Ilimin muhalli na yawan jama'a

**[[Ecology|ilimin]] [[Yanayi na halitta|muhalli]] na yawan jama'a** wani bangare ne na ilimin muhalli  wanda ke hulɗa da yanayin yawan jinsuna da kuma yadda waɗannan jama'a ke hulɗa tare da muhalli, kamar haihuwa da mutuwar, da kuma shige da fice da ƙaura. 

Hanyar tana da mahimmanci a cikin ilmin halitta na kiyayewa, musamman a cikin ci gaban nazarin Yawan jama'a wanda ke ba da damar hango hasashen yiwuwar jinsin da ke ci gaba a cikin wani yanki na mazaunin da aka ba shi. Kodayake ilimin muhalli na yawan jama'a wani bangare ne na ilmin halitta,  yana ba da matsaloli masu ban sha'awa ga masu lissafi da masu lissafi waɗanda ke aiki a cikin yawan jama'ar. 

## Tarihi
InA cikin shekarun 1940, an raba ilimin muhalli zuwa autecology - nazarin jinsunan mutum dangane da muhalli - da synecology - nazarin kungiyoyin jinsuna dangane da mujallar. Kalmar autecology (daga Tsohon Girkanci: αὐτο, auto, "kai"; οίκος, *oíkos*, "gida"; da λόγος, *Logos*, "sani"), yana nufin kusan wannan filin karatu kamar ra'ayoyi kamar zagaye na rayuwa da halayyar kamar daidaitawa ga muhalli ta kowane kwayoyin. Eugene Odum, a rubuce a shekara ta 1953, ya yi la'akari da cewa ya kamata a raba ilimin kimiyyar muhalli zuwa ilimin muhalli na jama'a, ilimin muhallar al'umma da ilimin muhallu na muhalli, sake sunan ilimin muhallo a matsayin 'nau'in muhalli' (Odum ya ɗauki "autecology" a matsayin kalmar archaic), don haka akwai sassa huɗu na muhallu. th.

## Kalmomin
An bayyana yawan jama'a a matsayin rukuni na kwayoyin da ke hulɗa na nau'in iri ɗaya. Tsarin yawan jama'a shine yadda ake yawan yawan jama'ar. An bayyana jimlar mutane a cikin yawan jama'a a matsayin yawan jama'ar, kuma yadda aka bayyana yawan waɗannan mutane a matsayin yawan yawan jama'awa. Har ila yau, akwai yawan jama'a, wanda ke da iyakokin da jinsin zai iya jurewa (kamar zafin jiki).

Girman yawan jama'a na iya rinjayar yawan karuwar yawan jama'ar (rashin yawan jama'an da ke canzawa ga kowane mutum a cikin yawan jama'ana.) Haihuwar, mutuwar, ƙaura, da yawan shige da fice duk suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ci gaban. Matsakaicin ci gaban kowane mutum ga yawan jama'a an san shi da ƙimar ƙaruwa.

A cikin yawan jama'a, ana san ƙarfin ɗaukar nauyi a matsayin matsakaicin yawan mutanen da ke cikin jinsin da muhalli zai iya kiyayewa, wanda aka ƙayyade ta hanyar albarkatun da ke akwai. A cikin samfuran yawan jama'a da yawa, ana wakiltar r a matsayin ƙimar haɓaka, inda K shine ƙarfin ɗaukar kaya, kuma N0 shine girman yawan jama'ar farko.

## Yawan jama'a
Ci gaban ilimin muhalli na yawan jama'a ya dogara da tsarin lissafi da aka sani da yawan jama'ar, wanda asalinsa ya samo asali ne daga yawan jama'i a ƙarshen karni na 18 da farkon karni na 19.

An fara la'akari da farkon yawan jama'a a matsayin aikin Malthus,  wanda aka tsara a matsayin Tsarin ci gaban Malthusian. A cewar Malthus, zaton cewa yanayin (yanayi) ya kasance mai ɗorewa (*ceteris paribus*), yawan jama'a zai girma (ko raguwa) sosai. : 18 Wannan ka'idar ta ba da tushe ga ka'idojin tsinkaya na gaba, kamar nazarin yawan jama'a kamar aikin Benjamin Gompertz da Pierre François Verhulst a farkon karni na 19, waɗanda suka inganta kuma suka daidaita tsarin yawan jama'ar Malthusian.

## Manazarta