open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Judith Ehrlich

**Judith Ehrlich**(an haife shi 1948/1949  ) daraktan fina-finan Amurka ce,marubuci, kuma furodusa.Ayyukanta sun haɗa da haɗin gwiwar daftarin aiki na 2009 *Mafi Mutuwar Mutum a Amurka*,wanda aka zaba don Mafi kyawun Documentary Feature a 82nd Academy Awards,ya lashe lambar yabo ta musamman a IDFA,ya lashe lambar yabo ta Peabody,kuma an zaba shi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Don Kyakkyawan Jiki A Cikin Fina-Finan Ƙirarriya.  

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Bayan aiki a matsayin malami da mai haɓaka manhajoji,Ehrlich ya fara ƙirƙira daftarin aiki a cikin 1980s.A cikin 1990s,ta fara aiki ga Rediyon Jama'a na ƙasa wanda ya haɗa da bincike kan tarihin Amurka tare da mai da hankali kan zaman lafiya.Wasu daga cikin wannan binciken an shigar da su a cikin takardun shaida *mai kyau War da waɗanda suka yi yaƙi da shi*,game da waɗanda suka ƙi yarda da imaninsu a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, wanda ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni tare da Rick Tejeda-Flores.Takardun ya ƙunshi wasu masu adawa da lamiri da yawa,ciki har da Stephen Cary,Bill Sutherland,David Dellinger,da Lew Ayres, Ed Asner ne ya ruwaito shi kuma ya haɗa da hotunan tarihin. An kammala fim ɗin a cikin 2000 kuma an watsa shi akan PBS a cikin Janairu 2002.

Don shirin 2009 *Mutumin da Yafi Haɗari a Amurka*,Ehrlich da abokin aikinta Rick Goldsmith sun ce sun fara magana da Daniel Ellsberg a cikin 2004 game da haɓaka fim,sannan suka kwashe shekaru da yawa suna gudanar da bincike da samun damar yin amfani da hotunan kayan tarihi kafin.sun fara yin fim ne a shekarar 2007.

A cikin 2020,ta fito da shirinta na gaskiya, *The Boys Who Ced A'a*,game da gwagwarmaya a cikin 1960s da 1970s na adawa da Yaƙin Vietnam. 

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Shafin yanar gizo na hukuma
*
Caroline Deutsch

**Caroline Deutsch** (23 Fabrairu 1846 - bayan 1903) ta kasance marubuciya kuma Bajamushiya.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Caroline Deutsch a Namesto, wani ƙaramin ƙauyen Hungary,a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 1846. Mahaifinta, malami, Bajamushe ne a al'ada,kuma harshen Jamusanci da ruhu sun yi rinjaye a cikin iyali.Yayin da take ƙarami, Caroline ta fara rubuta waƙa,wasu suna fitowa a jaridun Berlin. A cikin 1870 ta sauke karatu daga makarantar Lina Morgenstern a matsayin malama jama'a,  ta sami matsayi na dindindin a kan *Jüdische Presse* na Berlin.Ta buga litattafai da yawa a cikin *Volkszeitung* na Berlin, sannan ta rubuta babba ga ** . 

A 1875 ta yi aure a Hungary, kuma ta koma Hamburg. Kodayake sunanta na doka Caroline Weiss,ta ci gaba da rubutawa a ƙarƙashin sunan ta na dā. 

Filayen litattafan Deutsch galibi an shimfida su a Hungary, kuma ta bayyana sarai yadda rayuwar ɗan ƙauyen Hungarian da ƙananan ƴan kasuwa suke. Labarinta *Gedaljah*, wanda aka fara bugawa a *Die jüdische Presse* (1906), ta bayyana a cikin fassarar I Bran Ancient da Ladino. 

## Manazarta
Susana Mendes

**Susana Mendes** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1987) 'yar jaridar Angola ce. Tana da shekaru 23, an nada ta editan jaridar *Angolense*, wacce ta zama mace ta farko a Angola a matsayin editan babbar jaridar mako-mako.  A shekarar 2020 ta shiga Vida TV a matsayin mai kula da edita na sashin bayanan su. 

Rafael Marques ta yaba da gudunmawar da ta bayar ga aikin jarida na Angola:

## Rayuwa
An haifi Susana Mendes a Benguela da ke yammacin Angola. Ta halarci makarantar sakandare a Luanda, kuma yayin da ta fara horo a gidan rediyon Angola na gwamnati. Lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ta fara aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto a jaridar kasuwanci ta Luanda Agora. Aikin ya ba ta damar biyan kuɗin karatunta a Universidade Independente de Angola. Mendes ta yi aiki a *A Capital*, mai zaman kansa na yaki da cin hanci da rashawa mako-mako. 

A shekarar 2005 Americo Gonçalves, wanda ya kafa *Angolense* da kuma *A Capital*, ya ɗauke ta don zama editan *Angolense.* 

A shekarar 2008 Mendes ta shiga cikin sauran mata don ƙirƙirar Dandalin Mata 'Yan Jarida don Daidaiton Jinsi (FMJIG). Membobi sun ƙirƙiri jerin shirye-shiryen rediyo a shekarar 2009 don haɓaka daftarin doka da ke hukunta tashin hankalin gida.  An gabatar da kudirin ne a shekarar 2010, duk da cewa dokar ba ta da hukumci kuma majalisar ba ta yi aiki da shi ba. 

A shekarar 2009-10 Mendes ta kasance mataimakiyar shugaban kungiyar masu ba da rahotanni na Afirka da ke birnin Johannesburg. 

## Manazarta
Judith Edelman ne adam wata

**Judith Deena Edelman**(Satumba 23,1923 - Oktoba 4,2014)yar asalin Amurka ce.Ta tsara ayyuka iri-iri a New York tare da kamfaninta Edelman Sultan Knox Wood/Architects. Mace ce, ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga ci gaban mata a fannin gine-gine kuma ta jagoranci Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-gine ta Amirka ta farko a kan mata.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Edelman Judith Hochberg a Brooklyn a 1923.Iyayenta sun kasance bakin haure daga Gabashin Turai. Ta kasance mai sha'awar gine-gine tun tana matashi bayan ta ziyarci ofishin gine-gine a matsayin dalibin sakandare.Ta halarci Kwalejin Connecticut,Jami'ar New York da Jami'ar Columbia,ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a Columbia a shekarar 1946.

## Sana'a
Edelman was a frequent campaigner for the advancement of women architects and insisted that women should become involved in the American Institute of Architects(AIA)although it was"an exclusive gentleman's club". She was the first woman to be elected to the executive committee of the AIA's New York chapter in 1972. In 1972,she founded the Alliance of Women in Architecture,an organization to promote the advancement of women architects. The next year,she was a co-author of "Status of Women in the Architectural Profession",a resolution for the AIA that encouraged the institute to adapt to the "climate of change"brought about by the feminist movement of the time.At the AIA national convention in 1974,she gave a presentation about the fact that only 1.2 percent of American registered architects were women,claiming that the only industries with a smaller proportion of women were coal mining and steel work.After the presentation, she was recruited to lead the AIA's first task force on women, and came to be called "Dragon Lady"at AIA headquarters.She was the inspiration for Gloria and Esther Goldreich's 1974 children's book titled *What Can She Be?An Architect*.

Tare da kamfanin da ta fara,Edelman ya yi aiki a kan ayyuka iri-iri a birnin New York, gami da ayyukan gidaje masu araha da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin irin waɗannan shi ne Phelps House,rukunin gidaje tare da cibiyar jama'a don tsofaffi,wanda aka kammala a cikin shekarar 1983.A cikin 1960s ta yi aiki a kan zane don canza gidaje tara na dutsen launin ruwan kasa a Upper West Side zuwa ginin guda ɗaya yayin da suke kiyaye facades;ginin yanzu 9G Cooperative Apartments. Tsarinta ya sami lambobin yabo daga AIA, Municipal Art Society da City Club na New York, kuma ita da mijinta sun sami lambar yabo ta Andrew J. Thomas Pioneer a Housing daga babin AIA na New York a cikin shekarar 1990.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Ta auri Harold Edelman a 1947.Suna da ’ya’ya biyu,Marc da Joshua da jikoki takwas.Ta mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya a ranar 4 ga Oktoba,2014.

## Nassoshi
Hakkin Ɗan Adam a Botswana

Ana kiyaye **haƙƙin ɗan adam a Botswana** ƙarƙashin tsarin mulki. Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na shekarar 2009 na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya lura cewa gabaɗaya gwamnatin Botswana tana mutunta haƙƙin 'yan ƙasa. 

## Tsarin Mulki
Kundin tsarin mulkin Botswana ya yi magana kan ka'idodin 'yancin ɗan adam kamar 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, 'Yancin taro da 'yancin rayuwa. 

## Batutuwa

### 'Yancin magana da yada labarai
Kundin tsarin mulki ya yi magana kan ra'ayi na 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki kuma gwamnati na mutunta wannan. 

### Hukuncin kisa
Kotun koli a birnin Johannesburg na kasar Afirka ta Kudu ta bayyana Botswana a matsayin "jahar pariah ba ta hade da yawancin kasashen Afirka da suka yi watsi da su ko kuma suka ki aiwatar da hukuncin kisa". An rataye mutane 32 a Botswana tsakanin 1966 zuwa 1998 da samun 'yancin kai, sannan an kashe wasu shida tsakanin 2001 zuwa 2006.

### Mutanen asali
Yawancin ’yan asalin San an tilasta musu ƙaura daga ƙasarsu zuwa wuraren da aka keɓe. Don yin ƙaura, an hana su samun ruwa daga ƙasarsu kuma ana fuskantar kama su idan sun yi farauta, wanda shine tushen abincinsu na farko.  Kasashensu suna tsakiyar filin lu'u-lu'u mafi arziki a duniya. A hukumance, gwamnati ta musanta cewa babu wata hanyar da ta shafi hakar ma'adinai kuma ta yi iƙirarin ƙaura don adana namun daji da muhalli, duk da cewa mutanen San sun yi rayuwa mai ɗorewa a ƙasar tsawon shekaru dubu.  A kan ajiyar, suna kokawa don neman aikin yi kuma shaye-shaye ya zama ruwan dare. 

## Tarihi
Shafi na gaba yana nuna ƙimar Botswana tun 1972 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba".  

## Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya
Matsayin Botswana kan yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa sune kamar haka:

## Duba kuma

* Hakkokin LGBT a Botswana

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* 'Yanci a Duniya Rahoton 2012, ta Freedom House
Ruff 'n' Tumble

**Ruff 'n' Tumble** alama ce ta Najeriya wacce ta ƙware a cikin tufafin yara.

## Tarihi
An kafa Ruff 'n' Tumble a shekarar ta 1996 lokacin da Adenike Ogunlesi ta bukaci 'ya'yanta da kayan bacci.    Tuni tana yin tufafi ga mata, ta yanke shawarar yin kayan tare da taimakon mahaifiyarta, mai yin sutura .  Ta fara amfani da kayan gida ciki har da Ankara da Adire .  An fara samarwa kuma daga baya an fadada ayyukan ga sauran iyalai na Najeriya masu yara. Samar da kayan sawa (ga yara masu shekaru 0 zuwa 16), sannu a hankali ya ci gaba daga gidanta (sayar da su daga boot ɗin motarta)  zuwa wani wuri a Victoria Island, Legas.  Ruff 'n' Tumble yana aiki da gidan sayar da kayayyaki, masana'anta, rarrabawa  kuma yana da ma'aikata sama da 50.  Har ila yau, ta fadada rassa zuwa Surulere a Legas,  da Ikeja,
da kuma, sauran garuruwan Najeriya, ciki har da, Ibadan, Kano da Fatakwal .  Kamfanin yana da kusan rassa 15 a duk faɗin ƙasar.  Ruff 'n' Tumble kuma ya mallaki samfuran "Trendsetters" da "NaijaBoysz"   (kewayon tufafi ga samari maza masu shekaru 8-16). Ruff 'n' Tumble ya yi haɗin gwiwa da ƙungiyar masu ba da shawara ta ma'aikata ta Najeriya (NECA) da Asusun horar da masana'antu (ITF) don taimakawa wajen rage rashin aikin yi a kasar.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*  
*
TWIF Clothing

**TWIF Clothing** da aka yi salo kamar **tWIF Clothing** samfurin kayan sawa ne na Najeriya kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan samfuran tufafi na Afirka  wanda ya ƙware a cikin ƙwararru kuma a shirye don sanya tufafi ga mashahuran mutane,   kasuwanci da sauran ƙungiyoyi, da kayayyakin sutura irin su. kamar riga, kwat da wando.

## Tarihi
tWIF Clothing an kaddamar da shi a watan Satumba na 2012 daga Omotoso Oluwabukunmi a lokacin da yake karatun tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Babcock, Jihar Ogun, tWIF a takaice ce ga *HANYAR DA TA DACE*. Kamfanin yana da wuraren reshe guda biyu a duk faɗin ƙasar kuma yana da ma'aikata sama da 30.  tWIF tufafi ya fara samun karbuwa a cikin 2015, kuma an jera shi a cikin manyan 5 Emerging Nigerian Fashion / Clothing Brands don nema a cikin 2015 ta wata jaridar Najeriya Dailytimes.
A ranar 4 ga Yuli, 2020, tWIF Clothing ya fara halartan Runway ta kan layi kuma ya buɗe tarin tarin sa mai suna Deluxè ta tWIF. 
Sun sami karbuwa a duk faɗin ƙasar a cikin masana'antar keɓe lokacin da kayan Mike Edward ya yi nasara mafi kyau a cikin 2020 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards tare da tWIF tufafi. A ranar 3 ga Maris, 2020, tWIF Clothing ya yi wando na al'ada a cikin damask na hauren giwa tare da shanu don Davido a cikin bidiyon kiɗansa mai suna 1 mili, wanda ya zama abin jin daɗin intanet kuma an nuna shi a cikin Pitchfork. tWIF Clothing ya kuma kirkiro kayayyaki da salo don jerin talabijin *Battleground*, Zlatan 's *Bolanle* bidiyon kiɗa; da jerin yanar gizo, *Skinny Girl in Transit* and as welld styled a couple of African celebrities including 2Baba, Lasisi Elenu, Peruzzi, Joseph Yobo, Mawuli Gavor, Diamond Platinum, Falz, Timini Egbuson and Kunle Remi. A shekarar 2023 tWIF Clothing ta lashe kyautar jagoranci ta kasa daga kungiyar matasan Kudancin Najeriya (SYAN).

## Nassoshi
Unilever Nigeria Plc

**Unilever Nigeria Place** kamfani ne da aka jera a bainar jama'a wanda ke da sha'awar ciniki da masana'antu a kasuwar kayan masarufi. A cikin 2014, an jera shi a cikin manyan kamfanoni 20 mafi daraja da aka ambata a kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya. Unilever Nigeria PLC reshe ne na Unilever Overseas Holding BV.

## Tarihi

### Lever Brothers
Tarihin Unilever a Najeriya ya samo asali ne tun a shekarar 1923 lokacin da Robert Hesketh Leverhulme ya bude wurin kasuwanci a Najeriya da sunan kasuwanci, Lever Brothers (West Africa) Ltd. Kamfanin ya fara kasuwancin sabulu kuma a cikin 1924, an canza sunan zuwa Kamfanin Sabulu na Yammacin Afirka. Ganin dama a cikin ƙasar, kamfanin ya buɗe masana'antar sabulu a Apapa a cikin 1925. Daga baya kamfanin ya fadada zuwa samar da kayan abinci, ya bude sabuwar masana’antar sabulu a Aba a shekarar 1958 kuma ya canza suna zuwa Lever Brothers Nigeria Limited a shekarar 1955. A cikin 1960, Lever Brothers ya gabatar da wanki na Omo a kasuwa, sabon samfurin ya sami karɓuwa a tsakanin masu saye, wanda hakan ya sa kamfanin ya ƙaddamar da wata masana'anta don kera wanki na Omo a 1964. 

Dangane da dokar 'yan asalin ƙasar ta 1972, Unilever ya zama kamfani da aka lissafa a bainar jama'a a 1973, yana sayar da kashi 60% na hannun jari ga jama'ar Najeriya . Kamfanin ya zama kamfani mallakar Najeriya . Canjin mallakar hannun jari bai shafi ci gaban kamfani ba. A cikin 1982, kamfanin ya fara samar da kayayyakin abinci kamar Royco, Blue band da Tree top a Agbara, Jihar Ogun . 

Bugu da ƙari, kamfanin ya shiga cikin lokaci na haɗuwa da saye; Ya samu Lipton Nigeria a 1985 sannan ya hade da kamfanin Vaseline, Chesebrough Products Industries a 1988. A cikin wannan lokacin, kamfanin ya fara tsarin haɗin kai na baya don samo albarkatun ƙasa a cikin gida. Wannan shawarar kasuwanci ta sa kamfanin ya saka hannun jari a harkar noman amfanin gona da noman dabino. Har ila yau, kamfanin ya zuba jari a gonar shayi a Mambilla don samar da albarkatun kasa na Lipton.

### Unilever
A shekarar 1995, Lever Brothers, kashi 40 na Unilever, ya hade da Unilever Nigeria Limited, reshen Unilever UK Haɗin ya baiwa Unilever ikon mallakar sabuwar ƙungiyar, wannan shi ne karo na farko tun bayan da aka soke dokar zama ‘yan asalin ƙasar da ƙasashen duniya za su yi. mafi rinjaye a cikin wani kamfanin Najeriya da aka nakalto. Kafin haɗewar, a cikin 1994, ƙungiyar Unilever ta sami AJ Seward, mai kera samfuran kula da kai daga UAC Nigeria.

A 2001, kamfanin ya canza suna zuwa Unilever Nigeria Plc.

## Kayayyaki
Unilever Nigeria Plc na da hannu a masana'antu da sayar da abinci da kayan abinci da kuma kayayyakin kula da gida da na mutum. Kamfanin yana da masana'anta a Agbara, jihar Ogun da kuma Oregun, jihar Legas.

## Nassoshi
Vitafoam Nigeria Plc

**Vitafoam Nigeria Plc** kamfani ne na kera kumfa da ke Legas, Najeriya. Yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana'antar kumfa a Najeriya,  yana samar da samfuran polyurethane masu sassauƙa da tsauri. Kamfanin kuma yana da sha'awar Vitafoam Ghana da Vitafoam Saliyo.

A cikin 2011, ta shiga cikin ƙawancen dabarun tare da fafatawa a gasa, Vono Products  kafin siyan kamfanin.  Siyan samfuran Vono ya haɓaka kason kamfani na kasuwar kayan daki. A cikin 2000s, kamfanin ya faɗaɗa samar da samfurinsa ta hanyar saka hannun jari a cikin zaɓuɓɓukan barci na zamani waɗanda ƙungiyoyi huɗu na yanzu ke sarrafawa:  Vitapur, Vitagreen, Vitavisco da Vitablom. Vitapaur yana ba da kayan gini na haɗin gwiwa. 

An kafa kamfanin a cikin 1962 ta British Vita a cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da mai rarraba GB Ollivant na gida. An fara samar da matashin kumfar latex da katifu a shekarar 1963 a Estate Masana'antu na Ikeja.  Ƙarƙashin sababbin dokoki masu tasiri a cikin 1978, British Vita ya rage girmansa daga 50% zuwa 20%.

## Nassoshi
Malebogo Molefhe

**Malebogo Molefhe** (an haife a shekara ta  1980) 'yar  wasan ƙwallon kwando ce na Motswana wanda ta zama mai fafutukar yaƙi da cin zarafin jinsi bayan an harbe ta sau takwas. A shekarar 2017, ta sami lambar yabo ta Mata masu ƙarfin gwiwa.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Molefhe a shekara ta 1980. An zaɓe ta ne domin ta wakilci ƙasarta a wasan ƙwallon kwando, inda take buga wasanni da ƙwarewa tun tana shekara 18. Tana zaune a Manyana.

Malebogo ta girma a kasar Botswana dake kudancin Afirka kuma tana zaune a kudancin Gaborone. Tsohon saurayinta ya kai mata hari a shekara ta 2009, lokacin tana da shekaru 29.  A harin, saurayinta ya harbe ta har sau takwas. Maharin, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "deranged", sannan ya harbe kansa har lahira.  Malebogo ta tsira kuma ta murmure daga harin, amma yanzu tana amfani da keken guragu  saboda rauni a kashin baya. 

Malebogo ta zama mai ba da shawara ga waɗanda suka tsira daga cin zarafin jinsi (GBV) da cin zarafin gida a gidan rediyon Botswana. Ta shirya tarurrukan karawa juna sani tare da samar da horo tare da kungiyoyin jiha da masu zaman kansu a Botswana. Ta fahimci cewa akwai al'amuran al'adu da suka kasa hana GBV kuma ta ba da gudummawa don wayar da kan jama'a game da bukatar canji. 

Malebogo ta koyar da yara mata game da girman kai don ba su damar yin tsayayya da zaluncin jinsi da sauran nau'ikan cin zarafin gida. Ita da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Botswana sun ƙirƙiri wani shiri don yara don taimakawa koyo game da GBV a cikin gida. Malebogo kuma tana ƙarfafa para wasanni da wasanni ga mata gabaɗaya. 

A ranar 29 ga watan Maris 2017 ita da wasu mata 12 na wasu ƙasashe  sun sami karbuwa daga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka kuma an ba ta lambar yabo ta Mata masu ƙarfin gwiwa a Washington, DC  Ita ce macen Botswana ta farko da ta sami irin wannan lambar yabo.  Kamar yadda asusun kula da yawan jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya sanar, fiye da kashi biyu bisa uku na matan Botswana sun fuskanci wani nau'i na cin zarafin mata a rayuwarsu. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin sunayen masu fafutukar zaman lafiya

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*  "How the Tigress of Basketball Fought Back". Outlook. BBC World Service. 22 September 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
2009 Gujarat barkewar cutar hanta

**Barkewar cutar hanta ta Gujarat ta 2009** ta kasance tarin cutace ta  bayyana a Modasa, arewacin Gujarat, Indiya a cikin shekarar 2009. Sama da mutane 125 ne suka kamu da cutar kuma mutane 49 suka mutu.   An binciki likitoci da dama tare da kamasu  bayan barkewar cutar.

## Manazarta
Monica Tabengwa

**Monica Tabengwa** lauya ce kuma mai bincike daga Botswana wacce ke aiki a Pan-Africa ILGA  da Human Rights Watch (HRW). Ta kware kan al'amuran LGBT a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara.        Tabengwa ta yi rubuce-rubuce kan tashin hankali da wariyar da a ke nuna wa mutanen LGBT ke fuskanta a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara.  

Tabengwa memba ce na kwamitin tsarawa kuma mai sanya hannu kan ka'idojin Yogyakarta da 10. 

## Zababbun bibliography.

*  Ghoshal, Neela; Tabengwa, Monica (2015), The Issue is Violence: Attacks on LGBT People on Kenya's Coast , Human Rights Watch
*  Tabengwa, Monica (2013), "It's nature, not a crime" :discriminatory laws and LGBT people in Liberia , Human Rights Watch, ISBN 9781623130787
*  Tabengwa, Monica & Nicol, Nancy (2013). "The development of sexual rights and the LGBT movement in Botswana" (PDF). In Lennox, Corinne (ed.). Human Rights, Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in The Commonwealth: Struggles for Decriminalisation and Change . School of Advanced Study, University of London. pp. 352–362.

## Manazarta.
Nasiru Idris

**Mohammed Nasir Idris** (an haife shi 6 ga Agusta1965)  ne, ƙwararren ilimi, ɗan siyasa wanda yake rike da mukamin gwamnan jihar Kebbi a halin yanzu. A baya ya taba zama shugaban kungiyar malamai ta Najeriya kuma mataimakin shugaban kungiyar kwadago ta Najeriya. A ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 2023, hukumar zabe mai zaman kanta ta kasa (INEC) ta bayyana Idris a matsayin wanda ya lashe zaben gwamnan jihar Kebbi a shekarar 2023.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Nasir Idris a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta ƙaramar hukumar Birnin Kebbi a jihar Kebbi. Ya halarci Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Birnin Kebbi tsakanin shekarar 1994 zuwa 2003, da Jami'ar Usmanu Danfodio, Sokoto, tsakanin 2006 zuwa 2009 don yin MBA.  Idris ya yi digirin digirgir a fannin ilimi kuma ya rubuta kasidu daban-daban kan ilimi.

## Sana'a
A shekarar 2018, an zaɓi Idris a matsayin shugaban kungiyar malamai ta Najeriya (NUT) da kuma mataimakin shugaban kungiyar kwadago ta Najeriya NLC. Tsohon shugaban kungiyar NUT reshen jihar Kebbi, tsohon shugaban NLC, jihar Kebbi kuma tsohon ma'ajin kungiyar NUT ta kasa. A watan Mayun 2022, Mista Idris ya fito a matsayin dan takarar gwamna na jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC) na jihar Kebbi a zaben fidda gwani na gwamnan APC. A ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 2023, Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa (INEC) ta ayyana Idris a matsayin wanda ya lashe zaben gwamnan jihar Kebbi a shekarar 2023.

## Nassoshi
Roy Sesana

**Roy Sesana** (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dari tara da hamsin 1950) Dan gwagwarmayar San ne wanda ya yi aiki tare da mutanen farko na Kalahari don kare Hakkin mutanensa.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Sesana yana zaune ne a New Xade a tsakiyar Kalahari kuma yana aikin likitancin gargajiya. Ya koma Afirka ta Kudu na tsawon shekaru biyu, amma ya koma ga mutanensa a shekarar 1971 domin ya zauna tare da su a cikin jeji. Shi ne shugaban mutanen Gǁana, Gǀwi da Kalahari Bushmen.  A shekarar 1991, ya shiga cikin mutanen farko na Kalahari (FPK) tare da John Hardbattle, wanda ke inganta yanayin rayuwar al'ada, yana kare yanayin. A shekarar 1997, an sake tsugunar da wani karamin rukunin Bushmen da ke zaune a tsakiyar tsakiyar Kalahari Game Reserve zuwa sabon ginin da aka gina na New Xade. Gwamnati ta yi ikirarin cewa hakan ya faru ne sakamakon fahimtar juna da aka yi cewa ci gaba da kasancewar kungiyar a cikin ajiyar ya ci karo da kiyaye Game reserve. Gwamnati ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa ba za ta iya samar wa kungiyar kayayyakin more rayuwa da aiyuka ba yayin da suke cikin asusun ajiyar saboda dalilai guda. Kungiyar Bushmen da mutanen Kalahari na farko suka wakilta sun ki kaura, saboda yanayin da ake ciki a sabon matsugunin, da yanayin rayuwar da ba a san su ba, da kuma wasu sabbin matsalolin zamantakewa kamar rashin aikin yi, shaye-shaye da cututtuka, musamman HIV-AIDS. A 1995 Roy ya zama shugaban FPK. Ya yi balaguro zuwa Turai da Amurka wasu lokuta don hana gwamnatin Botswana tilasta wa mutanensa korar filayensu. 

A shekara ta 2002, mutanen Kalahari na farko sun kai gwamnatin Botswana kotu don neman hakkin mutanen da aka kora su koma wurin ajiyar. Tsawon shari'ar kotun ya ja hankalin duniya sosai. A ranar 13 ga watan Disamba, 2006, babbar kotun Botswana ta yanke hukunci a kan hukuncin Bushmen, inda ta bayyana cewa korar da aka yi ba bisa ka'ida ba ne kuma ya saba wa tsarin mulki. 

A cikin watan Satumba na shekarar 2005, an kama Sesana saboda "hargitsi" da ƙoƙarin "shiga tsakiyar Kalahari Game Reserve", amma an sake shi kwanaki biyu bayan haka.  A cikin watan Disamba na shekarar 2005, ya sami lambar yabo ta ' Right Livelihood Award' don "yunkurin juriya kan korarsu daga Kasashen kakanninsu, da kuma kiyaye Hakkin tsarin rayuwarsu na gargajiya."

## Duba kuma

* Davi Kopenawa Yanomami
* Stephen Corry

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin hadi na waje
 
* Ina so 2 in koma gida – Kgeikani Kweni (Mutanen Farko na Kalahari)
* Kyautar Rayuwa ta Dama - Mutanen Farko na Kalahari / Roy Sesana (Botswana)
* Jawabin Karbar Kyautar Rayuwar Dama ta Roy Sesana
Rosemary Inyama

**Rosemary Inyama** (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba 1913, ba a san ranar da ta mutu ba) 'yar Najeriya ce mai ilimi, 'yar siyasa, kuma 'yar kasuwa kuma mai son ci gaban al'umma.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Inyama Rosemary Ike a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba 1913 ga Mazi Okoronkwo Ike da Madam Otonahu Ike a Arochukwu, Igboland, Nigeria. Ta halarci makarantar tunawa da Mary Slessor inda daga baya ta zama malama. Lokacin da ta yi aure a shekara ta 1934, ta yi murabus daga koyarwa. Duk da haka Inyama tana da  a cikin abubuwan da suka shafi al'umma. Ta fara Cibiyar Koyar da Kasuwancin Kasuwanci a shekarar 1935 wanda ya zama sana'a mai riba kuma ta koya wa mata dabarun da za su iya amfani da su a wurin aiki ko a gida.   

A shekarar 1942 Inyama ta samu lasisin siyan zinare kuma ta fara sana’ar shigo da zinare daga Ghana da kera kayan ado daga gare ta. Ta kasance daya daga cikin mata na farko a yankin da suka sami asusun banki, tare da bankin Continental Bank da ke Aba. Inyama ta tsunduma cikin harkar kasuwanci na saye da sayar da kayan abinci har lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya (1967-70) ta kawo karshen kasuwancin. Ta kafa Girl Guide  a gundumar, kuma ta taimaka wajen samo jarirai marasa uwa a gida a shekarar 1965. A lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya ta tattaro kungiyoyi daban-daban na Ututu, Ihechiowa, Isu, Ewe da Arochukwu karkashin tutar kungiyar matan Arochukwu. Inyama ta kasance mamba a majalisar wakilan Najeriya da Kamaru (NCNC) kuma ta shirya kungiyar mata. Wata ‘yar kasuwa mai cin gashin kanta wacce ta tara dukiya mai tarin yawa, Inyama ta koyar da dukkan ‘ya’yanta a jami’a tare da sadaukar da kanta wajen inganta rayuwar mata da al’ummarta baki daya. An ba ta lambobin yabo da dama saboda hidimar da ta yi.       

Inyama ta auri wani malamin makaranta PK Inyama kuma daya daga cikin 'ya'yansu, Hycientha Inyama Nwauba ya zama karamin jakadan Najeriya a NY. Sauran 'ya'yansu sune Nnenna Inyama, Jennifer Inyama da Okoro Inyama. 

## Manazarta
Joe Irukwu

**Joseph Ogbonnaya Irukwu** (1934-2023) babban jami’in inshora ne na Najeriya, lauya, malami kuma marubuci wanda ya rubuta ayyukan da suka shafi harkar inshora a Afirka. Ya kuma kasance tsohon shugaban kungiyar Ohaneze Ndigbo, kungiyar kabilu da siyasa da zamantakewa da ke wakiltar muradun Igbo a siyasar Najeriya.

Irukwu shi ne wanda ya kafa Manajan Daraktan Kamfanin Reinsurance na Najeriya, a shekarar 1989, ya kafa Kamfanin Inshorar Cigaban Afirka wanda daga baya aka sayar da shi ga bankin Diamond . 

## Rayuwa
Irukwu ya samu digirin sa a fannin shari'a da inshora daga wata jami'ar Burtaniya a shekarar 1962. Bayan ya dawo Najeriya, ya samu aiki da Kamfanin Inshorar Lardin Afrika ta Yamma, wani kamfanin Biritaniya da ke aiki a Legas. Asalinsa, mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari’a, ya tashi a cikin kamfani kuma ya shiga jami’in gudanarwa na sashen inshorar kamfanin a shekarar 1965.  A shekarar 1970, an nada shi babban jami'in gudanarwa na Kamfanin Inshorar Rayuwa da Wuta kuma yana aiki a Unity kuma bayanansa ya fara tashi. A shekarar 1972, gwamnati ta nada shi shugaban hukumar ba da lamuni na dalibai, kwamitin da ke da alhakin bayar da lamuni ga dubban dalibai.  A shekarar 1977, Irukwu ya zama babban shugaban zartarwa na Kamfanin Reinsurance Corporation na Najeriya, kasuwancin gwamnati da aka kafa don haɓaka kaso na cikin gida na reinsurance premium kudaden shiga. Kafin kafuwar kamfanin, kamfanonin inshora a Najeriya, sun gudanar da hada-hadar inganta inshora da kamfanonin kasashen waje. Don bunkasa kasuwar inshora na cikin gida da rage fitar da kudaden waje, gwamnati ta kafa Nigerian Re. An bai wa sabon kamfanin haƙƙin kin farko na duk wani ciniki na inshorar da za a gudanar a Najeriya. Daya daga cikin manyan kalubalen da Irukwu ya fuskanta shi ne daukar ma’aikata da horar da masu hazaka a harkar kasuwanci da ta saba wa Najeriya. Kamfanin ya tsunduma cikin horar da ma'aikata na kasashen waje tare da daukar nauyin makarantar horarwa a Legas. 

### Aikin ilimi
A farkon shekarun 1970, Irukwu ya fara gudanar da laccoci a fannin kimiyyar aiki a jami'ar Legas. Bugu da kari, ya shiga cikin bunkasa shirye-shiryen horarwa a kungiyar Kamfanonin Inshora ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAICA) da kuma Cibiyar Inshorar Afirka ta Yamma. 

Ya wallafa littafinsa na farko, *Dokar Inshora a Najeriya* a shekarar 1967 sannan kuma littafinsa na biyu mai suna *Accident and Motor Insurance in West Africa* an buga shi a shekarar 1974. An buga littafinsa na uku, *Gudanar da Inshora a Afirka* a shekarar 1976. 

### Ayyuka

*  Irukwu, J.O. (1977). Insurance management in Africa. Ibadan: Caxton Press.
*  Irukwu, J. O. (1974). Accident and motor insurance in West Africa: Law & practice. Ibadan: Caxton Press.
*  Irukwu, J.O. (1991). Insurance law and practice in Nigeria ([4th ed. ?] ed.). Ibadan: Heinemann Educational Books.  
*  Irukwu, J. (1983). Nigeria at the crossroads: a nation in transition. London: Witherby. . OCLC 11001093
*  O., Irukwu, J. (2014). Nigeria at 100 : What next?. Ibadan: Safari Books. .

## Manazarta
Maryama Antin

**Mary Antin** (An haifeta ranar 13 ga watan Yuni, 1881 - 15 ga watan Mayu sha biyar ga watan Mayu,1949) marubuciya Ba’amurke ce kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin shige da fice . An fi saninta da tarihin tarihin rayuwarta na 1912 *The Alkawari*, asusun ƙaura da Amurkawa na gaba.

## Rayuwa
Mary Antin ita ce ta biyu a cikin yara shida da aka haifa wa Isra'ila da Esther Weltman Antin, dangin Yahudawa da ke zaune a Polotsk, a cikin gundumar Vitebsk na Daular Rasha ( Belarus a yau). Isra'ila Antin ta yi hijira zuwa Boston a 1891, kuma bayan shekaru uku ya aika a kira Maryamu da mahaifiyarta da 'yan'uwanta. 

Ta auri Amadeus William Grabau, masanin ilimin kasa, a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da daya, kuma ta koma birnin New York inda ta halarci Kwalejin Malamai ta Jami'ar Columbia da Kwalejin Barnard . An san Antin don tarihin rayuwarta na shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da goma Sha biyu *The Alkawari*, wanda ke bayyana iliminta na makarantar jama'a da kuma shiga cikin al'adun Amurka, da kuma rayuwar Yahudawa a cikin Czarist Rasha . Bayan fitowar ta, Antin ta yi lacca kan yadda ta yi hijira ga jama'a da dama a fadin kasar.

A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, yayin da ta ke yaƙin neman zaɓen ƙawance, ayyukan da mijinta ya yi wa Jamusawa ya sa suka rabu da kuma raunin jiki. An tilasta Amadeus barin mukaminsa a Jami'ar Columbia don yin aiki a kasar Sin, inda ya zama "mahaifin ilimin kasa na kasar Sin." Ba ta da karfin jiki ta kai masa ziyara a can.

A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Jafanawa sun kama Amadeus kuma ya mutu jim kaɗan bayan an sake shi a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da shida. Mary Antin ta mutu sakamakon ciwon daji a ranar Sha biyar ga watan Mayu, 1949.  

## Legacy
Ana tunawa da ita akan Hanyar Gadon Mata ta Boston . 

## Magana

## Manazarta
Jaaruma

**Hauwa Saidu Mohammed** (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga watan Oktoba 1993) wacce aka fi sani da Jaruma yar Najeriya ce mai ilimin sex therapist, 'yar kasuwa kuma wacce ta kafa Jaaruma Empire Limited.  

## Ƙuruciya da ilimi
Jaaruma ta fito daga karamar hukumar Billiri ta jihar Gombe.  Ta halarci Makarantar Nursery da Primary School da ke Asokoro Abuja da Nigerian Turkish International College Abuja. A shekarar 2004 ta samu gurbin karatu a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zaria, amma kafin ta kammala shirinta ta karanci hulda da jama'a a jami'ar Istanbul Kultur da ke Turkiyya.  

## Bayanan kasuwanci
Daga shekarar 2010 zuwa 2016, Jaruma ta tsunduma cikin harkokin kasuwanci da dama daga sayar da gashin tukwane, riguna, zuwa gidaje. Ta fara YouTube a shekarar 2016 don haɓaka fa'idodin warkewa na Azanza Garckeana wanda aka fi sani da Snot Apple, Mutohwe, African chewing gum, gorontula, tula kolanut ko morojwa. Yawan masu sauraro na tashar sun kafa kasuwa don layin samfurinta lokacin da aka sake su a shekara ta 2017. Ana rade-radin cewa ta mallaki shahararren shafin Instagram, instablog9ja.   

## Shawara
Jaruma ta ba da shawarar a yi wa mata gwajin farko na kamuwa da cutar sankarar mahaifa. Ta fito ne daga Arewacin Najeriya inda ake kallon tattaunawa game da jima'i a matsayin haramun,    ta yi ƙoƙarin canza ra'ayin mutane game da mata daga Arewa da kuma yadda suke kallon kansu ta hanyar jima'i.   

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Ta auri Ross Isabor (2018-2021).    A shekarar 2022, Ross Isabor ya wallafa a shafinsa na Instagram cewa ya rabu da Jaruma tuntuni kuma ya gargade ta da ta daina amfani da sunansa wajen sayar da kayayyakin jabu.  

## Duba kuma

* Lori Brotto
* Laura Berman

## Manazarta
Daniel Kanu

**Daniel Kanu** (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta alif 1971A.C) Miladiyya.ɗan siyasa Ba'amurke ɗan Najeriya ne, ɗan kasuwa kuma mai taimakon al'umma. Kamar yadda wani labarin da ya wallafa a *jaridar News Diary Online* a shekarar 2014, ya yi fice a duk fadin Najeriya saboda goyon bayan Janar Sani Abacha.  Ya tsunduma cikin harkokin kasuwanci da dama a Najeriya kuma yana daukar nauyin kungiyoyi da dama da aka sadaukar domin ci gaban matasa.

## Ƙuruciya da ilimi

An haifi Kanu a garin Aba da ke jihar Imo, yanzu jihar Abia, kuma ya yi karatu a Najeriya har zuwa shekarar 1985, inda ya koma Texas a kasar Amurka. Ya sauke karatu a shekarar 1990 daga North Garland High School. Bayan haka, ya halarci Kwalejin Richland da ke Dallas, Texas, yana samun takardar shedar karatu a cikin Nazarin Duniya kan Kasuwanci da Ciniki na Duniya da digiri a fannin fasaha. A shekarar 1993 ya dawo Najeriya. 

## Sana'a/Aiki
Kanu ya fara kasuwancin sa ne a shekarar 1993, lokacin da ya kafa kamfanin DIK International Limited. Kamfanin, tare da rassansa, sun tsunduma a fannonin kasuwanci, gine-gine, shigo da kayayyaki da kuma samar da kayayyaki da ci gaban fasaha, gidaje, albarkatun mai da iskar gas. Shi ne kuma Manajan Darakta na Cleanall Environmental Services Limited.  Kanu shi ne shugaban DK Fitness Products Limited. 

## Sana'ar siyasa

Shigar da Kanu ya yi a siyasar Najeriya ya shafe shi a kungiyoyi da kungiyoyi daban-daban, musamman wadanda suka hada da shirya Youth Earnestly Ask for Abacha (YEAA) da kuma jagorantar 2 Million Man March don goyon bayan shugaban da ake cece-kuce Janar Sani Abacha,             kuma ana ganin shi ne taro mafi girma a tarihin Najeriya. A shekarar 2002, ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na jam’iyyar PDP na ‘yan majalisar wakilai ta tarayya (AMAC da Bwari), amma jam’iyyar PDP ta soke nasarar da ya samu saboda abin da suka ce ba a tantance ba, kuma ba a san wasu daga cikin magabata ba.    A shekarar 2011, an nada Daniel Kanu babban mataimaki na musamman (Agriculture and Water Resources) ga Gwamnan Jihar Imo, Najeriya.  An nada Kanu a matsayin mai ba Gwamnan Jihar Imo na Najeriya shawara na musamman a shekarar 2012. 

## Tallafawa
Kanu shi ne wanda ya kafa gidauniyar matasa ta Daniel Kanu kuma ta dauki nauyin samar da ilimi da wasanni. Kungiyar dai ita ce ke daukar nauyin kungiyar kwallon kafa ta birnin tarayya Abuja.      A shekarar 2014, Daniel Kanu ya sake kaddamar da kungiyar matasa masu daukar nauyin New Deal Organisation ta mai da hankali sosai kan inganta ci gaban matasa da rage laifukan matasa.         Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa kungiyar Builders Association of Nigeria (BBAN) 

## Manazarta
Shani Boianjiu

**Shani Boianjiu** (    ; an haife shi 30 Mayu 1987) marubucin Isra'ila ne. Littafin littafinta na farko, *Mutanen Har abada Ba Su Ji tsoro*, an sake ta a cikin she'kara na dubu biyu da goma Sha biyu,  kuma an buga shi a cikin ƙasashe 23.  A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da goma Sha daya Gidauniyar Littattafai ta Kasa ta ba ta suna 5 a ƙarƙashin talatin da biyar mai girma.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Boianjiu a Urushalima ga iyayenta 'yan asalin Iraqi da Romania, kuma ta girma a Ma'alot Tarshiha da Kfar Vradim a Yammacin Galili .   Ta halarci makarantar Phillips Exeter, ta kammala karatunta a shekara ta dubu biyu da biyar. Bayan shekaru biyu na hidima a Rundunar Tsaro ta Isra'ila, ta halarci Harvard, ta kammala karatunta a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma Sha daya.  

Yayin da yake Harvard, Boianjiu ta yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Radcliffe Union of Students, kungiyar mata ta Harvard,  kuma a matsayin shugaban kwamitin majalisar Quincy House .  Ta kasance ƙaramar abokiyar bincike a Cibiyar Radcliffe don Advanced binciken, tana aiki ga masanin Reuven Snir .  A lokacin rani na shekara ta dubu biyu da takwas, ta halarci makarantar bazara a Jami'ar Waseda, Tokyo .  A lokacin rani na shekara ta dubu biyu da tara, ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar kare hakkin jama'a a Isra'ila .    A lokacin bazara na ta shekara ta dubu biyu da goma, ta yi amfani da kuɗin da ta samu a matsayin mai karɓar Haɗin Ci gaban Artist don yin hayar wani ɗaki daidai daga gidan kurkukun Iowa City kuma ta rubuta almara. 

Tana zaune a Yammacin Galili kuma a halin yanzu tana zaune  kammala aiki akan novel dinta na biyu.  

Rubutun Boianjiu ta bayyana a cikin *[[New York Times|The New York Times]]*,  *The New Yorker*,  *Zoetrope,*  *Vice,*  *The Wall Street Journal*,  *The Globe and Mail*,  *Dazed and Confused*,  *The Guardian*,  NPR.org,  *Chatelaine*  da *Flavorwire.* 

## Kyaututtuka da karramawa
Boianjiu ita ce marubuciya Isra'ila na farko da aka yi rajista don Kyautar Mata ta Burtaniya don Fiction, kuma ƙaramin ɗan takarar da aka zaɓa a waccan shekarar (2013).  An zaɓi littafinta na farko a matsayin ɗayan mafi kyawun taken almara goma na 2012 ta *The Wall Street Journal ,*  a matsayin ɗayan mafi kyawun littattafan Pakistani *Herald* na 2012,  a matsayin ɗayan mafi kyawun littattafan Sweden *Sydsvenskan* na 2013,  kuma a matsayin ɗayan mafi kyawun littattafan Haaretz na Isra'ila na 2014. 

Boianjiu ita ne mafi ƙarami wanda ta taɓa samun lambar yabo ta *5 Under 35* Foundation Foundation, bisa shawarar marubuci Nicole Krauss .  Ta kasance 'yar wasan karshe don lambar yabo ta Sami Rohr na 2013 don Adabin Yahudawa,  'yar wasan kusa da karshe don lambar yabo ta VCU Cabell na Farko ,  kuma an zaba a matsayin ɗayan Yahudanci na Algemeiner 100.  An zabi ta don lambar yabo ta 2014 ta Yahudawa ta Wingate Prize. 
## Hotuna

File:Shaniboianjiu2.jpg|Shani Boiamjiu 
File:Sboianjiubrazil.jpg|Shani Boiamjiu 


## Manazarta
Godwin Maduka

**Godwin Maduka**  (an haife shi a shekara ta 1959), likita ne Ba’amurke ɗan Najeriya, ɗan kasuwa kuma mai tallafawa al'umma.   Shi ne wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Pain na Las Vegas da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya.   A shekarar 2008, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sauya sunan garinsu, daga Nkerehi zuwa Umuchukwu. 

## Ƙuruciya da ilimi

An haifi Maduka a Nkerehi, Orumba South LGA State Anambra, Nigeria. Ya fara karatunsa a Nawfia Comprehensive Secondary School da All Saints Grammar School, Umunze, kafin ya samu admission zuwa karatun likitanci a Jami'ar Fatakwal, amma ya kasa shiga takwarorinsa saboda rashin tallafin kudi.  Ya samu dama ta hannun dan uwansa Prof. Dokta Richard Igwike (wanda ya koyar a Kwalejin Russ a lokacin) don yin karatu a Kwalejin Rust akan tallafin karatu wanda ya rufe rabin karatunsa. Daga baya ya sami tallafin kuɗi daga ƙaninsa da kawunsa kuma ya ƙaura zuwa Amurka a 1982. A shekarar 1984, ya kammala karatun a summa cum laude a fannin ilmin sinadarai daga Kwalejin Rust kuma ya sami wani tallafin karatu don yin karatun kantin magani a Jami'ar Mercer, inda ya kammala a shekarar 1988. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya yi aiki a matsayin ƙwararren mai kantin magani, kafin ya sami cikakken guraben karatu don karatun likitanci a Jami'ar Tennessee, inda ya kammala horon horo kuma ya kammala a shekarar 1993. Ya ci gaba da zuwa Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Beth Israel Deaconess don samun horon  karatun digiri na biyu da zama a cikin ilimin likitanci, kulawa mai mahimmanci, da kula da ciwo, ya kammala karatunsa a 1997.  

## Sana'a
A shekarar 1997, bayan karatunsa, Maduka ya koma Las Vegas  kuma ya sami aiki inda aka biya shi $8,000 a matsayin biyan kuɗi na gaba. Ya yi aiki a matsayin likitan anesthesiologist a Desert Spring United Methodist Church, Nevada da sauran asibitoci, kafin ya fara nasa aikin a Red Rock Medical Group, Nevada. A shekarar 1999, ya kafa Cibiyar Pain Pain da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Las Vegas, kafin ya fadada zuwa wasu wurare shida a Kudancin Nevada. 

Shi ma'aikaci ne mai kula da sashen kula da lafiya kuma farfesa a fannin kula da jin zafi da maganin sa barci a Jami'ar Touro Nevada.  Shi ma mataimakin farfesa ne na aikin tiyata a Makarantar Magunguna ta UNLV. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Ya girma, mahaifiyar Maduka ta kasance manomiya kuma 'yar kasuwa. Mahaifinsa masanin tsiro ne na gargajiya. 

## Manazarta
Dozy Mmobuosi

**Dozy Mmobuosi,**ɗan kasuwan Najeriya ne kuma ɗan kasuwan fasaha. Shi mai ba da shawara ne ga ci gaban fasaha a Afirka.  Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma Shugaba na Tingo Inc.  

## Ƙuruciya da ilimi
An kuma haifi Dozy Mmobuosi a birnin Lagos na Najeriya. Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar siyasa a jami'ar Ambrose Alli da ke Ekpoma a jihar Edo. Ya kuma samu digirin sa na Master of Science a fannin tattalin arziki a wannan jami'ar. Ya kammala digirinsa na uku a fannin ci gaban karkara daga Jami'ar Putra Malaysia.  A cikin watan Maris 2022, Mmobuosi ya kammala Babban Tsarin Gudanarwa da Jagoranci a Makarantar Kasuwancin Saïd, Jami'ar Oxford.  

## Sana'a
A shekarar 2001, Mmobuosi ya kafa Tingo Mobile don samar da fasahar wayar hannu da hanyoyin magance Fintech ga al'ummomin karkara a Najeriya.  A shekarar 2015, Mmobuosi ya kafa Tingo Inc., kamfani na kasuwanci na jama'a akan Rukunin Kasuwancin OTC. A watan Janairun 2019, Dozy Mmobuosi ya ƙaddamar da Nwassa, wurin zama na Agri-marketplace na dijital wanda shine fasahar noma ta farko a Afirka ta dandamalin dijital.   

A cikin watan Disamban shekarar 2022, Dozy Mmobuosi ya buɗe Cibiyar Jagorancin Dozy Mmobuosi (DMLC), wanda ke zaune a Oxford, United Kingdom, da nufin haɓaka ƙwarewar shugabannin Afirka don taimaka musu canza ayyukansu masu zaman kansu da na jama'a.   A cikin watan Fabrairun 2023, an ba da rahoton cewa Mmobuosi na gab da kammala cinikin fam miliyan 90 na kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Sheffield United ta Ingila.   

## Manazarta
Yaduwar Kwayoyin cutar Hepadna viruses

Yaɗuwar  Hepadnaviruses daga inda suke rayuwa ya zuwa mutane, da tsuntsaye, ciki har da watsuwar su a tsakaninsu da kuma tsakanin wasu jinsin ƙwayoyin cutar, wani mahimmin binciken ne a cikin vorology.

Hepadnaviruses iyali ne na ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke haifar da cututtukan hanta a cikin mutane da dabbobi. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta ne na Rukunin VII waɗanda ke da nau'ikan ƙwayoyin halittar DNA guda biyu kuma suna yin kwafi ta amfani da kuma bayanan baya. Wannan dabarar kwafi na musamman, haɗe da ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin halittarsu da ƙunƙun mai masaukin baki da tropism na nama, ya bambanta su da za a iya rarraba su cikin dangin Hepadnaviridae.  Akwai nau'i biyu da aka gane.

## Tsarin Halitta

Idan aka yi amfani da misalin ƙwayar cutar hanta ta B  na ɗan Adam: takamaiman fasalin tsarin HBV shi ne kasancewarta da nau,ika  guda uku.

* A Barbashi Dane (diamita ≈ 42nm): cikakken virion, wanda ke da kamuwa da cuta kuma ya ƙunshi lullube icosahedral nucleocapsid mai ɗauke da kwayar cutar kwayar cuta, wanda kuma ya ƙunshi furotin mai mahimmanci da kuma kare kwayar halittar DNA mai ɗaci biyu, yana ɗaure tare da DNA polymerase. Capsid yana lullube da bilayer na lipid wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan sunadaran ambulan guda uku: ƙananan (S) sunadaran, sunadaran tsaka-tsaki (M), da manyan (L) sunadaran, kuma waɗannan sunadaran suna da yankuna daban-daban na antigenes waɗanda ke ba da gudummawar kamuwa da cutar hoto: L. furotin (Pre S1, Pre S2, S), M protein (Pre S2, S), S protein (S). A cikin adadi na 1, yana nuna sauƙaƙan tsarin ƙwayoyin HBV.
* Subviral sphere particles (diamita ≈ 22nm), waɗannan ƙanana, marasa kamuwa da cuta kuma su ne mafi yawan barbashi a cikin jinin mai cutar. Ana tsammanin suna da ikon ɗaukar ƙwayoyin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta don sauƙaƙe yaduwar cutar da kiyayewa a cikin mai gida. 
* Filaments (diamita ≈ 22nm, tsayi: 50nm-70nm), waɗanda ba a san su ba, amma a zahiri sun ƙunshi ɓangarori masu yawa na subviral.
Kamar misalin HBV, wanda ke nunawa a cikin hoto na 2, buɗaɗɗen firam ɗin karatu guda huɗu an lulluɓe su (ORFs), duk ORFs suna kan hanya ɗaya, suna bayyana ragi- da ƙari-strands. Kuma ƙwayar cutar tana da sanannun ƙwayoyin halitta guda huɗu, waɗanda ke ɓoye ainihin furotin, ƙwayoyin cuta polymerase, antigens (preS1, preS2, da S) da furotin X. DNA ɗin da aka rage-rage ya cika kuma ya zagaya gabaɗayan kwayoyin halitta, yayin da ƙari zai wuce kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na tsayin kwayoyin halitta kuma yana da matsakaicin iyakar 3'. Amma ga avihepadnaviruses yawanci suna tsawaita ƙari-strands kusan har zuwa ƙarshen 5' da aka gyara.  Rage-strand ɗin yana da alaƙa da fassarar hoto ta bidiyo kuma tana iya ɓoye duk sanannun sunadaran hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri, amma ƙari ba zai iya ɓoye sunadaran ƙwayoyin cuta ba.

## Yaduwa

## Manazarta
Benfruit Plant

**Shuka Benfruit shuka** ce mai sarrafa 'ya'yan itace da ke jihar Benue a yankin tsakiyar belt mai albarka a Najeriya. Mallakar ta ne kuma tana sarrafa ta Teragro Commodities Limited, reshen kasuwancin noma na Transnational Corporation of Nigeria Plc (Transcorp), wani kamfani na Legas. An kafa ta ne a shekarar 2011 sakamakon hadin gwiwa tsakanin Teragro da gwamnatin jihar Benue.

Ana kuma amfani da shukar don sarrafa abubuwan tattarawar lemu da abarba, mangwaro purees da man lemu don kasuwannin masana'antu. Shuka na iya sarrafa har zuwa ton miliyan 26.5 na 'Ƴa'ƴan itace a kowace shekara; fasahar da ake da ita a wurin tana tabbatar da cewa ruwan 'ya'yan itacen da ake hakowa sun cika ƙa'idojin inganci na duniya.

## Tarihi
A ranar 19 ga Mayun shekarar 2011, Teragro, ya rattaba hannu da gwamnatin jihar Benue, na karbe kamfanin Benfruit, na jihar.

Shuka, wanda ke cikin Makurdi Industrial Estate, yana kan hekta daya na ƙasa. Ya shigar da damar samar da orange, mango da 'ya'yan itace na pineapple har zuwa tan 26,500 a kowace shekara.

A yayin tattaunawa da dama a fadin jihar tare da kungiyoyin hadin gwiwar manoma, da wakilan gwamnati, da kuma ‘yan siyasa na yankin, an gayyaci Transcorp Plc don yin wannan jarin domin nuna goyon baya ga martabar Benue a matsayin ‘kwandon abinci na kasa’. A halin yanzu jihar Benue na samar da metrik ton miliyan daya na 'ya'yan citrus a kowace shekara.

Ma'amalar Benfruit ita ce hannun jarin farko na Transcorp a sashin kasuwancin noma.

## Mai aiki
Teragro Commodities Limited ana kasuwanci dashi a shafukan yanar gizo na kasuwanci daban-daban. Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Magunguna ta Kasa (NAFDAC) ta Najeriya da Hukumar Kula da Abinci ta Duniya (GFSI) ce ta tabbatar da Teragro da kayayyakinta tare da ISO 9001:2008 da FSSC 22000:2005.

## Nassoshi