Sossina M. Haile

**Sossina M. Haile** (Ge'ez: ሶስና ሃይሌ, an haife ta a ranar 28 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1966) masanin kimiyyar Habasha ce, wacce aka sani da bunƙasa sel na farko na sinadarin acid. Ita farfesa ce a fannin kimiyyar kayan aiki da injiniya a Jami'ar Northwestern, Illinois, Amurka.

Haile ta sami lambar yabo ta National Science Foundation National Young Investigator Award (1994-99), Humboldt Fellowship (1992-93), Fulbright Fellowsship (1991-92), da kuma AT&T Cooperative Research Fellowships (1986-92). Humboldt da Fulbright fellowships sun goyi bayan bincikenta a Max Planck Institut für Festkörperforschung [Institute for Solid State Research], Stuttgart, Jamus (1991-1993). Ta sami lambar yabo ta J.B. Wagner ta 2001 na Babban Sashen Kayan Kayan Kimiyyar Kayan Kwarewa, lambar yabo ta Coble ta 2000 daga American Ceramic Society, da kuma lambar yabo ta TMS Robert Lansing Hardy ta 1997.  A shekara ta 2010, an gayyaci Haile don ba da "Mafi Girma a Kimiyya" Lacca a Jami'ar Indiana. A cikin 2018, an zabi Haile a matsayin Fellow na Kungiyar Binciken Kayan aiki. Haile ya kuma sami lambar yabo ta MRS Communications Lecture ta 2021.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Haile a Addis Ababa, Habasha  a shekarar 1966. Iyalinta sun tsere daga Habasha a lokacin juyin mulkin a tsakiyar '70s, bayan sojoji sun kama kuma sun kusan kashe mahaifinta masanin tarihi Getatchew Haile wanda a lokacin memba ne na majalisar dokokin Habasha ta rikon kwarya. Kusan shekaru 10,  iyalin suka zauna a yankunan karkara na Minnesota inda Haile ta halarci makarantar Saint John's Preparatory School (Collegeville, MN), ta kammala a 1983.

## Ilimi
Ta sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya da PhD daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts . Har ila yau, tana da Jagoran Kimiyya daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley . Bernhardt J. Wuensch ne ya ba da shawara, takardar jarabawarta ta PhD tana da taken "Synthesis, tsarin lu'ulu'u da ionic conductivity na wasu alƙali rare earth silicates".

Haile ya shafe shekaru uku a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a Jami'ar Washington, Seattle . Ta shiga bangaren Caltech a shekarar 1996, inda ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 18 kafin ta koma Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma a shekarar 2015. A Arewa maso Yamma, Haile shine Farfesa Walter P. Murphy na Kimiyya da Injiniya kuma Farfesa na Physics.

## Bincike

### Ionic mai ƙarfi
Binciken Haile yana kan cibiyoyin ionic a cikin abubuwa masu ƙarfi. Manufofinta sune fahimtar hanyoyin da ke sarrafa jigilar ion da kuma amfani da wannan fahimtar ga ci gaban ingantaccen lantarki mai ƙarfi da sabbin na'urorin electrochemical masu ƙarfi. Aikace-aikacen masu gudanar da ion mai sauri sun haɗa da batir, na'urori masu auna sigina, famfo na ion, da sel na mai. Wannan na karshe shine damuwarta ta musamman.

Kungiyar ta tana binciken mahaɗan acid mai ƙarfi mai sarrafa proton, Perovskites masu sarrafa proton. Hanyar da aka saba amfani da ita don nuna alamun kayan lantarki ita ce AC impedance spectroscopy. Ionic conductivity yana da alaƙa da tsarin lu'ulu'u da sauye-sauye na tsari a cikin mai gudanarwa. Girman lu'u-lu'u, ƙaddamar da tsari ta hanyar X-ray da neutron diffraction, da nazarin zafi suma muhimman fannoni ne na binciken Dr. Haile.

Kungiyar ta nuna misali, cewa wani nau'i mai yawa na proton dauke da abubuwa masu ƙarfi suna fuskantar sauye-sauye na monoclinic zuwa cubic wanda ke tare da karuwa a cikin conductivity na umarni da yawa na girma. A wani misali, ƙungiyar ta nuna cewa Ba0.5.5Co0.8.2O3−d yana da aiki na musamman a matsayin cathode don sel mai mai mai tsayi na ceria.

Ayyukan Haile a cikin ionics na jihar suna tallafawa ta Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Kasa (NSF), Ofishin Binciken Sojoji, da Ma'aikatar Makamashi. A baya, Hukumar Binciken Bincike ta Tsaro (DARPA) , Ofishin Binciken Ruwa, Hukumar Makamashi ta California, Gidauniyar Powell, da Gidauniya ta Kirsch sun ba da tallafi. Janar Motar, EPRI (tsohon Cibiyar Binciken Wutar Lantarki), HRL (tsohon Hughes Research Labs), da Honeywell (tsohon Allied Signal kuma yanzu Janar Electric) sun ba da tallafin masana'antu.

### Kayan lantarki da kayan lantarki
Binciken Haile ya haɗa da binciken dangantakar tsari da dukiya a cikin kayan thermoelectric, tare da haɗin gwiwar abokan aiki a Jet Propulsion Laboratory da kayan ferroelectric a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin da aka tsara a Caltech wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga tsinkaya / ingantaccen kayan aiki da halayyar na'ura. NSF da Ofishin Binciken Sojoji sun goyi bayan aikin ta hanyar Cibiyar Caltech don Kimiyya da Injiniya na Kayan aiki.

### Ci gaban na'ura
Ci gaban na'ura yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin bincikenta. Janareto na microprobear, wanda ya dogara da sel na man fetur mai ƙarfi suna da kyau sosai ga ƙarfin da za a iya ɗauka kuma sun kasance batun aikin DARPA. Hakazalika, microactuators da micropumps bisa ga fina-finai masu laushi na ferroelectric suna da alkawari don ci gaba da fasahar Tsarin microelectromechanical da kokarin ci gaba ana tallafawa ta hanyar shirin ARO MURI. Dukkanin shirye-shiryen suna da alaƙa da juna.

## A cikin wallafe-wallafen

Haile shine batun wani littafi na Amharic mai taken__wol____wol____wol__ (Yalitewledew leba) (wanda aka fassara daga Amharic a matsayin The Unborn Thief), wani littafi na fiction na kimiyya na Dr. Behailu Demeke .

Labarin ya faru ne a wani karamin gari na Habasha inda mai gabatarwa, Minas, ke zaune. Wani dattijo mai suna Bisrat, wanda sau da yawa ke zaune shi kaɗai a kan manyan duwatsu, ya yi sha'awarsa. Da yake sha'awar sanin game da kaɗaici da tunanin mutumin, Minas ya yi abokantaka da shi kuma a hankali ya koyi game da rayuwarsa ta baya.

Bisrat asalinsa ya fito ne daga Gojam kuma yana da kakan, Kamar Hiruyan, wani mutum ne mai ilimi a cikin al'adun Orthodox na Habasha kuma an san shi da ilimin sihiri. Yayinda yake dalibi, Bisrat ya kasance sananne ne mai laushi. Wata dare, kakansa ya kai shi kogi da ke shiga cikin Kogin Nilu, inda ya yi wani al'ada mai karfi da aka nufa don bunkasa basirar Bisrat. Ta hanyar mu'ujiza, wannan al'ada ta canza Bisrat zuwa ɗaya daga cikin manyan ɗalibai a makarantarsa. Koyaya, a cikin shekarunsa na ƙarshe, ya ƙaunaci wata yarinya, kuma bayan sun haɗu da juna biyu, sai ta yi ciki. Wannan taron ya haifar da asarar basira ta musamman da kakansa ya gargadi shi ya kare shi.

Bayan ya ji labarin Bisrat mai ban mamaki, Minas ya ci gaba da rayuwarsa, ya shiga Jami'ar Jima don neman digiri na likita. Shekaru bakwai bayan haka, ya fuskanci jarrabawar cancanta amma abin takaici ya kasa. Da yake ya yi sanyin gwiwa, sai ya nemi ya yi hijira ta hanyar tallafin karatu. A wannan lokacin, ya shiga cikin tseren da Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka ya shirya a Habasha, inda ya kammala na huɗu, ya sami tafiya don ziyartar NASA.

Amma, Minas nan da nan ya fahimci cewa ziyararsa ba kawai yawon shakatawa ba ce; masana kimiyya na Amurka sun yi niyyar gudanar da tafiyar gwaji tare da sabon na'urar lokacin da aka gina kuma wani makirci ne da Amurkawa suka shirya don amfani da wasu 'yan ƙasa a cikin shirin gwaji. Tare da shi, wasu matafiya tara na gwaji daga kasashe masu tasowa sun taru, karkashin kulawar farfesa uku masu rufe fuska. Yayin da suka shiga na'urar, Kyaftin, wanda ke kula da Minas, ya tsoratar da shi, musamman bayan an kashe wani matafiyi saboda rashin biyayya. Kyaftin din ya sanya abin rufe fuska na musamman a kan Minas, kuma tafiyar lokaci ta fara, amma Kyaftin din da Minas ne kawai suka fito da rai.

Daga baya, Minas ta sami sako daga Kyaftin, tana mai cewa za ta sadu da shi a dakin otal dinsa. Abin mamaki, ita ce Sosina Haile, farfesa ta Habasha wacce ta cece shi saboda al'adun da suka raba. Sun raba tattaunawa mai zurfi kafin ta tafi, wanda ya sa Minas ta kira ta "Hiwot", ma'ana "rayuwa" a cikin Amharic. Labarin ya ci gaba a ƙarƙashin wannan sunan. Yayinda yake cikin jirgin, yana tafiya zuwa Habasha, Minas ya gano wata alaƙa mai ban tsoro tsakanin Hiwot da tsohon, yana ba da shawarar cewa Hiwot na iya zama ɗan Bisrat da ɓarawo wanda ba a haife shi ba wanda ya sace shi daga ikonsa.

Littafin ya shiga cikin jigogi na tafiye-tafiye na lokaci, abubuwan da suka faru na Farfesa Sosina Haile, adireshin Jihar Tarayyar Barack Obama na 2011, da kuma makomar Habasha kamar yadda aka gani ta hanyar na'urar lokaci.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin lokaci na mata a kimiyya
* Jerin masana kimiyya na Habasha

## Manazarta