Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2008

**Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2008** ya faru ne a Cibiyar Taron PIF, Poznań International Fair (PIF), a Poznań, Poland, tsakanin Disamba 1 da Disamba 12, 2008.  Wakilan daga kasashe sama da 180 sun halarci tare da masu kallo daga kungiyoyin gwamnati da wadanda ba gwamnati bba.

Taron ya kunshi tarurruka na hukumomi da yawa, gami da Taron 14 na Jam'iyyun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi (COP 14) da Taron 4 na Jam'iyyar da ke cikin Yarjejeniyar Kyoto (MOP 4 ko CMP 4). Har ila yau, rassan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi sun haɗu, gami da zaman na huɗu na Ƙungiyar Aiki ta Ad Hoc kan Ayyukan hadin gwiwa na dogon lokaci a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar (AWG-LCA 4), sake dawowa da zaman Ƙungiyar Ad HocWorking kan Ƙarin Alkawari don Ƙaddamarwa I a ƙarƙashin Yarukan Kyoto (AWWG-KP 6), da kuma zaman ashirin da tara na Ƙungiyar Rubuta don Aiwatarwa (SBI 29), da Ƙungiyar Rukunin Kimiyya da Fasaha (SBSTA 29).

## Tarihin canjin yanayi
Tun daga ƙarshen 1800s, farfajiyar Duniya ta sami karuwar 0.6 ° C a yanayin zafi na duniya. Duniya a tarihi ta fuskanci lokutan karuwa mai yawa a yanayin zafi na duniya. Misali, a kusa da miliyan 2 BC an kiyasta zafin jiki na Duniya ya kasance 5 ° C mai dumi fiye da yau. Duk da yake waɗannan yanayin zafi sun karu ne sakamakon dumama da sanyaya na duniya, karuwar yanzu a yanayin zafi na duniya ana danganta shi da karuwar iskar gas a cikin yanayi. Gishiri mai guba ya karu tun daga ƙarshen karni na 19 saboda masana'antu na ƙasashe a duk duniya. Misalan iskar gas sun hada da carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, da hydro-fluorocarbons. Duk da yake kowannensu yana da tasiri sosai a kan tasirin iskar gas, ana ɗaukar carbon dioxide a matsayin mafi mahimmanci kamar yadda kusan kashi uku cikin huɗu na tasirin dumama duniya da mutum ya haifar na iya danganta shi da karuwar fitar da carbon dioxide .&nbsp;&nbsp;

Matsayin carbon dioxide da sauran iskar gas sun karu sosai tun daga ƙarshen karni na 19.  Har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1970s, masana kimiyya ba su iya tantance matakin halin ɗan adam ya ba da gudummawa ga karuwar iskar gas ba. Koyaya, tun daga wannan lokacin, masana kimiyya sun fahimci cewa Duniya ba ta iya zubar da matakan carbon dioxide da ke ƙaruwa ta hanyar sake zagayowar carbon. A sakamakon haka, matakan da suka wuce gona da iri na carbon dioxide sun kama zafi a cikin yanayin duniya kuma suna haifar da dumamar yanayi. Rashin dumama na duniya yana haifar da canjin yanayi wanda ke shafar mutane ta hanyoyi da yawa, gami da: narkewar kankara, karuwar matakan teku, fari, guguwa, da ambaliyar ruwa.

## Ayyukan canjin yanayi na baya
Taron Yanayi na Duniya na farko ya gudana ne ta Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya (WMO) a 1979 a Geneva, Switzerland. Taron ya tabbatar da cewa "ci gaba da fadada ayyukan mutum a duniya na iya haifar da manyan canje-canje na yanki har ma da na duniya". WMO ta kirkiro Kwamitin Gwamnati kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) a cikin 1988 don samar da tushen "bayani mai ma'ana" game da canjin yanayi na duniya. Sa'an nan a cikin 1992, kasashe 154 sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi (FCCC), wanda ke da niyyar rage matakan fitarwa a cikin kasashe masu masana'antu. FCCC tsari ne na ka'idoji kuma ba ya ɗaure ƙasa bisa doka ga takamaiman ƙa'idodi. Da farko, FCCC na neman "kafa ka'idoji, ka'idojin, da manufofi" tsakanin kasashe. A cikin 1997, kasashe 159 sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Kyoto . Yarjejeniyar Kyoto tana ɗauke da wajibin doka ga ƙasashe don tabbatar da takamaiman ƙa'idodi wajen rage iskar gas da hayaki. Yarjejeniyar Kyoto ta bayyana kasashe a matsayin "Ƙungiyoyin Ƙaddamarwa 1" ko "ƙungiyoyin da ba Ƙaddamar ba". Ƙungiyoyin Ƙaddamarwa 1 ƙasashe ne masu masana'antu yayin da waɗanda ba Ƙaddamarwar 1 ke nufin ƙasashe masu tasowa.

## Batutuwan da suka shafi FCCC da Kyoto Protocol
FCCC ta nemi kasashe su rage hayakin gas zuwa matakan da suka fi dacewa a cikin 1990. Koyaya, taron bai ƙayyade manufofi na fitarwa ba ko ƙirƙirar ƙa'idodin da ke da doka. A sakamakon haka, daga cikin kasashe 154 da suka sanya hannu kan FCCC, 50 ne kawai suka zaɓi tabbatar da ka'idodin da yarjejeniyar ta kafa. Bugu da ƙari, FCCC ta kasa haɗawa da hayaki wanda ya samo asali daga jirgin sama da jigilar kaya a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin da taron ya kafa.

Yarjejeniyar Kyoto ta fi mayar da hankali kan samar da iskar gas ba amfani ba. Misali, al'umma na iya shigo da kayayyakin carbon masu yawa kamar ƙarfe ko aluminum, amma har yanzu suna da ƙananan fitarwa na iskar gas. Yarjejeniyar Kyoto ta sanya matsin lamba mai yawa a kan kasashe na Annex 1 don rage hayakin su. Kasashe na 1 suna fuskantar manyan manufofi na rage fitarwa idan aka kwatanta da kasashe wadanda ba na Annex 1 ba. Yarjejeniyar Kyoto ta kuma kafa ƙididdigar fitar da carbon wanda ke haifar da damuwa ga ƙasashe masu masana'antu da ikon su na samarwa da cinye kayayyaki.

## Abubuwan da aka mayar da hankali ga taron
Tattaunawa kan magajin Yarjejeniyar Kyoto sune ainihin abin da aka mayar da hankali ga taron. Gudanar da Asusun Adaptation an magance shi a lokacin taron kuma ya haifar da yanke shawara don ba da sauƙin samun kuɗin da ke cikin asusun. Wakilan daga kasashe daban-daban sun ba da shawarar kara harajin kashi 2% a kan rage fitarwa zuwa kashi 3% don samar da asusun da ƙarin kuɗi wanda zai taimaka wa kasashe masu tasowa wajen kafa kariya daga bala'o'i da fari. Wani muhimmin batun da aka magance shi ne kama carbon da adanawa - musamman ko ya kamata a aiwatar da shi azaman shirin matukin jirgi ko kuma idan ya kamata a haɗa shi azaman wani ɓangare na tsarin ci gaba mai tsabta.

Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Atom ta Duniya ta gabatar da bayanai game da rawar da makamashi na nukiliya ke takawa wajen rage tasirin Canjin yanayi. Holger Rogner, shugaban Sashen Shirye-shiryen da Nazarin Tattalin Arziki na IAEA kuma jagorancin wakilin IAEA a taron, ya yi tunani a cikin gabatarwarsa cewa amfani da makamashin nukiliya yana samar da iskar gas din gida kaɗan dangane da waɗanda wasu hanyoyin samar da man fetur, kamar su man fetur. IAEA ta gabatar da sabon littafin su mai taken Climate Change and Nuclear Power 2008 ga wakilan da suka halarci taron. Littafin ya mayar da hankali kan fa'idodin makamashin nukiliya a cikin sauye-sauyen sauyin yanayi da kuma magance yiwuwar samar da man fetur, aminci, da damuwa game da tsaro