Jirgin ƙasa na Cape zuwa Alkahira

**Jirgin ƙasa na Cape zuwa Alkahira** wani aikin da ba a gama ba ne don ƙirƙirar layin dogo da ke tsallaka daga kudu zuwa arewacin Afirka. Zai kasance mafi girma, kuma mafi mahimmanci, hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta nahiyar. An shirya shi azaman hanyar haɗi tsakanin Cape Town a Afirka ta Kudu da Port Said a Misira.

Ba a kammala aikin ba. Sassan da aka kammala ba su aiki ba har tsawon shekaru, sakamakon yaƙe-yaƙe da rashin kulawa da tsoffin yankuna da gwamnatocin yanzu.

An fara shirin ne a ƙarshen karni na 19, a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Yammacin Turai. Ya dogara ne akan hangen nesa na Cecil Rhodes, ƙoƙari na haɗa yankunan Afirka na Daular Burtaniya ta hanyar layin dogo mai ci gaba daga Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu zuwa Alkahira, Misira.

## Gine-gine
Edwin Arnold ne ya gabatar da shawarar farko don hanyar jirgin kasa ta Cape Town zuwa Alkahira a 1874, sannan editan The Daily Telegraph, wanda ya kasance mai tallafawa hadin gwiwa na balaguron da Henry Morton Stanley ya yi zuwa Afirka don gano hanyar Kogin Kongo. Hanyar da aka gabatar ta haɗa da cakuda jirgin ƙasa da jigilar kogi tsakanin Elizabethville a Belgian Congo (yanzu Lubumbashi a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) da Sennar a Sudan maimakon cikakken jirgin ƙasa.

Masarauta da ɗan kasuwa Cecil Rhodes ya taimaka wajen tabbatar da jihohin kudancin nahiyar ga Daular Burtaniya kuma ya yi la'akari da ci gaba da "ja" na mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya daga arewa zuwa kudu. Hanyar jirgin kasa za ta zama muhimmiyar mahimmanci a cikin wannan makircin don haɗa dukiya, sauƙaƙe mulki, ba da damar sojoji su motsa da sauri zuwa wurare masu zafi ko gudanar da yaƙi, taimakawa sulhu da kuma ba da damar cinikin ciki da na waje na kayan nahiyar. Ginin wannan aikin ya gabatar da babbar ƙalubalen fasaha.

Faransa tana da dabarun adawa a ƙarshen shekarun 1890 don haɗa yankunanta na yamma da gabashin Afirka, wato Senegal zuwa Somaliland na Faransa. Kudancin Sudan da Habasha suna cikin hanya, amma Faransa ta aika da balaguro a cikin 1897 don kafa kariya a kudancin Sudan da kuma neman hanyar da ta ratsa Habasha. Shirin ya rushe lokacin da jirgin ruwa na Burtaniya a kan Kogin Nilu ya fuskanci balaguron Faransa a wurin haɗuwa tsakanin hanyoyin Faransanci da Burtaniya, wanda ya haifar da Fashoda Incident da kuma koma baya na Faransanci. Wani aikin da aka gabatar, Trans-Saharan Railway, wanda ya shirya haɗa mulkin mallaka na Algeria zuwa Afirka ta kudu da Sahara ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa, ya ga ci gaba kaɗan kafin a watsar da shi.

Portuguese sun yi la'akari da hanyar jirgin kasa ta Angola zuwa Mozambique don haɗa yamma da gabas kuma sun samar da "Pink Map" wanda ke wakiltar da'awar su ga ikon mallaka a Afirka (don haɗa Angola da Mozambique). Wadannan tsare-tsaren sun ƙare bayan 1890 British Ultimatum .

An daidaita adawa da mulkin Burtaniya a Afirka ta Kudu bayan Yaƙe-yaƙe na Boer Na farko da na biyu (yaƙe-yaƙin sun ƙare a 1902, amma sabuwar Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu ba ta haɗa jihohin ta biyu ba har zuwa 1910).

Misira tana da tsarin dogo wanda, tun daga farkon 1854, ya haɗa Port Said, Alexandria da Alkahira, kuma yanzu yana zuwa kudu kamar Aswan. A Misira hanyar jirgin ƙasa tana da ma'auni 1, (4 ft 8 + 1⁄2 in). Bayan hanyar jirgin ruwa a kan Kogin Nilu, hanyar jirgin kasa ta ci gaba a Sudan daga Wadi Halfa zuwa Khartoum a 1, (3 ft 6 in) Cape gauge (duba Arewacin Afirka Railroad Development). Lord Kitchener ne ya fara wannan ɓangaren tsarin a cikin 1897 don samar da kayayyaki a lokacin yaƙin da ya yi da Jihar Mahdist. Ƙarin hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa suna zuwa kudu, mafi kudancin shine Wau.

## Rashin kammalawar
Dole ne bukatun Burtaniya su shawo kan cikas na yanayin ƙasa da yanayi, da kuma makircin mulkin mallaka na Faransanci, Portuguese da Jamusawa. A shekara ta 1891, Jamus ta sami yankin da ke da mahimmanci na Jamus ta Gabashin Afirka, wanda, tare da gandun daji mai tsaunuka na Belgian Congo, ya hana gina hanyar jirgin kasa ta Cape zuwa Alkahira.

A cikin 1916, a lokacin yakin duniya na, sojojin Burtaniya, Afirka, da Indiya sun ci Yankin Tanganyika (yanzu Tanzania ta zamani) daga Daular Jamus. Birtaniya ta ci gaba da mulkin yankin bayan yakin, wanda ya kasance umarnin League of Nations daga 1922. An sami ci gaba da layin mulkin mallaka da ake buƙata. 

An kammala sashin kudancin a lokacin mulkin Burtaniya kafin Yaƙin Duniya na farko kuma yana da tsarin haɗin gwiwar hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa na ƙasa ta amfani da ma'aunin Cape na 1, (3 ft 6 in). Ginin ya fara ne daga Cape Town kuma ya tafi daidai da Babbar Hanyar Arewa zuwa Kimberley ta hanyar wani ɓangare na Botswana zuwa Bulawayo. Daga wannan mahaɗar hanyar ta ci gaba da arewa. An kammala gadar Victoria Falls a cikin 1905.

Daular Burtaniya ta mallaki ikon siyasa don kammala Cape zuwa Cairo Railway, amma tattalin arziki, gami da Babban Mawuyacin hali na shekarun 1930, ya hana kammalawa kafin Yaƙin Duniya na II. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, kawar da mulkin mallaka na Afirka da kafa ƙasashe masu zaman kansu sun cire dalilin mulkin mallaka don aikin kuma sun kara matsalolin, yadda ya kamata ya kawo karshen shi.

## Hanyar
An yi tafiyar Kotun Treatt, ƙoƙari na tafiya daga Cape zuwa Alkahira ta hanyar hanya, a 1924 ta amfani da motoci biyu.

An shirya Hanyar Cape zuwa Alkahira don kusan haɗa ƙasashe iri ɗaya. An sabunta wannan shirin tare da shirin babbar hanyar Alkahira-Cape Town, manyan sassan da aka shimfiɗa kuma ana iya wucewa.

## A cikin almara
Littafin almara na kimiyya na John Crowley mai suna Great Work of Time ya ƙunshi wani tarihin da Daular Burtaniya ta tsira har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 20 da kuma bayan haka, kuma an kammala Cape to Cairo Railway. A cikin wani babi na farko mai gabatarwa yana tafiya cikin kwanciyar hankali duk hanyar daga Afirka ta Kudu zuwa Masar.

## Manazarta