Yanayin yanayi na Baja California Sur

Baja California Sur,  a hukumance Free and Sovereign State of Baja California Sud,  jiha ce a Mexico. Ita ce jiha ta 31 kuma ta ƙarshe da aka shigar da ita, a shekara ta 1974. Har ila yau, ita ce mafi ƙarancin jama'a a Mexico, ta biyu mafi ƙaranci, kuma ta tara mafi girma ta yanki.

Kafin zamtata jiha a kan 8 Oktoba 1974, yankin an san shi da El Territorio Sur de Baja California ("South Territory of Lower California").  Tana da yanki mai girman 73,909 km2 (28,536 sq mi), ko 3.57% na yawan ƙasar Mexico, kuma tana mamaye rabin kudancin Baja California Peninsula, kudu da layi na 28, da Rocas Alijos da ba kowa a cikin Tekun Pacific.  Tana iyaka da arewa da jihar Baja California, zuwa yamma ta Tekun Pasifik, daga gabas kuma tana iyaka da Gulf of California.  Jihar tana da iyakokin teku tare da Sonora da Sinaloa zuwa gabas, ƙetare Gulf of California

Jihar ita ce gida ga wuraren shakatawa na yawon bude ido na Cabo San Lucas da San José del Cabo. Babban birninta da babban birninta shine La Paz .

## Magana
 

Bature na farko da aka sani da ya sauka a Baja California shi ne wani jirgin ruwa na 'yan tawaye mai suna Fortún Ximénez, wanda ya kashe kyaftin dinsa kuma daya daga cikin wakilan Hernán Cortés, Diego de Becerra [es] a cikin barcinsa, yayin da ya jagoranci tawaye kuma ya lalata dukkan aikin.  Ximénez da ma'aikatan jirgin da har yanzu suke cikin tuƙi sun lalata jirgin ruwa a cikin tekun kuma sun yi adawa da Indiyawa saboda tattara manyan lu'ulu'u da suke yi kuma masu bincike suna so su yi wa matan fyade.  Wannan ya fara fada da Indiyawa kuma an kashe Ximénez.  Masu jiragen ruwa na Mutanen Espanya da suka tsira sun janye zuwa gaɓar teku kuma suka yi tafiya ba tare da izini ba na kwanaki da yawa har sai da suka isa gaɓar Jalisco na yau, inda suka ci karo da wani mai suna Nuño de Guzmán, wanda da kansa ba ya son Cortés, kuma ya nemi jirgin kuma ya kama su fursunoni suna ba da rahoton kuskuren cewa yankin Turai shine farkon yankin.  Bayan ƙoƙari uku da Hernán Cortés ya yi don yin mulkin mallaka a yankin don Spain, ya haɗa da manufa guda ɗaya da kansa ya umarta, wanda kuma da kansa ba ya son Cortés da marubucin lokacin da aka ambata a matsayin "Alarcón", ya fara kiran yankin a matsayin "California", wani tsibiri mai ban mamaki da aka bayyana a cikin sanannen labari na lokacin Las Sergas de Esplandián a matsayin abin ba'a ga sunan da aka yi amfani da shi na Cortés na California.  tsibiri tare da yankunan da a yanzu ake kira jihar California da kuma wani yanki na jihar Arizona a Amurka..

A cikin 1888, don gudanar da hakar ma'adinai a yankin, gwamnatin tarayya a ƙarƙashin Porfirio Diaz ta raba tsibirin a arewa da kudu, ta kirkiro yankin tarayya mai suna El Territorio Sur de Baja California (Spanish: South Territory of Lower California) kuma yankin ya zama jiha a ranar 8 ga Oktoba 1974, mai suna bayan tsibirin da aka samo shi, Baja (Lower) California, tare da kalmar "Sur" ma'anar "kudu".

## Tarihi

Masanin binciken kayan tarihi na Japan Harumi Fujita, wanda ke tono yankin Cape tun 1985, yana da ragowar carbon daga Babisuri Shelter a kan Isla Espíritu Santo zuwa shekaru 40,000 da suka gabata, yana sanya kwanan wata na farko a cikin zamanin Archaic, kodayake yawancin ragowar sun nuna cewa 'yan asalin sun kasance suna zaune a yankin daga tsakanin shekaru 10,000 zuwa 21,000 da suka gabata. Ana samun shaidar mazaunin ɗan adam na farko a cikin dutse na asali da zane-zanen kogo wanda ya fara daga 1700 KZ, wanda aka kirkira ta hanyar farauta da tara al'ummomin da ke zaune a cikin mafaka na dutse. Jihar tana ɗaya daga cikin yankuna biyar a duniya tare da mahimman zane-zanen kogo. Wadannan zane-zane suna da salon da za a iya ganewa kuma suna kan sikelin mai girma tare da wasu adadi masu tsayi kamar mita 4 (13 . Yawancin dabbobi an fentin su a cikin silhouette kuma an nuna su a cikin motsi, sau da yawa mutane suna farautar su. Shafin da aka fi sani da shi shine Babban Mural Rock Art, wanda ya kasance daga 1700 KZ, wanda ke arewacin jihar. Sauran mahimman shafuka sun haɗa da Cueva de Palma, San Gregorio, Santa Teresa, Guadalupe, San Francisco, Cabo Pulmo, Santiago da San Borjita. Mafi mahimmancin maida hankali suna cikin yanki na murabba'in kilomita goma sha biyu a arewacin jihar, wanda ke tsakiyar Sierra de San Francisco. A shafukan da ke kusa da Comondú, Las Palmas da Cocheros, akwai kuma arrowheads, kayan aiki da petroglyphs. Las Palmas ya ƙunshi jana'izar ƙasusuwan ɗan adam da aka fentin da ja ochre.

Lokacin da Mutanen Espanya suka isa, akwai manyan kabilun guda huɗu: Pericúes a kudu tsakanin Cabo San Lucas da La Paz, Guaycuras a yankin arewacin Pericú zuwa Loreto, Monquis kusa da Loreto da Cochimí a tsakiyar tsibirin. Dukansu mafarauta ne / masu tarawa ba tare da noma ko aikin ƙarfe ba, amma sun samar da tukwane. Sun kuma kama kifi, amma Pericúes ne kawai ke da rafts.

### Zamanin mulkin mallaka
Taswirar Mutanen Espanya ta La Paz a cikin 1632 wanda kyaftin din Mutanen Espanya Nicolás de Cardona ya rubuta bayan tafiyarsa ta 1614Tsohon ƙarni na 18 na Cathedral na La Paz, Baja California SurCocin La Paz, Baja California ta Kudu

Mutanen Espanya na farko a yankin an yi imanin cewa Fortún Ximénez ne, wanda ya isa a shekara ta 1533. Shi da ma'aikatansa ba su zauna na dogon lokaci ba saboda sun kwashe lu'ulu'u na yankin kuma sun wulakanta mata, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali tare da 'yan asalin, wadanda suka kashe Ximénez. Sauran ma'aikatan sun koma Birnin Mexico tare da lu'ulu'u da labarun wadata.

A shekara ta 1535, Hernán Cortés ya shiga cikin Tekun California, wanda ya kira *Tekun Cortés* . Ya sauka a cikin abin da ke yanzu bayin La Paz, wanda ya ba shi suna Santa Cruz Port and Valley. Ana yin bikin wannan taron a La Paz a matsayin kafa ta. Koyaya, bai kasance ba.

Duk da bincike daban-daban, nesa da yankin ya hana kokarin mulkin mallaka har zuwa karni na 17. A shekara ta 1697, mishan na Jesuit Juan María de Salvatierra ya kafa Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó Mission, na farko na dindindin na irin sa a Baja California Sur. Daga can umarnin ya bazu ta mafi yawan jihar ta yanzu, ya kafa manufofi goma sha shida a yankin jihar ta yanzu don aiki tsakanin mutanen Pericú, Guaycura da Cochimí.

A cikin karni na 18, ƙarin masu mulkin mallaka sun isa, suna kawo cututtukan da suka haifar da raguwar yawan 'yan asalin ƙasar.

A shekara ta 1768, an kori Jesuits daga New Spain kuma Franciscans sun karɓi aikin, suna ci gaba da fadada arewa. A shekara ta 1773 Dominicans sun maye gurbin su. Yawancin waɗannan majami'u na manufa har yanzu suna nan, gami da Ofishin Jakadancin Loreto, Cocin La Paz, Ofishin Jakadun San José del Cabo da Ofishin Jakadancin San Javier . 

### Karni na 19

Tasirin manufofi ya ragu a farkon karni na sha tara, tare da mafi yawan rufewa. Koyaya, yawancin wuraren aikin ya zama cibiyoyin ayyukan kiwo da wasu noma. Ba tare da kariya daga 'yan majami'a ba, da kuma rashin ikon gwamnati, 'yan asalin wannan lokacin sun yi wa manoma cin zarafi.

A farkon karni na 19, Baja California ta kasu kashi huɗu, Loreto, San José del Cabo, San Pedro Mártir da Santa Gertrudis . 

Keɓewar kudancin tsibirin ya hana shi daga fada a lokacin Yakin Independence na Mexico . Kodayake wannan yaƙin ya ƙare a 1821, nesa da yankin ya ba Mutanen Espanya damar kula da kudancin tsibirin har zuwa 1822. Bayan haka, Guadalupe Victoria da gwamnan José María Echendía sun raba shi zuwa kananan hukumomi huɗu.

Loreto ita ce asalin babban birnin tsibirin amma lalacewar garin ta hanyar ruwan sama mai yawa a cikin 1828 ya tilasta wa gwamnati ta fara komawa San Antonio, wurin haihuwar mataimakin Antonio Cota, kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa ta La Paz, inda ya ba da shawarar fassara ayyuka, ya koma nan bayan watanni wanda ya kasance babban birnin tun daga lokacin, ya kammala ayyukan har zuwa 1830.

Amurka ta mamaye tsibirin a lokacin Yakin Mexican-Amurka kuma tana son shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Yarjejeniyar Guadalupe Hidalgo, amma gwamnatin Mexico ta yi nasarar riƙe iko da yankin. A shekara ta 1853, William Walker da wasu Amurkawa 45 An kama La Paz. Koyaya, saboda rashin goyon bayan hukuma na Amurka sojojin Mexico sun kore su da sauri.

A lokacin Yaƙin Gyara-gyare, sojojin Liberal a karkashin Janar Manuel Marquez de Leon da sauransu sun kama La Paz. Sojojin Faransa sun mamaye kasar don tallafawa manufar Conservative, kuma Gwamna Felix Gilbert ya amince da Sarkin sarakuna Maximilian. Koyaya, sojojin Mexico a ƙarƙashin Benito Juarez sun tilasta Faransanci, tare da Coronel Clodomiro Cota, sun sake kwace tsibirin daga Faransanci.

Rarraba tsibirin zuwa arewa da kudu ya faru ne a cikin 1888 ta gwamnatin tarayya a karkashin Porfirio Diaz . 

### Karni na 20 zuwa yanzu
A lokacin mulkin Porfirio Diaz (1876 zuwa 1910), gwamnatin Mexico ta gayyaci kamfanonin kasashen waje su shiga kasar don bunkasa ta. A Baja California, waɗannan sun haɗa da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai ciki har da babban ma'adinin Faransa da ake kira El Boleo (kusa da Santa Rosalia) da kuma kafa hanyoyin teku. Wannan shugaban kuma ya raba tsibirin zuwa kashi biyu, kowannensu yana da nasa gwamnati amma rabin kudancin ba a matsayin jiha ba, yana kiran yankin El Territorio Sur de Baja California (Spanish: South Territory of Lower California). 

Kudancin tsibirin bai shiga cikin Juyin Juya Halin Mexico ba har sai bayan kisan Francisco I. Madero, lokacin da aka shirya sojoji don adawa da Victoriano Huerta, magajinsa a karkashin Félix Ortega . Wadannan dakarun sun kayar da sojojin tarayya a shekara ta 1914 kuma sun karbe La Paz.

Daga ƙarshen juyin juya halin Mexico zuwa 1974, yankin yana da gwamnoni goma da gwamnatin tarayya ta nada. An ci gaba da rarraba tsibirin a cikin 1931, tare da babbar hanyar da ta kara tsawonta a wannan shekarar. Ci gaban ababen more rayuwa ya kasance fifiko ga yankin, tare da kafa makarantu ciki har da kwalejin malamai na farko a 1942, da ayyukan samar da ruwa da wutar lantarki.

Yankin kudancin ya zama jiha a ranar 8 ga Oktoba 1974, tare da kananan hukumomi uku: La Paz, Comondú da Mulegé . An sassaƙa wasu biyu tun daga lokacin, Los Cabos (1981) da Loreto (1992).

## Yanayin ƙasa

Jihar tana kan wani karamin tsibiri wanda ya rabu da babban yankin kimanin shekaru miliyan biyu da suka gabata saboda aikin tectonic. Yankin da farko tsaunuka ne ko tsaunuka da filayen bakin teku. Duwatsun suna daidai da bakin teku kuma suna da dutsen dutse. Sunan yankin na babban tsaunuka shine Sierra de la Giganta kuma mafi girman tudu shine Sierra de La Laguna a 2080m sama da matakin teku. Filayen bakin teku suna da faɗi sosai a gefen Pacific, matsakaicin kusan kilomita 40, tare da filayen da suka fi faɗi kamar na Santa Clara, Berrendo da Magdalena y Hiray. Wadannan yankuna sun mamaye dutse mai laushi, musamman dutse mai zurfi na asalin ruwa.&nbsp;

An raba jihar zuwa yankuna biyar: Tsakiyar Tsakiya, La Serranía, Vizcaíno Desert, Magdalena Plains da Los Cabos . Tsakiyar hamada tana da tsire-tsire na hamada, tare da ciyayi da ke fitowa a lokacin gajeren ruwan sama da ba daidai ba. La Serranía ita ce tsaunuka masu tsawo tare da manyan bishiyoyi, wasu nau'o'in suna da daraja a kasuwanci. Yankin Vizcaíno yana gudana a bakin tekun Pacific a kusa da tafkin Ojo de Liebre da San Ignacio; ya ƙunshi ƙananan tsaunuka kamar San Francisco, San Alberto, Las Tinajas de Murillo da El Serrucho, tare da El Azufre da Las Vírgenes volcanos. Filayen Magdalena babban yanki ne mai laushi kusa da gabar tekun Pacific, kuma yankin Los Cabos ya bambanta da yanayin microclimates wanda aka ƙaddara ta hanyar canjin yanayin ƙasa a yankin da yanayin ruwan sama.

Yanayin jihar ya bushe, tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara na 18-22 ° C da matsakaitan ruwan sama na shekara- shekara-sheko na kasa da 200mm. Ƙananan tsaunuka sune mafi bushewa da zafi, tare da yanayin zafi na rana sama da 40 ° C; yanayin zafi na hunturu na iya fada ƙasa da daskarewa. Baya ga yanayin hamada shine yankin Los Cabos, wanda aka rarraba a matsayin mai tsaka-tsaki saboda aikin guguwar Pacific da ke shafar yankin. A lokacin bazara, iskõki masu yawa suna daga yamma kuma a lokacin rani daga kudu da kudu maso yamma. A cikin fall, suna daga arewa maso yamma kuma a cikin hunturu daga arewa da arewa maso yamma.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Yawancin ruwan da ke saman yana cikin nau'ikan raƙuman ruwa na yanayi, waɗanda ke gudana da sauri kuma suna aiki ne kawai a lokacin guguwa. Yawancin waɗannan suna gudana cikin Tekun Pacific, tare da adadi yana gudana kudu zuwa Bahía de Ballenas . 

Babban fasalin yanayin ƙasa na jihar shine bakin teku, wanda ya kai kilomita 2230, wanda ya sa ta kasance mafi tsayi a Mexico tare da kashi 22% na jimillar.  Hakanan yana da mafi yawan tsibiran, galibi a cikin Gulf of California.  Akwai uku a cikin Pacific, Natividad, Magdalena da Santa Margarita (mafi girma).  A cikin Gulf of California, sun haɗa da San Marcos, Coronados, Carmen, Montserrat, Santa Catalina, Santa Cruz, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, Partida, Espiritu Santo da Cerralvo.  Manyan bays sun haɗa da Sebastian Vizcaino, Magdalena, La Paz, Asunción, Ballnas, Concepcion da San Carlos.  Estuaries da lagoons ciki har da waɗanda ke Puerto Escondido, Nopoló, Balandra da kuma San José estuary a Cabo Colorado, San Ignacio Lagoon da Ojo de Liebre.  &nbsp;

Tsarin muhalli a nan an dauke shi kwanan nan ya samo asali ne tare da nau'o'in halittu da yawa. Ƙananan tsaunuka sun mamaye hamada da tsire-tsire masu bushewa. Wannan ya haɗa da nau'in cactus mafi girma a duniya, cardon cactus, wanda zai iya kaiwa tsawo na 15m. Sauran nau'ikan shuke-shuke sun haɗa da mesquite, chironola, lechuguilla, nopal da ganga cactus, choyas, paloadan da pitahaya. Mafi girman tsaunuka suna da gandun daji na pine da holm oak tare da wasu gandun daji masu laushi, tare da ganye da ke fadowa a lokacin fari, gabaɗaya ba su da tsayi fiye da mita goma sha biyar. Dabbobin daji a yankunan hamada an ƙuntata su ga tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu rarrafe da ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa kamar rabbits da coyotes. Tsaunuka masu tsawo tare da karin ciyayi na iya samun tumakin daji, pumas da sauran cats na daji, raccoons, deer, da foxes. Dabbobi na ruwa sun hada da whales, seals, dolphins, gray whales, manta rays da turtles na teku.  

Baja California Sur tana da mafi girman yanki mai kariya a Mexico, 38.3% na jihar a cikin yankuna 10 masu kariya na hukuma: Bahía de Loreto National Park (510,472.2 acres), Cabo Pulmo National Park (17'570 acres), Espíritu Santo Archipelago National Park (120,228.70 acres), El Vizcaíno Biosphere Reserve (6,293,255.76 acres), Ojo de Liebre Lagoon Bioshere Reserve (196,026.15 acres), Sierra de la Laguna Biosphere reserve (277,838.05 acres), Balandra and Fauna Protection Area of Flora (6,09 acres). Har ila yau, tsibirai da ke cikin bakin tekun Baja California Sur a kan Tekun Pacific da Tekun California ana kiyaye su a ƙarƙashin Tsibirin Pacific na Baja California Peninsula Biosphere Reserve tare da Baja California, da Tsibirin Gulf of California Protection Area of Flora and Fauna, wanda ke da alaƙa da jihohin Baja California.

Kashi 59% na yawan jama'ar jihar sune mestizos, kashi 40% fari ne, kuma kashi 1% 'yan asalin ne. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010, kashi 86% na yawan jama'a suna zaune a cikin birane. Dangane da kididdigar 2020, kashi 3.3% na yawan mutanen Baja California Sur da aka gano a matsayin Black, Afro-Mexican, ko na asalin Afirka.

### Manyan birane
 
Matsakaicin shekarun makaranta ga waɗanda suka wuce shekaru 15 shine 9.6, sama da matsakaicin ƙasa na 8.9. Yana da ƙarancin jahilci na 3%, ƙasa da na ƙasar (6.1%).  Cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma sun hada da:

* Jami'ar Baja California ta Kudu mai cin gashin kanta (Jami'ar Baya California ta Kudu, UABCS) 
* Cibiyar Fasaha ta La Paz (ITLP) 
* Cibiyar Binciken Halitta ta Arewa maso Yamma (CIBNOR) 
* Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Ruwa (CICIMAR) 
* Jami'ar Koyarwa ta Kasa (UPN) 
* Jami'ar Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya (UNIPAZ) 
* Cibiyar Fasaha ta Nazarin Sama ta Los Cabos (ITES) 
* Cibiyar Fasaha ta Cibiyar Tsarin Mulki (ITSCC) 
* Cibiyar Fasaha ta Mulegé (ITESME) 

## Gwamnati da siyasa

### Rarrabawar siyasa
Jihar ita ce yankin kudancin Baja California Peninsula, dake arewa maso yammacin Mexico, wani yanki na babban yankin California na Arewacin Amurka.  Tare da yanki mai girman kilomita 73,909 km2, yana da kusan kilomita 750 kuma yana da faɗin kusan kilomita 100..&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

An raba jihar zuwa kananan hukumomi biyar.  Comonú yana tsakiyar jihar tare da wurin zama a Ciudad Constitución.  Tana iyaka da gundumomin Mulegé, Loreto da La Paz tare da Tekun Fasifik zuwa yamma.[1]  Mulegé yana arewacin jihar tare da babban birninta a Santa Rosalía, tare da wasu mahimman cibiyoyin jama'a guda biyu a Guerrero Negro da Mulegé.  Tana iyaka da gundumomin Comondu da Loreto tare da Baja California zuwa arewa, Tekun Pasifik zuwa yamma da Gulf of California a gabas.  Yana da kusan kashi 45% na yankin jihar.] Municipality na La Paz yana kudancin jihar.  Ita ce karamar hukuma ta biyu mafi girma, tana lissafin sama da kashi 27% na yankin jihar.  Yana iyaka da gundumomin Comondu da Los Cabos kuma ya tashi daga Tekun Fasifik zuwa Tekun California.[3]  Gundumar Los Cabos tana kan iyakar kudancin jihar, tare da wurin zama a San José del Cabo, kuma birni mafi yawan jama'a shine Cabo San Lucas.  Gundumar tana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman wuraren yawon buɗe ido a Mexico.  Gundumar tana iyaka da na La Paz zuwa arewa, tare da sauran ta hanyar Tekun Pasifik da Gulf of California.[4]  Gundumar Loreto tana tsakiyar jihar ne, tare da birnin Loreto a matsayin wurin zama.  Tana iyaka da gundumomin Mulegé da Comondu tare da Gulf of California zuwa gabas..

### Dangantaka da kasashen waje
Baja California Sur memba ne na Hukumar Californias, wani taro na bangarori uku don hadin kai tsakanin jihar California ta Amurka da jihohin Mexico na Baja California da Baja California Sud . 

A al'adance ya dogara ne da yawon bude ido, kamun kifi na wasanni, samar da gishiri, da hakar ma'adinai, a cikin 2012 GDP na jihar ya kai 0.73% kawai na GDP na kasar, amma ya karu da 3.13% idan aka kwatanta da shekarar da ta gabata. A cikin 2013, wannan ci gaban ya karu zuwa 7.8%. Rashin aikin yi a shekarar 2013 ya kasance 5.1% tare da aiki da ke motsawa daga noma da kamun kifi zuwa hakar ma'adinai da masana'antu (har zuwa 19.9%) da kasuwanci (har zuwa 4.9%).  A yau, noma, kamun kifi da gandun daji suna da asusun kawai 3.89% na GDP na jihar. Dabbobi na kasuwanci sun haɗa da tuna, sardines, anchovies, clams, snails, oysters, shark, lobsters, abalone, shrimp, da crabs, waɗanda ake siyarwa a cikin ƙasa da ƙasa. Kasuwancin kamun kifi yana girbi lobster, shrimp, tuna, abalone, da clams. Manyan amfanin gona sun hada da wake, sorghum, tumatir, alfalfa, alkama, masara da kuma kore chili peppers. Dabbobi sun hada da aladu, shanu, awaki da kaji.

Ma'adinai, gine-gine da kayan aiki sun kai kashi 26.61%. Ma'adinai sun hada da gyare-gyare (musamman a tsibirin San Marcos), dutse mai laushi (a cikin Todos los Santos), phosphorus (a cikin San Juan de La Costa da Adolfo LópezMateos, Comondú), jan ƙarfe (a cikin Santa Rosalía), zinariya da azurfa (a cikin Triunfo-San Antonio mine), Manganese (a cikin Sant Rosalia da Punta Concepción Bay) da chrome (a cikin bays na San SebastiánVizcaíno da Magdalena). Akwai wasu ma'adanai da ba a riga an haƙa su ba kamar titanium, tungsten, da cobalt. Akwai yiwuwar hydrocarbons na waje. Har ila yau, jihar tana samar da gishiri na 99.7% mai tsabta, galibi a yankin da ke kusa da Guerrero Negro. Akwai manyan wuraren shakatawa na masana'antu / fasaha guda biyu: Parque Tecnológico BioHelis da Parque Industrial La Paz Sur .  Ana iya samun kayan aikin hannu na gargajiya a ko'ina cikin jihar kuma sun haɗa da kayan da aka yi da kwarangwal, palo chino, choya da cardon cactus. Ana yin kwando da sauran abubuwa daga ganyen dabino musamman a cikin Triunfo Los Planes da Sierra de los Dolores da kuma tarun kamun kifi. Wani muhimmin sana'a shine aikin fata, musamman yin kayan aiki don hawa doki kamar su saddles, holsters da chaps tare da bel da ɗaukar jaka. Bugu da kari, ana canza ƙarfe zuwa nau'ikan wuƙaƙe daban-daban.

Kasuwanci da ayyuka suna da kashi 69.5% na GDP. La Paz ta kasance ta 31 a Mexico ta Bankin Duniya da Kamfanin Kudi na Duniya cikin sauƙin yin kasuwanci kuma ta 23 a matsayin wurin buɗe kasuwanci. Manyan ayyukan wannan nau'in sun haɗa da otal da sabis na abinci (16.43%) da tallace-tallace na gidaje da haya (10.67%), wanda tare da sauran ayyukan (17.65%) ya kai 58.37% na jimlar GDP.

Babban bangare na tattalin arziki shine yawon bude ido, tare da albarkatun kasa da yawa da suka dace da wannan dalili, kamar su grey whales da ke zuwa yankin don haifuwa da kuma dutsen dutse na halitta a Land's End ana daukar hoto akai-akai. Abubuwan jan hankali na yawon bude ido sun kasu kashi uku: arewa (Guerrero Negro zuwa Ciudad Constitución), tsakiya (La Paz zuwa Todos Santos), da kudu (Los Barriles zuwa Cabo San Lucas).  Akwai manyan wuraren shakatawa guda biyu, Cabo San Lucas da San José del Cabo, duka biyu a kudancin tsibirin. Hanyar da aka sani da Corridor ta haɗa garuruwan biyu. Sauran abubuwan jan hankali sun haɗa da kamun kifi mai zurfi, golf, wasan tennis, babur, nutsewa da snorkeling, tare da iska a Medano Beach da kuma hawan igiyar ruwa a Todos Santos, Pescadero East Cape da Scorpion Bay.

Sauran muhimman ayyuka sun haɗa da kamun kifi da kiwon kifi, samar da makamashi, hakar ma'adinai da gishiri, samar da fina-finai, fasahar bayanai da sadarwa, da fasahar biotechnology. 'Ya'yan itace na cikin gida sun haɗa da kwanakin, kore papaya a cikin syrup, tare da guavas da pitahaya. Santa Rosalia an san ta da samar da burodi.

Uku daga cikin al'adun 'yan asalin sun kasance, Cochimí, Guaycura da Pericú. Sau da yawa ana buga kiɗa na gargajiya ta hanyar trios da ke wasa da accordion da katako biyu a cikin ƙungiyoyi da ake kira "cochi", a cikin salon kamar corridos, waltzes, polkas da Mazurkas tare da norteño. Tufafin gargajiya ga mata ya haɗa da jan skirt mai laushi wanda aka yi wa ado da tsire-tsire na gida, tare da fure mai fure. Ana ganin wannan sau da yawa a bukukuwan inda ake yin rawa na gargajiya kamar Las Pitahayas, El Conejo, El Apasionado, El Chaverán, La Yuca, La Cuera, Las Calabazas da El Tupé. Saboda tsawo bakin teku, yawancin abincin jihar ya dogara ne akan abincin teku, gami da nau'in da ba a ci a wasu sassan Mexico kamar manta rays. Oregon da ganye na gida da ake kira Damiana kayan yaji ne na yau da kullun. Hakanan ana amfani da ƙarshen a matsayin ɗanɗano don barasa na gida. Abinci na gargajiya sun haɗa da gurasa da soya, machaca kuma gabaɗaya tare da tortillas na gari.

A cikin ƙauyen kamun kifi wanda ya kasance batun binciken Siegelman, Haenn, da Basurto na binciken ƙabilanci, barkwanci / ƙarya, da ake kira mentiras (ma'anar barkwanci, ƙarya, zazzagewa, da dai sauransu dangane da mahallin), an yi amfani da su azaman kayan aikin zamantakewa don gina haɗin kai na rukuni, bambanta tsakanin masu ciki da waje, da kuma ƙarfafa ban sha'awa a cikin hakar albarkatun.  Wannan al'ada ce ta maza, mai alaƙa da machismo, wato takamaiman mutum- da mahallin mahallin.  An gano nau'i-nau'i guda uku na waɗannan barkwanci/karya: barkwanci tsakanin maza, wuce gona da iri game da nasarorin kamun kifi, da yaudarar cin riba yayin sayar da kifi.  Barkwancin da ke tsakanin mazaje shine labarun taƙama da barkwanci da ake amfani da su don ɗaukaka kai da ban dariya.  Za a iya amfani da tsawaita juzu'in waɗannan barkwanci azaman gwaji na gaskiya, ana ci gaba har sai masu sauraro (masu) suka kama kuma ƙungiyar ta fara dariya.  Wannan ɗabi'a ta ƙarshe tana ƙarfafa alaƙa tsakanin masunta ta hanyar sarrafa iyakokin haɗawa.  Yin karin gishiri game da abubuwan da aka samu na kamun kifin karya ne maimakon barkwanci kuma ana amfani da su don kiyaye sunansu a matsayin masunta masu nasara.  Wannan abin yarda ne a cikin al'umma kuma har ma ana tsammanin daga takwarorinsu.  Haɗuwa da riba a lokacin siyar da kifin ya ƙunshi ma'auni don ƙarin riba lokacin da masu kamun kifi suka auna kama su da kuma fayyace adadin man fetur ko kwata-kwata da ake amfani da su don rage basussukan ga ma'abotansu a yunƙurin kashe abin da suke samu.  Masu saye suna sane da cewa jayayya da waɗannan ƙaryar wani bangare ne na tsari don haka galibi ana ganin su a matsayin marasa lahani.  Daya daga cikin dalilan wannan barkwanci/karya shine sadaukar da kai domin su ne hanyoyin yada rikice-rikice ciki har da na kamun kifi.  Rashin fahimtarsu yana ba da damar shiga tsakani na zamantakewar da ke damun su a yi wasa da su kuma ana iya amfani da barkwancinsu don rage tashin hankali..

## Alamar makamai
Alamar makamai tana jaddada alaƙar jihar da teku, gami da hotuna na kifi na azurfa, harsashi na azurffa da bango mai launin shudi. Wannan tare da babban kambi shine makamai na Lardin Las Californias, gami da Baja California Sur na zamani, Baja California, jihar California ta Amurka da kuma wani ɓangare na jihar Arizona.

* El Boleo
* Pascual Ortiz Rubio

## Bayani