Gidauniyar Urgenda v Jihar Netherlands

**Gidauniyar Urgenda v Jihar Netherlands** (2019) (a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland: Klimaatzaak Urgenda ) karar sauyin yanayi ce da Kotun Koli ta Netherlands ta saurari kokarin gwamnati na dakile fitar da iskar carbon dioxide. An gabatar da shari'ar a kan gwamnatin Holland a cikin 2013, suna jayayya da gwamnati, ta hanyar rashin cimma mafi ƙarancin burin rage hayaƙin carbon dioxide da masana kimiyya suka kafa don kawar da sauyin yanayi mai cutarwa, yana cikin haɗari ga 'yancin ɗan adam na 'yan ƙasar Holland kamar yadda dokokin ƙasa da na Tarayyar Turai suka tsara.

Hukuncin farko a shekarar 2015, wanda ke bukatar gwamnati ta cimma burin rage fitar da hayaki na kashi 25% daga matakin 1990 nan da shekarar 2020, an amince da shi ta hanyar Kotun Koli kan daukaka kara, inda ta tabbatar da cewa rage fitar da hayaki ya zama dole ga gwamnatin Holland don kare hakkin dan Adam. Wannan dai shi ne karo na farko da irin wannan hukunci da aka dauka kan gwamnati da ke kalubalantar al'amuran sauyin yanayi bisa tushen kare hakkin dan Adam, kuma shi ne karo na farko da irin wannan shari'ar adalci ta sauyin yanayi ta yi nasara.

## Fage
Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da sauyin yanayi (IPCC) ya fitar da rahotanninsa na hudu da na biyar kan sauyin yanayi a shekarar 2007 da 2014, bi da bi. Daga cikin wasu sakamakon binciken, rahotannin sun jaddada bukatar yin gagarumin raguwar hayakin carbon dioxide a cikin kankanin lokaci, nan da shekarar 2030. Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai (EU) ta kafa wani buri ga dukkan kasashe mambobinta na samun raguwar kashi 40% daga matakin 1990 nan da shekarar 2030, gabanin yarjejeniyar Paris ta 2016 da ta kafa irin wannan manufa a duniya. Kowace ƙasa memba, ciki har da Netherlands, dole ne ta kafa nata manufofin matakin ƙasa kafin yarjejeniyar Paris don cimma wannan manufa.

Gabaɗaya ana ganin Netherlands a matsayin babbar ƙasa a ƙoƙarin iyakance canjin yanayi yayin da yawancin ƙasar ke zaune a ƙasa ko ƙasa da matakin teku kuma hauhawar matakan teku za su yi tasiri sosai. A cikin shekarun 2010, masu fafutuka sun tabbatar da cewa gwamnati ta fara fifita wasu masana'antun man fetur na gargajiya fiye da abubuwan da ake sabunta su, kuma kasar ta fara ja da baya a kokarinta na rage sauyin yanayi.

Gidauniyar Urgenda [nl] ƙungiya ce mai fafutukar yanayi da aka kafa a cikin 2008 wacce ke wakiltar muradun 'yan ƙasar Holland 886. Sun kasance suna bin rahoton kimantawa na IPCC da sauran rahotannin sauyin yanayi, da kuma tattaunawar da lauyansu, Roger Cox, ya yi, a cikin littafinsa na 2010 Revolution Justified: Why Only the Law Can Save Us Now yana kwatanta hanyoyin da za a bi don neman matakan sauyin yanayi ta gwamnatoci ta hanyar adalcin yanayi, ra'ayin cewa gazawar gwamnatoci na keta haƙƙin ɗan adam ta gazawar gwamnatoci don rage hayaki da hana sauyin yanayi. Urgenda ya rubuta wa gwamnatin Holland inda ya bukace su da su himmatu wajen rage kashi 40% na matakan carbon dioxide nan da shekarar 2020. Wasikar ba wai kawai ta yi magana ne kan rahotannin baya-bayan nan irin na tantancewar IPCC ba, har ma ta bukaci gwamnatin Holland din ta rage hayakin da ake fitarwa don kare hakkin dan Adam karkashin manufofin EU. Wannan shine sanannen misali na farko na amfani da dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam na EU wajen neman matakin gwamnati kan sauyin yanayi.

Ita ma gwamnati ta mayar da martani, ta bayyana cewa, wannan manufa ta kasance mai tsananin muni idan aka kwatanta da shirin da aka tsara na kashi 30 cikin 100 nan da shekarar 2020 da kungiyar EU ke kokarin cimmawa a wancan lokacin, kuma kasar za ta yi alkawarin samar da kashi 40% ne kawai idan dukkan sauran kasashen kungiyar EU na da manufa daya.

## Kotun gunduma
Urgenda ya kai karar jihar a watan Satumba na 2013, yana jayayya cewa dole ne jihar ta himmatu don rage hayakin carbon dioxide na 40% nan da 2030 ko kuma mafi ƙarancin kashi 25% nan da 2020, wanda ya danganta da dokokin Holland da EU. Koken na Urgenda ya tabbatar da cewa gwamnati ce ke da alhakin sarrafa duk wani iskar iskar Carbon Dioxide daga kasar, kuma ya zama wajibi ga dokokinsu su rage gudumawar da al’ummar kasar ke bayarwa ga sauyin yanayi.

An fara sauraren karar ne a watan Afrilun 2015 a Kotun Lardi da ke Hague. Kotun Gundumar ta yanke hukunci a watan Yuni 2015 don goyon bayan Urgenda, kuma ta buƙaci gwamnatin Netherlands dole ne ta sami nasarar rage 25% na rage iskar carbon dioxide daga matakan 1990 ta 2020. Kotun ta gano cewa kafin shekarar 2010, jihar ta yi shirin rage kashi 30 cikin 100 nan da shekarar 2020, amma tun daga shekarar 2010, ta sauya manufofinsu tare da rage burin zuwa 14-17%. Yayin da jihar ta yi ikirarin cewa gudummawar da gidan rediyon Netherland ke bayarwa na fitar da iskar Carbon Dioxide ba ta da muhimmanci kamar sauran manyan kasashe, kotun ta ce a cikin hukuncin da ta yanke "Kada kasar ta boye a bayan hujjar cewa warware matsalar sauyin yanayi ta duniya ba ta dogara ne kawai ga kokarin kasar Holland ba. Duk wani raguwar hayaki yana taimakawa wajen rigakafin sauyin yanayi mai hatsari kuma a matsayinta na kasar da ta ci gaba Netherlands kamata ya yi ta jagoranci wannan."

## Manazarta