Rikicin jima'i a Afirka ta Kudu

Yawan tashin hankali na jima'i a Afirka ta Kudu yana daga cikin mafi girma da aka rubuta a duniya. Kididdigar 'yan sanda game da fyade da aka ruwaito a matsayin adadi na kowane mutum yana raguwa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kodayake ba a bincika dalilan da suka sauka ba kuma ba a san yawan fyade da ba a bayar da rahoton ba. Ana kai wa mata da yawa hari fiye da maza, kuma an yi niyya da yara, wani bangare saboda wani labari cewa yin jima'i da budurwa zai warkar da mutumin HIV / AIDS.  Wadanda aka yi wa fyade suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar HIV / AIDS saboda yawan yaduwar cutar a Afirka ta Kudu. "Rashin fyade" kuma ana yin sa ne a kan maza da mata na LGBT.

Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta kafa matakai da yawa, gami da dokoki da shirye-shirye don hanawa da magance matsalar. Wadannan sun hada da kafa Sashin Laifuka na Jima'i da Harkokin Al'umma (SOCA) a cikin 1999, da kuma cibiyar sadarwa ta Cibiyoyin Kula da Thuthuzela. Wadannan cibiyoyin tallafin cin zarafin jima'i ne waɗanda ke amfani da tsarin transdisciplinary don magance sakamakon hari, kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tana ɗaukar su a matsayin mafi kyawun misali.

An bayar da rahoton tashin hankali na jima'i a Afirka ta Kudu a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na gida da na duniya.

## Kididdiga

### Kididdigar 'yan sanda ta hukuma
Ofishin 'yan sanda na Afirka ta Kudu (SAPS) ya saki kididdigar aikata laifuka na kasar. Laifin "laifuka na jima'i" ya haɗa da laifuka masu yawa na jima'in, gami da fyade, cin zarafin jima'i, jima'i da dangi, jima'in dabbobi, haskakawa, da sauran laifuka. SAPS ta fitar da kididdiga game da fyade da aka ruwaito a kowane kwata, da kuma rahoton shekara-shekara (shekarar kudi, Afrilu zuwa Maris kowace shekara). Adadin da ke cikin tebur mai zuwa sun haɗa da fyade da aka ruwaito kawai.

### Bincike da sauran karatu

#### Cin zarafin mata da yara

A shekara ta 1998, an yi wa daya daga cikin mata 4,000 da aka yi wa tambayoyi a Johannesburg fyade, a cewar Community Information, Empowerment and Transparency (CIET) Afirka.   [dubious - tattauna] Kuma yayin da kungiyoyin mata a Afirka ta Kudu suka kiyasta cewa (kamar yadda na 2001) an yi wa mace fyade a kowane sakan 26, 'yan sanda na Afirka ta Kudu sun kiyasta cewa ana yi wa mace fyaɗe a kowane sakan 36. [dubious - tattauna] 

Cikakken binciken 'Rape in South Africa' a cikin 2000 ya nuna cewa kashi 2.1% na mata masu shekaru 16 ko sama da haka a duk faɗin ƙungiyoyin jama'a sun ba da rahoton cewa an yi musu fyade aƙalla sau ɗaya tsakanin farkon 1993 da Maris 1998, sakamakon da ke da alama ya sabawa sakamakon binciken MRC. Hakazalika, Binciken Jama'a da Lafiya na Afirka ta Kudu na 1998 ya ba da sakamakon yaduwar fyade a kashi 4.0% na duk mata masu shekaru tsakanin 15 zuwa 49 a cikin gidajen da aka samo (bincike da kuma Cibiyar Bincike ta Kiwon Lafiya ta yi).

Binciken tashin hankali na jinsi na 2022 wanda Majalisar Binciken Kimiyya ta Afirka ta Kudu ta gudanar ya gano cewa kashi 9.8% na mata a cikin ƙasa sun fuskanci tashin hankali na jima'i a rayuwarsu, ba tare da la'akari da matsayin haɗin gwiwa ba. Kashi 7.9% sun fuskanci tashin hankali na jima'i na abokin tarayya, yayin da kashi 7.5% na maza na Afirka ta Kudu suka ci gaba da tashin hankali na lalata a rayuwarsu. Binciken ya gano cewa "cin zarafin jima'i na rayuwa ya fi girma tsakanin matan da ke zaune tare amma ba su yi aure ba [14.9%] idan aka kwatanta da matan da ke da aure a halin yanzu [8.5%]". 

#### Rikicin da aka yi wa al'ummar LGBT
Kashi 48% na 'yan tsiraru na jima'i da jinsi a Afirka ta Kudu sun fuskanci tashin hankali na jima'iwa. Wannan ya faru ne bisa ga binciken 2019 mai taken 'Shin muna yin kyau? Gaskiya na tashin hankali, lafiyar kwakwalwa, da Samun Kiwon Lafiya da ke da alaƙa da Jima'i da Gender Identity and Expression a Afirka ta Kudu'.

Binciken ya kuma gano cewa mafi yawan tashin hankali da aka yi wa mutanen LGBTI a Afirka ta Kudu yana da alaƙa da homophobia, yana mai lura da cewa "fiye da rabin dukkan mahalarta (61%), kuma biyu daga cikin mahalarta baki uku (67%) sun ji cewa tashin hankali da suka fuskanta yana da alaƙar da yanayin jima'i da asalin jinsi. Daga cikin mahalartar 'yan tsirarun jinsi [mutane da wadanda ba na binary ba], wannan ya fi girma, a 70% na mahalarta".

Idan aka kwatanta binciken da suka yi da sauran bincike game da cin zarafin jima'i tsakanin jama'a a Afirka ta Kudu, binciken ya lura cewa "rashin cin zarafin cin zarafin jinsi tsakanin mutanen LGBTI ya fi girma fiye da yawan jama'a". A kan cin zarafin tashin hankali na launin fata, ya lura cewa "masu baƙar fata sun kuma sami matakan da suka fi girma na dukkan nau'ikan tashin hankali, idan aka kwatanta da masu shiga fararen fata, kodayake waɗannan bambance-bambance ba koyaushe suna da mahimmanci a kididdiga ba".

#### Cin zarafin maza
Binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2022 wanda Cibiyar Binciken Kimiyya ta Afirka ta Kudu ta gudanar ya gano cewa kashi 2.3% na manya mazajen Afirka ta Kudu sun sha wahala a cikin rayuwarsu (a waje da gida), yayin da kashi 1.3% suka yarda da cin zarafin wasu maza.

### Bambance-bambance na Yankin

Akwai karkatarwa a cikin yawan cin zarafin jima'i a larduna daban-daban na Afirka ta Kudu.

A cikin binciken  na larduna uku na Afirka ta Kudu (Eastern Cape, Mpumalanga, da Limpopo) a cikin 1997, kashi 6.8% na mata da aka bincika a Mpumalanga sun ce an yi musu fyade a lokacin rayuwarsu, kashi 5.0% na mata da ake bincika a Limpopo an yi musu fyaɗe, kuma an yi wa mata 4.5% a Gabashin Cape fyade. A shekara ta 1998, yankin Gauteng ya kasance mafi yawan fursunoni da ke tsare don laifukan jima'i tare da kashi 20.6% kuma Yammacin Cape yana da kashi na biyu mafi girma tare da kashi 17.3%. Lardin da ke da mafi ƙarancin adadin fursunoni da aka yanke musu hukunci kan laifukan jima'i shine Arewacin Cape tare da 3.8% da Limpopo tare da 2.6%.

Binciken Laifukan Afirka ta Kudu na 2003  ya nuna bambance-bambance na yanki na ra'ayoyin 'yan ƙasa da tsoro. Binciken irin irin laifin da masu amsawa suka yi tunanin ya faru a yankin da suke zaune, kashi 14.6% na masu amsawa na Arewacin Cape sun ba da rahoton cewa sun yi imanin cewa fyade shine mafi yawan laifin. Duk da yake Arewacin Cape yana da mafi yawan masu amsawa waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa fyade ya fi yawa, lardin KwaZulu-Natal yana da mafi ƙarancin 1.7%.

Da yake kimanta dukkan larduna, fyade ya kasance na 7 a cikin laifin da masu amsa suka yi tunanin ya fi yawa, bayan fashewar gida, sata dukiya, sata, kisan kai, sata da dabbobi, da kuma kai hari. Wannan binciken ya kuma bincika irin irin laifin da masu amsawa suka fi tsorata a yankinsu. Rape ya kasance na uku a cikin wannan rukuni bayan kisan kai da rushe gida kawai. 40.8% na masu amsawa a Arewacin Cape da 31.8% na masu mayar da martani a Free State sun ji tsoron fyade mafi yawa. A gefe guda na bakan, 11.6% na KwaZulu-Natal da 12.1% na masu amsawa a Mpumalanga sun bayyana fyade a matsayin laifin da suka fi jin tsoro a yankinsu.

A watan Satumbar 2019, Shugaban Afirka ta Kudu Cyril Ramaphosa ya yarda cewa cin zarafin jima'i da mata ya karu a Afirka ta Kudu,   "Mother City" na kasar Cape Town ya ga yaduwar amfani da sojoji don yaki da cin zarafin mata.

## Nau'o'in

### Cin zarafin mata
Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da rahoton cewa daya daga cikin wadannan dalilai shine al'adun shugabanci a Afirka ta Kudu. Rahotonta ya bayyana cewa shugabanci yana da tushe sosai a cikin al'adun baki da fari kuma ana ganin yaƙi da shi a matsayin ƙoƙarin lalata al'adun Afirka ta Kudu ko manufofin Afirka ta Kudu.

Hadarin fyade da cin zarafin jima'i ya karu saboda yaduwar cutar kanjamau / AIDS a garuruwan Afirka ta Kudu. Wata mace da aka yi wa fyade sama da shekaru 25 tana da damar daya cikin hudu cewa wanda ya kai mata hari yana da cutar kanjamau kuma mata da yawa fiye da maza suna fama da cutar kansar HIV / AIDS.Wadanda suka yi fyade a Afirka ta Kudu sun kasance maza da aka sani ga wanda aka azabtar. An bayar da rahoton cewa miji ko saurayi yana kashe mace kowane sa'o'i shida a Afirka ta Kudu. Maza da mata da yawa suna cewa fyade ba zai iya faruwa a cikin dangantaka ba; duk da haka, daya daga cikin mata huɗu sun ba da rahoton cewa abokin tarayya ne ya yi mata fyade. A cikin 1993 Afirka ta Kudu ta haramta fyade a aure. A watan Satumbar 2019, Shugaba Ramaphosa ya mayar da martani ga karuwar tashin hankali a kan mata ta hanyar yin kira ga aiwatar da dokokin da ke sanya fyade a hukunta ta hanyar mutuwa kuma ya kira zaman gaggawa na Majalisar Dokokin Afirka ta Kudu.

### Cin zarafin jarirai da yara
Afirka ta Kudu tana da wasu daga cikin mafi girman abubuwan da suka faru na fyade na yara da jarirai a duniya. Gidauniyar Hawaye da MRC sun bayyana cewa kashi 50% na yaran Afirka ta Kudu za a yi musu cin zarafi kafin su kai shekara 18. Binciken MRC ya bayyana cewa, a cikin 2009, 15% ba su kai shekara 12 ba. A cikin 2017, 'yan sanda sun ba da rahoton cewa kashi 9% na fyade da aka ruwaito su ne na shekaru tara ko ƙarami tare da hukumomin da ke ba da rahoton karuwa a duk faɗin ƙasar. Kodayake akwai lambobi daban-daban game da yawan fyade da aka ruwaito na yara, wani rahoto ya bayyana cewa a cikin 2000, an bayar da rahoton fyade 21,538 da yunkurin fyade na yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18 kuma wani daga 2001 ya bayyana cewa akwai fyade 24,892.  Kungiyoyin kula da lafiyar yara sun yi imanin cewa adadin abubuwan da ba a bayar da rahoton ba na iya kaiwa sau 10 na wannan adadin. Mafi girma a cikin hare-haren ya kasance a kan yara 'yan kasa da shekara bakwai. Wani rahoto na kungiyar kwadago ya ce ana yi wa yaro fyade a Afirka ta Kudu kowane minti uku. Wasu sun ambaci karuwar 400% a cikin cin zarafin jima'i akan yara a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata 2002  kuma har yanzu yana iya karuwa. Kashi ɗaya bisa uku na shari'o'in an aikata su ne ta hanyar dangi ko dangi na kusa.

Yawancin fyade na jarirai sun bayyana tun daga shekara ta 2001 (ciki har da gaskiyar cewa suna buƙatar tiyata mai yawa don sake gina tsarin fitsari, jima'i, ciki, ko tracheal). A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2001, wani mutum mai dauke da kwayar cutar kanjamau ya yi wa wata yarinya mai suna Tshepang fyade kuma dole ne a yi masa tiyata mai yawa a Cape Town. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2002, an bayar da rahoton cewa maza hudu sun yi wa wani jariri mai watanni takwas fyade. An tuhumi daya. Jaririn ya buƙaci tiyata mai yawa. Raunin jaririn mai watanni 8 ya yi yawa, an kara mai da hankali kan gurfanar da shi.

Wani muhimmin abin da ke ba da gudummawa ga karuwar cin zarafin yara shine almara mai yawa a cikin Cutar kanjamau da aka lalata a Afirka ta Kudu cewa yin jima'i da budurwa zai warkar da mutumin cutar kanjamawa. Wannan almara ta tsaftacewa budurwa ta wanzu a Zambia, Zimbabwe da Najeriya. Masu cin zarafin yara galibi dangi ne na wadanda aka azabtar kuma a wasu lokuta iyayensu ne ko masu ba da abinci.

### Yin fyade
Lesbians a wasu sassan Afirka ta Kudu suma suna fuskantar yanayi mai haɗari. Yin fyade da 'yan mata (aikin da ake kira fyade mai gyara) an yi imanin cewa ya canza su zuwa jima'i. Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da rahoton ga CEDAW cewa ana nuna wariya ga 'yan mata da masu luwadi a wurare da yawa. An zargi gwamnati da amincewa da aikin saboda tsoron kada "macho" ya bayyana.

Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun shari'ar wannan ita ce fyade da kisan Eudy Simelane, memba na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin LGBT. 'Yan mata talatin da daya sun mutu daga wadannan hare-haren a cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata kuma ana yi wa' yan mata fiye da goma fyade a kowane mako ko kuma a yi musu fyade a Cape Town kadai.

Ana kuma yin fyade a kan maza masu luwadi. Wani binciken da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2003 da Out LGBT Well-Being (Out) da Cibiyar Nazarin Halitta ta Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu (UCAP) suka gano cewa yawan baƙar fata maza da suka ce sun fuskanci fyade sun dace da na baƙar fata da suka shiga cikin binciken. An ce yunkurin da maza suka kamu da cutar shine dalilin karancin rahoto don gyara fyade.

### Cin zarafin maza
Kimanin kashi 3.5% na maza an tilasta su yi jima'i da wasu maza a cikin binciken kwamitin binciken likita na 2009. Kimanin kashi 19.4% na duk mutanen da aka yi wa fyade a Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 2012 maza ne. Wani binciken rukuni ya kiyasta cewa daya daga cikin maza biyar da suka girma ya zama wadanda ke fama da laifukan jima'i, kuma wannan adadi na iya zama mafi girma kamar yadda namiji ya ninka sau 10 da zai iya bayar da rahoton cin zarafin jima'i fiye da mace. Akwai ƙananan hanyoyin tallafi ga maza da aka yi wa fyade a kasar, wanda ya sa ya zama da wahala ga maza su bayar da rahoton cewa an yi musu fyade.

### Yin fyade a kurkuku
 
Kusan rabin dukkan fursunonin Afirka ta Kudu da Hukumar Kula da Ayyuka ta Bincike ta Binciken da aka yi ba da rahoton cewa cin zarafin jima'i yana faruwa "wani lokacin", "sau da yawa" ko "sau da sau da yawa". Rikicin jima'i a cikin kurkuku yana da alaƙa da tashin hankali na ƙungiyoyi da tsarin ikonsa, kuma fursunoni waɗanda aka yi musu cin zarafin jima'i sune manufofi don cin zarafin maimaitawa, kuma yawanci ana azabtar da su akai-akai. Wadanda suka tsira daga fyade a kurkuku sun gaya wa jami'ai a kasar suna da ra'ayin cewa "[maza ya kamata] sa ran wannan magani a kurkuku",  kuma masu ilimi sun gano cewa "sabon fursunoni a cikin kurkuku na maza suna fyade lokacin da duk mambobin kowane tantanin halitta suka isa".  Babban yaduwar fyade a gidan yari an danganta shi da yawan kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau a kasar.

## Masu aikata laifin

### Maza
A cikin 2014 da 2015, wani binciken Yammacin Cape ya kiyasta cewa kashi 15% na maza sun yi wa wata mace fyade wacce ba abokiyar aurensu ba ce. Wani binciken Gauteng da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2010 ya nuna cewa kashi 37.4% na maza sun yarda da fyade ga mace. Fiye da kashi 25% na samfurin maza 1,738 na Afirka ta Kudu daga lardunan KwaZulu-Natal da Gabashin Cape sun yarda da yin fyade da wani lokacin da aka yi musu tambayoyi ba tare da sunansa ba a cikin 2009; daga cikin waɗannan, kusan rabin sun ce sun yi wa mutum fiye da ɗaya fyade, a cewar wani ɗan gajeren bayani da ba a sake dubawa ba wanda Majalisar Binciken Kiwon Lafiya (MRC) ta bayar. Yawancin wallafe-wallafen labarai sun yi kuskuren ƙaddamar da waɗannan sakamakon ga sauran mutanen Afirka ta Kudu, suna ba da rahoton yaduwar fyade sau da yawa a cikin larduna biyu da ake tambaya.   Kusan uku daga cikin maza huɗu da suka yarda da fyade sun bayyana cewa sun fara tilasta mata ko yarinya zuwa jima'i kafin maza su kai shekaru 20, kuma kusan daya daga cikin goma ya yarda da yin hakan kafin su kai shekaru 10.

Kwamitin Binciken Kiwon Lafiya ya bayyana cewa, "Mutane da yawa na tashin hankali na jima'i, musamman cin zarafin jima'i da nau'ikan tilasta jima'i waɗanda ba su haɗa da karfi na jiki ana kallon su a matsayin halayyar namiji na al'ada. "  Har ila yau, ya ce ayyukan kamar fyade na ƙungiya sun zama ruwan dare saboda an dauke su nau'i ne na haɗin namiji. Kasuwancin Kasuwanci Afirka, wata hukumar bincike ta kasuwa da ke Johannesburg, ta ba da rahoton a 1994 cewa kashi 76% na maza sun ji cewa mata suna da 'yancin yin a'a ga jima'i, kashi ɗaya bisa uku sun yi tunanin cewa mata ba za su iya yanke shawara kan kansu game da zubar da ciki ba, kuma kashi 10% sun amince da namiji da ya doke mace ko matarsa.
### Yara da matasa
A cikin wani bincike da CIET ta gudanar a shekarar 2007, kashi 60% na yara maza da mata masu shekaru daga 10 zuwa 19 sun bayyana cewa tilasta jima'i ga wanda suka sani ba laifi ba ne. Kusan kashi 11% na maza da kashi 4% na mata sun amsa cewa sun taba tilasta wa wani jima'i da su. Binciken ya kuma gano cewa kashi 12.7% na ɗalibai sun yarda da labarin karya cewa mace budurwa na iya warkar da cutar ta hanyar jima'i da mutum mai cutar.

A wani binciken da ya shafi kididdiga da aka gudanar a tsakanin ɗalibai 1,500 a makarantu da ke unguwar Soweto a birnin Johannesburg, kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na maza sun ce 'jackrolling' — wata kalma da ke nufin jima'i da mace da dama ba tare da izininta ba — na da daɗi ko wasa ne. Haka kuma, fiye da rabin waɗanda aka yi wa tambayoyin sun nace cewa idan mace ta ce a'a game da jima'i, to tana nufin eh ne. Abin lura shi ne, waɗanda suka shiga wannan bincike su ne ɗalibai, yayin da shekaru ke da alaka da yi wa mutum fyaɗe. Maza masu shekaru daga 20 zuwa 40 sun fi yawan aikata fyaɗe ga maza ƙanana ko masu yawan shekaru.

### Malamai
Wani babban matsala da ya shafi cin zarafi da fyade ga ƙananan yara a Afirka Ta Kudu shi ne cin zarafi da tsangwama ta hanyar jima’i da ake zargin malamai da sauran ɗalibai da aikatawa a makarantun. A cewar Human Rights Watch, 'yan mata daga kowane mataki na rayuwa da kowane ƙabila sun fuskanci cin zarafi ta hanyar jima’i a makaranta — a cikin bandaki, a cikin aji da babu kowa, a ɗakin kwana da sauransu. Jami’an ‘yan sanda, masu gabatar da ƙara, da ma’aikatan jin ƙai sun koka cewa da dama daga cikin waɗannan laifuka ba sa zuwa gare su, domin makarantu na yawan ƙoƙarin shawo kan matsalar a cikin gida, lamarin da ke hana a hukunta masu laifi. Hadarin fyade a makaranta yana zama babban cikas ga 'yan mata wajen neman ilimi. HRW ta kuma bayyana cewa bayan mace ta fuskanci cin zarafi irin wannan, hakan yana shafar karatunta a makaranta.

## Doka
Gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Kudu ta fahimci wannan matsala. Kundin Ƙasa na Afirka Ta Kudu ya ƙunshi Bill of Rights wanda ke tabbatar da haƙƙin dukkan ’yan ƙasa bisa dabi’un dimokuraɗiyya na mutuncin ɗan Adam, daidaito da 'yanci. Bugu da ƙari, yana ba da haƙƙin 'yanci da tsaro, har da 'yancin rashin tashin hankali daga kowanne tushen jama'a ko na kansu, da haƙƙin kariyar jiki da tunani, ciki har da haihuwa da tsaron jiki.

Afirka Ta Kudu kuma memba ce ta CEDAW, inda ta bayar da rahoto game da wasu batutuwa da suka shafi cin zarafin jima’i. Ta bayyana yadda Kwamitin Gaskiya da Sulhu ya ba da dama ga muryoyin waɗanda suka tsinci kansu a irin wannan azaba a lokacin Apartheid. Haka nan, ta bayar da cikakkun bayanai game da Hakkokin Shari’a a ƙasar, inda ƙananan kotuna ke kula da manyan laifuka kamar fyade da tashin hankali a iyali.

Majalisar Dokokin Afirka Ta Kudu ta kafa dokar Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007, wadda ta fara aiki tun 16 Disamba 2007. Wannan doka tana nazari da yin gyara a dukkan dokokin da suka shafi laifukan jima’i tare da ƙarfafa su. Gabatarwar gyaran doka ta nuna cewa matsalar "ta nuna yadda tsarin mu ya lalace sosai daga ƙirƙi a al’umma". An bayyana nau’ukan cin zarafi kamar haka:
* fyade da tilas fyade  
* tashin hankali ta jima’i  
* tilas tashin hankali da tilas yin jima’i da kai  
* tilas ganin sassan jima’i  
* batsa ta yara  
* cin zarafi na kusa da jini  
* kwanciya da dabbobi  
* ayyukan necrophilia

Doka ta kuma tanadi matakai game da laifukan jima’i da yara (har da waɗanda suka amince), cin zarafi, nuna batsa, tilas ganin ayyukan jima’i, da laifukan jima’i ga masu nakasa ta hankali. Bugu da ƙari, dokar ta tanadi hidimomin tallafi ga waɗanda suka kiɗa laifi, tilas a gwada masu tuhumar jima’i da cutar HIV, sannan an kafa rijistar masu laifin jima’i a ƙasa. Ma’aikatar Shari’a ta gudanar da babbar yakin wayar da kan jama’a kan hana tashin hankali ga mata daga 25 Nuwamba 1996.

An fayyace laifin fyade a cikin wannan gyararren doka (Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007). An soke tsohuwar doka sannan aka maye ta da sabuwar doka da ta fi faɗi a sashe na 3 na wannan doka:

“Duk wani mutum (“A”) da ya aikata jima’i ta hanya marar izini da niyya tare da mai korafi (“B”), ba tare da yardar B ba, laifi ne na fyade.”

An bayyana “jima’i da nutse” kamar haka:

“duk wani motsi da ke haifar da nutsewa ko da kadan ta:
:(a) sassan jima’i na mutum ɗaya cikin ko bayan sassan jima’i, dubura, ko bakin wani;
:(b) wani sashe na jiki ko wani abu, har da sashen jikin dabba, cikin ko bayan sassan jima’i ko dubura na wani; ko
:(c) sassan jima’i na dabba, cikin ko bayan bakin mutum.”

Doka ta haramta fyade tsakanin ma'aurata; sashen 56 na doka na cewa:

“Duk lokacin da ake tuhuma bisa laifuka a sassa 3, 4, 5, 6 ko 7, ba hujja ba ce ga wanda ake tuhuma ya ce ya na da aure ko wata dangantaka a baya da wanda ya kai korafin.”

Game da hukunci, S.3(aA) na Criminal Law (Sentencing) Amendment Act 2007 ya tanadi cewa:

“Lokacin da ake yanke hukunci ga laifin fyade, ba za a ɗauki abubuwa kamar haka a matsayin ƙananan dalilai da za su rage hukunci ba:
:(i) tarihin jima’i na mai korafi;
:(ii) rashin jiki na jin rauni ga mai korafi;
:(iii) ra’ayoyin addini ko al’ada na wanda ake zargi; ko
:(iv) kowace dangantaka ta baya tsakanin wanda ake zargi da mai korafi.”

### Rahoto da ƙimar umarni
An kiyasta cewa fiye da 40% na mata a Afirka Ta Kudu za su fuskanci fyade a rayuwarsu kuma ana bayar da rahoto ne kawai ɗaya cikin goma sha ɗaya na fyade. An kuma kiyasta cewa kashi 14% ne kawai masu laifin fyade ake same su da laifi a Afirka Ta Kudu. A shekara ta 1997, an ƙara tashin hankali ga mata a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan laifuka a ƙarƙashin National Crime Prevention Strategy; duk da haka, rahotannin fyade, cin zarafi na yara da tashin hankali a gida suna ƙaruwa.

Rahoton Afirka Ta Kudu ga CEDAW ya haɗa da yadda ƙarancin ƙima wajen rahoto da hukunci ke da alaƙa da yadda jama’a suka daina amincewa da ‘yan sanda a bayan ƙarni. Haka nan, rahoton ya nuna cewa halayen jami’an tsaro da ma wasu ma’aikatan gwamnati da rashin samun sauƙin amfani da aiyukan musamman a raye‑rayen karkara suna daga cikin matsalolin. Jama'ar ƙasar sun fi kallon 'yan sanda a matsayin wakilan danniya a zamanin Apartheid; wannan rashin amincewa har yanzu na nan a ƙasar.

Wasu manyan ƙalubale na tsari suna hana rahoto da samun hukunci. Dokar "cautionary rule" na tilasta alkali ya yi hankali da haɗarin dogaro da shaida mara ƙari daga wanda ya kai korafi, wanda ke rage yawan hukunci kuma yana sanya waɗanda aka zalunta jin kamar kotu ba za ta gaskata su ba. Bisa ga wani bincike da aka yi wa wadanda aka fyade amma ba su kai ƙara ba, kashi 33.3% sun ce sun ji tsoron ramuwar gayya, 9.6% sun ce sun yi tsammanin 'yan sanda ba za su iya warware laifin ba, kuma 9.2% sun bayyana jin kunya a matsayin dalilin rashin kai ƙarar.

## Martani

Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta kafa dokoki domin magance rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi gabaɗaya, da kuma cin zarafin mata a gida da sauran laifuffukan da suka shafi jinsi. Hukumar Laifukan Jima'i da Harkokin Al'umma (Sexual Offences and Community Affairs Unit) an kirkiro ta ne a shekarar 1999 ƙarƙashin Hukumar Ƙwato Ƙara ta Ƙasa (National Prosecuting Authority – NPA), wacce ke ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Shari'a da Ci Gaban Tsarin Mulki. A shekarar 2005 aka kafa Kotunan Musamman na Laifukan Jima'i (SOCs) da ke kula da cin zarafin jima'i.

### Cibiyoyin Kula da Thuthuzela

Tun daga shekarar 1999, Hukumar Laifukan Jima'i da Harkokin Al'umma (SOCA), wacce ke ƙarƙashin Hukumar Ƙwato Ƙara ta Ƙasa (NPA), ta haɗa hannu da USAID domin ƙirƙiro wani tsarin da ya haifar da Cibiyoyin Kula da Thuthuzela (Thuthuzela Care Centre - TCC). A shekarar 2006, aka ƙaddamar da tsarin cibiyoyin "tsaya ɗaya" (one-stop facilities) waɗanda ake kira Thuthuzela Care Centres. Manufarsu ita ce "juya waɗanda aka ci zarafinsu zuwa masu tsira ta hanyar tallafi na zamantakewa, lafiya da kuma shari'a", ta hanyar samar da kulawar gaggawa na lafiya, taimakon zamantakewa, jagorantar shari'a da sauran tallafi.

Cibiyoyin TCC suna amfani da tsarin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin masana daban-daban (multi-disciplinary) domin hana da yaki da cin zarafin mata. Ma’aikatun gwamnati kamar na Shari’a, Lafiya, Harkokin Zamantakewa da Ma’aikatar Kuɗi suna aiki tare da kungiyoyin fararen hula waɗanda ke kula da ba da shawara ta hannun ma’aikatan zamantakewa. Sunan "Thuthuzela" yana fitowa ne daga harshen Xhosa wanda ke nufin "ta’aziyya".

A wata takarda da ke bayyana bayanai, TCC na bayyana a matsayin "asibitin da aka ware domin ba da kulawa ta likita da binciken shaidar jima'i ga waɗanda aka ci zarafinsu a cikin awanni 72 bayan faruwar lamarin". An kafa cibiyoyi da dama a fadin ƙasar. A matsayin watan Satumba 2022, adadin TCCs ya kai 58. Gwamnati ce ke daukar nauyin su, amma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun fara bayar da tallafi don gina karin cibiyoyin TCC, wasu a asibitocin masu zaman kansu, amma dole ne su kasance kusa da ofishin ‘yan sanda. TCCs na gudanar da wayar da kai ga jama'a, da kuma samar da kariya ga wadanda aka ci zarafinsu daga kamuwa da cutar HIV/AIDS.

Wani ƙaramin bincike da aka wallafa a 2015 wanda aka gudanar a cibiyoyi hudu a Gauteng tsakanin 2012-2014 ya nuna cewa "ayyukan da ake bayarwa sun gamsar da wadanda aka ci zarafi, kuma dangantaka mai kyau na wanzuwa tsakanin su da ma’aikatan cibiyar". Kowane bangare da ke da hannu cikin TCC na da alhaki tun daga bude shari’a har zuwa ƙarshe. Wani bincike a shekarar 2023 ya nuna cewa hakan ya haifar da ƙaruwa mai yawa a yawan hukuncin da ake samu. A cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata zuwa 2023, shari'o'in da cibiyoyin TCC suka gudanar sun kai ga hukunci mai tsanani a kotu. Ana danganta TCC da taimakawa wajen rage lokacin da ake ɗauka kafin kammala shari'a daga shekara biyu zuwa kusan wata bakwai, tare da nasarar yanke hukunci a tsakanin kaso 84 zuwa 89 cikin 100. Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta bayyana tsarin TCC a matsayin "misaalin kyakkyawan aiki" wajen tallafawa waɗanda aka ci zarafinsu.

A Cape Town, akwai TCC guda uku: a Asibitin Karl Bremer, Asibitin Heideveld, da Asibitin Victoria (inda ake da sashen binciken shaidar jima'i). A shekarar 2012–2013, cibiyar Sinawe TCC da ke Mthatha, lardin Eastern Cape, ta lashe kyauta a matsayin "cibiyar da aka fi gudanar da ita yadda ya kamata a Afirka ta Kudu".

### Sauran Shiri

Ƙungiyoyi daga ƙasa da kuma zanga-zangar jama'a sun taka rawa wajen samar da dokoki masu amfani da sauran shiri domin yakar cin zarafin mata; misali, haɗakar Shukumisa Coalition ta ƙunshi fiye da ƙungiyoyi 60 da ke mayar da hankali kan cin zarafin mata da yara. A shekarar 2018, harakar Total Shutdown Movement ta gudanar da zanga-zanga a tituna saboda rashin matakin da gwamnati da kamfanoni ke ɗauka. Bayan haka, aka gudanar da babban taron kasa kan cin zarafin mata da kisan mata, wanda ya haɗa gwamnati, harakar Total Shutdown, da kungiyoyi daban-daban. Wannan taron ya haifar da sanya hannu a wata sanarwa da ke nuna aniyar haɗin gwiwar gwamnati, kamfanoni, ƙungiyoyin kwadago da ƙungiyoyin al’umma domin ƙirƙira da aiwatar da hanyoyin dakile cin zarafin mata da kisan mata. Daga nan gwamnati ta aiwatar da "Tsarin Dabaru na Kasa don GBVF" (NSP).

## Bayyanar da matsalar a kafafen yada labarai
An bayyana wannan matsala ga jama'a ta hanyoyi daban-daban ta kafafen yada labarai. Rahotannin kafafen watsa labarai game da karuwar cin zarafin jima'i a Afirka ta Kudu sun karu tun daga shekarun 1990.

Wasu sun soki yadda kafafen watsa labarai ke bayyana cin zarafin jima'i a Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar nuna cewa suna mai da hankali ne kawai ga rahotannin da suka shafi fararen fata, 'yan matsakaicin kudi da masu ilimi, wadanda ba dangi ko abokan hulɗarsu suka ci zarafinsu ba.

### Labarai da abubuwan da suka faru
Sai dai akwai labarai da dama da suka shafi cin zarafin jima'i a Afirka ta Kudu waɗanda suka ja hankalin duniya.

A watan Afrilu na 1999, wata ma'aikaciyar UNICEF daga Amurka da ke ziyarar kasuwanci a Afirka ta Kudu an yi mata fyade a lokacin wani fashin da aka kai gidanta.

Tsohon shugaban Afirka ta Kudu, Jacob Zuma, an zarge shi da yin fyade wa wata mace mai shekaru 31 mai dauke da kwayar cutar HIV a watan Nuwamba 2005 kafin ya zama shugaban kasa. Kotu ta wanke shi a 2006, amma ya amsa cewa sun yi jima'i ba tare da kariya ba cikin yarda. Wannan lamari ya samu karbuwa sosai a kafafen watsa labarai.

Wani shahararren rahoto da ya shafi fyade a Afirka ta Kudu shine wanda Charlene Leonora Smith, 'yar jarida, ta bayar bayan an yi mata fyade. A matsayinta na ma'aikaciyar Mail and Guardian da kuma mai bayar da rahoto ga Washington Post da BBC, Smith ta bayyana cewa “fyade ya zama ruwan dare” a al’adun Afirka ta Kudu.

Wani lamari na fyade da ya jawo ce-ce-ku-ce ya shafi makarantar Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls a Johannesburg. Wata mai kula da ɗakin kwanan dalibai, Tiny Virginia Makopo, an gurfanar da ita bisa laifuka 13 na cin zarafi da suka hada da fyade ga ɗalibai a makarantar.

Wani abu mai rikitarwa shine wani shiri na Big Brother Africa da aka gudanar a Afirka ta Kudu, inda Richard Bezuidenhout, ɗalibi mai shekara 24, ake zargin ya yi wa Ofunneka Molokwu, likita mai shekara 29, fyade.  Wasu sun ce an gan shi yana taba jikin ta yayin da take cikin rashin lafiya ko kuma a cikin maye, duk da wani ɗan wasa yana roƙon shi ya daina. Bayan hakan, masu shirya wasan suka shigo da likitoci da katse yada shirye-shiryen kai tsaye. Wannan batu ya samu mahawara sosai a jaridu da shafukan yanar gizo.

Wani rikici shi ne lokacin da Makhaya Ntini, ɗan wasan kwallon cricket bakar fata kadai a tawagar Afirka ta Kudu, aka same shi da laifin fyade wa wata ɗaliba mai shekara 22. Wannan ya jawo ce-ce-ku-ce saboda Ntini shine bakar fata na farko da ya wakilci ƙasar a ƙasa da ƙasa kuma ana ganin shi a matsayin gwarzo. Sai dai daga baya ya lashe ƙarar da ya shigar kuma aka soke hukuncin ɗaurin shekara shida da aka yanke masa.

A gefe guda kuma, kafafen yada labarai sun ruwaito matakan da aka dauka da suka nuna kin amincewa da fyade a Afirka ta Kudu. A 2012, kungiyar mata ta jam’iyyar ANC ta shirya zanga-zanga da ake kira "mini-skirt march" don nuna adawa da hare-haren da aka kai wa wasu mata biyu saboda sa gajerun siket a Johannesburg. Dangane da fyade na gyara, gasar New York Festivals Television and Film Awards a Las Vegas ta bai wa ESPN lambar zinariya don fim dinsu "Corrective Rape".

A karshen watan Agustan 2019, ɗaliba mai suna Uyinene Mrwetyana an yi mata fyade sannan aka kashe ta daga wani ma’aikacin ofishin gidan waya da ke aiki a Claremont, Cape Town. Wannan kisa ya fito da babbar matsala ta cin zarafin mata da kisa da ke afkuwa ga mata a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma ta jawo hankalin jama’a don ƙarfafa ɗaukar mataki.

### Adabi da fina-finai
Wasu littattafai da fina-finai sun yi bayani game da wannan batu musamman dangane da lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata. Littafin Antjie Krog mai suna *Country of My Skull* ya bayyana rahotannin cin zarafin mata a gaban kwamitin gaskiya da sulhu. Littafin J. M. Coetzee mai suna *Disgrace* an zarge shi da nuna wariyar launin fata saboda yana nuna wata farar fata matashiya da aka yi wa fyade daga wasu bakar fata uku a gidanta a Eastern Cape. Littafin *The Writing Circle* na Rozena Maart yana bayyana abubuwan da wasu matasa mata ke fuskanta na fyade da sauran nau'ikan tashin hankali a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu.

## Manazarta

## Mahaɗa
*
* Pamela Scully. "Rape, Race, and Colonial Culture: The Sexual Politics of Identity in the Nineteenth-Century Cape Colony, South Africa" ''The American Historical Review'', 100, 2 (1995): 335-359  Academia.edu