Yankin Zuwa Mai Tsarki na Birmingham

Yankin Tsabtace Jirgin Sama na Birmingham (CAZ) yanki ne na tsakiyar Birmingham, Ingila inda aka ƙuntata zirga-zirga don rage gurɓataccen iska. Ya zama na uku UK Clean Air Zone, bayan London da Bath, lokacin da aka kaddamar a ranar 1 ga Yuni 2021.  Binciken tasirin yankin, wanda aka buga a 2023, ya sami sakamako mai rikitarwa, tare da "rugujewa mai sauƙi, amma raguwa mai mahimmanci" a cikin nitrogen dioxide amma "babu tasirin da za'a iya ganowa a cikin maida hankali ga ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta masu kyau... gurɓataccen iska tare da manyan tasirin kiwon lafiya".

## Aiwatarwa

Yankin ya rufe yankin birni a cikin hanyar A4540 Middleway, ban da hanyar kanta, amma ciki har da Gidan kayan ado, Gidan Sinanci, babban gundumar cin kasuwa, yankin da ke kusa da tashar jirgin kasa ta Birmingham New Street, da sauran tsakiyar birnin Birmingham.[1][2] Motocin da ba su dace ba waɗanda ke shiga yankin ana cajin £ 8 a kowace rana (don motoci masu zaman kansu, taksi da vans) ko £ 50 a kowace rana, don HGVs, kocin, da bas), ba tare da cajin wasu motoci ba.[3] An bayyana bin doka bisa ga Ka'idodin fitar da hayaki na Turai, tare da shirin Birmingham wanda ke karɓar aji D na tsarin rarraba A-D.[3]

## Tarihi
Tun daga shekarar 1964, lokacin da Rahoton Smeed ya gabatar da shawarar cewa masu amfani da hanya su biya kuɗin da tituna ke kashewa ga al'umma.[1] Bayan da aka gabatar da Yankin Cajin Cinkoson Jama'a na London (CCZ) a shekarar 2003, ana sa ran wasu hukumomi kusan 30 za su bi sahunsu, kodayake yawancinsu, ciki har da Birmingham, sun kasa gabatar da shawarwari na kamfanoni a wancan lokacin.[2] A wata hira da jaridar The Guardian a wannan shekarar, marubucin sufuri kuma mai sharhi Christian Wolmar ya nuna cewa hakan ya faru ne saboda majalisar dokoki na fargabar martani daga masu ababen hawa da ƙungiyoyin masu fafutuka.[2]

Shirin ya sami sabon ƙarfi a cikin 2017 bayan Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta gargadi Majalisar Birnin Birmingham da ta rage gurɓataccen iska ta 2020 ko kuma ta fuskanci tarar fam miliyan 60.

A cikin 2018, Majalisar ta buga shari'ar kasuwanci don shirin ta, sannan ta kai fam miliyan 68.7. Gidauniyar Zuciya ta Burtaniya ce ta goyi bayan shirin, wanda ya ce "Domin kare duk wanda ke zaune a Birmingham, yana da mahimmanci a dauki mataki mai ƙarfin zuciya a kan ingancin iska. Yankin iska mai tsabta a cikin birni zai zama muhimmiyar mataki a gaba, saboda wannan ita ce hanya mafi tsada don magance iska mai gurbatawa da rage tasirin da take da shi a kan lafiyar mutane. " Masu adawa da kungiyar zanga-zangar, Kamfen da ke adawa da Birmingham Clean Air Zone Charges, a cikin 2018, suna jayayya da shirin zai "ya birni cikin gari mai tsabta".

Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta amince da shirin a cikin 2019,  amma an jinkirta shirin a shekara mai zuwa saboda annobar COVID-19.  Wani binciken ra'ayi na mazauna Birmingham 8000 da Majalisar ta buga a watan Yunin 2020 ya gano "Kusan kashi 80% sun goyi bayan matakan rage hayakin mota, tare da kashi 63% ba sa son komawa matakan gurɓata da muke da su kafin cutar....  kashi 71% na... masu amsawa da ke goyon bayan gabatarwar Zones na Zero Emission don hana motoci masu gurɓataccen gurɓata daga shiga birane".[and]

Kodayake wasu kamfanoni da 'yan majalisa na gida sun yi kira da a kara jinkirta makircin a lokacin annobar, shugaban Majalisar Birnin Birmingham Ian Ward ya ki, yana mai cewa: "Gwamnati ta bayyana shi a bayyane cewa ba za ta jimre da wani jinkiri ba". Lokacin da aka sake gabatar da shirin, kasuwancin da ke ci gaba da murmurewa daga kulle-kulle sun nuna damuwa game da tasirin tattalin arziki.

A cewar wani rahoto a cikin *The Guardian*, jim kadan kafin a aiwatar da makircin a cikin 2021, abokan adawar sun buga tallace-tallace na Facebook suna roƙon mutane su yi tsayayya da abin da suka bayyana a matsayin "yaƙi a kan masu motoci" da " harajin tafiye-tafiye",  yayin da *Birmingham Mail* ta lura da yadda wani dan majalisa na gida ya sanya shi "haraji a kan matalauta". 

An ƙaddamar da shirin ne a ranar 1 ga Yuni 2021. 

## Tasirin
A cikin wata bayan gabatar da cajin, yawan motocin da suka fi gurɓata da ke shiga yankin kowace rana ya sauka daga 18,787 zuwa sama da 11,000, kuma bin doka ya tashi daga 73.8% zuwa 80.4%. Kimanin direbobi 40,000 a wata an ci tarar su saboda rashin bin doka a farkon 2023 (daga kusan 50,000 a wata a shekara da ta gabata), kodayake kusan direbobi 10,000 gabaɗaya sun sami nasarar daukaka kara.

A cewar Majalisar Birnin Birmingham, matakan nitrogen dioxide (NO2) sun faɗi da kashi 13 cikin ɗari a cikin watanni shida na farko na aiwatar da shirin, tare da rabin adadin motocin da ke gurɓata muhalli da ke tuƙi a tsakiyar birnin.[1] Duk da haka, wani bincike da Jami'ar Birmingham ta gudanar a watan Agusta na 2023 ya gano cewa yankin ya samar da mafi "ragewa kaɗan, amma mai mahimmanci a cikin NO2 har zuwa 7.3%", amma "babu wani tasiri da za a iya ganowa a cikin yawan ƙwayoyin cuta masu laushi, PM2.5 - gurɓataccen iska mai tasirin lafiya".[2] Wani rahoto da Majalisar ta fitar a watan Janairu na 2025 ya gano cewa shirin ya ba da "babban gudummawa" wajen rage nitrogen dioxide, amma ya lura cewa Moor Street Queensway da A38 St Chads Queensway har yanzu wani lokacin sun wuce iyaka ta doka ga NO2.[3]￼￼

A cikin shekaru biyu na farko na aikin shirin, Majalisar Birnin Birmingham ta tara fam miliyan 79 daga gare ta a cikin kudade da azabtarwa. Wasu daga cikin kudaden shiga da aka tara daga shirin an ware su ne don ayyukan sufuri na kore, gami da titunan makaranta marasa mota, inganta hanyoyin keke, da fadada yankuna 20mph.

A watan Agustan 2023, The Telegraph ta ruwaito cewa makircin "yana tara karin farashi a kan kananan kamfanoni", inda ta yi nuni da "yan kasuwa na gida" da mazauna da suka shafi farashin isar da mafi girma kuma suna danganta batun da abin da ya bayyana a matsayin babban martani game da manufofin yaki da gurɓataccen yanayi, gami da shirin ULEZ na London.

## Dubi kuma

* Yankin da ke da karancin fitarwa
* Sufuri a Birmingham
* Yankin fitar da wutar lantarki na Oxford, inda ake aiwatar da dukkan motocin da ba na lantarki ba

## Manazarta