Yanayin Mongolia

Mongolia ƙasa ce da ba ta da iyaka a Gabashin Asiya, da ke tsakanin China da Rasha. Yankin yana daya daga cikin tsaunuka da tsaunuka masu juyawa, tare da babban matsayi na taimako. Jimlar yankin ƙasar Mongolia tana da murabba'in kilomita 1,564,116. Gabaɗaya, ƙasar tana gangara daga tsaunukan Altai na yamma da arewa zuwa filayen da ɓacin rai a gabas da kudu. Dutsen Khüiten a yammacin Mongolia a kan iyakar kasar Sin shine mafi girman batu (  ). Matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci yana a   , shine Hoh Nuur ko tafkin Huh .  Kasar tana da matsakaicin tsawo na .

Yankin ya haɗa da ɗayan manyan tabkuna na ruwa mai laushi na Asiya (Lake Khövsgöl), tabkuna masu gishiri da yawa, marshes, dunes, filayen ciyawa, gandun daji na alpine, da tsaunuka masu tsawo na dindindin. Arewa da yammacin Mongolia yankuna ne masu aiki da girgizar ƙasa, tare da girgijen ƙasa da yawa da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu zafi da tsaunuka masu fashewa. Yankin da ya fi kusa da kowane teku kusan kilomita 645 (401  ne daga gabashin gabashin kasar, iyaka da Arewacin China zuwa Jinzhou a Lardin Liaoning, China tare da bakin Tekun Bohai Sea.

## Yankunan tsaunuka

Mongolia tana da manyan tsaunuka huɗu. Mafi girma shine Dutsen Altai, wanda ya shimfiɗa a fadin yankunan yamma da kudu maso yammacin ƙasar a kan arewa maso yamma zuwa kudu maso gabas. Yankin ya ƙunshi mafi girman tudu a ƙasar, mai tsawo    Khüiten Peak . 

Duwatsun Khangai, kuma suna da alaƙa da arewa maso yamma zuwa kudu maso gabas, suna mamaye yawancin tsakiya da arewa maso tsakiyar Mongolia. Wadannan tsofaffi ne, ƙananan, kuma sun fi lalacewa, tare da gandun daji da makiyaya.

Tsaunukan Khentii, masu tasowa daga arewa maso gabas zuwa kudu maso yamma na kimanin kilomita 400 (250 mi), sun mamaye yankin arewa maso gabashin Mongoliya ta tsakiya.  An lullube sassan arewa da taiga yayin da kudancin ke cike da busasshiyar taki.  Kewayon ya haifar da magudanar ruwa tsakanin Tekun Arctic (ta hanyar Tafkin Baikal) da kwalayen Tekun Pacific.  Kogunan da suka samo asali a cikin kewayon sun haɗa da Onon, Kherlen, Menza da Tuul.[1]  Waɗannan tsaunuka kuma suna da babban birnin Ulaanbaatar.

Duwatsun Khövsgöl sun mamaye arewacin kasar. Yana faruwa daga arewa zuwa kudu kuma gabaɗaya yana da tsaunuka masu yawa. Yankin tsaunuka na matasa tare da halaye na Alpine, babban gradient, tare da kunkuntar dutse.

Yawancin gabashin Mongolia yana cike da fili kuma mafi ƙasƙanci yanki ne na kudu maso yamma zuwa arewa maso gabas wanda ke zuwa daga yankin Gobi Desert a kudu zuwa iyakar gabas.

## Koguna da tabkuna

Some of Mongolia's waterways drain to the oceans, but many finish at Endorheic basins in the deserts and the depressions of Inner Asia. Rivers are most extensively developed in the north, and the country's major river system is that of the Selenge, which drains via Lake Baikal to the Arctic Ocean. Some minor tributaries of Siberia's Yenisei River, which also flows to the Arctic Ocean, rise in the mountains of northwestern Mongolia. In northeastern Mongolia the Onon River drains into the Pacific Ocean through the Shilka River in Russia and the Amur (Heilong Jiang) rivers, forming the tenth longest river system in the world.

Koguna da yawa na yammacin Mongolia sun ƙare a tabkuna a cikin Tsakiyar Asiya ta Tsakiya, galibi a cikin Babban Lakes Depression, ko a Hulun Lake, Ulaan Lake ko Ulungur Lake. Ruwa kalilan na kudancin Mongolia ba su kai teku ba amma suna shiga cikin tabkuna ko hamada.

Tafkin da ya fi girma a Mongolia ta hanyar yanki, Tafkin Uvs yana cikin Babban Lakes Depression. Tafkin da ya fi girma a Mongolia ta hanyar ruwa, Tafkin Khövsgöl, yana gudana ta hanyar kogin Selenge zuwa Tekun Arctic. Ɗaya daga cikin tabkuna mafi gabashin Mongolia, Hoh Nuur, a tsawo na mita 557, shine mafi ƙasƙanci a ƙasar. Gabaɗaya, tabkuna da koguna na Mongolia sun rufe murabba'in kilomita 10,560, ko 0.67% na ƙasar.

### Bayani na gaba ɗaya

Mongoliya tana da tsayi mai tsayi, tare da yanayin sanyi da bushewa.] Tana da matsanancin yanayi na nahiyar da ke da tsayi, damina mai tsananin sanyi da kuma gajeriyar lokacin rani, lokacin da mafi yawan hazo ke faɗi.  Kasar ta kan kai kwanaki 257 marasa gajimare a shekara, kuma galibi tana tsakiyar yankin da ake fama da matsananciyar yanayi.  Hazo ya fi girma a arewa, wanda ya kai milimita 200 zuwa 350 (7.9 zuwa 13.8 in) a kowace shekara, kuma mafi ƙanƙanta a kudu, wanda ke karɓar milimita 100 zuwa 200 (3.9 zuwa 7.9 in).  Kudanci mai tsananin gaske shi ne hamadar Gobi, wasu yankunan da ba sa samun hazo kwata-kwata a mafi yawan shekaru.[1]  Sunan Gobi kalmar Mongol ne ma'ana hamada, damuwa, gishiri gishiri, ko steppe, amma wanda yawanci yana nufin wani nau'i na ciyayi maras kyau tare da ƙarancin ciyayi don tallafawa marmots amma tare da isasshen tallafi don tallafawa raƙuma.  Hamada, sharar dutse inda ko raƙuman Bactrian ba zai iya tsira ba..

Average temperatures over most of the country are below freezing from November through March and are above freezing in April and October. Winter nights can drop to  in most years. Summer extremes reach as high as  in the southern Gobi region and  in Ulaanbaatar. Most of Mongolia is covered by discontinuous permafrost (grading to continuous at high altitudes), which makes construction, road building, and mining difficult. All rivers and freshwater lakes freeze over in the winter, and smaller streams commonly freeze to the bottom. Ulaanbaatar lies at  above sea level in the valley of the Tuul River. Located in the relatively well-watered north, it receives an annual average of  of precipitation, almost all of which falls in July and in August. Ulaanbaatar has an average annual temperature of  and a frost-free period extending on the average from mid-May to late August.

Yanayin yanayi na Mongolia yana da bambancin gaske da rashin tabbas na ɗan gajeren lokaci a lokacin rani, kuma matsakaicin shekaru da yawa yana ɓoye bambance-bambance masu yawa a cikin hazo, kwanakin sanyi, da abubuwan da suka faru na blizzards da guguwar ƙura. Irin wannan yanayi yana haifar da kalubale masu tsanani ga rayuwar mutane da dabbobi. Kididdigar hukuma ta lissafa kasa da 1% na ƙasar a matsayin noma, 8 zuwa 10% a matsayin gandun daji, sauran kuma a matsayin makiyaya ko hamada. Girbi, galibi alkama, ana shuka shi a cikin kwarin tsarin kogin Selenge a arewa, amma amfanin gona yana canzawa sosai kuma ba a san shi ba sakamakon adadin da lokacin ruwan sama da kwanakin kashe sanyi.

### Zud
 

Kodayake hunturu yawanci sanyi ne kuma bayyananne, kuma dabbobi na iya rayuwa, a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban dabbobi ba su iya kiwo kuma su mutu da yawa. Lokacin hunturu wanda wannan ke faruwa an san shi da *zud;* abubuwan da suka haifar sun haɗa da dusar ƙanƙara, fari, matsanancin sanyi, da ruwan sama mai daskarewa. Irin wannan asarar dabbobi, wanda ba za a iya gujewa ba kuma, a wata ma'ana, sakamakon yanayi na yau da kullun, ya sa ya zama da wahala ga karuwar da aka tsara a cikin yawan dabbobi.

### Guguwar dusar ƙanƙara
Guguwa mai tsanani na iya faruwa a yankin. Lokacin hunturu na 1970-1971, 2000-2001, 2008-2009 da 2009-2010 sun kasance masu tsanani sosai, suna nuna matsanancin zuds.

guguwa da ta yi a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2011 ta toshe hanyoyi da yawa, kuma ta kashe dabbobi 16,000 da mutane 10. Hukumar Gaggawa ta Jihar Mongolia ta ce ita ce hunturu mafi sanyi a cikin shekaru talatin kuma, kamar mummunan fari na lokacin rani,   na iya zama sakamakon dumamar duniya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da babbar taimako saboda babban lalacewar da aka haifar.

A cikin dusar ƙanƙara tsakanin 8 da 28 ga Mayu 2008, an kashe mutane 21 kuma wasu 100 sun ɓace a larduna bakwai a gabashin Mongolia.   Adadin ya kai akalla mutane 52 da dabbobi 200,000 a ƙarshen Yuni. Yawancin wadanda abin ya shafa makiyaya ne waɗanda suka daskare har suka mutu tare da dabbobinsu. Wannan shi ne mafi munin sanyi tun lokacin da aka kafa jihar ta zamani a 1922.

Guguwar dusar ƙanƙara a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2009 - Fabrairu na shekara ta 2010 ta kashe dabbobi 8,000,000 da mutane 60.

### Canjin yanayi
**Yankin da ake ban ruwa:** 843 km2 (2011) &nbsp;

## Manazarta