open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Bahar-i Danish

***Bahar-i Danish*** ('Spring of Knowledge') tarin tatsuniyoyin Farisa ne na tatsuniyoyi na soyayya da aka samo daga tushen Indiya na farko ta Inayat Allah Kamboh a Delhi a cikin 1651. 

Alexander Dow ya fassara littafin zuwa Turanci a cikin 1768 ko 1769, kuma Jonathan Scott ya fassara shi gaba ɗaya a cikin 1799. An kuma buga rubutun Farisa sau da yawa a cikin karni na 19.  Babu kwafin rubutun da aka kwatanta da farko da ya tsira, ko da yake wasu litattafai na zane-zane na ƙarni na 18, daga tarin Duke na Northumberland da na Richard Johnson, na iya nuna al'adun misali na ƙarni na 17.  Wani rubutun aikin na ƙarni na 18, wanda aka sani da *Lambun Ilimi*, ana gudanar da shi a cikin Laburaren Ƙasa na Poland .

Ɗaya daga cikin tatsuniyoyi a cikin Bahar-i Danish ya ba Thomas Moore makircin littafinsa mai suna Lalla-Rookh na 1817

## Fassara

* *Bahar-Danush; ko, lambun ilimi.* *Soyayya ta gabas.* *Fassara daga Fassarar Einaiut Oollah* Jonathan Scott, 1799. Sigar dijital a Cibiyar 'Yan Adam ta Packard

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* ’Ināyat-Allāh Kanbū, Šayḫ d. 1082/1671
Claire Moyse-Faurie

Claire Moyse-Faurie (an haife ta 7 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1949) [1] masanin harshe ne na kasar Faransa wanda ya kware a harsunan Oceanic, musamman harsunan Wallis da Futuna da New Caledonia .

## Ilimi, aiki da girmamawa
Moyse-Faurie ta yi karatu tare da masanin harshe André-Georges Haudricourt .  Bayan shekaru da yawa yana aiki a LACITO (CNRS) daga 1980 zuwa gaba, gami da zama mataimakin darakta daga 1992 zuwa 1995, Moyse-Faurie ya zama darektan bincike a Lattice a 2021 . Ta rike mukamin ziyara a matsayin farfesa a Jami'ar New Caledonia a 2004, 2005, 2013, 2014 da 2015. 

An nada Moyse-Faurie a matsayin memba na Academia Europaea a shekarar 2016.  Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Société de Linguistique de Paris a shekarar 2012.

## Bincike
Tare da nazarin kwatanci na harsunan Oceanic (Drehu, Xârâcùù, Xârâgurè, West Uvean, Haméa, East Futunan, East Uvean), Moyse-Faurie ya yi aiki a kan batutuwa na harshe kamar valence, nominalization, reflexives, reciprocals, grammaticalization, da kuma ilimin harshe. A shekara ta 1982 ta ba da shawarar rubutun wannan harshe, wanda daga baya aka yi amfani da shi a koyarwa; ta kuma buga ƙamus na Xârâcù tare da Marie-Adèle Néchérö-Jorédié a shekara ta 1986. 

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

* Moyse-Faurie, Claire, & Marie-Adèle Néchérö-Jorédié. 1986. *Dictionnaire Xârâcùù-Français (New Caledonia) *. Leuven: Peeters.  
* [Hasiya] 1993. *Dictionnaire futunien-français: tare da index na Faransa-futunien*. Leuven: Peeters.   ISBN&nbsp;
* Moyse-Faurie, Claire, da John Lynch. 2004. Haɗin kai a cikin harsunan Oceanic da Proto-Oceanic. A cikin Martin Haspelmath (ed.), *Gudanar da gine-gine*, 445-497. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.   ISBN&nbsp;
* Kayser, Manfred, Silke Brauer, Richard Cordaux, Amanda Casto, Oscar Lao, Lev A. Zhivotovsky, Claire Moyse-Faurie, Robb B. Rutledge, Wulf Schiefenhoevel, David Gil, Alice A. Lin, Peter A. Underhill, Peter J. Oefner, Ronald J. Trent, & Mark Stoneking. 2006. Asalin Melanesian da Asiya na Polynesians: mtDNA da Y chromosome gradients a fadin Pacific. Molecular Biology da Juyin Halitta 23 (11), 2234-2244.  ya kamata a yi amfani da shi:
* [Hasiya] 2008. Gine-gine da ke nuna yanayin tsakiya, tunani da kuma yanayin ma'amala a wasu harsunan Oceanic. A cikin Ekkehard König & Volker Gast (ed.), Reciprocals and Reflexives: Theoretical and Typological Explorations, 105-168. Berlin: Daga Gruyter.   ISBN&nbsp;

## Manazarta
Nicholas Thieberger

Nicholas Thieberger FAHA masanin harshe ne na ƙasar Australiya kuma Mataimakin Farfesa a Makarantar Harsuna a Jami'ar Melbourne .

## Ilimi
Thieberger ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar La Trobe tare da BA Hons .  Har ila yau, ya kasance a La Trobe, sannan ya koma Jami'ar Melbourne don kammala digirinsa na PhD a shekara ta 2004 don aikinsa a kan ƙamus na Kudancin Efate (Nafsan) , wanda shine ƙamus na farko don nuna amfani da tarin kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin tushen misalai da aka yi amfani da su a cikin ƙamus.

## Ayyuka
Thieberger ya taimaka wajen kafa tarihin PARADISEC a 2003 kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin darakta.  Ya kasance Edita na Rubuce-rubucen Harshe & Tsaro (2011-2021), mujallar ilimi wacce ke mai da hankali kan takardun harshe da kiyayewa. An zabe shi Fellow na Kwalejin Humanities ta Australia a shekarar 2021.

An fi saninsa da bincike kan harsunan 'yan asalin Australiya, kan harshen Kudancin Efate (Nafsan) na Vanuatu, da kuma aikinsa a cikin takardun harshe. Ya kafa Wangka Maya Cibiyar Harshen Aboriginal na Pilbara a ƙarshen shekarun 1980,  ASEDA, Aboriginal Studies Electronic Data Archive, a farkon shekarun 1990, kuma ya kafa Cibiyar Kula da Harshen Harshe.  Ya kafa Kaipuleohone, Jami'ar Hawai'i ta harshe na dijital. 

## Muhimman wallafe-wallafe
[Yawancin waɗannan nassoshi suna nan]

* Barwick, Linda & Nicholas Thieberger.  (Abin da ya shafi na 2006)  Bayanai masu dorewa daga Digital Fieldwork Sydney: Sydney University Press.
* McConvell, Patrick & Nicholas Thieberger. 2001. *Yanayin harsuna na asali a Ostiraliya - 2001*. Jihar Australia ta Muhalli Jerin Takarda na Fasaha na Biyu (Halitta da Al'adu), Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Tarihi, Canberra.
* Sharp, Janet & Nicholas Thieberger. 1992. *Bilybara: Harsunan Aboriginal na yankin Pilbara* Port Hedland: Wangka Maya .
* Ɗan yi wa ɗan fashi, Nicholas. 1993. *Littafin Harsunan Aboriginal na WA a kudancin yankin Kimberley* Canberra: Pacific Linguistics .
* Ɗan yi wa ɗan fashi, Nicholas. 2006. A Grammar of South Efate: Wani Harshen Oceanic na Vanuatu Littattafan Rubuce-rubuce na Musamman na Oceanic, No. 33. Honolulu: Jami'ar Hawai'i Press.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] 2012. *Littafin Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Fieldwork* . Oxford: OUP.
* Thieberger, Nicholas & Bill McGregor (ed.).1994. *Macquarie Aboriginal kalmomi: ƙamus na kalmomin Australian Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander harsuna* Sydney: Macquarie Library.

## Manazarta
Steven Roger Fischer

**Steven Roger Fischer** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1947) masanin harshe ne na kasar  New Zealand .

## manazarta

* 
* 
*
Claude Hagège

**Claude Hagège** ( []; an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1936) masanin harshe ne na Faransa.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An zabe shi zuwa Collège de France a shekarar 1988 kuma ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa saboda aikinsa, gami da Prix de l'Académie Française da lambar zinare ta CNRS. An san shi da kasancewa mai magana da harsuna da yawa, yana magana (ko kuma yana da masaniya game da) harsuna hamsin, gami da Italiyanci, Turanci, Larabci, Sinanci, Ibrananci, Rasha, Girkanci, Guarani, Hungarian, Navajo, Nocte, Punjabi, Farisa, Malay, Hindi, Malagasy, Fula, Quechua, Tamil, Tetela, Turkiyya da Jafananci.

## Littattafai

* Harshe na mbum na nganha kamaru - phonology - nahawu, Paris, Klincksieck, 1970
* *Matsalar harshe na prepositions da kuma maganin Sinanci*, Paris, Society of Linguistics na Paris, 1975
* [Hasiya]
* *Comox lhaamen na British Columbia: gabatarwar yaren Indiyawan Amurka *. Amerindia, lamba ta musamman, Paris, Association d'Ethnolinguistique Amérindienne, 1981
* [Hotuna da aka yi amfani da su]
* *Mutumin Magana*, Paris, Fayard, 1985
* *Mutumin Magana: gudummawar harshe ga kimiyyar ɗan adam *, Paris, Fayard, 1985
* [Hasiya]
* Rashin harshe: hanyoyin da makomar harsunan Turai, Amsterdam, John Benjamins, 1992
* *Mai Gina Harshe: Wani Rubuce-rubuce game da Sa hannun Mutum a cikin Harshe na Harshe*, 1992
* [Hasiya]
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga littafin nan.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9]
* *Yaki don Faransanci: a cikin sunan bambancin harsuna da al'adu *, Paris, Odile Jacob, 2006
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga littafin nan.
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga littafin nan
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga littafin nan.
* [Hotuna da Harsuna]

## Kyaututtuka da girmamawa

### Kyaututtuka

* 1981: Kyautar Volney 
* 1986: Grand Prix na Essay na Society of People of Letters for L'Homme de paroles *Mutumin Magana*
* 1986: Kyautar Kwalejin Faransa don *Mutumin Magana* 
* 1995: lambar yabo ta zinare ta CNRS 

### Darajar ƙasa

## manazarta
Lawrence A. Reid

**Lawrence Andrew Reid** (wanda aka fi sani da **Laurie Reid**) masanin harshe ne na kasar  Amurka wanda ya kware a Harsunan Austronesian, musamman kan morphosyntax da tarihin Harsunan Philippine . 

## Ilimi
Reid ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Hawai'i] tare da Jagora na Fasaha a cikin Harshe a 1964 da kuma digiri a 1966. Ya kuma yi karatun kiɗa a Jami'ar Canterbury da ke Christchurch, New Zealand, da kuma tauhidin a Kwalejin Littafi Mai-Tsarki ta Commonwealth da ke Brisbane, Australia.

## Ayyuka
Reid ya kasance malami na dogon lokaci a Jami'ar Hawai'i . Ya rike mukamai na bincike da koyarwa a cibiyoyi a duk yankin Pacific, gami da Jami'ar Auckland, Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia, Jami'an Thammasat, da   (Cibiyar Bincike don Harsuna da Al'adu na Asiya da Afirka) a Jami'ar Tokyo ta Nazarin Kasashen Waje . 

Ya kuma rubuta takardu da yawa a kan Harsunan Formosan.

## Littattafai
Reid ya wallafa littattafai da yawa, labarai, sake dubawa, da fassarori. Littattafansa sun haɗa da An Ivatan Syntax; Central Bontoc: Sentence, Paragraph and Discourse Structures; Philippine Minor Languages: Word Lists and Phonologies; Bontok-English Dictionary; da Guinaang Bontok Texts . 

* Wani nau'in Ivatan (1966) 
* Bontoc ta Tsakiya: Harshe, sakin layi da jawabi (1970) 
* *Ƙananan Harsuna na Philippines* (1971) 
* Bontok-Ingilishi ƙamus, tare da Turanci-Bontok finder jerin (1976) 
* *Ilimin harshe na Philippines: Yanayin fasaha: 1970-1980* (1981) 
* Rashin Proto-Philippines (1982) 
* *Rubutun Guinaang Bontok* (1992) 
* *Shaidar morphological don Austric* (1994) 
* Jagora ga Isinay Orthography (2016) 

## manazarta
Johannes Cornelis Anceaux

**Johannes Cornelis Anceaux** ( an haife aranar hudu 4 ga watan  Yulin  shekara ta alif 1920 a Schiedam, Netherlands - 6 ga Agusta ta alif 1988 a Leiderdorp, Netherlands) masanin harshe ne kuma masanin ilimin ɗan adam wanda aka sani da babban aikinsa a kan yarukan Papua da Austronesian . 

Baya ga litattafansa a kan Wolio, Nimboran, da harsunan Tsibirin Yapen, Anceaux an kuma san shi da jerin kalmomin harsunan Irian Jaya . 

## Ilimi
A cikin shekarar alif 1938, Anceaux ya fara karatun adabin Indonesiya a Jami'ar Leiden . Koyaya, barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na II ya katse karatunsa yayin da aka rubuta shi cikin soja. Bayan Jami'ar Leiden ta rufe a 1940, sai ya tafi Jami'ar Amsterdam, inda ya wuce jarrabawarsa a 1942. Bayan yakin ya ƙare, a karkashin kulawar Cornelis Christiaan Berg (1900-1990), ya koma Jami'ar Leiden don kammala jarabawarsa ta digiri Over de geschiedenis van de Indonesische taalkunde a 1952, tare da mai da hankali kan Harshen Wolio na Kudu maso gabashin Sulawesi . 

## Iyali
A shekara ta alif 1948, Anceaux ya auri Maria Rosinga . Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu da' ya'ya maza biyu.

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

## manazarta
Juliette Blevins

**Juliette Blevins** (née Levin; an haife ta a shekara ta 1960) masanin harshe ne na  ƙasar Amurka wanda aikinsa ya ba da gudummawa ga fannonin ilimin sauti, phonetics, ilimin harshe na tarihi, da kuma nau'ikan. A halin yanzu farfesa ce a fannin ilimin harshe a Cibiyar Nazarin, CUNY. 

## Ayyuka
Blevins ta sami digirinta na PhD a fannin ilimin harshe daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts a shekarar 1985. 

Ta yi aiki a matsayin babban masanin kimiyya a sashen ilimin harshe a Cibiyar Max Planck don ilimin Juyin Halitta a Leipzig daga 2004-2010. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, Jami'ar Luton, Jami'an Yammacin Australia, da Jami'ar Texas a Austin kafin ta shiga bangaren CUNY a shekara ta 2010. 

## Bincike
Binciken Blevins ya kunshi fannoni da yawa kuma yana da siffofi na Austronesian, Australian Aboriginal, Andamanese, yarukan 'yan asalin Amurka,  kuma kwanan nan Basque.  Ita ce ta kafa tsarin ilimin juyin halitta. Wannan tsarin yana neman bayyana kamanceceniyar harshe-harshe na tsarin sauti ta hanyar nazarin hanyoyin yau da kullun na canjin sauti. Wannan tsarin yana jayayya cewa yawancin alamu na sauti na yau da kullun a cikin ilimin sauti na zamani ba lallai bane su nuna abubuwan da ke tattare da harsuna na duniya, amma sakamakon canje-canjen sauti waɗanda ke jagorantar yanayin da ke tattara watsa harshe.

A shekara ta 2001, Blevins ta wallafa wani zane-zane na Nhanda, bisa ga aikinta tare da sauran masu magana na ƙarshe.

## Daraja
A cikin 2020, an gabatar da Blevins a matsayin Fellow na Linguistic Society of America. 

Ita ce darakta na Endangered Language Initiative,  co-darakta na Endanged Language Alliance,  kuma co-kafa Yurok Language Project.

## Zaɓuɓɓukan wallafe-wallafen

## manazarta
Robert Blust

**Robert A. Blust** (/blʌst/; Sinanci: 白樂思; : ; 9 ga Mayu, 1940 - 5 ga Janairu, 2022  ) masanin harshe ne na  kasar Amurka wanda ya yi aiki a fannoni da yawa, gami da ilimin harshe na tarihi, ƙamus da kabilanci. Ya kasance Farfesa na Harshe a Jami'ar Hawai'i a Mānoa . Blust ya ƙware a cikin Harsunan Austronesian kuma ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga fannin ilimin harsunan Australiya.

## Rayuwa ta farko da aiki
An haifi Blust a Cincinnati, Ohio a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 1940,  kuma ta girma a California. Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimin ɗan adam a shekarar 1967 da kuma PhD a fannin harshe a shekarar 1974 daga Jami'ar Hawai'i a Mānoa .  Ya koyar a Jami'ar Leiden a Netherlands daga 1976 zuwa 1984, bayan haka ya koma Sashen Harshe a Mānoa don sauran aikinsa, yana aiki a matsayin shugaban sashen daga 2005 zuwa 2008. Ya kasance Fellow na Linguistic Society of America . 

### Harsunan Austronesian
Har zuwa 2018, ya yi aiki a matsayin editan bita na Oceanic Linguistics, mujallar ilimi da ke rufe Harsunan Austronesian. Blust an fi saninsa da aikinsa a kan wannan babban dangin harshe, gami da cikakkiyar ƙamus ta Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (1995) da ƙamus na Thao-English (2003). Wani sanannen aikinsa shine aikin 2009 da ake kira The Austronesian Languages, wanda shine littafi na farko da aka rubuta don rufe dukkan fannoni (phonology, syntax, morphology, canje-canjen sauti, rarrabuwa, da dai sauransu) na dangin yaren Austronesian gaba ɗaya.

### Ayyukan gona
A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikinsa na fagen, Blust ya yi nazarin harsunan Austronesian 97 da ake magana a wurare kamar Sarawak, Papua New Guinea, da Taiwan. A Taiwan, ya yi aikin gona a kan Harsunan Formosan kamar Thao, Kavalan, Pazeh, Amis, Paiwan da Saisiyat . Kalmominsa na harshen Thao mai haɗari sosai, a sama da shafuka 1100, yana ɗaya daga cikin cikakkun da aka taɓa tattara don harshen Formosan. Blust kuma yana da sha'awar bincike a fannonin harshe da al'adu na bakan gizo da dodanni.

## Rayuwa da mutuwarsa
Blust ya mutu a Honolulu, Hawaii, a ranar 5 ga Janairu, 2022, yana da shekaru 81, bayan yaƙi da ciwon daji na shekaru 13.

## Dubi kuma

* Ra'ayi na Austronesian

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

## manazarta
John Bowden (masanin harshe)

**John Frederick Bowden** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1958 a Ostiraliya ) masanin harshe ne wanda ya kware a ilimin harshe na Austronesian da Papuan . Babban sha'awar bincikensa shine harsunan gabashin Indonesia da Timor-Leste.

## Ilimi
Bowden ya sami digiri na farko da digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin harshe a Jami'ar Auckland .  Ya yi karatun digirinsa a Jami'ar Melbourne, inda ya rubuta bayanin ilimin lissafi na yaren Taba don rubutun sa (Taba [Makian Dalam]: Bayani na harshen Austronesian daga Gabashin Indonesia, 1997). 

## Ayyuka
Tare da masu bincike daga Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Indonesia (Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia), ya rubuta Harshen Gamkonora, harshen Papuan na Halmahera. Ya yi bincike kan harshen Malay wanda ba daidai ba kamar Arewacin Moluccan Malay da yaren Jakarta. Har ila yau, Bowden ya yi nazarin Harsunan Kudancin Halmahera sosai, musamman kan ilimin harshe, hulɗar harshe, da ƙamus.

Ya kasance mai bincike na postdoctoral a Cibiyar Max Planck ta Psycholinguistics . Kimanin shekaru 10, ya kasance mai bincike a Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin darektan gida na Jakarta Field Station na Sashen Harshe na Cibiyar Max Planck ta Halitta. 

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa
Ayyukan da John Bowden ya zaɓa: 

* Bayan Gabatarwa: Grammaticalization of Locatives in Oceanic Languages (1992) 
* *Taba: Bayani na Harshe na Kudancin Halmahera* (2001) 
* Tafiya ta hanyar Al'adu da Harshe na Austronesian da Papuan (2010) 

## manazarta
John Sellars

**John Sellars** na iya nufin ma'ana kamar haka:

* John Sellars (mai gudanar da ilimi) , shugaban Jami'ar Graceland 2007-2017
* John Sellars (mai wasan ƙwallon ƙafa)  (1924-1985), ɗan wasan ƙwallafen Ingila
* John Sellars (mai harbi na wasanni) , mai harbi na wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya; duba Harbi a wasannin Olympics na bazara na 1908 - Rifle na maza na 1000 yadudduka kyautaYin harbi a wasannin Olympics na bazara na 1908 - Rifle na maza na 1000 yadudduka kyauta

## Dubi kuma

* John Sellers (disambiguation)
John Sellars (mai wasan ƙwallon ƙafa)

**John Sellars** (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1924 -ya mutu a ranar 24 ga watan Yuni Shekarar 1985) ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa wanda ya buga a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Stoke City . Ya buga wasanni guda 384 a Stoke. Mahaifinsa Harry kuma ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ya buga wa Stoke . 

## Ayyuka
An haifi Sellars a Stoke-on-Trent, ya shiga kulob ɗinsa na Stoke City inda mahaifinsa Harry ya buga wasanni guda 395. Shi da wasu matasan 'yan wasa sun buga wa Stoke wasa a lokacin yakin kuma sun kasance na yau da kullun a gefe har sai da Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta sake dawowa a shekarar 1946-47 inda George Antonio ya maye gurbinsa. Raunin Frank Mountford a watan Janairu ya buɗe ƙofar ga Sellars mai shekaru 22 don ya ɗauki damarsa kuma ya cika rabin dama cikin sauƙi, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa yayin da Stoke ya kasa lashe lambar yabo ta farko ta League. A cikin Shekarar 1947-48 Sellars dole ne ya cika a kusa da raunin da Stoke ya yi, yana wasa a cikakken baya, dama har ma da tsakiya-gaba kafin ya sami matsayinsa a hagu-rafi maye gurbin Jock Kirton duk da cewa yana da ƙafafun dama. Manajan Bob McGrory ya bayyana Sellars a matsayin 'mafarki na manajoji' don shirye-shiryensa na yin wasa a kowane matsayi. An kuma san shi da daidaito, Sellars ya kasance a cikin 1948-49 kuma ya rasa wasanni uku kawai a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa.

Wannan gudu ya ƙare a cikin Shekarar 1951-52 bayan ya sha wahala daga wani zamewar faifai. Sellars ya warke kuma ya kasance na yau da kullun a ƙarƙashin sabon kocin Frank Taylor yayin da aka sake komawa Stoke a shekarar 1952-53 sannan aka bar su cikin taƙaici a ƙoƙarin sake dawo da rukunin farko. Ya ƙare aikinsa a wasan FA Cup da Bolton Wanderers a watan Janairun Shekarar 1958 bayan ya sami mummunar rauni a idonsa wanda ya bar shi da hangen nesa sau biyu na sauran rayuwarsa. Ya yi ritaya a watan Mayun shekarar 1959 kuma ya ci gaba da gudanar da kasuwancin kansa a Bristol kuma yana cikin tsari don siyarwa da ƙaura zuwa Spain lokacin da ya mutu a watan Yunin 1985.

## Ƙididdigar aiki
Tushen: 

## Manazarta
Marianne Githens

**Marianne Githens** (10 ga Nuwamba, 1936 - 27 ga Fabrairu, 2018)   ta kasance masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Amurka, mata, kuma marubuciya. Ta kasance Elizabeth Conolly Todd Distinguished Farfesa kuma co-kafa Shirin Nazarin Mata a Kwalejin Goucher . A shekara ta 1977, ta hada hannu da rubuce-rubuce na tarihin A Portrait of Marginality .

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Githens a Birnin New York ga Anita Keller, malamar makaranta kuma mai zama na Cedarhurst, New York da John H. Githens, mai lissafi. Ta girma ne a Cedarhurst, New York . Tana da ɗan'uwa ɗaya, John Lawrence . Ta sami digiri na farko na Arts daga Kwalejin Marymount Manhattan . Bayan kammala karatunta Githens ta koma Landan, inda ta zauna tare da dangin Yahudawa na Jamus da suka yi hijira kusa da Hampstead Heath . Githens ta yi karatu a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a cibiyoyin siyasa na Turai da tunanin siyasa na Faransa a shekarar 1960. An ba da jawabinsa mai taken The Separation of Powers in the Working Constitution of the Fourth Republic

## Ayyuka
Githens ya koyar da cikakken lokaci a Kwalejin Goucher daga 1965 zuwa 2014. Ta koyar da ɗan lokaci har zuwa 2016. Abokanta sun amince da ita a matsayin "masanin farko" a fagen mata a siyasa  da manufofin jama'a.  Githens ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga hadawa, bambancin, da daidaito. Wannan shawarwarin ya haɗa da haƙƙin mata da kuma unguwanni na birane a Baltimore. Ta kasance co-kafa Shirin Nazarin Mata a Goucher kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar shirin kimiyyar siyasa.  A shekara ta 1977, Githens da Jewel Prestage sun rubuta tarihin A Portrait of Marginality . A shekara ta 1993, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da izinin Githens don rubuta rahoto game da mata a Turai ta Hukumar Tarayyoyin Turai don Ci gaban Shirin. A shekara ta 2000, an kira Githens Farfesa mai suna Elizabeth Conolly Todd na Kwalejin Goucher saboda "shugabancin, ilimi, koyarwa da fafutukar al'umma".

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Githens ta kasance mai fafutukar mata kuma tana jin daɗin kayan ado da kayan ado. Ta auri Stanley Zenith Mazer a shekarar 1973. Mazer ya kasance dean kuma farfesa a Kwalejin Jama'a ta Baltimore City . Ma'auratan sun hadu a lokacin yakin neman zabe na Parren Mitchell inda dukansu suna da sha'awar daidaiton launin fata. Githens da Mazer sun koma unguwar Mount Vernon a Baltimore a 1994. Githens tana da 'ya'ya maza biyu da mata biyu.

Githens ya mutu a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 2018, daga ciwon zuciya yana da shekaru 83. 'Ya'yanta, ɗan'uwa, da jikoki biyar ne suka mutu.

## Kyaututtuka da girmamawa
Githens sun sami kyaututtuka da yawa daga Kwalejin Goucher, gami da Kyautar Koyarwa ta Musamman, Kyautar Kwalejin Caroline Doebler Bruckerl, da Kyautar Masanin 'Yancin Dan Adam. Kwalejin Marymount Manhattan ce ta amince da ita tare da Kyautar Alumna mai ban sha'awa. A shekara ta 1997, an gabatar da Githens da mijinta lambar yabo ta aikin adanawa daga Baltimore Heritage . 

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

### Labarai

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### Littattafai

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## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Appearancesa kanC-SPAN
Harshen Guhu-Samane

**Guhu-Samane**, wanda aka fi sani da *Bia, Mid-Waria, Muri, Paiawa, Tahari*, yare ne na Trans-New Guinea wanda ke da alaƙa da Iyalin Binanderean a cikin rarrabuwa na Malcolm Ross (2005).

Bambancin Guhu-Samane daga wasu Harsunan Binander na iya zama saboda babban hulɗa na tarihi tare da harsunan Oceanic kamar Numbami . 

## Harsuna
Smallhorn (2011:131) ya ba da yaruka masu zuwa:

* Kipu (mafi yawan magana) 
* Bapi
* Garin
* Sekare
* Sinaba

Bambance-bambance na yaren sun fi dacewa, amma maganganu guda biyu da aka bayyana suna nuna bambance-bambancen yau da kullun. An fahimci abin da ke hanawa a matsayin /dz/ a cikin kogi a Bapi da Garaina, /d/ a cikin kogin zuwa Asama, da /j/ a cikin ruwa a Papua. Ana ganin bilabial ɗin da aka bayyana a matsayin /b/ a cikin ƙasa amma a matsayin /w/ a bakin tekun (Sinaba da Paiawa) (Handman 2015:102).

## Manazarta
Ann Chowning

**Martha Ann Chowning** (an haife ta  18 ga watan  Afrilu shekara ta  1929 - 25 ga Satumba 2016) ta kasance masanin ilimin ɗan adam na Amurka, Masanin ilimin lissafi, masanin binciken tarihi kuma masanin harshe da aka sani da aikinta a kan mutane, harsuna, al'adu da tarihin Oceania . 

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Chowning a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1929, a Little Rock, Arkansas . An haife ta a Arkansas, Chowning ta yi karatun Mutanen Espanya a Kwalejin Bryn Mawr da ilimin ɗan adam a Kwaleji ta Barnard, Columbia, kafin ta fara PhD a fannin ilimin ɗan adam na Jami'ar Pennsylvania a 1952. A can ne Ward Goodenough ya koya mata, wanda ya sanya ta cikin wani aiki a kan mutanen Lakalai na Papua New Guinea. Bayan kammala karatunta na PhD a shekara ta 1957, Chowning daga baya ta sake komawa Lakalai sau da yawa tsakanin shekarun 1960 zuwa 1990, kuma ta gudanar da aikin gona na kwatankwacin Molima, Sengseng, da Kove.

Chowning ya rike mataimakin farfesa a fannin ilimin ɗan adam a Kwalejin Barnard, Jami'ar Columbia, daga 1960 zuwa 1965, kuma ya kasance Babban Bincike a fannin ilmin ɗan adam a Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia daga 1965 zuwa 1970. A shekara ta 1970 an nada ta farfesa a fannin ilimin ɗan adam a Jami'ar Papua New Guinea, kafin ta koma Jami'ar Victoria ta Wellington don ɗaukar matsayi a matsayin Farfesa da Shugaban Sashen Anthropology a shekara ta 1977. Chowning ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1995. Ta mutu a ranar 25 ga Satumba 2016 a Auckland, New Zealand .

## Bincike
Ayyukan Chowning sun kasance masu haɗuwa, harshe mai haɗuwa, ethnography da tarihi. Ta ba da gudummawa sosai ga ilimin harsuna na Oceanic, kuma ƙamus dinta na Lakalai-Ingilishi shine watakila mafi girman ƙamus na kowane yaren Oceanic na Yamma.

## manazarta
Blue Jackal

**Blue Jackal** labari ne da aka sani a ko'ina cikin yankin Indiya .

## Tunani na farko
Ana iya samun farkon magana game da Blue Jackal a cikin *Panchatantra*, tarin labaran da ke nuna dabbobi a cikin yanayin ɗan adam (duba anthropomorphism, Dabbobin Magana a cikin almara ). A cikin kowane labarin kowane dabba yana da "halayen mutum" kuma kowane labari ya ƙare cikin ɗabi'a.&#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Labarin
Labarin jaka mai shuɗi da aka sani ta hanyar tatsuniya baka ba ya bambanta da yawa daga wani yanki na Indiya zuwa wani. Ko da yake an san halitta daban-daban kamar Chandru, Neelaakanth ko Neela Gidhar (a zahiri, Blue Jackal ).

Mafi yawan sigar  ana faɗa kamar haka:

## Duba kuma

* Tatsuniya
* Adabin Indiya
* *Panchatantra*

## Manazarta
James T. Collins

**James T. Collins** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1946 a Birnin Chicago) masanin harshe ne na kasar  Amurka wanda ke aiki a kan ilimin harshe, a  lexicography, da ilimin zamantakewa. Collins ya ƙware da farko a cikin yarukan Austronesian.

## Ilimi
Collins ya sami B.A. a Jami'ar Saint Mary of the Lake, Illinois a 1968, MA a fannin ilimin harshe a Jami'an Chicago a 1975, Ph.D a Jami'a ta Chicago a 1980. A shekara ta 1984, ya kasance babban mai bincike a Jami'ar Cornell . Ya kuma koyar da Indonesian a Jami'ar Texas a El Paso, Jami'ar Leiden, Jami'an Goethe Frankfurt, Cibiyar Nazarin Asiya ta Duniya (Netherlands), da Jami'ar Kasa ta Malaysia .  Daga baya ya zama Farfesa na Malay-Polynesian Linguistics a shekarar 1995. Har ila yau, Farfesa ne Emeritus a cikin Harsunan Kasashen Waje da Littattafai a Kwalejin Liberal Arts da Kimiyya, Jami'ar Arewacin Illinois.

## Bincike
Collins ya yi bincike mai zurfi kan Harsunan Indonesia, musamman a yankunan Maluku, Kalimantan, Peninsular Malaysia, da Sarawak. Wasu daga cikin ayyukan Collins sun haɗa da wallafe-wallafe a kan harsunan Borneo (1990), Java, Bali, Sri Lanka (1995), Sumatra, da Gabashin Indonesia (1996).

## Littattafai

*  
* [Hasiya] Asilulu-Ingilishi ƙamus. NUSA Littafi 51-52. Jakarta: Peny Badanelenggara Seri NUSA, Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya
* [Hasiya] Secrara Bahasa Melayu: Sulawesi Tengah, 1793-1795. Makassar: Badan Penerbit UNM Makassar.
* [Hasiya] Bahasa Melayu, Bahasa Dunia: Sejarah Singkat. Jakarta: KITLV-Jakarta dan Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Mukadimah da aka haifa. [An gabatar da etymology.] Buga na biyu. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka .
* [Hasiya] Wibawa bahasa: Kepelbagha dan kepiawaian. [Harshe iko: Bambanci da daidaituwa.] (Fabatarwa ta farko, bugawa ta biyu.) Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
* [Hasiya] Mukadimah da aka haifa. [An gabatar da etymology.] Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka .
* [Hasiya] Bambance-bambance shida na Bidayuhic na Kogin Sekadau .  (Tare da Chong, Shin.) Borneo Homeland Data Paper No. 3. Bangi: Cibiyar Alam dan Tamadun Melayu
* [Hasiya] Malay, harshen duniya: Takaitaccen tarihi.  (Rubuta ta biyu, fitowar ta biyu). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka .

; Babi na littafin

## manazarta
Kshemendra

**Kshemendra** ( IAST   ;  ) mawaƙin Sanskrit na ƙarni na 11 mawaƙi ne, satirist, philosopher, ɗan tarihi,  ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, mai fassara  kuma mai sukar fasaha  daga Kashmir . 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Kshemendra a cikin tsohuwar iyali, mai al'ada, kuma mai wadata.  Mahaifinsa shi ne Prakashendra, zuriyar Narendra wanda shi ne minista ga Jayapida.  Dukansu iliminsa da abubuwan da suka fitar na adabi sun kasance masu faɗi da banbance-banbance. Ya yi karatun wallafe-wallafe a ƙarƙashin "malaman farko na zamaninsa, mashahurin masanin falsafa na Shaiva da kuma wallafe-wallafen Abhinavagupta ".  An haifi Kshemendra ɗan Shaiva, amma daga baya ya zama Vaishnava.  Ya yi karatu kuma ya rubuta game da Vaishnavism da Buddha .  Ɗansa, Somendra, ya ba da cikakkun bayanai game da mahaifinsa a cikin gabatarwar *Avadana Kalpalata* da sauran ayyuka. Kshemendra yana nufin kansa a cikin ayyukansa a matsayin Vyasadasa ( IAST   ; *Bawan Vyasa* ), lakabin da watakila ya ci nasara ko kuma aka karɓa bayan kammala Bhāratamañjari . 

Kshemendra ya kasance cikin buƙatu sosai a matsayin ƙwararren mai sarrafa dogon rubutu.  Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen ya haɓaka daga aƙalla 1037 (aiki na farko na kwanan watan, *Brihatkathāmanjari*, taƙaitaccen ayar da aka rasa *"Arewa maso yammacin" Bṛhatkathā* ; da kanta a recension na Gunadhya 's rasa *Bṛhatkathā* - "Babban Labari") zuwa 1066 (sabuwar kwanan wata asusu na tentaran asusu, *Daitasan* asusu. allah Viṣnu "). 

## Extant ayyuka
Kusan goma sha takwas na ayyukan Kshemendra har yanzu suna nan yayin da wasu goma sha huɗu kawai aka san su ta hanyar nassoshi a cikin wasu adabi. [1] Bugu da ƙari ga nau'ikan da aka jera a ƙasa, ya kuma tsara wasan kwaikwayo, waƙoƙin siffantawa, wani labari mai ban sha'awa, tarihi, da yiwuwar sharhi kan Kāma Sūtra .

### Abridgements

* *Ramāyaṇamanjari* - Verse abridgement of the Ramayana ( Sanskrit )
* *Bhāratamanjari* - Ƙaƙwalwar Aya ta Mahabharata ( Sanskrit )
* *Brihatkathāmanjari* - Ƙaƙwalwar Aya ta Brihatkatha (  )

### Wakoki

* *Auchtya Vichāra Charcha*
* *Kavikanthābharaṇa*
* *Suvrittatilaka*

### Satires

* *Kalāvilasā* - "Dalliance tare da yaudara"
* *Samaya Mātrikā* - "The Courtesan's Keeper" (  )
* *Narmamālā* - "A Garland of Mirth"
* *Deśopadeśa* - "Nasiha daga karkara"

### Didactic yana aiki

* *Nitikalpataru*
* *Darpadalana*
* *Chaturvargasaṃgraha*
* *Chārucharya*
* *Sevyasevakopadeśa*'
* *Lokaprakāśa*
* *Stūpāvadāna* — See Saratchandra Das (ed.), Stupavadana, *Journal and Text of the Buddhist Society of India*, vol.II, part 1 (1894), pp.&nbsp;13-18.

### Ayyukan ibada

* *Avadānakalpalatā* - Tsohon rayuwa da kyawawan ayyuka na Buddha ( Turanci )
* *Daśavataracharita* - Jiki goma na Vishnu (  )

### Aikin Tarihi

## Bayanan kula

## Manazarta

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Mark Durie

**Mark Durie** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1958)  yankin  Anglican na kasar  Australiya kuma masanin ilimin harshe da tauhidi. Shi ne darektan da ya kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Ruhaniya, Fellow a Taron Gabas ta Tsakiya, kuma babban jami'in bincike na Cibiyar Arthur Jeffery don Nazarin Islama a Makarantar tauhidin Melbourne . 

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Durie a Papua ga iyayen mishan, kuma ya girma a Canberra . 

Mark Durie ya sami Ph.D. daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia a shekarar 1984.  Daga baya ya gudanar da alƙawari a Jami'ar Leiden, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts, Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, Jami'an Stanford da Jami'ar Californie, Santa Cruz .   Daga 1987 zuwa 1997 ya rike mukamai na postdoctoral fellow, malami, babban malami, mai karatu da kuma mataimakin farfesa a Jami'ar Melbourne. An zabe shi a Kwalejin Nazarin Dan Adam ta Australiya a shekarar 1992.  An nada shi a matsayin mai hidima na Anglican kuma firist a 1999, ya yi aiki a kan ma'aikatan St Mark's Camberwell, St Hilary's Kew, St Mary's Caulfield, St Clement's Elsternwick da St Catharine's South Caulfield .  Yana da BTh (Hons), da DipTh daga Kwalejin tauhidin Australiya kuma a cikin 2016 ya kammala Th.A cikin wannan talifin,D. tare da Kwalejin tauhidin Australiya da Makarantar tauhidin Melbourne.

Durie ya wallafa labarai da littattafai kan Aceh_language" id="mwSA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Acehnese language">Harshen Acehnese na Aceh, Indonesia, ilimin harshe, asalin Alkur'ani da alaƙar addinai. Littafinsa na 1985 A grammar of Acehnese: on the basis of a dialect of North Aceh an bayyana shi a matsayin "bayani na zamani da ake buƙata cikin gaggawa na wani muhimmin harshe",  kuma Durie daga baya an bayyana shi da kansa a matsayin "mafi ƙwarewa a rubuce-rubucen Acehnese a Turanci". 

An kuma bayyana Durie a matsayin "wani ƙwararren masani game da batutuwan da suka shafi Kristanci da Islama". Littafinsa na 2010 The Third Choice: Islam, Dhimmitude and Freedom yana da gabatarwa ta Bat Ye'or, kuma an bayyana Durie a matsayin mai goyon bayan ra'ayin duniya na Ye'or. Littafinsa na 2013 Liberty to the Captives: Freedom from Islam and Dhimmitude through the Cross an ce ya samar da "kayan aiki ga Kiristoci (musamman waɗanda ke zaune a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Islama) don karɓar fahimtar Littafi Mai-Tsarki game da gicciye don ya 'yantar da su daga tasirin Islama",  yayin da littafinsa na 2018 The Qur'an and its Biblical Reflexes: Investigations into the Genesis of a Religion an bayyana shi a matsayin "aiki na asali sosai da kuma gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga fagen Nazarin Alkur'ani. 

Ya ba da sharhi a kan Sky News Australia .  

## Ayyuka

### Littattafai

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## manazarta
Isidore Dyen

**Isidore Dyen** (16 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1913 a Philadelphia - 14 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 2008 a Newton, Massachusetts) masanin harshe ne na Amurka, Farfesa Emeritus na Malayo-Polynesian da Comparative Linguistics a Jami'ar Yale . Ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan malamai a fagen ilimin harshe na Austronesian,  yana bugawa sosai kan sake ginawa ilimin sauti na Proto-Austronesian da kuma rarraba cikin Iyalin harshe, na ƙarshe galibi ta hanyar lexicostatistics. 

Yaron ƙarami na wani rabbi da matarsa wanda ya yi ƙaura daga Kiev, Ukraine, "Iz" (kamar yadda abokai suka san shi) ya girma yana magana da Yiddish a gida kuma yana karatun Ibrananci a Kwalejin Gratz a shirye-shiryen horar da malamai. Koyaya, a lokacin da yake samun BA a 1933, MA a 1934, da Ph.D. a 1939 a Jami'ar Pennsylvania, abubuwan da yake so sun koma ilimin harshe. Bayan kammala wani rubutun a kan "The Sanskrit indeclinables of the Hindu grammarians and lexicographers"  ya shirya ya ƙware a cikin yarukan Slavic,  amma bukatun Sojojin Amurka a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II ya ja shi cikin harsuna a cikin Pacific Theater of Operations .

Ya koyi Malay sosai don koyar da shi ga sojojin da ke kan hanyar zuwa Kudu maso Yammacin Pacific  da kuma samar da rubutun koyarwa na kundi 2, Spoken Malay (1943). Bayan yaƙin, ya yi aiki a fagen a kan wasu harsuna biyu na Austronesian, Chuukese (wanda aka mayar da shi "Trukese" a wannan lokacin) da Yapese, a matsayin memba na Tri-Institutional Coordinated Investigation of Micronesia Anthropology wanda Jami'ar Yale, Jami'ar Hawai'i, da Gidan Tarihin Bernice P. Bishop suka tallafawa. Daga wannan ya fito da A Sketch of Trukese grammar (1965). 

A lokaci guda, ya fara amfani da hanyar kwatancinsa don sake dubawa da sake fasalin sauti wanda Otto Dempwolff (1934-38) ya buga a baya. Jerin labarai kamar "Maganar Malayo-Polynesian don 'biyu"" (1947), "The Tagalog reflexes of Malayo- Polynesian D" (1947), ""Proto-Malayo-Polymesian *Z" (1951), da kuma "Dempwolff's *R" (1953), daga ƙarshe ya ƙare a cikin wani littafi, The Proto-Malayo' Polynesian laryngeals (1953). Amfani da irin wannan hanyoyin ga sabbin bayanansa daga Chuukese ya haifar da wani littafi mai suna On the history of the Trukese vowels (1949), wanda ya nuna yadda wasula tara na Chuukese suka samo asali a kai a kai daga tsarin wasula huɗu da Dempwolff ya sake ginawa don Proto-Austronesian. 

## Ayyuka

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## Bayani

## manazarta
Carlos Vereza

**Carlos Alberto Vereza de Almeida** (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1939) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na ƙasar Brazil .  An haife shi a Rio de Janeiro .

## Hotunan da aka zaɓa

* *Yaƙi Mai Girma* (1968) 
* *Tarihin Kurkuku* (1984) 
* *Sarkin Gado* (1996) 
* *Jikin Zinariya* (1998) 
* *Tsakar dare* (1998) 
* *Cravo da Rosa* (2000) 
* Wurin da ake kira Picapau Amarelo (2001-2002) 
* *Marias Uku* (2002) 
* *Kubanacan* (2003) 
* *Ɗaya daga cikin Zuciya* (2004) 
* Farawa daga Novo (2004) 
* *Sinhá Moça* (2006) 
* *Fuskokin Biyu* (2007) 
* *Bezerra de Menezes: Jaridar Ruhu* (2008) 
* *Ƙaunar Har abada Ƙaunar* (2012) 
* *Baya ga Lokaci* (2015) 

## manazarta
Samuel Hoyt Elbert

**Samuel Hoyt Elbert** ( an haife shie 8 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1907 - 14 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1997) masanin harshe ne na kasara  Amurka wanda ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ilimin lissafi na Hawaiian da Polynesian da ethnography . An haife shi a wani gona a Des Moines, Iowa, ga Hoyt Hugh Elbert da Ethelind (Swire) Elbert, Sam ya girma a kan dawakai, daya daga cikin abubuwan da ya fi so har zuwa ritaya. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Grinnell tare da A.B. a 1928, ya sami takardar shaidar Faransanci a Jami'ar Toulouse kuma ya yi tafiya a Turai kafin ya koma Birnin New York, inda ya jira tebur, ya yi aiki a jarida, ya sake nazarin littattafai, kuma ya yi karatun aikin jarida a Jami'a. Wanderlust ya kai shi Polynesia ta Faransa, da farko zuwa Tahiti sannan zuwa Marquesas, inda da sauri ya zama ƙwararre a Marquesan.A shekara ta 1936, ya tafi aiki don binciken ilimin ƙasa na Amurka a Hawaii'i. A can ya sadu da masu bincike kan harsuna da al'adu na Pacific a Gidan Tarihin Bishop, shugaban daga cikinsu Mary Kawena Pukui, wanda ya koyi yaren Hawaiian kuma tare da shi ya yi aiki tare da shi tsawon shekaru arba'in. Lokacin da yaƙin ya ɓarke a cikin Pacific, Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka sun yi amfani da shi a matsayin jami'in leken asiri wanda ke nazarin harsunan tsibirai masu mahimmanci. An tura shi zuwa Samoa a 1943, sannan zuwa Micronesia, inda ya tattara kuma ya buga jerin kalmomi don harsunan tsibirin da yawa.

Bayan yakin, wanda masana kimiyya a Gidan Tarihi na Bishop da Jami'ar Hawai'i suka karfafa shi, ya yi karatu a Yale da Jami'an Indiana, inda ya sami Ph.D. a cikin al'adun gargajiya a 1950, yana rubuta rubutunsa a kan 'The Chief in Hawaiian Mythology'. Jami'ar Hawai'i ta hayar da shi a 1949, kuma ya koyar da darussan a cikin Harshen Hawaiian da ilimin harshe har sai da ya yi ritaya a 1972, ya gabatar da sabbin hanyoyin koyarwa da sabbin matakan tsauraran darussan harshen Hawaiian, wanda har zuwa lokacin yana da suna don zama mai sauƙi.

A shekara ta 1957, ya fara haɗin gwiwa na dogon lokaci tare da masanin Danish, Torben Monberg, a kan Polynesian outliers na Rennell da Bellona a cikin Solomon Islands, yana yin tafiye-tafiye hudu zuwa tsibirin. Ya shafe shekara guda a Denmark a kan tallafin Fulbright a 1964-64 yana aiki tare da Monberg a kan wani littafi kan al'adun baki na Rennell da Bellona. A shekara ta 1988, ya wallafa wani harshe na harshe.

A shekara ta 1972, ya wallafa ƙamus na Harshen Puluwatese sannan ya biyo bayan littafin harshe na yaren a shekara ta 1974.

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa
*A cikin tsari na farko da aka buga:*

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## manazarta
Chaar Bayt

**Chaar Bayt** wata fasaha ce da ta shafe shekaru 400 ana yin wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya, wadda ƙungiyar masu fasaha ko mawaƙa ke yi. Chaar Bayt ko Four Stanzas wani nau'i ne na tatsuniyoyi da wasan kwaikwayo . Har yanzu yana raye a yau musamman a Rampur (Uttar Pradesh), Tonk (Rajasthan), Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh) da Hyderabad na Telangana (wanda shine Andhra Pradesh ).  Sangeet Natak Academy ta gane shi azaman nau'in fasahar jama'a na gargajiya.

## Asalin
Sigar waƙar ta samo asali ne tun ƙarni na 7 a Larabawa da sunan Rajeez . Asalin kalmar "Chaar Bayt" za a iya komawa zuwa harshen Farisa inda take nuni da wakoki guda hudu a cikinsa wanda kowane guntu ya kunshi layi hudu. An rera wakar ne tare da Daf, kayan kida na asali na Larabawa. [1] Wannan sigar fasaha ta fito ne daga Farisa zuwa Indiya ta Afghanistan. Tushen da aka yarda da shi shine sojojin Afghanistan a cikin sojojin Mughal sun kawo wannan fasaha zuwa Indiya.

## Abun ciki
Tun da farko, an haɗa shi da Farisa da Pashtu, duk da haka, daga baya kuma ya zo cikin Urdu kuma. A hankali fom ɗin ya shiga cikin al'adun gida kuma ya fara aron kalmar sa daga jama'a. Waƙar "Chaar Bayt" tana nuna sha'awa iri ɗaya da Urdu Ghazal.

## Ƙungiyoyin masu fasaha na yanzu

* Babban Sultani performing group from Rampur in Uttar Pradesh.
* Badshah Khan da tawagarsa daga Tonk a Rajasthan.
* Masood Hashmi da tawagarsa daga Bhopal a Madhya Pradesh.
* Wasu ƙungiyoyin gida daga Hyderabad na Telangana . 

## Jigon fasaha
Yawancin lokaci, "Chaar Bayt" wata doguwar waka ce mai jerin gwano guda hudu da ke bayyana yaƙe-yaƙe, jaruntaka, soyayya da kuma wani lokacin ruhi. A cikin lokutan farko tana da jigon sufanci na sufanci, daga baya batutuwan zamantakewa da siyasa sun zama batutuwan jigon.

## Manazarta
Margaret Florey

**Margaret Florey** masanin harsuna ne na Australiya wanda aikin ta  ke mai da hankali kan sake farfadowa da batatun  harsunan 'yan asalin  kasar Australiya. Ta rubuta canje-canje a cikin magana ta zamani, kamar kalmar Yeah, babu wanda ke zama mafi yawa a Ostiraliya.

Florey ta sami digirinta na PhD a 1990 daga Jami'ar Hawaii . Kwarewar aikinta na harshe yana mai da hankali kan harsunan Austronesian da ke cikin haɗari na Maluku ta Tsakiya, gabashin Indonesia, da harsunan Australiya na yankin Pilbara na Yammacin Australia. Ita ce co-kafa Cibiyar Kula da Harshen Harsuna don Bambancin Harsuna kuma ita ce mahaliccin Shirin Horar da Harsunan 'Yan asalin ƙasar, wanda ya kai sama da al'ummomin Australiya 50. Ta ba da gudummawa ga bitar horo na kasa da kasa, gami da InField: Cibiyar Nazarin Harshe da Takaddun Harshe (2008, 2010), CoLang: Cibiyar Binciken Harshe na Hadin gwiwa (2014, 2016, 2018), da Cibiyar Harsunan Harsuna da Harsuna ta Kanada (2009, 2010). Ta kasance co-direkta mai kafa (2009-1012) na Consortium for Training in Language Documentation and Conservation kuma ta yi aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa tun 2012. Ta kasance tsohuwar shugabar kwamitin gudanarwa na kasa da kasa kan ilimin harshe na Austronesian, wakilin yankin Pacific na Linguapax, Barcelona, kuma ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Gwamnoni na Terralingua .

## Muhimman wallafe-wallafe

* (2018) Florey, M. 'Croming the landscape of harshe revitalization work in Australia: The Documenting and Revitalising Indigenous Languages training model'. A cikin Bischoff, S. T. & C. Jany (Eds.) Bincike daga Ayyuka a cikin Binciken Al'umma: Daga Ka'ida zuwa Aiki Around The Globe, 314-338. Berlin, Boston: Daga Gruyter Mouton.
* (2010) Florey, M. (ed.). *Harsunan da ke cikin haɗari na Austronesia*. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* (2007) Florey, M. da V. Rau.  (eds) *Rubuce-rubuce da sake farfado da harsunan Austronesian*. Honolulu: Jami'ar Hawai'i Press.
* (2005) McConvell, P. da M. Florey (ed.)  Canjin harshe, haɗuwa da lambar da bambanci.  (Lambar Musamman ta) Australian Journal of Linguistics 25 (1).
* (2008) 'Yar gwagwarmayar harshe da "sabon ilimin harshe": fadada damar yin rubuce-rubuce na harsuna masu haɗari a Indonesia.' A cikin P.K. Austin (ed.) Takaddun Harshe da Bayani, Vol. 5, 120-135. London: SOAS.
* (1990) Canjin Harshe: Canjin tsarin biyayya ga harshe a yammacin Seram. Rubutun PhD da ba a buga ba, Honolulu: Jami'ar Hawaii .

## manazarta

## Haɗin waje
Russell Gray

**Russell David Gray** masanin ilimin juyin halitta ne na  kasar New Zealand kuma masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam wanda ke aiki a kan amfani da hanyoyin lissafi don nazarin juyin halitta na al'adu da tarihin ɗan adam. A cikin 2020, ya zama babban darektan Cibiyar Max Planck don ilimin Juyin Halitta a Leipzig .  Kodayake an horar da shi a fannin ilmin halitta da ilimin halayyar dan adam, Gray ya zama sananne ne saboda karatunsa game da juyin halitta na iyalan Indo-Turai da Austronesian ta amfani da hanyoyin lissafi.

Gray kuma yana yin bincike kan ilimin dabba. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan bincikensa yana nazarin amfani da kayan aiki tsakanin hankaki na New Caledonian.

## Ayyuka
Gray ya kammala Ph.D. a Jami'ar Auckland a shekarar 1990.  Ya shafe shekaru hudu yana koyarwa a Jami'ar Otago, New Zealand, kafin ya koma Makarantar Psychology a Jami'an Auckland . Shi Fellow ne na Royal Society na New Zealand kuma an ba shi lambar yabo da yawa, da kuma Mason Durie Medal na farko (a cikin 2012) don gudummawar da ya bayar ga kimiyyar zamantakewa. A shekara ta 2014, ya zama daya daga cikin daraktocin da suka kafa Cibiyar Max Planck don Kimiyya ta Tarihin Dan Adam a Jena, Jamus, inda yake jagorantar Sashen Harshe da Al'adu na Harshe [har sai ya koma Leipzig a shekarar 2020]. Har ila yau, yana da matsayi na mataimakin a Makarantar Ilimin Halitta a Jami'ar Auckland da Sashen Falsafa a Jami'an Kasa ta Australia . 

Rubutun digirin digirin Gray yana da taken Design, constraint and construction: essay and experiments on evolution and foraging. 

Shahararrun ɗaliban Gray sun haɗa da Simon Greenhill . 

## manazarta
Simon Greenhill

**Simon James Greenhill** masanin kimiyya ne na kasar  New Zealand wanda ke aiki a kan aikace-aikacen hanyoyin ƙididdiga don nazarin juyin halitta na al'adu da tarihin ɗan adam. An san shi sosai don ƙirƙirar da gina bayanan harshe daban-daban, gami da Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database,   TransNewGuinea.org,  Pulotu,  da sauransu da yawa. Baya ga Austronesian, ya ba da gudummawa ga nazarin ilimin harsuna da yawa, gami da Dravidian  da Sino-Tibetan. 

Ya kammala karatu a Jami'ar Auckland, New Zealand .  Taken jarabawarsa ta digiri na 2008 shine Tarihin tarihi: hanyar phylogenetic ga nazarin harshe.

Greenhill a halin yanzu masanin kimiyya ne wanda ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Kasa ta Australiya da ke Canberra, Ostiraliya, da Cibiyar Max Planck don Kimiyya ta Tarihin Dan Adam a Jena, Jamus. 

## manazarta
Nikolaus P. Himmelmann

**Nikolaus P. Himmelmann** (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1959) masanin harshe ne na Jamusanci. Abubuwan da yake so sun haɗa da ilimin harshe, prosody, da takardun harshe.

Ya sami digirin digirinsa a Jami'ar Ludwig Maximilian ta Munich a 1986 kuma ya sami izini a Jami'an Cologne a 1995. Daga 1996 zuwa 1998, ya kasance ɗan bincike a Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia . Bayan haka, ya kasance farfesa a Jami'ar Ruhr da ke Bochum (1999-2007) da kuma Jami'ar Westphalian Wilhelms da ke Münster (2007-2010). A shekara ta 2010, an nada shi Farfesa na Janar Linguistics a Jami'ar Cologne . 

Shi ne co-editor na littafin The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar (2005). 

An zabe shi a matsayin memba na Academia Europaea a shekarar 2018. 

## manazarta
Wilhelm von Humboldt

Friedrich Wilhelm Christian Karl Ferdinand von Humboldt (22 Yuni 1767 - 8 Afrilu 1835) masanin  koma falsafa ne a ƙasar  Jamus, masanin harshe, Ma'aikacin gwamnati, diflomasiyya, kuma wanda ya kafa Jami'ar Humboldt ta Berlin . A shekara ta 1949, an sanya wa jami'ar suna bayan shi da ƙanensa, Alexander von Humboldt, masanin halitta.

Ya kasance masanin harshe wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga falsafar harshe, ethnolinguistics, da kuma ƙa'idar da aikin ilimi. Ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ci gaban ƴanci ta hanyar hango ilimi a matsayin hanyar fahimtar yiwuwar mutum maimakon hanyar hako ra'ayoyin gargajiya a cikin matasa don dacewa da su don aikin da aka riga aka kafa ko rawar zamantakewa. Musamman, shi ne gine-ginen Humboldtian ilimi manufa, wanda aka yi amfani da shi tun daga farko a Prussia a matsayin abin koyi ga tsarin ilimin jama'a, da kuma Amurka da Japan. An zabe shi a matsayin memba na American Philosophical Society a shekara ta 1822. 

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Humboldt a Potsdam, Margraviate na Brandenburg, kuma ya mutu a Tegel, Lardin Brandenburg .

Mahaifinsa, Alexander Georg von Humboldt (1720-1779), ya fito ne daga wani fitaccen dangin Jamus daga Pomerania . Ko da yake ba ɗaya daga cikin masu lakabi ba, ya kasance babban soja a cikin Sojojin Prussia, wanda ya yi aiki tare da Duke na Brunswick. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 42, an ba Alexander Georg lada saboda ayyukansa a cikin Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai tare da mukamin sarauta. Ya amfana daga kwangilar don hayar caca da sayar da taba.

A watan Yunin shekara ta 1791, Humboldt ya auri Caroline von Dacheröden . Suna da ƴaƴa takwas, daga cikinsu biyar (cikin su Gabriele von Humboldt) sun tsira har zuwa balaga.

## Masanin falsafa