Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz v. Switzerland

***Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz v. [[Switzerland]]*** (2024) wata shari'a ce ta Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai inda kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa Switzerland ta keta Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam ta hanyar kasa magance Canjin yanayi yadda ya kamata. Wannan shi ne Shari'ar canjin yanayi ta farko da kotun kasa da kasa ta yanke hukuncin cewa rashin aiki na jihar ya saba wa haƙƙin ɗan adam.

## Tarihi

### Canjin yanayi a Switzerland
A matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarinsa na yaki da Canjin yanayi wanda ya haifar da hayakin carbon dioxide (CO), a cikin 2011 Switzerland ta zartar da Dokar Tarayya kan Rage hayakin CO, wanda aka fi sani da Dokar CO, wanda ya fara aiki a farkon 2013. Dokar CO2, kamar yadda aka kafa, ta kafa burin rage 20% a cikin hayakin CO2 a kan matakan 1990 nan da shekarar 2020. An kara gyare-gyare da yawa ga Dokar CO2, gami da mayar da martani ga Yarjejeniyar Paris a cikin 2015, tare da burin gaba na raguwar kashi 50% a cikin hayaki idan aka kwatanta da matakan 1990 da 2030 da kuma hayaki mara amfani da 2050.

Don cimma wannan, Switzerland da farko ta yi aiki tare da Tarayyar Turai don shiga cikin tsarin cinikin fitar da fitarwa na Tarayyar Tarayyar (ETS), ta amfani da kasuwancin fitar da fitar da fitar "cap da kasuwanci"; masu tsara manufofi sun kafa ƙididdigar fitar da fitar don kamfanoni bisa ga masana'antarsu da girman su. Kamfanoni da suka wuce izinin hayaki ana ci tarar su, wanda ake nufi a matsayin abin motsawa don fitar da kamfanin don rage hayaki a nan gaba. Kamfanoni da suka fada ƙarƙashin ƙimar fitar da su suna da izinin cinikin fitar da su a kan ETS don samun riba ta kuɗi, tare da kamfanonin da suka wuce fitar da su da za su iya siyan waɗannan ƙididdigar don biyan kuɗin kansu. Tarayyar Turai ta kafa ETS ga dukkan kasashe masu shiga cikin EU, tare da niyyar karfafa dukkan kamfanonin da ke samar da fitarwa a cikin EU don shiga. An dauki tsarin EU ETS a matsayin hanyar rage hayaki a karkashin Yarjejeniyar Kyoto ta 1997 da Yarjejeniyar Paris. 

Yayin da shekarar 2020 ta kusanci, tasirin EU ETS ya shiga cikin tambaya, saboda raguwar da tsarin ya samu ya fi dacewa fiye da yadda aka tsara; daga 2008 zuwa 2016, raguwar hayaki kawai ya ragu da kashi 3.8% fiye da canje-canje na hayaki ba tare da ETS a wurin ba. Batutuwan kamar cin gajiyar kamfanoni daga izinin fitar da hayaki, canjin hayaki, da abubuwan siyasa ana ganin su suna aiki ne akan burin cimma raguwar hayaki ta hanyar ETS. Gwamnatin Switzerland ta dauki mataki kadan kuma burin raguwar kashi 20% nan da shekarar 2020 ya kasa cikawa, tare da raguwar hayaki na 11% kawai da aka samu nan da shekarar 2019.

*Jihar Netherlands v. Gidauniyar Urgenda* wata shari'a ce ta 2019 a gaban Kotun Koli ta Netherlands wacce ta sami gwamnatin Holland da laifi saboda rashin cimma burinta na raguwar 25% a cikin hayaki a shekarar 2020, kuma hakan ya tabbatar da cewa yaki da canjin yanayi an dauke shi haƙƙin ɗan adam a karkashin Mataki na 2 da 8 na Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam (ECHR), a farkon lokacin da aka yi amfani da ECHR dangane da canjin sauyin yanayi.

### Ƙananan kotuna

KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz (Senior Women for Climate Protection) kungiya ce ta tsofaffin mata a Switzerland, da farko an kafa ta ƙungiyar 40 a cikin , kuma ta girma zuwa membobin sama da 2,500 a watan Afrilu na 2024. Kafa kungiyar ta samo asali ne daga damuwa cewa gwamnatin Switzerland ba ta dauki isasshen mataki don cimma burin canjin yanayi na Dokar CO, wanda zai haifar da yanayin zafi da barazana ga lafiyarsu, musamman ga membobinsu sama da 75.   Sun fara neman buƙatu daga Majalisar Tarayya a ƙarshen 2016, kuma tare da goyon bayan shari'a daga Greenpeace, sun shigar da karar gwamnati saboda rashin aikinsu. An yi watsi da karar ta hanyar kotuna da yawa na Switzerland, gami da Kotun Koli ta Tarayya a cikin 2020, inda ta yanke hukuncin cewa ba a shafi hakkokin mata ba kuma a maimakon haka ya kamata su nemi matakan siyasa.

## Kotun 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Turai

Tare da korar Kotun Koli ta Tarayya daga shari'arsu, KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz ta kai korafin su ga Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai, wacce ke da iko a duk jihohin membobin Majalisar Turai, a cikin 2020. Kotun ta karɓi karar kuma ta sanya ta a Babban Kotun, wanda yawanci ana ajiye shi don mahimman batutuwa da suka shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam a ƙarƙashin ECHR. Wannan karar ita ce shari'ar farko da ta shafi muhalli da Kotun ta ji. Sauran kasashe takwas - Romania, Latvia, Austria, Slovakia, Norway, Italiya, Portugal da Ireland - sun shiga gefen Switzerland wajen neman korar shari'ar da niyyar cewa wasu jihohi su tantance manufofin su na yanayi.

Babban Majalisar ta ji muhawara a ranar 29 ga Maris 2023.  Kotun ta yanke hukunci a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2024, inda ta yanke hukunci don goyon bayan KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz. A cikin yanke shawara, Kotun ta bayyana cewa Switzerland ta kasa kare 'yan ƙasa daga canjin yanayi "a cikin lokaci mai kyau kuma a cikin hanyar da ta dace da daidaituwa", kuma ta buƙaci jihar ta sake tantancewa da magance burinta na canjin yanayi, tare da waɗannan ƙoƙarin da wakilan gwamnati daga Majalisar Turai za su kula da su

Rosmarie Wydler-Wälti, co-shugaban KlimaSeniorinnen, ya kira hukuncin "nasara ga dukkan tsararraki", yayin da ofishin shari'a na tarayya na Switzerland ya bayyana cewa kasar za ta kimanta shawarar kuma ta tantance waɗanne matakai za su iya ɗauka. An dauki shawarar a matsayin yanke shawara ta farko daga kotun kasa da kasa da ke jaddada cewa canjin yanayi yana da haɗari ga haƙƙin ɗan adam; hukuncin ya shafi dukkan jihohin da ke cikin Majalisar Turai. Duk da yake ba a sa ran hukuncin zai shafi wasu ƙasashe kai tsaye kamar Amurka, inda aka gabatar da karar muhalli da yawa kai tsaye a kamfanoni, "ra'ayin cewa canjin yanayi ya lalata haƙƙin asali ya fito a cikin waɗannan shari'o'in", a cewar Michael Gerrard, farfesa a Makarantar Shari'a ta Columbia.

## Manazarta