Richard A. Andersen (masanin kimiyyar jijiyoyi)

**Richard Alan Andersen** (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 1950)  ƙwararren masanin kimiyyar jijiyoyi ne na Amurka. Shi ne Farfesa James G. Boswell na Kimiyyar Jijiyoyi a Cibiyar Fasaha ta California da ke Pasadena, California .  Bincikensa ya mayar da hankali kan ilimin halittar jiki tare da mai da hankali kan binciken fassara ga mutane a fannin ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi, hanyoyin sadarwa na kwakwalwa da kwamfuta, da kuma gyaran cortical.

 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Andersen a New Kensington, Pennsylvania, a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 1950.  &#x5B; ** &#x5D; Ya sami digirinsa na farko a fannin sinadarai a Jami'ar California, Davis, a shekarar 1973, inda ya yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Farfesa Robert Scobey tsawon lokacin bazara biyu.  Daga nan Andersen ya sami digirinsa na uku a fannin ilimin halittar jiki a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Farfesa Michael Merzenich daga Jami'ar California, San Francisco, a shekarar 1979. Ya kammala karatun digiri na uku tare da Farfesa Vernon Mountcastle a Makarantar Likitanci ta Jami'ar Johns Hopkins a shekarar 1981. Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa kuma farfesa a Cibiyar Salk da ke La Jolla, California da kuma farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a Jami'ar California, San Diego, ya koma MIT, da farko a matsayin mataimakin farfesa sannan daga baya a matsayin cikakken farfesa a Sashen Kwakwalwa da Kimiyyar Fahimta. A shekarar 1993 ya koma Caltech don shiga Sashen Ilimin Halitta.

Andersen, marubucin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya sama da 200, memba ne na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa da Cibiyar Magunguna ta Makarantun Ƙasa, haka kuma abokin Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka, AAAS da Shirin Bincike kan Ilimin Jijiyoyin Jiki a La Jolla, California, kuma yana da haƙƙin mallaka da dama a fannin fasahar kere-kere. Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban jami'i ko mai bincike tare da tallafin kuɗi da dama, inda ya tara miliyoyin daloli don bincike na asali da na amfani a fannin ilimin kimiyyar gani. Andersen ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Jijiyoyin Jiki ta Sloan-Schwartz ta Caltech da Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Jijiyoyin Jiki ta McDonnell-Pew ta MIT da kuma yin aiki a kan allunan ba da shawara da edita da yawa. Ya gabatar da laccoci da dama kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa mai ziyara a Kwalejin de France .

Kyaututtukan da ya samu sun haɗa da kyautar McKnight Neuroscience Brain Disorders Award, NASA Tech Brief Award, kyautar McKnight Technical Innovation in Neuroscience Award, kyautar Spencer Award daga Kwalejin Likitoci da Likitocin Surgeons ta Columbia da kuma kyautar McKnight Foundation Scholars Award. An zaɓe shi a matsayin Fellow na American Academy of Arts and Sciences a 2002. 

## Bincike
Aikin farko ya mayar da hankali kan gano da kuma fayyace filayen riba na cortical, ƙa'idar lissafi mai yawa da wurare da yawa na cortex ke amfani da su.   Andersen da Zipser na UCSD sun haɓaka ɗaya daga cikin samfuran hanyar sadarwa ta jijiyoyi na farko na aikin cortical, wanda ya samar da tushen lissafi don gwada hasashe bisa ga binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje.  Bincikensa ya tabbatar da cewa cortex na baya (PPC) yana da hannu wajen ƙirƙirar manufofin motsi - shirye-shiryen farko da na ɓoye don motsi.  A baya, ana tunanin wannan ɓangaren kwakwalwa kawai yana aiki ne don wayar da kan jama'a game da sararin samaniya da kulawa. Dakin gwaje-gwajensa ya gano yankin intraparietal na gefe (LIP) a cikin PPC kuma ya kafa rawar da yake takawa a cikin motsin ido.  Ya kuma gano yankin isa parietal, wani yanki da ke da hannu wajen ƙirƙirar tsare-tsaren isa da wuri.  Dakin gwaje-gwajensa ya kuma yi wasu bincike da suka shafi fahimtar motsi na gani. Ya tabbatar da cewa yankin tsakiya na lokaci yana sarrafa fahimtar tsari daga motsi.  Ya gano cewa ana ƙididdige fahimtar alkiblar tafiya, mai mahimmanci ga kewayawa, a cikin kwakwalwa ta amfani da abubuwan da ke motsa gani da kuma siginar motsin ido.  Dakin gwaje-gwajensa ya kuma ƙayyade yadda ake haɗa siginar matsayin ido da gaɓoɓi don daidaita ido da hannu. 

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan ya faɗaɗa bincikensa zuwa nazarin fassara. Ƙungiyarsa ta tabbatar da cewa siginar niyya daga PPC za a iya amfani da ita azaman siginar sarrafawa ga robar jijiya.  Roba na jijiya na iya taimaka wa marasa lafiya da suka shanye ta hanyar yin rikodin siginar kwakwalwarsu, fassara su, sannan kuma su ba su damar amfani da waɗannan siginar da aka sarrafa don sarrafa na'urori na waje, kamar ƙafafun robot, kwamfutoci ko kekunan guragu kawai suna amfani da su ta hanyar tunani game da shi. Wani sabon alkibla da ƙungiyar Andersen ke bi shine amfani da ƙarfafa wutar lantarki don gyaran kwakwalwa.

## Manazarta