C. L. R. James

**Cyril Lionel Robert James** (4 Janairu 1901 - 31 Mayu 1989), wanda wani lokaci ya yi rubutu a ƙarƙashin sunan alƙalami JR Johnson, ɗan tarihi ne na Trinidadian, ɗan jarida, ɗan gwagwarmayar Trotskyist kuma marubuci Marxist. Ayyukansa suna da tasiri a fannoni daban-daban na ka'idoji, zamantakewa, da tarihin tarihi. Ayyukansa wani jigo ne na Marxism, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin majagaba kuma mai tasiri a cikin wallafe-wallafen bayan mulkin mallaka. Wani dan gwagwarmayar siyasa mara gajiyawa, James shine marubucin aikin juyin juya halin duniya na 1937 wanda ke bayyana tarihin gurguzu na kasa da kasa, wanda ya haifar da muhawara a da'irar Trotskyist, kuma a cikin 1938 ya rubuta game da juyin juya halin Haiti, The Black Jacobins.

Wanda Edward Said ya bayyana a matsayin "mai yare na anti-Stalinist", James an san shi da ikon sarrafa kansa, don rubutun wasan kwaikwayo na lokaci-lokaci da almara, kuma a matsayin ɗan wasa ƙwazo. Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayonsa na 1934 Toussaint Louverture shine karo na farko da ƙwararrun ƴan wasan baƙar fata suka fito a cikin wani shiri da wani baƙar fata marubucin wasan kwaikwayo ya rubuta a Burtaniya. Littafinsa na 1936 Minty Alley shine littafi na farko da wani baƙar fata Indiya ta yamma ya buga a Biritaniya. An kuma yi suna a matsayin marubuci a wasan kurket, da littafinsa na 1963 Beyond a Boundary, wanda shi da kansa ya bayyana a matsayin "ba abin tunawa da wasan kurket ba ko tarihin rayuwa", ana kiransa da mafi kyawun littafi guda akan wasan kurket, har ma da mafi kyawun littafin game da wasanni da aka taɓa rubutawa.

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Rayuwar farko a Trinidad
An haife shi a cikin 1901 a Tunapuna, Trinidad da Tobago, sannan masarautar Burtaniya ta Crown, CL R. James shine ɗan fari na malamin makaranta Robert Alexander James  da Ida Elizabeth, ɗan'uwa Rudder.

A cikin 1910, James ya sami lambar yabo zuwa Kwalejin Sarauniya ta Sarauniya (QRC), makarantar sakandare mafi tsufa wacce ba ta Katolika ba, a Port of Spain, inda ya zama dan wasan cricketer kuma ya bambanta kansa a matsayin ɗan wasa (ya riƙe rikodin tsalle-tsalle na Trinidad a 5 ƙafa 9 inci (175 cm) daga 1918 zuwa 1922) kuma ya fara rubutawa. Bayan kammala karatunsa a 1918 daga QRC, ya yi aiki a can a matsayin malamin Turanci da Tarihi a cikin 1920s; daga cikin waɗanda ya koyar akwai matashi Eric Williams, wanda ya zama Firayim Minista na farko na Trinidad da Tobago.

Tare da Ralph de Boissière, Albert Gomes, da Alfred Mendes, James memba ne na ƙungiyar Beacon mai adawa da mulkin mallaka, da'irar marubutan da ke da alaƙa da mujallar Beacon, inda ya buga jerin gajerun labarai. Gajeren labarinsa "La Divina Pastora" an buga shi a watan Oktoba 1927 a cikin Bita na Adabi na Asabar, kuma an sake buga shi sosai.

## shekarun Burtaniya
A cikin 1932, James ya bar Trinidad zuwa ƙaramin garin Nelson a Lancashire, Ingila, bisa gayyatar abokinsa, ɗan wasan kurket na Indiya ta Yamma Learie Constantine, wanda ya buƙaci taimakonsa rubuta Cricket na tarihin rayuwarsa (an buga shi a 1933). James ya kawo tare da shi Ingila rubutun aikinsa na farko wanda ba na almara ba, wani bangare dangane da hirarsa da shugaban ƙwadago na Trinidad Arthur Andrew Cipriani, wanda aka buga tare da taimakon kuɗi daga Constantine a cikin 1932.

A wannan lokacin, James ya ɗauki aiki a matsayin wakilin cricket tare da The Manchester Guardian.[15] A 1933, ya koma London. A shekara ta gaba, ya shiga ƙungiyar Trotskyist da ta taru don yin magana na sa’o’i a ɗakinsa na haya. Louise Cripps, ɗaya daga cikin membobinta, ta tuna: "Mun ji cewa aikinmu zai iya ba da gudummawa ga lokacin da za mu ga Socialism yana yaduwa."

James ya fara yakin neman 'yancin kai na West Indies yayin da yake Trinidad. Leonard da Virginia Woolf's Hogarth Press ne suka fitar da taƙaitaccen sigar rayuwarsa ta Kyaftin Cipriani a cikin 1933 a matsayin ƙasidar The Case for West-Indian Self Government.[18] Ya zama zakaran Pan-Africanism, kuma an nada shi Shugaban Kasashen Duniya na Abokan Afirka na Abyssinia, daga baya ya canza sunan Abokan Afirka na Duniya na Habasha (IAFE) [19] - ƙungiyar da aka kafa a 1935 don mayar da martani ga mamayewar Italiyanci na Italiyanci na Habasha (Yaƙin Italo-Ethiopian Na Biyu). Manyan mambobin sun hada da Amy Ashwood Garvey, Jomo Kenyatta da Chris Braithwaite.

Lokacin da aka mayar da IAFE zuwa Ofishin Hidimar Afirka ta Duniya a 1937, James ya shirya wasiƙarsa, Afirka da Duniya, da mujallarta, Ra'ayin Afirka ta Duniya. Abokinsa George Padmore ne ya jagoranci Ofishin, wanda ya zama mai fafutukar neman gurguzu Pan-Africanism tsawon shekaru da dama. Dukansu Padmore da James sun rubuta don Sabon Shugaban, wanda Jam'iyyar Labour mai zaman kanta (ILP) ta buga, wanda James ya shiga cikin 1934 (lokacin da Fenner Brockway ya kasance Babban Sakatare).

## Manazarta