Gidan shakatawa na Theodore Roosevelt

**Theodore Roosevelt National Park** wurin shakatawa ne na ƙasa na Amurka a cikin badlands na yammacin North Dakota wanda ya ƙunshi yankuna uku da suka rabu. Wannan wurin shakatawa yana girmama lokacin da Theodore Roosevelt ya yi a yankin da ke kewaye da kuma a cikin Dakota Territories kafin su kasance jihohi. Roosevelt ya zauna a yankin bayan mahaifiyarsa da matarsa sun mutu sa'o'i daban-daban a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 1884. Theodore Roosevelt National Park shi ne kawai wurin shakatawa na Amurka da aka sanya wa sunan mutum guda.

Gidan shakatawa ya rufe    na ƙasa a cikin sassa uku: Ƙungiyar Arewa, Ƙungiyar Kudu, da Elkhorn Ranch Unit. Ƙananan Kogin Missouri yana ratsa duk raka'a uku na wurin shakatawa. Hanyar Maah Daah Hey ta haɗu da duka raka'a uku. Babban wurin shakatawa na Kudancin Kudancin yana tare da Interstate 94 kusa da Medora, North Dakota . Karamin Rukunin Arewa yana da kusan 80&nbsp;mi (130&nbsp;km) arewa da Kudancin Unit, kuma Roosevelt's Elkhorn Ranch yana tsakanin sassan Arewa da Kudu.

Dukkanin manyan raka'o'in wurin shakatawa suna da abubuwan motsa jiki, kusan  hanyoyin ƙafa da dawakai, kallon namun daji, da tafiye-tafiye na baya da zango. Gidan shakatawa ya karɓi baƙi na nishaɗi 850,000 a cikin 2021. 

## Tarihi

### Roosevelt dangane

Roosevelt ya fara zuwa badlands na Arewacin Dakota don farautar bison a watan Satumba na 1883. A wannan ɗan gajeren tafiya ta farko, ya sami bison nasa kuma ya ƙaunaci ƙaƙƙarfan salon rayuwa da "cikakkiyar 'yanci" na Yamma. Ya saka $14,000 a cikin Maltese Cross Ranch, wanda Sylvane Ferris da Bill Merrifield suka rigaya ke sarrafa su, mil bakwai kudu da Medora. A wannan lokacin hunturu, Ferris da Merrifield sun gina Gidan Crossan Maltese . Bayan mutuwar matarsa da mahaifiyarsa a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 1884, Roosevelt ya koma gonarsa ta Arewa Dakota yana neman kadaici da lokacin warkarwa. A wannan lokacin rani, ya fara gonarsa ta biyu, Elkhorn Ranch, mai nisan mil 35 daga arewacin Medora, wanda ya dauki hayar wasu ’yan itacen Maine guda biyu, Bill Sewall da Wilmot Dow, don yin aiki. Roosevelt ya yi matukar sha'awar kiwonsa da farauta a Yamma, yana ba da cikakken bayani game da abubuwan da ya faru a cikin jaridu da mujallu na gabas. Ya rubuta manyan ayyuka guda uku akan rayuwarsa a Yamma: *Rayuwar Ranch da Hanyar Farauta*, *Tafiya na Farauta na Ranchman* da *Mafarauci na daji.* Abubuwan da ya faru a cikin "rayuwar mai wuya" a waje da asarar shanunsa a lokacin hunturu na yunwa a 1886 &#x2013; 1887 sun yi tasiri a cikin bin manufofin kiyayewa a matsayinsa na Shugaban Amurka (1901-1909).

### Ci gaban wurin shakatawa
Bayan mutuwar Roosevelt a 1919, an bincika Little Missouri Badlands don sanin yiwuwar wuraren shakatawa. An kafa sansanonin kiyaye zaman lafiya na farar hula a duka wuraren shakatawa na gaba daga 1934 zuwa 1941, kuma sun haɓaka hanyoyi da sauran gine-ginen da ake amfani da su a yau. An nada yankin **wurin Nuna Nuna Nishaɗi na Roosevelt** a cikin 1935. A cikin 1946 an tura shi zuwa Ma'aikatar Kifi da Namun daji ta Amurka azaman **Theodore Roosevelt Gudun Gudun namun daji na ƙasa** . Bayan yakin shekaru biyar na wakilin North Dakota William Lemke, Shugaba Truman ya kafa Ƙungiyar Tunawa ta Kudu ta **Theodore Roosevelt National Memorial Park** a ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 1947, kawai National Memorial Park da aka kafa; An ƙara yankin Arewa ta hanyar dokar Majalisa a watan Yuni 1948. A cikin 1978, baya ga gyaran kan iyaka da kafa kadada 29,920 (121.1)&nbsp;km 2 ) na Theodore Roosevelt Wilderness, an canza sunan wurin shakatawa zuwa *Theodore Roosevelt National Park* .

## Geography

Unitungiyar Arewa, Sashen Kudu, da Rukunin Rana na Elkhorn sun rufe jimlar    .  Babban wurin shakatawa na Kudancin Kudancin yana tare da Interstate 94 kusa da Medora, North Dakota . Karamin Rukunin Arewa yana da kusan 80&nbsp;mi (130&nbsp;km) arewa da Rukunin Kudu, akan Hanyar Amurka 85, kudu da Watford City, North Dakota . Roosevelt's Elkhorn Ranch yana tsakanin sassan Arewa da Kudu, kusan 20&nbsp;mi (32&nbsp;km) yamma da US 85 da Fairfield, North Dakota .

### Yanayi
Bisa ga tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, Theodore Roosevelt National Park yana da yanayin sanyi mai sanyi ( *BSk* ). A cewar Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka, yankin Hardiness na Shuka a Cibiyar Baƙi ta Arewa Unit (2008)&nbsp;ft / 612 m) shine 3b tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin shekara-shekara na -30.6&nbsp;°F (-34.8&nbsp;°C), da 4a tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin shekara-shekara na -29.3&nbsp;°F (-34.1&nbsp;°C) a Cibiyar Baƙi ta Kudu (2261&nbsp;ft / 689 m). 

## Ilimin halittu

A cewar AW Kuchler US Nau'in ciyayi masu yuwuwa, Theodore Roosevelt National Park yana da rabe biyu; wani nau'in ciyawar alkama / Needlegrass ( *66* ) nau'in ciyayi tare da nau'in ciyawa mai gaurayawar Arewa ( *18* ) nau'in ciyayi, da kuma Arewacin Ambaliyar ruwa ( *98* ) nau'in ciyayi tare da dazuzzukan dazuzzuka ( *24* ). 

Gidan shakatawa na gida ne ga namun daji iri-iri na Great Plains, ciki har da bison, coyotes, cougars, doki mustang, badgers, elk, bighorn tumaki, farar wutsiya, barewa, barewa, karnukan daji, da kuma aƙalla nau'ikan tsuntsaye 186 da suka haɗa da gaggafa mai kaifi, tururuwan daji da kaifi . Shanu masu dogon kaho tara suna yawo a sashin Arewa. 

An sake gabatar da bison, Elk, da tumaki babba zuwa wurin shakatawa. Jami'an wurin shakatawa suna kula da yawan bison, dawakai, da alƙawarin don kiyaye daidaiton yanayin muhalli.   An kewaye wurin dajin gabaɗaya da  shingen waya da aka saka wanda ke kiyaye dawakai da bison a cikin wurin shakatawa da dabbobin kasuwanci. Sauran dabbobin suna iya wucewa, ƙarƙashin, ko ta shinge a takamaiman wuraren da aka tanada don wannan dalili. Elk ya nemi tsari a wurin shakatawa daga matsin farauta na waje. Elk yana haifuwa kuma an cire su don rage lalacewar albarkatu daga yawan jama'a. Karnuka na Prairie namun daji ne na asali waɗanda ake ɗaukar nau'in dutsen dutse saboda yadda suke kiwo da halayen binnewa waɗanda ke haɗa ƙasa da haɓaka bambance-bambancen tsire-tsire na ƙasa, masu mahimmanci ga ingantaccen yanayin yanayin ƙasa. Suna kuma zama wurin ganima ga wasu namun daji iri-iri. 

Bayan da aka katange wurin shakatawar, wani doki da aka gudanar a shekarar 1954 ya kawar da dabbobi 200. Wasu ƴan ƴan rukunin dawakai sun tsallake rijiya da baya kuma ba a ɗauka ba. Waɗannan dawakai sun ci gaba da zama a cikin wurin shakatawa. Shekaru da yawa ma'aikatar kula da gandun daji ta ƙasa ta yi ƙoƙarin cire duk dawakai daga wurin shakatawa. A cikin 1970, canji na manufofin shakatawa ya gane doki a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarihin tarihi. A tarihi, wurin shakatawa na gudanar da zagayawa a duk bayan shekaru uku zuwa hudu ta hanyar amfani da jirage masu saukar ungulu don kiwo dawakai zuwa wurin kula da su sannan kuma ana sayar da su a gwanjon jama'a. An gwada sabbin hanyoyin kula da garken garken da suka haɗa da magungunan hana haihuwa, dabarun kama ɗan damuwa, binciken kwayoyin halitta, da haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙungiyoyin bayar da shawarwari na doki masu zaman kansu.  Takaddun Ƙimar Muhalli na 1978 ya saita manufar yawan jama'a don garken zanga-zanga zuwa shugaban 35-60.  Ana sake kimanta manufar adadin dawakai da kididdiga na garken garken yayin haɓaka sabon tsarin gudanarwa tare da bincike na yanzu.  Rashin kiwo zai ba da damar sake kafa tsarin kiwo na halitta don amfanar rayuwar tsire-tsire na asali da aikin yanayin yanayin halitta. 

An gabatar da bison 29 zuwa sashin Kudu a cikin 1956 sannan daga baya aka tura bison 20 daga wannan garken zuwa sashin shakatawa na gandun daji a 1962. Kullum ana tattara su zuwa kusan dabbobi 350 da 20, bi da bi.  Taruwa da raguwar garken yana canzawa tsakanin raka'o'in biyu kowace shekara. Ana raba bison tare da kabilun Amirkawa na Amirka don ƙara yawan adadin garken kabilanci da kuma samar da bambancin jinsi.  Kiyaye bison wani yunƙuri ne mai gudana, dabam dabam don dawo da bison daga ɓarna. Shirin Kare Bison na 2020 na Sashen Cikin Gida yana da manufofin tsakiya guda biyar: daji, garken bison lafiya; kiyaye kwayoyin halitta; rabon kulawa; dawo da muhalli ; da kuma maido da al'adu.  An canja bison mace mai shekara shida daga Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge a cikin 2020. Kwararrun Ma'aikata na National Park za su yi nazari game da yadda dabbobin da aka canza su ke shiga cikin garken da aka kafa. 

## Daji
An ƙirƙira ta wani Dokar Majalisa a 1978, jejin ya ƙunshi yanki mai girman eka 29,920 (121)&nbsp;km 2 ) kuma ya ƙunshi sama da kashi uku na yankin Theodore Roosevelt National Park. Akwai sassan jeji guda biyu da suka rabu, ɗaya a cikin kowane babban raka'a biyu na National Park. Sashen arewa ya ƙunshi mafi yawan sashin Arewa na wurin shakatawa, a cikin gundumar McKenzie, yayin da ɗan ƙaramin yanki na kudu ya ƙunshi yanki na yamma kawai na babbar sashin Kudu, a cikin gundumar Billings . Sashen kudu yana a

Dajin yana ba da kariya daga haɓaka mafi girman sassan gandun dajin na ƙasa, yankin da aka kwatanta da ciyayi mara kyau inda sojojin yazara suka sassaƙa tsaunin tudu a cikin ciyayi mai faɗi. Bison, pronghorn, elk, barewa alfadari da ƙwanƙwasa duk ana samun su a nan, tare da ɗaruruwan nau'in tsuntsaye irin su mikiya, falcon da shaho . An raba jejin zuwa sassa biyu tare da wurin shakatawa, yanki na arewa da kudu, ta nisan  . Ƙananan Kogin Missouri yana gefen kudu na raka'a biyu kuma ana ba da lada don kasancewa farkon tushen zaizayar ƙasa wanda ya haifar da yanayin ƙasa.

Mil tamanin da biyar (kilomita 137) na hanyoyi suna ba da damar zuwa sassan da suka fi nisa na jeji. Ana ba da izinin yin zango tare da izini, duk da haka an haramta tattara itace don gobara  ana ƙarfafa masu dare don kawo murhu mai ɗaukar hoto.

Yankunan jejin Amurka ba sa ba da izinin ababan hawa ko injina, gami da kekuna . Ko da yake ana ba da izinin yin sansani da kamun kifi tare da izini mai kyau, ba a gina hanyoyi ko gine-gine kuma ba a yin katako ko hakar ma'adinai, bisa ga dokar daji ta 1964. Yankunan daji a cikin dazuzzuka na ƙasa da Ofishin Kula da Filaye kuma suna ba da izinin farauta a cikin yanayi.

## Abubuwan jan hankali

Dukkanin manyan raka'o'in wurin shakatawa suna da abubuwan motsa jiki, kusan  hanyoyin ƙafa da doki, kallon namun daji, da damammaki na tafiye-tafiye na baya da zango. Akwai wuraren sansani guda uku da aka haɓaka: Juniper Campground a cikin Unit Arewa, Cottonwood Campground a sashin Kudu, da filin zangon doki na Rukunin Roundup a sashin Kudu. Kallon namun daji ya shahara.

Launin launin ruwan kasa, ciyawa mai barci yana mamaye daga ƙarshen lokacin rani zuwa lokacin hunturu, amma yana fashewa zuwa launin kore a farkon lokacin rani tare da ɗaruruwan nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu fure. A lokacin hunturu, dusar ƙanƙara ta rufe kaifi ƙasa na badlands kuma ya kulle wurin shakatawa a cikin abin da Theodore Roosevelt ya kira "mazaunin lalatar ƙarfe." 

Gidan kayan tarihi a Cibiyar Baƙi ta Kudu tana ba da bayanai kan Roosevelt da kwanakin kiwonsa. Roosevelt's Maltese Cross Cabin yana a Cibiyar Baƙi ta Kudu Unit.

Roosevelt's Elkhorn Ranch daban ne, yanki mai nisa na wurin shakatawa,  arewa da Medora, samun damar ta hanyar tsakuwa. An adana harsashin gidan ranch da sauran gine-ginen shaguna, kodayake an cire sauran sassan gidan kuma an sake yin niyya bayan Roosevelt ya bar gidan gonar. Barazana ga wuraren kiwon kiwo na Elkhorn sun hada da bunkasar mai a kasashe makwabta, musamman kutse na gani da kuma gurbatar hayaniya daga wuraren mai da zirga-zirga.

Wuraren shakatawa galibi suna kewaye da wuraren ciyawa . Yankin yana da duhun dare mai tsananin duhu tare da kyakkyawan kallon tauraro da fitilun arewa lokaci-lokaci.

Garin Medora, a ƙofar yankin kudu, yana ba da gogewar yamma, tare da titin katako, da wuraren shakatawa na ice cream na tsofaffi, da hawan keke. Akwai gidajen tarihi da yawa da kuma Burning Hills Amphitheather tare da abubuwan samarwa na dare na *Medora Musical* daga farkon Yuni zuwa farkon Satumba.

## Manazarta