Musulunci a cikin Arctic

Tarihin **Musulunci a yankin Arctic** ya fara ne a ƙarshen tarihin tarihin Musulunci, yankin Arctic yana da nisa sosai da tushen iko da matsuguni na gargajiya na Musulmai. "Yanayin yanayi, nesa da kuma yanayin masana'antu mai ƙarfi" na biranen arewa sun haifar da wani sauyi na al'adu na musamman ga Musulmai da ke zaune a yankin, gami da yanayin zuwa ga yawan jama'a inda ƙungiyoyi kamar Musulmai Sunni da Shi'a ba sa raba kansu. A yankunan da rana ta tsakar dare ko dare na duniya ke sa salloli biyar na yau da kullun ba za su iya haɗuwa da faɗuwar rana da wayewar gari ba, masu ibada galibi suna amfani da lokaci ɗaya da yankin kudu, birni mai tsarki na Makka ko ƙasarsu. 

## Matsalolin Gabaɗaya na Arctic
Farfesa MG El-Fandy na ƙasar Masar ya yi tsokaci cewa ayar Alƙur'ani a cikin Suratul Kahf da ta ambaci isa ga ƙasar da rana ta zauna bayan faɗuwa wataƙila wata alama ce ta mu'ujiza ga Da'irar Arctic. 

Dr. Marwa Maziad ita ce mace ta farko kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin Larabawa-Amurkawa a fannin nazarin Arctic. Ta yi aiki a cikin rukunin farko na ɗaliban Nazarin Arctic a Jami'ar Washington . Tun daga shekarar 2014, ta rubuta ginshiƙai da dama a cikin Larabci don jaridar Al-Masry Al-Youm ta Masar, inda ta tattauna muhimmancin Arctic ga ƙasashen Larabawa. Daga baya Dr. Maziad ta rubuta wani labari mai ban mamaki ga Cibiyar Manufofin Duniya, inda ta nuna alaƙar tarihi da siyasa tsakanin ƙasashen Larabawa da Arctic, inda ta gano su tun daga Yaƙin Oktoba na 1973 da takunkumin mai. Dr. Maziad ta nuna cewa wannan taron duniya lokaci ne na ƙarfafa 'yan asalin ƙasar a yankin Arctic. Ta yi jayayya cewa irin wannan alaƙar tana nuna mahimmancin sarrafa kuɗin shiga na makamashi a cikin ƙasashen da ke da hayaniya. Labarinta na baya-bayan nan ga The National News ya ƙara bincika alaƙar dabarun da ke ƙaruwa tsakanin yankin Gulf da Arctic, musamman a fannin jigilar kayayyaki da siyasa ta ƙasa da ƙasa. Dr. Marwa Maziad ita ce wadda ta kafa kuma ta kafa Gulf-Arctic Initiative™, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 2014.

Ziad Reslan na Makarantar Harvard Kennedy ya duba matsalar 'yan gudun hijira da ke tattare da buƙatar ƙarin ma'aikata 'yan ci-rani a arewa mai nisa.

A shekarar 2018, wata tawaga daga Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta raka Adnan Amin, Darakta Janar na Hukumar Makamashi Mai Sabuntawa ta Duniya da ke Abu-Dhabi, zuwa taron Arctic Circle na biyar a Reykjavík, Iceland.

### Azumi a lokacin Ramadan

Wajibi ne ga Musulmai su yi azumi a watan Ramadan kuma abin da ake buƙata shi ne fara azumi kowace rana lokacin da za a iya bambanta farin zare daga bakin zare da safe; azumi yana ƙarewa lokacin da rana ta faɗi gaba ɗaya.   Yankunan Arctic suna fuskantar wani abu da aka sani da tsakar dare a kusa da lokacin bazara .  A wannan lokacin akwai ƙaramin duhu ko babu duhu a cikin kowane sa'o'i ashirin da huɗu. A gefe guda kuma, a kusa da lokacin hunturu a yankuna iri ɗaya, akwai ƙarancin haske ko babu hasken rana. Saboda haka, ba za a iya amfani da hanyar gargajiya ta gano lokacin azumi ta hanyar ƙarfin hasken rana ba.

Kalandar Musulunci tana da kama da ta wata, kuma shekarar Musulunci ta fi guntu da kusan kwanaki 10 ko 11 fiye da shekarar rana ta yau da kullun . Don haka Ramadan yana faɗuwa da wuri a kowace shekarar rana fiye da yadda yake a shekarar da ta gabata, kuma yana ci gaba da tafiya a hankali a kowace shekara har sai ya koma kusan shekarar rana ta asali kowace shekara 33-34 . [  A cikin shekarun da Ramadan ke faɗuwa a lokacin rana ta tsakar dare, ko kuma lokacin da ta faɗi a lokacin da babu hasken rana, Musulmai da ke zaune a yankunan Arctic dole ne su sami wasu hanyoyin tantance lokacin azumin da ya dace.

Galibi hukumomin addini suna shawartar Musulmai a yankin Arctic da su ɗauki ɗaya daga cikin mafita uku. Na farko, idan akwai manyan cikas ga azuminsu a cikin watan da aka tsara, za su iya maye gurbin kwanakin azumin Ramadan da kwanakin da suka dace a wani lokaci na shekara. Na biyu, za su iya bin lokutan al'ummar Musulmi mafi kusa waɗanda ba sa fuskantar matsalar rana ta tsakar dare. Wannan ita ce hanyar da yawancin Musulmai na Iqaluit a Kanada suka bi, waɗanda suka yanke shawarar bin lokutan Ottawa, yayin da waɗanda ke Inuvik suka yanke shawarar bin Edmonton. Na uku, za su iya bin lokutan birnin Makka mai tsarki, kamar yadda al'ummar Musulmi na Tromsø a Norway suka zaɓi yin hakan a 2013. Duk da haka, duk da wahalar azumi a lokacin rana mai tsawo, Musulmai da yawa a arewa mai nisa sun zaɓi bin lokacin gida da azumi a lokacin tsawan hasken rana muddin rana ta faɗi aƙalla wani lokaci kowace rana.

## Tarihi
Kasancewar Musulunci a yankunan arewa da Arctic ya ɗauki sama da shekaru dubu. A lokacin tafiye-tafiyen Ibn Fadlan zuwa Volga Bulgaria, ya bayyana yadda lokutan addu'a ke gudana "a lokacin farin dare" lokacin da yake tattaunawa da wani muezzin na gida:

Marubutan Musulmi na zamanin da suka gabata suma za su yi tsokaci kan gajerun dare a Volga Bulgaria a lokacin bazara. Duk da haka, yayin da matsalolin muhalli da suka shafi aiwatar da wajibai na addini a yankunan arewa suka shahara a duniyar Musulunci, malamai da marubutan Musulmi galibi ba sa yin watsi da batun.

Jihar Khanate ta Sibir da ke Siberia ita ce ƙasar Musulunci mafi arewa a tarihi, tare da yankunanta da suka haɗa da sassan bakin Tekun Arctic . 

Batun yadda ya kamata a yi addu'o'i a yankunan arewa ya yi ƙarfi a ƙarni na 18 lokacin da mai gyara addinin Musulunci na Rasha, Abu Nasr Qursawi, ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya kamata a yi addu'ar isha a kowane lokaci yayin da takamaiman lokacin da za a yi addu'ar a lokacin bazara za a ƙayyade ta hanyar ijtihadi. Wannan ya saɓa wa abin da yawancin malamai a Rasha suka koyar, suna cewa bai kamata a yi addu'ar a lokacin bazara ba saboda rashin iya cika yanayin rana.

## Rasha

A shekara ta 922 AD, mai binciken Ibn Fadlan ya yi nuni da cewa sabbin wadanda suka musulunta a Tatarstan dole ne su fuskanci rashin daidaiton fitowar rana da faɗuwar rana, wanda Ibn Battuta ya tabbatar da shi shekaru ɗari huɗu bayan haka yayin da yake tafiya a yankin, kuma ya lura cewa mazauna yankin sun yi imanin cewa Hasken Arewa yaƙe-yaƙe ne tsakanin ruhohin aljanu masu adalci da marasa addini.  

Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2019 ya bayyana al'ummomin Musulmi a yankin Arctic na Rasha a matsayin "masu tasowa cikin sauri" a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Wani yunƙuri na farko na gina masallaci a wani babban birni ( Yakutsk, kimanin  kudu da Da'irar Arctic ) ya gaza bayan barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya da kuma juyin juya halin Oktoba da ya biyo baya. Duk da haka, a shekarar 1996, ya zama wurin da aka gina masallaci mafi girma a duniya a arewa mai nisa, wanda zai iya ɗaukar masu ibada 3000.

Malaman Siberia tun ƙarni na 19 sun yi shakkar amincewa da ikon da ke nesa. Bayan rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet a shekarar 1991, manyan hukumomi uku na Musulunci sun fafata don iko da al'ummar Musulmi a Siberia, Gabas mai nisa da kuma Arewa mai nisa; ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan ukun ya koma wani, ya bar CDUMR da Majalisar Muftis - waɗanda aka fi sani da suna da alaƙa da gwamnatin Rasha. A shekarar 1998, an gina masallaci na farko ga birnin masana'antu na Norilsk, kuma zuwa shekarar 2007 an kiyasta cewa Musulmai a birnin sun kai kashi 20% na yawan jama'a, daga Dagestan, Tsakiyar Asiya da Azerbaijan.

Kusan kowace birni a yankin Arctic a Rasha tana da Musulmai tun daga shekarar 2019, kuma masallatai 59 da masallatai da suka bazu a faɗin yankin Arctic suna nan a kowace yanki ban da Nenets Autonomous Okrug da Chukotka .  An buga wani mujalla mai suna *Musulunci a Yakutia* a cikin Neryungri. A shekarar 2014, an lura cewa adadi mai yawa na 'yan Rasha a Tyumen, wanda ke da masallatai 30 na arewa, sun yi kama da suna musulunta . 

Kalubalen da ke gaban Musulmi iri-iri ne. Birnin Vorkuta na Arctic yana da yanayi mai ƙarfi na fata da kuma na fararen fata masu kishin ƙasa a shekarun 1990 da 2000, kuma wata ƙungiyar masu kishin ƙasa ta Rasha ta yi zanga-zanga kan masallacin da ke wurin.  Yankin Yamal yana da kasuwancin sarrafa nama wanda Nyda-Resurs ke gudanarwa na naman barewa na halal, wanda ke fafutukar yaƙi da nama na gargajiya kamar nama. Bugu da ƙari, ƙungiyoyin Musulmi biyu suna fafatawa da juna kan ikon mallakar sabbin al'ummomin Musulmi; gasarsu tana da akida (tare da Majalisar Muftis da ke goyon bayan haƙƙin Musulmin Rasha), siyasa (tunda majalisar tana da alaƙa da Moscow, kuma wani lokacin ana sukarta a matsayin ƙungiya mai goyon bayan gwamnati wadda ke neman faɗaɗa ikon Moscow akan Musulmin Rasha), da kuma ƙabilanci (tunda 'yan Arewa Caucasians ke mamaye majalisar, yayin da 'yan Tatar da Bashkirs ke mulkin CDUMR a al'ada).

Kashi na Musulmai a yankunan Arctic na Rasha: 

## Alaska
Cibiyar Al'ummar Musulunci ta Anchorage Alaska  ita ce masallacin farko da aka gina da manufa a jihar Amurka, inda aka fara gina shi a shekarar 2010 don maye gurbin musalla a wani babban kanti wanda a da ya yi wa mazauna Musulmi 3000 hidima. Saboda bambancin lokutan hasken rana tsakanin hunturu da bazara, da kuma saboda rashin duhu a lokacin rani da daddare, ICCAA ta dauki lokacin Makka a matsayin jadawalin addu'arta, wanda ya haifar da rashin jituwa a cikin al'umma. Wasu Musulmai sun zabi yin addu'ar lokacin gida, kuma suka kiyasta lokutan addu'a a lokacin bazara lokacin da ba za su iya amfani da rana ba.

Wani ɗan coci da VICE News ta yi hira da shi ya bayyana cewa ya zaɓi Alaska ne saboda yayin da yake neman yin ƙaura zuwa Amurka a matsayin likita, ya fi sauƙi idan shirye-shiryen sulhu sun kasance a cikin al'umma mai ƙarancin ma'aikata da ke buƙatar likitoci. Al'ummar Musulmin Anchorage tana da bambancin ra'ayi. Baya ga Musulmai 'yan asalin Amurka, akwai mabiya waɗanda suka yi ƙaura daga ƙasashe sama da 50 a duk faɗin duniya.

Musulmai 35 na Fairbanks, Alaska, sun mayar da tsohon cocin North Post zuwa zauren addu'a.

## Yankin Arctic na Kanada
A shekarar 1905, Ali Abouchadi ya shiga Yukon Gold Rush tare da kawunsa da wani abokinsa, bayan sun yi ƙaura daga Lebanon don shiga cikin neman arziki a arewacin Kanada, kodayake ba su taɓa zuwa arewa fiye da Lac La Biche, Alberta ba, -- amma wannan ya haifar da "ƙaura a hankali na Musulmai 'yan Lebanon zuwa Lac La Biche".  Shekaru ashirin bayan haka, Ali shi kaɗai ya yi tafiya arewa zuwa Tekun Arctic a matsayin ɗan kasuwa, ya tsaya a Aklavik, amma daga ƙarshe ya koma Alberta. 

Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, Musulmi ɗan ƙasar Lebanon Peter Baker ya fara kasuwanci mai nasara inda ya jigilar kayayyaki daga Edmonton zuwa Kogin Mackenzie don samar da kayan haƙo mai a yankin tare da John Morie.  Dangantakarsa ta kud da kud da ƙabilun 'yan asalin yankin Arctic (ya koyi yin magana da Dogrib da Slavey ) ta fusata masu fafatawa da shi.  Lokacin da aka ba ƙabilun 'yan asalin ƙasar 'yancin kaɗa ƙuri'a a shekarar 1960, ɗaya daga cikin zaɓensu na farko ya jawo hankalin Baker zuwa matsayin Ɗan Majalisar Dokoki don hawa Mackenzie North a shekarar 1964, kuma ana kyautata zaton shi ne ya gabatar da Yellowknife a matsayin babban birnin yankin.

Shigowar musulmai zuwa yankunan Arewa maso Yamma ta farko ta biyo bayan bunƙasar binciken man fetur na Arctic a shekarun 1970.  A shekarar 1995, akwai iyalai biyar na Musulmi da ke zaune a Inuvik

 Masallacin Yammacin duniya na farko a yankin Arctic shine Masallacin Tsakar Rana da aka gina a shekarar 2010 ga Musulmai 100 na birnin; Gidauniyar Zubaidah Tallab (ZTF) ta gina shi a kudu a Manitoba kuma aka jigilar shi zuwa yankin Arctic don rage farashi. Amier Suliman ya lura cewa "wannan [masallacin] shine minaret na farko da aka gina a yankin Arctic ... wasu za su ce sabon yanki ne ga Musulunci."  Da zarar ya isa Inuvik, an haɗa shi da  minaret wanda aka gina a yankin.  Ya maye gurbin tirelar da ta tsufa wadda a da take aiki a matsayin Musallah, kuma girmanta ya isa ga mutane ashirin kawai.  Bayan kammala masallacin, Cibiyar Jin Daɗin Musulmi da ke Toronto ta ba da kuɗin don siyan wani kadara da ke kusa da ita don kafa "Asusun Abinci na Arctic". Tana rarraba kayan abinci ga al'ummar garin, kuma yanzu ita ce babbar ƙungiyar agaji ta Inuvik. Babban birnin ƙasar Yellowknife yana da kimanin Musulmai 300.  A shekarar 2019, an rushe kadarar don samar da sarari don gina sabon babban masallaci wanda zai ƙunshi ɗakin karatu da makarantar Musulunci .  

An sake gina Masallacin Iqaluit, wanda ZTF ta sake ginawa, a shekarar 2015 don hidimar Musulmai 80 a birnin Nunavut mai mutane 7000.   A shekarar 2018, ta bude wani kamfani na "Acctic Food Bank" wanda aka kafa a baya a Inuvik. 

A shekarar 2018, wani rumbun adana motoci a Whitehorse, Yukon, an mayar da shi masallaci, wanda babban mai kula da kabad Fathallah Farajat, daga birnin Hamilton, na kudancin Ontario ya mayar .  Bude masallacin, wanda aka gina da gudummawar kuɗi daga ZTF,  ya zama karo na farko da aka sami zauren addu'o'in Musulmi a kowace lardi da yanki na Kanada. Hussein Guisti, wanda ya kula da gina masallatai biyu na arewa na baya, ya yi wa masallacin da aka yi wa ado da azurfa lakabi da "masallacin Star Trek ", dangane da ƙoƙarin da Musulman Kanada ke yi na kawo Musulunci ga iyakokin ƙasar. 

## Yankin Arctic na Turai

A farkon karni na 20, Finland ita ce ƙasa ɗaya tilo a Arewacin Turai da ke da Musulmai 'yan asalin ƙasar, tare da kimanin 'yan Tatar 'yan ƙasar Finland dubu. 'Yan Veps a Finland suna cikin mutanen arewa mafi nisa waɗanda 'yan kasuwa Musulmi suka yi mu'amala da su a farkon ƙarni na Musulunci, yayin da 'yan kasuwan Azeri ke musayar takubba a madadin dabbobin gida.  A cikin 2018, wani bincike da aka yi kan Musulman Finland da ke zaune a cikin Arctic Circle ya gano 'yan gudun hijirar Falasɗinu, Iraki, Farisa, Turkiyya, Bengali, Somaliya, Pakistan da Afghanistan, waɗanda kusan dukkansu suna bin addinin Musulunci na Sunni.

Babban masallacin Arctic na ƙasar Norway yana Tromsø, wanda wani ya musulunta ya gina a shekarar 2006 kuma wani ɗan kasuwa ɗan ƙasar Saudiyya wanda ba a san sunansa ba ya ba shi kuɗin ginawa. Akwai masallatai biyu a arewacin ƙasar a Alta da Hammerfest.

Ya zuwa shekarar 2013, Musulmi ɗaya tilo da aka sani da ke zaune a Greenland shine ɗan ƙasar Lebanon wanda ke da gidan cin abinci a Nuuk . 

## Manazarta