Haɗarinchanjin muhalli

Sauye-sauyen **haɗarin muhalli** shine tsarin da al'ummomin gargajiya da ke da alaƙa da lamuran kiwon lafiyar muhalli suka zama mafi haɓakar tattalin arziki kuma na fuskar sabbin lamuran kiwon lafiya. A yankuna na gargajiya ko na tattalin arziki, sau da yawa mutane suna fama da mutuwa daga cututtuka masu yaduwa ko rashin abinci mai gina jiki saboda rashin abinci, ruwa, da iska.  Yayin da ci gaban tattalin arziki ke tasowa, waɗannan matsalolin muhalli suna raguwa ko warware su, wasu kuma sun fara tasowa.  Akwai sauyi a cikin halayen waɗannan sauye-sauyen muhalli, kuma sakamakon haka, sauyin abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa da cututtuka.

## Tsarin canjin haɗari

An kafa tsarin sauyawa da yawa don fahimtar tasirin ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Daga cikin wadannan, mafi tsufa kuma sanannen tsarin shine tsarin sauyawa na Demographic, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1940s. Wannan ya bayyana canjin daga yawan haihuwa da yawan mace-mace a cikin al'ummomin da ba su ci gaba ba zuwa ƙananan haihuwa da yawan mutuwa sakamakon ci gaba. Sa'an nan a kusa da 1970, an yi amfani da tsarin sauyawa na Epidemiological don nuna canje-canje a cikin lafiyar al'ummomi yayin ci gaba. Don inganta rarraba abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa da cututtuka yayin nazarin sauye-sauyen annoba an kirkiro wasu nau'o'in da aka bayyana don bayyana cututtuka da raunin: 

# **I.** Al'ada, kamuwa da cuta, abinci mai gina jiki, haihuwa, da kuma abubuwan da ke haifar da uwa
# **Na biyu.** Zamani, ciwon daji, zuciya, neuro-psychiatric, huhu mai tsanani, ciwon sukari, da abubuwan da aka haifa
# **Na uku.** Raunin da ba na canji ba, ba da gangan ba da gangan

A cikin 1990, mai binciken kiwon lafiya na muhalli Kirk R. Smith a Jami'ar California, Berkeley ya ba da shawarar tsarin "canjin haɗari" dangane da tsarin canjin al'umma da yaduwar cututtuka. Wannan ka'idar ta dogara ne akan ra'ayin cewa dole ne a sami canji a cikin abubuwan haɗari da ke haifar da canji a abubuwan da ke haifar ti mutuwa da cututtuka. A kokarin hanawa, maimakon amsawa ga cututtuka, an kara nazarin canjin haɗari kuma an ƙayyade shi. Hoto na 1 ya nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin haɗari, yaduwar cututtuka, da canjin yawan jama'a, wanda abubuwan haɗari ke canzawa don shafar tsarin cututtuka da kiwon lafiya, wanda hakan ke shafar yawan jama'ar. Koyaya, canjin yawan jama'a yana tasiri ga abubuwan haɗari, don haka waɗannan tsarin guda uku duk suna nuna tasiri mai mahimmanci ga juna. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

Tsarin "tsarin haɗari na muhalli" wanda Smith ya haɓaka sannan kuma ya keɓance haɗari na musamman da na gargajiya da na zamani da na sararin samaniya.  Dangane da tsarin, a lokacin farkon matakan ci gaba, ana magance matsalolin kiwon lafiyar muhalli da suka ta'allaka a cikin gida, kamar rashin tsafta, ta hanyar canza su cikin al'umma, yana haifar da matsaloli irin wannan gurɓataccen birni.  Ana iya lakafta wannan azaman haɗari na gargajiya da na zamani, bi da bi.  Sa'an nan, bayan ci gaba da ci gaba, waɗannan haɗari a cikin al'umma sun ragu kuma suna komawa zuwa yanayin duniya, suna haifar da damuwa ga sauye-sauye kamar haɓakar hayaki mai gurbata yanayi, da dai sauransu. Hadarin zamani, sabanin haɗarin gargajiya, yakan ci gaba da karuwa a cikin lokaci wanda mummunan sakamako ba su da dalilai guda ɗaya.  An yi waɗannan rarrabuwa tun lokacin da aka gano cewa yawancin haɗarin muhalli da ke da alaƙa da cututtukan nau'in I sun gabatar da kansu a cikin gida, kuma yayin da aka warware waɗannan tare da haɓakawa, tasirin muhalli na cututtukan nau'in II ya zama mai mahimmanci kuma ya bayyana a matakin al'umma. An kwatanta wannan ra'ayi a Hoto 2.

== Ƙididdiga ==
Yin amfani da bayanai daga Nazarin Duniya na Cututtuka (GBD) da Binciken Hadarin Kasuwanci (CRA) wanda Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ke gudanarwa, an tattara bayanai na kwarewa don gwada tsarin sauyawar haɗarin muhalli.

=== Auna ci gaba ===
Kyakkyawan ma'auni na ƙididdigar ci gaba a cikin al'umma sun haɗa da kuɗin shiga na kowane mutum wanda aka daidaita don ikon sayen gida a cikin 2000. Wannan ana kiransa dalar babban samfurin cikin gida / babban kuɗi, wanda aka daidaita don ikon siye ($PPP / babban kuɗi). Hakazalika, Ci gaban Dan Adam (HDO), yana amfani da haɗuwa da ikon sayen kuɗin shiga ga kowane mutum, tsammanin rayuwa, da matakin ilimi a cikin 2000 don auna ci gaba a cikin yawan jama'a.

=== Matsakaicin haɗari ===
Don fahimtar tasirin haɗarin muhalli a duniya, ma'auni na kowane mutum na tasirin haɗari ya fi amfani, don haka an ƙididdige haɗarin cikin kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na jimlar nauyin cutar da aka auna a cikin % shekarun rayuwa masu laushi (DALYs) da nauyin kowane mutum (DALJs ga 1000).  

==== Gidan ====
Wadannan sun taƙaita manyan haɗarin muhalli guda uku da ke cikin gidaje tare da yara ƙanana da ke cikin haɗari: [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

* Rashin ruwa, tsaftacewa, da tsabta suna taimakawa sosai ga yanayin [[Gudawa|zawo]].
* Amfani da man fetur mai ƙarfi, kamar biomass ko kwal da aka yi amfani da shi don dafa abinci da dumama yana fitar da [[Gurbacewar Iska|gurɓataccen abu]] wanda ke taimakawa ga cututtukan numfashi masu tsanani, cututtuken huhu masu tsananin cuta, da ciwon huhu.
* Rashin kula da gida, kamar tantancewa, magungunan kashe kwari, da tarkon gado yana haifar da matakan [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] a yau.

Tare da karuwar ci gaba kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin daloli na babban samfurin cikin gida / babban kuɗi, an daidaita shi don ikon siye ($PPP / babban kuɗi) haɗarin muhalli na gida ya ragu sosai. Tsakanin kasashe matalauta da masu arziki kamar yadda aka ƙaddara ta hanyar $PPP / capita, akwai fiye da umarni biyu na raguwar girman da aka lura a cikin haɗarin gida.

Wadannan sunayen manyan haɗarin muhalli suna nan a matakin al'umma:

* [[Gurbacewar Iska|Rashin gurɓata iska]] na waje na birane.
* Gurɓataccen gubar daga man fetur da tushen masana'antu.
* Hadarin aiki kamar cututtukan daji, raunin, hayaniya, da rashin aikin motsa jiki.
* Hadarin zirga-zirga ga direbobin da masu tafiya.

An gano cewa akwai karin hauhawar da faduwar hadarin al'umma tare da ci gaba idan aka kwatanta da hadarin gida, kuma tsarin hadarin ya fi rikitarwa kuma ba kamar yadda aka bayyana ba. Koyaya, tsarin gabaɗaya na haɓaka gabaɗaya tare da ci gaba, sannan ana iya ganin bin a cikin haɗarin zirga-zirga da gurɓataccen iska. Jagora da haɗarin aiki, duk da haka, sun nuna bambanci sosai.

WHO CRA kawai ta bincika haɗarin muhalli guda ɗaya wanda ke gabatar da kansa a matakin duniya: [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

* Canjin yanayi, wanda a halin yanzu yana da tasiri mara mahimmanci ga lafiyar ɗan adam.

Ba a tattara bayanai ba don wasu haɗarin duniya kamar lalacewar ozone da [[Amfani da Ƙasa|Canje-canjen amfani da ƙasa]] don aikin. An gano cewa canjin yanayi ya zuwa yanzu yana da tasiri kadan a kan lafiyar ɗan adam a duk duniya. Koyaya, bayyanar canjin yanayi zai ci gaba da ƙaruwa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, wanda zai iya haɓaka haɗarin da ke tattare da shi kamar zazzabin cizon sauro. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa haɗarin canjin yanayi ya ragu tare da karuwar ci gaba, yana nuna cewa talakawa sun fi kamuwa da cuta kuma suna hulɗa da cututtukan da canjin yanayi ke shafa. Wannan ya saba wa tsarin sauye-sauyen muhalli tunda yana la'akari da inda ake fuskantar haɗarin maimakon inda ya samo asali. Koyaya, ya kasance gaskiya, cewa yayin da ci gaba ke ci gaba, haɗarin canjin yanayi na duniya yana fadada.

=== Ƙuntatawa ===
Ba za a iya magance muhimman haɗarin lafiyar muhalli da yawa ba kuma a bincika su a cikin binciken. An yi la'akari da shi, "babban haɗari mai nisa", abubuwan haɗarin muhalli suna da tasiri a kowane cuta. Don haka, binciken ya sanya akalla 5% na nauyin muhalli na cututtukan kowane cuta ga muhalli, tare da mafi girman rabo ga cututtuka kamar zawo tare da danganta kai tsaye ga abubuwan muhalli. Ba tare da hanya mafi kyau da ta dace ba don lissafin abubuwan muhalli, rarrabawar 5% ba daidai ba ne, amma an yi amfani da ita azaman hanyar lissafin ƙididdigar nauyin abubuwan muhallar a cikin cututtuka. Kyakkyawan fahimtar cikakken yanar gizo wanda ke haifar da dangantaka daban-daban tsakanin muhalli da sauran abubuwan haɗari ga cututtukansu zai zama dole don ƙarin cikakken binciken. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

Bugu da ƙari, binciken bai yi la'akari da babban sakamako ba, ƙananan haɗarin haɗari waɗanda suka haɗa da bala'o'i na halitta (girgizar ƙasa, tsunami), gazawar fasaha mai tasiri (farin nukiliya), sabbin cututtukan cututtuka masu yaduwa da ayyukan ɗan adam suka haifar kamar kasuwanci, yawon shakatawa, da sauransu.

### Ƙarshen
Babban kammalawa: 

* Kashi na I (cututtuka masu yaduwa) a cikin ƙasashe matalauta sun mamaye nauyin duniya na rashin lafiya.
* Babu wani maye gurbin da ya bayyana na cututtukan Category II (na dogon lokaci) don category I yayin ci gaba kamar yadda yake sau da yawa a maimakon haka. Bayanan sun nuna cewa duka nau'ikan cututtuka sun ragu tare da karuwar wadata.
* Kashi na III (raunin) haɗarin raguwa tare da karuwar wadata.

gwaji na gaskiya da cikakkiyar ma'ana na hasashen haɗarin muhalli ya kasance wanda ba a iya samu tare da samun damar bayanai.  Koyaya, ta yin amfani da bayanan bayanan aikin WHO CRA, bincike-bincike na ɓangarori na sauye-sauyen lafiyar muhalli yana bayyana wasu mahimman abubuwan ɗauka::

* Yawancin cututtukan cututtukani da aka samu a kasashe matalauta suna haifar da haɗarin muhalli na gida, kusan kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na dukkan cututtukana a kasashe marasa galihu.
* Hadarin muhalli na gida yana raguwa sosai kuma kusan daidai tare da ci gaba.
* Hadarin al'umma ya kai kashi 4.3% na GBD, tare da mafi girman farashi a kasashe masu matsakaicin kudin shiga. 
** Tasirin gubar da haɗarin aiki suna nuna yanayin da ba shi da daidaituwa fiye da haɗarin zirga-zirga da gurɓataccen iska mai yiwuwa saboda sa hannun tsari da fasaha.
* Hadarin duniya daga canjin yanayi yana da asusun 0.4% na GBD kuma yana raguwa sosai tare da ci gaba. 
** Tushen haɗarin duniya duk da haka, yana ci gaba da tashi
* yanayin haɗarin muhalli a ma'auni daban-daban na sararin samaniya gabaɗaya suna tallafawa ra'ayin canjin haɗarin mujalli.

## Hatsarin haɗari
A cikin tsarin sauye-sauyen haɗarin muhalli, akwai manufar "haɗuwa ta haɗari" wanda ke bayyana al'ummomin da ke fuskantar haɗarin gargajiya da na zamani, na gida da na al'umma a lokaci guda. Yawan mutanen da ke da saukin kamuwa da wannan yanayin shine ƙauyen birane. Mutane suna zaune a cikin gidaje marasa galihu yayin da gurɓataccen birni ya shafa, kamar gurɓata iska, zirga-zirga, da sharar gida. Haɗuwa da haɗari yana haifar da hulɗa tsakanin haɗari daban-daban kamar: [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

* *Halin haɗari*: Ana samar da sabbin haɗari, irin wannan sharar gida mai guba daga zubar da shara.
* *Canjin haɗari*: Yunkurin sarrafa haɗari ɗaya na iya haifar da wasu haɗari don ƙaruwa cikin tsanani, kamar amfani da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta don rigakafin cuta.
* *Haɗin haɗari*: Haɗarin ɗaya yana canza ƙwarewa ko saukin kamuwa da wasu haɗari, kamar ƙaruwar mutuwar yara marasa abinci mai gina jiki waɗanda ke da iyakancewar damar samun sabis na kiwon lafiya.

Wadannan yanayi masu haɗuwa na iya ƙara tasiri da hankali kan tasirin haɗarin muhalli da ke cikin al'umma kuma suna zurfafa nauyin cututtuka da rashin lafiya. Saboda haka, talakawa dole ne su dauki nauyin canje-canjen muhalli da ci gaba ta kawo a cikin kari ga waɗanda canjin yanayi na duniya ya kawo.