open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Mark Bradford

**Mark Bradford** (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 1961) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka. An haifi Bradford, kuma tana zaune a garin, kuma tana aiki a Los Angeles kuma ta yi karatu a Cibiyar Fasaha ta California. An san shi da ayyukan zane-zane, waɗanda aka nuna a duniya, aikinsa ya haɗa da bidiyo, bugawa, da shigarwa. Bradford ya kasance wakilin Amurka na 2017 Venice Biennale . An haɗa shi a cikin jerin Time Magazine na 100 Mafi Mutanen da suka fi tasiri a cikin 2021.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Bradford kuma ta girma a Kudancin Los Angeles .  Mahaifiyarsa ta yi hayar salon kyau a Leimert Park. Bradford ya koma tare da iyalinsa zuwa wani yanki mai yawan fararen fata a Santa Monica lokacin da yake da shekaru 11, amma mahaifiyarsa har yanzu tana kula da kasuwancin ta a tsohuwar unguwar. Bradford ta yi aiki a shagon ta a wasu lokuta. Lokacin da Bradford ya kammala makarantar sakandare, ya sami lasisin gyaran gashi kuma ya tafi aiki a gidan mahaifiyarsa.

Bradford ya fara karatunsa a Kwalejin Santa Monica  sannan ya koma Cibiyar Fasaha ta California, ya kammala karatu a 1991 yana da shekaru 30.  Ya sami BFA a 1995 da MFA a 1997. 

## Ayyuka
An san Bradford da zane-zane masu kama da grid wanda ya haɗu da zane tare da fenti. Ayyukansa an yi su ne daga yadudduka na takarda da igiyoyi waɗanda ya sassaƙa ta amfani da kayan aiki da dabarun daban-daban, gami da gouging, fashewa, shredding, gluing, power-washing, da sanding.

A duk lokacin da Bradford ya yi aiki, ya tattara takardun tallace-tallace na 'kasuwanci' kuma ya buga su a unguwanni. A cewar mai sukar Sebastian Smee, "Masu hotunan sun tallata gidaje masu arha, rigakafin rufewa, taimakon abinci, sauƙaƙe bashi, wigs, ayyuka, gwajin iyaye na DNA, nuna bindiga da tsabar kudi mai sauri, da kuma shawarar shari'a ga baƙi, kula da yara da saki. "

Bradford wani lokacin yana haɗa ra'ayoyin namiji da jinsi a cikin aikinsa, yana amfani da abubuwan da ya samu a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi.

### Ayyuka masu ban sha'awa
A shekara ta 2006, Bradford ya zana 'Scorched Earth' da 'Black Wall Street', bisa ga Kisan kiyashi na Tulsa na 1921.  Bradford ya sake duba taken don zanen sa na 2021 'Tulsa Gottdamn' don nuna bikin cika shekaru dari na kisan kiyashi.

Bradford's collage Orbit (2007) ya ƙunshi hoton mujallar kwando da aka sanya a tsakiyar titunan Los Angeles. An halicce shi ta hanyar matakai masu tarawa da raguwa na collage da tashi, an shimfiɗa shi da fenti, Orbit ya bayyana a matsayin ra'ayi na sararin samaniya na birni mai lalacewa, mai canzawa, da lalacewa wanda ƙananan tituna masu rikitarwa ba za su iya kula da amincinsu na tsarin ba. Hoton ya tunatar da siffofin Basquiat na jaruman wasanni na baki, amma maganin Bradford ya fi rikitarwa; bayan duk, mafarkin da kwando ya nuna alama ce ta bege ko alkawarin ƙarya na sauƙin fita daga cikin gari?

## Manazarta
James Edward Moore Jr.

**James Edward Moore Jr.** (28 Yuni 1931 - 30 Janairu 1999) ya kasance janar na Sojojin Amurka mai taurari uku wanda ya yi aiki a Yaƙin Vietnam . Ya kammala karatu a 1954 a Kwalejin Sojan Amurka a West Point, New York, Moore ya yi aiki a Vietnam a matsayin S-3 (ofishin aiki) na 3rd Brigade, 25th Infantry Division da kwamandan 1st Battalion, 35th Infantary. Bayan yaƙin ya umurci rundunar sojan ƙasa ta 7, Sojojin Combined Field, Koriya, da Sojoji na shida.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi James Moore Jr. a Fort Thomas, Kentucky a ranar 28 ga Yuni 1931,  yaro na biyu kuma ɗa kaɗai na James Edward Moore, jami'in Soja, da matarsa Mildred May née Lindberg . A matsayinsa na ɗan soja, ya yi tafiya akai-akai, gami da Tientsin, China, inda mahaifinsa ya kasance daga 1932 zuwa 1935, kuma ya koyi yin magana da Mandarin Sinanci.

Moore ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Woodrow Wilson a Washington, DC, a shekarar 1949. Yayinda yake can, ya yi soyayya da makwabci, Joan Marie Phillips . Daga nan sai ya halarci Sullivan's Prep School a Washington, DC .  Ya shiga Kwalejin Sojan Amurka a West Point, New York, daga inda ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko na Kimiyya a aikin injiniya a ranar 8 ga Yuni 1954 kuma an ba shi izini a matsayin mataimakin na biyu a reshen sojan kasa. Ba a yarda da cadets na West Point su yi aure ba, amma a ranar 19 ga Yuni 1954, jim kadan bayan kammala karatunsa, ya auri Joan Phillips a Carlisle Barracks a Pennsylvania. Suna da 'ya'ya bakwai; 'ya' ya'ya mata uku: Elizabeth, Susan da Maryamu; da' ya' ya'yan maza huɗu: James, Robert, Michael, da Matthew.

## Ayyukan soja

### Ƙananan jami'in
Bayan hutun kammala karatunsa, Moore ya tafi Makarantar Sojoji a Fort Benning, Jojiya, don Basic Course da Airborne da Ranger horo. Bayan kammala shi a shekarar 1955, an sanya shi a cikin rundunar sojan kasa ta 60. A shekara mai zuwa an tura shi zuwa Heilbronn, Jamus, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan Rukunin da kamfani a cikin 28th Infantry. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Sojoji. A shekara ta 1957 an tura shi zuwa rundunar sojan ƙasa ta 325 a Fort Bragg, North Carolina, inda ya sami lambar yabo ta Sojoji ta biyu. An ɗaukaka shi zuwa mataimakin farko a shekara mai zuwa.

### Yaƙin Vietnam
A wannan shekarar, Moore ya ba da kansa don hidima a Vietnam, da farko yana aiki tare da 1st Cavalry Division a matsayin jami'in hulɗa ga masu gonar Faransa. Daga nan sai ya zama S-3 (ofishin aiki) na 3rd Brigade, 25th Infantry Division. Ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mambobi na farko na ajin sa don yin umurni da battalion lokacin da ya ɗauki umurnin 1st Battalion, 35th Infantry yayin da yake babban soja. Ya nuna kansa a yaƙi a ranar 7 ga Maris 1967, kuma an ba shi Silver Star da Vietnamese Cross of Gallantry.

## Manazarta
Richard G. Moore

**Richard Garner Moore Jr.**  Janar ne na Sojojin Sama na Amurka wanda ya yi ritaya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ma'aikata don tsare-tsare da shirye-shiryen Sojojin Jirgin Sama na Amurka daga 2022 zuwa 2024. A baya ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan shirye-shiryen Sojojin Sama na Amurka.

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2022, an zabi Moore don ci gaba zuwa janar janar da kuma nadin a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ma'aikata don tsare-tsare da shirye-shiryen Sojojin Sama na Amurka.h

## Manazarta
Thomas Brooke, Baron Cobham na 8

Thomas Brooke, 8th Baron Cobham (ya mutu a ranar 19 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1529), Ubangiji Manor na Cobham, Kent, ɗan Ingila ne.

Thomas Brooke shi ne ɗan kuma magaji na Sir John Brooke, 7th Baron Cobham (d. 1512) da Margaret Neville (d. 1506),  'yar Edward Neville, 3rd Baron Bergavenny, da matarsa ta biyu, Katherine Howard .

## Ayyuka
Thomas ya shiga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe da Faransa kuma ya kasance a Siege of Tournay a 1513, kuma ya yi yaƙi a Yaƙin Spurs a ranar 16 ga Agusta 1513 . 

Sarki Henry na takwas ya sanya shi Knight Banneret a 1514, kuma ya halarci filin Cloth of Gold a 1520. 

An kira shi zuwa majalisa daga 1514 zuwa 1523.

A shekara ta 1521 ya kasance daya daga cikin Barons goma sha biyu don shari'ar Duke na Buckingham . 

## Iyali
Thomas Brooke ya auri Dorothy Heydon, 'yar Sir Henry Heydon na Baconsthorpe da Anne, 'yar Sir Geoffrey Boleyn da Anne Hoo. Suna da 'ya'ya maza bakwai da mata shida. 'Yarsa Elizabeth Brooke ta auri Sir Thomas Wyatt .

Ya kasance gwauruwa sau biyu. Ya auri na biyu Elizabeth Calthorpe (d.1517), 'yar Sir Philip Calthorbe na Burnham Thorpe, Norfolk,  gwauruwar Sir Robert Southwell  (d. 31 Maris 1514 ) da na uku Elizabeth Hart, kuma ba shi da wata matsala daga gare su. [Littafi na 1][note 1]

Elizabeth Calthorpe da Sir Robert Southwell sun yi aure ta hanyar sasantawa na 1506/7.  Bayan mutuwarsa, tare da surukin Sir Robert William Wootton, an ba ta kula da dan uwansa mai shekaru goma kuma magaji, Sir Richard Southwell. Bayan mutuwarta, Thomas Wyndham ya sami kulawar.

Yana cikin makamai masu kyau na lokacin, tare da takalma na wasika, da sabbatons masu zurfi, sarkar da aka rataye gicciye daga wuyansa, kayan ado da aka samu a kan siffofi da yawa game da wannan kwanan wata. Uwargidan tana sanye da tufafin kai na wannan zamanin. Yara suna cikin rukuni biyu a ƙasa. Makamai, garkuwar huɗu a kusurwoyi, kowannensu yana caji iri ɗaya da Brook, Cobham, Braybroke, da De la Pole - Azure, fess tsakanin kawunan leopards guda uku Ko, zoben don bambanci, kasancewar abubuwan da aka sanya wa ƙaramin reshe na De la Pole.

Daga cikin 'ya'yansa goma sha uku, John, ɗan fari, ya mutu a rayuwar mahaifinsa; George, wanda ya zama magajinsa, Thomas, William, da Edward. Daga cikin 'ya'yansa mata, Margaret ta auri Sir John Fogge na Repton; Faith, ga William Ockenden, Gentleman Porter na Calais; da Elizabeth, ga Sir Thomas Wyatt na Allington Castle a Kent kuma daga baya ga Sir Edward Warner.

## manazarta
Shaun Morris

**Shaun Q. Morris** ya yi ritaya  janar janar na Sojojin Sama na Amurka wanda ya yi aiki na karshe a matsayin kwamandan Cibiyar Gudanar da Rayuwa ta Sojojin Jirgin Sama daga 2020 zuwa 2023.  A baya, shi ne kwamandan Cibiyar Makaman Nukiliya ta Sojan Sama.

## Ranar da ta dace na gabatarwa

## Manazarta
Malcolm Buckby

**Malcolm Robert Buckby** (born 8 September 1951) is an Australian former politician who lost his seat in the electoral district of Light in the 2006 SA election. He was first elected in 1993 replacing Bruce Eastick.

Buckby ya halarci Kwalejin Prince Alfred a Adelaide. Ya yi karatun digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar noma a Jami'ar Adelaide . Daga baya, ya kammala Digiri na Digiri na Tattalin Arziki kuma ya zama mai bincike yana aiki a kan nazarin tasirin tattalin arziki na Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Ruwa ta Kudancin Australia.

Bayan zaben jihar Kudancin Australia na shekara ta 2002, an ba Buckby fayilolin Ilimi, da sufuri, ci gaban birane, da kuma tsara fayilolin a cikin adawa. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2004, Buckby ya ba da fayilolinsa don mayar da hankali ga masu jefa kuri'a. Tony Piccolo ya lashe wannan kujerar a Zaben SA na 2006 tare da kashi 52.1% a kan fifiko na jam'iyyun biyu, juyawa na 4.9%.

## Manazarta
Grant Chapman

**Hedley Grant Pearson Chapman** (an haife shi 27 ga Afrilu 1949) ɗan siyasan Australiya ne.

An haife shi a Adelaide, Kudancin Ostiraliya, Chapman ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Prince Alfred  da Jami'ar Adelaide kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gudanar da tallace-tallace a masana'antar mai da kuma mai ba da shawara kan gudanarwa mai zaman kansa kafin ya sami zaben Jam'iyyar Liberal na tarayya na Kingston a cikin Majalisar Wakilai wanda ya kai ga zabensa a nasarar Malcolm Fraser ta 1975. A cikin zaben 1980, Chapman ya rike Kingston da kuri'u 358  kuma ya yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai har zuwa lokacin da aka ci shi a Zaben tarayya na 1983.

Chapman ya nuna adawa da ci gaban madatsar ruwan Franklin River. Bayan ya ziyarci yankin ya ce: "Yana da kyakkyawan yanki. Ziyarar ta karfafa ra'ayina cewa zai zama abin kunya idan madatsar ta ci gaba."[1]

Chapman bai yi nasara ba ya nemi zaben sabon kujerar Mayu a shekarar 1984,  kuma bai yi nasara a takarar zaben jihar Fisher a zaben jihar 1985, amma ya koma siyasar tarayya a shekarar 1987 a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dattijan Australia wanda ke wakiltar Kudancin Australia.

An kayar da shi a Zaben 2007 lokacin da ya kasance na uku a tikitin Liberal na SA amma an zabi 'yan takarar Liberal guda biyu kawai.

A watan Satumbar 2010, an zabi Chapman ba tare da hamayya ba a matsayin Shugaban Jam'iyyar Liberal ta Australia (Kudancin Australia) kuma an sake zabarsa ba tare da adawa ba a 2011 da 2012.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Chapman shine mai haɗin gwiwa na hayar dogon lokaci a kan Tashar Wallerberdina, wanda shine ɗayan kadarori uku da aka jera don ci gaban ci gaban kayan ajiyar sharar nukiliya a Kudancin Australia.

## Manazarta
Kade Chandler

**Kade Thomas Chandler** (born 13 January 2000) is an Australian rules footballer who plays for the Melbourne Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He was selected at pick #15 in the 2019 Rookie draft. He made his senior debut against Sydney in round 22 of the 2019 season.

A lokacin kakar 2023, McDonald's yana da tallan talabijin wanda ya ce "Chandler Bang" lokacin da Chandler ya zira kwallaye, wasa a kan halin Abokai Chandler Bing.[1]

## Manazarta
Joseph J. Nazzaro

**Joseph James Nazzaro** (Maris 21, 1913 - Fabrairu 5, 1990) ya kasance kwamandan rundunar sojin saman Pacific tare da hedkwatar a Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii kuma kwamandan kwamandan Strategic Air Command tare da hedikwatar a Offutt Air Force Base.

## Rayuwa ta farko da aikin soja

Nazzaro, ɗan baƙi na Italiya, an haife shi a New York, New York a cikin 1913. Ya girma a Queens tare da ɗan'uwa John (Marine Colonel) da 'yan'uwa mata Mary, Francis, da Rose. Ya halarci makarantar sakandare a New York, Millard Preparatory School a Washington, DC, kuma ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Sojojin Amurka a 1936 tare da kwamiti a matsayin mataimakin na biyu a cikin Sojoji. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar jirgin sama mai zurfi a Kelly Field, Texas a watan Oktoba 1937, an tura shi zuwa rundunar sojin saman Amurka.

## Rundunar Sojan Sama ta dabarun da Sojojin Sama na Pacific

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1964, Nazzaro ya zama mataimakin kwamandan kwamandan Strategic Air Command, kuma a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1967 bayan nadin Janar John D. Ryan ya zama kwamandan gaba na Sojojin Sama na Pacific, an nada Nazzaro a matsayin Babban Kwamandan Kwamandan Strategic Space Command (CINCSAC) kuma an ɗaukaka shi zuwa matsayin Janar Four-Star. Ya ɗauki aikinsa a matsayin kwamandan kwamandan Strategic Air Command tare da hedkwatar a Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska, a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1967.  A cikin wannan damar, Janar Nazzaro ya kula da Amurka ta farko Nuclear Deterrence da kuma Nuclear Triads, gami da Strategic Air Command's fleet of Strategic Bombers Aircraft da Intercontinental-Ballistic Missiles (ICBM). A lokacin da yake aiki a matsayin Kwamandan Kwamandan Jirgin Sama Janar Nazzaro ya kuma gabatar da Gasar Yakin Makamai Masu Makami masu linzami wanda manufar ita ce horar da ma'aikatan yaki na Intercontinental-Ballistic a lokacin yakin. A sakamakon wannan Gasar Yakin Makamai masu linzami, yawancin ma'aikatan Kwamitin Jirgin Sama na Strategic wanda aka ba shi aikin tsaro da aiki da Makamin Jirgin Sama Intercontinental-Ballistic sun zama mafi horar da yadda za a yi amfani da Makamin Manyan Jirgin Sama a lokacin da aka fara fashewa kuma a ƙarshe Gasar Yaki ta Missile ta zama al'ada ta shekara-shekara a cikin Kwamitin Jiragen Sama na Strategy. Har ila yau, Kwamandan Jirgin Sama na dabarun ya sami sabon rundunar Jirgin Sama na Strategic Bombers, Janar Dynamics F-111 Aardvark sabon jirgin sama mai fashewa da matsakaici a lokacin da Janar Nazzaro ya kasance Kwamandan Kwamandan Jiragen Sama na dabarar. 

## Manazarta
Michael A. Nelson

**Michael A. Nelson** (8 ga Oktoba, 1937 - 8 ga Oktoba, 2024) ya kasance janar janar a cikin Sojojin Sama na Amurka (USAF) . Ya tashi sama da manufofi 100 a Arewacin Vietnam, ya tattara 3500+ hours a cikin jirgin saman yaki, kuma ya gudanar da umurni sau biyar, gami da sama da 9th Air Force da Operation Southern Watch .  Ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikatan Shirye-shirye da Ayyuka na 20.

Bayan aikin soja, ya kasance shugaban Gidauniyar Tarihin Sojan Sama da Kungiyar Jami'an da suka yi ritaya (wanda yanzu ake kira Kungiyar Jami'an Soja ta Amurka, canjin da ya gabatar ).

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Nelson a Gabashin Los Angeles, California, a ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 1937. Ya koma San Antonio, Texas, kuma ya kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Alamo Heights a shekarar 1955.

* Nelson ya sami digiri na farko a dangantakar kasa da kasa a 1959 daga Jami'ar Stanford . Ya kasance memba na Delta Upsilon fraternity . 
* Ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin siyasa daga Jami'ar Arizona a shekarar 1969.
* Ya sami wani digiri na biyu daga Kwalejin Yakin Kasa a shekarar 1976.
* Ya kuma yi karatu a Kwalejin Air Command da Staff da kuma a cikin jiragen yaki da yawa.

## Ayyuka
An ba da izini ga Nelson ta hanyar Rundunar Horar da Jami'an Tsaro a watan Yunin 1959.

A matsayinsa na matukin jirgi, ya tashi yaƙi 100 a cikin F-105 a kan Arewacin Vietnam a matsayin wani ɓangare na Operation Rolling Thunder .  Ya kasance daya daga cikin Wild Weasels, wanda ke nufin an sanya jirginsa da makamai masu linzami na radiation kuma an ba shi aiki tare da murkushe tsaron iska na abokan gaba. Ya kuma tattara sama da sa'o'i 3500+ a cikin jiragen sama daban-daban da ya tashi: F-100, F-105, A-7, F-4, F-15, da F-16.

## Rayuwa da mutuwarsa
Nelson ya auri Barbie Wigdale a 1962 kuma suna da 'ya'ya hudu tare da ita. Sun kasance suna da aure har zuwa mutuwarta a shekara ta 2022.

Nelson ya mutu a Virginia a ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 2024, yana da shekaru 87.

## Manazarta
Lenny Wilkens

**Leonard Randolph Wilkens** (Oktoba 28, 1937 - Nuwamba 9, 2025) ɗan wasan kwando ƙwararren ɗan Amurka ne kuma koci a cikin Ƙungiyar Kwando ta Ƙasa (NBA). An shigar da shi sau uku a cikin Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, na farko a cikin 1989 a matsayin ɗan wasa, a matsayin koci a 1998, kuma a cikin 2010 a matsayin wani ɓangare na 1992 na Ƙungiyar Mafarki na Olympics na Amurka wanda ya kasance mataimakin koci. A cikin 1996, an ba Wilkens suna ga ƙungiyar NBA 50th Anniversary Team, kuma a cikin 2021 an nada shi zuwa ƙungiyar NBA 75th Anniversary. Bugu da kari, a cikin 2022 an kuma sanya masa suna cikin jerin Manyan Kociyoyi 15 a cikin Tarihin NBA, kasancewar shi kadai ne mutum daya da ya kasance cikin jerin abubuwan tunawa da NBA 75 a matsayin dan wasa da kuma koci. Hakanan shi ne wanda aka shigar a shekarar 2006 a cikin Kwalejin Kwando na Fame.

Wilkens ya hada bayyanuwa guda 13 na NBA All-Star a matsayin dan wasa (sau tara) kuma a matsayin koci (sau hudu), shine kocin NBA na shekarar 1994, ya lashe gasar NBA ta 1979 a matsayin babban kocin Seattle SuperSonics, kuma shine babban koci na kungiyar kwallon kwando ta Olympics - wacce ta lashe lambar zinare ta 1996 U.S.

A lokacin lokacin 1994 – 95, Wilkens ya kafa rikodin don mafi yawan nasarorin koyawa na yau da kullun a tarihin NBA, rikodin da ya riƙe lokacin da ya yi ritaya tare da nasara 1,332. Tun daga Fabrairu 2022, yana matsayi na uku a jerin, bayan Don Nelson da Gregg Popovich. Wilkens ya lashe lambar yabo ta Chuck Daly Lifetime Achievement Award na 2010–11 NBA kakar. Wilkens kuma shine koci mafi ƙwarewa a tarihin NBA, a wasanni na 2,487 na yau da kullun, wasanni 89 fiye da Nelson, kuma sama da 400 fiye da kowane koci, kuma yana da asarar fiye da kowane koci a tarihin NBA, a 1,155.
## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Leonard Randolph Wilkens a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 1937, a Brooklyn, New York.Wilkens ya girma a unguwar Bedford-Stuyvesant na Brooklyn.Mahaifinsa Ba-Amurke ne kuma mahaifiyarsa Ba'amurke ce. Wilkens ya girma a cikin addinin Katolika.

A Makarantar Sakandare ta Boys, Wilkens abokin wasan kwando ne na tauraron Baseball na Major League Tommy Davis, kuma ya buga wa koci Mickey Fisher.
## Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa
Wilkens ya auri Marilyn Reed daga 1962 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 2025; sun haifi ‘ya’ya uku, Leesha, Randy da Jamee.Wilkens suna da jikoki bakwai, mata shida da namiji daya.

Wilkens shine wanda ya kafa Gidauniyar Lenny Wilkens don Yara kuma ya zauna a Madina, Washington.Shi dan Katolika ne. Wilkens ya mutu a gidansa a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 2025, yana da shekaru 88.
##### MANAZARTA
Ƙungiyar Faransanci ta Dhaka

Alliance Française de Dhaka (Faransa pronunciation: [aljɑ̃s fʁɑ̃sɛːz də daka]; Bengali: আলিয়ঁস ফ্ৰঁসেজ দ্য ঢাকা) ko **AFD** kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke aiki a Bangladesh tun shekara ta 1959.  Tana cikin Dhanmondi, Dhaka. Wani lokaci ana kiransa Cibiyar Al'adu ta Faransa, Alliance Française de Dhaka tana aiki da kanta tare da Babban Kwamitin Faransa a Bangladesh . 

## Wurin da yake
Alliance Française de Dhaka tana a 26 Mirpur Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka . Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, an kafa rassa biyu a Gulshan da Uttara .  

## Ayyuka
Alliance Française de Dhaka tana inganta Al'adun Faransa, musamman Harshen Faransanci ga mutanen yankin Bangladesh kuma a lokaci guda, tana inganta al-adun Bangladesh a Faransa. Cibiyar tana aiki a matsayin cibiyar ayyukan al'adu daban-daban, wanda ke nuna nune-nunen yau da kullun na fasaha, kiɗa, fina-finai, da kuma cafe da ɗakin karatu a cikin ɗakinsa.

## Darussan
Darussan Faransanci a matsayin harshen waje ya dace da CEFR da Cadre européen commun de référence pour les langues (CECR). 

Alliance Française de Dhaka ta shirya zaman darussan hudu kowannensu yana ɗaukar watanni uku a kowace shekara. Akwai rukuni na shekaru uku: yara (9-12), matasa (13-15) da manya (16+). Ana ba da jarrabawar kasa da kasa kamar DELF, DALF, Gwajin sanin Faransanci (TCF), Gwajin kimanta Faransanci, da Diploma na Aptitude a Koyarwar Faransanci Harshe na Baƙi (DAEFLE) ga duk ɗaliban da suka cancanta.[1] Alliance Française de Dhaka tana shirya darussan masu zaman kansu, kamfanoni, masu sassauci, da na waje don kamfanoni da cibiyoyi kamar ma'aikatan soja da 'yan sanda na Bangladesh da kuma darussan da aka tsara don jami'an diflomasiyya da manyan ma'aikata.[2][3]￼

Cibiyar tana ba da darussan fasaha da yawa, gami da piano, violin, daukar hoto, guitar, ciki da zane-zane, rawa, da kuma ba da abinci ga abubuwan da ke sha'awa kamar aikin lambu na rufin, darussan dafa abinci na Faransa.

## Dubi kuma

* Ƙungiyar Faransanci

## Manazarta
Makarantar sakandare ta Faransa da Argentina Jean Mermoz

Lycée Franco-Argentin Jean Mermoz (Spanish) babbar makaranta Faransa-Argentina ce wacce ta ƙunshi matakai uku na ilimi. Ginin makarantar yana cikin unguwar Buenos Aires na Belgrano, Argentina .

Hukumar Ilimi ta Faransa (AEFE) ce ke gudanar da shi kai tsaye, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnatin Faransa.

## Tarihi
An kafa makarantar ne a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 1967 sakamakon yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa tsakanin Faransa da Argentina. Kwanaki biyu bayan haka, shugaban farko na Jamhuriyar Biyar Charles De Gaulle ya sanya dutsen kusurwa na ginin nan gaba. A ƙarshe Lycée ta buɗe ƙofofinta a ranar 10 ga Maris, 1969. Sunansa yana girmama ƙarfin hali na ɗan jirgin sama Faransa Jean Mermoz da gudummawar da ya bayar ga ci gaban jirgin sama na Kudancin Amurka.

Manufar yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwar Faransa da Argentina ta 1967 ita ce hadewar tsarin ilimi guda biyu a matsayin hanyar inganta fahimtar juna tsakanin kasashen. Ana sa ran masu kammala karatun su kammala shirin ilimi mai tsauri kuma su nuna kyakkyawar alhakin jama'a da kuma zama ɗan ƙasa mai kyau. Karshen karatun yana ba masu digiri damar shiga tsarin Jami'ar Argentina da Faransa

Lycée Franco-Argentin Jean Mermoz yana ba da cikakken ilimin Faransanci da Mutanen Espanya da kuma ingantaccen shirin Ingilishi wanda ke tabbatar da ɗalibai zuwa matakin B2 na Tsarin Turanci na Harsuna. Shirye-shiryen ilimi sun samo asali ne daga dabi'un haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali da al'adun ilimi na cikin gida na Faransa da na Argentina da kuma ƙwarewar ɗalibai. Dalibai suna samun damar samun digiri biyu na ilimi, *baccalaureate* da *bachillerato*, daidai da sunayen sarauta na Faransanci da na Argentina kamar makarantar sakandare a Amurka.

## Matakan ilimi guda uku
Mataki na farko ya fara ne a makarantar sakandare inda dalibai za su yi ayyukansu na farko. Wasanni da dokoki za su kasance da amfani don koyarwa da tilasta halayyar ɗalibai ta ba da kyakkyawar ƙarfafawa don taimakawa kananan yara su haɓaka halayensu a cikin ayyukan zamantakewa. Wasanni da ayyukan suna da cikakkiyar Harsuna biyu bayan haka ana sa ran ɗalibai su san rubutun da karatu a Faransanci da Mutanen Espanya.￼

Mataki na biyu yana ci gaba a makarantar firamare inda dalibai za su koyi yin rubutu da ƙwarewar karatu. Bugu da ƙari, ɗalibai za su koyi lissafi da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga da kuma ilimin zamantakewa da na halitta. Bugu da ƙari, za a gabatar da yara ƙanana kuma a ƙarfafa su don koyon ƙa'idodi masu mahimmanci kamar aiki tare, hadin kai da ruhu mai mahimmanci ta hanyar horo na wasanni da zane-zane masu kyau.

Mataki na uku shine *baccalaureate* inda za a ba ɗalibai kayan aiki don haɓaka ƙwarewarsu don cimma kyakkyawar fahimtar lissafi, zamantakewa da kimiyyar halitta. Bugu da ƙari, matasa za su koyi fannonin falsafa da tarihi kuma, bi da bi, duka fannoni biyu za su inganta ikon ɗalibai na fahimtar duniya da mutane.

## Manazarta
Simon Buckingham

**Simon David Buckingham** (an haife shi a Oxford, Ingila) masanin ilimin kimiyyar bayanai ne na Ingilishi kuma wanda ya kirkiro kalmar "rashin tsari". Buckingham ta kasance a New York tun shekara ta 2005.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Buckingham ya kirkiro kuma ya buga a cikin 1996 falsafar rashin tsari. Daga baya, ya zama Dan kasuwa mai yawa. Ya kafa farawa na farko a cikin 1999,  Mobile Lifestreams, wanda ya fara ne a matsayin kamfanin bincike da ba da shawara. Buckingham marubucin rahoton "Yes 2 SMS" wanda ya yi hasashen nasarar sabis na saƙon SMS daidai. Buckingham ya yi rajista kuma ya ƙaddamar da sunan yankin da sabis ringtones.com .  Mobile Lifestreams an sake masa suna Mobile Streams kuma ya kammala tayin jama'a na farko a watan Fabrairun 2006 (LSE:MOS).  A lokaci guda, Liberty Media, kamfanin abun ciki na Amurka ya zama mai saka hannun jari a cikin kamfanin.

A watan Janairun shekara ta 2006, Buckingham ya zama Shugaba na Zoombak,  mai ba da na'urorin GPS da ayyuka don tsaro na iyali da aikace-aikacen kasuwanci. Zoombak mallakar Liberty Media ce amma Buckingham da Mobile Streams ne ke sarrafawa. Fiye da 100,000 na'urorin Zoombak an tura su zuwa Oktoba 2009.

A cikin 2010, Buckingham ya kafa farawa na uku a New York, Appitalism, kantin sayar da aikace-aikace budewa, wanda aka ƙaddamar a watan Satumbar 2010 a cikin ƙasashe 51.

## manazarta
Darussan wayar da Kai a kan Faransanci na Sorbonne

Cours de Civilisation Française de la Sorbonne (CCFS) wata cibiyar wayewa ce ta Faransa mai zaman kanta da kuma harshe da aka kafa a Paris a cikin 1919 tare da burin ba da gudummawa ga zaman lafiya tsakanin mutane ta hanyar tallafawa musayar ɗalibai ta duniya.￼

It is certified to teach French as a foreign language (français langue étrangère). The CCFS welcomes nearly 160 nationalities. About 5,000 students attend the institution each year.&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

== Koyarwa ==
CCFS tana ba da darussan Faransanci ga ɗalibai na kowane mataki, daga cikakkun masu farawa zuwa waɗanda ke neman zama farfesa na Faransanci a matsayin harshen waje. Wadannan darussan suna shirya dalibai don wuce gwaje-gwaje daban-daban na kasa da kasa kamar TCF ko DELF, ko don samun takaddun shaida na makarantar.

=== Darussan harshen Faransanci da wayewa ===
Ana ba da nau'ikan darussan daban-daban bisa ga bukatun ɗalibin. Wadannan sun hada da:

* **Darussan yaren Faransanci''' (grammar, conjugation, spelling, vocabulary, phonetics, kusanci ga matani na wallafe-wallafen, rubuce-rubuce da magana).
* Faransanci wayewa a cikin laccoci ko a cikin ƙananan kungiyoyi.

### Ƙungiyoyin Musamman
CCFS kuma tana shirya dalibai don samun difloma da Ministan Ilimi na Kasa ya bayar wanda ke tabbatar da ƙwarewar Faransanci na waɗanda ba na asali ba. Ana buƙatar wasu daga cikin waɗannan gwaje-gwaje don karatu a jami'o'in Faransa. Gwaje-gwaje da CCFS ke shirya ɗalibai sun haɗa da:

* TCF, TCF-SO (TCF na dijital) da TCF-DAP (Jarabawar ilimin Faransanci - Aikace-aikacen shigarwa na farko);
* DELF (Diploma a cikin nazarin harshen Faransanci);
* DALF (Diploma a cikin karatun harshen Faransanci).
* TEF (Test d'Évaluation de Français - Diplôme de la Chambre de Commerce) da kuma e-TEF (digital version).

### Darussan Musamman
Wadannan darussan an tsara su ne don dalibai da ke da kyakkyawar matakin Faransanci. Wasu daga cikinsu suna taimakawa wajen shirya dalibai don gwaje-gwajen da ake buƙata don karɓar difloma daga Kamfanin Kasuwanci da Masana'antu na Paris.

#### Kasuwancin Faransanci
Kasuwancin Faransanci na Kasuwanci yana shirya ɗalibai don takardar shaidar harshen Faransanci ta Sorbonne da difloma na Kamfanin Kasuwanci da Masana'antu na Paris ta hanyar koyar da harshen kasuwanci na Faransanci (haɗin takardun kasuwanci, nazarin labaran tattalin arziki, da sauransu). 

## Cibiyoyin jarrabawa

### Cibiyar jarrabawar TCF (CIEP-Sorbonne Center)
Ta hanyar yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa da aka sanya hannu a shekara ta 2006, Cibiyar TCF CIEP-Sorbonne ita ce kawai cibiyar da ke da alaƙa da Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi ta Duniya wacce za ta iya gudanar da Test de connaissance du français (TCF) a Paris. Tun daga shekara ta 2014, ɗalibai suna iya ɗaukar TCF akan kwamfuta (TCF-SO).

## Ƙungiya
Ana shirya darussan CCFS a cikin zaman daban-daban:

* Autumn semester (Satumba-Disamba) 
* Lokacin hunturu (Janairu) 
* Lokacin bazara (Fabrairu-Mayu) 
* Darussan bazara (Yuni-Agusta tare da sassauƙa) 

## Dubi kuma

* Faransanci
* Faransanci harshen waje
* Sorbonne
* Kungiyar Abokan Jami'o'in Paris

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Cibiyar Nazarin Faransanci ta Duniya

Le Centre International d'Études Françaises (Faransa don "Cibiyar Duniya don Nazarin Faransanci), wanda aka fi sani da **CIDEF**, wani shiri ne na ilimi na Jami'ar Katolika ta Yamma a Angers, Faransa wanda ke ba da darussan Harshen Faransanci da al'adu ga ɗaliban kasashen waje. Daraktan cibiyar na yanzu shine Florence Plessis .

## Kyautar darasi
CIDEF tana ba da watanni biyu, Oktoba-Fabrairu da Fabrairu-Yuni. Dalibai a CIDEF suna ɗaukar kusan awanni 18 na darussan a mako. Babban darasi a CIDEF shine darasi na "harshe", wanda zai iya haɗuwa daga awanni 6 zuwa 12 a mako. Ana iya ɗaukar wasu darussan a matsayin zaɓuɓɓuka. Ana ba wa ɗalibai masu shigowa gwajin sanyawa wanda ke ƙayyade matakin karatun da za a sanya su. Dalibai a matakan da suka fi girma suna ɗaukar sa'o'i kaɗan na harshe, da kuma ƙarin zaɓuɓɓuka. Misalan zaɓuɓɓuka na baya-bayan nan sun haɗa da Faransanci na kasuwanci, phonetics, ƙamus, fassarar Turanci / Faransanci, tarihin fasaha, tarihin kiɗa, wallafe-wallafen Faransanci.￼

Amma ga darussan bazara, CIDEF yana ba da zaman bazara uku, a watan Yuli, Agusta da Satumba. Zamanin bazara yana ba da ƙarin nazarin harshe a kan kuɗin ƙananan zaɓuɓɓuka.

## Jikin ɗalibai
Dukkanin girman da abun da ke cikin ɗaliban sun bambanta daga semester zuwa semester, duk da haka, CIDEF gabaɗaya tana da ɗalibai 200-300 a kowane lokaci. Kungiyar dalibai ta CIDEF ta bambanta, tana nuna bukatun duniya don koyar da harshen Faransanci. Yawancin ƙasashen Japan, Taiwan, China, da Amurka sune mafi yawan wakilci tare da Japan da ke da mafi yawan ɗalibai. Jami'o'in Amurka da yawa suna da yarjejeniyar musayar tare da CIDEF ta hanyar da ɗaliban su za su iya karatu a CIDEF, gami da Jami'ar Notre Dame da Jami'o-kakar Jihar Louisiana da kwalejoji masu zaman kansu da ke da alaƙa da CODOFIL (Council for the Development of French In Louisiana). CODOFIL tana ba da tallafin karatu don nazarin harshen Faransanci a cibiyoyin ilimi da yawa, gami da CIDEF. Sauran makarantun da aka wakilta sun hada da Jami'ar Oregon, Kansas, Auburn, da Allegheny da Randolph-Macon Woman's Colleges. Jami'ar Tulane a New Orleans ta yi rajistar dalibai don zaman bazara na watan Agusta, wanda aka sani da Prestage, kafin a aika su zuwa La Sorbonne don shekarar ilimi. Wadannan shirye-shiryen suna aiki ne don sauƙaƙe tsarin karatu a ƙasashen waje, musamman samun gidaje da canja wurin bashi na ilimi. Daliban Amurka na iya ɗaukar darussan da kansu.

## Haɗin waje

* Shafin yanar gizon CIDEF
AP Faransanci Harshe da Al'adu

Advanced Placement (**AP**) **Harshen [[Faransanci]] da Al'adu** (wanda aka fi sani da ****AP Faransanci** Lang**, AP Faransashi Harshen Farànanci, **FLAP**, ko AP Faransaniya) darasi ne da Kwamitin kwaleji ke bayarwa ga ɗaliban makarantar sakandare a Amurka a matsayin damar samun lambar yabo don karatun Faransanci na kwaleji. Ana kwatanta gwajin AP Faransanci da jarrabawar ƙarshe don karatun kwalejin Faransanci 301. Bukatun rajista don **AP Faransanci Harshe** ya bambanta daga makaranta zuwa makaranta, amma ɗalibai da ke son shiga ya kamata su sami umarni mai kyau na ƙamus da ƙamus na Faransanci da ƙamus da kuma ƙwarewar da ta gabata a sauraro, karatu, magana, da rubuce-rubuce Faransanci tare da cikakken ilimin al'adu na yankunan Francophone. Jarabawar AP Faransanci da Al'adu ta sami canji tun daga watan Mayu 2012 an tsara ta don inganta gwajin fassarar, hulɗa da mutum, da ƙwarewar sadarwa ta gabatarwa.

## Jarabawar
Kwalejin AP Faransanci da Al'adu ta ƙare a cikin jarrabawar don gwada ƙwarewar ɗalibai.

Jarabawar tana da kimanin sa'o'i 3 a tsawon tare da sashi na zaɓin da yawa na minti 95 da kuma sashi na amsawa kyauta na minti 85. Yana auna ikon ɗaliban Faransanci a cikin sassan gaba ɗaya guda biyu, kowannensu yana ƙidaya a matsayin rabin aji na ƙarshe. Ana gwada sadarwa mai fassara a cikin sashi mai yawa; ana gwada sadarwa tsakanin mutane da gabatarwa a cikin sashe na Amsa kyauta.

### Sashe na I: Zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa

#### Sashe na A
Sashe na A ya ƙunshi kayan bugawa iri-iri (kamar rubutun jarida da na wallafe-wallafen, sanarwa, tallace-tallace, haruffa, taswira, da tebur) tare da jerin tambayoyin zabi da yawa.

#### Sashe na B
Sashe na B ya ƙunshi kayan sauti iri-iri, gami da tambayoyi, kwasfan fayiloli, sanarwar sabis na jama'a, tattaunawa, da gajeren gabatarwa. Wannan ɓangaren ya kasu kashi biyu. A cikin na farko, ana haɗa matani na sauti tare da kayan bugawa; na biyu ya ƙunshi matani na audio kawai. Ana ba da damar ɗalibai wani lokaci don karanta samfurori da kuma bincika tambayoyin kafin sauraron sauti. Ana kunna dukkan matani na sauti sau biyu.[1]￼

### Sashe na II: Amsa kyauta

#### Magana
A cikin ɓangaren magana, ɗalibai sun fara nuna yanayin hulɗa. Sashe na magana yana kimanta magana a cikin yanayin Interpersonal ta hanyar amsa tambayoyin a matsayin wani ɓangare na tattaunawar da aka tsara; sun fara ganin samfoti na tattaunawar, gami da tsarin kowane musayar. A kashi na biyu na wannan ɓangaren, suna nuna yanayin gabatarwa ta hanyar ba da gabatarwa na minti 2 don mayar da martani ga wani abu game da batun al'adu. Gabatarwa ita ce don kwatanta siffofin al'adu na al'ummar ɗaliban da waɗanda ke cikin wani yanki na duniyar da ke magana da Faransanci. Ana ƙarfafa ɗalibai su ambaci misalai daga kayan da suka karanta, suka kalli, kuma suka saurara, da kuma abubuwan da suka faru da kuma abubuwan lura.

### Rarraba matsayi
Rarrabawar digiri daga gwaje-gwajen da aka gudanar daga 2009 zuwa gaba sune kamar haka:

## Manazarta
Oliver Ranasinghe

Air Chief Marshal **Oliver Matthew Ranasinghe**, RWP, VSV, USP, ndc, psc shi ne Kwamandan 9 na Sojojin Sama na Sri Lanka . 

## Karatu da Aiki
Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Dharmapala, Pannipitiya Ranasinghe ya shiga Royal Ceylon Air Force a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 1968 a matsayin Sergeant Pilot . Ya sami horo na Basic Ground Combat a RCyAF Diyatalawa inda ya lashe kofin mafi kyawun mai harbi. Daga nan sai ya tafi Makarantar Horar da Jirgin Sama a RCyAF China Bay . Ya horar da de Havilland DHC-1 Chipmunks, de Havillland DH.104 Doves da BAC Jet Provosts, ya sami fuka-fukansa a shekarar 1969. Bayan ya yi amfani da jirgin sama mai laushi da mai laushi a cikin RCyAF, ya ci gaba da yin umurni da No. 4 Squadron kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamandan Base SLAF Anuradhapura. Ya halarci Kwalejin Air Command da Staff, Kwalejin Tsaro ta Kasa, New Delhi kuma ya kammala Babban Darasi na Gudanarwa a Monterey, California. Daga nan aka nada shi Darakta na Ayyuka sannan daga baya ya zama Shugaban Ma'aikata. A ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1994, an nada shi Kwamandan Sojojin Sama kuma an kara shi zuwa matsayin Air Marshal . A lokacin mulkinsa SLAF ta sami IAI Kfirs, Mil Mi-24s da Antonov An-32s. UAVs inda kuma aka kara da su a cikin rundunoninsa. Ya yi ritaya a ranar 5 ga Maris 1999 kuma Jayalath Weerakkody ya gaje shi. Kyaututtuka sun hada da Rana Wickrama Padakkama don jaruntaka, da lambobin yabo na Vishista Seva Vibhushanaya da Uttama Seva Padakkama . A ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2007, an kara shi zuwa matsayin Air Chief Marshal.

## Manazarta
Zach Nunn

**Zachary Martin Nunn**  (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga Mayun shekarar 1979) ɗan siyasan Amurka ne kuma jami'in Sojojin Sama na Amurka wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Amurka na Gundumar majalisa ta 3 ta Iowa tun 2023. Wani memba na Jam'iyyar Republican, ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dattijai ta Iowa don gundumar 15 daga 2019 zuwa 2023 da kuma Majalisar Wakilai ta Iowa don gundumomi ta 30 daga 2015 zuwa 2019.

Nunn ya yi takara don zama a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka a 2022 don wakiltar Gundumar majalisa ta 3 ta Iowa, inda ya samu nasarar kayar da dan jam'iyyar Democrat Cindy Axne. An sake zabarsa a shekarar 2024.

Ya zuwa ranar 2 ga Mayu, Nunn ya sanar da cewa ba ya tsaya takarar gwamna, biyo bayan sanarwar Gwamna Kim Reynolds cewa tana ritaya.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Nunn a ranar 4 ga Mayu, 1979, a Story City, Iowa, kuma ta girma a Altoona. Ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Kudu maso Gabas Polk a shekarar 1998. Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar siyasa da alakar kasa da kasa daga Jami'ar Drake a shekara ta 2002.  Ya sami Jagora na Kimiyya a cikin fasahar aiki da kimiyya na soja daga Kwalejin Air Command da Staff a Jami'ar Air a shekara ta 2004 da Jagora na Nazarin Tsaro na Duniya daga Kwaleji ta Selwyn, Cambridge, a shekara ta 2007.

## Ayyuka

### Farkon aiki

Nunn memba ne na Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka kuma daga baya ya zama Jami'in Tsaron Sama na Iowa tun daga 2004. A shekarar 2021, ya rike mukamin Laftanar Kanar kuma shine kwamandan rundunar leken asiri ta 233, 132nd Wing, Iowa Air National Guard. Nunn kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro ta yanar gizo.  A ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2024, an kara wa Nunn matsayi zuwa Kanar.

## Manazarta
Makarantar Sakandare ta West Hill

West Hill High School shine sunan tsoffin makarantu biyu a unguwar Notre-Dame-de-Grâce (NDG) a Montreal, Quebec, Kanada.

An buɗe makarantar sakandare ta farko ta West Hill a cikin 1919 ta Hukumar Makarantar Coteau St. Pierre a kan West Hill Avenue .  Kwamitin Kwamishinonin Makarantu na Furotesta (PBSC) ne ya haɗa shi a cikin 1921. Yayin da yawan jama'ar NDG ya karu, an fadada makarantar a 1926 da 1931, kuma an sanar da shirye-shiryen gina sabuwar makarantar sakandare a NDG.

Ginin sabuwar makarantar ya jinkirta ta hanyar Babban Mawuyacin hali, Yaƙin Duniya na II, sannan kuma hadewar PBSC a cikin Kwamitin Makarantar Furotesta na Babban Montreal a 1946.  An fara aiki a makarantar a cikin 1950 a kusurwar Somerled da Draper avenues (address 5851 Somerled) kuma an kammala shi a cikin 1952. An sanar da sunan makarantar a matsayin Somerled High School a 1943 amma ya canza zuwa Monklands High School lokacin da aka fara aiki. Koyaya, kafin buɗewa, an canza sunanta zuwa West Hill High School.

An sake sunan makarantar sakandare ta West Hill zuwa makarantar Westward kuma ta zama makarantar sakandare, don dalibai na 7 da 8 kawai. A shekara ta 1954, Makarantar Westward ta koma zama cikakken makarantar sakandare don magance tasirin jariri. A shekara ta 1955, makarantar ta sake canza sunanta, a wannan lokacin zuwa Monklands High School, sunan da ya gabata na sabuwar West Hill High School a Somerled Avenue yayin da ake ginawa.￼

A shekara ta 1979, an rufe makarantar sakandare ta West Hill, wacce aka fi sani da makarantar sakandare na Monklands, saboda raguwar shiga. A shekara ta 1984, an gyara ginin a matsayin gidan tsofaffi ta birnin Montreal.

Makarantar sakandare ta biyu ta West Hill yanzu ita ce Royal Vale School, wani ɓangare na Hukumar Makarantar Turanci ta Montreal.

## Shahararrun ɗalibai

* Sidney Altman, masanin kimiyya
* Doug Harvey, ƙwararren ɗan wasan hockey 
* William Shatner, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Kanada
* Peter Silverman, ɗan jaridar Kanada
* Mutsumi Takahashi
* John Taylor, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Kanada 
* Arthur Lipsett, mai shirya fina-finai na Kanada
* Daniel Louis, mai shirya fina-finai na Kanada wanda ya lashe kyautar Oscar
* Abbey Silverstone, wanda ya kafa Silicon Graphics Computer Systems (SGI) 

## Manazarta
Makarantar Sakandare ta Wagar

Wagar High School wata makarantar sakandare ce a 5785 Parkhaven Avenue a Côte Saint-Luc, Quebec, Kanada . Ya buɗe ƙofofinsa a 1963  a matsayin wani ɓangare na Kwamitin Makarantar Furotesta na Greater Montreal (PSBGM)  kuma ya rufe a 2005 a matsayin wani bangare na Kwamitin Makaranta na Montreal (EMSB). A mafi girma a tsakiyar 70s, yawan mutanen Wagar ya kai sama da dalibai 1,700, duk da cewa an gina shi don karɓar 1,100. An sanya sunan makarantar ne bayan Roy Wagar, jami'in kwamitin makaranta. Kwalejin farko da ta kammala karatu ta kasance a shekarar 1965. Wagar ya mutu yayin jawabinsa a bikin kammala karatun makarantar sakandare ta Monklands shekara guda kafin makarantar sakandare da ta bude kofofinta.

A cikin shekaru da yawa, musamman a cikin 70s, Wagar High School ta ji daɗin suna don babban nasarorin ilimi, koyaushe tana ci gaba da zira kwallaye a saman matsayi na lardin, kuma a kai a kai tana rufe ƙungiyoyi daga makarantun sakandare masu hamayya kamar West Hill, Mount Royal, Loyola, Uba MacDonald da sauransu, a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na CBC Television "Reach For The Top".

Bayan shekaru na raguwar rajista, an rufe makarantar sakandare ta Wagar a shekara ta 2005. Ginin Wagar an sake masa suna The Giovanni Palatucci Facility a ranar 16 ga Mayu, 2006, bayan jarumin yakin duniya na biyu wanda ya yi barazana kuma daga ƙarshe ya ba da ransa don ceton Yahudawa 5000. Wannan ya dace musamman saboda yawan ɗaliban Yahudawa a Wagar a mafi yawan tarihinta. [1]￼

Kwamitin makarantar yana ƙoƙarin sake buɗe makarantar sakandare don shekara ta 2011-12, a matsayin makarantar ƙwarewar wasanni.

An sake buɗe ginin a matsayin Makarantar Sakandare ta John Grant .

## Shahararrun ɗalibai

* Janet Perlman (an haife ta a shekara ta 1954, ta halarci digiri na 9 da 10) mai ba da labari da marubucin littafin yara.
* Steven Pinker (an haife shi a shekara ta 1954, aji na shekara ta 1971) masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Kwalejin Harvard, masanin kimiyya, masanin harshe kuma sanannen marubucin kimiyya.
* Brian Barsky (aji na 1971) Jami'ar California, Berkeley masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta, masanin kimiyya na hangen nesa, farfesa
* Zindel Segal (an haife shi a shekara ta 1956, aji na shekara ta 1973) masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam, farfesa
* Victoria Kaspi (an haife ta 1967, aji na 1984) Jami'ar McGill, Masanin kimiyyar taurari, Taurari na neutron, mai binciken pulsar

## Manazarta
Robert W. Parker (janar)

**Robert W. Parker** babban janar ne mai ritaya a cikin Sojojin Sama na Amurka .

## Ayyuka
Parker ya shiga rundunar sojan sama a shekarar 1963. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an sanya shi a cikin 741st Strategic Missile Squadron a Minot Air Force Base kuma ya sami horo a Vandenberg Air Force Base.

Ya kasance a sansanin sojan sama na Ellsworth daga 1964 zuwa 1969, lokacin da ya koma sansanin sojin sama na Vandenberg. A shekara mai zuwa, an sake mayar da shi zuwa Ellsworth. Daga 1972 zuwa 1976, an sanya Parker a cikin Strategic Air Command . Daga nan aka tura shi Pentagon daga 1976 zuwa 1980.

A cikin 1981, an sanya Parker a cikin 321st Strategic Missile Wing a Grand Forks Air Force Base. Daga can, ya zama Mataimakin Kwamandan 341st Strategic Missile Wing a Malmstrom Air Force Base. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Parker ya zama kwamandan reshe. A shekara mai zuwa, ya koma Grand Forks Air Force Base don ɗaukar kwamandan 321st.

A shekara ta 1987, Parker ya koma Pentagon a matsayin memba na ma'aikata a Ofishin Shugaban Shugabannin Haɗin gwiwa. A shekara mai zuwa, ya zama Babban Mai ba da shawara na Soja ga Darakta na Hukumar Kula da Makamai da Kashe Makamai. Daga 1991 zuwa 1993, ya kasance Darakta na Hukumar Bincike ta Yanar Gizo.

Daga 1993 zuwa 1994, Parker ya kasance Darakta na Ayyuka na Air Force Space Command . A shekara ta 1994, ya zama kwamandan rundunar sojan sama ta ashirin a Francis E. Warren Air Force Base. Parker ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1996.

Kyaututtuka da ya samu a lokacin aikinsa sun hada da lambar yabo ta Tsaro, Legion of Merit, lambar yabo ta Airman, lambar yabo mai daraja tare da tarin ganye na oak, lambar yabo da Air Force tare da tarin ganyen oak, Kyautar hadin gwiwa, lambar yabo na musamman, lambar yabo mafi girma, lambar yabo a fagen yaki da lambar yabo na tsaron kasa tare da tauraron sabis.

## Ilimi

* Kwalejin Saint Michael
* Jami'ar Jihar Ohio
* Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma
* Makarantar Gwamnati ta John F. Kennedy - Jami'ar Harvard
* Makarantar Jami'an Squadron
* Kwalejin Air Command da Staff
* Kwalejin Masana'antu na Sojoji
* Kwalejin Yakin Sama

## Manazarta
Damon Buffini

**Sir Damon Marcus Buffini** (an haife shi a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1962)  ɗan kasuwa ne na Burtaniya, mataimakin shugaban Hukumar BBC kuma shugaban Hukumar Kasuwancin BBC.  Ya kasance tsohon shugaban kamfanin masu zaman kansu na Permira  kuma gwamnan Wellcome Trust. 

## Ilimi da rayuwar farko
An haife shi a Leicester a shekara ta 1962,  ɗan wani ma'aikacin Afirka na Amurka da kuma mace ta Burtaniya, ya yi karatu a Gateway Grammar-Technical School a Leicester kuma ya kammala karatu tare da digiri a fannin shari'a daga Kwalejin St John, Cambridge, kuma yana da MBA daga Makarantar Kasuwancin Harvard. 

## Ayyuka
uffini ya yi aiki a LEK Consulting, kuma a ƙarƙashin shirin tallafin karatu na kamfanin ya yi karatun MBA daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard.  Bayan ya dawo Birtaniya, ya shiga Imperial Group yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin gudanarwa, kafin Jon Moulton ya ɗauke shi aiki (yanzu  shugaban kamfanin abokin hamayyarsa Better Capital ), a shekarar 1988 ya shiga ƙungiyar Schroders mai amfani da siye, wacce a lokacin aka sani da Schroder Ventures Europe. 

Buffini ya zama abokin tarayya a shekara ta 1992, kuma an inganta shi zuwa manajan abokin tarayya na kasuwancin Burtaniya a shekara ta 1999, kuma manajan abokin aiki a shekara ta 2000, kafin ya jagoranci ƙungiyar sayen gudanarwa kuma ya sake sunan kamfanin Permira .  Buffini ya dauki fam miliyan 3.2 tare da kari a shekara ta 2004. &nbsp;

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2021 an nada shi a matsayin wanda ba babban darakta na Hukumar BBC ba, wanda ya fara aiki daga 1 ga Janairun shekara ta 2022, sannan kuma a matsayin shugaban hukumar kasuwanci ta BBC. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022 Hukumar BBC ta kirkiro taken girmamawa na mataimakin shugaban da za a gudanar da shi ta hanyar shugaban hukumar kasuwanci ta BBC,  tare da Buffini ya ɗauki taken a ranar 9 ga watan Disamba. 

## Sauran
Buffini ya kuma kasance memba ne na kwamitin zartarwa na SVG Capital plc  kuma shugaban da kuma co-kafa Social Business Trust .

Buffini ya kafa Gidauniyar Buffini Chao tare da matarsa, Lady Deborah Buffini, a shekara ta 2005.

Shi babban memba ne na kwamitin gudanarwa na Kamfanin Royal Shakespeare kuma amintaccen Kamfanin Royal Anniversary Trust, wanda ke gudanar da kyaututtukan cika shekaru na Sarauniya don manyan makarantu da ci gaba. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## manazarta
L. Eric Patterson

**Leonard Eric Patterson** a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Darakta na Hukumar Kare Tarayya. Patterson kuma ya yi ritaya daga Brigadier Janar na Sojojin Sama na Amurka (Special Agent) kuma ya kasance Kwamandan 14 na Ofishin Bincike na Musamman na Sojoji (AFOSI), Andrews AFB, MD. A matsayinsa na Kwamandan AFOSI, Patterson ya kula da cibiyar sadarwa ta AFOSI ta duniya ta sojoji da jami'an farar hula na musamman da aka ajiye a manyan kayan aikin Sojojin Sama da wurare daban-daban na aiki na musamman.

## Ilimi
Patterson ta kammala karatu a Rundunar Horar da Jami'an Sojan Sama a Jami'ar Howard. Yana da Jagora na Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Webster . Patterson kuma ta kammala karatu a Makarantar Jami'an Squadron, Kwalejin Air Command da Staff, Kwaleji ta Marine Corps Command da Stafs, da Kwalejin Yakin Air. 

## Ayyukan soja
Patterson ya shiga Sojojin Sama na Amurka a 1975 a matsayin jami'in kaddamar da makami mai linzami. Ya zama wakilin AFOSI na musamman a shekara ta 1979 kuma ya umarci raka'a na AFOSI a cikin sassan, squadron da matakan yanki a wurare da yawa a jihohi da ƙasashen waje. Ya gudanar da kuma kula da bincike iri-iri na AFOSI, tare da ƙwarewa a cikin ayyukan leken asiri da kariya da kuma kulawar shirye-shirye na musamman. Kafin matsayinsa na karshe a matsayin Kwamandan AFOSI, janar din ya kasance Daraktan Ayyuka na AFOSI. Patterson 'yar asalin Washington ce, DC . 

### Manyan kyaututtuka da kayan ado
Patterson shine mai karɓar waɗannan: 

## Ayyukan Bayan Soja
Bayan ya yi ritaya daga Sojojin Sama na Amurka, Patterson ya yi aiki a wurare daban-daban, kamar su babba tare da Booz Allen Hamilton da Mataimakin Darakta na Tsaro Counterintelligence da Cibiyar HUMINT a Hukumar Lantarki ta Tsaro (DIA), inda ya ba da umarni da gudanar da ayyukan leken asiri da na ɗan adam a duk duniya don saduwa da bukatun Ma'aikatar Tsaro.  A shekara ta 2010, an nada Patterson a matsayin Darakta na Hukumar Kare Tarayya (FPS), wanda shine wani bangare na Hukumar Karewa da Shirye-shiryen Kasa (NPPD), kuma ya ci gaba da aiki a can yana hidimar kasarsa.h

## Manazarta