open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Humaria hemisphaerica

***Humaria hemisphaerica*** wani nau'in koko  ne a cikin dangin Pyronemataceae . A cikin Burtaniya yana da sunan Ingilishi da aka ba da shawarar na kofin gilashi;  a Arewacin Amurka an kira shi kofin fada mai gashi  ko ko kuma kofin fada na launin ruwan kasa.  Ascocarps (jiki na 'ya'yan itace) suna da siffar kofin kuma ana iya gane su ta hanyar santsi, fararen ciki da gashi, launin ruwan kasa na waje. Nau'in shine ectomycorrhizal kuma yana faruwa a Turai da Arewacin Amurka.

## Tarihin lissafi
Wannan nau'in an fara bayyana shi ne a cikin 1780 ta hanyar masanin ilimin halittu na Jamus Friedrich Heinrich Wiggers a matsayin Peziza hemisphaerica . Fries ya sanya shi a cikin jerin *Lachnea*, sunan da ya yi amfani da shi ga kofin fungi tare da apothecia mai gashi. A cikin 1870 Leopold Fuckel ya canja *P. hemisphaerica&nbsp;* zuwa jinsin Humaria.

An samo takamaiman ma'anar daga kalmar Latin *hemisphaericum*, ma'ana rabin ƙira.

## Bayyanawa
*Humaria hemisphaerica* tana  'ya'yan itace (apothecia) wanda yawanci ke auna  zuwa   a diamita ta   zuwa  in) zurfi. Jikin 'ya'yan itace da farko suna da siffar ƙwallo kuma suna fadada don zama kamar kofin a lokacin da ƙwayoyin cuta suka girma. Wannan nau'in yawanci ba shi da tsintsiya; lokacin da ya yi, yana nan a matsayin ƙaramin tushe. Yankin ciki na jikin 'ya'yan itace (hymenium) fari ne, yayin da gashin gashi na waje yana da launin ruwan kasa kuma an rufe shi da gashi mai launin ruwan kasa wanda ke raguwa zuwa wani abu mai kaifi. Wadannan gashi sune 400-500 x 15-20 μm. &nbsp;ascospores suna da elliptical, hyaline, 20-22 x 10-11 μm, kuma suna da droplets na mai 2-3.&nbsp;

### Irin waɗannan nau'o'in
Irin waɗannan nau'ikan Humaria na iya kasancewa a Arewacin Amurka, amma ba a iyakance su ba.

Akwai wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan kofin a cikin iyalin Pyronemataceae tare da gashi na waje. *[[Jafnea semitotsa]]* ya fi girma (2-5 cm a diamita) tare da ciki mai launin ruwan kasa da gajeren stipe. &nbsp;Kofuna na nau'in *Trichophaea* yawanci ƙasa da 1 cm a fadin;  *[[Trichophaea boudieri]]* da *[[Trichophaea bullata|T. bullata&nbsp;]]* suna da faɗin millimeters 1-6, kuma T. abundans ya fi son girma a wuraren da aka ƙone. &nbsp;&nbsp;*[[Chaetothiersia vernalis]]* yana girma a cikin wani nau'i mai kama da faifai, kuma Wilcoxina rehmii yana samar da ƙananan faifai.

## Rarraba da mazaunin
*H. hemisphaerica* yana girma a duk shekara a gabar yammacin Arewacin Amurka  kuma ya zama ruwan dare a Arewa maso Yammacin Pacific;  zuwa gabas, yana da 'ya'yan itace daga Yuli zuwa Oktoba. Samfurori yawanci suna girma kadai,  amma kuma suna bayyana a warwatse ko a rukuni a ƙasa, kuma wani lokacin a kan itace mai lalacewa. 

## Rashin guba
Ba za a iya cinye fungus ba.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Wasaki

Wasaki shine guga wanda ake yin amfani dashi wajen ɗebo ruwa daga rijiya. Ana saka masa dogon igiya ajikin sa gwargwadon tsayin rijiyar da ake ɗiban ruwa daga cikin ta.
Don Edkins

**Don Edkins** ɗan fim ne na duniya kuma mai shirya fina-finai. An haife shi a Cape Town a shekara ta 1953. A lokacin da yake da shekaru ashirin da biyu ya bar Afirka ta Kudu saboda dalilai na siyasa, kuma ya dawo a 1994 don shiga cikin zaben dimokuradiyya na farko na kasarsa.

Ya samar da jerin Kudancin Afirka kan gaskiya da sulhu Landscape of Memory (1998), da kuma aikin shirye-shiryen da aka bayar da yawa Steps for the Future (2001/04) - tarin fina-finai 38 game da Kudancin Afrika a lokacin HIV da AIDS. Shi ne Babban Mai gabatarwa na aikin shirye-shiryen duniya na STEPS International Me ya sa Dimokuradiyya? 10 dogon fim da 18 gajeren fim. Shi ne Babban Mai gabatarwa a kan aikin shirye-shiryen duniya na STEPS Me ya sa Talauci? Yana samar da Dare to Dream da kuma shirin AfriDocs  . A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2014, ya fara AfriDocs, shirin farko na mako-mako a fadin Afirka ta kudu, wanda ke nuna fina-finai mafi kyau na Afirka da na duniya sau biyu a mako, da kuma abubuwan da suka faru na musamman kan batutuwan da suka dace da ke fuskantar masu sauraron Afirka.

## Shi ne mai samarwa ga
Tushen: 

2001 **Matakai don Nan gaba** (TV Series documentary) (series producer - 3 episodes) 

* Wa 'n Wina (2001)...  (mai samar da jerin) 
* Uwar zuwa Ɗa (2001)...  (mai samar da jerin) 
* Jiki & Rai (2001)...  (mai samar da jerin) 

2002 Ho ea rona (Kadancin takardun shaida) (mai samarwa) 

2004 Ka tambayi ni ni ni mai kyau (Documentary) (mai samarwa) 

2004 Labari na Ƙasar Kyakkyawan (Documentary) (mai samarwa) 

2007 The Mohammed Cartoons (TV Movie documentary) (mai gabatar da zartarwa) 

2007 Don Allah Za a zabe ni (Documentary) (mai samarwa) 

2007 Taxi zuwa Dark Side (Documentary) (mai gabatar da zartarwa: Matakai na Duniya) 

2007 **Kinshasa 2.0** (TV Short documentary) (mai samarwa) 

2010 White Man na Ƙarshe Tsayawa (mai samarwa) 

2011 **Thato** (Kadancin takardun shaida) (mai gabatar da kara) / (mai samar da kara) 

2011 Mama Africa (Documentary) (mai samarwa) 

2012 Land Rush (Documentary) (mai gabatar da zartarwa) 

2012 **Ilimi** Ilimi (Documentary) (mai gabatar da zartarwa) / (mai samarwa) 

Independent Lens (TV Series documentary) (mai gabatar da kara - 5 episodes, 2007 - 2012) (mai gabatarwar - 1 episode, 2007) 

* Park Avenue: Kudi, Ikon & Mafarkin Amurka (2012)...  (mai gabatar da zartarwa) 
* Solar Mamas (2012)...  (mai gabatar da zartarwa) 
* Abincin dare tare da Shugaban kasa: Tafiyar Al'umma (2008)...  (mai gabatar da zartarwa) 
* Iron Ladies of Liberia (2008)...  (mai gabatar da zartarwa) 
* Don Allah Zabe Ni (2007)...  (mai gabatar da zartarwa) / (mai samarwa) 

2012 Poop on Poverty (Kadancin takardun shaida) (mai gabatar da zartarwa) 

2012 Rafea: Solar Mama (Documentary) (mai gabatar da zartarwa) 

2013 Gangster Backstage (Kadancin takardun shaida) (mai samarwa) 

2016 Coming of Age (Documentary) (mai gabatar da zartarwa) / (mai samarwa) 

## Kyaututtuka
Grierson Awards - Kyautar 2008 don Mafi Kyawun Takaddun shaida

## Manazarta
Jaime (fim na shekarar 1999 )

**Jaime** fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Portuguese na 1999 wanda António-Pedro Vasconcelos ya jagoranta. An sake shi a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 1999.

## Bayanin fim ɗin a takaice
Wata mata ta ɗauki ɗanta ƙarami, ta rabu da mijinta, ta koma wurin masoyinta. Yaron da yake neman ya dawo da iyayensa, sai ya gamsu da cewa idan har zai iya dawo da babur din mahaifinsa da ya sace, komai zai sake daidaita, don haka ya tashi ya samu isassun kudi ya saya wa mahaifinsa sabo. labari mara dadi game da yara kanana kan titi a Portugal. An buɗe fim ɗin tare da wani matashi ma'aikaci a gidan burodi ana jefar da shi a asibiti bayan ya rasa yatsansa. Shugaban ya umurci mahaifin matashin ya gaya wa likitoci cewa ya rasa lambar sa yana wasa da wuka, amma saboda tsoron bincike, kocin ya watsar da sauran ma'aikatansa da basu kai shekaru 13 ba, ciki har da Jaime mai shekaru 13 (Saul Fonseca). Jaime yana kokawa don gyara danginsa da suka lalace. Mahaifiyarsa ta kori mahaifinsa daga gida kuma ta dauki wani ɗan Brazil mara mutunci. Mahaifinsa mai raɗaɗi ya koma wani rumfa kuma ya kasance ba shi da aikin yi tun lokacin da aka sace motarsa. Fatan Jaime na cewa zai iya haɗa danginsa ta hanyar siyan mahaifinsa babur da zai maye gurbinsa ya lalace lokacin da ɗan Brazil ɗin ya sace kuɗinsa; Jaime daga baya ya ƙaura daga wurin mahaifiyarsa kuma tare da mahaifinsa. A halin yanzu, Jaime da ɗan wasansa Ulisses (Sandro Silva) suna barci a lokacin kwanakinsu a makaranta kuma suna neman damar aiki da dare.

## Manazarta
Zanga-zangar Turkiyya

**Zanga-zangar Turkiyya** (wanda kuma aka sani da Anatolian Rally) gasa ce ta gangami akan jadawalin FIA World Rally Championship (WRC).

## Tarihi
An gudanar da muzaharar kasa da kasa ta farko a kasar Turkiyya a shekarar 1972, inda aka fara da kuma kammala a Istanbul. A cikin 1999, an ƙirƙiri ra'ayin ƙirƙirar sabon taron a matsayin ɗan takarar WRC. A shekara ta gaba a cikin 2000, an haifi Anatolian Rally da ke İzmir. Bayan FIA ta lura da shi, taron ya zama taron ajiyar hukuma na WRC.

Antalya da Kemer, wani yanki na hutu a kudu maso yammacin Turkiyya an zaɓi shi a cikin 2001 a matsayin wurin farawa da kammala taron Anadolu don ɗaukar tsarin WRC. A cikin 2002, shigarwar farko na ƙasashen waje sun shiga, Sébastien Loeb a cikin Citroën Saxo da Juuso Pykälistö a cikin Peugeot 206 WRC.

Turkiyya ta fara gasar cin kofin duniya a shekarar 2003 inda 27 kacal daga cikin 62 suka kammala. An sadaukar da shekaru biyu na farko zuwa ga Junior World Rally Championship (JWRC) don samun ƙwarewa. A cikin 2005, Rally na Turkiyya ya karbi bakuncin direbobi na Production Car World Rally Championship (PWRC) a karon farko.

Tawagar masu zanga-zanga 76 ne suka halarci taron gangamin Turkiyya na shekarar 2005. Ƙungiyoyi 53 ne kawai suka kammala jimlar nisan kilomita 1,228. Maimaita nasarar da ya samu a shekarar da ta gabata, Sébastien Loeb na Faransa ya lashe kofin da karfe 4.21.48.00' tare da abokin aikinsa Daniel Elena.

An gudanar da taron na shekara ta 2006 daga ranar 13 ga Oktoba zuwa 15 ga Oktoba, 2006 a kewayen Kemer - Kumluca - Antalya a kudu maso yammacin kasar Turkiyya a kan hanyoyi masu tsakuwa da tsakuwa har zuwa wasu lokutan dusar kankara. Hedkwatar Rally da wurin shakatawa suna cikin Kemer.

Rally na Turkiyya ya koma kalandar WRC a cikin kakar 2008. An gudanar da gangamin 2008 na Turkiyya tsakanin 12-15 ga watan Yuni kuma Mikko Hirvonen ya samu nasara a gaban Jari-Matti Latvala da Sébastien Loeb. An cire taron daga kalandar bayan taron na 2010.

An sake farfado da Rally na Turkiyya don gasar 2018 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Rally Poland. An gudanar da taron ne a garin Marmaris da ke lardin Muğla.

## Manazarta
Hakim Zziwa

**Hakim Zziwa** dan kasar Uganda ne, mai gabatarwa da kuma mai daukar hoto wanda ya samo wahayi don ba da labari na gani daga asalin aikinsa a matsayin mai rawa. Fim dinsa Building 62 ya lashe kyautar gajeren fim mafi kyau a 2nd IKON Awards a shekarar 2024.  Ya kuma sami lambar yabo ta musamman a bikin fina-finai na Uganda na 2024 don aikinsa a wannan fim din.

## Ayyuka
Zziwa ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai rawa a karkashin ƙungiyar da ake kira Tabu Flo kafin ya shiga fim. A cikin fim, ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Media a Makarantar Ilimi ta Harvard, sashen Koyarwa da Ilimi (TLL) a cikin 2016 kuma a matsayin Mai gabatar da Media na Koyarwa tare da Cibiyar Nazarin Digital a Ilimi (CDIL) a Kwalejin Boston a cikin 2019. Daga nan sai ya ci gaba da samar da kuma jagorantar gajeren fina-finai Kisenge (2017), Yala (2020), Jamaa, The Dark One (2021) Building 62 (2023) wanda ya lashe kyautar gajeren fim mafi kyau a 2nd iKon Awards a watan Maris na 2024  da Boundary Mediaho (2024).

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Zziwa ta yi karatu a makarantar sakandare ta Nakasero, makarantar firamare ta Buganda sannan Makarantar Sakandare ta Kibuli kuma ta yi karatun Kasuwancin Duniya MUBS . 

## Manazarta
Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka

**Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta Traffic Tribunal** wata kotu ce a cikin United Kingdom wacce ke gudanar da ƙararrakin ƙararraki game da sanarwar cajin hukunci ko PCNs, nau'in hukuncin farar hula, na yankuna a Ingila a wajen London. An ƙirƙira shi ta hanyar doka don cika tanade-tanade na Dokar Gudanar da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa ta 2004, yana da wani ɓangare na alhakin kwamitin haɗin gwiwa na PATROL, tarin hukumomin gida da ke da alhakin aiwatar da PCNs waɗanda ke amfani da tsarin shari'a na kotunan laifuka.

Za a iya ƙalubalantar hukunce-hukuncen Kotun hukunta masu laifi ta hanyar nazarin shari'a. Tsarin roko ana gudanar da shi ta hanyar Dokokin Dokokin Kiki na Jama'a (Ingila) Wakilai da Dokokin Roko na 2007 da Dokokin Farar Hulɗar Kiliya (Ingila) Janar 2007.

Kotun dai tana gudanar da shari'o'i kusan 25000 a kowace shekara, galibin kararrakin da ake gudanar da su.

## Manazarta
Yang Xuwen

**Yang Xuwen** (a sauƙaƙe Sinanci: 杨旭文; Sinanci na gargajiya: 楊旭文; pinyin: Yáng Xùwén, an haife shi 2 Afrilu 1994) ɗan wasan Sin ne. An san shi sosai saboda rawar da ya taka a matsayin Guo Jing a cikin The Legend of the Condor Heroes (2017).

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Rayuwar baya
An haifi Yang kuma ya girma a Nanjing, Jiangsu, a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 1994. Ya halarci Makarantar Harshen Waje na Nanjing da Makarantar Sakandire ta Nanjing No.9. Ya shiga Cibiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Tsakiya a watan Satumba na 2012, inda ya fi kwarewa a wasan kwaikwayo.

### Aikin wasan kwaikwayo
A farkon 2014, Yang ya sanya hannu tare da Huayi Brothers Media Group. A watan Yulin 2014, Yang ya fara fitowa wasan kwaikwayo a wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na Cosmetology High, yana wasa da masani. A watan Agusta, ya yi fim tare da Dilraba Dilmurat da Merxat a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gidan yanar gizon The Backlight of Love. A watan Oktoba, ya taka rawar gani a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na zamani Horrible Bosses.

Babban aikin fim na farko na Yang shine a cikin fim ɗin wasan barkwanci Bad Guys Always Die (2015).[abubuwan da ake buƙata] A watan Oktoba, an jefa shi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na soja na matasa Deep Blue.

A cikin Afrilu 2016, Yang yana da ƙaramin rawa a cikin fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya New York New York. A watan Yuli, ya fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na fantasy Noble Aspirations.

A cikin Janairu 2017, Yang ya nuna Guo Jing a cikin The Legend of the Condor Heroes, wanda aka samo daga littafin wuxia na Louis Cha na suna iri ɗaya.

A cikin 2018, Yang ya yi tauraro a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na kasuwanci Mafi kyawun Investor da jerin talabijin na shenmo Ghost Catcher Zhong Kui's Record.

A cikin 2019, Yang ya yi tauraro a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na soja Sojoji na musamman na yaƙi da ta'addanci III. A wannan shekarar, an jefa shi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya The Memory About You.

A cikin 2022, Yang ya yi tauraro a cikin wasan kwaikwayo mai ban sha'awa na tarihi mai ban mamaki Tales na Daular Tang a cikin jagorancin matashin Janar Lu Lingfeng. Wasan ya samu karbuwa sosai kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "wasan kwaikwayo na doki mai duhu," wanda ya kai maki 7.9 a Douban, dandalin fina-finai da wasan kwaikwayo na kasar Sin ta yanar gizo. Tun daga lokacin Yang ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a wasan kwaikwayo na gaba mai suna Strange Tales of Tang Dynasty 2: To the West, wanda aka fara a IQIYI a ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2024.

## Manazarta
Hadijah Nakanjako

**Hadijah Nakanjako** (an haife ta a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Uganda, darektan fina-finai kuma furodusa. An fi saninta da fim din farko The Passenger wanda ya lashe fim mafi kyau na asali a matsayin Uganda Film Festival Awards (UFF). Fim din ya kuma sami gabatarwa biyu a Amvca Awards .  

## Rayuwa ta farko da asali
Hadijah ta haife ta ne daga 'yan uwanta da aka haifa wa Nakyeejwe Silivia da Ediriisa Ssali . Ta tafi makaranta zuwa makarantar firamare ta Nakivubu Blue, makarantar sakandare ta Nilu, makarantar sakandaren St Mathia Kalemba kuma daga baya ta sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimi.

### Ci gaban fim
Hadijah ta ba da umarnin fim dinta na farko The Passenger, fim dinsa na gaba bayan Love Faces, wanda aka fara a Maisha Magic Movies, tashar Dstv. Meddy Sserwadda ne ya rubuta fim din, kuma Usama Mukwaya ne ya samar da shi ta hanyar O Studios Entertainment. Tauraruwar Henry Nathan Katongole, Allen Musumba, da Olot Bonny Elem a cikin manyan matsayi. Ya sami gabatarwa 11 a bikin fina-finai na Uganda na 2023 kuma ya lashe kyaututtuka biyar. An kuma zaba shi sau biyu a 2024 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards .

Fim dinta na baya-bayan nan shine rayuka 9 wanda aka zaba a bikin fina-finai na Uganda na 2024 don mafi kyawun gajeren fim. 

## Manazarta
Kyautar Bikin Fim na Uganda don Mafi kyawun Wasanni na Talabijin

**[[Uganda Film Festival Awards|Kyautar Bikin Fim na Uganda]] don Mafi kyawun Wasanni na Talabijin** kyauta ce da Hukumar Sadarwa ta Uganda (UCC) ke gabatar a kowace shekara a Kyautar Bikin Fina-Finan Uganda . Kyautar da aka gabatar a cikin 2016 don haɗawa da rukunin talabijin, an ba da ita ne don girmama mai gabatar da talabijin wanda ya nuna kyakkyawan samarwa don jerin talabijin. 

## Wadanda suka ci nasara da wadanda aka zaba
Teburin yana nuna masu nasara da waɗanda aka zaba don kyautar wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin mafi kyau.

## Nasara da gabatarwa da yawa

### Ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin
Babu wani wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin da ya lashe wannan lambar yabo sau da yawa. Koyaya, wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin da yawa sun sami gabatarwa da yawa don wannan lambar yabo tsawon shekaru kamar yadda aka gani a ƙasa;

### Daga Mai gabatarwa
Babu wani furodusa da ya sami nasarori da yawa don wannan kyautar. Wasu masu samarwa sun sami gabatarwa da yawa don jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin. Richard Mulindwa ya sami gabatarwa don jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin daban-daban.

## Rubuce-rubuce
A cikin 2017, Irene Kulabako Kakembo ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin (Yat Madit) wanda aka zaba don kyautar, kuma ta zama mace ta farko ta lashe kyautar tare da wannan jerin a wannan shekarar.

## Manazarta
Michael Wawuyo

**Michael Wawuyo Sr.** ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na ƙasar Uganda kuma mai zane-zane na musamman. Ya shahara ne saboda manyan rawar da ya taka a kan *Sarkin Scotland na Ƙarshe*,  Kony: Order from Above, The Only Son, *Wani lokaci a watan Afrilu*, The Mercy of the Jungle, The Taste of our Land, da ƙananan rawar allo a kan Uganda NTV's *Yat Madit* da Power of Legacy .

## Ayyuka
Wawuyo ya shiga masana'antar fina-finai a cikin fim din da Mira Nair ya shirya a shekarar 1991 *Mississippi Masala* yana wasa da sojan ta'addanci. Daga baya ya ɗauki jerin matsayi na soja a cikin shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa da yawa, gami da jami'in tsaro na leken asiri a *Black Blood* (1997); kwamandan soja a fim din HBO *Wani lokaci a watan Afrilu* (2005) game da Kisan kare dangi na Rwanda; da kuma kwamandan rundunar sojan sama a cikin  (2016) game da tsohon shugaban Uganda Amin Idi . 

B*A* ga shirye-shiryen Uganda na gida, Wawuyu ya ci gaba da aiki lokaci-lokaci a fina-finai na Afirka da na duniya, gami da fina-fukkuna na Rwanda da suka lashe kyautar The Mercy of the Jungle (2018) da A Taste of our Land (2022). Fim din na karshe, wanda aka kafa a wata kasa ta Afirka da ba a san sunanta ba kuma an fada shi a kan tasirin kasar Sin a nahiyar, ya ba shi lambar yabo ta Mafi Kyawun Maza a bikin Cinéma Africain de Khouribga na Morocco . 

Fim dinsa na Uganda sun hada da *[[Situka]]* (2015); Kony: Order from Above (2017), The Boda Boda Thieves (Abaabi Ba Booda) (2015), The Only Son (2016) da The Girl in the Yellow Jumper (2020), fim na farko na Uganda da za a samu akan Netflix.

Bayan kwata na karni na manyan bayyanar allo, Wawuyo ya fara fitowa a talabijin a jerin wasan kwaikwayo na NTV Uganda na 2016, Yat Madit, game da wani almara bayan rikici na Arewacin Uganda. Jerin ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙoƙari na inganta sulhu da zaman lafiya tsakanin al'ummomin da suka biyo bayan rikici a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabashin Uganda bayan yakin Joseph Kony na Lord's Resistance Army . Matsayin Wawuyo na gaba na talabijin ya kasance a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na talabiji na 2019 Power of Legacy, wanda ya fito a matsayin uban gidan otal din Batte.

Wawuyo kuma an san shi da aikinsa a matsayin sakamako na musamman kuma ya zama mai zane a fina-finai waɗanda suka haɗa da The Felista's Fable (2013) wanda ya sami gabatarwa ta farko a 2nd Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards a cikin 2014, Imbabazi: The Pardon (2013),  da The Mercy of the Jungle (2018).

A Uganda 2024 iKon Awards, an ba Wawuyo lambar yabo ta Lifetime Achievement Award . 

## Hotunan fina-finai

## Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa

## Manazarta
Galagali

**Galagali** ƙauye ne a kudancin jihar Karnataka, Indiya. Tana kan gabar kogin Krishna a cikin Bilgi taluk na gundumar Bagalkot a Karnataka.

Ita ce mahaifar masanin Vedic, mawaƙi, kuma mai magana Pandharinathcharya Galagali.

Ya shahara da Galagali Peda, abinci mai dadi.

## Alkaluma
A ƙidayar Indiya ta 2011, Galagali tana da yawan jama'a 8380 tare da maza 4115 da mata 4265.

## Manazarta
Natacha Muziramakenga

**Natacha Muziramakenga,** wanda aka fi sani da **Miziguruka** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1984), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Rwanda kuma darektan kirkira. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da shayari, wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma curatorship. Jigogi masu maimaitawa sun haɗa da juriya, lafiyar hankali, haƙƙin ɗan adam, mata, da wakiltar mata baƙi.  

## Ayyuka
Muziramakenga ya yi aiki a cikin fina-finai na *Neptune Frost*; Petit Pays, wanda aka fi sani da Small Country: An African Childhood; Grey Matter; da kuma Un dimanche à Kigali, wanda aka kuma sani da A Sunday in Kigali . 

Ta ba da gudummawa ga wasan Learning Feminism daga Rwanda, ta zagaya Jamus da Switzerland tsakanin 2020 da 2021.  Ta rubuta Méandres, kuma ta kirkiro wasan kwaikwayon da suka hada fasahar bidiyo da waka a bikin Frequencies na Berlin. Ta gabatar da aikinta a matsayin mai kula da zamani a Seoul a cikin 2023.

An buga ayyukanta a cikin mujallar *Wasafari* da kuma a cikin aikin hadin gwiwa Au dessous des Volcans, wanda Sepia ya buga. 

## Manazarta
Itacen Zaman Lafiya

**Trees of Peace** fim ne na 2022 wanda Alanna Brown ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni a karon farko na darakta. Tauraruwar Eliane Umitire, Charmaine Bingwa, Bola Koleosho da Ella Cannon a matsayin mata huɗu (Tutsi biyu, ɗaya Hutu mai matsakaici, kuma ɗaya ɗan sa kai na Amurka) waɗanda suka ɓoye a cikin rami a ƙarƙashin gida na kwanaki 81 don tsira daga Kisan kare dangi na Rwanda na 1994. Yana da lokacin gudu na minti 98 kuma fim ne na harshen Ingilishi.

An fara samun kuɗin fim din ne ta hanyar kamfen ɗin Kickstarter na 2017. Kamfanonin RR Productions, Abstract Entertainment da A Brown Girl Films ne suka samar da fim din. Masu gabatarwa sun hada da Ron Ray, Barry Levine, Mike Bundlie, Brian Baniqued da Jeffrey Spiegel . Shugabannin masu gabatarwa sun hada da Nicole Avant (The Black Godfather, Six Triple Eight).  An kammala samarwa a watan Nuwamba 2019. Shekara guda bayan da fim din ya fara fitowa a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Santa Barbara na 2021, kuma ya lashe wasu bukukuwan fina-fakka na fina-falla, Ron Ray da kansa ya tattauna da lasisin fim din ga Netflix a matsayin Netflix Original. Netflix ta sami haƙƙin duniya ga fim ɗin a watan Maris na shekara ta 2022. An fitar da fim din a ranar 13 ga Mayu, kuma an fara fim din a matsayin 10 ga Yuni. A cikin kwanaki 5 da aka saki shi, "Trees Of Peace" ya kai Top 10 a cikin ƙasashe 60 kuma ya ƙaddamar da ayyuka da yawa a Hollywood. Fim din ya sami ƙimar 100% daga masu sukar da ƙimar 85% daga masu sauraro a kan Rotten Tomatoes. Netflix ta sami haƙƙin duniya ga fim ɗin, kuma ta fitar da shi a duk duniya a lokaci guda a cikin ƙasashe 191. *Hindu* ya bayyana shi a matsayin labarin rayuwa mai motsawa.

## Manazarta
Nunin Churchill

**Churchill Show** (tsohon Churchill Live) wasan kwaikwayo ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Kenya wanda dan wasan kwaikwayo Daniel "Churchill" Ndambuki ya shirya, wanda aka fara a 2007 a kan hanyar sadarwa ta NTV . An rubuta shi kai tsaye a filin Carnivore a Nairobi.

## Churchill Raw
Nunin minti 30 da kuma reshe na Churchill Show . Mai wasan kwaikwayo MC Jesse ne ya shirya shi. Jerin sau da yawa yana nuna abubuwan da ba za a iya watsawa a kan Churchill Show ba.

## Masu wasan kwaikwayo

* Eric Omondi (mai wasan kwaikwayo) 
* Felix Omondi
* MC Jessie 
* Murume 
* Chipukeezy 
* Fred Omondi 
* Karis (mai wasan kwaikwayo) '
* YY (Oliver Otieno) 
* Janyando Mig 
* Owago Onyiro 
* Rashin hawaye na mawaƙa
* Malamin Wanjiku
* Eddie Butita
* Alex Mungahi 
* Mammito Eunice
* Steven Oduor 

## watsa shirye-shiryen Kenya
Churchill Show (sa'an nan:Churchill Live) ya fara ne a kan NTV (Kenya)  a 2007 kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa ƙarshen 2009. Jerin ya dawo don kakar wasa ta biyu a ranar 17 ga Janairu, 2013. Da farko an watsa shi a ranar Alhamis da karfe 8 na yamma EAT,  amma daga baya aka tura shi zuwa ranar Lahadi da karfe 8. [1] Ya zuwa Nuwamba  , a kakar wasa ta biyar, shi ne wasan kwaikwayon da aka fi kallo a cibiyar sadarwa kuma daya daga cikin wadanda aka fi kallowa a Gabashin Afirka.  &nbsp;&nbsp;Hakanan ana watsa shi a Gabashin Afirka a tashar StarTimes ta *StarTimes Swahili*.

## Manazarta
Catherine Apalat

**Catherine Apalat** (an haife ta a ranar 28 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1981) 'yar jaridar Uganda ce, mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo, mai shirya fina-finai kuma har yanzu mai daukar hoto a kungiyar mata ta Uganda Media Association (UMWA).  Ya zuwa watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2013, Apalat shine Manajan Shirye-shiryen Mama FM, gidan rediyo na al'umma a karkashin UMWA.

## Tarihi da ilimi
An haifi Apalat a Tororo ga David Livingstone Ongadi malamin makarantar firamare da Grace Onyadi kwararren masaniyar sadarwa. Apalat ta halarci Rock View don makarantar firamare a 1994 kafin ta shiga Tororo Girls da Our Lady of Gayaza don makarantar sakandare (1995-2000). Apalat ta shiga Jami'ar Makerere kuma ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a cikin Sadarwar Jama'a a shekara ta 2005.

## Ayyuka
Apalat ya yi aiki tare da Sashen Fim na Sadarwar Jama'a na Jami'ar Makerere a shekara ta 2002. Apalat ya samar da wasan kwaikwayo na minti goma (10) mai taken "Salongo's Gift" da "Portrait of an artist". Apalat ya shiga Top Radio kuma ya yi aiki tare da Sashen Bayar da Labarai, yana samar da labarai, gyarawa da ƙwarewa a cikin rahoton aikata laifuka a shekara ta 2003. Apalat ta shiga Great Lakes Film Production a 2005-2006 inda ta yi aiki a matsayin marubuciyar rubutun da kuma ma'aikatan fim din ci gaba.

Daga 2007 zuwa yau, Apalat kuma yana aiki a matsayin furodusa kuma mai daukar hoto don har yanzu daukar hoto tare da Jarida ta Ƙungiyar Mata ta Uganda Media (The Other Voice) da Grass Root Women Empowerment Network (GWEN) Magazine da sauransu. Apalat ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan takarar musayar Fredskorpset (FK) (Norway Peace Corp) tare da Kwalejin Aikin Jarida da Sadarwar Jama'a (CJMC FM) a cikin 2011, Nepal. Ma'aikatar Sadarwa ta Nepali, Nepal ta amince da gudummawar Apalat wajen nuna al'adun gargajiya da al'adun Afirka daban-daban ta hanyar fina-finai a cikin bikin fina-finai na Nepal na farko na Afirka a watan Mayu 2011.   

Ya zuwa watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2013, Apalat shine Daraktan Shirin Mama Fm, Tashar Rediyo ta Al'umma a Uganda .  Apalat ya yi aiki tare da ma'aikatan rediyo don tabbatar da cewa aikin rediyo yana bin samar da shirye-shiryen da suka shafi jinsi, saƙonnin ganowa da wasan kwaikwayo.

## Bincike
Apalat ta shiga cikin ayyukan bincike da yawa ciki har da "Tushen Ganyen Mata a Fasaha a cikin 2013, Binciken Masu sauraro ga Masu sauraron Mama FM a cikin 2014 da The Global Media Monitoring Project (GMMP) a cikin 2015 tare da Uganda Media Women's Association .

## Manazarta
Sthandiwe Kgoroge

**Sthandiwe Kgoroge** (an haife shi **Sithandiwe Msomi**; 4 ga Fabrairu 1972)  ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ya bayyana a cikin Generations, jerin 5 da 7 na *[[Shuga (TV series)|MTV Shuga]]*, ƙaramin jerin MTV Shuga Alone Together, da kuma jerin farko na *Yizo Yizo* .

## Rayuwa
Kgoroge ya zauna a Edmonton, Kanada, daga shekaru biyar zuwa goma. Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Natal, inda ta kammala karatu a wasan kwaikwayo. Ta ce ta yi gwagwarmaya da siffarta ta kanta, amma daga ƙarshe ta fahimci cewa jikinta mai duhu daidai ne.

Ta bayyana a cikin jerin farko na Yizo Yizo a matsayin Zoe Cele a 1999. An san ta a matsayin mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo don wannan rawar, kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Avanti . Ta buga tagwaye a Generations daga 1999 zuwa 2005.

Ta bayyana a cikin jerin 5 na *MTV Shuga* a matsayin Aunt Nomalenga kuma ta koma rawar da ta taka a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen MTV Shuga Alone Together, wanda ya nuna matsalolin Cutar COVID-19, a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 2020.  A lokacin jerin haruffa suna magana da juna game da rayuwa a lokacin kullewar. An shirya ƙaramin jerin don dare 60 kuma masu goyon bayanta sun haɗa da ""Kowace Mace Kowace Yaro"".  Jerin ya samo asali ne a Najeriya, Afirka ta Kudu, Kenya da Cote D'Ivoire. Dukkanin fina-finai 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ne suka yi,  wadanda suka hada da Lerato Walaza, Mamarumo Marokane da Mohau Cele.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Sthandiwe wanda aka fi sani da "Sta" ya auri ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Tony Kgoroge,  kuma suna da yara. Lokacin da ya fuskanci dawo da bashin a cikin 2018, ya nemi mutane su yi watsi da shafukan Instagram na matarsa, suna mai cewa su "yan ƙasa ne kawai". Yana fuskantar asarar kuɗi saboda wasu masu watsa shirye-shirye ba su biya shi don maimaita kudade ba. Sta tana son iyalinta na coci kuma tana bauta wa Ubangiji.

## Ayyukan tufafi
An ce Sthandiwe "ko da yaushe tana gaba da layin, tana sake amfani da ita da kuma inganta tufafi na zamani da na zamani na shekaru da yawa. Ƙaunar da take da ita ga tufafi tare da layin labari mai ƙarfi ta kai ta ga fara Kasuwar Vintage. A cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da wasu masoya ashirin, tana ba da tufafi masu yawa, duk a cikin yanayi mai kyau ga masu son tufafi masu zaman kansu da kuma kiyaye waɗannan tufafi daga cikin shara. " ""Abin da suka (ya'yana) suka koya mini shi ne cewa ina da kyau... kuma ina da ban dariya. Suna tunanin ina da kyau sosai. Lokacin da na sauke su a makaranta, a cikin Simon da Maryamu hular da tufafin da na tsara, suna son in zo in gaishe abokansu, "in ji ta. "  A cikin 2008 Roses biyar sun dauki nauyin "zane-zane na Mantsho (Palesa Mokubung); Hermanna Rush (Nicole Dersley da Jacqueline Corfield) da Miss Scarlet (Jacky Lucking). An kuma ba da izini ga masu zanen kaya don tsara riguna ga sanannun mutane, gami da Sthandiwe Kgoroge .

## Manazarta
Sonia Mbele

**Sonia Mbele** 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Afirka ta Kudu,   samfurin,  mai gabatar da talabijin kuma ɗan kasuwa. Ta samar da lambar yabo ta farko ta Real Housewives a Afirka, kuma ita ce mai gabatar da zartarwa ga Real Housewibes na Johannesburg.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Sonia Mbele a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1976 a Natalspruit, Afirka ta Kudu . 

## Ayyuka
Mbele ta fara aikinta a shekarar 1998 a matsayin jagora a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na SABC 2 wanda ake kira *Phamokate* kuma a shekarar 1999 an ba ta lambar yabo ta FNB Vita don Mafi Kyawun Sabon Actress. A shekara ta 2003, an jefa Mbele a cikin jerin sabulu na SABC 1 Generations ta hanyar da ta zama sananne a Afirka ta Kudu, ta taka rawar da ta taka a matsayin Ntombi Khumalo har zuwa shekara ta 2011. A shekara ta 2009, Mbele ta lashe lambar yabo ta Golden Horn don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau a cikin sabulu na TV a lambar yabo ta fina-finai da talabijin ta Afirka ta Kudu.

Mbele ya zama baƙar fata na farko da aka kira fuskar Dark & Lovely, Lux, da Sun-Silk a Afirka ta Kudu.

A cikin 2018, Mbele ta kawo lambar yabo ta farko ta The Real Housewives zuwa Afirka wacce aka fara a Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin Real Housewibes of Johannesburg ta hanyar kamfaninta Sonia Mbele Films,  sannan a cikin 2021, ta kirkiro wani jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gaskiya da ake kira Pastor's Wives for HONEY TV. 

## Hotunan fina-finai

### Talabijin

## Haɗin waje

* 

## Manazarta
Mirza Muhammad Amin Shahristani

**Mirza Muhammad Amin Shahristani** (ya mutu a ranar 13 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1637) ya kasance mai daraja wanda ya yi aiki a kotunan Golconda Sultanate, Safavid Empire, da Mughal Empire . 

## Tarihin rayuwa
Mirza Muhammad ya fito ne daga sanannen dangin Sayyid daga Shahristan, kusa da Isfahan . Wasu daga cikin danginsa sun rike manyan mukamai a gwamnatin Safavid, kuma dan uwansa ya auri daya daga cikin 'ya'yan Shah Abbas.

Ya yi hijira zuwa Golconda kuma Mir Mu'min, wanda shine Firayim Minista na Golconda Sultanate, ya ba da shawarar shi ga mai mulki Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, wanda ya ba shi taken *Mir Jumla* . Ya kasance a kan shugabancin mulkin, kuma zai ci gaba da aiki a kotun har zuwa mutuwar Muhammad Quli a shekara ta 1610. 

Bayan mutuwar Muhammad Quli, dan uwansa Sultan Muhammad ya gaje shi. Mirza, wanda ya kasance mai adawa da mulkin Sultan Muhammad, ya yi murabus kuma an ba shi izinin yin hijira daga masarautar. Ya tafi kotun sarauta ta Bijapur, amma bai sami matsayi a can ba.

Ya sami damar samun nadin a kotun Shah Abbas a 1614, inda ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru hudu. A shekara ta 1618, ya tafi Agra, babban birnin daular Mughal, a gayyatar sarki Jahangir. Bayan ya gabatar da wasu kyaututtuka ga sarki, an ba shi matsayi a kotu, tare da *Mansafa* na 1,500 zat da 200 sawar. An ci gaba da shi a lokuta daban-daban yayin hidimarsa, kuma a cikin 1636, an ba shi taken Mir Bakshi, tare da 5,000 *zat* da 2,000 *sawar*. Ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Satumba 1637, kuma an binne shi a Agra . 

## Waƙoƙi
Mirza ma mawaki ne, kuma ya rubuta tare da *takhallus* (sunan alkawari) *Ruhu'l-Amin* . Ya kirkiro imitations da yawa na ayyukan Nizami Ganjavi. nasa (tarin waƙoƙi) wanda ke dauke da *ghazals* da ya rubuta ana kiransa *Gulistan-i Naz* .  

## Manazarta

### Bayani

### Bayanan littattafai

*
Mahmood Shah Bahmani na II

**Mahmood Shah** ko **Shihab-Ud-Din Mahmud** shi ne sultan na Bahmani Sultanate daga 1482 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1518. An lura da mulkinsa na dogon lokaci don rushewar sultanate da kuma kirkirar sultanates na Deccan masu zaman kansu.

## Sarauta
An haifi Mahmood a kusa da 1470 ɗan Muhammad Shah Lashkari . Ya hau gadon sarauta yana da shekaru 12 a ranar 26 ga Maris 1482 (Safar 5, 887 AH). An kafa sabon Regency tare da Sarauniya a matsayin shugaban kasa da Malik Na'ib, daya daga cikin masu makirci bayan mutuwar Mahmud Gawan, a matsayin mai mulki.

Sarautarsa ta farko ta kasance ta hanyar rikici tsakanin karuwar ikon sababbin masu zuwa, wanda Yusuf Adil Shah ya nuna, da kuma mutanen Deccani na gargajiya, karkashin jagorancin Malik Na'ib. Bayan yunkurin da ya gaza na kashe Yusuf Adil Shah, sultan ya yi ritaya zuwa Bijapur kuma ya bar gudanar da kasar a hannun mataimakin sarki ko *Malik Na'ib*, Nizam-ul-Mulk Malik Hasan Bahri, da ɗan'uwansa Deccani. An kashe Malik Na'ib da kansa a cikin shekara ta 1486. Wani yunkuri na kashe sultan da Deccani ya yi a cikin 1487 ya haifar da kisan Deccani da yawa da kuma karfafa matsayin sababbin masu zuwa.

Matsayin Sultan a bayyane ya haifar da karuwar tashin hankali tsakanin manyan mutane, musamman gwamnonin yankuna masu iko, wasu daga cikinsu, kamar Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk sun ɗauki lakabin sarauta a hankali. Sauran sun jagoranci tawaye a bayyane. Qasim Barid I jagoranci daya daga cikin tawaye na farko daga Bidar kuma ya sami nasarar kayar da sojojin da sultan ya aiko don su mallake shi. Qasim Barid ya girma zuwa *Barid-ul-mumalik* kuma ya zama Firayim Minista kuma mai mulki na zahiri, yayin da sultan ya rayu rayuwa mai ban sha'awa. Kudin Sarki ya yi yawa sosai har ya sami kayan ado daga kursiyin Turquoise kuma ya yi amfani da su don biyan kuɗi.

A ranar 28 ga Mayu 1490, Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I yi tawaye kuma ya ci sojojin Bahmani karkashin jagorancin Janar Jahangir Khan. Ya gina fadar sarauta, ya sanya shi cibiyar sabuwar Sultanate na Ahmednagar. Yusuf Adil Shah ya bi misalin kirkirar Daular Adil Shahi da ke Bijapur, tare da Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk ya kirkiro Berar Sultanate a cikin shekara. Qasim Barid ya kafa Bidar Sultanate wanda ke tsakiyar Bidar a cikin 1492 yayin da Golconda Sultanate ya zama mai zaman kansa a ƙarƙashin Quli Qutb Shah a cikin 1518 wanda babban birninsa ya kasance a Golconda a cikin Hyderabad na zamani.

Krishnadevaraya ya yi tafiya zuwa Bidar don bin Barid. Bayan ya shiga yaƙi, ya fito da nasara kuma ya kama sansanin. A matsayin shaida ga basirarsa ta diflomasiyya da dabarunsa, Krishnadevaraya ya mayar da Sultan Mahmud Shah zuwa mulki a Bidar, yana nuna jajircewarsa na bunkasa rashin jituwa tsakanin maƙwabtansa Musulmai. Don nuna godiya ga wannan muhimmiyar aiki, Krishnadevaraya ta ɗauki taken 'Yavana-rajya-sthapana-charya.' 

A kan mutuwar Qasim Barid a shekara ta 1504, an ba da taken Firayim Minista ga ɗansa Amir Barid . Sultan ya mutu a ranar 27 ga Disamba 1518 (Zil-hij 24, 924 AH) kuma dansa Ahmed ya gaje shi.

## Tushe

* 
* 
* 
* 

## Manazarta
Qasim Barid I

**Qasim Barid I** (r. 1489-1504) ya kasance Firayim Minista na Bahmani Sultanate kuma wanda ya kafa Bidar Sultanate, ɗaya daga cikin masarautun Indiya guda biyar da aka sani da Deccan sultanates .

## Tarihin rayuwa
Qasim Barid dan Sunni Turk ne    wanda ke zaune a Safavid Georgia . Ya shiga hidimar Bahmani sultan Muhammad Shah III kuma daga baya ya zama Firayim Minista na Bahmani sultane.

### A matsayin Vizier
Qasim Barid na jagoranci daya daga cikin tawaye na farko da aka yi wa Bahmani Sultanate . Ya sami damar sanya kansa a matsayin vizier (shugaban jihar) amma ya lalata kwanciyar hankali na masarautar. Gwamnonin Bahmani na Junnar, Bijapur da Berar sun ki amincewa da ikon Qasim Barid kuma sun ayyana 'yancin kai. A ranar 28 ga Mayu 1490, Malik Ahmad Nizam-ul-Mulk, gwamnan Junnar, ya kafa mulkin mallaka na Ahmednagar mai zaman kansa, sannan Yusuf Adil Khan ya kafa mulkin Mallaka na Bijapur mai zaman kansa da Fathullah Imad-ul- Mulk ya kafa mulkin Berar a wannan shekarar.  Kafa daular ta faru ne a cikin shekara ta 1492. 

Qasim Barid ya mutu a shekara ta 1504 kuma dansa Amir Barid I ya gaje shi, a matsayin Firayim Minista na Bahmani Sultanate wanda kuma ya zama mai mulki kamar mahaifinsa.

## Manazarta
Muzaffar Jang Hidayat

**Muhyi ad-Din Muzaffar Jang Hidayat** (ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu 1751) shi ne Hyderabad" izam na uku na Hyderabad daga 1750 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1751. Ya ɗauki taken *Nawab Khan Bahadur, Muzaffar Jung, Nawab Subadar na Deccan* . Koyaya, an fi saninsa da Muzaffar Jung .

## Haihuwa
An haife shi ga Nawab Mutawassil Khan, *Naib Subahdar* na Bijapur, da matarsa *Sahibzadi* Khair-un-nisa Begum, 'yar Nizam-ul-Mulk.

## Sarauta
Kamar yadda rubuce-rubucen Burtaniya na 1749 na Fort St. George, Nizam-ul-Mulk har ma ya yi tunani game da shigar da Muzaffar Jung lokacin da bai gamsu da halin Nasir Jung ba. Ya bar wannan ra'ayin saboda yiwuwar mummunar tasiri kuma ya sulhunta da Nasir Jung.: 19 Ya ba da shawarar bayar da Circars na Adoni da Raichur ga Muzaffar Jung tare da karɓar Padishah. 

Da farko, an nada shi a matsayin Mansafa na Imperial na 3,000 ***zat*** da 2,000 *sowar,* an nada yandi a matsayin Gwamna na Carnatic, daga baya aka kara shi zuwa 4,000 zat a lokacin da aka nada shi zuwa Bijapur. Ya kasance Subadar na Bijapur bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa. Lokacin da kakansa Nizam-ul-Mulk ya mutu a shekara ta 1748, ya yanke shawarar yin amfani da da'awarsa ga kursiyin don adawa da kawunsa, Nasir Jung . Wannan ya haifar da babban sa hannun kai tsaye na Turai a siyasar cikin gida ta Indiya. Ya haɗu da hannunsa tare da abokinsa na Carnatic Chanda Sahib da Faransanci yayin da Nasir Jung ya haɗu da hannu tare da abokansa na Carnanic Muhammad Ali Khan Walajah da Birtaniya. A ƙarshe, mummunan halin da ake ciki a Deccan da Carnatic zai haifar da Yaƙin Carnatic na Biyu. A lokacin yakin an kama Muzaffar Jung a takaice a watan Maris, 1750 bayan yakin Villianur . Amma bayan kisan Nasir Jung, an sake shi kuma ya hau gadon sarauta na Hyderabad, 16 Disamba 1750. Ya ba da yankuna da lakabi ga Dupleix da Faransanci a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1750.

## Mutuwa
Duk da yake dangantakar Muzaffar Jung da Faransanci ta kasance mai kyau, ya kasa sauƙaƙe abokansa na Afghanistan ta irin wannan hanyar. Rashin jituwa da ya haifar ya karu zuwa yakin Lakkireddipalli Pass a cikin Rayachoti taluka, gundumar Kadapa . A cikin rikici, Nawab na Kurnool ya buge shi a kai da mashi, 13 Fabrairu 1751 ya kashe shi nan take. Mutuwar Muzzafar Jung ta haifar da mutuwar Nawab na Kurnool, Himmat Bahadur da Nawab na Savanur, Abdul Majid Khan I. : 51 

A wannan mawuyacin hali a tarihi kwamandan Faransa De Bussy ya yanke shawarar shigar da Salabat Jung a matsayin sabon Nizam.

## Iyali
Muzaffar Jung yana da ɗa ɗaya kawai, Nawab Muhammad Sa'ad ud-din Khan Bahadur, wanda ya kasance ƙarami a mutuwar mahaifinsa a watan Fabrairun 1751. Ya zama Subedar na Bijapur a 1751, kuma ya mutu daga baya daga kyanda.  

## Mukaman da ya riƙe

## Duba kuma

* Jihar Hyderabad
* Nizam

## Manazarta
Lou Heard

**Louis Wesley Heard** (Maris 8, 1909 - Fabrairu 27, 1987) ɗan siyasan lardi ne daga Alberta, Kanada. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Alberta sau biyu. Na farko ya kasance daga 1948 zuwa 1952, kuma na biyu ya kasance daga 1959 zuwa 1971. Ji ya zauna tare da Social Credit caucus a gwamnati sau biyu.

## Rayuwar baya
An haifi Heard a Saskatchewan a shekara ta 1909. Ya koma wani gida da Ambrose Bury ya taba mallaka na Ambrose Bury a unguwar Edmonton na Highlands a cikin 1946.

## Rayuwar siyasa
Heard ya yi takarar neman kujera zuwa Majalisar Dokokin Alberta a karon farko a gundumar zaɓe ta Edmonton a matsayin ɗan takarar Kirdon Jama'a a babban zaɓe na 1948 na Alberta. Ya lashe kujera na biyu don samun shi ne zangon farko na mulki. Heard bai sake tsayawa takara ba a rugujewar majalisar a 1952.

Heard ya sake tsayawa takara karo na biyu a ofis a babban zaben Alberta na shekarar 1959 a sabuwar gundumar zabe ta Edmonton North East. Ya kayar da wasu ‘yan takara hudu da gagarumin rinjaye inda ya lashe sabuwar kujerar jam’iyyarsa.

Bayan lashe zaben, Heard bai sake tsayawa takara ba a kan zartarwa na lardin Social Credit.

Heard ya sake tsayawa takara karo na uku a zaben Alberta na shekarar 1963, inda ya fuskanci kalubale mai karfi daga shugaban NDP na Alberta Neil Reimer. Heard ya lashe gundumar inda ya doke sauran 'yan takara uku da kusan kashi 40% na kuri'un jama'a.

Heard ya tsaya takara karo na hudu a babban zaben Alberta na shekarar 1967. Dan takarar jam'iyyar NDP Ivor Dent da dan takarar jam'iyyar Conservative Alan Cooke ya kusa kayar da shi wanda shi ma ya samu kuri'a mai karfi. Heard ya karbi gundumar da kashi 35% na kuri'un da aka kada.

Sake rarraba kan iyaka na 1971 ya ga an soke Edmonton North East. Heard ya sake tsayawa takara a wannan shekarar a sabuwar gundumar Edmonton-Beverly. Heard ya samu nasara cikin sauƙi daga ɗan takarar Conservative Bill Diachuk.

## Manazarta
Yin iyo a wasannin nakasassu na bazara na 2020 - bugun ƙirji na Mita 100 na maza SB9

**Taron SB9 na maza na mita 100 na bugun ƙirji a gasar wasannin nakasassu ta 2020** ya faru a ranar 26 ga Agusta 2021, a Cibiyar Ruwan Ruwa ta Tokyo.

## Wasan karshe

## Manazarta
Ruffy, Victoria

**Ruffy** yanki ne na Victoria, Ostiraliya. Ya ratsa kan iyakar Shire na Strathbogie da Shire na Murrindindi, mai tazarar kilomita 175 (mita 109) arewa da babban birnin jihar, Melbourne.

A ƙidayar 2021, Ruffy yana da yawan jama'a 164.

Ofishin gidan waya ya buɗe a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1881 a matsayin Terip Terip, an sake masa suna Ruffy a 1895, kuma an rufe shi a cikin 1974.

Ruffy gidan yara ne na Leslie Cecil Maygar, wanda aka ba Victoria Cross a cikin Yaƙin Boer na Biyu.

## Manazarta
Rural, Ohio

Ƙauyen al'umma ce da ba ta da haɗin kai a cikin gundumar Clermont, a cikin jihar **Ohio** ta Amurka.

## Tarihi
An gina karkara a shekara ta 1845. An kafa gidan waya a Rural a cikin 1845, kuma ya ci gaba da aiki har zuwa 1911.

## Manazarta
Tsarkakewa

Tsarkakewa tsari ne wanda ke cire ma'adanai daga ruwan gishiri. Fiye da haka, Tsarkakewa shine cire gishiri da ma'adanai daga wani abu. Misali daya shine cire gishiri daga ƙasa. Wannan yana da mahimmanci ga aikin gona. Yana yiwuwa a cire ruwan gishiri, musamman ruwan teku, don samar da ruwan amfani da mutum zai yi ko ban ruwa. Samfurin da aka samo daga tsarin cire gishiri brine saline. Yawancin jiragen ruwa da na karkashin ruwa suna amfani da cire ruwa. Sha'awar zamani game da cire gishiri galibi tana mai da hankali kan samar da Ruwa mai kyau don amfanin mutum. Tare da ruwan da aka sake amfani da shi, yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan albarkatun ruwa masu zaman kansu daga ruwan sama.

Saboda amfani da makamashi, cire ruwan teku gabaɗaya ya fi tsada fiye da ruwa mai laushi daga ruwa mai zurfi ko ruwa mai zurfin ƙasa, sake amfani da ruwa da kiyayewa; duk da haka, waɗannan madadin ba koyaushe suke samuwa ba kuma raguwar ajiya matsala ce mai mahimmanci a duk duniya. Hanyoyin cire gishiri suna amfani da ko dai hanyoyin zafi (a cikin yanayin distillation) ko hanyoyin da suka danganci membrane (misali a cikin yanayin osmosis na baya). 

Wani kimantawa a cikin 2018 ya gano cewa "18,426 desalination plants suna aiki a cikin sama da ƙasashe 150. Suna samar da cubic mita miliyan 87 na ruwa mai tsabta kowace rana kuma suna samar da sama da mutane miliyan 300. ": 24 Ƙarfin makamashi ya inganta: Yanzu kusan 3 kWh / m3 (a cikin 2018), ya sauka da kashi 10 daga 20-30 kWh / M3 a cikin 1970. : 24 Duk da haka, desalination ya wakilci kusan kashi 25% na makamashi da Sashin ruwa ya cinye a cikin 2016.  : 24 

## Tarihi
Tsohon masanin falsafar Girka Aristotle ya lura a cikin aikinsa na Meteorology cewa "ruwan gishiri, lokacin da ya juya ya zama tururi, ya zama mai daɗi kuma tururi ba ya sake samar da ruwan gishiri lokacin da ya taru", kuma cewa kyakkyawan jirgin ruwan zai riƙe ruwan sha bayan an nutse shi tsawon lokaci a cikin ruwan teku, bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin membrane don tace gishiri.

A lokaci guda an yi rikodin cire ruwan teku a kasar Sin. Dukkanin Classic of Mountains da Ruwa Seas a cikin Lokacin Yakin Jihohi da *Ka'idar Shekara ɗaya* a cikin Daular Han ta Gabas sun ambaci cewa mutane sun gano cewa matsunan bamboo da aka yi amfani da su don shinkafa za su samar da wani nau'i na waje bayan amfani da dogon lokaci. Fim ɗin da aka tsara yana da adsorption da musayar ion, wanda zai iya adsorb gishiri.

## Haɗin waje
 

* Ƙungiyar Rashin Ruwa ta Duniya
* Kungiyar Rashin Rashin Ruwa ta Turai
* Ka'idodin aiki a cikin tsarin cire gishiri
* Rarraba fasahar cire ruwan 'ya'yan ruwa (CDT) 
* SOLAR TOWER Project - Tsabtace Wutar Lantarki don Desalination.
* Bayanan wallafe-wallafen
* Encyclopedia na Desalination da ruwa da albarkatun ruwa
## Manazarta
Ruwa na kasa

ruwa mai zurfi shine ruwan da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa da kuma cikin duwatsu. Kimanin kashi 30 cikin dari na duk ruwan da ake samu a duniya shine ruwan kasa. Ana kiran wani dutse ko ajiyar da ba a haɗa shi ba a lokacin da zai iya samar da ruwa mai yawa. Rashin zurfin da sararin ƙasa ko karyewa da kuma ramuka a cikin dutse ya cika da ruwa ana kiransa *teburin ruwa*. Ana sake caji ruwan kasa daga farfajiya; yana iya fitowa daga farfajiyar halitta a maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da ruwa, kuma yana iya samar da oasis ko wetlands. Ana kuma janye ruwan kasa sau da yawa don aikin gona, birni, da amfani da masana'antu ta hanyar gina da aiki da rijiyoyi cirewa. Nazarin rarraba da motsi na ruwan kasa shine hydrogeology, wanda kuma ake kira hydrology na ruwa.

Yawanci, ana tunanin ruwan kasa a matsayin ruwa da ke gudana ta cikin ruwa mai zurfi, amma, a cikin ma'anar fasaha, yana iya ƙunsar danshi na ƙasa, permafrost (ƙasa mai daskarewa), ruwa marar motsi a cikin ƙasa mai ƙarancin ƙwayoyin ruwa, da zurfin geothermal ko ruwa mai. Ana zaton ruwan kasa don samar da man fetur wanda zai iya rinjayar motsi na kuskuren. Wataƙila yawancin ƙasa na Duniya sun ƙunshi wasu ruwa, wanda za'a iya haɗa shi da wasu ruwa a wasu lokuta. 

Ruwan ƙasa sau da yawa ya fi rahusa, ya fi dacewa kuma ba shi da haɗari ga gurɓataccen ruwa fiye da Ruwa na sama. Sabili da haka, ana amfani dashi don samar da ruwan sha na jama'a. Misali, ruwan kasa yana samar da mafi girman tushen ajiyar ruwa mai amfani a Amurka, kuma California a kowace shekara tana janye mafi yawan ruwan kasa na dukkan jihohin. Rashin ruwa na karkashin kasa yana dauke da ruwa da yawa fiye da ƙarfin duk tafkuna da tabkuna a Amurka, gami da Great Lakes. Yawancin samar da ruwa na birni ana samun su ne kawai daga ruwan kasa. Fiye da mutane biliyan 2 sun dogara da shi a matsayin tushen ruwa na farko a duk duniya.

Amfani da ruwa na karkashin kasa na mutum yana haifar da matsalolin muhalli. Misali, ruwan da aka gurɓata ba shi da ganuwa kuma yana da wuyar tsaftacewa fiye da gurɓataccen koguna da tabkuna. Rashin gurɓataccen ruwa mafi yawa yakan haifar da zubar da sharar gida a ƙasa. Manyan tushe sun haɗa da masana'antu da na gida da wuraren zubar da shara, taki mai da yawa da magungunan kashe kwari da aka yi amfani da su a aikin gona, tafkunan sharar masana'antu, tarkace da aiwatar da Ruwa mai guba daga ma'adinai, fashewa masana'antu. Bugu da ƙari, ruwan kasa yana iya shiga Ruwan gishiri a yankunan bakin teku kuma yana iya haifar da raguwar ƙasa lokacin da aka cire shi ba tare da dorewa ba, wanda ke haifar da nutsewar birane (kamar Bangkok) da asarar tsawo (kamar mita da yawa da suka ɓace a cikin kwarin tsakiya na California). Wadannan batutuwan sun zama masu rikitarwa ta hanyar hauhawar matakin teku da sauran tasirin canjin yanayi, musamman wadanda ke kan sake zagayowar ruwa. Ƙarƙashin axial na duniya ya canza inci 31 saboda famfo na ruwa na ƙasa. 

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Ofishin Ruwa na USGS
* IAH, Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Hydrogeologists
* Tsarin Shirin Ruwa na Duniya don ilimin ruwa na ƙasa
* UGPRO 7 shekaru bincike a kan "Hotuna na Ruwa na Ruwa ga Talakawa" (2013-2020)