Willemiena Bouwman

**Willemina Bouwman** (5 ga Fabrairu 1920 - 3 ga Maris 2007), wacce aka fi sani da sunan ta na mai adawa, **Mien van Trouw**,  ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa ce kuma memba ce ta ƙungiyar ' yan adawa ta Dutch Resistance wadda ta ceci yara Yahudawa da dama waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin tsanantawa da korar su daga jami'an Nazi a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Ta kuma taka rawa wajen haɓaka jaridar Dutch, *Trouw*, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ma'aikatanta na farko.   

An ayyana ta a matsayin mai adalci a tsakanin al'ummai ta hannun Yad Vashem a ranar 7 ga Yuni 1992 saboda ceto yaran Yahudawa a lokacin yaƙin.    

## Shekarun da aka kafa
An haifi Willemina Bouwman a ƙauyen Gees da ke lardin Drenthe na ƙasar Netherlands a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 1920, kuma 'yar Rev. JJ Bouwman ce. A wani lokaci a kusa da farkon Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, iyalin sun zauna a Almelo ; an tilasta wa mahaifinsu ɓuya saboda hana wani fitaccen memba na Nationalaal-Socialistische Beweging (Ƙungiyar Socialist ta Ƙasa a Netherlands ko NSB) shiga cikin ayyukan addini da suka shafi cin abincin dare. 

## Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu
Willemiena Bouwman ta sami soyayya a farkon shekarun Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu tare da  (1919–1945), ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka shirya *Trouw* ("True" ko "Allegiance"), wata jarida ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta Furotesta wacce aka buga ba bisa ƙa'ida ba don keta dokokin Nazi waɗanda suka hana 'yancin gudanar da 'yan jarida masu zaman kansu. Speelman ɗalibi ne na tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Vrije (Jami'ar Kyauta), yana da hannu a cikin Resistance na Dutch tun 1940, yana rubuta abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasidu na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, da kuma tare da Vrij Nederland (Free Netherlands).    

A ƙarƙashin ƙarin bincike daga jami'an Holland da Jamus, an tilasta wa Speelman ya ɓoye a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1941 lokacin da wannan binciken ya zama kama-karya a *Trouw* . Daga baya Bouwman zai tuna cewa ranar tafiyarsa ta zama abin mamaki tun lokacin da ya faɗo a ranar haihuwar Adolf Hitler. A shekarar 1942, an yi wa Bouwman da Speelman alƙawarin tafiya. Daga baya, suka ɓuya a Groningen; Bouwman kuma ya fara aiki da aikin *Trouw* a madadin ƙungiyar 'Yancin Holland. 

Ta amfani da sunan da aka fi sani da "Mien van Trouw," ta shiga ƙungiyar "verspreiders" ta *Trouw*, ƙungiyar masu aika saƙonni waɗanda ke rarraba jaridar da saƙonnin sirri ga magoya bayan adawa a ɓoye. Tana ɗaukar kayan daga Amsterdam zuwa Groningen sau biyu a mako, tana ƙara sanya rayuwarta cikin haɗari a kowace tafiya saboda jami'an Holland da Jamus sun ayyana cewa shiga cikin jaridun da ke adawa da Nazi hukuncin kisa ne.    

A lokacin bazara na 1943, ita da Speelman sun kuma shiga cikin aikin ceto yaran Yahudawa waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin tsanantawa da korarsu daga jami'an Nazi. Daga cikin waɗanda suka shiga cikin wannan ƙungiyar akwai Hetty Voûte . A cewar Yad Vashem, kafin fara wani babban aiki a watan Yulin 1942 a Amsterdam, hukumomin Nazi da abokan aikinsu na Dutch sun naɗa Hollandsche Schouwburg, wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Yahudawa a can, a matsayin babban wurin ajiye ga iyalan da aka kai hari. Yayin da wannan tattarawa da ayyukan da suka biyo baya suka ci gaba, an raba yara da iyayensu kuma aka ƙaura zuwa "Crèche - wanda ya kasance cibiyar kula da yara ga yaran da galibin iyaye mata Yahudawa ke aiki." Daga nan aka kai iyayen zuwa sansanin jigilar 'yan Nazi da ke Westerbork, aka ajiye su a can har sai an kai su da motar shanu zuwa sansanin mutuwa.

A shekarar 1943, ta yi amfani da sunan da aka fi sani da "Mien van Trouw," Willemiena Bouwman ta fara aiki tare da ayyukan ceto na Crèche da ake gudanarwa. Ta ɗauki yara a Amsterdam bayan ta dawo daga tafiye-tafiyen jigilar kaya zuwa *Trouw*, ta kai waɗannan yaran zuwa gidaje masu aminci da ke Friesland da Groningen. An kuma yi ƙarin tafiye-tafiyen ceto zuwa Drenthe da Overijssel. A wani yanayi, ta raka Barend Stempel a wani hatsarin jirgin ƙasa a arewa. Bayan ta sauke yarinyar 'yar shekara biyu a wani matsuguni na wucin gadi, ta sami damar komawa gida lafiya.   

A watan Satumba na 1943, yayin da aka hana masu ceto yara daga Crèche, Willemiena Bouwman ta ci gaba da ayyukanta na ɓoye a *Trouw* . Bayan watanni uku, an kama saurayinta, amma daga baya ta sami damar tserewa a ranar 30 ga Disamba. A watan Janairu na 1944, sun ƙaura zuwa Amsterdam domin sauƙaƙe sabbin ayyukan adawa. Shekara guda bayan haka, an kama saurayinta lokacin da Sicherheitsdienst (wanda aka fi sani da "SD") ya kai hari ofishin buga littattafai na *Trouw* a Lijnbaansgracht na Amsterdam. Bayan makonni biyu, an kashe Wim Speelman. Yana da shekaru 26 kacal lokacin da ya mutu a Halfweg a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu 1945. Willemina Bouwman (wanda aka fi sani da "Mien van Trouw") ta karɓi aikin tsohon saurayinta a jaridar. Makonni goma bayan haka, ta kula da buga bugun *<nowiki/>'Yanci na Trouw* na 5 ga Mayu 1945.    

## Rayuwa bayan yaƙi
Bayan 'yantar da ƙasarta daga mamayar da Jamus ta yi mata da kuma ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Willemiena Bouwman ta bar aikin jarida, ta zama ma'aikaciyar jin daɗin jama'a a Stichting Gezinszorg da ke Kennemerland . Ta kuma yi aure kuma tsohon mai aika wa *Trouw* sako Gerrit Dijkstra ya yi mata bazawara. Daga baya, ta yi aure a karo na biyu, ta auri Henk Vooren ta zama Wilhelmina Vooren-Bouwman.  

Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na Christian Press Foundation. An ruwaito cewa ta "ji haushi" da matsayin "mai adawa da juyin juya hali" na tsohon ma'aikacinta, ta yi maraba da sauyin da aka samu a cikin salon jaridar a shekarun baya, a cewar *Trouw* . A shekarar 1977, ta fara aiki da Gidauniyar '40-'45, mukamin da ta riƙe har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1985. A matsayinta na dattijo a Cocin Reformed, ta kuma kasance mai himma tare da Majalisar Cocinta ta gida.   

## Kyaututtuka
An ayyana ta a matsayin mai adalci a tsakanin al'ummai ta hannun Yad Vashem a ranar 7 ga Yuni 1992 saboda ceton David de La Penha da Barend Stempel. An rubuta sunanta a jikin bangon girmamawa (Netherlands) a cikin Lambun Masu adalci a tsakanin al'ummai a kan Dutsen Tunawa da ke Urushalima, Isra'ila .   

## Mutuwa da binnewa
Wilhelmina Vooren-Bouwman (aka "Mien van Trouw") ya mutu a Bennebroek, Arewacin Holland, Netherlands yana da shekaru 87 a kan 3 Maris 2007.   

## Manazarta