open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Marie Magdelaine Mouron

**Marie Magdelaine Mouron**, wacce aka fi sani da *Picard,* *Saint-Michel* da *La Garenne* ( floruit 1696), sojan Faransa ce.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Marie Magdelaine Mouron ta girma kusa da Boulogne-sur-Mer, a matsayin 'yar wani mahauci wanda ya zama ɗan haya. Bayan sake auren mahaifinta, Mouron ta bar iyalinta a shekara ta 1690, ta yi aiki a rundunar sojojin Faransa tana ɓoye a matsayin namiji daga 1690 zuwa 1696.  

Ta yi aiki a rundunar Royal-Wallon da sunan Picard, amma an tilasta mata ta bar Sisteron . A ƙarƙashin sunan Saint-Michel, ta yi aiki a ƙarƙashin Duke of Noailles a Catalonia kuma ta shiga cikin Yaƙin Rosas a shekarar 1693 a lokacin Yaƙin Shekaru Tara tana ɓoye a matsayin namiji. [1] An fallasa jima'inta ta halitta bayan an tilasta mata neman kulawar likita saboda raunin da ta samu sakamakon faɗa da wani abokin aiki namiji. Lokacin da Duke na Noailles ya ji labarin haka, ya sanya ta ƙarƙashin kariyar matar wani jami'in harsasai daga baya ya tura ta zuwa Perpignan don a yi mata ilimi.

A watan Maris na shekarar 1696, ta shiga rundunar sojojin Biez mai suna La Garenne. A ranar 1 ga Mayu, ta bar rundunar bayan ta ɓoye kayanta. An kama ta yayin da take ƙoƙarin shiga wani rukunin sojoji kuma aka zarge ta da yin watsi da rundunar, inda aka rubuta labarinta. Hukuncin da aka saba yankewa na yin watsi da rundunar shine kisa, amma Mouron ya sami hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku.

Ana ɗaukar takardun shari'arta a matsayin wani muhimmin tarihi saboda dalilai da dama: yana ɗauke da wani lamari na wata mace 'yar asalin zamanin zamani ba tare da wani abin mamaki da ya shafi labaran irin waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru ba; yana kuma ɗauke da tarihin rayuwar wani sojan ƙafa na gama gari na sojojin Faransa ba tare da la'akari da jinsi ba, domin labaran sojojin ƙafa na Faransa na wannan zamanin ba kasafai ake samun su ba.

## Manazarta
Marie-Antoinette Lix

**Marie-Antoinette Lix** (31 ga Mayu 1839 &#x2013; 14 ga Janairu 1909) mace ce mai mulki kuma jarumar Faransa a cikin tawayen 1863-64 na Janairu da aka yi wa Rasha, wadda daga baya ta yi yaƙi a Yaƙin Franco-Prussian .

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Lix a Colmar, Haut-Rhin, Alsace, Faransa ga François-Antoine Lix da Françoise Schmitt . [1] Mahaifinta ya ba ta cikakken ilimin soja, wanda daga baya ya tura ta zuwa Sisters of Divine Providence a Ribeauvillé don ci gaba da ilimi. Bayan kammala karatunta a matsayin malama, ta zama mai kula da Iyalin Łubieński, dangin Poland mai daraja a Szyce . Ta shiga cikin tayar da kayar baya na Poland a kan Rasha a 1863, ta yi ado kamar mutum, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai aikawa a gefen 'yan tawayen Poland, amma Rasha ta kama ta sannan ta sake ta.[2] Ta koma Faransa a 1866. [3]

Bayan Yaƙin Sedan (1870) a cikin yakin Franco-Prussian, Lix ya shiga Sojojin Faransa a karkashin Janar Pierre de Failly . Ta kasance mai harbi a Lamarche a matsayin mataimaki kafin ta shiga sojojin Janar Albert Cambriels. Ta shiga cikin kare Vosges da birnin Langres, kuma ta bambanta kanta a lokacin Yaƙin Nompatelize a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1870. 

Ta mutu a shekara ta 1909 a Saint-Nicolas-de-Port, Meurthe-et-Moselle . A cikin 1910, ƙungiyar mata ta Strasbourg da Colmar sun ba da takobi na azurfa don girmama ta ga Musée de l'Armée a Paris . 

## Manazarta
Eunice Kazembe

**Eunice Kazembe** (1952 – 28 Oktoba 2013)  'yar siyasa ce 'yar ƙasar Malawi wacce aka naɗa ta Ministar Masana'antu da Ciniki a majalisar ministocin Malawi a shekarar 2009.  A ranar 26 ga watan Afrilu 2012 Shugaba Joyce Banda ta naɗa sabuwar majalisar ministocinta kuma Kazembe ta zama ministar ilimi. 

## Rayuwa
An haifi Kazembe a shekarar 1952.  Ta sami digirin farko a fannin kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Carleton, Ottawa, da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Indiana.  Ta kasance Babbar Manaja na Kamfanin Ci gaban Noma da Talla (Malawi), kuma Jakadiyar Malawi a Jamhuriyar China (Taiwan). Kazembe ta kasance Babbar Mai Ba da Shawara ga Shugaban K5asa kan Ci gaban Birane daga shekarun 2005 zuwa 2009, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Ciniki da Masana'antu, da kuma Ministar Ma'adanai, Makamashi da Albarkatun Ƙasa.  Ita amintacciyar kuma wacce ta kafa Chisomo Children's Club. 

An zaɓi Kazembe a matsayin 'yar majalisa mai wakiltar Chiradzulu ta Kudu a watan Mayun 2009, inda ta tsaya a kan dandamalin Jam'iyyar Democrat Progressive Party (DPP).  An naɗa ta Ministar Masana'antu da Kasuwanci a majalisar ministocin da ta fara aiki a ranar 15 ga Yunin 2009.  Ta ci gaba da riƙe wannan muƙamin a majalisar ministocin da aka sanar a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta 2010. 

## Manazarta
Anne Mackintosh

**Anne Mackintosh** (1723 &#x2013; 1787) shugabar Jacobite ce ta Scotland, wacce 'yar Shugaban Kabilar Farquharson ce kuma matar Angus Mackintosh, Shugaban Kabilar Mackintosh . Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙalilan (a bayyane) shugabannin sojoji mata a lokacin hawan Jacobite na 1745 kuma mace ta farko da ta riƙe muƙamin Kanar a Scotland.  

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haife ta **Anne Farquharson** a Invercauld Castle, Aberdeenshire a cikin 1723,  ita ce 'yar John Farquhar son na Invercault, shugaban dangin Farquharsen, da matarsa ta uku Margaret Murray . Mahaifiyarta 'yar Lord James Murray ce ta Dowally kuma ta haka ne jikokin Marquis na Atholl kuma dan uwan Lord George Murray. Iyalinta masu goyon bayan Jacobite ne. A kusa da shekara ta 1741 ta auri Angus (ko Aeneas) Mackintosh, shugaban dangin Mackintosh.

## Jacobite tashi a shekara ta 1745

A farkon shekara ta 1744, an ba Angus Mackintosh daya daga cikin sabbin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu guda uku da John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun ya tashe su don tallafawa Gwamnatin Burtaniya-Hanoverian. A lokacin tashin hankali na Jacobite na 1745, kamfanin Angus ya yi yaƙi a cikin Black Watch .

Lokacin da Yarima Charles Edward Stuart ya sauka a Scotland a shekara ta 1745, Anne Mackintosh, mai shekaru 22, ta haifi maza 200 zuwa 400 daga dangin Mackintosh da ƙungiyar dangin Chattan don Yarima. Kamar yadda mata ba za su iya yin umurni a fagen ba, an sanya rundunar a ƙarƙashin umurnin Alexander MacGillivray shugaban dangin MacGillivreay, memba na ƙungiyar dangin. Rundunar 'Colonel' Anne ta shiga rundunar Yarima a Bannockburn, kusa da Stirling Castle, a watan Janairun shekara ta 1746, kwana goma sha biyu kafin Yaƙin Falkirk Muir .

Wata daya bayan haka Yarima yana zaune a Moy Hall, gidan Mackintosh. Ta sami saƙo daga surukarta cewa 1,500 daga cikin Highlanders na Loudon, gami da kamfanin mijinta da ke da nisan kilomita 8-12 a Inverness, suna shirin kai hari na dare a kan Moy Hall don kwace Yarima (kuma suna da'awar kyautar £ 30,000). Mackintosh ta tura ma'aikatanta biyar tare da bindigogi don su fadi kuma su yi ihu da kuka na yaƙi na dangi don yaudarar sojojin Gwamnati suyi tunanin cewa suna gab da fuskantar dukan sojojin Jacobite. Wannan makircin ya yi aiki kuma sojojin gwamnati sun gudu. An san taron da "rashin nasara na Moy".  

A watan da ya biyo baya sojojin Jacobite sun kama mijin Mackintosh da mutane 300 na Loudon a arewacin Inverness. Yarima ya ba da izini ga Kyaftin Mackintosh a hannun matarsa, yana mai cewa "ba zai iya kasancewa cikin tsaro mafi kyau ba, ko kuma a bi da shi da daraja". Ta sananne ne ya gaishe shi da kalmomin, "Bawanka, kyaftin" wanda ya amsa, "Baƙinka, kolonel" don haka ya ba ta laƙabi "Colonel Anne". Yarima da kansa ya kira ta "La Belle Rebelle" (kyakkyawan 'yan tawaye).[1][2]

## Manazarta
'Yan'uwa Tara Kherkheulidze

**<nowiki/>'Yan'uwa tara na Kherkheulidze** ( Georgian  ), tare da mahaifiyarsu da 'yar'uwarsu, an kashe su a Yaƙin Marabda a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1625.  Duk an keɓe su a matsayin shahidai. 

## Tarihi
A cikin 1625, Shah Abbas I na Daular Safavid ya aika da sojoji 60,000 zuwa lardunan gabashin Georgia, Kartli da Kakheti. Isa Khan Safavi ne ya jagoranci rundunar. Abokin hamayyarsu, sojojin Georgia, sun kai kimanin mayakan 20,000 kawai. An zaɓi 'yan uwan Kherkheulidze don kare ma'auni na yaƙi na Georgia, tutar da ke ɗauke da Cross of St. George, yayin alkawarin.

Duk da ƙarfin hali da sadaukarwarsu, Georgians sun rasa yakin. Kwamandojin su, da bishops na Rustavi da Kharchasho, an kashe su a cikin kisan. Dukkanin 'yan uwan Kherkheulidze guda tara sun mutu yayin da suke dauke da kare tutar Georgia.

Lokacin da ɗan'uwansa na ƙarshe da ƙarami ya faɗi, 'yar'uwarsu ta ɗauki tutar; bayan an kashe ta, mahaifiyar' yan uwan ta ɗauki tutar har zuwa mutuwarta. 'Yan uwan Kherkheulidze, tare da mahaifiyarsu, 'yar'uwarsu, da sauran shahidai 9,000 na Georgia na yakin Marabda, daga baya Cocin Orthodox na Georgia ya tsarkake su.[1][2]

An gina ɗakin sujada a kusa da filin yaƙi na Marabda . An kewaye shi da makabartar da ke dauke da kaburbura na sojojin Kirista da suka fadi.

## Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

Fayil:The_grave_of_st._9_brothers_Kherkheulidze.jpg|The grave of Nine Brothers Kherkheulidze with their mother and sister
Fayil:Church_in_Marabda.jpg|Church in Marabda, where are buried Nine Brothers Kherkheulidze with their mother and sister


## Dubi kuma

* Kherkheulidze
* An kashe 'Yan uwan Jugović guda tara a Yaƙin Kosovo

## Manazarta
Euphemia Leslie

**Euphemia Leslie** (1508–1570) firaministar Scotland ce. Ita ce firaministar Elcho Priory a Perth a shekarar 1526–1570.

## Rayuwa
Ita ce 'yar haramtacciyar firist na Katolika Walter Leslie kuma an ba ta izinin papal don zama prioress na Elcho a 1526, duk da haihuwarta, shekaru da kuma gaskiyar cewa Elcho ya riga ya sami prioress mai suna Elizabeth Swinton . A shekara ta 1527 Leslie ta ci Elcho tare da sojojin da ɗan'uwanta da daruruwan magoya bayanta suka goyi bayan. A cikin 1560, an gabatar da sake fasalin Scotland. A cikin wasiyyarta, ta shirya kudaden ritaya ga sauran nunanta. Wannan shine farkon nufin da aka adana na Scottish prioress.[1]

## Manazarta
Nene Hatun

**Nene Hatun** (1857 - 22 ga Mayu 1955), wacce aka yiwa lakabi da **Kırkgöz** bayan 1934,  jarumar al'ummar Turkiyya ce, wacce ta shahara da yaƙi da sojojin Rasha a lokacin da aka sake kwace Fort Aziziye da ke Erzurum daga sojojin Rasha a farkon Yaƙin Rasha da Turkiyya na 1877–1878 . 

## Tarihin Turkiyya
According to Turkish folklore, she had been living in a neighborhood of Erzurum called Aziziye that was close to an important fortification defending the city. On the night of 7 November 1877, Nene Hatun's older brother Hasan, who returned home badly wounded, died.  Fort Aziziye was captured by the Russian army on the evening of 9 November. In the morning when the news of the Russian capture of Fort of Aziziye was heard, she kissed her dead brother's head and took an oath to avenge his death. She left her newborn baby girl and 3 year old son, Yusuf, at home, joining the counterattack against Aziziye with her dead brother's rifle and her hatchet. The counter-attack was launched by Turkish civilians who were mostly women and elderly men armed with axes and farming equipment. Hundreds of Turkish civilians were killed by Russian gunfire&#x5B;**&#x5D; but their numbers were so overwhelming they managed to enter the fortifications by breaking down its iron doors. A hand-to-hand fight ended with around 2,000 Russian soldiers being killed and the rest routed. Nene Hatun was found unconscious, wounded and her bloodied hands still firmly grasping her hatchet. She was singled out for her heroism and would become a symbol of bravery.

## Rayuwa ta baya

Nene Hatun ta rayu sauran rayuwarta a Aziziye . Ta rasa mijinta a cikin shekaru masu zuwa kuma an kashe ɗanta Yusuf a yakin duniya na farko a lokacin yaƙin Gallipoli . A shekara ta 1954 an tuna da ita a matsayin wanda ya tsira na karshe na Yakin Russo-Turkiy na 1877-1878 kuma Janar Baransel, kwamandan sojojin Turkiyya na 3, ya ziyarce ta, kuma daga wannan lokacin har zuwa mutuwarta an san ta da "Uwar Sojoji na Uku". An kira ta "Uwar uwaye" a Ranar Uwa a shekarar 1955. Ta mutu daga cutar huhu a ranar 22 ga Mayu 1955 tana da shekaru 98 kuma an kwantar da ita a makabartar shahidai a Fort Aziziye . [1]

## Manazarta
Jeanne Merkus

**Jeanne Merkus** ( Batavia, 11 Oktoba 1839 &#x2013; Utrecht, 1 Fabrairu 1897), diaconess ce 'yar ƙasar Holland, soja mai yaƙi, kuma mai fafutukar siyasa. 

Ta kasance diakoniya mai ilimi kuma ta yi aiki a kula da waɗanda suka ji rauni a birnin Paris a lokacin Yaƙin Franco-Prussian .

Tsakanin 1873 da 1876, ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar 'yan tawayen Serbia ta Mićo Ljubibratić, tana shiga cikin yaƙin Daular Ottoman a Herzegovina, sanye da kayan soja maza kuma tana jagorantar sojoji a yaƙi. [1]

Ta yi aiki ta hanyar shirya rundunar kiwon lafiya ta sojoji a ɓangaren Serbia a lokacin Yaƙin Serbia da Turkiyya (1876-1878) . 

Ta shahara a jaridun duniya na zamani kuma ana kiranta da " Joan of Arc of the Balkans." 

## Manazarta
Roza Miletić

**Roza Miletić** (1934 - 22 ga Fabrairu 2021), wacce aka fi sani da **Teta Roza** tsohuwar jarumar Croatia ce a Yaƙin 'Yancin Kan Croatia da aka sani da kama tanki da matukin jirgin Yugoslavia.

An haifi Miletić a Rastoke kusa da Slunj. Mahaifiyarta ta bar ta, kuma 'yan Partisan Yugoslavia suka kashe mahaifinta yayin da take aiki a matsayin mai tsaron gida na Nazi a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Mijinta mashayi ne kuma yana da wahala ta renon 'ya'yanta shida. 

Lokacin da Yaƙin 'Yancin Kan Croatia ya ɓarke, 'yarta ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a asibitin Vukovar kuma an shigar da 'ya'yanta maza biyar cikin Rundunar Sojojin Croatia da ke warwatse a yankunan da ke kan iyakar Croatia. Roza ta kuma shiga Rundunar Sojojin Croatia jim kaɗan bayan fara yaƙin, a matsayin memba na rundunar sojojin Slunj ta 110 ta rundunar sojojin Karlovac, domin tana zaune a ƙauyen Kamenica a layin gaba. 

A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1991 ta kama wani Kanar na Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Yugoslavia, Stevan Janjanin. Janjanin ya fito daga jirginsa da aka harbo, kuma yayin da sojojin Croatia suka kusance shi, yana jin rauni kuma ba shi da makami, Roza Miletić ta shiga tsakani ta hanyar yi masa kallon fursunan yaƙi, wanda hakan ya ceci rayuwarsa. Daga baya ta ce mutuwar mahaifinta a lokacin yaƙi ne ya sa ta yi hakan. [1]

A wani lamari kuma, ayyukan Miletić sun ba da damar kama wani tankin Yugoslavia. Bayan ta kasa tunkarar tankin da harbin bindiga, ta sami wata babbar ganga ta buge ta, wanda hakan ya haifar da wata kara mai kama da harbin manyan bindigogi, wadda ta tsorata ma'aikatan tankin ta kuma sa su gudu. 

An yi wa Miletić ado sau biyu, da lambar yabo ta tunawa da Yaƙin Gida da lambar yabo ta shiga cikin aikin "Storm" . 

A shekara ta 2001, wata marubuciya 'yar ƙasar Croatia ta rubuta wani littafi game da abubuwan da suka faru da ita, mai taken *Žena koja je zarobila neprijateljski tenk* (Mace da ta kama tankin abokan gaba). 

Miletić ya mutu a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu 2021, yana da shekaru 87. 

## Manazarta
Vera Kamtukule

**Dr. Vera Kamtukule** marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Malawi, mai fafutuka kuma 'yar siyasa, wacce ta riƙe muƙamin minista a Majalisar Ministocin Malawi. An naɗa Kamtukule a matsayin Ministar Yawon Buɗe Ido a ranar 31 ga watan Janairu, 2023.  Kafin haka, Vera ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Kwadago tun daga ranar 26 ga watan Janairu, 2022  kuma a matsayin mataimakiyar Ministar Kwadago  bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Malawi na shekarar 2020. A shekarar 2021, Vera Kamtukule ta hau kan muƙaminta a matsayin Shugabar Sashen Aiki da Aiki na SADC. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Kamtukule a ranar 31 ga watan Disamba 1981 a garin Zingwangwa, Blantyre, yankin Kudu, Malawi. &#x5B; ** &#x5D; Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta Zingwangwa, kuma daga nan ta je yin karatun digirinta na farko a Jami'ar Malawi, Kwalejin Chancellor.

Daga baya ta je yin karatun digirin ta na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Dabaru a Jami'ar Derby, Birtaniya. Kamtukule tana da digirin difloma a fannin tallatawa da kuma difloma ta gaba a fannin kula da filaye.  Ta yi karatun digirin digirgir a fannin Ci gaban Al'umma Mai Sauyi a Jami'ar Mzuzu.

Ita ce babbar jami'ar gudanarwa ta Malawi Scotland Partnership  har zuwa lokacin da aka naɗa ta minista.

Kamtukele ta gabatar da sabuwar dokar yawon buɗe ido ta 2025 a watan Afrilu. Ta kafa Hukumar Yawon Buɗe Ido ta Malawi da Kwalejin Yawon Buɗe Ido ta Malawi kuma an ce ita ce mafi girman sauyi tun a shekarar 1968. 

## Wallafe-wallafe
A shekarar 2013, Kamtukule ta rubuta wani littafi mai suna "Supply and Bukatar Gidaje a Malawi"  wanda Lambert Academic Publishing ya buga. A shekarar 2020, ɗaya daga cikin littattafanta *Made to Bloom* ta lashe kyautar Marubutan Afirka.  Tun daga lokacin, Kamtukule ta buga wasu littattafai guda biyar, *More Than A Pastor's Wife*, *The Professional Woman*, *The Absolic Loss*, *41 Things That Evaluate Good Women* and *29 Things That Evaluate Good Men*. 

## Rayuwa
Vera Kamtukule mai jawabi ce mai ƙarfafa gwiwa, marubuciya, kuma mai koyar da rayuwa da shugabanci wadda ta ƙware kan ƙarfafa mata da 'yan mata. Tana amfani da dabaru na musamman don taimaka wa mutane wajen gano sha'awarsu da cimma burinsu. 

Kafin wannan, Kamtukule ita ce Shugabar Kamfanin Malawi Scotland Partnership (MaSP), wata hanyar sadarwa da ke sauƙaƙe da kuma tsara alaƙa tsakanin Malawi da Scotland. Ita ce mace mafi ƙanƙanta a majalisar ministoci, bayan Shugaba Lazarus Chakwera ya naɗa ta Mataimakiyar Ministan Kwadago a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli, 2020, duk da cewa ba ta kasance 'yar Majalisa ba. 

Vera ta kasance tana jagorantar ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta Malawi Scotland Partnership (MaSP) a matsayin babban jami'inta. An naɗa Vera a matsayin Ministar Aiki a ranar 26 ga watan Janairu, 2022, bayan da Shugaba Dr. Lazarus Chakwera ya rusa majalisar ministocinsa, duk da cewa ba ta kasance 'yar majalisa ba tukuna. Ita ce mace mafi ƙanƙanta a majalisar ministoci kuma ta kasance mataimakiyar Minista a wannan ma'aikatar tun daga ranar 8 ga Yuli, 2020. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Vera Kamtukule ta auri Edson Kamtukule, tare suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu. 

## Manazarta
Babban shafi na William

**William Main Page** (8 ga Oktoba 1869 - 1 ga Fabrairu 1940) lauya ne na Burtaniya kuma Esperantist.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi William Page a Landan. Ya tafi Lasswade a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin likitan kimiyya tare da kamfanin mai a cikin Lothians. Daga baya, ya shiga aikin lauya, kuma ya shiga kamfanin Cairns, McIntosh, & Morton. A lokacin mutuwarsa ya bar gwauruwa da ɗa ɗaya, Rev. W. H. D. Page, ministan Kirk a kan Green, Leslie.

## Ayyukan shari'a / na jama'a

* Babban abokin tarayya na kamfanin Cairns, McIntosh, & Morton, W.S., 31 Queen Street, Edinburgh a lokacin mutuwa.
* Mai ba da shawara a Babban Kotun Scotland 
* Mataimakin wakilin Czechoslovakia a gabashin Scotland.

## Addini
Page ya kasance sanannen mutum a cikin Ikilisiyar Scotland, kuma sanannen memba na Babban Taron. Da farko memba ne na Ikilisiyar Episcopal, ya zama Presbyterian, kuma ya kasance yana da alaƙa da Ikilisiyar Chalmers, West Port na shekaru da yawa. A cikin Babban Taron an dauke shi a matsayin mai iko a kan hymnology, kuma ya kasance sakatare na Bautar Jama'a da Taimako ga Kwamitin Addini. A matsayinsa na memba na kwamitin shiga na Ikklisiyoyin Presbyterian ya taka rawar gani a shirye-shiryen sake fasalin Hymnary na Ikklisiya wanda aka buga 'yan shekaru kafin 1940.

## Matsayi a cikin Esperanto
Page ya kasance Esperantist daga 1905 kuma ya rubuta labarai da yawa na mujallu kan batun Esperanto. Ya kasance:

* Sakataren Edinburgh Esperanto Society 1906-14 da shugaban kasa 1914-15 da 1920-21.
* Editan "Esperanto Monthly", 1914-19.
* An rubuta shi "Pitman's Commercial Esperanto", 1919.
* Editan "The British Esperantist" 1920.
* Mai ba da shawara ga Kwamitin Tsakiya na Duniya a 1923-26.
* Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai ta Duniya a Edinburgh a 1926.
* Shugaban kungiyar Esperanto ta Scotland a 1927.
* Mataimakin shugaban Ƙungiyar Esperanto ta Burtaniya.
* Babban mai haɗin gwiwa na Encyclopedia na Esperanto .

(Tushen, ban da ranar mutuwa: The Scotsman obituary  da Encyclopedia of Esperanto ) 

## Manazarta
Pelaghia Roșu

**Pelaghia Roșu** (1800 - 10 ga Yuni 1870) ta kasance mai juyin juya hali na Romania wadda ta shiga juyin juya halin Transylvania na 1848–1849. A watan Maris na 1849, ta jagoranci wata runduna ta mata don kare ƙauyenta.

An haife ta a Mărișel, wani ƙaramin ƙauye kusa da Cluj-Napoca . Mahaifinta, Ioan Dufle, yana koyar da gida, ta amfani da littattafan Romania, bayan haka ta tafi karatu na tsawon shekaru 3 a Budapest . Ta auri Ioan Roșu kuma tana da ɗa ɗaya, mai suna Indrei (Andrei), wanda daga baya ya yi yaƙi da sojojin Avram Iancu a lokacin juyin juya halin Transylvania.

## Manazarta

* Păcățian, Teodor V. - Cartea de aur sau luptele siyasa-naționale ale românilor de sub coroana ungară, juzu'i I, 2nd edition, Sibiu, Tipografia Iosif Marschall
* Șandor, Teodor - Mărișel și Fântânele, istorie vie, Făclia, ziar independent de Cluj, 11 ga Yuli 2008
Cezaro Rossetti

**Cezaro Rossetti** (1901 -8 Mayu 1950) marubucin Esperanto ne na Scotland.

Daga asalin Italiyanci-Switzerland, an haife shi a Glasgow kuma ya zauna a Burtaniya. Tare da ƙaramin ɗan'uwansa, Reto Rossetti, ya koyi Esperanto a 1928. Ya yi karatu a Bombay a matsayin manajan gidan abinci, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai dafa abinci, a takaice a matsayin mai siyarwa, sannan daga baya a matsayin mai sayarwa a baje kolin.

Littafin Cezaro Rossetti *[[Kredu min, sinjorino!]]*  (*Ku yi imani da ni, Ma'am!*), wanda aka rubuta a kan shawarar ɗan'uwansa kuma yana nuna wani ɓangare na abubuwan da ya faru a rayuwarsa, an fassara shi zuwa Hungarian, Jafananci, Polish, da Ingilishi. A cikin 2013 kungiyar Esperanto ta Milan ta shirya fassarar zuwa Italiyanci, wanda Tarayyar Esperanto ta Italiya ta buga.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Sashe na farko na wannan labarin ya dogara ne akan fassarar labarin da ya dace a cikin Esperanto Wikipedia, tare da ƙarin bayani daga shafin waje a esperanto.net da aka nuna a ƙasa.

## Haɗin waje

* Cezaro Rosetti a Faded Page  () 
* Takaitaccen tarihin rayuwa tare da hoto.  (a cikin Esperanto) 
* Ya zubar da jini. bita na 'yan uwan Rossetti da Baldur Ragnarsson ya yi, wanda aka buga a *[[Juna Amiko]]*.  (a cikin Esperanto)
Edward Anwyl

**Sir Edward Anwyl** (5 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1866 - 8 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1914) masanin kimiyya ne na Welsh, wanda ya kware a cikin yarukan Celtic.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Anwyl a Chester, Ingila, kuma ya yi karatu a Makarantar King's, Chester. Ya ci gaba da karatu a Kwalejin Oriel, Oxford, da Kwalejin Mansfield, Oxford, kuma ya kasance tare da kafa Cymdeithas Dafydd ap Gwilym.

A shekara ta 1892, ya zama Farfesa na Welsh a Jami'ar Wales, Aberystwyth, kuma daga baya aka nada shi Farfesa na Falsafa na Kwatanta. An ba shi lambar yabo a watan Yulin shekara ta 1911.

A shekara ta 1913, ya zama Shugaban sabuwar Kwalejin Horar da Monmouthshire a Caerleon. Ya kasance mai wa'azi kuma memba ne na Kwamitin tauhidin Jami'ar Wales da Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales . 

## Esperanto
Yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara Esperanto a Wales. Ya jagoranci sakin *Welsh Key of Esperanto* . Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar Esperanto ta Burtaniya (BEA), kuma a taron ƙungiyar Esperanto ta Kudu Wales, a ranar 11 ga Yuli, 1914 a Pontypridd, ya yi jawabi a bainar jama'a game da wannan harshe. A watan Janairun 1914, ya kuma jagoranci wani taron farfaganda a Pontypridd a lokacin ziyarar shugaban BEA zuwa Kudancin Wales.

## Manazarta
George Edward Luckman Gauntlett

**George Edward Luckman Gauntlett** (4 Disamba 1868 - 29 Yuli 1956) malamin Ingilishi ne kuma malami a Japan.&nbsp;

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi George Edward Luckman Gauntlett a ranar 4 ga Disamba 1868 a Swansea, Wales . Bayan kammala karatunsa na firamare a Pershore, a Worcestershire . Ya ci gaba zuwa Brighton Grammar School a matsayin mai shiga makarantar sakandare, kuma zuwa London inda ya shiga Kwalejin Kiɗa. An kuma ce ya yi karatun gine-gine, wutar lantarki, binciken, zane-zane, da sauransu.

Duk da rashin amincewar iyayensa, ya tafi Amurka yana da shekaru 20. Daga can ya tafi Kanada, inda ya shiga coci.

Ya tafi Japan a cikin 1890 ko 1891 a matsayin mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje na cocinsa na Kanada. Kafin ya bar Arewacin Amurka daga Seattle, ya sami aiki a Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Tokyo don ya biya aikin da ke jiran shi lokacin da ya iso. A Japan, ya koyar da Turanci a makarantu da yawa a yankin Tokyo (Tokyo Commercial College, Azabu Middle School, Chiba Middle School) kafin ya koma Okayama, inda ya koyar a Kwalejin Nr. 6. Yayinda yake a Okayama, Edward da surukinsa, Yamada Kosaku, sun gabatar da wasan tennis na tebur zuwa Japan. Akwai wani karamin gidan kayan gargajiya mai zaman kansa kusa da tashar jirgin kasa wanda ke tunawa da taron. Shekaru hudu bayan haka, ya ci gaba, a wannan lokacin zuwa Kanazawa, inda ya koyar da Turanci a Kwalejin Nr. 4. 

Bayan shekaru shida, ya je Yamaguchi, inda ya koyar a Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Yamaguchi (ya zauna a can na tsawon shekaru 8). Yayin da yake Yamaguchi, Edward ya fara binciken kogon dutse mai suna 'Shuhodo' a lardin Yamaguchi, Yammacin Japan a karon farko a shekarar 1911. A lokacin, kogon yana samun damar shiga ne kawai ta hanyar ramin halitta a cikin "rufin" don haka ya sa wasu ɗalibai su sauke shi a cikin kwando ta hanyar dogon igiya. Ya yi amfani da tocilan pine, ya zana taswirar tsarin kogo, sannan ya ba da rahoton bincikensa ga Royal Geographical Society a Birtaniya. Yayin da yake Amurka ya yi matukar sha'awar tsarin wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa a can, don haka ya roƙi hukumomi da su tallata yankin gaba ɗaya, kuma bayan shekaru da yawa an haskaka kogon gaba ɗaya kuma an samar da hanyar siminti, kuma Sarki a ziyararsa ta jiha ya sanya masa suna "Shuhodo". Akwai ƙaramin gidan tarihi a saman babban "zaure" wanda ake iya isa ta hanyar lif daga zauren ko ta mota ta hanyar da ke sama. A cikin gidan tarihi, akwai siffar Edward.

## Manazarta
Lyuba Kutincheva

**Lyuba Kutincheva** (Bulgarian; 15 ga Mayu 1910 - 20 ga Satumba 1998) matafiyi ne na Bulgarian kuma mai magana da harsuna da yawa wanda aka sani da magana da akalla harsuna bakwai. Ta yi tafiya kusan shekaru goma (1929-1938) a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Gabas ta Gabas, arewacin Afirka da Turai.

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Shekaru na farko
An haifi Kutincheva a Tarnovo a cikin Masarautar Bulgaria a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1910 a cikin dangin masu ilimi. Bayan 1913, iyalin sun zauna a Kudancin Dobruja, wanda a tarihi ya kasance wani ɓangare na Bulgaria amma Romania ce ke gudanar da shi a wannan lokacin. Yayinda take dalibi, ta shiga cikin Kungiyar Juyin Juya Halin Dobrujan ta Cikin Gida tare da mahaifinta, wanda kungiya ce ta kwaminisanci ta Bulgarians da aka sadaukar don 'yantar da yankinsu daga Romania.

Lyuba ta kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Faransa a Bucharest, Romania .  A wannan lokacin, ta zama mai magana mai ban sha'awa wanda ke jin daɗin ba da labaran yankin gidanta kuma yana rokon rabuwa da Romania. A cikin kamfanin wani daga iyalinta (mahaifinta  ko kawunta ) ta tafi Turkiyya, inda ta zagaya manyan birane don nishadantar da masu sauraro tare da labarun tarihin Bulgarian, adabi, shayari, halaye da al'adu, da kuma halin da ake ciki a Dobruja a ƙarƙashin mulkin Romania. Tattaunawarta "an yi niyya ne ga yunkurin hukumomin Romania na daidaita yawan mutanen Dobruja".  Ta iya magana da harshen Bulgarian, Faransanci, Romanian da Turkiyya. An halarci jawabinta sosai kuma, ta amfani da kuɗin da ta samu daga gare su, ta fara tafiye-tafiye a 1929 lokacin da take da shekaru 19 kawai.

### Tafiya
A cewar wani baje kolin kayan tarihi na ƙasar Bulgaria na shekarar 2016 wanda ya gabatar da kayayyakin tarihi daga tafiye-tafiyenta tsakanin 1929 da 1939,   Kutincheva (tare da mahaifinta ko kawunta) ta yi tafiya zuwa: Siriya, Falasdinu, Transjordan (yanzu Jordan ), Masar, Abisiniya ( Habasha da Eritrea ), Sudan, Saudiyya, Iraki, Farisa ( Iran ), Afghanistan, Oman, Indiya, Burma ( Myanmar ), Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ), Borneo, Sumatra, Philippines, Formosa ( Taiwan ), Siam ( Thailand ), China, Japan, Kudancin Sakhalin, Aljeriya, Spain Morocco, Tunisia da Libya . A duk lokacin tafiye-tafiyenta, ta ba da labaran rayuwar Bulgaria kuma "ta sanya launin Bulgaria mai launin uku a kan hularta."

### Ilimi
Bayan tafiya na shekaru da yawa, Kutincheva ta tafi Paris a 1935 don ci gaba da karatunta, tana karatun aikin jarida da ilimin Faransanci. Ta yi aiki na shekara guda a matsayin  jaridar Le matin kuma a matsayin mai daukar hoto ga La femme, bayan haka ta fara wani tafiya ta Spain da Morocco. A farkon 1939 ta koma Faransa, inda ta kammala karatun ta mafi girma. A ƙarshe, bayan shekaru goma ba ta da gida, ta koma Bulgaria cikin rashin lafiya.

A shekara ta 1939, ta auri ɗan jarida Alexander Konstantinov Dagorov, kuma wani lokacin ana kiranta da **Lyuba Kutincheva Dagorova.**

## Manazarta
John Edgar McFadyen

**John Edgar McFadyen** B. A. (Oxon), M. A., D. D. (17 ga Yulin 1870 - 1933) masanin tauhidin Scotland ne, farfesa ne na harshe, adabi da tauhidin Tsohon Alkawari a Jami'ar Glasgow . An haife shi a Glasgow kuma ya mutu a shekara ta 1933.

Ya samar da fassarori na littattafai da yawa na Littafi Mai-Tsarki a cikin abin da ya kira "magana ta zamani". Fassararsa na Ayuba da Zabura sun yi ƙoƙari su kasance masu ma'auni, don nuna asalin waƙoƙinsu. Ya koyi Esperanto a 1907 yayin zama a Chautauqua, New York, kuma ya kasance fitaccen mai goyon bayan wannan harshe.

## Rubuce-rubuce

* Saƙonnin Masu Tarihi da Firistoci, Vol. 4 a cikin The Messages of the Bible, 1901, wanda Scribner & Sons suka buga
* *A cikin Sa'ar Shiru*, 1902.
* Tsohon Alkawari da Ikilisiyar Kirista, 1903.
* *Addu'o'in Littafi Mai-Tsarki*. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1906
* "Annabi da Masana Tarihi na Firistoci" da kuma "The Psalmists" a cikin The Messages of the Bible, 1909, wanda Kent da Sanders suka buga.
* *Wasiƙu ga Korantiyawa da Galatiyawa* a cikin jerin "The Interpreters Commentary of the New Testament", 1909.
* Matsalar Ciwo: binciken da aka yi a Littafin Ayuba, c. 1910.
* *Wasiƙu ga Korantiyawa*, (fassara) 1911.
* *A Cry for Justice: wani binciken a Amos*, 1912.
* *Zabura a cikin Magana ta zamani da Tsarin Rhythmical*, 1916.
* *Littattafan Hikima a cikin Magana ta zamani da Tsarin Rhythmical* (Ayyuka, Misalai, Mai-Wa'azi, Makoki, da Waƙar Sulemanu), 1917.
* *Ishaya a cikin Magana ta zamani*, 1918.
* Irmiya a cikin jawabin zamani, 1919.
* *Amfani da Tsohon Alkawari a cikin Hasken Ilimi na zamani*, 1922.
* Hanyar Tsohon Alkawari, 1926.
* *Jagora ga Fahimtar Tsohon Alkawari*, 1927.
* Tsohon Alkawari Scenes da Haruffa, 1928.
* Sakon Isra'ila: Darussan Chalmers, 1931.
* *Koyon da Rayuwa*, 1934.
* *Nazarin Zabura*, 1936.
* *Maɓallin Ayyuka a cikin Farfesa A. B. Davidson na "Revised Introductory Hebrew Grammar"*, 1951.

## Manazarta
Vilma Sindona Eichholz

**Vilma Sindona Eichholz** (1926 - 15 ga Yuli, 1995) 'yar asalin Jamus ce, malama, kuma mataimakiyar shugaban kungiyar Esperanto ta Kanada . Ita da mijinta, Rüdiger Eichholz, sune ke da alhakin yaduwar Esperanto a Kanada.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Eichholz a 1926 a Silesia, Weimar Jamus . Bayan ta tsere daga Silesia a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II, ta sadu da Rüdiger Eichholz a yammacin Jamus kuma ta auri shi. A farkon shekarun 1950, ma'aurata sun yi hijira zuwa Kanada. Suna da 'ya'ya uku, waɗanda suka girma a matsayin masu magana da Esperanto.

A shekara ta 1979, Eichholz ta yi tafiya zuwa Sri Lanka kuma ta wallafa wani ɗan littafin shafi 12 game da abubuwan da ta samu: Impresoj de esperantistino en Srilanko ("Impressions of an Esperantist in Sri Lanka") (Ontario, 1979). Wataƙila ita ce Esperantist ta farko ta kasashen waje da ta ziyarci tsibirin. Ayyukanta a can sun haifar da haihuwar ƙungiyar Esperanto ta Sri Lanka da Cibiyar Esperanto ta Siriya a Nugegoda, wanda ɗalibanta Daniel Balasingham Jesudason ya kafa.

A cikin shekarun 1990s, bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet, ta koyar da Esperanto a Kaliningrad, da sauran wurare.

Ta mutu daga ciwon daji a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1995  a Bailieboro, Ontario .

## Ayyuka
Eichholz ya tsara En Novan Mondon ("A cikin Sabon Duniya") (1984), wani nau'i mai rikitarwa na Esperanto ga yara ta amfani da Hanyar Cseh. Ta kuma rubuta wani ɗan littafin harshen Ingilishi game da daidaito na Harsuna biyu a Kanada (1982), ta haɗa kai da mijinta Rüdiger Eichholz wajen tattara babban tarihin Esperanto a cikin Duniya ta Zamani (1982), kuma ta kirkiro wasannin katin koyarwa. Ta goyi bayan aikin mijinta a kan ƙamus, sake dubawa, alal misali, ƙididdigar ƙididdigatattun *[[Esperanta Bildvortaro]]* ("Esperanto Picture Dictionary") (1988). Ta kuma yi aiki a kan neologisms da sexism a Esperanto, kuma ta goyi bayan mijinta game da wallafe-wallafen Esperanto Press.

Ta kasance memba na tsawon rayuwa na Universala Esperanto-Asocio kuma wakili a kan aikin lambu.

## Manazarta
Robert Edis Fairbairn

**Robert Edis Fairbairn** (17 Yuni 1879 - 30 Mayu 1953) ministan Kanada ne, marubuci, kuma mai zaman lafiya.

Fairbairn ya zama mai himma wajen tabbatar da zaman lafiya bayan "gane martanin samari a cikin aikin bayonet",  kuma cikin shekaru goma na Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya ya fito a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin marubutan da suka fi yin fice a zaman lafiya a Kanada".  Daga baya, Fairbairn ya taimaka wa RBY Scott da Gregory Vlastos wajen samar da *Juyin Juya Halin Kirista* (1936). A cikin babinsa, ya yi jayayya cewa ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan addinin Kirista shine haifar da adawa ga yaƙi. A cikin 1939, Fairbairn ya tsara wani jawabi mai taken *Witness Against War*, wanda a ƙarshe sama da 150 United Churchmen suka sanya wa hannu.

Fairbairn sau da yawa yana sukar cocin saboda gazawarsa na tsayayya da karuwar tashin hankali a duk duniya. A ƙarshen aikinsa, ya zama "mafi yawan masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a Kanada".

Game da gudummawar da ya bayar ga zaman lafiya na Kirista:

## Manazarta
Jean Kalilani

**Jean Alfazema Nachika Kalilani** 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Malawi wacce ta yi aiki a Majalisar Dokokin Malawi a matsayin Ministar Harkokin Cikin Gida da Tsaron Cikin Gida tun daga shekarar 2015. A da, ta kasance Ministar Lafiya daga shekarun 2014 zuwa 2015. Ita ce kuma Sakatare Janar na Jam'iyyar Democrat Progressive Party (DPP) kuma 'yar Majalisar Dowa ta karo na biyu. 

## Rayuwa
An ce Kalilani ta yanke shawarar zama likita tana da shekaru uku lokacin da ta lura da jerin gwanon mutane suna jiran ganin likita a wajen Asibitin Sarauniya Elizabeth. Iyayenta na matsakaicin aji sun rene ta a Blantyre. Ba ta ji tsoro ba lokacin da aka gaya mata cewa ba za ta iya zama likita ba saboda ba namiji ba ne kuma babu inda za ta sami cancanta a Malawi. Ta sami digirinta na farko a Kwalejin Chancellor. Ta yi karatun likitanci a Marseille da ke Faransa inda ta zama likita a fannin likitanci  kuma ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin likitanci a wurare masu zafi  a Jami'ar Emory. 

Ta yi aiki a Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya a Botswana a matsayin wakilin ƙasa. 

A shekarar 2010, an zaɓe ta a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar mata ta 'yan majalisar Malawi, a shekarar 2010, bayan wani mawuyacin lokaci da aka tsige Anita Kalinde. Ana zargin cewa Anita Kalinde, wacce 'yar uwar Joyce Banda ce, ta yi amfani da wannan matsayi don cimma burinta na siyasa. An naɗa Kalilani minista a shekara mai zuwa, Christina Chiwoko kuma ta zama shugabar riƙo har sai da aka zaɓi Cecilia Chazama. 

Bayan an zaɓi ɗan takarar jam'iyyar DPP Peter Mutharika a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, ya naɗa Kalilani a matsayin Ministan Lafiya a watan Yunin 2014. An mayar da ita zuwa Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida da Tsaron Cikin Gida a watan Agustan 2015. 

An zaɓe Kalilani a matsayin Sakatare Janar na jam'iyyar DPP. An maye gurbinta a shekarar 2014 bisa umarnin kwamitin zartarwa na jam'iyyar DPP daga Ecrain Julius Kudontoni. 

A shekarar 2016, ta kasance Ministar Jinsi, Nakasassu da Jin Daɗin Jama'a. Gwamnati ta zartar da wasu dokoki masu alaƙa da hakan, don haka Kalilani ta yi aiki tare da ma'aikatar harkokin karkara don shirya taron mata sarakuna. An ƙarfafa su tsawon kwana biyu su yi amfani da jarinsu na zamantakewa don tallata wannan doka da kuma ƙarfafa wasu su ƙalubalantar al'adu. 

Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta gayyace ta a shekarar 2017 domin ta jagoranci taron Tarayyar Afirka kan jinsi.  A shekarar da ta biyo baya ta shirya bukukuwan Ranar Mata ta Duniya da suka hada da uwargidan shugaban kasa Gertrude Mutharika da kuma mai da hankali kan mata a karkara. Wakiliyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Clara Anyangwe ta ƙarfafa ci gaban Malawi kan jinsi, kuma an gayyaci Kalilani zuwa New York don tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi jinsi a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Kalilani ita ce uwa ga 'ya'yanta shida  ciki har da mai yin rikodin kuma ɗan siyasa mai jiran gado Tay Grin.  Ta zama uwa ga 'yan'uwa mata ashirin da 'yan'uwa mata bayan mutuwar iyayensu.

## Manazarta
Alamar Fettes

Mark Fettes masanin Esperantist ne kuma farfesa a jami'a na ilimi, kuma tsohon shugaban Ƙungiyar Esperanto ta Duniya, wanda aka sani da asalin Esperanto a matsayin UEA.

## Ayyuka a Esperantujo
Fettes ya yi aiki daga Oktoba 1986 har zuwa Janairu 1992 a babban ofishin UEA a matsayin editan mujallar *Esperanto* ta kowane wata. A wannan lokacin ya sake kafa sashen hulɗa da jama'a na UEA; ya zama sananne a matsayin mai magana da mai shirya. A cikin 1990 ya rubuta wata kasida a kan taken "Harshe daya don Turai," wanda ya lashe lambar yabo daga Kungiyar Nazarin Tarayyar Turai kuma daga baya ya bayyana a matsayin takardar Esperanto ta hukuma a cikin harsuna da yawa.

A Taron Duniya na 77 a Vienna an zabe shi a matsayin memba na kwamitin UEA, kuma a 1994 ya yarda da matsayin sakatare janar bayan murabus din Esperantist na Burtaniya Ian Jackson . An sake zabarsa a matsayin babban sakatare a shekara mai zuwa, amma a shekarar 1996 ya yi murabus daga wannan mukamin don goyon bayan Esperantist na Italiya Michela Lipari, kodayake ya kasance memba na kwamitin har zuwa 1998. A taron koli na 81 na duniya a Prague, ya ƙaddamar da Manifesto na Prague, takardar harsuna da yawa wanda ke jaddada sadarwa ta dimokuradiyya, haƙƙin harshe, adana bambancin harshe da ingantaccen ilimin harshe. Fettes kuma ta shirya taron farko na Nitobe, wanda aka shirya a matsayin girmamawa ga marubucin Japan, malami da diflomasiyya Nitobe Inazō; ayyukan taron daga baya sun bayyana a cikin littafin *Al lingva demokratio* ("Zuwa ga dimokuradiyya ta harshe").

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Fettes ya koyi Esperanto a matsayin yaro mai shekaru 14 a New Zealand, bayan da kawunsa Christopher Fettes ya gabatar da shi.

A shekara ta 2000 shi da iyalinsa suka koma Vancouver; bayan shekara guda a matsayin mai bincike na postdoctoral a Jami'ar Simon Fraser, ya zama mataimakin farfesa a fannin ilimi, inda har yanzu yake aiki. Bayan ya shiga bangaren SFU, Fettes ya shiga kwamitin ESF, inda a halin yanzu yake mataimakin shugabanta. A cikin wannan rawar shi ne ke da alhakin hadin gwiwar ESF tare da kungiyar matasa ta kasa da kasa mai zaman kanta E@I da kuma tsarawa da ci gaban hanyoyin sadarwa daban-daban da sauran ayyukan.

A shekara ta 2003 ya sami tallafin bincike na dala miliyan 1 don nazarin ilimin yara 'yan asalin ƙasar. A shekara ta 2010, tare da abokin aiki, ya raba tallafin bincike na biyu na dala miliyan 1 don bunkasa makarantar firamare ta muhalli a makwabciyar birnin Maple Ridge .  Makarantar tana da niyyar koyar da yara game da muhalli da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da batutuwan muhalli. Fettes kuma tana gudanar da bincike don bincika bambance-bambance tsakanin ilmantarwa ta waje da ilmantarwa na gargajiya.

## Manazarta
Jane Baird

**Jane Baird** (6 ga Mayu 1875 - 25 ga Maris 1960) malamar Scotland ce kuma Esperantist . Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu tarawa uku na *Edinburgh Esperanto* Pocket Dictionary (1915).

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Baird a Edinburgh, 'yar William Baird da Jane King Mitchell Baird .  Ta kasance malama ce wacce ta koyar a makarantar North Fort Street a Edinburgh. Daga baya, ta koyar da Esperanto a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Leith . 

Baird ya koyi yaren mataimakin kasa da kasa Esperanto . Ta shiga kungiyar Esperanto Society ta Edinburgh a 1909,  kuma daga baya ta zama mataimakiyar shugaban kasa.  Ta halarci taron Esperanto na Duniya na 1912 a Kraków, Poland, tare da 'yan uwanta. Ta shirya gasa ta kowane wata wacce ta gudana na tsawon shekaru shida har zuwa ƙarshen 1922,  tana gayyatar yara su aika da wasikun ta tare da amsoshin tambayoyin Esperanto.  Ta kasance a cikin kwamitin shirya taron Esperanto na Duniya na 1926 a Edinburgh . 

Baird na ɗaya daga cikin masu tarawa uku na *Edinburgh Esperanto* Pocket Dictionary, yana aiki tare da John Mabon Warden da William Harvey .[pl] An fara buga shi a shekarar 1915.  A lokacin mutuwarta an sayar da fiye da dubu ɗari na ƙamus a ƙasashen da ke magana da Turanci.

Baird ya mutu a shekara ta 1960, yana da shekaru 84, a gidan kula da tsofaffi a Edinburgh . 

## Littattafai

* "Lura don Darasi na Abu" (1915, The Esperanto Monthly) 

## Manazarta
William Auld

**William Auld** (6 ga Nuwamba 1924 - 11 ga Satumba 2006) mawaki ne na Burtaniya, marubuci, mai fassara kuma editan mujallar wanda ya rubuta musamman a Esperanto.

## Rayuwa

An haifi Auld a Erith a Kent, sannan ya koma Glasgow tare da iyayensa, yana halartar Makarantar Allan Glen. Bayan yaƙin aiki a matsayin matukin jirgi a cikin Royal Air Force, ya yi karatun wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi a Jami'ar Glasgow, sannan ya cancanci zama malami.

A shekara ta 1952 ya auri ƙaunatacciyar yarinta Margaret (Meta) Barr Stewart, ita ma Esperantist, Ruwa tana da 'ya'ya biyu. A shekara ta 1960, an nada shi zuwa makarantar sakandare a Alloa kuma ya kasance a can har tsawon rayuwarsa. An zabi shi don Kyautar Nobel a cikin wallafe-wallafen a cikin 1999, 2004, da 2006, wanda ya sa ya zama mutum na farko da aka zaba don ayyukan Esperanto. 

Babban aikinsa, La infana raso (The Infant Race), dogon waka ne wanda, a cikin kalmomin Auld, ya bincika " rawar da 'yan Adam ke takawa a lokaci da kuma sararin samaniya," kuma wani bangare ya dogara ne akan The Cantos na Ezra Pound . 

Auld ya fara koyon *[[Esperanto (magazine)|Esperanto]]* a cikin 1937 amma kawai ya zama mai aiki a cikin yaduwar harshe a cikin 1947, kuma daga nan ya rubuta ayyuka da yawa a cikin Esperanto. Ya shirya mujallu da sake dubawa daban-daban, ciki har da *[[Esperanto en Skotlando|Esperanto a Skotlando]]* (1949-1955), Esperanto (1955-1958, 1961-1962), *[[Monda Kulturo]]* (1962-1963), *[[Norda Prismo]]* (1968-1972), La *[[La Brita Esperantisto|Brita Esperantisto]]* (1973-1999) da Fonto (1980-1987). 

### Waƙoƙin da aka tattara

* Spiro de l' pasio (a cikin Kvaropo, 1952) 
* La infana raso (1956) 
* *Unufingraj melodioj* (1960) 
* Humoroj (1969) 
* *Rimleteroj* (tare da Marjorie Boulton, 1976) 
* Mai rai mai launin kore (1978) 
* *A cikin jirgin ruwa* senpilota (Edistudio, 1987) 
* Ɗaya daga cikin su (1992) 

### Tarihin Tarihi

* *Angla antologio 1000-1800* (editan waka, 1957) 
* *Esperanta antologio* (1958/1984) 
* 25 manufa (editan waka, 1977) 
* *Skota antologio* (abokin hulɗa, 1978) 
* *Alamar ɗan zumunci* (1987) 
* *Nova Esperanta Krestomatio* (1991) 
* *Cikakken waka: Miĥalski* (ed. 1994) 
* *Lokaci mai tsawo* (1996) 

## Manazarta
PBS

**PBS** mai watsa shirye-shiryen jama'a ne na Amurka a Arlington County (en), Virginia, wanda aka kafa a ranar Nuwamba 3, 1969 (en).
Anne Rud

**Anne Jørgensdatter Rud** (ta mutu a shekara ta 1533), ta kasance mai daraja 'yar ƙasar Denmark kuma mai mallakar filaye. Ita 'yar wani ɗan ƙasar Denmark ne mai suna Jørgen Rud da Kirstine Rosenkrantz kuma ta auri Henrich Krummedige ɗan ƙasar Denmark-Norwegian a shekara ta 1493, babban jami'in rundunar sojojin Bohus da ke Norway. A lokacin yaƙin da ke tsakanin mijinta da Knut Alvsson, ta kare sansanin sojojin Bohus a lokacin da babu Krummedige (1502).

## Manazarta
John C. Wells

**John Christopher Wells** (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1939) masanin sauti ne na Burtaniya kuma Esperantist . Wells farfesa ne mai daraja a Kwalejin Jami'ar London, inda har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 2006 ya rike kujerar sashen a fannin phonetics. An san shi da aikinsa a kan harshen Esperanto da kuma kirkirar daidaitattun ƙamus da kuma X-SAMPA encoding na IPA.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Wells a ranar 11 ga Maris 1939 a Bootle, Lancashire.

Wells ya sami digiri na farko a Kwalejin Trinity, Cambridge, da kuma digiri na biyu da PhD a Jami'ar London.

## Ayyuka
Wells an san shi da littafinsa da cassette Accents of English, littafin da CD The Sounds of the IPA, Lingvistikaj Aspektoj de Esperanto, da Longman Pronunciation Dictionary . Shi ne marubucin ƙamus na Turanci-Esperanto da aka fi amfani da shi.

Har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya, Wells ya ba da umarnin karatun bazara na makonni biyu a cikin phonetics don Kwalejin Jami'ar London, yana mai da hankali kan phonetics na aiki da ka'idoji, da kuma fannoni na koyar da phonetics. Shirin ya ƙare tare da rubuce-rubuce da jarrabawar baki, wanda aka ba da Takardar shaidar IPA a cikin Phonetics na Turanci.

Daga 2003 zuwa 2007 ya kasance shugaban kungiyar International Phonetic Association . Har ila yau, memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Ilimi na mutum shida a Linguaphone.

### Aiki a kan harshen Ingilishi
Wani bangar mai mahimmanci na binciken Wells yana mai da hankali kan bayanin sauti na nau'ikan Turanci. A cikin 1982, Cambridge University Press ta buga kundin sa guda uku na Accents of English wanda ya bayyana karin magana a duk faɗin duniya da ke magana da Ingilishi a cikin kalmomin sauti. Wannan ya yi amfani da ma'anar ma'ana ga ƙamus waɗanda aka bincika a baya a ware. 

## Manazarta
Brita Tott

**Brita Olovsdotter Tott** (ko *Thott* ) (a cikin Yaren mutanen Sweden ) ko **Birgitte Olufsdatter Thott** (a cikin harshen Danish ), ( fl. 3 Maris 1498) ta kasance mai daraja ' yar Denmark da Sweden, mai filaye kuma mai kula da gundumar sarauta. An yi mata shari'a da cin amanar ƙasa da kuma jabun hatimi . Tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu filaye a Scandinavia, kuma kadarorinta sun taka rawa a siyasance a Sweden da Denmark . 

## Bayani
An haifi Brita a matsayin 'yar fari ga manyan mutane biyu na Denmark; ɗan siyasa Olov Axelsson Tott (wanda ya rasu a 1464) da Karen Jensdotter Falk (wanda ya rasu a 1429). Iyalinta suna ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarfi a Scandinavia: mahaifinta yana da tasiri a siyasance a Sweden da Denmark, kuma mahaifiyarta ita ce magajin Vallø Castle . Tana da alaƙa da matar regent Lady Ingeborg Tott (wanda ya rasu a 1507), matar regent Sten Sture, wadda ta fi girma a Sweden. A shekara ta 1442 ta auri Eringisle Nilsson, ƙaramar kansila ta Sweden (wanda ya rasu a 1469) ɗan Nils Erengislesson (wanda ya rasu a 1442) da Märta Magnusdotter (wanda ya rasu a 1424). Ya gaji gadon Hammersta a Nynäshamn da kuma gidan sarautar Hammerstahus.    

## Cin Amana
A lokacin yaƙin da ke tsakanin Sweden da Denmark (1451-52), ta yi wa abokan gaban Sarki Charles na VIII na Sweden wasiƙa kuma ta shiga cikin wani makirci da aka yi wa sarki. A lokacin yaƙin, mijinta shi ne gwamnan Örebro . Lokacin da 'yan Denmark suka mamaye Västergötland, Brita Olovsdotter ta yi musu wasiƙa ta kuma sanar da su game da kowace motsi na sojojin Sweden, wanda, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ya ba sojojin Denmark damar kwace sansanin soja na Lödöse kuma su guji korarsu daga sojojin Sweden. An tuhume ta da yin ƙarya da takardu da dama. An gurfanar da ita a gaban kuliya bisa laifin cin amanar ƙasa a kotun da aka taru a Stockholm a shekarar 1452. An yanke mata hukuncin cin amanar ƙasa mai tsanani kuma aka yanke mata hukuncin ƙonewa a kan gungumen azaba. Daga nan aka canza hukuncin kuma ta yi zamanta a St. John's Priory, Kalmar . Bayan an sake ta, ta ba da kuɗin zane-zanen Cocin Ösmo da ke Södermanland a matsayin tuba ; an ce ɗaya daga cikin zane-zanen da ke wurin hotonta ne. 

## Mai filaye kuma mai kula da gunduma
A shekara ta 1469, ta zama bazawara kuma ta mallaki kadarar da kanta. Shekaru masu zuwa an shafe ta ana kula da manyan kadarorinta da kuma mallakar su, wanda saboda girmansu, tambaya ce da aka yi muhawara a majalisar Sweden. 'Ya'yanta mata sun yi tambaya game da haƙƙinta na mallakar kadarorin Sweden na marigayi mijinta, kuma uwarta, matar mahaifinta Anne Jensdatter Present (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1484), ta yi tambaya game da haƙƙinta na mallakar kadarorin Denmark da ta gada daga mahaifiyarta. A shekara ta 1475, ta ba cocin Hammersta kuma ta bar Castle na Vallø ga masarautar Denmark. [1] [2]

## Manazarta