María Pacheco

**María López de Mendoza y Pacheco** (–1531) was a Castilian revolutionary who led the Revolt of the Comuneros in the Kingdom of Toledo.

An haife ta a cikin Gidan Mendoza a cikin Masarautar Granada, an ba ta ilimi na gargajiya kuma tana kula da gudanar da fadar Alhambra. Mahaifinta, Íñigo López de Mendoza, mai goyon bayan haƙuri na addini da ikon duniya a kan Inquisition na Mutanen Espanya, ya shirya ta ta auri Juan López de Padilla, wani *hidalgo* daga Masarautar Toledo . A can ta karɓi kula da gidan Padilla, yayin da mijinta ya yi kamfen don haƙƙin ƙananan masu daraja a kan mulkin ƙasashen waje na Carlos I.

Bayan barkewar tawayen Comuneros a shekarar 1520, ta yi ƙoƙarin zaɓen ɗan'uwanta a matsayin Bishop na Toledo, amma wani ɓangare na comuneros ya toshe ta. Bayan shan kaye a hannun comunero a Yaƙin Villalar, an kashe mijinta kuma daga baya ta karɓi ragamar tawayen a Toledo . Ta sami goyon bayan jama'a ga manufar kuma ta kula da ƙarfafa tsaron birnin, wanda daga ƙarshe ya haifar da tattaunawa ta ƙare da masu sarauta suna ba wa Toledo sassauci mai yawa. Lokacin da masu sarauta suka ƙi bin sharuɗɗan da aka amince da su, Toledo ta sake tayar da zaune tsaye. Yayin da masu sarauta suka yi kira ga Pacheco ya yi mata kan, ta gudu daga birnin a ɓoye. Ta tafi gudun hijira a Portugal, inda ta mutu.

Masu rubuta tarihin Castilian na zamani sun yi mata Allah wadai da hauka da kuma sihiri, yayin da gwamnatin Castilian ta rushe hedikwatarta ta kuma yi wa duniya gishiri, ta bar wani abin tunawa da kayar da *Comuneros* . A zamanin yau, an sake fassara gadonta, wanda ke nuna ta a matsayin wadda ta fara fafutukar daidaiton zamantakewa da 'yancin ɗan adam.

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Rayuwar farko da iyali
An haifi María Pacheco a , [ 1 ] a fadar Alhambra, a Masarautar Granada . [ 2 ] Ita 'yar Íñigo López de Mendoza ce, Count of Tendilla, [ 3 ] da Francisca Pacheco . [ 1 ] Mahaifiyarta ta mutu a shekara ta 1507, yayin da María take ƙarama.  Mahaifinta, ƙwararren masanin Renaissance na Spain, [ 1 ] ne ya rene ta, wanda ya ba wa 'yarsa ilimi. [ 2 ] Hernán Núñez da Peter Martyr d'Anghiera ne suka koyar da ita, an ilmantar da ita a harsunan Latin da Girkanci, da kuma lissafi, tarihi, waƙa da kuma littattafan Kirista . [ 1 ] Ta kuma yi karatun siyasa na gargajiya. 

Lokacin da María ta shiga ƙuruciyarta, Majalisar Mendoza ta riga ta rasa tasirinta na siyasa da tattalin arziki a Granada, wani ɓangare saboda Mendoza abokin hamayya ne ga Inquisition na Spain . Duk da amincinsu ga Fernando V, wanda ya sa suka rasa mallakar filaye da kuma kashe kuɗi mai yawa na soja, masarautar Mendozas ta ƙi su. Don haka Mendoza ya nemi haɗin gwiwa da iyalin Padilla, waɗanda ke jagorantar Order of Calatrava kuma ke jagorantar , kuma wanda ya bayyana amincinsa ga Juana na Castile . 

Duk da cewa López de Mendoza har yanzu yana ɗaukar kansa a matsayin mai biyayya ga Fernando, ya raba amincin Padillas ga Gidan Trastámara game da ƙaruwar Gidan Habsburg da kuma sha'awar kare 'yancin Masarautar Toledo daga Masarautar Castile . Pacheco da kanta ta ɗauki wannan ra'ayi na ƙiyayya ga Habsburg, yayin da ta ɗauki sahihancin masarautar Spain a matsayin mai da hankali kan jin daɗin ƙasar, musamman manyan mutanen Spain . 

### Aure da Padilla
A shekara ta 1509, Mendoza ya riga ya fara tunanin kafa kawancensa da Padillas ta hanyar aurar da 'yarsa ga iyalinsa. Ganin cewa yana da ƙaunar María sosai, kuma yana son ya cece ta daga mummunan auren 'yar uwarta, yana son tabbatar da cewa an shirya ta da wanda ya dace.  Ya sami wanda yake so a Juan de Padilla . [ 9 ] A watan Nuwamba na 1510, an amince da sadaki,  bisa sharadin cewa Pacheco ta bar gadonta ga mijinta. [ 11 ] Lokacin da López de Padilla ta isa Granada a ranar 14 ga Agusta 1511, Pacheco ba ta haɗu da wanda aka yi mata ba  kuma a bayyane yake tana cikin fargaba game da auren da aka shirya. [ 13 ] An yi wa ma'auratan aure a hukumance washegari, a wani biki da Padillas da Mendozas suka halarta, da kuma ma'ajin sarki. 

Ganin cewa duk wannan ya yi masa tsada sosai, Mendoza ya nemi Fernando ya naɗa shi a matsayin mai kula da haraji na Masarautar Granada, wanda zai ba shi hanyoyin da ya ga ya dace don samar wa 'yarsa kyakkyawan aure, amma Sarki ya ƙi buƙatarsa.  A shekara ta 1514, suka fara shirye-shiryen bikin; kuɗaɗen taron sun yi wa Mendoza nauyi, wanda ya ƙara ƙin Fernando saboda rashin goyon bayansa. Bai iya samar wa 'yarsa rigar aure ta siliki ko kayan ado na zinariya ba, kuma ya nemi baƙi su yi ado mai kyau.  Ya ci gaba da neman Fernando ya taimaka wajen ba da kuɗin taron, amma an yi ta ƙin amincewa da shi akai-akai, wanda ya haifar masa da babban damuwa da damuwa na kuɗi, domin an tilasta masa sayar da kayan adonsa ya kuma ci bashi ga "kowa a cikin birni" don ya biya kuɗin bikin. 

A ƙarshe an yi bikin auren a ranar 18 ga Janairu 1515, a tsakiyar hunturu. Mutane 150 ne suka halarci bikin auren, kuma "duk wanda ke cikin birnin da zai iya hawa doki" ya tarbi amaryar Pacheco.  Jami'an Morisco daga Albaicín suma sun albarkaci taron, a matsayin alamar girmamawa da 'yan ƙasar Granada ke da ita ga Mendoza. Yana da sha'awar bayar da rahoton hakan ga Fernando, don nuna nasarar juriyarsa ta addini kan manufar Fernando ta tsananta wa addini.  Bayan bikin auren, Pacheco da sabon mijinta sun tafi Porcuna, a Masarautar Toledo. Duk da cewa sun yi baƙin ciki da tafiyar 'yarsa, Mendoza ta gamsu cewa Padillas za ta yi mata kyau. 

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan isa Porcuna, Padilla ta tafi don gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci, ta bar Pacheco a matsayin shugaban kwamandojin yankin. Pacheco ta riga ta ƙware a fannin gudanarwa, bayan ta gudanar da harkokin a Alhambra bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarta, ta karɓi harkokin gidan Padilla. Ta kuma sanar da mahaifinta ayyukan maƙiyansa a fadar Sarki Fernando, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin Mendozas da Padillas, inda ta sanya ta a tsakiyar shirye-shiryen da burin iyalan biyu.  Akwai ƙananan bayanai game da ayyukanta a shekarun bayan mutuwar mahaifinta a watan Yulin 1515; a wannan lokacin, ta ƙara tasirinta a Masarautar Toledo, inda ta kai matsayi mai mahimmanci wanda daga ƙarshe ta sami damar jagorantar birnin Toledo . 

### Jagorancin juyin juya hali

Bayan naɗa Carlos na ɗaya a matsayin Sarkin Castile, an naɗa Jean Sauvage na Flemish a matsayin shugaban ƙasar.  Mutanen Padilla, waɗanda suka yi fafutukar neman 'yancin kai na Toledan kuma suka kasance masu adawa da mulkin ƙasashen waje, sun yi adawa da sabuwar gwamnatin. [ 24 ] Juan de Padilla ya kare al'adun *hidalgos* ( ƙananan sarakuna ) da talakawan birni a kan masarauta da sarakuna, inda ya sami goyon baya mai yawa a Toledo, inda ya jagoranci tawayen Comuneros a kan Sarki. 

A watan Janairun 1521, bayan mutuwar William de Croÿ, Bishop na Toledo, Flemish, Pacheco ta yi amfani da damar wajen ɗaukaka wani memba na iyalinta zuwa wannan matsayi. [ 26 ] Mahaifin Pacheco da kansa ya yi fafutukar neman iko mai ƙarfi a kan Cocin kuma ya shawarci 'yarsa kan yadda za ta bi wannan manufar.  Ta yi fafutukar neman zaɓen ɗan'uwanta , [ 27 ] suna ƙoƙarin samun goyon baya kafin Carlos I ya sami damar yin wani abu a kanta.  Amma wani ɓangare na *comuneros* ya yi adawa da matakinta kuma ya gayyaci Antonio Osorio de Acuña, Bishop na Zamora, don ya tsaya takara a zaɓen da kuma iyakance ikon Pacheco a Toledo. [ 26 ] Duk da cewa tana jin tsoron zuwan Acuña zai ƙalubalanci "ikonta mara jayayya",  Bishop ya bayar da musayar ra'ayi, inda za ta goyi bayan takararsa ta zaɓe don a naɗa mijinta a matsayin kwamandan Order of Santiago . [ 26 ] Duk da amincewarsu, Acuña a ƙarshe ba ta iya ƙarfafa ikon malaman addini a cikin birnin ba. [ 29 ] A halin yanzu, Pacheco ta ci gaba da ayyukanta don ciyar da muradun iyalinta a Toledo gaba. 

## Manazarta