open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Albert Bourla

**Albert Bourla** (Girkanci; an haife shi (1961-10-21) Likitan dabbobi ne kuma ɗan kasuwa na Girka da Amurka wanda aka sani da zama shugaban da kuma babban jami'in zartarwa na kamfanin magunguna Pfizer . Ya shiga kamfanin a 1993 kuma ya rike mukamai masu yawa a fadin sassan Pfizer. Kafin ya zama babban jami'in zartarwa, Bourla ya kasance babban jami'an aiki.

Baya ga allon Pfizer da Gidauniyar Pfizer, Bourla yana ko ya kasance a kan allon Kungiyar Innovation ta Biotechnology, Catalyst, Hadin gwiwar Birnin New York, da Binciken Magunguna da Masana'antu na Amurka. Har ila yau, memba ne na Majalisar Kasuwanci da kuma Tebur na Kasuwanci.

Bourla ya sake fasalin Pfizer don mayar da hankali kan bincike da ci gaba. An kuma yaba masa da taimakawa ci gaban Improvac, wanda ke kawar da lalatawar alade, da kuma sake mayar da hankali ga sashen allurar rigakafi Pfizer don mayar da hankali kan Staphylococcus, Clostridioides difficile infection, Cututtukan jarirai, da allurar rigar Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19. Bourla yana adawa da tsangwama daga gwamnati a farashin magunguna, wanda ya yi jayayya zai hana kashewa kan ci gaban sabbin magunguna.[1]

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Bourla kuma ta girma a Thessaloniki, Girka .  Iyayensa, wadanda Yahudawa ne na Sephardi, suna daga cikin 2,000 na 50,000 Yahudawa a Thessaloniki don tsira daga Holocaust; A cewar Bourla, an yi zargin mahaifiyarsa ta kasance da minti kaɗan daga kisa ta hanyar harbi-harbe lokacin da aka kare ta ta ta hanyar fansa da surukinta wanda ba Bayahude ba ya biya wa wani jami'in Jam'iyyar Nazi, yayin da mahaifinsa ya fito daga cikin ghetto na Yahudawa lokacin da aka kai mazauna sansanin Auschwitz kuma suka shiga ɓoye, ba don sake ganin iyayensa ba

Bourla ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin fasahar haifuwa a Jami'ar Aristotle ta Makarantar Kula da Dabbobi ta Thessaloniki a shekarar 1985. Rubutun digirin digirinsa na Bourla (1991) yana da taken "Sakamako na melatonin implants akan halaye na maniyyi da kuma kan daskarewa na maniyyin Karagouniki".

Ya bar Girka tare da matarsa lokacin da yake da shekaru 34 bayan ci gaba a cikin Pfizer kuma tun daga wannan lokacin ya zauna a birane daban-daban guda bakwai, a kasashe hudu daban-daban.

## Ayyuka
Bourla ya shiga Pfizer a 1993, na farko a matsayin likita na likitan dabbobi da kuma darektan fasaha na sashen kiwon lafiyar dabbobi na kamfanin a Girka. A shekara ta 2001, ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka.

Bourla held multiple executive roles at Zoetis (then known as Animal Health) and other divisions of Pfizer. From 2005 to 2009, he was area president for Animal Health's Europe, Africa and Middle East division. In 2009, he promoted the launch of Improvac on the European Market. Improvac is an immunocastration product for male pigs with the goal to reduce boar taint. In 2009 and 2010, he oversaw the Europe, Africa, and Asia Pacific division. In the latter role, he managed the merger of Wyeth's Fort Dodge Animal Health business with Pfizer in these regions.

## Manazarta
Leo II Mung

Leo II Mung (Girkanci: Λέων Μοῡγκος, romanized: Léon Moungos) shi ne Archbishop na Ohrid a cikin 1108-1120.

Leo asalinsa Bayahude ne ɗan ƙasar Romaniya, kuma ɗalibi ne na fitaccen malamin addinin Yahudanci Tobiah ben Eliezer, kafin ya koma addinin Kiristanci na Orthodox. Mutumin da yake da ilimi sosai—an yi masa laƙabi da "masanin falsafa"—kuma yana iya magana da harsuna da dama, ciki har da na Slavic, Shugaban cocin Constantinople ya tura shi zuwa ayyukan mishan a yankin da yanzu ake kira kudancin Ukraine, kafin ya zama Archbishop na Ohrid. Ba a san komai game da rayuwarsa ba. Ya zama Archbishop na Ohrid a kimanin 1108, ya gaji Theophylact na Euripus, kuma ya riƙe wannan matsayi har zuwa kusan 1120. Magajinsa shine Michael Maximos.

Leo ya ba da umarnin yin sanannen hoton Budurwa.

## Manazarta
Yehoshua Matza

**Yehoshua Matza** (Ibraniyawa; 8 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1931 - 30 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 2020) ɗan siyasan Isra'ila ne kuma shugaban kasa kuma Shugaba na Jihar Isra'ila, kamfani na duniya wanda ke samar da fiye da dala biliyan 1 a cikin tallace-tallace na shekara-shekara. Isra'ila tana amfani da kudade don ayyukan ci gaban tattalin arziki.

Matza ta ba da shawarar ga wannan mukamin a shekara ta 2002 daga Firayim Minista Ariel Sharon da Ministan Kudi Silvan Shalom. Matza ya yi shekaru 18 a Knesset, majalisar dokokin Isra'ila, a matsayin memba na jam'iyyar Likud .  Ya kasance ministan ministoci a gwamnatin Benjamin Netanyahu, yana riƙe da fayil na ministan lafiya. Matza ya kuma yi shekaru 20 a Majalisar Birnin Urushalima, 10 daga cikinsu suna cikin matsayin mataimakin magajin gari. Shekaru na karshe a cikin hidimar jama'a sun kasance a matsayin shugaban Gidauniyar Menachem Begin Heritage a Urushalima.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Ayyukansa na Lehi sun haɗa da sanya takardun adawa da Burtaniya da daddare, shiga cikin ayyukan soja, da kuma taimakawa wajen ɓoye makamai, wani lokacin a majami'u a bayan arcs inda aka ajiye littattafan Attaura. A lokacin yakin Larabawa da Isra'ila na 1948, Urushalima ta kasance wurin gwagwarmaya mai tsanani, kuma Matza ta shiga cikin wani aiki wanda ya ba mayakan Lehi damar fashe hanyarsu zuwa Tsohon Birni. Aikin ya haɗa da dasa bam a waje da Sabon Ƙofar Ganuwar Tsohon Birni. Koyaya, an zubar da shirin lokacin da bam din ya kasa fashewa.

A shekara ta 1949, Matza ya ci gaba da karatunsa. Bayan kammala karatunsa na makarantar sakandare, an rubuta shi a cikin Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila. Ya kai matsayin kyaftin a cikin rundunar bindigogi. A jami'a, ya yi karatun shari'a da lissafi. Ya fara aikinsa na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu tare da kamfanin lissafin kuɗi na Urushalima.

Ya yi aure kuma yana da 'ya'ya hudu.

## Ƙaddamar da Isra'ila
Kodayake Likud ta sake samun iko bayan Zaben Firayim Minista na musamman a shekara ta 2001 (wanda Ariel Sharon ya lashe), an ba Matza matsayi a matsayin mataimakin minista. Koyaya, ya zaɓi ya kasance a matsayin memba na Knesset. Ba da daɗewa ba, duk da haka, an zabi Matza a matsayin shugaban kasa da Shugaba na kungiyar Isra'ila Bonds ta kwamitin daraktocin ta. Matza ya yi murabus daga Knesset (Eli Cohen ya maye gurbinsa) kuma ya koma Birnin New York a watan Maris na shekara ta 2002.

## Manazarta
Amir Siddique

**Mawlānā Amir Siddique** Masanin addinin Musulunci ne 'Yan Pakistan wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Imam na Lal Masjid (Red Mosque) na Islamabad daga 2007 zuwa 2011 kuma daga 2014 zuwa 2020.   [a]

## Tarihin rayuwa
Kafin nadin sa a matsayin Mataimakin Imam a 2007, Siddique ya yi aiki a matsayin Khatib a Kamfanin Ci gaban Ma'adinai na Pakistan a Islamabad . 

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2007, an nada shi Mataimakin Imam na Lal Masjid, bayan Siege na Lal Mas Masjid . 

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009, an sanya sunan Siddique a cikin Jerin mutanen da aka haramta daga shiga Ingila.  Dalilin haramcin shi ne cewa "An dauke shi da shiga cikin halayyar da ba a yarda da ita ba ta hanyar tayar da tashin hankali na ta'addanci don ci gaba da wasu imani".

A shekara ta 2011, Mawlānā Abdul Aziz ya cire shi daga mukaminsa bayan ya jagoranci tawagar mambobi goma zuwa Iran a gayyatar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Iran. Ziyarar, wacce ta haɗa da tafiya zuwa kabarin Ruhollah Khomeini, an ambaci shi a matsayin dalilin korarsa.

A shekara ta 2014, ya koma mukaminsa bayan an sanya wanda ya riga shi, Mawlānā Abdul Aziz, a tsare shi a gida kuma an hana shi yin addu'o'i. Siddique, duk da haka, ya kalubalanci wannan labarin, yana mai cewa, "Ba daidai ba ne cewa an kama Maulana a gida. Da gangan bai zo masallacin ba saboda halin da ake ciki yanzu da tashin hankali a cikin birni. Yana so ya daidaita halin da ake kira kuma ba ya son kara tashin hankali a birnin. "  

A cikin shekara ta 2015, 'yan sanda sun yi rajistar shari'a a kansa a karkashin Dokar Amplifier don amfani da murya don wani dalili banda kiran Islama zuwa addu'a, wanda aka haramta a babban birnin.

A shekara ta 2016, 'yan sanda da Rangers na Islamabad sun kama shi a wani babban aiki a Bhara Kahu wanda ya sami masu tuhuma 54 da kuma ɓoye makamai marasa lasisi. Daga baya aka sake shi bayan ya samar da lasisi mai inganci don makamin da aka samu a hannunsa.

A cikin 2020, an sake sanya shi zuwa Masjid-e-Shuhada a Aabpara sannan daga baya zuwa Masallacin Jamia Al-Kawthar a Yankin Blue na Islamabad . 

## Bayani


## Manazarta
Sufi Muhammad Sarwar

**Sufi Muhammad Sarwar** (7 Disamba 1933 - 15 Mayu 2018) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na Pakistan, marubuci kuma Sheikh al-Hadith a Jamia Ashrafia . Ya yi karatu a Jamia Khair al-Madaris da Jamia Ashrafia .

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Sarwar a ranar 7 ga Disamba 1933 a Gundumar Dera Ghazi Khan . Bayan aji na 10, ya fara karatunsa na addini daga wanda ya kafa Jamia Ashrafia Mufti Muhammad Hasan . Sa'an nan kuma ya yi nazarin littattafan addini a Jamia Khair Madaris Multan na Khair Muhammad Jalandhri . Daga nan sai ya shiga karatun Hadith a Jamia Ashrafia Lahore kuma ya kammala karatu cikin nasara. Bayan haka ya yi karatu na ɗan lokaci a Karachi a ƙarƙashin Grand Mufti na Pakistan Mufti Muhammad Shafi . 

Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Aalimiyyat, ya shafe shekaru uku a Jamia Khair al-Madaris Multan da shekaru goma a Darul Uloom Eidgah Kabirwala, ya koyar da littattafai kan Hadith da sauran kimiyya da fasaha a Jamia Ashrafia Lahore. Ya fara sanannen littafin *[[Sunan Abu Dawood|Abu Dawud]]* sannan *[[Sahi al-Bukhari|Bukhari Sharif]]*, yayin da yake koyar da *Malfuzat* na Ashraf Ali Thanvi kowace rana bayan addu'ar Asr har zuwa mutuwarsa.

## Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen
Shi ne marubucin littattafai da yawa. ciki har da;

* Al-Khair al-Jari a cikin Sahih al-Bukhari (2001) 
* Ilm-o-Amal (Kimiyyar Kimiyya da aiki) [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

## Mutuwa
Ya mutu a ranar 15 ga Mayu 2018 a Lahore bayan ɗan gajeren rashin lafiya kuma an binne shi a Kabari na Sher Shah Lahore . 

Sa'an nan kuma Babban Ministan Punjab Shahbaz Sharif,  Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam Tsakiyar Emir Maulana Fazlur Rehman, Sakatare Janar na JUI Abdul Ghafoor Haidari, Mataimakin Sakatare janar na JUA Maulana Muhammad Amjad Khan, Ministan Tarayya Akram Khan Durrani, Maulana Ataur Rahman, Hafiz Hussain Ahmed, Muhammad Aslam Ghori da sauransu sun yi makoki game da mutuwarsa kuma sun ce za a tuna da addini, koyarwa da ayyukan zamantakewa na Ma Sufi Muhammad Sarwar na dogon lokaci. 

## Manazarta
Haruna Afia

**Haruna Afia** ( Hebrew  , *Aharōn Afia* ), wanda aka fi sani da **Affius**, masanin kimiyyar *zamani* ne na Yahudawa na ƙarni na sha shida, masanin lissafi, masanin falsafa, kuma likita da ke zaune a Salonika .

Shi ne malamin Daniel ben Perachiah, wanda ya taimaka wajen fassara daga Sifaniyanci zuwa Ibrananci na littafin Abraham Zacuto mai suna *Almanach perpetuum* (1543), da kuma Moses Almosnino, wanda ya taimaka masa wajen fassara littafin Johannes de Sacrobosco mai suna *De sphaera mundi* na Ibrananci (wanda ba a buga ba).  *Bet Elokim* na Almosnino - wani aikin ilmin taurari wanda ya yi daidai da littafin Georg von Peuerbach mai suna *Theorica planetarium* - shi ma ya ƙunshi aikin Afia a ƙarshe. 

Babban aikin Affia shine Ra'ayoyin da aka yi wa Mas Auténticos da Tsohon Falsafa da suka rubuta, da Definiciones ("Zaɓaɓɓun Ra'ayoyi na Mafi Gaskiya da Tsohon Masu Falsafa akan Rai, da Ma'anarsu"), wanda aka buga a Venice a cikin 1568. An haɗa shi da Los dialogos de Amor, fassarar Mutanen Espanya na Dialoghi d'amore na Yahuza Abravanel . [1] Littafin game da yanayin rai, aikin ya ƙunshi taƙaitaccen bayani da tattaunawar falsafa game da ma'anoni daban-daban na rai, musamman na Johann Reuchlin a cikin De Arte Cabalistica . [1]

A matsayinta na likita, Afia ta kasance abokantaka da Amato Lusitano, wanda ya rubuta yadda suka tattauna tare da tushen dariya, wanda Afia ya sanya a cikin zuciya.[1]

## Manazarta
Isaac Akrish

Isaac ben Abraham Akrish (Ibrananci: יִצְחַק בֵּן אַבְרָהָם עַקְרִישׁ; c. 1530 - bayan 1578) malamin Yahudawa Sephardi ne, bibliophile, kuma edita.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Isaac ben Abraham Akrish a Salonika, ɗan 'Yan gudun hijira daga Spain waɗanda suka zauna a can a cikin 1495 bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci a Naples.

Ko da yake ya gurgu a ƙafafu biyu, Akrish ya yi tafiya sosai a duk rayuwarsa. Babban sha'awarsa shine rubuce-rubuce da ya yi ƙoƙari ya cece su daga hallaka. Hanyar tafiye-tafiyen da ya yi ya kawo shi Alkahira, Misira. A can aka kai shi gidan Radbaz (David ibn Abi Zimra), baƙo wanda ya kai matsayi mai girma. Wani mai son littattafai, Akrish ya kashe kuɗin sa a kan marubuta da ya hayar su don kwafa rubuce-rubucen Radbaz, yana tara babban tarin takardu.

Akrish ya kasance a Alkahira a matsayin mai koyarwa mai zaman kansa ga 'ya'yan Radbaz da jikoki na kimanin shekaru goma (kimanin 1543-1553), har zuwa ƙaurawar mai kula da shi zuwa Ƙasar Isra'ila. Akrish ya tafi Constantinople, ya tsaya a Candia. A can, gwamnatin Venetian ta kwace littattafansa bayan dokar da Paparoma Julius III ya yi kwanan nan don ƙone Talmud. Bayan ya sami nasarar dawo da tarin sa, ya zauna a Constantinople inda Esther Handali da Joseph Nasi suka goyi bayan kokarinsa na tara rubuce-rubuce.[1] Yawancin littattafansa sun lalace a cikin mummunan wuta a shekara ta 1569 wanda ya cinye kusan dukkanin yankin Yahudawa; ya bar Constantinople zuwa Kastoria inda ya zauna cikin talauci har tsawon rayuwarsa.[1]

## Ayyuka
A rayuwarsa ta baya Akrish ya shirya jerin littattafai da takardu da ya tattara yayin tafiye-tafiyensa. A cikin kimanin shekara ta 1577 ya wallafa tarin takardu goma (daga baya ake kira *Kobetz Vikkuḥim*), wanda ke dauke da wasikar satirical da Profiat Duran ya aika wa tsohon abokinsa David En-Bonet, *Al Tehi ka-Avotekha* ('Ba Kamar Iyayenka ba'). Har ila yau, wannan ƙarar ta ƙunshi wasikar neman tuba ta ɗan ridda Astruc Remoch ga abokinsa En-Shaltiel Bonfas, amsar satirical da Solomon Bonfed ya yi wa shi, wasika mai rikitarwa na Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera, da *Kunteres Ḥibbut ha-Kever* da Akrish da kansa ya yi.

Ya kuma shirya tarin takardu na biyu, galibi na tarihin tarihi. Sashe na farko ya ɗauki taken *Ma'aseh Beit David*, kuma ya ƙunshi tarihin Bostanai; na biyu, na *Kol Mebasser*, wanda ya ƙunshi wasiƙa tsakanin Hasdai ibn Shaprut da sarkin Khazars wanda ya dawo da shi a cikin tafiye-tafiyensa;  da wasikar Iliya na Ferrara. Baya ga sauran ayyukan, an ce Akrish ya shirya sharhi uku a kan Song of Songs tare da wasu wasu ayyukan jayayya na Ibrananci.

## Manazarta
Rene Ben Sussan

**René Ben Sussan** (1895-1988) ya kasance mai zane-zane na Faransa, mai zane-zanen hoto, mai buga takardu da mai zane-canjin katako, mai aiki daga shekarun 1920 zuwa 1960. An fi saninsa da zane-zanen littattafansa da yawa, da kuma sanannen zanensa "Bal à Porquerolles".

## Ayyuka
Ba a san komai game da rayuwar farko ta Ben Sussan ba, ban da cewa an haife shi a Girka, ya shafe shekaru na Yaƙin Duniya na I Spain da Marseille, sannan ya zauna a Paris, ya zama ɗan ƙasar Faransa a 1926. 

A farkon aikinsa, ya mai da hankali kan shimfidar wurare da hotuna. Da sauri ya yi wa kansa suna kuma ya nuna a Salon d'Automne a 1921 da Salon des Tuileries a 1924. Ya zama abokantaka mai kyau tare da mai zane-zane Alexander Calder, wanda ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ya koma cikin aikin da ba a fahimta ba.[1]

Ben Sussan ya kasance mai zane-zane mai cin nasara. Tsakanin 1925 da 1972, ya kwatanta kamar yadda mutane da yawa suna da bugu 50 na wallafe-wallafen gargajiya, sau da yawa don Limited Editions Club da Heritage Press.

René Ben Sussan ya mutu a birnin Paris a shekarar 1988 kuma an binne shi a Kabari na Père Lachaise . 

## Hotunan da aka zaɓa
The Pilgrim on the Earth, by Julien Green. Jaridar Blackamore Press 1929. Hotuna 12 na katako a launi.

*Carmen* ta Prosper Mérimée. Editions Gallimard 1930.

*Makarantar Scandal* ta Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Limited Editions Club 1934. An kwatanta shi da zane-zane na jan ƙarfe mai launi.

*<nowiki/>'Yan uwa mata na Hortensia* ta Henri Duvernois . Fayard 1941. 

## Manazarta
Emanuel Calvo

Emanuel Calvo (ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha bakwai - kafin 1772) likita ne na Italiya kuma mawaki na Neo-Hebraic .

## Farkon rayuwa
An haife shi a Thessaloniki . A farkon ƙuruciyarsa ya tafi Livorno tare da mahaifinsa mai ilimi, Raphael Calvo, kuma a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 1724, ya kammala karatu a matsayin likita a Padua. Calvo ya yi aikin likita tare da babban nasara a Livorno, amma ya karkata ga Kabbala zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa. Yawancin waƙoƙin Calvo an haɗa su a cikin tarin A.B. Piperno Ōgab, Livorno, 1846. Ya kasance babban aboki na mawaki Ibrahim Isaac Castello da Musa Hayyim Luzzatto, wanda ya rubuta masa yabo a cikin waka ta Ibrananci bayan kammala karatunsa, kuma daga baya ya yi rubutu da shi. Lokacin da Calvo ya mutu Joseph ben David ya rubuta wani labari, wanda aka buga a cikin Yeḳara de-Shakbe, 1774.

## Manazarta
Iliya Mizrachi

Elijah Mizrachi (Ibraniyawa: אליהו מזרחי) (c. 1455 - 1525 ko 1526) ya kasance Talmudist kuma posek, mai iko a kan Halakha, kuma masanin lissafi. An fi saninsa da *Sefer ha-Mizrachi*, wani karin bayani game da sharhin Rashi game da Attaura. An kuma san shi da Re'em (), sunan Ibrananci na "Rabbi Elijah Mizrachi", wanda ya dace da sunan Littafi Mai-Tsarki na dabba, re'em . 

An haifi Mizrachi a Constantinople; shi Bayahude ne na Romaniote, ma'ana cewa iyalinsa suna magana da Girkanci na gida, kuma ba daga gudun hijira na Mutanen Espanya ba. Ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Iliya ha-Levi da Yahuza Minz na Padua . Yayinda yake saurayi, ya bambanta kansa a matsayin Talmudist, duk da haka ya kuma yi nazarin kimiyyar duniya, musamman lissafi da ilimin taurari; an ce shi ne na farko da ya sami hanyar cire Tushen cube. Ya kuma san Girkanci da Larabci na Byzantine.

Mizrachi ya gaji Musa Capsali (a kan mutuwarsa c. 1495) a matsayin *Hakham Bashi* "Babban Rabbi" na Daular Ottoman; ya rike wannan mukamin har tsawon rayuwarsa. A matsayin *Hakham Bashi* an san shi da halin kirki ga Karaites, halin da ya gaji daga malaminsa Iliya ha-Levi; har ma ya riƙe cewa ya dace ya koya musu Talmud.

## Ayyuka
Sefer ha-Mizrachi babban bayani ne game da sharhin Rashi game da Attaura . An ƙidaya shi a cikin kansa a matsayin ɗayan mahimman sharhi game da Attaura. An fara buga shi a Venice a cikin 1527 bayan mutuwar Mizrachi, ta dansa Isra'ila. Mizrachi da kansa ya yi la'akari da sharhinsa game da Rashi mafi muhimmanci daga cikin ayyukansa (Responsa, Nos. 5, 78). Aikin ya nuna tushen Rashi na Talmudic da midrashic, kuma ya bayyana duk wuraren da ba a sani ba. An rubuta shi, a wani bangare, don kare Rashi daga tsananin masu sharhi daga baya, musamman Nachmanides. An buga wani tarin da Yakubu Marcaria ya rubuta a ƙarƙashin taken Kitzur Mizrachi (Trento, 1561), kuma daga baya, ɗaya daga Isaac ha-Kohen na Ostroh, mai taken Mattenat 'Ani (Prague, 1604-9). An rubuta sharhi da yawa game da Mizrachi, gami da Yeri'ot Shlomo na Solomon Luria (Maharshal), babban bayani game da Sefer ha-Mizrachi na Barzillai ben Baruch Jabez, da kuma tsauraranci akan aikin Samuel Edels, (Maharsha).
Iyalin Carasso

Iyalin Carasso (wanda aka fi sani da Karasu, Karaso, Karassu, Karsu, Karso, Carrasco da Karasso) sanannen iyalin Yahudawa ne na Sephardic a Ottoman Selaniik (Tassaloniki na zamani, Girka). [1] A farkon karni na 20, wasu daga cikin dangin sun kasance masu aiki a cikin Matasan Turks wasu kuma sun ci gaba da kafa masana'antar yogurt ta zamani.

Shahararrun dangin sun hada da:

* David Samuel Carasso (fl. 1874-1880), marubuci kuma matafiyi
* Emmanuel Carasso ko Emanuel Karasu (1862-1934) lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasa, kuma sanannen memba na Matasan Turks . An sanya sunansa Turkified a matsayin Emanuel Karasu, ma'ana 'ruwa mai duhu'.
* Isaac Carasso (1874-1939) ya yi hijira zuwa Barcelona, inda ya kafa kamfanin yogurt wanda ya zama Groupe Danone .  
** Daniel Carasso (1905-2009), ɗan Isaac, ya karɓi kasuwancin iyali a Spain kuma ya kafa Danone a Faransa da Amurka kuma ya gina kamfanin har zuwa Groupe Danone.
* Albert Karasu ko Carasso (1885-1982), wanda ya kafa jaridar Istanbul ta harshen Faransanci Le Journal d'Orient .

## Manazarta
David Samuel Carasso

**David Samuel Carasso** (Girkanci: ) ɗan kasuwa ne na Yahudawa na ƙarni na sha tara, matafiyi, kuma marubuci. Ya kasance memba na dangin Carasso, sanannen dangin Yahudawa na Sephardic a Ottoman Salonica .

A lokacin tafiyar Kasuwanci zuwa Yemen, Arabiya a 1874, ya yi nazarin halin da Yahudawa ke ciki a wannan yankin. Ya wallafa wani labarin tafiye-tafiyensa a cikin wani kundin da aka rubuta a cikin Judæo-Spanish, mai taken Zikron Teman ó el Viage en el Yémen (Constantinople, 1875). Ya ratsa duk cikin Arabiya, gami da Sada, Aseer, Sanaa, da sauransu, kuma yana da sha'awar musamman ga al'ummar da ake kira da sunan karshe. Don inganta yanayin Yahudawa na Yemen, ya rubuta wa kungiyar Anglo-Jewish da kuma babban malamin Constantinople, Musa Halévy, inda wannan ya aika da Isaac Saul, wani malamin Constantinoples, zuwa Sanaa a matsayin babban malamin.[1]

## Manazarta
Emmanuel Carasso

Emmanuel Carasso ko Emanuel Karasu (1862 a Salonica - 1934 a Trieste) lauya ne na Ottoman kuma memba ne na shahararren iyalin Sephardic na Yahudawa Carasso na Ottoman Salonica (yanzu Thessaloniki, Girka). Ya kuma kasance fitaccen memba na Matasan Turks . An kuma rubuta sunan Karaso, Karassu, Karso, Karsu da Karasso. Hanyar Karasu ita ce Turkification na sunansa, ma'ana a zahiri 'ruwa mai duhu'. Dan dan Emmanuel shi ne likita Isaac Carasso, wanda kuma ya haifa a Salonica Sephardic Jew daga Daular Ottoman, wanda ya fara samar da yogurt Danone a Barcelona, Spain a 1919. [1]

Karasu memba ne (wasu kafofin sun ce wanda ya kafa) kuma daga baya shugaban Makidoniya Risorta Masonic Lodge a Thessaloniki kuma ya jagoranci ƙungiyar Masonic a cikin Daular Ottoman .  Masonic lodges da sauran al'ummomin sirri a Salonica sun kasance wuraren taro ga masu tausayi na Matasan Turks, gami da Talat Pasha .  Karasu na ɗaya daga cikin mambobin farko da ba Musulmai ba na Ottoman Freedom Society, wanda daga baya ya zama wani ɓangare na Kwamitin Tarayyar da Ci gaba (CUP); lokacin da CUP ta zo mulki, ya zama mataimakin Salonica a majalisar dokokin Ottoman. An ba shi mukamai daban-daban a cikin gwamnatin Ottoman, amma ya ƙi su. Karasu na ɗaya daga cikin maza huɗu da suka gaya wa Sultan Abdul Hamid II game da tsige shi a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1909. Ya yi aiki don hadin gwiwar kungiyoyin Yahudawa daban-daban a Daular Ottoman, gami da B'nai B'rith, kuma ya nace cewa Yahudawa na Ottoman sune Ottoman na farko kuma Yahudawa na biyu. Ya kasance memba na kwamitin da ya tattauna yarjejeniyar da ta kawo karshen Yakin Italo-Turkiy da kuma kwamitin da za a sanya birnin Salonika a duniya. Ya rasa tagomashi a karkashin Atatürk kuma ya tafi gudun hijira a Italiya.

## Mutuwa
Ya mutu a 1934, kuma an binne shi a makabartar Yahudawa a Arnavutköy, Istanbul . 

## Manazarta
Isaac Carasso

**Isaac Carasso** (1874 - 19 Afrilu 1939) ya kasance memba na sanannen iyalin Sephardic na Yahudawa Carasso (Karasu) na Ottoman Salonica (Tassaloniki na zamani, Girka). Bayan ya yi hijira zuwa Barcelona, ya fara masana'antar yogurt wanda daga baya ya zama Groupe Danone .

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Carasso a Salonica a shekara ta 1874. A shekara ta 1916, bayan Yaƙe-yaƙe na Balkan, ya ƙaura da iyalinsa zuwa Barcelona.

Ya lura cewa yara da yawa suna fama da matsalolin narkewa da hanji. An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar aikin Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, wanda ya shahara da madara mai zaki a matsayin abinci mai lafiya, kuma yana tunawa da cewa ana kula da irin waɗannan yanayin kiwon lafiya da yogurt a cikin Balkans, ya shigo da al'adu daga Bulgaria [1] ko kuma ya yi amfani da "al'adun da aka ware a Paris" a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Mechnikov a Institut Pasteur .[2] Tun da yake ba a san yogurt sosai a lokacin a Yammacin Turai ba, da farko ya sayar da shi a matsayin magani, ta hanyar kantin magani.

A cikin 1919, ya kafa kamfanin wanda daga baya zai zama Groupe Danone a Barcelona lokacin da ya buɗe ƙaramin kasuwancin yogurt mai suna "Danone", bambancin sunan laƙabi na ɗansa, Daniel. Carasso ya kammala tsarin masana'antu na farko don yin yogurt.

Ɗansa Daniel Carasso ya karɓi kasuwancin iyali a Spain kuma ya kafa Danone a Faransa kuma daga baya a Amurka (a matsayin Dannon). 

## Manazarta
Judith Hörmann

Judith Hörmann (an haife ta a shekara ta 1983) 'yar tseren kwale-kwale ce ta Jamus wadda ta fafata tun daga shekarar 2005. Ta lashe lambobin yabo bakwai a gasar cin kofin duniya ta ICF Canoe Sprint da zinare uku (K-2 1000 m: 2007, K-4 200 m: 2005, K-4 500 m: 2005), azurfa biyu (K-4 200 m da K-4 500 m: duka a shekara ta 2006 ), da kuma tagulla biyu (K-4 1000 m: 2005, 2007).

## Manazarta
 
*
*
Mark Pilgrim (mai gabatar da shirye-shirye)

**Mark Pilgrim** (20 ga Satumba 1969 - 5 ga Maris 2023) mutum ne mai son kafofin watsa labarai na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ya dauki nauyin shirye-shiryen rediyo da talabijin da dama, musamman a matsayin DJ a 5FM, Eastrand-oos Rand Stereo, 94.7 Highveld Stereo, 94.5 Kfm, Hot919 da Hot102.7fm.  A talabijin, ya dauki nauyin dukkan lokutan *Big Brother South Africa*, kakar farko ta , da kuma shirin wasan M-Net *Power of 10* .

## Aikin rediyo
Pilgrim ya fara aikinsa na rediyo a gidan rediyon Voice of Wits a shekarun 1980. Ya shiga 5FM a shekarar 1995. A shekarar 2003 ya bar 5FM  ya kuma shiga 94.7 Highveld Stereo a Johannesburg.  A watan Oktoba na 2007, Pilgrim ya dauki nauyin watsa shirye-shiryen jadawalin shirye-shirye a gidajen rediyo guda biyu a lokaci guda (KFM da 94.7).  Ya yi ritaya daga rediyo a karshen watan Yuni na 2014,  amma ya dawo watanni da dama bayan haka a Hot 91.9FM a Johannesburg. Da farko ya dauki nauyin wani shiri na safiyar Asabar daga karfe 9:00 na safe zuwa 12:00 na rana, kafin ya ci gaba da aikin rediyo na cikakken lokaci tare da wani aiki na mako-mako a lokaci guda. A shekarar 2015, ya lashe kyautar MTN Radio Award don Mafi Kyawun Shirin Rediyo na Mako-mako a Afirka ta Kudu,  kuma a shekarar 2019 ya lashe kyautar Liberty Radio Award don Mafi Kyawun Shirin Rana a Afirka ta Kudu. A shekarar 2021, an shigar da shi cikin zauren bayar da kyaututtukan rediyo na Afirka ta Kudu saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga masana'antar rediyo. A shekarar 2022, Pilgrim ya kasance cikin wadanda aka zaba 13 a bikin bayar da kyaututtukan rediyo na Afirka ta Kudu kuma ya lashe kyautar shirin mafi kyawun shirin rediyo na karshen mako a Afirka ta Kudu, inda aka yi masa ta'aziyya domin murnar nasarar da ya samu.

## Aikin talabijin

* *Sabbin Motoci* (e-TV: 1999–2000)
* *Big Brother Afirka ta Kudu 1* (MNET: 2001)
* *Big Brother South Africa 2* (MNET: 2002)
* *Babban Ɗan'uwa Afirka* (DStv: 2003)
* *Maganin Ciniki* (MNET: 2002–2005)
* *Fuska ta Biyu* (SABC2: 2004)
* *Jima'i Da Sauransu* (MNET: 2005)
* *Shuɗin Wave* (KAMFANIN: 2004–2018)
* *Abin da ke Girki* (KAFIN: 2007–2008)
* *Ƙarfin 10* (MNET: 2008)

## Sauran aiki
Pilgrim ya kasance DJ na yau da kullun a tarurrukan kamfanoni da kuma gidajen rawa a faɗin ƙasar.

A matsayinsa na mai fasahar murya, ya shafe sa'o'i da yawa a cikin ɗakunan wasanni bayan kammala shirye-shirye, yana ba da labaran rediyo da talabijin. Ya yi aiki a matsayin MC a lokutan bukukuwan kamfanoni da yawa.

Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan motsa jiki, yana ba da labarin abin da ya faru da cutar kansar ƙwai, yadda ya shawo kanta da kuma yadda hakan ya sa shi bin burinsa.
Francisco Ayala (mai wasan ƙwallon ƙafa)

**Francisco Javier Ayala Díaz** (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Janairu 1990) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Chile wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan baya na hagu .

Ya yi ritaya a hukumance a shekarar 2025.

## Daraja

; Ƙasar Iberia

* Segunda División (1): 2013–T

; Coquimbo Unido

* Primera B de Chile (1): 2018

## Manazarta
Georgina Bowers

**Georgina Harriett Bowers** (1836–1912)  ƙwararriyar mai zane-zanen barkwanci ce ta Victoria, kuma ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da aka amince da su a matsayin masu barkwanci. Tun tana ƙarama tana da alaƙa ta musamman da dabbobi, kuma daga baya a rayuwa zane-zanen dawaki da karnuka na gaske sun zama ruwan dare a cikin zane-zanenta. An san Bowers da aikinta a matsayin mai zane-zane ga *Punch*, kodayake ta buga da yawa daga cikin wasannin barkwancinta.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Georgina Bowers a shekara ta 1836 a Landan, Ingila, inda mahaifinta, George Bowers, shine shugaban cocin St Paul's, Covent Garden, daga baya kuma ya zama shugaban cocin Manchester . [1] [2] Mahaifiyarta ta mutu kafin Bowers ya san ta.

Tun tana ƙarama, Bowers tana son rayuwar ƙauye da dabbobi, waɗanda suka zama abubuwan da suka zama ruwan dare a cikin aikinta na baya. Tun tana ƙarama ta fara sha'awar zana karnuka da dawaki, kodayake uwargidanta ta hana hakan, ta dage cewa sai ta mai da hankali kan aikin allura da karatu.  Duk da haka, wannan ya zama ba shi da amfani, kuma Bowers ta ƙare tana zana mafi yawan lokacin hutunta, wanda take da shi da yawa. Tana da shekaru 15 an tura ta zuwa Derbyshire, inda aka koya mata darussan sirri kamar kiɗa, zane, da Jamusanci.  Duk da cewa an koya mata zane, amma ta sake hana ta zana dabbobi. Madadin haka, malaminta ya ba ta shawara ne kawai kan zana zane mai launin ruwa, wanda aka ga ya fi dacewa da matashiya kamar ita. 

## Sana'a

Bayan fitowarta, inda aka gabatar da ita a hukumance a matsayin mace a cikin al'umma da ke shirin yin aure, Bowers ta yanke shawarar fara karatu a Makarantar Fasaha ta Manchester . Wannan ba sabon abu ba ne ga mace a matsayinta, kuma ta sadaukar da mafi yawan lokacinta a kai.

Daga baya ta zama mai zane a Punch, tana aiki tare da masu fasaha kamar Mark Lemon, Shirley Brooks, da John Leech .  Bayan Leech ta mutu a 1864, duk da haka, ta ƙaura zuwa Hertfordshire don yin aiki da kuma kasancewa kusa da ƙauye kuma ta shiga cikin nazarin wasanni da yawa, da kuma nazarin fasaha na dawaki da karnuka yayin farauta.  Bowers ta taɓa cewa yawancin barkwancin da ke cikin littattafanta sun samo asali ne daga abubuwan da suka faru yayin farauta. 

A shekarar 1876, Bowers ta tsara kusan dukkan abubuwan farautar Punch, kuma ta shafe kwanaki tare da karnukanta ko kuma a kan doki, tana ajiye littafin zane a cikin jakar sirdi a kowane lokaci domin ta iya zana dabbobin da kyawawan wurare a kusa da ita.  Bowers ta yi aiki a Punch daga 1866 zuwa 1876 kuma ta baje kolin tare da Ƙungiyar Mawakan Mata a 1862.  Tsakanin 1862 da 1889 ta zana wasu littattafan wasanni da na yanayi, ciki har da "Canters in Crampshire", kusan 1880, "Mr Crop's Harriers" daga kusan 1880, da "Tales for Sportsmen" a 1883.   Sauran ayyukan da Bowers ya zana a shekarun 1880 sun haɗa da "Wata a Midlands", "Notes From a Hunting Box" da "Across Country". 

Bowers ya auri Henry Edwards, likitan dabbobi daga St Albans, Hertfordshire, inda ma'auratan suka zauna.  Bowers ya mutu a Hertfordshire a shekarar 1912.
Matsayin Mon

**Roel de Mon** (5 Nuwamba 1919 - 2 Nuwamba 1973) ɗan wasan ƙwallon baseball ne na ƙasar Holland. An yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando mafi sauri a kowane lokaci. Ya buga mafi yawan aikinsa tsakanin 1940 da 1948, inda ya lashe gasar ƙwallon baseball ta ƙasa ta Hoofdklasse sau huɗu tare da  da Schoten. 

## Sana'a
An dauke shi a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan jefa kwallo a zamaninsa (tare da Han Urbanus ), masanin tarihin wasan baseball na kasar Holland Chris Kabout ya lura cewa "lokacin da ka samu nasarar samun bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a kan [de Mon], kana da wurin farawa a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Holland."

Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ya kawo cikas ga aikinsa na ƙasa da ƙasa na de Mon. Ya buga wasanni biyu kacal a ƙasashen duniya da Belgium, kuma bayan yaƙin, ɗaya ya buga da ƙungiyar sojojin Amurka da Kanada. Wani jami'in soja wanda yake manajan Major League a rayuwar yau da kullun ya gayyaci de Mon ya zo ya buga wasan ƙwallon baseball a Amurka. Duk da haka, de Mon ya zauna a Netherlands don taimakawa wajen gina ƙasar bayan yaƙin. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

== Gado ==
de Mon har yanzu tana da tarihin Hoofdklasse na bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida na kakar wasa daya (235 a cikin 1943 a wasanni 14) da kuma bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida na wasa daya (26, daga wasan 1943 tsakanin Schoten da  ). Ya yi bugun batter 683 a wasanni 40 a 1940, 1941 da 1943, matsakaicin fiye da 17 a kowane wasa.  

Fim ɗin de Mon mai suna Superfast yana da rauni a bayansa: ya haifar da mummunan rauni a hannunsa na dama kuma dole ne ya kawo ƙarshen aikinsa na ƙwallon baseball a ƙarshen shekarun 1940, don ya zama gwarzon ɗan wasan ƙwallon baseball na farko. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

de Mon ya mutu a shekarar 1973 bayan fama da bugun zuciya mai tsanani, yana da shekaru 53. An shigar da shi cikin Zauren Shahararrun 'Yan Wasan Baseball na Netherlands a shekarar 1984.  

Tun daga shekarar 1969, an ba da kyautar Roel de Mon ga mafi kyawun ɗan wasan jefa ƙwallo a gasar matasa ta Holland, wadda ake kira Roel de Mon League har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1980.  Wadanda suka yi nasara sun haɗa da , Alexander Smit, David Bergman, da Tom de Blok .
Beers na Georgia

**Georgia Beers** marubuciya ce 'yar Amurka a fannin soyayyar 'yan madigo. Littafinta mai suna *Fresh Tracks* ya lashe kyautar Lambda Literary Award for Lesbian Romance . 

Littattafan ta sun lashe kyaututtuka 13 na Golden Crown Literary Society 's Goldie Awards, ciki har da kyaututtuka shida na soyayya, kyaututtuka biyu na Ann Bannon Popular Choice, kyaututtuka biyu na tarin gajerun labarai marasa ban sha'awa, da kuma kyaututtuka biyu na batsa.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Beers ta rayu a Rochester, New York duk tsawon rayuwarta kuma a halin yanzu tana da ƙaramin ɗan ƙasar Australian Shepherd, Finley. 

Kowace shekara, tana yin aikin sa kai a kwamitin shirye-shirye don bikin fina-finai na shekara-shekara na LGBTQ na ImageOut, Rochester, a New York. 

## Kyaututtuka

## Littattafai

### Labarai

* *Juya Shafin* (2001)
* *Matar Maƙwabcinka* (2003)
* *Sabbin Waƙoƙi* (2006)
* *Too Kusa da Taɓawa* (2006)
* *Nawa* (2007)
* *Neman Gida* (2008)
* *Farawa daga Karce* (2010)
* *Awowi 96* (2011)
* *Yanka-yanka na Rayuwa* (2012)
* *Adalci* (2013)
* *<nowiki/>'Yan Mata Masu Aiki #1: Mai Kashe Gobara* (2013)
* *Man Zaitun da Burodi Fari* (2014)
* *Dunƙulen Dusar ƙanƙara* (2014)
* *Ƙaramin Kayan Yaji* (2015)
* *Babu Ganuwa* (2015)
* *A nan, A Yanzu* (2017)
* *Abin da Ya Fi Muhimmanci* (2017)
* *Haɗawa* (2018)
* *Kalanda Yarinya* (2018)
* *Siffar Ka* (2018)
* *Aikin da Aka Yi* (2019)
* *Tsoron Faɗuwa* (2019)
* *Tafiya Ɗaya a Lokacin Damina* (2019)
* *Matakai 16 Zuwa Har Abada* (2020)
* *Ɗanɗanon Watan* (2020)
* *Soyayya Mai Ban Tsoro* (2020)
* *Mawakin Sirri* (2021)

## Manazarta
Maryannu

***''Mariyas**** sun kasance dakarun jarumi ne da ke kan karusar waɗanda suka wanzu a yawancin al'ummomin Tsohon Gabas ta Tsakiya a lokacin Bronze Age, musamman tsakanin 1700 da 1200 BC. Maryannu kalma ce ta Hurrian Indo-Aryan, wacce aka kafa ta hanyar ƙara ma'anar Hurrian *-nni* ga tushen Indo-Arya márya, ma'ana " (matashi) mutum"  ko "matashi jarumi".  Masanin ilimin harshe Martin West ya ba da shawarar cewa sunan *Meriones*, wani hali a cikin Homeric epic, "kamar" ne ga maryannu. Don haka, *Mērionēs'' zai zama fassarar Helenanci na Homer na kalmar, wanda aka nuna a cikin ayar waka ta pre-Mycenaean kamar Mārionās.

Kalmar an tabbatar da ita a cikin wasiƙun Amarna da Haapi ya rubuta. Yawancin Maryannu suna da sunayen Semitic da Hurrian.[1][2]

## Dubi kuma

* Rushewar Zamanin Bronze: Yaƙi
* Babban yankin Indo-Aryan a Mitanni

## Manazarta
Ofishin Rubuce-rubuce na Fir'auna

Ginin da aka sani da Ofishin Jakadancin Fir'auna (wanda aka fi sani da Ofisi na Rubuce-rubuce) yana cikin yankin 'Central City' na tsohuwar birnin Masar na Akhenaton, wanda aka sani da Amarna a zamanin yau. Birnin ya kasance babban birni na ɗan gajeren lokaci a lokacin mulkin Fir'auna Akhenaten a lokacin Daular Masar ta 18 ta dā.

## Tarihi
Ginin da ya dace (ko da yake sunan na iya nufin manyan gine-gine) [1] yana bayan gine-ginen da aka sani da 'Gidan Sarki' da Ƙananan Haikali na Aten, kuma yanzu ya lalace, kuma ya bayyana a inda mazauna ƙauyen suka gano ajiyar allunan, wanda yanzu aka sani da haruffa Amarna a kusa da shekara ta 1888. [2] Ginin ya haɗa da tubali da aka buga da kalmomin "Ofishin Jakadancin Fir'auna".

## Manazarta
David Lindley (masanin kimiyyar lissafi)

**David Lindley** (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1956)  masanin kimiyyar lissafi ne kuma marubuci ɗan Birtaniya. Yana da digirin BA a fannin kimiyyar lissafi daga Jami'ar Cambridge (1975–1978) da kuma digirin PhD a fannin ilmin taurari daga Jami'ar Sussex (1978–1981). Sannan ya kasance mai bincike na gaba da digiri a jami'ar Cambridge . Daga 1983 zuwa 1986, ya kasance mai bincike a Ƙungiyar Nazarin Astrophysics a Dakin Gwaji na Fermi National Accelerator . Daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin editan fasaha da marubuci tare da Ƙungiyar Tsarin Tsakiya don Superconducting Supercollider a Dakin Gwaji na Lawrence Berkeley da ke Berkeley, California. Ya kasance editan mataimaki a *Nature* (1987–1993), Babban Editan *Kimiyya* (1994–1995), da kuma editan mataimaki na *Science News* (1996–2000). Tun daga 2000, ya kasance marubucin kimiyya mai zaman kansa kuma mai ba da shawara.

Lindley ya shahara wajen rubuta rubuce-rubucen kimiyya masu nishadantarwa waɗanda ba wai kawai suna nuna babban ilimin kimiyyar lissafi ba, har ma da hikima da fahimtar abin da mutum zai iya fahimta. Yawancin littattafansa suna bayyana ka'idojin kimiyya ta hanyar amfani da tarihin rayuwar masanin kimiyya ko kuma labarin tarihi na rashin jituwa tsakanin masana kimiyya.

A cikin *littafin The End of Physics*, Lindley ya ƙalubalanci zato cewa masu ra'ayin kida za su iya cimma wata ka'ida ɗaya tilo. Ya yi jayayya cewa kimiyyar lissafi ta barbashi tana cikin haɗarin zama reshe na kyawun halitta, tunda waɗannan ka'idojin za a iya tabbatar da su ne kawai ta hanyar ƙa'idodi na zahiri, kamar kyau da kyau, maimakon ta hanyar gwaji. 

## Littattafai da aka zaɓa
* ''Where Does the Weirdness Go: Why Quantum Mechanics is Strange, But not as Strange as You Think'', Basic Books (1996), ;  ''pbk edition''. Basic Books. ISBN&nbsp;.
*    

## Manazarta
Kyautar gaisuwa (Shulmani)

**Kyautar gaisuwa (Šulmānī) ** kyauta ne, ko kyauta da aka musayar tsakanin Sarakuna, da sarakuna na 1335 KZ-1335 BC Amarna wasikun corpus" id="mwCQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Text corpus">wasiƙa. Sun kasance sanannun a cikin haruffa 382 don nau'ikan kyaututtuka, da kuma sa hannun mutanen da ke musayar kyaututtuttuka, (matsayinsu).

Kayan gaisuwa" sun kasance "bayar da zaman lafiya" tsakanin sarakuna, kuma sun kasance aiki ne na makirci, da alaƙar ƙasa / siyasa, ko alaƙar 'ƙasa' / masarauta ta yanki.

Misali na tattaunawar musayar gaisuwa-kyauta za a iya samunsa a daya daga cikin marubutan wasikun Amarna, Zita (Jirima'in Hitti). An gabatar da wasika EA 44, (EA don 'el Amarna'), a matsayin misali na amfani da kalmar.

Sauran sanannun musayar kyaututtuka sun kasance tare da Tushratta na Mittani, Assuriya, Sarkin Ugarit- (wasika EA 49, ta Niqmaddu II), da Sarkin Babila.

## Dubi kuma

* Harafin Amarna
* Zita (Yarima na Hitti) 

## Manazarta

* Moran, William L. *Wasiƙun Amarna.*. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992.  (Sauce-cover,  )
Abdi-Riša

**Abdi-Riša** ya kasance mai mulki-'mayor' na Enišasi, a lokacin corpus" id="mwBw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Text corpus">wasiƙa Amarna (1350-1335 BC). Wani magajin gari na Enišasi, Šatiya, an same shi a cikin haruffa na Amarna. Sunan "Abdi-Riša" yana nufin "bawan-Riša".

Abdi-Riša an ambaci shi ne kawai a cikin wasikar Amarna)" id="mwDw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="EA (el Amarna)">EA 363, wasika ga Fir'auna, (EA don 'el Amarna').

Wasika no. 363 wasika ce ta musamman, kasancewa wani ɓangare na jerin wasika, (ta wannan marubuci):

: EA 174- (1), "Rahoton kan Amqu (1) "*"Rahoto game da Amqu (1) "*
: EA 175- (2), "Rahoton kan Amqu (2) "*"Rahoto game da Amqu (2) "*
: EA 176- (3), "Rahoton kan Amqu (3) "*"Rahoto game da Amqu (3) "*
: EA 363- (4), "Rahoton kan Amqu (4) "*"Rahoto game da Amqu (4) "*

Amqu shine *"Yankin Kwarin Beqaa"* na Lebanon. Kamar yadda aka gano wasikar EA 363 daga baya, (a cikin ajiya daban), fiye da haruffa na asali na wasikar Amarna, ba ta lalace ba.

## Wasikar Abdi-Riša
EA 363, taken: "Rahoton hadin gwiwa akan Amqu (4) "

: Ka ce wa sarki- (watau Fir'auna), ubangijina, allahn na, Rana: saƙon *Abdi-Riša*, bawanka, mai mulkin E (ni) šasi. Na fada cikin datti a ƙarƙashin ƙafafun sarki, ubangijina, sau 7 da 7. Dubi, mun kasance a Amqu, a cikin biranen sarki, ubangijina, da Etakkama, mai mulkin Qinsa- (Kadesh), ya taimaka wa sojojin Hatti kuma ya ƙone biranen sarki. Bari sarki, ubangijina, ya yi hankali, kuma bari sarki, ubanniyata, ya ba masu harbi don mu (sake) samun biranen sarki, ubankafina, kuma mu zauna a cikin biranen sarki. -EA 363, layi 1-23 (cikakke) 

Ainihin sunan da aka yi amfani da shi don Enišasi a cikin wannan wasika shine: *Ešasi* .

## Dubi kuma

* Šatiya
* Enišasi
* Yankunan Amarna da shugabanninsu

## Manazarta

* Moran, William L. *Wasiƙun Amarna.*. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992.  (Sauce-cover,  )
Abdi-Heba

**Abdu'a**-Sába (****Abdu'a**-Kheba**, ko Abdi-Sàba) ya kasance shugaban yankin Urushalima a Lokacin Amarna (tsakiyar 1330s BC). Takardun Masar sun nuna shi ya musanta cewa shi magajin gari ne kuma ya tabbatar da cewa shi soja ne (mu), wanda ke nuna cewa shi dan wani shugaban yankin ne da aka aika zuwa Masar don samun horo na soja a can.

Har ila yau ba a san ko ya kasance daga cikin daular da ke mulkin Urushalima ba ko kuma Masarawa sun sanya shi a kan kursiyin. Abdi-XEba da kansa ya lura cewa yana riƙe da matsayinsa ba ta hanyar zuriyar iyayensa ba amma ta hanyar alherin Fir'auna, amma wannan na iya zama abin yaudara maimakon wakilci daidai na halin da ake ciki. A wannan lokacin yankin da yake gudanarwa daga garuruwansa na iya samun yawan mutane ɗari goma sha biyar kuma Urushalima za ta kasance 'ƙaramin sansanin tsaunuka' a ƙarni na goma sha huɗu KZ ba tare da garu ko manyan gine-gine ba.

## Asalin
Ana iya fassara sunan Abdi-Sába a matsayin "bawan", allahiya Hurrian. Ba a san ko Abdi-Xeba da kansa dan asalin Hurrian ne ba. Akwai cakuda tasirin Kan'ana da Hurrian (cf. Daular Mitanni) a wannan yankin.

## Tattaunawa da Masar
A lokacin mulkin Abdi-XEba yankin ya kasance a karkashin hari daga 'yan fashi na Habiru . [undefined] Ya yi roƙo akai-akai ga Fir'auna na Masar, don sojoji ko, aƙalla, jami'in da zai yi umurni. [1][2] Ya kuma yi wasu buƙatun taimakon soja wajen yaƙi da abokan gaba, duka shugabannin yaƙi na Kan'ana da ƙungiyoyin Apiru:

## Manazarta

* Moran, William (ed. da trans.) The Amarna Letters . [Hasiya]
Yakubu da Samuel Taitazak

Jacob ben Samuel Taitazak (Ibraniyawa) ya kasance Talmudist na ƙarni na 16, kuma marubucin wani responsum da aka saka a cikin tarin Samuel de Medina mai taken She'elot u-Teshubot MaHRaSHDaM (vol. iii., § 203, Salonica, 1598). Ya kasance memba na Iyalin Taitazak .

## Manazarta
Albert Karasu

Albert Karasu ko Carasso (1885-1982) ɗan jaridar Yahudawa ne ɗan Turkiyya wanda aka haife shi a Ot

## Tarihin rayuwa
Ya yi karatun kimiyyar siyasa a Cibiyar Nazarin Siyasa ta Paris kuma ya ci gaba da kafa jaridar Istanbul ta Harshen Faransanci Le Journal d'Orient a shekarar 1918.  A cikin 1922-23 ya rufe tattaunawar Lausanne_Treaty" id="mwFA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Lausanne Treaty">Yarjejeniyar Lausanne a Lausanne, Switzerland.

An rufe jaridar a shekarar 1971.

## Manazarta
Moshe Levy (masanin kimiyyar)

**Moshe Levy** (Ibraniyawa: ; 1927-2015) ya kasance farfesa ne na Isra'ila a fannin ilmin sunadarai a Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Weizmann a Rehovot, Isra'ila .

## Haihuwar haihuwa da ilimi
An haifi Moshe Levy a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 1927, a Thessaloniki, Girka. A shekara ta 1933 mahaifinsa, Eliyahu, ya yanke shawarar yin ƙaura zuwa Falasdinu, a lokacin a ƙarƙashin mulkin Burtaniya. Ya girma a kudancin Tel-Aviv kuma ya halarci makarantar Alliance Elementary da Balfour High School. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar sakandare, ya tafi aiki a matsayin mataimakin dakin gwaje-gwaje a Cibiyar Zeiff da ke Rehovot . A can, tare da taimakon Chaim Weizmann (daga baya shugaban farko na Jihar Isra'ila) ya sami tallafin karatu don halartar Jami'ar Ibrananci ta Urushalima . Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya shiga Jami'ar Ibrananci, an kira shi, a matsayin memba na Haganah, don yaƙi a yakin Falasdinu na 1947-1949 a Urushalima, kuma ya koma jami'ar a watan Satumbar 1949. Ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin ilmin sunadarai a shekarar 1952. Ya kammala Ph.D. a 1955 bayan shekaru biyu a Kwalejin Forestry, Jami'ar Jihar New York, Syracuse, SUNY-ESF, a karkashin kulawar Michael Szwarc . Ya auri Joan Dvora Sugerman tun 1955, kuma yana da 'ya'ya biyu, Sharona T. Levy  da Alon Yitzchak Halevy, kuma yana da jikoki huɗu, Danielle da Itamar Menuhin, da Karina da Kasper Halevy. Ya zauna a Rehovot, Isra'ila.

## Ayyukan ilimi
A matsayinsa na ɗan'uwan post-doctoral a ƙarƙashin Michael Szwarc, Moshe Levy ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar da ta gano "Living Polymers", wanda ya kasance babban ci gaba a fagen kimiyyar polymers. An buga aikin a matsayin sadarwa ta shafi ɗaya a cikin *Jaridar American Chemical Society* . Michael Szwarc ya sami Kyautar Kyoto don wannan aikin a shekarar 1987, yana godiya ga Moshe Levy don yawancin nasarorin da suka haifar da shi. Bayan 'yan shekaru a Technion da kuma wata shekara a matsayin mai bincike a Syracuse, ya shiga Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Weizmann, a Rehovot, Isra'ila. A Cibiyar Weizmann, da farko ya yi aiki tare da Aharon Katzir, sannan daga baya ya koma Sashen Binciken Fasaha, wanda ya jagoranci daga 1977 zuwa 1983.

A shekara ta 1982, ya fara aiki a kan hasken rana. Ayyukansa sun mayar da hankali kan ƙirƙirar halayen sunadarai wanda ke ba da damar adana makamashi da rana ta samar don a iya jigilar shi zuwa shafin mai amfani, sannan (bayan juyawa) a yi amfani da shi akan buƙata. Tare da abokan aiki da yawa, ya gina hasumiyar hasken rana a Cibiyar Weizmann wacce ita ce cibiyar bincike kan hasken rana. A shekara ta 1993 ya zama farfesa mai daraja, amma ya ci gaba da aiki a cikin bincike da sabis, gami da zama shugaban kungiyar Polymer da Plastics Society ta Isra'ila a 1993-1995 da kuma editan sanarwar kungiyar Chemical Society ta Israʼila, Chemistry in Israel . Moshe Levy ya kuma shafe lokaci a matsayin masanin kimiyya mai ziyara a cibiyoyi da yawa, gami da Cibiyar Bincike ta Xerox (Rochester, New York), Cibiyar Bindindin ta DuPont (Wilmington, Delaware), Jami'ar Florida a Gainesville, da Jami'ar Minnesota, Minneapolis.

## Manazarta