Ergonomics don sarrafa kayan aiki na hannu

Fayil:Team_Lifting.jpg|Team lifting
Fayil:Team_Lifting_2.jpg|Team lifting


Ayyukan sarrafa kayan aiki (**MMH**) suna ba da gudummawa ga babban kashi na fiye da rabin miliyan na cututtukan tsoka da aka ruwaito a kowace shekara a Amurka. Cututtukan tsoka da ƙwayoyin cuta galibi suna ƙunshe da ƙuƙwalwa zuwa ƙananan baya, kafadu, da kuma gaɓoɓin sama. Suna iya haifar da ciwo mai tsawo, nakasa, magani na likita, da damuwa ta kudi ga waɗanda ke fama da su, kuma ma'aikata galibi suna biyan lissafin, ko dai kai tsaye ko ta hanyar inshorar biyan diyya na ma'aikata, a lokaci guda dole ne su jimre da asarar cikakken ikon ma'aikatan su.

Shaidar kimiyya ta nuna cewa ingantattun ayyukan ergonomic na iya rage bukatun jiki na ayyukan aiki na MMH, don haka rage abin da ya faru da tsananin raunin da za su iya haifar. Halin da suke da shi na rage farashin da ya shafi rauni kawai ya sa sa ayyukan ergonomic ya zama kayan aiki mai amfani don inganta yawan aiki na kamfani, ingancin samfurin, da kuma gasa ta kasuwanci gaba ɗaya. Amma sau da yawa yawan aiki yana samun ƙarin ƙarfi a cikin hannu lokacin da manajoji da ma'aikata suka yi la'akari da yadda za a yi amfani da makamashi, kayan aiki, da ƙoƙari don yin aikin a hanyar da ta fi dacewa, tasiri, da kuma rashin ƙoƙari. Shirye-shiryen da ke amfani da waɗannan ka'idoji na iya haifar da manyan nasarori ga duk wanda ya shafi.

## Inganta sarrafa kayan aiki a wurin aiki
A cewar Ma'aikatar Ayyuka ta Amurka, an bayyana sarrafawa kamar haka: kamawa, riƙewa, riƙe, juyawa, ko kuma yin aiki da hannu ko hannu. Fingers suna da hannu ne kawai har zuwa inda suke da tsawo na hannu, kamar su juya sauyawa ko canza motar mota.

Gudanar da kwantena na iya fallasa ma'aikata ga yanayin jiki (misali, karfi, matsayi mara kyau, da motsi mai maimaitawa) wanda zai iya haifar da rauni, ɓata kuzari, da ɓata lokaci. Don kauce wa waɗannan matsalolin, ƙungiyarku na iya amfana kai tsaye daga inganta daidaituwa tsakanin buƙatun ayyukan aiki da iyawar ma'aikatanku. Ka tuna cewa iyawar ma'aikata don yin ayyukan aiki na iya bambanta saboda bambance-bambance a cikin shekaru, yanayin jiki, ƙarfi, jinsi, tsayi, da sauran dalilai. A takaice dai, canza wurin aiki ta hanyar inganta dacewa na iya amfana da wurin aiki ta:

* Ragewa ko hana raunin
* Rage kokarin ma'aikata ta hanyar rage karfi a ɗagawa, sarrafawa, turawa, da jan kayan aiki
* Rage abubuwan haɗari ga cututtukan tsoka da ƙashi (misali, matsayi mara kyau daga isa cikin kwantena) 
* Ƙara yawan aiki, ingancin samfurin da sabis, da kuma halin ma'aikaci
* Rage farashi ta hanyar rage ko kawar da matsalolin samarwa, ƙimar kuskure ko ƙin yarda, amfani da sabis na kiwon lafiya saboda cututtukan tsoka, ikirarin biyan diyya na ma'aikata, yawan ma'aikata masu juyawa, rashin halarta, da sake horarwa

Ayyukan sarrafa kayan hannu na iya fallasa ma'aikata ga abubuwan haɗari na jiki. Idan ana yin waɗannan ayyukan akai-akai ko kuma na dogon lokaci, zasu iya haifar da gajiya da rauni. Babban abubuwan haɗari, ko yanayi, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ci gaban raunin a cikin ayyukan sarrafa kayan hannu sun haɗa da:

* Matsayi mara kyau (misali, lankwasawa, karkatarwa) 
* Sauye-sauye masu maimaitawa (misali, kaiwa akai-akai, ɗagawa, ɗaukarwa) 
* Ƙarfafawa (misali, ɗaukar ko ɗaga nauyi mai nauyi) 
* Matsayi na matsin lamba (misali, kamawa [ko tuntuɓar daga] nauyin, jingina ga ɓangarori ko farfajiyar da ke da wuya ko suna da gefuna masu kaifi) 
* Matsayi mai tsauri (misali, kiyaye matsayi mai tsauri na dogon lokaci) 

Sauye-sauye ko ci gaba da kasancewa ga ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan da farko na iya haifar da gajiya da rashin jin daɗi. Bayan lokaci, rauni a baya, kafadu, hannaye, wuyan hannu, ko wasu sassan jiki na iya faruwa. Raunin na iya haɗawa da lalacewar tsokoki, jijiyoyi, jijiyoyi da jijiyoyin jini. Raunin irin wannan an san shi da cututtukan tsoka, ko MSDs.

Bugu da kari, yanayin muhalli mara kyau, kamar matsanancin zafi, sanyi, hayaniya, da hasken wuta mara kyau, na iya kara damar ma'aikata na samar da wasu nau'ikan matsaloli.

### Nau'o'in ingantaccen ergonomic
Gabaɗaya, ci gaban ergonomic canje-canje ne da aka yi don inganta dacewa tsakanin buƙatun ayyukan aiki da iyawar ma'aikatanka. Yawancin lokaci akwai zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa don inganta wani aikin sarrafawa. Ya rage a gare ku yi zaɓin da ya dace game da wane ci gaba zai yi aiki mafi kyau ga wasu ayyuka.

* Ingantaccen aikin injiniya
* Ingantaccen gudanarwa

#### Ingantaccen aikin injiniya
Wadannan sun hada da sake tsarawa, gyare-gyare, sake tsarawa، samarwa ko maye gurbin kayan aiki, kayan aiki, wuraren aiki, marufi, sassa, matakai, samfuran, ko kayan aiki (duba "Zaɓuɓɓukan Ingantawa").

#### Ingantaccen gudanarwa
Lura yadda ma'aikata daban-daban ke yin ayyuka iri ɗaya don samun ra'ayoyi don inganta ayyukan aiki ko shirya aikin. Sa'an nan kuma la'akari da ci gaba masu zuwa:

* Sauran ayyuka masu nauyi tare da ayyuka masu sauƙi.
* Bayar da ayyuka iri-iri don kawar da ko rage maimaitawa (watau, yawan amfani da ƙungiyoyin tsoka iri ɗaya).
* Gyara jadawalin aiki, saurin aiki, ko ayyukan aiki.
* Bayar da lokacin warkewa (misali, gajeren hutu).
* Gyara ayyukan aiki don ma'aikata suyi aiki a cikin yankin ikon su (watau, sama da gwiwoyi, ƙasa da kafadu, da kusa da jiki).
* Gyara ma'aikata ta hanyar ayyukan da ke amfani da tsokoki daban-daban, sassan jiki, ko matsayi.

Ingantaccen gudanarwa, kamar sauya aikin, na iya taimakawa rage bayyanar ma'aikata ga abubuwan haɗari ta hanyar iyakance yawan lokacin da ma'aikata ke ciyarwa akan "ayyukan matsala". Koyaya, waɗannan matakan na iya fallasa ma'aikata zuwa abubuwan haɗari waɗanda zasu iya haifar da rauni. Saboda wadannan dalilai, hanya mafi inganci don kawar da "ayyukan matsala" shine canza su. Ana iya yin wannan ta hanyar sanya ingantaccen aikin injiniya da kuma canza ayyukan aiki daidai.

### Horarwa
Horarwa kadai ba ingantaccen ergonomic ba ne. Maimakon haka, ya kamata a yi amfani da shi tare da duk wani canjin wurin aiki da aka yi. Ma'aikata suna buƙatar horo da aiki tare da sabbin kayan aiki, kayan aiki, ko ayyukan aiki don tabbatar da cewa suna da ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don aiki lafiya. Horarwa ya fi tasiri lokacin da yake hulɗa kuma ya shafi ma'aikata sosai. Da ke ƙasa akwai wasu shawarwari don horo bisa ka'idodin ilmantarwa na manya:

* Bayar da aiki na hannu lokacin da aka gabatar da sabbin kayan aiki, kayan aiki, ko hanyoyin ga ma'aikata.
* Yi amfani da nau'ikan kayan taimako na gani da yawa (misali, hotuna, sigogi, bidiyo) na ainihin ayyuka a wurin aiki.
* Yi tattaunawa da ƙananan rukuni da kuma warware matsaloli.
* Ka ba ma'aikata damar yin tambayoyi.

## Zaɓuɓɓukan ingantawa

* Yi amfani da ɗaga ƙungiya a matsayin ma'auni na wucin gadi har sai an sami ingantaccen ci gaba na dindindin. Idan zai yiwu, yi ƙoƙari ka sami abokin aiki na irin wannan tsayi don taimakawa tare da ɗagawa.

Fayil:Scissors_lift.jpg|Scissors lift
Fayil:Scissor_Lift-2.jpg|Scissors lift
Fayil:Pneumatic_Lifter.jpg|Pneumatic lifter (accordion skirting)
Fayil:Lift_Stik.jpg|Lift table


* Yi amfani da ɗagawa, ɗagawa mai ɗagawa ko mai ɗagawar pneumatic don ɗagawa yo rage nauyin don ya daidaita tare da wurin aiki. Sa'an nan kuma zame nauyin maimakon ɗagawa.

Fayil:Scissors_lift.jpg|Scissors lift
Fayil:Scissor_Lift-2.jpg|Scissors lift
Fayil:Pneumatic_Lifter.jpg|Pneumatic lifter (accordion skirting)
Fayil:Lift_Stik.jpg|Lift table


* Yi amfani da mai juyawa. Juya maɓallin juyawa don kawo akwati kusa. Kullum aiki daga gefen da ya fi kusa da kaya.

Fayil:Turntable.jpg|A fixed-height turntable for pallets with short low stacks.


* Yi amfani da kayan aiki.

Fayil:Pot_Lifter.jpg|Pot lifter
Fayil:Pot_Lifter_2.jpg|Pot lifter


* Tashi ma'aikaci don a kama akwati 30""-40"" daga farfajiyar da ma'aikacin yake tsaye.

Fayil:Step_Stool.jpg|Use a step stool.
Fayil:Portable_Steps.jpg|Use portable steps.
Fayil:Platforms.jpg|Use platforms.
Fayil:Catwalks.jpg|Use catwalks.
Fayil:Portable_Work_Platform_3.jpg|Use a portable work platform and adjust it to the height of the worker.
Fayil:Portable_Work_Platform_2.jpg|Use a portable work platform and adjust it to the height of the worker.
Fayil:Portable_Work_Platform.jpg|Use a portable work platform and adjust it to the height of the worker.


* Yi aiki a cikin yankin wutar lantarki. Ɗaukaka ko saukar da wurin aiki.

Fayil:Stacked_Pallets.jpg|Stack pallets to create a higher work surface.
Fayil:Pneumatic_Lifter.jpg|Use electric or pneumatic scissors lift (accordion skirting).
Fayil:Powered_Stackers.jpg|Use powered stackers.
Fayil:Variable-height_work_surfaces.jpg|Provide variable-height work surfaces.
Fayil:Scissors_Lifts.jpg|Use mobile scissors lifts.
Fayil:Mobile_Scissors_Lifts.jpg|Use mobile scissors lifts.
Fayil:Scissors_Lift.jpg|Use stationary scissors lifts.


* Ajiye kwantena masu nauyi ko masu girma don a iya sarrafa su a cikin yankin ƙarfin ku inda kake da ƙarfi mafi girma da ta'aziyya.

Fayil:Heavy_Containers.jpg|Store within power zone
Fayil:WorkingTSCT_3B.jpg|Store within power zone


* Yi aiki a cikin yankin wutar lantarki. Tattara akwati don inganta yadda ake sarrafa kayan.
* Yi amfani da shelving na kusurwa don inganta damar shiga kwantena.
* riƙe akwati kusa da jiki yayin ɗagawa da saukarwa.
* Don sauƙin samun dama, cire ko saukar da bangarorin akwatin.
* Ƙara ƙarin hannaye don ingantaccen riƙewa da sarrafawa.
* Goyon bayan akwati a kan ko a kan wani abu mai tsayayya, rack, ko tsaya yayin zuba abubuwan da ke ciki.
* Yi amfani da farantin da za a iya cirewa ko wurin aiki don tallafawa akwati yayin zuba abubuwan da ke ciki a cikin akwati.
* Yi amfani da allo a kan buɗewa don tallafawa jakar. Sanya abubuwan da ke ciki ta hanyar allo.
* Yi amfani da wurin aiki don ku iya kusanci da akwati.

### NIOSH ma'auni na ɗagawa
Cibiyar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Kasa (NIOSH) ta ba da jagororin don kimanta ayyukan ɗagawa na hannu biyu. Ya bayyana iyakar nauyin da aka ba da shawarar (RWL) a matsayin nauyin nauyin da kusan dukkanin ma'aikata masu lafiya zasu iya ɗagawa a tsawon lokaci (misali, awanni takwas) ba tare da karuwar haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon baya ba. Matsakaicin nauyin da za a ɗaga tare da hannaye biyu, a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai kyau, shine fam 51. RWL ya dogara ne akan masu canji shida waɗanda ke rage matsakaicin nauyin da za a ɗaga zuwa ƙasa da fam 51.

### Hanyoyi masu sauki don ɗaukar kwantena da hannu

* Sake tsara akwati don haka yana da hannaye, hannaye, ko hannaye.
* Ka riƙe akwati kusa da jiki.
* Kada ka ɗauka fiye da yadda za ka iya ɗauka. Don rage nauyin nauyin nauyin, yi amfani da ƙaramin akwati.
* Sa safofin hannu masu kyau da suka dace. Gloves tare da maɓallin roba a saman na iya ƙara kwanciyar hankali a kan wurare masu santsi.
* Ƙara girman guga ko maɓallin kwalliya tare da padding ko maɓalli.
* Samun taimakon abokin aiki idan ya cancanta. Tattauna da shirinku don kada ku sami motsi na mamaki.
* Tsayar da kafada. Goyon bayan akwati a kafaɗar ɗaya kuma canza tsakanin kafadu.
* Yi amfani da kayan aiki.

### Sauran hanyoyin da za a bi da hannu na kwantena

* Maimakon ɗagawa da zuba daga drum, saka siphon ko famfo
* Ƙara girman akwati ko nauyin nauyin don ya yi yawa don ɗaukar hannu
* Yi amfani da ƙugiya don kwantena masu nauyi don rage isa
* Yi amfani da drum dolly
* Yi amfani da karusa ko motar dandamali
* Yi amfani da takalma mai ɗaukar hoto
* Yi amfani da babbar mota
* Yi amfani da conveyor, slide, ko chute
* Yi amfani da motar hannu
* Yi amfani da ɗagawa mai ɗaukar hoto ko crane
* Yi amfani da stacker
* Yi amfani da motar hannu mai amfani
* Yi amfani da teburin airball
* Yi amfani da forklift
* Yi amfani da crane
* Yi amfani da motar motsa jiki
* Yi amfani da mai ɗagawa
* Yi amfani da karusa
* Yi amfani da tilter

## Dubi kuma

* Gudanar da Tsaro da Lafiya a Aiki
* Cibiyar Kula da Tsaro da Lafiya ta Kasa
* Gudanar da kaya da hannu
* Gudanar da kayan aiki
* Kayan aiki na kayan aiki
* Kwamitin Kwalejin-Industry kan Ilimi na Kula da Kayan aiki
* Kashewa

## Tushen

* "Ka'idojin ergonomic don sarrafa kayan aiki" (PDF). Sashen Tsaro da Lafiya na Aiki, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Masana'antu ta California. 2007. [Hotuna a shafi na 10] : Mujallar da aka ambata tana buƙatar mujallar= (taimako)  .

## Manazartaa

## Ƙarin karantawa

* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] , 1985, "Materials Handling Handbook", 2nd Ed. , New York: Wiley.
* Snook, S.H., da Ciriello, V.M., 1991, "Tsarin Ayyukan Gudanar da Ayyuka: Tables na Mafi Girma da Ƙarfi. " Ergonomics 34 (9): 1197-1213.
* Mulcahy, D.E., 1999, "Materials Handling Handbook", New York: McGraw-Hill.
* 

## Haɗin waje

* Cibiyar Kula da Tsaro da Lafiya ta Kasa (NIOSH)
* NIOSH Ka'idar Ɗauki
* Tables na Snook na Psychophysical 
* Kwamitin Taimako na Ergonomic da Kayan aiki (EASE)
* Masana'antar sarrafa kayan aiki