open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Afrilu Verrett

**Afrilu Verrett** (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 1958)  ) wata mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ma'aikata ce ta Amurka wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Sabis ta Duniya (SEIU) tun daga shekarar 2024. Ita ce mutum ta farko baƙar fata da ta yi aiki a wannan matsayin. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Rayuwar farko
An haifi Verrett a gefen kudu na Chicago . Verrett tana da 'yar'uwa kuma kakarta ce ta rene ta wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da Union na SEIU Local 46.  

### Aikin ƙungiyar
An ambaci shigar kakarta a cikin aikinta, Mai Kula da Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta SEIU Local 46, a matsayin wanda ya taka rawa wajen ƙarfafa mata gwiwa a aikinta na mai tsara ayyukan kwadago.  

Aikinta na shirya ƙungiya ya mayar da hankali kan ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a faɗin ƙasar wanda ya fara da jagorantar membobin SEIU Healthcare Illinois-Indiana-Missouri-Kansas (HCII) 92,000 a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugaba inda ta yi kira da a ɗauki nauyin haraji na kamfanoni da kuma kariyar ma'aikata. Daga nan ta jagoranci SEIU Local 2015 daga 2019 zuwa 2022, babbar ƙungiyar ƙananan hukumomi a California kuma babbar ƙungiyar kula da lafiya ta dogon lokaci a Amurka wacce ke wakiltar sama da masu ba da kulawa 400,000. Daga 2022-2024 Verrett ita ce Sakatare Janar na Ƙasa da Ƙasa na SEIU wanda ke ɗaukar nauyin tsare-tsare da ci gaba. [1] [2]

Aikinta ya haɗa da jagorantar Majalisar Kula da Gidaje ta Ƙasa, zama shugabar Kwamitin Shiryawa na Ƙasa, da kuma yin aiki a Kwamitin Kuɗi na SEIU.  Verrett shi ma yana aiki a Jam'iyyar Democrat, kuma a shekarar 2021 an naɗa shi a matsayin mai kula da harkokin jiharsa a California. 

## Manazarta
Claire Valdez

**Claire Valdez** 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka da ke aiki a matsayin memba a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York wacce ke wakiltar Gundumar 37 tun daga shekarar 2025. 'Yar Democrat mai ci gaba kuma 'yar jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Democrat ta birnin New York, tana wakiltar wani ɓangare na Borough of Queens . 

## Rayuwa ta farko
Asalinsu daga Lubbock, Texas, Valdez ta ƙaura zuwa birnin New York a shekarar 2015 kuma tana zaune a Ridgewood, Queens .    Ita memba ce a jam'iyyar Democrat Socialists of America da kuma ƙungiyar Socialist Majority Caucus.  Ita "'yar ƙasa ce mai 'yanci biyu daga Ysleta del Sur Pueblo Nation da Amurka." 

## Farkon aikina
Valdez ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shiri a shirin fasahar gani a Jami'ar Columbia kafin fara wa'adinta na zama memba a majalisar bayan ta yi ƙoƙarin kafa sana'ar fasaha. [1] [2] Ta kasance mai shiryawa tare da United Auto Workers kuma mai fafutuka ce a reshen Democrat na Amurka na birnin New York . [3] [4]

## Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York
A zaɓen Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York na 2024, Valdez ta kasance 'yar takara a gunduma ta 37. A zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat, Valdez ta kayar da Johanna Carmona da kashi 27 cikin ɗari, yayin da Juan Ardila mai ci ke kan mulki da kashi 48 cikin ɗari.  'Yar Majalisar Dokokin Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez ta goyi bayanta kuma ta sami goyon baya daga Jam'iyyar Iyalan Aiki .   Ta tsaya takara ba tare da hamayya ba a zaɓen babban zaɓen watan Nuwamba.

A yayin da ake gudanar da bincike kan Magajin Garin New York Eric Adams, ta yi kira a bainar jama'a da ya yi murabus.  Ta goyi bayan Zohran Mamdani a zaben magajin garin New York na 2025. 

A farkon shekarar 2026, Valdez ta sanar da yakin neman zabenta a zaben Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka na 2026, a gundumar Majalisar Wakilai ta bakwai da ke jihar. 

## Manazarta
Ko Kizhan Adikal

**Ko Kizhan Adikal Ravi Neeli** shine taken gargajiya na sarauniya / 'yan sarauniya na mulkin Chera Perumal a kudancin Indiya na zamani. Da farko an ɗauka cewa Kizhan Adikal sunan da aka ba shi ne (kuma ba lakabin sarauta ba). 

Sarauniyar Kerala (a cikin ƙasar Tamil) sun yi amfani da taken har ma bayan aurensu da sarakunan Chola. ****

## Rubuce-rubuce
Taken ya bayyana a cikin waɗannan rubutun da aka gano daga Kerala da Tamil Nadu.

### Rubuce-rubucen da ke da alaƙa da Cholas

# "Ko Kizhan Adikal", mahaifiyar yarima Chola Rajaditya, a cikin rubutun Tirunavalur / Tirumanallur (c. 935 AD, 28th sarauta shekara) na Chola sarki Parantaka I (907 - 955 AD) (EI VII, 19a).
# Lalgudi rikodin Cankaran Kunrappozhan, daga Nandikkarai Puttur a Malainatu (Kerala), yana ambaton "Cheramanar makalar" "Ko Kizhan Adikal" (Sarauniyar Parantaka). 
# "Ravi Neeli" ko "Kizhan Adikal", 'yar "Cheramanar" ko "Ceralaraja" Vijayaraga, a cikin rubutun Tiruvotriyur (936 AD, 29th sarauta shekara) na sarki Parantaka I (Index 17 & SII III, 103).  
# "Kizhan Adikal" ya bayyana a cikin faranti na jan ƙarfe na Tiruvalla tare da mijinta sarki Parantaka I (layi 109-111) (Index A80 & TAS II, III). 

Akwai yiwuwar cewa sarakuna (1) da (3) iri ɗaya ne, ko kuma 'yan'uwa mata ne. Idan sun kasance 'yan'uwa mata, sarki Parantaka I auri' yan sarauta biyu na Chera Perumal (mahaifiyar' ya'yansa maza biyu, Rajaditya da Arinjaya Chola). [1] An ambaci auren tsakanin yarima Chera da Parantaka, c. 910 AZ, a cikin farantin Udayendiram na sarki Ganga Prthivipati II Hastimalla.[2][3]

An ambaci velam na Kizhan Adikal ("Kizhan Adikal Velam" ko "Kizhai Velam") a Tanjavur a cikin rubutun Chola guda uku.

# Haikali na Saranganatha Perumal, Tiruchirai, Kumbakonam (shekara ta biyar) (SII 19, 150). 
# Haikali na Vedaranyeswara, Vedaranyam, Tirutturaippundi, Tanjore (Parantaka I, shekara ta 43 ta sarauta) (SII 17, 530). 
# Haikali na Nageswaraswamin, Kumbakonam (Aditya II Karikala, shekara ta 4 ta mulki, mahaifiyar Rajaditya) - a matsayin "Udaya Pirattiyar Kizhan Adikal" (SII 3, 201). 

### Sauran rubuce-rubucen Chera Perumal

# "Ravi Neeli alias Kizhan Adikal", 'yar Kulasekhara kuma matar Vijayaraga, a cikin rubutun Tirunandikkara (karni na 9 AD) (Index A7 & TAS IV, 36). 
# "Chatira Sikhamani alias Kizhan Adikal" ko "Perumattiyar" a cikin rubutun Trikkakara (953 AD) tare da Sarkin Chera Indu Goda (karni na 10 AD) (Index A24 & TAS III, 36). 
# "Kizhan Adikal" a cikin wani Tiruvanchuli / Tiruvalanjuli haikalin (Tanjore) rubutun da ya ambaci Chera Perumal Rama Kulasekhara (*fl.* ƙarshen karni na 11 AD) (SII III, 221). 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Kundavai Pirāttiyār

****Kundavai** Pirattiyar**, wacce aka fi sani da Kundavai, yarima ce ta Indiya wacce ta rayu a karni na goma a Kudancin Indiya. Ita 'yar Parantaka II ce da Vanavan Mahadevi. An haife ta ne a Tirukoilur kuma ita ce 'yar'uwar sarki Chola Rajaraja I. Tana da lakabi a matsayin *Ilaiyapirātti Kundavai Nachiyar* .

Koyaya, lokacin da mijinta Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan ya naɗa sarki a Masarautar Bana, ba ta yarda da tayin zama sarauniya na masarautar ba kuma ta kasance a matsayin gimbiya ta Tanjore . 

## Rayuwa
An haifi Kundavai (wanda aka fassara a matsayin Kundhavai ko Kunthavai) a cikin 945 AZ. Ita ce kawai 'yar sarki Chola Parantaka II da sarauniya Vanavan Mahadevi . Tana da babban ɗan'uwa - Aditha Chola II, da ƙaramin ɗan'uwa: Raja Raja Chola I.

Kundavai ya auri Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan, memba na Daular Bana, mai fafutukar Cholas da aka ambata a cikin rubutun Tanjore.  Ya kuma kasance kwamandan sojan Chola da suka yi yaƙi a Sri Lanka a zamanin Rajaraja l. Yankin da ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa an san shi da 'Vallavaraiyanadu', kuma wani lokaci 'Brahmadesam'.

Tare da kawunta Sembiyan Mahadevi, Kundavai ta haifi dan uwanta, Rajendra I, wanda shine ɗan Rajaraja I da *Thiripuvana Madeviyar*, gimbiya ta Kodumbalur. Rajendra na shafe mafi yawan lokacin yaro a Pazhaiyarai tare da Kundavai da Sembiyan Mahadevi .

## Rayuwa da ayyukanta

Kundavai ya ba da izini ga temples da yawa ga Tirthankars, Vishnu da Siva. Ta girmama yawancin Jain Monks da masu gani na Vedantic . [1][2] Ta bayyana a cikin rubutun Chola.[3][4]

An yi imanin cewa ta gina gidajen ibada na Jain da yawa amma aƙalla gidajen ibada biyu na Jain suna da rubutun cewa ta gina su, ɗaya a Thanjavur" id="mwaw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur">Rajarajeswaram daga baya aka sani da Darasuram ɗayan kuma a Tirumalai .  Ta gina asibiti bayan mahaifinta mai suna Vinnagar athura salai a Thanjavur kuma ta ba da gudummawar filaye masu yawa don kula da shi. Ta ba da gudummawa mai yawa ga Haikali na Brihadeeswarar a Thanjavur a lokacin mulkin ɗan'uwanta Rajaraja Chola na da ɗan'uwansa Rajendra Chola I.

## Dubi kuma

* Ponniyin Selvan
* Raja Raja Cholan
* Ponniyin Selvan I
* Ponniyin Selvan na II

## Manazarta
Jessica Govea Thorbourne

**Jessica Govea Thorbourne** (1947 &#x2013; Janairu 23, 2005) ƙwararriyar mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ma'aikata ce, shugabar ƙungiyar ma'aikatan United Farm, kuma mai ilimi. An fi saninta da ƙoƙarinta na rayuwa don cimma adalci, daidaito, ilimi, da damar tattalin arziki ga ma'aikatan Latino.  Tana da shekaru 58, ta mutu sakamakon cutar kansar mama a West Orange, New Jersey . Duk da haka, ta yi imanin cewa ainihin tushen rashin lafiyarta daga baya yana da alaƙa da magungunan kashe ƙwari masu illa da ta yi aiki da su tsawon shekaru. 

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Govea Thorbourne a shekarar 1947 a Porterville, California  ga Juan da Margaret Govea, waɗanda ma'aikata ne 'yan ci-rani .  Tun tana ƙarama, ta fara aiki a gonaki.  Tun tana ƙarama, ta fara jagorantar kauracewa, kamar kauracewa inabinta mai nasara a Kanada.  Govea Thorbourne ta kammala karatunta na valedictorian daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Bakersfield.  Ta halarci kwaleji na tsawon shekara ɗaya kafin ta yanke shawarar haɗa kai da Cesar Chavez a Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Gona ta United Farm . 

## Sana'a
Govea Thorbourne ta fara aiki da Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Gona ta United Farm tana da shekaru 19; duk da haka, ta yi aiki tare da sauran ma'aikatan ƙaura tun tana da shekaru 2. Govea Thorbourne ta yi aiki tare da Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Gona ta United Farm kuma ta riƙe mukamai da yawa. Matsayinta mafi shahara shine darektan tsara shirye-shirye na ƙasa. Daga nan ta ci gaba da zama malamar aiki a Jami'ar Rutgers da Jami'ar Cornell . Yayin da take aiki a ƙungiyar, ta yi aiki tare da Cesar Chavez sosai. 

## Yi aiki tare da Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Gona ta Haɗaka
Govea Thorbourne ta fara aiki kafada da kafada da Cesar Chavez na United Farm Workers (UFW) tun tana da shekaru 19, tunda mahaifinta shugaban al'umma ne na Mexico-Amurkawa kuma ya yi aiki kafada da kafada da Chavez. [1] Tana da shekaru 21, ta jagoranci kauracewa a Kanada wanda ya kai ga kwangilar UFW Union da wani kamfanin inabi na California. [1] Bugu da ƙari, ta yi aiki don wayar da kan jama'a game da fallasar ma'aikatan gona na Latino ga magungunan kashe kwari masu haɗari. [2] Daga baya Govea Thorbourne ta yi aiki a matsayin darektan kasa na shirya UFW. [1] A shekarar 1977, an zaɓe ta a matsayin memba na kwamitin zartarwa na UFW. [3]

## Manazarta
Nancy Wohlforth

**Nancy Wohlforth** shugabar ƙungiyar kwadago ta Amurka ce kuma mai fafutuka wacce ta yi fafutukar kare muradun farar hula, ma'aikata, da LGBTQ a duk tsawon aikinta, gami da kula da lafiya mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya, fa'idodin ma'aikatan haɗin gwiwa a cikin gida, da kuma kariyar rashin nuna wariya ga ma'aikatan LGBTQ. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta fita daga cikin al'ummar LGBTQ da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Zartarwa ta AFL-CIO a 2005. 

## Sana'a

### Farkon aikinsa tare da OPEIU Local 3
A shekarar 1980, Wohlforth ta taimaka wajen kafa ƙungiyar 'Yan Madigo da 'Yan Luwadi (LGLA).  Ta kuma kasance mai himma a ƙungiyar 'Yan Ma'aikata ta Ƙasa da Ƙasa (Office and Professional Employees International Union ), Local 3 a San Francisco, California . Wohforth ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar "A Growing Concern," ƙungiya a cikin ƙungiyar Local 3 da ke neman gyara ƙungiyar da kuma jawo hankali kan batutuwan mata da 'yan luwadi bayan yajin aikin makonni 19 da ta yi a Blue Shield ya gaza. A shekarar 1983, an zaɓe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar ƙungiyar Local 3 a matsayin wani ɓangare na 'yan takarar farko na ƙungiyar "A Growing Concern's". Daga baya Wohlforth ta ɗauki nauyin Manajan Kasuwanci na ƙungiyar kuma aka zaɓe ta a matsayin Sakatare-Ma'ajin kuɗinta a shekarar 1986.  A matsayinta na 'yar madigo, Wohlforth ta fuskanci jita-jita cewa tana da alaƙa da abokan aiki kai tsaye; duk da haka, sunanta a matsayin 'yar madigo ya ba ta suna ga ma'aikatan LGBTQ kuma ya taimaka mata ta yi nasara a kan shagunan gida ciki har da Sabis na Al'umma na Episcopal, Ƙungiyar St. Vincent de Paul, Shagon Bayanai, da Gidan Baƙi. 

### Ƙirƙirar Alfahari a Aiki
A ranar 24 ga Yuni, 1994, shugabannin ma'aikata na LGBT sun haɗu a birnin New York don taron "Pride at Work," taron kafa ƙungiyar 'yan madigo, 'yan luwaɗi, masu jinsi biyu da kuma masu canza jinsi a cikin ƙungiyar ma'aikata". Taron ya kasance wani ɓangare na girmama cika shekaru 25 na rikicin Stonewall . Wohlforth, wanda ke wakiltar LGLA da OPEIU, ya jagoranci ƙungiyar da ke aiki don ƙirƙirar ƙungiya da ta haɗa ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata daban-daban na LGBT zuwa ƙungiya ɗaya, Pride at Work . [1] An zaɓi Nancy a matsayin shugabar mata tare da Cal Noyce a 1996, kuma Pride at Work ta amince da wani kuduri don tallafawa haɗin gwiwa da AFL-CIO a matsayin ƙungiyar mazabu ta hukuma a wannan taron a San Francisco. Sun ci gaba da tabbatar da matsayin mazabu a 1997. [2]

### Jagorancin ƙasa
A shekara ta 2003, an zaɓi Wohlforth a matsayin Sakatare-Ma'ajin Ma'aikata na Ofishin da Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Ƙwararru ta Duniya (OPEIU) wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama memba na farko a buɗe a cikin al'ummar LGBTQ da ta riƙe mukamin jami'in ƙungiyar na duniya. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, an zaɓe ta a Majalisar Zartarwa ta AFL-CIO a shekara ta 2005, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama mutum na farko a buɗe a buɗe a cikin LGBTQ da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Zartarwa.  

## Manazarta
Ella May Wiggins

**Ella May Wiggins** (22 Satumba 1900 &#x2013; 14 Satumba, 1929) mai shirya ƙungiyar kwadago ce kuma mai wasan ballade wanda aka kashe a lokacin Yaƙin Loray Mill a Gastonia, North Carolina .

A cewar *Like a Family*, wani labari na 1987 game da "ƙirƙirar duniyar masana'antar auduga ta Kudu," zanga-zangar Gastonia ta ruguje bayan mutuwar Wiggins. Ƙungiyarta, Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Yadi ta Ƙasa, a ƙarshe ta kasance "mara ƙarfi da za ta iya ƙalubalantar ƙarfin tattalin arziki da siyasa na masana'antun auduga da kuma tsara ma'aikata." 

## Shirya ƙungiyar ma'aikata
Wiggins 'yar asalin Sevierville, Tennessee, a shekarar 1926 ta zauna a Gaston County, NC, tana zaune a wata unguwa 'yan Afirka-Amurkawa da ke wajen birnin Bessemer da aka fi sani da Stumptown. Maƙwabtanta za su kula da 'ya'yanta yayin da take aiki a matsayin mai juyawa a American Mill No. 2. A cewar wani labarin da aka buga a yanar gizo ta Gidan Tarihi na North Carolina, "tana aiki na awanni goma sha biyu a rana, kwana shida a mako, tana samun kimanin dala tara a mako."

Ta zama mai kula da harkokin kuɗi na ƙungiyar kwadago, wadda Kwaminisanci ne ke jagoranta, kuma ta yi tafiya zuwa Washington, DC, don bayar da shaida game da ayyukan kwadago a Kudu. Ta kuma ba da labarinta: "Ni ce uwar yara tara. Huɗu sun mutu da tari mai tsanani, a lokaci guda. Ina aiki dare da rana, na roƙi babban jami'in ya sanya ni a cikin kwanaki, don haka zan iya kula da su idan suna da mummunan sihirinsu. Amma bai yi ba. Ban san dalili ba. ... Don haka dole na daina aiki, sannan babu kuɗin magani, kuma sun mutu kawai." [1]

Ta kuma rera waƙoƙinta na waƙa, ciki har da waƙarta da ta fi shahara, "A Mill Mother's Lament," wadda Pete Seeger ya rera, da sauransu.

Wiggins ta yi imani da tsara 'yan Afirka-Amurka tare da fararen fata, kuma a cikin kuri'ar raba gardama, reshenta na NTWU ya kaɗa ƙuri'ar amincewa da shigar da 'yan Afirka-Amurka cikin ƙungiyar.

## Mutuwa
A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1929, ita da wasu membobin ƙungiyar sun tuka mota zuwa wani taron ƙungiyar a Gastonia. Wasu gungun mutane dauke da makamai suka haɗu da su, suka juya baya. Sun yi tafiya mai nisan mil biyar zuwa gida lokacin da mota ta tsayar da su; mutane dauke da makamai suka fito suka fara harbi. An harbi Wiggins a ƙirji aka kashe su. An tura 'ya'yanta biyar zuwa gidan marayu.

## Manazarta
Yvonne Walker

**Yvonne Walker** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1959) shugabar ƙungiyar ma'aikata ce kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a ta Amurka. Ta kasance shugabar ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta Service Employees International Union Local 1000, babbar ƙungiyar ma'aikatan jihar California, daga 2008 zuwa 2021.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Yvonne R. Walker a shekarar 1959 ga dangin soja a Oceanside, California .  Ta yi aiki a rundunar sojojin ruwa kafin ta zama sakatariyar shari'a a Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta California a shekarar 1995, inda ta shiga cikin harkokin ƙungiyar. 

## Sana'a
Matsayin farko na jagorancin Walker a cikin Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Sabis ta Duniya (SEIU) Local 1000 sun haɗa da jagorantar Ƙungiyar Tattaunawar Ma'aikata ta Ofis & Allied da kuma yin aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugaba ta Tattaunawar California. [1] Daga 2008 zuwa 2021, ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar SEIU Local 1000, babbar ƙungiyar ma'aikatan jihar. [1] Ita ce mace ta farko kuma 'yar Afirka ta farko da ta riƙe wannan matsayi. [1] [1] A lokacin da take aiki, Walker ta wakilci ma'aikata sama da 95,000 a California, ta yi nasarar yin shawarwari kan sabuwar kwangila, kuma ta yi aiki kan shawarwari don kafa mafi ƙarancin albashi na $15. [1] [1]

Walker mai fafutukar kare lafiyar ritaya ce kuma ta jagoranci Kwamitin Tsaron Ritaya na Duniya na SEIU. Ta kasance memba a kwamitin kafa shirin tanadin ritaya na CalSavers. A shekarar 2022, an zabi Walker a kwamitin kula da tsarin ritaya na ma'aikatan gwamnati na California (CalPERS).  Ta kuma yi aiki a kwamitin kula da harkokin gaba na duniya na SEIU da kuma shirin saka hannun jari na California Secure Choice Retirement Investment. 

A shekarar 2016, wasu membobin SEIU sun soki Walker da sauran shugabannin ƙungiyar kwadago saboda zaɓen da suka yi na ba wa kansu tallafin kuɗi a kan albashinsu a lokacin tattaunawar kwangila. Tallafin ya ninka diyya ta SEIU ta Walker daga $49,400 zuwa $108,950, wanda magoya bayanta suka ce ya yi daidai da rawar da ta taka a matsayinta na shugabar wata ƙungiya mai membobi sama da 95,000 da kasafin kuɗi na dala miliyan 60. 

Walker ya rubuta rubuce-rubuce da ginshiƙai game da batutuwan aiki da tsaron ritaya ga *[[New York Times|jaridar The New York Times]]* da kuma jaridar *Sacramento News &amp;amp; Review* .  

## Lambobin yabo da karramawa
A shekarar 2017, an karrama Walker ta hanyar Ƙungiyar Tarihin Mata ta Ƙasa don Watan Tarihin Mata . Jigon kyaututtukan NWHA a wannan shekarar shine "mata masu himma a fannin aiki da kasuwanci." Haka kuma ƙungiyar mata ta ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta karrama ta. 

## Manazarta
Lala Fay Watts

**Lala Fay Watts** (1881–1971) 'Yar Amurka ce mai rajin kare hakkin mata, mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata, kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata. An haife ta a Massachusetts, kuma ta shafe mafi yawan rayuwarta a Texas inda ta jagoranci sauye-sauye da dama. Ta kasance mai duba lafiyar yara na farko a Texas kuma shugabar farko ta sashen mata a Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Texas.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Lala Fay a ranar 23 ga Disamba, 1881, tare da 'yar'uwarta tagwaye, a Northfield, Massachusetts . Iyayenta su ne Frank F. Fay da Carrie Fay (née Ware).  Kakarta ta mahaifiyarta 'yar Quaker ce. Tun tana ƙarama, Fay da 'yar'uwarta tagwaye sun yi zanga-zangar "Band of Hope".  Lokacin da Fay take matashiya, iyalin, waɗanda a lokacin suka haɗa da 'ya ta uku, sun ƙaura daga Massachusetts zuwa San Antonio, Texas .   Ta fara kiran kanta Laura, wanda ta ji suna ne mafi daraja fiye da Lala.  Fay ta kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Normal ta Sam Houston kuma ta zama malami.  A ranar 18 ga Agusta, 1902, Fay ta auri Manjo Claude De Van Watts, tsohon soja na Yaƙin Spain da Amurka .   Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu, namiji ɗaya da mace ɗaya. 

## Ƙungiyoyin fafutuka
Ta hanyar zama uwa ne Watts ta shiga cikin fafutuka. A matsayinta na memba na Lauyan Mata na Dallas, ta nemi magajin garin Dallas da ya sanya mace a cikin kwamitin walwala. Lokacin da ya ƙi kuma ya ba da shawarar Watts ta koma gida ta kula da iyalinta, sai ta zama mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata. 

Daga 1917 zuwa 1919 Watts ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Majalisar Iyaye Mata ta Dallas, wata ƙungiya da ke da alaƙa da Majalisar Iyaye Mata ta Texas .   Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar farko ta Ƙungiyar Iyaye da Malamai ta Dallas. 

### Gyaran Ma'aikata
An nada Watts a matsayin mai duba lafiyar yara na farko a Texas a shekarar 1918.   A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, ba a aiwatar da dokokin aikin yara ba sosai saboda ƙarancin aikin a lokacin yaƙi.   Watts tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyar masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin yara na shekarar yara waɗanda suka buƙaci a naɗa mai duba lafiyar yara a Ofishin Aiki da Kididdiga na jihar don gyara matsalar.  Gwamnan Texas William P. Hobby ya amince ya naɗa Watts a matsayin.  Bayan naɗinta, Watts ta ƙaura daga Dallas zuwa Austin, Texas . 

A shekarar 1919, an nada Watts a matsayin shugabar sashen mata na Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Texas. Domin ta binciki yanayin ma'aikatan masana'antu da idon basira, Watts ta sami aikin dinkin riga mai nauyin dala $3. Ta shiga kungiyar ma'aikatan Tufafi kuma ta yi aiki a masana'antar har sai da shugabanta ya gano cewa ita ce Mrs. Claude De Van Watts kuma ya kore ta. Watts ta ba da rahoton bincikenta ga Majalisar Dokokin Texas kuma ta ba da shawarar yin gyare-gyare ga mata da yara masu aiki, gami da fansho na uwa, halartar makaranta tilas, ƙara tsafta, da lokutan hutu. [1] Aikinta ya haifar da zartar da dokoki 22 ko gyare-gyare da ke neman inganta yanayin aiki na mata da yara. [2] A shekarar 1921, sabon Gwamna Pat Morris Neff da aka zaɓa ya kawo ƙarshen wa'adin Watts a gwamnati. [3]

## Manazarta
Julia O'Connor

**Julia Sarsfield O'Connor** (1890–1972) shugabar ma'aikata ce ta Amurka kuma shugabar Sashen Masu Kula da Wayar Salula na Ƙasa na Ƙungiyar ' Yan'uwa ta Ma'aikatan Wutar Lantarki ta Duniya (IBEW).  Ta shafe tsawon shekaru arba'in da biyar tana aiki a cikin ƙungiyar ma'aikata.  

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Julia O'Connor a Woburn, Massachusetts, 'yar baƙi 'yan asalin Ireland John da Sarah (Conneally) O'Connor a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya huɗu.  Bayan kammala karatun sakandare a 1908, ta zama mai aiki da wayar tarho a Boston kuma ta shiga ƙungiyar masu aiki da wayar tarho ta Boston a 1912. Ta shiga kwamitin zartarwa na ofishin ƙungiyar mata ta ƙasa (WTUL) na Boston, kuma an zaɓe ta shugabar ƙungiyar mata ta Boston WTUL daga 1915 zuwa 1918. Ta kuma zama shugabar ƙungiyar Boston Local 1A na Sashen Masu Aiki da Wayar Salula ta Ƙasa a 1918. 

## Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya da kuma mayar da masana'antar waya ƙasa
A ranar 1 ga Agusta, 1918, bayan shigar Amurka cikin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, gwamnatin Amurka ta karɓi iko da masana'antun waya da telegraph na ƙasar, ta kuma sanya su ƙarƙashin jagorancin shugaban gidan waya Janar Albert Burleson . An kafa kwamiti a ƙarƙashin jagorancin jami'in ofishin gidan waya William S. Ryan don kula da hulɗar ma'aikata. Kwamitin Ryan ya ƙunshi mambobi biyar - biyu daga masana'antar waya, biyu daga gwamnati, da kuma wakiliyar ma'aikata ɗaya. An naɗa Julia O'Connor don wakiltar ma'aikata a kwamitin. Duk da haka, bayan 'yan watanni kacal, O'Connor ya yi murabus a farkon 1919, yana zargin cewa kwamitin ya nuna halin ƙiyayya ga ma'aikatan waya da telegraph.

A lokacin da take aiki a Hukumar Ryan, an kori O'Connor daga mukaminta na mai aiki a Kamfanin Wayar Salula na New England, wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa rashin zuwanta ya yi yawa. Duk da haka, ta sami damar ba da ƙarin lokaci ga ayyukan ƙungiyar a matsayin shugabar Local 1A na Sashen Masu Gudanar da Wayar Salula na IBEW. 

## Yajin Aikin Masu Aikin Wayar Salula na 1919
A watan Afrilun 1919, membobin Sashen Masu Aikin Wayar Salula waɗanda ke aiki da Kamfanin Wayar Salula na New England sun shiga yajin aiki bayan da Hukumar Ryan ta gaza aiwatar da buƙatun gyaran albashi. Yajin aikin, wanda O'Connor ya kira a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, ya haifar da katsewar sabis na wayar tarho a duk faɗin yankin New England . Bayan kwana biyar, Babban Jami'in Postmaster Burleson ya amince ya yi shawarwari kan yarjejeniya tsakanin ƙungiyar ma'aikata da kamfanin wayar tarho, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin albashi ga masu aiki da kuma amincewa da haƙƙin yin ciniki tare.  

## Manazarta
Myra Wolfgang

**Myra K. Wolfgang** (née **Komaroff** ; 1914 &#x2013; 1976) shugabar ma'aikata 'yar asalin ƙasar Kanada ce kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata a Detroit daga shekarun 1930 zuwa 1970. Ta fi himma a cikin ƙungiyar ma'aikata, tana fafutukar kare haƙƙin talakawa da mata a cikin ma'aikata .

## Rayuwar farko da iyali
An haifi Myra K. Komaroff a watan Mayu na 1914 a Montreal, Quebec, ga Yahudawan Lithuania da suka yi ƙaura. Iyayenta, Abraham da Ida Komaroff (née Ipp), sun renon ta da 'yan uwanta biyu a cikin yanayi mai cike da siyasa wanda ke daraja tunani mai zaman kansa da al'adun Yahudawa. Iyayenta ba su jaddada addini ba kuma sun zaɓi yin aure a haikalin aiki na Montreal, maimakon majami'a. Wolfgang sau da yawa tana cewa ita "mai aikin kwadago ce da ƙungiyar kwadago ta kafa". [1]

A shekarar 1915, iyalan suka ƙaura zuwa Detroit, inda mahaifinta ya fara kasuwanci da sayar da gidaje. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, ya buɗe ofis a tsakiyar birnin Detroit kuma iyalan suka ƙaura zuwa wani babban gida a Westminster Avenue.  : 3 Bayan ta kammala karatunta a makarantar Detroit, Wolfgang ta karanci fasahar kasuwanci da zane-zanen cikin gida a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Carnegie .  : 1 Shekara guda bayan haka, Babban Matsalar Tattalin Arziki ya bulla, wanda hakan ya sa Wolfgang ba za ta iya ci gaba da karatunta ba. A lokacin bazara na 1932, Wolfgang ta koma Detroit don zama tare da iyalinta.  : 1 

## Farkon aikina
A shekarar 1932, yayin da take neman aiki, Wolfgang ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar Local 705 ta Detroit ta lokacin. An ɗauke ta aiki a wannan rana, tana aiki ga Louis Koenig, sakatare-ma'ajin kamfanin Local 705, a matsayin mai karɓar baƙi.  : 5 Koenig ta lura da sha'awarta ga aikin, ta fara koya mata tarihin ƙungiyar kwadago da tsare-tsare, sannan ta kira ta "mace ta ɗa."  : 8 

An zaɓi Wolfgang a matsayin sakataren rikodin ƙungiyar Local 705 a shekarar 1934.  : 15 A shekarar 1936, Gwamna Frank Murphy ya amince da ita saboda yadda take kula da Local 705 yadda ya kamata, sannan ya naɗa ta a Sashen Kula da Harkokin Cikin Gida da na Kai na Hukumar Tsaron Aiki ta Michigan.  : 20 A shekarar 1937, Wolfgang ya taimaka wajen shirya kuma ya shiga cikin wani yajin aiki mai nasara a shagon FW Woolworth mai kujeru biyar da dime da ke Detroit.  : 2 Wannan shine karo na farko da aka fara yajin aiki a shaguna da gine-ginen jama'a.  : 26 

## Daga baya aiki
A shekarun 1940 da 1950, Wolfgang ya jagoranci Majalisar Haɗin gwiwa ta Detroit kuma ya zama mataimakin shugaban ƙasa da ƙasa na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Otal da Gidajen Abinci .  : 2 Bayan Koenig ta yi ritaya, Wolfgang ta zama Sakatare-Ma'aji kuma babbar jami'ar gudanarwa ta Local 705. Ta kasance mai himma wajen aiwatar da dokar mafi ƙarancin albashi a Michigan ta 1966, wadda ta buƙaci ma'aikata su biya kowane ma'aikaci aƙalla dala 1 a kowace awa.  &#x5B; *nbsp;ana buƙata* &#x5D;

## Manazarta
Elaine Black Yoneda

**Elaine Black Yoneda** (Satumba 4, 1906 - Mayu 29, 1988) 'yar Amurka ce mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a da ma'aikata, memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis  kuma 'yar takarar mukamin siyasa a California .

## Shekarun farko
An haifi Yoneda Rose Elaine Buchman a birnin New York ga baƙin Yahudawa 'yan Rasha Nathan da Mollie Buchman. Iyayenta, waɗanda ke aikin yi wa yara aiki a wani masana'antar wasan kwaikwayo ta Ukraine, tun suna ƙanana sun kasance masu himma a Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Yahudawa .  Su biyun sun gudu daga Rasha ta Tsarist a 1902, kuma an haifi Yoneda jim kaɗan bayan isowarsu Amurka a 1906. Daga ƙarshe iyalan suka zauna a Brooklyn, New York. A 1920 iyalan Yoneda suka ƙaura zuwa Lemon Grove, California, sannan suka koma San Diego inda mahaifinta ke gudanar da shagon kayan busassun kaya, Elaine kuma ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta San Diego . A 1924 iyalin suna zaune a Los Angeles, inda Yoneda ta taimaka a shagon kayan tufafi na iyali kuma ta kammala horon sakatare. Ta halarci taron Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Matasa bisa ƙarfafawar iyayenta, inda ta haɗu da Edward Francis Russell, Jr. Sun yi aure a 1925 kuma Yoneda ta haifi 'yarsu Joyce a 1927.   

## Siyasa

A shekarar 1930, Yoneda ta fara shiga cikin ƙungiyar kwadago bayan ta ga wani zanga-zanga inda ƙungiyar agaji ta Los Angeles Red Squad ta kai hari ga wata tsohuwa. Yoneda ta shiga ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ma'aikata ta duniya (ILD) kuma a shekarar 1931 tana aiki a ofishin ILD a matsayin ma'aikaciyar coci. A matsayin wani ɓangare na ayyukanta, Yoneda ta ceto ɗan ƙasar Japan mai zanga-zanga Karl "Hama" Yoneda, wanda Sashen 'Yan Sanda na Los Angeles ya yi wa duka kuma ya kama shi. [1] [2] Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, Yoneda ta rabu da Edward Russell ta fara dangantakarta da Karl. Elaine da Karl sun kasance tare tsawon shekaru da dama kafin aurensu a shekarar 1935 a Seattle, Washington; dokokin hana yin lalata da mata a California sun sa aurensu ya zama haramun a California. [3] [4]

Bayan ta ƙaura zuwa San Francisco a shekarar 1933, Yoneda ta ci gaba da ayyukanta a cikin ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin jama'a, ma'aikata, da ƙungiyoyin kwadago, sannan ta shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kuma yi aiki a ILD a matsayin sakatare na gunduma.  Aikin Yoneda tare da ILD ya haɗa da tallafawa ma'aikatan noma da ke yajin aiki da ziyartar fursunoni kamar Tom Mooney da sauran waɗanda aka kama a ƙarƙashin dokokin Laifuka .

An kama Yoneda da kanta sau da yawa, ciki har da a Dolores Park, San Francisco, saboda halartar wani gangami da aka yi kan dokokin ƙungiyoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a watan Maris na 1935. Yoneda ta zama sananne a matsayin "Jakar Mala'ika" saboda aikinta na kare membobin ƙungiyar kwadago da masu zanga-zangar ma'aikata a bakin tekun San Francisco da kuma Janar Strike na 1934.  Ita ce mace ɗaya tilo a kwamitin gudanarwa na Janar Strike na 1934.  Yoneda ta shiga cikin manyan ayyukan ma'aikata da kare haƙƙin jama'a kamar Salinas Lettuce Strike, National Scottsboro Week da kuma agajin Yaƙin Basasa na Spain . Ta tsaya takarar Kwamitin Masu Kula da San Francisco a 1939 a kan wani dandamali na kula da yara kyauta, gidaje masu araha, da haƙƙin jama'a. An kayar da ita.    

## Manazarta
Clara Lemlich

**Clara Lemlich Shavelson** (Maris 28, 1886 &#x2013; Yuli 12, 1982) ta kasance shugabar zanga-zangar mutane 20,000, babban yajin aikin ma'aikatan sutura a masana'antar tufafi ta New York a 1909, inda ta yi magana da harshen Yiddish kuma ta yi kira da a dauki mataki.  Daga baya aka sanya ta cikin jerin sunayen ma'aikata saboda aikinta na ƙungiyar ma'aikata, ta zama memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Amurka kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin mabukaci . A cikin shekarunta na ƙarshe a matsayinta na mazaunin gidan kula da tsofaffi, ta taimaka wajen tsara ma'aikatan. 

## Shekarun farko
An haifi Lemlich a ranar 28 ga Maris, 1886, a tsohon garin Rashanci, wanda yanzu haka yake garin Gorodok na Ukraine, ga dangin Yahudawa. An taso da ita a ƙauyen da galibin masu jin yaren Yahudanci ne, Lemlich ta koyi karanta Rashanci saboda ƙin amincewar iyayenta, tana ɗinka maɓallan rubutu da kuma rubuta wa maƙwabta marasa ilimi wasiƙu don tara kuɗi don littattafanta.  Bayan da wani maƙwabci ya gabatar da ita ga adabin juyin juya hali, Lemlich ta zama mai ra'ayin gurguzu . Ta yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka tare da iyalinta a 1903,  bayan wani rikici a Kishinev . 

Lemlich ta sami damar samun aiki a masana'antar tufafi bayan ta isa New York .  Yanayin da ake ciki ya ƙara muni tun farkon ƙarni, yayin da sabuwar injin ɗinki na masana'antu ta ba wa ma'aikata damar buƙatar ninki biyu na kayan aiki daga ma'aikatansu, waɗanda galibi dole ne su samar da nasu injinan kuma su kai su wurin aiki da dawowa. Lemlich, tare da abokan aikinta da yawa, sun yi tawaye ga dogon lokaci, ƙarancin albashi, rashin damar samun ci gaba, da kuma wulaƙanta masu kula da su.  Lemlich ta shiga cikin Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Tufafin Mata ta Duniya (ILGWU)  kuma an zaɓe ta a kwamitin zartarwa na Local 25 na ILGWU. 

Lemlich ta yi suna cikin sauri a tsakanin abokan aikinta, inda ta jagoranci yajin aiki da dama na masu yin riguna kuma ta ƙalubalanci shugabannin ƙungiyar maza waɗanda galibi maza ne don tsara mata ma'aikatan tufafi.  Ta haɗa ƙarfin hali da kyawawan halaye (an san ta da muryarta mai kyau) da kuma jarumtaka ta sirri (ta koma layin masu yin rawa a shekarar 1909 bayan ta karye haƙarƙari da dama  lokacin da 'yan daba da ma'aikata suka ɗauke su aiki suka kai hari ga masu yin rawa). 

Lemlich ta jawo hankalin ƙasashen waje a taron jama'a da aka gudanar a Cooper Union a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 1909 [1] don nuna goyon baya ga ma'aikatan da ke yajin aiki a Kamfanin Triangle Shirtwaist da Kamfanin Leiserson. [2] Na tsawon awanni biyu manyan jiga-jigan ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta Amurka da shugabannin gurguzu na Lower East Side sun yi magana gabaɗaya game da buƙatar haɗin kai da shiri. Tana son a yi kira ga aiki, ba kawai kalmomi ba, Lemlich ta nemi damar yin magana. Ta ɗaga kai kan dandamali, ta ce:

## Manazarta
Margaret Dreier Robins

**Margaret Dreier Robins** (6 ga Satumba 1868 - 21 ga Fabrairu 1945) shugabar ma'aikata ce ta Amurka kuma mai taimakon jama'a .

## Rayuwar farko
An haife ta a Brooklyn, New York a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1868.  Iyayenta, Theodor Dreier, ɗan kasuwa mai nasara, da Dorthea Dreier, dukkansu baƙi ne daga Jamus.  Sunan mahaifiyarta na farko shine Dreier kuma iyayenta 'yan uwan juna ne daga Bremen, Jamus . Kakanninsu shugabannin jama'a ne kuma 'yan kasuwa. Theodor ya zo Amurka a shekara ta 1849 kuma ya zama abokin tarayya na kamfanin ƙarfe na Ingila na reshen New York na Naylor, Benson and Company. Ya auri Dorothea a shekara ta 1864 a lokacin ziyara a Bremen kuma ya dawo da ita tare da shi zuwa Amurka kuma suka zauna a wani gidan brownstone a Brooklyn Heights, New York . 

Margaret Dreier tana da ɗan'uwa da 'yan'uwa mata uku.  'Yar'uwarta Mary mai gyara zamantakewa ce. 'Yan'uwanta mata Dorothea da Katherine masu zane ne. 

Tana da ilimi na sirri saboda iyayenta sun yi imanin cewa ana yawan yin watsi da karatun fasaha a fannin ilimin gargajiya. A lokacin ƙuruciyarta, Robins ta sha fama da cututtuka na jiki wanda ya sa ta shiga cikin damuwa da rauni. 

## Aikin gyaran zamantakewa

Tana da shekaru goma sha tara, ta fara aikin agaji a Asibitin Brooklyn kuma ba da daɗewa ba ta shiga cikin wasu ayyukan ci gaba. Ta haɗu da mai gyara Josephine Shaw Lowell a cikin 1902, kuma ta hanyar Lowell ta shiga ƙungiyar Woman's Municipal League, wata ƙungiya da ke taimaka wa mata su guji karuwanci. Wata mai haɗin gwiwa ita ce Frances Kellor, wacce ta kafa ƙungiyar New York Association for Household Research wadda ke ba da masauki da wurin zama ga mata masu aikin gida. [1]

## Manazarta
Mary Gray Peck

**Mary Gray Peck** (21 ga Oktoba, 1867) Janairu 11, 1957) 'yar jarida ce ta Amurka, malanta, mai rajin kare haƙƙin mata, kuma 'yar ƙungiyar mata. Tana da sha'awar matsalolin tattalin arziki da masana'antu na mata, kuma tana bincike kan yanayin aiki a Turai da Amurka. An haife ta a New York, ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Elmira, Jami'ar Minnesota, da Jami'ar Cambridge kafin ta zama Mataimakiyar Farfesa a Turanci a Jami'ar Minnesota. Daga baya, ta fara hulɗa da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Mata, Ƙungiyar Daidaito ta Suffrage ta Kwalejin, Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Mata 'Yancin Mata ta Amurka, Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ma'aikata ta Mata, Jam'iyyar Mata 'Yancin Mata, da Ƙungiyar Harsuna ta Zamani. Peck ta kasance wakiliya a taron Shida na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Mata 'Yancin Mata a Stockholm, 1911.

## Shekarun farko da ilimi
An haifi Mary Gray Peck a Seneca Castle, Ontario County, New York, a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 1867. Ita 'yar Henry J. da Mary Diantha (Gray) Peck ce. Peck ta kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Elmira, (digiri na BA, 1889). Ta yi aikin digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin falsafa a Jami'ar Minnesota. A Jami'ar Cambridge, Ingila, ta yi karatun digiri na biyu a fannin Turancin Tsoho da Turancin Tsakiya .

## Sana'a
Peck ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Farfesa a fannin Turanci, a Jami'ar Minnesota, [1] tsawon shekaru takwas. Ta yi murabus a shekarar 1909 don fara aikin zaɓe da aikin jarida. Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Kwamitin Wasan Kwaikwayo na Kwamitin Adabi da Fadada Laburare a Babban Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Mata . Ta kasance memba na Yarjejeniya a Kwalejin Daidaito ga Zaɓen 'Yan Mata, Jami'ar Minnesota. Peck ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatariyar hedikwatar Ƙungiyar 'Yan Mata ta Ƙasa ta Amurka, 1909–10, a Birnin New York . Ta kasance wakiliyar 'yan'uwa daga Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ma'aikata ta Mata zuwa Taro na Shida na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Mata Zaɓen 'Yan Mata a Stockholm, 1911. Ta kasance shugabar manema labarai ta Ƙungiyar 'Yan Mata ta Ohio a lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓen mata na 1912 a kan sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki. [1]

Peck ta yi aiki a matsayin wakiliya ta musamman daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Zaɓen ' *Yanci, 1911, don Takardar Bayanin Maraice na Boston* da sauran takardu. A matsayinta na 'yar jarida, ta ba da gudummawa ga mujallu daban-daban na masana'antu da na ilimi, mujallu, da jaridu, bincike na asali, almara da baiti. A fannin addini, ta kasance mai sassaucin ra'ayi. 

## Manazarta
Nellie Quander

**Nellie May Quander** (11 ga Fabrairu, 1880 - 24 ga Satumba, 1961) ta kasance mai haɗaka kuma shugabar ƙasa ta farko ta Alpha Kappa Alpha . A matsayinta na shugabar ƙasa tsawon shekaru da dama, ta taimaka wajen faɗaɗa ƙungiyar agaji da kuma ƙara tallafawa mata 'yan Afirka-Amurka a kwalejoji da kuma a cikin al'ummomi. Ƙungiyar agaji ta kafa tallafin karatu da sunanta.

Quander ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta a makarantun gwamnati na Washington, DC tsawon shekaru 30. A farkon aikinta, ta sami digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Columbia . Daga baya ta sami digiri a fannin aikin zamantakewa a Jami'ar New York, tare da difloma a Jami'ar Uppsala, Sweden .

Ta kasance shugabar al'umma a harkokin jama'a da na al'umma, inda ta yi aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa a YWCA da YMCA, a matsayin sakatare mai kula da harkokin Miner Community Center, da kuma a mukaman shugabanci tare da ƙungiyar mata ta kwadago da sauran ƙungiyoyi.

## Iyali da rayuwar farko
An haifi Nellie May Quander a Washington, DC ga John Pierson Quander da Hannah Bruce Ford Quander.  Iyalan Quander za su iya gano asalinsu shekaru ɗari uku a Maryland da Virginia . Ana ɗaukar su a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin iyalai 'yan Afirka-Amurkawa masu 'yanci waɗanda kakanninsu suka taɓa zama bayi a Amurka . 

Mahaifinta zuriyar Nancy Quander ne, ɗaya daga cikin bayin da Shugaban Amurka George Washington ya 'yanta a cikin wasiyyarsa ta ƙarshe . [1] Bugu da ƙari, mahaifiyar Nellie dangi ce ga West Ford, wani mulatto da aka 'yanta kuma ana kyautata zaton ɗan George Washington ne. [2] Daga saninsa na kansa, West Ford ta sanar da Ƙungiyar Mata ta Mount Vernon game da cikin Mount Vernon Plantation don gyarawa daga baya. Ƙungiyar ta sayi Mount Vernon a shekarun 1850 don adanawa. [1]

A lokacin ƙuruciyarta, Nellie Quander ta halarci makarantun gwamnati na Washington, DC. Ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Miner Normal da girmamawa. An kafa ta a shekarar 1851 a matsayin Makarantar Normal for Coloured Girls don horar da malamai. Ta kuma yi noma.  Ta kasance mai himma sosai a cikin coci da rayuwar al'umma kuma mai kula da cocin Lincoln. 

## Jami'ar Howard
Lokacin da Quander ya shiga Jami'ar Howard, kashi 1/3 cikin 100 na 'yan Afirka Ba'amurke ne kawai da kashi 5% na fararen fata suka halarci kowace kwaleji.  Yayin da yake karatu a Jami'ar Howard, Quander ya kuma koyar da ɗalibai a Makarantar Garrison a tsarin makarantun gwamnati na Washington DC. 

A watan Yunin 1912, ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin fasaha, magna cum laude, a fannin tarihi, tattalin arziki, da kimiyyar siyasa . 

## Manazarta
Emma Paterson

**Emma Anne Paterson** ( *wacce aka haifa a* **Smith** ; 5 ga Afrilu 1848 &#x2013; 1 ga Disamba 1886) 'yar Birtaniya ce mai rajin kare hakkin mata kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin 'yan kasuwa .

## Rayuwa
An haifi Emma Anne Smith a Landan a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 1848, 'yar Henry Smith (ta mutu a shekara ta 1864), shugabar wata makaranta a St George Hanover Square,  da matarsa Emma Dockerill. 

A shekara ta 1867 ta zama mataimakiyar sakatare ta ƙungiyar maza masu aiki da ƙungiyar cibiya, inda ta sami ƙwarewar ƙungiyar ma'aikata. A watan Fabrairun 1872 ta fara aiki a ƙungiyar ƙasa don samun 'yancin mata a matsayin sakatariyarsu. Ta yi murabus daga muƙamin a shekara ta 1873, lokacin da ta auri Thomas Paterson (1835–1882), wani mai yin kabad na Scotland kuma mai sassaka itace wanda ke aiki a ƙungiyar maza masu aiki da ƙungiyar cibiya, wanda ya shirya bikin baje kolin ma'aikata na duniya a zauren noma a shekara ta 1870. Ma'auratan sun yi dogon hutun amarci a Amurka. 

A shekara ta 1874 Paterson ta kafa Kungiyar Kariya da Kula da Mata, da nufin kirkirar kungiyoyin kwadago a duk sana'o'in da mata masu aiki ke nunawa. Kungiyar Mata Masu Makamai ta New York ce ta ba da shawarar wannan makircin. Paterson ta kasance sakatariyar girmamawa kuma mai shirya Kungiyar Mata har zuwa mutuwarta. [1] Mambobin Kungiyar Mata sun hada da Helena Shearer . [2] Mambobin sun kasance maza da mata masu tsakiya da ke da sha'awar sake fasalin zamantakewa, waɗanda ke son ilimantar da mata a cikin ƙungiyar kwadago da kuma tallafawa kafa ƙungiyoyin kwadago.[1] Tare da wannan rukuni ta taimaka wajen shirya yajin aiki a Dewsbury na masu saƙa.

Bisa ga shawarar Paterson, an kafa irin wannan ƙungiya a Bristol, mai suna Ƙungiyar Mata Masu Aiki ta Ƙasa .  Paterson ta jaddada muhimmancin mata a cikin ƙungiyar kwadago kuma ƙungiyarta da farko an yi niyya ne don kafa ƙungiyoyin kwadago na mata kawai. Wannan ya faru ne saboda adawar wasu ƙungiyoyin kwadago na gargajiya, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu suka yi imanin cewa bai kamata mata su yi aiki ba.

## Manazarta
Carola Woerishoffer

**Emma Carola Woerishoffer** (Agusta 1885 - Satumba 11, 1911) 'Yar fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ce kuma ma'aikaciyar sulhu ta Amurka.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Emma Carola Woerishoffer a birnin New York, 'yar ma'aikacin banki ɗan ƙasar Jamus Charles Frederick Woerishoffer da Anna Uhl Woerishoffer.  Kakarta 'yar jarida ce kuma mai taimakon jama'a Anna Ottendorfer . A shekara ta 1886, mahaifinta ya rasu, ya bar mata gado mai yawa. Ta halarci Makarantar Brearley da Kwalejin Bryn Mawr, tana karatun tattalin arziki da falsafa. 

## Ƙungiyoyin fafutuka
Bayan kammala karatun jami'a a shekarar 1907, Woerishoffer ta zama mazauniya kuma memba a kwamitin manajoji a matsugunin Greenwich House . [1] Ta dauki nauyin Kwamitin Cinkoson Jama'a, da kuma Nunin Cinkoson Jama'a na New York (1908). Ta shiga Kungiyar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Mata kuma ta ba da gudummawar dubban mutane ga aikinsu; tana aiki a Kungiyar Masu Amfani da Kaya ta New York, tana gudanar da Shagon Lakabi na League; a shekarar 1909 a ɓoye a matsayin mai wanki na tsawon watanni huɗu, don tattara bayanai kan yanayin aiki mai haɗari. Ta ba da shaida game da abubuwan da ta fuskanta a gaban kwamitin jihar New York kan ma'aikata daga baya a wannan shekarar. Ta shiga yajin aikin saka riga na New York na shekarar 1909, tare da rakiyar masu yajin aiki da aka kama zuwa kotu; an kiyasta cewa ta biya belin mata sama da 200 masu yajin aiki, kuma ta ba da gudummawa ga asusun yajin aikin kungiyar. [2]

## Aiki da mutuwa
A shekarar 1910, kuɗin Woerishoffer ya taimaka wajen kafa Ofishin Masana'antu da Shige da Fice na Jihar New York. Ta ci jarrabawar Ma'aikatar Jama'a don yin aiki a matsayin mai bincike na musamman ga ofishin. Ta kasance wani ɓangare na binciken da aka yi bayan gobarar Triangle Shirtwaist Factory . Yayin da take tafiya zuwa sansanin aiki don aikinta a 1911, ta mutu a wani hatsarin mota kusa da Cannonsville, New York .  Tana da shekaru 26.  Daga cikin masu jawabi a bikin tunawa da Woerishoffer akwai Edwin Robert Anderson Seligman, Florence Kelley, Helen Marot, Mary Kingsbury Simkhovitch, George McAneny, da M. Carey Thomas . A shekara mai zuwa, abokan karatunta na Bryn Mawr da Ida M. Tarbell sun taru suka buga tarihin rayuwarta ga Woerishoffer.  Gidanta ya ba da gudummawar dala 750,000 ga ɗalibar makarantarta;  an yi amfani da shi don kafa sashen digiri na biyu na Bryn Mawr na Tattalin Arziki da Binciken Jama'a.  

Her nephew was art collector Antoine Seilern.

## Manazarta
Lillian Wald

**Lillian D. Wald** (Maris 10, 1867 - Satumba 1, 1940  ) ma'aikaciyar jinya ce 'yar Amurka, mai ba da agaji kuma marubuciya. Ta yi fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma ta fara aikin jinya a cikin al'umma na Amurka.  Ta kafa matsugunin Henry Street a birnin New York kuma ta kasance mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ma'aikatan jinya a makarantun gwamnati.

Bayan ta girma a Ohio da New York, Wald ta zama ma'aikaciyar jinya. Ta halarci makarantar likitanci na ɗan lokaci kuma ta fara koyar da azuzuwan kiwon lafiya na al'umma. Bayan kafa matsugunin Henry Street, ta zama mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata da tsiraru. Ta yi fafutukar neman 'yancin zaɓe kuma ta ba da shawarar haɗa kan launin fata. Ta shiga cikin kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci Gaban Mutane Masu Launi (NAACP).

Lillian Wald ma'aikaciyar jinya ce kuma mai fafutukar kawo sauyi a zamantakewa wadda ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa aikin jinya a fannin kiwon lafiyar jama'a a Amurka. Ta jaddada muhimmancin aikin jinya a fannin al'umma, ilimin tsafta, da kuma rigakafin cututtuka, wadanda suka zama muhimman ka'idoji a aikin jinya na zamani. 

Wald ya mutu a shekara ta 1940 yana da shekaru 73.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Wald a cikin wani iyali mai arziki  na likitancin Jamus da Yahudawa a Cincinnati, Ohio . Iyayenta sune Max D. Wald da Minnie (Schwarz) Wald.  Mahaifinta dillalin gani ne. A shekarar 1878, ta ƙaura tare da iyalinta zuwa Rochester, New York . Ta halarci Makarantar Kula da Yara ta Miss Cruttenden ta Turanci-Faransa. Ta nemi shiga Kwalejin Vassar tana da shekaru 16, amma makarantar ta yi tunanin cewa ta yi ƙarama. A shekarar 1889, ta halarci Makarantar Kula da Yara ta Asibitin New York . Ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Horar da Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Asibitin New York a shekarar 1891, sannan ta yi kwasa-kwasan a Kwalejin Likitancin Mata. 

## Aikin jinya

Wald ta yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a Asibitin Yara na New York (wanda yanzu haka yake Ƙauyen Yara), wani gidan marayu inda yanayi ya yi muni. A shekarar 1893, ta bar makarantar likitanci ta fara koyar da azuzuwan kula da tsofaffi ga iyalai matalauta a Lower East Side na Birnin New York a Makarantar Fasaha ta Hebrew ga 'Yan Mata . Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ta fara kula da marasa lafiya mazauna Lower East Side a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya. Tare da wata ma'aikaciyar jinya, Mary Brewster, ta ƙaura zuwa wani ɗaki mai kama da na'urar jinya kusa da majinyata domin ta kula da su sosai. A lokacin, ta ƙirƙiro kalmar " ma'aikaciyar jinya ta lafiyar jama'a " don bayyana ma'aikatan jinya waɗanda aikinsu ya haɗa da al'ummar jama'a. 

Wald ta yi kira ga a yi wa ma'aikatan jinya hidima a makarantun gwamnati. Ra'ayoyinta sun sa Hukumar Lafiya ta New York ta tsara tsarin kula da ma'aikatan jinya na farko a duniya. Jagorancin ma'aikatan jinya na Wald shi ma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen jagorantar New York ta shawo kan annobar mura ta Spain ta 1918. A lokacin annobar, ta jagoranci Majalisar Gaggawa ta Ma'aikatan Jinya, wadda ta samar da kulawar jinya ga iyalai marasa lafiya a gidajensu. [1]

## Manazarta