Carolyn Brooks

**Carolyn Branch Brooks** (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga Yuli, 1946) ƙwararriyar masaniyar ƙwayoyin cuta ce 'yar Amurka da aka sani da bincikenta a fannin rigakafi, abinci mai gina jiki, da kuma yawan amfanin gona . A shekarar 2018, an naɗa ta a matsayin mamba a fannin ilimi a Jami'ar Maryland Eastern Shore inda ta kasance malamar da ta lashe kyaututtuka fiye da shekaru talatin. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Brooks a ranar 8 ga Yuli, 1946, a Richmond, Virginia ga Shirley Booker Branch da Charles Walker Branch, masu shagunan kayan abinci. Kakanninta da 'yar uwarta suma sun taimaka wajen renon ta. Ta yi makarantar sakandare a arewacin Richmond. A shekarun 1950, iyalan sun ƙaura zuwa yammacin garin kuma wannan ya sa makaranta ta ɗan yi wa yaran wahala saboda dole ne su ɗauki jigilar jama'a. Brooks tana son zuwa tsohuwar makarantarta don haka kowace rana tana hawa bas ɗin jama'a a faɗin gari. "Kowace rana, Carolyn ta hau kawai, ta biya kuɗin tafiya, ta zauna a bayan direban, ba tare da sanin cewa, bisa ga dokokin wariya na lokacin ba, ya kamata ta zauna a bayan bas ɗin. Lokacin da zanga-zangar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta farko ta fara a Richmond, ta gano cewa ta kasance mai fafutuka ba tare da sanin hakan ba." 

A lokacin da take ƙarama daliba, ta halarci makarantar musamman ta bazara ga ɗaliban kimiyyar Afirka-Amurkawa da aka gudanar a Jami'ar Virginia Union da ke Richmond. A nan ne ta sami kwarin gwiwa daga aikin baƙo mai jawabi a fannin ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta na likitanci. Tare da goyon bayan iyaye, Brooks tana da manyan malamai da yawa waɗanda suka ƙarfafa ta ta bi sha'awarta a kimiyya. Bayan an ba ta guraben karatu ga jami'o'i shida daban-daban, ta zaɓi ta halarci Cibiyar Tuskegee (Jami'a) da ke Alabama don yin nazarin ƙwayoyin cuta. An bayyana kanta a matsayin yarinya 'yar birni, a Tuskegee ne ta gano sha'awarta ga noma - musamman bayan ta koyi game da George Washington Carver, tsohon bawa kuma shugaban farko na Sashen Noma na Tuskegee wanda ya haɓaka amfanin gona na madadin zuwa auduga.  A ƙarshen shekara ta biyu ta karatu, ta auri Henry Brooks, ɗalibi a fannin ilimin noma a Tuskegee. Brooks ta yi mamakin cewa "jami'ar ta yi abubuwa da yawa ga al'umma."  Ba wai kawai ba, har ma da "al'ummomin karkara da mijina ya yi wa hidima sun ɗauke mu a matsayin nasu. A lokacin ne na fahimci yadda jami'o'in bayar da tallafin ƙasa suke da mahimmanci." A lokacin karatunta na farko, ta haifi 'ya'yanta biyu na farko, dukkansu maza. Ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1968 sannan ta sami digiri na biyu daga Tuskegee. Ta haifi ɗanta na gaba, 'ya mace a wannan lokacin. Yayin da take samun digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta daga Jami'ar Jihar Ohio, ta haifi ɗanta na huɗu, wata 'yar.  

## Bincike
Binciken digirinta na uku ya mayar da hankali kan yadda ƙwayoyin T ke lalata ƙwayar cutar malaria ta Plasmodium . Daga nan ta ci gaba da nazarin buƙatun abinci mai gina jiki na tsofaffi a Jami'ar Jihar Kentucky . Ta hanyar bincikenta, ta gano alaƙa tsakanin adadin ma'adanai da ke cikin gashin majiyyaci da abincin da ke ci, wanda hakan ya ba da damar gane wasu matsalolin lafiya da rashin cin abinci mai kyau ke haifarwa. A shekarar 1981, Dr. Brooks ta karɓi matsayin bincike da jagoranci a Jami'ar Maryland Eastern Shore (UMES) da ke Princess Anne, Maryland . Bayan shekaru 13 a UMES, ta zama shugabar Makarantar Noma da Kimiyyar Halitta kuma darektan bincike na Shirye-shiryen Tallafin Ƙasa na 1890. A shekarar 1997, ta zama babbar darekta ga shugaban ƙasa da kuma shugabar ma'aikata. Tun daga shekarar 2007, ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin babbar darekta ta Ƙungiyar Daraktocin Bincike na 1890, ƙungiyar masu gudanarwa waɗanda suka ƙware a fannin noma da kimiyyar abinci a jami'o'i 19 na ƙasar da aka ba wa baƙar fata tallafin ƙasa . Jajircewarta ga Jami'o'in Land-Grant na 1890 ya bayyana a cikin sanarwarta, "Abokan aikina na jami'a na 1890 sun kasance al'umma ta kud da kud ta abokaina waɗanda suka yi imani - kamar yadda nake yi - wajen bayar da gudummawa da kuma nemo hanyoyin da ba wai kawai za su ci gaba ba, har ma da haɓaka manufar jami'o'in na ciyar da kowa gaba". 

Binciken da Dr. Brooks ya yi a UMES ya mayar da hankali kan yawan amfanin gona. Wannan ya haɗa da ƙara juriyar tsirrai ga masu farauta ta hanyoyi da dama, ciki har da haɓaka magungunan kashe kwari masu ƙwayoyin cuta da amfani da ayyukan noma daban-daban (misali amfani da sharar kaji,    yaye maraƙi,   da takin zamani  ), da kuma alaƙa da ƙwayoyin cuta. Aikin ƙwayoyin cuta na Brooks ya mayar da hankali sosai kan haɗuwar ƙwayoyin cuta, gami da alaƙar da ke tsakanin ƙwayoyin cuta masu gyara nitrogen da dangin legume  da sauran hulɗa ta musamman tsakanin ƙwayoyin cuta da amfanin gona daban-daban, gami da strawberries. 

Dr. Brooks ya gudanar da bincike a ƙasashe da dama, ciki har da Togo, Najeriya, Senegal, Kamaru, da Masar. 

## Tasirin duniya
A shekarun 1984-85, ta yi tafiya zuwa Togo da Senegal a Yammacin Afirka. A nan ta yi bincike kan hanyoyin ƙara yawan amfanin gyada a Afirka, wanda daga ƙarshe ya haifar da ƙaruwar yawan amfanin gona daban-daban na abinci a Yammacin Afirka.  A matsayinta na memba na ƙungiyar USAID - USDA, ta taimaka wajen kafa alaƙar haɗin gwiwa da cibiyoyin bincike da jami'o'i a Afirka ta Kudu. Ta kuma wakilci UMES a hukumance a tarurruka da jami'o'in Masar.  

## Lambobin yabo da nasarori

* An yaba wa Dr. Brooks da jawo sama da dala miliyan 4 daga cikin kuɗaɗen waje don tallafawa bincike da shirye-shiryen koyarwa a matsayinsa na memba na malamai da kuma mai gudanarwa na UMES.
* Kyauta a shirin farko na shekara-shekara na Fadar White House kan Kwalejoji da Jami'o'in Baƙar fata na Tarihi a 1988 da aka bai wa farfesoshi saboda "nasarorin da suka samu a matsayin malamai, masu bincike, da kuma abin koyi"
* Ya buga takardu sama da 50 na mujallu kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta malamai don "Kyawun Kimiyya da Fasaha" ta hanyar shirin Fadar White House don HBCUs. 
* Kyauta daga ƙungiyar Maryland Association for Higher Education a shekarar 1990  
* Kyautar George Washington Carver Public Service Hall of Shahararru daga Taron Ma'aikatan Noma na Ƙwararru a 2013 

Ita ce ta lashe kyautar Minton daga American Society of Microbiology, an shigar da ita cikin zauren shahara na USDA NIFA, an karrama ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mata 100 na Maryland kuma ta sami kyautar ƙwarewa a jagoranci daga Sashen Tashar Gwaje-gwaje daga Ƙungiyar Jami'o'in Tallafin Filaye na Jama'a.

## Manazarta