Yarukan Chadi

**Yarukan Chadi**

## Abinda ke ciki
Newman shekarar (1977) ya rarraba harsunan zuwa rukunoni huɗu waɗanda aka yarda da su a cikin dukkan wallafe-wallafe masu zuwa. Subarin ƙaddamar da yanki, duk da haka, bai kasance mai ƙarfi ba; Blench (2006), misali, kawai yana karɓar rabe-raben A / B na Gabashin Chadi.  An kara Kujargé daga Blench (2008), wanda ke ba da shawarar Kujargé na iya rabuwa kafin ɓarnatar da Proto-Chadic sannan daga baya ya sami tasiri daga Gabashin Chadi.  Aiki na gaba da Lovestrand yayi jayayya da ƙarfi cewa Kujarge memba ne na Gabashin Chadi. Sanya Luri a matsayin farkon raba yankin Yammacin Chadi kuskure ne. Caron (2004) ya nuna cewa wannan yaren shi ne a Kudancin Bauchi kuma da wani ɓangare ne na tarin Polci.

* **Yammacin Chadi** Rassa biyu, waɗanda suka hada da

: (A) harsunan Hausa, Ron, Bole, da Angas ; kuma
: (B) harsunan Bade, Warji, da Zaar.

* **[[Yaren Biu–Mandara|Biu – Mandara]]** (Chadi ta Tsakiya) sassa uku, waɗanda suka haɗa da

: (A) yaren Bura, Kamwe, da Bata, a tsakanin sauran rukunoni;
: (B) yaren Buduma da Musgu; kuma
: (C) Gidar

* **Gabashin Chadi** sassa biyu, waɗanda suka haɗa da

: (A) harsunan Tumak, Nancere, da Kera ; kuma
: (B) harsunan Dangaléat, Mukulu, da Sokoro

* **Masa**
* ? ***Kujargé***

## Asali

Nazarin kwayar halittar zamani na yankin Arewa maso Yammacin Kamaru masu magana da harshen Chadi sun lura da yawan mitar Y-Chromosome Haplogroup R1b a cikin waɗannan yawan jama'ar (nau'ikan R1b-V88  ). Wannan alamar ta uba ta zama gama gari a sassan Yammacin Eurasia, amma in ba haka ba ba safai a Afirka ba. Cruciani et al. (2010) don haka aka gabatar da cewa masu magana da yaren Proto-Chadic a lokacin tsakiyar Holocene (~ shekaru 7,000 da suka gabata) sun yi ƙaura daga Levant zuwa Sahara ta Tsakiya, kuma daga can suka zauna a Tafkin Chadi . 

Koyaya, wani bincike na baya-bayan nan a cikin 2018 ya gano cewa haplogroup R1b-V88 ya shiga Chadi sosai kwanan nan yayin "Baggarization" (hijirar Larabawan Baggara zuwa Sahel a cikin ƙarni na 17 AD), ba tare da samun wata hujja ta tsoffin ƙwayar Eurasia ba. 

## Kalmomin aro
Harsunan Chadi suna ƙunshe da kalmomin aro na Nilo-Sahara da yawa daga ɗayan rassan Songhay ko Maban, suna nuna alaƙar farko tsakanin masu yaren Cadi da Nilo-Saharan yayin da Chadic ke yin ƙaura zuwa yamma. 

Kodayake ana magana da harsunan Adamawa kusa da harsunan Chadic, hulɗa tsakanin Chadi da Adamawa tana da iyaka. 

## Karin magana
Karin magana a cikin Proto-Chadic, idan aka kwatanta da karin magana a cikin harsunan Proto-Afroasiatic (Vossen & Dimmendaal 2020: 351): 

## Kwatanta ƙamus
Samfurin kalmomin asali a cikin rassa daban daban na Chadi da aka jera daga yamma zuwa gabas, tare da sake gina wasu rassa na Afroasiatic kuma an basu don kwatancen:

### Kalmomin Proto-Chadic
Kalmomin Proto-Chadic:

### Kalmomin Proto-Ron
Kalmomin Proto-Ron:

### Kalmomin Proto-North Bauchi
Kalmomin Proto-North Bauchi:

### Kalmomin Proto-Masa
Kalmomin Proto-Masa:

## Bibiyar Tarihi

* Caron, Bernard 2004. Le Luri: quelques notes sur une langue tchadique du Najeriya. A cikin: Pascal Boyeldieu & Pierre Nougayrol (eds. ), Langues et Al'adu: Terrains d'Afrique. Gidaje a Faransa Cloarec-Heiss (Afrique et Langage 7). 193-201. Louvain-Paris: Peeters.
* Lukas, Johannes (1936) 'Halin ilimin harshe a yankin Tafkin Chadi a Afirka ta Tsakiya.' *Afirka*, 9, 332 &#x2013; 349.
* Lukas, Johannes. Zentralsudanische Studien, Hamburg 1937;
* Newman, Paul da Ma, Roxana (1966) 'Kwatancen Cadiic: salon magana da kalmomi.' *Jaridar Harsunan Afirka*, 5, 218 &#x2013; 251.
* Newman, Paul (1977) 'Tsarin Chadi da sake ginawa.' *Harsunan Afroasiatic* 5, 1, 1 &#x2013; 42.
* Newman, Paul (1978) 'Chado-Hamitic' adieu ': sabbin tunani kan rabe-raben harshen Chadi', a Fronzaroli, Pelio (ed. ), *Atti del Secondo Congresso Internazionale di Linguistica Camito-Semitica* . Florence: Instituto de Linguistica e di Lingue Orientali, Jami'ar di Firenze, 389 &#x2013; 397.
* Newman, Paul (1980) *Theididdigar Chadic a cikin Afroasiatic.* Leiden: Jami'ar Pers Leiden.
* Herrmann Jungraithmayr, Kiyoshi Shimizu: *Tushen lafazin Chadic.* Reimer, Berlin 1981.
* Herrmann Jungraithmayr, Dymitr Ibriszimow: *Tushen lafazin Chadic.* 2 kundin. Reimer, Berlin 1994
* Schuh, Russell (2003) 'Tsinkayen Chadic', a cikin M. Lionel Bender, Gabor Takacs, da David L. Appleyard (eds. ), *Zaba Comparative-Historical Afrasian ilimin harsuna Nazarin a Memory of Igor M. Diakonoff*, LINCOM Europa, 55 &#x2013; 60.

; Bayanin bayanai

* Robert Forkel, & Tiago Tresoldi. (2019). lexibank / kraftchadic: Chadic Wordlists (Shafin v3.0) [Saitin bayanai]. Zenodo.   

## Manazarta