Mark Shope

**Mark Williams Shope** SCOB (1919-1998) ɗan ƙungiyar ƙwadagon Afirka ta Kudu ne kuma ɗan gwagwarmayar yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata. Ya yi fice a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar ma'aikatan wanki ta Afirka tsakanin shekarun 1952 zuwa 1963 sannan ya kasance babban sakatare na biyu na kungiyar 'yan kasuwa ta Afirka ta Kudu (SACTU). Ya kuma kasance mamba a kwamitin zartarwa na ƙasa  na jam'iyyar African National Congress da kuma Umkhonto we Sizwe commissar.

## Rayuwar farko da aiki
An haifi Shope a cikin shekarar 1919 a Letaba, ƙauye kusa da Tzaneen a cikin tsohuwar Transvaal ta Arewa.  Mahaifinsa, ma'aikacin layin dogo, ya mutu sa'ad da yake ƙarami.  Bai samu karatun boko ba har sai da ya girma, inda ya samu takardar shaidar kammala karatun digiri ta hanyar karatu na sirri.  Maimakon haka, shi da ’yan uwansa shida sun ciyar da yaransu suna kiwon shanu, kuma yana ɗan shekara 13 ya fara aiki a wata gonar citrus da ke kusa. Sa’ad da yake ɗan shekara 15, ya ƙaura zuwa Johannesburg don ya sami aiki a ma’adinan zinare. 

Bayan ya shafe shekara guda yana aikin hakar ma'adinai, ya shiga yajin aikin farko, ƙarƙashin jagorancin ɗan gwagwarmayar ƙasar Malawi, Nelson Banda; bayan ya shiga yajin aiki na biyu, an mayar da shi zuwa Transvaal ta Arewa, inda ya kasance har zuwa shekara ta 1940.  Bayan ya koma Johannesburg a shekara ta 1940, a farkon yakin duniya na biyu, ya fara aiki a hukumar kula da jiragen ƙasa da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Afirka ta Kudu sannan kuma ya yi aiki a majalisar birnin Johannesburg; an ba shi Sashen Kayyakin Yaki har zuwa ƙarshen yakin. 

## Gwagwarmayar ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta farko
Bayan ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, Shope ya fara aiki a matsayin mai busar da kayayyaki a kamfanin wanki na tururi, inda ya fara shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci. Bayan ya shiga yajin aikin wanki a shekarar 1946, an zaɓe shi a matsayin ma'aikacin shago a shekarar 1947, sannan a shekarar 1952 aka zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban kungiyar ma'aikatan wanki ta Afirka, muƙamin da ya riƙe har ya bar ƙasar a shekarar 1963.  A cikin shekarar 1954, ya kuma kasance shugaban riƙo na reshen Transvaal na Majalisar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin  Ƙasashen Turai yayin da aka dakatar da zaɓaɓɓen shugaban. 

A halin da ake ciki, yayin da ake ci gaba da adawa da mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata, Shope ya shiga jam'iyyar ANC a lokacin yakin neman zaɓenta na 1952, kuma tsakanin shekarun 1953 zuwa 1963 ya ci gaba da zama shugaban reshen jam'iyyar ANC na yankinsa a yankuna biyu na Johannesburg - ɗaya daga cikinsu shi ne reshen Jabavu, Soweto.   Lokacin da aka kafa jam'iyyar ANC ta Afirka ta Kudu Congress of Trade Unions (SACTU) a  shekarar 1955, Shope ya kasance mamba a kwamitin zartarwa na ƙasa na farko; Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'ajin ta na ƙasa sannan kuma, har zuwa shekara ta 1963, a matsayin babban sakatarenta.  Shope ya kasance wanda ake tuhuma a cikin shari'ar cin amanar ƙasa ta shekarar 1956, kuma, daban, an tsare shi ba tare da shari'a ba tsawon watanni biyar a lokacin dokar ta-baci ta 1960.  Bayan an sake shi an zabe shi a cikin kwamitin siyasa da ke da alhakin shirye-shiryen taron jama'ar Afirka baki daya, wanda aka gudanar a Pietermaritzburg a watan Maris na shekarar 1961; duk da haka, a lokacin da aka gudanar da taron, an sake kama Shope kuma a wannan karon an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekara guda a gidan yari. An sallame shi ne bisa ɗaukaka ƙara da yayi. 

## Yunkurin fafutuka a gudun hijira
An dakatar da shi a cikin 1963,  Shope ya tafi gudun hijira a waccan shekarar, ANC ta wakilta don maye gurbin Moses Mabhida a matsayin wakilin SACTU a hedkwatar kungiyar kwadago ta duniya a Prague.  Ya kasance a zaman gudun hijira na shekaru talatin masu zuwa. Ya kasance daga cikin 'yan jam'iyyar ANC na farko da suka samu horon soji a Tarayyar Soviet a ƙarƙashin inuwar sabuwar jam'iyyar da ke ɗauke da makamai, Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK),  kuma ya yi aiki a cikin Kwamitin Zartarwar ANC na ƙasa  da ba a zaɓa ba a gudun hijira a wannan lokacin. 

A cikin shekarar 1969, yayin taron Morogoro na ANC, SACTU ta tsara kasancewarta na ƙungiyar a gudun hijira, inda ta kafa hedkwatar wucin gadi a Lusaka, Zambia; An sake naɗa Shope a matsayin babban sakatare na SACTU, muƙamin da ya riƙe har zuwa shekara ta 1975.  A wannan matsayi ya kasance memba na kafa kungiyar haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyar kwadago ta Kudancin Afirka da kuma kungiyar haɗin kan kungiyar kwadago ta Afirka.  A cikin shekarar 1975, John Gaetsewe ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin babban sakatare; daga nan ya ci gaba da zama memba na SACTU, kuma ya ci gaba da taka rawar jagoranci a cikin shirye-shiryenta na ilimin siyasa,  amma kuma ya ninka ayyukansa tare da ANC, wanda ya tura shi Angola. 

Ya zama kwamishina a sansanin MK a Nova Katenga (wanda kuma aka rubuta Novo Catengue), wanda a cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa ya sami ambaliya na sabbin ma'aikatan MK a sakamakon rikicin Soweto na 1976.  Shi da Jack Simons sun shahara a cikin MK saboda darussan ilimin siyasa da suka gabatar a sansanin zuwa abin da ake kira Yuni 16th Detachment;   wanda ya shafi son jari-hujja na tarihi, tarihin siyasar Afirka ta Kudu, da falsafar rashin  nuna wariyar launin fata.  A cewar Stanley Manong da James Ngculu, waɗanda suka zauna a sansanin a wannan lokacin, taken Shope shine, "soja ba tare da siyasa ba ɗan haya ne."  

Shope ya kuma wakilci ANC a matsayin babban wakilinta a Najeriya na wani lokaci.  A cikin shekarar 1987, gungun jami'an Tsaro sun yi yunkurin kashe shi, Lambert Moloi, da wasu 'yan ƙungiyar MK guda biyu yayin da suke ziyara a Gaborone, Botswana; a shekarar 1999 jami'an sun ba da shaida game da makircin a Hukumar Gaskiya da sasantawa kuma an ba su cikakken afuwa. 

## Ritaya a Afirka ta Kudu
Shope ya koma Afirka ta Kudu yayin tattaunawar kawo ƙarshen mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata kuma an naɗa shi a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar ma'aikatan gidan waya da sadarwa.  Ya rasu a shekara ta 1998. 

## Girmamawa
A cikin watan Agustan 2002, gwamnatin ANC bayan mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata ta ƙaramar hukumar Tzaneen ta sanar da cewa za a sauya wa garin suna Mark Shope don girmama Shope.  Sake suna ya ci karo da tsayin daka daga jam'iyyar adawa ta Democratic Alliance da wasu daga cikin al'ummar yankin, kuma a ƙarshe National Geographical Names Council ta yi watsi da sauya sunan, inda ta gano cewa ba lallai ba ne saboda sunan Tzaneen ba shi da wata ma'anar siyasa ta nuna wariyar launin fata.   Masu lura da al'amura sun danganta 'yan adawar yankin da kin amincewa da sunan Tsonga na Shope na ƙabilanci  da mazauna Sotho suka yi. 

A ranar 10 ga watan Disamba, 2002, shugaban Afirka ta Kudu Thabo Mbeki ya shigar da Shope bayan mutuwarsa ga odar Baobab, Zinariya.  Ya samu lambar yabon ne saboda gudunmowar da ya bayar ga yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata da kuma ci gaban kungiyar kwadago. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Shope yana da 'ya'ya uku daga aurensa na farko: George, wanda ya mutu yana ɗalibi,  da 'yan siyasa Ntombi da Sheila.  A cikin shekarar 1957, a lokacin shari'ar cin amanar ƙasa, ya auri matarsa ta biyu, Gertrude Shope, wanda ya sami ƙarin 'ya'ya uku:  ɗan siyasa Lyndall da jami'an diflomasiyya Lenin da Thaninga.   Iyalinsa sun haɗa shi da gudun hijira a shekarar 1966. 

## Manazarta