Anandi Gopal Joshi

**Anandibai Gopalrao Joshi** (aranar talatin da daya ga 31 GA watan Maris shekarar alif 1865 - 26 Fabrairu 1887) ita ce likitar mace Indiya ta farko ta likitan yammacin duniya. Ita ce mace ta farko daga tsohon shugaban kasar Indiya Bombay da ta yi karatu tare da kammala karatun digiri na tsawon shekaru biyu a fannin likitancin kasashen yamma a Amurka .  Ana kuma kiranta da *Anandibai Joshi* da *Anandi Gopal Joshi* (inda *Gopal* ya fito daga *Gopalrao*, sunan farko na mijinta). 

## Rayuwar farko
Asali mai suna Yamuna, Joshi an haife ta kuma ta tashi a gidan Marathi Chitpavan Brahmin Kamar yadda aka yi a wancan lokacin kuma saboda matsin lamba daga mahaifiyarta, ta yi aure tana da shekara tara ga Gopalrao Joshi, wadda mijinta ya mutu kusan shekara ashirin. Bayan auren ne mijin Yamuna ya sake mata suna 'Anandi'. Gopalrao Joshi ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin gidan waya a Kalyan. Daga baya, an canza shi zuwa Alibag, sannan, a ƙarshe, zuwa Kolhapoor (Kolhapur). Ya kasance mai tunani mai ci gaba, kuma, ba kamar lokacin ba, yana tallafawa ilimi ga mata. Ita ma dangin Pandita Ramabai ce.

Anandibai yana da shekaru sha hudu ta haifi namiji, amma yaron ya rayu tsawon kwanaki goma ne kawai saboda rashin kula da lafiya. Wannan ya zama sauyi a rayuwar Anandi kuma ya zaburar da ita ta zama likita.  Bayan Gopalrao ya yi ƙoƙarin shigar da ita a makarantun mishan kuma bai yi aiki ba, sai suka ƙaura zuwa Calcutta. A nan ta koyi karatu da magana Sanskrit da Turanci.

## Rayuwar ilimi
 
Mijinta ya karfafa mata ta yi karatun likitanci. A cikin karni na 1880 ya aika da wasiƙa zuwa ga Royal Wilder, sanannen ɗan mishan na Amurka, yana bayyana sha'awar matarsa na neman wani matsayi mai dacewa a Amurka don kanta.  Wilder ya buga wasiƙun a cikin *Bita na Mishan na Princeton* . Theodicia Carpenter, mazaunin Roselle, New Jersey, ya faru da karanta shi yayin da yake jiran ganin likitan hakora. Da sha'awar Anandibai duka na karatun likitanci, da kuma goyon bayan Gopalrao ga matarsa, ta rubuta wa Anandibai. Kafinta da Anandibai sun ƙulla abota ta kud da kud kuma sun zo suna kiran juna a matsayin "inna" da "yar uwa." Daga baya, kafinta zai karbi bakuncin Anandibai a Rochelle yayin zaman Joshi a Amurka  

Yayin da ma'auratan Joshi ke Calcutta, lafiyar Anandibai ta ragu. Tana fama da rauni, ciwon kai akai-akai, zazzaɓi lokaci-lokaci, wani lokacin rashin numfashi. Theodicia ta aika da magunguna daga Amurka, ba tare da sakamako ba. A cikin 1883, an canja Gopalrao zuwa Serampore, kuma ya yanke shawarar aika Anandibai da kanta zuwa Amurka don karatun likitancinta duk da rashin lafiyarta. Ko da yake yana jin tsoro, Gopalrao ya shawo kanta ta kafa misali ga sauran mata ta hanyar neman ilimi.

Wasu ma’auratan likita mai suna Thorborn sun ba da shawarar cewa Anandibai ya nemi Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Mata ta Pennsylvania . Da sanin shirin Anandibai na neman ilimi mai zurfi a Yamma, al'ummar Indiyawa na addinin Islama sun tsane ta sosai.

Anandibai ta yi jawabi ga al’umma a dakin taro na Kwalejin Serampore, inda ta bayyana shawararta ta zuwa Amurka da kuma samun digirin likitanci.  Ta tattauna irin tsanantawar da ita da mijinta suka sha. Ta jaddada bukatar likitoci mata a Indiya, tare da jaddada cewa matan Hindu za su iya zama likitoci ga matan Hindu.  Jawabin nata ya samu karbuwa, kuma gudummawar kudi ta fara fitowa daga ko'ina cikin Indiya.&#x5B;

## Rayuwar aure
A cikin karni na 1800s, ya zama sabon abu ga mazaje su mai da hankali kan ilimin matansu. Gopalrao ya damu da tunanin ilimin Anandibai kuma yana son ta koyi likitanci kuma ta ƙirƙiri ainihin ta a duniya. Watarana ya shigo kicin ya tarar da ita tana girki ita da kakarta, sai ya shiga tashin hankali. Ba kasafai ba ne magidanta su rika dukan matansu saboda girki maimakon karatu. Yayin da sha'awar Gopalrao ya karu da ilimin Joshi, ya aika da ita tare da Mrs Carpenter, 'yar mishan Philadelphia, zuwa Amurka don yin karatun likitanci. Kafin tafiyar ta, ta yi jawabi a zauren jama'a a 1883. Ta yi magana game da rashin likitoci mata ta ce "Na ba da kaina a matsayin daya."  Ta kuma ambaci yadda aikin ungozoma bai isa ba a kowane hali kuma malaman da ke koyar da waɗannan azuzuwan suna da ra'ayi na mazan jiya. A ƙarshe Gopalrao ya ƙaura zuwa Amurka lokacin da ya ji haushin ƙoƙarinta. A lokacin da ya isa Philadelphia, ta kammala karatunta kuma likita ce.&#x5B;&#x5D;

## A Amurka

Anandibai ya yi tafiya zuwa New York daga Kolkata ( Calcutta ) ta jirgin ruwa, wanda wasu mata biyu na Ingilishi na Mishan suka sani na Thorborns. A New York, Theodicia Carpenter ta karbe ta a watan Yuni 1883. Anandibai ya rubuta zuwa Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiyar Mata ta Pennsylvania a Philadelphia, yana neman a shigar da shi cikin shirin likitancin su,  wanda shine shirin likitancin mata na biyu a duniya. Rachel Bodley, shugaban kwalejin, ya shigar da ita.

Anandibai ta fara horon aikin likita tun tana shekara 19. A Amurka, lafiyarta ta tsananta saboda yanayin sanyi da kuma abincin da ba a saba ba. Ta kamu da cutar tarin fuka .  Duk da haka, ta sauke karatu tare da MD a watan Maris 1886; Taken karatun ta shine "Likitan Obstetrics tsakanin Aryan Hindu." Ƙididdigar ta yi amfani da nassoshi daga duka rubutun Ayurvedic da littattafan likitancin Amurka.  A lokacin kammala karatunta, Sarauniya Victoria ta aika mata da sakon taya murna.  

## Komawa Indiya
A ƙarshen shekarar alif 1886, Anandibai ya koma Indiya, yana samun babban tarba.  Masarautar Kolhapur ta nada ta a matsayin likita mai kula da sashin mata na asibitin Albert Edward na gida. 

## Mutuwa
Anandibai ya mutu sakamakon cutar tarin fuka a farkon shekara ta gaba a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu 1887 kafin ya cika shekaru 22 a Pune . Shekaru kafin mutuwarta, ta gaji kuma tana jin rauni akai-akai. An aiko mata da magani daga Amurka amma babu sakamako don haka ta ci gaba da karatun likitanci har ta mutu. An yi jimamin rasuwarta a duk fadin Indiya . An aika toka zuwa Theodicia Carpenter, wanda ya sanya su a makabartar danginta a makabartar Poughkeepsie Rural a Poughkeepsie, New York . Rubutun ya bayyana cewa Anandi Joshi 'yar Hindu Brahmin ce, macen Indiya ta farko da ta sami ilimi a kasashen waje kuma ta sami digiri na likita. 

Duk da ta yi aikin likitanci na tsawon wata biyu zuwa uku kacal, ta yi suna saboda jajircewarta da kwazonta, inda ta zama mace ta farko dan kasar Indiya da ta fara karatun likitancin kasashen yamma, ta zama abin zaburarwa ga duk wadanda suka zo bayanta.

## Legacy
A cikin 1888, marubuciyar 'yar Amurka Caroline Wells Healey Dall ta rubuta tarihin Joshi.  Dall ya san Joshi kuma yana sha'awar ta sosai. Duk da haka, wasu batutuwa a cikin tarihin rayuwa, musamman mugunyar da aka yi wa Gopalrao Joshi, sun haifar da cece-kuce tsakanin abokan Joshi. 

Doordarshan, mai watsa shirye-shiryen sabis na jama'a na Indiya ta watsa shirye-shiryen Hindi dangane da rayuwarta, wanda ake kira "Anandi Gopal" kuma Kamlakar Sarang ya jagoranci. Shrikrishna Janardan Joshi ta rubuta labarin almara na rayuwarta a cikin littafinsa na Marathi *Anandi Gopal*, wanda Ram G. Joglekar ya daidaita shi zuwa wasan kwaikwayo mai suna iri ɗaya. 

Dokta Anjali Kirtane ta yi bincike sosai kan rayuwar Dokta Anandibai Joshi kuma ta rubuta wani littafi na Marathi mai suna "डॉ. आनंदीबाई जोशी काळ आणि कर्तृृत्व" ("Dr., Anandibai Herbai & Anandi Karshi, Dr. Anandibai, Dr. Anandi Karshi, Joshi. ") wanda ya ƙunshi Hotunan Dr. Anandibai Joshi da ba kasafai ba.

Cibiyar Bincike da Rubuce-rubucen a cikin Kimiyyar zamantakewa (IRDS), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta daga Lucknow, tana ba da lambar yabo ta Anandibai Joshi Award for Medicine don girmama gudunmawarta na farko don ci gaban kimiyyar likita a Indiya.   Bugu da kari, Gwamnatin Maharashtra ta kafa kawance da sunanta ga mata matasa masu aiki kan lafiyar mata.  An sanya sunan wani rami a kan Venus a cikin girmamawarta. Shafin 34.3&nbsp;Dutsen diamita na kilomita akan Venus mai suna 'Joshee' yana kan latitude 5.5° N da longitude 288.8° E.

A ranar 31 ga Maris 2018, Google ya karrama ta da Google Doodle don bikin cikarta shekaru 153 da haihuwa.  

*Anandi Gopal*, fim ɗin tarihin rayuwar Indiya akan rayuwarta a Marathi wanda Sameer Vidwans ya fitar a cikin 2019. Tauraruwa Bhagyashree Milind a matsayin mai taken, Lalit Prabhakar a matsayin mijinta - Gopalrao Joshi da Yogesh Soman a matsayin mahaifinta - Ganpatrao Amriteshwar Joshi.  A cikin 2017, wasan kwaikwayo na Gujarati mai suna *Dr. Anandibai Joshi*, wanda Manoj Shah ya jagoranta, wanda aka fara a Cibiyar Fasaha ta .  

## Littafi Mai Tsarki

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* Kosambi, Meera, "Caste and Outcast (review)". Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History – Volume 4, Number 1, Spring 2003, The Johns Hopkins University Press
* Anandibai Joshi: India’s first woman doctor (1865–1887)
* Between the Lines, an 18-minute English documentary on the life of Anandi Joshi
* Madhukar Vasudev Dhond, "Jalyatil Chandra" (Marathi) (Rajhans Prakashan, 11993)
* Documents at the Drexel University College of Medicine Archives and Special Collections on Women in Medicine and referencing Anandi Gopal Joshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

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* Anandibai Joshee materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)
* A Marathi movie on Anandi Gopal https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8621438/ 

## Nassoshi