Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam a Poland

An lissafta **haƙƙin ɗan adam a Poland** a babi na biyu na Kundin Tsarin Mulkinta, wanda aka amince da shi a cikin shekara ta 1997. Poland wata ƙungiya ce ga yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da yawa da suka dace da haƙƙin ɗan adam, gami da Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin ɗan adam, Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin ɗan Adam ta Duniya, Yarjejeniyar Helsinki, Yarjejeniyar Duniya kan Haƙƙin Bil Adama da Siyasa, Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa akan Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. Hakkoki da Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin Yara .

Ba a koyaushe ana kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam a Poland a aikace. Daga shekara ta 1959 zuwa shekara ta 2019, Kotun Turai ta Turai ta yanke hukuncin cewa Poland ta keta haƙƙin ɗan adam a shari’o’i 989.  A cikin 2021, ILGA-Turai ta zaɓi Poland mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin Tarayyar Turai don kare haƙƙin LGBT a shekara ta biyu a jere.

## Haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin dokar Poland

### Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Poland
Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Poland ya ƙayyade yancin ɗan adam da ɗan ƙasa iri-iri.   Babi na biyu na Kundin Tsarin Mulki mai taken "'Yanci, 'Yanci da Wajibi na Mutane da Jama'a" ya ƙunshi labarai da yawa da ke ba da labari game da 'yancin ɗan adam a Poland. Daga cikin 'yancin da tsarin mulki ya ba su akwai:

Mataki na 14 - 'Yancin 'yan jarida da sauran hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa.

Mataki na ashirin da daya - Kare mallaka da hakkin magaji.

Mataki na ashirin da biyar - Daidaita haƙƙin majami'u da ƙungiyoyin addini.

# Kariyar doka ta 'yancin ɗan adam.
# Ghayanci da hakkokin wasu.

Mataki na 32

# Daidaito a gaban dokar kowa da kowa da yancin samun daidaito tsakanin hukumomin gwamnati.
# Babu wariya a cikin harkokin siyasa, zamantakewa ko tattalin arziki saboda kowane dalili.

Mataki na 33 - Daidaita haƙƙin 'yan ƙasar Poland a cikin iyali, siyasa, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.

## Tarihi
Ana iya samun abubuwan abin da ake kira yanzu haƙƙin ɗan adam a farkon lokacin ƙasar Poland. Dokar Kalisz, Babban Yarjejeniya ta Yancin Yahudanci (wanda aka fitar a cikin shekara ta 1264) ya gabatar da haƙƙi masu yawa ga tsirarun Yahudawa a Poland. Ƙungiyar Warsaw ta 1573 ta tabbatar da 'yancin addini na dukan mazauna Poland, wanda ke da matukar muhimmanci ga zaman lafiyar al'ummar Poland mai yawan kabilu na lokacin. An taru a Warsaw, duk masu daraja sun sanya hannu kan takarda wanda wakilan dukkanin manyan addinai suka yi alƙawarin goyon bayan juna da haƙuri. Shekaru takwas ko tara da suka biyo baya na wadatar abin duniya da tsaro na dangi sun shaida bayyanar "tauraron taurari masu kyalli na haziƙai."

A cikin tarihi na baya-bayan nan, haƙƙin ɗan adam ya gyaru sosai bayan faduwar gurguzu a shekara ta 1989 da kuma maye gurbin tsoffin ƙa'idoji na mulkin gurguzu mai ra'ayin gurguzu na Tarayyar Soviet da gwamnatin dimokraɗiyya ta zamani da ke tabbatar da yancin farar hula da na siyasa, wanda 'Yanci ya tabbatar. Gidan.

Poland ta amince da yarjejeniyar kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya. An haramta azabtar da mutum gaba ɗaya tun shekara ta 2010. An soke hukuncin kisa ga dukkan laifuka kamar yadda Amnesty International ta bayyana.  Poland ta zamani wata ƙasa ce da ke da babban matakin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki,  ta hanyar labarin 25 (sashe na I. Jamhuriya) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Poland wanda ya karanta:

Labarin Mataki na 54 (sashe na II. 'Yanci, Hakkoki da Wajibi na Mutane da Jama'a) yana cewa:

## 'Yancin fadin albarkacin baki

Dokoki daban-daban sun takure 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki a kasar Poland, wadanda suka hana magana da ake ganin za ta ci mutuncin alamun kasar Poland ko shugaban ƙasa. Akwai kuma dokokin da suka hana ɓata ra'ayi na addini da abubuwan tarihi na cin mutunci .  A cikin 2019, an kama wani mai fafutukar LGBT, Elżbieta Podleśna, saboda ƙirƙira da nuna karɓawar Bakan gizo Madonna na Black Madonna na Częstochowa . 

A cikin shekara t 2017, Amnesty International ta nuna damuwa game da 'yancin yin taro a Ƙasar Poland, inda ta bayyana cewa "hukumai suna amfani da dabaru irin su sa ido, cin zarafi da kuma gurfanar da su don tarwatsa da hana zanga-zangar".  Har ila yau, ya bayyana cewa "hukumomi sukan ba da fifiko ga zanga-zangar goyon bayan gwamnati da masu kishin kasa a kan sauran nau'o'in majalisu".

## Hakkin Mata

### Tarihin Mata

Feminism a Poland ya fara ne a cikin 1800s a cikin shekarun ɓangarorin ƙasashen waje da ke nuna mummunar cin zarafi na mulki musamman daga Rashawa,  wanda ya shafi 'yancin mata kuma.  Koyaya, kafin rabuwa ta ƙarshe a cikin 1795, an ba wa mata masu biyan haraji damar shiga cikin rayuwar siyasa. Poland ta precursor na mata a karkashin Partitions, Narcyza Żmichowska wanda ya kafa wani rukuni na Suffragettes a 1842, Rasha ta daure shekaru uku.   Tun daga 1918, bayan dawowar 'yancin kai, dukan mata za su iya jefa kuri'a. Poland ita ce ƙasa ta 15 (mallaka ta 12) da ta gabatar da zaɓen mata na duniya. Duk da haka, akwai batutuwa da yawa da suka shafi mata a Poland na zamani kamar haƙƙin zubar da ciki (wanda aka yarda da shi kawai a yanayi na musamman) da " rufin gilashin ".  

### Cin zarafin mata
Rikicin cikin gida,  bisa ga rahoton 2011 ta gidan yanar gizon TheNews.pl da gidan rediyon Poland ke gudanarwa, daya cikin biyar masu amsa suna ganin matsala. Kashi 38 cikin 100 na Poles sun san aƙalla iyali ɗaya inda tashin hankali ke faruwa, kuma kashi bakwai cikin ɗari sun yi iƙirarin sanin aƙalla iyali ɗaya da aka yi lalata da su, a cewar wani bincike da cibiyar bincike ta SMG KRC ta gudanar a watan Nuwamba a madadin ma’aikatar. Manufofin Aiki da zamantakewa. Binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 27 cikin 100 na wadanda suka amsa ba sa son daukar mataki kan masu cin zarafi a fili saboda tsoron kada tashin hankalin ya koma kansu, yayin da kashi 17 cikin 100 na ganin cewa tada lamarin zai kara dagula matsalar ga wanda aka fara yi. Daya daga cikin hudu daga cikin wadanda aka yi bincike a kansu na ganin cewa babu wani wajibci ga makwabta ko wadanda suka sani da su dauki mataki idan aka kawo musu daukin tashin hankalin cikin gida, suna ganin cewa da wuya a tantance ko wane bangare ne ke da hakki.  Kashi 43 cikin 100 na wadanda aka yi bincike a kansu sun bayyana cewa shisshigi a cikin al'amuran iyali ya halatta ne kawai idan wani ya nemi taimako kuma kashi 14 cikin 100 na wasu sun ce babu wata fa'ida a bayar da rahoto kamar haka, domin babu makawa wanda aka azabtar zai janye daga matakin shari'a ba tare da la'akari da hakan ba.  Wasu kashi 13 cikin 100 sun ce irin wannan cin zarafi lamari ne na iyali. A lokaci guda, kashi 16 cikin 100 sun ce akwai yanayi da ya dace da tashin hankali a cikin gida. Kusan kashi 26 cikin 100 na 'yan sanda sun yi iƙirarin cewa an ci zarafinsu da tashin hankali. 

Fyade haramun ne kuma hukuncin daurin shekaru 12 a gidan yari (ciki har da fyaden mata). Ba a ba da rahoton cin zarafin jima'i saboda ra'ayoyin al'umma.  A cikin Janairun shekara ta 2014, an gabatar da gyara don sauƙaƙa hanya tare da mai da shi laifin aikata laifuka da gwamnati ke bi, maimakon wani zargi na sirri.  Zubar da ciki yana da matukar wahala a samu a Poland ta hanyar hukuma. 

A ranar 29 ga Oktoban shekara ta, 2020, kungiyar kare hakkin jama'a ta Amnesty International ta bukaci hukumomi a Poland da su kare masu zanga-zangar lumana da ke nuna adawa da hana zubar da ciki, daga cin zarafi da munanan hare-hare daga masu zanga-zangar. A cewar kungiyar, masu zanga-zangar sun fuskanci amfani da ƙarfi fiye da kima daga jami'an 'yan sanda, kuma an tsare su ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ba tare da samun lauyoyi ba a baya. 

## Haƙƙin LGBTQ+
Ƙasar Poland ta sanya hannu kan sanarwar haƙƙin LGBTQ+ na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, amma ba a san ƙungiyoyin jinsi ɗaya a Poland ba. Duk da haka, Poland ba ta cikin jerin ƙasashe masu ƙin luwaɗi da gwamnati ke daukar nauyinta, kuma liwadi a Poland ba a taɓa yin laifi ba a ƙarƙashin ikon Poland. An tabbatar da luwadi da madigo a cikin shekara t 1932, kuma Poland kuma ta amince da canjin jinsi kuma ba ta buƙatar haifuwa ga ƴan asalinta na transgender .  Anna Grodzka ta zama 'yar majalisa a zaɓen 'yan majalissar Poland na 2011, kuma a lokacin ita ce kawai ɗan majalisar transgender da aka sani a duniya.  

Dangane da rahoton ILGA-Turai na 2021,  kima na ƙasashen Turai 49 da ILGA-Turai ke bugawa kowace shekara, Poland ta sami matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci daga cikin ƙasashe membobin Tarayyar Turai kuma 43 a gaba ɗaya. Wannan matsayi yana amfani da ma'auni masu yawa don tantance ayyukan doka da manufofin ga mutanen LGBTI. 

A cikin Yulin shekara ta 2021, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana tuhumar Poland (tare da Hungary ) don keta haƙƙin ainihin mutanen LGBTQ.   

According to ILGA-Europe's 2021 report,

## Ƙimar ɓangare na uku
Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2010 na Ofishin Demokraɗiyya, Haƙƙin Dan Adam, da Labour na Amurka ya lura cewa “Gwamnatin Poland gaba ɗaya tana mutunta ‘yancin ɗan adam na ƴan ƙasa”; amma duk da haka ta lura da matsaloli, inda akasarin irin wadannan su ne rashin da'a na 'yan sanda, ɗaurin rai da rai da kuma dokokin da suka hana 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki (ko da yake ba a cika aiwatar da su ba), baya ga cin hanci da rashawa a cikin gwamnati da al'umma. 

Cibiyar Bincike ta Freedom House ta taɓa rarraba Poland a matsayin ƙasa mai daraja ta farko ta siyasa da yancin ɗan adam, amma ya zuwa shekara ta 2020, ƙimar Poland a cikin rahoton 'Yancin Freedom House a cikin rahoton Transit ya ragu tsawon shekaru huɗu a jere.   A cewar kididdigar zaman lafiya ta duniya, Poland ita ce kasa ta 23 mafi zaman lafiya a duniya. 

A cikin shekara ta 2020, Kwamitin Rigakafin azabtarwa ya tayar da "mummunan damuwa" game da wuce kima da 'yan sandan Poland suka yi amfani da su yayin kama su. According to the Global Peace Index, Poland is the 23rd most peaceful country in the world.

## Duba kuma

* Binciken Intanet da Sa ido a Poland
* CIA baƙar fata sites a cikin ƙasar Poland.

## Manazarta

## Ci gaba da karatu

* Agnieszka Bieńczyk-Missala, *<nowiki/>'Yancin Dan Adam a Siyasar Harkokin Wajen Poland bayan 1989*, Warszawa 2006, , https://web.archive.org/web/20080504155647/http://www.pism.pl/ksiazki_content/id/55
* James E. Will, *Ikilisiya da Jiha a cikin gwagwarmayar 'yancin ɗan adam a Poland*, Journal of Law and Religion, Vol. 2, Na 1 (1984), shafi.&nbsp;153–176 (labarin ya ƙunshi shafuka 24), JSTOR
* 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Prawa człowieka w Polsce  (Hakkokin Dan Adam a Poland) a cikin WIEM Encyklopedia . 
* Poland: Rahoton Ƙasa game da Ayyukan Haƙƙin Dan Adam a 2019, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka.
* Rahoton Amnesty International akan Poland (2007).
* Bitar Poland ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam Review 2008.
* Rahoton CPT: Poland: Ziyarci 26/11/2009 - 08/12/2009 daga Kwamitin Rigakafin azabtarwa
* Rahoton kan Poland daga Human Rights Watch