Sauyin yanayi na Georgia (ƙasa)

Georgia ƙasa ce a yankin Caucasus a bakin tekun Black Sea . Wani lokaci ana ɗaukarsa ƙasa ce mai tsakiya, tana a tsakiya na Gabashin Turai da Yammacin Asiya,  kuma a yau ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na Turai.   Yana da iyaka a arewa da arewa maso gabas da Rasha, a kudu da Turkiyya da Armenia, kuma a kudu maso gabas ta Azerbaijan.

Jojiya galibi tana kewaye da Babban Caucasus da tsaunin Caucasus mafi ƙanƙanta, waɗanda ke zama wani yanki na iyaka ta halitta tsakanin Gabashin Turai da Yammacin Asiya.  Saboda iyakar Turai-Asiya ainihin "ginin tarihi ne da al'adu",  Matsayin yankin Jojiya ya bambanta sosai.  Anaximander ya sanya iyaka tsakanin Turai da Asiya tare da kogin Phasis (kogin Rioni na zamani), wanda ke da inganci a arewacin Jojiya a Turai da kudu a Asiya, taron kuma Herodotus ya biyo baya.[2]  Bisa ga ma'anar karni na 18, wanda ya sanya Kuma-Yawancin Bacin rai a matsayin iyakar nahiyar, Jojiya da dukan Caucasus sun fada cikin Asiya.  Duk da haka, duk da haka, wani ma'anar ya zana layin a Kogin Aras, yadda ya kamata ya sanya duk Georgia a Turai

Duk da bambance-bambance a cikin wuri, kusanci da Georgia ga yawancin Turai, haɗe da wasu dakarun tarihi, al'adu da siyasa, ya haifar da hadawa a Turai. Kasar ta shiga kungiyoyin Turai, kamar Majalisar Turai da Eurocontrol, kuma an dauke ta da cancanta don neman zama memba na Tarayyar Turai,  wanda ta yi a 2022 kuma an amince da ita a matsayin memba na memba.

## Yanayin ƙasa

Duk da karamin yanki, Georgia tana da ɗayan wurare daban-daban na tsoffin jamhuriyoyin Soviet. Yana daya daga cikin kasashe masu tsaunuka a Turai,  yana kwance mafi yawa a cikin tsaunukan Caucasus, tare da iyakar arewacin da aka bayyana ta hanyar Babban Caucasus. Ƙananan Caucasus, wanda ke gudana daidai da iyakokin Turkiyya da Armeniya, da Surami Range, wanda ke haɗa Babban Caucasus da Ƙananan Caucasian, suna haifar da shingen halitta waɗanda ke da alhakin bambancin al'adu da harshe tsakanin yankuna. Saboda tsawo da kuma rashin ingantaccen kayan aikin sufuri, ƙauyuka da yawa na tsaunuka kusan an ware su daga duniyar waje a lokacin hunturu. Girgizar ƙasa da rushewar ƙasa a yankunan tsaunuka suna gabatar da babbar barazana ga rayuwa da dukiya. Daga cikin bala'o'i na baya-bayan nan akwai manyan duwatsu da laka a Ajaria a cikin 1989 wanda ya kori dubban mutane a kudu maso yammacin Georgia, da girgizar ƙasa biyu a cikin 1991 wanda ya lalata ƙauyuka da yawa a Racha, saman Imereti da Yankin Tskhinvali (South Ossetia). 

Georgia tana da kimanin koguna 25,000, da yawa daga cikinsu suna ba da wutar lantarki ga ƙananan tashoshin ruwa. Rashin ruwa yana cikin Tekun Baƙi zuwa yamma kuma ta hanyar Azerbaijan zuwa Tekun Caspian zuwa gabas. Kogin da ya fi girma shine Kogin Kura, wanda ke gudana kilomita 1,364 daga arewa maso gabashin Turkiyya a fadin filayen gabashin Georgia, ta hanyar babban birnin, Tbilisi, da kuma cikin Tekun Caspian. Kogin Rioni, kogin da ya fi girma a yammacin Georgia, ya tashi a cikin Babban Caucasus kuma ya kwarara cikin Tekun Baƙi a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Poti .  Injiniyoyin Soviet sun juya kogin da ke bakin tekun Black Sea zuwa babbar ƙasar noma mai zafi, sun kwantar da hankali kuma sun daidaita kogin da yawa, kuma sun gina tsarin canals mai yawa. Tsawon tsaunuka masu zurfi suna samar da belin taswirar a cikin Babban Caucasus . &nbsp;

The coastline of Georgia about : of the coastline,  is the coastline of Ajaria (Ajara) and  is the coastline of Abkhazia. Georgia has an Exclusive Economic Zone of  in the Black Sea.

## Yanayi

Yanayin Jojiya yana fama da matsananciyar yanayin ɗanɗano daga yamma da tasirin nahiya daga gabas.  Babban yankin Caucasus yana daidaita yanayin gida ta hanyar yin aiki a matsayin shinge daga iska mai sanyi daga arewa.  Dumi, ɗanɗanar iska daga Tekun Bahar Maliya yana motsawa cikin sauƙi zuwa rairayin bakin teku daga yamma.  Ana ƙayyade yankunan yanayi ta nisa daga Tekun Bahar Maliya da kuma ta tsayi.  A gefen Tekun Bahar Maliya, daga Abkhazia zuwa iyakar Turkiyya, kuma a yankin da aka fi sani da Colchis Lowland daga bakin teku, mafi girman yanayin yanayi na yanayi na yanayi mai zafi da hazo mai yawa (1,000 zuwa 2,000 millimeters (39.4 zuwa 78.7 in) a kowace shekara; tashar ruwan Batumi ta Batumi tana samun millimeters 2,500 a kowace shekara).  Yawancin nau'ikan bishiyar dabino da citrus suna girma a waɗannan yankuna, inda matsakaicin matsakaicin lokacin hunturu ya kai 5 °C (41 °F) kuma matsakaicin lokacin bazara shine 22 °C (71.6 °F)..

Filayen gabashin Georgia suna karewa daga tasirin Bahar Maliya ta duwatsu waɗanda ke ba da Yanayin nahiyar. Yanayin zafi na lokacin rani yana da matsakaicin 20 zuwa 24 ° C (68.0 zuwa 75.2 ° F), yanayin hunturu 2 zuwa 4 ° C (35.6 zuwa 39.2 ° F).  Rashin zafi ya fi ƙasa, kuma ruwan sama yana da matsakaicin 500 zuwa 800  in) a kowace shekara. Yankunan Alpine da tsaunuka a gabas da yamma, da kuma yankin da ba shi da ruwa a kan Iori Plateau zuwa kudu maso gabas, suna da yanayi daban-daban.

A tsaunuka masu tsawo, ruwan sama wani lokacin yana da nauyi sau biyu kamar yadda yake a filayen gabas. A yamma, yanayin yana da zafi sosai zuwa kimanin   ; sama da wannan tsawo (kuma zuwa arewa da gabas) rukuni ne na danshi da matsakaiciyar yanayin zafi, sannan rukuni na yanayin sanyi da rigar. Yanayin Alpine ya fara ne a kimanin   , kuma sama da    dusar ƙanƙara da kankara suna nan a duk shekara.

## Batutuwan muhalli
Da farko a cikin shekarun 1980, gurɓataccen Tekun Black ya cutar da masana'antar yawon bude ido ta Georgia sosai. Rashin isasshen maganin datti shine babban dalilin wannan yanayin. A Batumi, alal misali, kashi 18 cikin 100 ne kawai aka tsabtace ruwa kafin a saki shi cikin teku tun daga farkon shekarun 1990. Ya zuwa farkon shekarun 1990s, kimanin kashi 70 cikin 100 na ruwa na saman yana dauke da kwayoyin cuta masu haɗari da lafiya wanda aka danganta yawan cutar hanji na Georgia.

Yaƙin a Abkhazia ya yi mummunar lalacewa ga wuraren zama na musamman ga wannan yankin. A wasu fannoni, masana sun yi la'akari da matsalolin muhalli na Georgia ba su da tsanani fiye da na tsoffin jamhuriyoyin Soviet masu masana'antu. Warware matsalolin muhalli na Georgia ba babban fifiko ne ga gwamnatin ƙasa a cikin shekarun bayan Soviet ba, duk da haka; a cikin 1993 ministan kare muhalli ya yi murabus don nuna rashin amincewa da wannan rashin aiki. A watan Janairun 1994, Ma'aikatar Ministoci ta ba da sanarwar sabon tsarin sa ido kan muhalli tsakanin sassan don tsara shirye-shirye daban-daban a karkashin jagorancin Ma'aikatu na Kare Muhalli. Tsarin zai hada da cibiyar muhalli da bayanai da bincike. Green Party ta yi amfani da ƙaramin dakarunta a majalisa don matsawa batutuwan muhalli a 1993.

Georgia ta shiga cikin yarjejeniyar muhalli ta kasa da kasa da yawa. Yana da wani bangare ga: Rashin Ruwan iska, Biodiversity, Canjin yanayi, Canjin yanayi-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Dabbobi masu haɗari, Hadari, Dokar Tekun, Kare Yankin Ozone, Rashin Jirgin, da Wetlands.

## Abubuwa masu tsanani

* Yankin arewacin: (*de jure*): Abkhazia
* Yankin arewacin (a zahiri): Garin Mestia, Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti
* Yankin kudu: Garin Dedoplistsqaro, Kakheti
* Yammacin Yammacin (*de jure*): Abkhazia
* Yammacin Yammacin (a zahiri): Adjara
* Matsayi mafi gabas: Garin Dedoplistsqaro, Kakheti (ƙasar da Azerbaijan)

## Manazarta