Howard Kottler

**Howard William Kottler** (Maris 5, 1930&nbsp;&#x2013; Janairu 21, 1989  ) ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne mai zane-zanen yumbu, kuma farfesa a fannin yumbu a Jami'ar Washington, wanda aka yaba masa a matsayin babban ƙarfin sake fasalta alkiblar fasahar yumbu ta Amurka ta zamani.  

Saboda tasirin da ƙungiyar zane-zane ta Bay Area ta yi masa, [1] [2] [3] ya shahara sosai saboda jerin faranti masu launuka iri-iri da suka ƙi ayyukan zane-zane na gargajiya waɗanda suka jaddada kuma suka daraja abubuwan da aka yi da hannu, sannan ya mai da hankali kan faranti da aka saya a shaguna da yawa da kuma tambarin kasuwanci don ƙirƙirar abubuwa da aka yi wa ado da hotuna daga al'adun gargajiya don isar da saƙonnin siyasa, zamantakewa, da na sirri na Kottler. [4] [5] [6] Dangane da waɗannan ayyukan, ya sami suna wajen amfani da hotuna masu lamba, wasan kwaikwayo na kalmomi, da barkwanci mai ban dariya wanda ya kafa suna na Kottler a matsayin mai barkwanci da kuma mai ban dariya. [7] [8]

## Sana'a
Da farko an yi masa horo a matsayin likitan ido, Kottler ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Jihar Ohio a shekarar 1952 tare da digirin farko a fannin Kimiyyar Halittu.   Yayin da yake aiki a matakin farko na karatunsa na farko, ya yi kwas ɗin yumbu na jami'a a shekarar 1952 wanda ya mayar da hankali kan aikinsa ya koma Jihar Ohio don yin karatun yumbu. Kottler ya fara aikinsa da ilimin sana'o'in gargajiya; a matsayinsa na ɗalibi, an horar da shi kan dabarun yumbu na gargajiya da fasahar glaze.  Bayan ya sami digirin Master of Arts a fannin yumbu daga Jihar Ohio a shekarar 1956, an ba shi tallafin karatu don yin digirin Master of Fine Arts a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Cranbrook . A can ne ya haɗu kuma ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Maija Grotell, malami kuma mai fasaha wanda ya yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayoyinsa game da fasaha da ilimi.   Tare da tallafin tallafin Fulbright, ya shafe lokaci yana aiki a Makarantar Fasaha da Sana'o'i ta Tsakiya da kuma Kamfanin Masana'antar Ceramic ta Arabia da ke Finland, yana nazarin ƙirƙira da amfani da zane-zanen yumbu da kuma yin aiki tare da sanannen mai ginin tukwane Kyllikki Salmenhaara .  Ya koma Jihar Ohio, inda ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin zane-zane a shekarar 1964 tare da digirinsa *na uku mai suna An Exhibition of Pottery in Support of Three Processes in Ceramics*,   daga baya kuma ya koma Seattle inda ya shiga jami'ar Jami'ar Washington a shekarar 1965. 

## Aiki & Tarawa
Ba a yaba masa sosai ba yayin da yake raye, bayan mutuwarsa, ya sami yabo mai zafi sakamakon wasu nunin faifai da aka yi a Amurka. Sakamakon aikinsa bai daidaita ba tsawon shekaru 30 na rayuwarsa ta sana'a saboda yana cikakken malamin jami'a, sai a shekarun 1980 ne ya fara aiki da ƙarfin hali don samar da tarin aiki da zai haifar da nunin mutum ɗaya. 

An tattara ayyukansa ta Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Metropolitan na New York,  Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha da Zane,  da Gidan Tarihi na Whitney na Fasaha na Amurka ; Gidan Tarihi na Renwick, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Smithsonian na Amurka da ke Washington, DC;  Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Gundumar Los Angeles ;  Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani na Kasa da ke Kyoto;  Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert da ke Landan;  da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Seattle,  Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Portland,  Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Henry,  da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Tacoma  a yankin Arewa maso Yammacin Pacific.
 

## Manazarta