Mai nuna kwayoyin halitta

**Mai nuna halittu** shine kowane nau'in (nau'in mai nunawa) ko rukuni na nau'in waɗanda aikin su, yawan jama'a, ko matsayi na iya bayyana matsayin ingancin muhalli. Mafi yawan nau'ikan masu nunawa sune dabbobi. Misali, copepods da sauran ƙananan ruwa da ke cikin ruwa da yawa ana iya saka idanu don canje-canje (biochemical, physiological, ko halayyar) wanda zai iya nuna matsala a cikin yanayin su. Bioindicators na iya gaya mana game da tasirin tasirin gurɓataccen abu daban-daban a cikin yanayin halittu da kuma tsawon lokacin da matsala ta kasance, wanda gwajin jiki da sinadarai ba zai iya kasancewa ba.

Mai saka idanu na halitta ko **Biomonitor** kwayar halitta ce wacce ke ba da bayanai masu yawa game da ingancin mahalli da ke kewaye da ita. Sabili da haka, mai kula da halittu mai kyau zai nuna kasancewar gurbataccen kuma ana iya amfani dashi a cikin ƙoƙari na samar da ƙarin bayani game da adadin da tsananin bayyanar.

**Alamar halitta** ita ce sunan da aka ba da tsari don kimanta Rashin haihuwa na muhalli ta hanyar amfani da nau'ikan microorganism masu tsayayya (misali Bacillus ko *Geobacillus*).  Ana iya bayyana alamun halittu a matsayin gabatarwar microorganisms masu tsayayya sosai ga wani yanayi da aka ba su kafin a yi amfani da su, ana gudanar da gwaje-gwaje don auna tasirin hanyoyin a yi amfani. Kamar yadda alamun halittu ke amfani da Kwayoyin cuta masu tsayayya sosai, duk wani tsari na sterilization wanda ya sa su zama marasa aiki zai kashe mafi yawan cututtukan da suka fi rauni.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya
Mai nuna alamar rayuwa shine kwayoyin halitta ko amsawar halittu wanda ke nuna kasancewar gurɓataccen abu ta hanyar bayyanar alamomi na yau da kullun ko amsawa mai auna kuma, sabili da haka kuma, ya fi inganci. Wadannan kwayoyin (ko al'ummomin kwayoyin) za a iya amfani da su don isar da bayanai game da canje-canje a cikin muhalli ko yawan gurɓata muhalli ta hanyar canzawa a daya daga cikin wadannan hanyoyi: a cikin ilimin lissafi, sunadarai ko halayyar. Ana iya cire bayanin ta hanyar nazarin:

# abubuwa da ke ciki na wasu abubuwa ko mahaɗin
# tsarin su na morphological ko na salulaTsarin salula
# Tsarin kwayoyin halitta
# halayyar
# Tsarin yawan jama'a (s).

Muhimmancin da dacewa da biomonitors, maimakon kayan aikin da mutum ya yi, an tabbatar da su ta hanyar lura cewa mafi kyawun alamar matsayin jinsin ko tsarin shine kanta. Bioindicators na iya bayyana tasirin halittu na kai tsaye na gurbataccen lokacin da yawancin ma'aunin jiki ko sunadarai ba zai iya ba. Ta hanyar bioindicators, masana kimiyya suna buƙatar lura da nau'in da ke nunawa kawai don bincika muhalli maimakon saka idanu kan dukan al'umma. Hakanan ana iya amfani da ƙananan nau'ikan nau'ikan don yin hasashen wadatar nau'ikan ga ƙungiyoyin lissafi da yawa.

An kwatanta amfani da na'urar kula da halittu a matsayin sa ido kan halittu kuma shine yin amfani da kaddarorin kwayoyin halitta don samun bayanai kan wasu abubuwan da ke cikin biosphere. Kula da abubuwan da ke gurbata iska na iya zama m ko aiki. Kwararru suna amfani da hanyoyin da ba su dace ba don lura da tsire-tsire suna girma ta dabi'a a cikin yanki na sha'awa. Ana amfani da hanyoyi masu aiki don gano kasancewar gurɓataccen iska ta hanyar sanya tsire-tsire na gwaji na sanannun amsa da genotype a cikin yankin binciken.

Amfani da biomonitor an bayyana shi azaman saka idanu na halitta. Wannan yana nufin auna takamaiman kaddarorin kwayar halitta don samun bayanai game da yanayin jiki da sinadarai da ke kewaye.

Ana ɗaukar alamun ƙididdigar ƙwayoyin cuta akai-akai a matsayin biomonitors. Dangane da kwayar da aka zaɓa da amfani da su, akwai nau'ikan bioindicators da yawa.

### Amfani da shi
A mafi yawan lokuta, ana tattara bayanan tushe don yanayin halittu a cikin shafin da aka riga aka ƙaddara. Dole ne a nuna shafukan yanar gizo ta hanyar rikice-rikice na waje (misali rikice-rikicen ɗan adam, canjin amfani da ƙasa, nau'in mamayewa). Ana auna yanayin halittu na takamaiman nau'in mai nuna alama a cikin shafin yanar gizon da yankin binciken a tsawon lokaci. Bayanan da aka tattara daga yankin binciken ana kwatanta su da irin wannan bayanan da aka tattarawa daga shafin bincike don ƙaddamar da lafiyar muhalli ko amincin yankin binciken.

Wani muhimmin iyakancewar masu nuna halittu gabaɗaya shine cewa an ba da rahoton cewa ba daidai ba ne lokacin da aka yi amfani da su ga yankuna daban-daban na ƙasa da muhalli. A sakamakon haka, masu bincike da ke amfani da bioindicators suna buƙatar tabbatar da cewa kowane saiti na alamomi ya dace a cikin yanayin muhalli da suke shirin saka idanu.

## Alamun shuke-shuke da fungal

Kasancewa ko rashin wasu shuke-shuke ko wasu rayuka a cikin yanayin halittu na iya samar da muhimman alamomi game da lafiyar muhalli: kiyaye muhalli. Akwai nau'ikan biomonitors na shuke-shuke da yawa, gami da mosses, lichens, itace bark, aljihun bark, zoben itace, da ganye. A matsayin misali, za'a iya shawo kan gurɓata muhalli kuma a haɗa shi cikin itacen itace, wanda za'a mën a bincika shi zuwa kasancewar gurɓataccen muhalli da kuma mayar da hankali a cikin mahalli. Shafuka na wasu tsire-tsire masu jijiyoyi suna fuskantar sakamako mai cutarwa a gaban ozone, musamman lalacewar nama, yana mai da su da amfani wajen gano gurbataccen. Ana lura da waɗannan tsire-tsire da yawa a tsibirin Atlantic a Arewacin Hemisphere, Basin Bahar Rum, Equatorial Africa, Habasha, bakin tekun Indiya, yankin Himalayan, kudancin Asiya, da Japan. Wadannan yankuna masu wadataccen yanayi suna da matukar damuwa ga gurɓataccen ozone, suna jaddada muhimmancin wasu nau'ikan tsire-tsire na jijiyoyi a matsayin alamomi masu mahimmanci na lafiyar muhalli a cikin yanayin halittu na ƙasa. Masu kiyayewa suna amfani da irin waɗannan alamun shuke-shuke a matsayin kayan aiki, suna ba su damar tantance canje-canje masu yuwuwa da lalacewar muhalli. 

## Manazarta