Clare Winnicott

**Clare Winnicott, [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]]** (an haife ta **Clare Nimmo Britton** ; 30 ga Satumba 1906 - 17 ga Afrilu 1984) ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa ce ta Ingila, ma'aikaciyar gwamnati, mai nazarin halayyar ɗan adam, kuma malamar makaranta. Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen zartar da Dokar Yara ta 1948. Tare da mijinta, DW Winnicott, Clare ta ci gaba da zama marubuciya mai hazaka kuma fitacciyar ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa da kuma mai fafutukar kare yara a ƙarni na 20 a Ingila.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haife ta a garin Scarborough da ke arewacin Yorkshire, kuma ana yi mata lakabi da "Elsie", Clare ita ce babba cikin 'ya'ya huɗu.  Mahaifinta, James Nimmo Britton, ɗan Scotland wanda ya yi ƙaura zuwa kudu, malamin addinin Baptist ne mai hazaka wanda ƙwarewarsa ta ba da jawabi ta haifar da ƙaruwar halarta a majami'u da yawa da aka tura shi. Mahaifiyarta ita ce Elsie Clare Slater.  James Britton shi ma ya kafa cocin Avenue Baptist a Southend-on-Sea inda iyalan Britton ke da hannu sosai a harkokin zamantakewa. A shekarar 1949, an zaɓi mahaifiyar Clare mace ta farko da ta zama diakon cocin Avenue Baptist. Kwarewar Clare a matsayinta na mai sadarwa mai hazaka da kuma mai kula da waɗanda ke cikin buƙata za a iya komawa ga misalin da mahaifiyarta da mahaifinta suka kafa a tsawon rayuwarta a lokacin ƙuruciya. A lokacin da take matashiya, Clare shugaba ce a makarantarta ta Lahadi, kuma ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar matasa ta Kirista, 'Yan Mata Brigade . 

A tsawon Yajin Aikin Janar na 1926 da Babban Mawuyacin Halin Kunci, cocin ta yi aiki don tallafawa maza da mata na Burtaniya .  Cocin ta shirya liyafar cin abinci ga mata waɗanda ba za su iya biyan kuɗin abinci ba kuma ta taimaka wa maza marasa aiki su sami aiki, duk mahaifin Clare ne ya shirya su. Mahaifin Clare ya yi ritaya a 1935, kuma ya mutu a 1945. 

Iyalan Clare sun yi ƙaura akai-akai a lokacin yarinta, da farko zuwa Clapham, Kudancin London a 1912 a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya . Yaƙin ya yi tasiri sosai ga iyalan Britton yayin da yawan rabon abinci ya yi mummunan tasiri ga rayuwar iyalin kuma ya kai ga rasa kawun Clare a lokacin yaƙin da aka yi a Yammacin Yamma tare da Rundunar Sojan Burtaniya . Bayan ƙarshen yaƙin, iyalan Clare sun ƙaura zuwa Southend-on-Sea, Essex inda ta kammala makarantar sakandare a 1925.

## Farkon aiki da horon LSE
Clare ta ci gaba da zuwa Kwalejin Selly Oak da ke Birmingham, wata makaranta da ke da alaƙa da Baptist, kuma ta sami takardar shaidar malanta daga 1929 zuwa 1930.  Bayan kammala karatun ta, ta tafi Norwich inda ta yi aiki a Ƙungiyar Kiristocin Matasan Mata daga 1931 zuwa 1937.  Bayan ta ɗauki kwas na kimiyyar zamantakewa na shekara ɗaya a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London (LSE) daga 1937 zuwa 1938, ta yi aiki a Merthyr Tydfil, Wales tare da Kwamishinonin Yankuna na Musamman don taimaka wa matasa marasa aikin yi wajen neman aiki.  Yayin da yankin ke ci gaba da fama da wahalhalun tattalin arziki na Babban Mawuyacin Halin Kunci, ta kafa "Asusun Takalmi da Takalma" don samar da takalman yara ga iyalai da abin ya shafa. 

### Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu da waɗanda aka kora
A shekarar 1940, a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ta koma LSE don yin horo don yin aiki a fannin aikin zamantakewa . Ta shiga kwas ɗin lafiyar kwakwalwa na watanni goma sha uku, babban shirin Birtaniya na aikin zamantakewa na tabin hankali. Kwas ɗin ya haɗa da ka'idar ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a ƙarƙashin masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam kuma masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam Susan Isaacs, ɗalibi ga John Carl Flugel, wanda ya buga bincike kan ci gaban ilimi da zamantakewa na yara kuma ya haɓaka motsi na makarantar yara . Clare ta kuma yi aiki a ƙarƙashin likitan tabin hankali na yara Mildred Creak, wacce aka san ta da haɓaka sharuɗɗan ganewar asali na autism . Yayin da take kan kwas ɗin, an gane Clare a matsayin ɗaliba mai hazaka, wadda abokiyar karatunta, Marjorie Jones, ta bayyana a matsayin "mai hazaka a fannin ilimi". 

Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta Landan ta sha wahala sakamakon yaƙin, kuma an dakatar da shirin na tsawon shekara guda yayin da makarantar ta koma Cambridge . Sassan makarantar sun rabu kuma sun bazu a harabar makarantar, inda aka bar ɗaliban da ke cikin shirin ayyukan zamantakewa a ware.  Ba wai kawai yaƙin ya shafi makarantar da Clare ta halarta ba, har ma tasirin Blitz ya kuma sami hanyar zuwa Clare da kanta kuma ya bar mata wani ra'ayi na dindindin a lokacin da take ƙarama. A lokacin harin bam na Jamus Luftwaffe a Burtaniya, kakannin Clare sun tsere daga Southend-on-Sea bayan da aka lalata gidansu da fashewar bam. Shekarun farko na Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu sun zama barna sosai a rayuwarta, domin a shekarar 1941, kakarta ta uwa ta mutu kuma ƙanenta ya kauce wa kama sojojin Jamus a lokacin Yaƙin Crete . 

Ba kamar sauran abokan karatunta ba, Clare ba ta yi aiki a asibitin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa ko asibiti ba bayan kammala karatun LSE. Bayan ta shaida yadda yakin ya tilasta wa iyalai 'yan Ingila da yawa barin gidajensu, iyaye da 'yan'uwa maza da mata suka tafi yaƙi, yayin da iyaye mata suka shiga aikin soja a fagen daga, kuma an bar yara da yawa da ke nesa da iyalansu, ta yi imanin cewa za ta iya yin tasiri sosai da horonta ta hanyar taimaka wa ƙaura tare da Ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiyar Hankali ta Ƙasa .  Daga nan ta koma Midlands don ɗaukar matsayi a hukumar lafiya ta yankin. Bayan 'yan watanni, an umarce ta da ta taimaka da shirin ƙaura na Oxfordshire .  Wannan ya haɗa da shirya kula da yara sama da tamanin da ƙaura ta shafa. A Oxfordshire ta haɗu da Donald Winnicott, wani mai kula da lafiya, wanda ke ziyartar kowace Juma'a don duba shirin ƙaura a yankin. Clare ta bayyana ra'ayoyinta game da yaran da aka shigar cikin tsarin ƙaura kuma Dr. Winnicott, likitan yara, ya raba wannan hangen nesa.

## Yi aiki tare da Donald Winnicott
Donald da Clare sun yi aiki tare a kan kasidar, "Matsalar Yara Marasa Gidaje." Kasidar ta bayyana nauyin da ma'aikacin zamantakewa ke da shi a cikin shirin ƙaura da kuma tasirin yaƙin da ke kan ɗabi'ar yara.  Abokan aiki da yawa na Clare da Donald sun bayyana cewa ikonsu na yin aiki tare yadda ya kamata ba shi da misaltuwa. A shekarar 1945, mutuwar wani yaro a cikin tsarin kula da yara na Ingila ya buɗe wani bincike mai zurfi inda Clare ta shiga a matsayin memba na kwamitin da ke binciken lamarin tare da Winnicott, wanda ta yi aiki tare da shi a baya kan ƙaura. Kwamitin, Rahoton Kwamitin Kula da Yara, ya gano yara sama da 100,000 da ke buƙatar kulawar yara ko ɗaukar yara a Ingila da Wales . Sakamakon kwamitin ya haifar da girgiza a duk faɗin Burtaniya kuma daga ƙarshe ya haifar da zartar da Dokar Yara ta 1948, wani aiki na Majalisar Dokoki wanda ya kafa cikakken sabis na kula da yara a Burtaniya . Kwamitin ya kuma ci gaba da horar da ma'aikatan zamantakewa da ma'aikata kan canjin tsarin kula da yara.  Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta Landan ta yi haɗin gwiwa da kwamitin don kafa shirin farko na Burtaniya don ilmantar da ma'aikatan zamantakewa a sabbin sassan yara. Clare, bayan ta sami girmamawa daga al'ummomin aikin ilimi da zamantakewa, an naɗa ta a matsayin "Malamin da ke Kula da" sabon kwas ɗin. Shirin ya haɗa da azuzuwan ci gaban Yara, batutuwan shari'a, da zamantakewa . A cikin darussanta, ta guji yin abubuwa marasa ma'ana kamar ka'idar ilimin halayyar ɗan adam kuma ta mai da hankali kan aikin ɗalibanta a fannin kula da yara.  Donald Winnicott shi ma ya koyar a wannan shirin, kuma bayan ya yi aiki tare sosai a koyarwa da kuma a kwamitin, Clare da Donald Winnicott sun yi aure a ranar 28 ga Disamba, 1951. 

## Yi aiki tare da yara masu rauni
Tare da aikinta kan shirin ƙaura, Winnicott ta kuma yi aiki tare da wasu yara, ciki har da yara ƙanana, yara masu nakasa ta hankali, da yara a kula da yara. Ta kuma ɗauki lokaci tana aiki tare da wasu lamuran lafiyar kwakwalwa na musamman, ciki har da enuretics da kuma ta hanyar komawa ga magani.  Tare da kowace shiga tsakani, ta fahimci cewa canje-canje a muhalli na iya yin tasiri ga magani. Yayin da ta fahimci duniyar ciki ta yara, ta fara haɗa ka'idojinta inda daga baya ta tattauna mahimmancin "abubuwan canji."

A cikin takardarta ta 1945, "Children Who Cannot Play", ta tattauna asarar ko cire kayan "ƙaunatattu" ko abubuwan da aka haɗa kamar barguna ko takamaiman kayan wasa da kuma yadda wannan zai iya shafar motsin zuciyar yaro da halayensa. Duk da cewa a wannan lokacin ba ta da masaniya sosai game da ka'idar psychoanalytic, ta yi bayani dalla-dalla game da Ka'idar Hulɗar Abubuwa a cikin takardarta kuma ta zana daidai da abin da ta lura da shi. 

### Bayan yaƙi
Bayan yaƙin, ta ci gaba da aiki da yara kan shirin korar 'yan gudun hijira, kula da yara, da kuma ɗaukar yara. Wannan ya haɗa da aiki tare da Sashen Matsugunin Farar Hula na Ofishin Yaƙi da ke Kingston-on-Thames . Ta taimaka wajen taimaka wa ma'aikatan Sojojin Burtaniya waɗanda suka kasance fursunonin yaƙi waɗanda suka fuskanci mummunan rauni na tunani. Ta lura da kamanceceniya tsakanin mazan da suka dawo gida da yaran da ta yi aiki da su a baya kuma ta zana kamanceceniya tsakanin sojoji da yara marasa galihu.  A wannan lokacin, aikinta ya fara jawo hankalin jama'a.

A shekarar 1946, ta fara koyar da wani kwas tare da Leslie Bell a Jami'ar Landan mai taken, "Yaro a cikin Iyali da Al'umma." Ta mayar da hankali kan ci gaban yara, musamman haɗin kai da yara da mahimmancin wasa a cikin ƙungiyar zamantakewa ta yara.  A shekarar 1946, ta shiga sashen ilimi na Ƙungiyar Lafiyar Hankali ta Ƙasa don bayar da kwasa-kwasan ga ma'aikata da ma'aikatan kula da yara.

### Koyarwa a LSE
An naɗa Clare Winnicott's don jagorantar shirin a wani sabon shirin ayyukan zamantakewa a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London (LSE) a shekarar 1947.  Ta shahara a faɗin Burtaniya, kuma wannan ya haifar da gayyata zuwa lacca a wasu jami'o'i. Ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibanta a wannan lokacin ita ce Olive Stevenson wacce za ta zama mai tasiri sosai a matsayin malamar siyasa da kuma shugaba a fannin manufofin zamantakewa. 

A shekarar 1954, ta gabatar da ayyukanta a wani taron karawa juna sani na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan ayyukan zamantakewa. Ta rubuta wata takarda, "Dabaru kan Ayyukan Kula da Yara," bayan jawabinta a taron karawa juna sani na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ayyukan Jama'a na Turai na shekarar 1954. An yi maraba da takardarta sosai kuma daga baya aka buga ta a mujallun ilimi a Burtaniya da Amurka .  Sabbin halaye sun haifar da rufe kwas ɗin kula da yara a LSE a shekarar 1958. Ya zo daidai da hutun dole saboda ciwon sankarau. 

### Horar da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam
A shekarar 1949, ta fara horo kan nazarin halayyar ɗan adam tare da W. Clifford M. Scott, wani mai nazarin Melanie Klein . Tana son koyon nazarin Kleinian amma ta ji takaici lokacin da Scott bai yi aiki yadda ake tsammani ba. Scott ta koma Kanada kuma ta nemi yin aiki tare da Klein da kanta. Bayan ta yi aiki tare da Klein, ta sake jin takaicin ganin cewa ka'idodin Klein sun mayar da hankali kan mummunan fannoni na lafiyar yara.

Ta ci gaba da horonta tare da Ƙungiyar Nazarin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Burtaniya .  Tare da mijinta, ta ci gaba da koyarwa a LSE har zuwa 1964. Takardarta ta 1959, "Ci gaban Hankali", ta yi magana a kai da sauransu, ga Anna Freud . Sukar da aka yi wa ka'idar Kleinian daga ƙarshe ta haifar da rashin jituwa tsakanin Clare Winnicott da Mrs Klein.

### Ma'aikatan gwamnati
A shekarar 1960, bayan ta kammala karatunta na asibiti, ta nemi aikin gwamnati.  A shekarar 1963, Beti Jones, shugabar ƙungiyar kula da ayyukan jin daɗin yara, ta goyi bayanta don samun babban matsayi a Ofishin Harkokin Cikin Gida wanda ta samu a shekarar 1964 kuma ya haifar da sake tsara horon aikin jin daɗin jama'a.  Rahoton Seebohm na 1968 ya haifar da haɗa ayyukan aikin jin daɗin gwamnati.  Sakamakon haka, Winnicott ta rasa mukaminta, amma an ba ta Order of the British Empire .  

### DW Winnicott ya rasu
Bayan mutuwar mijinta a shekarar 1971, ta rasa aikinta a Ofishin Cikin Gida ta koma aikin nazarin halayyar ɗan adam sannan ta koma LSE a matsayin shugabar sashen ayyukan zamantakewa.  Shekarar mutuwar mijinta ita ce shekarar da aka ba ta Dokar Daular Burtaniya, wadda bai iya gani ba. Tsawon kimanin shekaru goma tana koyarwa da kuma kula da sashen nazarin halayyar ɗan adam na Ƙungiyar Masu Ilimin Halin Ɗan Adam ta Burtaniya (BAP). 

Ta gudanar da wani ƙaramin aikin nazari kuma ta ba abokan aikinta kulawa ta asibiti har sai da ta mutu sakamakon cutar kansar fata a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 1984.  

## Gado
Gudummawar Clare Winnicott ta yi tasiri sosai ga kula da yara da ayyukan zamantakewa,  musamman ta hanyar gudummawarta ga Kwamitin Curtis, da kuma a Ofishin Harkokin Cikin Gida. 

Joel Kanter ya yi jayayya cewa gadon Winnicott a matsayin mai nazarin halayyar ɗan adam ya sha wahala saboda matsayin da mijinta ya fi shahara.   Wasu kuma, kamar Brett Kahr da F Robert Rodman, sun lura da tasirinta a kan aikin mijinta.  

An kafa *kyautar Clare Winnicott*, wacce aka sanya mata suna don girmama ta, a shekarar 1986 ta hannun "GAPS" (Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Psychodynamics da Psychotherapy a cikin Aikin Jama'a, wanda Clare Winnicott ta yi wahayi zuwa gare shi kuma Sally Hornby ta kafa a shekarar 1971) don wani sabon rubutu kan jigon aikin zamantakewa ta wata mai aikin zamantakewa ko ɗaliba da ba a taɓa buga ta ba. Kyautar ta haɗa da buga labarin a cikin *Mujallar Aikin Jama'a* .  

## Rubuce-rubucen da aka zaɓa

* C. Britton da DW Winnicott, "Matsalar yara marasa matsuguni". *Sabon Zamani a Gida da Makaranta* 25, 1944, 155–161
* C. Britton, 'Yaran da ba za su iya yin wasa ba' (London 1945)
* C. Britton, 'Jawabi' a cikin "Shirin Ɗakunan Marasa Gida na Oxfordshire". *Rahoton Taron Jagoranci ga Yara Tsakanin Asibitoci* . 1946, 29–35, 42–43
* C. Britton, "Gudanar da zama a matsayin magani ga yara masu wahala". *Hulɗar Dan Adam* 1 (1), 1947, 2–12
* C. Britton, "Kula da yara" a cikin C. Morris (ed.): *Aikin zamantakewa a Burtaniya* . London 1950
* C. Winnicott, "Dabaru kan ayyukan kula da yara".* Aikin zamantakewa*, 36 (1), 1955, 3–13
* C. Winnicott, *Kula da Yara da Ayyukan Jama'a: Tarin Takardu da aka Rubuta tsakanin 1954 da 1963.* Hertfordshire: 1964
* C. Winnicott "Sadarwa da yara (I)". *Bita na Kwata na Kula da Yara* 18 (3), 1964, 85–93
* C. Winnicott "Sadarwa da yara (II)". *Aikin Jama'a na Yau* 8 (26), 1977, 7–11
* C. Winnicott, 'Tsoron Rushewa: Misalin Asibiti'. *Mujallar nazarin halayyar ɗan adam ta duniya* . 61 (1980). 351–357
* DW Winnicott. "Wani tunani" a cikin S. Grolnick da L. Barkin (eds.) *Tsakanin Tatsuniya da Gaskiya.* *Abubuwan Canji da Abubuwan Da Suka Faru* . New York: 1978, 15–33

## Littattafan tarihi
Ayyuka game da Clare Britton Winnicott:

* 
* Kanter, Joel |(ed.) *Face to Face with Children. The Life and Work of Clare Winnicott*. London, New York: Routledge 2004. ISBN&nbsp;

## Manazarta