open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Apollonius na Perga

**Apollonius na Perga** ( Girkanci: '**Apollṓnios ho Pergaîos**' ; Latin   ;  ) wani masanin lissafi ne na Hellenanci na Zamanin da, kuma masanin ilmin taurari wanda aka sani da aikinsa akan ''conic sections''. Da farko daga gudunmawar Euclid da Archimedes kan darasin, ya kawo su jihar kafin ƙirƙirar *analytic geometry*. Bayanansa dangane da ma'anar kalmomi irinsu ellipse, parabola, da hyperbola sune waɗanda ake amfani da su a yau. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz ya ce "Wanda ya fahimci Archimedes da Apollonius ba zai gaza yabawa nasarorin da manyan mutanen zamanin baya suka samu ba." 

Apollonius yayi ayyuka akan wasu darussa masu yawa, gami da ilimin taurari. Yawancin wannan aikin ba'a same su ba, inda kadan ne daga ciki da wasu mawallafa kamar Pappus na Alexandria suka ambata. Hasashensa akan kewayawar rana a sararin samaniya don bayyana yanayin motsin taurarin da ba a iya gani ba, wanda aka yi imani da shi har zuwa tsakiyar zamani, inda aka maye gurbinsa a lokacin Renaissance. An sanya wani ramin dutsen a duniyar wata *Apollonius* *crater* don girmama shi. 

## Rayuwa
Ga wannan muhimmin wanda ya ba da gudummawa a fannin lissafi, ƙarancin bayanan tarihin rayuwarsa ya rage. Mai sharhi na karni na 6 na Girka, Eutocius na Ascalon, akan babban aikin Apollonius, *Conics*, ya ce: Apollonius, masanin ilimin lissafin *geometry,* ... ya fito ne daga Perga a Pamphylia a zamanin Ptolemy III Euergetes, haka ma Herakleios marubucin tarihin Archimedes ya rubuta. . . .Perga a lokacin wani birni ne na Hellenized na Pamfilia a kasar Anatoliya. Har yanzu akwai sauran burbushin birnin. Ita ce cibiyar al'adun Helenanci. Euergetes, "benefactor", ya gano Ptolemy III Euergetes, daular Girka ta uku na Masar a cikin gadon diadochi. Mai yiwuwa, "lokutan rayuwarsa" sun kasance tsakanin, 246-222/221 BC. Koyaushe mai mulki ko majistare ke rubutu rikodin lokaci, saboda haka idan aka haifi Apollonius kafin 246, da ya kasance "lokacin" mahaifin Euergetes. Ba a tabbatar da ainihin Herakleios ba. Amma kiyasin lokacin rayuwar Apollonius sun tabbata, amma ba za a iya bayar da takamaiman ranaku ba.  Ƙayyadaddun shekarun haihuwa da mutuwa da malamai daban-daban suka bayyana, hasashe ne kawai. 

## Manazarta
Malalar Mai ta Lüderitz ta 2009

**Malalar mai ta Lüderitz ta shekarar 2009,** ta fara ne a watan Afrilun 2009 a gaɓar tekun Lüderitz na Namibiya . Zubewar mai ta shafi penguin na Afirka 171 kai tsaye, tare da wasu da dama da ke fuskantar barazana. Zubewar man dai tana a yankin da jirgin ruwan kamun kifi *[[Meob Bay|na Meob Bay]]* ya nutse a cikin watan Yunin 2002, inda ya kashe ma'aikatan ruwa su 19. Kwale-kwalen ya nutse ne bayan da wata igiya ta kama a cikin injin ɗin, wanda daga nan ne ya keɓe wanda ya sa ruwa ya mamaye dakin injin ɗin. Sai dai kuma binciken da aka yi a wurin da jirgin ya nutse ya nuna cewa ba shi ne tushen man ba; ba a iya gano tushen malalar ba amma ana kyautata zaton man bulo ne da wani ƙaton jirgi ya saki da ke wucewa ta ruwan Namibiya. Dangane da namun daji da abin ya shafa, ita ce malala mafi girma a tarihin Namibiya a cewar mazauna yankin Lüderitz. 

## Manazarta


2. Oil Spill at Coast of Namibia causes Ecological Disaster
Injaka Dam

**Injaka Dam**, wanda kuma aka rubuta **Inyaka Dam,** wani dam ne mai cike da ƙasa da ke kan kogin Ngwaritsane, kusa da Bushbuckridge, Mpumalanga, Afirka ta Kudu . An kafa shi a shekarar 2001 kuma babban manufarsa shi ne adana ruwa don amfanin ban ruwa. An sanya yuwuwar haɗarin dam ɗin a matsayin babban al'amari na uku (3).

## Duba kuma

* Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu
* Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu

## Manazarta

* Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa
Jericho Dam

**Dam ɗin Jericho** haɗe ne na kankare nauyi da nau'in madatsar ruwa da ke kan kogin Mpama, kusa da Amsterdam, Mpumalanga, kasar Afirka ta Kudu . An kafa shi a cikin shekarun  1966/ shekarar 1968 kuma babban manufarsa shine yin aiki don amfanin birni da masana'antu.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu
* Jerin sunayen koguna na kasar Afirka ta Kudu

## Manazarta


* Sashen Kula da Ruwa
Yaren Bayot

**Bayot** harshe ne na kudancin Senegal, kudu maso yammacin Ziguinchor a cikin rukunin ƙauyuka kusa da Nyassia, da kuma a arewa maso yammacin Guinea-Bissau, kan iyakar Senegal, da kuma cikin ƙasar Gambiya.

Yaren Kugere da Kuxinge (Essin) na Senegal da yaren Arame (Edamme) da Gubaare na Guinea-Bissau sun bambanta sosai da wasu lokuta ana ɗaukarsu harsuna daban-daban.

Bayot ita ce mafi bambancin harsunan Jola, a cikin reshen Senegambia na dangin harshen Nijar–Kongo.

## Manazarta
Kromme Dam

**Kromme Dam,** (tsohon dam na Churchill), dam ne mai nau'in baka da yawa da ke a kogin Kromme (wani lokaci ana rubuta kogin Krom ), kusa da Kareedouw, Gabashin Cape, a Afirka ta Kudu . An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1943 kuma babban manufarsa shi ne don amfanin birni da masana'antu.

## Wuri
Dam ɗin Kromme yana gabas-kudu maso gabas na Kareedouw, kudu da hanyar kwarin Langkloof ( titin R62 ), kuma a kan gangaren arewa na tsaunin Kareedouw. Dam ɗin shi ne 100&nbsp;km yamma da Gqeberha, a 34° 00' S, 24° 29' E.

## Girma
Dam ɗin yana da ƙarfin da ya kai miliyan 35 m³, tsayinsa ya kai mita 43, kuma yana da iyakar tafki na 2,492.&nbsp;km 2 da kulle 12-m. Bututun da ke da kimanin nauyi yana kawo ruwan zuwa cikin birni.

## Tarihi
Port Elizabeth ta girma cikin sauri a cikin shekarar 1930s. George Begg, Injiniyan Birni, ya ba da shawarar gina dam a kan Krom, kogin mafi kusa da ruwa mai yawa da inganci. Ko da yake an fara ginin a shekara ta 1936, ba za a gama ginin ba sai bayan yakin duniya na biyu . A cikin shekarar 1942, an yanke shawarar sanyawa dam sunan Sir Winston Churchill don girmama rawar da ya taka a wannan yakin. Gen. Jan Smuts ya sadaukar da shi a cikin shekarar 1948.

## Spoorbek
Yayin da dam ɗin ya cika, ruwan ya rufe gonar Hendrik Spoorbek (wanda aka sani da Spoorbek's Land).

## Ambaliyar ruwa
Dam ɗin Churchill da Dam ɗin Impofu na taimakawa wajen shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa na kogin Krom lokaci-lokaci. Waɗannan sun lalata filayen tarihi da gine-gine a bankuna da kusa da bakin kogin.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu
* Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu

## Littafi Mai Tsarki

* Logie, Bartle (1999). *Tafiyar Gwamna.* *Tafiya tare da bakin tekun Kouga/Tsitsikamma* . Mafarauta Retreat: Bluecliff. 
* krommerivier.wordpress.com
* www.dwa.gov.za 

## Manazarta

* Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa da Dazuka (Afrika ta Kudu)
Impofu Dam

**Dam ɗin Impofu,** wani dam ne mai haɗe da dutse mai cike da duniya wanda ke kan kogin Kromme, kusa da Humansdorp, Gabashin Cape, Afirka ta Kudu . An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1983 kuma babban manufarsa shi ne yin aiki don amfanin birni da masana'antu. Hatsarin da ke tattare da gina madatsar ruwan ya kasance a matsayi babba na uku (3).

## Wuri
Dam ɗin, tare da masana'antar tsarkake ruwa ta Elandsjagt, ta ta'allaka ne kawai daga kogin Kromme Dam . Dukkan hanyoyin N2 da R102 sun ratsa yammacin yankin dam. Hanyar zuwa bangon dam kanta bai dace da zirga-zirgar fasinjoji ba.

## Tarihi
An gina dam ɗin ne daga shekarar 1972 zuwa ta 1982. A cikin watan Yulin 1983, dam ɗin ya doke duk abin da ake tsammani ta cika cikin kwanaki uku.

## Girma
Tafkin yana da tsayi, ƙunƙuntar, kuma mai zurfi, tare da ƙofofi da yawa. Matsakaicin iya aiki miliyan 107 m³ kuma ruwan shi ne 6&nbsp;km2, 25&nbsp;km tsawo, kuma 65&nbsp;km a kewaye. Tsayin bangon ya kai mita 75 kuma tsayinsa ya kai mita 800.

## Amfani
Babban tushen ruwan sha na Fatakwal Elizabeth, dam ɗin yana kuma hana ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye gonaki da gidaje a kusa da bakin kogi. Tafkin yana da farin jini tare da masu kama kifi kamar yadda aka ba da nau'in kifi guda 5 da aka samu a wurin. Ana samun hanyar zamewa ga masu jirgin ruwa.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu
* Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu

## Littafi Mai Tsarki

* Logie, Bartle (1999). *Tafiyar Gwamna.* *Tafiya tare da bakin tekun Kouga/Tsitsikamma* . Mafarauta Retreat: Bluecliff. 
* krommerivier.wordpress.com
* www.bassfishing.co.za

## Manazarta


* Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa
Mokolo Dam

**Dam ɗin Mokolo,** (wanda aka fi sani da **Hans Strijdom Dam** ) wani nau'in madatsar ruwa ne da ke kan kogin Mokolo, kusa da Lephalale, Limpopo, a kasar Afirka ta Kudu . An kafa shi a shekarar 1980.  Kogin Malmanies da kogin Bulspruit, magudanan ruwa biyu na Mokolo, su ma suna shiga dam daga gefen hagu. Dam ɗin yana samar da ruwa wa garin Lephalale . Dam ɗin ya fi yin aiki ne don dalilai na birni da masana'antu kuma an sanya haɗarin haɗarinsa a matsayi mai girma na (3).

Dam ɗin yana samar da yankin Lephalale, ma'adinan gwal na Grootgeluk, tashar wutar lantarki ta Matimba da wani ɓangare na bukatun ruwa na tashar wutar lantarki ta Medupi .  

Matsugunin dam na Mokolo yana gefen gabas daga kudancin madatsar. Garin dam ɗin yana cike da riƙon *Phragmites* . 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu
* Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu

## Manazarta


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Mokolo Dam Nature Reserve, Limpopo
* Dams na Afirka
Misverstand Dam

**Dam din Misverstand,** haɗe ne dam ɗin nauyi da nau'in baka wanda ke kan kogin Berg, kusa da Porterville, Western Cape, Afirka ta Kudu . An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1977 kuma yana aiki galibi don amfanin birni da masana'antu. An tsara yuwuwar haɗarin dam ɗin mai mahimmanci (2).

## Duba kuma

* Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu
* Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu

## Manazarta

* Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa da Dazuka (Afrika ta Kudu)
Rockview Dam

Dam din Rockview Dam nau'in dam ne mai cike da kasa / dutsen da ke kan kogin Palmiet kusa da Grabouw, Western Cape,  Afirka ta Kudu.  An kafa shi a cikin 1986 kuma yana aiki galibi don ayyukan famfo (ajiya).

## Tarihi
kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1986 a garin Grasbow a yankin Western Cape a kasar South Africa. An kafa dam din neh domin famfon ajiya, kuma yana daga cikin dam masu hadari.

Dam din Rockview dam neh wanda ke cike da kasa kuma yana da tsayin mita 48(kafa 157) da kuma fadin mita 1300(kafa 4300).

## Duba Kuma
*Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu
*Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu

## Manazarta
Vandana Shiva

**Vandana Shiva,** (an haife ta a ranar  5 ga watan Nuwambar shekarar 1952), ƙwararriyar ƴar Indiya ce, mai fafutukar kare muhalli, mai ba da shawara kan ikon mallakar abinci, masaniyar tattalin arziki sannan kuma marubuciyar yaƙi da duniya .  An kafa ta a Delhi, Shiva ta rubuta littattafai sama da 20.  Ana yawan kiranta da "Gandhi na hatsi" don gwagwarmayarta da ke da alaƙa da motsi na GMO .

Shiva tana ɗaya daga cikin shugabanni da membobin kwamitin Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya a kan Ƙasashen Duniya (tare da Jerry Mander, Ralph Nader, da Helena Norberg-Hodge ), kuma wani adadi na motsi na anti-globalisation.  Ta yi jayayya da goyon bayan al'adun gargajiya da yawa, kamar yadda a cikin hirarta a cikin littafin *Vedic Ecology* (na Ranchor Prime ). Ta kasance memba ta kwamitin kimiyya na Fundacion IDEAS, Ƙungiyar Socialist Party ta Spain. Ita ma memba ce ta Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Ƙungiyoyin Haɗin Kai. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi

An haifi Vandana Shiva a Dehradun . Mahaifinta mai kula da gandun daji ne, kuma mahaifiyarta manomiya ce mai son yanayi. Ta yi karatu a St. Mary's Convent High School a Nainital, da kuma Convent of Jesus and Mary, Dehradun.

Shiva ta yi karatun kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Punjab da ke Chandigarh, inda ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin Kimiyya a shekarar 1972.  Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci a Cibiyar Nazarin Atomic ta Bhabha, ta koma Kanada don yin digiri na biyu a falsafar kimiyya a Jami'ar Guelph a shekarar 1977 inda ta rubuta ƙasida mai taken " Canje-canje a cikin ra'ayi na lokaci-lokaci na haske ".   A cikin shekarar 1978, ta kammala kuma ta sami PhD dinta a fannin falsafa a Jami'ar Western Ontario,  tana mai da hankali kan falsafar kimiyyar lissafi . Kundin karatunta an yi wa laƙabi da "Hidden variables and locality in quantum theory" wanda a cikinsa ta tattauna abubuwan da suka shafi ilmin lissafi da falsafa na boyayyun ƙa'idojin da suka faɗo a waje da ƙa'idar Bell's theorem .  Daga baya ta ci gaba da bin diddigin bincike daban-daban a fannin kimiyya, fasaha, da manufofin muhalli a Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Indiya da Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Indiya a Bangalore .

## Duba kuma

* Biopiracy
* Green Revolution a Indiya
* Nazarin Kimiyya da Fasaha a Indiya
* Jerin marubutan Indiya

## Manazarta


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Vandana Shiva at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
*
Yaren Manjak

**Manjak** ko **Manjack** ( , ; Portuguese) ko **Njak** yaren Bak ne na Guinea-Bissau da Senegal. Harshen kuma ana kiransa da **Kanyop**.

A shekara ta 2006, an kiyasta yawan masu magana da yaren a 315,300, ciki har da 184,000 a Guinea-Bissau, 105,000 a Senegal da 26,300 a Gambia.

## Yaruka
Yaren Manjak da ke ƙasa sun bambanta sosai ta yadda za a iya ɗaukar wasu yaruka daban.

* Bok (Babok, Sarar, Teixeira Pinto, Tsaam)
* Likes-Utsia (Baraa, Kalkus)
* Cur (Churo)
* Lund
* Yu (Pecixe, Siis, Pulhilh)
* Rashin ƙiyayya (Binhante, Bissau)

Yaren Manjak da Wilson (2007) ya jera sune 

* Canchungo ( *kancuŋuʔ* ) – yare na tsakiya
* Baboque ( *babɔk* ) (tsohon Teixeira Pinto ) - yaren gabas
* Churo ( ** ) - yaren arewa
* Pecixe (wanda ake kira *pəhlihl* ; in ba haka ba *pəsiis* ), a tsibirin da ke kudu.
* Calequisse ( *kaləkiis* ), zuwa yammacin Canchungo

## Tsarin rubutu
Tsarin rubutun Manjak a hukumance wanda gwamnatin Senegal ta kafa ana tsara shi ta Dokar Lamba 2005-983 ta 21 ga watan Oktoba 2005.

## Manazarta
Ebenezer Dam

**Ebenezer Dam,** wani dam ne mai cike da ƙasa a kan kogin Groot Letaba, kusa da Tzaneen, Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu . Gidan Broederst shima yana kwarara cikin dam. An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1959 kuma ainihin manufarsa shine don amfanin birni da masana'antu. An sanya yuwuwar haɗarin dam ɗin ya zama babba.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu
* Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu

## Manazarta

* Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa da Dazuka (Afrika ta Kudu)
Keith Joubert

**Ita ma wannan fa ta zo da zuwa, kai yaya kenan ? Keith Eric Joubert** (1948 - 31 Janairu 2013), ɗan Afirka ta Kudu mai zane ne kuma mai kiyayewa, kuma ɗan'uwa ga mai shirya fina-finan namun daji kuma mai kiyayewa Dereck Joubert  .

Germiston wanda haifaffen Joubert ne ya yi shekarun haihuwa an shafe su tare da rufewa tsakanin al'ummomin ma'adanai masu girma a sakamakon mahaifinsa, wanda ya kasance mai binciken ma'adinai. Ya halarci ƙasa da makarantu goma sha ɗaya, tarihin da ya haifar da rashin zaman lafiya a cikin gida amma kuma ya haifar da ɗabi'a mai ƙarfi da juriya. Tafiye-tafiyen danginsa na yau da kullum zuwa wurin shakatawa na Kruger ya haifar da ƙauna mai ɗorewa ga duniyar halitta. Ya karanci Zane-zanen Masana'antu a Makarantar Fasaha ta Johannesburg tsakanin shekarar 1963 zuwa ta 1967, sannan ya yi aiki a matsayin mai zanen littafi, mai zane-zanen siyasa, mai rubutun hannu, kuma a ƙarshe a cikin masana'antar talla, yana haɓaka salon hoto wanda daga baya ya sanar da aikinsa, kuma ya zama ƙwararre a cikin 1970. Iyalin Keith sun ce shi mutum ne mai ƙauna kuma koyaushe yana shirye ya taimaka wa wasu kuma ya sa su a gabansa.

Joubert ya shafe lokaci mai yawa a cikin daji, a ƙarshe ya watsar da rayuwar birni har abada, kuma yana aiki daga ɗakin studio a cikin Selati Game Reserve . Koyaushe a kan tafiya, Joubert ya binciko Kudancin Afirka, ya saba da Namibiya, arewa zuwa Ivory Coast da Kamaru, Mozambique, Gabashin Afirka, Botswana, da Okavango Basin inda yake da jirgin ruwa na gida da sansanin studio a kan kogin Linyanti . Ana samun ayyukan Joubert a cikin tarin kamfanoni da masu zaman kansu da yawa a duk duniya. Da yake ya gaskanta cewa abubuwa sun rikitar da rayuwarsa, sai ya zauna don neman abin hawansa mai ƙafafu huɗu, tanti, da gadon sansani.  Ya rasu ya bar matarsa Val.

## Hanyoyin haɗi

* Shafin Gida 
* Everard Read Gallery

## Manazarta
Harshen Sua

**Sua**,  wasu ƙabilune wanda kuma aka fi sani da **Mansoanka** ko **Kunante**,  yaren Niger–Congo ne daban-daban da kuma ake magana da shi a yankin Mansôa na Guinea-Bissau. 

## Manazarta
Kilburn Dam

**Dam ɗin Kilburn**, nau'in madatsar ruwa ne mai cike da ƙasa da kuma wani ɓangare na Aikin Ruwa na Tugela-Vaal da Tsarin Adana Ruwa na Drakensberg, yana cikin  ƙasa da Dam ɗin Sterkfontein, a kan kogin Mnjaneni, kusa da Bergville, KwaZulu-Natal, lardin Afirka ta Kudu . An fara aikin dam ɗin ne a shekarar 1981, yana da ƙarfin , da fili mai faɗin , katangar dam ɗin tana da  na babba. Babban maƙasudin haɗa madatsar ruwan shi ne don samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa da kuma kare haɗarin sa da ke tattare da shi ya kasance a matsayi na uku (3).

## Duba kuma

* Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu
* Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu

## Manazarta
Keerom Dam

**Keerom Dam,** wani dam ne mai nau'in baka da ke kan kogin Nuy, kusa da Worcester, Western Cape, Afirka ta Kudu . An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1954 kuma an sake gyara shi a cikin shekarar 1989. Babban maƙasudin gina madatsar ruwan shi ne yin aikin ban ruwa kuma an sanya yuwuwar haɗarinsa a matsayi mai girma (3).

## Duba kuma

* Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu
* Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu

## Manazarta

* Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa da Dazuka (Afrika ta Kudu)
Ayyukan Sa-kai na Wuta

**Sabis na Wuta na daji,** ƙungiya ce ta masu sa kai a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu waɗanda ke taimaka wa hukumomin kashe gobara na gida don murƙushe gobarar daji. Haɗa kai da Tebur National Park, VWS ita ce kawai nau'in sa a Afirka ta Kudu.

VWS tana da manyan ayyuka guda uku:

* taimaka wa masu ƙasa da kashe gobarar daji
* samar da ilimantarwa da faɗakarwa ga yaran makaranta, da
* bayar da horo ga masu zaman kansu kan hanyoyin rigakafin gobarar daji da dabarun sarrafa gobara

Ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar ayyuka daban-daban waɗanda ke ba da damar sashin yin aiki da kansa da sarrafa nasu kuɗi da albarkatun su. VWS ta samar da haɗin gwiwa tare da kamfanoni don tsira da kuɗi.

Masu kashe gobara suna yin jira na sa'o'i 24 a rana, na kwanaki 365 na shekara. Kamar kowace ƙungiyar sa kai, membobin suna iya taimakawa tare da kashe gobarar daji a matakai daban-daban. Yayin da wasu suna samuwa ne kawai a ƙarshen mako ko bayan sa'o'i, wasu na iya taimakawa a kowane lokaci na rana ko dare.

Akwai sassa daban-daban a cikin Rukunin, ciki har da Ma'aikatan kashe gobara, Tallafin Dabarun (Drivers, Caterers, Medical Teams, Technical Support teams), Planners, Admin, da sauran mahimman ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke tabbatar da cewa ƙungiyar tana tafiya cikin sauƙi a cikin shekara.

Hukumar ta VWS ta bayar da ayyukan kashe gobara na tsawon sa’o’i ga TMNP da sauran masu mallakar filaye ba tare da wani caji ba, kuma za ta ci gaba da yin hakan a matsayin wata alama ta jajircewarsu na taimakawa al’ummar Cape Town da ceton rayuka da dukiyoyin jama’a, da kuma kiyaye muhalli. na Fynbos .

An buɗe sabon reshe na VWS a Jonkershoek, Stellenbosch a cikin shekarar 2009. Tana ba da sabis na kashe gobara na sa kai ga CapeNature a cikin Jonkershoek, Kogelberg, Hottentots Holland da Limietberg wuraren ajiyar yanayi, yanki mai girman ha 290 000 na montane fynbos. Tun a shekarar 2009 an ƙara ƙarin tashoshi biyu zuwa ƙungiyar, Kudancin  (2012) da Grabouw (2015). A halin yanzu akwai masu aikin sa kai kusan 220 a cikin wannan ƙungiya mai zaman kanta da aka tsara sosai.

## Manazarta

* Ayyukan Sa-kai na Wuta
* Ƙungiyoyin sabis na gaggawa waɗanda suka karɓi takaddun shaida don ƙwararren aikin sa kai
* Reeds suna tallafawa ƙungiyar Wildfire a Cape Town - Reeds, 2006-08-21
Filin Bonga

**Filin Bonga rijiyar** mai ce a Najeriya . Tana cikin Lasisi block OPL 212 kusa da gaɓar tekun Najeriya, wadda aka sake mata suna OML 118 a watan Fabrairun 2000. Filin yana ɗaukar kusan 60&nbsp;km2 a cikin matsakaicin zurfin ruwa na  . An gano filin ne a cikin shekarar 1996, tare da amincewar gwamnati don ci gaban sa a cikin shekarar 2002. Filin ya fara samarwa na farko a cikin watan Nuwambar 2005. Ana aiki da filin ta hanyar jirgin ruwa na FPSO . Filin yana samar da man fetur da iskar gas ; Ana sauke man fetur ɗin zuwa tankokin yaƙi yayin da ake bututun iskar gas ɗin zuwa Najeriya inda ake fitar da shi ta hanyar kamfanin LNG . Filin ya ƙunshi kusan 6,000&nbsp;mm ganga na mai .

Kamfanin Shell Nigeria ne ke kula da filin wanda ya mallaki kashi 55% na lasisin. Sauran abokan haɗin gwiwar ci gaban filin su ne Exxon (20%), Nigerian AGIP (12.5%) da Elf Petroleum Nigeria Limited (12.5%)

## Tarihin filin
Wuri mai nisan  kudu maso yammacin Neja Delta, an fara gano rijiyar farko a cikin watan Satumba na shekarar 1995 bayan samun bayanai masu yawa game da yankin ta hanyar binciken girgizar ƙasa na 3D a shekarar 1993/1994.

An gano filin na biyu a cikin toshe a cikin watan Mayun 2001 wanda aka sani da Bonga SW, wanda ya ci karo da manyan abubuwan da ake kira hydrocarbons . An gano filin na uku daga baya a cikin shekarar 2004 wanda aka fi sani da Bonga North.

## Ci gaban filin

An samar da filin a matsayin haɗin gwiwar teku zuwa wani jirgin ruwa mai saukar ungulu da Adana ruwa (FPSO). A yanzu haka akwai rijiyoyin da ake haƙo mai da kuma alluran ruwa guda 16 a filin. Koyaya, za a ƙara wannan zuwa kusan rijiyoyi 40 yayin da aka ƙara haɓaka filin. Saboda girman Bonga SW a halin yanzu ana tunanin zai buƙaci wurin samarwa daban don samar da isasshen filin.

Ana ajiye man da ake haƙowa daga filin jirgin a FPSO don jigilar kayayyaki zuwa kasuwanni ta cikin motocin dakon mai yayin da ake fitar da iskar gas ta bututun mai zuwa gaɓar tekun Najeriya na LNG.

Masana'antun Samsung Heavy ne suka gina FPSO. Daga nan aka kai shi Newcastle a kan Tyne don shigar da manyan hanyoyin. Ya ƙunshi adadin farko don nau'in sa. Stolt Offshore ya ci kwangilar SURF (Subsea, Umbilicals, Risers, Flowlines) (daga baya aka sake masa suna Acergy kuma yanzu Subsea7). Jirgin ruwa Stolt POLARIS ya shigar da duk layukan ruwa da tsarin teku a cikin yanayin J-Lay da S-Lay pipelay.

An rufe aikin noma a rijiyar na tsawon makonni uku bayan a ranar 19 ga watan Yunin 2008, bayan wani hari da ƙungiyar fafutukar kwato yankin Neja Delta ta kai musu.

## Malalar mai a 2011
A ranar 20 ga watan Disamba, 2011 wani malalar mai ya faru wanda "mai yiwuwa bai wuce ganga 40,000 ba, ko kuma galan miliyan 1.68 [megalitres 6.4]". Ya haifar da slick mai  dogon bakin tekun Najeriya. Wataƙila ita ce mafi munin malalar mai a yankin tsawon shekaru goma. Zubewar mai na iya haifar da babbar illa ga muhalli, misali gurbatar ruwa, wanda ke rage yawan kamun kifi da noma, wanda ɗaya ne daga cikin manyan masana’antu a Najeriya.

## Duba kuma
 

* Masana'antar man fetur a Najeriya
* Gas na halitta
* Filin mai

## Manazarta


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Bonga Deep Water Project daga Shell Nigeria
* 
* 
* 
*
Kiristanci a Guinea-Bissau

**[[Kirista|Kiristoci]] a [[Gine-Bisau|Guinea-Bissau]]** sun ƙunshi kusan kashi 10 (~ 153,300) na al'ummar ƙasar (1,533,964  - 2009 est. ). Wasu majiyoyi sun ba da rahoton cewa yawan Kiristoci a Guinea-Bissau na iya bambanta daga 5 zuwa 13%. 

Guinea-Bissau ita ce kasa daya tilo da ke magana da harshen Fotigal mai yawan al'ummar musulmi, inda wasu galibinsu Kiristoci ne. Kiristoci suna cikin ƙungiyoyi da yawa, ciki har da Cocin Roman Katolika (ciki har da Portuguese Guinea-Bissauans) da ƙungiyoyin Furotesta daban-daban.  Kiristoci sun taru a Bissau da sauran manyan garuruwa. 

Mishan na kasashen waje suna aiki a cikin ƙasar ba tare da ƙuntatawa ba. 

Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya tanadi 'yancin yin addini, kuma gwamnati gabaɗaya tana mutunta wannan haƙƙin a aikace.  A cikin shekarar 2007, gwamnatin Amurka ba ta sami rahoton cin zarafi ko nuna wariya dangane da imani ko aiki na addini ba. 

## Roman Katolika
Yawancin Kiristoci a Guinea-Bissau 'yan Roman Katolika ne (kimanin Katolika 125,000 a Guinea-Bissau, ko kuma ƙasa da kashi 10%  na yawan jama'a).

Akwai diocese guda biyu:

* Bafata
* Bissau

## Duba kuma

* Addini a Guinea-Bissau
* Musulunci a Guinea-Bissau

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Diocese na Bissau
Ambaliyar Ruwa n Jihar Benue ta 2017

**Ambaliyar ruwa ta 2017 a jihar Benue,** ta faru ne a cikin watan Satumban 2017 a jihar Benue dake Najeriya.  Ta raba a ƙalla mutane 100,000 da muhallansu,   ta lalata gidaje sama da 2,000. 

## Dalilai
An shafe tsawon makonni ana sheƙaƙa ruwan sama kamar da bakin ƙwarya, da magudanun ruwa da kuma koguna a jihar Benue da ke arewa ta tsakiyar Najeriya. Ƙananan hukumomi guda 21 a cikin guda 23 da ke jihar Binuwai abin ya shafa.   Ambaliyar ruwa ta zama ruwan dare a yankin sakamakon mamakon ruwan sama da kuma kogin Binuwai da ke ratsa yankin.

## Illoli kan sauyin yanayi

Ambaliyar ta yi kama da ta shekarar 2012 mai tsanani. Ambaliyar dai ta rutsa da manyan gada biyu a kan kogin Guma a Tor Kpande da Mande Ortom. An kuma lalata gonaki da rumbunan abinci a cikin al'ummomin da abin ya shafa. Sabbin hanyoyin Daudu-Gbajimba da aka gina, da Jami'ar noma ta Makurdi, ba su tsira ba saboda ba za su iya wucewa ba bayan da ruwa ya yi awon gaba da waɗansu sassan titunan.  Noma a Benue na fuskantar ƙalubale da dama waɗanda ke barazana ga makomar noma. Ƙarfin ruwan sama kamar yana ƙaruwa tare da raguwa a hankali. Matsakaicin fitarwa a tashar ruwa ta Makurdi ya kai 3468.24 m³s⁻¹, kuma mafi girman fitarwar ya kai 16,400 m³s⁻¹. Matsakaicin zafin rana da matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara suna tashi a hankali, yana haifar da ƙarin zafi. Bincike ya nuna cewa ƙasa tana da ɗanɗano kaɗan amma tana buƙatar ingantaccen amfani da takin inorganic da na halitta. Babban ayyukan yi da sana'a a yankin sun dogara ne a kan noma.

## Manazarta
Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Berg

**Berg WMA**, ko **Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Berg (lamba: 19)**, Haɗa manyan koguna masu zuwa: Kogin Berg, Kogin Diep da Kogin Steenbras, kuma yana rufe madatsun ruwa mai zuwa:

* Kogin Berg Dam Berg River
* Misverstand Dam Berg River
* Lower Steenbras Dam Steenbras River
* Upper Steenbras Dam Steenbras River
* Kogin Voelvlei Dam
* Wemmershoek Dam Wemmers River

## Iyakoki
Yankunan magudanar ruwa G10, G21, da G22 da magudanar ruwa G40A tare da iyakar arewa da ke biye da magudanar ruwa tsakanin manyan magudanan ruwa na G10 da G30 har zuwa garin Aurora . Daga Aurora iyakar tana tafiya kai tsaye zuwa gaɓar teku a wata hanya ta yamma.

## Duba kuma

* Wuraren Gudanar da Ruwa
* Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu
* Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu

## Manazarta

* Ilimin kimiyyar ruwa
Bissau Cathedral

**Bissau Cathedral** ( Portuguese ), wanda kuma aka fi sani da **Sé Catedral de Nossa Senhora da Candelária** (Cathedral of Our Lady of Candelaria ) babban cocin Katolika ne a Bissau, Guinea-Bissau. Ita ce cibiyar Cocin Katolika a Guinea-Bissau.    Cathedral ita ce wurin zama na Diocese na Bissau, wanda aka ƙirƙira a cikin shekarar 1977.  Tana cikin tsakiyar garin Bissau, an lura da ita saboda aikinta azaman fitila.   Ana gudanar da ayyuka a cikin yaren Portuguese. 

## Tarihi
An gina ainihin cocin a cikin tsarin gine-gine na tsakiyar zamani a cikin shekarar 1935. An gina ta a wuri ɗaya, babban coci na yanzu ya maye gurbin ainihin cocin. Masu gine-ginen babban cocin na yanzu sune João Simões da Galhardo Zilhão. An fara ginin a shekarar 1945 kuma an kammala shi a cikin shekarar 1950. Daga baya gyare-gyare an danganta shi ga maginin Lucinio Cruz.  Cathedral din ya gudanar da bukukuwan kaddamarwa da dama. Paparoma John Paul II ya ziyarce ta a ranar 27 ga watan Janairu sbekrar 1990.  A ranar 9 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1998, Bishop Settimio Ferrazzetta ya yi wani muhimmin jawabi a babban cocin, inda ya yi tir da tashin hankali a kasar;  an binne shi a babban coci bayan mutuwarsa, a shekara  ta gaba.

## Gine-gine da kayan aiki
Ginin, wanda aka saita a nesa da hanyar, yana da murabba'i a cikin siffa. Salon gine-ginensa yana siffanta shi da "samun zamani neo-romantic."  An lura da babban cocin saboda aikinsa a matsayin hasken wuta, tare da sanya haske akan  hasumiya ta arewa. Yana da tsayayyen haske kore (fl. 2s, ec. 7s) kuma yana aiki.  Hasken yana jagorantar jiragen ruwa ta hanyar kogin Geba zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Bissau.  Ana kiyaye shi ta Capitania dos Portos, Serviços de Marinha. 

## Manazarta
Jam'iyyar Ecologist ta Mali

Jam'iyyar **Parti Ecologiste du Mali ''(Jam'iyyar Ecologist na Mali),**'' jam'iyya ce mai kore a ƙasar Mali.

## Duba kuma

* Motsin kiyayewa
* Motsi na muhalli
* Green party
* Koren siyasa
* Jerin kungiyoyin muhalli
* Dorewa
* Ci gaba mai dorewa

## Manazarta

* Bincike kan motsin kore a Mali (a cikin Faransanci)
Jam'iyyar Muhalli da Ci Gaba

**Jam'iyyar Muhalli da Ci gaba** (    ), jam'iyyar siyasa ce a ƙasar Maroko.

## Tarihi da bayanin martaba
An kafa jam'iyyar a cikin watan Afrilun 2002. Wanda ya kafa ta shi ne Ahmed Alami. 

A zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki da aka gudanar a ranar 27 ga watan Satumban shekarar 2002, jam'iyyar ta samu kujeru 2 cikin 325. A zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki na gaba, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 7 ga watan Satumban shekarar 2007, jam'iyyar ta samu kashi 2.9% na ƙuri'u da 5 daga cikin kujeru 325.

An narkar da ita kuma aka haɗa ta cikin Jam'iyyar Gaskiya da Zamani a shekarar 2008.

## Manazarta
Ahmadiyya a Guinea-Bissau

**[[Ahmadiyya]].** Al'ummar musulmi ce a kasar Guinea-Bissau a karkashin jagorancin khalifa a birnin Landan. Da farko an kafa ta a kasar a shekarar 1995, a zamanin khalifanci na hudu, Al'ummar tana wakiltar kusan kashi 2% na al'ummar musulmin kasar, wanda ta kai kusan mutane 13,000. 

## Tarihi

An kafa kungiyar musulmin Ahmadiyya ta kasar Guinea-Bissau a shekarar 1995. Duk da haka, ba ta sami farkon farawa ba tun lokacin da aka kafa ta. Shekaru shida kacal bayan haka, a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, 2001, shugaban Guinea-Bissau na lokacin, Kumba Ialá, ya ba da umarnin rufe masallatai da gidajen mishan na Ahmadi, kuma ya yi kira da a kori Ahmadi musulmi mishan na kasashen waje dan asalin Pakistan, su bar kasar. a cikin lokaci na "48 hours". A wata ganawa da ya yi da shugabannin musulmi 500 a kasar, shugaban ya zargi musulmi Ahmadi da tsoma baki a harkokin siyasar kasar da haifar da rashin fahimta da rashin zaman lafiya a tsakanin al'ummar musulmi. Dangane da matakin, Sory Djalo ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na mai baiwa shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin addini.    

A martanin da shugaban ya yanke, al'ummar sun daukaka kara a kotun yankin Bissau, daya daga cikin kotunan yanki tara na kasar. Kotun ta gano cewa matakin da shugaban kasar ya dauka na saba wa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar da ya ba da yancin addini da ya haramta rusa kungiyoyin addini ba tare da izinin kotu ba. Sakamakon haka, an bayyana hukuncin a matsayin mara amfani kuma ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki. Duk da wannan, har yanzu an dakatar da Al'ummar.    

A watan Janairun 2005 ne aka ba wa al’ummar Musulmin Ahmadiyya izinin ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukansu na addini, amma sai aka sake dakatar da su bayan wata biyu, a watan Maris. Dalilin da ya sa aka danganta wannan hukunci shi ne rikicin da ya barke a garin Gabú tsakanin Ahmadiyyawa da wadanda ba musulmi ba wanda ya yi sanadin raunata wasu Musulman Ahmadi hudu. Shekara guda bayan haka, a shekara ta 2006, Al’ummar ta sake ɗaukaka ƙarar matakin da gwamnati ta ɗauka na hana ayyukanta na addini. Har ila yau, gwamnati ta ba wa Al'umma 'yancin gudanar da addininsu a fili. Tun daga shekara ta 2006, ba a sami rahotannin nuna wariya ga Musulman Ahmadi ba, na gwamnati ko kuma na daban.   

## Duba kuma

* Musulunci a Guinea-Bissau

## Manazarta
Bijago art

**Fasahar Bijago** ko **fasahar Bidyogo** fasaha ce ta kabilu ta Afirka da 'yan asalin tsibirin Bijagos na Guinea-Bissau suka samar.  Ya haɗa da abubuwa da yawa na kayan tarihi don amfanin yau da kullun da ayyukan al'ada, suna bin zane-zanen gargajiya wanda ya keɓanta ga al'adun su, amma yana nuna bambancin tsibiri zuwa tsibiri.  Irin waɗannan kayan fasaha ana kiran su da fasahar Bidyogo kuma kayan kwalliyar su na musamman sun sa fasahar Bidyogo ta bambanta da duk sauran fasahar Afirka ban da mutanen Baga da ke kusa da ke raba wasu daga cikin hotunan hoton (kuma ana ɗaukar su "ƙabilar da ke da alaƙa" ta Bacquart)." 

## Gidan ibada
Daga cikin fitattun kayan fasaha na Bidyogo akwai wuraren ibadar kakanni masu ɗaukar nauyi ("iran") waɗanda za su iya zama na gaske ko na zahiri. 

## Manazarta
Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Tarayyar Najeriya

**Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Tarayya** ma'aikata ce ta Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya da aka ƙirƙira a 1999, tare da umarnin magance batutuwan muhalli da kuma tabbatar da ingantaccen daidaita dukkan batutuwan Muhalli a ƙasar. A matsayin wani ɓangare na hangen nesa da manufa, ma'aikatar ta shirya don tabbatar da kula da batutuwan muhalli da kariya da kiyaye albarkatun kasa. Har ila yau, yana tsara manufofi da kuma kula da ayyukan don hana hamada da lalata gandun daji, gudanar da ambaliyar ruwa, rushewar gidaje da gurɓataccen yanayi, da kuma canjin yanayi da makamashi mai tsabta.

Mohammed Hassan Abdullahi shine Ministan Muhalli na yanzu; ya ɗauki alhakin harkokin ma'aikatar a watan Afrilu, 2022, bayan Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya sake tura shi daga mukaminsa a matsayin Ministan Jiha na Kimiyya, Fasaha, da Bidi'a. Ya maye gurbin Sharon Ikeazor wanda shine mukaddashin Minista a lokacin.

## Ayyuka.
Ma'aikatar tana taka rawa daban-daban da suka shafi manufofin kasa kan hamada, sare daji, gurɓataccen yanayi, da kuma kula da sharar gida. Har ila yau, tana kula da sauyin yanayi da batutuwan makamashi mai tsabta kuma tana tilasta ka'idojin muhalli da ka'idoji a sassa daban-daban na kasar.

Ma'aikatar tana cika nauyinta ta hanyar sassanta da hukumomi. Wasu daga cikin wadannan hukumomin sun hada da: Hukumar Kula da Tsaro ta Kasa (NBMA), Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Kasa (NPS), Hukumar Kulawa ta Kasa don Babban Green Wall, Hukumar Binciken Rashin Man Fetur da Amsa ta Kasa (NOSDRA), da Hukumar Kula da Ka'idojin Muhalli da Dokokin Kasa (NESREA).

Ma'aikatar kuma tana kula da kuma samar da kudade ga cibiyoyin bincike kamar Cibiyar Nazarin dazuzzuka ta Najeriya (FRIN), da Hukumar Lafiya da Rijistar Muhalli ta Najeriya (EHORECON), da sauransu.

## Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Jam'iyyun 27.
Ministan muhalli Mohammed Hassan Abdullahi ya nada shi ne daga babban shugabansa Muhammadu Buhari don wakiltar shi ta hanyar jagorantar wasu ministocin wakilai zuwa taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Jam'iyyun 27(COP27) wanda aka yi Nuwamba 2022, a Masar

## Ministocin Muhalli na baya.

* Dokta Iyorchia Ayu.
* Misis Helen Esuene
* Misis Halima Tayo Alao
* Mista John Odey
* Misis Amina Mohammed
* Mista Ibrahim Jibril.
* Mohammad Mahmood Abubakar

## Ayyukan Ma'aikatar.
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Tarayya shine ƙaddamar da shirin tsaftace Ogoniland na gwamnatin Najeriya. Ogoniland na ɗaya daga cikin al'ummomin da ke cikin yankin Niger Delta mai arzikin mai wanda ayyukan bincike na kamfanonin samar da mai suka lalata. Sauran nasarorin ma'aikatar da kamfanonin ta sun hada da shirye-shiryen tsaftacewa da kore a cikin Jihohin Najeriya, Babban Shirin Green Wall, da kuma Shirin Gudanar da Ruwa da Ruwa na Najeriya.

## Dubi kuma.

* Shirin Gudanar da Rugujewar Ruwa da Ruwa na Najeriya

## Bayani.
Yankunan yanayi a Najeriya

**Yankunan halitta a Najeriya** sun hada da:

## Gidan shakatawa na kasa

* Gidan shakatawa na Chadi Basin
* Gidan shakatawa na Cross River
* Gashi na Gashaka Gumti
* Gidan shakatawa na Kainji
* Gidan shakatawa na Kamuku
* Gidan shakatawa na Okomu
* Gidan shakatawa na Tsohuwar oyo
* Gidan shakatawa na Yankari

## Gidajen gandun daji

* Gidan gandun daji na Kogin Afi
* Gidan ajiyar daji na Akure
* Gidan ajiyar daji na Akure Ofosu
* Gidan ajiyar gandun daji na Edumanom
* Gidan ajiyar gandun daji na ujba
* Gidan ajiyar gandun daji na Idanre
* Gidan ajiyar daji na Ise
* Gidan ajiyar gandun daji na Ngel Nyaki
* Gidan ajiyar gandun daji na Oba Hills
* Gidan ajiyar gandun daji na Okeluse
* Gidan ajiyar gandun daji na Okomu
* Gidan ajiyar gandun daji na Oluwa
* Gidan ajiyar gandun daji na Omo
* Dajin Sambisa
* Gidan ajiyar gandun daji na Emure

## Wuraren Wasanni a Najeriya da inda suke

* Gidan Wasanni na Borgu
* Gidan Tsaro na Falgore
* Kashimbila Game Reserve
* Wurin Wasanni na Ohosu
* Yankari Game Reserve
* Zugurma Game Reserve

## Yarjejeniyar Ramsar (masu muhimmanci a duniya)

* Tafkin Chadi
* Yankunan ruwa na Hadejia-Nguru

## Sauran

* Cibiyar Kula da Kula da Lekki
* Gidan Tsaro na Erwa
* Gidan ajiyar yanayi na Becheve, filin Obudu, Obanliku, Kogin Cross
* Dutsen Somorika Oriakpe, Somorika, Edo
* Wuri Mai Tsarki na Giwa na Andoni, Jihar Rivers
Kwamitin Tsare-tsare na dindindin don shawo kan fari a Sahel

**Kwamitin Dindindin na Tsakanin Jihohi don Kula da Fari a Sahel,** (Faransanci: *Comité dindindin inter-État de lutte contre la sécheresse au Sahel*, wanda aka gajarta da **CILSS** ), ƙungiya ce ta duniya da ta ƙunshi ƙasashe a yankin Sahel na Afirka .

A cewar shafin yanar gizon hukumar, aikin ƙungiyar shi ne zuba jari a bincike don samar da abinci da kuma yaƙi da illolin fari da kwararowar hamada don samun daidaiton yanayin muhalli a yankin Sahel. 

Yankin Sahel yanki ne na canji tsakanin bushewar Arewa da dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi a bakin teku. Mafi yawa yana nuna bushewar ganyaye da ƙananan bishiyoyi kuma baya ba da girbi na yau da kuma kullum ga mazaunanta. Babban yanayin sun haɗa da:

* Ruwan sama da ba a ƙa'ida ba kuma ba a iya hango shi ba, daga 200&nbsp;mm zuwa 2500&nbsp;mm
* rinjayen noma da kiwo. Fiye da rabin mazaunan manoma ne kuma noma yana ba da gudummawar sama da kashi 40% ga GDP
* babban haɓakar alƙaluma (kusan 3.1%) da haɓakar manyan birane (kusan 7%)

An ƙirƙiro ƙungiyar ta CILSS a shekarar 1973 a lokacin babban fari na farko da aka yi a yankin da nufin haɗa kan al'ummar yankin Sahel da sauran al'ummomin ƙasa da ƙasa don sauƙaƙa buƙatu na gaggawa da shirya ayyuka a sassa daban-daban, watau noma da ruwan sama da ban ruwa, muhalli, sufuri da sadarwa. A cikin shekarar 1995 ta mayar da hankali kan ayyukanta kan samar da abinci na yau da kullum da kuma amfani da albarkatun ƙasa .

Ofishin zartarwa yana a Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso .

Jerin ƙasashen da ke mambobi:

* Benin
* Burkina Faso
* Cape Verde
* Chadi
* Gambia
* Gini
* Guinea-Bissau
* Ivory Coast
* Mali
* Mauritania
* Nijar
* Senegal
* Togo

## Duba kuma

* 2010 Sahel yunwa

## Manazarta


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Gidan yanar gizon "Kwamitin Dindindin na Jiha don Kula da Fari a Sahel" na hukuma - 
* Institut du Sahel  -
Musulunci a Guinea-Bissau

**Musulunci a [[Gine-Bisau|Guinea-Bissau]]** shine babban addini na ƙasar, wanda aka kiyasta kusan kashi 70%  na kusan 1.4. yan kasa miliyan ne mabiya. Mafi rinjaye kusan kashi 92% 'yan akidar Sunna ne na mabiya mazhabar Malikiyya, tare da tasirin Sufaye. Kimanin kashi 6% na musulmai mabiya mazhabar Shi'a ne da kashi 2% mabiya Ahmadiyya ma suna nan. 

## Duba kuma

* Ahmadiyya a Guinea-Bissau

## Manazarta
Hukumar wasannin motsa jiki ta Guinea-Bissau

**Hukumar wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta Guinea-Bissau** (**FAGB**; *Federação de Atletismo da Guiné-Bissau*) ita ce hukumar da ke kula da wasannin motsa jiki a Guinea-Bissau. Shugaban ta na yanzu shine Renato Moura.    

## Tarihi
An kafa FAGB a shekarar 1988,  kuma tana da alaƙa da IAAF a cikin shekarar 1991. 

## Alaka
1-International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF)

2-Confederation of African Athletics (CAA) 

3-Asociación Iberoamericana de Atletismo (AIA; Ibero-American Athletics Association)

Bugu da ƙari, tana daga cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙasa masu zuwa:

* Kwamitin Olympics na Guinea-Bissau (Portuguese: *Comité Olímpico da Guiné-Bissau* )

## Bayanan ƙasa
FAGB tana kiyaye bayanan ƙasa .

## Manazarta
Guinea-Bissau a gasar Olympics

Guinea-Bissau ta tura 'yan wasa zuwa duk wasannin Olympics na lokacin rani da ake gudanarwa tun shekarar 1996, ko da yake kasar ba ta taba samun lambar yabo ta Olympics ba. Babu wani dan wasa daga Guinea-Bissau da ya shiga gasar Olympics ta lokacin sanyi.

An kafa kwamitin wasannin Olympics na kasa ne a shekarar 1992 kuma kwamitin Olympic na kasa da kasa ya amince da shi a shekarar 1995.

## Tebure na lambar yabo

### Lambar yabo ta Wasannin bazara

## Manazarta
MS Oliva

**MS ''Oliva,*** babban jirgi mai jigilar kaya ne wanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin shekarar 2009. A ranar 16 ga watan Maris, 2011, saboda haɗarin kewayawa na ƙoƙarin cimma ƙarancin izinin  tsibirin Nightingale na 10.&nbsp;nmi, kuma saboda kuskuren ɗan Adam a kewayawa yana rage ainihin izinin zuwa sifili, jirgin ya tashi daga tsibirin Nightingale, Tristan da Cunha, a [[Tekun Atalanta|Kudancin Atlantic]], a 4.&nbsp;Ina kan balaguron balaguron balaguro daga Santos na [[Brazil]] zuwa [[Sin|China]] dauke da kayan [[Waken suya|wake wake]] . 

Jirgin ya rabu biyu kuma ya kasance asara gaba ɗaya. An ceto dukkan ma'aikatan jirgin 22. Fiye da ton 800 na man fetur ne ya kwararo daga cikin jirgin tare da lulluɓe wasu penguin rockhopper na arewa 20,000. Ragowar jirgin dai an bar shi domin a ce tekun ya yi. Akwai wurin ajiyar wake na waken soya da rage rayuwar teku a kusa da tarkacen jirgin saboda jigilar waken soya yana cire iskar oxygen daga cikin ruwa. 

== Jirgin ruwa mai rai ==
A cikin watan Fabrairun 2013, wani jirgin ruwa mai ceto daga *Oliva* ya wanke a bakin rairayin bakin teku na Coorong National Park a kudu maso gabas ta Kudu Ostiraliya . 

Daga baya an nuna kwale-kwalen ceton kusa da tsohon gidan wuta na Cape Jaffa a Kingston SE, Kudancin Ostireliya inda ya zama wani ɓangare na nunin ruwa na ƙasa na garin.  


== Manazarta ==
<references group="" responsive="1"></references>

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.tristandc.com/newsmsolivahome.php Gidan yanar gizon Tristan da Cunha: MS *Oliva'' Bala'i]
Zubewar mai na Sliedrecht

**Ambaliyar mai ta Sliedrecht,** ta afku ne a gaɓar tekun Table Bay, kusa da Cape Town a cikin ruwan Afirka ta Kudu a ƙarshen shekarar 1953. Jirgin ruwan dakon mai na Holland *Sliedrecht* ya kasance "rami" kuma ya yi asarar "yawan adadin" mai. Ya yi tafiya mai nisan mil 60 daga teku don fitar da tan 1,000 na mai da aka lalata da ruwan teku. Rikicin malalar man ya haɗa da tsuntsaye, penguins, kifi da sauran namun ruwa waɗanda suka wanke gabar tekun Tebur, inda slick ɗin ya kuma lalata rairayin bakin teku.

## Manazarta
Erfenis Dam

**Dam ɗin Erfenis,** wani dam ne mai cike da ƙasa da ke lardin Free State na Afirka ta Kudu, a kan kogin Vet, kusa da Theunissen . An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1960 kuma babban manufarsa shi ne amfanin ban ruwa. An sanya yuwuwar haɗarin dam ɗin a matsayi babba (3).

## Duba kuma

* Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu
* Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu

## Manazarta

* Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa
Ambaliyar Afirka ta 2007

**Ambaliyar Afrika ta 2007,** Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta ce ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ambaliyar ruwa mafi muni a tarihi. Ambaliyar ta fara ne da ruwan sama a ranar 14 ga watan Satumba, shekara ta 2007 lokacin gida. Sama da ƙasashe 14 ne bala'in ya shafa a Nahiyar Afrika, mutane 250 ne aka ruwaito ambaliya ta kashe kuma miliyan 1.5 ta shafa. Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta ba da gargaɗi game da cututtukan da ke haifar da ruwa da kamuwa 

## Bayanai daga majiyoyin Afirka

### Ghana
400,000 ba su da matsuguni inda a ƙalla mutane 20 suka mutu sannan an kwashe amfanin gona da dabbobi.

*George Azi Amoo* - kodinetan kula da bala'o'i na Ghana

### Sudan
An bayar da rahoto na mutuwar mutane 64.

### Habasha
An bayar da rahoton mutuwar mutane 17. A yankin Afar kogin Awash ya yi sanadiyar rushewar dam. Kimanin mutane 4,500 ne suka maƙale, ruwa ya kewaye su.

### Uganda
Mutane 150,000 ne suka rasa matsugunansu sannan 21 aka ruwaito cewa sun mutu. Makarantu 170 ne ke karkashin ruwa.

### Rwanda
An bayar da rahoton mutuwar mutane 18 sannan kuma gidaje 500 ambaliyar ruwa ta tafi da su.

### Mali
Gada 5 sun ruguje sannan kuma gidaje 250 sun lalace.

### Burkina Faso
An bayar da rahoton mutuwar mutane har 33.

### Kenya
An bayar da rahoton mutuwar mutane guda 12.

### Togo
An bayar da rahoton mutuwar mutane guda 20.

## Duba kuma

* 2009 Ambaliyar Afirka ta Yamma
* Ayyukan guguwa na duniya na 2007
* Karancin ruwa a Afirka

## Manazarta


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* BBC Hausa ta ruwaito Ambaliyar Afrika
* Labari mai zaman kansa kan ambaliyar ruwa
* Labarin Sunday Times
* Labarin Labaran BBC
* Kansas City Star
* Labarin ABC.net.au
* Rokon Ambaliyar Afirka
* Ambaliyar Afirka ta Yamma (har zuwa Oktoba 2007) - UN/ROWA
Bazarar ABT

**MV** ***ABT Summer*** jirgin ruwan dakon mai ne wanda aka gina a farfajiyar ginin jirgin ruwan Koriya ta Kudu na Ulsan kuma aka ƙaddamar a shekarar 1974. Jirgin ruwan ya kai mita 344, a tsayi kuma kusan mita 54, a faɗinsa. Yayin da take ƙarƙashin tutar Laberiya,  cike da man Iran kuma tana kan hanyar zuwa Rotterdam, ta nutse cikin  daga gaɓar tekun Angola . Wani fashewa da ba a bayyana ba ya faru a ranar 28, ga watan Mayu, shekarar 1991, kuma jirgin da kayansa sun fara ƙonewa. Biyar daga cikin ma’aikatan jirgin guda talatin da biyu ne suka mutu a lamarin, huɗu daga cikinsu da farko an bayyana ɓacewarsu.   Washegari, slick  tsayi da  faɗi ya fara samuwa.  Jirgin ya ci gaba da ƙonewa na tsawon kwanakai uku kafin ya nutse a ranar 1, ga watan Yuni. An yi hasarar jigilar man da jirgin ya kai wajen ton 260,000, wanda ya bar abin da ake gani a saman tekun mai nisan mil tamanin. Ƙoƙarin gano tarkacen jirgin bayan faruwar lamarin ya ci tura.  

## Duba kuma.

* Jerin zubewar mai.

## Manazarta.
Uganda Green Party

Jam'iyyar **Green Party ta Uganda,** jam'iyyar siyasa ce mai kalar kore a Uganda. Jam'iyyar ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta himmatu wajen kyautata yanayin muhalli maimakon siyasa. Babban manufarta ita ce kare muhalli da wuraren zama.

## Duba kuma

* Motsin kiyayewa
* Motsi na muhalli
* Koren siyasa
* Jerin kungiyoyin muhalli
* Dorewa
* Ci gaba mai dorewa

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Jam'iyyun siyasa sun yi rajista da hukumar zabe ta Uganda
Yankin Kula da Ruwa na Upper Vaal

**Upper Vaal WMA**, ko **Upper Vaal Water Area (coded: 8)**, yanki ne na Gudanar da Ruwa wanda ya haɗa da manyan koguna masu kai komo: kamar Kogin Wilge, Kogin Liebenbergsvlei, Kogin Mooi da Kogin Vaal, kuma yana rufe madatsun ruwa masu kai komo:

* Boskop Dam Mooi River
* Grootdraai Dam Vaal River
* Klerkkraal Dam Mooi River
* Klipdrift Dam Loop Spruit
* Potchefstroom Dam Mooi River
* Saulsport Dam Liebenbergvlei
* Sterkfontein Dam Nuwejaar Spruit
* Wahala Dam Val River

## Iyakoki
Yankunan magudanan ruwa na uku C11 zuwa C13, C21 zuwa C23, da C81 zuwa C83.

## Manazarta

* Ilimin kimiyyar ruwa
Dakunan karatu a Burundi

Akwai **dakunan karatu da yawa a [[Burundi]]**. Wurin karatu ne na ƙasa da ɗakunan ajiya yana cikin Bujumbura. An buɗe ɗakin karatu na Jami'ar Burundi a cikin shekarar 1981, kuma an ƙaddamar da shi bisa ƙa'ida a cikin shekarar 1985. Yana da kusan juzu'i 150,000 a farkon 1990s.

## Laburare na ƙasa
**Laburaren kasa na Burundi** babban ɗakin karatu ne na ƙasar Burundi, dake Bujumbura. An kafa shi a ranar 20 ga watan Satumba 1989 ta Sashen Al'adu a Ma'aikatar Matasa, Wasanni da Al'adu a karkashin Dokar Minista No. 670/1358.  Ma'aikaciyar ɗakin karatu ta ƙasa ita ce Marie Bernadette Ntahorwamiye. 

Laburaren ya ƙunshi duka ɗakin karatu da ɗakunan ajiya na ƙasa. Ko da yake a farkon shekarun 1990 har yanzu ba a tsara tarin tarin ba bisa ka’ida ba, saboda rashin ma’aikata da kudade, dakin karatu yana da kundin littattafai da kati da dakin karatu. 

A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ya zuwa shekarar 2014 kusan kashi 61 cikin 100 na mutanen Burundi balagaggu ne sun yi karatu. 

## Tarin jami'a
An buɗe ɗakin karatu na Jami'ar Burundi a cikin shekarar 1981, kuma an ƙaddamar da shi bisa ƙa'ida a cikin shekarar 1985. Yana da kusan juzu'i 150,000 a farkon 1990s. Cibiyar soja mafi girma tana da kundin 4600 a wannan lokacin.  Dakunan karatu na jami'a suna ba da yawon shakatawa da koyarwa ga ɗalibai a farkon kowace shekara ta ilimi. Sashen Kimiyyar Laburare a Jami'ar Burundi yana ba da kwas na shekaru biyu don masu neman laburare. Akwai kuma tarin tarin a Cibiyar Aikin Gona da ke Gitega. 

## Government collections/Tarin gwamnati
Tarin gwamnati ya haɗa da Cibiyar Nazarin Kididdigar Ƙididdiga ta ƙasa a cikin Ma'aikatar Tsare-tsare, Laburaren Ayyukan Noma na Ma'aikatar Aikin Noma, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Sashen Nazarin Kimiyyar Kimiyya, da Cibiyar Ci gaba da Ilimi ta Ma'aikatar Harkokin Gudanarwa. 

## Manazarta