Mingo

**Mingo** rukuni ne na  kabilan  Iroquoian na 'yan asalin Amurka, da waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa yamma daga New York zuwa Ƙasar Ohio a tsakiyar karni na 18, da zuriyarsu. Wasu wadanda suka tsira daga yaqin  Susquehannock sun shiga tare da su, kuma sun daidaita. Anglo-Americans sun kira wadannan baƙi *Mingo*, cin hanci da rashawa na , sunan Algonquian na Gabas ga kungiyoyin yaren Iroquoian gabaɗaya. An kuma kira Mingo "Ohio Iroquois" da "Ohio Seneca dan sunyi sulhu ".

An tilasta wa mafi yawansu ƙaura daga Ohio zuwa Yankin Indiya a farkon shekarun 1830 a ƙarƙashin shirin cire Indiya na tarayya. A farkon karni na 20, sun rasa iko da ƙasashen al'umma lokacin da aka ba da dukiya ga kowane gida a cikin Ƙoƙarin daidaitawa na gwamnati da ke da alaƙa da Dokar Dawes (1887) da kuma kashe ikirarin Indiya don shirya don shigarwa da Oklahoma a matsayin jihar (1907).

A cikin shekarun 1930, zuriyar Mingo sun sake tsarawa a matsayin kabila mai cin gashin kanta. Gwamnatin tarayya ta amince da su a 1937 a matsayin kabilar Seneca-Cayuga ta Oklahoma .

## Tarihi

Ma'anar sunan Mingo ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Delaware (Lenape),  ko *Minque*, kamar yadda aka daidaita daga yarensu na Algonquian, ma'ana "mai ɓoye". A cikin karni na 17, an yi amfani da kalmomin Minqua ko Minquaa don nunawa ga kasashe biyar na Iroquois League da Susquehannock, wasu mutanen da ke magana da Iroquoian. 

Mingo suna da mummunar suna kuma wani lokacin ana kiransu "Blue Mingo" ko "Black Mingo" saboda mummunar ayyukansu. Mutanen da aka fi sani da Mingo sun yi ƙaura zuwa Ƙasar Ohio tare da kogi a tsakiyar karni na sha takwas, wani ɓangare na motsi na kabilun 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka daban-daban daga matsin lamba na Turai zuwa yankin da ba a yawan jama'a ba shekaru da yawa amma ana sarrafa shi azaman filin farauta ta Iroquois League of the Five Nations. "Yaren Mingo" wanda ya mamaye kwarin Ohio daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 zuwa farkon ƙarni na 18 an dauke shi bambancin da ya fi kama da Harshen Seneca.

Bayan Yaƙin Faransanci da Indiya (1754-1763), an ci Faransa kuma ta ba da ƙasashenta a gabashin Kogin Mississippi ga Burtaniya. Mutane da yawa na Cayuga na Kasashe biyar sun koma Ohio, inda Birtaniya ta ba su ajiya a gefen Kogin Sandusky. Shawnee mai magana da harshen Algonquian na Ohio da sauran ƙungiyar Mingo sun haɗu da su a can. Garuruwarsu sun karu da haɗuwa da Seneca, Wyandot, da Susquehannock masu magana da Iroquoian; Tutelo mai magana da harshen Siouan da Shawnee da 'yan gudun hijirar Delaware.

Kodayake Iroquois Confederacy ta yi ikirarin haƙƙin farauta da ikon mallakar yawancin Kogin Ohio tun daga ƙarshen karni na 17, waɗannan mutane a Ohio sun ci gaba da aiki da kansu. Lokacin da Pontiac's Rebellion ya ɓarke a shekara ta 1763 a kan Birtaniya a ƙarshen Yaƙin Faransa da Indiya, yawancin Mingo sun shiga tare da wasu kabilun a ƙoƙarin fitar da Birtaniya daga ƙasar Ohio. A wannan lokacin, yawancin kasashe shida na Iroquois da ke zaune a New York (waɗanda suka ƙidaya shida, kamar yadda Tuscarora ya haɗu da su daga Kudu game da 1722) suna da alaƙa da Burtaniya saboda cinikin gashin kansu mai riba. Guyasuta (c. 1725-c. 1794), shugaban Mingo-Seneca, yana ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin Pontiac's War .

Wani sanannen shugaban Mingo shine Cif Logan (c. 1723-1780), wanda ke da kyakkyawar dangantaka da maƙwabta fararen mazauna. Ba shugaban yaƙi ba ne, amma shugaban ƙauye ne. A shekara ta 1774, yayin da tashin hankali tsakanin fararen fata da Indiyawa ke tashi saboda jerin rikice-rikicen tashin hankali, ƙungiyar fararen masu laifi sun kashe iyalinsa. Shugabannin yankin sun ba da shawara kan kamewa, amma sun amince da haƙƙinsa na fansa. Ya gudanar da jerin hare-hare kan fararen mazauna tare da mabiya da yawa, ba dukansu Mingo ba ne.

Logan bai shiga cikin yakin Lord Dunmore ba. Wataƙila bai kasance a Yaƙin Point Pleasant ba. Maimakon shiga cikin taron zaman lafiya, ya bayyana ra'ayinsa game da mamayewar da Turawa suka yi a cikin "Logan's Lament". An buga jawabinsa kuma an rarraba shi ko'ina. Yana daya daga cikin sanannun misalai na maganganun 'Yan asalin Amurka.

A shekara ta 1830, Mingo suna bunƙasa a yammacin Ohio, inda suka inganta gonakin su kuma suka kafa makarantu da sauran cibiyoyin jama'a. Bayan Amurka ta zartar da Dokar Cire Indiya a wannan shekarar, gwamnati ta matsa wa Mingo su sayar da ƙasashensu kuma su yi ƙaura a yammacin Kogin Mississippi zuwa Kansas, wanda suka yi a 1832. A Kansas, Mingo sun shiga wasu ƙungiyoyin Seneca da Cayuga, kuma kabilun sun raba Neosho Reservation.

A cikin 1869, bayan Yaƙin basasar Amurka, gwamnatin Amurka ta matsawa don cire Indiya daga waɗannan kabilun daga Kansas zuwa Yankin Indiya (Oklahoma ta yanzu). Ƙabilun uku sun koma yankin Ottawa na yanzu, Oklahoma. A shekara ta 1881, ƙungiyar Cayuga daga Kanada ta shiga Seneca a yankin Indiya. A cikin 1902, shekaru da yawa kafin a shigar da Yankin Oklahoma a matsayin jiha, mambobi 372 na kabilar hadin gwiwa sun sami rabon ƙasa na mutum a ƙarƙashin shirin tarayya don kashe mallakar ƙasar kabilanci don a iya zama jiha, da kuma ƙarfafa daidaitawa da tsarin Turai-Amurka. Wannan ya haifar da asarar ƙasashensu a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya.

A shekara ta 1937 bayan da aka zartar da Dokar Kula da Lafiyar Indiya ta Oklahoma, zuriyar waɗannan kabilun sun sake tsarawa don sake kafa mulkin kai. Sun bayyana a matsayin kabilar Seneca-Cayuga ta Oklahoma kuma sun zama sanannun tarayya. 

A yau, ƙabilar ta ƙidaya fiye da mambobi 5,000. Sun ci gaba da kula da alaƙar al'adu da addini ga Al'ummai shida na Iroquois, waɗanda aka kafa su da yawa a Ontario, Kanada tun bayan Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka. A wannan lokacin, Burtaniya ta ba da yankinta a kudancin Great Lakes da gabashin Kogin Mississippi ga sabbin jihohin Amurka masu zaman kansu, gami da yawancin ƙasashen da Iroquois ke sarrafawa a New York da Pennsylvania. Wasu daga cikin Kasashe shida kuma suna da ƙungiyoyi tare da ajiya a Jihar New York, asalin ƙasarsu. A Amurka, an san waɗannan gwamnatoci a matsayin kabilun daban-daban.

## A cikin al'adun gargajiya
*Logan* da Mingo a cikin lokacin da ya biyo bayan Yaƙin Ubangiji Dunmore an nuna su sosai a cikin littafin Gothic Logan (1822) na John Neal .  Ana iya karanta labarin a matsayin bayar da tuhuma na mulkin mallaka na Amurka  ta hanyar nuna kisan kare dangi na asali a matsayin tsakiya ga labarin Amurka. 

## Bayani