Umberto na biyu na Italiya

**Umberto II** ( Italian   ; 15 Satumba 1904 18 ga Maris 1983) shine sarkin ƙarshe na Italiya . Mulkin Umberto ya ɗauki tsawon kwanaki 34, daga 9 ga Mayu 1946 har zuwa lokacin da aka rantsar da shi a hukumance a ranar 12 ga Yuni 1946, kodayake ya kasance *shugaban* ƙasa tun daga 1944. Saboda ɗan gajeren mulkinsa, ana masa lakabi da **Sarkin Mayu** ( Italian   ).

Umberto shi ne ɗa na uku kuma ɗa tilo a cikin 'ya'yan Victor Emmanuel na III da Elena na Montenegro . A matsayinsa na magajin gadon sarauta, ya sami ilimin soja na al'ada kuma ya ci gaba da aikin soja daga baya. A shekarar 1940, ya jagoranci wata rundunar sojoji a lokacin da Italiya ta mamaye Faransa jim kaɗan kafin Faransa ta miƙa wuya. A shekarar 1942, an ɗaukaka shi zuwa Marshal na Italiya amma bai yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan sojoji ba a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Umberto ya juya baya ga yaƙin bayan shan kayen da Italiya ta sha a Stalingrad da El Alamein, kuma ya goyi bayan korar Benito Mussolini .

In 1944, Victor Emmanuel, compromised by his association with Italian fascism and desperate to repair the monarchy's image, transferred most of his powers to Umberto. He transferred his remaining powers to Umberto later in 1944 and named him Lieutenant General (*Luogotenente*) of the Realm; while retaining the title of King. As the country prepared for the 1946 Italian institutional referendum on the continuation of the Italian monarchy, Victor Emmanuel abdicated his throne in favour of Umberto, aspiring to bolster the monarchy with his exit. The June 1946 referendum saw voters voting to abolish the monarchy, and Italy was declared a republic days later. Umberto departed the country; he and other male members of the House of Savoy were barred from returning. He lived out the rest of his life in exile in Cascais, on the Portuguese Riviera. He died in Geneva, Switzerland in 1983.

## Rayuwa ta farko

An haifi Umberto a Fadar Racconigi da ke Piedmont . Shi ne ɗa na uku kuma ɗa tilo ga Sarki Victor Emmanuel na III na Italiya da matarsa, Jelena ta Montenegro . Saboda haka, ya zama magaji tun daga haihuwa tunda gadon sarautar Italiya ya takaita ga zuriyar maza. An ba shi sarautar Yariman Piedmont, wanda Dokar Sarauta ta kafa a ranar 29 ga Satumba, 1904. 

A lokacin rikicin watan Mayu na 1915, lokacin da Victor Emmanuel na III ya yanke shawarar karya sharuddan Hadakar Triple Alliance ta hanyar ayyana yaki kan Daular Austro-Hungary, ya sami kansa cikin rudani yayin da Majalisar Dokokin Italiya ta ƙi amincewa da ayyana yaƙi; sau da yawa, sarkin ya tattauna batun sauke sarautar, tare da miƙa gadon sarauta ga Duke na 2 na Aosta maimakon Umberto.  Masanin tarihin Burtaniya Denis Mack Smith ya rubuta cewa ba a fayyace cikakken dalilin da ya sa Victor Emmanuel ya shirya sadaukar da haƙƙin ɗansa mai shekaru 10 na gadon sarauta don goyon bayan Duke na Aosta ba. 

An rene Umberto a gidan kama-karya da kuma na soja, kuma ana sa ran zai "nuna girmamawa mai yawa ga mahaifinsa"; a cikin sirri da kuma a bainar jama'a, Umberto koyaushe dole ne ya durƙusa ya sumbaci hannun mahaifinsa kafin a bar shi ya yi magana, ko da yake yana babba ne,  kuma ana sa ran ya tsaya a hankali ya gaishe shi duk lokacin da mahaifinsa ya shiga ɗaki.  An bai wa Umberto ilimin soja na yau da kullun na wani yarima Savoyard  kuma kamar sauran sarakunan Savoyard da suka gabace shi, Umberto ya sami ilimin da ya yi ƙarancin ilimi a siyasa; Sarakunan Savoyard sun saba cire siyasa daga ilimin magadansu da tsammanin za su koyi game da fasahar siyasa lokacin da suka gaji gadon sarauta. 

Umberto shine ɗan uwan Sarki Alexander na ɗaya na Yugoslavia . A wata hira da aka yi da shi a shekarar 1959, Umberto ya shaida wa jaridar Italiya *mai suna La Settimana Incom Illustrata* cewa a shekarar 1922 mahaifinsa ya ji cewa naɗa Benito Mussolini a matsayin firayim minista "haɗari ne mai kyau". 

## Aiki a matsayin Yarima na Piedmont

### Ziyarar jiha zuwa Kudancin Amurka, 1924

A matsayinsa na Yariman Piedmont, Umberto ya ziyarci Kudancin Amurka, tsakanin Yuli da Satumba 1924. Tare da shugabansa, Bonaldi, ya tafi Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina da Chile. Wannan tafiya wani bangare ne na shirin siyasa na Fascist don danganta mutanen Italiya da ke zaune a wajen Italiya da kasarsu ta haihuwa da kuma muradun gwamnatin. A Brazil, an shirya ziyartar babban birnin kasar Rio de Janeiro da kuma Jihar São Paulo, inda mafi girman mulkin mallaka na Italiya a kasar ke zaune. Duk da haka, wani babban bore ya barke a ranar 5 ga Yuli 1924, lokacin da Umberto ya riga ya bar Turai, inda ya sanya wani sauyi a rangadin Sarauta. Yariman ya tsaya a Salvador, babban birnin Bahia, don samar da kayayyaki ga jiragen ruwa, suna tafiya kai tsaye zuwa sauran kasashen Kudancin Amurka. Bayan dawowarsa, Umberto ya sake samun karbuwa a Salvador. Gwamna Góis Calmon, masarautar Italiya da sauran kungiyoyi sun yi maraba da magajin gadon sarautar Italiya cikin farin ciki.

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