Tsaron Tekuna

Mai kare teku shi ne mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da muhalli wanda ya mayar da hankali kan kare tekunan duniya. Manyan manufofinsu sun haɗa da kare haƙƙin bil’adama da kuma kare muhallin halittu na ruwa daga gurbatawa ko lalacewa.
“Mai Kare Teku” kalma ce da ake amfani da ita wajen bayyana mutum, ƙungiya, ko al’umma da ke aiki don kare muhallin teku da kuma kare haƙƙin bil’adama na mutanen da rayuwarsu ta dogara da teku. Masu kare teku sun haɗa da kananan masunta, masu fafutukar sauyin yanayi, masu kare muhalli, al’ummomin asali (Indigenous peoples), matasa, masana bincike, da masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a fannin muhalli—wadanda aikinsu ya mayar da hankali kan kare teku da kare waɗanda ke fuskantar barna daga matsalolin muhalli.

An fara samun karɓuwar wannan ra’ayi a matakin duniya saboda ƙaruwa damuwar da ke fuskantar muhalli na teku, ciki har da kamun kifi fiye da kima, hako ma’adanai a zurfin teku, datti na robobi, gina yankunan bakin teku, da sauyin yanayi. Masu kare teku (oceans defenders) suna goyon bayan gudanar da albarkatun teku ta hanyar dorewa, tare da neman a riƙe gwamnatoci da kamfanoni da alhakin tasirin ayyukansu ga al’ummomin bakin teku.

A shekarar 2000, mai ɗaukar hoto a karkashin ruwa Kurt Lieber ya kafa Ocean Defenders Alliance don "taimaka wa tsarin halittu ya tsira daga hare-haren tarkace da gurɓataccen mutum". Ya zama 501 (c) (3)  ba riba a shekarar 2002. 

A shekarar 2011, Gigi Brisson ta kafa ƙungiyar Ocean Elders, ƙungiyar masu fafutuka ta duniya ciki har da Sylvia Earle, Richard Branson, Jackson Browne, James Cameron, Rita R. Colwell, Jean-Michel Cousteau, Wade Davis, Jane Goodall, Gerry Lopez, Catherine A. Novelli, Frederik Paulsen Jr, Bertrand Piccard, Thomas Remengesau Jr., David E. Shaw, Nainoa Thompson, Ted Turner, Don Walsh, Bob Weir, Sheila Watt-Cloutier, Neil Young, da José María Figueres. 

Kusan shekara ta 2013, Greenpeace ta yaɗa hotuna daga “Oceans Defender Tour” ɗinta, inda ta nuna “haramtattun hanyoyin kamun kifi masu lalata muhalli a Tekun Thailand  A shekara ta gaba, Greenpeace Southeast Asia ta wallafa jerin ayyuka goma (10) na yau da kullum da ‘yan ƙasa za su iya yi don tallafawa masu kare teku. 

A shekarar 2020, World Forum of Fisher Peoples (wanda ke wakiltar kananan masunta miliyan 10 daga ƙasashe 54) ya fitar da wata sanarwa da ta tabbatar da mahimmancin masu kare teku wajen ci gaba da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na waɗanda rayuwarsu ko tattalin arziƙinsu ya dogara da teku arziki.

A shekarar 2022, mai fafutukar kare muhalli na Najeriya Nnimmo Bassey ya amince da kayan aiki don "Oceans and Human Rights Defenders," wanda ke ba da cikakkun bayanai game da hanyoyin haɗin kai da bayar da shawarwari.

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A shekarar 2023, Jami'ar British Columbia ta raba takarda a ƙarƙashin taken "[m]ore dole ne a yi don kare masu kare teku. "  A wannan shekarar, Time for Kids ta buga wata hira da Sylvia Earle mai taken "Ocean Defender". Earle ya gano babbar matsalar yanzu ga masu kare teku kamar zurfin haƙar teku don ƙirƙirar batir na lantarki don motoci, wanda ke cutar da yanayin teku mai zurfi. Ta kuma yi tir da kifi a matsayin abinci, tana mai cewa, "[muna buƙatar] don shawo kan wannan ra'ayin cewa ana buƙatar namun daji na teku don tsaron abinci. Yanzu muna fara fahimtar tsada [ga muhalli] na cin kifi. "

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran Cibiyoyin duniya sun rarraba masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da yawa a matsayin masu kare haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam na muhalli (EHRDs) saboda gwagwarmayarsu ta haɗa da kare muhalli da haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa na asali 

## Tarihi
Tsaron teku a tarihi ya jagoranci Masu kiyaye ruwa, masu kamun kifi na gida, da ƙungiyoyin farar hula. Koyaya, ƙaruwar matsin muhalli da faɗaɗa duniya na "Tattalin arzikin shuɗi" sun ƙara buƙatar mutane waɗanda ke kare lafiyar teku. Batutuwan kamar gurɓata filastik, haƙowa a bakin teku, haƙar ma'adinai mai zurfi, da ayyukan kamun kifi masu lalacewa sun ƙara rikirkicewa tsakanin ayyukan masana'antu da haƙƙin al'umma.

Sanar da haƙƙin ɗan adam ga yanayi mai tsabta, lafiya, da kuma mai ɗorewa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 2021 ya ƙara nuna rawar da masu kare teku ke takawa wajen tabbatar da yanayin ruwa ya kasance mai mahimmanci da lafiya ga tsararraki na yanzu da na gaba.

## Matsayi da Ayyuka
Masu kare teku suna shiga cikin ayyuka da yawa, gami da:

* Kulawa da Rahoton Rashin MuhalliCin zarafin muhalli
* Tsayayya da Ayyukan Masana'antu na Tekun da na Offshore
* Taimako na Ƙananan Kifi
* Maido da Tsarin Yanayi na Marine kamar Mangroves, Coral reefs da Ciyawa ta Seagras
* Yin kira ga 'yan asalin ƙasar da 'yancin teku na al'al'umma
* Yaƙin yaƙi da haƙar ma'adinai mai zurfi da kamun kifi mai lalacewa
* Shiga cikin Binciken Kimiyya don tallafawa Ƙoƙarin Karewa
* Inganta Adalci na Muhalli ga Al'ummomin Tekun da Tsibiri

Ayyukansu suna danganta kariya ta muhalli tare da haƙƙin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, musamman a yankunan da yanayin halittu na ruwa ke samar da abinci, abubuwan rayuwa, da asalin al'adu.

## Hadari da Ƙalubalen
Masu kare teku galibi suna fuskantar manyan haɗari, musamman a wuraren da manyan buƙatun kasuwanci ke aiki. Ƙalubalen da aka gano sun haɗa da:

* Rashin Muhalli Yana Shafar Tsaro da Rayuwarsu.
* Ƙayyadadden Samun Bayanai da Yanayin Zaɓuɓɓuka.
* Rashin kariya ta doka.
* Nuna bambanci, musamman ga 'yan asalin ƙasar da masu kare matasa.
* Laifin zanga-zangar zaman lafiya
* Barazanar Tsanani, da tashin hankali.

Binciken da aka wallafa a Frontiers in Marine Science ya nuna cewa masu kare teku (oceans defenders) yawanci suna fitowa ne daga al’ummomin da tarihi ya nuna ana nuna musu wariya wajen yanke manufofi—ciki har da kananan masunta, al’ummomin asali (Indigenous peoples), da matasa masu fafutuka.

## Dubi kuma

* Masu kare ƙasa
* Masu kare hakkin dan adam
* Motsi na muhalli
* Tasirin canjin yanayi
* Rashin gurɓataccen ruwa