Dalar Zimbabwe

**Dalar Zimbabwe** ( alama : $, ko Z$ don bambanta ta da sauran kuɗaɗen dala ) ita ce sunan wasu kuɗaɗen kuɗi huɗu na Zimbabwe daga 1980 zuwa 12 ga Afrilu 2009. A wannan lokacin, an fuskanci lokuta na matsanancin hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, sannan kuma wani lokaci na hauhawar farashin kaya.

An ƙaddamar da dalar Zimbabwe a cikin 1980 don maye gurbin dalar Rhodesian kai tsaye (wanda aka gabatar a 1970) a daidai (1: 1), daidai da dalar Amurka. A karni na 20, dala tana aiki ne a matsayin kudin al'ada, amma a farkon karni na 21 hauhawar farashin kayayyaki a Zimbabwe ya ragu da dalar Zimbabwe zuwa daya daga cikin mafi karancin darajar kudin duniya. An sake bayyana shi sau uku (a cikin 2006, 2008 da 2009), tare da ƙungiyoyi har zuwa dala tiriliyan 100 da aka bayar.  Ƙarshe redenomination ya samar da "dala ta hudu" (ZWL), wanda ya kai 10 25 ZWD (dala ta farko).

An yi watsi da amfani da dalar Zimbabwe a matsayin kudin hukuma sosai a ranar 12 ga Afrilu 2009. An ba da shaida a cikin 2015, tare da manyan asusun da za a iya biya har zuwa 30 Afrilu 2016.   A maimakon dalar Zimbabwe, an yi amfani da kudaden da suka hada da Rand na Afirka ta Kudu, da Botswana pula, da fam, da Rupe na India, da Yuro, da yen Japan, da dalar Australiya, da Yuan na Sin, da dalar Amurka .  

A ranar 24 ga Yuni 2019, Bankin Reserve na Zimbabwe ya soke tsarin musayar kuɗi da yawa tare da maye gurbinsa da sabon dalar Zimbabwe ( dalar RTGS ),  wanda shine kawai kuɗin hukuma a ƙasar tsakanin Yuni 2019 da Maris 2020, bayan wanda aka sake ba da izinin wasu kudaden waje.

## Asalin
Dalar Zimbabwe wacce ta gabace ta, dalar Rhodesian, ta kasance daidai da rabin darajar fam a lokacin da aka karbe ta (a lokacin raguwar 1970). An yi amfani da irin wannan aikin a wasu ƙasashen Commonwealth kamar Afirka ta Kudu, Australia, da New Zealand. Zaɓin sunan ya motsa shi ne saboda raguwar darajar sabon rukunin yana da alaƙa da ƙimar dalar Amurka fiye da fam .

### Zane
Babban kwatanci akan lura da duk takardun banki shine Chiremba Balancing Rocks a Epworth, Harare, wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman misali yana nuna mahimmancin daidaita ci gaba da kuma adana yanayi maras kyau.  Bangaren bayanan dala galibi suna kwatanta al'adu ko alamomin Zimbabwe.

## Tarihi

### Gabatarwa ta farko (ZWD)

An ƙaddamar da dalar Zimbabwe ta farko a cikin 1980 kuma ta maye gurbin dalar Rhodesian a daidai . Lambar farko ta ISO 4217 ita ce *ZWD* . A lokacin da aka fara amfani da shi, dalar Zimbabwe ta fi dalar Amurka daraja a kasuwar canji a hukumance, inda aka samu 1 ZWD = , ko da yake wannan bai nuna ainihin ikon saye da yake da shi ba.

Darajar dala ta fara raguwa sosai daga watan Agustan 1991 zuwa gaba: asali, wannan ya faru ne saboda Shirin Daidaita Tsarin Tattalin Arziki (ESAP), shirin sassaucin ra'ayi na tattalin arziki wanda ya wargaza tattalin arzikin "sige" da aka shirya daga zamanin UDI . Duk da haka, ESAP ya haifar da talauci da rashin aikin yi, tun da yawancin ayyukan da aka rasa sun dogara ne akan kayan da aka ba da tallafi a baya tare da raguwar bukatun duniya.   Yaɗuwar talauci da rashin aikin yi, haɗe da kashe kuɗi na gaggawa don tallafawa tsoffin sojojin yaƙin Bush na Rhodesian, ya haifar da babban haɗarin kuɗi a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 1997. 

Adadin kudin a hukumance da kamanceceniya ya ci gaba da faduwa a cikin mahallin faduwar kudaden shiga daga fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen waje, da rudani da sake raba filaye ga manoma marasa kwarewa, da kuma shigar Zimbabwe a yakin Kongo na biyu . A watan Yulin 2006, daidaiton darajar kasuwar dalar Zimbabwe ta faɗi zuwa miliyan ɗaya na fam ɗin fam (Z$1,000,000 = £1). 

### Sake-karkatar farko (ZWN)
A watan Oktoba na 2005, Gwamnan Babban Bankin Zimbabwe na yanzu a lokacin, Dokta Gideon Gono, ya sanar da cewa Zimbabwe za ta sami sabon kudi a shekara mai zuwa, kuma za a samar da sababbin takardun kudi da tsabar kudi., a cikin watan Yunin 2006, an yanke shawarar cewa, don samun sabon kuɗi, dole ne Zimbabwe ta fara samun kwanciyar hankali a fannin tattalin arziki. Maimakon haka, a cikin watan Agustan 2006, an sake canza dala ta farko zuwa dala ta biyu a farashin dala 1000 na farko zuwa dala 1 na biyu (1000:1). A lokaci guda, an rage darajar kuɗin idan aka kwatanta da dalar Amurka, daga 101000 dalar farko (101 sau ɗaya aka sake kimantawa) zuwa dala 250 na biyu, raguwar kusan 60% (duba jadawalin tarihin canjin kuɗi a ƙasa). sanya sabon lambar kudin *ZWN* ga wannan kudin da aka sake fasalin, amma Bankin Reserve na Zimbabwe bai iya magance canjin kudin ba, don haka lambar kudin ta kasance 'ZWD'.  Yaƙin neman zaɓe, wanda Gideon Gono mai suna "Operation Sunrise", an kammala shi a ranar 21 ga Agusta 2006. An yi kiyasin cewa ba a fanshi kusan dalar Zimbabwe tiriliyan goma (22% na kudin da aka samar ) ba a wannan lokacin. 

A shekara mai zuwa, a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2007, RBZ ta bayyana cewa za a saki sabon dala (na uku). Duk da haka, tare da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki har yanzu ya wuce 1000%, an adana takardun banki a cikin ajiya. A cikin wannan watan ne babban bankin kasar Zimbabwe ya ayyana hauhawar farashin kayayyaki a matsayin haramtacce, tare da haramta duk wani karin farashin wasu kayayyaki tsakanin 1 ga Maris da 30 ga watan Yunin 2007. Jami'ai sun kama shugabannin wasu kamfanoni na Zimbabwe saboda karin farashin kayayyakinsu,   kuma masana tattalin arziki sun ba da rahoton cewa "hargitsi ya fara sarauta kuma jama'a a cikin jama'a sun firgita".  A ranar 6 ga Satumbar 2007, an sake rage darajar dalar Zimbabwe da kashi 92 cikin 100,  ta samar da canjin canjin ZW$30000 zuwa  a hukumance, kodayake an kiyasta cewa canjin kasuwar bakar fata ya kai ZW$600000 zuwa  . 

Yayin da farashin musaya na hukuma ya zama wanda ba shi da tabbas, kamfanin WM/Reuters ya gabatar da ƙimar musanya ta asali (ISO ZWN) wanda ya dogara ne akan Sayen Wutar Lantarki ta yin amfani da jerin sunayen kamfanoni biyu akan Harare (ZH) da London Stock Exchange (LN). 

### Na biyu sake-denomination (ZWR)

A ranar 30 ga Yuli, 2008, an sake canza dala kuma an ba da sabon lambar kuɗi na *ZWR* .  Bayan 1 ga Agusta 2008, ZWN biliyan 10 ya kai ZWR 1.  An ba da tsabar kuɗi a Z$5, Z$10 da Z$25 da takardun banki masu daraja Z$5, Z$10, Z$20, Z$100, da Z$500 a cikin ZWR.  Sakamakon karancin kudade akai-akai da kuma dalar Zimbabwe maras amfani, an halatta kudin kasashen waje yadda ya kamata a matsayin kudin gaskiya a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2008 ta hanyar wani shiri na musamman. Wannan shirin a hukumance ya ba da damar adadin dillalai su karɓi kuɗin ƙasashen waje.  Hakan ya nuna gaskiyar yadda tattalin arzikin kasar ke da dala, inda masu shaguna da dama suka ki karbar dalar Zimbabwe, inda suka nemi dalar Amurka ko Rand na Afirka ta Kudu a maimakon haka.   Duk da sake fasalin, an tilasta wa RBZ buga takardun banki na mafi girman dabi'u don ci gaba da hauhawar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, tare da sifili goma da suka sake bayyana a ƙarshen 2008. Duk da yake ba shi da amfani a lokacin,  waɗannan bayanan dala tiriliyan 100 daga baya sun zama sananne ga masu tarawa. 

### Sake maƙasudi na uku (ZWL)
A ranar 2 ga Fabrairun 2009, RBZ ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a cire ƙarin sifili 12 daga kuɗin, tare da musayar dalar Zimbabwe 1,000,000,000,000 na uku na dalar Zimbabwe da sabon dala 1.   An gabatar da sabbin takardun banki tare da darajar fuskar Z$1, Z$5, Z$10, Z$20, Z$50, Z$100 da Z$500 .  An rarraba takardun banki na dala na huɗu tare da dala ta uku, wanda ya kasance mai ciniki har zuwa 30 ga Yuni 2009.  Sabuwar lambar kudin ISO ita ce ZWL.  

Duk da gabatarwar dala na huɗu, ba a kawar da matsalolin ba, kuma tattalin arzikin ya ci gaba da zama kusan dala .  A cikin kasafin kudinsa na farko, ministan kudin Zimbabwe, Tendai Biti, ya ce "mutuwar dalar Zimbabwe gaskiya ce da ya kamata mu rayu da ita. Tun daga Oktoba 2008 kudinmu na kasa ya zama mara nauyi."  A karshen watan Janairun shekarar 2009, mukaddashin ministan kudi Patrick Chinamasa ya sanar da cewa, za a ba wa dukkan 'yan kasar ta Zimbabwe damar gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci da kowane irin kudi, a matsayin martani ga matsalar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki.  A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2009, kafofin watsa labaru sun ba da rahoton cewa ministan tsare-tsare na tattalin arziki Elton Mangoma ya ba da sanarwar dakatar da kudaden cikin gida "na akalla shekara guda", tare da kawo karshen dala ta hudu.  

## Janyewa

### Hauhawar hauhawar farashin kaya
Dukkanin batutuwa hudu na dalar Zimbabwe sun sami hauhawar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, ko da yake sai a farkon shekarun 2000 ne Zimbabwe ta fara fuskantar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ba tare da dorewa ba.  

A ranar 13 ga Yulin 2007, gwamnatin Zimbabwe ta ce ta dakatar da buga alkaluman hauhawar farashin kayayyaki na wani dan lokaci, matakin da masu lura da al'amura ke cewa na da nufin jawo hankalin jama'a daga "farashin hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da ya zo alamta tabarbarewar tattalin arzikin kasar da ba a taba gani ba."   A cikin 2008, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ya haɓaka sosai, daga wani ƙima a cikin Janairu na sama da 100,000%  zuwa ƙimar da aka kiyasta sama da 1,000,000% a watan Mayu,   kuma kusan 250,000,000% a cikin Yuli.  Kamar yadda ka'idar yawan kuɗi ta annabta, wannan hauhawar farashin kaya yana da alaƙa da zaɓin bankin Reserve na Zimbabwe don ƙara samar da kuɗi.

### Samar da kuɗi (2006-2008)

Babban bankin kasar Zimbabwe ya mayar da martani ga raguwar darajar dala ta hanyar shirya buga karin takardun kudi,      sau da yawa a kan babban kudi daga masu samar da kayayyaki na ketare.

A ranar 1 ga Maris 2008 *Jaridar Sunday Times* ta ruwaito cewa ta samu takardun da ke nuna cewa kamfanin na Munich Giesecke &amp;amp; Devrient (G&D) na karbar sama da Yuro 500,000 (£381,562) a mako don isar da takardun banki zuwa darajar Z$170 tiriliyan a mako.   A karshen shekara ta 2008, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ya karu sosai har na'urorin bayar da lamuni masu sarrafa kansu na babban banki daya sun ba da " kuskuren zubar da bayanai " da kuma dakatar da yunkurin abokan ciniki na cire kudi da sifili da yawa. 

A watan Yunin 2008, jami'an Amurka sun ba da sanarwar ba za su dauki wani mataki kan G&D ba.  An bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 1 ga Yuli 2008 hukumar gudanarwar kamfanin ta yanke shawarar dakatar da isar da takardar banki zuwa bankin Reserve na Zimbabwe da gaggawa. Matakin dai ya kasance martani ne ga "bukatar hukuma" daga gwamnatin Jamus da kuma kiraye-kirayen sanya takunkumin kasa da kasa daga Tarayyar Turai da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. 

### Yin watsi da aljanu
An halatta amfani da kudaden waje a cikin Janairu 2009, wanda ya haifar da farashin kayan masarufi na gabaɗaya ya sake daidaitawa bayan shekaru na hauhawar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da hasashen farashin.  Matakin ya haifar da raguwar amfani da dalar Zimbabwe, yayin da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ya sa hatta manyan mazhabobi ba su da amfani. An yi watsi da dalar Zimbabwe yadda ya kamata a matsayin kudin hukuma a ranar 12 ga Afrilu 2009, lokacin da ministan tsare-tsare na tattalin arziki Elton Mangoma ya tabbatar da dakatar da kudin kasar na akalla shekara guda.

A ranar 29 ga watan Janairun 2014, babban bankin kasar Zimbabwe ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a karbi dalar Amurka, Rand na Afirka ta Kudu, Botswana pula, fam din Sterling, Yuro, dalar Australiya, Yuan na kasar Sin (renminbi), Rupe na Indiya, da yen Jafanan Japan duk za a amince da su a matsayin kudin doka a cikin kasar. 

A cikin watan Yunin 2015, Bankin Reserve na Zimbabwe ya fara lalata dalar Zimbabwe bisa ƙa'ida, yana rage darajarta a hankali zuwa sifili don kammala canjin dalar Amurka a ƙarshen Satumba 2015.   Gwamnatin Zimbabwe ta bayyana cewa, za ta ba da dalar Amurka 5 ga asusun ajiyar banki na cikin gida da ke da ma'auni har dalar Zimbabwe quadrill 175, sannan za ta canza dalar Zimbabwe da dalar Amurka a kan dalar Amurka 1 zuwa 35 dalar Amurka a asusun ajiyar kudi. sama da dalar Zimbabwe quadrillion 175.   An yi wannan yunkuri ne don daidaita tattalin arzikin kasar da kafa tabbataccen ginshikin suna a karkashin karancin hauhawar farashin kayayyaki. Atisayen ya kawo rufe kan batun dala na Zimbabwe, wanda ya kara tabbatar da matsayin gwamnati na cewa rukunin gida ba zai dawo nan ba da dadewa ba. Gwamnati ta ci gaba da cewa dawo da dalar Zimbabwe za a yi la'akari da shi ne kawai idan an sami nasarar samun muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi tattalin arziki, kamar samar da kayayyaki a muhimman sassa. 

Hakazalika da zamba na dinari na Iraqi, wasu masu tallatawa sun yi iƙirarin cewa taron "revalue" (RV) na gaba zai sa dalar Zimbabwe ta dawo da ɗan ƙaramin ƙima na asali. 

## Tsabar kudi
A cikin 1980, an ƙaddamar da tsabar kudi a cikin ƙungiyoyi na 1, 5, 10, 20, 50 cents, da dala 1. An buga tsabar 1 cent a cikin tagulla, sauran kuma an buga su da kofi-nickel . A shekara ta 1989, karfen tagulla ya maye gurbin tagulla. An ƙaddamar da tsabar kuɗin dala 2 a cikin 1997. A shekara ta 2001, karfen nickel-plated ya maye gurbin cupro-nickel a cikin 10, 20 da 50 cents da tsabar kudi dala 1, kuma an gabatar da tsabar kudin dala 5 na bimetallic. Bankin Reserve na Zimbabwe ya sanar da shirye-shiryen sabbin tsabar kudi Z$5,000 da Z$10,000 a watan Yunin 2005,  ko da yake ba a taɓa buga waɗannan ba.

A cikin bayanin manufofin kudi na tsakiyar wa'adi na 2014, Babban Bankin Zimbabwe (RBZ) ya ce zai shigo da tsabar kudi na musamman, wanda aka fi sani da Zimbabwean bond coins, don sauƙaƙa ƙarancin canji a cikin tattalin arzikin. Kamar tsabar kuɗi na 1980 na asali, waɗannan tsabar kudi na musamman za a ƙidaya su a cikin 1, 5, 10, 20, da 50, amma suna da ƙima daidai da cents na Amurka. Hakanan za a sami tsabar kudin Rand na Afirka ta Kudu na cents 10, 20, 50, rand 1, 2, 5. Sanarwar ta RBZ ba ta fayyace lokacin ko kuma inda za a shigo da wadannan tsabar kudi ba, amma wani rahoto daga baya a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba 2014 ya fayyace cewa ana sa ran isar da sama da dala miliyan 40 na wadannan tsabar kudi a cikin mako mai zuwa daga Pretoria . A ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2014, an fitar da ƙungiyoyin 1, 5, 10, da 25 na Amurka zuwa wurare dabam dabam. Ƙididdigar kashi 50 na Amurka ta biyo baya a cikin Maris 2015. An fitar da tsabar kuɗin dala 1 a watan Nuwamba 2016.

## Bayanan banki da na cak
Babban bankin kasar Zimbabwe ne ya fitar da takardar kudin dalar Zimbabwe daga shekarar 1980 zuwa 2009. Har zuwa shekara ta 2003, an ba da takardun banki na yau da kullun, amma yayin da hauhawar hauhawar farashin kaya ta haɓaka daga 2003, Bankin Reserve ya ba da cak na matafiyi na gaggawa na ɗan gajeren lokaci.

## Tarihin musayar kuɗi
Wannan tebur yana nuna ƙayyadaddun tarihin canjin musaya na Dalar Zimbabwe zuwa Dalar Amurka: 

Sakamakon karancin takardar banki na Disamba 2007, an tura kuɗaɗen ta hanyar Tsarin Canja wurin Kuɗi na Lantarki (EFTS) ya sami ƙimar kuɗi kusan $4 miliyan, yayin da tsabar kudi ma'amala ya bambanta a kusa da $2 miliyan .Darajar musayar ya kasance 20,000,000 akan adadi mai yawa.

Farashin dala na uku a sama shine OMIR . Adadin kuɗi ya bambanta sosai da ƙimar da ke sama. Teburin da ke ƙasa shine ƙimar kuɗi na tarihin dala ta uku:

### Lokacin farko na rage darajar
Dala ta farko (ZWD) ta rage darajar daga 0.6788 R$ zuwa  a shekarar 1978 zuwa kusan rabin miliyan a kowace dalar Amurka a 2006, lokacin da aka sake darajar kudin.

Wannan tebur yana nuna cikakken dalla-dalla darajar **dalar Amurka 1 zuwa dalar Zimbabwe** .

### Lokaci na biyu na rage darajar
A cikin sake fasalin farko na 1 ga Agusta 2006, an canza ZWD 1000 zuwa dala 1 na biyu (ZWN). Dala ta biyu ta fara ne da farashin hukuma na 250 da kuma daidai gwargwado na 550 zuwa  . A watan Yulin 2008 farashin musaya tare da dalar Amurka ya kai (daidaitaccen ƙimar) biliyan 500 zuwa  1, wanda ya haifar da sake fasalin na biyu.

#### Maido da bayanan kasuwa
A watannin karshe kafin sake fasalin babban bankin kasar Zimbabwe na ranar 30 ga Afrilun 2008, kusan dukkanin manyan hanyoyin musayar kudin kasar sun dogara ne akan farashin ZWD 30,000 a hukumance zuwa dalar Amurka 1 don kididdigar da aka buga, duk da bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin wancan da farashin kasuwa mai 'yanci. A ranar 23 ga Mayu 2008, Bloomberg  da Oanda  sun fara buga rates masu iyo bisa ga ka'ida ta kasuwannin banki na cikin gida na Zimbabwe, yayin da Yahoo Finance ya fara amfani da adadin da aka sabunta a watan Yuli, duk da cewa yana da canjin adadi na wurare 6. Waɗancan ƙimar da aka ruwaito gabaɗaya suna nuna ƙimar hukuma kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin tebur na sama. Ba da da ewa ba suka fara bambanta, dangane da kima da dalar Zimbabwe, inda suka karu sosai idan aka kwatanta da kasuwannin da ba a daidaita su ba kamar kasuwannin teku ko takardar kuɗin da ake sayar da su kyauta a kan titunan Harare, wanda aka nuna a sama a matsayin Daidaitacce Rates.￼

### Lokaci na uku na rage darajar
A ranar 1 ga Agusta, 2008, an gudanar da redenomination na biyu, wanda 10,000,000,000 2nd dollar (ZWN) ya zama 1 3rd dollar (ZWR).  A ranar 3 ga Oktoba 2008, Bankin Reserve na Zimbabwe ya dakatar da tsarin na ɗan lokaci na Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS), tare da dakatar da musayar kasuwan lantarki daidai gwargwado,  amma an dawo da shi a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 2008. 

Bayan an gabatar da shi akan 1 ga Agusta 2008, dala ta uku ta ci gaba da raguwa.

Ana iya samun bayyani na bayanan kuɗin musaya a cikin tebur da ke ƙasa:

### Lokacin ƙarshe na rage darajar
A ranar 2 ga Fabrairun 2009, an sake yin sabon canji na uku, inda RBZ ta cire sifili 12 daga cikin kuɗin, inda aka canza dalar Zimbabwe 1,000,000,000,000 (na uku, ZWR) dalar Zimbabwe zuwa dala 1 sabuwar (na huɗu, ZWL).  Don haka, dala huɗu (ZWL) tana daidai da 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, ko 1×10 25 ko 10 septillion farko dala (ZWD) (ko 1 tiriliyan na uku dala). Ko da yake an yi watsi da dala a ranar 12 ga Afrilu 2009, ana kiyaye farashin musaya na wasu watanni.

A ranar 4 ga watan Yunin 2015, an sanar da cewa babban bankin kasar Zimbabwe zai canza wasu tsoffin takardun kudi zuwa dalar Amurka. 

## Ƙimar kamar yadda ake tarawa
Jim kadan bayan dakatar da dalar Zimbabwe, an sayo su a matsayin abin sha'awa, ko kuma a adadi mai yawa a matsayin kyauta na sabon abu, misali ga abokan cinikin masu ba da shawara kan kudi don nuna dalilin da ya sa ya kamata su saka hannun jari a wasu kadarori daban-daban maimakon tsabar kudi, wanda ke rasa darajarsa a cikin dogon lokaci. Daga baya an sayo su azaman saka hannun jari, don siyarwa ga masu tarawa, don mafi kyawun ƙimar dawowa fiye da yawancin saka hannun jari.  A cikin 2022 an sayar da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban akan eBay akan farashin da ya wuce £ 100. 

## Duba kuma

* Peso Argentine - wani kudin da ya karu da ninki-trillion tun 1970
* Hungarian pengő - kudin da ya ragu 29 a cikin 1946
* Kudin kuɗi na Zimbabwe / tsabar kudi
* Bayanan banki na Zimbabwe
* Tattalin arzikin Zimbabwe
* Redenomination
* Hauhawar hauhawar farashin kaya

## Bayanan kula