open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Valerie Mizrahi

**Valerie Mizrahi** FRS (an Haife shi a shekara ta 1958) ƙwararriya ce kuma masaniya a fannin ilimin kwayoyin halitta 'yar ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Ɗiya ce ga  Morris da Etty Mizrahi, an haife ta a Harare, Zimbabwe kuma ta yi karatu a can. Iyalinta dangin Yahudawa ne na Sephardi daga tsibirin Rhodes na Girka. 

## Sana'a
Ta ci gaba da samun digirin BSc a fannin chemistry da mathematics sannan ta yi digirin digirgir a fannin ilmin sinadarai a jami'ar Cape Town.   Daga shekarun 1983 zuwa 1986, ta ci gaba da karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania. Daga nan sai Mizrah ta yi aiki a cikin bincike da haɓakawa ga kamfanin harhaɗa magunguna Smith, Kline &amp;amp; French.  A cikin shekarar 1989, ta kafa a matsayin sashin bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Kudu da Jami'ar Witwatersrand, ta kasance a can har zuwa shekara ta 2010. Binciken ta ya mayar da hankali kan maganin tarin fuka, da juriya na miyagun ƙwayoyi.  A cikin shekarar 2011, ta zama darektar Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Magungunan Kwayoyin Halittu a Jami'ar Cape Town.  Mizrahi darekta ce ta rukunin bincike na Majalisar Binciken Likitoci ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma tana jagorantar reshen Jami'ar Cape Town na Cibiyar Kwarewa a Binciken Cutar Tarin Halitta. 

Mizrahi ta sami lambar yabo ta L'Oréal-UNESCO don Mata a Kimiyya a shekarar 2000. A shekara ta 2006, ta sami lambar yabo ta zinariya daga Kungiyar Afirka ta Kudu da Biochemistry da Molecular Biology saboda gudummawar da ta bayar a fagen   Department of Science and Technology's Distinguished Woman Scientist Award, memba ce ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka ta Kudu  kuma fellow ta Kwalejin Microbiology ta Amurka tun a shekara ta 2009.  An sanya mata suna a cikin Order of Mapungubwe a cikin shekarar 2007  2000 zuwa 2010, ta kasance Masaniya a fannin Bincike na Duniya na Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Howard Hughes; a cikin shekarar 2012, an ba ta suna a Senior International Research Scholar for the Institute, har zuwa shekara ta 2017.  A shekara ta 2013, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Institut de France ta Christophe Mérieux saboda aikinta a binciken tarin fuka.   An zabi Mizrahi a matsayin Fellow na Royal Society a shekarar 2023.

## Girmamawa da kyaututtuka

* 2000: L'Oréal-UNESCO Kyauta ga Mata a Kimiyya
* 2007: Odar Mapungubwe-Silver
* 2013: Kyautar Christophe Mérieux
* 2018: Kyautar Haɗin gwiwar Harry Oppenheimer

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Valerie tana da ’ya’ya mata biyu, kuma mahaifinta shi ne shugaba mai daraja na ikilisiyar Sephardic Hebrew na Johannesburg. Ta girma tana magana da harsunan Judeo-Spanish a gida. 

## Wallafe-wallafe

* Effects of Pyrazinamide on Fatty Acid Synthesis by Whole Mycobacterial Cells and Purified Fatty Acid Synthase I. Helena I. Boshoff, Valerie Mizrahi, Clifton E. Barry. Journal of Bacteriology, 2002
* The impact of drug resistance on Mycobacterium tuberculosis physiology: what can we learn from rifampicin?. Anastasia Koch, Valerie Mizrahi, Digby F Warner. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 2014

## Manazarta
Daular Duguwa

**Daular Duguwa**, ko **Dougouwa** shekarar (700-1086), ita ce daular sarakunan ( *mai* ) na Daular Kanem kafin hawan daular Seyfawa ta Musulunci a shekarar 1086.

A cewar *[[Girgam]]*, sarakunan Duguwa su ne sarakunan Kanem wadanda sunansu na sarauta ya samo asali ddaga Duku, sarki na uku na Duguwa. Kwatanta bayanan da masanan Larabawa suka yi ya nuna cewa Duguwa sune sarkan masu mulki da ake kira Zaghawa. Har zuwa kwanan nan masana tarihi sun yi imanin cewa sarakunan Duguwa da aka ambata a cikin *Girgam* sun yi sarauta a Kanem kafin sarakunan Musulmi na farko. 

Richmond Palmer ya ce, "Ga dukkan alamu duka labaran Saif ibn Dthi Yazan da dansa Ibrahim tatsuniya ce. Mai Kanem na farko shi ne 'Mai Dugu Bremmi,' wanda ya yi nasara saboda shi ne 'dugu' ( *tegasi* ) ko dan 'yar sarki ko 'yar'uwarsa..." "Sunan dugu yana nufin tsantsan cewa shi dan 'ya ne ko Mai, ko kuma babban sarki, watau mutumin da Abzinawa ke kira *tegasi*, ko magaji." "Tsarin Maghumi, kamar yadda yake a cikin Abzinawa, ya wuce ga dan 'yar'uwar sarki ,marigayin, wanda ake kira a cikin Abzinawa, *tegasi* ko magaji..." "A yadda Tsarin kakanin Saifawa yazo , kamar yadda ake kira Maghumi., kawai ya zama a zamanin Musulmi Saif, 'Zakin Yaman'."

Wani masanin tarihi ya nuna cewa duka sarakunan Duguwa banda daya daga cikin, U kasance tsoffin sarakunan Gabas ne. Sunayensu da mukamansu sun shaida kafa Kanem da 'yan gudun hijira daga Daular Assuriya  suka yi a c. 600 BCE. Wannan hasashe, duk da haka, ba a yarda da shi ba.

## Sarakunan Daular Duguwa

## Duba kuma
* Daular Sayfawa
* Daular_Kanem-Bornu

## Manazarta

## Adabi
* Dierk Lange: ''The founding of Kanem by Assyrian Refugees ca. 600 BCE: Documentary, Linguistic, and Archaeological Evidence'', Boston, Working Papers in African Studies N° 265, 2011.
* Abdullahi Smith: *The early states of the Central Sudan*, in: J. Ajayi and M. Crowder (ed.), *History of West Africa*, vol. I, 1st ed., London, 1971, 158–183.
* Yves Urvoy: *L'empire du Bornou*, Paris 1949.
Dhayendre Moodley

**Dhayendre Moodley** masaniya ce a fannin kimiyyar Afirka ta Kudu  kuma Mataimakiyar Farfesa a Jami'ar KwaZulu-Natal. 

## Sana'a
Ta sami haɗin gwiwar Gidauniyar  Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation don yin aiki tare da John Sullivan a ɗakin gwaje-gwajensa.  Ita memba ce a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka ta Kudu.  Moodley ce ta rubuta  sama da takaddun mujallu har guda 100.

## Bincike
Dhayendre Moodley tayi bincike a fannin ilimin mata masu juna biyu tare da ƙwarewa ta musamman akan cutar HIV a fannin mata masu juna biyu.

## Manazarta
Ahmed Al-Bahri

**Ahmed Nasser Al-Bahri** (  ; (an haife shi ranar 18 ga watan Satumban 1980), tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Saudiyya.

## Aikin kulob
A matakin kulob, ya buga wasan karshe a matsayin mai tsaron gida ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Al-Ittifaq.

## Ayyukan ƙasa-da-ƙasa
Al-Bahri kuma memba ne a tawagar ƙasar Saudiyya. Ya fito wa kasarsa a gasar cin kofin kasashen Larabawa a shekarar 2003 kuma ya kasance memba a tawagar ƙasar Saudiyya a gasar cin kofin matasa na duniya na FIFA. An kira shi a cikin tawagar don gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA na shekarar 2006 .

## Girmamawa

### Ƙasashen Duniya

; Saudi Arabia

* Wasannin Hadin Kai na Musulunci : 2005

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Razaq Olatunde Rom Kalilu

**Razaq Olatunde Rom Kalilu**   farfesa ne a fasaha da tarihi a cikin sashen ilimin kimiyyar muhalli.  A jami'ar Fasaha ta Ladoke, Ogbomoso.Shi ne mukaddashin mataimakin shugaban jami'ar fasaha ta Ladoke Akintola da aka fi sani da (Lautech), wanda take yankin Ogbomoso, a jihar Oyo

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Shi tsohon ɗalibi ne a jami'ar Ife( wanda a yanzu aka fi sani da jami'ar Ibadan.Ya samu shaidar digirin digir gir wato PhD daga jami'ar ibadan (1992)

## Sana'a
Ya fara aiki a jami'ar fasaha Ladoke Akintola a 1 ga watan satumba 1992. Naɗinsa a matsayin farfesa na fasaha da kuma fasahar tarihi ya kasance ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba 1999.An nada shi mataimakin shugaban riƙo a ranar 12 ga Yuni, 2023 kafun shiga jami'a.Talla, firamare, sakandire, kwalejin ilimi, da tsarin ilimin kimiyyar kere-kere duk fannoni ne na gwanintar Kalilu.

## Kwarewar Gudanarwa
Kalilu ba malami ne kawai ba; shi ma admin ne. Ya rike mukamai da suka hada da:

* Shugaban SSATHURAI a matakin reshe da na shiyya
* Shugaban Sashen
* Mataimakin Shugaban Kungiyar Daliban Fine Arts]
* Shugaban faculty
* Shugaban Kwamitin Deans da Provosts
* Shugaban Kwamitin Deans
* Mataimakin shugaban jami'a a LAUTECH.

## Memba da Zumunci

* Abokin Ƙungiyar Mawakin Najeriya
* Memba na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru masanin ilmin taurari ta Duniya

## Nasarori

* Ya fara kawo ci gaba da karatun digiri na farko a fannin Fasaha (B.Tech.) a Fine and Applied Arts an kafa shi a Najeriya a 1992.
* Manhajar farko a Najeriya don karatun difloma, Master's, da Doctor of Falsafa a cikin fasahar studio

## lambar yabo

* a 1979, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Zinariya don Gasar zane-zane ta Afirka
* A cikin 1997 an ba shi lambar yabo ta National Arts Wizardry
* An ba shi lambar yabo don Nasarorin Nasarori a rukunin Mutane na ƙarni na 20 a cikin shekara ta 2000.

## Wallafe wallafe
Wallafwe wallafen sa sun hada da

* Mutum mai gemu mai takalmi na fata: Musulunci, ilimin tarihi, da fasahar gani na Yarbawa
* Ƙarfin Ƙarfafa Ruwa da Ƙaƙƙarfan gani na Gilashin Tsage-tsalle a matsayin Bangaren Gilashin yumbura Glazes
* Fitowar ash glazes daga kashin shanu
* Kwatanta Kasusuwan Kasusuwa na Red Sokoto (Capra Hiracus) da Dwarf na Yammacin Afirka (Capra Aeagurus) awaki don samar da Glazes.
* Nau'in Nau'i da Salon Amfani na Ankara a Ƙarni na Ashirin da Farko Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya
* Halayen Al'adu a cikin ƙirar talla a Najeriya
* Factor of House Forms a cikin Cikin gida Ingantattun Muhalli na gidaje a Zababbun Garuruwa a Jihar Oyo, Najeriya.

## Manazarta
Laetitia Rispel

**Laetitia Charmaine Rispel** Farfesa ce ta Afirka ta Kudu a fannin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a a Jami'ar Witwatersrand. Ayyukan Rispel sun binciki manufofin kiwon lafiya da gudanarwa da bincike na ayyukan kiwon lafiya.

## Sana'a da tasiri
Rispel ta yi aiki a jere a matsayin shugabar Sashen Lafiya na Gauteng (daga shekarun 2001), Kwamitin Binciken Kimiyya na ɗan Adam na Afirka ta Kudu (Human Sciences Research Council of South Africa HIV/AIDS) shirin binciken HIV/AIDS (daga shekara ta 2006) da Jami'ar Witwatersrand Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a (daga shekara ta 2012).  Daga shekarun 2008 - 2014 ta kasance shugabar kungiyar kula da lafiyar jama'a ta Afirka ta Kudu. Ta riƙe Cibiyar Bincike ta Kasa na Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka ta Kudu akan Ma'aikatan Lafiya da Daidaituwa, da Inganci kuma a cikin shekarar 2016 an zaɓe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban da aka zaɓa na Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya.  Rispel ta kasance shugabar kungiyar kula da lafiyar jama'a ta duniya tun daga shekarar 2018, kuma ita ce mace ta farko a Afirka da ta riƙe wannan muƙamin.   Ita memba ce a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka ta Kudu.

## Kyaututtuka da karramawa

* Shoprite Checkers/SABC2 Kyautar Mata ta Shekara ta Rukunin Lafiya, (2003)

## Manazarta
Dewald Roode

**Johannes Dewald Roode** (Yuli 16, 1940 - Satumba 27, shekara ta 2009) wani malami ne na Afirka ta Kudu kuma Farfesa a Jami'ar Pretoria, wanda ya ƙware a binciken Tsarin Bayanai

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Dewald Roode ya sami BA a ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, MA a fannin lissafi daga Jami'ar Potchefstroom a Afirka ta Kudu, da wani kuma a fannin kimiyyar lissafi daga cibiya guda ɗaya, kuma ya sami digiri na uku a cikin binciken ayyuka a ƙarƙashin kulawar Guus Zoutendijk a Jami'ar Leiden.

A cikin shekara ta 1988 an naɗa Roode ya jagoranci sabon Sashen Ilimin sadarwa  a Jami'ar Pretoria, yayin da yake ci gaba da aiki na ɗan lokaci tare da aikin shawarwari. A cikin shekaru biyar da farawa, Sashen Ilimi na Jami'ar Pretoria ya kasance sananne a duniya, kuma yana maraba da tafiye-tafiye na baƙi na duniya waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa sosai ga ci gaban Sashen.

Bayan ya yi ritaya da wuri a shekara ta 2001, Roode ya kasance malami mai ziyara a Sashen Watsa Labarai na Jami'ar Cape Town daga shekarun 2003 har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekara ta 2009, sannan kuma a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Cape Peninsula tun a shekara ta 2004. Baya ci gaba da karatunsa a jami'o'i daban-daban, ya kammala wa'adin shekaru shida a shekara ta 2007 a matsayin shugaban kwamitin fasaha na 8 akan tsarin watsa labarai na ƙasa da ƙasa don sarrafa bayanai (IFIP), kuma ya kasance mamba a kwamitin gudanarwa na IFIP's World. Dandalin Fasahar Sadarwa a Lithuania a shekara ta 2003 da kuma a Botswana a shekara ta 2005. A cikin shekara ta 2008, ya haɓaka tare da gabatar da jerin tarurrukan karawa juna sani na 14 kan bincike da ƙwarewar ƙima a Majalisar Afirka ta Kudu da Binciken Kimiyya da Masana'antu (CSIR). Roode ya kula da ɗaliban digiri fiye da 30 da kammalawa. 

Ya kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta shekara ta 2008 Association for Information Systems Leo Award da nasara ta musamman ta rayuwa a cikin horon Tsarin Bayanai. A cikin shekara ta 2008 Dewald Roode kuma ya sami karramawa ta Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Gudanar da Bayani (IFIP) tare da mafi girman yabo don sabis, Silver Core. 

## Aiki
Ayyukansa sun rungumi antipositivism tun lokacin da tsarin positivist ya ƙasa rungumar rikice-rikicen da ke tattare da binciken ilimi na Afirka. Don bayyana fahimtarsa, Roode ya yi amfani da zaɓin yin ritaya da wuri daga Jami'ar Pretoria a shekara ta 2001 wanda ya ba shi damar yin aiki a jami'o'i daban-daban, kuma ya ba da ƙarin lokaci don horar da manyan mutane a masana'antar kwamfuta waɗanda ba su sami damar yin aiki ba da samun ilimi na jami'a.

Ya yi wallafe-wallafe da yawa kan rarrabuwar ka'idar sociotechno a cikin al'umma    kuma mafi fa'ida akan horon Tsarin Bayanai. 

## Duba kuma

* 217510 Dewaldrode, asteroid

## Zaɓaɓɓun wallafe-wallafe

* 1968. Generalized Lagrangian functions in mathematical programming
* 1972. Modelle, rekenaars en werklikheid
* 2008. Advances in Information Systems Research, Education and Practice: Ifip 20th World Computer Congress, Tc 8, Information Systems, September 7–10, 2008, Milano, Italy. David Avison, George M. Kasper, Barbara Pernici, Isabel Ramos, Dewald Roode. Springer, 2008.

## Manazarta
John Akec

**John Apuruot Akec** kwararren malami ne ɗan ƙasar Sudan ta Kudu wanda ya yi aiki daga watan Mayun 2010 zuwa Maris 2014 a matsayin mataimakin shugaban sabuwar jami'ar Arewacin Bahr el Ghazal a Sudan. A cikin shekarar 2014, an naɗa Akec mataimakin shugaban jami'ar Juba. 

## Ilimi
Ya yi karatu a Gogrial Primary School (1967 – 73), Kuajok Junior (1973-76), da Rumbek Secondary School (1976 – 79), Ya kammala da B.Sc. (Honours) a fannin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi da lantarki daga Jami'ar Gezira a shekara ta 1985. Ya samu digirin digirgir a fannin injiniyan Injiniyanci daga Jami'ar Wales, College of Cardiff (UK) a shekarar 1992. An ba wa Akec digiri na uku a fannin masana'antu da injiniyanci daga Jami'ar Birmingham, United Kingdom a cikin shekarar 2000. A cikin shekarar 2005, Jami'ar Manchester, UK  da shekara ta 1992 sun ba shi takardar shaidar digiri na biyu a fannin haɓaka muhalli ta hanyar ƙwararrun masana'antar kira da injiniyoyi.

## Ƙwarewa a aiki
Ya yi aiki a Cibiyar Radiation da Isotopes Khartoum daga shekarun 1986 zuwa 1987, inda ya yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Lafiya a Khartoum, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sharhi mai zaman kansa kan kasuwannin wayar hannu a Afirka da Jupiter Research Limited a shekara ta 2006, kuma memba ne na kwamfuta IEEE. al'umma a cikin UK. A wajen aikinsa Akec yana rubuce-rubuce a cikin shahararrun shafukan yanar gizo masu ɗauke da sunansa.  Akec dai mutum ne mai kishi kuma yana fatan buɗe jami’ar sa da ba za ta yi aiki kamar sauran ba, sai dai ya mayar da hankali wajen duba gibin da ke tsakanin al’umma da samar da manhajar koyar da matasa yadda za su cike su.

## Siyasa
Akec dai ya nuna adawa da wasu shawarwarin da gwamnati ta yanke. abin da ya sa mutane da yawa suka yi masa laƙabi da ɗan adawa. Ya soki kafafen yaɗa labarai da yin katsalandan kan ra’ayoyin da ke adawa da shirin gwamnati na kawar da ciyawa a kogin Nilu domin samun damar kwararar ruwa.   Ya kafa taron tuntuɓar jama'a a cikin jami'ar Juba. Ya shirya faɗa na Sudd dausayi a matsayin mayar da martani ga gwamnatocin sake dawo da aikin magudanar ruwa ta Jonglei duk da jiga-jigan masu adawa da shi.

## Rigingimu
An zargi Farfesan da kasancewa mai son kai da kuma cin amana ga ɗaliban a shirinsa na gina sabon ɗakin karatu.

## Manazarta
Heather Zar

**Heather J Zar** likita ce kuma ƙwararriya ce a fannin kimiya ta Afirka ta Kudu ƙwararriya  a fannin kula da yara masu cututtukan numfashi kamar asma, tarin fuka da ciwon huhu.

## Sana'a da tasiri
Farfesa Zar ita ce Shugabar Sashen Kula da Yara da Lafiyar Yara a Jami'ar Cape Town kuma tana aiki a matsayin Shugabar kungiyar Pan African Thoracic Society. 

Ayyukanta kan cutar HIV/AIDS masu alaƙa da huhu sun taimaka wajen canza Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya da ƙa'idodin ƙasa.   Yin aiki kan amfani da kwalaben filastik da aka sake yin fa'ida mai rahusa a matsayin masu ba da sarari,  don taimaka wa yara cikin sauƙin shaƙar maganin asma mai iska, ya jawo hankalin Zar a duniya. Zar na ɗaya daga cikin jagororin binciken da aka yi kan yara kusan 1000 da ake bibiyarsu na tsawon lokaci don fahimtar juna da samar da dabarun kariya don magance cututtukan huhu da yara ƙanana.  Ita memba ce a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka ta Kudu.   Farfesa Zar ta wallafa muƙaloli na kimiyya sama da  200.

## Kyaututtuka da karramawa

* Ta samu Kyautar Lafiya ta Duniya ta Ƙungiyar Thoracic ta Amurka 2014 
* Ta samu kyautar L'Oréal-UNESCO for women in science a cikin shekarar 2018

## Manazarta
Nashwa Eassa

**Nashwa Abo Alhassan Eassa** masaniya  ce a fannin kimiyyar nano-particle daga Sudan. Mataimakiyar farfesa ce a fannin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Al-Neelain da ke Khartoum. 

## Ilimi.
Eassa ta sami BSc a fannin kimiyyar lissafi daga Jami'ar Khartoum a shekara ta 2004. Ta sami Master of science a fannin nanotechnology da kayan kimiyyar lissafi daga Jami'ar Linköping ta Sweden a shekara ta 2007.

## Sana'a.
Ta kasance malama kuma mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Al-Neelain tun daga shekarun 2007. Ta sami digiri na uku a Jami'ar Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU) a cikin shekarar 2012. Tun daga shekarar 2013, Eassa tana bin haɗin gwiwar karatun digiri a cikin nanophotonics a NMMU. Ta kafa kungiya mai zaman kanta a Sudan ta Kudu a fannin Kimiyyar Kimiyya a cikin shekarar 2013, kuma memba ce ta Kungiyar Mata a Kimiyya da Ci gaban Cibiyar Kimiya ta Afirka ta Kudu. 

A cikin shekarar 2015, Eassa ta lashe lambar yabo ta Elsevier Foundation don masana kimiyyar mata na farko a cikin Ci gaban Duniya. Kyautar ta amince da bincikenta game da rage tarin fina-finai a saman manyan na'urori masu sauri.   

Eassa tana da hannu a cikin ci gaban nanotube Tsarin da titanium oxide nanoparticles. Har ila yau, tana da hannu cikin ayyukan samar da hanyoyin raba kwayoyin ruwa don tattara hydrogen da tsaftace ruwa da hasken rana.  

Ta kasance ‘yar takara a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar kungiyar mata a fannin kimiya ta ƙasashen Larabawa.

## Manazarta.
Harsunan Dakoid

**Harsunan Dakoid** reshe ne na harsunan Bantoid na Arewa da ake magana da su a jihohin Taraba da Adamawa na gabashin Najeriya .

## Harsuna

* Ga-Don
** Donga (Dong)
** Ga (Tiba)
* Daka-Taram
** Taram
** Daka ( tarin yare na Dirim, Samba, Lamja, Dengsa, da Tola).

## Rabewa
Greenberg ya sanya Samba Daka (Daka) a cikin shawarar Adamawa, a matsayin rukuni na G3, amma Bennett (1983) ya nuna gamsuwa da cewa yaren Benue-Congo ne, duk da cewa an yi jayayya da sanya shi a cikin Benue-Congo. Blench (2010) ya ɗauka a matsayin Benue-Congo. Boyd (ms), duk da haka, yana ɗaukar Daka a matsayin keɓe reshe a cikin Nijar – Kongo (Blench 2008).

Dong (Donga), ko da yake a fili Nijar-Congo, yana da wuyar rarrabawa. Babu bayanan da aka buga akan Gaa (Tiba), kuma Taram (wanda aka jera a matsayin yaren Daka ta Ethnologue ) an san shi kawai daga bayanan da aka tattara a 1931 (Blench 2008).

## Sunaye da wurare
A ƙasa akwai jerin sunayen harshe, yawan jama'a, da wurare daga Blench (2019). 

## Bayanan kafa

## Magana

* Blench (2008) ''Prospecting proto-Plateau'' . Rubutun hannu.
* Blench, Roger, 2011. 'Mambobi da tsarin ciki na Bantoid da iyaka da Bantu'  . *Bantu IV*, Jami'ar Humboldt, Berlin.

 This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 3.0 license.

## Manazarta

*
* Blench,Roger, 2011.
Harsunan Atlantic-Congo

**Harsunan Atlantika-Congo** sune mafi girma da aka nuna dangin harsuna a Afirka. Suna da tsarin ajin suna kuma su ne tushen jigon hasashen iyali na Nijar-Congo . Sun ƙunshi dukan Nijar – Kongo ban da Mande, Dogon, Ijoid, Siamou, Kru, Katla da Rashad harsuna (wanda a da ake kira Kordofanian ), da wataƙila wasu ko duk na Ubangian harsuna .  's "Western Nigritic" yayi daidai da Atlantic-Congo na zamani. 

A cikin akwatin info, harsunan da suka bayyana sun fi bambanta ana sanya su a saman.  An bayyana reshen Atlantic a cikin kunkuntar ma'ana, yayin da tsoffin rassan Atlantic Mel da keɓaɓɓen Sua, Gola da Limba, an raba su azaman rassan farko; an ambace su a kusa da juna saboda babu wata hujja da aka buga da za ta motsa su; Volta-Congo ba shi da inganci ban da Senufo da Kru.

Bugu da kari, Güldemann (2018) ya lissafa Nalu da Rio Nunez a matsayin harsunan da ba a tantance su ba a cikin Nijar-Congo. 

Akwai wasu yarukan da ba a tantance su ba, kamar Bayot da Bung, waɗanda za su iya zama ƙarin rassa.

## Kwatankwacin ƙamus
Misalin ƙamus na asali don sake gina proto-harshen na rassan Atlantic-Congo daban-daban:

## Magana
Harsunan Volta-Congo

**Volta-Congo** babban reshe ne na dangin Atlantic-Congo . Ya haɗa da duk harsunan Nijar-Congo da ƙauyuka in ban da iyalan tsohon reshen Atlantic da Kordofania, Mande, Dogon, da Ijo . Don haka kawai ya bambanta da Atlantic – Kongo saboda ya keɓanta harsunan Atlantika kuma, a wasu ra'ayoyi, Kru da Senufo .

A cikin akwatin info da ke hannun dama, harsunan da suka bayyana sun fi bambanta (ciki har da Senufo da Kru masu ban mamaki, waɗanda ba za su iya zama Volta-Congo ba kwata-kwata) ana sanya su a saman, yayin da waɗanda ke kusa da ainihin (irin wannan " Benue – Kwa” reshen Kwa, Volta – Niger da Benue – Kongo ) suna kusa da kasa.  Idan rassan Kwa ko Savannas sun tabbata ba su da inganci, bishiyar za ta fi cunkoso.

## Rarrabuwa
Binciken kwatankwacin harshe na John M. Stewart a cikin shekaru sittin da saba'in ya taimaka wajen kafa haɗin kan halittar Volta-Congo kuma ya ba da haske kan tsarinsa na ciki, amma sakamakon ya kasance mai ƙima. Williamson and Blench (2000) lura cewa a lokuta da yawa yana da wahala a zana filla-filla a tsakanin rassan Volta – Kongo kuma suna ba da shawarar cewa wannan na iya nuna bambance-bambancen ci gaba da yare maimakon bayyana rabe-raben iyalai. Bennet ne ya gabatar da wannan shawara a baya (1983 kamar yadda aka kawo a Williamson and Blench 2000:17) game da harsunan Gur da Adamawa–Ubangi, wanda baya ga Ubangian yanzu an haɗa su a matsayin Savannas . Sauran rassan sune Kru, Senufo, Kwa, da Benue – Kongo, wanda ya haɗa da sanannun kuma musamman ƙungiyar Bantu . Dangantakar Kwa da Benue – Kongo (mai suna *Benue–Kwa* ), da kuma reshen gabas da yamma na Benue–Congo da juna, ya kasance a cikin duhu.

Tsarin wasali na harsunan Volta-Congo sun kasance batun muhawarar harshe na kwatankwacin tarihi. Casali (1995) ya kare hasashe cewa Proto-Volta–Congo yana da tsarin wasali tara ko goma wanda ke amfani da jituwar wasali kuma an rage wannan saitin zuwa tsarin wasali bakwai a yawancin harsunan Volta-Congo. Harsunan Dutsen Ghana-Togo misalai ne na harsunan da ake samun tsarin wasali tara ko goma.

## Magana
Harsunan Arewacin Bantoid

**Northern Bantoid** (ko **Arewa Bantoid** ) reshe ne na harsunan Bantoid . Ya ƙunshi harsunan Mambiloid, Dakoid, da Tikar na gabacin Najeriya da yammacin tsakiyar Kamaru .

## Tarihi
Williamson ne ya gabatar da shawarar da ta raba Bantoid zuwa Arewa da Kudancin Bantoid .  

Blench yayi jayayya don haɗin kai na Arewa Bantoid ta hanyar yin la'akari da phonological, lexical, da morphological shedun. 

## Rabewar ciki
Blench ya rarraba waɗannan harsunan a matsayin North Bantoid.

* *Tikar* (masu bambanta)
* Mambiloid (wataƙila ya haɗa da harsunan Ndoro-Fam daban-daban)
* Dakoid

## Tuntuɓar harshe
Harsunan Dakoid sun daɗe suna hulɗa da harsunan Adamawa, yayin da yaren Tikar ke da kamanceceniya da harsunan Bafia (wanda aka fi sani da harsunan A50 Bantu ). 

## Taswirori

File:Map_of_the_Bantoid_languages_of_Nigeria_and_Cameroon.svg|alt=Map of the Bantoid languages of Nigeria and Cameroon|Taswirardan Bantoidna Najeriya da Kamaru
File:Map_of_the_Mambiloid_languages.svg|alt=Map of the Mambiloid languages|Taswirardan Mambiloid
File:Map_of_the_Dakoid_languages.svg|alt=Map of the Dakoid languages|Taswirardan Dakoid
File:Map_of_the_Fam_language.svg|alt=Map of the Fam language|Taswirarharshen Fam


## Lambobi
Kwatanta lambobi a cikin yaruka ɗaya:

## Nassoshi

* Blench, Roger. Hasashen Arewa Bantoid .
* Blench, Roger. 2011. 'Mambobi da tsarin ciki na Bantoid da iyaka da Bantu'  . *Bantu IV*, Jami'ar Humboldt, Berlin.
Harsunan Bantoid

**Bantoid** babban reshe ne na dangin harshen Benue – Kongo . Ya ƙunshi harsunan Bantoid na Arewa da harsunan Bantoid na Kudancin, yanki wanda kuma ya haɗa da yarukan Bantu waɗanda suka zama mafi rinjaye kuma bayan haka aka sanya sunan Bantoid.

## Tarihi
Kalmar "Bantoid" ta fara amfani da Krause a 1895 don harsunan da suka nuna kamance a cikin ƙamus ga Bantu. Joseph Greenberg, a cikin 1963 Harsunan Afirka, ya bayyana Bantoid a matsayin ƙungiyar da Bantu ya kasance tare da danginsa na kusa; wannan shine ma'anar da har yanzu ake amfani da kalmar a yau.

Duk da haka, a cewar Roger Blench, harsunan Bantoid mai yiwuwa ba su samar da ƙungiya mai haɗin kai ba. 

## Rabewar ciki
Williamson ne ya gabatar da wata shawara wacce ta raba Bantoid zuwa Arewa Bantoid da Bantoid ta Kudu .   A cikin wannan shawara, an haɗa harsunan Mambiloid da Dakoid (da kuma Tikar daga baya) a matsayin Arewa Bantoid, yayin da duk wani abu Bantoid ya kasance ƙarƙashin Bantoid ta Kudu; *Ethnologue* yana amfani da wannan rarrabuwa.

Haɗin kai na phylogenetic na ƙungiyar Arewa Bantoid wani lokaci ana tsammanin yana da tambaya, kuma galibi ana sanya harsunan Dakoid a waje da Bantoid. An kafa Kudancin Bantoid a matsayin ingantacciyar sashin kwayoyin halitta. Kudancin Bantoid ya haɗa da sanannun kuma harsunan Bantu da yawa. 
 

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Kirill Babaev, Sake Gina Bantoid Pronouns
* Jaridar Harsunan Yammacin Afirka: Harsunan Bantoid
Ibrahim Eltayeb

**Ibrahim AbdelRazzak Eltayeb** masanin lissafi ne daga Sudan kuma farfesa ne a fannin lissafi a Jami'ar Nizwa da ke Oman. Shi memba ne na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka, Royal Astronomical Society, Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Duniya (TWAS) da Royal Society of Edinburgh.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi.
An haifi Eltayeb a wani ƙauye da ke kusa da gabar kogin Nile, mai tazarar kilomita 500, daga arewacin Khartoum na ƙasar Sudan kuma ya halarci makarantun gwamnati.  Ya yi karatu a ƙasar Ingila kan tallafin karatu kuma ya sami digiri na biyu (B.Sc.)  a fannin ilimin lissafi daga Jami'ar London a shekara ta 1968. Ya samu Ph.D. a fannin lissafi daga Jami'ar Newcastle Upon Tyne a shekara ta 1972.

## Sana'a da bincike.
Eltayeb ya fara ne a matsayin malami a jami'ar Khartoum a shekarar 1972, kuma an kara masa girma zuwa farfesa a shekarar 1980. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Faculty of Mathematical Sciences daga shekarun 1982, zuwa 1984. A shekarar 1986, ya koma Jami'ar Sultan Qaboos da ke ƙasar Oman, inda ya kafa sashen ilmin lissafi da na'ura mai kwakwalwa (Mathematics and Computing) sannan ya jagoranci ta daga shekarun 1988, zuwa 1998. A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin farfesa a fannin lissafi a Jami'ar Nizwa ta Oman. 

Eltayeb ya wallafa fiye da takardu 50, a cikin mujallu, musamman a fagen ilimin geophysics, geomagnetism, da kuma aeronomy. Ya kuma ɓullo da ƙira da hanyoyin lissafi don nazarin zurfin ciki na duniya.

## Girmamawa da kyaututtuka.
An zaɓi Eltayeb a matsayin fellow na Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Afirka a shekara ta 1986, Royal Astronomical Society of London a shekarar 1988, Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Duniya (TWAS) a shekarar 1996, da Royal Society of Edinburgh a shekara ta 2012.  Ya samu lambar yabo ta TWAS a fannin lissafi a shekarar 1995, da kuma lambar yabo ta COMSTECH a fannin lissafi a shekarar 2007.    Ya yi aiki a kwamitin zartarwa na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya na Geomagnetism da Aeronomy (IAGA) daga shekarun 1991, zuwa 1999, kuma ya jagoranci sashin kimiyya na IAGA akan filayen ciki da kuma bambancin duniya daga shekarun 1999, zuwa 2003. Ya kasance memba na majalisar nazarin zurfin ciki na duniya (SEDI) tun daga shekarun  1987, kuma yana cikin kwamitin bayar da lambar yabo da lambar yabo ta duniya ta TWAS daga shekarun 1998, zuwa 2006. 

## Manazarta.
Masallacin Abdullahi bn Umar

**Masallacin Abdullahi bn Umar** daya ne daga cikin masallatan tarihi na yankin Kermanshah, dake cikin gundumar Dalahu.
   

## Manazarta
Siddiq Tawer

**Siddiq Tawer Kafi**   (kuma: *Siddig*, *Hasumiyar*, *Sadeek*) masanin kimiyya lissafi ne kuma memba na Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party–Region of Sudan wanda ya kasance memba na Majalisar Mulki ta Sudan daga ranar 21 ga watan Agusta 2019 zuwa 25 Oktoba 2021.   

## Ƙuruciya da ilimi
Tarihin Tawer yana cikin tsaunin Nuba. 

## Sana'a
Tawer masanin kimiyyar lissafi ne wanda ya koyar a jami'o'in Sudan da dama. 

## Ayyukan siyasa da na kare yancin ɗan adam
Tawer memba ne na Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party–Yankin Sudan. 

## Majalisar Mulki
A ranar 21 ga watan Agusta, 2019, Tawer ya zama ɗaya daga cikin membobin farar hula na haɗin gwiwar farar hula da shugaban riƙon kwarya na ƙasar Sudan da ake kira Majalisar Mulki ta Sudan.  Bayan naɗin nasa, kasancewar Tawer na jam'iyyar Ba'ath "ya haifar da muhawara" a cewar *[[Asharq Al-Awsat|Asharq al-Awsat]]*, wanda Tawer ya danganta ga "jahar" da kuma 'yan tawayen Sudan People's Liberation Movement. 

A ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamba, 2019, Tawer ya tabbatar da furucin da Firayim Minista Abdalla Hamdok ya yi tun farko cewa za a mika tsohon shugaban ƙasar Omar al-Bashir ga kotun ICC bayan kammala shari'o'insa na kotunan Sudan. 

## Manazarta
Abubakar bin Hasan bin Ali

**Abubakar bn al-Hasan bn Ali** () ya kasance ɗan Hasan bn Ali ne. Ya je garin Karbala tare da baffansa Husaini bn Ali, kuma an kashe shi a yakin Karbala a ranar Ashura.

## Zuri'a
Abubakar ɗan Hasan bn Ali ne. Wasu na ganin cewa shi da ɗan uwansa Qasim dukkan su ‘ya’yan Ramla ne.  

## A ranar Ashura
Abu al-Faraj yana ganin shahadar Abubakar ta faru ne kafin ta Qasim.  Abu al-Faraj ya ruwaito daga Al-Mada’ini, wanda ta hanyar isnadinsa na masu watsa labarai ya ruwaito daga Abu Mikhnaf, kuma daga Sulayman bin Rashid cewa Abubakar ya yi shahada ne da wata kibiya da Abd Allah bn Uqba al-Ghanawi ya harba.  Amma Al-Tabari, Ibn Athir, Shaikh Mufid da wasunsu sun ruwaito shahadarsa ta faru ne bayan ta Qasim.

An ambaci sunan Abubakar a cikin Ziyaratul Nahiya al-Muqaddasa da Ziyarat Rajabiyya kuma an tsine wa wanda ya kashe shi. 

## Manazarta
Mamoun Beheiry

**Mamoun Ahmed Abdel Wahab Beheiry** (Oktoba 1925 &#x2013; Agusta 2002) masanin tattalin arziki ɗan ƙasar Sudan ne, wanda aka sani da gudummawar da yake bayarwa ga cibiyoyin banki na Afirka da Larabawa.

## Ilimi
Bayan karatun farko a makarantun firamare na Wad Madani, Beheiry ya halarci Kwalejin Victoria, Alexandria,   sannan da Brasenose College, Jami'ar Oxford tsakanin shekarun 1945 da 1949 inda ya karanta  BA (Hons.) a Siyasar PPE, Falsafa da Tattalin Arziki.   Wannan ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ministocin Afirka na farko da suka nemi ilimi a yamma.

## Sana'a
A shekara ta 1959, ya zama na farko kuma ya kafa gwamnan babban bankin Sudan sannan ya zama shugaban bankin raya Afirka na farko.   

Saboda sunansa a duniya, Beheiry kuma ya zama mutum na farko da aka zaɓa Ministan Kuɗi sau biyu.

## Martaba
Bayan rasuwarsa a shekara ta 2002, an kafa cibiyar nazarin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa da bincike a Afirka Mamoun Beheiry a birnin Khartoum da nufin inganta bincike kan ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a Afirka.

## Manazarta
Amir Kassam

**Amir Kassam**, FRSB, OBE, wani malami ne mai ziyara a makarantar koyon aikin gona da manufofi da ci gaba a jami'ar karatu (University of Reading), kuma memba a dandalin duniya na kungiyar abinci da noma ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). An sanya shi a OBE a cikin jerin karramawar ranar haihuwar Sarauniya na 2005 (Queen's Birthday Honours List 2005) don ayyukan noma masu zafi da ci gaban karkara. Shi ma'aikaci ne na Royal Society of Biology.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Amir Kassam a Zanzibar, Tanzania. Ya sami digirinsa na BSc a fannin noma da PhD a fannin aikin gona daga Jami’ar Karatu, sannan ya sami MSc a fannin ban ruwa daga Jami’ar California da ke Davis. 

## Sana'a
Kassam babban malami ne mai ziyara a Makarantar Noma, Siyasa da Ci Gaba a Jami'ar Karatu.  Har ila yau, memba ne na dandalin duniya na Ƙungiyar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya  kuma fellow ne na Royal Society of Biology.  Shi ne mai fafutukar no-till agriculture.

Ya taɓa zama ma’aikacin bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Gona ta Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya a Arewacin Najeriya; masanin kimiyya a ICRISAT, Indiya; mataimakin babban darakta a WARDA (Cibiyar shinkafa ta Afirka), Cote d'Ivoire; Sakatare na wucin gadi na Majalisar Kimiyya ta CGIAR, FAO, Rome; shugaban gidauniyar Aga Khan (Birtaniya); shugaban FOCUS Humanitarian Assistance Europe Foundation, kuma shugaban kungiyar noma na Tropical Agriculture, UK. 

An mai da Kassam memba na Order of the British Empire (OBE) a cikin jerin girmamawar ranar haihuwar Sarauniya 2005 don hidima ga aikin noma na wurare masu zafi da ci gaban karkara. 

## Wallafe-wallafe

* Kassam, A. (ed.), Advances in Conservation Agriculture Volume 1: Systems and Science, Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing,ISBN&nbsp; Cambridge, UK.  ISBN 978-1-78676-264-1,
* Kassam, A. (ed.), Advances in Conservation Agriculture Volume 2: Practice and Benefits, Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, Cambridge, UK.. ISBN&nbsp;
* *Kassam, A. (ed.), Advances in Conservation Agriculture Volume 3: Adoption and Spread*, Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, Cambridge, UK. ISBN&nbsp;

## Manazarta
Joyce Kinabo

**Joyce Ludovick Kinabo** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1955, kamar yadda **Joyce Chisawilo** ) Malama kuma farfesa ce sannan kuma mai bincike ta Tanzaniya.   Tana aiki a Jami'ar Aikin Noma ta Sokoine (SUA) a Morogoro, Tanzania, a Sashen Fasahar Abinci, inda take bincike da koyar da fannoni daban-daban na kimiyyar abinci mai gina jiki.   

## Ilimi da girmamawa
An haifi Kinabo a ranar 22 ga watan Yuli 1955 'ya ce ga David Peter Chisawilo da Ekilia David Chitungo-Chisawilo a Mpwapwa, yankin Dodoma, Tanzania.

Lokacin da ta kammala makarantar sakandare, an zaɓi Joyce don halartar makarantar sakandare ta ’yan mata ta Kilakala a shekarar 1975 kuma bayan kammala karatun ta yi shekarar da ta wajaba ta hidimar gwamnati.  A cikin shekarar 1980, ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin aikin gona tare da babban digiri a Kimiyyar Abinci da Fasaha daga Jami'ar Dar es Salaam. Ta tafi aiki a Cibiyar Abinci da Nutrition Tanzaniya.  

A shekara ta 1984 ta sami digiri na biyu na Kimiyya a kimiyyar abinci daga Jami'ar Leeds a Ingila kuma a cikin shekarar 1990 ta sami Doctor of Science in Nutritional Physiology daga Jami'ar Glasgow, Scotland.

## Duba kuma

* Andrew Tarimo – Tanzanian irrigation engineer

## Manazarta
Turawan mulkin mallaka

**Yan mulkin mallaka** ana nufin lokacin da 'yan mulkin mallaka suka mamaye muhalli mutane kuma suka mamaye ƙasa don maye gurbin al'ummar da ke wanzu da dindindin su nasu al'umma..
 

## Manazarta
'Abd ul Jalil

**<nowiki/>'Abd ul Jalil** (wani lokaci ana kiransa **Selma** a wasu riwayoyin) shine sarki na ƙarshe a daular Duguwa na Daular Kanem. Gajeren mulkinsa ya kasance daga kusan 1081 har zuwa 1085, lokacin da musulmi mabiyan Hummay, Sarkin Musulmi na farko na Daular Sefuwa suka hambarar da shi. 

## Manazarta
Omar I na Kanem

**Omar Ibn Idris**, ko **Umar Idrismi**, **Idris Dunama III**, shi ne mai mulkin (ko *mai* ) na Daular Kanem daga shekara ta 1372 zuwa 1380. Ya mayar da babban birnin kasar daga Njimi Kanem zuwa Kaga dake yammacin gabar tafkin Chadi a jihar Borno a yau.

## Tarihi
A karshen karni na 14, gwagwarmayar cikin gida da hare-haren waje sun raba Kanem. Tsakanin shekarar 1370 zuwa 1389, *mais/sarakuna* shida suka yi sarauta, amma maharan Bulala (daga yankin tafkin Fitri zuwa gabas) sun kashe biyar daga cikinsu. Wannan yaduwar *mais* ya haifar da masu da'awar sarauta da yawa kuma ya haifar da yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin juna. 

A karshe, bayan yakin da suka yi da Kanem tun a shekarun 1370, al’ummar Bulala sun tilasta wa Kanembu karkashin *Mai* Omar bn Idris komawa Bornu wajen shekara ta 1380, inda suka shawo kan hare-haren da makwabtansu ( Larabawa da Berbers, da Hausawan Najeriya na zamani), suka yi sauyi na farkon daular Bornu. Daular Sayfawa da ta taba zama mai karfi an tilasta-ta ficewa daga Kanem kuma ta koma cikin salon makiyaya da suka yi watsi da su kusan shekaru 600 da suka gabata. Da sabuwar cibiyar daular a Bornu, ta zama daular Bornu.

Bayan dogon lokaci, auratayya ta Kanembu da na asali daban-daban a Bornu ya ba da gudummawa ga abin da ya yi salar mutanen yanzu masu magana da harshen Kanuri. Daular Sayfawa har yanzu tana da iko da manyan biranen biyu, don haka ta yi ƙarfi fiye da yadda ta kasance a yanzu, aka hade jihohin Bulala da Kanembu, amma har yanzu ikon siyasa na a Bornu.

Kanembu ba za su sake mamaye tsohon babban birninsu na Njimi ba, sai a farkon ƙarni na sha shida a karkashin *Mai* Ali Gaji (1497-1515) wanda ya sami nasarar kayar da Bulala ya sake kwato Njimi, tsohon babban birnin kasar. Shugabannin daular, duk da haka, sun kasance a Ngazargamu, babban birnin Bornu, saboda filayensu sun fi amfani da noma kuma sun fi dacewa da kiwon shanu. 

## Nassoshi

*Ajayi, Jacob Festus Ade, and Michael Crowder (1972). "History of West Africa". New York: *Columbia University Press*. 
*Davidson, Basil (1998). "West Africa before the colonial era: a history to 1850". London: *Longman*. 
*Lange, Dierk (2004). "Ancient kingdoms of West Africa: African-centred and Canaanite-Israelite perspectives; a collection of published and unpublished studies in English and French". Dettelbach, Germany: *Röll*.
*Urvoy, Yves (1949). "L'empire du Bornou". Paris.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
An samu wadannan hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizon a watan Mayu 29, 2014.

*Lange, Dierk. The Chad region as a crossroads Africa and the Ancient World.
*Lange, Dierk. The kingdoms and peoples of Chad Africa and the Ancient World.
*B. Schemmel. Traditional polities Rulers.org.
Bakar fata

Bakaken fata, wadanda galibi ana kiransu ’yan Afirka ko kuma daidaikun ‘yan asalin Afirka, sun zama kabila dabam-dabam masu dimbin tarihi da al’adu. Wannan kalmar ta kunshi mutane masu alakar kakanni da nahiyar Afirka, wanda ya kunshi dimbin kabilu, harsuna, da al'adu.

## Asalin da Hijira

Asalin bakar fata ya samo asali ne tun daga nahiyar Afirka, inda al'ummomi daban-daban suka bunkasa fiye da shekaru dubu.  Tarihin bakar fata ya hada da kaura masu mahimmanci, kamar cinikin bayi na Atlantika, wanda ya tilasta wa miliyoyi gudun hijira zuwa Amurka, Caribbean, da Turai.

## Bambancin Al'adu

Bakar fata suna baje kolin ban mamaki na al'adu, harsuna, da al'adu.  Tun daga dimbin kaset na kabilun Afirka zuwa kalaman al'adu daban-daban na al'ummomin bakar fata a kasashen waje, gudummawar da suke bayarwa ga fasaha, kida, adabi, da abinci na duniya yana da girma da tasiri.

## Gwagwarmayar Tarihi

A cikin tarihi, bakar fata sun fuskanci kalubale, ciki har da mulkin mallaka, bauta, da wariyar launin fata.  Gwagwarmaya don Hakkin dan adam da daidaito sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara labarin al'ummomin bakar fata a duniya, tare da manyan mutane da kungiyoyi suna barin tarihin da ba a taba mantawa da shi ba.

## Nasarorin da Gudunmawa

Bakaken fata sun ba da gudummawa sosai a fagage daban-daban, wadanda suka haɗa da kimiyya, fasaha, siyasa, wasanni, da fasaha.  Fitattun mutane irin su Nelson Mandela, Martin Luther King Jr., Maya Angelou, da sauran su da yawa sun bar gadon baya, karfafa tsararraki da kuma karya shinge.

## Batutuwa Na Zamani

Duk da ci gaban da aka samu, bakar fata suna ci gaba da fuskantar kalubale na zamani kamar rashin daidaiton launin fata, wariya, da rashin adalci na zamantakewa.  Kokarin ci gaba na hada kai, bambance-bambance, da daidaitattun dama sun kasance masu mahimmanci don magance waɗannan batutuwa.

## Hotuna

File:Siddi_Girl.jpg|Bakar fata yar kabilar Siddi daga garin Yellapur yankin Uttara Karnataka, jihar Karnataka, Indiya.
File:TreeMix analysis of worldwide populations (2022).jpg|Taswira mai nuna yankunan da bakaken fata suka fi yawa a gabashin Asiya
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Portret van een Bella vrouw nabij Gorom-Gorom TMnr 20010124.jpg|bakar fata daga yankin Saharar Afirka 
File:Black hebrews Dimona children.jpg|yaro dan Isra'ila mai asali da Afrika
File:Israeli Border Guard Police.jpg|Bakin fata dan sandan Isra'ila mai asali daga 


## Manazarta
Kuri I na Kanem

**Kure Gana** Ibn Abdullahi Sarkin Kanem ne. Yana daya daga cikin 'ya'yan Abdullahi guda hudu da suka rasa rayukansu a yayin yaƙin da ake yi da kabilun kudancin tafkin Chadi, wanda wani lokaci ake kira Sao.

## Manazarta
Kuri II na Kanem

**Kure Kura** Ibn Abdullahi ya kasance Sarki na Kanem. An kashe shi a yakin da aka yi da Sao. Yana daya daga cikin ‘ya’yan Abdullahi na daya su hudu da aka kashe a yayin yakin Sao.

## Manazarta
Mohammed I na Kanem

**Mohammed I na Kanem** ya kasance Sarki mai mulkin Kanem wanda lokacin mulkinsa ya kasance na dan gajeren lokaci. Ya mutu a yakin Sao na kudancin tafkin Chadi. Mutuwar sa da kasawar ’ya’yan Abdullahi I na samun nasara a yakin Sao ya sa aka dakatar da gadon sarauta.

## Manazarta
Idris I na Kanem

**Idris I** jikan Sarkin Bir kachim ne kuma zuriyar Ibrahim Nikale. Ya kafa dangantaka ta lumana da Sao bayan da aka kashe sarakunan Kanem huɗu a lokacin rikici da ƙabilun Bornu ko kuma Sao. Idris I ya kasance ɗan daular Sayfawa. 

## Nassoshi
Salmama II na Kanem

**Selma** Ibn Abdullahi sarkin Kanem ne. Mulkinsa ya kasance cikin tashin hankali yayin da masarautar ke fuskantar hari daga kungiyoyin Sao na Kudancin tafkin Chadi.

## Manazarta
Kanem (yanki)

**Kanem** (  ) na daya daga cikin yankuna 23 na kasar Chadi. An ba shi suna bayan sanannen daular Kanem, wanda ke tsakiyar wannan yanki. Babban birnin yankin shine Mao. An kirkiro shi a cikin 2002 daga tsohuwar lardin Kanem. A cikin 2008, an raba wani yanki na yankin Kanem ( Sashen Bahr el Gazel ) don zama sabon yankin Bahr el Gazel.

## Bayanan kasa
Yankin ya yi iyaka da yankin Borkou daga arewa, yankin Bahr el Gazel a gabas, yankin Hadjer-Lamis da yankin Lac a kudu, da Nijar a yamma.

### Garuruwa
Mao, Chadi, babban birnin yankin ne; sauran manyan garuruwan sun hada da Am Doback, Kekedina, Nokou, Ntiona, Rig Rig, Wadjigui da kuma Ziguey.

## Aljaluma

Kamar yadda [kidaya na 2009, yawan mutanen yankin ya kasance 354,603, 51.4% mata. Matsakaicin girman iyali shine kashi 4.50: 4.50 a cikin gidajen karkara da 4.90 a cikin birane. Yawan gidaje 78,145: 70,779 a yankunan karkara da 7,366 a cikin birane. Adadin makiyaya a yankin ya kai 10,056, kashi 2.6% na yawan jama'a. Akwai mutane 354,007 da ke zaune a gidaje masu zaman kansu. Akwai 157,264 yan sama da shekaru 18: 70,134 maza da 87,130 mata. Akwai ma'aikata 344,547 masu zaman kansu, 3.20 na yawan jama'a.

Manyan kungiyoyin kabilanci sune Baggara Arab (4.97%), Dazaga Toubou (48.25%), Fula da Kanembu (40.54%).

## Tattalin Arziki
Yankin shine babban bangaren wurin noma a duk fadin kasar, yana samar da auduga da gyada, wanda sune manyan abin nomawa kwara biyu a kasar. Akwai amfanin gona iri-iri irin su shinkafa da ake nomawa a yankin. 

## Gudanarwa
Tun 2008, an raba yankin Kanem a sassa uku, wato, Kanem (babban birnin Mao ), Nord Kanem (babban birnin Nokou) da Wadi Bissam (babban birnin Mondo). A matsayin wani bangare na raba mulki a watan Fabrairun 2003, an raba kasar bisa tsarin mulki zuwa yankuna, sassa, gundumomi da al'ummomin karkara. Lardunan da tun asali 14 ne aka sake nada su a yankuna 17. Gwamnonin da shugaban kasa ya nada ne ke gudanar da yankunan. Hakimai, wadanda tun farko ke rike da nauyin kananan hukumomi 14, har yanzu suna rike da mukaman kuma su ne ke da alhakin gudanar da kananan hukumomi a kowane yanki. Ana zaɓen mambobin majalisun kananan hukumomi ne duk bayan shekaru shida, yayin da hukumomin zartaswa ke zaben duk bayan shekaru uku. 

## Duba kuma

* Daular Kanem-Bornu

## Nassoshi
Irene Tarimo

**Irene Aurelia Tarimo** (an Haife ta a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba 1964) masaniya ce a fannin kimiyyar muhalli  kuma ƴar ƙasar Tanzaniya. A halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin Shugabar Sashen Nazarin Muhalli a Budaddiyar Jami'ar Tanzaniya (Open University Tanzania), inda ita ma malama ce kuma mai bincike.  Ta taɓa zama Daraktar OUT a yankin Lindi tun daga shekarun 2007 zuwa 2015.     

## Digiri a fannin ilimi da karramawa

A shekara ta 1983, ta sami takardar shaidar difloma a fannin ilmin halittu, sunadarai da ilimi daga Kwalejin Malamai ta Dar es Salaam, yanzu Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jami'ar Dar es Salaam. A shekara ta cikin 2003, an ba ta digiri na farko na Kimiyya a fannin ilimi (girmamawa) daga Open University Tanzania, sannan a shekara ta 2007 ta samu Master of science a Kimiyyar Muhalli (rubutun) daga Jami'ar Dar es Salaam da Doctor of Science a cikin kula da gurbatar muhalli da muhalli. yin samfuri daga Open University Tanzania  sandwich tare da Jami'ar Copenhagen.   A cikin shekarar 2011, ta kasance malama mai ziyara a Jami'ar Montana.  A cikin shekarar 2019, ta sami takardar shaida daga Cibiyar Harkokin Harkokin Waje.

## Zaɓaɓɓun Ayyuka

*
*
*
*
*

## Manazarta
Agness Gidna

**Agness Gidna,** ƙwararriya ce kuma masaniya a fannin ilimin burbushin halittu 'yar ƙasar Tanzaniya  kuma tsohuwar Babbar Jami'iyyar Kula da Ilimin Halittu a Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Tanzaniya.  A halin yanzu tana aiki tare da Ngorongoro Conservation Area a matsayin babbar jami'iyyar al'adun gargajiya.  Ita ce mace ta farko 'yar Tanzaniya da ta sami digiri na uku a fannin ilimin halin ɗan Adam kuma ita ce darektar bincike na mace 'yar Tanzaniya ta farko a Olduvai Gorge, inda ta kasance babbar jami'iyyar bincike na Olduvai Palaeoanthropology and Paleoecology Project (TOPPP) tun daga shekarar 2017. 

## Sana'a
Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Dar es Salaam, Jami'ar Complutense ta Madrid (Spain), da Jami'ar Alcala (Spain).  Ita ce wacce ta kafa mafi girman wurin Pastoral Neolithic a cikin Saharar Afirka-(Site na Luxmanda). Ita ce babbar darektar ayyukan bincike na ƙasa da ƙasa misali na Olduvai Gorge Project. 

A matsayinta na Babbar Jami'iyyar Kula da Paleontology a Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Tanzaniya, ta shirya tare da shirya manyan nune-nune biyu game da asalin ɗan adam a gidan kayan tarihi na Olduvai Gorge, wanda Mary Leakey ta kafa, da Gidan Tarihi na Tanzaniya. Ta ba da rangadi ga Monica Chakwera, Uwargidan Shugaban Malawi.

## Zaɓaɓɓun Ayyuka

* Domínguez-Rodrigo, M., Baquedano, E., Pickering, T. R., Mabulla, A. Z., Bunn, H. T., Musiba, C., ... & Gidna, A. O. (2011). New associated hominin remains from BK (Upper Bed II, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania).
*Domínguez-Rodrigo, M., Baquedano, E., Díez Martín, F., Bunn, H. T., Pickering, T. R., Musiba, C., ... & Arriaza, M. D. C. (2012). La evolución conductual de los primeros Homo erectus (ergaster): estudio arqueológico y paleoecológico de los yacimientos antrópicos del lecho II de la Garganta de Olduvai: informe de la campaña de excavaciones en Olduvai. Año 2010.
*
*Gidna, A., Yravedra, J., & Domínguez-Rodrigo, M. (January 1, 2013). A cautionary note on the use of captive carnivores to model wild predator behavior: A comparison of bone modification patterns on long bones by captive and wild lions. *Journal of Archaeological Science, 40,* 4, 1903–1910.
*Gidna, A. O., & Domínguez-Rodrigo, M. (2013). A method for reconstructing human femoral length from fragmented shaft specimens. *Homo*, *64*(1), 29–41.
*Domínguez-Rodrigo, M., Bunn, H. T., Mabulla, A. Z., Baquedano, E., Uribelarrea del Val, D., Pérez-González, A., ... & Egeland, C. P. (2013). Did Homo erectus consume a Pelorovis herd at BK (Bed II, Olduvai Gorge)?.
*Gidna, A. O. (2019). A comparative Study of Frontal Bone Morphology Among Pleistocene Hominin Fossils Group: A Study on Eyasi Hominin (EH6) Frontal Bone. *Studies in the African Past*, *12*, 146–159.
*
*Davies TW, Alemseged Z, Gidna A, et al. (2021) Accessory cusp expression at the enamel-dentine junction of hominin mandibular molars. Peerj. 2021 ;9:e11415. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11415. PMID 34055484; PMCID: PMC8141287.

## Manazarta
Sunan Ogbomosho

**Soun  na Ogbomoso**  shi ne sunan da aka baiwa sarkin masarautar Ogbomosho. Sarkin Ogbomoso na yanzu kuma sarki na 21 shi ne Gandhi Olaoye. Gwamnan jihar Oyo Seyi Makinde ya nada shi sarautar a 21 ga watan Disamba a shekarar 2023.

## Jerin Sarakunan Ogbomosho

* Oba Olabanjo Ogunlola Ogundiran (tsakanin 1659 zuwa 1714)
* Oba Erinnsaba Alamu Jogioro (tsakanin 1714 zuwa 1770)
* Oba Kumoyede Olusemi Ajao (tsakanin 1770 zuwa 1799)
* Oba Jimoh Oladunni Oyewumi (1973-2021)
* Yarima Afolabi Ghandi OLaoye (Yanzu)

## Manazarta