Ghumura dance

**Rawar Ghumura rawa** ce ta gargajiya ta gundumar Kalahandi ta jihar Odisha ta Indiya .  An rarraba ta a matsayin rawa ta gargajiya domin tsarin suturar Ghumura ya fi kama da rawa ta ƙabila, amma akwai jayayya game da  nau'ikan rawa na Ghumura da mudra waɗanda suka fi kama da sauran nau'ikan rawa na gargajiya na Indiya.

## Asali da tarihi

### Tatsuniyoyi
Baya ga shaidar tarihi, asalin rawar Ghumura ya yi la'akari da ra'ayoyin jama'a da tatsuniyoyi. Dangane da tatsuniyoyi, mawaƙi Shivam Bhasin Panda ya rubuta *Ghumura Janma Bidhan* a shekarar 1954. Nandini Bhasin da Gaganeswar sun kuma bayyana wani tatsuniyoyi game da asalin Ghumura, inda suka bayyana cewa Chandra Dhwaja ne ya fara kafa rawar kuma daga baya aljani - Karttabirya Asura - ya mamaye ta.

Kamar yadda *Chandi Purana* Durga, allahn Shakti na har abada, ya roƙi dukkan alloli da alloli na sama da su ba da makamansu, a matsayin kayan aiki da abubuwan hawa don kashe sarki aljani Mahisasur. Ɗaya daga cikin kayan kida na yaƙi da aka tattara shine kayan kida na Ghumura wanda aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar haɗa wani ɓangare na Dambaru, kayan kida na Lord Siva, da Veena na allahiya Saraswati.

Kamar yadda ya ce *Mahabharata*, Allah da alloli sun yi amfani da Ghumura azaman kayan kida a lokacin yaƙi. A cewar Sarala Mahabharata, a lokacin Satya Juga-Jenabali-Patana shine babban birnin sarki Gogingh Daitya, jikan Mahisasura. Mutane da yawa sun yarda cewa Mahisasura Jenabali-Patana na wancan zamani shine Junagarh na yau. Koyaya, a cikin Madhya Parba na Mahabharat, an ambaci Ghumura tare da bayanin kashe Gosingh Daitya. Sarala Dasa ta kuma bayyana shi a matsayin Rana-Badya (waƙar yaƙi) na Mahisasura. 

Wasu ƙwararru sun yi imanin cewa Ghumura waƙar yaƙi ce (Rana-Badya) ta Ravana, sarkin aljani na Lanka, da kuma Lanka-garh. Ana bauta wa allahiya Lankeswari, allahiyar Ravana da aka fi so, a yankin. A cewarsu bayan Hanuman ya lalata Lanka kuma bayan an kashe Ravana, allahiya Lankeswari ta bar Lanka ta zo ta zauna a Jenabali-Patana (yanzu Junagarh ce, Kalahandi) inda ake bauta mata.

Akwai tatsuniyoyi game da asalin Nishan da Tala. Bayan gina Chandrachuda Bindhani da ƙarfe da aka samo daga Bindhya Giri kuma aka rufe samansa da fatar saniya Bouta da ta mutu, an buɗe shi da Panchakshar-Mantra. Iyayensa Gaurab Gandharb da Urbasi sun kira shi Nishan. Haka nan, wani mutum mai suna Saint-Kasyapa Risi ne ya ƙirƙiri Tala. Ana ɗaukar Nishan da Tala a matsayin alamun Radha-Krishna.

### Bangarorin kayan tarihi
Shaidun kayan tarihi sun tabbatar da  cewa akwai wasu zane-zanen kogo daga zamanin da aka gano daga Gudahandi na Kalahandi da Yogi Matha na gundumar Nuapada waɗanda suka yi kama da Ghumura, Damru da sauran abubuwa masu kyau. Waɗannan wuraren zane-zanen dutse sun kasance na sama da 8000 BC kuma daga irin wannan zane ana iya tunanin tsufan kayan kida na Ghumura da Damru. Haka kuma an tabbatar da cewa a zamanin tatsuniyoyi, Kalahandi yana da wayewa mai wadata da ci gaba. Asalin Ghumura ya koma zamanin da.

Akwai wani kyakkyawan ruwan sama a kwarin kogin Indravati, wanda Chindak Nagas na Chakrakot suka fara gane shi.  Mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa rawar Ghumura ta samo asali ne daga wannan kwarin kogin kuma a hankali ta bazu zuwa yankunan da ke tsakanin Indravati da Mahanadi, wanda ke nuna cewa wannan nau'in rawa ta kasance ta ƙarni na 10 AD. A gefe guda kuma, masu sharhi sun yi imanin cewa 'Banka-Paika' na Kalampur ya ɗauki allahn Lankeswari tare da babban jerin waƙoƙin Ghumura zuwa Junagarh a shekara ta 1008 AD lokacin da daular Naga ta canza babban birninsu daga Jugasaipatna zuwa Junagarh.  Abubuwan terracotta da duwatsu da aka samo daga wurin tsakiyar zamanin da a Nehena, 3&nbsp;kilomita daga Khariar, yana kama da abin Ghumura wanda aka rubuta tun ƙarni na 9 da 10. A ƙarni na 12 AD, rawa ta Ghumura ta riga ta shahara, wanda a bayyane yake daga wani yanayi na wani mutum yana buga kayan kida Ghumura a cikin wani ramin dutse na Nritya Mandir na Haikalin Sun na Konark . Haikalin Bhimeswar da ke Bhubaneswar yana nuna wani yanayi na rawa ta Ghumura wanda ke tabbatar da cewa asalin rawa ta Ghumura tana cikin ƙarni na 10 AD 

Dr Mahendra Kumar Mishra, fitaccen masanin al'adun gargajiya da kuma masanin kida na Kalahandi, ya yi bincike mai zurfi kan tarihin rayuwar Ghumra na kalahandi, wanda za a iya samu a gidan yanar gizo na www.scribd.com. Dr Mishra ya yi magana sosai kan tsari, aiki da kuma yanayin zamantakewa da al'adu na rawar Ghumra na Kalahandi da ke makwabtaka da Bastar da Chhatishgarh da kuma wani ɓangare na Odisha a cikin littafinsa mai kyau *Kalahandira Lokasanskruti* (1996) wanda Freidns Publishers, Cuttack suka buga.

## Sauya waƙar yaƙi zuwa waƙar gargajiya da rawa
A zamanin tatsuniyoyi, Ghumura kayan kida ne da Allah da Aljanu suka fi so a lokacin yaƙi, wanda daga baya aka bi shi a matsayin waƙar yaƙin jarumtaka daga sarakuna da sojojin Odisha da suka biyo baya, musamman a Kalahandi. Sarakuna da yawa a yankin kamar daular Gabashin Ganga suna da sojoji masu tsari tare da Ghumura a matsayin babban waƙar yaƙinsu.  A wannan lokacin, ba a tsara waƙar Ghumura ba kuma ba a rera ta ba.

Ana amfani da waƙoƙinta da rawanta ne kawai a lokacin yaƙi don sa sojoji su yi farin ciki da ruhin faɗa. Daga baya aka haɗa waƙar da kiɗa da rawa ta Ghumura, domin an ɗauke ta a matsayin hanya ɗaya tilo ta motsa jiki don gina jiki da nishaɗi a lokacin hutun Paikas ko sojoji. A lokacin mulkin Birtaniya, Paikas galibi ba sa aiki kuma ana amfani da su don samun isasshen lokacin hutu, wanda suka ƙirƙiro Ghumura a matsayin babbar hanyar nishaɗi.

Bayan haka, mawaka da marubuta gabaɗaya na Odisha, musamman na Kalahandi, sun ɗauki matakai don tsara waƙoƙin Ghumura yayin da suke rubutu game da Devi bandana (waƙoƙi ko addu'a ga alloli), ɗaukakar dauloli da nazarin tatsuniyoyi. Ta wannan hanyar Chanda-Chaupadis na mawaƙi Upendra Bhanja, Dinakrushna, Abhimanyu Samanta Singar, da sauransu suka shiga Ghumura a hankali, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama abin sha'awa sosai. Sakamakon haka, talakawa da ke zaune a yankunan karkara na Kalahandi sun sami sha'awar wannan kiɗa, waƙa da rawa na Ghumura kuma suka kafa ƙungiyoyi da yawa na Ghumura don haɓaka da yaɗuwa. A wannan fanni, iyalan sarauta na Bhawanipatna, Jayapatna, Madanpur Rampur, Khariar da sauransu suma sun ƙarfafa su sosai kuma sun taimaka wa waɗannan ƙungiyoyin mutanen ƙauye.

A lokacin bukukuwan addini da al'adu kamar 'Dasahara', yawancin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin suna taruwa a kan bagadan alloli, misali, Manikeswari na Bhawanipatna, Lankeswari na Jungarh, Raktambari na Khariar, Dakeshwari na Madanpur Rampur, Budha Raja na Ampani da sauransu. Duk da haka, don gane bambancin gyare-gyare da ci gaban ƙungiyar Ghumura, an yi su ne ta hanyar sutura, zane, rawa, kiɗa da waƙa. Yayin da suke yin waka, masu rawa da mawaƙa na kowace ƙungiya suna yin tambayoyi masu sarkakiya game da matsalolin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da siyasa ga ƙungiyar da ke da ƙwarewa ta hanyar waƙoƙin. Wannan ya haifar da salon Ghumura-Ladhei ko Badi-Ghumura na zamani a Kalahandi, wanda yake da ma'ana, mai jan hankali da ban sha'awa. 

## Ma'anar Etymological
Ghumura tukwane ne na ƙasa kuma tunanin shirya irin wannan tukwane ya zama kayan kida wani ci gaba ne na kwayoyin halitta. 'Ghumura' an samo shi ne daga 'Ghumura+u+Ra'. 'Ghum' na nufin kwano kamar tukwane da aka yi da ƙasa ko yumbu kuma yana da siririn fuska mai babban ciki. 'U' na nufin 'Lord Siva' da 'Ra' na nufin 'Raba' ko 'Dhowni' (sautin girgiza). Tukwanen yumbu na ƙasa ana kiransu da 'Ghumuri', wanda mata galibi ke amfani da shi don adana ruwa don amfani a gida. Sigar maza ta 'Ghumuri' ita ce 'Ghumura'. Tunda Ghumura siffa ce ta rawa ta maza kuma ana samunta a kusan dukkan sassan al'adun ɗan adam cewa kayan aiki da kayan aiki da aka ƙirƙira don amfanin ɗan adam sune tushen ƙirƙirar kayan kida, samo sunan Ghumura daga 'Ghumuri' yana nuna irin wannan da'awar.

## Siffa ta gargajiya

* Nrutta, Nrutya da Natya
* Nrutya
* Sangita (waƙa)
* Tala da Laya

## Siffar rawa

* Rawar Da'ira
* Rawar Da'ira ko Rabin Zagaye
* Rawar Alwatika Mai Kusurwa
* Rawar Mai Kusurwa Mai Siffa Biyu
* Rawar Go Spada: Rawar Kafa ta Makiyaya
* Rawar Yaƙin Tumaki (Rawar Mesha Yudha)
* Rawar Cross (Chaki)
* Rawar Square
* Go Chanda Dance
* Yaƙin Kaza (Kakuta Yudha) Rawa

## Ghumura a cikin al'adun gargajiya
Duk da cewa an haɗa Ghumura a cikin al'adun gargajiya, rawa ce da ta yaɗu a yankin Kalahandi . Ba a san ko a farkon lokacinta ko rawa ce ta ƙabila ko a'a. A lokacin da Ghumura ta shiga fagen rawa ta ƙabila, sama da matakin rawa ta ƙabila, kusan dukkan ƙabilu da al'ummomi sun yi ta sosai. Wataƙila, Ghumura rawa ce ta ƙabila ta wani takamaiman ƙabila a farkonta kuma daga baya ta faɗaɗa zuwa ƙabilu da al'ummomi daban-daban. Daga nan aka karɓe ta sosai a matsayin rawa ta gama gari daga rawa ta ƙabila.

## Ci gaba da yaɗuwa
Rawar Ghumura ta sami damar wakiltar ƙasar a tarukan ƙasa da ƙasa a Delhi, Moscow, da sauran wurare.

## Manazarta