open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Andes

**Andes**, **Andes Mountains** ko **Andean Mountains** (Spanish; Quechua) su ne mafi tsayin tsaunukan nahiyoyi a duniya, suna a wani tsauni mai ci gaba a gefen yammacin Kudancin Amurka. Adadin shine ( tsawo, ( fadi (mafi faɗi tsakanin 18°S–20°S latitude), kuma yana da matsakaicin tsayi kusan  . Andes sun kara daga arewa zuwa kudu ta kasashe bakwai na Kudancin Amurka: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, da Argentina.

Tare da tsayin su, Andes sun rabu zuwa jeri da yawa, an raba su ta tsaka-tsakin ciki. Andes wuri ne na tuddai masu tsayi da yawa-wasu daga cikinsu suna karbar manyan birane kamar Quito, Bogotá, Cali, Arequipa, Medellín, Bucaramanga, Sucre, Mérida, El Alto da La Paz. Dutsen Altiplano shi ne na biyu mafi girma a duniya bayan tudun Tibet. An rarraba waɗannan jeri zuwa manyan sassa uku dangane da yanayi: Tropical Andes, Dry Andes, da Wet Andes.

Tsaunukan Andes sune mafi tsayin tsaunuka a wajen Asiya. Dutsen mafi tsayi a wajen Asiya, Dutsen Aconcagua na Argentina, ya kai tsayin kusan (. sama da matakin teku. Kololuwar Chimborazo a cikin Andes na Ecuador ya fi kowane wuri nisa daga tsakiyar duniya fiye da kowane wuri a saman duniya, saboda kumburin equatorial da ke haifar da jujjuyawar duniya. Dutsen shiga mafi girma a duniya yana cikin Andes, ciki har da Ojos del Salado a kan iyakar Chile da Argentina, wanda ya kai .

Andes kuma wani ɓangare ne na Amurka Cordillera, jerin jerin tsaunuka (cordillera) wanda ya ƙunshi kusan ci gaba da jerin tsaunuka wanda ke samar da yammacin "kashin baya" na Arewacin Amirka, Amurka ta tsakiya, Kudancin Amirka da Antarctica.

## Etymology
An yi muhawara akan asalin kalmar *Andes*. Mafi rinjayen yarjejeniya shine cewa ya samo asali daga kalmar Quechua  'east'  kamar yadda yake a *Antisuyu* (Quechua a 'yankin gabas'),  ɗaya daga cikin yankuna huɗu na Daular Inca.

Kalmar *cordillera* ta fito ne daga kalmar Spanish *Cordel* 'igiya'  kuma ana amfani da ita azaman bayanin suna ga sassa da yawa na Andes, da kuma gaba dayan Andean, da kuma hadaddiyar sarkar tsaunuka tare da yammacin yankin Arewa. da nahiyoyin Kudancin Amurka.

## Geography

Ana iya raba Andes zuwa sassa uku:

; Kudancin Andes
: a Argentina da Chile, kudu da Llullaillaco.
; Central Andes
: a Peru da Bolivia.
; Arewacin Andes
: a Venezuela, Colombia, da Ecuador. A arewacin Andes, kewayon Saliyo Nevada de Santa Marta galibi ana ɗaukarsa azaman ɓangare na Arewacin Andes.

Tsibirin Leeward Antilles Aruba, Bonaire, da Curaçao, waɗanda ke cikin Tekun Caribbean kusa da bakin tekun Venezuela, an riga an yi tunanin suna wakiltar kololuwar da ke cikin matsananciyar gefen arewacin Andes, amma binciken  ƙasa ya nuna cewa irin wannan sauƙaƙan. baya yin adalci ga hadadden iyakar tectonic tsakanin plates na Kudancin Amurka da Caribbean.   

## Manazarta
Saminu Abdullahi

**Saminu Kwari Abdullahi** (an haife shi 3 Janairu 2001) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a kulob  Din Latvia Spartaks Jūrmala.

## Aikin kulob
Ya buga wasan sa na farko a gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Rasha don FC Veles Moscow a ranar 31 ga Yuli 2021 a wasan da FC Tom Tomsk.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* 
* Profile by Russian Football National League
Waƙar almara

**Waƙar almara** ta kasance waƙa ce mai tsawo ta ba da labari game da ayyuka na ban mamaki na mutane masu ban mamaki waɗanda, a cikin mu'amala da alloli ko wasu sojojin da suka fi ƙarfin ɗan adam, sun ba da siffar sararin samaniya ga zuriyarsu. 

## Asali
Kalmar *epic* ta Ingilishi ta fito ne daga Latin *epicus*, wanda kanta ya fito daga tsohuwar sifa ta Girka  (*epikos*), daga  (*epos*),  "kalmomi, labari, waka." 

A tsohuwar Hellenanci, 'epic' na iya nufin duk waƙar dactylic hexameter ( *epea* ), wanda ya haɗa ba kawai Homer ba har ma da waƙar hikima na Hesiod, maganganun Delphic, da kuma ayoyin tauhidi masu ban mamaki da aka danganta ga Orpheus. Al'adar baya, duk da haka, ta taƙaita kalmar 'epic' zuwa *almara na jaruntaka*, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin wannan labarin.

## Dubawa

An samo asali kafin ƙirƙirar rubuce-rubuce, firamare na farko, irin su na Homer, sun haɗa da bard waɗanda suka yi amfani da ma'auni mai mahimmanci da ma'auni wanda za su iya haddace almara kamar yadda aka karɓa a cikin al'ada kuma su kara da almara a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. Daga baya marubuta kamar Virgil, Apollonius na Rhodes, Dante, Camões, da Milton sun karɓa kuma sun daidaita salon Homer da batun batun, amma sun yi amfani da na'urorin da ke samuwa kawai ga waɗanda suka rubuta.

Mafi tsufa almara da aka gane shine *Almara na Gilgamesh* ( ), wanda aka rubuta a zamanin Sumer lokacin daular Neo-Sumerian. Waƙar ta ba da cikakken bayani game da abubuwan da Gilgamesh, sarkin Uruk ya yi. Ko da yake an san shi a matsayin ɗan tarihi, Gilgamesh, kamar yadda aka wakilta a cikin almara, babban almara ne ko tatsuniya. 

Mafi tsayin almara da aka rubuta shi ne tsohuwar Indiya *Mahabharata* (c. karni na 3 BC–karni na 3 AD),  wanda ya ƙunshi ślokas 100,000 ko sama da layin aya 200,000 (kowane shloka ma'aurata ne), da kuma dogon nassosi na rubutu, don haka. Cewa a ~ 1.8 kalmomi kusan ninki biyu na tsawon *Shahnameh*, ninki huɗu na tsawon *Ramayaṇa*, kuma kusan ninki goma na *Iliad* da *Odyssey* a hade.   

## Almara na baka
Almara na farko samfurori ne na al'ummomi masu ilimi da al'adun gargajiya na baka.An yi  baka tare da rubutattun nassosi don sadarwa da sauƙaƙe yaduwar al'adu.  A cikin wa] annan hadisai, ana isar da wakoki ga masu sauraro da kuma daga mai yin waka zuwa mai yin ta ta hanyar baka zalla. Nazari na farko na ƙarni na 20 na al'adun gargajiya na baka a cikin Balkan na Milman Parry da Albert Lord ya nuna ƙirar da aka yi amfani da ita don haɗa waɗannan waƙoƙin. Abin da suka nuna shi ne cewa al'amurra na baka sun kasance ana gina su a cikin gajere, kowane matsayi daidai, sha'awa da mahimmanci. Wannan yana sauƙaƙe haddar, yayin da mawaƙin yana tuno kowane jigo bi da bi kuma yana amfani da sassan da aka kammala don sake ƙirƙira dukkan almara yayin da yake yin ta. Parry da Ubangiji kuma sun yi iƙirarin cewa mafi kusantar tushen rubutun rubuce-rubuce na almara na Homer shine furucin daga aikin baka.

## Manazarta
Yin zane-zane

**Zane-zanen fasaha** ne kamar kiɗa, rawa, da wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda ake yi don masu sauraro.  Sun bambanta da zane-zane na gani, wanda shine amfani da fenti, zane ko kayan daban-daban don ƙirƙirar abubuwa na zahiri ko a tsaye. Zane-zanen wasan kwaikwayo sun haɗa da nau'o'in horo waɗanda ake yin su a gaban masu sauraro kai tsaye, gami da wasan kwaikwayo, kiɗa, da raye-raye.

Gidan wasan kwaikwayo, kiɗa, raye-raye, sarrafa abu, da sauran nau'ikan wasan kwaikwayo suna nan a cikin dukkan al'adun ɗan adam. Tarihin kiɗa da raye-rayen kwanan wata zuwa zamanin tarihi yayin da dabarun circus sun kasance aƙalla tsohuwar Misira. Yawancin zane-zane ana yin su da fasaha. Ana iya yin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin gine-ginen da aka gina da niyya, kamar gidajen wasan kwaikwayo da gidajen wasan opera, a kan buɗaɗɗen iska a wuraren bukukuwa, a kan matakai a cikin tantuna kamar su circus ko kan titi.

Wasan kwaikwayo kai tsaye a gaban masu sauraro nau'i ne na nishaɗi. Haɓaka rikodin sauti da bidiyo ya ba da izinin amfani da fasahar wasan kwaikwayo ta sirri. Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo galibi suna nufin bayyana motsin zuciyar mutum da yadda yake ji. 

## Masu yin wasan kwaikwayo

Mawakan da suka shiga yin zane-zane a gaban masu sauraro ana kiransu masu yin wasan kwaikwayo. Misalan waɗannan sun haɗa da ƴan wasan kwaikwayo, ƴan wasan barkwanci, masu rawa, masu sihiri, masu zane-zane, makaɗa, da mawaƙa. Hakanan ma'aikata suna tallafawa ayyukan fasaha a fannonin da suka danganci, kamar rubutun waƙa, zane-zane da wasan kwaikwayo. Masu yin wasan kwaikwayo sau da yawa suna daidaita kamannin su, kamar tare da kayayyaki da kayan shafa na mataki, hasken mataki, da sauti.

## Nau'ika (types)
Yin zane-zane na iya haɗawa da raye-raye, kiɗa, opera, wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa, sihiri, ruɗi, mime, kalmar magana, ɗan tsana, zane-zanen circus, ƙwararrun kokawa da fasahar wasan kwaikwayo.

Har ila yau, akwai wani nau'i na musamman na fasaha mai kyau, wanda masu zane-zane suke *yin* aikinsu kai tsaye ga masu sauraro. Ana kiran wannan aikin fasaha. Yawancin fasahar wasan kwaikwayo kuma sun haɗa da wani nau'i na fasaha na filastik, watakila a cikin ƙirƙirar kayan aiki. Yawancin lokaci ana kiran rawa a matsayin fasahar filastik a lokacin raye-rayen zamani. 

### Gidan wasan kwaikwayo
Gidan wasan kwaikwayo reshe ne na zane-zane da ke da alaƙa da yin labarai a gaban masu sauraro, ta yin amfani da haɗakar magana, motsi, kiɗa, rawa, sauti, da abin kallo. Duk ɗaya ko fiye na waɗannan abubuwan ana ɗaukar aikin fasaha ne. Bugu da ƙari ga daidaitaccen salon tattaunawa na ba da labari, gidan wasan kwaikwayo yana ɗaukar nau'ikan nau'ikan wasan kwaikwayo, kiɗa, wasan opera, ballet, ruɗi, mime, rawan Indiya na gargajiya, kabuki, wasan kwaikwayo na mummers, wasan kwaikwayo na haɓakawa, wasan ban dariya, pantomime, da waɗanda ba na al'ada ko na al'ada ba. nau'ikan zamani kamar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na zamani, wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, ko fasahar wasan kwaikwayo.

## Manazarta
Umar Usman Dukku

**Idris Abubakar** (13 November 1955 – 10 December 2002) shi ne dan siyasa kuma lauya daga Gombe State, Najeriya, wanda aka zabe shi a matsayin Sanata mai wakiltar mazabar **Gombe South** a Majalisar Dattawa ta Najeriya a farkon Jamhuriyar Hudu (Fourth Republic) daga shekarar 1999 har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 2002.

## Rayuwa da Ilimi
An haifi Idris Abubakar a ranar 13 November 1955 a Jihar Gombe, Najeriya. Ya yi karatun shari’a (LLB) kuma ya zama barrister (lauya), sannan ya kafa kamfanin lauyoyi mai suna *Idris Abubakar & Co da ke Bauchi da Legas, Najeriya.

## Harkokin Siyasa
Idris Abubakar ya fara amfani da ilimin sa na lauya wajen shiga harkokin siyasa. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Wakilai (House of Representatives) a lokacin Third Republic daga 1992 zuwa 1993 kafin tsarin mulki ya rushe.

A shekarar 1999, an zabe shi a matsayin Sanata mai wakiltar Gombe South a karkashin jam’iyyar All People's Party (APP) a zabukan farko na Fourth Republic.

A majalisar dattawa, an nada shi a cikin kwamitoci da dama ciki har da Rules & Procedures, Solid Minerals, Banking & Currency, Water Resources, Privatization, da kuma Local & Foreign Debts, inda ya kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Bashi na Cikin gida da Waje.

## Muhimman Ayyuka
A cikin majalisa, Idris Abubakar ya taka rawa wajen ƙoƙarin canza shugabancin majalisa ta hanyar motsa neman maye gurbin Sanata Evans Enwerem a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa a watan Nuwamba 1999. Har ila yau, ya shahara wajen gabatar da motsa neman kore Shugaban Ƙasa Olusegun Obasanjo saboda gazawar aiwatar da dokar kasafin kudi a lokacin mulkinsa.

## Rasuwa
Idris Abubakar ya rasu ne a ranar 10 December 2002 bayan fama da rashin lafiya sanadiyyar ciwon suga (diabetes) yayin da yake rike da kujerar Sanata.

## Manazarta
Umaru Shinkafi

**Umaru Shinkafi,** ( an haife shi 19 ga watan Janairu a shikara ta 1937 - 6 ga watan Yuli na shikara ta 2016) ya kasance shugaban hukumar leken asirin Najeriya, kuma kwamishinan harkokin cikin gida na tarayya. Ya kasance dan takarar shugaban kasa a jamhuriya ta uku ta Najeriya.
## Farkon aiki
Mahaifin Umaru Shinkafi Ali Bisije dan asalin Gashua ne a jihar Yobe yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance Gimbiya daga Kaura Namoda ta jihar Zamfara. An haifi Umaru Shinkafi a shekarar 1937 a Shinkafi, Jihar Zamfara.  Ya shiga aikin ƴan sandan Najeriya a shekarar 1959, bayan ya wuce kwalejin ƴan sanda da ke Kaduna. A 1973 ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Legas sannan kuma bayan shekara guda ya kammala karatunsa a Makarantar Koyan Lauya ta Najeriya,Makarantar Koyon Aikin Shari'a ta Najeriya. Ya kasance kwamishinan harkokin cikin gida na tarayya a shekarar ta 1975 sannan ya zama shugaban hukumar tsaro ta kasa a shekarar ta 1979. 

## Jamhuriya ta uku
A jamhuriya ta uku a Najeriya, Shinkafi yana ɗaya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar siyasa ta Najeriya NNC a shekarar 1989 bayan da gwamnatin Babangida ta wargaza ƙungiyoyin siyasa, daga baya NNC ta shiga babban taron jam'iyyar Republican . Tun farko Shinkafi ya fito a matsayin ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa a lokacin Babangida ya haramtawa tsofaffin ƴan siyasa, ya kirkiro kungiyar yakin neman zaɓen sa ta 92 domin neman shugabancin ƙasar wanda ya yi niyya ya samu mai zagon kasa a kowace shiyya ta tarayya. Amma bayan dakatar da tsaffin ƴan siyasa, sai da ya fuskanci gasa mai tsanani a Adamu Ciroma, wanda a baya ya goyi bayan burinsa. Sai dai kuma daga baya aka soke zaben fidda gwani, aka kuma haramtawa ‘yan siyasar shugaban kasa, wani sabon zaɓen fidda gwani da za a gudanar a karkashin sabon tsarin zaɓe na Option A4 wanda Babangida ya amince da shi. A yayin zabukan fidda gwani na gaba, Shinkafi ya goyi bayan dan takarar shugaban kasa na NRC, Bashir Tofa da dan takarar shugaban kasa, Hamed Kusamotu.

Ya mutu a Landan daga rashin lafiya da ba a bayyana ba a ranar 6 ga Yuli 2016.

## Manazarta
Abu Ali (Janar soji)

**Abu Ali** dai Birgediya Janar ne na sojan Najeriya mai ritaya, ya taba rike mukamin gwamnan jihar Bauchi ta Najeriya daga watan Agusta 1990 zuwa Yuli 1992 a lokacin mulkin soja na Manjo Janar Ibrahim Babangida kuma a yanzu shi ne Etsu na Bassa Nge a jihar Kogi, ya cika. Bassa Nge ta kabilar Kpata. Arewacin Najeriya. Mutum ne mai daraja ajin farko wanda ake girmama shi. 

A matsayinsa na gwamnan jihar Bauchi ya kaddamar da aikin samar da ruwan sha na garin Bauchi, ya kafa ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Wikki Tourists, ya hada aikin kamfanin sarrafa tumatur da kuma kammala wasu ayyukan asibitoci. 

A 1991 an yi tarzoma a Tafawa Balewa, inda Kiristoci da Musulmai suka yi sabani a wata mahauta. Rikicin ya yadu zuwa Bauchi da sauran garuruwa. Bayan ɗan jinkiri ne, Abu Ali ya sanya dokar hana fita da gari ya waye, sannan ya haramta duk wani taron jama'a, ya kuma girke ƴan sanda da sojoji a duk wuraren da ake fama da rikici domin wanzar da zaman lafiya. A cikin duka, watakila mutane 1,000 sun mutu. 

Abu Ali mutum ne na soja kasa da kasa wanda ya ba da cikakkiyar natsuwa ga aikinsa.

Ya mika wa gwamnatin dimokradiyya a watan Janairun 1992. 

Ya yi ritaya daga aikin sojan Najeriya a shekarar 1999 a matsayin Birgediya Janar.

Haka kuma shi ne mahaifin marigayi Laftanar Kanar Muhammad Abu Ali wanda sojojin Boko Haram suka kashe a Mallam Fatori da ke jihar Borno a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya.

## Nassoshi
Fim

**Fim**  wanda kuma ake kira **fim**, **hoton motsi, hoto** mai **motsi**, **hoto**, wasan kwaikwayo ko (**slang**) **flick** aikin fasaha ne na gani wanda ke kwatanta kwarewa kuma in ba haka ba yana sadarwa ra'ayoyi, labarun, tsinkaye, ji, kyau, ko yanayi ta hanyar amfani na hotuna masu motsi. Waɗannan hotuna gabaɗaya suna tare da sauti kuma, da wuya, da wasu abubuwan motsa jiki.  Kalmar "**cinema**", gajeriyar kallon fina-finai, ana yawan amfani da ita wajen yin fim da masana'antar fina-finai, da kuma  fasahar  fasaha wanda shine sakamakonta.

## Recording and transmission of film
Hotuna masu motsi na fim ana ƙirƙirar su ta hanyar ɗaukar hotuna na ainihi tare da kyamarar hoto mai motsi, ta hanyar ɗaukar hotuna ko ƙananan ƙirƙira ta amfani da fasaha na raye-raye na gargajiya, ta hanyar CGI da wasan kwaikwayo na kwamfuta, ko ta hanyar haɗuwa da wasu ko duk waɗannan fasahohin. da sauran tasirin gani.

Kafin gabatarwar samar da dijital, an yi rikodin jerin hotuna masu tsayayye akan tsiri na celluloid mai mai inganci (hanyoyin fim na hoto), yawanci a ƙimar firam 24 a sakan daya. Hotunan ana watsa su ta hanyar na'urar daukar hoto daidai da yadda aka nada su, tare da  Geneva drive da ke tabbatar da cewa kowane firam ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin gajeren lokacin hasashensa. Juyawa mai rufewa yana haifar da tazarar duhu na stroboscopic, amma mai kallo baya lura da katsewar saboda gyalewar fuska. Motsin da ke bayyana akan allon shine sakamakon gaskiyar cewa hankali na gani ba zai iya gane ainihin hotuna a cikin babban gudu ba, don haka ra'ayoyin hotunan suna haɗuwa da tazara mai duhu kuma ta haka an haɗa su tare don samar da ruɗin hoto ɗaya mai motsi. Sauraron sauti mai kamanni (nau'in hoto na kalmomin magana, kiɗa da sauran sautuna) yana gudana tare da wani yanki na fim ɗin da aka keɓe don shi kaɗai, kuma ba a tsara shi ba.

Fina-finan na yau da kullun suna da cikakken dijital ta duk tsarin samarwa, rarrabawa, da nuni.

## Etymology and alternative terms
Sunan "fim" da farko ana magana ne zuwa sirara na emulsion na photochemical  a kan tsiri na celluloid wanda ya kasance ainihin matsakaici don yin rikodi da nuna hotuna masu motsi.

Wasu sharuɗɗan da yawa sun wanzu don hoto masu motsi ɗaya, gami da "hoto", "nunin hoto", "hoton motsi", "hotunan hoto", da "flick". Kalmar da aka fi sani a Amurka ita ce "fim", yayin da a Turai an fi saninta da  "film". Kalmomin archaic sun haɗa da "hotuna masu rai" da "ɗaukar hoto".

"Flick" gabaɗaya kalma ce ta ɓatanci, wanda aka fara rubuta shi a cikin shekarar 1926. Ya samo asali ne a cikin fi'ili flicker, saboda ficewar fina-finan farko. 

Sharuɗɗan gama gari na filin gabaɗaya sun haɗa da "babban allo", "allon azurfa", "fina-finai", da "cinema"; Ana amfani da na ƙarshe daga cikin waɗannan, a matsayin jumla mai mahimmanci, a cikin matani na ilimi da maƙasudai masu mahimmanci. A cikin shekarun farko, ana amfani da kalmar “sheet” wani lokaci a maimakon “allon”.

## Manazarta
Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

Cibiyar **zane-zane** cibiyar al'adu ce mai amfani da yawa da ke North Finchley, a gundumar Barnet ta Landan. An buɗe ta a hukumance a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2004 don jin daɗin da haɓaka fasaha a Arewacin London .

## Ayyuka
Wurin ya ƙunshi manyan wuraren wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu, Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Pentland mai kujeru 395 da kuma Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Studio mai kujeru 148. Ginin kuma ya ƙunshi ɗakunan rawa da wasan kwaikwayo, wurin adana hotuna da kuma gidan shayi. Shirin wasan kwaikwayo ya kama daga wasan kwaikwayo, zuwa kiɗa kai tsaye, barkwanci, rawa, zane-zane, magana da kuma tarukan yara.

Cibiyar Studio ta Landan tana da ginin sashen zane-zane. Akwai kuma shirin koyar da darussan ilimi ga yara da manya. Shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a sun haɗa da yin aiki tare da makarantun yankin, kamfanonin fasaha, sauran wurare, da bukukuwa.

## Tarihi

An fara ƙirƙirar artsdepot a shekarar 1996 a taron Barnet na 2000, wanda ya yi magana game da sabbin ayyuka da ingantattu da mazauna yankin ke son gani a Barnet a sabuwar Millennium.  Abin da ya fito daga Barnet 2000 shine buƙatar ƙarin wuraren fasaha na ƙwararru don ƙara kayan aikin da ke Cibiyar Fasaha ta Bull da ke High Barnet, wanda a wancan lokacin ita ce kawai cibiyar fasaha ta ƙwararru, idan ƙarama ce, a cikin gundumar.

Jami'an Majalisar Barnet sun yi aiki kan yuwuwar amfani da wurin Tally Ho kuma sun haɗu da abokan hulɗa ciki har da Old Bull Arts Centre, Barnet College da Community Focus. Bayan da cinikin caca ya gaza, London Borough of Barnet ta nemi mai haɓaka kasuwanci don yin aiki tare da shi. Sun kuma yi kwangilar masu ba da shawara kan wasan kwaikwayo na ACT don tsara wuraren wasan kwaikwayo. Masu haɓaka sun yi kwangilar masu zane-zane Ruddle Wilkinson. Tsarin ya samo asali ne sakamakon aiki tare da manyan abokan hulɗa kuma hangen nesa na fasaha ya samo asali ne daga darektan Cibiyar Fasaha ta Bull, Alison Duthie. Daga nan masu haɓaka Taylor Woodrow suka ƙirƙiro tsare-tsare don sake farfaɗo da Tally Ho wanda artsdepot yake. Yawancin kuɗin ginin sun fito ne daga haɓaka kasuwanci. Wurin da aka gina artsdepot ya kasance babu kowa, banda kasuwa ta mako-mako da aka mayar da ita zuwa wurin ajiye motoci na Lodge Lane da ke kusa, tsawon sama da shekaru 20 tun lokacin da aka rufe sinimar Gaumont a 1980 (kuma daga baya aka rushe shi a 1987). 

A watan Disamba na shekarar 2001, Sakataren Harkokin Al'adu, Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai da Wasanni, Tessa Jowell, ya ƙaddamar da aikin a hukumance da sunan "artsdepot" lokacin da aka fara aikin ginin. 

An buɗe wurin ga jama'a a karon farko a ranar Asabar 23 ga Oktoba 2004, inda sama da baƙi 2,500 suka halarci bikin buɗe taron na Al'umma. An buɗe ginin a hukumance a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba 2004 ta hannun The Earl of Wessex . 

## Manazarta
Abdulfatai Buhari

**Abdulfatai Omotayo Buhari** dan siyasar Najeriya ne mai wakiltar mazabar Oyo ta Arewa. An fara zaben shi ne a zaben 2015 na yan majalisar dattawa kuma aka sake zabe shi a zaben 2019 na yan majalisar dattawa.   

Ya taɓa riƙe muƙamin kwamishinan ƙananan hukumomi da masarautu na jihar Oyo sannan kuma a matsayin shugaban kwamitin majalisar dattawa mai kula da harkokin fasahar sadarwa da fasahar Intanet. A shekarar 2003 ya taɓa zama ɗan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar mazaɓar Ogbomoso ta Arewa da Ogbomoso ta kudu da kuma Oriire.  

Shi ne shugaban kwamitin majalisar dattawa mai kula da sufurin ƙasa da ruwa a halin yanzu. 

## Manazarta
Zane-zane na gani

**Zane-zane na gani,** sune nau'ikan fasaha kamar zanen, zane, yin bugu, sassaka, yumbu, daukar hoto, bidiyo,shirya fim, ƙira, sana'a da gine-gine. Yawancin nau'o'in fasaha kamar wasan kwaikwayo, fasaha na ra'ayi, da zane-zanen yadi kuma sun haɗa da fasahohin fasahar gani da fasaha na wasu nau'ikan. Har ila yau, an haɗa su a cikin zane-zane na gani  akwai zane-zane da aka yi amfani da su  kamar ƙirar masana'antu, zane mai hoto, ƙirar salon, ƙirar ciki da kayan ado. 

Yin amfani da kalmar "zane-zane na gani" na yanzu ya haɗa da fasaha mai kyau da kuma zane-zane ko kayan ado da fasaha, amma wannan ba koyaushe haka yake ba. Kafin Ƙwararren  Ƙarni na 20, Kalmar 'Mawallafin' ta kasance a cikin wasu ƙarni sau da yawa ana iyakance ga mutumin da ke aiki a cikin zane-zane (kamar zane, sassaka, ko bugawa) kuma ba fasahar kayan ado, sana'a, ko kafofin watsa labarai na fasahar gani da ake amfani da su. Masu fasaha na Ƙungiyoyin Sana'a da Sana'a sun jaddada bambance-bambancen, waɗanda suka daraja siffofin zane-zane na harshe kamar manyan siffofi.  Makarantun zane-zane sun bambanta tsakanin fasaha mai kyau da fasaha, suna kiyaye cewa mai sana'a ba za a iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai sana'ar fasaha.

Haɓakawa na fifita salon zanen, kuma zuwa ƙaramin mataki, na fasaha ko salo fiye da wani ya kasance siffa ta masu fasaha a tsawon shekaru. A lokuta da dama ana ganin zanen ya dogara ga mafi girman tunanin mai zane, kuma mafi nisa daga aikin hannu-a zanen Sinanci salon da aka fi kima da shi shi ne na "zane-zane" a kalla a ka'idar da aka yi. by gentleman amateurs. Sarakunan Yammacin Turai na  nau'ikan sun nuna halaye iri ɗaya.

## Ilimi da horo
Horowa a fasahar gani gabaɗaya ya kasance ta hanyar bambance-bambancen tsarin koyo da tsarin bita. A Turai yunkurin Renaissance na kara martabar mai zane ya haifar da tsarin makarantar horar da masu fasaha, kuma a yau yawancin mutanen da ke neman aikin fasaha suna horar da su a makarantun fasaha a matakin manyan makarantu. Fasahar gani yanzu ta zama zaɓaɓɓen batu a yawancin tsarin ilimi.
Abubuwan Al'ajabi Bakwai na Tsohuwar Duniya

Abubuwan **Al'ajabi Bakwai na  Tsohuwar Duniya**, wanda kuma aka sani da **abubuwan al'ajabi bakwai na duniya** ko kuma kawai **abubuwan al'ajabi bakwai**, jerin abubuwa ne na fitattun sifofi bakwai da aka yi a zamanin da. Jerin abubuwan al'ajabi bakwai na farko da aka sani sun samo asali ne tun daga karni na 2-1 BC.

Yayin da shigarwar ta bambanta a cikin ƙarni, abubuwan al'ajabi bakwai na gargajiya sune Babban Pyramid na Giza, Colossus na Rhodes, Lighthouse na Alexandria, Mausoleum a Halicarnassus, Temple na Artemis, Mutum-mutumi na Zeus a Olympia, da kuma Hanging gardens na Babila. Yin amfani da ƙasashe na zamani, biyu daga cikin abubuwan al'ajabi sun kasance a Girka, biyu a Turkiyya, biyu a Masar, ɗaya kuma a Iraki. Daga cikin abubuwan al'ajabi guda bakwai, kawai Pyramid na Giza, wanda kuma shine mafi nisa daga cikin abubuwan al'ajabi, har yanzu yana nan tsaye, tare da lalata sauran shekaru aru-aru. Akwai muhawarar malamai a kan hakikanin yanayin Hanging gardens, kuma akwai shakka ko sun wanzu.

## Background
Cin nasara da Alexander the Great ya yi a yawancin yammacin duniya a karni na 4 BC ya ba wa matafiya na Helenawa damar shiga wayewar Masarawa, Farisa, da Babila.  Alamu da abubuwan al'ajabi na ƙasashe daban-daban sun burge kuma sun burge su, waɗannan matafiya suka fara jera abubuwan da suka gani don tunawa da su.  

Maimakon "al'ajabi", Helenawa na da sun yi magana game da "*theamata*" (θεάματα), wanda ke nufin "gani", a wasu kalmomi "abubuwan da za a gani" (Τὰ ἑπτὰ θεάματα τῆς οἰēκουηέέο [οἰēκουέέέο ** ). Daga baya, an yi amfani da kalmar "abin al'ajabi" ("*thaumata*" θαύματα, "al'ajabi").  Don haka, lissafin ana nufin ya zama takwaransa na littafin jagororin tafiye-tafiye. 

Magana ta farko ga jerin irin waɗannan abubuwan tarihi guda bakwai Diodorus Siculus ne ya ba da shi.   The epigrammist Antipater na Sidon,  wanda ya rayu a kusa ko kafin 100 BC,  ya ba da jerin abubuwan "al'ajabi bakwai" ciki har da shida daga cikin jerin yanzu (musanya ganuwar Babila da Hasumiyar Hasken Iskandariya): 

Wani tsohon marubuci, wanda, watakila a kwai shakka, ya bayyana kansa a matsayin Philo na Byzantium, ya rubuta ɗan gajeren labari mai suna *The Seven Sights of the World*.  Rubutun  bai cika ba, ya ɓace shafukansa na ƙarshe. Duk da haka, daga rubutun gabatarwa, zamu iya yanke cewa jerin abubuwan gani guda bakwai daidai sun dace da na Antipater (gabatarwa ya ambaci wurin Halicarnassus, amma shafukan da ke kwatanta abin mamaki na bakwai, mai yiwuwa Mausoleum, sun ɓace). 

Tun da farko kuma daga baya ya lissafa ta masanin tarihi Herodotus (  BC-  BC) da mawaƙi Callimachus na Kirene ( –240 BC), wanda aka keɓe a Gidan Tarihi na Alexandria, ya tsira ne kawai a matsayin nassoshi.

Kolossus na Rhodes shine na ƙarshe na bakwai da aka kammala bayan 280 BC kuma na farko da girgizar ƙasa ta halaka a 226/225 BC. Don haka, duk abubuwan al'ajabi bakwai sun wanzu a lokaci guda da ƙasa da shekaru 60.

## Manazarta
.amsterdam

**.amsterdam** babban yanki ne na birnin Amsterdam. ICANN taba birnin Amsterdam izinin yin aiki da yankin akan 24 Yuli, 2014.  A matsayin wani ɓangare na sabon shirin gTLD. Jama'a sun sami damar yin rajistar adiresoshin yanar gizon. Amsterdam tun Satumba 2015.  Amfani da TLD yana da iyaka sosai kuma an soki gabatarwar sa saboda rashin ingancin sa.  A cikin 2019, adadin wuraren da aka yiwa rajista a ƙarƙashin TLD ya ragu da 9.1%.  An kunna Yarjejeniyar Samun Bayanai ta Rijista don yankunan .amsterdam a cikin Yuli 2019.

## Mamazarta

## Duba kuma

* **.nl**
* **.frl**
* **.paris**
* **london**
Titin Umaru Musa Yar'Adua

**Titin Umaru Musa Yar’adua** wanda aka fi sani da **titin filin jirgin sama** hanya ce mai guda 10, wadda aka sake gina ta domin magance cunkoson ababen hawa da gwamnatin Marigayi Umaru Musa ‘Yar’aduwa ke yi a kan titin kafin rasuwarsa.

Titin na a matsayin babbar hanya zuwa tsakiyar birnin Abuja daga sassan kudancin ƙasar. Babban titin filin jirgin saman ya haɗe da hanyar filin jirgin Nnamdi Azikiwe zuwa tsakiyar birnin tarayya Abuja.

## Sake ginawa
Yawan zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a titin filin jirgin ne ya sa aka yi gyara tare da sake gina titin filin jirgin (wanda aka canja masa suna zuwa Umaru Yar’adua Expressway) –  a tsayi. Faɗaɗa hanyar da ake da ita zuwa tashar jirgin sama daga hanyoyi biyu zuwa uku da kuma gina sabuwar hanyar mota mai hannu biyu (na zuwa da dawowa) a kowane ɓangare. An bayar da wannan aikin a kan tsabar kuɗi sama da dala biliyan 1.7 ga kamfanin gine-gine na Julius Berger.  

Marigayi Shugaba Umaru Musa 'Yar'Adua ne ya ƙaddamar da fara aikin shimfiɗa aikin a shekarar 2009 kuma a shekarar 2014 ne aka kammala. Sabbin manyan hanyoyin mota guda 10 sun ƙunshi fitulun titi, magudanun ruwa, gadoji da gadar sama, tudu, bututun sadarwa da (interchanges) da dai sauransu.

### Ƙaddamarwa
A ranar 7 ga watan Mayun 2015, tsohon shugaban ƙasa Goodluck Jonathan ne ya ƙaddamar da titin.

## Manazarta
Icon loft

**Icon Loft wani katafaren** gidan hasumiya ne, na tagwaye a titin Gopeng 10 a Tanjong Pagar a cikin Yankin Tsare-tsare na Downtown Core na Singapore . Tower I shine  mai hawa 41, kuma tsayin, Tower II, yana da benaye 46 da  . . An ƙaddamar da aikin a shekara ta 2001 daga mai haɓaka Far East Organization kuma ya sami amsa mai yawa daga jama'a&nbsp;- Sakamakon ci gaban da aka yi cikakken rajista a cikin kwanaki.

An fara ginin hasumiya ne a shekara ta 2002 kuma an kammala shi a shekara ta 2007. Har sai da aka kammala The Sail @ Marina Bay a cikin 2008 ita ce mafi tsayin kwaroron roba a Singapore.

A bene, na farko an yi layi da gidajen abinci da shaguna.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Yanar Gizo na hukuma
Trump International Hotel and Tower (New Orleans)

**Otal ɗin Trump International wa hasumiya** ce da a ka ƙaddamar da ita a cikin Babban Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta New Orleans, Louisiana . Wani shiri ne na hamshakin attajirin nan na Donald Trump's Trump Organization . Ana tsammanin a cikin matakan tsare-tsare daga lokacin rani na 2005,a ƙarshe an ayyana aikin ya mutu a watan Yulin 2011 bayan an kulle wurin kuma an sayar da shi a gwanjo.

Idan an gina shi, da Hasumiyar Trump ta zama gini mafi tsayi a cikin birnin New Orleans da jihar Louisiana,a labarai saba'in. A tsayin  tare da  spire, zai kuma zama mafi tsayi gini tare da Gulf Coast a wajen Houston, kazalika da mafi tsawo batu a cikin Jihar Louisiana. (Mafi girman kololuwar Louisiana shine Dutsen Driskill, a ƙafa 535. ) An shirya ya zama wani gini mai amfani da yawa tare da benayen ƙasa da aka ware don siyayya, ƙananan benaye sun kasance manyan otal-otal na alfarma da bene na sama za su zama gidaje na alfarma.

## Tarihi
 
A ranar 26 ga Agusta, 2005, *New Orleans Times-Picayune* ta ba da rahoton cewa yarjejeniyar ƙasa ta bayyana don kammala babban aikin gini na farko a cikin New Orleans CBD a cikin shekaru 25, otal ɗin Trump, International da Tower New Orleans.

Da farko dai, an tsara aikin zai wargaje ne a farkon shekarar 2006. Aikin, duk da haka, ya zama da sauri ya ɓoye ta abubuwan da suka faru na Hurricane Katrina. Trump ya jaddada goyon bayansa ga aikin jim kadan bayan guguwar ba tare da sanya takamaiman lokacin da za a yi aikin ba. Shugabannin ‘yan kasuwa na yankin sun yaba da matakin a matsayin wani kyakkyawan mataki na jawo harkokin kasuwanci a birnin.

A ranar 15 ga Maris, 2007, Majalisar Birnin New Orleans ta amince da hasumiya a hukumance.

Jaridar,*Times-Picayune* ta ruwaito a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2009 cewa aikin yana nan a tsaye har sai an dawo da tattalin arzikin kasa. 

A ranar 27 ga Yuli 2011 *jaridar Times-Picayune* ta ba da rahoton cewa aikin ya mutu a hukumance, tare da sayar da ƙasar a gwanjo ga wani kamfani da ke niyyar yin amfani da shi azaman wurin ajiye motoci. 

## Gine-gine
Zane na ginin yayi kama da sauran ayyukan hasumiya na Trump, musamman otal da Hasumiyar Trump International da aka kammala a Chicago da Toronto.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin gine-gine mafi tsayi a cikin,New Orleans

## Manazarta

## Sources

* Emporis.com
* NOLA.com 
* trump.com
Musa Usman

Birgediya (Rundunar Sojin Sama) **Musa Usman** shi ne gwamnan farko a jihar Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya daga watan Mayu 1967 zuwa Yuli 1975 bayan an kafa jihar daga wani yanki na Arewa a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar Yakubu Gowon.

Usman ya halarci Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, Ingila inda ya samu kwamishina a 1962. Manjo Usman ya kasance dan takara a juyin mulkin Yuli 1966 lokacin da aka hamɓaar da Manjo Janar Aguiyi Ironsi, aka maye gurbinsa da Janar Yakubu Gowon. Usman wanda aka naɗa a matsayin gwamnan jihar Arewa maso Gabas a watan Mayun 1967, ya fara aikin gina masana'antar siminti ta Ashaka, wanda Manjo-Janar Shehu Musa 'Yar'aduwa ya buɗe a ranar 19 ga Yuli 1979. A shekarar 1975 ya shiga tattaunawar sada zumunci da Kamaru don daidaita kan iyakar ƙasar da Najeriya.  Ya kasance mai goyon bayan ƙa'idar da ya kamata gwamnatin soja ta mika wa farar hula a 1976. 

Bayan ya yi ritaya sai aka ba shi masauki a Unguwar Jabi Street Kaduna .  Daga baya Usman ya zama darakta a bankin Arewa. 

## Manazarta
Photography

**Ɗaukar hoto** shine fasaha, aikace-aikace, da kuma aiki na ƙirƙirar hotuna masu ɗorewa ta hanyar rikodin ɗin haske, ko dai ta hanyar lantarki ko ta hanyar firikwensin hoto, ko kuma ta hanyar sinadarai ta hanyar wani abu mai haske kamar fim na hoto. Ana amfani da shi a fannonin kimiyya da yawa, masana'antu (misali, ɗaukar hoto), da kasuwanci, da kuma ƙarin amfani da shi kai tsaye don fasaha, samar da fim da bidiyo, dalilai na nishaɗi, sha'awa, da sadarwar jama'a.

Yawanci, ana amfani da ruwan tabarau don mai da hankali kan hasken da ke haskakawa ko fitowa daga abubuwa zuwa hoto na gaske akan saman da ke da haske a cikin kamara yayin fiddawar lokaci. Tare da firikwensin hoton lantarki, wannan yana samar da cajin lantarki a kowane pixel, wanda aka sarrafa ta hanyar lantarki kuma ana adana shi a cikin fayil ɗin hoto na dijital don nuni ko aiki na gaba. Sakamakon tare da emulsion na daukar hoto shine hoton da ba a iya gani ba, wanda daga baya ya zama ya "haɓaka" ta hanyar kimiyya a cikin hoto mai gani, ko dai korau ko tabbatacce, dangane da manufar kayan daukar hoto da kuma hanyar sarrafawa. Hoto mara kyau akan fim ana amfani da shi azaman al'ada don ƙirƙirar hoto mai kyau akan tushe takarda, wanda aka sani da bugu, ko dai ta amfani da ƙara girma ko ta hanyar buga lamba.

## Etymology
An kirkiri  kalmar "hoton hoto" daga tushen Girkanci φωτός (*photós*), genitive of φῶς (*phos*), "haske"  da γραφή ( *graphé* ) "wakilta ta hanyar layi" ko "zane",  tare. ma'ana "zane da haske". 

Wataƙila mutane da yawa sun ƙirƙiri sabon kalma ɗaya daga waɗannan tushen da kansu. Hercules Florence, mai zanen Farans kuma mai ƙirƙira da ke zaune a Campinas, Brazil, ya yi amfani da kalmar Faransanci na kalmar, *hoto*, a cikin bayanan sirri wanda wani ɗan tarihin Brazil ya yi imanin an rubuta shi a cikin shekarar 1834.  Ana ba da rahoton wannan ikirari amma har yanzu ba a san shi sosai a duniya ba. Farkon amfani da kalmar da mai kirkiro Franco-Brazil ya zama sananne sosai bayan binciken Boris Kossoy a 1980. 

Jaridar *Vossische Zeitung* ta Jamus ta ranar 25 ga watan  Fabrairun 1839 ta ƙunshi labarin mai suna *Hoton hoto*, yana tattauna da'awar fifiko da yawa-musamman Henry Fox Talbot 's-game da da'awar Daguerre na ƙirƙira.  Labarin shine farkon sanannen faruwar kalmar a cikin bugu na jama'a.  An rattaba hannu kan "JM", wanda aka yi imanin shi ne masanin taurari na Berlin Johann von Maedler.  Masanin ilmin taurari Sir John Herschel shi ma an lasafta shi da ƙirƙirar kalmar, mai zaman kanta daga Talbot, a cikin shekarar 1839.

Masu ƙirƙira Nicéphore Niépce, Talbot, da Louis Daguerre da alama ba su san ko amfani da kalmar "hoton hoto ba", amma suna magana da tsarin su kamar "Heliography" (Niépce), "Zana Hoto"/"Talbotype"/"Calotype" (Talbot). ), da "Daguerreotype" (Daguerre).      

## Manazarta
Illustration

Hoton kayan ado ne, **fassarar** ko bayanin gani na rubutu, ra'ayi ko tsari,  an tsara shi don haɗawa da bugawa a kafofin watsa labarai na dijital da aka buga, irin su fosta, foda, mujallu, littattafai, kayan koyarwa, rayarwa, wasanni na bidiyo da fina-finai. Ana amfani da zane-zane na dijital sau da yawa don sawa a gidajen yanar gizo da ƙa'idodi sun fi dacewa da masu amfani, kamar amfani da emojis don rakiyar nau'in dijital. Misali kuma yana nufin bayar da misali; ko dai a rubuce ko a sigar hoto.

Asalin kalmar "misalin" a Ingilishi ne (a ma'anar 'haske; haske na ruhaniya ko na hankali'): ta old french daga *misalin* Latin (n-), daga fi'ili *misali*. 

## Illustration styles

Misali na zamani yana amfani da salo da dabaru iri-iri, gami da zane, zanen, bugawa, haɗin gwiwa, montage, ƙirar dijital, multimedia, ƙirar ƙirar 3D. Dangane da manufar, kwatanci na iya zama mai bayyanawa, mai salo, na gaske ko fasaha sosai.

Wuraren ƙwararru  sun haɗa da:

* Misalin gine-gine
* Misalin archaeological
* Misalin littafi
* Misalin Botanical
* Ma'anar fasaha
* Misalin salon
* Bayani graphics
* *Livre da art*
* Misalin fasaha
* Misalin likitanci
* Misalin labari
* Littattafan hoto
* Misali na kimiyya

## Misalin fasaha da kimiyya

Misali na fasaha da kimiyya yana sadar da bayanai na fasaha ko yanayin kimiyya. Wannan na iya haɗawa da  ra'ayoyi, cutways, fly-throughs, sake ginawa, koyarwar hotuna, sassa, zane-zane. Manufar ita ce "haɓaka hotuna masu bayyanawa waɗanda ke isar da wasu bayanai yadda ya kamata ta hanyar gani ga ɗan adam". 

Misali na fasaha da na kimiyya gabaɗaya an tsara shi ne don bayyana ko bayyana batutuwa ga masu sauraro marasa fasaha, don haka dole ne ya samar da "hangen gaba ɗaya na abin da abu yake ko yake yi, don haɓaka sha'awar mai kallo da fahimtarsa". 

A cikin aikin zane na zamani, 2D da software na 3D galibi ana amfani da su don ƙirƙirar ingantattun wakilci waɗanda za'a iya sabunta su cikin sauƙi, kuma a sake amfani da su a cikin yanayi iri-iri.

Akwai Guild na Masu zane-zanen Kimiyyar Halitta  da Ƙungiyar Masu zane-zane na Likitanci.  Kungiyar masu zane-zanen likitancinci ta bayyana cewa matsakaicin albashi shine $70,650, yayin da masu zane-zanen kimiyya $72,277.  Nau'o'in ayyuka sun bambanta daga cibiyoyin bincike zuwa gidajen tarihi.

## Manazarta
Hoto (Portrait)

{{databox} Hoton wani Satrap na Achaemenid na Asiya Ƙarama ( shugaban Herakleia, daga Heraclea, a Bithynia), ƙarshen karni na 6 KZ.  Wannan hoton Gabas ne a cikin salon Archaic na Gabas ta Gabas, ɗaya daga cikin mashahuran magabatan farko na tsoffin hotunan Girka, tare da shugaban Sabouroff. A zamanin Roman bust na Athenian Janar Themistocles, bisa tushen asalin Girkanci, a cikin Museo Archeologico Ostiense, Ostia, Rome, Italiya. Asalin bacewar wannan tsatson, mai kwanan wata kusan 470 KZ, an kwatanta shi da "hoton gaskiya na farko na Bature". *[[Mona Lisa]]*, zanen da Leonardo da Vinci na Lisa Gherardini ya yi, mai yiwuwa shine hoton da ya fi shahara a duniya.

Portrait shine zane, hoto, sassakakke, ko wani salon fasaha na mutum, wanda fuska da maganganunsa suka fi yawa. Manufar ita ce a nuna kamanni, hali, har ma da yanayin mutum. Don haka, a cikin daukar hoto gabaɗaya hoto ba snapshot ba ne, amma an haɗa hoton mutum a cikin matsayi. Hoto yakan nuna mutum yana kallon mai zane ko mai daukar hoto kai tsaye, domin ya fi samun nasarar tafiyar da batun tare da mai kallo.

## Tarihi

### Hoton tarihi

An sake gina kwanyar ɗan adam da aka yi wa plastered ɗin kwanyar ɗan adam waɗanda aka yi a tsohuwar Levant tsakanin 9000 zuwa 6000 BC a zamanin Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Suna wakiltar wasu tsofaffin fasahohin fasaha a Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma suna nuna cewa mutanen da suka rigaya sun yi taka-tsantsan wajen binne kakanninsu a ƙarƙashin gidajensu. kwanyar  kai suna nuna wasu farkon misalan sassaka na hoto a tarihin fasaha.   
 
## Manazarta
Olufemi Lanlehin

**Solagbade Olufemi Lanlehin** Listen (wanda aka fi sani da *SOLAN* ) lauyan Najeriya ne kuma ɗan siyasa. Ya wakilci mazabar Oyo ta kudu a majalisar dattawa ta 7 a tarayyar Najeriya. Ya tsaya takarar gwamnan jihar Oyo a zaɓen gwamnan jihar Oyo a 2019 a karkashin jam’iyyar African Democratic Congress. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Olufemi Lanlehin a cikin dangin Lanlehin na ƙasar Ibadan. Ya yi karatunsa na sakandare a Makarantar Grammar Ibadan, Ibadan da Kwalejin Igbobi, Yaba, Legas. 

Olufemi Lanlehin ya karanta shari'a a Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka, inda ya sami LL. Digiri na B. (Hons), ya wuce Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya inda ya sami BL sannan aka kira shi Lauyoyin Najeriya a watan Yuli 1977. 

## Sana'a

Barista Olufemi Lanlehin ya shiga kamfanin lauyoyi na babban lauya kuma mai sharhi kan al'amuran zamantakewa, Cif Gani Fawehinmi SAN a watan Yuli 1978, inda ya kasance har zuwa Agusta 1980. A cikin Agusta 1980, ya kafa nasa kamfanin lauyoyi, Olufemi Lanlehin & Co kuma an nada shi Notary Public and Commissioner for rantsuwa a watan Agusta 1980. 

## Sana'ar siyasa
An zaɓe shi a matsayin dan majalisar dattawa mai wakiltar mazabar Oyo ta kudu a shekarar 2011 a karkashin jam’iyyar Action Congress of Nigeria.  

A shekarar 2014 ne Sanata Olufemi Lanlehin ya koma jam’iyyar Accord Party (AP) bayan da jam’iyyar ACN ta ruguje, bayan ta hade da wasu jam’iyyun siyasa inda suka kafa jam’iyyar All Progressive Congress (APC). A zaɓen 2015, SOLAN ya nemi a sake tsayawa takara a matsayin Sanata mai wakiltar Oyo ta Kudu a karkashin jam’iyyar Accord Party (AP), ya sha kaye a hannun Sanata Adesoji Akanbi na jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress.

Lanlehin ya kasance ɗan takarar gwamna na jam’iyyar African Democratic Congress (ADC) a zaben gwamnan jihar Oyo na 2019.   Ya sha kaye a hannun jam’iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) Oluwaseyi Makinde 

## Nassoshi
Sule Ahmad

**Sule M. Ahman** hafsan sojan Najeriya ne mai ritaya wanda aka naɗa shi shugaban mulkin soja a jihar Enugu ta Najeriya daga watan Agusta 1996 zuwa Agusta 1998 a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar Sani Abacha. 

A lokacin juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a ranar 27 ga watan Agustan 1985, lokacin da Janar Ibrahim Babangida ya zama shugaban ƙasa, Manjo Sule Ahman ya ba da goyon baya a matsayinsa na Supply and Transport a Cantonment na Ikeja. 

A matsayinsa na shugaban sojoji na jihar Enugu, Kanal Ahman ya kaddamar da babban taron kungiyoyin yaɗa labarai na Najeriya karo na 22, wanda aka gudanar a Enugu a shekarar 1997. A nasa jawabin, Ahman ya bukaci manyan jami’an gwamnati da su taimaka wajen wayar da kan jama’a da wayar da kan jama’a, domin tabbatar da nasarar shirin mika mulki ga al’umma.  Ahman ya ɓullo da wata manufa ta cewa ƴan asalin jihar ne kadai ya kamata a yi aiki a ma’aikatan jihar Enugu.  An kori waɗanda ba na asali ba a taƙaice.  Shi ne kuma ya dauki nauyin yin wani gagarumin garambawul ga kundin tsarin mulkin hukumar kare muhalli ta jihar Enugu wanda magabacinsa Kanar Lucky Mike Torey ya kafa a shekarar 1995, inda ya kara karfinta da kuma iya tafiyar da ayyukanta. 

## Nassoshi
Sulaimanu Barau

**Suleimanu Barau**, OBE (1903 &#x2013; 1979)   shi ne sarkin Abuja na 6. Sannan sunan Abuja ya nuna sunan Masarautar da ƴan ƙabilar Habe suka yi hijira daga Zazzau a lokacin Jihadin Fulani. An haife shi a gidan Mohammed Gani kuma ya halarci makarantar lardin Bida . Bayan ya kammala karatunsa na Sakandare ya wuce Kwalejin horas da malamai ta Katsina domin karatun share fagen karatu da koyarwa. A shekarar 1944 aka nada shi Sarkin Abuja, a lokacin da aka naɗa shi, shi ne sarki na farko da ya samu horo daga yammacin Najeriya. 

## Rayuwa
Bayan ya yi shekara biyar a Kwalejin Katsina, ya samu takardar shaidar koyarwa . Sannan yayi koyarwa a Keffi da Bida daga shekara ta 1927 zuwa shekara ta 1931. Sai dai ya bar aikin koyarwa bayan ya zama hakimin Diko a shekarar 1931. Daga nan ne ya yi aiki a hukumar ‘yan asalin garin Abuja domin taimaka wa Sarki Musa wanda ya tsufa.

A shekarar 1944 aka nada shi sarki. A matsayinsa na mai mulkin masarautar Abuja, ya bullo da al’adun zamani domin maye gurbin wasu tsoffin al’adun gargajiya na Habe. Ya kafa wata al'ada da ke buƙatar mutane su durƙusa su zuba ƙura a kawunansu suna yi masa sujada. Ya kuma kaddamar da faifan wasu al’adun Abuja da suka rage. 

A matsayinsa na shugaba mai ilimi, an ƙara ƙarin nauyi. Ya kasance daya daga cikin sarakuna kalilan da aka nada a Hukumar Ilimi ta Lardunan Arewa kuma ya kasance memba a majalisar dokokin Najeriya .

## Manazarta
Ibrahim Mohammed Khalil

**Ibrahim Mohammed Khalil** wanda ake zargi da jagorantar al-Qaida ne wanda aka kama shi a Jamus a watan Janairun 2005, bisa zarginsa da taka rawa a yunkurin al-Qaida na daukar ma'aikata a Turai da kuma zarginsa da yunkurin sayan uranium a  baƙar kasuwa.    

Ana zargin Khalil da samun horo a sansanonin sojin Afghanistan . Ana zarginsa da yaƙi a Afghanistan bayan 11 ga Satumba, 2001, kuma ana zarginsa da "mu'amala da" Osama bin Laden.    

A watan Disambar 2007, an yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru bakwai a gidan yari saboda kasancewarsa memba a kungiyar ta'addanci ta kasashen waje dangane da zamba bayan wata takaddama da ta shafe kwanaki 131 ana yi a gaban wata kotu a birnin Düsseldorf na Jamus. 

## Manazarta
Jerin Gwamnonin Jihar Zamfara

Wannan shine jerin wadanda suka gudanar da mulki da gwamnonin **[[jihar Zamfara]]** Najeriya. Har zuwa 1996 yankin Zamfara yana cikin jihar Sokoto ne a Arewa Maso Yammacin ƙasar Nigeria Nijeriya.

## Duba kuma

* Jihohin Najeriya
* Jerin gwamnonin jihohin Najeriya

## Manazarta
Garba Mohammed

Kanar (daga baya Birgediya Janar) **Garba Mohammed** (15 Afrilu 1944  – 10 Afrilu 2021  ) an naɗa shi gwamnan jihar Sokoto a Najeriya daga watan Agustan shekara ta 1985 zuwa Disambar shekara ta 1987 a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar Ibrahim Babangida.

## Manazarta
Mohammed Shaaba Lafia

An zaɓi **Sha’aba Lafiagi** a matsayin gwamnan jihar Kwara a watan Janairu a shekara ta 1992 a jam’iyyar Social Democratic Party (SDP), kuma gwamnatin Janar Sani Abacha ta tsige shi daga mukaminsa a watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 1993.  

A matsayinsa na gwamna ya ƙaddamar da gina sabbin hedikwata na kamfanin buga takardu da buga littatafai a jihar Kwara, amma ba a bude su ba sai a shekara ta 2002, kuma a shekarar 2010 aka shirya rugujesu. 

## Sana'ar siyasa
Ya kasance Mai bada tsaro ga Olusola Saraki, shugaban sanatocin lokacin  Nigerian Second Republic, wanda ya taimake shi yazamo zaɓaɓɓen gwamna a watan Disambar a shekara ta 1991. Ya taba zama memban kwamitin ƙidaya na ƙasa (CNC) tare da to Olusola Saraki  daga baya ya bar saraki inda ya bayyana yana goyon bayan Mohammed Lawal don zama gwamnan jahar Kwara a shekara ta 1999. Duk da haka, Yana da karfi a siyasar jihar Kwara.

Lafiagi ya zama mamba a kwamitin amintattu na jam'iyyar PDP. A cikin watan Fabrairun shekaar 2009, an naɗa shi shugaban Majalisar Cigaban Ciwon sukari ta ƙasa, mai fafutuka. Ya jagoranci kwamitin tsare-tsare na taron ƙasa na musamman na jam’iyyar PDP na ranar 20 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 2009, inda ya ba da shawarar a kashe Naira miliyan 400. Idan aka yi la’akari da yanayin tattalin arziki, Shugaba Umaru ‘Yar’aduwa ya rage kasafin zuwa Naira miliyan 100. 

A watan Afrilun shejara ta 2011, an zabe shi Sanata mai wakiltar Kwara ta Arewa Sanata

## Manazarta
Zaɓen gwamnan jihar Katsina, 2019

Zaɓen **gwamnan jihar Katsina na 2019** ya gudana a Najeriya ranar 9 ga Maris 2019. Gwamnan APC mai ci, Aminu Bello Masari ya sake lashe zaɓe a karo na biyu, inda ya doke PDP Garba Yakubu Lado da wasu ƴan takarar jam’iyyu 16.           

Aminu Bello Masari ya zama ɗan takarar gwamna a jam’iyyar APC bayan ya samu ƙuri’u 5,562 inda ya kayar da abokin hamayyarsa Abubakar Isa wanda ya samu kuri’u 8. Ya zaɓi Mannir Yakubu a matsayin abokin takararsa.    Garba Yakubu Lado shi ne dan takarar PDP tare da Salisu Yusuf Majigiri a matsayin abokin takararsa.      ƴan takara 18 ne suka fafata a zaɓen. 

## Tsarin zaɓe
An zaɓi Gwamnan Jihar Katsina ne ta hanyar amfani da tsarin kaɗa ƙuri’a .

## Zaɓen firamare

### Zaɓen fidda gwani na APC
An gudanar da zaɓen fidda gwani na APC a ranar talatin 30 ga Satumba, 2018.              ]            Aminu Bello Masari ya lashe zaɓen fidda gwani da ƙuri’u 5,562 da wasu ƴan takara 2.                  ]              Babban abokin hamayyarsa shi ne Abubakar Isa, ƙwararren ɗan kasuwa wanda ya zo na biyu da ƙuri’u 8, yayin da Garba ɗanƙani ya zo na uku da ƙuri’a 1.                                           

### Ƴan takara

* Ɗan takarar jam’iyya: **[[Aminu Bello Masari]]** : Gwamnan jihar mai ci
* Abokin takara: **[[Mannir Yakubu]]** : ɗan siyasa kuma ɗan safiyo
* Abubakar Isa: Kwararren dan kasuwa ne
* Garba Dankani

### Zaɓen fidda gwani na PDP

An gudanar da zaben fidda gwani na jam’iyyar PDP a ranar talatin 30 ga Satumba, 2018.          Garba Yakubu Lado ya lashe zaɓen fidda gwani da kuri’u 3,385 da wasu ƴan takara 5. Babban abokin hamayyarsa shi ne Ahmad ƴar’adua wanda ya zo na biyu da ƙuri’u 243, Abdullahi Faskari, tsohon mataimakin gwamnan jihar da Musa Nashuni, tsohon dan takarar gwamna a jam’iyyar PDP a 2015 ya samu ƙuri’a ɗaya kacal.               

### 'Yan takara

* Ɗan takarar jam’iyya: **[[Garba Yakubu Lado]]** : Tsohon Sanata mai wakiltar Katsina ta Kudu Sanata
* Abokin takara: **Salisu Yusuf Majigiri**
* Ahmad ƴar'adua
* Abdullahi Faskari: Tsohon mataimakin gwamnan jihar
* Musa Nashuni: Tsohon ɗan takarar gwamna a PDP a 2015
* Umar Tata
* Sada Olu

## Sakamako
Ƴan takara 18 ne suka yi rajista da Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta ƙasa domin yin takara a zaɓen. 

Adadin waɗanda suka yi rajista a jihar ya kai 3,230,230, yayin da mutane 1,173,780 suka samu amincewa. Adadin ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa ya kai 1,720,638, yayin da adadin ƙuri'u masu inganci ya kai 1,683,045. Ƙuri'u 37,593 da aka ƙi amincewa.      

### Na ƙananan hukumomi
Ga sakamakon zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi na manyan jam’iyyu biyu. Jimillar ƙuri’u 1,683,045 ne ke wakiltar jam’iyyun siyasa 18 da suka shiga zaɓen. Blue tana wakiltar ƙananan hukumomin da Aminu Bello Masari Green ya lashe yana wakiltar ƙananan hukumomin da Garba Yakubu Lado ya lashe.      

## Manazarta