Franz Boas

**Franz Uri Boas**  (9 ga Yuli, 1858 - 21 ga Disamba, 1942) masanin ilimin ɗan adam ne kuma masanin ilimin kabilanci. Ya kasance majagaba na ilimin ɗan adam na zamani wanda ake kira "Uba na ilimin ɗan asalin Amurka".   Ayyukansa suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin da aka sani da ƙayyadaddun tarihi da al'adun al'adu.

Da yake karatu a Jamus, an ba Boas digiri na biyu a 1881 a fannin kimiyyar lissafi yayin da yake karatun ilimin ƙasa. Daga nan sai ya shiga cikin balaguron ƙasa zuwa arewacin Kanada, inda ya zama mai sha'awar al'adu da harshe na Baffin Island Inuit. Ya ci gaba da yin aikin gona tare da al'adun asali da harsuna na Arewa maso Yammacin Pacific. A shekara ta 1887 ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka, inda ya fara aiki a matsayin mai kula da gidan kayan gargajiya a Smithsonian, kuma a shekara ta 1899 ya zama farfesa a fannin ilimin ɗan adam a Jami'ar Columbia, inda ya kasance har zuwa sauran aikinsa. Ta hanyar ɗalibansa, da yawa daga cikinsu sun ci gaba da samun sassan ilimin ɗan adam da shirye-shiryen bincike waɗanda mai ba da shawara ya yi wahayi zuwa gare su, Boas ya yi tasiri sosai ga ci gaban ilimin ɗan adam na Amurka. Daga cikin manyan ɗalibansa da yawa sun haɗa da A. L. Kroeber, Alexander Goldenweiser, Ruth Benedict, Edward Sapir, Margaret Mead, Zora Neale Hurston, da Gilberto Freyre . 

Boas na ɗaya daga cikin fitattun abokan adawar ra'ayoyin da suka fi shahara a lokacin na wariyar launin fata na kimiyya, ra'ayin cewa tseren ra'ayi ne na halitta kuma an fi fahimtar halayyar ɗan adam ta hanyar nau'ikan halaye na halitta.   A cikin jerin binciken da aka yi game da jikin kwarangwal, ya nuna cewa siffar kwakwalwa da girmansa suna da sauƙin sauyawa dangane da abubuwan muhalli kamar kiwon lafiya da abinci mai gina jiki, sabanin ikirarin da masana kimiyyar launin fata na ranar suka yi wanda ya riƙe siffar kai ta zama halin launin fata. Boas ya kuma yi aiki don nuna cewa bambance-bambance a cikin halayyar ɗan adam ba a ƙaddara su da farko ta hanyar dabi'un halitta ba amma galibi sakamakon bambance-mbaran al'adu ne da aka samu ta hanyar ilmantarwa ta zamantakewa. Ta wannan hanyar, Boas ya gabatar da al'ada a matsayin ainihin manufar bayyana bambance-bambance a cikin halayyar tsakanin kungiyoyin mutane, kuma a matsayin mahimmin ra'ayi na ilimin ɗan adam.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Franz Boas a ranar 9 ga Yuli, 1858,  a Minden, Westphalia, ɗan Sophie Meyer da Meier Boas. Kodayake kakanninsa Yahudawa ne masu kiyayewa, iyayensa sun rungumi dabi'un Haskakawa, gami da daidaita su cikin al'ummar Jamus ta zamani. Iyayen Boas sun kasance masu sassaucin ra'ayi; ba sa son koyarwar kowane irin. Wani muhimmin tasiri na farko shi ne Ibrahim Jacobi, surukin mahaifiyarsa kuma abokin Karl Marx, wanda zai ba shi shawara a duk lokacin da Boas ke aiki. Tun da farko a rayuwarsa, ya nuna sha'awar yanayi da kimiyyar halitta. Boas ya ki tuba zuwa Kiristanci, amma bai bayyana kansa a matsayin Bayahude na addini ba. Wannan ya yi jayayya da Ruth Bunzel, wanda ke kare Boas, wanda ya kira shi "mai mahimmanci na Furotesta; ya daraja ikon cin gashin kansa sama da dukkan abubuwa. "  A cewar mai ba da labarinsa, "Ya kasance Bayahude na Jamus, adanawa da inganta al'adun Jamus da dabi'u a Amurka. "  A cikin wani zane-zane na tarihin kansa, Boas ya rubuta:

Daga makarantar sakandare, Boas ya sami ilimi a Tarihin halitta, batun da ya ji daɗi. A cikin dakin motsa jiki, ya fi alfahari da bincikensa game da rarraba shuke-shuke.

Lokacin da ya fara karatunsa na jami'a, Boas ya fara zuwa Jami'ar Heidelberg na tsawon zangon karatu guda ɗaya sannan ya yi zangon karatu guda huɗu a Jami'ar Bonn, inda ya yi karatun kimiyyar lissafi, labarin ƙasa, da lissafi a waɗannan makarantun.    A shekara ta 1879, ya yi fatan komawa Jami'ar Berlin don yin karatun kimiyyar lissafi a ƙarƙashin Hermann von Helmholtz, amma ya ƙare ya koma Jami'ar Kiel saboda dalilan iyali.  A Kiel, Boas ya so ya mai da hankali kan batun lissafi na dokar CF Gauss ta rarraba kurakurai na yau da kullun don rubutun digirinsa, amma daga ƙarshe dole ne ya yanke shawara kan wani batu da mai ba shi shawara na digiri na uku, masanin kimiyyar lissafi Gustav Karsten, ya zaɓa masa kan halayen gani na ruwa.  Boas ya kammala karatunsa mai taken *Gudummawa ga Fahimtar Launin Ruwa,*  wanda ya yi nazari kan sha, tunani, da kuma rarrabuwar haske a cikin ruwa, kuma an ba shi digirin digirgir a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a shekarar 1881. 

## manazarta