'Yancin Dan Adam a Switzerland

Switzerland ta sanya hannu ga duk kayan aikin kare hakkin dan adam na kasa da kasa. Har ila yau, ita ce jihar ajiyar Yarjejeniyar Geneva da kuma wurin da aka kafa kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da yawa da suka shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam ko kuma suka kafa hedkwatar, gami da Red Cross. Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wacce Switzerland memba ce kuma wacce ta taimaka wajen kafa,  tana da kujerarta a Geneva. Darajar 'yancin ɗan adam da inganta Dimokuradiyya kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin manufofi biyar na hukuma na Switzerland.

## Kasuwanci na kasa da kasa
Switzerland jam'iyya ce kuma tana da tasiri sosai a yawancin hanyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke haɓaka haƙƙin ɗan adam.

### Majalisar 'Yancin Dan Adam
Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (HRC) wani shiri ne da Switzerland ta gabatar a 2006 don maye gurbin Hukumar Kare Hakkin dan Adam ta Majalisar Dattawa. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Switzerland ta ci gaba da kasancewa memba mai aiki a duk ci gaba da tilasta HRC a duniya. An amince da lokacin memba na uku na Switzerland kwanan nan, biyo bayan ingantawa da aka ba da shawarar kamar yadda a cikin 2012 Universal Periodic Review  (UPR), wanda ya haɗa da inganta daidaito tsakanin jinsi, tanadin adalci na matasa, rage nuna bambancin launin fata  da kuma yaki da yawan amfani da karfi ta hanyar tilasta bin doka. 

A cikin wannan aikace-aikacen kwanan nan ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Switzerland ta ɗauki kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan alkawuran sa kai guda uku. Kawar da hukuncin kisa a duniya, tsauraran hukunci kan take hakkin dan Adam, yaki da wariya dangane da yanayin jima'i da kuma kare masu kare hakkin bil'adama duk an bayyana su a matsayin manyan manufofin siyasa.

### Yarjejeniya
Switzerland ta tabbatar da yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan adam da yawa. Wadannan sun hada da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa da Sauran Laifi na Mutum ko Ragewa, Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ga Yarjejeniyar kan azabtarwa, Yaruni na Zaɓuɓuɓɓugar na Biyu ga Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa da ke da niyyar kawar da hukuncin kisa, Yarjejeniya kan kawar da Dukkanin Nuna Bambanci ga Mata, Yarjejeniyaa ta Duniya kan Kayan Kare Dukkanin Yancin Dan Adam, da Yarjejeniya na Majalisar Dinkin Turai kan Kwararrun Jama'a. Wannan ya dace da Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya.

## Tsare-tsaren haƙƙin ɗan adam na cikin gida
Duk da wasu matsalolin da za su iya tasowa daga tarayya, yanayin Canton na Switzerland a matsayin Jiha ƙasar ta ba da izinin duk wata yarjejeniya ta kasa da kasa da aka amince da ita nan da nan kuma za ta zama ta atomatik a matsayin dokar ƙasa, ba tare da buƙatar tantancewa da aiwatar da hanyoyin kasa da kasa da hannu ba. Wannan yana da amfani a cikin halin da Switzerland ke ciki don haɓaka matakan haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasar. Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Tarayya na Switzerland ya lissafa mutunci da daidaito a matsayin mafi mahimmanci, wanda ya bayyana a cikin aiwatar da wasu dokokin tarayya.

### Masu kare hakkin dan adam
Switzerland ƙasa ce mai tallafawa sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, tana fahimtar muhimmancin masu kare haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam a aikace-aikacen haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa, da kuma matsin da waɗannan mutane da ƙungiyoyi suka ɗora wa jihohi don inganta jajircewarsu ta ƙasa ga haƙƙin ɗanɗano. Switzerland ta aiwatar kuma tana neman daidaita Jagororin Switzerland game da Kare 'Yancin Dan Adam a kokarin kare masu karewa a ciki da kuma ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da' yanci ga wasu jihohin ƙasa. Duk da haka, Switzerland ta kasance mai gabatarwa a fagen haƙƙin amincin dijital. Wani shiri na majalisa da nufin gabatar da haƙƙin mutunci na dijital a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Tarayya da aka gabatar a ranar 29 ga Satumba 2022 ta memba na majalisa Samuel Bendahan .  A cikin canton na Geneva, fiye da kashi 94% na yawan jama'a sun yarda da kuri'un da aka yi a ranar 18 ga Yuni 2023 don ƙara wannan sabon dama ga kundin tsarin mulki na canton  

### Hakkin yara
Switzerland ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara a cikin 1997 kuma ta ci gaba da inganta' yancin yara tun lokacin. A cikin shekara ta 2011, Ofishin Inshorar Jama'a na Tarayya ya fara wani shiri don kare matasa daga tashin hankali, da kuma wani don ilimi da kariya daga kafofin watsa labarai. Haɗin wannan, ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar su Pro Juventute Foundation da Swiss Foundation for Child Protection suna aiki tare da waɗanda ke fama da cin zarafin yara iri-iri. A duniya, an sanya hannu kan Switzerland ga Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Turai kan Kare Yara daga Cin zarafin Jima'i da Cin zarafin Zima'i, wanda ke aikata laifuka na jima'i ga yara a duk ƙasashen da aka sanya hannu. Ba tare da la'akari da tsarin tsarin da ke wurin ba, rahotanni na haƙƙin ɗan adam har yanzu suna ba da cikakken bayani game da yawan cin zarafin yara a Switzerland. Ɗaya daga cikin asibitin yara kadai ya ba da rahoton lokuta 450 na cin zarafi a cikin shekara ta 2014, wanda kashi 33% shine cin zarafin jima'i, kashi 35% na jiki, kuma sauran shine cin zarafi da sakaci.

An sami ƴan gyare-gyaren gyare-gyare a cikin iyakokin haƙƙin haƙƙin yara tun daga na biyu na Swiss UPR daga Oktoba 2012. Waɗannan sun fi dacewa da haƙƙoƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin yara, duk da haka, ba dangane da babban kididdigar cin zarafi ba.

### Hukuncin mutuwa
Switzerland ta soke hukuncin kisa ga duk ayyukan aikata laifuka a shekarar 1992. An rubuta wannan a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, kuma tun daga lokacin kasar ta taru don kawar da hukuncin kisa a duniya. Switzerland tana kiyaye haƙƙin rayuwa da mutuncin ɗan adam a matsayin muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma tana da niyyar samun hukunci a duniya a shekara ta 2025.

Kasar Switzerland na taka rawa sosai wajen kawar da wannan doka, tare da yin aiki kafada da kafada da hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tare da gabatar da ranar yaki da hukuncin kisa ta duniya a ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba na kowace shekara. Har ila yau, aiki tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kunshi tsara kudurori da dama, kamar dakatar da hukuncin kisa, wanda hukumar kare hakkin bil'adama ta amince da shi a shekarar 2015, kuma ana gabatar da shi ga babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya duk bayan shekaru biyu bayan goyon bayan Switzerland ga daftarin a 2007. 

Har ila yau, kasar tana aiki da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa irinsu Kisan Kisa, Hukumar Kasa da Kasa Kan Hukumcin Kisa, da Kungiyar Hadin Kan Duniya Kan Hukumcin Kisa, kuma ta amince da yarjejeniyoyin da suka hada da Yarjejeniyar Zabin Zabin Na Biyu ga Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa, da nufin kawar da hukuncin kisa, Yarjejeniya ta 'Yanci ta 13 da Kariya ga 'Yancin Dan Adam. game da soke hukuncin kisa a kowane hali da Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara.

### Shirye-shiryen adawa da nuna bambanci
Yaki da wariya da haɓaka haɗa kai na ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin da Switzerland ke neman haɓaka haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin gida, kamar yadda labarin 1, 2 da 7 na Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Duniya ta ƙunshi.

#### Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender da kuma nuna bambanci tsakanin jima'i
Tun daga shekarar 2020, tanadin yaki da nuna bambanci na Switzerland musamman ya haramta nuna bambanci bisa ga jima'i. Tun daga shekara ta 2022, dokar Switzerland ta ba da izinin auren jinsi guda, samun damar IVF da kuma tallafin yaro inda daya ko duka abokan hulɗa sun riga sun kasance mai kula da yaron kafin dangantakar.

#### Nuna wariyar launin fata
Switzerland tana amfani da manya da ƙanana hanyoyi da kayan aikin gida da na ƙasa don hana wariyar launin fata. Haramcin nuna bambancin kabilanci da launin fata an tsara shi a cikin Kundin Laifukan Swiss, kuma al'ummar sun shiga cikin, da kuma jam'iyyar, sakamakon daftarin aiki daga taron bita na Durban a Geneva a 2009. A matakin al'umma, duk 'yan sanda dole ne su wuce jarrabawar 'yancin ɗan adam, ɗabi'a, da wariyar launin fata kafin a yi aiki, da Sabis na yaƙi da wariyar launin fata yana ba da tallafi ga irin wannan tallafi na ilimi. Sabis ɗin kuma yana ba da ƙayyadaddun magunguna waɗanda ke samuwa a doka don kowane abin da ya faru na wariyar launin fata.

#### Jima'i
Motsi don daidaiton jinsi a Switzerland a bayyane yake a cikin kayan aikin doka da yawa na ƙasar. Mataki na 8 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Tarayyar Switzerland ya lura cewa maza da mata suna da daidaitattun hakkoki a cikin doka, a cikin rayuwar iyali, da kuma aiki. Har ila yau, Switzerland ta himmatu ga takardun kasa da kasa da ke ƙoƙarin tabbatar da daidaiton jinsi, kamar abubuwan da ke tattare da jinsi na 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, da kuma taimakawa a siyasa da kudi a cikin hanyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke fatan samun amincewar daidaiton jinsi a duniya. An ba mata damar yin zabe a cikin cantons na farko na Switzerland a shekarar 1959, a matakin tarayya kawai a shekarar 1971  kuma, bayan juriya, a cikin canton na karshe na Appenzell Innerrhoden a shekarar 1990 (duk da cewa Switzerland ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam shekaru 16 da suka gabata).

A cikin shekara ta 2011, an yi bikin nasarorin kasa da dama a cikin 'yancin mata. Shekarar ta yi bikin cika shekaru 40 na 'yancin mata na tarayya, shekaru 30 na tanadin tsarin mulki don daidaito tsakanin jinsi da shekaru 15 na tanadin majalisa don daidaito na jinsi,  kamar yadda aka lura a cikin Dokar Tarayya kan daidaito tsakanin Jima'i.  Switzerland ta kuma tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ga Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da Dukkanin Nuna Bambanci ga Mata kuma ta yi wasu tanadi na doka da yawa na ƙasa don tabbatar da samun daidaito tsakanin jinsi. Wadannan sun hada da Dokar Wadanda ke fama da Laifi (Taimakon) da kuma kafa Ofishin Tarayya don Daidaitawa tsakanin Mata da Maza don horar da ma'aikatan gwamnati dangane da abubuwan da suka faru na tashin hankali a cikin gida. Dokar Laifuka ta Switzerland kuma tana da takamaiman tanadi waɗanda ke hana wasu ayyukan nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi, kamar yankan mata da auren tilas.

#### Mutanen da ke da nakasa
Kusan kashi 17% na al'ummar Switzerland an ce suna da nakasa. Dokar Daidaita ga Nakasassu na nufin taimaka wa nakasassu aiki da kuma kawar da wariya.

### Rigakafin azabtarwa
Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Switzerland ya haramta duk wani hali na irin wannan. Koyaya, akwai rahotanni da yawa game da karfi da yawa da kuma kulawar da ba ta dace ba ta hanyar 'yan sanda yayin da suke kama mutane. An magance waɗannan shari'o'in ta hanyar kotunan masu aikata laifuka daidai. Yawan jama'a a kurkuku ya kasance matsala ce da aka gano a cikin Rahotanni na 'Yancin Dan Adam na azabtarwa a baya, tare da kurkuku da suka wuce iyawa a ko'ina daga kashi 50 zuwa 300 cikin dari a cikin shekara ta 2014. Har yanzu ba a gyara wannan ba. A cikin 2013, akwai mutuwar fursunoni 10, ciki har da kashe kansa 2 wanda har yanzu ba a bincika shi sosai ba.

Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka na Yarjejeniyar Yaki da azabtarwa da sauran zalunta, cin zarafi ko cin mutunci ko azabtarwa ta fara aiki a cikin 2009, jim kaɗan bayan haka kuma Majalisar Tarayya ta kafa Hukumar Yaƙi da azabtarwa ta ƙasa a 2010 don tabbatar da kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam.

### Adalci
Tsarin shari'a na Switzerland galibi yana ƙarƙashin tsarin tsarin mulki, wanda ke buƙatar 'yancin kai na shari'a. Akwai zato na rashin laifi, gwaji na jama'a ne, kuma ba sa jinkirin da bai dace ba. A halin yanzu Switzerland ba ta da wani Ombudsman na ƙasa baki ɗaya ko makamancin wannan ikon don yin bita da amsa koke.

### 'Yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka
A halin yanzu ana aiwatar da manufofin bayar da mafaka a duk fadin kasar Switzerland har zuwa watan Satumbar 2018, bayan sabuntawa a shekarar 2014. Manufar ta buƙaci masu neman mafaka su samar da takardun da suka dace ko kuma su sami uzuri mai inganci don rashin samun takardun kirki, ko haɗarin rashin samun mafaka. Kasar ta kasance mai aiki a karkashin Dokar Dublin 2 tun 2008, tana ba da izinin canja wurin masu neman mafaka zuwa da kuma daga wasu jihohin da suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar. Masu neman mafaka na iya samun tallafin kudi na gaggawa, kuma dokokin cikin gida, kamar Dokar Gudanarwa, sun daidaita Switzerland tare da bukatun mafaka na Dokar Komawa ta Turai.

## Dubi kuma

* Hakkin LGBT a Switzerland
* 'Yancin Dan Adam a Turai

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

* Tsarin Mulki na Tarayyar Switzerland An adana shi 2016-06-21 a 
* Humanrights.ch Swiss Human Rights NGO  An adana shi 2014-05-23 a 
* Amnesty International kan 'Yancin Dan Adam a Switzerland
* Muhimmancin Kasuwanci a cikin 'Yancin Dan Adam