Wangarĩ Maathai

**Wangarĩ Maathai** (/ wænˈɡɑːri mɑːˈðaɪ/; 1 Afrilu 1940 - 25 Satumba 2011) ƴar gwagwarmayar zamantakewa, muhalli, da siyasa ce ta Kenya wadda ta kafa Green Belt Movement, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta ta mai da hankali kan dashen itatuwa, da kare muhalli, da kare hakkin mata. A shekara ta 2004 ta zama mace ta farko a Afirka da ta lashe kyautar zaman lafiya ta Nobel.

A matsayinta na wadda ta ci gajiyar jirgin saman Kennedy, ta yi karatu a Amurka, inda ta samu digiri na farko a Dutsen St. Scholastica da kuma digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Pittsburgh. Ta ci gaba da zama mace ta farko a Gabashi da Tsakiyar Afirka da ta zama Likitan Falsafa, inda ta samu Ph.D. daga Jami'ar Nairobi ta Kenya. A cikin 1984, ta sami lambar yabo ta 'yancin rayuwa don "mayar da muhawarar yanayin muhalli ta Kenya zuwa aikin gama gari don sake dazuzzuka." Wangari Maathai ta kasance zababben dan majalisar dokokin Kenya, kuma a tsakanin watan Janairun 2003 zuwa Nuwamba 2005, ta kasance mataimakiyar minista mai kula da muhalli da albarkatun kasa a gwamnatin shugaba Mwai Kibaki. Ta kasance mamba mai daraja ta Majalisar Gaba ta Duniya. A matsayinsa na malami kuma marubucin litattafai da yawa, Maathai ba mai fafutuka ba ne kawai amma kuma haziƙi ne wanda ya ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga tunani game da ilimin halittu, ci gaba, jinsi, da al'adu da addinai na Afirka.

Maathai ta mutu sakamakon rikitarwa daga ciwon daji na kwai a ranar 25 ga Satumba 2011.

## Rayuwar Baya da Karatu
An haifi Maathai a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1940 a ƙauyen Ihithe, gundumar Nyeri, a tsakiyar tsaunuka na mulkin mallaka na Kenya. Iyalinta su ne Kikuyu, ƙabilar da ta fi yawan jama'a a Kenya, kuma ta yi rayuwa a yankin tsawon tsararraki da yawa. A cikin 1943, dangin Maathai sun ƙaura zuwa wata gona ta fararen fata a cikin Rift Valley, kusa da Nakuru, inda mahaifinta ya sami aiki. A ƙarshen 1947, ta koma Ihithe tare da mahaifiyarta, yayin da yayyenta biyu suke makarantar firamare a ƙauyen, kuma babu makaranta a gonar da mahaifinta yake aiki. Mahaifinta ya kasance a gona. Ba da daɗewa ba, tana ɗan shekara takwas, ta shiga ’yan’uwanta a Makarantar Firamare ta Ihithe.

A cikin shekaru goma sha ɗaya, Maathai ya ƙaura zuwa Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Cecilia, makarantar kwana a Ofishin Jakadancin Katolika na Mathari a Nyeri. Maathai yayi karatu a St. Cecilia's na tsawon shekaru hudu. A wannan lokacin, ta zama ƙwararren Turanci kuma ta koma Katolika. Ta kasance tare da Ƙungiyar Maryamu, wadda membobinta suka yi ƙoƙari su "bauta wa Allah ta wurin bauta wa ’yan Adam.” Tana karatu a St. gida zuwa ƙauyen gaggawa a Ihithe. Lokacin da ta kammala karatunta a can a cikin 1956, an ba ta lamba ta farko a cikin aji, kuma an ba ta izinin shiga makarantar sakandaren Katolika daya tilo da ke Kenya, Sakandaren Loreto a Limuru.h

## Faɗakarwa da rayuwar siyasa

### 1972–1977: Fara gwagwarmaya
Maathai ta ci gaba da koyarwa a Nairobi, inda ta zama babbar jami'a a fannin ilmin jiki a shekarar 1975, shugabar sashen kula da lafiyar dabbobi a shekarar 1976, kuma mataimakiyar farfesa a shekarar 1977. Ita ce mace ta farko a Nairobi da aka nada a kan wadannan mukamai. A wannan lokacin, ta yi kamfen na ganin daidai wa daida ga matan da ke aiki a jami’ar, har ta kai ga kokarin mayar da kungiyar ma’aikatan jami’ar zuwa wata kungiya, don yin shawarwarin neman tallafi. Kotuna sun ki amincewa da wannan tayin, amma daga baya aka biya da yawa daga cikin bukatunta na samun daidaito. Baya ga aikinta a Jami'ar Nairobi, Maathai ta shiga cikin kungiyoyin jama'a da dama a farkon shekarun 1970. Ta kasance memba na reshen Nairobi na kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta Kenya, inda ta zama darekta a cikin 1973. Ta kasance memba na Kungiyar Matan Jami'ar Kenya. Bayan kafa Cibiyar Tuntuɓar Muhalli a 1974, an nemi Maathai ya zama memba na hukumar gida, daga ƙarshe ya zama shugaban hukumar. Cibiyar Sadarwar Muhalli ta yi aiki don inganta shigar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a cikin ayyukan Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP), wanda aka kafa hedkwatarsa a Nairobi bayan taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan muhalli da aka gudanar a Stockholm a 1972. Maathai kuma. ya shiga Majalisar Mata ta Kenya (NCWK). Ta hanyar aikinta a waɗannan ƙungiyoyin sa kai daban-daban, ya bayyana ga Maathai cewa tushen yawancin matsalolin Kenya shine lalata muhalli.

## Manazarta