Mai me daraja dake zuba

Ambaliyar mai ta Prestige ta afku ne a gabar tekun Galicia na kasar Sipaniya a cikin watan Nuwambar 2002, sakamakon nutsewar jirgin mai shekaru 26 da haihuwa, mai karancin tsarinsa mai suna MV Prestige, dauke da tan 77,000 na man fetur mai nauyi. A lokacin wata guguwa, ta fashe tanki a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, kuma gwamnatocin Faransa, Spain, da Fotigal sun ki barin jirgin ya tsaya. Jirgin ruwan ya nutse ne a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, kimanin kilomita 210 (130 mi) daga gabar tekun Galicia. An kiyasta cewa ta zubar da ton 60,000 ko juzu'in 67,000 m3 (gal miliyan 17.8 US ) na babban mai.

Zubewar mai ya gurbace mai nisan kilomita 2300 (mil 1429) na gabar teku  da fiye da rairayin bakin teku dubu ɗaya a kan Tekun Sipaniya, Faransanci da Fotigal, tare da haifar da babbar illa ga masana'antar kamun kifi na cikin gida. Malalar ita ce bala'in muhalli mafi girma a tarihin Spain da Portugal. Adadin man da ya zubar ya zarce na Exxon Valdez kuma an yi la'akari da yawan gubar, saboda yawan zafin ruwa.

A cikin 2007 Kudancin Gundumar New York ta yi watsi da karar da Masarautar Spain ta shigar a 2003 game da Ofishin Jirgin Sama na Amurka, ƙungiyar rarrabuwa ta ƙasa da ƙasa wacce ta tabbatar da martaba kamar yadda ta dace da ka'idoji da dokoki, saboda ABS ya kasance "mutum" a cikin Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Laifin Farar Hula don Lalacewar Mai da kuma keɓe kai tsaye daga lamunin lalacewa ga gurbatar yanayi. Shari'ar 2012 na Babban Kotun yankin Galicia ba ta sami kamfanin jigilar kaya ba, ko mai insurer, London P & I Club ko wani jami'in gwamnatin Spain, amma kawai kyaftin na jirgin da laifi kuma ya ba shi hukuncin dakatar da watanni tara saboda rashin biyayya. A cikin Janairu 2016 Kotun Koli ta Sipaniya ta daure kungiyar P&I ta London alhakin diyya har zuwa adadin murfinta gaba daya ga mai jirgin ruwa na gurbatar dala biliyan 1. A watan Oktoba 2023, Babban Kotun Ingila ta sami hukuncin da bai dace da sharuɗɗan sasantawa na kwangilar inshora ba.

## Abubuwan da suka faru

Prestige wani tanki ne mai shekaru 26 da ke aiki da *Girma*, mai guda ɗaya, wanda aka yi rajista a hukumance a Bahamas, amma tare da kamfani mai ma'ana guda ɗaya da aka yi rajistar Laberiya a matsayin mai shi. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

Jirgin yana da mataccen nauyi ton, ko ɗaukar nauyi, na kusan tan 81,000, ma'aunin da ya sanya shi a ƙaramin ƙarshen ajin Aframax na tanka, ƙasa da mafi yawan masu ɗaukar ɗanyen mai amma girma fiye da yawancin dillalan kayan tacewa. Ofishin Jirgin Ruwa na Amurka ne ya tsara shi kuma P&I Club na London ne ya ba da inshorar, abokan cinikin jiragen ruwa da aka sani da London Club.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

A ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 2002, Prestige na dauke da tan 77,000 na nau'o'in man fetur daban-daban guda biyu, danyen mai #4. Ya ci karo da guguwar hunturu a Costa da Morte, Tekun Mutuwa, a Galicia arewa maso yammacin Spain. Kyaftin din Girka, Apostolos Mangouras, ya ba da rahoton wata kara mai karfi daga bangaren tauraron dan adam kuma yayin da jirgin ya fara daukar ruwa daga manyan igiyoyin ruwa sai injina suka rufe sannan ya nemi agaji daga ma'aikatan ceto na kasar Spain. An kwashe ma'aikatan na Philippines da jirage masu saukar ungulu na ceto kuma jirgin ya yi nisan kilomita 6 (4 mi) daga gabar tekun Sipaniya, tuni ya zube mai. Wani babban kyaftin, Serafín Díaz, an saukar da shi a cikin jirgin ta Ma'aikatar Masana'antu ta gwamnatin Spain, don kewaya jirgin a bakin tekun Spain arewa maso yamma, kuma ya ga ramin mita 15 (50 ft) a gefen tauraro. Mangouras ya bayar da hujjar a kawo jirgin zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa inda za a iya killace man da ke kwarara amma a karkashin barazanar sojojin ruwan Spain Mangouras ya hakura. Bayan matsin lamba daga gwamnatin Faransa, an tilastawa jirgin ya canza hanyarsa ta kudu zuwa ruwan Portugal domin kaucewa jefa gabar kudancin Faransa cikin hadari. Saboda tsoron gaɓar nata, hukumomin Portugal sun umurci sojojin ruwansu da su kama jirgin da ke fama da rashin lafiya kuma su hana shi gabatowa gaba. An bayyana yanke shawarar janye tankar da ta lalace a cikin teku maimakon rakiya zuwa wata matsuguni da aka yi garkuwa da ita a matsayin laifi da kuma dalilin da ya sa aka gurbata wannan babban wuri.

Yayin da gwamnatocin Faransa, Spain, da Portugal suka ƙi barin jirgin ya tsaya, kuma bayan kwanaki da yawa na tafiya da ja, ya rabu biyu a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2002. Ya nutse kusan kilomita 250 (160 mi) daga gabar tekun Sipaniya, tare da sakin sama da galan US miliyan 17 (64,000 m3) na mai. Tuni dai wani tulun mai ya isa gabar teku. An kama kyaftin din Prestige, inda aka zarge shi da rashin bayar da hadin kai ga ma'aikatan ceton ruwa da kuma cutar da muhalli.

## Rashin ruwa da gurɓata muhalli
Ruwan mai na Prestige shine mafi munin bala'in muhalli na Spain. Bayan nutsewar, fashewar ta ci gaba da zubar da kusan tan 125 na mai a rana, ta gurɓata gindin teku kuma ta gurɓatar bakin teku, musamman a yankin Galicia. Lalacewar muhalli ya fi tsanani a bakin tekun Galicia. Yankin da abin ya shafa muhimmin yanki ne na muhalli, yana tallafawa coral reefs da nau'ikan sharks da tsuntsaye da yawa, da masana'antar kamun kifi. Babban gurɓataccen bakin teku ya tilasta wa gwamnatin yankin dakatar da kamun kifi na tsawon watanni shida.

Da farko dai gwamnati ta yi zaton 17,000 ne kacal daga cikin tan 77,000 na tankar da aka yi asarar, sauran tan dubu 60 kuma za su daskare ba za su zubo daga tankar da ta nutse ba. A farkon 2003, ta sanar da cewa an yi asarar rabin man. Ya zuwa watan Agustan shekarar 2003, adadin ya haura zuwa kimanin tan 63,000, kuma sama da kashi 80 cikin dari na tankar mai tan 77,000 na man fetur da aka zubar a gabar tekun Spain da ke arewa maso yammacin kasar.

A cikin watan Maris na shekarar 2006, an gano wasu sabbin tarkacen mai a kusa da baraguzan da ake kira Prestige, slicks wanda masu bincike suka gano sun yi daidai da irin man da Prestige ke dauke da shi. Wani bincike da aka fitar a watan Disambar 2006 karkashin jagorancin José Luis De Pablos, masanin kimiyyar lissafi a cibiyar nazarin makamashi da muhalli ta Madrid, ya kammala cewa tan 16,000 zuwa 23,000 na mai ya ragu a cikin rugujewar, sabanin tan 700 zuwa 1300 da gwamnatin Spain ta yi ikirarin cewa; cewa bioremediation na sauran man fetur ya kasa; da kuma cewa kwayoyin cuta da ke lalata tarkacen na iya haifar da fashewa da sauri kuma su saki yawancin man da ya rage kuma su haifar da wani bala'i. Rahoton ya bukaci gwamnati da ta dauki matakin gaggawa.

Masana [wane?] sun yi hasashen cewa rayuwar ruwa za ta iya fama da gurɓacewar yanayi na aƙalla shekaru goma saboda irin zubewar mai, wanda ke ƙunshe da ɓangarorin haske tare da polyaromatic hydrocarbons kuma zai iya guba plankton, qwai kifi da crustaceans tare da cutar carcinogenic a cikin kifaye da yiwuwar mutane ma. 

## Tsabtacewa

A cikin watanni masu zuwa, dubban masu aikin sa kai sun shiga kamfanin jama'a TRAGSA (kamfanin da gwamnatin yankin ta zaba don magance tsaftacewa) don taimakawa wajen tsaftace bakin tekun da abin ya shafa. Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya yi nasara, yana maido da mafi yawan yankunan bakin teku daga illar malalar man ba kawai ba, har ma da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi na yau da kullun. Masu fafutuka na Galician sun kafa ƙungiyar muhalli Nunca Máis (Galician for "Kada Again"), don yin Allah wadai da jajircewar gwamnatin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya game da bala'in. Shekara guda bayan zubewar, Galicia ya sami ƙarin Tutocin Blue don rairayin bakin tekunsa (kyautar waɗancan rairayin bakin teku masu mafi girman matsayi a duniya) fiye da na shekarun baya.&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

A shekara ta 2004, motocin da ake sarrafa su daga nesa (ROVs) kamar wanda tun farko suka binciko tarkacen jirgin na RMS Titanic sun tono ƙananan ramuka a cikin tarkacen jirgin tare da cire sauran 13,000 m3 na mai daga cikin tarkacen, a nisan mita 4000 a ƙarƙashin teku. Hakanan ROVs sun rufe tsage-tsatse a cikin kwandon tankar, kuma sun rage zubar da ruwa zuwa magudanar ruwa na lita 20 a rana. Gabaɗaya, galan Amurka miliyan 20 (76,000 m3) na mai ya zubar.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D; Daga nan ne aka zuba man a cikin manya-manyan jirage masu saukar ungulu na aluminum, wanda aka kera musamman don wannan aikin ceto. Cikakkun jirage masu saukar ungulu an yi ta shawagi a sama. Tsarin asali na cika manyan jakunkuna tare da mai ya tabbatar da cewa yana da matsala da jinkiri. Bayan an gama cire mai, an zubar da slurry mai wadata da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin riƙon don hanzarta rushewar kowane mai da ya rage. Adadin kudin da aka yi kiyasin ya haura Yuro miliyan 100.

## Sakamakon haka

### Bincike
Yawan tsadar muhalli da kudi na malalar ya haifar da bincike kan yadda wani jirgin da ba shi da tsari ya yi tafiya zuwa teku. Prestige ya taso ne daga birnin St. Petersburg na kasar Rasha, ba tare da an duba yadda ya kamata ba. Ya yi tafiya zuwa Tekun Atlantika ta hanyar Tekun Baltic mara zurfi da mara ƙarfi. Wani kyaftin din da ya gabata a St. Petersburg, Esfraitos Kostazos, wanda ya koka da masu mallakar jirgin game da nakasu da yawa a cikin jirgin, ya ki amincewa da murabus dinsa don nuna rashin amincewarsa. Maimakon gyara lahani, masu mallakar sun maye gurbinsa da Mangouras.

Ba a dai tabbatar da mallakin Prestige ba, wanda hakan ya sa da wuya a iya tantance ko wanene ke da alhakin malalar man da kuma fallasa matsalolin da ke tattare da ka'idoji da tutocin saukakawa.

Masu binciken Mutanen Espanya sun gano cewa an riga an riga an annabta gazawar a cikin jirgin Prestige: 'yar'uwarta biyu, Alexandros da Centaur, an gabatar da su don bincike mai zurfi a karkashin shirin "Safe Hull" a 1996. Kungiyar da ke kula da binciken, Ofishin Jakadancin Amirka, ya gano cewa duka Alexandros da Centaur sun kasance a cikin raguwa na ƙarshe. Saboda gajiyar ƙarfe a cikin rukunansu, ƙirar ƙira ta annabta cewa duka jiragen biyu za su gaza tsakanin firam ɗin 61 da 71 a cikin shekaru biyar. Alexandros, Centaur da 'yar'uwa ta uku, Apanemo, an soke su tsakanin 1999 da 2002. Ba fiye da shekaru biyar bayan binciken ba, kullun Prestige ya kasa tsakanin firam na 61 da 71.

An soki gwamnatin Spain saboda shawarar da ta yanke na janye jirgin zuwa teku - inda ya rabu kashi biyu - maimakon zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa. Rashin yarda da jirgin ya nemi mafaka a tashar jiragen ruwa mai kariya an kira shi babban abin da ke ba da gudummawa ga sikelin bala'in. Babban jami'in manufofi na Asusun Kula da namun daji na Duniya don jigilar kayayyaki Simon Walmsley ya yi imanin cewa mafi yawan zargi ya kasance tare da al'ummar rarrabawa. "An bayar da rahoton cewa ba daidai ba ne a daya daga cikin tashar jiragen ruwa da ya ziyarta kafin Spain. Dukkanin tsarin dubawa yana buƙatar sake sabuntawa kuma ana amfani da tankuna biyu a maimakon haka, "in ji shi. A cewar kungiyar rarraba ta ABS, gaskiyar cewa ya ɗauki kwanaki 6 don jirgin ya fashe kuma ya nutse cikin teku mai nauyi shine "tabbaci mai kyau cewa jirgin bai kasance cikin yanayin da bai dace ba". Amurka da yawancin sauran ƙasashe suna shirin fitar da tankuna guda ɗaya a shekarar 2012.

### Shirin Galicia
Plan Galicia wani tsari ne na matakan tattalin arziki da Majalisar Ministocin Spain ta ɗauka a ranar 23 ga Janairu 2003, a ƙoƙarin rage sakamakon bala'in Prestige. An gabatar da Plan Galicia a matsayin mai dacewa ga wanda Xunta de Galicia ta amince da kwanakin da suka gabata.

### Kudin tsaftacewa
Wani rahoto da cibiyar tattalin arzikin Barrie de la Maza da ke Galicia ta fitar a shekara ta 2003 ya soki yadda gwamnatin Spain ta shawo kan bala'in. An kiyasta farashin tsaftacewa zuwa gabar tekun Galici kadai a kan Yuro biliyan 2.5

Hukuncin kotun na 2013 ya sanya farashin bala'in a euro miliyan 368 ($ miliyan 494) ga jihar Mutanen Espanya, euro miliyan 145 ga yankin Mutanen Espanya na Galicia da euro miliyan 68 ga Faransa. Tsabtacewar *Exxon Valdez* ya kashe dala biliyan 3 (kusan Yuro biliyan 2.2.

Tun bayan afkuwar wannan bala'in, an yi jigilar tankokin mai irin na Prestige daga gabar tekun Faransa da Spain. Kwamishinan Sufuri na Tarayyar Turai a lokacin, dan kasar Sipaniya Loyola de Palacio, ya matsa kaimi ga hana jiragen dakon mai guda daya..&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

=== Sakamakon Shari'a ===
Kyaftin Mangouras ya nemi mafaka ga jirgin ruwansa da ya lalace sosai a tashar ruwan Spain. Ko da yake wajibcin hukumomin sufurin jiragen ruwa na Spain na ba da tashar jirgin ruwa yana da tushe mai zurfi na tarihi, a wannan yanayin hukumomin sun yanke shawarar yin amfani da keɓancewa na dokokin teku na ƙasa da ƙasa don yanayin da jirgin zai haifar da muhalli ko wata lahani ga tashar jiragen ruwa. An umurci Kyaftin da ya sake kunna injinan da tururi a bakin teku, amma ya ki yarda. An saukar da wani kyaftin din wanda zai maye gurbin, Serafin Diaz, a cikin jirgin ta ma'aikatar masana'antu ta gwamnatin Spain, don kewaya jirgin daga gabar tekun Spain a arewa maso yamma. An kama Magouras kuma an gurfanar da shi gaban kotu. Shigar da jirgin cikin tashar jiragen ruwa da yawo a kusa da ita don ɗaukar man da ke zubowa zai yi ƙasa da illa fiye da mayar da ita cikin teku kuma kusan babu makawa nutsewa.

A cikin Mayu 2003, Masarautar Spain ta kawo karar farar hula a gundumar Kudancin New York a kan Ofishin Jirgin Ruwa na Amurka (ABS), ƙungiyar rabe-raben kasa da kasa ta Houston wacce ta tabbatar da "Prestige" a matsayin "a cikin aji" don tafiya ta ƙarshe. Matsayin "a cikin aji" yana nuna cewa jirgin ruwa ya dace da duk ka'idoji da dokoki, ba wai yana da aminci ba, dacewa da manufa, ko cancantar ruwa. Ga masana'antar ruwa ta duniya, wani muhimmin batu da lamarin ya taso shi ne ko kungiyoyin rabe-rabe za su iya daukar alhakin sakamakon. Litattafan cinikin teku na kasa da kasa da suka hada da TradeWinds, Fairplay da Lloyd's List a kai a kai suna gabatar da takaddamar a matsayin wani abin da zai iya zama abin misali wanda zai iya tabbatar da makomar al'ummomin rabe-raben kasa da kasa, wadanda kadarorinsu ke tabarbare da girman da'awar da za su iya zama batun. A ranar 2 ga Janairu, 2007, an yi watsi da docket a waccan ƙarar (SDNY 03-cv-03573). Alkalin da ke jagorantar shari'ar ya yanke hukuncin cewa ABS "mutum" ne kamar yadda yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan alhaki na lalata gurbataccen mai (CLC) ta ayyana kuma, saboda haka, an kebe shi daga alhakin kai tsaye ga lalacewar gurbatar yanayi. Bugu da kari, alkalin ya yanke hukuncin cewa, tun da Amurka ba ta rattaba hannu kan kungiyar CLC ta kasa da kasa, kotunan Amurka ba su da hurumin yanke hukunci kan karar. Asalin lalacewar Spain akan ABS ya kai dala miliyan 700.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

Babban Kotun yankin Galicia ta sanya ranar shari'ar man fetur a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2012, a kan jami'ai, mai inshora na London Club, Asusun Kasa da Kasa don Biya don Lalacewar Ruwan Man fetur, mai mallakar jirgin, Mare Shipping Inc na Laberiya tare da darakta janar. Maigidan tashar jiragen ruwa na A Coruña a lokacin, Ángel del Real, da wakilin gwamnatin Galicia, Arsenio Fernández de Mesa, an kuma tuhume su da "karin bala'in ta hanyar yin watsi da shawarar fasaha". sauraron ya fara ne a ranar 16 ga Yuni 2012 kuma ana sa ran dakatar da shi a watan Nuwamba, bikin cika shekaru *Girma* na bala'in. An gudanar da shari'ar a cikin kotun da aka gina musamman a cikin baje kolin A Coruña. Ya yi la'akari da shaidu daga shaidu 133 da masana 98. Masu shigar da kara sun nemi a yanke wa kyaftin din Girka hukuncin daurin shekaru 12 kuma sun bukaci fiye da Yuro biliyan 4 ($ 5.0) a cikin lalacewar gaba ɗaya.

Mai inshora ya ki shiga cikin ayyukan Mutanen Espanya bisa ga cewa ya kamata bangarorin su gabatar da sasantawa a Ingila, kamar yadda kwangilar inshora ta tanada. A ranar 16 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2012, mai inshora ya fara sasantawa a London kuma a ranar 13 ga watan Fabrairun shekara da 2013 (Spain) da 3 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2013 (Faransa) kotun sasantawa ta amince da ikirarin masu inshora don sasantawa. Wannan daga baya Babban Kotun Ingila da Wales suka canza shi zuwa hukunci.  

A watan Nuwambar 2013, alkalan Kotun Koli guda uku na Galicia sun kammala, ba zai yiwu a kafa alhakin aikata laifuka ba, kuma kyaftin Apostolos Mangouras, babban injiniya Nikolaos Argyropoulos da tsohon shugaban Rundunar Sojan Ruwa na Spain, Jose Luis Lopez, ba a same su da laifin aikata laifuka ga muhalli ba. Sai dai ana zargin kyaftin din da rashin biyayya ga hukumomin gwamnati da ke son jirgin mai nisa daga gabar tekun. A cewar kotun, hukuncin ya yi daidai kuma Mangouras mai shekaru 78 a lokacin, an same shi da laifin rashin biyayya kuma an yanke masa hukuncin dakatar da shi na tsawon watanni tara. Gwamnatin Spain ta yanke shawarar kaddamar da roko ga hukuncin da aka yanke game da cirewa daga alhakin farar hula na kyaftin din.

A ranar 26 ga watan Janairun 2016, Kotun Koli ta Spain ta yanke wa Mangouras hukunci saboda rashin kulawa wanda ya haifar da mummunar lalacewar muhalli, kuma ta yanke masa hukuncin shekaru biyu a kurkuku. Hukuncin aikata laifuka a kan kyaftin din yana ba da damar da'awar diyya mafi girma a kan masu inshora. A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba 2017, an umarci kulob din London da ya biya tarar dala biliyan 1 a kan zubar da mai. Sakamakon lalacewar da kotun ta bayar a A Coruña a cikin 2017 ya kai sama da Yuro 1.5bn, adadi da Kotun Koli ta Spain ta tabbatar a watan Disamba na 2018. A watan Oktoba na 2023, Babban Kotun Ingila ta ki aiwatar da hukuncin, bisa ga abin da aka kafa cewa dole ne sasantawa ya faru a kotunan Ingila gaba ɗaya.

### Kyauta
A shekara ta 2003, an gina siffar A Ferida (The Wound) ta  [nl] a matsayin abin tunawa ga masu sa kai waɗanda suka tsabtace rairayin bakin teku na Galician da tar kuma suna nuna alamar *Raunin* zuwa teku bayan zubar da mai mai mai. A tan 400, wannan shine mafi girman siffar a Spain.

## Dubi kuma

* Alamar sauƙin
* Jerin man fetur da aka zubar a duk duniya
* Manfred Gnädinger, wanda aka zubar da shi
* Manuel Rivas, marubucin Galician

## Bayanan da aka ambata


## Haɗin waje

* "Rashin cikakke sakamakon lalacewar jikin jirgin mai na Bahama Prestige da ya faru a yammacin Galicia".  (Archive) - Ofishin Bincike kan Abubuwan da suka faru a Tekun - 13-19 Nuwamba 2002 (a Faransanci) 
* Plataforma Nunca más, Prestige masu fafutuka (a cikin Galician) 
* Ofishin Gudanarwa na Fasaha na Shirin Harkokin Kimiyya game da Hadari na Ruwa - Wannan ofishin yana da alhakin gudanarwa da daidaita ayyukan ayyukan bincike.
* Gudanar da Kwarewar Ruwa - Ayyukan SPREEX - Wannan aikin yana da alhakin gudanarwa da daidaita bukatun bincike a Turai.
* Raul Garcia, The Prestige: shekara guda, bala'i mai ci gaba  - WWF, Nuwamba 2003, 23 pp.
* Shafin amsa rikicin WWF akan Prestige
* Prestige Oil Spill - Labarin hannu na farko na mai sa kai na Kanada, tare da hotuna
* Taswira da kididdigar yankin bakin teku da abin ya shafa
* Nazarin Kasuwancin Jirgin
* Tasirin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da muhalli na baƙar fata na Prestige - Tasirin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Muhalli na Prestige Spill, Taron kimiyya na kasa da kasa, Consello da Al'adun Galega, 7-8 Maris 2003, fitowar harsuna biyu na Galician-Turanci, PDF a budewa
* Hoton da Alberto Bañuelos Fournier ya gina a 2003