Yanayi na Antarctica

Yanayin zafi na Antarctica a cikin hunturu da rani daga Cibiyar Turai don Tsakanin Yanayi na Tsakiya. Yanayin Antarctica shine mafi sanyi a Duniya. Har ila yau, nahiyar ta bushe sosai (hamada ce ), matsakaicin   in) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara. Snow da wuya ya narke a mafi yawan sassan nahiyar, kuma, bayan an matse shi, ya zama kankara mai kankara wanda ya zama kan kankara. Yanayin yanayi ba sa shiga cikin nahiyar sosai, saboda iskar katabatic. Yawancin Antarctica suna da Yanayin kankara (Köppen classification EF) tare da matsanancin sanyi da bushewar yanayi.

## Yanayin zafi
Mafi girman zafin jiki da aka taɓa yin rikodin a Antarctica ya kasance  ° C (67.6 ° F) da aka rubuta a Signy Research Station, Signy Island a ranar 30 ga Janairun 1982. 

Mafi girman zafin jiki a yankin Antarctic ya kasance  ° C (64.9 ° F) a Esperanza Base (Argentina) a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu 2020.

Rubuce-rubucen zafin iska mafi ƙasƙanci, mafi ƙasƙantar da zafin jiki a kan Antarctica an saita shi a ranar 21 ga Yuli 1983, lokacin da aka lura da zafin -89.2 ° C (−128.6 ° F) a Tashar Vostok. Don kwatanta, wannan shine  ° C (19.3 ° F) mafi sanyi fiye da busassun kankara (a matsin lamba na teku). Tsawon wurin yana da mita 3,488 (11,444 feet).

Ma'aunin tauraron dan adam ya gano ko da ƙananan yanayin ƙasa, tare da -93.2 ° C (−135.8 ° F) an lura da shi a filin gabashin Antarctic a ranar 10 ga watan Agusta 2010. 

Mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki da aka rubuta na kowane wuri akan saman Duniya a .}81°48′S 63°30′E﻿ /81°48′S 63°30′E﻿ -81.8;  An sabunta 63.5 tare da sabbin bayanai a cikin 2018 a kusan wurare 100, kama daga -93.2 °C (-135.8 °F)[1] zuwa -98 °C (-144.4 °F).   An auna wannan yanki na tudun Antarctic, wanda ba a bayyana sunansa ba, tsakanin Dome A da Dome F, a ranar 10 ga Agusta 2010, kuma an zazzage yanayin zafi daga hasken da Landsat 8 da sauran tauraron dan adam suka auna.  An gano shi ne a yayin wani binciken cibiyar bayanai kan dusar ƙanƙara da ƙanƙara ta ƙasa na nazarin bayanan da aka adana a watan Disamba 2013] amma masu bincike sun sake duba shi a ranar 25 ga Yuni 2018. Wannan zafin jiki ba ya daidaita kai tsaye da −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) da aka ambata a sama, tunda yanayin zafin fata ne da aka samo daga tauraron dan adam-aunawa, maimakon ma'aunin zafin jiki mai ƙarfi.  Mita 1.5 (5 ft) sama da saman ƙasa.

.Matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara na ciki shine -43.5 °C (-46.3 °F).  bakin tekun ya fi zafi;  a bakin tekun Antarctic matsakaita yanayin zafi yana kusa -10 °C (14.0 °F) (a cikin mafi zafi a sassa na Antarctica) kuma a cikin maɗaukakin ƙasa suna matsakaicin kusan -55 °C (−67.0 °F) a Vostok.  Ana nufin kowane wata a tashar McMurdo daga -26 °C (-14.8 °F) a watan Agusta zuwa -3 °C (26.6 °F) a cikin Janairu.  A Pole ta Kudu, mafi girman zafin jiki da aka taɓa samu shine -12.3 °C (9.9 °F) akan 25 Disamba 2011.[5]  A gefen tsibirin Antarctic, an yi rikodin yanayin zafi da ya kai 18.3 °C (64.9 °F),  kodayake zafin lokacin rani yana ƙasa da 0 °C (32 °F) mafi yawan lokaci.  Ƙananan yanayin zafi ya bambanta tare da latitude, tsayi, da nisa daga teku.  Gabashin Antarctica ya fi yammacin Antarctica sanyi saboda tsayin daka.   Yankin Antarctic yana da mafi matsakaicin yanayi.  Zazzabi mafi girma yana faruwa a cikin Janairu tare da bakin teku kuma matsakaici kaɗan kaɗan ƙasa da daskarewa

## Ruwan sama

Jimlar ruwan sama a Antarctica, matsakaicin a duk nahiyar, kusan millimeters 166 (6.5 inci) ne a kowace shekara (Vaughan et al., , 1999). Gaskiyar ƙimar ta bambanta sosai, daga manyan ƙididdiga a kan Peninsula (380 zuwa 640 millimeters (15 zuwa 25 inci) a shekara) zuwa ƙananan ƙididdiga (kadancin 50 millimeters (2.0 inci) a cikin babban ciki (Bromwich, Reviews of Geophysics, 1988). Yankunan da ke karɓar ƙasa da 250 millimeters (9.8 inci) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara ana rarraba su a matsayin hamada. Kusan duk ruwan sama na Antarctic ya faɗi a matsayin dusar ƙanƙara. Ruwan sama yana da wuya kuma galibi yana faruwa a lokacin rani a yankunan bakin teku da tsibirai da ke kewaye. Lura cewa ruwan sama da aka ambata shine ma'auni na daidaitattun ruwa, maimakon kasancewa ainihin zurfin dusar ƙanƙara. Iska a Antarctica ma ya bushe sosai. Rashin yanayin zafi yana haifar da ƙarancin zafi, wanda ke nufin cewa bushewar fata da leɓunan da aka fashe matsala ce ta ci gaba ga masana kimiyya da masu balaguro da ke aiki a nahiyar.

## Yanayin yanayi
 
Yanayi a Antarctica na iya canzawa sosai, kuma yanayin yanayi na iya sauyawa sosai a cikin gajeren lokaci. Akwai rarrabuwa daban-daban don bayyana yanayin yanayi a Antarctica; ƙuntatawa da aka ba ma'aikata a lokacin yanayi daban-daban sun bambanta da tashar da al'umma.

## Rufin kankara
Kusan duk Antarctica an rufe shi da takardar ƙanƙara wanda ke, a matsakaici, aƙalla 1,500 m (5,000 ft) kauri.  Antarctica ta ƙunshi kashi 90% na ƙanƙara a duniya da fiye da kashi 70% na ruwan sa.  Idan duk dusar ƙanƙara da ke rufe Antarctica za ta narke—a kusa da 30×10^6 km3 (7.2×10^6 cu mi) na ƙanƙara—tekuna za su tashi sama da 60 m (200 ft).[1]  Yankin Antarctic yana da sanyi sosai ta yadda ko da karuwar ƴan digiri, yanayin zafi gabaɗaya zai kasance ƙasa da wurin narkewar kankara.  Ana sa ran zazzaɓin zafi zai haifar da ƙarin hazo, wanda ke ɗaukar siffar dusar ƙanƙara.  Wannan zai ƙara yawan ƙanƙara a Antarctica, tare da daidaita kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na matakin tekun da ake sa ran zai tashi daga faɗaɗa yanayin zafi na tekuna.  A cikin shekaru goma na baya-bayan nan [yaushe?], Gabashin Antarctica ya yi kauri a matsakaicin matsakaicin  1.8 cm (11⁄16 in) a kowace shekara yayin da Yammacin Antarctica ya nuna ƙarancin  0.9 cm (3⁄8 in) a kowace shekara.[3]  Don gudunmawar Antarctica zuwa yanzu da kuma nan gaba canjin matakin teku, duba matakin hawan teku.  Saboda ƙanƙara yana gudana, kodayake a hankali, ƙanƙarar da ke cikin takardar kankara ta ƙaru fiye da shekarun takardar kanta

.

### Gilashin kankara

Kimanin kashi 75% na bakin tekun Antarctica shine kankara. Yawancin kankara sun ƙunshi kankara mai iyo, kuma ƙaramin adadin ya ƙunshi kankara waɗanda ke motsawa sannu a hankali daga ƙasa zuwa teku. Ice shelves sun rasa taro ta hanyar rushewar kankara (calving), ko narkewar asali saboda ruwan teku mai dumi a ƙarƙashin kankara.

Rugujewa ko fashewar kankara mai iyo ba ya shafar matakan teku na duniya kai tsaye; duk da haka, kankara yana da tasiri a kan kankara da ke gudana a bayansu. Idan kankara ta fashe, kankara da ke bayansu na iya hanzarta, wanda ke haifar da karuwar narkewar kankara ta Antarctic da kuma karuwar gudummawa ga hauhawar matakin teku.

Canje-canje da aka sani a kan kankara a kusa da yankin Antarctic:

* 1936–1989: Wordie Ice Shelf significantly reduced in size.
* 1995: Ice in the Prince Gustav Channel disintegrated.
* Parts of the Larsen Ice Shelf broke up in recent decades.
** 1995: The Larsen A ice shelf disintegrated in January 1995.
** 2001:  of the Larsen B ice shelf disintegrated in February 2001. It had been gradually retreating before the breakup event.
** 2015: A study concluded that the remaining *Larsen B* ice-shelf will disintegrate by the end of the decade, based on observations of faster flow and rapid thinning of glaciers in the area.

George VI Ice Shelf, wanda zai iya kasancewa a gefen rashin kwanciyar hankali,  mai yiwuwa ya wanzu kusan shekaru 8,000, bayan narkewa shekaru 1,500 da suka gabata.  Ruwan teku mai zafi na iya zama dalilin narkewa. Ba wai kawai kankara suna rasa nauyi ba, suna rasa nauyi a cikin hanzari.