Alexander Altmann

**Alexander Altmann** (16 ga Afrilu, 1906 - 6 ga Yuni, 1987) malamin addinin Yahudawa ne kuma malamin addinin Orthodox wanda aka haifa a Kassa, Austria-Hungary ( Košice, Slovakia a yanzu). Ya yi ƙaura zuwa Ingila a 1938 kuma daga baya ya zauna a Amurka, yana aiki mai kyau na tsawon shekaru goma da rabi a matsayin farfesa a Sashen Falsafa a Jami'ar Brandeis . Ya fi shahara da karatunsa na tunanin Moses Mendelssohn, kuma hakika shi ne babban malamin Mendelssohn tun lokacin Mendelssohn da kansa.  Ya kuma bayar da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga nazarin sihirin Yahudawa, kuma a mafi yawan aikinsa shi kaɗai ne malami a Amurka wanda ke aiki akan wannan fanni a cikin yanayin ilimi kawai.  Daga cikin ɗaliban Brandeis da yawa waɗanda aikinsa ya kula da su a wannan fanni akwai Elliot Wolfson, Arthur Green, Heidi Ravven, Paul Mendes-Flohr, Lawrence Fine, da Daniel Matt .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Altmann ɗa ne ga Malwine Weisz da Adolf Altmann (1879-1944), Babban Malamin Trier, ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin al'ummomin Yahudawa a Jamus . Ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin falsafa daga Jami'ar Berlin a 1931, inda ya rubuta takardar digirinsa kan falsafar Max Scheler, kuma an naɗa shi rabbin a makarantar Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary ta Berlin a wannan shekarar. Daga 1931 zuwa 1938 ya yi aiki a matsayin rabbin a Berlin kuma farfesa a fannin falsafar Yahudawa a makarantar hauza. Bayan ya gudu daga Jamus ta Nazi a 1938, Altmann ya yi aiki a matsayin rabbin jama'a a Manchester, Ingila daga 1938 zuwa 1959. An zaɓe shi ya zama memba na Ƙungiyar Adabi da Falsafa ta Manchester a 1942.  A Manchester, ban da nauyin da ke kansa a matsayin shugaban al'umma, ya ci gaba da gudanar da karatunsa na ilimi da kansa, inda ya buga fassarar da sharhin Imani da Ra'ayoyin Saadia a 1946 *.* Ayyukansa na ilimi a ƙarshe sun sa ya kafa kuma ya jagoranci Cibiyar Nazarin Yahudawa daga 1953 zuwa 1958, wanda a lokacin wata cibiya ce mai zaman kanta. Ya gyara *Jaridar Nazarin Yahudawa* da *Scripta Judaica* a can kuma ya rubuta aikinsa akan Isaac Israel . Yayin da Altmann yake a Manchester, ana ɗaukar Bert Trautmann, tsohon soja na Jamus ta Nazi kuma fursunan yaƙi, a matsayin ɗan wasa na Manchester City Football Club, wanda ke da magoya bayan Yahudawa da yawa; Altmann ya amince, duk da cewa Nazi sun kashe iyayensa da sauran 'yan uwansa. Shiga tsakani na Altmann wataƙila ya zama babban abin da ya sa tsohon soja ya shiga ƙungiyar. Trautmann ya ci gaba da zama mai tsaron gida mai nasara. 

Bayan tabbatar da makomar Cibiyar Nazarin Yahudawa ta hanyar kawo ta ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kwalejin Jami'ar London, a shekarar 1959, Altmann ya bar Ingila ya shiga sashen Jami'ar Brandeis da ke Waltham, Massachusetts, Amurka. Yana da shekaru 53 a wannan lokacin kuma marubucin littattafai kusan 100, nadin Brandeis shine matsayin jami'a na farko na Altmann.  Ya yi aiki a Brandeis a matsayin *Farfesa Philip W. Lown na Falsafar Yahudawa da Tarihin Ra'ayoyi* tun daga shekarar 1959 har zuwa lokacin da ya hau kan karagarsa zuwa farfesa emeritus sannan ya yi ritaya daga baya a shekarar 1976. An zaɓe shi a matsayin Fellow na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekarar 1967.  A cewar Alfred Ivry, Altmann shi ma babban mai tasiri ne wajen siyan cikakken tarin Vatican Hebraica akan microfilm ga Brandeis. 

Daga 1976 zuwa 1978, Altmann farfesa ne mai ziyara a Harvard da kuma Jami'ar Hebrew, kuma daga 1978 har zuwa mutuwarsa, ya kasance mataimakin Cibiyar Nazarin Yahudawa ta Jami'ar Harvard. A duk lokacin da yake zaune a yankin Boston ( Cibiyar Newton a takaice), koyaushe yana mai da gidansa wurin taro ga malaman Yahudawa da ɗalibansu,  sau da yawa yana ba su masauki don abincin Asabar . Ƙishin Altmann na sabon ilimi bai taɓa raguwa ba, ko da a shekarunsa na ƙarshe. Lawrence Fine ya ba da labarin halartar wani darasi a kan harshen Coptic da aka bayar a Jami'ar Brandeis a farkon shekarun saba'in, amma sai ya sami Altmann mai shekaru 65 a can - a matsayin ɗalibi na ɗaya - Altmann, mai shekaru 65, yana sha'awar samun sabuwar ƙwarewa. 

A shekarar 1983, Farfesa Altmann ya shiga sabuwar majami'ar Orthodox da aka kafa a Newton, Massachusetts, a Congregation Shaarei Tefillah . Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban memba na Kwamitin Malaman Yahudawa na majami'ar, wanda sauran membobinsa abokan aikinsa ne na Brandeis, Farfesa Nahum Sarna da Marvin Fox, Farfesa Lester Segal na UMass Boston, da Farfesa Louis Dickstein na Kwalejin Wellesley.

Baya ga halartar ayyukan majami'u akai-akai da tarurrukan kwamiti, Farfesa Altmann ya gabatar da wa'azi da laccoci masu ban sha'awa da kuma laccoci masu kyau. Ya kuma bayyana abubuwan da ya fuskanta a matsayin malamin coci a Berlin a shekarun 1930, lokacin da ya isar da saƙonnin tallafi ga yawan Yahudawa da suka koma addinin yahudawa a lokacin da barazanar Nazi ke ƙaruwa. Dole ne ya rubuta waɗannan saƙonnin, don guje wa tsokanar wakilan Gestapo da ke halarta don sa ido kan juyin juya hali na kin jinin Yahudawa. Kamar yadda abokinsa, Farfesa Jacob Katz, ya lura, a cikin wani jawabi da aka buga daga baya, Farfesa Altmann ya sami kwarin gwiwa sosai da damar da Shaarei Tefillah ya ba shi na sake gabatar da wa'azi da jawabai masu kyau a cikin majami'ar yahudawa.

Ya bar Jamus tare da iyalansa a shekarar 1938 don karɓar muƙamin malaman addinin Kirista a Manchester, Ingila. A matsayinsa na ɗan takarar wannan muƙamin, ana sa ran zai yi wa'azi a can da Turanci. Ya rubuta shi da Jamusanci kuma ya gabatar da shi a fassara. A shekarar 1983, ba wai kawai ya ƙware a Turanci ba, har ma ya koyi yin magana da shi da iya magana mai ban mamaki.(≤ https://www.shaarei.org/≥ )

Altmann ya mutu a Boston, Amurka a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1987.

## Ayyuka
A cikin dogon aikinsa na ilimi, Altmann ya samar da wasu muhimman ayyuka a cikin Jamusanci, Ingilishi, da Ibrananci, waɗanda aka lissafa wasu daga cikinsu a ƙasa. Na ɗan gajeren lokaci a farkon aikinsa, ya shiga cikin gina tauhidin Yahudawa, amma wannan aikin bai ƙare ba, kuma manyan abubuwan da ya fi mayar da hankali a kai sun koma ga falsafar Yahudawa ta zamanin da da kuma sihiri, musamman aikin masanin falsafar Yahudawa mai suna Moses Mendelssohn . Daga cikin manufofinsa na yin aikinsa a kan Mendelssohn akwai dawo da wannan muhimmin mutum Bayahude da aka amince da shi a matsayin masanin falsafa na asali kuma mai zurfin tunani, ba wai kawai mai yada tunanin wayewa ba.  Aikinsa akan Isaac Isra'ila, masanin falsafar Yahudawa na farko na zamanin da, shi ma ya ceci wannan mai tunani daga abin da ya gani a matsayin duhu mara cancanta. 

A cikin littafinsa Maimonides on the Intellect and the Scope of Metaphysics (1986), Altmann ya bambanta da fassarar Shlomo Pines na 1979 game da Maimonides a matsayin mai shakkar falsafa, yana jayayya cewa Maimonides ya ga ainihin ƙima a cikin harkar falsafa, kuma ya yi imanin cewa zai iya samar da gaskiya ta gaske.

An gabatar da cikakken littafin tarihin ayyukan Altmann kusan 250 da aka buga a cikin Littafin Rubuce-rubucen da aka buga na Alexander Altmann . Wasu daga cikin shahararrun an jera su a ƙasa:

* *[[Saadia Gaon|Saadya Gaon]] : Littafin Koyarwa da Imani* (bugu mai taƙaice da aka fassara daga Larabci tare da gabatarwa da bayanin kula), a cikin *Falsafa Uku na Yahudawa*, Atheneum, New York, 1969
* tare da Samuel Miklos Stern : *Isaac ɗan Isra'ila : Masanin Falsafa na Neoplatonic na Farkon ƙarni na Goma.* *Ayyukansa An Fassara su da Sharhi da Tsarin Falsafarsa*, Oxford University Press, 1958, an sake bugawa, Greenwood Press, 1979.
* *Manufofin Littafi Mai Tsarki: Asali da Sauye-sauye*, Harvard University Press, 1966.
* *Musa Mendelssohn's Fruehschriften zur Metaphysik*, Mohr (Tuebingen, Jamus), 1969.
* *Nazarin Falsafar Addini da Sirrin Sufi*, Cornell University Press, 1969.
* *Moses Mendelssohn : Nazarin Tarihin Rayuwa*, Jami'ar Alabama Press, 1973.
* *Makaloli a Tarihin Hankali na Yahudawa*, Jami'ar Press ta New England don Brandeis University Press, 1981.
* *Makaloli a cikin Yahudanci* (a cikin Ibrananci), Tel-Aviv, 1982.
* *Altmann, Alexander, da Alfred L. Ivry. Ma'anar Rayuwar Yahudawa: Makalolin Tauhidi, 1930-1939* . [Waltham, Mass.]: Brandeis University Press, 1991.

## Tarin abubuwa
Iyalan sun gabatar da takardun iyalan Altmann (ciki har da Alexander) ga Kwalejin Jami'a ta Landan a shekara ta 2000.  Cibiyar Leo Baeck tana da tarihin binciken Altmann. 

## Manazarta