Hanyar Arewa maso Yamma

**Hanyar Arewa maso Yamma** (**NWP**) ita ce Hanyar teku tsakanin Tekun Atlantika da Tekun Pacific ta hanyar Tekun Arctic, kusa da iyakar arewacin Arewacin Amurka ta hanyar hanyoyin ruwa ta hanyar Arctic Archipelago na Kanada .   Hanyar gabas tare da iyakar Arctic na Norway da Siberia ana kiranta Hanyar Arewa maso Gabas (NEP). Tsibirin daban-daban na tsibirin sun rabu da juna kuma daga ƙasar Kanada ta hanyar jerin hanyoyin ruwa na Arctic da aka sani da Arewa maso Yamma, Arewa maso Yankin  ko Ruwan Cikin Gida na Kanada.

Shekaru da yawa, masu binciken Turai, tun daga Christopher Columbus a cikin 1492, sun nemi hanyar tafiya a matsayin hanyar kasuwanci zuwa Asiya, amma Arewa, Tsakiya, da Kudancin Amurka sun toshe su; ta kankara, ko kuma ruwa mai tsanani (misali Tierra del Fuego). An gano hanyar arewacin kankara a cikin 1850 ta hanyar mai binciken Irish Robert McClure, wanda tafiyarsa ta kammala hanyar ta hanyar jan sledges. Dan Scotland John Rae ya binciki wani yanki na kudu a 1854 wanda Norwegian Roald Amundsen ya yi cikakken sashi na farko gaba ɗaya ta Jirgin ruwa a 1903-1906. Har zuwa shekara ta 2009, kankara na Arctic ya hana jigilar jiragen ruwa na yau da kullun a cikin mafi yawan shekara. Rashin kankara na teku na Arctic, wanda ke da alaƙa da Canjin yanayi, ya sa hanyoyin ruwa sun fi dacewa don kewaya kankara.

Da'awar ikon mallaka da ake yi a kan ruwa na iya rikitar da jigilar kayayyaki a nan gaba ta yankin: Gwamnatin Kanada ta ci gaba da cewa hanyoyin Arewa maso yamma suna daga cikin ruwan Kanada,  amma Amurka ta yi iƙirarin cewa su ƙuƙwalwar ƙasa ne da ƙasa, suna ba da izinin wucewa kyauta da ba tare da matsala ba.  Idan, kamar yadda shugaban kamfanin hakar ma'adinai na Kanada ya yi iƙirarin, sassan ƙarshen gabashin Hanyar suna da zurfin mita 15 (49 ,  hanyar hanyar da ke aiki a matsayin hanyar jigilar Turai da Asiya ta ragu. A cikin 2016, layin jigilar kayayyaki na kasar Sin COSCO ya nuna sha'awar yin tafiye-tafiye na yau da kullun na jiragen ruwa ta amfani da hanyar zuwa gabashin Amurka da Turai, bayan nasarar da Nordic Orion ya samu na ton 73,500 a watan Satumbar 2013.   [yana buƙatar sabuntawa] Cikakken nauyi, Nordic Orion ya zauna zurfi a cikin ruwa don tafiya ta hanyar Panama Canal.

## Hanyoyi

* Gabashin Gabashin Baffin Island: Baffin Bay tsakanin Greenland da Baffin Island zuwa Lancaster Sound a arewacin ƙarshen Baffin Island, ko Yammacin Baffin Island (maras amfani): Ta hanyar Hudson Strait kudu da Baffin Islands, arewa ta hanyar Foxe Basin, yamma ta hanyar Fury da Hecla Strait, arewa zuwa Lancaster sound ta hanyar Gulf of Boothia da Prince Regent Inlet. Fury da Hecla Strait yawanci ana rufe su da kankara.
** Gabashin Tsibirin Baffin: Baffin Bay tsakanin Greenland da tsibirin Bafin zuwa Lancaster Sound a arewacin tsibirin Ba affin, ko
** Yammacin tsibirin Baffin (maras amfani): Ta hanyar Hudson Strait kudu da tsibirin Bafin, arewa ta hanyar Foxe Basin, yamma ta hanyar Fury da Hecla Strait, arewa zuwa Lancaster Sound ta hanyar Gulf of Boothia da Prince Regent Inlet. Fury da Hecla Strait yawanci ana rufe su da kankara.
* Cibiyar: Canadian Arctic Archipelago North: Daga Lancaster Sound yamma ta hanyar Parry Channel zuwa Yarima na Wales Strait a arewa maso yammacin tsibirin Victoria. M'Clure Strait zuwa arewa maso yammacin yana cike da kankara; kudu maso yamma ta hanyar Yarima na Wales Strait tsakanin Victoria Island da Banks Island na iya wucewa, ko Kudu: Daga Lancaster Sound yamma ta hanyar Prince Regent Inlet (ainihin cul-de-sac amma yana iya fita yamma ta hanyar Bellot Strait), ta wuce Somerset Island, kudu ta hanyar Peel Sound tsakanin Somerset Islands da Prince of Wales Island, ko dai kudu maso yammacin Victoria Strait (choked), ko kuma kudu kudu kudu kudu maso kudu kudu kudu da Strait na King Strait da Strait Jamesland) kusa da yammacin Gulf Strait na Strait na yammacin yammacin Gulf.
** Arewa: Daga Lancaster Sound yamma ta hanyar Parry Channel zuwa Yarima na Wales Strait a arewa maso yammacin Tsibirin Victoria. M'Clure Strait zuwa arewa maso yamma yana cike da kankara; kudu maso yamma ta hanyar Yarima na Wales Strait tsakanin Victoria Island da Banks Island na iya wucewa, ko
** Kudancin: Daga Lancaster Sound yammacin da ya wuce Prince Regent Inlet (ainihin cul-de-sac amma yana yiwuwa a fita yamma ta hanyar Bellot Strait), ya wuce Somerset Island, kudu ta hanyar Peel Sound tsakanin Somerset Islands da Prince of Wales Island, ko dai kudu maso yamma ta hanyar Victoria Strait (ƙanƙara), ko kuma kai tsaye kudu kudu da bakin tekun ta hanyar Rae Strait da James Ross Strait da yammacin Simpson Strait kudu da King William Island (ƙananan) zuwa Queen Maud Gulf, sannan yammacin kudancin yankin kudu da ke gefen kudu da tsibirin Victoria.
* Yamma: Babu manyan tsibirai, bi bakin tekun zuwa Bering Strait.

An yi ƙoƙari da yawa don samun hanyar fita daga ruwan gishiri zuwa yamma daga Hudson Bay, amma Fury da Hecla Strait a arewacin arewa an toshe su da kankara. An gano ƙofar gabas da babban axis na hanyar arewa maso yamma, Parry Channel, a cikin 1819. Hanyar daga yamma ta hanyar Bering Strait ba ta da amfani saboda buƙatar tafiya a kusa da kankara kusa da Point Barrow. Gabashin Point Barrow bakin tekun yana da kyau sosai a lokacin rani. An tsara wannan yanki a cikin ɓangarori daga ƙasa a cikin 1821-1839. Wannan ya bar babban rectangle a arewacin bakin teku, kudu da Parry Channel da yammacin Baffin Island. Wannan yanki an fi tsara shi a cikin 1848-1854 ta jiragen ruwa da ke neman tafiyar Franklin da ta ɓace. Roald Amundsen ne ya fara tsallakawa a 1903-1906. Ya yi amfani da ƙaramin jirgi kuma ya rungumi bakin teku.

## Manazarta