Ministan shugaban kasa (Jamus)

Ministan-shugaban (Jamus: Ministerpräsident, mai suna [] i) shine shugaban gwamnati a cikin goma sha uku daga cikin jihohin goma sha shida na Jamus.

## Matsayi da iko na kundin tsarin mulki
Kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulkin Jamus (Dokar Tushen) ta bayyana Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Jamus a matsayin tarayyar, kowace jiha ta Jamus tana da ikon mallaka, iyakance ta Dokar Tushen kawai. Dokar Tushen ta ba jihohi cikakken hankali don ƙayyade tsarin jihohin su, kawai yana bayyana cewa kowace jiha ta Jamus dole ne ta zama jamhuriya ta zamantakewa da dimokuradiyya a ƙarƙashin mulkin doka (Mataki na 28.1). A aikace duk jihohin Jamus sun karɓi wani nau'i na tsarin majalisa na jamhuriya: Duk da wasu bambance-bambance tsakanin kundin tsarin mulki na kowane jiha, ministocin-shugabanni suna da ikon shugaban zartarwa (misali nadawa da korar mambobin majalisa ko bayyana jagororin siyasa na majalisa) da kuma ikon da ayyuka na shugaban kasa (misali ikon ba da gafartawa a madadin jihar da kuma yin wasu ayyukan bikin). Saboda haka, ikonsu da ayyukansu suna kama da na shugaban zartarwa, amma ya bambanta da tsarin shugaban kasa, ba a zabe su kai tsaye ba kuma sun dogara da amincewar majalisar dokokin jihar. Don haka, matsayin tsarin mulki na minista-shugaban ya bambanta da na shugaban kasar Jamus a matakin tarayya, wanda kawai ke da matsayin shugaban zartarwa, yayin da Shugaban Jamus ke yin karin iko da ayyuka na shugaban kasa na tarayya.

Kodayake dukkan ministocin shugaban kasa goma sha shida suna da kusan matsayi iri ɗaya a jihohinsu, akwai kuma wasu muhimman bambance-bambance tsakanin tanadin kundin tsarin mulki na jihar game da shugaban kasa da gwamnati. Wannan ya fara ne da tsarin zabe: Majalisar dokokin jihar ce ke zabar dukkan ministocin shugabanni, amma yayin da a wasu jihohi ana buƙatar mafi rinjaye na mambobin majalisa don samun nasara, a wasu jihohin mafi rinjaye (mafi yawan kuri'un da aka jefa) ya isa. Haka kuma yake ga hanyoyin tunawa: A wasu jihohi, majalisa na iya jefa kuri'a ga mai rike da mukamin daga mukamin, yayin da a wasu jihohi majalisa dole ne ta zabi sabon mai rike da muhalli a lokaci guda (zaɓin gina rashin amincewa). A Bavaria, kundin tsarin mulki bai ba da izinin tunatar da ministan-shugaban ba. A cikin jihohi goma sha biyar, kundin tsarin mulki na jihar ya bayyana ministan-shugaban a matsayin shugaban majalisar ministoci, yana ba shi damar, don tantance jagororin siyasa na majalisar ministocin, amma wannan ba haka ba ne a Bremen, inda Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai kawai ke da fifiko na bikin akan sauran mambobin majalisar ministociya. Ikon ministan-shugaban kasa don tsara majalisar ministoci ya bambanta: Wasu jihohi suna ba da izini ga mai rike da mukamin cikakken hankali wajen nada ko korar ministocin ministoci, yayin da wasu ke sanya iyakoki. Tsarin mulki na Bremen bai baiwa Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai wani tasiri kai tsaye a kan abin da ke cikin majalisar ministoci ba.

Ta hanyar matsayinsu a cikin *Bundesrat*, ministocin-shugabanni na iya yin tasiri sosai a kan siyasar kasa a cikin tsarin tarayya. Tare da wasu ministocinsu, galibi suna wakiltar jiharsu a cikin *Bundesrat* (Majalisar Tarayyar Jamus). Kowace gwamnatin jihar tana da wakilci a cikin Bundesrat da wakilai uku zuwa shida, dangane da yawan jama'ar jihar.

## Jerin masu rike da mukamai na yanzu
Mai rike da mukamin da ya fi dadewa shi ne Reiner Haseloff, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin ministan-shugaban Saxony-Anhalt tun daga 19 ga Afrilu 2011. Olaf Lies, ministan-shugaban Lower Saxony (tun daga 20 ga Mayu 2025), shine mafi gajeren aiki.

## Wakilan
Ministocin-shugabanni sun nada memba daya na majalisar ministocin su a matsayin mataimakin su. A mafi yawan jihohi mataimakin ministan-shugaban yana da taken Mataimakin Ministan-shugaba (a Berlin Mayor, a Bremen Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai da kuma a Hamburg Mayor na biyu). A wasu jihohi, kundin tsarin mulki na jihar ya ba da izinin zabar mataimakin fiye da ɗaya. Ana amfani da wannan zaɓi a wasu lokuta a cikin gwamnatocin hadin gwiwa tare da jam'iyyun sama da biyu, kodayake a wannan yanayin yawanci ana kafa matsayi tsakanin mataimakan (mutumin minster-shugaban farko da na biyu ko, a Bavaria, **'mataimakin minista-shugaban**' da ƙarin mataimakin mataimakin shugaban). Berlin lamari ne na musamman, kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulki na jihar ke buƙatar nadin wakilai biyu daidai.

Ayyukansu da ayyukansu sun yi kama da na mataimakin shugaban Jamus a matakin tarayya. Mafi mahimmanci, mataimakin minista-shugaban (ko daidai) na ɗan lokaci yana aiki a matsayin Minista-shugaba idan mai rike da mukamin ya mutu ko rashin iyawa har zuwa ƙarshen rashin iyawa ko zaben magaji ta majalisar dokokin jihar. Wani bambanci ga wannan shine ka'idoji a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin jihar Bavaria (Art. 44.3), wanda ya sanya mataimakin minista-shugaban (don harkokin cikin gida) da Shugaban Landtag (don wakilcin waje) a matsayin masu maye gurbin. Ministocin da suka yi murabus galibi suna ci gaba da zama a ofis a matsayin ministocin mukaddashin (ko daidai) da kansu har sai an zabi magaji. Wannan duk da haka ba haka ba ne, idan dalilin murabus din wani nau'i ne na tsarin mulki, shari'a ko rashin jituwa na gargajiya tare da ofis, wanda mai rike da mukamin ya shiga: Dokar asali ta haramta Shugaban Jamus daga rike mukamin a cikin gwamnatin jihar a lokaci guda (Art. 55.1). Dangane da Dokar Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Tarayya, haka ya shafi alƙalai a Kotun Tsarin mulki ta Tarayya (§ 3.3). Ba a haramta zama memba a lokaci guda a cikin Bundestag ko gwamnatin tarayya ga minista-shugaban kasa (ko wasu mambobin gwamnatin jiha) a karkashin dokar tarayya, amma a wasu jihohi (misali Arewacin Rhine-Westphalia) kundin tsarin mulki na jihar ya haramta shi kuma gabaɗaya ba ya cikin al'adar siyasa. Sabili da haka, masu rike da mukamai da aka zaba ko aka nada su a irin wannan mukamin yawanci suna yin murabus kuma suna guje wa ci gaba da rike mukamin minista-shugaban a kan wani mataki, suna barin wannan rawar ga mataimakin su.

Yawancin lokaci, irin wannan cikakken maye gurbin na tsawon kwanaki ko ma 'yan sa'o'i, amma kuma akwai lokuta da irin waɗannan Ministocin-shugabanni suka kasance a ofis na dogon lokaci saboda zaben sabon mai mulki na yau da kullun ya kasance da wahala; wannan ya faru misali a Schleswig-Holstein a cikin 1987/88: Zaben jihar a ranar 13 ga Satumba 1987 ya haifar da rikici tsakanin ƙungiyar tsakiya ta CDU da FDP, wanda ya goyi bayan Uwe Barschel mai mulki, da jam'iyyun tsakiya na SPD da SSWats 37. Saboda rashin ƙarfi na sakamakon zaben ga CDU kuma sama da duk batun Barschel, abin kunya ne na cin hanci da rashawa, Barschel ya bayyana murabus dinsa daga 2 ga Oktoba kuma ya mutu bayan 'yan kwanaki a wani otal a Geneva a ƙarƙashin yanayin da ba a bayyana shi ba har zuwa yau. A sakamakon haka, mataimakin tsohon Henning Schwarz ya zama *mukaddashin Minista-shugaban*. Kokarin zabar sabon Minista-shugaban majalisa a majalisar dokokin jihar ya gaza saboda matsalar, don haka majalisar ta rushe kanta kuma an gudanar da zaben jihar a ranar 8 ga Mayu 1988. SPD ta fito ne daga wadannan tare da mafi yawan kujeru kuma an zabi babban dan takarar sa Björn Engholm a matsayin Minista-shugaban a ranar 31 ga Mayu. Schwarz ya rike mukamin Minista-Shugaban kwanaki 242.

* Fritz Schäffer, Ministan-Shugaba na Bavaria (1945) 
* Karl Geiler, Ministan-Shugaba na Hesse (1945-1946) 
* Heinrich Welsch, Minista-Shugaba na Saarland (1955-1956) 

## Dubi kuma

* Minista mai kula da (Prussia) 

## Manazarta