open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta Indiya ta Kasa

Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta Indiya ta Kasa (NIEA) ita ce kawai ƙungiyar ba ba riba ba ƙasa da ke da alaƙa da batutuwan ilimi ga Indiyawan Amurka, 'Yan asalin Alaska, da' 'Yan asalin Hawaiian na Amurka.

## Tarihi
A watan Maris na shekara ta 1969, Sparlin Norwood, Cherokee, malami a makarantar sakandare ta tsakiya a Bartlesville, Oklahoma, ya shirya taron malamai na Indiya a Warm Springs Indian Reservation a Oregon, a matsayin wani ɓangare na matsayinsa na Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta Kasa.

A shekara ta 1969, Rosemary Christensen ta shirya taron kasa kan ilimin Indiya a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikinta a Cibiyar Nazarin Yankin Midwest (UMREL) da ke Minneapolis. Mambobin kwamitin tsarawa sun fito ne daga yankin Minneapolis mafi girma amma mahalarta sun fito ne manipud sassa daban-daban na kasar kuma sun amince cewa ya kamata a sake gudanar da irin wannan taron. A ƙarshen wannan taron na farko ƙungiyar Minnesota ta tambayi Christensen don tattauna ra'ayin ƙungiyar ƙasa ta malamai Indiya yayin da yake taron malaman Indiya na Amurka, wanda aka gudanar a Jami'ar Princeton, Maris 1970.

Jeannette Henry Costo da Rupert Costo, tare da tallafin Gidauniyar Ford, sun taimaka wajen tsara Taron Farko na Masanan Indiyawan Amurka. Wannan ya haɗu da malamai na Indiya waɗanda ke da hannu sosai a cikin ilimin ɗaliban 'yan asalin ƙasar a makarantun firamare, sakandare, da shirye-shiryen jami'a. Sparlin Norwood, William Demmert, da Rosemary Christensen sun halarci wannan taron. Haɗin malamai na Indiya sun sami sha'awa ɗaya kuma sun kafa ƙungiyar tattaunawa don yin la'akari da ayyukan nan gaba waɗanda za su haɗa su lokaci-lokaci don magance batutuwan ilimin Indiya da kuma koyo daga juna. Manyan masu shirya wannan ƙungiyar tattaunawa sun haɗa da Sparlin Norwood, Hershal (Ace) Shamant, Marigold Linton, Rosemary Christensen, John Winchester, Liz Whiteman, Dillon Platero, da William Demmert da Ned Hatathli, waɗanda duk za su zama mambobi na farko na "National Indian Education Association" Board of Directors. Akwai wasu mahalarta da suka halarci a matsayin masu kallo da masu tattaunawa ciki har da George Scott, Carl Downing, Sam Billison, Lee Antell da sauransu da yawa.

Wannan rukuni ya yanke shawarar zama ƙungiya mai zaman kanta, kuma ya zaɓi "National Indian Education Association" (NIEA) a matsayin sunan da za a haɗa shi. Gordon J. Amundson ya taimaka wa Rosemary Christensen don yin fayil don shigar da takardu. Jami'an, mambobin kwamitin, da sauran bukatun ƙungiya an gudanar da su a Taron Kungiyar Ilimi ta Indiya ta 1970.

An kafa NIEA a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta, 1970 (lambar fayil 1646) a Minneapolis, Minnesota .  Sa hannu na asali na takardun haɗin kai sune Rosemary Christensen, Elgie Raymond, da Will Antell .

## Manazarta
Ralph Featherstone

**Ralph Featherstone** (Mayu 26, 1939 - Maris 9, 1970) ya kasance ɗan gwagwarmayar siyasa na Amurka tare da Kwamitin Gudanar da Dalibai.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Featherstone a Washington, DC a cikin 1939. 

Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Malamai ta Washington DC, SNCC ta tura Featherstone zuwa Philadelphia, Mississippi, inda ya shiga cikin 1964 Freedom Summer . A McComb, Mississippi, ya kafa "Freedom School" a matsayin madadin makarantun jihohi masu rarrabe, kuma ya koyar da azuzuwan a can. Daga baya ya tafi Selma, Alabama, inda aka kama shi kuma daga baya ya koyar da azuzuwan a kurkuku.

A lokacin da yake Mississippi, Featherstone yana da alaƙa da Chude Pam Allen, mai shirya Freedom Summer.

A lokacin rani na 1966, Featherstone da Howard Zinn sun yi tafiya zuwa Japan don gabatar da laccoci game da shigar Amurka cikin yaƙi a Vietnam.  A shekara ta 1967, ya yi tafiya zuwa Cuba.

A shekara ta 1967, Featherstone ya zama sakataren shirin kwamitin kula da dalibai. A wannan watan Oktoba, ya halarci wani taro a New Mexico wanda Alianza Federal de Mercedes ta shirya, wanda ya ba da shawara ga haƙƙin ƙasa ga Hispano New Mexicans.

Featherstone a cikin rawar da ya taka tare da SNCC ya goyi bayan Dalilin Palasdinawa, yana cewa, "Isra'ila kuma koyaushe ta kasance kayan aiki da tushe ga masu cin zarafin Amurka da Burtaniya a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Afirka. " Ya kare wani littafin SNCC na 1967 bayan Yaƙin Kwanaki shida wanda ya haɗa gwagwarmayar kare hakkin baƙar fata a Amurka tare da gwagwarmaya ta Palasdinawa don tabbatar da kai. 

A shekara ta 1968, Featherstone, tare da abokan tarayya a cikin SNCC, sun kafa kantin sayar da littattafai na Drum & Spear a Washington, DC, wanda ke nuna marubutan baki.

A watan Fabrairun 1970, Featherstone ta auri 'yar'uwarta mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama Charlotte Orange . 

## Mutuwa
A ranar 9 ga Maris, 1970, yayin da yake tafiya tare da abokin aikin SNCC William "Che" Payne zuwa shari'ar H. Rap Brown, wani bam ya kashe Featherstone a kan Hanyar Amurka 1 1 a Bel Air, Maryland. Su biyu za su kasance da alhakin jigilar Brown cikin aminci zuwa shari'arsa. Bam din ya fashe daga bene na gaba na motarsu, inda ya kashe mazauna biyu. Masu adawa da SNCC da 'yan sanda sun yi zargin cewa magoya bayan H. Rap Brown ne suka dasa bam din da gangan kafin a yi masa shari'a kuma ya fashe ba da gangan ba. Magoya bayan Brown sun yi zargin kisan kai da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na gida suka yi, kuma sun ambaci shirin COINTELPRO na FBI a matsayin shaida game da makircin dama. Dangane da wata sanarwa da jaridar Spear of the Nation ta buga kuma gwauruwar Featherstone, Charlotte ta amince da ita, fashewar bam kisan siyasa ne da aka yi niyya ga Brown. Jaridar ta yi iƙirarin, "A cikin dare an sanya bam mai fashewa a cikin motansu. Ba da daɗewa ba kafin tsakar dare bam din ya fashe, kuma an kashe Ralph da Che nan take...Waɗannan kashe-kashen wani aikin siyasa ne da aka tsara wa baƙar fata a ko'ina".

An kai toka na Featherstone zuwa Legas, Najeriya, inda aka binne su a wani bikin Yoruba wanda mutane 10,000 suka halarta.

## Manazarta
Bettie Mae Fikes

**Bettie Mae Fikes** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1948) wanda aka fi sani da **Muryar Selma**,  mawaƙiya ce ta Amurka kuma Mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama.

## Rayuwa
An haife ta a Selma, Alabama a shekara ta 1948, ta fara waƙa tun tana ɗan shekara huɗu.  Fikes ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Gudanar da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun (SNCC),  kuma an san shi da "Muryar Selma".  An daure ta tun tana matashiya a cikin 1963 saboda shigarta a zanga-zangar Selma kuma ta shiga cikin Bloody Sunday a 1965.  Sabbin waƙoƙinta na " Wannan Ƙananan Hasken Nawa " da sauran waƙoƙin sun zama sananne musamman. Ta yi a duka Babban Taron Dimokuradiyya na 1964 da Babban Taron Dimokuradiyya &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup> <sup>&#x5B; &#x5D; **', ta rera waƙa a wurin jana'izar John Lewis, wanda ta nuna yana iya zama aikinta na ƙarshe na jama'a. 

## Manazarta
Yankin da aka tsara

A cikin ilimin ƙasa da ilimin ƙasa, shimfidar wuri babban yanki ne wanda kusan yake a kwance tare da yiwuwar wasu tsaunuka masu raguwa. Hanyoyin da ke samar da shimfidar wuri ana kiransu gaba ɗaya kuma suna da alaƙa (musamman rushewa). An tsara shimfidar wurare ba tare da la'akari da tsarin dutse ba. A Duniya, sun kasance wasu daga cikin wuraren da aka fi sani. Taswirar ilimin ƙasa ta nuna cewa shimfidar wuri na iya ƙunsar kashi 65% na shimfidar wurare a kan wata mafi girma na Saturn, Titan,  wanda ke karɓar bakuncin sake zagayowar ruwa na ruwa. Peneplains da pediplains sune nau'ikan shimfidar wuri da aka tsara bi da bi ta hanyar "peneplanation" da "pediplanation". Baya ga waɗannan akwai wuraren da aka tsara da aka ba da shawarar da za a kafa ta hanyar cryoplanation, hanyoyin ruwa, rushewar glacial da gishiri. Kalmar shimfidar wuri sau da yawa ana fi son wasu saboda wasu takamaiman nau'ikan shimfidar wurare da matakai sun kasance masu kawo rigima. Etchplains sune wuraren da ke da yanayi.

Manyan filayen tsari, kamar Afirka,  yawanci ana kirkirar su ne. 

Sau da yawa ana tunanin cewa shimfidar wuri ta samo asali ne a matakai daban-daban na tushe tare da jerin su da ke wakiltar abubuwan da suka faru. Koyaya yanayin wasu abubuwan da ake kira shimfidar wuri na iya nuna sauƙin lalacewa a wasu wurare a cikin lithologies ko Tsarin daban-daban kuma saboda haka bazai dace da kowane tsarin haɓaka ba.

## Manazarta
Port Vila Kira don Canji Mai Adalci zuwa Fossil Fuel Free Pacific

Port Vila Kira don Canjin Daidai zuwa Fossil Fuel Free Pacific zafi taro ne da aka nufa don yin kira ga kawar da man fetur na burbushin halittu daidai da iyakancewar Yarjejeniyar Paris ga dumama kawai  ° C (34.7 ° F) ko ƙasa  da kuma 'canji mai sauri da adalci' zuwa makamashi mai sabuntawa da karfafa Dokar muhalli, gami da gabatar da aikata laifuka na kisan kare muhalli.

Taron ya bayyana cewa masu tsara manufofi ya kamata su shiga Beyond Oil and Gas Alliance (BOGA) kuma su goyi bayan Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. 

## Tarihi
Vanuatu da Tuvalu sun dauki bakuncin Tattaunawar Ministocin Pacific ta biyu a Port Vila, Vanuatu, a ranar 15-17 ga Maris, 2023,  a cikin wani bangare na martani ga Guguwar Judy da Kevin guda biyu da aka fara a ranar 1 ga Maris, 2023 . Ministan da jami'an Vanuatu, Tuvalu, Fiji, Niue, Solomon Islands, da Tonga sun hadu don taron Ministocin Tattalin Arziki na Tsibirin Pacific a Suva, Fiji. An ba da Sakatariyar Taron Tsibirin Pacific tare da ci gaba da tattaunawar. A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta, 2023, an yarda da taron.

Ralph Regenvanu, Ministan Canjin Yanayi na Vanuatu, ya bukaci gwamnatin New Zealand da kada ta sauya haramcin binciken man fetur. A mayar da martani, Gerry Brownlee, wakilin sabuwar gwamnati, ya bayyana cewa bai rage muhimmancin hakar man fetur a matsayin batun ba.

## Manazarta
Astonfield

Astonfield Renewables Resources kamfani ne mai sabunta makamashi wanda ke gina, mallakar, da kuma gudanar da tashoshin wutar lantarki ta hasken rana a kasuwannin da ke tasowa. Hedikwatar a Mumbai, mayar da hankali ga aikinta a Indiya yana tallafawa ta ƙarin ofisoshi a New Delhi da Kolkata.

## Tarihi
Ameet Shah da Sourabh Sen ne suka kafa Astonfield a shekara ta 2005. A matsayin mai shiga farko a kasuwar hasken rana ta Indiya, Astonfield ta lashe daya daga cikin kwangilar aikin hasken rana na farko a kasar a karkashin Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission. Wannan aikin, aikin hasken rana na 5 MW a Osiyan, Rajasthan, an ba da izini a ƙarƙashin Mataki na Migration na Ofishin Jakadancin Hasken rana na Kasa, wanda ya haɗa da ayyukan da suka riga sun kasance a ƙarƙashin ci gaba lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da Ofishin Jakadun a cikin 2009.

## Haɗin gwiwar Amurka da Indiya
A cikin 2011, Hukumar Ciniki da Ci Gaban Amurka (USTDA) ta ba da sanarwar jerin yarjejeniyoyi a ƙarshen Tattaunawar Dabarun Amurka da Indiya don inganta damar kasuwanci tsakanin kasashe biyu. Astonfield ta sami tallafin $ 719,985 don taimakawa wajen tsarawa da tura ayyukan hasken rana guda biyu a Indiya.

A cikin shekara ta 2010, Majalisar Kasuwancin Amurka da Indiya, ƙungiyar bayar da shawarwari ta kasuwanci da ke wakiltar kamfanonin Amurka a Indiya da kamfanonin Indiya na duniya, sun zaɓi Babban Jami'in Gudanar da Astonfield Aparna Doshi zuwa rundunar su ta Solar Power Task Force, wanda shine shirin inganta kasuwanci da saka hannun jari a cikin hasken rana. 

A shekara ta 2010, Astonfield ta sami lambar yabo ta fitar da kayayyaki ta Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci ta Amurka, da kuma lambar yabo ta Green ta Duniya a World Trade Week NYC.

## Ayyuka
A matsayin mai motsawa na farko a kasuwar hasken rana ta Indiya, ayyukan Astonfield sun kasance 2-12 MW a girman. Suna jan hankali ga manyan ayyukan 25 MW da sama a cikin shekara mai zuwa. A watan Yulin 2013, Astonfield ta sami darajar bashi ta A− a kan wuraren aro don tashar hasken rana ta 5 MW a Osiyan, Rajasthan, daga Credit Rating Information Services of India Limited (CRISIL), wani bangare na McGraw Hill Corporation kuma wanda mafi yawan masu ruwa da tsaki shine Standard & Poor's. Yana daya daga cikin tsire-tsire na farko na hasken rana da suka sami darajar bashi na A a Indiya.

### Shuke-shuke na wutar lantarki

Fayil:Astonfield_5_MW_Solar_Power_Plant_in_Osiyan,_Rajasthan.jpg|Astonfield's 5 MW solar plant in Osiyan, Rajasthan.
Fayil:Astonfield-UttarPradesh-2MW-SolarPlant.jpg|Astonfield's 2 MW solar plant in Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh.
Fayil:Astonfield_11.5MW_Solar_Plant_Gujarat.jpg|Astonfield's 11.5 MW solar plant in Gujarat, India.


## Manazarta
Asusun Tsaro na Canjin Yanayi na Bangladesh

Asusun Resilience na Canjin Yanayi na Bangladesh (**BCCRF**) Asusun amincewa ne mai ba da gudummawa da yawa (MDTF) wanda aka kirkira don tattara da rarraba kudaden daidaita yanayin yanayi ga Bangladesh.

A ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 2009, gwamnatin Bangladesh ta ki karɓar tayin tallafin yanayi na fam miliyan 60 daga Ƙasar Ingila idan an tura shi ta Bankin Duniya, da farko, to gwamnati ta yarda da sharuɗɗan da kuɗin.

## Yankin da ake ciki
A cewar Mohammed Shamsuddoha da Rezaul Karim Chowdhury, "The 'draft concept note' shirya da gwamnatin Bangladesh a kan MDTF ya ba da shawarar cewa sakatariyar za ta kasance a ofishin Bankin Duniya a Dhaka. Bankin zai zama shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa, kuma gudanarwa, gudanarwa, sa ido da saka idanu kan aiwatar da ayyukan MDTF da shirye-shiryen. Don wannan aikin, Bankin zai caji dala miliyan 8. Dukkan hukumomin aiwatarwa za su bi jagororin Bankin da manufofi game da aiwatarwa da aikin da sayen. 

## Taimako
Ma'aikatar Ci Gaban Duniya ta Burtaniya (DFID) tana dagewa cewa ya kamata a tura kudaden yanayi ta hanyar Asusun Amincewa da yawa wanda Bankin Duniya ke sarrafawa; wannan matsayi ya sami goyon baya daga gwamnatin Denmark.

A taron yanayi na Copenhagen na 2009, wani wakilin Bangladesh ya gaya wa manema labarai cewa Bangladesh na iya barin Bankin Duniya ya gudanar da kudaden, idan masu ba da kuɗi sun saita hakan a matsayin yanayin. Bayan taron, Firayim Minista na Bangladesh Sheikh Hasina ya bayyana cewa kafa Asusun Amincewa da yawa wani bangare ne na martani na gwamnatinta ga Canjin yanayi.

## Rashin amincewa
A cewar New Age, Asusun Amincewa da yawa yana da "mafi yawan adawa tsakanin masu binciken canjin yanayi, jami'an ma'aikatar muhalli da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da membobin jama'a a Bangladesh daidai".  Kungiyoyin jama'a na Bangladesh suna da matukar sukar ra'ayin Asusun Aminci na Multi Donor, gabaɗaya sun fi son cewa kwamitin gudanar da gwamnati zai gudanar da kudade. Masu fafutuka sun nuna damuwa game da kudaden gudanarwa na 10-15% da masu ba da shawara na Bankin Duniya za su caji, da kuma rashin samun damar dimokuradiyya ga kudaden daidaitawa. Sauran masu fafutuka suna da matukar sukar ayyukan da Bankin Duniya ke tallafawa, wanda suka ce "suka da yawa sun haifar da haɗarin muhalli kuma sun lalata kayan muhalli da ayyuka".

Masu adawa da Bangladesh na MDTF da Bankin Duniya ke gudanarwa sun hada da Equity and Justice Working Group Bangladesh (EquityBD). 

Abokan adawar Burtaniya sun hada da Jubilee Debt Coalition da World Development Movement . 

## Manazarta
Kafarta

A cikin Tarihi, Addini da kimiyyar siyasa, tsarkakewa shine cire matsayi ko kashe mutanen da wadanda ke mulki ba su so daga gwamnati, wani, shugabannin tawagar su, ko al'umma gaba daya. Kungiyar da ke yin irin wannan ƙoƙari ana kiranta da tsarkake kanta. Tsarkakewa na iya zama ko dai ba tare da tashin hankali ba ko tashin hankali, tare da tsohon sau da yawa ana warware shi ta hanyar cirewa mai sauƙi na waɗanda aka wanke daga ofis, kuma na ƙarshe sau da yawa an warware shi da ɗaurin kurkuku, gudun hijira, ko kisa waɗanda aka wanye.[1]

## Halaye
Kisan gillar da aka yi a birnin Shanghai na shekarar 1927 a kasar Sin da kuma daren dogayen wukake na shekarar 1934 a Jamus na Nazi, inda shugaban wata jam'iyyar siyasa ya bijire wa wani bangare ko wata kungiya a cikin jam'iyyar tare da kashe mambobinta, ana kiransa da sunan "tsarkakewa". Korar jama'a da yawa bisa dalilan wariyar launin fata da kyamar baki, kamar korar 'yan Tatar na Crimea a Tarayyar Soviet, ba haka ba ne.

Kodayake tsarkakewa na kwatsam da tashin hankali sananne ne, yawancin tsarkakewar ba su haɗa da kisa ko ɗaurin kurkuku nan take ba, misali tsarkake-tsarkakewa mai yawa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Czechoslovakia a kan dalilan rashin kulawa ko watsi, ko tsarkake Yahudawa da Masu adawa da siyasa daga Ma'aikatan Jama'a na Jamus a 1933-1934.

Tun daga shekarar 1966, shugaba Mao Zedong da mukarrabansa sun kawar da da yawa daga cikin shugabancin jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Sin, ciki har da shugaban kasar, shugaba Liu Shaoqi da babban sakatare-janar na lokacin, Deng Xiaoping, a matsayin wani bangare na abin da shugabannin suka kira juyin al'adu. A cikin jihohin Maoist, hukunce-hukuncen yawanci sun ƙunshi aiki tuƙuru a sansanonin laogai da kisa. Deng Xiaoping ya yi kaurin suna wajen komawa kan karagar mulki bayan an wanke shi sau da yawa.

## Amfani da kalmar a tarihi

### Yakin basasar Ingila, 1648-1650

### Tarayyar Soviet
An yi tsarkakewa akai-akai a Tarayyar Soviet. A cikin Tarayyar Soviet, sojoji da masu tsaron gida sun fi kamawa fiye da fararen hula.

Kalmar "tsarkakewa" sau da yawa ana danganta ta da Stalinism. Yayinda yake jagorantar USSR, Joseph Stalin ya gudanar da tsarkakewa akai-akai wanda ya haifar da dubban mutane da aka yanke musu hukuncin zuwa sansanonin aiki na Gulag da kuma kashe-kashen Kwaminisanci, jami'an soja, 'yan tsiraru, masu fashewa, da' yan ƙasa da ake zargi da makirci da kwaminisan kai. Stalin tare da Nikolai Yezhov sun fara sanannun tsarkakewar CPSU, Babban Tsarkakewa, a tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1930.

## Manazarta
Zuwa Arctic 3D

To the Arctic 3D fim ne na Amurka na IMAX 3D na 2012 wanda Greg MacGillivray ya jagoranta. Meryl Streep ce ta ba da labarin.

## Karɓar baƙi
Ya zuwa watan Disamba na 2020, fim din yana da amincewar kashi 64% a shafin yanar gizon Rotten Tomatoes, bisa ga sake dubawa 28 tare da matsakaicin darajar 6.5/10.

## Mana
Potrero (ƙasa)

**potrero** wani tsawo ne wanda a gefe ɗaya ya gangara sama zuwa ƙasa mafi girma. Wannan yanayin yana faruwa ne a gefen dutse, a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsaunin da aka rarraba.

Kalmar aro daga Harshen Mutanen Espanya, potrero ana amfani da shi a yanzu a kudu maso yammacin Amurka, inda wani lokacin ana fassara shi a matsayin "harshe na ƙasa" da "ƙananan yanki na makiyaya". A cikin harshen Mutanen Espanya, duk da haka, ma'anar "harshe na ƙasa" tsoho ne.

Har ila yau archaic shine ma'anar *potrero* wanda ke nufin wani wanda ke jayayya da 'ya'yan (potros a cikin Mutanen Espanya) wanda aka ajiye a matsayin kayan kiwo (ba saddle ko kayan kwalliya ba). A cikin Mutanen Espanya, ma'anar potrero yanzu tana nufin kowane ƙasa (kamar ranch, budewa, ko makiyaya na al'umma) inda ake ajiye irin waɗannan dawakai.

Sanannen misalai na potreros sun haɗa da wasu daga cikin mesas da yawa na Pajarito Plateau kusa da Santa Fe, New Mexico ( United States ) .Wadannan "yatsa mesas" sun kasance ci gaba da ajiya na toka mai aman wuta ( Bandelier Tuff ). Ruwa sai a datse tuff zuwa cikin kwalaye masu nisa kusan daidai. Lokacin da tsohon Pueblos ya watsar da Chaco Canyon, wasu sun ƙaura zuwa Pajarito Plateau kuma suka sassaƙa manyan gidaje kai tsaye cikin tuffa mai laushi a gindin potreros. Sun kuma yi gini a saman tukwane da kuma kan benayen kwarin.  Wasu daga cikin waɗannan gidaje da kuma kewayen potreros ana kiyaye su a Bandelier National Monument . A tarihi, ana amfani da waɗannan potreros azaman wuraren kiwo na hunturu don dabbobi (dawakai, tumaki, da shanu) waɗanda ake kaiwa da komowa daga wuraren kiwo na bazara a cikin manyan kwarin ciyawa ( *kwaruruwan* ) na Valles Caldera . A yau, waɗannan potreros ana amfani da su ta wannan hanya ta babban garke na alkama . Wadannan *potreros* rukunai ne na dabi'a, tare da babban fita ɗaya kawai: kunkuntar haɗi zuwa ƙasa mafi girma.

## Manazarta
Quechua (geography)

**Quechua** na ɗaya daga cikin yankuna takwas na ƙasar Peru kuma yana tsakanin 2,300 da 3,500 m sama da matakin teku. Tana kunshe da manyan kwaruruka da koguna ke raba su da ruwan sama.

Furen sa sun haɗa da Andean alder, gongapa, da arracacha . Mutanen da ke zaune a wannan yanki, suna noma masara, squash, passionfruit, gwanda, alkama, da peach .

Fitattun fauna sun haɗa da tsuntsaye kamar *chihuanco* ko farar wuyansa. 

## Dubawa
**Rarraba Nahiyar Andean**

Dutsen Dutsen:

* Tsawon tsaunuka - 4,100 m
* Puna ciyawa
* Hamadar Andean-Alpine
* Layin dusar ƙanƙara - kimanin 5,000 m
* Janca - Rocks, Snow da Ice
* Kololuwa

## Manazarta
'Yancin Dan Adam tsakanin Jima'i

***<nowiki/>'[[Intersex]]_human_rights" id="mwCQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Intersex human rights">'Yancin ɗan adam tsakanin Jima'i*** bincike ne game da' yancin dan adam na mutanen da ke tsakanin jima'i a kasashe 12. Dan Christian Ghattas na  (Ƙungiyar Intersex International (OII) a Jamus) ne ya rubuta shi kuma Gidauniyar Heinrich Böll ce ta buga shi a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2013. Kasashen da aka yi nazari sune Australia, Belgium, Faransa, Jamus, New Zealand, Serbia, Afirka ta Kudu, Taiwan, Turkiyya, Uganda, Ukraine da Uruguay.

An yi imanin cewa rahoton shine farkon kwatankwacin kasa da kasa game da haƙƙin ɗan adam na mutanen da ke da jima'i. Ya gano cewa ana nuna wariya ga mutanen da ke tsakanin jinsi a duk duniya.

Ghattas ya gano cewa: 

* Ayyukan tiyata na al'aura sun yadu: "Kusan a duk faɗin duniya, ana ɗaukar jikin jima'i a matsayin kusan, ko a'a, wanda zai iya shiga cikin tsarin zamantakewa. Saboda haka, ana yin tiyata ta al'aura daga jariri zuwa balaga a duk ƙasashen da aka bincika. "
* Ana cire kwayar gonadal a yawancin ƙasashe tsakanin ƙuruciya da ƙuruciya. Ana ba da maganin hormone.
* Akwai ƙananan kulawa bayan kulawa.
* Ana buƙatar rajistar haihuwa, tare da aikin jima'i, a yawancin ƙasashe cikin makonni huɗu na haihuwa.
* Ana bi da jima'i a matsayin batun da ba a yarda da shi ba a duk ƙasashen da aka yi nazari. Mutanen da ke tsakanin jima'i suna fuskantar nuna bambanci, sau da yawa saboda halayyar da ba ta dace da jinsi ba.
* An kafa gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam ne kawai kwanan nan, kuma yawan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da masu sa kai.

Ghattas ya yanke shawara guda biyar ga kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam:

# Bayar da hankali game da wanzuwar mutane masu jima'i.
# Ƙara ganuwar mutane da yanayin rayuwa.
# Karfafa mutane masu jima'i don tsara kansu da bukatun murya.
# Inganta hadin gwiwa tare da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.
# Yi la'akari da bukatun mutane masu jima'i a duk fannoni na aikin kare hakkin dan adam.

An buga littafin a cikin Jamusanci a matsayin  .  

Ana iya sauke littafin kyauta a cikin Turanci ko Jamusanci.

## Dubi kuma

* Dan Kirista Ghattas
* Intersex
* 'Yancin Dan Adam na Intersex

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

*  (a cikin Turanci) Shafin yanar gizon Heinrich Böll
* Shafin yanar gizon OII na Jamus
* 'Yancin Dan Adam tsakanin Jima'i, Gidauniyar Heinrich Böll
* Mutanen da suka yi nasara a cikin Geschlechtern, Heinrich Böll Stiftung
Aikin Dokar Lafiyar Hankali

**Cibiyar Bazelon don Dokar Lafiya ta Zuciya** kungiya ce ta kare shari'a ta kasa da ke wakiltar mutanen da ke da nakasa a Amurka. Asalin da aka sani da The Mental Health Law Project, an kafa Cibiyar a matsayin kungiyar jama'a ta kasa a cikin 1972 ta ƙungiyar lauyoyi na musamman da ƙwararrun masu nakasa na hankali  waɗanda ke aiki don taimakawa kotun ta ayyana haƙƙin tsarin mulki don magani dangane da takamaiman ƙa'idodi don ayyuka da kariya.  A shekara ta 1993, kungiyar ta canza sunanta zuwa Alkalin David L. Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law don girmama gadon Alkalin Davis L. Bazulon, wanda yanke shawara a matsayin Babban Alkalin Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka don Gundumar Columbia ya fara fannin dokar kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa.

## Shari'a
Shari'ar da aka kafa ta cibiyar ta kafa muhimman haƙƙoƙin jama'a ga mutanen da ke da tabin hankali ko nakasa.  Waɗannan sun haɗa da haƙƙin magani a Wyatt v. Stickney (an yanke shawara a cikin 1971 kuma an kammala nasara cikin 1999), [1] da Kotun Koli ta 1999 Olmstead v. LC.  misali rel.  Shawarar Zimring da ke tabbatar da haƙƙin nakasassu don karɓar sabis na jama'a a cikin mafi haɗin haɗin kai daidai da bukatunsu.

## Manufofin Tarayya
Har ila yau, Cibiyar tana ba da shawarwari kan manufofin tarayya, yin aiki tare da Majalisa da hukumomin gudanarwa don tabbatar da misali, cewa mutanen da ke da nakasa sun kasance a ƙarƙashin kariya na Amurkawa masu nakasa da kuma gyare-gyare ga Dokar Gidajen Gaskiya ta tarayya, da kuma samar da albarkatu irin su Ƙarin Kudin Tsaro da Medicaid wanda zai iya ba su damar rayuwa da bunƙasa a cikin al'umma.  A cikin 2009, babban buri shine haɗin kai da lafiyar hankali a cikin garambawul na kiwon lafiya

## Littattafai
Littattafan Cibiyar Bazelon sun haɗa da rahotanni; takardun fitarwa; doka, ka'idoji, da nazarin manufofi; littattafan bayar da shawarwari; da jagororin masu amfani da haƙƙin doka. Wadannan suna samuwa don saukewa kyauta daga shafin yanar gizon cibiyar, ko kuma ana iya ba da umarnin takardun bugawa ta gidan waya, tarho, ko imel.

## Kudin
 most of the Bazelon Center's revenue came from contributions, gifts, and grants. Notable organizations providing grant support to the Bazelon Center include the Open Society Foundations and the MacArthur Foundation. Beginning in 1978, the MacArthur Foundation has awarded multiple grants to the Bazelon Center, totaling $14,035,000 

## Manazarta
Mohamed Albuflasa

**Mohamed Yousif Rashid Albuflasa** (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1977) mawaki ne na Bahraini, marubuci, tsohon dan takara mai zaman kansa na majalisar dokokin Bahraini a zaben majalisar dokokin 2010 kuma memba ne na majalisar matasa ta Bahraini . Ya kasance daga dangin Albuflasa Bedouin . Tsohon jami'in tsaro na Bahrain, yanzu yana aiki a kotun Yarima Salman bin Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa .

A sakamakon jawabin da ya yi wa zanga-zangar Pearl Roundabout, Albuflasa ya zama fursunonin siyasa na farko a cikin Bahraini. Jawabin Albuflasa ya kasance mai mahimmanci a matsayin Salafi yana magana da masu zanga-zangar da galibi Shia ne ko Sunni Musulmai.

## Zaben Majalisar Dokoki na 2010
A lokacin zaben 'yan majalisa na Bahraini na Oktoba 2010, Albuflasa ya tsaya a matsayin dan takara mai zaman kansa yana kira ga canji. Ya soki a bainar jama'a yadda majalisar dokokin Bahraini ta yi watsi da rawar da take takawa a matsayin mai sa ido da kuma majalisar dokoki don tallafawa rikice-rikicen siyasa tsakanin jam'iyyun siyasa daban-daban.

Daga baya ya janye don goyon bayan dan takarar Al-Menbar Islamic Society, yanzu MP, Mohamed Al-Emadi, yana mai cewa ya yi la'akari da Al-Emodi mai yiwuwa ya zama mafi kyawun MP. Kodayake ba a yarda ma'aikatan soja su tsaya takara ba, ba a ba Albuflasa horo ba a sakamakon haka.

## Kasancewa cikin tashin hankali na Bahraini

### Magana
A ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, ranar biyu ta zanga-zangar Bahrain Arab Spring, Albuflasa ta yi jawabi ga taron masu zanga-zambe da suka taru a Pearl Roundabout. A cikin abin da aka bayyana a matsayin magana mai daidaituwa Albuflasa, sanye da al'adun gargajiya na Larabawa, ya nuna bukatar sake fasalin siyasa na gaske kuma ya nuna goyon baya ga bukatun masu zanga-zangar ciki har da kira ga kawo karshen nuna bambanci na ɗarika a kan mafi rinjaye na Shia da kuma "tsarin siyasa na Sunnis". Bai ambaci kasancewa jami'in soja da ya yi ritaya ba.

### Ma'anar
Jawabin Albuflasa ya kasance mai ban sha'awa saboda shi dan Sunni ne mai ra'ayin mazan jiya yayin da masu zanga-zangar galibi Shia ne ko Sunnis na duniya. A cewar ɗan'uwansa Rashed, jawabin Mohamed an yi shi ne don kwantar da hankalin fushin da aka haifar da ƙoƙarin haifar da rashin jituwa tsakanin Shi'a da Sunni. Ya so ya nuna cewa babu bambanci tsakanin su kuma dukansu Bahraini ne. Duk da yake gwamnati ta yi mamakin kuma ta dauki jawabin a matsayin hari a kansu, wanda Mohamed ke biyan sakamakon, bai yi adawa da dangin sarauta da gwamnati ba  

### Kamawa da tsare
Bayan barin taron a wannan maraice, Albuflasa ya ɓace. Makonni uku bayan haka, gwamnati ta yarda cewa jami'an tsaro sun kama shi, yana cikin tsare-tsare, kuma zai tsaya a gaban shari'a saboda "ƙetare dokar Sojojin Tsaro na Bahrain"

Albuflasa ya yi zargin cewa an wulakanta shi yayin da yake cikin tsare. An ruwaito cewa an wulakanta shi, an hana shi hasken rana da isasshen iska, kuma ya ki amincewa da kulawar kiwon lafiya da ya nema saboda baƙin ciki. A shafin yanar gizon Albuflasa, iyalinsa sun bayyana tsare-tsaren da aka yi masa a cikin tantanin halitta 1 da mita 1 da alamun gajiya sakamakon azabtarwa da yajin aikin yunwa.

## Manazarta
Nabeel Rajab

**Nabeel  Rajab** (Arabic: نبيل أحمد عبدالرسول رجب, romanized: Nabīl Aḥmad ʿAbd ar-Rasūl Rajab; an haife shi 1 Satumba 1964) ɗan gwagwarmayar kare hakkin ɗan adam ɗan Bahrain ne kuma ɗan adawa. Shi ne shugaban Cibiyar Kare Hakkokin Bil Adama ta Bahrain (BCHR), memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Sashen Gabas ta Tsakiya na Human Rights Watch, Mataimakin Sakatare Janar na Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Bil Adama ta Duniya (FIDH), memba na Hukumar Ba da Shawara ta Bahrain Rehabilitation and Anti-Volence Organization (BRAVO), co-kafa cibiyar Gulf for Human Rights (GCHR), kuma tsohon shugaban CARAM Asia.

Yunkurin kare hakkin dan adam na Rajab ya fara ne a lokacin tashin hankali na 1990 a Bahrain. Rajab ya yi amfani da hanyar sadarwar jama'a a matsayin kayan aiki a yakin neman 'yancin ɗan adam, wanda ya haifar da rikice-rikice tare da hukumomin Bahraini. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na kasa da kasa kamar su Front Line Defenders, Human Rights Watch (HRW), da Reporters Without Borders sun amince da gwagwarmayarsa, wadanda suka nuna cewa gwamnatin Bahraini ta yi niyya da shi.

A cikin Tashin hankali na Bahraini na 2011, Rajab ya jagoranci zanga-zangar da yawa, sau da yawa yana rikici da hukumomin siyasa da Sojojin Tsaro na Jama'a. Ya soki ba kawai Gwamnatin Bahraini ba game da rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam har ma da matsayin abokan hulɗa na Bahrain, gami da Amurka. Ayyukansa, musamman bayan zanga-zangar Grand Prix ta 2012, ya haifar da kama shi da kuma ɗaure shi da yawa. A shekara ta 2012, an tsare shi kuma an yanke masa hukuncin watanni uku a kurkuku saboda wani sakon Twitter da aka dauka a matsayin "zagi Bahraini". Yayinda yake tsare, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru uku a kurkuku kan tuhume-tuhume da suka shafi ayyukan zanga-zangar sa, daga baya an rage shi zuwa shekaru biyu bayan daukaka kara. Bayan an sake shi a shekarar 2014, an sake kama Rajab saboda sukar gwamnati ta hanyar Twitter kuma daga baya a wannan shekarar aka sake shi a kan beli har sai an yi masa shari'a a shekarar 2015.

A cikin wani sanannen shari'a a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 2018, Babban Kotun Laifuka na Bahrain ta yanke wa Rajab hukuncin shekaru biyar a kurkuku saboda maganganun da ya yi game da ayyukan gwamnatin Bahraini, gami da zargin da ya wallafa game da cin zarafinsa da azabtarwa a cikin Kurkukun Jaw a shekarar 2015. An sake shi daga kurkuku a ranar 9 ga Yuni 2020

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Nabeel Rajab a ranar 1 ga Satumba 1964 a Bahrain ga dangin matsakaicin matsayi. Ya yi aure kuma yana da 'ya'ya biyu. Ya kammala karatun sakandare a 1983 a Bahrain, ƙwararre a kimiyya. Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin Kimiyya da Tarihi daga Jami'ar Pune (tsohuwar Jami'ar Poona) a Indiya a shekarar 1987.   Yana samun rayuwarsa a matsayin "mai kwangila ta hanyar kasuwanci". A watan Fabrairun 2012, Rajab ya sanar da niyyarsa ta rufe kasuwancinsa saboda abin da ya kira cin zarafin gwamnati. Nabeel Rajab dan dan Mohamed Hasan Jawad ne, daya daga cikin 'yan Bahrain goma sha uku da aka daure saboda shiga cikin tashin hankali a shekarar 2011. Har ila yau, dan uwan Hussain Jawad ne, wani shahararren mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam wanda aka kama a watan Fabrairun 2015. 

## Manazarta
Anna Nimiriano

**Anna Nimiriano** (a wasu lokuta ana kiranta **Anna Nimiriano Nunu Siya**) 'yar jaridar Sudan ta Kudu ce wacce ita ce co-kafa kuma babban edita na *Juba Monitor* . Nimiriano ita ce kadai mace a Sudan ta Kudu kuma ita ce ta lashe lambar yabo ta Mata a Labaran Edita 2019 Afirka (WAN-IFRA 2019 Africa Laureate). 

## Tarihi da ilimi
Nimiriano ya sami digiri na farko a cikin Nazarin Al'umma da Ci gaban Karkara daga Jami'ar Juba .  Har ila yau, tana da difloma a cikin tauhidin, daga Cibiyar Ilimin tauhidi don Laity .  Bugu da kari, Nimiriano "ya halarci tarurruka da yawa na horar da kafofin watsa labarai na cikin gida da na duniya a Kenya, Uganda, Washington DC, Saliyo, Djibouti, Tanzania, China da Indiya".

## Ayyuka
Yayinda take jami'a, Nimiriano ta rubuta ra'ayoyi da sharhi ga Khartoum Monitor kuma bayan karatunta a shekara ta 2006, ta shiga takarda a matsayin darektan edita kuma daga baya, Manajan Edita. An sake sunan takarda Juba Monitor a cikin 2000 kuma ta zama ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa wannan.

A cikin 2017, an nada Nimiriano a matsayin Babban Edita na Juba Monitor wanda ya sa ta zama mata kadai Babban Edita a Sudan ta Kudu. Ta maye gurbin Alfred Taban wanda ya bar mukamin bayan an nada shi memba na majalisar dokokin Kajo-Keji 

Nimiriano memba ne na National Editors" Forum (NEF) a Sudan ta Kudu .  A wannan matsayin, ta wakilci kafofin watsa labarai a lokacin babban matakin Revitalized Peace Agreement Forum a Sudan ta Kudu 

## Kyaututtuka da karbuwa
A cikin 2019, Nimiriano ta sami kyaututtuka 2 - an ba ta suna WAN-IFRA Africa Laureate ban da karɓar Kyautar Courage in Journalism ta 2019 .  

An ambaci sunanta a matsayi na 8 a jerin manyan shugabannin 50 na duniya na mujallar Fortune ta 2019. Avance Media kuma ta lissafa ta cikin 100 Mafi Muhimman Mata na Afirka a cikin 2020.

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

* Website of the Juba Monitor[usurped]
Tashar Ocean da Miramar

Ocean da Miramar tashar jirgin ƙasa ce mai sauƙi akan layin Muni Metro K Ingleside, wanda ke tsakanin wuraren shakatawa na Westwood da Ingleside na San Francisco, California, Amurka.  Tasha ta ƙunshi dandamali biyu na gefe, tare da dandamali na gabas (mai fita) wanda ke kan titin Ocean Avenue yamma da tsakar rana tare da titin Miramar da dandalin yamma (inbound) da ke gabas na tsakar.  An fara buɗe shi a cikin 1895 akan layin United Railroads 12;  K Ingleside sabis ya fara a 1919.

Tashar tana aiki da hanyoyin bas din K Bus, K Owl da 91 Owl, waɗanda ke ba da sabis tare da layin K Ingleside a farkon safiya da kuma ƙarshen dare bi da bi lokacin da jiragen kasa ba sa aiki.

## Tarihi

Kamfanin Market Street Railway mai zaman kansa ya buɗe reshe - wanda aka gina a cikin kwanaki shida kawai - na layin Mission Street tare da Ocean Avenue zuwa Victoria Street a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1895, don yin hidima ga sabon Ingleside Racetrack .  An tsawaita layin zuwa Ingleside House (inda Ocean Avenue yanzu ya haɗu da Junipero Serra Boulevard) jim kadan bayan haka. Girgizar ƙasa ta 1906 ta lalata motocin kebul da yawa da layin titin; URR ta ci gaba da aiki a kan layin Ocean Avenue (12) a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1906.

Ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 1918, birnin da URR masu gwagwarmaya sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar "Parkside Agreements," wanda ya ba wa Muni titin mota damar yin amfani da URR trackage a Junipero Serra Boulevard, Ocean Avenue, da Taraval Street, don musayar kuɗin kuɗi da farashin kulawa.  Miramar ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1919. Miramar ita ce ƙarshen layin har zuwa ranar 18 ga Mayu, 1919, lokacin da aka ƙarasa gabas akan titin Ocean Avenue da kudu akan titin Brighton zuwa Grafton Avenue.  Birnin ya sayi kamfani mai zaman kansa (wanda aka sake masa suna Market Street Railway a 1921) a cikin 1944;  An cire sabis na 12 daga Ocean Avenue a ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 1945, ya bar kawai K Ingleside..

An rufe layin kuma an maye gurbinsa da bas daga Fabrairu 2001 zuwa Yuni 7, 2003 don aikin sake ginawa da inganta Ocean Avenue, babban aikin gyaran tituna da maye gurbin kayan aiki. An sake gina tsibirin jirgin ruwa na Muni a tashoshin da ke kan titin Ocean . 

A cikin 2023, SFMTA ta fara tsara aikin a kan K Ingleside Rapid Project, wanda aka yi niyya don kara karfin da rage lokacin tafiya a kan yankin Ocean Avenue na layin. Shirin farko da aka nuna a watan Afrilu na 2023 ya haɗa da dandamali masu tsawo a tashoshi huɗu, gami da Miramar, don a iya amfani da mota ta biyu na jiragen kasa guda biyu. Shawarwarin da aka sabunta a watan Yulin 2023 da Janairu 2023 sun hada da dandamali masu tsawo a Miramar. An sake gina dandalin fita daga Agusta 22 zuwa Satumba 7, 2024, a matsayin wani ɓangare na aiwatar da wasu abubuwan aikin "da sauri". An shirya gina cikakken aikin daga 2027 zuwa 2029.
Kwazazzabo

Wani **kwari** wani wuri ne wanda ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da Canyon kuma sau da yawa samfurin lalacewar ruwa ne. Ana rarraba ravines a matsayin mafi girma a sikelin fiye da gullies, kodayake karami fiye da kwari. Ravines kuma ana iya kiransu cleuch, dell, ghout (Nevis), gill ko ghyll, glen, gorge, kloof (Afirka ta Kudu), da China (Isle of Wight) 

Kwarin yana da nau'in gangaren kogin na ɓangarorin da ke da tsayi (cross-sectional), a kan tsari na ashirin zuwa kashi saba'in cikin dari a cikin gradient. Ravines na iya ko bazai da raƙuman ruwa masu aiki da ke gudana tare da tashar da ke ƙasa wanda ya kafa su da farko; Bugu da ƙari, sau da yawa ana nuna su da raƙuma masu saurin wucewa, tunda sikelin su na ƙasa bazai isa ya goyi bayan raƙuman raƙuman da ke ci gaba ba.

## Ma'anar
A cewar Merriam-Webster, kwarin "ƙaramin, kunkuntar, kwarin da ya fi girma fiye da kwarin kuma karami fiye da kwari kuma yawanci ana sawa da ruwa mai gudana". Wasu al'ummomi da harsuna ba su bambanta tsakanin kwari da kwari ba; a wasu, akwai bambanci, musamman idan ya shafi kula da muhalli.

## Kafawa
Sau da yawa ana samun gullies a yankunan tsaunuka ko tsaunuka, inda ake jagorantar ruwa zuwa ƙasa ta hanyar gangara masu tsawo kuma a tsawon lokaci yana lalata wuri. Wani kwari shine mataki na karshe a cikin rushewa kwari, wanda aka kafa lokacin da rafi ya rushe sosai ya samar da zurfin yanke a cikin ƙasa. Ana iya rarraba rami a matsayin kwari bayan ya kai zurfi mai zurfi, yawanci fiye da mita 5 (16 . 

## Tasirin muhalli

Rugujewar ruwan sama tana ba da gudummawa sosai ga asarar ƙasa a duniya kuma musamman tana barazana ga filayen noma. Bugu da ƙari, asarar ƙasa tana ba da gudummawa ga gurɓataccen yanayi, ambaliyar ruwa, da kuma lalacewar hanyoyin ruwa. Za'a iya hanzarta kafa ƙasashen kwari ta hanyar sare daji da wuce gona da iri. A cikin wuraren da ba su da kyau na Indiya, an kiyasta rushewar ƙasa ta wuce yawan tan 40 a kowace hekta (16 dogon ton / acre; 18 gajeren ton / acire) a kowace shekara.

## Misalan

### Hawaii
Garkuwar garkuwar Hawaii tana da tasiri sosai a kan rarraba raƙuman ruwa a faɗin tsibirai, musamman Mauna Loa da Mauna Kea, wanda tsohon shine ɗayan garkuwar garkuwa a Duniya. Dukkanin wadannan tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta suna nuna raƙuman V-shaped a gefen su, kawai inda Pahala ash ya rufe su. Da yake shi ne babba daga cikin biyun, Mauna Kea yana nuna bayyanar cututtukan waɗannan raƙuman. Ruwan sama da ƙarfin shiga suna da mahimmanci ga farawa na kwarin a kan tsaunukan wuta na Hawaiian. Da zarar an fara waɗannan kwari, kogunsu suna raguwa don samar da raƙuman V-shaped. A ƙarshe, sun zama tsarin kwari mai zurfi kuma suna fallasa aikin ruwa na ƙasa. Mafi zurfi daga cikin wadannan incisions sune U-shaped, wasan kwaikwayo-headed kwari.

### Kyakkyawan raƙuman ruwa

 

## Manazarta
Wakilin Backkom: Sarakuna Bear

Wakilin *[[Bernard (jerin talabijin)|Backkom]]*: Kings Bear (Chinese: 贝肯熊2:金牌特工; lit. 'Bacon Bear 2: Gold Agent') fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na kasada Sin na 2021. Zhang Yang ne ya ba da umarni, fim din ya biyo bayan Backkom Bear na 2017: Agent 008, wanda hakan ya dogara ne akan jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Backkom.

## Makirci
An aika wakili Backkom a kan wani aiki don kare lu'u-lu'u mai daraja wanda kungiyar masu aikata laifuka ta sace. An ba shi aikin isar da lu'u-lu'u ga mai shi na gaskiya, King's Bear, wanda ke zaune a cikin wani gidan sarauta mai ban mamaki a cikin duwatsu.

A kan hanya, Agent Backkom ya fuskanci matsaloli da ƙalubale daban-daban, gami da sojojin King's Bear na tsananin masu tsaron dabbobi da kuma mai cin amana a cikin tawagarsa. Duk da rashin iyawarsa da rashin ƙwarewa, Agent Backkom ya sami nasarar shawo kan kowane ƙalubale tare da saurin tunani da hanyoyin da ba na al'ada ba.

Yayin da wakilin Backkom ya isa gidan sarauta na Sarki, sai ya gano gaskiyar da ta fi ban tsoro: kungiyar masu aikata laifuka ta sace Sarki, kuma suna amfani da lu'u-lu'u a matsayin fansa. Tare da taimakon tawagarsa da masu tsaron dabbobi, Agent Backkom ya kaddamar da aikin ceto mai ban tsoro don ceton Bear na Sarki kuma ya dawo da lu'u-lu'u.

A cikin wani sakamako mai ban sha'awa, Agent Backkom ya fuskanci shugaban kungiyar masu aikata laifuka da magoya bayansa a cikin wani mummunan yaƙi. Tare da sabon ƙarfin hali da ƙuduri, Wakilin Backkom ya fito da nasara, ya ceci Bear na Sarki, kuma ya mayar da lu'u-lu'u ga mai shi.

## Saki
An shirya fitar da fim din a kasar Sin a watan Fabrairun 2020, amma ba a fitar da shi ba saboda COVID-19 .  An shirya za a saki shi a cikin kwata na biyu na 2021.

## Manazarta
Cinikin mutane a Dubai

**Cinikin mutane a [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]]** shine batun fataucin mutane a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa wanda ya hada da haƙƙin ɗan adam a Dubai. Wadanda abin ya shafa suna jan hankalin su da ikirarin karya da ke da alaƙa da albashi mafi girma da ake samu a Dubai kuma suna iya haɗawa da ma'aikatan tilas. Tare da buƙatar ma'aikatan ƙaura akwai kuma buƙatar ma'aikata masu jima'i masu ƙaura. Saboda bambancin da ke cikin yawan mutanen da ke zaune da aiki a Dubai, masana'antar jima'i ta kasuwanci ta wanzu don kula da waɗannan bambance-bambance a baya, samun kudin shiga, da aji. Ana tilasta mata shiga cikin kasuwancin jima'i mai girma a Dubai, cibiyar fataucin mutane da karuwanci.

Bautar a cikin Jihohin Trucial ta biyo bayan Bautar a ƙungiyar ƙabilu zuwa kudancin Tekun Farisa (kudu maso gabashin Arabiya) waɗanda shugabannin su suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kariya, ko truces, tare da Ƙasar Ingila tsakanin 1820 da 1892. Daga shekarun 1990s, Dubai ta zama sananniya a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa a matsayin wurin cinikin jima'i na mata na Iran. Bautar Chattel ta wanzu a cikin Trucial States har zuwa 1971 lokacin da Dubai ta sami 'yancin kai daga Ƙasar Ingila a matsayin wani ɓangare na Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa.

## Ayyukan Jima'i na Mutanen Espanya
Yanayin Daular Larabawa na Tarayyar Larabawa ya sa ya zama muhimmiyar matakala ga baƙi daga Gabas ta Tsakiya, Afirka, Gabashin Turai, da Kudu maso gabashin Asiya waɗanda ke son yin aiki a Turai ko Amurka. Ci gaban tattalin arzikin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da ci gaba mai tsanani a farkon zuwa tsakiyar 2000s sun sa ba kawai ya zama abin sha'awa ga baƙi na ƙasashen waje ba, har ma ya dogara da su. A Dubai, baƙi sun kai kusan kashi 90% na yawan jama'a. Duk da yake wannan yawan baƙi ya bambanta sosai dangane da asalin ƙasar, yawan jama'a ya kasu kashi biyu: matalauta, ma'aikata masu rauni waɗanda ke zuwa Dubai ta hanyar kwangilar aiki mai ƙuntatawa; da masu arziki, 'yan kasuwa na Yamma da masu ba da kuɗi. Dukkanin jama'a suna ba da gudummawa ga Dubai da babbar Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa a hanyoyi daban-daban amma suna da mahimmanci. Duk da yake mafi kyawun baƙi na Yamma suna ba da gudummawar kuɗi ga ci gaban birnin, matalauta ba da gudana ga yawancin aikin jiki da ake buƙata don gina tsarin jiki na birnin.

Jama'ar ma'aikatan jima'i masu ƙaura a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun bambanta sosai kuma suna tasowa. Koyaya, saboda Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta haramta karuwanci, waɗannan ma'aikatan jima'i sun kasance a ɓoye, ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma suna cikin tsoron shiga tsakani na tilasta bin doka da yiwuwar korar su.

Saboda yawan ma'aikatan ƙaura na Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, kwangilar aiki mai ƙuntata, da rashin haɗin gwiwar yaki da fataucin mutane tare da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, Rahoton Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci ta Amurka ya ba Hadaddiyar Larabawa jerin jerin matsayi na Tier 3 da Tier 2 Watchlist. A sakamakon haka, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta ba da izinin kasancewar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na cikin gida da na duniya don bunkasa, gami da waɗanda ke aiki don kawo ƙarshen fataucin mutane da fataucin jima'i

## Manazarta
Indira Priyadarshini Kyautar Vrikshamitra

**Indira Priyadarshini Vriksha Mitra Awards** ko IPVM Awards ana ba da su ne daga Ma'aikatar Muhalli da dazuzzuka  na Gwamnatin Indiya ga mutane da cibiyoyin da suka yi aikin majagaba da misali a fagen gandun daji da ci gaban hamada. An gabatar da kyautar kuɗi na Rupees dubu biyu da hamsin ga mutane / cibiyoyi a cikin rukuni bakwai. An kafa shi a cikin 1986 kuma ana ba da shi kowace shekara. Da farko, an ba da kyaututtuka na IPVM a cikin nau'o'i goma sha biyu har zuwa shekara ta 2006. Amma kamar yadda sanarwar Ma'aikatar Muhalli da dazuzzuka ta 2012 ta amince da Categories Bakwai don IPVM Awards.

## Ka'idoji
Kamar yadda Ofishin Bayanan Labarai na Gwamnatin Indiya ya nuna ayyukan da ke yanke shawarar kyaututtuka suna kafa wuraren kula da yara; dasa bishiyoyi a kan wuraren da ba a sani ba / ƙasar gona; wayar da kan jama'a - wayar da kan mutane, motsawa da aikin fadadawa; wanda ya shafi talakawa na karkara / kabilanci / hadin gwiwa a cikin gandun daji da dasa bishiyoyi; kafa cibiyoyin matakin tushen kamar hadin gwiwar masu shuka bishiyoyi; da shinge na al'umma.

## Matsayi

# Jami'an daji na mutum
# Mutum-Ba tare da Jami'an daji ba
# Cibiyoyi / Kungiyoyi a karkashin Gwamnati
# Kwamitin Gudanar da dazuzzuka na hadin gwiwa (kyauta shida na yanki-mai hikima) 
# Kungiyoyin da ba su da riba (NGOs) 
# Kamfanoni (Masu zaman kansu / Hukumomin Jama'a) 
# Eco-Clubs a matakin makaranta (an rufe shi a karkashin Shirin Green Corps na Ma'aikatar Muhalli da dazuzzuka) 

## Masu karɓa
GAURA DEVI (1925 - 1991) ita ce ta farko da ta karbi lambar yabo ta Indira Priyadarshini Vriksha Mitra (IPVM) a shekarar 1986.

## Manazarta
Matsanancin yanayi

Matsanancin yanayi ya haɗa da yanayi mara kyau, sabon abu, mai tsanani, ko yanayi mara kyau; yanayi a iyakar rarraba tarihi - kewayon da aka gani a baya. Mummunan al'amura sun dogara ne akan rikodin tarihin yanayin wuri. Babban nau'ikan matsanancin yanayi sun haɗa da raƙuman zafi, raƙuman sanyi, fari, da hazo mai yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na guguwa, irin su cyclones na wurare masu zafi. Tsananin yanayi na iya yin tasiri iri-iri, tun daga hadurran yanayi kamar ambaliya da zabtarewar ƙasa zuwa tsadar rayuwa ga lafiyar ɗan adam da tattalin arzikin ƙasa. Tsananin yanayi wani nau'in yanayi ne na musamman wanda ke haifar da haɗari ga rayuwa da dukiyoyi.

Yanayin yanayi a yankin da aka bayar ya bambanta da lokaci, don haka za a iya danganta matsanancin yanayi, aƙalla a wani ɓangare, ga canjin yanayi na yanayi da ke wanzuwa a duniya. Misali, El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) ko Arewacin Atlantic oscillation (NAO) al'amuran yanayi ne da ke tasiri yanayin yanayi a duniya. Gabaɗaya magana, abu ɗaya a cikin matsanancin yanayi ba za a iya danganta shi da kowane dalili guda ɗaya ba. Koyaya, wasu manyan canje-canjen tsarin zuwa tsarin yanayin duniya na iya haifar da haɓaka mitoci ko tsananin abubuwan yanayi.

Canjin yanayi na iya sa wasu matsanancin yanayi su zama akai-akai kuma sun fi tsanani.: 1517  Wannan ya shafi zafi da raƙuman sanyi. Matsakaicin ɓangarorin abubuwan da suka faru suna kallon yiwuwar bayani a bayan matsanancin abubuwan da suka faru. Samfuran yanayi sun nuna cewa hauhawar yanayin zafi na iya haifar da matsanancin yanayi da ya fi muni a duniya.

Matsanancin yanayi yana da mugun tasiri a kan al'ummar ɗan adam da kuma yanayin muhalli. Ana samun asarar rayukan mutane, lalacewar ababen more rayuwa da lalata muhalli. Wasu ayyukan ɗan adam na iya tsananta tasirin, misali rashin tsarin birane, lalata dausayi, da gina gidaje tare da filayen ambaliyar ruwa.

## Ma,ana
Tsananin yanayi yana bayyana abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba waɗanda ke kan iyakar rarraba tarihi don wani yanki da aka ba su.: 2908  Rahoton kimantawa na shida na IPCC ya bayyana wani mummunan yanayi kamar haka: "Wani lamari da ba kasafai ba a wani wuri da lokaci na shekara. Ma'anar 'rare' ya bambanta, amma yanayin yanayi mai tsanani zai kasance mafi wuya fiye da kashi 1 ko na 0 na kasawa fiye da kashi 1 ko na 0 na kasawa fiye da kashi 1 ko na 0 na kasawa fiye da kashi 1 ko na 0 na kasawa fiye da kashi 0 ko na kasawa fiye da kashi 1 ko na 9. aikin yuwuwar yuwuwar kimantawa daga abubuwan lura.":  2908

Sabanin haka, Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya ta ayyana yanayi mai tsanani a matsayin kowane bangare na yanayin da ke haifar da hadari ga rayuwa, dukiya ko kuma bukatar sa hannun hukuma. Tsananin yanayi don haka wani nau'in yanayi ne na musamman.

## Nau'uka
Ma'anar matsanancin yanayi sun bambanta a sassa daban-daban na al'umma, suna canza sakamakon bincike daga waɗannan fannoni. Nau'in matsanancin yanayi na iya haɗawa, amma ba'a iyakance su ba, hazo mai nauyi, fari, raƙuman zafi, raƙuman sanyi, guguwa, da guguwa.

## Manazarta