Robert Towne

**Robert Towne** (an haife shi Robert Bertram Schwartz; Nuwamba 23, 1934 - Yuli 1, 2024) marubucin allo ne na Amurka kuma darekta.Ya fara rubuta fina-finai don Roger Corman, ciki har da The Tomb of Ligeia a 1964, kuma daga baya ya kasance wani ɓangare na Sabon Hollywood na yin fim.
Towne ya rubuta kuma ya lashe kyautar wasan kwaikwayo na asali na Academy Award don Roman Polanski's Chinatown (1974); Jack Nicholson, wanda aka fi sani da daya daga cikin mafi girman wasan kwaikwayo da aka taɓa rubuta,da mabiyinsa, The Two Jakes (1990).Don Hal Ashby, ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo The Last Detail (1973) da Shampoo (1975).Ya yi aiki tare da Tom Cruise akan fina-finai Days of Thunder (1990), The Firm (1993) da kashi biyu na farko na Ofishin Jakadancin: ikon ikon amfani da ikon amfani da shi (1996, 2000).
Towne ya jagoranci wasan kwaikwayo na wasanni Keɓaɓɓen Mafi kyawun (1982) da Ba tare da Iyaka ba (1998), mai ba da labari Tequila Sunrise (1988), da wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya Tambayi Dust (2006).
## Rayuwa
An haifi Towne Robert Bertram Schwartz a Los Angeles, California,Ya kasance daga zuriyar Romanian-Yahudawa ta wurin mahaifinsa, kuma zuriyar Rasha-Yahudu ta wurin mahaifiyarsa; dangin Bayahude ne.Ya kasance daga zuriyar Romanian-Yahudawa ta wurin mahaifinsa, kuma zuriyar Rasha-Yahudu ta wurin mahaifiyarsa; dangin Bayahude ne.Yana da ƙane, Roger,wanda ya rubuta fim ɗin 1984 The Natural tare da Robert Redford.
Ya sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Pomona a Claremont, California, yana karanta falsafa da adabi.Bayan koleji, Towne ya yi aiki a cikin sojojin Amurka kafin ya yi ayyuka marasa kyau ciki har da aiki a matsayin mai kamun kifi.
## Sana'a
### Roger Corman
Towne ya fara neman aiki a matsayin marubuci kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo.Ya ɗauki aji na wasan kwaikwayo tare da Roger Corman wanda Jeff Corey ya koyar inda abokan karatunsa kuma suka haɗa da Jack Nicholson (wanda yake tare da wani gida), Irvin Kershner, da Sally Kellerman.
An san Corman don ba da aiki ga mutanen da ba a gwada su ba.Towne ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na Mace ta Ƙarshe a Duniya ta Corman (1960), wanda Towne kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa.A shekara mai zuwa ya kuma yi tauraro a cikin Halittar da Corman ke bayarwa daga Tekun Haunted (1961).
### Talabijin
Towne ya fara rubutawa ga talabijin akan shirye-shirye kamar The Lloyd Bridges Show, Breaking Point, The Outer Limits, da The Man from U.N.C.L.E..
Ya kuma rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na allo don Corman-directed The Tomb of Ligeia (1965).
A 1981 Towne ya ce "Na yi aiki tuƙuru a kan ...[wannan] wasan kwaikwayo a gare shi fiye da duk abin da nake tsammanin na taɓa yi."
Towne ya koma aiki a talabijin lokacin da Corman ya hayar da shi don rubuta rubutun ga Western, wanda ya zama Lokaci na Kisan (1967).Corman ya bar aikin yayin yin fim kuma Towne ya cire sunansa daga ƙididdiga.Towne ya ce daga baya "ya ƙi" fim ɗin.
### Likitan rubutu
Warren Beatty ya karanta kuma ya yaba da rubutun Towne na A Time for Killing, wanda ya nemi Towne ya taimaka a kan rubutun Bonnie da Clyde (1967).Daga baya Towne ya yi iƙirarin cewa babban gudunmawar sa shine kawar da dangantakar da ke tsakanin Bonnie, Clyde, da W.D., yana yin wasu canje-canjen tsarin.Towne yana kan saiti yayin yin fim kuma ya ci gaba da yin aiki yayin samarwa. Fim ɗin ya yi babban nasara kuma duk da cewa an ba da gudummawar Towne a matsayin "mai ba da shawara na musamman", ya fara samun suna a Hollywood a matsayin babban likitan rubutun.
Towne ya sami lada a kan Villa Rides (1968), wanda daga baya ya ce ya yi a matsayin alheri ga Robert Evans, shugaban Paramount. Ya ƙi abin da ya faru.
Towne ya yi aikin da ba a yarda da shi ba a kan rubutun Drive, Ya ce (1971), wanda Jack Nicholson ya jagoranta; Cisco Pike (1972), wanda Towne ya ce ya zama "fim mai kyau mai kyau" amma inda ya yi fushi da darakta "ya cire sunansa;da The New Centurions (1972), inda zai raba daraja tare da Stirling Silliphant amma ya nemi a cire sunansa bayan ya ga fim din.
Ya yi aikin da ba a yarda da shi ba don Francis Ford Coppola yayin yin The Godfather (1972), gami da wasan karshe tsakanin Michael da Vito a cikin lambu, jim kaɗan kafin Vito ya mutu.Daga baya Coppola ya godewa Towne don rubuta wannan muhimmin wuri kuma "kyau sosai" a jawabinsa na Kyautar Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi kyawun Screenplay.
Towne kuma ya yi wasu ayyuka akan The Parallax View (1974) bisa ga umarnin tauraro Warren Beatty.
### Bayanin Ƙarshe, Chinatown, da Shampoo
Towne ya sami yabo kuma an zaɓe shi a cikin Mafi kyawun Asali da Daidaitaccen nau'ikan wasan kwaikwayo don rubutun sa The Last Detail (1973), Chinatown (1974), da Shampoo (1975). Ya ci Chinatown.
Daga baya ya ce an yi wahayi zuwa ga wani babi a cikin Ƙasar Kudancin California ta Carey McWilliams: Tsibiri akan Ƙasa (1946) da labarin mujallar Yamma akan Raymond Chandler's Los Angeles.
A cewar Sam Wasson's The Big Goodbye: Chinatown da Ƙarshe na Hollywood, Towne "ya yi aiki da wani tsohon abokin koleji mai suna Edward Taylor a asirce a matsayin abokin aikin sa na rubuce-rubuce fiye da shekaru 40." (Taylor ya mutu a 2013).
Towne ya sami lada don aikinsa akan The Yakuza (1975) kuma ya yi karatun likitanci akan The Missouri Breaks (1976), Orca (1977) da Heaven Can Wait (1978).
### Darakta
Towne ya juya zuwa jagora tare da Mafi kyawun Keɓaɓɓen (1982). Ya kuma rubuta rubutun don Greystoke: Legend of Tarzan, Ubangijin Birai, yana fatan ya jagoranci, amma Mafi kyawun mutum ya kasance gazawar kuɗi, kuma dole ne ya sayar da rubutun Greystoke.Ya yi rashin gamsuwa da samarwa kuma ya yaba wa karensa, P. H. Vazak, da rubutun.Vazak ya zama kare na farko da aka zaba don lambar yabo ta Academy don rubutun allo.
Towne ya yi aikin da ba a yarda da shi ba akan Deal of the Century (1983), Hanyoyi Miliyan 8 don Mutuwa (1986), Masu Tauri Ba Su Rawa (1987) da Frantic (1988).
Fim ɗin nasa na biyu a matsayin darakta shine Tequila Sunrise (1988), wanda ya rubuta baya a farkon 1980s. Towne ya gaya wa The New York Times cewa Tequila Sunrise "fim ne game da amfani da cin zarafin abokantaka."
### The Two Jakes
Towne ya bayyana rashin jin daɗinsa a cikin Jakes Biyu a cikin hirarraki da yawa.Ya gaya wa marubuci Alex Simon, "Domin ci gaba da abotata da Jack Nicholson da Robert Evans, ba zan so in shiga ciki ba, amma bari kawai mu ce The Two Jakes ba abin farin ciki ba ne ga kowannenmu. Amma, dukkanmu har yanzu abokai ne, kuma abin da ya fi muhimmanci ke nan."
A cikin watan Nuwamba 5, 2007, hira da MTV, Jack Nicholson ya yi iƙirarin cewa Towne ya rubuta masa sashin Gittes musamman kuma ya ɗauki Chinatown a matsayin trilogy, tare da fim na uku da aka saita a 1968 kuma yana hulɗa da Howard Hughes.
Towne ya ce bai san yadda jita-jitar ta fara ba kuma ya musanta duk wani shiri na uku da aka yi.
### Tom Cruise
Towne ya rubuta rubutun don Ranakun Tsawa (1990) kuma ya kulla abota ta kud da kud tare da tauraron sa Tom Cruise.Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin marubuta akan Cruise's The Firm (1993), sannan Beatty's Love Affair (1994).Cruise ya kawo shi zuwa Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yiwu ba (1996) kuma ya haɗa fim ɗin Towne na uku a matsayin darekta, Ba tare da Iyaka ba (1998).Har ila yau, ya rubuta littafin Mission Impossible II (2000) don Cruise.
### Aikin daga baya
Wani aikin da Towne ya dade yana neman kawowa kan allon ya sami nasara a cikin 2006 tare da Ask the Dust, wani yanki na lokacin soyayya da aka saita a Los Angeles bisa littafin labari na John Fante da tauraro Colin Farrell da Salma Hayek.Towne ya sami labari shekaru da yawa a baya yayin bincikensa na Chinatown, yayin da yake neman ingantacciyar kwatancin 1930s Los Angeles. Ya ji daɗin littafin, yana la'akari da shi "littafi mafi kyau game da Los Angeles da aka taɓa rubuta",kuma ya shirya taro da Fante, shi kansa marubucin allo. A sakamakon wannan taron, an ba Towne haƙƙin allo na littafin.Hakkokin sun ƙare, kuma sabon mai shi shine Mel Brooks.A cikin 1993, Towne ya rubuta rubutun kyauta don musayar damar jagorantar fim ɗin.Tom Cruise (tare da Paula Wagner da Cruise/Wagner Productions) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu shirya fim ɗin.Tambayi Kurar da aka samu gaurayawan sake dubawa kuma ta kasa a ofishin akwatin.An shigar da fim din a cikin 28th Moscow International Film Festival.
Towne ya tsara fina-finan sa hannu da yawa a matsayin filayen melodramas.Ya gaya wa jaridar The New York Times "Ina ganin melodrama ko da yaushe wani kyakkyawan yanayi ne don nishadantar da masu sauraro da faɗin abubuwan da kuke son faɗi ba tare da shafa hancinsu a ciki ba.Tare da melodrama, kamar a cikin mafarki, koyaushe kuna yin wasa tare da banbance tsakanin bayyanar da gaskiya, wanda shine babban abin jin daɗi.Kuma hakan ma bai rasa nasaba da yadda na ke ganin rayuwata ta yin aiki a Hollywood, inda a koyaushe kuke yin mamaki, 'Menene ainihin mutumin nan yake nufi?''
A cikin 2006, Towne shine batun fim ɗin mai zane Sarah Morris, Robert Towne.Morris ya kwatanta shi a matsayin "siffa mai girman kai" wanda aikinsa ya misalta wani yanayin aiki a masana'antar fim, alamar haɗin gwiwa, raba ko canza matsayi.Moris's 19,744-square foot (1,834.3 m2) zanen zane a cikin harabar gidan Lever a Manhattan, wanda Asusun Tallafawa Jama'a ya ba da izini, kuma an yi masa lakabi da "Robert Towne".
## Rayuwa ta sirri
A 1968, Towne ya sadu da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Julie Payne; sun yi aure daga 1977 zuwa 1982.A cewar Sam Wasson's The Big Goodbye: Chinatown da Ƙarshen Shekaru na Hollywood, Towne ya kamu da hodar iblis a wannan lokacin kuma yana da tashin hankali a wasu lokuta, wanda ya haifar da kisan aure mai tsanani da yakin tsare kan 'yar su Katharine (an haife shi 1978).
A cikin 1984, Towne ya auri Luisa Gaule. Suna da 'ya daya mai suna Chiara.
Shi ne tsohon surukin marigayi ɗan wasan kwaikwayo John Payne da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Anne Shirley.Ta hanyar 'yarsa Katharine, ya kasance tsohon surukin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Charlie Hunnam.
Towne ya mutu a gidansa a Los Angeles a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2024, yana da shekaru 89.
## Manazarta