Robert Alter

**Robert Bernard Alter** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1935)  Farfesa ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda ya ƙware a fannin adabin Ibrananci da kwatantawa a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda yake koyarwa tun daga shekara ta 1967.  Ya buga littattafai goma sha biyu, ciki har da fassarar Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci wanda ya lashe lambar yabo a shekara ta 2018, wanda aka shafe shekaru ashirin da huɗu ana shiryawa. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Robert Alter a cikin dangin Yahudawa 'yan Amurka, kuma ya fara koyon Ibrananci a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarbiyyarsa ta addini.  Ya sami digirinsa na farko a Turanci ( Jami'ar Columbia, 1957) da digirinsa na biyu (1958) da digirin digirgir (1962) daga Jami'ar Harvard a fannin adabi . Ya fara aikinsa a matsayin marubuci a *Commentary*, inda ya shafe shekaru da yawa yana aikin edita mai ba da gudummawa. Ya rubuta littattafai ashirin da huɗu, gami da fassararsa mai shafuka dubu uku  na cikakken Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci .  Yana yin jawabi kan batutuwa da suka shafi shirye-shiryen Littafi Mai Tsarki.  ga zamani na Kafka da adabin Ibrananci .

### Nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki
Ɗaya daga cikin gudummawar Alter shine gabatar da yanayin nau'in a cikin nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci na zamani. Misalin yanayin nau'in shine na wani mutum da ya haɗu da wata budurwa a rijiya, wanda ya ci gaba da aure; wannan yanayin ya faru sau biyu a cikin Farawa da kuma sau ɗaya a cikin Fitowa, kuma, a cewar Alter, tare da bambance-bambance masu ma'ana a cikin 1 Samuel da Littafin Ruth . Alter ya nuna yadda canje-canje a cikin yanayin nau'in da aka saba da shi ke ɗauke da ma'ana ga masu karatu waɗanda suka saba da tsarin da ake tsammani.

### Daraja
Alter ya yi aiki a matsayin memba mai himma a Majalisar Malamai ta Laburare ta Majalisa da kuma shugaban ƙungiyar Malaman Adabi da Masu Suka . Ya kasance memba na Guggenheim a 1966 da 1978.  An zaɓe shi memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a 1986.  A 2001, an zaɓe shi memba na Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka .  Ya kasance babban memba na National Endowment for the Humanities, memba a Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba ta Isra'ila da ke Urushalima, kuma memba na Old Dominion a Jami'ar Princeton . Shi memba ne na kwamitin edita na *Jewish Review of Books* .

## Kyaututtukan da aka zaɓa
Alter ya sami kyaututtuka da kyaututtuka da yawa. A shekarar 2009, ya sami kyautar Robert Kirsch ( *[[Los Angeles Times]]* ) saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga wasiƙun Amurka na tsawon rayuwa.   Jami'ar Yale ta ba shi digirin girmamawa na Doctor of Humanities a shekarar 2010.  Shi ne Likita mai daraja na Jami'ar Hebrew (2015). 

Littafinsa mai suna *The Art of Bible Narrative* ya lashe kyautar National Jewish Book Award for Jewish Thinking.  A shekara ta 2005, fassararsa ta Littattafai biyar na Musa ta lashe kyautar PEN Literary Award for Translation. 

* Bayanin Berkeley (2010) 

## Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka

; Fassarorin Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci

* *Labarin Dauda: Fassarar da Sharhin 1 da 2 Samuel*, 1999, WW Norton, 
* *Littattafai Biyar na Musa: Fassara tare da Sharhi*, 2004, WW Norton, 
* *Littafin Zabura: Fassara tare da Sharhi*, 2007, WW Norton, 
* *Littafin Farawa*, fassarar Robert Alter, wanda R. Crumb ya zana, 2009, WW Norton (bugu na farko, 1996), 
* *Littattafan Hikima: Ayuba, Karin Magana, da Mai-Wa'azi: Fassara tare da Sharhi*, 2010, WW Norton, 
* *Isra'ila ta Tsohuwa: Annabawa na Tsohuwa: Joshua, Alƙalai, Sama'ila, da Sarakuna: Fassara tare da Sharhi*, 2013, WW Norton, 
* *Ƙarfi Kamar Yadda Mutuwa Take Soyayya: Waƙar Waƙoƙi Ruth Esther Jonah Da Daniel: Fassarar da Sharhi*, 2015, WW Norton, 
* *Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci: Fassara tare da Sharhi*, 2018, WW Norton, 

;
; Sauran ayyuka

* *Ci gaban Rogue: Nazari a cikin Littafin Picaresque*, 1965, Harvard University Press
* *[https://books.google.com/books?id=b7jX29_p-5IC Sihiri Mai Tsanani: Littafin a Matsayin Nau'in Sanin Kai]*, 1975, Jami'ar California Press, 
* ''Zaki don Soyayya: Tarihin Rayuwa Mai Muhimmanci na Stendhal'', tare da haɗin gwiwar Carol Cosman, 1979, Littattafan Asali, 
* *Fasahar Labarin Littafi Mai Tsarki*, 1981, Littattafai na Asali, 
* ''Dalilai don Almara'', 1984, Harvard University Press, 
* *Fasahar Waƙoƙin Littafi Mai Tsarki*, 1985, Littattafai na Asali, 
* ''Jagorar Adabi ga Littafi Mai Tsarki'' An shirya ta Alter da Frank Kermode, 1987, Harvard University Press, 
* *Ƙirƙirar Littafin Ibrananci: Almara na Zamani da Juyin Juya Halin Harshe*, 1988, Jami'ar Washington Press.
* *Jin Daɗin Karatu a Zamanin Akida*, 1990, WW Norton, 
* ''Mala'iku Masu Muhimmanci: Al'ada da Zamani a Kafka, Benjamin, da Scholem'', 1991, Harvard University Press, 
* *Birane Masu Tunani: Kwarewar Birane da Littafin Labari*, 2005, Jami'ar Yale Press, 
* *Alƙalami na Ƙarfe: Littafin American Prose da King James Bible*, 2010, Jami'ar Princeton Press, 
* *Fasahar Fassarar Littafi Mai Tsarki*, 2019, Jami'ar Princeton Press, 
* *Nabokov da Duniya ta Gaske: Tsakanin Godiya da Tsaro*, 2021, Jami'ar Princeton Press, 
* *Amos Oz : Marubuci, Mai fafutuka, Icon*, 2023, Jami'ar Yale Press, 

## Manazarta