Masana'antu a Ghana

**Masana'antu a Ghana** sun kai kusan kashi 24.5% na jimlar GDP .  Duk da haka, samar da masana'antu na Ghana yana karuwa da kashi 7.8%, wanda ya ba ta matsayi na 38 mafi girma cikin sauri a duniya  saboda manufofin masana'antu na gwamnati.

Masana'antu mafi muhimmanci a Ghana sun hada da Masana'antar lantarki, masana'antar mota, masana'antun mota na lantarki, masanaʼantar mota, kera haske, narkar da aluminum, sarrafa abinci, siminti, da kuma karamin ginin jirgin kasuwanci. Har ila yau, ƙananan masana'antun gilashi sun bunƙasa saboda yashi mai inganci da ake samu daga yankin hakar ma'adinai na Tarkwa. Babban birnin kasashen waje ya karu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Yawancin kayayyaki don amfani da gida ne da fitarwa.

Sauran masana'antu sun haɗa da samar da abinci da abin sha, masana'antu, sunadarai da magunguna, da kuma sarrafa karafa da kayan itace.

## Tarihi
A shekara ta 1957, bayan Ghana ta sami 'yancin kai, gwamnatin Nkrumah ta kaddamar da yunkurin masana'antu wanda ya kara yawan masana'antu na GDP daga kashi 10 cikin 100 a shekarar 1960 zuwa kashi 14 cikin 100 a 1970. Wannan fadada ya haifar da kirkirar masana'antun masana'antu masu yawa, mafi girma ciki har da Kamfanin Volta Aluminum (Valco), saw mills da masana'antun sarrafa katako, masana'antun gyaran koko, masana'antar giya, masana'antu na siminti, gyaran mai, ayyukan masana'antu, da masana'antar taro na motoci. Yawancin waɗannan kamfanoni, duk da haka, sun tsira ne kawai ta hanyar kariya. cedi mai yawa, karancin tsabar kudi mai wuya don albarkatun kasa da sassan ajiya, da kuma rashin kulawa a bangaren jihar ya haifar da tsayawa daga 1970 zuwa 1977 sannan zuwa raguwa daga 1977 zuwa 1982.

Bayan haka, masana'antar masana'antu ba ta taɓa murmurewa ba, kuma aikin ya kasance mai rauni a cikin shekarun 1990. Rashin amfani da ƙarfin masana'antu, wanda ya kasance mai yawa tun daga shekarun 1960, ya karu sosai a cikin shekarun 1970, tare da matsakaicin amfani da ƙarfin a cikin manyan masana'antu da matsakaici ya fadi zuwa kashi 21 cikin dari a 1982. Da zarar ERP ya fara, samar da musayar kasashen waje don kayan aiki da man fetur ya inganta sosai, kuma amfani da damar ya hau zuwa kusan kashi 40 cikin dari a shekarar 1989. Duk da haka, a shekarar 1987 samarwa daga bangaren masana'antu ya kasance kashi 35 cikin dari ƙasa da na 1975 da kashi 26 cikin dari ƙasa fiye da na 1980. 

Rubuce-rubucen Ghana tare da ayyukan masana'antu tun lokacin da aka sami 'yancin kai an kwatanta shi da kwarewarsa tare da aluminum, mafi girman kokarin kasar don inganta masana'antar da ke da babban birnin. Wannan kamfani ya fara ne a tsakiyar shekarun 1960 tare da gina madatsar ruwa ta 1,186-megawatt a kan ƙananan Kogin Volta a Akosombo. Dam din Akosombo shine tsakiya na aikin Kogin Volta (VRP), wanda gwamnatin Nkrumah ta yi la'akari da shi a matsayin mabuɗin haɓaka masana'antar aluminum da aka haɗa bisa ga amfani da manyan wuraren ajiyar Bauxite na Ghana da kuma damar hydroelectric. Valco ya zama babban mai amfani da wutar lantarki ta VRP, ta amfani da kashi 60 cikin 100 na wutar lantarki da aka samar da VRP kuma yana samar da har zuwa tan 200,000 na aluminum a kowace shekara a cikin shekarun 1970.

Canjin yanayin tattalin arzikin duniya da mummunan fari ya shafi masana'antar aluminum ta Ghana a cikin shekarun 1980. Binciken manyan wuraren ajiyar bauxite a Ostiraliya da Brazil ya haifar da wadataccen ma'adinai a duniya kuma ya haifar da koma bayan tattalin arziki a kasuwancin aluminum. A karkashin wadannan yanayi, Valco ya sami mafi tattalin arziki don shigo da alumina mai sarrafawa daga Jamaica da Koriya ta Kudu fiye da dogaro da kayan gida, duk da binciken da aka yi a farkon shekarun 1970s na sabbin ajiya masu yawa a Kibi. Valco ya ki gina wurin samar da aluminum ya kawo Kaiser da Reynolds cikin mummunan rikici tare da gwamnati.

Babban fari ya kara tasirin yanayin kasuwa mara kyau ta hanyar rage ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki na madatsar ruwan Akosombo da kuma tilasta rufewar wucin gadi daga 1983 zuwa 1985. Samar da aluminum ya yi jinkirin murmurewa bayan rufewar. A farkon shekarun 1990s, samar da aluminum da fitarwa sun ci gaba da zama marasa mahimmanci.

Rashin darajar kuɗi bayan 1983 ya sa ya zama mai tsada sosai don siyan kayan aiki, wanda ya cutar da 'yan kasuwa a bangaren masana'antu. Bugu da ƙari, manufofin kuɗi na ERP sun haifar da rikice-rikicen ruwa ga masana'antun, yayin da sassaucin cinikayya ke nufin cewa wasu kamfanoni ba za su iya yin gasa da shigo da kayayyaki ba. Wadannan manufofi sun cutar da masana'antu da ke fama da koma bayan tattalin arziki na dogon lokaci, hauhawar farashi, kayan aiki masu tsufa, buƙata marasa ƙarfi, da buƙatun cewa suna biyan kashi 100 cikin dari na ci gaba don abubuwan da suka shigo. Rahotanni na manema labarai na cikin gida sun kiyasta rufe akalla masana'antu 120 tun daga shekara ta 1988, galibi saboda shigo da kayayyaki. Kayan tufafi, fata, lantarki, lantarki, da bangarorin magunguna sun sha wahala sosai. A cikin 1990, har ma da New Match Company, kamfani ne kawai na tsaro a kasar, rufe.

Shirye-shiryen ERP sun sa ya zama da wahala ga gwamnati ta taimaka wa kamfanoni na cikin gida. Da yake ya himmatu ga mallakar mallakar da kuma mulkin dakarun kasuwa masu zaman kansu, an tilasta wa gwamnati bayar da taimako kai tsaye ko ma daga daidaita wasu manufofi waɗanda ke da mummunar tasiri ga masana'antun cikin gida. Duk da haka, gwamnatin Rawlings ta fara shirye-shirye don inganta masana'antu na gida.

A shekara ta 1986, gwamnati ta kafa Cibiyar Zuba Jari ta Ghana don taimakawa wajen kirkirar sabbin kamfanoni. Tsakanin 1986 da 1990, yawancin ayyukan da aka amince da su - 444 daga cikin 621 - suna cikin masana'antu. An kiyasta saka hannun jari na kamfanonin da aka amince da su a dala miliyan 138 a shekarar 1989 kuma a dala miliyan 136 a shekarar 1990. A farkon matakin, katako shine babban bangare, yana ba da hanya a cikin 1990 ga sunadarai. A cikin 1991 gwamnati ta kafa ofishi don magance matsalar masana'antu don mayar da martani ga korafe-korafe cewa " shigo da kayayyaki ba tare da iyaka ba" na kayayyakin kasashen waje suna lalata kamfanonin cikin gida. Kasafin kudin 1992 ya haɗa da taimako ga masana'antu na cikin gida; An ware biliyan ¢2 a matsayin tallafin kuɗi ga "kasuwancin da suka cancanci". 

Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa a masana'antu, duk da haka, sun kasance shigar da babban birnin kasashen waje da kuma fara hadin gwiwa. Manyan sabbin kamfanoni sun hada da masana'antar mallakar Taiwan ta dala miliyan 8, wacce ke iya fitar da tan goma na kayan karfe da ƙarfe a kowace awa, wanda ya fara gwaji a Tema a shekarar 1989. Kodayake an amince da kimanin ayyukan 500 tun lokacin da lambar saka hannun jari ta fara aiki a 1985, kusan rabin ba a ƙaddamar da shi ba a ƙarshen 1989. Tsakanin kashi 90 zuwa 95 cikin dari na ayyukan da aka amince da su sun kasance hadin gwiwa tsakanin abokan hulɗa na kasashen waje da na cikin gida, kashi 80 cikin dari na cikin masana'antar itace. Sake fasalin bangaren yana ci gaba ta hanyar fitarwa, shigo da 'yanci, da kuma inganta kananan masana'antu.

A watan Yunin 2021, kamfanin Dzata Cement na dan kasuwa na Ghana Ibrahim Mahama ya fara samar da kasuwanci bayan kammala matakin farko na masana'antar Dzata Ciment.  Kamfanin shine kamfani na farko na siminti mallakar Ghana. An tsara matakin farko na kamfanin don samar da ton miliyan 1.2 na shekara-shekara.   An tsara shuka don samar da ton miliyan 3 na shekara-shekara bayan an kammala matakai biyu na aikin.

## Masu kera tufafi na Ghana
Ya zuwa 2012 akwai manyan kamfanoni huɗu a wannan ɓangaren. Akosombo Textiles Limited (ATL), Tex Style Ghana Limited (GTP), Printex Ghana da Ghana Textile Manufacturing Company (GTMC). 

## Masana'antar motoci

Ghana ta fara kera motoci masana'antar kera motoci tare da gina motar farko da ta tara kanta daga kamfanin kera motoci na Ghana "Suame Industrial Development Organization" (SMIDO) ta farko da ta gina samfurin samfurin motar motsa jiki mai ƙarfi (SUV), mai suna SMATI Turtle 1, wanda aka nufa don amfani da shi a cikin mummunan yankin Afirka kuma an tsara shi kuma an ƙera shi ta hanyar "Artisans of Suame Magazine Industrial Development Organization (SMID Oct) da kuma gina motocin wutar lantarki na birane na Ghana daga 2014,  da Mahindra &amp;amp; Mahindra Limited Ghana sun kafa babbar hanyar Ghana da Mahre Limited zuwa ga babban birnin Ghana da Mahhrahrahra Limited zuwa ga babbar yankin Ghana.

Ana sayar da motocin Mahindra ga cibiyoyin gwamnati, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, masana'antu, hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da mutane a Ghana, a nahiyar Afirka da kuma duniya baki daya. Mahindra & Mahindra Ghana Limited motocin da za a ƙera a Ghana kuma a fitar da su daga Ghana sun haɗa da sabuwar ƙarni na Mahindra &Mahindra Limited motocin - Mahindra XUV500, motar lantarki ta birane Mahindra e2o, Mahindra Genio da Mahindra Xylo. A matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin Mahindra don sauƙaƙa ga ƙarin mutane a nahiyar Afirka su biya motoci, kamfanin ya haɗu da cibiyar hada-hadar kudi ta Ghana Fidelity Bank Ghana don samar da taimakon kuɗi ga abokan ciniki ta hanyar sayen haya da tsarin haya.

Kungiyar Mahindra ita ce babbar kungiya ta kasa da kasa da kasa biliyan 34.9 kuma tana aiki a cikin manyan masana'antu waɗanda ke haifar da ci gaban tattalin arziki kamar kasancewa mai ƙarfi a cikin kasuwancin gona, sararin samaniya, Injiniyan software na asali, sabis na ba da shawara kan fasahar bayanai, tsaro, samar da wutar lantarki, sabis na kudi, kayan aiki, da kayan aiki, kayan aiki na masana'antu, da kayan masarufi, ƙarfe, Motocin kasuwanci, babura biyu da masana'antu. A cikin 2012, Mahindra ya fito a cikin Forbes Global 2000, jerin manyan kamfanoni masu ƙarfi a duniya. A cikin 2013, Ƙungiyar Mahindra ta sami Kyautar Financial Times Boldness in Business a cikin rukunin Kasuwanci masu tasowa.

Cibiyar Binciken Fasaha ta Manzo Safo Suaye (ASSTRC), karkashin jagorancin Dokta Kwadwo Safo, a halin yanzu tana kera motoci 2 a kowace shekara. Duk da haka, a shekara ta 2015, idan abubuwa suna aiki kamar yadda aka tsara, Kwadwo Safo da tawagarsa ya kamata su iya kera kusan motoci 500 a kowace shekara. Wannan zai yiwu ne saboda gina sabon masana'antar kera motoci wanda zai kera nau'ikan motocin Kantanka daban-daban. Cibiyar Binciken Fasaha ta Manzo Safo Suaye (ASSTRC), ta tabbatar da cewa masana'antar kera motoci ta gida, za ta kasance a shirye a watan Mayu, 2014. Lokacin da aka kammala, aikin, wanda shine shirin masana'antar Ghana, Manzo Dokta Kwadwo Safo, zai ga samar da tsakanin motoci 120 zuwa 240 a kowace rana. Ya zuwa 2015 ana tattara motocin Kantanka bisa umarni a cikin ƙananan lambobi daga sassan kasar Sin da aka shigo da su.

## Manazarta