Amitav Ghosh

**Amitav Ghosh** (an haife shi 11 ga Yuli 1956) marubuci ɗan Indiya ne. Ya lashe kyautar Jnanpith karo na 54 acikin 2018, lambar yabo mafi girma a Indiya. Litattafan kishin Ghosh suna amfani da dabarun bada labari mai sarkakiya don bincika yanayin asalin ƙasa da na mutum, musamman na mutanen Indiya da Kudancin Asiya. Ya rubuta almara na tarihi sannan kuma ya rubuta ayyukan daba na almara ba yana tattaunawa akan batutuwa kamar mulkin mallaka da sauyin yanayi.

Ghosh yayi karatu a Makarantar Doon, Dehradun, kuma ya sami digiri na uku a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Oxford. Yayi aiki a jaridar  a New Delhi da cibiyoyin ilimi da yawa. An buga littafinsa na farko  acikin 1986, wanda ya biyo baya tare da ayyukan almara na baya ciki har da *Layin Shadow* da *Gidan Gilashi.* Tsakanin 2004 da 2015, ya yi aiki a kan  trilogy, wanda ke tattare da ginawa da abubuwan da suka faru na Farko Opium War. Ayyukan sa na almara ya haɗa da *Acikin Ƙasar Tsohon Alkawari* da kuma *Babban Ragewa: Canjin Yanayi da Rashin Tunani*.

Ghosh yana da kyaututtukan Nasara na Rayuwa guda biyu da digiri na girmamawa huɗu. Acikin 2007 ya sami lambar yabo ta Padma Shri, daya daga cikin mafi girman karramawa na Indiya, ta shugaban Indiya. Acikin 2010 ya kasance mai nasara na haɗin gwiwa, tare da Margaret Atwood na kyautar Dan David, kuma 2011 an ba shi kyautar Grand Prix na bikin Blue Metropolis a Montreal . Shine marubucin Ingilishi na farko da ya sami kyautar. Acikin 2019 mujallar *harkokin waje* ta ba shi suna ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu tunani a duniya na shekaru goma da suka gabata.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Ghosh a Calcutta a ranar 11 ga Yuli 1956 kuma yayi karatu a makarantar kwana ta dukan-boys The Doon School a Dehradun. Ya girma a Indiya, Bangladesh da Sri Lanka. Abokan aikinsa a Doon sun hada da marubucin Vikram Seth da masanin tarihi Ram Guha. Yayin da yake makaranta, ya kan ba da gudummawar almara da wakoki a kai a kai ga *Makarantar Doon School Weekly* (sannan Seth ya gyara) kuma ya kafa mujallar *Tarihi Times* tare da Guha. Bayan Doon, ya sami digiri daga Kwalejin St Stephen, Jami'ar Delhi, da Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta Delhi.

Sannan yaci nasarar tallafin karatu na Gidauniyar Inlaks don kammala D. Phil. acikin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a St Edmund Hall, Oxford, ƙarƙashin kulawar masanin ilimin ɗan adam ɗan Burtaniya Peter Lienhardt. Kundin binciken, wanda aka gudanar a cikin Faculty of Anthropology and Geography, yana da taken "Kinship dangane da tattalin arziki da zamantakewa acikin ƙauyen Masarawa" kuma an gabatar da shi acikin 1982.

Acikin 2009, an zabe shi a matsayin Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature. Acikin 2015 Ghosh an ba shi sunan Ford Foundation Art of Change Fellow.

Gwamnatin Indiya ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Padma Shri acikin 2007.

Ghosh ya koma Indiya don fara aiki a kan Trilogy  wanda ya hada da *Tekun Poppies (2008)*, *Kogin Smoke (2011)*, da *Ambaliyar Wuta* (*2015*).

Ghosh yana zaune a New York tare da matarsa, Deborah Baker, marubucin Laura Riding biography *A Extremis: Life of Laura Riding* (1993) da kuma babban edita a Little, Brown da Company. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu, Lila da Nayan.

## Aiki

### Almara

Ghosh shine marubucin *The Circle of Reason* (littafinsa na farko na 1986), *Layin Shadow* (1988), *The Calcutta Chromosome* (1995), *Gidan* Gilashi (2000), *Ruwan Yunwa* (2004) da Gun Island (2019).

Ghosh ya fara aiki akan abin da ya zama Trilogy  a cikin 2004. An kafa shi a cikin 1830s, labarinsa ya biyo bayan gina yakin Opium na farko a faɗin ƙasar Sin da yankin tekun Indiya. Kashi na farko *na Tekun Poppies* (2008) an zaba shi don Kyautar Man Booker na 2008. Wannan ya biyo bayan *Kogin Smoke* (2011) da na uku, *Ambaliyar Wuta* (2015) ta kammala aikin trilogy.

*Layin Shadow* wanda ya ba shi lambar yabo ta Sahitya Akademi "yana bada haske game da al'amuran tashin hankalin al'umma da kuma yadda tushensa ya yadu sosai a cikin ruhin gama gari na yankin Indiya". Yawancin ayyukansa sun shafi wuraren tarihi, musamman a yankin tekun Indiya. A wata hira da Mahmood Kooria, ya ce: “Ba wai da gangan ba ne, amma a wasu lokuta al’amura na da niyya ba tare da ganganci ba. Ko da yake bai kasance wani ɓangare na shirin da aka tsara ba kuma bai fara aiki a matsayin mai hankali ba, na gane cewa wannan shine ainihin abin da ya fi sha'awar ni: Bay na Bengal, Tekun Arabiya, Tekun Indiya, da haɗin gwiwa da haɗin kai tsakanin waɗannan yankuna."

Ghosh's *Gun Island*, wanda aka buga acikin 2019, yana hulɗa da sauyin yanayi da ƙaura ɗan adam, ya jawo yabo daga masu suka. A cewar wani bita a cikin *Jaridar Columbia*, "Wannan Ghosh ne a cikin ƙarfinsa, mafi ƙarancin gajiya -ya auri tatsuniyar tatsuniya daga ƙasarsa ta haihuwa tare da yanayin ɗan adam, duk yayin da yake riƙe da madubi ga ƙasar da a yanzu ya kira gida, da kuma samar da wata kila ma kyakkyawan hangen nesa game da makomar yanayin mu!" Littafin ya haifar da duniyar tatsuniyoyi na gaskiya, yana ƙalubalantar hukumar masu karatun ta don aiwatar da bukatun muhalli. Amfani da addini, gaskiyar sihiri, daidaituwar yanayi, da sauyin yanayi sun taru don ƙirƙirar labari mai kyau na husuma, rauni, kasada, da asiri. Mai karatu ya yi tafiya don warware labarin The Gun Merchant da kuma kaddamar da kansu a cikin halakar yanayi da kuma sakamakon ayyukan ɗan adam. Ghosh yana canza labari ta hanyar babban halayensa, labarinsa, da kuma rikicin yanayi da ya mamaye. Littafin ba da gangan kira ne ga aiki wanda aka haɗa shi cikin wani shiri mai nishadantarwa. *The Guardian* duk da haka, ya lura da dabi'ar Ghosh na ci gaba da yin tangal-tangal, yana mai kiransa"labari mai ban tsoro "wanda "zai iya ɗaukar hanya mai ma'ana zuwa ga gaskiya, amma zai isa can a ƙarshe."

Acikin 2021, Ghosh ya buga littafinsa na farko a cikin ayar, *Jungle Nama,* wanda ke bincika almara na Sundarbans na Bon Bibi.

### Ba labari
Sanannen rubuce -rubucen da ba na almara na Ghosh ba su ne *A cikin Ƙasar tsoho* (1992), *Rawa a Cambodia da Large a Burma* (1998), *Countdown* (1999), da *The Imam and the Indian* (2002, tarin kasidu a kan jigogi kamar tsattsauran ra'ayi)., tarihin labari, al'adun Masar, da adabi . suna fitowa a jaridu da mujallu a Indiya da kasashen waje. Acikin *Babban Haɓaka: Canjin Yanayi da wanda ba a iya tsammani* (2016), Ghosh ya tattauna wallafe-wallafen zamani da fasaha kamar yadda ya kasa magance canjin yanayi daidai.

Acikin 2021, *An buga La'anar Nutmeg: Misalai don Duniya acikin Rikici*. Aciki, Ghosh ya tattauna batun tafiyar nutmeg daga tsibirin Banda na asali zuwa sauran sassa na duniya, yana ɗaukar wannan a matsayin ruwan tabarau ta hanyar fahimtar tasirin tarihi na mulkin mallaka akan halaye ga al'adun ƴan asali da kuma canjin muhalli .   Acikin sabon aikinsa, *Shan taba da toka: Tafiya ta Marubuci Ta Hidden Histories Opium* (2023), Ghosh ya gabatar da bincikensa kan tarihin opium. Tarihin da ke bayan Yaƙin Opium na Farko shima yana aiki azaman asalin Ibis Trilogy (2008-12).

### Kyaututtuka da karramawa

*Circle of Reason* ya lashe Prix Médicis étranger, ɗaya daga cikin manyan lambobin yabo na adabi na Faransa. *Layin Shadow* sun sami lambar yabo ta Sahitya Akademi da Ananda Puraskar. *Calcutta Chromosome* ya lashe kyautar Arthur C. Clarke na 1997. An zaɓi *Tekun Poppies* don Kyautar Man Booker na 2008. Shi ne wanda ya ci kyautar Vodafone Crossword Book Award acikin 2009, da kuma wanda ya lashe kyautar Dan David na 2010. An zaɓi *Kogin Smoke* don Kyautar Adabin Mutum ta Asiya ta 2011. Gwamnatin Indiya ta ba shi kyautar farar hula na Padma Shri a shekara ta 2007. Ya kuma karbi - tare da Margaret Atwood - kyautar Dan David na Isra'ila.

Ghosh ya shahara ya janye littafinsa *The Glass Palace* daga la'akari da kyautar Marubuta ta Commonwealth, inda aka ba shi mafi kyawun labari a cikin sashin Eurasian, yana nuna rashin amincewarsa ga kalmar "jama'a" da rashin adalci na bukatun Ingilishi da aka ƙayyade a cikin dokoki.

Ghosh ya sami lambar yabo ta rayuwa a Tata Literature Live, Mumbai LitFest akan 20 Nuwamba 2016. An ba shi lambar yabo ta 54th Jnanpith a watan Disamba 2018 kuma shine marubucin Indiya na farko a Turanci da aka zaba don wannan karramawa.

## Littafi Mai Tsarki

**Novels**
**[[The Circle of Reason (novel)|The Circle of Reason]]* (1986)
**[[The Shadow Lines]]* (1988)
**[[The Calcutta Chromosome]]* (1995)
**[[The Glass Palace]]* (2000)
**[[The Hungry Tide]]* (2004)
**[[Sea of Poppies]]* (2008)
**[[River of Smoke]]* (2011)
**[[Flood of Fire]]* (2015)
**Gun Island* (2019)
**[[Jungle Nama]]* (2021)

**Non-Fiction**
**[[In an Antique Land]]* (1992)
**[[Dancing in Cambodia and at Large in Burma]]* (1998; Essays)
**Countdown* (1999)
**[[The Imam and the Indian]]* (2002; Essays)
**Incendiary Circumstances* (2006; Essays)
**[[The Great Derangement: Climate Change and the Unthinkable]]* (2016)
* *[[The Nutmeg's Curse: Parables for a Planet in Crisis]]* (2021)
**Uncanny and Improbable Events* (2021)
* *The Living Mountain* (2022)
* *Smoke and Ashes: A Writer's Journey Through Opium's Hidden Histories* (2023)

## Duba kuma

* Jerin marubutan Indiya

## Ƙara karantawa

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* 
* Kalpaklı, Fatma.  Amitav Ghosh ile Elif Şafak’ın Romanlarında Öteki/leştirme/Us and Them Attitude in the Works of Amitav Ghosh and Elif Şafak .   Konya: Çizgi Kitabevi, 2016.  ISBN&nbsp;

## Manazarta i

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Falsafa & Siyasa na maye gurbin kimiyya a cikin Amitav Ghoshs The Calcutta Chromosome
* 
* An cire daga ''Kogin Hayaki'' a cikin Mujallar Guernica
* ''Tekun Poppies'' a Farrar, Straus da Giroux site
* Amitav Ghosh a Cibiyar Jami'ar Emory 
* Amitav Ghosh's Blog akan Indipepal