Susan Brennan

**Susan Elise Brennan** Mastani kimiyya ce da aka sani da bincikenta kan sadarwa ta ɗan adam a cikin ruwan tabarau masu yawa na ilimin harshe, ilimin halayyar mutum, da kimiyyar kwamfuta. Tana da muƙamai na Farfesa mai daraja da Darakta na Nazarin Digiri a Jami'ar Stony Brook . 

Brennan memba ce ta Ƙungiyar Amurka don Ci gaban Kimiyya (AAAS).  A shekara ta 2003, ta lashe lambar yabo ta Jami'ar Jihar New York (SUNY) Chancellors Research Recognition Award  kuma a 2023, SUNY Board of Trustees ta nada ta Farfesa mai daraja. 

## Tarihin rayuwa
Brennan ta sami digiri na BA a fannin Anthropology a Jami'ar Cornell . Ta ci gaba da karatunta a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT)  inda ta yi aiki a karkashin kulawar Nicholas Negroponte a Ma'aikatar Gine-gine ta MIT da Kungiyar Injin Gine-gine. Rubutun Brennan na mashahuriyar kan tsara ta kwamfuta na caricatures, wanda aka buga a 1982,  ta ƙaddamar da farkon aikin da ta samu a fannin ilimi. Rubutun ta ya kasance mai ban sha'awa ta amfani da sabon shirin kwamfuta don tsara fuskoki tare da siffofi masu yawa. Wannan ya ba da gudummawa ga juyin halitta na ikon kwamfutoci don gane siffofin fuska, kuma ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na kimiyya, ya ba da haske game da yadda mutane ke aiki da fahimtar siffofin fuskar.

Brennan ta kammala digirin Ph.D. a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a shekarar 1990 a Jami'ar Stanford, tare da ƙwarewa a fannin halayyar harshe da kimiyyar fahimta. A karkashin mai ba da shawara Herb Clark, Brennan ta rubuta takardar karatun digirin ta mai taken "Bincike da samar da shaida don fahimtar juna" (1990). Rubutun ta ya fadada kan aikin Clark na baya a kan kafawa a cikin tattaunawa ta hanyar ƙirƙirar da gwada hanyar tattara shaidar fahimta a cikin tattaunawa.

Brennan ta yi aiki a matsayin Daraktan Shirin na Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Kasa (NSF) Shirin Binciken Digiri daga 2015-2018.  A cikin 2021, Brennan tare da abokan aikinta huɗu a Jami'ar Stony Brook an ba su tallafin NSF na dala miliyan 3 don tallafawa horar da dalibai masu digiri a fannin kimiyyar bayanai da fasaha ta wucin gadi (AI).   An nuna aikin su a shafin yanar gizon NSF don kokarin da aka yi na ganowa da yaki da nuna bambanci a cikin AI.

## Bincike
Shirin bincike na Brennan tana nazarin sadarwa a cikin mahallin daban-daban da hanyoyin hulɗa na tattaunawar ɗan adam. Duk da yake wasu bincike na harshe suna mai da hankali kan ko dai mai sauraro ko mai magana a cikin tattaunawa, ƙirar gwaji ta Brennan tana ba da damar nazarin ra'ayoyin biyu. Misali, tambayoyin bincikenta suna bincika yadda mutum zai iya sarrafa tattaunawa a matsayin mai sauraro da mai magana, misali, yayin da suke magana, ko suna shiga cikin alama ko harshe na jiki, kuma yayin sauraro, ko suna shirya don amsarsu bayan furcin.

A cikin 1995, Brennan ta buga aiki kan mayar da hankali a cikin magana. Ta bincika na'urorin harshe da masu magana ke amfani da su don jawo hankali ga "masu zaman kansu" na tattaunawarsu ta hanyar sarrafa abubuwan da ke cikin sauti da gani a ciki da waje. Sakamakon wannan binciken ya gano cewa masu magana suna amfani da na'urorin harshe don jawo hankalin masu sauraro ga batun da suka zaɓa.

A shekara ta 2006, aikin Brennan a kan ma'anar tattaunawa ta kai ta ga nazarin kallon da aka raba. Wadanda suka halarci wannan binciken sun sa ido yayin kammala ayyukan ko dai shi kaɗai ko haɗin gwiwa ta amfani da tattaunawar magana, dubawa ko kallo ba tare da tattaunawa ba, ko haɗuwa da duka biyun. Brennan da tawagarta suna kallon yadda aka kammala aikin da sauri da kuma daidai. Nazarin yana da muhimmiyar gudummawa ga filin saboda yanayin "shared-gaze" ya haifar da saurin, ingantaccen aiki idan aka kwatanta da yanayin da ya haɗa da tattaunawa.

## Littattafan wakilci

* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Janareta na caricature: ƙarancin fuska ta kwamfuta. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 17]
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Mai da hankali a cikin magana. *Harshe da hanyoyin fahimta*, *10* (2), 137-167. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690969508407091
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita. Yarjejeniyar ra'ayi da zaɓin ƙamus a cikin tattaunawa. Jaridar Nazarin Jiki: Ilimi, Tunawa, da Sanarwa, 22 (6), 1482-1493. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.22.6.1482
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Hanyar tsakiya ga sunayen sarauta. A cikin Ayyuka na *Taron shekara-shekara na 25 na Ƙungiyar Nazarin Harshe* (shafi na 155-162). Stanford.
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci. Kasancewa a cikin sadarwa. A cikin L. B. Resnick, J. M. Levine, & S. D. Teasley (Eds.), Perspectives on socially shared cognition (shafi na 127-149). Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halitta ta Amirka.

## Manazarta