Matsayin muhalli

Saurin muhalli yana auna bukatar ɗan adam akan asalin halitta, watau yawan yanayin da yake ɗauka don tallafawa mutane da tattalin arzikin su. Yana bin diddigin bukatar mutum akan yanayi ta hanyar tsarin lissafin muhalli. Asusun sun bambanta yankin da ke samar da kwayoyin halitta da mutane ke amfani da su don gamsar da amfani da su ga yankin da ke da samar da kwayoyi a cikin yanki, al'umma, ko duniya (biocapacity). Biocapacity shine yankin da ke samar da kayan aiki wanda zai iya sake farfado da abin da mutane ke buƙata daga yanayi. Sabili da haka, ma'auni shine ma'aunin Tasirin ɗan adam akan muhalli. Kamar yadda asusun Ecological Footprint ke auna har zuwa yadda ayyukan ɗan adam ke aiki a cikin hanyoyin duniyarmu, su ne ma'auni na tsakiya don dorewa.

Cibiyar Cibiyar Nazarin Duniya ce ke inganta ma'aunin wanda ya haɓaka ƙa'idodi  don yin kwatankwacin sakamako. FoDaFo,  wanda ke tallafawa Global Footprint Network da Jami'ar York  yanzu suna ba da ƙididdigar ƙasa na Footprints da biocapacity.

Za'a iya kwatanta sawun sawun da ƙarfin halittu a sikelin mutum, yanki, ƙasa ko duniya. Dukansu sawun sawun da buƙatu akan ƙwarewar halittu suna canzawa kowace shekara tare da yawan mutane, amfani da mutum, ingancin samarwa, da yawan amfanin yanayin halittu. A sikelin duniya, kimantawa na sawun ya nuna yadda ake kwatanta babban bukatar bil'adama da abin da Duniya za ta iya sabuntawa. Cibiyar Nazarin Duniya ta kiyasta cewa, tun daga 2022, bil'adama tana amfani da Babban birnin halitta 71% da sauri fiye da Duniya zai iya sabunta shi, wanda suka bayyana a matsayin ma'anar sawun muhalli na bil'adame ya dace da duniyar Duniya ta 1.71 .  Wannan amfani da yawa ana kiransa overhoot na muhalli.

Ana amfani da nazarin sawun muhalli a ko'ina cikin duniya don tallafawa kimantawa mai ɗorewa. Yana bawa mutane damar auna da sarrafa amfani da albarkatu a duk faɗin tattalin arziki da bincika dorewa salon rayuwa, kayayyaki da ayyuka, kungiyoyi, bangarorin masana'antu, unguwa, birane, yankuna, da kasashe.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya

Hanyar da ta fi sauƙi don bayyana sawun muhalli shine adadin albarkatun muhalli da ake buƙata don samar da kayayyaki da aiyuka waɗanda ke tallafawa salon rayuwar mutum, wadatar al'umma, ko aikin tattalin arzikin bil'adama gaba ɗaya. Misali hanya ce ta kwatanta salon rayuwa, amfani da kowane mutum, da yawan jama'a, da kuma duba waɗannan game da ikon halittu. Kayan aikin na iya sanar da manufofi ta hanyar bincika yadda wata al'umma ke amfani da shi (ko ƙasa da haka) fiye da yadda ake samu a cikin yankinta, ko kuma yadda salon rayuwar al'umma da yawan jama'a za su iya maimaitawa a duk duniya. Sawun na iya zama kayan aiki mai amfani don ilimantar da mutane game da yawan cin abinci da yawan jama'a, tare da manufar canza halayyar mutum ko manufofin jama'a. Ana iya amfani da sawun muhalli don jayayya cewa salon rayuwa na yanzu da lambobin ɗan adam ba su da ɗorewa. Kwatanta ƙasa da ƙasa yana nuna rashin daidaito na amfani da albarkatu a wannan duniyar.

Sawun muhalli na yawon bude ido (TEF) shine sawun muhallar baƙi zuwa wani wuri, kuma ya dogara da halayyar masu yawon bude hankali. Kwatanta TEFs na iya nuna fa'idodin madadin wurare, hanyoyin tafiye-tafiye, zaɓin abinci, nau'ikan masauki, da ayyukan.

Saurin carbon wani bangare ne na jimlar sawun muhalli. Sau da yawa, lokacin da aka ruwaito sawun carbon kawai, ana nuna shi a cikin nauyin CO2 (ko CO2e wanda ke wakiltar yiwuwar warming GHG (GGWP)), amma kuma ana iya bayyana shi a yankunan ƙasa kamar sawun muhalli. Dukansu ana iya amfani da su ga samfurori, mutane, ko dukan al'ummomi.

## Hanyar da ake amfani da ita

An gina lissafin sawun muhalli a kan fahimtar cewa albarkatun sake farfadowa sune mafi yawan albarkatun jiki na duka. Ko da amfani da man fetur na burbushin halittu ya fi iyakance ta yawan ƙwaƙwalwar da biosphere zai iya samarwa maimakon yawan da aka bari a karkashin kasa. Haka kuma gaskiya ne ga ma'adanai da ma'adinai, inda abin da ke iyakance shi ne yawan lalacewar da muke da ita ga yanayin halittu da muke shirye mu yarda da cirewa da kuma mayar da hankali ga waɗannan kayan, maimakon yawan su har yanzu suna ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Sabili da haka, mayar da hankali ga lissafin sawun muhalli shine gasa ta ɗan adam don albarkatun sake farfadowa.

Adadin sake farfadowa na duniya, gami da yawan albarkatun da aka sabunta da kuma yawan sharar da duniya za ta iya sha, ana kiranta biocapacity. Sabili da haka sawun muhalli suna bin diddigin yadda ake buƙatar ƙarfin halittu don samar da duk abubuwan da ayyukan ɗan adam ke buƙata. Ana iya lissafa shi a kowane sikelin: don aiki, mutum, al'umma, birni, yanki, al'ada, ko bil'adama gaba ɗaya.

Ana iya raba sawun sawun zuwa nau'ikan amfani: abinci, gidaje, da kayayyaki da aiyuka. Ko kuma ana iya shirya shi ta hanyar nau'ikan da aka shagaltar: gonaki, makiyaya, gandun daji don samfuran gandun daji, gandun dajin don ƙwace carbon, yankunan ruwa, da sauransu.

Lokacin da aka yi amfani da wannan hanyar ga wani aiki kamar kera samfurin ko tuki mota, yana amfani da bayanai daga nazarin rayuwar rayuwa. Irin waɗannan aikace-aikacen suna fassara amfani da makamashi, biomass (abinci, fiber), kayan gini, ruwa da sauran albarkatun a cikin yankunan ƙasa na yau da kullun da ake kira hekta na duniya (gha) da ake buƙata don samar da waɗannan abubuwan shigarwa.

Tun lokacin da aka fara Cibiyar Sadarwar Duniya a shekara ta 2003, ta lissafa sawun muhalli daga tushen bayanan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don duniya gaba ɗaya da kuma sama da kasashe 200 (wanda aka sani da National Footprint and Biocapacity Accounts). Wannan aikin yanzu FoDaFo  da Jami'ar York sun karbe shi.  Adadin sawun duniya da ake buƙata don ci gaba da yawan jama'ar duniya a wannan matakin amfani ana lissafa su. Kowace shekara ana sabunta lissafin zuwa sabuwar shekara tare da cikakkiyar kididdigar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Hakanan ana sake lissafin jerin lokutan tare da kowane sabuntawa, tunda kididdigar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wani lokacin tana gyara bayanan tarihi. Sakamakon yana samuwa a kan dandalin bayanai mai budewa.   .

Lin et al. (2018) sun gano cewa yanayin ga ƙasashe da duniya sun kasance daidai duk da sabunta bayanai. Bugu da kari, wani binciken da Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Switzerland ta yi kwanan nan ya sake lissafin abubuwan da ke faruwa a Switzerland kuma ya sake su a cikin 1-4% na lokacin da suka yi karatu (1996-2015).  Tun daga shekara ta 2006, akwai saiti na farko na ma'aunin sawun muhalli wanda ke ba da cikakkun bayanai game da hanyoyin sadarwa da lissafi. Sabon sigar sune ka'idojin sabuntawa daga shekara ta 2009.

⁶Hanyar lissafin sawun muhalli a matakin ƙasa an bayyana ta a shafin yanar gizon Cibiyar Sadarwar Duniya  ko kuma a cikin cikakkun bayanai a cikin takardun ilimi, gami da Borucke et al. 

Kwamitin Binciken Asusun Kasa ya buga jadawalin bincike kan yadda za a inganta asusun.

## Ma'aunin sawun sawun
Don 2023 Global Footprint Network ya kiyasta sawun muhalli na ɗan adam a matsayin duniya 1.71 .  Dangane da lissafin su wannan yana nufin cewa bukatun bil'adama sun ninka sau 1.71 fiye da abin da yanayin duniya ya sabunta.

Idan ba a rage wannan yawan amfani da albarkatun ba, ci gaba da wucewa zai ba da shawarar ci gaba da lalacewar muhalli da yiwuwar raguwa ta dindindin a cikin ikon ɗaukar ɗan adam na Duniya.    

A cikin 2022, matsakaicin yankin da ke samar da kwayoyin halitta ga kowane mutum a duk duniya ya kasance kusan hekta 1.6 na duniya (gha) ga kowane mutum. Sawun Amurka ga kowane mutum ya kasance 7.5 gha, kuma na Switzerland ya kasance 3.7 gha, na China 3.6 gha, kuma ya Indiya 1.0 gha. A cikin Rahoton Rayuwa na Duniya na 2022, WWF ta rubuta raguwar kashi 69% a cikin yawan dabbobi na duniya tsakanin 1970 da yanzu, kuma ta haɗa wannan raguwar ga bil'adama wanda ya wuce karfin duniya. Wackernagel da Rees da farko sun kiyasta cewa ƙarfin halittu da ke akwai ga mutane biliyan 6 a Duniya a wannan lokacin ya kasance kusan hekta 1.3 ga kowane mutum, wanda ya fi karami fiye da hekta 1.6 na duniya da aka buga don 2024, saboda binciken farko bai yi amfani da hekta na duniya ba kuma bai haɗa da yankunan ruwa na bioproductive ba.

Dangane da fitowar 2018 na *Asusun sawun ƙasa*, jimlar sawun muhalli na ɗan adam ya nuna karuwar yanayin tun 1961, yana ƙaruwa da matsakaicin 2.1% a kowace shekara (SD = 1.9).  Sakamakon muhalli na bil'adama ya kasance gha biliyan 7.0 a cikin 1961 kuma ya karu zuwa gha biliyan 20.6 a cikin 2014, aikin amfani da albarkatun kowane mutum da karuwar yawan jama'a. Matsakaicin sawun muhalli a duniya a cikin 2014 ya kasance hekta 2.8 na duniya ga kowane mutum. Saurin carbon shine mafi saurin girma na sawun muhalli kuma a halin yanzu yana da kusan kashi 60% na jimlar sawun mujallar ɗan adam.

## Manazarta