Edward Thomas Ryan

**Edward Thomas Ryan** (an haife shi ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, 1962) masanin ilimin halitta ɗan Amurka ne, masanin rigakafi, kuma likita a Jami'ar Harvard da Babban Asibitin Massachusetts . Ryan ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ƙungiyar Magungunan Magunguna da Tsafta ta Amurka daga shekarar 2009 zuwa 2010. Ryan Farfesa ne na Immunology da Cututtuka masu Yaduwa a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Harvard TH Chan, Farfesa na Magunguna a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard, da kuma Daraktan Cututtukan Cutar Duniya a Babban Asibitin Massachusetts. Binciken Ryan da na asibiti ya kasance akan cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da zama a ciki, ƙaura daga, ko tafiya ta wuraren da ba su da iyaka.

Aikin binciken na Ryan ya mayar da hankali ne kan cututtuka masu saurin yanayi, masu tasowa da cututtuka na duniya, musamman fahimtar hulɗar masu kamuwa da cuta, da kuma danganta wannan ilimin ga ganowa, haɓakawa, da aiwatar da manyan bincike da alluran rigakafi. Musamman wuraren da aka mai da hankali sun hada da kwalara, typhoid, shigella, COVID-19 da yada cututtukan da mutane ke ketare kan iyakokin ƙasa da ƙasa.

## Sana'a

### Farkon aiki da horo
An haifi Ryan a birnin New York kuma ya yi karatu a Makarantar Horace Mann . Ya sami digirinsa na farko a fannin kimiyyar biochemical a Jami'ar Princeton . Ya sami digiri na uku a fannin likitanci daga Jami'ar Harvard. Ya yi aikin zama na likita da horar da zumunci kan cututtukan cututtuka a Babban Asibitin Massachusetts. Ryan ya sami ƙarin horo a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya da Lafiya ta London da Cibiyar Nazarin Cutar Cutar Zawo ta Duniya (ICDDRB) a Dhaka, Bangladesh. Ryan kuma ɗan ƙetare ne na Cibiyar Nazarin Al'umma da Magunguna, Kwalejin Likitoci da Likitoci na Jami'ar Columbia . Bayan horar da shi, Ryan ya shiga jami'ar Harvard da ma'aikatan babban asibitin Massachusetts. An nada shi Farfesa a Jami'ar Harvard a watan Afrilu, 2012. Ryan yana zaune a Wellesley, Massachusetts .

### Cutar Zawo na Kwalara
Tare da Dr. Stephen Calderwood, Dr. Jason Harris, Dr. Regina LaRocque, Dr. Daniel Leung, Dr. Richelle Charles da abokan aiki a Harvard, da Dr. Firdausi Qadri da abokan aiki a ICDDRB, Ryan ya mayar da hankali ga ci gaba da fahimtar mai watsa shiri. -maganin kamuwa da cuta da na rigakafi a lokacin kwalara, cutar da ɗan adam ke takurawa wanda ya fi addabar talakawa a yankunan da ke da iyakacin albarkatu a duniya. Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya ta Amurka tana tallafawa aikin binciken Ryan. Mahimman gudumawa sun haɗa da gano cewa sabanin tsarin da aka kafa a baya, cutar kwalara tana haifar da martani mai saurin kumburi a cikin mutane masu fama da cutar, kuma wannan martanin yana da alaƙa da girma da tsawon lokacin rigakafin cutar kwalara.    Ryan ya mayar da hankali sosai kan nazarin martanin rigakafi akan murfin polysaccharide na kwayoyin *[[Vibrio cholerae]]*, O-specific polysaccharide (OSP), yana aiki tare da Dr. Paul Kovac na Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa.   Martanin rigakafi ga OSP yana shiga tsakani kariya daga kwalara a cikin mutane,  da Ryan et al sun nuna cewa wannan kariyar tana da alaƙa da ƙarfin ƙwayoyin rigakafi da ke niyya *V. cholerae* OSP don hana ƙwayoyin cuta na yau da kullun na wayar hannu daga yin iyo a cikin lumen na hanji.   Wannan aikin ya sanar da ci gaban rigakafin rigakafin.    An ba Ryan lambar yabo ta MERIT daga NIH don tallafawa waɗannan ƙoƙarin.

### Typhoid
Ƙoƙarin da Ryan ya yi a kan typhoid ya fi mayar da hankali kan yin amfani da manyan abubuwan da ake amfani da su don tantance martanin ƙwayoyin cuta yayin zazzaɓin typhoid, gami da bayyanar cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin mutanen da suka kamu da cutar, da kuma martanin rigakafin ɗan adam ga kamuwa da cuta.    Wannan aiki na haɗin gwiwa tare da Charles da Qadri sun gano wani ma'aunin kwayar halitta na kwayar cutar bacillus wanda ke haifar da zazzaɓin typhoid (YncE; STY1479),  kuma ya haɗa da nazarin rubutun farko (bayanin kwayar halitta) na kwayar cutar kwayan cuta kai tsaye a cikin jini na wata cuta. kamuwa da mutum;   aikin da aka yi a cikin mutane masu fama da typhoid da zazzabin paratyphoid a Bangladesh. Wannan aikin ya sanar da ci gaban tantancewar bincike.  

### Shigella

Ƙoƙarin Ryan akan shigellosis ya mai da hankali kan haɓakar rigakafin rigakafi da hulɗar masu cutar.   A shekara ta 2006, Ryan ya nuna cewa gudanar da maganin rigakafi ga yara masu shigellosis a Bangladesh bai kara yawan samar da guba daga kwayoyin ba.  Wannan binciken yana tallafawa maganin rigakafi da aka yi niyya na mutane tare da shigellosis. Irin wannan maganin yawanci ana hana shi a cikin mutane masu kamuwa da Shiga-toxin da ke bayyana *E. coli* kamuwa da cuta (STEC/EHEC: enterohemorrhagic *E. coli,* Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli ), wanda irin wannan magani yana ƙara haɗarin gazawar koda. 

## Manazarta