open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Carl Benz

## Karl Benz
**Karl Friedrich Benz** (25 Nuwamba 1844 – 4 Afrilu 1929) injiniya ne kuma mai ƙirƙira motoci na ƙasar Jamus, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin wanda ya ƙirƙiri mota ta farko da ta fara amfani da injin mai a shekara ta 1885, wato Benz Patent-Motorwagen. Aikin Benz ya zama tushen masana’antar motoci a duniya, kuma kamfaninsa, Benz & Cie, ya haɗa da Daimler a shekara ta 1926 don kafa Mercedes-Benz, wanda har yanzu yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana’antun motoci.

### Rayuwa ta Farko
An haifi Karl Benz a ranar 25 ga Nuwamban shekarar 1844, a Mühlburg, Karlsruhe, ƙasar Jamus. Mahaifinsa, Johann Georg Benz, ya rasu lokacin da Karl yake ɗan shekara biyu. Duk da talauci, mahaifiyarsa ta taimaka masa ya ci gaba da karatu. Benz ya ji sha’awar injiniyoyi tun yana ƙarami kuma ya kammala karatunsa a fannin injiniya a Jami’ar Karlsruhe a shekara ta 1864.

### Benz Patent-Motorwagen
A shekara ta 1885, Karl Benz ya ƙirƙiri mota ta farko mai injin mai, wadda aka kira Benz Patent-Motorwagen. Wannan mota tana da ƙafafu uku, injin silinda ɗaya, kuma tana iya gudu da saurin kilomita 16 a sa’a. A shekara ta 1888, matarsa, Bertha Benz, ta yi tafiya mai nisan kilomita 106 da motar daga Mannheim zuwa Pforzheim, wanda shine tafiya ta farko mai nisa da mota a tarihi. Wannan tafiya ta nuna cewa motar Benz abin dogaro ce kuma ta jawo hankalin jama’a.

### Benz & Cie da Haɗin gwiwa da Daimler
A shekara ta 1883, Karl Benz ya kafa kamfanin Benz & Cie don samar da injunan gas. Bayan nasarar Patent-Motorwagen, kamfaninsa ya fara samar da motoci a yawa. A shekara ta 1926, Benz & Cie ya haɗa da Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft don kafa Mercedes-Benz, wanda ya ci gaba da samar da motoci masu inganci har yau.

### Tasiri
Karl Benz ya kafa tushen masana’antar motoci ta hanyar ƙirƙirar mota ta farko mai amfani. Aikin nasa ya ba da damar ci gaba a fasahar motoci, kamar injunan mai masu ƙarfi da tsarin tuƙi. A kasashen Afrika, musamman Najeriya, motocin Mercedes-Benz sun zama alamar alatu kuma ana amfani da su a matsayin motocin taksi da na alfarma.

### Rayuwarsa ta Ƙarshe
Karl Benz ya rasu a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 1929 a Ladenburg, Jamus. Ya bar gado mai girma a masana’antar motoci, kuma ana ci gaba da tunawa da shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ƙirƙira a tarihi.

### Hotuna

File:Benz_Patent_Motorwagen_1886.jpg|Mota ta farko ta Karl Benz, Patent-Motorwagen (1886)
File:Bertha_Benz_Drive_1888.jpg|Bertha Benz a cikin tafiyarta ta tarihi a 1888
File:Mercedes-Benz_Logo.jpg|Alamar Mercedes-Benz, wanda ya samo asali daga haɗin gwiwar Benz da Daimler


### Manazarta

### Hanyoyin Waje
* Shafin Karl Benz a Mercedes-Benz
* Tarihin Tafiyar Bertha Benz
Enzo Ferrari

**Enzo Anselmo Ferrari** (18 Fabrairu 1898 – 14 Agusta 1988) ɗan kasuwa ne kuma mai ƙirƙira motoci na ƙasar Italiya, wanda ya kafa kamfanin Ferrari, wanda aka sani da samar da motocin tsere da na alfarma. Ferrari ya kuma kafa ƙungiyar tsere ta Scuderia Ferrari, wadda ta ci nasara a gasar Formula One da sauran gasannin motoci. Aikin nasa ya sa motocin Italiya suka zama alamar ƙwarewa da sauri a duniya.

## Rayuwa ta Farko
An haifi Enzo Ferrari a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 1898 a Modena, Italiya. Ya ji sha’awar motoci tun yana ƙarami bayan ya kalli gasar motoci a shekara ta 1908. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gyaran motoci a sojan Italiya. Bayan yaƙin, ya shiga ƙungiyar tsere ta Alfa Romeo a matsayin direban tsere.

## Scuderia Ferrari da Kamfanin Ferrari
A shekara ta 1929, Enzo Ferrari ya kafa Scuderia Ferrari, ƙungiyar tsere da ta taimaka wa Alfa Romeo a gasannin motoci. A shekara ta 1947, ya kafa kamfanin Ferrari S.p.A., wanda ya fara samar da motocin tsere da na kasuwanci, kamar Ferrari 125 S. Motocin Ferrari sun zama sananne saboda ƙirarsu mai kyau da injunan su masu ƙarfi. A gasar Formula One, Scuderia Ferrari ta ci nasarori da yawa, ciki har da gasar duniya ta direbobi da ta masana’antun.

## Tasiri
Enzo Ferrari ya sa motocin tsere suka zama sananne a duniya, kuma kamfaninsa ya zama alamar alatu da sauri. Motocin Ferrari, kamar Ferrari 250 GTO da Ferrari F40, sun zama abubuwan tarihi a masana’antar motoci. A kasashen Afrika, musamman Najeriya, motocin Ferrari ana ganin su a matsayin abin alfarma da aka fi amfani da su a lokutan bukukuwa.

## Rayuwarsa ta Ƙarshe
Enzo Ferrari ya rasu a ranar 14 ga Agusta 1988 a Modena, Italiya. Ya bar gado mai girma, kuma kamfanin Ferrari har yanzu yana ci gaba da samar da motoci masu ƙarfi da ƙirƙira.

## Hotuna

File:Enzo_Ferrari_1950s.jpg|Enzo Ferrari a lokacin gasar motoci a shekarun 1950
File:Ferrari_125_S_1947.jpg|Ferrari 125 S, mota ta farko ta kamfanin Ferrari
File:Scuderia_Ferrari_Formula_One.jpg|Motar Scuderia Ferrari a gasar Formula One


## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin Waje
* Shafin Enzo Ferrari a Ferrari.com
* Scuderia Ferrari a Formula1.com
Soichiro Honda

**Soichiro Honda** (17 Nuwamba 1906 – 5 Agusta 1991) injiniya ne kuma ɗan kasuwa na ƙasar Japan, wanda ya kafa Honda Motor Co., Ltd., kamfani mai samar da motoci da babura. An san shi saboda ƙirƙirar injunan babura masu ƙarfi da kuma motocin araha kamar Honda Civic, wanda ya zama sananne a duniya. Aikin Honda ya sa motoci da babura suka zama abin da mutane da yawa za su iya siya.

## Rayuwa ta Farko
An haifi Soichiro Honda a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba 1906 a Hamamatsu, ƙasar Japan. Ya girma a cikin gidan mai gyaran keke, kuma tun yana ƙarami ya ji sha’awar injiniyoyi. A shekara ta 1922, ya fara aiki a wani shagon gyaran motoci a Tokyo, inda ya koyi fasahar injiniya. A shekara ta 1937, ya kafa kamfanin Tokai Seiki don samar da zoben injuna.

## Honda Motor Co.
A shekara ta 1948, Soichiro Honda ya kafa Honda Motor Co., Ltd., wanda ya fara da samar da babura. Baburar Honda Cub ta zama babura mafi sayarwa a duniya saboda araha da amincinta. A shekara ta 1963, Honda ya shiga kasuwar motoci da motar Honda T360, kuma a shekara ta 1972, ya ƙaddamar da Honda Civic, wadda ta zama sananne saboda ceton mai da ƙarfinta.

## Tasiri
Soichiro Honda ya kawo sauyi a masana’antar motoci da babura ta hanyar mai da hankali kan inganci da araha. Kamfaninsa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana’antun motoci a duniya, kuma motocin Honda, kamar Civic da Accord, sun zama sananne a kasashe kamar Najeriya saboda sauƙin gyarawa da aminci. Honda ya kuma taimaka wajen haɓaka fasahar injunan ceton mai da na hybrid.

## Rayuwarsa ta Ƙarshe
Soichiro Honda ya rasu a ranar 5 ga Agusta 1991 a Tokyo, Japan. Ya bar gado mai girma, kuma kamfanin Honda har yanzu yana ci gaba da samar da motoci da babura masu ƙirƙira.

## Hotuna

File:Soichiro_Honda_1960s.jpg|Soichiro Honda a lokacin aikinsa a shekarun 1960
File:Honda_Cub_1958.jpg|Honda Cub, babura ta farko ta kamfanin Honda
File:Honda_Civic_1972.jpg|Honda Civic ta farko, da aka ƙaddamar a 1972


## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin Waje
* Shafin Soichiro Honda a Honda.com
* Tarihin Honda Civic
Ferdinand Porsche

**Ferdinand Porsche,** ( an haife shie 3 Satumba 1875 – 30 Janairu 1951) injiniya ne kuma mai ƙirƙira motoci na ƙasar Austriya, wanda ya kafa kamfanin Porsche. An san shi saboda ƙirƙirar motar Volkswagen Beetle, wadda ta zama ɗaya daga cikin motoci mafi shahara a duniya, da kuma motocin tsere na Porsche kamar Porsche 911. Aikin Porsche ya kawo sauyi a masana’antar motoci ta hanyar haɗa ƙirar injiniya da kyau.

## Rayuwa ta Farko
An haifi Ferdinand Porsche a ranar 3 ga Satumba 1875 a Maffersdorf, Bohemia (yanzu a ƙasar Czech Republic), a lokacin da take ƙarƙashin mulkin Austriya-Hungary. Tun yana ƙarami, ya nuna sha’awar injiniyoyi da lantarki. A shekara ta 1893, ya fara aiki a kamfanin lantarki a Vienna, inda ya kware a ƙirƙirar injunan lantarki.

## Volkswagen Beetle da Kamfanin Porsche
A shekara ta 1931, Ferdinand Porsche ya kafa kamfanin Porsche a Stuttgart, Jamus, don ƙirƙirar motoci da injunan su. A shekara ta 1934, ya ƙirƙiri Volkswagen Beetle a matsayin “motar jama’a” (Volkswagen) bisa umarnin gwamnatin Jamus. Motar ta zama sananne saboda ƙarfinta da araha. A shekara ta 1948, Porsche ya ƙaddamar da motar Porsche 356, mota ta farko ta kamfanin Porsche, wadda ta kafa suna a gasannin motoci.

## Tasiri
Ferdinand Porsche ya kafa tushen motocin alfarma da tsere ta hanyar ƙirƙirar motoci masu ƙarfi da kyau. Volkswagen Beetle ya zama mota ta tarihi, kuma motocin Porsche kamar 911 sun zama alamun ƙwarewa a masana’antar motoci. A Najeriya, motocin Volkswagen sun kasance sananne a matsayin motocin taksi da na iyalai saboda sauƙin gyarawa.

## Rayuwarsa ta Ƙarshe
Ferdinand Porsche ya rasu a ranar 30 ga Janairu 1951 a Stuttgart, Jamus. Ya bar gado mai girma, kuma kamfanin Porsche har yanzu yana ci gaba da samar da motocin tsere da na alfarma masu ƙirƙira.

## Hotuna

File:Ferdinand_Porsche_1930s.jpg|Ferdinand Porsche a shekarun 1930
File:Volkswagen_Beetle_1938.jpg|Volkswagen Beetle, mota ta farko da Porsche ya ƙirƙira
File:Porsche_356_1948.jpg|Porsche 356, mota ta farko ta kamfanin Porsche


## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin Waje
* Shafin Ferdinand Porsche a Porsche.com
* Tarihin Volkswagen Beetle
Aminu Alasan Dantata

**Aminu Alhassan Dantata** (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Mayu na shekara ta 1931 – ya rasu a ranar 28 ga watan Yuni na shekara ta 2025) attajiri ne kuma Dan kasuwa daga jihar Kano, Najeriya. Yana ɗaya daga cikin ƴaƴan Alhassan Dantata, shahararren attajirin Kano. Ya yi fice wajen harkokin kasuwanci da ayyukan agaji. 
## Rayuwa da aiki
Aminu ya fara aiki a kamfanin iyayensa **Alhassan Dantata & Sons** a shekarar 1948 a matsayin mai sayar da hatsi. Bayan rasuwar ɗan uwansa Ahmadu a 1960, ya zama shugaban kamfanin. Ya fadada harkokin kasuwanci zuwa gine-gine, man fetur, noma da banki.
Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu kafa kamfanoni kamar **Express Petroleum & Gas Company Ltd** da kuma **Jaiz Bank**.
## Siyasa
Ya shiga siyasa a shekarun 1960s inda ya wakilci mazabar Kura a **Northern House of Assembly** daga 1961 zuwa 1966. A 1967, an naɗa shi kwamishinan tsare-tsare da ci gaba a jihar Kano. Ya kuma kasance memba a cikin kwamitin da ya tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na 1979. A 1978, ya shiga cikin **National Movement** wacce ta kafa jam'iyyar **NPN**.

## Ayyukan agaji
Aminu Dantata ya kafa gidauniyar **Kano State Foundation** wadda ke tallafawa matasa da ’yan kasuwa. Ya gina cibiyoyin lafiya da makarantu da dama. Shi ne wanda ya gina cibiyar **Alhassan Dantata Haemodialysis Centre** a Asibitin Koyarwa na Aminu Kano.
## Lambar girma
An ba shi lambobin girmamawa da dama ciki har da:
* Commander of the Order of the Niger (CON)
* Lambobin girma daga jami’o’i kamar ABU Zaria, BUK, UDUS da sauransu
## Mutuwa
Aminu Dantata ya rasu a ranar 28 ga watan Yuni na shekara ta 2025 yana da shekaru 94 a duniya ya rasu a Abu Dhabi, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. Bayanai sun nuna cewa ya rasu cikin lumana bayan dogon jinya. Dangi da abokansa sun bayyana jimami da addu'o'i a garesa.

## Manazarta
Kwadwo Safo Kantanka

**Kwadwo Safo Kantanka** (an haife shi 26 Agusta 1948) ɗan kasuwa ne kuma mai ƙirƙira na ƙasar Ghana, wanda ya kafa Kantanka Automobile, kamfani na farko a Ghana da ke kera motoci a cikin gida don amfanin kasuwannin Afirka. An san shi saboda samar da motoci masu araha kamar Kantanka Omama da Onantefo, wadanda aka tsara don dacewa da yanayin hanyoyin Afirka. Aikin Safo ya nuna cewa Afirka na iya samar da motoci masu inganci, yana rage dogaro da motocin da ake shigowa da su daga waje.

## Rayuwa ta Farko
An haifi Kwadwo Safo Kantanka a ranar 26 ga Agusta 1948 a Suhum, yankin Gabas na Ghana. Ya girma a cikin iyali mai sha’awar fasaha da ƙirƙira, kuma tun yana ƙarami ya nuna sha’awar injiniyoyi da masana’antu. Safo ya kammala karatunsa a fannin injiniya a Ghana, kuma ya fara samar da kayan lantarki da na injiniya a shekarun 1970 ta hanyar kafa Kristo Asafo Mission, wanda ya haɗa da masana’antu daban-daban.

## Kantanka Automobile
A shekara ta 1998, Kwadwo Safo ya kafa Kantanka Automobile a Accra, Ghana, da nufin samar da motoci masu araha da dacewa da yanayin Afirka. Kamfanin ya fara samar da motoci a shekara ta 2005, inda ya ƙaddamar da motocin kamar Kantanka Omama (SUV) da Kantanka Onantefo (pickup truck). Motocin Kantanka ana kera su da kayan da aka samo daga cikin gida da waje, kuma sun ji daɗin shahara a Ghana saboda ƙarfinsu da araha. Kamfanin ya kuma nuna sha’awar haɗin gwiwa da masana’antun motoci na duniya, ciki har da kamfanonin Japan kamar Toyota da Nissan, don haɓaka fasaha da kasuwannin Afirka.

## Tasiri
Kwadwo Safo Kantanka ya kawo sauyi a masana’antar motoci ta Afirka ta hanyar nuna cewa kamfanonin cikin gida na iya samar da motoci masu inganci. Motocin Kantanka sun taimaka wajen rage dogaro da motocin da ake shigowa da su, musamman a Ghana, kuma sun ƙarfafa gwamnatocin Afirka su tallafa wa masana’antun cikin gida. A Najeriya, motocin Kantanka sun fara samun shahara a matsayin madadin motocin Innoson, wanda ke nuna ci gaban masana’antar motoci a yankin Afirka ta Yamma. Aikin Safo ya kuma ƙarfafa ƙirƙira a cikin matasa ta hanyar shirye-shiryen horo a masana’antar motoci.

## Rayuwarsa ta Yanzu
Har zuwa shekara ta 2025, Kwadwo Safo Kantanka yana ci gaba da jagorancin Kantanka Automobile, inda yake ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa kasuwannin kamfanin zuwa wasu ƙasashen Afirka da kuma samun haɗin gwiwa da kamfanonin duniya. Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa saboda gudummawarsa ga masana’antar motoci da ci gaban Ghana.

## Hotuna

File:Kwadwo_Safo_2010s.jpg|Kwadwo Safo Kantanka a lokacin ƙaddamar da mota a Ghana
File:Kantanka_Omama_2015.jpg|Kantanka Omama, SUV da aka ƙaddamar a 2015
File:Kantanka_Onantefo_2017.jpg|Kantanka Onantefo, pickup truck da aka kera a Ghana


## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin Waje
* Shafin Kantanka Automobile
* Tarihin Kwadwo Safo
Yaƙin Ngaundere

**Yakin Ngaundere** ko **Yaƙin Ngaoundéré** wani ɗan ƙaramin alkawari ne da aka yi tsakanin sojojin Jamus da na Biritaniya a ranar 29 ga Yuni 1915 a lokacin yaƙin Kamerun na Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya . Hakan ya haifar da fatattakar Jamus da mamaye garin da Birtaniyya ta yi.

## Fage
Bayan nasarar Allied da mika wuya Jamusawa a yakin Garua na biyu, kwamandan sojojin Faransa da na Birtaniya a yankin, Janar Cunliffe, ya kasance da kwarin gwiwa na turawa cikin yankin Kamerun na Jamus. Ya tura wata tawagarsa a karkashin jagorancin Laftanar Kanar Webb-Bowen mai tazarar kilomita 150 kudu maso gabas zuwa garin Ngaundere da ke kan hanyar da ta tashi daga arewacin turawan zuwa tsakiyar yankin tsakiyar kasar inda sabon babban birnin Jamus da tarin dakarun soji yake. 

## Yaƙi
Karamin rukunin gaba karkashin jagorancin Kyaftin Fowle ya isa Ngaundere a ranar 29 ga watan Yunin 1915 bayan da suka yi tattaki cikin wata mummunar guguwa da ta haifar da guguwa. Lokacin da babban rundunan ya iso, har yanzu guguwar ta dade a cikin garin. Sakamakon haka, sojojin Birtaniya sun iya ba da mamaki ga sojojin da ke da yawa daga cikin sansanin Jamus tare da kama su kafin wani fada ya faru.  A wasu sansanonin, duk da haka, an yi fafatawa wanda ya yi sanadin jikkatar wasu 'yan ta'addan na Burtaniya.  Bayan da aka fatattaki sojojin Jamus daga Ngaundere, sai suka kaddamar da farmakin da turawan Ingila suka fatattaki. 

## Bayan haka
Korar da sojojin Jamus suka yi daga maboyarsu a Ngaundere na nufin ba za a samu gagarumin turjiya a arewacin Kamerun ba. Ya ba ginshiƙan Janar Cunliffe damar samun 'yanci don matsawa kudu zuwa tsakiyar tsakiyar yankin. Birtaniya sun bi sojojin Jamus wadanda suka taba mamaye Ngaundere wanda ya janye zuwa Tangere. Birtaniya ta dauki wannan matsayi ba tare da fada ba a ranar 12 ga Yuli kuma ta fatattaki yunkurin Jamus na sake kwace shi a ranar 23 ga Yuli.  Dakarun Jamus sun sake janyewa zuwa Tibati .  Duk da haka, saboda ruwan sama mai yawa da sauran ƙaƙƙarfan Jamus a Mora, Cunliffe ba zai ci gaba da tafiya kudu ba har zuwa Oktoba. Rundunarsa ta isa ne a ranar 23 ga Agusta don taimakawa a cikin Siege na Mora wanda zai kasance har zuwa karshen yakin. 

## Bayanan kula

## Magana

* Bryce, James B., Holland Thomson, da William MF Petrie. Littafin Tarihi: Dalilan Yaki. Abubuwan da suka faru na 1914-1915. Vol. 16. Np: Grolier Society, 1920. Littattafan Google. 30 ga Oktoba, 2007. Yanar Gizo. 28 ga Disamba, 2012.
* Dan, Edmund. Yakin Birtaniya a Afirka da Pacific, 1914-1918,. London: Hodder da Stoughton, 1919. Littattafan Google. 12 ga Yuni 2008. Yanar Gizo. 2 Janairu 2013. .
* Hilditch, AN Battle Sketches, 1914-1915. Oxford University Press, 1915.
* Wood, Leonard, Austin M. Knight, Frederick Palmer, Frank H. Simonds, da Arthur B. Ruhl. Labarin Babban Yaƙin: Tare da Cikakkun Bayanan Tarihi na Abubuwan da suka faru har zuwa yau. Ed. Francis J. Reynolds, Allen L. Churchill, da Francis T. Miller. Vol. 6. Np: PF Collier & Sons, 1916. Littattafan Google. Yanar Gizo. 28 ga Disamba, 2012.
Carrol Shelby

**Carroll Hall Shelby** (11 Janairu 1923 – 10 Mayu 2012) direban tsere ne, injiniya, kuma ɗan kasuwa na ƙasar Amurka, wanda ya kafa Shelby American, kamfani mai ƙirƙirar motocin tsere da na alfarma. An san shi saboda ƙirƙirar Shelby Cobra da kuma haɓaka motocin Ford Mustang masu ƙarfi, kamar Shelby GT350. Aikin Shelby ya sa motocin Amurka suka zama masu gasa da motocin Turai a gasannin tsere.

## Rayuwa ta Farko
An haifi Carroll Shelby a ranar 11 ga Janairu 1923 a Leesburg, Texas, Amurka. Ya ji sha’awar motoci tun yana ƙarami, kuma bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin matukin jirgin yaƙi, ya fara shiga gasannin motoci. A shekarun 1950, ya zama direban tsere mai nasara, inda ya ci gasar Le Mans a shekara ta 1959 a matsayin direban Aston Martin.

## Shelby Cobra da Ford Mustang
A shekara ta 1962, Carroll Shelby ya ƙirƙiri Shelby Cobra, mota mai ƙarfi da aka gina ta hanyar haɗa injin Ford V8 da jikin motar AC Ace ta Birtaniya. Cobra ta zama sananne saboda saurinta da nasararta a gasannin motoci. A shekara ta 1965, Shelby ya fara haɗin gwiwa da Ford don haɓaka motocin Mustang, inda ya ƙirƙiri Shelby GT350 da GT500, wadanda suka zama alamun motocin Amurka masu ƙarfi.

## Tasiri
Carroll Shelby ya kawo sauyi a masana’antar motoci ta Amurka ta hanyar nuna cewa motocin Amurka na iya gasa da motocin Turai kamar Ferrari da Porsche. Motocin Shelby Cobra da Shelby Mustang sun zama abubuwan tarihi, kuma sun ji daɗin shahara a kasuwannin duniya. A Najeriya, motocin Ford Mustang, musamman na Shelby, ana ganin su a matsayin motocin alfarma da ake amfani da su a lokutan bukukuwa.

## Rayuwarsa ta Ƙarshe
Carroll Shelby ya rasu a ranar 10 ga Mayu 2012 a Dallas, Texas. Ya bar gado mai girma, kuma kamfanin Shelby American har yanzu yana samar da motoci masu ƙarfi da ƙirƙira.

## Hotuna

File:Carroll_Shelby_1960s.jpg|Carroll Shelby a lokacin gasar motoci a shekarun 1960
File:Shelby_Cobra_1962.jpg|Shelby Cobra, mota ta farko ta Shelby American
File:Shelby_GT350_1965.jpg|Shelby GT350 Mustang, da aka ƙaddamar a 1965


## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin Waje
* Shafin Carroll Shelby a Shelby.com
* Tarihin Shelby Mustang
Ruth Hayman

**Ruth Hayman** (1913 - 1981) lauya ce kuma mai fafutukar yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko a Afirka ta Kudu da suka cancanci zama lauya. Ta hanyar ƙungiyar Black Sash, Hayman ta ba da shawarar shari'a kyauta ga mutane da yawa, yawanci mata, waɗanda suka tunkari Cibiyar Shawarwari ta Black Sash a Johannesburg, kuma sau da yawa ta bayyana kanta a kotu don ta wakilce su. Ta kuma kare masu fafutukar yaki da wariyar launin fata Walter da Adelaine Hain, iyayen Ministan Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya Peter Hain.

Ayyukanta sun kawo mata adawa kai tsaye da gwamnatin Jam'iyyar National Party, kuma a ranar 22 ga watan Afrilun 1966 an ba ta umarnin "haramta" a ƙarƙashin Dokar Suppression of Communism kuma aka tsare ta a gida. "Wannan haramcin ya kasance, a cewar Sydney Kentridge," ba za a iya bayyana shi ba a kan zaton cewa horo ne ga aikinta na sana'a' ('Legal Aid and Political Trials' in *Legal Aid in South Africa* (1974) 215). Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Transvaal ta ƙi zuwa ga taimakonta. Wannan ya aika da sako ga lauyoyi. " (Dugard, J., 2004, p508)Hayman ta ƙaura zuwa Landan tare da mijinta Mervyn Lazar a shekara ta 1968, kuma ta kasance majagaba a fagen koyar da Turanci a matsayin yare na biyu. A shekarar 1977 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar koyar da turanci ta ƙasa a matsayin harshen na biyu ga manya. Yanzu an sake masa suna zuwa NATECLA. Ruth Hayman Trust, wanda aka kafa don tunawa da ita, yana ba da ƙananan tallafi na sirri don tallafawa ilimi da horar da manya da ke zaune a Birtaniya kuma wanda harshensu na farko ba Turanci ba ne.

An haife ta a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu a cikin watan Fabrairu 1913, kuma ta mutu a London, Ingila a cikin watan Oktoba 1981.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin sunayen mutanen da aka haramtawa oda a karkashin mulkin wariyar launin fata

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Ruth Hayman Trust
Viola Hashe

**Viola Hashe** (1926-1977) malama ce, mai fafutukar yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata kuma 'yar kungiyar kwadago a Afirka ta Kudu. Hashe kuma ta kasance makauniya.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Hashe a cikin shekarar 1926 a cikin Orange Free State.  Ta fara aiki da kungiyoyin kwadago sannan ta shiga jam’iyyar ANC a shekarun 1950.  Ta zama mamba a kungiyar kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu (SACTU) a tsakiyar shekarun 1950.  A shekara ta 1956, ta yi aiki a kungiyar ma'aikatan tufafi ta Afirka ta Kudu (SACWU) inda ta zama mace ta farko da ta jagoranci ƙungiyar 'yan Afirka ta Kudu baki ɗaya.  Hashe ta yi magana ne a taron SACTU da aka yi a Durban inda ta tattauna batun takardar izinin mata, tunda ba a ba mata damar riƙe katin ba.

Hashe ta zama mace ta farko da aka yi barazanar kora daga ƙasar a ƙarƙashin dokar yankunan Birane a shekarar 1956.  Ta sami shawarar Shulamith Muller, kuma an soke umarnin fitar da ita "da kyar sa'o'i bakwai kafin a fara aiki."  A cikin shekarar 1963, an dakatar da Hashe a ƙarƙashin Dokar Suppression of Communism Act, 1950 sannan kuma "an taƙaita Roodepoort " har zuwa mutuwarta a shekarar 1977. 

Hashe ta rinjayi mutane da yawa waɗanda suka zama masu fafutuka ko waɗanda suka riga sun yi aiki a matsayin masu fafutuka. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Bertha Gxowa,  Mabel Balfour, da Mary Moodley.  An sanya wa wani reshe na kungiyar matasa ta African National Congress Youth sunan Hashe. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin sunayen mutanen da aka haramtawa oda a karkashin mulkin wariyar launin fata

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Viola Hashe
* Ma Hashe - Haƙiƙa ɗan Afirka
John Harris (mai fafutuka)

**Frederick John Harris** (4 Yuli 1937 - 1 Afrilu 1965) malamin makaranta ne ɗan Afirka ta Kudu kuma mai fafutukar yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata wanda ya koma ta'addanci kuma aka kashe shi bayan wani harin bam a tashar jirgin ƙasa. Ya kasance shugaban kungiyar SANROC (Kwamitin Olympics na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ba na launin fata ba), wanda a shekarar 1964 ya buƙaci kwamitin Olympics na ƙasa da ƙasa  da ya cire Afirka ta Kudu daga gasar Olympics saboda ta buga tawagar farar fata kawai. Bayan da aka kama shi kan harkokin siyasa, ya zama mamba a kungiyar gwagwarmaya ta Afrika (ARM). 

## Laifi
A ranar 24 ga watan Yuli 1964, Harris ya kira 'yan sandan Railway na Johannesburg don ya sanar da su cewa an dasa bam a kan dandalin fararen fata kawai a tashar Johannesburg. Bam ɗin ya tashi ne jim kaɗan bayan mutuwar wata mata mai shekaru 77 tare da jikkata wasu 23.

## Shari'a da kisa
David Sogot ya wakilta Harris a gaban shari'a, wanda daga baya ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun lauyoyin 'yancin ɗan adam na Afirka ta Kudu. An yanke wa Harris hukuncin kisa, kuma aka rataye shi a ranar 1 ga watan Afrilu 1965.  Ya je gungume yana rera We Shall Overcome, wakar zanga-zangar kare hakkin jama'a. 

## Jana'iza da Martaba
A lokacin kona shi, ɗan shekara 15 mai suna Peter Hain (wanda iyalinsa suka yi abota da Harris) ya tsaya ya karanta  *lokacin kisa da lokacin warkarwa; lokacin rushewa da lokacin gini*.  An gudanar da wani abin tunawa don tunawa da rayuwar Harris a wajen bikin cika shekaru 40 da mutuwarsa a Park Freedom a Pretoria.

Harris shi ne kawai farar fata da aka kashe saboda laifukan da aka aikata domin adawa da nuna wariyar launin fata.  Shugaban ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu, Jacob Zuma, ya karrama dukkan waɗanda aka zartar da hukuncin kisa kan laifukan, a yayin bikin kaddamar da gidan adana kayan tarihi na Gallows a babban gidan gyaran hali na C Max Pretoria a ranar 15 ga watan Disamba, 2011: "Mutanen 134 'yan ta'adda ne ko masu tayar da hankali ga hukumomi a lokacin. Amma ga jama'arsu da iyalansu, sun kasance masu fafutukar 'yanci da ke son ganin Afirka ta Kudu mai 'yanci, dimokuraɗiyya da kuma ba tare da yanci ba."

## Manazarta
 

## Bayanan kula

* 
*
*

## Kara karantawa

*

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Tribute: A lokacin bikin tunawa da John Harris (1937 - 1965) a Tarihin Afirka ta Kudu akan layi.
* Frederick John Harris a Tarihin Afirka ta Kudu akan layi
Raphael Onyedika

**Raphael Onyedika Nwadike An haife shi 19 ga watan Afrilu 2001) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Belgium Brugge da kuma [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya]] .

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Midtjylland ===
Onyedika ya kasance yana buga wasan kwallon kafa a titi kafin ya kuma koma ƙungiyar FC Ebedei ta Najeriya yana da shekaru 15.  Bayan shekaru uku a Ebedei, Onyedika ya shiga makarantar FC Midtjylland da ke Denmark, ƙungiyar da ke da alaka da FC Ebedei, jim kadan bayan cika shekaru 18 da haihuwa.

A cikin cikakken kakarsa ta farko a FC Midtjylland, ya burge a U19 League da kuma a cikin UEFA Youth League tare da jikinsa, saurinsa da salon wasansa. A kan 1 Yulin shekarar 2020, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin ƙwararrun shekaru biyar na farko tare da ƙungiyar har zuwa Yuni 2025.  Don samun ƙarin gogewa, an ba da Onyedika aro ga ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta Midtjylland, Danish 1st Division -side FC Fredericia, akan 19 ga Agustan shekara ta 2020 na tsawon lokacin 2020-21.  Onyedika ya taka rawar gani a matsayin aro inda ya buga wasanni 28 kuma ya zura kwallaye uku. Kakar ta yi kyau sosai, Ɗan Najeriyar ya samu shiga cikin jerin gwarzayen wasanni na TV3 a gasar Danish 1st Division.

Onyedika ya koma Midtjylland a lokacin rani na shekarar 2021 kuma an ƙara masa girma zuwa tawagar farko.  Ya sami halarta na farko a hukumance don Midtjylland a ranar 16 ga Yuli 2021 da [[Odense BK|Odense Boldklub]], wasan farko na [[2021–22 Danish Superliga|2021 – 22 Danish Superliga]], inda yake cikin farawa kuma ya buga duka wasan.   .

=== Club Brugge ===
A ranar 28 ga Agustan shekara ta 2022, Onyedika ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar tare da Club Brugge a Belgium. 

== Ayyukan kasa da ƙasa ==
A watan Satumba na shekara ta 2022, koci José Peseiro ya fara kiran Raphael Onedika tare da [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|tawagar 'yan wasan Najeriya]] .  Ya girmama zabensa na farko a wannan taron ranar 27 ga Satumba 2022 a wasan sada zumunci da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Aljeriya|Algeria]] . Ya zo ne a madadin [[Frank Onyeka]] a wannan wasan da ‘yan Najeriya suka sha kashi (2-1 na karshe).

A ranar 29 ga Disamban shekara 2023, an zabe shi a cikin jerin 'yan wasan Najeriya 25 da José Peseiro ya zaɓa don fafatawa a [[Gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afrika 2023|gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka na 2023]] .

== Ƙididdigar sana'a ==

=== Kulob ===


=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===



: ''Maki da sakamako ne aka jera adadin kwallayen da Najeriya ta ci a farko, ginshikin maki ya nuna maki bayan kowace kwallo Onyedika.'' 



== Girmamawa ==
**Club Brugge**

* Belgian Pro League : 2023–24

* Kofin Belgium : 2024-25

**Najeriya**

* Gasar [[Gasar cin kofin Afrika|cin kofin Afrika]] ta biyu: [[Gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afrika 2023|2023]] 

**Mutum**

* [https://eaglestrackerng.com/blogs/eaglestracker-awards/2024-day-one Dan wasan tsakiya na EaglesTracker]  : 2023-24

**Umarni'''

*  Memba na odar Nijar 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Raphael Onyedika a gidan yanar gizon Club Brugge KN
*
Ross Stewart (ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa)

**Ross Mark Stewart** (an haife shi ranar 10 ga watan Afrilu, 1995) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Scotland wanda ke taka leda a matsayin Mai tsaron gida na ƙungiyar Scottish League One Queen of the South.

## Manazarta
Scott Tiffoney

**Scott Tiffoney** (an haife shi ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, 1998) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Scotland wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙwanƙwasawa na kulob din Firimiya na ƙasar Scotland Kilmarnock. Tiffoney ya fara aikinsa a tsarin matasa a St Mirren, kuma ya buga wa Greenock Morton,  Livingston,Partick Thistle da Dundee, da kuma rance da yawa.

## Manazarta
Eve Hall

**Eve Hall** (  **Steinhardt**; 20 Maris 1937 - 23 Oktoba 2007)   haifaffiyar Afirka ta Kudu ce mai fafutukar yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata, 'yar jaridar gypsy, kuma ma'aikaciyar ci gaba.   Ta zauna a Matumi, Nelspruit, Afirka ta Kudu, tare da mijinta, Tony Hall. 

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Eve Steinhardt a birnin Paris  mahaifinta Bayahude ne ɗan ƙasar Ostiriya da mahaifiyarta 'yar Jamus. WWII ya ɓarke yayin da mahaifinta ke ziyara a Afirka ta Kudu. Mahaifiyarta, Elise, ta ƙi sanya tauraro mai launin rawaya a kan tufafin ɗiyarta. An kashe mahaifiyar mahaifiyar Eve's  da kakarta duka a lokacin Holocaust, na ƙarshen ya mutu a Treblinka.  Ita da mahaifiyarta sun je don haɗuwa da mahaifin Eve a Afirka ta Kudu bayan yakin.&#x5B; ** &#x5D; Ta halarci Jami'ar Witwatersrand da Jami'ar Karatu, inda ta samu digiri na biyu na MA. Eve da Tony Hall sun haɗu a Jami'ar Witwatersrand kuma tare sun zama 'yan jarida na gypsy da ma'aikatan ci gaba. Ma’auratan sun yi aure kuma sun haifi ‘ya’ya maza uku Philip, Andy, da Christopher.

A cikin shekarar 1964, Eve da Tony Hall da 'ya'yansu uku an hana su komawa Afirka ta Kudu kamar yadda aka lissafa membobin haramtattun ƙungiyoyi.

## Aiki
Hall ita ce editan mata na *Daily Nation*, ɗaya daga cikin mahimman takardu na yau da kullum na ƙasa a Kenya. Ma’auratan sun yi aiki a wurare irin su London, Oxford, Nairobi, Delhi, da wasu kaɗan.  Ita ce jami'ar yaɗa labarai ta Oxfam a Delhi, Indiya kuma ta kaddamar da sashen mata na ANC a Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.  Hall ta kasance babbar jami'in fasaha na ILO (Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya) a Somaliya kuma ta taimaka wajen magance matsalolin da suka shafi rashin daidaiton jinsi.    Hall ta koma Afirka ta Kudu a cikin shekarar 1991 lokacin da mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata ya ƙare.

## Mutuwa
Eve Hall ta mutu sakamakon cutar kansar nono a shekarar 2007 a Matumi, Nelspruit, Afirka ta Kudu, tana da shekaru 70. Takabar ta ƙare a shekara ta 2008. 

## Manazarta
Jeffrey Schlupp

**Jeffrey Schlupp** (an haife shi ranar 23 ga watan Disamba, 1992) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke buga wa kungiyar Celtic ta Firimiya ta Scotland, a aro daga kulob din Crystal Palace .  Dan wasa ne mai amfani,Schlupp ya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan hagu, dan wasan tsakiya, dan wasan hagu ko na gaba acikin aikinsa.

Wani samfurin makarantar Leicester City, Schlupp ya fara bugawa a shekarar 2011 bayan taƙaitaccen aro ga Brentford a League One . Ya cigaba da buga wasanni 150 a kulob din, inda ya lashe gasar zakarun EFL a 2013-14 da kuma Premier League a shekara ta 2015-16. Acikin shekarar 2017, Crystal Palace ta sanya hannu a kansa, wanda ya buga wasanni sama da 200.

An haife shi a Jamus kuma ya girma a Ingila, Schlupp ya fara buga wa Ghana wasa a shekara ta 2011,kuma ya buga wasanni 20 a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa.

## Manazarta
Jackie Bezos

**Jackie Bezos**
Jacklyn Bezos (née Gise, tsohon Jorgensen; an haife shi Disamba 29, 1946 kuma ya mutu a ranar 14 ga Agusta, 2025) ita ce mahaifiyar Jeff da Mark Bezos. Ta ba da hannun jari na farko don ƙaddamar da Amazon.com. A matsayinta na mai ba da agaji, ita ce wacce ta kafa gidauniyar Bezos Family Foundation.
**Rayuwar farko**
Jacklyn Bezos an haife shi azaman Jacklyn Gise akan Disamba 29, 1946,ga Lawrence Preston Gise (1915-1995) wanda ya yi aiki a dakunan gwaje-gwaje na Kasa na Sandia  da Mattie Louise Strait Gise (1915-1977).Ta girma a Bernalillo, New Mexico,  kuma ta halarci makarantar sakandare an Albuquerque.Dan uwanta na biyu shine mawakin kasar George Strait.

A makarantar sakandare, Jacklyn ya haɗu da Ted Jorgensen mai keken keke. Ta yi ciki a shekara ta 1963 lokacin da Jorgensen ya kasance 18 kuma tana da shekaru 16, jim kadan kafin su yi aure a Ciudad Juárez, Mexico. Sun yi buki na biyu a Amurka a ranar 19 ga Yuli a wannan shekarar.Jacklyn ta haifi Jeff Bezos a ranar 12 ga Janairu, 1964,  makonni biyu bayan haihuwarta ta 17.Sun sanya wa yaron suna Jeffrey Preston Jorgensen lokacin haihuwa.Sakandarenta ya nemi hana ta kammala karatunta, amma daga baya ta hakura, bayan ta hana ta mu’amala da sauran dalibai.

Mahaifin Jacklyn ya biya kuɗin makarantar Jorgensen, kamar yadda Jorgensen ya yi fama da kudi[2] kuma ya sha barasa da matsala.Jacklyn ta bar Jorgensen ta zauna tare da 
iyayenta, inda ta shigar da karar a watan Yuni 1965 lokacin Jeff yana da wata goma sha bakwai.
**Rayuwar manya**
Bayan ta kammala makarantar sakandare, Jacklyn ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatare, tana samun dala 190 a wata, kuma ta bar gidan iyayenta don yin hayar wani gida, tana zaune tare da Jeff. Ta yi aiki da rana kuma ta halarci makarantar dare da yamma, tana kai Jeff zuwa azuzuwan.Jacklyn ya sadu da ɗan gudun hijira na Cuba Miguel Bezos a makarantar dare, daga baya ya aure shi.Miguel Bezos, tare da goyon bayan Jorgensen, ya karɓi Jeff. Jacklyn da Miguel Bezos sun ƙaura suna kawo Jeff tare da su kuma suka nemi Jorgensen ya daina tuntuɓar, wanda ya yarda, ya bar tsare.Mutanen uku sun koma Houston, Texas.

Jacklyn Bezos ta haifi 'yarta Christina sannan ta haifi danta Mark Bezos. Shekaru ashirin bayan farawa, Jacklyn ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Saint Elizabeth yana da shekaru 40.A cikin 1995, Jacklyn da Miguel sun ba Jeff rancen dalar Amurka 245,573 don fara Amazon.com, suna ba su duka 6% daidaito. Daga baya suka ƙaura zuwa Florida.Jacklyn da mijinta sun kasance masu haɗin gwiwar, kuma manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga, Bezos Family Foundation.Ta hanyar tushe, sun ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 710.5 ga Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Fred Hutchinson
## manazarta
Imanni Da Silva

**Imanni da Silva** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1981) wani samfurin Angola ne, mai fafutukar kare hakkin ɗan adam kuma mai fasaha na gani, wanda shine farkon samfurin transgender daga nahiyar Afirka. Ta yi gasar kyau da yawa, kuma a yanzu ma ta zama alkali a cikinsu. A cikin 2023 an ba ta lambar yabo ta 'Personality of the Year' a cikin Kyautar Mutanen Queer.

## Sana'a
Da Silva abin koyi ne, mai fasaha kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam, wanda ake la'akari da shi a matsayin samfurin transgender na farko a nahiyar Afirka.   Ta yi takara a cikin gasa masu kyau iri-iri, kamar fafatawa a Miss International Queen a Thailand a 2012.   A cikin 2018, Da Silva ta kasance mai takara a cikin Super Sireyna Worldwide, inda aka sanya ta 1st Runner-Up.   Ta kasance alkali ga Miss Grand Angola 2023 .  Ita ce babbar nasara ta farko na 'Personality of the Year' a lambar yabo ta Queer People a cikin 2023. 

A cikin 2018, Da Silva ta buɗe baje kolin fasahar solo na farko, wanda ya yi magana da mata a matsayin cibiyar kirkire-kirkire na zane-zane goma sha biyar da aka nuna.   A cikin 2022 ta kasance mai ba da gudummawa ga baje kolin *Expressão Feminina* wanda ya gudana a Cibiyar Al'adu ta Brazil a Angola. 

Da Silva ya yi magana game da tasirin hare-haren transphobic da ta sha a duk lokacin da take aiki; ita babbar murya ce mai ba da shawarwari game da tashin hankali, gami da cin zarafi na jiki, waɗanda ke fama da masu canza jinsi, a Angola da sauran wurare.   Ita ce ke jagorantar yunƙurin yancin transgender na Angolan *[[Movimento Eu Sou Trans]] ,* wanda aka kafa a ranar 31 ga Maris 2019.  Ta kuma yi magana game da yadda al'ummomi da yawa ke yin lalata da masu canza jinsi, kuma suna danganta wannan jima'i da rashin mutunta jama'a. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Da Silva ta fara canjin jinsi a cikin 2007 tare da maganin hormone, kuma a cikin 2011 an yi mata tiyata mai tabbatar da jinsi a Ingila. 

## Magana
Gaultheria trichophylla

**Gaultheria trichophylla**, wanda aka fi sani da Himalayan snowberry, nau'in tsiro ne na tsiro a cikin dangin heather da heather, ɗan asalin Himalayas. Furanni suna da launi daga ja, zuwa ruwan hoda, zuwa fari; 'ya'yan itatuwa berries ne masu launin shuɗi; kuma ganyen sun kai kusan mm 3 (0.12 in) tsayi.

A cikin juzu'i ɗaya daga cikin littafinsa Illustrations of the Botany and Other Branches of the Natural History of the Himalayan Mountains, da kuma na Flora na Cashmere, J. Forbes Royle ya rubuta wannan game da na halitta mazaunin G. trichophylla: "Wannan shuka shi ne mazaunin sanyi da maɗaukaki yanayi, kamar yadda Jumnotri, saman Chos, da tsabar kudi da ke kewaye da halin da ake ciki, da yawa daga cikin shuke-shuken da ke kewaye da su. Saitae a kan ƙananan rassan sama, mai yiwuwa don kare su daga tsananin sanyi.

## Manazarta
BESM-6

**BESM-6** (Rashanci: БЭСМ-6, gajere don БольSHAYA эlektronno-schёtnaya mashina, watau 'Large Electronic Calculating Machine') kwamfuta ce ta Soviet lantarki ta jerin BESM.

## Dubawa
BESM-6 shine samfurin da aka fi sani kuma mai tasiri na jerin da aka tsara a Cibiyar Ingantattun Makanikai da Injiniyan Kwamfuta. An kammala zane a cikin 1965. An fara samarwa a cikin 1968 kuma ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru 19 masu zuwa.

Kamar magabata na BESM-3 da BESM-4, asalin BESM-6 ya dogara ne akan transistor (duk da haka, sigar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin 1980s a matsayin ɓangaren babbar kwamfuta ta Elbrus an gina shi tare da haɗaɗɗun da'irori). Mai sarrafa na'ura mai nauyin 48-bit na injin yana aiki da saurin agogo 10 MHz kuma ya ƙunshi bututun koyarwa guda biyu, daban don sarrafawa da raka'o'in lissafi, da cache na bayanai na kalmomi 48-bit goma sha shida. Tsarin ya sami aikin 1 MIPS. CDC 6600, babban na'urar kwamfuta ta Yamma gama gari lokacin da aka saki BESM-6, ta cimma kusan MIPS 2.

Ƙwaƙwalwar tsarin ta kasance mai iya magana da kalma ta amfani da adiresoshin 15-bit. Matsakaicin sararin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar da za a iya magana da shi ya kasance haka 32K kalmomi (192K bytes). Tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai ƙyalli ya ba da izinin faɗaɗa wannan har zuwa kalmomi 128K (768K bytes).

An yi amfani da BESM-6 sosai a cikin USSR a cikin 1970s don ayyuka daban-daban na lissafi da sarrafawa. A lokacin Aikin Gwajin Apollo-Soyuz na 1975 sarrafa bayanan isar da saƙon sararin samaniya ya sami cim ma sabon hadadden kwamfuta wanda ya dogara akan BESM-6. Aikin sarrafa bayanan aikin Apollo-Soyuz na masana kimiyyar Soviet ya ƙare rabin sa'a kafin abokan aikinsu na Amurka daga NASA.

An gina jimlar 355 na waɗannan injuna. Production ya ƙare a 1987.

A matsayin kwamfutar Soviet ta farko da aka shigar da tushe wanda yake da girma na lokacin, BESM-6 ta tattara al'umma mai sadaukarwa. A cikin shekaru da yawa tsarin aiki [7] da compilers na shirye-shirye harsuna kamar Fortran, ALGOL da Pascal aka ɓullo da.

Gyaran BESM-6 dangane da haɗaɗɗun da'irori, tare da mafi girma sau 2-3 fiye da na'ura ta asali, an samar da ita a cikin 1980s a ƙarƙashin sunan Elbrus-1K2 a matsayin ɓangaren Elbrus supercomputer.

A cikin 1992, ɗayan injunan BESM-6 na ƙarshe ya sayi kayan tarihin Kimiyya a London, Ingila.

## Manazarta
Tsohuwar hedkwatar gwamnatin Jamus a Douala

**Tsohuwar hedkwatar gwamnatin Jamus** dake Douala wani gini ne da Jamusawa suka gina a cikin 1891 a cikin salon Prussian na gargajiya.

## Tarihi
Tsakanin 1891 zuwa 1901, ginin ya karbi bakuncin hedkwatar gudanarwa na Jamus na farko a Kamaru. Daga nan aka mayar da hedkwatar zuwa Buea, sannan aka koma Douala a 1908 bayan fashewar Dutsen Kamaru.

Gwamnan Jamus na farko, Julius von Soden, a ofis daga 1885 zuwa 1891, ya raba ƙasar zuwa yankunan gudanarwa. Von Soden ya kaddamar da kamfen na soji galibi a cikin yankin bayan gida, inda ya mika masarautun cikin gida tare da sanya tuta da dokar Jamus. Magajinsa, Eugen von Zimmerer ya kafa 'yan sanda ta hanyar yanke shawara mai kwanan wata 16 Oktoba 1891, da kuma sojojin mulkin mallaka, watau Schutztruppe . Jami'an Jamus ne, sojojin bayi baƙar fata suka saya ko aka yi musu rajista a Togo, Benin, Najeriya, Gabon da Saliyo . An taru Schutztruppe ne don kammala mamaye sojojin da kuma kula da daular mulkin mallaka, wanda aka kalubalanci juriya na cikin gida har zuwa yakin duniya na farko.

A lokacin wa'adin Faransanci, an ƙaura babban birnin zuwa Yaoundé, tare da dokar 1 Maris 1921 kuma Babban Kwamishinan Wakilin ya mamaye ginin. Ginin a halin yanzu yana karbar bakuncin gundumar Douala 1st sous-préfécture.

A cikin 2006 an haskaka ginin da alamar birni wanda doual'art ya samar kuma Sandrine Dole ya tsara; alamar tana ba da hoton tarihi na ginin da bayanin tarihinsa. 

## Gine-gine
Yana daya daga cikin gine-gine na farko a cikin tudun Joss na Douala da aka gina a cikin siminti. Asali, yana da lebur rufin siminti-itace, an lulluɓe shi da 30&nbsp;cm lokacin farin ciki Layer na yashi. Wannan tsarin bai jure ruwan sama mai yawa ba kuma an maye gurbinsa a cikin 1900 da rufin tudu huɗu.

## Nassoshi

## Kara karantawa

* *[http://www.doualart.org/spip.php?article76 Tsohon hedkwatar gwamnatin Jamus] * a *Douala Ville d'art et d'histoire*, doual'art, Douala, 2006.
Yaƙin Tepe

**Yakin Tepe** (ko Tebe) a ranar 25 ga Agusta 1914 shine karo na farko tsakanin sojojin Jamus da Birtaniyya a lokacin yakin Kamerun a yakin duniya na farko . Rikicin dai ya faru ne a kan iyakar Najeriyar Birtaniya da Jamus Kamerun, inda ya kare da nasarar Birtaniya da kuma janyewar Jamus daga tashar.

## Gabatarwa
A ranar 4 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1914, Birtaniya ta shelanta yaki da Daular Jamus a farkon yakin duniya na farko. A ranar 8 ga watan Agusta, wasu dakaru daga Rundunar Sojojin Yammacin Afirka sun tashi daga Kano a arewacin Najeriya zuwa yankin Kamerun da Jamus ta yi wa mulkin mallaka. Wadannan sojojin Birtaniya na farko sun ketara kan iyakar kasar Jamus a ranar 25 ga Agusta.

## Yaƙi
Sojojin dawakin Birtaniya sun yi arangama da sojojin Jamus a tashar kan iyaka da ke Tepe a kan kogin Benue a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta. Bayan an gwabza kazamin fada da sojojin Jamus suka janye sannan turawan ingila suka mamaye tashar.  An samu asarar rayuka kaɗan daga yaƙin. Mamaya da Birtaniyya ta yi wa tashar ta bai wa dakarun nasu damar kara tura gabas zuwa tungar Jamus da ke Garua. Turawan Ingila sun sha kashi a yunƙurinsu na kai sansani a can a yaƙin farko na Garua kwanaki kaɗan bayan rikicin Tepe.

## Nassoshi
Nvumetta Ruth Kavuma

**Nvumetta Ruth Kavuma** wacce aka fi sani da **Ruth Kavuma** 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Uganda, 'yar rotari kuma mai ilimi. Ita ce shugabar Afirka ta farko a makarantar sakandare ta Gayaza tsawon shekaru 11 tsakanin 1990 zuwa 2002.   Bayan ta bar makarantar sakandare ta Gayaza ta shiga harkokin siyasa inda ta zama ‘yar majalisa a majalisar dokoki ta takwas a Uganda mai wakiltar gundumar Kalanga a karkashin jam’iyyar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement .   Ita ce mamba ta kafa Forum for African Women Educationalists (FAWE) kuma ita ce shugabar hukumar farko ta Uganda Chapter, kungiyar da ke ba da shawara ga ilimin yara mata. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
An haife ta a tsibirin Ssese ga James Lutaaya kuma an haife ta a makarantar sakandare ta Gayaza.  Tana da ‘ya’ya hudu. 

## Ilimi
A cikin 1963, ta shiga makarantar Gayaza Junior sannan ta shiga makarantar sakandare ta Gayaza a 1970. Ta kasance prefect kuma tana buga wasan kwallon raga. Ta yi karatun digiri a Jami’ar Makerere inda ta yi digirin ta a fannin Physics, Chemistry da Mathematics, sannan ta bar Chemistry for Psychology.

## Sana'a
Ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar hukumar tantancewa da rijista ta kasa (NIRA).       Ita mamba ce ta hanyar sadarwa ta Ministoci da 'Yan Majalisu na Afirka Reshen Uganda.  A lokacin tafiyarta ta siyasa a Majalisar Dokokin Uganda, ta yi aiki a kwamitin kudi wanda ya ba ta damar bayar da shawarwari kan albarkatun da za su tallafa wa kayayyakin kiwon lafiyar haihuwa.  Tsohuwar shugabar kungiyar Mama Alive Initiatives (MAI) ce kuma mamba a kungiyar 'yan majalisar mata a Uganda.  Ta kasance 'yar kungiyar Rotary Club na tsibirin Kampala Ssese kuma ta kasance shugabar kungiyar da ta shude kuma tsohon gwamnan kulob din.  Ta kuma jagoranci aikin gina bankin Rotary na asibitin Mengo wanda har yanzu yana aiki.  Ita mamba ce ta hukumar kula da 'ya mace Uganda kuma mamba a hukumar Kisaakate Kya Nnabagereka. 

A farkon rayuwarta, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai horar da injiniya tare da Ofishin gidan waya da sadarwa na Uganda.  Bayan wani lokaci, ta gane cewa ba ta son injiniyanci kuma ta koma Makerere don samun Diploma na Digiri a Ilimi (1979-1980).  Bayan wannan kwas sai aka tura ta zuwa Sakandaren Gayaza sannan ta tafi siyasa a shekarar 2001 kuma ta zama ‘yar majalisar wakilai daga gundumar Kalangala.  Ta bar siyasar da ke barazana ga NRM a matsayinta na jam'iyyar siyasa kan dan siyasar adawa ya karbi kujerar dan majalisar wakilai na gundumar Kalangala.  Lokacin da ta shiga makarantar sakandare ta Gayaza don koyarwa, sai aka zabe ta zuwa kungiyar iyaye da malamai a matsayin wakiliyar malamai.  Daga baya aka nada ta a matsayin mataimakiyar mai rikon kwarya kuma daga baya aka tabbatar da ita a matsayin shugabar makarantar. Wannan ya faru ne lokacin da Sheelagh Warren, shugabar makarantar ta cika shekaru 60 da yin ritaya kuma tana komawa Ingila.  A halin yanzu ita ce mai ba da shawara. 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Yanar Gizo na Majalisar Uganda
* Yanar Gizo na Gayaza High School
* Yanar Gizo don Hukumar Gudanarwa-NIRA

## Nassoshi
Africanews

**Africanews** (mai suna **africanews** ) cibiyar sadarwa ce ta 24/7 a cikin harsuna da yawa na Afirka da ke Lyon, Faransa, wadda a baya tana da hedkwata a Pointe-Noire, Jamhuriyar Kongo . Tashar labarai ta fara watsa shirye-shirye akan layi, kuma ta TV da tauraron dan adam a ranar 20 Afrilu 2016.  Gidan labarai yana da 'yan jarida 30 da kuma ma'aikatan fasaha kusan 55.

## Watsa shirye-shirye
Kamar tashar 'yar uwarta Euronews, Africanews tana gudanar da labarai da taƙaitaccen yanayi kowane rabin sa'a.

### Harsuna
A halin yanzu, ana watsa shirye-shiryen a cikin Ingilishi da Faransanci - yawancin zane-zane akan allo da taken magana na harsuna biyu ne. A cikin 2016, tashar ta yi shirin faɗaɗa tare da ɗaukar yawancin al'ummomin nahiyoyi da fitar da Swahili, Larabci, Dutch/Afrikaans, Sifen da Fotigal ba da daɗewa ba. 

### Rarrabawa

A halin yanzu ana watsa tashar a cikin ƙasashe 33 na kudu da hamadar Sahara kuma ana samun damar zuwa gidaje miliyan 7.3 ta hanyar tauraron dan adam da hanyoyin sadarwar talabijin na dijital .  Ana samun Africannews a Burtaniya, tare da wasu tashoshi na labarai na duniya da dama, ta hanyar sabis ɗin biyan kuɗin bidiyo ta kan layi NewsPlayer+  da kuma tare da Euronews akan tashar Freeview 271 ta hanyar sabis na yawo kyauta ta Channelbox. 

## Shirye-shirye

* *Good Morning Africa* : Labaran ranar mako daga karfe 6 na safe zuwa 11 na safe;
* *Labaran yau da kullun* : Labaran ranar mako daga 11 na safe zuwa 6 na yamma;
* *Babban Ɗabi'a* : Bulletin labaran ranar mako daga 6 na yamma zuwa 11 na yamma;
* *The Nightshift* : Labaran ranar mako daga 11pm zuwa 6am;
* *Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙasashen Duniya* : Bulletin labaran karshen mako;
* *Wannan Al'ada ce!* : Kullum kallon al'adu da nishaɗi;
* *Sci_Tech* : Sabbin labaran kimiyya da fasaha;
* *No|Comment* : Hotunan da babu sharhi;
* *Météo Africa* / *Duniya Météo* : Hasashen yanayin ku na yau da kullun;
* *Kiran Safiya* : Samun duk manyan labarun da suka faru a cikin dare ko safiya, watsa shirye-shiryen safiya na mako-mako daga 6 zuwa 11 (kawai sa'a ɗaya na farko yana rayuwa, wasu an riga an rubuta su);
* *Kasuwancin Afirka* : Tattaunawa na mako-mako na mintuna 8 akan labaran kasuwanci da kasuwanni a Afirka da ma duniya baki daya, kai tsaye a daren Alhamis da karfe 8:15 (tare da maimaitawa har zuwa karfe 11:15 sai lokacin cin abinci na Juma'a da karshen mako);
* *Planet Planet* : Tattaunawa na mako-mako na mintuna 10 akan labaran kwallon kafa a Afirka da Turai, kai tsaye a daren Litinin da karfe 8:15 (tare da maimaitawa har zuwa 11:15 sannan ranar Talata);
* *Mayar da hankali* : Rahoton duniya mai zurfi;
* *Tattaunawar Duniya* : Tattaunawa da wani ɗan jarida na Africanews kuma mai yanke shawara na duniya;
* *Ɗabi'ar Ƙasashen Duniya* : Binciken minti 10 na mako-mako na labaran mako da ke yin kanun labarai, wanda Euronews ke aiki;
* *Kasuwanni* : Kudi, kasuwannin Afirka da kayayyaki;
* *Timeout Africa* : Abubuwan da suka faru na Afirka.

## Nassoshi