George Padmore

George Padmore (28 Yuni 1903 - 23 Satumba 1959), an haife shi Malcolm Ivan Meredith Nurse, babban ɗan Afirka ne, ɗan jarida, kuma marubuci. Ya bar kasarsa ta Trinidad a shekarar 1924 inda ya karanci likitanci a Amurka, inda ya kuma shiga jam'iyyar Kwaminis.

Daga nan ya koma Tarayyar Soviet, inda ya kasance mai himma a cikin jam'iyyar, kuma yana aiki a kan yunkurin 'yancin kai na Afirka. Ya kuma yi aiki da jam'iyyar a Jamus amma ya bar bayan hawan Nazi a cikin 1930s. A cikin 1935, tsarin manufofin harkokin waje na Tarayyar Soviet ya canza, Birtaniya da Faransa, masu mulkin mallaka tare da masu mulkin mallaka a Afirka, yanzu an kira su "demokradiyya-imperialisms", mafi ƙarancin fifiko fiye da nau'in "fascist-imperialist" iko, Jamus da Japan. Wannan sauye-sauyen ya ci karo da sabani kai tsaye da yadda Padmore ya ba da fifiko ga 'yancin kai na Afirka, kasancewar Jamus da Japan ba su da wani yanki na mulkin mallaka a Afirka. Padmore ya karya nan take tare da Kremlin, amma ya ci gaba da tallafawa tsarin gurguzu a akida. A cikin shekarar 1939, ra'ayi na hukuma ya sake canzawa, kamar yadda ya yi bayan 1941, da kuma bayan haka.

Padmore ya zauna na wani lokaci a Faransa, kafin ya sauka a birnin Landan na ƙasar Ingila a shekara ta 1934. A ƙarshen rayuwarsa ya ƙaura zuwa birnin Accra na ƙasar Ghana, inda ya taimaka wajen tsara siyasar Kwame Nkrumah da jam'iyyar Convention People's Party.

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Shekaru na farko
Malcolm Ivan Meredith Nurse, wanda aka fi sani da sunan sa George Padmore, an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Yuni 1903 a gundumar Arouca, Tacarigua.   Trinidad, sa'an nan wani ɓangare na British West Indies. Kakan kakansa jarumi ne na Asante wanda aka kai fursuna aka sayar da shi bauta a Barbados, inda aka haifi kakansa. Mahaifinsa, James Hubert Alfonso Nurse, malamin makaranta ne na yankin wanda ya auri Anna Susanna Symister na Antigua, masanin halitta.

Ma'aikaciyar jinya ta halarci Kwalejin Intermediate na Tranquility a Port of Spain, kafin ta je Kwalejin St Mary na tsawon shekaru biyu (1914 da 1915). Ya koma makarantar sakandare ta Pamphylian, inda ya sauke karatu daga can a shekara ta 1918. Bayan haka, ya yi aiki na shekaru da yawa a matsayin ɗan jarida tare da Kamfanin Buga na Trinidad 

A ƙarshen 1924, ya yi tafiya zuwa Amurka don yin karatun likitanci a Jami'ar Fisk, kwalejin baƙar fata a tarihi a Tennessee. Ya yi aure kwanan nan, a ranar 10 ga Satumba na wannan shekarar,  kuma matarsa ​​Julia Semper daga baya za ta bi shi a Amurka. Ta bar 'yarsu Blyden, wacce aka haifa a 1925 (kuma ta mutu a 2012).  Bisa ga umarnin Nurse, an sanya mata suna ne don girmama ɗan ƙasar Afirka Edward Blyden na Laberiya. Nurse daga baya ya yi rajista a Jami'ar New York amma nan da nan ya koma Jami'ar Howard.

### Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci
A lokacin karatun koleji a Amurka, Nurse ya shiga cikin Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata (Communist) (CPUSA). Lokacin da ya tsunduma cikin kasuwancin jam'iyya, ya karɓi sunan George Padmore (wanda ya haɗa sunan surukin sa na Kirista, Babban Sajan-Major George Semper, da sunan sunan abokin wanda ya kasance mafi kyawun mutuminsa, Errol Padmore). 

Padmore ya shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci a hukumance a 1927 (lokacin da yake Washington, DC) kuma yana aiki a cikin kungiyarsa da aka yi niyya ga bakaken fata Amurkawa, the American Negro Labour Congress.  A cikin Maris 1929 ya kasance wakilin 'yan'uwa (marasa jefa kuri'a) zuwa taron kasa na 6th na CPUSA, wanda aka gudanar a birnin New York.

Padmore, ƙwararren ma'aikaci kuma ƙwararren marubuci, shugaban ƙungiyar 'yan gurguzu William Z. Foster ne ya naɗa shi a matsayin tauraro mai tasowa. An kai shi birnin Moscow don ba da rahoto game da kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ga Ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci ta Duniya (Comintern) daga baya a cikin 1929. Bayan gabatar da nasa, an nemi Padmore ya ci gaba da zama a Moscow don ya jagoranci Ofishin Negro na Red International of Labor Unions (Profintern)  An zabe shi a cikin Moscow City Soviet .

A matsayinsa na shugaban ofishin Profintern's Negro, Padmore ya taimaka wajen samar da wallafe-wallafen ƙasidu kuma ya ba da gudummawar labarai ga jaridar Moscow ta Turanci, jaridar Moscow Daily News.An kuma yi amfani da shi lokaci-lokaci a matsayin mai jigilar kudade daga Moscow zuwa Jam'iyyun Kwaminisanci daban-daban na kasashen waje.

A cikin Yuli 1930, Padmore ya taimaka wajen shirya taron kasa da kasa a Hamburg, Jamus. Ta kaddamar da wata kungiya ta kasa da kasa mai goyon bayan Comintern na kungiyoyin kwadago na bakar fata mai suna International Trade Union Committee of Negro Workers (ITUCNW)  Padmore ya zauna a Vienna, Austria, a wannan lokacin, inda ya shirya littafin kowane wata na sabon rukuni, The Negro Worker . 

A cikin 1931, Padmore ya koma Hamburg kuma ya hanzarta fitar da rubuce-rubucensa, ya ci gaba da samar da mujallar ITUCNW tare da rubuta ƙasidu fiye da 20 a cikin shekara guda. Wannan haɗin kai na Jamus ya zo kusa kusa da tsakiyar 1933, duk da haka, yayin da ƙungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suka mamaye ofisoshin Negro Worker bayan kwace iko da Nazi. Gwamnatin Jamus ta kori Padmore zuwa Ingila, yayin da Comintern ya sanya ITUCNW da Ma'aikacin Negro a kan hutu a cikin Agusta 1933. 

Bacin rai da abin da ya dauka a matsayin goyon bayan Comintern ga manufar 'yancin kai na al'ummomin mulkin mallaka don goyon bayan Tarayyar Soviet na neman kawancen diflomasiyya da masu mulkin mallaka, Padmore ya yanke dangantakarsa da ITUCNW a ƙarshen lokacin rani na 1933.   Hukumar ladabtarwa ta Comintern, Hukumar Kula da Yakin Duniya (ICC), ta nemi ya bayyana matakin da ya dauka ba tare da izini ba. Lokacin da ya ki yin haka, ICC ta kore shi daga kungiyar gurguzu a ranar 23 ga Fabrairun 1934.  Wani bangare na tafiyar siyasa ta Padmore ya ƙare.

Sakamakon kasancewarsa mamba a jam'iyyar gurguzu da kuma yi mata aiki a Tarayyar Soviet da Jamus, an hana Padmore sake shiga Amurka. Shi ba dan kasa ba ne  kuma gwamnati ba ta so ta yarda da sanannun kwaminisanci. 

### Pan-Africanist
Ko da yake ya rabu da Stalinism, Padmore ya kasance mai ra'ayin gurguzu. Ya nemi sabbin hanyoyin yin aiki don samun 'yancin Afirka daga mulkin mallaka. Komawa zuwa Faransa, inda Garan Kouyaté ya kasance abokin tarayya daga kwanakinsa na Comintern, Padmore ya fara rubuta littafi: Yadda Biritaniya Rules Afirka. Tare da taimakon tsohuwar magajin Amurka Nancy Cunard, ya sami wakilin London kuma, a ƙarshe, mawallafi (Wishart). Ya buga littafin a cikin 1936, shekarar da mawallafin ya zama Lawrence da Wishart, wanda aka sani yana jin tausayin 'yan gurguzu. Ba a cika yin buguwar littattafan baƙar fata a wancan lokacin a ƙasar Ingila. Wani mai shela a Switzerland ya rarraba fassarar Jamusanci a Jamus.

A cikin 1934, Padmore ya koma Landan, inda ya zama cibiyar al'ummar marubuta da suka sadaukar da kai ga al'adun Afirka da 'yancin kai na Afirka. Abokinsa na yaro C.L.R. James, kuma daga Trinidad, ya riga ya kasance a wurin, yana rubutu da bugawa. James ya fara abokanan Afirka na Duniya na Habasha don mayar da martani ga mamayar da Italiya ta yi wa Habasha. Wannan kungiya ta ci gaba zuwa Hukumar Kula da Hidimar Afirka ta Duniya (IASB), wacce ta zama cibiya ga ayyukan ’yan mulkin mallaka na Afirka da Caribbean. Padmore shi ne shugaban IASB, ƙwararren ƙwadago na Barbadiya Chris Braithwaite shi ne sakatare na shiryawa, kuma James ya yi gyara na lokaci-lokaci, Ra'ayin Afirka ta Duniya. Ras Makonnen daga Guiana na Biritaniya ne ya kula da ƙarshen kasuwancin. Sauran mahimman mambobi sun haɗa da Jomo Kenyatta daga Kenya da Amy Ashwood Garvey .

Kamar yadda Carol Polsgrove ya nuna a Ƙarshen Mulkin Birtaniyya a Afirka: Marubuta a cikin Harka gama gari, Padmore da abokansa a cikin 1930s da 1940s - daga cikinsu akwai C. L. R. James, Jomo Kenyatta na Kenya, Kwame Nkrumah na Gold Coast da Peter Abrahams na Afirka ta Kudu - sun ga bugawa a matsayin dabarun canza siyasa. Sun buga kananan jaridu na lokaci-lokaci, wanda a wasu lokuta hukumomi sukan kama su lokacin da suka isa yankunan. Sun buga labarai a cikin littattafan wasu lokaci-lokaci, alal misali, Sabon Shugaban Jam'iyyar Labour mai zaman kanta. Sun buga ƙasidu. Sun rubuta wa editan wasiƙu; kuma, godiya ga goyon bayan mai wallafa Fredric Warburg (na Secker & Warburg), sun buga littattafai. Warburg ya fitar da Padmore's Africa and World Peace (1937), da kuma littattafan Kenyatta da James duka. A cikin riga-kafi ga Afirka da Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya, dan siyasar Labour Sir Stafford Cripps ya rubuta: "George Padmore ya sake yin wani babban hidimar fadakarwa a cikin wannan littafi. Abubuwan da ya bayyana da rashin tausayi babu shakka ba su da daɗi, labarin da ya ba da labarin mulkin mallaka na Afirka yana da ban tsoro a cikin matsananciyar yanayi, amma duka abubuwan da suka faru sun kasance a cikin mu. na 'nauyin farin mutum', kuma hankalinmu ya ruɗe da ruɗewa da ci gaba da farfagandar daular mulkin mallaka ta yadda za mu iya kusan kadu da wannan baƙar magana da jajircewa na babban tatsuniya na wayewar manufa ta dimokuradiyya na yammacin Afirka a Afirka.

Bayanan Halitta akan murfin ya bayyana Padmore a matsayin wakilin Turai na Pittsburgh Courier, Gold Coast Spectator, African Morning Post, Panama Tribune, Belize Independent da The Bantu World. 

".

Kafin yakin duniya na biyu, James ya tafi Amurka, inda ya hadu da Kwame Nkrumah, dalibi daga Gold Coast, wanda ya yi karatu a jami'ar Lincoln da ke Pennsylvania. James ya ba Nkrumah wasiƙar gabatarwa ga Padmore .  Lokacin da Nkrumah ya isa Landan a watan Mayun 1945 da niyyar karatun shari'a, Padmore ya same shi a tashar. Shi ne farkon dogon kawance. Padmore ya kasance yana shirya taron 1945 na Manchester Pan-African Congress (wanda aka nada na Pan-African Congress na biyar), ba kawai da'irar IASB ta ciki ba har ma da W. E. B. Du Bois, wanda ya shirya taron Pan-African na farko. Taron Manchester ya taimaka wajen tsara ajandar kawar da mulkin mallaka a lokacin yakin bayan yakin.

Padmore ya yi amfani da London a matsayin sansaninsa fiye da shekaru ashirin. Shi da Dorothy Pizer, marubuci Bature Bature kuma abokin aikinsa na gida kuma abokin aikin sa, sun raba wani gida da ya zama cibiyar masu kishin Afirka. Padmore ya ci gaba da haɗin gwiwa a duk faɗin duniya, yana aika labarai zuwa jaridu na duniya da kuma ci gaba da yin rubutu tare da marubutan Amurka da masu fafutuka W. E.B. Du Bois da Richard Wright. Na karshen yana zaune a Paris. A cikin roƙon Padmore, Wright ya yi tafiya zuwa Gold Coast a cikin 1953 don bincika ginin don samun 'yancin kai, kuma ya rubuta littafinsa Black Power (1954). Kafin Wright ya bar gabar tekun Gold, ya ba da rahoton sirri kan Nkrumah ga karamin ofishin jakadancin Amurka; daga baya ya ba da rahoto game da Padmore ga Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Paris. A cewar asusun ofishin jakadancin, Wright ya ce Nkrumah ya dogara sosai kan Padmore yayin da yake shirin samun 'yancin kai.

Lokacin da Wright ya buga Black Power a cikin 1954, Padmore yana kammala wani littafi da yake fatan zai zama tarihi da tsarin 'yancin kai na Afirka: Pan-Africanism ko Kwaminisanci? Ƙoƙarinsa ne na yaƙi da zarge-zargen yaƙin cacar-baki a ƙasashen yammacin duniya cewa yunƙurin 'yancin kai na Afirka na da asali na kwaminisanci.

Yayin da 'yancin kai ya kusa zuwa ga Gold Coast, al'ummar London sun rabu. A cikin 1956, James ya dawo daga Amurka, amma Padmore da Pizer sun yi masa nuni da tawali'u a wasiƙu zuwa Wright. A halin yanzu, tsohon abokin Padmore Peter Abrahams ya buga wani ɗan roman à clef mai suna A Wreath for Udomo (1956), wanda ke ɗauke da hotuna marasa daɗi na membobin wannan ƙungiyar siyasar London. Mutane da yawa sun gano George Padmore a matsayin abin ƙira don halayen "Tom Lanwood".

Alamar Padmore da Nkrumah ta tsaya tsayin daka. Daga lokacin da Nkrumah ya koma Gold Coast a shekarar 1947 domin ya jagoranci yunkurin yancin kai, Padmore ya shawarce shi da dogon wasiku. Ya kuma rubuta labarai da dama ga jaridar Nkrumah, Accra Evening News, kuma ya rubuta tarihin Juyin Juyin Halitta na Gold Coast (1953). Tare da Dorothy Pizer (wanda marubuci ne kuma sakatare), Padmore ya ƙarfafa jagoran ya rubuta tarihin rayuwarsa. Nkrumah ya wallafa tarihin rayuwarsa a shekarar 1957, a shekarar da Gold Coast ta samu 'yancin kai ga Ghana. Padmore ya wakilci Nkrumah a matsayin Mutum mafi kyau lokacin da 'yar Sir Stafford Cripps Peggy ta auri mai adawa da mulkin mallaka Joe Appiah, wanda yake daya daga cikin abokan Nkrumah mafi kusa a lokacin.

Padmore ya amince da gayyatar Nkrumah zuwa Ghana, amma zamansa a matsayin mai baiwa Nkrumah shawara kan harkokin Afirka ke da wuya. Padmore yana magana da abokai game da barin Ghana ya zauna a wani wuri lokacin da ya koma London don jinyar cirrhosis na hanta.

Padmore ya mutu a ranar 23 ga Satumba 1959, yana da shekaru 56, a Asibitin Kwalejin Jami'ar da ke London. Bayan 'yan kwanaki, da yake mayar da martani ga jita-jitar cewa an sa wa dan gwagwarmaya guba, abokinsa Pizer ya buga cikakken bayani game da mutuwarsa. Ta ce ciwon hanta ya kara tsananta a cikin watanni tara da suka gabata, kafin ya nemi magani daga wani abokinsa da ya dade yana likita. Sakamakon gazawar hantarsa, ya yi fama da zubar jini wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwarsa.

### Kyauta

* Bayan mutuwar Padmore, Nkrumah ya jinjina masa a wani shirin rediyo: "Wata rana, dukkanin kasashen Afirka za su kasance cikin 'yanci da hadin kai kuma idan aka ba da labarin karshe, za a bayyana muhimmancin aikin George Padmore." A cikin Pittsburgh Courier, George Schuyler ya ce rubuce-rubucen Padmore sun kasance "abin ƙarfafawa ga mutanen da suka yi mafarkin samun 'yanci na Afirka". Abokin likitan Padmore, Cecil Belfield Clarke, ya rubuta labarin mutuwar da ya gudana a cikin The Times, yana kwatanta Padmore a matsayin marubuci wanda ya rubuta littattafai kuma yayi nazarin su. Wani dan Afirka dan kasar Jamaica kuma jami'in diflomasiyya Dudley Thompson ya rubuta game da Padmore a cikin wata wasika zuwa ga The Guardian: "Ya kasance kasa da kasa da gaske kuma duk duniyar mulkin mallaka ta yi asara.".
* Bayan hidimar jana'izar a wani wurin ƙone gawa a London, an binne toka na Padmore a Christiansborg Castle a Ghana a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1959 .  An watsa bikin ne a Amurka ta gidan talabijin na NBC. Kamar yadda C. L. R. James ya rubuta,

...Kasashe takwas sun aika da tawaga zuwa jana'izarsa a birnin Landan. Sai dai a Ghana ne aka tokare tokarsa kuma kowa ya ce a kasar nan da ta shahara wajen zanga-zangar siyasa, ba a taba samun fitowar jama'a irin wanda mutuwar Padmore ya haddasa ba. Makiyaya daga yankuna masu nisa, wanda mutum zai yi tunanin, ba su taba jin sunansa ba, sun yi nasarar gano hanyarsu ta zuwa Accra don yin karramawar karshe ga yammacin Indiyan da ya yi rayuwarsa a hidimarsu.Ci gaba da zama a Accra, Dorothy Pizer ta rubuta gabatarwa don bugun Faransanci na Padmore's Pan-Africanism ko Kwaminisanci. Ta fara bincike don tarihin Padmore. Duk da haka, kamar yadda ta gaya wa Nancy Cunard, ta ji takaici saboda halinsa na lalata takardunsa kuma bai yi magana game da abubuwan da ya gabata ba.

* George Padmore Research Library, a unguwar Ridge, Accra, Ghana, an sanya masa suna. Kwame Nkrumah ya yi magana a buɗe ginin da aka keɓe wa Padmore a matsayin ɗakin karatu na tunawa a ranar 30 ga Yuni 1961.  Nkrumah ya sanya Padmore a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin manyan gine-gine na ƙungiyar 'yanci ta Afirka ... wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga ƙungiyar Afirka da' yanci".
* James, wanda ya koma Port of Spain, Trinidad, ya rubuta jerin labarai a kan Padmore don The Nation . James kuma ya fara tattara kayan don tarihin rayuwa amma daga ƙarshe ya samar da rubutun hannu kawai, "Notes on the Life of George Padmore. "  Shekaru da yawa James ya yi ƙoƙari ya buga littafinsa Nkrumah da Ghana Revolution; an buga littafin a 1977 (London: Allison da Busby). A ciki, James ya watsar da duk wani ambaton littafin Padmore na 1953 game da juyin juya halin Gold Coast; wasikarsa tana da nassoshi da yawa game da ra'ayinsa cewa Padmore bai fahimci juyin juya hali ba.
* Ras Makonnen, wanda ya fahimci mahimmancin littattafai game da ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa na Afirka, ya wallafa nasa cikakken labarin al'ummar London da ke kusa da Padmore, Pan-Africanism from Inin (1973). James R. Hooker ya rubuta tarihin Padmore, Black Revolutionary (1967). Padmore shine babban jigon da aka nuna a cikin Ƙarshen Mulkin Biritaniya na Carol Polsgrove a Afirka: Writers in a Common Cause, wanda aka buga a 2009. A cikin 1991, John La Rose ya kafa Cibiyar George Padmore (GPI), mai tushe a Arewacin London, tare da manufar "ci gaba da al'adun da suka tsara rayuwarsa: mai zaman kansa, hangen nesa da hangen nesa da ke haɗa Caribbean, Afirka, Turai, Arewacin Amirka da Asiya. Yana da ajiya, kayan ilimi da cibiyar bincike da ke da alaƙa da baƙar fata na Caribbean, asalin Afirka da Asiya a Burtaniya da nahiyar Turai. La Rose kuma ta kafa Makarantar George Padmore a shekarar 1969. 
* A ranar 28 ga Yuni 2011 - shekaru 98 zuwa ranar da aka haifi Padmore - Nubian Jak Community Trust ta bayyana takardar shuɗi a tsohon adireshin Padmore, 22 Cranleigh Street a cikin London Borough of Camden,  a cikin wani bikin da Babban Kwamishinan Trinidad & Tobago, Babban Kwamishina na Ghana, Magajin garin Camden, Selma James, Nina Baden-Semper (wanda ke da alaƙa da surukan Padmore),    A cewar Cameron Duodu: "Yawancin maganganu da litattafai, da kuma wasikun da shugabannin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a Afirka suka yi yaƙi da manufofin Ofishin mulkin mallaka a London, an tsara su ne a teburin cin abinci na 22 Cranleigh Street. Har ila yau, wurin da George Padmore ya shirya taron Pan-African na 5 a Manchester a 1945. " 
* George Padmore Road da George Padmore Lane, a Hurlingham, Nairobi, Kenya, an sanya musu suna bayan shi.

## Ayyuka

* Rayuwa da gwagwarmayar Negro Toilers (London: Red International of Labor Unions Magazine for International Trade Union Committee of Negro Workers, 1931) Haiti, Ƙasar Bawan Amurka (Centrizdat, 1931) Ma'aikatan Negro da Tsarin Yakin Imperialist a cikin USSR (1931) Yadda Biritaniya ke Mulkin Afirka (London: Littattafan Wishart, 1936) Afirka da Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya (Maganganun Magana ta Sir Stafford Cripps; London: Martin Secker da Warburg Ltd, 1937) Hands Off the Protectorates (London: International African Service Bureau, 1938) Hannu daga Mallaka! Sabon Jagora, 25 Fabrairu 1938 https://www.marxists.org/archive/padmore/1938/hands-off.htm.
* Ayyukan White Man: Binciken Tambayar mulkin mallaka a cikin Hasken Yarjejeniyar Atlantic (tare da Nancy Cunard) (London: W. H. Allen &amp;amp; Co., 1942) 
* Muryar Ma'aikata Masu Launi (Speeches da Rahotanni na Wakilan mulkin mallaka zuwa Taron Kwadago na Duniya, 1945) (edita) (Manchester: Panaf Service, 1945) 
* Yadda Rasha ta Canja Daular mulkin mallaka: Kalubale ga Ƙarfin Imperialist (tare da haɗin gwiwar Dorothy Pizer) (London: Dennis Dobson, 1946) 
* "Tarihin Majalisa ta Pan-Afirka (Colonial and Coloured Unity: A Programme of Action) " (edita) (1947). An sake buga shi a cikin Hakim Adi da Marika Sherwood, The 1945 Manchester Pan-African Congress Revisited (London: New Beacon Books, 1995) 
* *Afirka: Daular Burtaniya ta Uku* (London: Dennis Dobson, 1949) 
* *Juyin Juya Halin Gold Coast: Yakin Mutanen Afirka daga Bautar zuwa 'Yanci* (London: Dennis Dobson, 1953) 
* Pan-Africanism ko Kwaminisanci? The Coming Struggle for Africa  (Maganar farko ta Richard Wright. London: Dennis Dobson, 1956)  

Abubuwan da ke kan layi suna samuwa a https://www.marxists.org/archive/padmore/

## Bayani