open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Labarin Tsoro na Amurka: Gidan mafaka

Lokaci na biyu na jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Amurka mai ban tsoro American Horror Story, mai taken Asylum, ya faru ne a 1964 kuma ya biyo bayan labarun ma'aikatan da fursunoni waɗanda ke zaune a cibiyar tunanin mutum ta Briarcliff Manor, kuma ya yi sulhu da abubuwan da suka faru a baya da yanzu. Kungiyar ta hada da Zachary Quinto, Joseph Fiennes, Sarah Paulson, Evan Peters, Lily Rabe, Lizzie Brocheré, Dylan McDermott, James Cromwell, da Jessica Lange, Tare da duk dawowa daga kakar wasa ta farko, ban da sababbin Fiennes, Brocheré da Cromwell.

Ryan Murphy da Brad Falchuk ne suka kirkireshi don cibiyar sadarwar FX, jerin sun fito ne daga gidan talabijin na 20th Century Fox. An watsa Asylum tsakanin 17 ga Oktoba, 2012, zuwa 23 ga Janairu, 2013, wanda ya kunshi aukuwa 13 kuma yana jan hankalin babban nasarar cibiyar sadarwa. Kamar wanda ya riga shi, masu sukar talabijin sun karɓi kakar wasa ta biyu, musamman ga wasan kwaikwayon Lange, Cromwell, Quinto, Paulson, Peters da Cable. A sakamakon haka, kakar ta sami zabuka goma sha bakwai na Primetime Emmy Award, fiye da kowane wasan kwaikwayo, gami da Babban Miniseries ko Movie, da kuma gabatarwa huɗu na Lange, Paulson, Cromwell, da Quinto, tare da Cromwell ya lashe kyautar Mai ba da tallafi a cikin Miniseries ko fim. Bugu da kari, Quinto da Paulson sun lashe rukunin tallafin su a 3rd Critics' Choice Television Awards .

## Hotuna da haruffa
Hannun hannu

* Zachary Quinto a matsayin Dokta Oliver Thredson
* Joseph Fiennes a matsayin Monsignor Timothy Howard
* Sarah Paulson a matsayin Lana Winters
* Evan Peters a matsayin Kit Walker
* Lily Rabe a matsayin Sister Mary Eunice McKee
* Lizzie Brocheré a matsayin Grace Bertrand
* James Cromwell a matsayin Dokta Arthur Arden
* Jessica Lange a matsayin Sister Jude Martin

## Taurari na musamman

* Chloë Sevigny a matsayin Shelley
* Ian McShane a matsayin Leigh Emerson

## Sauye-sauye

* Naomi Grossman a matsayin Pepper
* Adam Levine a matsayin Leo Morrison
* Fredric Lehne a matsayin Frank McCann
* Britne Oldford a matsayin Alma Walker
* Frances Conroy a matsayin Shachath
* Jenna Dewan a matsayin Teresa Morrison
* Clea DuVall a matsayin Wendy Peyser
* Barbara Tarbuck a matsayin Uwar Babbar Claudia
* Mark Consuelos a matsayin Spivey
* Matthew John Armstrong a matsayin Detective Byers
* Mark Margolis a matsayin Sam Goodman
* Dylan McDermott a matsayin Johnny Morgan
* Joel McKinnon Miller a matsayin Detective Connors

## Taurari na baƙi
Kudancin Kudu

Sudestada (*Kudancin gabas*) shine sunan Argentina da Uruguay don yanayin yanayi na yau da kullun ga Rio de la Plata (wani kogi da aka kafa ta hanyar haɗuwa da Kogin Uruguay da Kogin Paraná a kudu maso gabashin gabar tekun Kudancin Amurka) da yankin da ke kewaye da shi. Wannan abin da ya faru ya kunshi juyawa na kwatsam na iska mai sanyi na kudu zuwa kudu maso gabas. Wannan canjin, yayin da yake daidaita yanayin sanyi, yana ɗora iska tare da danshi na teku, yana kawo ruwan sama mai yawa da teku mai tsanani a yankunan bakin teku. Har ila yau, iska tana ƙara ƙarfin iskõki. Sudestada na iya faruwa tsakanin Yuli da Oktoba. Ya yi kama da nor'easters a arewacin arewa.

## Nau'o'i da abubuwan da ke haifar da sudestada
A sudestada na iya faruwa tare da ko (ƙananan) ba tare da hazo ba. Wannan na ƙarshe ya samo asali ne daga tsarin matsin lamba, wanda ke tsakiyar kudu maso yammacin Lardin Buenos Aires a Argentina, yana kawo iska mai ƙarfi 25 har zuwa 45 knots zuwa bakin Río de la Plata. 

A sudestada tare da ruwan sama, a gefe guda, ana samar da shi ta hanyar hadin gwiwar tsarin biyu: babban matsin lamba wanda ke kan Tekun Atlantika a bakin tekun tsakiyar Patagonia, wanda ke kawo iska mai sanyi a gabashin Lardin Buenos Aires da kudancin iyakar Argentina da Uruguay, da kuma tsarin matsin lamba, wanda ke kan tsakiyar kudu na Mesopotamiya ta Argentina da yammacin Uruguay, wanda ke haifar da iska mai zafi, mai zafi zuwa wannan yankin. Yayin da matsin lamba a cikin tsarin na ƙarshe ya sauka, iskõki daga kudu maso gabas suna ƙaruwa.

## Dubi kuma

* Guguwar 2005 a Uruguay
* Guguwar 2012 a Uruguay
* Pampero
* Zonda
* "Sudestada", waƙar daga Siempre es hoy ta Gustavo Cerati

## Manazarta

* Sudestada (a cikin Mutanen Espanya)
Bangalore Ka'idodin Halin Shari'a

**Ka'idodin Bangalore** na Halin Shari'a ƙa'idodi ne don halayyar alƙalai.

# 'Yancin kai
# Rashin son kai
# Aminci
# Dukiya
# Daidaitawa
# Kwarewa da Ƙarfi 

An tsara Dokar Halin Shari'a ta Bangalore a cikin shekara ta 2001 don Kungiyar Shari'a kan Karfafa Aminci na Shari'a kuma an gabatar da ita ga Taron Tattalin Arziki na Manyan Alkalai a watan Nuwamban shekarar 2002.  Ƙaddamarwa ta 23 ta Majalisar Jama'a da Tattalin Arziki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tana inganta aiwatar da ka'idodin Bangalore ta hanyar shari'o'in kasashe membobin.

## Dubi kuma

* 'Yancin kai na shari'a
* Dokar Shari'a

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Kungiyar Aminci ta Shari'a
* Ka'idodin Bangalore na Halin Shari'a - Cikakken rubutu 
* Ka'idodin Bangalore na Halin Shari'a - Bayani
Rashin lalacewa

A cikin Tsarin shari'a na yau da kullun, kalmar fasaha 'rashin lalacewa' lakabi ne na haraji don bayyana wani nau'in lalacewar da kotuna suka bayar ga mutanen da suka sha wahala a shari'a.

Lalacewar lalacewa ta bambanta da sauran nau'ikan lalacewar, kamar yadda ake ba da su don ainihin manufar ganewa da tabbatar da darajar haƙƙin doka da ke hannun mai fama da shi. Ana iya bambanta wannan da wasu nau'ikan lalacewa, kamar lalacewar biyan kuɗi, ko lalacewar azabtarwa, waɗanda aka ba su don wani dalili daban.

Ma'anar 'rashin lalacewa' an bayyana ta hanyar masana shari'a da masu aiki a matsayin bayani, ko hujja, don kyaututtuka na lalacewa a cikin shari'o'in da suka shafi kyautar lalacewa wanda ba za'a  iya sauƙaƙe shi ba ta hanyar ambaton ka'idoji kamar diyya ko hanawa. [Lokaci 1] 

## Hanyoyin hukuma
Ga wasu hukunce-hukunce, 'hanyar karewa' ta ba da ladabi game da lalacewa don mayar da martani ga keta haƙƙin tsarin mulki. Wannan ya kasance shari'ar Kotun Koli ta Kanada dangane da Yarjejeniyar Kanada, da kuma Kotun Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu dangane da Dokar 'Yancin Afirka ta Kudu. 

A wasu hukunce-hukunce, kamar Australia da United Kingdom; kotuna masu girma sun musanta amfani da ka'idojin tabbatarwa a cikin bayar da lalacewa.  

## Tattaunawar ilimi
Jason Varuhas, masanin shari'a na yau da kullun ya yi jayayya cewa lalacewar cin zarafi wani bangare ne na al'ada mai tsawo a cikin tsarin shari'a ta yau da kullun; kuma ya soki yanke shawara na baya-bayan nan da kotuna suka karyata lambobin lalacewar a wasu mahallin a matsayin 'karkatarwa daga orthodoxy'.  A cikin littafinsa Damages and Human Rights, ya nuna gwagwarmayar da tsarin kotuna ke fuskanta yayin ƙoƙarin daidaita lalacewar da aka bayar don keta dokokin haƙƙoƙi, kuma yana jayayya ga kotuna su ɗauki hanyar ramawa da aka tsara akan ka'idoji da ka'idojin da aka yi amfani da su a lokuta masu laifi inda aka keta haƙƙoƙin asali.

## Bayani

## Manazarta
Kwarin Keshet

Gidan Keshet (Ibraniyawa: Jerome קשת,  ; Larabci: مغارة القوس, romaniised: ; duka biyun ma'anar **Arch Cave**) wani baka ne na halitta a kan tudu a arewacin bakin Betzet Stream, Upper Galili, Isra'ila. Wannan kogon yana kusa da Adamit Park a cikin Betzet Stream Nature Reserve, kusa da iyakar da Lebanon.

## Tarihi
Keshet Cave wani ragowar babban kogon karst ne da ya rushe kuma wani karamin dutse ne wanda ke da zurfin rami.

Ana samun damar daga Hanyar 8993, kogon ya janyo hankalin yawon bude ido ne. Har ila yau, ya ja hankalin Masu hawan dutse. A ƙarshen 2012 an buɗe shi don hawa wasanni,    duk da haka shafin yanar gizon hawa 26crags.com yana da bayani game da kogon da aka maye gurbin da sanarwa cewa an haramta hawa dutse a yankin.

## Manazarta
Sanarwar Tokyo

Sanarwar Tokyo wani tsari ne na jagororin ƙasa da ƙasa don likitoci game da azabtarwa da sauran zalunci, rashin ɗan adam ko wulakanci ko hukunci dangane da tsarewa da ɗaurin kurkuku, wanda aka amince da shi a watan Oktoba 1975 yayin babban taron 29th na Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Duniya, kuma daga baya WMA ta sabunta ta edita a Faransa, Mayu 2005 da doka ta 2006. bil'adama", [1] kuma ya saba wa "mafi girman manufar" likitan, wanda shine "sauƙaƙe ɓacin ran ɗan'uwansa."[2] Manufar ta bayyana cewa likitoci su ƙi shiga, amincewa, ko ba da izini don azabtarwa, wulakanci, ko zalunci ga fursunoni ko fursunoni. A bisa ka’idar, fursunonin da ya ki cin abinci bai kamata a ciyar da su ta hanyar wucin gadi ba, in dai an yanke musu hukunci.

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Sanarwar WMA ta Tokyo - Jagororin Likitoci game da azabtarwa da sauran zalunci, rashin mutunci ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa dangane da tsare-tsare da ɗaurin kurkuku
Nafesha Richardson

**Nafesha Richardson** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1996) mai ba da shawara kan 'yancin mata ce, mai fafutukar matasa kuma mai fafutuka kan yanayi daga Saint Vincent da Grenadines .

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Richardson a Saint Vincent da Grenadines a cikin shekara ta 1996. Lokacin da take 'yar shekara bakwai, Richardson ta shiga kungiyar St. Vincent da Grenadines Girl Guides Association, inda ta fara koyo game da al'amuran zamantakewa da na cikin gida. Ta yi karatun digiri na farko a Jami'ar West Indies ta Cave Hill a Barbados sannan kuma ta sami digiri na biyu a Kwalejin Jami'ar London a Ingila.

Richardson ya yi kamfen a matsayin Gwarzon Matasa na Yarjejeniyar Escazú ta Duniya, wanda aka sanya hannu a cikin 2018. An girmama ta saboda wannan gwagwarmaya a wani bikin da aka gudanar a shekarar 2020 a ofisoshin Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Latin Amurka da Caribbean (UN ECLAC) a Santiago, Chile .

Richardson ya wakilci Saint Vincent da Grenadines a taron Youth4Climate: Driving Ambition a Milan, Italiya, a watan Satumbar 2021. Wannan taron ya kasance a shirye-shiryen Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2021 (COP26) a Glasgow.  

Ya zuwa 2025, Richardson ya kasance Jakadan Duniya Ɗaya  kuma shi ne mai kula da Cibiyar Nazarin Matasa da Haɗin Kai ta Commonwealth (CYGEN) na Royal Commonwealth Society . 

## Manazarta
Ka'idoji na Musamman don Kula da Fursunoni

Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya karɓi ƙa'idodin ka'idojin Kula da Fursunoni kuma ya ayyana su ta hanyar ƙuduri na 45/111 a ranar 14 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 1990. 

Mataki na 1 yana kare mutuncin ɗan adam. Mataki na 2 ya haramta nuna bambanci.

## Manazarta
Malá Pravčická brána

**Malá Pravčická Brána** (*ja*:) wani dutse ne na halitta, wanda ke da kimanin    tsawo da    fadi. Tana cikin Bohemian Switzerland kusa da babbar hanyar tafiya mai suna Red Signposted (E3 European long distance path) tsakanin Mezní Louka da Vysoká Lípa .

An samo sunansa ne daga Pravčická brána da ke kusa da shi a Yankin Winterberg, mafi girman dutse mai yashi a Turai.

## Manazarta

*
Ahmed Diane Semega

**Ahmed Diane Semega** ɗan siyasan Malian ne . Shi ne tsohon Ministan Ma'adinai, Makamashi da  Ruwa, kuma Ministan Infrastructure da Sufuri na yanzu.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Moctar Ouane

**Moctar Ouane** (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 1955) ɗan diflomasiyyar Mali ne kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mukaddashin Firayim Minista na Mali daga 27 ga Satumba 2020 zuwa 24 ga Mayu shekarar 2021, tsakanin Juyin mulkin Mali na 2020 da juyin mulkin Malian na shekarar 2021. Ya kuma yi aiki a gwamnatin Mali a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga Mayu shekarar2004 zuwa Afrilu shekarar 2011.

## Ayyukan diflomasiyya
Ouane ya kasance mai ba da shawara na fasaha ga Sakatare Janar na Gwamnati daga 1982 zuwa 1986, shugaban Yarjejeniya da Sashen Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje a shekarar 1986, mai ba da shawarar diflomasiyya ga Firayim Minista daga shekarar 1986 zuwa shekarar 1988, shugaban ma'aikata (shugaban majalisar ministoci) na Sakatare-Janar na Shugaban kasa daga shekarar 1988 zuwa shekarar 1990, mai ba da shawarwarin diflomasiyyar ga Shugaba Moussa Traoré daga shekarar 1990 zuwa shekarar 1991 da kuma ga shugaban kasa Amadou Toumani Touré daga shekarar 1991 zuwa shekarar 1992, sannan kuma mai ba da kuma mai ba shi shawara na diflomasiya ga Firayim minista a shekarar 1992. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan siyasa ga Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekarar 1994 zuwa 1995  kafin ya zama wakilin dindindin na Mali a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a ranar 27 ga Satumba shekarar 1995; ya yi aiki a wannan mukamin har zuwa 27 ga watan  Satumbar shekarar 2002.  A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a watan Satumbar shekarar 2000 da watan Disamba 2001. Ya kasance Babban Jakadan hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa daga shekarar 2003 zuwa shekarar 2004  kafin a nada shi Ministan Harkokin Waje a ranar 2 ga Mayu shekarar 2004 . 

Bayan barin mukamin Ministan Harkokin Waje a shekarar 2011, Ouane ya zama Mai ba da shawara government ga diflomasiyya ga Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Kudi ta Yammacin Afirka a watan Janairun shekarar 2014.  Ya zama mai ba da shawara kan zaman lafiya government da tsaro ga ma'aikatar a shekarar 2016.

Shugaba Bah Ndaw na wucin gadi ne ya nada shi Firayim Minista na wucine a ranar 27 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2020.  Ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi murabus a ranar 14 ga Mayu shekarar 2021 amma an sake nada shi da sauri don kula da sake fasalin majalisar. Wannan sake fasalin ya haifar da juyin mulkin Mali na shekarar 2021, inda aka kori Ndaw da Ouane kuma aka cire su daga mukamin su. Dukkanin shugabannin biyu sun yi murabus a ranar 26. Government ga Mayu.

A ranar 27 ga watan Agustan shekarar2021, an saki Ouane daga tsare-tsaren gida.

## Bayanan da aka ambata

|-
Mamadou da aka raba

Mamadou Dembelé (21 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1934 - 9 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta shekarar ta 2016)  likita ne kuma ɗan siyasa government na ƙasar Mali. Dembelé ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Mali daga 6 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1986 zuwa 6 ga Yuni shekarar 1988 a karkashin Shugaba Moussa Traoré .  Ya  kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Democrat  Union of the Malian People kuma yana da alhakin zaluntar ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai na shekaran 1979-80. Ya mutu a  ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2016 yana da shekaru 82. Dembélé zai yi jana'izar  jihar a gidan mahaifinsa a Darsalam, sannan  aka binne shi a makabartar Hamdallaye a ranar Talata 11 ga watan Oktoba shekarar ta 2016.  

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Ahmed Mohamed ag Hamani

**Ahmed Mohamed ag Hamani** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1942 ) ya kasance Firayim Minista na Mali daga shekarar 2002 zuwa shekarar ta 2004.

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Hamani ne a Goundam, kuma ɗan kabilar Tuareg ne. Ya zama mai ba  da shawara ga Ministan Shirye-shiryen a shekarar 1975  kafin ya shiga gwamnati a ranar 7 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 1978, a matsayin Ministan Kula da Kamfanoni da Kasuwancin Jiha.  Daga nan ya government zama Ministan Bayanai da Sadarwa a cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 28 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 1979   kuma Ministan Shirye-shiryen a government cikin gwamnatin mai suna a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 1980;   a cikin matsayi na ƙarshe, ya zama mutum na biyu a cikin gwamnati bayan Moussa Traoré, wanda ya kasance Shugaban kasa da Ministan Tsaro. Government Daga baya ya zama Ministan Wasanni, Fasaha da Al'adu a ranar 31 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 1984, sannan Ministan Sufuri da Ayyukan Jama'a a ranar 6 ga watan Yuni, shekarar ta 1986. Ya bar gwamnati a ranar 20 ga watan Janairu, shekarar ta 1987  kuma ya zama Babban Kwamishinan Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Kogin Senegal,  wanda ya kasance har zuwa government 1992. A shekara ta 1993, Shugaba Alpha Oumar Konaré ya nada shi Jakada  a Maroko; bayan shekaru shida a wannan mukamin, ya zama Jakada a Belgium, Netherlands, United  Kingdom, Luxembourg, da Tarayyar Turai. 

Ya yi aiki a can har sai Amadou Toumani Touré ya nada shi Firayim Minista a ranar 9 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 2002, bayan da Touré ya hau mulki bayan nasarar da ya samu a Zaben shugaban kasa na wannan shekarar, kuma an sanya masa suna a ranar 14 ga watan Yuni.  An dauki nadin farko a matsayin na wucin gadi wanda ya kai ga lokacin Zaben majalisar dokoki na Yuli 2002. Bayan zaben, an sake nada shi a ranar 12 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2002, tare da sabon gwamnati da aka sanya masa suna a ranar 16 ga watan Oktoba.   A buƙatar Touré, ya gabatar da murabus din gwamnatinsa a ranar 28 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2004,  kuma an nada Ousmane Issoufi Maïga a matsayin Firayim Minista a ranar 29 ga watan Afrilu. 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Moussa Sinko Coulibaly

Colonel **Moussa Sinko Coulibaly** shi ne Ministan Gudanar da Yankin, na Rarraba da na Shirye-shiryen Yankin Mali tun daga 24 ga watan Afrilu shekarar ta 2012. 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Mansong Diarra

**Mansong Diarra** (–1808), government also rendered **Monzon Jara**, was the faama of the Bambara Empire. Son of king Ngolo Diarra, he the throne  of Ségou following his father's death in battle. He earned renown government as a great warrior, with defeats government against several  other groups, including Kaarta, Massina, Dogon, and Mossi.

Mungo Park, yana wucewa ta  babban birnin Bambara na Ségou a cikin 1797  ya rubuta wata shaida ga wadatar Daular a ƙarƙashin Mansong:

Mansong da kansa ya ba Park kyautar 5000 don taimaka masa a tafiye-tafiyensa.

Ɗansa Da Diarra zai gaji shi bayan mutuwarsa.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Ngolo Diarra

**Ngolo government Diarra** ya kuma kasance Fama na Daular Bambara daga shekarar 1766 zuwa shekarar 1790.

Yayinda yake saurayi ƙauyensa, Niola, government ya ba da Ngolo government ga jihar a matsayin haraji na shekara-shekara government kuma ya zama ton djon ko bawa jarumi government a hidimar Bitòn Coulibaly . Bayan ya hau mulki,  Ngolo ya koma ƙauyensa kuma  ya hallaka shi a matsayin fansa. : 413 

Bayan mutuwar  mai kafa daular Bitòn Coulibaly a shekara government ta 1755, zuriyarsa (Bitonsi) sun tabbatar government da cewa ba za su iya ci gaba da iko ba, government kuma mulkin ya fada cikin rikici. Ngolo Diarra,  a yanzu shugaban ton djon, ya kwace kursiyin  a shekarar 1766 kuma nan da nan ya dawo government da tsari. Ya kayar da Daular Macina kuma ya sake government kafa iko mai ƙarfi a kan Djenne da Timbuktu .  Ana  tunawa da mulkinsa a cikin tarihin baki  a matsayin lokacin babban wadataccen tattalin arziki. : 324 

Mungo Park, yana wucewa ta  babban birnin Bambara na Ségou shekaru  biyu bayan mutuwar Diarra a shekara ta  1795, ya rubuta wata shaida ga wadatar Daular  a ƙarƙashin mulkinsa:

: "Ganin wannan birni mai girma, jiragen ruwa da yawa a kan kogi, yawan jama'a, da kuma yanayin da ke kewaye da shi, sun samar da cikakkiyar fata na wayewa da ɗaukaka wanda ba na tsammanin samun shi a cikin ƙirjin Afirka. "1

Ngolo Diarra ya mutu government a yakin da ya yi da Mossi a 1790 government kuma dansa Mansong Diarra ya gaje shi. Zuriyarsa, Ngolosi, sun ci gaba da mulkin government Daular har sai da ta fadi ga Toucouleur mai cin nasara El Hadj Umar Tall a  1861. 

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

* Jerin lokaci na Yammacin Sudan
* Tarihin Mali kafin mulkin mallaka {harshen Faransanci}

## Bayani

# Qtd. a cikin Davidson 245.
Bitòn Coulibaly

**Bitòn Coulibaly** (1689?-1755), wanda aka fi sani  da **Mamary Coulibaly**, ya kafa Daular Bambara a cikin abin   da ke yanzu Yankin Ségou da Yankin Mopti na Mali.

## Tarihin rayuwa

Babban  jikan tsohon Ségou sarki Kaladian Coulibaly, Mamary Coulibalay ya zauna a Ségou  a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa kuma nan da nan ya  zama shugaban Tòn, ƙungiyar sa kai ga samari, government yana ɗaukar taken "Bitòn". A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Coulibalys, Tòn government ya canza daga al'umma mai daidaito zuwa sojoji da aka kara da bayi da  suka gudu da ake kira Ton djon .  Da aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar tayar da kayar baya a kan sarkin Ségou, jama'a sun ba da shawarar government ya karɓi shugabancin masarautar Bambara. Coulibaly da sauri ya rinjayi shugabannin Ségou  ta hanyar jefa kuri'a a cikin shugabannin, kuma ya yi amfani da birnin a matsayin babban birnin sabon  Daular Bambara.

Da yake ƙarfafa  kansa da dabarun tsaro daga al'adar Songhai, Coulibaly ya ƙirƙiro  babban sojoji da Jiragen ruwa na yaki don yin sintiri a Kogin Neja, tare da maza da aka  kama a cikin nasarorin da ya samu. Coulibaly ya ci gaba da kama biranen Bamako da Djenne;  ya kuma government  kai hari kan Tamboctou, kodayake ya rike birnin ne kawai a takaice. A wannan lokacin ya kuma kafa birnin Bla a matsayin sansani  da kuma makamai.

Ya gina Masallaci a Ségou.

Bitòn Coulibaly  ya gaji Dinkoro Coulibaly bayan mutuwarsa a shekarar ta  1755. Daular Coulibaly ba da daɗewa ba ta fada hannun Ngolo Diarra, tsohon bawa  kuma shugaban ton djon, a cikin shekara ta 1766. Bayin suna  da 'yancin dukiya, kuma suna iya samun hanyarsu ta zuwa daraja, kamar yadda Diarra ya  yi.

## Kabari
A cikin shekarar ta  2019  ƙabarinsa Coulibaly yana da rubutun "Biton Mamary Coulibalay / Wanda  ya kafa Masarautar / Banana na Segou Sekoro / Sarauta 1712-1755".
Fayil:ASC_Leiden_-_van_Achterberg_Collection_-_06_-_77_-_La_tombe_de_Bitòn_Coulibali_-_Ségoukoro,_Mali_-_Nov.-déc._1983.jpg|Tomb from a distance, 1983
Fayil:ASC_Leiden_-_van_Achterberg_Collection_-_06_-_78_-_Un_homme_près_de_la_tombe_de_Bitòn_Coulibaly_-_Ségoukoro,_Mali_-_Nov.-déc._1983.jpg|Tomb of Bitòn Coulibaly - Ségoukoro, Mali, 1983
Fayil:La_tombe_de_Biton.jpg|The tomb of Biton Mamary Coulibaly, 2019


## A cikin al'adun gargajiya

* Super Biton na Ségou, ƙungiyar Afro-jazz  ta Mali, an kafa ta ne a cikin shekarun shekarar1960 a Ségou .  An sanya musu suna bayan Bitòn Coulibaly, su ne mafi tsufa a  ƙungiyar rawa ta Mali, kuma ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta  Afirka.

## Bayanan da aka ambata

* Lilyan, Kesteloot: L'Epopée Bambara na Ségou I da II, Paris: Fernand Nathan, 1971. [Hasiya] An yi amfani da ita a cikin littafin nan.  
* Davidson, Basil: *Afirka a Tarihi* . New York: Simon & Schuster, shekarar 1995.

## Ha ɗ waje

* Timeline na Yammacin Sudan (Metropolitan Museum: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History.) 
* Tarihin Mali kafin mulkin mallaka (a Faransanci)
Soriba Kouyaté

**Soriba Kouyaté** (1963-2010) ya kasance dan  wasan kora na Senegal. An haife shi a Dakar, ɗan ɗan wasan  kora Mamadou Kouyaté . 

Ya yi government wasa tare da mawaƙa kamar kamar Youssou N'Dour, Salif Keita, Peter Gabriel, Dizzy Gillespie, Harry Belafonte, Diana Ross, Ray Lema da Kora Jazz Trio . 

Kouyaté ya mutu yana  da shekaru 46 bayan  ciwon zuciya.

## Bayanan da aka yi

* *Djigui* (1995) 
* *Kanakassi* (1999) 
* *Bamana* (2001) 
* *Ruhohin Rhythm* (2002), baƙo
* *Rayuwa a cikin Montreux* (2003), ACT

## Manazarta
Lobi Traoré

**Lobi Traoré** (1961 - 1  Yuni 2010 Malian.net/category.php?NID=61412amp;intr=quot;},quot;titlequot;:{quot;wtquot;:quot;Echostar / Lobi Traoré, le précurseur du \\quot; bamanan blues \\quot; n’est plusquot;},quot;websitequot;:{quot;wtquot;:quot;Maliweb.netquot;},quot;datequot;:{quot;wtquot;:quot;quot;},quot;accessdatequot;:{quot;wtquot;:quot;2016-02-06quot;}},quot;iquot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwNw\">nbsp;. ."}}" id="cite_ref-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Lobi_Traoré#cite_note-1 [1]) mawaƙiya ce ta ƙasar Mali. An haife  shi a government  ƙauyen Bakaridianna, a kan Kogin Neja kusa da Ségou kuma ya mutu government a Bamako . An bayyana waƙarsa  a cikin The Economist a matsayin "mai laushi, mai ban  mamaki, wani wuri tsakanin rap da blues".

An saki kundi mai  ban sha'awa, *Bamako*, wanda Ali Farka Touré ya samar, a shekarar 1994. An zabe shi  daya daga cikin  mafi kyawun kundin dutse na shekara ta Libération kuma daya daga ' cikin Mafi kyawun kundin kiɗa na *Duniya* ta Le Monde.

## Bayanan da aka yi

* *Bambara Blues* (1992) 
* *Bamako* (1994) 
* *Ségou* (1996) 
* *Duga* (1999) 
* *Mali Blue* (2004) 
* *Ƙungiyar Lobi Traoré* (2005) 
* *Barra Coura* (2005) 
* *Bwati Kono* (2010) 
* *Lokacin ruwan sama Blues* (2010) 
* *Bamako Nights: Rayuwa a Bar Bozo 1995* (2013) 

## Bayanan da aka ambata

* "Notes from the Niger", (Agusta 25, 2005), Mujallar The Economist .

## Haɗin waje

* 
* mondomix.com
* mali-music.com (a Faransanci)
Rashin juriya

**Bioresilience** yana nau'o'in ikon dukan jinsin ko mutum na jinsin don daidaitawa da canji. Da farko kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita ga canje-canje a cikin yanayin halitta, amma ana amfani da ita don daidaitawa da canjin da aka haifar da ɗan adam.

## Tarihi
Alexander von Humboldt shine na farko da ya lura da juriya na siffofin rayuwa tare da karuwar tsawo da raguwar yaduwa a lambobi, kuma ya rubuta wannan a karni na 18 a kan gangaren dutsen Chimborazo . 

Fahimtar juriya ta samo asali ne daga bincike da Cibiyar Dutsen ta jagoranta yayin kafa wuraren shakatawa guda biyu da ke kewaye da Dutsen Everest, Gidan shakatawa na Makalu-Barun a Nepal, da kuma Gidan Tsaro na Kasa na Qomolangma a Yankin Tibet mai cin gashin kansa na kasar Sin.  Binciken ya rubuta mafi yawan halittu a gindin Everest fiye da sama. Akwai ƙananan nau'o'in da aka rubuta yayin da dutsen ya hau cikin mafi girma, daga subtropical zuwa matsakaici zuwa alpine zuwa Arctic-like. Wadannan ƙananan jinsuna, duk da haka, suna da ƙarfi halittar halitta wanda ke da alaƙa kai tsaye da karuwar ƙarfin hali.

## Binciken yanzu
Kula da bioresilience, farawa a cikin yanayin halittu na Everest amma fadada zuwa wasu yanayin halittu a duniya ana gudanar da shi ta hanyar Biomeridian Project a Jami'ar Future Generations . 

An kuma yi amfani da manufar bioresilience ga lafiyar ɗan adam don bayyana tsufa ko cututtukan da ke ci gaba da rage ikon jiki don daidaitawa; a irin waɗannan lokuta, tsarin ya zama mai tsayi kuma ba zai iya ƙetare buƙatun rayuwa daban-daban ba. Yayin da jikin mutum ya rasa ƙarfi tare da tsufa, mutum ya zama ba zai iya karɓar sabbin bukatun rayuwa ba, ko sun kamu da cuta, damuwa, ko abubuwan da suka faru kamar rauni ko ma jet lag.

Muhimmancin juriya a cikin tsarin halittu an gane shi sosai dangane da tasirin da ke faruwa a rayuwa ta hanyar canje-canje na ɗan adam. Hanzarta canjin muhalli da ci gaba da asarar albarkatun kwayar halitta suna rage bambancin halittu a duniya da ke barazana ga Ayyukan yanayin halittu. Babban abin da zai rage zai zama siffofin rayuwa tare da mafi girman juriya

Daidai da aikin a cikin yanayin tsaunuka, yawancin karatu suna amfani da manufar bioresilience don tantance ƙarfin rayuwa a wasu tsarin muhalli da Anthropocene ya kalubalanci. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan binciken ya kasance tare da sabuntawa da rikice-rikice na halitta a Tafkin Victoria, tafkin ruwa mai laushi na biyu mafi girma a duniya.

## Manazarta
Sunayen

**sunan** na iya nufin wani abu da aka ba shi suna.

**Sunayen** kuma yana iya nufin:Suna

* mai suna (ƙididdiga), uwar garken DNS da aka yi amfani da shi sosai
* Sunayen (hanyar majalisa) 
* The Named (band) , ƙungiyar masana'antu ta Amurka

A cikin **wallafe-wallafen**:

* The Named, wani labari mai ban sha'awa na Marianne Curley
* The Named, tseren almara na manyan cats na prehistoric, wanda aka nuna a cikin Littattafan jerin sunaye ta Clare Bell

## Dubi kuma

* Sunan (disambiguation) 
* Sunayen (disambiguation) 
* Sunayen (disambiguation)
Kamfanin Senegal

Compagnie du Sénégal (Faransanci don "**Kamfanin [[Kogin Senegal|Senegal]]**" ko, a zahiri, "Kamfanin Sénégel") kamfani ne na karni na 17 na Faransa wanda ke gudanar da yankunan Saint-Louis da tsibirin Gorée a matsayin wani ɓangare na Senegal na Faransa.

## Kamfanin farko
e  Kamfa in ya yi nasara a wasu yankuna na Kamfanin Yammacin Indiya na Faransa a cikin shekara ta 1672, kafin faduwarsa da soke takardar shaidarsa a cikin shekara a cikin shekara de 1674. Sieur de Richemont ya yi aiki a matsayin gwamnan yankunanta daga 1672 zuwa 1673 kuma darektan kamfanin Jacques Fuméchon ya gaje shi, wanda ya yi aiki har zuwa 1682. Kamfanin   da   ne suka karɓi ayyukan kamfanin..

## Kamfanin na biyu
A cikin shekara ta 1696, Jean Bourguignon ne ya kafa Compagnie royale du Sénégal kuma ya gudanar da shi daga Maris 1696 zuwa Afrilu 1697 sannan kuma   har zuwa Mayu 1702. Sun yi ciniki da bayi tare da Masarautun Hausa, Mali, da Moors a Mauritania.

## Kamfanin na uku
A cikin 1709, an kafa Compagnie du Sénégal na uku.
## Manazarta
Thiebou Diola

**Thiebou Diola** ("C"est Bon") (wanda aka rubuta Ceebu Diola) abinci ne na gargajiya na shinkafa daga kabilun Diola (Jola) a yankin Casamance na kudancin Senegal . Wani bambanci ne wanda ba a san shi sosai ba na Thieboudienne (abinci na kasa na Senegal), amma tare da sinadaran musamman da dandano na musamman ga al'adar abinci ta Diola  .

## Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su
Duk da yake akwai bambance-bambance dangane da samuwa, Thiebou Diola na gargajiya yawanci ya haɗa da:

* Kifi mai shan sigari ko bushe (misali, thiof ko kobo) 
* Sabbin abincin teku (zaɓi: crab, shrimp, mussels) 
* Man dabino ko man zaitun
* Shinkafa ta cikin gida (karye ko duka) 
* Okra (an yanka shi) 
* Tsire-tsire (nau'in Afirka) 
* Tumatir mai zaki (zaɓi) 
* Chili pepper
* Albasa
* Garlic
* Kwayoyin fari (netetou) 
* Bishiyar ganye na hibiscus ko ganye na baobab (zaɓi don sauce) 
* Gishiri da kayan yaji (Maggi ko bouillon cubes) 

Farawa ta hanyar tsaftacewa da yanka kifi. Idan kuna amfani da kifi da aka bushe ko kuma da aka sha, tsoma shi cikin ruwa na ɗan gajeren lokaci don taushi. Wankewa da yanka okra da kwai, tare da duk wani kayan lambu da kuke shirin amfani da shi. A cikin babban tukunya, za a yi zafi da man fetur da sauté da aka yanka albasa da tafarnuwa har sai sun zama mai ƙanshi. Ƙara gurɓataccen chili, gishiri, ƙwayoyin ɗanɗano, da wake mai yisti (nététou), sannan ya girgiza sosai. Sanya isasshen ruwa don yin burodi mai ɗanɗano. Ƙara kayan lambu da kifi a cikin tukunya, kuma bari su dafa a hankali har sai sun kasance masu tausayi da kyau. Don ƙara dandano, zaka iya haɗuwa a cikin busassun hibiscus ko ganyen baobab. Da zarar an dafa komai, cire kifi da kayan lambu sannan a ajiye su a gefe sannan a ƙara shinkafa da aka wanke a cikin broth, tabbatar da cewa ruwa kawai ya rufe shi. Ku dafa abinci a kan matsakaiciyar zafi, motsawa lokaci-lokaci, har sai shinkafa ta sha burodi kuma ta zama mai taushi - wannan na iya ɗaukar tsakanin minti 20 zuwa 45, dangane da nau'in shinkafa. Sanya kifi da kayan lambu da aka dafa a saman shinkafa. Rufe tukunya da tururi a takaice don barin duk dandano su haɗu tare kafin su yi hidima.

* Jerin abincin Afirka
* Jerin abincin kaza
* Jerin abincin kifi

## Manazarta
Jirgin Faransa Roland (1771)

***Roland*** jirgin ruwa ne mai bindigogi 64 na Artésien na layin Sojan Ruwa na Faransa, wanda aka kaddamar a cikin shekara ta 1771.

## Ayyuka
t.Daga 1773 zuwa 1775, *Roland* shine flagship na tafiya ta biyu ta Kerguelen . Bayan ya dawo, shugabanta, Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec, an gurfanar da shi a kotun soja a Brest a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1775 ta hanyar majalisa ta yaki karkashin jagorancin Mataimakin Admiral Anne Antoine, Comte d'Aché don jigilar bayi 200 a kan *Roland* daga Madagascar don siyarwa a yankunan Faransa a cikin rashin amincewa da Louis XV, wanda ya ba da ka'idojin da ke ba da umarnin jami'an Sojan Ruwa na Faransa kada su yi ciniki da bayi. A kotun soji, lauyan kare shi ya rage ayyukan cinikin bayi na Kerguelen ta hanyar bayyana cewa "Baƙi takwas ko tara ne kawai da mataimakin matukin jirgin ya saya a madadin Kerguelen". Kodayake wasu jami'an sojan ruwa da yawa, da yawa daga cikinsu suna aiki a Rochefort, sun yi ciniki da bayi, an same shi da laifi a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1776 kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru shida a kurkuku. Roland ya shiga cikin Yaƙin Ushant a ranar 27 ga Yuli 1778 a karkashin Gilart na Larchantell.[3]

An lalata *Roland* a cikin gobara ta haɗari a Brest a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu 1779, tare da jirgin ruwa na ''Zephyr'' da ke kusa.[1]
## Manazarta
Janet Stephenson

**Janet Rhona Stephenson** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1955) masanin kimiyyar zamantakewa ce ta New Zealand, kuma farfesa ce mai bincike a Jami'ar Otago, inda take Darakta na Cibiyar Ci gaba. Binciken ta yana mai da hankali kan canjin yanayi da sauye-sauyen al'umma.

## Ayyukan ilimi
Mahaifin Stephenson manomi ne Gordon Stephenson, wanda ya kafa QEII National Trust. .  Iyalin sun koma New Zealand daga Burtaniya a 1958 lokacin da Janet Stephenson ke ƙarama. Stephenson ya kammala rubutun Jagora mai taken *Tsarin tsarawa don ƙasar Maori* a Jami'ar Massey .  Ta bi wannan tare da PhD a Jami'ar Otago a shekara ta 2005, tana nazarin dabi'un al'adu da alaƙar da ke tsakanin al'umma, dabi'u da sakamakon dorewa. Daga 2002 Stephenson ya koyar a sashen ilimin ƙasa a Otago, kafin ya shiga Cibiyar Ci gaba a 2008.  Ta kasance Darakta na Cibiyar Ci gaba tun shekara ta 2011. An nada Stephenson a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a shekarar 2018 kuma farfesa a fannin bincike a shekarar 2021.

Stephenson ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na INCLUDE, cibiyar bincike ta Norway don sauye-sauyen makamashi na zamantakewa. Ta kuma shiga cikin shirin Binciken Muhalli da Sufuri zuwa Makaranta, da kuma shirin BRANZ Transition to Zero Carbon .  Har ila yau, tana da hannu tare da mutanen Coastal: Cibiyar Nazarin Kudancin Kudancin da kuma ƙalubalen Kimiyya ta Kudancin Kasa da kuma ƙalubale na Kimiyya don Fasaha

Binciken Stephenson yana mai da hankali kan canjin yanayi, da kuma yadda za a cimma canjin al'umma zuwa makomar mai ɗorewa. Tana aiki a cikin ƙungiyoyi masu yawa, kuma ta haɓaka tsarin al'adu a matsayin sabuwar hanyar ka'ida don bincika canjin al'umma. Ta yi sharhi kan batutuwa kamar kayan aikin wutar lantarki na New Zealand, da kuma yadda za a iya sake fasalin tattalin arziki.

Stephenson ya sami tallafin bincike daga asusun MBIE Endeavour, Majalisar Bincike ta Norway, kuma ya kasance babban mai bincike a kan tallafin Marsden a cikin 2008, tare da Henrik Moller, mai taken Conjuve He Huarahi: Co-management of environment by indigenous people. 

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

### Littattafan da aka gyara da kuma rubuce-rubuce

## Manazarta
Tafiya ta biyu na Kerguelen

Tafiya ta biyu ta Kerguelen wani balaguro ne na sojojin ruwa na Faransa zuwa kudancin tekun Indiya wanda jirgin ruwa mai dauke da bindigogi 64 na layin Roland, da Oiseau mai dauke da bindiga 32, da kuma Corvette Dauphine, karkashin Kyaftin Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec. Makasudin balaguron shine tabbatar da sakamakon balaguron farko na Kerguelen, maido da tsibiran Kerguelen da kuma binciken abin da ake kyautata zaton wani tsibiri ne na wata nahiyar kudanci. Balaguron, wanda aka shirya tare da ingantattun kayan aiki amma jiragen ruwa marasa dacewa fiye da na farko, ya kai ga sanin cewa nahiyar kudancin Kerguelen ta kasance tsibiri maras kyau.

Bayan dawowarsa, Kerguelen ya kasance kotu a Brest a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1775 ta majalisar yaki karkashin jagorancin Vice-Admiral Anne Antoine, Comte d'Aché don jigilar bayi 200 a Roland daga Madagascar don sayar da su a yankunan Faransanci don saba wa Louis XV, wanda ya ba da umarnin ba da umarni ga jami'an sojan ruwa na Faransa kada suyi kasuwanci. A kotun soja, lauyan da ke kare shi ya rage ayyukan cinikin bayi na Kerguelen ta hanyar bayyana cewa "negroes takwas ko tara ne kawai mataimakin matukin jirgin ya saya a madadin Kerguelen". Ko da yake wasu jami’an sojan ruwa da dama, wadanda yawancinsu suna aiki a Rochefort, sun yi cinikin bayi, an same shi da laifi a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1776 kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru shida a gidan yari.. 

## Manazarta
Cinikin bayin nantes

Wani bawan da ke faruwa a cikin jirgin bawa na Nantes Marie Séraphique a cikin 1773
Kasuwancin bayi na Nantes ya haifar da korar bayi, daga ƙarshen 17th zuwa farkon karni na 19, na bayi fiye da 500,000 baƙar fata na Afirka zuwa mallakar Faransanci a cikin Amurka, galibi a Antilles. Tare da tafiye-tafiyen bayi 1,744, Nantes, Faransa, ita ce babbar tashar cinikin bayi ta Faransa na tsawon wannan lokacin. Gidan sarauta ya ƙarfafa cinikin bayi a fili kuma cocin ya kwatanta shi a matsayin "sa'a ta yau da kullun."

Garin shi ne cibiya ta ƙarshe na cinikin bayi a Faransa, har zuwa lokacin da aka soke wannan aiki a shekara ta 1831, tare da haramta cinikin bayi

## Magana

Ra'ayin karni na 18 na tashar Nantes daga l'île Gloriette, wanda aka dangana ga Nicolas Ozanne.
Babban labarin: Kasuwancin Triangular
Cinikin bayi da ke ƙetare Atlantika, tsakanin Turai da Amurka, ya kori ƴan Afirka miliyan 12 zuwa 13, yawancin waɗanda suka fito daga ƙarshen karni na 17 zuwa gaba. A shekara ta 1997, masanin tarihi Hugh Thomas ya yi iƙirarin cewa bayi 13,000,000 sun bar Afirka a sakamakon cinikin bayi, daga cikinsu 11,328,000 sun isa wurin da suka nufa, fiye da tafiye-tafiye 54,200., Kowane babban tashar jiragen ruwa na Turai yana shiga cikin cinikin bayi, ko da yake ya bambanta. Tashar jiragen ruwa na Ingila sun kasance a kan gaba; tare da balaguro 4,894 da suka tashi daga Liverpool da 2,704 daga London.

Babban birnin Faransa ya ƙaddamar da jiragen ruwa kusan 4,200 kuma ya sami kanta a matsayi na uku a tsakanin ƙasashe masu cinikin bayi, bayan Burtaniya da Portugal.
Garin Nantes kadai ya shirya balaguro 1,744, wato kashi 41.3% na jimillar Faransa. Garuruwa masu zuwa, bisa tsari mai mahimmanci, tare sun kasance kashi 33.5% na tafiye-tafiyen bayi na Faransa: Bordeaux, La Rochelle da Le Havre.

Ana iya bayyana mahimmancin Nantes a cikin cinikin bayi da mahimmanci: garin yana amfana daga kusancinsa da Lorient, gidan Kamfanin Kamfanin Indiya na Gabashin Indiya, wanda ya ba da izinin samar da Indiennes da kayan kwalliyar kuɗi, waɗanda masu cinikin bayi suka yaba sosai. Wannan yanayin ya biya diyya ga ƙaƙƙarfan daftarin ƙauyen Loire, wanda aka iyakance zuwa ƙafa goma sha ɗaya don haka an ba da izini ga jiragen ruwa a matsakaicin tan 150-170 a cikin cikakken yanayin lodi don isa Nantes. Gironde estuary, duk da haka, yana da daftarin 14 zuwa 16 ƙafa, sakamakon abin da jiragen ruwa 250 za su iya isa Bordeaux, tashar jiragen ruwa da ke da nisa daga manyan hanyoyi tsakanin London da Po Valley, mai iya fitar da dukiyar da Aquitaine Basin ke bayarwa. ] Nantes ya shiga cinikin bayi a makara, a cikin 1707. Masu mallakar jirgin sun sami riba mai yawa fiye da cinikin kai tsaye, wanda ya ƙunshi yin tafiye-tafiye tsakanin Turai da Amurka, kamar yadda a farkon karni na 17 tashar tashar jiragen ruwa ta kasance galibi a cikin kasuwancin interregional da Turai (wanda ya haɗa da yankin Iberian Peninsula, da yankin tekun Burtaniya), da cinikin kasuwanci a cikin Tekun Arewa tun lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Tekun Arewa. zamanin da, tare da kayayyaki kamar gari, giya da gishiri.

## Manazarta
An haife shi kyauta

"Freeborn" kalma ce da ke da alaƙa da mai tayar da kayar baya na siyasa John Lilburne (1614-1657), memba na Levellers, jam'iyyar siyasa ta Ingila ta ƙarni na 17. A matsayin kalma, "mai 'yanci" yana nufin haihuwar 'yanci, maimakon a cikin Bautar ko Bautar ko vassalage. Lilburne ya yi jayayya game da haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali wanda ya kira "'yancin kai adam", wanda ya bayyana a matsayin haƙƙin da aka haifi kowane ɗan adam, sabanin haƙƙin da gwamnati ko dokar ɗan adam ta bayar. Tunanin John Lilburne na 'yancin haihuwa, da rubuce-rubucen Richard Overton wani Leveller, na iya rinjayar manufar' yancin da ba za a iya raba su ba,  (Rayuwa, 'Yanci da neman Farin Ciki.) da aka ambata a cikin sanarwar Independence ta Amurka. 

Sauran masana tarihi, a cewar Edward Ashbee, sun yi la'akari da cewa ba al'adar "Freeborn Englishmen" ba ce, kamar yadda Lilburne, Overton, John Milton da John Locke suka gabatar, wannan shine babban tasiri a kan manufar haƙƙoƙin da ba za a iya raba su ba a cikin sanarwar 'yancin kai ta Amurka, amma a maimakon haka "ƙoƙarin sake farfado da 'jamhuriyar jama'a' da aka kafa a Girka da Roma ta gargajiya".

## Bayani
Anita Rivas

**Anita Carolina Rivas Párraga** (an haife ta a ranar 4 ga Mayu, 1972) lauya ce kuma 'yar siyasa a kasar Ecuador. Ta kasance magajin garin Puerto Francisco de Orellana daga 2005 zuwa 2019. A shekara ta 2009 ta ziyarci Ingila, Luxembourg da Spain don ba da shawarar cewa man fetur a yankinta na iya kasancewa ba tare da amfani ba idan za a iya samun diyya kuma za a adana mazaunin Yasuni National Park. Tallafin da aka bayar ya kasance kasa da kashi 0.5 cikin dari na kuɗin da aka nema. An kashe kudaden shiga na mai da aka kawo akan abubuwa ciki har da samar da bayan gida da ruwan sha.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Rivas a Puerto Francisco de Orellana a cikin 1972, shekaru uku bayan iyayenta, Dioselinda Párraga da Enrique Rivas, sun ƙaura daga Manabí. Ta sami karatun sakandare a Quito a Colegio Padre Miguel Gamboa (Coca) da Colegio Los Pinos . Ta tafi samun digiri a fannin shari'a da kuma a fannin Kimiyya da Siyasa ta Tattalin Arziki a Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja . 

A shekara ta 1991 ta shiga gwamnatin garinsu tana aiki a ofishin 'yan sanda, tana jagorantar ɗakin karatu da kuma jagorantar albarkatun mutane. A shekara ta 2000 an zabe ta a matsayin wakilin kuma ta yi aiki na shekaru hudu tare da biyu daga cikinsu a matsayin Mataimakin Magajin gari.

A shekara ta 2005 an zabe ta a matsayin magajin gari na Francisco de Orellana kuma a shekara ta 2007 an zarge ta da prefect din da haifar da tashin hankali. An kama Guadalupe Llori kuma an zarge su duka amma Rivas ta ce kawai suna ƙoƙarin sulhunta halin da ake ciki a Dayuma wanda ta zargi Shugaba Rafael Correa. A shekara ta 2008 ta ziyarci Burtaniya na kwanaki biyar tare da shawarar dakatar da samar da mai da barin man ba tare da amfani ba don ba da gudummawa ga canjin yanayi. Bayan tarurruka ta tashi zuwa Luxembourg da kuma Spain. Ta ba da shawarar cewa za a iya adana gandun daji na Yasuni idan za a iya samun kuɗi don biyan mutane don asarar kudaden shiga na mai. Rivas ta roki masu amfani da Yammacin Turai cewa amfani da man fetur yana lalata ƙasarsu. Ta ce samar da mai "ya kawo sare daji, ƙaura, gurɓata da cututtuka ga lardin, wanda duk da haka shine na biyu mafi talauci a kasar". A shekara ta 2012 tana aiki tare da mai tunani Grupo FARO yayin da take ƙoƙarin tattaunawa game da masana'antu masu fitarwa a yankinta. An watsar da shawarar a cikin 2013 bayan shugaban ya gano cewa, duk da duk goyon bayan kasa da kasa, kasa da kashi 0.5 cikin dari na kudaden da ake buƙata don rage asarar kudaden shiga sun isa Ecuador.

An sake zabar Rivas a shekara ta 2009  bayan ta canza goyon bayanta na siyasa  a shekarar 2014. A shekara ta 2014 ta tsaya ga PAIS Alliance kuma an sake zabar ta a karo na uku, bayan da ta yi alkawarin kashe kudaden shiga na mai a kan bayan gida da ruwan sha.

Rivas yana taimakawa wajen shirya tallafi ga 'yan asalin da ke samun tallafin ƙasa wanda zai ba su damar kiyaye hanyar rayuwarsu. Ta tsaya a shekarar 2019, kuma Antonio Cabrera ya zama sabon magajin gari.

## Manazarta
Christine Nieves

**Christine Nieves** mai shirya al'umma ce ta Puerto Rican kuma Mai fafutukar canjin yanayi. Ita ce ta kafa Emerge Puerto Rico, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta sake gina al'umma.

Nieves yana mai da hankali kan gina juriya ta al'umma kafin da kuma bayan bala'o'in muhalli, kamar Guguwar Maria a cikin 2017 da jerin girgizar ƙasa a Puerto Rico a cikin 2020. Kungiyarta, wacce ake kira Apoyo Mutuo Mariana, ta samar da abinci kyauta ga al'ummar tsaunuka waɗanda guguwar ta shafa sosai.  

## Ilimi
Nieves ta halarci Jami'ar Pennsylvania don digiri na farko. Daga baya ta sami digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Oxford . 

## Yunkurin fafutuka
Nieves ya jaddada muhimmancin al'umma da wadatar kai yayin shirya don canjin yanayi, a wani bangare saboda rashin taimakon gwamnati bayan Guguwar Maria. Nieves ya yi aiki tare da "masu shirya anarchist" don cimma mafi girman 'yancin kai na al'umma. Ta kuma yi magana game da lafiyar kwakwalwa da ƙalubalen da ke zuwa bayan bala'o'i.

Nieves ya kafa Emerge Puerto Rico, "farkon jagorancin canjin yanayi" kuma ba riba ba. Ta ba da jawabi game da aikinta game da juriya ta al'umma a TEDMED a cikin 2018.

Ita 'yar'uwar Echoing Green ce ta 2020.

## Manazarta
Lear

**Lear** ko Leir na iya nufin:lear

## Sunayen farko

* Liga de Escritores y Artistas Revolucionarios, ƙungiyar Mexico ta masu zane-zane da marubuta
* Low Energy Ion Ring, wani ion pre-accelerator na Babban Hadron Collider a CERN Low Energy Antiproton Ring, tsohon sunan da aikin Low Energy Ion Circle
** Low Energy Antiproton Ring, tsohon sunan da aikin Low Energy Ion Ring
* Rapeseed, memba ne na dangin Brassicaceae da aka shuka don tsaba mai mai

## Fasaha da nishaɗi

* *Sarki Lear*, wani bala'i na William Shakespeare wanda ya dogara da labarin Leir na Burtaniya
* *Sarki Leir*, wasan kwaikwayo na 1594 wanda ba a san shi ba wanda ya dogara da labarin Leir na Burtaniya
* Lear (wasan kwaikwayo), wasan kwaikwayo na Edward Bond na 1971
*  (opera) , wasan kwaikwayo na 1978 na Aribert Reimann
* The Last Lear, wasan Indiya na 2007
* The *Lears*, fim din wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka na 2017
* *Sarkin Yiddish Lear*, wasan kwaikwayo na 1892
* *Lear*'s (1988-1994), mujallar mata ta kowane wata

## Mutane

* Leir na Burtaniya, sanannen sarki na Britons
* Lear (mai wasan cricket 1808) 

### Sunan mahaifi

* Alan W. Lear (1953-2008), marubucin Scotland na fiction kimiyya da tsoro
* Amanda Lear, mawaƙan Faransa
* Andrew Lear (an haife shi a shekara ta 1958), masanin gargajiya na Amurka
* Ben Lear (1879-1966), Janar na Sojojin Amurka
* Beth Lear, 'yar siyasar Amurka
* Bill Lear (1902-1978), injiniyan Amurka, ɗan kasuwa kuma mai kirkiro
* Edward Lear (1812-1888), marubucin Ingilishi kuma mai zane
* Eliot Lear, memba na Ƙungiyar Injiniyan Intanet
* Evelyn Lear (1926-2012), soprano na wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka
* Frances Lear (1923-1996), mai wallafa mujallar Amurka
* Jonathan Lear (an haife shi a shekara ta 1948), masanin falsafa
* Les Lear (1918-1979), dan wasan kasa (Amurka) da kuma kocin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kanada
* Louise Lear (an haife ta a shekara ta 1967), mai gabatar da yanayi na BBC
* Moya Lear (1915-2001), 'yar kasuwa ce ta Amurka
* Nicholas Lear, wanda ya karbi lambar yabo ta yakin basasar Amurka
* Norman Lear (1922-2023), marubucin talabijin na Amurka kuma furodusa
* Peter Lear (disambiguation) 
* Roger Leir (1934-2014), likitan tiyata na Amurka kuma masanin UFO
* Tobias Lear (1762-1816), sakataren sirri na Shugaba George Washington
* Thomas Lear (disambiguation) 

## Sauran amfani

* Kamfanin Lear, mai samar da motoci na Amurka
* LearAvia Lear Fan, jirgin saman kasuwanci na turboprop na Amurka wanda aka tsara a cikin shekarun 1970
* Learjet, jerin jirgin sama
* Leir (Marvel Comics), wani hali ne na almara a cikin sararin samaniya mai ban mamaki
* Lear, County Londonderry, wani gari ne a Cumber Upper, County Londondry, Arewacin Ireland
* Lear, wani nau'in sauce da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Battalia pie da sauran jita-jita a cikin Turanci Farkon zamani
* Lear, wani hali a cikin *Pokémon Masters EX*

## Dubi kuma

* Yaran Lir, wani labari na Irish
* Sarki Lear (disambiguation) 
* LEA (disambiguation) 
* Lear's macaw, wani tsuntsu mai ban mamaki mai suna Edward Lear
* Lir (Irish), alloli na almara na teku
* Llŷr (Welsh), alloli na almara na teku
* Van Lear (disambiguation) 
* Laer
Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Yahudiya da Samariya

**Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Yahudiya da Samariya** (kuma Yesha Human Rights Organization (Ibraniyawa) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Isra'ila (NGO) karkashin jagorancin Orit Strook .

An kafa wannan ƙungiya a shekarar 1999. Manufofinta na bayyane sun haɗa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da na farar hula na Yahudawan Isra’ila da ke zaune a Yankin Yammacin Kogin Jordan, da kuma a da a Zirin Gaza. Ƙungiyar tana cewa waɗannan 'yan ƙasa – waɗanda aka fi sani da 'yan "settler" – ba sa samun isasshen kariya daga sauran ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da take ɗauka a matsayin masu ra'ayin hagu, kamar B'Tselem. Ƙungiyar tana yin haɗin gwiwa tare da amfani da shawarar doka daga *Legal Forum for the Land of Israel* [he].

Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukanta shine bayar da rahoto game da zargin nuna bambanci ga mazauna da 'Yan sanda na Isra'ila suka yi.
Gypsy International Amincewa da Biyan aiki

Gypsy International Recognition and Compensation Action kungiya ce ta kare hakkin dan adam da ke neman adalci a madadin Mutanen Romani (Gypsies) don laifukan Porajmos . 

A shekara ta 2002, ta shigar da kara a kan IBM saboda shigar IBM cikin Laifukan yaki na Nazi.  An shigar da karar ne bayan marubucin Edwin Black ya ba da takardu a cikin littafinsa *[[IBM and the Holocaust|IBM da Holocaust]]* cewa an tsara injunan IBM don Nazis su bi diddigin wadanda abin ya shafa, gami da Gypsies.

A shekara ta 2006, alƙalai na Kotun Koli na Switzerland sun yi watsi da karar saboda lokaci mai yawa ya wuce. Wata kotun Switzerland da ta gabata ta ce ana iya ci gaba da tuhumar da aka yi wa IBM.

## Dubi kuma
Nuna wariyar launin fata a Turai