Maria Altmann

**Maria Altmann** (wadda aka haifa a matsayin **Maria Victoria Bloch**, daga baya **Bloch-Bauer** ; an haife ta 18 ga Fabrairu, 1916 - 7 ga Fabrairu, 2011) 'yar gudun hijirar Bayahudiya 'yar Austria-Amurka ce daga Austria, wacce ta gudu daga ƙasarta bayan an haɗa ta da Mulkin Nazi na Uku . An san ta da nasarar da ta samu a fafutukar neman haƙƙin mallaka daga Gwamnatin Austria, inda ta kwato zane-zane guda biyar mallakar iyali da mai zane Gustav Klimt ya yi, waɗanda 'yan Nazi suka sace a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. 

## Rayuwar farko

An haifi Maria Altmann Maria Victoria Bloch a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 1916, a Vienna, Austria-Hungary, 'yar Marie Therese ( wacce aka haifa a shekara ta 1874–1961) da Gustav Bloch (1862–1938).  An canza sunan iyali zuwa Bloch-Bauer a shekara mai zuwa.

Ta kasance 'yar'uwa ga Adele Bloch-Bauer, wani attajiri Bayahude mai kula da fasaha wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin abin koyi ga wasu shahararrun zane-zane na Klimt kuma ta dauki nauyin wani salon salon Vienna wanda ke jan hankalin fitattun masu fasaha na wannan lokacin, ciki har da Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss, Arthur Schnitzler, Johannes Brahms, Franz Werfel, Alma Mahler, Leo Slezak, Otto Wagner, George Minne, Karl Renner, Julius Tandler, da Klimt.     Maria abokiya ce ta kud da kud a shekarun 1930 tare da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Vienna kuma mai dashen Hollywood Walter Slezak . Ɗan'uwanta ɗan kasuwa ne na Kanada kuma mai kula da fasaha Peter Bentley . 

A shekarar 1937, Maria ta auri Fredrick "Fritz" Altmann. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan amarcinsu na Paris, Anschluss na 1938 sun haɗa Austria cikin Jamus ta Nazi. A ƙarƙashin Nazi, an kama Fredrick a Austria kuma an yi garkuwa da shi a sansanin tsare mutane na Dachau don tilasta wa ɗan'uwansa Bernhard Altmann, wanda a lokacin yake Ingila lafiya, ya mayar da masana'antar masaku ta Bernhard Altmann da ya yi nasara a hannun Jamusawa. An saki Fredrick kuma ma'auratan sun gudu, suna tserewa cikin mawuyacin hali, suna barin gida, ƙaunatattunsu, da kadarori (gami da kayan ado waɗanda daga baya suka shiga cikin tarin Hermann Göring ). 'Yan Nazi sun kashe abokansu da yawa ko dai ko kuma sun kashe kansu. Sun yi tafiya ta hanyar Liverpool, Ingila, sun isa Amurka kuma suka fara zama a Fall River, Massachusetts, kuma a ƙarshe a unguwar Cheviot Hills ta Los Angeles . 'Yar'uwar Maria Altmann, Ruth Rogers-Altmann, ta tashi daga Vienna a daidai lokacin kuma ta zauna a New York. 

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan Maria ta isa Los Angeles a shekarar 1942, Bernhard Altmann ya aika mata da rigar ulu ta cashmere - wani yadi mai tsada wanda ba a samu a Amurka ba tukuna - tare da takardar: "Duba abin da za ku iya yi da wannan." Maria ta kai rigar zuwa Shagon Kerr da ke Beverly Hills kuma ta jawo hankalin masu siye da yawa a California da kuma faɗin Amurka don siyan rigar cashmere ta Bernhard Altmann. Maria ta zama fuskar cashmere a California kuma daga ƙarshe ta fara kasuwancinta na tufafi. Daga cikin abokan cinikinta akwai Caroline Brown Tracy, mahaifiyar ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Spencer Tracy .  

Altmann ta zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka a shekarar 1945. Mijinta ya mutu a shekarar 1994.

## Bayani game da shari'ar Klimt
Kawun Altmann, fitaccen mai sikari na Czech , Ferdinand Bloch-Bauer, ya mallaki ƙaramin tarin zane-zane na Gustav Klimt, waɗanda suka haɗa da hotunan matarsa guda biyu, Adele Bloch-Bauer. A cikin wasiyyarta, Adele, wacce ta mutu a shekarar 1925, ta nemi mijinta ya bar Klimts zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Jihar Austria bayan mutuwarsa; wani batu da aka yi ta muhawara a kai daga baya shi ne ko ya kamata a ɗauki wannan buƙatar a matsayin ta shafi mijinta, wanda shi kansa ne mai zane-zanen. Bayan Anschluss na 1938 da kuma gudun Ferdinand daga Austria, an sace zane-zanen, da farko sun faɗa hannun lauyan Nazi. Ferdinand Bloch-Bauer ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 1945, ya bar gidansa ga ɗan'uwansa da 'yan'uwansa mata biyu, ɗaya daga cikinsu ita ce Maria Altmann. A wannan lokacin, zane-zane shida, *Buchenwald* (1903), *Adele Bloch-Bauer I* (1907), *Schloss Kammer am Attersee III* (1910), *Adele Bloch-Bauer II* (1912), *Apfelbaum I* (1912) da *Häuser a cikin Unterach am Attersee* (1916), sun shiga hannun gwamnatin Austria .   

Da yake Austria na fuskantar matsin lamba a shekarun 1990 na sake duba tarihin Nazi, Jam'iyyar Green ta Austria ta taimaka wajen zartar da wata sabuwar doka a shekarar 1998, inda ta gabatar da cikakken bayani game da tsarin da ba a san shi ba na magance batun mayar da ayyukan fasaha da aka sace a lokacin Nazi. Ta hanyar bude taskar Ma'aikatar Al'adu a karon farko, sabuwar dokar ta bai wa dan jaridar bincike na Austria Hubertus Czernin damar gano cewa, sabanin abin da aka saba zato, Ferdinand Bloch-Bauer bai taba bayar da zane-zanen ga gidan tarihi na gwamnati ba. 

Da ta ji labarin binciken Czernin, da farko Altmann ta nemi yin shawarwari da gwamnatin Austria game da dawo da wasu daga cikin zane-zanen. A wannan matakin, ta nemi kawai kayan Klimt na danginta, kuma ta yarda ta bar Austria ta ajiye hotunan. Duk da haka, hukumomin Austria ba su yi mata mu'amala da muhimmanci ba. A shekarar 1999, ta nemi shigar da kara a kotun Austria. Duk da haka, a karkashin dokar Austria, an yanke hukuncin kudin shigar da irin wannan karar a matsayin kashi na adadin da za a iya kwatowa. A lokacin, an kiyasta cewa zane-zanen guda biyar sun kai kimanin dala miliyan 135, wanda hakan ya sa kudin shigar da karar ya kai dala miliyan 1.5. Duk da cewa daga baya kotunan Austria sun rage wannan adadin zuwa dala 350,000, wannan har yanzu ya yi wa Altmann yawa, kuma ta janye kararta a tsarin kotun Austria. 

A shekara ta 2000, Altmann ta shigar da ƙara a Kotun Gundumar Amurka ta Tsakiyar Gundumar California tare da lauyanta E. Randol Schoenberg a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kare Hakkin Bil Adama ta Ƙasashen Waje . Shari'ar, *Jamhuriyar Austria da Altmann*, ta ƙare a Kotun Koli ta Amurka, wadda ta yanke hukunci a shekara ta 2004 cewa Austria ba ta da kariya daga irin wannan ƙarar. Bayan wannan shawarar, Altmann da Austria sun amince su sanya hannu kan sulhu ta hanyar kwamitin sulhu na 'yan Austria uku.   A ranar 16 ga Janairu, 2006, kwamitin sulhu ya yanke hukunci cewa doka ta tilasta wa Austria mayar da fasaha ga Altmann da sauran magada na iyali, kuma a watan Maris na wannan shekarar Austria ta mayar da zane-zanen. 

An kiyasta cewa zane-zanen sun kai akalla dala miliyan 150 lokacin da aka dawo da su. A fannin kuɗi, wannan ya wakilci mafi girman dawowar zane-zanen da 'yan Nazi suka yi a Austria. Zane-zanen sun bar Austria a watan Maris na 2006 kuma an nuna su a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Gundumar Los Angeles har zuwa ranar 30 ga Yuni, 2006. Watanni bayan gwamnatin Austria ta mayar da kayan dangin Altmann, ta mayar da zane-zanen Klimt zuwa gidan gwanjon Christie's don a sayar da su a madadin iyalinta. An sayar da *zanen Hoton Adele Bloch-Bauer I* (1907) ga magajin kayan kwalliya Ronald Lauder kan dala miliyan 135, a lokacin mafi girman kuɗin da aka taɓa biya don zane.  Tun daga ranar 13 ga Yuli, 2006, an nuna zanen a bainar jama'a a Neue Galerie da ke birnin New York, wanda Lauder ya kafa a shekarar 2001. An kuma nuna ƙarin ayyukan Klimt guda huɗu a Neue Gallerie na tsawon makonni da yawa a shekarar 2006. 

A watan Nuwamba na 2006, an sayar da Adele Bloch-Bauer II a gwanjon Christie's da ke New York ga wani mai siye da ba a bayyana sunansa ba, inda aka tara kusan dala miliyan 88. Daga baya Shugaban Christie na Arewacin Amurka Stephen Lash ya bayyana cewa mai siyan shine Oprah Winfrey . Jimilla, sauran zane-zane guda huɗu da aka sayar a gwanjon akan dala miliyan 192.7; tare da zanen da Lauder ya saya jimillar kuɗin ya kai kimanin dala miliyan 325. An raba ribar ga magada da dama.

An yi amfani da wani kaso na kuɗin da aka samu ta hanyar sayar da zane-zanen don kafa Gidauniyar Iyali ta Maria Altmann, wacce ke tallafawa Gidan Tarihi na Holocaust na Los Angeles, Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Los Angeles, da sauran cibiyoyin gwamnati da na agaji.  

## Mutuwa
Altmann ta rasu a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 2011, a gidanta da ke unguwar Cheviot Hills da ke Los Angeles, kwana 11 kafin cika shekaru 95. An bayyana labarin mutuwarta a *[[New York Times|jaridar The New York Times]]*, *[[The Guardian]]*, da sauran mujallu da dama a duniya.  

## Gado

An ba da labarin Altmann a cikin fina-finai uku na shirin gaskiya. *Satar Klimt*, wanda aka fitar a shekarar 2007, ya ƙunshi hirarraki da Altmann da wasu waɗanda ke da hannu a lamarin. *Adele's Wish*, wanda mai shirya fina-finai Terrence Turner ya fitar a shekarar 2008, ya ƙunshi hirarraki da Altmann, Schoenberg, da manyan ƙwararru daga ko'ina cikin duniya.  *The Rape of Europa*, wani shirin gaskiya game da satar Nazi, ya haɗa da bayanai game da Altmann.  Labarin rayuwarta da gwagwarmayar da ta yi don dawo da tarin Klimt na iyali an ba da labarinsa a cikin littafin *The Lady in Gold, the Extraordinary Tale of Gustav Klimt's Masterpiece, Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer*, na Anne-Marie O'Connor . 

An nuna Altmann a cikin littafin tarihin rayuwar Gregor Collins mai suna The Accidental Caregiver na shekarar 2012, wanda ya ƙunshi labarin haɗuwar su da kuma shekaru uku tare, wanda ya ƙare bayan rasuwarta a shekarar 2011.  Collins ta yi magana game da dangantakarsu ta ban mamaki a wurare da abubuwan da suka faru a duniya da dama. 

Helen Mirren da Tatiana Maslany ne suka fito a matsayin Altmann a fim ɗin *Woman in Gold* na shekarar 2015, wanda ya ba da labarin gwagwarmayar da Altmann ya yi kusan shekaru goma don dawo da zane-zanen Klimt. Fim ɗin ya kuma fito a matsayin Ryan Reynolds a matsayin E. Randol Schoenberg . 

Littafin tarihin tarihi na Laurie Lico Albanese na shekarar 2017, *Stolen Beauty*, ya ba da labarin Maria Altmann da goggonta Adele Bloch-Bauer. 

## Duba kuma

* Asusun Ƙasa na Jamhuriyar Austria ga waɗanda Gurguzu ta shafa
* Jerin da'awar diyya ga zane-zanen da 'yan Nazi suka kwace

## Ƙarin karatu

* 
* O'Connor, Anne-Marie. *The Lady in Gold: The Extraordinary Tale of Gustav Klimt's Masterpiece, Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer.* Alfred A. Knopf, New York 2012, 
* Czernin, Hubertus. *Die Fälschung: Der Fall Bloch-Bauer und das Werk Gustav Klimts*. Czernin Verlag, Vienna 2006. ISBN&nbsp;

## Manazarta