Iyalin Monsanto

**Iyalin Monsanto** wani dan kasuwa ne na Sephardic na Yahudawa da kasuwancin banki  wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa al'ummar Yahudawa a mulkin mallaka na Louisiana (sa'an nan kuma yana canzawa tsakanin mulkin Faransanci da Mutanen Espanya) a karni na 18. Sun samo asali ne a Yankin Iberian amma sun koma Amsterdam kuma sun bazu ta Daular Dutch da Amurka a Curaçao. Iyalin sun isa Louisiana a cikin shekarun 1760, kuma daya daga cikin mambobinsu, Isaac Monsanto, yana daya daga cikin 'yan kasuwa masu arziki a New Orleans. Iyalin sun shiga Cinikin bayi na Atlantic kuma sun mallaki bayi na Afirka a gonakin su a Natchez, Mississippi (wanda daga baya aka sani da Glenfield Plantation) da Trianon, New Orleans. Ba tare da haɗa tsohon dukiyarsu a New Orleans ba, a cikin shekarun 1780, Monsantos sun ajiye bayi 51 don amfanin kansu kuma sun sayar da wasu bayi na Afirka ga gonakin Louisiana.

## Tarihi
Iyalin Monsanto Yahudawa ne na Sephardic, waɗanda suka samo sunansu daga Monsanto (ma'ana "Dutse Mai Tsarki"), ƙauye a Portugal. Sun zauna na wani lokaci a matsayin Marranos; mutanen da suka bi Cocin Katolika amma suka ci gaba da yin Addinin Yahudanci a asirce. Sun kasance masu aiki a kasuwanci a Andalusia, Spain (sun kasance a Seville da Málaga) na wani lokaci a cikin karni na 17, kafin su koma Amsterdam, a cikin lardunan United na Netherlands a lokacin rayuwar Isaac Rodriguez Monsanto (1645-1695). A cikin Netherlands ne aka haifi 'yan uwan Monsanto da suka zo Amurka. Sun fara tafiya a fadin Tekun Atlantika zuwa Curaçao a cikin Caribbean, wanda a lokacin ya kasance wani ɓangare na Netherlands Antilles.

Bayan Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai, tare da yankuna biyu a ƙarƙashin Gidan Bourbon, Yarjejeniyar Fontainebleau (1762) ta tsara cewa Louisiana ta Faransa, a lokacin wani ɓangare na New France, za a canja shi zuwa New Spain a matsayin Louisiana na Spain. Canjin ya kasance a hankali kuma a cikin yanayin canji a lokacin da iyalin Monsanto suka isa. A baya, an hana Yahudawa zama a Faransa Amurka daga 1685 zuwa gaba a karkashin ka'idojin Code Noir, kodayake ba a tilasta wannan ba a lokacin siyasa na tsakiyar shekarun 1700 don haka dangin Monsanto sun sami damar aiki. Wannan da ƙarshen Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai, wanda ke nufin damar cinikayya da Turai, ya ja hankalin Yahudawa zuwa New Orleans waɗanda suka shiga cinikin bayi a cikin Caribbean (watau - Curaçao, Jamaica da Saint-Domingue) [1] da kuma cinikin bayi tsakanin Amurka tsakanin Caribbean da yankunan da ke kan iyakar Tekun Mexico.

Lalle ne, Isaac Monsanto (ya mutu a shekara ta 1778) ne na farko na dangin da ya isa New Orleans daga Dutch Curaçao, tare da abokan kasuwancin Sephardi; Isaac Henriques Fastio da Manuel de Britto .  Ya haɓaka dangantaka mai ƙarfi tare da Louis Billouart, Chevalier de Kerlérec, Gwamnan Faransa, wanda ya buɗe shi don kasuwanci tare da Abraham Gradis, sanannen ɗan kasuwa Bayahude a Bordeaux. Wadannan 'yan kasuwa na Sephardi, tare da David Mendes Faransa, Samuel Isra'ila, Joseph Palacios da Alexander Solomons sun zama majagaba wajen kafa al'ummar Yahudawa ta Louisiana a cikin shekarun 1760.  Baya ga Isaac Monsanto, 'yan uwansa, waɗanda suka zauna tare da shi da farko a New Orleans sun haɗa da' yan uwan Manuel, Benjamin da Jacob Monsanto, da kuma' yan'uwa mata Angélica, Eleanora da Gracia Monsanto.  Sun zauna tare na ɗan lokaci a titin Chartes a cikin Faransanci. Isaac Monsanto ya kafa dukiyar iyalin kuma a cikin 1767 ya sayi gonar bayi a Trianon bayan iyakokin birni na New Orleans kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan kasuwa mafi arziki a cikin birni a shekara ta 1769. Ya kuma kasance ma'aikacin banki kuma mai fassara na Kotun Koli; duk da ƙuntatawa na Mutanen Espanya akan wasu nau'ikan kasuwanci, Isaac Monsanto ya ba da kuɗin balaguron Burtaniya zuwa Kogin Mississippi zuwa yankin Illinois da suka ci nasara a Yaƙin Faransa da Indiya. Wannan cinikin ba bisa ka'ida ba ya fusata yawan mutanen Katolika na *Criollo* waɗanda suka ɓarke cikin zanga-zangar kuma sakamakon haka, Gwamnan Mutanen Espanya, Alejandro O'Reilly, ya kori Monsantos da sauran Yahudawa daga New Orleans saboda cinikin da suka yi ba bisa ka-ida ba a 1769 (ko da yake ba a fitar da su gaba ɗaya daga Louisiana ba).   Daga nan sai suka koma Manchac kusa da Lake Pontchartrain (a lokacin wani ɓangare na Birtaniya ta Arewacin Amurka), inda suka kasance abokan kasuwanci na John Fitzpatrick da Point Coupee, har yanzu wani ɓangare na Mutanen Espanya Louisiana. Isaac Monsanto zai shiga da fita daga New Orleans kanta tare da ɗan hanawa daga hukumomin Spain, yanzu an rage tasirin tattalin arzikin Sephardim. Gwamna Luis de Unzaga Amézaga 'mai sulhu', wanda ke da haƙuri da kuma asalin Sephardic, ya sanya hannu kan biza ga ɗan kasuwa Isaac Monsanto da ɗansa Jacob Monsanto, waɗanda ke da kasuwanci tsakanin Manchac, Mobile da Pensacola kuma daga 1774 a New Orleans ma.

'Yan uwan Monsanto sun zauna a Pensacola a cikin Florida ta Burtaniya kuma sun yi aure cikin sauri; Pierre André Tessier de Villauchamps (Eleanora), Thomas Topham (Gracia) da George Urquhart (Angélica). Urquhart, dan Lowland Scot, ya shiga cikin siyasar gida a Yammacin Florida. A lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka, Mutanen Espanya sun kama Manchac wanda ya kawo karshen tasirin Monsanto a can. Bayan mutuwar mijinta a shekara ta 1779, Angélica Monsanto ta auri wani Lowland Scot, Dokta Robert Dow kuma ta koma New Orleans. Bayan mutuwar Ishaku, 'yan uwan Manuel, Benjamin da Jacob Monsanto sun ci gaba da ayyukan kasuwanci. Kazalika da gonar bayi ta baya a Trianon, Benjamin Monsanto da matarsa Clara sun mallaki gonar bayi mai girman kadada 500 a kan St Catherine's Creek kusa da Natchez, Mississippi daga shekara ta 1787 zuwa gaba (wanda daga baya aka sani da Glenfield Plantation).   A wannan lokacin Monsantos sun ajiye 'yan Afirka 51 a matsayin bayinsu don amfanin kansu (Benjamin ya mallaki 17, Angélica ya mallaki 8, Eleanora ya mallaki 4 kuma Manuel ya mallaki 12) kuma ya sayar da wasu bautar baƙi ga masu gonakin bayi a Louisiana .  Ɗaya daga cikin manyan kasuwancin bayi da Benjamin Monsanto ya yi ya faru ne a shekara ta 1785, lokacin da ya sayar da "Negroes" goma sha uku don fam dubu uku na indigo. Kazalika da bayi da indigo, sun kuma yi ciniki da barasa, tufafi, kayan azurfa, katako, masana'anta, shayi, taba, sabulu, fatar dabbobi da dawakai. A matsayin iyali mai yare da yawa da kuma duniya wanda zai iya magana da Faransanci, Mutanen Espanya da Ingilishi, Monsantos sun kasance masu aiki masu tasiri tsakanin mazauna Turai daban-daban a yankin kuma har ma bayan korar su "na hukuma" daga New Orleans har yanzu suna da kyakkyawar hulɗa tare da kafawar gida. Manuel da Jacob Monsanto sun dawo zama a titin Toulouse a New Orleans a tsakiyar shekarun 1780.  Benjamin Monsanto (ya mutu 10 ga Oktoba 1794) Manuel Gayoso de Lemos, Gwamnan Louisiana na Mutanen Espanya ne ya nada shi, ga ƙungiyoyin 'yan ƙasa waɗanda suka yi aiki da kayayyaki da kimantawa na gonar bayi na maƙwabta da suka mutu. Benjamin Monsanto yana da ɗan'uwa, Manuel Jacob Monsanto, wanda shi ma sananne ne a Louisiana, an san shi da shiga cikin cinikin bayi inda ya yi ma'amala da bayi na Afirka (ya shiga cikin irin waɗannan kwangila goma sha biyu tsakanin 1787 da 1789). 

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