open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Shefatya ben Amitai

Rabbi **Shefatya ben Amitai** (lit. Shefatya ɗan Amitai; ya mutu 885 ko 886) mawaki ne na Ibrananci.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife shi a Italiya, yana zaune a Oria, Apulia, kudancin Italiya. A cikin Tarihin Ahimaaz, an ruwaito cewa ya yi tafiya zuwa Constantinople don yi wa 'yar sarki Basil na ɗaya na Byzantine magani wanda aka ruwaito yana da aljani. A matsayin lada don yin wannan aikin tatsuniya, sarki ya yi alƙawarin cika burin Shefatya. Daga nan Shefatya ya roƙi a soke dokar tilasta wa Yahudawan Italiya yin addininsu, ko kuma, idan ba daga dukkan Italiya ba, to aƙalla a bar Yahudawan Oria su tsira. Sarki ya amince da wannan buƙatar.[1] Ana zargin cewa wannan ya faru kimanin shekara ta 873 [ana buƙatar hujja].

Shefatya ya mutu a cikin shekara AM 4646 (885/886). Ɗansa shi ne Amittai ben Shephatiah . 

Waƙarsa ta liturgical da aka kawai ita ce Yisrael Nosha [he] wanda bisa ga al'adar Ashkenazi an haɗa shi a cikin hidimar rufewa a Yom Kippur (Ranar Rashin Rashin Ragewa).[he]

## Manazarta
Obadiah mai tuba

Obadiah the Proselyte (Ibraniyawa), wanda aka fi sani da **Johannes na Oppido** (Italiyanci)  ya kasance ɗan Italiyanci ne na farkon ƙarni na 12 zuwa addinin Yahudanci. An fi saninsa da tarihinsa da kuma tsohuwar sanarwa ta kiɗa na Yahudawa, duka biyu sun tsira na musamman.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife shi Johannes, ɗan Dreux, a kusa da 1070 a Oppido Lucano, wani ƙaramin gari a Kudancin Italiya, a yau a lardin Potenza, Basilicata . Ya tuba zuwa addinin Yahudanci a cikin 1102. Al'ada ce ga masu tuba su zaɓi sunan "Obadiah" saboda al'adar cewa Obadiah annabi Edomawa ne wanda ya tuba zuwa addinin Yahudanci.

Dalilansa ba su da cikakkiyar fahimta. An yi imanin cewa Yahudawa ne suka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi a lokacin Crusade na farko, da kuma labarin Andreas, babban bishop na Bari wanda ya tuba zuwa Addinin Yahudanci a kusa da 1066-1078. Fahimtar Obadiah game da Littafi Mai-Tsarki na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa.

An san shi da yin rikodin waƙoƙin Yahudawa na zamani a cikin ƙididdigar Gregorian. Akwai jayayya ko wannan waƙar Gregorian da aka yi amfani da ita ta samo asali ne daga Yahudawa ko kuma wadanda ba Yahudawa ba.

Obadiah an san shi ne kawai ta hanyar takardu iri-iri daga Cairo Geniza, duk sai daya a hannunsa.[undefined] Babban shaidar don sake gina nasa nau'ikan fitarwa ya fito ne daga takarda guda ɗaya, duk abin da ya rage na littafin addu'a, yanzu an adana shi a Kwalejin Ibrananci, Cincinnati (MS H.U.C. Genizah Collection no. 8). Wani rubutu a kan colophon ya ce, a cikin Ibrananci, cewa "Obadiah the Norman proselyte" wanda ya tuba zuwa addinin Yahudanci "a cikin watan Elul" na 1102 ya rubuta littafin addu'a "da hannunsa". [2] [1] Don haka, kodayake a cikin dukkan rubuce-rubucensa koyaushe yana nufin kansa a cikin mutum na uku, ta hanyar kwatanta rubutun hannu kai tsaye za mu iya tabbatar da cewa shi ne wanda ya rubuta shi.[3][2]

Ya ɗauki malamai sama da rabin ƙarni don gina cikakken hoto na rayuwar Obadiah da ayyukansa. Sunan "Obadiah the Proselyte" ya fara fitowa ne a cikin 1901 a cikin kundi na biyu na *Ginzei Yerushalayim* (ngokwזי ירושל, Treasures of Jerusalem), tarin ayyukan kimiyya da wallafe-wallafen daga rubuce-rubuce masu ban sha'awa, wanda malamin Urushalima Solomon Aaron Wertheimer ya tattara, masanin kimiyya kuma ɗan kasuwa na kayan Alkahira. Daga wata wasika ta shawarwari da Baruch ben Isaac, shugaban babban yeshivah a birnin Aleppo, Siriya, ya rubuta wa Obadiah,  Wertheimer ya buga kawai sassan waka, galibi kuka ga halin da Yahudawa na Palasdinawa ke ciki a cikin aya daga gabatarwa; daga abin da ya rage, kusan komai sai sunayen ba za a iya cirewa: "Wannan wasika an rubuta ta da hannunsa ta hannun masaninmu [Isaac] ... cewa Obadiah ya fara amfani da shi gaba ɗaya a cikin wannan Jami'ar nan kuma ya ja hankalin Isra'ila ta gaba ɗaya a nan gaba ɗaya 

## Manazarta
Hillel ben Eliakim

**Hillel ben Eliakim**, wanda aka sani a cikin Ibrananci ga malaman Talmud kamar ***Rabbeinu Hillel***, ("rabbi Hillel"), malamin Girka ne kuma masanin Talmud. Ya rayu a cikin karni na 11 da karni na 12.

A cikin rubuce-rubucensa ya ambaci sunan garinsu, סוילודי . Wasu sun yi imanin cewa wannan yana nufin Silivri, wasu kuma cewa karkatarwa ce ta Saloniki, kuma wasu ra'ayoyi ma sun wanzu.

Ya kasance dalibi na Rashi, kuma Mordekai ben Hillel ya ambaci shi.

Hillel ya rubuta sharhi Sifre ve Sifra Perush Rabbenu zuwa Midrash, kasancewar sharhi ne akan Sifrei da Sifra . [1] A cikin Sifra sau da yawa yana ambaton Rashi da Isaac ben Melchizedek .

## Manazarta
Herbert Allen Jr.

**Herbert A. Allen Jr.** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1940) ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan Amurka kuma tsohon shugaban Allen &amp;amp; Company .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Herbert Allen Jr. ɗan Kathleen da Herbert A. Allen Sr ne. Mahaifinsa ya daina zuwa makarantar sakandare kuma ɗan kasuwa ne na hannun jari wanda ya shiga  a shekarar 1927 wani kamfanin saka hannun jari da ɗan uwansa Charles, Allen &amp;amp; Company ya kafa a shekarar 1922.  Allen & Company ƙwararre ne kan siyan kamfanoni.   Ɗan'uwa na uku Harold ya shiga jim kaɗan bayan haka.  Allen Jr. yana da 'yar'uwa ɗaya, Susan Allen.  Mahaifiyarsa 'yar Irish Katolika ce kuma mahaifinsa - kodayake ɗan uwa Bayahudiya ne - ba mai bin addinin Unitarian ba ne. 

Allen Jr. ya girma ne a Irvington, New York kuma ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Williams a 1962 kuma nan take ya shiga Allen & Company . A 1966, yana da shekaru ashirin da bakwai, aka naɗa shi Shugaban ƙasa. A 1973, Allen & Company ya sayi wani kamfani mai iko a Columbia Pictures . A 1982, Allen & Company ya ƙaddamar da taron Sun Valley kuma Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya sayi Columbia akan dala miliyan 750 a tsabar kuɗi da hannun jari wanda ya ba Allen Jr. kujera a Hukumar Daraktoci .

A shekara ta 2002, Allen Jr. ya miƙa ragamar kamfanin ga ɗansa Herbert Allen III . 

## Taimakon jama'a
A shekarar 1998, ya bayar da gudummawar dala miliyan 20 ga Kwalejin Williams. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Allen ya yi aure kuma ya sake shi sau uku. Matarsa ta farko ita ce Laura Parrish;  suna da 'ya'ya huɗu: Herbert Allen III ya auri Monica de la Torre, lauya mai kare haƙƙin jama'a kuma 'yar asalin Puerto Rico ;  Charles Allen yana aiki a Allen & Co. a matsayin mai sayar da kayayyaki na cibiyoyi  kuma a shekarar 2005, ya auri Kristin Wheat Fisher a wani bikin Methodist;  Leslie Allen; da Christie Allen.  Matarsa ta biyu ita ce 'yar wasan Broadway Ann Reinking,  wacce ya aura a shekarar 1982 kuma ta sake shi a shekarar 1989. Bayan 1989 ya yi aure kuma tun daga lokacin ya sake Gail Holmes. Yana zaune a Cody, Wyoming. 

## Manazarta
Syed Nasib Ali Shah

**Syed Nasib Ali Shah** Masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Pakistan ta 12 daga 16 ga Nuwamba 2002 har zuwa mutuwarsa a ranar 22 ga Janairun 2007.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin Deobandis

## Manazarta
Trenton Allen

**Trenton Allen** ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne mai saka hannun jari wanda ke mai da hankali kan ayyuka masu ɗorewa kuma memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Makamashi na Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka .   Shi ne Shugaba kuma Babban Darakta na Masu Ba da Shawara kan Babban Jari na Sustainable Capital Advisors (SCA).  Allen ya jagoranci ɗaya daga cikin farkon bayar da " lambar haɗin gwiwa " tare da Lambar Haɗin Kuɗin Shiga na Ingantaccen Makamashi wanda ke ba da lamuni ga Kamfanin Delaware Sustainable Energy Utility.  

## Ilimi
Allen ya sami digirin AB a fannin sinadarai daga Jami'ar Harvard . 

## Sana'a
Allen ya kafa Sustainable Capital Advisors a shekarar 2012. Kafin kafa SCA, Allen Darakta ne a Citigroup inda ya mayar da hankali kan ba da kuɗaɗen manyan jarin kayayyakin more rayuwa.

SCA kamfani ne mai ba da shawara kan harkokin zuba jari wanda ya ƙware a fannin kuɗaɗen ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa masu ɗorewa, waɗanda suka haɗa da rarraba hasken rana, ingantaccen makamashi tsakanin iyali da yawa, kuɗaɗen ababen more rayuwa masu jure yanayi, da kuma hukumomin ba da kuɗaɗen kore na birni .  SCA kuma tana tattaunawa da shugabannin al'umma da gwamnatocin ƙananan hukumomi don taimaka musu wajen tsara shawarwari don ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa masu ɗorewa. 

A shekarar 2021, Allen ya zama memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Makamashi na Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka. 

Allen yana aiki a kan allunan agaji da dama, ciki har da CleanEnergyWorks da IREC.  Allen da SCA sun yi aiki tare da ƙungiyoyi ciki har da Groundswell, Community Builders of Color Coalition, da Justice 40. 

## Manazarta
Ishaq Sambhali

**Ishaq Sambhali** (wanda aka fi sani da Maulana) ɗan siyasan Indiya ne, mai fafutukar 'yanci, ɗan jarida kuma memba na majalisa daga mazabar Amroha ta Uttar Pradesh .  An ɗaure shi sau biyu a lokacin yunkurin 'yancin kai na Indiya. Ya kasance yana da alaƙa da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Indiya, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na majalisa sau biyu a lokacin zaben Lok Sabha na 4 da Lok Sabha ta 5. 

## Siyasa
Sambhali ya sami ilimin siyasa a Darul Uloom Deoband da Jami'ar Lucknow . Da farko an haɗa shi da Majalisar Dokokin Indiya, Jam'iyyar Kisan Mazdoor Praja da Jam'iyyar Socialist ta Praja, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban sakatare na Majalisa a 1937 da Kwamitin Majalisa Deoband a 1945. An ɗaure shi sau biyu a lokacin yunkurin 'yancin kai na Indiya. Ashfaq ya shirya sakatare na *Majalisar hadin kan kasa ta Indiya* a 1963 kuma sakatare ne na *Majalisar Zaman Lafiya ta Indiya* a 1967. Daga 1968 zuwa 1971, ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind Uttar Pradesh . 

## Rayuwa ta mutum
An haifi Sambhali a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1921 a garin Thanabhawan na Muzaffarnagar . An haife shi ga Ahmad Hassan, kuma ya auri Najma Begum a watan Yunin 1953.  Yana da 'ya'ya mata biyu da' ya'ya maza biyu.

## Manazarta
Sajjad Afghani

**Muhammad Sajjad Khan** (1959 - 10 Maris 2011) ya kasance sanannen Mujahideen 'Yan Pakistan kuma shugaban mayakan, wanda ya kasance Babban Kwamandan Harkat-ul-Mujahideen . 

An san shi da suna Sajjad Afghani, saboda shiga cikin Yakin Soviet-Afghan . 

An kashe Khan a lokacin da ba a yi nasara ba daga gidan yarin Kot Bhalwal a ranar 10 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1999.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haife shi a ƙauyen Baibakh, Rawalakot, a cikin Gundumar Poonch ta Azad Kashmir, Pakistan . 

## Yaƙin Soviet da Afghanistan
Sajjad Afghani ya shiga aikin yaƙi a ƙarƙashin tutar Harkat-ul-Mujahideen a cikin shekarun 1980. An horar da shi sosai kuma ya ci gaba da shiga cikin Yakin Soviet-Afghan . Ya zauna a Afghanistan har zuwa 1989.

## Babban Kwamandan
A shekara ta 1991 ya zama Kwamandan Babban na Harkat Ul Ansar a Srinagar . A watan Yunin 1994 an kama shi tare da Molana Masood Azhar ta rundunar tsaro ta Indiya.  Laftanar Janar Arjun Ray, sannan Brigadier Janar Staff (BGS), ya bayyana Afghani, mai rauni amma mai tsananin tashin hankali wanda ya yi yaƙi da Rasha, a matsayin "mafi girman kamawa" saboda muhimmancinsa a cikin 'yan tawaye.

## Mutuwa
A cewar majiyoyin Indiya, an kashe Afghani a lokacin da ba a yi nasara ba daga gidan yarin Kot Bhalwal a ranar 10 ga Maris 1999.  Mutuwarsa ta haifar da satar jirgin sama na Indian Airlines Flight 814 a watan Disamba ta mambobin Harkat, wanda ya haifar da sakin Masood Azhar, Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh da Mushtaq Ahmed Zargar ta Gwamnatin Indiya. Har ila yau, mika jikinsa ya kasance daya daga cikin bukatun farko na masu satar mutane.

## Manazarta
Rahmatullah Safi

Brigadier Janar **Rahmatullah Safi** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1948) tsohon jami'in sojojin Afghanistan ne, tsohon kwamandan 444th Commando Battalion a karkashin Masarautar Afghanistan kuma kwamandan Mujahideen wanda ya yi yaƙi a lokacin Yakin Soviet-Afghan . Daga baya aka yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne wakilin ƙungiyar Taliban a Turai.

Tsohon Kwamandan a cikin Sojojin Afghanistan na Royal, ya horar da rundunar sojoji 1,600 a lokacin mulkin sarki Zahir Shah, wanda aka sani da 444th Commando Battalion. A ranar 24 ga Mayu 1970, ya jagoranci rundunar a lokacin zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati da limaman Islama suka yi a Masallacin Pul-e Khishti, Kabul . Kwamandojin da ke karkashin umurninsa sun kori masu zanga-zangar daga babban birnin tare da karin bas da aka ajiye a kan titin Maiwand. Ya kuma kasance wani ɓangare na leken asiri da kuma cibiyar leken asiri ta Sardar Abdul Wali, an bayyana shi a matsayin "mai sha'awar" da kuma "mai ba da shawara". Takamaiman ayyukan jami'an a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta Wali sun haɗa da gano abubuwan hagu da aiki, gano ƙungiyoyi masu tuhuma da saka idanu kan ayyukan ƙungiyoyin siyasa na hagu a cikin Sojojin Afghanistan na Royal, kamar Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'ar Afghanistan . 

Lokacin da Mohammed Daoud Khan ya hau mulki, ya bar Afghanistan zuwa Ingila inda MI6 na Burtaniya ta horar da shi. Bayan mamayewar Soviet a Afghanistan a 1979, ya shiga kungiyar National Islamic Front of Afghanistan, jam'iyyar mujahideen karkashin jagorancin Pir Sayyed Ahmed Gailani .  Shi da jami'ansa sun horar da su ta hanyar MI6 na Burtaniya a matsayin alkawari don tallafawa juriya a kan Tarayyar Soviet. Shi da mutanensa za su dawo bayan shekara guda kuma su kafa sansanin sa a Peshawar.

A matsayinsa na kwamandan mujahideen, Rahmatullah Safi ya yi aiki a lardunan Paktia da Kunar, yana shiga cikin yakin Zhawar na 1986.  Ya kasance mai kula da wuraren horar da NIFA, inda ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya horar da wasu mujahideen 8,000, watakila tare da taimakon Burtaniya. A shekara ta 1985 Safi ya jagoranci tawagar mujaheddin zuwa Amurka, inda janar ya yi magana a kwalejoji da jami'o'i a cikin biranen Amurka sama da goma sha biyu. An kwantar da Safi a asibiti a Pittsburgh a shekarar 1986 don gwajin kimantawa na zuciya; an biya kuɗin kiwon lafiya ta hanyar gudummawa da Kwamitin Free Afghanistan . 

A shekara ta 1998, Safi yana zaune a London, Ingila, amma ya tashi zuwa Afghanistan tare da Nabi Misdak don shawo kan Mullah Omar ya mika Osama bin Laden ga hukumomin kasashen waje;  kuma an dauke shi wakilin Taliban a Turai bisa ga sanarwar manema labarai ta Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. 

A shekara ta 2004, Safi ya yi murabus daga kwamishinan soja kuma ya sanar da niyyarsa ta tsaya takara a zaben shugaban Afghanistan na shekara ta 2004. 

## Manazarta
Musa Bazi

**Maulana Muhammad Musa Bazi Rouhani** (1935 - 19 ga Oktoba 1998) masanin falsafar Islama ne, marubuci, masanin kimiyya, imam, mai sharhi na hadisi, masanin taurari, lauya, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun malaman Pakistan. *Fatḥ Allāh bi-khaṣā'iṣ al-ism Allāh* an dauke shi mafi kyawun aikinsa.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
Sheikh Muhammad Musa Bazi Rouhani Bin Maulvi Sher Muhammad Al Bazi an haife shi ne a Kathah Khel, ƙauye a cikin gundumar Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan . 

Daga nan sai ya tafi Multan kuma ya sami shiga Jamia Qasim Uloom . Ya zauna a can na tsawon shekaru uku, sannan ya kammala karatu.

## Rubuce-rubuce
Shaykh al-Bazi al-Ruhani ya rubuta a cikin kowane fasaha, kuma rarraba shi kusan ɗari uku. Wasu daga cikinsu suna cikin bugawa, wasu a rubuce-rubuce, wasu a Larabci, wasu a Urdu da Farisa, kuma an fassara wasu littattafansa zuwa Turanci da sauransu. Shahararrun ayyukansa sun hada da:

* Al-Kanz al-a'ẓam fī ta'yīn al-Ism al-'Aẓam 
*  
* Rizq-i ḥalāl va g̲h̲aibī maʻāsh-i Auliyāʼ, musammī bih, targ̲h̲ībulmuslimīn 
* Fatḥ Allāh bi-khaṣā'iṣ al-ism Allāh 
* Fatḥ al-ʻalīm bi-ḥall ishkāl al-tashbīh al-ʻaẓīm fī ḥadīth "Kamā ṣallayta ʻalá Ibrāhīm" 
* Bughyat al-kāmil al-sāmī: sharḥ al-Maḥṣūl wa-al-ḥāsil lil-Jāmī; maʻa al-Ṭarīq al-ʻādil ilá bughyat al'Kāmil   
* Muqaddimat sharḥ al-Bayḍāwī al-musammāt As̲mār al-Takmīl limā fī Anwār al-tanzīl 
* Al-Hayʼat al-Ṣughraʹ ma' sharḥhā Madār al-Bushrā 

## Mutuwa da gado
Ya mutu yana da shekara sittin da uku a ranar 27 Jumadi al-Thani 1419 AH, wanda ya dace da 19 ga Oktoba 1998. 

Sheikh Al-Bazi ya bar 'ya'ya maza huɗu, kowannensu malami ne. Na farko daga cikinsu shine Sheikh Muhammad Zubair al-Rohani al-Bazi, na biyu shine Muhammad Uzair al-Baji, na uku shine Muhammad Zubaar al-Ruhani, kuma na huɗu shine Abdul Rahman Rouhani . 

Yawancin malamai da dalibai sun yaba da Sheikh Al-Bazi, har ma da Imam na Babban Masallacin Makka, Sheikh Muhammad bin Abdullah Al-Sabil, wanda ya ce: "Masana da Sheikhs daga ko'ina cikin duniya sun zo wurina, amma ban ga wani masanin da ya fi Al-Shaykh ilimi da daidaito ba".

## Manazarta
Lutfur Rehman (ɗan siyasa)

**Lutf ur Rehman** (Urdu) ɗan siyasan Pakistan ne wanda ya fito daga Dera Ismail Khan na Jamiat Ulema-e Islam (F). Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar lardin Khyber Pakhtunkhwa daga Mayu 2013 zuwa Mayu 2018 kuma daga Agusta 2018 zuwa Janairu 2023. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Jam'iyyar adawa na Majalisar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ta 10. 

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Maulana Lutfur Rehman a cikin dangin siyasa mai tasiri na Dera Ismail Khan a ranar 1 ga Maris 1968. 

Shi ne ɗan Mufti Mahmud shugaban Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam bayan babban zaben 1970 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Ministan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, wanda aka fi sani da Lardin Arewa maso Yamma (NWFP). Shi ne ƙaramin ɗan'uwan Maulana Fazl-ur-Rehman, shugaban Jamiat Ulema-e Islam (F), da Atta-ur-Lehman . 

Gidansa da na 'yan uwansa suna cikin fili kusa da madrasa a Shore Kot, Dera Ismail Khan . 

## Manazarta
Sayyid Muhammad Abid

**Sayyid Muhammad Abid** (wanda aka fi sani da **Hāji Abid Hussain**) (1834-1912) masanin addinin Indiya ne wanda ya kafa Darul Uloom Deoband . Ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Darul Uloom Deoband sau uku.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Abid Hussain a shekara ta 1834 a Deoband, Mughal Indiya, a cikin dangin da ke da zuriyar Hussain mai suna Ja'far al-Sadiq .   Lokacin da yake da shekaru 7, ya yi karatun Alkur'ani da Harshen Farisa a Deoband . Ya tafi Delhi don ilimi mafi girma. A halin yanzu, dole ne ya koma Deoband saboda matsalolin lafiyar mahaifinsa. Koyaya, mahaifinsa ya mutu bayan 'yan kwanaki wanda ya sa ya dakatar da karatunsa. Imdadullah Muhajir Makki da Karim Bakhsh Rampuri ne suka ba shi izini a Tasawwuf . 

## Ayyuka
Abid Hussain na ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da suka kafa Darul Uloom Deoband .  Da farko, ya bambanta da sauran mambobin da suka kafa game da rabuwa da "madrasa" daga Jama Masjid, kuma ya yi imanin cewa "madrasa " ya kamata ya kasance ba tare da lalacewa ba a Jama Masjid. Ya canza ra'ayinsa daga baya  kuma shine mutum na biyu da ya kafa harsashin sabon gini na Darul Uloom Deoband, bayan Miyanji Munne Shah ya kafa dutse na farko.  An yi amfani da sunan sayar da ƙasar da aka gina sabon ginin Deoband seminary a cikin ni'imarsa.

Ya yi aiki a makarantar Deoband a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa sau uku. Na farko, daga farkonsa a 1866 zuwa 1867. A karo na biyu daga 1869 zuwa 1871 kuma a karo na uku daga 1890 zuwa 1892. Ya kuma kasance memba na hukumar farko ta Darul Uloom Deoband . 

## Mutuwa da gado
Abid Hussain ya mutu a 1912 a Deoband .  Almajiransa sun hada da Aziz-ur-Rahman Usmani .

## Manazarta

### Bayani

### Bayanan littattafai
 

## Haɗin waje

*
Shahinur Pasha Chowdhury

Shahinur Pasha Chowdhury (Bengali: শাহীনুর পাশা চৌধুরী; an haife shi a shekara ta 1969) ɗan siyasan Bangladesh ne daga Bangladesh Khelafat Majlis. An zabe shi dan majalisa a karon farko a watan Yuli 2005 bayan mutuwar Abdus Samad Azad, memba presidium na Awami League.[1][2][3]

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Chowdhury a shekara ta 1969 ga dangin Musulmi na Bengali a Patli Union, Jagannathpur, Gundumar Sunamganj, Bangladesh . Ya kammala Masters daga karatun Hadith a Jamia Qasimul Uloom Madrasa, sannan ya kammala digiri a Kwalejin Murari Chand . Bayan haka, ya yi karatun shari'a a Jami'ar Dhaka . 

## Ayyuka
A cikin 1991, Chowdhury ya kasance yana da alaƙa da Chhatra Jamiat Bangladesh . Ya kasance Babban Sakatare na Tsakiya. Shi ne Babban Sakatare na Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam Bangladesh . An zabi memba Dan majalisa daga mazabar Sunamganj-3. An zabe shi memba na majalisa a karo na farko bayan mutuwar tsohon Ministan Harkokin Waje Abdus Samad Azad, memba na Awami League Presidium a shekara ta 2005.

Chowdhury ya yi hamayya da zaben 2008 da 2018 ba tare da nasara ba a matsayin dan takara na jam'iyyun jam'iyyu huɗu da ke karkashin jagorancin Jam'iyyar Nationalist Party ta Bangladesh da Jatiya Oikya Front . 

Chowdhury ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren harkokin shari'a na Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh a cikin 2019-2020. Shi ne mataimakin shugaban Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam Bangladesh . A ranar 7 ga Mayu 2021, Sashen Binciken Laifuka ya tsare shi daga Sylhet biyo bayan tashin hankali da Hefazat ya yi yayin ziyarar Firayim Minista Narendra Modi. Ya shiga Bangladesh Khelafat Majlis a ranar 16 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024. 

## Manazarta
Amalia Bakas

**Amalia Bakas** (an haife ta **Mazaltov [Mally] Matsa** 1897-1979) mawaƙiya ce kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo a Amurka a cikin karni na 20. Ta shiga cikin "Halin Eighth Avenue" a Birnin New York da kuma al'ummomin Girka a kusa da Amurka. 

Ayyukanta sun kunshi mafi yawan waƙoƙin gargajiya waɗanda ta kara da nata salon da kalmomi. Ba kamar sauran mawaƙa na lokacin ba, waƙoƙinta galibi game da soyayya ne. Ta kuma rubuta waƙoƙi biyu, "Elenitsa Mou" bayan an yi mata baftisma da kuma "Diamontoula Mou" ga 'yarta.

Ba a san komai game da Bakas ba kafin lokacin da ta kasance a Amurka. An haife ta ne a Ioannina a cikin Janina Vilayet na Daular Ottoman a cikin al'ummar Yahudawa ta Romaniote . Al'ummar Romaniote sun mamaye maza kuma ba a rubuta haihuwar mata ba  wanda zai iya haifar da rashin bayani game da rayuwar Amalia ta farko.

A shekara ta 1912, lokacin da Bakas ke da shekaru 15, ta yi tafiya zuwa Amurka a kan jirgin ruwa na Kaiser Franz Josef I. An tsare ta a Tsibirin Ellis, ba tare da biyan kuɗin $ 50 ba har sai an yi kiran waya ga dangi, wanda ya biya ta kuɗin. A shekara ta 1913, ta auri Jack Saretta, kuma daga Ioannina kuma suna zaune a titin Rivington a Lower East Side a New York, NY. Ta yi aiki a wani masana'anta a matsayin mai sutura kuma ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Diamond da Ester Cleonike . 

A cikin shekarun 1920, Bakas ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin cafe-amans da wuraren shakatawa na Turkiyya a farkon shekarun 1920 suna ɗaukar sunan mataki Amalia . An yi rikodin ta na farko tare da Kamfanin Rubuce-rubucen M.G. Parsekian a Hoboken, New Jersey kuma ya kunshi waƙoƙin Turkiyya 8. Daga baya a Birnin Chicago ta rubuta waƙoƙin Girkanci da Turkiyya 6 tare da Kamfanin Rubuce-rubucen Girkanci. Bakas ya kuma rubuta tare da Marika Papagika, wani shahararren mawaƙin Girka na lokacin. Bakas na ɗaya daga cikin sanannun abokan Papagika kuma Papagika za ta kula da 'yarta Diamond.[1]

'Yarta Diamond sau da yawa tana yin wasa tare da mahaifiyarta ta hanyar raira waƙa ko ta hanyar bin ta a kan doumbek. Kamar yadda rayuwar mai wasan kwaikwayo ba mace ce ta al'ummar Romaniote ta jagoranci ba, mijin Bakas ya sake ta kuma ya tura wata 'yarta Ester zuwa zama a Girka. A shekara ta 1926 ta tuba zuwa Cocin Orthodox na Girka don auren Gus Bakas . Amalia da Gus sun yi aiki a kasuwancin gidan cin abinci tare da Bakas har yanzu suna yin wasan kwaikwayo a cafe-amans a kan 8th Avenue a Birnin New York. 

## Manazarta
Iliya Capsali

Elijah ben Elkanah Capsali (Ibrananci: אליהו בן אלקנה קפשאלי; c. 1485 – bayan 1550) fitaccen malami ne kuma masanin tarihi. Capsali, wani muhimmin masanin tarihin musulmi da tarihin Ottoman, yana da tsarin tarihi na tsaka-tsaki, tare da batun farkon zamani.[1][2]. Littafin tarihin Capsali na iya zama misali na farko na Bayahude bare da ke rubuta tarihin wurin da suke (Venice). [3] [4]

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife shi a shekara ta a tsibirin Karita, a cikin wani fitaccen dangin Romaniote, [1] Capsalis sun yi aiki a matsayin shugabannin al'ummar Yahudawa a lokuta da yawa kuma sun bambanta kansu a cikin nazarin Attaura da Talmud. Mahaifinsa Elkanah Capsali, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban al'ummar Yahudawa na Crete, kuma ya koyar da Iliya a farkon shekarunsa. A cikin 1508 Iliya ya tafi Padua, don yin karatu a yeshivah na Yahuza Minz, wanda ba da daɗewa ba ya mutu bayan isowar Capsali. An katse karatunsa ta hanyar mamaye Padua da Sojojin Jamus a cikin 1509, bayan haka ya koma Venice. A shekara ta 1510 Capsali ya koma tsibirin Krita, inda ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Isaac Mangelheim . [2] A cikin c. 1485 1528 ya zama Babban Rabbi na tsibirin Krita, a lokacin da ya haɗu da kansa tare da manyan malamai da yawa na zamaninsa kamar, Jacob Berab da Joseph Karo . Bugu da ƙari ya rubuta sanannun ayyukan tarihi da yawa, waɗanda aka yaba da su saboda cikakkun bayanai game da Yahudawa na Ottoman, da yawa daga cikinsu suna ba da asusun da masana tarihi na zamani suka yi amfani da su.[3][4]

## Ayyuka
Wasu daga cikin shahararrun ayyukansa sune: 

* *Seder Eliyahu Zuta* - ɗan gajeren tarihin Daular Ottoman har zuwa rayuwarsa, tare da ambaton musamman ga Yahudawa.
* *Divrei ha-Yamim le-Malkhut Venezia* - wani labarin zamani na Venice da yanayin Yahudawa na Venetian.
* *No'am Ḥoblim* - labarin zamani game da abubuwan da ke gudana da rayuwar manyan malamai na rayuwarsa.

## Manazarta
Musa Capsali

**Musa ben Iliya Capsali** (Ibraniyawa) (1495-1420) shi ne *Hakham Bashi* (Babban Rabbi) na Daular Ottoman .

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Musa ben Iliya Capsali a tsibirin Crete a cikin shekara ta 1420. Lokacin da yake saurayi, Capsali ya bar tsibirin nasa don yin Karita a *yeshivot.* na Jamus. An ambaci shi a matsayin rabbi na Constantinople game da 1450; amma ya zama sananne ne kawai a lokacin mulkin Sultan Mehmed II, wanda ya nada shi babban rabbi na Daular Ottoman. Sultan ya yi tunani sosai game da rabbi har ya ba shi wurin zama a cikin divan kusa da babban mufti, shugaban addini na Musulmai, kuma sama da uban Kirista.

Capsali ya rike ofisoshi daban-daban, wanda ya hada da kula da harajin Yahudawa, da kuma nada malamai, har ma ya yi aiki a matsayin Alƙali na farar hula. An ce girmamawar sultan ga rabbi ya kasance ne saboda, ya yi kama da farar hula, Mehmed II ya kasance a nan wata rana yayin da Capsali ke ba da shawararsa; kuma ya tabbatar da kansa cewa rabbi ba shi da cin hanci da rashawa kuma ba shi da son kai a cikin hukunce-hukuncensa.

Lokacin da sultan ya yi ƙoƙari ya inganta yanayin ɗabi'a na wasu sassan Constantinople, an ce wannan yunƙurin ya samo asali ne daga rabbi. Tabbas Capsali ya yi ma'amala sosai da matasa Yahudawa waɗanda, suna kusanci da Janissaries, suna kwaikwayon su wajen jagorantar rayuwar da ba ta Yahudawa ba da kuma lalata. Wasu daga cikin wadannan matasa, sun fusata da hukuncin da ya yi musu, sun yi ƙoƙari su kashe shi a lokacin tashin hankali a kan titi a cikin 1481, kuma ya tsere ne kawai ta hanyar gudu.

Haɗin Capsali da Bayazid, ɗan kuma magajin Mehmed II, sun kasance masu daɗi; kuma abokantaka ta Bayazid ga Yahudawa, wanda ya zama bayyananne musamman a shirye-shiryen karɓar 'yan gudun hijirar Mutanen Espanya da ke tserewa daga Inquisition na Mutanen Espanya, dole ne a ba da ita ga tasirin Capsali.

Capsali ya mutu game da 1495 a Istanbul; Elijah Mizrachi ya gaje shi a matsayin *Hakham Bashi* .

## Manazarta
Ibrahim Cohen na Zante

**Ibrahim Cohen** (Abraham ben Shabbetai ha-Kohen) (1670 - 1729) likita ne na Yahudawa, rabbi, masanin falsafar addini kuma mawaki a Zante (Zakynthos), Tsibirin Ionian, da kuma mulkin mallaka na Jamhuriyar Venetian .

## Ayyuka
A cikin 1700 Cohen ya buga a Venice Derashot 'al ha-Torah, [1] taken gama gari don homilies (la'azin) da sharhi akan Pentateuch (Torah) . Derashot'al ha-Morah kuma an san shi da Kebod Chacamim ko Kevod Ḥakhamim (The Glory of Wise Men). [2] A shekara ta 1719 ya buga a Venice littafinsa Kehunnat Ibrahim (כהנת אברהם), littafi na waƙoƙin addini a Ibrananci da aka rubuta a cikin hanyar Zabura (Tehillim) . Cohen ya yi amfani da mita daban-daban a cikin waƙoƙinsa.[1] Kehunnat Ibrahim ya haifar da tashin hankali a cikin al'ummar Yahudawa na Jamhuriyar Venetian da sauran sassan Italiya, cike da yabo. Joseph Fiametta ya wallafa waka don yabon shi, kamar yadda Issac Vita Cantarini da Shabbethai Marini suka yi, duka biyu a cikin yanayin lokutan, nau'in sonnet. [3][4] Hoton kansa na Cohen ya bayyana a kan takardar jirgin sama na Kehunnat Ibrahim cikakke tare da gashi.[5]

A shekara ta 1879 M. Ventura na Corfu ya sami waka ta Ibrananci da Cohen ya rubuta a bangon majami'ar a Candia, tsibirin Crete, kuma daga baya ya buga bincikensa.

## Manazarta
Elia del Medigo

**Elia del Medigo** (c. 1458 - c. 1493) an kuma kira shi Elijah Delmedigo ko **Elias ben Moise del Medigo** kuma wani lokacin ana kiransa da Helias Hebreus Cretensis ko a Ibrananci Elijah Mi-Qandia . A cewar Jacob Joshua Ross, "yayinda ɗaliban da ba Yahudawa ba na Delmedigo na iya rarraba shi a matsayin 'Averroist', a bayyane ya ga kansa a matsayin mai bin Maimonides". Amma, a cewar wasu malamai, Delmedigo a bayyane yake mai bin koyarwar Averroes ne mai ƙarfi, har ma da waɗanda suka fi tsattsauran ra'ayi: hadin kai na hankali, har abada na duniya, ikon cin gashin kai na dalili daga iyakokin addinin da aka bayyana.&nbsp;

An haife shi a Candia, a tsibirin tsibirin tsibiri (wanda a wannan lokacin yana ƙarƙashin ikon Jamhuriyar Venetian), inda iyalinsa suka yi hijira daga Jamus, ya shafe shekaru goma a Roma da Padua a arewacin Italiya, ya koma Candia a ƙarshen rayuwarsa.

Ana tunawa da shi saboda fassarori da yawa, sharhi game da Averroes (Ibn Rushd a Larabci) (musamman sharhi game le Averroes' Substantia Orbis a cikin 1485), saboda tasirinsa ga yawancin Platonists na Italiya na farkon Renaissance (musamman Giovanni Pico della Mirandola), da kuma rubutun sa kan falsafar Yahudawa, *Sefer Beḥinat ha-Dat* (The Examination of Religion), wanda aka buga shekaru da yawa bayan mutuwarsa, a cikin 1629.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Del Medigo yana da al'adun addini a Candia, yana nuna faɗin gaske. Baya ga ilmantarwa na rabbi, ya yi karatun falsafar, kuma yana da kyakkyawar ilimin Italiyanci, Girkanci, da Latin da Ibrananci. Wataƙila ya kuma yi karatun likitanci, kuma yana iya kasancewa tare da wannan niyyar cewa da farko ya tafi Padua, inda Jami'ar ta kasance cibiyar da ta fi muhimmanci ga falsafar Aristotelian ta gargajiya a Italiya. A shekara ta 1480, ya kasance a Venice, inda ya rubuta *Quaestio utrum mundus sit effectus*, kuma ya tallafa wa kansa ta hanyar ba da darussan falsafar Aristotelian da 'ya'yan masu arziki da manyan iyalai suka halarta.

Ya koma Perugia kuma ya koyar da darussan a cikin "Aristotelianism mai zurfi", wato, an fassara shi sosai tare da ra'ayoyin Averroes da sauran masu sharhi na Islama. Del Medigo ya zama sananne sosai a matsayin babban Averroist a Italiya. Yayinda yake a Perugia, ya sadu da Pico della Mirandola, kuma ya rubuta masa litattafai biyu.

Wani muhimmin dalibi na del Medigo a wannan lokacin shi ne Domenico Grimani, dan Venetian, wanda daga ƙarshe ya zama Kadanal na San Marco. Grimani ya zama mai tallafawa, kuma tare da ƙarfafawarsa, del Medigo ya rubuta rubuce-rubuce da yawa waɗanda suka sami rarraba tsakanin masana falsafar Italiya.

## Al'adun gargajiya
Elia del Medigo mai yiwuwa ne wahayi ga halin almara Judah del Medigo, a cikin "The Secret Book of Grazia dei Rossi" na Jacqueline Park .

## Dubi kuma

* Masanan Girka a cikin Renaissance

## Manazarta
Musa Elisaf

**Moisis Elisaf** (Girkanci; 17 ga Yulin 1954 - 17 ga Fabrairu 2023) likita ne na Girka, masanin kimiyya, kuma ɗan siyasa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari na Ioannina daga Satumba 2019 har zuwa mutuwarsa a watan Fabrairun 2023. Shi ne magajin gari na farko na Yahudawa a Girka.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Elisaf a Ioannina a ranar 17 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1954, ɗan Yahudawa na Romaniote da Wadanda suka tsira daga Holocaust waɗanda suka tsere wa Nazi wanda ya ga duk sai kashi 9% na yawan Yahudawa na Ioannina da sojojin Nazi na Jamus suka fitar da su zuwa sansanin Auschwitz. Bayan 'yancin Girka a 1944, wadanda suka tsira sun sha wahala nuna bambanci saboda shiga cikin kungiyoyin adawa na Kwaminisanci kamar Sojojin 'yanci na Girka. Elisaf ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Athens a shekara ta 1979.

## Ayyuka
Elisaf likita ce kuma farfesa a fannin kiwon lafiya na ciki a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Ioannina . Ya kasance darektan sashen Lipids, Atherosclerosis, Obesity, da Ciwon Cutar Kwayar Kwayar Kwalejin Kwalejin. Tsakanin 1993 da 1994, ya yi aiki a Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Sackler a Jami'ar Tel Aviv . Yawancin danginsa suna zaune a Isra'ila. Ya kasance shugaban al'ummar Yahudawa na Romaniote na Ioannina sama da shekaru goma kuma a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin tsakiya na al'ummomin Yahudawa a Girka. Elisaf ta kuma yi aiki a majalisar birni kuma a matsayin shugaban cibiyar al'adu.

Da yake gudu a matsayin mai zaman kansa, Elisaf ya sami kashi 50.3% na kuri'un a lokacin zagaye na biyu na zaben magajin garin Ioannina a watan Yunin 2019, inda ya lashe zaben da kuri'u 17,789, 235 fiye da abokin hamayyarsa na biyu.[1][2] Ya hau mulki a watan Satumba, ya zama magajin gari na Yahudawa na farko a tarihin Girka.[1][2] Ya ce shi mai tsakiya ne wanda ke da niyyar gina yarjejeniya game da manufofi don ci gaban birni, kamar inganta ababen more rayuwa da ayyukan jama'a.Mossad': Meet Greece's First-ever Jewish Mayor[3] A lokacin yakin neman zabe, abokan adawar siyasa sun yi iƙirarin cewa shi wakilin Mossad ne. Ya kira da'awar anti-Semitic amma ya sake tabbatar da imaninsa cewa anti-Semiteism a Girka ba matsala ce mai tsanani ba.[3]

## Rayuwa da mutuwarsa
Kamar yawancin Yahudawa kalilan a Ioannina da Girka, Elisaf Bayahude ce mai zaman kanta. Ya mutu daga ciwon daji a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 2023 a lokacin da yake magajin gari.

## Manazarta
Jack H. Jacobs

**Jack Howard Jacobs** (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1945) shi ne mai ritaya a cikin Sojojin Amurka kuma mai karɓar lambar yabo ta girmamawa saboda ayyukansa a lokacin Yaƙin Vietnam . Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sharhi na soja ga NBC News da MSNBC kuma a baya ya yi aiki a matsayinsa na manajan saka hannun jari.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haife shi a ranar 2 ga Agusta, 1945, a Brooklyn, New York,  Jacobs ya zauna a Queens kusa da Filin jirgin saman LaGuardia. An haife shi a cikin iyalin Yahudawa,  tare da asali a Girka, Poland, da Romania.  Yayinda yake yaro, ya koma tare da iyalinsa zuwa Woodbridge Township, New Jersey, a tsakiyar shekarun 1950 kuma a 1962 ya kammala karatu daga Woodbridge High School . 

Jacobs daga nan ya halarci Jami'ar Rutgers, inda ya sami digiri na farko na Arts da Master of Arts. Wani memba na shirin horar da jami'an soja na makarantar, ya shiga aikin soja a matsayin mataimakin na biyu a shekarar 1966. 

## Ayyukan soja
A lokacin aikin soja, Jacobs ya yi aiki a matsayin jagora a cikin 82nd Airborne Division, Jami'in zartarwa a cikin 7th Infantry Division, da kuma kwamandan battalion tare da 10th Infantary Regiment a Panama. Ya yi tafiye-tafiye biyu a Vietnam, a lokuta biyu a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Rukunin sojoji a cikin Sojojin Jamhuriyar Vietnam (ARVN). 

A farkon aikinsa zuwa Vietnam, Jacobs ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin farko tare da Kwamandan Taimako na Soja, Vietnam, a Lardin Kien Phong, wani ɓangare na yankin Mekong Delta . A ranar 9 ga Maris, 1968, yana aiki a matsayin mataimakin mai ba da shawara ga battalion na 2nd Battalion na ARVN, 16th Infantry Regiment, 9th Infantary Division. A lokacin wani aiki a wannan rana, Battalion na 2 ya sami wuta mai tsanani daga sojojin Viet Cong. Kamar yadda Jacobs ya kira tallafin iska daga matsayinsa tare da kamfani jagora, kwamandan kamfanin ya nakasa kuma ƙungiyar ta zama mara tsari saboda mummunan rauni.

## Manazarta
Savas Matsas

Savas Mihail Matsas (ko Savas Michael Matsas ko Savas Michael-Matsas; [1] Girkanci; an haife shi Sabetai Benaki Matsas (Σαμπει Papενάκη Μάτσας), [2] 1947, Athens) masanin ilimin Yahudawa ne na Girka, shugaban Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Juyin Juya Halin (Greek). Shi marubuci ne Masu adawa da Zionist kuma marubucin kasa da kasa na babban aikin al'adu game da adabi, falsafar, addini da gwagwarmayar aji.

## Shari'ar siyasa
A shekara ta 2009, jam'iyyar Golden Dawn mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ta masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ta shigar da takardu da dama, a gaban kotun Girka, kan wasu marubutan Girka masu ra'ayin hagu. 'Yan sanda sun so su yi wa dukkansu tambayoyi, amma sun amince ba za su bayyana a kotu ba, kuma sun sanya hannu kan wata takarda da ke nuna cewa sun yi watsi da zarge-zargen bisa doka. Bayan sun duba takardun, Babban Lauyan Gwamnati ya gurfanar da biyu daga cikinsu a gaban shari'a: Savas Matsas da Constantin Motzouri, tsohon shugaban Jami'ar Fasaha ta Kasa ta Athens. Akwai wata kara ta kasa da kasa da ke kare shi.[1][2] Duk da haka, yawancin kalamansa suna kai hari kai tsaye ga Golden Dawn ba tare da wani mummunan hali ba, amma galibi suna nuna cin mutunci a gare su. Babu ɗayansu da za a ɗauka da muhimmanci. Jam'iyyarsa (EEK) ta yi kira da a "rushe mulkin kama-karya" wanda za a iya fassara shi a matsayin kiran kai hari ga masu zanga-zangar kishin ƙasa ko musamman, Golden Dawn. Ya yarda da kansa cewa "'Yan hagu na Girka sun shirya zanga-zangar adawa da mulkin kama-karya da dama wanda jam'iyyarmu ma ta shiga ciki" https://linksunten.indymedia.org/de/node/91006/)

A ranar 4 ga Satumba 2013, kotun Athens ta wanke Matsas da Moutzouris daga dukkan tuhume-tuhumen.

## Manazarta
Alberto Nahmias

**Alberto Nahmias** (Girkanci:  ko ; 1905, Thessaloniki - 1984 ) ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Girka kuma ɗan wasan ƙwararrun Yahudawa wanda ya buga wa Iraklis F.C.. Ya kasance daya daga cikin fitattun 'Dan wasan kwallon kafa na Girka na shekarun 1920 kuma memba ne na Iraklis FC da sabuwar Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Girka. 

Babban dan wasa ne na Iraklis, ya taimaka wa kulob din lashe Gasar zakarun yankin ta 3 a shekarar 1927.  Ya kuma kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasan da aka zaba don wasan farko na kasa da kasa na Girka da tawagar Italiya ta biyu. An gudanar da wasan ne a Athens a ranar 7 ga Afrilu 1929 kuma Nahmias ya zira kwallaye na farko na tawagar kasa a minti na 60, ya daidaita wasan a 1-1 . Girka ta rasa 1-4.

Baya ga kwallon kafa, Nahmias ya kasance dan wasa ne na waƙa da filin wasa, ya yi fice a mita 100, 400 mita shingen da 4 × 100 mita relay. Ayyukansa sun ba shi damar samun cancanta ga wasannin Olympics na 1924 a Paris, amma SEGAS ta hana shi shiga, wanda ya ki ba da damar 'yan wasan Makidoniya su yi tafiya zuwa Paris saboda dalilai na kudi. A shekara ta 1936, an zaba shi a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan wasa 19 a Thessaloniki wadanda suka shiga gasar Olympics ta farko.

A lokacin Yaƙin Girka da Italiya, an rubuta Nahmias daga cikin sauran Yahudawa 12,898 na Girka. Ya koma Thessaloniki, bayan da aka ji masa rauni a goshi a gaba.

## Manazarta
Shemariah na Negropont

**Shemariah ben Elijah Ikriti na Negropont** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1275, ya mutu a shekara ta 1355)  (Ibraniyawa: שמריה בן אליהו האריטי) masanin falsafa ne na Girka-Yahudawa  kuma masanin Littafi Mai-Tsarki, zamani na Dante da Immanuel Roman.

## Rayuwa
An haife shi mai yiwuwa a Roma, zuriyar doguwar layin Yahudawa na Romawa. Mahaifinsa, a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, ya tafi a matsayin rabbi zuwa tsibirin Karita, daga nan ne sunansa, "Ha-Yewani" (="Girkanci"), ko "Ha-Iḳriṭti" (= "Krit"). Shemariah tana da tunani mai mahimmanci, kuma ta san Italiyanci, Latin, da Girkanci. Har zuwa 1305 ya yi nazarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki kawai; sannan ya ɗauki Talmudic aggadah da falsafar. Shemariah ne ya fassara rubutun Tractatus na farko a cikin Ibrananci kuma ya gabatar da shi a matsayin aikinsa, mai taken *Sefer ha-Hihhayon* . 

Sunansa ya kasance kamar yadda aka kira shi zuwa kotun Sarki Robert na Naples (wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da shi), inda ya ba da kansa ga nazarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki kuma ya rubuta sharhi game da Nassi. A shekara ta 1328 ya kammala sharhin falsafa a kan Pentateuch (musamman labarin Halitta), Littafin Ayuba, da Waƙar Waƙoƙi . Ya yi niyyar kawo hadin kai tsakanin Karaites da Rabbinites; Karaites, a zahiri, sun gane shi kuma sun girmama shi. Shemariah ya yi jawabi ga wata *Wasiƙa game da Halitta ta Duniya* ga Robert a cikin 1328. Shemariah na Negroponte ya kuma sadaukar da sharhi game da Song of Songs ga Sarki, yana kwatanta wannan da Sarki Sulemanu.

Mutuwar ɗa (1330) ta katse aikinsa na ɗan lokaci, amma nan da nan ya sake ɗaukar shi. A shekara ta 1346 ya rubuta Sefer ha-Mora, ƙaryata ra'ayoyin falsafa game da Halitta. Da yake gaskata cewa ya sanya Rabbinism a kan tabbataccen tushe, Shemariah ya yi, a cikin 1352, tafiya zuwa Castile da Andalusia, don juyar da Karaites. A cikin waka guda ɗaya, an ce ya yi kamar shi Almasihu ne na Yahudawa, kuma an zagi shi har gwamnati ta kama shi.[1] Ya mutu a kurkuku. Kamar yawancin tsaransa, ya kasance a kimiyya epigone na manyan masana falsafa da masu sharhi. Ya kuma rubuta Elef ha-Magen (bayani game da aggadah a cikin littafin Megillah), wasu piyyuṭim, da waƙoƙi.

## Manazarta
Sabbatai Zevi

**Sabbatai Zevi** (Ibraniyawa: ,   Ṣəńī,  Agusta 1, 1626 -  )  ya kasance tsohon Masanin Yahudawa na Ottoman kuma rabbi daga Smyrna wanda ya tuba zuwa Islama Iyalinsa Yahudawa ne na Romaniote daga Patras . 

Mai aiki a duk faɗin Daular Ottoman, Zevi ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne Almasihu na Yahudawa da ake jira da daɗewa kuma ya kafa ƙungiyar Sabbatean.[5] Babban koyarwarsa shine imani cewa a lokacin Zamanin Almasihu, ayyukan da aka saba ɗauka zunubi za su canza zuwa Masu adalci.[1][2] Wannan koyarwar antinomian ta jagoranci Zevi da mabiyansa da gangan su keta Dokokin Yahudawa, wani aiki mai rikitarwa wanda daga baya ya yi wahayi zuwa ga ƙungiyoyi kamar Frankists.[3][4]

Bayan ya isa Constantinople a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1666, an daure Sabbatai bisa umarnin Babban Vizier Köprülüzade Fazıl Ahmed Pasha . A watan Satumba na wannan shekarar, bayan an tura shi daga kurkuku daban-daban a kusa da babban birnin zuwa kujerar kotunan daular a Adrianople (yanzu Edirne), an yi masa shari'a kan zarge-zargen tayar da kayar baya. Sabbatai an ba shi zaɓi na mutuwa ko juyowa zuwa Islama ta hanyar Grand Vizier wanda ke wakiltar Sultan Mehmed IV. Ya zaɓi juyowa, yana sanye da turban Islama daga wannan lokacin. Shugabannin gwamnatin Ottoman sun ba shi lada tare da fansho mai karimci don bin tsarin siyasa da na addini.[11][12] Kimanin iyalai 300 da suka bi Zevi suma sun tuba zuwa addinin Islama kuma sun zama sanannun Dönme, Turkiyya don "masu tuba".

Daga baya, Ottomans sun kore shi sau biyu, na farko a cikin Constantinople kuma lokacin da aka ji shi yana raira Zabura tare da Yahudawa a can, zuwa wani karamin gari da aka sani a yau da Ulcinj a cikin abin da ke yanzu Montenegro. Ya mutu a ware.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi

*Sabbatai* Zevi an haife shi ne a birnin Ottoman na Smyrna, wanda ake zargin a kan Tisha B'Av, daya daga cikin Kwanakin azumi na Yahudanci, a lokacin Makonni Uku a cikin 1626. A cikin Ibrananci, Sabbatai na nufin *Saturn*; a cikin al'adar Yahudawa, "mulkin Sabbatai," duniyar da ta fi girma, galibi ana danganta shi da zuwan Almasihu.

Iyalin Zevi Yahudawa ne na Romaniote daga Patras .  Mahaifinsa, Mordekai, ya kasance dillalin kaji a Morea. A lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Ottoman-Venetian, Smyrna ya zama cibiyar kasuwancin Levantine, kuma Mordekai ya zama wakilin Smyrnan na gidan kasuwanci na Ingila, yana samun wadata a cikin tsari. 'Yar'uwarsa, Orah Gadol, mace ce mai ilimi, sananniya a tsakanin Yahudawa na Smyrna.

Biye da al'adar Yahudawa ta lokacin, mahaifin Sabbatai ya sa ya yi nazarin Talmud. Ya halarci yeshiva a karkashin babban malamin Smyrna, Joseph Escapa . Nazarin halakha (dokar Yahudawa) bai yi masa kira ba, amma Zevi ya sami ƙwarewa a cikin Talmud. A lokaci guda, ya yi sha'awar mysticism da Kabbalah kuma Isaac Luria ya rinjaye shi. Kabbalah mai amfani, wanda masu bautarsa suka yi amfani da asceticism don sadarwa tare da Allah da Mala'iku don yin hasashen makomar da yin mu'ujizai, ya fi jan hankali a gare shi. Kazalika da rubuce-rubucen Luria, ya karanta *Zohar* kuma ya yi aikin tsarkakewa da tsarkakewar Kabbalistic da ake kira *tikkunim* . 

## Bayanan Kula

## Manazarta
Isaak Benrubi

**Isaak Benrubi** (24 Mayu 1876 a Thessaloniki - 19 Oktoba 1943 a Geneva) masanin falsafa ne daga birnin Ottoman na Thessaloniki, ya yi tsayayya da halin al'ada na aikin sani a cikin "batutuwa" da "abubuwa" ga gaskiyar da ke da sha'awar batun da abu: *"Ba zan iya kasancewa ba tare da sararin samaniya ba, kuma sararin samaniya zai iya kasancewa ba ba tare da ni ba".* Ya yanke shawarar halartar taron CIC a Geneva ne kawai bayan ya san cewa Albert Einstein da Henri Bergson za su halarci.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Benrubi a Thessaloniki, Daular Ottoman, a cikin 1876. Ya fito ne daga tsohuwar iyalin malamai, daga wannan al'ummar Yahudawa na asalin Portuguese, wanda Spinoza ya kasance a Amsterdam. Ya gabatar da rubutunsa a cikin Jamusanci, a karkashin jagorancin babban masanin falsafa Eucken, a kan "Kyakkyawan ɗabi'a na J.J. Rousseau" (1904). A cewar Benrubi, Rousseau shine tushen duk falsafar Jamusanci- daga Kant zuwa Nietzsche - kuma mahaifin ruhaniya na manyan mawaƙa Goethe, Shiller, da Holderlin. Ya yi karatun falsafar kuma ya yi karatu a Jena, Berlin, da Paris (1898-1914). A shekara ta 1904, ya halarci taron 2nd Congress of Philosophy a Geneva, inda ya zauna, yana koyar da tarihin falsafar Turai har zuwa mutuwarsa. Tsakanin 1927 da 1933 Gwamnatin Prussian ta nada shi don koyar da falsafar Faransanci a Bonn, aikin da ya dauka a matsayin aikin al'adu don inganta alaƙar ilimi tsakanin Faransa da Jamus.

A cikin aikinsa Benrubi yayi ƙoƙari ya wuce agnosticism da jin kunya na tunanin falsafar zamani, don sake kafa gada tsakanin Kai da abubuwa, don kawar da dualism na hasashe da tunani mai amfani. Marubucin yayi ƙoƙari ya nuna sararin samaniya gaba ɗaya: hadin kan duniya, hadin kan masu rai, kasancewar tseren ɗan adam, hadin kai a cikin bambancinsa, ya zo ƙarshe a ɗabi'a: Hakki na halitta na hadin kan sararin samaniya da ɗan adam. A cikin aikin na biyu, Benrubi ya yi nazarin zurfin manyan ƙungiyoyin falsafar ɗabi'a a cikin rubutun hannu na sama da shafuka 600, wanda aka adana a Bibliothèque de Genève, inda ake nazarin mahimman ra'ayoyin masu shakka, masu alaƙa da masu amfani da su dalla-dalla kuma an kwatanta su - daga Sophists na Girka zuwa Max Stirner da Herbert Spencer, suna wucewa ta Montaigne, Blaise Pascal, La Rochefoucauld, da Helvetus, da sauransu (J. H. Zeilberger).

## Ayyuka

* *J. J. Rousseaus da kuma Ideal*, 1904
* *Rudolf Euckens kampf um einen neuen idealismus*, 1911
* *Tunanin zamani na Faransa*, 1926
* *Philosophische Strömungen der Gegenwart a cikin Frankreich*, 1928
* *Tushen falsafar zamani a Faransa*, 1933
* *Abubuwan da suka faru game da Henri Bergson*, Delachaux & Niestlé, Neuchâtel, 1942
* *Ilimi da ɗabi'a*, 1947

## Manazarta