Dumsor

A Ghana, ***dumsor*** (  'kashe da kunnawa') yana dawwama, mara daidaituwa, kuma ƙarancin wutar lantarki maras tabbas.  Yawanci yana faruwa ne saboda ƙarancin wutar lantarki.

## Kalmomin
Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga kalmomi guda biyu daban-daban daga Asante Twi, yaren Akuapem Twi ko Fante na harshen Akan, *dum* ('don kashe ko kashe') da *sɔ* ('don kunna ko kunnawa'), don haka kalmar ta fassara a matsayin "kashe-da-on".  Har ila yau, kalmar ta samo asali ne zuwa *dum dum: sɔ no mma* ('off and off') saboda karuwar ƙarfin wutar lantarki. 

A cikin 2018, ministan makamashi ya kirkiro sabon lokaci wanda ya kira *dumsor* a matsayin , idan aka kwatanta da katsewar wutar lantarki yanzu *dum haka*, yayin da kasar ke fuskantar katsewa.

A farkon 2019, 'yan Ghana sun fara fuskantar wani guguwa na rikice-rikice ko zubar da kaya, wanda ba a buga jadawalin ba, duk da al'ada. Har ma majalisar dokokin Ghana ta rabu kan yadda za a kira shi. Wannan ya gabatar da kalmar : ma'ana ya kashe na dogon lokaci ko ya kashe duk lokacin;  ana zaton, wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa na *dumsor*.

Duk da yake jami'an masu kula da bangaren makamashi na Ghana sun yi iƙirarin cewa *dumsaa*, sabon yunkuri na *dumsor*, ya kasance ne saboda gazawar watsawa,  masu sharhi na bangarorin sun yi imanin cewa *dumsaa* lamari ne na rashin kula da kudaden kamfanoni. 

## Tarihi
Samar da wutar lantarki ta Ghana ta zama mai rikitarwa a farkon shekara ta 2013, saboda ƙarfin ƙarni da keta wajibai na kwangila ga abokan hulɗa na waje. A shekara ta 2015, Ghana ta fuskanci kwanaki da dare da ba a taɓa gani ba saboda yawan wutar lantarki. Ana amfani da kalmar *dumsor* don nuna lokacin samar da wutar lantarki na dindindin a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin NDC lokacin da ƙarfin samar da wutar sadarwa na Ghana ta 2015 ya tafi ƙasa da 400-600 megawatts, ƙasa da Ghana da ake buƙata. Masu rarraba wutar lantarki na Ghana a kai a kai suna zubar da kaya tare da rufewa. A farkon shekara ta 2015, jadawalin dumsor ya tafi daga awanni 24 tare da haske da 12 ba tare da sa'o'i 12 tare da haske ba kuma 24 ba tare da. Tsawon kashe-kashen ya bambanta da aikin da ake yi a wasu ƙasashe, inda kashe-karewa ke juyawa da sauri don babu wani yanki mai zama ba tare da wutar lantarki ba fiye da awa ɗaya a lokaci guda.  

A watan Agustan shekara ta 2012, gwamnati ta gaya wa 'yan Ghana cewa tashar jirgin ta yanke bututun gas na Yammacin Afirka (WAGP), wanda ya tilasta turbines na gas su rufe saboda rashin man fetur. Tun daga shekara ta 2012, zubar da kaya ya zama kwarewa ta yau da kullun, kuma kasar ta shiga cikin babbar matsalar wutar lantarki.

## Tasirin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki
Kamfanoni da yawa na Ghana suna rushewa saboda rashin daidaito na samar da wutar lantarki. Cibiyar Nazarin Kididdiga, Jama'a da Tattalin Arziki (ISSER), a cikin wani rahoto, ta bayyana cewa Ghana ta rasa kusan dala biliyan 1 a cikin 2014 kadai saboda rashin jin daɗi. Wata mace da ke cikin ciki a asibitin Bawku Presby wacce ta haihu kuma tana kan iskar oxygen ta rasa rayukarta da na jaririn da ba a haife shi ba bayan wutar lantarki ta ƙare a watan Fabrairun 2016.

An lalata kayan aikin lantarki sosai, kuma abinci mai sanyaya yana lalacewa akai-akai. Sabanin jadawalin zubar da kaya da aka buga, kashe-kashen ya mayar da hankali ga unguwanni mafi talauci na Accra. Hakanan ya lalace lafiya da aminci, tare da asibitoci ba su da haske, kuma wutar lantarki don gudanar da magoya baya, ya ba da gudummawa ga karuwar haɗarin zazzabin cizon sauro.

## Tasirin siyasa
Lokacin zubar da kaya na 2004-2005 ya faru ne a karkashin gwamnatin Shugaba John Agyekum Kufuor amma ba sau da yawa kamar yadda yake a lokacin mulkin John Dramani Mahama ba. Lokacin zubar da kaya na 2009-2011 ya fara ne lokacin da John Dramani Mahama ke cikin gwamnati a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban kasa. Bayan rasuwar Shugaba John Evans Atta Mills a lokacin da ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin wutar lantarki a cikin ƙasar ya zama abin ƙyama, 'yan Ghana saboda takaici sun kira halin da ake ciki *dumsor*. Gwamnatin Mahama ta zarge ta da rashin iyawar gwamnati ta kara karfin samarwa a tsawon shekaru kuma ta yi alkawarin gyara wannan. An kawo Karpower Burge don warware matsalar.

Bankin Duniya ya soki tsarin watsawa na Ghana saboda ayyukanta na kudi da na aiki.

An kirkiro ma'aikatar wutar lantarki ta Ghana a watan Nuwamba 2014, ta yin amfani da ma'aikata iri daya da ma'aikatar makamashi ta Ghana mai ci gaba.  'Yar wasan Ghana Yvonne Nelson daga nan ta fara kamfen na *#dumsormussttop* a shafukan sada zumunta kuma wasu fitattun 'yan Ghana suka bi ta. Daga baya, ɗaruruwan sun halarci wani gangami a Accra a ranar 16 ga Mayu 2015 don yin zanga-zangar adawa da *dumsor* .  

## Ragewa
Gwamnatin Ghana tana da shirye-shiryen rarraba hanyoyin samar da makamashi, ta amfani da karin sabuntawa. Hakanan yana aiki don ƙarfafa kiyaye makamashi.

## Amfani da shi
Jama'a a Ghana sun yi amfani da kalmar tun 2012  don nuna fushi, nishaɗi, ba'a, damuwa da takaici game da hukumomi da gwamnati mai mulki. 

Har ila yau, ya sami shahara ta hanyar shafukan sada zumunta kamar Twitter da Facebook tare da hashtag *#Dumsor* . A cikin 2015, John Mahama ya yi amfani da kalmar a ziyarar jihar zuwa Jamus yayin da yake magana da Angela Merkel . Ya ce an ba shi lakabi da "Mista Dumsor" saboda rikicin wutar lantarki, wanda ya danganta ga Najeriya saboda rashin samar da iskar gas kamar yadda ake buƙata ga Ghana ta hanyar bututun gas na Yammacin Afirka.

A cikin jawabin da ke kokawa game da karancin wutar lantarki a fadin jihohin Afirka ta Kudu, P. L. O. Lumumba, lauyan Kenya da Pan-Africanist sun yi amfani da kalmar *dumsor dumsor* suna yin sanarwa cewa, "wannan dumsorization na Afirka dole ne ya tsaya".

## Barazanar Rashin Rashin Ruwa ta 2024
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Ghana tana aiki tuƙuru don daidaita bangaren wutar lantarki, amma a cikin 2024, Cibiyar Tsaro ta Makamashi (IES) ta ce ƙasar tana fuskantar sabunta barazanar rikicin wutar lantarki yayin da aka rufe 560MW na Sunon Asogli Power Plant saboda takaddamar bashi. 

Sunon Asogli Power Plant yana daya daga cikin manyan masu samar da wutar lantarki a Ghana. Yana samar da kusan 12-15% na wutar lantarki ta kasar. 

## Manazarta