Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam a Sudan

An yi Allah-wadai da matakin kare haƙƙin bil adama a Sudan. Wasu kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama sun tattara bayanai iri-iri na cin zarafi da cin zarafi da gwamnatin Sudan ta yi cikin shekaru da dama da suka gabata ƙarƙashin mulkin Omar al-Bashir. Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na 2009 na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya nuna damuwa sosai game da take hakin bil'adama daga gwamnati da kungiyoyin 'yan bindiga.  Ana kuma amfani da hukuncin kisa, gami da gicciye, don laifuka da yawa. A watan Satumban shekarar 2019, gwamnatin Sudan ta rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da hukumar kare haƙƙin bil adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya domin buɗe ofishin kare haƙƙin bil adama na MDD a birnin Khartoum da ofisoshin fage a Darfur, Blue Nile, Southern Kordofan da kuma gabashin Sudan. A watan Yulin 2020, a lokacin mika mulkin Sudan zuwa mulkin dimokuradiyya a 2019-2021, Ministan Shari'a Nasredeen Abdulbari ya bayyana cewa "dukkan dokokin da suka keta hakkin bil'adama a Sudan" za a soke su, kuma saboda wannan dalili ne majalisar ta zartar da wasu dokoki a farkon Yuli. 2020.

## Cin zarafi a cikin saitunan rikici
Rikici tsakanin gwamnati da kungiyoyin ‘yan tawaye— yakin basasar da ya shafi rikicin arewa-kudanci, rikicin Darfur da ya hada da rikicin kabilanci tsakanin Larabawa da Larabawa a yankin Darfur da ke yammacin kasar—ya haifar da fyade, azabtarwa, kisa, da kuma gudun hijirar jama’a da yawa (wanda aka kiyasta ya wuce). miliyan 2 a cikin 2007), wanda ya sami Sudan idan aka kwatanta da Rwanda a cikin jaridu.An kuma sami  na gicciye da aka yi a Sudan.

A cewar *The Christian Science Monitor* a ranar 25 ga Maris, 2004:Yakin yankin na Darfur dai ya taso ne a kan haka: Kabilun Afrika sun dade suna takun saka da kungiyoyin Larabawa a yankin kan samun fili mai kyau. Sannan a shekarar da ta gabata wasu kungiyoyin Afirka biyu dauke da makamai sun fara tawaye ga gwamnatin Khartoum. Gwamnati ta mayar da martani da ga alamu tana baiwa mayakan sa kai na Larabawa tallafin soji. Akwai rahotannin cewa jiragen yakin Sudan sun yi ruwan bama-bamai a kauyuka, inda daga bisani mayakan Larabawa suka shiga suka yi fyade tare da kashe wadanda suka tsira.

### Tsaftar kabilanci a Darfur
Mukesh Kapila, jami'in Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (MDD) a Sudan ya bayyana rikicin a matsayin kawar da kabilanci, yayin da mayakan sa kai na Larabawa bakar fata ke aiwatar da kisan kiyashi ga 'yan kabilar a yankin Darfur. A cewar Kapila, "Gwamnati na da masaniyar abin da ke faruwa - kuma za ta iya yin tasiri ga mayakan Larabawa." Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta yi kiyasin cewa an kashe fararen hula 300,000 a yankin Darfur tsakanin shekarar 2003 zuwa 2010.

## Bauta
Wasu ƙungiyoyi, musamman Christian Solidarity Worldwide da Kungiyoyi masu alaƙa, suna jayayya cewa bautar tana wanzu a Sudan kuma tana samun kwarin gwiwa daga gwamnatin Sudan. A matsayin misalin irin waɗannan zarge-zargen, a cikin *The Wall Street Journal* a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 2001, Michael Rubin ya ce:. . . [O] a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, Mataimakin Shugaban Sudan Ali Uthman Taha ya bayyana, "Jihadi hanya ce ta mu kuma ba za mu yi watsi da shi ba kuma za mu ci gaba da daukaka tutarsa.A tsakanin ranakun 23 zuwa 26 ga watan Oktoba, sojojin gwamnatin Sudan sun kai hari a kauyukan da ke kusa da garin Aweil da ke kudancin kasar, inda suka kashe maza 93 tare da bautar da mata da yara 85. Sai kuma a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, sojojin Sudan sun kai hari a kauyukan da ke kusa da garin Nyamlell, tare da daukar wasu mata da yara 113. An kuma sace wata ma'aikaciyar agaji ta Kenya, kuma tun daga lokacin ba a ganta ba.Yaya bautar Sudan take? Wani yaro Kirista ɗan shekara 11 ya gaya mani game da kwanakinsa na farko da aka yi garkuwa da shi: “An gaya mini sau da yawa cewa ni Musulmi ne, kuma na ƙi, shi ya sa suka yanke yatsana. Alokor Ngor Deng dan shekara goma sha biyu an dauke shia matsayin bawa a 1993. Ba ta ga mahaifiyarta ba tun lokacin da barayin suka sayar da su biyu ga iyayengiji daban-daban. Sojojin Sudan sun kama Akon mai shekaru 13 a kauyensu shekaru biyar da suka gabata. Sojojin gwamnati shida ne suka yi mata fyade tare da yi mata fyade, kuma ta shaida hukuncin kisa guda bakwai kafin a sayar da ita ga wani Balarabe dan kasar Sudan.Yawancin bayi da aka 'yanta sun sami alamun duka, konewa da sauran azabtarwa. Fiye da kashi uku cikin hudu na mata da 'yan mata da aka bautar da su a baya da rahoton fyade.Yayin da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ke jayayya kan yadda za a kawo karshen bautar, kadan ne ke musun wanzuwar hakan. . . . [E] ƙididdiga na adadin baƙar fata da ake bautar da su a Sudan sun bambanta daga dubun dubatar zuwa ɗaruruwan dubbai (ba a ƙidaya waɗanda aka sayar a matsayin aikin tilastawa a Libiya). . . .A daya bangaren kuma, an riga an rubuta zamba da sunan “fansar bayi”. 

## Haƙƙoƙin mata
Sudan ƙasa ce mai tasowa da ke fuskantar ƙalubale da dama dangane da rashin daidaiton jinsi. Freedom House ta baiwa Sudan matsayi mafi karanci a tsakanin gwamnatocin danniya a shekarar 2012. Sudan ta Kudu ta sami wani matsayi mafi girma amma kuma an kiyasta ta a matsayin "ba kyauta ba". A cikin rahoton shekara ta 2013 na bayanan shekara ta 2012, Sudan ta kasance ta 171 a cikin ƙasashe guda 186 a kan ƙididdiga  ci gaban bil'adama (HDI). Kasar Sudan kuma tana daya daga cikin kasashe kalilan da ba su sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata ba (CEDAW).

Duk da wannan, an sami sauye-sauye masu kyau dangane da daidaiton jinsi a Sudan. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, mata sun ƙunshi kashi 24.1% na Majalisar Dokokin ƙasar Sudan. Matan Sudan sun fi yawan kaso mafi yawa na majalisar dokokin kasar fiye da yawancin kasashen yammacin duniya. Duk da haka, rashin daidaiton jinsi a Sudan, musamman dangane da kaciyar mata da kuma banbance-banbance tsakanin mata da maza a kasuwar kwadago, ya dauki hankula a kasashen duniya.

Sudan ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan 'yancin ɗan adam da 'yancin mata a Afirka (Maputo Protocol) a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2008, amma har zuwa Yuli 2020 ba ta amince da ita ba tukuna. 

### Canjin Demokradiyya (2019-yanzu)
A lokacin da aka fara mika mulki ga dimokradiyya a shekarar 2019 bayan zanga-zangar da mata 'yan Sudan suka yi, a hankali gyaran shari'a ya inganta matsayin 'yancin mata a ƙasar. A karshen shekara ta 2019, an soke dokar ba da odar jama’a; ya haifar da cece-kuce saboda dalilai daban-daban, kamar sashe na 152 na dokar, wanda ya nuna cewa a yi wa matan da suka sanya wando a bainar jama’a bulala har sau 40.  Sauran takunkumin da aka yi wa mata da aka soke sun hada da rashin 'yancin sanya tufafi (ta hanyar hijabi na wajibi da sauran matakan), motsi, tarayya, aiki da karatu. Laifukan da ake zargin (yawancinsu da masu fafutuka ke daukarsu da cewa ba bisa ka'ida ba) an hukunta su ta hanyar kamawa, duka da kuma tauye hakkin jama'a kamar 'yancin walwala da fadin albarkacin baki.  A cewar Ihsan Fagiri, shugabar kungiyar No to zalunci a kan mata Initiative, kusan mata 45,000 ne aka gurfanar da su a karkashin dokar odar jama’a a shekarar 2016 kadai. 

A watan Afrilun 2020, an yi wa kundin tsarin mulki kwaskwarima don hukunta kaciyar mata (FGM), wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin tara da ɗaurin shekaru 3 a gidan yari.  A watan Yulin 2020, an soke buƙatun neman izinin mata daga wurin wani ɗan'uwa namiji don yin tafiya, da bulala a matsayin hukunci.  Masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata irin su editan mujallar *Words 500* Ola Diab da mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari'a Charlie Loudon sun yaba da soke matakan danniya da takurawa mata a matsayin 'manyan matakai na farko'. Sun jaddada cewa dole ne a aiwatar da sabbin dokokin sannan kuma a yi watsi da dokokin da aka soke a aikace, wanda zai bukaci sake fasalin manufofin cikin gida na hukumomin gwamnati kamar 'yan sanda, sojoji da jami'an leken asiri. Wasu dokoki da dama da masu fafutuka suka bukaci a cire sun hada da gurfanar da wadanda aka yi wa fyade saboda ‘zina’, da kuma na mata masu juna biyu na ‘karuwanci’,  wasu labaran da ke bayyana ka’idojin shigar mata, da kuma wargaza tsarin jama’a. 'yan sanda da kotuna masu sadaukarwa waɗanda ke cikin 'tsarin doka na jama'a'.

## Yaran sojoji
A cewar Rory Mungoven, mai magana da yawun kungiyar hadin gwiwa don dakatar da amfani da yara sojoji, Sudan na daya daga cikin mafi munin matsalolin sojan yara a duniya.  Akwai sama da yara ƙanana 17,000 da ke fafatawa a bangaren gwamnati ko kuma na dakarun ‘yan tawaye ko da bayan an kori tsofaffin yara sojoji 25,000 daga ƙungiyoyin ‘yan tawaye a Kudancin Sudan a shekara ta 2001. Suna ɗauke da AK-47 da M-16 a fagen daga, yayin da suke aiki a matsayin masu gano nakiyoyin mutane, suna shiga ayyukan kunar bakin wake, da kuma yin aikin leken asiri. Da yawa ana sacewa ko daukar su aiki da karfi, kuma galibi ana tilasta musu su bi umarni a karkashin barazanar kisa. Wasu kuma suna shiga kungiyoyin masu dauke da makamai ne saboda rashin bege ko kuma bayan an yi musu karya da wanke kwakwalwa. An yi wa yara da dama alkawarin cewa za su je makaranta, wanda a zahiri wuraren horar da sojoji ne da aka yi kama da makaranta. Wuraren, duk da kasancewar suna karkashin jagorancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, inda aka wankar da yara kanana suka zama masu kisan kai. Ingantattun fasahar kere-kere sun samar da makaman da ba su da nauyi, ba su da tsada, kuma yaro da bai iya karatu ba zai iya harhadawa, lodinsa, da harbe shi, wanda hakan ya kara jawo hankalin yara sojoji.

## Cin zarafin fursunoni
An daure manya da yara dari da dama bayan da 'yan kungiyar Adalci da daidaito suka kai hari a birnin Khartoum a watan Mayun 2008, adadin da bai dace ba daga yankin Darfur. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Human Rights Watch ta soki gwamnatin Sudan da kin bayar da wani bayani kan inda suke. An samu shaidun azabtarwa da cin zarafi ga fursunonin da aka saki kuma an tattara su a cikin tambayoyi da yawa da Human Rights Watch ta rubuta. 

A cikin Yuli 2020, an soke bulala a matsayin wani nau'i na hukunci. 

## Zaluntar masu kare hakkin dan adam
A tsakanin shekara ta 2003 zuwa shekara ta 2011, an kama Mudawi Ibrahim Adam akai-akai bisa zarginsa da aikin kare hakkin bil'adama da kungiyar Sudan Social Development Organization.   Kungiyoyin da suka hada da Human Rights Watch,  Front Line,  da Amnesty International ne suka nuna rashin amincewarsu da wadannan kamen, wadanda karshensu ya ba shi suna " fursuna na lamiri ." 

A ranar 5 ga Maris, 2009, a daidai ranar da kotun ICC ta gurfanar da Shugaba Omar al-Bashir, gwamnatin Sudan ta ba da umarnin rufe SUDO, kuma jami'an tsaron kasar sun karbe ofisoshinta.  Jaridar *New York Times* ta ruwaito cewa, wasikar rufe ofisoshin ta fito ne daga hukumar kula da ayyukan jin kai da Ahmed Haroun, daya daga cikin mutanen da ke fuskantar sammacin kamawa daga kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa kan kisan gilla a Darfur.  A lokaci guda gwamnatin Sudan ta kori " Kwamitin ceto na kasa da kasa, Oxfam UK, CARE, Mercy Corps da kuma sashen Dutch na Doctors Without Borders.  Mudawi da SUDO sun daukaka kara game da rufe su a kotu, inda suka yi nasara a karar a watan Afrilun 2010.   Duk da haka, bisa ga sanarwar SUDO na 2011, ƙungiyar ta kasance a rufe yadda ya kamata: "A Sudan za ku iya cin nasara a shari'ar amma babu wani canji. Ofisoshin SUDO sun kasance a kulle, kadarorinta sun kasance a daskare, kuma ba a bar kungiyar a Sudan ta ci gaba da aiki ba.” 

## Zaluntar addini
Hukumar leken asiri ta ƙasar Sudan (NISS) ta tsare Fasto Michael Yat da Peter Yan daga ranar 14 ga watan Disamba 2014 da 11 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2015, a ranar 1 ga watan Maris, an tuhume su da laifuka takwas karkashin kundin laifuffuka na shekarar 1991, biyu daga cikinsu na dauke da laifuka. hukuncin kisa.   An ruwaito cewa an kama Peter Yan a lokacin da yake neman jindadin Michael Yat, kuma an kama Michael Yat bayan wa'azin bishara. 

A cikin Yulin shekara ta 2020, an soke hukuncin (kisa) na yin ridda ga Musulmai (Mataki na 126 na kundin hukunta laifukan Sudan), da kuma haramcin barasa ga waɗanda ba musulmi ba.  Hukumar ‘Yancin Addinin Duniya ta Amurka (USCIRF) ta yaba da sauye-sauyen da aka yi a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 2020, tare da kawar da Sudan daga cikin jerin ‘kasashen da suka damu musamman’ (inda ya kasance a cikin shekara ta 2000-2019), amma ya bukaci ‘yan majalisar Sudan da su soke wannan sabo. doka (Mataki na 125 na kundin hukunta manyan laifuka na Sudan) kuma. 

## Halin tarihi
Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Sudan tun shekara ta 1972 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba".  1

## Haƙƙin LGBT
'Yan madigo, 'yan luwadi, bisexual, da transgender (LGBT) a Sudan suna fuskantar ƙalubalen shari'a waɗanda ba mazauna LGBT ba. Namiji da mata duka maza da mata ya kasance ba bisa ka'ida ba a Sudan, tare da hukunce-hukuncen da suka hada da amma ba'a iyakance ga hukuncin kisa ba . Sai dai a watan Yulin 2020 an soke dokar luwadi da a baya ta hukunta mazan luwadi da bulala 100 a laifin farko, ɗaurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari na biyu da kuma hukuncin kisa a karo na uku, inda sabuwar dokar ta rage hukuncin zuwa gidan yari. sharuddan jere daga shekaru biyar zuwa rayuwa. Masu fafutukar LGBT+ na Sudan sun yaba da sake fasalin a matsayin 'babban mataki na farko', amma sun ce bai isa ba tukuna, kuma ƙarshen burin ya kamata ya zama haramta ayyukan lalata da 'yan luwadi baki daya. 

## Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya
Matsayin Sudan game da yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa sune kamar haka.

## Duba kuma

* 1998 Sudan yunwa
* Aegis Students, ƙungiyar kare kisan kare dangi ta ɗalibai ta duniya, ta mai da hankali kan Sudan.
* Aegis Trust
* Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Sudan
* Satellite Sentinel Project

## Bayanan kula

: 1. Lura cewa "Shekarar" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008 ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu.
: 2. **^** Tun daga 1 ga Janairu.
: 3. **^** Rahoton na 1982 ya shafi shekara ta 1981 da rabin farko na 1982, kuma rahoton na 1984 mai zuwa ya shafi rabin na biyu na 1982 da kuma gaba ɗaya 1983. Don samun sauƙi, waɗannan rahotannin "shekaru da rabi" guda biyu masu banƙyama an raba su zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar cirewa.

## Manazarta

* *Rahoton na musamman: Sudan* in *The Economist* 15 Mayu 2004
* *Side Dark Islam - The Orwellian State of Sudan*, The Economist, 24 Yuni 1995.
* *Sharia da IMF: Shekaru uku na juyin juya hali*, SUDANOW, Satumba 1992.
* *Takardun ƙarshe na Majalisar Dattijan Katolika ta Khartoum*, 1991. [ lura da "zalunci da tsananta wa Kiristoci"]
* *Muryar [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|kare hakkin dan Adam]]*, wanda Kungiyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Sudan ta buga, juzu'i na 1, fitowa ta 3, Yuli/Agusta 1992 [cikakkun rufe majami'u da karfi, korar limaman coci, tilasta wa jama'a gudun hijira, tilasta musulunta da kuma Larabawa, da sauran matakan danniya na Gwamnati. ].
* *Sudan - Cry for Peace*, wanda Pax Christi International ya buga, Brussels, Belgium, 1994
* *Sudan - 'Yan Gudun Hijira a ƙasarsu: Tilastawa 'Yan Kwango da Muhallansu Daga Khartoum*, a Juzu'i na 4, fitowa ta 10, na Labarai daga Africa Watch, 10 ga Yuli 1992.
* *take hakkin Dan Adam a Sudan*, ta Sudan Human Rights Organisation, Fabrairu 1994.
* *Bayanin Pax Romana na Macram Max Gassis, Bishop na El Obeid, zuwa taro na hamsin na Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam, Geneva, Fabrairu 1994. na mutanen Nuba, na yau da kullun na fyade ga mata, bautar da yara, azabtar da firistoci da malamai, kona fastoci da masu koyarwa da rai, gicciye da yankan firistoci]*

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Girmamawa (IHTIRAM), Jaridar Sudan don Al'adun 'Yancin Dan Adam da Batutuwan Banbancin Al'adu 
* Asusun mai daukar hoto  - Hotunan gudun hijirar Sudan
* Rayuwa da 'Yan Gudun Hijira
* Rahoton shekara ta 2011 na Amnesty International kan Sudan 
* Human Rights Watch ta yi rahoto kan Sudan
* Sharhin Hijira Tilastawa
* Damuwa Kirista ta Duniya
* LauniQ 1996-1998 
* An yi wa yarinya ‘yar shekara 12 fyade kafin a kashe ta
* Yunwar da dan Adam ya jawo: an lalata amfanin gona, an kai harin bam a cibiyoyin rarraba abinci 
* Musayar 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki ta kasa da kasa ta sa ido kan hare-haren da ake kaiwa 'yan jarida a Sudan
* https://web.archive.org/web/20071001032809/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/africa/article204708.ece
* John Dau Sudan Foundation: Canjin kiwon lafiya a Kudancin Sudan 
* Hiwaar Human Rights Advocacy Organisation: Yin aiki don daidaito