Kisan kiyashi na fursunoni na NKVD

**Kisan kiyashi na fursunoni na NKVD** jerin kisan kiyashi ne na fursunonin siyasa da NKVD, Kwamishinan Jama'a na Harkokin Cikin Gida na Tarayyar Soviet, suka yi, a duk faɗin Gabashin Turai, da farko a Poland, Ukraine, Jihohin Baltic da Bessarabiya. Bayan farawar mamayewar Jamus a Tarayyar Soviet a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 1941, ya kamata sojojin NKVD su kwashe fursunonin siyasa zuwa cikin Tarayyar Soviétique, amma hanzarin janyewar Sojojin Red Army, rashin sufuri da sauran kayayyaki, da kuma rashin kula da hanyoyin shari'a sau da yawa ya haifar da kashe fursunoni kawai.

Kimanin adadin wadanda suka mutu ya bambanta da wuri; kusan 9,000 a cikin SSR ta Ukraine,  20,000-30,000 a gabashin Poland (yanzu wani ɓangare na Yammacin Ukraine),  tare da jimlar adadin da ya kai kusan 100,000 extrajudicial executions a cikin 'yan makonni. 

## Tarihi
Operation Barbarossa ya ba da mamaki ga NKVD, wanda kurkuku da kurkuku a yankunan da Tarayyar Soviet ta mamaye bayan Yarjejeniyar Molotov-Ribbentrop sun cika da fursunonin siyasa. A gabashin Poland da aka mamaye, an ba NKVD alhakin kashewa ko kwashe fursunoni sama da 140,000 (NKVD evacuation order No. 00803). A Ukraine da Yammacin Belorussia, an tilasta mutane 60,000 su fice da ƙafa. An kashe fiye da 9,800 a cikin kurkuku, 1,443 a cikin tsarin kwashewa, 59 da aka kashe saboda ƙoƙarin tserewa, 23 da aka kashe ta bama-bamai na Jamus da kuma mutuwar 1,057 daga wasu dalilai.

"Ba kawai lambobin wadanda aka kashe ba", in ji masanin tarihi Yury Boshyk, wanda Orest Subtelny ya nakalto, game da kisan kai, "amma kuma hanyar da suka mutu ta ba da mamaki ga jama'a. Lokacin da iyalan wadanda aka kama suka gaggauta zuwa kurkuku bayan kwashewar Soviet, sun firgita da samun gawawwakin da suka lalace sosai cewa ba a iya gano mutane da yawa daga cikin fursunoni ba. "  An kuma azabtar da su kafin mutuwa; an kashe wasu da yawa.

Kimanin kashi biyu bisa uku na fursunoni 150,000  an kashe su; yawancin sauran an kai su cikin Tarayyar Soviet, amma an watsar da wasu a cikin kurkuku idan babu lokacin da za a kashe su, wasu kuma sun tsere. 

## Kisan kiyashi
NKVD ta kashe fursunoni a wurare da yawa daga Poland zuwa Crimea. Nan da nan bayan farawar mamayar Jamus, NKVD ta fara kashe fursunoni da yawa a mafi yawan gidajen kurkuku, kuma ta kwashe sauran a cikin tafiyar mutuwa. Yawancin su fursunonin siyasa ne, waɗanda aka ɗaure su kuma aka kashe su ba tare da shari'a ba. Daga baya hukumomin Jamus masu mamayewa suka rubuta Kisan kiyashi kuma an yi amfani da su a farfagandar adawa da Soviet da Yahudawa.   Bayan yaƙin kuma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, hukumomin Jamus, Poland, Belarus, da Isra'ila sun gano ba kasa da kurkuku 25 waɗanda aka kashe fursunonin da kuma yawan wuraren kisan gilla.

### Lithuania

* Vilnius (Wilno a Poland kafin yaƙin): bayan mamayar Jamus, NKVD ta kashe yawancin fursunoni na gidan yarin Lukiškės.
* Kisan kiyashi na Rainiai a kusa da Telšiai: an kashe fursunonin siyasa 79 a ranar 24 da 25 ga Yuni.
* Kurkukun Pravieniškės kusa da Kaunas: a watan Yunin 1941, NKVD ta kashe fursunonin siyasa 260 da duk ma'aikatan Lithuania a kurkukun.
* An kwashe fursunonin Lithuania zuwa Belarus kuma an kashe wasu daga cikinsu, misali, a cikin Kisan kiyashi na Chervyen da kusa da Bigosovo.

### Poland
 
A shekara ta 1941, yawancin mutanen Poland da ke zaune a ƙarƙashin mulkin Soviet a gabashin rabin Poland an riga an kore shi zuwa yankuna masu nisa na USSR. Sauran, ciki har da yawan fararen hula na Poland na wasu kabilun (yawanci Belarusians da Ukrainians), an tsare su a cikin kurkuku na wucin gadi a yankin, inda suke jiran korar su ko dai zuwa kurkuku na NKVD a Moscow ko zuwa Gulag. An kiyasta cewa daga cikin mutane miliyan 13 da ke zaune a gabashin Poland, kusan rabin miliyan ne aka daure su, kuma fiye da 90% na waɗannan maza ne. Don haka kimanin kashi 10% na manya maza an ɗaure su a lokacin da aka kai farmaki na Jamus. Mutane da yawa sun mutu a kurkuku daga azabtarwa ko sakaci. Hanyoyin azabtarwa sun haɗa da ƙone wadanda aka azabtar da kuma yanke kunnuwansu, hanci da yatsunsu. Timothy Snyder ya kiyasta cewa NKVD ta harbe wasu 'yan ƙasar Poland 9,817 da aka ɗaure bayan mamayar Jamus a USSR a shekara ta 1941.

## Manazarta