Abram Hoffer

**Abram Hoffer** (11 ga Nuwamba, 1917 - 27 ga Mayu, 2009) Masanin kimiyyar halittu ne na Kanada, likita, kuma masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam wanda aka sani da "tunanin adrenochrome" na cututtukan schizoaffective. A cewar Hoffer, maganin megavitamin da sauran abubuwan gina jiki sune yiwuwar ingantaccen magani ga ciwon daji da schizophrenia. Hoffer ya kuma shiga cikin nazarin LSD a matsayin maganin gwaji don maye da kuma binciken cewa ana iya amfani da niacin mai yawa don magance cholesterol da sauran dyslipidemias.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Hoffer a ƙaramin matsugunin Yahudawa na Sonnenfeld[1] a kudancin Saskatchewan, Kanada, a shekarar 1917, ɗan ƙarshe daga cikin 'ya'ya huɗu kuma ɗan Isra'ila Hoffer.[2] Asalinsa yana da sha'awar noma, Hoffer ya sami digiri na farko[2] da digiri na biyu a fannin sinadarai na noma daga Jami'ar Saskatchewan da ke Saskatoon. Daga nan ya sami tallafin karatu na shekara guda na aikin digiri na biyu tare da Jami'ar Minnesota, sannan ya yi aikin haɓaka gwaje-gwaje don matakan niacin a dakin gwaje-gwaje na kayayyakin alkama a Winnipeg. Hoffer ya sami digiri na uku a fannin sinadarai na biochemistry a shekarar 1944, wanda wani ɓangare nasa ya haɗa da nazarin bitamin (musamman bitamin B da tasirinsu ga jiki)[2] kuma tare da sha'awar abinci mai gina jiki ya ci gaba da karatun likitanci a Jami'ar Manitoba a shekarar 1945. Bayan shekaru biyu na aikin asibiti a Jami'ar Toronto, Hoffer ya sami digiri na biyu a shekarar 1949. Duk da cewa da farko yana da niyyar zama likita na gaba ɗaya, a lokacin karatunsa Hoffer ya fara sha'awar ilimin tabin hankali.[2][3] Ya auri Rose Miller a shekarar 1942, kuma an haifi ɗansa Bill Hoffer a shekarar 1944, sannan ya sake haifa masa 'ya'ya biyu, John da Miriam, a shekarar 1947 da 1949.

Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Saskatchewan ce ta hayar Hoffer a cikin 1950 don kafa shirin bincike na lardin a cikin ilimin halayyar dan adam, [1] kuma ta shiga reshen ayyukan halayyar mutum na Regina, Ma'abiyar Lafiya ta jama'a a cikin 1951. [2] Ya kasance Darakta na Binciken Zuciya har sai ya shiga aikin sirri a shekarar 1967.[3] Mai sukar ilimin halayyar dan adam saboda jaddadawa kan psychosomatic psychoanalysis da kuma abin da ya yi la'akari da rashin isasshen ma'ana da ma'auni, Hoffer ya ji cewa ana iya amfani da ilmin kimiyyar halittu da ilimin halaycin ɗan adam a maimakon haka. Ya yi la'akari da cewa mutanen da ke fama da schizophrenia na iya rasa ikon cire hallucinogenic catecholamine metabolite adrenochrome daga kwakwalwarsu. Hoffer ya yi tunanin ana iya amfani da niacin azaman mai karɓar methyl don hana jujjuyawar noradrenaline zuwa adrenaline kuma ana iya amfani dashi don hana oxidation na Adrenaline zuwa Adrenochrome.[4] Hoffer ya kira ka'idarsa "rashin fahimta na adrenochrome".

A shekara ta 1967, Hoffer ya yi murabus daga wasu mukamansa na ilimi da na gudanarwa, ya shiga aikin likita mai zaman kansa a Saskatoon, Saskatchewan kuma ya kirkiro *Jaridar Schizophrenia* (wanda aka sake masa suna Jaridar Orthomolecular Medicine a 1986). Hoffer ya yi amfani da mujallar don buga labarai game da abin da ya kira "magungunan ƙwaƙwalwa", daga baya orthomolecular psychiatry, yana mai da'awar ra'ayoyinsa sun ƙi ta hanyar manyan mujallu saboda ba a yarda da su ba ga cibiyar kiwon lafiya. A shekara ta 1976, Hoffer ya koma Victoria, British Columbia kuma ya ci gaba da aikinsa na likita har sai da ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 2005. A shekara ta 1994, Hoffer ya kafa kungiyar International Society for Orthomolecular Medicine, inda aka fara gudanar da ita a Vancouver a watan Afrilu na wannan shekarar. Hoffer ya ci gaba da samar da shawarwari na abinci mai gina jiki kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin editan Jaridar Orthomolecular Medicine .  Ya kuma kasance Shugaban Cibiyar Bayar da Vitamin Orthomolecular a Victoria, BC . 

Hoffer ya mutu yana da shekaru 91 a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2009, a Victoria, British Columbia, Kanada. An binne gawarsa a Kabarin Yahudawa na Victoria .

## Bincike
Yin aiki a Saskatchewan tare da Humphry Osmond (wanda ya kirkiro kalmar "psychedelic"), Hoffer da sauran masana kimiyya sun nemi neman amfani da magani don magungunan hallucinogenic. Wani ɓangare na binciken ya shafi Hoffer, Osmond da matansu suna cinye LSD a kokarin zama mafi kyau, da kuma fahimtar tasirinsa, daga baya wasu masu gwaji da matansu suka shiga. Ayyukansu sun fara jan hankalin masu sana'a, lardin da tarayya da kuma siyasa, kuma ƙungiya mai tasowa ta nemi su don ƙuntata peyote da kuma kungiyoyin 'Yan asalin Amurka waɗanda suka yi amfani da abu a cikin bukukuwan addini. Hoffer, Osmond da sauransu sun kula da masu shaye-shaye da LSD. Masana kimiyya na Kanada sun ba da rahoton nasarar kashi hamsin a cikin binciken daya, kodayake Hoffer ya yi hasashen cewa mai yiwuwa ne kwarewar LSD, maimakon kwaikwayon delirium tremens, wanda ya shawo kan masu shaye-shaye su daina shan giya.

## Manazarta