Wendy Freedman

**Wendy Laurel Freedman** FRS (an haife ta  a watan Yuli 17, 1957) ƙwararren masanin taurari ne yar kasar Amurke, wanda aka fi sani da auna ta na Hubble akai-akai, kuma a matsayin darekta na kampanin  Carnegie Observatories a Pasadena, California, da Las Campanas, Chile . Yanzu ita ce Farfesa na Jami'ar John & Marion Sullivan na Astronomy da Astrophysics a Jami'ar Chicago .  Babban sha'awar bincikenta shine a  binciken sararin samaniya, ta  mai da hankali kan auna ma'auni biyu na halin yanzu da na baya-bayan nan na sararin samaniya, da kuma fahimtar idan babu ilimin kimiyyar lissafi a cikin ma'auni (Lambda Cold Dark Matter) samfurin sararin samaniya.

A cikin  shekara ta 2025, mujallar *[[Time (magazine)|Time]]* ta lissafa ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mutane 100 mafi tasiri a duniya . 

## Rayuwar farko da aiki
Freedman ta  girma a Toronto  a cikin dangin Bayahude,  'yar likitan  kuma mai wasan pianist.  Farkon sha'awarta game da kimiyya ta samo asali ne ta hanyar ingantaccen ajin physics na sakandare. Wannan ya kai ta Jami'ar Toronto, inda ta kasance daliba ta farko a fannin nazarin halittu, sannan kuma babbar kwararriyar astronomy, ta sami B.Sc. a 1979.  Ta zauna a Toronto don aikinta na digiri, ta sami Ph.D. a cikin astronomy da astrophysics a 1984.  Haɗuwa da Carnegie Observatories a Pasadena, California, a matsayin ɗan'uwan digiri na biyu a 1984, ta zama mamba na ma'aikatan kimiyya shekaru uku bayan haka a matsayin mace ta farko da ta shiga ma'aikatan Carnegie na dindindin. A cikin 2003 an ba ta suna ga Crawford H. Greenewalt kujera da Daraktan Carnegie Observatories.  Aikin farko na Freedman ya kasance akan ma'aunin nisa na Cepheid da kuma yawan taurarin taurarin da ke kusa.

## Hubble akai-akai
Freedman ya kasance shugaban tawagar kasa da kasa na 30 masana ilmin taurari don gudanar da Hubble Space Telescope Key Project, wani shiri da nufin kafa nisa sikelin na Universe da kuma auna yawan fadada a halin yanzu, adadin da aka sani da Hubble akai . Wannan adadin yana ƙayyade girman sararin samaniya da ake iya gani kuma shine maɓalli don ƙayyade shekarunta. A tsawon lokacin aikin Maɓalli, ƙungiyar ta auna nisa zuwa taurari 24 ta amfani da tauraro masu canzawa na Cepheid, kuma sun auna madaidaicin Hubble ta amfani da hanyoyi masu zaman kansu guda biyar. Masu bincike na aikin, karkashin jagorancin Freedman, sun buga sakamakon karshe a 2001.   Aikin ya ba da darajar Hubble akai-akai daidai zuwa 10%, warware takaddama mai tsawo, factor-biyu.

Ta ci gaba da daidaita ma'aunin ta na Hubble akai-akai ta amfani da ba kawai Cepheid masu canji ba har ma da hanyar tip na reshen ja-giant . 

## Giant Magellan Telescope
Freedman ya qaddamar da Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) Project kuma ya zama shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa tun daga farkonsa a cikin 2003 har zuwa 2015. GMT ƙungiya ce ta duniya ta manyan jami'o'i da cibiyoyin kimiyya don gina na'urar hangen nesa na mita 25 a Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Carnegie Las Campanas Observatory a cikin Chilean Andes. Tare da madubi na farko  a diamita, GMT yana shirin zama na'urar hangen nesa mafi girma na biyu mafi girma a duniya idan an kammala shi. Na'urar hangen nesa, wacce ta shiga matakin gininta kuma ana sa ran za ta fara aiki sosai nan da shekarar 2034, za ta iya samar da hotuna sau 10 fiye da na na'urar hangen nesa ta Hubble.

## Ganewa

An zaɓi Freedman memba na Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Ƙasar Amurka,  Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amirka,  Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Kimiyya ta Amirka,  da Fellow of the American Physical Society  da Legacy Fellow of the American Astronomical Society. An zabe ta Fellow of the Royal Society a 2023. 

Ta karɓi lambobin yabo da yawa don gudummawar da ta bayar ga ilimin sararin samaniya, gami da Lectureship Centennial of the American Physical Society (1999), da John P. McGovern Award a Kimiyya (2000),  da Magellanic Premium Award na American Falsafa Society (2002)  da Marc4 de Aaronin da Primary Prize (2002). gudunmuwa ga yankunan karin ma'aunin nisa na galactic da yawan taurarin taurari".  A cikin 2009 Freedman yana ɗaya daga cikin masu karɓar haɗin gwiwa guda uku na Gruber Cosmology Prize .  Ta karɓi lambar yabo ta 2016 Dannie Heineman don Astrophysics,  wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Amurka da Ƙungiyar Astronomical ta Amurka ta ba su tare, "saboda gagarumar gudunmawarta da rawar jagoranci a cikin amfani da sararin samaniya da infrared- da kuma abubuwan da suka samo asali na Cepheid taurari, tare da sababbin fasaha na fasaha na inganta daidaitattun ma'auni na mahimmanci, don inganta daidaito na asali da kuma daidaitattun ƙididdiga. sigogi na cosmological." 

An zabe ta Legacy Fellow of the American Astronomical Society a 2020 

A cikin 2024, an haɗa ta a cikin  's 10 . 

A cikin 2025, Freedman ya kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Kimiyya ta ƙasa . 

Asteroid 107638 Wendyfreedman, wanda David Healy ya gano a Junk Bond Observatory a 2001, an ba shi suna a cikin girmamawarta.  naming citation hukuma ta buga ta Cibiyar Ƙananan Duniya a kan 6 Janairu 2007 (  ). 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Freedman ya auri Barry F. Madore wanda ya daɗe yana aiki. Suna da yara biyu.  

## Duba kuma
 

* Jerin mata masu matsayi na jagoranci akan ayyukan kayan aikin taurari

## manazarta

## Kara karantawa

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## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Jami'ar Chicago Academic Profile
* Rubutun hirar tarihin baka tare da Wendy Freedman a ranar 21 ga Disamba, 2020, Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiya ta Amurka, Laburaren Niels Bohr & Archives
* Akwai Rikici a Cosmology? lacca da aka bayar ga Societyungiyar Falsafa ta Washington akan 2020 Nov 6