open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kabarin Lutheran na Smolensky

Fayil:Могила_Нессельроде_К.В..jpg|The grave of Karl Nesselrode
Fayil:Могила_Купфера_А.Я..jpg|The grave of Adolph Theodor Kupffer
Fayil:Могила_Литке_Ф.Н..jpg|The grave of Fyodor  Nikolajewitsch Litke
Fayil:Могила_Де_Рибаса_И.М..jpg|The grave of José de Ribas
Fayil:The_grave_of_Louisa_Catherine_Adams.jpg|alt=|The grave of Louisa Catherine Adams
Kabarin Smolenskoye (-oe) (a cikin Jamusanci *Smolensker Friedhof*) kabari ne na Lutheran a Tsibirin Dekabristov a Saint Petersburg, Rasha . Yana daya daga cikin mafi girma kuma mafi tsufa wadanda ba na orthodox ba a cikin birni. Har zuwa farkon karni na 20 yana daya daga cikin manyan wuraren binnewa ga kabilun Jamus.

## Tarihi
An san makabartar Lutheran a Tsibirin Dekabristov a cikin shekara ta 1747. Kogin Smolenka ya raba shi daga Kabarin Orthodox na Smolensky a Tsibirin Vasilievsky . Wannan makabartar ta ƙunshi jana'izar masu Ikklisiya na Lutheran na Bishara na Saint Katarina da Ikklisiyar Katolika na St. Catherine, gami da Leonhard Euler, Xavier de Maistre, Germain Henri Hess, José de Ribas, Moritz von Jacobi, Agustín na Betancourt, Jean-François Thomas de Thomon, Ludvig Nobel, Fyodor Litke, Georg Friedrich Parrot, Karl Nesselrode, Vladimir Lamsdorf, Vasily Radlov, Wilhelm Sauerbrey

An tura wasu kaburbura na sanannun mutane zuwa kabarin sanannun mutanen da ke Alexander Nevsky Lavra. Daga cikinsu akwai Thomas de Thomon (wanda aka sake shi a cikin shekarun 1930), Euler (1956), Betancourt (1979), da sauransu.

A cikin shekarun perestroika na ƙarshe na Tarayyar Soviet an lalata ɓangarori biyu na makabartar. Na farko babban sashi ne a kusurwar arewa maso yammacin makabartar wanda aka rushe shi gaba ɗaya don buɗe hanyar gini ga sashen kashe gobara na gida a cikin 1985. Na biyu karamin sashi ne a ƙofar wanda aka maye gurbinsa da Tashar man fetur a farkon shekarun 1990.

## Lissafin binnewa
Mutumin da ya yi mafi yawan aiki wajen binciken matsayin makabartar yanzu shine Robert Leinonen, mazaunin Saint Petersburg na dogon lokaci wanda ya koma Jamus a 1991.

Tsakanin 1988 da 1991, Leinonen ya ziyarci makabartar kanta kuma ya tattara lissafin duk waɗancan kaburbura da ke tsaye a yau, yana kwafin ainihin rubutun a kowane dutse. Ya wallafa littafi mai nau'i biyu game da makabartar da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da tarihinta (Deutsche a St. Petersburg: ein Blick auf den Deutschen Evangelisch-Lutherischen Smolenski-Friedhof und in die europaische Kulturgeschichte, 1998). Volume na biyu ya ƙunshi lissafin duk waɗanda aka binne a can waɗanda kaburbura har yanzu suna tsaye a yau.￼

Masu ilimin asali suna amfani da wallafe-wallafen don binciken iyali a cikin Rasha kafin juyin juya hali da farkon lokacin Soviet lokacin da muhimman bayanai suka ɓace ko kuma sun kasance da wuya a samu. Masana tarihi suna amfani da su don bincika Tarihin zamantakewa birnin.

A wani wuri a cikin makabartar akwai karamin jikin jariri Louisa Catherine Adams (Agusta 12, 1811 - Satumba 15, 1812), yaro na huɗu kuma na ƙarshe kuma 'yar John Quincy da Louisa Adams.

## Manazarta
Ikilisiyar Lutheran ta Jamus da Kabari na St. John

St. John's Evangelical Lutheran German Church and Cemetery, wanda aka fi sani da St. John 's Lutheran Church and Cemitery da kuma White Church, yana kusa da Hayes Center a Hayes County, Nebraska. An jera shi a cikin National Register of Historic Places a shekarar 1985. Jerin ya haɗa da yanki na kadada 10 (4.0 tare da coci a matsayin gini mai ba da gudummawa da makabarta a matsayin wurin ba da gudana.￼

An kafa ikilisiyar a 1886, kuma an kammala coci a 1887. Cocin sod da ginin parsonage ba su wanzu ba. Kabarin ya fara ne a shekara ta 1888.  : 3 

An gina ginin na yanzu a 1925,  kuma an shigar da windows na gilashi a 1944.  : 5 

Cocin ya yi aiki a matsayin gidan ibada da kuma cibiyar ayyukan zamantakewar al'umma. Ya ci gaba har zuwa rufewa a 1973, amma ginin ya kasance. : 2 A cewar kungiyar Tarihin Jihar Nebraska, har yanzu ana amfani da ginin coci don "ayyukan addini daban-daban".

A shekara ta 1985, an kalli ginin a matsayin "misali mai kyau na gine-ginen cocin karkara" da kuma gine-gine da zamantakewa a yankin. 
: 2 

The Nebraska State Historical Society ya bayyana "gidan ibada mai sauƙi amma mai aiki" kamar yadda yake nuna "hanyar rayuwar manoman baƙi na Jamus a cikin al'umma".

## Dubi kuma

* J.M. Daniel House and School, wanda aka jera a cikin National Register a Hayes County

## Manazarta
S. G. Kingston

**Strickland Gough Kingston** (1848 – 3 Oktoba 1897), wanda galibi ake kiransa da sunan farko ko "Pat", fitaccen lauya ne a Kudancin Ostiraliya. Ya kasance ɗan'uwan Charles Kingston, wanda ya kasance Firayim Ministan Kudancin Ostiraliya daga 1893 zuwa 1899. Mai hazaka amma mai rashin kwanciyar hankali, ya mutu da hannunsa.

A tsakiyar watan Satumba na shekarar 1897, an ruwaito cewa Kingston yana da kwarin gwiwa game da nasarar da ya samu a shari'ar. Bai yi daidai ba lokacin da hukuncin ya tafi akasin haka, kuma an ruwaito cewa ya shiga cikin damuwa na ɗan lokaci. A farkon watan Oktoba na shekarar 1897, ya sami labarin cewa ɗaya daga cikin abokan cinikinsa ya janye daga shari'ar. Sai ya harbi kansa a zuciya da bindigar Martini-Henry a ofishinsa. Ya mutu jim kaɗan bayan haka. 

## Tarihi
An haifi Kingston a Adelaide babban ɗan (daga baya Sir) George Kingston, wani mai binciken ƙasa, mai filaye kuma ɗan majalisa. Ya yi karatu a Cibiyar Ilimi ta Adelaide, inda aka ɗauke shi aiki, tare da ɗan'uwansa da (daga baya Dr.) Joseph Verco, ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibanta uku masu hazaka.  Shi ma ƙwararren ɗan wasa ne kuma ɗan wasa, yana da ƙwarewa a tseren nesa, tsalle, dambe da kuma filin ƙwallon ƙafa. Bayan ya bar makaranta ya sami aiki a Bankin Australasia ( Samuel Tomkinson shine manaja a lokacin), sannan ya yanke shawarar yin karatun lauya. Samuel Way ya ɗauke shi a matsayin magatakarda, sannan a shekarar 1876 aka ɗaga Way zuwa Babban Alkali na Kudancin Ostiraliya, aka mayar da rubuce-rubucensa ga Josiah Symon, abokin aikin Way.

An shigar da Kingston a mashaya a watan Afrilun 1879 [1] kuma ya haɗu da ɗan'uwansa a matsayin lauyoyi Kingston & Kingston, tare da ofisoshi a Eagle Chambers, Titin Pirie. Aikin ya yi nasara, amma ya ƙare ta hanyar wani wauta a ɓangaren (SG) Kingston: A ranar Lahadi 8 ga Yuni 1884 da misalin ƙarfe 4 na yamma Kingston, ɗauke da bindigar saloon a cikin jaka, ya hau [lower-alpha 1] da wani Patrick Guerrin ke sarrafawa, wanda ke sanye da hula mai tsayi "bisa ga tsarin Amurka".

An ɗauke shi ta titin Pirie har zuwa Hindmarsh Square lokacin da ya kai shi kan kansa don ya sanya harsashi a cikin "ƙafafun" direban motar, amma ko ta hanyar sakaci, maye ko (kamar yadda Kingston ya yi iƙirari) kwatsam, sai jirgin ya faɗi ƙasa ya kwana a kan Guerrin. Nan da nan direban ya kori Kingston, kuma da alama ya nemi kuɗi (watakila £1000, sannan £300) don guje wa tuhumar aikata laifi, wanda Kingston ya ƙi.  An tuhumi Kingston da laifi, an yanke masa hukunci kuma an daure shi na tsawon watanni shida,  masu shakka sun ruɗa shi, waɗanda suka annabta cewa, ta hanyar sana'arsa da alaƙarsa, za a yi masa rashin kulawa ta wata hanya. 

## Manazarta
Udo Kier

**Udo Kier** (14 ga Oktoba 1944 - 23 ga Nuwamba 2025), wanda aka fi sani da Udo Kier, Mai wasan kwaikwayo ne na Jamus. An san shi da farko a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda sau da yawa yakan nuna siffofi masu ban sha'awa da masu karkatarwa, ya bayyana a cikin fina-finai sama da 220 a cikin manyan matsayi da tallafi a duk faɗin Turai da Amurka.

Kier ya sami ci gaba da taka rawar gani a cikin fina-finai na addini Flesh for Frankenstein (1973) da Blood for Dracula (1974), dukansu Paul Morrissey ne ya ba da umarni, wanda ya kafa shi a matsayin gunkin fim mai ban tsoro. Ya zama babban mutum a cikin fina-finai na al'ada da kuma gidan zane-zane, wanda wani labarin ya bayyana a matsayin "hoton addini". Ya yi aiki tare da sanannun masu shirya fina-finai, kamar su Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Lars von Trier, Gus Van Sant,  Werner Herzog,  Walerian Borowczyk,Kleber Mendonça Filho, Dario Argento,  Guy Maddin,Wim Wenders, da Rob Zombie
## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Kier a Cologne a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 1944. Asibitin da aka haife shi ya lalace ta hanyar Allies, inda Kier da mahaifiyarsa suka tsira a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Kier ya girma ba tare da uba ba. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, ya kasance ɗan bagade kuma mawaƙi, kuma ya fara aiki a matsayin samfurin kayan ado tun yana matashi. Ya ambaci Caterina Valente a matsayin tasiri. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 16, ya sadu kuma ya yi abota da Rainer Werner Fassbinder, wanda daga baya zai yi aiki tare da shi a fina-finai da yawa.

A shekara 19, Kier ya koma London don nazarin wasan kwaikwayo da Ingilishi, kuma ya tallafa wa kansa ta hanyar aiki a matsayin mai ba da abinci. Ya kuma yi sihiri a Cannes, inda ya yi abota da Jean Marais da Arndt von Bohlen und Halbach; Roma, inda ya zama samfurin; da kuma Birnin New York.
## Rayuwa ta mutum
Kier ya kasance ɗan luwaɗi, kuma yana buɗewa game da jima'i a duk rayuwarsa. A cikin 2021, ya ce, "Babu wanda ya taɓa tambaya. Wataƙila a bayyane yake, amma bai yi wani bambanci ba saboda duk abin da ya shafi shine rawar da nake takawa. Muddin na yi aiki mai kyau a bangare, babu wanda ya damu da jima'i na. " In ba haka ba ya kiyaye sirrin game da rayuwarsa, kodayake ya bayyana a cikin wata hira ta 2022 cewa yana cikin dangantaka ta dogon lokaci sama da shekaru 20. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yana cikin dangantaka da mai zane Delbert McBride.

An gayyaci Kier zuwa Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya a cikin 2020.
## Mutuwa
Kier ya mutu a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Eisenhower a Rancho Mirage, California, a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 2025, yana da shekaru 81. Abokin aikinsa, mai zane Delbert McBride, ya tabbatar da labarin.
#### MANAZARTA
James R. Parsons

**James Ranelagh Ponsonby Parsons** (kimanin 1839 - 9 ga Agusta 1905) malami ne ɗan ƙasar Ostiraliya ta Kudu.

## Farkon rayuwa
An haifi Parsons a ƙasar Ireland, ɗan Henry Parsons na Trim, County Meath. A shekara ta 1848 ya raka iyayensa zuwa Tasmania, inda ya yi shekarunsa na farko. A shekara ta 1875, ya koma Kudancin Ostiraliya, inda ya riƙe mukamai a ma'aikatan koyarwa na makarantar Moonta, kuma a Adelaide, Kwalejin St Peter, Cibiyar Ilimi ta JL Young (a Parkside ), shugaban Makarantar Sakandare ta Adelaide, a shekara ta 1880  kuma daga shekara ta 1882,  Makarantar Grammar ta Frederick Caterer ta Glenelg. Daga nan ya kafa **Makarantar Collegiate** a Broadstairs Street, kuma a Glenelg.

Ya kasance mai himma a coci kuma tsawon shekaru da yawa yana karatu a coci, yana gudanar da ibada a St Jude's, Brighton lokacin da babu wani mai hidima na dindindin. Ɗan'uwansa, Samuel Parsons, shi ne ke riƙe da muƙamin All Saints' da kuma Canon na St David's, Hobart.[1]

Parsons ta auri Sarah Cole Wells (ta mutu a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1913). 'Ya'yansu sun haɗa da

* Babbar 'yarsu, Emmeline Rutherford Parsons ta auri Alfred Ernest Belcher a shekarar 1895.
* Rachel Cole Ponson ta Parsons, ta mutu a shekarar 1939. 
* Henrietta Hannah Maude Parsons ta auri Ellis
* Sarah Louise Ponsonby Parsons (an haife ta a shekara ta 1876)
* Cathleen Hilda Australie Ponsonby Parsons (an haife ta a shekara ta 1880)

## Mutuwa
Parsons ya mutu yana da shekaru 66 a gidansa da ke Glenelg, bayan doguwar rashin lafiya, inda ya bar bazawara da kuma babban iyali. 

## Manazarta
Yohanna Kure

**Yohanna Yarima Kure** (?? - 2 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2023) ya kasance jami'in sojoji ɗan Najeriya. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Sojoji (1985-1987) a farkon gwamnatin Ibrahim Babangida kuma ya kasance memba na Babban Kwamitin Sojojin Najeriya (1983-1985)  a cikin gwamnatin soja ta Buhari.

Kure tsohon Janar ne na Kwamandan (GOC) na 82nd Division, Enugu kuma 2nd Mechanized Division, Ibadan.

## Rayuwa
Kure ya fito ne daga Kurmin Musa a yankin karamar hukumar Kachia, ta kudu, Jihar Kaduna, Najeriya. Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta provincial (1957 - 1962) kuma ya kammala karatu tare da Takardar shaidar Makarantar Yammacin Afirka(WASC). A shekara ta 1963, ya shiga Kwalejin Horar da Sojojin Najeriya kuma ya ci gaba da horo na soja a Makarantar Jami'in Cadet, Portsea, Australia. A shekara ta 1982, ya halarci wani course a Cibiyar Nazarin Manufofin Kasa da Dabaru inda ya rubuta takarda, Logistics in Military Campaign: A case Study of the Nigerian Civil War .

An nada Kure a matsayin Lieutenant a shekarar 1966, Kyaftin a shekarar 1969 da kuma Manjo a shekarar 1970. An ɗaukaka shi Lt. Col a 1975 kuma ya zama Colonel a 1980. A shekara ta 1983, an nada shi zuwa matsayin Brigadier. Kure ya kasance memba na Kotun Soja ta Musamman wacce ta yanke hukunci kan wadanda ake zargi da shiga juyin mulkin Mamman Vatsa na 1986.  A shekara ta 1990, shi ne shugaban Kotun ta Biyu wanda ya yi shari'ar wadanda ake zargi da su na Gideon Orkar da ya jagoranci juyin mulki a shekara ta 1990. Bayan nadin Salihu Ibrahim a matsayin Babban Jami'in Sojoji, Kure da sauran Janar din da suka fi Ibrahim matsayi sun yi ritaya. Ko da yake, Babangida ya ba shi mukamin minista bayan ya yi ritaya. Ya kasance Ministan Al'adu da Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a a 1990 kuma an sake tura shi zuwa Ma'aikatar Wasanni a 1992. Ya mutu a ranar 2 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2023.

## Manazarta
George John Robert Murray

**Sir George John Robert Murray** KCMG (27 ga Satumba 1863 - 18 ga Fabrairu 1942) ya kasance alkali daga 2 ga Afrilu 1913 zuwa 18 ga Fabrairu 1942 a Kotun Koli ta Kudancin Ostiraliya, wacce ita ce kotu mafi girma a Jihar Kudancin Ostiraliya. Ya kasance Babban Alkali daga 20 ga Janairu 1916 zuwa 18 ga Fabrairu 1942.

## Rayuwar farko

An haifi George John Robert Murray a Murray Park, Magill, kusa da Adelaide, ɗa na biyu da ya rage ga Alexander Borthwick Murray, wani majagaba mai kiwon tumaki kuma ɗan siyasa a Kudancin Ostiraliya, da matarsa ta biyu Margaret, *wanda* aka fi sani da Tinline. George Murray ya fara karatu a Cibiyar Ilimi ta Adelaide ta John L. Young, sannan ya yi shekaru biyu a Makarantar Sakandare ta Royal, Edinburgh  da Kwalejin St Peter, Adelaide, inda ya lashe tallafin karatu na Prankerd, Wyatt, Christchurch da Farrell. A Jami'ar Adelaide, Murray ya sami tallafin karatu na John Howard Clark don adabin Turanci a 1882, ya cancanci digirin BA a 1883, kuma ya lashe tallafin karatu na Kudancin Ostiraliya. Wannan ya ba shi damar yin karatu a Jami'ar Cambridge inda ya yi digirinsa na BA da LL. B., inda ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a a 1887. Murray ya kuma wakilci Cambridge a fannin wasan kurket da kwale-kwale.

## Sana'a

### Shari'a

## Girmamawa, rayuwa ta gaba, mutuwa da gado

Murray ya sake ziyartar Turai a shekarar 1935. Ya mutu a Adelaide bayan tiyatar ciwon appendicitis a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 1942; an binne shi a ɓoye kusa da 'yar uwarsa a makabartar cocin St George ta Ingila, Magill.[1]

## Manazarta
Iliya'u Sulemanu

**Elias Solomon** (2 Satumba 1839 - 23 Mayu 1909) ɗan siyasa ne ɗan ƙasar Ostiraliya wanda ke zaune a Fremantle. Ya kasance Magajin Garin Fremantle, MLA na South Fremantle, kuma memba na farko na Fremantle a Majalisar Wakilai ta Ostiraliya. 

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Solomon a Landan, Ingila ga Leah da Moss Solomon kuma ya yi ƙaura zuwa Ostiraliya tun yana yaro, da farko yana zaune a Sydney sannan Adelaide. Kawunsa Emanuel Solomon shine ya mallaki gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Sarauniya da ke Adelaide, kuma mahaifin Solomon Moss ya kasance manaja na ɗan lokaci.  Iyalin sun koma Sydney har zuwa mutuwar Moss a 1849 lokacin da Leah ta sake komawa Adelaide kuma Solomon  ya yi karatu a Cibiyar Ilimi ta Adelaide.

## Sana'a
Bayan kammala makaranta, Solomon ya shiga wani kamfanin kasuwanci na kawunsa kuma a shekarar 1857 aka tura shi Mauritius don siyan kayayyaki.  Bayan dawowarsa, ya yi aiki a kamfanin *Solomon da Salom* da ke Adelaide, da kuma *Falk da Co.* na Melbourne. 

A lokacin da yake da shekaru 29, Solomon ya nufi yamma zuwa Fremantle a Yammacin Ostiraliya, inda ya isa a ranar 20 ga Janairu 1868 a cikin jirgin *Eliza Blanche* kuma ya fara zama a titin Henry . Ba da daɗewa ba a wannan shekarar, sai ya haɗu da 'ya'yan uwansa biyu, sannan suka kafa *Solomon & 'yan'uwansa, Masu Gwanjo da Wakilai*  waɗanda Solomon magatakarda ne kuma mai gwanjo. Wannan aikin wani ɓangare ne na kuɗin ɗan'uwansa Judah Moss Solomon (na Melbourne) da surukinsa Isaac Solomon (na Adelaide).

Nauyin gudanar da kasuwanci a cikin mawuyacin yanayi na tattalin arziki ya shafi Solomon,  kuma wannan bai taimaka ba saboda 'yan uwansa suna aiki a *Kamfanin Wasan Kwaikwayo* na Fremantle,  suna yin wasa a Oddfellows da ke titin William. Ya rubuta musu a watan Yulin 1869: "...don kada ku kasance cikin rashin fahimta game da rashin gamsuwata a yanzu, zan yi bayani dalla-dalla. Kun ɗauki lokaci kuna zama memba na kamfanin a cikin al'amuran Wasan Kwaikwayo na Amateur wanda, ina tsammanin, yana yin abin da bai dace ba ga kasuwancin…" 

A shekara ta 1881, an zaɓe shi a Majalisar Birnin Fremantle . A shekara ta 1892, an zaɓe shi a Majalisar Dokokin Yammacin Ostiraliya a matsayin memba na South Fremantle, inda ya ci gaba da zama har zuwa 1901. A wannan shekarar, ya koma harkokin siyasar tarayya, inda ya lashe kujerar Majalisar Wakilai ta Australiya ta Fremantle don Jam'iyyar 'Yancin Ciniki. William Carpenter na Labour ya kayar da shi a shekara ta 1903. Solomon ya mutu a shekara ta 1909.[1] Solomon a wani lokaci yana shugaban hukumar makabartar Fremantle, inda aka binne shi.

## Gidan zama ''na Ocean View''

## Manazarta
Kabarin Yahudawa na Dolphins Barn

Makabartar Yahudawa ta Dolphins Barn (Dan Ailan: Reilig Ghiúdach an Charnáin) an kafa ta ne a shekarar 1898 ta hannun Robert Bradlaw likitan hakori kuma fitaccen memba na al'ummar Yahudawa ta Dublin wanda ya tara £300 a matsayin gudummawa don kafa sabuwar chevra kadisha.[2] da kuma Dublin Jewish Holy Burial Society (HBS), wanda aka kafa a 1884[3] kuma aka keɓe ga mai kuɗi da mai taimakon jama'a Sir Moses Montefiore. Ta maye gurbin Makabartar Ballybough da ke Fairview a matsayin babbar makabartar Yahudawa a Dublin. Tana kusa da South Circular Road, a kusa da inda Yahudawa da yawa ke zaune, kuma tana kusa da inda gundumomin Dolphin's Barn, Harold's Cross da Drimnagh suka haɗu.

Akwai ɗakin addu'a a shafin.[1] Dolphin's Barn wani kabari ne na Yahudawa na Orthodox, kuma Dublin kuma tana da wurin binne Yahudawa na Progressive, Woodtown Cemetery, a kan Oldcourt Road, Rathfarnham, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1952. [2]￼

## Kabari
Kabarin farko shine na Ze'ev, ɗan Gedaliya Levi Goldring, wanda ya mutu a ranar 6 ga Satumba 1898. Ya ƙunshi kabarin Commonwealth guda ɗaya daga Yaƙin Duniya na II na Flight Lieutenant [Pilot] Maurice Donald Khan .  Wanda ya kafa makabartar, Robert Bradlaw, an kuma binne shi a nan.

## Manazarta
Dardasht (Isfahan)

Dardasht (Persian) wani yanki ne na Isfahan, Iran . Da farko an san shi da Babol-Dasht, an san shi ne da minaret na tarihi,  makabarta, [2] Darb-i Imam Shrine, wanda aka rubuta zuwa 1453/857 AH [3] da Harun-i Vilayat Mausoleum [4] Yankin Dardasht na Isfahan yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan yankunan Yahudawa na birnin.￼

## Shahararrun mutane

* Yona Dardashti - mashahurin mai ba da sauti na Farisa
* Galeet Dardashti - zuriyar Yona Dardashta, mai magana da kuma masanin ilimin ɗan adam

## Manazarta
Majalisar Yahudawa ta Turai

Majalisar Yahudawa ta Turai ko EJP (wanda aka fi sani da Tarayyar Yahudawa ta Turai Ko EJU) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta (NGO) da ke zaune a Brussels wanda manufarta ita ce ta zama "tsarin haɗin kai ga dukkan al'ummomin Yahudawa da kungiyoyi a duk faɗin Yamma, Gabas da Tsakiyar Turai tare da kafa dangantaka ta dindindin tare da Majalisar Tarayyar Turai da majalisun ƙasa".[1]￼

EJP mai goyon bayan EJU shine tunanin ɗan biliyan Ukraine Vadim Rabinovich.

## Tarayyar Yahudawa ta Turai
Ihor Kolomoyskyi da Vadim Rabinovich ne suka kafa kungiyar EJU a cikin bazara na shekara ta 2011.

EJU na fatan kafa Majalisar Yahudawa ta Turai, wanda ya ƙunshi mambobi 120 da aka tsara a kan Knesset na Isra'ila. Wannan rukuni zai wakilci damuwar al'ummar Yahudawa ga Tarayyar Turai.

An kaddamar da Majalisar Yahudawa ta Turai a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 2012. 

An gudanar da babban taron shekara-shekara na farko na EJP a Brussels a ranar 15-16 ga Mayu 2012. 

## Alamar EJP

Alamar Majalisar Yahudawa ta Turai an tsara ta ne a kan tutar kambin Turai na taurari 12 na zinariya tare da haskoki 5 a kan bango mai launin shudi.

Maimakon haka, tambarin EJP yana amfani da kambi na taurari 11 na zinariya tare da tauraron 12 shine fararen Tauraron Dauda, wanda aka tsara kamar yadda yake a kan tutar Isra'ila, a kan bango mai launin shudi.

## Manazarta
Alba González

An haife shi a Oviedo a cikin 1986, Alba González ya girma kuma ya zauna a  har zuwa 2013, lokacin da ta ƙaura zuwa Gijón . Ta shafe lokaci tana karatu a Madrid da Amurka.

Ta sami lasisi a shekarar 2009 a fannin ilimin falsafar Hispanic daga Jami'ar Oviedo .  Ta ƙara digiri na biyu a fannin daidaiton jinsi a fannin kimiyyar ɗan adam, shari'a, da zamantakewa daga Majalisar Bincike ta Ƙasa ta Spain (CSIC) a shekarar 2010, da kuma digiri na ɗaya a fannin jinsi da bambancin ra'ayi daga Jami'ar Oviedo a shekarar 2011.

Daga 2006 zuwa 2012, tare da Héctor Gómez Navarro da , ita ce mai kula da Ƙungiyar Al'adu ta Hesperya. Wannan ya haɗa da buga mujallar mai suna iri ɗaya da kuma gyara tarin waƙoƙi guda biyu a kan takarda da ɗaya a tsarin lantarki. Ƙungiyar ta kuma tallata La Ciudad en Llamas (Birnin Wuta), taron ƙasa na matasa mawaƙa. 

A cikin 2012, González da ɗan wasan filastik Ayuba Sánchez sun tsara nunin *Estrada-Cuadernos de viaje* . 

A shekarar 2014, ta fito a cikin shirin *Se dice poeta*, wani shirin gaskiya na mata game da waƙoƙin Sifaniyanci na zamani tare da hangen nesa na jinsi, wanda marubuciya kuma furodusa mai gani da sauti Sofía Castañón ta jagoranta. 

Fannin da ta fi sha'awa sun shafi adabin Sifaniyanci na ƙarni na 19 da 20 da mata suka rubuta, da kuma nazarin shigar da mata cikin al'adun zamani na Sifaniyanci, rubuce-rubucen mata, da buƙatun siyasa.

Fannin da ta fi sha'awa sun shafi adabin Sifaniyanci na ƙarni na 19 da 20 da mata suka rubuta, da kuma nazarin shigar da mata cikin al'adun zamani na Sifaniyanci, rubuce-rubucen mata, da buƙatun siyasa.

## Aikin siyasa
A zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi na watan Mayu na 2019, an zaɓi González a matsayin kujera a  don zaman taro na 2019-2023.  A ranar 15 ga Janairu 2020, ta yi murabus daga kansila bayan an naɗa ta  na Ma'aikatar Daidaito ta ƙasa. Duk da haka, naɗinta ya sami suka, kuma Rita Bosaho ta maye gurbinta kafin ta hau mulki.  Daga Janairu 2020 zuwa Fabrairu 2022, González ta kasance mai ba da shawara a Ma'aikatar Daidaito, tare da Irene Montero a matsayin minista. 

A shekarar 2021, Sofia Castañón ta yi nasara a zaɓe mai tsauri a kan Daniel Ripa don zama babban sakataren Podemos Asturias, kuma an naɗa González sakataren ƙungiya na sabon kwamitin gudanarwa. 

## Lambobin yabo da karramawa

* 2008 – Kyautar Arquímedes don Binciken Jami'a saboda nazarinta game da tsarin da ya faru a cikin aikin Ricardo Menéndez Salmón 
* 2010 - Kyautar Gloria Fuertes don Waƙar Matasa don littafinta *Apuntes de espera* 

* Mujallar *Bar Sobia* (Cordoba, 2007)
* *Mephisto* . Jaridar adabi ta jami'a ta ɗan adam ( Jami'ar Complutense ta Madrid, 2008)
* *La edad del oxido* . Anthology na matasa masu ba da labari na Asturian (Laria, 2009)
* *Nayagua* . Mujallar Cibiyar Waƙoƙin José Hierro (2009, 2014)
* Mujallar *MLRS* (2009) 
* Anthology na waƙa *50 maneras de ser tu amante* (Puntos Suspensivos, 2010)
* *Entre sin llamar* . Anthology (2013)
* *Siete Mundos* (Impronta, 2015)
* *Exploradoras* . Kundin wakoki na zane-zane na Nathalie Bellón (Libros de la Herida, 2015)
* Mujallar *Lunula*
* Mujallar *Mordisco*
* *Hesperya*

## Manazarta
Kabari na Isra'ila, La Paz

Kabarin Isra'ila (Spanish) shine kawai makabartar Yahudawa a Uruguay. An kafa shi a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 1917. [1] Akwai sassan da aka keɓe ga Yahudawa na asali daban-daban: Sephardi, Hungarian, German, Ashkenazim, da dai sauransu.[2]￼

A cikin shekara ta 2014, ana aiwatar da Lambobin QR don kaburbura, don ba da damar yin amfani da yanar gizo ga hotuna da bayanan wuri ga kowane kabarin a can. An yi iƙirarin cewa ita ce makabartar farko a duniya da ta gabatar da wannan sabon abu.

## Dubi kuma

* Tarihin Yahudawa a Uruguay

## Manazarta
Filin bazara

Campo Verano (Italian: : Cimitero del Verano) wani makabarta ne a Roma, Italiya, wanda aka kafa a farkon karni na 19. Kabarin ya rufe yanki na hekta 83 wanda a halin yanzu aka raba shi zuwa sassa da yawa: babban kabari na Katolika, kabari na Yahudawa da aka kafa a 1895, [1] sashen Furotesta tare da ƙofar kansa da sashen soja tare da abin tunawa ga wadanda aka kashe a Yaƙin Duniya na I. [2]￼

## Tarihi da bayanin

Verano (a hukumance "Cemetery Monumental na Campo Verano") yana cikin yankin Tiburtino na Roma, kusa da Basilica di San Lorenzo fuori le mura . Sunan Verano yana nufin tsohuwar Roman *Campo dei Verani* wanda ke nan. Kamar yadda aka tabbatar da kasancewar wani necropolis na Romawa na baya da aka keɓe ga St. Ciriaca, wurin makabartar ya kasance wurin binnewa aƙalla ƙarni ashirin. Ba a kafa makabartar zamani ba har sai da Masarautar Napoleon ta Italiya a lokacin 1807-1812, lokacin da aka ba da izini ga masanin gine-gine Giuseppe Valadier don zane-zane bayan   ya buƙaci binnewa a waje da ganuwar birni. Kodayake an tsarkake makabarta a 1835, ayyukan sun ci gaba a lokacin pontificates na Gregory XVI da Pius IX, a karkashin jagorancin Virginio Vespignani wanda kuma ya gina cocin makabarta na *Santa Maria della Misericordia* (wanda aka tsarkake a 1860), tare da ƙofar ƙofar. Babban wurin binnewa a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya na sararin samaniya yana kan gangara mai laushi, wanda ke cike da manyan kaburbura a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban, ya bambanta daga gine-ginen Neoclassical zuwa Art Nouveau. Hotunan jana'izar Enamel na marigayin da Filippo Severati ya zana a kan laka sun cancanci gani. Hukumomin papal har yanzu suna da iko a kan gudanarwa. Paparoma Francis ya yi bikin All Saints Day Mass a nan a ziyarar papal zuwa makabartar a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2014. 

## Abubuwan da aka sani da binnewa

Lura cewa ba lallai ba ne a ba da izini na dindindin, kuma idan ba a sabunta tallafin ba, ana sake amfani da kaburbura kuma ana tura ragowar zuwa wani kasusuwa ko wani wuri.

### Karni na 19

* Włodzimierz Czacki, (1834-1888), Kaddada, (1879-1882) Nuncio na manzanni zuwa Faransa *Remains sun koma Santa Pudenziana*
* Marià Fortuny (1838-1874), mai zane na Catalonia *Lot: Pincetto nuovo, riquadro 49*
* Stanisław Klicki (1775-1847), kwamandan sojojin Poland
* Giovanni Simeoni (1816-1892), Kadanal na Italiya, (1878-1892) prefect for Propaganda of the Faith *Lot: Sacello di Propaganda Fide*
* Silvio Spaventa (1822-1893), mai kishin kasa kuma ɗan siyasa *Lot: Quadriportico lato destro, arcata XXIII*

## Dubi kuma

* San Lorenzo fuori le mura

## Manazarta
Caleb Peacock

**Caleb Peacock** (13 Afrilu 1841 - 17 Fabrairu 1896) ya yi karatu a Adelaide Educational Institute, ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban farko biyu na JL Young.

Ya kasance manajan Peacock and Son na wani lokaci. 

Yana da alaƙa da Beeby da Dunstan, masu aikin millers kuma wakili ne a Blanchetown.

* An naɗa shi Alkalin Zaman Lafiya a shekara ta 1871. 
* Ya kasance amintaccen Bankin Ajiye Kuɗi na Kudancin Ostiraliya. 
* da kuma darakta na Babban Bankin Ƙasa na Australasia, daga 1873 zuwa 1893 (lokacin da aka rufe bankin),  a mafi yawan wannan lokacin a matsayin shugaba.
* Ya kasance fitaccen memba a zauren kasuwanci (gami da mukamai a matsayin shugaba da mataimakin shugaba).
* Ya kasance Magajin Garin Adelaide daga 1875–1877.
* An zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan majalisar dokokin Kudancin Ostiraliya da ke Arewacin Adelaide a shekarar 1878 a zaɓen maye gurbin da Neville Blyth ya yi murabus,  kuma ya yi ritaya bayan rusawar 1881.  

Ya mutu a gidansa "Keston" da ke Barton Terrace, Arewacin Adelaide, sakamakon zafin rana ( fashewar zafi ), a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 1896.[1]

## Na Kai
A shekara ta 1885 aka zaɓe shi Shugaban ƙungiyar jiragen ruwa ta Adelaide, matsayin da ya riƙe har zuwa rasuwarsa. 

## Manazarta
Charles Tucker (ɗan siyasa)

**Charles Tucker** (20 ga Fabrairu 1857 - 5 ga Disamba 1928) shi ne Magajin Garin Adelaide daga 1894 zuwa 1898 kuma memba ne na Majalisar Dokokin Kudancin Ostiraliya don kujerun Encounter Bay da Alexandra. 

An haifi Tucker a Walkerville, Kudancin Ostiraliya, ɗan mai shago William Henry Tucker (kimanin 1825–1899)  da matarsa Eliza Mary Tucker, wacce aka haifa a shekara ta 1823–1909,   isa Kudancin Ostiraliya a shekara ta 1836.

Ya yi karatu a makarantar Unwin da ke Walkerville, Cibiyar Ilimi ta JL Young da ke Adelaide a Parkside, sannan ya ci gaba da karatunsa na sirri. Ya fara aikinsa a Port Adelaide a 1879 tare da GR Selth, daga baya ya zama manaja a Graves & Co., sannan ya yi haɗin gwiwa da E. Malpas & Co., wakilan jigilar kaya da kwastam; ya sayi hannun jarin Malpas a kamfanin a 1880, ya zama shi kaɗai. Arzikinsa ya ƙaru lokacin da aka naɗa shi wakilin jigilar kaya da kwastam na John Martin, wanda shugabansa ya zama surukinsa. 

A shekara ta 1888 aka zaɓe shi kansila a yankin Gabas, birnin Port Adelaide, kuma bayan watanni goma sha biyar ya gaji Ralph Wheatley Odgers Kestel (ya mutu a shekara ta 1903) a matsayin magajin gari,  mukamin da ya riƙe tsawon shekaru uku. A shekara ta 1893 aka zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban birnin Adelaide  kuma magajin gari a shekara ta 1894. 

Yana da alaƙa da kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai iri-iri kamar F. Ayers, Blades, Gall, ma'adinan Scandinavian a Purnamoota, Euriowie, Teetulpa, ma'adinan Newcastle, ma'adinan Copper Thackaringa da kamfanin haƙar zinare na Balhannah. Shi ne mamallakin ma'adinan Trinity Moonta. 

Tucker memba ne na Majalisar Encounter Bay (29 Afrilu 1899 zuwa 6 Yuli 1899 da 29 Yuli 1899 zuwa 2 Mayu 1902) da kuma Alexandra (3 Mayu 1902 zuwa 2 Nuwamba 1906). 

## Na Kai
Tucker ya auri Mary Elizabeth Patterson a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 1885; sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu.[1] A cewar Kalgoorlie Sun, wannan aure ne na sirri; ya ajiye matarsa a Victoria, yana ɗaukar 'yar'uwarsa (Ellen Brown) a matsayin mai masaukin baki yayin da yake magajin garin Adelaide (1894–1898).

## Manazarta
Robert Kyffin Thomas

**Sir Robert Kyffin Thomas** (19 ga Agusta 1851 - 13 Yuni 1910)  mallakin jaridar Kudancin Ostiraliya ne.

An haifi Sir Robert a Nailsworth, Kudancin Ostiraliya, ɗan William Kyffin Thomas, mamallakin *South Australian Register.*

Kakan Thomas, Robert Thomas, ya buga *Jaridar South Australian Gazette da Colonial Register* a Landan a shekarar 1829, da kuma *Jaridar South Australian Register*, jaridar South Australian ta farko, a shekarar 1839. Ya kuma buga Jaridar *Government Gazette* ta farko, amma ya rasa wannan kasuwancin lokacin da ya yi wa Gwamna Gawler rashin adalci.

Thomas ya yi karatu a Cibiyar Ilimi ta Adelaide ta Mr. JL Young, wacce ta yi zamani da Hon. CC Kingston. Ya fara aikin jarida yana da shekaru 18 kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya zama babban mai ba da rahoto. An amince da shi a matsayin abokin tarayya a kamfanin a shekarar 1877, kuma a lokacin mutuwarsa shi ne babban mai kamfanin *The Register*.

Thomas fitaccen memba ne a reshen Kudancin Ostiraliya na Royal Geographical Society,  Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Adelaide da kuma Adelaide Glee Club kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kowace ƙungiya. Ya kasance ma'ajin ƙungiyar tsoffin 'yan mulkin mallaka, mai himma a fannin Freemason kuma Justice of the Peace na tsawon shekaru 22.

A lokacin da yake Birtaniya a shekarar 1902, Thomas ya taimaka wajen kafa kwamitin da ya umarci Kyaftin Adrian Jones ya ƙirƙiri wurin tunawa da Yaƙin Afirka ta Kudu, wanda za a gani a kusurwar titin King William da North Terrace, Adelaide, a gaban Gidan Gwamnati. A wannan tafiyar ya sayi wasu zane-zane don Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Kudancin Ostiraliya. 

An ba shi sarautar sarauta a watan Janairun 1909, ɗaya daga cikin na ƙarshe da Sarki Edward VII ya ba shi. Thomas ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Yunin 1910 a Ardington, Arewacin Adelaide, Kudancin Ostiraliya. 

## Iyali
A shekara ta 1876 Thomas ya auri Amelia Bowen (kimanin 1855 - 15 ga Yuli 1922), 'yar Robert George Bowen, na Adelaide, [1] [2] a ranar 6 ga Janairu 1876. Gidansu na tsawon shekaru da yawa shine "Ardington", Brougham Place, North Adelaide. Daga cikin 'ya'yansu akwai:

## Manazarta
Kabarin Yahudawa na Coro

**Kabarin Yahudawa na Coro** (Spanish) shine mafi tsufa a cikin makabartar Yahudawa da ake amfani da ita a Amurka.

## Tarihi
Asalinsa na iya kasancewa a cikin karni na 19, lokacin da Yahudawa na Mutanen Espanya da Portuguese daga mulkin mallaka na Dutch na Curaçao suka fara ƙaura zuwa birnin Venezuela na Santa Ana de Coro a 1824. Kabarin ya fara aiki a cikin 1832 ta Mista Joseph Curiel  da matarsa, Debora Levy Maduro, waɗanda suka sayi wani fili kusa da birnin don binne 'yarsu, Hana.  A cikin makabartar ana iya samun kyawawan kaburbura da mausoleums, a cikin adadi mai ban sha'awa ga girman da wadatar birnin, waɗanda suka kasance a matsayin tunatarwa game da lokacin da Yahudawa suka bunƙasa a cikin birni, godiya ga haɓakar kasuwanci tare da Netherlands Antilles. Kabarin yana cikin yankin Pantano Abajo, tsakanin Roosevelt Avenue da Zamora Street. Kabarin kuma shine kabarin mawaki na Venezuelan na asalin Yahudawa na Sephardic Elias David Curiel .

## Batutuwan kiyayewa
An mayar da makabartar a cikin shekarun 1970s, godiya ga goyon bayan kungiyar Isra'ila ta Venezuela da gwamnatin ƙasa. Tun daga shekara ta 2005 Santa Ana de Coro ta kasance a cikin jerin Tarihin Duniya a cikin Hadari saboda ruwan sama mai yawa da ke shafar duk gine-ginen tarihi a cikin birni. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya a shekara ta 2009 tsakanin Cibiyar Nazarin Sephardic ta Caracas, wanda ke wakiltar IAV, da Constructora Sambil, wanda kamfani ne na gine-gine mallakar Solomon Cohen na sanannen iyalin Yahudawa, don sake gina makabartar.[1]￼

## Dubi kuma

* Tarihin Yahudawa a Venezuela
* Majami'ar Coro
* Tarihin Yahudawa a Curaçao

## Manazarta
Edward Neale Wigg

**Edward Neale Wigg** (1847 - 12 ga Disamba 1927), wanda aka fi sani da **E. Neale Wigg**, fitaccen ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan ƙasar Ostiraliya. Ya gudanar da wani shagon littattafai da masu sayar da littattafai wanda mahaifinsa ya fara, wanda aka fi sani da ES Wigg &amp;amp; Son, kuma daga baya ya zama babban mai saka jari ko darakta a manyan kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai na Ostiraliya, musamman BHP.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Wigg a Warwickshire, Ingila, ɗan Edgar Smith Wigg (7 ga Yuni 1818 - 15 ga Oktoba 1899) na Tunstall, Suffolk. Iyalin sun yi ƙaura zuwa Ostiraliya a watan Mayu 1849, kuma Edgar ya kafa shagon sayar da littattafai da littattafai mai nasara yana da shekaru 12.Titin Rundle, Adelaide. 

Edward da ƙannensa Alfred da Henry sun yi karatu a Cibiyar Ilimi ta John Lorenzo Young da ke Adelaide. 

## Sha'awar sayar da littattafai
Edward ya shiga harkar mahaifinsa a shekarar 1867, lokacin da aka san ta da ES Wigg &amp;amp; Son . Sun sayi abokin hamayyarsu Charles Platts, suka zama babban mai sayar da littattafai a Kudancin Ostiraliya. Ba da daɗewa ba Wiggs suka sake sayar da shagon Platts ga John Howell, wanda ya mutu shekaru kaɗan bayan haka.  ES Wigg & Son ya faɗaɗa wuraren masana'antarsa, ya buɗe wani shago a Apollo Place, kuma ya ƙara kayan aikin masu fasaha da kayan ilimi a cikin kundin tarihinsa. Sun faɗaɗa wuraren masana'antar su, suka buɗe wani shago a Apollo Place, sannan suka ƙara kayan aikin masu fasaha da kayan ilimi a cikin kundin tarihin su. 

A shekarar 1885, dattijon Wigg ya yi ritaya. William Laidlaw Davidson (1853-25 Oktoba 1924), wanda ya auri 'yarsa Mary Jane Wigg (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga Afrilu 1860) a ranar 1 ga Satumba 1885, ya zama manaja.  E. Neale Wigg ya ci gaba da zama shugaban kasuwancin. ES Wigg & Son sun buɗe rassansu a Broken Hill, Perth, Fremantle da Kalgoorlie . A shekarar 1904, sun gina masana'anta a 79-85 Port Road, Thebarton. 

A shekarar 1910, E. Neale Wigg ya sayar da sha'awarsa ga kamfanin ga iyalan Davidson, waɗanda suka ci gaba da riƙe sunan kasuwancin. A shekarar 1921, ES Wigg da Son sun ƙaura zuwa sabon wuri a lamba 65-69 Grenfell Street, a kusurwar Coromandel Place.[1]

## Manazarta
Alfred Edgar Wigg

**Alfred Edgar Wigg** (2 ga Fabrairu 1857 - 1 ga Mayu 1914) ƙwararren likita ne ɗan ƙasar Ostiraliya wanda aka haifa a Arewacin Adelaide.

Mahaifinsa, Edgar Smith Wigg (7 ga Yuni 1818 - 15 ga Oktoba 1899) daga Tunstall, Suffolk ya zo Kudancin Ostiraliya a watan Mayu 1810, kuma ya kafa shagon sayar da littattafai **na ES Wigg and Son** mai nasara a Rundle Street. 

Ya kasance ɗalibi mai lambar yabo a Cibiyar Ilimi ta JL Young ta Adelaide kuma ya yi karatun likitanci a Jami'ar Adelaide da Kwalejin Jami'a ta London da kuma Turai, ya dawo Ostiraliya a 1882. tare da cancantar MRCS, LRCS da MD (Brux).

Ya zauna na ɗan lokaci a titin Sydenham kuma ya yi aiki a Norwood har zuwa 1913, lokacin da ya yi ritaya.

Ya kasance memba na girmamawa a ma'aikatan Asibitin Yara na Adelaide sama da shekaru 30; a mafi yawan lokuta memba ne na kwamitin gudanarwa kuma babban likitan tiyata. Ya kasance shugaban Hukumar Kula da Hakora a 1903.

Ya kasance shugaban farko, kuma a wani lokaci shugaban ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta East Torrens.

## Iyali

## Manazarta
Philip James Ayres

**Philip James Ayres** OAM (28 Yuli 1944 – 15 Agusta 2021)  marubuci ne kuma masanin tarihin adabi ɗan ƙasar Australiya, wanda Alkali Dyson Heydon na Babbar Kotun ya bayyana a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun marubutan tarihin rayuwa da wannan ƙasar ta taɓa samarwa". 

## Ilimi
An haifi Ayres a Lobethal, Kudancin Ostiraliya. Ya kasance ɗan asalin Jamus da Ingila da Scotland. Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Adelaide Boys da Jami'ar Adelaide (PhD 1971). Ya koyar a Jami'ar Adelaide, Jami'ar Monash (1972 zuwa 2006), Kwalejin Vassar da Jami'ar Boston. 

## Aikin ilimi
Abubuwan da Ayres ya rubuta game da tarihin rayuwarsa sun haɗa da Malcolm Fraser,  Douglas Mawson,  tsohon Babban Alkalin Alkalai na Australiya Sir Owen Dixon,  Archbishop na Katolika na ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 a Sydney, farkon ƙarni  da Sir Ninian Stephen  (wanda ya kasance Gwamna-Janar na Ostiraliya a mafi yawan shekarun 1980). Littafinsa na ƙarshe, tarin waƙoƙin tarihin rayuwa da aka gina a kan haɗuwa ta kai-tsaye da mutane da yawa masu muhimmanci a duniya, ban da batutuwan tarihin rayuwarsa, shine *Gamuwa da Kai a Duniyar Jama'a*. 

Littattafan adabi da tarihi sun haɗa da *Al'adun Gargajiya da Ra'ayin Roma a ƙarni na Sha takwas na Ingila* .  A cewar WorldCat, an gudanar da littafin a ɗakunan karatu 398. Shi ne editan bugu na Clarendon Press mai juzu'i biyu na *Shaftesbury's Characteriks*. 

Jaridar British *Law Quarterly Review* ta bayyana Owen Dixon a matsayin "nasara bayyananne" wajen auren "ƙwararrun ƙwararrun malamai da ba da labari",  yayin da *Jaridar Law ta Australiya* ta ware sashe mai shafuka 14 don yin nazari kan wannan littafin kyauta.  *Fortune Voyager*, labarin rayuwar Sir Ninian Stephen, yana nuna irin wannan bincike da hanyoyin ba da labari. Sauran tarihin rayuwa sun kuma sami kyakkyawan bita a cikin mujallun ƙwararru masu dacewa,  kodayake wani mai suka (malamin addini) ya tsawatar wa marubucin saboda ƙin nuna halin ɗabi'a da kuma nuna halinsa na rashin ɗabi'a da kuma nuna son kai. 

Ya kuma rubuta labarai na kai tsaye game da yankunan rikici da dama, bayan ya yi tafiya tare da Malcolm Fraser a Afirka ta Kudu (1986)  da Somaliya (1992),  da kuma tare da masu jihadi na Hezb-i-Islami a Afghanistan a shekarar 1987. 

Jerin abubuwan da aka koya da kuma sharhin littattafai da ke ƙasa suna wakiltar ayyukan da aka buga waɗanda suka yi yawa da ba za a iya lura da su a nan ba.

## Girmamawa da kuma karramawa
Ayres memba ne na Royal Historical Society (London), memba na Kwalejin Nazarin Bil Adama ta Australiya, kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta ƙarni a shekara ta 2001 saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga adabi. 

## Manazarta
Margaret Allen (masanin tarihi)

**Margaret Allen** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1947) ƙwararriyar masaniyar tarihi ce kuma mai bincike kan harkokin mata a ƙasar Ostiraliya. Ita farfesa ce ta Emerita a Jami'ar Adelaide.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Margaret Ellen Allen a shekarar 1947 a Adelaide,[1] ita ce ɗa ta huɗu ga George William Allen da Marjorie Ada Allen (née Knight). Mahaifiyarta ta rasu ba zato ba tsammani a watan Agusta na 1948 [2] kuma mahaifinta daga baya ya auri Helen Ladbury Allen (née Baylis).[3]

Allen ɗalibi ce a Makarantar Firamare ta Walkerville sannan ta tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta Adelaide daga 1960 zuwa 1964. Ta sami tallafin karatu don yin karatu a Jami'ar Adelaide, inda ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a shekarar 1969 tare da digiri na uku (BA) saboda digirin da ta yi kan *Yahudawa a juyin juya halin Faransa.*

## Sana'a
Aikin Allen ya fara ne a Kwalejin Malamai ta Salisbury kuma daga shekarar 1982 a Kwalejin Ilimi Mai Zurfi ta Kudancin Australia, bayan sake fasalin tsarin. A wannan lokacin, tana cikin damuwa game da rasa kwangilolin ma'aikata, sai ta shiga cikin ayyukan ƙungiyar kwadago. Ta yi ritaya daga wannan ƙarin aikin lacca a shekarar 1994.**' Bayan sake fasalin ilimin manyan makarantu a shekarar 1991, ta shiga Jami'ar Adelaide inda aka ƙara mata matsayi a farfesa a shekarar 2002 kuma cikakkiyar farfesa a shekarar 2007. A shekarar 1997 aka naɗa ta shugabar farko ta Sashen Binciken Jama'a.

Bayan ta yi ritaya a shekarar 2010, an naɗa ta farfesa a Jami'ar Adelaide. **' Abokan aikinta sun shirya wani taro don murnar aikinta a shekarar 2010 kuma an buga takardun a cikin mujallar *Nazarin Mata ta Australiya.*

Allen mamba ce a Ƙungiyar Tarihi ta Australiya da Ƙungiyar Nazarin Kabilanci da Farin Fata ta Australiya. Daga 2005 zuwa 2010 ta kasance a kwamitin gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Bincike kan Tarihin Mata ta Duniya kuma editan wasiƙar labarai. Ta kasance memba a kwamitin gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Tarihi ta Kudancin Australiya daga 2001 zuwa 2007 da kuma daga 2013 zuwa 2016. Ta kasance memba a ƙungiyar aiki ta Kudancin Australiya don ƙamus na Tarihin Rayuwa ta Australiya tun 2005.

## Manazarta
Majalisar Iran ta uku

3rd Iran Majlis an fara ne a ranar 6 ga Disamba 1914 kuma ya ƙare a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 1915 .

## Mambobin rukuni
Neutrality ya kasance cikin hadin gwiwa tare da Moderates.

## Manazarta
Zaben shugaban kasa na Iran na 2001

An gudanar da **Zaben shugaban kasa** a Iran a ranar 8 ga Yuni 2001. Sakamakon ya kasance nasara ga shugaban kasar Mohammad Khatami, wanda aka sake zabarsa a karo na biyu.

## Masu neman takara
Kodayake 'yan takara 814 ne suka yi rajista don zaben, [1] ciki har da mata 25, Majalisar Guardian ta rage shi zuwa goma.

'Yan takara na karshe sune: 

* Mohammad Khatami, Shugaban kasa na yanzu
* Ahmad Tavakkoli, tsohon Ministan Ayyuka da Harkokin Jama'a
* Ali Shamkhani, Ministan Tsaro
* Abdollah Jassbi, Shugaban Jami'ar Azad ta Musulunci
* Mahmoud Kashani, tsohon tawagar Iran a Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya
* Hassan Ghafourifard, tsohon Ministan Makamashi kuma memba na Majalisar
* Mansour Razavi, memba na Majalisar Birnin Tehran
* Shahabedin Sadr, tsohon memba na majalisar
* Ali Fallahian, tsohon Ministan leken asiri
* Mostafa Hashemitaba, Shugaban Kungiyar Ilimi ta Jiki

## Yaƙin neman zaɓe
Bayan shekaru biyu na karshe na wa'adinsa, ana sa ran za a zabi Mohammad Khatami da karamin gefe fiye da na shekarar 1997. Lokacinsa ya lalace ta hanyar kama masu gwagwarmayar siyasa ba bisa ka'ida ba, kashe-kashen masu adawa da Iran, da rufe jaridu da yawa na Iran. Kodayake har yanzu an yi imanin cewa Khatami ya ci nasara ta hanyar raguwa, an yi tunanin wannan zalunci ya yi tasiri sosai ga aikinsa a zaben. Da farko, Khatami ya yi la'akari da kada ya sake tsayawa takara. Amma, bayan watanni na magoya bayansa da membobin jam'iyyar suna rokonsa, a ƙarshe ya yanke shawarar bayyana takararsa watanni biyu kafin fara zaben. Babban abin da ya faru a yakin Khatami shi ne batutuwan farfado da tattalin arziki, ci gaban aiki, da sake fasalin dimokuradiyya. Khatami ya kuma nemi maido da tsananin Juyin Juya Halin Iran. A cewar CNN, mataimakan Khatami sun bayyana kamfen dinsa a matsayin "referendum don sake fasalin". Yawancin sauran masu kalubalantar Khatami guda tara sun kasance masu ra'ayin mazan jiya masu zaman kansu, a cewar BBC.

## Sakamako

### Masu halarta ta lardin

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Ralph Carr-Ellison

Colonel **Sir Ralph Harry Carr-Ellison**, KCVO, TD (8 Disamba 1925 - 26 Agusta 2014) ya kasance mai mallakar ƙasa na Ingila, ɗan kasuwa, mai gudanar da jama'a kuma wakilin sarauta.

An haife shi a cikin mutanen da ke ƙasa, ya girma a Gidan Hedgeley na iyali a Northumberland . Bayan karatunsa a Eton, ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in Sojoji daga 1944 zuwa 1949, bayan haka ya yi aiki da Sojojin Yankin. Ya ɗauki gudanar da dukiyar a ƙarshen shekarun 1950 kuma ya fara sabunta shi da shiga duniyar kasuwanci. Ya kasance shugaban Hukumar Ruwa ta Northumbrian daga 1973 zuwa 1982, na cibiyar talabijin ta Tyne-Tees daga 1974 zuwa 1997, na Arewacin Ingila Territorial, Auxiliary da Volunteer Reserve Association daga 1976 zuwa 1980, da kuma AA daga 1986 zuwa 1995. Wani dan Conservative a siyasa, ya kasance mai aiki a cikin kungiyar Arewacin Jam'iyyar, yana aiki a matsayin shugaban daga 1966 zuwa 1969; ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kungiyar National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associations daga 1969 zuwa 1971, an ba shi daraja saboda aikinsa na siyasa a 1973, a wannan shekarar ya ki tayin daga jam'iyyar don tsayawa a matsayin memba na majalisar.

Carr-Ellison ya kasance Laftanar na Tyne da Wear daga 1984 zuwa 2000 kuma an naɗa shi KCVO a 1999 saboda aikinsa. Ya taɓa zama Babban Sheriff na Northumberland .  Ya yi aure sau biyu; matarsa ta biyu ita ce matar Darakta Janar na AA Simon Dyer . 

## Manazarta
Chantal Contouri

**Chantal Contouri** ( Greek   An haife ta a ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 1950), wani lokacin ana kiranta da Chantal Cantouri, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta talabijin da fina-finai ta Girka 'yar Australiya . Ta yi rawar gani a fina-finai da shirye-shiryen talabijin da dama da kuma a kan dandamali, inda ɗaya daga cikin fitattun rawar da ta taka ta kasance a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na shekarun 1970 *mai lamba 96* a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya Tracy Wilson (wanda aka fi sani da "mai shaƙar pantyhose").

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Chantal Contouri a ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 1950 a ƙauyen Agios Georgios, Vion, a ƙasar Girka, ita ce 'ya'ya na fari a cikin 'ya'ya biyar ga Fotini da Konstantinos. Iyalin sun yi ƙaura zuwa Ostiraliya a cikin jirgin ruwan Italiya *Castel Felice* a shekarar 1954, suka kuma zauna a Adelaide, Kudancin Ostiraliya.

Contouri ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Adelaide. bayan ta bar gida ta fara aiki a matsayin mai rawa mai gudu a wani gidan rawa a Gawler Place da ke tsakiyar birnin Adelaide; duk da haka, tana son yin wasan kwaikwayo.

Ta bar Adelaide bayan wata mata 'yar Girka ta yi mata ba'a a kan titi, sannan ta koma Melbourne tana da shekaru 16.

## Sana'ar ƙwararru
Contouri ta fara fitowa a matsayinta na 'yar rawa a shirin wakokin pop na Kommotion a shekarar 1966. Bayan haka, ta koma Landan, kuma ta zama abokai na kud da kud da Olivia Newton-John.[1]

Contouri ta taka rawar gani a cikin fim ɗin *Barry McKenzie Holds His Own* (1974) da kuma fim ɗin barkwanci na jima'i *Alvin Purple Rides Again* (1974), daga baya kuma ta taka rawar baƙo a cikin shirin talabijin *na Alvin Purple* wanda aka shirya a shekarar 1976. Ta kuma taka rawar gani a cikin fina-finan ban tsoro *Thirst* (1979) da *Snapshot* (wanda aka fi sani da *The Day After Halloween* ) (1979). Ta kuma fito a matsayin 'Rosa' a cikin fim ɗin Australiya *Is There Anybody There* a ƙarshen 1975.

Ta fito a cikin *shirin The Sullivans* (1976-1983) a matsayin Melina Tsangarakis, wacce ta auri Norm Baker kafin mutuwarta ta hanyar harbi. Contouri ta bayyana a cikin *shirin* opera na sabulun sabulu na Amurka a cikin 1988 kuma ta taka rawar baƙuwa a cikin shirin sabulun sabulun sabulun Ostiraliya *E Street* a 1993. Ta fito a cikin shirin Timothy Spanos mai suna *Celebrity House Cleaner* tana taka rawar mai shan giya kuma rawar da ta taka kwanan nan ita ce a cikin wani sabon shiri na *Stormboy* a 2019. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Manazarta