open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Gidan shakatawa na jirgin kasa

**Filin Jirgin Ƙasa** wani wurin shakatawa ne mai fadin eka 19 a Birmingham, Alabama, Amurka, wanda aka buɗe a kaka ta 2010.  Wanda mai zane Tom Leader ya tsara, Filin Jirgin Ƙasa yana aiki a matsayin wurin shakatawa mai kore da cibiyar nishaɗi, yana ɗaukar nauyin wuraren kiɗa, yawon shakatawa na sadaka, daren fina-finai, da sauran abubuwan da suka faru a birni.  Akwai filin wasan kwaikwayo wanda ke ɗaukar mutane 4,000.  Yana aiki a matsayin wurin kore ba kawai ga mazauna ba har ma ga namun daji na birnin.  Adadin nau'ikan tsuntsayen da aka lura a Birmingham ya karu da kashi 250% bayan gina wurin shakatawa.  An ƙirƙiri shi da tsarin ban ruwa na musamman don kiyaye wurin shakatawa kore yayin da kuma samar da abubuwan ruwa kamar maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da rafuka ga baƙi na wurin shakatawa. 

Akwai "Hanyar Jirgin Ƙasa" wadda ke ba wa baƙi damar kusantar hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa su ga jiragen ƙasan suna aiki.  An tsara yanayin wurin shakatawar a kusa da layukan jirgin ƙasa goma sha ɗaya da suka haɗu a wannan wurin.  Yana tsakiyar hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa waɗanda suka taimaka wajen haɓaka birnin kuma yana da kyawawan ra'ayoyi na Sloss Furnaces, wani wuri mai tarihi. 

Wurin shakatawa yana nan kai tsaye kudu da layin dogo na Norfolk Southern da layin dogo na CSX ta cikin tsakiyar birnin Birmingham.  Ya tashi daga titin 14th zuwa titin 18th tare da titin First Avenue South.  Asibitin UAB da Asibitin Yara na Alabama wurare ne masu kyau kusa da wurin shakatawa.  Wurin shakatawa wani wuri ne na jama'a mallakar Birnin Birmingham kuma Gidauniyar Railroad Park mai zaman kanta ce ke kula da shi. 

A shekarar 2016 aka buɗe hanyar Rotary Trail, wadda ta haɗa wurin shakatawa na jirgin ƙasa zuwa ga murhun Sloss ta hanyar hanyar kore ta masu tafiya a ƙasa. 

## Tarihi
Filin Jirgin Ƙasa ya samo asali ne daga tarihin birnin Birmingham, wanda aka gina shi kaɗan daga kayan da aka samo daga tsoffin rumbunan ajiya da ke kewaye da shi.  An fara gabatar da hangen nesa na Filin Jirgin Ƙasa tare da 'yan'uwan Olmsted a shekarar 1924, waɗanda daga ƙarshe aka soke shirye-shiryensu saboda rashin sarari a cikin birnin da ke faɗaɗa cikin sauri.  FORRD, Abokan Gundumar Jirgin Ƙasa, sun goyi bayan sake fara aikin a farkon shekarun 2000, kuma ya sami karɓuwa sosai daga can.  ] Wurin da wurin shakatawa ya kasance wuri ne na sharar masana'antu ga rumbunan ajiya da ke kewaye.  An yi tunanin wurin shakatawa a matsayin gada don haɗa sassan arewa da kudu na Birmingham,  kuma yanzu shine yanki mafi haɗin kan launin fata a cikin birnin. 

## Muhimmanci
Filin Jirgin Ƙasa yana wakiltar birnin fiye da sararin kore, kuma saboda yankin da yake, sau da yawa ana ganinsa a matsayin gada tsakanin al'ummomin Birmingham da suka rabu.  Mazauna birnin suna kiransa da "Ɗakin Zama na Birmingham."  Filin ya amince da muhimmancin masana'antar ƙarfe da layin dogo ga ci gaban Birmingham. 

## Manazarta
Paweł z Krosna

**Paweł z Krosna** (c. 1470 - Nuwamba 1517) mawaki ne kuma masanin falsafa na Ruthenian a lokacin Renaissance a Poland . A matsayinsa na mawaki da masanin falsafa, ya rubuta a cikin Latin a kan Statius, ya yi amfani da al'adun wallafe-wallafen "Makarantar Leipzig", kuma ya haɗa da ra'ayoyin ɗan adam na Italiya. Bugu da kari, ya zana a kan abubuwan Horatian a cikin wasiƙu kuma ya karɓi samfurin hoto na atopic.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Pavlo a cikin c. 1470 a Krosno, wanda a lokacin ya kasance wani ɓangare na Subcarpathian Voivodeship a cikin Crown na Masarautar Poland amma galibi Lemkos ne ke zaune. Da farko an yi tunanin cewa ya fito ne daga iyali matalauta kuma an kira shi Gruelus, amma daga baya an tabbatar da cewa ya fito daga dangin patrician. Mahaifinsa, Jan Procler, ko dai magajin garin Krosno ne ko kuma mai mulki kuma na asalin Jamus ne. Kodayake ya sanya hannu kan kansa tare da "Ruthenus", an yi muhawara game da ko shi Ruthenian ne ko Ruthenian na asalin Jamus. Har ila yau, yana da mahaifiyar mahaifiyar mai suna Katarzyna . 

## Ayyuka
A lokacin bazara na 1508, ya kamata ya fara aiki a matsayin ƙaramin abokin aiki kuma ya yi laccoci, musamman kan Persius .  A shekara ta 1508, a lokacin annoba a Kraków, ya bar birnin a ranar 21 ga Yuli don zuwa Hungary .  Bayan isowarsa, ya zauna a Babban Varadyn a kotun Stanisław Thurzon, Bishop na gaba na Olomouc kuma ɗan'uwan Johann V Thurzo .  A kotun ya rubuta ayyukan Latin da yawa, ciki har da ayyuka biyu da suka yabi Thurzon da Ladislaus I na Hungary, waɗanda ya buga ta hanyar Hieronymus Vietor .  Daga nan ya zauna a kotun jami'ar Gábora Perényiego a Vynohradiv .  Daga Janairu zuwa Yuni 1509 ya zauna a Vienna don tafiyar kimiyya don sanin Jami'ar Vienna, amma ba a san wasu cikakkun bayanai game da tafiyar ba.  Ya kuma sami nasarar buga wani kundin ayyukansa a wurin ta Hieronim. 

## Ayyuka
A cikin waƙoƙinsa, ya fara rubuta a cikin Latin,  kuma aikin ya kasance wani ɓangare na Renaissance a Poland.  Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan Adam na farko na Poland da ya rubuta a kan jigogi na Statius bayan bayanin Angelo Poliziano game da aikinsa, kuma ya yi amfani da al'adun wallafe-wallafen "Makarantar Leipzig" karkashin jagorancin Christoph Sutchen yayin da ya haɗa da ra'ayoyin ɗan adam na Italiya daga Filippo Beroaldo da Politianus.

Ayyukansa sun kuma samo asali ne daga abubuwan Horatian, kamar yadda Nicholas Copernicus ya yi. Duk da yake bai taba bin makarantar Conrad Celtis ba, Celtis ya kuma yi tasiri a kan aikinsa, musamman a cikin littafinsa na 1513 na *Troas* na Seneca the Younger. Ya karɓi samfurin hoton hoto, wanda ya fito daga Symposium na Plato, musamman a cikin wasiƙunsa da wasiƙunsa kuma daga baya zai karɓi taken "mai kula da Muses".

## Manazarta
Meenakshi Raman

**Meenakshi Raman** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1958) ƙwararriyar mai kare muhalli ce a ƙasar Malaysia kuma shugabar ƙasar Sahabat Alam ta yanzu a ƙasar Malaysia.

An haife ta a Seremban, Negeri Sembilan a shekarar 1958, kuma lauya ce mai kare hakkin jama'a kuma tana cikin waɗanda aka tsare a ƙarƙashin Ops Lalang a shekarar 1987 inda ta shafe kwanaki 47 a gidan yari. 

A matsayinta na Shugabar Sahabat Alam, ta yi magana game da batutuwa daban-daban na kare muhalli a Malaysia kamar Tsibirin Penang ta Kudu, hakar ma'adinai da ba kasafai ake samu ba a Bukit Enggang Kedah,  gurɓatar koguna a Kwarin Klang  da sauransu.

A shekarar 2018, ta kasance shugabar ƙungiyar mazauna Tanjung Bungah inda ta yi kira ga Babban Lauyan Gwamnati (AGC) da ya sake duba tarar da aka samu  a cikin bala'in zaftarewar ƙasa da ya faru a watan Oktoban 2017 wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane 11. 

*Free Malaysia Today* ta bayyana ta a matsayin " Erin Brokovich ta Malaysia"  saboda aikinta na kare al'amuran jama'a.

## Manazarta
Kungiyar Kare Dutsen Malvern

**Ƙungiyar Kare Muhalli ta Malvern Hills** (MHPS) ƙungiya ce ta kare muhalli da ke neman hana gina sabon madatsar ruwa a yankin Canterbury na New Zealand .

An kafa ta a matsayin wata ƙungiya mai haɗin gwiwa ta ƙungiyar Dam Action Group kuma manufarsu ita ce "haɓaka kiyayewa, kariya da haɓaka dabi'un tarihi, al'adu, muhalli, muhalli da al'umma na gundumar Malvern Hills ". An kafa ƙungiyar Dam Action Group ne don hana gina madatsar ruwa ta ƙasa wadda za ta mamaye wani ɓangare na yankin magudanar ruwa na Kogin Waianiwaniwa . Mojo Mathers tana cikin membobin da suka kafa ƙungiyar.

Madatsar ruwa ta Central Plains Water Trust ce ta gabatar da kuduri, wanda Majalisar Dokokin Birnin Christchurch da Selwyn suka kafa, a matsayin hanyar samar da ban ruwa ga sassan filayen Canterbury.

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Tsaro ta Muhalli

**Cibiyar Tsaron Muhalli** (IES) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa mai zaman kanta wadda ba ta da riba wadda aka kafa a shekarar 2002 a Hague, Netherlands, tare da wakilai a Brussels, London, Beirut, California, New York City, Toronto da Washington, DC. An kafa "cibiyar ilimi da aiki" don ƙara mai da hankali kan tsaron muhalli a matsayin hanyar da za ta taimaka wajen hana rikici, rashin kwanciyar hankali da tashin hankali. 

A shekarar 2012, ɗakin karatu na Peace Palace da Cibiyar Tsaron Muhalli suka fara tattara bayanai kan Dokar Ecocide . 

## Manazarta
Sabunta Switzerland

**Renovate Switzerland** wani kamfen ne na adawa da farar hula na Switzerland wanda aka ƙaddamar a watan Afrilun 2022 wanda ke amfani da matakan da ba na tashin hankali ba a matsayin hanyar matsa wa Majalisar Tarayya ta Switzerland ta aiwatar da shirin ƙasa na rufe gidaje miliyan ɗaya nan da shekarar 2040, domin magance matsalolin sauyin yanayi da kuma matsalar makamashi .  Wani ɓangare ne na cibiyar sadarwa ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta yaƙi da farar hula, tare da irin waɗannan ayyuka a Jamus, Ostiraliya, Kanada, Faransa, Italiya, Norway, Burtaniya da Amurka. Waɗannan kamfen daban-daban suna da irin wannan dabarar, amma suna mai da hankali kan buƙatu waɗanda suka shafi yanayin ƙasarsu. Duk da haka, da yawa daga cikinsu suna mai da hankali kan batun amfani da makamashin gine-gine. 

Da farko Renovate Switzerland ta aika da wasiƙa ga Shugabar Ƙungiyar Swiss Confederation Simonetta Sommaruga, amma amsar da suka samu ta gaza yadda suka zata.  Bayan toshe hanyoyi guda huɗu a watan Afrilun 2022, yaƙin neman zaɓen ya shiga wani sabon matakin aiki a watan Oktoban 2022. Julia Steinberger, wacce ta rubuta rahoton IPCC na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta shiga wani shingen hanya a Bern a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, kuma ta manna hannunta a kan kwalta tare da wasu mutane biyar. 

Yawancin ayyukan Renovate Switzerland sun haɗa da toshe hanyoyin manyan hanyoyin mota da tituna na Switzerland. Duk da cewa ayyukansu gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar su haramtattu ne, wasu 'yan siyasa kamar Swiss Green Party Léonore Porchet suna goyon bayansu, waɗanda ke ganin rashin biyayya ga jama'a halal ne idan aka yi la'akari da gaggawar rikicin yanayi.  

## Takaddama
Ana zargin tambarin Renovate Switzerland da keta alamar kamfanin Rivella drink, kuma kamfanin ya ce yana tunanin shigar da ƙara a gaban kotu.   Saboda wannan yanayi, Renovate Switzerland ta sauya tsarin kamfaninta.

## Manazarta
Jeronim Makarelić

**Jeronim Makarelić** kuma aka sani da **Jerolim Trogiranin** ko **Jeronim Trogiranin** ( kafin 1510) mawaki ne na Renaissance na Croatian, masanin ilmin lissafi kuma firist na Katolika.

Girolamo Bologni, malamin Makarelić a Roma, ya ce Makarelić ya kasance "mafi masaniya a cikin dokoki biyu, mai ƙwarewa sosai game da ladabi da tsohuwar Latin, kuma sananne ne ga kyakkyawan ilmantarwa". Daniele Farlati ya ambaci shi a matsayin babban firist da Canon wanda, a cikin 1496, ya zama mai kula da Archbishop na Split Bartolomeo Averoldi, wanda ya gaji Vid Hvaranin . Juraj Šižgorić da Gilberto Grineo sun yaba da waƙoƙinsa.

 

## Manazarta
Catherine Constantinides

**Catherine Constantinides** (an haife ta a ranar 27 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1982) ita ce jagora tunani ta Afirka ta Kudu, mai kula da muhalli wanda ke mai da hankali kan Canjin yanayi, tsaro na abinci da ruwa da kuma kula da sharar gida, ɗan kasuwa ne na zamantakewa, mai fafutuka kare hakkin dan adam kuma mai riƙe da taken mai kyau.

## Ayyuka
Constantinides ta kafa kasuwancin ta na farko, SA Fusion, kamfani ne na zamantakewa, lokacin da take da shekaru 16. Ta shiga cikin gabatar da manufar Miss Earth zuwa Afirka ta Kudu kuma an naɗa ta Miss Earth ta farko ta Afirka ta Kudu a shekara ta 2003.  A halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin darakta na Miss Earth South Africa .

Constantinides ta sha shayi tare da Nelson Mandela a shekara ta 2003, lokacin da take da shekaru 21. Ta ce a taron Gratitude200K: "Wannan babbar dama ce lokacin da na cika shekaru 21 don karɓar gayyata daga gare shi, don shan shayi tare da shi, kafin na je Miss Earth ta duniya a shekara ta 2003. "

Constantinides shine co-kafa Generation Earth, kungiyar muhalli da matasa ke jagoranta.

A cikin shekara ta 2013, Constantinides ita ce ƙarama a cikin ƙungiyar 'yan Afirka 20 da aka kira Archbishop Tutu Leadership Fellow. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

Constantinides ya rubuta wa Huffington Post game da siyasar canjin yanayi da halin da ake ciki a Yammacin Sahara. Ita ce mai sukar ayyukan gwamnatin Maroko a Yammacin Sahara, tana kwatanta yankin a matsayin "mazaunin karshe a Afirka". Ta yi magana game da Yammacin Sahara a matsayin "jiha ta Afirka a gudun hijira, dalilin da mutane da aka manta"

A watan Mayu 2016, an zabi Constantinides a matsayin daya daga cikin Mandela Washington Fellows a matsayin wani ɓangare na Matasan Shugabannin Afirka; wani shiri na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka. 

== Sanarwa ==
Constantinides ta sami lambar yabo ta Matashiyar Afirka ta Kudu don Karfafa Mata a shekarar 2012. An kuma girmama ta da lambar yabo ta Matasan Kasuwancin Afirka ta Kudu a Kyautar Firayim Ministan Kasuwancin Afrika ta Kudu . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

A cikin 2015, an haɗa Constantinides a cikin aikin 21 Icons, aikin da ke murna da "nasara ta ɗan adam ta hanyar daukar hoto, fim da labarun".  

The *Mail &amp;amp; Guardian* ta lissafa Constantinides a matsayin daya daga cikin Matasan Afirka ta Kudu 200 a shekarar 2014. 

An amince da Constantinides tare da lambar yabo ta Ubuntu Youth Diplomacy a cikin 2016 a wani taron da Ministan Harkokin Kasashen Duniya da Haɗin Kai, Maite Nkoana-Mashabane ya shirya. Karɓar kyautar Constantinides ya bayyana cewa "Ina alfahari da tashi tutarmu sama kuma zan ci gaba da kasancewa jakada ga ƙasarmu da abubuwan da ke kusa da zuciyata, yayin da muke gina Afirka ta Kudu da Afirka da muka yi imanin zai yiwu".

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Pete Murray (Australian singer-songwriter)

**Peter Kenneth Murray** (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 1969) mawakin Australiya ne. Tun daga shekarar 2025, ya samu kundin wakoki guda uku da suka kai matsayi na 1 a jadawalin Australia (ARIA): Feeler (2003), See the Sun (2005), da Summer at Eureka (2008), wadanda aka fitar a jere. Ya zuwa shekarar 2023, Murray ya sami nadin ARIA sau 17 a tsawon aikinsa,  kuma ya sayar da kundin wakoki sama da miliyan 1.2 a Ostiraliya kadai.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Peter Kenneth Murray a Chinchilla,  a ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 1969. Mahaifiyarsa Jan ce kuma tana da 'yar'uwa. Lokacin da Murray ke da shekaru 16, iyalinsa sun ƙaura zuwa Brisbane. Ya halarci Kwalejin St Joseph, Nudgee, a cikin shekaru biyu na ƙarshe na makarantar sakandare. A kwalejin, Murray ya nuna hazaka a ƙungiyar rugby, wasanni, da iyo. Ya buga wasan rugby na Brisbane na ɗan lokaci don GPS da Brothers . Lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 18, mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya,  wanda ya sa ya fahimci "yadda lokaci yake da daraja".

A lokacin da yake gefe, Murray ya fara koyon guitar yana da shekaru 22. [1] Daga ƙarshe, ya yi ƙarfin halin kai guitar ɗinsa zuwa wurin gasa, yana rera waƙoƙin Neil Young da Crowded House. Duk da haka, babban abin da ya fi sha'awa shi ne tafiye-tafiye da neman aiki a fannin likitancin wasanni.

Murray ya buga ƙananan wasanni a faɗin ƙasar tare da ƙwararren mai kunna kida Col McIntyre, daga ƙarshe ya haɗa ƙungiyar mawaƙa (ciki har da ɗan wasan keyboard Ben McCarthy, wanda ke aiki tare da shi har zuwa yau).

## Sana'a

### 2001–2002: ''Wasan''
A shekara ta 2001, Murray ya fitar da kundin wakokin EP *D Day* sannan ya biyo baya da kundin wakokin *The Game* on Auxiliary Records. Murray ya koma Melbourne don neman aikin waka.

### 2003–2004: ''Feeler''
A farkon shekarar 2003, Murray ya sanya hannu kan kwangila da Sony BMG kuma ya shiga situdiyo tare da furodusa Paul McKercher da ƙungiyar mawakansa (waɗanda suka ƙunshi Ben McCarthy a gitar bass da madannai, Christian Sargeant a kan ganguna, Paul Tyrell a kan gitar da Col McIntyre a kan reeds & flute) don ƙirƙirar kundin *Feeler* .

An fitar da *Feeler* a ranar 21 ga Yuli 2003, tare da waƙar taken a matsayin waƙar farko. Rediyon Triple J ya fara kunna waƙar tare da cibiyoyin sadarwa na Nova FM da Triple M sun fara ɗaukar ta. Da wannan tallafi, *Feeler* ya shiga cikin jerin manyan kundin waƙoƙi 50 na ARIA a shekarar 2003. Sunansa yana ƙaruwa da sauri kuma ya fara sayar da shirye-shirye a ƙananan wurare.

An fitar da waƙar " So Beautiful " a watan Janairun 2004, inda ta kai ga manyan goma. Wannan ya sa tallace-tallacen waƙar suka kai matsayi na ɗaya a jadawalin waƙar Australiya a ƙarshen Maris na 2004 kuma ta ninka matsayin platinum sau shida. Zuwa shekarar 2008, waƙar ta sayar da kwafi rabin miliyan. 

### 2005–2007: ''Duba Rana''

## Manazarta
Gidauniyar Dokar Muhalli

**Gidauniyar Dokokin Muhalli** ( **ELF** ) wata ƙungiyar agaji ce mai rijista a Burtaniya,  wacce aka keɓe don dokar muhalli da kuma yaɗa bayanai kan wannan batu.

## Ofishin Jakadanci
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan manufofin ƙungiyar ita ce ta haɗa mutane da ƙungiyoyin al'umma waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin hana lalacewar muhalli tare da ƙungiyar lauyoyin muhalli da sauran ƙwararrun masana fasaha na muhalli ta ELF, waɗanda za su iya ba da bayanai da shawarwari kan shari'o'in shari'a ko tsare-tsare .

ELF kuma tana shirya zaman tambayoyi da amsoshi na gida tare da ƙwararru ga jama'a; tana ba da horo da ilimi a kan wannan fanni,  kuma tana samar da wallafe-wallafe daban-daban, gami da mujallar *ELFline*, wacce ke ɗauke da wasu abubuwa, da nazarin shari'o'i.

## Manazarta
Andrew Packer

**Andrew Packer** (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Yuni, 1980 a Ipswich, Queensland, Ostiraliya ) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ostiraliya.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Ya halarci Kwalejin St. Josephs Nudgee da ke Brisbane. Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar da ta lashe gasar Grand Final ta Sydney FC a 2005–06. A shekara ta 2006, Queensland Roar ta sanya hannu a jiharsa ta haihuwa. Packer ya sanar da yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa yana da shekaru 29 kuma ya shiga Rundunar Tsaron Ostiraliya.[1] [2]

## Ƙididdigar A-League

1 - ya haɗa da ƙididdigar jerin ƙarshe na A-League 2 - ya haɗa da ƙididdigar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA Clubs ; An haɗa ƙididdigar gasar zakarun AFC a cikin kakar wasa da ta fara bayan matakan rukuni (misali lokutan ACL da A-League da sauransu)

## Daraja
Gasar Olympics ta Sydney NSL 2001–02, 2002–2003.

**Tare da Perth Glory :**

* NSL : 2003–04

**Tare da Sydney FC :**

* Gasar Cin Kofin A-League : 2005–06
* Gasar Cin Kofin Kulub na Oceania : 2004–05

## Manazarta
Bertrand de Loque

**Bertrand de Loque**, marubucin Deux Traitéz: l'un de la guerre, l'autre du duel (Lyon: Iacob Ratoyre, 1589), Minista Furotesta, an ce shi mutum ɗaya ne da François de Saillans, wanda aka haife shi a Valencia tsakanin 1540 da 1550. Loque har yanzu yana da rai a shekara ta 1600.

Shakespeare ya yi amfani da fassarar John Eliot ta 1591 na Discourses of Warre na Bertrand de Loque da kuma gwagwarmaya guda ɗaya don wahayi da jagora a cikin wasan kwaikwayo biyu, Henry V,  da The Reign of King Edward III. 

## Manazarta
Hanibal Lucić

**Hanibal Lucić** (pronunciation Croatian: [xǎnibal lûtsitɕ]) ko **Annibale Lucio** (c. 1485 - 14 Disamba 1553) mawaki ne na Renaissance kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Croatia, marubucin wasan kwaikwayon na farko a cikin Croatian . 

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife shi ne a cikin dangin Dalmatian mai daraja na *Antun* da *Goja* a Hvar, inda ya shafe mafi Hawa rayuwarsa. Tun da farko a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, ya kasance alƙali kuma daga baya ya zama lauya na garin Hvar. A matsayinsa na shaidar tawaye na Hvar a shekara ta 1510, an tilasta masa guduwa zuwa Trogir da Split yayin da ya yi tsayayya da bukatun talakawa. Yana da mummunar matsayi ga ƙananan 'yan tawaye, yana magana da su a matsayin "*gungun da ba su da tunani*".

Ayyukansa na farko na wallafe-wallafen sun kasance suna da alaƙa da fassarorin aikin Ovid (Croatian: "*"iz latinske odiće svukavši u республикан harvacku priobukal"* "). An rubuta rubuce-rubucensa da farko don a rubuta su a cikin yaren Kudancin Čakavian. Ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na *[[Robinja]]*, wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Kudancin Slavic. Francesco Petrarca ne ya rinjayi Waƙoƙin soyayya,  amma al'adun Croatian sun haɗa su a cikin aikinsa. Sha'awarsa ga siffar mace tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a mafi yawan waƙoƙinsa.

Yana da saurin sukar kansa kuma an ƙone mafi yawan ayyukansa; sauran an ceto su kuma daga baya ɗansa *Antonij* ya buga su. An buga tarin ayyukansa a cikin 1556 (Skla Alexandre).

## Manazarta
Kayan daji na Ingila

**Forestry England** wani sashe ne na Hukumar Kula da Gandun Daji, wanda ke da alhakin kula da dazuzzukan mallakar gwamnati a Ingila .

An kafa Forest Enterprise, wanda ya fara kafa Forestry England, a matsayin ƙungiya mai girma a faɗin Burtaniya a shekarar 1996. Da zuwan mulkin mallaka zuwa Scotland da Wales, Forest Enterprise an raba ta a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2003 zuwa Forest Enterprise England, Forest Enterprise Scotland, da Forest Enterprise Wales. Daga baya aka sake sanya wa Forest Enterprise England suna zuwa Forestry England a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2019.  

Manufarta ita ce haɗa kowa da dazuzzukan ƙasar ta hanyar ƙirƙira da kula da dazuzzukan Ingila don mutane su ji daɗinsu, namun daji su bunƙasa da kuma kasuwanci su bunƙasa. Tana aiki a ƙarƙashin Dokar(s) ta gandun daji da kuma dokokin da suka biyo baya kuma tana cikin Ma'aikatan Gwamnati da Hukumar Zartarwa ta Hukumar Gandun Daji .  

## Aiki
Forestry England tana da hedikwata a Bristol, kuma don dalilai na ƙungiya tana raba Ingila zuwa yankuna shida na daji kowannensu tare da ofishin yanki nasa: 

* Arewacin Ingila, wanda ke Bellingham, Northumberland kusa da Hexham .
* Yorkshire, wanda ke Pickering, Arewacin Yorkshire .
* Tsakiyar Ingila, wacce ke Mansfield, Nottinghamshire .
* Yammacin Ingila, wanda ke Coleford, Gloucestershire .
* Gabashin Ingila, wanda ke Santon Downham, Suffolk .
* Kudancin Ingila, wanda ke Lyndhurst, Hampshire .

Tana kuma kula da Westonbirt Arboretum a Gloucestershire, wataƙila mafi mahimmanci kuma sanannen arboretum a Burtaniya.  da Bedgebury National Pinetum, tarin conifers masu rai, a Kent, wanda aka ce shine mafi girman tarin conifers a duniya. 

## Dazuzzukan ƙasar
Jerin dazuzzukan da Hukumar Kula da Gandun Daji ke kula da su

Forestry England tana kula da yankunan dazuzzuka da dazuzzuka 1,500 da suka mamaye kusan  wanda hakan ya sanya su zama babban manajan filaye a Ingila. Kimanin rabin noman katako mai laushi na Ingila ya samo asali ne daga kadarorin kuma yana tallafawa ɗaruruwan ƙananan kasuwanci da manyan masana'antun katako da dama waɗanda ke dogaro da tabbacin samar da katako don jawo hankalin jari. Sama da 230&nbsp;Mutane miliyan daya ne ke ziyartar gandun daji na jama'a kowace shekara wanda ke tallafawa sama da manyan abokan kasuwanci 70 a cikin ginin, yana ba da mafi yawan ayyukan Cibiyar Gandun Daji, hayar kekuna da sauran ayyukan waje. Baya ga duk ayyukan tattalin arziki da nishaɗi, kusan kashi 45% na ginin yana ba da gudummawa ga kyawawan wurare na National Park na Ingila da Yankunan Kyawun Halitta. Bugu da ƙari,  an keɓe su ne Wuraren Sha'awar Kimiyya ta Musamman don gane darajar su ga yanayi, kusan dukkansu suna cikin yanayi mai kyau ko maidowa kuma jama'a za su iya samun dama.  

## Manazarta
Ofishin Firayim Minista (Norway)

**Ofishin Firayim Minista na Norway** (Norwegian)  sashen majalisar ministoci ne wanda ke taimakawa majalisar ministocin Norway da Firayim Ministan Norway a cikin jagorancin majalisar ministociya da gwamnati. Tun daga shekarar 2021 Firayim Minista Jonas Gahr Støre (Labour Party) ne ke jagoranta. Sakataren Gwamnati da ke kula da ofishin shine  .[no] Ofishin yana da ma'aikata kusan 55.

## Tarihi
Tun lokacin da aka kafa Gwamnatin Norway ta farko, a cikin 1814, Firayim Minista yana da sakatare don taimaka masa da ayyuka, kodayake ba a sanya su gaba ɗaya a ofishinsa ba har zuwa 1945. An ba ofishin taken yanzu a 1950, amma ba a kafa shi ba sai 1956. A shekara ta 1969 babban sakatariyar dukkan majalisar ministocin ya zama wani ɓangare na Ofishin Firayim Minista.[1]

## Manazarta
Jacobus Marchantius

**Jacobus Marchantius** (1537-1609) masanin tarihi ne kuma mawaki daga County of Flanders a lokacin da yake wani ɓangare na Habsburg Netherlands . 

## Rayuwa
PAn haifi Marchantius a Nieuwpoort a shekara ta 1537 kuma ya yi karatun Humanities a Jami'ar Leuven . Bayan kammala karatunsa ya zama mai koyarwa ga 'ya'yan Jean de Melun, ubangijin Antoing da Espinoy, ya bi su zuwa Italiya na tsawon shekaru biyu. Bayan ya dawo Low Countries, ya shiga Dutch Revolt . 

A shekara ta 1580 an nada shi shugaban Admiralty na Flanders, gwamnan Veurne, bailiff na Nieuwpoort, da kuma kwamishinan samar da 'yan bindiga a yammacin Flanders. Bayan sake mamaye Flanders a shekara ta 1583, ya yi ritaya daga rayuwar jama'a kuma ya zauna kusa da Alveringem .  Ya mutu a Brussels a shekara ta 1609, kuma an binne shi a cocin Dominican a wannan birni. Ɗansa, François Marchant, ya zama memba na Majalisar Brabant

## Rubuce-rubuce

* Daga rebus gestis a Flandriae comitibus (Leuven, Antonius Maria Bergaingne, 1557)
* *Elegiarum liber* (Leuven, 1557), tarin ayoyin Latin
* De rebus Flandriae memorabilibus, liber singularis (Antwerp, Christopher Plantin, 1567)
* Flandria commentariorum lib. IIII (Antwerp, Plantin Press, 1596), an sadaukar da shi ga Archduke Albert

## Manazarta
Ofishin Firayim Minista (Thailand)

**Ofishin Firayim Minista** (Abrv: OPM; Thai) ita ce hukumar zartarwa ta tsakiya a cikin Gwamnatin Masarautar Thailand . An rarraba shi a matsayin sashen majalisa kuma sakatare na dindindin ne ke jagoranta. Babban alhakinsa shine taimakawa Firayim Minista na Thailand a matsayin shugaban gwamnati da shugaban majalisar ministocin Thailand. 

## Ayyuka
A matsayinta na hukumar zartarwa ta tsakiya, Ofishin Firayim Minista yana da alhakin daidaitawa da gudanar da reshen zartarwa na gwamnatin Thailand. Yana taimaka wa Firayim Ministoci wajen aiwatar da ayyukansu kuma yana taimaka musu gudanarwa da tsara manufofi. Har ila yau, yana aiki a matsayin ofishin majalisa, yin rikodin da kuma taimakawa majalisa a matsayin babban bangare na gwamnati. Firayim Minista dole ne ya nada sakatare na dindindin, wanda shi ma memba ne na majalisar ministoci, don kula da ayyukanta. Har ila yau, yana da ofisoshin mataimakan Firayim Ministoci daban-daban na Thailand. Ofishin yana cikin Gidan Gwamnati, a Dusit, Bangkok .

A ƙarshen 2016, OPM ta sami ƙarin aiki: a matsayin "mai riƙe alkalami" ga jami'an gwamnati da ake zargi da cin hanci da rashawa. Tsohon Firayim Minista Prayut Chan-o-cha ya yi kira ga ikonsa na musamman a karkashin Sashe na 44 na Yarjejeniyar wucin gadi don ƙirƙirar mukamai 50 a OPM don ma'aikatan gwamnati da ake bincike saboda zargin aikata laifi. Jami'an da aka sauya za su ci gaba da karɓar albashinsu.[1]

## Kudin kasafin kudi
Kasafin kudin OPM na shekara ta 2019 (FY2019) (1 ga Oktoba 2018-30 ga Satumba 2019) ya kai baht miliyan 41.216.2. : 82 Kasafin kudin ta ya kai baht miliyan 36,001.3 a cikin FY2016, baht miliyan 35,412.3 a cikin BY2017, da kuma baht miliyan 34,256.5 a cikin FW2018 . 

## Sashen

### Sashen

* Ofishin Sakatare na Dindindin
* Ma'aikatar Harkokin Jama'a ta Gwamnati (PRD) 
* Ofishin Kwamitin Kare Abokin Ciniki

### Hukumomin kai tsaye a karkashin Firayim Minista
Don jerin, duba *Kasafin kudin Thailand a cikin Takaitaccen Shekarar Kudi ta 2019*. 

* Sakatariyar Firayim Minista
* Sakatariyar majalisar ministoci
** Hukumar sulhu ta kasa
** Royal Gazette
* Ofishin Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa (NSC) 
* Hukumar leken asiri ta kasa (NIA) 
* Ofishin Kasafin Kudi 
* Ofishin Majalisar Jiha
* Ofishin Hukumar Kula da Ayyuka ta Jama'a
* Ofishin Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Ci Gaban Jama'a ta Kasa
* Ofishin Hukumar Ci Gaban Sashen Jama'a
* Ofishin Hukumar Zuba Jari (BOI) 
* Ofishin Ma'aikatan Ruwa na Kasa (ONWR)  
* Ofishin Manufofin Ƙasa

### Hukumomin sarrafawa a ƙarƙashin Ofishin Firayim Minista

* Kwamandan Tsaro na Cikin Gida (ISOC) 
* Cibiyar Kula da Jirgin Ruwa (MECC) 
* Cibiyar Gudanar da Yankin Kudancin (SBPAC) 

## Dubi kuma

* Firayim Minista na Thailand
* Ma'aikatar Thailand
* Jerin Ministocin Gwamnatin Thailand
* Gwamnatin Thailand

## Manazarta
Ofishin Firayim Minista (Singapore)

Ofishin Firayim Minista (PMO; Malay: Pejabat Perdana Menteri; Sinanci: 总理公署; Tamil: பிரதமர் அலுவலகம்) ya kasance wani bangare na sashin zartarwa na gwamnatin Singapore, wanda ke da alhakin sa ido kan wasu ma'aikatun da gudanar da muhimman batutuwan siyasa, da gudanar da muhimman batutuwan siyasa, da yaki da cin hanci da rashawa na kasa, da gudanar da muhimman batutuwan siyasa na kasa. ka'idoji. 

Firayim Minista ne ke jagorantar PMO tare da sauran ministocin da aka nada. Yana aiki daga The Istana, wanda kuma ke aiki a matsayin gidan hukuma da ofishin Shugaban Singapore. A cikin tsarin majalisar dokokin Westminster na Singapore, PMO tana aiki kamar Minista ba tare da fayil ba. Wannan a baya ya kasance sunan hukuma na majalisar ministoci, yana nufin ministan da ke riƙe da matsayin majalisar ministocin ba tare da jagorantar takamaiman ma'aikatar ba.[1]

## Kwamitin doka
PMO tana kula da allon doka 14; 

* Ofishin Binciken Ayyuka na Cin Hanci da Rashawa (CPIB) 
* Hukumar Kula da Kudi ta Singapore (MAS) 
* Kwalejin Ma'aikata (CSC) 
* Ma'aikatar Zabe ta Singapore (ELD) 
* Sashen Ayyukan Jama'a (PSD) 

## Dubi kuma

* Gwamnatin Singapore
* Ma'aikatar Singapore
* Firayim Minista na Singapore

## Manazarta
10 Kujerun Tsaro na Downing Street

10 Downing Street Guard Chairs sune kujerun masu ɗaukar kaya guda biyu.[1] A farkon karni na 19, 10 Downing Street yana da tsaro da maza biyu da suka zauna a waje da ginin a cikin kujerun fata da Thomas Chippendale ya yi. Akwai wani akwati a ƙarƙashin kujera wanda aka cika da gawayi masu zafi don kiyaye masu gadi da dumi yayin da suke aiki.[2] Kujerun kujerun ne, an yi su da baya da kuma murfin, duka don kare masu gadi daga mummunan yanayi da kuma inganta yanayin da ke kewaye da su, don haka ba da damar mai gadi ya ji mafi kyau daga kusurwa mai faɗi.[2]

## Yanayin yanzu
Kujeru har yanzu suna nan. Daya daga cikinsu (wanda kuma aka sani da kujerar Hall Porter [ana maganar hujja]) yana tsaye a kofar 10 Downing Street; dayan kuma mallakar wani ne mai zaman kansa mai tattara kayan daki. Karɓar hannun na ciki ya fito fili a cikin hoton da ke tare da shi sakamakon bindigun masu gadi da suka yi ta shafa a kan masana'anta yayin kallonsu.[1]

## Manazarta
Sashen Ci gaba mai ɗorewa

**Sashen Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa** ( **SDU** ) wata hukuma ce ta gwamnatin Burtaniya da ke da manufar saka ƙa'idodin ci gaba mai ɗorewa, ƙimar zamantakewa da kuma faffadan abubuwan da ke haifar da lafiya a cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya da zamantakewa a Ingila. A watan Yulin 2022, a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirye-shiryen ' net sifili ' na NHS, an maye gurbin SDU da Shirin Ƙasa na Greener NHS .

## Tarihi
An kafa NHS SDU a shekarar 2008 ta hannun Babban Jami'in NHS, Sir David Nicholson . NHS a Ingila ne ya kafa ta a ƙarƙashin kulawar Ofishin Hukumomin Lafiya na Dabaru (OSHA) kuma NHS Gabashin Ingila da babban jami'in gudanarwa, Sir Neil McKay ne suka ɗauki nauyinta.

A shekarar 2013, SDU ta cire 'NHS' daga matsayinta lokacin da ta ɗauki nauyin dukkan fannin lafiya da kulawa. A wannan lokacin ne aka ba ta kuɗi tare da haɗin gwiwa da NHS England da Public Health England, kuma ta fara bayar da rahoto ga kwamitin ba da shawara kan tsarin tare da wakilai daga Ma'aikatar Lafiya, DEFRA, hukumomin DoH (gami da Inganta NHS, NICE, Hukumar Ingancin Kulawa, NHS Digital, Health Education England ) da manyan hukumomin ƙasa kamar NHS Property Services, King's Fund, NHS Confederation da NHS Providers .

### Sauyawa
Dokar Lafiya da Kulawa ta 2022 ta gyara Dokar Kula da Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta 2006 don buƙatar NHS England ta ba da gudummawa wajen bin ƙa'idodin burin sifili na Burtaniya (manufar 2050 da Dokar Sauyin Yanayi ta 2008 ta kafa) da sauran manufofin muhalli.  A martanin da ta mayar, an ƙirƙiro wani shiri na ƙasa na 'Greener NHS', wanda aka bayyana a watan Yulin 2022 a matsayin ginawa bisa ga aikin tsohon Sashen Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa. 

## Tsarin da rawar da ya taka
SDU ta ƙirƙiro kayan aiki, manufofi da bincike don taimaka wa mutane da ƙungiyoyi don haɓaka ci gaba mai ɗorewa da kuma daidaitawa da sauyin yanayi. NHS England da Public Health England ne suka ba da kuɗin SDU, kuma an shirya shi a cikin NHS England. Tana da ƙungiyar ba da shawara ta tsarin da ta haɗa da Ma'aikatar Lafiya, DEFRA da mafi yawan manyan hukumomin kiwon lafiya na ƙasa. Ma'aikatan SDU suna zaune a Cambridge.

SDU ta ƙididdige sawun farko na carbon ga NHS a shekarar 2008, da kuma a shekarar 2012 ga tsarin lafiya da zamantakewa gaba ɗaya. A shekarar 2008, NHS ita ce babbar ƙungiya ta farko da ta auna fitar da carbon daga sarkar samar da kayayyaki ta Scope 3, kuma ta fahimci cewa ba zai yiwu a cimma burin rage fitar carbon ba tare da yin aiki don cimma babban raguwar fitar da carbon daga sarkar samar da kayayyaki ba.

## Manazarta
Ofishin Firayim Minista (Pakistan)

**Ofishin Firayim Minista** (Urdu) shine babban wurin aiki na Firayim Ministan Pakistan kuma Babban Sakataren Firayim Minista na Pakistan ne ke jagoranta. 

Yana da alhakin tsara manufofi ga majalisar Firayim Minista, gudanar da tarurrukan majalisar ministocin, da kuma kula da aiwatar da manufofin majalisar ministoci.

Bugu da kari, tana kula da sauran hukumomin gwamnati, waɗanda ke ba da rahoto kai tsaye ga Firayim Minista.

Ofishin Firayim Minista yana cikin Pakistan_House" id="mwFg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan House">Gidan Firayim Minista a Red Zone, Islamabad, Pakistan . 

## Manazarta
Freya (kat)

**Freya** (  - 4 Agusta 2022) wani cat ne wanda aka yi aiki a matsayin Cif Mouser a Ofishin Ma'aikatar daga 2012 zuwa 2014 a matsayin dabba na shugaban ma'aikatun kudi, George Osborne, da iyalinsa. 

A watan Satumbar 2012, Freya ta raba matsayin shugaban mai kula da ma'aikata ga Ofishin Ma'aikatar tare da Larry. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014, ta yi ritaya daga mukamin zuwa yankin Kent amma ta ƙare ta zauna a yankin Oval na London. Ta mutu a watan Agusta 2022.

## Rayuwa da aiki
Freya ta ɓace daga gidan Osbornes a Notting Hill lokacin da take 'yan watanni, kuma bayan sun bincika ta a Yammacin London, dangin sun ɗauka ta mutu ko kuma ta ɓace. A watan Yunin 2012, matar Osborne Frances ta karɓi kiran waya yana gaya mata cewa Freya tana da rai, kuma iyalin sun kawo ta gida. 

A ranar 16 ga watan Satumbar 2012, Nigel Nelson daga The People ya ba da rahoton cewa Firayim Minista, David Cameron, ya kori Larry daga matsayinsa na babban mai kula da ma'aikata zuwa Ofishin Ma'aikatar kuma ya sanya Freya a maimakon haka. Nelson ya yi iƙirarin cewa Cameron ya gaji da ragon Larry. Nelson ya bayyana cewa:
 
Cameron ta rubuta a Freya don yin sintiri da Lamba 10, 11 da 12 Downing Street kamar yadda ta kasance "mai ƙarfi" kuma "mafi kyawun mai cin zarafin titi".  An ruwaito Freya ta kasance mafi rinjaye a kan Larry kuma mafi tasiri, wanda aka ruwaito saboda lokacinta a matsayin wanda ya ɓace ya "karfafa" ta. 

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012, 'yan sanda sun karya fada tsakanin Larry da Freya a waje da lamba 10. *Jaridar Daily Telegraph* ta ruwaito cewa Freya "ya bayyana yana da mafi kyawun rikici". Mai magana da yawun Firayim Minista ya bayyana cewa Freya da Larry sun sami damar "zama tare" kuma sun kara da cewa ba za ta ci gaba da yin tsokaci game da abubuwan da suka faru na cats biyu ba.

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2014, Freya ya ɓace sama da mil daga Downing Street kuma dole ne ma'aikacin agaji ya cece shi kuma ya dawo da shi. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, mota ta buge Freya a Whitehall kuma daga baya likitan dabbobi ya kula da shi. Osborne ya ce yana "godiya sosai" ga waɗanda suka zo don taimakon dabbarsa. Bayan wadannan abubuwan, an tura Freya zuwa karkara na Kent don ba ta damar yin amfani da sha'awarta ta yawo. A watan Fabrairun 2015 ta koma Yankin Oval na London, don zama tare da Shugaban Gwamnatin Baƙi, Robert Alexander . 

Alexander ya wallafa a shafin Twitter cewa Freya ya mutu a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta 2022, yana da shekaru 13. 

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin cats

## Manazarta
Glen Panoho

**Glen Matthew Panoho** (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Mayu 1971) ɗan ƙasar Australiya ne tsohon ɗan wasan rugby na ƙasa da ƙasa.

An haifi Panoho, wanda asalinsa ɗan asalin ƙasar Maori ne, a Kaikohe, New Zealand. Ya koma Queensland yana da shekaru 12 kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Nudgee, inda aka ɗauki mahaifinsa aiki don horar da ƙwallon rugby. 

Panoho, ɗan wasan ƙasa da shekara 10, ɗan ƙasar Australia ne, kuma ya fara buga wa ƙungiyar Queensland Reds wasa a shekarar 1993. Ya buga wasanni 21 a Wallabies tsakanin 1998 da 2003, wanda ya haɗa da nasarar farko da ƙungiyar ta samu a jerin 'yan wasa 3-0 a kan All Blacks, da kuma nasarar farko da suka samu a gasar Tri Nations.[1]

Panoho ya kasance kocin Sunshine Coast Stingrays daga 2007 zuwa 2010, inda kafin hakan ya horar da kulob din Ricoh Black Rams na Japan na tsawon shekaru uku. Tun daga lokacin ya shiga masana'antar gine-gine. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin 'yan wasan ƙungiyar ƙwallon rugby ta ƙasa ta Australiya

## Manazarta
Neil O'Sullivan

**Sir Michael Neil O'Sullivan** KBE (2 ga Agusta 1900 - 4 ga Yuli 1968) ɗan siyasa ne kuma lauya ɗan ƙasar Ostiraliya. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Sanata a Queensland daga 1947 zuwa 1962, yana wakiltar Jam'iyyar Liberal . Ya riƙe manyan mukamai na minista a gwamnatin Menzies bayan yaƙin, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Ciniki da Kwastam (1949–56), Ministan Rundunar Sojan Ruwa (1956), da kuma Babban Lauya (1956–58).

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi O'Sullivan a ranar 2 ga Agusta, 1900 a Toowong, Queensland. Shi ne ɗa na biyar da Patrick Alban O'Sullivan da matarsa Mary Bridget (ɗan Macgroarty), suka haifa, dukkansu 'yan asalin Katolika ne na Ireland. Kawunsa Thomas O'Sullivan da Neil MacGroarty sun yi aiki a Majalisar Dokokin Queensland, haka kuma kakansa na uba Patrick O'Sullivan. 

O'Sullivan ya halarci makarantar gwamnati a Taringa kafin ya kammala karatunsa a Kwalejin St. Joseph's Nudgee. Ya bi mahaifinsa zuwa aikin lauya, yana hidimar ma'aikatan gwamnati tare da kamfanoni a Brisbane da Warwick.Bai halarci makarantar lauya ba amma an ɗauke shi a matsayin lauya a watan Disamba na 1922 ta hanyar jarrabawa. Daga baya ya karɓi aikin mahaifinsa a Brisbane, daga baya ya ƙulla haɗin gwiwa da John Joseph Rowell . 

Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin "shugaban ɓangaren kasuwanci na Brisbane", O'Sullivan ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta Brisbane daga 1936 zuwa 1937 da kuma ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin masu kadarori daga 1937 zuwa 1938.[1] Ya yi aiki a rundunar sojin sama ta Royal Australian daga Mayu 1942 zuwa Disamba 1944, yana gudanar da ayyukan leƙen asiri da gudanarwa a Ostiraliya da kuma Kudu maso Yammacin Tekun Pacific.[2] An naɗa shi a matsayin jami'in tashi kuma ya haɗu da firayim minista na gaba John Gorton yayin da yake aiki a Milne Bay.[1]

## Aikin siyasa

## Manazarta
Nelson (kat)

**Nelson** (fl. ) ya kasance cat wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mai kula da Ofishin Ma'aikatar a lokacin gwamnatin hadin gwiwa a matsayin dabbar Winston Churchill . A lokacin rani na 1940, bayan Churchill ya zama Firayim Minista, Nelson ya koma daga Admiralty House zuwa 10 Downing Street, inda yake da kishiya da wanda ya riga shi: Neville Chamberlain's cat, Munich Mouser .

## Rayuwa da aiki
 
Winston Churchill ya yanke shawarar ɗaukar Nelson, baƙar fata [1], lokacin da ya gan shi yana korar "babban kare" daga gidan Admiralty, London.[2]. Jarumtakarsa ta burge Churchill, ya sanya wa cat sunan wani babban sarki na Biritaniya Horatio Nelson, na 1st Viscount Nelson.[3] Bayan nadin Churchill a matsayin Firayim Minista a 1940, Nelson ya koma 10 Downing Street daga Admiralty House wani lokaci a lokacin bazara.[4] [5] [6] Masu adawa da Churchill sun yi hasashen cewa ba zai kawo Nelson zuwa titin Downing ba, suna masu nuni da cewa Churchill ba ya son kuliyoyi; Abokan Churchill sun musanta hakan a matsayin "babban son rai".[7] Masu sharhi sun kuma yi mamakin ko Nelson da cat na tsohon Firayim Minista Neville Chamberlain, wanda ake yi wa lakabi da Munich Mouser, za su daidaita:

Cats ba su so juna ba, tare da kishiyar tsakanin ma'aurata daga baya idan aka kwatanta da na Larry da Palmerston na ƙarni na 21. An ruwaito cewa Churchill zai ba da nishaɗi ga baƙi a kai a kai tare da labarun jaruntakar Nelson.

A lokacin Kirsimeti na shekara ta 1941 Amurka ta ba Churchill kyauta mai yawa, gami da catnip ga Nelson.[undefined][2][3] A watan Fabrairun 1942 Quentin Reynolds, wani dan jarida na Amurka, ya ba da rahoton cewa Nelson ya nuna "amincinsa" ga Churchill ta hanyar tsalle a cikin cinyarsa lokacin da aka kira shi; 'yar Churchill Mary ta yi iƙirarin cewa "Nelson ba mai aminci ba ce", kuma "yana da kyau kawai" ga Churchill saboda za su sami salmon don abincin rana.[was][4] Reynolds ya kuma bayyana abincin dare tare da Churchills da Nelson a cikin wani littafi da aka buga a wannan shekarar, inda Churchill ya karanta wasu sassa na Hamlet na Shakespeare. [1][5] A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1944, a Taron Firayim Ministocin Commonwealth, Nelson ya makale a cikin sanyi yayin da yake ƙoƙarin samun "ƙarin taimakon madara", amma nan da nan aka sake shi ba tare da rauni ba. [6][7] A lokacin tarurruka tare da majalisar ministocin yaki na Churchill, Nelson zai zauna kusa da Churchill, yana aiki a matsayin "farashin ruwan zafi na Firayim Minista"; an ruwaito cewa Firayim Ministan ya ambaci wannan gaskiyar ga Rab Butler, yana mai cewa ta hanyar ayyukansa Nelson "ya adana man fetur da iko", kuma ta haka ya taimaka wa kokarin yaki. [d]

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin cats
* Dabbobi na Winston Churchill

## Manazarta
Dabbobin da ke cikin gida

Peta[note 1] (an haife ta Manninagh KateDhu, c. October 1963 - 1980) ita ce babban mai kula da Ofishin Ma'aikatar, ta fara wa'adin ta a 1964 kuma ta yi ritaya a kusa da 1976. Ta maye gurbin Peter III, wanda ya mutu yana da shekaru 16 a shekarar 1964. An haifi Peta a Tsibirin Man. Peta ya yi aiki a lokacin firaministan firaminista uku: Alec Douglas-Home, Harold Wilson da Edward Heath . Ta mutu a shekara ta 1980 bayan ta yi ritaya zuwa gidan wani Ma'aikacin gwamnati.

## Yin ritaya da mutuwa
A shekara ta 1968  ko 1969  wasu ma'aikatan gwamnati sun yi ƙoƙari su cire Peta daga Ofishin Gida, amma wannan bai faru ba saboda zargin mummunar sanarwa da wannan aikin zai haifar yayin da Peta ta sami "yanayin diflomasiyya" saboda isowarta ga jama'a.  Ba a sake ambaton ta a cikin bayanan hukuma ba, har sai amsar da aka yi wa wani memba na jama'a a 1976 ta bayyana cewa ta yi ritaya zuwa gidan wani Ma'aikacin gwamnati;  Tarihin Kasa ya rubuta ƙarshen aikinta a matsayin 1976. Wanda ya gaji Peta shi ne Wilberforce, wanda ya zama babban mai niƙa a shekara ta 1973.  A cewar National Archives, Peta ya mutu a cikin ko a kusa da shekara ta 1980. 

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin cats

## Manazarta
Shirin Darwin

**Shirin Darwin** shiri ne na gwamnatin Burtaniya wanda ke da nufin taimaka wa ƙasashe masu wadataccen bambancin halittu amma marasa wadataccen albarkatun kuɗi don cimma burinsu a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Bambance-bambancen Halittu (CBD), Yarjejeniyar Ciniki ta Duniya a Nau'in Dabbobin Daji da Fure-fure Masu Fuskantar Barazana (CITES), da kuma Yarjejeniyar Kiyaye Nau'in Dabbobin Daji Masu Hijira (CMS).

## Kafa
Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta sanar da shirin Darwin a shekarar 1992 a taron koli na duniya da aka gudanar a Rio de Janeiro . An kafa shi a matsayin wata hukuma ta gwamnati mai zaman kanta ta DETR, wadda ba ta da ma'aikata, kuma ta koma DEFRA bayan kafa ta a shekarar 2001.

A shekarar 2010, DEFRA ta samar da tallafin kuɗi na fam miliyan 7 a kowace shekara. Za a ƙara wannan a tsawon lokacin har zuwa 2014. 

## Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Darwin
**Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Darwin** (DAC) ne ke kula da Shirin Darwin, kuma a halin yanzu Farfesa David Macdonald ne ke jagorantarsa. Shugaban farko shi ne Sir Crispin Tickell  wanda Farfesa David S. Ingram ya gaje shi a shekarar 1999. Ingram ya riƙe wannan muƙamin har sai da ya miƙa wa Macdonald mulki a shekarar 2005. 

Kwamitin DAC ya ƙunshi ƙwararru daga gwamnati, ilimi, kimiyya da kuma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.

Sharuɗɗan DAC sun bayyana manufarsu ta zama"Don ba da shawara ga Sakataren Harkokin Muhalli kan ka'idoji da manufofin shirin tallafin Darwin don Rayuwar Nau'o'i wajen aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar kan Bambancin Halittu musamman Mataki na 5, tare da la'akari da gogewar da aka samu a shirin tallafin."Saboda haka, DAC tana ba da shawara ga Ministoci kan haɓaka Shirin kuma tana ba da shawarwari kan aikace-aikacen kuɗi. DAC tana samun goyon bayan ƙaramin ƙungiyar sakatariya da DEFRA ta samar. 

A ƙarƙashin gyare-gyaren quango na Burtaniya na 2010, za a sake kafa Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Darwin a matsayin *kwamitin ƙwararru* daga Maris 2011.  

## An ɗauki nauyin ayyukan da aka bayar
Ayyukan da aka tallafa sun haɗa da wasu da ke zaune a Burtaniya, Birtaniya da kuma ƙasashe sama da 100 a duk duniya.  A watan Disamba na 2010, Darwin Initiative ta zuba jari jimillar £79,652,500 a ayyuka 728 a ƙasashe 156 tun daga shekarar 1992.

## Manazarta
Ina zuwa Oxenham

**Anselm McEvoy "Voy" Oxenham** (20 ga Yuli 1882 - 20 ga Disamba 1919) ɗan wasan rugby ne wanda ya wakilci Ostiraliya.

An haifi Oxenham, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, a Brisbane, Queensland kuma ya yi nasarar buga wa ƙasarsa wasa sau biyu a gasar rugby ta ƙasa da ƙasa a ƙasar Ostiraliya. Wasansa na farko ya kasance ne da Burtaniya, a Brisbane, a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 1904.

Oxenham ya mutu a ranar 20 ga Disamba 1919 yana da shekaru 37. 

## Manazarta
John O'Neill (ƙungiyar rugby, an haife shi a shekara ta 1932)

**John Michael O'Neill** (26 Afrilu 1932 — 1995) ɗan wasan ƙwallon rugby ne na ƙasar Australiya.

An haifi O'Neill a Warwick, ɗan asalin Queensland, kuma ya shahara a wasan rugby na ɗan makaranta tare da Kwalejin Nudgee, inda ya buga wasan rugby na wakilci a kakar wasa ta farko da Jami'ar Queensland. Ya zira kwallaye biyu a Brisbane a wasan All Blacks na 1951, kuma an zaɓe shi don Queensland, inda ya ji rauni wanda ya hana shi buga wasa a jihar.  

O'Neill, wanda ya buga wa Wallabies wasa sau huɗu, ya yi rangadin New Zealand a shekarar 1952, inda ya buga wasa a gefen fili a wasannin Test guda biyu da All Blacks. Bai samu damar yin rangadin Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1953 ba saboda karatun likitancinsa, amma ya buga wasa da Springboks a wasannin gida shekaru uku bayan haka, inda ya samu ƙarin wasanni a Sydney da Brisbane, a wannan karon a matsayin mai tsaron baya. Duk da cewa wasannin Test ɗinsa sun kasance a matsayin mai tsaron baya da kuma mai tsaron baya, an yi la'akari da cewa O'Neill ya fi dacewa da flyhalf.[1]

## Duba kuma

* Jerin 'yan wasan ƙungiyar ƙwallon rugby ta ƙasa ta Australiya

## Manazarta
Peter (chief mouser)

Peter wani cat ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Cif Mouser a Ofishin Ma'aikatar Ingila tsakanin 1929 da 1946. Yayinda **Bitrus** shine cat na biyu da ya yi aiki a wannan rawar, galibi ana ɗaukarsa na farko, a matsayin wanda ya riga shi, Treasury Bill, ya yi aiki ƙasa da shekara guda, kuma ba a ba shi taken a hukumance ba.

An bayyana Bitrus a matsayin baƙar fata, kuma ya kasance mazaunin Ofishin Gida a lokacin da aka nada shi. A cikin 1929, Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin ta amince da ba da dinari daya a kowace rana don kula da Bitrus, wanda ya haɗa da abinci da bukatun jin daɗi. Har sai dokar kashe kudi da aka amince da ita ta fara daidaita abincin Bitrus, ma'aikatan gwamnati sun kawo Bitrus abinci mai yawa a rana, wanda ya sa ya yi watsi da aikinsa na kama beraye.[1]

Sabon abincin da ya rage ya kasance mai tasiri wajen karfafa Peter ya kama doki. An ce lokacin da aka sake komawa Ofishin Gida zuwa Bournemouth a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, an rasa ayyukan Peter sosai har suka nemi izini don kula da cats biyu.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin cats

## Manazarta