Thomas Sebeok

**Thomas Albert Sebeok** (Hungarian: Sebők Tamás, ; November 9, 1920December 21, 2001) was a Hungarian-born American polymath, semiotician, and linguist. As one of the founders of the biosemiotics field, he studied non-human and cross-species signaling and communication. He is also known for his work in the development of long-term nuclear waste warning messages, in which he worked with the Human Interference Task Force (established 1981) to create methods for keeping the inhabitants of Earth away from buried nuclear waste that will still be hazardous 10,000 or more years in the future.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Thomas Sebeok a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 1920, a Budapest, Hungary . Ya halarci makarantar sakandare a sanannen Fasori Gimnázium, wanda ya ilimantar da sanannun mutane kamar John von Neumann da Eugene Wigner . Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci a Jami'ar Cambridge (Magdalene College) a Ingila, ya koma Amurka yana da shekaru 17 kuma ya zama ɗan ƙasa a shekara ta 1944.  Sebeok ya sami digiri na farko a shekara ta 1941 a Jami'ar Chicago . Ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin harshe, a karkashin jagorancin Roman Jakobson, a Jami'ar Princeton a 1943 kuma, a 1945, digiri na biyu ne a Jami'an Princeton; an kira rubutun sa na Finnish da Hungarian case systems: su form and function.

## Ayyukan ilimi
A shekara ta 1943, Sebeok ya fara aiki a Jami'ar Indiana da ke Bloomington, yana taimakawa dan asalin Amurka Carl Voegelin wajen gudanar da Shirin Horar da Sojoji na musamman mafi girma a kasar a cikin harsunan kasashen waje. Daga nan sai ya kirkiro sashen Jami'ar na Uralic da Altaic Studies, wanda ke rufe harsunan Gabashin Turai, Rasha da Asiya. Ya kuma kasance shugaban Cibiyar Bincike ta Jami'ar don Nazarin Harshe da Semiotic.

A matsayinsa na farfesa a Jami'ar Indiana, Sebeok ya yi nazarin tsarin mutum da wadanda ba na mutum ba na sigina da sadarwa, da kuma falsafar tunani. Ya kasance daga cikin wadanda suka kafa Biosemiotics, kuma ya kirkiro kalmar "zoosemiotics" a 1963 don bayyana ci gaban sigina da alamu ta hanyar nau'in dabbobi marasa mutum. Ya kuma ci gaba da aikinsa a matsayin masanin harshe, yana buga labarai da littattafai da yawa da ke nazarin fannoni na Harshen Mari (yana nufin shi da sunan "Cheremis"). Ayyukansa na transdisciplinary da haɗin gwiwar ƙwararru sun haɗa da fannonin ilimin ɗan adam, ilmin halitta, nazarin al'adun gargajiya, ilimin harshe, ilimin halayyar mutum, da kuma semiotics.

Sebeok shi ne babban editan mujallar *Semiotica*, babban jarida a fagen, daga kafa ta a shekarar 1969 har zuwa shekara ta 2001. Ya kuma kasance editan jerin littattafai da yawa da encyclopedias, gami da Approaches to Semiotics (fiye da kundin 100), Current Trends in Linguistics, da Encyclopedic Dictionary of Semiotics . 

A cikin 1980, Sebeok tare da Robert Rosenthal sun shiga cikin wani taron da ake kira "The Clever Hans Phenomenon: Sadarwa tare da Horses, Whales, Apes and People" wanda Cibiyar Kimiyya ta New York ta gudanar wanda ke sanya shakku kan kokarin bincike game da sadarwa ta birai, gami da amma ba a iyakance shi ga ayyukan Herbert S. Terrace ba, Duane Rumbaugh da Sue Savage-Rumbaugh. Musamman, taron ya nuna cewa ana iya nuna wa birai ko kuma an fassara tattaunawarsu ba daidai ba.

Daga baya a farkon shekarun 1980, Sebeok ya kirkiro wani rahoto ga Ofishin Gudanar da Kasuwancin Nukiliya na Amurka mai taken Sadarwa Matakai don Gudanar da Shekaru Goma,  yana tattauna mafita ga matsalar semiotics na nukiliya, tsarin alamomi da nufin gargadi wayewa na gaba daga shiga yankunan da suka gurɓata da sharar nukiliya.  Rahoton ya ba da shawarar "tsarin sakewa na al'adu" da kuma kafa "firist na atom" na masana kimiyyar lissafi, masana kimiyyyar ɗan adam, da masu ilimin lissafi don ƙirƙirar da adana labarin al'adu na yau da kullun game da yanayin haɗari na wuraren sharar nukiliya.

Baya ga aikinsa na ilimi, Sebeok ya shirya daruruwan tarurruka da cibiyoyin kasa da kasa, ya rike matsayi na jagoranci a kungiyoyi irin su Linguistic Society of America, International Association for Semiotic Studies, Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, da Semiotic Society of America.  Ya goyi bayan kirkirar shirye-shiryen koyar da harshe da semiotics da ƙungiyoyin ilimi a duk duniya.

## manazarta