Al-Nihaya fi al-Gharib al-Hadith

**Al-Nihaya fi al-Gharib al-Hadith wa al-Athar** ( Arabic       . ) ƙamus ne na Larabci na Majd ad-Dīn Ibn Athir wanda ke bayyana ma’anar ɓoyayyun kalmomi da ake samu a cikin zantuka da hadisan Annabi Muhammad ( hadisi ) da ayyukansu (atar). Littafin wani mahimmin bayani ne na fahimtar kalmomi masu wuyar gaske a cikin nassosin Musulunci kuma ana daukarsa a matsayin daya daga cikin muhimman ayyukan irinsa saboda irin gudunmawar da yake bayarwa ga harshen larabci da nazarin hadisi .

## Fage
Cikakken lakabinsa *al-Nihāya fi gharib al-Hadith wa al-athar* . Marubucin ya ba shi lakabin *al-Nihāya* ("The Ultimate") saboda ya ƙunshi abubuwan da ke cikin dukkan ayyukan da aka rubuta a baya a fagen garib al-Hadith (maganganun da ba a saba gani ba ko masu ɓoye da aka samu a hadisi). 

Har zuwa lokacin da aka rubuta shi, an dauki mafi kyawun ayyuka a wannan fagen: *Gharib al-Hadith* na Abu 'Ubayd al-Qāsim b. Salām and al-Khaṭṭābī, *Kitāb al-Gharībayin* na Ahmad b. Muḥammad al-Harawī, *al-Fā'iq fi garib al-Hadith* na al-Zamakhshari, and *Majmu' al-mughīth fi garībay al-Qur'an wa'l-Hadith* na Abu Musa al-Madīni. Wasu daga cikin waxannan ayyukan sun tsara hadisai ne bisa tsarin musnadi, yayin da wasu suka yi bayanin wasu kalmomi da ba kasafai suke faruwa a cikin Alqur’ani da hadisi ba. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan ayyukan, duk da haka, yana da wasu ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tsari da ƙaƙƙarfan tsari waɗanda suka sa su ƙasa da ƙasa. 

A muqaddimar al-Nihāya, Ibn al-Athīr ya yi bayani kan asali da bunqasa karatun gharibul haddith da kuma hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin ayyukan farko, inda ya ce ya nemi ya biya musu kurakurai a cikin nasa harhada. Ya tsara littafin da haruffa bisa ga haruffa uku na farko na kowace kalma, kuma ya tsara babi babi da haruffa biyu na farko. Ibn al-Athīr ya yawaita nakalto daga Ibn Qutayba, al-Khaṭṭābi, musamman al-Zamakhshari. Yayin da ya kan kawo madogararsa, wani lokaci ya kan kawo maganar ba tare da wata alaka da shi ba, wani lokacin kuma ya kan sukar madogararsa. 

## Hanya
Ibn al-Athīr ya kafa aikinsa da farko a kan mafi cikar waɗannan, wato Kitab al-Gharībayn na al-Harawi, da kuma aikin Abu Musa al-Madīni, wanda aka rubuta don cika shi. Da yake zana wadannan, Ibn al-Athīr ya takure kansa da bayanin wasu gagarabadau kalmomi da aka samu kawai a hadisai. Bugu da kari, ya sanya wasu kalmomi da ba kasafai aka samu a cikin hadisai da rahotanni (athar) da ya tattara daga wasu wurare daban-daban. Bayan ya hade bayanai da hadisai daga ayyukan biyun da aka ambata, ya kawar da maimaitawa, ya kuma kara da wasu maganganu da ba kasafai ake samun su ba da ya ke samu a cikin sauran riwayoyin hadisi. A cikin al-Nihāya, Ibn al-Athīr ya yi amfani da gajarta “ hāʾ ” (هـ) ga hadisan da aka karbo daga al-Harawī da “ sīn ” (س) ga waxanda aka karbo daga Abu Musa, yayin da ya yi ma nasa alama ba tare da wata alama ta musamman ba. Koyaya, editocin Ṭāhir Aḥmad al-Zāwī da Maḥmūd Muḥammad al-fanāḥī sun sanya alamar (*) kafin ƙarawa na marubucin. [1]

A cikin al-Nihāyah fī Gharīb al-Hadith wa al-Athar, Ibn al-Athīr ya yi magana game da abin da ya faru na gaɓoɓi ( *al-aḍdād* ) ta hanyar shigar kusan ɗari na ƙamus mai ɗauke da kalmomi masu ma’anoni dabam-dabam. Hanyarsa ta ƙunshi bin diddigin waɗannan sharuɗɗan a cikin hadisai na Annabci (Hadith) da kuma rahotannin farko (āthār), yana bayanin yadda mahallin ya ƙayyade ma'anarsu. Ibn al-Athīr ya fayyace muhallin yare da irin wadannan kalaman da ba a san su ba, ya fayyace tushensu na ma’ana, ya kuma lura da dalilan ci gabansu da kuma amfani da su. Maganin al-aḍdād a cikin aikin yana nuna ƙaƙƙarfan tsari na ƙamus wanda ya haɗa bincike na harshe tare da fassarar mahallin, yana mai da hankali kan rawar da ake amfani da shi da ruwaya wajen ayyana ma'ana. 

A cikin *al-Nihāya*, Ibn al-Athīr ya wuce bayanin ƙamus kawai. A wani lokaci ya kan bayyana fahimtarsa ta ilimi ta hanyar bayyana abubuwan da suka shafi hadisan da lafazin ya zo a cikinsu, da yin bayani kan sabani na shari’a da tattaunawa kan mahangar mazhabobi daban-daban, da daidaita hadisai da ake ganin sun saba wa juna. Ya kuma ba da kulawa sosai ga muhawarar nahawu kuma wani lokaci yana bayyana ra'ayoyin da ya saba wa nahawu. 

## Abridgements da kari
Al-Nihāya an yi gyare-gyare da yawa (mukhtaṣar), kari (zayl), da versified adaptations (naẓm) na *al-Nihāya* . Daga cikin abubuwan da aka gallazawa, al-Suyūṭī 's *al-Durr al-nathīr talkhīṣ Nihāyat Ibn al-Athīr* a cikinsa ya bar nassosin hadisi kuma ya riƙe kalmomin da ba kasafai ba tare da bayani kawai - shine sanannen ( Alkahira 1322, buga a gefen al-Nihāya). Isa b. Muhammad b. Ubaid Allāh al-Safawī kuma ya samar da wani ɗan gajeren aiki, wanda ya rage aikin da kusan rabi, yayin da al-Muttaqī al-Hindi shi ma ya yi gajeriyar sigar. Salāh al-Dīn al-Hifni kuma ta shirya gajeriyar bugu mai suna *Mukhtashar al-Nihāya fi gharib al-Hadith wa'l-athar* ( Kuwait 1406 / Cairo 1411). 

Daga cikin kari akwai *Dhail al-Nihāya* na Safiyy al-Dīn Maḥmūd b. Abu Bakr Muḥammad al-Urmawī and al-Suyūṭī's *al-Tadhyil wa'l-tathnīb ʿalā Nihāyat al-gharīb*, an expansion of his own *al-Durr al-nathīr* by about seven folios (ed. ʿAbd Allāh al-Jubīr al- 1402/1982-1403/1983). Ibn Bardis ya inganta aikin a cikin juzu'i na biyu *al-Kifaya fi ikhtisar (fi naẓm) al-Nihāya* . A zamaninmu, Abu ‘Abd Allahu ‘Abd al-Salam b. Muhammad b. Umar ‘Allūsh ya rubuta kari biyu masu suna *al-Ināya bi’l-Nihāya* da *Fawāt al-Nihāya*, waɗanda daga baya ya haɗa su zuwa juzu’i ɗaya a ƙarƙashin lakabin *al-Dhayl ‘alā al-Nihāya fi gharib al-Hadith wa’l-atar* (17) Beirut . 

## Gado da tasiri
Al-Nihāyah fi Gharīb al-Hadith wa al-Athar na Ibn al-Athīr al-Jazarī ya tsaya a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan nasarorin ilimi na karni na 6 bayan hijira. Aikin ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ciyar da karatun harshen larabci da zurfafa fahimtar hadisan Annabi. Yana fayyace kalmomin da ba a sani ba da yawa, yana bayyana asalinsu na harshe, da kuma bincika dalilan amfani da su daban-daban da ma'anoni masu tasowa.  Suyūṭī ya ce: *"Wannan shi ne mafificin littafai na sharuddan da ba a sani ba (ghareeb), mafi cikakku, mafi sanannun kuma mafi yawan amfani da su.* *"* 

Domin ana kallon *al-Nihāya* a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan madogaran harshen Larabci, Ibn Manẓūr ya dogara da shi sosai a cikin Lisan al-Arab . Al-Nawawi kuma ya yawaita amfani da shi a cikin *Tahdhib al-Asma wa'l-Lughat* da *al-Minhāj fi sharḥ Sahih Muslim*, kamar yadda Ahmad b. Muḥammad al-Fayyumi in *al-Miṣbāḥ al-munir fi garib al-Sharḥ al-kabīr*, and Murtaḍā al-Zabīdi in *Taj al-ʿarus* . 

## Bugawa
An fara buga aikin a juzu'i guda (lithograph, Tehran 1269 AH), sannan a juzu'i hudu tare da *al-Durr al-nathīr* na al-Suyūṭī da kuma gyara daga Abdul'Aziz b. Isma'il al-Ansarī al-Tahtawī (Alkahira 1311). Daga baya kuma aka sake buga shi cikin juzu'i huɗu tare da *al-Durr al-nathīr* na al-Suyūṭī da al-Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī 's al-Mufradāt (Cairo 1318, 1322). Ko da yake shafi na farko na juz'i na farko na waccan bugu ya lura cewa zai kuma haɗa da *Taṣḥīfāt al-muḥaddithīn fi gharib al-Hadith* na Abū Ahammad al-'Askari, wannan aikin ba a buga shi ba. Bugu na al-Maṭa al-Uthmaniyya (Alkahira 1311) ana ɗaukarsa mafi aminci a cikin bugu na farko, kodayake, kamar sauran, har yanzu yana ɗauke da wasu kurakurai na rubutu.  

## Manazarta