Christopher Alexander

**Christopher Wolfgang John Alexander** (4 ga Oktoba 1936 - 17 ga Maris 2022)    wani masanin gine-gine ne ɗan asalin ƙasar Burtaniya ɗan Amurka kuma ɗan asalin ƙasar Austria. Farfesa ne na emeritus a Jami'ar California, Berkeley . Ka'idojinsa game da yanayin ƙira mai da hankali kan ɗan adam sun shafi fannoni daban-daban fiye da gine-gine, gami da ƙirar birane, ƙirar software, da zamantakewa .  Alexander ya tsara kuma ya gina gine-gine sama da 100 da kansa, duka a matsayin mai ginin gine-gine da kuma babban ɗan kwangila .  

A fannin manhajoji, ana ɗaukar Alexander a matsayin uban motsin harsunan tsari . A cewar mai ƙirƙira Ward Cunningham, wiki na farko — fasahar da ke bayan Wikipedia — ta jagoranci kai tsaye daga aikin Alexander.    Ayyukan Alexander kuma sun yi tasiri ga ci gaban haɓaka software mai saurin aiki . 

A fannin gine-gine, ana amfani da ayyukan Alexander ta hanyoyi daban-daban na al'ummomin gine-gine na zamani, ciki har da ƙungiyar New Urbanist, don taimaka wa mutane su dawo da iko kan muhallin da aka gina .  Duk da haka, Alexander ya kasance mai jayayya a tsakanin wasu manyan masu gine-gine da masu suka, a wani ɓangare saboda aikinsa sau da yawa yana sukar yawancin ka'idar gine-gine da ayyukan zamani.  &#x5B; ** &#x5D; A cikinsa, ya gabatar da sabuwar ka'ida game da yanayin sararin samaniya kuma ya bayyana yadda wannan ka'idar ke tasiri ga tunani game da gine-gine, gini, tsare-tsare, da kuma yadda muke kallon duniya gabaɗaya. An gyara mafi yawan tsare-tsaren da ba su da tsauri daga *Harshen Tsarin A* ta hanyar jerin abubuwa masu ƙarfi, waɗanda ke bayyana yadda ake aiki zuwa ga alamu (wanda za a iya ganinsa a matsayin sakamakon jerin abubuwa). Jerin abubuwa, kamar alamu, sun yi alƙawarin zama kayan aiki masu faɗi fiye da gini (kamar yadda ka'idar sararin samaniyarsa ta wuce gine-gine). 

Mujallar *Katarxis 3* ta yanar gizo (Satumba 2004) ta ƙunshi rubuce-rubuce da dama na Christopher Alexander, da kuma muhawara tsakanin Alexander da Peter Eisenman daga 1982. 

Littafin ƙarshe na Alexander da aka buga tun yana raye, *Yaƙin Rayuwa da Kyau na Duniya: Gwagwarmaya Tsakanin Tsarin Duniya Biyu* (2012), shine labarin babban aikin da shi da abokan aikinsa suka taɓa fuskanta, gina sabon harabar Makarantar Sakandare/Kwaleji a Japan. Ya kuma yi amfani da aikin don haɗawa da jigogi a cikin jerin littattafansa guda huɗu. Ya kwatanta hanyarsa, (Tsarin A) da hanyoyin gini da suka mamaye tattalin arzikin Amurka da Japan (Tsarin B). Kamar yadda Alexander ya bayyana shi, Tsarin A yana mai da hankali kan haɓaka rayuwar/ruhun sarari a cikin ƙa'idodi da aka bayar (filaye, kasafin kuɗi, buƙatun abokin ciniki, da sauransu) (zane zane ne - yanke shawara kan sanya gine-gine, kayan da aka yi amfani da su, gamawa da makamantansu ana yin su a fagen yayin da ake samun kuɗin gini, tare da gyare-gyare kamar yadda ake buƙata don biyan kasafin kuɗi gabaɗaya); Tsarin B yana yin watsi da shi, kuma yana iya rage ko lalata wannan ingancin saboda akwai lahani na ciki: Tsarin A gabaɗaya samfuri ne na Tsarin Tattalin Arziki daban-daban fiye da yadda muke rayuwa a ciki yanzu. Idan mai ginin yana da alhakin zane-zanen fili na ra'ayi da na yau da kullun (wanda mai ginin ke amfani da shi don gina gine-gine a mafi ƙarancin farashi [na gasa]), mai ginin ya gano cewa Tsarin A ba zai iya samar da sakamako mai kyau a mafi ƙarancin farashi na kasuwa ba. Sai dai al'ada inda farashin ƙasa da kayan abu suka yi ƙasa ko kuma abokan ciniki na farko waɗanda ke da hankali, haƙuri da wadata. A mafi yawan lokuta, mai ginin da ke da sha'awar tattalin arziki dole ne ya yi amfani da tsarin haɗaka. A mafi kyawun yanayi, Tsarin AB, mai ginin yana amfani da tsarin Tsarin A don bambancewa, ingantawa da kuma sanar da aikinsa. Ko kuma babu wani la'akari na tattalin arziki kuma mai ginin shine mai ginin kuma yana gina wa kansa. A cikin surori na ƙarshe ya bayyana "cibiyoyin" a matsayin hanyar tunani game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin sarari, da kuma game da abin da ke kawo ƙarin cikar da rayuwa ga sarari. 

### Ayyukan gine-gine

Daga cikin ayyukan da Alexander ya yi fice a cikinsu akwai Eishin Campus kusa da Tokyo (wanda aka bayyana tsarin gininsa a cikin littafinsa na 2012 The Battle for the Life and Beauty of the Earth ); West Dean Visitors Centre [1] a West Sussex, Ingila; Julian Street Inn (matsugunin marasa gida) a San Jose, California (dukansu an bayyana su a cikin Nature of Order ); Sala House da Martinez House (gidaje na gwaji a Albany da Martinez, California waɗanda aka yi da siminti mai sauƙi); gidaje masu rahusa a Mexicali, Mexico (wanda aka bayyana a cikin The Production of Houses ); da gidaje masu zaman kansu da yawa (wanda aka bayyana kuma aka kwatanta a cikin The Nature of Order ). Aikin Alexander da aka gina yana da siffa ta musamman (wanda ya saba kiransa "ingancin ba tare da suna ba", amma ana kiransa "cikakke" a cikin Nature of Order ) wanda ke da alaƙa da ɗan adam kuma yana haifar da jin daɗin kasancewa a wurin da tsarin. Ana samun wannan ingancin a cikin gine-ginen gargajiya da na tarihi da wuraren birane da aka fi so, kuma shine ainihin abin da Alexander ya yi ƙoƙarin kamawa da ka'idodin ƙirar lissafi mai zurfi. Abin mamaki, samun wannan halayya ta ɗan adam mai haɗin kai shi ma ya kawar da gine-ginensa daga kamannin da ba a iya gani ba wanda aka ƙima a cikin gine-ginen zamani, kuma wannan shine dalili ɗaya da ya sa ba a yaba wa gine-ginensa a halin yanzu ba.

Tsohon ɗalibinsa kuma abokin aikinsa Michael Mehaffy ya rubuta makala ta gabatarwa kan aikin Alexander da aka gina a cikin mujallar *Katarxis 3* ta yanar gizo, wadda ta ƙunshi hotunan manyan ayyukan Alexander da aka gina har zuwa Satumba 2004. 

### Koyarwa
Baya ga dogon lokacin aikinsa na koyarwa a matsayin farfesa a UC Berkeley (wanda ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da dama suka fara godiya da amfani da hanyoyinsa), Alexander babban memba ne na malamai a makarantun bazara na Yariman Wales a fannin gine-gine na farar hula (1990–1994) da kuma Gidauniyar Yarima don Muhalli da aka Gina .  Ya kuma fara aikin da ya kai ga makarantar sakandare ta Building Beauty ta ƙasa da ƙasa don gine-gine, wadda aka ƙaddamar a Sorrento, Italiya don shekarar karatu ta 2017–18.  

## Tasiri
Alexander ya yi tasiri a fannin gine-gine da kuma a fannoni daban-daban na karatu. 

### Gine-gine
Ayyukan Alexander sun yi tasiri sosai ga masu gine-gine; daga cikin waɗanda suka yarda da tasirinsa akwai Sarah Susanka,  Andres Duany,  da Witold Rybczynski .  Robert Campbell, mai sukar gine-gine wanda ya lashe kyautar Pulitzer don *Boston Globe*, ya bayyana cewa Alexander "ya yi babban tasiri a rayuwata da aikina, kuma ina tsammanin hakan gaskiya ne ga dukkan tsararraki na mutane." 

Mai sukar gine-gine Peter Buchanan, a cikin wani rubutu da ya yi wa kamfen ɗin *The Architectural Review*  2012 mai *suna The Big Rethink*, ya yi jayayya cewa aikin Alexander kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin *A Pattern Language* "yana da matuƙar rugujewa kuma yana kallon gaba maimakon koma baya, kamar yadda mutane da yawa ba su fahimce shi ba daidai ba." Ya ci gaba da cewa:

Yawancin ayyukan ci gaban birane suna ci gaba da haɗa ra'ayoyin Alexander. Alexander yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu tasiri a cikin motsi na Metamodernist a cikin gine-gine, wanda wani ɓangare ne na babban motsi na Post-postmodern na ƙarni na 21. A Burtaniya, masu haɓaka Living Villages sun sami tasiri sosai daga aikin Alexander kuma sun yi amfani da *Harshen Tsarin A* a matsayin tushen ƙirar The Wintles a cikin Bishops Castle, Shropshire.  Motsin Sarah Susanka na "Not So Big House" ya daidaita kuma ya yaɗa tsarin Alexander da hangen nesa. 

### Kimiyyan na'urar kwamfuta
Masu bincike a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta sun ambaci *Littafin Alexander game da Tsarin Tsarin* tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960.    Yana da tasiri  a shekarun 1960 da 1970 kan ƙirar harshen shirye-shirye, shirye-shiryen modular, shirye-shiryen da suka mayar da hankali kan abu, injiniyan software da sauran hanyoyin ƙira. Ra'ayoyin lissafi da yanayin Alexander sun yi kama da na Edsger Dijkstra mai tasiri *a fannin A Discipline of Programming* . 

Babban tasirin *Harshen Tsarin A* a kimiyyar kwamfuta shine motsin tsarin ƙira .  Falsafar Alexander ta ƙira mai sauƙi, ta halitta, da kuma haɗin kai ita ma ta yi tasiri ga motsin shirye-shirye masu tsauri .  An ƙirƙiro Wiki   don ba wa Ƙungiyar Hillside damar yin aiki tare kan tsarin ƙirar shirye-shirye. Kwanan nan an ambaci "tsarin siffofi masu zurfi" kamar yadda aka tattauna a cikin *Yanayin Tsarin* a matsayin suna da mahimmanci ga shirye-shiryen da suka mayar da hankali kan abu, musamman a cikin C++. 

Will Wright ya rubuta cewa ayyukan Alexander sun yi tasiri a asalin wasannin kwamfuta *na SimCity*, da kuma a wasansa na baya mai *suna Spore* . 

Alexander sau da yawa yana jagorantar binciken software nasa, kamar aikin Gatemaker na 1996 tare da Greg Bryant .  

Alexander ya gano kuma ya yi tunanin tsarin maimaitawa, wanda ake kira cikakke, wanda aka bayyana shi ta hanyar lissafi, yana wanzuwa a sararin samaniya da abu a zahiri, kuma yana bayyana a cikin tunaninmu da fahimtarmu ta hanyar tunani. Ya sami ra'ayin cikakken abu tun farkon shekarun 1980 lokacin da ya kammala sigar farko ta *The Nature of Order* . Ra'ayinsa na cikakken abu ko matakin cikakken abu wanda ya dogara da tsarin maimaitawa na cibiyoyi yayi kama da ɓangarorin PageRank na Google. 

### Addini
Kundin littafi na huɗu na *The Nature of Order* yana fuskantar tambayoyin addini daga kimiyya da falsafa maimakon alkiblar sihiri, yana mai da hankali kan motsin zuciyar ɗan adam, walwala da hulɗar yanayi maimakon metaphysics. A cikinsa, Alexander ya bayyana alaƙa mai zurfi tsakanin yanayin abu, fahimtar ɗan adam game da sararin samaniya, da yanayin ƙasa da mutane ke ginawa a cikin gine-gine, birane, da kayan tarihi. Ya ba da shawarar wata muhimmiyar alaƙa tsakanin ayyukan gargajiya da imani, da ci gaban kimiyya na baya-bayan nan.  Duk da karkacewarsa ga Deism, da kuma hanyarsa ta dabi'a da ta ɗan adam ga addini, Alexander ya dage cewa shi memba ne na Cocin Katolika, wanda ya yi imanin ya tara, a cikin iliminsa, da gaskiyar ɗan adam mai yawa. 

### Kimiyyar ƙira
Aikin Alexander na rayuwa an sadaukar da shi ne don mayar da ƙira daga halin rashin sani zuwa halin sanin kai, wanda ake kira kimiyyar ƙira . A cikin littafinsa na farko mai suna Notes on the Synthesis of Forms, ya tsara abin da yake son yi. Gine-gine na gargajiya sun yi masa wahayi, kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin samo wasu tsare-tsare 253 don ƙirar gine-gine. Daga baya, ya ƙara yin nazarin halaye 15 na geometric don siffanta tsarin rayuwa a cikin Yanayin Tsarin . Ka'idodin ƙira sune bambance-bambance da daidaitawa.

## Ayyukan da aka buga
Ayyukan Alexander da aka buga sun haɗa da:

* *Al'umma da Sirri*, tare da Serge Chermayeff (1963)
* *Bayanan kula akan Tsarin* (1964)
* *Birni Ba Itace Ba* (1965) 
* *Atom na Tsarin Muhalli* (1967)
* *Harshe Mai Tsarin da ke Haifar da Cibiyoyin Sabis da Yawa*, tare da Ishikawa da Silverstein (1968)
* *Gidaje da aka samar ta hanyar tsari* (1969)
* *Tsarin Gidaje na Tushen Ciyawar* (1973) 
* *Jerin Cibiyar Tsarin Muhalli*, wanda aka yi shi da:
** *Gwajin Oregon* (1975)
** *Harshe Mai Tsarin Zane*, tare da Ishikawa da Silverstein (1977)
** *Hanyar Ginawa Mai Dorewa* (1979)
** *Gidan Cafe na Linz* (1981)
** *Samar da Gidaje*, tare da Davis, Martinez, da Corner (1985)
** *Sabuwar Ka'idar Tsarin Birane*, tare da Neis, Anninou, da King (1987)
** *Bayyanar Zane na Karni na 21: Launi da Tsarin Kafet na Turkiyya na Farko* (1993)
** *Gidan Tarihi na Mary Rose*, tare da Baƙi da Tsutsui (1995)
* *Yanayin Umarni Littafi na 1: Abin da Ya Faru a Rayuwa* (2002)
* *Yanayin Umarni Littafi na 2: Tsarin Samar da Rai* (2002)
* *Yanayin Umarni Littafi na 3: Hangen Nesa na Duniya Mai Rai* (2005)
* *Yanayin Umarni Littafi na 4: Ƙasa Mai Haske* (2004)
* *Yaƙin Rayuwa da Kyawun Duniya: Gwagwarmayar da ke Tsakanin Tsarin Duniya Biyu,* tare da Hans Joachim Neis da Maggie Moore Alexander (2012)

Ba a buga ba: 

* *Dorewa da Tsarin Halittar Halitta* (taken aiki) 

## Duba kuma

* Tsarin lambu

## Manazarta