Julius Adler (masanin kimiyyar halittu)

**Julius Adler** (Afrilu 30, 1930 - Afrilu 2, 2024) ƙwararren masanin kimiyyar halittu ne na Amurka. Ya kasance Farfesa na Emeritus na biochemistry da genetics a Jami'ar Wisconsin–Madison tun daga 1997.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Adler a Edelfingen, Jamus a shekarar 1930. Ya zo Amurka a shekarar 1938 yana da shekaru 8 kuma ya zama ɗan ƙasa a shekarar 1943. Iyalinsa sun zauna a Grand Forks, North Dakota inda danginsu ke cikin Turawa na farko da suka isa a shekarar 1880.  Tun yana yaro, Adler ya yi sha'awar yadda halittu ke ji da kuma yadda suke amsawa ga muhalli.

## Ilimi
Adler ya halarci Jami'ar Harvard kuma ya sami digirin AB a fannin Kimiyyar Biochemical a shekarar 1952. Daga nan ya yi karatu tare da Henry A. Lardy a Jami'ar Wisconsin–Madison kuma ya sami digirin MS a fannin Biochemistry a shekarar 1954 da kuma digirin Ph.D. a fannin Biochemistry a shekarar 1957.

Bayan kammala karatunsa, Adler ya yi karatun digiri na uku tare da Arthur Kornberg a Sashen Ilimin Halittu a Makarantar Likitanci ta Jami'ar Washington (1957–59) da kuma A. Dale Kaiser a Sashen Kimiyyar Halittu a Makarantar Likitanci ta Jami'ar Stanford (1959–60). 

Adler ya koma Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison don shiga sashen Sashen Biochemistry da Genetics a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a shekarar 1960. An ɗaukaka shi zuwa mataimakin farfesa a shekarar 1963 kuma ya zama farfesa a shekarar 1966. Ya zama farfesa na meritus a shekarar 1997. 

Ya zama Farfesa Edwin Bret Hart a shekarar 1972 kuma shi ne Farfesa na Steenbock na Kimiyyar Kwayoyin Halitta daga 1982 zuwa 1992.

## Taimakawa wajen fahimtar ƙwayoyin cuta na chemotaxis
Aikinsa ya samo asali ne daga wata malam buɗe ido da ya gani a cikin daji lokacin da yake yaro. Wannan sha'awar ga malam buɗe ido ta faɗaɗa har ta haɗa da wasu halittu. Ya rikide zuwa son sani game da halayen halittu. Ya yi tunanin halayen malam buɗe ido na sarki suna sanya ƙwai a kan malam buɗe ido da kuma tsutsotsi da ke zama a kan malam buɗe ido har sai sun girma za a iya bayyana su ta hanyar sinadarai masu canzawa daga malam buɗe ido.

Domin yin nazarin yadda halittu ke ji da kuma mayar da martani ga muhalli, Adler ya yanke shawarar yin nazarin halayen ƙwayoyin cuta sannan daga ƙarshe ya faɗaɗa ga halayen dukkan halittu. A shekara ta 1880, Wilhelm Pfeffer, wani shahararren masanin tsirrai na Jamus, ya yi amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta masu motsi don nazarin jan hankali da ƙin yarda da nau'ikan abubuwan da aka samo daga tsirrai da dabbobi da sinadarai. Adler ya gina a kan wannan aikin. Ta amfani da tsarin a cikin *Escherichia coli* (E. coli), Adler ya nuna cewa ƙwayoyin cuta suna jin abubuwan jan hankali da masu hana su tare da sunadaran ji da ya kira chemoreceptors .

Waɗannan binciken sun haifar da gano methylation na wani furotin a cikin ambulan E. coli wanda ke da hannu a cikin chemotaxis . Wannan furotin furotin ne mai karɓar methyl-accepting chemotaxis (MCP) kuma yana samun ƙungiyoyin methyl daga methionine . Adler kuma ya gano ragowar methylated na MCP.

Daga ƙarshe Adler ya gano cewa E. coli yana ɗauke da wasu MCPs waɗanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsarin jigilar ƙwayoyin cuta na chemotaxis. Nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta ba tare da wannan furotin ba, ko rashin ikon methylate da demethylate su ba su iya amsawa ga abubuwan da ke haifar da su ba. Ƙara yawan masu jan hankali ya haifar da ƙaruwa a matakin methylation na MCP; haka nan, raguwar masu jan hankali ko ƙaruwar masu jan hankali ya haifar da raguwar matakin methylation.

Zuwa shekarun 1980, an gano cewa ƙwayoyin cuta suna haifar da tsarin juyawar flagellar ta hanyar masu karɓar ƙwayoyin cuta. Kwayoyin cuta suna yin iyo cikin sauƙi saboda juyawar flagellar ɗinsu a gaban mai jan hankali. A cikin raguwar saurin jan hankali, akwai ƙaruwar fashewar ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda aka samar ta hanyar juyawar flagellar a gefen agogo. Adler ya ware ambulan ƙwayoyin cuta kuma ya gano cewa zai iya dawo da juyawar flagellar a gefen agogo ta hanyar ƙara masu ba da gudummawar lantarki na wucin gadi da tushen makamashi. Wannan ya nuna cewa ƙarfin da ke bayan juyawar flagellar a gefen agogo shine ƙarfin lantarki na proton.

## Daga baya rayuwa da mutuwa
Kwanan nan Adler yana yin bincike kan karɓar ji da yanke shawara a cikin ƙwarin 'ya'yan itacen Drosophila . An gabatar da ƙudaje da masu jan hankali da/ko masu hana su, kuma an ware ƙwayoyin halittar da ba su jawo hankali ko kuma ba su komo ba. Za a yi nazarin lahani a cikin ƙwayoyin halittar da fatan bayyana hanyoyin da ke tattare da su.

Adler ya mutu a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 2024. 

## Lambobin yabo da girmamawa

* Ɗan ƙungiyar Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka (1976) 
* Lambar Yabo ta Pasteur ta Ƙungiyar Illinois for Microbiology (1977)
* An zaɓe shi zuwa Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa (1978) 
* Kyautar Selman A. Waksman a fannin Ilimin Halittu na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa (1980) 
* Lambar yabo ta Otto Warburg ta ƙungiyar Biochemistry da Molecular Biology, Jamus (1986) 
* Kyautar RH Wright a Binciken Olfactory na Jami'ar Simon Fraser (1988)
* Kyautar Hilldale, Jami'ar Wisconsin–Madison (1988)
* Kyautar Nasarar Rayuwa ta Ƙungiyar Abbott-American for Microbiology (1995)
* Kyautar William C. Rose ta Ƙungiyar Amurka don Biochemistry da Molecular Biology (1996)
* An zaɓe shi zuwa Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka (1989) 
* Zaɓaɓɓen memba na Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Kimiyya ta Amurka (1991)
* Zaɓaɓɓen memba na Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin Halitta ta Amurka (1994)
* Zaɓaɓɓen memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya, Fasaha, da Wasiku ta Wisconsin (1996)

## Manazarta