open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ramadan a Faransa

**Ramadan a Faransa** muhimmiyar bikin addini da al'adu ce, ta haɗa al'adun Islama tare da al'adun al'adu na Yamma. Faransa tana da ɗayan mafi yawan Musulmai a Turai, an kiyasta tsakanin mutane miliyan 6.8 zuwa 9 (10-13% na yawan jama'a), galibi Sunni na asalin Maghrebi.

## Bikin
Farawa da ƙarshen Ramadan a Faransa an ƙaddara su ne ta hanyar lura da wata, kamar yadda yake a wasu ƙasashe masu rinjaye Musulmi, sau da yawa kungiyoyin Musulunci kamar Majalisar Musulmi ta Faransa (CFCM) da Babban Masallacin Paris ne ke sanar da su.

A cikin wannan watan mai tsarki, Musulmai suna guje wa abinci, abin sha, da sauran bukatun jiki daga asuba zuwa faɗuwar rana, suna shiga cikin ƙarin addu'o'i da ayyukan sadaka.

Ramadan kuma yana aiki ne a matsayin bikin jama'a. Masu halarta suna yin addu'o'in dare (Taraweeh) da karatun Alkur'ani. Kowace rana ta ƙare da Iftar, abincin da ke karya azumi, yana tattara iyalai da al'ummomi.

## Haɗin kai da sadaka
Abubuwan da suka faru na jama'a kamar Bikin Ramadan na Paris suna sauƙaƙa tattaunawar addinai da musayar al'adu.

Babban aikin a lokacin Ramadan shine Zakat al-Fitr, aikin sadaka na tilas da aka bayar kafin Eid al-Fatr, bikin da ke nuna ƙarshen azumi. Masallatai da kungiyoyin Islama a Faransa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tattara da rarraba gudummawa. Shirye-shiryen sa kai, gami da fitar da abinci da abinci na Iftar kyauta, suna inganta hadin kai a duk faɗin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.

## Kalubale da jayayya
Ranar Ramadan a Faransa ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin ƙasa, suna haifar da ƙalubale.

A cikin 2024, Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Faransa (FFF) ta fuskanci zargi game da manufofi da aka ɗauka a matsayin iyakance goyon baya ga 'yan wasan Musulmi da ke kiyaye Ramadan, wanda ya haifar da muhawara game da' yancin addini da nuna bambanci.

A cikin 2023, rahotanni sun nuna keta ka'idojin duniya a makarantu, tare da dalibai da ma'aikata a bayyane suna yin bukukuwan addini. Binciken gwamnati ya karu, kuma a wasu lokuta an yi amfani da matakan horo.

Duk da rikice-rikicen diflomasiyya, gwamnatin Faransa ta ci gaba da bayar da biza ga Imamai na Aljeriya don jagorantar addu'o'in Ramadan.

Abubuwan da suka faru na Islamophobic, gami da lalata masallaci da ƙuntatawa kan sanya hijabi, sun karu, an tsara su ta hanyar muhawara game da secularism.

Rashin jituwa game da ganin wata yana faruwa yayin da wasu al'ummomi ke bin kasashensu na asali, wanda ke haifar da bambance-bambance a cikin kiyaye Ramadan.

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje
Ramadan a Iran

Watan Ramadan mai tsarki lokaci ne na musamman kuma mai mahimmanci ga Musulmai Iran. Wannan watan yana da alaƙa da bautar addini da al'adu da al'adun da suka shafi tsararraki kuma sun bambanta daga wata al'umma zuwa wata.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya
A lokacin watan Ramadan a Iran, Musulmai suna yin azumi daga asuba zuwa faɗuwar rana, suna guje wa abinci, abin sha, da shan sigari a lokacin azumi. Azumi kwarewa ce ta ruhaniya wacce ke inganta horo da kusanci da Allah.

Iftar muhimmiyar abinci ce a lokacin Ramadan a Iran. Suhoor (abinci kafin asuba) ana shirya shi kafin farawar azumi, kuma mutane suna damuwa da nau'ikan jita-jita don suhoor da iftar. A Iran, ana gudanar da addu'o'i Tarawih a masallatai, inda Musulmai suka taru don yin addu'o'i'o-rikicen ikilisiya da karanta Alkur'ani Mai Tsarki . Dare a cikin Ramadan suna cike da bauta, ɗaukakawa, da addu'a.

Hadisai da al'adu na zamantakewa wani muhimmin bangare ne na Ramadan a Iran. Ana musayar gaisuwa da taya murna tsakanin dangi, abokai, da maƙwabta, kuma ana ba da kyauta da ziyara a wannan watan mai tsarki.

## Ayyukan Ramadan na Musamman
Hanyoyin Ramadan a Iran sun ɗan bambanta da wasu ƙasashe. Ana rufe shagunan da gidajen cin abinci a lokacin azumi na rana, kuma ayyukan da ke kan tituna da shagunan suna ci gaba da maraice bayan saurin rana ya ƙare.

## Abinci na Iran a cikin Ramadan

Iran kuma sananniya ce don ba da wasu abinci na gargajiya da kayan zaki a lokacin Ramadan. Wasu misalai na kayan zaki na Ramadan na Iran sun hada da Shirin Polo, abincin shinkafa da aka yi da saffron da kwayoyi, Halva na Iran, kayan zaki da aka yi tare da gari, sukari, man shanu, da kwayoyi. Iftar mai haske kuma sananne ne a kusa da faɗuwar rana, wanda yawanci ya ƙunshi cuku, burodi mai zafi, da kofin shayi mai haske.

## Dubi kuma

* Ramadan a Rasha
* Ramadan a Turkiyya

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje
Ramadan a Indiya

Musulmai a Indiya suna kiyaye Ramadan tare da al'adunsu da al'adu. Indiya tana da ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan Musulmai a duniya, kuma ƙungiyoyin Musulmai daban-daban suna nan a duk ƙasashe tare da al'adunsu da al'adu.

## Tarihin Ramadan a Indiya
Tushen Islama a Indiya ya samo asali ne daga Zamanin Tsakiya, lokacin da Musulmai suka fara isa Indiya. Tun daga wannan lokacin, al'ummomin musulmai a Indiya sun girma kuma sun bunkasa al'adun Ramadan. 

## Abinci
Ana cin abinci da kayan zaki iri-iri a lokacin iftar da suhur. Wasu sanannun abinci sun hada da:

* Biryani
* Kebab
* Samosa:
* Gulab jamun
* Phirini: kayan zaki na gargajiya na Ramadan. Ya ƙunshi cakuda madara, semolina, sukari, da kwayoyi, wanda ake ba da sanyi kuma an yi masa ado da saffron.
* Lassi
* Saffron cake
* Lachcha
* Sewaiyan
* Maqooti, abincin gargajiya na Musulmai na Bihari

## Ziyarar da musayar zamantakewa
A lokacin Ramadan, ziyarar juna tana faruwa tsakanin iyalai Musulmai, maƙwabta da abokai na kusa na addinai daban-daban. Ana musayar gaisuwa, ana ba da kyauta, kuma ana gudanar da bukukuwa na musamman da bukukuwan zamantakewa da yawa.

## Bukukuwan da al'adun gargajiya
Biranen Indiya sa'a yin bukukuwan Ramadan masu ban sha'awa, cike da ayyuka da bukukuwa. Misali, a Hyderabad, ana gudanar da shahararren kasuwar Ramadan, Sharman Ramdan Street, inda ake sayar da abinci da kayan zaki iri-iri. A Delhi, ana gudanar da bikin "Fez Ka Jishn", wanda ya haɗa da wasan kwaikwayo na fasaha da kasancewar "Musaharati", mutumin da ke kira mutane su farka kafin kiran asuba zuwa addu'a kuma su ci abincin suhoor don shirya don azumi.

## Dubi kuma

* Ramadan a Amurka
* Ramadan a Ƙasar Ingila
* Ramadan a Pakistan
* Ramadan a cikin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa
* Ramadan a Turkiyya
* Ramadan a Rasha

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje
Yakin Ramadan (2006)

Shirin " **Ramadan Offensive"** yana nufin hare-haren da masu tayar da kayar baya suka kai a Iraki a lokacin watan Ramadan mai tsarki na Musulmai a shekarar 2006, shekaru uku bayan harin Ramadan na asali. 

Daga cikin wuraren da aka kai harin akwai wuraren da sojojin kawancen Amurka, Iraki da sauran wuraren da aka kai harin, amma kuma an kashe fararen hula da dama ta hanyar kashe su. Yawancin kisan fararen hula sojojin Mahdi ne suka kai harin, wadanda ke neman kawar da al'ummar Sunni na Bagadaza. Wannan harin ya zo daidai da wani aikin hadin gwiwa da ake kira Together Forward, wanda aka yi niyya don rage tashin hankali a Bagadaza, wanda ya ga tashin hankali sosai tun bayan harin bam da aka kai a Masallacin Askara a tsakiyar watan Fabrairun 2006, wani babban wurin ibada na Musulmi ' yan Shi'a, a Samarra . Duk da haka, aikin ya gaza. Bugu da ƙari, 'yan tawayen sun sami damar kwace iko da fiye da kashi 80 cikin 100 na Bagadaza. Haka kuma 'yan tawayen sun sami gagarumar nasara a yammacin Al Anbar da kuma lardin kudancin Babil, wanda ya tilasta wa jami'an tsaro na hadin gwiwa da na Iraki daga garuruwa da birane da dama. A wannan lokacin kuma an yi yaƙin Amarah, inda mayakan rundunar Mahdi marasa imani suka yi yaƙi da 'yan sanda, waɗanda membobin ƙungiyar Badr ne, don iko da birnin Amarah na kudancin ƙasar.

## Manazarta
Ramadan a cikin Maldives

**Ramadan a cikin [[Maldives]]** yana da muhimmancin addini da al'adu a cikin Maltives, inda yawan jama'a gaba ɗaya Musulmi ne na Sunni. Ranar Ramadan ta haɗa da azumi daga asuba zuwa faɗuwar rana, ƙara addu'a, sadaka, da tarurrukan al'umma.

## Al'adun al'adu da bukukuwan

Wani al'ada na musamman na Maldivian, Maahefun alama ce ta farkon Ramadan. Iyalai, abokai, da ƙungiyoyi don raba abinci na ƙarshe kafin azumi na wata ya fara. Bikin yana nuna abincin gargajiya na Maldivian wanda aka yi daga sinadaran gida kamar kifi, kwakwa, cassava, taro, lime, chilies, da ayaba. Maahefun yana aiki ne a matsayin bikin jama'a, yana inganta hadin kai da shirye-shiryen ruhaniya don lokacin azumi.

## Manufofin gwamnati da rayuwar jama'a
Gwamnatin Maldibiya tana canza sa'o'in aiki a hukumance don ɗaukar ayyukan ruhaniya na Ramadan. A cikin watan Ramadan, ofisoshin gwamnati suna aiki daga karfe 9:00 na safe zuwa karfe 1:30 na rana, don ba wa ma’aikata damar yin azumi da ayyukan ibada[1].

A cikin 2024, a cikin wani mataki na tarihi, Shugaba Dr. Mohamed Muizzu ya ayyana kwanaki goma na ƙarshe na Ramadan a matsayin hutun gwamnati, farawa daga ranar 20 ga watan. Wannan yanke shawara tana da niyyar inganta dabi'un Islama da ƙarfafa 'yan ƙasa su ba da fifiko ga bukukuwan addini a wannan lokacin mai tsarki.

Gwamnati ta fahimci bukatar ci gaba da ayyuka masu mahimmanci kuma tana ba da izini na musamman ga ma'aikatan da ake buƙata don aiki a cikin kwanaki goma na ƙarshe na Ramadan. Wadannan alawus suna biyan kuɗi don aiki a lokacin bukukuwan jama'a kuma suna amincewa da gudummawar ma'aikata masu mahimmanci.

## Matakan tattalin arziki da jin dadin jama'a
Don rage nauyin kudi ga 'yan ƙasa a lokacin Ramadan, Gwamnatin Maldivian ta aiwatar da matakan agaji da yawa kamar:

Ana kokarin tabbatar da cewa farashin kayan abinci ya tsaya tsayin daka a duk wata.[1]

Ana rarraba kayan abinci irin su gari, shinkafa, da sukari ga jama'a a matsayin kyaututtuka na Ramadan.

Ana ba da rangwamen kuɗin wutar lantarki da na ruwa don rage yawan kuɗin gida a lokacin azumi. [1]

## Tasirin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa

### Yawon shakatawa
Ba kamar sauran kasashe masu rinjaye Musulmi ba, masana'antar yawon bude ido ta Maldives tana ci gaba da aiki kamar yadda aka saba a lokacin Ramadan. Duk da yake wuraren shakatawa suna aiki yadda ya kamata, tsibirai na cikin gida suna bin ƙaƙƙarfan ayyukan Islama. Ana sa ran masu yawon bude ido su mutunta al'adun azumi ta hanyar guje wa cin abinci da shan giya a lokacin hasken rana.

## Dubi kuma

* Maahefun
* Maskurolhi

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje
Mary Lythgoe Bradford

**Mary Lythgoe Bradford** (24 ga Oktoba, 1930 - 8 ga Nuwamba, 2022) edita ce kuma mawaƙiya 'yar Amurka wacce take da muhimmanci ga adabin Mormon . Ita ce editan *Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought* daga 1978 zuwa 1983, ta gyara *Mormon Women Speak* (1982), kuma an haɗa ta a cikin jerin "75 Significant Mormon Poets" waɗanda Gideon Burton da Sarah Jenkins suka tattara.  Ita ce mai sukar Mormon ta farko da ta shiga matakin ilimi tare da aikin Virginia Sorensen  kuma ta rubuta game da wasu marubuta kamar Lowell L. Bennion . Ayyukanta sun bayyana a cikin mujallu da yawa na addini da na yanki, mujallu, da kuma tatsuniyoyi.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Bradford a Salt Lake City, Utah . Ta sami digiri na BA da MA daga Jami'ar Utah, inda ta koyar da Turanci . Daga baya ta koyar da Turanci a Jami'ar Brigham Young . Ta kuma koyar da rubutu na ɗan lokaci a Jami'ar Amurka da ke Washington, DC.

Littafin Bradford mai suna Leaving Home: Personal Essays ya lashe kyautar rubutun sirri ta Association for Mormon Letters a shekarar 1998. Littafinta mai suna Lowell L. Bennion : Teacher, Counselor, Humanitarian ya sami kyautar Mafi Kyawun Tarihin Rayuwa ta 1995 daga Ƙungiyar Tarihin Mormon da kuma kyautar Tarihin Rayuwa ta Evans don mafi kyawun tarihin rayuwa.

Bradford ta auri Charles Henry Bradford (ya mutu a shekarar 1991), wanda ta haifi 'ya'ya uku da shi. Ta rasu a Provo a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 2022, tana da shekaru 92.  

## Littattafai

* *Matan Mormon Suna Magana: Tarin Makaloli* (1982)
* *Auren Daidaito* (1985) na Dennis L. Lythgoe (ta rubuta farkon labarin)
* *Barin Gida: Muƙaloli Na Kai* (1987)
* *Lowell L. Bennion: Malami, Mai Ba da Shawara, Mai Jinƙai* (1995)
* *Waƙoƙin Shuɗi* (2009)
* *Rubuce-rubucen Mr. Mustard Plaster da Sauran Rubuce-rubucen Mormon* (2015)

## Manazarta
Ramadan a Turkiyya

Turkiyya tana murna da watan Ramadan mai tsarki tare da ruhun biki da haɗin kai. Ramadan a Turkiyya ana ɗaukarsa lokaci ne mai mahimmanci da bambanci, yayin da Musulmai ke bin azumi na rana kuma suna shiga cikin ayyukan addini da zamantakewa da yawa da al'adu. Musulmai a Turkiyya suna kiran watan Ramadan "Sultan na Watanni".

## Hadisai na Ramadan a Turkiyya

### Sahoor da Iftar tare da Adhan
Sahoor da Iftar tare da Adhan sanannen al'ada ne a Turkiyya. Musulmai suna farkawa a sahoor don cin abinci mai sauƙi kafin Addu'ar asuba, kuma a lokacin da suke taruwa don shirya su ci iftar kuma su karya azumi tare da kwanakin ko zaitun sannan su fara babban hanya.

### Abincin dare na yau da kullun a masallatai
Musulmai a Turkiyya suna shirya abincin dare na al'umma a Masallatai a lokacin Ramadan. Turkiyya sananniya ce don yin ado da minaret a lokacin watan Ramadan mai tsarki, yayin da suke taruwa don cin abinci da sha bayan Addu'ar Maghrib. Ana ba da abinci iri-iri ga mahalarta a cikin abincin dare, kuma wannan yana inganta ruhun al'umma da haɗin kai tsakanin mutane.

### Gasar Alkur'ani Mai Tsarki
Ana gudanar da gasa ta haddace Alkur'ani da karatun a Turkiyya a lokacin Ramadan. Yara da manya suna shiga cikin waɗannan don nuna ƙwarewarsu wajen karanta Alkur'ani, kuma ana ba da kyaututtuka ga masu nasara.

### Bikin sadaka na Ramadan
Bayar da bukukuwan Ramadan na sadaka wani muhimmin bangare ne na al'adun Ramadan a Turkiyya. Cibiyoyin agaji da kungiyoyi suna shirya abincin rukuni inda ake rarraba abinci ga mabukata.

### Ziyarar Jama'a
Ramadan a Turkiyya yana shaida ziyarar jama'a tsakanin dangi, abokai, da maƙwabta. Ana musayar gaisuwa, ana ba da kyauta, kuma ana gudanar da tarurruka na jama'a da bukukuwa na musamman waɗanda ke inganta ruhun kusanci da ƙauna a cikin wannan watan mai albarka.

## Abinci a cikin Ramadan
Ramadan a Turkiyya kuma sananne ne ga abincin da ke nuna wannan watan mai tsarki. Daga cikin abincin da aka cinye a lokacin watan Ramadan sune:

* Ishli Kebab: nama da aka gasa a kan gawayi kuma aka yi amfani da shi tare da albasa da gurasa.
* Etli Kofte: naman sa mai ɗanɗano wanda aka siffanta zuwa yatsunsu masu tsawo, sannan a soya ko a gasa. Yawancin lokaci ana ba da shi tare da shinkafa da salatin.
* Borek: fil fil fil fil cake cike da nama, spinach ko cuku, sannan a soya.
* Lahmacun: gurasar da aka dafa a cikin sukari, sannan aka yi wa ado da kwayoyi.
* Sopo na Lentil: Sopo na lentil ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin manyan abinci na karin kumallo na Ramadan.
* Katayef: Abincin zaki na Turkiyya, wanda aka shirya musamman a lokacin Ramadan. Ya ƙunshi ƙananan sutura na burodi da aka cika da walnuts ko Pistachios kuma an yi masa sukari. 

## Dubi kuma

* Ramadan in Pakistan
* Ramadan in India
* Ramadan in Russia

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje
Ramadan a Rasha

Ramadan wata ce mai muhimmanci a duniyar Islama, kuma Musulmai a duniya suna murna da ita ta hanyoyi da yawa. A Rasha, Musulmai suna fuskantar wannan watan mai tsarki a cikin ƙalubale da dama na musamman. Ramadan a Rasha ana nuna shi da tarihin arziki da ci gaba da ci gaba na kwarewar Rasha da Islama.

## Al'adu da al'adu
Musulmai a Rasha suna kiyaye Ramadan bisa ga al'adunsu da al'adun su. A cikin biranen Rasha kamar Moscow, Kazan, da Grozny, kungiyoyi sun sanya kayan ado na Ramadan kuma sun dauki bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru na musamman.

Ɗaya daga cikin ƙalubalen musamman ga wasu Musulmai na Rasha shine cewa lokacin da watan ya faɗi tsakanin Mayu da Yuli, ya kara sa'o'in hasken rana - a St Petersburg, wani lokacin har zuwa sa'o-i 22 na hasken rana: ya kara azumi na Ramadan sosai.

A Tatarstan, ana cin pancakes don bikin Eid al-Fitr . 

## Rayuwa ta addini da al'adu
Rasha ta shaida hadin kan addini da al'adu tsakanin Musulmai da wadanda ba Musulmai ba a lokacin Ramadan. Gwamnatin Rasha ta samar da wuraren da aka tsara don karya azumi a wuraren jama'a. Ana shirya abubuwan da suka faru tsakanin addinai don inganta fahimtar juna da zaman lafiya.

Eid al-Fitr, ƙarshen Ramadan, hutu ne na jama'a a cikin jamhuriyoyin Musulmi mafi rinjaye na Rasha, kamar Tatarstan . 

## Masallatai da ayyukan addini
Ana shirya abubuwa daban-daban na addini da zamantakewa a masallatai a lokacin Ramadan, gami da Iftars na rukuni da gudummawa ga matalauta da mabukata.

A cikin 2024, masu halarta 180,000 sun yi bikin Eid al-Fitr a Masallacin Cathedral a Moscow.

## Dubi kuma

* Ramadan a Amurka
* Ramadan a Indiya
* Ramadan a Pakistan
* Ramadan a Ƙasar Ingila
* Ramadan a Turkiyya
* Ramadan a cikin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje
Furir Bari Iftari

**Furir Bari [[Iftar (Budar Baki)|Iftar]]** ita ce al'adar Bengali tsakanin Musulmai na Bengali a Yankin Sylhet na ba da Iftar (abincin maraice mai saurin sauri) ga gidan surukan 'yar mutum a lokacin watan Ramadan .  Kalmar ta fito ne daga kalmar Sylheti Furi (yar). 

Wannan aikin ba tilas ba ne a cikin Islama, amma surukai sun zo su yi tsammanin hakan. Akwai abubuwan da suka faru inda mijin 'yar da surukan suka yi zargin sun azabtarwa da ita, suka tilasta mata ta kashe kanta, ko kuma suka kashe ta, idan mahaifinta bai ba su kyauta ba.

Wasu masu sharhi sun soki al'adar a matsayin camfi ko mummunar aiki saboda yana iya zama nauyin , kudi da zamantakewa ga uba wanda yake matalauta. A cikin 2023 UNESCO ta kara al'adar iftar na Musulmai zuwa jerin abubuwan da ba a gani ba.

## Dubi kuma

* Abincin Bangladesh
* Abincin Bengali
* Iftar
* Abincin abinci
* Ramadan
* Al'adun Bengali
* Al'adun Bangladesh
* Fadar White House Iftar abincin dare

## Manazarta
Gondi (abinci)

**Gondi** ( Farisa : **گندی** ), wani lokacin ana rubuta shi da **ghondi** ko **gundi**,   abincin Yahudawa ne na Farisa  na nama  da aka yi da naman rago, naman sa ko kaza  da aka yi a al'ada a ranar Asabar . A wasu lokutan ana amfani da lemun tsami busasshe a matsayin sinadari.  Ana ba da Gondi a matsayin wani ɓangare na miyar kaza da ake bayarwa a ranar Asabar da sauran bukukuwan Yahudawa, kamar ƙwallon matzo na Yahudawa na Ashkenazi .

Ana kuma ba su abinci a wani lokaci a matsayin abincin gefe, ko kuma a matsayin abincin ciye-ciye . Akwai burodi na Gabas ta Tsakiya da ganyen da ba a so kamar na'a-na'a, watercress, da basil . 

## Asalin
Ba a san asalin Gondi ba da tabbas, domin ana cewa al'ummar Yahudawa da ke zaune a birane daban-daban a Iran ne suka fara yin sa, amma galibi ana cewa an fara yin sa ne a cikin al'ummar Yahudawan Tehran . Saboda farashin naman, ya kasance abincin musamman na Shabbat . Yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan abincin da aka amince da su ga Yahudawan Iran. Gondi kuma abinci ne mai shahara a tsakanin al'ummar Yahudawan tsaunuka .  

## Ranakun hutu na Yahudawa
Galibi, gondi, wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan "ƙaramin suna ga wani ɓangare na jikin namiji", ana ba shi don abincin Purim na Yahudawan Farisa a Isra'ila. Hakanan madadin ƙwallon matza ne don Idin Passover . 

## Sinadarai
Girke-girken Gondi yawanci sun haɗa da wani nau'in naman da aka niƙa, garin wake  (wanda za a iya shirya shi ta amfani da wake da aka gasa), albasa da aka yanka, kirfa da aka niƙa, da gishiri.

## Manazarta
Goody (abinci)

**Goody** ko goodie abinci ne mai ɗanɗano na Irish wanda aka yi ta hanyar tafasa burodi a cikin madara tare da sukari da kayan yaji. Sau da yawa ana ba da shi ga yara ko tsofaffi waɗanda ke warkewa. Ana cin wannan abincin a ranar St. John's Eve, lokacin da za a shirya shi kusa da gobarar da aka kunna don yin bikin. An shirya bambancin ta amfani da shayi mai madara don tsoma burodi. Iyaye kuma suna shirya abincin don ba wa yara lokacin da suke da ciki.

Yara da yawa an ba su wannan a cikin karni na 20 a matsayin abin sha a gidajen makwabta ko bayan makaranta a matsayin abun ciye-ciye kafin cin abinci. [ana binciken hujja] [citation need] Bambancin zamani yana ƙara foda koko da digon cakulan. [ana yanayi hujja]

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin abincin Irish
* Popara

## Manazarta
Khobz tounes

**Khobz tounes** (Arabic), wanda kuma ake kira **Khobz el bey** (Arabic, lit. 'burodi na bey'), cake ne na Aljeriya da aka yi da Abincin almond da burodi, wanda aka tsoma a cikin syrup da ruwan orange. Gurasar ta samo asali ne daga zamanin Ottoman na Algeria. Ana yawan cinye shi a lokacin Ramadan.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin kekuna

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Kayan girke-girke na bidiyo tare da subtitles na Turanci
Kue asida

**Kue asida** (Arabic,  ; Jawi: ) kayan zaki ne na Indonesiya da aka yi da  tare da cakuda gari, sukari, cinnamon, cardamom, man shanu da zuma. Wannan kayan zaki shine abincin Moluccan na musamman kuma ana samunsa a cikin abincin Malay Indonesian da Arab Indonesian. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da shi a lokacin Ramadan don Iftar. Kue asida yayi kama da dodol.

## Asalin
Asalin kue Asida an yi imanin cewa ya samo asali ne daga Asida na Gabas ta Tsakiya wanda 'yan kasuwa Larabawa suka gabatar a duk faɗin Tsibirin Maluku.

## Dubi kuma
 

* Abincin Indonesia
* Abincin Larabawa na Indonesiya
* Abincin Malay
* Asida
* Kue

## Manazarta
Aloo chap

**Aloo Chap** (Bengali) wani abincin da ya samo asali ne daga Yankin Indiya da aka yi da dankali da kayan yaji daban-daban. Ana samunsa a ko'ina a jihohin Indiya na Bihar, Odisha_language" id="mwEA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Odia language" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Odia, Assam, Jharkhand da West Bengal, da kuma Bangladesh. "Aloo" na nufin dankali, kuma kalmar "chap" na nufin karamin cutlet fritters ko croquette a cikin Bengali. Ana ba da shi da zafi da dumi tare da muri (shinkafa mai laushi), kore chilies, kuma wani lokacin sauce da salads. Yana da madadin cin ganyayyaki, kuma daidai da aloo tikki . 

## Manazarta
Akhni

**Akhni** (Bengali) abinci ne na shinkafa tare da asalinsa tsakanin Musulman Bengali na Chittagong da Sylhet, Biryaniquot;}},quot;iquot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwWg\">nbsp; Chittagong's traditional beef akhni biryani (in Bengali)."}}" id="cite_ref-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Akhni#cite_note-1 [1] a gabashin Bangladesh" id="mwFA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh . Sau da yawa ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani bambancin biryani ko Polao. Abincin ya shahara musamman a gidajen cin abinci a duk faɗin Bangladesh,  da kuma tsakanin kasashen waje a duk faɗuwar duniya. Abincin yana da mahimmanci a Chittagong, inda aka ce matsakaicin mutumin Chittagonian yana cinye shi kowane mako. A lokacin Ramadan, watan azumi na Musulunci, ana cin abincin ne a abincin Iftar a fadin Sylhet.

## Magana
Kalmar 'akhni' ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Larabci, *Yakhni*, wanda ke nufin stew.

## Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su
Ana yin shi ta hanyar kaza shinkafa tare da man dafa abinci, kayan yaji na gargajiya (ginger, tafarnuwa, garam masala, Tégpata, cumin, albasa, gishiri), ghee, Goat" id="mwPQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Meat">nama (kwakin, naman sa, awaki, Ɗan rago), 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu (karrots, dankali, wake, plums), chili pepper da sour doi. Lokaci-lokaci, ana iya ƙara kwayoyi da ƙwai.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin abincin shinkafa

## Manazarta
Ya kamata ya zama mai laushi

Kue__ssw____ssw____sw____ssw____sswa____sw__ 'cat harshe kue') wani karamin biscuit ne na Indonesia (kue kering) wanda ya yi *[[Kue|Kowa]]* da Harshen cat (tsawo da kuma kwance).  Suna da ɗanɗano kuma suna da ƙuƙwalwa. Wannan kuki kuki ne mai tasirin Dutch saboda tarihin tarihi tsakanin Indonesia da Netherlands. A cikin Netherlands, an san wannan kuki da *Katentong*, kuma daga ƙarshe an samo shi daga kuki na harshen cat na Turai.

A Indonesia, an san ko'ina a ko'ina. Wannan burodi abinci ne na musamman a wasu lokutan Indonesiya kamar Eid ul-Fitr, Kirsimeti da Sabuwar Shekarar Sinanci.

## Dubi kuma
 

* Harshen Cat
* Kukis
* Abincin Indonesia
* Kue
* Ladyfinger
* Jerin kukis
* Jerin abincin Indonesiya
* Jerin abincin Indonesiya

## Manazarta
Goose da aka gasa

Roast goose yana dafa nama ta goose ta amfani da zafi mai bushe tare da iska mai zafi da ke kewaye da shi daidai a kowane bangare. Yawancin nau'ikan gasa sun bayyana a cikin abinci a duniya, gami da Cantonese, Turai, da abinci na Burtaniya. Roasting na iya inganta dandano.

## Cantonese

 
A Guangdong da Hong Kong, gasa goose iri-iri ne na siu mei, ko abincin nama da aka gasa, a cikin Abincin Cantonese. Ana yin sa ne ta hanyar gasa geese tare da ɗanɗano sau da yawa a cikin wuta mai ƙyalli a babban zafin jiki. Geese da aka gasa da inganci mai inganci suna da fata mai laushi tare da nama mai ɗanɗano da mai laushi. Ana ba da su da sauce don ƙara dandano.

Sakamakon binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2016 da gwamnatin karamar hukumar Guangzhou ta fitar ya nuna cewa gurasar ganima ita ce mafi mashahuriyar abinci, ta fi fararen yankan kaza da gurasar squab.

## Turai

Goose yana da ɗanɗano na musamman  wanda ya sa ya zama Abincin Kirsimeti na Turai da aka fi so. A cikin Jamus, gasa ganye shine babban abincin Kirsimeti. Ga al'adun Turai, ana cin naman alade ne kawai a ranakun bukukuwan da aka zaba, gami da Ranar St. Martin.

Gabaɗaya ana maye gurbinsa da turkey a Amurka. Hakazalika, Goose sau da yawa madadin turkey akan teburin Kirsimeti na Turai. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need]

A Amurka, farashin kowace fam na Goose yawanci yayi kama da na agwagwa noma, amma girman tsuntsu da rashin yawan nama zuwa kashi da mai yana sa Goose ya zama abin alatu ga galibi. Ƙimar da aka ƙara ita ce, gasa Goose zai ba da kyakkyawar kitse mai kyau wanda yawanci ana amfani dashi don gasa dankali ko a matsayin raguwa a cikin ɓawon burodi (mai dadi ko mai dadi). Hakanan mutum na iya tsoma guntun Goose da aka nutse a cikin kitse don yin kitse. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need]

Roast goose kuma sanannen sinadarin ne don abincin bayan Kirsimeti. Akwai girke-girke da yawa don Ranar Boxing wanda ke amfani da hagu a kan gasa goose daga bikin Kirsimeti na Kirsimeti.

### Bambance-bambance
Abubuwan da suka fi yawa[1] sune apples, chestnuts, prunes da albasa. Yawan kayan yaji[2] sun haɗa da gishiri da barkono, mugwort, ko marjoram. Har ila yau, ana amfani da su akwai jan kabeji, Klöße, da miya, waɗanda ake amfani da su don ado da Goose. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need]

### Turkiyya

Fayil:1507-A_banquet_including_roast_goose_given_for_Babur_by_the_Mirzas.jpg|Timurid conqueror Babur in a banquet presented with roast goose
Fayil:Goose_roasted.JPG|Roast goose with dumplings (*Klöße*) and red cabbage
Fayil:Roast_goose_with_rice_(48892093826).jpg|Roast Goose Curry served with rice at a restaurant in Thailand
Kars style roast goose yana daya daga cikin shahararrun kayan abinci na musamman ga yankin Kars na Turkiyya.

## Gidan wasan kwaikwayo
 

## Dubi kuma

* Siu mei
* Duck da aka dafa
* Kayan kaza da aka dafa
* Jerin abincin Kirsimeti

## Manazarta
Shirin polo

**Shirin polo**, wanda aka fi sani da **Shinkafa ta bikin aure ta Farisa** ko shinkafa Rosh Hashanah, shinkafa ce ta gargajiya ta Farisa wacce ake amfani da ita don yin alama ta musamman kamar bukukuwan aure. Yana da sauƙaƙe version na morassa 'polō, lit. 'shinkafa mai ƙanshi'.

A cikin al'ummar Yahudawa na Farisa a duk duniya, galibi ana danganta shi da bukukuwan kamar Purim,    Pesach, Rosh Hashanah da manyan bukukuwan   Ana ba da shi azaman Iftar a lokacin Ramadan .

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya
Shirin polo yawanci ana ba da shi a bukukuwan kamar bukukuwan aure, ranar haihuwar, da bukukuwa. Ana shinkafa a cikin salon Farisa wanda aka rufe shi da kwayoyi da busassun 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar barberries, apricots, da kwanakin.  

## Shirye-shiryen

Shirin polo yawanci ana shirya shi a hanyar Farisa ta yau da kullun: tsomawa da tafasa, sannan zubar da ruwa da tururi bayan gauraya shi da man dafa abinci, saffron ko turmeric, da sauran kayan yaji da kayan yaji. Wani lokaci ana shirya shi da ɓawon burodi, tahdig. Lokacin da aka dafa shi, ba a gyara shi a kan faranti mai ba da kyauta tare da tahdig a matsayin kayan ado. Daga nan sai a rufe shi da busassun 'ya'yan itatuwa, kamar su apricots, barberries, dates, prunes, da kwayoyi kamar su pistachio, almond, walnut, ko hazelnuts, kuma wani lokacin orange peel. Ana iya barin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kwayoyi da aka bushe gaba ɗaya ko a yanka su.

## Yin hidima
Shirin polo sau da yawa ana ba da shi tare da kaza da aka dafa.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin abincin shinkafa

## Manazarta
Karin magna

## Karin Magana
Karin Magana,dabara ce ta dunkule magana mai yawa a cikin zance ko 'yankalmomi kadan, cikin hikima. Karin magana, yawanci yana zuwa ne da bari biyu: bari na farko, yana yin jimlataccen bayani ko furuci na wata manufa, bari na biyu kuwa, yana yin kari ko sharhi, a kan abin da bari na farko ya fada. Missali: 
*  Bari na farko: **Garin dadi na nesa,**
*  Bari na biyu:  **Ungulu ta leka masai.**
A nan, za muga cewa, "garin dadi na nesa," yana yin furuci mai faffadar manufa, "Ungulu ta leka masai" kuwa, yana yin karin bayani ne; ko yana fassara abin da aka fada a bari na farko.

Karin magana, wani muhimmin nau’i ne na adabin baka na Hausa da ke ƙunshe da gajerun kalmomi masu zurfin ma’ana. Hausawa na amfani da karin magana wajen ƙarfafa magana, faɗakarwa, gargaɗi ko bayyana hikima a taƙaice. Karin magana na taimakawa wajen isar da saƙo cikin hikima ba tare da dogon bayani ba.

Karin Magna wani dunkulallen zance mai dauke faffadar ma'ana. Karin magana yana zuwa da shashi biyu ne. Sahe na faro ne tushen maganar, amma sashi na biyu na yin karin bayani ne akan sashi na farko. wasu lokuta, idan aka bayyana sashin farko ya wadatar. Musaman idan abokin maganar yana gane inda aka dosa cikin hanzari. Idan aka duba a sashin missalai za a kara fahimta.

### Misalan Karin Magana
Wasu karin magana a adabin baka na Hausa sun haɗa da:

* Komai nisan jifa, kasa zai fado."

* Kowa da kiwon da ya karbai, makwabcin mai akuya ya sai Kura."

* “Komai nisan jifa, ƙasa zai faɗo.”
: Ma’anarsa ita ce kowane aiki yana da sakamako.

* "Garin dadi na nesa, angulu ta leka masai."
: nuna wata ni'ima da bata a kusa.

* "Ban sa a ka ba, injin barawon tagiya."

* "Ba a san maci tuwo ba, sai miya ta kare."

* "In gani a kasa, wai an ce ana biki a gidan su kare."

* "Sai bango ya tsage, Kadangare ke samun wurin shiga."

* "Tsiyar dan maciji, ta fi ta dan kunama"

* "Mu wasa ne, Bagwari ya bada magani an mutu."

* "Me ya fi Raina, cin tsiran mata."

* “Idan ka ga gemun ɗan uwanka na ci da wuta, ka jika naka da ruwa.”
: Gargadi ne ga mutum ya yi hankali da abin da ke faruwa ga wasu.

### Muhimmancin Karin Magana
Karin magana na da muhimmanci sosai wajen bunƙasa harshe da al’adun Hausawa. Tana taimakawa wajen adana hikima da basira da aka gada tun daga tsofaffi zuwa matasa. Haka kuma, karin magana na taka rawa wajen koyarwa a makarantu da kuma nazarin adabin Hausa a jami’o’i.

### Siffofin Karin Magana
Karin magana na da wasu siffofi da ke bambanta ta da sauran nau’o’in adabin baka, daga cikinsu akwai:
* Gajeriyar magana mai zurfin ma’ana
* Tana zuwa ne da sashi biyu a cikin jimla 
* Amfani da misalai ko alamu
* Ƙunsar hikima ko darasi
* Ana amfani da ita wajen ƙarfafa magana
* Yawanci tana buƙatar fahimta kafin a gane ma’anarta 

### Ayyukan Karin Magana
A al’ummar Hausa, karin magana na taka rawa ta hanyoyi da dama, daga cikinsu akwai:
* Faɗakar da al’umma kan halaye nagari da marasa kyau
* Koyar da tarbiyya da ladabi
* Ƙarfafa hujja a magana
* Bayyana tunani cikin hikima
* Adana al’adu da harshen Hausa
Botoromi

***Botoromi*** (Turanci: *Shrek*) fim ɗin wasan barkwanci ne na shekarar 2001 na Amurka wanda Andrew Adamson da Vicky Jenson ya bada umarni. Fim ɗin ya haɗa yan wasa da suka haɗa da; Mike Myers, Eddie Murphy, Cameron Diaz da kuma John Lithgow.

## Yan wasa
* Mike Myers a matsayin Shrek
* Eddie Murphy a matsayin Donkey
* Cameron Diaz a matsayin Princess Fiona
* John Lithgow a matsayin Lord Farquaad
* Vincent Cassel a matsayin "Monsieur" Robin Hood
* Conrad Vernon a matsayin Gingerbread Man
* Chris Miller a matsayin:
**Magic Mirror
**Geppetto
* Cody Cameron a matsayin Pinocchio
* Simon J. Smith a matsayin Blind Mouse
* Christopher Knights a matsayin Thelonius
* Aron Warner a matsayin Big Bad Wolf
* Kathleen Freeman a matsayin Old Woman
* Andrew Adamson a matsayin Duloc Mascot
* Michael Galasso a matsayin Peter Pan

## Karɓuwa

### Amsa mai mahimmanci
*Shrek* yana da amincewar amincewa da kashi 88% a shafin yanar gizon mai tarawa na Rotten Tomatoes, bisa ga sake dubawa 212, da kuma matsakaicin darajar 7.8/10. ila yau, yana da kashi 84 daga cikin 100 a kan Metacritic, bisa ga masu sukar 34.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin hadi na waje

* 
*
Khichuri mai laushi

****Soft Khichuri**, wanda aka fi sani da **Norom Kisuri,*' wani nau'in abinci ne da aka yi da shinkafa wanda yake kama da [[porridge]], wani abinci mai shahara a [[Sylhet region|yankin Sylhet]] na [[Bangladesh]] . Abinci ne na gargajiya a cikin abincin Sylheti wanda ake bayarwa a yawancin teburin cin abinci a lokacin watan Ramadan mai tsarki.  Kasancewar abinci ne mai mahimmanci don [[Iftar (Budar Baki)|yin buda baki]], *Soft Khichuri* a gida da kuma [[Akhni]] don yi wa baƙo hidima al'ada ce ta Sylhet.  [[Aromatic rice|Shinkafa mai ƙamshi]] tana haɗawa da kayan ƙanshi daban-daban ciki har da [[ghee]], [[Nigella|kalozira]] da fenugreek don dafa Kisuri.  Akwai nau'ikan Soft Khichuri guda biyu; *farin soft khichuri* (jau/zau) da *rawaya soft khichuri'' (kisuri).

## Sinadaran
Shinkafa, dal, albasa, citta, ɗan man shanu ko man shanu, fenugreek da gishiri . 

## Manazarta
Tulumba

Fayil:Tulumba_with_kaymak_and_pistachio.jpg|Tulumba with kaymak and pistachio
Fayil:Tulumba_(cross_section).JPG|Tulumba cross-section (front)
Fayil:Tulumba_(6881443243).jpg|Round
Fayil:Cooking_Zalabya_&_Bamiyeh,_Qom_-_22_May_2018_14.jpg|Iranian *bamiyeh* being made
**Tulumba**, **Tolomba** ko **Bamiyeh** (; Larabci: بلح الشام) kayan zaki ne da aka samu a Misira, Levant, Girka da kuma abincin yankin na tsohuwar Daular Ottoman . Yana da soya mai niƙa da aka tsoma a cikin syrup, kama da jalebis ko churros .  An yi shi ne daga gurasar burodi mara yisti,  yawanci kimanin inci 3, ana amfani da shi tare da jakar burodi ta amfani da tauraron bude ko makamancin haka. Da farko an dafa shi sosai zuwa launin zinariya sannan kuma an zuba sukari mai zaki a kansa lokacin da yake da zafi.&nbsp;

## Sunan

*Tulumba* a zahiri yana nufin 'pump' a cikin Ottoman Turkish, wanda ya samo asali ne daga  na Italiya.

*Tulumba* features in Balkan, Greek (Greek: τουλούμπα), Azeri (Azerbaijani: Ballıbadı), and Turkish cuisines.

Abincin ya kasance da sunaye da yawa a yankuna daban-daban:

* In Hejazi it is called *ṭurumba* (Arabic: طُرُمْبَة) directly from Italian: tromba
* In Egyptian, Levantine, and some Arab cuisines it is called  *balaḥ ash-Shām* (Arabic: بلح الشام), literally "Syrian dates" or "Damascene dates."
* In Armenian cuisine it may be called either *pomp* or *tulumba* (Armenian: թուլումբա).
* In Persian cuisine, it is known as *bamiyeh* (Persian: باميه), after the vegetable of the same Persian name (okra), due to its shape.
* In  Iraqi cuisine it is known as *datli* (Arabic: داطلي), directly coming from Turkish word **.
* The dessert is called *pomba* in Cypriot Greek and *bombacık* in Cypriot Turkish.
* In Turkish, it is called *tulumba tatlisi*, meaning "pump dessert".

## Tarihi
*Tulumba* a cikin tsarinsa na zamani mai yiwuwa ya rinjayi Abincin Larabawa na zamani; littattafai kamar *Kitab al-Tabikh* na marubucin karni na 10 Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq sun ambaci irin wannan jita-jita kamar zalabiyeh . 

## Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su
Ana yin ta ne da yoghurt [ana binciken [ana buqatar] da sitaci da kullu na gari, yawanci ana soya shi kafin a tsoma shi cikin qatir[1][2]. Wani zaki ne na musamman da ake yawan ci a buda baki a cikin Ramadan[3]. Har ila yau, ana sayar da shi tare da jalebi, wanda ake shirya shi ta hanyar irin wannan, amma an tsara shi a cikin tsari mai kama da yanar gizo na kullu. [ana yanayi hujja]

Wasu iri sun hada da kayan yaji kamar cardamom.

## Iri-iri
  kayan zaki ne na Turkiyya wasu ke ɗauka a matsayin bambancin tulumba . 

Ana yin *datli* na Iraqi yawanci ba tare da ƙwai ba.

A cikin birnin Taiz a Yemen, ana yin tulumba ta hanyar hada ƙwai da gari a cikin ruwa mai zafi, sannan a rushe gurasar, wanda aka yanka shi cikin ɓangarorin da aka fara tsomawa cikin mai sanyi, sannan a soya shi kafin a ƙara syrup.

## Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin nau'ikan donuts
* Jerin nau'ikan gurasar da aka dafa
* Jerin kayan zaki na Turkiyya
* Buñuelo
* Fartura
* Gorgoria
* Lokma
* Pinaypay

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

*
Kungiyar Mata ta Kanada

**Ƙungiyar Kare Hakkin Mata ta Kanada**, wacce aka fi sani da **Toronto Women's Literary Guild**, ƙungiya ce da ke Toronto, Ontario, Kanada, wadda ke fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata .

Bayan ƙungiyar ta daɗe ba ta aiki, shugabannin sun kafa Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Mata ta Dominion a shekarar 1889. 

## Tarihi

An kafa ƙungiyar adabi ta mata ta Toronto a shekarar 1877 don fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata da kuma inganta yanayin aiki. Jessie Turnbull da Dr. Emily Howard Stowe, likita mace ta biyu mai lasisi a Kanada, su ne suka kafa ƙungiyar. 

Ƙungiyar ta sami ɗan nasara wajen inganta damar samun ilimi mai zurfi ga mata. An sake masa suna zuwa Ƙungiyar Kare Hakkin Mata ta Kanada a shekarar 1883 tare da Turnbull a matsayin shugabanta na farko.

Ƙungiyar da ke Toronto ta yi aiki don buɗe ilimi ga mata, da kuma ba wa mata damar ci gaba a matsayin ƙwararru, musamman a matsayin likitoci. 

Bayan ƙungiyar ta daɗe ba ta aiki, shugabannin sun kafa Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Mata ta Dominion a shekarar 1889. 

## Manazarta
Coming to Power

***Zuwan Mulki: Rubuce-rubuce da Zane-zane kan 'Yan Madigo S/M*** littafi ne da aka shirya a shekarar 1981 wanda membobin ƙungiyar 'yan madigo ta mata ta Samois suka shirya. Littafin ya ƙunshi rubuce-rubucen 'yan madigo na S/ M .  Aikin farko ne na ƙungiyar 'yan madigo ta BDSM .

An daina buga shi da sauri  kuma ya isa ga masu sauraro a duk duniya a shekara mai zuwa lokacin da Alyson Publications ta sake buga shi.  Littafin ya maye gurbin gajerun labarai da shawarwari kan dabaru, wani tsari da wasu littattafan BDSM suka yi amfani da shi tun daga lokacin.

An buga wani ci gaba mai suna *[[The Second Coming: A Leatherdyke Reader]]* a shekarar 1996, wanda Pat Califia da Robin Sweeney suka shirya.

Yawancin marubutan a cikin littafin *Coming to Power* sun kwatanta sadomasochism a matsayin misalin sha'awar batsa . 

An bayyana shi a cikin Coming on Strong: Gay Politics and Culture a matsayin wanda ke ɗauke da batsa na 'yan madigo .

## Nassoshi
Shugabancin jari-hujja da Shari'ar Socialist Feminism

***Tsarin Mulkin Jari-hujja da Shari'ar Tsarin Mulkin Gurguzu na Mata*** wani littafi ne na 1978 game da tsarin mulkin gurguzu na mata wanda Zillah R. Eisenstein ya shirya.

Masanin ilimin zamantakewa Rhonda F. Levine ta ambaci aikin a matsayin "tattaunawa mai kyau game da matsayin gurguzu da mata".  Levine ya ci gaba da bayyana littafin a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin maganganun farko na yadda nazarin ajin Marxist zai iya haɗawa da nazarin mata game da ubanci don samar da ka'idar yadda jinsi da aji ke haɗuwa a matsayin tsarin rashin daidaito".

"Eisenstein ya bayyana kalmar 'babban ɗan jari-hujja' a matsayin bayanin 'dangantakar da ke ƙarfafa juna tsakanin tsarin ajin jari-hujja da tsarin jima'i na matsayi." 

Ta yi imanin cewa "karantar da mata a matsayin aji na jima'i yana sanya ingancin rugujewar mata ga sassaucin ra'ayi saboda sassaucin ra'ayi ya dogara ne akan ware mata daga rayuwar jama'a bisa wannan tsarin aji. Bukatar daidaito tsakanin mata da maza na gaske, idan aka kai ga ƙarshe mai ma'ana, zai kawar da tsarin ubangida da ya zama dole ga al'umma mai sassaucin ra'ayi." 

## Nassoshi
Majalisar Mata ta Kasa ta Uruguay

**Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙasar Uruguay ( Consejo Nacional de Mujeres del Uruguay, CONAMU )** ƙungiya ce ta mata a Uruguay, wadda aka kafa a 1916.

An kafa ta ne daga jagorar masu fafutukar ba mata 'yancin kada kuri'a Paulina Luisi a shekara ta 1916 tare da wasu ‘yan gwagwarmayar mata kamar Francisca Beretervide da Isabel Pinto de Vidal.

Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kada kuri'a ga mata, wanda daga ƙarshe aka amince da shi a Uruguay a shekarar 1932, amma wannan ba shi kaɗai ba ne batun da ƙungiyar ta inganta.

## Littattafan tarihi

## Bibiyar Tarihi

* Cuadro Cawen, Inés. *Feminismos y Política en el Uruguay del Novecientos*. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 2018. (in Spanish)
* Ehrick, Christine. *The Shield of the Weak: Feminism and the State in Uruguay, 1903–1933*. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2005.
* Lavrin, Asunción. ''Mujeres, feminismo y cambio social en Argentina, Chile y Uruguay 1890–1940''. Santiago: LOM Ediciones, 2005. (in Spanish)
Daughters, Inc.

**Daughters, Incorporated**, ko **Daughters, Inc.,** wata cibiyar wallafa littattafai ce ta mata ta Amurka da June Arnold da Parke Bowman suka kafa a shekarar 1972.  Littattafansu da ke New York, NY, galibi sun ta'allaka ne kan abubuwan da suka shafi jinsi da madigo.   Bertha Harris, bayan buga littattafai biyu tare da Daughters, Inc., ta shiga aikin edita tare da Charlotte Bunch . 

## Jerin littattafan da Daughters, Inc., suka buga.

* *Miyar Apple* ta Yuni Arnold
* *<nowiki/>'Yar'uwa Gin* ta Yuni Arnold
* *Ruby Fruit Jungle* daga Rita Mae Brown
* *Mai ƙauna* daga Bertha Harris
* *Abin da ya faru a cikin tafiya* ta Carole Spearin McCauley

Bayan buga littattafai 23, Daughters, Inc. ta rufe a shekarar 1978.

## Nassoshi
Deutscher Frauenring

**Deutscher Frauenring eV (DFR)** ƙungiya ce mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin siyasa wacce ba ta da alaƙa da jam'iyya kuma babbar ƙungiyar mata a Jamus, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1949 a Bad Pyrmont don haɓaka muradun mata a dukkan fannoni na al'umma. A lokacin Yaƙin Cacar Baki, ta wanzu ne kawai a Yammacin Jamus (ciki har da Yammacin Berlin ). Ƙungiyar memba ce ta Ƙungiyar Mata ta Duniya, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mai matsayi na ba da shawara tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . Tana da rassan jihohi a dukkan jihohi 16, rassan gida 40 da kuma mambobi kusan 50,000.  Ta buga mujallar *Grüne Reihe* . 

Deutscher Frauenring ta al'adance tana cikin ƙungiyar da ake kira "ƙungiyar 'yan gurguzu-liberal" kuma don haka tana tsaye a cikin al'adar mata masu sassaucin ra'ayi mai faɗi da haɗaka. A zamanin yau, Deutscher Frauenring tana la'akari da mahangar ma'amala ta hanyar fahimtar haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙungiyoyin tsiraru a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na ra'ayin mata, kuma ƙungiyar tana goyon bayan, misali, haƙƙin mutanen da suka canza jinsi da sauran mutanen da ba su da alaƙa da jinsi.

## Nassoshi
Littattafan Diana

**Diana Press Publications** wata cibiyar buga littattafai ce ta mata ta Amurka. Coletta Reid da Casey Czarnik ne suka kafa kuma suka kafa kamfanin a watan Janairun 1972, kuma galibin mata ne ke gudanar da kamfanin.  Ya yi nasara a fannin kasuwanci kuma ya buga littattafai masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da na mata.  Wasu daga cikin littattafansu sun haɗa da ayyukan Rita Mae Brown, Judy Grahn, da Jeannette Foster .  Kamfanin yana Baltimore, Maryland har sai da ya koma Oakland, California a 1977. Diana Press ta rufe a 1979.

## Nassoshi
Ƙungiyar Ƙaddamarwa ta takwas

**Ƙungiyar Ƙaddamarwa ta takwas** ( Russian   ) ƙungiya ce ta masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata a Saint Petersburg . Ta wanzu tun daga shekarar 2018, kuma tana da jigon yaƙi da yaƙi. 

Domin bikin Ranar Mata ta Duniya ta 2021, ƙungiyar ta shirya zanga-zangar mutane kusan 100.  A watan Disamba na 2021 sun yi zanga-zangar nuna goyon bayan Memorial International, inda suka shimfida furanni a Solovetsky Stone tare da mataimakin gundumar Vitaliy Bovar . 

A ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 2022, kwana ɗaya kafin mamaye Ukraine gaba ɗaya, masu fafutuka daga ƙungiyar Eighth Initiative Group sun shirya wani 'mummunan zanga-zanga' kan yaƙin da ake yi a tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Saint Petersburg . Ƙungiyar ta sanar da wani gangamin adawa da yaƙi a ranar 6 ga Maris.

## Nassoshi
Engender

**Engender** ƙungiya ce mai adawa da jinsi da ke aiki a Scotland da sauran sassan Turai. Manufarsu ita ce "rushe tsarin nuna wariyar jinsi don ƙara daidaito a zamantakewa, siyasa da tattalin arziki na mata, da kuma ba da damar haƙƙin mata... don samar da bincike, bincike, da shawarwari don dokoki da shirye-shiryen mata masu alaƙa."  Manufofin Engender sun haɗa da ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da nuna wariyar jinsi da tasirinsa ga al'umma, daidaiton wakilcin mata a gwamnati, da kuma horar da masu fafutukar mata a matakin gida.

## Tarihi
An kafa Engender a farkon shekarun 1990s  a matsayin ƙungiyar bincike da yaƙin neman zaɓe.  An kafa ta ne bayan an gudanar da wani taro a shekarar 1991 kuma an ƙaddamar da ita a hukumance a matsayin ƙungiyar membobi a shekarar 1993  ta ƙungiyar mata a Edinburgh , inda har yanzu ƙungiyar take a yau. Waɗannan mata sun kafa Engender bayan sun duba ƙungiyar mata a Scotland kuma sun lura da rashin bincike, tattara bayanai, da kuma yaɗuwar bayanai ga rayuwar mata a lokacin. 

## Tallafin Kuɗi
Ana karɓar kuɗaɗen Engender daga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, amma babban mai ba da tallafin su shine Asusun Daidaito na Gwamnatin Scotland. A cikin watan Afrilu na 2023 zuwa Mayu na 2024, Gwamnatin Scotland ta samar da kashi 97.7% na kuɗin shigar Engender, £556,800 daga cikin £569,456, sauran kuɗin shigar kuma sun fito ne daga gudummawa da gado, da kuma shawarwari. 

## Ƙungiyoyin fafutuka
Shafin yanar gizon Engender ya ƙunshi bincike da manufofin daban-daban. A halin yanzu, waɗannan abubuwan da aka mayar da hankali a kai sune Cibiyar Daidaito da Al'adu, Kulawa, Ilimi da Horarwa, Kasuwar Ma'aikata, Lafiya, Zubar da Ciki da Kula da Lafiyar Haihuwa, Wakiltar Mata, Sararin Jama'a, Tsaron Jama'a, Cin Zarafin Mata, Babban Rigakafin Cin Zarafin Mata, Haƙƙin Mata, da Tattalin Arzikinmu.  Ita ce ƙungiya ta 'yar'uwa ga Ƙungiyar Kasafin Kuɗi ta Mata ta Scotland, Taron Mata na Scotland, da Asusun Mata na Scotland, tare da kula da bayanan Mata a Scotland tare da Laburaren Mata na Glasgow .  Hakanan ta kasance wani ɓangare na Taron Mata na Turai bayan Brexit . 

A halin yanzu Engender yana adawa da hukuncin da Kotun Burtaniya ta yanke kwanan nan kan Dokar Daidaito ta 2010 saboda ɗaukar "ra'ayi mai tsauri game da kariyar da Dokar Daidaito ta bayar" saboda damuwa "game da abin da wannan ke nufi ga haƙƙin mutanen transgender."  Wannan ya faru ne saboda a cikin *For Women Scotland Ltd v The Scottish Ministocin* [2025] UKSC 16, an yanke hukuncin cewa amfani da Dokar Daidaito ga namiji da mace ya yi ne dangane da jima'i na halitta, ba asalin jinsi ba.  Matsayin Engender yana da ce-ce-ku-ce, yayin da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya masu sukar jinsi suka soki lamarin, gami da matan transgender a ƙarƙashin ikonta. 

Engender ya yi adawa da tsarin da ake amfani da shi a yanzu na zubar da ciki a Scotland, domin a halin yanzu yana buƙatar likitoci biyu su amince kuma su ba da damar yin aikin. Wannan yana haifar da rashin daidaito ga mata masu son zubar da ciki, kuma yana barin zubar da ciki "a cikin tsarin shari'ar laifuka a Scotland."

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Shafin yanar gizo na hukuma
Binciken Mace ta Ingila

***Jaridar Englishwoman's Review*** wata jarida ce ta mata da aka buga a Ingila tsakanin 1866 da 1910.

Har zuwa shekarar 1869 aka kira cikakken ***littafin The Englishwoman's Review: mujallar aikin mata***, a shekarar 1870 (bayan an daina buga shi) aka sake masa suna ***The Englishwoman's Review of Social and Industrial Questions*** . 

Ɗaya daga cikin mujallun mata na farko, *The Englishwoman's Review* ya samo asali ne daga ƙungiyar mata ta farko. Editan farko ita ce Jessie Boucherett, wadda ta gan ta a matsayin magajin *mujallar English Woman's Journal* (1858–64).  Editocin da suka biyo baya su ne Caroline Ashurst Biggs, Helen Blackburn, da Antoinette Mackenzie.  

## Masu ba da gudummawa
Masu bayar da gudummawa masu mahimmanci sun haɗa da:

* Amelia Sarah Levetus
* Mary Lowndes 
* Uwargida Margaret Sackville
* Ethel Rolt Wheeler

## Bayanan kula

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Sharhin Matar Ingila game da Tambayoyin Zamantakewa da Masana'antu, London 1876