Allurar rigakafin kwayar cuta

**Alurar riga kafi na kwayar cuta** shine maganin rigakafi da ke amfani da kwayar cutar hoto don sadar da kwayoyin halitta ( DNA ) wanda za'a iya rubutawa ta hanyar sel mai karɓa a matsayin mRNA coding don furotin da ake so, ko antigen, don haifar da amsawar rigakafi.  ,  An ba da izinin amfani da alluran vector guda shida, rigakafin COVID-19 guda huɗu da alluran rigakafin cutar Ebola guda biyu. 
## Fahimtar ƙwayoyin cuta

### Tarihi
An gabatar da vector na farko a cikin 1972 ta hanyar injiniyan kwayoyin halitta na kwayar cutar SV40.   An fara amfani da vector mai saurin kamuwa da cuta lokacin da aka shigar da kwayar cutar hanta ta saman antigen a cikin kwayar cutar alurar riga kafi .   Bayan haka, wasu ƙwayoyin cuta ciki har da adenovirus, cutar da ke hade da adeno, retrovirus, cytomegalovirus, cutar Sendai, da lentiviruses an tsara su a cikin magungunan rigakafi.  Kwayar cutar alurar riga kafi da adenovirus sune cututtukan da aka fi amfani da su saboda ƙwaƙƙarfan martanin rigakafi da yake haifarwa.  

An bincika haɗa ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa a cikin shirye-shiryen rigakafin tun lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri ƙwayar cutar ta 1984 a matsayin maganin rigakafi.  An gudanar da gwaje-gwajen asibiti na ɗan adam don rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da cutar Zika, ƙwayoyin cuta na mura, ƙwayoyin cuta na numfashi, HIV, da zazzabin cizon sauro, kafin allurar rigakafin da ke kaiwa SARS-CoV-2, wanda ke haifar da COVID-19 .  

An yi amfani da alluran rigakafin cutar Ebola guda biyu da suka yi amfani da fasahar vector na hoto don magance barkewar cutar Ebola a yammacin Afirka (2013-2016), da kuma a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (2018-2020) .  An amince da rigakafin rVSV-ZEBOV don amfanin likita a cikin Tarayyar Turai a watan Nuwamba 2019,  da kuma a cikin Disamba 2019 don Amurka.   An amince da Zabdeno/Mvabea don amfani da magani a cikin Tarayyar Turai a cikin Yuli 2020.   

### Fasaha
Magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta suna ba da damar bayyanar antigen a cikin sel kuma suna haifar da amsawar kwayar halitta mai ƙarfi ta cytotoxic T, sabanin allurar rigakafi waɗanda ke ba da kariya ta ɗan adam kawai.   Domin canja wurin lambar lambar nucleic acid don takamaiman furotin zuwa tantanin halitta, alluran rigakafin suna amfani da bambance-bambancen ƙwayoyin cuta azaman vector. Wannan tsari yana taimakawa wajen samar da rigakafi daga cutar, wanda ke taimakawa wajen kare mutane daga kamuwa da cutar. Alurar rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta ba sa haifar da kamuwa da cuta tare da ko dai kwayar cutar da aka yi amfani da ita azaman vector ko tushen antigen.  Halittar kwayoyin halittar da take bayarwa ba sa shiga cikin kwayoyin halittar mutum . 

Yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta ba su da kwayoyin halittar da ake buƙata, suna sa su kasa yin kwafi.  Domin a yarda da shi sosai kuma a amince da shi don amfani da likita, haɓaka rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta yana buƙatar babban matakin amincin ilimin halitta. Saboda haka, ƙwayoyin cuta marasa cuta ko ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta galibi ana zaɓar su. 

### Amfani
Magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta suna da fa'ida akan sauran nau'ikan alluran rigakafi dangane da ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda suka samar da godiya ga halayensu na rigakafi, kwanciyar hankali na rigakafi, da aminci.   Takamaiman kaddarorin rigakafi sun haɗa da ingantacciyar hanyar watsa kwayoyin halitta, takamaiman isar da kwayoyin halitta zuwa sel masu niyya, da kuma ikon haifar da martani mai ƙarfi na rigakafi.  An ƙara haɓaka rigakafi ta hanyar abubuwan da ke tattare da ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke motsa hanyoyin rigakafi na asali,    don haka amfani da adjuvant ba lallai ba ne.  Maimaitawa vectors suna yin kwaikwayon kamuwa da cuta na halitta, wanda ke motsa sakin cytokines da haɗin gwiwar kwayoyin halitta wanda ke haifar da tasiri mai karfi.  Ƙaddamar da hanyoyin rigakafi na asali yana da mahimmanci don ƙarfafa hanyoyin ƙasa da martanin rigakafi masu dacewa. 

Bugu da ƙari, ana iya samar da ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin adadi mai yawa akan farashi mai rahusa, wanda ke ba da damar amfani da shi a cikin ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi.

## Viral vectors

### Adenovirus
Ma'aikatan Adenovirus suna da amfani da ingantaccen haɓakawa mai girma, maganganun transgene, da kuma tropism mai girma, kuma suna iya cutar da kwayoyin halitta da masu rarrabawa. Rashin hasara shine mutane da yawa suna da riga-kafi ga adenoviruses daga bayyanar da ta gabata.     Yaɗuwar cutar da Ad5 a cikin yawan jama'ar Amurka ya kai 40%-45%.  Yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta na Adenovirus ba su da kwafi-rauni saboda gogewar yankin E1A da E1B. A halin yanzu, shawo kan tasirin ƙwayoyin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta na musamman na adenovirus ana binciko su ta hanyar likitocin rigakafi.  Waɗannan karatun sun haɗa da dabaru da yawa kamar ƙirƙira madadin serotypes na Adenovirus, rarrabuwar hanyoyin rigakafi, da amfani da hanyoyin haɓaka na farko.   Ana amfani da adenovirus serotype 5 sau da yawa saboda ana iya samar da shi cikin sauƙi a cikin manyan titers . 

Tun daga Afrilu 2021, an ba da izinin allurar rigakafin cutar adenovirus guda huɗu don COVID-19 aƙalla ƙasa ɗaya:

* Alurar rigakafin Oxford-AstraZeneca tana amfani da chimpanzee adenovirus ChAdOx1 .   
* Sputnik V yana amfani da ɗan adam adenovirus serotype 26 don harbin farko, da serotype 5 na biyu.
* Alurar rigakafin Janssen yana amfani da serotype 26. .
* Convidecia yana amfani da serotype 5. 

Zabdeno, kashi na farko na maganin rigakafin cutar Ebola na Zabdeno/Mvabea, an samo shi daga ɗan adam adenovirus serotype 26, yana bayyana glycoprotein na cutar Ebola bambance-bambancen Mayinga. Dukkanin allurai biyun nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan cutar Ebola ne.

#### Tsaro
Tare da karuwar yaduwar rigakafin adenoviral, alluran rigakafi guda biyu, Ad26. COV2. S da ChadOx1-nCoV-19, an danganta su da rashin lafiyan jini, thrombosis tare da ciwo na thrombocytopenia (TTS). 

### Alurar riga kafi
Kwayar cutar alurar riga kafi wani bangare ne na dangin poxvirus . Wata cuta ce babba, mai rikitarwa, kuma mai lullube wacce aka yi amfani da ita a baya don rigakafin cutar sankarau.  Girman ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta alurar riga kafi yana ba da damar babban yuwuwar shigar da kwayoyin halittar waje.  An ɓullo da nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da nau'ikan kwafi-ƙwararru da ƙarancin kwafi. 

#### An gyara maganin rigakafi Ankara
Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) nau'in wanda aka yi amfani da shi don maganin ƙwayar cuta.  Janssen Pharmaceutials da Bavarian Nordic ne suka samar da tsarin rigakafin cutar Ebola da Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta amince da shi, kuma tana amfani da fasahar MVA a cikin maganin rigakafinta na biyu na Mvabea (MVA-BN-Filo). 

### Vesicular stomatitis cutar
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) an gabatar dashi azaman maganin rigakafi a ƙarshen 1990s.  A cikin mafi yawan ƙwayoyin cuta na VSV, attenuation yana ba da kariya daga kamuwa da cutar.  VSV kwayar cutar RNA ce kuma wani bangare ne na dangin Rhabdoviridae .  Kwayoyin halittar VSV sun haɗa don nucleocapsid, phosphoprotein, matrix, glycoprotein, da kuma sunadaran RNA polymerase mai dogaro da RNA. 

An yarda da maganin rVSV-ZEBOV, wanda aka sani da Ervebo, a matsayin maganin rigakafin cutar Ebola don amfani da magani ta FDA a cikin 2019.   Alurar rigakafi recombinant ne, mai kwafi-ƙwaƙwalwar rigakafi  wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin cuta na vesicular stomatitis.  An maye gurbin kwayar halittar VSV ambulan glycoprotein da wannan daga Kikwit 1995 Zaire nau'in cutar Ebola .   

## Hanyoyin gudanarwa
Allurar cikin tsoka ita ce hanyar da aka saba amfani da ita don gudanar da maganin rigakafi.  Gabatar da hanyoyi daban-daban don yin rigakafi na ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta na iya haifar da rigakafi na mucosal a wurin gudanarwa, ta yadda za a iyakance cututtuka na numfashi ko na ciki.   Har ila yau, ana yin nazari kan yadda za a iya amfani da waɗannan hanyoyi daban-daban don shawo kan illolin takamaiman ƙwayoyin rigakafin da ke iyakance amfani da waɗannan alluran rigakafin.  Waɗannan hanyoyin sun haɗa da intranasal,   na baka, intradermal, da kuma rigakafin iska.  

## Kara karantawa
 
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## Manazarta