Rashin guba

**Ecotoxicity**, batun binciken a fagen ecotoxicology (wani nau'i na ilimin muhalli da *toxicology*), yana nufin abubuwan da ke haifar da damuwa na halitta, sinadarai ko na jiki waɗanda ke shafar yanayin halittu. Irin waɗannan damuwa na iya faruwa a cikin yanayin halitta a cikin yawa, maida hankali, ko matakan da suka isa su rushe halayyar halitta da halayyar jiki da hulɗa. Wannan a ƙarshe yana shafar duk halittu masu rai waɗanda suka haɗa da tsarin halittu.

An bayyana ilimin *ecotoxicology* a matsayin reshe na toxicology wanda ke mai da hankali kan nazarin tasirin guba, wanda ya haifar da gurbataccen yanayi ko na roba. Wadannan gurɓataccen abubuwa suna shafar dabbobi (ciki har da mutane), ciyayi, da ƙwayoyin cuta, a cikin hanyar da ta dace.

## Rashin lafiya mai tsanani vs. mai tsanani
A cikin takardar Barrie Peake, *Tasirin Magunguna akan Muhalli*, an bayyana ecotoxicity bisa ga matakin fallasawa ga abubuwa masu haɗari. Peake ya gano nau'o'i biyu: mai tsanani da na dogon lokaci (Peake, 2016).

Acute ecotoxicity yana nufin mummunar sakamako da ke faruwa daga fallasawa ga wani abu mai haɗari har zuwa kwanaki 15. Wadannan tasirin suna haifar da hulɗar sinadarai tare da membranes na tantanin halitta, sau da yawa yana haifar da lalacewar tantanin halitta ko nama ko mutuwa (Peake, 2016).

Ecotoxicity na yau da kullun, a gefe guda, yana nufin illolin cutarwa daga bayyanar dogon lokaci, kama daga kwanaki 15 zuwa shekaru da yawa. Yawanci yana da alaƙa da takamaiman hulɗar masu karɓar magunguna waɗanda ke haifar da amsawar magunguna a cikin kwayoyin ruwa ko na ƙasa. Yayin da ecotoxicity na yau da kullun ba shi da yuwuwar zama mai kisa, yana rage ayyukan biochemical na salula, wanda zai iya haifar da canje-canje a cikin halayen halayen kwayoyin halitta ko halayen halayen muhalli (Peake, 2016)

## Abubuwan guba na muhalli na yau da kullun

# Diethyl phthalate- ya shiga cikin muhalli ta hanyar masana'antun masana'antun kayan shafawa, filastik, da sauran kayayyakin kasuwanci.
# Bisphenol A (BPA) - wanda aka samo a cikin samfuran da aka samar da yawa kamar na'urorin kiwon lafiya, kayan kwalliya, kayan kwalliyar yara, kwamfutoci, CD, da sauransu.
# Magunguna- maganin fungicide da aka samu a cikin shampoos na rigakafi. Misali mafi yawan wannan shine Climbazole .
# Magungunan kashe cututtuka
# Wasu amma ba duka ba: kayan tsaftacewa, kayan wanki, kayan taushi, masu tsaftacewa na wuta, da masu kashe cututtuka.
# Phosphates
# Mai

### Antimicrobial sunadarai
Kayayyakin kula da mutum na iya isa ga muhalli ta hanyar magudanar ruwa daga tsire-tsire masu tsabtace ruwa da laka da aka narke. Kwanan nan, an gano maganin antimycotic, Climbazole, a cikin magudanar ruwa. Ana amfani da Climbazole a cikin kayan shafawa, kuma sinadarin ne a cikin shampoos na rigakafi. Shampoos suna dauke da tsari har zuwa 2% wanda yayi daidai da kusan 15g / L. An rarraba Climbazole a matsayin mai guba sosai ga kwayoyin ruwa. Yana shafar ci gaban algae mai kore *Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata* a ƙananan ƙididdiga. 

Zebrafish ya sami sakamako mai kisa bayan ya fallasa zuwa climbazole a gwajin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Sakamakon sun hada da kauri na ƙwai masu ni'ima, rashin samar da somite, rashin cirewar bud na wutsiya daga jakar yolk, da rashin bugun zuciya duk an kimanta su don faruwa bayan awanni 48. *Danio rerio*, Lemna minor, *[[Navicula pelliculosa]]*, *Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata*, da Daphnia magna duk an gwada su kuma an gano cewa hawan dutse ya shafi su a cikin hanyar da ta dogara da maida hankali, tare da mafi girman guba da aka lura a cikin Lemna minor. Sakamakon ya haɗa da raguwar ci gaban mulkin mallaka da duhu a launi. Tasirin climbazole a kan oats da turnip sun haɗa da raguwar girma na ganye da harbi, da kuma juya duhu a launi. Ana iya rarraba ecotoxicity na climbazole a matsayin mai guba sosai ga Lemna da algae, mai guba ga kifi, kuma mai cutarwa ga Daphnia.

## Gilashin kwalliya
Phthalates da BPA suna amfani tun daga shekarun 1920 da 1930. Phthalates sun yi aiki a matsayin kari a cikin polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tun 1926, amma kuma an yi amfani da su a cikin kiwon lafiya a matsayin Masu hana kwari da cercaricides. BPA yanzu yana nan a mafi yawan yanayin ruwa, yana shiga tsarin ruwa ta hanyar zubar da shara da kuma magudanar da ruwa, wanda ke haifar da tarin kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayoyin ruwa. Wadannan sunadarai, waɗanda aka sani da endocrine disruptors, sun isa yanayin ruwa ta hanyar masana'antar masana'antu da kayayyakin mabukaci, noma, abinci da sarrafa magunguna, tsire-tsire na tsabtace ruwa, da sharar mutum.

Phthalate esters, kayan da aka saba amfani da su wanda ke taushi kuma ya sa PVC ya fi sauƙi, ana samun su a cikin abubuwa da yawa na yau da kullun kamar na'urorin kiwon lafiya, marufi don turare da kayan shafawa, igiyoyi, varnishes, murfin abinci na filastik, da labule na wanka. An gano esters na Phthalate a cikin ruwa, iska, turɓaya, da kuma a cikin ruwa a duk duniya (Giam et al.).  Dukansu phthalates da BPA suna shafar haifuwa a cikin dabbobi, gami da mollusks, crustaceans, amphibians, da kifi, da farko ta hanyar rushe tsarin hormone. Wasu phthalates suna da hanyoyi masu yawa na rushewa, suna shafar ci gaba da haifuwa a cikin nau'o'i da yawa. Tasirin ya haɗa da canje-canje a cikin samar da 'ya'ya da rage nasarar hatching. Misali, a cikin amphibians, phthalates da BPA suna rushe aikin thyroid, yana shafar ci gaban larval. Mollusks, crustaceans, da amphibians gabaɗaya sun fi dacewa da waɗannan sunadarai fiye da kifi, kodayake an lura da lalacewar spermatogenesis a cikin kifi a ƙananan taro.

## Magungunan kashe cututtuka
Magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta galibi suna haifar da matsaloli masu tsanani ga muhalli. Suna kashe ba kawai kwayoyin da aka yi niyya ba, har ma da kwayoyin da ba a yi niyya a cikin tsari. Ana fitar da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin yanayi da gangan ta hanyar mutanen da ba su san cewa waɗannan sunadarai za su yi tafiya fiye da yadda ake tsammani ba, Hatakeyama et al. kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin. Don haka, magungunan kashe kwari galibi suna shafar al'ummomin halitta da ake amfani da su. Suna shafar matakai da yawa, daga kwayoyin, zuwa kyallen takarda, zuwa gabobin; zuwa mutane, zuwa jama'a, da kuma kan al'ummomi. 

A cikin yanayi na halitta, haɗuwa da bayyanar ƙwayoyin cuta da damuwa na halitta kamar sauyawa zafin jiki, karancin abinci, ko raguwar iskar oxygen sun fi muni fiye da lokacin da aka gabatar shi kadai. Magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya shafar yawan ciyarwar zoo-plankton. A gaban magungunan kashe kwari, zoo-plankton yana nuna ƙananan ƙimar abinci wanda ke haifar da raguwar girma da haifuwa. Hakanan ana iya shafar yin iyo ta hanyar magungunan kashe kwari, wanda ke haifar da matsala mai haɗari ga rayuwar zoo-plankton yayin da suke iyo don samun abinci da guje wa masu cin nama. Irin waɗannan canje-canje na iya canza dangantakar mai cin nama da ganima. Halin juyawa ya bayyana a cikin Daphnia lokacin da carbaryl ya haifar da shi. Kasancewar carbaryl ya kara yiwuwar wasu kifaye su ci Daphnia, Dodson et al. kamar yadda aka ambata. pentachlorophenol mai guba yana ƙara saurin yin iyo a cikin rotifer *Brachionus calyciflorus*. Wannan kuma ya kara yawan haɗuwa da masu cin nama, Preston et al. kamar yadda aka ambata.

## Ruwan mai
Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman tasirin muhalli na binciken mai shine gurɓata yanayin halittu na ruwa ta hanyar zubar da mai da zubar. A wasu yankuna, kamar Amazon, ana amfani da mai har ma don murkushe ƙura a kan hanyoyi, wanda ke haifar da gurɓataccen ruwa don shiga cikin ruwa da ke kusa. Wannan yana haifar da haɗarin lafiyar ɗan adam kai tsaye, kamar yadda mutane da yawa, gami da yara, ke tafiya tsirara a kan waɗannan hanyoyin mai, suna fallasa su ga mai mai. Bugu da ƙari, Ruwan mai ke fitowa na iya gurɓata tafkuna waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin tushen ruwan sha ga jama'ar yankin.

A lokacin binciken mai, laka da aka samar daga hakowa sau da yawa ana zubar da shi a cikin ramuka waɗanda ba a rufe su ba, wanda ke ƙara haɗarin gurɓataccen abu da ke shiga cikin muhalli. Babban damuwa game da muhalli ya haɗa da hydrocarbons na polycyclic aromatic (PAHs), wanda "ya tara a kan barbashi da turɓaya, yana kare su daga biodegradation," a cewar Green da Trett.

A cikin wani binciken, an tattara samfurori daga shafuka huɗu (masu 13), a cikin Amazon inda mai mai ya zama babban gurɓataccen. Ruwa daga Shafin B, tafkin sha mai nisan mita 100 daga rami mai aiki, yana da mafi girman taro na jimlar man fetur hydrocarbons (TPH). An gano samfurori daga yankin suna da mummunan phototoxic. Wannan yankin, tare da iyakantaccen kayan aikinsa, ya dogara da koguna da tafkuna don sha, dafa abinci, da ruwan wanka. Wani binciken da Sebastian et al. suka ambata ya ba da rahoton yawan ciwon daji a wani ƙauye a wannan yankin, tare da yaduwar cuta tsakanin mutanen da ke cinye ruwan da aka gurbata.

## Manazarta