William T. Sedgwick

**William Thompson Sedgwick** (29 ga Disamba, 1855 - 25 ga Janairu, 1921) malami ne, masanin cututtukan cututtuka, masanin kwayoyin cuta, kuma babban mutum ne a tsara lafiyar jama'a a Amurka. Da yake mayar da hankali kan kawar da typhoid, Sedgwick ya taimaka wajen kirkirar hanyar Sedgwick-Rafter, hanyar ƙidaya yaduwar kwayoyin ruwa. Daga baya ya ba da shawara don tace yashi na farko na Amurka don tsarkake ruwa, wanda aka girka a Lawrence, Massachusetts.

Ya kasance shugaban kungiyoyin kimiyya da masu sana'a da yawa a lokacin rayuwarsa, gami da shugaban kungiyar kiwon lafiya ta jama'a ta Amurka a 1915. Ya kasance daya daga cikin masu kafa uku na haɗin gwiwar MIT-Harvard School of Public Health a 1913.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi William T. Sedgwick a ranar 29 ga Disamba, 1855, a West Hartford, Connecticut . Shi ɗan William Sedgwick ne da Anne Thompson Sedgwick . A shekara ta 1877, ya sami digiri na farko daga Makarantar Kimiyya ta Sheffield a Jami'ar Yale. Ya yi karatu na tsawon shekaru biyu a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Yale, inda ya kasance malami a fannin ilmin sunadarai (1878-1879).  Ya bar Yale don ya fara karatu a Jami'ar Johns Hopkins a fannin ilimin lissafi. Ya zama mai sha'awar ilmin halitta kuma ya canza karatun sa ya kammala karatu tare da PhD a ilmin halitta a 1881. Ya kasance a Hopkins na tsawon shekaru biyu a matsayin abokin tarayya a ilmin halitta.

## Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts
A shekara ta 1883, an nada Sedgwick a bangaren ilimi a MIT. An ɗaukaka shi zuwa mataimakin farfesa a 1884 kuma zuwa cikakken farfesa a 1891. Ya zama shugaban abin da ya zama sananne a matsayin Sashen Biology a MIT.

A cikin 1888, Sedgwick ya fara ba da laccoci a cikin ilmin ƙwayoyin cuta ga ɗalibai a cikin tsarin aikin injiniya. Dalibansa sun zama masu magana da yawun da suka kawo ka'idodin kiwon lafiyar jama'a cikin aikin injiniya tun daga shekarun 1890 zuwa ƙarni na 20.

Duk da yake an yaba shi a matsayin masanin kimiyya na farko na Amurka, an kuma bayyana Sedgwick a matsayin wanda ba shi da tunanin lissafi. Ya koyar da ra'ayoyi da ka'idoji ga ɗalibansa. Ya koya wa ɗalibansa bukatar haɓaka halaye guda uku: hangen nesa game da batun dangane da duniya mai faɗi, hanyar gaskiya ta aiki don neman gaskiya da ƙwazo don hidima ga sana'ar jama'a.

A cikin 1902, ya wallafa littafin mai suna Principles of Sanitary Science and the Public Health, wanda ya kasance tarin laccocinsa daga darussan da ya koyar a MIT da kuma kwarewar aikinsa a fagen.

Sedgwick ya rinjayi likitoci da yawa a fagen kiwon lafiyar jama'a. Daga cikin wadanda aka fi sani da su sune Charles-Edward Amory Winslow, Samuel Cate Prescott, da William Lyman Underwood . Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a zaɓin Prescott na shiga ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta a matsayin aiki, kuma ya taimaka wajen zaɓin Pres Scott a cikin binciken gwangwani tare da Underwood a cikin 1895 - 6 wanda zai haifar da ci gaban Fasahar abinci.

## Makarantar Harvard-MIT don Jami'an Lafiya na Jama'a
Darussan Sedgwick a MIT da tasirinsa a kan ɗaliban injiniyan farar hula ana iya la'akari da umarni na farko a fagen kiwon lafiyar jama'a. Koyaya, shi da abokan aiki biyu sun ji cewa ana buƙatar tsarin ilimi na yau da kullun. A cikin 1913, ya haɗu da George C. Whipple da Milton J. Rosenau don kafa Makarantar Harvard-MIT don Jami'an Lafiya na Jama'a. Wannan shine shirin ilimi na farko da aka tsara don horar da masu sana'ar da lafiyar jama'a. Shirin hadin gwiwa ya kasance har zuwa 1922 lokacin da Jami'ar Harvard ta yanke shawarar ƙaddamar da Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Harvard.

## Tashar Gwaje-gwaje ta Lawrence
Da farko a 1888, an nada Sedgwick a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga masanin ilimin halitta ga Hukumar Lafiya ta Jihar Massachusetts. Ya jagoranci binciken kwayoyin cuta a Lawrence Experiment Station kuma ya aika da ɗaliban injiniya masu haske don yin aiki a can - gami da George W. Fuller da Allen Hazen .  Ko da yake ba a san shi da karatun bincikensa na dakin gwaje-gwaje ba, shi ne ke da alhakin, tare da George W. Rafter a cikin 1889, don haɓaka hanyar ƙididdiga da na'urar don bincika kwayoyin microscopic a cikin jikin ruwa. Har yanzu ana amfani da Sedgwick-Rafter a yau.

Rahotanni na shekara-shekara na Lawrence Experiment Station sun nuna rawar da Sedgwick ke takawa a matsayin masanin cututtukan cututtuka. "A cikin ilmin annoba, Sedgwick ya taka rawar kai tsaye da na kansa kuma shi ne, hakika, masanin kimiyyar Amurka na farko. "  Sedgwick yayi amfani da rahoton shekara-shekara wanda ke rufe aikin da aka yi a 1891 a matsayin abin hawa don buga bincikensa na annoba na zazzabin typhoid. "A cikin Rahoton Shekara-shekara na Hukumar Lafiya ta Jihar Massachusetts na 1892, Sedgwick ya gabatar da karatu game da annobar zazzabin typhoid a Lowell da Lawrence, a Springfield da Bondsville, waɗanda suka kasance na gargajiya a fagen kuma wanda ya sa wannan ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun kundin a tarihin yaduwar cututtuka

## Ingancin ruwa da gwaje-gwaje na Jersey City
A ƙarshen karni na 19, samar da ruwa ga Jersey City, New Jersey ya gurɓata da datti kuma yawan mutanen da suka mutu daga zazzabin typhoid ya yi yawa. A shekara ta 1899, birnin ya yi kwangila tare da wani kamfani mai zaman kansa don gina sabon samar da ruwa a kan Kogin Rockaway, wanda ya haɗa da madatsar ruwa, tafki da bututun mai mai nisan kilomita 23. An kammala aikin ne a ranar 23 ga Mayu, 1904; duk da haka, ba a ba da magani ga samar da ruwa ba, saboda kwangilar ba ta buƙatar shi. Birnin, yana mai da'awar cewa ba a cika tanadin kwangilar ba, ya shigar da kara a Kotun Shari'a ta New Jersey. Jami'an Jersey City sun koka cewa ruwan da aka yi wa birnin ba "tsarkakewa da lafiya ba ne". Sedgwick ya ba da shaida a matsayin ƙwararren shaida ga masu shigar da kara a cikin shari'o'in biyu. A cikin gwaji na farko, ya shaida cewa ruwan da aka ba birnin ya gurɓata da ƙwayoyin cuta daga zubar da ruwa a cikin ruwa sama da tafkin.

## Manazarta