Marion Barry

**Marion Shepilov Barry** (an haife ta **Marion Barry Jr.**; 6 ga Maris, 1936 - 23 ga Nuwamba, 2014)  'yar siyasar Amurka ce wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin magajin garin Gundumar Columbia daga 1979 zuwa 1991 da 1995 zuwa 1999. Dan jam'iyyar Democrat, Barry ya yi aiki sau uku a Majalisar Gundumar Columbia, yana wakiltar a matsayin babban memba daga 1975 zuwa 1979, a cikin Ward 8 daga 1993 zuwa 1995, kuma daga 2005 zuwa 2014.

A cikin shekarun 1960, ya shiga cikin ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama, da farko a matsayin memba na Ƙungiyar Ɗaliban Nashville sannan ya zama shugaban farko na Kwamitin Gudanar da Dalibai (SNCC). Barry ya zama sananne a matsayin magajin gari na babban birnin kasar, sanannen mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama na farko da ya zama shugaban zartarwa na babban birni na Amurka. Ya ba da jawabin ga Jesse Jackson a zaben shugaban kasa a taron Jam'iyyar Democrat na 1984. Shahararsa ta canza zuwa sanannen duniya a watan Janairun 1990, lokacin da aka ɗauka a bidiyo yayin wani aiki na shan miyagun ƙwayoyi kuma jami'an Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI) sun kama shi kan zargin miyagun ƙ ƙwayoyi. Kamawa da kuma shari'ar da ta biyo baya sun hana Barry neman sake zaben, kuma ya yi watanni shida a Kurkukun tarayya. Bayan an sake shi, an zabe shi a Majalisar Gundumar Columbia a shekarar 1992. An sake zabarsa a matsayin magajin gari a shekarar 1994, ya yi aiki daga 1995 zuwa 1999.

Duk da tarihinsa na rikice-rikicen siyasa da shari'a, Barry ya kasance mai tasiri a Washington, DC, yana jin daɗin shahara daban-daban a duk lokacin da yake magajin gari. Sabon jaridar Washington City Paper ya ba shi lakabi "Major for life". *Jaridar Washington Post* ta taɓa bayyana cewa "don fahimtar Gundumar Columbia, dole ne mutum ya fahimci Marion Barry".

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Marion Barry a yankunan karkara na Itta Bena, Mississippi, ɗan na uku na Mattie Cummings da Marion Barry .   Mahaifinsa ya mutu lokacin da yake dan shekara huɗu, kuma bayan shekara guda mahaifiyarsa ta ƙaura da iyalin zuwa Memphis, Tennessee,  inda damar aikinta ta fi kyau. Mahaifiyarsa ta auri David Cummings, mai yankan nama, kuma tare suka haifi 'ya'ya takwas. Yayinda yake girma a kan titin Latham kusa da Kudancin Parkway, Marion Barry ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Florida kuma ta kammala karatu daga Booker T. Washington High.

Lokaci na farko da Barry ya lura da batutuwan launin fata shine lokacin da ya yi tafiya zuwa makaranta yayin da aka sanya fararen ɗalibai bas din makaranta don hawa. An ware makarantu, kamar yadda aka ware wuraren jama'a. Yana da ayyuka da yawa tun yana yaro, ciki har da tattara auduga, isar da sayar da jaridu, da kuma saka kayan abinci. Yayinda yake makarantar sakandare, Barry ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da abinci a gidan soja na Amurka kuma, yana da shekaru 17,  ya sami matsayin Eagle Scout.  

Marion Barry ya fara gwagwarmayarsa ta kare hakkin bil'adama lokacin da yake dan takarda a Memphis. Takardar da ya yi aiki a kanta ta shirya gasa inda duk wani yaro da ya sami sabbin abokan ciniki 15 zai iya lashe tafiya zuwa New Orleans. Barry da wasu 'yan takarda baƙi sun kai adadin sabbin abokan ciniki 15 duk da haka ba a yarda su tafi New Orleans ba, birni mai rarrabe. Jaridar ta ce ba za ta iya hayar bas biyu don gamsar da dokokin rarrabewar Mississippi ba. Barry ya yanke shawarar kauracewa hanyar takarda har sai sun amince da aika da baƙar fata a kan tafiya. Bayan da takarda ta ba wa 'yan takarda baƙar fata damar zuwa St. Louis, Missouri, a kan tafiya, saboda ba birni ne mai rarrabe ba, Barry ya ci gaba da hanyar takarda.

## 1955-1970: Ilimi da fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama

### Nazarin digiri a Kwalejin LeMoyne-Owen
Barry ya halarci Kwalejin LeMoyne-Owen, a Memphis, ya kammala a shekara ta 1958.  A cikin ƙaramin shekarunsa, rashin adalci na launin fata da ya gani ya fara haɗuwa. Shi da abokansa sun tafi wani filin baje kolin da aka ware a Memphis, kuma sun tafi lokacin da aka tanada wa fararen fata, saboda suna so su ga baje kolin kimiyya. Lokacin da suka kasance kusa da nune-nunen, wani dan sanda ya dakatar da su kuma ya nemi su tafi. Barry da abokansa sun tafi ba tare da nuna rashin amincewa ba. A wannan lokacin, Barry bai san abubuwa da yawa game da tserensa ba, ko kuma dalilin da ya sa aka bi da su ba, amma ya yi fushi da lamarin. Barry ya zama mai aiki a cikin babi na NAACP a LeMoyne-Owens, yana aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa. Wani lokaci ana cewa goyon bayansa ga ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ya ba shi laƙabi "Shep", dangane da ɗan siyasan Soviet Dmitri Shepilov, sannan Barry ya fara amfani da Shepilov a matsayin sunansa na tsakiya. Amma Barry ya bayyana a cikin tarihin kansa cewa ya zaɓi sunan dangane da S na farko na tsakiya, wanda da farko bai tsaya ba,  bayan ya sami sunan Shepilov a cikin jaridu: "Na zaɓi 'Shepilov' a matsayin sunan tsakiya saboda shi ne kawai wanda na sani kuma ina so. "

A shekara ta 1958, a LeMoyne-Owens, ya soki wani mai kula da kwaleji saboda maganganun da ya ji suna wulakanci ga 'yan Afirka na Afirka, wanda kusan aka kore shi. Yayinda yake babban jami'i kuma shugaban NAACP, Barry ya ji labarin Walter Chandler - kawai fararen memba a kan kwamitin amintattu na LeMoyne-Owen - yana yin tsokaci cewa ya kamata a bi da baƙar fata a matsayin "ɗan'uwa ba a matsayin babba ba". Barry ya rubuta wasika ga shugaban LeMoyne yana adawa da maganganun kuma yana tambayar idan za a iya cire Walter Chandler daga kwamitin. Abokin Barry shine editan jaridar makaranta, Magician, kuma ya gaya wa Barry ya buga wasikar a cikin takarda. Daga can, wasikar ta kai ga shafi na gaba na takardar safiyar mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ta Memphis.

### Digiri na biyu, Nashville Student Movement, SNCC
 
Barry ya sami MS a cikin ilmin sunadarai na kwayoyin halitta daga Jami'ar Fisk  a shekarar 1960. Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar Alpha Phi Alpha. Yayinda yake makarantar digiri a Fisk, an kama Barry sau da yawa yayin da yake shiga cikin zaman Nashville don kawar da masu cin abincin rana da sauran abubuwan da suka faru na Civil Rights Movement. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Fisk, Barry ya ci gaba da aiki a cikin Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama, yana mai da hankali kan kawar da wariyar launin fata na fasinjojin bas.

A shekara ta 1960, an zabi Barry a matsayin shugaban farko na Kwamitin Gudanar da Dalibai (SNCC). Ya taimaka wajen bunkasa aikin shirya a McComb, Mississippi. Aikin ya kasance rajistar masu jefa kuri'a da kuma aikin kai tsaye. Barry ya ce shi da sauran masu fafutuka sun zauna tare da mutanen yankin don su kasance lafiya, da kuma koyon yadda yake zama a can. Za su iya amfani da wannan bayanin don tsara membobin SNCC daidai.

### Nazarin digiri
Barry ya fara karatun digiri na uku a Jami'ar Kansas, amma ba da daɗewa ba ya bar shirin.  Ya yi tunanin makarantar shari'a don taimaka wa gwagwarmayar sa, amma ya yanke shawarar kin hakan, saboda jinkirin shigar da shi yana nufin dole ne ya yi hutun shekara guda daga makaranta. Da ya dauki hutun shekara daya, akwai damar shigarsa aikin soja, kuma ba ya son a sa shi. &#x5B;&#x5D;

Ya yanke shawarar zuwa Jami'ar Tennessee inda aka ba shi kyautar digiri. Duk da kasancewa a Kudu, Jami'ar Tennessee ta kasance cibiyar ilimi ce, sabon gogewa ga Barry. Ya fara karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Tennessee da ke Knoxville, Ba'amurke ne kawai a cikin shirin. Ya koyi cewa an hana shi koyar da yara fararen fata, kuma ba a yarda matarsa Blantie Evans ta yi aiki a makarantar fararen fata ba. Ya bar shirin don neman sabon aikinsa a SNCC.

A cikin bazara na shekara ta 1964, ya halarci wani taro a Nashville kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Kwamitin Shirye-shiryen Dalibai na Kudancin (SSOC). 

### Aiki ga SNCC
A matsayinsa na shugaban SNCC, Barry ya jagoranci zanga-zangar adawa da wariyar launin fata da nuna bambanci. Bayan ya bar McComb, Barry ya yi kira ga majalisun dokokin jihar don kokarin shawo kansu su jefa kuri'a don sanya Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Mississippi Freedom (MFDP) ta zama jam'iyyar Democrates ta Mississippi a cikin Yarjejeniyar Democrat ta 1964. A cikin zanga-zangar ci gaba da hana su, 'yan Afirka na Amurka sun shirya wannan jam'iyya don tabbatar da cewa baƙi suna so su jefa kuri'a kuma su gudanar da zaben gwaji. Barry ya yi barci a kan allon a Atlantic City da dare bayan ya yi magana da Majalisar Dokokin New Jersey.

Bayan ya bar majalisar dokokin New York, James Forman ya nemi Barry ya je Washington, DC, don gudanar da ofishin SNCC. A lokacin, sama da rabin yawan jama'ar Gundumar Columbia baƙar fata ne; duk da haka, Gundumar Colombia ana gudanar da ita a matsayin gundumar tarayya ta musamman, ba a matsayin jiha ba, sabili da haka ba ta da wakilcin jefa kuri'a a Majalisa.

A cikin 1965, Barry da Evans  sun koma Washington, DC, don buɗe wani reshe na SNCC. Ya shiga cikin daidaita zanga-zangar tituna na zaman lafiya da kuma kauracewa don nuna rashin amincewa da karuwar farashi na bas. Barry ya shirya tafiye-tafiye don yin aiki ga waɗanda ke buƙatar su. Takunkumin ya kashe dubban daloli a layin bas, kuma Barry ya tabbatar da ikonsa na shirya.

Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Free DC Movement, yana goyon bayan karuwar mulkin gida, yayin da kwamitin majalisa ke gudanar da mulkin gudanarwa a kan gundumar. Barry ya bar SNCC a 1967, lokacin da H. Rap Brown ya zama shugaban kungiyar.  A cikin 1967, Barry da Mary Treadwell sun kafa Pride, Inc., shirin Ma'aikatar Ayyuka don samar da horo ga baƙar fata marasa aikin yi. Kungiyar ta dauki daruruwan matasa aiki don tsaftace tituna da hanyoyi a cikin gundumar.   Barry da Treadwell sun haɗu yayin da suke dalibai a Jami'ar Fisk, kuma daga baya sun sake haɗuwa yayin da suke yin zanga-zanga a gaban Kamfanin Hasken Gas na Washington.

Barry da Treadwell sun yi aure a shekara ta 1972. Sun rabu bayan shekaru biyar.

Barry ya kasance mai aiki a bayan tashin hankali na 1968 a Washington, DC, wanda ya biyo bayan kisan Martin Luther King Jr. a Memphis. Ya shirya ta hanyar Pride Inc. wani shirin rarraba abinci kyauta ga matalauta baƙar fata mazauna waɗanda aka lalata gidajensu da unguwannin su a cikin tashin hankali. Barry ya shawo kan Giant Food supermarket chain don ba da gudummawar abinci, kuma ya shafe mako guda yana tuka manyan motoci da isar da abinci a duk ayyukan gidaje na birnin. Ya kuma zama memba na kwamitin kwamitin ci gaban tattalin arziki na birnin, yana taimakawa wajen tura kudaden tarayya da kuma babban birnin kasuwanci zuwa kasuwancin baƙar fata waɗanda ke gwagwarmaya don murmurewa daga tashin hankali.

Lokacin da Shugaba Richard Nixon ya ayyana ranar 21 ga Yuli, 1969, Ranar Kasuwanci ta Kasa don girmama saukowar wata ta Apollo 11, Barry ya soki shi. Barry ya yi imanin cewa Dokta Martin Luther King Jr. ya cancanci ranar girmamawa ta kasa a ranar haihuwarsa, wanda Nixon ya yi adawa da shi. Barry ya ce, "Me ya sa baƙi ya kamata su ji farin ciki lokacin da muka ga mutane suna cin abinci a kan wata lokacin da miliyoyin baƙi da matalauta ba su da isasshen kuɗi don siyan abinci a nan a duniya?" 

## 1971-1974: Hukumar Ilimi ta DC
A shekara ta 1971, Barry ya sanar da takararsa na babba memba na Kwamitin makaranta, yana takara da mai mulki, Anita L. Allen .  Barry ya ce yana so ya ja-goranci hukumar makarantar zuwa ga "batutuwan ilimi" kuma ya nisanta da matsalolin mutuntaka. Barry ya kayar da Allen, tare da kashi 58 cikin 100 na kuri'un zuwa kashi 34 cikin 100 na Allen.

Bayan Barry ya zauna a shekarar 1972,  an zabe shi gaba daya a matsayin shugaban kwamitin.  Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin na tsawon shekaru biyu, ya sake tsara tsarin kudi na makaranta da kuma gina yarjejeniya a kan kwamitin.

Don mayar da martani ga fim din blaxploitation na 1972 *Super Fly*, Barry da sauri ya kafa ƙungiyar zanga-zangar da ake kira Blacks Against Narcotics and Genocide (BANG). Barry ya ce fim din yana da lahani ga matasan baƙar fata, kuma ya ɗaukaka shan miyagun ƙwayoyi. BANG ya yi kira da a kaurace wa fim din.

Barry ya ba da shawarar samun kasafin kuɗi mafi girma don ilimi  da kuma karawa ga malamai.  Barry ya kuma goyi bayan nadin Barbara Sizemore a matsayin mai kula da gundumar, yana mai da Gundumar Columbia babbar birni ta farko a kasar tare da mace a matsayin mai Kula da Hukumar Makaranta.

Lokacin da Majalisar Dattijai ta gudanar da biyan kuɗi na shekara-shekara ga gundumar saboda muhawara kan ko ya kamata gwamnatin tarayya ta ci gaba da biyan kuɗi don gudanar da zaɓen jam'iyyar gundumar, Barry ya yi kira ga sauraron jama'a game da batun. Ya kuma yi sharhi, "Tun da yake sanannen gaskiyar cewa mafi yawan abubuwan da aka zaba na gwamnati za su kasance baƙar fata, yarjejeniyar masu ba da jawabi ta nuna mini cewa wasu mambobin Majalisa suna cewa baƙar fata ba za su iya ɗaukar alhakin kudi ba, sabili da haka, dole ne su sami Majalisa mafi yawa da ke kula da yadda ake kashe kuɗinmu".

## Manazarta