Dokar Tsaro ta Yara ta Intanet

Dokar Tsaro da Sirriyar Yara ta Yanar Gizo (**KOSPA**) (S.S. 2073), wanda aka sani a cikin House da kuma jama'a gabaɗaya a matsayin Dokar Tsaro ta Yanar gizo (**KOSA**) (H.R. 7891), doka ce da aka gabatar da ita a Majalisa a cikin 2022. Kudin yana da niyyar kafa jagororin don kare kananan yara daga kayan da ke da lahani a dandamali na kafofin sada zumunta ta hanyar aikin tsarin kulawa da kuma buƙatar dandamali da aka rufe don kashe fasalulluka na ƙirar "mai jaraba" ga kananan yara.

Kudirin ya samo asali ne daga lekar Facebook na shekarar 2021, wanda ya kai ga gudanar da bincike a majalisa kan rashin ba da kariya ga Big Tech ga kananan yara. Sanatoci Richard Blumenthal (D‑CT) da Marsha Blackburn (R‑TN) ne suka dauki nauyin kudirin kuma suka gabatar da shi ga majalisar dattawa a shekarar 2022. An sake farfado da shi a wa’adin majalisar na 2023-2024 kuma yayin da majalisar ta amince da shi a watan Yulin 2024, ya kasa ficewa daga zaman majalisar kafin karshen zaman majalisar.

Kodayake KOSA tana da goyon bayan jam'iyyun biyu, masu sassaucin ra'ayi da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun soki ta don yiwuwar ba da damar tantancewa, gami da kayan da ke da muhimmanci ga kungiyoyin da aka ware, da kuma kayan da suka shafi wariyar launin fata, zubar da ciki, da kuma batutuwan transgender.

## Tarihi
 
A cikin 1998, Majalisa ta zartar da Dokar Kare Sirri ta Yara ta Intanet, wanda ya zo ne bayan damuwa game da ayyukan tattara bayanai ga yara. Dokar ta kafa jagororin kan lafiyar yara a kan layi, musamman hana kamfanoni daga tattara bayanai ga kowa da kowa a ƙarƙashin 13 ba tare da yardar iyaye ba.

A cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan COPPA, yayin da shahararren Intanet zai karu sosai, damuwa daga iyaye game da lafiyar kafofin sada zumunta za ta taso ne daga damuwa cewa yana ba da gudummawa ga rikicin lafiyar kwakwalwa tsakanin matasa, a ƙarshe yana haifar da turawa ga sabbin dokokin tsaro na yara a kan layi.

## Tarihi

Sanatoci Richard Blumenthal da Marsha Blackburn ne suka gabatar da KOSA ga Majalisar Dattijai a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 2022. Kudin ya kasance sakamakon kai tsaye bayan Frances Haugen, masanin kimiyyar bayanai na Facebook, ya ɓoye fayiloli na ciki ta hanyar The Wall Street Journal a cikin 2021 wanda ya nuna mummunan tasirin Instagram akan lafiyar kwakwalwa ta yara, da sauran batutuwa. Rashin ya haifar da binciken Majalisa game da rashin kariya ga matasa masu amfani da Big Tech tare da Shugaba na Instagram Adam Mosseri yana ba da shaida ga Majalisa a watan Disamba na 2021. Blumenthal, yana ambaton bayanan Facebook da aka ɓoye, ya bayyana cewa manufar lissafin ita ce "ba don ƙone intanet zuwa ƙasa ba, ba don lalata dandamali na fasaha ko intanet ko waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon ba; kawai don shigar da dandamali na kafofin sada zumunta a cikin wannan ƙoƙari na hadin gwiwa don cimma abin da ya kamata ya zama manufa ta kowa - kare yara. "

Kwamitin Kasuwancin Majalisar Dattijai ne ya gabatar da lissafin a watan Yulin 2022, tare da sabuntawa na Dokar Kare Sirri ta Yara (COPPA), Dokar Kare Sirre ta Yara da Matasa (wanda aka fi sani da COPPA 2.0).  Dukansu biyu suna shirye su wuce a Majalisar Dattijai a matsayin wani ɓangare na manyan dokoki kusa da ƙarshen wa'adin na Majalisa ta 117, amma sun kasa wucewa.

Shugaba Joe Biden ya tura Majalisa don zartar da doka don kare yara a kan layi a lokacin jawabinsa na Jihar Tarayyar 2023, wanda ya jagoranci Blackburn da Blumenthal don sake gabatar da KOSA a Majalisar Dattijai a ranar 2 ga Mayu, 2023.  Kwamitin Kasuwancin Majalisar Dattijai ya amince da KOSA da COPPA 2.0 a ranar 27 ga Yuli, 2023.

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2023, mai ba da labari kuma tsohon darektan injiniyan Meta Arturo Beja ya ba da shaida a majalisa a gaban wani karamin kwamiti na Majalisar Dattijai game da kafofin sada zumunta da rikicin lafiyar kwakwalwa, wanda ya haifar da sabuntawa ga lissafin.

A watan Janairun 2024, Majalisar Dattijai ta gudanar da taro tare da Shugabannin Meta, TikTok, Snap Inc., Discord, da Twitter game da lafiyar yara. Wannan sauraron ya haifar da sabuntawa ga lissafin. A watan Fabrairun 2024, lissafin ya sami isasshen magoya baya a Majalisar Dattijai don tabbatar da wucewa, kodayake har yanzu babu wata lissafin aboki da aka gabatar a Majalisar Wakilai. An yi ƙoƙari don ƙara shi cikin dokar sake ba da izini ta FAA a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024.  Daga baya, Majalisar Dattijai ta haɗu da KOSA tare da COPPA 2.0 da Dokar Bayyanawa ta Filter Bubble a cikin Dokar Tsaro da Sirriyar Yara (S.S. 2073).  Bayan gabatarwar a ranar 23 ta Chuck Schumer a matsayin gyare-gyare wanda ya maye gurbin Dokar Kashe Rahotanni marasa Amfani, sabon lissafin ya wuce ta hanyar kuri'un 91-3 a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 2023.

Majalisar Wakilai har yanzu ba ta wuce fasalin su na lissafin ba har zuwa Yuli 2024. An soke wani zaman da aka shirya don KOSA da sauran takardun kudi da hukumar House Energy and Commerce ta yi a ƙarshen Yuni 2024, tare da hasashe cewa akwai rashin jituwa tare da shugabannin Jamhuriyar Republican a kan lissafin sirri daban. A watan Agustan 2024, Punchbowl News ta ruwaito cewa jagorancin Jamhuriyar Republican na Majalisar ba za su ci gaba da KOSA ba, suna ambaton wani ma'aikaci wanda ya ambaci "damuwa a duk taronmu".

Kudin ya ci gaba daga kwamitin Majalisar Makamashi da Kasuwanci a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2024, kodayake an kara gyare-gyare da yawa da aka mayar da hankali kan sassan "aikin kulawa" na dokar da sauri kafin ci gaba, suna haifar da manyan gibin tare da sigar Majalisar Dattijai wanda ya sa wasu 'yan majalisa su yi zanga-zanga ko janye goyon bayansu ga lissafin. Ba a dauki ƙarin mataki a kan lissafin ba kafin ƙarshen Majalisa ta 118, wanda ya soke ci gabanta. Blumenthal ya sake gabatar da lissafin a cikin Majalisa ta 119 (2025-2026) a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2025.

## Shari'a
Dokar Tsaro ta Yara ta Intanet, idan an sanya hannu a cikin doka, za ta buƙaci dandamali na sabis na Intanet don ɗaukar matakai don rage Hadarin kan layi ga waɗannan masu amfani ta hanyar samar da "aikin kulawa", yana buƙatar dandamali na hidimar Intanet don bin ta hanyar ragewa da hana ayyukan da ke da lahani ga yara, gami da zalunci da tashin hankali, abubuwan da ke " inganta" kashe kansa, ko cin zarafin miyagun ƙwayoyi, cin zarafin jima'i, da tallace-tallace don samfuran da ba bisa ka'ida ba kamar kwayoyi ba bisa ka-rikice ba, taba ba.

Idan aka sanya hannu a cikin doka, za a buƙaci dandamali na sabis na intanet don haɗawa da fasalulluka waɗanda za su kare yara da bayanan su, tabbatar da ikon fita daga shawarwarin algorithmic, bari yara su share asusun su da duk wani bayanan da ke da alaƙa, ƙuntata sadarwa daga waɗanda ba yara ba,  da kuma kashe fasalullukan samfuran jaraba kamar autoplay don bidiyo ko lada na dandamali.  Kudin zai kuma buƙaci dandamali na sabis na intanet don sake komawa ga mafi girman saitunan sirri don asusun da ke cikin yara.

Za a buƙaci dandamali na sabis na Intanet don gabatar da kayan aiki ga iyaye don kare yaransu da kuma sauƙaƙa wa iyaye da yara su bayar da rahoton abubuwan da ke da lahani da kuma yin bincike mai zaman kansa, na ɓangare na uku da kuma bayar da rahotanni na nuna gaskiya ga jama'a da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da yiwuwar cutar ga yara da ƙoƙarin magance waɗannan cututtukan.

Kamar yadda aka yi gyare-gyare a watan Fabrairun 2024, yawancin tanadi a cikin lissafin za a tilasta su ta hanyar manyan lauyoyin jihar tare da tilasta tilasta wa Hukumar Ciniki ta Tarayya, suna da kulawa kan abin da ake la'akari da "mai cutarwa" ga yara da kuma aiwatar da aikin samar da kulawa. A cikin sassan da suka gabata na dokar majalisar dattijai, manyan lauyoyin jihar za su tilasta aikin tanadin kulawa, amma saboda damuwa daga kungiyoyin masu gwagwarmayar LGBTQ, an canza shi don FTC ta tilasta shi.

## Tarihin majalisa

## Karɓar baƙi

KOSA ta sami goyon baya da zargi daga masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da masu sassaucin ra'ayi.

KOSA ta sami goyon baya daga X-link" data-linkid="682" href="./Microsoft" id="mwAVE" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Microsoft">Microsoft, X, da Snap;  kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya na hankali, gami da Kwalejin Kwalejin Amurka ta Pediatrics, Gidauniyar Amurka don Rigakafin Kisan Kai, da Kungiyar Kimiyyar Kimiyyar Jama'a ta Amurka;  kungiyoyin kare Hakkin iyaye, gami ne na Common Sense Media  da ParentsSOS; [3] Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta Kasa; Kamfanin Unilever na kasa;   mai ra'ayin mazan jiya da mai shirya aikin 2025 The Heritage Foundation; [4] kungiyar Protestant Focus on the Family; [4] da kuma mai ra'ayi

Magoya bayan lissafin suna jayayya cewa lissafin zai kare yara daga abubuwan da ke da lahani,  gudanar da Big Tech da alhakin "rashin kare yara",  kuma ba wa iyaye damar samun kayan aiki don sanya kananan yara lafiya. 

KOSA ta fuskanci zargi sosai daga mambobin ƙungiyar "Kada ku share Art" (DDA), gami da Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Amurka, Ƙungiyar Ƙasa da Censorship, Yaki don Makomar, Gidauniyar Electronic Frontier, Gidaunin 'Yanci na Woodhull, mujallar 'yanci Reason, da ƙungiyar adawa da zubar da ciki Students for Life .

DDA ta karfafa mutane su nuna adawarsu ta hanyar takardar neman izinin kan layi wanda ke lakafta KOSA a matsayin daya daga cikin "Matsananciyar Dokar Intanet". Sun soki lissafin saboda kasancewa "mai zurfi" a cikin abin da ya bayyana a matsayin "abin da ke da lahani" da kuma yiwuwar fadada ikon FTC,  mutane da yawa sun yi jayayya cewa ana iya amfani da lissafin don yin niyya ga al'ummomin da aka ware (musamman al'ummar LGBTQ),  masu tantance 'yancin magana da aka kare ta Kwaskwarimar Farko,  ya sa ya fi wuya ga yara su nemi bayanai game da batutuwa masu rikitarwa kamar wariyar launin fata, canjin yanayi, da batutuwan LGBTQ, da aiwatar da tsarin tabbatar da shekarun ID.

Wata wasika da Evan Greer, darektan Fight for the Future, ya aika wa Majalisa ta Amurka, kuma kungiyoyin farar hula da yawa suka sanya hannu, ya yi gargadin cewa KOSA na iya haifar da mummunar illa ga yara ta hanyar tantance abun ciki saboda rashin takamaiman abin da ya zama "harin".    Yaki don Nan gaba ya kafa shafin yanar gizon Stop KOSA don mutane su sanya hannu kan takarda kuma su tuntubi 'yan majalisa game da lissafin.

### Fassarar lalacewa

Masu sukar, gami da EFF, sun lura cewa ma'anar lissafin cutar ga yara ya bar wuri don fassarar da manyan lauyoyin jihar suka caje su da aiwatar da lissafin,   tare da EFF ta kwatanta shi da lissafin FOSTA-SESTA.  An sake fasalin lissafin a watan Fabrairun 2024 don canza aiwatar da "aikin kulawa" fannoni na lissafin daga lauyoyin jihohi zuwa Hukumar Ciniki ta Tarayya, kodayake jihohi har yanzu za su iya aiwatar da wasu sassan lissafin.

Sanata na Jamhuriyar Republican Rand Paul, wanda ya taɓa kiransa "Doki na Trojan",  ya yi jayayya cewa KOSA zai zama "Akwatin Pandora na sakamakon da ba a yi niyya ba"  saboda rashin tabbas da kuma cikakkun tanadi waɗanda za su ba da damar "kusan tsarin abun ciki mara iyaka" saboda dandamali za su "masu amfani da masu tantancewa maimakon alhakin haɗari".  Ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa KOSA za ta hana yara daga kallon Golf na PGA ko Super Bowl a shafukan sada zumunta saboda tallace-tallace da ke inganta giya da caca lokacin da "waɗannan yara za su iya kunna talabijin kuma su ga waɗannan tallace-tafiye iri ɗaya. ”

Taron tunani mai ra'ayin mazan jiya The Heritage Foundation ya rubuta cewa farkon 2022 na KOSA bai isa ba, saboda lissafin bai bayyana a bayyane Kula da lafiyar transgender a matsayin lahani ba. Haɗakar da kalmar nan "ta dace da bayanan likitanci da aka sani da shaidar"  za a iya amfani da shi ta hanyar lauyoyi janar don zaɓar tushen anti-trans a matsayin hujja tunda babu ma'anar abin da "bayanan likitanci na tushen hujja" zai iya haɗawa.  Gidauniyar Heritage daga baya za ta nuna goyon baya ga lissafin, tana jayayya cewa ana iya amfani da shi don tantance bayanan transgender.

Sanata Blackburn, mawallafin lissafin, ya yi tsokaci a cikin Maris 2024  cewa ana buƙatar lissafin don "kare ƙananan yara daga masu canza jinsi a cikin wannan al'ada", wanda ya sa wasu ke jayayya cewa lissafin zai kasance wani ɓangare na Project 2025, [1] [2] ko da yake mai ba da gudummawa Blumenthal ya bayyana cewa "ba ya yin niyya ko tantance kowa da kowa, gami da membobin [3] LG. Mawallafin EFF Jason Kelly ya bayyana cewa a cikin tsarin da lissafin ya bayar, za a iya amfani da KOSA don tantance ilimi game da wariyar launin fata a makarantu tun da ana iya da'awar cewa yana tasiri lafiyar kwakwalwa.[4]

A watan Satumbar 2023, wani bidiyo daga Family Policy Alliance ya nuna Blackburn yana cewa ya kamata a sami fifiko ga "kare kananan yara daga masu canza launin fata [] a cikin wannan al'ada", tare da gabatar da ita ga KOSA, yana cewa "Wannan zai sanya aikin kulawa da alhakin a kan dandamali na kafofin sada zumunta, kuma a nan ne inda ake koyar da yara".  Wannan ya jawo zargi daga kungiyoyin kare LGBTQ, suna tsoron cewa lissafin zai ba da damar tantance bayanan LGBTQ ga kananan yara. Wani rukuni na iyaye 100 na yara masu canza launin fata sun sanya hannu kan wasika ba da daɗewa ba bayan maganganun da suka gaya wa mambobin Majalisa su yi adawa da KOSA  . Wani mai magana da yawun Blackburn ya bayyana cewa KOSA ba a yi niyyar tantance bayanan LGBT ba. Don magance waɗannan damuwa, an canza harshen lissafin don "aikin kulawa" kawai ya mai da hankali kan fasalulluka na ƙirar samfurin da ke rinjayar halayyar yara tare da dandamali, ba abun ciki ba. A sakamakon haka, kungiyoyin LGBTQ da yawa, ciki har da GLAAD da GLSEN, sun watsar da adawarsu ga lissafin.  (GLAAD ta sake canza matsayinta a cikin 2025, tana adawa da lissafin bayan "canje-canje a cikin FTC da sauran shugabancin gwamnati".  ) EFF, Fight for the Future, da American Civil Liberties Union sun sami sake dubawa da isasshen, suna jayayya cewa har yanzu ana iya murkushe abun ciki na LGBTQ ta hanyar yin niyya ga duk wani fasalin ƙira wanda ke sa wannan abun ciki ya kasance.

### Ƙalubalen kotu da za su iya fuskanta
Wasu, kamar The Verge da EFF, sun yi jayayya cewa lissafin na iya fuskantar kalubale a Kotun Koli ko a ƙananan kotuna idan aka zartar da shi saboda keta Kwaskwarimar Farko. Irin waɗannan takardun kudi na jihohi a Indiana,  Mississippi,  Texas, da Utah  kotunan jihohin su da sauri suka rushe su kamar yadda ba bisa ka'ida ba. Shari'ar kotu ta NetChoice alama ce ta cewa KOSA na iya fuskantar kalubale a kotu.

### Irin wannan lissafin
Gwamna Phil Scott ya haramta irin wannan doka ga KOSA a Vermont, tare da tunaninsa cewa mai yiwuwa zai cutar da kananan kamfanoni, ya keta Kwaskwarimar Farko, kuma ya mutu a kotu.

## Bayani

## Manazarta