Ƙalubalen muhalli a Haiti

An sami babban ƙalubale ga muhalli da halittun Haiti. Sarke dazuzzuka a Haiti ya bar kusan kashi 30% na gandun daji a halin yanzu.

## Shuke-shuke dabbobi

Tsibirin Hispaniola yana gida ne ga tsire-tsire sama da 6,000, waɗanda 35% ke da yawa; da nau'in tsuntsaye 220. Babu ɗaya daga cikin tsuntsayen da ke fama da cutar Haiti, amma La Selle thrush yana kusan haka. Asalin ɗimbin halittun ƙasar ya samo asali ne saboda yanayin yanayin tsaunuka da kuma sauye-sauyen tsaunuka waɗanda kowane tudu ke ɗauke da ƙananan yanayi daban-daban. Daban-daban shimfidar wurare na ƙasar sun haɗa da dazuzzukan gajimare masu ɗorewa (a cikin wasu jeri na tsaunuka da wuraren da aka kiyaye), tudun duwatsu masu tsayi, bushewar hamada, dajin mangrove, da rairayin bakin teku masu na bishiyar dabino. Tun lokacin da ɗan asalin ƙasar Haiti ya zo da, ɗimbin halittun Haiti ya ragu sosai saboda cin zarafin ɗan adam. Misali, hatimin sufi na Caribbean, wanda kawai ya taɓa faruwa a cikin Caribbean, yanzu ya ƙare. 

## Hadarin muhalli
Baya ga zaizayar kasa, sare dazuzzuka a Haiti ya haifar da ambaliya lokaci-lokaci, kamar yadda aka gani a ranar 17 ga Satumban shekarata 2004. Guguwar mai zafi Jeanne ta mamaye arewacin gabar tekun Haiti, inda mutane kimanin 3,006 suka mutu sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa da zabtarewar laka, akasari a birnin Gonaïves .  A farkon wannan shekarar a watan Mayu, ambaliyar ruwa ta kuma kashe mutane sama da 3,000 a kan iyakar Haiti ta kudancin kasar da Jamhuriyar Dominican. 

Haiti ta sake cin karo da guguwa mai zafi a ƙarshen Agusta da farkon Satumban shekarata 2008. Guguwar— Tropical Storm Fay, Hurricanes Gustav, Hanna da Ike —duk sun haifar da iska da ruwan sama a Haiti. Sakamakon raunin yanayin ƙasa a duk faɗin Haiti, ƙasar tuddai na ƙasar, da kuma mummunan daidaituwar guguwa guda huɗu a cikin ƙasa da makonni huɗu, yankunan kwari da ƙananan ƙasa a duk faɗin ƙasar sun fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa. Rikicin ya kasance da wahala a ƙididdigewa saboda guguwar ta rage ƙarfin ɗan adam da albarkatun jiki don irin wannan rikodin. Gawawwakin sun ci gaba da fitowa yayin da ruwan ya koma baya. Wata majiya ta 10 ga Satumban shekarar 2008 ta lissafa matattu 331 da kuma 800,000 da ke bukatar agajin jin kai.  Mummunan yanayin da waɗannan guguwa ta haifar ya kasance mafi haɗari ga rayuwa saboda hauhawar farashin abinci da man fetur wanda ya haifar da rikicin abinci da rikicin siyasa a cikin Afrilu a shekarata 2008. 

Kamar yadda ya faru a shekara ta 2004, guguwar shekara ta 2008 ta yi wa birnin Gonaïves da ke gabar teku hari musamman ma.

Haka kuma an sami manyan matsaloli a cikin shekarar 1999 da guguwa, inda mutane 9,398 suka mutu, 10,000 suka jikkata, sannan akalla 5,000 suka bace.

## Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli
A cikin shekarata 1925, Haiti yana kuma da lu'u-lu'u, tare da kashi 60% na gandun daji na asali ya rufe filaye da yankuna masu tsaunuka. Tun daga wannan lokacin, bincike mai zurfi na kwanan nan game da hotunan tauraron dan adam ya ƙaddamar da kuskuren kiyasin <1% na farkon gandun daji.  Yazayar kasa ta yi tsanani a yankunan tsaunuka. Yawancin sarewar Haiti ana yin su ne don noma da kuma samar da gawayi, babban tushen man fetur na kasar.

A karni na 19, an raba filayen noma mai girman hekta 15 ga manoma. 'Ya'yansu ne suka gada suka raba. A cikin shekarata 1971, matsakaicin girman gonakin ya kasance ƙasa da hekta 1.5. Don tsira, masu mallakar filaye sun yi amfani da fili fiye da kima. Ya zama marar haihuwa a cikin ƴan shekaru. Manoman sun ƙaura don kawar da tsaunin tuddai kuma a ƙarshe sun zama marasa aikin yi. Sannan Kuma Daga karshe karancin noman noma da karuwar talauci ya sa manoma daga gonakin noman rani da ke gefen tsaunuka zuwa neman aiki a birnin Port-au-Prince, inda yawan mutanen da ke cikin matsananciyar yunwa ya haifar da mummunan tarihin kasar na rikicin cikin gida. 

Duk da manyan rikice-rikicen muhalli, Haiti tana riƙe da adadi mai yawa na rayayyun halittu daidai da ƙaramin girmanta.

## Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli

Haiti na fuskantar manyan kalubale a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Abin lura shi ne, samun damar yin hidimar jama'a ba shi da kyau sosai, ingancinsu bai isa ba kuma cibiyoyin gwamnati suna da rauni sosai duk da tallafin da kasashen waje ke bayarwa da kuma ayyana aniyar gwamnati na karfafa cibiyoyin. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasashen waje da na Haiti suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin, musamman a yankunan karkara da birane.

## Duba wasu abubuwan

* Jerin batutuwan muhalli
* Jerin bala'o'i a Haiti
* Asusun Mangrove

## Hanyoyi hadi na waje

## Ci gaba da karatu

* Jared Diamond, *Rugujewa: Yadda Ƙungiyoyin ke Zaɓa don Kasawa ko Nasara*, Littattafan Penguin, 2005 da 2011 (  ). Dubi babi na 11 mai jigo "Tsibirin Daya, Mutane Biyu, Tarihi Biyu: Jamhuriyar Dominican da Haiti".

## Manazarta

* Labaran EIN - Labaran Muhalli na Haiti