Chilembwe uprising

**Tashin hankali na Chilembwe** tawaye ne ga 'yan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a Nyasaland (Malawi ta yau) wanda ya faru a cikin watan Janairu 1915. John Chilembwe, ministan Baftisma mai ilimi a Amurka ne ya jagoranta. Bisa ga cocinsa a ƙauyen Mbombwe a kudu maso gabas na mulkin mallaka, jagororin tawayen sun fito ne daga wani baƙar fata da ke tasowa. Korafe-korafen da ake yi wa tsarin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya ne ya motsa su, wanda ya haɗa da aikin tilastawa, wariyar launin fata da sabbin buƙatu da aka sanya wa al'ummar Afirka bayan ɓarkewar yakin duniya na ɗaya.

Tawayen dai ya ɓarke ne da yammacin ranar 23 ga watan Janairun 1915, lokacin da 'yan tawayen Chilembwe suka tunzura su, suka kai hari a hedikwatar AL Bruce Estates a Mahomero suka kashe fararen fata uku. Wani harin da bai yi nasara ba a wani kantin sayar da makamai a Blantyre ya biyo bayan dare.  Da safiyar ranar 24 ga watan Janairu, hukumomin mulkin mallaka sun tattara rijiyoyin sa kai na Nyasaland (NVR) tare da kiran dakaru na yau da kullun daga King's African Rifles (KAR). Bayan wani harin da sojojin KAR suka kai kan Mbombwe a ranar 25 ga watan Janairu, 'yan tawayen sun kai hari kan wata tawagar Kiristoci a Nguludi tare da kona shi. KAR da NVR sun kama Mbombwe ba tare da fuskantar wata turjiya ba a ranar 26 ga watan Janairu. Yawancin 'yan tawayen, ciki har da Chilembwe da kansa, sun gudu zuwa Mozambique na Portugal, suna fatan samun tsira a can, amma an kama da yawa. An kashe kusan ’yan tawaye 40 a sakamakon tawayen, kuma an daure 300 a kurkuku; 'Yan sanda da ke sintiri sun harbe Chilembwe a kusa da kan iyaka a ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairu.

Ko da yake tawayen bai samu nasara da kansa ba, ana yawan ambatonsa a matsayin lokacin ruwan sha a tarihin Malawi. Tawayen ya yi tasiri mai ɗorewa a tsarin mulkin Birtaniya a Nyasaland, kuma an aiwatar da wasu gyare-gyare a bayansa. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ƙungiyar masu kishin ƙasa ta Malawi mai girma ta sami sha'awar tawayen Chilembwe, kuma bayan samun 'yancin kai na Malawi a shekarar 1964 an yi bikin a matsayin muhimmin lokaci a tarihin ƙasar. Tunawa da Chilembwe, wanda ya kasance sananne a cikin fahimtar al'umma ta gama gari, yawancin 'yan siyasar Malawi sun yi amfani da su cikin alama da maganganu. A yau, ana gudanar da zanga-zangar a kowace shekara kuma Chilembwe da kansa ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin gwarzo na ƙasa.

## Tarihi

Turawan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a yankin Malawi na zamani, inda aka yi tawaye, ya fara ne tsakanin shekarun 1899 zuwa 1900, lokacin da Birtaniyyan suka nemi su kara karfin ikonsu a kan yankin don kawar da mamaye daular Portuguese ko Jamusawa.  Yankin ya zama yankin kariyar Birtaniyya a cikin shekarar 1891 a matsayin Biritaniya ta Tsakiyar Afirka ta Tsakiya kuma a cikin shekarar 1907 ana kiranta Nyasaland.  Ba kamar sauran sassa na Afirka ba, inda mulkin Birtaniya ya dogara da goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin gida, a Nyasaland ikon Birtaniyya ya dogara ne akan fifikon soja. A cikin shekarun 1890 hukumomin mulkin mallaka sun murkushe tawaye da yawa daga mutanen Yao, Ngoni da Chewa. 

Mulkin Birtaniyya a Nyasaland ya canza tsarin ikon ƴan asalin yankin.  Lokacin mulkin mallaka na farko ya ga wasu ƙaura da ƙaura daga turawan mulkin mallaka, waɗanda suka sayi yankuna masu yawa daga sarakunan yankin, galibi don biyan kuɗi a cikin beads ko bindigogi.  Galibin filayen da fararen fata suka samu, musamman a cikin tsaunukan Shire, an maida su gonaki inda ake noman shayi, kofi, auduga da taba.  Ƙaddamar da cibiyoyi na mulkin mallaka, irin su harajin Hut, ya tilasta wa ’yan asalin ƙasar da yawa samun aikin biya da kuma buƙatar aikin da gonaki suka haifar ya sa su zama babban ma'aikata.  Da zarar an yi aiki a gonakin, ma’aikatan baƙar fata sun gano cewa ana yawan dukansu kuma ana nuna musu wariyar launin fata.  Bugu da ƙari, an tilasta wa gonakin shuka su dogara da tsarin, wanda aka sani a cikin gida a matsayin *[[thangata]]*, wanda a ƙarshe ya haɗa da aiwatar da aiki mai yawa kamar haya a cikin nau'i kuma akai-akai ya zama aikin tilastawa. 

## Manazarta