Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1875

**Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1875**, wani lokaci ana kiranta **Dokar tilastawa**  ko **Dokar tilastawa**, dokar tarayya ce ta Amurka da aka kafa a lokacin sake ginawa don mayar da martani ga take haƙƙin ɗan adam ga Ba'amurke Ba'amurke. Dokar da aka wuce ta 43rd Amurka Congress da kuma sanya hannu a cikin doka ta Shugaba Ulysses S. Grant a kan Maris 1, 1875. Dokar da aka tsara don "kare dukan 'yan ƙasa a cikin farar hula da na shari'a yancin", samar da daidai jiyya a cikin jama'a masauki da jama'a sufuri da kuma haramta ware daga juri sabis . Da farko Sanata Charles Sumner ne ya tsara shi a shekara ta 1870, amma ba a zartar da shi ba sai jim kadan bayan mutuwar Sumner a 1875. Ba a aiwatar da dokar yadda ya kamata ba, wani bangare saboda Shugaba Grant ya fifita matakai daban-daban don taimaka masa ya kawar da tashin hankalin da ya shafi zabe ga baki da 'yan Republican a Kudancin Amurka .

Zamanin sake ginawa ya ƙare tare da ƙudurin zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 1876, kuma Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1875 ita ce dokar 'yancin ɗan adam ta tarayya ta ƙarshe da aka kafa har zuwa lokacin da dokar 'yancin ɗan adam ta 1957 ta ƙare. A cikin 1883, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci a cikin *shari'o'in 'Yancin Bil'adama* cewa sassan masaukin jama'a na dokar sun saba wa kundin tsarin mulki, yana mai cewa Majalisa ba ta da ikon sarrafa mutane ko kamfanoni a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Kariya daidai . Sassan Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1875 daga baya an sake karbe su a cikin Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964 da Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1968, duka biyun sun ambaci Maganar Kasuwanci a matsayin tushen ikon Majalisa don tsara masu zaman kansu.

## Tarihin majalisa
An fara rubuta dokar ne a farkon 1870 da Sanata Charles Sumner, dan jam'iyyar Republican mai rinjaye a majalisar dattijai, tare da taimakon John Mercer Langston, wani fitaccen Ba'amurke wanda ya kafa sashen shari'a a Jami'ar Howard .  Sanata Sumner ne ya gabatar da kudurin dokar kuma Wakilin Benjamin F. Butler, duka 'yan Republican daga Massachusetts, a cikin Majalisar 41st na Amurka a 1870. Majalisa ta cire ɗaukar hoto na makarantun jama'a wanda Sumner ya haɗa. Majalisar ta 43 ta zartar da dokar a watan Fabrairun 1875 a matsayin abin tunawa don girmama Sumner, wanda ya mutu.  Shugaban Amurka Ulysses S. Grant ya sanya hannu a kan doka a ranar 1 ga Maris, 1875. 

Jam'iyyar Republican ta Massachusetts ta tsara lissafin akan dokar zaman jama'a ta 1865, irin wannan doka ta farko a cikin al'umma. Tun da kasuwancin kudanci sukan yi iƙirarin gazawa ga abokan cinikin Ba’amurke na Afirka saboda lalacewar dangantakarsu da kamfanoni a wasu jihohi, 'yan Republican sun yi iƙirarin cewa ana buƙatar martani na ƙasa. 

## tilastawa
Shugaba Grant ya bukaci wata doka ta daban da za ta taimaka masa wajen murkushe tashe-tashen hankula masu nasaba da zabe a kan bakake da 'yan Republican a Kudu. Majalisa ba ta ba shi haka ba, amma a maimakon haka ya rubuta doka don daidaitattun haƙƙin ga wuraren zama na jama'a wanda aka zartar a matsayin abin tunawa ga babban abokin gaba na Grant, marigayi Sanata Charles Sumner.  Grant bai taba yin tsokaci game da dokar 1875 ba, kuma bai yi wani abu don tilasta shi ba, in ji ɗan tarihi John Hope Franklin .  Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Grant ta yi watsi da shi kuma ba ta aika kwafi ga lauyoyin Amurka ba, in ji Franklin, yayin da yawancin alkalan tarayya suka kira rashin bin ka'ida kafin Kotun Koli ta rufe shi. Franklin ya ƙare game da gwamnatocin Grant da Hayes, "Ba a taɓa aiwatar da Dokar 'Yancin Bil Adama yadda ya kamata ba."  An yi adawa da ra'ayin jama'a, tare da goyon bayan baƙar fata.  Masanin tarihi Rayford Logan yana kallon gyare-gyaren jarida ya gano cewa 'yan jarida sun yi adawa da yawa. 

## Ka'idar shari'a
Kotun Koli, a cikin yanke shawara na 8-1, ta bayyana sassan dokar da ba ta dace ba a cikin *Shari'ar 'Yancin Bil'adama* a ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 1883. Mai shari'a John Marshall Harlan ya ba da rashin amincewa. Kotun dai ta rike Doka Daidaita Kariya a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na goma sha hudu ya haramta wariya daga gwamnati da kananan hukumomi, amma ba ta baiwa gwamnatin tarayya ikon hana wariya daga mutane da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.  

Kotun ta kuma gudanar da cewa gyare-gyare na goma sha uku na nufin kawar da "lambar bautar," amma ba don hana nuna bambancin launin fata a cikin wuraren jama'a ba. Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1875 ita ce lissafin 'yancin ɗan adam na tarayya na ƙarshe da aka sanya hannu a kan doka har zuwa Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1957, wadda aka kafa a lokacin Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama .

## Gado
Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1875 sananne ne a matsayin babban yanki na ƙarshe na dokar da ke da alaƙa da sake ginawa wanda Majalisa ta zartar a lokacin Sake Ginawa . Waɗannan sun haɗa da Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1866, Ayyukan sake ginawa guda huɗu na 1867 da 1868, Ayyukan Dokoki guda uku na 1870 da 1871, da gyare-gyaren Tsarin Mulki guda uku da aka karɓa tsakanin 1865 da 1870. 

Abubuwan da ke ƙunshe a cikin Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1875 daga baya Majalisa ta sake karanta su a lokacin Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama a matsayin wani ɓangare na Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama na 1964 da Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1968 . Ayyukan 1964 da 1968 sun dogara ne akan Maganar Kasuwancin da ke kunshe a cikin Mataki na daya na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka maimakon Daidaiton Kariya a cikin Kwaskwarima na goma sha hudu.

## Manazarta