Hakkokin sadarwa

**Hakkin sadarwa** ya haɗa da 'yancin ra'ayi da faɗar albarkacin baki, mulkin kafofin watsa labarai na dimokuradiyya, mallakar kafofin watsa labarai da kula da kafofin watsa labarai, shiga cikin al'adun mutum, Hakkin harshe, haƙƙin ilimi, sirri, taro, da kuma Ƙaddamar da kai. Har ila yau suna da alaƙa da tarawa da warewa, inganci da Samun dama ga hanyoyin sadarwa.

A "Hakkin sadarwa" da "yancin sadarwa" suna da alaƙa sosai, amma ba iri ɗaya ba. Tsohon yana da alaƙa da muhawara ta Sabon Bayanai da Sadarwa ta Duniya, kuma yana nuna buƙatar amincewa da irin wannan haƙƙin, a matsayin tsarin gaba ɗaya don ingantaccen aiwatarwa. Wannan na ƙarshe ya jaddada gaskiyar cewa an riga an sami jerin haƙƙoƙin ƙasashen duniya da ke tallafawa sadarwa, amma ana watsi da yawa kuma suna buƙatar tattarawa da tabbatarwarin.

## Tarihi
Manufar haƙƙin sadarwa ta fara ne a shekarar 1969 tare da Jean D"Arcy, majagaba a gidan talabijin na Faransa da Turai a cikin shekarun 1950 kuma a shekarar 1969 Darakta na Sashen Rediyo da Ayyuka na Bayani na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, inda ya shiga cikin tattaunawar manufofi ta duniya da ta taso daga sababbin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin sadarwa ta duniya. Ya fahimci cewa haƙƙin sadarwa da ke da alaƙa da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da aka tsara a cikin sanarwar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya (UDHR) da aka karɓa a 1948 zai buƙaci sake bincikawa a cikin mahallin duniya, sadarwa tsakanin mutane da al'ummomi. Ya yi kira ga bukatar amincewa da haƙƙin ɗan adam don sadarwa wanda zai haɗa da haƙƙin da aka kafa a baya. Ta haka ne shi ne na farko da ya haɗa sadarwa da haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya. Masana kimiyya, masana manufofi, da ma'aikatan gwamnati ne suka karbe kiransa wadanda suka samo asali a cikin Kungiyar 'Yancin Sadarwa, kungiyoyi masu yawa da ba na gwamnati ba da kuma kungiyoyin farar hula da suka kafa Platform for Co-operation on Communication and Democratisation, da kuma 'Yancin Сadarwa a cikin Kamfen ɗin Bayanai (CRIS).

Tattaunawar farko mai zurfi game da kafofin watsa labarai da sadarwa a duniya, wanda aka iyakance galibi ga gwamnatoci, ya gudana na shekaru goma daga tsakiyar shekarun 1970. Gwamnatocin Kudancin, a lokacin da suka fi rinjaye a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, sun fara bayyana buƙatu a UNESCO game da mayar da hankali ga kafofin watsa labarai, kwararar labarai, da 'mulkin al'adu'. Rahoton MacBride (1981) ya yi nazarin matsalar, yana bayyana 'yancin sadarwa' gaba ɗaya. Duk da haka, an lalata muhawara ta hanyar Cold War, kuma ta fadi bayan Amurka da Burtaniya sun fice daga UNESCO.

*Rahoton MacBride* ya zama ba a samu ba har sai Ƙungiyar Duniya don Sadarwar Kirista (WACC) ta dauki nauyin sake bugawa a shekarar 1988. WACC ta rike sakatariyar Kamfen ɗin CRIS 2000-05.

### Sadarwa a cikin jama'a
" Matsayin sadarwa da kafofin watsa labarai wajen aiwatar da shiga siyasa ta dimokuradiyya a cikin al'umma. Amma yayin da kafofin watsa labaru daban-daban ke watsa labarai na karya da aka tsara don ɗaukar fa'idar kuɗi na jihar yana da haɗari sosai. Wannan yanayin ya bunkasa a cikin karni na 21 ba tare da la'akari da kowace ƙasa ba. Kuma tanadin doka da ɓangaren aiwatarwa ma ya raunana sosai kuma ana sarrafa shi da nufin buga labarai marasa gaskiya da gangan. " 

### Ilimin sadarwa
"Maganar da hanyoyin da ake sadarwa da ilimin da al'umma ta samar, ko toshewa, don amfani da kungiyoyi daban-daban. "

### 'Yancin jama'a a cikin sadarwa
"Ayyukan 'yancin farar hula da suka shafi hanyoyin sadarwa a cikin al'umma. "

### Hakkin al'adu a cikin sadarwa
"Sadarwar al'adu daban-daban, siffofin al'adu da kuma ainihi a matakin mutum da zamantakewa. "

## Hakkin sadarwa vs. haƙƙin sadarwa
'Hakkin sadarwa' da 'yancin sadarwa' suna da alaƙa sosai, amma ba iri ɗaya ba, a cikin tarihin su da amfani. A cikin rikice-rikicen Yakin Cold na shekarun 1970s da 1980, tsohon ya zama mai alaƙa da muhawara ta Sabon Bayanai da Sadarwa ta Duniya (NWICO), don haka, an watsar da ƙoƙarin da UNESCO ke yi don tsara irin wannan haƙƙin. Wannan na ƙarshe ya jaddada gaskiyar cewa an riga an sami jerin haƙƙoƙin kasa da kasa da ke tallafawa sadarwa, amma ana watsi da yawa kuma suna buƙatar tattarawa da tabbatarwa. Duk da yake wasu, musamman a cikin sashen kafofin watsa labarai, har yanzu suna ganin haƙƙin sadarwa a matsayin "kalma mai lamba" don tantancewa jihar, sababbin fasahohi a cikin lantarki mai ma'amala, sadarwa ta duniya ta shekarun da suka gabata wasu suna ganin su a matsayin ƙalubalanci tsarin kafofin watsa labarai na gargajiya da kuma tsarin ƙimar haƙƙin sadarwa da ke fitowa daga gare su, don haka sabunta buƙatar sake la'akari da buƙatar haƙƙin sadarwa.

## Manazarta