James Sharples (mai zane-zane)

James Sharples (1751 ko 1752, a Lancashire - 26 Fabrairu 1811, a Birnin New York [1]) ya kasance mai zane-zane na Ingila kuma mai zane-zanen, wanda ya koma Amurka a shekara ta 1794. Ya fara nunawa a Royal Academy a shekara ta 1779.

## Tarihin rayuwa

Sharples da farko ya yi niyyar shiga firist na Katolika, amma ya zama mai zane a maimakon haka. Sharples ya jagoranci dangin masu zane-zane masu cin nasara, ciki har da matarsa ta uku Ellen Sharples . Yana da 'ya'ya hudu: George da matarsa ta farko; Felix Thomas Sharples daga aurensa na biyu (c. 1786- bayan 1823); da James Sharples Jr. (c. 1788-1839) da 'yar Rolinda Sharples (1793-1838) tare da wannan matarsa ta uku, Ellen . Felix, James Jr. da Rolinda sun shiga kamfanin iyali yana da shekaru 17, 15, da 13 bi da bi.

Kafin ya auri Ellen Wallace, James ya kasance mai aiki a Bristol, Liverpool, da Bath, inda ya koyar da zane. Iyalin sun tafi Amurka a shekara ta 1796, amma, bisa ga litattafan Ellen, jirgin su ya fada hannun Faransanci, kuma tsawon watanni bakwai iyalin suka kwashe lokaci a Brest, kusa da Cherbourg. Lokacin da ya sauka a New York, James da sauri ya zama sananne saboda ƙananan hotunansa a cikin pastel da ƙananan zane-zanensa. Daga 1796 zuwa 1801 ya yi aiki galibi a Philadelphia da New York, yana samun kwamitocin hoto. Iyalin sun yi tafiya a ko'ina cikin yankin New England a matsayin masu zane-zane masu tafiya, suna neman aiki da yin kwafi mai arha daga hotunan asali da suka yi na shahararrun mutane, kamar George Washington da James Madison.Iyalin Sharples sun gina suna don ainihin hotuna da wadataccen arziki. A matsayin madadin da ya dace ga manyan hotuna na mai na Gilbert Stuart da Jonathan Trumbull, alal misali, ƙananan kayan ado sun ba da gudummawa ga masana'antar hotunan Tarayya mai girma.Bayan fuskantar matsaloli tare da hayar gidansu a Bath a cikin 1801, Sharples sun koma Ingila. Yaƙin tsakanin Faransa da Burtaniya ya jinkirta dawowar iyalin zuwa Amurka. Felix da James sun dawo a 1806, kuma iyayensu da 'yar'uwarsu Rolinda sun biyo baya a 1809. Bayan mutuwar James Sharples na matsalar zuciya a lokacin hunturu mai sanyi sosai a 1811, iyalin sun koma Ingila. Felix ne kawai ya zaba ya kasance a baya.

## Takardun sirri
Wasiƙu, takardun shari'a, littattafan banki da asusun da suka shafi James da Ellen Sharples da danginsu ana gudanar da su a Bristol Archives (Ref. 15395) (katalog na kan layi).

## Hotuna

James Sharples ya kafa aikinsa a Amurka a cikin shekara ta 1794 ta hanyar ba da damar yin bayanan 'yan siyasa na gida da na ƙasa. Daga nan sai ya yi amfani da hotuna na asali don nunawa a matsayin samfurori ga sababbin abokan ciniki ko don yin kwafin asali. A wannan lokacin, kwafin hotuna na shahararrun mutane sun shahara, kodayake gasar tsakanin masu zane-zane ta kasance mai tsanani, kuma mutane da yawa sun yi tafiya don samun abokan ciniki. Sharples sau da yawa yana amfani da physiognotrace, kayan aikin zane na inji, don yin rikodin ainihin bayanin martaba, wanda ya ajiye don tarin kansa. Daga nan sai ya kwafe waɗannan asali don sake siyarwa. Ya kuma zana hotuna masu girman burodi guda uku tare da taushi, daidai. Launi na launi yafi baki, fari, da launin toka. An fassara fata a cikin launin nama kuma baya gabaɗaya yana da shuɗi. "Babban kasuwancin Sharples yana yin kwatankwacin hoton rayuwar da ya yi na Washington, kamar yadda Gilbert Stuart ke yin kwatankwaci a cikin mai na hotonsa na shugaban farko. "  Sharples ya caji $ 15 a kowane bayanin martaba da $ 25 don cikakken fuska. 

Batutuwan Sharple sun hada da George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Hester Thrale, Joseph Priestley, James Madison, Dolley Madison, John Adams, da Elihu Hubbard Smith. Dukkanin dangin Sharples sun shiga cikin kwafin hotunan asali, wanda wani lokacin ya sa ya zama da wahala a rarrabe asali daga kwafin.

Dangane da *Sake gano hoton da James Sharples ya yi*, marubucin David Meschutt ya sake gano hotonsa da ake kira Janar James Wilkinson a cikin Gidan Tarihin Kasa na Independence . Meschutt ya tantance cewa adadi wanda ba a san shi ba a cikin hoton yana wakiltar soja. Dangane da wannan bayanin, Meschutt ya sami damar rage sunayen da za a iya amfani da su tare da kundin tarin Sharples. A farkon aiwatar da kwatanta hoton da kundin, Meschutt ya gano adadi a matsayin Janar William Hull. An sake tabbatar da tsarin ganowa ta hanyar kamanceceniya tsakanin hoton farko da hoton Janar Hull a Gidan Tarihin Worcester. Bugu da ƙari, John C. Milley ya tabbatar da asalin hoton ta hanyar gano hoto daga zanen Independence. 

Daga jerin a cikin littafin The Royal Academy Exhibitors mutum zai iya ganin cewa James Sharples ya nuna ayyukansa kafin ya koma Amurka. Wadannan sune jerin zane-zanensa.

* 1779 - Hotuna biyu: Wata mace; Maza biyu
* 1782 - Hoton wata mace mai inganci; mai daraja; fensir (Duke na Northumberland, Walpole) 
* 1783 - Hoton wata mace; wani mutum; wata mace; yarinya 'ya'yan itace a cikin iska
* 1785 - Wata mace ta Newcastle a cikin halin Spring; hoton wata budurwa; namiji; mace

## Bayanan littattafai

* L. H. Cust, 'Sharples, James (1751/2-1811) ", rev. Annette Peach, *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography*, Oxford University Press, 2004 http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/25240, wanda aka samu 11 Yuni 2007
* [Hasiya] "Ellen da Rolinda Sharples: Uwar da 'Yar Ma'aikata", Jaridar Fasaha ta Mata, Vol. 16, No. 1 (Spring - Summer, 1995), shafuffuka 3-11.
* The Sharples Family and Legal Papers: 1794 - 1854, Dr. Diane Waggoner An adana shi  
* 

## Manazarta

## Haɗin zuwa Hotuna

* Hoton George Washington, Cibiyar Tarihin Virginia
* Albert Gallatin, Gidan Tarihi na Metropolitan
* Misis Horace Johnson, Laburaren AMICA
* Hoton Nelly Custis, Dutsen Vernon
* Ensiklopedia na fasaha

## Haɗin waje

* Hotunan Amurka & bugawa na tarihi daga tarin Middendorf, kundin baje kolin daga Gidan Tarihi na Metropolitan (cikakken samuwa a kan layi a matsayin PDF), wanda ya ƙunshi kayan akan Sharples (no. 7-8) 
*