open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Bāṇabhaṭṭa

**Bāṇabhaṭṭa** ( Sanskrit  ) marubuci ne na Sanskrit na ƙarni na 7 kuma mawaƙi daga Indiya . Shi ne *Asthana Kavi* a cikin kotun Sarkin Harsha, wanda ya yi sarauta c. 606–647 CE a arewacin Indiya, na farko daga Sthanvishvara, sannan daga baya Kanyakubja . Babban ayyukan Bāna sun haɗa da tarihin Harsha, *Harshacharita* (Rayuwar Harsha),  da ɗaya daga cikin litattafan farko na duniya, *Kadambari* . Bāṇa ya rasu kafin ya gama novel ɗin kuma ɗansa Bhūṣaṇabhaṭṭṭa ya kammala shi. Duk waɗannan ayyukan an lura da su na wallafe-wallafen Sanskrit.  Sauran ayyukan da aka dangana masa sune *Caṇḍikāśataka* da wasan kwaikwayo, *Pārvatīpariṇaya* . Banabhatta ya sami tafi kamar " *Banochistam Jagatsarvam* " ma'ana Bana ya kwatanta duk abin da ke cikin wannan duniyar kuma babu abin da ya rage.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Ana iya sake gina cikakken bayani game da zuriyarsa da farkon rayuwarsa daga ayoyin gabatarwa da aka haɗe zuwa *Kadambari* da *ucchāvasas* na farko na *Harṣacarita*, yayin da aka bayyana yanayin da ke tattare da *Harṣacarita* a cikin *ucchāvasa* na uku na rubutu. *Harsacarita* ana ɗaukarsa azaman aikin Indiya na farko wanda za'a iya ɗaukarsa azaman tarihin rayuwa. Yana ba da kyakkyawan hoto na rayuwa a cikin karkarar Indiya. 

An haifi Bāna ga Chitrabhānu da Rājadevi a ƙauyen Pritikuta a cikin dangin Kanyakubja Brahmin . Mahaifiyarsa ta rasu da wuri ta bar shi cikin kulawar mahaifinsa. Mahaifinsa ya sake yin aure ya kuma haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu. Bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa yana ɗan shekara 14, Bāṇa ya yi rayuwa mai ban sha'awa da yawo tare da ƴan uwansa na ɗan lokaci amma daga baya ya dawo ƙauyensa. Anan, a ranar bazara, lokacin da ya karɓi wasiƙa daga Krishna, ɗan uwan Sarkin Harsha, ya sadu da sarki yayin da yake sansani kusa da garin Manitara. Bayan ya karɓi Bana da alamun ba'a na fushi, sarki ya nuna masa tagomashi sosai.

## Ayyuka

*  
* Bana (tr. G. Layne), Bāṇabhaṭṭa Kādambarī . *[http://n2t.net/ark:/13960/t2q61661z Bāṇabhaṭṭa Kambarādī.]*Tarihin Sanskrit na gargajiya na Canje-canje na sihiri  (New York: Garland, 1991).
* Harshacharita: The Harshacarita (Sanskrit, Harṣacarita) (Ayyukan Harsha), tarihin rayuwar sarki na Indiya ne Harsha ta Banabhatta, wanda aka fi sani da Bana, wanda marubucin Sanskrit ne na ƙarni na bakwai AZ Indiya. Shi ne Asthana Kavi, ma'ana Mawallafin Kotun, na Harsha . Harshacharita shine farkon abun da Bana ya tsara kuma an dauke shi farkon rubuce-rubucen ayyukan waka na tarihi a cikin harshen Sanskrit.

## Manazarta
Mumanna'a bint Amr

**Mumannaʿa bint ʿAmr** () ta kasance matar Abd al-Muttalib ce.

Ta fito ne daga kabilar Khuza'a a Makka. Mahaifinta shi ne Amr ibn Malik ibn Mu'ammal ibn Suwayd ibn As'ad ibn Mashnu ibn Abd ibn Habtar ibn Adi ibn Salul ibn Ka'b ibn Amr. 

Mijinta na farko shi ne Abd Awf ibn Abd, daga dangin Zuhra na Quraysh. Ɗansu, Awf, shi ne mahaifin Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf. 

Daga baya ta auri Abd al-Muttalib. Ɗanta daga wannan auren shine Mus'ab ibn Abd al-Muttalib, wanda aka fi sani da *al-Ghaydaq* saboda karamcinsa. Kodayake, Ibn Hisham bai ambaci Mus'ab ba. Ya tabbatar da cewa Hajl ibn Abd al-Muttalib, ɗan Abd al-muttalib da Hala bint Wuhayb, shine wanda aka sani da *al-Ghaydaq*.
## Manazarta
Bamidele Abiodun

**Bamidele Abiodun** (an haife ta 16 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1966) 'yar kasuwa ce 'yar Najeriya, mai bayar da agaji.  kuma matar Dapo Abiodun, gwamnan Jahar Ogun, Nigeria. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Bamidele Abiodun a ranar 16 ga Yuli 1966 ga iyalan Farfesa Oladipo Oduye, tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasa a Jami'ar Ibadan, Najeriya da kuma Marigayi Mrs Abimbola Wosilat Oduye dukkansu daga Ilishan-Remo, Jihar Ogun. Ta halarci The International School, Ibadan don karatun sakandare sannan ta sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a Zoology daga Jami'ar Ibadan a shekara ta 1988.

## Kasuwanci da taimakon jama'a
Abiodun ta shiga duniyar kasuwanci a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. A matsayinta na first lady na jihar Ogun, ta bullo da shirye-shirye da dama tare da mai da hankali kan jin dadin jama'a, ilimi. da rage talauci. Haka kuma ana alakanta ta da aikin da ake yi a Makarantar Bukatu ta Musamman da ke Abeokuta, Jihar Ogun. A cikin watan Agusta 2019, Misis Abiodun, tare da haɗin gwiwar Learn Africa Plc. ya ba da gudummawar littattafai 42,000 ga makarantun firamare da sakandare a jihar Ogun.

A watan Nuwambar shekara ta 2019, Abiodun ta gabatar da kudurinta na ci gaba da aiwatar da shirin aiwatar da babban taron kasa da kasa kan yawan jama'a da ci gaba (ICPD). a wani babban taro da hukumar kula da yawan al'umma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya UNFPA ta kira a birnin Nairobi na kasar Kenya.

A ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairun 2019 Abiodun ta hada hannu da bankin First City Monument Bank (FCMB) kan shirin SHEVENTURES, wani shiri da ya mayar da hankali wajen bunkasa tattalin arzikin mata ta hanyar bayar da tallafi na kudi da ba na kudi ga kanana da matsakaitan ‘yan kasuwa mallakar mata.
SHEVENTURES ta sanar da shirin baiwa mata ‘yan kasuwa 40 masu kananan sana’o’i da matsakaitan sana’o’i a jihar Ogun, lamuni mara riba a duk wata.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Bamidele Abiodun ya auri Dapo Abiodun a shekarar 1990 kuma ya haifi ‘ya’ya biyar, ciki har da marigayi Olugbenga Abiodun, dan Najeriya DJ.

## Manazarta
Abdullah Öcalan

**Abdullah Öcalan** (An haife shi ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu, 1949), wanda aka fi sani da **Apo** (ƙananan ga Abdullah a Turkiyya; Kurdish don "ɗan kawun"), fursuna ne na siyasa kuma memba ne na kafa Jam'iyyar Ma'aikatan Kurdistan (PKK).

Öcalan ta kasance a Siriya daga shekarar 1979 zuwa shekarata 1998. Ya taimaka wajen kafa PKK a shekarar alif 1978, kuma ya jagoranci ta cikin rikici tsakanin Kurdawa da Turkiyya a shekarar alif 1984. Ga mafi yawan jagorancinsa, ya kasance a Siriya, wanda ya ba da mafaka ga PKK har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun alif 1990.

Bayan an tilasta masa barin Siriya, Hukumar leken asiri ta Turkiyya (MIT) ta sace Öcalan a Nairobi, Kenya a watan Fabrairun shekarar alif 1999 kuma ta ɗaure shi a Tsibirin İmralı Turkiyya, [1] bayan shari'a aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa a karkashin Mataki na 125 na Dokar Shari'a ta Turkiyya, wanda ya shafi kafa kungiyoyi masu makamai. [2] Daga shekarata alif 1999 har zuwa shekarar 2009, shi kadai ne fursuna  a Kurkukun İmralı TekTekun Marmara har yanzu ake tsare da shi.  [][5]

Öcalan ya bada shawarar mafita ta siyasa ga rikici tun lokacin da Jam'iyyar Ma'aikatan Kurdistan ta dakatar da wuta a shekarar 1993. Ya kuma shiga cikin tattaunawar da gwamnatin Turkiyya ta haifar da tsarin zaman lafiya na wucin gadi na Kurdawa da Turkiyya a shekarar 2013.

Jineology, wanda aka fi sani da kimiyyar mata, wani nau'i ne na mata wanda Öcalan ya bada shawara  kuma daga baya ya zama muhimmiyar ka'idar Tarayyar Al'ummomin Kurdistan (KCK).  Anyi amfani da falsafar Öcalan na dimokuradiyya a cikin Gudanarwa mai cin gashin kanta na Arewa da Gabashin Siriya (AANES),  wata siyasa mai cin gashi da aka kafa a Siriya a cikin shekarar 2012.

## Manazarta
Mustapha Amzil

**Mustapha Amzil** (an haife shi ranar 12 ga watan Satumba, 2001) ɗan wasan ƙwallon Kwando ne na ƙasar Finland wanda ke buga wa New Mexico Lobos a taron Mountain West .  

## Manazarta
William Hill Brown

**William Hill Brown** (Nuwamba 1765 - Satumba 2, 1793) marubucin marubucin Ba'amurke ne, marubucin abin da galibi ake la'akari da littafin littafin Amurka na farko, *The Power of Tausayi* (1789),  da "Harriot, ko Sulhun Gida",  da kuma jerin muƙalar "Mai gyara", wanda aka buga a cikin Ishaya Thomas' *Massachusetts Magazine* .

## Farkon Rayuwa
An haifi Brown a Boston, Massachusetts, ɗan Gawen Brown da matarsa ta uku, Elizabeth Hill Adams. Gawen Brown ya fito daga Northumberland, Ingila kuma ya kasance mai sarrafa agogo. [1] An yi wa William baftisma a cocin Hollis Street a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1765.

A cikin 1789, William Brown ya buga labari *The Power of Tausayi* . Brown yana da masaniya mai yawa game da wallafe-wallafen Turai, misali na *Clarissa* na Samuel Richardson,  amma yayi ƙoƙari ya ɗaga wallafe-wallafen Amirka daga ƙungiyar Birtaniya ta hanyar zaɓin yanayin Amurka. Littafin ya kusan kwatanta da wani abin kunya na gida kuma daga baya an janye shi daga sayarwa.  Ya ba da gudummawar kasidu da yawa ga Columbian Centinel .

Kusan Oktoba 1792, Brown da kansa ya janye don shiga 'yar uwarsa, Eliza Brown Hinchborne, a gonar Hinchborne kusa da Murfreesboro, North Carolina, kuma ya fara karanta doka tare da William Richardson Davie a Halifax . Eliza ya mutu a watan Janairu 1793. Har yanzu bai saba da yanayin Gabashin Arewacin Carolina ba, William Brown ya mutu sakamakon zazzabi, mai yiwuwa zazzabin cizon sauro, a watan Agusta mai zuwa, yana da shekaru ashirin da bakwai. 

## Ayyuka
Brown ya yanke hukuncin cewa litattafan ya kamata su yi niyya da wani babban dalili na ɗabi'a. 

* *Harriot, ko Sulhun Gida* (1789)
* *Ikon Tausayi* (1789)
* *Zaɓaɓɓun Waƙoƙi da Tatsuniya 1784-1793 na William Hill Brown* (bayan mutuwa) 
* *Ira da Isabella* (1807) 

## Manazarta
Enase Okonedo

**Enase Felicia Okonedo** ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar Pan-Atlantic University kuma tsohonuwar shugabar Makarantar Kasuwancin Legas (LBS), makarantar kasuwanci ta Pan- Jami'ar Atlantic, Nigeria. Ta kasance shugabar Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Legas na tsawon shekaru 11 kuma Chris Ogbechie ya gaje ta.

A shekarar 2017 an zabi Okonedo a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan mutane 50 mafi tasiri a Najeriya (36th).

## Ilimi
Okonedo yana da digiri na biyu (BSc) a accounting daga Jami'ar Benin, MBA daga IESE Business School a Barcelona, kuma ya yi digiri na uku a Barcelona. Hukumar kasuwanci daga Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Duniya (Paris) a Paris.

## Sana'a
A cikin 2009, Okonedo ta zama shugabar LBS inda take kula da dabarun dabaru da duk lamuran ilimi da gudanarwa na makarantar.
Kafin matsayinta na shugaban jami'a, Okonedo ta kasance mamba na cikakken lokaci a fannin koyarwa, koyar da kwasa-kwasan kula da harkokin hada-hadar kudi da dabarun kudi. Kafin ɗaukar matsayin abokin bincike a LBS Okonedo ya kasance ma'aikacin banki na shekaru da yawa.

Tsakanin shekara ta 2012 zuwa shekara ta 2013 Okonedo ya kasance shugaban kungiyar Makarantun Kasuwancin Afirka (AABS), kuma memba a hukumar har zuwa 2016.
Okonedo ya kasance memba na majalisar dattawa kuma majalisar gudanarwa na Jami'ar Pan-Atlantic. A cikin watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2015 an ba ta matsayin Fellow of the Society of Corporate Governance Nigeria (SCGN) kuma aka zabe ta zuwa ga Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) na kasa da kasa kwamitin gudanarwa, kamar yadda na 2018 ta zama Sakatare-ma'aji da zartarwa. memba na kwamitin AACSB. Okonedo dan uwansa ne a Cibiyar Chartered Accountants of Nigeria (FCA) kuma abokin Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Duniya (IAM). Okonedo yana kan hukumar ba da shawara ta ilimi don Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin Duniya (GBSN) da kuma Makarantar Gwamnati ta Blavatnik a Jami'ar Oxford. Okonedo kuma shi ne shugaban kungiyar AIFA Reading Society, Najeriya kuma a cikin kwamitin masu ba da shawara ga shirin Afirka don gudanar da mulki.

## Media
Okonedo da aikinta sun bayyana a cikin *[[Financial Times]] * (2014) da * Shekarar Kasuwanci * (2017).

## Manazarta
Xu Zhonglin

**Xu Zhonglin** ( traditional Chinese   ; 1567 – c. 1619 ko 1620) mawallafin marubuci ne na kasar Sin wanda ya rayu a zamanin daular Ming .  An fi saninsa da mawallafin littafin tarihin almara na Ƙarni na 16 *Investiture of the Gods* (封神演義;  ).  An haife shi a yankin Yingtian, Nanjing na yanzu. 

Ana gudanar da ainihin kwafin *Investiture of the Gods* a cikin Laburaren Jafananci na Babban Sakatare, Shu Zaiyang ne ya buga. An rubuta sashe na biyu na littafin da kalmomin "Xu Zhonglin, tsohon recluse na Dutsen Zhong ya shirya."  Wataƙila wannan shine tushen yuwuwar sunan sa na "Zhongshan Yisou" (), wanda a zahiri yana nufin "dattijo marar damuwa da ke zaune a Dutsen Zhong ". Wasu  ya ce Xu ya rubuta labari don wando ga 'yarsa. 

## Duba kuma

* Adabin kasar Sin

## Manazarta
Connecticut Route 41

**Hanyar 41** mai nisan  babbar hanyar jaha mai kyan gani a cikin karkarar Arewa maso yammacin Connecticut . Ya tashi daga layin jihar New York a Sharon zuwa layin jihar Massachusetts a Salisbury kuma ita ce hanya daya tilo da jihar ke da lamba a Connecticut wacce ke da iyakarta a kan iyakar jihar.

## Bayanin hanya
Hanya ta 41 tana farawa azaman titin Amenia Union a wata mahaɗa tare da Dutchess County Route 2 a cikin hamlet na Amenia Union a layin jihar New York a cikin garin Sharon . Hanyar 41 ta ci gaba zuwa arewa don  zuwa Sharon Country Club, yana kuma karkata zuwa gabas sannan ya koma arewa, ya zama Babban titin Kudu. A cikin tsakiyar garin Sharon, Hanyar 41 ta haɗu tare da Hanyar 343 da Route 4, ta zama Babban Titin arewacin mahaɗin. Bayan kusan , Hanyar 361 ta tashi zuwa yamma, tare da Hanyar 41 ta ci gaba da arewa maso gabas akan titin Arewa Main. Bayan barin tsakiyar gari, titin ya zama titin Gay, yana gudana zuwa wani  zuwa layin garin Salisbury .

Bayan shiga Salisbury, sunan hanyar ya canza zuwa Sharon Road yayin da yake kan hanyar zuwa wani  zuwa ƙauyen Lakeville . A kan hanyar, yana haɗuwa tare da Hanyar 112 kusa da kudancin Wononskopomuc Lake . A Lakeville, Hanyar 41 ta fara nisan  ya zo tare da Hanyar Amurka 44 (Babban Titin), yayin da hanyar ta nufi tsakiyar garin Salisbury. A tsakiyar Salisbury, Hanyar 41 ta rabu daga Hanyar 44 tare da Ƙarƙashin Dutsen. Hanyar tana tafiya kusan , wucewa ta Dutsen Riga State Park, har zuwa layin jihar Massachusetts . Hanyar tana kuma ci gaba a fadin jihar kamar yadda Massachusetts Route 41 . 

.Connecticut ta keɓance sassa daban-daban na manyan hanyoyinta na karkara a matsayin hanyoyi masu kyan gani . Nadi na wasan kwaikwayo ba wai kawai yana ƙarfafa yawon buɗe ido ba har ma yana hana wasu abubuwan ci gaba tare da kan titin kanta wanda zai canza kamanninsa, gami da juyawa da faɗaɗawa. A cikin Yulin shekarar 1990, mil huɗu (6&nbsp;km) sashe ta tsakiyar garin Sharon, tsakanin Boland Road da Cole Road, an sanya shi a matsayin hanya mai kyan gani. A cikin Oktoban shekarar 1992, an tsawaita nadin wasan kwaikwayo ƙarin  don rufe tsawon hanyar cikin garin Sharon. A shekara mai zuwa, garin Salisbury ya nemi kuma ya sami amincewar nadi na musamman don yanki na Hanyar 41, wanda ya haifar da tsai da tsayin hanyar 41. 

## Tarihi
Bangaren Hanyar 41 arewacin Hanyar zamani ta 343 wani bangare ne na 1920s New England Interstate Route 4 . Yankin kudu na Hanyar 343 asalin babbar hanyar jihar ce ta sakandare wacce aka kera a matsayin Babbar Hanya 360. A cikin shekarar 1926, AASHO ta sanya New England Route 4 a matsayin hanyar US Route 7 . A shekara ta 1928, duk da haka, an mayar da US 7 zuwa daidaitawar sa na zamani. A cikin renumbering na babbar hanyar jihar a shekarar 1932, Hanyar zamani ta 41 an kafa ta daga wani ɓangare na tsohuwar hanyar New England Route 4 da tsohuwar babbar hanyar Jiha 360.  Tun daga lokacin ba a yi wani gagarumin canje-canje ga hanyar ba. 

## Jerin mahaɗa

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Ma'anar Britomart

Point Britomart (Māori: Te Rerenga Ora Iti) wani yanki ne a cikin Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Waitematā, a Auckland (), New Zealand . Yana tsakanin Commercial Bay da Official Bay,  daga baya an cire ma'anar don samar da cika don sake farfado da ƙasa a Mechanics Bay, kuma kusan babu wata alama ta zahiri da ta rage a matakin titi a cikin abin da ke yau yankin Auckland CBD da Auckland waterfront.

## Tarihi
*Te Rerenga Ora Iti* ('tsalle na 'yan tsira') shine wurin da aƙalla Māori  ɗaya ya kasance. , kuma an dauke shi a matsayin muhimmin wuri a *Tāmaki Makaurau* ( Auckland isthmus ), tare da sanannun yaƙe-yaƙe da aka yi a kansa, irin su Ngāti Whātua *iwi* a ƙarni na 17 da 18. Sunan yana tunawa da abin da ya faru a shekara ta 1680 lokacin da Ngāti Whātua ya kori Ngāti Huarere a kan dutsen zuwa ko dai 'yancinsu ko kuma a mutu.  

Bayan sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Waitangi, Ngāti Whātua babban shugaban Āpihai Te Kawau, ya ba da ƙasa don zama na Burtaniya a kan Waitematā . Te Rerenga Ora Iti ne inda aka fara tayar da Union Jack a Auckland a ranar 18 ga Satumba 1840 ta hanyar Felton Mathew, kuma nan da nan ma'anar ta zama shafin ɗaya daga cikin ganuwar soja ta Burtaniya ta farko a New Zealand, Fort Britomart .  Har ila yau, shafin farko ne na cocin Auckland, St Paul's, wanda aka kafa a cikin shekara guda da kafuwar Auckland a cikin shekarar 1841, kuma ɗayan sanannun wuraren tarihi na birnin na shekaru 40. Wannan batu ya sami sunan Turai a shekarar 1848 daga , wanda ma'aikatansa suka gudanar da cikakken bincike game da tashar jiragen ruwa na sabon babban birnin.

Daga shekarar 1842, Point Britomart ya zama babban barikin soja na farko a Auckland .  Wannan ya kara da gina babbar barikin Albert a 1846.  An rufe Fort Britomart da Albert Barracks a cikin shekarar 1870. 

A cikin shekarun 1870 da 1880, an cire ma'anar don cika Mechanics Bay, ganimar ta ta samar da ƙasar don sabon tashar jirgin ƙasa. Cirewar kuma ta sa Official Bay ya fi sauƙin isa ta ƙafa. Duk da cewa an mayar da shi daga binciken, a kan abin da yanzu ake kira Emily Place, dole ne a rushe asalin St Paul. Rabin yammacin birni a halin yanzu an ɗaure shi da Tangihua Street, Beach Road, Quay Street da Britomart Place, yanzu yana zaune a shafin da ya kasance arewacin Point Britomart.

A cikin shekarar 2018 Ngāti Whātua-o-Ōrākei da Ports na Auckland sun ƙirƙiro Te Toka ko Apihai Te Kawau, abin tunawa da kafa Auckland wanda ya haɗa da dutse wanda ke nuna wurin da Rerenga Ora Iti ya sadu da ruwa, kuma inda birnin ya fara.

## Manazarta
Apihai Te Kawau

**Apihai Te Kawau** (ya mutu Nuwamban shekarar 1869) ya kasance Babban shugaban Ngāti Whātua Māori *iwi* (ƙabilar) na Auckland (), New Zealand a karni na 19. 

Mahaifin Te Kawau shi ne Tarahawaiki kuma kakansa shi ne Tūperiri, babban shugaban Te Taoū *hapū* (ƙabilar) na Ngāti Whātua wanda ya mamaye Tāmaki isthmus a cikin shekarun 1740, ya ci Wai-o-Hua . Mahaifiyar Te Kawau ita ce Mokorua, wacce ta fito ne daga Wai-o-Hua .  An haifi Te Kawau a Ihumātao, kusa da Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Manukau . 

An yi tunanin Te Kawau ya yi yaƙi da Ngāpuhi iwi a nasarar Ngāti Whātua na Yaƙin Moremonui a cikin shekarar 1807 ko 1808. Daga nan sai ya taimaka wajen jagorantar tafiyar yaki ta mil 1,000 ta Ngāti Whātua da Ngāti Maniapoto da aka sani da  (kewaye da ƙasar) daga shekarar 1821 zuwa 1822. Bayan babban cin nasara ga Ngāpuhi a Te Ika-a-ranga-nui a 1825, Te Kawau da mutanensa sun bar Tāmaki isthmus (wurin Auckland na gaba) na shekaru da yawa.

A ranar 20 ga Maris ɗin shekarar 1840 a yankin Manukau Harbour inda Ngāti Whātua ya yi noma, Te Kawau ya sanya hannu kan *Te Tiriti ko Waitangi* (fassarar te reo Māori na Yarjejeniyar Waitangi).  Ngāti Whātua ya nemi kariya ta Burtaniya daga Ngāpuhi da kuma dangantaka da Crown da Coci. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar, Te Kawau ya yi *tukuya* (kyautar dabarun) na kadada 3,500 (1,400) na ƙasa a Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Waitematā don sabon babban birnin Auckland.

Te Kawau yana da alaƙa da Church Mission Society (CMS) tun lokacin da ya sadu da Samuel Marsden a shekarar 1820, kuma maza biyu sun zama abokai. A cikin shekarun 1840, wani lokaci bayan ya zama Kirista, Bishop George Selwyn ya yi masa baftisma a ɗakin sujada kusa da Ōrākei Pā kuma an ba shi sunan baftisma na Āpihai, Māori ga jarumin Littafi Mai-Tsarki Abishai . 

A cikin shekarun 1850 Te Kawau ya kasance mai tantancewa da ke da hannu tare da warware rikice-rikice tsakanin Māori a Auckland. An san shi a matsayin mutum mai zaman lafiya, ya yi magana a bainar jama'a game da sayar da ƙasa, amma bai iya dakatar da korar Gwamna George Grey da kwace shi ba. A shekara ta 1868 ya sami taken zuwa kadada 700 na karshe na ƙasar Ngāti Whātua a Ōrākei don iwi..

Te Kawau kawun Paora Tūhaere ne, wanda ya gaji shi a matsayin shugaban Ngāti Whātua .

A cikin shekarar 2018 Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei da tashar jiragen ruwa na Auckland sun kirkiro abin tunawa ga Te Kawau don kyautar ƙasar da ya bayar ga Gwamna Hobson da kuma tunawa da gudummawarsa ga Auckland, yayin da suke nuna wurin da aka kafa birnin a ranar 18 ga Satumban shekarar 1840 . 

## Manazarta
José Cadalso

**José de Cadalso y Vázquez** ( Cádiz, 1741 - Gibraltar, 1782), Mutanen Espanya, Kanar na Royal Spanish Army, marubuci, mawaƙi, wasan kwaikwayo da kuma mawallafi, daya daga cikin canonical m na Mutanen Espanya wallafe-wallafe .

Kafin ya cika shekara ta ashirin, Cadalso ya yi tafiya ta Italiya, Jamus, Ingila, Faransa da Portugal, kuma ya karanta tarihi da adabi na waɗannan ƙasashe. Da ya koma Spain ya shiga aikin soja kuma ya kai matsayin Kanal. 

Cadalso shi ne ma'auni na manufar Haskakawa na "hombre de bien", ɗan ƙasa mai ilimi kuma mai cikakken tsari wanda za a iya amfani da buƙatun da yawa don inganta al'umma. Ya kasance babban jigo a fagen adabi na Spain na ƙarni na goma sha takwas, musamman a tertulia da ake yi a Fonda de San Sebastián. Ya rinjayi yawancin mawallafin Mutanen Espanya, ba kalla ba a cikin su wani matashi da basira Juan Meléndez Valdés .

Ayyukansa na farko da aka buga shine ayar bala'i, *Don Sancho García, Conde de Castilla* (1771). A cikin 1772, ya buga littafinsa na *Los Eruditos a la Violeta*, wani ɗan kasuwa mai cin nasara na cin nasara akan sha'awar ilimin zahiri da bayyanar ilimi. A cikin 1773 ya bayyana ƙarar wakoki iri-iri, *Ocios de mi juventud* .  

An fi sanin Cadalso don *Cartas marruecas*, wani littafi mai ban mamaki wanda "Correo de Madrid" ya buga bayan mutuwarsa a cikin 1789 kuma a matsayin littafi a 1793. An kwatanta *Cartas marruecas* sau da yawa da Montesquieu 's, (1689-1755), nasu *Lettres Persanes*, ( Haruffa na Farisa, 1721), ko da yake a gaskiya duka ayyukan biyu suna wakiltar sha'awar lokacin tare da labari na epistolary. *Cartas Marruecas* da *Noches lúgubres* galibi ana ɗaukarsa mafi kyawun ayyukansa, kodayake suna da salo da salo daban-daban.

Ganin cewa *Cartas marruecas* jarrabawa ce mai ma'ana, duban ra'ayi na al'ummar Mutanen Espanya ta hanyar idanun matashin Moroccan, *Noches lúgubres* ("Lugubrious Nights"), wani ɗan gajeren aikin bincike ne wanda ya danganci sha'awar mai yin jima'i don ɓata masoyinsa da ya mutu, kuma ya kasance. An buga daga 1789 zuwa 1790 a cikin mujallar *El correo de Madrid* . Aikin daga baya ya sami wahayi ta hanyar mutuwar abokinsa na kud da kud, yana riƙe da jikin ta da ke mutuwa, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo María Ignacia Ibáñez, (1745 - Afrilu 1771, mai shekaru 26).

Wannan aikin, tare da adadin waƙoƙin waƙoƙin waƙar Cadalso da yawa, ana la'akari da shi a matsayin farkon Romanticism a Spain, idan ba cikakken Romantic a cikin nasu dama ba. Buga ayyukansa ya bayyana a Madrid, a cikin 3 vols. , 1823. An ƙara wannan ta *Obras inéditas* (Paris, 1894) wanda R. Foulch-Delbosc ya buga. 

An kashe Cadalso a Babban Siege na Gibraltar, a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 1782, kwanaki 15 kacal bayan an ƙara masa girma zuwa Kanar. Yana da kabari a cikin Saint Mary the Crown Church a San Roque . 

## Manazarta

* 
* O. N. V. Glendinning. *Vida y obra de Cadalso". Madrid. Ed. Gredos, (1962), 239 pages.*
* Sebold, R.P. . *Colonel Don José Cadalso *. New York, Twayne Publ. (1971), 187 pages.
* Sebold,  Russell  P.  *Cadalso: El primer romantico "europeo" de Espana*.  Madrid: Ed.  Gredos, (1974), 294 pages.
Shanakdakhete

**Shanakdakhete**, wanda kuma ya rubuta **Shanakdakheto ** ko kuma **Sanakadakhete**,  sarauniya ce mai mulkin masarautar Kush, wacce ke mulki daga Meroë a farkon karni na farko AD.  Shanakdakhete ba shi da shaida mara kyau, kodayake an san ya gina haikali a Naqa .

A baya an yi imanin Shanakdakhete ita ce sarauniyar Kushite ta farko da ta yi murabus  saboda kuskuren kwanan wata na rubutunta.  Wannan rawar a yanzu maimakon Nahirqo . 
## Tushe
Shanakdakhete an san shi ne kawai daga rubutun hieroglyphic a Temple F a Naqa . Rubutun suna tare da abubuwan taimako da ke nuna sarauniya, kodayake waɗannan sun lalace sosai.  Shanakdakhete ne ke da alhakin gina Temple F, tare da maye gurbin wani tsari na farko a wuri guda.  Shanakdakhete yana cikin rubutun da aka yi wa lakabi da *Ɗan Ra, Ubangijin Ƙasar Biyu, Shanakdakheto* . 

## Tarihi
A cikin tsofaffin malanta, an ɗauki rubutun Shanakdakhete a matsayin farkon misalan rubutun Meroitic kuma ta dogara ne akan wannan al'adar kwanan wata zuwa ƙarshen karni na biyu BC.  Wannan fassarar ta sa Shanakdakhete ta zama sarauniyar Kushi ta farkon rubuce-rubucen da ta yi murabus,  wanda hakan ya sa malamai suka danganta dala Beg. N 11 mata.  Wannan dala ya kasance a karni na biyu BC kuma baya adana sunan mai mulkin da aka binne,  ko da yake yana nuna sarauniya mai rahusa a cikin abubuwan jin daɗi. ***' An kuma danganta wani mutum-mutumin da ke nuna mace mai mulki tare da wani basarake wanda ba mai mulki ba ga Shanakdakhete. ***' 

Masanin ilimin Masar Claude Rilly ya sake tantance rubutun Shanakdakhete a shekara ta 2004, wanda ya kammala cewa rubutun rubutun ya sanya ta da yawa daga baya, ko dai a farkon karni tsakanin karni na farko BC da karni na farko AD, ko kuma a farkon rabin farko na AD. karni na farko AD.  Per Rilly (2004 & 2007) da Josefine Kuckertz (2021) duka pyramid Beg. N 11 da mutum-mutumi guda biyu a baya da ke da alaƙa da Shanakdakhete "dukansu suna da alaƙa da kyawawan dalilai" ga sarauniya mai mulki Nahirqo, wanda aka yi kwanan watan karni na biyu BC.  Sauran malamai da yawa sun karɓi sake fasalin, kamar Janice Yellin (2020)  da Francis Breyer (2022). 

Irin wannan rubutun na alamomin haruffa suna nuna cewa Shanakdakhete ya yi sarauta kusa da lokacin wata sarauniya mai mulki, Amanishakheto . Kuckertz (2021) ya sanya Shanakdakhete a matsayin magajin Amanishakheto, yana mulki a farkon rabin ƙarni na farko AD. Janice Yellin (2014) da Kuckertz suma sun danganta babban dala Beg. N 21 zuwa Shanakdakhete. 

## Duba kuma

* Kandake

## Manazarta
Nastasen

**Nastasen** wani sarki ne na Kush wanda ya yi mulkin Kush daga 335 zuwa 315/310 KZ. A cewar wani stela daga Dongola, ana kiran mahaifiyarsa Sarauniya Pelkha kuma mahaifinsa na iya kasancewa Sarki Harsiotef.  Magajinsa shine Aryamani.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An san Nastasen daga abubuwa iri uku. Akwai stela mai dogon rubutu na tarihi, abin rike da azurfa na madubi,  da *shabti* -figures da yawa. An gano hannun madubin da *shabti* a cikin wani dala a Nuri (Nu. 15), wanda babu shakka wurin binne shi ne. Shi ne sarkin Kushi na ƙarshe da aka binne shi a makabartar sarauta a Napata.

 granite stela an samo shi a New Dongola kuma yanzu yana cikin Gidan Tarihi na Masar na Berlin (Inv. no. 2268).  Asali, ana iya sanya shi a cikin haikalin Amun na Jebel Barkal. A cikin babba akwai hotuna da sunan mahaifiyarsa, Pelkha, da matarsa, Sekhmakh, kusa da sarki.

A lokacin mulkinsa, Nastasen ya ci nasara da mamaye Kush daga Upper Misira . Abin tunawa na Nastasen ya kira jagoran wannan mamayar Kambasuten, mai yuwuwar bambancin gida na Khabbash . Khabbash wani sarki ne na Upper Egypt wanda ya yi yaƙi da Farisa a kusan shekara ta 338 BC. Mamayensa na Kush bai yi nasara ba, kuma Nastasen ya yi iƙirarin ɗaukar kyawawan jiragen ruwa da sauran kyaututtukan yaƙi a lokacin nasararsa. 

## Tono kabari

Kabarin Nastasen yana cikin wasu da yawa a cikin Nuri waɗanda masanin kayan tarihi Pearce Paul Creasman ya shirya don tonowa da balaguron binciken kayan tarihi na Nuri na Nuri ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin binciken kayan tarihi na ƙarƙashin ruwa. Hakan ya zama dole saboda tashin ruwa na ƙasa a cikin yankin Nubian cataract na 4.  Waɗannan kaburbura suna ƙarƙashin dala kuma sun cika ambaliya. Rahotannin da aka gano na kabarinsa sun nuna cewa ’yan fashin ba su damu ba . 

Explorer Josh Gates ya shiga cikin nutsewa tare da Farfesa Creasman, wanda aka nuna a cikin watan Mayu na 2023 na *Expedition Unknown* (lokaci na 11, jigo na 1 & 2 wanda aka watsa Mayu 24th & 31st). Daga cikin abubuwan da aka gano a kan nutsewar akwai ganyen zinari, da guntun kashi a cikin hular yatsan yatsan zinare, wanda ake zaton na Nastasen ne. 

## Tushen

*  
* Laszlo Török, in: *Fontes Historiae Nubiorum, Vol. II*, Bergen 1996, 467-501,  

## Manazarta
Bocchus na I

**Bocchus**, sau da yawa ana kiransa **Bocchus I** don bayyanawa, shine sarkin Mauretania daga  KZ. Shi suruki ne ga sarkin Numidiya Jugurtha,   wanda da farko ya yi kawance da Romawa a yakin Jugurthine, rikici mai tsawo da rashin yanke hukunci.

Sarki Bocchus ya ci amanar Jugurtha ga Romawa a shekara ta 105 KZ. An kama Jugurtha aka daure shi a Roma, yayin da Romawa da Bocchus suka raba mulkin Jugurtha ta Numidiya a tsakaninsu. 

## Etymology na sunansa
A. Pellegrin ya nuna cewa sunan Bocchus shine kawai nau'in Latin na sunan Berber, mai yiwuwa Wekkus.  Wannan sunan na iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da Touareg "Aweqqas", wanda ke nufin "zaki", ko, a cikin yaren Aokas na gida, "shark", kuma ana iya amfani dashi azaman sunan namiji. Wurare da yawa a Arewacin Afirka suna ɗauke da sunaye masu alaƙa, kamar birnin Aokas a Aljeriya, da Djebel Ouekkas a Tunisiya . 

## Rayuwa da iyali
An san kadan game da Bocchus I ko masarautar Mauretania. Wataƙila ɗa ne ko jikan Sarkin Baga na Mauretania, wanda ya yi zamani da Sarki Massinissa na makwabciyar Numidia . 

Masarautar Bocchus ta Arewacin Afirka tana da iyaka da Tekun Atlantika da Kogin Moulouya ( Latin   ).  Masanin tarihin Romawa Sallust a cikin *Bellum Jugurthine* ( *The Jurguthine War* ) ya lura: 

A cewar Sallust, bisa ga al'ada Bocchus yana da mata da yawa  da 'ya'ya hudu da aka sani: 'yarsa (wanda ba a san sunansa ba), wanda ya auri Jugurtha na Numidia; Magajinsa na ƙarshe Sosus/ Mastanesosus ; da wasu 'ya'ya maza biyu, Bogud (kada a ruɗe da sarki Bogud ) da Volux.

## Yakin Jugurthine
Kusan 108 KZ, yayin da rikici tsakanin Roma da Numidia ya haɗu, Bocchus ya kasance mara nauyi. Bayan Jugurtha ya yi wa Bocchus alkawarin kashi uku na mulkinsa, Bocchus ya yi kawance da Jugurtha. Gaius Marius ya ci nasara da sojojin kawancensu a yakin Cirta na biyu a shekara ta 106 KZ.

Yayin da Jugurtha ya ci gaba da guje wa Romawa kuma yaƙin ya ci gaba, Bocchus ya fara sake la'akari da kawancen kuma ya nemi shawarwari tare da wani mai son zuciya mai suna Sulla. An tura jakadun Mauretania zuwa Roma. Majalisar Dattijai ta kasance mai ƙarfafawa da hankali amma ta nemi a nuna sadaukarwa ga kawancen. Bocchus ya sake tuntuɓar Sulla kuma ya nemi ganawa da Jugurtha, wanda ya shiga cikin tarkon su. Bocchus ya juya Jugurtha zuwa Sulla.

Ta hanyar yarjejeniya, Bocchus da Romawa sun raba mulkin Numidia a tsakaninsu. An bai wa Marius nasara don nasara akan Numidia, amma Sulla koyaushe yana sanya zoben zinariya da sarki Bocchus ya yi masa, wanda ke nuna Bocchus yana mika Jugurtha ga Sulla. 

Bocchus ya kasance amintaccen mai samar da dabbobin Afirka masu ban sha'awa zuwa Roma, gami da panthers da zakuna don abubuwan kallo na Romawa. 

## Magaji
Bocchus ya gaje shi da dansa Masstanesosus,  wanda ya ba da gadon sarauta ga 'ya'yansa Bocchus II da Bogud, wanda kowannensu ya mallaki rabin mulkin Mauretania. Sarakunan biyu sun yi gaba da juna a yakin basasar Roma, kuma Bocchus II ya kwace rabin Bogud. Sa’ad da Bocchus II ya mutu a shekara ta 33 K.Z., Mauretania ta zama masarautar Roma. 

## Duba kuma

* Jugurtha
* Yakin Jugurthine.

## Manazarta
Asai Ryōi

datab A sai Ryōi (浅井 了意, c. 1612 - Janairu 29, 1691) marubucin Jafananci ne a farkon lokacin Edo.  Wani limamin addinin Buddah na Shin wanda a wani lokaci ya kasance shugaban haikalin Kyoto, ana riƙe shi ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun marubutan Kanazōshi.  Kanazōshi wani nau'i ne na sanannen adabi da aka rubuta da kaɗan ko babu kanji, don haka mutane da yawa suna iya samun damar yin amfani da su.  Ko da yake ya ƙunshi nau'o'i da yawa, jigo na gama gari a cikin ayyukan Kanazōshi shine bikin rayuwar birni na zamani.  Ayyukan Asai Ryōi musamman sun juya koyarwar addinin Buddah na gargajiya a kan kansa a cikin bayanin manufofin birane.

## ''Ukiyo Monogatari''
*[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Ukiyo]*"(1666)Tales of the Floating World  an dauke shi aiki na farko da ya nuna bambancin da ke tsakanin Buddha ukiyo da Edo lokacin ukiyo. Ukiyo shine ra'ayin cewa rayuwa ta ɗan lokaci ce kuma babu wani abu a duniya da ke dorewa har abada. Duk da yake koyarwar Buddha ta farko ta kammala cewa dole ne mutum ya sanya ƙarfin mutum a cikin al'amuran ruhaniya na dindindin waɗanda za su ci gaba da amfana da mutum a rayuwa mai zuwa, manufofin zamanin Edo na birane sun fi epicurean, kuma sun ƙarfafa mutum ya ji daɗin jin daɗin rayuwa kamar kowace rana ita ce ta ƙarshe.

Jarumin wannan yanki, Ukiyobō, wani limamin addinin Buddah ne wanda ya koyi isashen rayuwa daga rayuwar lalata, caca da neman jin daɗi gabaɗaya don samun wayewa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin dattawansa. Muhimmancin samurai an yi satar kuma an yaba da rayuwar ɗan garin .

## ''Otogi Boko''
*Otogi Bōko*"}(1666),data-ve-no-generated-contents" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Hand Puppets (, Otogi Bōko, 1666) karbuwa ce daga labarun da suka fi ban sha'awa daga Littafin Sinanci na gajerun labaru, *[[Jiandeng Xinhua]]* (Sabon Labarai a ƙarƙashin Hasken Haske). An canza labarun don nuna rayuwar birane ta zamani. Misali, a cikin "The Peony Lantern", mai gabatarwa na asali ya mutu da mummunar mummunar lalacewa sakamakon ba da jin daɗin jima'i tare da ruhun yarinya da ta mutu - saƙon ɗabi'a shine buƙatar karɓar impermanence kuma kada a cinye shi da sha'awar duniya. A cikin Ryōi version mai gabatarwa kusan ya ceci kansa daga irin wannan makomar, amma a ƙarshe ya zaɓi ya mutu a hannun masoyinsa na fatalwa maimakon ya mutu yana riƙe da ita  - bikin ainihin motsin zuciyar ɗan adam. Labaran da ke cikin Otogi Bōko sun cika ƙishirwa ga labarun allahntaka kuma sun bayyana rarrabuwa tsakanin wajibai na zamantakewa, ko *[[Giri (Jafananci)|Giriri]]*, da gaskiyar kwarewar ɗan adam.

## Duba sauran Bayanai

* Kanazōshi
* Botan Dōrō
* Ukiyo
* Chōnin
* Augustine na Hippo

## Manazarta
Zamanin Haskakawa

**Shekarun Haske,** (wanda kuma aka sani da Shekarun nazari da kuma haske) wani yunkuri ne na ilimi da falsafa wanda ya faru a Turai a cikin ƙarni na 17 da 18. Hasken ilimi ta ƙunshi ra'ayoyi masu yawa na zamantakewa waɗanda ke da alaƙa da darajar ilimin da aka koya ta hanyar tunani da kuma kwarewa da manufofin siyasa kamar dokar halitta, 'yanci, da ci gaba, haƙuri da' yan uwantaka, kundin tsarin mulkin gwamnati, da rabuwa da coci da jihar.

Zamanin Haske ta riga ta wuce kuma ta mamaye Juyin Juya Halin Kimiyya da aikin Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, Francis Bacon, Pierre Gassendi, da Isaac Newton, da sauransu, da kuma falsafar tunani na Descartes, Hobbes, Spinoza, Leibniz, da John Locke. Wasu su nuna faruwar zamanin  Haskakawa da wallafar René Descartes' “Discourse on the Method” a shekarar 1637, tare da hanyarsa ta rashin gaskata komai sai dai idan akwai kyakkyawan dalili don karɓar shi, kuma yana nuna sanannen maganarsa, Cogito, ergo sum ("Ina tsammanin, saboda haka ni ne"). Sauran sun ambaci wallafar na Isaac Newton's *Principia Mathematica* (1687) a matsayin ƙarshen juyin juya halin kimiyya da farkon haskakawa.   Masana tarihi na Turai sun nuna cewa lokacin ya fara ne da mutuwar Louis na 14 na Faransa a 1715 da kuma karshen sa da barkewar Juyin Juya Halin Faransa a 1789. Yawancin masana tarihi yanzu sun nuna ƙarshen Haskakawa a matsayin farkon karni na 19, tare da sabuwar shekarar da aka gabatar ita ce mutuwar Immanuel Kant a cikin 1804.  A zahiri, lokutan tarihi ba su da kwanakin farawa ko ƙarshe.

## References
Aisha Maikudi

**Aisha Sani Maikudi** farfesa ce a fannin shari'a ta duniya ƴan Najeriya kuma mataimakiyar shugabar  Jami'ar Abuja a halin yanzu. An nada ta a matsayin mukaddashin mataimakiyar kansila bayan karshen wa’adin Farfesa Abdul-Rasheed Na’Allah kuma ta koma aiki a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2024.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Aisha a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1983 a Zariya. Ta samu takardar shedar Sakandare a Kwalejin Queens da ke Legas a shekarar 1999. Ta sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a a 2004 daga Jami'ar Karatu sannan ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a (LLM) a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki da Kimiyyar Siyasa ta London a 2005. A shekarar 2015 ta samu digirin digirgir a fannin shari'a a jami'ar Abuja kuma ta zama Farfesa a shekarar 2022.

## Sana'a
Aisha ta shiga Jami’ar Abuja a watan Satumba shekara ta 2008 a matsayin Lecturer II. A shekarar 2014, an nada ta a matsayin shugabar tsangayar koyar da shari’a a shekarar 2014, a shekarar 2018, ta zama mataimakiyar shugaban jami’ar Abuja kuma ta zama babbar darakta a jami’ar Abuja. A cikin shekara ta 2024, an nada ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar gwamnati na jami’a.

## Membobi
Ta kasance memba a Lauyoyin Najeriya da Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Mata ta Duniya.

## Manazarta
Edris Kibalama

Edris Kibalama marubuci ne wanda ya shahara wajen rubuta abubuwan zurfafawa da ruhi, da farko ya mai da hankali kan Musulunci da taimakon kai ta fuskar Musulunci. Ayyukansa, irin su "Bayanan Ƙarfafawa na Musulmin Orthodox" da "Sanin Allah," yana da nufin ƙarfafawa da ƙarfafa masu karatu ta hanyar tunaninsa da fahimtar koyarwar Musulunci. Kibalama ya rubuta littattafai da yawa da ake samu akan dandamali kamar Amazon da Goodreads, waɗanda ke kan bangaskiya, haɓakar mutum, da shawo kan ƙalubale ta hanyar jagorar ruhaniya.
Senusret

**Senusret** (Girkanci: *Sesostris* ; kuma an fassara shi azaman *Senwosret* dangane da 'yan Koftik ; kuma kamar yadda *Usertesen* a cikin tsofaffin wallafe-wallafe) shine sunan Masarawa da yawa:

* Senusret I, Fir'auna (Daular 12th)
* Senusret II, Fir'auna (Daular 12th)
* Senusret III, Fir'auna (Daular 12th)
** Sesostris, Fir'auna wanda Herodotus ya bayyana, mai yiwuwa a gano shi da ɗaya ko fiye na sama.
* Senusret IV, Fir'auna (Daular 13 ko 16)
* Senusret (saurare)
* Senusret (nomarch), 12th Dynasty nomarch a Elkab
Howqua

**Wu Bingjian** (Chananci: 伍秉鑑; 1769 – 4 September 1843) , yana kasuwanci da suna "Houqua" kuma an fi sanin shi a  Turai da suna "Howqua" ko "Howqua II", [a] ɗan kasuwa ne na Hong a cikin masana'antu goma sha uku (Thirteen Factories), shugaban ''Ewo (hong)'' kuma shugaban Canton Cohong. Ya taba zama wanda yafi kowa arziki a duniya.

## Tarihin Rayuwa

Hokkien daga zuriyar mahaifinsa da zuriyarsa daga Quanzhou, Wu an san shi a yankunan Turai da suna Howqua, kamar yadda mahaifinsa, Wu Guorong, wanda ya kafa kasuwancin iyali ko hong. Sunan "Howqua" romanization ne, a cikin harshensa na Hokkien, na sunan kasuwancin da ya yi ciniki a ƙarƙashinsa, "浩官" (Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hō-koaⁿ). Ya samu arziƙin kasuwanci tsakanin Sin da daular Burtaniya a tsakiyar karni na 19 a lokacin yakin Opium na farko. Watakila mutumin da ya fi kowa arziki a kasar Sin a karni na goma sha tara, Howqua shi ne babban jami'in dillalan hong a Canton, daya daga cikin 'yan kalilan da aka ba da izinin yin cinikin siliki da lankwasa da baki. A cikin wata gobara ta 1822 wadda ta kone da yawa daga cikin gungun, azurfar da ta narke da ake zargin ta yi wani ɗan rafi kusan mil biyu a tsayi.

Bayan Yaƙin Opium, dangin Howqua da layin kasuwanci sun ragu da sauri. A cikin 1891, gidan kasuwancin Amurka wanda ke kula da zuba jari na duniya na Howqua, Russell & Company, ya rushe. Zuriyar Howqua yanzu sun zama gama gari. Abin da ya kasance babban katafaren gida mai kyau ga dangin Howqua yanzu ba shi da wata alama a wata unguwa matalauta a yankin Honam.

Wadanda suka kafa manyan kamfanoni a lokacin da suka hada da James Matheson, William Jardine, Samuel Russell da Abiel Abbot Low duk suna da kusanci da Howqua. Hotunan Howqua da aka sanye a cikin rigunansa har yanzu suna rataye a gidajen Salem da Newport da 'yan kasuwar Amurka suka gina suna godiya da taimakonsa.

## Manazarta
Senusret na IV

**Senusret IV Seneferibre** tsohon sarkin Masar ne na Theban a lokacin Matsakaicin Tsakanin Matsakaici na Biyu wanda aka tabbatar kawai ta hanyar ganowa daga Upper Egypt . Ba a san matsayin Senusret IV na tsawon lokaci ba har ma da daular da ya kasance ana muhawara.

## Matsayi na lokaci-lokaci
A cewar Jürgen von Beckerath Senusret IV ya kasance na marigayi 13th daular,   yayin da Kim Ryholt ya sanya shi a matsayin sarki na daular 16 tare da matsayi mara tabbas a cikin daular.  A madadin, Norbert Dautzenberg ya ba da shawarar cewa Senusret IV wani ɓangare ne na Daular 17th . Dautzenberg ya kafa wannan hasashe akan karatunsa na shigarwa 11.4 na Canon Turin kamar yadda yake magana akan Senusret IV. Har ila yau kuma, ya sanya rubutun rubutu a ƙofar haikalin Medamud yana ambaton sarki "Senusret" ga Senusret IV tun lokacin da Sobekemsaf I, wanda ya rayu a farkon daular 17 ya yi ado.  Ryholt ya ƙi yarda da waɗannan muhawara biyu: na farko, Ryholt ya lura cewa shigarwar Canon na Turin 11.4 bai dace da Senusret IV's prenomen ba kuma na biyu, ya lura cewa Senusret III ne ya gina ƙofar haikalin Medamud don haka rubutun yana iya komawa zuwa wannan sarki maimakon Senusret IV. A cikin sabon tsari  an bar daular Senusret IV wani bangare ba a tantance ba, ana rarraba shi kawai a ƙarshen 13th zuwa farkon 17th.

## Shaida
Senusret IV is attested on the Karnak king list under his prenomen "Senefer[...]re". The most important contemporary attestation of the king is a 2m 75&nbsp;cm tall colossal statue of him, sculpted in pink granite and discovered in Karnak in 1901 by Georges Legrain. Other attestations include a block from El-Tod and the upper-right corner of a stela discovered in 1907 by Legrain in Karnak and which is inscribed with the date II Shemu 1 of the first regnal year of Senusret IV. Finally, a lintel from Edfu and an axe-blade bearing the nomen Senusret have also been attributed to Senusret IV based on stylistic considerations. In the case of the axe blade, however, some have attributed it to Senusret I.

## Manazarta
Mai son kai

**Amanitore**, wanda kuma aka rubuta **Amanitere** ko **Amanitare**,  ta kasance sarauniya mai mulkin masarautar Kush, tana mulki daga Meroë a tsakiyar karni na farko AZ.  Ta yi mulki tare da danta, Natakamani .  Sarautar Amanitore da Natakamani lokaci ne da aka tabbatar da shi kuma da alama lokaci ne mai wadata.   Wataƙila sun yi zamani da Sarkin Roma Nero . 

## Rayuwa
An san Amanitore da Natakamani daga kaburburansu da kuma daga abubuwan tarihi masu yawa inda aka kwatanta su biyu tare. Tsofaffin malamai sun ɗauka cewa Amanitore matar Natakamani ce, ko da yake yanzu an ɗauka cewa sun kasance uwa da ɗa; wani tsohon rubutu da aka samu a Haikali na Dakka ya nuna cewa Amanitore mahaifiyar Natakamani ce. 

A lokacin mulkinsu, Natakamani ne kawai aka ba wa suna a sarari a matsayin mai mulki ( *qore* ), tare da Amanitore ana yi masa lakabi da *[[kandake]]* kawai (consort/ mother).  Duk da haka an kwatanta su a fili a matsayin masu mulki tare da iko daidai da cewa an nuna su duka tare da kayan ado da tufafi na sarakuna.  Natakamani ko Amanitore ba a taba shaida cewa sun yi mulki da kansu ba tare da dayan ba.  An binne Amanitore a cikin dala nata a Meroë, Beg. N 1.  Kabarin yana da murabba'i kusan mita shida a gindinsa, kuma ba dala ba a ma'anar lissafi.
Gidan sarautar Amanitore yana Gebel Barkal a Sudan ta zamani, wanda yanzu ya zama wurin tarihi na UNESCO . Yankin mulkinta yana tsakanin kogin Nilu da kogin Atbara . 

An ba da shaidar sarakunan sarauta guda uku a cikin sarautar Amanitore da Natakamani: Arikhankharer, Arikakahtani, da Shorkaror .  Dukansu Arikhankharer da Arikakahtani an yi imanin sun riga sun rasu Natakamani da Amanitore tunda Shorkaror kaɗai aka tabbatar ya zama sarki. Ba a san dangantakar iyali tsakanin sarakunan da Natakamani da Amanitore ba.  Amanitore da Natakamani na iya dogara da matsayinsu na tsawon lokaci Amanikhabale ya rigaye . Shorkaror ne ya gaje su. 

## Ayyukan gine-gine
Amanitore yana cikin manyan magina Kush na ƙarshe. Ta shiga cikin maido da babban haikali na Amun a Meroë da haikalin Amun a Napata bayan Romawa sun rushe shi. Haka kuma an gina tafkunan ruwa a Meroë a lokacin mulkinta.  Sarakunan biyu kuma sun gina gidajen ibadar Amun a Naqa da Amara .

Yawan ginin da aka kammala a tsakiyar ƙarni na farko yana nuna cewa wannan shi ne lokaci mafi wadata a tarihin Meroitic.  An gina fiye da dala dari biyu na Nubian, mafi yawan ganima a zamanin da.
Fayil:Amanitore.jpg|alt=Queen Amanitore quashing her enemies|Sarauniya Amanitore tana fatattakar abokan gabanta
Fayil:Amanitore_pyramid.jpg|alt=Pyramid of Amanitore in Meroë|Pyramid na Amanitore a Meroë
Fayil:Nubia_pyramids1.JPG|alt=Pyramids built in Meroë differed significantly from those of the Ancient Egyptians| Dalada aka gina a Meroë sun mamaye sosai da na Masarawa Tsohuwar


## Sabon Alkawari
Amanitore na iya zama *kandake* da aka ambata a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki a cikin labarin juyin da Bahabashe ya yi a *Ayyukan Manzanni* 8:26–40: 

## Magana

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Tsaunin Everest

**Tsaunin Everest** shine mafi tsawo daga cikin tsaunuka mafiya tsayi a duniya, yana da tsawon mita 8,849 (ƙafa 29,032) sama da matakin teku. Wannan tsauni yana cikin tsaunukan Himalaya, wanda ke kan iyakar ƙasar Nepal da Tibet (wani yanki na kasar China). A cikin harshen Tibet, tsaunin yana da suna "Chomolungma," wanda ke nufin "Uwar Duniya," yayin da a cikin Nepal suna kiransa "Sagarmatha," wanda ke nufin "Sama Mai Girma."

An fara auna tsayin Tsaunin Everest a shekarar 1856, lokacin da wani masanin ilmin taswira dan Birtaniya mai suna Sir George Everest ya yi taswirarsa, daga nan ne tsaunin ya samu sunansa. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wuri mai jan hankalin masu hawa tsaunuka daga ko'ina a duniya, amma yana da haɗari saboda matsalolin iska mai ƙasa, yanayi mai tsanani, da kuma matsalolin haɗari kamar dusar ƙanƙara mai faɗuwa.

Hawa Tsaunin Everest ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba, akwai buƙatar shiri na musamman, horo da kayan aiki. Duk da haka, yawancin masu sha'awar hawa tsauni sun kasance suna yin ƙoƙarin cimma wannan burin. Sir Edmund Hillary daga New Zealand da Tenzing Norgay, wani dan Nepal, su ne mutane na farko da suka hau saman Tsaunin a ranar 29 ga Mayu, 1953.

## Manazarta
Kau da Bautan Bayi

**Kawo karshen Bautan Bayi** wato **Abolitionism**, ko kuma Kungiyar kau da bautan bayi, wani yunkuri ne don kawo karshen Bautar da bayi  don kuma 'yantar da bayi a duniya.

Kasa ta farko da ta haramta bautar da bayi ita ce Faransa a cikin 1315, amma sai daga baya aka yi amfani da hakan kasashen da take mulka. A karkashin ayyukan Toyotomi Hideyoshi, an soke bautar da dangi a duk faɗin Japan tun 1590, kodayake an yi amfani da wasu nau'ikan aikin tilas a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Kasa ta farko kuma ita kadai da ta 'yantar da kanta daga bautawar ita ce tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Faransa, Haiti, sakamakon Juyin Juya Halin 1791-1804. Yunkurin kawar da bautarwa na Burtaniya ya fara ne a ƙarshen karni na 18, kuma Shari'ar Somersett ta 1772 ta tabbatar da cewa bautar ba ta wanzu a cikin dokar Ingilishi. A cikin 1807, an haramta cinikin bayi a duk faɗin Daular Burtaniya, kodayake ba a 'yantar da bayi da ke cikin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya ba har sai Dokar kawar da bautar a cikin 1833. Vermont ita ce jiha ta farko a Amurka da ta soke bautar a shekara ta 1777. A shekara ta 1804, sauran jihohin arewa sun soke bautar amma ta kasance doka a jihohin kudanci. A shekara ta 1808, Amurka ta haramta shigo da bayi amma ba ta haramta bautar ba - sai dai a matsayin horo - har zuwa 1865.

## Manazarta
Bashir Adewale Adeniyi

**Alhaji Bashir Adewale Adeniyi** (MFR) shi ne Kwanturola Janar na Hukumar Kwastam ta Najeriya. Tsohon shugaban ƙasa Muhammadu Buhari ne ya karrama shi da lambar girmamawa ta ƙasa ta Memba na Jamhuriyyar Tarayya (MFR) a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2022.

## Aiki

Adeniyi ya shiga ma’aikatar kwastam ta Najeriya, ya zama mataimakin kwanturolan kwastam a shekarar 2012, sannan ya riƙe muƙamin jami’in hulɗa da jama’a na hukumar a ƙasa baki ɗaya (Hedikwatar Abuja) da sauran ayyuka.

An naɗa shi Kwanturolan Kwastam a watan Afrilun 2017, daga baya  an sake naɗa shi a matsayin mataimakin kwamandan hukumar kwastam da ma'aikatan kwalejin Gwagwalada, Abuja.

Adeniyi ya zama Mataimakin Kwanturola Janar a watan Fabrairun 2020, kuma ya sa ido a kan kama wasu kuɗaɗe da suka kai dalar Amurka miliyan 8.07 da ake fitsrwa daga Najeriya ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ta hanyar E-Wing na kwalta na filin jirgin sama na kasa da kasa.
A watan Janairun 2023, ya zama Muƙaddashin Mataimakin Kwanturola-Janar na Hukumar Kwastam ta Najeriya (NCS) sannan kuma a watan Yunin 2023, Shugaba Bola Ahmed Tinubu ya naɗa shi muƙaddashin Kwanturola Janar na Hukumar Kwastam ta Najeriya (NCS).

## Manazarta