Dick Wray

**Richard Wray** (Disamba 5, 1933 - Janairu 9, 2011  ) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne ɗan Amurka wanda aikinsa ya yi tasiri a fagen fasaha a Houston, Texas.    Bayan aikin fasaha wanda ya shafe shekaru 50, ya kuma mutu yana da shekaru 77 na cutar hanta. Ayyukansa na ci gaba da nunawa ta cibiyoyin fasaha da ƙungiyoyi a duk faɗin Houston, ciki har da Deborah Colton Gallery, kuma an jera shi a kan gidan yanar gizon hukuma don National Gallery of Art.  

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Dick Wray a Houston, Texas a shekarar 1933. Shi ne ɗan fari na Bundy da Mildred Wray, waɗanda dukansu suka yi aiki ga Union Pacific Railroad. An san mahaifiyarsa ta ƙarfafa shi ya ɗauki azuzuwan fasaha tun yana ƙarami. Wray yana da ɗan'uwa ɗaya: ɗan'uwa mai suna Robert Wray. 

Gwargwadon farko na Wray game da fasaha ya faru ne a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, lokacin da ya ɗauki darussan fasaha kyauta a gidan kayan tarihi na Houston na Fine Arts. Bayan ya kammala makarantar sakandare ta Lamar a shekarar 1953, ya shiga aikin sojan Amurka, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin gidan rediyo na tsawon shekaru 2.  A cikin shekarar 1955, Wray ya sami kyauta mai daraja daga Sojoji kuma ya shiga Makarantar Gine-gine na Jami'ar Houston. A can, zai shafe shekaru 3 masu zuwa yana nazarin nau'o'in gine-gine daban-daban, har sai ya bar makarantar don kammala karatunsa a Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, Cibiyar Nazarin Arts na birnin Düsseldorf, Jamus.  Wray ya yi tafiya zuwa Turai a cikin 1958 don gano **' &#x5B; &#x5D;</sup> yi imani shine "cibiyar" na duniya fasaha.  Shekaru biyun da ya yi a Turai—daga Paris ya ƙare a Jamus—ya kafa harsashin sana’ar zane-zane. Ko da yake yana da sha'awar gine-gine, hulɗar Wray tare da aikin masu zane-zane, masu zane-zane na ƙungiyar avant-garde na Turai da aka sani da ƙungiyar CoBrA da New York Abstract Expressionists (wanda Wray kuma ya gani a karon farko a Turai) yana da tasiri mai yawa akan sha'awar fasaha. A sakamakon haka, Wray ya rabu da gine-gine kuma, sanye take da sabon ilimin halin Turai, ya koma Texas yana da shekaru 26 don fara aikinsa a matsayin mai zane. 

Wray ya ƙaddamar da aikinsa a cikin shekarar 1959 ta hanyar fafatawa a wani wasan kwaikwayo na fasaha a yanzu shine Gidan Tarihi na Art Museum na Kudu maso Gabashin Texas a Beaumont.  Daga nan bayan haka, ya baje kolin zane-zanen nasa a cikin gidan kayan tarihi ko gidan tarihi akalla sau daya a shekara tsawon shekaru 51 a jere.  <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D; 

## Sana'a da nasarori
Ayyukan fasaha na Wray suna da yawa. A cewar William Reaves Fine Art Gallery, aikin Wray ya baje ko'ina a cikin ƙasar, ciki har da Texas, New York, California, da Oklahoma.  &#x5B; ** &#x5D; A 1962, Wray ta biyayya ga Museum of Fine Arts Houston (MFAH) nuni, "The Southwest: Painting da Sculpture", samu Ford Foundation Purchase Prize.  Yayin da yake zaune a Los Angeles tsakanin 1964 zuwa 1966, shi ne baƙo mai zane a Tamarind Lithography Workshop.  Bayan ya koma Houston, ya yi aiki a kan baiwa a Glassell School of Art tsakanin 1968 da 1982. 

Wray ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu fasaha bakwai da aka wakilta a cikin wasan kwaikwayon "Ci gaban Mawallafin: Bakwai na Houston Artists, 1943-1933" a Glassell School of Art a 1993.  A cikin shekarar 2000, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Houston Art League's Texas Artist of the Year Award.   An nuna Wray a cikin nunin 2006-"Texas Modern: The Rediscovery of Early Texas Abstraction" -a Jami'ar Baylor a Waco, Texas. 

A shekara ta 2011, birnin Houston ya ƙirƙiri ginshiƙan aluminum da aka yanke da Laser wanda ke kwaikwayon aikin Wray. Fannin yanzu suna da girman ɗaya daga cikin hasumiya na ɗagawa na Cibiyar Izinin Houston, waɗanda marubuta galibi ke kiranta da "Hasumiyar Dick Wray".  

## Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa
Bayan 'yan shekaru bayan ya dawo daga Turai, Wray ya sadu da Georgetta Harvey, wani samfurin kuma mai daukar hoto. Sun yi aure a shekarar 1961. Ko da yake sun shafe yawancin aurensu a Houston, sun yi ɗan gajeren zama a Los Angeles. Dick da Georgetta suna da yara uku: Victor, Robert da Harold. Babban ɗansu ya mutu yana ɗan shekara 18 a wani hatsarin mota.  A cikin 2011, Wray ya mutu a Houston daga rikitarwa saboda cutar hanta. Ya kasance 77.   .

## Mahimman liyafar
An gauraya ra'ayoyin jama'a na aikin Wray zuwa gabaɗaya tabbatacce. Abby Koenig na *Houston Press*, a cikin bitar ta na Dick Wray retrospect a William Reaves Gallery, ta yi tsokaci kan yadda "girman sikelin aikin Wray ya isa ya kuma dakatar da ku a cikin waƙoƙinku", daga baya ya yi iƙirarin cewa "Dick Wray ya kasance mai ba da gudummawar yawon shakatawa a cikin fasahar fasaha ta Texas kuma ya cancanci dukan yabo da gallery ya ba shi da wannan tarin".  James Harithas, darektan Gidan Tarihi na Gidan Tarihi na Gidan Tarihi, ya bayyana cewa "Game da mazauna yankin, Dick ya kasance daya daga cikin masu zane-zane da suka yi aiki da gaske kuma tare da sadaukarwa".  Bill Reaves, wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban William Reaves Gallery, ya ce Dick Wray retrospect yana daya daga cikin "mafi girman nunin mutum daya" da suke nunawa. "Aikinsa yana da kyau koyaushe," in ji Reaves. 

Wasu kuma sun sami sabani game da aikin Wray. A cewar Koenig na *jaridar Houston Press,* mai tattara zane-zane Earl Weed ya bayyana zane-zanen Wray a matsayin "masu ban sha'awa, fashewar fashe-fashe ba tare da wani dalili ko wani dalili ba".  Game da nunin Wray a nunin 1977 *a Texas A Yau: Nunin Nuni Uku* a Gidan Tarihi na Fort Worth, marubuci kuma mai suka Michael Mewsha na *Texas Monthly* ya bayyana cewa "Ragewa daga wannan ingantaccen aikin shi ne gabaɗayan saɓani na ɗanyen ɗanyen aiki, ɓarna irin na yara a cikin abin da ya bayyana ya zama ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano ɗanɗano kaɗan." 

## Ilimi

* 1958: Kunstakademie, Düsseldorf, Jamus  
* 1955–58: Jami'ar Houston, Makarantar Gine-gine  

## Kyauta da kyaututtuka

* 1962: Kyautar Siyarwa ta Gidauniyar Ford  
* 1978: Kyauta ta Ƙasa don Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru  

## nune-nunen
Nunin nasa sun haɗa da:  

* 2012: "Dick Wray: Launi mai Fashewa / Paint mai ƙarfi", William Reaves Gallery, Houston, TX
* 2010: "Dick Wray: Black & White", Wade Wilson Art, Houston, TX
* 2009: "Dick Wray", Wade Wilson Art, Houston, TX "Dick Wray: Untitled", HCG Gallery, Dallas, TX
* 2008: Gidan kayan tarihi na Gabashin Texas, Lufkin, TX
* 2007: "Texas Modern: The Rediscovery of Early Texas Abstraction", Jami'ar Baylor, Waco, TX, Wade Wilson Art, Houston, TX
* 2006: "Papiros Amorosos", Museo Regional de Querétaro, Oro, Mexico
* 2005: "Texas Vision: Barrett Collection, Meadows Museum, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX
* 2004: "An yi a Houston", Brazos Annex, Houston, TX
* 2003: "Dick Wray", Tashar, Gidan Tarihi na Mota, Houston, TX
* 2002: "Dick Wray", Jami'ar Kirista ta Texas, Moudy Gallery, Fort Worth, TX
* 2001: "Dick Wray: 236 zane-zane" ArtScan Gallery, Houston, TX
* 2000: "Dick Wray - Texas Artist na Year: Nunin", Art League Gallery na Houston, TX

: "Dick Wray: 236 Zane", Gidan Gallery na ArtScan, Houston, TX

* 1999: "Ƙwararren Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙasashen Duniya da Amirka", T. Curtsnoc Fine Arts, North Miami, FL

: "Dick Wray: Shigarwa", ArtScan Gallery, Houston, TX

* 1998: "Dick Wray Prints", Lesikar Gallery, Houston, TX

: "Aiki a kan Takarda", Jihar Thomas Gallery, Dallas, TX

* 1997: "Dick Wray: Nunin New York na Farko", Lerner Heller Gallery, NYC, NY

: "An ƙaddamar da Abstraction: Ten in Texas", Austin Museum of Art, TX

* 1996: "Texas Modern and Post-Modern", Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, TX

: "Manif Seoul '96", Seoul Arts Center, Seoul, Koriya

* 1995: "Haɗuwa", Davis/McClain Gallery, Pennzoil Place, Houston, TX
* "Ayyukan Kwanan nan", Gidan Gallery na Moody, Houston, TX
* 1994: Blue Star Art Space, San Antonio, TX

: Gidan kayan tarihi na Gabashin Texas, Lufkin

* 1993: "Ci gaban masu fasaha: Masu fasaha na Houston bakwai, 1943-1993"

: Glassell School of Art/ Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, TX

* 1992: "Buga na kwanan nan", Shark's Incorporated, Boulder, CO

: "New Texas Art", Cheney Coles Museum, Spokanne WA
: Gidan kayan gargajiya na Boise, Boise, ID

* 1991: "Ayyuka na Kwanan nan", Moody's Gallery, Houston, TX

: Jami'ar Austin, Nacogdoches, TX da Transco Gallery, Houston, TX

* 1990: "Bugawa a Texas: 1980"

: Gidan kayan gargajiya na zamani na Fort Worth, TX

* 1989: "Kawai Paint", Blue Fara Art Space, San Antonio, TX
* 1988: "Texas Art: Nunin da aka zaɓa daga Menil Collection, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston da Tarin Masu Gudanarwa na Gidan Tarihi na Zamani, Richmond Hall, Houston, TX
* 1987: "Monotypes" Cathleen Gallander da Susan Lang Gallery, NYC, NY
* 1986: "Nunin Jihohin Yamma na Uku", Gidan Tarihi na Brooklyn, NY
* 1985: "Sabon Fenti: Makarantar Houston", Gidan Tarihi na Fine Arts, Houston, TX
* 1984: "Monotypes", Moody Gallery, Houston, TX
* 1983: "Sabon Art Daga Sabon Gari", Salzburger Kunstverein, Salzburg, Austria
* 1982: "Lokacinmu, Gidan Tarihi na Zamani na Houston 1948-1982", Gidan Tarihi na Zamani, Houston, TX
* 1981: "Paintings and Drawings", Moody Gallery, Houston, TX
* 1980: "Amsa", Tyler Museum of Art, Tyler, TX
* 1979: "Wuta", Gidan kayan gargajiya na zamani, Houston, TX
* 1978: "Art of Texas", The Renaissance Society, Jami'ar Chicago, IL
* 1977: "Paints and Drawings", Lerner-Heller Gallery, NYC, NY
* 1976: Pelham-Von Stoffler Gallery, Houston, TX
* 1975: "Nunin Mutum Daya", Gidan Tarihi na Zamani, Houston, TX
* 1974: "Zane-zane da sassaka", Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, TX
* 1973: "Nunin Gayyatar Houston", Gidan Tarihi na Zamani, TX
* 1972: "Ayyukan Gidan Tarihi na Zamani, Nunin Gayyata na Dallas-Fort Worth-Houston", Houston, TX
* 1971: "Sauran Coasts", Jami'ar Jihar California, Long Beach, CA
* 1970: "Dick Wray Painting", Gidan Tarihi na Makarantar Fasaha ta Fasaha, Houston
* 1969: "Tamarind Homage to Lithography", Museum of Modern Art, NYC, NY
* 1968: Hemisfair, San Antonio, TX
* 1967: New Arts Gallery, Houston, TX
* 1966: "Dick Wray, Sabbin Ayyuka", Jami'ar St. Mary's, San Antonio, TX
* 1965: "100 Zane na Zamani na Amirka", Gidan Tarihi na Art, Jami'ar Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
* 1964: Tamarind Lithography Workshop, Los Angeles, CA - Baƙi Artist
* 1963: "Dick Wray Drawings", Louisiana Gallery, Houston, TX
* 1962: "Nunin Zane-zane na Kudu maso Yamma da Nunin Sculpture" Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, TX
* 1961: "Hanyoyi da Hanyoyi", Gidan Tarihi na Zamani, Houston, TX
* 1960: "Dick Wray Painting", Louisiana Gallery, Houston, TX
* 1959: Beaumont Art Museum, Beaumont, TX

## Tari
Ayyukansa suna cikin tarin jama'a da na kamfanoni masu zuwa:  

* Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, NY
* Cibiyar Fasaha ta Amarillo, Amarillo, TX
* Chase Manhattan Bank, NYC, NY
* Gidan kayan tarihi na zamani, Houston, TX
* Gabashin Texas Museum of Art, Tyler, TX
* Gidan kayan gargajiya na zamani na Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX
* Gidan kayan tarihi na Fine Arts, Houston, TX
* Museum of Modern Art, NYC, NY
* Museum of South Texas, Corpus Christi, TX
* Gidan Gallery na Ƙasa, Washington, DC
* Paine-Webber/ Rotan Mosle, Houston, TX
* Palm Springs Desert Museum, Palm Springs, CA
* San Antonio Museum of Art, San Antonio, TX
* Jami'ar Kudancin Methodist, Dallas, TX
* Jami'ar Oklahoma, Norman, Ok
* Wilson Industries, Houston, TX
* Witte Memorial Museum, San Antonio, TX

## Labarai

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* Patricia Covo Johnson (1995). Contemporary Art in Texas. Craftsman House, Roseville East, New South Wales. 240 pp.
* Greene, Alison de Lima (2000). Texas: 150 Works from the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers. New York, New York, 279 pp. [with contributions by Shannon Halwes, Kathleen Robinson, Robert Montgomery, Monica Garza, Jason Goldstein, and Alejandra Jiménez]
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## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

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