Dusa McDuff

**Dusa McDuff** Royal Society">FRS CorrFRSE (an haife ta a ranar 18 ga Oktoba 1945) masanin lissafi ne na Ingila wanda ke aiki a kan lissafin lissafi. Ita ce ta farko da ta karbi Kyautar Ruth Lyttle Satter a cikin Lissafi,  ta kasance Noether Lecturer, kuma Fellow ne na Royal Society . A halin yanzu ita ce Helen Lyttle Kimmel '42 Farfesa na Lissafi a Kwalejin Barnard . 

## Rayuwa da ilimi
An haifi Margaret Dusa Waddington a Landan, Ingila, a ranar 18 ga Oktoba 1945 ga masanin gine-ginen Edinburgh Margaret Justin Blanco White, matar ta biyu ta masanin ilimin Halitta Conrad Hal Waddington, mahaifinta. 'Yar'uwarta ita ce masanin ilimin ɗan adam Caroline Humphrey, kuma tana da ɗan'uwanta C. Jake Waddington daga auren farko na mahaifinta. Mahaifiyarta 'yar Amber Reeves ce, sanannen mata, marubuci kuma mai son H. G. Wells. McDuff ta girma ne a Scotland inda mahaifinta ya kasance Farfesa na Genetics a Jami'ar Edinburgh . McDuff ta yi karatu a St George's School for Girls a Edinburgh kuma, kodayake ma'auni ya fi ƙasa da makarantar yara maza, The Edinburgh Academy, McDuff yana da malamin lissafi mai kyau. Ta rubuta cewa:Kullum ina so in zama masanin lissafi (ban da lokacin da nake da shekaru goma sha ɗaya lokacin da nake so in zama matar manomi), kuma ina zaton zan sami aiki, amma ban san yadda zan ci gaba da shi ba: Ban fahimci cewa zaɓin da mutum ya yi game da ilimi ba yana da mahimmanci kuma ban san cewa zan iya fuskantar matsaloli da rikice-rikice na gaske wajen daidaita bukatun aiki da rayuwa a matsayin mace ba.Da ta ƙi tallafin karatu zuwa 1" href="./University_of_Cambridge" id="mwRw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="University of Cambridge">Jami'ar Cambridge don zama tare da saurayinta a Scotland, ta shiga Jami'ar Edinburgh. Ta kammala karatu tare da BSc Hons a 1967, ta ci gaba da zuwa Kwalejin Girton, Cambridge a matsayin dalibi na digiri. A nan, a karkashin jagorancin masanin lissafi George A. Reid, McDuff ya yi aiki a kan matsaloli a cikin bincike na aiki. Ta warware matsala a kan Von Neumann algebras, ta gina abubuwa daban-daban na nau'in II1, kuma ta buga aikin a cikin Annals of Mathematics .

Bayan kammala digirin digirin ta a shekarar 1971 an nada McDuff a cikin shekaru biyu na Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Postdoctoral a Cambridge. Bayan mijinta, mai fassara David McDuff, ta tafi ziyarar watanni shida zuwa Moscow. Mijinta yana karatun mawaki na Rasha Innokenty Annensky . Kodayake McDuff ba ta da takamaiman tsare-tsare  ya zama ziyarar da ta samu riba a lissafi. A can, ta sadu da Isra'ila Gelfand a Moscow wanda ya ba ta zurfin godiya ga lissafi. McDuff daga baya ya rubuta:[Hadin gwiwar da nake yi da shi]... ba a shirya shi ba: ya faru cewa shi ne kawai sunan da ya zo a zuciya lokacin da na cika fom a ofishin Inotdel. Abu na farko da Gel'fand ya gaya mini shi ne cewa yana da sha'awar gaskiyar cewa mijina yana nazarin mawaki na Rasha Innokenty Annensky fiye da cewa na sami abubuwa masu yawa na nau'in II-sub-ɗaya, amma sai ya ci gaba da buɗe idanuna ga duniyar lissafi. Ilimi ne mai ban mamaki, wanda karatun Pushkin, Mozart da Salieri suka taka muhimmiyar rawa kamar koyo game da kungiyoyin Lie ko karatun Cartan da Eilenberg. Gel'fand ya ba ni mamaki ta hanyar magana game da lissafi kamar dai waka ce. Ya taɓa cewa game da dogon takarda da ke cike da ka'idojin cewa yana ƙunshe da farkon ra'ayin da zai iya nunawa kawai kuma wanda bai taɓa iya fitar da shi a sarari ba. Kullum ina tunanin lissafi a matsayin mafi sauki: tsari shine tsari, kuma algebra shine algebra, amma Gel'fand ya sami hedgehogs suna ɓoye a cikin layukan jerin sa!Bayan dawowa Cambridge McDuff ya fara halartar laccocin ilimin lissafi na Frank Adams kuma nan da nan aka gayyace shi ya koyar a Jami'ar York. A shekara ta 1975 ta rabu da mijinta, kuma an sake ta a shekara ta 1978. A Jami'ar York, ta "rubuta PhD na biyu"  yayin aiki tare da Graeme Segal . A wannan lokacin wani matsayi a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT) ya buɗe mata, wanda aka tanada don ziyartar mata masu ilimin lissafi. Ayyukanta a matsayin masanin lissafi ya ci gaba yayin da yake MIT, kuma nan da nan an yarda da ita a Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba inda ta yi aiki tare da Segal a kan Atyah-Segal kammalawar Theorem. Daga nan sai ta koma Ingila, inda ta fara karatun a Jami'ar Warwick . 

A wannan lokacin ta sadu da masanin lissafi John Milnor wanda ke zaune a Jami'ar Princeton a lokacin. Don zama kusa da shi ta ɗauki matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a Jami'ar Stony Brook . [1] Yanzu masanin lissafi mai zaman kanta, ta fara aiki a kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin diffeomorphisms da sararin rarraba don foliations. Tun daga wannan lokacin ta yi aiki a kan ilimin lissafi. A cikin bazara na 1985, McDuff ya halarci Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques a Paris don nazarin aikin Mikhael Gromov akan hanyoyin elliptic. Tun daga shekara ta 2007, ta rike kujerar Helen Lyttle Kimmel a Kwalejin Barnard .

A shekara ta 1984 McDuff ya auri Milnor, yanzu farfesa ne a Jami'ar Stony Brook, kuma mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Fields, Wanda ya lashe kyautar Wolf kuma ya lashe kyautar Abel.  

## Manazarta