Mata a Afirka ta Kudu

**Addinin mata a Afirka ta Kudu** ya shafi ƙoƙarin da aka tsara don inganta haƙƙin 'yan mata da mata na Afirka ta Kudu . Waɗannan ƙoƙarin suna da alaƙa da batutuwan mata da daidaiton jinsi a gefe ɗaya, da daidaiton launin fata da 'yancin siyasa na ƙabilun Afirka da sauran waɗanda ba fararen fata ba a Afirka ta Kudu a ɗayan gefen. Ƙoƙarin mata na farko ya shafi zaɓen 'yan mata fararen fata, wanda ya ba su damar kaɗa ƙuri'a a zaɓen da suka fara tun daga shekarun 1930, da kuma gagarumin fafutuka a shekarun 1950 don neman daidaiton albashi ga maza da mata.  Shekarun 1980 sun kasance babban sauyi a ci gaban matan Afirka ta Kudu,  kuma a shekarar 1994, bayan ƙarshen mulkin wariyar launin fata, matsayin mata ya samu ƙarfi ta hanyar sauye-sauye ga kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar.  Tun bayan ƙarshen mulkin wariyar launin fata, addini na mata na Afirka ta Kudu gudummawa ce da ke da alaƙa da 'yanci da dimokuraɗiyya a ƙasar; duk da haka, ƙungiyar har yanzu tana fama da ra'ayoyin maza da mata da aka haɗa a cikin wasu sassan al'ummar Afirka ta Kudu.  

## Tarihi

### Bayani
An tsara ra'ayin mata a Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar gwagwarmayar daidaiton siyasa da launin fata, da kuma gwagwarmayar ƙasa da ƙasa don daidaiton jinsi.  Mata a Afirka ta Kudu sun fuskanci wariya iri-iri da gwamnati ta taimaka musu da kuma ta hanyar zamantakewa, gami da wariyar albashi. Misali ɗaya shine rashin iyawar dukkan mata su kaɗa ƙuri'a har zuwa 1983, da kuma nuna wariya ta al'adu ta hanyar cin zarafin mata. Afirka ta Kudu tana da yawan fyaɗe da cin zarafin gida, waɗanda galibi ba a ba da rahotonsu ba.   Kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na 'yan mata matasa suna ba da rahoton tilasta wa maza yin jima'i da su lokacin da suka cika shekaru 16. Wannan ƙididdiga yana haifar da yawan cin zarafin mata da cin zarafi da mata ke fuskanta. 

Dangane da waɗannan batutuwa da kuma a tsakiyar rashin daidaiton siyasa na shekarun 1980, ra'ayin mata a Afirka ta Kudu ya sami karɓuwa yayin da mata suka ƙara himma a siyasance.  Musamman ma, ra'ayin mata a Afirka ta Kudu ya sami sabuwar rayuwa a shekarar 1994 lokacin da aka sake rubuta kundin tsarin mulki don biyan buƙatun al'umma bayan wariyar launin fata da dimokuraɗiyya. A wannan matakin sake ginawa, mata sun haɗu suka yi fafutukar neman daidaito a matsayin mata a cikin tsarin kundin tsarin mulki. Mata sun amfana daga dimokuraɗiyya a Afirka ta Kudu, domin mata su ne waɗanda suka fi tasiri da kuma zaluntar da gwamnatocin da maza suka mamaye.  Shi ne farkon haɗin kai da kuma fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata a lokacin tattaunawar kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya haifar da wasu fafutuka da suka shafi haƙƙin mata da yanayin zamantakewa. Daga baya an gano waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ci gaba da mata ke jagoranta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin misalan farko na ra'ayin mata a Afirka ta Kudu ta zamani.  An kuma ƙarfafa ƙungiyar mata ta Afirka ta Kudu ta shekarun 1990 ta hanyar ƙarfafa gwiwar wasu ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin mata masu mahimmanci a ƙasashen Afirka maƙwabta. Kasashe kamar Zimbabwe da Mozambique sun yi aiki a matsayin abin ƙarfafa gwiwa, yayin da mata a duk faɗin duniya suka yi nasarar tsara kuma suka yi fafutukar ganin bukatun mata sun zama abin damuwa ga gwamnati. 

A lokacin da ƙasar ta koma ga dimokuraɗiyya mai launin fata da yawa a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, ra'ayin mata na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da gudummawa ga tsarin sake ginawa, yana ƙoƙarin samar da al'umma mara nuna wariyar launin fata, wadda ba ta nuna wariyar launin fata ba. Duk da haka, fafutukar mata da siyasa mai cike da sauyi sun ragu sosai a cikin wannan tsari. Ra'ayin mata na Afirka ta Kudu na zamani ya ci gaba da yin tambayoyi game da rawar da ra'ayin mata ke takawa a cikin faɗaɗar gwagwarmaya ta ƙasa da ƙasa don daidaiton aji da launin fata. Ra'ayin mata na Afirka ta Kudu ya yi daidai da ajandar ra'ayin mata na duniya a matsayin wani aiki mai ci gaba da aka tsara don wargaza da kuma ƙalubalantar bambance-bambancen ra'ayi da ke tsakanin maza da mata a idon al'umma da gwamnati. Ra'ayin mata a Afirka ta Kudu ya samo asali ne daga fannoni daban-daban da imani game da mata da aikin mata waɗanda suka bambanta da waɗanda suka kafa wasu tsarin zamantakewa na zamani marasa adalci, kamar diyya ga ma'aikata. Ka'idar mata ta duniya ta tabbatar da cewa bambance-bambancen ra'ayi tsakanin maza da mata suna aiki a matsayin tushen dokoki da ayyuka masu nuna wariya. Masu rajin kare hakkin mata na Afirka ta Kudu na zamani suna da niyyar wargaza waɗannan bambance-bambancen ta hanyar siyasantar da rayuwar mata da kuma buƙatar dokokin daidaiton jinsi.

### Zaɓen 'yan mata da kuma shigar da jama'a cikin harkokin zaɓe
A Afirka ta Kudu, gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin mata ta fara ne a shekarar 1889 kuma ƙungiyar Tarayyar Mata ce ta jagoranci ta. An bai wa mata fararen fata 'yancin kada kuri'a ta hanyar Dokar 'yancin mata ta shekarar 1930.  Zaɓen gama gari na farko da mata za su iya kaɗa ƙuri'a shi ne zaɓen 1933. Saboda tsarin ubangida da aka gina a cikin ƙa'idodin al'adu da hukumomin gudanarwa na Afirka ta Kudu, mata sun fuskanci ƙalubale a fafutukar daidaito, musamman mata masu launin fata waɗanda, saboda tarihin launin fata na musamman na ƙasar, suka fuskanci ƙalubale mafi girma saboda wariyar launin fata .  Matan Asiya da masu launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu sun sami damar kaɗa ƙuri'a a shekarar 1983, fiye da shekaru biyar bayan an bai wa mata fararen fata 'yancin zaɓe.  

## Kalubale
A cewar wani bincike da aka yi kan tarihin Tarayyar Matan Afirka ta Kudu, da farko, an ga gwagwarmayar mata a Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin batu mai bangarori biyu: na farko, batun wariyar launin fata, wanda ke nuna wariya ga wadanda ba fararen fata ba, na biyu kuma, batun dokoki da cibiyoyi da ke nuna wariya ga mata. A lokacin wariyar launin fata, mata masu launin fata sun fuskanci rashin daidaito sosai yayin da suke cikin kungiyoyin biyu da aka danne. Mata masu launin fata sun sha wahala daga tashin hankalin tsarin da ke da alaƙa da wariya ga wadanda ba fararen fata ba ban da kasancewarsu karkashin rashin daidaiton da dukkan mata ke dauka.  Zaluncin da wadannan mata masu launin fata suka fuskanta ya kuma shafi matsayinsu na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, inda ma'aikata suka kunshi kusan gaba daya mata masu launin fata, don haka ya tilasta wa mata masu launin fata fuskantar nau'ikan zalunci da wariya guda uku daban-daban.   Bugu da ƙari, mata masu launin fata su ne babban alƙaluma da ke da hannu a aikin noma da hidima, sassa biyu na aiki waɗanda ba a rufe su da dokokin kariya na aiki ba har zuwa 1994.  Tsawon shekaru da dama, dalilan hana wariyar launin fata da zanga-zangar sun fi fifiko kan shirye-shiryen daidaiton jinsi. Bayan kawar da mulkin wariyar launin fata a shekarar 1991 da kuma sauyi zuwa ga dimokuradiyya a shekarar 1994, an ƙara mai da hankali kan haƙƙin mata. 

Wasu sun yi jayayya cewa a Afirka ta Kudu, a galibi ana danganta akidar mata ta mata fararen fata, masu matsakaicin matsayi.  Ga baƙar fata 'yan Afirka ta Kudu, akidar mata galibi matsayi ne mai girma da za a ɗauka; ana ganinsa a matsayin wani abu da aka shigo da shi daga ƙasashen mulkin mallaka, fararen fata da matsakaicin matsayi.  Akwai mata 'yan Afirka baƙar fata na zamani, kamar Thuli Madonsela.

A fakaice, ra'ayin mata a Afirka ta Kudu ya jawo martani daban-daban. Wasu suna goyon bayan wannan ƙoƙarin kuma suna kallon ci gaban mata a matsayin wata matsala da ke kama da ci gaban ƙasar da 'yancinta. Wasu kuma suna ƙin ƙungiyar mata saboda ana ganin tana barazana ga al'adun ubanci da ikon maza a Afirka ta Kudu.  

## Ƙungiyoyi
Duk da cewa babu wata ƙungiya mai ƙarfi ga mata a Afirka ta Kudu, abin da ya fi dacewa da ƙungiyar mata shi ne tarin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu daban-daban kamar People Oppositing Women Abuse, Sonke Gender Justice da Progressive Women's Movement of South Africa.  Ƙungiyoyin mata a Afirka ta Kudu ba wai kawai suna fafutukar 'yantar da mata ba har ma da 'yantar da ƙasa daga tarihin launin fata na ƙasar, domin 'yantar da ɗaya ba zai iya wanzuwa gaba ɗaya ba tare da an kai ɗayan ba. 

Sauran ƙungiyoyi da suka taka rawa a tarihi wajen haɓaka haƙƙoƙi da haƙƙin mata na Afirka ta Kudu sun haɗa da:

* **Ƙungiyar Matan Afirka ta Kudu** ( **FSAW** ) &#x2013; ƙungiyar mata da ke fafutukar nuna rashin amincewa da dokokin da aka shimfida na nuna wariya da nufin takaita zirga-zirgar mata masu launin fata.
* **Ƙungiyar Mata ta Majalisar Dokokin Afirka ta Ƙasa** ( **ANCWL** )  &#x2013; an kafa ta a shekarar 1948  kuma an sake kafa ta a shekarun 1990, da nufin tsara mata a siyasance da kuma a cikin Majalisar Dokokin Afirka ta Ƙasa musamman.  A yau, ana sukar ANCWL a matsayin wani ɓangare na ɗaukar ma'aikata ga ANC. 
* **Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙasa** ( **WNC** ) &#x2013; an kafa ta a farkon shekarun 1990, don kawo batun daidaito tsakanin jinsi a cikin tattaunawar jama'a.   
*  (FSAW) - ƙungiyar laima da aka kafa a shekarar 1954 ga dukkan ƙungiyoyin da ke mai da hankali kan mata a Afirka ta Kudu. 

Sauran ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da na yanki sun haɗa da:

* **Ƙungiyar Mata Masu Ci Gaba ta Afirka ta Kudu** ( **PWMSA** ) &#x2013; ƙungiyar mata ta ƙasa da aka kafa a shekarar 2006. 
* **Rikicin Fyade** ( **RC** ) &#x2013; wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta mata da ke lardin Yammacin Cape wadda ke fafutukar daidaito tsakanin jinsi da kuma 'yancin cin zarafin mata.  

## Mutane

* Jani Allan, fitacciyar mai fafutukar kare hakkin dabbobi, marubuciya mai rajin kare hakkin dabbobi.
* Pregs Govender, mai fafutuka, marubuci, kuma tsohuwar 'yar majalisar dokoki.
* Anne McClintock, marubuciya kuma ƙwararriyar masaniyar harkokin mata.
* Elizabeth Maria Molteno, mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata ta ƙarni na 19, musamman mai himma a cikin fafutukar mata ta zaɓe.
* Diana EH Russell, marubuciya kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata, an haife ta kuma ta girma a Afirka ta Kudu kuma a halin yanzu tana zaune a Amurka.
* Olive Schreiner, marubucin littafin *The Story of an African Farm,* wanda aka gane a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin littattafan mata na farko.
* Shamima Shaikh, mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata Musulmi.
* Julia Solly, tsohuwar mai ra'ayin kare hakkin jama'a kuma mai ra'ayin mata.

## Manazarta