Dokar mallakar fasaha

Zane-zanen (topography) na haɗaɗɗun da'irori wani fanni ne a cikin kariyar mallakar fasaha .

A cikin dokar mallakar fasaha ta ƙasar Amurka, "aikin abin rufe fuska" tsari ne mai girma biyu ko uku ko hoto na wani hadedde da'ira (IC ko "guntu"), watau tsari akan guntu na'urorin semiconductor kamar transistor da kayan aikin lantarki masu wucewa. kamar resistors da interconnections. Ana kiran shimfidar wuri aikin abin *rufe* fuska saboda, a cikin ayyukan photolithographic, yawancin etched yadudduka a cikin ainihin ICs an ƙirƙira su ta amfani da abin rufe fuska, wanda ake kira photomask, don ba da izini ko toshe haske a takamaiman wurare, wani lokacin don ɗaruruwan kwakwalwan kwamfuta akan wafer lokaci guda.

Saboda yanayin aikin jumlolin abin rufe fuska, ƙirar da ba za a iya kiyaye su yadda ya kamata a ƙarƙashin dokar haƙƙin mallaka (sai dai ƙila a matsayin kayan ado). Hakazalika, saboda aikin mashin lithographic na mutum ba abu ne mai kariya a sarari ba; Hakanan ba za a iya kiyaye su da kyau a ƙarƙashin dokar haƙƙin mallaka ba, kodayake duk wani tsari da aka aiwatar a cikin aikin yana iya zama haƙƙin mallaka. Don haka tun daga shekarun 1990s, gwamnatocin ƙasa suna ba da haƙƙin mallaka-kamar keɓantaccen haƙƙoƙin da ke ba da keɓancewar lokaci mai iyaka don haifuwa na musamman. Matsakaicin haƙƙin haƙƙin kewayawa yawanci yakan gajarta fiye da haƙƙin mallaka waɗanda ke aiki akan hotuna.

## Dokokin kasa da kasa
An gudanar da taron diflomasiyya a Washington, DC, a cikin 1989, wanda ya amince da Yarjejeniya kan Kaddarorin Ilimi game da Haɗin Kai, wanda kuma ake kira Yarjejeniyar Washington ko Yarjejeniyar IPIC. Yarjejeniyar, wacce aka sanya wa hannu a Washington a ranar 26 ga Mayu, shekarata 1989, tana buɗe ne ga ƙasashe membobi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) Hukumar Kula da Kayayyakin Hankali ta Duniya (WIPO) da ƙungiyoyin gwamnatocin da suka cika wasu sharudda. An shigar da yarjejeniyar ta hanyar yin la'akari da yarjejeniyar tafiye -tafiye na kungiyar ciniki ta duniya (WTO), bisa ga gyare-gyare masu zuwa: wa'adin kariya ya kasance akalla shekaru 10 (maimakon shekaru takwas) daga ranar shigar da aikace-aikacen ko na cin kasuwa na farko a duniya, amma Membobi na iya ba da wa'adin kariya na shekaru 15 daga ƙirƙirar shimfidar-tsarin; keɓantaccen haƙƙi na mai ƙaƙƙarfan tsare-tsare, in har ya ci gaba da ƙunsar ƙirar shimfidar wuri da aka sake bugawa ba bisa ka’ida ba; yanayin da za a iya amfani da zane-zane na shimfidawa ba tare da izinin masu haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka ba; wasu ayyukan da aka yi cikin rashin sani ba za su zama ƙeta ba. 

Yarjejeniyar IPIC ba ta aiki a halin yanzu, to Kuma amma an haɗa wani bangare cikin yarjejeniyar TAFIYA.

Mataki na 35 na tafiye-tafiye dangane da yarjejeniyar IPIC ya ce:Membobi sun yarda da ba da kariya ga zane-zane-zane (topographies) na haɗaɗɗun da'irori (wanda ake magana da shi a cikin wannan Yarjejeniyar a matsayin "tsari-tsari") daidai da Articles 2 zuwa 7 (ban da sakin layi na 3 na Mataki na 6), Mataki na 12 da sakin layi 3 na Mataki na ashirin da 16 na Yarjejeniya Ta Hanyar Hankali Game da Haɗin Kai, da kuma, a Bugu da kari, don biyan waɗannan tanadi. Takardun TAFIYA Mataki na 2 na yarjejeniyar IPIC yana ba da ma'anoni masu zuwa:

Ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar IPIC, kowane Ƙungiya mai Kwangila ya wajaba don tabbatacciyar haƙƙin mallaka, Kuma a duk faɗin yankinta, ko a'a. Irin wannan wajibcin ya shafi zane-zane na asali ta ma'ana cewa sakamakon kokarin basirar mahaliccinsu ne kuma ba ruwan kowa ba ne a tsakanin masu yin shimfidar shimfidar wuri da masu kera na'urori masu hadewa a lokacin halittarsu.

Ƙungiyoyin masu  Kwangila dole ne, aƙalla, suyi la'akari da waɗannan ayyuka a matsayin haramun idan an yi su ba tare da izinin mai haƙƙin haƙƙin ba: haifuwa na ƙirar ƙira, da shigo da, siyarwa ko wasu rarraba don dalilai na kasuwanci. layout-tsarin ko haɗaɗɗen da'ira wanda aka haɗa ƙirar-tsarin. Koyaya, ana iya yin wasu ayyuka cikin 'yanci don dalilai masu zaman kansu ko don dalilai kawai na ƙima, bincike, bincike ko koyarwa.

## Dokokin kasa

### Amurka
Lambar Amurka (USC) ta ayyana aikin abin rufe fuska a matsayin "jerin hotuna masu alaƙa, duk da haka ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ko sanya su, suna da ko wakiltar ƙayyadaddun tsari, nau'i uku na ƙarfe, rufi, ko kayan semiconductor wanda ke nan ko cire su daga yadudduka na samfurin guntu na semiconductor, kuma a cikin abin da dangantakar hotuna da juna ya kasance kamar kowane hoto yana da tsarin saman nau'i ɗaya na samfurin guntu" [(17 USC § 901 (a) (2))]. An fara ba da haƙƙin keɓantaccen aikin abin rufe fuska a cikin Amurka ta Dokar Kariya ta Semiconductor Chip na shekarata 1984 .

A cewar 17 USC § 904, hakkoki a cikin abin rufe fuska na semiconductor yana aiki na shekaru 10 na ƙarshe. Wannan ya bambanta da wa'adin shekaru 95 don ayyukan haƙƙin mallaka na zamani tare da marubucin kamfani; 17 _ 17 USC § 117 yana ba da software na kwamfuta . Duk da haka, kamar yadda shari'a ta amince da amfani da adalci a ayyukan haƙƙin mallaka fiye da ɗari ɗari kafin a tsara su a cikin Dokar Haƙƙin mallaka na shekarata 1976, yana yiwuwa kotunan su ma su sami irin wannan kariya ta shafi aikin rufe fuska.

Alamar da ba ta wajaba ba da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin sanarwar kariyar aikin abin rufe fuska ita ce Ⓜ ( M an rufe shi a cikin da'ira; lambar lambar Unicode `U+24C2` / `U+1F1AD` ko mahallin haruffa HTML `&#x26; #9410;` ) ko *M*.

Haƙƙin keɓantaccen haƙƙin a cikin aikin abin rufe fuska sun ɗan yi kama da na haƙƙin mallaka : haƙƙin sake yin aikin abin rufe fuska ko (da farko) rarraba IC da aka yi ta amfani da aikin abin rufe fuska. Kamar koyaswar siyarwa ta farko, halaltaccen mai mallakar IC mai izini wanda ya ƙunshi aikin abin rufe fuska na iya shigo da shi, rarrabawa ko amfani da yardar rai, amma ba zai sake haifar guntu (ko abin rufe fuska ba). Kariyar aikin rufe fuska ana siffanta shi azaman haƙƙin *sui generis*, watau, wanda aka ƙirƙira don kare takamaiman haƙƙoƙin inda wasu (mafi yawan gama-gari) dokokin ba su isa ba ko kuma basu dace ba.

Lura da cewa keɓantaccen haƙƙoƙin da aka bai wa masu aikin rufe fuska sun fi iyakancewa fiye da waɗanda aka baiwa masu haƙƙin mallaka ko haƙƙin mallaka. Misali, gyare-gyare (ayyukan da aka samo asali) ba keɓantaccen haƙƙi bane na masu aikin abin rufe fuska. Hakazalika, keɓancewar haƙƙin mai haƙƙin mallaka don "amfani" abin ƙirƙira ba zai hana aikin abin rufe fuska da aka ƙirƙira na joometry iri ɗaya ba. Bugu da ƙari, haɓakawa don aikin injiniya na baya na aikin abin rufe fuska doka ta ba da izini ta musamman. Kamar yadda yake da haƙƙin mallaka, haƙƙin aikin rufe fuska suna wanzuwa lokacin da aka ƙirƙira su, ba tare da la’akari da rajista ba, sabanin haƙƙin mallaka, waɗanda ke ba da haƙƙoƙi kawai bayan aikace-aikacen, jarrabawa da bayarwa.

Haƙƙoƙin aikin rufe fuska suna da alaƙa da haƙƙin mallaka fiye da sauran haƙƙoƙin keɓaɓɓen kamar haƙƙin mallaka ko alamun kasuwanci . To A gefe guda kuma, ana amfani da su tare da haƙƙin mallaka don kare abin da ake karantawa kawai (ROM) wanda ke ɗauke da software na kwamfuta.

Mawallafin software don na'ura wasan bidiyo na tushen harsashi na iya neman kariya ta lokaci guda na kadarorinsa a ƙarƙashin gine-ginen doka da yawa:

* Rijistar alamar kasuwanci akan taken wasan da yuwuwar wasu alamomi kamar kyawawan sunayen duniya da haruffan da aka yi amfani da su a wasan (misali, PAC-MAN®);
* Rijistar haƙƙin mallaka akan shirin azaman aikin adabi ko akan nunin gani na kaset da aikin ya samar; kuma
* Rijistar aikin rufe fuska akan ROM wanda ya ƙunshi binary.

Dokar haƙƙin mallaka ta al'ada ta shafi software mai tushe (tushen, binary) da haruffa na asali da fasaha. To Amma ranar karewa na wa'adin *ƙarin* haƙƙin keɓantacce a cikin aikin da aka rarraba ta hanyar abin rufe fuska ROM zai dogara ne akan wani ɗan   Fassarar da ba a gwada ainihin buƙatun § 902(b):(b) Kariya a ƙarƙashin wannan babin (watau, azaman aikin abin rufe fuska) ba zai kasance don aikin abin rufe fuska ba wanda -

: (1) ba na asali ba; ko
: (2) ya ƙunshi ƙira waɗanda ke da mahimmanci, na yau da kullun, ko kuma sanannun masana'antar semiconductor, ko bambancin irin waɗannan ƙira, waɗanda aka haɗa ta hanyar da, la'akari gabaɗaya, ba asali bane.

 ( 17 USC § 902,   ).A ƙarƙashin fassarar guda ɗaya, aikin abin rufe fuska mai ɗauke da taken wasan gaba ɗaya ba na asali bane, saboda abin rufe fuska ROM gabaɗaya yana iya zama sanannen ƙira, ko ƙaramin bambancin aikin abin rufe fuska don kowane taken farko da aka saki don wasan bidiyo a yankin.

### Sauran kasashe
Akwai makamantan doka a Ostiraliya, Indiya da Hong Kong .

Dokar Ostiraliya tana nufin ayyukan abin rufe fuska a matsayin "shimfidu masu cancanta" ko ELs. 

A Kanada ana kiyaye waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ƙarƙashin [Haɗin gwiwar Dokokin Topography (a shekarata 1990, c. 37)].

A cikin Tarayyar Turai, an gabatar da wani tsari na *sui generis* da ke kare ƙirar kayan da umarnin 87/54/EEC wanda aka watsa a duk ƙasashe membobin.

Indiya tana da Dokar Tsare-tsaren Tsare-tsare na Semiconductor Integrated Circuits, shekarar 2000 don irin wannan kariyar.

Japan ta dogara da "Dokar Game da Tsarin Da'irar Na'urar Haɗin Kan Semiconductor".

Brazil ta kafa Doka No. 11484, na shekarata 2007, don tsara kariya da rajistar haɗe-haɗe da hotuna.

## Duba wasu abubuwan

* Yarjejeniyar kan Abubuwan da suka danganci ciniki na Haƙƙin mallaka na hankali (TRIPS)
* Semiconductor ginshiƙan mallakin hankali

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Rubutun yarjejeniyar Washington akan kariyar IC