Yaƙin Berea

**Yakin Berea** yaki ne tsakanin sojojin Birtaniya ƙarƙashin Sir George Cathcart da Basuto - Taung sojojin ƙarƙashin Sarki Moshoeshoe I wanda ya faru a ranar 20 ga watan Disamba 1852. An fara yakin ne a lokacin da sojojin Birtaniya suka ɓalle ginshikan uku suka tsallaka kogin Caledon da ke kudancin Afirka, da nufin kwace shanun Basuto a matsayin wani nau'i na ukuba kan hare-haren Basuto da suka wuce.

Haɗuwa da tsayin daka na Basuto, rashin tsari da rashin daidaituwa a gefen sojojin Burtaniya ya haifar da ƙarancin kama shanu fiye da yadda aka tsara tun farko. Birtaniya ta janye ne domin sake haɗuwa bayan an yi asarar rayuka da dama. Sai dai an cimma yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya kafin sake ɓarkewar yakin. Basuto ta biya diyya mai iyaka, yayin da ta amince da dakatar da duk wani farmakin da aka kai na shanu a kan al'ummomin Burtaniya.

## Tarihi

### Gidauniyar Basuto State
A farkon ƙarni na 19, gungun ƙabilu daban-daban na Sotho, Nguni da Tswana sun zauna a yankin kogin Caledon a kudancin Afirka. Na biyun sun zama tsirarun jama'a kuma a hankali Sotho mai rinjaye a al'adu sun haɗe su. Sarki Moshoeshoe na I ya haɗa manyan sarakunan Sotho da ke magana a cikin al'umma guda a lokacin rikicin siyasa da aka sani da *Lifaqane*. A kusan shekarar 1828, aikin Moshoeshoe ya canza sunan Sotho wulaƙantacce zuwa sunan al'ummar Basuto.    A cikin al'ummomin Afirka na yankin, sace-sacen shanu ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙara ɗaukaka martabar sarki. Ta hanyar satar shanu daga ƙabilun da ke hamayya da juna sannan kuma a sake rabawa mabiyansa a ƙarƙashin tsarin *mafisa*, basaraken ya ci gaba da riƙe matsayinsa na suna tare da karfafa dangantakarsa da talakawansa. 

A cikin shekarar 1820s Basuto sun fuskanci hare-haren shanu da dama daga Kur'ani, gungun mutanen Khoekhoe da suka yi hijira daga Cape bayan mazaunan Turai na yankin.  A wannan lokacin ne suka fara cin karo da dawakai da bindigu a fagen fama. Bayan da aka samu koma baya na farko, Basuto ya yi nasarar kamawa ko kuma ya samu dawakai da bindigogin nasu, suka fara tara foda. A shekara ta 1843, Moshoeshoe ya tara dawakai da bindigogi fiye da kowane jigo a Afirka ta Kudu. Duk da haka, akasarin bindigogin da ke hannun Basuto sun kasance tsofaffin ƙulle-ƙulle, waɗanda suka mamaye kasuwannin Afirka ta Kudu bayan da aka fara amfani da su na kulle-kulle. 

### Dangantakar Basuto da Burtaniya
A cikin shekarar 1843, Moshoeshoe ya sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya tare da gwamnan British Cape Colony, Sir George Napier, inda Birtaniya suka amince da Basuto a matsayin abokansu. An bawa Basuto alhakin magance kutsen Boer a cikin Cape a lokacin Great Trek, suna samun tallafin shekara-shekara na £ 75 a cikin kuɗi ko harsasai. A shekara ta 1845, magajin Napier, Sir Peregrine Maitland, ya rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Moshoeshoe wacce ke da nufin sasanta rikicin yankuna tsakanin Boers da ƙabilu daban-daban na Afirka a kan iyakar arewacin Cape. Moshoeshoe ya rattaba hannu a kan yarjejeniyar ba tare da son rai ba saboda ta hana Basuto duk wani yanki na fili da tallafin da suke bayarwa na shekara. A cikin shekarar 1848, sabon gwamnan Cape Sir Harry Smith ya matsa wa Moshoeshoe ya sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta yadda ya amince da ikon Birtaniyya mafi girma a arewacin kogin Orange; yayin da yake riƙe hakkinsa na gargajiya. Yarjejeniyar ta kuma yi hasashen samar da kawance tsakanin Birtaniya da Basuto. Jerin yarjejeniyoyin da ba a bayyana su ba tare da ƙabilun Afirka na gida sun kafa ikon mallakar kogin Orange yadda ya kamata. 

A arewa-maso-gabas, Basuto da abokansu Taung a kai a kai sun tsunduma cikin kai hare-hare kan tsaffin abokan gabansu Batlakoa da Koranna. Mazaunan Biritaniya a cikin Sarautar Kogin Orange, Manjo Henry Douglas Warden, ya yi imanin cewa Basuto sun fi zargi da ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin ƙabilu a yankin. A cikin shekarar 1849,  Warden ya fara zayyana iyakoki tsakanin ƙabilu daban-daban a yankin arewa maso gabas, tare da yin biris da da'awar Moshoeshoe ga yankuna da yawa a cikin wannan tsari. Moshoeshoe ya yi imanin cewa Birtaniya sun ƙasa ba shi kariya daga hare-haren Batlakoa da Boer, yayin da yawancin mutanensa suka zarge shi da rashin tsoro a lokacin da ake yi wa Birtaniya zalunci.  A ranar 25 ga watan Yuni 1851, Warden ya buƙaci Basuto ya maido da shanu 6,000 da dawakai 300 ga waɗanda harin da suka kai na shanun ya rutsa da su a baya. Warden ya tara gamayyar sojojin Burtaniya, Boer da na Afirka waɗanda adadinsu ya kai 2,500 a Platberg. A ranar 28 ga watan Yuni, Warden ya tura dakarunsa a kan Taung a kokarin kwace shanun da aka sace. A ranar 30 ga watan Yuni, sojojin Basuto-Taung sun ci karfin Warden a yakin Viervoet. 

A watan Oktoba Moshoeshoe ya rubuta wa Smith da Warden, yana mai bayanin cewa ya yi aikin kare kai ne kuma ya yi niyyar ci gaba da kyautata dangantaka da Birtaniya. A cikin watan Fabrairun 1852, mataimakin kwamishinan William Hogge ya yarda cewa gwamnatin Cape ta yi kurakurai wajen kula da Basuto. Hogge ya amince da sake zana iyakoki a kudu maso yammacin Basutoland da kuma dakatar da tsoma bakin turawan mulkin mallaka a rikicin ƙabilanci. Hogge ya dage cewa Basuto ya maido da shanu da dawakan da suka sace daga Rolong da mazauna Boer tun a watan Satumba 1850 a cikin tsawon makonni biyu. Moshoeshoe ya maido da shanu da dawakai ɗari huɗu a ranar 20 ga watan Maris, duk da haka ya ki ci gaba da aiwatar da aikin bayan ya fahimci cewa maido da filayen Basuto yana da sharadin dawo da shanun. Basuto sun kuduri aniyar yin yaki maimakon su ba da shanunsu, yayin da sabon Smith wanda aka naɗa, Manjo-Janar Sir George Cathcart, yana jiran yakin da Xhosa ya ragu kafin ya yi hulɗa da Basuto. 

## Manazarta