open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Saad Mamoun

Lieutenant Janar **Mohammed Saad Eddin Mamoun**, wanda aka fi sani da **Saad Mamoun** (14 ga Mayu 1922 - 28 ga Oktoba 2000), ya kasance jami'in soja na Masar kuma Jarumi na yaki wanda ya kasance kwamandan Sojojin Masar na Biyu a lokacin Yakin Yom Kippur . An ba shi izini a cikin rundunar sojan ƙasa a 1943 bayan kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Sojan Masar. An ji masa rauni a lokacin Yaƙin Suez a 1956 a matsayin kwamandan rundunar sojan yaki da tanki. Tare da Mohamed Abdel Ghani el-Gamasy, Hosni Mubarak, Helmy Afify Abd El-Bar da Kamal Hassan Ali, ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan mutane da ke kusa da Shugaba

A lokacin zanga-zangar gurasar Masar ta 1977, a matsayin kwamandan Yankin Sojoji na Tsakiya, an san shi da kin yin amfani da karfi mai kisa a kan masu zanga-zambe a Alkahira da kuma shawo kan Shugaba Sadat don shiga wasu sanannun buƙatu kamar ci gaba da tallafin abinci da makamashi. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga Sojojin Masar, ya yi aiki a matsayin Gwamnan Alkahira har zuwa 1983. 

## Manazarta
Ma'aikatar Ruwa ta Philadelphia

**Ma'aikatar Ruwa ta Philadelphia** ita ce mai Amfani da ruwa na jama'a ga Birnin Philadelphia . PWD tana ba da ruwa mai sha, Ruwa mai guba, da sabis na ruwan sha ga Philadelphia da wasu al'ummomi a cikin yankunan Bucks, Delaware da Montgomery. PWD wata hukuma ce ta gari ta Birnin Philadelphia, kuma tana zaune a cikin sararin haya a Hasumiyar Jefferson a yankin Kasuwar Gabas na Cibiyar Birnin, Philadelphia.

Babban aikin sashen shine tsarawa, aiki da kiyaye kayan aikin jiki da ma'aikatan da ake buƙata don samar da Ruwa sha mai inganci, da kuma samar da isasshen ruwa mai aminci ga duk bukatun cikin gida, kasuwanci, da masana'antu, da kuma sarrafa ruwan datti da ruwan guguwa don karewa da inganta ingancin ruwan yankin, musamman Kogin Delaware da Kogin Schuylkill.

## Tarihi

Ma'aikatar Ruwa ta Philadelphia tana ba da ruwa ga 'yan ƙasa tun 1801, lokacin da, bayan jerin annobar zazzabin rawaya da ta kashe dubban mutane, Birnin ya yanke shawarar cewa ana buƙatar tushen ruwa don tsaftace tituna, kashe gobara, da kuma yin ayyukan gida. Duk da yake an kafa kamfanonin ruwa masu zaman kansu da yawa a wasu birane a wannan lokacin, Philadelphia, tare da tsarin mallakar birni da tsarin kuɗi, yana ɗaya daga cikin na farko a Amurka don ɗaukar samar da ruwa a matsayin alhakin birni. An yi amfani da ruwa a ko'ina cikin birni, tare da biyan abokan ciniki ta hanyar layi kai tsaye zuwa kasuwanni da gidaje, da kuma ruwa kyauta da aka bayar ta hanyar hydrants na jama'a ga duk wanda ke da guga don ɗaukar shi.

## Rashin ruwa
Philadelphia tana cikin kogin Delaware. Dukan ruwa yana zubar da kusan murabba'in kilomita 14,119 tsakanin jihohi biyar - Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, da Pennsylvania. Jimlar yankin da wannan ruwa ya ƙunshi kusan 0.4% na ƙasar Amurka kuma yana da kusan mutane miliyan 4.17.

Ana iya raba birnin zuwa manyan ruwa guda bakwai, dukansu suna gudana zuwa Kogin Delaware: Schuylkill, Wissahickon, Darby-Cobbs, Pennypack, Tacony-Frankford, Poquessing da Delaware Direct. Rashin ruwa na Delaware Direct da kansa karami ne ko da yake duk sauran suna shiga ciki.

### Darby-Cobbs
Rashin ruwa na Darby-Cobbs yana zubar da kusan murabba'in mil 77, kuma kusan kashi 66% na farfajiyarsa an rarraba su a matsayin marasa ruwa. Wannan ruwa ya ƙunshi sassan Chester, Delaware, Montgomery, da yankunan Philadelphia. A takamaiman, ya ƙunshi waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi: Easttown, Tredyffrin, Aldan, Clifton Heights, Collingdale, Colwyn, Darby, East Lansdowne, Folcroft, Glenolden, Haverford, Lansdowne (Marple, Millbourne, Morton, Newtown, Norwood, Prospect Park, Radnor, Ridley Park, Ridley, Rutledge, Sharon Hill, Springfield, Tinicum, Upper Darby, Yeadon, Lower Merion, da Narberth.

## Manazarta
Frank Ekpenyong

**Frank Udo Ekpenyong** ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne, masanin kimiyya kuma mai kula da jama'a wanda ke aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Kimiyya da Tattalin Arziki na Dijital a Jihar Akwa Ibom, Najeriya . Gwamna Umo Eno ne ya nada shi a Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jiha.

## Rayuwa ta farko da asali
An haifi Frank a ranar 8 ga watan Janairun 1980. Ya fito ne daga Ikot Oku Usung, a cikin Karamar Hukumar Ukanafun, Jihar Akwa Ibom, Najeriya.

## Ilimi
Ekpenyong ya sami digiri na farko a cikin Tsarin Bayanai daga Jami'ar Portsmouth, kuma ya sami digiri ya biyu a Fasahar Bayanai, daga Jami'an Wageningen . Ya sami digiri na Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) a cikin Kimiyya da Gudanar da Tsarin Bayanai a Jami'ar Gabashin London.

## Ayyuka
Kafin a nada shi a matsayin kwamishinan, Ekpenyong ya yi aiki a fannin ilimi da kuma gudanar da gwamnati, gami da mukamai na lacca da matsayi na ba da shawara a fannonin da suka shafi fasaha.

An nada Ekpenyong a matsayin Kwamishinan Kimiyya da Tattalin Arziki na Dijital, a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 2025. A matsayinsa na Kwamishinan Kimiyya da Tattalin Arziki na Dijital, yana da alhakin bunkasa manufofi da ke inganta sauye-sauyen dijital na Jihar Akwa Ibom. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da kula da fadada ababen more rayuwa na ICT, inganta ƙwarewar dijital da kirkire-kirkire, tallafawa ilimin kimiyya, da ci gaba da shirye-shiryen e-gwamnati.

## Kyaututtuka da girmamawa
A shekara ta 2003, Frank ya sami Kyautar Kyautar Ƙasashen waje ta Ƙasashen Waje daga TOTALFINAELF, (kamfanin mai na ƙasashe da yawa da aka kafa daga haɗuwa da Total, Fina, da Elf), don nuna godiya ga aikinsa na ilimi.

## Dubi kuma

* Kwamitin zartarwa na Jihar Akwa Ibom

## Manazarta
Yankin birni mai laushi

A cikin tsara amfani da ƙasa, sararin samaniya na birane wuraren budewa ne da aka tanada don wuraren shakatawa da sauran sararin samaniya. Wadannan sun hada da rayuwar shuka, siffofin ruwa - wanda aka fi sani da sararin samaniya - da sauran nau'ikan mahalli na halitta. Yawancin wuraren budewa na birane sune wuraren kore, kodayake wasu na iya kunshe da wasu nau'ikan wuraren budewa. Yanayin sararin samaniya na birane na iya kasancewa daga filayen wasa da sauran wuraren da aka kiyaye sosai zuwa wasu wurare na halitta waɗanda suka bayyana ba su da kulawa.

Yankunan kore na birane na iya haɗawa da wuraren da ba a iya samun su ba, kamar makarantun ilimi mafi girma masu zaman kansu, filayen wasanni na makaranta, yankuna, unguwa ko wuraren shakatawa da lambuna, da kuma makarantun kamfanoni. Yankunan da ke waje da iyakokin birni, kamar wuraren shakatawa na jihohi da na kasa ko wuraren budewa na ƙauyuka, ba a dauke su a matsayin wuraren bude birane ba. Boulevards, piazzas, plazas, da kuma birane squares ba a rarraba su a matsayin birane bude sarari a cikin ƙasa-amfani da tsara.

## Ma'anar da ra'ayoyi

Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta bayyana wuraren kore na birane a matsayin "duk ƙasar birane da ke rufe da ciyayi na kowane nau'i". A cikin wallafe-wallafen ilimi, ana amfani da "sararin budewa na birni" ko "sararin buɗewa" sau da yawa don bayyana manyan wuraren budewa. Ɗaya daga cikin ma'anar da aka yi amfani da ita ya bayyana sararin samaniya kamar haka:

### Muhalli

Yankunan kore na iya inganta ingancin iska na birane da samar da wurin zama ga namun daji, inganta lafiyar muhalli gaba ɗaya na yanayin birane. Hakanan suna iya rage haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa ta hanyar samar da Ruwan sama.

### Kyakkyawan
Yankunan birane suma suna da wani darajar kyawawan abubuwa. Mutane suna jin daɗin kallon yanayi, musamman idan ba shi da yawa, kamar yadda yake a cikin birane. Sabili da haka, sararin samaniya yana ba da darajar "sake maye gurbin kayan aikin launin toka".  Wani mai bincike ya lura da yadda unguwanni masu kyau ke ba da gudummawa ga halayen kirki da ka'idojin zamantakewa waɗanda ke ƙarfafa tafiya da dabi'un al'umma.  Gidajen da ke kusa da wuraren bude birane suna da darajar da ta fi girma. Ɗaya daga cikin binciken ya iya nuna cewa, "ra'ayi mai kyau na iya haifar da karuwa mai yawa a farashin gida, musamman idan gidan yana kallon ruwa (8-10%) ko sararin samaniya (6-12%). "  Wasu fa'idodi na iya samuwa daga fallasawa ga nau'ikan yanayi na halitta, ma. Misali, mutanen da aka nuna hotuna na shimfidar wuri, yanayin halitta sun kara aikin kwakwalwa a yankin da ke da alaƙa da tunawa da farin ciki, idan aka kwatanta da mutanen da aka Nuna hotuna na birane.

## Manazarta
Ali Mustafa Baghdady

**Ali Ahmed Mustafa Baghdady** (Arabic: علي مصطفى بغدادي) (4 December 1922 –  22 January 2005) was the Egyptian Air Force commander from 1969 to 1972. He was also an Olympic swimmer and water polo player, and competed in the London 1948 Olympics. He died in January 2005 due to complications of a stroke.

## Rayuwa ta farko da iyali
An haifi Ali Baghdady a Alkahira, Misira, ga iyayen Mustafa da Nabaweya . Mahaifinsa ya gudanar da ofishin gidan waya na Masar har zuwa farkon shekarun 1960. Yana da 'yan'uwa uku: marigayi Adli, sanannen alƙali kuma mataimakin ministan shari'a, marigayi Ibrahim, gwamnan Alkahira da jami'in leken asiri, da marigayi Hassan, injiniya da kuma zartarwa na masana'antun sukari na ƙasar Masar. 'Yan uwansa mata sune Nadia, Fayza da Nehal . A shekara ta 1951 ya auri Seyada Mashour, kuma tare da ita yana da 'ya'ya maza uku: Amr, Essam da Tarek .
,

## Ilimi da aikin soja
Ya halarci makarantar Tawfikeya a Shubra, Alkahira, inda ya sami digiri na farko. Daga nan sai ya shiga Kwalejin Soja kuma ya kammala karatu a matsayin jami'in Sojojin Masar. Daga nan sai ya shiga makarantar Sojojin Sama kuma ya ci gaba da aikinsa a matsayin jami'in da matukin jirgi a Sojojin Jirgin Sama na Masar. Ya yi aiki a karkashin Sarki Farouk, Shugaba Gamal Abdel Nasser da Shugaba Anwar Sadat . A shekara ta 1969 an nada Janar Baghdady Kwamandan Sojojin Sama na Masar (yayinda yake wani ɓangare na Sojojin Jirgin Sama na Jamhuriyar Larabawa). A shekara ta 1972 Hosni Mubarak (wanda daga baya ya zama shugaban Masar) ya gaje shi a matsayin Kwamandan rundunar sojan sama. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2016 ne shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya kara masa matsayi na janar.

## Wasanni
Ali Baghdady ya kasance zakaran yin iyo na gajeren lokaci na Masar kuma kyaftin din tawagar kwallon ruwa ta kasa. Ya wakilci kasarsa a gasar Olympics ta 1948 a London . A cikin shekarun 1970s ya kuma kasance Shugaban kungiyar squash ta Masar, kuma daga baya ya ci gaba da buga wasan tennis a cikin rukunin sama da 40.

### Kasancewar gasar Olympics
Baghdady ta shiga cikin abubuwan da suka biyo baya a wasannin Olympics na 1948 na Masar: 

* Mita 100 na maza Freestyle - Ya zira kwallaye 4 na 6 a zagaye na farko Heat Three
* Matsakaicin maza 4 × 200 Freestyle Relay - Ya zira kwallaye 7 na 7 a zagaye na farko Heat Biyu

## manazarta
Dolapo Fasawe

**Adedolapo Fasawe** likitan lafiyar jama'a ne kuma mai kula da muhalli Na Najeriya. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mace ta farko Janar Manajan Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Jihar Legas (LASEPA) daga watan Agusta 2019 zuwa 2023. An zabi ta a matsayin Kwamishinan Jihar Legas amma ta ki amincewa da tayin don zama Sakataren Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Muhalli a cikin Babban Birnin Tarayya (FCTA).

## Ilimi
Fasawe ta sami MBBS a fannin kiwon lafiya da tiyata daga Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-Ife . Tana da digiri na biyu a fannin kiwon lafiya na jama'a daga Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Jihar Legas, difloma a fannin Kiwon Lafiyar Kasa da Kasa daga Makarantar Kiwon Lawon Lafiye ta Tropical ta Liverpool, da kuma cancanta a cikin Kula da Lafiyar Zuciya ta Duniya daga Kwalejar King ta London.

## Ayyuka
Fasawe yana da kwarewar sama da shekaru 20 a matsayin likitan lafiyar jama'a, wanda ya haɗa da maganin asibiti da yin manufofi. Ta yi shekaru 19 a gwamnatin Jihar Legas kafin nadin ta na FCTA . A cikin shekara ta 2014, ta tsara dabarun Bayanan Kiwon Lafiya na Jama'a na Gaggawa don barkewar cutar Ebola a Legas. Daga 2019 - 2023, ta yi aiki a matsayin janar manajan Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Jihar Legas. A cikin 2023, an zabi ta don nadin kwamishina amma ta ƙi shi don zama Sakatariyar Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Muhalli a cikin Babban Birnin Tarayya (FCTA).

## Kyaututtuka da girmamawa
A watan Yunin 2025, ta sami lambar yabo ta Amazon Environmental Health daga Kungiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Najeriya, lambar yabo ta Silent Hero in Healthcare Delivery daga 'Yan Jarumi na Silent na Najeriya da kuma lambar yabo ta Excellence in Climate Action daga Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo . 

## Manazarta
Kayan gandun daji na zamantakewa a Indiya

Kula **da gandun daji na zamantakewa** shine kula da dazuzzuka da kuma dasa dazuzzuka na filayen da ba su da dazuzzuka da kuma waɗanda aka sare dazuzzuka da nufin taimakawa ci gaban muhalli, zamantakewa da karkara . An fara amfani da kalmar gandun daji ta zamantakewa a shekarar 1976 ta Hukumar Noma ta Ƙasa, lokacin da gwamnatin Indiya ta yi niyyar rage matsin lamba ga dazuzzuka ta hanyar dasa bishiyoyi a duk filayen da ba a amfani da su da kuma waɗanda ba a amfani da su. An yi shi ne a matsayin hanyar dimokuradiyya don kiyaye da amfani da gandun daji, wanda hakan ke ƙara yawan amfani da ƙasa don dalilai da yawa.

Gwamnatin Indiya ta yi ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa yankunan dazuzzuka waɗanda ke kusa da matsugunan mutane kuma waɗanda suka lalace saboda ayyukan ɗan adam. An dasa bishiyoyi a kan layin jirgin ƙasa, titunan tituna, koguna da gaɓar magudanar ruwa, a cikin filayen ƙauyuka, wuraren sharar gwamnati, da filayen *panchayat*, kuma an dasa su a cikin gonaki da kewaye. Daga cikin manufofin akwai ƙara yawan mai a yankunan karkara da kuma hana zaizayar ƙasa . Wannan shirin ya gaza saboda rashin shugabanci, kuma an tura shugabannin zuwa ga  na ƙauyen (kansilolin ƙauye). 

## Bukatu da ci gaba
Mutane sun ji bukatar tsarin kula da gandun daji na zamantakewa saboda Indiya tana da yawan mutanen karkara da suka dogara da itace mai sauran halittu don dafa abinci da dumama. Wadannan bukatun za su karu tare da yawan jama'a, suna barazanar rage wuraren gandun daji.

### Ginin gona
A cikin gandun daji na noma ko agroforestry, ana shuka bishiyoyi a gonar gona don dalilai na kasuwanci da wadanda ba na kasuwanci ba. Ana ƙarfafa manoma su dasa bishiyoyi a gonar su don biyan bukatun gida. Al'adar shuka bishiyoyi a gonar ta riga ta kasance a wurare da yawa, kuma ita ce babbar hanyar da yawancin ayyukan gandun daji na Indiya ke da ita. Baya ga samar da itace mai, manoma galibi suna shuka bishiyoyi don samar da inuwa ga amfanin gona, a matsayin mafaka na iska, don kiyaye ƙasa ko kuma dawo da hamada.

Masana'antar kwai da takarda babbar buƙata ce ga wasu nau'ikan bishiyoyi kamar su *[[Eucalyptus]]*, *Babul* *[[Acacia catechu]]*, *Subabul* (*[[Leucaena leucocephala]]*) da *[[Casuarina equisetifolia]]* . A matsayin ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, jimlar buƙatun katako kusan tan miliyan 10 ne (ADMT; itace yana da 10% na danshi). Kungiyar Masu Gina Takarda ta Indiya kungiya ce mai laima wacce ke daidaitawa da kuma fitar da kokarin shuka ta kungiyoyin membobin Indiya don samar da bukatun masana'antu.

## Manazarta
Aravali Retreat, Gurgaon

**Aravali Retreat** wata al'umma ce mai kadada 1,200 (490 ,  wanda ke kan tsaunukan Aravali, kimanin kilomita 35 (22  kudu maso yamma daga Filin jirgin saman Indra Gandhi na Delhi, a ƙauyen Raisina, Sohna Tehsil, Gundumar Gurgaon, a cikin Babban Birnin Indiya. Ci gaban ya hada da 630 daya da biyu acre shinge kuri'a.

Pathways World School wata Makarantar Kasa da Kasa, tana cikin ci gaba. An buɗe makarantar a shekara ta 2003. A shekara ta 2014 tana da ɗaliban ɗalibai 1,100 da ke wakiltar ƙasashe 40.

Ci gaban ya kasance batun jayayya da yawa game da halattacciyar wasu gine-ginen da aka gina a shafin. Hukumomin muhalli na cikin gida da na ƙasa sun fara aiwatar da rushewa da yawa don cire gine-ginen da suka keta dokokin muhalli.

## Tarihi
An haɓaka Aravali Retreat kuma an tallata shi ta hanyar Ansal Properties and Infrastructure (API), mai haɓaka dukiya a cikin NCR. An fara aikin ne a cikin 1988-89. Kanal Sashi ne ya tsara shi kuma ya haɓaka shi, injiniyan soja da ya yi ritaya daga Sojojin Injiniyoyin Indiya. An rufe kowane mutum, an rufe shi, kuma an haɗa shi da hanyoyi na ciki. Masu haɓakawa sun kuma gina wuraren da ake amfani da ruwa, da kuma gidan kulob din. Don kara yawan "kore" lakhs na bishiyoyi da shrubs na asali, gami da bishiyoyi masu ba da 'ya'yan itace an dasa su, a kan hanyoyi da wuraren da aka saba amfani da su. A kan wasu samfurori an gina su ta hanyar mai haɓaka. An sayar da waɗannan daga baya. An sayar da aikin a cikin 1990-92, bayan kammala ababen more rayuwa. A wannan lokacin, API ta sayar da gonaki sama da 630, wanda ya kasance a girman daga 1 acre zuwa 2.85 acres. API, bisa ga takardun kotu, kafin haɓaka da siyar da kuri'un, sun ɗauki izini masu dacewa a ƙarƙashin tanadin Dokar Punjab da Yankunan da aka tsara (Restriction of Unregulated Development) Act,1963 da Haryana Development and Regulation of Urban Areas Act, 1975, kamar yadda aka tabbatar da shi ta hanyar gabatar da kotu ta API.

### Hanyar shiga
Wata karamar hanyar ƙauye daga Badshahpur ta hanyar Tikli ta haɗa Aravali Retreat zuwa babbar hanyar Gurgaon-Sohna. Makarantar Duniya ta Pathway, tare da hadin gwiwar Kamfanin Municipal na Gurgaon, Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ta Jihar Haryana, da Panchayati Raj, sun yi aiki don taimakawa tare da haɓaka wannan hanyar da aka yi watsi da ita. Ana sa ran za a kammala aikin a kan hanya kafin farawar ruwan sama a shekarar 2014.

### Makarantar Duniya ta Pathways
Makarantar Duniya ta Pathway wata makarantar haɗin gwiwa ce wacce ke da kadada 30 (12  na ƙasa a cikin ci gaba, tare da ɗaliban ɗalibai 1,100. Yana ba da shirin Baccalaureate na Duniya. Makarantar tana ba da ƙarin wurare na zagaye, masaukin ɗalibai, da kuma gidaje a shafin don masanan da ma'aikata. Dalibai masu yawa suna tafiya da bas daga Delhi da Gurgaon. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, an ba makarantar lambar yabo ta Platinum don 'Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design' (LEED) ta Majalisar Green Building ta Amurka.

## Manazarta
Ahmed Badawi

**Ahmed Badawi Sayyid Ahmed** (3 ga Afrilu 1927 - 2 ga Maris 1981; Larabci: أحمد بدوي Cid أحمد) ya kasance Marshal na filin Masar (Mushir) kuma Shugaban Janar Janar na Sojojin. 

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Ahmed Badawy a garin Alexandria da ke bakin teku a 1927. Ya yi karatun kasuwanci a Jami'ar Alexandria inda ya sami digiri na farko, sannan ya yi tafiya zuwa Moscow a kan tallafin karatu zuwa Kwalejin Soja ta M. V. Frunze .

## Ayyuka
Ya zama babban malami a makarantar sojoji a shekarar 1958 amma daga baya aka kore shi daga aikin soja a shekarar 1967. &#x5B; ** &#x5D; Shugaba Anwar El-Sadat ya roƙe shi ya koma aikin soja a lokaci guda yayin da yake zama malami a Jami'ar Ain Shams. A matsayinsa na birgediya janar, ya jagoranci rundunar sojoji ta 7 a lokacin Yaƙin Yom Kippur, kuma bayan an kewaye rundunar sojoji ta uku, an sanya shi a matsayin kwamandan rundunar sojoji. Sashen da aka ware na rundunar sojoji ya ƙunshi rundunonin sojoji na 7 da 19, tare da rundunonin sojoji biyu masu sulke, a gabar gabas, da kuma gaurayen rundunonin sojoji a birnin Suez da kanta. 

Ya zama kwamandan Cibiyar Horar da Sojojin sannan aka kara shi ya zama Babban Jami'in Sojojin Masar.

A ranar 14 ga Mayu 1980, Anwar El-Sadat ya sanya shi Ministan Tsaro da Ayyukan Soja.

## Mutuwa
Bayan 'yan watanni bayan ya zama mai kula da ma'aikatar tsaro, Ahmed Badawy ya mutu, tare da manyan jami'ai 13, a hadarin jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu a ranar 2 ga Maris 1981.
Zora Cross

**Zora Bernice May Cross** (18 ga Mayu 1890 - 22 ga Janairu 1964) mawakiyar Australiya ce, marubuciya kuma 'yar jarida.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Cross a ranar 18 ga Mayu, 1890 a Eagle Farm, Brisbane, ga akawu Ernest William Cross da Mary Louisa Eliza Ann Cross, haifaffiyar Sydney.[1] Cross ta buga kuma an san ta da littattafanta na yau da kullun, littattafan waƙoƙi da baitocin yara kuma ta gaji ƙaunarta ga adabi daga iyayenta biyu. Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Grammar 'Yan Mata ta Ipswich, Makarantar Jama'a ta Burwood, Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta Sydney sannan kuma Kwalejin Malamai ta Sydney daga 1909 zuwa 1910. Tun tana ƙarama, Cross ta kasance mai bayar da gudummawa sosai ga Ƙungiyar Yara a cikin Jaridar Garin da Ƙasa ta Australia, inda ta jawo hankalin editan Ethel Turner, wanda ya zama babban aboki kuma mai ba da shawara a duk lokacin aikin rubutu na Cross.[2]

Cross ta haɗa aikinta na koyarwa da rubutu da wasan kwaikwayo, gami da rangadin yawon shakatawa tare da Cherry Abraham's Comedy Costume Company da ke Queensland da kuma kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo na JC Williamson.  A ranar 11 ga Maris 1911, ta auri abokin aikinta Stuart Smith amma daga baya ta ƙi zama tare da shi. An raba auren a ranar 10 ga Satumba 1922. A watan Satumba 1914 ta haifi ɗa, Normand (wanda daga baya aka sani da Teddy), a Asibitin Lauriston Private, Mosman, amma babu wani uba da aka saka a cikin takardar shaidar haihuwa. Ta koyar na tsawon shekaru uku sannan ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar jarida a *The Boomerang*, sannan kuma a matsayin marubuci mai zaman kansa. 

## Aiki
A shekarar 1916, Cross ta gabatar da littafinta na farko, kan wani jigo na 'yan asalin ƙasar Aboriginal amma mawallafin ya ƙi buga wannan aikin. A wannan shekarar aka buga wani littafin waƙa, *Waƙar Soyayya ta Uwa*.

A shekarar 1917, Cross ta buga&nbsp;*Waƙoƙin Soyayya da Rai*, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu sun riga sun bayyana a cikin *Jaridar Bulletin*, wacce ta yi tasiri sosai a al'adu da siyasa ta Australiya har zuwa bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, kuma daga baya aka san ta da wannan waƙa saboda&nbsp;masu kishin ƙasa, masu goyon bayan ma'aikata, da kuma&nbsp;mai goyon bayan jam'iyyar Republican&nbsp;rubutu.&nbsp;Wannan littafin da littafinta na waƙoƙi makamancin haka, *The Lilt of Life* a shekarar 1918, waɗanda Angus &amp;amp; Robertson suka buga, sun nuna ƙaunarta ga David McKee Wright. *Waƙoƙin Soyayya da Rai* sun jawo hankalin jama'a saboda abubuwan da ke cikinsa na batsa kuma sun sayar cikin kwana uku.

## Manazarta
Nasser Sweilam

**Nasser Hassan Sweilam** farfesa ne na Masar na nazarin lambobi a Sashen Lissafi, Kwalejin Kimiyya, Jami'ar Alkahira . Wani memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka. Tsohon Shugaban Sashen Lissafi, tsohon darektan Sashin Fasahar Bayanai kuma a halin yanzu Darakta na Sashin E-koyon, Faculty of Science na ma'aikatar.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haife shi a ƙauyen Zuhur Al Omara, El Delengat, Gwamnatin Beheira, a ranar 15 ga Janairun 1930.  Iyalinsa sun fito ne daga kabilar "Awlad Aly". Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, ya shiga Kwalejin Sojojin Masar, sannan ya sami difloma na kwamandan battalion daga Kwalejin Stalin a Tarayyar Soviet a 1949. Ya kuma kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Nasser don ilimin soja mafi girma (Cairo 1961). A bangaren karatun farar hula, ya sami digiri na farko daga bangaren kasuwanci, Jami'ar Alkahira . Abu Ghazala ya sami difloma na girmamawa daga Kwalejin Yakin Kasa a Amurka, don haka ya zama na farko wanda ba na Amurka ba don karɓar irin wannan lambar yabo.

## Ayyuka
Ya fara aikinsa bayan digiri na farko na Kimiyya a matsayin mai nuna lissafi a 1981 a Sashen Lissafi, Jami'ar Alkahira . Ya zama mataimakin malami a shekarar 1989 a wannan Alma mater. Bayan digirinsa na PhD, ya zama malami a shekarar 1994, mataimakin farfesa a shekarar 1997, mataimakin Farfesa a shekarar 2007 kuma ya sami cikakken farfesa a wannan shekarar.

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

* **Sweilam**, N. H., A. M. Nagy, da L. E. Elfahri, Fractional-Order Delayed Salmonella Transmission Model: A Numerical Simulation 
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] "A hybrid fractional COVID-19 model tare da general population mask amfani: Numerical jiyya". Jaridar Injiniya ta Alexandria. 60 (3): 3219–3232. . ISSN 1110-0168 

## Manazarta
Shoukry Hassan ya ce

Shoukry Hassan Sayed farfesa ne na Masar na lissafi a Sashen Lissafi, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Bahrain . Ya kasance tsohon Shugaban Sashen Lissafi, Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz, Jedda, Saudi Arabia . Shi ɗan'uwan Cibiyar Kimiyya ce (London) kuma zaɓaɓɓen memba ne na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka .  

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Shoukry Hassan Sayed a ranar 16 ga Disamba 1945 a Alkahira, Misira . Ya sami B. Sc, digiri na musamman a lissafi daga Jami'ar Ain Shams, Alkahira a shekarar 1967. Ya koma Ingila don samun digirinsa na PhD daga Jami'ar Manchester a 1976 kuma ya sami digirinsa a 1993 daga wannan ma'aikatar.

## Ayyuka
Shoukry Hassan Sayed ya fara aikinsa nan da nan bayan digiri na farko a 1967 a matsayin mai nuna lissafi a Sashen Lissafi, Jami'ar Ain Shams . Bayan ya sami digirinsa na PhD a Ingila a shekara ta 1976, ya zama mataimakin bincike a Alma mater, Sashen Lissafi, Jami'ar Manchester . A shekara ta 1977, ya kasance Post-Doctoral Fellow a Sashen Physics, Jami'ar Waikato, Hamilton . A shekara ta 1978, ya zama malami a Jami'ar Ain Shams, Alkahira a Misira kuma ya zama Mataimakin Farfesa lokacin da yake Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz, Jedda, Saudi Arabia don hutun Asabar a shekarar 1985. A cikin wannan shekarar, an sanya shi Shugaban Sashen Lissafi na Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia . A shekara ta 1992, ya zama cikakken Farfesa na Lissafi.

## Kyaututtuka da membobin
A shekara ta 1981, ya sami lambar yabo ta Jihar Masar a fannin kimiyyar lissafi . Shekara guda bayan haka (1982), an ba shi lambar yabo ta farko ta Masar ta Kimiyya da Fasaha . A cikin Landan shekarar, ya sami kyautar Bincike mafi kyau a cikin Lissafi daga Jami'ar Ain Shams Alkahira, Misira . A shekara ta 1987, ya sami lambar yabo ta Jihar Masar a lissafi kuma a shekara ta 1996, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Masar ta Farko ta Farko da kuma Pendant of Excellence - Class 1 ta ASRT . A shekara ta 2004, an zabe shi a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka kuma shi ma Fellow ne na Cibiyar Physics (London). 

## manazarta
Tessa Davies

Tessa Davies (1940 - 1 Yuni 1988) ta kasance mai tsarawa kayan ado na Ingilishi. Ta ɗauki ma'anar MCSD yayin da ta kasance memba na Chartered Society of Designers . An zabi ta don lambar yabo ta Kwalejin a cikin rukunin Best Art Direction don fim din Yentl . [1] An buge ta har ta mutu.[2]￼

## Hotunan da aka zaɓa

* *Yentl* (1983) 

## Manazarta
Mary Gilmore

**Dame Mary Jean Gilmore** DBE (wanda aka haifa **Cameron** ; 16 ga Agusta 1865 A ranar 3 ga Disamba, 1962) marubuciya ce kuma 'yar jarida 'yar ƙasar Ostiraliya wacce aka san ta da gudummawarta ga adabin Australiya da kuma jawabai na ƙasa baki ɗaya. Ta rubuta rubutun waka da kuma waƙoƙi.

An haifi Gilmore a karkarar New South Wales, kuma ta yi yarinta a cikin da kewayen Kogin, tana zaune a ƙananan matsugunan daji da kuma manyan garuruwan karkara kamar Wagga Wagga l. Gilmore ta cancanci zama malamar makaranta tana da shekaru 16, kuma bayan wani lokaci a ƙasar an tura ta zuwa Sydney. Ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar ma'aikata da ke tasowa da kuma Makarantar Bulletin ta masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, kuma ta zama mai biyayya ga ra'ayin gurguzu na utopian na William Lane. A shekara ta 1893, Gilmore da wasu mutane 200 sun bi Lane zuwa Paraguay, inda suka kafa Sabuwar Mallakar Australia. Ta fara iyali a can, amma masarautar ba ta cika tsammanin ba kuma suka koma Ostiraliya a 1902.

## Rayuwar farko

Mary Jean Cameron was born on 16 August 1865 at the small settlement of Cotta Walla (modern-day Roslyn), just outside Crookwell, New South Wales. When she was one year old her parents, Donald Cameron, a farmer from Scotland, and Mary Ann Beattie, decided to move to Wagga Wagga to join her maternal grandparents, the Beatties, who had moved there from Penrith, New South Wales in 1866.

## Aikin adabi

A shekarar 1890, ta ƙaura zuwa Sydney, inda ta zama wani ɓangare na Makarantar Bulletin, wadda ta mayar da hankali kan mujallar 'yan kishin ƙasa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ta *The Bulletin* . Duk da cewa Henry Lawson ne ya fi tasiri a aikinta, Alfred "AG" Stephens, editan adabi na *The Bulletin* ne, wanda ya buga baitinta kuma ya kafa sunanta a matsayin mawaƙiya mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, mai fafutukar ma'aikata da waɗanda aka zalunta.

## Rayuwa daga baya

A shekarar 1931, ra'ayoyin Gilmore sun yi tsauri ga AWU, amma ba da daɗewa ba ta sami wasu hanyoyin rubutu don rubutawa. Daga baya ta rubuta wani shafi na yau da kullun ga jaridar *Tribune* ta Jam'iyyar Kwaminis, kodayake ba ta taɓa zama memba na jam'iyya ba. Duk da siyasarta mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce, Gilmore ta karɓi naɗi a matsayin Kwamandan Dame na Order of the British Empire a 1937, ta zama Dame Mary Gilmore. Ita ce mutum na farko da aka ba wa kyautar ayyukan adabi. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ta rubuta waƙoƙi masu motsa rai kamar *No Foe Shall Gather Our Harvest*.

## Ganewa da gado
Hoton Dobell na Dame Mary Gilmore a shekarar 1957  ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka yi nasara a gasar Archibald ta wannan shekarar, kuma ana iya ganinsa a cikin Gidan Tarihi na NSW.

## Manazarta
Nancy "Pili" Hernandez

**Nancy "Pili" Hernandez** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1980) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Irish Chicana kuma mai fafutuka. Ayyukanta galibi suna nuna rashin adalci na yanayi, tare da mahimmin batun shine gurɓataccen ruwa. Ayyukanta na zane-zane an yi niyya ne don inganta canje-canje a cikin Manufofin yanayi, da kuma yada wayar da kan jama'a game da Canjin yanayi.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Hernandez a Pittsburg, California a cikin 1980.  Mahaifinta Chicano ne kuma mahaifiyarta Irish ce. Rayuwar Hernandez ta farko ta sami rinjaye sosai daga fasahar da ke kewaye da ita, tana mai lura da cewa ta yi imanin cewa murals wani bangare ne na al'ada na kowane birni. A matsayinta na daliba a makarantar sakandare, ta zana daya daga cikin murals dinta na farko da ke ba da shawara ga Adalci na muhalli. Da zarar ta bar California, sai ta lura cewa murals sun zama mai haɗa tsakanin birane, yayin da take kallon bambancin al'adu tsakanin biranen da aka haramta murals da biranen da ake ƙarfafa murals.

Hernandez ya sami digiri na Associate of Arts a shekara ta 2003 daga Kwalejin Birnin San Francisco, daga baya ya koma Jami'ar Jihar San Francisco kuma ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a karatun La Raza, da kuma ƙarami a ilimin fasaha.

## Fasaha da gwagwarmaya

### Rubuce-rubucen Ruwa
Hernandez ya kirkiro aikin mural na "Water Writes", yana daidaita murals goma da kuma shiga cikin kirkirar murals guda biyu, Klamath River Mural, da Richmond, California Mural. Klamath River Mural ya sami taimako a wani bangare daga Klamath Justice Coalition, kuma yana kan Kasuwar Orleans a Orleans, California. Hoton ya nuna cire madatsun ruwa na Kogin Klamath, tare da masu rawa da ke ƙoƙarin dawo da daidaituwa ga kogin tare da bikin sabunta duniya. A gefen hagu na mural ɗin, an nuna hotuna na tasirin da ya gabata na gurɓataccen masana'antu da aikin gona, da kuma yanayin kogin kafin a dawo da shi.

### ''Ƙasar Indiya''
Indian Land, wanda aka buga a shekara ta 2010, hoto ne na allo wanda Hernandez, Yesu Barraza, da Dignidad Rebelde suka kirkira. Hoton ja ne na Arewa, Tsakiya, da Kudancin Amurka a kan fararen bango, tare da kalmomin "Indian Land" da aka nuna a cikin jan haruffa da ke kewaye da gabar Tekun Pacific, daga Kanada zuwa Chile. An haɗa hoton a cikin baje kolin Printing the Revolution! The Rise and Impact of Chicano Graphics, 1965 to Now a Smithsonian American Art Museum a Washington, DC.

### Idanu masu kyau
Jerin mural na Precita Eyes jerin murals ne da Hernandez ya kirkira tare da kungiyoyin matasa daban-daban daga Gundumar Tarihin San Francisco. Wannan hadin gwiwar masu zane-zane, dalibai, da masu haya na gidaje sun ƙare a cikin ƙira da manufar jerin, an kammala su a hukumance a watan Janairun 2020.  Hotunan suna kewaye da 344-348 Precita Avenue da ke San Francisco, California.

## Manazarta
Ali Moustafa Mosharafa

**Ali Moustafa Attia Mosharrafa** (Arabic; 11 ga Yulin 1898 - 16 ga Janairu 1950) masanin kimiyyar Masar ne. Ya kasance Farfesa na lissafi a Jami'ar Alkahira kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban jami'ar na farko. Ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban Ka'idar Quantum da kuma ka'idar relativity.

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Rayuwa ta farko
Mosharafa ya sami takardar shaidarsa ta firamare a 1910, matsayi na biyu a duk fadin kasar. Ya sami Baccalaureate yana da shekaru 16, ya zama ɗalibi mafi ƙanƙanta a wannan lokacin da za a ba shi irin wannan takardar shaidar kuma, sake, matsayi na biyu. Ya fi son yin rajista a Kwalejin Malamai maimakon fannonin kiwon lafiya ko injiniya saboda zurfin sha'awarsa ga lissafi.

Ya kammala karatu a shekarar 1917. Saboda kwarewarsa a lissafi, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Masar ta tura shi Ingila inda, a 1920, ya sami BSc (Honors) daga Jami'ar Nottingham . Jami'ar Masar ta amince da ba Mosharafa wani tallafin karatu don kammala karatun digirinsa. A lokacin da ya zauna a London, an buga shi sau da yawa a cikin shahararrun mujallu na kimiyya. Ya sami digiri na biyu a 1923 daga Kwalejin King's London a cikin mafi ƙanƙanta lokacin da ya dace bisa ga ka'idojin da ke can. A shekara ta 1924, an ba Mosharafa digiri na Doctor of Science, masanin kimiyya na farko na Masar kuma na 11 a duniya don samun irin wannan digiri.

### Ayyukan ilimi
Ya zama malami a kwalejin Malamai na Sama a Jami'ar Alkahira, ya zama mataimakin farfesa na lissafi a Kwalejin Kimiyya saboda bai kai shekara 30, mafi ƙarancin shekarun da ake buƙata don cika mukamin farfesa ba. A shekara ta 1926 an gabatar da ci gabansa zuwa farfesa a majalisar, sannan Saad Zaghloul ya jagoranci. Majalisar ta yaba da cancanta da cancanta wanda ya wuce na Dean na Ingilishi na kwalejin, kuma an inganta shi zuwa farfesa.

Shi ne farfesa na farko na Masar na lissafi mai amfani a Kwalejin Kimiyya. Ya zama dean na bangaren a 1936, yana da shekaru 38. Ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin dean na Faculty of Science har sai da ya mutu a 1950.

## Nasarorin kimiyya
A cikin shekarun 1920 da 1930, ya yi nazarin lissafin Maxwell, ka'idar dangantaka ta musamman, kuma yana da rubutu tare da Albert Einstein.

Mosharafa ya buga takardu na asali 25 a cikin mujallu na kimiyya game da ka'idar lissafi, ka'idar dangantaka, da alaƙar da ke tsakanin radiation da kwayoyin halitta. Ya wallafa littattafan kimiyya 12 game da ma'auni da lissafi. An fassara littattafansa game da ka'idar ma'auni zuwa Turanci, Faransanci, Jamusanci da Yaren mutanen Poland. Ya kuma fassara littattafai 10 na ilimin taurari da lissafi zuwa Larabci.

Mosharafa yana da sha'awar tarihin kimiyya, tare da mai da hankali kan gudummawar masana kimiyya na Larabawa a Zamanin Tsakiya. Tare da ɗalibinsa M. Morsi Ahmad, ya buga littafin al-Khwārizmī The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing (*Kitab al-Jabr wa-l-Muqabala*).

Mosharafa kuma tana da sha'awar dangantakar da ke tsakanin kiɗa da lissafi.

## manazarta
Samir Saker

**Samir H Saker** farfesa ne na lissafi na Masar a Sashen Lissafi, Kwalejin Kimiyya, Jami'ar Mansoura, Masar . Shi ne Manajan Sashin IT, Faculty of Science, Jami'ar Mansoura, zaɓaɓɓen memba na American Mathematical Society da European Mathematiical Society .  

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Samir Saker a ranar 11 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1971. Ya sami B.Sc. da M. SC a cikin Lissafi daga Jami'ar Mansoura, Misira a 1993 da 1997 bi da bi. Ya sami tallafin karatu don neman digirinsa na PhD a Jami'ar Adam Mickiewicz, Poznan, Poland kuma ya kammala a shekara ta 2002.  

## Ayyuka
Samir Saker ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai zanga-zanga a Sashen Lissafi, Faculty of Science, Mansoura har zuwa farfesa a wannan jami'a. Shekara guda bayan B. SC (1994), an nada shi a matsayin mai nuna lissafi. Ya zama mataimakin malami a wannan ma'aikatar shekara guda bayan M.Sc. (1998). Ya zama cikakken malami a shekara ta 2003, Mataimakin Farfesa na Lissafi a shekara ta 2008 kuma A shekara ta 2013, ya zama farfesa.

## Kyaututtuka da membobin
A shekara ta 2003, Samir Saker ya lashe lambar yabo ta Shoman don Masana kimiyya na Matasan Larabawa a Jordan . Ya lashe tallafin karatu na Fulbright na Amurka a Jami'ar Trinity a shekara ta 2004. Ya lashe lambar yabo ta Jihar Masar sau biyu; 2005 da 2014 da kuma lambar yabo ta Amin Lotfy a lissafi a shekara ta 2009. 

## manazarta
Filin jirgin saman Wau

**Filin jirgin saman Wau** filin jirgin sama ne na farar hula wanda ke hidimar birnin Wau, Sudan ta Kudu da al'ummomin da ke kewaye. Feeder Airlines tana da jiragen sama uku da ke dawowa a mako tsakanin Khartoum - Wau - Juba .    Kamfanin jirgin saman Southern Star Airlines ya saba bayar da sabis a ranakun Laraba da Lahadi zuwa Juba ; duk da haka, an dakatar da wannan sabis a shekarar 2011 lokacin da kamfanin jirgin ya daina tashi. 

## Wurin da yake
Filin jirgin saman Wau (: , : ) yana cikin Wau County, Western Bahr el Ghazal, a cikin birnin Wau . Filin jirgin saman yana arewa maso gabashin Gundumar kasuwanci ta tsakiya ta birnin.

Wannan wurin yana da kusan kilomita 511 (318 , ta iska, arewa maso yammacin Filin jirgin saman Juba, filin jirgin sama mafi girma a Sudan ta Kudu. Yanayin ƙasa na Filin jirgin saman Wau sune: 7° 72' 58.12"N, 27° 97' 31.00"E (Latitude: 7.7250; Longitude: 27.9800). Wannan filin jirgin sama yana zaune a tsawo na mita 433 (1,421  sama da matakin teku. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2012, an bude sabon titin da aka shimfiɗa wanda ke auna mita 2,500 (8,200  a tsawon.

## Jiragen sama da wuraren da ake nufi
Kamfanin jiragen sama na Southern Star Airlines ne ya ba da sabis ga Juba, Sudan ta Kudu har zuwa gazawar kamfanin jirgin sama a ƙarshen 2011.

## Hadari da abubuwan da suka faru

* 2017 South Supreme Airlines Antonov An-26 hadarin: ya faru a ranar 20 ga Maris 2017
* 2 Satumba 1991 - Lockheed L-100-20 Hercules N521SJ na Southern Air Transport yana tafiya a Wau kuma ya buga bam. Ma'aikatan biyar sun tsira amma jirgin ya kasance mai raguwa.
* 2 ga Disamba - 2025 Samariya's Purse Cessna 208 hijacking: Wani dan bindiga da ke neman a kai shi Chadi ya sace jirgin saman Cessna Grand Caravan mallakar Samariya'an Purse wanda ke gudanar da aikin agaji daga Juba zuwa Maiwut County. An kama shi bayan matukin jirgin ya tsaya a filin jirgin saman Wau.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
ILAWDUN

**Cibiyar Nazarin Shari'a da Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (ILAWDUN) ** Cibiyar bincike ce mai zaman kanta da ke zaune a Washington, DC, Amurka.

## Tarihi
An fara kafa cibiyar ne a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2012 ta ƙungiyar malaman shari'a. Ya sami cikakkiyar tsari na doka a cikin 2022, lokacin da aka sanya hannu kan kundin tsarin mulkinsa kuma an amince da shi a matsayin ƙungiya ta doka a ƙarƙashin Title 29 na Washington, DC Code . 

## Tsarin da membobin
**ILAWDUN** an tsara shi cikin ƙungiyoyi da yawa waɗanda ke tallafawa ayyukan bincike da ilimi. Ofishin Shugaban kasa da Darakta Janar suna kula da cibiyar, tare da mataimakan da daraktoci don fannoni da suka hada da bincike, ilimi, kudi, haƙƙin ɗan adam, kiwon lafiya, da Ci gaba mai ɗorewa. A ƙarƙashin ofishin zartarwa akwai majalisun da yawa da rukunin ilimi. Kwalejin Shari'a, ''Yancin ɗan adam da Ci Gaban (ALHD). Sauran ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da Kwalejin Fellows, Kwalejin Malamai da Masu Karatu, Majalisar girmamawa da Kyaututtuka, da Asusun Amincewa don tallafawa ayyukan bincike. Cibiyar ta kuma ba da rahoton alaƙa da Makarantar Universal School of Eclectic Analysis, Legal Research & Law Studies (UNISERL), wata cibiyar da aka yi rajista a Burtaniya, a matsayin mai zaman kanta.

## Ayyuka
Cibiyar tana gudanar da tarurruka, bita da ayyukan ilimi don yada ilimin dokar kasa da kasa, da kuma shirye-shiryen horo ga jami'an gwamnati da dalibai. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2025, Darakta Janar na ILAWDUN, Cyprian Edward-Ekpo, ya kalubalanci sanarwar dokar ta baci da kuma dakatar da gwamnan Jihar Rivers Siminalayi Fubara da shugaban Najeriya Bola Ahmed Tinubu ya yi, yana kiran matakin ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma yana da haɗari ga dimokuradiyya a Najeriya. Tun da farko, a watan Janairun 2024, Edward-Ekpo ya kuma bukaci sauye-sauye don magance cin hanci da rashawa a bangaren shari'ar Najeriya.

A cikin 2025, kafofin watsa labarai sun ba da rahoton cewa ILAWDUN ta sanar da Shirin Taron Duniya da Horarwa kan Ilimin Artificial, Fasahar Dijital, Ci gaban Kimiyya da Shari'a don Ci gaba mai dorewa (GLOTADALS), da nufin haɓaka tsarin shari'a na duniya don magance damar da ƙalubalen AI don ci gaba mai dorewar, tare da abubuwan da aka shirya a Washington, DC a cikin 2026. A cikin 2025, ILAWDUN ta kuma bayyana wani shiri na "Laurel Prizes and Merit Awards" mai hawa 10 don amincewa da gudummawar da ke da tasiri a duniya a cikin bincike da kirkire-kirkire, tare da bikin bayar da kyautar da aka shirya a matsayin wani ɓangare na GLOTADALS (2026).

## Manazarta
Diane Chenery-Wickens

**Diane Gina Chenery-Wickens** (21 Disamba 1959 - 22 Janairu 2008)   ta kasance mai zane-zane na fina-finai da talabijin na Ingila.

## Ayyukan sana'a
Diane Chenery-Wickens ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane na gidan talabijin na BBC sama da shekaru 20. Ta yi aiki a kan irin waɗannan shirye-shirye kamar The League of Gentlemen, Casualty da Pride and Prejudice . Ta kuma lashe lambar yabo ta Emmy a shekara ta 2000 don Arabian Nights, kuma an zabi ta don lambar yabo ta BAFTA a shekara ta 2003 don Dead Ringers . 

## Mutuwa
A ranar 22 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2008, Diane ta gano lissafin waya wanda ya nuna kiran waya ga uwargidan da kuma tattaunawar gay. Ta fuskanci mijinta, David Edwin George Chenery-Wickens, [1] a gidansu a Duddleswell, Gabashin Sussex . Ya kashe ta kuma ya zubar da jikinta a cikin wata hanya a Little Horsted, kusa da Uckfield . [2] David ya ba da rahoton cewa Diane ta ɓace a ranar 24 ga Janairun 2008, bayan ta kasa isa taron BBC a London.[3] Wata mace ce ta gano jikinta da ya lalace a kan kare a ranar 15 ga Mayu 2008. [4][5] An kama David bisa zargin kisan kai, kuma daga ƙarshe an tuhume shi a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008.[3] An same shi da laifin kisan kai a Kotun Lewes Crown a ranar 2 ga Maris 2009 kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai.[6]￼

A ranar 30 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2009, shirin BBC One Crimewatch ya nuna sake fasalin yadda aka warware laifin. A watan Oktoba na 2019, an bincika hanyoyin 'yan sanda da aka yi amfani da su a cikin shari'ar a cikin shirin BBC Two Catching Britain's Killers: The Crimes That Changed Us . 

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin shari'o'in mutanen da suka ɓace: 2000s

## Manazarta
Khaleed S. Mekheimer

**Khaled S. Mekheimer** farfesa ne na Masar na Lissafi mai amfani a Sashen Lissafi na Kimiyya (Mutum), Jami'ar Al-Azhar, Masar . Shi ne Mataimakin Dean na Bincike da Nazarin Digiri na Faculty. Ya kasance zaɓaɓɓen memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka da Ƙungiyar Lissafi ta Masar . &nbsp;

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Mekheimer a ranar 22 ga Maris, 1963, a Misira. Ya sami BSc daga sashen lissafi, Faculty of Science, Jami'ar Ain-Shams a shekarar 1984. Ya koma Jami'ar Al-Azhar don MSc da PhD kuma ya kammala a 1990 da 1994 bi da bi.

## Ayyuka
Mekheimer ya fara aikinsa a 1986 a matsayin mai nuna lissafi a Al-Azhar, Jami'ar, Alkahira, Misira. Ya zama mataimakin malami nan da nan bayan MSc a 1990 kuma ya ɗauki matsayin malami bayan PhD a 1994. A shekara ta 1997, ya koma reshen Jami'ar King Abdu Al-Aziz, Madina Munawwara, Saudi Arabia inda ya zama Mataimakin Farfesa. Ya koma Jami'ar Al-Azhar da ke Alkahira a matsayin mataimakin farfesa kuma a cikin 2010 ya zama Farfesa na lissafi a Kwalejin Kimiyya a wannan ma'aikatar.

## manazarta
Albert Dorrington

**Albert Dorrington** (27 Satumba 1874 - 9 Afrilu 1953)  marubuci ne ɗan Ingila, mai himma a Ostiraliya, wanda aka haifa a Fulham, London, Ingila.

## Rayuwa
Dorrington ya isa Ostiraliya a kusan shekarar 1890 yana ɗan shekara goma sha shida  kuma bayan ɗan lokaci a Melbourne da Adelaide, ya yi tafiye-tafiye na tsawon shekaru da yawa a cikin ƙasar New South Wales da Queensland a matsayin mai ba da labarai da talla. Ya fara ba da gudummawa ga *Jaridar The Bulletin* a shekarar 1895 kuma zuwa 1899 ya zauna a Sydney. Ya ɗauki aiki a matsayin mai maye gurbin kayan azurfa kuma ya zauna tare da Leonora Anderson, wacce ta haifa masa 'ya'ya mata da yawa.

## Aikin rubutu
Dorrington ya kasance mai yawan bayar da gudummawa ga Jaridar The Bulletin a shekarun 1890, a ƙarƙashin sunayen laƙabi "AD" da "Alba Dorian", kuma a lokacin da yake ƙasar Ostiraliya ya buga wani littafi na gajerun labarai, Castro's Last Sacrament and Other Stories, da kuma wani labari, The Lady Calphurnia Royal (tare da haɗin gwiwar AG Stephens ), wanda aka tsara a cikin mujallar The Bookfellow, sannan a shekarar 1909 a cikin nau'in littafi.[1] Bayan dawowarsa Ingila ya buga wasu littattafai 13 da tarin gajerun labarai guda ɗaya. Yawancin ayyukansa masu shahara sun ƙunshi yanayin Australiya, inda wasu aka lura da cewa suna da "abun ciki mai ban mamaki",[2] kuma an kwatanta littattafansa The Radium Terrors and The Half God a matsayin almarar kimiyya.[3]

## Manazarta
Makwabta don Adalci na Muhalli

**Neighbors for Environmental Justice (N4EJ)** kungiya ce ta shari'ar muhalli da ke kudu maso yammacin Chicago. An kafa N4EJ a cikin 2017, don mayar da martani ga abubuwan da suka faru na wani shuka na asphalt na gida, MAT Asphalt .  A matsayinta na kungiyar muhalli, N4EJ tana mai da hankali kan kokarin ta kan Adalci na muhalli. Bugu da ƙari, N4EJ tana tattara bayanan muhalli  kuma tana haɗuwa da jami'an gida don tattauna rigakafin abubuwan da za su faru a nan gaba kamar MAT Asphalt.

## Tarihi
An kafa N4EJ a cikin 2007 ta ƙungiyar membobin al'umma, ciki har da Robert Beedle da Anthony Moser . An kafa kungiyar ne a matsayin martani ga ci gaban tsire-tsire na asphalt mai zafi, MAT Asphalt, wanda ke cikin unguwar McKinley Park ta Chicago. MAT Asphalt makwabta makaranta, wurin shakatawa, da wuraren zama a McKinley Park. Duk da zanga-zangar al'umma, MAT Asphalt ya ci gaba da ayyukansu. Wadannan ayyukan, a cewar N4EJ, na iya haifar da mummunar tasiri ga lafiyar huhu, asma, ko mafi muni, sakamakon fallasa ƙura da hayaki da tsire-tsire na asphalt ke haifar. N4EJ an shirya ta ne ta hanyar 'yan al'umma na cikin gida waɗanda ke damuwa game da ingancin iska da gurɓataccen iska. Abubuwan da suka faru a Birnin Chicago, kamar Mat Asphalt, sun sami rikice-rikice game da cin zarafin ingancin iska a baya. A cikin 2020, an gabatar da korafe-korafe da yawa game da MAT Asphalt saboda gazawarsu wajen sarrafa barbashi na iska, ƙanshi mai ƙanshi, da sauran korafe-rikice. Tare da damuwa game da muhalli kamar gurɓataccen yanayi, N4EJ ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da sauran kungiyoyin muhalli na cikin gida da na al'umma ciki har da Cibiyar Adalci ta Muhalli ta Chicago (CEJN), wanda kuma ke haɗin gwiwa tare le kungiyoyi kamar Southwest Environmental Alliance (SEA), People for Community Recovery (PCR),  da Little Village Environmental Justice Organization (LVEJO). 

## Ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa

### Cibiyar Adalci ta Muhalli ta Chicago
**Cibiyar Adalci ta Muhalli ta Chicago** (CEJN)  ƙungiya ce ta shari'ar muhalli ta al'umma da ke kan Yammacin Chicago. CEJN tana da manufa da aka tsara don magance damuwar muhalli, kamar gurɓataccen yanayi, a yankunan zama na Chicago. CJEN tana da alaƙa da sauran kungiyoyin shari'ar muhalli na cikin gida waɗanda ke damuwa da batutuwan muhalli, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki. CJEN da masu alaƙa da ita sun haɗa da People for Community Recovery (PCR), Ƙungiyar Adalci ta Muhalli ta Ƙananan Ƙauye (LVEJO) , Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Muhalli ta Kudu maso Yamma (SETF), Blacks in Green, da Maƙwabta don Adalci na Muhalli (N4EJ).

## Manazarta