Ayyukan Zalunci a Ƙasar Kwango

Daga 1885 zuwa 1908, an aikata ta'asa da dama a cikin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (a yau Jumhuriyar Demokaradiyyar Kwango ) a karkashin cikakken mulkin Sarki Leopold II na Belgium . Wadannan ta'asa suna da alaƙa da manufofin ƙwadago, waɗanda masu mulkin mallaka suka tilasta su, waɗanda ake amfani da su don tattara roba na halitta don fitarwa. Haɗe da cututtukan annoba, yunwa, ƙaurawar yawan jama'a da raguwar adadin haihuwa da waɗannan rikice-rikice suka haifar, ta'asar ta haifar da koma baya sosai a cikin al'ummar Kongo. An yi kiyasin kimanin miliyan 13, ko da yake an janye wasu alkaluma mafi girma daga baya. Wani binciken alƙaluma daga 2020 ya ƙare da cewa raguwar yawan jama'a a waje da kewayon miliyan ɗaya zuwa biyar abu ne mai yuwuwa.

A taron Berlin na 1884-1885, ƙasashen Turai sun amince da da'awar ƙungiyar agaji da Leopold II ke gudanarwa, zuwa mafi yawan yankin Kongo Basin . Leopold ya dade yana da burin fadada mulkin mallaka. Yankin da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Leopold ya wuce   , fiye da sau 85 yankin Belgium; a cikin matsalolin kuɗi, ƴan ƴan ƴan kasuwa da aka zana daga ko'ina cikin Turai ne suka jagorance shi. Da farko mulkin mallaka ya nuna rashin riba kuma bai isa ba, tare da jihar koyaushe tana kusa da fatara. Haɓakar buƙatun roba na dabi'a, wanda ke da yawa a cikin ƙasa, ya haifar da sauyi mai tsauri a cikin 1890s - don sauƙaƙe hakowa da fitar da roba, duk wani fili da ba kowa a cikin Kongo ya zama ƙasa, tare da raba mafi yawan ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a matsayin rangwame . Wasu jihar ta ajiye su. Tsakanin 1891 da 1906, an ba wa kamfanoni damar yin amfani da rangwame, sakamakon haka, an yi amfani da aikin tilastawa da tilastawa tashin hankali wajen tara robar cikin rahusa da kuma kara samun riba. Rundunar soji ta Free State, The , aiwatar da manufofin aiki. Ana iya kashe ma'aikatan da suka ƙi shiga cikin tarin roba tare da lalata duka ƙauyuka.

Babban abin da ya jawo raguwar al’umma kai tsaye shi ne cututtuka, wanda ya ta’azzara sakamakon tabarbarewar al’umma da ta’addancin ‘Yanci ya haifar. Yawan annoba, musamman cututtukan barci na Afirka, ƙwanƙwasa, mura alade da dysentery amoebic, sun lalata ƴan asalin ƙasar. A cikin 1901 kadai an kiyasta cewa ’yan Kongo 500,000 ne suka mutu sakamakon ciwon barci. Cuta, yunwa da tashin hankali sun haɗu don rage yawan haihuwa yayin da yawan mace-mace ya tashi.

Yanke hannun ma'aikata ya sami shaharar duniya musamman. Wani lokaci  ya yanke waɗannan sojojin da aka sanyawa duk wani harbi da suka yi ta hanyar dawo da hannun wadanda suka mutu. Kiristoci masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje da ke aiki a Kongo ne suka rubuta waɗannan bayanai kuma sun jawo fushin jama’a sa’ad da aka sanar da su a Ƙasar Ingila, Belgium, Amurka, da kuma wasu wurare. An fara yaƙin neman zaɓe na ƙasa da ƙasa a kan Ƙasar 'Yancin Kwango a cikin 1890 kuma ya kai ga afuwar bayan 1900 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin ɗan gwagwarmayar Burtaniya ED Morel . A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba 1908,  karkashin matsin lamba na kasa da kasa, Gwamnatin Beljiyam ta hade da Jamhuriyar Kwango 'Yanci don kafa kasar Belgian Kongo . Ya ƙare yawancin tsarin da ke da alhakin cin zarafi. Girman raguwar yawan jama'a a lokacin shine batun muhawara mai yawa na tarihi ; akwai muhawara a fili kan ko wannan ta'asa ta kunshi kisan kiyashi . A cikin 2020 Sarkin Belgium Philippe ya bayyana nadama ga gwamnatin Kongo saboda "ayyukan ta'addanci da zalunci" da aka yi a lokacin mulkin Jamhuriyar 'Yancin Kwango, amma bai fayyace rawar da Leopold ya taka ba. Wasu masu fafutuka sun zarge shi da kin bayar da cikakken uzuri.

## Fage

### Kafa Daular 'Yancin Kwango

Tun kafin hawansa kan karagar mulkin Belgium a shekara ta 1865, sarkin nan mai jiran gado Leopold na biyu ya fara zawarcin manyan ‘yan siyasar Beljiyam don samar da daular mulkin mallaka a gabas mai nisa ko kuma a Afirka, wanda zai fadada tare da kara martabar Belgium.  Amma a siyasance, mulkin mallaka ba shi da farin jini a Belgium saboda ana ganinsa a matsayin caca mai haɗari da tsada ba tare da wata fa'ida ba ga ƙasar kuma yawancin ƙoƙarin da ya yi na shawo kan 'yan siyasa bai sami nasara ba. 

Ƙaddara don neman mulkin mallaka don kansa kuma ya yi wahayi daga rahotanni na baya-bayan nan daga tsakiyar Afirka, Leopold ya fara kula da yawancin manyan masu bincike, ciki har da Henry Morton Stanley .  Leopold ya kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya (  ), Ƙungiya ta "sadaka" don kula da bincike da bincike na wani yanki da ke kusa da kogin Kongo, tare da manufar da aka bayyana na kawo agajin jin kai da "wayewa" ga 'yan asalin. A taron Berlin na 1884-85, shugabannin Turai sun amince da ikon Leopold akan    na Jamhuriyar Kwango mai cin gashin kanta a bisa hujjar cewa za ta zama yankin ciniki cikin 'yanci da kuma kasa mai fa'ida tsakanin sassan Biritaniya da Faransanci. 

A cikin Free State, Leopold ya gudanar da cikakken iko na sirri ba tare da wakilai masu yawa ba.  Shugabannin Afirka sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a harkokin mulki ta hanyar aiwatar da umarnin gwamnati a cikin al'ummominsu.  A tsawon wanzuwarta, duk da haka, kasancewar Jiha mai 'yanci a cikin yankin da ta yi iƙirarin ba shi da kyau, tare da ƴan jami'anta sun mayar da hankali a cikin ƙanana da tarwatsa "tashoshi" waɗanda ke sarrafa ƙananan yankuna kaɗan kawai.  A shekara ta 1900, fararen fata 3,000 ne kawai a Kongo, waɗanda rabinsu kawai 'yan Belgium ne.  Jihar 'Yanci ta kasance tana da karancin ma'aikatan gudanarwa da jami'ai, wadanda adadinsu ya kai 700 zuwa 1,500 a tsawon lokacin. 

A cikin shekarun farko na 'Yanci, yawancin hankalin gwamnatin ya karkata ne wajen karfafa ikonta ta hanyar yakar al'ummar Afirka kan yankin 'Yancin 'Yancin da suka bijirewa mulkin 'Yanci. Wadannan sun hada da kabilun da ke kewayen Kwango, a kudu maso yamma, da Uele a arewa maso gabas.  Wasu daga cikin tashe-tashen hankula na lokacin ana iya danganta su ga ƙungiyoyin Afirka da ke amfani da goyon bayan turawan mulkin mallaka don daidaita yawan jama'a ko farar fata masu gudanar da aiki ba tare da amincewar ƙasa ba. 

### Yanayin tattalin arziki da gudanarwa

An yi nufin Ƙasar Kyauta, sama da duka, don samun riba ga masu zuba jari da Leopold musamman.  Kudadenta sun kasance masu wahala akai-akai. Dogaro da farko kan fitar da hauren giwaye bai samu kuɗi mai yawa kamar yadda ake fata ba kuma gwamnatin mulkin mallaka na yawan cin bashi, kusan ta gaza a lokuta da dama.  Haɓakar buƙatun robar halitta a cikin 1890s, duk da haka, ya kawo ƙarshen waɗannan matsalolin yayin da 'Yancin ƙasar suka tilasta wa mazajen Kongo yin aikin tilasta yin aikin tara robar daji wanda za a iya fitar dashi zuwa Turai da Arewacin Amurka.  Rikicin roba ya canza abin da ya kasance tsarin mulkin mallaka na ban mamaki kafin 1890 kuma ya haifar da riba mai yawa.  Fitar da kayayyaki ya tashi daga 580 zuwa tan 3,740 tsakanin 1895 da 1900. 

Don sauƙaƙe hakar tattalin arziƙin daga Ƙasar Kyauta, an raba ƙasa ƙarƙashin abin da ake kira "tsarin yanki" (  ) a shekara ta 1891.   Dukkanin filayen da ba kowa, ciki har da dazuzzuka da wuraren da ba a noma ba, an sanya dokar zama " ba kowa " don haka a cikin mallakar jihar, wanda ya bar yawancin albarkatun Kongo (musamman roba da hauren giwa) karkashin ikon mallaka na kai tsaye.   An ware rangwame ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. A arewa,  an ba   , yayin da Anglo-Belgian Indiya Rubber Company (ABIR) aka bai wa wani yanki mai kama da kudanci.   da  an bai wa kananan rangwame a kudu da gabas bi da bi. Leopold ya ajiye    na yanki da aka sani da "yankin kambi" (  ) ƙarƙashin mulkin sirri, wanda aka ƙara zuwa yankin da ya riga ya sarrafa a ƙarƙashin Domain Mai zaman kansa (  ).  

Don haka mafi yawan cin gajiyar tattalin arziƙin cikin Kongo Leopold ne da manyan ƴan kasuwa suka yi.  Tsarin ya kasance mai fa'ida sosai kuma ABIR ya samu sama da kashi 100 cikin 100 na hannun jarin sa a cikin shekara guda.  Sarkin ya sami riba miliyan 70 na Belgian francs daga tsarin tsakanin 1896 da 1905.  Ba da da ewa ba wasu gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka suka kwafi tsarin sassaucin ra'ayi na 'Yanci, musamman na makwabciyar Kongo ta Faransa . 

## Zalunci

### Tsarin roba na ja da aikin tilastawa
Tare da mafi yawan kudaden shiga na Jiha 'Yanci da aka samu daga fitar da roba zuwa ketare, an ƙirƙiri manufar ƙwadago - wanda masu sukar suka sani da "tsarin robar ja" - don haɓaka hakonsa. Gwamnati ta bukaci aiki a matsayin haraji.  Wannan ya haifar da "al'ummar bayi" yayin da kamfanoni ke ƙara dogaro da tilasta yin amfani da 'yan Kwango don tarin roba.  Jihar ta dauki wasu jami’an bakar fata da aka fi sani da , don tsara aikin gida.  Duk da haka, sha'awar ƙara yawan tarin roba, don haka ribar da jihar ke samu, yana nufin cewa yawancin buƙatun da ake aiwatarwa a tsakiya an tsara su ba bisa ka'ida ba ba tare da la'akari da adadin ma'aikata ko jin dadin su ba.  A yankunan masu rangwamen, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da suka sayi rangwame daga gwamnatin Free State sun sami damar yin amfani da kusan duk wani matakan da suke so don kara samar da ribar ba tare da tsangwama daga jihar ba. 

An tilasta wa ma'aikatan da suka ki ba da kayan aikinsu da "takurawa da danniya". An yi wa masu zanga-zangar bulala ko bulala tare da *chicotte*, an yi garkuwa da su don tabbatar da tattara da sauri, kuma an aika da ladabtarwa don lalata ƙauyuka waɗanda suka ƙi.  Manufar ita ce ta haifar da durkushewar rayuwar tattalin arziki da al'adun Kongo, da kuma noma a wasu yankuna.  Yawancin aiwatar da samar da roba alhakin  ne, sojojin mulkin mallaka. An kafa "karfi" tun a shekara ta 1885, tare da jami'an farar fata da marasa aikin yi, da kuma bakar fata, wadanda aka dauka aiki daga nesa kamar Zanzibar, Najeriya, da Laberiya .  A cikin Kongo, an ɗauke ta daga ƙayyadaddun ƙabilanci da al'umma.  Waɗannan sun haɗa da Bangala, kuma hakan ya ba da gudummawa ga yaɗuwar yaren Lingala a duk faɗin ƙasar, kuma ya ‘yantar da bayi daga gabashin Kongo. 

Wadanda ake kira Zappo Zaps (daga kabilar Songye ) sun fi jin tsoro. An ba da rahoton cewa masu cin naman mutane ne, Zappo-Zaps suna yawan cin zarafi a matsayinsu na hukuma don kai farmaki a karkara don bayi.  By 1900, The  sun kai mutum 19,000.  Baya ga sojojin, kamfanonin roba sun yi amfani da nasu mayakan sa kai, wadanda sukan yi aiki tare tare da  don aiwatar da mulkinsu. 

Tsarin roba na ja ya fito tare da ƙirƙirar tsarin sassaucin ra'ayi a cikin 1891  kuma ya kasance har zuwa 1906 lokacin da aka taƙaita tsarin rangwame.  A tsayinsa, an ware shi sosai a cikin yankunan Équateur, Bandundu, da Kasai . 

Rashin cika ka'idojin tarin roba ya fuskanci hukuncin kisa . A halin yanzu, Force Publique an bukaci su ba da hannun wadanda abin ya shafa a matsayin hujja a lokacin da suka harbe wani kuma suka kashe shi, domin an yi imanin cewa idan ba haka ba za su yi amfani da makaman (da ake shigo da su daga Turai da tsada mai yawa) don farauta ko kuma tara su don yin kisan kai. Wani limamin Katolika ya yi ƙaulin wani mutum, Tswambe, yana magana game da wani jami'in gwamnati da aka ƙi, Léon Fiévez, wanda ke gudanar da gundumomi a gefen kogin mai 300 miles (480 km) arewacin Stanley Pool

### Gidaje da Kama Gwangwani

Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su wajen tilasta ma'aikata su tattara roba shi ne kama matan su da danginsu a matsayin gwangwani. Leopold bai taɓa bayyana hakan a matsayin wata doka ba, kuma hukumomin Jihar 'Yanci a Brussels sun musanta wannan matuƙar ƙarfi. Duk da haka, gwamnatin ta raba wani littafin koyarwa zuwa kowace tasha a Congo wanda ya haɗa da yadda ake kama mutane a matsayin gwangwani don tilasta sarakunan yankin. Ana iya kama maza, mata, yara, tsofaffi, ko ma sarakuna da kansu. Kowace tasha ta gwamnati ko kamfani tana da wurin tsare waɗanda aka kama. Wakilan ABIR za su kama sarkin kowace ƙauye da ta gaza cika ƙayyadadden adadin roba; a watan Yulin 1902, wata tasha ta rubuta cewa tana tsare da sarakuna 44. Wadannan gidajen kurkukun suna cikin matsanancin hali, kuma tashoshin da ke Bongandanga da Mompono sun rubuta cewa mutane uku zuwa goma na mutuwa kullum a shekarar 1899. Mutanen da aka san suna adawa da ABIR ana tura su sansanonin aiki na dole. Aƙalla akwai irin waɗannan sansanoni guda uku: ɗaya a Lireko, ɗaya a Kogin Maringa na Sama da ɗaya a Kogin Lopori na Sama.

### Yaƙe-yaƙe da Tashin Hankali
Baya ga tattara roba, tashin hankali a cikin Jihar 'Yanci yawanci yana da alaƙa da yaƙe-yaƙe da tawayen jama'a. Jihohin asali, musamman Msiri da mulkinsa na Yeke Kingdom, Ƙungiyar Zande, da ƙasar masu jin Swahili a gabashin Kongo ƙarƙashin ɗan kasuwar bayi Tippu Tip, sun ƙi amincewa da ikon mallakar ƙasashen waje, kuma  ta kayar da su da tsananin tashin hankali a lokacin Yaƙin Larabawa da mutann Kongo. A shekarar 1895, rikicin soja ya ɓarke a tsakanin Batetela a Kasai, wanda ya haifar da tawaye na tsawon shekaru huɗu. Wannan rikici ya kasance da matuƙar ƙyama kuma ya jawo asarar rayuka da dama.

## Manazarta