E. E. Cummings

**Edward Estlin Cummings** (Oktoba 14, 1894 - Satumba 3, 1962), wanda aka fi sani da e **e cummings** ko **E. E. Cummings**, mawaki ne na Amurka, mai zane, marubuci, kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo. A lokacin yakin duniya na, ya yi aiki a matsayin direban motar asibiti kuma an ɗaure shi a sansanin fursunoni, wanda ya ba da tushen littafinsa The Enormous Room (1922). A shekara mai zuwa ya buga tarin waƙoƙinsa na farko, *[./Tulips_and_C&#x3C;i&#x20;id=]HIM*" id="mwFw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Tulips and Chimneys">Tulips da Chimneys, wanda ya nuna gwaje-gwajensa na farko tare da harshe da rubutun rubutu. Ya rubuta wasanni hudu, wadanda suka fi nasara sune HIM (1927) da Santa Claus: A Morality (1946). Ya rubuta *EIMI* (1933), wani littafi na tafiye-tafiye na Tarayyar Soviet, kuma ya gabatar da Charles Eliot Norton Lectures a cikin shayari, wanda aka buga a matsayin i - shida nonlectures (1953). Fairy Tales (1965), tarin gajerun labaru, an buga shi bayan mutuwarsa. 

Cummings ya rubuta kusan waƙoƙi 2,900. Sau da yawa ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mahimman mawaƙan Amurka na ƙarni na 20. Yana da alaƙa da waƙoƙin zamani na kyauta, kuma yawancin ayyukansa suna amfani da haɗin kai da ƙananan kalmomi don bayyana waƙoƙi. M. L. Rosenthal ya rubuta:

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Edward Estlin Cummings a ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 1894, a Cambridge, Massachusetts, ga Edward Cummings da Rebecca Haswell (née Clarke), sanannun ma'aurata masu zaman kansu a cikin birni. Mahaifinsa farfesa ne a Jami'ar Harvard wanda daga baya ya zama sananne a matsayin ministan Ikilisiyar Kudancin (Unitarian) a Boston, Massachusetts .  Mahaifiyarsa, wacce ke son yin lokaci tare da 'ya'yanta, ta buga wasanni tare da Edward da' yar'uwarsa, Elizabeth. Tun yana ƙarami, iyayen Cummings sun goyi bayan kyaututtuka masu kirkirar sa. Cummings ya rubuta waƙoƙi kuma ya zana tun yana yaro, kuma sau da yawa yana wasa a waje tare da sauran yaran da ke zaune a unguwarsa. Ya girma tare da abokan iyali kamar masana falsafa William James da Josiah Royce . Yawancin lokacin rani na Cummings an ciyar da su a Silver Lake a Madison, New Hampshire, inda mahaifinsa ya gina gidaje biyu a gefen gabas. Iyalin sun sayi gonar Joy da ke kusa inda Cummings ke da gidansa na farko na bazara.  [6]

Ya nuna sha'awarsa a duk rayuwarsa. Yayin da ya girma, Cummings ya koma dangantakar "Ni, kai" da Allah. Littattafansa suna cike da nassoshi ga "le bon Dieu," da kuma addu'o'i don wahayi a cikin shayari da zane-zane (kamar "Bon Dieu! na iya yin wani abu Mai girma. amen. Cummings "kuma ya yi addu'a don ƙarfin ya zama ainihin kansa ('yana iya zama ni kaɗai ne addu'a - ba ni da kyau ko kyakkyawa ko mai hikima ko mai ƙarfi'), da kuma taimakon ruhu a lokutan baƙin ciki ('Allah mai iko duka! Ina gode maka don raina; & ban taɓa mutuwa a ruhaniya cikin tunani kawai ta hanyar cutar kaɗaici ba') ".

Cummings yana so ya zama mawaki tun yana yaro kuma ya rubuta waka kowace rana daga shekaru 8 zuwa 22, yana bincika nau'o'i daban-daban. Ya yi karatun Latin da Girkanci a Makarantar Sakandare ta Cambridge Latin . Ya halarci Jami'ar Harvard, ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko na Arts Magna cum laude kuma an zabe shi zuwa kungiyar Phi Beta Kappa a shekarar 1915. A shekara mai zuwa, ya sami digiri na Master of Arts daga jami'ar. A lokacin karatunsa a Harvard, ya ci gaba da sha'awar shayari na zamani, wanda ya yi watsi da harshe na al'ada da haɗin kai kuma yana da niyyar yin amfani da harshe. Waƙoƙinsa na farko da aka buga sun bayyana a cikin Eight Harvard Poets (1917). Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya yi aiki ga dillalin littafi.

## manazarta