open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
John Cochrane (merchant)

**John Hyndford Cochrane** (3 ga Yulin 1750 - 21 ga Nuwamba 1801) ya kasance attajiri ne kuma marubuci daga sanannen dangin aristocratic na Scotland.

An haifi John Cochrane a shekara ta 1750, ɗan Thomas Cochrane da Jane Stuart na biyu. Mahaifinsa yana aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Haraji na Scotland a lokacin, amma ba zato ba tsammani ya gaji taken Earl na Dundonald a cikin 1758 a kan mutuwar dan uwansa William, 7th Earl.

An tura John Cochrane zuwa Indiya yana da shekaru 16, yana samun nadin a matsayin magatakarda ko Marubuci saboda tasirin kawunsa Andrew Stuart da James Stuart. 

Daga 1779 zuwa 1783, Cochrane ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin mai biyan kuɗi a Burtaniya ta Arewacin Amurka. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1783, Janar Haldimand ya kai Cochrane karar saboda kin kai karar 'yan kasuwa da kansa saboda adadin da ake bin Crown don takardun musayar; Cochrane da' yan kasuwa sun rasa a kotunan lardin, asarar raɗaɗi wanda ya nuna wa' yan kasuwa bukatar ingantaccen tsarin shari'a a Quebec.

Daga 1790 zuwa 1792, Cochrane ya rike kwangilar don samar da jiragen ruwa na Burtaniya a Indiya. A shekara ta 1792, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ga ɗan'uwansa Basil, ya koma London don zama wakilin ɗan'uwan sa a can.

A shekara ta 1793 aka nada Cochrane a matsayin Mataimakin Kwamishinan Arewacin Burtaniya.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Baya ga ɗan'uwansa Nabob Basil, 'yan uwan John Cochrane sun haɗa da Archibald (1748-1831), ɗan fari kuma 9th Earl na Dundonald; Admiral Alexander Cochrane (1758-1832); George, soja kuma MP; da Andrew (1767-1833), mai kasada da MP wanda aka kunyata a cikin Babban Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na 1814.

Earl na St. Vincent, Admiral na Fleet, ya rubuta game da 'yan uwan Cochrane a cikin 1806, "Ba za a amince da Cochranes ba, dukansu mahaukaci ne, soyayya, samun kuɗi kuma ba gaskiya ba ne - kuma babu wani banda a kowane bangare na iyali. "

Cochrane an san shi da akalla 'ya'ya uku. Tare da Geneviève Dulan a Quebec yana da Admiral Nathaniel Day Cochrane (1780-1844) da Angelica Cochrane (1782-1834); ya kuma haifi John Cochrane (798-1878), sanannen lauya a Indiya kuma ɗan wasan chess.

Cochrane ta auri Selina Fitzroy Birch (an haife ta a shekara ta 1769) a ranar 7 ga Mayu 1800; Selina da jariri sun mutu wata daya kafin Cochrane a shekara mai zuwa.

Hoton Cochrane ya wanzu, na mai zane-zane Lemuel Francis Abbott . 

## Manazarta
Auburn Avenue Research Library kan Al'adu da Tarihin Afirka ta Amirka

**Auburn Avenue Research Library on African American Culture and History** wani ɗakin karatu ne na musamman a cikin Atlanta-Fulton Public Library System. Yana cikin Gundumar Tarihi ta Sweet Auburn ta Atlanta .  An buɗe ɗakin karatu na Auburn Avenue a cikin 1994 a matsayin ɗakin karatu na farko a kudu maso gabas don bayar da bincike na musamman da tarin kayan tarihi don nazarin da bincike game da al'adun Afirka da tarihin Afirka da sauran mutanen Afirka. An tattara tarin a wasu ɗakunan karatu kuma an san shi da **Samuel W. Williams Collection a kan Black America** . An sake buɗe ɗakin karatu a cikin 2016 bayan an rufe shi kusan shekaru biyu yayin gyaran dala miliyan 20.

## Tarihi
An kafa babban tarin sa a reshen Auburn na ɗakin karatu na Carnegie na Atlanta  wanda aka buɗe a 1921 kuma shine reshen ɗakin karatu na farko na jama'a na Atlanta ga 'yan Afirka na Afirka. "Saboda Dokokin Jim Crow, an hana 'yan Afirka na Afirka ayyukan ɗakin karatu na jama'a da aka kafa a 1902.  An buɗe reshen Auburn tare da kudaden Kamfanin Carnegie duk da tayin Carnegie na tallafawa reshe ga yawancin baƙar fata na birnin tun farkon shekara ta 1908. Daga lokacin da aka buɗe ɗakin karatu a 1921 har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe shi a 1959 yawancin mata masu kula da ɗakin karatu na Afirka sun gudanar da ɗakin karatu. Biyu mafi shahara daga cikinsu sune Alice Dugged Cary da Annie L. McPheeters . McPheeters ya kasance mai mahimmanci a ci gaban tarin da aka sani da, Tarihin Tarihin Negro .  An buɗe ɗakin karatu a ranar 14 ga Mayu, 1994, tare da murabba'in ƙafa 50,000 na sarari a farashin dala miliyan 10. Ya zama ɗakin karatu na jama'a na biyu a Amurka wanda aka mayar da hankali kan tarihin baki da al'adu. An kammala gyaran a shekarar 2016, karkashin jagorancin Perkins da Will, sun fadada ɗakin karatu zuwa murabba'in ƙafa 106,500. A cikin 2019, Auburn Avenue Research Library ya yi bikin cika shekaru 25 a adireshinsa na yanzu.

## Tarin abubuwa
Laburaren yana da sassa uku: Bayani da Bincike, Tarihi, da Shirin & Bayyanawa. Bayani da Bincike suna kula da tushe da suka shafi nazarin al'adun Afirka ta Amirka da kuma kasashen Afirka. Tarihin yana riƙe da bayanan da suka shafi al'adun Afirka da tarihin, da farko a yankin Atlanta. Shirin da sashen Yaduwa suna karbar bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru na jama'a don nuna tarin ɗakin karatu. Tarihin Laburaren suna cikin Andrew J Young Papers, Atlanta Life Insurance Company Records, da National Conclave of Grady Graduate Nurses Collection.

## Dubi kuma

* Laburaren Afirka na Amurka a Makarantar Gregory
* Cibiyar Nazarin Schomburg a Al'adun Baƙi
* Cibiyar Bincike ta Moorland-Spingarn
* Cibiyar Bincike ta Amistad

## Manazarta
John Hamilton, Marquis na farko na Hamilton

John Hamilton, 1st Marquess of Hamilton (1540-1604) shi ne wanda ya kafa dogon layin Marquesses da Dukes na Hamilton a Scotland.

## Haihuwar da asalinsa
An haifi John game da shekara ta 1540 a Scotland. Shi ne ɗan na uku na James Hamilton da matarsa Margaret Douglas . Mahaifinsa shi ne Earl na 2 na Arran da Duke na Châtellerault a Faransa.

Mahaifiyar John 'yar James Douglas ce, 3rd Earl of Morton . Iyaye biyu 'yan Scotland ne. Sun yi aure a watan Satumba na shekara ta 1532. John na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan uwa tara, waɗanda aka jera a cikin labarin mahaifinsa.

## Rayuwa ta farko
A ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 1547, an nada John, har yanzu yaro, a matsayin Commendator na Inchaffray Abbey, matsayin da ya rike har zuwa 1551, lokacin da aka sanya shi Commendator of Arbroath a maimakon haka. Yana da fa'idar Arbroath har zuwa 1579, kodayake George Douglas (ɗan Earl na Angus wanda daga baya zai zama Bishop na Moray) ya yi jayayya da hakkinsa.

Iyalinsa sun goyi bayan Maryamu, Sarauniya ta Scots, har ma bayan da aka ɗaure ta a Lochleven Castle, ta yi murabus don goyon bayan ɗanta mai shekara guda a ranar 24 ga Yuli 1567, da aka ci ta a Langside a 1568 da kuma gudu zuwa Ingila jim kadan bayan haka. A shekara ta 1570 Moray, wanda ya kasance mai mulki a lokacin wani ɓangare na 'yan tsiraru na Sarki James VI, John Hamilton na Bothwellhaugh, mai goyon bayan Sarauniya Maryamu, ya kashe shi a Linlithgow. Mahaifin John (Duke na Châtellerault da 2nd Earl na Arran) Murray ne ya ɗaure shi a lokacin kuma John da kansa na iya taimakawa wajen kisan. Wanda ya gaje shi, Regent Lennox, ya mutu a shekara ta 1571 daga harbi a bayansa yayin rikici a Stirling tare da jam'iyyar Sarauniya. A ƙarshe, a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 1573, mahaifinsa ya ba da goyon bayansa ga Maryamu kuma ya amince da jaririn Maryamu James a matsayin Sarkin Scotland.

## Shugaban iyali
Mahaifinsa ya mutu a Hamilton a ranar 22 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1575. Babban ɗan'uwansa James ya yi nasara a matsayin 3rd Earl na Arran, amma saboda hauka, an sanya shi a ƙarƙashin kulawar John  wanda ya sa John ya zama Earl na zahiri kuma shugaban iyali. 

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1575, John da ɗan'uwansa Claud sun shiga cikin tseren doki da 'yan iyakar Ingila a Solway sands . 

## Aurensa da yaransa
A ranar 30 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1577 John ya yi kwangila don auren Margaret Lyon, Countess na Cassilis, gwauruwar Gilbert Kennedy, 4th Earl na Cassilis، kuma 'yar John Lyon, 7th Lord Glamis,  ya yi alkawarin auren ta kafin 10 ga Fabrairu 1578 .   Matarsa ta kasance mai tsayin daka na Furotesta. Ta tuba da mijinta na farko wanda ya kasance Katolika kafin aurensu.

## manazarta
Ƙungiyar Tushen Duniya ta Burtaniya

**Ƙungiyar Ƙwayoyin Cuta ta Burtaniya** tana da niyyar haɓaka da tallafawa binciken kimiyya don a fahimci tsutsotsi da muhallinsu sosai. Ta hanyar aikinta, ƙungiyar tana da niyyar ƙarfafa kiyaye tsutsotsi da muhallinsu da kuma ilmantar da mutane da kuma ƙarfafa su don a ci gaba da jin daɗin waɗannan halittu a nan gaba.   An kafa Ƙungiyar a shekarar 2009. 

Ƙungiyar tana ɗaukar nauyin Tsarin Rikodin Tsutsar Ƙasa na Ƙasa kuma tana tattara bayanan halittu na abubuwan da suka faru na nau'ikan tsutsar ƙasa daga masana kimiyyar halittu masu son rai da ƙungiyoyin bincike kan tsutsar ƙasa. 

## Manazarta
Baqsï

**Baqsy** ( Karakalpak   ; Kazakh   ; Kyrgyz   ) mawaki ne mai waƙoƙin almara a cikin harsuna da al'adun Kipchak na Tsakiyar Asiya, a ƙasashe kamar Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, da Karakalpakstan. A cikin al'adar ta ƙarshe, an bambanta nau'ikan mawaƙa guda biyu na *[[dastan]]* ('tatsuniya, labari'): *baqsy* yana rera waƙoƙin waƙoƙi masu ɗauke da labarai game da soyayya da kasada (wanda Karl Reichl ya kwatanta da soyayyar Yammacin duniya), tare da dutar ; *[[zhyrau]]* yana rera waƙoƙin jarumtaka, tare da kobyz. Baqsy ɗin za a iya raka shi da mawaƙi na biyu, wanda ke buga ghijak.

Sunan da kansa yana nuna alaƙa da shamanism na baya, tunda kalmar a Kazakh har yanzu tana nufin 'mai warkar da bangaskiya' maimakon 'mawakin', kamar yadda yake yi a wasu Harsunan Turkic.

## Manazarta
Tarin Benson na Latin Amurka

Nettie Lee Benson Latin American Collection wani bangare ne na tsarin Laburaren Jami'ar Texas tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Cibiyar Nazarin Latin Amurka ta Teresa Lozano Long (LLILAS), wanda ke Austin, Texas, kuma mai suna ga masanin tarihi da marubuci, Nettie Lee Benson (1905-1993) .  Yana daya daga cikin tarin kayan Latin Amurka mafi girma a duniya.

An ajiye tarin kayan a cikin Sid Richardson Hall, wanda kuma ke ɗauke da Cibiyar Tarihin Amurka ta Dolph Briscoe  da Cibiyar Tarin Tarihi ta Barker Texas.  Wannan ɗakin karatu yana hidima ga LLILAS a matsayin cibiyar nazarin da ya shafi tarihin Latin Amurka da karatu.  Ɗakin karatu ya ƙunshi littattafai sama da 970,000, taswira 19,000, hotuna 93,500, ƙafa 4,000 na rubuce-rubuce, faɗin 11,500, da abubuwa 50,000 a cikin wasu nau'ikan multimedia. Yawancin tushen suna game da Texas da Mexico, amma kuma sun haɗa da abubuwan kuma sun fito ne daga sauran ƙasashen Latin Amurka, musamman: Tsakiyar Amurka, Chile, Peru, da Brazil . 

Tarin shine gidan tambayoyin da Cibiyar Tarihin Magana ta tattara.

## Tarihin Tarin

Abubuwan da ke cikin Latin Amurka a Jami'ar Texas sun karu tun farkon karni na ashirin. Masanin tarihi Carlos E. Castañeda ya rubuta tarihin tarin zuwa 1940, yana ba da cikakken bayani game da wasu abubuwan da ya samu. Masanin tarihin Latin Amurka Charles W. Hackett, tare da wasu furofesoshi uku na Jami'ar Texas sun tafi bikin rantsar da Janar Álvaro Obregón a matsayin shugaban Mexico a shekarar 1920. Hackett ya koyi cewa ɗakin karatu na masanin tarihi da masanin littattafai Genaro García ana sayar da shi bayan mutuwarsa. Hackett ya shirya don kimantawa daga Jami'ar Texas kuma an tattauna yarjejeniyar. Tarin ya kasance mai wadata sosai, abubuwa 25,000 da aka buga, jaridu, takardun sirri na Vicente Guerrero, Antonio López na Santa Anna, Valentín Gómez Farías, Lucas Alamán, Vicente Riva Palacio da sauransu sun kasance wani ɓangare na tarin da aka kai zuwa Austin ta jirgin ƙasa na musamman. Faɗakar da rawar da Jami'ar Texas ke takawa a cikin karatun Latin Amurka ya kasance a wannan saye.

Tarin Latin Amurka na jami'ar ya kara wadata ta hanyar nasarori da yawa, gami da gudummawar kundin da Hispanic Society of America ta bayar da takardu na masanin tarihin Amurka Justin H. Smith, tarin masanin tarihin Chile Diego Muñoz, wanda ya haɗa da ayyuka da yawa daga ko game da José Toribio Medina. Bugu da kari, ɗakin karatu ya sami tarin masu *zama* kansu na masanin tarihin Paraguay Manuel Gondra . Babban ƙari ga ɗakin karatu shine sayen kusan dukkanin tarin masanin tarihin Mexico Joaquín García Icazbalceta wanda ke hulɗa da Mexico na ƙarni na sha shida. Tarin García Icazbalceta ya haɗa da ayyukan da ba a saba gani ba kuma masu mahimmanci na ƙarni na sha shida, gami da Dokokin Bishop Juan de Zumárraga na 1544, Dokokin Fray Pedro de Gante, rubuce-rubucen Francisco Cervantes na Salazar. Rubutun sun haɗa da wasika ta Hernán Cortés, abin tunawa da Fray Bartolomé de las Casas, gidan mataimakin sarki na farko na Mexico, Antonio de Mendoza, da kuma rubutun tarihin Fray Gerónimo de Mendieta na Franciscans a Mexico.

## Manazarta
Mums for Lungs

**Mums for Lungs** ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta, mai fafutukar kare muhalli, wacce ke da hedikwata a Burtaniya, wacce ke wayar da kan jama'a game da illolin gurɓatar iska a lafiya, musamman ga yara.  

## Tarihi
An kafa Mums for Lungs a Landan a shekarar 2017 ta hannun ƙaramin rukuni na iyaye, ciki har da lauya mai kare haƙƙin ɗan adam Jemima Hartshorn.   An zaburar da su su ɗauki mataki wani ɓangare saboda ƙwarewarsu ta rayuwa a cikin birni mai gurɓataccen cunkoso da kuma wani ɓangare kuma ta hanyar ƙoƙarin kamfen na Rosamund Kissi-Debrah, wata malamar makaranta da ta zama mai fafutuka wacce aka danganta mutuwar 'yarta  da tasirin shaƙar iska mai gurɓata.   Ƙungiyar ta faɗaɗa da sauri daga wasu abokai masu ra'ayi ɗaya, da farko zuwa kamfen da yawa a Landan sannan zuwa wata ƙungiya da ke Manchester.  

A shekarar 2021, Mums for Lungs ta lashe kyautar Sheila McKechnie Foundation Best Campaign Award saboda aikinta. 

## Yaƙin neman zaɓe
Kamfe na Mums for Lungs kan batutuwa daban-daban na gurɓatar iska, ciki har da jagororin tsaftar iska da kuma manufofinta,  faɗaɗa yankin ƙarancin fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli na London;    yankunan iska mai tsafta, gurɓatar iska daga murhun itace    da injunan dizal;   rawar da gurɓatar iska ke takawa a cikin asma ta yara,  tituna marasa mota,   da tafiye-tafiye masu tsafta zuwa da dawowa daga makarantu.  Tun daga shekarar 2018, ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfen ɗinta da ke ci gaba da gudana yana tallafawa wani shiri mai suna School Streets, wanda ke rufe hanyoyi na ɗan lokaci zuwa zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a lokacin ɗaukar kaya da sauke kaya a makaranta don rage tasirin gurɓatar iska da inganta aminci.   Yanzu akwai kimanin irin waɗannan tsare-tsare sama da 500 a Landan da kuma wasu 200 a wajen babban birnin.  

## Manazarta
Margaret Irwin (mai rubutun ra'ayi)

**Margaret Emma Faith Irwin** (27 Maris 1889 – 11 Disamba 1967) marubuciya ce ta tarihi a Ingila.  Ta kuma rubuta tarihin rayuwa na Sir Walter Raleigh .

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Irwin a Highgate Hill, London ga Andrew Clarke Irwin (ɗan asalin Perth, Yammacin Ostiraliya, a shekarar 1902) da kuma Anna Julia Irwin (ɗan asalin Baker, a shekarar 1899), 'yar Kanar George Baker na Lancers na 16th (Queens). Kawunta ST Irwin (Sidney Thomas Irwin), wanda ya yi digiri na biyu a fannin Classics a Kwalejin Clifton, a lokacin makarantar maza ne. Irwin ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Clifton da ke kusa, makarantar 'yan mata, a Bristol, bayan rasuwar iyayenta.  Ta yi karatu a Clifton da kuma Jami'ar Oxford, inda ta yi digiri a Turanci. 

## Sana'a
Ta fara rubuta littattafai da gajerun labarai a farkon shekarunta na ashirin. A shekarar 1929 ta auri marubucin yara kuma mai zane John Robert Monsell, wanda ya ƙirƙiri murfin wasu littattafanta. 

An girmama litattafanta saboda daidaiton binciken tarihi da suka yi, kuma ta zama sananne a zamanin Elizabeth da farkon zamanin Stuart. *Young Bess*, wani littafi game da farkon shekarun Sarauniya Elizabeth ta Ɗaya, an yi shi a matsayin fim mai taken iri ɗaya da Jean Simmons .

Irwin ya rubuta labarai da dama na fatalwa (ciki har da "The Book" da "The Early Service"). Irwin ya kuma rubuta littattafai guda biyu na tatsuniya: Still She Wished for Company yana game da wani sihirin lokaci, kuma These Mortals tatsuniya ce ta manya game da 'yar wani mayya.

## Littattafan tarihi

### Labarai guda ɗaya

* *Miloli nawa zuwa Babila* (1913)
* *Ku Fito Ku Yi Wasa* (1914)
* *Waje daga Gida* (1916)
* *Har yanzu Tana Son Kamfani* (1924); madadin taken: *Wa Zai Tuna?,* New York: T. Seltzer, 1924 
* *Waɗannan Mutuwa* (1925)
* *Knock Sau Huɗu* (1927)
* *Wuta a Ƙasa* (1928)
* *Babu Kyakkyawar So So: Ko kuma, Labarin Mr. Cork* (1930)
* *Royal Flush* (1932)
* *Yarima Mai Baƙo : Labarin Rupert na Rhine* (1938)
* *Amarya: Labarin Louise da Montrose* (1939)
* *Gay Galliard: Labarin Maryamu Sarauniyar Scotland* (1941), daga baya aka buga shi a matsayin *The Galliard*
* *Royal Flush: Labarin Minette* (1948)
* *Bawa Mai Alfahari: Labarin Montrose* (1949)

### Trilogy na Sarauniya Elizabeth

* *Young Bess* (1944)
* *Elizabeth, Gimbiya Mai Zaman Kanta* (1948)
* *Elizabeth da Yariman Spain* (1953)

### Labarai gajeru

* *Madame Fears the Dark: Bakwai Labarai da Wasan Kwaikwayo* (1935)
* *Mrs. Oliver Cromwell da Sauran Labarai* (Chatto & Windus, London, 1940)
* *Malamin Yana Neman Mata* (1951)
* *Jini da Sauran Labarai* (1953)

### Tarihin Rayuwa

* *Gay Galliard: Labarin Soyayya na Maryamu Sarauniyar Scotland* (1942)
* *Wannan Babban Lucifer: Hoton Sir Walter Raleigh* (1960)

## Daidaita fina-finai

* *Young Bess* (1953), wani gyara na littafin mai wannan taken da *Elizabeth, Fursunoni Gimbiya*
* " The Doughty Plot " (1962) Wani shiri na shirin talabijin *Sir Francis Drake* ya samo asali ne daga labarinta da kuma rubutunta, wanda Margaret Irwin ta rubuta tare.

## Manazarta
Gidan Ralph J. Bunche

**Gidan Ralph J. Bunche**, wanda aka fi sani da **Cibiyar Zaman Lafiya da Tarihi ta Ralph Bunche**, gidan salon Victorian-Bungalow ne a Kudancin Los Angeles, California, Amurka. Gidan yaro ne na Ralph Bunche wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel Peace Prize . An ayyana shi a matsayin Tarihin Tarihi da Al'adu na Los Angeles (No. 159) ta Hukumar Al'adun Al'adu ta Los Angeles a 1976, kuma an jera shi a cikin National Register of Historic Places a 1978.

## Gidan yarinya na Bunche
An haifi Bunche a Detroit, Michigan kuma daga baya ya zauna a Albuquerque, New Mexico, amma ya koma Los Angeles don ya zauna tare da kakarsa lokacin da mahaifiyarsa ta mutu a 1917. Bunche da 'yar'uwarsa, Grace, an haife su ne a gidan da ke 40th Place ta kakansu, Lucy Taylor Johnson, da kawunansu biyu (Nelle da Ethel), da kawun su Thomas Johnson. Yayinda yake zaune a Los Angeles, Bunche ya zama mai ba da jawabi a duka Jefferson High School, rabin block daga nesa, da UCLA, sannan yana Vermont Avenue da Melrose. Bunche ya kuma kasance tauraron dan wasan kwando yayin da yake UCLA. Bunche ya lashe Kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya ta 1950 saboda aikinsa a tattaunawar da kuma tsara Yarjejeniyar Armistice ta 1949 wacce ta kawo karshen Yakin Larabawa da Isra'ila na 1948. Shi ne mutum na farko na launi daga kowace ƙasa da ya karbi kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya.

## Maidowa da gidan kayan gargajiya
Gidan yarinya na Bunche ya lalace kuma ya sha wahala daga lalata da rubutu a cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990. Gidan ya kasance babu kowa har tsawon shekaru goma, "wanda aka yi amfani da shi ne kawai ta hanyar squatters, taggers, 'yan kungiyar, da masu yawo".

A shekara ta 1996, Kamfanin Dunbar Economic Development Corp., wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke da niyyar juya shi gidan kayan gargajiya ta sayi gidan. Shirye-shiryen kungiyar sun jinkirta saboda rashin kudade har sai Gidauniyar Al'umma ta California ta ba da rancen $ 100,000 ba tare da riba ba a cikin 1999.

Bayan wani rahoto na labarai na 1999 game da jinkirin kudade da rubutun da ke rufe gidan, Magajin garin Richard Riordan ya sa rigar kuma ya shiga ƙungiyar aiki don tsaftace gidan.

### Dokta Ralph J. Bunche Cibiyar Zaman Lafiya da Tarihi
An adana gidan kuma an ba shi hotuna da abubuwan tunawa daga rayuwar Bunche. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Cibiyar Zaman Lafiya da Tarihi ta Dokta Ralph J. Bunche, gidan kayan gargajiya mai fassara da cibiyar al'umma don inganta hulɗar zaman lafiya na dukkan kungiyoyi a cikin Kudancin Tsakiyar Los Angeles. An sake dawo da dukiyar gaba ɗaya tsakanin 2002 da 2004, ta hanyar Design Aid Architects, ta lashe lambar yabo ta Los Angeles Conservancy a shekara ta 2006.  A wannan shekarar, an bayyana gidan a cikin *[[Los Angeles Times]]* a matsayin "mai haske, tare da hasken rana yana gudana ta hanyar windows masu canzawa, bene na katako da kuma ɗakin iska / ɗaki / ɗakin cin abinci.

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Met Office Hadley

**Ofishin Met, Hadley Centre** — wanda aka sanya wa suna don girmama George Hadley — yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin nazarin batutuwan kimiyya da suka shafi sauyin yanayi a Burtaniya . Yana cikin, kuma yana hedikwatar Ofishin Met da ke Exeter .

## Gidauniya
An kafa Cibiyar Hadley  a shekarar 1990,  bayan Firayim Ministan Burtaniya na wancan lokacin Margaret Thatcher ta amince da ita, kuma an fara sanya mata suna **Cibiyar Hasashen Yanayi da Bincike ta Hadley** amma daga baya aka sake mata suna a lokuta daban-daban.  

## Manyan manufofi
Cibiyar tana da manyan manufofi da dama:

* Don fahimtar tsarin zahiri, sinadarai da halittu a cikin tsarin yanayi da kuma haɓaka samfuran yanayi na zamani
* Don amfani da samfuran yanayi don kwaikwayon bambancin yanayi da canjin yanayi na duniya da na yanki
* Don hasashen bambancin yanayi tsakanin shekara-shekara zuwa shekaru goma
* Don hasashe game da sauyin yanayi na dogon lokaci
* Don sa ido kan sauyin yanayi da sauyin yanayi na duniya da na ƙasa
* Don danganta sauye-sauyen yanayi na baya-bayan nan ga wasu dalilai na musamman

An yi bikin cika shekaru 30 da kafa Cibiyar Hadley a shekarar 2020. 

Ofishin Met yana ɗaukar ma'aikata sama da 1500, tare da kimanin 200 suna aiki a sashin binciken yanayi. Yawancin kuɗaɗen da yake samu sun fito ne daga kwangiloli da Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Abinci da Harkokin Karkara (DEFRA), wasu sassan Gwamnatin Burtaniya da Hukumar Turai . Hakanan yana aiki tare da Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Duniya kan Sauyin Yanayi (IPCC) wanda ke ba da hasashen yanayi da hasashen yanayi a duk duniya.

Ana amfani da samfurin yanayi (HadGEM) da cibiyar ta ƙirƙiro don binciken sauyin yanayi a faɗin duniya. Ya ƙunshi duka samfurin Teku da Tsarin Yanayi. Tattara bayanai daga ko'ina cikin duniya. 

## Ayyukan bincike bisa ga tsarin yanayi na Cibiyar Hadley
Shirin Hasashen Yanayi na Burtaniya yana amfani da hasashen yanayin yanayi na Cibiyar Hadley game da yanayin Birtaniya na gaba don fahimtar manufofin gwamnatin Burtaniya.

Ofishin Kula da Yanayi na Ostiraliya da Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Koriya suna amfani da tsarin Hadley Centre GloSea5 don hasashen yanayi mai nisa.

Aikin kwamfuta na sa kai ClimatePrediction.net wata ƙungiyar bincike ce da ke Jami'ar Oxford, wadda ke gudanar da bincike kan sauyin yanayi na duniya ta amfani da nau'ikan samfuran yanayi da aka tsara a Cibiyar Hadley. Mutane za su iya shiga cikin ƙoƙarin bincike ta hanyar ba da gudummawar albarkatun kwamfuta don taimakawa bincikensu.

Aikin PRECIS (Samar da Yanayin Yankuna don Nazarin Tasirin Tasiri) yana bawa masana kimiyya daga ko'ina cikin duniya damar gudanar da tsarin yanayi na yanki don gudanar da bincike kan sauyin yanayi.

## Manazarta
Ayyukan Muhalli da Karkara na Scotland

**Hukumar Kula da Muhalli da Karkara ta Scotland** (SEARS) haɗin gwiwa ce tsakanin ƙungiyoyin gwamnati guda takwas da ke da nufin inganta ƙwarewa a tsakanin manajojin filaye na Scotland ta hanyar yin aiki tare don samar da ingantaccen sabis mai inganci.

Abokan hulɗar SEARS sune:

* Hukumar Kula da Dakunan Gwaje-gwajen Lafiyar Dabbobi da Dabbobi
* Hukumar Kula da Wuraren Shakatawa ta Ƙasa ta Cairngorms
* Hukumar Crofters
* Hukumar Kula da Gandun Daji ta Scotland
* Loch Lomond da Hukumar Kula da Wuraren Shakatawa ta Trossachs
* Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Scotland (SEPA)
* Hukumar Kula da Biyan Kuɗi da Dubawa ta Karkara ta Gwamnatin Scotland
* Gadon Halittar Scotland

## Tarihi
SEARS ta ƙaddamar da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙungiyoyi tara a shekarar 2008. An soke Hukumar Barewa ta Scotland, wadda a da memba ce, kuma an mayar da ayyukanta ga Gidajen Tarihi na Scotland a ranar 1 ga Agusta, 2010.

SEARS ta yi bikin cika shekaru 100 da kafuwa ta hanyar wallafa bitarta ta farko ta shekara-shekara a bikin Royal Highland Show na 2009 ta Ministar Muhalli Roseanna Cunningham MSP .

Daga cikin muhimman gyare-gyaren da aka yi wa ayyukan tun lokacin da aka fara aikin SEARS a watan Yunin 2008 akwai tanadin kusan fam 150,000 ga masana'antar kiwon tumaki a cikin rangwamen lasisin ruwan karkashin kasa na shekara-shekara da kuma kimanin duba ƙasa da 2,200 ga manajojin filaye.

## Manazarta
China Candid

China Candid: The People on the People's Republic (Jami'ar California Press, 2006) littafi ne da ɗan jaridar kasar Sin Sang Ye ya rubuta.

Littafin na biyu ne na tambayoyin da Sang ya shiga, biyo bayan haɗin gwiwa tare da Zhang Xinxin a kan *Bayanan Sinanci* (Beijing 1986),  wanda aka sake sabuntawa a matsayin Chinese Lives (1988).  

Marubucin ya yi hira da 'yan ƙasa talatin da shida na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin; kowane babi na littafin rubutun kowane hira ne wanda ya juya cikin labari guda ɗaya, kamar dai mutumin da aka yi hira da shi yana magana shi kaɗai a duk lokacin hira, ba tare da katsewa daga ɗan jarida ba.

Wasu mutanen da marubucin ya yi hira da su sune:

* sabon mai mulki
* ma'aikaci ne ke zuwa Beijing daga ƙauye
* matashi mai tsere
* wanda ya kafa gidan marayu mai zaman kansa
* karuwa
* mai satar kwamfuta

An fassara shi zuwa Italiyanci a cikin 2007.

## Manazarta
Casperkill

The **Casperkill** (also known as **Jan Casper's Kill** and shown on federal maps as **Casper Creek**) is a creek in both the town and city of Poughkeepsie, Dutchess County, New York. It flows  from Peach Hill Park to the Hudson River. Combined with its only major tributary, the Fonteyn Kill, it forms a  subwatershed.  It lies entirely within the British royal grant of 1685 known as the Rombout Patent.

## Shirin Binciken Casperkill
Tun daga bazara na shekara ta 2006, Casperkill Assessment Project - haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli ta Kwalejin Vassar da kungiyoyi da mutane - suna gudanar da bincike a kan kogin Casperkill da kuma ruwan da ke cikinta. Dalibai da malamai a Vassar sun yi nazarin ilmin halitta, ilimin ƙasa, da ilmin sunadarai na rafin, da kuma amfani da ƙasa da yanke shawara game da manufofi da ke shafar shi. Sakamakon wannan binciken an samar da shi ga jama'a ta hanyar Casperkill Assessment Document, wanda za'a iya samun dama a ƙasa.

## Ƙungiyar Ruwa ta Casperkill
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da aka fara aikin Binciken Casperkill, an kafa ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa - The Casperkill Watershed Alliance - don inganta wayar da kan jama'a, haɓaka godiya, da aiki don inganta lafiyar muhalli na Casperkill watershed. Haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli ta Vassar, Cornell Cooperative Extension Dutchess County, mazaunan Casperkill Watershed, jami'an jama'a, da sauran jam'iyyun da ke da sha'awar. Kungiyar tana haɗuwa kowane wata kuma tana shirya abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin al'umma kamar shuke-shuke na bakin kogi, ayyukan nuna alamar guguwa, tsaftace kogin, bitar Kula da ciyawa na halitta, bitar ganga na ruwan sama, tafiye-tafiye na keke, da sauransu. Za'a iya samun ƙarin bayani game da Casperkill Watershed Alliance a shafin yanar gizon dutchesswatersheds.org da ke ƙasa.

## Shirin Tarihin Magana na Casperkill
An fara aikin Tarihin Magana na Casperkill a lokacin rani na shekara ta 2010. Dalibai da yawa na Vassar suna yin hira da farfesa da mazauna yankin game da kogin Casperkill da kuma canje-canjen da suka faru a cikin ruwa mai kewaye. Daga cikin batutuwan da ƙungiyar Casperkill Oral History ta rufe sune: shafuka na sha'awa na tarihi; namun daji da canje-canje na muhalli; abubuwan da mazauna ke zaune kusa da rafin; da tarihin ci gaban ɗan adam da amfani da ƙasa a cikin ruwa, musamman sauye-sauyen da fadada IBM a Poughkeepsie a tsakiyar karni na 20. Bayanai da abubuwan tunawa da ƙungiyar ta tattara ana samun su ga jama'a a shafin yanar gizo, wanda za'a iya samun dama a ƙasa.

## Manazarta
Dorothy K. Haynes

**Dorothy Kate Haynes**, (1918 - Disamba 1987) marubuciya ce mai ban tsoro da kuma allahntaka ' yar Scotland .  Ta kan rubuta labarai ga *The Scotsman* akai-akai, kuma an buga yawancin ayyukanta a cikin littattafan fatalwa da na ban tsoro. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Haynes a shekarar 1918 kuma ta yi yarinta tare da tagwayen ɗan'uwanta Leonard, a Aberlour Orphanage, Banffshire . Daga baya Haynes ta ƙaura zuwa Lanark, inda ta auri John S. Gray (wanda shi ma tsohon mazaunin Aberlour Orphanage ne - duba: Haste Ye Back ). Tana da 'ya'ya 4 - Alison, Micheal, Leonard da Ian, inda biyun farko suka mutu sakamakon cystic fibrosis .

An gano tana da cutar kansar mama, kuma ta mutu a watan Disamba na shekarar 1987.

## Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka

### Labarai

* *Alamun Lokacin hunturu* (1947)
* *Robin Ritchie* (1949)
* *Haste Ye Back* (1973)
* *<nowiki/>'Yan Luwaɗi Goshawk* (1992)

### Tarin abubuwa

* *Ba za ka sha wahala ba a mayya* (1949; bugu da aka faɗaɗa 1996)
* *Dawaki da Pagodas* (1981)

### Labarai gajeru

* Ba za ka sha wahala ga mayya ba... (1947)
* Waƙar da ba ta da tushe (1971)
* Shari'ar Mrs Grimmond Mai Muhimmanci (1973)
* 'Yan wasan Scotland Wha Ha'e (1975)
* Barleyriggs (1976)
* Sama, Kamar Yarinya Mai Kyau (1976)
* Sarkin Kasuwa (1979)
* Waɗannan Haske da Violin (1979)
* Waƙa a Bikin (1980)
* 'Yan Boorees (1981)
* Taimaka wa Ofishin Jakadancin Jirgin Kasa (1981)
* Layin Obelisks (1981)
* Uwargida a Dare (1983)
* Oblige Me da Burodi (1983)
* 'Bean-Nighe'
* Maganin
* Mutumin da Ya Yi Nisa da Yawa
* Zelma, Surukata

## Manazarta
Haɗin Kai na Yanayi

**Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Yanayi** ƙungiya ce da ta himmatu wajen ɗaukar mataki kan sauyin yanayi a Burtaniya .

## Bayani
Ƙungiyar Climate Coalition ita ce sunan da ƙungiyar agaji mai rijista ta **The Climate Movement** ke aiki.  Tare da ƙungiyoyin 'yan uwanta *Stop Climate Chaos Cymru* da *[[Stop Climate Chaos Scotland]]*, ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi sama da 130 - ciki har da National Trust, Women's Institute, Oxfam, Salvation Army, da RSPB . Tana gudanar da manyan kamfen guda biyu na shekara-shekara: *Show The Love* and *Speak Up Week*, da kuma *Green Heart Hero* Awards. 

## Tarihi
An kafa ƙungiyar Haɗin Gwiwa ta Yanayi a shekarar 2005. Da farko ana kiranta da *"Stop Climate Chaos"* .

Zuwa shekarar 2015, ƙungiyar ta sami goyon bayan shahararrun mutane, kuma kamfen ɗin farko *na Show The Love* ya sami goyon bayan Ridley Scott, Stephen Fry, Dermot O'Leary, Alison Steadman, Raymond Blanc, Meera Syal da sauransu. Wannan ya taimaka wa shugabannin siyasa na Burtaniya da suka yi alƙawarin magance sauyin yanayi. 

Ta gudanar da wani gangamin sauyin yanayi a ranar 26 ga Yuni 2019, inda sama da mutane 12,000 suka isa Majalisar domin shaida wa wakilansu cewa akwai bukatar daukar matakin gaggawa. 

## Manazarta
Sashin Lantarki da Yanayi

**Sashen Kula da Makamashi da Yanayi** ( **ECIU** ) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke Burtaniya tana gudanar da bincike da nazari mai zaman kanta kan batutuwan makamashi da yanayi. An kafa ƙungiyar a shekarar 2014.  A cewar shafinsu game da wannan, su "ƙungiyar ce mai zaman kanta da ke goyon bayan muhawara mai zurfi kan batutuwan makamashi da sauyin yanayi a Burtaniya", suna tallafawa 'yan jarida, 'yan majalisa da sauran masu sadarwa da cikakkun bayanai kan muhimman batutuwa, kuma suna aiki tare da daidaikun mutane da ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke da labarai masu ban sha'awa da za su bayar, suna taimaka musu su haɗu da tattaunawar ƙasa. 

Jaridun Burtaniya da na duniya sun yi amfani da ECIU wajen ambaton bayanai game da sauyin yanayi.   

Tsohon wakilin BBC kan muhalli Richard Black ne ya kafa kungiyar.  Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na ECIU ya kunshi masana kimiyyar yanayi, kwararru kan manufofin makamashi, masana tattalin arziki, 'yan majalisa da takwarorinsu .

Gidauniyar agaji ce kawai ke daukar nauyin wannan sashe; suna goyon bayan tallafin da Gidauniyar Yanayi ta Turai da sauran kungiyoyin bayar da tallafi ke bayarwa. 

## Bincike mai mahimmanci
ECIU ta ƙirƙiri jerin bincike don kimanta yawan tattalin arzikin duniya da ta yi alƙawarin cimma sifili .  Binciken ya ruwaito cewa kashi 16% na tattalin arzikin duniya sun yi alƙawarin cimma irin wannan alƙawari a watan Yunin 2019.  A watan Fabrairun 2020, ƙungiyar ta kiyasta cewa kashi 49% na GDP na duniya ya yi alƙawarin cimma sifili.  A watan Mayun 2020, ECIU ta kiyasta cewa kashi 53% na DFP na duniya ya yi alƙawarin cimma sifili mai araha a 2050. 

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Tarihin Churchill

**Cibiyar Tarihin Churchill** (**CAC**) a Kwalejin Churchill a Jami'ar Cambridge tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren adanawa a Ƙasar Ingila don adanawa da nazarin takardun sirri na zamani. An fi saninsa da ɗakunan takardun tsohon Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Winston Churchill.

Baya ga adana takardun sirri na Churchill, cibiyar kuma tana da takardun masu zaman kansu na wasu sanannun mutane, gami da tsohon Firayim Minista na Burtaniya Baroness Thatcher, Ernest Bevin, Enoch Powell, Lord Kinnock, Sir John Colville, Lord Hankey, Admiral Lord Fisher, Field Marshal Lord Slim, Sir John Cockcroft, Sir James Chadwick, Farfesa Lise Meitner, Rosalind Franklin, da Frank Sir Whittle.

Kolejin gabaɗaya shine abin tunawa na ƙasa da na Commonwealth ga Winston Churchill kuma Cibiyar Tarihi ta sami matsayi na Gidajen Tarihi, Litattafai da Majalisar Tarihi. Tun daga shekara ta 2015 tarihin Churchill ya kasance a kan UNESCO's Memory of the World Register . 

## Kasuwanci

### Tarin abubuwa

Kodayake Sir Winston Churchill ne ya ba Cibiyar Tarihi sunanta, wannan ma'aikatar tana da kusan tarin 600 da ke dauke da bayanan rayuwar sojoji, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa, 'yan jirgin sama,' yan jarida, masu gyarawa da masu gwagwarmaya, ma'aikata, jami'an diflomasiyya, masana kimiyyar sunadarai, masana kimiyi da iyalansu.

### Batutuwa
Yawancin tarin suna ba da damar binciken batutuwa masu yawa. Misali, ana iya gano mafi yawan fannoni na Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a can, kuma ana adana bayanan da suka shafi haihuwa (tare da abin da ake kira Iron Curtain Speech na Churchill) da mutuwar Yaƙin Cold a cikin akwatunan ajiyar CAC.

CAC tana ba da hanya mai mahimmanci don nazarin tarihin soja, siyasa da diflomasiyya, da alaƙar duniya, tarihin zamantakewa da al'adu da tarihin mulkin mallaka, aiki, kimiyya, da mata, musamman a cikin yanayin Burtaniya. Akwai wasiƙu, hotuna, littattafai da litattafai daga iyalai, jama'a da jama'a gaba ɗaya.

### Nau'ikan takardu
Tarin da ke Cibiyar Tarihin Churchill sun haɗa da jawabai, bayanan sirri, rahotanni, minti, wasiƙu, katunan wasiƙa, littattafan alƙawari, telegrams da abubuwan tunawa, zane-zane, taswira, zane-zanen, rikodin sauti da bidiyo, da hotuna. Cibiyar Tarihi tana ƙoƙari ta adana waɗannan yayin da take ba da damar jama'a. Daga cikin adadi, abubuwan da suka faru da batutuwa masu yawa da aka haɗa a cikin mallakar CAC sune:

#### Mutane

## Samun dama
Cibiyar Tarihin Churchill tana buɗewa ga jama'a, kodayake dole ne a yi alƙawari a gaba don tabbatar da wuri a cikin Gidan Karatu. Manufar Cibiyar ita ce bude kayan aiki da yawa don bincike kamar yadda zai yiwu, amma akwai yiwuwar rufewa don kiyayewa ko wasu dalilai.

A cikin 2023, don yin alama da shekaru 50 na cibiyar, an gabatar da tashar Access Portal wanda ke ba da damar kan layi ga wasu tarin.

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Nazarin Tarihin Magana ta Columbia

Da yake a cikin Butler Library, **Cibiyar Nazarin Tarihin Magana ta Jami'ar Columbia** ita ce tsohuwar shirin Tarihin baki. Wanda ya lashe Kyautar Pulitzer Allan Nevins ya kafa shirin a shekarar 1948. Akwai jerin ayyukan da ke cikin cibiyar, na yanzu da na kammala. A halin yanzu ofishin yana da bayanan da aka ɗauka 8,000 da shafuka 1,000,000 na rubuce-rubuce.

## Kafawa
Manufofin sha'awa ce ga Allan Nevins, kuma hakan ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi don kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Tarihin Magana, ko kuma musamman Ofishin Nazarin Tarihi na Jami'ar Columbia. Manufofin jama'a galibi suna da yawan rubuce-rubucen bayanai kuma hira za ta taimaka wajen jagorantar bincike. Nevis ya nemi kudade daga Jami'ar Columbia amma bai samu komai ba - kawai ya isa ya biya ma'aikata kaɗan. Maganar da ya karɓa daga Jami'ar ita ce "Ba za ku taɓa karɓar kuɗi na aiki daga Columbia ba" wanda ya zama ƙarya. Cibiyar tana da daraktoci 4 ciki har da Nevins, ciki har da, Ronald J. Grele, da Mary Marshall Clark wanda shine darakta na yanzu tun daga Yuni 2001. Ba har sai lokacin Clark a matsayin darektan ba ne cibiyar ta sami isasshen kudade don samun damar kammala manyan ayyuka kuma ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da INCITE.

## Ƙungiya
Cibiyar Columbia don Tarihin Magana (CCOH) ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu, Cibiyar Columbia ta Nazarin Tarihin Magunguna (CCOHR) da Cibiyar Columbia na Tarihin Maganganu (CCOHA). Ana adana ɗakunan ajiya a cikin Butler Library yayin da cibiyar bincike ta kasance wani ɓangare na Cibiyar Interdisciplinary don Ka'idoji da Empirics (INCITE). Cibiyar bincike tana neman kudade don ayyukan. Ana aika sakamakon waɗannan ayyukan zuwa ɗakunan ajiya don adanawa kuma a yi amfani da su azaman tushen kayan bincike na gaba. Samar da wani tushen abin dogaro kamar wannan burin wanda ya kafa Allan Nevins ne.

## Ayyuka
Ayyukan da CCOHR ta haɗa ana adana su a cikin ɗakunan ajiyar su kuma suna kunshe da bayanai da yawa kamar yadda za'a iya samu akan batun. Wasu sanannun misalai suna ƙasa.

## Manazarta
Gidan Tarihin Kwamfuta

**Gidan Tarihin Kwamfuta** (**CHM**) gidan kayan gargajiya ne na kwamfuta a Mountain View, California . Gidan kayan gargajiya yana gabatar da labaru da kayan tarihi na Silicon Valley da Information Age, kuma yana bincika juyin juya halin kwamfuta da tasirinsa akan al'umma.

## Tarihi
Asalin gidan kayan gargajiya ya kasance a shekarar 1968 lokacin da Gordon Bell ya fara neman tarin tarihi kuma, a wannan lokacin, wasu suna neman adana kwamfutar Whirlwind. Sakamakon aikin Gidan Tarihi yana da nune-nunen farko a 1975, wanda ke cikin ɗakin tufafi da aka canza a cikin ɗakin DEC. A shekara ta 1978, gidan kayan gargajiya, yanzu *Gidan Tarihin Kwamfuta na Dijital* (TDCM), ya koma babban ɗakin DEC a Marlborough, Massachusetts kuma ya buɗe wa jama'a a watan Satumbar shekara ta 1979.  Maurice Wilkes ya gabatar da lacca na farko a TDCM a 1979 - gabatar da irin waɗannan laccoci ya ci gaba har zuwa yanzu.

TDCM an kafa shi a matsayin *Gidan Tarihi Kwamfuta* (TCM) a shekarar 1982. A shekara ta 1984, TCM ta koma Boston, inda ta kasance a Museum Wharf .

## Shirye-shiryen jama'a

Gidan Tarihin Kwamfuta yana karɓar bakuncin shirye-shiryen jama'a na yau da kullun (a halin yanzu a ƙarƙashin tutar "CHM Live") tare da sanannun shugabannin (na baya da na yanzu) daga Silicon Valley da kuma bangaren fasaha na duniya, gami da masu magana da suka gabata kamar Bill Gates, Mark Zuckerberg, Reid Hoffman, Elon Musk, da Eric Schmidt, da kuma masana kimiyya, masana tarihi, da sauransu kan tasirin fasaha. Gidan kayan gargajiya kuma yana samar da abubuwan da suka faru na musamman da ke nuna ranar tunawa da mahimmanci, kamar 40th Anniversary of the Apple Macintosh da 50th Anniversate of Ethernet, wanda ke nuna bangarorin da ke tunani game da tarihi da tasirin mahimman fasahohin lissafi. Ana iya ganin rikodin abubuwan da suka faru a gidan kayan gargajiya a tashar YouTube.

Gidan kayan gargajiya na "25,000 sq ft (2,300 m2) ya nuna "Revolution: Shekaru 2000 na farko na Kwamfuta", an buɗe shi ga jama'a a ranar 13 ga Janairu, 2011. Ya rufe tarihin lissafi a cikin tashoshi 20, daga abacus zuwa Intanet. Dukan nune-nunen kuma suna samuwa a kan layi.

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta Muhalli ta Kasa

**Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta Ƙasa ta Burtaniya (NAEE)** tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na ilimi na muhalli na farko  a Burtaniya da aka kafa a shekarar 1960 a matsayin Ƙungiyar Nazarin Karkara ta Ƙasa, kuma tun daga shekarar 1971 tana aiki da sunan ta na yanzu. 

Manufarta ita ce haɓaka ilimin muhalli ta kowane fanni, da kuma tallafawa masu ilimi a cikin ayyukansu, don tabbatar da makomar duniyarmu ta zama mai dorewa . Tana samar da albarkatu da horar da malamai da masu ilimi marasa tsari waɗanda ke da sha'awar koyar da dorewa a cikin azuzuwan su  da haɓaka manhajar da ta dace da dorewa,  musamman mai da hankali kan ilimin farko,  kuma tare da mai da hankali kan ilimin mahallin.  Ita ce ƙungiya ɗaya tilo a Burtaniya da masu ilimi ke gudanarwa ga takwarorinsu. 

An yi mata rijista a matsayin ƙungiyar agaji kuma tana buga mujallar masu aiki sau uku a shekara, *Ilimi a Muhalli* .  Tun daga shekarar 2017 NAEE ke gudanar da shirin zumunci don girmama mutane, waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ilimin muhalli. Hakanan tana ba da tallafin kuɗi don gudanar da ilimin muhalli a waje. 

Shugabanta na yanzu shine Justin Dillon,  Farfesa a fannin Kimiyya da Ilimin Muhalli a Kwalejin Jami'ar Landan.  Paul Vare ne ke jagorantar kwamitin amintattu, kuma Nina Hatch ita ce Darakta Mai Gudanarwa. 

## Manazarta
Dastan

(Persian,  dàstân, lit. labari')   wani nau'i ne mai ban sha'awa na Tarihin baki, labari, daga Asiya ta Tsakiya, Iran, Turkiyya da Azerbaijan . 

Dastan yawanci yana kan mutum daya wanda ke kare kabilarsa ko mutanensa daga mai mamayewa ko abokin gaba, kodayake a wasu lokuta ne kawai za'a iya gano wannan adadi zuwa mutum na tarihi. Wannan babban hali ya ba da misali na yadda ya kamata mutum ya yi aiki, kuma dastan ya zama kayan aiki na koyarwa - alal misali malamin Sufi da mawaki na Turkic Ahmed Yesevi ya ce "Bari malaman su ji hikina, suna bi da maganata kamar dastan". Tare da hikima, kowane dastan yana da wadataccen tarihin al'adu na sha'awa ga malamai.

A lokacin da Rasha ta ci Asiya ta Tsakiya, an halicci sabbin dastans da yawa don nuna rashin amincewa da mamayar Rasha. Yana yiwuwa sun haɗu kuma sun rinjayi juna. A cewar masanin tarihin Turkiyya Hasan Bülent Paksoy, Bolsheviks sun yi ƙoƙari su lalata waɗannan alamomin al'adu ta hanyar buga su ne kawai a cikin adadi mai yawa kuma a cikin wani nau'i mai laushi "don raunana tasirin jarumi".

Wani sanannen dastan shine *Korkut Ata* na Oghuz Turks - wanda watakila an halicce shi tun farkon karni na 13.

A cikin Karakalpak da sauran al'adun Turkic, akwai nau'ikan *Dastan* guda biyu: *[[Baqsï|Backsï]]* suna raira waƙoƙin waka da ke dauke da labaru game da soyayya da kasada (wanda Karl Reichl ya kwatanta da soyayya ta Yammacin zamani), tare da dutar; *zhyrau* suna raira waƙa na jaruntaka, tare da kobyz.

## Dubi kuma

* Alpamysh
* Baqsï
* Dastangoi
* Labarin Manas
* Labarin Koroghlu
* Jerin maganganun Urdu
* Dastan a cikin wallafe-wallafen Yazidi
* Zhyrau

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Pontius Aquila

**Pontius Aquila** (watakila **Lucius Pontius**; ya mutu a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 43 BC) ɗan siyasan Roma ne, kwamandan soja, kuma ɗaya daga cikin masu kisan Julius Kaisar . A cikin 45 BC, a matsayin mai kula da jama'a, ya fusata Kaisar ta hanyar ƙin tsayawa a lokacin nasara, kuma, a cikin shekara mai zuwa, ya shiga cikin makircin kashe mai mulkin kama karya. Aquila ya mutu yana yaƙi a Yaƙin Mutina na Biyu da Mark Antony a watan Afrilu na 43 BC, kafin a kafa Triumvirate na Biyu daga baya a wannan shekarar.&nbsp;

## Rayuwa
Phontius Aquila mai yiwuwa ya kasance daga dangin da ba a san shi ba daga Sutrium a kudancin Etruria .  Da alama ya kasance mai jamhuriya kuma abokin adawar Julius Kaisar tun daga farko, kuma mai yiwuwa ya goyi bayan abokin gaba na Kaisar Pompey a yakin basasa wanda ya fara a 49 BC.[2] A cikin 45 BC, a lokacin mulkin kama-karya na Kaisar, ya kasance mai kula da jama'a, kuma a nasara Kaisar a watan Oktoba, Aquila bai tsaya ba, ba kamar sauran masu kula da su ba, don girmamawa yayin da procession ya wuce. Wannan ya fusata Kaisar sosai, sai ya yi ihu, "ku zo, Aquila, ku dawo da jamhuriya daga gare ni, tribune",  kuma na kwanaki da yawa ba zai yi alkawarin jama'a ga kowa ba tare da ramawa ba, "wato, idan Pontius Aquila zai ba ni damar".   Wannan ba'a mai yiwuwa ya haifar da rikici tsakanin su biyu, yayin da Pontius ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu kisan Kaisar.

Bayan Ides na Maris, ya zama mataimakin (legatus) na gwamnan Cisalpine Gaul, Decimus Brutus, wani daga cikin masu kisan kai. Lokacin da ɗan tawaye Mark Antony ya yi tafiya a kan Decimus a cikin 43 BC kuma ya kewaye shi a Mutina, Aquila bai kasance a ɓoye tare da Decimus a birnin ba, amma a maimakon haka ya fita filin, ya tara sojoji kuma ya tattara kayan aiki daga aljihunsa, kuma ya gudanar da ayyukan da kansa. A ƙarshen watan Janairu, ya ɗauki garin Claternae tare da wakilin Aulus Hirtius, sannan ya ci gaba zuwa Pollentia, inda ya ci nasara a ƙarƙashin Antony, Titus Munatius Plancus Bursa, a yaƙi. Aquila ya sake haɗuwa da Hirtius a waje da Mutina don karya kewaye da Antony na Decimus a Mutina. [1] A cikin yakin da ya biyo baya, 'yan Jamhuriyar Republican sun yi nasara, amma an kashe Hirtius da Aquila. A buƙatar Cicero, Majalisar Dattijai ta girmama Aquila da mutum-mutumi kuma ta biya magadansa da kuɗin da ya samu a lokacin yakin. Münzer ya yi sharhi cewa, daga cikin sanannun masu kisan Kaisar, Aquila ya sami ƙarshen mafi daraja.[1]

Wataƙila Aquila kakannin Bilatus ne, wani shugaban Yahudawa na ƙarni na 1 wanda aka sani da kashe Yesu Banazare.

## Manazarta
Publius Servilius Casca

**Publius Servilius Casca Longus** (ya mutu  ) yana ɗaya daga cikin masu kisan Julius Kaisar kuma mai ba da izini a cikin 43 BC. Shi da wasu sanatoci da yawa sun yi makirci don kashe shi, wani shiri wanda suka aiwatar a ranar 15 ga Maris 44 BC. Bayan haka, Casca ya yi yaƙi tare da masu 'yanci a lokacin yakin basasa na' yanci. An yi imanin cewa ya mutu a yakin Phillipi ko dai ta hanyar kashe kansa ko kuma a hannun sojojin Octavian.&nbsp;&nbsp;

## Rayuwa
Duk da kasancewarsa da farko aboki na yaro na Kaisar, Casca da ɗan'uwansa Titedius  sun shiga cikin kisan. Casca ya buga bugawa ta farko,  ya kai hari ga Kaisar daga baya kuma ya buga kafadu, bayan Tillius Cimber ya janye hankalin mai mulkin kama karya ta hanyar kama tufafinsa. Kaisar ya amsa "Casca, kai mugu, menene kake yi?" kuma ya yi jayayya da shi na sakan da yawa. Casca a lokaci guda ya yi ihu ga ɗan'uwansa a Helenanci, "Brother, help me!" Sauran masu kisan kai sun shiga.

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 44 KZ, Casca ya hau mulki a matsayin mai ba da shawara. Babu wani tashin hankali da ke da alaƙa da karbar mulki kuma ya haɗa kai da Cicero da mahaifiyar Brutus Servilia. Koyaya, bayan da Octavian ya yi tafiya a Roma a lokacin Yaƙin Mutina, Casca ya tsere daga birnin kuma ya haɗu da Marcus Junius Brutus da Gaius Cassius Longinus, shugabannin masu kisan kai, a yakin basasa na 'yanci da aka yi da Triumvirate na biyu na Antony, Lepidus, da Octabian. Lokacin da ya tsere daga birnin, abokin aikinsa, Publius Titius, ya soke kotun Casca. Da alama ya mutu, mai yiwuwa ta hanyar kashe kansa,  bayan da aka ci su a yakin Filibus, a watan Oktoba 42 BC. Babu wata magana game da shi a cikin kowane tushe bayan wannan kwanan wata.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Ana tunawa da Casca a kan tsabar kudi tare da Brutus, inda aka nuna wani mutum mai gemu kusa da sunansa. Koyaya, wannan ya bayyana a matsayin allahn Neptune maimakon hoto na Casca.[1] Elmley Lovett a Ingila shine wurin da aka gano tarin tsabar kudi don haɗawa da wani dinari na azurfa na Jamhuriyar Roman na Brutus tare da Casca Longus da aka buga a mint yana motsawa tare da Brutus 43-42 BC.[2]

Pompeii)" id="mwSg" rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" title="commons:Category:Casa dei Quadretti Teatrali (Pompeii)">Gida da ke dauke da tebur da aka rubuta da sunansa an samo shi a Pompeii . 

## Manazarta
Marcus Junius Rufus

**Marcus Junius Rufus** wani ɗan Roma ne wanda ya rayu a ƙarni na 1. Wani memba na tsohuwar gens Junia, an fi saninsa da kasancewa Prefectus ko gwamnan Roman Misira daga 94 zuwa 98. Wannan muhimmin matsayi ne, domin Masar ta samar da babban bangare na bukatun hatsi na Roma. Rufus ya nuna kansa gwamna mai iyawa, domin ya rike nadin sa a kan mulkin sarakuna uku.

Kodayake ana iya ɗauka cewa Rufus ya wuce ta hanyar 'yan bindiga, farkon *doki* na yau da kullun ga mahayan dawakai, ofishin da aka tabbatar masa shi ne gwamnansa. Yayinda yake gwamna, ya auri Claudia Capitolina, 'yar Tiberius Claudius Balbilus, wanda ya kasance gwamnan Masar ƙarni daya da suka gabata. Shi ne mijin Capitolina na biyu; mijinta na farko shi ne yarima na Commagene, Gaius Julius Archelaus Antiochus Epiphanes wanda ya mutu a Athens a shekara ta 92.

A cikin littafinsa game da sunayen polyonymous na ƙarni na farko na Daular Roma, Olli Salomies ya lura cewa yayin da wasu suka ba da shawarar cewa Rufus ya karɓa mai ba da shawara na 128, Marcus Junius Mettius Rufus, ya nuna cewa Sunan "Rufus" yana tafiya tare da nomen "Mettius" kuma ya kammala cewa "babu buƙatar samun alaƙa tsakanin prefect da mai ba da mai ba".[1]

Bayan Junius Rufus ya sauka daga nadin da ya yi a Misira, rayuwarsa ba ta da komai.

## Manazarta