Hank Adams

**Henry Lyle Adams** (16 ga Mayu, 1943 - 21 ga Disamba, 2020) ya kasance ɗan gwagwarmayar 'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka wanda aka sani da mai cin nasara,   mai ba da shawara,  da kuma mai tattaunawa. Ya taimaka wajen warware manyan rikice-rikice da yawa tsakanin 'yan asalin Amurka da jami'an gwamnati na jihohi da tarayya bayan 1960. An haife shi a wani ajiya a Montana kuma yana zaune a Jihar Washington don yawancin rayuwarsa, ya shiga cikin zanga-zangar da tattaunawa a Washington, DC da Wounded Knee, Dakota ta Kudu.

Adams ya taimaka wajen aiki don tabbatarwa da kare haƙƙin kamun kifi da farauta a yankunan gargajiya ba tare da ƙuntatawa ba. Ya inganta canji ta hanyar zanga-zangar da kalubalen kotu. Hukuncin da aka yi a Amurka v. Washington (1974), wanda aka fi sani da Hukuncin Boldt, wanda Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta amince da shi (1979), ya sake tabbatar da haƙƙin kamun kifi na yarjejeniya a yankin da aka ba shi. Ya haifar da kabilun da suka zama masu kula da salmon da sauran albarkatun kamun kifi tare da jihar Washington da kuma ajiye wani ɓangare na girbi na shekara-shekara a gare su.

Adams ta shiga cikin Yunkurin Indiyawan Amurka, gami da zama a Ginin Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida a Washington, DC a cikin 1972 da kuma cikin kwanaki 71 na abin da ya faru na Wounded Knee a cikin 1973. A lokuta biyu Adams ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tattauna hanyoyin zaman lafiya na yanayi mai rikitarwa. Ya ci gaba da aikinsa don matsawa ga ikon mallakar kabilanci, da kuma kabilun don maido da rawar dattawan su. A shekara ta 2006 an girmama shi da lambar yabo ta 'American Indian Visionary Award' ta Indiya Country Today . 

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Adams ne ga dangin Assiniboine a yankin Fort Peck Indian Reservation a Montana a ranar 16 ga Mayu, 1943.  An haife shi ne Wolf Point, Montana  wanda aka fi sani da Poverty Flats .  Mahaifinsa Louis Adams, mai hawan tagulla da bijimi, da mahaifiyarsa Jessie, mai hawar rodeo da kuma mace mai hawan doki, sun sake aure lokacin da yake matashi. An ba iyalin sunan mahaifiyar Ingilishi lokacin da aka tura kakansa, Two Hawk Boy, yana da shekaru tara  zuwa makarantar kwana ta Indiya ta Fort Peck, ɗaya daga cikin Makarantun kwana na Indiya da aka kafa don daidaita yaran 'yan asalin Amurka cikin al'ummar Turai-Amurka a Amurka. An sake masa suna John Adams, kuma 'ya'yansa sun riƙe sunan mahaifiyar. Hank Adams, wanda aka fi sani da Yellow Eagle, yana da 'yar'uwa ɗaya, Lois . 

Iyalinsa sun koma Jihar Washington zuwa ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II .  Sun zauna a Taholah, Washington, wani ɓangare na Quinault Indian Reservation a kan Olympic Peninsula .  Yayinda yake girma, Adams ya fara kamun kifi a kai a kai kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai karɓar 'ya'yan itace da kayan lambu a gonakin da ke kusa, inda ya sami ƙa'idar aiki mai ƙarfi. Adams ya kasance shugaban ɗalibai, editan jaridar makaranta da littafin shekara, kuma ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa da kwando  a makarantar sakandare ta Moclips-Aloha a Moclips, Washington, ya kammala a 1961.  Ya yi aiki a wani bangare na lokacin a cikin wani sawmill a kan Quinault Reservation . 

## Yunkurin fafutuka
Adams ya shiga Majalisar Matasan Indiya ta Kasa (NIYC) a 1963. Yayinda yake aiki a matsayin Daraktan Ayyuka na Musamman daga 1963 zuwa 1967,  ya sadu da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Marlon Brando, wanda daga baya ya shiga cikin ƙungiyar kare hakkin 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka kuma ya goyi bayan masu zanga-zangar a abubuwan da suka faru da yawa.  Adams ya shirya zanga-zangar zanga-zanga a ranar 3 ga Maris, 1964 a babban birnin Washington Olympia, don jawo hankali ga yunkurin jihar na iyakance haƙƙin kamun kifi na yarjejeniyar Indiya.   Fiye da 'yan asalin Amurka 1,000 da magoya bayansu sun halarci taron. Ya gayyaci Brando zuwa taron, wanda ziyararsa ta jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai na kasa.

Ranar kafin tafiyar, an shirya zanga-zangar "fish-in" a jihar Washington a Franks Landing,  ta farko daga cikin jerin ayyukan rashin biyayya na 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka da aka tsara akan zaman kansu na ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Afirka.  An kama Brando a "fish-in" kuma an sake shi da sauri.

### Kasuwanci na Babban Ginin Cikin Gida
Adams ya taimaka wajen ceton rayukan Indiya a cikin manyan zanga-zangar Red Power na farkon shekarun 1970. A lokacin da aka mamaye ofisoshin Ofishin Harkokin Indiya a cikin Babban Ginin Cikin Gida a 1972, Adams shine babban mai tattaunawa a madadin Indiyawa. A lokacin tattaunawar da Fadar White House ta yi game da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin da aka karbe mulki, Adams ya kasance mabuɗin samun afuwa daga gurfanar da masu zanga-zangar. Watanni bayan haka, Adams ya shiga cikin aikin 1973 na Wounded Knee (duba ƙasa):

### Lamarin da ya faru a gwiwa
A watan Fabrairun 1973, masu zanga-zangar AIM sun jagoranci abin da ya zama sananne da abin da ya faru na Wounded Knee, zanga-zambe na kwana 71 a cikin Pine Ridge Indian Reservation a Dakota ta Kudu. Adams ya taimaka wajen kawo karshen mamayar ta hanyar zaman lafiya. Ya kasance matsakaici tsakanin Frank Fools Crow, shugaban aikin Lakota, da wakilan Fadar White House ta Shugaba Richard Nixon. Leonard Garment, babban mataimakin Fadar White House wajen warware duka ginin cikin gida da kuma abin da ya faru na Wounded Knee, ya ce: "Hank Adams' rawar da ta taka a cikin zaman lafiya na wasu matsaloli masu wahala har yanzu a bayyane yake a zuciyata". Adams ya yi aiki galibi a bayan fage a kan waɗannan batutuwan biyu. Adams ya ce game da aikinsa: "Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da kuka hana su faru suna da mahimmanci kamar yadda yawancin abubuwan da kuka iya cimma su".

## Ayyukan rubuce-rubuce
Don wayar da kan jama'a game da rikice-rikicen kamun kifi a Arewa maso Yammacin Pacific, Adams ya samar da As Long as the Rivers Run, fim din fim. An yi fim tsakanin 1968 da 1970, wannan aikin ya rubuta gwagwarmaya tsakanin 'yan asalin Amurka da jami'an gwamnati a lokacin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Kifi, jerin ayyukan da 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka suka nemi tabbatar da haƙƙin kamun kifi. Adams ya keɓe wannan fim ɗin ga surukinsa, Valerie Bridges, wanda ya mutu a wani abin da ya faru yayin da yake nuna haƙƙin kamun kifi.
 
An nuna fim din a shekarar 1972 ga mazaunan Babban Ginin Cikin Gida, hedkwatar BIA a Washington, DC daga baya Adams ya ce tun lokacin da fim din ya nuna tashin hankali ga matan 'yan asalin Amurka a lokacin zanga-zangar, yana iya taimakawa ga mazauna da suka lalata ginin cikin gida.

Kamar yadda Rivers Run an sake sarrafa shi ta hanyar dijital kuma an ba da shi ga jama'a bayan ƙungiyar ba da riba ta Salmon Defense ta saye shi.

## Kyauta
Mutane da yawa a cikin al'ummar Indiya sun dauki Adams a matsayin daya daga cikin mutanen da suka fi tasiri a cikin motsi. Leonard Garment, babban mataimakin Fadar White House wajen warware aikin BIA da kuma abin da ya faru na Wounded Knee, ya ce game da Adams: "Hank Adams' rawar da ta taka a cikin zaman lafiya na wasu matsaloli masu wahala har yanzu a bayyane yake a zuciyata".

Vine Deloria Jr. (Standing Rock Sioux), masanin tarihi, babban marubucin 'yan asalin Amurka, kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam, ya ce Adams yana daya daga cikin manyan Indiyawan shekaru 60 da suka gabata.

Adams ya kasance memba na Franks Landing Indian Community na mutanen Nisqually .  Ya mutu a ranar 21 ga Disamba, 2020, a Olympia, Washington . 

A ranar 16 ga Mayu, 2024, an girmama shi da Google Doodle . 

## Daraja

* Cibiyar Nazarin Ayyukan Jama'a ta Amurka ta girmama Adams a 1981 tare da lambar yabo ta Jefferson don Ayyukan Jamaʼa.
* Adams ya sami lambar yabo ta Ibrahim Lincoln daga Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta Kasa a cikin 1971 don "ayyukan ƙarfin hali don tallafawa daidaito"  da kuma "gwagwarmayarsa mara gajiyawa". 
* A shekara ta 2006 an girmama shi da lambar yabo ta Indiya ta Indiya ta Indian Country Today, mutum na uku da ya karbi kyautar.
* A ranar 16 ga Mayu, 2024, an kirkiro Google Doodle don murnar jajircewarsa ga adalci na zamantakewa da muhalli.

## Manazarta