Joanne H. Alter

Joanne H. Alter (23 ga Yuli, 1927 - 9 ga Nuwamba, 2008) 'Yar fafutukar kare hakkin mata ce ta Amurka, 'yar siyasa, kuma mace ta farko da ta karya shingen jinsi a siyasar yankin Chicago.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Joanne Hammerman a cikin dangin Yahudawa a Chicago, Illinois kuma ta girma a unguwar North Shore da ke Glencoe, Illinois .  Her mother, Celia K. Hammerman,  Mahaifiyarta, Celia K. Hammerman,  ta gudu daga rikicin kabilanci a Rasha,  ta yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka, kuma ta taimaka wajen kafa reshen North Shore na Babban Taron Kasa na Kiristoci da Yahudawa .  Kakanta na uba ya kafa JK Industries a Chicago, kuma mahaifinta, Sol Hammerman, da ɗan'uwansa, Meyer Hammerman, sun sanya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana'antun tufafi na yara na wannan lokacin. Ɗan'uwanta tilo, Enid Hammerman, zai auri diflomasiyyar Amurka William R. Rivkin .  

Bayan ta halarci makarantun gwamnati na gida kuma ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta New Trier, Joanne Hammerman ta je Kwalejin Mount Holyoke, inda ta haɗu da Eleanor Roosevelt a matsayin wakiliyar ɗalibi a harabar jami'a. Bayan ta kammala karatunta da babban digiri a fannin kimiyyar siyasa a shekarar 1949, ta yi rangadin Turai da yaƙi ya daidaita ita kaɗai. Kamar yadda aka tattauna a ƙasa, ta auri ɗan kasuwa James Alter a shekarar 1952 kuma ta haifi 'ya'ya, sannan ta shiga cikin ayyukan agaji na sa kai. Daga baya Alter ta yi aiki a matsayin amintaccen ɗalibar makarantarta, Mount Holyoke (daga 1980-1985), kuma a matsayin memba na Hukumar Mata ta Jami'ar Chicago, da kuma taimakon da aka samu a Gidan Tarihi na Junior na Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago .

## Aikin masu fafutuka
Yayin da take kula da iyalansu, Alter da mijinta sun shiga harkokin siyasa a jam'iyyar Democrat . A shekarar 1968, Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson ta naɗa Alter a matsayin wakiliya a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Matsayin Mata da aka gudanar a Accra, Ghana . Alter ta yi aiki kafada da kafada da mata 'yan siyasa kamar Bella Abzug da kuma Ella Grasso, wacce ta kammala karatun digiri a Mount Holyoke (gwamna mace ta farko da aka zaɓa a matsayin gwamna a ƙarƙashin ikonta), kuma ta taimaka wajen kafa ƙungiyar siyasa ta mata ta Illinois Democratic Party tare da Dawn Clark Netsch . A lokacin, Cook County (wanda take zaune a ciki tsawon rai) ba ta da jami'an mata da aka zaɓa, don haka Alter ta fuskanci magajin garin Chicago Richard J. Daley, shugaban jam'iyyar Democrat ta gida, wanda ya gayyaci Alter ta tsaya takara a duk faɗin gundumar, kuma ya zaɓe ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Kwamishinonin Gundumar Tsabtace Muhalli ta Babban Birnin Chicago . 

A shekarar 1972, Alter ta zama mace ta farko da ta lashe zaɓe a duk faɗin gundumar, inda ta sami ƙuri'u miliyan ɗaya da zaɓe a matsayin Kwamishinan Gundumar Tsabtace Muhalli ta Metropolitan, kuma kawarta Dawn Clark Netsch ta lashe zaɓen majalisar dattawa ta jihar.  Alter ta sake lashe zaɓen Hukumar Tsabtace Muhalli sau biyu, kuma ta shahara da fafutukar kare muhalli, inda ta taimaka wajen kafa Abokan Kogin Chicago, da kuma yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa a cikin hukumar.  Alter ta kuma yi wa'adi biyu a Kwamitin Ƙasa na Jam'iyyar Democrat .  Duk da haka, ta gaza lashe zaɓen Laftanar Gwamna na Illinois a 1976, haka nan kuma ga Sakataren Gundumar Cook a 1990 lokacin da ta yi ritaya daga hukumar gundumar Tsabtace Muhalli (kodayake Netsch ta zama mace ta farko da ta lashe mukami a duk faɗin jihar a wannan shekarar, ta zama Kwamandan Illinois).  Bayan Alter ta yi ritaya daga siyasa, ta kafa WITS (Aiki a Makarantu), wani shiri na koyarwa da jagoranci da ke yi wa yara a makarantun gwamnati na Chicago hidima. 

Alter da mijinta sun ci gaba da kasancewa masu himma a harkokin siyasa da tara kuɗi, suna karɓar bakuncin liyafa waɗanda Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., Oprah Winfrey, John F. Kennedy Jr., Dan Rather, Kevin Costner, Adlai Stevenson III, Magajin Gari Harold Washington, Alkali Abner Mikva, Sanata Paul Simon da Dick Durbin, da kuma Wakili Rahm Emanuel suka halarta.  A shekara ta 2003, Alters ya zama farkon mai goyon bayan Shugaba Barack Obama na gaba, inda ya shirya wani taro na tara kuɗi don yakin neman zaɓensa na Majalisar Dattawa a 2004. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
A shekarar 1952, ta auri James M. Alter (1922–2014),  wanda ke da kamfanin sanyaya daki da sanyaya iska. Sun haifi 'ya'ya huɗu: ɗan jarida Jonathan Alter, Jennifer Alter Warden, Jamie Lynton (ya auri ɗan kasuwa Michael Lynton ), da Dr. Harrison Alter.  Daga baya Shugaba Barack Obama ya naɗa ɗan uwanta Robert S. Rivkin a matsayin Babban Lauya na 21 na Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Amurka (DOT), da kuma   wani ɗan'uwanta, Charles Rivkin, a matsayin Jakadan Amurka a Faransa sannan kuma Mataimakin Sakataren Harkokin Tattalin Arziki da Kasuwanci . 

## Mutuwa da gado
Alter ta mutu sakamakon cutar kansa a gidanta a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 2008, mijinta, 'ya'yanta da jikokinta sun mutu. Bikin Al'umma na Chicago yana shirya lacca ta shekara-shekara don girmama ta.  Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago tana da asusun tallafin karatu don girmama ta.  Wani allo a kan titin Chicago Riverwalk yana tunawa da fafutukar da take yi wa muhalli. 

## Nassoshi