'Yancin Dan Adam a Kurdistan na Iraqi

''Yancin ɗan adam a Kurdistan na Iraqi suna nufin batuna yancin dan adam a Yankin Kurdistan mai cin gashin kansa.

## Hakkin 'yan tsiraru a Kurdistan
Ko da yake majalisar dokokin yankin Kurdawa ta amince da wasu tsiraru a hukumance kamar Assuriyawa, Turkmen, Larabawa, Armeniya, Mandawa, Shabaks da Yezidawa, tare da tabbatar da daidaito, an yi ta zargin yunkurin "kurdawa" su. Assuriyawa sun ba da rahoton cewa jami'an Kurdawa sun jajirce wajen sake gina kauyukan Assuriyawa a yankinsu yayin da suke gina karin matsuguni ga Kurdawan da lamarin ya shafa a lokacin yakin Anfal[1]. A cikin 2008, membobin ADM sun bayyana cewa kurdawa ne suka nada mukaman ga tsiraru a majalisar dokokin Kurdawa a matsayin Assuriyawa alal misali ba su da damar zabar nasu 'yan takara.

An zargi gwamnatin yankin Kurdawa, galibin hukumomi da ke cikin jam'iyyar Democratic Party ta Kurdistan, da kokarin "kurdawa" wasu yankunan da Kurdawa ba su da rinjaye, kamar su Nineveh Plains da Kirkuk ta hanyar ba da tallafin kudi ga Kurdawan da ke son zama a yankunan.

Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta bayar da rahoton cewa, hukumomin Kurdawa sun ci zarafin Kirista da sauran tsiraru daga manyan dabarun dabarun Kurdawa, "ciki har da kamawa da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kuma tsoratarwa, ga duk wanda ya bijire wa shirin fadada Kurdawa". Don shigar da Nineveh wasu ƙasashen Kirista cikin yankin Kurdawa, an yi iƙirarin cewa Kurdawa sun ba wa tsirarun ƙazamin ƙazamin ƙage yayin da a lokaci guda kuma suka yi “danniya domin su ci gaba da zama a cikin su”. Wasu kungiyoyin Assuriya sun yi zargin cewa hare-hare na tsare-tsare da yaduwa kan kiristoci da aka yi a shekarar 2008 a ciki da kuma kusa da Mosul, sun dau alhakin KRG ne "da nufin tauye kwarin gwiwar jami'an tsaron gwamnatin tsakiya" da kuma karfafa amincewa da KRG. A lokacin kashe kiristoci a Mosul, da alama jami'an tsaron Kurdawa sun kasa dakile hare-haren. KRG ta musanta wadannan zarge-zargen, kuma ba a gano wadanda suka aikata laifin ba. HRW ta kuma bayyana cewa "Hukumomin KRG sun dogara da tursasawa, barazana, da kamawa da tsare mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba, fiye da tashin hankali na gaske, a kokarin da suke yi na samar da goyon bayan tsirarun al'ummomin kan ajandarsu dangane da yankunan da ake takaddama a kai". Wani shugaban Chaldo-Assyrian ya bayyana yakin Kurdawa ga Human Rights Watch a matsayin "mafi girma, isa ga tsarin mulki mai tasiri da iko wanda yawancin jama'a ke karkashin iko ta hanyar tsoro. A lokacin muhimman zabuka, an ba da rahoton barazanar da 'yan tsirarun 'yan siyasa da masu jefa kuri'a.

A shekara ta 2015, da yawa daga cikin samarin Kurdawa, cikin fushi da karuwar yawan Larabawa a Kurdistan na Iraki, da manufofin gwamnatin Kurdawa na bude kofa, sun fara wata babbar zanga-zanga, wadda ta fara daga yankin Larabawa na Erbil. Masu zanga-zangar dai na rera taken "Labawa mayaudara ne" da kuma wasu wakoki na adawa da Larabawa a yayin da suke tafiya, yayin da suke tsayawa kusa da gidajen Larabawa ko wuraren sana'o'i da aka sani suna kara zage-zage, inda wasu ma suka rika jifan gine-gine da tagogi, har sai da 'yan sandan Kurdawa suka far wa masu zanga-zangar da tazari da sanduna.

Bayan kwato Makhmur daga hannun ISIS, an soki jami’an tsaron Kurdawa da kin barin Larabawa da suka yi gudun hijira zuwa garin.

## 'Yancin mata
Fitaccen mawakin Kurdawa Goran ya kawo yancin mata ga adabin Kurdawan Iraki a farkon karni na 20. Goran ya yi tir da wariya da cin zarafin mata. Mujalla ta farko ta matan Kurdawa, Dengî Afiret "Muryar Mata", an buga ta a shekara ta 1953. Bayan hambarar da masarautu a shekara ta 1958, kungiyar matan Kurdawa ta yi yunkurin yin garambawul a cikin dokar farar hula ta Iraki kuma ta yi nasarar sanya aure karkashin ikon farar hula tare da kawar da kisan gilla. Kisan mutunci ya kasance babbar matsala a tsakanin al'ummar musulmi har sai da Iraki ta haramta shi. Mace ta farko mai shari'a a yankin gabas ta tsakiya ita ce 'yar Kurdawa mai suna Zakiyya Hakki wacce Abd al-Karim Qasim ya nada. Daga baya ta zama wani bangare na shugabancin KDP. 

Bayan kafa KRG, mata sun sami damar kafa ƙungiyoyin kansu kuma mata da yawa sun zama ministoci a majalisar ministocin ƙananan hukumomi. A cikin Satumba 2003, An nada Nasrin Berwari a cikin mambobi 25 na wucin gadi na Iraki a matsayin ministar gundumomi da ayyukan jama'a, kuma a cikin Yuni 2004, ta kasance cikin mata shida da aka nada a cikin mambobi 30 na rikon kwarya kuma a cikin Afrilu 2005 an nada ta dindindin ga wannan mukamin.. Duk da haka, a cikin kima na Dokta Choman Hardi, darektan Cibiyar Kula da Jinsi da Ci Gaba a Jami'ar Amirka ta Iraki - Sulaimani, "ko da yake gwamnatin yankin Kurdistan na son bayyanar da ci gaba da mulkin demokra] iyya, ta hanyar ba wa mata 'yancinsu, har yanzu yana da kyan gani kuma mata suna taka rawa."

'Yancin mata na Kurdawa da daidaito sun inganta a karni na 21 saboda ci gaba a cikin al'ummar Kurdawa da sababbin dokoki. Duk da ci gaban da aka samu, kungiyoyin kare hakkin mata na Kurdawa da na kasa da kasa har yanzu suna ba da rahoton matsalolin da suka shafi daidaiton jinsi, auren dole, kisan gilla da kuma kaciya (FGM) a Kurdistan na Iraki. Kungiyoyi daban-daban sun bayyana halin da ake ciki daban-daban, wasu lokuta suna ba da maganganu masu karo da juna.

A cikin 2009 Human Rights Watch ta gano cewa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a Kurdistan na Iraqi suna da hannu a duka biyun yin da kuma inganta rashin fahimta game da aikin yi wa mata kaciya. 'Yan mata da mata suna samun saɓani da saƙon da ba daidai ba daga kamfen ɗin watsa labarai da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya kan sakamakonsa. Majalisar dokokin Kurdistan a shekara ta 2008 ta zartar da dokar da ta haramta aikin, amma dokar ministocin da ake bukata don aiwatar da shi, wanda ake sa ran a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2009, an soke shi. A ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba, hukumar da ke kula da yankin Kurdistan a arewacin Iraki ta sanar da cibiyar Pluralism ta kungiyar mai zaman kanta da ake kira da “Stop FGM” a yankin Kurdistan, a hukumance ta amince da yaduwa a yankin na kaciyar mata. Amincewa da KRG na yawaitar wannan al'ada a tsakanin Kurdawa ya zo ne a yayin wani taron taro na tunawa da ranar kawar da cin zarafin mata ta duniya. A ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 2010, gwamnatin Kurdawa ta yarda da cin zarafin mata a Kurdawa kuma ta fara daukar matakai masu tsanani. 21 Yuni 2011 Majalisar Tarayyar Kurdistan ta amince da Dokar Rikicin Iyali, ta haɗa da tanadi da yawa da ke aikata laifuka. Dokar Kurdawa ta 2011 ta haramta aikin kaciya a Kurdistan na Iraqi kuma an yarda da doka shekaru hudu bayan haka. Nazarin ya nuna cewa akwai yanayin raguwar yawan zubar da jini.

## Hakkin LGBT

Hakkokin al'ummar LGBT (Madigo, Gay, Bisexual, da Transgender) a Kurdistan Iraki sun kasance batun muhawarar jama'a tun daga 2016, lokacin da ƙungiyar LGBT+ ta sami ƙarfi tare da ƙoƙarin ƙungiyoyi kamar su. IraQueer,  Rasan, da Gidauniyar Lava (daga baya sake fasalin Yeksani a cikin 2021). 

Majalisar dokokin yankin Kurdistan na la'akari da laifin cin zarafin mutane, kungiyoyi da kafofin watsa labarai da ke "inganta luwadi" tare da bayyana cewa duk wanda ko dai ta hanyar aiki ko magana, don inganta ko neman luwadi, za a yanke masa hukuncin dauri, na tsawon wata daya har zuwa shekara guda, tarar kudi daga dinari 500,000 har zuwa dinari miliyan biyar, ko kuma dukkan hukuncin daurin rai da rai.

Duk da ayyukan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi, ana ɗaukar asalin LGBT haram kuma galibi suna haifar da laifukan ƙiyayya. Rijistar ƙungiyoyin da aka keɓe kawai ga haƙƙin LGBT ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne, kamar yadda Darakta na Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ya musanta yin rajista, suna ambaton Mataki na 393 na Kundin Laifukan Iraki, wanda ake amfani da shi don tsare mutanen LGBT duk da cewa an yi niyya ne don jima'i ba tare da izini ba kuma ba musamman luwadi ba.

Masu fafutuka da membobin al'ummar LGBT na fuskantar wariya da kyama a cikin jama'a, tare da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na addini suna amfani da labarin "mutanen kuri'a" don karkatar da ra'ayin jama'a a kansu. Yayin da wasu kungiyoyi ke bayar da shawarwarin kare hakkin LGBT ta hanyar ilimi da yakin wayar da kan jama'a da kuma matsin lamba na kasa da kasa, kungiyar LGBT a yankin tana cikin matakin farko kuma tana fuskantar rashin amincewar jama'a. Wannan yana da nasaba da rashin fahimta da sanin al'amuran jinsi da jima'i.

Babu dokokin hana wariya ga mutanen LGBT, suna barin su cikin haɗari ga laifuffukan ƙiyayya da wariya a gidaje, aiki, da sauran fannonin rayuwa. Ƙungiyoyin jama'a suna ba da taimako na mutum ɗaya, kamar sabis na zamantakewar jama'a da taimakon gaggawa don barin yankin, amma kaɗan ne masu ba da shawara ga yancin LGBT.  Babu wakilan LGBT a siyasa.

### Ƙalubalen Shari'a
A ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 2021, an ba da sanarwar cewa wani ɗan majalisa na ƙungiyar siyasa mai kishin Islama da ake kira Komal (Kurdistan Justice Group) ya shigar da ƙara a kan Rasan a cikin gida saboda ƙungiyar ta ba da shawarar kare 'yancin LGBT + a cikin gida, kuma a cewarsa, wannan ya sabawa kimar al'adun Kurdawa.   A ranar 5 ga Janairu, 2023, Yeksani ya ba da rahoton cewa Ali Hama Saleh, ɗan siyasan Kurdawa, ya shigar da korafi a kansu a kan Janar Lauyan, saboda suna ba da shawara kan haƙƙin LGBT+ .

A ranar 4 ga watan Satumba, mambobin gwamnatin yankin Kurdistan a Iraki sun gabatar da kudirin doka ga majalisar dokokin da, idan aka amince da shi, za ta hukunta mutane ko kungiyoyin da ke fafutukar kare hakkin 'yan madigo, 'yan luwadi, bisexual, da transgender (LGBT). Shirin "Bill on the Prohibiting Luwadi" da aka gabatar ya bayyana cewa mutanen da ke tallata 'yancin LGBT ko luwadi za su fuskanci hukuncin daurin shekara daya a gidan yari da kuma tarar dinari miliyan biyar. Bugu da kari, kudirin dokar zai soke lasisin kamfanonin yada labarai da kungiyoyin farar hula na wani dan lokaci da ke inganta luwadi da madigo har na tsawon wata daya. Rahotanni sun ce kudirin ya samu goyon baya a tsakanin ‘yan majalisar.

Hukumar kula da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke Erbil ta yi barazanar soke lasisin kungiyoyin da ke fafutukar kare hakkin LGBT+ ko bayar da duk wani tallafi ko taimako ga membobin al'ummar LGBT+ a yankin, wanda ke yin Taron zaman lafiya na al'ummar LGBT+ da aka ware.

## Dubi kuma

* 'Yancin Dan Adam a Iraki
* Kisan Doski Azad

## Bayanan da aka ambata