Ayyukan radiyo na muhalli

**Ayyukan rediyo na muhalli** ba'a iyakance ga actinides kawai ba; wadanda ba actinides kamar radon da radium suna da bayanin kula. Duk da yake actinides DA rediyoaktif, akwai da yawa actinides ko actinides-da alaka da ma'adanai a cikin ƙasa ta ɓawon burodi kamar uranium da thorium. Wadannan ma'adanai suna taimakawa ta hanyoyi da yawa, kamar carbon-dating, mafi yawan abubuwan ganowa, X-ray, da sauransu.

## Inhalation tare da sha
Gabaɗaya, abubuwan da ba za a iya narkewa ba, kamar su uranium dioxide mai ƙarfi da man fetur mai gauraya (MOX), za su wuce ta cikin tsarin narkewa tare da ɗan ƙaramin tasiri tunda ba za su iya narke ba kuma jiki ya sha. Abubuwan da aka shakar actinide, duk da haka, za su fi yin lahani yayin da suke zama a cikin huhu kuma suna haskaka ƙwayar huhu.

Oxides masu ƙarancin wuta da gishiri masu narkewa kamar nitrate ana iya shiga cikin magudanar jini. Idan an shaka su to yana iya yiwuwa mai tauri ya narke ya bar huhu. Don haka, adadin zuwa huhu zai zama ƙasa don nau'in mai narkewa.

Ana iya samun Actinium ta dabi'a a cikin alamun uranium kamar kimanin 227-Ac, α da β emitter tare da rabin rayuwar shekaru 21.773. Ton ɗaya na ma'adinin uranium ya ƙunshi kusan kashi goma na gram na actinium. An kuma fi yin shi a cikin adadin milligram ta hanyar iskar neutron na 226-Ra a cikin injin nukiliya. Actinium da ke faruwa a zahiri ya ƙunshi isotope na rediyoaktif guda 1; tare da 227-Ac kasancewa mafi yawan yawa (100% na halitta).

## Thorium

A Indiya, ana iya samun adadi mai yawa na ma'adinan thorium a cikin nau'in monazite a cikin wuraren ajiya na Yashin dune na Yamma da Gabas, musamman a yankunan bakin teku na Tamil Nadu . Mazauna wannan yanki suna fuskantar wani nau'in radiation da ke faruwa a zahiri sau goma fiye da matsakaicin duniya. 

### Abin da ya faru
Ana samun Thorium a ƙananan matakai a mafi yawan duwatsu da ƙasa, inda ya ninka kusan sau uku fiye da uranium, kuma yana da yawa kamar gubar . Ƙasa yawanci tana ƙunshe da matsakaita kusan sassa a ƙalla shida 6 a kowace miliyan (ppm) na thorium.  Thorium yana faruwa a cikin ma'adanai da yawa, mafi yawanci shine ma'adinan ƙasa-thorium-phosphate mai wuya, monazite, wanda ya ƙunshi kusan kimanin 12% thorium oxide. Akwai adibas masu yawa a ƙasashe da yawa. 232 Th yana rubewa a hankali ( rabin rayuwarsa ya kai kusan sau uku a duniya). Sauran isotopes na thorium suna faruwa a cikin sarƙoƙin ruɓar thorium da uranium. Yawancin waɗannan ba su da ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma don haka sun fi 232th radioactive, kodayake bisa ga tarin yawa ba su da komai.

### Tasiri a cikin mutane
An danganta Thorium da ciwon hanta . A baya an yi amfani da thoria ( thorium dioxide ) azaman wakili na bambanci don rediyon X-ray na likita amma an daina amfani da shi. An sayar da shi a ƙarƙashin sunan Thorotrast .

## Protactinium
Protactinium-231 yana faruwa ne ta dabi'a a cikin ma'adinan uranium kamar pitblende, har zuwa 3 ppm a wasu ma'adanai. Protactinium yana samuwa a cikin ƙasa, dutsen, ruwa mai zurfi, ruwan ƙasa, shuke-shuke da dabbobi a cikin ƙananan ƙididdiga (a kan tsari na 1 ppt ko 0.1 picocouries (pCi)/g).

## Uranium
Uranium karfe ne na halitta wanda ake samu a ko'ina. Ya kasance a kusan dukkanin kasa kuma yana da yawa fiye da antimony, beryllium, cadmium, zinariya, mercury, azurfa, ko tungsten, kuma yana da yawa kamar arsenic ko molybdenum . Mahimman ƙididdiga na uranium yana faruwa a cikin wasu abubuwa kamar ma'adinan dutsen phosphate, da ma'adanai irin su lignite, da yashi na monazite a cikin ma'adinan uranium mai arzikin uranium (an samo shi ta kasuwanci tun daga waɗannan tushe).

Ruwan teku ya ƙunshi kusan sassa 3.3 a kowace biliyan na uranium bisa nauyi  kamar yadda uranium (VI) ke samar da rukunin carbonate masu narkewa. An dauki hakar uranium daga ruwan teku a matsayin hanyar samun sinadarin. Saboda ƙarancin takamaiman aikin uranium tasirin sinadarai da ke kan rayayyun halittu na iya zarce tasirin tasirin rediyo. An ƙara ƙarin uranium a cikin muhalli a wasu wurare sakamakon sake zagayowar makamashin nukiliya da kuma amfani da ƙarancin uranium a cikin harsasai.

## Neptunium
Kamar plutonium, neptunium yana da alaƙa da ƙasa.  Duk da haka, yana da ingantacciyar wayar hannu a cikin dogon lokaci, kuma yaduwar neptunium-237 a cikin ruwan karkashin kasa shine babban al'amari wajen tsara ma'ajiyar yanayin kasa mai zurfi don adana dindindin na man nukiliya da aka kashe. 237 Np yana da rabin rayuwa na shekaru kimanin miliyan 2.144 don haka matsala ce mai tsawo; amma rabin rayuwarta har yanzu ya fi guntu fiye da na uranium-238, uranium-235, ko uranium-236, da 237 Np don haka yana da takamaiman aiki fiye da waɗancan nuclides. Ana amfani da shi kawai don yin Pu-238 lokacin da aka jefar da shi da neutron a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje.

## Plutonium

### Sources
Plutonium a cikin muhalli yana da tushe da yawa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da:

* Batirin atomic
** A cikin sarari
** A cikin masu sarrafa bugun zuciya
* Fashewar bama-bamai
* Gwajin lafiyar bam
* Laifin nukiliya
* Zagayowar makamashin nukiliya
* Tashar makamashin nukiliya

### Kimiyyar muhalli
Plutonium, kamar sauran actinides, da sauri ya samar da plutonium dioxide ( *plutonyl* ) core (PuO 2 ). A cikin mahalli, wannan plutonyl core yana buɗewa tare da carbonate da sauran nau'ikan oxygen (OH -, NO 2 -, NO 3 -, da SO 4 2- ) don samar da rukunin gidaje masu caji waɗanda za su iya zama cikin sauƙi ta hannu tare da ƙarancin alaƙa ga ƙasa.

* PuO 2 CO 3 2-
* PuO 2 (CO 3 ) 2 4-
* PuO 2 (CO 3 ) 3 6-

PuO 2 da aka samu daga neutralizing babban acidic nitric acid mafita yana kula da samar da polymeric PuO 2 wanda ke da juriya ga kamanni. Har ila yau za'aga, Plutonium yana canza valences a tsakanin jihohin +3, +4, +5 da +6. Ya zama ruwan dare ga wasu juzu'in plutonium a cikin mafita su wanzu a cikin duk waɗannan jahohin cikin ma'auni.

An san Plutonium yana ɗaure ɓangarorin ƙasa sosai, duba sama don nazarin spectroscopic X-ray na plutonium a cikin ƙasa da kankare . Yayin da cesium yana da nau'ikan sunadarai daban-daban ga actinides, sananne ne cewa duka cesium da yawancin actinides suna ɗaure da ƙarfi ga ma'adanai a cikin ƙasa. Don haka yana yiwuwa a yi amfani da ƙasa mai lamba 134 Cs don nazarin ƙaura na Pu da Cs ƙasa ce. An nuna cewa hanyoyin sufuri na colloidal ya zama suna sarrafa ƙaura na Cs (kuma za su sarrafa ƙaura na Pu) a cikin ƙasa a Tsibirin Pilot na Waste . 

## Amurka
Americium sau da yawa yana shiga wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa daga abubuwan gano hayaki da aka jefar. Dokokin da ke da alaƙa da zubar da abubuwan gano hayaki suna da annashuwa sosai a yawancin gundumomi. Misali Kamar, a Burtaniya ya halatta a zubar da americium mai dauke da na’urar gano hayaki ta hanyar sanya shi a cikin kwandon shara tare da shara na yau da kullun na gida, amma kowane kwandon shara yana iyakance ga mai gano hayaki guda daya kawai. Ƙirƙirar samfuran da ke ɗauke da americium (kamar masu gano hayaki) da makaman nukiliya da fashe-fashe na iya sakin americium cikin muhalli. 

A cikin shekarata 1999, an ba da rahoton cewa wata babbar mota da ke jigilar hayaki 900 a Faransa ta kama wuta; an yi iƙirarin cewa hakan ya haifar da sakin americium a cikin muhalli.  A Amurka, "Radioactive Boy Scout" David Hahn ya sami damar siyan dubunnan na'urorin gano hayaki a ragowar farashin kuma ya tattara americium daga gare su. Dama abinda Ke gudana

Akwai lokuta da aka fallasa mutane da americium. Mafi munin lamarin shi ne na Harold McCluskey, wanda aka fallasa ga wani babban adadin americium-241 bayan wani hatsarin da ya shafi akwatin safar hannu . Daga baya an yi masa maganin chelation . Wataƙila kulawar jinya da aka ba shi ya ceci rayuwarsa: duk da irin wannan rarrabawar halittu da guba ga plutonium, abubuwa biyu na rediyoaktif suna da nau'ikan sunadarai na jihar daban-daban.  Americium yana da ƙarfi a cikin yanayin oxidation +3, yayin da +4 oxidation yanayin plutonium zai iya samuwa a cikin jikin ɗan adam. 

Mafi yawan isotope americium-241 ya lalace (rabin rayuwa na shekaru kusan 432) zuwa neptunium-237 wanda ke da tsawon rabin rayuwa, don haka a cikin dogon lokaci, abubuwan da aka tattauna a sama don neptunium suna amfani. 

Americium da aka saki a cikin muhalli yana kula da zama a cikin ƙasa da ruwa a cikin zurfin zurfi kuma dabbobi da tsire-tsire za su iya ɗauka yayin girma; Shellfish irin su shrimp suna ɗaukar americium-241 a cikin bawonsu, kuma sassan tsire-tsire na hatsi na iya zama gurɓata da fallasa.  JD Chaplin *et al.* kwanan nan an ba da rahoton ci gaba a cikin Diffusive gradients a cikin dabarun fina-finai na bakin ciki, waɗanda suka samar da hanyar auna ma'aunin Americium mai arha a cikin ƙasa, da kuma cikin ruwan ruwa da ruwan teku. 

## Kurium
Mahalli curium na yanayi ba su da ƙarfi sosai a cikin kaushi na gama gari kuma galibi suna manne da barbashi na ƙasa. Binciken ƙasa ya nuna kusan sau 4,000 mafi girma na curium a cikin ƙasa mai yashi fiye da ruwan da ke cikin ƙasa. An auna ma'auni mafi girma na kusan kimanin 18,000 a cikin ƙasan loam . 

## Californium
Californium ba shi da narkewa cikin ruwa, amma yana manne da ƙasa ta ƙasa; kuma adadinsa a cikin ƙasa zai iya zama sau Dari biyar 500 sama da na ruwan da ke kewaye da barbashi ƙasa. 

## Duba wasu abubuwan

* Uranium a cikin muhalli
* Radium a cikin yanayi
* Bayanan bangon waya
* Ilimin Radiyo

## Manazarta

## Ci gaba da karatu

* Hala, Jiri, James D. Navratil. *Ayyukan Radiyo, Ionizing Radiation da Makamashin Nukiliya* . Konvoj: Brno, Jamhuriyar Czech, 2003. ISBN&nbsp; .

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* "Me yasa hanyoyin ke da mahimmanci wajen sarrafa sharar rediyoaktif?" - Royal Society for Chemistry
* "Spectroscopies for Environmental Studies of Actinide Species" - Ƙungiyar Masana Kimiyya ta Amirka