George Law (mai ba da kuɗi)

**George Law** (25 ga Oktoba, 1806 - 18 ga Nuwamba, 1881) ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan Amurka kuma ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa da ya gaza a Jam'iyyar Amurka a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 1856 daga New York.

## Rayuwar farko
Karatunsa na farko kawai shine makarantar dare ta hunturu. Yana da shekaru goma sha takwas, ya bar gonar mahaifinsa, bayan ya yi tafiya zuwa Troy, ya koyi sana'o'in gini da gini a Hoosic . An yi masa aiki da Delaware da Hudson Canal a shekarar 1825, sannan ya jagoranci yin makullan magudanar ruwa a High Falls . Bayan haka, ya tafi tsaunukan Pennsylvania don haƙa dutse don makullan kuma aka ɗauke shi aiki a matsayin makaniki a kan magudanar ruwa. A watan Yunin 1829, an ba shi kwangilar ƙaramin makulli da bututun ruwa a kan Delaware da Hudson Canal. Da yake ya koyar da kansa, ya yi karatu kuma ya zama injiniya mai kyau kuma mai aikin zanen ruwa, sannan ya zama babban mai kwangila don gina layin dogo da magudanar ruwa.

## Zuba jari a layin dogo da jigilar kaya
A watan Agusta na shekarar 1837, ɗaya daga cikin 'yan uwansa yana aikin gina magudanar ruwa ta Croton . Ya tafi birnin New York, inda aka ba shi kwangiloli na sassan magudanar ruwa. A shekarar 1839 aka ba shi kwangilar Babban Gada, wadda ta ratsa Kogin Harlem . A shekarar 1842 ya karɓi ragamar kula da bankin Dry Dock . Daga baya ya sayi kuma ya faɗaɗa layin dogo na New York da Harlem da kuma layin dogo na Mohawk . Ya sayi jirgin tururi SS Neptune a shekara ta 1843, sannan ya gina SS Oregon a shekarar 1845. Tare da Marshall O. Roberts da Bowes R. McIlvaine, ya kafa Kamfanin US Mail Steamship Company kuma ya ɗauki kwangilar ɗaukar wasikun Amurka zuwa California. Kamfanin ya gina SS *Ohio* da SS *Georgia*, kuma tare da SS *Falcon* da aka saya a farkon 1849, ya ɗauki fasinjoji na farko ta jirgin ruwa mai saukar ungulu zuwa Chagres, a gabashin gabar tekun Isthmus na Panama . Ba da daɗewa ba, lokacin jigilar jiragen ruwa da kuma hanyar wucewa ta isthmus sun sami damar lokacin da California Gold Rush ta fara, suka mai da ita kamfani mai riba. A wannan shekarar ne Law ya kammala Babban Gadar.

Lokacin da Kamfanin Jirgin Ruwa na Pacific Mail ya kafa layin da ke fafatawa tsakanin New York da Chagres, George Law ya sanya layinsa na jiragen ruwa guda huɗu a kan tekun Pacific - SS *Antelope*, SS *Columbus*, SS *Isthmus* da SS *Republic* . A watan Afrilun 1851, hamayyar ta ƙare lokacin da ya sayi jiragen ruwa na tururi a gefen Atlantic kuma ya sayar da sabon layin Pacific ɗinsa da jiragen ruwansa a kan birnin Panama zuwa San Francisco. Da ya gamsu da ribar da aka samu daga ƙaramin layin jirgin ƙasa na jirgin ƙasa na William Henry Aspinwall na Panama, ya sami babban sha'awa a aikin a shekarar 1852. Ya je yankin tuddai don duba hanyar kuma ya gano ƙarshen hanyar a Aspinwall, inda ya fara gina tashar jirgin ƙasa kusa da tashar jirgin ruwa. Ba da daɗewa ba Aspinwall ya zama wurin da jiragen ruwa na tururi na Panama suka je bayan an gama layin jirgin.

A halin yanzu, a birnin New York ya sayi ikon mallakar layin dogo na titin Eighth Avenue da ke birnin New York. Ya sayar da sha'awarsa ta layin dogo na Panama a lokacin hunturu na shekarar 1853. Daga nan ya gina layin dogo na Ninth Avenue ya kuma sayi jirgin ruwa mai tururi zuwa Tsibirin Staten, da kuma jiragen ruwa na Grand da Roosevelt Street tsakanin New York da Brooklyn .

## ''Crescent City'' da siyasar shugaban ƙasa
A shekarar 1852, George Law ya samu sabani da Kyaftin Valentín Cañedo y Miranda, Kyaftin Janar na Cuba na Spain, wanda hakan ya jawo masa farin jini a bainar jama'a. Cañedo ya fusata saboda Purser Smith, mai ɗaukar ɗaya daga cikin jiragen ruwan Law, ya buga kalamai a cikin wallafe-wallafen Amurka suna sukar gwamnatin Cuban mulkin mallaka. Ya ƙara jin haushin kalaman adawa da Cuban na Admiral David Porter . Gwamnatin Spain ta hana shiga kowace jirgi da Purser Smith ko Admiral David Porter a ciki. Gwamnatin Amurka ba ta goyi bayan George Law a ƙudurinsa na aika SS  zuwa Havana da mai ɗaukar kaya a cikin jirgin ba; lokacin da Law ta ci gaba, gwamnatin Amurka ta janye wasiƙun. A gaskiya ma, Fillmore ya rubuta wa Cañedo don neman ya soke haramcinsa kuma ya gabatar wa Cañedo da takardar rantsuwa da ke wanke Smith. Cañedo ya janye haramcin bisa buƙatar Fillmore.  Law ta aika da jirgin ruwan tururi kuma Kyaftin-janar Cañedo ya kasa korar ta.    A cikin wasiƙu da dama na jama'a, Law ya kai hari ga gwamnatocin Fillmore da Pierce bisa ga tsoro.

Daga nan aka yi wa Law lakabi da "Live-Oak George", wanda ma'aikatan da ke cikin tashar jiragen ruwansa suka ƙirƙiro saboda dagewar da Law ya yi na gina jiragen ruwa da mafi kyawun kayan aiki; ga muhimman sassan ginin harsashi, gami da kayan ƙarfafawa da ke tallafawa benen, kayan da aka fi so su ne itacen oak mai rai .

Wasu sun amince da Dokar saboda matsayinsa na adawa da rashin aikin gwamnati yayin da take fuskantar barazana ga wani ɗan ƙasar Amurka, kuma Majalisar Dokokin Pennsylvania ta zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan takarar Jam'iyyar 'Yan Asalin Amurka ko kuma ɗan takarar da ba shi da masaniya a kan komai a matsayin Shugaban Amurka a watan Fabrairun 1855, amma Millard Fillmore, ɗaya daga cikin Shugabannin Amurka waɗanda Law ya kai hari, an zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan takarar jam'iyyar a Zaɓen 1856 .

Kamfanin US Mail Steamship ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 11 kacal. Bayan karewar kwangilar wasiku da tallafin a shekarar 1859, kamfanin ya janye daga kasuwancin ya sayar da jiragen ruwansa. 

Law yana da wani jirgin ruwa *mai* tururi da aka sanya masa suna. Daga baya aka sake masa suna zuwa SS  . Ta nutse a cikin guguwa mai tsawon kwana uku da dare wadda ta ɗauke da yawancin fasinjojinta, zinare mai darajar dala miliyan biyu da dubu ɗari biyu da kuma Kwamanda William Lewis Herndon tare da ita. Nutsewar jirgin tare da asarar zinare mai yawa ya taimaka wajen haifar da Tsoro na 1857 .

Sanata Henry Marshall (1847–1938) ɗan uwansa ne.

## Manazarta