open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Harshen Duri

**Duri** yare ne na Austronesian na Sulawesi, Indonesia .  Yana da daraja iri-iri na harsunan Massenrempulu.

A shekara ta 2010, mutane 123,000 sun yi magana da wannan yaren. Ethnologue ta lissafa shi a matsayin yaren 'mai barazana'.

## Manazarta
Harshen Embaloh

**Embaloh** (Maloh) yare ne na Austronesian (Dayak) wanda ake magana a Yammacin Kalimantan, Indonesia . : 86 Baya ga Taman, ba ta kusa da wasu harsuna a Borneo, to amma tana cikin yarukan Kudancin Sulawesi mafi kusa da Buginese. Yawancin masu magana da Embaloh suna magana da Iban, wanda ya haifar da karɓar wasu kalmomin aro na Iban a cikin Embaloh.

Yaren Kalis (Kalis Maloh) na iya zama yare daban.

## Misali
Bayanan kula: Al'adaccen orthography tare da *ng* da ' maimakon *ŋ* da superscript *ʔ* (*ʔ*).

## Manazarta
Harshen Enrekang

**Enrekang** yare ne na kasar  Austronesian da ake magana a Sulawesi, Indonesia . Yana cikin reshen Arewa na Kudancin Sulawesi, kuma yana da alaƙa da Duri da Maiwa.

## Manazarta
Harshen Highland Konjo

**Highland Konjo** yare ne na Austronesian na Sulawesi, Indonesia, wanda ke cikin reshen Makassaric na Kudancin Sulawesi . Ana magana da shi a cikin sassan ciki na Bone, Bulukumba, Gowa, da Sinjai regencies na lardin Kudancin Sulawesi, a yankin arewa maso yammacin Dutsen Lompobatang . Yana da alaƙa da, amma ya bambanta da Coastal Konjo, wanda kuma yana cikin yarukan Makassaric.

## Manazarta
Harshen Kalumpang

**Kalumpang** wani rukuni ne na yaren Austronesian na Sulawesi, Indonesia .  Yarensa suna da ɗan kusa da juna fiye da yadda suke ga harsuna masu alaƙa.

## Manazarta
Harshen Gorap

**Gorap** yare ne na malay-malay wanda Gorap ( *Bobaneigo* )  ƙabila ne ke magana, ƴan asalin yankunan yamma da arewacin tsibirin Halmahera na Indonesiya.  Yana raba ƙamus tare da wasu harsunan Papuan da wasu harsunan da ake magana da su a cikin Sulawesi, kamar Buginese da Cia-Cia . Kusan kusan 60 cikin 200 kalmomin da aka tabbatar a cikin wannan harshe an nuna suna musayar ƙamus tare da waɗannan harsuna. 

Duk da yake harshe na Gorap yana da rubuce-rubuce da kyau, tarin ya ƙunshi rikodin da aka samo asali; wato daga Pear Film da Man da Tree Spacegame, amma kuma al'adun gargajiya. Ana sa ran tarin zai girma sannu a hankali a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, yana rufe nau'ikan abubuwan da suka faru. An rubuta rikodin da yawa a cikin harshen Gorap kuma an fassara su cikin Harshen Ingilishi da kuma Indonesian.

## Rarraba
Ana magana da harshen Gorap a tsibirin Halmahera na Indonesia, musamman a cikin gundumar Kao Teluk wanda ke cikin bangaren gudanarwa na Arewacin Halmahera Regency da kuma a cikin gundorar Jailolo ta Gabas a cikin West Halmahera .  Har ila yau, al'ummarta na diasporic suna magana da wannan yaren, musamman wadanda ke zaune a tsibirin Morotai (musamman Kudancin Morotai) da kuma tsibirin Sulawesi (musamman kudu maso gabashin Sulawesi).

Ana magana da wannan yaren a ƙauyuka 11 a arewacin tsibirin Halmahera da kudancin tsibirin Morotai, wanda daga binciken yawan jama'a ƙabilar Gorap ke zaune har zuwa 87.68%, Makian 1.29%, Galela 1.37%, Ternate 0.60%, Tobelo 0.55%, Sangir 6.67%, Bugis 1.24%, Javanese 0.77%, da Maba har zuwa 1.03% . Garuruwan da ke magana da harshen Gorap sune Bobaneigo, Nusa Ambu, Sondo-Sondo, Nusa Jaya, Talaga Jaya, Ekor, Saramaake a tsibirin Halmahera; Daruba, Galo-Galo, Waringin, Pilowo a tsibirin Morotai.

## Rarraba
Gorap is classified as a creole language of Eastern Indonesia Malay. It is creolized because it is used as the lingua franca of the people in the area where other languages in the Austronesian and Papuan family are spoken, so most of its vocabulary is influenced by the surrounding languages. Malay and other Sulawesi languages indicated to be spoken in the Halmahera itself is thought to have spread through trader from the Sulawesi region who traded using the language. According to Glottolog, the Gorap language along with Manado Malay and North Moluccan Malay are grouped into its own sub-branch of East Indonesian Malay creole languages, the Manadoic branch.

## Bayanan Kula

## Manazarta
Harshen Mpur

**Mpur** (wanda aka fi sani da *Amberbaken*, *Kebar, Ekware,* da *Dekwambre*) yare ne da ake magana a ciki da kewayen Gundumar Mpur da Amberbakon a Tambrauw Regency na Bird's Head Peninsula, New Guinea . Ba shi da alaƙa da kowane harshe, kuma kodayake Ross (2005) ya sanya shi ga yarukan Yammacin Papua, bisa ga kamanceceniya a cikin sunayen, Palmer (2018), Ethnologue, da *Glottolog* sun lissafa shi a matsayin yare mai zaman kansa.

## Wuraren da aka yi
A cikin Tambrauw Regency, mutanen Mpur na kabilanci suna zaune a Gundumar Kebar, Gundumar Kedar Timur, Gunduma Manekar, Gundunar Amberbaken, Gundugar Mubrani, da Gundumar Senopi. Ƙauyuka sun haɗa da Akmuri, Nekori, Ibuanari, Atai, Anjai, Jandurau, Ajami, Inam, Senopi, Asiti, Wausin, da Afrawi.

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
Consonants a cikin Mpur sune: 

Mpur yana da tsarin sauti mai rikitarwa tare da sautunan ƙamus 4 da ƙarin sautin ƙira, fili na sautunan kalmomi biyu. Tsarin sautin sa yayi kama da yarukan Austronesian da ke kusa da Mor da Ma'ya .  Harshen makwabta Abun ma yana da sauti.

Mpur yana da sautuna huɗu. Har ila yau, akwai sautin rikitarwa na biyar wanda aka kafa a matsayin mahaɗin sauti na sautuna biyu. An ba da misali mafi ƙanƙanta a ƙasa.

* be 'amma' (sauti mai girma) 
* kasance 'a cikin' (tsakiyar sautin) 
* bè 'ya'yan itace' (sauti mai sauƙi) 

## Kwatanta ƙamus
Kalmomin ƙamus masu zuwa sun fito ne daga Miedema & Welling (1985),  kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin bayanan Trans-New Guinea: 

## Manazarta
Mujallar Obaland

***[[Mujalla|Mujallar]] [[Oba]]*** jarida ce ta yau da kullun a ƙasar Najeriya kuma mujallar mako-mako, "Obaland" na nufin (Land of the King) a cikin Harshen Edo an kafa ta ne don tunawa da Oba Ewuare wanda Obaland Magazine da gidan watsa labarai na multichoice suka buga, a shafin yanar gizon obalandmagazine.com da takardu.A shekara ta 2009, Obaland Magazine da gidan watsa labarai na Multichoice ne suka kafa mujallar a ƙasar Najeriya, wanda Davido ya ƙaddamar a Turin. kuma an rarraba ta a Yankunan Najeriya da kuma yankin Piedmont a ƙasar Italiya. Mujallar ta yi nasara wajen sayar da kwafin mujallar kimanin guda 25,000 a bikin ƙaddamarwa. Wani ɗan jarida, Mista Lucky Omosigho, wanda a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto a cikin Nigerian Observer da RAI ne suka kafa mujallar Obaland da gidan watsa labarai da yawa. A cikin shekarar 2018, mai binciken jaridar Obaland Magazine Lucky Omosigho, ya rubuta wani labarin game da masu fataucin mutane a Afirka na duniya, wanda ya haifar da kama, masu aikata laifin su 300 daga ƙasashen Italiya, Najeriya da kuma Ghana ta hanyar Italiya. A lokacin taron manema labarai da aka gudanar a ƙasar Ghana da ya shafi kamawa, Jerry Rawlings ya girmama Lucky Omosigho a matsayin Gentleman of the Press a Ghana. A ranar 20 ga Yuni, shekara ta 2021, babban editan Obaland Magazine Lucky Omosigho ya kama shi da mutane masu ɗauke da makamai daga Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jiha (DSS) a Jihar Edo, saboda ya rubuta kuma ya buga wani labarin labarai game da mummunar shugaban Najeriya Muhammadu Buhari a Ranar Dimokuradiyya, jami'an DSS suka ƙara goge labarin. A ranar 21 ga Watan Yuni, na shekarar 2021, Mista Lucky ya sake samun ƴanci daga Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jiha (DSS), bayan ya ba su babban kuɗi don ceton rayuwarsa.

## Rikicin
A cikin Shekara ta 2021, Obaland Magazine Ta fuskanci matsalar kuɗi, bayan Kotun Koli ta Cassation (Italy) ta kwace asusun kamfanin watsa labarai saboda laifin kauce wa haraji. Kamfanin ya saki manema labarai kuma ya tafi shafin yanar gizon su na hukuma don sanar da damar aiki ga matasa ƴan jarida a Najeriya don bayar da rahoto daga yankunan karkara a arewacin Najeriya.

## Manazarta
Harsunan Ibanic

Harsunan **Ibanic** reshe ne na yarukan Malayic na asali zuwa yammacin Borneo. Ibans da kungiyoyi masu alaƙa da su suna magana da su a Gabashin Malaysia da lardin Indonesia na Yammacin Kalimantan. Sauran harsunan Dayak, waɗanda ake kira Land Dayak, wadanda ba Ibanic ba ne, ana samun su a kusurwar arewa maso yammacin Kalimantan, tsakanin Ibanic da wadanda ba Ibanic Malayic harsuna kamar Kendayan da Malay yarukan Sarawak da Pontianak.

Kalmar *Ibanic* ta samo asali ne daga Alfred B. Hudson, wanda ya kasance daga cikin na farko da ya binciki alaƙar kwayar halitta na harsuna daban-daban da aka haɗa tare a ƙarƙashin sunan *Dayak* a Yammacin Borneo .  Ibanic an rarraba shi daban-daban a matsayin na babban "Malay Dayak"  ko "West Bornean Malayic"  tare da Kendayan da nau'ikan da suka danganci, ko kuma a matsayin wani ɓangare na "Nuclear Malayic" tare da wasu yarukan Malay. 

## Harsuna
A cewar Ethnologue, harsuna huɗu na cikin ƙungiyar Iban: Iban, Remun (ko Milikin), Mualang da Seberuang . 

## Ƙungiyoyin Kalimantan na Yamma
 
Jerin kabilun Dayak masu magana da Ibanic da yarensu a lardin Kalimantan na Yamma, Indonesia: 

## Manazarta
Isabelle Gatti na Gamond

**Isabelle Laure Gatti na Gamond** (28 ga Yulin 1839 - 11 ga Oktoba 1905) malamar Belgian ce, mai fafutukar mata, kuma 'ɗan siyasa.

## Rayuwa
Isabelle Gatti ita ce ta biyu cikin 'ya'ya mata huɗu da aka haifa wa Giovanni Gatti, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Italiya, kuma marubucin mata Zoé na Gamond, na Brussels. An haife ta a birnin Paris, iyalinta sun koma Brussels lokacin da take 'yar shekara biyar, bayan sun rasa dukiyarsu a cikin wani phalanstère da ya gaza - al'umma mai ban sha'awa wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta rubuce-rubucen mai zaman kansa Charles Fourier - a Cîteaux .

Mahaifiyarta, mai binciken makarantun 'yan mata, ta mutu a shekara ta 1854, kuma talauci na iyali ya tilasta Isabelle neman aiki. Ta sami wannan a Poland, tana aiki a matsayin mai kula da gida tare da dangin Poland mai daraja. A wannan lokacin ne ta zama mai koyar da kanta, tana koya wa kanta Tsohon Girkanci, Latin, da falsafar.

Ta koma Brussels a 1861, kuma ta ci gaba da karatunta ta hanyar bin darussan jama'a da gwamnatin birni ta shirya. An riga an kafa ra'ayinta game da ilimi, kuma a cikin 1862 ta ƙaddamar da mujallar L'Education de la Femme (Ilimi na Mata) wanda ke goyan bayan dalilin makaranta ga 'yan mata.

A shekara ta 1864, tare da taimakon kudi na majalisa, ta kaddamar da darussan farko na ilimin mata na sakandare (Cours d'Éducation pour jeunes filles). Musamman ga Belgium na lokacin, wannan kamfani ya kasance gaba ɗaya mai zaman kansa daga Cocin Roman Katolika, kuma ya ba da ilimi na farko da aka shirya ga mata a Belgium.

Jaridar Katolika ta yi tsayayya da aikinta, amma makarantar ta yi nasara. Daga cikin malamai akwai Marie Popelin, Henriette Dachsbeck, da Anna-Augustine Amoré, mahaifiyar Marie Janson. Magajin garin Brussels Charles Buls ya kasance mai goyon baya sosai kuma ya taimaka wajen kirkirar wani bangare mai ci gaba, kafin jami'a a cikin 1891.

Gatti ya yi ritaya daga aikin ilimi a 1899 kuma ya shiga siyasa a matsayin mai fafutuka ga Jam'iyyar Labour Party ta Belgium . Ayyukanta game da zaɓen manya na duniya sun lalace ta hanyar jagorancin jam'iyyar, wanda ya dakatar da goyon baya ga 'yancin mata na jefa kuri'a a cikin 1901. Sun yi tsammanin mata za su jefa kuri'a ga Jam'iyyar Katolika.

## Kyauta
A cikin kuri'un da tashoshin talabijin na Belgium suka gudanar a shekara ta 2005 don neman manyan 'yan Belgium, an zabe ta a matsayi na 55 a cikin De Grootste Belg, jerin yaren Dutch, kuma ta 88 a cikin Le plus grand Belge, shirin harshen Faransanci.

An binne ta a Uccle inda titin da take zaune ke ɗauke da sunanta.

## Manazarta

* (a cikin Faransanci) Gubin, E., & Piette, V., "GATTI de GAMOND Isabelle, Laure (1839-1905) " a cikin E. Gubin, C. Jacques, V. Piette & J. Puissant (eds), Dictionnaire des femmes belges: XIXe et XXe siècles. [Hasiya]   

## Haɗin waje

* (a cikin Faransanci) Isabelle Gatti na Gamond, tarihin rayuwa a Cibiyar Ayyuka ta Laïque.
Harshen Dera

**Dera** (Dra, Dla) a.k.a. **Mangguar** da **Kamberataro** (Komberatoro) yare ne na Senagi na Papua New Guinea da Indonesia . A Papua New Guinea, ana magana da shi da farko a ƙauyen Kamberataro  yana a (3°36′43′′S 141°03′26′′E / 3.611948°S 141.0571948; 141.05 719 (Kamberatoro)), Amanab Rural LLG, Lardin Sandaun . 

## Harsuna
Akwai yare guda biyu, wato Dla da *Menggwa Dla*. 

Dla da ya dace ana magana da shi a cikin manyan ƙauyuka uku na Kamberatoro Mission (3°36′S 141°03′E; 1299 feet) a Papua New Guinea, Amgotro Mission (3°38′S 140°58′E; 1969 feet) da ƙauyen Komando a Lardin Papua, Indonesia. Garin Komando ya kasance tsohon tashar iyakar Holland. Sauran ƙauyuka masu magana da kyau a Papua New Guinea sune Tamarbek (3°35′30′′S 141°03′18′′E / 33°131313137′′E) Duk da yake lardin Papua a Indonesia yana da ƙauyukan Dla na Amgotro, Komando, Indangan, Mongwefi, Buku, da Agrinda, waɗanda galibi suna cikin Gundumar Yaffi, Keerom Regency . 

Menggwa Dla, wanda ba shi da yawan jama'a daga cikin yarukan biyu, ana magana da shi a ƙauyuka biyar da ke tsakanin Kamberatoro Mission da ƙauyen Komando, waɗanda sune Menggau, Wahai (3°34′51′′S 141°01′45′′E / 3.580863°S 141.029277°E / -3.580863; 141.0277 (Wahai)), Ambofahwa (wanda aka fi sani da Wauratoro Mission 28), Wang°49′49′′E3°01′43′′E / 141°01°1°E; Papua 141′43′′S1°1°16, Papua 141°01′′E; 141°01""E""E""

## Matsayi
Dla (Dera) masu magana suna canzawa zuwa Tok Pisin da Papuan Malay. De Sousa (2006) ya ba da rahoton cewa ƙaramin ƙarni da aka haifa a cikin shekarun 1990 ko daga baya yawanci ba zai iya magana da Dera sosai ba, yayin da tsofaffi suka kasance masu kyau.

## Fasahar sauti
Dera tana da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta 14 (4 ƙasa da Angor), waɗanda sune:

## Manazarta
Ana María Pérez del Campo

**Ana María Pérez del Campo Noriega** (an haife ta a ranar 19 ga Mayu 1936) lauya ce ta Mutanen Sifaniya, mai fafutukar mata kuma marubuciya. Ta fara gwagwarmayar kare hakkin mata a karkashin Franco da kuma lokacin sauyawa na kasar Isfaniya zuwa dimokuradiyya. A shekara ta 1974, ta kafa kuma ta jagoranci Asociación de Mujeres Separadas (Kungiyar Mata da suka rabu) a lokacin da ba a halatta kisan aure ba kuma ta ci gaba da shirya sharuddan dokar kisan aure ta 1981. Ta ci gaba da yin gwagwarmaya don daidaito ga maza da mata, kwanan nan ta juya ga kare mata da aka zalunta. 

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife ta a Madrid a ranar 19 ga Mayu 1936, an haife ta ne a cikin iyali mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. Ta yi aure a shekara ta 1956 amma tare da 'ya'yanta ta bar mijinta a shekara ta 1961 bayan an yi mata mummunan rauni a jiki da tunani.[1]

A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, tare da masanin tarihi Mabel Pérez Serrano, ta shirya ƙasa don motsi don kare haƙƙin mata waɗanda aka tilasta su rabu da mazajensu. A shekara ta 1974, wannan ya haifar da kafa Asociación de Mujeres Separadas . A wannan shekarar, ta sami difloma a dokar aure daga Jami'ar Comillas Pontifical . A cikin 1981, ta shirya sassan sabuwar dokar saki. Bayan an wuce shi, ƙungiyar daga baya ta canza sunanta don haɗawa da "y Divorciada", watau mata masu saki. Ta ci gaba da yin gwagwarmaya don daidaito ga maza da mata, kwanan nan ta juya ga kare mata da aka zalunta.

## Manazarta
Harshen Terei

**Terei** ko Buin, wanda aka fi sani da Telei, Rugara, shine mafi yawan mutanen Papua da ake magana a gabashin New Guinea. Akwai kimanin mutane  masu magana 27,000 a Gundumar Buin na Lardin Bougainville, Papua New Guinea.

## Fasahar sauti
Harshen harshen Buin: 

Sautin /ɡ/ ba ya faruwa da kalma-da farko kuma galibi ana fricativised shi azaman [ɣ]. Ana kiran sautin /ɾ/ bayan /n/ a matsayin [d], kuma yana faruwa a matsayin [l] don bambancin allophonic. Lokacin da sauti /t/ ya faru a gaban /i/, koyaushe ana furta shi azaman [tsi], kuma lokacin da ya faru a gaba da /u/ ko /a/, ana iya gane shi azaman[tsu] ko [tsa] dangane da yaren.

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Paradisec yana da tarin abubuwa da yawa tare da kayan aiki don harshen Terei tarin abubuwa biyu na kayan Arthur Cappell (AC1, AC2).
Harshen Bragat

**Bragat** yare ne na Torricelli na Papua New Guinea .  Ana magana da shi a ƙauyuka huɗu, gami da ƙauyen Yauan ( 142°34′46′′E / 3.50179°S 142.57953°E / -3.50179; 142.57 953 (Yauan)), yankin Sundun, Palmai Rural LLG, Lardin Sandaun . 

## Manazarta
Maryamu Pipher

**Mary Elizabeth Pipher** (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Oktoba, 1947), wanda aka fi sani da **Mary Bray Pipher**, masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam ne kuma marubuciya. Littattafanta sun haɗa da A Life in Light: Meditations on Impermanence (2022)  da Women Rowing North (2019), littafi game da tsufa da kyau. Kafin wannan, ta rubuta The Green Boat: Reviving Ourselves in Our Capsized Culture (2013) da kuma littafin da aka fi sayarwa Reviving Ephelia: Saving the Selves of Adolescent Girls (1994).

Pipher ta sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimin ɗan adam daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley a shekarar 1969 da kuma PhD a fannin halayyar asibiti daga Jami'an Nebraska-Lincoln a shekarar 1977. Ta kasance Rockefeller Scholar a cikin zama a Bellagio a shekara ta 2001. Ta sami lambar yabo ta shugaban kasa ta American Psychological Association sau biyu. Ta dawo da wanda ta karɓa a shekara ta 2006 a matsayin zanga-zanga game da amincewar APA cewa wasu daga cikin mambobinta suna shiga cikin dabarun tambayoyi masu rikitarwa a Guantánamo Bay da kuma a "black sites". [1]

Pipher ta shiga cikin majalisa ta jihar Nebraska kuma ta bayyana ra'ayinta ta hanyar wasiƙu ga editan *Lincoln Journal Star* . Ta rubuta wata kasida ga The New York Times game da wahalar ra'ayoyin siyasa na Nebraska da kuma bukatar 'yan siyasa masu ci gaba. Ta yi tsayayya da Keystone XL Pipeline  kuma ta goyi bayan Dokar Dokokin Nebraska 802, wanda manufarta ita ce ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar aiki ta jihar don yaki da Canjin yanayi, tana kiranta "wata damar ilimantarwa da aiki ta hanyar matsalolin da suka shafi canjin yanayi". 

## ''Rayuwa da Ophelia''
Pipher an fi saninta da wani littafi da ta rubuta a 1994, inda ta gabatar da kalmomin Ophelia complex ko Ophelia syndrome, a cikin Reviving Ophelia . A can ta yi jayayya game da ra'ayi game da halin Shakespeare na Ophelia a cikin *Hamlet* kamar yadda ba shi da jagorancin ciki kuma maza ne suka bayyana a waje,  kuma ta ba da shawarar cewa irin wannan matsin lamba na waje a halin yanzu suna fuskantar 'yan mata masu tasowa.  Hadarin cutar Ophelia shine na watsar da kai na yaro, don a bayyane yake mafi ƙwarewa amma mai façade.

Reviving Ophelia 25th Anniversary Edition: Saving the Selves of Adolescent Girls littafi ne da aka sake sabuntawa tare da 'yar Dr. Pipher, Sara Gilliam .

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

* *Wata Kasar: Gudanar da Yanayin Motsin Waje na Dattawanmu*
* *Wasiƙu ga Matashi Mai Magunguna*
* *Tsakiyar Kowace Wuri: 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Duniya Sun zo Garinmu*
* Reviving Ophelia: Saving the Selves of Adolescent Girls (1994, 2019) *[[New York Times]]* mafi kyawun sayarwa sama da shekaru uku 
* The Shelter of Each Other: Rebuilding Our Families to Enrich Our Lives (1997) *New York Times* mafi kyawun sayarwa 
* *Rubuce-rubuce don Canja Duniya* (2006) 
* Neman Zaman Lafiya: Tarihin Mafi Girma na Buddha a Duniya (2009) 
* Green Boat: Reviving Ourelves in our Capsized Culture (2013) 
* *Mata Rowing Arewa: Gudanar da Rayuwa da Farin Ciki yayin da muke tsufa* (2019) 
* Rayuwa cikin Haske: Tunanin kan Imarcikitsi (2022) 

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Shafin yanar gizon hukuma na Mary Pipher, Ph.D.
Harshen Kilmeri

**Kilmeri**, ko **bo apulyo** yare ne na Papua na Papua New Guinea kusa da iyakar da Indonesia Papua . Yara ba sa koyon hakan.

Ana magana da Kilmeri a kusa da yankin Ossima (2°54′59′′S 141°17′53′′E / 2.916313°S 141.298028°E / -2.916316; 141.294028 (Ossima)) a cikin Bewani / Wutung Onei Rural LLG, Lardin Sandaun . 

Masu magana da Kilmeri suna magana da yarensu kamar *bo apulyo*, ma'ana *sauti a tsakiya*.

## Harsuna
Harsuna sune:

* Yaren Yammacin Kilmeri (wanda ake magana a ƙauyukan yamma) 
** Elau
** Osol
** Kilipau
** Kiliwes
** Isi
** Na
** Isi na II
** Sosi
** Ilup
* Yaren Kilmeri na Gabas (wanda ake magana a ƙauyuka da ƙauyuka na gabas) 
** *Ossima*
** *Isi Daru*
** *Akos*
** *Awol*
** *Airu*
** Asue
** Omoi
** Omula

Manyan rukuni biyu na yaren suna da ƙididdigar ƙididdigat na kashi 82% bisa ga lexicostatistics.

## Fasahar sauti
Kilmeri ya bambanta 18 consonants, 12 daga cikinsu sune phonemic.

Sautunan da ke cikin parentheses suna iya zama allophones na bilabial trill. [β] na iya zama intervocalical, [X] na iya kasancewa sauti na ƙarshe, kuma [X] zai iya zama syllable-farko. Sautunan da ke cikin rabin bangarori suna faruwa da wuya sosai kuma ana iya danganta su da kalmomin aro. 

Ana samun sautin bilabial mai ban sha'awa a cikin yarukan Kwomtari da Sko masu alaƙa da Yankin, amma ba a wasu yarukan iyaka ba. Wataƙila ya samo asali ne daga tsayar da bilabial da aka yi amfani da shi wanda ya biyo bayan sautin da ya yi da baya, saboda haka dalilin da ya sa [mbu] ya faru ne kawai a cikin kalmomi goma. 

Kilmeri yana da wasula takwas, dukansu koyaushe gajere ne. 

Sautin kusa da sama da kusa da ƙasa suna da wuya sosai. Don haka, an yi imanin Kilmeri yana da wasula bakwai  har sai ƙaramin zaɓi na kalmomi, kamar /bi / (zaki) da /bI / (rami) sun nuna bambanci tsakanin /i / da /I / .

Babban tsarin syllable shine CV tare da sassan da aka fi so guda biyu. 

## Rubutun kalmomi
Abubuwan da ke tattare da sauti suna sauƙin fassara zuwa haruffa na Latin. Sautin kusa da ƙasa yana amfani da ae kuma sautin kusa da sama suna amfani da diacritics. Masu magana da harshen Kilmeri sun fi son alamar *p* don trill na bilabial, amma an zaɓi pp don nuna alamomi daban-daban guda biyu.

## Wakilan sunaye
Kilmeri yana da sunayen mutum goma sha ɗaya ba tare da bambancin jinsi ba. 

Hanyoyin nau'i biyu sun ƙare tare da ma'anar locative -yo kuma an samo su ne daga mutum ɗaya. Sau da yawa ana maye gurbin nau'i biyu tare da jam'i mai yawa, musamman a cikin labarun labari.

## Kalmomin

## Manazarta
Harsunan Ottilian

Harsunan **Ottilian** ko **Watam-Awar-Gamay** ƙananan iyali ne na harsuna masu alaƙa da juna.

: Watam-Kaian, Gamei (Mbore), da Bosman-Awar .

Gabaɗaya ana rarraba su cikin yarukan Ramu na arewacin Papua New Guinea.

Ana magana da yarukan Ottilien a cikin Yawar Rural LLG, a wurare mafi yawa a bakin tekun Lardin Madang, Papua New Guinea . 

Watam da Bosman suna da nau'ikan nau'ikan jam'i tare da Lower Sepik (Nor-Pondo), suna tallafawa shawarar Ramu - Lower Sepik.

An sanya sunan iyalin ne saboda bakin Kogin Ottilien, wanda yanzu ake kira Ramu .

## Fonoems
Usher (2020) ya sake gina kayan aiki kamar haka: 

## Wakilan sunaye
Wakilan a cikin proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay (proto-Ottilien) wanda Foley (2005) ya sake ginawa sune: 

Dubi kuma yarukan Lower Ramu #Sunan.

Usher (2020) ya sake gina sunayen a matsayin: 

## Manazarta
Harshen Apali

**Apalɨ** (Apal), ko **Emerum**, yare ne na Lardin Madang, Papua New Guinea. Akɨ da Acɨ yare ne guda biyu waɗanda suka bambanta da juna.

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin sautin

## Juyin Halitta
Da ke ƙasa akwai wasu abubuwan da suka shafi proto-Trans-New Guinea da Pawley ya gabatar (2012). 

; Tushen taƙaitawa

* (W) = Wade (n.d.), yaren Akɨ 
* (Z) = Z"graggen (1980), yaren Acɨ 

## Manazarta
Yaren Maring

**Maring**, wanda aka fi sani da Mareng ko **Yoadabe-Watoare**, yare ne na Trans-New Guinea na reshen Chimbu-Wahgi . Ana iya samun masu magana da yaren a yankin Bismarck na Lardin Madang ko a gundumar Hagen na lardin Western Highlands. Harsunan yaren Maring sune Maring ta Tsakiya, Maring ta Gabas, Timbunki, Tsuwenki, Karamba, da Kambegl . Dukkanin masu magana da Maring na iya fahimtar yaren Maring na Tsakiya.

## Matsayin harshe da ci gaba
A cewar EGIDS, Ƙarshen Matsakaicin Tsakanin Tsakanin Ƙasa, harshen Maring an kiyasta shi a matsayin 5. Wannan kimantawa akan EGIDS yana nufin cewa wannan harshe har yanzu yana tasowa, ma'ana cewa harshe ba mai ɗorewa ba ne amma akwai amfani mai mahimmanci na harshe da baki da kuma a zahiri. A cewar AES, Matsayin Hadari na Ƙungiya, ana ɗaukar yaren Maring a matsayin barazana.

Ci gaban harshe yana da ƙarancin gaske. Adadin masu magana da asali yana ƙasa da 5%, yayin da yawan mutanen da ke amfani da Maring a matsayin yare na biyu yana ƙasa da 5.

## Fasahar sauti

/w/ murya mai kusanci

/m/ murya mai suna bilabial plosive

/n/ murya mai suna dental plosive

/ŋ/ murya mai suna velar plosive

/nj/ murya mai suna dandano hakora

/tsj/ ba tare da murya ba mai haƙori mai haƙori

/n/ murya mai suna prenasalized dental affricate

### Tsarin sautin
Wadannan sune alamu daban-daban na consonants (C) da wasula (V) don syllabs. Misalan kowane tsari suna nuna kalmar Maring tare da kowane syllable da aka raba ta wani lokaci. Misali syllable tsari a cikin kalma zai kasance a bold. Fassarar Turanci na kalmar za ta biyo baya a cikin ƙa'ida ɗaya.

#### V

* **a**. 'yar uwarsa'
* ai.**u.** 'don rufewa'
* **a**.a 'banbanbanci'

#### VV

* **ae** 'mu biyu'
* **ai**.re 'me, ta yaya'

#### VC

* am 'ƙashin'
* an.pek 'da sauri'
* ai.uk 'flat'

#### CV

* 'Ma'aikatar'
* **na**.ko 'Ni'
* ro.**ba**.da 'mai zafi'
* a.**bo** 'buttocks'

## Manazarta
Tashoshin Uku

Tashoshi uku labarin laifi ne na Martin Cruz Smith wanda aka saita a cikin Rasha kusan 2010. Littafin labari ne na bakwai da ya ƙunshi Mai binciken Mai binciken Arkady Renko, wanda aka buga shekaru 29 bayan farkon labari na jerin Renko, Gorky Park.[1][2]

## Makirci
haTaken yana nufin tashoshi uku na Moscow, tashar Leningrad, tashar Kazansky da tashar Yaroslavl da ke kan Komsomolskaya Square, wanda galibi ake kira da filin Tashoshi Uku.[1].

Wata uwar matashiya ta isa Three Stations, amma an sace jaririnta. Mutumin da kawai ya taimaka mata shi ne Zhenya, matashi mai tsere wanda wani lokaci yake kula da Arkady Renko, mai binciken 'yan sanda. A halin yanzu, Arkady yayi ƙoƙari ya tabbatar da cewa mutuwar wata karuwa da ta wuce kima a tashar ba komai ba ne, kuma an dakatar da shi saboda matsalarsa. Wani mai gidan caca mai biliyan da ke da matsalolin kudi ya ba da hayar Arkady, amma wannan na ƙarshe ba zai iya amincewa da kowa ba. Thugs, dwarves, ballerinas, Asiya ta Tsakiya da ƙungiyar matasa marasa gida sun ƙara rikitar da al'amura.

## Bayani daga ''Tashoshin Uku''
"Ba abu ne mai sauki a kama shi saboda maye ba. Yana da wahala a rarrabe maye daga, a ce, raba kwalba tare da abokai, lokutan farin ciki, lokutan bakin ciki, ranar saint, ranar mata, sha'awar barci, buƙatar riƙe bango, buƙatar yin fushi a bango. Yana da wuya a fito kamar yadda aka maye sosai lokacin da aka sanya mashaya. "

"A tashoshin uku masu nakasa, waɗanda aka fitar da su kuma yawanci ɓoyayyun membobin al'umma sun taru kamar Kotun Mu'ujizai kawai ba tare da mu'ujizai ba".

"...mutuwa za ta zama rayuwar hana barci. "

"... mai lura da Bayahude wanda ya ɗauki umarnin Attaura da gaske game da kayan aiki a lokacin Shabbos....amma ya yi murabus a lokacin wani shirin talabijin game da farkon shekarun Putin-Just Another Boy! - kuma ya farka zuwa sake watsa shirye-shiryen wannan wasan kwaikwayon. Ya ga shirin sau shida har zuwa yanzu. Lokacin da Arkady ya kashe saiti yana kama da yanke mutum daga rack. "

"Wani dole ne ya nuna wa masu toshewa a cikin Kremlin cewa muna da taron jama'a masu fushi; wannan taron ne kawai ya ƙunshi masu arziki. Manoma suna da wuyar tayar da su, amma masu arziki suna da tsammanin. "

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Harshen Vurës

**Vurës** (Vureas, Vures) yare ne na Oceanic da ake magana a yankin kudancin tsibirin Vanua Lava, a cikin Tsibirin Banks na arewacin Vanuatu, ta kimanin masu magana 2000.

Masanin harshe Catriona Malau ne ya bayyana Vurës, a cikin nau'in harshe  da ƙamus. 

## Sunan
The name *Vurës*  is named after the bay located in southwestern Vanua Lava in the language itself. In Mota, the bay is referred to as *Vureas* . Cognates in other Torres-Banks languages include Mwotlap *Vuyes*  and Mwesen *Vures* . These come from a reconstructed Proto-Torres–Banks form **βureas(i,u)*, with an unknown final high vowel.

## Harshe
Vurës ya nuna isasshen kamanceceniya da harshen makwabta Mwesen cewa a wasu lokuta ana ɗaukar su biyu a matsayin yaruka na yare ɗaya, wani lokacin ana kiransu *Mosina* (bayan sunan ƙauyen Mwesen a cikin harshen Mota). Kuma hakika, binciken glottometric na 2018 ya lissafa cewa Vurës da Mwesen sun raba kashi 85% na sababbin abubuwan tarihi, suna nuna dogon tarihin ci gaban da aka raba tsakanin waɗannan laccoci biyu.

Koyaya, binciken ya nuna cewa Mwesen da Vurës suna da bambance-bambance daban-daban, misali a cikin tsarin wasula,  a cikin Labaran sunaye,  a cikin tsarin wakilin su   - ya isa a ɗauke shi a bayyane.

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

*  kuma ana jin sa a matsayin bututun [ɾ] a cikin bambancin kyauta.
* Tsayar da  kawai yana faruwa a wasu kalmomi.
*  ana jin sa a matsayin  kafin tsayawa mara murya.
* /k͡pw/ ana jin sa a matsayin [k͡p] lokacin da yake gaba da wani sashi.
* Dakatar da sautuna  suna da burin [t̪h kh] kafin wasula.

## Rubutun samfurin

'Lokacin da nake so in dafa taro, na fashe itacen, na faske dukkan itacen, sannan na zo na fitar da duwatsu daga cikin tanda. Na cire dukkan duwatsu daga murhu, na sami itace, kuma na yi wuta. Na gina wuta, sannan na mayar da duwatsu a saman tanda, na mayar da dukkan duwatsu, sannan na bar wuta don hayaki.'

## Manazarta
Harshen Maʼya

**Ma'ya** Yare ne na  kasar Austronesian na Tsibirin Raja Ampat a Kudu maso Yammacin Papua, Indonesia . Yana daga cikin rukuni na Kudancin Halmahera-West New Guinea (SHWNG)  kuma kusan mutane 6,000 ne ke magana da shi a ƙauyukan bakin teku a tsibirin Misool, Salawati, da Waigeo,  a kan iyaka tsakanin yarukan Austronesian da Papuan. 

## Harsuna
Maʼ tana da yare biyar: uku a tsibirin Waigeo (Laganyan, Wauyai, da Kawe), ɗaya a Salawati, kuma ɗaya a Misool .  yaren da aka fi sani da shi shine wanda ke kan Salawati.  [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Bambance-bambance da ake magana a kan Salawati da Misool suna da alamar  da  a wasu kalmomi, inda yarukan Waigeo (da sauran yarukan SHWNG masu alaƙa) suna da  da  bi da bi.

A tsibirin Waigeo, yaruka uku sune : 6

* Yaren *Kawe* a cikin ƙauyukan Selpele da Salyo a arewa maso yammacin tsibirin.
* Ana magana da yaren *Laganyan* a ƙauyukan Araway, Beo, da Luptintol a bakin tekun Mayalibit Bay.
* Ana magana da yaren *Wauyai / Wawiyai* a ƙauyen Wawiyai akan bakin tekun Kabui Bay.

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

* Hakanan ana iya jin ƙwayoyi goma sha biyu kamar yadda aka kwatanta /pj, bj, tj, dj, kj, ɡj/; /fj, sj/; /mj, nj, lj, wj/.
* Lokacin da a cikin matsayi na ƙarshe, nau'o'i shida na iya faruwa a matsayin wanda ba a sake shi ba, da kuma nasals.
*  ana iya jin sa a matsayin retroflex a cikin matsayi na ƙarshe, kuma lokacin da wasula ta baya ta gaba.
*  za a iya furta shi a matsayin  lokacin da tsakanin sautunan  guda biyu.
*  kuma ana iya jin sa a matsayin trill , lokacin da yake cikin matsayi na ƙarshe.
*  ana iya jin sa a matsayin velar , lokacin da ke gaba da tsayawa.  na iya zama sunan aro.
* Ana jin tsayar da ƙuƙwalwa  galibi a cikin sauti, a cikin matsayi na farko na kalma kafin wasula na farko.
* Sauran sautuna  na iya faruwa ne sakamakon kalmomin aro na Larabci da Indonesian.

## Manazarta
Harshen Gwahatike

**Gwahatike** (wanda kuma ake kira **Dahating** ko **Gwatike**) yare ne wanda aka rarraba a cikin reshen Warup na dangin Finisterre na yarukan Finisterre-Huon .  Ya zuwa shekara ta 2003, mutane  sama da 1570 ne ke magana da shi a Papua New Guinea .  Ana magana da shi a ƙauyuka da yawa da ke kudancin Saidor . 

## Fasahar sauti

* A glottal plosive [ʔ] bayyana kalma-a ƙarshe idan kalmar ta ƙare da gajeren wasali.
* /s/ da /n/ suna palatalized [sj nj] kafin /i (ː) /.
* /r/ ba a furta shi ba kafin /h/ ko kalma-a ƙarshe.

## Manazarta
Harshe na Mwakai

**Mongol**, wanda aka fi sani da Mwakai, karamin  yare ne na Keram na Papua New Guinea . Duk da sunan, ba shi da alaƙa da Mongoliya, wanda ake magana a Gabashin Asiya.

Ana magana da shi a ƙauyen Mongol (4°15′44′′S 143°55′03′′E / 4.262293°S 143.917638°E / -4.262293; 143.916638 (Mongol)), Keram Rural LLG, Lardin Sepik na Gabas.

## Fasahar sauti
Mwakai yana da sassan 12 da wasula shida, wanda aka nuna a cikin teburin da ke ƙasa. Wannan sashe ya biyo bayan Barlow (2020). 

## Manazarta
Harshen Iau

Iau (Iaw, Yau) ko **Turu** yare ne na Lakes Plain na Yammacin Papua, kasar  Indonesia, wanda kusan mutane 2,100 ke magana, masu magana da wannan yaren su ne Mutanen Turu (Iau). Yawancin masu magana suna da yare ɗaya, kuma yawan su yana ƙaruwa. Sauran mutane a yankin yammacin Lakes Plain suna magana da Iau na asali. Iau yana da sautin sauti, tare da sautuna 11 a kan sunaye da sautunan 19 masu sauƙi da kuma hadaddun akan aikatau.

## Sunayen da yaruka
Harsuna sune Foi (Poi), Turu, Edopi (Elopi), da Iau daidai; waɗannan na iya zama daban don a dauke su harsuna daban-daban. Ana magana da Foi a kan babban Kogin Tariku (Rouffaer River), Turu a kan Kogin Van Daalen, Iau daidai tsakanin koguna, da Edopi a mahaɗar kogin Tariku da Kliki (Fou).

Wani suna ga yaren shine Urundi ~ Ururi . Dosobou (Dou, Doufou) shine musamman Edopi.

A cikin Puncak Jaya Regency, ana magana da yarukan Iau a ƙauyukan Bakusi, Duita, Fawi, da Fi, waɗanda ke tsakanin Kogin Rouffaer da Kogin Van Daalen a Gundumar Fawi . 

## Fasahar sauti
Tattaunawar da ke biyowa ta dogara ne akan Bateman (1990a).

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

Akwai sassan shida. /t d/ na hakora ne; /s/ na alveolar ne. /b d/ suna da implosive, kuma ana iya gane su a matsayin hanci [m], [n] a gaban ƙananan wasula na hanci /a/ ([ã]). /d/ kuma ana iya gane shi azaman ruwa [l] kafin /a/.

### Sautin sautin

Ƙananan wasula koyaushe ana amfani da shi, sai dai idan yana da wani bangare na diphthong. Sautin gaba mai buɗewa ya bambanta tsakanin [ɛ] da [æ].

Wadannan diphthongs sun wanzu:

Babu diphthongs da ke farawa da /ɪ iʹ/ ko ƙare a cikin /a ɔ/ .

Akwai triphthongs guda biyu: /aui/ da /aʊɪ/ . Abubuwan da ke baya na waɗannan triphthongs an gane su a matsayin marasa zagaye [ɯ] da [ɯ]].

### Kalmomin
Kalmomin sun ƙunshi ƙananan wasali. Suna iya haɗawa da ma'anar farawa guda ɗaya da / ko ma'anar coda guda ɗaya. Diphthongs da triphthongs an tabbatar da su. Tsarin shine (C) (V) V (V) (C). Rukunin da ke ɗauke da sautin shine syllable.

Matsi a cikin Iau ana iya hango shi: yana faɗuwa a kan sashi na ƙarshe na kalmomin disyllabic.  (Maganar bazai fi tsayi fiye da kalmomi biyu ba.) Ma'amala tsakanin damuwa da sautin ba a bayyane yake ba.

### Sauti
Iau shine mafi rikitarwa na Lakes Plain. Ba kamar sauran harsunan Lakes Plain ba wanda zai iya zama disyllabic ko trisyllabic, tsarin kalmar Iau galibi monosyllabic ne. Iau yana da sautuna takwas, wanda Bateman ya rubuta ta amfani da lambobin sautin lambobi (tare da 1 mai girma da 5 mai ƙanƙanta, kamar yadda yake a yawancin Afirka da Amurka amma akasin yarjejeniyar da aka yi amfani da ita tare da harsunan Asiya): sautuna biyu masu tasowa (ƙananan tasowa da tasowa), sautuna uku masu faɗuwa (babban ƙasa, tsakiya, da tsakiya), da sautunan da sautun da ke fadowa. A cikin sauti, waɗannan sune: 

## Manazarta
Harshen Binumarien

**Binumarian**, ko Afaqinna死 kamar yadda aka sani ga masu magana da shi, yare ne na Kainantu na Papua New Guinea . An yi amfani da sunan da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin wallafe-wallafen a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Australiya kuma har yanzu mutanen Binumarien suna amfani da shi lokacin da suke magana da Tok Pisin. Ya fito ne daga ƙauyen *Pinumareena* da aka watsar yanzu. Pinumareena kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin dangin Binumarien guda huɗu.

Wani kabilanci mai suna yana magana da Binumarien a cikin Gundumar Kainantu, kusa da kusurwar gabashin Lardin Highlands na Gabas. Harshen Austronesian Adzera yana kan iyaka da Binumarien a arewa da gabas kuma ana magana da harshen Papuan Gadsup a kudu da yamma.

## Amfani na yanzu
Binumarien yana da kusan masu magana 1,200, kamar yadda membobin al'umma suka ruwaito a cikin 2018. Adadin masu magana ya karu sosai a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. Harshen yana da masu magana 117 a 1973, suna zaune a cikin ƙananan ƙauyuka uku. Dangane da ƙwaƙwalwar tsofaffi, Binumarien sun kasance da yawa, amma yaƙin kabilanci da zazzabin cizon sauro sun rage yawan su sosai. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Binumarien sun kafa dangantaka mai ɗorewa tare da kabilun da ke kewaye da su, kuma sun koma tsawo mafi girma, suna sa su da saukin kamuwa da zazzabin cizon sauro. Binumarien shine mafi yawan harshe a yawancin gidaje, kuma ana amfani dashi a taron al'umma da kuma ayyukan coci; yara suna girma tare da Binumarien a matsayin yarensu na farko. Bugu da ƙari, sau da yawa suna san wasu harsuna da dangin ke magana daga waje da ƙauyen. Ana sa ran mutanen da suka yi aure a cikin al'umma su koyi yaren, kuma yawancin Binumarien suna iya magana da ɗayan yarukan makwabta, musamman Tairora, Gadsup, da Adzera, da kuma Tok Pisin, harshen da ake amfani da shi a yankin.

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

### Sautin sautin

### Sauti
Binumarien yana da sautuna biyu: sama da ƙasa, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da mora. Hawan da faɗuwa suna faruwa a kan dogon wasula da diphthongs, sakamakon ƙananan mora da ke biyo bayan babban mora (hawan), ko babban mora da ke biye da ƙananan mora (faɗuwa).

## Manazarta
Caroline Rémy na Guebhard

(an haife ta a shekara ta 1871; ta mutu a shekara ta 1885)  (ya mutu a shekara ta 1871; ya mutu a shekara de 1885)
(ya mutu a shekara ta 1885; ya mutu a shekara de 1924)  

Fayil:Séverine_suffragettes.jpeg
Fayil:Séverine_Peace_Congress_1925.png
Fayil:Obsèques_Sévérine_Pierrefonds.png
A kusa da 1880, Caroline Rémy ta shiga cikin littafin Jules Vallès, Cri du Peuple. Vallès daga ƙarshe ya ba ta iko a kan jaridar saboda rashin lafiyarsa. Da yake ta zama mai fafutuka, ta yi abota da 'yar jarida da kuma mata Marguerite Durand amma, bayan rikici da Marxist Jules Guesde, ta bar jaridar a 1888. Ta ci gaba da rubutawa ga wasu takardu inda ta inganta 'yancin mata kuma ta yi tir da rashin adalci na zamantakewa, gami da batun Dreyfus. A shekara ta 1897, ta fara rubutu ga jaridar mata ta Durand *La Fronde* . 

Wani dan hagu mai tsayin daka, Rémy ya goyi bayan dalilai da yawa na anarchist, gami da kare Germaine Berton, kuma ya shiga cikin kokarin 1927 don ceton Sacco da Vanzetti. Ta goyi bayan Juyin Juya Halin Rasha na 1917 kuma, a 1921, ta shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Faransa, ta yi murabus bayan 'yan shekaru don ci gaba da kasancewa memba na Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam.

Bernard Lecache, memba ne na kafa kwamitin girmamawa na Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya da ke adawa da Anti-Semitism (LICA), (yanzu Ƙungiyar Ƙasa da ke ada da wariyar launin fata da Anti-semitism (LICRA)), ya rubuta tarihin rayuwarta. Pierre-Auguste Renoir ne ya zana hotonta a 1885 kuma yanzu yana rataye a cikin National Gallery of Art a Washington, DC.

Caroline Rémy ta mutu a 1929 a gidanta a Pierrefonds, sashen Oise a yankin Picardy na Faransa. Ana iya samun wasu takardunta a cikin Bibliothèque Marguerite Durand a Paris.

Ba da daɗewa ba kafin mutuwarta, ta shiga cikin kamfen ɗin don tallafawa takarar Dokta Albert Besson, wanda aka zaba a matsayin wakilin gundumar Saint-Fargeau, babban mai ba da shawara na Seine sannan mataimakin shugaban Majalisar Paris da kuma babban majalisa na Seine. A cikin 1933, a cikin ƙwaƙwalwarta, ya sa majalisa ta Paris ta kada kuri'a don ba da sunan "Séverine" ga filin da aka kirkira a kan shirinsa Porte de Bagnolet (Paris 20).

Lucien Le Foyer ne ya zabi ta don Kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya a 1920, 1922, 1924, 1927 da 1929. 

## Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

## Dubi kuma

* Anarchism a Faransa
* Mata a cikin Jarida

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* 
* Caroline Remy a cikin Anarchist Encyclopedia
Élisabeth Renaud

**Élisabeth Renaud** (8 ga Agusta, 1846 - 15 ga Oktoba, 1932), malamar Faransa ce, mai fafutukar gurguzu, kuma mai fafutuka.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Catherine Émilie Renaud a Seloncourt (Doubs), ranar 8 ga watan Agusta, 1846.  Ta fito ne daga asalin ma'aikata na Furotesta. A shekara ta 1870, ta sami takardar shaidar iyawa saboda aikinta a masana'antar . Daga nan sai ta zama mai kula a cikin dangin aristocratic a Saint Petersburg.

## Yunkurin fafutuka
Renaud ya shiga cikin taron kasa na Jam'iyyar Ma'aikatan Faransa a watan Yulin shekara ta 1897.  A cikin L'Humanité nouvelle na Maris da Afrilu 1898, ta rubuta wata kasida a kan "La Femme au XXe siècle" bisa lacca da ta bayar a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 18972. Ta bayyana, alal misali, cewa: - "Masu fafutukar mata da suka cancanci sunan suna aiki don warware matsalar zamantakewa ta hanyar sanya mace, wacce ƙarni na ilimi mai raɗaɗi ya ƙasƙantar da ita, a cikin yanayin da za ta ɗauki matsayinta a cikin sabuwar al'umma. "

A shekara ta 1899, Louise Saumoneau da Élisabeth Renaud sun kirkiro kungiyar Feministe Socialiste (GFS) [1] bayan mutuwar Aline Valette. [2] Mata huɗu ne suka sanya hannu kan takardar shaidar GFS, dukansu daga matsakaicin matsayi, waɗanda suka haɗa kasuwancin su da sunayensu: Louise Saumoneau (mai sutura), Élisabeth Renaud (malami), Estelle Mordelet da Florestine Malseigne (masu sutura). [3] Takardar GFS ta nuna rashin amincewa da "matsalar mata sau biyu, wanda jari-hujja ta yi amfani da shi a kan babban sikelin, wanda ke ƙarƙashin maza ta hanyar dokoki kuma musamman ta hanyar nuna bambanci. " GFS ta fuskanci wasu rikice-rikice a cikin rikice-rikicen tsakanin wadanda suka kafa ta biyu, wadanda suka sami bambance-bambance-bambancen su tun daga farko. Manufofin Renaud sun kasance masu sasantawa; tana fatan rufe gibin tsakanin kwaminisanci da mata masu zaman kansu. Saumoneau, a gefe guda, ya ƙi 'yan mata masu zaman kansu, yana jin cewa ba su da alaƙa da gaskiyar ma'aikata. A cikin 1902, Renaud ya bar jam'iyyar.[4]

A watan Satumbar 1899, a tsakiyar Al'amarin Dreyfus, wannan rukuni ya yi yaƙi don goyon bayan Alfred Dreyfus . 

## Rayuwa ta mutum
A shekara ta 1881, ta auri mai buga littattafai wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 1886, ya bar ta gwauruwa tare da 'ya'yanta biyu. 'Yarsu, Émilie Baduel, ta zama malama kuma ta auri Léo Guesde a watan Afrilun 1908. 

Élisabeth Renaud ta mutu a cikin 13th arrondissement na Paris, 15 ga Oktoba, 1932. 

## Manazarta
Emilia Broomé

**Emilia Augusta Clementina Broomé**, née Lothigius (13 ga Janairu 1866 - 2 ga Yuni 1925), 'yar siyasar Sweden ce (mai sassaucin ra'ayi), mai fafutukar mata kuma mai fafutuka da zaman lafiya. Ita ce mace ta farko a majalisar dokoki ta Sweden (1914).

## Rayuwa
Ta kasance shugabar Stockholmsföreningen för kvinnans négoci rösträtt (sashen Stockholm na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Kasa) daga kafuwarta a 1902 har zuwa 1906.  Ta kasance memba na kwamitin daraktoci na  [sv] (The Society for Social Welfare) daga 1904 zuwa 1925, kuma memba na Darakta na Ilimi na Stockholm . 

Ta kuma kasance shugabar  [sv] (Kungiyar Zaman Lafiya ta Mata ta Sweden)  daga shekarar da ta kafa ta a 1898 har sai da ta haɗu da Kungiyar Zaman Lafiyar Sweden a 1911, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Sweden a taron zaman lafiya na duniya a The Hague a 1899. 

An zabi Broomé a Majalisar Birnin Stockholm a 1910 da kuma a 1911. An zabe ta a majalisar birni a lokacin zaben na karshe kuma ta yi aiki daga 1911 zuwa 1924. Ta kasance shugabar mata masu sassaucin ra'ayi daga 1917 zuwa 1920. Steinrud, Marie. "Emilia Augusta Clementina Broomé". *Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon*. Retrieved 7 June 2019.

Broomé ita ce mace ta farko ta Sweden da ta kasance wani ɓangare na kwamitin majalisa na jihar Sweden (Lagberedningen), wanda ya shirya don sabbin dokoki kuma a ciki ta yi aiki a matsayin memba daga 1914 zuwa 1918. Ta shiga cikin rubuce-rubucen dokar aure a cikin 1920, inda aka sanya maza da mata daidai kuma an ayyana mata masu aure a cikin mafi rinjaye na doka; a cikin dokar daidaito ga maza da mata a cikin 1921; da kuma dokar (Behörighetslagen) wanda ya ba mata damar samun dukkan ayyukan hukuma a cikin 1923. [1]

## Dubi kuma

* Hanna Lindberg
* Jerin masu fafutukar zaman lafiya

## Manazarta

## Tushen

* Ub.gu.se 
* Ub.gu.se 
* Historisktidskrift.se An adana shi 2012-04-02 a 
* Barbro Hedvall (2011). Susanna Eriksson Lundqvist. ja. Vårmätiga filaye. An yi amfani da shi sosai. Förlag Bonnier   ISBN&nbsp;

## Ƙarin karantawa

* Emilia BrooméaMutanen da ke cikin mutanen da ke cikin rayuwarsu
Mary Sargant Florence

**Emma Mary Sargant Florence** (21 ga Yulin 1857 - 14 ga Disamba 1954) ta kasance mai cake-zane na Burtaniya na batutuwa, kayan ado na mural a cikin Fresco da kuma shimfidar wurare a cikin ruwa da pastel .

## Tarihin rayuwa

An haifi Emma Mary Sargant a Landan. Mahaifinta shi ne Henry Sargant, lauya, kuma mahaifiyarta Catherine Emma Beale . 'Yan uwanta sun hada da alƙali Charles Henry Sargant, masanin tsire-tsire Ethel Sargant, babban malamin Walter Lee Sargant da mai zane-zane Francis William Sargant.

Ta yi karatu a Paris a karkashin Luc-Olivier Merson, kuma, a Makarantar Slade a karkashin Alphonse Legros  Ta kasance memba na New English Art Club da Society of Painters a Tempera .

A shekara ta 1888, ta auri Henry Smyth Florence, mawaƙin Amurka. Frances Spalding (1990). *20th Century Painters and Sculptors*. Antique Collectors' Club. ISBN&nbsp;. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu: Philip Sargant Florence, masanin tattalin arziki, da Alix Strachey, masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam kuma mai fassara Freud. Ta zauna a Nutley, New Jersey a cikin gidan karusa wanda ya zama ɗakin karatu da wasu masu zane-zane na gida ke amfani da shi.

Bayan mijinta ya nitse a shekara ta 1891, ta koma Marlow, Buckinghamshire, kuma ta gina gidanta, "Lord's Wood" (1899-1900), inda ta zauna har zuwa 1940. An canza ciki amma an tsara shi ne don samun bangon tubali, babu ƙofofi kuma babu famfo.[1]

An san ta da ayyukanta Children at Chess (c.1903), Suffer Little Children to Come to Me (1913) da Pentecost (c.1913). Ta zana kayan ado na gaskiya a Tsohon Makarantar, Oakham, Rutland (c.1909-14), da kuma a Bournville Junior School kusa da Birmingham (1912-14). Frescoes dinta a Makarantar Oakham ya ba da izini daga shugaban makarantar, ɗan'uwanta, Walter Lee Sargant, kuma ya kwatanta labarin Arthurian na Gareth . 

Ta kasance mai goyon bayan mata, mai goyon bayan Kungiyar Tsayayya da Haraji ta Mata, kuma memba ne na kwamitin Majalisar Zaman Lafiya ta Hague ta 1915.  Tare da masanin Cambridge kuma editan Charles Kay Ogden, ta wallafa littafin Militarism versus Feminism (1915) wanda ya yi jayayya cewa mata suna da iko da alhakin yaki da militarism na duniya. Ya gano alaƙar tarihi tsakanin da tsakanin militarism, imperialism, bautar, da kuma biyayya ga mata. Militarism, ya yi jayayya, shine babban abu a cikin siyasa, tattalin arziki, da cin zarafin mata a fadin tarihin ɗan adam da kuma fitowar buƙatun haƙƙin mata.

A shekara ta 1940, ta rubuta Colour Co-Ordination, wani aiki a kan tarihi, ka'idar da kyawawan launi. Ta shirya kundin takardu biyu na Society of Painters a Tempera .

Ta mutu a Twickenham, Middlesex .

## Manazarta
Harshen Lipan

**Lipan** (Lipan Apache) yare ne na Gabashin Kudancin Athabaskan wanda Lipan Apache ke magana a jihohin Coahuila da Chihuahua a arewacin Mexico, wasu wuraren ajiya na New Mexico da sassa na kudancin Texas. Lipan na cikin dangin yarukan Na-Dene kuma yana da alaƙa da yaren Jicarilla, wanda kuma yana cikin yarukan Athabaskan na Gabas.

## Tarihi
A cikin 1981, an ruwaito cewa a New Mexico akwai tsofaffi masu magana 2 ko 3 kawai har yanzu suna da rai.

A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2023, an ba da jawabi a Lipan a cikin ɗakin Majalisar Wakilai na Mexico.

A ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2023, Cibiyar Nazarin Harsuna ta Kasa ta gabatar da kuma tabbatar da haruffa na hukuma don Lipan a cikin Gidan Taro na Casas Grandes, Chihuahua .

## Rarraba
A Mexico, ana magana da Lipan a al'ada a wasu al'ummomin asali a cikin jihohin Coahuila da Chihuahua: A Coahuila galibi ana magana da shi a Los Lirios da San Antonio de Alanzas a cikin Arteaga Municipality, El Remolino da Zaragoza a cikin Zaragoza Municipality، Sierra de Santa Rosa de Lima da Múzquiz Municipality da biranen Sabinas da Saltillo. A cikin Chihuahua galibi ana magana da shi a Ciudad Juarez, birnin Chihuahua da sauran garuruwan asali.

An yi magana da Lipan a New Mexico a cikin Mescalero Reservation da kuma a Texas kusa da Mexico-U.S. iyaka.

## Fasahar sauti

Akwai wasula 16 a cikin Lipan Apache:

## Manazarta