Alice de Lacy, Countess na Lincoln

**Alice de Lacy, ''suo jure'' 4th Countess of Lincoln, ''suo jure'' 5th Countess na Salisbury** (25 Disamba 1281 - 2 Oktoba 1348) ta kasance 'yar Ingila ce, zuriyar sarautar Ingila da Welsh.

## Rayuwa
An haife ta a ranar Kirsimeti 1281 a Denbigh Castle, Alice ita ce kawai 'yar kuma magajiyar Henry de Lacy, Earl na Lincoln da Margaret Longespée, Countess na Salisbury *suo jure* (a cikin haƙƙinta). Mahaifiyarta Margaret ita ce jikokin yarima na Arewacin Wales, Llywelyn ab Iorwerth, kuma jikokin jikoki kuma magajin daya daga cikin 'ya'yan Henry II na Ingila, William Longespée (Longsword), wanda sunansa ya zama sunansa.

Hadarin bala'i ya haifar da mutuwar 'yan uwan Alice biyu tun suna yara. Edmund ya nitse a cikin rijiyar a Denbigh Castle kuma John ya fadi ya mutu daga wani shinge a Pontefract Castle . Wannan ya sa Alice ta zama magaji mai yiwuwa ga yankuna biyu, ɗaya daga mahaifinta kuma ɗaya daga mahaifiyarta, wanda za ta gaji idan iyayenta ba su da ƙarin yara. Tare da Alice na irin wannan iyali mai tasiri da wadata, Sarki Edward I shirya alkawarinta "a cikin shekara ta 9" [1] ga dan uwansa, Thomas na Lancaster, kansa magajin Lancaster, Leicester da Derby. Sun yi aure a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 1294, lokacin da Alice ke da shekaru 13 kuma Thomas game da 16. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed]

A wannan lokacin, yiwuwar iyayen Alice su haifi magajin namiji ya ragu sosai, kuma yarjejeniyar aure ta nuna yiwuwar cewa Alice za ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan magada na ƙasar. Yawancin gadonta daga mahaifinta, wanda ya hada da Earldom na Lincoln da sauran dukiyoyi da yawa, zai tafi Thomas, tare da komawa ga magadan Thomas. A wasu kalmomi, ko da Alice da Thomas ba su da yara tare, dukiyarta za ta kasance a kan magada na mijinta maimakon a kan danginta na jini. Har ila yau, idan Alice ta rayu fiye da Thomas, to a kan mutuwarta, gadon mahaifinta zai wuce ga magada Thomas kamar yadda mahaifinta ya zo yarjejeniya da Sarki cewa, idan Alice ba ta da yara, mahaifinta na Lincoln zai wuce cikin dangin sarauta a kan mutuwarsa. Aure bai yi nasara ba. Ma'auratan ba su da yara, kuma sun rayu rayuwa daban-daban. Alice galibi ta zauna ita kaɗai a cikin gidansa na Pickering, Yorkshire, yayin da Thomas ya ɗauki rundunar masoya kuma ya haifi akalla yara biyu.

## Jarumi
Mahaifiyar Alice ta mutu a shekara ta 1309 ko 1310, kimanin shekaru goma sha biyar bayan bikin. Alice ta gaji sunanta da dukiya, ta zama countess na Salisbury . Mijinta, Thomas, ya zama jarumin Salisbury *jure uxoris* (ta hanyar matarsa).

Shekaru biyu bayan haka, bayan rasuwar mahaifinta a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1311, Alice ta zama countess na Lincoln. Mijinta, Thomas na Lancaster, ya zama jarumi na Lincoln *jure uxoris*, ya gaji duk ƙasashen mahaifin Alice ta hanyar matarsa, kuma ya girmama Edward II na Ingila saboda su jim kadan bayan mutuwar surukinsa. 

Tare da yankuna uku da ya gaji daga mahaifinsa a cikin 1296, da kuma kula da yankuna biyu na matarsa, wannan ya sanya Thomas na Lancaster mutum mafi arziki da iko a Ingila.

## Garkuwa da mutane na farko
A cikin bazara na shekara ta 1317 wasu daga cikin dangin Knights na John de Warenne, Earl na Surrey sun sace Alice daga gidanta na Canford, Dorset, kuma sun kai ta sansanin Warenne na Castle Reigate, kodayake masu ba da labari na zamani sun tayar da tambayoyi game da matakin da Alice zai iya kasancewa tare. An yi tunanin cewa Warenne wanda ba a san shi ba ya aiwatar da sace-sacen don ya kunyata Thomas na Lancaster,  wanda ya taimaka wajen hana auren Warenne, kuma ya shawo kan Bishop na Chichester ya gurfanar da Warenne saboda zina da uwargidansa wanda ya haifar da korar Warenne a cikin 1316.

Akwai labarin cewa daya daga cikin Knights wanda ya sace ta a madadin Warenne, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin karamin mai suna Richard de St. Martin, ya yi iƙirarin cewa Alice matarsa ce a ƙasa cewa ya ɗauke ta ya auri ta kafin a yi mata alkawarin aure ga Earl na Lancaster. Babu gaskiya a cikin wannan labarin kamar yadda take kawai "a cikin shekara ta 9"  lokacin da aka yi riƙo, kuma tana da shekaru 12 kawai lokacin da ta auri Thomas.  Wannan labarin, duk da haka, ya nuna tsawon da Warenne zai iya durƙusa don ƙasƙantar da Thomas.

Bayan an sace Alice mijinta Thomas sai ya yi yaƙi da Warenne, amma bai taɓa neman dawowar Alice ba. Thomas ya kuma yi tunanin Sarki Edward II, dan uwansa, ya shiga cikin shirin satar. Ba a san lokacin da aka saki Alice ba, kuma inda ta kasance daga 1317 zuwa 1322 ba su da tabbas. Wasu kuma sun yi imanin, bisa ga tsohuwar ballad,  cewa ta saki Thomas a wannan lokacin.  Koyaya, maganin da Sarki ya yi da ita ya nuna cewa ta kasance ta auri Thomas.

An kama Thomas na Lancaster a Boroughbridge bayan gazawar tawaye da Sarki. A ranar 22 ga Maris 1322 an kashe shi saboda cin amana a gidan dangin Alice na Pontefract Castle amma hakan ya zama gidan da ya fi so. Tare da Thomas ya tafi Alice ya kamata ta sami iko da gado mai yawa daga iyayenta biyu a karon farko. An rasa dukiyar Thomas ga Crown, amma hakan ba zai iya haɗawa da dukiyar da ya mallaka ta hanyar matarsa ba kuma wannan shine gadonta. Koyaya, Sarki ya sami wasu hanyoyin da za a hukunta gwauruwar mai cin amana kuma ya kwace ƙasashenta.

## Kurkuku
Bayan 'yan kwanaki a watan Maris na shekara ta 1322, Sarki ya kama Alice kuma ya ɗaure shi a York,  tare da mahaifiyarta, Joan Martin, wanda mijinta na biyu, Nicholas de Audeley, ya mutu shekaru 5 da suka gabata a shekara ta 1316.  (Joan ya mutu a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1322.) Ba a san dalilin da ya sa Joan, wanda ya kasance daidai da Alice ya kasance a kurkuku ba. Zai iya kasancewa saboda rashin jin daɗi daga Sarki wanda a cikin 1318 ya zargi Joan da "yi makirci don hana" sauraron shari'ar shari'a,  ko kuma kawai saboda tana nan a lokacin da aka kama Alice. 

An ɗaure ta kuma a ƙarƙashin barazanar kisa, Alice ta mika wuya ga Sarki a ranar 26 ga Yuni 1322, babban ɓangare na ƙasashen da ta gaji daga mahaifinta, don tabbatar da tabbatar da wasu ɓangarorin waɗannan dukiya ga kanta. Wannan shi ne yadda Sarki ya yi amfani da dukiyar mahaifinta wanda ya riga ya wuce Earldom na Lincoln kamar Pontefract, kodayake an ba ta izinin riƙe wasu dukiyarta a rayuwarta ta hanyar "alheri na musamman" na sarki. Sarki ya ba da yawancin dukiyar da ta yi wa dattijo Hugh Despenser da ɗansa Hugh Despenser the Younger, dan uwan Sarki-ta hanyar aure kuma wanda ya fi so, wanda dukansu sun koma Ingila daga gudun hijira a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1322  kuma yanzu dukansu suna da hannu wajen taimaka wa Sarki a ƙoƙarinsa na "doka" samun dukiyar Alice. Musamman an ba dattijo Hugh Despenser Denbigh. Don taimakawa ƙara amincewa ga "doka" na zubar da ƙasashenta ga Despenser Sarki yana da salon Alice Hugh le Despenser ƙarami a matsayin "dangi".

Ba a saki Alice ba har sai da ta biya kudi mai yawa na £ 20,000 ga Crown. Sai kawai ta hanyar biyan diyya za a ba ta damar sake yin aure idan tana so, kuma a ba ta waɗancan ƙasashen da suka rage na gadonta. A ranar 20 ga Satumba 1322, Edward ya ba da Constableship na Lincoln Castle ga Alice a matsayin hakkokinta da gado, kuma ya mayar mata da kuɗin da mahaifinta ya karɓa a maimakon dinari na uku na gundumar Lincoln. Earldom ta Salisbury ta koma ga Crown a watan Maris na shekara ta 1322, amma an mayar mata da Earldom na Lincoln a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1322.

Duk da haka, a lokacin da aka sake ta, an sanya Alice a gidan kama-da-wane don "kariya ta kansa". A wannan lokacin an tilasta mata ta zubar da ƙarin gadonta, a wannan lokacin daga ƙasashen da ta gaji daga mahaifiyarta. John de Warenne, mutumin da ya sace ta a shekara ta 1317, an ba shi kyautar rayuwa ta yawancin manorinta a Yamma, kuma an ba Hugh Despenser the Younger ɗaya daga cikin manorinta na Lincolnshire. Wasu daga cikin ƙasashe da ta rasa sun mayar mata da su, amma kawai don rayuwa, ta hanyar Edward III na Ingila a cikin 1331 . 

## Aure na biyu

A watan Janairun shekara ta 1327 Edward II, wanda Sarauniya Isabella da Roger Mortimer suka daure shi a shekara ta 1326, an tilasta masa ya yi murabus don goyon bayan ɗansa - an yi imanin cewa wani wakilin Isabella da Mortimer ne ya kashe Edward II a watan Satumbar shekara ta 1327. Kamar yadda ɗanta Edward yake cikin ƙarancinsa, Isabella ta zama mai mulki. Gidajen Alice da aka ba Despensers, sun koma Edward II a cikin 1326 lookin da Isabella ta kashe Despensers. Isabella yanzu tana da iko da waɗannan kadarorin da aka fi sani da ɗanta. Isabella ta mallaki kanta yawancin gadon Alice, yayin da Roger Mortimer ya mallaki Denbigh.

A cikin 1330, Edward III ya sami iko da gwamnati daga mahaifiyarsa da Mortimer. Ya ɗauki mafi yawan gadon Alice kuma ya ba shi, gami da ubangijin Denbigh, ga William Montacute, babban abokinsa wanda ya taimaka masa ya hambarar da Mortimer. Montacute ya kuma sami ikon Alice na Salisbury wanda aka karɓa daga Alice a cikin 1322. Tun da mijin Alice Eubulus ya shiga cikin makircin Edward III na 1330 don kawo Isabella da Mortimer, Alice da shi sun sami lada ta hanyar dawo da wasu kadarorinta. Wannan tabbas shine mafi kyawun lokaci a rayuwar Alice. Alice da mijinta na biyu sun kasance masu karɓar girmamawa da yawa, tallafin ƙasa da kuɗi, da kuma alhakin. Eubulus ya mutu a watan Satumba na shekara ta 1335. A cikin makoki, Alice ta yi alkawarin tsabtar rai.

## Manazarta