Letitia Christian Tyler

Letitia Christian Tyler (12 ga Nuwamba, 1790 - 10 ga Satumba, 1842) ita ce matar shugaban ƙasar Amurka daga 1841 zuwa 1842 a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa John Tyler ta farko. Bayan sun haɗu a 1808, su biyun sun yi aure a 1813. Tyler ta kula da gonarsu a Virginia yayin da mijinta ya ci gaba da harkokin siyasa a babban birnin jihar da kuma Washington, DC, tare da shi kawai lokacin da yake gwamnan Virginia . Ta yi fama da bugun jini a 1839 wanda ya sa ta nakasa har abada.

Tyler ta zama matar shugaban ƙasa ta biyu a Amurka lokacin da mijinta ya zama mataimakin shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1841, kuma ta zama matar shugaban ƙasa lokacin da Shugaba William Henry Harrison ya mutu a wata mai zuwa kuma mijinta ya hau kan kujerar shugaban ƙasa. Tyler ba ta iya gudanar da ayyukan uwargidan shugaban ƙasa ba saboda lafiyarta, inda ta tura su ga surukarta Priscilla Cooper Tyler . Ta mutu sakamakon bugun jini na biyu a shekarar 1842, ta zama mutum na farko da ya mutu yayin da take aiki a matsayin uwargidan shugaban ƙasa a Amurka. Tyler ba ta taka rawa a shugabancin mijinta ba, amma ta ci gaba da samun suna mai kyau a tsakanin jama'ar Amurka.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Letitia Christian a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1790, a gonar Cedar Grove da ke gundumar New Kent, Virginia . Ita ce 'ya ta bakwai  : 109 na Mary (née Browne) da Robert Christian, wani mai arziki mai shuka  : 58–59 wanda yake da alaƙa mai kyau da manyan 'yan siyasa na ƙasar, ciki har da Shugaba George Washington .  : 61 An rene ta a matsayin mai ibada ta Episcopal, kuma ta bi ƙa'idodin lokacin da suka shafi ibada da tsarki.  : 79 Christian ba ta sami ilimin boko ba, amma an koya mata yadda ake zama uwargidan wani lambun Kudu. 

Iyalan Kirista da Tyler sun saba da juna, kuma Christian ya haɗu da John Tyler a lokacin da yake ziyara a 1808. Sun fara soyayya inda Tyler yakan tsaya ya ziyarce ta yayin da take tafiya zuwa babban birnin jihar.  Zaman soyayyarsu na shekaru biyar ya tsaya cak, kuma makonni uku kafin auren ne Tyler ya fara sumbatarta - a hannu. A cikin wasiƙar soyayyarsa ɗaya tilo da ta rage a gare ta, wacce aka rubuta watanni kaɗan kafin aurensu, Tyler ya yi mata alƙawarin, "Ko na yi iyo ko na nutse cikin kogin arziki, za ki iya tabbatar da hakan, cewa ba zan daina ƙaunarki ba."   Mahaifin Christian ya yi adawa da Tyler saboda dalilai na siyasa, domin Tyler yana goyon bayan Thomas Jefferson .  

## Aure da iyali
Letitia Christian da John Tyler sun yi aure a Cedar Grove a ranar 29 ga Maris, 1813. Bayan aurensu, sun zauna a gidansu Mons-Sacer, wanda aka gina a kan ƙasar dangin Tyler a Greenway Plantation ta amfani da kuɗin iyali na Kirista;  : 59 Iyayen Letitia sun mutu jim kaɗan bayan auren, wanda hakan ya bar mata gado mai yawa.  : 62 An bar Letitia Tyler ita kaɗai bayan auren, domin an kira mijinta don yin hidima a Yaƙin 1812. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, sun sayar da Mons-Sacer suka gina gidan Woodburn kusa kafin daga baya suka sayi Greenway gaba ɗaya a 1821.  : 59 Iyalan Tylers suna da 'ya'ya tara, bakwai daga cikinsu sun tsira daga ƙuruciya: Mary a 1815, Robert a 1816, John III a 1819, Letitia a 1821, Elizabeth a 1823, Alice a 1827, da Tazewell a 1830.  : 111 'Yarsu Anne ta rasu tana jaririya a shekara ta 1825, kuma wani yaro na tara da ba a san sunansa ba ya mutu a lokacin haihuwa a shekara ta 1832.  : 63 

'Yan Tyler sun sha wahala da kuɗi a tsawon aurensu,  yayin da nauyin kuɗi na renon yara da dama da kuma shiga cikin harkokin zamantakewa na siyasa ya zarce duk wani gado da suka samu.  Tyler ta guji shahara a lokacin da mijinta ya hau kan mulki a siyasa, ta fifita nauyin gida fiye da na matar gwamnati.  Tyler ce ke da alhakin kula da gonar yayin da mijinta yake can a Babban Birnin Jihar Virginia,  sau da yawa tare da taimakon dangi da manajoji da aka ɗauka aiki.  Gudanar da gonar, musamman ikonta na kula da harkokin tattalin arziki, ya ba mijinta damar yin tafiya na dogon lokaci, don haka aikinsa na siyasa ya ci gaba.  Gudanar da gonar ya haɗa da kula da bayinsu, ciyar da su da kuma saƙa musu tufafi.  Babu wani bayani da ya rage game da yadda Tyler ta ji game da bauta ko kuma mallakar bayin mijinta.  

Tyler ta raka mijinta yayin da yake gwamnan Virginia. A matsayinta na matar gwamnan, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai masaukin baki a babban birnin jihar, Richmond .  : 59 Duk da nacewar mijinta, ba ta tare da shi a Washington ba lokacin da aka zaɓe shi a Majalisar Dokokin Amurka .  : 62 Ta zaɓi ta zauna a Virginia, domin gonar tana buƙatar ƙarin kulawa kuma ba ta son zama cikin mummunan yanayi da Washington, DC ta tanadar  Ta raka mijinta zuwa Washington sau ɗaya kawai, a lokacin hunturu na 1828–1829.  : 59 Tyler yawanci ta kan yi watsi da mijinta, amma ta yi wani babban bambanci lokacin da ya ba da shawarar a tura babbar 'yarsu zuwa makarantar Katolika, wanda Tyler ya ƙi amincewa da shi.  : 80 

Lafiyar Tyler ba ta da kyau a tsawon rayuwarta, kuma babbar 'yar Tyler, Mary, ita ce ke da alhakin kula da ita lokacin da John ba ya nan. Lafiyar Tyler ta tabarbare sakamakon yawan daukar ciki da kuma nauyin da mijinta ke fuskanta a lokacin da yake nan.  : 146 Zuwa shekarar 1827, rashin lafiyarta ta zama ruwan dare, kuma tana fama da ciwon kai na yau da kullun. An yi ƙoƙarin magance rashin lafiyarta ta hanyar tafiye-tafiye zuwa bazara na Greenbrier .  : 33 Mijinta ya janye daga siyasa sau biyu, a shekarar 1821 da kuma a shekarar 1836, domin ya kasance kusa da ita.  : 146 

Iyalan Tyler sun ƙaura zuwa Williamsburg, Virginia, a cikin 1837.  : 59 A shekara ta 1839, Tyler ta yi fama da bugun jini wanda ya sa ta nakasa, kuma lafiyarta ta tabarbare a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.  Yawancin lokacinta bayan bugun jini ya ƙare tana karanta Littafi Mai Tsarki da littafin addu'arta .  : 59 A wannan lokacin a rayuwarta, waɗannan su ne littattafai biyu kacal da za ta karanta.  Duk da haka, ta ci gaba da kula da harkokin gonar. Bayan da ɗanta Robert ya yi aure, Tyler ya ƙulla alaƙa ta kud da kud da matarsa Priscilla Cooper Tyler .  : 59 

## Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka
Mutuwar ba zato ba tsammani da Shugaba William Henry Harrison ya yi a shekarar 1841 ta sa John Tyler ya hau kan kujerar shugaban ƙasa. Lafiyar Letitia Tyler ta sa ba za ta iya tafiyar da Fadar White House ba, kuma ba ta yi tafiya nan take zuwa Washington tare da sauran iyalinta ba. Da ta isa, sai ta zauna a kan kujera a ɗakin zama na sama na Fadar White House.  : 60 Ta sauko sau ɗaya, domin halartar bikin auren 'yarta Elizabeth a watan Janairun 1842.  Wataƙila ta halarci gidan wasan kwaikwayo aƙalla sau ɗaya yayin da take aiki a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa.  : 121 Yayin da take sama, ta ci gaba da karanta Littafi Mai Tsarki da littafin addu'arta. 

Duk da cewa ta riƙe iko kan yadda ake gudanar da ayyukan matar shugaban ƙasa,  Tyler ta damka shugabancin Fadar White House ga 'yarta Letitia da kuma nauyin da ke kanta a matsayin mai masaukin baki ga surukarta Priscilla.  Ta kuma taka rawar mai ba mijinta shawara yayin da yake yawan tattauna batutuwa masu wahala na shugabancin kasa da ita. Ta kware sosai a harkokin siyasa don tattauna su dalla-dalla da baƙi.  Wasu lokutan ana maraba da manyan baƙi zuwa Fadar White House, kamar Charles Dickens da Washington Irving, a sama don tarbarta.  

Lafiyar jiki da ta kwakwalwa ta Tyler ta tabarbare a duk tsawon shekarar 1842.  Ta sake samun bugun jini a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 1842, kuma ta mutu washegari a ranar 10 ga Satumba.  Mutuwarta ta girgiza iyalan Tyler, waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa ta daidaita.  Ita ce mace ta farko da ta mutu yayin da take aiki a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa ta Amurka,  kuma ita ce mafi ƙarancin rai fiye da kowace matar shugaban ƙasa ta Amurka, ta mutu tana da shekaru 51.  An yi ta yaɗa jana'izarta a matsayin ta farko ga matar shugaban ƙasa mai ci. Akwatin gawarta yana kwance a ɗakin gabas na Fadar White House, sannan aka ɗauki akwatin gawarta.  An binne Tyler a gidan mahaifinta da ke Cedar Grove, kuma an yi wa Fadar White House ado da baƙi na tsawon lokaci na zaman makoki. 

## Gado
 
Tyler ba ta da wani tasiri sosai a shugabancin mijinta, inda aka takaita ta a gidajen zama na Fadar White House. Haka kuma ba ta taka rawar gani a bainar jama'a ba, amma ta ci gaba da samun suna mai kyau duk da yanayin siyasa da mijinta ke ciki.  : 60 Priscilla Cooper Tyler ta tuna da ita a matsayin "mutum mafi son kai da za ka iya tunaninta. Duk da rashin lafiyarta mai tsanani, mahaifiyarta tana kula da kuma kula da dukkan harkokin gida da kuma komai a hankali har ba za ka iya sanin lokacin da za ta yi hakan ba."  : 62 

Kimantawar farko da masanin tarihi ya yi game da lokacin da Tyler ya yi a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa ita ce ta Laura Carter Holloway a shekarar 1870.  : 145 Akwai ƙananan tushe kaɗan game da rayuwar Tyler, tare da yawancin ambatonta da suka rage waɗanda ke cikin wasiƙu tsakanin 'yan uwan Tyler.  : 148 Babu ɗaya daga cikin wasiƙun Tyler da ya tsira.  : 62 Saboda rashin iya aikinta na matar shugaban ƙasa, an yi mata kallon mai kula da ita a tarihi, Priscilla Cooper Tyler,  : 148 da matar mijinta ta biyu, Julia Gardiner Tyler .  : 149 

Tyler ta fito ne daga zuriyar mazauna Manx na Virginia  kuma ta bayyana a kan tambarin aika wasiku mai nauyin fam 28 (£0.28) daga Ofishin Wasiku na Isle of Man, wanda aka fitar a ranar 23 ga Mayu, 2006, a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin kyaututtukan girmama 'yan Amurkan Manx.  Ta kuma bayyana a kan tsabar zinare mai nauyin rabin oza da lambar tagulla da Kamfanin Mint na Amurka ya bayar a ranar 2 ga Yuli, 2009, a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin tsabar kuɗin tunawa da matar aure ta farko . 

Tun daga shekarar 1982, Cibiyar Bincike ta Kwalejin Siena ta gudanar da bincike lokaci-lokaci tana neman masana tarihi su tantance matan shugabannin Amurka bisa ga jimillar maki kan ka'idojin da suka shafi asalinsu, darajarsu ga ƙasa, hankali, jarumtaka, nasarorin da suka samu, mutuncinsu, shugabanci, kasancewarsu mata, mutuncinsu a bainar jama'a, da kuma darajarsu ga shugaban ƙasa.  An gano cewa masana tarihi ba su san "kusan komai game da" Tyler ba.  : 144 A cikin waɗannan binciken, masana tarihi sun sanya ta a cikin jerin mata na farko mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin jerin mata na farko. Dangane da kimantawa ta jimla, an sanya Tyler a cikin jerin:

* 35 ga watan 42 a shekarar 1982 
* 30 ga watan 37 a shekarar 1993 
* 34 ga watan 38 a shekarar 2003 
* 35 ga watan 38 a shekarar 2008 
* 37 ga watan 39 a shekarar 2014 
* 37 ga watan 40 a shekarar 2020 

A cikin binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2014, Tyler da mijinta sun kasance a matsayi na 36 cikin 39 na farko ma'aurata dangane da zama "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi". 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Letitia Christian Tyler at Find a Grave
* Letitia Tyler at C-SPAN's *First Ladies: Influence &amp;amp; Image*

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