Canjin yanayi a Georgia (ƙasa)

Da yake a yankin Kudancin Caucasus da ke da iyaka da Tekun Baƙi zuwa Yamma, Tarayyar Rasha zuwa Arewa, Azerbaijan zuwa Gabas, Turkiyya zuwa Kudu maso Yamma, da Armenia zuwa Kudu, **[[Georgia]]** ƙaramar ƙasa ce da ke da albarkatun ƙasa masu fa'ida, al'amuran sama, dukiyar ruwa mai yawa, wuraren rayuwa masu arziki, da tsarin halittu waɗanda ke da muhimmancin gida da na duniya.

Ci gaban tattalin arziki shine dalilin jin daɗin ƙasar, wanda zai iya shafar muhalli da albarkatun ƙasa ba. Kwarewar kasashe masu tasowa ta tabbatar da cewa neman ci gaban tattalin arziki na iya kara tsananta yanayin da matsalolin albarkatun kasa. Wasu manyan Batutuwan muhalli sun hada da: lalacewar ƙasa da gandun daji, gurɓataccen yanayi, da kuma kula da sharar gida wanda ke haifar da canjin yanayi da asarar halittu. Georgia tana aiwatar da manufofi don taimakawa wajen sauƙaƙe matsalolin muhalli.

## Manyan batutuwa

### Rashin ƙasa da gandun daji
Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli da Kare albarkatun kasa ta Georgia ta ba da kashi 35% na ƙasar noma kamar yadda aka lalata kuma, kamar yadda Ma'aikatu ta Aikin Gona ta nuna, kashi 60% na ƙasar noma a Georgia tana da ƙarancin ko matsakaici. Manyan direbobi na lalacewar ƙasa suna wuce gona da iri, fadada birane da ba a tsara su ba, da kuma sare daji. Georgia tana da a shekarar 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index na 7.79/10, wanda ya sanya shi na 31 a duniya daga cikin kasashe 172.

Hanyoyin rushewar ƙasa, kodayake ana ɗaukar su a matsayin abubuwan da suka faru na halitta, ana kara musu ta hanyar nau'ikan ayyukan ɗan adam daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin wadannan sune hakar ma'adinai da gine-gine marasa dorewa (misali kayan aikin wutar lantarki kamar Shuakhevi Hydro Power Plant), katako mara sarrafawa, birni mara kyau, ayyukan masana'antu a cikin koguna, da rashin bin ka'idojin Amfani da ƙasa da kuma ka'idoji na muhalli da ruwa.

Saboda lalacewar ƙasa da batutuwan da aka yi watsi da su game da muhalli, kula da ambaliyar ruwa da hana irin waɗannan bala'o'in lokaci-lokaci da ambaliwar ruwa ke haifar da su suna gabatowa.

### Rashin gurɓata iska
Rashin ingancin iska yana daya daga cikin sakamakon karuwar ayyukan tattalin arziki wanda ya zo tare da birni. Game da Georgia, gurɓataccen iska yafi fitowa daga bangarorin sufuri, masana'antu, da makamashi. Manyan gurɓataccen iska da aka saka idanu a Georgia sun haɗa da kwayoyin halitta (dukkanin kwayoyin da aka dakatar [TSP]), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO2, NO), da sulfur dioxide (SO2). 

In Georgia the public transport system is not sufficiently developed (see Category:Public transport in Georgia). A significant proportion of the population uses private vehicles as the preferred mode of transport. The number of private vehicles has grown rapidly over the past decade and has almost doubled in the last five-year period. Traffic has increased followed by industrial sources. The country has seen a sharp rise in the number of old, dirty diesel vehicles on the road over the last decade and pollution testing is virtually non-existent. WHO and IEA provides a data that shows Georgia having the most deaths attributed to air pollution, compared to other countries.&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

Har zuwa shekara ta 2000, Georgia ta yi amfani da man fetur a mafi yawan tsarin sufuri. Misalai na motocin Soviet na iya gudana a kan man fetur mai ƙarancin octane; samfuran Turai suna gudana mafi girma a kusa da iskar gas mai ƙaranci. Hanyar kara matakin octane na man fetur shine ƙara gubar. Yawancin motocin hanya (duk adadin motoci kusan 323614) a Georgia a yau duka jama'a da masu zaman kansu suna da shekaru 15-20. Yawancin tsofaffin motoci suna buƙatar man fetur saboda gubar tana shafawa kuma tana kare bawul masu laushi. Georgia tana shigo da adadi mai yawa na motocin Turai na 2 tare da masu canzawa kuma tana shigo da iskar gas mai yawa, wanda a wasu lokuta ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar ƙara gubar, don samun karin octane / man fetur. Wannan kuma yana shafar abun da ke cikin hayaki, yana mai da hankali sosai a cikin gubar mai [[benzene]]. Agusta 14 ga wata, shekara ta 2018

=== Ma'adanai da gurɓataccen ruwa ===
Jojiya tana da kaddarorin ruwa da yawa. Daga cikin jimillar kadarorin ruwa na mita triliyan 63 (2.2×1015 cu ft) / shekara (tsawon lokaci na al'ada) kawai biliyan 1.6 m3 / shekara ko kusan kashi 2% ana shagaltuwa.[1] Kusan kashi 66% na ruwan da aka katse ana amfani da shi ne don noman noma, kuma na ukun don ayyukan yi na birni da na injina.[2]

Muhimman batutuwan da ke haifar da gurɓataccen ruwa sune gurɓatawar ruwa ta hanyar masu lalata da kuma amfani da ruwa mara kyau. Rashin gurɓataccen ruwa yana da alaƙa da motsi na ɗan adam, kamar sharar masana'antu, sharar birni, [[Datti da sharar gida|sharar gida]] daga cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, da sharar gidaje daga samar da gona. Matsalolin kula da sharar gida suna da babban gudummawa ga gurɓataccen yanayi a ƙasar Georgia. Misali, a cewar Ministan Kare Muhalli na Georgia, George Kachidze, ana bayar da rahoton manyan matakan [[Ammonia|ammoniya]] da BOD3 [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] ga mafi yawan koguna da aka lura da kuma yawan [[Heavy metals|ƙarfe mai nauyi]] sun wuce matakan da aka ba da izini a wasu mazauna a kan wasu koguna. 

Yankunan da ke gefen Georgia, kusan kilomita 310 na bakin teku, suna fara jin tasirin Ruwa mai guba wanda ke farawa daga ci gaban mutane sama da miliyan 170 da ke zaune kusa da rafi daban-daban da ke ba da wutar lantarki ga Tekun Baƙi.


==== [[Black Sea|Tekun Baƙi]] ====
Ana zaune a Yammacin Georgia shine Black Sea . Yankunan da ke gefen Georgia kusan kilomita 310 na bakin teku suna fara jin tasirin sharar ruwa, ruwan da ke farawa daga motsi na mutane sama da miliyan 170 da ke zaune kusa da koguna da yawa da ke ƙarfafa Tekun Baƙi. Wannan na iya haifar da asarar jinsunan halittu, halaka, da kuma mummunar tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam. A Georgia, kama da lamarin a kasashe da yawa, rashin hankali ga jama'a da fahimtar tasirin da ayyukan ɗan adam suka yi a duniya ya kasance babban abin da ya jajirce shi ga ruwan da ya gurbata na Tekun Baƙi.

=== Gudanar da sharar gida ===
Sakamakon sharar gida da rikice-rikice na sinadarai ya haifar da daya daga cikin manyan matsalolin muhalli a Georgia. [[Gurbatar yanayi|Rashin gurɓata muhalli]] wanda ya haifar da [[Wajen zubar da shara|zubar da shara]] gida mai haɗari da kuma cin zarafin shara ya sanya kasar cikin haɗari na yau da kullun. Bugu da ƙari, tarin datti da kuma rikice-rikice na kula da shara suna ƙara halin da ake ciki a yanzu na yankin su. Akwai wuraren zubar da shara 63 da aka yi rajista, waɗanda ke mamaye fiye da hekta 300 daga cikinsu ha 203 ne masu zubar da ruwa (MENRP a shekara ta 2012). Yawancin waɗannan wuraren zubar da shara suna aiki ba tare da ma'auni mai kyau ba, sa ido daga gwamnati, da kuma haɗin kai mai kyau na tsarin [[Tara shara|Tattara sharar gida]]. A halin yanzu, ana aiwatar da daidaitattun tarin sharar gida ne kawai a manyan birane da cibiyoyin gundumar, ba tare da la'akari da tarin sharar a wasu wurare ba, wanda ke kara lalata batun kula da sharar ƙasarsu. A wasu ƙauyuka, musamman a ƙauyuka، mazauna suna warware matsalolin sharar gida ta hanyar zubar da sharar gida a cikin koguna da ke kusa, a kan hanyoyi ko a kan koguna.

Matsalar kula da sharar gida ta Georgia tana haifar da nau'ikan gurɓataccen yanayi kuma yana shafar lafiyar jama'a. A cewar Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Kasa, cututtukan kowane mutum 100,000 daga [[Cutar huhu|cututtukan numfashi]] sun kasance suna karuwa.

== Tasirin ==

=== Rashin bambancin halittu ===

Georgia tana wakiltar 1 daga cikin 34 wuraren da aka gano ta hanyar Conservation International a matsayin yankunan da aka rarrabe don samun matakan da suka fi dacewa yayin da suke fuskantar barazanar lalacewar mazaunin. Yankin muhalli na Caucasus, inda Georgia ke cikin, an gano shi yana da muhimmancin duniya ta hanyar WWF saboda kuma manyan matakan bambancin da takamaiman hanyoyin juyin halitta da ci gaban tarihi na musamman da na dabbobi.

Yawancin nau'ikan shuke-shuke da halittu a Georgia sun raunana, gami da dabbobi masu shayarwa 29, tsuntsaye 35, dabbobi masu rarrafe 11, dabbobi masu zaman kansu 2, kifi 14 da nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu katako 56 bisa ga IUCN Red List of Georgian Endangered Species. Misali shine halakawar Goitered gazelle da mutanen kudancin awaki. Panther, hyena mai laushi, da ja deer yanzu sun wanzu kamar yadda jama'a suka rabu a yankin da aka kare. Tun daga shekarun 1990s, yawan mutanen Tur na Gabashin Caucasus ya ragu da kashi 20% kuma yawan mutanen Caucasus na Yamma da kashi 50% kuma yawan nau'in sturgeon da ke aiki a Tekun riba ya ragu da kasa da kashi 37%.

Babban barazanar da ke tattare da bambancin halittu na Georgia shine lalacewa da [[Rashin mazaunin|asarar wuraren zama]] da kuma amfani da albarkatun halittu, wanda kuma shine tasirin batutuwan muhalli daban-daban da aka tattauna a sama. Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ƙayyade cewa manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da asarar mazaunin jinsuna da lalacewa za su kasance katako, gurɓataccen ruwa, da kiwo mai tsanani.

=== Canjin yanayi ===

Aikin noma yana da mahimmanci ga Georgia, yana da babban bangare na aiki, ci gaban karkara da rayuwa, tsaro na abinci, da fitarwa. Koyaya, bangaren yana da matukar damuwa ga canje-canje masu illa a cikin yanayin da ke da alaƙa da yanayi kamar zafin jiki, hazo, da kuma yawan abubuwan da suka faru (misali fari, ambaliyar ruwa, guguwa)  A cewar Sophiko Akhobadze, Mataimakin Darakta na Rec Caucasus, ƙungiyar da ba ta gwamnati ba kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyin muhalli a Caucasus ba, yawan ambaliyar a Georgia ya ninka sau biyu a cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata, kuma fari yana ci gaba da ƙaruwa.  Bugu da ƙari, abubuwan da aka ruwaito a cikin Sadarwar Kasa ta Biyu na Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi sun nuna cewa matsakaicin yanayin zafi a Tbilisi, babban birnin Georgia, ya karu da 0.7 ° C a cikin karni da ya gabata da 0.5 ° C a Gabashin Georgia, amma akwai ɗan sanyaya a Yammacin Georgia. Ruwan sama ya karu a yankunan da ke ƙasa na Georgia da kusan kashi 10-15 kuma ya ragu a yankunan tsaunuka da kashi 15-20%.&nbsp;&nbsp;


== Manufofin da cibiyoyin ==

=== [http://www.moe.gov.ge/en/home Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Kare albarkatun kasa (MENRP)]  ===
MENRP shine babban mai tsara manufofin muhalli a Georgia wanda ke sarrafawa da kula da ikon gudanar da muhalli. Sabis ɗin yana gudana a matsayin mai ba da shawara a cikin tsarin muhalli. Abubuwan gudanarwa mafi wuya na MENRP sun haɗa da izinin muhalli da kulawa.

* An kafa **Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Kasa (NEA)** a watan  yunin shekarar 2008 kuma tana da alhakin bayar da lasisi don amfani da albarkatun kasa, ban da lasisi ga hakar mai da amfani. NEA tana da 'yanci daga hukumomin gwamnati, wanda ke aiwatar da ayyukanta da kansa, amma tana ƙarƙashin iko daga jihar 
* **Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka ta Kasa''' ta sami izinin kula da kusan hekta miliyan biyu na gandun daji da gandun daji a kasar. Babban burin hukumar shine kula da gandun daji da aiwatar da ayyukan sake dasa bishiyoyi, da kuma amfani da ɓangarorin bambancin halittu a yankin Asusun Gidajen Georgia da dorewa da tattalin arziki.

### [http://www.preventionweb.net/files/32326_32326neapeng20121.pdf Shirin Aiki na Muhalli na Kasa 2] (NEAP 2)
Gwamnatin Georgia da Bruhland sun karbe shi a watan Janairun shekarar 2012, wannan shirin ya kafa manufofi na dogon lokaci da gajeren lokaci wanda ke samarwa da aiwatar da ayyukan da suka dace don yin la'akari da batutuwan muhalli a kasar. Yana mai da hankali kan jigogi goma sha ɗaya wato canjin yanayi, sharar gida da sinadarai, amincin radiation na nukiliya, bala'o'i na halitta da na mutum, albarkatun ruwa, iska, bambancin halittu, albarkatunsa na ƙasa, gandun daji, albarkatunan ma'adinai, da Tekun Baƙi.

## Dubi kuma

* Georgia (ƙasa)
* Yawan jama'a na Georgia (ƙasa) 
* Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Kariya ta Al'adu ta Georgia

## Haɗin waje

* Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Kare albarkatun kasa (MENRP) 
* Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Kasa (NEA)
* Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka ta Kasa
* Tsaro na Duniya

## Manazarta