Nauyi na gama-gari amma masu bambamci

**Nauyi na gama-gari Amma masu Bambanci (CBDR)** wani tsari ne wanda aka tsara a cikin Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Sauyin yanayi ne na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNFCCC) na Taron Duniya a Rio de Janeiro, a 1992. An ambaci ka'idar CBDR a cikin labarin UNFCCC na 3 a sakin layi na 1..,  da labari na 4 a sakin layi na 1. Ita ce shirin shari'a na farko na duniya don magance sauyin yanayi da kuma mafi girman yunƙuri na ƙasashe don magance munanan tsarin ga muhallin yankunan duniya.  Tsarin CBDR ta yarda cewa duk jihohi su yi tarayya da alhakin magance lalata muhalli, amma ya musanta alhakin duk jihohi game da kare muhalli.

A taron baje kolin Duniya, jihohi sun amince da bambancin ci gaban tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashe da suka cigaba da kuma masu tasowa. An ci gaba da haɓaka masana'antu a ƙasashen da suka ci gaba da wuri fiye da yadda ake yi a ƙasashe masu tasowa. CBDR ya dogara ne akan dangantaka tsakanin masana'antu da canjin yanayi. Duk kasar da ke da cigaba a fannin sarrafe-sarrafe da masana'antu, suna kara taimakawa a wajen jawo sauyin yanayi. Kasashen sun amince da matsaya kan cewa kasashen da suka ci gaba sunfi ba da gudummawa sosai wajen lalata muhallin duniya kuma ya kamata sufi daukan nauyin kan hanyoyin daƙile sauyin yanayi fiye da sauran kasashe masu tasowa. Don haka ana iya cewa ka'idojin CBDR ta dogara ne akan ka'idar  "polluter-pays principle" (wato wadanda sukafi gurbata muhalli zasu dauki nauyin kula da muhallin)  a yayin da aka kafa tarihi akan gudummuwa akan sauyin yanayi da kuma kawo ƙarshen sauyin yanayin kuma ya zamo cikin ka'idojin kiyaye muhalli don tsaftace muhalli na duniya. 

Manufar shirin CBDR ta samo asali ne daga ra'ayin "damuwa na gama gari (*common concern*)" a cikin Yarjejeniya don Ƙaddamar da Hukumar Tuna ta Tsakanin Amurka na 1949  da kuma shirin abubuwan gado na mutanen duniya wato *common heritage of mankind* a cikin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Teku, 1982.  1] 

## Manufofi
Gabaɗaya akwai manufofi guda uku na tsarin kula daban-daban; 1-don samar da daidaito mai ma'ana a cikin tsarin tabbatar da adalci, 

2-samar da hadin kai tsakanin kasashe, 

3-da kuma samar da kwarin gwiwa ga kasshe don aiwatar da ayyukansu. 

A wajen taron baje kolin Duniya, an kafa ka'idar CBDR don fadakar da duniya cewa gurbatar yanayi ya ketare iyakokin siyasa kuma ya kamata a kare muhalli ta hanyar hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashe. UNFCCC 1992, Mataki na 3 sakin layi na 1, “Ya kamata jam’iyyu (kasashen da suka ci gaba) su kare tsarin lafiyayyen yanayi don amfanin al’ummar duniya na yanzu da masu zuwa, dangane ga daidaito da kuma daidai da nauyin da ya rataya a wuyansu da kuma bambancin ra’ayi da ikon su. Don haka ya kamata jam’iyyun kasashen da suka ci gaba su ja gaba wajen yakar sauyin yanayi da illolinsa.” 

## Asali: bayanan kula daban-daban
CBDR ba ita bace farkon hanyar kula da muhalli na ƙasashe daban-daban ba na yarjejeniyar duniya ba. Akwai wasu ƙa'idodi da yarjejeniyoyin da suka yi amfani da ƙa'idajin kula da muhalli daban-daban:

* Yarjejeniyar Montreal akan Abubuwan da ke tarwatsa Sararin Ozone (Ka'idar Montreal)
* Yarjejeniyar sojin Ruwa (Naval) na Washington
* Sashe na IV na Babban Yarjejeniyar Kan Tariffs da Ciniki (GATT) 1979 
* Ka'ida ta 23 na Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli na shekara ta 1972

## Soke-soke
Todd Stern, jakadan Amurka na musamman kan lamurran sauyin yanayi na lokacin, ya fada a jawabinsa na farko a bikin yaye daliban Dartmouth na 2012 cewa duniya ba za ta iya samun nau'i biyu na kasashe daban-daban da ke da alhakin rage sauyin yanayi ba. A maimakon haka ya kamata ƙasashe su bi hanyoyi daban daban na ci gaba, inda ake buƙatar kashe su yi aiki gwargwadon karfinsu kan sauyin yanayi, dangane da nauyin da ke kansu. Ya kuma jaddada cewa kowacce kasa ta dauki nauyin rage fitar da iskar Carbon a maimakon sanya nauyin akan wasu kasashe tsiraru wajen dauki nauyin rage yawan iskar.

Stone yayi jayayya da cewa ma'anar kalmar 'kasashe na daban' na iya zama matsala kamar yadda kowace yarjejeniya take bambantawa. Ya kuma ce CBDR "ba ta duka duniya bace kuma ba abin koyi bace ga sauran kasashe." 

Cullet yayi nuni tare da cewa CBDR, yana iya zama abu mai wahala a tantance kasancewar takamaiman ƙa'ida da ta dace. 

Rajmani ya ce kasashe masu tasowa za su sami karancin fa'ida tattalin arziki saboda ba za su fuskanci takunkumi irin na kasashen da suka ci gaba ba. Yarjejeniya kan sauyin yanayi ba zai taba yin tasiri ba ba tare da sa kasancewar kasashe masu tasowa ba acikin shirin. Amurka ta ba da shawarar cewa kasashe masu tasowa ba sa yin abin da ya dace don gamsar da rabonsu na 'alhaki na gama-gari akan matsalolin canjin yanayi ba. Kasashe masu tasowa, suna jayayya cewa iskar carbon da suke fitarwa yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwarsu, yayin da na ƙasashen da suka ci gaba ke zama 'suna saki ne saboda kayan shakatawa da alatu'. 

## Manazarta