Knut Hamsun

**Knut Hamsun** (/ˈhɑːmsʊn/;  4 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1859 - 19 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1952) marubuci ne ɗan ƙasar Norway wanda aka ba shi kyautar Nobel a cikin adabi a shekarar 1920. Ayyukan Hamsun sun wuce shekaru 70 kuma suna nuna bambanci game da sani, batun, hangen nesa da muhalli. Ya wallafa litattafai sama da 23, tarin shayari, wasu gajerun labaru da wasan kwaikwayo, labarin tafiya, ayyukan da ba na almara ba da wasu litattafan.

Hamsun an dauke shi "daya daga cikin masu tasiri da sababbin masu salo na shekaru ɗari da suka gabata" (kimanin 1890-1990).  Ya fara wallafe-wallafen ilimin halayyar dan adam tare da dabarun rafi na sani da Magana ta ciki, kuma ya rinjayi marubuta kamar Thomas Mann, Franz Kafka, Maxim Gorky, Stefan Zweig, Henry Miller, Hermann Hesse, John Fante, James Kelman, Charles Bukowski da Ernest Hemingway. Isaac Bashevis Singer ya kira Hamsun "mahaifin makarantar adabi ta zamani a kowane bangare - ra'ayinsa, raguwa, amfani da flashbacks, lyricism. Dukan makarantar fiction ta zamani a karni na ashirin ta samo asali ne daga Hamsun". Tun daga shekara ta 1916, an daidaita yawancin ayyukan Hamsun zuwa fina-finai masu motsi. A ranar 4 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2009, an bude Cibiyar Knut Hamsun a cikin Garin Hamarøy . 

Matashin Hamsun ya ki amincewa da hakikanin gaskiya da dabi'a. Ya yi jayayya cewa babban abu na wallafe-wallafen zamani ya kamata ya zama rikice-rikice na tunanin ɗan adam, cewa marubuta ya kamata su bayyana "muryar jini, da roƙon ƙwayar ƙashi". Hamsun an dauke shi "shugaban tawaye na Neo-Romantic a farkon karni na 20", tare da ayyukan kamar *Yunwa* (1890), Mysteries (1892), Pan (1894), da *Victoria* (1898).  Ayyukansa na baya - musamman "Littattafan Arewacin Arewa" - sun rinjayi Sabon gaskiyar Norwegian, suna nuna rayuwar yau da kullun a yankunan karkara na Norway kuma galibi suna amfani da yaren gida, ba'a, da ban dariya. Hamsun ya buga tarin shayari guda ɗaya kawai, The Wild Choir, wanda mawaƙa da yawa suka saita waƙoƙi.

Hamsun yana da ra'ayoyi masu karfi na Anglophobic, kuma a bayyane ya goyi bayan Adolf Hitler da Nazi Jamus: ya ba da lambar yabo ta Nobel ga Joseph Goebbels, Ministan farfaganda na Reich na Uku  kuma ya sadu da Hitler a lokacin da Jamus ta mamaye Norway.   Saboda goyon bayansa ga mamayar Norway da mulkin Quisling, an tuhume shi da cin amana bayan yakin. Saboda matsalolin da ake zargi da matsalolin tunanin mutum da batutuwan da suka shafi tsufa, ba a yanke masa hukunci ba, amma a shekarar 1948 an yi masa tarar sosai. Littafin Hamsun na karshe, On Overgrown Paths, wanda aka rubuta a cikin kurkuku a Landvik, ya shafi maganin da ya yi bayan yakin da kuma karyata zarge-zargen rashin iyawar hankali.

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Knut Hamsun a matsayin Knud Pedersen a cikin Norway)" id="mwng" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Lom Municipality (Norway)">Garin Lom a kwarin Gudbrandsdalen, Norway .  Shi ne ɗa na huɗu a cikin 'ya'ya bakwai na Tora Olsdatter da Peder Pedersen . Lokacin da yake dan shekara uku, iyalin suka koma Hamsund a cikin Hamarøy Municipality a cikin gundumar Nordland. Sun kasance matalauta kuma kawun ya gayyace su su yi noma a gonarsa.

A shekara tara Knut ya rabu da iyalinsa kuma ya zauna tare da kawunsa Hans Olsen, wanda ke buƙatar taimako tare da ofishin gidan waya da ya gudanar. Olsen ya kasance yana doke da yunwa dan uwansa, kuma Hamsun daga baya ya bayyana cewa matsalolin da yake fama da su sun kasance ne saboda yadda kawunsa ya bi da shi.

A shekara ta 1874 ya tsere ya koma Lom. Shekaru biyar masu zuwa ya yi kowane aiki don kuɗi; ya kasance mataimakin shago, mai siyarwa, mai horar da takalma, mataimakin sheriff, kuma malamin makarantar firamare.

A shekara ta 17 ya zama ɗan koyo na mai yin igiya; a kusan lokaci guda ya fara rubutu. Ya nemi dan kasuwa Erasmus Zahl ya ba shi goyon baya mai mahimmanci na kudi, kuma Zahl ya yarda. Hamsun daga baya ya yi amfani da Zahl a matsayin abin koyi ga halin *Mack* wanda ya bayyana a cikin litattafansa Pan (1894), Dreamers (1904), *Benoni* (1908) da *Rosa* (1908). 

### Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen farko

### Manyan ayyukan
Hamsun ya fara samun yabo mai yawa tare da littafinsa na 1890 Hunger (Sult). Ayyukan semiautobiographical sun bayyana saukowar wani matashi marubuci zuwa kusan hauka sakamakon yunwa da talauci a babban birnin Norway na Kristiania (sunan zamani Oslo). Ga mutane da yawa, littafin ya nuna rubuce-rubucen Franz Kafka da sauran marubuta na ƙarni na ashirin tare da maganganun ciki da kuma ma'anar ban mamaki.

Jigo wanda Hamsun sau da yawa ya koma shi ne na *Masu yawo* na dindindin, baƙo mai tafiya (sau da yawa mai ba da labari) wanda ke nuna kansa cikin rayuwar ƙananan yankunan karkara. Wannan taken yana da mahimmanci ga litattafan Mysteries, Pan, Under the Autumn Star, The Last Joy, Vagabonds, *Rosa*, da sauransu.

Maganar Hamsun sau da yawa tana ƙunshe da hotuna masu ban sha'awa na duniyar halitta, tare da tunani mai zurfi a kan gandun daji na Norway da bakin teku. Saboda wannan dalili, an haɗa shi da ƙungiyar ruhaniya da aka sani da pantheism ("Babu wanda ya san Allah," ya taɓa rubuta, "mutum ya san alloli kawai. "). Hamsun ya ga bil'adama da yanayi sun haɗa kai cikin dangantaka mai ƙarfi, wani lokacin asiri. Wannan alaƙar da ke tsakanin haruffa da yanayin su na halitta an kwatanta shi a cikin litattafan Pan, A Wanderer Plays on Muted Strings, da kuma Girma mai girma na Ƙasa, "aikinsa mai girma" wanda aka ba shi lambar yabo ta Nobel a cikin adabi a shekarar 1920.

## Manazarta