Tsaron abinci a Malawi

Malawi na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi ƙarancin ci gaba a duniya kuma tana matsayi na 170 cikin ƙasashe 187 bisa ga ƙididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta shekarar 2010.  Tana da kusan mutane miliyan 16, 53% na waɗanda ke rayuwa ƙarƙashin layin talauci na ƙasa, kuma 90% waɗanda ke rayuwa a ƙasa da dala 2 kowace rana.  Asusun kula da yara na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNI CEF) ya ƙiyasta cewa akwai yara 46,000 da ke fama da matsananciyar rashin abinci mai gina jiki . 

A cikin shekarar 2002, an yi yunwa sosai a Malawi tare da ƙiyasin mutuwar daga 300 zuwa 3,000, a cewar ActionAid .  Kashi 85 na tushen samun kuɗin shiga na Malawi yana fitowa ne daga noma, alkama da dankalin turawa su ne farkon amfanin gona da ake nomawa.  Don haka, lokacin da IMF ta bayar da rahoton cewa noman masara na shekarar 2000/2001 ya ragu daga miliyan 2.5 zuwa metric ton miliyan 1.7, abin da ya kuma haifar da gibin ƙasa na metric ton 273,000, yawancin abin ya shafa.  A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2002, gwamnatin Malawi ta ba da sanarwar cewa an sami matsalar abinci ta gaggawa kuma ƙasar tana cikin wani yanayi na bala’i.  Girbin girbi a ƙarshen rabin shekarar 2002 ya rage munin yunwar, amma a cikin shekarar 2005, fari ya haifar da matsalar abinci .  A ranar 15 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2005, gwamnati, karkashin jagorancin shugaba Bingu wa Mutharika, ta ayyana bala'i na kasa .  Tun daga lokacin da Malawi ta murmure daga rikicin na shekarar 2005, amma a halin yanzu tana fuskantar sabon karancin abinci .  [ yana buƙatar sabuntawa ]

An sami rikice-rikicen abinci da suka biyo baya a cikin shekarar 2012 da shekarar 2015, wanda yawancin abubuwan da suka taimaka zuwa shekarar 2002 har yanzu suna nan, duk da haka matsanancin fari da ambaliya ya tsananta. A shekarar 2012, matsalar abinci ta faru ne saboda ƙarancin ruwan sama wanda ya shafi girbin masara na shekarun da suka haɗa da hauhawar farashin kaya saboda faɗuwar darajar kwacha.  Bayan yanayi ya fara inganta a cikin shekarar 2014, shekara ta gaba ta ga matsanancin fari da ambaliyar ruwa. Hakan ya haifar da wani matsalar ƙarancin abinci a shekarar 2015 kuma shugaban Ƙasar ya ayyana dokar ta baci. 

A yau, ana aiwatar da shirye-shirye da yawa a Malawi don magance rashin zaman lafiya, talauci da rarrabuwar kawuna dangane da tattalin arziki da noma. 

## Tarihi 1970-2010
Masanan sun gano matsalar ƙarancin abinci da Malawi ta fuskanta a shekarun 1991 da shekarar 1992, lokacin da fari a kudancin Afirka ya yi matukar rage noman masara a Malawi. Farashin masara ya tashi: farashin masara, wanda shi ne kashi 54% na matsakaicin adadin kuzari ga mutanen Malawi,  ya kusan ruɓanya tsakanin shekarar 1992 zuwa shekarar 1993.  Duk da cewa an samu rarar masara a shekarar 1993 saboda ingantaccen ruwan sama da kuma tallafin irin nau’in masara da takin zamani da gwamnati ta ba su, amma cin abinci bai ƙaru ba saboda yadda mutane ke cin abinci da yadda suke jurewa lokacin yunwa. 

Wata hukumar gwamnati AMARC ce ke kula da saye da sayar da amfanin gona da taki na masu ƙaramin ƙarfi kafin shekarar 1998.  Cin hanci da rashawa da kuma neman hayar a cikin hukumar ne ya sa ta riƙa cin gajiyar ƙananan manoma tare da gurbata farashin hatsi.  Lokacin da farashin taba ya faɗi a shekara ta 1985, AMARC ta kusan faɗuwa. Domin samun lamuni daga bankin duniya, ADMARC ya zama wani kamfani mai zaman kansa kuma ya kawar da tallafin taki a shekarar 1988/1989.  Rashin iya samar da taki da iri ga AMARC ga ƙananan manoma shi ma ya taimaka wajen matsalar abinci a shekarar 1992. 

Tun daga wannan lokacin, fari da ambaliyar ruwa na ci gaba da shafar Malawi.  Tsakanin shekarar 1990 da shekarar  2006, akwai bala'o'i 33 da suka shafi yanayi, haɓaka daga 7 da suka faru tsakanin 1970 da shekarar 1989, bisa ga ActionAid .  Tattalin arzikin Malawi yana da yawan noma; yawancin mutane suna rayuwa a kan girbin su kuma suna sayar da abin da ya wuce don samun ɗan ƙaramin kuɗi.  Yawan adadin da kuma ƙaruwar tsananin fari da ambaliya tun daga shekarar 1990 ya shafi yawancin al'ummar ƙasar - manoma ba su da ikon daidaitawa ko murmurewa daga bala'o'i, wanda hakan ya sa su zama masu rauni ga abubuwan da ke faruwa a nan gaba, kuma yanayin talauci da yunwa ya kara tsananta.  Daga farkon shekarun 1970 zuwa 1994, gwamnati ta ba da tallafin noman masara. Lokacin da gwamnati ta dakatar da wannan shirin saboda tsadar da za a iya tallafawa, noman masara ya faɗi kuma farashin ya sake karuwa. 

## Abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa

### Siyasa
Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1964, Malawi ta kasance ƙarƙashin shugabancin Hastings Banda .  Ko da yake jama'a na da 'yancin kaɗa kuri'a, Malawi ƙasa ce mai jam'iyya ɗaya, kuma Banda shi ne shugaban jam'iyyar Malawi Congress Party (MCP), jam'iyya daya tilo da ake da ita a lokacin.  Don haka Banda yana da ikon mulkin kama-karya, kuma an yi ta take hakkin ɗan Adam da dama a lokacin mulkinsa kamar kashe-kashen masu adawa da siyasa.  Sai a shekarar 1993 lokacin da mutane suka zaɓi jam'iyyu da yawa aka zabi Banda da MCP daga mulki.  An kafa sabon kundin tsarin mulki a shekarar 1995, wanda ya samar da gwamnati mai zartarwa, majalisar dokoki, da ɓangaren shari'a.  A cikin shekarar 1998, a ƙarƙashin mulkin dimokuraɗiyya na Bakili Muluzi, gwamnati ta kafa Hukumar Kula da Abinci ta Ƙasa (NFRA) don sarrafa dabarun adana hatsi a cikin agajin bala'i. Hukumar ta NFRA, hukuma ce mallakar gwamnati tare da kwamitin amintattu da gwamnatin Malawi ta naɗa, kuma tana gudanar da ba wai kawai ajiyar hatsi ta zahiri ba, har ma da kuɗaɗe da shigo da kayayyaki da fitar da kayayyaki da ke tattare da ajiyar. 

Duk da haka, cikin sauri NFRA ta ci bashin 1 biliyan 1 na Malawi kwacha (MK) saboda yawan kuɗin ruwa na 56% wanda ta sayi masara metric ton 165,000, a cewar IMF .  A shekara ta 2001, Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF) ya ba da shawarar cewa gwamnati ta sayar da ajiyar hatsi saboda girbi ya yi yawa a shekara ta shekarar 2000. Da alama ba a yi amfani da irin wannan babban tanadi ba, kuma hatsin da kansa ya ruɓe. Shawarar ta IMF ta kuma zo ne a sakamakon wani bincike na shekarar 2000 da Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta bukaci a yi wanda ya nuna cewa metric ton 30,000-60,000 na masara ne kawai zai zama wajibi don tallafa wa ƙasar a cikin wani bala'i.  Kula da irin wannan nau'in masara mai yawa yana da tsada, kuma binciken ya ba da shawarar samar da ingantattun dabarun shigo da kayayyaki a cikin matsalar ƙarancin abinci da ba zato ba tsammani.  NFRA ta bi shawarar IMF kuma ta sayar da mafi yawan ajiyar ta ga Kenya da Mozambik inda ta rage ajiyar ta daga metric ton 165,000 na masara zuwa 60,000.    Ɗaya daga cikin ra'ayoyin da suka shahara game da musabbabin matsalar ƙarancin abinci, a cewar rahoton ActionAid na shekara ta 2002, shi ne cewa matsalar abinci ta kasance a wani ɓangare sakamakon shawarar da IMF ta bayar na sayar da ajiyar hatsi.  Koyaya, IMF da ActionAid sun gane cewa hatsin ya tsufa kuma yana da tsada don adanawa, kuma a lokacin, yana da ma'ana don ba da shawarar NFRA don siyarwa. 

A shekara ta 2002, lokacin da yunwa ta fi ƙamari, ajiyar hatsi ya ƙare, kuma gwamnati ba ta da wani ƙarin kayan aiki. Lamarin ya ƙara ta'azzara saboda rashin shiri da gwamnati ta yi na cike ma'adanan ajiyar kamar yadda ake amfani da su.  Bugu da ƙari, ƴan kasuwa masu zaman kansu sun sayi yawancin ajiyar hatsi, kuma suna sake sayar da shi akan farashi mai yawa lokacin da abinci ya yi ƙaranci a shekarar 2001.  Gwamnati ta fara shigo da masara daga ƙasashe makwabta da ƙasashen waje, amma masara ta yi tafiyar hawainiya.  Tun daga cunkoson tituna zuwa manyan motocin da ba su da inganci da cunkoson ababen hawa, akwai matsalolin sufuri iri-iri da ke kawo tsaikon zuwan kayan abinci.  Bugu da ƙari, rashin kyakyawar alaka da wasu ƙasashe masu ba da taimako ya sa su yi jinkirin mayar da martani; da yawa sun yi shakkun hannun IMF wajen rage dabarun sarrafa hatsi, wasu kuma sun yi kaffa-kaffa da cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati. 

Bugu da ƙari kuma, manufofin da ake da su na yanzu don magance matsalar abinci ba su wadatar ba. Manufofin Malawi na kula da bala'i, da ake kira National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), ba sa la'akari da jinsi da lafiya, kawai noma da muhalli.  Yawancin bala'o'i da kula da sauyin yanayi suna faruwa ne a matakin ƙasa, kuma ba duk manufofi da ayyuka ke rugujewa ga al'ummomin gida ba; Shugabannin gundumomi a Nsanje da Salima ba su san cewa NAPA ta wanzu ba lokacin da aka tambaye su a shekarar 2006. 

## Manazarta


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* Kwamitin Kula da Lalacewar Malawi (MVAC). "Sabuwar Oktoba 2012, Bulletin No. 8 Juzu'i na 2." 2012. Lilongwe: Gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Malawi. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Full%20Report_1125.pdf
* "Rikicin Abinci na Afirka: Burtaniya ta yi alkawarin E35m ga Malawi da Zimbabwe." Yuli 11, 2013. Labaran BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-23276632
* Musa, Madalitso. "Babu masara a ma'ajiyar Admarc ta Malawi." Satumba 30, 2013. Bnl Times. https://web.archive.org/web/20150316233943/http://timesmediamw.com/no-maize-in-malawis-admarc-depots/
* "Tashin Kiwon Lafiya a Malawi." HUKUMAR LAFIYA TA DUNIYA. An dawo da 13 Afrilu 2014. www.who.int/disasters/repo/7958.doc
* "Moving Windmills Project," Moving Windmills Project, isa 13 Fabrairu 2014, http://www.movingwindmills.org/
* Kamkwamba, William. "William Kamkwamba: Yaron Da Ya Yi Amfani da Iska | Game da." An shiga 30 Maris 2014. http://williamkamkwamba.typepad.com/about.html
* "Matsalar karancin abinci a Malawi." ActAlliance. 20 Yuli 2012. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Alert%2025_2012_Looming%20food%20crisis_Malawi.pdf

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* UNICEF: Rikicin abinci a Malawi ya haɗa da HIV/AIDS  Archived