Ruwa mai ban ruwa

'**''Ruwa** mai ban ruwa** ko ruwa mai ban ruwa wani nau'i ne na tsarin micro-ar ruwa wanda keda damar adana ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki ta hanyar bada damar ruwa ya drip sannu a hankali zuwa tushen [[shuke-shuke]], ko dai daga sama da ƙasa ko binne a ƙasa. Manufar itace sanya ruwa kai tsaye a cikin Yankin tushe kuma rage evaporation. Tsarin ban ruwa yana rarraba ruwa ta hanyar [[sadarwa]] ta bawul, bututu,  da masu fitarwa. Dangane da yadda aka tsara, shigar, kiyayewa, da kuma sarrafa shi, tsarin ban ruwa na drip na iya zama mafi inganci fiye da sauran nau'ikan tsarin ban ruwa, kamar ban ruwa na ƙasa ko ban ruwa.

Masana [[kimiyya]] na Isra'ila ne suka kirkiro ban ruwa na zamani a cikin shekarun 1960.  Ya zuwa shekara ta 2023, kashi 85% na ban ruwa a duniya duk da haka har yanzu ana yinsa ne ta hanyar hanyoyin gargajiya.

== Tarihi ==


=== Tsohon kasar Sin ===
Anyi amfani da ban ruwa na farko tun zamanin d ̄ a. ''Fan Shengzhi shu'', wanda aka rubuta a ƙasar Sin a cikin ƙarni na farko KZ, ya bayyana amfani da tukwane na yumbu da aka binne, wanda ba a rufe shi da ruwa ba, wani lokacin ana kiransa Ollas, a matsayin hanyar ban ruwa.

=== Cigaban zamani ===

==== Jamus: bututun karkashin kasa ====
Ruwa na [[Zamanin Zamani|zamani]] yafara cigaba a Jamus a shekarar 1860 lokacin da masu bincike suka fara gwaji tare da ban ruwa ta ƙasa ta amfani da bututun yumɓu don ƙirƙirar haɗin ban ruwa da tsarin magudanar ruwa.

==== Jirgin da akayi wa bututu ====
Daga baya aka fadada binciken a cikin shekarun 1920 don haɗawa da aikace-aikacen tsarin bututu.

==== Ostiraliya: amfani da filastik ====
Amfani da filastik don riƙewa da rarraba ruwa a cikin ban ruwa daga baya Hannis Thill ya haɓaka a Ostiraliya.

==== Isra'ila: mai fitar da filastik, ban ruwa ====
Amfani da mai fitar da filastik a cikin ban ruwa ya samo asali ne a Isra'ila ta hanyar Simcha Blass da dansa Yeshayahu .  Maimakon saki ruwa ta hanyar ƙananan ramuka da ƙananan ƙwayoyin suka toshe, an saki ruwa ta hanyoyi masu girma da tsawo ta hanyar amfani da friction don jinkirta ruwa a cikin mai fitar da filastik. Blass ne ya kafa tsarin gwaji na farko na wannan nau'in a shekarar 1959, wanda ya yi haɗin gwiwa daga baya (1964) tare da Kibbutz Hatzerim don ƙirƙirar kamfanin ban ruwa mai suna Netafim . Tare sun haɓaka kuma sun ba da izini na farko mai amfani da ruwa mai ban ruwa. An kirkiro ban ruwa na zamani a Isra'ila a cikin shekarun 1960, irin wannan ban ruwa ya inganta tasirin amfani da taki da ruwa.Gabatar da wannan fasahar ta kasance juyin juya hali a cewar Times of Israel kuma tana iya adana kashi 70% na amfani da ruwa a cikin ci gaban shinkafa.

Goldberg da Shmueli (1970)  sun haɓaka gagarumin ci gaba: "a cikin hamadar Arava a kudancin Isra'ila [Shmueli] sun nuna cewa tsarin ban ruwa da aka girka a saman ƙasa ya yi aiki sosai wajen samar da amfanin gona, har ma da ruwan gishiri (Elfving, 1989).  Tsarin ... yana da alhakin shuke-shuke da yanayin da bashi da amfani a baya.

Canja wurin tsarin ƙasa tare da tsarin ƙasa ya warware matsalar toshe tsarin ƙasa. Ingantawarsu ta kasance: "Ragewa a halin yanzu itace hanya mafi inganci don amfani da ruwa ga amfanin gona (Pathak et al. 2009; Goyal 2012)... Akwai bambance-bambance guda biyu na fasaha: farfajiyar da ƙasa. Mafi yawanci shine ban ruwa, wanda aka fara haɓaka a Isra'ila (Goldberg da Shmueli 1970)... Saboda buƙatar inganta ingancin ban ruwa, a matsayin ma'auni don amfani da yawa na albarkatun ruwa, akwai sha'awa don yin ban ruwa (Scanlon et al. 2012; Sty) 

Netafim ta haɓaka fasaha don musamman shinkafa ta ruwa. Shinkafa da ke samar da kashi 10% na hayakin methan na duniya, dai-dai da motoci miliyan 400. Anfara gabatar da wannan fasahar a Italiya, Turkiyya da Indiya. Kamfanin Agritech N-Drip ya haɓaka ban ruwa mai kyau don shinkafa. A cikin labarin TOI an ruwaito cewa tsarin N-Drip ya haifar da karuwar amfanin gona har zuwa 33%, raguwar taki na 50%, raguwar iskar gas kamar carbon da methane daga 50% zuwa 85% da kuma tanadin ruwa na 50%.

==== US: drip tape ====
A Amurka, Richard Chapin na Chapin Watermatics ne ya kirkiro tef na farko, wanda ake kira Dew Hose, a farkon shekarun 1960.  Juyin halitta na drip tape wanda yasa drip tape karɓa kuma ya yi amfani dashi a babban sikelin shine gabatarwar T-Tape a cikin 1987 ta Plastro Irrigation, wanda keda hanyar farko da aka fara fitowa da kuma hanyar laminar wanda daga baya ya samo asali a cikin hanyar turbulent dake daidaita hanyar gudana. Chapin Watermatics ta samo asali ne daga Jain Irrigation a cikin 2006 kuma an ajiye ta a ƙarƙashin reshen Amurka Jain Irrigations Inc, Amurka.

An gabatar dashi da farko a California a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, kashi 5% ne kawai na ƙasar da ake ban ruwa suka yi amfani da wannan tsarin a shekarar 1988. A shekara ta 2010, kashi 40% na ƙasar da ake ban ruwa a California sun yi amfani da wannan tsarin.

==== Zagaye na yaudara ====
Zobba mai juyawa na'ura ce ta zagaye wacce ke rarraba ruwa daidai a kusa da tushe na itace ko shrub. An haɗa shi da samar da ruwa ta hanyar bututun lambu ko daidaitawar bututu, ana iya haɗa zoben ruwa a cikin hanyar [[Ruwa|ban ruwa]] wanda ke ba da ruwa ga shuke-shuke da yawa a lokaci guda. Ta hanyar daidaita kwararar ruwa ta hanyar zobe, ana iya cika ƙasa a cikin abin dake kiyaye ruwa ta hanyar rage raguwar ruwa da asarar ƙasa saboda evaporation.  <sup>&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

## <sup>&#x5D;rabe rabe</sup>
Ruwa na zamani ya zama mafi kyawun kirkire-kirkire a cikin aikin gona tun lokacin da aka kirkiro a cikin shekarun 1930 na tasirin tasirin tasirin, wanda ya bada zaɓi na farko mai amfani ga ban ruwa. 

## Cigaban da ake samu a yanzu
Ana buƙatar nazarin hankali game da duk abubuwan da suka dace kamar yanayin ƙasa, ƙasa, ruwa, amfanin gona da yanayin yanayin yanayi don ƙayyade tsarin ban ruwa mafi dacewa da abubuwan da za a yi amfani da su a cikin takamaiman shigarwa.

### Kanni na micro-spray
Ruwa mai ban ruwa na iya amfani da na'urorin da ake kira micro-spray heads, wanda ke yayyafa ruwa a cikin karamin yanki, maimakon dripping emitters. Ana amfani da waɗannan a kan itatuwa da amfanin inabi tare da yankunan tushen da suka fi girma.

### Ruwa dake ƙasa
Ruwa mai narkewa (SDI) yana amfani da dindindin ko na ɗan lokaci da aka binne dripperline ko drip tape dake  ko a ƙasa da tushen shuka. Yana zama sananne don ban ruwa na amfanin gona, musamman a yankunan da ruwa ke da  iyaka, ko kuma ana amfani da ruwa mai sake amfani da shi don ban ruwa.

## Zuwa ga duniya da shugabannin kasuwa
Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, kasar Sin da Indiya sun kasance kasashe masu saurin fadadawa a fagen drip- ko wasu micro-irrigation, yayin da a duk duniya sama da hekta miliyan goma suka yi amfani da waɗannan fasahohin. Duk da haka, wannan yakai kasa da kashi 4 cikin 100 na ƙasar da ake ban ruwa a duniya. A wannan shekarar, Netafim na Isra'ila shine jagoran kasuwar duniya (matsayin daya kiyaye a cikin 2018 ), tare da Jain Irrigation na Indiya shine kamfanin na biyu mafi girma. A cikin 2017 Rivulis ya sayi Eurodrip kuma ya zama na biyu mafi girma a duniya a tsarin ban Ruwa.

## Abubuwan dake ciki da aiki

Abubuwan da akayi amfani dasu a cikin ban ruwa (wanda aka jera don daga tushen ruwa) sun haɗa da:

* Pump ko tushen ruwa mai matsin lamba
* Filter (s) na ruwa ko tsarin tacewa: mai raba yashi, tsarin Fertigation (Venturi injector) da kayan aikin chemigation (zaɓi) 
* Mai kula da wanka (na'urar rigakafin baya) 
* Valve mai kula da matsin lamba (mai sarrafa matsin lamba) 
* Lines na rarraba (babban bututu mai diamita, watakila ƙarami na biyu, kayan bututu) 
* Ana sarrafawa da hannu, lantarki, ko bawul ɗin sarrafa ruwa da bawul ɗin tsaro
* Ƙananan bututun polyethylene na diamita (wanda ake kira "na gefe") 
* Kayan aiki da kayan haɗi (don yin haɗin kai) 
* Na'urorin fitarwa a tsire-tsire (mai fitarwa ko dripper, micro spray head, inline dripper ko inline drip tube) 

A cikin tsarin ban ruwa, famfo da bawul na iya aiki da hannu ko ta atomatik ta hanyar mai sarrafawa.

Most large drip irrigation systems employ some type of filter to prevent clogging of the small emitter flow path by small waterborne particles. New technologies are now being offered that minimize clogging.  Some residential systems are installed without additional filters since potable water is already filtered at the water treatment plant. Virtually all drip irrigation equipment manufacturers recommend that filters be employed and generally will not honor warranties unless this is done.  Last line filters just before the final delivery pipe are strongly recommended in addition to any other filtration system due to fine particle settlement and accidental insertion of particles in the intermediate lines.

Ana amfani da ban ruwa mai narkewa da ruwa mai narkarwa kusan kawai lokacin da ake amfani da ruwan sharar gida. Dokokin yawanci basa bada  izinin yayyafa ruwa ta iska wanda ba a kula da shi sosai ga ka'idodin ruwan sha.

Saboda yadda ake amfani da ruwa a cikin tsarin drip, aikace-aikacen gargajiya na kayan lambu na lokaci-lokaci basu da tasiri, don haka tsarin drip sau da yawa suna haɗuwa da kayan lambu tare da ruwan ban ruwa. Wannan ana kiransa fertigation; fertigation da chemigation (aikace-aikacen magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran sunadarai don tsaftace tsarin lokaci-lokaci, kamar chlorine ko sulfuric acid) suna amfani da injectors na sinadarai kamar famfo na diaphragm, famfo na piston, ko aspirators. Ana iya ƙara sunadarai koyaushe a duk lokacin da tsarin ke ban ruwa ko a lokaci-lokaci. Ana bayar da rahoton ajiyar man fetur har zuwa 95% daga gwaje-gwajen filin jami'a na baya-bayan nan ta amfani da drip fertigation da jinkirin isar da ruwa idan aka kwatanta da lokacin saki da ban ruwa ta micro spray heads.

An tsara shi dakyau, an shigar da shi, kuma an sarrafa shi, ban ruwa mai ɗorewa na iya taimakawa wajen cimma kiyaye ruwa ta hanyar rage evaporation da zurfin ruwa idan aka kwatanta da wasu nau'ikan ban ruwa kamar ambaliyar ruwa ko masu yayyafa sama tunda ana iya amfani da ruwa daidai ga tushen shuka. Bugu da kari, drip na iya kawar da cututtuka da yawa waɗanda ke yaduwa ta hanyar hulɗa da ruwa tare da ganye. A ƙarshe, a yankunan da ke da iyaka sosai, wataƙila babu ainihin tanadin ruwa, amma kawai karuwa a cikin samarwa yayin amfani da adadin ruwa kamar yadda ya gabata. A yankuna masu bushewa sosai ko a kan yashi, hanyar da akafi so ita ce amfani da ruwan ban ruwa a hankali kamar yadda zai yiwu.

Ana amfani da ban ruwa a wasu lokuta don rage yawan ruwan da aka kawo zuwa shuka a kowane lokaci, don haka rage runoff ko zurfin percolation. Tsarin bugun yana da tsada kuma yana buƙatar kulawa mai yawa. Sabili da haka, sabbin kokarin da masana'antun masu fitarwa sukayi suna mai da hankali kan bunkasa sabbin fasahohin da ke isar da ruwan ban ruwa a ƙananan ƙimar, watau ƙasa da  L (2.1 US pints; 1.8 imperial pints) a kowace awa. A hankali-da-har ma isar da shi ya kara inganta ingancin amfani da ruwa batare da ya haifar da tsada da rikitarwa na kayan aikin isar da aka buga ba.

Wani bututun fitarwa wani nau'in bututun ban ruwa ne tare da masu fitarwa da aka riga aka shigar a masana'antar tare da takamaiman nesa da gudana a kowace awa kamar yadda aka saba da nisan amfanin gona.

Mai fitarwa yana ƙuntata hanyar ruwa ta hanyarsa, don haka haifar da asarar kai da ake buƙata (har zuwa matsin yanayi) don fitar da ruwa a cikin nau'in ɗigon ruwa. Wannan asarar kai ana samun ta ta hanyar friction / turbulence a cikin mai fitarwa.

## Fa'idodi da rashin fa'idodi
 

Fa'idodin ban ruwa masu ban ruwa sune:

* An rage kayan kwalliya da asarar abinci mai gina jiki saboda aikace-aikacen da aka yi da kuma rage leaching.
* Ingancin aikace-aikacen ruwa yana da girma idan aka sarrafa shi daidai.
* Ba lallai ba ne a daidaita filin.
* Filin dake da siffofi marasa daidaituwa suna da sauƙin shiga.
* Ana iya amfani da ruwan da ba a sha ba tare da aminci ba.
* Za'a iya kiyaye danshi a cikin yankin tushen a filin.
* Nau'in ƙasa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yawan ban ruwa.
* Rugujewar ƙasa ta ragu.
* Cigaban ciyawa ya ragu.
* Rarraba ruwa daidai ne, ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar fitar da kowane bututun ruwa.
* Kudin aiki yafi na sauran hanyoyin ban ruwa.
* Bambancin wadata za a iya tsara shi ta hanyar daidaita bawul da drippers.
* Za'a iya haɗa fashewa cikin sauƙi tare da ƙananan sharar taki.
* Foliage ya kasance bushe, yana rage haɗarin cututtuka.
* Yawancin lokaci ana aiki a matsin lamba fiye da wasu nau'ikan ban ruwa, rage farashin makamashi.

Rashin fa'idodi na ban ruwa shine:

* Rana na iya shafar bututun da aka yi amfani da su don ban ruwa, ta rage tsawon rayuwarsu.  (Dubi lalacewar Polymer);
* Hadarin lalacewar filastik da ke shafar abun da ke cikin ƙasa da amfanin gona. Tare da nau'ikan filastik da yawa, lokacin da rana ta lalata filastik, wanda yasa ya zama mai laushi, sunadarai na estrogenic (watau, sunadarin dake kwaikwayon hormones na mata) wanda zai sa filastik ya riƙe sassauci an sake shi cikin mahalli.
* Idan ba a tace ruwa yadda ya kamata ba kuma ba a kula da kayan aikin yadda ya kamata, zai iya haifar da toshewa ko toshewa.
* Don drip na ƙasa mai ban ruwa ba zai iya ganin ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi ba. Wannan na iya haifar da manomi ko dai yin amfani da ruwa mai yawa (ƙananan inganci) ko kuma rashin isasshen ruwa, wannan ya zama ruwan dare ga waɗanda ba su da ƙwarewa sosai tare da ban ruwa.
* Rashin ban ruwa na iya zama mara gamsarwa idan magungunan herbicides ko taki na sama suna buƙatar ban ruwa mai ban ruwa don kunnawa.
* Rubutun cirewa yana haifar da ƙarin farashi na tsaftacewa bayan girbi. Masu amfani suna buƙatar tsarawa don jujjuyawar tef, zubar, sake amfani ko sake amfani.
* Rashin ruwa, lokaci da girbi, idan ba a shigar da su yadda ya kamata ba. Wadannan tsarin suna buƙatar nazarin da kyau game da duk abubuwan da suka dace kamar yanayin ƙasa, ƙasa, ruwa, amfanin gona da yanayin yanayin yanayi, da kuma dacewa da tsarin ban ruwa da abubuwan dake ciki.
* A cikin ƙasa mai sauƙi, drip na ƙasa na iya ba zai iya yayyafa ƙasa don tsiro ba. Yana buƙatar la'akari da zurfin shigarwa.
* Yawancin tsarin drip an tsara su ne don inganci mai girma, ma'ana kadan ko babu raguwa. Ba tare da isasshen leaching ba, gishiri da aka yi amfani dashi tare da ruwan ban ruwa na iya ginawa a cikin tushen yankin, yawanci a gefen tsarin wanka. A gefe guda, ban ruwa mai drip yana guje wa babban yiwuwar capillary na ban ruwa na gargajiya, wanda zai iya jawo gishiri daga ajiyar dake ƙasa.
* Pipes na PVC sau da yawa suna fama da lalacewar dabbobi, suna buƙatar maye gurbin dukkan bututun da kuma kara kudade.
* Ba za a iya amfani da tsarin ban ruwa don kula da lalacewa ta hanyar sanyi na dare ba (kamar tsarin ban ruwa mai fesawa) 

## Rubutun Drip

Drip tape wani nau'i ne na dripperline mai laushi wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ban ruwa. An san tef na farko da ake kira "Dew Hose".

Anyi tef ɗin bututun bututun da polyethylene kuma ana sayar dashi  akan reels. Kaurin bango yawanci yana daga   . Ana amfani da kaset masu kauri don ban ruwa na dindindin da kuma kaset masu kaura don tsarin jefawa na wucin gadi a cikin amfanin gona mai daraja.

Ruwa yana fitowa daga tef ta hanyar masu fitarwa ko drippers. Yankin mai fitarwa na yau da kullun ya kasance daga  . A wasu samfuran, ana ƙera masu fitarwa a lokaci guda tare da tef ɗin kuma an kafa su a matsayin wani ɓangare na samfurin kanta. A wasu, ana ƙera masu fitarwa daban kuma an shigar dasu a lokacin samarwa.

Wasu samfurori ba tef bane, amma mai laushi mai laushi, amma a cikin sanannen magana, ana kiran nau'ikan samfuran biyu kaset. Yawan diamita na tef shine   in),   in, da   + 3⁄8 in).

Drip tape kayan aiki ne mai sake amfani dashi kuma ana iya sake amfani dasu a cikin resins na filastik don sake amfani da masana'antar masana'antar filastik.

## Amfani dashi

Ana amfani da ban ruwa a cikin gonaki, gidajen kasuwanci, da lambuna masu zama. Ana amfani da ban ruwa sosai a yankunan dake da karancin ruwa kuma musamman ga amfanin gona da bishiyoyi kamar kwakwa, itatuwan shimfidar wuri, inabi, ayaba, Ber, eggplant, citrus, strawberries, sukari, auduga, masara, da tumatir.

Kayan ban ruwa na Drip don lambunan gida suna ƙara shahara ga masu gida kuma sun ƙunshi mai sa'a, bututu, da mai fitarwa. Ana amfani da bututun dake da   in) a diamita don ban ruwa ga tukwane na furanni.

## Dubi kuma

* Ƙasa mai laushi
* Cation-canjin damar
* Tasirin muhalli na ban ruwa
* Lissafin labaran da suka shafi ƙasa
* Phosphogypsum
* Ragowar sodium carbonate index
* pH na ƙasa
* Kula da gishiri na ƙasa

## Manazarta

## Ƙarin karantawa

* *Ruwa*, 5th Edition, Muhammad Irfan Khan Yousafzai, Claude H. Pair, edita, wanda kungiyar Ruwa ta buga, 1983
* Trickle Irrigation for Crop Production, F. S. Nakayama da D. A. Bucks, editoci, wanda Elsevier ya buga, 1986,   
* S. Blass, Water in Strife and Action (Ibraniyawa), wanda Massada Limited ya buga, Isra'ila, 1973
* Manufar Kulawa, wanda Jain Irrigation Systems ya buga, 1989
* Drip da Micro Irrigation Design da Management for Trees, Vines, and Field Crops, 5th Edition, by Charles M. Burt and Stuart W. Styles, buga da Cibiyar Horar da Ruwa da Bincike (ITRC), Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407-0721. www.itrc.org., 2016