Francisco Ayala (mai rubutun ra'ayi)

**Francisco Ayala García-Duarte** (16 Maris 1906 - 3 Nuwamba 2009) marubuci ne ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya, wakili na ƙarshe na Tsarar '27 .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife shi a ranar 16 ga Maris, 1906 a Granada.  Yana da shekaru 16 ya tafi Madrid, inda ya karanci Shari'a da Bil Adama .  A cikin waɗannan shekarun ya buga littattafansa guda biyu na farko, *Tragicomedy de un hombre sin espíritu* ( *Tragicomedy of a Spiritless Man* ) da *Historia de un amanecer* ( *A Sunrise Tale* ).

Ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Madrid, inda ya kasance malami.  Tallafin karatun digiri na biyu ya ba shi damar zuwa Berlin don yin nazarin falsafa da zamantakewa daga 1929 zuwa 1931, a lokacin zuwan Nazism . A can, ya haɗu da Etelvina Silva Vargas 'yar ƙasar Chile, wacce ya aura a 1931  kuma tare suka haifi 'ya mace, Nina.

Ya kasance mai yawan ba da gudummawa ga *Revista de Occidente* da *Gaceta Literaria* .

A farkon Jamhuriyar ya zama lauyan Majalisar Dokoki. Yana gabatar da jawabi a Kudancin Amurka lokacin da Yaƙin Basasa na Spain ya ɓarke; ya yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje a lokacin yaƙin. 

A lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Spain, 'yan Nationalist suka kashe mahaifinsa da ƙanensa Rafael.  Lokacin da ɓangaren Republican ya sha kashi a yaƙin, ya yi gudun hijira a Buenos Aires, inda ya yi shekaru goma. A can ya yi aiki a mujallar adabi ta Sur, jaridar La Nación da mawallafin *Losada* . Ya kuma kafa, tare da abokin aikinsa na Spain Lorenzo Luzuriaga, mujallar *Realidad* .

A shekarun 1950 ya koma Puerto Rico, inda ya koyar a makarantar lauyoyi a Jami'ar Puerto Rico, wanda Dean Manuel Rodríguez Ramos ya gayyace shi.  Daga baya ya je Amurka, inda ya koyar da Adabin Sifaniyanci a Jami'o'in Princeton, Rutgers, New York da Chicago, kodayake ya ci gaba da kasancewa da kusanci da ilimi da al'adu da Puerto Rico, inda aka kuma yi wa wasu fitattun 'yan Spain kamar Pablo Casals da Juan Ramón Jiménez korar kare. 

Ya fara komawa Spain a shekarar 1960. Tun daga wannan shekarar ya kan dawo kowace bazara ya sayi gida a can, ya sake komawa rayuwar adabi. A shekarar 1976, bayan mutuwar Franco, ya koma Madrid har abada, inda ya ci gaba da aikinsa a matsayin marubuci, malami da kuma ɗan jarida. A shekarar 1983, yana da shekaru 77, an zaɓe shi zuwa Real Academia Española .  Ya ci gaba da rubutu har zuwa tsufa. A shekarar 1988 ya sami kyautar Premio Nacional de las Letras Españolas . A shekarar 1991 ya sami kyautar Miguel de Cervantes, kuma a shekarar 1998 ya sami kyautar Yarima na Asturias a Adabi.

## Sana'a

### Aikin Fassara
Bayan rubutu da koyarwa, Ayala ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara.  Ya rubuta game da yadda yake amfani da aikin fassara a cikin *Takaitaccen Ka'idar Fassara* (1946).  Daga cikin wasu, shi ne ke da alhakin fassara Thomas Mann da Rainer Maria Rilke. 

### Jami'ar Madrid
Ayala farfesa ne a fannin ilimin zamantakewa da kimiyyar siyasa a Jami'ar Madrid daga 1933-1936, inda ya yi aiki a kan sukar adabi da kuma ilimin zamantakewa. 

### Rubutu
Masu suka kan raba ayyukan Ayala zuwa matakai biyu: kafin da kuma bayan Yaƙin Basasa na Spain.

A lokacin matakinsa na farko, kafin Yaƙin Basasa, Tragicommedia de un hombre sin espíritu ( Tragicomedy of a Spiritless Man, 1925) da Historia de un amanecer ( A Sunrise Tale, 1926) sun bi layin labarin gargajiya. Tare da El boxeador y el ángel ( The Boxer and the Angel, 1929) da Cazador en el alba ( Hunter at Dawn, 1930) ya rungumi rubutun avant-garde. Duk tarin tatsuniyoyi suna da salon kwatantawa, mai kyau a salon, tare da rashin sha'awar labarin da kuma sha'awar duniyar zamani.