Canjin yanayi a Yammacin Virginia

**Canjin yanayi a Yammacin Virginia** damuwa ce mai ci gaba. Yawancin jihar sun yi zafi da rabi zuwa digiri daya Fahrenheit (0.28-0.56 ) a cikin karni na baya, kuma ruwan sama mai tsanani yana zama mafi yawa. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, sauyin yanayi zai iya kara ambaliyar ruwa, cutar da yanayin halittu, kara wasu matsalolin kiwon lafiya, kuma mai yiwuwa ya yi barazana ga wasu ayyukan nishaɗi. Matsakaicin zafin jiki a Charleston, West Virginia, ya karu da  ° F (0.61 ° C) a cikin karni na baya, kuma hazo ya karu da kashi 10% a sassa da yawa na jihar.

A cikin karni na 21, yanayi a Yammacin Virginia na iya canzawa har ma da yawa. Misali, bisa ga tsinkaye da Kwamitin Gwamnati ya yi kan Canjin Yanayi kuma sakamakon samfurin yanayi na  ta Burtaniya (HadCM2), samfurin da ke da asusun iskar gas da aerosols, ta hanyar 2100 a Yammacin Virginia na iya ƙaruwa da  ° F (1.7 ° C) a cikin hunturu, bazara, da rani (tare da kewayon 1-6 ° F, 0.6-3.3 ° C) da 4 ° F (2.2 ° C) cikin fall (tare da ketun 2-7 ° F, 1.1-3.9 ° C). Ana kiyasta cewa ruwan sama zai karu da kashi 20% (tare da kewayon 10-30%) a duk lokutan, dan kadan a lokacin rani. Sauran samfuran yanayi na iya nuna sakamako daban-daban, musamman game da kimanta canje-canje a cikin hazo. Tasirin da aka bayyana a cikin sassan da suka biyo baya suna la'akari da kimantawa daga samfuran daban-daban. Yawan kwanakin zafi mai zafi a lokacin rani zai karu saboda yanayin dumama gaba ɗaya. Ba a bayyana yadda za a iya shafar tsananin guguwa ba, kodayake karuwa a cikin mitar da tsananin tsawa na rani yana yiwuwa.

## Tasirin
### Lafiyar ɗan adam

Warming da sauran canje-canjen yanayi na iya fadada mazaunin da kamuwa da cuta na kwari masu dauke da cuta, don haka kara yiwuwar yaduwar cututtuka kamar zazzabin cizon sauro da dengue. Yanayin zafi na iya kara yawan Cutar Lyme da sauran cututtukan da ke dauke da ƙwayoyin cuta a Yammacin Virginia, saboda yawan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin, da masu ba da gudummawa, na iya ƙaruwa a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi da ƙaruwar ciyayi.

### albarkatun ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa

Yanayin Yammacin Virginia yana da tsawo, kuma yawancin koguna a cikin jihar suna da tasiri ta hanyar tarin dusar ƙanƙara ta hunturu da narkewar dusar ƙara. Yanayin zafi zai haifar da narkewar dusar ƙanƙara a farkon bazara, wanda ke haifar da ruwa mai yawa a cikin hunturu da bazara.

Ƙananan raƙuman ruwa da matakan tafkin a lokacin rani da fall na iya shafar dogaro da wadatar ruwa, musamman tunda yawancin raƙuman a Yammacin Virginia suna da ƙananan raƙuman ƙasa a lokacin rani. Ci gaban yawon bude ido da masana'antun nishaɗi kamar rafting na ruwa mai tsabta na iya shafar ƙananan ruwa na rani. Hakanan ana iya rage maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ta ƙasa ta hanyar ƙananan bazara da lokacin rani. Rashin ruwa na rani da yanayin zafi na iya shafar ingancin ruwa ta hanyar mai da hankali kan matakan gurɓataccen ruwa. Wannan na iya kara matsalolin da ke akwai tare da magudanar acid daga ma'adanai, babban taro na kwayoyin cuta na fecal coliform, da gurɓataccen masana'antu daga masana'antun masana'antu tare da ambaliyar kogin Ohio da Kanawha.

Karin ruwan sama na iya rage waɗannan tasirin. Ruwan sama mafi girma, duk da haka, na iya taimakawa wajen kara ambaliyar ruwa. Yawancin gidaje da kasuwanni a Yammacin Virginia an gina su ne a kan shimfiɗa, ƙananan kwari kuma suna iya fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa. Ƙarin ruwan sama kuma na iya ƙara lalacewa da ƙazantar gurɓataccen yanayi a yankunan da aka keɓe don masana'antu, hakar kwal, da kuma fitar da mai da iskar gas.

Dangane da Nazarin Yanayi na Kasa na Biyar da aka buga a 2023, "Jam'iyyun Appalachian kamar Kentucky da West Virginia sun ga ambaliyar ruwa mai lalacewa daga ruwan sama".

#### Ruwan ruwa na West Virginia da juriya na shekarar 2016
A lokacin ambaliyar ruwa ta Yammacin Virginia ta Yunin 2016, sama da inci 10 na ruwan sama ya fadi, yawancin sa a cikin awanni 12-18. Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Kasa ta bayyana girman da tsananin ruwan sama a matsayin taron "sau ɗaya a cikin shekaru 1,000". Wani rahoto na 2018 na FEMA game da darussan da aka koya ya nuna cewa irin wannan ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa na iya faruwa akai-akai fiye da yadda ake tsammani a baya.

Wani masanin kimiyya daga Jami'ar West Virginia wanda ya yarda da waɗannan ƙaddamarwa ya jaddada muhimmancin "magana mai gaskiya game da canjin yanayi da abin da yake nufi ga West Virginia" don shirya don abubuwan da suka faru na hazo.

An kirkiro Ofishin Resilience na Jihar Virginia ta Yamma ne don mayar da martani ga bala'in. A watan Janairun 2020, an bayyana ofishin a matsayin "ba ya aiki sosai," kuma sake ginawa daga ambaliyar ya kasance ba cikakke ba.

### Aikin noma

A Yammacin Virginia, aikin gona na samarwa shine masana'antar shekara-shekara ta dala miliyan 400, kashi uku cikin hudu daga dabbobi, galibi shanu da kaji. Kadan ne daga cikin kadada da aka noma a ban ruwa. Babban amfanin gona a cikin jihar shine hay. Hay amfanin gona na iya ƙaruwa da kusan kashi 30% sakamakon canjin yanayi, wanda ke haifar da canje-canje a cikin kadada da kuma samarwa. Yankin noma na iya kasancewa ko kuma ya iya raguwa da kusan kashi 30% don amsawa ga canje-canje a farashi, alal misali, yiwuwar raguwa a farashin hay. Kayan dabbobi da samar da madara bazai shafar su ba, sai dai idan yanayin zafi ya tashi sosai kuma yanayin ya zama ya bushe sosai. A karkashin wadannan yanayi, dabbobi suna samun karancin nauyi kuma makiyaya suna raguwa, suna iyakance abinci.

### dazuzzuka

Tare da canje-canje a cikin yanayi, girman wuraren gandun daji a Yammacin Virginia na iya canzawa kadan ko raguwa da 5-10%. Koyaya, nau'ikan bishiyoyi da ke mamaye waɗancan gandun daji da gandun daji na iya canzawa. Yankunan gandun daji na iya zama masu rinjaye da bishiyoyi, suna maye gurbin yawancin bishiyoyi masu wuya na gabas da aka saba da su a ko'ina cikin West Virginia. A yankunan da ƙasa mai wadata ta kasance, bishiyoyin kudancin na iya ƙara kewayon su da yawa, kuma a yankunan da ke da ƙasa mafi talauci, waɗanda suka fi yawa a cikin gandun daji na West Virginia, bishiyoyin oak na ƙarancin ƙimar kasuwanci (misali, post oak da blackjack oak) na iya ƙara yawan kewayonsu. A sakamakon haka, halin gandun daji a Yammacin Virginia na iya canzawa. Canjin yanayi na iya shafar nasarar dasa bishiyoyi don daidaita wuraren hakar ma'adinai.

### Tsarin halittu
Jihar West Virginia tana da gandun daji 97%, kuma yawancin wannan murfin yana cikin wurare masu tsawo. Wadannan yankuna suna dauke da wasu daga cikin ragowar karshe na ja spruce, wanda ruwan sama mai zafi ke barazana sosai kuma ana iya kara jaddada shi ta hanyar canza yanayin. Wadannan gandun daji suna samar da mazauni ga tsire-tsire da dabbobi da yawa, gami da hare daban-daban, ja squirrel, squirrel mai tashi na arewacin Virginia, da kuma barazanar Cheat Mountain salamander. Ganin cewa nau'o'in ƙananan tsaunuka aƙalla suna da damar motsawa sama don amsa yanayin zafi, waɗanda ke cikin manyan wurare ba su da. Idan aka ba da isasshen canji a cikin yanayi, waɗannan gandun daji na spruce za a iya rage su sosai, ko kuma za su iya ɓacewa.

Yammacin Virginia yana da na huɗu mafi girma na koguna (ciki har da koguna 3,300 na dutse) a cikin al'umma da 11 daga cikin koguna 50 mafi tsawo a duniya. Akalla nau'ikan jemagu guda takwas, gami da biyu da ke cikin haɗari na tarayya (Indiana bat da Virginia big-eared bat), suna amfani da koguna a matsayin wuraren shakatawa na hunturu ko don kiwon yara a lokacin rani. Ɗaya daga cikin kogo yana kare fiye da ƙwayoyin Indiana 5,000 a kowane hunturu, kuma wani yana ƙunshe da mafi yawan sanannun ƙwayoyin cuta masu girma na Virginia da kuma mafi girman yankin haihuwa da aka sani. Yanayin zafi na hunturu mafi girma fiye da na yau da kullun na iya haɓaka yanayin zafi a cikin wuraren da aka ɗora waƙoƙi, wanda aka nuna ya haifar da mutuwa mafi girma saboda karuwar asarar nauyin jiki na hunturu a cikin jemagu na Indiana da ke cikin haɗari (misali, karuwar  ° F (-13 ° C) a lokacin hunturu an haɗa shi da karuwar kashi 42% a cikin yawan asarar jiki). Kwararrun kogon kudancin wani mazaunin kogon da ke cikin haɗari ne.

Wani tsarin halittu na musamman na West Virginia yana cikin Ice Mountain Preserve . A cikin karamin gangara akwai ƙananan ramuka 60 da ramuka a gindin dutsen dutse wanda iska ta hura  ° F (3 ° C) iska a duk shekara. A sakamakon haka, tsire-tsire masu tsayi masu tsawo suna taruwa a kusa da iska mai sanyi, inda za'a iya ganin kankara sosai a cikin Mayu. Sakamakon yanayin zafi a hankali ya riga ya bayyana a kan Ice Mountain, kuma kankara a kusa da hanyoyin yana ɓacewa a farkon shekara. Wannan na iya yin mummunar tasiri ga tsire-tsire da aka samu a cikin wannan tsarin.

## Dubi kuma

* Batutuwan muhalli a Amurka
* Motocin lantarki a West Virginia

## Manazarta
 Wannan labarin ya haɗa dakayan yankin jama'adagaCanjin Yanayi da West Virginia  (PDF) . Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka. Satumba 1998.

## Manazarta
 
## Ƙarin karantawa

* - wannan babi na Nazarin Yanayi na Kasa ya rufe jihohin Kudu maso Gabas (Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, Arkansas, Louisiana). 

## Haɗin waje

* Yakin Canjin Yanayi na Duniya na West Virginia
* Bayanan Canjin Yanayi na Yammacin Virginia (Zamani na gaba Duniya)