Tarihin Majalisar Pan Africanist ta Azania

Wannan labarin ya rufe tarihin Pan Africanist Congress of Azania, sau ɗaya ƙungiyar 'yanci ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma yanzu ƙaramar jam'iyyar siyasa.

## Tarihi

### Asalin
Shekaru da yawa, an sami karuwar damuwa a kan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 'Yan Afirka (ANC), wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali tsakanin waɗanda ke da ra'ayoyi masu kyau da waɗanda ke da Ra'ayoyin Afirka. Babban dalilin wadannan bambance-bambance shine halin Launi fata da yawa na kafa: 'yan Afirka ba su yi tunanin cewa hada kai da Indiyawa, Coloureds da fararen fata zai taimaka wa mazauna asalin (watau, baƙar fata) samun umurnin siyasa na Afirka ta Kudu ba. Matsi ya zama mafi banbanci lokacin da ANC ta amince da Yarjejeniyar 'Yanci, wanda' yan Afirka suka yi tunanin ya fi rikon kwarya. Sun ji cewa bai ba da isasshen kulawa ga ikon baƙar fata ba. Wata sanarwa a cikin gabatarwar Yarjejeniyar tana nufin "mu, mutanen Afirka ta Kudu, baki da fari tare daidai, 'yan ƙasa da' yan'uwa", kuma' yan Afirka ba su gamsu da wannan ra'ayi ba.

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1958, a majalisar lardin Transvaal, an hana wasu 'yan Afirka. Sun zaɓi barin ANC kuma, a watan Maris na shekara ta 1959, sun kafa PAC. An zabi Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe a matsayin shugaban farko kuma Potlako Leballo a matsayin sakatare. PAC ta zaɓi bin Shirin Ayyuka da Kamfen na Defiance. Sobukwe ya bayyana cewa Afirka ta Kudu za ta kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin baƙar fata a shekara ta 1963.

### Tarihin Farko
Akwai gasa mai yawa tsakanin ANC da PAC yayin da suke yaƙi don masu goyon baya. ANC ta daɗe tana magana game da shirya wani yunkuri na hana wucewa, duk da haka ta kasa yin hakan. Don haka PAC ta yanke shawarar ɗaukar shi a kansu, kuma aikin hana wucewa ya zama muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga PAC, da kuma harkokin siyasa na Afirka ta Kudu gaba ɗaya. An sanya ranar kamfen din PAC a ranar 21 ga Maris, 1960 kuma an yi amfani da karshen mako don rarraba littattafai da kunna mutane. Sobukwe ya bukaci mutane da su bar izinin su a gida kuma, ba tare da tashin hankali ba, su ba da kansu don kamawa a ofishin 'yan sanda mafi kusa.

Mutane sun yi kamar yadda ake tsammani a lokacin yakin basasa na PAC, suna mika kansu a ofisoshin 'yan sanda kuma suna umarci jami'ai da su kama su saboda ba su da izini. Sun so su bayyana gaskiyar cewa kasar ba za ta iya yin komai ba don tilasta wa mutane su bi tsarin. Kamar yadda ba zai yiwu a kama da kulle dubban mutane ba, za a tilasta wa masu tsara dokoki su soke dokar.

Litattafan fasfo sun samo asali ne a karni na sha tara a matsayin kayan aiki don sarrafa ma'aikatan ma'adinai. A lokacin wariyar launin fata, jihar ta yi amfani da shi don tsara motsi na mutane da kuma sanya dokokin wariyar launin fatara. Baƙar fata dole ne su ɗauki izinin su lokacin da suka shiga wuraren "fararen". Littattafan sun zama wakiltar nuna bambancin launin fata da zalunci na gwamnati kuma an ƙi su sosai. Kamfen ɗin rigakafin wucewa ya samo asali ne daga ƙarni na sha tara.

A ranar 21 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1960, babban taron jama'a ya taru a ofishin 'yan sanda na Sharpeville, kusa da Vereeniging. Mujallar Drum ta bayyana mai karɓar bakuncin kamar yadda ya haɗa da mata da yara, kuma mai ƙarfi amma ba tashin hankali ba. Wannan zanga-zangar ta tashi cikin bala'i lokacin da 'yan sanda masu tsoro suka bude wuta a kan wani rukuni na masu zanga-zambe a Sharpeville, inda suka kashe mutane 69 kuma suka ji rauni 186, an harbe da yawa daga baya. Ba a ba 'yan sanda umarnin bude wuta ba.

A Langa, a Cape, tashin hankali ma ya fashe. Kimanin mutane 6,000 ne suka taru, suna jiran umarni daga shugabanninsu. Yunkurin zanga-zangar a ofishin 'yan sanda ya fara da safe amma nan da nan daya daga cikin shugabannin ta, Philip Kgosana, ya dakatar da shi, bayan 'yan sanda sun yi barazanar tashin hankali. Labarin kisan kiyashi na Sharpeville ya fusata masu zanga-zangar, duk da haka, kuma sun yi tafiya duk da haka. Rikicin ya ci gaba har zuwa dare, tare da masu zanga-zangar da ke tayar da hankali da kuma ƙone gine-ginen jama'a.

Akwai ma'anar nasara bayan waɗannan abubuwan. An soke dokokin wucewa kuma zalunci na 'yan sanda ya haifar da zargi na kasa da kasa. PAC da ANC sun gudanar da ranar makoki. Wannan nasarar ba da daɗewa ba ta rufe, duk da haka, ta hanyar matakan da gwamnatin jam'iyyar National Party ta dauka don rushe duk juriya. An haramta tarurrukan jama'a daga ranar 24 ga watan Maris, kuma tsare jama'a ya biyo bayan mako guda. An gudanar da ƙarin zanga-zangar zanga-zambe a Durban da Cape Town. Gwamnati ta mayar da martani ta hanyar ayyana dokar ta baci. A ranar 30 ga watan Maris, an haramta PAC da ANC, kuma, a tsakiyar watan Mayu, an kama kusan mutane 2,000, ciki har da shugaban PAC Robert Sobukwe da abokansa. Sobukwe an ɗaure shi a tsibirin Robben na shekaru da yawa kuma gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta yi tunanin cewa yana da "matsananci" kuma yana da kwarewa cewa an tsare shi ba kawai a cikin kurkuku ba, amma a cikin kurkukun mutum ɗaya. An sake shi a shekarar 1969.

### Rikicin cikin gida
Bayan Sharpeville, mambobi da yawa sun gudu zuwa gudun hijira. Lokacin da Sobukwe ya mutu a shekara ta 1978, Potlako Leballo ya gaje shi. PAC daga nan ya rabu kashi biyu bayan juyin mulki da David Sibeko ya samu nasara a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Shugaban kasa a shekarar 1979. Kisan Sibeko a Dar es Salaam, Tanzania a ranar 12 ga Yuni 1979 da mutuwar Leballo a watan Janairun 1986 ya kaddamar da mutuwar PAC.

Kodayake mambobin ANC ne suka kafa su waɗanda ke cikin tsananin adawa da manufofin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Afirka ta Kudu, a cikin shekarun 1960 wani shahararren ɓangaren jagorancin PAC ya ɗauki matsayin Maoist. ANC ta ci gaba da ɗaukar PAC a matsayin mai amsawa da baya saboda matsayin PAC cewa Afirka ta Kudu ta kasance ƙasa ce ta Afirka. An kaddamar da reshen soja na PAC a 1962 a matsayin Poqo kuma daga baya aka sake masa suna a matsayin Azanian People's Liberation Army (APLA). APLA ta zama sananniya saboda sanannen taken "One Settler, One Bullet", amma ba ta iya kaddamar da kamfen ɗin 'Yan tawaye mai tasiri ba. Duk da raunin da ke tattare da shi, PAC ta Afirka ta yi yawa don sanar da tashin hankali na dalibai na ƙarshen 1970s kuma ya yi wahayi zuwa ga kafa Black Consciousness Movement a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Steve Biko.

### Bayan wariyar launin fata
Duk da nasarorin da ta samu a tsayayya da wariyar launin fata, PAC tana da tasiri sosai a zamanin bayan wariyar launinariya. Ba a haramta PAC ba a cikin 1990, tare da ANC, amma ya sha wahala ta hanyar fada. Magoya bayan Maoist Leballo sun ki shiga tsarin zaman lafiya kuma wani bangare na PAC kawai ya sami karamin kashi na kuri'u a Zaben 1994, wanda ya ragu har ma a Zaben 1999. A shekara ta 2003, bayan wani taron da ya gaza, daya daga cikin fitattun mambobin jam'iyyar, Patricia ta Lille ta bar ta kafa jam'iyyarta, 'Yan Democrat masu zaman kansu. Wannan bai shafi ci gaba da rashin aiki na PAC a Zaben 2004 ba, kodayake ID ya fi kyau.

Yanzu tana da memba ɗaya kawai a majalisa bayan mataimakin shugaban majalisa, Themba Godi, ya bar ya kafa jam'iyyarsa, Yarjejeniyar Jama'ar Afirka, a cikin 2007.

A watan Fabrairun 2022, PAC da kungiyar Azanian People's Organisation (AZAPO) sun ba da sanarwar sabuwar yarjejeniyar hadin kai tare da niyyar yin takara a zaben tare.

A cikin 2024, shugaban jam'iyyar, Mzwanele Nyhontso, ya sake zama dan majalisa na PAC. Ya shiga Gwamnatin hadin kan kasa a matsayin Ministan Gyara da Ci gaban Karkara bayan da ANC mai mulki ya rasa mafi rinjaye a majalisa.

## Bayanan da aka ambata