John Bredenkamp

**John Arnold Bredenkamp** (11 ga Agusta 1940 - 18 ga Yuni 2020) ɗan kasuwan Zimbabwe ne kuma ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙungiyar rugby. Shi ne ya kafa kungiyar Casalee.

## Ƙuruciya
An haife shi a Afirka ta Kudu, Bredenkamp ya ƙaura tare da danginsa zuwa Kudancin Rhodesia tun yana yaro. Ya kasance maraya ne a tsakiyar shekarunsa a ranar haihuwarsa, yayin da yake kan babur dinsa, ya dawo ya tarar mahaifinsa ya harbe mahaifiyarsa da ‘yar uwarsa sannan ya harbe kansa. 'Yar uwarsa ta tsira daga harbin. Ya yi karatu a Kudancin Rhodesia a Makarantar Prince Edward, Salisbury. Na zuriyar Dutch, Bredenkamp ya yi rajista a matsayin ɗan ƙasar Rhodesian a shekarar 1958. An bayar da rahoton cewa ya yi asarar zama dan kasar Zimbabwe “ba bisa ka’ida ba” a shekarar 1984, amma an maido masa wannan jim kadan bayan haka.

An ruwaito Bredenkamp yana rike da fasfo na Zimbabwe, Afirka ta Kudu da kuma Dutch. Batun dan kasarsa dai wani lamari ne da ya samu sabani da wasu jami'an kasar Zimbabwe a karshen shekara ta 2006.

A matsayinsa na ɗan kungiyar Rugby Union na kasa da kasa, ya jagoranci Rhodesia daga shekarun 1965 zuwa 1968.

## Farkon aiki
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Bredenkamp ya shiga Gallaher Limited, kamfanin tobacco sigari na duniya a Zimbabwe (sai Rhodesia), a matsayin mai siyan ganye. A shekara ta 1968 an canza shi zuwa Niemeyer a Netherlands, inda ya kai matsayin darektan ganye.

Bayan barin Gallaher a shekarar 1976, Bredenkamp ya kafa Kamfanin Casalee Group na kamfanoni masu rijista a Antwerp, Belgium. An yi imanin cewa, aikin na Casalee na da hannu wajen sayar da tabar Rhodesian a kasuwannin duniya, ta hanyar kaucewa takunkumin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Casalee da farko kamfani ne na siyar da sigari amma kuma ya tsunduma cikin ciniki gabaɗaya kuma ƙwararren mai ƙaddamar da ciniki da ciniki. Rukunin Casalee ya girma sama da shekaru 16 ya zama dillalan sigari na biyar a duniya kuma babban kamfanin taba sigari ba na Amurka ba. Ƙungiyar ta ɗauki ma'aikata 2,500 kuma tana da ofisoshi a duk manyan ƙasashe masu girma da sigari a duniya ciki har da Amurka (Winston-Salem), Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, China, Girka, Indiya, Indonesia, Italiya, Portugal, Rasha, Spain, Thailand, Turkiyya da Yugoslavia. Kamfanin ya mallaki masana'antar sarrafa taba a cikin Netherlands, Zimbabwe, Malawi da Brazil.

An sayar da Rukunin Kamfanoni na Casalee a shekarar 1993 ga Universal Leaf Tobacco, kamfanin taba sigari mafi girma a duniya. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Bredenkamp ya fadada kasuwancinsa zuwa wasu yankuna daban-daban, musamman ta hanyar kamfanin Breco mai rijista na Zimbabwe. 

## Rawar da ya taka a Zimbabwe
Aikin Bredenkamp ya tashi sosai a ƙarshen shekarun 1970 lokacin da ya tsunduma cikin harkokin kasuwanci na gwamnatin UDI da aka sanyawa takunkumi a Rhodesia. An yi iƙirarin cewa ya gudanar da harkokin kuɗaɗen sojojin ƙasar Rhodesi yadda ya kamata a lokacin yaƙin Bush na baya.  A wannan matsayi, ya ba da siya da siyar da kayayyakin Rhodesian zuwa ketare (mafi yawan taba) kuma ya yi amfani da kuɗin da aka samu wajen sayan makamai da kayan aikin soja. Yarjejeniyar sa ta "takunkumin karya takunkumi" (sau da yawa ya shafi hadaddun hada-hadar kasuwanci) ya dore wa tsarin mulkin UDI na tsawon lokaci fiye da yadda zai yiwu. Waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin sun kasance gaba ɗaya na doka ƙarƙashin dokar Rhodesian.

Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1980, Bredenkamp ya bar Zimbabwe ya koma Belgium. Duk da haka, ya ci gaba da shiga cikin kasuwancin kayayyaki da siyan kayan tsaro. Ya sanya kansa mai amfani a wasu wurare. A shekara ta 1984 ya yi sulhu da sarakunan sabuwar Zimbabwe kuma ya sami damar komawa gida. Zimbabwe ta samar da tushe mai karimci don mu'amalar Bredenkamp da abokan ciniki a Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Waɗannan mu'amala sun sa Bredenkamp da abokansa mazaje masu arziki sosai. Har ila yau, sun taimaka wajen dorewar tattalin arzikin Zimbabwe a lokacin da ake fama da tashe-tashen hankula.

Bredenkamp ya samu gagarumin tasiri a harkokin siyasa da tattalin arziki na Zimbabwe. An san cewa ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin al'amuran da suka shafi tsoma bakin Zimbabwe a cikin DRC tsakanin shekarun 1998 zuwa 2003. Wannan shiga tsakani ya kunshi amfani da sojojin kasar Zimbabwe da sojojin sama wajen marawa gwamnatin Kabila baya a yakin da take yi da 'yan tawaye da ke samun goyon bayan Uganda da Rwanda. Da alama an sami ɗan alaƙa tsakanin shiga tsakani da kuma rangwamen ma'adinai na karimci da DRC ta baiwa jiga-jigan 'yan siyasa da 'yan kasuwa na Zimbabwe.  Lokacin da Zimbabwe ta fuskanci takunkumin EU daga 1999 zuwa gaba, gwamnatin Mugabe ta sami damar yin kira ga takunkumin da ya lalata kwarewar UDI don ci gaba da samar da sojojinta. 

Bredenkamp ya zama wani abu mai karfi a bayan fage a cikin jam'iyyar ZANU-PF mai mulki. An yi iƙirarin cewa ya nemi sauƙaƙa wa shugaba Mugabe murabus da wuri a shekara ta 2004 da kuma maye gurbinsa da Emmerson Mnangagwa, tsohon ministan tsaro kuma kakakin majalisar dokoki. Hakan dai bai ji dadin bangarorin da ke gaba da juna a jam’iyyar ZANU-PF ba, kuma an fara gudanar da bincike na gwamnati kan al’amuran da suka shafi kamfanin kasuwanci na Bredenkamp na Breco, dangane da kaucewa biyan haraji da kuma keta dokar musaya. Batutuwan da ake gudanar da bincike sun hada da hada-hadar kasuwanci tsakanin Breco da ke Zimbabwe da kuma kamfanonin ketare da Bredenkamp ke sarrafawa.

An alakanta Bredenkamp da ikirari na saukaka murabus din Mugabe a shekara ta 2000, ta hanyar binciken da jaridar Guardian ta yi kan bayanan sirrin ofishin jakadancin Amurka da aka bankado. 

A watan Satumban 2006 an gurfanar da Bredenkamp a Zimbabwe bisa zarginsa da yin amfani da fasfo na Afirka ta Kudu wajen tafiye-tafiyen kasa da kasa. Dokar zama dan kasa ta Zimbabwe ba ta bada izinin zama dan kasa biyu ba. Ko da yake an wanke shi, sai da ya yi fada da wata kotu ta biyu don samun umarnin mayar da fasfo dinsa na Zimbabwe da magatakardar kotun ya rike. An umarce shi da ya gabatar da shaidun da ke nuna cewa ya yi watsi da zama ɗan ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu don a maido da ƙasarsa ta dindindin.  Amma an mayar da fasfo dinsa.

A cikin watan Afrilu 2016, *The Guardian* ta ruwaito cewa Bredenkamp yana da "kimanin arziƙin £ 700m daga cinikin taba, cinikin makamai masu launin toka, tallan wasanni da hakar lu'u-lu'u." 

Daga shekara ta 2008 har zuwa mutuwarsa, Bredenkamp ya kasance cikin takunkumin da Amurka ta kakabawa mutanen da ke da matukar tasiri a gwamnatin Zimbabwe. 

## Mutuwa
A cewar rahotannin labarai, Bredenkamp ya mutu a ranar 18 ga watan Yuni 2020 saboda gazawar koda.   

## Duba kuma

* Tremalt
* Fararen fata a Zimbabwe

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* John Bredenkamp's personal website – "The real facts about me... and the activities of my associated businesses."
* Breco website 
* Bredenkamp hold Dutch passport 
* Bredenkamp hold passport Dutch (free access)
* Dutch Public Prosecutor to investigate Bredenkamp
* https://www.newzimbabwe.com/breaking-business-tycoon-john-bredenkamp-dies/

## Manazarta