Harold Amos

**Harold Amos** (Satumba 7, 1918  – Fabrairu 26, 2003  ) ƙwararren masanin ƙwayoyin cuta ne na Amurka. Ya koyar a Makarantar Likitanci ta Harvard tsawon kusan shekaru hamsin kuma shi ne shugaban sashen Afirka na farko a makarantar. 

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Amos a Pennsauken, New Jersey ga Howard R. Amos Sr., wani ma'aikacin gidan waya na Philadelphia, da Iola Johnson.  Shi ne na biyu cikin 'ya'ya tara.  Iyalan Philadelphia Quaker ne suka ɗauke shi kuma suka ba shi ilimi. Saboda kusancin da ke tsakanin Iola da iyalan Quaker, iyalan Amos sun sami littattafai da yawa, ciki har da tarihin rayuwar Louis Pasteur .  A matsayinsa na ɗalibi mai kyau, Amos ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1936 a matakin farko a ajinsa daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Camden da ke New Jersey .  Ya halarci Kwalejin Springfield da ke Massachusetts bisa cikakken tallafin karatu na ilimi. A shekarar 1941 ya kammala karatunsa na summa cum laude  tare da digiri a fannin ilmin halittu a matsayin ƙaramin masanin sinadarai.  An ɗauke shi aiki a shekara mai zuwa, kuma bayan ya dawo gida daga Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a 1946, Amos ya fara karatunsa na digiri a Jami'ar Harvard. Shi ne Ba'amurke ɗan Afirka na farko da ya sami digirin digirgir daga Sashen Kimiyyar Lafiya, Makarantar Likitanci ta Harvard, a 1952.

## Aikin soja
An tura Amos cikin Rundunar Sojan Amurka a shekarar 1942, inda ya yi aiki a rundunar Quartermaster's Corps a yakin duniya na biyu a matsayin jami'in tsaro.  Ya fara aikin soja a Ingila kafin a tura shi Faransa kwana shida bayan yakin Normandy.  A can, ya yi tafiya a bakin tekun Faransa inda daga ƙarshe ya fara magana da harshen sosai yayin da ya zama ƙwararre kan abinci da ruwan inabi.  Daga ƙarshe an sallame shi a watan Fabrairun 1946, inda ya fara aikinsa na gaba a shirin Kimiyyar Halittu a Jami'ar Harvard. 

## Sana'a
A watan Satumba na shekarar 1947, Kwalejin Springfield ta ɗauke shi aiki a matsayin farfesa a fannin ilmin halittu. Dr. Amos shi ne ɗan asalin Afirka na farko a kwalejin.  An ba Amos digiri na biyu a shekarar 1947 da kuma digiri na uku a fannin Ph.D. a shekarar 1952 daga Makarantar Likitanci ta Harvard.  Ya kasance ɗalibi mai digiri na biyu tare da Howard J. Mueller. Takardar shaidar Harold ta kasance kan kamuwa da cutar Herpes . Bayan kammala karatunsa, an ba shi tallafin karatu na Fulbright wanda ya kai shi Cibiyar Pasteur   na tsawon shekaru biyu. Amos ya shiga Makarantar Likitanci ta Harvard a shekarar 1954, yana aiki a matsayin malami. Ya kasance shugaban sashen ilmin kwayoyin cuta daga 1968 zuwa 1971 da kuma daga 1975 zuwa 1978. A shekarar 1975, an naɗa shi farfesa a fannin ilmin kwayoyin halitta na Maude da Lillian Presley.  Ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga shugaban ƙasa ga Richard Nixon,  memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka (1974),  Cibiyar Magunguna da Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Kimiyya ta Amurka . A shekarar 1988, Amos ya sami matsayin farfesa na meritus. An ba Amos lambar yabo ta National Academy of Sciences ' Public Welfare Medal a 1995  da kuma Harvard Centennial Medal a 2000. Ya jagoranci Shirin Ci Gaban Kwalejin Likitanci na Ƙananan Yara (MMFDP) na Gidauniyar Robert Wood Johnson bayan ya yi ritaya daga Harvard.  An sanya wa kyautar bambancin ra'ayi a Makarantar Likitanci ta Harvard suna bayan Amos.  Ya zaburar da ɗaruruwan tsiraru su zama likitoci.  An san shi da kasancewa mai ba da shawara mai gayyata da maraba ga ɗalibai da ƙananan malamai.

## Kyaututtuka

* Kyautar Likita ta Duniya ta Dr. Charles R. Drew ta Jami'ar Howard a shekarar 1989 
* Lambar Yabo ta Jin Daɗin Jama'a ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa a 1995 
* Lambar Yabo ta Shekarun Ƙarni ta Harvard a 2000 
* Ɗan Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka
* Ɗan ƙungiyar ci gaban kimiyya ta Amurka

## Littattafai
Binciken Harold Amos ya fi shahara ne a kan aikin da ya yi game da tsarin narkewar ƙwayoyin cuta, abinci mai gina jiki, al'adar ƙwayoyin dabbobi, ilimin halittar ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma tasirin hormones.  A lokacin da yake Jami'ar Harvard, ya fara aiki a kan wani bincike kan ilimin halittar ƙwayoyin cuta wanda ke shafar ƙwayar cutar herpes wanda aka gwada shi a kan membrane na chorioallantoic na kaza wanda ya haifar da babban hutunsa daga Fulbright Fellowship  wanda ya goyi bayan aikinsa kan maye gurbin ƙwayoyin cuta na *E. coli* wanda ya haifar da binciken Amos ya mayar da hankali kan amfani da ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin al'ada don fahimtar yadda ƙwayoyin halitta ke shiga cikin ƙwayoyin halitta da kuma yadda ake daidaita shigarwa a lokacin yunwar ƙwayoyin halitta ko a cikin yanayi mai yawa. Amos ya buga takardu sama da saba'in na kimiyya.  A matsayinsa na wani ɓangare na sashen shugaban Bacteriology da Immunology ɗaya, sanannen bincikensa shine bincike kan ƙwayoyin dabbobi wanda ya mayar da hankali kan metabolism na RNA wanda ya rushe inductions na enzyme da ayyukansu waɗanda daga baya aka buga a cikin littafinsa mai suna *Harvard Gazette*  wanda ya mayar da hankali kan yunwar glucose, metabolism na hexose da sufuri.

## Shirin Koyar da Likitanci na Harold Amos
"Manufar Gidauniyar Robert Wood Johnson ita ce inganta lafiya da kula da lafiyar dukkan Amurkawa. Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, Gidauniyar ta goyi bayan ƙoƙarin inganta adadi da ingancin ƙwararrun likitocin tsiraru. Ganin cewa akwai tarin ƙwararrun ma'aikatan lafiya na tsiraru waɗanda ke da damar zama membobin malaman makarantun likitanci, kuma cewa babban abin da ake buƙata don samun nasara shi ne waɗannan ƙwararrun masana ilimi su ƙulla alaƙa da masu ba da shawara masu dacewa waɗanda ke da tarihin aiki mai kyau wajen samar da ƙwararrun malamai na likitanci, Gidauniyar ta ƙirƙiro Shirin Ci gaban Malaman Lafiya na tsiraru a shekarar 1983 (an sake masa suna Shirin Ci gaban Malaman Lafiya na Harold Amos, ko AMFDP, a shekarar 2004 don girmama daraktan ta na farko)." 

Ra'ayoyin wannan shirin sun yi imanin cewa rawar da ya taka a Jami'ar Harvard ita ce taimakawa wajen yada labarin ɗaliban tsiraru da yawa waɗanda ba su sami tallafi don neman aikin likita a matsayin likita ba. Ta hanyar cibiyoyin da daraktocin hukumar da ke tallafawa Harold a wannan gwamnatin, ya nuna karuwar ɗaliban tsiraru da yawa waɗanda suka wuce adadin malamai marasa tsiraru. Dangane da shirin, Harold Amos ya yi imani da wannan shirin zai ba ɗalibai damar samun damammaki kamar shi yayin da yake ba da iliminsa ga sauran ɗalibai a cikin shirin. Dangane da yau, shirinsa ya canza kusan mahalarta 124 a cikin shekarun 2003-2008 waɗanda (malamai 76 da waɗanda ba malamai ba 48) suka sami damar samun halaye na jagoranci da kuma tallafin da ya rufe aƙalla kashi 3/4 na zangon karatu yayin da suke cikin shirin.

Dangane da shirin, tsohon ɗalibin da ya fi shahara shi ne mutum mai suna Dr. James Gavin III, wanda ya ambato "Abin alfahari ne a taka rawa wajen cimma burin shirin Harold Amos na ginawa da haɓaka ƙwararrun likitoci da likitocin haƙori masu hazaka waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa mai yawa a fannin likitancin ilimi. Malamanmu da tsofaffin ɗalibanmu suna ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da na taɓa mallaka a fannin ɗan adam. Kasancewar na tsawon shekaru talatin ya taimaka wajen cika alƙawarin da na yi na samar da shirye-shirye waɗanda ke haifar da canji mai ɗorewa da kyau."  Ta hanyar taimakon wannan shirin, Dr. Gavin ya yi imanin cewa wannan kwamiti ya taimaka masa wajen kafa kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakaninsa da cibiyar da za ta iya ba da shawara ga ma'aikata ga 'yan tsiraru da yawa waɗanda za su iya zama ɓangare na tsarin kiwon lafiya mai tasowa.

## Manazarta