Damuwa da Muhalli

**Damuwa da Muhalli** (gajere don damuwa ta muhallar), wanda aka fi sani da damuwa ta mujallar ko damuwa ta yanayi, ƙalubale ne ga Canjin yanayi da sauran batutuwan muhalli. An yi bincike mai zurfi game da damuwa game da muhalli tun 2007, kuma ana amfani da ma'anoni daban-daban. Yanayin ba ganewar asali ba ne kuma ana ɗaukarsa azaman amsa mai ma'ana ga gaskiyar canjin yanayi; duk da haka, lokuta masu tsanani na iya samun Tasirin lafiyar kwakwalwa idan an bar su ba tare da sauƙaƙe ba. Har ila yau, akwai shaidar cewa damuwa game da muhalli ta samo asali ne daga hanyar da masu bincike suka tsara binciken su da labarun su game da shaidar game da canjin yanayi: idan ba su yi la'akari da yiwuwar samun wani mafita don shawo kan canjin yanayi da kuma mutane su yi canji ba, suna ba da gudummawa ga wannan jin rashin iko.

Damuwa da muhalli wani mummunan motsin rai ne, kodayake yana iya motsa halayyar da ta dace kamar tattara bayanai masu dacewa. Duk da haka yana iya bayyana a matsayin Guje wa rikici, ko ma ya zama "mai shanyayyewa". Wasu mutane sun ba da rahoton fuskantar damuwa da tsoro game da makomar tare da canjin yanayi cewa sun zaɓi kada su haifi yara. Damuwa ta muhalli ta sami karin kulawa bayan 2017, kuma musamman tun daga ƙarshen 2018 tare da Greta Thunberg a fili tana tattauna damuwarta ta muhallar.  

A cikin 2018, Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halitta ta Amirka (APA) ta ba da rahoto game da tasirin canjin yanayi akan lafiyar kwakwalwa. Ya ce "canje-canje na dogon lokaci a cikin yanayi na iya fitowa da motsin rai daban-daban, gami da tsoro, fushi, rashin ƙarfi, ko gajiya". Gabaɗaya wannan yana iya samun babban tasiri ga matasa. An kwatanta damuwa game da muhalli wanda yanzu ke shafar matasa da tsoron Yaƙin Cold na hallaka nukiliya da jarirai suka ji. Bincike ya gano cewa kodayake akwai abubuwan da suka faru na motsin rai da ke da alaƙa da amincewa da tsammanin canjin yanayi da tasirinsa a kan al'umma, waɗannan suna da alaƙa. Bugu da ƙari, shiga cikin waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na motsin rai yana haifar da karuwar juriya, wakilai, aiki mai tunani da aiki tare. Ana ƙarfafa mutane su sami hanyoyin hadin gwiwa na sarrafa abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi don tallafawa lafiyar hankali da jin daɗi.

## Ma'anar
An bayyana damuwa game da muhalli a hanyoyi daban-daban; fasalin da aka saba da shi na ma'anoni daban-daban shine cewa suna bayyana kalubalantar martani na motsin rai ga canjin yanayi da sauran batutuwan muhalli.

The term eco-anxiety is said to have been coined by Glenn Albrecht who defined it as "a chronic fear of environmental doom". Another widely cited definition is: "the generalized sense that the ecological foundations of existence are in the process of collapse." Some scholars use the term eco-anxiety as a synonym for climate-anxiety, while others like to treat the terms separately. The APA has defined eco-anxiety as"the chronic fear of environmental cataclysm that comes from observing the seemingly irrevocable impact of climate change and the associated concern for one's future and that of next generations".

## Yaduwar

A cikin 2018, binciken da aka gudanar a Amurka ya gano cewa tsakanin 21%  da 29%  na Amurkawa sun ce suna "damuwa sosai" game da yanayin, wanda ya ninka sau biyu fiye da irin wannan binciken a cikin 2015. Binciken Yale na 2023 ya sami irin wannan sakamako, cewa canjin yanayi yana da wahala. Wannan ra'ayi na yanayi ko damuwa da baƙin ciki na muhalli yana da yawa saboda wayar da kan jama'a game da canjin yanayi wanda aka sa ya yiwu ta hanyar fasaha da sadarwa ta duniya.

Canjin yanayi barazanar da ke gudana a duniya wacce ke da alaƙa da rashin tabbas da rashin fahimta. Saboda wannan dalili, damuwa da baƙin ciki a cikin mutane amsa ce ta halitta da ta dace ga waɗanda ke jin tsoro ko rashin iko. Misali, waɗannan jiye-jiye na iya tasowa a cikin mutanen da aka tilasta su bar gidajensu, magance rashin tabbas game da yanayin da za su kasance a nan gaba, ko jin damuwa game da cutar da 'ya'yansu ke fuskanta a nan gaba. Za'a iya raba baƙin ciki na yanayi zuwa kashi uku: asarar muhalli ta jiki, asarar ilimin muhalli, da asarar da ake tsammani a nan gaba.

### Yara da matasa
Yanayin ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin yara da matasa - a cikin 2021, a wasu jami'o'i, sama da kashi 70% na dalibai sun bayyana kansu a matsayin masu fama da damuwa. Koyaya, tun daga farkon 2021, hanyoyin da aka tabbatar don tantance yaduwar yanayi ko damuwa game da muhalli ba a kafa su sosai ba. Wani binciken Satumba 2021 ya tambayi matasa 10,000 daga kasashe 10 a duk faɗin duniya, inda ya gano cewa kusan kashi 60% sun damu sosai ko kuma sun damu sosai game da canjin yanayi. Kashi biyu cikin uku sun ce sun ji bakin ciki, tsoro da damuwa, yayin da kusan kashi 40% suka ruwaito cewa suna jinkirin samun yara. 

Mutanen da ke kewaye da yara da matasa, kamar iyaye, masu kula, malamai, da masu ba da shawara, na iya yin tasiri ga yadda suke kallon canjin yanayi. Akwai bincike da ake yi game da yadda ya kamata wadannan kungiyoyin mutane suyi magana da yara da matasa don hana damuwa game da muhalli a cikin waɗannan al'ummomi, yayin da har yanzu suna ƙarfafa ayyukan rage sauyin yanayi.

### Mata
Wani rahoto na Oktoba 2021 wanda ya danganci zabe a Burtaniya ya gano cewa kashi 78% na mutanen da aka bincika sun nuna wani mataki na damuwa game da muhalli. Ya gano cewa mata (45%) sun fi dacewa da bayar da rahoton matakan damuwa na muhalli idan aka kwatanta da maza (36%).  An bayar da rahoton irin wannan lura a duk duniya, gami da kasashen Turai da Afirka. Wani binciken da aka yi a 2023 ya yi iƙirarin cewa damuwa game da muhalli ya fi yawa a cikin mata, saboda kashi 80% na masu ƙaura na yanayi mata ne. Mata da yawa suna yanke shawarar ko za su haifi yara bisa ga canjin yanayi, saboda ana hasashen canjin yanayi zai shafi tsararraki masu zuwa. Binciken da *[[New York Times]]* ta gudanar a cikin 2018 ya gano cewa kashi 33% na mata da suka zaɓi kada su haifi yara sun ambaci canjin yanayi a matsayin dalili.

### 'Yan asalin ƙasar
Mutanen asalin ƙasar suna da matukar damuwa ga damuwa da muhalli da sauran martani na yanayi, saboda dogaro da ƙasarsu da ayyukan ƙasa don rayuwarsu da jin daɗi. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2021 ya gano cewa 'yan asalin da suka fuskanci canje-canjen muhalli da suka danganci canjin yanayi, kamar asarar jinsuna, fari, hauhawar yanayin zafi, da yanayin yanayi mara kyau, suna iya fuskantar raguwar lafiyar hankali. Ana iya bayyana wannan raguwa a matsayin damuwa game da muhalli, amma kuma a matsayin wasu martani na motsin rai da suka shafi yanayi, kamar haɗari na muhalli. [daidaitaccen tabbaci]

## Alamomi
Damuwa ta muhalli na iya bayyana ta hanyoyin da ke haifar da alamun jiki kuma yana iya kara tsananta yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa da ya riga ya kasance. Alamomin sun haɗa da fushi, rashin barci, rashin iya shakatawa, rashin abinci, rashin kulawa, rashin ƙarfi, hare-haren tsoro, tashin hankali na tsoka da rawar jiki. Wadannan alamun suna kama da alamun da wani da aka gano yana da rikicewar damuwa.

Wadannan alamun sun zama ruwan dare a cikin mutanen da ke fama da damuwa game da muhalli. Misali, wani binciken 2022 wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Magungunan Barci ta Amurka ta ba da umarnin ya ba da rahoton cewa "damuwa game da canjin yanayi da batutuwan muhalli" ya haifar da rashin barci ga kashi 70% na Amurkawa.

Sauran alamun tunani da / ko motsin rai sun haɗa da jin rashin bege da rashin ƙarfi, nisanta kansa daga ko guje wa batun, da jin daɗi ko ƙuntatawa.

## Magani da martani
Mataki na farko ga masu warkarwa wajen magance damuwa da muhalli shine fahimtar cewa amsawa mai ban tsoro ga ainihin yanayin ba cututtuka ba ne. Damuwa ta muhalli amsa ce ta al'ada, koda kuwa abokin ciniki ya same shi da matukar damuwa. Masu warkarwa suna buƙatar ɗaukar tsoron abokan ciniki game da halin da ake ciki da gaske kuma "ba a ɗauka cewa matsala ce ta lafiyar kwakwalwa ba ko kuma cewa mutumin da ke fama da damuwa game da muhalli ba shi da lafiya. " Dangane da magani, samfuran mutum na lafiyar kwakwalwa "ba a tsara su don magance raunin gaba ɗaya a kan sikelin duniya ba".

Hanyoyi daban-daban da ba na asibiti ba, zaɓuɓɓukan aiki na rukuni, dandalin tallafi na intanet, da littattafan taimakon kai suna samuwa ga mutanen da ke fama da yanayin tunani mara tsanani. Wasu daga cikin tasirin tunanin mutum ba sa buƙatar wani nau'i na magani kwata-kwata, kuma har ma yana iya zama mai kyau: alal misali, damuwa game da canjin yanayi na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da neman bayanai da kuma jin cewa yana iya rinjayar irin waɗannan matsalolin.

Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da za a magance damuwa game da muhalli shine ta hanyar imani game da tasirin ayyukan mutum. Damuwa ta muhalli za a iya bunkasa ta hanyar rashin taimako na canjin yanayi,  wani nau'i na rashin taimako da aka yi amfani da shi ga tsoron canjin yanayi. Saboda canjin yanayi babban batu ne tare da irin wannan mummunar sakamako, ayyukan mutum na iya zama kamar ba su da bambanci wajen yaki da babbar matsalar. Wannan na iya lalata mutane daga daukar duk wani mai kare muhalli kwata-kwata. Amma, shiga tsakani da ke ba da shawarar tasirin ayyukan mutum na iya rage rashin jin daɗi da damuwa da ke da alaƙa da rashin taimako na canjin yanayi. Lokacin da mutane suka karɓi bayanai da ke kwatanta yadda ayyukansu suka shafi muhalli, suna ba da rahoton ƙarancin tsoron canjin yanayi, kuma suna da niyyar yin zaɓuɓɓuka masu ɗorewa, suna nuna cewa ana iya magance rashin taimako na canjin yanayi ta hanyar imani game da ingancin canjin yanayi.

Gabaɗaya, masu ilimin halayyar mutum suna cewa lokacin da mutane ke ɗaukar mataki don magance canjin yanayi, wannan yana rage matakan damuwa ta hanyar kawo ma'anar karfafawa da jin daɗin haɗin kai da wasu a cikin al'umma. Yawancin masu ilimin halayyar dan adam sun jaddada cewa ban da aiki, akwai buƙatar gina ƙarfin motsin rai don kauce wa ƙanƙara.

Binciken wallafe-wallafen 2021 ya gano cewa martani na motsin rai ga rikicin na iya zama mai daidaitawa lokacin da mutum yana da damar da tallafi don sarrafawa da tunani akan wannan motsin rai. A cikin waɗannan lokuta, mutane suna iya girma daga abubuwan da suka faru kuma suna tallafawa wasu. A cikin mahallin canjin yanayi, wannan damar don tunani mai zurfi ya zama dole don kewaya kalubalen motsin rai da mutane da al'ummomi ke fuskanta.

### Ƙarin bincike
Kamar yadda damuwa game da muhalli ta sami karfin gwiwa kuma ta zama mafi yawa, daya daga cikin batutuwa masu zafi na yanzu a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya ya damu da yadda za a ayyana da kuma tantance damuwa game da yanayi. Sauran bincike na gaba na iya bincikawa da haɓaka hanyoyin da mutane za su kasance masu juriya a fuskar canjin yanayi.

## Amsawar motsin rai da ke da alaƙa
A fannin ilimin halayyar halittu, akwai wasu tasirin halayyar yanayi na musamman waɗanda ba a yi nazari sosai ba fiye da damuwa game da muhalli. Sun hada da, amma ba a iyakance su ba, baƙin ciki na muhalli (ko bakin ciki na mujalli), haɗari na muhalliya, laifi na muhallu, da solastalgia.

### Yanayi na Yanayi
Eco-anger shine takaici game da canjin yanayi da canje-canjen muhalli da ya haifar. Hakanan yana iya zama takaici ga wasu kungiyoyi, kamfanoni, ko ƙasashe waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga canjin yanayi. Binciken da ya raba tasirin damuwa game da muhalli, bakin ciki na muhalli da haɗari na muhallu, ya gano cewa haɗari na cikin muhalli shine mafi kyau ga lafiyar mutum. Wannan binciken ya kuma gano cewa yanayin muhalli yana da kyau don motsawa shiga cikin ayyukan da ke yaki da canjin yanayi. Wani rahoto daban daga 2021 ya gano cewa yanayin muhalli ya fi yawa a tsakanin matasa.

### Rashin jin daɗi
 
Rashin jin daɗi na muhalli (ko baƙin ciki na muhallar) shine " baƙin ciki da aka ji dangane da abubuwan da suka faru ko kuma asarar muhalli, gami da asarar jinsuna, yanayin halittu, da shimfidar wurare masu ma'ana saboda gagarumin canjin muhalli".

### Laifin muhalli
Laifin muhalli shine "laifuka da ke tasowa lokacin da mutane ke tunani game da lokutan da ba su hadu da ka'idojin mutum ko na al'umma ba don halayyar muhalli. "  Wannan laifi na iya ɗaukar nau'in sukar kai, zargi kai, jarraba kai, da / ko azabtar da kai. 

### Solastawa
Solastalgia shine "matsalar da ta haifar da canji da lalacewar yanayin gida. "  Binciken 2019 ya gano cewa yawan mutanen da ke fuskantar solastalgia zai karu yayin da yawan canjin yanayi ke ci gaba da ƙaruwa. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa mutane da yawa za su ga tasirin canjin yanayi a kan mahallinsu yayin da canjin yanayi ke ci gaba. Yana ƙara bayyana cewa kawai yanayin muhalli yana fama da canjin yanayi amma kuma yankuna kamar tarihin tarihi da al'adu, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da jin daɗin kasancewa da ainihi.

## Ƙungiyoyin
An kafa kungiyoyi masu ilimin halayyar dan adam da yawa game da ilimin halayya. Masana sun nuna cewa akwai buƙatar tsarin tsarin don samar da albarkatu daban-daban ga mutane dangane da tasirin lafiyar kwakwalwa na matsalolin muhalli da canjin yanayi.   Wasu kungiyoyi, irin su Royal College of Psychiatrists, suna ba da jagora ta yanar gizo don taimakawa masu kulawa taimaka wa yara da matasa su magance damuwar muhalli.

An kuma kirkiro kungiyoyin tallafi damuwa a cikin gida, a cikin ƙasa, da kuma duniya. Wadannan kungiyoyi suna bawa mutane damar tattauna tsoronsu game da canjin yanayi kuma suna karɓar shawara daga wasu mambobi kan yadda za a magance waɗannan tsoronsa. Ƙungiyoyin tallafin tsara-da-tsara sun fito ne tsakanin mutanen da suka shiga cikin Matakan baƙin ciki zuwa karɓar tasirin yanayi kamar yadda yake ci gaba kuma, har zuwa wani mataki, ba za a iya gujewa ba. Misalan sun haɗa da ƙungiyoyi da suka taso daga ra'ayoyin Deep adaptation (asalin 2018) da Post-doom (asalin 2019).

## Manazarta