open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Taron Duniya game da wariyar launin fata 2001

**[[Taron Duniya game da wariyar launin fata|Taron na 2001 na yaƙi da wariyar launin fata]]** (**WCAR**), wanda aka fi sani da **Durban I**, an gudanar da shi a Cibiyar Taro ta Duniya ta Durban a Durban, Afirka ta Kudu, a ƙarƙashin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, daga ranar 31 ga watan Agusta zuwa ranar 8 ga watan Satumba 2001.

Taron ya taɓo batutuwa da dama da suka janyo cece-kuce, da suka haɗa da yin gyara ga bautar da ake yi a tsaunuka da kuma batun 'yan ƙasa na biyu a Falasdinu-Isra'ila.     Harshen sanarwar ƙarshe da shirin Aiki da taron ya samar ya yi ƙamari sosai a waɗannan fagagen, a cikin tarukan shirye-shiryen da aka yi a watannin da suka gabata da kuma lokacin taron kansa.

Tawagogi biyu, Amurka da Isra'ila, sun fice daga taron saboda kin amincewa da daftarin da ke kwatanta sahyoniyanci da wariyar launin fata. Sanarwar ƙarshe da shirin Aiki ba ta kunshi rubutun da Amurka da Isra'ila suka yi adawa da shi ba, wanda wakilai ne suka kaɗa kuri'a a cikin kwanaki bayan da Amurka da Isra'ila suka janye.

A daidai lokacin da taron, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka gudanar daban-daban ita ma ta fitar da sanarwar da shirin nata, wanda ba takardan taro ba ne a hukumance, wanda ke kunshe da yare da ya shafi Isra'ila cewa WCAR ta kaɗa kuri'ar cirewa daga sanarwar ta, wanda kuma babbar jami'ar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya Mary Robinson da wasu da dama suka yi suka.

Dandalin NGO ya ƙare da rashin jituwa. Mary Robinson ta rasa goyon bayan Amurka a ofishinta na Babban Kwamishina, kuma an soke yawancin illolin siyasa da za a iya samu a taron ta hanyar harin 11 ga watan Satumba, 2001. Hare-haren sun faru ne kwanaki uku kacal bayan kammala taron, wanda ya mamaye shi gaba ɗaya a cikin labarai, kuma ya shafi dangantakar ƙasa da ƙasa da siyasa. Taron ya biyo bayan taron Durban II na shekarar 2009 a Geneva, wanda ƙasashe goma na Yamma suka kaurace. Taron tunawa da Durban III da aka yi a watan Satumban 2011 a birnin New York shi ma ya fuskanci suka kuma ƙasashe 14 na yammacin duniya sun kaurace wa taron.

## Shirye-shirye
Kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai lamba #52/111 ne ya ba da izinin yin taron. Kafin taron an gudanar da tarurrukan shirye-shirye daban-daban (PrepComs) don gano jigogi na taro da ƙirƙirar daftarin farko na Sanarwar da Shirin Aiki. Waɗannan PrepComs sun ci karo da matsaloli tun daga farko. 

Matsalar farko ita ce tambayar menene taken taron zai kasance. Ƙasashen yammacin Turai, tare da Amurka, Kanada, Ostiraliya, New Zealand, da Japan, duk suna son manufar taron ta kasance waɗanda aka ba da izini a cikin ƙuduri. Kungiyar ƙasashen Afirka, da na Latin Amurka, da kuma na Caribbean sun buƙaci manufofin taron su wuce abin da ke cikin kudurin, kuma sun haɗa da abubuwan da suka shafi matakan yanki, na ƙasa, da na ƙasa da ƙasa don biyan diyya ga mulkin mallaka da bauta. 

Kafin taron, akwai kuma tarukan yanki guda huɗu, a Strasbourg, Santiago, Dakar, da Tehran. 

## Sanarwar Durban da Shirin Ayyuka
Wakilan gwamnati da ke halartar taron a Cibiyar Taro ta Duniya sun karɓe sanarwar Durban da Shirin Aiki.

## Manazarta
Evanston Reparations Committee

Majalisar City na Evanston, Illinois ce ta kafa **kwamitin Evanston Reparations** a cikin shekarar 2019 a matsayin shirin farko na biyan kuɗi na jama'a ga Baƙaƙen fata da aka bautar na Amurkawa 'yan asalin Afrika. Shirin farko da aka amince don amfani da kuɗin, biyan kuɗi don tallafin gidaje, birni ne ya wuce shi a cikin watan Maris 2021.

## Wucewa
A ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba, 2019, Majalisar City ta zaɓi 8 – 1 don ƙaddamar da dala miliyan goma na farko a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa na harajin Ma'aikatan Cannabis na birni (3% akan yawan tallace-tallace na cannabis) don ba da gudummawar shirin ramuwa na gida tare da niyya don mai da hankali kan gidaje da gibin arziki ga mazauna baƙaƙen fata na Evan sun sha wahala daga redlining.

An amince da shirin farko don kashe kuɗi daga asusun, tare da wani kuri'a 8-1, a ranar 22 ga watan Maris, 2021, shine "Shirin Gyaran Gida na Gida" wanda aka yi niyya don shirye-shiryen gidaje da ci gaban tattalin arziki ga mazauna Black Evanston da kuma gina dukiyar mazauna baƙaƙen fata.  Shi ne irin wannan shiri na farko da gwamnati ke tallafawa a Amurka.  An ba da gidaje ga waɗanda suka cancanta har zuwa $25,000 don biyan kuɗi ko gyaran gida. Don samun cancantar shirin, Baƙaƙen fata Amirkawa dole ne ko dai sun zauna a Evanston tsakanin shekarun 1919 zuwa 1969 ko kuma su kasance zuriyar wanda ya yi.   

Shirin ya sami amincewar Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Baƙaƙe na Ƙasa don Ramuwa a Amurka da Hukumar Kula da Ma'aikata ta Ƙasar Amirka. 

Alderwoman Robin Rue Simmons ita ce ta tsara shirin ramawa. Sauran mambobin kwamitin ramuwa sune ɗan majalisar Ward na 5 Bobby Burns, ɗan majalisar Ward na biyu Krissie Harris, ɗan majalisar Ward na 8 Devon Reid da mazauna Bonnie Lockhart, Claire McFarland Barber, da Carlis Sutton. 

## Tasiri
Tun daga farkon shekarar 2023, Evanston ya rarraba dala 400,000 kawai daga cikin dala miliyan 10 da aka tsara na kashewa. Jimlar masu neman 16 sun karɓi kuɗi yayin da kusan 620 na Baƙaƙen fata a cikin jerin jira ko kuma sun nemi izini.   Tun daga nan birnin ya faɗaɗa yuwuwar zaɓukan bayar da kuɗi don haɗawa da kuɗi da kuma vouchers.

Shirin ya ba da tallafi ga wasu mazauna yankin amma kuma an ba da misali da yadda ba a yi gyare-gyare ba, inda masu sukar ta ke cewa tallafin da ake samu a cikin gida kawai ba shi da isassun kayan aiki da za su binne gibin da ke tsakanin arzikin farar fata da bakar fata. Masu fafutukar ganin an gudanar da wannan shiri da makamantansu na ganin cewa, ya kamata su kara kaimi ga ayyukan gida da na ƙasa baki ɗaya.

## Duba kuma

* Task Force Reparations California

## Manazarta
Mayors Organized for Reparations and Equity

**Mayors Organised for Reparations and Equity** ( **MORE** ) gamayyar hakiman Amurka ne da suka himmatu wajen biyan diyya ga ’yan asalin Afrika dake zaune a Amurka na garuruwansu. An sanar da ƙungiyar ne a ranar 18 ga watan Yuni, 2021, domin tunawa da hutun watan Yuni na farko da gwamnatin tarayya ta amince da shi.   Magajin gari daga manyan gundumomi kamar Los Angeles, Denver, Sacramento, da Kansas City suna cikin ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa,  da kuma magajin ƙaramin garin Tullahassee, Oklahoma,  tare da yawan jama'a 83.

Shirin na da nufin tallafa wa ‘ya’yan Afirka mazauna Amurka na bauta.   MORE manufarsa ita ce kafa ƙananan shirye-shiryen ramawa na matukin jirgi a cikin garuruwa daban-daban na membobin waɗanda zasu iya zama abin koyi ga shirin tarayya na gaba don rage gibin arzikin launin fata.   Membobin magajin gari sun sha alwashin yin hakan ta hanyar kafa kwamitocin ƙananan hukumomi na shugabannin baƙaƙen fata don jagorantar aikinsu.  Bugu da ƙari, ƙungiyar ta yi alkawarin tallafa wa Hukumar Nazari da Ƙaddamar da Shawarwari ga Dokar Afrika -Amurka (wanda aka sani da HR 40),   wanda Wakilin Amurka John Conyers ya gabatar a shekarar 1989 kuma a halin yanzu yana ɗaukar nauyin Rep. Sheila Jackson Lee na Texas. 

Yawancin membobin MORE sun jaddada cewa maimakon biyan kuɗi kai tsaye ga ɗaiɗaikun mutane, ramuwa zai ɗauki nau'in saka hannun jari a cikin al'ummomi, shirye-shirye, da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai.   Ya kamata a tantance hanyoyin samar da kuɗaɗe don shirye-shiryen biyan bashin da birni ke jagoranta;  MORE masu shiryawa sun kiyasta cewa shirin na gaskiya na ƙasa zai iya kashe dala tiriliyan 12. 

Magajin garin Kansas Quinton Lucas ya taƙaita manufar MORE ta haka:

Ya yi nuni da cewa, shirye-shiryen gwamnatin tarayya da ake da su galibi ba sa yin nasara wajen kai wa waɗanda suka fi buƙata:

## Manazarta
Tsarin lokaci na kawar da bautar Bayi

**Soke bautar bayi ya faru** ne a lokuta daban-daban a ƙasashe daban-daban. Yana faruwa akai-akai a cikin matakai fiye da ɗaya  alal misali, a matsayin kawar da cinikin bayi a wata ƙasa, sannan a matsayin kawar da bautar bayi a cikin dauloli. Kowane mataki yawanci ya kasance sakamakon wata doka ko aiki daban. Wannan tsarin lokaci yana nuna dokokin sokewa ko ayyuka da aka jera bisa ga tsarin lokaci. Har ila yau, ya shafi kawar da jima'i.

Duk da cewa bautar bayi  waɗanda ba fursunoni ba a fasahance ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne a duk ƙasashe a yau, ana ci gaba da yin hakan a wurare da yawa a duniya, musamman a Afirka, Asiya, da Gabashin Turai, galibi tare da tallafin gwamnati. 

## Tsohon zamani
A zamanin d ¯ a, manyan al'ummomi da yawa a Turai da Gabas ta Gabas sun tsara tsarin bautar bayi bashi da alaƙa amma bambancin aikin bautar bashi (wanda mai bin bashi zai iya cire aikin wajibi daga mai bashi don biyan bashin su, amma mai bin bashi ba a bautar da shi ba kuma ba a ƙarƙashin duk sharuɗɗan bautar chattel, irin su zama mallakar kasuwa, ko sayar da shi a kasuwa).

Gyara da aka jera a ƙasa kamar dokokin Solon a Athens, da Lex Poetelia Papiria a cikin Republican Rome, ko dokokin da aka bayyana a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci a cikin Littafin Maimaitawar Shari'a gabaɗaya ya kayyade samar da bayi da bayin bashi ta hanyar hana ko daidaita bautar wasu ƙungiyoyi masu gata (don haka, Romawa sun sake yin gyare-gyaren da ke kare ƴan ƙasar Romawa, ƴan ƙasar Atheni sun ba da garantin yanci a cikin Kubawar Shari'a. Ibrananci bayan ƙayyadadden lokacin bautar), amma babu wanda ya kawar da bautar, har ma da irin kariyar da aka kafa bai shafi baƙi ko kuma waɗanda ba ƴan ƙasa ba.

## Zamanin tsakiya

: *NB: Yawancin gyare-gyaren da aka lissafa an juya su a cikin ƙarni masu zuwa.*

## 1500-1700

## 1701-1799

## 1800-1829
 

## 1830-1849
 

## 1850-1899
 

## 1900-1949

## 1950-1999

## 2000 - yanzu

## Duba kuma

* Abolitionism
* Tarihin bauta
* Jerin na gaba-gaba na sokewar (na Thomas Clarkson)
* Sakamako don bauta
* Ayyukan Kasuwancin Bayi
* Bautar jima'i
* Bauta a gama gari
* Bauta a Afirka ta zamani
* Bauta a karni na 21
* Timeline na ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a

## Manazarta
Archduchess Maria Henrietta na Austria

**Archduchess Maria Henrietta**, cikakken sunan Jamusanci: *Maria Henrietta Caroline Gabriele, Erzherzogin von Österreich* (10 Janairu 1883, a Preßburg, Hungary"Austria-Hungary - 2 Satumba 1956, a Mariazell, Austria [ana buƙatar]) ya kasance memba na reshen Teschen na Gidan Habsburg-Lorraine kuma Archduchessa na Austria da Gimbiya na Bohemia, Hungary, da Tuscany ta haihuwa. Ta hanyar aurenta da Yarima Gottfried Maximilian na Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Maria Henrietta ta zama memba na Gidan Hohenlo He-Waldenburg-Schillinsfürst .

## Rayuwa
Maria Henrietta ita ce ta uku kuma 'yar Archduke Friedrich, Duke na Teschen da matarsa Princess Isabella na Croÿ . Ta auri Yarima Gottfried na Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, ɗan Konstantin Yarima na Hohen lohe-Waldenburg-Schillinsfürst na Ratibor da Corvey da Marie Antoinette Yarima na Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg, a ranar 3 ga Yuni 1908 a Baden, Vienna, Austria. Ta mutu a ranar 2 ga Satumba 1956 tana da shekaru 73 a Mariazell, Austria .

## Aure da fitowa
Maria Henrietta tana da 'ya'ya uku:

* Gimbiya Elisabeth ta Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst (27 Satumba 1909 - 30 Maris 1987) 
* Gimbiya Natalie ta Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst (28 ga Yulin 1911 - 11 ga Maris 1989) 
* Yarima Friedrich na Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst (18 Fabrairu 1913 - Disamba 1945)

## Tsofaffi

## Manazarta
Alfred, Yarima na 5 na Salm-Salm

Alfred Konstantin Alexander Angelus Maria Konstantin Alexander Angelis Maria Fürst[a] zu Salm-Salm (27 Disamba 1814 - 8 Oktoba 1886) ya kasance mai daraja na Prussia.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Alfred Konstantin zu Salm-Salm a ranar 27 ga Disamba 1814 a Anholt Castle . Shi ne ɗan fari na Florentin, Yarima na 4 na Salm-Salm (1786-1846) da Flaminia di Rossi (1795-1840). 'Yan uwansa maza sune Yarima Emil na Salm-Salm, wanda ya auri Agnes von Ising, da Yarima Felix na Salm, wanda aka auri wata mace ta Amurka mai suna Agnes Leclerc Joy a 1862, an kashe shi a lokacin yakin Franco-Prussian . 

Kakanninsa na uba sune Gimbiya Viktoria Felizitas na Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort (yar'uwar Dominic Constantine, Yarima na Löwensstein-Werthefort) da Yarima Konstantin Alexander zu Salm-Salm, wanda ya kasance Yarima Mai Girma na Salm-salm daga 1778 har sai an kafa masarautar a 1813. Kakanninsa na uwa sune Niccolò di' Rossi da Angela Maria Bacciochi (ɗan Francesco Bacciochi). Kakansa, Count Carlo di' Rossi, ya auri mawaƙan Opera Henriette Sontag .

## Ayyuka

Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa a 1846, ya zama Yarima na biyar na Salm-Salm, wanda aka watsa shi tun 1813, kuma a matsayin Ubangiji na Anholt . Bayan ya zama Yarima, ya kasance memba na gado na gidan sarakuna na Prussian . 

## Rayuwa ta mutum
A ranar 13 ga Yuni 1836 ta auri Gimbiya *Auguste Adelheid* Emanuele Constanze na Croÿ (1815-1886), 'yar Yarima Ferdinand Victor Philippe na Croÿ (ɗan Auguste, 9th Duke na Croÿ kuma jikan Anne Emmanuel, 8th Duke na croÿ) da Gimbiya Constance Anne Louise de Croÿ-Solre (ɗan Emmanuel Marie de Croÿ, Yarima na Spire-le-Châus).  Tare, su ne iyayen:

* Gimbiya Mahilde ta Salm-Salm (1837-1898) 
* Nikolaus Leopold, Yarima na 6 na Salm-Salm (1838-1908), wanda ya auri Gimbiya *Eleonore* Leopoldine Aloysia von Croÿ, 'yar Yarima Alexis na Croÿ da Gimbiya Franziska na Salm, a cikin 1893.
* Gimbiya Franziska ta Salm-Salm (1840-1916), wacce ta auri Yarima August-Philipp na Croÿ, ɗan Yarima Philipp Franz na Croÿ-Dülmen da Gimbiya Johanna Wilhelmina na Salm-salm . 
* Gimbiya Maria ta Salm-Salm (1843-1908) 
* Yarima Karl na Salm-Salm (1845-1923) 
* Alfred Ferdinand, Yarima na 7 na Salm-Salm (1846-1923), wanda ya auri Countess Rosa von Lützow, 'yar'uwar Counts Francis da Heinrich von Lützow . 
* Yarima Emanuel na Salm-Salm (1847-1866) 
* Yarima Wilhelm na Salm-Salm (1848-1894) 
* Yarima Maximilian na Salm-Salm (1849-1873) 
* Gimbiya Euphemia ta Salm-Salm (1851-1931) 
* Gimbiya Flaminia ta Salm-Salm (1853-1913), wacce ta auri Count Ferdinand Wolff-Metternich zur Gracht, ɗan'uwan Count Paul Wolff-Petternich zur gracht . 

Yarima Alfred ya mutu a Arnhold a ranar 8 ga Oktoba 1886. Bayan mutuwarsa, ɗansa na fari, Leopold ya gaje shi. Lokacin da ya mutu ba tare da haihuwa ba a 1908, taken ya wuce ga ƙanensa, Alfred . 

## Manazarta

## Bayanai

## Tushe

## Haɗin waje

*
Gimbiya Magdalena Reuss ta Köstritz

**Magdalena Pauline** (20 ga watan Agustan 1920 - 10 ga watan Oktoba 2009) ita ce matar Yarima Hubertus na Prussia,  kuma daga nan ne Princess Hubertus ta Prussia. Ta hanyar haihuwa, ta kasance memba na House of Reuss .

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haife shi a ranar 20 ga Agusta 1920, Leipzig, Jamus, a matsayin 'yar fari ta Yarima Heinrich XXXVI Reuss na Schleiz-Köstritz (1888-1956) da matarsa, Princess Hermine na Schönburg-Waldenburg (1899-1982). Tana da ƙanwar 'yar'uwa Princess Caroline (1923-2010), wacce ta auri Count Alfred na Wedel-Jarlsberg (1895-1973).

## Aure da fitowa
A ranar 5 ga Yuni 1943 a Schloss Prillwitz a Potsdam, Magdalena ta auri Yarima Hubertus na Prussia, ƙaramin ɗan William, Yarima na Jamus da Duchess Cecilie na Mecklenburg-Schwerin . Ya riga ya auri Baroness Maria Anna Sybilla Margaretha von Humboldt-Dachröden (1916-2003), wanda ya sake shi a shekarar da ya auri Magdalena.Suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu:

* Gimbiya Anastasia Victoria Cecilia Hermine na Prussia (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 1944). Ya auri Alois-Konstantin, Yarima na 9 na Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg kuma yana da matsala.
* Gimbiya Marie Christine ta Prussia (18 ga Yuli, 1947 - 29 ga Mayu, 1966) wacce ta mutu daga raunin da ya haifar da hadarin mota.  
Ma'auratan sun zauna a takaice a Silesia amma an tilasta musu guduwa yamma tare da jaririnsu Anastasia daga Red Army mai ci gaba. Hubertus ya sami aiki wajen gudanar da gidajen giya da yawa a 1947, kuma ma'auratan sun haifi 'yarsu ta biyu a wannan shekarar. Hubertus ya koma kudu maso yammacin Afirka a 1950 don fara sabuwar rayuwa a matsayin manomi na tumaki; ya zaɓi barin saboda "ya kasance wurin hutawa mai nisa daga rikice-rikicen siyasa a Jamus". Magdalena da 'ya'yansu mata biyu sun shirya su bi shi a Windhoek a lokacin rani na wannan shekarar. Hubertus ya kamu da appendicitis kuma ya mutu daga peritonitis a watan Afrilu na shekara mai zuwa tare da matarsa a gefensa.  

Magdalena ta koma Jamus tare da 'ya'yanta mata biyu, inda ta yi renon su. Anastasia ta auri Yarima na Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg a shekarar 1965, kuma Marie Christine ta mutu a shekara mai zuwa a hatsarin mota. 

Magdalena ta mutu a ranar 10 ga Oktoba 2009 a gidan 'yarta Anastasia, Löwenstein Castle, Kleinheubach . Ita ce surukar karshe da ta tsira ta Yarima Wilhelm . An binne Magdalena kusa da mijinta a St. Michaels Bastei, kusa da Burg Hohenzollern .  

## Tsofaffi
## Manazarta
United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Promotion of Truth, Justice, Reparation and Guarantees of non-Recurrence

An ƙirƙiri matsayin ne ta hanyar ƙuduri 18/7 na Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Ɗan Adam na 29 ga watan Satumba 2011, wanda ya nemi a yi la'akari da abin da aka azabtar da kuma kula da jinsi.  Mai ba da rahoto na musamman, yin hidima na tsawon shekaru uku wanda za'a iya sabuntawa sau ɗaya (kuma ana sa ran yin aiki a matsayin SR na akalla watanni uku a kowace shekara), ya ba da rahoto ga Majalisar da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya game da tsarin al'ada, yanayi na ƙasa da kuma ayyukan da suka shafi tsarin adalci na wucin gadi, yana ba da shawarwari don kare hakkin bil'adama a cikin yanayin rikici. Waɗannan shawarwarin, waɗanda ke magance batutuwa irin su neman gaskiya, ramawa da kuma nisantar hukunci, an fi niyya ne ga gwamnatoci da sauran hukumomin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Mai ba da rahoto na musamman zai kuma ba da shawarar dabarun magance manyan laifuka da take haƙƙin ɗan adam.

An naɗa wakilin farko na musamman Pablo de Greiff a ƙarshen zaman HRC na 19 a ranar 23 ga watan Maris 2012. Ɗan Kolombiya, ya kasance ne a Cibiyar Shari'a ta Ƙasa da Ƙasa  da ke New York.  Mai Rapporteur na Musamman na yanzu shine lauyan Argentine Fabián Salvioli, wanda aka naɗa a ranar Mayu 1, ga watan 2018. 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Ofishin Babban Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya shafi na Musamman na Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Harkokin Shari'a ta Duniya

An kafa **Cibiyar Adalci ta Duniya (ta International Center for Transitional Justice)**  ( **ICTJ** ) a cikin shekarar 2001 a matsayin wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ta sadaukar da kai don bin diddigin cin zarafin jama'a da cin zarafin bil'adama ta hanyar hanyoyin adalci na wucin gadi. 

A hukumance ICTJ ta buɗe kofofinta a birnin New York a ranar 1 ga watan Maris, 2001, kuma a cikin watanni shida tana aiki a cikin ƙasashe fiye da goma sha biyu, yayin da ake shigar da buƙatar taimako.

Tarin kayan da ICTJ ta tattara wanda ya shafi shekarun 1981-2008 yana cikin ɗakin karatu na Jami'ar Duke.

## Sanannun ma'aikata

* Alex Boraine, Wanda ya kafa kuma Shugaban farko na ICTJ
* Priscilla Hayner, wacce ta kafa ICTJ kuma tsohuwar darekta na Shirye-shiryen Saliyo, Peru, da Ghana 
* Paul van Zyl, Wanda ya kafa ICTJ da Shugaba na PeaceVentures
* Juan E. Mendez, Shugaba Emeritus na ICTJ
* Fernando Travesí, Babban Daraktan ICTJ
* Pablo de Greiff, Daraktan Bincike (kuma daga shekarun 2012 zuwa 2018 wakilin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na musamman)

## Manazarta
Yarjejeniyar Moresby

**Yarjejeniyar Moresby** yarjejeniya ce ta yaki da bauta tsakanin Sayyid Said, Sultan na Muscat da Oman da Fairfax Moresby, babban jami'in Mauritius,  a madadin Biritaniya a watan Satumba na shekarar 1822.  

Da farko wanda ya ƙunshi kasidu shida,  manufar yarjejeniyar ita ce iyakance cinikin bayi a Tekun Indiya ta hanyar hana shigo da bayi zuwa hannun Birtaniyya a Indiya da Tekun Indiya daga ƙasar da Larabawan Omani ke mulki a Gabashin Afirka.  Yarjejeniyar ta hana sayar da bayi ga Kiristoci na kowace ƙasa,  ta amince da ikon sarkin kan ruwa kusa da gaɓar tekun gabashin Afirka,  ya ba da izinin shigar da wani jami'in Birtaniya a Zanzibar ko babban yankin,  kuma ya haifar da Moresby Line.

## Layin Moresby
Daga cikin sharuɗɗan har da samar da layin Moresby. Layin ya taso ne daga kudu maso kudu na yankin Sarkin Musulmi a Afirka-Cape Delgado a Mozambique ta tekun Indiya zuwa birnin Diu da ke gaɓar tekun Indiya.   Harkokin sufurin bayi a yammacin layin da aka kafa, yankin musulmi na farko na Tekun Indiya,  a wannan lokacin an ɗauke shi doka amma an haramta shi a gefen gabas.  Don aiwatar da wannan doka, an bai wa jiragen ruwan yaƙi ikon kwace jiragen ruwa da ke ɗauke da bayi a cikin haramtacciyar ruwa da ke gabashin layin tare da hukunta kyaftin ɗin kamar yadda 'yan fashin teku suka yi, ta hanyar "mutuwa ba tare da taimakon malamai ba".  Keɓance kawai ga wannan ƙa'ida ya tanadi jiragen ruwa da suka wuce layi saboda yanayin da ya wuce ikonsu ciki har da matsanancin yanayi.  An sami ruɗani game da wanene ainihin wanda zai aiwatar da wannan ɓangare na yarjejeniyar yayin da fassarar Turanci ta ɗora alhakin Oman yayin da rubutun Larabci ya ɗora alhakin Birtaniyya. 

## Gyara
A ranar 17 ga watan Disamba, 1839 yarjejeniyar ta faɗaɗa iyakarta, ta ƙara wasu labarai guda uku zuwa ainihin yarjejeniyar.  Tsawaitawa ya ƙaru wurin da ake ɗaukar safarar bayi a matsayin doka ta hanyar ƙaura ƙarshen layin Moresby zuwa yamma zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Pasni a kan Tekun Makran.  Bugu da ƙari, gyare-gyaren ya haramta sayar da Somaliyawa a matsayin bayi domin, a matsayinsu na Musulmai, Sarkin Omani wanda shi kansa musulmi ne ya ɗauke su a matsayin 'yantattu. 

Yarjejeniyar Hamerton ta biyo baya a shekarar 1845.

## Manazarta
Afro-Iraqis

**Afro-Irakis** mutanen Iraqi ne na al'adun Zanj na Afirka. A tarihi, yawansu ya taru ne a birnin Basra mai tashar jiragen ruwa na kudancin ƙasar, kasancewar Basra ita ce helkwatar cinikin bayi a Iraki.  Afro-Irakis suna jin Larabci kuma galibi suna bin addinin Musulunci. Wasu Afro-Irakis har yanzu suna iya jin Swahili tare da Larabci. 

Shugabannin Afro-Iraki sun yi iƙirarin cewa akwai kusan tsakanin 500,000 zuwa 1,500,000 na Afro-Iraki, amma ba a tabbatar da hakan ta hanyar alkalumman hukuma ba.     Asalinsu ya samo asali ne tun lokacin da Larabawa suke fataucin bayi da bauta a ƙasar Iraki tsakanin ƙarni na 9 miladiyya zuwa ƙarni na 19 miladiyya.  

Mutane da yawa sun fito daga gundumar Zubair, zuriyar mutanen da suka zo Iraki daga Gabashin Afirka. Wasu sun zo a matsayin jirgin ruwa, yayin da wasu suka zo a matsayin ’yan kasuwa, baƙi, malaman addini, ko kuma bayi a cikin ƙarni da yawa, tun daga ƙarni na 9 AD. 

## Asalin almara
Labarin Larabawa Sarkin Kushitic Nimrod ya ketare tekun Gabashin Afirka a farkon lokaci tare da sojoji, kuma ya kafa wayewa. Da yawa  wuraren da ake da su a Iraki har yanzu ana kiran su da sunan Nimrod. Kur'ani bai ambaci Nimrod da sunan ba, amma labaran Larabawa game da Nimrod sun sa ana ambatonsa a matsayin azzalumi a al'adun Musulmi.

Al’adar Yahudawa ta ba da labarin labarin Sarki Nimrod kuma. An bayyana a cikin littafin Farawa cewa Nimrod babban mafarauci ne mai suna kuma shi ne na farko da ya gina birane bisa duniya. Ya yi mulki a Mesopotamiya, wanda ya haɗa da Iraki ta zamani.

Saboda asalin Kushitic na almara na Nimrod (wanda aka fi sani da Masarautar Kush na tarihi a yau a kudancin Masar da arewacin Sudan), da yawa sun gaskata cewa Afro-Irakis yanzu suna zaune a yankuna su ne zuriyarsa ta zahiri. Wannan ba shi yiwuwa ya zama gaskiya a zahiri ga dukkan 'yan Afro-Iraki, saboda kasancewarsu a Iraki ya samo asali ne tun ƙarni na 9 AZ,  yayin da mulkin Kush ya ƙare a karni na 6 AZ.

## Tarihi da asali
Duk da haka Baƙaƙen fata na Iraqi zuriyar mutanen Bantu da ke gabar tekun Gabashin Afirka, wataƙila mutanen Swahili, waɗanda aka bautar da su kuma aka kawo su Iraki a ƙarni na 9 a lokacin cinikin bayi na Larabawa zuwa bautar a cikin Halifancin Abbasiyawa don yin aiki a filayen noma ko kuma a matsayin ma'aikata. Ko da yake wasu 'yan ci-rani na Afirka sun zo Iraki a matsayin ma'aikatan ruwa da ma'aikata, yawancin an kawo su a matsayin bayi a karni na 9.  Bautar Chattel ta ci gaba har tsawon shekaru dubbai, kuma har yanzu ana fataucin bayi na Afirka zuwa Iraqin Ottoman a ƙarni na 19, kasancewar wani ɓangare na bauta a Daular Usmaniyya.

A hukumance, an hana shigo da bayi ta hanyar cinikin bayi ta Tekun Indiya na Tekun Farisa ta hanyar hana cinikin bayi a Tekun Farisa a cikin watan Janairu 1847. Wannan duk da haka haramun ne na zahiri, kuma cinikin bayi ya ci gaba. An haramta bauta a Iraki a hukumance a shekara ta 1924,   ta dokar sarauta da sarki Faisal na Iraƙi ya bayar.

## Manazarta
'Yan Afirka dake Iran

**Afro-Iranians**  yana nufin mutanen Iran da ke da manyan zuriyar baƙaƙen fata 'yan Afrika . Yawancin 'yan Afro-Iran sun fi mayar da hankali ne a lardunan kudancin Iran, ciki har da Hormozgan, Sistan da Balochistan, Bushehr, Khuzestan, da Fars. An raba su tsakanin Baƙaƙe-Iraniyawa waɗanda suka bayyana a matsayin Farisa, Larabawa Iran, ko Baloch.  

## Tarihi

Kasuwancin bayi na Tekun Indiya ya kasance mai ja-gora da yawa kuma ya canza akan lokaci. Domin biyan buƙatar ƙananan ayyuka, an sayar da baƙaƙen fata bayi da ’yan kasuwar bayi Larabawa suka kama su da yawa a cikin shekaru aru-aru zuwa; Tekun Fasha, Masar, Larabawa, Indiya, Gabas Mai Nisa, Tsibirin Tekun Indiya da Habasha.  Wasu sun zo a matsayin bakin haure a tsawon shekaru dubunnan ko kuma daga dillalan bayi na ƙasar Portugal waɗanda suka mamaye mafi yawan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Ormus Bandar Abbas, Hormoz da kuma tsibirin Qeshm a kudancin Iran a farkon ƙarni na 16.  

A lokacin mulkin Qajar, gidaje da yawa masu hannu da shuni sun shigo da mata da yara baƙar fata don yin aikin gida tare da bayin Circassi na Gabashin Turai. An samo wannan ne daga *Zanj*, waɗanda suke al'ummomin Bantu ne waɗanda ke zaune tare da Kudu maso Gabashin Afirka.  A wani yanki da ya ƙunshi Tanzaniya na zamani, Mozambique da Malawi.  A ƙarƙashin matsin lamba na Biritaniya, Mohammad Shah Qajar ya fitar da wani *katafaren kamfani* mai dakile cinikin bayi a shekara ta 1848. 

## Sanannun Afro-Iran

* Abdolreza Barzegari, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa
* Abdul Karim Farhani, malamin Shi'a na Iran, memba na majalisar kwararru
* Ali Firouzi, ɗan wasan kwallon kafa kuma koci
* Mehrab Shahrokhi, ɗan wasan kwallon kafa
* Mohammad Ali Mousavi Jazayeri, malamin Shi'a na Iran, memba na masana (Afro-Ahwazi Arab)
* Ƙungiyar Shanbehzadeh, ƙungiyar mutanen Iran
* Dennis Walker, ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa na zuriyar Afro-Iran, ɗan wasa baƙar fata na farko da ya fara buga wasa a Manchester United 

## Duba kuma

* Afro-Asiya
* Zanj
* Siddi, mutanen Zanj a Pakistan da Indiya.
* Mutanen Shirazi, Bantu mazauna gabar tekun Swahili .
* Afro-Arabs
* Afro-Turkiya
* Bauta a Iran
* Haji Firuz, ƙagaggun hali baƙar fata a cikin tarihin tarihin Iran .

## Kara karantawa

* Ehsaei, Mahdi (2015) "Afro-Iran", Heidelberg: Kehrer Verlag ,
* "Bayyana Labule"
* "Sake tunanin Bautar Afirka ta Iran: daukar hoto azaman Al'adun kayan abu"
* "Qajar African Nannies"
* Khosronejad, Pedram (2016), "Daga Mayar da hankali, Hotunan Bautar Afirka a Qajar Iran 
* "Hotunan Bautar Afirka a Iran"
* /" Fuskar bautar Afirka a Qajar Iran - a cikin hotuna"
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Rayuwar Afro-Iran (fim ɗin gaskiya na Behnaz Mirzai)
* Afro-Iran (aikin daukar hoto na kabilanci da littafin: Mahdi Ehsaei)
* Afro-Iraniyawa ta hanyar Lens of Documentarists (Bita na shirin Behnaz Mirzais na: Pedram Khosronejad)
* Tarihin Bauta da 'Yanci a Iran, 1800-1929 (Bita na Littafin Behnaz Mirzai na: Pedram Khosronejad)

## Manazarta
'Yan Afirka dake Jordan

**Afro-Jordanians** ƴan ƙasar Jordan ne na al'adun Baƙar fata na Afirka. Mutanen Afro-Jordan suna magana da Larabci kuma galibi suna bin Musulunci. Yawancin mutanen Afro-Jordan sun fi maida hankali ne a yankunan Kudu maso Yamma na Jordan.

Yawancin ’yan Afro-Jordan zuriyar bayi ne, ana fataucinsu ta hanyar cinikin bayi ta Bahar Maliya. A tarihi, cibiyar bautar da ke yankin na Jordan na baya ya bayyana a cikin cibiyar bauta a cikin Halifancin Rashidun (632-661) bautar a cikin Umayyad Caliphate (661-750), bauta a cikin Halifancin Abbasid (750-1258), bautar a cikin Mamluk Sultanate (1258-1258 daular Ottoman ). (1517-1918).

A cikin shekarar 1921, tsohon Ottoman Jordan ya zama Masarautar Transjordan (1921-1946), wacce ita ce kariyar Burtaniya. Daular Biritaniya, bayan ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar bauta ta 1926 a matsayin memba na Kungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya, ta wajaba a yi bincike, bayar da rahoto da yaki da bautar da fataucin bayi a duk ƙasar da ke ƙarƙashin ikon daular Burtaniya kai tsaye ko kai tsaye. Bauta a Transjordan an soke ta bisa doka ta Burtaniya a cikin shekarar 1929. 

## Duba kuma

* Afro-Arab
* Bauta a Jordan
* Kasuwancin bayi na Bahar Maliya

## Manazarta
Hajar Raissouni

**Hajar Raissouni** (Larabci: هاجر الريسوني; an haife ta ne a shekara ta 1991) yar jarida ce mai zaman kanta na kasar Moroko. A cikin shekara 2019, an kama ta kuma aka yanke mata hukuncin daurin shekara guda a gidan yari saboda zargin zubar da ciki ba bisa ka'ida ba da jima'i ba tare da aure ba, ko da yake daga baya Sarki Mohammed VI ya yafe ta.

## Manazarta
Bacoachi

**Bacoachi** wani ƙaramin gari ne a cikin Garin Bacoachi a arewacin jihar Sonora ta Mexico . Yankin ƙaramar hukumar yana da murabba'in kilomita 487 (1,2.65 km2) kuma yawan jama'a (ƙauyuka da birane) ya kai kimanin 1,456 a shekara ta 2005, tare da mazauna 924 da ke zaune a cikin kujerar ƙaramar hukuma. Tsawon wurin zama na gari yana da ƙafa 4,429 (mita 1,350) sama da matakin teku.

Bacoachi tana kudu maso gabashin Kan'ana kuma tana da iyakoki a arewa tare da Naco, a gabas tare da Fronteras, a kudu maso gabas tare le Nacozari, a kudu ta yamma tare da Arizpe kuma a gabas da Kan'ana. Dubi taswira a 

Yankin ya kasance asalin mazaunin Indiyawa na Opata Teguima, waɗanda suka kira mazauninsu "Cuchibaciachi". An kafa wata manufa ta Jesuit mai suna **San Miguel Bacoachi** a nan a cikin shekara ta 1648.  A shekara ta 1649, Kaftin Simón Lazo de la Vega ya kafa wani gari na Mutanen Espanya a wannan wuri. Sunan yana nufin "macijin ruwa" a cikin yaren asali.

A shekara ta 1784, an kafa wani shugabancin Mutanen Espanya a wurin, wanda Opatas ke aiki gaba ɗaya.

Yawancin ƙasar suna da tsaunuka kuma suna cikin Sierra de Sonora . Har yanzu akwai gandun daji na Pine da wadataccen nau'in dabbobi, gami da coyotes, jaguars, deer, raccoons, aladu na daji, skunks, da owls, da sauransu.

Yawan jama'a yana raguwa saboda shige da fice zuwa Amurka.

Akwai hanyoyi kaɗan amma karamar hukumar ta haɗa da babban birnin, Hermosillo, ta hanyar babbar hanyar Hermosillo-Cananea.

Aikin noma da kiwon shanu sune manyan ayyukan tattalin arziki. Yawancin aikin gona yana da hannu a shuka ciyawa ga shanu, wanda ya kai sama da 25,000 a cikin 2000.

## Yanayi

## Manazarta

* INEGI 
* Enciclopedia de los Municipios de Mexico

## Haɗin waje

* Bacoachi, Majalisa ta dijital (Gidan yanar gizon hukuma na Bacoachi), Sonora* (Gidan yanar gizon hukuma na Bacoachi, Sonora) *
Yarjejeniyar Hamerton

**Yarjejeniyar Hamerton** wata yarjejeniya ce tsakanin Biritaniya da Daular Omani a shekara ta 1845. An ba shi suna bayan Atkins Hamerton, wanda ya yi shawarwari da yarjejeniyar a madadin Biritaniya. Yarjejeniyar dai ta yi tsokaci ne kan batun cinikin bayi na Zanzibar tsakanin gaɓar tekun Swahili da ke Zanzibar da Oman a yankin Larabawa, wanda a lokacin shi ne babban ɓangare na cinikin bayi na tsohon tekun Indiya.

Yarjejeniyar Hammerton ta haramta cinikin bayi don zama doka kawai a cikin yankin Zanzibar, amma Zanzibar ta ci gaba da shigo da bayi daga Kilwa a gaɓar tekun gabashin Afirka zuwa Madagascar da Comoros tare da takaddun hukuma don cinikin bayi na doka a arewa. 

## Tarihi
Hamerton abokin Said bin Sultan ne, sarkin daular Omani na ƙarshe, tare da sarkin ya baiwa Hamerton wani gini da ke kusa da teku a tsakiyar gari a matsayin wurin zama, yana bada haya.  Turawan Ingila sun yi sha'awar yin amfani da wannan abota don kawo ƙarshen cinikin bayi a Zanzibar, wanda ke bunƙasa a lokacin. Yarjejeniyar Moresby ta shekarar 1822 ta hana cinikin bayi na Zanzibar, amma ba ta hana shi ba.

Don haka an gaya wa Hamerton lokacin da yake hutu a Bombay a shekarar 1843 cewa Kamfanin yana son ya shiga tsakani da Said. An fi yin hakan cikin sauƙi fiye da yadda aka yi, kamar yadda Said ya mayar da martani ga tsokanar Hamerton ta hanyar tunatar da shi cewa Musulunci ya amince da bauta: "Alƙur'ani, kalmar Allah ... ya ƙulla shi, kuma Larabawa, na dukan Mahomedans, mutanen da Ubangiji ya ɗauka a matsayin mafi cancantar alheri, suna da hakkin su bautar da kafirai." 

Amma Hamerton ya kasance mai sasantawa mai gamsarwa kuma sakamakon aikinsa shine yarjejeniya da Said ya sanya hannu a cikin shekarar 1845, wanda aka sani da "Yarjejeniyar Hamerton" - duk da yawancin ayyukan da Lord Aberdeen da Ofishin Harkokin Waje  suka yi wanda ya haramta fitar da bayi daga Zanzibar zuwa yankin Gulf Persian.

Ba da daɗewa ba ya zama bayyananne, duk da haka, cewa wannan kawai sultan da Kamfanin ne suka yi, wanda ba ya yin komai don aiwatar da sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar, kuma Burtaniya tana da jiragen yaki kaɗan a yankin. Don haka cinikin bayi ya ci gaba kamar yadda ya gabata, tare da Hamerton yana la'akari da cewa kashi uku cikin huɗu na yawan mutanen Zanzibar bayi ne.

Yarjejeniyar Frere ta biyo baya a cikin shekarar 1873.

## Manazarta
Fataucin mutane a Equatorial Guinea

A cikin shekara ta 2009 Equatorial Guinea ya kasance ainihin makoma ga yara da ke fuskantar fataucin mutane, musamman yanayin tilastawa da yiwuwar cin zarafin jima'i na kasuwanci. An yi imanin cewa ana daukar yara kuma ana jigilar su daga ƙasashe da ke kusa, da farko Najeriya, Benin, Kamaru, da Gabon, kuma an tilasta su aiki a cikin bautar gida, aikin kasuwa, sayar da kayan aiki, da sauran nau'ikan aikin tilas, kamar ɗaukar ruwa da wanki. An yi imanin cewa ana cin zarafin mafi yawa a Malabo da Bata, inda masana'antar mai mai ke tasowa ta haifar da bukatar aiki da cin zarafin jima'i na kasuwanci. Wataƙila an ɗauke mata kuma an kai su Equatorial Guinea daga Kamaru, Benin, wasu ƙasashe makwabta, da kuma daga China don tilasta aiki ko tilasta karuwanci. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2009, an tsare jirgin Sharon a Gabon tare da baƙi 285 a ciki, ciki har da yara 34 da aka gano a matsayin wadanda aka yi wa fataucin mutane da aka ƙaddara zuwa Equatorial Guinea. Rahotanni cewa an yi fataucin mata na Equatoguinean zuwa Iceland don cin zarafin jima'i na kasuwanci a lokacin rahoton na ƙarshe ba su sake bayyana ba.

Ofishin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka don Kulawa da Yaki da Cin Hanci da Kasuwanci a cikin Mutane ya sanya kasar a cikin "Tier 3" a cikin 2017  da 2023 "3.

Equatorial Guinea ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar TIP ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 2000 a watan Fabrairun 2003. 

A cikin 2021, kasar tana da yiwuwar ɗaurin kurkuku har zuwa shekaru goma saboda fataucin mutane.

The Organised Crime Index ya lura a cikin 2023 cewa gwamnatin Obiang ba ta taɓa gurfanar da kowa ba saboda fataucin mutane

## Shari'a (2009)
Gwamnatin Equatorial Guinea ta nuna ƙananan ƙoƙarin tilasta bin doka don yaki da fataucin mutane a lokacin bayar da rahoto; 'yan matakan da aka dauka sun kasance ba tare da la'akari da ƙoƙarin karfafa Tsaro na kan iyaka da kuma kula da shige da fice, ƙaura, da kuma bayar da izinin aiki da tafiye-tafiye ga baƙi na ƙasashen waje ba. Equatorial Guinea ta haramta duk wani nau'i na fataucin mutane ta hanyar Dokar 2004 kan safarar baƙi da fataucin Mutane, wanda ya ba da umarnin shekaru 10 zuwa 15 a kurkuku, da kuma isasshen hukunci mai tsanani. Har zuwa yau, ba a gurfanar da shari'ar fataucin mutane ba a karkashin sashin da ya dace na wannan dokar. Gwamnati ba ta nuna wata shaida game da haɗin gwiwa tare da wasu gwamnatoci a yankin don bincika da gurfanar da shari'ar fataucin mutane ba. Babu wata shaida, duk da haka, game da shigar jami'an gwamnati ko haƙuri ga fataucin mutane. A karkashin kwangilar da gwamnati ta tallafawa tare da kamfanin horar da tsaro na kasashen waje, masu koyarwa sun gudanar da darussan don inganta wayar da kan jami'an soja da 'yan sanda kan batutuwan fataucin mutane. Jami'an gwamnati guda biyu - daya daga Ma'aikatar Tsaro da kuma mai shari'a na Kotun Koli - sun taimaka wajen horar da su. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2009, gwamnati ta sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangilar shekaru biyar tare da kamfanin kasashen waje wanda zai magance tsaron teku kuma ya hada da koyarwa kan batutuwan kare hakkin dan adam da fataucin mutane.

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Madana

**Yakin Madana** wani arangama ne na soji da aka yi a watan Yunin 1887 tsakanin sojojin daular Habasha ƙarƙashin jagorancin Tekle Haymanot na Gojjam da kuma sojojin Mahdist ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mohammad Wad Arbab. Sojojin Habasha sun yi nasara aka kashe Wad Arbab a fagen fama. Daga nan sai Habashawa suka bi diddigin nasarar da suka samu ta hanyar kame garin Gallabat tare da fatattake su.   

## Tarihi
Bayan yarjejeniyar Hewett, dangantaka tsakanin Masarautar Habasha da Mahdist Sudan ta taɓarɓare. Tare da ɓangaren Mahadist a yanzu suna kallon Daular a matsayin wata mai karfi na gaba da za a yaka. Da wannan halin da ake ciki, Sarkin Mahadi Mohammad Wad Arbab ya kai farmaki kan yankin Habasha ya lalata wasu majami'u; Wani abu da ya fusata Tekle Haymanot na Gojjam, babban basaraken daular. Tekle Haymanot ya buƙaci Mahdist ya mika maharin. Da suka yi kakkausar suka ki hakan, sai ya mamaye ƙasar Mahadist a ƙarƙashin wata runduna mai karfi 30,000.

## Bayan haka
Sakamakon yakin ya bar iyakar jihar Mahadist  a buɗe da rauni. Sojojin Habashan sun bi bayan nasarar da suka samu tare da kai wani mummunan hari a yankin Mahdist da suka haɗa da birnin Gallabat da suka fatattake, inda suka yi ta kashe jama'a tare da bautar da mata da yara.  Daga cikin waɗanda aka yi wa kisan kiyashi har da sojojin Mahdist da suka samu raunuka waɗanda suka ja da baya daga yakin.

## Manazarta
Tawayen Langeberg na 1896–97

**Tawayen Langeberg na 1896–97**, wanda kuma aka fi sani da **Ntwa ya Bana ba Mokgothu** a cikin SeTswana, yaƙi ne na juriya da ƙungiyoyin Tswana guda biyu: Batlhaping da Batlharo suka yi, a kan mazauna Burtaniya a duk yankin Griqualand na Arewacin Cape.  Tawayen ya samo asali ne lokacin da kungiyoyin baTswana suka nuna shakku game da manufar gwamnatin mulkin mallaka na Cape yayin da suke tsoron, a bisa gaskiya, cewa sun tsaya don rasa filaye kuma ana keɓe su a cikin tattalin arzikin kasuwar Cape.  Tawayen Langeberg ya ƙunshi jerin tawaye tsakanin watan Disamba 1896 da Agusta 1897 akan 'yan mamaya na ƙasar Burtaniya a yankin Griqualand. Tawayen dai ya samu jagorancin sarakunan Kgosi Luka Jantjie da Kgosi Galeshewe na Batlhaping da shugaban Toto Makgolokwe na Batlharo. 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Matsayin karshe na gwarzon Afirka ta Kudu
* Luka Jantjie, Galeshewe da Toto - ɗan sanannun labarinsu na ƙarfin hali da jaruntaka don kare mutanensu, filaye da rayuwarsu.
* Tarihin Sojan Afirka

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Malaboch

**Yaƙin Malaboch** (Afrikaans:Malaboch Oorlog) (1894) ya kasance tsakanin Cif Malaboch (Mmaleboho, Mmaleboxo) na Bahananwa (Xananwa) da gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu (ZAR) ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kwamandan-Janar Piet Joubert. Malboch ya ƙi biyan haraji ga Transvaal bayan da Birtaniya ta mayar da shi ga Boers a shekarar 1881, wanda ya haifar da yunkurin soja a Jamhuriyar Afrika ta Kudu (ZAR).

## Tarihi
Yaƙin Malaboch ya ɓarke lokacin da Cif Malaboch ya ƙi barin mulkinsa a Blouberg bayan da gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu ta ce ya bar ƙasar a watan Afrilun 1894. Piet Joubert ya jagoranci sojojin Transvaal zuwa ga gagarumin nasara wanda ya kai ga miƙa wuya na Bahananwa.   

## Manazarta
Paul Kelly (soccer)

**Paul Kelly** (an haife shi a watan Mayu 1, 1974, a Springfield, Massachusetts) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Amurka.

## Kwalejin
Kelly ya halarci Jami'ar Maine a Orono, yana wasa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta maza daga 1992 zuwa 1995. Ya kasance 1994 da 1995 Regional All American; 1992, 1994 da 1995 All North Atlantic Conference.A cikin 1995, ya buga wa tawagar Gabas a gasar Olympics ta Amurka da aka gudanar a San Antonio, Texas.

A cikin 2024, an zaɓi Kelly zuwa zauren Wasannin Wasannin UMaine na Fame

## Kulob
Bayan kwaleji, Kelly ya taka leda a ƙungiyar Luso American Soccer Association (LASA), Academica de Fall River. A wannan lokacin bazara, Academica ta lashe kofunan lig da SuperCup. Kelly ya zura kwallon da ta ci wasan a nasarar Academica a kan Dynamo Brava a wasan karshe na SuperCup. A cikin 1997, Paul sannan ya horar da New England Revolution of Major League Soccer kafin ya koma USL don buga wa New Hampshire Phantoms. Ƙungiyar ta ci gaba zuwa 1997 National Final Four a Albuquerque, New Mexico. Phantoms sun fadi a cikin karin lokaci zuwa Albuquerque Geckos a wasan kusa da na karshe. A cikin 1998, Kelly ya koma A-League, yana wasa don ɗan wasa / koci John Kerr Jr. Ya fara kowane wasa don Worcester Wildfire. A waccan shekarar wutar daji ta fadi a bugun fanariti zuwa Tampa Bay Mutiny a gasar US Open Cup. A cikin 1999, Kelly ya sanya hannu tare da sabuwar kafa Majagaba na Yammacin Turai na USL. Ya yi aiki a matsayin kyaftin na ƙungiyar yayin da Pioneers suka kama taken 1999 USISL D-3 Pro League. Kelly an nada shi ga D-3 Pro League First Team All Star kuma an gayyace shi zuwa hadaddiyar kungiyar Kwallon kafa ta Major League a Fort Lauderdale, FL. Kelly ya koma Mass ta Yamma don lokacin 2002. A wannan shekara ƙungiyar ta yi rashin nasara a wasan taken Arewa maso Gabas a hannun Connecticut Wolves duk da nasarar jimlar wasan 2 da ci 4–3.

## Girmamawa
2 lokaci Yanki Ba-Amurke - '94 & '95

3 sau Duk taron NAC - '92, '94, '95

Bikin Olympics na Amurka San Antonio, TX -1995

LASA All Star - 1996 Club Academica

USL Duk Tauraro - 1999 Majagaba Mass na Yamma

Kyaftin USL National Champions - 1999

MLS Draft/Haɗa, Umbro Classic - 2000

## Manazarta
Ibrahim Kefas

Air Commodore (mai ritaya) **Ibrahim Kefas** (27 Janairu 1948 - 1 Oktoba 2021) ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da soja na Jihar Cross River a Najeriya tsakanin Disamba 1993 da Satumba 1994, sannan kuma na Jihar Delta har zuwa Agusta 1996 a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar Sani Abacha. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Ibrahim Kefas acikin iyalin Kirista a ranar 27 ga watan Janairun 1948, a Wukari, Jihar Taraba. Shi ne babba a cikin yara da yawa da Christian missionary Atewunu Angyu Kefas (Manu) ya haifa. Mahaifinsa, Manu, yana ɗaya daga cikin masu wa'azin mission da suka gabatar da addinin Kiristanci a yankin. Da yake shi Kirista ne mai kishin addini, ya sanya Ibrahim Kefas a Kwalejin Bible tun yana da shekaru goma sha uku yana fatan ya zama mai wa’azi. Ibrahim Kefas, kasancewar shi ne dalibi mafi karancin shekaru a Kwalejin Bible a lokacin, ya kammala karatu kafin yawancin su amma yana da wasu tsare-tsare. Jirage suna burge shi kuma yana so ya tuka su sai ya shiga makarantar horas da sojoji ta Najeriya ya zama matukin jirgi kafin ya cika shekara 20 a duniya.

## Sana'a
A matsayin sa na Captain ɗin kungiya, an nada Kefas a matsayin gwamnan jihar Delta a ranar 26 ga watan Satumba 1994. 

Yayin da yake gwamnan jihar Delta, ya kori Farfesa Frank Mene Adedemiswanye Ukoli, mataimakin shugaban jami'ar jihar Delta saboda dalilai na siyasa, wani lamari da aka rubuta a littafin Ukoli *A state university is born: throes of birth, ordeals of growth*.  

A watan Maris na 2002, yayin da wasu matasa sama da 200 suka kai wa shugaban jam'iyyar PDP na jihar Taraba, Kefas da wasu 'yan siyasa hari, inda suka kutsa kai cikin taron jam'iyyar, da kyar suka tsira daga mutuwa. 

An zabi Kefas ne a matsayin dan takarar gwamna na jam’iyyar National Democratic Party a zaben 2007 a jihar Taraba.  Wanda ya lashe zaben shi ne dan takarar jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party, Danbaba Suntai. 

## Mutuwa
Kefas ya mutu ne a safiyar ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba, 2021, a wani asibiti a Abuja. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin sunayen gwamnonin jihar Cross River

## Manazarta
Black Sherif

Mohammed Ismail Sherif Kwaku Frimpong (an haife shi 9 ga Janairu 2002), ƙwararre da aka sani da Black Sherif kuma tsohon Blacko,mawaƙi ne na Ghana, mawaƙa kuma ƙirar salo. Da farko ya sami karbuwa a cikin 2021 da waƙarsa mai suna "Wa'azin Farko," wanda ya fito a watan Mayu 2021. An bi shi da "Wa'azi na Biyu" a cikin Yuli 2021.

###### == Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Mohammed Ismail Sherif kuma ya girma a Konongo-Zongo, a yankin Ashanti na Ghana. Yayin da iyayensa biyu ke aiki galibi a ƙasashen waje,ya fara zama tare da innarsa da sauran danginsa tun yana ɗan shekara 10. Rayuwarsa ta makiyaya ta fallasa shi ga tasiri da yawa da al'adu daban-daban tun yana ƙarami.Sherif ya halarci makarantar firamare a Konongo Zongo Islamic Basic School daga baya kuma ya yi makarantar Pinamang Educational Complex, inda ya kammala karamar sakandare. Sannan ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare a Kumasi Academy, ya kasance memba a kungiyar adabi (LG) a karkashin majalisar wakilan dalibai inda ya samu sha'awar kida da rawa.Black Sherif ya kuma yi haɗin gwiwa tare da kayan sawa na wasanni na Italiya.Tsohon dalibi na Jami'ar Nazarin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun (UPSA), yana karatu a Jami'ar Ghana har zuwa Oktoba 2022.

###### == Aiki
Black Sherif ya fara aikinsa a shekarar 2019 tare da fitar da wakarsa mai suna "Cry for Me" a YouTube. An fito da waƙarsa ta farko "Kudi" a ranar 25 ga Mayu 2020, tare da bidiyon kiɗa. A cikin Mayu 2021, an fitar da "Wa'azin Farko" guda ɗaya, wanda ya ƙara haɓaka masu sauraronsa. Mabiyan waƙar, "Wa'azi na Biyu," an sake shi a watan Yuli kuma ya sami remix tare da ɗan'uwan ɗan wasan Afirka Burna Boy. Ci gaban Black Sherif ya zo ne a cikin Maris 2022 tare da waƙarsa mai suna "Kwaku the Traveller," wanda ya kai lamba 1 akan taswirar kiɗan Apple na Ghana da Najeriya kuma ta zama waƙarsa mafi shahara. Ya fito da kundi na farko, The Villain I Never Was, a cikin Oktoba, wanda mawakan "45" da "Soja" ke tallafawa.

 ==  fasahar Aiki == 
Waƙar Black Sheriff cakuɗe ce ta highlife, reggae, da hip-hop, musamman rawar Burtaniya, wani yanki na kiɗan rawar soja da rap na hanya, aro daga salon Chicago na Amurka wanda ya samo asali a Brixton, London, daga 2012 zuwa gaba waɗanda galibi game da tashe-tashen hankula da salon rayuwa na masu aikata laifuka. Yawancin waƙoƙinsa suna cikin yaren Akan, Twi, harshensa na asali. Ya bayyana tasirin kidan sa sune rap Kanye West, Travis Scott, Saint Jhn, Dave, Stormzy, J Hus, da kuma masu fasahar Ghana Mugeez da Sarkodie.

 == Rayuwa na sirri == 
Black Sherif musulmi ne. Akwai ƙananan bayanai da aka sani game da rayuwarsa ta sirri.

 == Manazarta == 
Agambila dorcas(4 September 2023).

Ntsie berlinda(27 February 2022).

kotey nii(27 March 2022
Yunkurin jajurtattu na Libya

**Yunkurin jajurtattu na Libya** su ne rundunar 'yan tawaye da ke adawa da daular Italiya a lokacin da take tekun Pasific na Libya tsakanin shekarun 1923 zuwa 1932.

## Tarihi

### Shekaru na farko
Jajurtattun Libiya, wacce ke da alaƙa da odar Senussi, Omar Mukhtar (Larabci عمر المختار *<nowiki/>'Umar Al-Mukhtār*, 1862–1931), wanda ya fito daga ƙabilar Mnifa ne yake jagoranta. Yaƙin Italo-Senussi na farko yana da manyan matakai guda biyu: Yaƙin Italo-Turkish (1911-12), lokacin da Italiya ta mamaye Libya, da yaƙin kamfen na Senussi (1915-17), wani ɓangare na Yaƙin Duniya na 1, inda sojojin Italiya da Birtaniyya suka yi yaƙi da Ottoman da Senussi masu goyon bayan Jamus.  Daga ƙarshe dai an yi galaba a kan mutanen Libya. Bayan wani lokaci na zaman lafiya, Yaƙin Italo-Senussi na Biyu ya ɓarke a shekarar 1923 kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa  shekara ta 1932.

### Yaƙin Italo-Libyan Na Biyu (1923-1932)
Daga baya Sarki Idris da ƙabilar sa Senussi a lardunan Cyrenaica da Tripolitania sun fara adawa da mulkin mallaka na Italiya bayan shekarar 1929, lokacin da Italiya ta canza alkawurran siyasarta na "masu kariya" ga Senussi (wanda aka yi a shekarar 1911) kuma - saboda Benito Mussolini - ya fara karɓar cikakken mulkin mallaka na Libya. Ɗaruruwan 'yan Libya ne suka yi yaki a cikin gawawwakin 'yan mulkin mallaka na Italiya, ciki har da sojojin Meharist da na Savari.

Mutanen Libya sun sha wahala a tsakanin 40,000  da 70,000 mutuwar  saboda faɗace-faɗace, kora da yunwa, yayin da sojojin mulkin mallaka na Italiya suka rasa maza 2,582  kiyasin 100,000 zuwa 250,000 'yan asalin Libyan suma sun yi hijira a lokacin yakin Tlosh. 1911 zuwa ƙarshen mulkin Italiya a shekarar 1943.

## Bayan haka
Janar Rodolfo Graziani ya murkushe tsayin dakar a cikin shekarar 1930s kuma Italiya ta sake mamaye ƙasar tare da taimakon masu haɗin gwiwar Libya, har ta kai ga yawancin sojojin mulkin mallaka na Libya sun yi yaƙi a gefen Italiya tsakanin shekarun 1940 zuwa 1943: an ƙirƙiri ƙungiyoyi biyu na sojojin mulkin mallaka na Libya a ƙarshen shekarar 1930s da 30 na Italiya a lokacin yakin duniya na 2 na Libya. Mahukuntan Tripolitaniya a Masar sun kafa Dakarun Larabawa na Libya don yaki tare da ƙawayenta.

## Duba kuma

* Gasr Bu Hadi
* Gabar Hudu
* Italiya ta yi nasara
* Italiyanci Mare Nostrum
* Juriya a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu

## Manazarta