open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Cibiyar Tunawa da Kisan kiyashi ta Murambi

**Makarantar Fasaha ta Murambi**, wacce yanzu akafi sani da **Cibiyar Tunawa da Kisan kiyashi ta Murambi** , tana kusa da garin Murambi a kudancin kasar  Rwanda.

## Bayyanai
Wannan Cibiyar Tunawa da kisan kiyashin tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyi shida a Rwanda waɗanda ke tunawa da kisan kare dangi na shekarar 1994 a kan Tutsi a Rwanda . Sauran sune Cibiyar Tunawa da Kigali, Cibiyar Tunawa da Ntarama da sauransu a Cibiyar Tunawar Kisan kiyashi ta Nyamata, Cibiyar Tunawa da Bisesero da Nyarubuye . 

Wannan shi ne wajen da akayi   a lokacin kisan kiyashin Rwanda na shekarar 1994. Lokacin da kisan ya fara, Ƙabilar Tutsi a yankin sun yi ƙoƙari su ɓoye a wani coci na yankin. Ko da yake, bishop da magajin gari sun yaudare su zuwa cikin tarko ta hanyar aika su zuwa makarantar fasaha, suna da'awar cewa sojojin Faransa za su kare su a can. A ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 1994 matasan Tutsis 65,000 sun yi tafiya zuwa makarantar. Yayin da  wadanda abin ya shafa suka isa sai suka tarar ba a samar da ruwa ko abinci ba. An yi haka ne don a tabbatar da cewa mutane sun raunana sosai tayan da ba zasu iya jurewa ba. Bayan kare kansu na 'yan kwanaki ta amfani da duwatsu, an mamaye Tutsi a ranar 21 ga Afrilu.

Sojojin Faransa sunyi ɓatan-dabo kuma 'yan bindiga na Hutu Interahamwe sun kai hari makarantar. An kashe kimanin ƙabilar Tutsi 20,000 a makarantar, kuma kusan duk wadanda suka tsere an kashe su washegari lokacin da suka yi kokarin ɓoyewa a cikin cocin da ke kusa. Adadin wadanda suka mutu kusan 50,000 da gwamnati ta bayar ba su da goyon baya ga yawan gawawwakin da aka tono, har ma da la'akari da cewa har yanzu ba a bude kaburbura da gawawwakinsa da ba a binne su ba. A cewar wata manuniyar a wurin tunawa; Faransa sun kawo kayan aiki masu nauyi don haƙa ramuka da yawa inda aka sanya dubban gawawwaki acikin daga bisani  sai suka sanya kotun volleyball a kan kaburbura domin ƙoƙarin  ɓoye gaskiyar abin da ya faru. Daga cikin gawarwakin da ake nunawa a halin yanzu akwai na yara da jarirai.

Mutane 34 ne kawai aka yi zaton sun tsira daga kisan kiyashi na Murambi.

An samar da cibiyar Tunawar a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 1995. Wajen ya ƙunshi kaburbura 50,000. Ginin makarantar yanzu gidan kayan gargajiya ne na kisan kare dangi wanda ke nuna kwarangwal da gawawwakin wasu daga cikin dubban mutane da aka kashe a lardin Gikongoro a shekarar 1994. A cikin binciken shi game da cibiyar tunawa da kisan kare dangi na Rwanda, Timothy Longman ya yi iƙirarin cewa duk dayake  an gabatar da gawarwakin da aka nuna a Murambi a matsayin na mutanen da aka kashe a wurin, a zahiri gawarwakin ne da aka kawo Murambi daga ko'ina cikin yankin da ke kewayen wajen, su asalin Wadanda aka kashe a Murambi an binne su a cikin manyan kaburbura a wurin a shekarar 1996.
Tashar jirgin kasa ta Radegast

**Tashar Jirgin Radogoszcz**   Tashar Jirgin kasa ce  ta tarihi a Łódź, a ƙasar Poland. Tashar wacce asali aka gina ta tsakanin  shekarar 1926 zuwa  1937, anayi anfani da ita musamman lokacin Holocaust. Anyi  amfani da ita wajen *jigilar yahudawa* daga Łódź Ghetto zuwa  waje gwaji lokacin Operation Reinhard.  "" A n Marysin, a maƙotan birnin  yankin Bałuty.

A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, tashar jirgin kasan ta kasance a waje da Łódź Ghetto - daya daga cikin manyan mazauni na Yahudawa a Turai da ke zaune a Jamus. *Umschlagplatz* a tashar Radegast shine wurin da yawancin mazaunan Yahudawa na Łódź ciki har da dubban mutanen da aka fitar daga ko'ina cikin Poland da aka mamaye sun taru don korar kai tsaye zuwa sansanonin hallaka na Chełmno (Kulmhof) da Auschwitz. Kimanin Yahudawa 200,000 na Poland, Austrian, Jamusanci, Luxemburg da Czech, da Romawa da yawa, Sinti da Lalleri sun wuce ta tashar a kan hanyar zuwa mutuwarsu a cikin lokacin daga Janairu 16, 1942, zuwa Agusta 29, 1944. Ma'anar tattarawa tana da ma'ana iri ɗaya ga Łódź kamar yadda sanannen *Umschlagplatz* ke da shi ga Warsaw Ghetto.

## Abin Tunawa
A shekara ta 2004, bukukuwan tunawa da cika shekaru sittin da rushewar Łódź Ghetto a shekara ta 1944 da kuma tashiwar jigilar karshe daga Radegast sun haifar da kokarin canza tsohon tashar zuwa abin tunawa da Holocaust.  A ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, 2005, an kaddamar da wani abin tunawa da wadanda Yahudawa suka mutu da suka wuce tashar, bisa ga zane na Czesław Bielecki, kuma yana nuna Ramin 140-mita (460  na Deported. Ginin tashar da aka gyara yana aiki a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin bangarorin Gidan Tarihi na yancin kai na Łódź . 

## Manazarta
Tsarin Kwamfuta na Zamani na gaba

Future Generation Computer Systems wata mujallar kimiyya ce ta kowane wata da ke rufe dukkan fannoni na Injiniyan kwamfuta. Elsevier ne ya buga shi kuma Babban edita shi ne Michela Taufer (Jami'ar Tennessee). A cewar Jaridar Citation Reports, mujallar tana da tasirin tasirin 2019 na 7.187. 

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyoyin nan gaba (band)

Future Generations ƙungiyar electro indie-pop ce da ke zaune a Brooklyn, NY .

## Tarihin rayuwa
Future Generations an kafa su ne ta hanyar Eddie Gore, Eric Grossman, da Mike Sansevere, waɗanda suka sadu da makon farko na shekara ta farko a Jami'ar Fordham da ke Bronx, NY a cikin 2011,  lokacin da suka haɗu da juna ta hanyar sa'a a cikin ɗakin motsa jiki na ginin su.  Gore ya sadu da Devon Sheridan a layi don sayen tikiti don rawa a makaranta a ƙaramin shekara kuma ya nemi ya buga bass a cikin ƙungiyar. Sun dauki Dylan Wells daga tallan Craigslist a cikin 2016. A halin yanzu, dukkan mambobi biyar suna zaune tare a cikin ɗaki mai dakuna huɗu a unguwar Prospect Lefferts Gardens ta Brooklyn, NY.

Gore shine babban marubucin waƙa kuma mawaki amma duk mambobi biyar na ƙungiyar suna ba da gudummawa ga sauti, rhythms, da shirye-shirye. Quintet din sun fara kiran kansu "The Suits", amma bayan wata ƙungiyar da ke da wannan sunan ta tuntube su, sun canza sunansu zuwa Future Generations.

Gore ya sanya wasu waƙoƙin ƙungiyar a kan layi  inda lakabin, Frenchkiss Records ya gano su.  Frenchkiss ta fitar da *Polysun* EP a shekarar 2014. An saki kundi na farko mai suna Yuli 2016 .  Atwood Magazine ya kira kundin "mai daɗi a duniya" kuma ya ce, na "Stars," guda ɗaya "sautin da ke da kyau da kuma saurin sararin samaniya yana rufe zurfin ɓoyayyensa. "  Popmatters ya ce guda ɗaya "Coast" "yana tunawa da dutse mara kyau na Two Door Cinema Club da Future Generations" Frenchkiss labelmates Passion Pit. "

Tare da furodusa Justin Gerrish (Vampire Weekend, Hamilton Leithauser),  sun rubuta waƙoƙi 11 a cikin kwanaki 11  don kundi na biyu, Landscape, wanda ke mai da hankali kan jigogi na soyayya, asarar, da juriya.  Masu sukar sun karɓi kundin da kyau, tare da *Blackbook* suna lura da ƙungiyar ta "ƙaddamarwa, jituwa mai kyau da ƙugiyoyi masu kamuwa,"  Wadanda za su iya lura suna cewa suna "nuna wadataccen waƙoƙi masu ƙyama, wanda nan da nan yake samuwa ga mai sauraro a hannunsa, "  da Atwood Magazine yana kiran Landscape "Kyakkyawan, ya fahimta... da dumi, mai ban sha'awa, mai banƙyama da kuma mai ban shahara".  *PopMatters* sun kira su "ƙyama, mai banbanci mai ban shaʼawa".

## Bayanan da aka yi

* *Polysun* EP (2014) 
* *Ƙungiyoyin nan gaba* (2016) 
* Yanayi (2018) 

## Manazarta
Shirin Yakiyar Matasa

The Youth Activism Project (YAP), wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1992, kungiya ce ta kasa da kasa da ba ta jam'iyya ba wacce aka tsara "don ƙarfafa matasa suyi magana da neman mafita ta dindindin ga matsalolin da suke kula da su sosai. "  YAP tana da ayyuka daban-daban kuma tana mai da hankali kan gwagwarmayar kan layi. Da ake kira Activism 2000 Project, kungiyar tana ba da albarkatu iri-iri, horo, da kuma bayar da shawarwari don inganta aikin matasa a duniya.

## Tsarinsa
Wendy Schaetzel Lesko ita ce Shugabar Shirin Yakiyar Matasa kuma co-kafa Anika Manzoor ita ce Babban Darakta. Wannan kungiya mai zaman kanta tana karkashin jagorancin Kwamitin Daraktoci wanda ya hada da 'yan gwagwarmaya matasa biyar wadanda ke da cikakken' yancin jefa kuri'a.

## Ayyuka
Wannan gidan ba tare da jam'iyya ba yana ba da bayanai kyauta, raba albarkatu da sadarwar ga matasa waɗanda ke neman neman canjin al'umma, kamar canza hukumar makaranta ko manufofin majalisa. Horarwa da shawarwari tare da kungiyoyin manya waɗanda ke neman yin haɗin gwiwa daidai da matasa wani yanki ne na aiki. Littattafai daban-daban sun haɗa da "Matasa! Maganin 26%, "Girls Gone Activist: Yadda za a Canja Duniya ta hanyar Ilimi," da kuma "Catalyst! Shirye-shiryen da suka yi nasara don Karfafa Matasa Masu Ba da Shawara. "

Wasu daga cikin ayyukan gwagwarmayar kan layi sun haɗa da batutuwa kamar binciken da aka yi da hira don gano yadda sau da yawa matasa ke shiga cikin gwagwarmaya, da kuma batutuwa kamar sakamakon ayyukan zamantakewa na kan layi.

### Shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa
Babban shirin Matasa na Matasa ana kiransa School Girls Unite wanda aka kammala bayan shekaru 15. Wannan shirin na matasa, wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 2004, yana da surori 13 a makarantun tsakiya da sakandare na Washington, DC, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da wani rukuni na daliban makarantar sakandare da jami'a a Mali da ake kira Les Filles Unies pour l'Education . Tare wadannan 'yan gwagwarmayar Afirka da Amurka sun ba da shawara don daidaito tsakanin jinsi da ilimi na duniya. Sun tara gudummawa kuma sun ba da tallafin karatu ga 'yan mata 40 da ke zaune a cikin matsanancin talauci a Mali don halartar makaranta a ƙauyukansu. Les Filles Unies sun yi tafiye-tafiye na yau da kullun zuwa makarantu don gudanar da tarurruka tare da dattawan ƙauyen, malamai, iyaye da ƙananan ɗalibai. Wannan ilimin da matasa ke jagoranta ya kara amincinsu lokacin da wadannan matasa - wadanda ba su isa su jefa kuri'a ba - suka hadu da jami'an gwamnati kamar Ma'aikatar Ilimi a Mali da membobin Majalisa. Ci gaba da shiga tare da Kamfen na Duniya don Ilimi ya ga karuwar taimakon gwamnatin Amurka don ilimin asali ga yara a kasashe masu tasowa daga dala miliyan 400 a 2005 zuwa dala miliyan 740 a 2008.

## Sanarwa
Shirin Yakiyar Matasa ya sami amincewar ta hanyar wallafe-wallafen Masana'antar matasa kamar *Matasa A Yau*, kungiyoyin kasa ciki har da Gidauniyar Gidauniya ta Amurka da Gidajen Haske, da kuma daga tushe

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Shafin yanar gizon Yunkurin Matasa
Yin kira ga ciki

Roƙo ciki ciki tsari ne a cikin dokar Ingilishi wanda ya ba da izini ga mace a cikin matakan da suka gabata na ciki don karɓar jinkirin hukuncin kisa har sai bayan ta haifi ɗanta. Ana samun roƙon aƙalla tun farkon shekara ta 1387 kuma daga ƙarshe an yi amfani da shi ta hanyar Dokar Mutuwa (Mothers masu sa ran) ta 1931, wanda ya bayyana cewa mahaifiyar da ke sa ran za ta sauya hukuncin mutuwarta ta atomatik zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai tare da aiki tuƙuru.

Roƙon bai zama kariya ba kuma ana iya yin shi ne kawai bayan an yanke hukunci na laifi. Bayan yin roƙo, wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin ya sami damar yin nazari ta hanyar juriya, wanda aka zaba daga masu kallo da ke wurin shari'ar. Idan aka gano tana da ciki da ɗa da sauri (watau, tayin da ya isa ya sa motsi ya zama mai ganowa), an ba wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin jinkirta hukunci har zuwa lokacin ratayewa na gaba bayan haihuwarta.

Binciken masana na Tsohon Bailey Sessions Papers da Assize records daga mulkin Elizabeth I da James I sun nuna cewa mata da aka ba da irin wannan fansa galibi ana ba su gafara ko kuma an sauya hukuncin su zuwa sufuri. Ko da matan da aka kashe daga baya bisa ga hukuncin da aka yanke musu a baya. 

Masu satar teku Anne Bonny da Mary Read dukansu sun yi amfani da wannan roƙon don jinkirta kisa, kodayake ba a san ko wata mace tana da ciki ba.

Ya bayyana cewa mata galibi ana samun su da zamba ko kuskure suna da sauri tare da yaro. Daniel Defoe's Moll Flanders ya haɗa da wani hali wanda ya sami nasarar roƙon ciki duk da cewa "ba shi da yaro fiye da alƙalin da ya gwada ". [her] John Gay's The Beggar's Opera ya haɗa da wani yanayi inda halin Filch ke karɓar kuɗin shiga yana aiki a matsayin "yaro mai karɓar ... yana taimaka wa mata zuwa ciki game da kiran su zuwa hukunci".

A matsayin tantancewa game da wannan cin zarafin tsarin, doka ta yanke shawarar cewa ba za a iya ba da wata mace ta biyu ba daga hukuncin asali bisa ga ciki na gaba, koda kuwa jaririn ya hanzarta. Idan fursuna suka yi juna biyu, mai kula da ita ko kuma sheriff na yankin ana biyan tarar.

## Manazarta
Kashewa bayan mutuwa

**Kashewa bayan mutuwa** shine al'ada ko bikin yanka jikin da ya riga ya mutu a matsayin horo.

## Kashewa a matsayin hukunci a Ingila
Wasu Kiristoci sun yi imanin cewa tashin matattu a Ranar Shari'a yana buƙatar a binne jikin gaba ɗaya yana fuskantar gabas don jikin ya tashi yana fuskantar Allah. Idan rarrabawar ta dakatar da yiwuwar tashin wani jiki mara lalacewa, to, kisa bayan mutuwa hanya ce mai tasiri ta hukunta mai laifi.

## Misalan

* Lokacin da Sarkin Farisa Cambyses ya ci Masar a cikin 525 BC kuma ya kawo karshen Daular 26 (Saite), Herodotus ya rubuta lalatawar mummy na Amasis II (wanda ya mutu a shekara da ta gabata) ta Cambyses:

* A shekara ta 897, Paparoma Stephen VI ya fitar da gawar Paparoma Formosus kuma ya gurfanar da shi a gaban shari'a a lokacin taron majalisa. An same shi da laifi, an yanke yatsunsu uku kuma daga baya aka jefa shi cikin Tiber.
* Harold I Harefoot, sarkin Anglo-Saxons (1035-1040), ɗan Cnut, ya mutu a shekara ta 1040 kuma ɗan'uwansa, Harthacanute, ya gaji shi, an ɗauke jikinsa daga kabarinsa kuma an jefa shi cikin alkalami tare da dabbobi.
* Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl na Leicester, ya mutu daga raunukan da ya sha a Yaƙin Evesham a cikin 1265; an fille gawarsa kai, an yi masa castration kuma an raba shi da jarumawa Henry III na Ingila.
* Roger d'Amory (c. 1290 - kafin 14 Maris 1321/1322) ya mutu bayan Yaƙin Burton Bridge sannan Edward II ya kashe shi bayan mutuwarsa saboda cin amana.
* An ƙonewa John Wycliffe (1328-1384) a matsayin mai ridda shekaru arba'in da biyar bayan mutuwarsa.
* Sir Henry Percy (d. 1404) bayan An kashe shi a cikin aiki yayin da yake jagorantar dakarunsa a Yaƙin Shrewsbury, Sarki Henry na IV na Ingila ya ba da umarnin a fille jikin Percy bayan mutuwarsa, a raba shi, kuma a kai masa hari saboda babban cin amana
* An fille kan Vlad the Impaler (1431-1476) bayan kisan kai aka yi masa.
* An fille kan Jacopo Bonfadio (1508-1550) saboda sodomy sannan aka ƙone gawarsa a kan gungume saboda ridda.
* Nils Dacke, shugaban tawaye na manoma na karni na 16 a kudancin Sweden, an yanke kansa kuma an raba shi bayan mutuwarsa a yaƙi.
* A cikin 1538, a lokacin Rushewar Masallatai a kan umarni daga Sarki Henry na takwas. Ya hallaka ƙasusuwan Thomas Becket (1119-1170) ya hallaka, masallacinsa ya hallaka shi, kuma ya ba da umarnin a shafe duk ambaton sunansa.
* Ta hanyar umarnin Mary I, an gano jikin Martin Bucer (1491-1551) kuma an ƙone shi a Market Square a Cambridge, Ingila.
* A cikin 1600, bayan gazawar Makircin Gowrie, an rataye gawar John, Earl na Gowrie da ɗan'uwansa Alexander Ruthven kuma an raba su a Mercat Cross, Edinburgh. An sanya kawunansu a kan spikes a Tsohon Tolbooth na Edinburgh kuma gaɓoɓinsu a kan spike a wurare daban-daban a kusa da Perth, Scotland.

## Manazarta
Jerin abinci na ƙarshe

Wannan jerin sunayen **[[Last meal|Abincin karshe]]** ne da aka rubuta daga fursunonin da ke cikin gidan yari kafin a kashe su. Wannan yana wakiltar abubuwan da aka nema, kamar yadda aka ruwaito, amma ba a duk lokuta yana wakiltar abin da fursunoni ya samu ba.

## Turai

## Dubi kuma

* Hukuncin kisa
* Rukunin Mutuwa
* Bayani na ƙarshe
* Abincin dare na ƙarshe
* Addini da hukuncin kisa

## Manazarta
Jerin jam'iyyun da suka shiga Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'o'in nuna bambanci ga mata

**Jerin sunayen kasashen da ke cikin yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata** ya kunshi jihohin da suka rattaba hannu tare da amincewa ko kuma suka amince da yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa don hana nuna wariya ga mata.

A ranar 18 ga Disamba, 1979, an buɗe Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata don sanya hannu. Sweden ta zama kasa ta farko da ta saka yarjejeniyar a ranar 2 ga Yuli, 1980. Yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki kuma ta rufe don sanya hannu a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 1981 tare da amincewa da jihohi 20. Tun daga wannan lokacin, jihohin da ba su sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba za su iya amincewa da ita kawai. Ana ajiye kayan aikin amincewa, shiga ko ballewa a wurin Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya .

Tun daga watan Mayun 2015, jihohi 189 sun amince da ko kuma amince da yarjejeniyar, mafi kwanan nan Sudan ta Kudu a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 2015.  Bugu da ƙari, Amurka da Palau  sun sanya hannu amma ba su amince da yarjejeniyar ba. Ita ma jamhuriyar China (Taiwan) ta amince da yarjejeniyar a majalisar dokokinta, amma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba ta amince da ita ba, kuma tana cikin yarjejeniyar ba bisa ka'ida ba.

## Jihohin da aka amince da su ko aka amince da su

## Jihohin da ba a san su ba waɗanda ke bin yarjejeniyar

## Jihohin da suka sanya hannu amma ba su amince da yarjejeniyar ba

## Jihohin da ba sa hannu

## Manazarta
Talauci a Romania

**Talauci a Romania** yana nufin kashi na yawan mutanen Romania waɗanda ake la'akari da rayuwasu suna  cikin talauci a ƙarƙashin matakai daban-daban na talauci.

Gwamnatin Romania ta bayyana "talauci" a matsayin kudin shiga kasa da kashi 60% na matsakaicin kasa. A cikin 2017, kashi 23.6% na yawan jama'a, ko mutane miliyan 4.6, talauci ya shafa. Yawan talauci ya bambanta da shekaru, tare da 32.2% ga waɗanda ke da shekaru 0-17 da 19.2% ga waɗanda suka kai shekaru 50-64. Daga cikin yankunan ci gaba, Arewa maso Gabas da Kudu maso Gabas suna da mafi girman talauci (33.4%), yayin da București - Ilfov ke da mafi ƙasƙanci (6.1%).  Gundumar Romania mafi talauci, tun daga 2024, sune Vaslui, Botoșani da Giurgiu . 

## Talauci tsakanin 'yan tsirarun Roma
Mutanen Romani a Romania suna wakiltar kashi 3.4% na yawan jama'ar Romania, bisa ga ƙididdigar 2021,  kodayake ainihin lambobin na iya zama mafi girma. A cikin 2014, kashi 70% na 'yan tsiraru Roma suna cikin haɗarin rayuwa cikin talauci.

## Talauci a yankunan karkara
Talauci a yankunan karkara ya zama ruwan dare a Romania. A yankunan karkara da yawa, samun damar samun ababen more rayuwa na zamani yana da haɗari. Romania ta ci gaba da gwagwarmaya da samar da tsaftacewar zamani a yankunan karkara. A yankunan karkara da yawa, mutane har yanzu suna ba da gudummawa ga kayan gargajiya, kamar rijiyoyi ruwa da latrines, maimakon tsarin tsabtace zamani, kodayake a cikin 'yan shekarun nan yanayin ya inganta. Ya zuwa 2023, kashi 77.1% na mazaunan Romania an haɗa su da hanyar samar da ruwa ta jama'a,  kuma, tun daga 2024, kashi 60.7% na mazaunan Rumania an haɗa su zuwa tsarin tattara ruwa mai guba kuma kashi 59.6% an haɗa su ga masana'antun tsabtace ruwa.  A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, mutanen da ke zaune a yankunan da ba su da damar yin amfani da kayan aikin shara na jama'a suna ƙara amfani da wuraren shara, kamar tankunan septic. Duk da haka, Romania tana da mafi girman kashi a cikin Tarayyar Turai na mutanen da ba su da bayan gida, a 15.4%, tun daga 2023 . Koyaya, wannan kashi ya faɗi cikin sauri a cikin shekaru, musamman bayan Romania ta shiga EU a cikin 2007; a cikin 2012 kashi ya kai 36.8%.

Rashin samun isasshen ilimi a yankunan karkara shi ma matsala ce da ke haifar da zagayowar talauci.  Kimanin kashi 16% na yara masu shekaru 7-10 da kashi 25% na yara masu shekaru 11-14 daga yankunan karkara ba sa zuwa makaranta, a cewar Save the Children.  Lamarin ya kara ta'azzara bayan aji takwas (aji na karshe na makarantar sakandare daidai da shekaru 14-15) saboda dole ne yara su canza makaranta don zuwa makarantar sakandare, kuma kauyuka da yawa ba su da manyan makarantu, don haka dole ne iyaye su yi tanadin yadda 'ya'yansu za su yi tafiya zuwa wuri mafi kusa ko kuma yaran su ƙaura zuwa can, wanda zai iya zama da wahala, kuma a sakamakon haka yara da yawa na karkara sun bar makarantar tilas (har zuwa kammala karatun).  A wani bincike da aka yi, kashi uku na yaran da ke karatu a karkara sun ce sun yi shirin barin makaranta bayan kammala aji takwas.

## Manazarta
Vanitha Mathil

**Vanitha Mathil** ("Bangaren Mata") sarkar ɗan adam ce da aka kafa a ranar 1 ga Janairu 2019 a cikin jihar Kerala ta Indiya don tabbatar da daidaiton jinsi da nuna adawa da wariyar jinsi. Mata ne kawai suka gina katangar kuma an shimfida ta tazarar kusan  daga Kasargod zuwa Thiruvananthapuram.  Kimanin mata miliyan uku zuwa biyar ne suka halarci taron.  

## Fage
A Kerala, haikalin Hindu a Sabarimala bisa ga al'ada ya hana mata masu shekaru 10 zuwa 50 shiga bautar Ayyappa . Wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa an hana mata ne saboda haila ba ta da tsarki, amma masu ibada sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba a ba su izini ba saboda halin ɗabi'ar allahntaka.   A watan Satumba na 2018, Kotun Koli ta Indiya, a cikin wani hukunci mai tarihi, ya ba wa mata masu shekaru daban-daban damar shiga haikalin, yana mai cewa duk wani nuna bambanci dangane da bambance-bambancen halittu a fili ya saba wa tsarin mulki.  Gamayyar jam'iyya mai mulki ta jam'iyyar Left Democratic Front ta yi maraba da hukuncin, yayin da jam'iyyun adawa kamar jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata da Jam'iyyar National Congress ta Indiya suka kaddamar da zanga-zangar adawa da hukuncin.  Yawancin kungiyoyin Hindu sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da hukuncin da gwamnatin jihar ta yanke na aiwatar da shi. 

## bango
A ranar 15 ga Disamba 2018, Babban Ministan Kerala Pinarayi Vijayan ya sanar bayan ganawa da kungiyoyin zamantakewa da na siyasa 176 cewa za a yi katangar mata a ranar sabuwar shekara don kare martabar farfado da jihar.   An fitar da waƙar jigo don taron na Prabha Varma . 

Janairu 1, 2019 a 4: 00&nbsp;Da yamma, kusan mata miliyan uku zuwa biyar ne suka gina katangar a kan manyan titunan jihar Kerala na kusan  .  Katangar ta fara ne a arewacin ƙarshen jihar ta Ministan Lafiya da Shari'a na Kerala KK Shailaja a Kasargod, kuma ya ƙare a Thiruvananthapuram a kudu tare da Brinda Karat, shugaban Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Indiya .  Masu fafutuka na Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh da Jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata an ruwaito sun yi kokarin kai hari kan bangon da ke Kasargod. 

A wannan rana, don tallafawa taron a Kerala, an shirya bangon mata tare da haɗin gwiwar Vanitha Mathil a wasu biranen Indiya, ciki har da New Delhi,  Mumbai,  da Chennai . 

Katangar mata a Kerala ta zama sarka ta hudu mafi girma a duniya da aka taba yi, kuma mafi girma da mata suka yi. 

## Manazarta
Yarjejeniyar tsayar da mafi ƙan-ƙantar Shekaru, 1973

Yarjejeniyar ILO game da Mafi ƙarancin shekaru don shiga  aikin kwadago C138,  yarjejeniya ce da Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ta shirya a shekarar 1973. Ya buƙaci  ƙasashe dasu  tabbatar  da bin manufofin ƙasa waɗanda aka tsara don tabbatar da ingantaccen kawar da aikin ƙananan yara da kuma ci gaba da haɓaka mafi ƙarancin shekaru don shiga aiki ko aikatau. Yana daya daga cikin manyan tarurruka takwas na ILO. Yarjejeniyar C138 ta maye gurbin irin wannan tarurruka na ILO da yawa a ma ban-bantan fannoni na aiki.

## Mafi ƙananan shekarun
Kasashe suna da 'yanci su ƙayyade mafi ƙarancin shekaru don yin aiki, tare da mafi ƙaranci shekaru 15. Bayyanawa na shekaru 14 yana yiwuwa lokacin da aka ƙayyade lokaci. Dokoki na iya ba da izinin aiki mai sauƙi ga yara masu shekaru 13-15 (ba tare da cutar da lafiyarsu ko aikin makaranta ). An ƙayyade mafi ƙarancin shekaru 18 don yin aiki wanda "yana iya haifar da haɗari da lafiya, aminci ko ɗabi'ar matasa". Ma'anar irin aikin da suna yiwuwa ne kawai bayan shawarwari na bangarorin uku (idan irin wannan tsarin ya wanzu a cikin ƙasar da ta tabbatar).

## Tasiri a kan wasu tarurruka
Taron mai-maici ne na tarurruka da yawa ga ma'aikata a ma ban-bantan  yankuna. Bayan shigar da shi cikin aiki, an rufe wasu daga cikin waɗannan tarurruka don tabbatarwa kuma zama jam'iyya ga wannan taron ta kai tsaye ya haifar da zargi ga tsofaffi. Bayani game da tarurrukan mafi ƙarancin shekaru na ILO gasu  a ƙasa:

 Tabbatar wa 
Mafi karanci shekaru da kasashe suka ƙayyade:
14(32.0%)
15(43.0%)
16(25.0)

Yarjejeniyar ILO ta C138 ta fara aiki shekara guda bayan da aka ajiye amincewa ta farko a (Cuba da Libya).A  watan Yulin 2023 kasashe 176 sun tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar C138. Da farko, duk da cewar, saurin tabbatar da wannan yarjejeniyar ya kasance mai jinkiri sosai. Saboda  da haka, an fara da wani madadin Yarjejeniyar tare da iyakance shi  a shekarar 1999. Ya shafi Yarjejeniyar ILO 182 game da haramtacciyar doka da kuma gaggawa don kawar da mafi munin nau'ikan aikatau din  yara.

Taron yarjejeniyar na C138 an tilasta shi ga duk ƙasashe dasuka amince a shekara ɗaya bayan amincewar . wannan kuma za'a ci gaba da tabbatar da mai-maici bayan shudewar duk shekaru 10  (e.g.  – ).
Yin amfani da duwatsu a cikin Islama

A Musulunci, jifa ( Arabic       ita ce azabar *Hudud* a cikinsa, jama'a da yawa suna jifan wanda aka yankewa hukunci har sai ya mutu. A karkashin wasu nau'ikan shari'ar Musulunci ( Shari'a ), hukuncin da aka kayyade shi ne a shari'ar zina da mai aure ya yi wanda ya bukaci ko dai ya yi ikirari daga ko dai mazinaci ko mazinaciya, ko kuma gabatar da shaidu hudu na shiga jima'i.      

Hukuncin dutse a matsayin hukuncin kisa don Zina na musamman ne a cikin dokar Islama saboda ya sabawa umarnin Alkur'ani don jima'i kafin aure da ba tare da aure ba (zina)   wanda aka samu a cikin Surah An-Nur, 2: "Matar da namiji da ke da laifin zina ko lalata - bulala kowannensu da layi ɗari". Saboda wannan dalili wasu 'yan tsiraru Musulmai kamar tsoffin Kharijites, da masu zamani na Islama kamar Alkur'ani ba su yarda da halattaccen dutse ba.

Koyaya, an ambaci dutse a cikin hadisai da yawa  (ra'ayoyin da ke da'awar ambaton abin da Muhammadu ya ce a zahiri a kan batutuwa daban-daban, wanda yawancin Musulmai da malaman Islama ke ɗaukar tushen iko na biyu kawai bayan Alkur'ani a matsayin tushen dokar addini da hukunce-hukuncen),   sabili da haka yawancin makarantun shari'ar Islama sun yarda da shi a matsayin hukunci da aka tsara don zina. Ba a yi amfani da hukuncin da wuya a cikin tarihin Islama saboda tsananin bukatun shaida da dokar Islama ta tsara.

## Yin aiki
Shari'a ta tilasta hukuncin dutse ba ta da yawa a tarihin Islama. A cikin tarihin shekaru 623 na Daular Ottoman, wanda akwai manyan bayanan kotu, akwai misali guda daya da aka rubuta na alƙali da ya yanke wa wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa ta hanyar dutse, kuma hukuncin ya saba wa dokar Islama a kalla dalilai biyu (ba a samar da isasshen shaida ba, kuma an yanke wa mutumin Yahudawa hukuncin kisa duk da dokar da ta bayyana a fili cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da hukuncin kisa ga Musulmai kawai).  Ba a rubuta wani hukunci na dutse a Siriya a lokacin mulkin musulmi ba. A cikin Ottoman Istanbul, akwai misali daya kawai na dutse da aka taɓa faruwa, bisa ga bayanan Ottoman. Masu shari'a Musulmi sun yi amfani da dabaru da yawa don kauce wa amfani da hukuncin dutse. Sun fassara bukatun shaida sosai har ya zama ba zai yiwu a tabbatar da laifin ba. Sun karfafa shaidu da su yi watsi da shaidu, kuma sun yi jayayya cewa ya fi kyau a yi hakan. Sun bayyana laifin a takaice don cire nau'ikan jima'i da yawa. Kuma sun haɓaka ra'ayin shari'a na shubha (du'a), wanda ya riƙe cewa lokacin da jima'i ba bisa ka'ida ba yayi kama da jima'in shari'a ta wata hanya, bai kamata a yi amfani da hukuncin dutse ba. Hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su don jayayya cewa bai kamata a dauki ciki na mace ɗaya a matsayin shaida na zinaʿ ba sun haɗa da zato mai ban mamaki game da tsawon lokacin daukar ciki na mutum. Masu shari'a na gargajiya na Hanafite sun yanke hukuncin cewa zai iya kasancewa har zuwa shekaru biyu, Shafi'ites hudu, da Malikites har zuwa shekaru biyar.

## Manazarta
Gidan shakatawa na Daisetsuzan

Gidan shakatawa na Daisetsuzan (大雪山国立公園, Daisetsuza Kokuritsu Kōen), ko **Taisetsuzan** yana cikin tsakiyar tsaunuka na tsibirin Hokkaido na arewacin Japan. A  kilomita 2,267.64 (875.54 sq  kusan girman yankin Kanagawa ne. Har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa Hidakasanmyaku-Erimo-Tokachi National Park a 2024, ita ce mafi girman wurin shakatawa na kasa a Japan. Daisetsuzan, ma'ana "babban tsaunuka masu dusar ƙanƙara", kwatanci mai kyau na waɗannan tsaunuka. Akwai tsaunuka 16 sama da mita 2,000 (6,600  a cikin Daisetsuzan National Park, duka tare da kuma ba tare da hanyoyi ba. Gidan shakatawa yana ba da wasu wurare masu tsawo a Japan. Asahi-dake (mita 2,290 (mita 7,510), wanda ke arewacin wurin shakatawa, shine mafi girman tudu a Hokkaidō. Gidan shakatawa na Daisetsuzan ya mamaye yankuna biyu na Hokkaido, Kamikawa da Tokachi. An kafa wurin shakatawa na Daisetsuzan a cikin shekara ta 1934.   

## Kungiyoyin tsaunuka
Daisetsuzan National Park ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin tsaunukan tsaunuka guda uku. Ƙungiyoyin sun ƙunshi stratovolcanoes da aka tara a saman juna. Yayin da huɗa ɗaya ta fara aiki, tana gina kololuwa sannan ta tsaya har sai wani sabon huɗa ya bayyana. Wadannan kungiyoyi sune:

# Daisetsuzan Volcanic Group - ya ta'allaka ne a arewacin wurin shakatawa kuma ya haɗa da dutse mafi tsayi na Hokkaidō, Dutsen Asahi .
# Rukunin Volcanic na Tokachi - yana kudu maso yamma na wurin shakatawa a arewacin tsaunin Yubari da Hidaka . Ya hada da Dutsen Tokachi 
# Rukunin Volcanic na Shikaribetsu - yana cikin gabashin wurin shakatawa kuma ya haɗa da Dutsen Ishikari . Kogin Ishikari (  ), wanda ya fito daga Dutsen Ishikari, shine na uku mafi tsayi a Japan kuma mafi tsayi a Hokkaidō.  

Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin masu aman wuta suna kwance a kusa da tsaunuka na tsakiya wanda Dutsen Tomuraushi ya mamaye. An kuma san wurin shakatawa don makiyayar tsaunuka da wuraren da ke nesa.

## Yanayi
Daisetsuzan National Park ya shahara da namun daji, kuma wurin shakatawa na gida ne ga nau'ikan da ba kasafai ba.  wurin shakatawa na musamman gida ne ga yawan berayen launin ruwan kasa . Ana kuma samun Pika, ƙaramin dabba mai shayarwa, mai gajerun gaɓoɓi, kunnuwa masu zagaye, kuma babu wutsiya na waje, kuma ana samun su a wurin shakatawa. Gandun daji na Daisetsuzan National Park sun mamaye *[[Picea jezoensis]]*, Jezo spruce, da *[[Abies sachalinensis]]*, Sakhalin fir.  Daga cikin nau'ikan 450 na tsire-tsire masu tsayi da aka samu a Hokkaidō, ana samun rabi a Daisetsuzan National Park. 

## Onsen
Daisetsuzan National Park kuma ya haɗa da wuraren shakatawa masu zafi na Asahidake Onsen, Fukiage Onsen, Sōunkyō Onsen da Tenninkyo Onsen .

## Manazarta
Dutsen Capshaw

**Dutsen Capshaw dutse** ne da ke Harvest, Alabama . Dutsen Capshaw ya kafa magudanar ruwa da ke samar da ruwan sha ga al'umma. Ya shimfiɗa zuwa sama kusan ƙafa 800 sama da ɗaukacin gabaɗaya a yankin. Ba wani yanki ne na Plateau Cumberland .

## Hasumiyar Sadarwa
A saman wannan karamin dutsen akwai dogayen hasumiya na sadarwa guda uku da gidajen rediyon gida, gidajen talabijin, kamfanonin waya, hukumomin gwamnati, da sauran kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ke amfani da su. Tsayin Dutsen Capshaw da wurinsa ya sa ya zama mai daraja ta musamman a matsayin wurin sadarwar yanki. Daga hasumiyarsa, ana iya samun hanyar sadarwar gani har zuwa Nashville, Tennessee da Birmingham, Alabama . Zuwa yamma wannan ya shimfiɗa sosai zuwa Mississippi kuma zuwa gabas zuwa Chattanooga, Tennessee . Girman irin wannan sadarwar ya ƙunshi yanki kusan mil 125 (200).&nbsp;km) radially kewaye da al'umma. 

## Manazarta
Kashe-kashen da ba daidai ba a Texas

Hukuncin kisa hukunci ne na shari'a a jihar Texas ta Amurka don kisan kai, da kuma shiga cikin wani laifi wanda ya haifar da mutuwa idan mutum wanda ya kasance aƙalla shekaru 18 ya aikata shi.

A shekara ta 1982, jihar ta zama hukuma ta farko a duniya da ta aiwatar da kisa ta hanyar allurar rigakafi, lokacin da ta kashe Charles Brooks Jr. Ita ce kisa ta farko a jihar tun 1964. 

Texas, wacce ita ce jiha ta biyu mafi yawan jama'a a Amurka, ta kashe masu laifi 595 tun lokacin da aka sake dawo da hukuncin kisa a Amurka a 1976 (tun daga 1982 tare da hukuncin Brooks) zuwa Mayu 20, 2025 (kisan Matthew Lee Johnson) - fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jimlar ƙasa. Ko da ga kowane mutum, Texas tana da kashi na biyu mafi girma a cikin ƙasa, bayan makwabciyar Oklahoma kawai.

## Tarihi
Kashewa ta farko a Texas ta faru ne a cikin 1819, tare da kashe wani fari, George Brown, don fashi. A cikin 1840, an kashe wani baƙar fata mai 'yanci, Henry Forbes, saboda karya kurkuku. Kafin zama jihar Texas a 1846, an aiwatar da kisa takwas - duk ta hanyar ratayewa.

Bayan zama jihar, ratayewa ita ce hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita don kusan dukkanin kisan kai har zuwa 1924. Gundumar da aka yi shari'ar ta gudanar da ratayewa. An rataye na karshe a jihar shine na Nathan Lee, mutumin da aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa kuma aka kashe shi a Angleton, Brazoria County, Texas a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, 1923.  Wata hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita a lokacin ita ce kisa ta hanyar harbi, wanda aka yi amfani dashi ga 'yan gudun hijira uku a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Amurka, da kuma mutumin da aka yanke masa hukuncin yunkurin fyade a 1863. A shekara ta 1853, kisa na farko a Houston ya faru ne a fili a Kabari na Founder a cikin Wuri na huɗu; da farko, makabarta ita ce wurin kisa, amma bayan 1868 an kashe-kashen a cikin gidan yarin.

A cikin 1923, Texas ta canza dokokin kisa, wanda ya buƙaci a aiwatar da kisa a kan kujerar lantarki, kuma a gudanar da su a gidan yarin Jihar Texas a Huntsville (wanda aka fi sani da Huntsville Unit). Daga 1928 har zuwa 1965, wannan kuma gida ne ga rukunin mutuwar maza na jihar. Kashe-kashen farko a kan kujerar lantarki sun kasance a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 1924, lokacin da Charles Reynolds, Ewell Morris, Harris Washington, Haden Cochran, da Melvin Johnson suka yanke musu hukuncin kisa. Kashe-kashen guda biyar sune mafi yawanci a rana ɗaya a jihar. Jiha za ta gudanar da kisan gilla da yawa a rana ɗaya a wasu lokuta da yawa, na ƙarshe a ranar 9 ga Agusta, 2000. Tun daga wannan lokacin, jihar ba ta kashe mutum fiye da ɗaya a rana ɗaya ba, kodayake babu dokoki da ke hana shi. An kashe mutane 361 a Texas, na karshe shine Joseph Johnson a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 1964.

## Manazarta
Shirin Volcanism na Duniya

**Shirin Tsarin Volcanism na Duniya** na Cibiyar Smithsonian ( **GVP** ) ya rubuta bayanan tsaunuka na duniya da tarihin fashewa a lokacin Quaternary Period na tarihin geologic na duniya, tare da girmamawa musamman akan ayyukan volcanic a lokacin Holocene Epoch (shekaru 11,700 na ƙarshe). Manufar GVP shine rubutawa, fahimta, da yada bayanai game da ayyukan volcanic na duniya.

## Database Shirin Volcanism na Duniya
GVP na tattara bayanai da rahotanni game da fashewar abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu daga ko'ina cikin duniya, kuma suna kula da ma'ajiyar bayanai kan tsaunuka masu tsaunuka, fashewar su da tarihin fashewar su. Ta wannan hanyar, ana gabatar da mahallin duniya don aikin volcanism na duniya. Rahoton Smithsonian game da ayyukan volcanic na yanzu ya koma 1968, tare da Cibiyar Abubuwan Gagaruwar Rayuwa (CSLP). GVP yana zaune a cikin Sashen Kimiyyar Ma'adinai, wani ɓangare na National Museum of Natural History, a kan National Mall a Washington, DC

A lokacin farkon fashewar fashewa, GVP yana aiki azaman gidan share rahotanni, bayanai, da hotuna waɗanda aka tattara daga hanyar sadarwar duniya na masu ba da gudummawa. Ana gudanar da saurin fitowar bayanai ta yadda za a tuntuɓi mutanen da suka dace da kuma taimakawa wajen warware wasu ɓangarori masu rikitarwa da sabani waɗanda galibi ke tasowa a farkon lokacin fashewa.

Rahoton Ayyukan Volcanic na mako-mako  wani aiki ne na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Shirin Dutsen Dutsen Duniya na Smithsonian da Shirin Hatsarin Volcano na Binciken Yanayin Kasa na Amurka . Sanarwa na ayyukan volcane da aka buga akan gidan yanar gizon rahoton na farko ne kuma ana iya canzawa yayin da ake nazarin abubuwan da suka faru daki-daki. Ana buga cikakkun rahotanni game da tsaunuka daban-daban kowane wata a cikin *Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network* 

GVP ya kuma rubuta shekaru 10,000 na ƙarshe na volcanism na duniya. Rukunin bayanai na GVP ya haɗa da duk wasu sanannun tsaunuka waɗanda suka barke a cikin shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata, kuma sun haɗa da jerin lokutan fashewa, da abubuwan fashewa; da jerin sunayen tsaunuka masu tsaunuka da siffofi masu aman wuta, tare da ma'ana a inda suke. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an ƙaddamar da bayanan don haɗa hanyoyin haɗi zuwa hoto na dijital, da samfurori na zahiri waɗanda aka adana a cikin Tarin Cibiyar Smithsonian . Ayyukan tarihi na iya jagorantar hangen nesa game da yiwuwar abubuwan da za su faru nan gaba da kuma kan dutsen mai aman wuta da ke nuna ayyuka. Tushen dutsen mai aman wuta da GVP ya zama tushe ga duk bayanan kididdiga da suka shafi wurare, mitoci, da girman ficewar dutsen a duniya cikin shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata.

An buga bugu uku na Volcanoes na Duniya bisa ga bayanan GVP a 1981,  1994  da 2010.  An sabunta bugu na uku da na huɗu akai-akai a gidan yanar gizon Shirin.  , bugu na biyar yana samuwa a gidan yanar gizon GVP.

## Manazarta
2012 California Shirin 37

**Shirin 37** wani matakin zabe ne na California wanda aka ki amincewa da shi a California a Zaben jihar a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 2012.  Wannan doka ta buƙaci lakabin Abinci mai ƙwayoyin halitta, tare da wasu banbanci. Da ya hana yin amfani da kayan abinci da aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar kwayar halitta tare da kalmar "al'ada".  Wannan ra'ayi na ɗaya daga cikin manyan damuwa da masu shirya Maris a kan Monsanto a watan Mayu 2013.

## Bayani
Sashe na 2 na Shirin 37, "Sanarwar Manufa", ya karanta "Manufar wannan ma'auni ita ce ƙirƙirar da aiwatar da ainihin haƙƙin mutanen California don a san su sosai game da ko abincin da suke saya da cinyewa an yi amfani da shi ta hanyar kwayar halitta kuma ba a yi amfani da su ba kamar na halitta don su iya zaɓar kansu ko su sayi da cin irin waɗannan abinci.   Za a fassara shi sosai don cika wannan manufar.

Dokar da aka gabatar ta haɗa da banbanci da yawa, kamar samfuran da aka tabbatar da kwayoyin halitta, waɗanda aka yi daga dabbobi da aka ciyar ko aka yi musu allurar rigakafi da kayan aikin injiniya (amma ba su injiniya ba), waɗanda aka sarrafa tare da ko ƙunshe da ƙananan sinadaran injiniya, waɗanda aka gudanar don maganin yanayin kiwon lafiya, waɗanda aka sayar don amfani da su nan da nan kamar a cikin gidan abinci; da kuma abin sha mai barasa.

Gidajen sayar da abinci da sauran masu siyarwa za su kasance da alhakin tabbatar da cewa an sanya alamun kayan abinci su daidai. Ga abinci da aka keɓe, 'yan kasuwa za su samar da rubuce-rubuce ko dai kai tsaye daga mai ba da samfurin, ko kuma ta hanyar karɓar takardar shaidar mai zaman kanta daga wasu. Manoma, masana'antun abinci, da kowane bangare a cikin jerin kayayyaki na samfurin za su kuma kula da irin waɗannan rikodin.

## Tasirin da zai yiwu
A cewar Babban Lauyan California, matakin zai "karya farashin shekara-shekara daga 'yan dubban daloli zuwa sama da dala miliyan 1 don tsara lakabin abinci na injiniyan kwayoyin halitta". Hakanan zai haifar da "Mai yuwuwa, amma mai yiwuwa ba mai mahimmanci ba, farashin ga gwamnatocin jihohi da na gida saboda shari'ar da ta haifar da yiwuwar keta bukatun wannan ma'auni. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan farashin za a tallafawa ta hanyar shigar da kudaden kotu wanda za'a buƙaci bangarorin da ke cikin kowane shari'a su biya a ƙarƙashin dokar da ke akwai".

## Tattaunawar da ke goyon baya da adawa
Masu gabatar da kara suna jayayya cewa "Shugaban 37 yana ba mu damar sanin abin da ke cikin abincin da muke ci da ciyarwa ga iyalanmu. Yana buƙatar lakabin abinci da aka samar ta amfani da aikin injiniya, don haka za mu iya zaɓar ko mu sayi waɗannan samfuran ko a'a. " Masu adawa sun yi jayayya cewa ""Shugaban 37. Shirin yaudara ne, mai zurfi, mai zurfin tsarin lakabin abinci, cike da keɓancewa na musamman da kuma shakku. 37 zai: ƙirƙirar sabbin ma'aikatan gwamnati masu biyan kuɗi masu biyan kuɗi na miliyoyin shekaru, masu biyan kuɗi, masu yawa, masu biyan bashin kuɗi, masu cin hanci da yawa, masu cinikayya da masu cin hanzari, masu cinikin iyali masu cin hankula da yawa, suna ba da yawa, sun ba da yawa.

## Manazarta
Kashewa mara kyau

**Kashewa mara kyau** shine Rashin adalci wanda ke faruwa lokacin da aka kashe mutum marar laifi ta hanyar hukuncin kisa. Masu adawa da hukuncin kisa galibi suna ambaton shari'o'in kisa mara kyau a matsayin muhawara, yayin da masu goyon baya ke jayayya cewa rashin laifi ya shafi amincin tsarin adalci gaba ɗaya kuma ba kawai ya lalata amfani da hukuncin kisa ba.

An yi iƙirarin mutane da yawa cewa ba su da laifi game da hukuncin kisa. Sabbin Shaidar DNA da ake samu sun ba da damar cirewa da saki fiye da fursunoni 20 na mutuwa tun 1992 a Amurka,  amma shaidar DNA tana samuwa a cikin ƙananan shari'o'in kisa. Akalla mutane 190 da aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa a Amurka an cire su kuma an sake su tun 1973, tare da mummunar hali da ƙarya / zargi na ƙarya sune manyan abubuwan da suka haifar da hukuncin da ba daidai ba. Cibiyar Bayar da Bayani game da Mutuwa (Amurka) ta buga wani ɓangare na jerin sunayen kisa mara kyau wanda, a ƙarshen 2020, ya gano fursunoni 20 na hukuncin kisa waɗanda "an kashe su amma mai yiwuwa ba su da laifi".

Kisan kai na shari'a wani nau'i ne na kisa mara kyau.

## Takamaiman misalai

### Ostiraliya
An rataye Colin Campbell Ross a Melbourne a 1922 saboda kisan Alma Tirtschke mai shekaru 12 a shekarar da ta gabata a cikin abin da aka sani da Gun Alley Murder . An sake nazarin shari'ar a cikin shekarun 1990 ta amfani da dabarun zamani kuma an gafarta wa Ross a cikin 2008, lokacin da aka soke hukuncin kisa a Ostiraliya a duk yankuna.

Ronald Ryan shine mutum na karshe da aka kashe a Ostiraliya. An kashe shi ne a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 1967. Shi da wani fursuna, Peter John Walker, sun yi ƙoƙari su tsere daga gidan yarin Pentridge a ranar 19 ga Disamba 1965, lokacin da aka harbe mai kula da gidan yarin George Hodgson kuma aka kashe shi. Shaidu da yawa sun rantse cewa sun ga Ryan ya harba harbin da ya kashe Hodgson, don haka an same shi da laifi. Gaskiyar ainihi na mai harbi yana cikin jayayya yayin da wasu masu gadi biyu suka yarda da harbe-harbe da yawa, kuma a cikin 2007, Peter John Walker ya ce ba zai yiwu Ryan ya harbe mai gadi ba yayin da bindigarsa ta makale.

## Manazarta
2016 California Shirin 62

**Shirin 62** wani tsari ne na kuri'a na California a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 2016, wanda zai soke hukuncin kisa kuma ya maye gurbinsa da ɗaurin rai da kuma tilasta aiki ba tare da yiwuwar sallama ba. Da an yi amfani da shi a baya ga hukuncin kisa da ke akwai kuma ya kara yawan albashin fursunoni wanda za'a iya amfani da shi don Maidowa da wanda aka azabtar.

Wani zabe na Satumba 2016 daga USC Dornsife / Los Angeles Times ya nuna kashi 51% na masu jefa kuri'a da suka yi rajista suna goyon bayan Shirin 62, kashi 40% sun yi adawa, kuma kashi 9% ba a sani ba.

Masu jefa kuri'a sun ki amincewa da Shirin 62 a babban zaben Nuwamba, tare da kashi 46.9% na kuri'a don kawo karshen kisa. Masu jefa kuri'a sun amince da Shirin 66 a wannan zaben, tare da kuri'un 51.1% don hanzarta kisa. Idan masu jefa kuri'a sun wuce duka Shirin 62 da Shirin 66, to matakin da ya fi yawan kuri'un "Yes" zai fara aiki.

Shirin 62 an kiyasta ya rage kashe kuɗin jihar da dala miliyan 150 a kowace shekara. Masu goyon baya sun kashe dala miliyan 8.9 a yaƙi don Shirin 62, tare da babban gudummawar da ya zama dala miliyan 1.5 daga farfesa Nick McKeown na Jami'ar Stanford.  Sauran manyan masu ba da gudummawa sun haɗa da Tom Steyer, Reed Hastings, John Doerr, da Paul Graham .  Kwamitin edita na *[[Los Angeles Times]]*, San Francisco Chronicle, da The Sacramento Bee ne suka goyi bayan matakin. Masu adawa sun kashe dala miliyan 4.4 suna yaƙi da Shirin 62, tare da babban gudummawar da ta kai $ 498,303 daga Kungiyar masu tsaron gidan yarin California. Sauran manyan abokan adawar da ke ba da gudummawa sun haɗa da ƙungiyar 'yan sanda ta California Highway Patrolmen, da ƙungiyar' yan sanda ta LAPD.

## Tarihi
Bayan Kotun Koli ta California ta soke hukuncin kisa a cikin People v. Anderson (1972), masu jefa kuri'a na California sun dawo da hukuncin kisa a California tare da California Proposition 17 (1972).  Koyaya, tun 1978, California ta kashe fursunoni 13 kawai, yayin da yawan mutanen da ke kan layin mutuwa ya karu zuwa 750. Ba a kashe wani fursuna ba tun shekara ta 2006, lokacin da alƙali na tarayya ya dakatar da hanyar allurar rigakafi da jihar ke amfani da ita. Kashi 52% na masu jefa kuri'a sun ki amincewa da kawar da hukuncin kisa ta hanyar California Shirin 34, 2012.

Hanyar zuwa kuri'ar ta fara ne lokacin da Mike Farrell, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka kuma mai fafutuka, ya rubuta taken da taƙaitaccen kuri'ar a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 2015. Ofishin Babban lauyan California ya ba da taken da taƙaitaccen bayani a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, 2015. Don kuri'ar ta cancanta, ana buƙatar sa hannu 365,880 masu inganci. A ranar 2 ga Mayu, 2016, masu shigar da kara sun gabatar da sa hannun ga jami'an gundumar. Lokaci na ƙarshe don gabatar da sa hannu da ake buƙata shine Mayu 17, 2016. Masu tallafawa matakin sun hayar PCI Consultants, Inc. don tattara sa hannu don korafin don cancantar wannan matakin don jefa kuri'a. An kashe jimlar $ 3,192,775.30 don tattara sa hannu 365,880 da ake buƙata don sanya wannan ma'auni a gaban masu jefa kuri'a, wanda ya haifar da jimlar farashi ta sa hannu da ake buƙatu (CPRS) na $ 8.73.

## Manazarta
Dutsen Keel (Alabama)

**Keel Mountain** mesa ce a cikin Madison da Jackson County a Alabama . Yana da alaƙa da Plateau Cumberland, wanda kwarin Paint Rock ya rabu da shi. Sunan ta ne don majagaba na farko Jesse da Priscilla (Whitaker) Keel, waɗanda suka zauna a can daga North Carolina kafin 1810.

## Kiyaye yanayin bazara na Bethel
An adana yanayin kadada 360 wanda Land Trust of North Alabama ke gudanarwa a gefen kudu na dutsen. Tsawon yana da gajerun hanyoyi guda huɗu, waɗanda jimlarsu ke ƙasa da mil 2 tsawon. Kayan ajiyar ya ƙunshi babban magudanar ruwa, ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma a gundumar Madison . 

A cikin 2021, Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Amurka ta ƙara Tsarin Tsare Tsare-tsare na Nishaɗi na Lokacin bazara zuwa Tsarin Hannun Hannu na Ƙasa na Hanyoyin Nishaɗi na Ƙasa.  

## Kiyaye Dutsen Keel

An adana yanayin kadada 310 wanda The Nature Conservancy ke gudanarwa yana gefen yamma na gangaren da ke fuskantar kudu.   A cikin wurin ajiyar akwai wata hanya mai nisan mil biyu wacce take kaiwa zuwa Ramin Ratsewa, wani babban rami mai nutsewa tare da ƙaramin ruwa wanda ke gudana a cikinsa. 

An kafa ajiyar don kare *Clematis morefieldii* na tarayya da ke cikin haɗari, wanda aka fi sani da "furan fata na Morefield".   

## Manazarta
Duwatsun Ishikari

Ishikari Mountains  tsaunuka ne na tsaunuka masu aman wuta a tsakiyar Hokkaidō, Japan . Dutsen dutsen ya kasance daga rukunin Volcanic na Daisetsuzan da kuma rukunin Volcanic na Tomuraushi .  Dutsen tsaunuka wani bangare ne na Kurile arc na Zoben Wuta . Ana kuma kiran duwatsun da Kamui Mintara wanda sunan Ainu ne ma'ana " filin wasan alloli ". 

## Hanyoyin tafiya
Akwai hanyoyin tafiya da yawa a cikin tsaunin Ishikari, ciki har da titin Asahidake zuwa Kurodake, babban titin Daisetsuzan, da hanyoyin da ke kusa da Dutsen Tokachi. 

## Flora da fauna
Bishiyoyin da aka samo a cikin tsaunukan Ishikari sun hada da Jezo spruce, Erman's Birch, da Dwarf Stone Pine. Furen da aka samu a yankin sun haɗa da rhododendron mai launin rawaya, blue heath, da wedgeleaf primrose. 

## Manazarta