Anatoly Liberman

**Anatoly Liberman** (Russian; an haife shi 10 Maris 1937) masanin harshe ne, masanin ilimin zamani, masanin lissafi, mawaƙi, mai fassara shayari (musamman daga da zuwa cikin Rasha), kuma mai sukar adabi.

Liberman Farfesa ne na ilimin Jamusanci a Sashen Jamusanci, Nordic, Slavic da Dutch a Jami'ar Minnesota,  inda tun daga 1975 ya koyar da darussan kan Tarihin dukkan harsunan Jamusanci da wallafe-wallafen, al'adun gargajiya, tatsuniyoyi, lexicography, tsarin Turai da Tsarin Rasha. Ya wallafa littattafai a kan tarihin tarihin Jamusanci, ilimin Ingilishi, tatsuniyoyi / al'adun gargajiya, tarihin ilimin harshe, da fassarar waka. Ya wallafa wani shafin yanar gizo, "The Oxford Etymologist".

Shi mai ba da shawara ne game da sake fasalin rubutun kalmomi.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Liberman a St. Petersburg (a lokacin Leningrad) a ranar 10 ga Maris 1937. An kashe mahaifinsa a yaƙi a WWII a shekara ta 1941. Ya kammala karatu daga Cibiyar Koyarwa ta Jihar Leningrad (yanzu Jami'ar Koyarwa ce ta Jihar Herzen) a shekarar 1959, sannan ya koyar da Turanci na tsawon shekaru uku a makarantar kwana don yara marasa galihu a yankin Leningrad.

A wannan lokacin Liberman ya yi karatu da kansa kuma ya wuce abin da aka sani a Rasha a matsayin mafi ƙarancin ɗan takara (Jamusanci, Tarihin Turanci, Jamusanci da falsafar, wato, Marxism da Tarihin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta USSR).

Bayan ya koma Leningrad a 1962, Liberman ya koyar da Turanci a Cibiyar Nazarin Fasaha ta Leningrad (yanzu Jami'ar Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic) kuma ya zama dalibi mai digiri a Jami'ar Leningrad.

Mai ba da shawara na ilimi na Liberman shine Farfesa  , a wannan lokacin masanin Soviet ne a cikin wallafe-wallafen Tsohon Icelandic da ilimin tarihin Jamusanci. A cikin 1965 Liberman ya kare takardar shaidarsa ta Candidate of Philological Sciences (= PhD) a kan wani batu na ilimin tarihin Ingilishi na Tsakiya, kuma a cikin wannan shekarar Nikita Khrushchev ya umarci dukkan cibiyoyin Kwalejin Kimiyya su bude kungiyoyi don nazarin abin da ya kira "kwarewar Scandinavia". An gayyaci Steblin-Kamenskij ya jagoranci irin wannan rukuni a Cibiyar Nazarin Harshe kuma ya gayyaci Liberman ya zama mataimakinsa na cikakken lokaci. A can ne ya zauna har sai da ya yi hijira a 1975. A shekara ta 1972 ya kare takardar karatun Doctor of Philological Sciences (= habilitation na Yammacin Turai) mai taken "Icelandic Prosody. " A Jami'ar Minnesota tun 1975, ya shafe shekara guda a matsayin Farfesa mai ziyara na Hill da shekaru biyu a matsayin mataimakin farfesa; bayan haka an inganta shi zuwa cikakken farfesa.

## Ka'idodin sauti
Babban ra'ayoyin Liberman a cikin ilimin sauti sune kamar haka: 1) Ka'idar da ba ta saba da ilimin sauti mai yiwuwa ba za a iya cimma ta ba, saboda ba mu da hanyar rarraba magana ta yanzu a cikin phoneme. 2) Mafi kyawun samfurin canjin sauti wanda ke ci gaba da ƙarni, kamar apocope da canjin consonant, shine na canjin da wani taron ya haifar kuma ya wuce da zarar an yi amfani da yiwuwar saurin farko. Dalilin kowane babban canji shine wani canji. 3) Matsi ba karfi ba ne amma matsayi ne mai daraja a cikin kalma, matsayin da wasu adawa ke faruwa waɗanda ba a yarda da su a kowane sashi ba. 4) Babban canje-canje na sauti a tarihin Jamusanci shine mayar da hankali ga duk fasalulluka na musamman a cikin tushen syllable da consonantal lenition a matsayin sakamakonsa. 5) Allophones, wato, bambance-bambance na phoneme, ba za a iya yin amfani da su ba (ta hanyar ma'anar). 6) A cikin Jamusanci, canje-canje na tsarin gajerun wasula sune halayen canje-canje a cikin dogon wasula. Hakazalika, canje-canje na ƙayyadaddun murya suna haifar da canje-canje a cikin ƙayyadadden murya; abin da ya bayyana a matsayin murya yana raunana sosai.

## Manazarta