open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Gidan shakatawa na Jihar Makoshika

**Makoshika State Park** ("ma-KO-sh(ih)kuh" daga Lakota *Mako sica,* ma'ana 'ƙasa mara kyau' ko 'ƙasar da ba ta da kyau')  yanki ne na kiyaye yanayi da kuma wurin shakatawa na jama'a wanda ke gefen kudu maso gabashin Glendive a cikin gundumar Dawson, Montana . Wurin shakatawa na jihar ya ƙunshi badlands dauke da burbushin dinosaur da dutse daga Tsarin Jahannama .  Ita ce mafi girma a cikin wuraren shakatawa na jihar Montana a sama da kadada 11,000 (45).&nbsp;km2 ku ). 

## Tarihin wurin shakatawa
A cikin 1938, Glendive Chamber of Commerce ta ba da shawarar shafin a matsayin filin shakatawa na Badlands. Sakataren majalisar K. E. Burleigh ya rubuta wa jami'an tarayya, yana neman su "bincike wurin shakatawa na mu, za mu yi farin ciki sosai da nuna musu kuma za mu yaba da duk wani yunkuri a bangarenku don samun wurin shakatawa da aka kafa kusa da Glendive, kamar yadda kuka san muna da takaice sosai a kan shimfidar wurare da wuraren sha'awa, kuma na yi imanin cewa zai zama hanya ɗaya don dakatar da masu yawon bude ido a Glendive na rana ɗaya ko biyu. "

Shafin ya zama wurin shakatawa na jihar a 1939, lokacin da Dawson County ta ba da gudummawar kadada 160 ga jihar. Wani kadada 80 ne gundumar ta ba da gudummawa a 1953. Jihar ta sami ƙarin ƙasashe daga Ofishin Gudanar da Kasa na Amurka, Dawson County, da masu mallakar ƙasa masu zaman kansu a cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa.

## Abubuwan da aka gano
Burbushin Dinosaur da aka gano a ciki da kusa da wurin shakatawa sun haɗa da misalai na *Triceratops* da *Thescelosaurus*. An gano kwanyar triceratops mai nauyin kilo 600 mai tsawon mita 5.5 a cikin 1991. An nuna kwanyar a cibiyar baƙi ta wurin shakatawa. A shekara ta 1997, wani burbushin burbushin thescelosaurus da aka dauka a matsayin mafi girma kuma mafi cikakkiyar kwarangwal na irin sa an samo shi ta hanyar balaguron da Jack Horner da Bob Harmon suka jagoranta.

## Dabbobi na daji
Turkiya tsuntsaye, prairie falcons, da golden eagles suna yin gidansu a wurin shakatawa.

## Ayyuka da abubuwan more rayuwa
Gidan shakatawa yana da cibiyar baƙi tare da ilimin ƙasa da nune-nunen burbushin halittu, hanyoyin wasan kwaikwayo, hanyoyin yanayi, sansanin, yankin harbi, filin wasa, da wuraren shakatawa. Abubuwan da suka faru sun haɗa da bikin "Buzzard Day" na shekara-shekara.

## Manazarta
Dokar Bayar da Bayani na Net-Zero na Kanada

Dokar Bayar da Bayani ta Net-Zero ta Kanada (Faransanci: Loi canadienne sur la responsabilité en matière de carboneutralité) wani aiki ne na Majalisar Dokokin Kanada wanda ya kafa tsarin lissafi da nuna gaskiya don isa ga fitar da iska ta hanyar 2050. 

## Tarihi
Tun daga shekarun 1980s, Kanada ta kafa manufofi na rage fitar da iskar gas.

## Shirye-shiryen
Dokar ta sanya a cikin doka jajircewar gwamnati na cimma matsaya-zero fitarwa a shekara ta 2050. 

Dokar ta buƙaci gwamnati ta saita manufofi na rage fitar da hayaki na kasa don 2035, 2040, 2045, shekaru 10 a gaba, tare da shirye-shiryen cimma waɗannan burin.

Dokar ba ta sanya wani buƙata game da daidaitawar sauyin yanayi ba.

An kafa Hukumar Ba da Shawara ta Net-Zero ta hanyar aikin, tare da manufar ba da shawara ga gwamnati kan cimma da saita manufofi a ƙarƙashin aikin.

## Aiwatarwa
An buga burin 2035 a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024 kuma ya kafa burin rage fitar da hayaki na 45-50% nan da shekara ta 2035, idan aka kwatanta da matakan 2005. Kungiyar ba da shawara ta Net-Zero ta ba da shawarar manufa ta 50-55%.

## Karɓar baƙi
Christopher Campbell-Duruflé, Mataimakin Farfesa a Jami'ar Toronto Metropolitan, ya soki dokar saboda rashin amincewa da ikon 'yan asalin ƙasar a cikin manufofin yanayi.

## Manazarta
Hasumiyar EPH Hanks

Eph Hanks Tower babban taro ne mai tsawon mita 6,540 wanda ke cikin Capitol Reef National Park, a cikin Wayne County na Utah, Amurka. Wannan alamar tana da nisan kilomita 13 a kudu maso gabashin cibiyar baƙi ta wurin shakatawa, nisan kilomita  a kudu maso kudu maso gabobin Ferns Nipple, da nisan .4 a kudu maso yammacin Golden Throne, a bakin Capitol Gorge inda hanyar Capitol Reef Scenic Drive ta ƙare. Yana da tsawo 900 feet sama da yankin picnic a ƙasa da ɓangaren arewa. Ruwan sama daga wannan fasalin yana gudana ne daga Capitol Wash da Pleasant Creek, wani yanki na Kogin Fremont, wanda shi ma yana cikin kwandon kwararar Kogin Colorado. Wannan fasalin ilimin ƙasa an sanya masa suna ne bayan Ephraim Knowlton Hanks (1-1896), majagaba na Mormon  mazaunin dindindin na farko a yankin Capitol Reef, wanda tare da iyalinsa suka zauna a yankin Pleasant Creek na Capitol Reif a cikin 1881. Ephraim Hanks' Floral Ranch a kan Pleasant Creek ya ba da mafaka mai aminci ga masu auren mata da yawa tare da hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta Mormon.

## Ilimin ƙasa
Hasumiyar Eph Hanks ta ƙunshi Wingate Sandstone, wanda shine ragowar yashi mai iska wanda aka ajiye kimanin shekaru miliyan 200 da suka gabata a cikin Late Triassic .  Wingate Sandstone mai wuya, wanda ke da alaƙa da samar da tsaunuka masu tsawo, yana rufe gadaje masu laushi na Chinle Formation. Tsawon lokaci bayan an ajiye duwatsun da aka ajiye, an ɗaga Colorado Plateau daidai, yana riƙe da yadudduka kusan a kwance, amma Capitol Reef ya bambanta saboda Waterpocket Fold, classic monocline, wanda aka kafa tsakanin shekaru 50 da 70 da suka gabata a lokacin Laramide Orogeny. 

## Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

Fayil:Eph_Hanks_Tower,_UT.jpg
Fayil:Eph_Hanks_Tower_from_the_north.jpg|alt=North aspect| Bangaren Arewa
Fayil:Capitol_Reef_NP02.jpg
Fayil:Eph_Hanks_Tower_from_Capitol_Reef_Scenic_Drive.jpg|alt=Eph Hanks Tower centered in the distance, from Capitol Reef Scenic Drive| Hasumiyar Eph Hanks ta tsakiya daga nesa, daga Capitol Reef Scenic Drive
Fayil:Ephraim_K._Hanks.jpg|alt=Ephraim Hanks in 1889| Ephraim Hanks a shekara ta 1889


## Yanayi
Lokacin bazara da faduwa sune lokutan da suka fi dacewa don ziyartar Hasumiyar Eph Hanks. Dangane da tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, yana cikin yankin yanayi mai sanyi, wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar watan sanyi wanda ke da matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin jiki a ƙasa da 32 ° F (0 ° C), kuma aƙalla 50% na jimlar ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da ake karɓa a lokacin bazara da rani. Wannan yanayin hamada yana karɓar ƙasa da inci 10 (250 millimeters) na ruwan sama na shekara-shekara, kuma dusar ƙanƙara yawanci yana da sauƙi a lokacin hunturu.&nbsp;&nbsp;

## Manazarta
Yankin matasa

**Yankin matasa** wani bangare ne mai zaman kansa, mai cin gashin kansa, ko kuma mai zaman kansa a gaban babbar kungiya (yawanci jam'iyya ce ta siyasa amma wani lokaci wani nau'in kungiya) wanda aka kafa don tara goyon baya ga wannan kungiya daga mambobi da masu yuwuwa na matasa, da kuma mayar da hankali kan batutuwa da batutuwa da suka fi dacewa tsakanin matasa na kungiya. Har ila yau, fuka-fukan matasa na iya zama dandalin tattaunawa ga matasa da magoya bayan kungiyar don muhawara game da manufofi da akidar.

## Jam'iyyun siyasa
Kalmar "mafi yawanci ana amfani da ita don komawa ga fuka-fukan matasa na jam'iyyun siyasa; a cikin irin waɗannan fuka-fuka na matasa, ana ganin matsayi ko manyan mambobi, bayan sun kai ga mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ake buƙata, a matsayin shugabannin da za su iya zama masu mulki na babban jam'iyyar siyasa. Wannan ya haifar da fahimtar fuka-fukan matasa na jam'iyyar siyasa a matsayin kawai ƙofar damar samun aiki a cikin tsarin gwamnati ga matasa, musamman a yanayin tsarin rinjaye ko jam'iyya ɗaya inda aka tabbatar da nasara a zaben.

Fuka-fukan matasa na jam'iyyar siyasa galibi sun kunshi matasa. Shekaru da ake buƙata ga mafi yawan fuka-fukan matasa na jam'iyyar siyasa suna tsakanin mafi ƙarancin shekaru 15 zuwa iyakar shekaru 30 (ko da yake akwai fuka-fuka na matasa na jamʼiyyun siyasa waɗanda ke da iyakar shekaru sama har zuwa 35).

## Bambance-bambance

### Daga fuka-fukan ɗalibai
Fuka-fukan matasa sun bambanta da fuka-fuki na ɗalibai, kamar yadda tsohon ba lallai ba ne a kafa shi, kuma ba a mayar da hankali kan shi ba, tushen ɗalibai na musamman.

### Daga bangarorin siyasa
Ba a la'akari da fuka-fukan matasa a matsayin ƙungiyoyi na jam'iyyar siyasa ba, kamar yadda ake amfani da fuka'un matasa a matsayin matasa da suka mai da hankali kan fadada manufofin jam'iyya da akidar maimakon a ba da ra'ayi daban daga jagorancin jam'iyyar da ta dace. Koyaya, wani lokacin suna iya ba da shawara ga batutuwa daban-daban a cikin ikon akidar jam'iyyar fiye da jam'iyyar gaba ɗaya.

## Dubi kuma

* Siyasa ta matasa
* Jerin kungiyoyin matasa
* Yankin ɗalibai
* Fuka-fukan mata
* Yankin LGBT

## Manazarta
Kashewar Humahuaca

Quebrada de Humahuaca wani kunkuntar tsaunuka ne dake lardin Jujuy a arewa maso yammacin Argentina, kilomita 1,649 (1,025 mi) arewa da Buenos Aires (23°11′59″S 65°20′56″W﻿ / 83.19972°S). Yana da kusan kilomita 155 (96 mi) tsayi, yana fuskantar arewa-kudu, yana iyaka da Altiplano a yamma da arewa, kusa da tsaunukan Sub-Andean a gabas, da kuma kusa da kwaruruka masu dumi (Valles Templados) a kudu.

Sunan quebrada (a zahiri "ya *fashewa*") ana fassara shi azaman kwarin mai zurfi ko kwari. Ya sami sunansa daga Humahuaca, wani karamin gari mai mazauna 11,000. Kogin Grande (*Rio Grande*), wanda ya bushe a cikin hunturu, yana gudana sosai ta hanyar Quebrada a lokacin rani.

Yankin koyaushe ya kasance hanyar sadarwa ta tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. An zauna aƙalla shekaru 10,000, tun lokacin da aka zauna masu farauta na farko, wanda aka tabbatar da shi ta hanyar raguwar prehistoric. Musamman, yawancin wuraren noma masu bango na dutse, waɗanda ake zaton sun samo asali ne fiye da shekaru 1500 da suka gabata, ana samun su a duk yankin kuma har yanzu ana amfani da su a yau. Tsarin filin yana haɗa jerin garuruwa masu garu da ake kira *pucaras*. Kwarin daga baya ya zama hanyar motsa jiki ga Daular Inca a karni na 15, sannan kuma muhimmiyar hanyar haɗi tsakanin Mataimakin Río de la Plata da Mataimakin Peru, da kuma mataki don yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa na Yakin Independence na Spain.

An sanya Quebrada de Humahuaca a matsayin wuri mai kariya a shekara ta 2000. An sanya shi a matsayin Gidan Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO a ranar 2 ga Yulin 2003.
Fayil:Pucará_de_Tilcara_01.JPG|Pucará de Tilcara
Fayil:Serranía_de_Hornocal_up_close_near_Humahuaca.jpg|Hornocal
Fayil:Cerro_de_los_Siete_Colores_05.jpg|Cerro de los Siete Colores, Purmamarca


## Manazarta
Dome mai tasowa

A cikin ilimin ƙasa, **[[Dome (geology)|dome]] mai tasowa** shine dome wanda aka kafa ta hanyar kumburi ko tashi daga bene na caldera saboda motsi a cikin ɗakin magma a ƙarƙashinsa. Ba kamar hawan dutse ba, rufin da ya tashi ba a kafa shi ta hanyar extrusion na rufin dutsen da ke da tsinkaye sosai a saman, amma ta hanyar ɗagawa da lalacewar farfajiyar kanta ta hanyar motsi na magma a karkashin kasa. Ana samun resurgent dome a kusa da tsakiyar manyan calderas masu budewa kamar Yellowstone Caldera ko Valles Caldera, kuma a bi da bi irin waɗannan calderas galibi ana kiransu "resurgent-type" calderas don rarrabe su daga mafi yawan (amma karami) calderas da aka samu a kan garkuwar dutsen wuta da stratovolcanoes.

Tsarin da ke sa dome mai tasowa ya yiwu shine yanki mai fashewa wanda ya ƙunshi kuskuren zobe wanda ke kewaye da kuskuren al'ada a waje da zobe. A lokacin da aka fara samar da caldera waɗannan kuskuren zobe suna samar da hanyoyin fitarwa don fashewar ash kuma sune ma'anar da raguwar toshewar cauldron ke faruwa. Ruwan magma na gaba sannan tura toshewar katako zuwa sama don ƙirƙirar dome.

A cikin saka idanu game da Hadarin dutsen wuta, ana sa ido sosai kan tsaunuka masu tasowa, yayin da ci gaba da karuwa a tsawo tare da aikin girgizar ƙasa shine tabbacin cewa magma yana tashi a ƙarƙashin farfajiya.

## Misalan calderas tare da resurgent dome

* Bennett Lake Volcanic Complex, British Columbia da Yukon, Kanada
* Blake River Megacaldera Complex, Ontario da Quebec, Kanada
* Tsibirin Cheeseman da New Zealand)">Tsibirin Curtis, Tsibirin Kermadec, New Zealand
* Chiqllarasu, Ayacucho, Peru
* A cikin garin Coranzulí, Jujuy, Argentina
* Filin Los Frailes ignimbrite, Bolivia
* Galan, Catamarca, Argentina
* Garita Caldera, Colorado, Amurka
* Dutsen Guacha, Kudancin Lípez, Bolivia
* Ischia, Tsibirin Phlegraean, Campania, Italiya
* Iwo Jima, Tsibirin Bonin, Japan
* Kari-Kari, Potosí, Bolivia
* Kemp Caldera, Tsibirin Sandwich na Kudu
* Ko'olau Caldera, O'ahu, Hawaii, Amurka
* Tafkin Kurile, Kamchatka, Rasha
* El Laco, Antofagasta, Chile
* Long Valley Caldera, California, Amurka
* Monowai, Kermadec Ridge, New Zealand
* Morococala, Oruro, Bolivia
* La Pacana, Antofagasta, Chile
* Pastos Grandes, Sur Lípez, Bolivia
* La Reforma, Baja California, Mexico
* Tafkin Taupō, Tsibirin Arewa, New Zealand
* Dutsen Timber Caldera, Nevada, Amurka
* Tafkin Toba, Sumatra, Indonesia
* Valles Caldera, New Mexico, Amurka
* Vilama, Argentina da Bolivia
* Yellowstone Caldera, Wyoming, Amurka

## Manazarta
Gidan Gwamna, Limassol

**Gidan Gwamna** (Girkanci: Ακτή του Κυβερνήτη) yana cikin wani ɓangare a cikin Larnaca da yankin Limassol . Yana da iyakar kilomita 2, tare da rairayin bakin teku masu yashi, ruwa mai zurfi da kuma tutar shuɗi. Yankin ba a san shi ba ga yawancin mazauna yankin da masu yawon bude ido. Saboda tsarin bakin teku, wanda ya kunshi ƙananan ɓoyayyun ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyu, yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan wuraren rairayin bakin teku na tsirara a Cyprus.&nbsp;

## Sunan Asalin
Sunan Gwamnan Beach ya samo asali ne daga tsohon gwamnan Burtaniya.

## Wurin da yake
Yankin rairayin bakin teku yana da nisan kilomita 40 a yammacin Larnaca da nisan mita 30 a gabashin Limassol kuma ya wuce yankin yawon bude ido na gari, amma har yanzu yana da mashahuri don samun sabis na bas na yau da kullun. Yankin rairayin bakin teku yana kwance a wasu matakai da kyau daga babbar hanyar Nicosia / Limasol a kasan fararen dutse, waɗanda ke da bambanci sosai da yashi mai duhu a ƙasa wanda ke da zafi sosai a lokacin rani.&nbsp;&nbsp;

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Guan mai kafafu mai duhu

**guan mai kafafu** (Penelope obscura) nau'in tsuntsaye ne a cikin dangin Cracidae, chachalacas, guans, da curassows . Ana samunsa a Uruguay, arewa maso gabashin Argentina da yankunan kudancin Paraguay da Brazil. A farkon 2021, tsohon nau'in *P. o. bridgesi*, wanda aka samo a kudu maso yammacin Bolivia da arewa maso yammacin Argentina, an ɗaukaka shi zuwa matsayin jinsin kamar Yungas guan . 

## Gida
Yanayinta na halitta sune gandun daji mai laushi ko mai laushi na wurare masu zafi.

## Bayyanawa
Tsuntsun yana da tsayin matsakaicin santimita 73 kuma yana da nauyin kilogiram 1.2, yana kama da kamanni da ƙaramin danginsa, guan mai tsatsa ( *P. supercilliaris* ).

## Abinci
Yana cin 'ya'yan itace, furanni da buds da aka karɓa daga ƙasa ko kuma an cire su daga rassan bishiyoyi, kuma yana aiki azaman mai watsa iri ga nau'ikan bishiyoyi da dabino daban-daban, kamar dabino mai haɗari *Euterpe edulis*, ko dabino na jinsin *Syagrus* (misali dabino sarauniya da Licuri).  Ana sayar da wake na kofi da tsuntsu ya narke a farashi mai tsada.

## Manazarta
Dokar Ayyuka Masu dorewa ta Kanada

***Dokar Ayyuka Masu dorewa ta Kanada*** (Faransanci: Loi canadienne sur les emplois durables, wani lokacin ana kiranta Dokar Ayyuka Masu dorewa, Faransanci: loi sur les emploes durables) wani aiki ne na Majalisar Dokokin Kanada da ya shafi ci gaban tattalin arzikin muhalli mai dorewa ta hanyar taimakawa wadanda a halin yanzu ke aiki a masana'antun hakar man fetur ta hanyar "canji mai kyau".

## Tarihi
Yawancin ma'aikatan mai da iskar gas suna tsayayya da sauyawa zuwa sabon aiki a cikin masana'antu mai ɗorewa. A cewar Babban Bankin Kanada, tun daga 2023, tattalin arzikin fitar da hayaki na iya haifar da ayyuka 400,000 nan da shekara ta 2030.

## Shirye-shiryen
Dokar ta buƙaci ƙirƙirar tarin shirye-shiryen manufofi da nufin tabbatar da cewa duk 'yan Kanada suna da damar yin aiki a cikin masana'antu mai ɗorewa.

Dokar ta yi kama da Dokar Bayar da Bayani ta Net-Zero Emissions ta Kanada a cikin cewa aikin ya haɗa da tsarin, jagororin da hanyoyin lissafi don kula da aiwatar da aikin. Dokar ta kafa Majalisar Hadin Gida mai dorewa kuma tana buƙatar gwamnatin tarayya ta buga "tsarin aiki mai dorewa" a kowace shekara 5.

## Karɓar baƙi
Majalisar kwadago ta Kanada ta yaba da dokar.

Shugaban Jam'iyyar adawa, Pierre Poilievre, ya bayyana dokar a matsayin Firayim Minista, Justin Trudeau, yana ƙoƙari ya "sanya ajanda ta farka a duniya a kan 'yan Kanada". Firayim Minista na Alberta, Danielle Smith, ta kira dokar barazana ga masana'antar mai da iskar gas a lardin.

## Manazarta
Ferns Nipple

**Ferns Nipple** tsauni ne mai tsawon mita 2,153 wanda ke cikin Capitol Reef National Park, a cikin Wayne County na Utah, Amurka. Wannan wuri na musamman tana da nisan kilomita hudu (6.4) kudu maso gabashin cibiyar baƙi ta wurin shakatawa. Ruwan sama daga wannan tsauni yana gudana ne cikin Kogin Fremont, wanda shi ma yana cikin Kogin Colorado. Al'adar gargajiya ya danganta sunan wannan fasalin geological ga mai laifi Butch Cassidy da budurwarsa da ya fi so mai suna Fern. 

## Yanayi
Dangane da tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, yana cikin yankin yanayi mai sanyi, wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar watan sanyi wanda ke da matsakaicin zafin jiki a ƙasa da 32 ° F (0 ° C), kuma aƙalla 50% na jimlar ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da ake karɓa a lokacin bazara da rani. Wannan yanayin hamada yana karɓar ƙasa da inci 10 (250 millimeters) na ruwan sama na shekara-shekara, kuma dusar ƙanƙara yawanci yana da sauƙi a lokacin hunturu.

## Ilimin ƙasa
Ferns Nipple ya ƙunshi Navajo Sandstone, wanda aka yi imanin ya samo asali ne kimanin shekaru miliyan 180 da suka gabata a matsayin babban teku mai yashi, mafi girma a tarihin Duniya. A cikin yanayi mai zafi, mai bushewa, iska tana hurawa a kan tsaunin yashi, ta haifar da manyan, masu tsinkaye waɗanda suka kasance tun zamanin Jurassic. Tsawon lokaci bayan an ajiye duwatsun da aka ɗora, an ɗaga Colorado Plateau daidai, yana riƙe da yadudduka kusan a kwance, amma Capitol Reef ya bambanta saboda Waterpocket Fold, classic monocline, wanda aka kafa tsakanin shekaru 50 zuwa 70 da suka gabata a lokacin Laramide Orogeny. 

## Hotuna

## Manazarta
Tsibirin

**An** / ( / ˌ ɑːr kə ˈpələɡ oʊ /​​ ⓘ AR -kə- PEL -ə-goh ),  wani lokaci ana kiransa **ƙungiyar tsibiri** ko **sarkar tsibiri**, sarƙa ce, tari, ko tarin tsibirai. Tsibirin na iya kasancewa a cikin teku, teku, ko ƙaramin ruwa. Misalan tsibiran sun haɗa da tsibiran Aegean (asalin kalmar), Arctic Arctic Archipelago na Kanada, tsibiran Stockholm, Malay Archipelagos (wanda ya haɗa da tsibiran Indonesiya da Philippine), tsibiran Lucayan (Bahamian) Archipelago, tsibirin Jafananci, da tsibiran tsibiri na Hawaii .

## Etymology
Kalmar *tsibiri* ta samo asali ne daga *tsibiri* na Italiyanci, ana amfani da su azaman suna mai kyau ga Tekun Aegean, ita kum kanta watakila nakasar Girkanci Αιγαίον Πέλαγος.   Daga baya, amfani ya canza zuwa ga tsibirin Aegean (tun da tekun yana da yawan tsibiran). The erudite paretymology, samo kalmar daga Ancient Greek ἄρχι-( *arkhi-*, "shugaba") da πέλαγος ( *pélagos*, "teku"), wanda Buondelmonti ya gabatar, ana iya samuwa har yanzu. 

## Nau'in yanki
Ana iya samun tsibiri a keɓe a cikin ruwa mai yawa ko maƙwabta da babban ƙasa. Misali, Scotland tana da fiye da 700&nbsp;tsibiran da ke kewaye da babban yankinta, wadanda suka zama tsibirai.

Dangane da asalin yanayin yanayin su, ana iya kiran tsibiran da suka kafa tsibirai *tsibiran teku*, *gutsuttsuran nahiya*, ko *tsibiran nahiyoyi* . 

### Tsibirin Oceanic
Tsibirin Oceanic suna samuwa ne ta hanyar tsaunuka masu aman wuta da ke fitowa daga benen teku. Tsibiran Hawai da tsibiran Galapagos da ke Tekun Pasifik, da Tsibirin Mascarene a kudancin Tekun Indiya misalai ne.

### Nahiyar gutsuttsura
Gutsutsun nahiyoyi tsibirai ne da a da suka kasance yanki na nahiyar, kuma sun rabu saboda bala'o'i. Hakanan za'a iya samun gutsuttsura ta hanyar motsin glaciers wanda ke yanke ƙasa, sannan ya cika da ruwa. Tsibirin Farallon da ke gabar tekun California misalai ne na tsibiran nahiyoyi.

### Tsibirin Continental

Tsibirin Continental tsibiran ne da a da suka kasance wani yanki na nahiya kuma har yanzu suna zaune a kan tsaunin nahiyar, wanda shi ne bakin nahiyar da ke karkashin teku. Tsibirin Inside Passage da ke gabar tekun British Columbia da kuma Arctic Archipelago na Kanada misalai ne

### Tsibirin wucin gadi
An ƙirƙiro tsibiran wucin gadi a kasashe daban-daban don dalila i daban-daban. Tsibirin Palm da Tsibirin Duniya a Dubai an ƙirƙira su ne ko kuma ana ƙirƙira su don nishaɗi da dalilai na yawon buɗe ido.   Ana gina Marker Wadden a cikin Netherlands a matsayin wurin kiyayewa ga tsuntsaye da sauran namun daji. 

## Nafi so
Mafi girman tsibirai a duniya ta yawan tsibirai shine Tekun Archipelago, wanda wani yanki ne na Finland. Akwai kusan tsibiran 40,000, galibi ba kowa. 

Mafi girman jihar tsibiri a duniya ta yanki, da yawan jama'a, ita ce Indonesiya. 

## Manazarta
Tunawa da Bautar bayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya

**Alamar** **Tunawa da Bautar Bayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya**, wanda aka fi sani da **The Ark of Return** - Tunawa na Dundundun a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Karrama Waɗanda aka Cutar dag Bautarwar Bayi da kuma Cinikayyar Bayi ta tsakanin Tekun Atalanta, shigarwa ce a Plaza na Baƙi na Hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkinobho a Birnin New York, wanda aka yi niyya a don tunawa ta dindindin game da tasirin bautar bayi da cinikin bayi na ketaren Tekun Atalanta. Rodney Leon ne ya tsara shi, masanin gine-ginen Haiti-Amurka, kuma an kafa shi a cikin shekara ta 2015. 

Ya haɗa da manyan abubuwa guda uku: babban siffar *triangle* tare da taswirar da ke nuna Cinikin bayi na *triangle*; siffar mutum da ke nuna waɗanda aka kai su kasashen waje a matsayin bayi; da kuma tafkin da ke nunawa yana nufin girmama ƙwaƙwalwar waɗanda suka mutu a cikin bautar.[1]

## Bayyanawa
An samo sunan abin tunawa daga gidan sarauta a tsibirin Gorée, Senegal, inda aka tsare bayi kafin a tura su a fadin teku. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin fita daga gidan sarauta an san shi da "ƙofar babu dawowa".Ana nufin abin tunawa ya zama "wurin ruhaniya na dawowa".

Tsarin, wanda ake nufi da nuna siffar Jirgin bayi, yana da tsayin taku 30(ft) kuma an yi shi da bangarorin farin marmara na *triangle* an masa ginshiki da ƙarfe, wanda ke wakiltar hanyoyin jigilar bayi mai sifar *triangle*. An saka taswirar da ke nuna waɗannan hanyoyin a zane a cikin ɗaya daga cikin bangarorin daga ciki. Baƙi suna iya tafiya ta cikin ginin, suna wakiltar tafiye-tafiye yayin cinikayyar bayi.

Har ila yau, a cikin ginin akwai wani mutum-mutumi a kwance mutum da aka sassaƙa daga baƙar granite na Zimbabwe,  wanda ake nufi don wakiltar "ruhun ɗan adam" da rasa rayukan duk waɗanda suka mutu saboda cinikin bayi. Daga saman mutum-mutumin akwai hoton da aka zana na jirgin bayi mai cike da mutane. Hawaye suna gudana a fuskar mutanen zuwa cikin tafkin mai kusurwa uku.

## Tarihi
Dabarar Alamar Tunawa da Bautar Bayi ya fito ne daga ƙuduri daban-daban da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta karɓa ciki har da A / RES / 62/122, A / Res / 63/5, da kuma *Durban Declaration*.

An zaɓi masanin gine-ginen Haiti da Amurka Rodney Leon don tsara alamar tunawar a cikin 2013, ƙirar sa ta lashe daga cikin jimlar shigarwa 310 daga ƙasashe 83. An ambaci Nicolas Grun da Pierre Laurent a matsayin masu cin nasara na biyu don ƙirar su, Mémorial d"Ebène, kuma an ambaci ayyuka biyu a matsayin masu nasara na uku: Sofia Castelo's Middle Passage, da The Wounded Earth, wanda Carlo Gondolfi, Paola Passeri, Alessandra Ripa, da Monica Sacchetti suka tsara.
## Manaarta
Bankin Zealandia

**Bankin Zealandia**, wanda aka fi sani da **Farallon de Torres** ko Piedras de Torres a cikin Mutanen Espanya, ko **Papaungan** a Chamorro, ya ƙunshi tsaunuka biyu na dutse kusan kilomita 1.5 (0.9   a baya, a cikin Tsibirin Mariana na Arewa a cikin Tekun Pacific. Ɗaya ya kai kimanin mita 1 (3.3  a lokacin da ruwa ya ragu; ɗayan ba ya yawanci a saman. Suna da nisan mil 11 (13 mi; 20  arewa maso gabashin Sarigan, tsakanin Sarigan da Guguan, amma saboda ƙaramin girman su, ba a lissafa su a yawancin taswirori ba. Bankin Zealandia yana ɗaya daga cikin Ƙungiyoyin Volcanic a cikin Mariana Arc of Fire National Wildlife Refuge na Marianas Trench Marine National Monument . 

## Ilimin ƙasa
**Bankin Zealandia** shine ɓangaren da aka fallasa na saman dutsen mai fitattun ruwa. A shekara ta 2004, binciken da NOAA ta yi ya gano fumaroles masu aiki, gami da yiwuwar aikin dutsen wuta.

Dutsen dutsen ya barke a baya-bayan nan rhyodacite amma a baya an gina shi azaman dutsen tsaunuka na andesitic wanda ya dade yana bacci ya isa dandalin carbonate ya girma akan kolin sa.  Ganin cewa babban jikin magma mai girma na tsakiya zuwa ƙasa-ƙasa yana kasancewa ƙarƙashin kudu ta tsakiya Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc wanda ya shimfiɗa kusan  zuwa kudancin bankin Zealandia, shi da dutsen tsaunuka na kusa na West Zealandia da Northwest Zealandia, idan ba su aiki a halin yanzu, suna iya barci kawai don haka ana kiran su da Zilalan Volcanic Complex.  Bankin Zealandia shine gaban magmatic na yanzu kuma sauran tsaunuka biyu suna kusan  yamma suna cikin baka na baya. 

## Sunan
An sanya sunan Bankin *Zealandia* a cikin 1858 bayan jirgin ruwa na Burtaniya Zealandia .  Yankin yana daga cikin Ƙungiyar Amurka ta Arewacin Mariana Islands .

## Manazarta
Gunnison Beach

**Gunnison Beach** rairayin bakin teku ne a cikin sashin New Jersey)">Sandy Hook na Fort Hancock da Sandy Hook Proving Ground Historic District wanda shine Sandy Hook Unit na Gateway National Recreation Area, a bakin tekun Atlantic na New Jersey. Tana cikin Garin Middletown, Monmouth County, amma tana kan ƙasar tarayya da ke ƙarƙashin kulawar National Park Service. Ita ce kawai rairayin bakin teku na doka na New Jersey. Yana ɗaukar sunansa daga Battery Gunnison da ke kusa, wanda baƙi dole ne su wuce kusa da shi don zuwa da kuma daga rairayin bakin teku.

## Tarihi
Gunnison Beach ya ɗauki sunansa ne kawai don saukakawa: Battery Gunnison, wani kariya na Artillery na bakin teku wanda Sojojin Amurka suka gina a 1904 don kare New York Harbor a Fort Hancock, New Jersey">Fort Hancock, New Jersey .  Batirin, wanda ke fuskantar babban gyare-gyare zuwa tsarinsa na c. 1943 tun 2003, yana zaune kai tsaye kusa da hanyar Gunnison Beach da ke kaiwa zuwa teku. Masu zuwa bakin teku da baƙi dole ne su wuce kai tsaye kusa da Batirin na 2 Gun Emplacement don tafiya zuwa teku. An san shi da Battery Gunnison / New Peck bayan sauyawar makamai a 1943, yana daga cikin Fort Hancock, babbar rundunar sojin Amurka a gabashin teku. Gidan Tabbatar da Sandy Hook, na farko na irin sa a cikin ƙasar, ya yi aiki a Fort Hancock / Sandy Hook daga 1874 zuwa 1919. Sojojin Amurka sun yi aiki da Fort Hancock a matsayin tashar Artillery daga 1890 zuwa 1948. Daga nan ne aka dauke shi da bindigogi na yaki da jirgin sama na al'ada daga 1950 zuwa 1954, lokacin da ya zama shafin yanar gizon Nike missile defense installation. An rufe Fort a shekara ta 1974, kuma an ba da shi ga Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Kasa a matsayin sashin Gidajen Gidajen Wasanni na Kasa. Sabanin sanannun imani da almara na birane, babu wanka tsirara a bangaren sojojin Amurka wanda ya haifar da kafa rairayin bakin teku. Binciken da baƙi suka yi a wurin shakatawa suka gano Gunnison Beach a ƙarshen 1970s da farkon 1980s wanda ya haifar da farawa a matsayin rairayin bakin teku.

A cikin 1999, New Jersey ta zartar da doka da ke ba da damar kananan hukumomi da yankuna su haramta duk wani nau'in nudism a kan jihohi ko rairayin bakin teku a cikin ikonsu. Gunnison Beach, duk da haka, yana kan ƙasar mallakar gwamnatin tarayya kuma tana sarrafawa sabili da haka ba ta ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin jihohi ko na gida ba. A sakamakon haka, Gunnison ya zama kawai rairayin bakin teku na doka a jihar. Gunnison ita ce mafi girman wurin shakatawa na tufafi a Gabashin Gabas. yankuna rairayin bakin teku na tufafi, wanda ke ba da ra'ayoyi masu ban mamaki na Brooklyn da Verrazano Narrows Bridge, yana jan hankalin kusan masu zane-zane 5,000 a kowane karshen mako a cikin watanni na rani. Daga Mayu zuwa Satumba, ana samun sabis na jirgin ruwa na yau da kullun daga Manhattan zuwa Sandy Hook Ferry Landing, tare da sabis na jirgin sama kyauta wanda ke tsayawa a duk rairayin bakin teku na Sandy Hook. Gunnison Beach yana daga cikin shahararrun zaɓuɓɓuka, musamman a ƙarshen mako. Wani bangare na rairayin bakin teku ana raba shi a kan yanayi tare da wurin kiwo da aka tanada don bututun bututu mai haɗari, tsuntsu na bakin teku.

## Manazarta
Kogin Fremont

**[[kogin]] Fremont** kogi ne mai tsawon kilomita 95 (153) a kudu maso gabashin Utah, Amurka wanda ke gudana daga tafkin Johnson Valley, wanda ke kan Wasatch Plateau kusa da Tafkin Kifi, kudu maso gabas ta hanyar Capitol Reef National Park zuwa Muddy Creek kusa da Hanksville inda koguna biyu suka haɗu don samar da Kogin Dirty Devil, mai ba da gudummawa ga Kogin Colorado.

## Hanyar da ake ciki
Rashin ruwa na Johnson Valley yana ciyar da Sevenmile Creek (daga arewa) da Lake Creek (daga kudu maso yamma). Kogin Fremont ya ratsa Fremont, Loa, Lyman, Bicknell, Teasdale, da Torrey kuma yana ba da ban ruwa na shekara-shekara ga ƙasashen noma na Rabbit Valley da Caineville. Sa'an nan kuma ya wuce ta Hanksville sannan ya kai bakin sa.

## Sauran abubuwa
Kogin Fremont yana da yanki mai nisan kilomita 751 (1,950 ) wanda aka ciyar da shi ta hanyar dusar ƙanƙara mai narkewa daga Dutsen Thousand Lake, Dutsen Boulder, da Dutsen Henry na arewa. An sanya sunan kogin ne bayan John Charles Frémont .  Ya ba da sunansa ga Al'adun Fremont, al'adun archaeological na Pre-Columbian.

## Gudun ruwa
Gudun (ft^3/s), ta wata (1977-2003), a tashar Bicknell: 

## Manazarta
Ma'auni na ƙanƙara

Abu mai mahimmanci ga rayuwar kankara shine ma'aunin ma'auni wanda ma'aikatar ma'aini (SMB), bambancin tsakanin tarawa da ablation (sublimation da narkewa). Canjin yanayi na iya haifar da bambance-bambance a cikin zafin jiki da dusar ƙanƙara, yana haifar da canje-canje a cikin **Ma'auni na farfajiyar**. Canje-canje a cikin ma'auni na taro suna sarrafa halayyar dogon lokaci kuma sune alamun yanayi mafi mahimmanci a kan kankara. Daga 1980 zuwa 2012 matsakaicin asarar tarin kankara da ke ba da rahoton ma'auni ga Hukumar Kula da Glacier ta Duniya shine -16 m. Wannan ya haɗa da shekaru 23 a jere na ma'aunin ma'aikatar.

Gilashin da ke da daidaitattun daidaito ba shi da daidaituwa kuma zai koma baya, yayin da wanda ke da daidaito mai kyau ba shi da daidaitawa kuma zai ci gaba. Komawar kankara yana haifar da asarar yankin da ke ƙasa na kankara. Tunda tsaunuka masu tsawo sun fi sanyi fiye da ƙananan, ɓacewar ɓangaren mafi ƙasƙanci na kankara yana rage raguwa gaba ɗaya, don haka ƙara ma'auni na taro kuma yana iya sake kafa daidaituwa. Koyaya, idan ma'auni na wani ɓangare mai mahimmanci na yankin tarawa na kankara ba shi da kyau, yana cikin rashin daidaituwa tare da yanayin yankin. Irin wannan kankara zai narke tare da ci gaba da wannan yanayin yankin. Babban alama ce ta kankara a cikin rashin daidaituwa shine ta ragu tare da dukan tsawon kankara. Misali, Easton Glacier (wanda aka nuna a ƙasa) zai iya raguwa zuwa rabin girmansa, amma a raguwar raguwa, kuma ya daidaita a wannan girman, duk da zafin jiki mai zafi, sama da 'yan shekarun da suka gabata. Koyaya, Glacier na Grinnell (wanda aka nuna a ƙasa) zai ragu a ƙaruwa har sai ya ɓace. Bambanci shi ne cewa sashi na sama na Easton Glacier ya kasance lafiya kuma an rufe shi da dusar ƙanƙara, yayin da ko da sashi na saman Grinnell Glacier ba shi da komai, yana narkewa kuma ya ragu. Ƙananan kankara tare da gangaren da ba su da zurfi kamar su Grinnell Glacier suna iya fadawa cikin rashin daidaituwa idan akwai canji a cikin yanayin yankin.

A cikin yanayin daidaitattun ma'auni, kankara zai ci gaba da fadada yankin da ke ƙasa, wanda zai haifar da ƙarin narkewa. Idan wannan har yanzu bai haifar da daidaitattun daidaito ba, kankara zai ci gaba da ci gaba. Idan kankara tana kusa da babban ruwa, musamman teku, kankara na iya ci gaba har sai asarar kankara ta kawo daidaituwa.

## Ma'anar

### Tattarawa
Hanyoyi daban-daban da kankara zai iya samun taro an san su da tarawa. Snowfall shine mafi kyawun hanyar tarawa. Avalanches, musamman a cikin tsaunuka masu tsawo, na iya ƙara taro ga kankara. Sauran hanyoyin sun haɗa da zubar da dusar ƙanƙara da iska ke hurawa; daskarewa da ruwa mai narkewa; zubar da sanyi a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban; da fadada yankin kankara mai iyo ta hanyar daskarewa na ƙarin kankara zuwa gare shi. Snowfall shine mafi yawan nau'in tarawa gabaɗaya, amma a takamaiman yanayi wasu matakai na iya zama mafi mahimmanci; alal misali, avalanches na iya zama da mahimmanci fiye da snowfall a cikin ƙananan wuraren wasan motsa jiki.

## Manazarta
Labarin Rockabye Point

The Legend of Rockabye Point wani zane-zane ne na Chilly Willy na 1955 wanda Tex Avery ya jagoranta. Walter Lantz Productions ne ya samar da shi kuma an sake shi a ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 1955.  An zabi zane-zane don Kyautar Kwalejin ta 1955 don Mafi kyawun Fim mai Fim, amma zai rasa ga gajeren Merrie Melodies Speedy Gonzales .

Wannan kuma shine na biyu (kuma na karshe) zane-zane na Chilly Willy wanda Avery ya jagoranta. Makircin zane-zane yayi kama da zane-zane na baya wanda Avery ya ba da umarni, wanda shine gajeren *Rock-a-Bye Bear* na 1952 don MGM. Charlie the Polarbear zai kuma zama mai gabatarwa ga halin Maxie the PolarBear, wanda zai fara bayyana a cikin gajeren Polar Fright shekaru goma sha ɗaya bayan haka.*.*

## Makirci

Wani tsohuwar masunta ya ba da labari game da wani Beyar polar mai fama da yunwa (Charlie) da kuma penguin (Chilly Willy) wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya sace bluefin tuna daga jirginsa shekaru 20 da suka gabata. Yayin da Charlie da Chilly Willy suka yi gaggawar zuwa jirgin - kowannensu yana da jaka a hannunsa don satar kansu kifi, Charlie ya sami damar ɗaure Chilly Willy a cikin jaka nasa kuma ya jefa shi, yana fatan samun duk kifin don kansa. Charlie duk da haka ya yi karo da wani mummunan kare mai tsaro a cikin jirgin, wanda ya ciji shi a bayan sa.

Ta hanyar sauran fim din, Chilly yayi ƙoƙari ya rushe makircin Charlie na satar dukkan kifin ta hanyar tayar da kare sau da yawa, wanda ya haɗa da amfani da takalma, anvils, da sandunan dinamite. Don hana kare farkawa, Charlie ya girgiza shi a hannunsa, kuma ya raira masa "Rock-A-Bye Baby" don ya sa ya yi murna, wanda ke aiki a matsayin gag mai gudu a cikin gajeren lokaci.

Charlie daga ƙarshe ya yanke shawarar fitar da kare a waje cikin dusar ƙanƙara inda ba zai iya haifar masa da wani lahani ba. Ya gudu ya koma cikin jirgin inda ya sami Chilly tare da cikakken jaka. Charlie ya sace jakar kuma ya kori Chilly da yatsansa, sannan ya shiga jirgin ruwa kuma ya yi sauri zuwa wani dutse mai tsawo da ke kusa. Charlie ya gudu zuwa saman tsaunin, a shirye ya ci abin da yake tunanin babban tarin kifi ne, amma yayin da ya kwashe jakar, kare mai tsaro ya fadi. Charlie ya firgita kuma da sauri ya kama kare ya sake raira shi don ya yi barci.

A ƙarshen fim ɗin, masunta ya gama labarin kuma ya gaya wa masu sauraro cewa idan sun saurara sosai, har yanzu za su iya jin murya da dare. Lalle ne, a saman, ma'aurata har yanzu suna tsaye - yanzu tsoho da launin toka - tare da Charlie yana riƙe da kare a hankali kuma yana ci gaba da raira "Rock-A-Bye Baby" a buƙatar kare.

## Masu ba da labari

* Dallas McKennon - Kyaftin / Guard Dog / Polar Bear Charlie
* Tex Avery - Tasirin Murya

## Kyaututtuka
An zabi shi don lambar yabo ta Kwalejin don Mafi kyawun Fim mai Fim,  amma ya ɓace ga Warner Bros. Gonzales mai sauri.

## Manazarta
Parakeet mai launin toka

**parakeet mai launin toka** (Psilopsiagon aymara), wanda aka fi sani da **Parakeet na Aymara** ko **Sierra parakeet**, nau'in parrot ne a cikin iyalin Psittacidae . Ana samunsa a arewa maso yammacin Argentina da Bolivia. Gidansa na halitta shine subtropical ko tropical high-altitude shrubland.

## Bayyanawa
Parakeet mai launin toka karami ne, mai laushi mai girma zuwa tsawon kimanin   in). Sassan sama sune kore kuma bangarorin da ke ƙarƙashin fuka-fuki suna da launin kore-jaune. goshi da kambi suna da launin ruwan kasa-gris, kuma gemu, makogwaro da nono suna da launin fari-gris, wani lokacin tare da launin shuɗi a gefen nono. kore ne tare da launin shuɗi. Yankin sama na dogon, kunkuntar, wutsiyar mai kaifi kore ne kuma ƙasa yana da launin toka. Bakinsa yana da launi na nama, iris yana da launin ruwan kasa kuma kafafu da ƙafafu suna da launin ruwan hoda. Jima'i suna da kama da bayyanar, amma namiji sau da yawa yana da launin toka mai haske, kuma tsuntsaye marasa girma suna da gajeren wutsiyoyi.

## Rarraba da mazaunin
Parakeet mai launin toka asalinsa ne a kudancin Andean Yungas, kewayonsa ya kai daga kudancin Bolivia zuwa arewacin Argentina, kuma mai yiwuwa iyakar arewacin Chile. Tsuntsu ne na busassun shrubby ko wuraren da ke da itace, koguna masu itace, da wuraren da ke kusa da ƙauyuka ko ƙasar noma. Yankin tsaunuka yana daga kimanin 1,800 zuwa 4,000. 

## Muhalli
Parakeet mai launin toka tsuntsu ne mai haɗuwa, yana samar da ƙananan garken kusan tsuntsaye ashirin, da yawa daga cikinsu na iya taruwa a wuraren ban ruwa. Garken suna yawo a cikin ƙauyuka cikin saurin ƙasa, jirgin sama mai saurin gudu, wani lokacin suna hutawa a saman ko tsakanin rassan shrubs da ƙananan bishiyoyi, suna yin sauti da sauti mai saurin sauti kamar waɗanda aka yi da haɗiye. Suna cin abinci a cikin ƙananan ciyayi, suna cinye tsaba na ciyawa, tsaba na shuke-shuke a cikin Iyalin aster, 'ya'yan itace da' ya'yan itacen, har ma suna neman abinci a ƙasa don tsaba da 'ya'ya itatuwa da suka fadi. Ana haifuwa a watan Nuwamba. Gidan yana cikin rami da aka tono a cikin bankin ƙasa, a cikin rami, a cikin ramin a cikin cactus ko kuma wani lokacin a cikin ginin da aka rushe. Ana haɗa gidaje da yawa a wasu lokuta tare da mulkin mallaka. Clutches yawanci suna da ƙwai huɗu ko biyar.

## Matsayi
Parakeet mai launin toka tsuntsu ne na yau da kullun kuma yana da kewayon kewayon. Babu wani barazanar da aka sani ga wannan tsuntsu kuma an yi imanin cewa yawan jama'a sun kasance masu ɗorewa. Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Kula da Yanayi ta tantance matsayin kiyayewa a matsayin "mafi ƙarancin damuwa".

## Manazarta
Karin Karni

Century Crack yana da tsawo 120 ft (40m) tsawo daga faɗin rufin rufin a cikin White Rim Sandstone, Canyonlands National Park, Utah, an tsara shi a 5.14b . Yana daya daga cikin mafi wuya kuma mafi tsawo a duniya. Steve Bartlett ne ya fara hawa na farko a cikin hanyar a cikin shekara ta 2001, kuma masu hawa na farko na kyauta sun kasance daga kwararru Pete Whittaker da Tom Randall, wanda aka sani da Wide Boyz.&nbsp;

## Hanyar
Century Crack ya fara ne da fashewar rufin 85 ft, yana buƙatar mai hawa ya rataye a tsaye, yana ci gaba tare da jams daban-daban a duk faɗin fashewar. Yana buƙatar haɗuwa da jams na hannu, ɗakunan hannu, jams na wuyan hannu, da sauran dabarun offwidth.&nbsp;

Farko na 15 ft na tsagewa karami ne don madaidaiciyar hannu. Wannan ya biyo bayan sashi na tsakiya, mai faɗi sosai don kamara na No. 6, kuma sauran sashi na kwance ya dace da kamara na 5 .&nbsp;

Babban abin da ke tattare da hawan shi ne inda tsagewar ta shiga cikin digiri 45, wanda ke buƙatar mai hawan dutse ya juya daga matsayinsu zuwa matsayi madaidaiciya. A saman-out yana da matsewar mai hawa tsakanin ɓangarori biyu na dutse a kan fili a sama.

## Hawan taimakon farko
YSteve Bartlett ne ya gano Century Crack, wanda ya kammala hawan taimakon farko na hanyar a shekara ta 2001, ya ba shi sunan Chocolate Starfish . 

## ''Ƙananan Ƙananan Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun''
Pete Whittaker da Tom Randall ne suka kammala hawa na farko na hanya kyauta a shekarar 2011, wanda aka rubuta a fim din Wide Boyz .  Da farko sun hau shi tare da kayan da aka riga aka sanya, amma sun dawo makonni biyu bayan haka don yin hawa yayin da suke sanya kayan.

Don horar da hanyar, Randall ya gina kwatankwacin tsagewa a cikin ɗakinta, inda masu hawa biyu suka horar da su ta hanyar ci gaba da zagayawa. Sun kuma yi dubban sa'o'i na takamaiman horo, horo na matsakaicin kwanaki 5 a mako na shekaru biyu.

## Manazarta
Kudin tunawa da haƙƙoƙi

Kudin tunawa da Bill of Rights jerin kudaden tunawa ne waɗanda Amurka Mint ta bayar a 1993.

## Shari'a
Dokar James Madison-Bill of Rights Commemorative Coin Act (Pub. L. 102-281) ta ba da izinin samar da tsabar kudi uku, rabin dala, dalar azurfa, da rabin gaggafa. Majalisa ta ba da izinin tsabar kudi don tunawa da gyare-gyare goma na farko na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, wanda aka sani da Bill of Rights . Dokar ta ba da izinin buga tsabar kudi a cikin hujja da kuma ƙarewa. An saki tsabar kudi a ranar 22 ga Janairu, 1993.

## Tsarin

### Rabin Dollar

A gaban Bill of Rights na tunawa da rabin dala, wanda T. James Ferrell ya tsara, ya nuna James Madison yana rubuta Bill of Rights tare da Montpelier a bango. Kayan baya na tsabar kudi, wanda Dean McMullen ya tsara, yana nuna fitilar 'yanci.

### Dollar

A gaban Bill of Rights memorial dollar, wanda William Krawczewicz ya tsara, yana nuna hoton James Madison. Kayan baya na tsabar kudi, wanda Dean McMullen ya tsara, yana nuna gidan James da Dolley Madison na Virginia, Montpelier . 

### Rabin gaggafa

A gaban Bill of Rights rabin gaggafa, wanda Scott R. Blazek ya tsara, ya nuna Madison yana nazarin Bill of Rights, tare da taurari goma sha uku a gefen dama. Kayan baya na tsabar kudi, wanda Joseph D. Pena ya tsara, yana da alamar Madison da gaggafa ta bayyana, fitilar 'yanci, da reshe na laurel.

**Rabin Dollar**

* Launi na akwatin nunawa: Dark Blue
* Yankin: An yi amfani da shi
* Nauyin: gram 12.50
* Diamita: 30.61 millimeters; 1.205 inci
* Halitta: 90% azurfa; 10% jan ƙarfe

**Dollar**

* Launi na akwatin nunawa: Dark Blue
* Yankin: An yi amfani da shi
* Nauyin: gram 26,730; 0.8594 troy ounce
* Diamita: 38.10 millimeters; 1.50 inci
* Rubuce-rubuce: 90% Azurfa, 10% Copper

**Rabin Eagle**

* Launi na akwatin nunawa: Dark Blue
* Yankin: An yi amfani da shi
* Nauyin: 8.359 grams; 0.2687 troy ounce
* Diamita: 21.59 millimeters; 0.850 inci
* Halitta: 90% Zinariya, 3.6% Azurfa, 6.4% Copper

## Dubi kuma
 

* Kudin tunawa na Amurka
* Jerin tsabar kudi da lambobin yabo na tunawa da Amurka (1990s) 
* Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka Tsawon Kudin Shekara Biyu

## Manazarta
Rarraba bishiyoyin mangrove

Rarrabawar mangrove na duniya sun canza a cikin tarihin ɗan adam da na ƙasa. Yankin da mangroves suka rufe yana da tasiri ta hanyar hulɗa mai rikitarwa tsakanin matsayi na ƙasa, ruwan sama, matakin teku, sedimentation, raguwa, hadari da alaƙar masu cin nama  . A cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata, ayyukan ɗan adam sun shafi rarraba mangrove sosai, wanda ya haifar da raguwa ko fadada yankin mangrove na duniya. Mangroves suna ba da mahimman ayyuka na muhalli da yawa ciki har da daidaitawa na bakin teku, wuraren kifi na yara, da kuma tacewa na turɓaya da abubuwan gina jiki  ). Rashin mangrove yana da muhimmiyar tasiri ga tsarin muhalli na bakin teku kuma al'ummomin mutane sun dogara da tsarin muhallu na mangrove mai lafiya. Wannan labarin ya gabatar da bayyani game da yanayin gandun daji na mangrove na duniya a cikin rarraba Yankunan mangrove, da kuma dalilin irin waɗannan canje-canje.

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010, ana samun mangroves a cikin ƙasashe da yankuna 117. Kodayake an rarraba su a cikin ƙasashe da yankuna 117, manyan ƙasashe 15 da ke riƙe da mangrove suna ƙunshe da kusan kashi 75% na kayan mangrove na duniya tare da Indonesia kadai wanda ke ƙunshe tsakanin kashi 26% da 29% na duk kayan mangrover na duniya.

Mafi girman yankin dajin mangrove mai yiwuwa a ciki da kuma kewayen gandun daji na Sundarbans a Indiya da gandun dajin Mangrove na Sundarbans a Bangladesh,  waɗanda UNESCO ta amince da su a matsayin wuraren Tarihi na Duniya.  Ko da yake akwai kusan na musamman a cikin wurare masu zafi da kuma kusa da wurare masu zafi, ruwan teku mai dumi yana tallafawa gandun daji na mangrove har zuwa arewacin Walsingham Nature Reserve (Idwal Hughes Nature Reserve) a Bermuda kuma har zuwa kudancin Snake Island, Australia.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya
Ana iya samun mangroves a cikin kasashe da yankuna sama da ɗari a cikin yankuna masu zafi da masu zafi na duniya. Mafi yawan mangroves ana samun su tsakanin 5 ° N da 5 ° S latitudes. Kimanin kashi 75% na mangroves na duniya ana samun su a kasashe 15 kawai. Kimanin yankin mangrove wanda ya dogara da ƙwarewar nesa da bayanan duniya ya kasance ƙasa da ƙididdigar da ta dogara da wallafe-wallafen da bincike don kwatankwacin lokaci.

A cikin 2018, Global Mangrove Watch Initiative ta fitar da tushen tushen duniya dangane da nesa da bayanan duniya don 2010 (Giri et al., 2011). An kiyasta yawan gandun daji na mangrove na duniya a shekarar 2010 a   , ya mamaye kasashe da yankuna 118.   Bayan yarjejeniyar gano yankuna na yanki daga Yarjejeniyar Ramsar akan Wetlands, masu bincike sun kuma bayar da rahoton cewa Asiya tana da kaso mafi girma (38.7%) na mangroves na duniya, sannan Latin Amurka da Caribbean (20.3%), Afirka (20.0%), Oceania (11.9%), da Arewacin Amurka (8.4%). 

## Manazarta
Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1993

**Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1993** Dokar Majalisar dokokin New Zealand ce da ke hulɗa da nuna bambanci. Ya kasance karfafawa da gyare-gyare na Dokar Dangantaka ta 1971 da Dokar Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta 1977. Ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 1994. Dokar ta tsara aikin Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta New Zealand.

## Abubuwan doka
Dokar ta haramta nuna bambanci a kan dalilai daban-daban, gami da: 

# Jima'i (ciki har da ciki da haihuwa) 
# Matsayi na aure
# Bangaskiyar addini
# Bangaskiya ta ɗabi'a
# Launi
# Tseren
# Asalin kabilanci ko na ƙasa
# Naƙasasshiyar
# Shekaru
# Ra'ayi na siyasa
# Matsayin Aiki
# Matsayin iyali
# Jima'i

Akwai adadi mai yawa na gargadi, gami da "gaskiya na cancantar aiki," "aikin gida a cikin gida mai zaman kansa," "don adana ka'idojin sirri," "tsaron kasa" da "addini mai tsari".

Dokar ba ta haramta nuna bambanci a bayyane ba bisa ga asalin jinsi, kuma Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta New Zealand, da ofishin lauya na gwamnati ke tallafawa, ta karɓi korafe-korafe na nuna bambanci bisa ga asalin jima'i shekaru da yawa. Koyaya, yanke shawara don fassara haramtacciyar nuna bambanci bisa ga jima'i don rufe nuna bambanci dangane da asalin jinsi yana da sauƙin juyawa.  Amma wani muhimmin bangare na aikin da Hukumar ta yi a New Zealand ya kasance don karfafawa ikon mutanen da ke da alaƙa da Ka'idodin Yogyakarta. A zahiri hukumar tana amsawa ga ɗaya daga cikin Ka'idodin Yogyakarta' Ƙarin Shawarwari ga Cibiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na kasa waɗanda ke haɗa inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam na mutane masu bambancin jima'i da asalin jinsi a cikin aikinsu.

## Dubi kuma

* 'Yancin Dan Adam a New Zealand
* Dokar 'Yancin New Zealand ta 1990
* Hakkin LGBT a New Zealand

## Manazarta
Yanayin Adamstown, Tsibirin Pitcairn

**Adamstown** ita ce babban birnin kuma akawai mazaunin Tsibirin Pitcairn,  a yankin Burtaniya na kasashen waje dakuma ke kudancin Tekun Pacific.

Ya zuwa 2023, Adamstown yana da yawan mutane 35, wanda shine duk yawan mutanen tsibirin Pitcairn. Duk sauran tsibirai a cikin rukuni ba a zaune ba. Adamstown shine inda duk mazauna ke zaune, yayin da suke shuka abinci a wasu yankuna na tsibirin.

Adamstown ita ce ta uku mafi ƙanƙanta a duniya bisa yawan jama'a. Yana da damar yin amfani da talabijin, Intanet ta tauraron dan adam da tarho; duk da haka, babbar hanyar sadarwa ta kasance rediyo. "Dutse na Matsala" ya haɗa tashar jirgin ruwa ta tsibirin zuwa garin.

## Tarihi
Tarihi tsibiran Pitcairn ya fara ne da matsugunan tsibiran da Polynesia suka yi a karni na 11.&amp;nbsp; Mutanen Polynesia sun kafa al'adar da ta bunƙasa tsawon ƙarni huɗu sannan ta ɓace.&amp;nbsp; Pitcairn ya sake zama a cikin 1790 ta ƙungiyar 'yan ta'adda ta Burtaniya akan HMS Bounty da Tahitian.&amp;nbsp; An ba Adamstown suna don mai kisan gilla na ƙarshe, John Adams.

## Yanayin ƙasa
Ginin yana kan tsakiyar arewacin tsibirin Pitcairn, yana fuskantar Tekun Pacific kuma kusa da Bounty Bay, tashar jiragen ruwa ce kawai ta tsibirin.

### Yanayi
Adamstown yana da Yanayin gandun daji na wurare masu z''Af'' (Af) a ƙarƙashin tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen. Garin yana da rigar, yanayi mai dumi sosai wanda ke da matsakaicin   in) na ruwan sama a shekara. Watan da ya fi ruwan sama shine Disamba kuma yanayin zafi ba ya bambanta sosai  shekara.

## Gwamnati
Kwamitin yanzu kan sunayen ƙasa ya bayyana cewa Auckland, New Zealand shine cibiyar gudanarwa ga waɗannan tsibirai saboda Gwamnan Pitcairn, Babban Kwamishinan Burtaniya a New Zealand, yana zaune a Auckland. Koyaya, wannan takardar da aka ambata ta bayyana Adamstown a matsayin babban birnin BOT a shafi mai zuwa.

## Halin mutum

* Ned Young (1762-1800) 
* Fletcher Kirista (1764-1793) 
* John Adams (1768-1829) 
* Joshua Hill (1773-1844?) 
* Alhamis Oktoba Kirista (1790-1831) 
* Steve Christian (an haife shi a shekara ta 1951) 
* Brenda Christian (an haife ta a shekara ta 1953) 
* Meralda Warren (an haife ta a shekara ta 1959) 

* Cocin Adamstown