Ivar Aasen

**Ivar Andreas Aasen** ( ; 5 Agusta 1813  - 23 Satumba 1896) masanin ilimin falsafa ne na Norway, mawallafin ƙamus, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mawaƙi.  An san shi sosai don ya tattara ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan rubuce-rubucen hukuma guda biyu na yaren Norwegian, Nynorsk, daga yaruka daban-daban. 

## Fage
An haife shi a matsayin Iver Andreas Aasen a Åsen a Ørsta (sai Ørsten), a gundumar Sunnmøre, a gabar yammacin Norway . Mahaifinsa, ɗan ƙauye mai ƙaramin gona, Ivar Jonsson, ya mutu a shekara ta 1826. Ivar ƙarami ya girma zuwa aikin gona, amma ya himmantu ya noma duk lokacin hutunsa na karatu.  Wani abin sha'awa a farkonsa shine shuka .  Lokacin da yake dan shekara goma sha takwas, ya bude makarantar firamare a yankinsa na haihuwa. A cikin 1833 ya shiga gidan Hans Conrad Thoresen, mijin fitaccen marubuci Magdalene Thoresen, a Herøy (sa'an nan Herø), kuma a can ya dauko abubuwan Latin . Sannu a hankali, kuma ta hanyar haƙuri da natsuwa mara iyaka, matashin ƙauyen ya mallaki harsuna da yawa, kuma ya fara nazarin kimiyyar tsarin su.  Ivar da hannu ɗaya ya ƙirƙiri sabon harshe don Norway ta zama yaren “adabi”. 

## Sana'a

Game da 1846 ya 'yantar da kansa daga dukan nauyin aikin hannu, kuma zai iya shagaltar da tunaninsa da yaren yankinsa, Sunnmøre; buguwarsa ta farko ɗan ƙaramin tarin waƙoƙin jama'a ne a yaren Sunnmøre (1843). Iyalinsa na ban mamaki yanzu sun ja hankalin kowa, kuma an taimaka masa ya ci gaba da karatunsa ba tare da damuwa ba. Nahawunsa na Yaren Norwegian ( Danish   *Grammatik*, 1848) ya kasance sakamakon aiki mai yawa, da tafiye-tafiye da aka yi zuwa kowane yanki na ƙasar. Shahararren *ƙamus na Aasen na Yaren Yaren Yaren mutanen Norway* ( Danish   ) ya bayyana a cikin ainihin nau'insa a cikin 1850, kuma daga wannan littafin kwanan wata duk faffadan noma na sanannen harshe a cikin Yaren mutanen Norway, tun da gaske Aasen bai yi ƙasa da ginawa ba, daga cikin kayan daban-daban a wurinsa, sanannen harshe ko tabbataccen *folke-maal* (harshen mutane) ga Norway. A shekara ta 1853, ya ƙirƙiri ka'ida don amfani da sabon harshensa, wanda ya kira Landsmaal, ma'ana harshen ƙasa.  Tare da wasu gyare-gyare, mafi mahimmancin wanda Aasen kansa ya gabatar da shi daga baya,  amma kuma ta hanyar siyasa ta ƙarshe da ke nufin haɗa wannan harshen Norwegian tare da Dano-Norwegian, wannan harshe ya zama *Nynorsk* ("New Norwegian"), na biyu na harsunan hukuma biyu na Norway (ɗayan kuma *Bokmål*, Dano-Norwegian da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin zuriyar Danish a cikin Danishase). Har yanzu ana samun nau'ikan Yaren mutanen Norway da ba na hukuma ba kusa da harshen Aasen a Høgnorsk ("High Norwegian"). A yau, wasu suna la'akari da Nynorsk daidai da ƙafar Bokmål, kamar yadda Bokmål ke son yin amfani da shi sosai a rediyo da talabijin da yawancin jaridu, yayin da New Norse (Nynorsk) ke amfani da ita daidai a cikin aikin gwamnati  da kuma kusan 17% na makarantu.  Ko da yake ba a saba da shi ba kamar yaren ɗan'uwansa, amma yana buƙatar kallon shi a matsayin yare mai dacewa, kamar yadda ɗimbin tsirarun 'yan Norway ke amfani da shi a matsayin harshensu na farko ciki har da masana da marubuta da yawa.  Sabon Norse duka harshe ne na rubutu da magana. 

Aasen ya tsara kasidu da wasan kwaikwayo a cikin yare mai haɗaka don nuna yadda ya kamata a yi amfani da shi; ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan wasan kwaikwayo, *The Heir* (1855), an yi shi akai-akai, kuma ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin majagaba na dukan yawan yare-adabi na ƙarshen rabin karni na 1800s, daga Vinje zuwa Garborg . A cikin 1856, ya buga *Norske Ordsprog*, wani labari akan karin magana na Norwegian. Aasen ya ci gaba da haɓakawa da haɓaka nahawunsa da ƙamus ɗinsa. Ya zauna cikin nutsuwa a masauki a Oslo (sa'an nan Christiania), yana kewaye da littattafansa kuma yana raguwa daga talla, amma sunansa ya girma cikin tagomashi na siyasa yayin da ra'ayinsa game da yaren talakawa ya zama abin kallo na mashahurin jam'iyyar.  A cikin 1864, ya buga ainihin nahawu na Nynorsk kuma a cikin 1873 ya buga ƙamus na ƙamus. 

A farkon aikinsa, a cikin 1842, ya fara karɓar tallafi don ba shi damar ba da hankalinsa gaba ɗaya ga binciken ilimin falsafa; da Storting ( Majalisar Dokokin Norway), da sanin muhimmancin aikin nasa na kasa, sun yi masa karamci da karamci yayin da ya ci gaba a cikin shekaru. Ya ci gaba da bincikensa har zuwa ƙarshe, amma ana iya cewa, bayan fitowar *ƙamus* ɗinsa na 1873 (tare da sabon take:  Danish   ), sai ya kara da cewa a cikin shagunan sa. Ivar Aasen yana da ƙila a keɓe wuri a cikin tarihin adabi a matsayin mutumin da ya ƙirƙira, ko kuma aƙalla zaɓe da kuma gina shi, yaren da ya faranta wa dubban mutanen ƙasarsa rai har suka yarda da shi ga makarantunsu, wa’azinsu da waƙoƙinsu. Ya mutu a Christiania a ranar 23 ga Satumba 1896, kuma an binne shi tare da karrama jama'a.  

## Cibiyar Ivar Aasen
Ivar Aasen-tunet, wata cibiya ce mai sadaukar da harshen Nynorsk, an buɗe a watan Yuni 2000. Gine-ginen da ke Ørsta an tsara shi ta hanyar injiniyan Norwegian Sverre Fehn . Shafin yanar gizon su ya ƙunshi yawancin rubutun Aasen, wasu misalai masu yawa na adabin Nynorsk (a cikin Nettbiblioteket, Laburaren Intanet), da wasu labarai, gami da wasu a cikin Ingilishi, game da tarihin harshe a Norway.

## Shekarar Harshe 2013
*Språkåret 2013* (Shekarar Harshe 2013) ta yi bikin cika shekaru 200 na Ivar Aasen,  da kuma cika shekaru 100 na Det Norske Teateret . Babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a wannan shekarar shi ne bikin bambance-bambancen harshe a Norway.  A kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a da aka fitar dangane da bikin, kashi 56% na 'yan kasar Norway sun ce suna da ra'ayi mai kyau game da Aasen, yayin da kashi 7% ke da ra'ayi mara kyau.  A ranar bikin Aasen na 200, 5 ga Agusta 2013, *Bergens Tidende*, wanda aka saba bugawa a Bokmål, ya buga bugu cikakke a Nynorsk don tunawa da Aasen. 

## Littafi Mai Tsarki
Aasen ya buga abubuwa da yawa, wasu daga cikinsu sun fito bayan mutuwa.

## Bayanan kafa

## Magana

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*  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gosse, Edmund (1911). "Aasen, Ivar". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 4–5.
* norwegian journal talks about the removal of Nynorsk https://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/sid/i/8mo5GW/du-kan-ikke-velge-bort-nynorsk-bare-fordi-det-er-vanskelig-ingrid-b

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Saitin kiɗan Kirista Sinding na waƙoƙin Aasen guda uku Maki daga Sibley Music Library Digital Scores collections
* Abin tunawa da girmama Ivar Aasen na Paul Fjelde
* Gidan Yanar Gizo na Ivar Aasen
* ''Haraldshaugen'' na Ivar Aasen