Uber

**Uber Technologies, Inc.**, wanda aka fi sani da **Uber**, kamfani ne na fasaha a  Amurka. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da ha-hailing, isar da abinci (Uber Eats), isar da kaya, masinjoji, jigilar kayayyaki, kuma, ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da Lime, keken lantarki da kuma motar haya. Kamfanin yana tushen San Francisco ne kuma yana da aiki a cikin manyan yankuna 900 na duniya. Yana ɗayan manyan kamfanoni a cikin tattalin arziƙi.

Uber an kiyasta yana da sama da miliyan kimanin 93 masu amfani a kowane wata a duk duniya. A Amurka, Uber yana da kaso 71% na kasuwa don raba-hawa da kuma kashi 22% na kasuwa don isar da abinci. Uber ya yi fice sosai a cikin tattalin arzikin raba cewa canje-canje a cikin masana'antu daban-daban sakamakon Uber an kira su uberisation, kuma yawancin farawa sun bayyana abubuwan da suke bayarwa a matsayin "Uber don X".

Kamar kamfanoni makamantan haka, an soki Uber saboda yadda ake bi da direbobi a matsayin ‘yan kwangila masu zaman kansu, katsewar kasuwancin‘ yan tasi, da kuma karuwar cunkoson motoci. An soki kamfanin saboda wasu halaye marasa kyau da kuma yin biris da dokokin gida, musamman a ƙarƙashin jagorancin tsohon Shugaba Travis Kalanick.

## Siffar Gudanarwa
Uber tana tantance kuɗaɗe da sharuddan da direbobi ke safarar mahaya. Kamfanin yana karɓar kashi 25% na kowane kuɗin da aka gabatar ta hanyar “abokan” Uber. Uber yana amfani da samfurin farashi mai tsauri. Farashi yana canzawa gwargwadon wadatar gida da buƙata a lokacin sabis. Abokan ciniki suna ƙididdigar kuɗin a gaba.

Ana samun damar sabis gaba ɗaya ta hanyar wayar hannu. Masu amfani suna saita bayanan sirri tare da suna, lambar waya, sauran bayanai, da fifikon biyan kuɗi, wanda zai iya zama katin kuɗi, tsarin biyan kuɗi na e-commerce ko, a wasu lokuta, tsabar kuɗi. Bayan sabis ɗin ya kammala, ana iya ba abokin ciniki zaɓi don ba da kyauta ga direba, wanda kuma aka biya shi zuwa hanyar biyan abokin ciniki.

Matsayin direbobi a matsayin yan kwangila masu zaman kansu shine batun da ba'a warware ba. Direbobi suna ba da abin hawa, wanda zai iya mallakar, haya, ko haya. Dole ne direbobi su cika sharuɗɗa na shekaru, lafiya, shekarun mota da nau'ikan su, suna da lasisin tuƙi da wayoyin komai da ruwanka, kuma ƙila a buƙaci ya wuce binciken ƙasa. A cikin birane da yawa, motoci dole ne su wuce duba lafiyar shekara-shekara kuma / ko dole ne a sanya tambari a cikin taga fasinja. Wasu biranen kuma suna buƙatar direbobi su sami lasisin kasuwanci. Zai yiwu akwai masauki ga direbobin da ke fama da matsalar rashin ji. Ana iya sanar da direbobi kafin su yarda da tafiya idan zai fi minti 45. Bayan kowace ma'amala, direbobi da kwastomomi na iya kimanta juna kuma ana iya kashe masu amfani da ƙimar kimantawa.

### Zaɓuɓɓukan Gudanarwa
UberX shine matakin sabis na asali. Ya haɗa da hawa na sirri a cikin mota tare da direba har zuwa fasinjoji huɗu. Dogaro da wurin, Uber yana ba da wasu matakan sabis a farashi daban daban da suka haɗa da: motocin baƙar fata masu alatu, sababbi ko na hawa masu daraja, motoci da kujerun fata, motocin amfani na motsa jiki, ƙaramar mota, motocin hawa, hatchbacks, motocin lantarki, motocin haɗin kai, babura, mota rickshaws, ainihin motocin haya, jigilar farashi mai rahusa tare da sauran fasinjojin da ke tafiya a kan hanya guda ɗaya (an dakatar da ita yayin annobar COVID-19), kujerun tsaro na yara, jigilar dabbobi, tabbas direbobin da ke magana da harshen Spanish, ƙarin taimako ga tsofaffi da fasinjoji. tare da nakasa ta zahiri, da kuma motocin hawa na keken hannu.

Mutanen da ke da dabba na sabis na iya amfani da kowane irin sabis na Uber, kamar yadda doka ta tanada.

Ta hanyar kawance da lemun tsami, masu amfani zasu iya yin hayar kekunan keke masu tsalle da babura masu babura.

Uber tana ba wa kwararrun masana kiwon lafiya a Amurka sabis mai dacewa da HIPAA ga marasa lafiya masu zuwa-da-daga alƙawarinsu. Marasa lafiya ba tare da wayoyin komai da komai ba na iya karɓar bayanan karba ta hanyar saƙon rubutu ko kuma ta ofishin ƙwararrun lafiyar.

Uber Freight ta yi daidai da masu jigilar kaya da masu dakon kaya ta irin salon da ya dace da fasinjoji da direbobi.

Tare da haɗin gwiwar masu aiki na gida, Uber yana ba da jigilar jirgin ruwa a wasu wurare a wasu lokuta na shekara.

## Tarihi
A cikin 2009, Uber an kafa shi a matsayin Ubercab ta Garrett Camp, masanin shirye-shiryen komputa kuma wanda ya kirkiro StumbleUpon, da Travis Kalanick, wanda ya siyar da kamfanin Red Swoosh na farawa akan dala miliyan 19 a 2007.

Bayan Camp da abokansa sun kashe $ 800 haya wani direba mai zaman kansa, yana son neman hanyar rage farashin sufuri kai tsaye. Ya fahimci cewa raba farashi tare da mutane na iya sanya shi mai sauki, kuma ra'ayin sa ya koma Uber. Kalanick ya shiga Camp ya ba shi "cikakken yabo game da ra'ayin" na Uber. Samfurin ya gina ne ta hanyar Camp da abokansa, Oscar Salazar da Conrad Whelan, tare da Kalanick a matsayin "babban mai ba da shawara" ga kamfanin.

A watan Fabrairun 2010, Ryan Graves ya zama ma'aikacin Uber na farko. Kabbarori sun fara aiki a matsayin babban manaja kuma an ba shi suna Shugaba jim kaɗan bayan ƙaddamarwa. A watan Disambar 2010, Kalanick ya gaji Graves a matsayin Shugaba. Kabbarori sun zama babban jami'in gudanarwa (COO). Zuwa 2019, Graves ya mallaki hannun jari miliyan 31.9.

Bayan ƙaddamar da beta a cikin Mayu 2010, ayyukan Uber da wayar hannu a hukumance an ƙaddamar da su a San Francisco a cikin 2011. Asali, aikace-aikacen ya ba masu amfani damar kawai su yaba wata motar alfarma ta baki kuma farashin ya ninka na taksi sau 1.5. A shekarar 2011, kamfanin ya canza suna daga UberCab zuwa Uber bayan korafe-korafe daga masu gudanar da haraji na San Francisco.

Hayar kamfanin da wuri sun hada da masanin ilmin kimiyar nukiliya, masanin kimiyyar lissafi, da kuma masanin injiniyoyi wadanda suka yi aiki kan hasashen bukatar direbobin motocin haya masu zaman kansu. A watan Afrilu 2012, Uber ya ƙaddamar da sabis a cikin Chicago inda masu amfani suka sami damar neman taksi na yau da kullun ko direban Uber ta hanyar wayar hannu.

A watan Yulin 2012, kamfanin ya gabatar da UberX, wani zaɓi mai rahusa wanda ya ba mutane damar yin amfani da motocin da ba na alfarma ba, gami da motocinsu na kashin kansu, bisa tsarin binciken baya, inshora, rajista, da matsayin abin hawa. A farkon 2013, sabis ɗin yana aiki a cikin birane 35.

A watan Disambar 2013, USA Today ta sanya wa kamfanin Uber kamfanin kere kere na shekarar.

A watan Agusta 2014, Uber ya ƙaddamar da UberPOOL, sabis na jigilar kaya a cikin Yankin San Francisco Bay. Ba da daɗewa ba aka ƙaddamar da sabis ɗin a wasu biranen duniya.

A watan Agusta 2014, Uber ta ƙaddamar da Uber Eats, sabis na isar da abinci.

A watan Agusta 2016, yana fuskantar gasa mai wahala, Uber ya sayar da ayyukansa a China ga DiDi don musayar kashi 18% a cikin DiDi. DiDi ta yarda ta saka dala biliyan 1 a Uber. Uber ta fara aiki a China a shekarar 2014, da sunan 优 步 (Yōubù). 

A watan Agusta 2017, Dara Khosrowshahi, tsohon Shugaban Kamfanin Expedia Group, ya maye gurbin Kalanick a matsayin Shugaba. A watan Yulin 2017, Uber ta sami darajar sirrin tauraruwa biyar daga Gidauniyar Electron Frontier Foundation, amma kungiyar ta soki su da kakkausar magana a watan Satumbar 2017 saboda wata siyasa mai rikitarwa ta bin diddigin wuraren kwastomomi ko da bayan an gama hawa, tilasta wa kamfanin zuwa juya tsarinta.

A watan Fabrairun 2018, Uber ya hada ayyukansa a Rasha, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia da Kazakhstan tare da na Yandex.Taxi kuma sun saka dala miliyan 225 a harkar. A watan Maris na 2018, Uber ya haɗu da ayyukanta a kudu maso gabashin Asiya tare da na Grab a musayar hannun jarin mallakar kashi 27.5% a cikin Grab. Uber Rent, wanda aka yi amfani da shi ta Getaround, ya kasance sabis ne na hada-hada tsakanin abokai da keke ga wasu masu amfani a San Francisco tsakanin Mayu 2018 da Nuwamba 2018. A watan Nuwamba 2018, Uber ya zama memba na zinare na Linux Foundation.

A ranar 10 ga Mayu, 2019, Uber ya zama kamfanin jama'a ta hanyar bayar da tayin jama'a na farko. Bayan IPO, hannun jarin Uber ya ragu da kashi 11%, wanda ya haifar da babbar asara ta ranar farko ta tarihin IPO a tarihin Amurka. Bayan wata daya duka COO Barney Harford da CMO Rebecca Messina suka sauka. Uber ya sanya asarar dala biliyan 1 a farkon kwata na 2019, da asarar dala biliyan 5.2 na kwata na biyu.

A watan Yulin 2019, sashen tallace-tallace ya ragu da kashi na uku, tare da sallamar mutane 400 yayin ci gaba da asara. Hayar Injiniya ta daskarewa. A farkon watan Satumbar 2019, Uber ya kori ƙarin ma'aikata 435 tare da 265 da suka zo daga ƙungiyar injiniyoyi da kuma wasu 170 daga ƙungiyar samfuran.

A watan Janairun 2020, Uber ta sami Careem na dala biliyan 3.1.

A cikin wannan watan, Uber ya sayar da aikin Indiya na Uber Eats ga Zomato, a madadin 9.99% na Zomato.

Hakanan a cikin Janairu 2020, Uber ya gwada fasalin da ya bawa direbobi damar zuwa tashar jirgin saman Santa Barbara, Sacramento, da Palm Springs don saita farashi bisa la'akari da yawan farashin Uber na tafiye-tafiyen UberX da UberXL.

A ranar 5 ga Mayu, 2020, yayin annobar COVID-19, Uber ta sanar da shirin sallamar ma’aikata 3,700, kusan kashi 14% na ma’aikatan ta.

A ranar 18 ga Mayu, 2020, an ba da ƙarin yanke aiki 3,000 kuma an sanar da rufe ofisoshi 45.

A watan Yunin 2020, Uber ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai gudanar da buƙatun manyan motocin hawa na Marin Transit, wata motar bas ɗin jama'a a Marin County, California. Wannan haɗin gwiwa shine haɗin US na SaaS na farko.

A watan Yulin shekarar 2020, Uber tare da hadin gwiwar babban kamfaninta na Cornershop, suka gabatar da sabis na isar da kayan masarufin Uber a Latin Amurka, Canada, Miami, da Dallas.

A cikin Nuwamba Nuwamba 2020, Uber ya ba da sanarwar cewa ya yi asarar dala biliyan 5.8.

A ranar 1 ga Disamba, 2020, Uber ta sami matesan gidan waya na dala biliyan 2.65.

A farkon watan Fabrairun 2021, Uber ya ba da sanarwar sayan sabis ɗin isar da giya na Boston mai suna Drizly a kan dala biliyan 1.1 a cikin tsabar kuɗi da hannun jari.

Hakanan a cikin watan Fabrairun 2021, Uber ya sanar da cewa zai haɗu tare da gidajen sayar da magani na Walgreens don bayar da tafiye-tafiye kyauta zuwa ɗakunan ajiya da asibitoci suna ba da rigakafin COVID-19 ga waɗanda ke zaune a cikin al'ummomin da ba su da tsaro.

A watan Afrilu na 2021, Uber ta ce ana sa ran ma'aikatanta za su dawo ofis kafin 13 ga Satumba kuma su yi aiki aƙalla kwana uku a kowane mako daga ofishi. [98] Daga baya a cikin watan, Uber ta sanar da cewa za ta fadada kan kayan isar da abinci don kara hada su da aikinta na hawa don saukar da jama'a masu rigakafin. Za a sauƙaƙe alƙawarin allurar rigakafi ta hanyar aikace-aikacen kuma.

### Ayyukan da suka gabata

#### Motoci masu tuka kansu
Techungiyar Technologies mai ci gaba (Uber ATG) tana haɓaka motoci masu tuka kansu. Asusun tsiraru ne na Softbank Vision Fund, Toyota, da Denso.

A farkon shekarar 2015, kamfanin ya dauki hayar kimanin mutane 50 daga sashen fasahar kere-kere na jami'ar Carnegie Mellon.

A ranar 14 ga Satumbar, 2016, Uber ta ƙaddamar da sabis na motar tuki na farko don zaɓar abokan ciniki a Pittsburgh, ta amfani da motocin Ford Fusion. Kowane abin hawa an sanye shi da kyamarori 20, lasers bakwai, Tsarin Matsayi na Duniya, lidar, da kayan aikin radar

A ranar 14 ga Disamba, 2016, Uber ta fara aikin tuka kanta da Volvo XC90 SUVs a garinsu na San Francisco. A ranar 21 ga Disamba, 2016, Ma'aikatar Motocin Kalifoniya ta soke rajistar motocin da Uber ke amfani da ita don gwajin kuma ta tilasta shirin dakatar da aiki a California. Bayan watanni biyu, Uber ya koma shirin zuwa Arizona, inda motocin ke iya daukar fasinjoji, kodayake, a matsayin kariya, injiniyoyi biyu na Uber koyaushe suna kan gaban kujerun kowace abin hawa. A watan Maris na shekarar 2017, wata motar da ke tuka Uber da kanta ta buge ta juye ta a gefe ta wani abin hawa wanda ya kasa bayarwa. A watan Oktoba 2017, Uber ya fara amfani da matukin gwajin guda ɗaya kawai.

A watan Nuwamba na 2017, Uber ya ba da sanarwar wani shirin ba dauri ba don sayen motocin Volvo XC90 SUV har 24,000 da aka tsara don karɓar fasaha mai zaman kansa, gami da wani nau'in tuƙi da birki daban-daban da na'urori masu auna sigina.

A watan Maris na shekarar 2018, Uber ta dakatar da gwajin tuki na tuka kanta bayan mutuwar Elaine Herzberg a Tempe, Arizona. A cewar ‘yan sanda, motar Uber ce ta buge matar yayin da take kokarin tsallaka titi, yayin da injiniyan da ke cikin jirgin ke kallon bidiyo. Uber ya zauna tare da dangin wanda aka kashe. Hukumomin yankin ba su yi sabani ba kan ko motar ko Herzberg din suna da laifi. A watan Disambar 2018, bayan karɓar amincewar gida a Pittsburgh da Toronto, Uber ya sake fara gwaji, amma kawai a lokutan hasken rana da cikin saurin gudu. A watan Maris na 2019, Ofishin Babban Mai Shari'a na Yankin Yavapai bai same Uber da laifi ba saboda mutuwar Herzberg. Kamfanin ya canza hanyar sa, yana gayyatar duka Waymo da General Motors "unitungiyar motar motsa jiki mai tafiyar da kai don yin aiki da ababen hawa a kan hanyar sadarwar Haber." A watan Fabrairun 2020, Uber ta dawo da lasisin tuki na tuka kanta kuma ta ba da sanarwar shirin ci gaba da gwaji a San Francisco.

A farkon shekarar 2019, Uber ya kashe dala miliyan 20 a kowane wata kan bincike da ci gaban motoci masu cin gashin kansu; amma, wata majiya ta ce kudaden da aka kashe kan shirin abin hawa kai tsaye sun kai dala miliyan 200 a kowane kwata.

A watan Janairun 2021, Uber ATG ya samu ta hanyar farawa da ke sarrafa kansa Aurora Innovation na dala biliyan 4 kuma Uber ta saka hannun jari dala miliyan 400 a cikin Aurora, ta ɗauki hannun jarin 26%.

#### Manyan Motoci masu aiki da kansu
Bayan kashe sama da dala miliyan 925 don bunkasa manyan motoci masu zaman kansu, kamfanin Uber ya soke shirin tuka kansa mai tuka kansa a watan Yulin 2018. Uber ta sami Otto ne kan $ 625 miliyan a shekarar 2016. Dangane da karar da Waymo ta gabatar a watan Fabrairun 2017, tsohon ma'aikacin Google Anthony Levandowski ana zargin "ya zazzage 9.7 GB na Waymo sosai sirrin sirri da sirrin kasuwanci, gami da zane-zane, fayilolin zane da kuma bayanan gwaji" kafin murabus don gano Otto, wanda Uber ta saya. Hukuncin da aka yanke a watan Mayu 2017 ya bukaci Uber ya mayar da takardu zuwa Waymo. An fara shari’ar a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 2018. An ba da sanarwar sulhu a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 2018 inda Uber ta ba Waymo dala miliyan 244 a cikin daidaiton Uber kuma ta amince kada ta keta hurumin ilimin Waymo.

#### Ayyukan iska
A watan Oktoba 2019, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da HeliFlight, Uber ya fara bayar da sabis na taksi mai saukan ungulu tsakanin Manhattan da John F. Kennedy International Airport. Aikin HeliFlite ne, Uber Copter ya bayar da jiragen jirgi masu saukar ungulu na mintuna 8 tsakanin Manhattan da John F. Kennedy International Airport na kimanin dala 200 ga kowane fasinja.

Eleungiyar Elevment na Uber tana haɓaka UberAir, wanda zai samar da gajeren jirage ta amfani da jirgin VTOL. A watan Disamba na 2020, Joby Aviation ya sami Uber Elevate.

#### Ayyukan Uber
A watan Oktoba 2019, Uber ya ƙaddamar da Uber Works don haɗa ma'aikatan da ke son ayyukan wucin gadi da kasuwanci. An fara samun aikin ne kawai a cikin Chicago kuma an faɗaɗa shi zuwa Miami a cikin watan Disambar 2019. An rufe sabis ɗin a cikin Mayu 2020.

## Sukar

### Kula da Lafiyar Direbobi

#### Rabawa azaman yan kwangila masu zaman kansu
Sai dai in doka ta buƙata in ba haka ba, direbobi galibi 'yan kwangila ne masu zaman kansu ba ma'aikata ba. Wannan nadi yana shafar haraji, lokutan aiki, da fa'idodin lokacin aiki. Lauyoyi sun shigar da kara a gaban kotu suna masu zargin cewa suna da hakki da kuma maganin da ake daukarsu a matsayin "ma'aikata" a karkashin dokar aiki. Koyaya, direbobi suna karɓar wasu sassauƙa waɗanda ba kasafai ake samun su ba tsakanin ma'aikata.

A cikin O'Connor v. Uber Technologies, karar da aka shigar a Kotun Lardin Amurka na Gundumar Arewacin California a ranar 16 ga Agusta, 2013, direbobin Uber sun roki cewa bisa ga Dokar Kodago ta California ya kamata a sanya su a matsayin ma'aikata kuma a biya su kuɗaɗen kasuwanci kamar su gas da farashin abin hawa. A watan Maris na 2019, Uber ya yarda ya biya dala miliyan 20 don daidaita batun.

A ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 2016, game da batun Aslam v Uber BV, kotun kula da daukar aiki ta Central London ta yanke hukuncin cewa direbobin Uber "ma'aikata" ne, ba masu zaman kansu ba, kuma suna da 'yancin mafi karancin albashi a karkashin Dokar Mafi qarancin Albashi ta Dokar 1998, an biya. hutu, da sauran hakkoki. Direbobin Uber biyu sun kawo karar gwajin zuwa kotun daukar aiki tare da taimakon GMB Union, a madadin kungiyar direbobi a London. Uber ta daukaka kara zuwa Kotun Koli ta Burtaniya; a cikin watan Fabrairun 2021, kotu ta yanke hukuncin cewa a sanya direbobi a matsayin ma'aikata ba masu aiki da kansu ba. Direbobin Uber sun sami damar samun mafi karancin albashi, na hutu, da kariya daga nuna bambanci a cikin hukuncin. Bayan da aka kayar da kararraki uku da suka gabata a kotu, kamfanin ya daukaka kara zuwa Kotun Koli, yana mai cewa direbobinsa ‘yan kwangila ne masu zaman kansu.

A watan Maris na 2018, Ma’aikatar Tattalin Arziki, Ilimi da Bincike ta Switzerland ta yanke hukunci cewa a sanya direbobi a matsayin ma’aikata. 

A watan Afrilun 2018, Kotun Koli ta Kalifoniya ta yanke hukunci a Dynamex Operations West, Inc. v. Babbar Kotun cewa Dynamex, kamfanin isar da sakonni, ya fasalta direbobin bayar da shi a matsayin 'yan kwangila masu zaman kansu maimakon ma'aikata. Wannan ya haifar da zartar da doka ta California mai lamba 5 (AB5) a ranar Satumba 11, 2019, tare da gwaji don tantance ko dole ne a sanya mai ɗawainiya a matsayin ma'aikaci kuma ya karɓi mafi ƙarancin kariyar albashi da fa'idodin rashin aikin yi. A watan Disambar 2019, Uber da Postmates sun kai ƙara California, suna masu cewa AB5 ya saba wa tsarin mulki. A shekarar 2020, sun kashe dubunnan miliyoyi don yin kamfen don nuna goyon baya ga kudurin Kalifoniya na 22, wanda ya zartar, yana ba su wata keɓe ta musamman ga Majalisar Dokoki ta 5 ta hanyar rarraba direbobinsu a matsayin "'yan kwangila masu zaman kansu", keɓance wa ma'aikata daga samarwa fa'idodi ga wasu direbobi

A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2019, Ma’aikatar kwadago da Ci gaban ma’aikata ta New Jersey ta yanke shawarar cewa ya kamata a sanya direbobi a matsayin ma’aikata tare da cin tarar Uber $ 650 miliyan saboda rashin aiki da harajin inshorar nakasa da ya wuce lokaci.

A watan Maris na 2021, Kotun Koli ta Burtaniya ta yanke hukunci cewa Uber dole ne ta rarraba duk direbobinta ba kamar 'yan kwangila masu zaman kansu ba amma a matsayin ma'aikata, kammala tare da daidaitattun fa'idodi. Wannan ya haɗa da mafi ƙarancin albashi da na hutu tare da sauran fa'idodi masu fa'ida dangane da kwangilar.

#### Amincewa da dokokin mafi ƙarancin albashi
A wasu yankuna, ana ba direbobi tabbacin mafi ƙarancin albashi, kamar a cikin New York City, inda direbobi dole ne su sami $ 26.51 / awa kafin kashewa ko $ 17.22 / awa bayan an biya. Nazari ya nuna cewa, idan babu wadannan dokokin, yawancin direbobi ba su samun abin da ya gaza mafi karancin albashin da aka bayyana. Wani rahoto na watan Mayu na shekara ta 2018 da Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki ta fitar ya gano matsakaicin albashin direbobi na kusan $ 9.21. An buga rahotanni na karancin albashi a cikin Profil, Trend, and The Guardian. Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2017 ya yi ikirarin cewa kashi 4% na duka direbobin Uber suna ci gaba da aiki kamar wannan shekara guda bayan farawa, da farko saboda ƙarancin albashi.

Koyaya, binciken 2019 ya gano cewa "direbobi suna samun rarar sama da sau biyu da zasu samu a cikin shirye-shirye marasa sassauƙa."

#### Matsalolin Tsaro
Laifukan da direbobin kera kaya suka aikata haka nan kuma da wasu mutane wadanda suke yinsu a matsayin direbobin rideshare wadanda ke jan hankalin fasinjojin da ba su sani ba zuwa ga motocinsu ta hanyar sanya tambari a motarsu ko kuma da'awar cewa su direban da ake sa ran fasinja ne. Wannan karshen ya haifar da kisan Samantha Josephson da gabatar da Dokar Sami. Lauyoyin na da'awar cewa kamfanonin sayar da kaya ba su dauki matakan da suka dace ba don hana cin zarafin mata. Kamfanonin gwamnati sun ci tarar kamfanonin Rideshare saboda karya doka a cikin tsarin bincikensu na bayan fage. Harbe-harben Kalamazoo na 2016 a watan Fabrairun 2016, wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane shida a Kalamazoo, Michigan, wani direban Uber ne ya aikata shi. Kodayake an soki Uber saboda tsarin bincikensa na baya, amma direban ba shi da rikodin aikata laifi, kuma binciken bayan fage bai haifar da da mai ido ba.

A watan Nuwamba na 2017, Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a ta Colorado ta ci Uber dala miliyan 8.9 bayan gano cewa direbobi 57 a cikin jihar suna da take hakki a bincikensu na baya, ciki har da mai laifi wanda ya sami izinin tuki don Uber ta hanyar amfani da sunan laƙabi. Kudin tarar yayi daidai da $ 2,500 kowace rana da wani direban da bai cancanta ya yi aikin tuki ba.

A watan Satumba na 2017, Uber ta nemi sabon lasisi a Landan ta hanyar Transport for London (TfL) ta ƙi amincewa saboda tsarin kamfanin da halayen da suka gabata ya nuna rashin haƙƙin kamfanoni game da binciken asalin direba, samun takaddun likita da kuma bayar da rahoton manyan laifuka. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2019, Sufuri don Landan sun sanar da cewa ba za su sabunta lasisin Uber don yin aiki a Landan ba bisa dalilin cewa Uber ya kasa magance matsalolin yadda ya kamata game da rajistar direbobi, inshora, da aminci. Wani ɓangare na dalilin TfL don cire lasisin Uber ya kasance hujja cewa direbobi marasa izini sun yi amfani da asusun matukin Uber. A cikin Nuwamba Nuwamba 2019, Sufuri don London ba su sabunta lasisin Uber don yin aiki ba saboda ikon mutane zuwa jabun bayanan asali da amfani da asusun wasu direbobi, ta hanyar bin tsarin binciken baya.

Domin yana kara yawan mutanen da suke hawa motoci maimakon motocin sufuri masu aminci, wani bincike da aka gudanar daga Cibiyar Becker Friedman a Jami’ar Chicago ya danganta ne da hauhawar yawan hatsarin da ke tattare da zirga-zirga, gami da mace-macen masu tafiya a kafa.

Hakanan an soki Ridesharing don ƙarfafawa ko buƙatar amfani da waya yayin tuki. Don karɓar kuɗin tafiya, dole ne direbobi su taɓa allon wayar su, yawanci a cikin sakan 15 bayan karɓar sanarwa, wanda ba shi da doka a wasu yankuna tunda yana iya haifar da jan hankali.

Motocin da ke kan hanya a birane da yawa kan hana hanyoyin keke yayin daukar fasinjoji ko sauke su, lamarin da ke yin hatsari ga masu tuka keke.

Babu tabbaci idan motocin haya suna da ƙasa ko aminci fiye da haraji. Manyan biranen Amurka ba su da bayanai da yawa kan abubuwan da suka shafi taksi. Koyaya, a Landan, direbobin tasi suna da alhakin ninki 5 na yawan abin da ya faru na fyade idan aka kwatanta da direbobin Uber.

#### Canje Canjen Farashi da Zargin Kayyadadden Farashin
Saboda samfurin farashi masu tsauri, farashin hanya ɗaya zai iya bambanta dangane da wadata da buƙatar hawa a lokacin da aka nemi tafiyar. Idan hawainiya suke da matukar bukata a wani yanki kuma babu wadatattun direbobi a irin wannan yankin, farashin ya karu domin samun karin direbobi zuwa wannan yankin. A wasu lokuta, wannan yana haifar da ƙarin ƙarin biyan kuɗi a lokacin gaggawa kamar Hurricane Sandy, rikicin rikodin 2014 na Sydney, da harin gadar London London 2017.

A Amurka, direbobi ba su da wani iko kan kudin da suke karba; kararraki sun yi zargin cewa wannan hana doka ce kan kasuwanci wanda ya keta dokar Sherman Antitrust Act na 1890.

#### Rashin Samun Dama
An soki Ridesharing saboda samar da wadatattun matakan isa ga nakasassu idan aka kwatanta da hanyar da jama'a ke fitarwa.

A wasu yankuna, doka ta buƙaci abin hawa don kamfanonin haya su sami adadin motocin hawa na keken hannu (WAVs) masu amfani da su. Koyaya, yawancin direbobi basu mallaki WAV ba, wanda hakan ke wahalar bin dokokin.

Yayinda kamfanoni ke da tsauraran ƙa'idodi don jigilar dabbobin sabis, an soki direbobi saboda ƙin safarar dabbobin sabis, wanda, a cikin Amurka, ya saba wa Dokar Nakasassu na Amurkawa. A wani yanayi, wannan ya haifar da kara, wanda aka mayar da shi zuwa sasantawa. Daga karshe an zartar da hukuncin ne saboda marawa fasinja baya, Lisa Irving, inda aka umarci Uber da ya biya ta dala miliyan 1.1.

#### Zargin Rashin Yadda akan Kayadadden Farashi
Uber ya kasance batun bincike na cin amana da yawa. Dokar cin amana gabaɗaya ta riƙe cewa ayyukan ƙayyade farashi ya halatta a cikin kamfanonin kasuwanci, amma ya hana su ƙetare iyakoki. Uber ba ya ba da sabis ga masu amfani kai tsaye. Madadin haka, kamfanin yana haɗa mahaya da direbobi, saita sharuɗɗan sabis, da karɓar kuɗaɗe. Keɓe dokar ƙauracewar amintaccen doka ya shafi ƙungiyoyin da kamfani ke sarrafa kai tsaye, kamar ma'aikata. Uber ta yi nasarar kaucewa shigar da ƙara duk wata matsala ta cin amana. Ya sami damar tursasa shari'ar Meyer v. Uber Technologies, Inc. don a shigar da ita cikin sasantawa.

A cikin shari'ar cin amana ta 1951 Amurka da Richfield Oil Co., kotu ta yanke hukunci ga gwamnati saboda kamfanin Richfield Oil Co. ya gudanar da iko a kan "'yan kasuwa masu zaman kansu," wanda ya saba wa dokokin cin amana, duk da cewa su ba ma'aikatan kamfanin ba ne. Wannan ya zama tushen iyakancewa tsakanin ɓangarorin aiki da cin amana: idan ƙungiyoyin da ke ƙasa "'yan kasuwa ne masu zaman kansu" kuma ba ma'aikata ba, doka ba ta da iko. Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta tabbatar da irin wannan ka’idar game da tilasta wa wadanda ba ma’aikata ba ta hanyar kwangilar samar da kayayyaki a tsaye a shari’ar 1964 Simpson v. Union Oil Co. na California.

Kasuwannin kan layi na Microlabor kamar Uber, Lyft, Handy, Amazon Home Services, DoorDash, da Instacart sun kammala tsari inda ma'aikata ke hulɗa da juna tare da ayyukan da ma'aikata ke bayarwa wanda ba ya ɗaukar nauyin aikin kwastomomi daidai, yayin da dandalin ke aiki da kasuwar kwadago don amfanin kansa - abin da wani masanin cin amana ya kira "zauren haya don riba."

Saboda direbobin Uber ba ma'aikata bane kuma Uber tana tsara sharuɗan da zasu yi ma'amala dasu tare da kwastomomi, gami da farashin, ana zargin Uber da keta dokar hana takunkumin kasuwanci a cikin dokar Sherman Antitrust Act na 1890. Har yanzu wannan batun bai zama ba warware a fitina. Uber ta bayyana a bainar jama'a cewa: "mun yi imanin cewa doka tana tare da mu kuma hakan ne" don me a cikin shekaru hudu babu wata hukumar adawa da ta tayar da wannan a matsayin batun kuma babu irin wannan karar kamar ta a Amurka.

## Rigima

### Ka'idar Fuskanta
Yayin da Traber Kalanick ke jagorantar Uber, kamfanin yana da wata dabara mai ma'ana don magance matsaloli, gami da masu mulki. A cikin 2014, Kalanick ya ce "Dole ne ku sami abin da na kira adawa mai akida." Dabarun Uber gaba daya shi ne fara ayyukan cikin gari ba tare da la'akari da dokokin gida ba. Idan ta fuskanci hamayya ta tsarin mulki, Uber ta yi kira ga goyon bayan jama'a don hidimarta kuma ta ci gaba da kamfen na siyasa, wanda masu ba da shawara ke goyan baya, don canza ka'idoji. Misali, a watan Yunin 2014, Uber ya aika da sanarwa ga mahaya tare da adreshin imel da lambar waya na wani kwamishina a Virginia wanda ya yi adawa da kamfanin kuma ya gaya wa mahaya cewa su zazzage jami’in, wanda ya karbi daruruwan korafe-korafe. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2017, Shugaba Dara Khosrowshahi ya yi shelar kawo karshen dabarun "cin nasara ta kowane hali" da aiwatar da sabbin dabi'u ga kamfanin, gami da "mun yi abin da ya dace". Mataimakin yayi jayayya cewa martanin Uber ga lissafin California AB 5 a 2019 ya nuna cewa "dabarun Uber na yin watsi da ko yaƙi da ka'idoji ya kasance kamar yadda ya saba.

### Hari akan Abokan Cinikayya
Uber ta ba da uzuri a ranar 24 ga Janairun, 2014 bayan bayanan da aka fallasa suna da'awar cewa ma'aikatan Uber a cikin New York da gangan sun ba da umarnin hawa daga Gett, wani mai gasa, amma kawai ya soke su daga baya. Dalilin wannan umarnin na bogi shi ne bata lokacin direbobi da kuma jinkirta yi wa halattattun kwastomomi sabis.

Bayan fadada Lyft zuwa cikin New York City a watan Yulin 2014, Uber, tare da taimakon TargetCW, ya aika imel yana ba da “babbar damar hukumar” ga ‘yan kwangila da yawa dangane da“ shakuwar mutum ”ta mahalarta. Waɗanda suka amsa roƙon an ba su ganawa tare da manajan kasuwanci na Uber waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar "ƙungiyar titi" don tattara bayanan sirri game da shirye-shiryen ƙaddamar da Lyft da ɗaukar direbobinsu. An ba masu daukar ma'aikata iPhones mai dauke da Uber guda biyu (daya a madadin idan Lyft ya gano mutumin) da kuma jerin ingantattun lambobin katin kiredit don kirkirar asusun Lyft. An bukaci mahalarta su sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba da sanarwa.

A watan Agusta 2014, Lyft ya ba da rahoton cewa ma'aikatan Uber 177 sun ba da umarnin kuma sun soke kusan 5,560 Lyft hawa tun Oktoba 2013, kuma cewa ya samo hanyoyin zuwa ga masu karɓar Uber ta hanyar sake fasalin lambobin wayar da ke ciki. Rahoton ya gano fasinjan Lyft daya fasa fasa 300 daga 26 ga Mayu zuwa 10 ga Yuni, 2014, kuma wanda aka gano a matsayin mai daukar Uber ta wasu direbobin Lyft bakwai. Uber bai nemi gafara ba, amma ya ba da shawarar cewa ƙoƙarin daukar ma'aikata ƙungiyoyi ne masu zaman kansu da ke ƙoƙarin neman kuɗi.

### Direbobi masu yaudara
A watan Janairun 2017, Uber ya yarda ya biya dala miliyan 20 ga gwamnatin Amurka don warware zargin da Hukumar Kasuwanci ta Tarayya ta yi na yaudarar direbobi game da kudaden da za su samu.

### Ana zargin gajeren canjin direbobi
A cikin 2017, an shigar da kara a aji a madadin dubban direbobin Uber, suna zargin cewa manufar "farashin farko" ta Uber ba ta bai wa direbobi kaso 80% na kudin da suka cancanta ba.

A watan Mayu 2017, bayan Kungiyar Hadin Gwiwar Ma'aikatan New York (NYTWA) ta shigar da kara a gaban kotun tarayya da ke New York, Uber ta amince da biyan diyyar direbobin New York dubun miliyoyin daloli sama da shekaru 2.5 ta hanyar kirga kwamitocin direbobi a kan raga. adadin. Uber ta yarda ta biya bashin da ake binsu tare da ruwa.

### Yin aiki yayin yajin aikin yan tasi
A ƙarshen watan Janairun 2017, GrabYourWallet ya yi niyya ga Uber don karɓar kuɗaɗe yayin yajin aikin Tasi na Birnin New York don nuna rashin amincewa da Dokar Zartarwa ta 13769. Uber ta cire farashin tashin daga filin jirgin saman JFK, inda aka tsare 'yan gudun hijirar lokacin shiga. An yi niyyar Uber ne saboda Kalanick ya shiga majalisar ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki. Wani kamfen na kafofin sada zumunta da aka fi sani da #DeleteUber wanda aka kirkira a cikin zanga-zanga, wanda ya jagoranci kimanin masu amfani da 200,000 don share manhajar. Bayanin daga baya an yi masa wasika ta hanyar imel ga tsofaffin masu amfani da shi wadanda suka goge asusunsu, inda suka tabbatar da cewa kamfanin zai taimaka wa ‘yan gudun hijirar, kuma kasancewar membobin Kalanick ba amincewar gwamnati ba ce. A ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2017, Kalanick ya yi murabus daga majalisar.

### Guji ayyukan tilasta bin doka

#### Greyball
Farawa a cikin 2014, Uber yayi amfani da software ta Greyball don kaucewa ba da hawa ga wasu mutane. Ta hanyar nuna "motocin fatalwowi" da direbobin bogi ke tukawa ga wadanda aka yi niyya a cikin manhajar wayar hannu ta Uber, kuma ta hanyar ba wa direbobi na hakika wata hanya ta soke hawan da wadancan mutane suka nema, Uber ta iya kauce wa bayar da hawa ga sanannun jami'an tsaro a wuraren da hidimarta ta saba doka. Wani rahoto na New York Times a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2017, ya nuna yadda Uber ta yi amfani da Greyball a bainar jama'a, tana mai bayyana ta a matsayin wata hanya ta guje wa jami'an tilasta bin doka a Portland, Oregon, Australia, Koriya ta Kudu, da China. Da farko, dangane da rahoton, Uber ta bayyana cewa Greyball an tsara shi ne don musanta tafiye-tafiye ga masu amfani da ke keta ka'idojin aikin Uber, gami da wadanda ke da hannu a ayyukan harbi. A cewar Uber, Greyball na iya "ɓoye daidaitaccen tsarin aikace-aikacen birni don ɗayan mahaya, wanda ke ba Uber damar nuna wannan mahayi daban-daban". Rahoton Uber ya yi amfani da Greyball don gano jami'an gwamnati ta hanyar lura ko mai amfani da shi yakan buɗe aikace-aikacen a kusa da ofisoshin gwamnati, ta amfani da bayanan masu amfani da kafofin watsa labarun don gano ma'aikatan tilasta bin doka, da lura da katunan kuɗi da ke da alaƙa da asusun Uber.

Ranar 6 ga Maris, 2017, Birnin Portland, Oregon ya ba da sanarwar bincike kan ko Uber ya hana aiwatar da dokokin gari. Binciken da Ofishin Sufuri na Portland (PBOT) ya gudanar ya gano cewa: "Uber ta yi amfani da software ta Greyball don ganganci ta guje wa jami'an PBOT daga 5 ga Disamba zuwa 19 ga Disamba, 2014 kuma ta ki amincewa da bukatar neman hawa 29 daban da jami'an tsaro na PBOT suka yi." Biyo bayan sakin na binciken, kwamishinan ‘yan sanda na Portland ya ba da shawarar cewa takardar sammacin birnin Uber ta tilasta wa kamfanin juya bayanan yadda Uber ke amfani da software don guje wa jami’an hukumar. Ranar 8 ga Maris, 2017, Uber ta yarda cewa ta yi amfani da Greyball don dakile masu kula da gwamnati kuma ta yi alƙawarin daina amfani da sabis ɗin don wannan dalilin. A watan Mayu 2017, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta bude binciken aikata laifi kan yadda Uber ya yi amfani da Greyball don kauce wa ayyukan tilasta bin dokokin cikin gida.

#### Ripley
Bayan wani samame da ‘yan sanda suka kai wa ofishin Uber da ke Brussels, wani rahoto na Janairu 2018 na Bloomberg News ya ce“ Uber ta saba amfani da Ripley don dakile hare-haren ’yan sanda a kasashen waje.” Tana ba da tsarin “maballin tsoro”, wanda da farko ake kira “baƙon baƙon baƙi ", to" Ripley ". An kulle shi, an kashe shi kuma an canza kalmomin shiga kan kwamfutocin ma'aikata lokacin da aka kai samame. Ana zargin Uber da amfani da wannan maɓallin aƙalla sau 24, daga bazarar 2015 har zuwa ƙarshen 2016.

### Zargin cin zarafi don yin iskanci da girgizan sashen gudanarwa a shekarar (2017)
A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2017, tsohuwar injiniyar Uber Susan Fowler ta bayyana cewa wani manaja ne ya ci zarafinta ta hanyar lalata kuma daga baya ta yi barazanar dakatar da wani manajan idan ta ci gaba da ba da rahoton abin da ya faru. An zargi Kalanick da cewa yana sane da korafin.

Fowler ya kwatanta al'adun Uber da Game of Thrones, wanda a cikin sa ma'aikatan Uber ke tsananin neman mulki da cin amana ya zama ruwan dare.

Uber ta dauki hayar tsohon atoni janar Eric Holder don gudanar da bincike kan ikirarin sannan Arianna Huffington, memba a kwamitin gudanarwa na Uber, ita ma ta sa ido kan binciken.

A ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 2017, an tilasta Amit Singhal, Babban Mataimakin Shugaban Injiniya na Uber yin murabus bayan ya kasa bayyana ikirarin cin zarafin mata da aka yi a kansa wanda ya faru yayin da ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Binciken Google.

A watan Yunin 2017, Uber ta kori sama da ma'aikata 20 sakamakon binciken. Kalanick ya ɗauki hutu mara izini mara izini. Dangane da matsin lamba daga masu saka hannun jari, ya yi murabus a matsayin Shugaba na mako guda bayan haka.

A cikin 2019, Kalanick ya yi murabus daga shugabancin daraktocin kamfanin kuma ya sayar da hannun jarinsa.

#### Abun kunya da bacewar Emil Michael
A wata liyafar cin abinci na kashin kansa a watan Nuwamba na 2014, babban mataimakin shugaban kasa Emil Michael ya ba da shawarar cewa Uber ta dauki hayar kungiyar masu binciken adawa da ‘yan jarida, tare da kasafin kudi na dala miliyan, don“ tona datti ”kan rayuwar mutane da kuma bayanan mutanen da suka bayar da rahoto mara kyau game da Uber. Musamman, ya nufi Sarah Lacy, editan PandoDaily, wanda, a cikin labarin da aka buga a watan Oktoba 2014, ya zargi Uber da lalata da misogyny a cikin tallansa. Michael ya bayar da gafara ga jama'a kuma ya nemi gafara ga Lacy a cikin imel na sirri, yana mai cewa Uber ba za ta taba aiwatar da shirin a zahiri ba. Bayan ƙarin abin kunya da ya shafi Michael, ciki har da wata badakalar rakiya-karaoke a Seoul da kuma tambayar bayanan likitancin wanda aka yi wa fyaɗe a Indiya, ya bar kamfanin a watan Yunin 2017 lokacin da Kalanick, wanda aka ba da rahoton yana kare Michael, ya yi murabus.

#### Daidaitawa tare da wadanda abin ya shafa
A watan Agusta 2018, Uber ya amince ya biya jimillar dala miliyan 7 ga ma'aikata 480 don daidaita ikirarin nuna wariyar jinsi, tursasawa, da yanayin aikin adawa.

### Allah duba da damuwa na sirri
A ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, 2014, sa’annan Sanata Al Franken na Amurka, Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa na Majalisar Dattawa a kan Sirri, Fasaha da Shari’a, ya aika wasika zuwa Kalanick dangane da sirri. An nuna damuwa game da rashin amfani da bayanan kamfanin, musamman, ikon ma'aikatan Uber na bin diddigin motsin kwastomominsa, wanda aka sani da "God View". A cikin 2011, wani ɗan jari-hujja ya bayyana cewa ma'aikatan Uber suna amfani da aikin don bin sahun 'yan jarida da' yan siyasa tare da yin amfani da fasalin ta hanyar shakatawa. Membobin ma'aikata sun kalli bin Uber a matsayin kyakkyawan tunani game da halayen batun. Wani mai hira da kamfanin Uber ya ce an ba shi damar ba shi damar shiga aikin bin sahun abokan huldar a matsayin wani bangare na tsarin tattaunawar.

### Bayyanar da bayanan da aka ɓata
A ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 2015, Uber ya yarda cewa ya sha wahala ƙetaren bayanai fiye da watanni tara da suka gabata. Sunaye da bayanan lambar lasisi daga kimanin direbobi dubu hamsin an bayyana ba da gangan ba. Uber ta gano wannan kutsen ne a watan Satumbar 2014, amma sai da aka shafe sama da watanni biyar kafin a sanar da mutanen da abin ya shafa.

Wata sanarwa da aka fitar a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2017 ta nuna cewa a shekarar 2016, wata matsalar data daban ta bayyana bayanan sirri na direbobi 600,000 da kuma kwastomomi miliyan 57. Wannan bayanan sun hada da sunaye, adiresoshin email, lambobin waya, da kuma bayanan lasisin direbobi. Masu fashin kwamfuta sun yi amfani da sunayen masu amfani na ma'aikata da kalmomin shiga da aka lalata a ɓarna na baya (hanyar "takaddama") don samun damar zuwa wurin ajiyar GitHub mai zaman kansa wanda masu haɓaka Uber ke amfani da shi. Masu fashin bayanan sun gano takaddun shaida na datastore na Kamfanin Yanar gizo na Kamfanin a cikin fayilolin ajiya, kuma sun sami damar samun damar yin amfani da bayanan asusun masu amfani da direbobi, da kuma wasu bayanan da ke cikin buckets sama da 100 na Amazon S3. Uber ya biya fansa $ 100,000 ga masu satar bayanan a kan alkawarin za su goge bayanan da suka sata. Daga baya an soki Uber saboda ɓoye wannan ɓataccen bayanan. Khosrowshahi ya nemi afuwa a bainar jama'a. A watan Satumbar 2018, a cikin mafi yawan sasantawa tsakanin jihohi da yawa, Uber ta biya dala miliyan 148 ga Hukumar Kasuwanci ta Tarayya, ta yarda da cewa iƙirarinta cewa samun bayanan sirri na masu amfani da shi ana sa ido sosai a kan ci gaba yana karya, kuma ya bayyana cewa ta kasa cika alƙawarin da ta yi na samar da tsaro mai ma'ana ga bayanan masu amfani. Hakanan a watan Nuwamba 2018, Ofishin Kwamishinan Watsa Labarai ya ci tarar divisions 385,000 (ya rage zuwa 8 308,000) na Uber ta rukunin Burtaniya.

A cikin 2020, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta ba da sanarwar tuhumar aikata laifuka kan tsohon Babban Jami'in Tsaro Joe Sullivan don toshe adalci. Korafin mai aikata laifin ya ce Sullivan ya shirya, tare da sanin Kalanick, don biyan kudin fansa game da cin zarafin na 2016 a matsayin "kyautar alfarma" don boye hakikanin yadda take, kuma masu satar bayanan sun yi karya kan yarjejeniyar ba da bayanan don su ce ba su samu wani bayanai ba.

### Amfani da kamfanonin waje don rage girman harajin
A watan Nuwamba 2017, Aljanna Papers, jerin takaddun lantarki na sirri masu alaƙa da saka jari a ƙasashen waje, ya bayyana cewa Uber ɗayan ɗayan kamfanoni ne da suka yi amfani da kamfanin waje don rage haraji.

### Nuna Bambanci ga makaho abokin ciniki
A watan Afrilu 2021, wani mai yanke hukunci ya yanke hukunci akan Uber a shari'ar da ta shafi Lisa Irving, makaho Ba'amurke abokin ciniki tare da kare kare wanda aka hana hawa hawa a lokuta 14 daban. An umarci Uber da ya biya dalar Amurka miliyan 1.1, wanda ke nuna dala 324,000 na diyya da fiye da $ 800,000 a matsayin kudin lauya da kuma kudin kotu.

### Shari'ar Kotun Amsterdam a kan 'kararrakin robo'
A watan Afrilu 2021, kotun Amsterdam ta yanke hukuncin cewa Uber dole ne ya dawo da direbobi shida da aka yi zargin an dakatar da su ne kawai bisa tsarin algorithms kuma ta biya su kudin diyya. Aikin korar ma'aikata ta hanyar sarrafa kansa ya saba wa Mataki na 22 na GDPR, wanda ya danganci yanke hukunci na atomatik da ke haifar da "tasiri na doka ko mahimmaci". Uber ta kalubalanci hukuncin, tana mai cewa ba ta san da shari'ar ba kuma an kawo hukuncin ne ba tare da an sanar da kamfanin ba. Wani wakilin kotu ya ce za a tabbatar da hukuncin kuma yanzu an rufe shari’ar.

## Bayanai

### Harkokin Abokan Cinikayya
Masanin tattalin arziki John A. Jerin yayi nazarin bayanan kamfanin don bincika tasirin matsalolin abokin ciniki da kuma amsar kamfanin akan umarnin abokin ciniki na gaba. Misali, algorithms na Uber na iya sanar da mahayi cewa tafiya zata ɗauki mintuna 9, yayin da a zahiri yana ɗaukar minti 23. Binciken ya gano cewa mutanen da ke da mummunan ƙwarewa daga baya sun kashe har zuwa 10% ƙasa da Uber. Jerin sannan ya lura da yadda amsoshin kamfani daban-daban game da kwarewar da ta shafi amfanin gaba. Zaɓuɓɓukan sun haɗa da "uzuri na gaske", shigar da kamfanin ya gaza, ƙaddamar da "tabbatar da cewa wannan ba zai sake faruwa ba" da ragi a kan hawa na gaba. Ba da gafara ba shi da tasiri wajen riƙe abokan ciniki. Takardar rangwamen rangwamen dala $ 5 ya rage asara. Maimaita mummunan abubuwan da aka biyo baya tare da neman gafara ya ƙara nisantar abokan ciniki.

### Banbancin Kudin Shiga na Namiji da Mace
Nazarin bayanai ya gano cewa direbobin maza suna samun kusan kashi 7% fiye da mata; an sami maza suna tuki a kan matsakaita 2.5% cikin sauri, yana ba su damar hidimtawa ƙarin abokan ciniki. Mata fasinjoji sun ba da tukwici kimanin 4%, yayin da maza suka ba da 5%; amma mata direbobi sun sami ƙarin shawarwari-muddin ba su kai shekara 65 ba.

## Bayani

## Fadada Karatu
**Takardun malamai**

**Littattafai**

* Ishaku, Mike. *Super Pumped: Yaƙin Uber* . New York, NY. ISBN&nbsp; . OCLC&nbsp;1090686951 .

### Fadada Bincike

* Nunin Talabijin na PBS: WASA DA Dokoki: DABI'A A AIKI: Lokaci na 3 Kashi na 1: Gudun

## Hanyoyin haɗin waje

* Tashar yanar gizo