Sadaukarwa a Afirka

**Tashin hankali a Afirka** wani babban al'amari ne na al'adun Afirka da al'adun gargajiya tsakanin kabilun Afirka ; al'adar tabarbarewar a Afirka ta haɗa da tsarin yin "ɗakin fata na zahiri ta hanyar amfani da duwatsu, gilashi, wuƙaƙe, ko wasu kayan aiki don ƙirƙirar hotuna, kalmomi, ko ƙira masu ma'ana" da kuma bayyana "ainihin kabila, matsayi a cikin al'umma, shiga cikin girma, ko mahimmanci na ruhaniya." 

## Tarihi
Scarification wani lokaci ana haɗawa a cikin nau'in tattooing, saboda ayyukan biyu na ƙirƙirar alamomi tare da launi a ƙasa da laushi ko launi a saman fata.  A Afirka, gwamnatocin Turawan mulkin mallaka da ’yan mishan na Kirista na Turai sun zargi al’adun gargajiya na tattoo da gyalewa laifi da kuma wulakanta su; saboda haka, ayyukan sun ragu, sun ƙare, ko kuma ana ci gaba da yin su azaman ayyukan juriya . 

### Arewacin Afirka
Tsakanin 5000 KZ da 4000 KZ, al'ummomin makiyaya daga Sahara sun kasance yankin Neolithic Masar da Neolithic Sudan .  A cikin wannan al'adar kayan tarihi na yankin Kogin Nilu, an samo siffofi masu alama, wanda ke nuna cewa tattoo da scarification na iya zama al'adun gargajiya a tsakanin waɗannan al'ummomin makiyaya. 

#### Aljeriya

A lokacin farkon lokacin Holocene  (9500 BP - 7500 BP),  An kirkiro zane-zane na Round Head a Tassili N'Ajjer, a Aljeriya, da kuma Tadrart Acacus, a Libya, 70% wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan fasahar anthropomorphic; Siffofin zane-zane na maza da na mata suna da alamun scarification waɗanda suka bambanta; Tsarin ƙirar layi na keɓance ga nau'ikan fasaha na maza, yayin da, tsarin ƙirar jinjirin jiji da ma'aunin da'irar keɓancewar sifofin fasahar mata.  Tsakanin karni na 5th KZ da 4th millennium KZ, tsakiyar Saharan dutse art zane zane na ƙaho mai gudu mace, wanda zai iya zama allahiya ko mai rawa  tare da tabo ta jiki (misali, ƙirji, ciki, cinya, kafadu, calves),  an halicce su ta Afirka, a lokacin Round Head of Tasili   Tanzoumaitak, Algeria. 

#### Masar
A lokacin farkon karni na 2 KZ, a cikin daular Goma sha ɗaya na tsohuwar Masar, Amunet, firist na Hathor, ya sami scarification kuma ya sami tsari mai tsari na layi guda uku a kwance.  Bugu da ƙari, mummy na firist na Hathor, mummy na dan rawa daga Haikali na Hathor, dukansu biyu sun kasance sun kasance a kusan 4000 BP, suna nuna alamar scarification. 

Taimakon dutse na wani mutum daga Nubia, wanda ke da alamun scarification a goshinsa, an tsara shi zuwa daular 20th na Ramesses III, a lokacin Sabuwar Mulki (1181 KZ - 1150 KZ) na zamanin d Misira . 

#### Libya
A lokacin farkon lokacin Holocene (9500 BP - 7500 BP),  An kirkiro zane-zane na Round Head a Tassili N'Ajjer, a Aljeriya, da kuma Tadrart Acacus, a Libya, 70% wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan fasahar anthropomorphic; Siffofin zane-zane na maza da na mata suna da alamun scarification waɗanda suka bambanta; Tsarin ƙirar layi na keɓance ga nau'ikan fasaha na maza, yayin da, tsarin ƙirar jinjirin jiji da ma'aunin da'irar keɓancewar sifofin fasahar mata

#### Sudan
Kadada figurines daga Upper Nubia, wanda aka yi kwanan wata zuwa 3600 KZ, alamun alamun da ke iya zama tattooing ko scarification. 

Tun da aƙalla tsohon zamanin Mero na Nubia, al'adar al'adar alamar fuska ta ci gaba a Sudan, ko da yake ya zama ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin 'yan lokutan. 

### Afirka ta Yamma

#### Benin
Al'ummar Benin sun yi amfani da sadaukarwa a matsayin wani nau'i na alama da zama ɗan ƙasa a Benin .  Tun daga 1930 AZ, yawan scarification ya ragu.  Koyaya, alamun scarification (iwu) tun daga lokacin sun sami farfaɗo a cikin magana ta hanyar sutura . 

#### Ghana
Alamun kabilanci sun samo asali ne tun a zamanin da.  Kafin hare-haren bayi na ƙarni na 17 AZ, an ƙirƙiri sassaka sassaka masu alamar scarification tun farkon ƙarni na 14 AD.  Alamun kabilanci ya zama mafi yaɗuwa a matsayin martani ga hare-haren bayi a ƙarni na 17 AZ.  Alamomin kabilanci, a matsayin alamomin asalin ƙungiya, an haɗa su tare da daidaikun al'adun gargajiya da zuriyarsu.  Saboda haka, wannan ya sa mutane su sami bayi waɗanda suka fito daga ƙabila ɗaya na Afirka.  Lamarin da ya fi yawa na alamomin likitanci a kudancin Ghana da kuma yawan alamun ƙabilanci a arewacin Ghana na iya kasancewa saboda hare-haren bautar da ke faruwa a yankin arewacin Ghana.  Sakamakon wannan tarihin, za a iya samun wayewar kai game da ainihin jama'a a yankin arewacin Ghana fiye da yankin kudancin Ghana. 

#### Mali
An samo siffofi da yawa a cikin yankin Neja Delta na Djenné-Djenno a Mali, ciki har da ikon ikon mace na tsaye wanda ke nuna alamun scarification a cikin yankin haikali na kai da kuma alamar ciki, ƙila mutanen Djennenke ne suka ƙirƙira tsakanin karni na 11 zuwa na 13 AZ,  sassaka, zane-zane na yara, siffofi hudu na haikali. da'ira a kan makamai, da'ira a kan kirji) kwanan wata tsakanin 12th da 15th karni AZ,  shugaban wani terracotta mutum-mutumi, featuring uku macizai kewaye yankin wuyansa da oblique-dimbin siffar scarification alamomi a kan kumatunsa,  da haihuwa Figures da hawa jarumi alamomin da Haikali alama alama na haikalin a cikin haikalin. Kagoro na kabilar Soninke ko mutanen Djennenke tsakanin karni na 13 zuwa na 16 AD. 

Jennenke -styled brass alloy figurines tare da kayan ado na macizai da alamun scarification, waɗanda aka yi kwanan watan a tsakanin karni na 15 AZ zuwa karni na 17 AZ, mai yiwuwa an yi wahayi ne daga al'adun gargajiya na Old Jenne da Dogon - Tellem al'adun gargajiya, da kuma iya samo asali a Dogon Country, Mali .  Dangane da abun da ke tattare da gawa na tagulla, na'urar tagulla ta yiwu ta samo asali daga tsaunin Hartz. 

#### Najeriya

Ragowar sassaken Nok daga Katsina Ala na da cikakkun bayanai na salo, gami da alamar fuska.  Daya daga cikin sassaken Nok daga Katsina Ala an yi kwanan wata, ta hanyar thermoluminescence dating, zuwa 400 ± 125 BCE 

Tsakanin 660 CE zuwa 1045 CE, al'adun Igbo Ukwu na Masarautar Nri sun samar da nau'ikan abubuwan tagulla iri-iri (misali, beets, kwari, ƙwai, ƙwai, da kan dabbobi irin su giwaye, damisa, birai, python, raguna, da katantanwa) daga Igbo Ukwu da Ezira . 

An samu shaidar binciken kayan tarihi na farko na gyaran jiki, irin su tattoo da alamar tabo, a tsakanin al'ummar Benin, Ife, Igbo, Nok, da Ukwa, ciki har da tagulla na maza da mata na Benin, waɗanda aka yi a ƙarni na 16 AD da kuma karni na 17 AD. 

A Najeriya, an samu shaidar tabo a jikin sassaken Ife da suka hada da terracotta da tagulla, wadanda aka rubuta su a shekara ta 1100 AZ, da kuma sassaka na Owo wanda ya hada da terracotta, wanda aka yi kwanan watan 1400 CE. 

Har ila yau, akwai alamomin fuskar Yarabawa da aka rubuta a ƙarni na 19 AZ da ƙarni na 20 CE.  Mutanen Yarbawa sun yarda da yanayi mai zafi na tabo kuma suna amfani da tsarin a matsayin alamar jarumtaka. Musamman mata za a gwada don ganin ko za su yarda kuma za su jure aiwatar da tsarin tabo mai rikitarwa.  Har ila yau, Yarbawa suna da dabi'ar sanya kayan shuka akan sabbin yanka a matsayin hanyar jawo wani abin bautawa ga wannan mutumin a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin tabo. 

### Afirka ta Tsakiya
' Yan Afirka ta Tsakiya masu magana da Bantu da sauran 'yan Afirka na Bantu, irin su Baluba, Bafipa, Batshokwe, Baushi, Mashona, gina tanderun da aka yi wa ado, waɗanda ke nuna alamar canji da kuma an yi su a cikin siffar mata, tare da nono, da scarification yawanci ana yin su a yankin ciki, a cikin Afirka ta Farko . 

### Gabashin Afirka

#### Habasha

A Dirikoro, a yankin kudu maso yamma na Habasha, an danganta zane-zanen duwatsu na makiyaya da aka zana da kuma fenti da al'adun kakin shanu, ta hanyar alama, da kuma al'adun kakin jiki (misali, Riru, Kichoa) a tsakanin mutanen Mursi. Mazajen Mursi suna karɓar alamomin kakin Riru, a cikin siffar tsarin zane na Miren (alamar ‘u’ biyu), wanda za a iya karɓa idan hare-haren shanu sun yi nasara; yayin da matan Mursi suna karɓar alamomi uku masu salon Miren, mazajen Mursi suna karɓar huɗu; ban da kasancewa da alaƙa da zafi da ake amfani da shi a cikin tsarin kakin, duka shanu da mazajen Mursi suna karɓar alamomi huɗu masu salon Miren. Yayin da zane-zanen duwatsu na makiyaya na Saharar an kiyasta zuwa rabi na biyu na karni na bakwai BP, zane-zanen duwatsu na makiyaya na Habasha an kiyasta tsakanin 5000 BP da 4000 BP.

### Kudancin Afirka

#### Afirka ta Kudu

A Schroda, wanda ke yankin Zhizo, Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu wanda mutane masu magana da harshen Bantu suka zauna, an sami ragowar mutum-mutumi 2000 masu alamomin tabo, waɗanda suka kasance tsakanin ƙarni na 7 AZ da ƙarni na 8 AZ; daga wannan tushe, Babban Zimbabwe ya fito a ƙarni na 13 AZ.

Alamomin murabba'i a cikin zane-zanen duwatsu na yammacin Habasha da tsarin zane-zanen kakin fuska, galibi ana samun su a kan mata daga ƙungiyoyin iyakar Habasha-Sudan, kamar mutanen Gumuz da mutanen Kwama a yankin Benishangul-Gumuz na Habasha da mutanen Mabaan na Sudan, suna da kamanceceniya sosai a bayyanar. Wata saniya guda ɗaya daga cikin garken, wanda makiyayan shanu ke sarrafawa, tana kuma da alamar kakin da ke da siffar raga wacce ta dace da zane-zanen duwatsu na Bel Bembesh a Assosa. Daga cikin wuraren zane-zanen duwatsu na yammacin Habasha a yankin Benishangul-Gumuz, wuraren zane-zanen duwatsu na Bel Bembesh da Bel ash-Sharifu ana iya kiyasta su zuwa Zamanin Dutse na baya; zane-zanen duwatsu na Bel K'urk'umu, kusa da Assosa, an kiyasta su ta hanyar radiocarbon tsakanin 4965 BP da 875 BP, wanda ya dace da guntun tukwane da aka samu kusa da zane-zanen duwatsu da aka kiyasta tsakanin 1985 BP da 275 BP; an danganta waɗannan wuraren zane-zanen duwatsu a asali ga masu magana da yaren Koman na gida, waɗanda wataƙila sun zauna a yankin tsawon dubban shekaru, kafin shigowar makiyayan Sudan a tsakiyar Holocene.

## Al'adu

### Arewacin Afirka

#### Masar

A farkon karni na 2 KZ, a cikin Masar ta Dā ta Daular Goma Sha ɗaya, Amunet, wata firistociyar Hathor, ta yi kakin fata kuma ta sami zane mai layuka uku masu kwance.  Baya ga gawar firistociyar Hathor, gawar wata mai rawa daga Haikalin Hathor, waɗanda duk an kiyasta kusan 4000 BP, sun nuna shaidar kakin fata. 

#### Sudan

Matan Nubian daga al'adun Rukuni na C sun nuna shaidar samun zane-zane.  Maza da mata na Nubian daga tsohuwar zamanin Meroë kuma sun nuna shaidar samun zane-zane da kakin fata.  Kabilun Nubian, kamar mutanen Ja'aliyyin, suna da alamomin fuska uku a tsaye, yayin da mutanen Shaigiya suna da alamomin fuska uku masu kwance. 

### Yammacin Afirka

#### Benin

A yankin kudu na Benin, mutanen Tofinu suna da al'adar kakin fata; aikin yana samar da alamomin al'adu a cikin siffar zane mai cike da kakin fata wanda ke da alaƙa da kada. 

Mutanen Benin sun yi amfani da kakin fata a matsayin wani nau'i na alamar asali da 'yan ƙasa a Benin.  Tun daga 1930 AZ, adadin kakin fata ya ragu.  Duk da haka, alamomin kakin fata (iwu) sun sami farfaɗowa a cikin furci ta hanyar tufafi. 

#### Burkina Faso

File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Portret van een Samo vrouw met opgestoken kapsel en littekentatoeages TMnr 20010110.jpg|thumb|250px|Mace daga Burkina Faso mai alamomin fuska

Kabilun a Burkina Faso suna yin wani nau'i na kakin fata. 

A Burkina Faso, mutanen Bobo suna da al'adar kakin fata; aikin yana samar da alamomin al'adu a cikin siffar zane mai cike da kakin fata wanda ke da alaƙa da kada. 

#### Ghana

A Ghana, kakin fata na Afirka, ko alamomin kabilanci na Afirka, alamomin ado ne na ƙawata waɗanda wanzan (mutumin da ke ƙirƙirar alamomin kabilanci) ke ƙirƙira.  Yayin da wasu za su iya samun alamomin kabilanci a lokacin bikin suna tun suna jarirai, yawancin maza da mata suna samun alamomin kabilanci tun suna matasa. 

Ko da yake ba za a iya ɗaukar su a matsayin alamomin kabilanci ba, amma a maimakon haka, alamomin likita ko alamomin ado; musamman, ana iya kallon waɗannan a matsayin alamomin ado da ke wakiltar dangantakar iyali a tsakanin yawancin mutanen Dagomba a Wulijuah, Gwollu, arewacin Ghana.  Yara na iya samun waɗannan alamomin iyali daga mahaifinsu, kuma ba za su iya samun su ba idan mahaifinsu ya mutu.  Alamomin sun ƙunshi ƙananan alamomi masu tsaye, masu layi ɗaya a duka kumatun (watakila suna da kama da hawaye).  A yankunan ƙauyuka da ke wajen Wa da Gwollu, mutane da yawa sun sami zane-zane masu siffar "s" a goshinsu.  A ƙauyen Ginkpan, maza suna da ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan alamomin a tsaye a kumatunsu na dama, yayin da mata suna da biyu daga cikin waɗannan alamomin a tsaye da kuma waɗannan zane-zane masu siffar "s" a goshinsu. 

A cikin ƙauyen Abrobiano na Komenda na Tsakiya, firistoci na gargajiya ko masu aikin maganin ganye na Afirka sun ƙirƙiri alamomi, waɗanda ake ganin suna da ikon sihiri, don dalilin samar da kariya ta ruhaniya daga mugayen ruhohi ko ruhohin mugunta.  Ana iya ƙirƙirar alamomin a kowane yanki na jiki (misali, kwankwaso, wuyan hannu, hannun sama, ƙafafu, ƙafafu).  Yayin da wani lokaci ake ba jarirai, yawancin lokaci ana ba mutane masu manyan shekaru alamomin; kamar yadda ake ɗaukar mutane gabaɗaya suna fuskantar matsaloli mafi girma, galibi ana ba maza alamomin.  A lokutan da suka gabata, kamar a Gwollu, waɗannan alamomin ruhaniya an tsara su a cikin siffar zobba ko aka zana su a kan tufafi; duk da haka, ya samo asali zuwa alamomin jiki saboda dorewar alamomin.  Ba a ƙirƙirar alamomin a cikin wani biki na musamman ba, an bi da alamomin da muha (maganin da aka samo daga bishiyar bishiya), kuma mutumin da ke karɓar alamar kuma ana iya bi da shi ta hanyar wanka a cikin ruwan ganye don samun wani nau'i na kariya ta sihiri da ruhaniya wanda ba za a iya cire shi daga gare su ba, don haka, su sami wani nau'i na ƙarfafa jiki da tunani game da la'ana, cututtuka, da bala'i.  Mutane da yawa kuma ba sa karɓar alamomin gargajiya saboda ra'ayoyin addini marasa gargajiya na su kasance alamomin mugunta da sihiri. 

Aikin yin ƙananan alamomi masu kwance don dalilai na likita, waɗanda aka fi sani da alamomin likita na Ashanti, sun yadu a duk faɗin Ghana kuma saboda haka shine shaida na yawan amfani da maganin gargajiya a tsakanin mutanen Ghana na zamani.  Alamomin likita na iya zama ko'ina a duk faɗin Ghana saboda ƙaura na mutanen Ashanti, daga Yankin Ashanti, zuwa da kuma a duk faɗin yankunan arewa da kudu na Ghana.  Ƙananan alamomi masu kwance, waɗanda kuma aka siffanta su a matsayin "alamomin tsuntsaye" a Cape Coast, na iya samo asali ne daga al'adar baka na "tsuntsu mai daraja" wanda ke tashi a sama kuma yana yada cututtuka (misali, jijjiga) ga yara ƙanana.  Sakamakon haka, ƙananan alamomin kwance, waɗanda aka cika da magani, ana yin su don samar da warkaswa ga yara.  Mutanen Frafra kuma sun gano su ta manyan alamomin kabilanci a fuskokinsu.  A Gwollu, wanda ke cikin gundumar Sissala West na Ghana, ana ba da "alamomin tsuntsaye" don maganin cututtuka (misali, shanyewar jiki, zazzaɓi) da aka samo daga tsuntsu da aka sani da Diwie.  Alamomin likita, ko alamomin Diwie, ana kuma yin su don rage ciwo, hana 'yan mata girma makogwaro, hana ƙari, hana kumburi a yankin ciki saboda yanke cibiyar da ba daidai ba.  Iyaye (misali, kaka, uwa, uba) ko kuma mai yin aikin ganye na gargajiya ne ke yin alamomin likita galibi waɗanda suka cika alamomin da maganin da aka haɗa da sinadarai daban-daban (misali, ganye, bawon bishiya mai niƙa, ruwa, man shanu). 

Bayan mutuwar yaro, yaron da ya biyo baya, wanda aka sani da "Kosan", yana karɓar alamar likita da aka sani da "Donkor."  An yi alamar likita, bisa ga imani a cikin sake haihuwa, kuma yaron da ya biyo baya yana ɗauke da ruhun yaron da ya mutu a baya; don haka, sunan yaron, "Kosan", ma'ana "yaron da ke zuwa da dawowa" - yaron da ke zuwa da dawowa daga duniyar kakanni.  Alamar Donkor, wacce ta ƙunshi layuka uku masu kwance a gefen kowane ido da layuka uku masu kwance da aka yi daga kowane gefe na baki (kama da ƙafafun hankaka), na iya bambanta da girma dangane da adadin zubar da ciki da mace ta yi kuma za a iya yin ta jim kaɗan bayan haihuwa ko kwanaki takwas bayan haka, a lokacin bikin sunan su.  A lokuta inda aka yi alamomin Donkor kwanaki takwas bayan haihuwa, wannan lokacin shine don lura ko Kosan zai koma duniyar kakanni ko a'a.  Alamomin fuska (misali, alamomin X a kan kunci) da ba da sunaye marasa kyau za a iya ba wa yaron don hana yaron komawa duniyar kakanni, bisa ga ra'ayin cewa waɗanda ke cikin duniyar kakanni za su ga yaron a matsayin mara kyau. 

Alamomin rukuni sun bambanta ta rukuni (misali, iyali, kabila, dangi) da kuma ta yankin, a cikin Ghana, da kuma a duk faɗin Yammacin Afirka (misali, mutanen Yoruba a Najeriya), gaba ɗaya.  Alamomin rukuni kuma suna gano waɗanne kabilun/ƙabilun za su iya yin aure da juna.  Akwai yiwuwar wani mataki na asalin rukuni da aka bayyana ta hanyar alamomin kabilanci a tsakanin ƙungiyoyin Jaffise da Nyimati a wajen Gwollu.  Ko da yake fassarar mutum ɗaya na alamar kabila na iya yarda da shi a matsayin haka ko a'a, ana iya gano alamomin kabilanci bisa ga kasancewar alamar (alamomi) da hankali na gama gari. 

Yayin da alamomin kabilanci a Wa, Ghana suka ragu, dangin sarauta a tsakanin mutanen Mossi har yanzu suna ci gaba da al'adar alamomin kabilanci.  Kamar yadda mallakar ƙasa da gadon uwa ana ganin suna ta hanyar zuriyarsu, wannan ya haifar da rigima mai gudana tsakanin iyalai daban-daban.  Ƙasa ta zama ƙasa da ƙasa saboda canje-canje a cikin amfani da ƙasa, zuwa noman amfanin gona.  Akwai kuma lokutan fari.  Saboda yanayin da ke ƙara zama maras tabbas a yankin arewa na Ghana, wanda yayi kama da yanayin maras tabbas a yankunan arewa a duk faɗin Yammacin Afirka (misali, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Togo), wannan ya haifar da alamomin kabilanci suna ƙara zama abin kunya. 

Mutanen Dagomba, Frafra, Gonja, Mamprusi, da Nanumba a yankin arewa na Ghana suna yin wani nau'i na kakin fata. 

#### Najeriya

Maimakon yin su ta hanyar zane ko fenti, alamomin fuska na Yoruba, waɗanda ke nuna asali da zuriyarsu ga mutanen Yoruba, ana yin su ta hanyar kakin fata.  A tsakanin mutanen Yoruba, alamomin fuska (kolo) suna nuna “ƙarfin hali, juriya da ƙuduri, amma kuma ji (misali, makoki, baƙin ciki, baƙin ciki), imani na addini, da alamomin dabbobi da tsire-tsire.” 

A tarihi, mutanen Igbo suna da al'adar alamomin jiki.  Alamomin mata an san su da Itu Mbibi, yayin da alamomin maza an san su da Igbu Ichi;  alamomin fuska na Igbu Ichi suna nuna daraja, mutunci, da jarumtaka. 

Mutanen Bali na Najeriya suna da al'adar kakin fata; aikin yana samar da alamomin al'adu masu cike da kakin fata a cikin siffar tsuntsu na kakanni mai ban mamaki wanda ke ba da sake haihuwa. 

Mutanen Dimmuk, Merniang, da Montol na Najeriya suna da al'adun kakin fata; ayyukansu suna samar da alamomin al'adu masu cike da kakin fata a cikin siffar zane-zanen da aka haɗa da kada. 

Zane-zanen jiki sun bambanta a yankuna na Afirka kuma kowane kabila/mutane suna da nau'ikan zane-zane daban-daban da suka zaɓi yi wa kansu alama da su, duk da ma'anoni daban-daban.  Duk zane-zanen Afirka ana ɗaukar su a matsayin ƙwarewar rayuwa, kuma ba koyaushe don adon jiki ko dalilai na ado ba. Yana da ƙwarewa ta gama gari, wanda ke haɗa mutum zuwa kabilarsa ko mutanensa.  Ga al'adun Afirka da yawa, suna komawa ga kakin fata maimakon zane-zane don adon jikinsu. Wannan tsari na kakin fata ko zane-zane an ɗauke shi a matsayin babban nasara na jarumtaka da ƙarfin hali, tsarin farawa ko al'adar wucewa.  Ga kabilar Yoruba, an yi amfani da zane-zanen jiki da kakin fata don duka ƙawata da kuma wakiltar jarumtaka ga mutum.  Zane-zanen Afirka da wuya su kasance wakilci, wanda ke sa tantance ma'anarsu da asalin su da wahala. Amma ayyukan sihiri galibi suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da aikin zane-zanen.  Waɗannan zane-zanen ba a saba yin su duka lokaci ɗaya ba, kuma a maimakon haka ana ƙara su a kan lokaci. Yoruba sun yi imani cewa bayyanar waje shine wakilci na ruhin ciki. Masu zane-zanen Yoruba, ko *"oniisonon"* - "mai ƙirƙirar fasaha" - an girmama su sosai, kamar yadda ƙwarewar su da saurin su an ɗauke su a matsayin marasa misali. 

### Tsakiyar Afirka

#### Kamaru

A Kamaru, alamomin fuska al'ada ce ta mutanen Mbororo. 

#### Jamhuriyar Dimokradiyyar Kongo

A Jamhuriyar Dimokradiyyar Kongo, mutanen Kuba suna yin kakin fata; musamman, matan Kuba suna samun alamomin jiki waɗanda suka ƙunshi zane-zanen daban-daban. 

Mutanen Luluwa, da mutum-mutumin itace da mutanen Luluwa suka ƙirƙira, suna yin kakin fata ta amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban da zane-zane. 

#### Kudancin Sudan

A Kudancin Sudan, mutanen Moru suna da al'adar kakin fata; aikin yana samar da alamomin al'adu a cikin siffar zane mai cike da kakin fata wanda ke da alaƙa da kada. 

Dinka, Nuer, da wasu mutanen Nilotic a Kudancin Sudan suna da al'adun kakin fata, wanda ke haifar da tabo a goshinsu. 

Mutanen Schilluk da Toposa na Kudancin Sudan suna da al'adar kakin fata, wanda ke samar da zane mai cike da kakin fata mai siffar semicircular daga kunne ɗaya zuwa ɗayan. 

### Gabashin Afirka

Mutanen Fula a Gabashin Afirka suna da al'adar kakin fata ga matan da ke da matsayi mai girma, wanda ke samar da zane mai cike da kakin fata mai layuka uku sau huɗu a fuskokinsu don nuna matsayinsu na zamantakewa.  Fulani kuma suna da alamomi waɗanda ake nufin sanya mai ɗauka ya fi jawo hankalin jinsi na dabam. 

#### Habasha

A Habasha, mutanen Bumi suna da al'adar kakin fata ga maza, wanda ke samar da zane mai cike da kakin fata a sassan kumatunsu. 

A Dirikoro, a yankin kudu maso yamma na Habasha, zane-zanen duwatsu na makiyaya da aka zana da kuma fenti an haɗa su da al'adun kakin shanu, ta hanyar alama, da kuma al'adun kakin jiki (misali, Riru, Kichoa) a tsakanin mutanen Mursi.  Mazajen Mursi suna karɓar alamomin kakin Riru, a cikin siffar tsarin zane na Miren (alamar ‘u’ biyu), wanda za a iya karɓa idan hare-haren shanu sun yi nasara; yayin da matan Mursi suna karɓar alamomi uku masu salon Miren, mazajen Mursi suna karɓar huɗu; ban da kasancewa da alaƙa da zafi da ake amfani da shi a cikin tsarin kakin, duka shanu da mazajen Mursi suna karɓar alamomi huɗu masu salon Miren.  Yayin da zane-zanen duwatsu na makiyaya na Saharar an kiyasta zuwa rabi na biyu na karni na bakwai BP, zane-zanen duwatsu na makiyaya na Habasha an kiyasta tsakanin 5000 BP da 4000 BP. 

#### Kenya

A Kenya, mutanen Maasai suna da al'adar kakin fata da ke da alaƙa da farauta; aikin yana samar da zane mai cike da kakin fata na da'ira da semicircles a duka kumatun, kuma ga matasa maza, na da'ira a matsayin alamomin asali da mataki zuwa zama jarumi namiji. 

#### Tanzaniya

A Tanzaniya, mutanen Bondei da Shambaa suna da al'adun kakin fata; ayyukansu suna samar da alamomin al'adu masu cike da kakin fata a cikin siffar

### Kudancin Afirka

#### Angola

Mutanen Ovimbundu na Angola suna yin wani nau'i na kakin fata.

#### Malawi

A Malawi, mutanen Tonga suna da al'adar kakin fata da ke da alaƙa da farauta; aikin yana haifar da tabo daga gira ɗaya zuwa ɗayan, wanda aka samar don kwaikwayon bayyanar dabba kuma don nuna ƙarfi da azama.

#### Afirka ta Kudu

A Afirka ta Kudu, alamar jiki (ukuqatshulwa) al'ada ce ta al'ada a tsakanin mutanen Xhosa.

#### Zambia

A Zambia, mutanen Tonga suna da al'adar kakin fata da ke da alaƙa da farauta; aikin yana haifar da tabo daga gira ɗaya zuwa ɗayan, wanda aka samar don kwaikwayon bayyanar dabba kuma don nuna ƙarfi da azama.

#### Zimbabwe

A Zimbabwe, mutanen Tonga suna da al'adar kakin fata da ke da alaƙa da farauta; aikin yana haifar da tabo daga gira ɗaya zuwa ɗayan, wanda aka samar don kwaikwayon bayyanar dabba kuma don nuna ƙarfi da azama.

## Manazarta