Hugh Ellwood Macbeth Sr.

**Hugh Ellwood Macbeth Sr.** (1884-1956) lauya ne na Afirka wanda ya kare haƙƙin shari'a na Japan a lokacin yaƙi a California a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu .

## Ilimi da farkon aiki
An haifi Hugh Macbeth Sr. a shekara ta 1884 a Charleston, North Carolina . Ya halarci Jami'ar Fisk (ya kammala karatu a 1905)  kuma ya kammala karatunsa na shari'a a Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard a 1908.  Ya yi aiki a Maryland har zuwa 1912, kuma ya zama editan kafa *Baltimore Times* a wannan lokacin. Ya koma Los Angeles, California, a lokacin 1912-1913, inda ya bude ofishin lauya tare da ɗan'uwansa na Harvard Law Willis Oliver Tyler (ɗan'uwan Macbeth Sr. Gobert Eliot Macbeth daga baya ya shiga kamfanin).  Duk da haka, a cikin 1927, Macbeth Sr. ya jagoranci ƙungiyar lauyoyin Afirka da Yahudawa a cikin nasarar kalubalantar ware kowanne rukuni daga California Bar Association .  A shekara ta 1938, ya zama babban sakataren Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci ta California, wacce gwamnan California na lokacin Frank Merriam ya kirkira.

## Wakilin haƙƙin doka ga Jafananci na Amurkawa a lokacin WWII
Tare da Executive Order 9066 da gwamnatin Amurka ta bayar, an umarci 'yan Japan zuwa sansanonin fursunoni. Macbeth Sr. ya wakilci Amurkawa na Japan a gaban gwamnatin Amurka a kan wannan batun. A shekara ta 1943, ya shiga ƙungiyar lauyoyi ta Japan American Citizens League (JACL) don yin aiki a kan shari'ar Regan v. King, wanda shari'ar kotu ce wacce ta nemi cire haƙƙin jefa kuri'a ga Jafananci na Amurka a lokacin yaƙi. Ya kasance a cikin ƙungiyar lauyoyin Korematsu v. Amurka wacce ta kalubalanci Dokar zartarwa 9066 wacce ta ba da izinin tsare 'yan Japan. Ya sanya hannu kan taƙaitaccen amicus curiae don shari'ar. Abin takaici, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukunci a kan wannan shari'ar cewa kundin tsarin mulki na Amurka ya ba da izinin ɗaurin kurkuku bisa ga tseren, kodayake daga baya aka soke hukuncin.

A shekara ta 1945, ya kasance daga cikin ƙungiyar lauyoyi da ke wakiltar Fred da Kajiro Oyama yayin da suke kalubalantar Dokar Alien Land a California. Shari'ar ta kai ga Kotun Koli ta Amurka a matsayin *Oyama v. California* .  Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci a 1948 cewa tilasta aiwatar da dokar dole ne ta ƙare. Wannan ya haifar da ma'anar doka don hukunce-hukuncen nan gaba game da wariyar launin fata.

## Ayyukan bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II a matsayin lauya

Bayan yakin, an saki 'yan Japan daga tsare-tsare. A wannan lokacin, ɗan Macbeth Sr. Hugh Macbeth Jr. ya zama abokin tarayya a kamfanin lauyan mahaifinsa, kuma ya yi aiki a kan shari'ar *Oyama*. Macbeth ta yi hayar a matsayin lauya ta farko ta Japan ta California, Chiyoko Sakamoto, wacce aka saki daga tsare a shekarar 1947. Wani abokin aikinsa na lauya shi ne Eva M. Mack, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara tare da shi a shari'ar Kotun Koli ta California Davis vs. Carter (1948) - karar nuna bambancin gida da aka shigar a kan mawaƙin jazz Benny Carter .  Mack, wacce ta kasance abokin tarayya a kamfanin Macbeth Sr. har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1956, ta fadada tarihin shari'arta ta hanyar zama edita ga Jaridar Mata Lawyers (1957-1958) da kuma koyar da darussan shari'a na yamma. Sakamoto ta kuma bude kamfaninta na lauya kuma ta zama wacce ta kafa Kungiyar lauyoyin Japan ta Amurka da kuma California Women's Bar .  An nada dan Macbeth, Hugh Macbeth Jr., a matsayin Kwamishina da Alkalin Kotun Koli a Kotun Kofin Los Angeles a shekarar 1975.

## Manazarta