Kwallaye na ado

**bead** ƙaramin abu ne, kayan ado wanda aka kafa a cikin siffofi da girma iri-iri na kayan kamar dutse, ƙashi, harsashi, gilashi, filastik, itace, ko lu'u-lu'u kuma tare da ƙaramin rami don zaren ko igiya. Beads suna da girman daga ƙasa da 1 mm zuwa sama da 1 cm a diamita.

Beads suna wakiltar wasu daga cikin nau'ikan kayan ado na farko, tare da beads guda biyu da aka yi daga kwarangwal na *Nassarius* wanda ya kasance kusan shekaru 100000 da suka gabata ana zaton shine farkon sanannen misali.[1][2] Beadwork shine fasaha ko sana'a na yin abubuwa tare da beads. Ana iya sa beads tare da zaren na musamman, a ɗaure su a kan zaren ko waya mai laushi, mai sassauci, ko a manne su da farfajiyar (misali masana'anta, yumɓu).

## Magana
**Kalmar "bead"** ta samo asali ne daga **tsohuwar harshen Turanci** wato *gebed*, wanda a da tana nufin "**addu'a**". Daga baya aka fara amfani da ita wajen nuni da **ƙananan abubuwa masu siffar ƙwallo**. Wannan yana nuni da yadda ake amfani da beads wajen **ƙirga yawan addu'o’i**, kamar yadda ake yi a cikin **zaren addu’a na Kiristoci** irin su *Pater Noster* da kuma *rosary*.
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### Ƙarin Bayani:

## Nau'o'in

Ana iya raba beads zuwa nau'ikan nau'ikan da suka dace bisa ga ka'idoji daban-daban kamar kayan da aka yi su, tsarin da aka yi amfani da su wajen masana'antar su, wurin ko lokacin asali, alamu a saman su, ko kuma siffar su gaba ɗaya. A wasu lokuta, kamar su millefiori da cloisonné beads, nau'o'i da yawa na iya haɗuwa a cikin salon da ya dogara da juna.

## Abubuwan da aka haɗa
Ana iya yin beads da kayan aiki daban-daban. An yi beads na farko da kayan halitta iri-iri waɗanda, bayan an tattara su, za a iya hako su da sauƙi kuma a tsara su. Yayinda mutane suka sami damar samun da aiki tare da kayan da suka fi wuya, an kara waɗannan kayan zuwa kewayon abubuwan da ke akwai.

Beads wani bangare ne na al'adu daban-daban, kowannensu an yi shi da kayan aiki daban-daban a cikin tarihi kuma yana amfani da beads don samar da wani abu da aka yi da hannu. Beads sun zo a cikin launuka daban-daban, siffofi, da siffofi ne, abin da aka yi amfani da su, da kuma ko akwai ma'ana ko ma'ana a bayan beads.

A cikin masana'antu na zamani, kayan bead da aka fi sani da itace, filastik, gilashi, ƙarfe, da dutse.

### Abubuwan halitta
Har yanzu ana yin beads daga abubuwa da yawa na halitta, duka kwayoyin halitta (watau, asalin dabba ko shuka) da inorganic (asalin ma'adinai kawai). Koyaya, wasu daga cikin waɗannan kayan yanzu suna fuskantar ƙarin aiki fiye da kawai siffar da hakowa kamar haɓaka launi ta hanyar dyes ko irradiation.

Kwayoyin halitta sun hada da kasusuwa, murjani, ƙaho, hauren giwa, tsaba (kamar tagua nuts), kwarangwal na dabba, da itace. Ga mafi yawan tarihin ɗan adam, lu'ulu'u sune mafi kyawun lu'u-lu'u na asali saboda ƙarancin su; tsarin al'adun lu'u'u-ulu'u na zamani ya sa su zama ruwan dare gama gari. Amber da jet suma suna da asalin halitta ko da yake duka biyu sakamakon burbushin halittu ne.

**Abubuwan dabi'ar da ba na rai ba** sun haɗa da **nau’o’i daban-daban na duwatsu**, daga **duwatsun ado** har zuwa **ma'adinai na yau da kullum**, da kuma **karafa**. Daga cikin karafan, **kaɗan ne daga cikin karafa masu tsada** suke samuwa a sifar su ta tsantsa (wato ba a gauraya su da wani abu), amma wasu **karafa na yau da kullum da aka tace su**, ana iya saka su a wannan rukuni, tare da wasu **haɗaɗɗun karafa da suke fitowa daga halitta kai tsaye** kamar **electrum**."
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### Ƙarin Bayani kan Kalmomin Mahimmanci:

### Kayan roba

Abubuwan roba mafi tsufa da aka yi amfani da su don yin bead gabaɗaya sune yumbu: tukwane da gilashi. An kuma yi beads daga tsoffin gami kamar tagulla da tagulla, amma saboda wadanda suka fi fuskantar tsami sun kasance ba su da kyau a wuraren binciken archaeological.

Ana amfani da nau'ikan gilashi daban-daban don yin bead, wasu daga cikinsu suna da sunayensu na musamman. Gilashin lu'u-lu'u suna da babban kashi na gubar oxide a cikin tsarin gilashi, yana ƙara ƙididdigar ƙira yarda. Yawancin sauran nau'ikan gilashi masu suna suna da tsarin su da alamu da ba za a iya raba su da tsarin masana'antu ba.    

Ana iya sanya ƙananan, launuka masu launi, burodi na filastik a kan tsayayyen filastik-baya na filastic don samar da kayayyaki sannan a narke su tare da ƙarfe na tufafi; a madadin haka, ana iya ɗaure su cikin ƙuƙwalwa da mundaye ko a sa su cikin maɓalli. Fusible beads sun zo a cikin launuka da digiri da yawa na nuna gaskiya / rashin haske, gami da nau'ikan da ke haskakawa a cikin duhu ko suna da haske na ciki; allon peg sun zo a siffofi daban-daban da kuma alamu da yawa. An gabatar da beads na kayan wasa na filastik, wanda aka yi ta hanyar yanka bututun filastik a cikin gajerun abubuwa, a cikin 1958 ta Munkplast AB a Munka-Ljungby, Sweden. An san su da Beads na Indiya, an sa su da farko don samar da layin. An kirkiro katako don zane-zane a farkon shekarun 1960 (an ba da izini a 1962, takardar shaidar da aka ba da 1967) ta Gunnar Knutsson a Vällingby, Sweden, a matsayin magani ga gidajen tsofaffi; katako daga baya ya sami shahara a matsayin abin wasa ga yara.[1] An haɗa zane-zanen bead a kan katako ko allon Masonite kuma an yi amfani da su azaman trivets. Daga baya, lokacin da aka yi beads da polyethylene, ya zama mai yiwuwa a haɗa su da baƙin ƙarfe. Hama ya zo a cikin girma uku: mini (diamita 2 mm (0.079 in)), midi (5 mm (0.20 in)) da maxi (10 mm (0.39 in)). [2] Perler beads sun zo a cikin girma biyu da ake kira classic (5 mm) da biggie (10 mm). Beads na Pyssla (ta IKEA) kawai sun zo a cikin girman daya (5 mm).

## Masana'antu
Ana samar da beads na zamani ta hanyar zane-zane ko simintin, dangane da kayan da tasirin da ake so. A wasu lokuta, ana iya amfani da fasahar aiki na musamman ko fasahar gilashi, ko kuma ana iya amfani dashi da fasahohi da kayan aiki da yawa kamar a cloisonné.

Beads ƙananan siffar zagaye ne waɗanda ke zuwa a cikin siffofi da girma daban-daban. Ana yin kayan ne daga halaye daban-daban kamar launi, siffar, haske, tsari, ko ma kayan da aka yi amfani da su, da dai sauransu. A yin beads, dole ne su sami ramuka a tsakiya a cikin sakawa ta hanyar igiya don riƙe beads tare ta amfani da dabarun daban-daban waɗanda zasu iya taimakawa. Wasu masu binciken tarihi sun kasance suna aiki a kogon Blombos da ke Afirka ta Kudu, akwai wani binciken da aka yi kwanan nan wanda ke nuna kwalba ta ruwa arba'in da daya (*Nassarius kraussianus*). An kiyasta cewa an yi shi kimanin shekaru dubu saba'in da biyar da suka gabata.

### Yin amfani da gilashi
 

Yawancin gilashin gilashi ne da aka matse, ana samar da su ta hanyar shirya gilashin da aka narke na launi da ake so da kuma zuba shi cikin ƙira don samar da siffar da ake so. Wannan kuma gaskiya ne ga mafi yawan beads na filastik.

Ƙananan ƙananan gilashi da lu'u-lu'u masu tsada ana yanka su cikin siffofi masu mahimmanci a kan mutum. An yi wannan sau ɗaya da hannu amma an fi amfani da shi ta hanyar kayan aiki masu kyau.

"Fire-polished" beads faced ne mai sauki madadin da aka yanke da hannu gilashi ko lu'ulu'u. Sun samo sunansu daga rabi na biyu na tsari na kashi biyu: na farko, ana zuba gilashin gilashi a cikin ƙirar bead, sannan ana fashe su da motar niƙa. Ana zuba beads ɗin da aka yi da bangarorin a kan tray kuma a takaice a sake maimaita su daidai da tsawon lokaci don narke farfajiyar, "gogewa" daga duk wani karamin karamin karami daga motar niƙa.

#### Hanyoyi da nau'ikan gilashi na musamman

Akwai dabaru masu yawa na musamman na gilashi waɗanda ke haifar da bayyanar musamman a duk jikin abin da ya haifar, wanda ake kira da farko ta hanyar gilashin gilashi.

Idan an yi amfani da rukunin gilashi don ƙirƙirar babban toshe maimakon ƙaddamar da shi yayin da yake sanyaya, ana iya zana sakamakon a cikin ƙananan abubuwa kamar dutse. Sabanin haka, masu sana'a na gilashi na iya yin beads ta hanyar yin fitila da gilashin a kan mutum; da zarar an kafa shi, beads suna fuskantar kadan ko babu wani ci gaba da siffar bayan an an an annealed yadudduka yadda ya kamata.

Yawancin waɗannan nau'ikan gilashin wasu nau'ikan gashi ne, kodayake an halicci dutse na zinariya ta hanyar sarrafa yanayin ragewa da yanayin sanyaya na rukunin gilashin maimakon ta hanyar haɗakar abubuwa daban-daban tare.

Gilashin gilashi na Dichroic sun haɗa da microlayer na ƙarfe tsakanin yadudduka biyu ko fiye. Gilashin gilashi na Fiber optic suna da tasirin ido mai kamawa a fadin hatsi.

Har ila yau, akwai hanyoyi da yawa don haɗa ƙananan sandunan gilashi tare a cikin tsari mai launi da yawa, wanda ke haifar da beads na millefiori ko beads na chevron (wani lokacin ana kiransa "beads na kasuwanci"). Gilashin "Furnace" suna rufe wani nau'i mai launi a cikin wani nau'in waje wanda aka sanya shi a cikin murhu.

Fiye da tattalin arziki, ana iya yin beads na millefiori ta hanyar iyakance tsarin tsari zuwa dogon lokaci, ƙananan sanduna ko sanduna da aka sani da murrine. Za'a iya yanke sassan giciye, ko "ƙididdiga", daga murrine kuma a haɗa su cikin farfajiyar gilashi.

## Siffofin
Ana iya yin beads a cikin siffofi daban-daban, gami da masu zuwa, da kuma beads na tubular da oval. 

### Zagaye
Wannan shine siffar da aka fi sani da beads da aka ɗaure a kan waya don ƙirƙirar ƙuƙwalwa, da mundaye. Siffar zagaye na zagaye sun kasance tare kuma suna da kyau ga ido. Ana iya yin beads na zagaye da gilashi, dutse, yumbu, ƙarfe, ko itace.

### Square ko cubed
Square beads na iya zama don haɓaka ƙirar ƙwallo a matsayin mai sarari duk da haka ana iya ɗaure ƙwallo tare da kawai square beads. Ana amfani da ƙwallo tare da murabba'in murabba'i a cikin ƙwallo na Rosary / ƙwallo ɗin addu'a, kuma ana yin katako ko harsashi don kayan rairayin bakin teku.

### Gilashin bututun gashi
Ƙashin haƙarƙari sune kayan asali na dogon, bututun bututun gashi. A yau ana yin waɗannan beads da ƙasusuwan bison da na ruwa kuma suna da mashahuri ga ƙirji da chokers tsakanin Indiyawa na Filayen. Ana yin bambance-bambance na baki na waɗannan beads daga ƙahonin dabbobi.

### Beads na tsaba

Beads na tsaba suna da siffar spheroidal ko siffar bututu wanda ke da girman daga ƙasa da millimeters zuwa millimeters da yawa. "Bead na tsaba" kalma ce ta gama gari ga kowane ƙaramin bead. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a siffar, ana amfani da takalma na tsaba don yin sutura da takalma. 

## Wuri ko lokacin asali

* Beads na cinikayya na Afirka ko **[[Beads na kasuwanci|Beads na bawa]]** na iya zama beads na dā waɗanda aka ƙera a Turai kuma aka yi amfani da su don kasuwanci a lokacin mulkin mallaka, kamar beads na chevron; ko kuma ana iya yin su a Yammacin Afirka da kuma ga 'yan Afirka, kamar beades na Kiffa na Mauritania, beads na gilashin foda na Ghana da na Najeriya, ko beads ɗin tagulla na Afirka. Masu binciken tarihi sun rubuta cewa a kwanan nan kamar yadda ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha tara beads da aka ƙera a Turai sun ci gaba da tafiya tare da binciken Afirka ta amfani da hanyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar zuwa ciki.
* **Gilashin Austrian** kalma ce ta gama gari don yanke lu'u-lu'u, bisa ga wurin da kuma darajar kamfanin Swarovski.
* Ana yin gilashin gilashi na Czech a Jamhuriyar Czech, musamman wani yanki da ake kira Jablonec nad Nisou . Samar da beads na gilashi a yankin ya samo asali ne daga karni na 14, kodayake samarwa ya ragu a karkashin mulkin kwaminisanci. Saboda wannan doguwar al'ada, aikin su da ingancin suna da kyakkyawan suna.
* An yi gilashin gilashi na Islama a cikin ƙasa da tarihi na al'adun Islama. An yi amfani da su kuma an ƙera su daga Spain da Arewacin Afirka a Yamma da China a Gabas, ana iya gano su ta hanyar fasalulluka masu ganewa, gami da salo da dabarun.
* Beads na zamani, a cikin kayan tattarawa da kasuwar tsohuwar, yana nufin abubuwan da ke da akalla shekaru 25 ko fiye. Ana samun lu'u-lu'u na zamani a cikin kayan da suka hada da lucite, filastik, lu'ulu'u, ƙarfe da gilashi.

### Beads na kabilanci daban-daban
Ana amfani da Beads na Dzi na Tibet da beads Rudraksha don yin rosaries na Buddha da Hindu (malas). Magatama beads ne na gargajiya na Jafananci, kuma ana amfani da cinnabar sau da yawa don yin beads a kasar Sin. Wampum fararen fata ne ko purple beads da aka yi daga quahog ko North Atlantic channeled whelk shells da kabilun 'yan asalin Amurka na arewa maso gabashin, kamar Wampanoag da Shinnecock .  Hawaye na Ayuba China burodi na iri wanda ya shahara a tsakanin kabilun 'yan asalin Amurka na kudu maso gabashin. Heishe beads ne da aka yi da harsashi ko duwatsu da New Mexico">Mutanen Kewa Pueblo na New Mexico.

## Amfani da shi

* Don addu'a ko ibada - misali rosaries da Pater Noster cords ga Kiristoci, misbaha ga Musulmai, japamala /nenju ga Hindu, Buddha, Jains, wasu Sikhs, Confucianism, Taoists / Taoists, Shinto, da dai sauransu. Kalmar Turanci "bead" ta samo asali ne daga Tsohon Turanci, ma'anar "addu'a", tana nuna wannan amfani da beads.
* Don na'urorin rigakafin wutar lantarki, misali Girkanci komboloi ("beads masu wahala").
* A matsayin kudin, misali Aggrey beads daga Ghana.
* Don caca, misali oware beads for mancala.
* A matsayin taimakon lissafi, an saka shi a kan abacus.

## Tarihi
Ana tunanin beads yana daya daga cikin farkon nau'ikan kasuwanci tsakanin 'yan asalin mutane. An yi imanin cewa cinikin bead yana daya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa mutane suka bunkasa harshe. An ce an yi amfani da beads kuma an yi ciniki don mafi yawan tarihin ɗan adam. An samo burodi mafi tsufa a cikin Blombos Cave, Afirka ta Kudu (kimanin shekaru 75000),  da Ksar Akil, Lebanon (kimani shekaru 45000). 

## Tsarin farfajiyar
Bayan gyare-gyare, gilashi da lu'u-lu'u na iya samun bayyanar su ta hanyar yin amfani da layin sanyi mai haske, yin amfani da ƙarin launi, ko duka biyun. *Aurora Borealis*, ko AB, murfin farfajiyar ne wanda ke yada haske cikin bakan gizo. Sauran murfin farfajiyar sune vitrail, moonlight, dorado, satin, star shine, da heliotrope.

* Beads na ƙarya beads ne waɗanda aka yi su yi kama da kayan asali masu tsada, musamman ma a yanayin lu'ulu'u na karya da duwatsu masu kama da juna, ma'adanai da duwatsu. Ana kuma kwaikwayon karafa masu daraja da hauren giwa.

Ana amfani da Kwayoyin Tagua daga Kudancin Amurka a matsayin maye gurbin hauren giwa tun lokacin da aka ƙuntata cinikin hauren giya a duk duniya.

## Beads na magnetic
Zaɓin kayan magnetic ana ɗaukar su da amfani ga kulawar likita da bincike na likita. Ta hanyar haɗa kwayoyin rigakafi na monoclonal ko DNA zuwa beads na magnetic, ko ta hanyar amfani da beads na magnétic da aka rufe da streptavidin, ana tabbatar da takamaiman hulɗa tare da manufa mai dacewa. Ta hanyar magnet na waje, dawo da kayan don ƙarin karatu an sauƙaƙa sosai.

## Dubi kuma

* Fly tying#Bead (Spherical tagulla, tungsten, da gilashin beads galibi ana amfani da su a Fly tying) 
* Yin gilashin gilashi
* Tsarin kayan ado
* Beads na Mardi Gras
* Beads na Murano
* Lu'u-lu'u
* Bead mai saurin saurin sautin ultraviolet

## Manazarta

## Ƙarin karantawa

* Beck, Horace (1928) "Rarraba da Nomenclature na Beads da Pendants. " Archaeologia 77.  (An sake buga shi ta Shumway Publishers York, PA 1981) 
* Dubin, Lois Sherr. Kayan ado da kayan ado na Indiyawan Arewacin Amurka: Daga Prehistory zuwa Yanzu. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1999: 170-171. ISBN .&nbsp;
* Dubin, Lois Sherr. Tarihin Beads: Daga 100000 BC zuwa Yanzu, Revised and Expanded Edition. New York: Harry N. Abrams, (2009). ISBN .&nbsp;