Kasar gorgia

Jojiya[c] ƙasa ce a yankin Caucasus. Tana a tsakiyar tsakiyar Gabashin Turai da  yammacin Asiya,      kuma a yau ana ɗaukarsa azaman ɓangare na Turai. Tana iyaka da Rasha daga arewa da arewa maso gabas, Turkiyya da Armeniya a kudu, da Azabaijan a kudu maso gabas. Jojiya tana da fadin fili mai fadin murabba'in kilomita 69,700 (26,900 sq mi). Tana da yawan jama'a miliyan 3.9,   wanda sama da kashi uku suna zaune a babban birni kuma mafi girma, Tbilisi. Jojiya na kabila, wadanda suka fito daga yankin, su ne mafi yawan al'ummar kasar kuma su ne al'ummarta.
"Consolidating Parliamentary Democracy in Georgia"
Jojiya ta kasance tana zama tun kafin tarihi, tana karbar bakuncin sanannun wuraren sana'ar giya, hakar gwal, da masaku.,  Zamanin gargajiya ya ga bullar masarautu da dama, irin su Colchis da Iberia, wadanda suka zama jigon kasar Jojiya ta zamani. A farkon ƙarni na huɗu, Georgian sun karɓi Kiristanci a hukumance, wanda ya ba da gudummawar haɗewarsu a ƙarƙashin Masarautar Jojiya. Jojiya ta kai Zinariyar Zamanta a lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar karkashin mulkin Sarki Dauda IV da Sarauniya Tamar. Tun daga karni na 15, masarautar ta ragu kuma ta wargaje saboda sabani na cikin gida da matsin lamba daga manyan yankuna daban-daban, wadanda suka hada da Mongols, da Daular Usmaniyya, da Farisa, kafin a hade su a hankali a cikin daular Rasha tun daga watan Satumba.
States Department of State. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
Bayan juyin juya halin Rasha a shekara ta 1917, Jojiya a takaice ta zama jamhuriya mai cin gashin kanta karkashin kariyar Jamus. ] Duk da haka, sojojin Red Army sun mamaye kasar tare da mamaye kasar a shekarar 1921; sannan ta zama daya daga cikin jamhuriyar Tarayyar Soviet. A cikin shekaru goma da suka biyo baya, kasar ta sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula na tattalin arziki, rashin zaman lafiya, da yakin neman ballewa a Abkhazia da Ossetia ta Kudu. Bayan juyin juya halin Rose cikin lumana a shekara ta 2003, Jojiya ta himmatu wajen bin manufofin ketare na yammacin duniya, inda ta gabatar da wasu sauye-sauye da nufin hadewa cikin Tarayyar Turai da NATO. Wannan ra'ayi na yammacin Turai ya haifar da tabarbarewar dangantaka da Rasha, wanda ya ƙare a yakin Russo-Georgian na 2008 da kuma ci gaba da mamayar da Rasha ke yi a sassan Jojiya.
"Constitution of Georgia"
Jojiya ita ce dimokuradiyya mai wakilci wacce ake gudanar da ita a matsayin jamhuriya ta majalisar wakilai.
"European Council"
## Asalin suna

Sunayen Jojiya
Babban labarin: Sunayen Jojiya

"Georgia" a kan taswirar taswirar mundi, AD 1320
Helenawa na d ¯ a (Strabo, Herodotus, Plutarch, Homer, da dai sauransu) da kuma Romawa (Titus Livius, Tacitus, da dai sauransu) suna nufin farkon yammacin Georgians a matsayin Colchians da gabashin Georgian a matsayin Iberian (Iberoi, Ἰβηροι a wasu tushen Girkanci).

Farkon ambaton sunan Jojiya yana cikin Italiyanci akan mappa mundi na Pietro Vesconte mai kwanan wata 1320. farkon bayyanarsa a cikin duniyar Latin, ana yawan rubuta sunan Jorgia. de Vitry matafiyi na ƙarni na 13 ne ya ba da ka'idodin tushen Lore, wanda ya bayyana asalin sunan saboda shaharar Saint George a tsakanin Jojiya. Chardin ya yi tunanin cewa Jojiya ta fito ne daga Girkanci γεωργός ('mai shukar ƙasa').

Ilimin zamani gabaɗaya yana samun sunan Georgia daga kalmar Farisa Gurj (گرج), ƙabilar tarihi ga Georgians. An yi muhawara game da ainihin asalin wannan kalma, kodayake ana iya haɗa shi da gurğān, sunan yanki ma'ana "ƙasar kyarkeci." daga Farisa, an aro kalmar zuwa yarukan Girka na Byzantine, Slavic, da kuma harsunan Yammacin Turai. ,. Amincewa da kalmar Jojiya a yammacin Turai ya zo daidai da karuwar hulɗa a lokacin yakin Crusades da kasuwanci ta hanyar tashar jiragen ruwa na Bahar Black wanda 'yan kasuwa na Genoese ke sarrafawa. Ƙungiya tare da St. George, sanannen mutum a cikin Kiristendam na tsakiya, na iya ƙarfafa roƙon exonym a Latin Turai.
Stephen H. (2003), Studies in Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts And Eurasian Contexts, pp. 419–
Constantine Porphyrogenitus

## Sunan Jiha
Sunan harshen Ingilishi na hukuma na ƙasar shine "Georgia" a cikin Mataki na ashirin da 2 na sigar Turanci na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jojiya,  da aka karɓa a cikin 1995 (ko da yake, a lokacin, an ƙayyade sunan a cikin Mataki na 1 maimakon ). A cikin yarukan hukuma biyu na Jojiya (Georgian da Abkhaz), ana kiran ƙasar საქართველო (Sakartvelo) da Қырҭтәылa (Kərttʷʼəla) bi da bi. Kafin amincewa da Kundin Tsarin Mulki a 1995 da kuma bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet, ana kiran ƙasar a hukumance "Jamhuriyar Jojiya". 

Harsuna da dama na ci gaba da amfani da sunan kasar ta Rasha, wato Gruzia, wanda hukumomin Jojiya suka nemi maye gurbinsu ta hanyar yakin neman zabe. Tun daga 2006, Isra'ila,  Japan,  koriya ta Kudu da Hungary  a hukumance sun canza kiran ƙasar zuwa bambance-bambancen Ingilishi na Georgia. A cikin 2020, Lithuania ta zama ƙasa ta farko a duniya da ta karɓi Sakartvelas a duk hanyoyin sadarwa na hukuma.

## Tarihi
Babban labarin: Tarihin Jojiya (ƙasa)
Don jagorar tarihin lokaci, duba tarihin Jojin (ƙasa) Timeline.
Tarihi
Duba kuma: Prehistoric Jojiya
Tsofaffin tarihin ɗan adam na zamanin da a yanzu Jojiya ya samo asali ne daga kimanin shekaru miliyan 1.8 da suka gabata a cikin sigar Dmanisi hominins, wani yanki na Homo erectus wanda ke wakiltar sanannun burbushin hominins a cikin Eurasia., ] Kaucasus ya buffer kuma yana fa'ida daga yanayin yanayin tekun Black Sea, yankin yana da alama ya zama 'yan gudun hijira a cikin Pleistocene,  yayin da farkon ci gaba da ƙauyuka na farko ya koma tsakiyar Paleolithic, kusa da shekaru 200,000 da suka gabata.to ] A lokacin Upper Paleolithic, ƙauyuka sun bunƙasa galibi a Yammacin Jojiya, a cikin kwaruruka na kogin Rioni da Qvirila., 
Alamomin noma sun koma aƙalla karni na 6 BC, musamman a Yammacin Jojiya, yayin da tudun Mtkvari ya zama mai ƙarfi a cikin karni na 5th BC, kamar yadda aka nuna tare da haɓakar al'adu daban-daban waɗanda ke da alaƙa da Crescent Mai Haihuwa, gami da Trialetian Mesolithic, Shulaveri–Shomu-Al'adun Tepe. Binciken archaeological ya nuna cewa ƙauyuka a Jojiya na zamani suna da alhakin fara amfani da zaruruwa, mai yiwuwa don tufafi, fiye da shekaru 34,000 da suka wuce,  na farko na viticulture (millennium 7th BC),  "Discover the Secret Birthplace of Wine"  
Al'adun Kura-Araxes, Trialeti, da Colchian sun zo daidai da haɓaka ƙabilun Proto-Kartvelian waɗanda wataƙila sun fito daga Anatolia a lokacin faɗaɗa daular Hittiyawa, gami da Mushki, Laz, da Byzeres. Wasu masana tarihi sun ba da shawarar cewa rugujewar duniyar Hittiyawa a ƙarshen zamanin Bronze ya haifar da faɗaɗa tasirin waɗannan ƙabilu zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum
Javakhishvili, Ivane (1950). Historical-Ethnological problems of Georgia, the Caucasus and the Near East. Tbilisi: Tbilisi State University. pp. 130–135.

## Dada

Kafar sarauta na sarauta da patera da ke nuna sarki Marcus Aurelius an gano shi kusa da Mtskheta, karni na 2 AD.

Sarki Mirian III ya musulunta al'ummar zuwa Kiristanci a karni na 4.
Zamanin gargajiya ya ga haɓakar jihohin Jojiya da dama, ciki har da Colchis a yammacin Jojiya, inda tatsuniyar Girika ta samo Gilashin Zinare da Argonauts ke nema. Shaidar archaeological tana nuna masarauta mai wadata a Colchis a farkon karni na 14 BC  da kuma babbar hanyar kasuwanci tare da mazaunan Girka a gabashin Tekun Bahar Maliya (kamar Dioscurias da Phasis),   da yake, Pontus zai mamaye yankin da farko sannan kuma ta Jamhuriyar Roman a karni na farko BC.
David Marshall Lang
Gabashin Jojiya ya kasance wani tsarin mosaic da aka raba tsakanin dangi daban-daban (wanda mamasakhlisi ya yi sarauta) har zuwa karni na 4 BC lokacin da Alexander the Great ya ci nasara da shi, daga ƙarshe ya kai ga ƙirƙirar daular Iberia a ƙarƙashin daular Seleucid. Yaƙe-yaƙe daban-daban tare da Daular Romawa, Parthia, da Armeniya sun sa Iberia ta canza mubaya'anta akai-akai, kodayake ta kasance ƙasa abokin ciniki na Romawa don yawancin tarihinta.
David Marshall Lang 
A cikin, Sarki Mirian III ya ɗauki Kiristanci a matsayin addinin jihar Iberia, ya fara kiristanci na yammacin Caucasus yankin kuma ya kafa shi da ƙarfi a cikin tasirin Roma ta hanyar watsar da tsohuwar addinin mushrikai na Jojiya wanda Zoroastrianism ya yi tasiri sosai.,

## Haɗin kai na tsakiya na Jojiya

Arewa maso yammacin Jojiya gida ce ga hasumiya ta Svan masu tsaron baya na Ushguli da Mestia.
A cikin 580, daular Sasania ta soke daular Iberia, wanda ya haifar da wargajewar yankunan da ke cikinta zuwa yankuna daban-daban na feudal tun farkon zamanai na tsakiya. Yaƙe-yaƙe na Romawa da Farisa sun jefa yankin cikin hargitsi, tare da Farisa da Konstantinoful suna goyon bayan ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na yaƙi a cikin Caucasus, duk da haka, daular Byzantine ta sami damar kafa iko a kan yankunan Jojiya a ƙarshen karni na 6, suna mulkin Iberia a kaikaice ta hanyar Kouropalates na gida.
Asatiani 2009, pp. 54–61
A shekara ta 645, Larabawa sun mamaye kudu maso gabashin Jojiya, inda suka fara wani dogon lokaci na mamayar musulmi a yankin; wannan kuma ya kai ga kafa wasu jahohin ‘yan ta’adda masu neman ‘yancin kai daga juna, kamar Masarautar Tbilisi da masarautar Kakheti. yamacin Jojiya ya kasance galibin kariyar Byzantine, musamman bayan Yaƙin Lazic 

## Gidan sufi na Gelati, Gidan Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO
Rashin gwamnatin tsakiya a Jojiya ya ba da damar haɓaka daular Bagrationi a farkon karni na 9. Ƙarfafa ƙasashe a yankin kudu maso yammacin Tao-Klarjeti, Yarima Ashot I (813-830) ya yi amfani da faɗa tsakanin gwamnonin Larabawa don faɗaɗa tasirinsa zuwa Iberia kuma an amince da shi a matsayin Yariman Iberia a matsayin Shugaban Halifa na Abbasid da Daular Byzantine. Ko da yake zuriyar Ashhot sun kafa layukan sarauta masu fafatawa, Adarnase IV ya sami damar haɗa yawancin ƙasashen Jojiya (ban da Kakheti da Abkhazia) kuma an naɗa shi Sarkin Iberia a 888, ya maido da sarautar da aka soke ƙarni uku kafin   
David IV ya murkushe ƙin yarda na sarakunan feudal da ikon da ke hannun sa don magance barazanar kasashen waje yadda ya kamata. A shekara ta 1121, ya yi galaba a kan sojojin Turkiyya da suka fi girma a lokacin yakin Didgori kuma ya shafe Masarautar Tbilisi.
Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia
Eastmond (2010) 
Sarauniya Tamar, mace ta farko da ta fara mulkin Jojiya a zamanin da da kanta[68]
Mulkin Tamar na shekaru 29, mace ta farko da ke mulkin Jojiya, ana ɗaukarsa mafi nasara a tarihin Jojiya.[ An bai wa Tamar lakabin "sarkin sarakuna" kuma ta yi nasarar kawar da adawarta, yayin da ta fara aiwatar da manufofin ketare mai kuzari wanda ke taimaka wa faduwar masu adawa da mulkin Seljuks da Byzantium. Tamar ta sami goyan bayan ƙwararrun sojoji masu ƙarfi, Tamar ta sami damar haɓaka nasarorin magabata don ƙarfafa daular da ta mamaye Caucasus, kuma ta faɗaɗa manyan sassa na Azerbaijan, Armeniya, gabashin Turkiya, da arewacin Iran, kuma ta yi amfani da gurɓataccen ikon da Crusade na huɗu ya bari don ƙirƙirar daular Trebizond a matsayin

## jihar Georgia
Imagining history at the crossroads: Persia, Byzantium, and the architects of the written Georgian past, Volume 2 p 652
Farfadowar Masarautar Jojiya ta koma baya bayan da shugaban Khwarezmian Jalal ad-Din ya kama Tbilisi kuma ya lalata shi a shekara ta 1226, ya biyo bayan mummunan mamayar da shugaban Mongol Genghis Khan ya yi. An kori Mongols ta George V the Brilliant (r. 1299-1302), wanda aka sani da sake haduwa gabas da yammacin Jojiya da dawo da karfin kasar a baya da al'adun Kiristanci. Bayan mutuwarsa, sarakunan yankin sun yi yaƙi don kwato 'yancinsu daga mulkin Jojiya ta tsakiya, har zuwa ƙarshen wargajewar masarautar a ƙarni na 15. Jojiya ta ƙara raunana ta da yawan mamaya da Timur ya yi. An ci gaba da mamayewa, wanda bai ba wa masarautar lokaci don maidowa ba, inda duka Qara Qoyunlu da Aq Qoyunlu Turkoman suka ci gaba da mamaye lardunan kudancinta.

## Rabe-raben uku

Sarki George II ya fuskanci yakin feudal da mamayewar Ottoman.
Masarautar Jojiya ta ruguje cikin rashin zaman lafiya a shekara ta 1466 kuma ta rabu zuwa masarautu masu zaman kansu guda uku da kuma wasu masarautu masu cin gashin kai guda biyar. Daga baya manyan dauloli maƙwabta suka yi amfani da ɓangarori na cikin gida na ƙasar da aka raunana, kuma tun daga karni na 16, sojojin daular Usmaniyya da na Iran daban-daban suka mamaye yankunan yammaci da gabashin      Wannan ya sa sarakunan Georgian na gida su nemi kusanci da Rasha. A shekara ta 1649, Masarautar Imereti ta aika da jakadu zuwa fadar masarautar Rasha, inda Rasha ta mayar da martani a shekara ta 1651. A gaban wadannan jakadun, Alexander III na Imereti ya yi rantsuwa da Tsar Alexis na Rasha a madadin Imereti. sarakuna da suka biyo baya kuma sun nemi taimako daga Paparoma Innocent XII amma ba tare da nasara ba 
Sarakunan yankunan da suka kasance masu cin gashin kansu sun shirya tawaye a lokuta daban-daban. Sakamakon yaƙe-yaƙe na Ottoman-Farisiya da kora, yawan mutanen Jojiya ya ragu zuwa mazauna 784,700 a ƙarshen karni na 18.to An maye gurbin limaman Jojiya da bishop na Rasha, wanda hakan ya haifar da ɓacin rai a tsakanin jama'a da kuma ba da gudummawa ga farkon samuwar wayewar ƙasa
"History to Remember: Annexation of Georgia in Russian Empire (1801-1878)" 

Taswirar Ethnographic na ƙarshen karni na 19 na Kudancin Caucasus na Rasha
Yayin da mulkin Rasha ya tauye 'yancin kai na siyasa da bayyana al'adu, ya kuma kawo kwanciyar hankali tare da sauƙaƙe zamanantar da tattalin arziki. Gina titin jirgin ƙasa na Transcaucasian, wanda aka kammala tsakanin shekarun 1860 zuwa 1880, ya haɗa Tiflis zuwa Poti, Batumi, da Baku, tare da haɗa Jojiya a cikin hanyar sufuri na daular da kuma hanzarta zirga-zirgar kayayyaki, mutane, da ra'ayoyi. Wannan ci gaban ababen more rayuwa ya ba da damar ci gaban masana'antu, musamman ma ma'adinai (manganese a Chiatura, kwal a Tkibuli), jigilar mai (Batumi), da kuma yin giya.. "Soviet power established in Georgia: February 25, 1921" birane irin su Tiflis, Kutaisi, Batumi, da Poti sun girma cikin sauri kuma sun zama cibiyar kasuwanci, kuɗi, da ayyukan siyasa.

Hakiman Jojiya ya ƙara shiga cikin tsarin mulkin Rasha, tare da da yawa suna aiki a cikin sojan sarki ko aikin farar hula., duk da haka, kawar da aikin saɓo a cikin 1860s, yayin da wani muhimmin ci gaba, ya kasa samar da rarraba ƙasa mai ma'ana, wanda ya bar yawancin manoma da talauci da dogaro. A halin yanzu, haɓaka masana'antu ya haifar da sabon rukunin ma'aikata na birni wanda ke da hankali a cikin yadi na dogo, masana'antu, da ma'adinai. Rashin yanayin aiki da rashin haƙƙin siyasa ya haifar da rashin jin daɗi.

## Sanarwar 'Yanci
Babban labarin: Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Georgia

Shekarar 1919 na Majalisar Tarayyar Georgia
Bayan rushewar daular Rasha yayin juyin juya halin na Rasha, Georgia ta shiga Armenia da Azerbaijan wajen samar da Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyya (TDFR) a watan Afrilun 1918. [MHukumar ta gajarta, ta soke rashin amincewa tsakanin Jamhuriyar uku da kuma ciyar da sojojin Ottoman. A ranar 26 ga Mayu 1918, Georgia ta ayyana 'yanci kuma ya kafa Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Georgia, tare da nikolayze ChkheIDze a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar Democratic Party, a matsayin Firayim Minista.

## New Jumhuriyar ta dauki matakin
dimokiradiyya==
da jam'iyyar jam'iyya da yawa kuma sun gabatar da sake fasalin cigaba, gami da sake fasalin coci, rabuwa da coci, rikicewar coci, da kuma saukin kai, da kuma saukin kai. Kundin tsarin mulki na 1921, wanda ya amince da mamayewa na Soviet, ya kasance daga mafi sassaucin ra'ayi game da lokacinta, yana jaddada sassaucin mutane da 'yancin mutane. Georgia suma sun bi ka'idodin kabilanci da na addini, suna ba da ikon mallaki ga 'yan tsiraru na kasa da kuma inganta makarantun' yan tsiraru marasa karfi. 
"100 Years On, What's Left Of Georgian Social Democracy?" 
An kalubalanci 'yancin Georgia a kan masu yawa. Jamhuriyar ta yi yaƙi da Yakin Georgian-Armeniya a watan Disamba 1918 kan yankuna kan iyakar a Lori da Javaktiti, wanda ya ƙare da tattaunawar Burtaniya da ta fice. , "The Armeno-Georgian War of 1918" A shekara ta 1919, sojojin Georgian sun jagoranci Ayyukan Maznishvili sun ƙaddamar da Ayyuka a kan White Soja a cikin yankin bakin teku na bakin teku da kuma mai Adalawa daga baya aka yi watsi da su a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba. ,"3 pieces of disinformation about Sochi, Stalin's repressions and demography"

## Soviet Georgia
Babban Labari: Jojidian Soviet Sisterist Republic
Bayan kungiyar Red Sojoji sun mamaye Georgia a cikin Fabrairu 1921, gwamnatin Democratic Georgia ta sauka zuwa gudun hijira. A ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 1921, Dubun Sojojin sun shiga TBilsi, kuma an shigar da Gwamnatin Bolshevik-LED a karkashin Filipp Makharadze. An haɗu da Georgia a cikin Fimistan Socialist na Sociaincasia (Tsfsr) a cikin 1922, tare da Armeniya da Azerbaijan, kuma Azerbaijan, kuma ya zama mai kafa Jamhuriyar USSR. [ "Soviet power established in Georgia: February 25, 1921" Taron Soviet ne kawai ya kafa bayan da tawagar anti-Bolashevik wanda ya hada da Dama da kisan gilla da zartarwa. [9,
"Georgia's Phantom Treaty"
A cikin 1920s da farkon 1930s, Georgia sun mamaye tsarin canji na tattalin arziki a zaman wani ɓangare na manufofin Soviet na Cibiyar Kula da Soviet na Ikilis.  "Soviet power established in Georgia: February 25, 1921" an yi niyya ne na gargajiya da malamai da aka yi niyya a cikin tsarkakakkiyar coci, da kuma cocin na Georgian Orthodox da aka rufe sosai, tare da yawancin majami'u da aka rufe ko sake sakewa.  "Persecution of Clerics in Shida Kartli During the First Years of Soviet Occupation" Jamhurul ya sake kirkirar sabbin masana'antu, musamman a lokacin farko na shekaru biyar (1928-1932), tare da saurin girma a cikin rubutu, metallggy, da sarrafa abinci. Ginin hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa da ruwan hoda ya kara hadar da Georgia a cikin tattalin arzikin Allong. 
Characteristic features of development and territorial distribution of industry in the Georgian SSR
Manzannin Soviet da yawa shugabannin mutanen Joshot Stalin, wanda ya jagoranci USSR tun daga tsakiyar 1920 har zuwa mutuwarsa a cikin 1953. Georgans din LavBuidzed ya kuma gudanar da mukamai. A karkashin Stalin, Georgia gogaggen matsanancin siyasa. Babban purge (1936-1938) Jikin Georgia ta rikice-rikice, siyasa, da kuma mashahuri na al'adu, tare da an kashe mutane dubbiya. [,"Communist Dictatorship in Georgia. The Soviet Occupation (1921-1991)"
Yanci, yaƙe-yaƙe

## Shugaban kasar Georgia Zviad Gamsakrundia (1990-1992)
A ranar 9 ga Afrilu 1991, babbar Majalisar Georgia ta bayyana 'yancin kasar Georgia ta bayyana cewa sama da 98% na wadanda suka kwantar da kuri'un da ke ba da goyon baya ga Tarayyar Soviet. "Georgian Independence" Georgia ta zama Jamhuriyar Soviet ta farko da ba ta samo asali ba don bayyana 'yanci. "Soviet Georgian Republic Proclaims Independence" A watan Mayu, Zviad Gamsakurdia, babban ra'ayi ne kuma jagoran Table Table-Free Table-Free Table-free hadaddun hadaddiyar hadin kai, shugaban kasa ne da 86.5% na kuri'ar. "NATIONALIST LEADER WINNING HANDILY IN SOVIET GEORGIAN PRESIDENTIAL VOTE"
"Georgia" 
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan an yi wa ofis, an yiwa falmarar ofishin gisafhurdu ta yada porarization siyasa da zargin halayyar mutum. A watan Disamba 1991, an gabatar da wani rikici ta hanyar 'yan adawar' yan adawar da Mkhedriali. "Georgia/Abkhazia: Violations of the Laws of War and Russia's Role in the Conflict" Bayan makonni na yaki da tobilisi, Gamsakharia ta hure a farkon Janairu 1992 kuma daga baya ta sare kasar. Hukumar da ta fizge ba da daɗewa ba za tazara cikin yakin basasa, tare da ingantaccen sojojin Galsakhadia da yawa a yammacin Georgia har 1993. "Georgia: Abkhazia and South Ossetia"
## Manazarta