Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Libya

Daga 1969 zuwa 2011, tarihin Libya ya kasance alama ce ta Jamahiriya Larabawa Libya (inda *jamahiriya* ke nufin "jihar talakawa"), " dimokuradiyya kai tsaye " tsarin siyasa wanda Muammar Gaddafi ya kafa,  wanda ya sauka daga mulki a 1977, amma ya kasance "Shugaba 'yan uwa" wanda ba na hukuma ba har zuwa 2011. Yawan karatu na kasar ya karu zuwa kashi 90%, kuma an bullo da tsarin jin dadin jama'a da ke ba da damar samun ilimi kyauta da kiwon lafiya kyauta . A cikin 2008, Majalisar Jama'ar Jama'a ta ayyana Babbar Yarjejeniya Ta Hakkokin Dan Adam na Zamanin Jamahiriyya.  An kuma gina babban kogin Manmade don ba da damar samun ruwan sha kyauta a manyan sassan ƙasar.  Sakamakon haka, kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta Libya a shekarar 2010 ta kasance mafi girma a Afirka kuma ta fi na Saudiyya . 

A tsawon mulkin Gaddafi, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasa da kasa sun bayyana halin da ake ciki na hakkin dan Adam a kasar Libya a matsayin matalauta, inda suka yi nuni da cin zarafi na tsare-tsare kamar danniya ta siyasa, tauye 'yancin siyasa da yancin jama'a, da kuma dauri ba bisa ka'ida ba; Gwamnatin Amurka ta ba da tallafin rahoton Freedom House na shekara-shekara na Freedom in the World, a koyaushe tana ba ta matsayi na "Ba 'Yanci ba" kuma ta ba Libya mafi ƙarancin yuwuwar ƙimar "7" a cikin kimanta 'yancin ɗan adam da 'yancin siyasa daga 1989 zuwa 2010. Kazalika, Gaddafi ya fito fili ya yi alfahari da aikewa da dakaru domin kashe ‘yan adawa da ke gudun hijira, kuma kafafen yada labaran gwamnatin Libya sun fito fili sun ba da sanarwar tuhume-tuhume kan shugabannin ‘yan adawar siyasa. An yi ta kashe fararen hula a bainar jama'a ta hanyar rataya saboda kawai sun nuna rashin amincewa da gwamnatin.   Daga 1977 zuwa 1984, bikin shekara-shekara da Gaddafi ya kirkiro zai rataye fararen hula a bainar jama'a kowace shekara a ranar 7 ga Afrilu.   

An kuma zargi gwamnatin Gaddafi da kisan gillar da aka yi a gidan yarin Abu Salim a shekarar 1996 . A cikin 2010, Amnesty International ta buga wani rahoto mai mahimmanci game da Libya, wanda ya haifar da damuwa game da shari'o'in bacewar da aka yi da kuma wasu laifukan keta hakkin bil'adama da ba a warware ba, da kuma cewa mambobin Hukumar Tsaron Cikin Gida da ke da hannu a wannan cin zarafi na ci gaba da aiki ba tare da wani hukunci ba.  A cikin Janairun 2011, Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta buga wani rahoto da ke nazarin tarihin yancin dan Adam na Larabawa Larabawa Jamahiriya na Libya tare da bayanai daga kasashe mambobi, yawancinsu (ciki har da yawancin kasashen Turai da Asiya da Afirka da Kudancin Amurka ) gaba daya sun yaba da kokarin kasar na ci gaba da kare hakkin dan Adam, ko da yake wasu (musamman Australia, Faransa, Isra'ila, Switzerland, da Amurka) sun nuna damuwa da damuwa game da cin zarafin bil'adama kyauta da kuma cin zarafin bil'adama kyauta. ƙungiya; Libya ta amince da gudanar da bincike kan bacewar da azabtarwa, da kuma soke duk wata doka da ta haramta bayyana ra'ayin siyasa ko tauye 'yan jarida mai 'yanci, ta kuma tabbatar da cewa tana da bangaren shari'a mai zaman kansa. 

## Libya karkashin Gaddafi

### Kwamitocin juyin juya hali
A farkon shekarun 1970, Gaddafi ya kirkiro kwamitocin juyin juya hali a matsayin hanyoyin wayar da kan siyasa, da nufin shiga harkokin siyasa kai tsaye daga dukkan mutanen Libya. A cikin 1979, duk da haka, wasu daga cikin waɗannan kwamitocin sun rikide zuwa naɗa kansu, wani lokaci kuma masu himma, masu tilasta tsarin koyarwar juyin juya hali. A farkon shekarun 1980, waɗannan kwamitocin suna da iko mai yawa kuma sun zama tushen tashin hankali a cikin Jamahiriya, ta yadda wani lokaci Gaddafi ya soki tasirinsu da zalunci mai yawa,  har sai da aka taƙaita ikon kwamitocin juyin juya hali a ƙarshen 1980s.

Kwamitocin juyin juya hali sun kasance suna kama da irin wannan tsarin a cikin kasashe masu kama-karya ; An bayar da rahoton cewa, kashi 10 zuwa 20 cikin 100 na 'yan kasar ta Libya sun yi aikin sa ido ga wadannan kwamitocin, tare da sanya ido a cikin gwamnati, a masana'antu, da kuma bangaren ilimi.  Sun kuma sanya tukuicin kashe masu sukar Libyan da ake zargi da cin amanar kasa a kasashen waje.   Wani lokaci ana kashe masu fafutuka a bainar jama'a sannan kuma an sake yada hukuncin kisa a gidajen talabijin na jama'a .  

A shekara ta 1988, Gaddafi ya soki matakan wuce gona da iri da majalisar juyin juya halin Musulunci ta dauka, yana mai cewa "sun karkata, sun cutar da su, sun azabtar da su" da kuma cewa "mai juyin juya halin gaskiya ba ya aiwatar da danniya."  A waccan shekarar, Jamahiriya Larabawa ta Libya ta ba da *Babban Koren Takaddun Haƙƙin Dan Adam*, wanda a cikin sashe na 5 ya kafa dokoki waɗanda ke ba da damar ƙarin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki . Mataki na 8 na kundin tsarin inganta 'yanci ya bayyana cewa "kowane ɗan ƙasa yana da 'yancin bayyana ra'ayinsa da ra'ayinsa a fili a cikin Majalisar Jama'a da kuma a duk kafofin watsa labaru ."  An kuma sanya takunkumi da yawa akan ikon kwamitocin juyin juya hali, wanda ya haifar da sake farfadowa a cikin farin jinin kasar Libya a farkon shekarun 1990s.  A cikin 2004, duk da haka, Libya ta sanya $1&nbsp;Ladan miliyan daya ga dan jarida Ashur Shamis, bisa zarginsa da alaka da kungiyar Al-Qaeda da Abu Qatada wanda ake zargi da ta'addanci. 

Har zuwa 1998, harsunan waje ba sa cikin tsarin karatun makaranta. Wani mai zanga-zangar a shekarar 2011 ya bayyana halin da ake ciki da cewa: "Babu daya daga cikinmu da zai iya magana da Ingilishi ko Faransanci . Ya sanya mu jahilci da rufe ido".  Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta yi iƙirarin cewa ƙabilanci, masu tsatstsauran ra'ayin Islama da 'yan tsiraru na fama da wariya, kuma jihar na ci gaba da tauye haƙƙin ƙwadago na ma'aikatan ƙasashen waje.  A cikin 1998, CERD ta nuna damuwa game da zargin "ayyukan nuna wariya ga ma'aikatan bakin haure a kan asalin kasa ko kabila", wanda Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ita ma ta nuna damuwa a cikin 2010.  Human Rights Watch a cikin Satumba 2006 ya rubuta yadda ma'aikatan ƙaura da sauran baƙi suka fuskanci cin zarafi na 'yancin ɗan adam,  wanda ya karu sosai a kan baƙar fata na Afirka a ƙarƙashin Majalisar Rikon kwarya ta ƙasa bayan yakin basasar Libya . 

### Sukar zargin
Kungiyar Jamahiriya ta kasar Libya ta yi watsi da zargin da ake yi wa kasar. Sun yi nuni da yadda kasarsu ta kafu bisa tsarin dimokuradiyyar mutane kai tsaye wanda ya ba da tabbacin yin amfani da iko kai tsaye daga dukkan 'yan kasa ta hanyar taron jama'a. 'Yan kasar sun iya bayyana ra'ayoyin 'yan majalisa kan batutuwan da suka shafi siyasa, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da al'adu. Bugu da kari, akwai dandali na yada labarai kamar jaridu da tashoshi na TV domin mutane su bayyana ra'ayoyinsu ta hanyar. Hukumomin kasar Libya sun kuma bayar da hujjar cewa, babu wani daga cikin Jamahiriya Larabawa na Libya da ke fama da matsananciyar talauci da yunwa, kuma gwamnati ta ba da tabbacin karancin abinci da bukatu masu karamin karfi ga mutanen da ke da karancin kudin shiga. A cikin 2006, an ƙaddamar da wani shiri don samar wa mutanen da ke da ƙananan jarin jari wanda ya kai dala 30,000 don ajiya a bankuna da kamfanoni. 

### Gwajin HIV
Shari'ar HIV a Libya (ko al'amuran ma'aikatan jinya na Bulgaria) ya shafi gwaji, daukaka kara da sakin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya shida na kasashen waje da ake zargi da hada baki da gangan don cutar da yara sama da 400 da jini mai dauke da kwayar cutar HIV a 1998, wanda ya haifar da annoba a Asibitin Yara na El-Fatih a Benghazi .  A ranar 6 ga Mayu 2004, wata kotu a Libya ta yanke wa ma'aikatan hukuncin kisa. Daga karshe dai an tsare su a gidan yarin Bulgaria a shekara ta 2007, daga baya kuma aka yi musu afuwa.  Gwamnatin Libya ta shigar da kara kan lamarin ga kungiyar kasashen Larabawa kafin hambarar da gwamnatin kasar a shekara ta 2011.

### Kisan gillar gidan yarin Abu Salim
A cikin 2006, Amnesty International ta yi kira da a gudanar da bincike mai zaman kansa kan mutuwar da ba a tabbatar ba da ta faru a gidan yarin Abu Salim a lokacin tarzomar 1996.  A cikin 2009, Human Rights Watch ta yi imanin cewa an kashe fursunoni 1,270.   Sai dai kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta ce ba ta iya tantance zargin da kanta ba. Ikirarin da kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta fitar, ta dogara ne kan shaidar wani tsohon fursuna Hussein Al Shafa'i, wanda ya bayyana cewa bai ga yadda ake kashe wani fursuna ba: "Ban iya ganin fursunonin da suka mutu da aka harbe ba..." 

Al Shafa'i ne ya kai adadin mutane 1200 da aka kashe bisa zargin kididdige adadin abincin da ya shirya a lokacin da yake aiki a kicin na gidan yarin. A lokaci guda kuma, Al Shafa'i ya ce "Ma'aikatan gidan yarin sun bukaci da in wanke agogon da aka dauko daga gawar fursunonin da suka mutu..."  Al Shafa'i yana zaune a Amurka, inda ya nemi mafaka, Hussein al-Shafa'i ya ce ya shiga Abu Salim ne daga 1988 zuwa 2000 a kan zargin siyasa.

Gwamnatin Libya ta yi watsi da zargin Abu Salim. A cikin watan Mayun 2005, shugaban Hukumar Tsaron Cikin Gida na Babban Gurguzu ta Libya Arab Jamahiriya ya shaida wa Human Rights Watch cewa fursunonin sun kama wasu masu gadi tare da sace makamai daga ajiyar gidan yarin. Fursunonin da masu gadin sun mutu ne yayin da jami’an tsaro ke kokarin dawo da zaman lafiya, kuma gwamnati ta bude bincike bisa umarnin Ministan Shari’a. Jami'in na Libya ya bayyana cewa fiye da fursunoni 400 ne suka tsere daga Abu Salim a fashe-fashe daban-daban guda hudu kafin faruwar lamarin da kuma bayan faruwar lamarin: a watan Yuli 1995, Disamba 1995, Yuni 1996 da Yuli 2001. Daga cikin wadanda suka tsere har da mutanen da suka yi yaki da kungiyoyin masu kaifin kishin Islama a kasashen Afghanistan da Iran da Iraki.

A shekara ta 2009, gwamnatin Libya ta bayyana cewa, an kashe mutanen ne a daidai lokacin da ake gwabzawa tsakanin gwamnati da 'yan tawaye daga kungiyar gwagwarmayar Islama ta Libya, kuma an kashe wasu masu gadi 200.  A watan Agustan 2009, gwamnati ta yi wa da yawa afuwa. Wadanda aka saki sun hada da ‘yan kungiyar gwagwarmayar Islama ta Libya (LIFG) su 45, wadanda akasarinsu suna gidan yari tun tsakiyar shekarun 1990 bayan da aka yanke musu hukumci na rashin adalci kan yunkurin hambarar da shugaban jamhuriyar jamaa na lokacin Muammar Gaddafi. Sakin ya zo ne bayan kungiyar ta yi watsi da tashin hankalin a watan Agustan 2009. Hukumomin gidan yarin na Abu Salim sun kuma saki “mambobin sauran kungiyoyin jihadi 43,” in ji sanarwar da aka fitar. 

A cikin watan Janairun 2011, kungiyar Jamahiriya Larabawa ta Libya ta tabbatar da cewa tana gudanar da bincike kan lamarin tare da masu bincike na kasa da kasa. 

‘Yan tawayen Libya sun yi ikirarin cewa an binne mutane 1270 a wani kabari da ake zaton sun gano.  Duk da haka, masu bincike daga CNN da wasu kungiyoyi sun gano kawai abin da ya zama ƙasusuwan dabbobi a wurin. 

## Yaƙin basasa

Kasashe daban-daban da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa sun soki amfani da soja da 'yan haya a kan fararen hula na Libya yayin Yaƙin Basasa na Libya na 2011, zargin da Saif al-Islam Gaddafi ya musanta.

Bayan wani taron gaggawa a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, Kungiyar Larabawa ta dakatar da Libya daga halartar tarurrukan majalisar, inda Moussa ya fitar da wata sanarwa yana sukar "laifukan da ake aikatawa akan zanga-zangar lumana da ake yi a garuruwa daban-daban na Libya." Libya ta samu dakatarwa daga Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta hanyar kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai lamba 65/265, wanda aka amince da shi bisa yarda daya da ya ambaci amfani da tashin hankali da gwamnatin Gaddafi ta yi akan masu zanga-zanga. Gwamnatoci da dama ciki har da Birtaniya, Kanada, Switzerland, Amurka, Jamus da Ostiraliya sun dauki matakin toshe kadarorin Gaddafi da na abokan aikinsa. Wannan mataki ya fuskanci suka da cewa yana da son kai duba da yadda aka yi watsi da irin wannan cin zarafi a Bahrain, Yemen da wasu wurare.

Luis Moreno Ocampo, babban mai shigar da kara na Kotun Duniya ta Laifuka, ya kiyasta cewa daga 500 zuwa 700 ne aka kashe a watan Fabrairu 2011 ta hannun jami'an tsaron Gaddafi, kafin 'yan tawayen su fara daukar makami. "Harbin masu zanga-zanga ya kasance da tsarin da aka tsara," in ji Moreno-Ocampo, yana bayani kan martanin gwamnatin Libya akan zanga-zangar neman dimokuradiyya.

Moreno-Ocampo ya kara da cewa yayin da yaƙin basasar ke ci gaba, "ana aikata laifukan yaƙi bisa ga wata manufa" ta hannun dakarun Gaddafi. Wannan yana samun goyon baya daga rahoton Human Rights Watch, wanda ya bayyana cewa 'yan banga na gwamnati sun kashe masu zanga-zanga 10 a Bani Walid a watan Mayu, duk da cewa sun amince su ajiye makami.

A ranar 26 ga Fabrairu 2011, Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kada kuri'a da baki daya akan kudurin da ya sanya takunkumi kan gwamnatin Gaddafi, ciki har da hana tafiye-tafiye da kuma kai karar Gaddafi da wasu daga cikin gwamnati zuwa Kotun Duniya don bincike akan laifuka da ake zarginsu da aikatawa kan fararen hula, wanda zai iya zama laifin cin zarafin bil'adama bisa doka ta kasa da kasa. Akwai rahotanni da dama cewa an karya wadannan takunkuman a inda ake goyon bayan masu adawa da gwamnatin Libya.

Dakarun 'yan tawaye sun fuskanci suka akan cin zarafin hakkin dan Adam, da zargin azabtarwa da kashe 'yan haya daga Afrika wadanda ake zargi da kai hari akan fararen hula a Misrata, Benghazi, da Zawiyah.

A cewar binciken da Amnesty ta gudanar, an yi karyar yawan wadanda aka kashe, kuma "wasu daga cikin masu zanga-zangar na iya dauke da makami," "babu hujjar kisan gilla da ya kai irin wanda aka gani a Syria ko Yemen," kuma "babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa jirage ko manyan makaman yaƙi sun yi amfani da su akan taron jama'a." Amnesty ta kuma nuna shakku akan ikirarin kafafen yada labarai cewa motsin masu zanga-zangar "lumana ne kwata-kwata" kuma "ba su kawo barazana ga tsaro ba."

Sai dai, a wani rahoto daga Amnesty International daga baya, an gano cewa "dakarun al-Gaddafi sun aikata manyan laifuka na tauye dokokin yaki na kasa da kasa, ciki har da laifukan yaki da kuma take hakkin bil'adama, wanda ke nuna aikata laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama. Sun kashe da raunata fararen hula da gangan; sun yi garkuwa da wadanda ake zargi da adawa da su tare da azabtarwa da sauran cin zarafi; sun kama mutane ba bisa ka’ida ba. Sun kai hare-haren bam-bam a unguwannin fararen hula. Sun yi amfani da makamai da ba su tantance abokan gaba ba kamar nakiyoyi da bom din clustar har a unguwannin da mutane ke zaune."

A watan Yuli 2011, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi ya yi wata hira da Russia Today, inda ya musanta zargin da Kotun Duniya ke yi masa da mahaifinsa Muammar Gaddafi na bayar da umarnin kashe masu zanga-zanga. Ya bayyana cewa ba shi da mukamin gwamnati ko soja, don haka ba shi da ikon bayar da irin wannan umarni. A cewarsa, ya yi kira da Janar Abdul Fatah Younis, wanda daga baya ya sauya sheka zuwa 'yan tawaye, da kada su yi amfani da karfi akan masu zanga-zanga, inda Fatah ya ce suna kai hari ne a wata cibiyar soja, inda jami’an tsaro suka harba don kare kansu.

A watan Agusta 2011, Physicians for Human Rights ta fitar da rahoto da ke bayyana munanan laifuka da aka aikata a Misrata, wanda ya nuna alamun laifukan yaki da laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama. A watan Disamba 2011, PHR ta sake fitar da wani rahoto da ke bayyana harin kisan gilla da aka kai a wani rumbun a Tripoli, inda sojojin Khamis Qaddafi daga rundunar 32nd suka kama mutane, suka yi musu fyade, suka azabtar da su sannan suka kashe akalla mutane 53 ba tare da hukunci ba.

## 'Yancin Mata
Kamar yadda ake gani a yawancin juyin juya halin zamani, mata sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a juyin juya halin Libya na shekarar 2011. Bayan juyin juya halin, kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam sun bayyana damuwa kan yunkurin ware mata daga harkokin siyasa da tattalin arziki a Libya, da kuma rashin kariya mai karfi ga 'yancin mata a sabon kundin tsarin mulki.

Masu adawa da GNC sun ce tana marawa matakan 'yan Islama baya wadanda ke cin zarafin mata. Sadiq Ghariani, babban limamin Libya, ana kallon sa da kusanci da jam’iyyun addini. Ya fitar da fatawowi da ke umartar Musulmai su bi GNC, da kuma fatawowi da ke umartar Musulmai su yaki dakarun Haftar.

Daga baya a shekarar 2013, lauya Hamida al-Hadi al-Asfar, mai kare hakkin mata, an sace ta, an yi mata duka kuma aka kashe ta. Ana zargin an kai mata harin ne saboda suka da tayi kan bayyanar Grand Mufti da fatawarsa. Ba a yi wani kamun kowa ba.

A watan Yuni na 2013, ‘yan siyasa biyu, Ali Tekbali da Fathi Sager, sun bayyana a kotu bisa zargin “cin zarafin addini” saboda buga hoto mai tallata 'yancin mata. Bisa doka ta shari’a, suna fuskantar hukuncin kisa. Wannan al’amarin ya haifar da damuwa a kasar, kodayake daga bisani an wanke su a watan Maris na 2014. GNC ta amince da bukatar shirya sabon zabe, inda mutane 124 daga cikin 133 suka kada kuri'ar amincewa da Sabon Dokar Zabe a ranar 30 Maris 2014. A zaben ranar 25 Yuni 2014, Ali Tekbali ya samu nasarar zama dan majalisar wakilai a kujerar Tripoli Central, inda ya samu kuri'u 4777. Daga cikin kujeru 200, Sashe na 16 na Dokar Zabe ya ware kujeru 30 domin mata.

A lokacin shugabancin Nouri Abusahmain na GNC da kuma bayan hukuncin GNC na tilasta dokar shari’a a watan Disamba na 2013, an fara tilasta rabuwar jinsi da sanya hijabi dole a jami’o’in Libya daga farkon shekarar 2014, wanda hakan ya jawo suka daga kungiyoyin kare hakkin mata.

A ranar 15 ga Yuli 2020, Amnesty International ta bukaci Libyan National Army da ta bayyana inda Siham Sergiwa, ‘yar siyasa kuma mai kare hakkin mata ta Libya, take bayan shekara guda da sace ta daga gidanta cikin tashin hankali.

## Manazarta