Makamashin nukiliya

**Makamashin nukiliya** shine amfani da halayen nukiliya don samar da wutar lantarki. Ana iya samun ikon nukiliya daga fission na nukiliya, lalata makaman nukiliya da halayen haɗakar makaman nukiliya. A halin yanzu, mafi yawan wutar lantarki daga makamashin nukiliya ana samar da ita ta hanyar *fission* na uranium da plutonium a cikin tashoshin makamashin nukiliya. Ana amfani da tsarin *lalata* makaman nukiliya a cikin aikace-aikacen da aka fi sani da su kamar radioisotope masu samar da wutar lantarki a wasu binciken sararin samaniya kamar *Voyager 2*. Samar da wutar lantarki daga wutar lantarki ya kasance abin da aka fi mayar da hankali kan binciken kasa da kasa.

Yawancin tashoshin makamashin nukiliya suna amfani da na'urori masu zafi tare da wadataccen uranium a cikin sake zagayowar mai sau ɗaya. Ana cire man fetur lokacin da adadin kwayoyin halitta na neutron ya zama babba ta yadda ba za a iya ci gaba da dawwama sarkar amsawa ba, yawanci shekaru uku. Sannan ana sanyaya shi na tsawon shekaru da yawa a cikin wuraren da aka kashe a wuraren da ake amfani da man fetur kafin a tura shi zuwa ajiyar dogon lokaci. Man fetur da aka kashe, ko da yake yana da ƙarancin girma, babban matakin sharar rediyo ne. Yayin da aikin rediyo ya ragu sosai dole ne a keɓe shi daga biosphere na dubban ɗaruruwan shekaru, kodayake sabbin fasahohi (kamar masu sarrafa sauri ) suna da yuwuwar rage wannan sosai. Saboda man fetur da aka kashe har yanzu galibin kayan da ba za a iya cinyewa ba ne, wasu ƙasashe (misali Faransa da Rasha ) suna sake sarrafa man da suka kashe ta hanyar hako fissile da abubuwa masu takin don kera sabon mai, kodayake wannan tsari ya fi samar da sabon mai daga uranium da ake hakowa tsada. All reactors haifar da wasu plutonium-239, wanda aka samu a cikin ciyar da man fetur, kuma saboda Pu-239 ne da aka fi so abu don makaman nukiliya, reprocessing ana gani a matsayin makami yaduwa hadarin.

An gina tashar makamashin nukiliya ta farko a cikin shekarun 1950. Ƙarfin makamashin nukiliya na duniya ya karu zuwa 100GW a ƙarshen 1970s, sannan ya faɗaɗa cikin sauri a cikin 1980s, ya kai 300.GW da 1990. Hatsarin Tsibirin Mile Uku na shekarar 1979 a Amurka da kuma bala'in Chernobyl na Tarayyar Soviet a 1986 ya haifar da ƙarin ƙa'ida da adawar jama'a ga tashoshin nukiliya. Waɗannan abubuwan, tare da tsadar gine-gine, sun haifar da ƙarfin shigar duniya ya ƙaru zuwa 390 kawaiGW ta 2022. Waɗannan tsire-tsire sun ba da awoyi 2,586 terawatt (TWh) na wutar lantarki a cikin shekarar 2019, daidai da kusan kashi 10% na samar da wutar lantarki a duniya, kuma sune mafi girma na biyu mafi ƙarancin wutar lantarki bayan wutar lantarki.    akwai 437 farar hula fission reactors a duniya, tare da gaba ɗaya iya aiki na 393GW,  57 da ake ginawa da 102 da aka tsara, tare da haɗin gwiwar 62GW da 96GW, bi da bi. Amurka ce ke da manyan jiragen ruwa na makamashin nukiliya, wanda ke samar da sama da 800TWh na wutar lantarki da ake fitarwa a kowace shekara tare da matsakaicin iya aiki na 92%. Matsakaicin ƙarfin ƙarfin duniya shine 89%. Yawancin sabbin injinan da ake ginawa sune na'urori na zamani na III a Asiya.

Ƙarfin makamashin nukiliya yana haifar da ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙanƙanta matakan mace-mace a kowace juzu'in makamashin da aka samar idan aka kwatanta da sauran hanyoyin makamashi. Kwal, man fetur, iskar gas da wutar lantarki kowanne ya haifar da asarar rayuka a kowace naúrar makamashi sakamakon gurbacewar iska da hadurruka. Tashar makamashin nukiliya ba sa fitar da iskar gas . Ɗaya daga cikin hatsarori na makamashin nukiliya shine yuwuwar hatsarori kamar bala'in nukiliyar Fukushima a Japan a shekarar 2011.

Akwai muhawara game da makamashin nukiliya. Magoya bayan sun yi iƙirarin cewa makamashin nukiliya amintaccen tushen makamashi ne mai ɗorewa wanda ke rage hayaƙin carbon. Ƙungiyar yaƙi da makamin nukiliya ta yi iƙirarin cewa ƙarfin nukiliyar na haifar da barazana da yawa ga mutane da muhalli kuma yana da tsada sosai kuma yana jinkirin turawa idan aka kwatanta da madadin hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai dorewa.

## Manazarta