Rashin ruwa da muhalli

Rashin ruwa na Ballast ta jiragen ruwa na iya haifar da mummunar tasiri ga Yanayin ruwa. Ana fitar da ruwa da turɓaya ta jiragen ruwa a duniya a karkashin Yarjejeniyar Gudanar da Ruwa ta Ballast, tun lokacin da ta fara aiki a watan Satumbar 2017. Hakanan ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar ka'idojin ƙasa, wanda zai iya zama ya bambanta da Yarjejeniyar, kamar a Amurka.

Jiragen ruwa, manyan tankuna, da masu jigilar kaya suna amfani da ruwa mai yawa, wanda galibi ana ɗaukar shi a cikin ruwan bakin teku a yanki ɗaya bayan jiragen ruwa sun fitar da ruwa mai guba ko sauke kaya, kuma an sauke shi a tashar jiragen ruwa ta gaba, duk inda aka ɗora kaya da yawa. Rashin ruwa na Ballast yawanci yana dauke da kayan halitta iri-iri, gami da shuke-shuke, Dabbobi, ƙwayoyin cuta, da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta. Wadannan kayan galibi sun hada da wadanda ba na asali ba, damuwa, da nau'o'in halittu masu ban sha'awa waɗanda zasu iya haifar da mummunar lalacewar muhalli da tattalin arziki ga yanayin halittu na ruwa, tare da manyan batutuwan lafiyar ɗan adam ciki har da mutuwa. Kodayake irin wannan yana da lahani ga muhalli, fitar da ruwa ya bambanta da Gurɓataccen ruwa, wanda ke faruwa lokacin da gurɓatawa daga manyan injunan jirgin ya shiga cikin teku.

## Tattaunawa
Jiragen ruwa, manyan tankuna, da masu jigilar kaya suna amfani da ruwa mai yawa, wanda galibi ana ɗaukar shi a cikin ruwan bakin teku a yanki ɗaya bayan jiragen ruwa sun fitar da ruwa mai guba ko sauke kaya, kuma an sauke shi a tashar jiragen ruwa ta gaba, duk inda aka ɗora kaya da yawa. Rashin ruwa na Ballast yawanci yana dauke da kayan halitta iri-iri, gami da shuke-shuke, Dabbobi, kwayoyin cuta, da sauran microorganisms. Wadannan kayan galibi sun hada da wadanda ba na asali ba, damuwa, da nau'o'in halittu masu ban sha'awa waɗanda zasu iya haifar da mummunar lalacewar muhalli da tattalin arziki ga yanayin halittu na ruwa da kuma mutane. Ruwa na Ballast na iya ƙunshe da cututtukan cututtuka masu cutarwa waɗanda za a iya canja su zuwa nau'ikan asali. Misali, Cholera. An kuma yi imanin cewa zubar da ruwa na Ballast shine babban tushen nau'in mamayewa a cikin ruwan ruwa na Amurka, don haka yana haifar da lafiyar jama'a da haɗarin muhalli, da kuma tsadar tattalin arziki ga masana'antu kamar ruwa da kayan aikin wutar lantarki, kamun kifi na kasuwanci da nishaɗi, noma, da yawon shakatawa. Wani binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa idan ba a dauki wani mataki a kan kula da ruwa ba, mamayewar jinsuna na iya yaduwa zuwa kowane tashar jiragen ruwa a duniya ta hanyar hanyar sadarwar jigilar kayayyaki ta duniya tare da matsakaicin matsakaici biyu

A halin yanzu, binciken ya nuna cewa farashin tattalin arziki kawai daga gabatar da ƙwayoyin cuta (zebra mussels, Asian clam, da sauransu) zuwa tsarin halittu na ruwa na Amurka ya fi dala biliyan 6 a kowace shekara.

Idan akwai babban jirgin ruwa, akwai wani tasirin muhalli na ruwa mai laushi. Bayan sauke nauyin kaya mai ɗaukar kaya ba zai iya komawa zuwa wurin farawa ba, amma dole ne ya ɗora ballast don samun motar a ƙarƙashin ruwa. Nauyin ballast yana ƙara amfani da man fetur idan aka kwatanta da yanayin da ake tsammani cewa jirgin ba ya buƙatar ballast.

Binciken Majalisar Bincike ta Kasa (Amurka)  ta Yuni 2011 ya ba da shawara game da tsarin saita iyakokin ka'idoji. Binciken ya gano cewa tantance ainihin adadin kwayoyin da za a iya sa ran ƙaddamar da sabon yawan jama'a yana da rikitarwa. Ya ba da shawarar mataki na farko na kafa ma'auni don maida hankali ga kwayoyin a cikin ruwa mai laushi a ƙasa da matakan yanzu, sannan kuma amfani da samfuran don nazarin gwajin gwaji da bayanan filin don taimakawa wajen sanar da yanke shawara na gaba game da ƙa'idodin fitar da ruwa.

Don rage yaduwar nau'o'in mamayewa a cikin hanyoyin ruwa na Amurka, Hukumar Kare Muhalli da Jami'an Tsaro na Amurka suna tsara yawan rayayyun halittu da aka fitar a cikin ruwan ballast na jiragen ruwa.

## Dabbobi masu matsala
Akwai daruruwan kwayoyin da aka ɗauka a cikin ruwa wanda ke haifar da matsalolin muhalli a waje da yanayin su na halitta. Ƙungiyar Maritime ta Duniya (IMO) ta lissafa nau'ikan nau'ikan goma da ba a so kamar haka: 

* Cholera Vibrio cholerae (nau'o'i daban-daban) 
* Cutar Ruwa ta Cladoceran *Cercopagis pengoi*
* Mitten Crab *Eriocheir sinensis*
* Algae mai guba (ja / launin ruwan kasa / kore) (nau'o'i daban-daban) 
* Round Goby *Neogobius melanostomus*
* Comb na Arewacin Amurka Jelly *Mnemiopsis leidyi*
* Arewacin Pacific Seastar *Asterias amurensis*
* Zebra Mussel *Dreissena polymorpha*
* Asiya Kelp *Undaria pinnatifida*
* Kayan zuma na Turai *Carcinus maenas*

## Manazarta