Magana da cututtuka

Teratology shine nazarin abubuwan da ba su dace ba na ci gaban jiki a cikin kwayoyin halitta yayin rayuwarsu. Yana da wani sub-discipline a cikin likitancin kwayoyin halitta wanda ke mai da hankali kan rarraba na haihuwa abnormalities a cikin dysmorphology da **Teratogens** ya haifar da kuma a cikin pharmacology da toxicology. Teratogens abubuwa ne da zasu iya haifar da lahani na haihuwa ta hanyar tasirin guba a kan tayin ko tayin. Rashin daidaituwa sun haɗa da nakasa, rushewa, nakasa, da dysplasia wanda zai iya haifar da ci gaba mai raguwa, jinkirin ci gaban tunani, ko wasu cututtukan haihuwa waɗanda ba su da nakasa na tsari. Wadannan lahani za a iya ganewa kafin ko a lokacin haihuwa da kuma daga baya a lokacin ƙuruciya. Kalmar da ke da alaƙa da guba ta ci gaba ta haɗa da duk bayyanar ci gaba mara kyau wanda ya haifar da Zagi na muhalli. Har zuwa inda teratogens zai shafi tayin ya dogara da dalilai da yawa, kamar yadda aka fallasa tayin, matakin ci gaban da tayin ya kasance lokacin da aka fallasa shi (lokacin ciki), tsarin kwayar halitta na tayin, da kuma canjin teratogen.   Adadin teratogen, hanyar fallasawa ga teratogen.  Yanayin sunadarai na wakili na teratogenicity suma suna ba da gudummawa ga matakin teratogenicidad.

## Magana
An aro kalmar a cikin 1842 daga Faransanci , inda aka kafa ta a cikin 1830 daga Girkanci   (kalma ce  ), ma'ana "alamar da alloli suka aiko, alama, ban mamaki, dodon", da  (*-ology*), wanda aka yi amfani da shi don tsara jawabi, yarjejeniya, kimiyya, ka'idar, ko nazarin wasu batutuwa.

Tsofaffin wallafe-wallafen suna magana akan rashin daidaituwa na kowane nau'i a ƙarƙashin kalmar Latin Lusus naturae (lit.   'freak of yanayi'). Tun farkon karni na 17, Teratology ya yi nuni da magana kan al'ajabi da abubuwan al'ajabi na wani abu mai ban mamaki kamar ga alama mara kyau. A cikin karni na 19, ya sami ma'anar da ke da alaƙa da nakasar nazarin halittu, galibi a fagen ilimin halittu. A halin yanzu, mafi mahimmancin ma'anarsa shine na nazarin likitanci na teratogenesis, nakasassu na haihuwa ko kuma mutanen da ke da mummunar lalacewa. A tarihi, mutane sun yi amfani da kalmomi masu fa'ida da yawa don siffanta/ lakabi lamurra na gagarumin lahani na jiki. A cikin 1960s, David W. Smith na Jami'ar Washington Medical School (daya daga cikin masu binciken da suka zama sananne a cikin 1973 don gano ciwon barasa na tayi), [1] ya yada kalmar teratology. Tare da haɓakar fahimtar asalin lahani na haihuwa, fannin ilimin tauhidi Kamar yadda na 2015 ya zo tare da sauran fannonin kimiyya, ciki har da ilmin halitta na ci gaba, embryology, da kwayoyin halitta.

Har zuwa shekarun 1940, masu ilimin cututtuka sun dauki nakasa ta haihuwa a matsayin gado. A shekara ta 1941, an bayar da rahoton shari'o'in farko da aka rubuta da kyau na masu kula da muhalli wadanda ke haifar da mummunar lahani na haihuwa.

## Teratogenesis
 
Teratogenesis yana faruwa ne lokacin da ci gaban tayin ya canza mummunan saboda kasancewar teratogens. Teratogens sune abubuwan da ke haifar da teratogenesis. Misalai na yau da kullun na teratogens sun haɗa da Cututtukan kwayar halitta, abinci mai gina jiki da kiwon lafiya, da magungunan sunadarai kamar kwayoyi da barasa. Ƙananan sanannun misalai waɗanda za a rufe su sun haɗa da damuwa,  caffeine,  da rashi a cikin abinci mai gina jiki.  Kodayake teratogens na iya shafar tayin a kowane lokaci a cikin ciki, daya daga cikin lokutan da suka fi dacewa don su fallasa ga tayin mai tasowa shine a lokacin tayin. Wannan lokacin yana aiki ne daga kusan rana ta goma sha huɗu bayan an dasa kwai na mace a cikin takamaiman wuri a cikin gabobin haihuwa da kwanaki sittin bayan ciki. Teratogens suna iya haifar da lahani mara kyau ta hanyar wasu hanyoyin da ke faruwa a duk lokacin ci gaban tayin.

### Ka'idodin Wilson
A cikin 1959 kuma a cikin littafinsa na 1973 Environment and Birth Defects, masanin ilimin embryo James Wilson ya gabatar da ka'idoji shida na teratogenesis don jagorantar nazarin da fahimtar wakilai na teratogenic da tasirin su akan kwayoyin da ke tasowa. Wadannan ka'idoji sun samo asali ne kuma sun fadada su ta hanyar waɗanda masanin ilimin dabbobi Camille Dareste ya gabatar a ƙarshen karni na 19: 

## Dubi kuma

* Carcinogen
* Congenital abnormalities
* Mutagen
* Polydactyly
* Retinoic acid
* Teratoma
* Thalidomide

## Manazarta