Kungiyoyin Afirka tsoro na ɗabi'a

**Tsoron ɗabi'a na ƙungiyoyin Afirka**, wanda wani lokaci ake magana da shi a matsayin **labarin gangsan Afirka**, tsoro ne na ɗabi'a dangane da kasancewar ƙungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka na Sudan-Austriya a Melbourne, Ostiraliya. Mafi tsananin lokacin firgici ya faru ne a cikin watanni 32 tsakanin Maris 2016 da Nuwamba 2018, a cikin shirye-shiryen zaben jihar Victoria na 2018 .

Abin da ya jawo firgici shi ne arangama tsakanin matasa da 'yan sanda a bikin Moomba a ranar 12 ga Maris 2016, bayan haka 'yan jam'iyyar Liberal Party ta Australia da kuma kafofin watsa labaru na Australia, musamman jaridar Herald Sun, sun yi magana akai-akai game da matsalar "'yan Afirka" a Melbourne. A lokacin firgicin, jaridu sun kara habaka duk wani aiki na laifi da aka aikata, ko zargin aikatawa, daga mutanen asalin Afirka, suna bugawa akai-akai tare da mai da hankali kan kabilanci na wadanda ake zargi. Wannan ya haifar da ƙarin tsokaci daga 'yan siyasa, matsa lamba ga 'yan sanda da su dauki tsauraran matakai a kan barazanar da ake tsammani, kuma ya haifar da tsoro a tsakanin farar Australiya wanda kafofin watsa labaru suka ruwaito, a cikin wani yanayi wanda ya haifar da firgita.

Duk da irin wannan jawabin da aka yi a kafafen yada labarai, 'yan sanda da kungiyoyin al'umma sun musanta wanzuwar kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka a tsakanin al'ummar Sudan-Australiya, kuma alkaluma sun nuna cewa laifukan da matasan Sudan-Australian suka aikata ya zama kadan ne kawai na laifuka a Victoria . Don haka, masana nazarin kafofin watsa labaru suna kallon labarun ƙungiyoyin Afirka a matsayin misali na firgita ɗabi'a na wariyar launin fata .

Kafofin yada labarai da siyasa sun mayar da hankali kan 'yan Sudan-Ostiraliya da aikata laifuka a Melbourne sun ragu sosai bayan zabukan 2018, amma har ila yau al'ummar Sudan ta Kudu na ci gaba da jin illar rashin gaskiya, aikin 'yan sanda da nuna wariyar launin fata ga al'ummar Sudan. 'Yan Melburn na asalin Sudan sun ba da rahoton rashin amincewa da 'yan sanda da kuma juyayi na taro a bainar jama'a saboda tsoron cin zarafi daga jami'an tsaro.

## Tarihi

### Kafin 2016
Ostiraliya tana da tarihin firgita na ɗabi'a game da aikata laifukan baƙi, musamman masu alaƙa da gaske ko waɗanda ake zaton "ƙungiyoyi" daga al'ummomin da ke da hannu a cikin raƙuman ƙaura na kwanan nan.   Shaidanun jama'a a cikin wadannan firgita ya bambanta dangane da lokaci da wuri;   a Sydney na zamani, baƙi musulmi da Larabawa sun karɓi iko daga al'ummomin Italiyanci da Girka waɗanda suka kasance dalilin damuwa a cikin 1970s da 1980s, yayin da a Melbourne da Perth jawabai game da ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin Asiya sun ta'allaka ne akan ƙungiyoyin Asiya. 

Daga tsakiyar 1990s zuwa 2011, mutane 27,679 da aka haifa a Sudan sun yi hijira zuwa Ostiraliya, galibi a matsayin 'yan gudun hijira, tare da mafi girman shekarun sulhu tsakanin 2002 da 2006.  Wannan yunƙurin ƙaura na Afirka ya haifar da haifar da ɓangarorin ƙungiyoyi masu kama da waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don kwatanta sabbin ƙauran da suka shigo a baya.   A shekara ta 2004, jaridun Australiya sun riga sun fara amfani da kalmar "ƙungiyoyin Afirka" don rarraba fada tsakanin matasa 'yan asalin Afirka. 

#### Kisan Liep Gony da abubuwan da suka faru na 2007
A cikin 2007, Liep Gony, ɗan gudun hijira mai shekaru 19 da ya yi ƙaura daga Sudan a 1999, an yi masa mugun duka a unguwar Noble Park na Melbourne, ya mutu sakamakon raunin da ya samu bayan sa'o'i 24.  Duk da cewa daga baya ya bayyana cewa wasu fararen fata ne suka kashe Gony, martanin nan da nan kan kisan Gony daga 'yan siyasa da 'yan jaridu shi ne sanya shi a matsayin misali na tashin hankalin "gungun 'yan Afirka".   

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kisan, Kevin Andrews, ministan shige da fice, ya bayyana, "wasu ƙungiyoyin baƙi ba sa daidaitawa da daidaitawa cikin rayuwar Australiya da sauri kamar yadda muke fata."  Rahotanni na farko na manema labarai sun dauki matsayi cewa kisan kai misali ne na "rikicin ƙungiyoyin kabilanci", suna kafa labarunsu a kan maganganun da ba a san su ba daga jami'an 'yan sanda da ba a san su ba da mazauna yankin, tare da Andrews ya bayyana cewa jami'an sun gaya masa cewa Melbourne yana da "matsalar gungun 'yan Sudan."  Duk da haka, a lokacin kisan, jami'in hulda da al'adu da yawa na 'yan sanda Melbourne ya gaya wa *The Australian* cewa 'yan sanda sau da yawa suna kuskuren ƙungiyoyin matasan baƙar fata marasa laifi ga ƙungiyoyi. 

Lokacin da ta tabbata cewa wasu fararen fata guda biyu ne suka kashe Gony, Andrews ya ki ya nemi afuwa game da kalaman da ya yi kan 'yan Sudan-Australiya,  yana mai cewa "Ba na ba da shawarar neman afuwa ba don fadin abin da mutane ke damun su."  Minista Andrews ya kuma jajirce wajen yin tsokaci kan maharan farar fata da suka lakada wa wani dan Sudan duka a wani harin wariyar launin fata a fili kwana daya bayan jana'izar Gony, wanda masanin ilimin zamantakewa Joel Windle ya bambanta da yin Allah wadai da harin da matasan Sudan suka kai kan wani dan sanda a matsayin "marasa Australiya".  An yi arangama tsakanin matasan Sudan da 'yan sanda a lokuta da dama a tsakanin Satumba da Disamba, tare da bayanan 'yan sanda na tashin hankalin a daya zargin "hargitsi" da ya saba wa shaidu.  Bayan abubuwan da suka faru, jam'iyyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi ta gabatar da kisan kai da cin zarafi a Melbourne a matsayin misalan " gazawar hadin gwiwa ", tare da ba da misali da su a matsayin hujjar rage yawan adadin bizar da ake ba wa 'yan Afirka daga kashi 70% zuwa 30%.  

A cikin bincikensa na bayar da rahoto game da abubuwan da suka faru a kusa da kisan Gony, Windle ya ba da haske kan tsarin wariyar launin fata wanda Ostiraliya da Herald Sun a duk duniya suka yi wa mutanen da ba farar fata suna da alamomin kabilanci yayin da suke tattaunawa da su, suna bambanta wannan da yanayin da ake ɗauka na rashin ƙabilanci na fari lokacin da ake tattaunawa game da "masu gari".  Ya kuma lura da yawan amfani da harshe mara kyau tare da haɗin gwiwar waɗannan alamomin kabilanci, musamman a kusa da ƙungiyoyin matasa. 

#### Kisan Alex Ngong Akok
Shekaru biyu bayan haka, a Adelaide, an kashe Alex Ngong Akok, wani matashi dan asalin Afirka, tare da sake gabatar da harin ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai wanda ya aikata laifin laifi.   Duk da harin da matasan farar fata suka kai, 'yan jaridun kasar sun wallafa cikakkun bayanai game da tuhume-tuhumen da ake yi masa a kotu, inda suka yi hasashen cewa akwai alaka ta gungun 'yan ta'adda tare da nuna cewa kisan nasa ya zama "ramuwar gayya". 

### Tsayin firgici (2016-2018)
Abin da ya haifar da firgicin ɗabi'a a kusa da "gangs" a Melbourne shine "hargitsi" a bikin Moomba a 2016.    A cikin shekaru biyu kafin bikin, an buga jimillar labarai guda huɗu a cikin manyan jaridu biyu na Melbourne, *The Age* and the *Herald Sun* waɗanda suka ambaci kalmomin *Sudan* da *ƙungiyoyi*, yayin da a cikin shekaru biyu da suka biyo baya akwai 130.  Hakazalika, a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata kafin bikin, an ambaci sunan "Apex Gang", wanda zai zama fitacciyar sigar maganganun wariyar launin fata a kan laifuka, kuma babu ɗayansu ya haɗa shi da wata ƙabila ta musamman. 

Tsoron ya firgita bayan nasarar Labour a Zaben Jihar Victoria na 2018,  bayan haka, kafofin watsa labaru da 'yan siyasa na haɗin gwiwar sun dakatar da matsananciyar turawa ga gungun kungiyoyin Afirka.  Tsawon lokacin da kafofin yada labarai da kuma kula da siyasa a al'ummar Sudan ta Melbourne ya kasance kusan watanni 32. 

#### Rikicin Moomba Festival da kuma Gang na Apex
A daren 12 ga Maris, 2016, rikici ya barke a bikin Moomba na shekara-shekara na Melbourne, bikin da ya shafi iyali da aka gudanar a tsakiyar Melbourne.   Rahotannin da aka samu a yammacin ranar sun nuna cewa an yi artabu tsakanin matasa da suka fito daga kasashen Afirka da Ostiraliya da kuma Pacific-Islanders.    Abubuwa da dama na barna da rashin lafiya sun faru a wurin bikin,  tare da rahotannin labarai da ke nuna cewa fadan ya barke tsakanin ƙungiyoyi biyu na matasa.  Haka kuma an samu rahotanni, bisa asusun masu halartar biki, na samari 'yan asalin Sudan-Australiya, suna fafatawa da sauran masu halartar biki.  Rikicin ya kai ga ’yan sandan da suka yi amfani da maganin feshi da ake kira capsicum don tarwatsa gungun matasa maza da maza a dandalin tarayya .    Bayan abubuwan da suka faru, babban kwamishinan 'yan sanda na Victoria ya bayyana cewa, kasancewar 'yan sanda masu yawa na iya haifar da tashin hankali a cikin tashin hankali,  hira da 'yan Sudan-Australian da suka halarci bikin kuma sun nuna cewa hakan zai kasance.  Bidiyoyin abubuwan da suka faru sun fito da sauri kuma an buga su a gidajen yanar gizo na kafofin watsa labarai na Ostiraliya, galibi a cikin labaran da ke yin nuni ga "ƙungiyoyin kabilanci". Yawanci sun nuna mutane masu duhun fata waɗanda suka zarce 'yan sanda kuma da alama suna yin wani abu mai ban tsoro. 

A kwanakin da suka biyo bayan arangamar da aka yi a Moomba, wata kafar yada labarai ta bayyana wanda ta dora laifin faruwar lamarin a kan wata kungiyar da ta bayyana a matsayin Apex Gang, wadda ake zargin ta kunshi 'yan Sudan-Australiya.  Editories da labarai na labarai game da Apex sun fara bayyana a cikin *Herald Sun*, kuma tashoshi na gida da sauran jaridu sun karɓi labarin.  Takardar Melbourne *The Age* da farko ta yi la'akari da ɗaukar hoto na *Herald Sun*, duk da haka, a cikin 'yan makonni kaɗan ya daina haɗawa da bayanan kabilanci a cikin ɗaukar hoto kuma a cikin lokaci ya fara tambayar sassan labarin.  Labarin ya kuma nuna cewa yawan laifuka yana shafar Melbourne saboda ayyukan wannan ƙungiyar.  Ana fassara waɗannan labarai masu jan hankali zuwa cikin Sinanci kuma suna yaɗuwa tsakanin al'ummar Sinawa na Melbourne ta hanyar tashar WeChat, suna haifar da firgici da fargaba ga jama'ar asalin Afirka. 

Jaridar Herald Sun ta bayar da rahoton cewa, wasu gungun matasa masu dauke da makamai ne suka haddasa rikicin, sannan shugabannin 'yan sandan yankin sun yi watsi da zargin kasancewar kungiyar Apex Gang ta Sudan.  Wani bincike na al'ummar Sudan ta gida kuma ya nuna cewa ƙungiyar ba ta wanzu,  da alama ba ta wuce abin da ya faru na kafofin watsa labarun ba wanda ke nuna halin rashin zaman lafiya ko salon rayuwa.  'Yan Sudan mazauna Melbourne da aka yi hira da su tsakanin 2017-2019 tashin hankalin jihar Moomba 2016 an yi karin gishiri sosai, kuma nan da nan hankalin 'yan jaridu ya mayar da hankali kan mutanen da suka fito daga Afirka, duk da halartar jama'ar kabilu daban-daban, saboda wariyar launin fata a kafofin watsa labarai na Australia da yawan jama'a.  Lee et al ya bayyana Apex a matsayin "ƙungiyar masu aikata laifuka ta kafofin watsa labaru" kuma sun nuna cewa tun da farko sunan ya shafi "gungun matasa marasa tsari" daga kabilu daban-daban amma sun zo ne don yin aiki ga 'yan Australia na Sudan. 

#### Hawan tashin hankali a kafafen yada labarai (2016–2017)

A watannin da suka biyo bayan rikicin da ya faru a bikin Moomba na shekarar 2016, kafafen yada labarai sun danganta kungiyar Apex da satar motoci, farmaki da kuma fasa gidaje. Duk da cewa 'yan sanda, masana da kuma wadanda ake zargi da kasancewa cikin kungiyar sun musanta wanzuwar kungiyoyi a birnin Melbourne, kungiyar Apex ta zama kamar wata alama ta shaidan da ke wakiltar abin da Lee da wasu suka bayyana a matsayin “barazanar laifi mai fadi wanda ke amfani da kalaman wariyar launin fata da suka shafi batun kariyar iyaka, tsoron shigowar bakin haure, da kuma tsoron ta’addanci.” Apex ta zama kalmar da ke nuna laifi da aka alakanta da al’ummar Sudan.

Kafafen yada labarai na talabijin sun karbi labarin "kungiyoyin 'yan Afrika", inda suka yi amfani da shaidun wadanda laifi ya shafa idan sun samu, da kuma hotunan CCTV. Laifukan da ba su da wata alaƙa da kungiyoyi sun fi yawa ana gabatar da su a matsayin aikata laifi daga kungiyar Apex, a matsayin hujja cewa matsalar laifi ta zarta kima. Gidan talabijin Nine Network ta watsa rahoto a watan Yuli a cikin shirin *A Current Affair* cewa mazauna Melbourne sun tilasta daukar sandan kwallo domin kare kansu daga hare-haren cikin gida. Shirin ya bayyana cewa tsarin shari'a a birnin ya gaza.

A lokacin bikin Moomba na shekarar 2017, an kama mutane 53 kuma kafafen labarai sun mayar da hankali kan kungiyar Apex. Duk da haka, cikin mutanen da aka kama, 14 an kama su ne saboda bugu da rikici, kuma ‘yan sandan birnin Melbourne sun bayyana cewa wadanda aka kama sun fito ne daga sassa daban-daban na birnin, kuma laifukan ba su da nasaba da kungiya ko kabila. Jim kadan bayan bikin, kwamishinan 'yan sanda ya bayyana cewa kungiyar Apex ba ta wanzu a lokacin, kuma lokacin da ta wanzu, ba ta kasance kungiyar kabilanci ba ce.

A watan Mayun 2017, shirin *A Current Affair* ya watsa wani shiri mai taken "Apex Vigilante" wanda ya sake nuna cewa wasu wadanda suka fuskanci laifi sun tilasta daukar doka a hannunsu saboda rugujewar tsarin doka da oda a Melbourne.

A lokacin bazarar shekarar 2017, dan majalisar tarayya Jason Wood, wanda shine shugaban kwamitin hadin gwiwa kan shige da fice, ya wallafa wani rubutu a jaridar Herald Sun dangane da alkaluman laifi da suka shafi al’ummar Sudan, inda ya bayyana cewa, “Tare da yawan shigar 'yan Sudan na Kudanci a cikin laifukan tashin hankali a jihar Victoria, dole ne a fara kare rayukan dukkan wadanda ke rayuwa a Melbourne da Australia.”

#### Rigimar Siyasa da Zaɓen Jiha na Victoria (Ƙarshen 2017–2018)

Rigimar siyasa game da zargin kungiyoyin 'yan daba daga Afirka ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin shirye-shiryen zaɓen jihar Victoria na 2018. 'Yan siyasa da kafafen yaɗa labarai sun yi amfani da kalmomin "Afirka" da "Sudan" sosai wajen danganta aikata laifi da tashin hankali a wannan lokaci. Bincike da aka gudanar tare da 'yan jaridu masu rubuta labaran laifi ya nuna cewa kafafen yaɗa labarai na matsawa sosai don tabbatar da cewa labarai sun haɗa da wani sashe na "laifukan Afirka".

A watan Disamba 2017, kwamitin hadin gwiwa na majalisar tarayya mai jagorancin jam’iyyar Liberal ya fitar da rahoto wanda ya ambaci ƙaruwa a ayyukan 'yan daba kuma da ƙarya ya danganta cewa mutanen Sudan sun aikata kashi 1.4% na laifukan jihar Victoria. Rahoton ya yi amfani da kalmar "gangs" ko'ina, duk da cewa 'yan sanda na jihar Victoria sun bayyana cewa ba a samu irin waɗannan kungiyoyin ba. Bayan fitar da rahoton, Jason Wood ya bayyana a jaridar *The Australian* yana cewa, "Yawancin baƙi ba su fahimci doka ba. Na ji daga bakin wasu daga cikin mutanen Sudan cewa ... shiga gidan wani da satar mota ba wani babban laifi ba ne." Wannan furucin ya biyo bayan jerin labaran ban tsoro a jaridar *Herald Sun* da suka ce matasan Sudan ne ke da alhaki. Rahotannin sun fi mayar da hankali ne kan asalin mutanen da ake zargi, suna amfani da kalmomi irin su "kamanni na Afirka", "gang", da "feral thugs".

A wannan watan, wasu abubuwa da suka faru aka bayyana a kafafen yaɗa labarai a matsayin "ƙaruwar laifukan Afirka", musamman daga jaridun da ke ƙarƙashin Newscorp. Wadannan sun haɗa da fafatawa a titi, wani taro a Airbnb da ya haifar da lalata dukiya, da kuma zargin cin zarafin ɗan sanda yayin kama wani mutum; duk an ce matasa masu kama da 'yan Afirka ne suka aikata. Labarin da *Herald Sun* da *Daily Mail* suka buga ya bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a cikin harshen kabilanci, wanda ya tayar da hankali daga 'yan siyasa. Firayim Minista na lokacin, Malcolm Turnbull, ɗan jam’iyyar Conservative na Victoria Greg Hunt da Ministan Shige da Fice Peter Dutton dukkansu sun bayyana matsayinsu game da matsalar "gang" a jihar Victoria, inda Dutton ya ce:

Mutane na tsoron fita zuwa gidan cin abinci da dare domin ana binsu har gida daga baya, ana kai musu hari a gida, ana sace motoci... [Yan siyasa] su bayyana gaskiya, "tabbas wannan tashin hankali ne na kungiyoyin 'yan daba na Afirka".

Baya ga haka, Dutton ya zargi al’umma gaba ɗaya da cewa "idan mutane ba su shirya shiga al’umma ba ta hanyar tura 'ya’yansu makaranta da hana su yawo da dare suna aikata laifi, to ba su dace da zama cikin al’ummar Australia ba". Wadannan kalaman sun gamu da suka a kafafen sada zumunta daga al’ummar Sudan da ke Australia, kuma an musanta su daga 'yan siyasar jam’iyyar Labor, Kwamishinan 'yan sanda na Victoria Graham Ashton da sauran jama'ar jihar.

Turnbull ya goyi bayan Dutton, yana cewa Firayim Ministan jihar Victoria, Daniel Andrews, ba shi da ƙarfi wajen shawo kan matsalar kungiyoyin 'yan daba a titunan Melbourne. Wannan ra’ayin ya samu goyon bayan Greg Hunt, Ministan Lafiya na Tarayya, wanda ya ce: "Mun san cewa laifukan kungiyoyin 'yan Afirka a wasu yankuna sun fita daga hannun hukuma. [...] Kuskuren ba daga 'yan sanda ba ne, sai dai daga Firayim Minista na jihar." Tsohon Firayim Minista Tony Abbott ya kalubalanci musantawar gwamnatin jihar Victoria kan kasancewar kungiyoyin 'yan daba daga Afirka a wata hira da ya yi da gidan rediyo a 2018.

A watan Janairu 2018, Channel 7 ta nuna wata hira da shugaban ƙungiyar neo-fascist mai suna United Patriots Front, Blair Cottrell. Rahoton ya nuna wani taro tsakanin ƙungiyar far-right True Blue Crew da United Patriots Front, inda suka bayyana damuwarsu game da "tashin hankali daga matasan Afirka" kuma suka ce sun haɗu don taimaka wa 'yan Australia su fuskanci abin da suka kira rikicin laifukan baƙi.

A lokuta daban-daban cikin shekarar 2018, shirin *A Current Affair* ya fitar da rahotanni suna zargin cewa 'yan sanda na Melbourne ba sa samun damar tinkarar "laifukan kungiyoyin Afirka", inda suka fitar da wani rahoto mai taken "Cops gone soft?". Wannan shirin ya ƙunshi hirarraki da tsofaffin manyan 'yan sanda da suka ce matakan ƙasa ba sa aiki yadda ya kamata domin suna tsoron fushin shugabanninsu.

Wannan tattaunawar siyasa wadda ta haɗa batun launin fata da shige da fice ta haifar da ƙaruwa a wallafa sakonnin ƙiyayya ga baƙi a kafafen sada zumunta da shafukan intanet. Haka kuma ya sa ƙungiyoyin far-right irin su *Reclaim Australia* suka dawo fili, inda suka canza matsayinsu daga Musulmai zuwa ƙungiyoyin 'yan daba na Afirka. Kafafen yaɗa labarai da 'yan siyasa sun dinga ɗora laifi a kan iyaye da al’ummarsu gaba ɗaya, suna cewa rashin haɗuwa da al’umma shi ne tushe na matsalar.

Kamfen ɗin jam’iyyar Liberal don zaɓen jihar Victoria da aka gudanar a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 2018 ya mai da hankali sosai kan batun doka da oda, a cewar Weng da Mansouri, wani kamfen ne na tayar da tsoro. Sai dai hakan bai yi tasiri sosai ba, domin gwamnatin jam’iyyar Labor da ke kan mulki ta samu nasara a zaɓen. Bayan zaɓen, yaɗuwar labarai kan "kungiyoyin 'yan daba na Afirka" da zargin laifukan baƙi sun ragu sosai.

## Laifi a Melbourne yayin firgici

Duk da cewa rahotannin kafafen yada labarai daga 2016 zuwa 2018 sun fi mayar da hankali kan laifukan da mutanen asalin Afirka suka aikata, a hakikanin gaskiya, alkaluman da Hukumar Kididdigar Laifuka ta fitar a shekarar 2018 sun nuna cewa su ne ke da alhakin kashi 1% kacal na laifukan da aka aikata a jihar Victoria. Wannan ya fi kaso da suke dashi cikin yawan jama'a, wanda ke kashi 0.14%, amma ba sabon abu bane tunda mafi yawan laifuka na fitowa daga matasa masu shekaru tsakanin 16 zuwa 24, kuma yawancin 'yan asalin Sudan a Ostareliya sun fi yawa a wannan rukuni na shekaru.

Kafafen watsa labarai sun fi mayar da hankali kan laifin kutse cikin gida da tayar da hankali. A wannan laifi ne aka samu Sudanawa na Ostareliya suna da yawa, amma duk da haka adadin da suka aikata ya tsaya ne a kashi 4.8%, inda mafi yawan laifukan suka kasance na Fararen Fata na Ostareliya.

Molla ya bayyana cewa duk da “yawan barkwancin rahotanni” da kafafen yada labarai ke yi, adadin laifuka a Victoria ya fi kasa idan aka kwatanta da sauran jihohi. Bugu da kari, idan aka duba laifukan da matasa ke aikatawa, adadin matasan da suka aikata laifi a jihar Victoria (yawan jama'a 6,526,400) ya kai 8,182, a New South Wales (yawan jama'a 8,046,100) ya kai 17,972, yayin da a Queensland (yawan jama'a 5,052,800) ya kai 11,699.

Lee da abokan aikinsa sun rubuta cewa tsakanin shekarar 2009 zuwa 2019, laifukan da matasa ke aikatawa a Victoria sun ragu da kashi 34.9%. Wannan yana nuna cewa an mayar da hankali kan firgicin laifukan matasa a lokacin da adadin irin wannan laifuka ke raguwa sosai.

## Binciken Tsaron Ɗabi'a

Kalmar *Tsaron ɗabi'a* ta shahara ne ta hannun masanin Ilimin Zamantakewa Stanley Cohen a shekarun 1970s. Tana bayyana yadda kafofin watsa labarai ke amfani da manyan kanun labarai masu ban sha'awa da harshe mai cike da ban mamaki don ɗagawa abubuwa da mutane, suna haifar da tsoron abubuwan da ake tsammanin barazana ce ga tsaron al'umma da kuma ware wasu ƙungiyoyi da aka gano a matsayin tushen wannan barazanar. Cohen ya yi amfani da kalmar musamman ga hulɗar rahotannin laifuka da martanin zamantakewa a Burtaniya. Ya bayyana cewa tsaron ɗabi'a zai fito fili idan "wani yanayi, wani lamari, mutum ko rukuni na mutane suka fito fili suka zama barazana ga ƙima da muradun al'umma; ana gabatar da yanayinsu a cikin salo mai ban sha'awa da tsattsauran ra'ayi ta kafofin watsa labarai," kuma wannan mayar da hankali na kafofin watsa labarai yana samun goyon baya daga 'yan siyasa da masana. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi da aka yi niyya ana kiran su da Cohen a matsayin *folk devils*. Ya lura cewa amfani da ra'ayin tsaron ɗabi'a baya buƙatar matsalar ta kasance babu ita, sai dai an ɗaga ta, yawanci ta hanyar da akida ta bangaren da ke mulki na al'umma ta sharuɗɗa.

### Fassarar Ilimi game da Tsaron Ƙungiyoyin Afirka

Rikicin siyasa da na kafofin watsa labarai game da abin da ake kira ƙungiyoyin Afirka na 2016–2018 masana suna bayyana shi a matsayin misali na tsaron ɗabi'a.

Tebeje Molla ya lura cewa yayin da tsaron ɗabi'a da ke da alaƙa da launin fata game da laifuka da shige da fice ba sabon abu ba ne a duniya, tsananin tsoron "Ƙungiyoyin Afirka" a Melbourne ya kasance na musamman. Duk da haka, Molla ya kuma lura cewa, sabanin yadda ake yi a tsaron ɗabi'a na gargajiya, inda "masana" ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ɗaga darajar tsoron, 'yan sanda, hukumomin kididdiga da hukumomin yankin na Victoria sun yi tsayayya da labarin kuma sun musanta wanzuwar matsalar ƙungiyoyi. John Gaffey shi ma yana ganinsa a matsayin tsoro na musamman, domin masana sun yi tsayayya da labarin.

Gatwiri da Anderson suna ganin tsoron ƙungiyoyin Afirka a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin abubuwan da ke ci gaba na tsaron ɗabi'a da ke da alaƙa da launin fata waɗanda ke da alaƙa da canjin zamantakewa a Ostiraliya. Suna bayyana cewa tsoro yana bunƙasa saboda yana "boye cikakken binciken mahimmanci na ingancin waɗannan tsoro kuma a maimakon haka yana ba da damar fitar da damuwa da tsoro ga wasu 'yan tsiraru waɗanda za a iya sauƙaƙe a sanya su a matsayin tumaki ta waɗannan abubuwan." Har ila yau, suna jayayya cewa yayin da tsaron ɗabi'a ke raguwa, mummunan wakilcin Afirka da sanyawa a matsayin laifuka suna da mummunar tasiri ga al'ummomin Afirka a Ostiraliya.

Lee da abokan aikinsa sun bayyana cewa yayin da labaran hukunci a kafofin watsa labarai da siyasa da ke haɗa matasan Sudan da laifuka sun ƙunshi abubuwa na tsaron ɗabi'a, akwai fiye da abubuwan da suka shafi tsarin kawai. Suna jayayya cewa halayyar laifuka na iya fitowa daga membobin al'ummomin da aka ware da ke jin daɗin ayyukan cin zarafi. Har ila yau, sun nuna cewa shaidu daga tambayoyin suna nuna cewa kafofin watsa labarai da sanyawa a matsayin tumaki sun sa matasan Sudan su shiga cikin ayyukan adawa da zamantakewa, kuma yaduwar labarin da ake zargin "Apex gang" na iya haifar da matasa su ƙirƙira wata ƙungiya ta gaske mai wannan suna.

Kounmouris da Blaustein suna ganin abubuwan da suka faru na 2016–2018 a matsayin "tsaron ɗabi'a da aka watsa labarai ta hanyoyi daban-daban". Suna nuna muhimmancin da kamanceceniyar binciken Stuart Hall et al na 1978 na tsaron ɗabi'a da ke da alaƙa da launin fata game da fashi a Burtaniya zuwa tsoron Melbourne. A ra'ayinsu, tsoron ƙungiyoyin Afirka wani bincike ne da ke sabunta nazarin Hall zuwa sabon yanayin kafofin watsa labarai na labarai na sa'o'i 24, hanyoyin labarai na intanet da kafofin watsa labarun zamantakewa.

### Sanadin Tsoron
#### Wariyar Launin Fata

File:1910 White Australia badge.png|thumb|Hukumar Yan Asalin Ostiraliya, wadda ta ƙunshi fararen fata 'yan asalin Ostiraliya, ta samar da wannan alama a shekarar 1911. Kasancewar mutanen asalin Afirka ya zama dalili na ɗaukar manufofin Fari Ostiraliya.

Baƙaƙen fata a Ostiraliya ta zamani suna fuskantar matsanancin wariyar launin fata, tare da rahoton Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Ostiraliya ta 2018 da ke bayyana cewa "ƙungiyoyin biyar da suka fuskanci matsanancin wariyar launin fata sune waɗanda aka haifa a Sudan ta Kudu, Zimbabwe, Kenya, Habasha da waɗanda suka bayyana kansu a matsayin Yan Asalin."

Ostiraliya tana da dogon tarihi na wariyar launin fata a hukumance da kuma ba a hukumance ba ga baƙaƙen Afirka, wanda aka nuna a cikin manufar Fari Ostiraliya, wanda ya fara aiki daga 1901 har zuwa shekarun saba'in, wanda ya hana shigar baƙaƙen Afirka, da sauran ƙungiyoyin da ba farare ba. Kafin aiwatar da manufar, ƙananan adadin baƙaƙen Afirka da Baƙaƙen Amurkawa sun kasance mazauna a Ostiraliya, kuma an ambaci kasancewarsu a fili a cikin tattaunawa kan hana shige da fice na waɗanda ba farare ba.

Bayan ƙarewar wannan manufar, duk da cewa Ostiraliya ta zama mai bambancin kabilanci, mummunan ra'ayi game da baƙaƙen Afirka ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin al'adun Ostiraliya. 'Yan Afirka-Ostiraliya na zamani suna da bambancin al'adu da zamantakewa, amma al'ummar Ostiraliya yawanci suna ganin su a matsayin rukuni ɗaya, wanda aka saɓa da ginin farar fata. A Ostiraliya, "Afirka" tana da alaƙa da rashin wayewa, cututtuka, datti, yaki da talauci, kuma masana kamar Wearing, Jakubowicz, Wickes da sauran su sun lura cewa wannan tunani yana da tushe a cikin yanayin zamantakewa na tsattsauran ra'ayi da wariyar launin fata game da baƙaƙen fata.

Littattafan ilimi na yanzu sun nuna yawan abubuwan da ake samu na nuna bambanci, aikata laifuka da launin fata da ke shafar hulɗar 'yan Afirka-Ostiraliya da yawancin al'umma. Musamman ma, wata ƙaƙƙarfar alaƙa mara kyau tsakanin Afirka da laifuka tana wanzu a cikin al'adun Ostiraliya, wanda aka nuna a cikin yadda kafofin watsa labarai suka gabatar da abubuwan da suka faru a Melbourne. Wannan ya kasance tare da maganganun ƙyamar Musulunci da suka fito a cikin yaƙin ta'addanci, inda Musulmai aka sanya su a matsayin wasu waɗanda ke da haɗari ga al'ummar Ostiraliya kuma ana ganin abubuwan da suka shafi laifuka a matsayin alamun yiwuwar tsattsauran ra'ayin Musulunci.

Aikin Kalubalantar Wariyar Launin Fata na 2016 ya gano cewa mummunan ra'ayi game da baƙaƙen fata ya zama ruwan dare a Ostiraliya. Kashi 21% na waɗanda aka amsa sun ji cewa 'yan gudun hijira na Afirka sun ƙara yawan laifuka a Ostiraliya, kuma kashi 16.1% sun bayyana cewa sun ji "mara kyau sosai ko ɗan mara kyau" game da 'yan Afirka Ostiraliya. Wickes et al suna jayayya cewa waɗannan halayen suna nuna ra'ayoyin da ba a sani ba waɗanda suka yadu a Ostiraliya waɗanda zasu iya haifar da nuna bambanci ba tare da sani ba. Suna ɗaukar wannan a matsayin wani abu a cikin gabatarwar da 'yan jarida da 'yan siyasa suka yi na abin da ake kira "ƙungiyoyin Afirka" da martanin jama'a ga shi.

Masanin Nazarin Kasa da Kasa, Mandisi Majavu, shi ma ya gano wani hali na gano maza 'yan Afirka Ostiraliya a matsayin "manyan 'yan iska bakwai" da ke da alaƙa da "rashin wayewa, tsofaffin halaye, haɗari da laifuka" kuma ya bayyana cewa baƙar fata tushen tsoro ne a cikin wasu fararen fata. Misalai na wannan sun haɗa da hana ɗaliban Sudan haɗuwa a cikin rukuni fiye da uku a makarantun Melbourne saboda tsoron cewa za su iya zama masu barazana. Yana ganin wannan fahimtar barazanar a matsayin babban abin da ke ba da gudummawa ga tsaron ɗabi'a.

Masanan ilimi na Ostiraliya, Kathomi Gatwiri da Leticia Anderson, suna jayayya cewa 'yan Afirka Ostiraliya an bayyana su a matsayin "baƙi na dindindin" a cikin al'ummar Ostiraliya, kuma a matsayin haka an gina su a matsayin barazana, wani lokacin a cikin maganganun "rikicin wayewa". Suna ganin tsoron laifukan ƙungiyoyin Afirka a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan matsayi na jikin Afirka a matsayin tushen haɗarin zamantakewa.

#### Abubuwan da suka shafi Kafofin Watsa Labarai

Sassan kafofin watsa labarai na Ostiraliya, musamman waɗanda ke cikin gidan News Corp, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓakawa da kiyaye tsaron ɗabi'a game da laifuka da 'yan Afirka Ostiraliya a Melbourne. Wannan yana nuna nazarin tsaron ɗabi'a na baya, wanda ya gano muhimmiyar rawa na 'yan jarida wajen gurbata da ɗagawa gaskiya, ta haka yana ƙara damuwa da martani na zamantakewa zuwa matakin da bai dace da abubuwan da ke haifar da su ba. Duk da haka, Kounmouris da Blaustein, suna rubutawa a 2021, suna jayayya cewa zuwan sabon yanayin kafofin watsa labarai bayan faɗuwar riba na kafofin watsa labarai na bugawa da canjin tsarin masana'antar jarida da ya haifar, yana nufin cewa dole ne a yi nazarin tsaron ɗabi'a na ƙungiyoyin Afirka na Ostiraliya duka dangane da nazarin tsarin gargajiya a matakin zamantakewa da kuma dangane da "ɓangarorin yau da kullun na samar da labarai".

Tambayoyin sirri da aka yi wa 'yan jaridar Ostiraliya waɗanda suka buga labarai game da "Moomba riot", "Apex", "ƙungiyoyin Afirka" ko "zaɓen doka da oda" sun gano cewa yawancinsu sun bayyana rashin jin daɗi da takaici game da yadda takardunsu da 'yan jarida gabaɗaya suka rufe batun. Duk da haka, mahalarta da yawa sun ji cewa laifukan da aka ruwaito sun cancanci labarai, kuma wasu sun kare aikin lura da kabilancin waɗanda ake zargi da laifuka da amfani da kalmomin da ake jayayya a kai kamar "ƙungiya" da "ɓarawon".

Manyan 'yan kasuwa masu ɗabi'a a cikin tsoron sune shugabancin jihar na Jam'iyyar Liberal National, waɗanda suka yi amfani da ra'ayin "ƙungiyoyin Sudan" don "gina labari game da aikata laifuka na Sudan ta Kudu wanda ya dace da labaran da ke ci gaba da kasancewa na baƙar fata, musamman na Sudan ta Kudu (watau baƙar fata/baƙin haure), aikata laifuka a cikin yanayin Ostiraliya." 'Yan jaridar da Kounmouris da Blaustein suka yi wa tambayoyi sun fahimci waɗannan ci gaban siyasa a matsayin abubuwan da suka haifar da labarin "Apex", wanda ya sanya duk wani abin da ya faru na aikata laifuka daga mutanen asalin Sudan ta Kudu ya zama labarai. Duk da haka, 'yan jarida sun gane cewa kafofin watsa labarai sun zaɓi su ɗaga saƙon Liberal Nationals.

Masanan ilimi da ke rubutawa game da tsoron sun lura da muhimmiyar rawa na jaridar *Herald Sun*. A cikin shekarar da ta biyo bayan rikicin bikin Moomba na 2016, *Herald Sun* ya wallafa labarai 173 da ke ambaton "Apex", ciki har da labaran ra'ayi 37. Kashi ɗaya bisa uku na waɗannan labarai sun haɗa da kalmomin "Afirka" ko "Sudan". Labaran da ke cikin *Herald Sun* sun kasance masu ban sha'awa kuma galibi sun haɗa da kalmomi kamar "maɓarnata", "ɓarawon", "cungiyoyi" da "ƙungiyoyi". Binciken rahotannin kafofin watsa labarai kan launin fata a 2018, All Together Now ya gano cewa a cikin 'yan jaridar Ostiraliya, kashi 56.5% na rahotanni sun kasance marasa kyau, kashi 8.5% ba su da tasiri kuma kashi 34.9% sun kasance "masu haɗawa". Yawancin waɗannan rahotannin marasa kyau sun fito daga *Herald Sun* da *The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)*. Bugu da ƙari, kashi 70% na waɗannan labaran marasa kyau sun yi amfani da "dabaru na boye" kamar dog-whistling, izgili da sake sanyawa a wani wuri.

Kalubalantar wannan ginin barazanar launin fata ya fito ne daga masana ilimi, 'yan jaridar hagu, membobin ƙwararrun lauyoyin Victoria da masu fafutukar al'umma, tare da musanta su sun sami labarai a manyan jaridun ci gaba. A wannan yanayin, bambancin yanayin kafofin watsa labarai na Ostiraliya ya yi aiki don gabatar da ƙalubale ga ra'ayin hegemonic na dama.

'Yan jaridar da ke aiki a wannan lokacin sun ji cewa ganin ƙarancin ma'aikata da yaduwar churnalism, da kuma buƙatar yin aiki nan da nan saboda gasa daga kafofin watsa labarun zamantakewa, ba su iya tantance labarai da kyau ba. Sun kuma ji matsin lamba daga editoci don haɗa kalmomin da ke da alaƙa da launin fata kamar "apex" a cikin rubutun su, kamar yadda wannan ya haifar da shiga intanet. Haka kuma akwai matsin lamba da aka gane ga 'yan jarida a *Herald Sun* don buga labarai waɗanda suka dace da ra'ayin mazan jiya na masu karanta su, wanda ya hana su ƙin buga abubuwan da ba su dace ba ta hanyar da ba ta faru a jaridun hagu kamar *The Age* ba. Duk da yanayin da aka fi sarrafa a *The Age*, har yanzu ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙirƙirar ra'ayin "barazanar ƙungiyoyin Afirka", musamman a farkon lokacin tsoron.

Wani abin da aka ambata ta 'yan jarida a *Herald Sun* shine cewa sun ji aikinsu shine su ba da murya ga waɗanda abin ya shafa, tare da wannan gano kai da wanda aka azabtar ya sa su jure "ayoyin samar da labarai waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga wakilcin masu laifuka masu ban sha'awa da launin fata".

Baya ga rahotannin jarida, shirin Nine Network *A Current Affair* ya kasance babban abin da ya haifar da tsaron ɗabi'a da aka watsa labarai ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Binciken Gaffey game da rahotannin laifuka na shirin a wannan lokacin yana mai da hankali kan mayar da hankali kan ƙwarewa fiye da ra'ayin masana ko bayanan kididdiga. A cikin rahotannin shirin, saɓani tsakanin "ƙwarewar" 'yan ƙasa da ba ta kai tsaye ba game da "laifukan ƙungiyoyi" da 'yan sanda da sauran hukumomi sun musanta cewa irin wannan matsalar tana wanzu an gabatar da shi a matsayin gazawar jihar wajen magance aikata laifuka maimakon kuskuren fahimta a ɓangaren jama'a. Gaffey yana ganin wannan fifikon fahimta fiye da gaskiya dangane da ra'ayin wani nau'i na zamani na parrhesia, inda ake ganin muryar masana ba ta da gaskiya fiye da labaran "ƙwarewa" na "talakawa", waɗanda galibi, a zahiri, ba su da ƙwarewar kai tsaye na batun da suke sharhi a kai.

## Tasirin Firgici ga Bakaken Fata 'Yan Ostiraliya

Wani bincike na shekarar 2018 da aka gudanar ta hanyar yin tambayoyi ga matasan Sudan 'yan Ostiraliya ya nuna cewa sun ba da rahoton mummunan sakamako da yawa na rahotannin kafofin watsa labarai game da tarzomar Moomba da labaran kungiyoyin da suka biyo baya. Mahalarta binciken sun bayyana cewa a lokacin firgicin, an samu karuwar cin zarafi na launin fata a kansu a wuraren jama'a kuma mutane masu ra'ayin wariyar launin fata sun sami damar bayyana su, saboda sun ji an ba su halacci kuma an saba da su ta hanyar yaren kafofin watsa labarai na launin fata. Wannan karuwar sharhi da cin zarafi na launin fata an kuma lura da shi ta mahalarta a shafukan sada zumunta kamar Facebook. Mahalarta sun kuma lura da damuwa da sharhin kan layi a ƙarƙashin rahotanni daga kafofin watsa labarai kamar Channel Seven waɗanda galibi ke ɗauke da ra'ayoyin wariyar launin fata masu zafi da kiran a kori 'yan Sudan 'yan Ostiraliya. Mahalarta sun lura da rashin sharhi da ke kare 'yan Afirka 'yan Ostiraliya kuma sun ɗauki waɗannan sassan sharhi a matsayin "ci gaba da tunatarwa cewa wasu sassan jama'ar Ostiraliya masu magana ba su da haƙuri ga kasancewar al'ummomin Sudan ta Kudu a Ostiraliya."

Baya ga wannan fallasa ga wariyar launin fata, matasan Sudan 'yan Ostiraliya sun ji cewa firgicin ya yi musu zagon ƙasa kuma ya danganta su da aikata laifuka, yana da mummunan tasiri a matakin mutum da na al'umma. Wasu matasa sun fuskanci wannan a matsayin matsin lamba na dindindin don tabbatar da cewa ƙwayoyin cuta ba daidai ba ne. Wasu sun ba da rahoton cewa saninsu game da abin da ya shafi wariyar launin fata a cikin al'ummar Ostiraliya da rashin haƙurinta a kansu, ya sa su yi shakkun mutane daga wajen rukununsu, duk da cewa sun sani cewa abin da ya shafi wariyar launin fata ƙaramin rukuni ne.

A makarantu, 'yan Sudan 'yan Ostiraliya sun ba da rahoton cewa labaran da aka yi wa gishiri game da abin da ake zargin "kungiyar Apex" ya sa malamai su ɗauki rukuni-rukuni na yaran Sudan a matsayin ƙungiyoyin masu laifi masu yuwuwa, kuma ba a yarda da rukuni-rukuni na yaran Sudan ba. Hakazalika, an zagi 'yan Sudan 'yan Ostiraliya da kalmomi masu nuna yaren firgicin a makaranta da kuma a bainar jama'a. Sun kuma ba da rahoton yawan microaggressions waɗanda suka sa su yi tambaya game da kasancewarsu da darajarsu a cikin al'ummar Ostiraliya.

Yin binciken launin fata na 'yan Afirka 'yan Ostiraliya ta 'yan sanda a lokacin firgicin ya haifar da jin an tsananta musu da rashin 'yancin motsi da kuma haɗuwa a bainar jama'a da mutanen kabilarsu.

Weng da Mansouri sun lura cewa tsarin kafofin watsa labarai na ware duka 'yan Afirka da 'yan Musulmi 'yan Ostiraliya ya sanya su a waje da al'adun rayuwar Ostiraliya, kamar yadda yawancin Anglo-Celtic suka ayyana. Suna jayayya cewa wannan ci gaba da mai da hankali kan kafofin watsa labarai yana cutar da mutuncin kai na 'yan Afirka da 'yan Musulmi 'yan Ostiraliya, yana haifar da ware kai kuma yana haifar da zargi da nuna bambanci.

Jin ware kai, kunya da kasancewa manufa ta rashin girmamawa, wanda ya haifar da ci gaba da fallasa ga bayyanar jama'a na mummunan sakamakon zamantakewa na firgicin, na iya haifar da cutarwar tunani ta hanyar lalata fahimtar kai mai kyau.

## Manazarta