Victor James

Rev. **Victor Montgomery Keeling James** (19 Maris 1897 - 1984) ya kasance minista na Unitarian a Melbourne, Victoria daga 1947 zuwa 1969. A shekarun 1950 da 1960 ne aka yi masa kiyayya ta hannun dama saboda ayyukan da ya yi a yunkurin zaman lafiya da alaka da kasar Sin ta gurguzu.

## Fage

An kafa Cocin Unitarian Melbourne a cikin 1852 a matsayin Ikilisiyar Kirista ta Unitarian, cocin anti-Triniti na al'ada tare da Littafi Mai-Tsarki a matsayin tushe. 

: Ayyukansa da sacraments sun kasance kama da na majami'u na Furotesta na yau da kullum, ciki har da tarayya mai tsarki,  amma maye gurbin dalili na koyarwa, don haka an ba da tabbaci kadan zuwa sama, jahannama da reincarnation, zunubi na asali, haihuwar budurwa, tashin matattu da kuma Fansa . Yawancin sauran shugabannin coci sun musanta da'awarsu ta Kirista. Mambobin ikilisiyar sun kasance mafi rinjaye na fitar da Birtaniyya, kuma gabaɗaya masu tunani, masu ilimi, masu al'ada, masu son zaman lafiya da wadata.  A cikin rabin karshen karni na 19, gaba daya sun goyi bayan abubuwan da suka haifar da zaben mata da 'yancin 'yan kabilar Aboriginal, kuma suna adawa da yakin Boer da cin gajiyar aikin Kanaka .

**William Bottomley** (1882-1966) an haife shi a Wharfedale,  Yorkshire, ɗan wani mai wa'azi na Wesleyan wanda ya mutu lokacin Bottomley yana ɗan shekara 16. Shi ma, ya kasance mai wa'azi kafin ya zama Unitarian kuma ya biya farfagandar jam'iyyar Labour mai zaman kanta . Ya zo Melbourne daga Somerset a cikin Afrilu 1926, ya gaji Rev. JT Hustow a matsayin minista na cocin Melbourne akan titin Grey, Eastern Hill . An kammala wani manse kusa da dangin ministan a watan Agusta mai zuwa.  Ba da daɗewa ba ya shiga cikin al'amuran gyara zamantakewa, yana aiki don sake fasalin dokokin saki.  An san shi a matsayin mai fafutukar neman zaman lafiya, sanadin da ke samun ci gaba bayan jagororin yakin duniya na farko, inda ya yi aiki.  Ya shiga siyasa a takaice a matsayin dan takara a kan Harold Holt  don kujerar Tarayya ta Fawkner a 1937  kuma ya yi adawa da shiga cikin WWII. Ya kasance mai farin jini kuma mai kuzari, yana jan hankalin jama'a masu yawa zuwa cocin, gami da daliban jami'a zuwa ga kungiyar matasa. Ya halarci bude sabuwar Cocin Unitarian Sydney a cikin 1940, yana ɗaukar minbari a ranar Lahadi ta farko.  Ya kasance tare da Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta Ma'aikata da Hukumar Tsara Jami'o'i . Ya ba da tattaunawa mai tunani da nishadantarwa akan gidan rediyon ABC . Ya gudanar da wani shahararren shirin, "The Unitarian Half-hour" mako-mako a rediyo 3XY, wanda ya fara daga 1943  ko baya. Ya buga mujallar wata-wata, *The Beacon* daga tsakiyar 40s, wanda zai rayu har zuwa 1956. Ya jawo hankalin baƙon jawabai tun daga Wilfrid Kent Hughes mai ra'ayin mazan jiya zuwa Maurice Blackburn . Zelman Cowan ya kasance na yau da kullun kafin ya zama ɗan ƙasa kuma OR Snowball ya yi amfani da mimbari a yunƙurinsa na sake fasalin saki. Bernard O'Dowd da Marie Pitt sun kasance membobi masu aiki. Haɓaka yanayi na hankali da ƴancin Ikilisiya sun kuma ja hankalin ɗimbin "ruhohi masu 'yanci" da "yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa". 

## Tarihi
An haifi Victor James a Pontypool, Wales, ɗan likitan haƙori, likitan likitanci kuma mai wa'azi na Calvinist Methodist, amma maƙwabcinsa, mai yin takalma kuma ɗalibin juyin halittar Darwiniyanci ya rinjaye shi sosai, wanda ya ƙarfafa shi ya yi tambaya game da ikon Littafi Mai Tsarki . Bayan kashewa a cikin 1918  ya horar da shi a matsayin likitan hakori, tare da yin aiki a Ilminster, Somerset, kuma a shekara ta 1922 ya yi aure kuma yana zaune a Taunton, inda ya ji Bottomley yana wa'azi don haka ya zama mai halarta na yau da kullun kuma mai wa'azi na lokaci-lokaci na Taunton Unitarian Chapel. kan titin Mary Street.  Ya fara wa’azi a kusa da Yeovil, wadda ta rasa mai hidima na yau da kullum kuma tana cikin haɗarin rufewa. Ya bar likitan hakora don yin karatu a waje don ma'aikatar Unitarian, kwas na shekaru hudu a Kwalejin Manchester, Oxford;  sannan ya koma South Wales, inda ya zama minista na majami'un Unitarian na Aberdare da Mountain Ash kusa. 

Bottomley ya fito daga hidimarsa a Yaƙin Duniya na Farko a cikin ruɗani amma ba cikakken mai son zaman lafiya ba. Bai ji daɗin halin gurguzu na rashin bin addini da demokradiyya ba. Ya kare hakkin ma'aikata amma ba cikakke ba - ya yi magana game da yajin aikin ma'adinai na 1949. 

James ba kawai ya yi aiki a cikin wannan rikici ba amma, saboda daɗaɗɗen ƙiyayya ga Fascism, ya kuma yi aiki a cikin WWII a matsayin mai koyarwa tare da matsayi na kwamandan kamfani a cikin Welsh Regiment,  ya biyo bayan wani RAF rejist (5358 Airfield Company) a matsayin jagoran tawagar. a kasar Sin.    Ya yi aiki a matsayin Provost Marshal a Kowloon, tare da matarsa, a cikin shekaru 1945-1946.  Bai kasance mai addini kamar Bottomley ba, kasancewarsa ɗan adam ne, watakila agnostic .

### cocin Melbourne
Bottomley ya gayyaci James don ya ɗauki matsayin mataimakin minista  na cocin Melbourne. Ya isa  tare da matarsa da 'ya'yansa hudu a ranar 3 ga Yuli 1947. Ya shiga cikin jama'a cikin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da ƙungiyoyin yaƙi da yaƙi (duba ƙasa), gabaɗaya ana ɗauka azaman kwaminisanci ne. Ko da yake yana jin zafi don nuna cewa sa hannu ya kasance daga tabbacin kansa ba a madadin ikilisiyarsa ba, ya jawo hankali ga cocin, wanda a cikin 1949 ya rabu ta hanyar siyasa.

: An kuma yi zargin cewa Bottomley ya saba da wata mace a cikin ikilisiya fiye da kima (ko da yake ba a ba da shawarar lalata ba) wanda ya ƙare a cikin katin kirsimeti mai ƙyalli, wanda James ya kwato daga kwandon shara. An yi amfani da wannan a matsayin ƙarin harsasai da James, wanda ke kan aiwatar da ƙarar Bottomley don cin zarafi.  Wani taro na ikilisiya, ko da yake an “rufe” tare da abokan Bottomley, sun same shi, kuma ya yi murabus maimakon ya karɓi hukuncinsu.  Bottomley da mabiyansa sun kafa Ƙungiyar Hadin Kai ta Ostiraliya, wadda ta gudanar da taronta na farko  a ranar 7 ga Maris 1950 a zauren Lecture, 25 Russell Street, Melbourne, kuma ta kafa mujallar *Quest* na wata-wata.

James ya gudanar da "The Unitarian Half-hour" daga 1947 ko kafin zuwa 1964.  A cikin 1952 James ya gayyaci Stephen Fritchman,  pacifist kuma minista na Cocin Unitarian na Farko na Los Angeles don yin jawabi ga ikilisiya a lokacin hidimar bikin cika shekaru 100. Har ila yau, zai zagaya wasu Jihohi, da coci-coci na Ostireliya suka dauki nauyinsa, amma ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ta ki amincewa da bukatarsa ta neman fasfo. 

Tare da ƙananan ikilisiya da kuma tashi daga masu goyon bayansa masu karimci, kula da tsohon ginin a cikin Cathedral Place ya zama maras kyau, kuma a cikin 1964 Ikilisiyar James ta gina Majami'ar Aminci ta Aminci ta Melbourne Unitarian a 110 Grey Street, East Melbourne, 

James ya bar hidima a cikin 1969 kuma Terrence  Stokes ,  ya ci nasara a 1972 

### Mai fafutuka
Wataƙila farkonsa na fara fafutuka a cikin jama'a shine a cikin 1949, lokacin yana ɗaya daga cikin limamai 23 waɗanda suka sanya hannu kan wasiƙar zanga-zangar adawa da shawarar babban sashe na ƴan majalisa na hana wani John Rodgers, darektan Australiya-Soviet House, rikewa. wani taro a cikin Gidan Garin Melbourne,  da ƙoƙarin RSL don tarwatsa irin waɗannan abubuwan. 

An kafa Majalisar 'Yancin Demokradiyya a Sydney, 1935, ta Majalisar Ma'aikata, wacce aka kai wa hari a matsayin kungiyar masu ra'ayin gurguzu.  James ya kasance memba a lokacin da shi da wasu tsirarun mutane, a watan Satumba na 1949, bayan nasarar gudanar da gangamin zaman lafiya, suka kafa kungiyar zaman lafiya ta Australia (APC). Mambobin Yarjejeniya sun haɗa da Doris Blackburn MHR, Leonard Mann, Frank Dalby Davison, Eleanor Dark, William Hatfield, Canon WG Thomas (sakataren Hukumar Anglican Board of Missions), Jessie Street, Dr. Eric Dark, Dr. RC Traill, FJ Waters (Shugaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya). Rundunar Queensland na Tsohon Ma'aikata), JW Legge M.Sc. , Jami'ar Melbourne. 

Babban abin da Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta damu a cikin 1950 shine Dokar Rusa Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci, wanda zai sa Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Australiya, da zama membobin jam'iyya, ba bisa doka ba. A watan Yuni James yayi magana da Dokar  kuma shi, Methodist Rev. FJ Hartley, da Presbyterian Rev. AM Dickie, duk masu sanya hannu kan wasiƙar Hall Hall, sun kafa Majalisar 'Yancin Demokraɗiyya don amsawa. Wanda aka yi wa lakabi da “Peace parsons”  su ma sun taka rawa wajen kafa jam’iyyar APC.   An zabi James sakatare na kungiyar, wanda duk da cewa ana yi masa ba'a a matsayin abokan tafiyar gurguzu,  a watan Yuni 1950 yana da mambobi 107,000.  Sauran ayyukan James sun haɗa da:

* Shugaban Kwamitin Gabas-Yamma don Abota da Asiya
* Wanda ya kafa, Dandalin Neman Zaman Lafiya a Victoria 
* Memba na Zartarwar Kwamitin Tuntuɓar Zaman Lafiya na Yankunan Asiya da Pasifik  kuma jagoran wani kwamiti da ke adawa da sake baiwa Japan makamai. 
* Ya soki gwamnati ta ƙi ba da fasfo ga maza 23, ciki har da Jim Healy, (Sakataren WWF na Tarayya da kuma jagoran ma'aikatan da suka yi ƙoƙari su toshe fitar da baƙin ƙarfe zuwa Japan a 1939  ) da aka gayyace su halartar taron zaman lafiya na Asiya da Pacific. . 

## Tafiya

* Ya jagoranci tawagar Australiya zuwa taron zaman lafiya na Peking a watan Satumba 1952. Ya yi tafiya ne da fasfo dinsa na Burtaniya, yayin da aka hana wadanda ke da fasfo din Australiya fita, matakin da ' yan adawar Labour suka goyi bayan .  Wataƙila 'yan Australiya uku ne kawai suka halarci: James, Sydney kafinta  da ƙungiyar ƙungiyar Bruce Hart, da Mrs Nancy H. Lapwood, malami a Turanci a Jami'ar Peking. New-Zealanders goma sun halarci. Wilfred Burchett, ɗan jarida kuma marubuci, ya tafi China a cikin Janairu 1952, amma ba a san ya halarci ba.
* James ya kasance wakilai zuwa taron zaman lafiya na duniya na uku da aka gudanar a Vienna Disamba 1952. Elizabeth Vassilieff na Fellowship of Australian Writers da Dr Clive Sandy (wani likitan hakori, memba na Democratic Rights Council da Essendon Peace Council ) an zabe su don halartar amma ba su bar Australia ba.
* Tare da Rev. Francis John Hartley zuwa taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na kwance damara, Helsinki a cikin Afrilu 1956.

Babu ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan da cocin Unitarian ya tallafa masa.

## Sauran abubuwan sha'awa
James ƙwararren ma'aikacin katako ne, wanda ya ƙware a aikin kafinta mai kyau, sassaƙa da kuma juyar da itace 

Yana da nasa taron bitar inda ya gina rediyo da na'urorin lantarki da kuma cusa akidar kyakykyawan fasaha a cikin dansa William, daga baya wanda ya kera ingantattun kayan aikin gani na ilmin taurari. 

## Littafi mai tsarki

* *Windows a cikin Shekaru* (aikin tarihin kansa), intro ta Terrence Stokes ; Gabatarwa daga Phillip Adams
* *wannan kasuwancin addini* [LC kamar mai taken] (1973), Beacon Publications, Melbourne. Bayanin tunani na addini na ɗan adam, daga jerin wa'azin da aka gabatar a watan Yuli 1969.

## Iyali
James ya auri Ida Rose Relleen (2 Yuli 1903 - 5 Yuli 1958) a Ilminster.  &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

* (Mfanwy) Avril James (c. 1926 – ) ya auri Gordon Ernest Mitchell (6 Yuni 1924 – ) a ranar 15 ga Afrilu 1950. Mitchell ƙwararren masani ne na gani.
* Thelma James (24 Maris 1928 - 2016) ta auri James Park (10 Disamba 1921 - ), kafinta ɗan Scotland, (VPF 11188)
* William Edwin James (6 Maris 1931 - Mayu 1995) ya lura mai yin kida don ilimin taurari na gani  VPF 4518
* David Reeleen James (1 Satumba 1932 -)

Daga baya adireshin shine 124 Glenfern Road, Lysterfield

## krin albarkatu

* Jami'ar Melbourne tana riƙe da tarin tarin ephemera na Victor James a cikin ma'ajiyar su. 
* Rukunin Rukunin Tarihi na Australiya yana da babban fayil ɗin ASIO akansa (Series A6119; Alamun sarrafawa 2175-2178) sunayen wakilai da masu ba da labari an rufe su kuma an hana wasu rahotanni bisa ga ɗaya ko fiye na waɗannan "sharuɗɗan keɓewa":

:* 33 (1) (a) - zai lalata tsaron Australia, tsaro ko dangantakar kasa da kasa;
:* 33 (1) (d) - zai zama rashin amincewa;
:* 33 (1) (e) (ii) - zai, ko kuma ana iya sa ran a hankali don bayyana wanzuwar ko ainihin tushen bayanan sirri, gami da mutumin da ke ba da bayanan sirri ga Hukumar Laifukan Kasa ko 'Yan sandan Tarayyar Ostiraliya ko mai shaida. ƙarƙashin Dokar Kariyar Shaidu 1994;
:* 33 (1) (g) - zai bayyana bayanai game da al'amuran mutum ba tare da dalili ba;
: Littattafan suna cikin juzu'i huɗu:
:* Vol. 1949-57
:* Vol. II 1956-63
:* Vol. III 1963-65
:* Vol. IV 1966

## Rubutun rubutu
Hartley da Dickie sun sami lambar zinare ta 1965 ta Joliot-Curie Majalisar Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya .  Maganar ba ta ambaci James ba.

## Bayanan kula

## manazarta

## Hanyoyin hadi na waje

* Yanar Gizo na Cocin Unitarian Peace Memorial