Mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki da aka rubuta a Duniya

Mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki da aka taɓa yin rikodin kai tsaye a matakin ƙasa a Duniya shine -89.2 ° C (−128.6 ° F;.0  a Tashar Vostok ta Soviet a Antarctica a ranar 21 ga Yuli 1983 ta hanyar ma'aunin ƙasa.

A ranar 10 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2010, binciken tauraron dan adam ya nuna zafin jiki na -92 ° C (-134   a 81°48′S 59°18′E / 81.8 ° S 59.3 ° E / -81.8; 59.3, tare da tudu tsakanin Dome Argus da Dome Fuji, a    tsawo. An bayar da rahoton sakamakon a taron shekara-shekara na 46 na Ƙungiyar Geophysical ta Amurka a San Francisco, California, a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013; adadi ne na wucin gadi, kuma yana iya zama batun sake dubawa. Ba a lissafa darajar a matsayin rikodin mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki ba kamar yadda aka auna shi ta hanyar nesa daga tauraron dan adam kuma ba ta hanyar ma'aunin ƙasa ba, ba kamar rikodin 1983. Yawan zafin da aka sanar ya nuna na kankara, yayin da karatun Vostok ya auna iska sama da kankara, don haka biyun ba su da daidaituwa kai tsaye. Daga baya aikin  ya nuna wurare da yawa a cikin babban Antarctic inda yanayin zafi ya sauka zuwa kusan -98 ° C (−144  . Saboda yanayin zafin jiki mai karfi a kusa da farfajiya, waɗannan suna nuna mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki na kusan -94 ° C (-137  .

## Ci gaban tarihi
On 21 January 1838, a Russian merchant named Neverov recorded a temperature of  in Yakutsk. On 15 January 1885, H. Wild reported that a temperature of  was measured in Verkhoyansk. A later measurement at the same place in February 1892 was reported as . Soviet researchers later announced a recording of  in February 1933 at Oymyakon, about  to the south-east of Verkhoyansk; this measurement was reported by Soviet texts through the 1940s as a record low, with the previous measurement from Verkhoyansk retroactively adjusted to .

An yi ma'auni mai aminci na gaba a lokacin kakar 1957 a Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station a Antarctica, yana samar da -73.6 ° C (-100.5   a ranar 11 ga Mayu da -74.5 ° C (-102.1 ° F;.7  a kan 17 ga Satumba.  Rubuce-rubucen duniya na gaba shine karatun -88.3 ° C (−126.9  , wanda aka auna a tashar Soviet Vostok a 1968, a kan Antarctic Plateau. Vostok ya sake karya rikodin kansa tare da karatun -89.2 ° C (−128.6 ° F; 184.0 K) a ranar 21 ga Yulin 1983. Wannan ya kasance rikodin don zafin jiki da aka rubuta kai tsaye.

## Kayan sanyaya na dakin gwaje-gwaje

### Gwaje-gwaje na farko
A cikin 1904, masanin kimiyya na Dutch Heike Kamerlingh Onnes ya kirkiro wani dakin gwaje-gwaje na musamman a Leiden a cikin Netherlands tare da manufar samar da helium mai ruwa. A cikin 1908, ya sami nasarar rage zafin jiki zuwa ƙasa da -269 ° C (−452.20 ° F; 4.15 , wanda shine digiri huɗu sama da cikakkiyar sifili. Sai kawai a cikin wannan yanayin sanyi na musamman helium zai zama ruwan sanyi; wurin tafasa na helium shine -268.94 ° C (−452.09 ° F; 4.21 . Kamerlingh Onnes ya sami lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin kimiyyar lissafi saboda nasarorin da ya samu.

Onnes' method relied upon depressurising the subject gases, causing them to cool by adiabatic cooling.&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup> This follows from the first law of thermodynamics;

<math>\Delta U = \Delta Q - \Delta W</math>

inda ''W''">U = [./Internal_energy Q" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Internal energy">makamashi na ciki], Q = zafi da aka kara zuwa tsarin, W = aiki da tsarin ya yi.

Ka yi la'akari da iskar gas a cikin akwati na saiti. Idan matsin lamba a cikin akwatin ya fi matsin yanayi, to a lokacin da aka buɗe gas ɗin zai yi aiki a kan yanayin da ke kewaye don fadada. Kamar yadda wannan fadada adiabatic ne kuma gas ya yi aiki

<math>\Delta Q = 0</math>

<math>\Delta W > 0</math>

Now as the internal energy has decreased, so has the temperature.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

### Gwaje-gwaje na zamani
Tun daga watan Nuwamba 2000, an ba da rahoton yanayin zafi na nukiliya da ke ƙasa da pK 100 don gwaji a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Helsinki Lab Lab. Duk da haka, wannan shine yanayin zafin nau'in motsi na musamman - dukiya mai ƙididdigewa da ake kira makaman nukiliya - ba matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin jiki ba don kowane digiri na 'yanci.[1] A irin wannan ƙananan yanayin zafi, manufar "zazzabi" ya zama mai ban sha'awa tun da ba za a iya ɗaukar motsin kwayoyin zuwa matsakaicin matsayi na 'yanci ba. [ana binciken hujja] [ana buƙace ta] Madaidaicin ƙuri'a mafi girma zai kasance a cikin raƙuman radiyo, maimakon na infrared da aka sani, don haka yana da ƙarancin tasiri ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta maƙwabta, yana da wahala a kai ga daidaiton thermal.

Low Temperature Laboratory ya rubuta rikodin low zafin jiki na 100 pK, ko 1.0 × 10−10 K a cikin 1999.

Kayan aiki na yanzu don cimma matsakaicin yanayin zafi yana da matakai biyu. Na farko yana amfani da firiji mai narkewar helium don isa yanayin zafi na millikelvins, sannan mataki na gaba yana amfani da adiabatic nuclear demagnetisation don isa picokelvins.

Yanayin zafi mai yawa yana da amfani don lura da matakai na inji na kwayoyin halitta kamar superfluids da Bose-Einstein condensates, wanda za'a rushe shi ta hanyar motsi na zafi.

## Dubi kuma

* Mafi girman zafin jiki da aka rubuta a Duniya
* Jerin bayanan yanayi
* Magnetic refrigeration
* Yankin sanyi
* Tsarin lokaci na fasahar low-temperature

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Bayani game da gwajin HUT, gami da cikakkun bayanai game da cryostat