Hubert Ogunde

**Hubert Adedeji Ogunde** D.Lit. // ⓘ(// i; 10 Yuli 1916 - 4 Afrilu 1990) ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Na Najeriya, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, manajan gidan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mawaƙi wanda ya kafa kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo na zamani na farko a Najeriya, Jam'iyyar Binciken Kiɗa ta Afirka, a cikin 1945.

Hubert Ogunde ya canza sunan zuwa Ogunde Theater Party a 1947 da kuma Ogunde Concert Party a 1950. A ƙarshe, a cikin 1960, ya canza shi zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ogunde, sunan da ya kasance har zuwa mutuwarsa a cikin 1990.  bayyana shi a matsayin "mahaifin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya, ko kuma mahaifin gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya Yoruba na zamani".

cikin aikinsa a kan mataki, ya rubuta fiye da wasanni 50,  mafi yawansu sun haɗa da aikin ban mamaki, rawa, da kiɗa, tare da labarin da ke nuna gaskiyar siyasa da zamantakewa na lokacin. Ayyukansa na farko shine wasan da coci ke tallafawa da ake kira The Garden of Eden . An fara shi ne a Glover Memorial Hall, Legas, a 1944. Nasarar ta karfafa Ogunde don samar da karin wasanni, kuma nan da nan ya bar aikinsa tare da rundunar 'yan sanda don aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo.

A cikin shekarun 1940, ya saki wasu wasannin tare da sharhin siyasa: The Tiger's Empire, Strike and Hunger da Bread and Bullet . A cikin shekarun 1950, ya zagaya biranen Najeriya daban-daban tare da ƙungiyarsa masu tafiya. A shekara ta 1964, ya saki *Yoruba Ronu*, wasan da ya haifar da gardama kuma ya sa ya fusata Cif Akintola, Firayim Minista na Yammacin Yankin.

An dakatar da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ogunde a Yammacin Najeriya na tsawon shekaru biyu a sakamakon haka. Sabuwar gwamnatin soja ta Lieutenant Col. F. A. Fajuyi ce kawai ta soke wannan haramcin a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 1966.

A ƙarshen shekarun 1970s, nasarar da *Ija Ominira* da *Ajani Ogun* suka samu, fina-finai biyu na Yoruba, don hada fim din sa na farko, *Aiye*, a shekarar 1979. Ya saki Jaiyesimi, Aropin N'tenia, da Ayanmo, fina-finai masu tsayi da Yoruba mysticism ya rinjayi, daga baya.

Ogunde ta fito a cikin *Mista Johnson*,  fim din motsi na 1990 wanda ya hada da Pierce Brosnan . An harbe fim din a wurin da ke Toro, kusa da Bauchi, Najeriya.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Ogunde a Ososa, kusa da Ijebu-Ode, Jihar Ogun, Najeriya,  ga dangin Jeremiah Deinbo da Eunice Owotusan Ogunde . Mahaifinsa fasto ne na Baptist kuma kakan mahaifiyarsa firist ne na Ifa, addinin gargajiya na Afirka. Ogun ya zauna a takaice a cikin yankin gidan kakansa kuma an fallasa shi ga Ifá, Ogun da sauran bukukuwan addini na gargajiya. Dukkanin addinin Kirista da na gargajiya na Yoruba sun rinjayi yadda aka tashe shi.  sami karatunsa tsakanin 1925 da 1932, ya halarci Makarantar St John, Ososa, (1925-28), Makarantar St Peter, Faaji, Legas, (1928-30) da Makarantar Afirka ta Wasimi, (1931-32). 

Alamar farko da ya fara da fasahar wasan kwaikwayo shine memba na Egun Alarinjo a lokacin makarantar firamare. Bayan ya kammala karatunsa, ya yi aiki a matsayin malami-malami a Makarantar St.

Daga nan ya shiga aikin ‘yan sandan Nijeriya a watan Maris na shekarar 1941 a Ibadan.  A cikin 1943, 'yan sanda sun tura shi ofishin 'yan sanda na Denton, Ebute Metta, inda ya shiga cocin da aka kafa na Afirka, Cocin Ubangiji (Aladura). A Legas, ya ƙirƙiri ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo mai son, African Music Research Party, a 1945. 

Kamar yawancin ’yan wasan kwaikwayo na zamaninsa, irin su AB David, PA Dawodu, Layeni da GT Onimole, aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo ya fara ne a ƙarƙashin ikon Cocin. A cikin 1944, ya haɗa opera ɗin sa na farko tare da GB Kuyinu, *Lambun Adnin da Al'arshi na Allah*,  wanda Cocin Ubangiji (Aladura) da ke Legas ya kafa wanda Josiah Ositelu ya kafa. An ba da izinin wasan kwaikwayon don ba da gudummawa ga asusun ginin Coci.

fara wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya a Glover Memorial Hall tare da shugaban bikin, Dokta Nnamdi Azikiwe, a cikin halarta. Wasan  haɗa da hakikanin gaskiya da aiki mai ban mamaki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo, rawa da raira waƙa na masu wasan kwaikwayo, suna raba shi daga Native Air Operas na yau da kullun da ke da rinjaye a Yoruba a lokacin. Wannan sabon abu ne wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga yin nasara.

Bisa bukatar Alake na Abeokuta, Ogunde ya yi "Lambun Adnin" a dakin taro na Ake Centenary Hall. Sakamakon nasarar wasan kwaikwayon ya ƙarfafa shi, ya ci gaba da rubuta ƙarin wasan kwaikwayo. Ya rubuta kuma ya jagoranci wasan kwaikwayo guda uku masu jigo na addini: *Afirka da Allah* (1944), wasan opera na jama'a wanda aka haɗa da jigogin al'adun Yarabawa waɗanda ba su wanzu a cikin lambun Adnin, *Isra'ila a Masar* (1945) da *Sarautar Nebukadnezzar da Idin Belshazzar.* (1945). A cikin 1946, ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa tare da 'yan sanda don zama ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararru.

## Sana'a

### Farawar aikin mataki: wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya
Kamar yadda aka riga aka bayyana, Ogunde's African Music Party Research Party, wanda aka kafa a 1945,  ita ce kamfani na farko na ƙwararrun gidan wasan kwaikwayo a ƙasar Yoruba. Kungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayon da suka gabata sun kasance  ’yan wasan kwaikwayo da ake kira Alarinjo wadanda suka dogara ga kotu ko coci don tallafa musu, kuma wadanda suka yi fice a sakamakon bakunansu.  Ogunde ya bambanta ƙungiyarsa ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin haɓakawa kamar tallace-tallace da fastoci, da kuma canza matakin zagayen da masu wasan kwaikwayo na alarinjo ke amfani da su zuwa wanda ke da proscenium . Bugu da ƙari, ya gabatar da ayyuka masu ban mamaki da gaskiya a cikin wasan kwaikwayonsa, dangane da masu sauraro don tallafin kasuwanci. Ta hanyar wadannan ayyuka Ogunde ya fara haɓaka wasan kwaikwayo na zamani na zamani a Najeriya, motsi wanda ya kasance mafi tasiri a cikin aikin. 

Bayan ya bar aikinsa na dan sanda, Ogunde ya daina mayar da hankali kan jigogi na addini, ya fara rubuta wasan kwaikwayo masu nuna kishin kasa da na mulkin mallaka, lamarin da ya faru a Legas a lokacin hasashe na arba'in.  A wannan lokacin, GB Kuyinu ne ya jagoranci yawancin operas ɗinsa na farko.

A farkon shekara ta 1945, ya samar da Worse than Crime, wasan siyasa da aka haɗa da rawa na Yoruba da waƙoƙin gargajiya na dā. Kamar yawancin wasansa na farko, an fara shi a Glover Memorial Hall, Legas. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, ya rubuta The Black Forest da Journey to Heaven, wasan kwaikwayo biyu na Yoruba wanda kuma ya inganta amfani da al'adun gargajiya na Yoruva. Wannan na ƙarshe kuma yana da tasirin Kirista mai ƙarfi. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1945, ya rubuta wani wasan kwaikwayo na ma'aikata, Strike and Hunger, wanda ya haifar da abubuwan da suka faru na yajin aiki da kungiyoyin kwadago suka jagoranta Michael Imoudu. A shekara ta 1946 ya rubuta kuma ya samar da Tiger's Empire . Da farko a ranar 4 ga Maris 1946, Kamfanin Binciken Kiɗa na Afirka ne ya samar da Tiger's Empire kuma ya ƙunshi Ogunde, Beatrice Oyede da Abike Taiwo . Tallace-tallace na wasan shine sakamakon kiran Ogunde na "masu wasan kwaikwayo da aka biya". Ya kasance karo na farko a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Yoruba cewa an biya mata kuɗin bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayon a matsayin masu zane-zane masu sana'a da kansu. Daular Tiger ta kasance hari kan mulkin mallaka.  bi Daular Tiger tare da Duhu da Haske.

Daga baya, a cikin 1946, ya samar da *Kuɗin Iblis*, labarin Afirka game da wani mutum wanda ya shiga kwangila da mugun ruhu don ƙoƙarin samun wadata. Wasan opera ta jama'a ta yi nasara kuma tana da jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ashirin da huɗu waɗanda ke ba da sutura. Bayan mutuwar Herbert Macaulay, ya rubuta opera *Herbert Macaulay* don tunawa da rayuwar ɗan kishin ƙasa, wanda ya mutu a 1946. Sannan ya sake fitar da wani wasan kwaikwayo mai taken siyasa, *Zuwa 'Yanci*, a cikin 1947. Kafin shekarar 1948, ana gudanar da wasannin kwaikwayo na Ogunde a Legas, wani lokaci kuma a Abeokuta, amma yadda ya samu karbuwa a wasu lardunan Yammacin Najeriya, ya sa ya yi tunanin tafiya wasu garuruwa da tawagarsa ta wasan kwaikwayo.

A cikin 1948, ya zagaya manyan biranen Yammacin Najeriya tare da kungiyarsa, ciki har da tasha a Abeokuta, Ibadan, Oyo, Ede da Ogbomosho.  Lokacin da ya tafi yawon shakatawa zuwa arewa, ya sami manyan ganawa guda biyu da 'yan sanda a can saboda abubuwan da ke cikin siyasa na *Mummunan Laifuka* da *Daular Tiger* . Ziyarar sa ta farko a wajen Najeriya bai samu karbuwa daga wajen jama'ar Ghana ba, saboda ba su fahimci yaren Yarbanci ba kuma Ogunde ya jahilci irin dadin jama'a.

Ogunde ya rubuta satire na farko, *Human Parasites*, game da sha'awar Aso ebi (al'adar zamantakewar da ke ƙarfafa maza da mata su sayi kayan da suka fi tsada don taron jama'a). "Al'adar ta ba da kanta ga cin zarafi da yawa ta yadda lokutan bukukuwan aure da jana'izar na faruwa sau da yawa ta yadda abokai za su iya tambayar mutum ya sayi 'Aso Ebi' fiye da sau goma a shekara". "Human Parasites" sun yi wa ƴan zamantakewar zamani na Legas wuta, amma yawancin su abokan Ogunde ne.  A lokacin da ya rubuta *Human Parasites*, ya fara canza sunan kungiyarsa zuwa Ogunde Theater Party. Wasannin wasan kwaikwayo na Ogunde a wannan zamani su ne wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya wanda ƴan wasan kwaikwayo a mataki suka rera layinsu tare da taƙaitaccen tattaunawa.

A cikin 1947, Ogunde da Adesuwa, matarsa kuma tauraruwarsu akai-akai, sun yi tafiya zuwa Landan don yin tuntuɓar wakilan wasan kwaikwayo don tallata shirye-shiryensa a Ingila. Tattaunawar ba ta da fa'ida amma yayin da suke Landan, sun sami damar yin karatun waltz da raye-raye . A cikin wasan operas ɗinsa na baya, ya haɗa waltz tare da raye-rayen Batakoto na gargajiya da kuma raye-rayen raye-rayen gargajiya na Epa. 

Ogunde ya fitar da albam din waka da yawa a lokacin aikinsa. Muryarsa ta musamman ta nuna waƙoƙin da ke cikin waɗannan albam waɗanda, kamar wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finansa, sun nuna sanin ƙa'idar Yarbawa.  Albam din sun hada da *Ekun Oniwogbe* (game da lamiri na dan Adam), *Onimoto* (game da direbobin motoci) da kuma *Adeshewa* (game da rashin matarsa da abokin aikin sa, wanda ya rasu a wani mummunan hadari). Shahararriyar albam dinsa ita ce *Yoruba Ronu*, waƙar sauti ga wasan kwaikwayo mai suna iri ɗaya.  Ya samar da waƙoƙi sama da 90 a cikin rayuwa mai ƙirƙira wacce ta tashi daga ƙarshen 1950s zuwa 1988. Daga shekarun 1960 zuwa gaba, ya samar da kundi na sauti na kowane wasa.

### Ogunde Estate da ƙungiyar ƙasa
 shekara ta 1986, gwamnatin Najeriya ta gayyace shi don kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta ƙasa. A wannan lokacin, ya wakilci Najeriya a bikin Commonwealth Festival of Arts, yana yin wasan da ake kira Destiny (wanda aka sake shirya *Ayanmo* wanda ya saki a baya a shekarar 1970).  Destiny wani shiri ne tare da masu rawa talatin. A cikin wasan, Ogunde ya haɗa da wasu daga cikin matakan rawa da ya fi so, Ijo-Eleja (ko rawa na masunta), Asan Ubo-Ikpa daga al'adun Ibibio, da kuma kwag-hir daga Tivland.

Ogunde ya kafa wani yanki a Ososa . Wurin ya zama cibiyar maimaitawa ga ƙungiyar ƙasa kafin mutuwarsa a shekarar 1990.

## Rayuwa da gado
Ogunde ya auri mata sama da goma kuma yana da 'ya'ya da yawa. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ogunde yafi kasuwanci ne na iyali, kuma duk matan da yara sun shiga cikin shirye-shiryen a wani lokaci ko kuma wani. Wasu daga cikin yara 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ne, yayin da wasu suka kasance masu bugawa, mawaƙa da masu sayar da tikiti. Dukkanin matan sun raba mataki tare da mijinsu a wurare daban-daban a tarihin gidan wasan kwaikwayo.

Manajan gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ogunde, wanda shi ma ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin matan, shine tsohuwar Miss Clementina Oguntimirin. Daga baya ta zama sananniya da Adeshewa Clementina Ogunde ko *Mama Eko*, ta ɗauki sunan karshe daga shahararren wasan kwaikwayo na shekarun 1960 na wannan sunan da ta fito a ciki. Sauran matansa sun hada da Ibisomi Ogunde, Risikat Ogunde da Emily Kehinde Olukoga-Ogunde .
 

### Fina-finai

* *Aiye* (1980) 
* *Jaiyesimi* (1981) 
* *Aropin* (1982) 
* *Ayanmo* (1988) 
* *Mista Johnson*

### Talabijin

* *Ogunde: Mutumin gidan wasan kwaikwayo - BBC* (1983) 

## Manazarta