Robert W. Allard

**Robert Wayne Allard** (Satumba 3, 1919 - Maris 25, 2003) ƙwararren masanin kimiyyar halittar tsirrai ne na Amurka kuma masanin kimiyyar halittar tsirrai wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana kimiyyar halittar tsirrai na ƙarni na 20.  Allard ya zama shugaban sashen ilimin halittar kwayoyin halitta a Jami'ar California, Davis a 1967; an zaɓe shi zuwa Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa a 1973, kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta DeKalb - Pfizer Distinguished Career Award da lambar yabo ta Kimiyyar Noma ta Amurka . An karrama shi a matsayin Malamin Nilsson-Ehle na Mendelian Society of Sweden da kuma malamin Wilhelmine Key na Ƙungiyar Halittar Kwayoyin Halitta ta Amurka . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ƙungiyar Halittar Kwayoyin Halitta ta Amurka, Ƙungiyar Halittar Kwayoyin Halitta ta Amurka da Ƙungiyar Masana Halittar Halitta ta Amurka. 

A matsayinsa na shugaban sashen ilimin kwayoyin halitta a UC Davis, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kawo Theodosius Dobzhansky da Francisco J. Ayala zuwa sashen ilimin kwayoyin halitta a farkon shekarun 1970. Tare da G. Ledyard Stebbins a can ma, sashen ya zama fitacce a fannin juyin halittar tsirrai da dabbobi. Ya horar da daliban digiri na uku 56 da kuma daliban digiri na biyu sama da 100 a tsawon aikinsa.

## Ilimi

Allard ya shiga UC Davis a matsayin dalibin digiri na farko a shekarar 1937, kuma ya halarci Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison don horon digiri na biyu. Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ya katse aikinsa na PhD, inda ya shiga binciken yaƙin halittu. Bayan Yaƙin ya koma UW Madison don kare takardar shaidar digirinsa ta PhD kan ilimin halittar alkama .  

## Aiki da bincike na farko
Ya shiga jami'ar UC Davis a shekarar 1946, inda aka ɗauke shi aiki a matsayin mai kiwon shuke-shuke a sashen noma. Ya yi aiki a kan haɓaka nau'ikan wake na lima, ban da nazarin gadon nau'ikan nau'ikan iri da kuma asalin kwayoyin halittar wannan shuka.  Ya kuma yi aiki a kan cututtukan alkama. 

A shekarun 1950, ya kuma fara yin bincike a fannin ilmin kwayoyin halitta,  kuma a shekarun 1960 ya faɗaɗa amfani da tsire-tsire na gwaji har ya haɗa da sha'ir .  

Bugu da ƙari, a wannan lokacin ya buga wataƙila mafi mahimmancin littafinsa, littafin 1960 mai suna "Ka'idojin Kiwo Shuke-shuke",  wanda aka fassara zuwa harsuna 17, kuma shine babban littafin kiwo na tsirrai na akalla tsara guda. An buga bugu na biyu a shekarar 1999. 

Sha'awarsa da ke faɗaɗawa ta kai shi ga nazarin kwayoyin halittar tsirrai, wani fanni da ya kafa. Sha'awarsa ta musamman ta ta'allaka ne da kwayoyin halittar halittu masu rai, kuma ta haɗa da tsire-tsire na daji kamar *Collinsia*, *Avena barbata* da *Avena fatua* . Sha'awarsa ga nau'ikan halittu masu rai wataƙila ta samo asali ne daga hulɗarsa da Ledyard Stebbins, wanda shi ma yana UC Davis, kuma ya yi hasashen cewa yawan tsire-tsire masu rai da ke hayayyafa da daji ya kamata su kasance ba tare da bambancin kwayoyin halitta ba. A matsayinsa na mai kiwon tsirrai wanda ya yi zaɓi kan nau'ikan halittu masu rai da ke hayayyafa a cikin tsirrai da aka noma, Allard ya san cewa akwai bambancin kwayoyin halitta a cikin "layuka masu tsabta." Yana da sauƙi a ga yadda zai yi sha'awar hayayyafa nau'ikan halittu masu rai da ke hayayyafa. Kuma hakika tun daga farkon shekarun 1960 ya yi aiki tare da mutanen gwaji na alkama, sha'ir, da wake lima da kuma shuke-shuken daji *na Collinsia*, *Avena barbata*, da *Avena fatua* suna binciken batutuwa iri-iri masu mahimmanci ga kwayoyin halittar halittu masu rai da ke hayayyafa. Ya buga takardu da dama kan tasirin tsarin haɗuwa, zaɓi, hulɗar kwayoyin halitta da muhalli, rashin daidaiton haɗin gwiwa, da kuma canjin kwayoyin halitta akan bambancin kwayoyin halitta na yawan shuke-shuken da ke haifar da haihuwa.       

Tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960 har zuwa ƙarshen aikinsa, Allard da abokan aikinsa sun fi mai da hankali kan wani sabon fanni na dakin gwaje-gwajensa, na kwayoyin halittar muhalli, musamman a cikin shukar *Avena barbata* . An taimaka wa wannan aikin sosai a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 da kuma a duk faɗin shekarun 1970 da 1980 ta hanyar amfani da alamomin kwayoyin halitta da aka sani da isozymes tare da kwayoyin halitta na gargajiya da halayen alama ɗaya            [12]     da kuma ƙarin dabarun kwayoyin halitta masu ci gaba yayin da waɗannan suka samo asali a shekarun 1980 da 1990 kuma an yi amfani da su ga Avena barbata  da sauran nau'ikan halittu kamar sha'ir na daji da na noma   da bishiyoyin pine. 

Wani babban jigon aikin Allard na rayuwa shi ne nuna "haɗuwar ƙwayoyin halitta masu kyau na ƙwayoyin halitta na wurare daban-daban", ko hadaddun kwayoyin halitta masu yawa a cikin shuke-shuke na daji da na noma waɗanda aka haɗa su a cikin takamaiman wuraren zama. Don kwatanta wannan jigon, takardunsa biyu na ƙarshe sun mayar da hankali kan nau'ikan halittu guda biyu masu kiwo (siririn oat na daji *Avena barbata* da sha'ir *Hordeum vulgare* ) da nau'in halittu guda ɗaya da suka fi girma, masara ( *masarar Zea* ).  

## Manazarta