafai. Yana karanta game da addini, yanayin ƙasa, tarihi da sauran fannoni da yawa. An san shi da kyakkyawan Turanci da Faransanci . Haka kuma an yi masa karatu sosai a adabin Jamus . [1]

Al-'Aqqad shi ma mai zurfin tunani ne a siyasa, kuma an daure shi na wani lokaci tsakanin 1930 da 1931 saboda sukar gwamnatin ƙasar.  A shekarar 1942 lokacin da sojojin Adolf Hitler suka kai wa Masar hari, al-'Aqqad ya gudu zuwa Sudan saboda tsoron ɗaukar fansa saboda sukar da ya yi wa Hitler.  A lokacin da Hitler ya kai kololuwar ci gaban soja, al-'Aqqad ya rubuta littafinsa mai ban tsoro *Hitler a cikin Balance* a watan Yunin 1940 inda ya yi Allah wadai da Nazi a matsayin babbar barazana ga 'yanci, zamani da kuma wanzuwar ɗan adam.  Baya ga adawarsa gaba ɗaya ga mulkin kama karya da gurguzu, al-'Aqqad shi ma ya kasance memba na majalisar dokokin Masar na wani lokaci a matsayin memba na Jam'iyyar Wafd, kuma daga baya ya zama memba na Majalisar Wakilai. 

Ya rubuta littattafai sama da ɗari game da falsafa, addini, da waƙa, tare da nazarin falsafa game da Alƙur'ani da tarihin rayuwar shugabannin Musulmi na tarihi daban-daban.  Ya kafa makarantar waƙa tare da Ibrahim Al-Mazny da Abdel Rahman Shokry mai suna Al-Diwan .

## Alaƙar soyayya
Al-Aqqad experienced two major romantic relationships in his life. The first was whom he called "Sarah" in his novel of the same name. The second was with the famous Egyptian actress Madiha Yousri. This relationship was ended by al-Aqqad himself, because of Yousri's career as an actress. Al-Aqqad wrote a poetry work about this relationship called *Cyclones of a Sunset* (*A-Asiru Maghrib* in Arabic).

It was reported by prolific Egyptian author Anis Mansour and various other attendees of Al-Aqqad's famous 'lounge' that he kept a painting in his bedroom that displayed a beautiful cake with cockroaches crawling over it. Supposedly, Al-Aqqad kept this in his room as 'the first thing he looked at in the morning and the last thing he saw in the evening'. It symbolized beauty and purity (the cake) that is wasted to the glamor of spotlights (the cockroaches) as was the case (as he perceived) with actress Madiha Yousri.

## Manazarta
Mohamed Fadhel Ben Achour

**Mohamed Fadhel Ben Achour** ( Arabic   ; 16 ga Oktoba, 1909 - 20 ga Afrilu, 1970) ɗan ƙasar Tunisiya ne, masanin tauhidi, marubuci, mai rajin kare haƙƙin 'yan kasuwa, mai ilimi da kuma mai kishin ƙasa wanda aka haifa a La Marsa .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife shi a ranar 16 ga Oktoba, 1909, a cikin iyalin Malamai, Majistare da Manyan Jami'ai na babban aji na tsakiya na Tunisia, ya fara koyon Alƙur'ani da nahawun Larabci tun yana ɗan shekara uku. Ya kuma koyi harshen Faransanci yana ɗan shekara tara. Ya shiga jami'ar Ez-Zitouna a shekarar 1922 inda aka yi masa rajista kai tsaye a shekara ta biyu. A shekarar 1928, ya sami takardar shaidar kammala karatun sakandare ta Zitounian, wacce a lokacin ake kira tatwi. A shekarar 1931, ya yi rajista a Faculty of Letters of Algiers a matsayin mai binciken kuɗi kyauta. Daga nan ya shiga cikin manyan malamai na Zitounian cikin sauri: ya yi nasara a shekarar 1932 tare da taimakon malamai na matakin biyu, kuma a shekarar 1935, a cikin malamai na matakin farko a Jami'ar Ez-Zitouna . 

Bayan 'yan shekaru, ya zama darektan Khaldounia, babban manaja na Cibiyar Binciken Musulunci, wanda aka haɗa shi da Khaldounia, sannan shugaban farko na Faculty of Religious Sciences na Tunis kuma a ƙarshe memba na Kwalejin Harshen Larabci da ke Alkahira da kuma Kwalejin Larabawa ta Damascus . [1]

### Kare Dokar Matsayin Mutum
A matsayinsa na Babban Mufti na Jamhuriyar Tunisiya, yana ɗaya daga cikin masu addinin da suka kare tanade-tanaden Dokar Matsayin Mutum (CPS) a Tunisiya,   domin suna wakiltar fassarar Musulunci mai yiwuwa.  Ya bayyana CPS a matsayin "wajibi na zamani [...] amma koyaushe yana daidai da nassoshin Musulunci na asali." 

## Iyali
Mohamed Fadhel Ben Achour ya auri Sabiha Djaït, 'yar Sheikh Mohamed Abdelaziz Djaït, a shekarar 1938. Ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya shida: 'ya'ya maza biyu, Yadh da Rafa, da 'ya'ya mata huɗu: Hela (farfesa a fannin falsafa), Raoudha, Rabaâ (ƙwararre a fannin ilimi), da Sana (ƙwararre a fannin shari'a). 

## Daraja

* 1966 : Kwamandan Umarnin Jamhuriyar Tunisiya
* 1968 : Kwamandan Ouissam Alaouite na Morocco

## Manazarta
Agusta Fischer

Daga 1883 zuwa 1889 ya yi karatun tauhidi da ilimin falsafar Gabas a jami'o'in Berlin, Marburg da Halle, inda ya sami digirin digirgir tare da takardar digirin digirgir kan tushen tarihin rayuwar Ibn Ishaq, Tarihin Rayuwar Ɗan Adam von Gewährsmännern des Ibn Ishaq . A shekarar 1890 ya sami ilimin falsafar Gabas a Jami'ar Halle, kuma bayan shekaru da yawa ya zama mataimakin farfesa a Berlin. Daga 1900 zuwa 1930 ya kasance cikakken farfesa a fannin falsafar Gabas a Jami'ar Leipzig, inda a shekarar 1914/15 ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban sashen falsafa. Tsawon shekaru da dama ya kasance sakataren ƙungiyar tarihin falsafa a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Saxon ta Leipzig (1926-32). [1] [2]

Ya kasance memba na Kwalejin Harshen Larabci da ke Alkahira kuma ya ba da gudummawar rubuce-rubucensa don haɓaka ''Al-Mu'jam al-Kabir'', aikin makarantar don ƙamus na tarihi na Larabci. 

## Ayyukan da aka buga
Tare da Rudolf Ernst Brünnow, shi ne marubucin *Arabische Chrestomathie aus Prosaschriftstellern* (bugu na 6h, 1953), wani Larabawa chrestomathy da aka fassara zuwa Turanci kuma aka buga tare da taken *Chrestomathy na adabin larabci na gargajiya* (2008).  Har ila yau, ya kasance editan jaridun *Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft* (Jarida ta Jamus Oriental Society ) da *Islamica* (1925-35; mujallar nazarin harsuna da al'adun al'ummomin Musulunci). Daga cikin sauran rubuce-rubucensa masu yawa sun hada da *Die indirekte Rede im Altfranzösischen* ( Magana kai tsaye a cikin Tsohon Faransanci, 1900) da kuma necrology na masanin asalin Christoph Ludolf Ehrenfried Krehl ( *Nekrolog auf Ludolf Krehl*, 1901).  

## Manazarta
Amina Warsame

**Amina Mahmoud Warsame** masanin kimiyyar zamantakewar jama'a ce ta Somaliya [1] wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin babban darakta na Nagaad, ƙungiyar mata a Hargeisa Somaliland . [2] Mawallafin Social and Cultural Aspects of Female Circumcision and Infibulation: A Preliminary Report (1985), ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin muryoyin farko da aka tashe a Afirka game da yankan mata, tare da Raqiya Abdalla, Asma El Dareer, Efua Dorkenoo, da Nahid Toubia.[3][4]

Warsame ya zauna a Sweden bayan ya tsere daga Somaliya don tserewa daga Yaƙin basasar Somaliya .  Ta taimaka wajen gano kungiyar bincike da aiki ta mata ta Somaliland (SOWRAG), kuma a shekarar 2005 ta tsaya don zama a majalisar dokokin Somaliland, daya daga cikin mata na farko da suka yi hakan.

## Ilimi
An ba Warsame digiri na biyu a ci gaban ɗan adam ta Cibiyar Nazarin Jama'a a The Hague . 

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

*  
*  
*  
* 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Ahmed Mohamed Al-Hofi

**Ahmed Mohamed Al-Hofi** ( Arabic  , 1910 a Damanhur – 1983) marubuci ne ɗan ƙasar Masar kuma ƙwararre a fannin nazarin adabi.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Al-Hofi ya sami digiri na uku (PhD) da MBA a Jami'ar Alkahira . Ya samu lambar yabo ta adabi ( Arabic a shekarar 1983 da kuma Order of Merit (Masar) . Daga 1936 zuwa 1948 ya yi aiki a matsayin malami, bayan haka ya kasance farfesa a fannin kimiyya a Jami'ar Alkahira, Jami'ar Ain Shams, Jami'ar Al-Azhar, Cibiyar Nazarin Larabci Mafi Girma ta Ƙungiyar Larabawa . A tsawon rayuwarsa, ya kasance memba na Kwalejin Harshen Larabci da ke Alkahira daga 1975, memba na Ƙungiyar Marubuta, kuma memba ne na Majalisar Shura, Kwamitin Ci Gaba zuwa Matsayin Farfesa. Ya rasu bayan wata biyu da ya yi fama da rashin lafiya a 1983.
Hamad Al-Jassir

**Hamad Al Jassir** (1907 &#x2013; 14 ga Satumba 2000) fitaccen ɗan jarida ne kuma masanin tarihi na Saudiyya . Ya shahara musamman wajen kafa mujallar yankin tsakiya ta farko a Saudiyya, wacce ke da cikakkun wurare, da kuma rubutaccen tarihin asalin ƙasar, da kuma rubuta wani littafi mai cike da tarihi wanda ya shahara a ƙasar.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Hamad al Jasser a ƙaramin ƙauyen Al Burood a shekarar 1907. Ya girma cikin rauni a jiki, bai koyi tafiya ba har sai da ya kai shekara huɗu, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta rasu lokacin da yake ɗan shekara bakwai kacal. Ya koyi karatu da rubutu ta hanyar halartar makarantar ƙauyen, Al Kuttab.

A shekarar 1920, mahaifinsa ya tura shi ya zauna tare da wani dangi wanda ke karatu a babban birnin Riyadh . A can, bisa ga tsarin karatun da aka saba yi a ƙasar a lokacin, ya haddace Alƙur'ani gaba ɗaya, sannan ya koyi game da rayuwar Shaihunan .

Bayan da dangin da yake zaune tare da shi a Riyadh ya rasu, sai ya koma garinsu Al Burood. A wannan lokacin mahaifinsa ya yi rashin lafiya, don haka kakansa ya ba shi alhakin ilmantar da matasan Al Burood. Duk da haka, babban ɗan'uwansa, Jasser Al Jasser, bai ji daɗin kasancewarsa a Al Burood ba, sai ya mayar da shi Riyadh, don ci gaba da karatunsa tare da sauran ɗalibai da Sheikh.

## Sana'a
Al Jasser ya zama malami kuma ya koyar a duk faɗin Saudiyya. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin alkali a Arewacin Hejaz . Ya ci gaba da kafa mujallar *Al Yamamah* ta farko a shekarar 1953 a Riyadh. Bugu da ƙari, ya kasance mai matuƙar sha'awar mujallar da aikin jarida gabaɗaya.

Ya rubuta littattafai da yawa na tarihi/geography, duk sun ƙware a yankin Larabawa. Shahararren littafin tarihin iyali na Al Jasser *Kitab Al Ansab* ("Littafin Tushen") wanda ya lissafa dukkan iyalan Saudiyya tare da ɗan gajeren tarihin iyali. Sakamakon haka, littafin ya shahara sosai kuma ana karantawa sosai a ko'ina cikin Saudiyya.

Ya kuma kafa mujalla ta biyu, *Al Arab*, da kuma gidan buga littattafai "Dar Al Yamama for Research, Publishing and Distribution", wanda shi ne ke kula da shi. 

## Ayyuka
Ayyukan Hamad Al Jassir da suka fi shahara sune kamar haka: 

* Abu Ali Al Hajari; Tasirin Aikin Hajji wajen yada al'adu
* Imam Abu Is'hac Al Harbi da littafinsa akan aikin Hajji
* Al Barq Al Yamani Fiu Al Fat'h Al Othmani
* Bilad Al Arab – Al Hassan Al Asfahani
* Yebu'
* Jamharat Ansab Al Osar in Najd
* Al Durar Al Munadhama fi Akhbar Al Hajj
* Kamus na Geographic na Arewacin KSA
* Kamus na Geographic na garuruwa, ƙauyuka da albarkatun hamada na KSA
* Kamus na Al Shoyoukh
* Kamus na Ƙungiyoyin KSA
* Karin bayani daga tafiyar Al Ayashi
* Takaitacciyar tafiye-tafiyen Qbdul Salam Al Derei Al Maghrebi
* Labarin Hijaz da Najd a cikin Tarihin Al Jabarti

Ya kuma rubuta littafi kan hanyar aikin Hajji ta Masar, inda ya tattara ayyukan masana tarihi kamar AlJazeeri a kan hanyarsu daga Alkahira zuwa Makka.

## Daraja
Hamad Al Jassir shine wanda ya lashe kyautar Sarki Faisal ta shekarar 1996 don Harshe da Adabi na Larabci. 

## Manazarta
Elizabeth Habte Wold

**Elizabeth Habte Wold** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1963) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Habasha da aka sani da aikinta na kafofin watsa labarai. Ayyukanta a cikin nune-nunen 2003 an bayyana su kamar haka: "Ƙananan collages na Wald, waɗanda aka yi daga jaridu da mujallu, suna yin la'akari da rayuwar mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu, duka [a Amurka.] da Habasha. " [1] Wadannan ayyukan an haɗa su a cikin nunen rukuni da ake kira "Ethiopian Passages: Dialogues in the Diaspora" a Smithsonian's National Museum of African Art. [2] An kuma nuna aikinta a Gidan Tarihi na Habasha da Cibiyar Gebre Kristos Desta

Ayyukan Wold na baya-bayan nan wani lokacin sun haɗa da wasan kwaikwayo na kwamfuta.

## Ilimi
Ta kammala digiri a fannin zane-zane a Makarantar Fine Arts a Addis Ababa  da Kwalejin Jama'a ta Baltimore City a Maryland, da kuma MFA a Jami'ar Howard . Ta zama mai sha'awar kafofin watsa labarai na dijital ta hanyar shirin takardar shaidar a cikin Multimedia mai ma'amala da ƙirar yanar gizo a Jami'ar George Washington . Ta yi aiki tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1990 a matsayin mai tsara multimedia, kuma tana zaune a Addis Ababa . 

## Nuni

* 2024 mata 5 masu karfafa , Laphto Contemporary Art Gallery, Addis Ababa, Habasha

* 2022 Muryoyin Mata, Hyatt Regency, Addis Ababa, Habasha

* 2017 Erasen Be Ras, Gidan Tarihi na zamani, Cibiyar Gebre Kirsto Desta, Addis Ababa, Habasha

* 2016 Ranar Ba tare da Mutanen Daular Ba, Gidan Tarihi na Habasha, Addis Ababa, Habasha

* 2013 Afirka Rising, Tarayyar Afirka, Addis Ababa, Habasha

* 2013 Solo Show, Tempo, Asni Gallery, Addis Ababa, Habasha

* 2012 Mata masu wahayi, Laphto Gallery, Addis Ababa, Habasha

* 2011 Solo Show, Asni Gallery, Addis Ababa, Habasha

* 2010 Nexus, Cibiyar Laphto, Addis Ababa, Habasha

* 2007 Solo Show, Sauraro Ta hanyar Idanu, Asni Gallery, Addis Ababa, Habasha

* 2007 Ci gaba da Canji: Ƙarnuka Uku na Masu zane-zane na Habasha Samuel P. Harn Museum of Art, Jami'ar Florida, Florida

* 2006 Rayuwa Embodiments: Bayanan zane-zane na kasancewa, Parish Gallery, Georgetown, Washington, DC

* 2004 Solo Show, Parish Gallery, Georgetown, Washington, DC

## Bayanan da aka ambata


## Haɗin waje

* Hoton tarihin rayuwa, Gidan Tarihi na Afirka, Washington DC
Sokoto rima

**Sokoto Rima Dam** ,wani Rafi ko gulbi ko ache dam,Wanda mamalaki gwanati taraya ne
Se dai wannan dam anyi shi ne a jahar a sokoto a karmar hukumar goronyo
Local government,Wanda wannan garin da dam din yake ana Kiran shi bakalori, Wanda wasu Kiran shi da (bakalori dam) wannan garin  Yana tsohon kilo mitre 70 zuwa 80 daga cikin baban birni jahar ,sokoto,wannan dam anyi shi domin bukasa noma damana da Rani ga jama'ar jihar sokoto da jihar kebbi, har da wasu sasan zamfara state,wannan yana bada ruwa ga sasan Rafi dake jahar sokoto,da kebbi da ma jihar zamfara, wannan dam Yana daga cikin Wanda ma'akata kula ruwa Rafi taraya kekula shi.an tamba a samun ambaliya ruwa shekurun baya sanadiyar fashe war wannan dam,wannan da raba duban jama'a da muhalin su.

## Manazarta
Enno Littmann

**Ludwig Richard Enno Littmann** (16 Satumba 1875, Oldenburg – 4 Mayu 1958, Tübingen ) ɗan Jamus ne masanin ilimin gabas . A shekarar 1906, ya gaji Theodor Nöldeke a matsayin shugaban harsunan gabas a Jami'ar Strasbourg . Daga baya, ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a harsunan gabas a Jami'o'in Göttingen (1914–16), Bonn (1918–21) da Tübingen (1921–49). 

A shekarar 1901, ya yi nasarar fahimtar rubutun Safaitic . [1] Ya ci gaba da fassara da kuma bayyana rubutun Palmyrene, Nabataean da Syriac da kuma rubutun tarihi na tsoffin abubuwan tarihi na Habasha. A shekarar 1905 ya zauna a tsakanin mutanen Tigre a Eritrea, kuma a cikin shekarar da ta biyo baya, ya jagoranci Juyin Juya Halin Aksum a Habasha . [2] Ya buga fassarar Dare Dubu da Daya daga Larabci zuwa Jamusanci, " Erzählungen aus den Tausendundein Nächten " (juzu'i 6, 1921–28, 3 1954). [2]

## Ayyuka

* 1897: "Die Pronomina in Tigré", a cikin: *Zeitschrift für Assyriologie* 12, shafi.&nbsp;188–230, 291–316.
* 1898: "Das Verbum der Tigre-Sprache", a cikin: *Zeitschrift für Assyrologie* 13, shafi.&nbsp;133–178; 14, shafi na.&nbsp;1–102.
* 1902: (ed.) Debtera Zaneb, *Tarihin Sarki Theodore na Abisiniya* . Laburaren Jami'ar Princeton.
* 1904: *Falsafa abessini* . ( Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, 18–19; Scriptores Aetiopici, 1–2)
* 1904: *Rubuce-rubucen Semitic* . New York: Kamfanin Century (  a Taskar Intanet )
* 1905: *Labarun Larabci na Zamani.* – Juzu'i na 1: *Rubutun Larabci* . Leyden: Brill. (  a Taskar Intanet )
* 1910–15: *Littattafan balaguron Princeton zuwa Habasha*, kundin 4. Leyden: EJ Brill.
* 1935: *Abessinien* . Hamburg: Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt.
* 1962: (tare da: Höfner, M.) *Wörterbuch der Tigrē-Sprache: Tigrē-Deutsch-Englisch* . Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag.

## Manazarta
Mustafa al-Maraghi

**Muhammad Mustafa al-Maraghi** OBE ( Arabic   ; 5 Maris 1881 - 22 Agusta 1945) ɗan Masar ne mai kawo sauyi kuma shugaban Al-Azhar daga El Maragha, Sohag Governorate .

Al-Maraghi ya kasance mai himma wajen ƙarfafa yin gyare-gyare a cikin yanayin shari'a da zamantakewa da kuma a cikin ilimi inda ya yi fafutukar ganin an gabatar da ilimin zamani a cikin manhajar karatu. Ya kasance mai goyon bayan ijtihadi - wani tsari na yanke shawara ta shari'a ta hanyar fassara tushen shari'a, Alƙur'ani da Sunnah - da kuma haɗa makarantun shari'a daban-daban. Ya kasance mai himma a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa dangane da tarurrukan addini kuma ya kasance a bayyane game da burinsa na ganin malamai sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a gwamnati. [1]

A bikin tunawa da ranar haihuwa ta shekarar 1918, an naɗa shi Babban Alkali na Daular Burtaniya a matsayin Babban Alkali na Sudan.

A watan Maris na shekarar 1924, al-Jizawi ya kafa Babban Kwamitin Ilimin Addini a matsayin martani kai tsaye ga rugujewar Khalifanci da kuma batun wa'azi a irin wannan yanayi. An haɗa Al-Maraghi a matsayin memba. 

Al-Maraghi ya haɗu da mai fassara Turanci Marmaduke Pickthall, wanda ya yi fatan fassararsa ta Al-Azhar ta sami izinin shiga. 

## Manazarta
Mohamed Haytham Khayat

**Mohamed Haytham Khayat** ( Arabic   ) (1937 - 5 ga Satumba 2020) likita ne kuma masanin ƙamus na ƙasar Siriya.  Ya kasance babban mai ba da shawara kan manufofi ga Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (World Health Directory Regional Directory) don Gabashin Bahar Rum,  memba ne na Hukumar Amintattu ta Ƙungiyar Malaman Musulmi ta Duniya, da kuma Hukumar Amintattu ta Ƙungiyar Musulunci don Kimiyyar Lafiya . An san shi da babban gudummawar da ya bayar ga Ƙamus ɗin Lafiya na Unified (UMD).  

An haifi Khayat a birnin Damascus, na ƙasar Siriya, a shekarar 1937. Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Damascus, Faculty of Medicine, inda aka ba shi digirin farko a fannin likitanci, digirin farko a fannin tiyata a shekarar 1959. [1] Ya wallafa littattafai sama da 25 kan likitanci, lafiya, sinadarai, tsirrai, harshen Larabci, da ɗabi'un Musulunci a cikin Larabci, Faransanci da Turanci, gami da wasu ƙamus. Ya kuma buga ɗaruruwan kasidu a cikin Larabci, Faransanci, Ingilishi, Jamusanci da Italiyanci a fannoni daban-daban. [1]

Ya rasu a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 2020 a birnin Alkahira, Masar. 

## Manazarta
Carlo Alfonso Nallino

**Carlo Alfonso Nallino** (18 ga Fabrairu 1872 &#x2013; 25 ga Yuli 1938) ɗan asalin Italiya ne mai ra'ayin gabas .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Nallino a Turin, kuma ya yi karatun adabi a ƙarƙashin Italo Pizzi a Jami'ar Turin . Daga 1896 ya koyar a Istituto Universitario Orientale na Naples sannan kuma a Jami'ar Palermo (1902–1913). Lokacin da yake da shekaru 21, Nallino ya sami suna a duniya saboda buga wani rubutun Larabci daga sanannen masanin ilmin taurari na Larabawa al-Battānī na ƙarni na goma.

Da ya buga wani littafi kan yaren Larabawa na Masar a shekarar 1900  Sarki Fuad na 1 na Masar ya gayyace shi don ya koyar a Jami'ar Khedive ta Masar. Daga cikin ɗalibansa akwai Taha Husayn, wanda ya ci gaba da zama Ministan Ilimi.

Daga ƙarshe Nallino ya koma Italiya don ɗaukar matsayin farfesa na yau da kullun a Jami'ar La Sapienza ta Rome, inda, a shekarar 1921, ya kafa Istituto per l'Oriente, [1] wanda ke buga mujallar Oriente Moderno ta wata-wata. A shekarar 1933 an naɗa shi memba na Kwalejin Sarauta ta Harshen Larabci a Alkahira, kuma ya kasance memba na Kwalejin Italiyanci ta Nazionale dei Lincei da kuma Kwalejin Sarauta ta Italiya . A shekarar 1938 ya yi tafiya na tsawon watanni biyu a yankin Larabawa, yana ziyartar sabuwar Masarautar Saudiyya da aka kafa, amma ya mutu jim kaɗan bayan haka a Roma sakamakon bugun zuciya bayan ya buga kundin farko na binciken da ya yi game da tafiyarsa, [2] [3]

## Littattafai

* Bita na *Storia dei Musulmani di Sicilia* na Michele Amari (1854), repr. a cikin juzu'i 5, Catania, R. Prampolini, 1933-35.
* *Chrestomathia Qorani Arabica* (1893).
* *Al-Battānī sive Albatenii opus astronomicum: ad fidem codecis Escurialensis Arabice editum*,  (1899 - 1907); lakabin al-Battanī's *Kitab Zīj al-Sābī*' (  ) ; rubutun kimiyya mai girma da yawa kan labarin ƙasa da ilmin taurari daga rubutun Larabci, wanda aka fassara a ƙarni na 12. Latin ta Plato Tiburtinus, tare da bayanan Latin.

## Manazarta

## Littattafan tarihi

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Mohammed Ridha Al-Shabibi

**[[Shehu|Sheikh]] Mohammed Ridha Al-Shabibi** ( Arabic   ; 1889 - 1965) fitaccen ɗan ƙasar Iraki ne, ɗan siyasa, mawaƙi kuma malami. Ɗan gidan fitaccen dangin Al-Shabibi na Najaf ne, ya yi karatun addini da adabi, kuma a lokacin yana matashi ya buga waƙa a manyan wallafe-wallafen ƙasashen Larabawa (Siriya, Lebanon, da Masar).

Ya rayu daga 1889 zuwa 1965, kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa ga Iraki wajen samun 'yancin kai bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya . Shi ne wakilin da ke aika koke-koke, wasiƙu da saƙonni daga manyan 'yan siyasa da addinai na Iraki zuwa ga Sharif Hussein bin Ali da Faisal na Ɗaya don bayyana sha'awar da mahimmancin 'yan Iraki na samun 'yanci da 'yancin kai a 1919.

Wannan babban mataki ne yayin da ya bayyana a fili a wajen Iraki da muradin Iraki na neman ' yancin kai da kuma adawa da mulkin Birtaniya bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya . Wannan shine farkon wani tsari da ya kai ga samun 'yancin kai na Iraki a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 1932.

Mohammed Ridha Al-Shabibi ya kuma yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Iraki daga shekarun 1920 zuwa 1940, kuma ya zama ministan ilimi a cikin majalisar ministoci da dama (1924–1925, 1935, 1937–1938, 1941, 1948). Ya kasance shugaban Majalisar Wakilai daga Disamba 1943 zuwa Disamba 1944. [1] An zaɓe shi shugaban Kwalejin Iraki a 1928–1929, kuma a shekarun 1930 ya zama memba na Kwalejin Harshen Larabci da ke Alkahira. Ya rubuta littattafai da dama kan tarihin Iraki, yaren Iraki, da ilimi. [ ana buƙatar ambato ]

## Iyali da rayuwar mutum
Mohammed Ridha Al-Shabibi ya auri Shamsa Rahmatalla a shekarar 1926. Sun haifi 'ya'ya maza 4 (As'ad, Akram, Amjad, da Sinan Al-Shabibi) da 'ya'ya mata 6 (Wajiha, Hadiya, Aida, Arwa, Asmaa, da Duniya Al-Shabibi). Gwamnatin Ba'ath ta Iraki ta sace babban ɗansa As'ad Al-Shabibi saboda ra'ayinsa na siyasa a safiyar ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 1980. Ƙaramin ɗansa, Sinan Al Shabibi ya zama gwamnan Babban Bankin Iraki a shekarar 2003 jim kaɗan bayan faduwar gwamnatin . &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Manazarta
Farouk Shousha

**Farouk Shousha** ( Arabic   ; Janairu 9, 1936 - Oktoba 14, 2016) mawaki ne na Masar . Ya dauki nauyin shirin talabijin mai suna *Umsiya Thaqafiya* ("Yammacin Al'adu") daga 1977 zuwa 2006. 

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Shousha a Damietta, inda ya halarci kuttab . Ya yaba wa kuttab da ya ba shi "ƙarfin tushe na harshe". Lokacin da annobar kwalara ta kai shi ga ɗaure a gida, Shousha ya karanta waƙa don ya ɓata lokaci. Bayan haka, ya fara karatun waƙoƙin Larabci na shirye-shirye a ɗakin karatu na gida, inda ya karanta komai tun kafin zamanin Musulunci ta hanyar mawakan zamani. Game da ɗakin karatu na Damietta, Shousha ya ba da labarin cewa, "A can ne aka haifi waƙoƙina na farko." [1]

## Sana'a
Shousha ya halarci Dar al-Ulum, inda aka san shi da Mawakin Ɗalibai. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya fara aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shirye a rediyo. Daga ƙarshe, ya zama Daraktan Rediyon Masar . Daga baya, Shousha ya shiga fagen talabijin. A tsawon aikinsa na kafofin watsa labarai, Shousha yana da alaƙa da shirye-shiryen al'adu da adabi. 

A shekara ta 2005, an naɗa Shousha a matsayin Sakatare Janar na Kwalejin Harsunan Larabci,  wata ƙungiya da *Al-Ahram Weekly* ta bayyana a matsayin "masu kula da harshen". A matsayinsa na Sakatare Janar, Shousha ya yi suka game da abin da ya ɗauka a matsayin raguwar ingancin Larabci a Masar, matsalar da ya danganta da masu watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo da talabijin, rashin kyawun ƙa'idojin koyarwa da kuma rashin ɗakunan karatu a makarantu.  Shousha ya bayyana matsalar a matsayin "batun tsaron ƙasa". 

An buga kundin farko na Shousha's *Collected Poems* a shekarar 1985, sannan kuma kundin na biyu a shekarar 2007. Game da wallafa kundin, Shousha ya ce, "Ina farin cikin samun girmamawa a rayuwata, ba kamar yadda yake ga masana da yawa ba, bayan na mutu." 

A shekarar 2018, don girmama shi, **Google ya canza tambarin sa zuwa wani rubutu na shi a kasashe tara** a fadin Gabas ta Tsakiya a ranar da za ta kasance ranar haihuwarsa ta 82. 

## Kyaututtukan da aka zaɓa
Shousha ta lashe kyaututtuka kamar haka, da sauransu: 

* Kyautar Ƙarfafa Jiha don Waƙoƙi (1986)
* Kyautar Kfafis ta Duniya don Waƙoƙi (1994)
* Kyautar Saudiyya ta Yaman don Waƙoƙi (1994)
* Kyautar Samun Ladabi ta Jiha don Adabi (1997)

## Manazarta
Kisan Marilee Bruszer

Marilee Lee Bruszer, [1] [2] wanda aka fi sani da Juab County Jane Doe, ta kasance tsohuwar Amurka ce da ba a san ta ba wacce aka samu a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 1978. Ba a gano Bruszer ba har zuwa watan Agustan 2015, shekaru 37 bayan ganowarta, saboda wani bangare na ƙididdigar da ba daidai ba game da shekarunta da halaye na jiki, da kuma saboda nesa mai tsawo tsakanin shafin da ta ɓace a California da kuma gano ragowarta a Utah. Ba a san ainihin yanayin mutuwarta ba.￼

## Yanayi

Bruszer ya ɓace a ranar 22 ga Agusta, 1978, daga Long Beach, California. Akwai cikakkun bayanai game da shari'arta, kodayake hukumomi sun yi imanin cewa an kashe ta kuma sun rarraba ta a matsayin "mai haɗari". A cikin binciken, an sami bayanan haƙoranta da bayanan DNA don kwatanta da gawarwakin da ba a san su ba a kasar. A cewar rikodin, an ayyana ta a matsayin mace a ranar 22 ga watan Agusta, 1983. 

Henry Lee Lucas ya furta kisan wanda aka azabtar, kodayake yanzu an yi imanin cewa an tilasta wa mafi yawan shigarwarsa.

## Bayyanawa
Da farko a cikin binciken, an yi hasashen cewa wanda aka azabtar yana ɗaya daga cikin mata huɗu da suka ɓace daga yankin, Nancy Wilcox, Susan Curtis, Debra Kent da Nancy Baird. Daga baya, an kawar da waɗannan a matsayin masu yuwuwa bayan an kwatanta X-rays na haƙoran Juab County Jane Doe da bayanan haƙoran su. Baird, Curtis da Wilcox sun ɓace kuma ba a taɓa samun su ba.

A detective was looking through the evidence locker at the Davis County Sheriff's Office in 2013 when he came across some hair marked "Hair from Yuba Lake body." This was attributed to retired Davis County Sheriff's Captain Kenny Payne formerly working there as well as the state medical examiner's office at the same time and misplacing the evidence. The detective sent it off to Juab County soon after.

Ofishin Sheriff na Juab County ya sami samfurin wannan shaidar kuma ya aika shi zuwa Texas don gwaji a cikin 2014. A can, an samar da bayanan DNA kuma an shigar da shi cikin bayanan ƙasa na mutanen da suka ɓace wanda ya haifar da wasan iyali tare da dangin Bruszer guda biyu waɗanda suka gabatar da DNA din su da fatan gano ta. A ranar 22 ga watan Agusta, 2015, 'Yan sanda na Long Beach sun sanar da dangin cewa an gano Bruszer a hukumance.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin shari'o'in mutanen da suka ɓace

## Manazarta
Kashe Vandana Das

A ranar 10 ga Mayu 2023, an kashe likitan likita mai shekaru 22 mai suna **Vandana Das** yayin da yake aiki a asibiti a asibitin Kottarakkara Taluk da ke Kerala, Indiya. An gano mai kai farmaki a matsayin malamin makaranta mai shekaru 42 daga Pooyappally a Kollam. Kashewar Das ya haifar da fushi tsakanin masu kiwon lafiya a Kerala kuma sun bukaci tsauraran matakan shari'a a kan wadanda ke aikata ayyukan tashin hankali a kan masu kiwon lafiyar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2025, ana ci gaba da shari'ar wanda ake tuhuma.

## Kashewa
Vandana Das likita ce mai shekaru 22 wacce ta yi karatu a Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya ta Azeezia, Kollam . Tana aiki a asibitin Kottarakkara Taluk a matsayin wani ɓangare na horar da ita. A ranar 10 ga Mayu 2023, 'yan sanda sun kawo wanda ake zargi don gwajin likita da misalin karfe 4:30 na safe a asibitin Kottarakkara Taluk . 

## Bincike da shari'a
A watan Fabrairun 2025, an fara gwajin shaidu.

Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2025, ana ci gaba da shari'ar wanda ake zargi. Shari'ar ta fuskanci jinkiri da yawa saboda canje-canje a wakilcin shari'a.

## Amsoshin
Kungiyar Likitocin Gida ta Kerala, kungiyar likitocin da ke aiki, ta gudanar da zanga-zanga kuma ta gabatar da taken neman adalci ga Das.[undefined] Kungiyar Ma'aikatan Kiwon Lafiya ta gwamnati Kerala da Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Indiya sun yi kira ga zanga-zangar kwana daya a Kerala game da mutuwar Das. Lamarin ya haifar da fushi tsakanin likitoci, suna zargin gwamnati da asibitoci da rashin yanayin aiki mara kyau ga masu aiki da rashin tsaro ga likitoci daga tashin hankali.[1]￼

## Kyauta
A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024, an bude asibitin tunawa da Dr Vandana Das a Thrikkunnapuzha, Alappuzha . 

Ana sa ran wani asibiti mai suna don girmama Das zai buɗe a Kottayam a watan Agustan shekara ta 2025. 

## Manazarta
Elisabeth Käsemann

**Elisabeth Käsemann** (11 ga Mayu 1947 - 24 ga Mayu 1977) masanin ilimin zamantakewa ne na Yammacin Jamus wanda aka kashe a Argentina a matsayin wani ɓangare na Dirty War .

## Rayuwa
An haifi Käsemann a Gelsenkirchen ga Margit Käsemann da masanin tauhidin Jamus Ernst Käsemann . [1][2] Iyalin sun ƙaura akai-akai tun tana yarinya saboda aikin mahaifinta, suna zaune a Mainz, Göttingen, da Tübingen (tun daga shekara ta 1959). Ta gudanar da "ƙungiyar nazarin siyasa" a makarantar sakandare ta Wildermuth, daga inda ta kammala a shekarar 1966. Ta halarci Oxford a takaice a kan zama na harshe kafin ta ci gaba da karatun siyasa a Freie Universität Berlin tun daga ƙarshen 1966. Ayyukanta na karatun ta buƙaci ta dauki horo na horo, wanda ta yi a Bolivia a shekarar 1968. A can, ta yi aiki ga Ikilisiyar Evangelical Methodist a La Paz . [2]

Yayinda yake karatu da aiki a Bolivia, Käsemann ya zagaya Latin Amurka kuma ya yanke shawarar karatun tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Buenos Aires . Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin sakatariya da mai fassara, kuma ta fara shiga cikin kungiyoyin siyasa na gida a cikin 1968 da 1969. Ta kuma yi karatu a matsayin masanin ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Tübingen . 

A Argentina, Käsemann ta ci gaba da ayyukan karatu da rubutu ta hanyar koyarwa a unguwanni matalauta.

Bayan juyin mulkin soja na kasar a shekara ta 1976, ta yi aiki don ƙirƙirar takardu don taimakawa manufofin siyasa su tsere daga kasar. An kama Käsemann saboda aikinta a ranar 9 ga Maris 1977,  bayan an gano ta bace bayan ta kasa saduwa da abokiyar Amurka.  An kai ta sansanin azabtarwa na El Vesubio a Monte Grande, inda aka kashe ta a wani lokaci a ƙarshen Mayu. An gano jikinta a ranar 23 ga Mayu tare da alamun "tsananin azabtarwa" daga girgizar lantarki. A cewar wani binciken gawawwakin Jamus, an kashe ta "ta hanyar harbe-harbe da yawa a bayanta da wuyanta".   Shugabannin Junta da farko sun ba da rahoton cewa ta mutu "a cikin wuta a lokacin rikici da 'yan ta'adda".  

An binne ta a Tübingen a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1977. 

## Sakamakon siyasa na kisan Käsemann
Gwamnatin Jamus ta fuskanci zargi saboda gazawar da suka samu na samun sakin Käsemann daga Argentina. Jamus ta ba da takardun shaida ga masu kisan Käsemann a shekara ta 2003. 

A cikin 2011, Janar Hector Gamen da Colonel Hugo Pascarelli, maza biyu da ke cikin sansanin El Vesubio da kisan Käsemann, kotunan Argentina sun ba su hukuncin rai da rai a kurkuku. 

## Kyauta
Cibiyar ilimin iyali ta Gelsenkirchen ta Cocin Protestant an sanya masa suna ne don girmama Käsemann a 1993.  A shekara ta 2005, bayan an rufe ginin cibiyar, an sake sunan cibiyar ilimi gaba ɗaya "Elisabeth-Käsemann-Familienbildungsstätte".

A cikin 2012, makarantar sakandare ta Wildermuth ta kafa lambar yabo ta Elisabeth Käsemann don ƙwarewar zamantakewa. A wannan shekarar, an kuma sanya wa wata titi a gundumar Lustnau ta Tübingen suna don girmama Käsemann.

Gidauniyar Elisabeth Käsemann an kafa ta ne a shekarar 2014 ta dan uwan Käsemann, Dorothee Weitbrecht .  Kungiyar tana mai da hankali kan dangantakar Jamusanci da Latin Amurka da ilimi da ke kewaye da mulkin kama karya.

## Manazarta
Garkuwa da Mutane a Maga Jihar Kebbi, 2025

A watan Nuwamba ne shekara ta 2025, 'yan fashi sun mamaye makarantar kwana a Maga da misalin karfe 4:00 na safe sun bude wuta,kuma sun kashe akalla malami daya,sannan suka sace kusan' yan mata 25 daga masaukin su.

## Bango
A watan Nuwamba ne shekara ta 2025, 'yan fashi sun mamaye makarantar kwana a Maga da misalin karfe 4:00 na safe sun bude wuta,kuma sun kashe akalla malami daya,sannan suka sace kusan' yan mata 25 daga masaukin su.

## Manazarta
Area Scatter

**Uzoma Odimara**, wanda aka fi sani da Area Scatter,  ya kasance mai wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya sami shahara a zamanin Yaƙin basasar Najeriya na shekarun 1970 a Jihar Imo, Gabashin Najeriya. 

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Area Scatter a Jihar Imo, a yankin Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya; amma ba a san ranar haihuwarsa ba, domin bayanai kaɗan ne ake da su game da rayuwarsa ta farko. 

## Ayyuka
An ruwaito Scatter ma'aikacin gwamnati ne a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Najeriya . Zuwa ƙarshen yakin basasa, ta ɓace cikin dazuzzuka kuma dalilan da suka sa ta ɓace sun kasance ba a fahimta ba, suna ƙara wani abu mai ban sha'awa ga labarinta.

Bayan watanni bakwai da kwana bakwai da aka ɓoye a cikin babban wuri mai rufi na Najeriya, Scatter ya dawo, ya sake masa suna Area Scatter, kuma ya canza zuwa mace. Wasu sun yi imanin cewa ta hanyar ɓoyewar Scatter, Scatter ya sami canji na ruhaniya. Sau da yawa, Scatter za ta sa dogon fararen riguna kuma gidanta suna da ƙasusuwa da kwanyar da ke wakiltar nagarta da mugunta. Ta yi fice a ƙarshen shekarun 1970s saboda hanyar da ba ta dace ba da kuma ƙarfin zuciya ga nishaɗi. An san ta da salon ta mai ban sha'awa yayin da za ta yi gashin kanta, ta sa kayan shafa, da yadudduka yayin da take tafiya a kan takalma, da kuma kunna kiɗa a cikin gidajen manyan ɗalibai da kuma siyasa. An kuma san ta da piano na yatsa, murya mai kyau, da kuma kasancewar mai ban sha'awa. A daya daga cikin 'yan bidiyon da ke akwai na Area Scatter singing, ta yi waka game da mutumin da ke fama da shi saboda ya fi kowa karami, amma wata rana, a kasuwa, ta sadu da wani mutumin da ya fi shi karami, kuma ya yi farin ciki da gano cewa wani ya fi shi ƙarami.

A matsayinta na mai nishadantarwa, Area Scatter ta yi aiki a matsayin mai sanya tufafi, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, ɗan wasan kwaikwayon, da kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo.

Through her art, Area Scatter aimed to raise awareness and promote tolerance for gender diversity, using her talent as a platform to challenge societal norms. &#x5B;**&#x5D;

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Bayan ɓacewarta cikin yanayi mai ban mamaki, ta sake bayyana daga keɓantuwarta a matsayin mace, tana ikirarin cikin jarumtaka cewa alloli sun ba ta wasu ikon allahntaka na musamman.

Ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da abin da ya faru da Area Scatter ko inda take a yau ba. Wasu na ganin cewa ta rasu ne sakamakon hatsarin mota, amma babu cikakken bayani a fili game da hakan. 

## Manazarta
Kashe mata a filin auduga

The Femicides of the cotton field (Spanish) shine sunan kafofin watsa labarai don kisan gillar da 'yan kisan kai biyu na Mexico suka aikata, **Edgar Ernesto Álvarez Cruz** da **José Francisco Granados de la Paz** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1979).  Dukansu biyu sun kasance masu aiki tsakanin 1993 da 2003 a birnin Ciudad Juárez .  A cewar nasa maganganun, Granados ya sace, ya azabtar, ya yi wa fyade, kuma ya kashe akalla 'yan mata 8-10,  amma a cewar Babban Lauyan Jihar Chihuahua, sun kashe akalla mata 14.  Wannan ya dace da gawawwakin 8 da aka samu a cikin gonakin auduga a gefen birnin da kuma wasu 6 da aka samu ne a Dutsen *Cerro Negro*, wanda ke kusa da birnin.

## Tarihi

### Tsoron Francisco Granados

Granados ya kasance mai amfani da cocaine sosai, yana da dogon rikodin aikata laifuka a Amurka, wanda ya kunshi manyan laifuka kamar shigarwa da zama ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin ƙasar da amfani da mallakar abubuwa ba bisa ka ga doka ba; akwai rubuce-rubuce da ke nuna cewa an kama Francisco na farko a 1995, lokacin da yake da shekaru 16, kan zargin zama ba bisa doka ba a cikin ƙasa da kuma tsayayya da kamawa.[1]

A shekara ta 2003, 'yan sanda ne suka tsare shi a El Paso, Texas, Texas Ranger Division, a karkashin zargin zama ba bisa ka'ida ba a kasar.

Yayinda yake cikin kulawar 'yan sanda na Texas a shekara ta 2006, Granados ya furta cewa ya shiga cikin akalla kisan mata 10, wanda aka aikata tsakanin 1993 da 2003. A cikin maganganunsa, ya nuna cewa bai san abin da ya yi ba, yayin da ya aikata laifukansa yayin da yake shan miyagun ƙwayoyi:

Ya gano Edgar Ernesto Álvarez Cruz a matsayin wanda ake zargi da kai tsakanin kisan kai 10 zuwa 17. Ya kuma ambaci shiga na mutum na uku, **Alejandro Delgado Valles**, wanda aka fi sani da *El Calas*, wanda daga baya aka wanke shi. Ya nuna cewa Álvarez ya kasance yana ba shi kwayoyi a lokacin laifukan, don haka bai tuna ainihin abubuwan da suka faru ba.

## Laifukan
A cewar maganganun Francisco Granados, an sace matan ko kuma an dauke su da yaudara zuwa yankunan da ba su da mazauna a wajen birnin, a cikin motar Álvarez, samfurin Renault na shekaru tamanin. A nan ne aka ɗaure su kuma aka yi musu fyade, sannan aka yanke musu rauni kuma aka kashe su a tsakiyar bukukuwan Shaidanci wanda Álvarez ke jagoranta, wanda ya saba yanke zukatan wadanda aka azabtar. An binne gawarwakin ko kuma an watsar da su a wuraren da ba a cika ba, tare da wasu an binne su a gidan Álvarez. A cikin bincike na baya, an gano gawar a gidan Álvarez.

### Wadanda za su iya kamuwa da cutar
A cikin ikirarinsa, Granados ya gano mata 6 da aka kashe, kuma ya ambaci wanda aka azabtar na shida da na bakwai wanda ya bayyana shi ne kawai a ƙarƙashin sunayensu: 

## Dubi kuma

## Manazarta
Rubutun Tumbuka

Tumbuka orthography shine tsarin rubutu na yau da kullun  wanda aka yi amfani da shi don yaren Tumbuka, wanda ake magana a Malawi, Zambia  da Tanzania. Yana amfani da Rubutun Latin da aka gyara don wakiltar ilimin sauti na Tumbuka  da Rubutun Mwangwego a matsayin tsarin rubuce-rubucen asalinsa wanda Nolence Mwangwego ya kirkira.  

## Tarihi
Harshen Tumbuka, wanda aka fi sani da *Chitumbuka* ya fara rubutawa a ƙarshen karni na 19 lokacin da masu wa'azi na Turai da masu mulkin mallaka suka nemi sake rubuta harshen don matani na addini, ilimi, da gudanarwa.

A tsakiyar karni na 20, rubutun ya zama tsari a cikin litattafai, kayan addini, da kamfen na karatu da rubutu, yana riƙe da rubutu tsakanin haruffa da sauti.

A farkon shekarun 1990s, gwamnatin Malawi ta magance batun da aka nemi kafa tsarin rubuce-rubuce na kasar da ake kira Mwangwego . 

## Harshen haruffa da rubutun kalmomi
Chitum**b** orthography ya dogara ne akan Rubutun Latin. Harshen haruffa gabaɗaya yana bin daidaitattun haruffa na Latin tare da gyare-gyare. Harafin na musamman sun haɗa da w w w w (wanda ke wakiltar muryar murya /w/) da b (don sautunan hanci), waɗanda ke da mahimmanci don wakiltar furcin daidai.

A*wt*">n ru*m*">d="mw*s*">b wasu*l* a matsayin *a, e, i, o, uda kuma* ana furta su akai-akai bisa *g* ilimin sauti na Chitumbuka. Consonants galibi sun dace da takwarorinsu na rubutun Latin amma suna riƙe da takamaiman furcin gida, kamar b, d, g, l, m, n, *p*, s, t, w, y, *z*.

## Manazarta
Harafin Afirka

Harshen Afirka (kuma **Harshen Afirka na Duniya** ko **Harshen IAI**) saiti ne na haruffa da aka tsara a matsayin tushen haruffa na Latin don Harsunan Afirka. An fara kirkireshi ne a cikin 1928 ta Cibiyar Harshen Afirka da Al'adu ta Duniya daga haɗuwa da haruffa na Ingilishi da Haruffa na Duniya (IPA). Masu magana da harsunan Afirka sun taimaka wa ci gaba kuma Diedrich Hermann Westermann ne ya jagoranci, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan kungiyar daga 1926 zuwa 1939. Manufar Cibiyar Nazarin Harsuna da Al'adu ta Afirka ta Duniya, daga baya aka sake masa suna Cibiyar Nazaren Afirka ta Duniya (IAI), ita ce ta ba mutane damar yin rubutu don dalilai masu amfani da kimiyya a duk harsunan Afirka ba tare da buƙatar diacritics ba.

Harshen Afirka ya rinjayi ci gaban rubutun ga harsuna da yawa na Afirka, yana aiki "a matsayin tushen rubutun" na kimanin 60 ta ƙidaya ɗaya. Tattaunawar yadda za a daidaita waɗannan tare da wasu tsarin ya haifar da shawarwari da yawa masu yawa kamar su African Reference Alphabet da World Orthography.

The Africa Alphabet was built from the consonant letters of the English alphabet and the vowel letters (and any additional consonants) of the IPA. Capital forms of IPA letters were invented as necessary. Thus J and Y are pronounced [d͡ʒ] and [j] as in English, while Ɔ, Ɛ and Ŋ are pronounced [ɔ], [ɛ] and [ŋ] as in the IPA.&#x5B;**&#x5D;

## Halin da ake kira

## Manazarta
Harshen Bayani na Afirka

**Harshen Bayani na Afirka** babban jagora ne na nahiyar don ƙirƙirar haruffa na Latin don harsunan Afirka. An yi bambance-bambance guda biyu na shawarar farko (ɗaya a Turanci da na biyu a Faransanci) a taron da UNESCO ta shirya a 1978 da aka gudanar a Niamey, Nijar. Sun dogara ne akan sakamakon tarurruka da yawa da suka gabata game da jituwa da haruffa na Latin na harsuna daban-daban. Taron na 1978 ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da haruffa guda ɗaya don sautunan magana maimakon jerin haruffa ko haruffa tare da diacritics. An gabatar da babban gyare-gyare a 1982 amma an ki amincewa da shi a wani taron da aka gudanar a Niamey a 1984. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an watsar da jituwa a duk nahiyar, saboda bukatun yanki, ayyuka da kuma abubuwan da aka fi so sun bambanta sosai a duk faɗin Afirka.

Ta hanyar harsunan da suka kasance tushen sa, Harshen Bayani na Afirka ya gaji daga Harshen Afirka kuma, kamar wanda ya riga shi, yana amfani da haruffa IPA da yawa. Taron Niamey ya gina a kan aikin taron da UNESCO ta shirya a baya, kan daidaita rubutun harsunan Afirka, wanda aka gudanar a Bamako, Mali, a 1966

## Shawarwari na 1978
An samar da wasu nau'ikan rahoton taron a Turanci da Faransanci. An yi amfani da hotuna daban-daban na haruffa a cikin nau'ikan biyu, kuma akwai bambance-bambance da yawa tsakanin su biyu.

Fassarar Ingilishi ta kasance saiti na haruffa 57, wanda aka bayar a cikin manyan haruffa da ƙananan haruffa. Takwas daga cikin wadannan an kafa su ne daga haruffa na Latin na yau da kullun tare da kara alamar ƙasa. Wasu (babban haruffa alpha, eth (), esh, da kuma ƙananan- da manyan-haruffa ,) ba za a iya wakiltar su daidai ba a cikin Unicode (kamar yadda na sigar 15, 2023). Sauran ba su dace da ainihin ma'anar ma'auni a cikin Unicode ba, ko (misali) suna buƙatar bambance-bambance na halayen a cikin font.

## Manazarta
Rubutun Bagam

Rubutun **Bagam** ko **Eghap** wani rubutun Kamaru ne wanda aka fassara shi da yawa na haruffa. Sarki Pufong na mutanen Bagam (Eghap) ne ya kirkireshi, c. 1900, kuma an yi amfani da shi don haruffa da rubuce-rubuce, kodayake ba a taɓa amfani da shi sosai ba. An yi la'akari da shi bisa ga Rubutun Bamum, kodayake lambobi suna nuna kamanceceniya da Bamum fiye da sylabograms, kuma ba ya bayyana ya zama zuriya kai tsaye. Misali guda daya da aka tabbatar shi ne takarda ta Louis Malcolm, wani jami'in Burtaniya wanda ya yi aiki a Kamaru a yakin duniya na farko. An buga wannan ba tare da haruffa ba a 1921, kuma an ajiye rubutun tare da haruffan a cikin ɗakin karatu na Jami'ar Cambridge. An buga wannan gaba ɗaya a cikin Tuchscherer (1999).

An rubuta haruffa ɗari, kodayake ana zaton rubutun yana da ɗaruruwan da yawa. Wadannan sun hada da logograms, wasu da aka yi amfani da su, sylabograms (don CV da CVC syllables), da kuma masu zaman kansu da wasula 

## Manazarta

* Andrij Rovenchak, 2009. Archived/2009/1912/" id="mwEg" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">'Zuwa ga fassarar rubutun Bagam' An adana shi  (Ranar rashin daidaituwa) a , Afrikanistik Online
* Bagam (Eghap) , Tushen Rubutun
* [Hasiya] 'Littafin da ya ɓace na Bagam'. Harkokin Afirka, The Journal of the Royal African Society, London, 98 (390): 55-77.
* David Dalby, 1970 *Harshe da tarihi a Afirka*. shafi na 113.
Rubutun Bamum

jerin juyin halitta ne na rubutun shida da Ibrahim Njoya, Sarkin Bamum (yanzu yammacin Kamaru) ya kirkira don yaren Bamum. Sun kasance sanannun don samo asali daga tsarin hoto zuwa rabin syllabary a cikin sararin shekaru goma sha huɗu, daga 1896 zuwa 1910. An jefa nau'in Bamum a cikin 1918, amma rubutun ya ɓace a kusa da 1931. An fara aikin ne a kusa da 2007 don farfado da rubutun Bamum. 

Ana amfani da rubutun Bamum don rubuta Harshen Shümom, wanda Njoya ya kirkira.

A cikin tsari na farko, rubutun Bamum taimako ne na hoto (rubuce-rubuce) na haruffa 500 zuwa 600. Yayin da Njoya ya sake fasalin rubutun, ya gabatar da Alamomi (alama ta kalma). Sashe na shida, wanda aka kammala a 1910, syllabary ne tare da haruffa 80. Ana kuma kiranta *a-ka-u-ku* bayan haruffa huɗu na farko. Fassarar da ake amfani da ita a shekara ta 1906 ana kiranta *mbima* . 

An kara inganta rubutun a 1918, lokacin da Njoya ya sami nau'ikan jan ƙarfe don bugawa. Rubutun ya ɓace a cikin 1931 tare da gudun hijira na Njoya zuwa Yaoundé, Kamaru . 

A halin yanzu, rubutun Bamum ba shi da amfani mai mahimmanci. Koyaya, Bamum Scripts and Archives Project yana ƙoƙarin sabuntawa da farfado da rubutun. An kafa aikin ne a tsohuwar babban birnin Bamum na Foumban . 

Hanyar farko ta rubutun Bamum, wanda ake kira ***Lewa*** ("littafi"), an haɓaka shi a cikin 1896-1897. Ya ƙunshi hotuna 465 (511 bisa ga wasu tushe) da haruffa 10 don lambobi 1-10. Jagoran rubuce-rubuce na iya zama daga sama zuwa ƙasa, daga hagu zuwa dama, ko daga ƙasa zuwa sama.  (An kauce wa dama zuwa hagu saboda wannan shine jagorancin rubutun Larabci da maƙwabtan Hausa ke amfani da shi.) 

### Mataki na B
Tsarin na biyu, wanda ake kira ***Mbima*** ("haɗe"), an haɓaka shi a cikin 1899-1900. Ya kasance sauƙaƙe na farko; Njoya ya watsar da haruffa 72 amma ya kara sabbin 45. Hanyar rubuce-rubuce ta kasance daga hagu zuwa dama a cikin wannan da duk matakan da suka biyo baya.

### Mataki na C
Tsarin na uku, wanda ake kira ***Nyi Nyi Nfa***' bayan haruffa uku na farko, an haɓaka shi a kusa da 1902. Wannan sauƙaƙe ya bar haruffa 56, ya bar lambobi 371 da 10. Njoya ya yi amfani da wannan tsarin don rubuta Tarihin Jama'ar Bamun da kuma rubuce-rubuce tare da mahaifiyarsa.

### Mataki na D
Tsarin na huɗu, wanda ake kira ***Rii Nyi Nsha Mfw***' bayan haruffa huɗu na farko, an haɓaka shi a kusa da 1907-1908. Yana da haruffa 285 da lambobi 10 kuma yana da ƙarin sauƙaƙe na sigar da ta gabata.

## Bayyanawa

## manazarta
Rubutun Coptic

shine rubutun da aka yi amfani da shi don rubuta Harshen Coptic, ci gaban Masar na baya-bayan nan. Jerin glyphs ya dogara ne kuma an samo shi ne a kan haruffa na Helenanci, wanda aka kara da haruffa da aka aro daga Demotic na Masar. Ita ce rubutun haruffa na farko da aka yi amfani da shi don Harshen Masar. Akwai haruffa na Coptic da yawa, kamar yadda rubutun ya bambanta sosai tsakanin yaruka daban-daban da lokutan **Harshen Coptic**.

## Tarihi

Rubutun Coptic yana da dogon tarihi wanda ya koma Masarautar Ptolemaic, lokacin da aka yi amfani da haruffa na Helenanci don fassara matani na Demotic, tare da manufar yin rikodin yadda ake furta Demotic daidai. Tun daga farkon karni na shida BC kuma a ƙarshen karni na biyu AD, an rubuta dukkan jerin matani na addinin kafin Kiristanci a cikin abin da masana ke kira Tsohon Coptic, matani na harshen Masar da aka rubuta a cikin haruffa na Helenanci.

Ya bambanta da Tsohon Coptic, an samo ƙarin haruffa Coptic guda bakwai daga Demotic, kuma da yawa daga cikin waɗannan (ko da yake ba duka ba) ana amfani da su a cikin "gaskiya" na rubutun Coptic. Littattafan Coptic suna da alaƙa da Kiristanci, Gnosticism, da Manichaeism.

Tare da yaduwar Kiristanci na farko a Misira, ilimin rubutun Masar ya ɓace a ƙarshen ƙarni na uku, da kuma rubutun Demotic dan kadan daga baya, yana ba da hanyar tsarin rubutu da ke da alaƙa da Cocin Orthodox na Coptic. A ƙarni na huɗu, an "tsaya rubutun Coptic", musamman ga yaren Sahidic.  (Akwai bambance-bambance da yawa tsakanin haruffa kamar yadda aka yi amfani da su a cikin yaruka daban-daban a cikin Coptic).

Ba a amfani da Coptic a yau sai dai membobin Cocin Orthodox na Coptic don rubuta rubutun addininsu. Dukkanin Gnostic codices da aka samu a Nag Hammadi sun yi amfani da rubutun Coptic
## manazarta =='''Rubutu mai gwaɓi'''