open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Laura Andreson

**Laura Andreson** (1902 San Bernardino – 16 ga Agusta, 1999 Los Angeles ) ƙwararren mai zane-zanen yumbu ne na Amurka kuma mai koyarwa a Jami'ar California Los Angeles . 

## Rayuwa da aiki
Andreson ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin ilimi a Jami'ar California, Los Angeles a shekarar 1932. Ta kammala digirinta na farko a fannin ilimi a Jami'ar Columbia a shekarar 1937 ta hanyar wani shiri mai zurfi na bazara. [1] Andreson ta koyar a sashen fasaha a Jami'ar California, Los Angeles daga 1933 zuwa 1970. Ta kafa shirin zane-zane a jami'ar a shekarar 1933 ta hanyar sashen ilimi na fasaha. [2] Wannan shirin yana daya daga cikin irinsa na farko a Amurka kuma na farko a Yammacin Amurka. Andreson ya kasance babban tasiri ga zane-zane a Amurka a karni na ashirin. Lokacin da Andreson ta fara aikinta, akwai karancin bayanai na fasaha da ake da su, wanda hakan ya haifar da jajircewarta ta tsawon rai wajen gwaji da zane-zane da yumbu. Ana yaba wa Andreson da kirkirar sabbin fasahohin zane-zane da dabarun harbi. [3] Andreson ta sami babban nasara a farkon aikinta. A shekarar 1937 ta baje kolin kayan tarihi na Rena Rosenthal da ke New York, kuma a shekarar 1940 ta yi baje kolin ayyukanta a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Honolulu . A shekarar 1946, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani ya sayi wani ɓangare na ayyukanta don tarin kayansu na dindindin; wannan shine ɗaya daga cikin kayan fasaha na farko da masu fasaha masu rai suka yi da aka saya don tarin kayan tarihi. [2] An yaba wa Andreson da koyar da ɗalibai sama da 5,000 yayin da yake UCLA. [4]

## Manazarta
Winslow Anderson

**Winslow George Anderson** (17 ga Mayu, 1917 - 10 ga Disamba, 2007) ɗan Amurka ne mai zane, mai zane, mai gyaran yumbu, kuma mai zanen gilashi daga Plymouth, Massachusetts . Anderson ya kammala karatunsa a Makarantar Ceramics ta Jami'ar Alfred, kuma babban mai zanen gilashi ne na Kamfanin Gilashin Blenko na West Virginia (1946-1953) kuma darektan zane na Lenox China and Crystal, wanda ke Trenton, New Jersey (1953-1979). Ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa a rayuwarsa, ciki har da Gidajen Tarihi na Art na Zamani . Gidajen tarihi a faɗin Amurka sun nuna kuma sun tattara ayyukansa, ciki har da Gidan Tarihi na Baltimore, Cooper Hewitt, Gidan Tarihi na Smithsonian, Gidan Tarihi na Metropolitan, Gidan Tarihi na Modern Art, da Gidan Tarihi na Solomon R. Guggenheim .

## Shekarun farko
An haifi Anderson a Plymouth, Massachusetts, ɗan Marguerite Paula Rogers (1893 - 1972) da George J. Anderson, waɗanda suka sake aure a wani lokaci a cikin shekarun 1930, Anderson kuma yana tare da mahaifiyarsa. [1] Ya girma yana tuƙa ruwa kusa da Plymouth da Long Island Sound, kuma ƙaunarsa ga jiragen ruwa da yin tafiya a kan ruwa ta kasance muhimmiyar tasiri ga kyawun ƙirarsa. Ya bayyana cewa tun yana matashi zai shafe sa'o'i yana zana jiragen ruwa da gina samfura kuma yana sha'awar halayen salon layinsu masu laushi da lanƙwasa. [2] Anderson ya kuma yi sha'awar kayan tarihi da aka nuna a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa a shagunan garinsu, inda ya lura da,

## Ilimi
Tun yana ƙarami, ya fara karatunsa a Plymouth Pottery da ke kusa (inda ya yi aiki kimanin 1937–40) bayan shekaru da dama na aiki daban-daban, inda nan da nan ya bayyana wa ma'aikatansa cewa yana da baiwar sana'ar hannu. Wata ƙungiyar tsofaffin ɗalibai daga Jami'ar Alfred waɗanda suka ga tukwanen tukwanensa a ziyarar da suka kai Plymouth ta ƙarfafa shi sosai ya nemi shiga Makarantar Ceramics ta jami'ar.  Manufar makarantar ita ce ƙirƙirar masu zane-zane na masana'antu don Amurka, musamman ga Jihar New York. A Jami'ar Alfred Anderson ya bunƙasa a cikin yanayin da malaman suka ƙirƙira. A watan Fabrairun 1941 ya haɗu da farfesa, Charles Harder (1899 - 1959), da wasu zaɓaɓɓun ɗaliban wasu a kan tafiya don ziyarta (da koyo daga) tukwanen tukwane na kudancin da ke Erwin, Tennessee.  Yayin da yake Alfred ya kuma yi karatu tare da ƙwararren mai tukwane na Japan, Shōji Hamada (1894 - 1978), wanda aka san shi da samo duk kayansa a gida.  Bayan ɗan lokaci kaɗan da fara karatunsa, Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ya ɓarke, kuma Anderson ya sami kansa a cikin Soja.

## Manazarta
Nadia Valavani

**Olga-Nadia Valavani** (Girkanci; an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1954)  'yar siyasa ce kuma masanin tattalin arziki. An nada ta a matsayin Mataimakin Ministan Kudi a cikin majalisar ministocin Alexis Tsipras a ranar 27 ga watan Janairun 2015. Ta yi murabus daga wannan rawar a ranar 15 ga Yulin 2015, kafin wani muhimmin zabe a kan sharuddan kunshin ceto a majalisar dokokin Hellenic.

Ta kasance memba na Siriya na Majalisar Hellenic tun watan Mayu na shekara ta 2012, amma ta sauya sheka zuwa Popular Unity a watan Satumbar shekara ta 2015. 

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
Valavani daliba ce a Iraklio a lokacin gwamnatin soja ta Girka, kuma ta shiga cikin ayyukan adawa da mulkin mallaka a karkashin jagorancin Matasan Kwaminisanci na Girka (KNE) da Jam'iyyar Kwaminisancin Girka (KKE), wanda aka ɗaure ta a wurare daban-daban, gami da tsawon watanni biyar a cikin kurkuku. A watan Yulin 1974 bayan ƙarshen mulkin kama-karya, an sake ta daga gidan yarin Korydallos, inda ta koma karatunta. Valavani ta kammala karatu a Jami'ar Tattalin Arziki da Kasuwanci ta Athens . [1]

## Ayyukan sana'a
Valavani ya yi aiki a kamfanin inshora na tsawon shekaru 29, kuma daga 1996 zuwa 2005 ya kasance darektan otal a tsibirin Crete.

## Ayyukan siyasa
Valavani ta shiga cikin ayyukan KKE da KNE a lokacin da yanayin siyasa ya fi haƙuri bayan canjin mulkin, wanda ya ba ta damar tafiya ko'ina cikin Turai da Amurka. Ta bar KKE a shekarar 1989, ba ta yarda da shawarar da ta yanke na yin aiki a cikin gwamnatin hadin kan Tzannis Tzannetakis ba.

A shekara ta 2007 an gayyace ta ta shiga Siriya, kuma ta taimaka wajen shirya ayyukanta a tsibirin Krita. A shekara ta 2009, ta yi takarar Athens B don Syriza kuma ta rasa a cikin wani zabe mai wahala, daga baya ta ba da kanta ga kamfen don Syriza, tana aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane, marubucin litattafai, da shirya tarurruka yayin da take tattaunawa da wasu kungiyoyin hagu da kuma rubuta ra'ayoyi don jaridu daban-daban na hagu da na tsakiya. 

An fara zabar Valavani a majalisar dokokin Hellenic wakiltar Athens B don Syriza a watan Mayu 2012; an sake zabar ta a watan Yuni 2012 kuma a Zaben Janairu 2015. 

## Manazarta
Aristeidis Stergiadis

**Aristeidis Stergiadis** (Girkanci: ; 1861 - 22 Yuni 1949) ya kasance babban kwamishinan Girka, ko gwamnan janar, na Smyrna a lokacin da Girka ta mamaye birnin daga 1919 zuwa 1922.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Stergiadis a shekara ta 1861, a Kandiye (Heraklion), Ottoman Crete, Ottoman Empire . An nada shi Babban Kwamishinan Smyrna a watan Fabrairu, kuma ya isa birnin kwana hudu bayan saukowar 15 ga Mayu 1919. Nan da nan ya tafi aiki wajen kafa gwamnati, sauƙaƙe tashin hankali na kabilanci, da kuma yin shirye-shirye don mamaye Smyrna na dindindin. Ya hukunta sojojin Girka da ke da alhakin tashin hankali a ranar 15-16 ga Mayu tare da kotun soja, kuma ya kirkiro kwamiti don yanke shawara kan biyan bashin wadanda abin ya shafa (wanda ya kunshi wakilan daga Burtaniya, Faransa, Italiya da sauran abokan tarayya). 

Lokacin da Faransanci suka ba da Cilicia ga Turks a cikin 1921 a ƙarƙashin sharuddan Yarjejeniyar Ankara (1921) , Faransanci sun janye kariya daga yawan Armeniya da Girka. An kiyasta cewa Rûm 6,500 ya bar Cilicia a sakamakon haka. An kai wasu daga cikin 'yan gudun hijira zuwa Cyprus, amma Birtaniya za ta karɓi' yan gudun hijira da ke riƙe da' yan ƙasar Burtaniya ko waɗanda ke da dangi a tsibirin. An aika sauran zuwa Smyrna, sai kawai suka gano cewa Stergiadis ba zai ba da izinin saukowar 'yan gudun hijira ba.

Stergiadis ya tsaya tsayayya da nuna bambanci ga yawan mutanen Turkiyya a Smyrna, kuma ya yi adawa da shugabannin coci da yawan mutanen Girka a lokuta da yawa. Masana tarihi ba su yarda da ko wannan matsayi ne na gaske game da nuna bambanci ba [1[1] kuma wani yunkuri ne na gabatar da kyakkyawan hangen nesa game da aikin ga Entente. [2[2] adawa da nuna bambanci ga yawan mutanen Turkiyya sau da yawa ya sanya Stergiadis a kan yawan mutanen Girka, coci da sojoji. An ruwaito cewa zai ɗauki sanda a cikin garin wanda zai doke Helenawa waɗanda ke cin zarafin 'yan ƙasar Turkiyya. Sojoji za su yi watsi da umarninsa don kada su yi wa mutanen Turkiyya zalunci, sau da yawa suna sanya shi cikin rikici da sojoji. A ranar 14 ga watan Yulin 1919, mukaddashin sakataren kasashen waje ya aika da dogon sakon waya ga Venizelos yana ba da shawarar cewa a cire Stergiadis, yana rubuta cewa "Rashin lafiyarsa ya kai ga ƙarshe. " Venizelus ya makale da goyon bayan Stergiadis duk da wannan adawa, yayin da na ƙarshe ya kula da ayyukan da yawa da ke shirin gwamnatin Girka ta dindindin ta Smyrna. [2][2]

A wani lokaci, Stergiadis ya katse kuma ya kawo karshen wa'azin da bishop Chrysostomos ya yi wanda ya yi imanin cewa yana da wuta. George Horton ya rubuta cewa: 

## Manazarta
Dimitris Vlantas

**Dimitiris Vlantas** (Girkanci; 1908 - 1985) ya kasance sakataren Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Girka (KKE) a tsibirin Krita daga 1944 zuwa 1946, kuma janar ne ke kula da Sojojin Democrat na Girka a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Grammos da Vitsi a ƙarshen Yaƙin basasar Girka .

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Dimitris Vlantas, wanda aka fi sani da Dimitris Blandas, a shekara ta 1908 a Marathos, tsibirin Krita .  Tun yana ƙarami, ya shiga ƙungiyar Matasan Kwaminisanci na Girka (OKNE). A shekara ta 1924 ya shiga kwamitin tsakiya na OKNE kuma a shekara ta 1932 ya shiga politburo.

## Ayyukan siyasa a Girka
Bayan da Nikos Zachariadis ya hango shi ya shiga wasu manyan jami'ai. A cikin 1936, gwamnatin Ioannis Metaxas ta haramta Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Girka kuma an daure Dimitris Vlantas a Nafplio .  Ya tsere daga kurkuku a shekara ta 1940.

A shekara ta 1947 ya zama memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Politburo ta Girka . A watan Janairun 1948 an nada shi ministan noma a cikin gwamnatin Democrat ta wucin gadi karkashin jagorancin kwaminisanci a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Girka . 

## Yaƙin basasa
A lokacin ƙarshen yakin basasa, Zachariadis da Vlantas sun sake haɗa sauran dakarun a cikin sansanonin Grammos da Vitsi, karkashin umarnin Dimitris Vlantas.[1] Enver Hoxha [1] ya kalli wannan dabarar ba kamar yadda ya fada a taronsa na 4 tare da Joseph Stalin inda ya ambaci: "Aboki Vlantas ya yi imanin cewa abokan gaba za su jagoranci babban hari kan Gramos ba a kan Vitsi ba, saboda 'Gramos ba shi da ƙarfi, saboda yana kan iyaka da Albania, kuma abokan gaba, bayan ya ci mu a can, zai juya ya kai mana hari a Vitsi, saboda yana tunanin zai iya hallaka mu a can can, tunda yana fada a Gramos kuma yaƙi da manyan sojojinmu a kan Vithi.

Lalle ne yakin Grammos, wanda aka fi sani da Operation Pyrsos ya tabbatar da cin nasara.

## Manazarta
Georgios Voulgarakis

**Georgios Voulgarakis** (Girkanci: ; an haife shi 4 Yuni 1959) ɗan siyasan Girka ne kuma tsohon Ministan Kasuwancin Ruwa, Tekun Aegean da Manufofin Tsibirin .

An haifi Voulgarakis ne a tsibirin Karita  kuma tana da digiri na biyu a fannin Kasuwancin Siyasa da Sadarwa daga Jami'ar Athens . Shi memba ne na jam'iyyar New Democracy . An zabe shi a majalisa daga mazabar Athens A' Election Area tun daga zaben 'yan majalisa na Yuni 1989 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Ministan Muhalli, Shirye-shiryen Yankin da Ayyukan Jama'a daga 3 ga Disamba 1992 zuwa 12 ga Oktoba 1993. Ya kasance Ministan Harkokin Jama'a a cikin gwamnatin Firayim Minista Costas Karamanlis daga 10 Maris 2004,  a lokacin wahala na Wasannin Olympics na Athens 2004, har zuwa sake fasalin majalisar a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 2006, lokacin da aka nada shi Ministan Al'adu a maimakon haka. An yi la'akari da wannan a matsayin raguwa a cikin wani abin kunya na wayar tarho.

Wani mai gabatar da kara na Girka ya goyi bayan ikirarin da wani rukuni na mutanen Pakistan suka yi cewa jami'an leken asiri na Girka da na Burtaniya sun sace su bayan hare-haren London. Georgios Voulgarakis ya musanta duk wani shiga amma babban jam'iyyar adawa ta PASOK da Kungiyoyin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam sun yi kira da Voulgaraki ya yi murabus daga mukamin ministocinsa.

Bayan nasarar da Sabon Dimokuradiyya ya samu a zaben 'yan majalisa na Satumba 2007, an tura Voulgarakis daga matsayinsa na Ministan Al'adu don zama Ministan Kasuwancin Ruwa, Tekun Aegean da Manufofin Tsibirin a cikin majalisar ministocin da aka rantsar a ranar 19 ga Satumba 2007. [undefined][2] Ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin shine hayar wani ɓangare na tashar jiragen ruwa na Piraeus zuwa Cosco Pacific na kasar Sin.[3] A ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2008 Ministan Voulgarakis ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa, ta hanyar tawali'u, saboda sunan matarsa yana da hannu a cikin shari'ar (musayar ƙasa) na gidan ibada na Vatopedi a Dutsen Athos . Bayan shekaru 2 na bincike na shari'a, Majalisar Girka kuma musamman abokan adawar siyasa na Voulgarakis (jam'iyyar PASOK) sun wanke shi da hannu a wannan shari'ar (Nuwamba 2010). [1]

Bayan nasarar da Sabon Dimokuradiyya ya samu a zaben 'yan majalisa na Satumba 2007, an tura Voulgarakis daga matsayinsa na Ministan Al'adu don zama Ministan Kasuwancin Ruwa, Tekun Aegean da Manufofin Tsibirin a cikin majalisar ministocin da aka rantsar a ranar 19 ga Satumba 2007.  Ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin shine hayar wani ɓangare na tashar jiragen ruwa na Piraeus zuwa Cosco Pacific na kasar Sin. A ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2008 Ministan Voulgarakis ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa, ta hanyar tawali'u, saboda sunan matarsa yana da hannu a cikin shari'ar (musayar ƙasa) na gidan ibada na Vatopedi a Dutsen Athos . Bayan shekaru 2 na bincike na shari'a, Majalisar Girka kuma musamman abokan adawar siyasa na Voulgarakis (jam'iyyar PASOK) sun wanke shi da hannu a wannan shari'ar (Nuwamba 2010). 

## Manazarta
Napoleon Soukatzidis

**Napoleon Soukatzidis** (Girkanci; 1909 - 1 ga Mayu, 1944) ya kasance ɗan Kwaminisanci na Girka, 'Yan kungiyar kwadago kuma ɗaya daga cikin fursunoni 200 da aka kashe a filin harbi na Kaisariani ta sojojin Nazi a ranar 1 ga Mayu.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Napoleon Soukatzidis a Bursa, Daular Ottoman (Turkiya ta zamani) a cikin 1909 ga dangin kabilun Girka. Bayan cin nasarar Girka a yakin Girka da Turkiyya na 1919-1922, da kuma musayar yawan jama'a da ta biyo baya, shi da iyalinsa sun zauna a tsibirin Karita, a yankin Arkalochori, kusa da Heraklion. Ya yi karatun kasuwanci kuma ya zama mai lissafi. Soukatzidis yana da harsuna da yawa kuma yana magana da Rasha, Turanci, Jamusanci, Faransanci da Turkiyya. Ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Girka (KKE), kuma shugaban kungiyar kwadago ta ma'aikatan shagon Heraklion. Saboda gwagwarmayarsa ta ƙungiyar, a cikin 1936 mulkin kama-karya na Ioannis Metaxas ya kama shi kuma ya tura shi gudun hijira zuwa tsibirin Agios Efstratios (Ai Stratis).

## Fitarwa da ɗaurin kurkuku
A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1937, an tura Soukatzidis daga Agios Efstratios zuwa kurkukun Acronauplia . Bayan mika Girka ga Axis a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1941, an mika shi da daruruwan wasu fursunonin siyasa ga sojojin Jamus. Daga baya aka tura shi kurkuku na Trikala da Larissa kuma daga ƙarshe ya ƙare a sansanin Haidari a Athens. A can, saboda ilimin Jamusanci, an sanya shi mai fassara.

## Kashewa
A ranar 27 ga Afrilu 1944, an kashe janar Janar Franz Krech na Jamus, kwamandan 41st Fortress Division, a wani kwanton bauna da magoya bayan kwaminisanci ELAS suka yi kusa da Molaoi. A matsayin fansa, a ranar 30 ga Afrilu hukumomin Jamus sun ba da umarnin kashe fursunonin siyasa ɗari biyu da aka tsare a Haidari. An tsara jerin sunayen da suka mutu a hedikwatar Gestapo a titin Merlin. Soukatzidis yana kiran sunayen wadanda za a harbe su lokacin da ya karanta sunansa daga jerin. Kwamandan sansanin Jamus Lieutenant Karl Fischer ya gaya masa ya kasance a matsayinsa. Soukatzidis ya tambayi Fischer ko matsayinsa zai kasance babu kowa. Fischer ya amsa cewa umarninsa shine a harbe shi da ɗari biyu, don haka Soukatzidis ya bar mukaminsa ya shiga cikin waɗanda aka yanke musu hukuncin mutuwa. Shi da abokan aikinsa an tura su a kan manyan motoci zuwa filin harbi na Kaisariani kuma an kashe su a cikin rukuni na 20 ta hanyar harbi a asubahi na 1 ga Mayu 1944 . [1][2]

## Kyauta
Wani mutum-mutumi na Soukatzidis yana tsaye a Archalochori kuma titin da ke cikin unguwar Haidari yana ɗauke da sunansa. 

Fim din 2017 The Last Note na Pantelis Voulgaris ya nuna hadayar Soukatzidis. Dan wasan Girka Andreas Konstantinou ne ya buga shi.

## Manazarta
Giritli Sırrı Pasha

**Giritli Sırrı Pasha** ("Sırrı Pasha the Cretan") ya kasance mai gudanarwa na Ottoman na ƙarni na 19 kuma ɗan haruffa na asalin Turkish Cretan .

An haife shi a shekara ta 1844 a Kandiye, Crete, Daular Ottoman a matsayin ɗan Helvacızade Salih Tosun Efendi . Ya fara ne a matsayin magatakarda a cikin mulkin Ottoman na yankin a tsibirin Crete kuma daga baya ya zo Istanbul, yana neman ilimi tare da takamaiman jaddada addini. Da yake hawa ta hanyar matsayi, ya yi aiki a matsayin gwamnan Trabzon, Kastamonu, Ankara, Sivas da Baghdad, kuma an lura da shi a matsayin mai gudanarwa mai nasara.

Ya wallafa rubuce-rubucensa na mutum da siyasa a ƙarƙashin taken "Littattafan Sırrı Paşa" (Mektubat-ı Sırrı Paşá). Duk da haka wani tarin shi ne sharhinsa (tefsir) na ayoyi daban-daban na Alkur'ani, waɗanda aka haɗa a ƙarƙashin taken Sırr-ı Kur'an (asirin Alkur'an), Sırr-ě mahaukaci, Sırr-ī Tenzil, Sırr'ı Meryem da Ahsenü'l-Kasas. Na ƙarshe musamman, a kan taken labarun Yusufu da Yakubu, ya kasance aikin bincike a cikin wallafe-wallafen Turkiyya.

Sırrı Pasha ta auri mawaki da mawaƙa Leyla Saz, kuma ita ce mahaifin Vedat Tek, wani mutum ne mai ban sha'awa na gine-ginen Turkiyya.

Ya mutu yana da ƙuruciya a shekara ta 1895.

## Tushe

* Gidauniyar Bincike ta Ottoman  An adana ta 2011-09-28 a  (a cikin Turkiyya)
Miltiadis Marinakis

**Miltiadis Marinakis** (15 Satumba 1930 - 27 Αpril 1999) ya kasance mai mallakar jirgin ruwa kuma ɗan siyasa na Girka. 

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Miltiadis Marinakis a Heraklion a tsibirin Girka na tsibirin tsibirin tsibiri kuma ɗan ɗan kasuwa ne na yankin Apostolos Marinakis . Ya girma a cikin iyali mai arziki, wanda ke da ɗayan sanannun masana'antu a tsibirin, wanda ke yin karrarawa ga majami'u na Crete. A yau karrarawa har yanzu suna yin ado da cocin St. Minas a Heraklion da sauran majami'u a Sitia, Rethymno da Chania. Saboda shahararsa, kamfanin yana da fitarwa zuwa Italiya, Faransa, da Dalmatian Coast (musamman Trieste). A lokacin da Jamus ta mamaye WWII an kwace dukiyar iyali. Miltiadis Marinakis ya zama wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar adawa ta EAM da EPON.

Marinakis ma yana cikin harkokin wasanni. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da ɗan'uwansa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ergotelis da ke Crete. Daga baya ya zama mai hannun jari a Olympiacos F.C. Ya kasance mai kula da ƙungiyar polo kuma a shekarar 1979, tare da wasu masu jiragen ruwa goma, ya zama wani ɓangare na manajan Olympiacos, a matsayinsa na babban kwamandan sashin ƙwallon ƙafa. Daga baya, shi kaɗai ne, tare da Loucas Hajioannou, wanda bai sayar da rabonsa ga George Koskotas ba. Ya kasance ƙwararren mai leƙen asiri na ƙungiyar, yayin da ya gano Nikos Vamvakoulas kuma ya ba shi kyauta ga ƙungiyar, yayin da ya zaɓi Nikos Sarganis a matsayin mai tsaron gida na farko na ƙungiyar.[1] [dead link]

Ya auri Eirini Marinaki (née Karakatsani) kuma yana da ɗa, Evangelos Marinakis . 

## Manazarta
Clayton Bailey

**Clayton George Bailey** (9 ga Maris, 1939 - 6 ga Yuni, 2020), wani mai fasaha ne ɗan Amurka wanda ya yi aiki a fannin sassaka na yumbu da ƙarfe .

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Clayton George Bailey a ranar 9 ga Maris, 1939, a Antigo, Wisconsin .  A makarantar sakandare ya haɗu da matar da zai aura, mai zane Betty Joan Graveen ( Betty G. Bailey ). 

Bailey ya halarci Jami'ar Wisconsin–Madison, inda ya sami digirin BS a shekarar 1961, sannan ya sami digirin MS a fannin Fasaha da Ilimin Fasaha a shekarar 1962.  A shekarar 1962, Bailey ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin fasaha ga Harvey Littleton, wanda ke gudanar da tarurrukan bita na busar da gilashi a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Toledo .

## Sana'a
A cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa, Bailey ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙasar yana karɓar gayyata don koyarwa, daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Jama'a da ke St. Louis, Missouri zuwa mukamai a Jami'ar Iowa, da Jami'ar South Dakota . A wannan lokacin Bailey ya sami tallafin Louis Comfort Tiffany (1963), kuma an naɗa shi mai fasaha a Jami'ar Wisconsin-Whitewater, inda ya koyar da tukwane na tsawon shekaru uku masu zuwa. 

Bisa buƙatar Robert Arneson, Bailey ya koyar da azuzuwan Arneson a Jami'ar California, Davis yayin da Arneson ke hutu a 1967. A shekarar 1968, Bailey ya ƙaura zuwa arewacin California, inda ya zama babban mutum a cikin tsarin yumbu na ƙungiyar fasaha ta Funk ta yankin, wanda Arneson ya jagoranta. Yawancin ayyukan fasaha na Funk sun mayar da hankali ne kan UC Davis, inda wasu fitattun mutane a cikin ƙungiyar ( Roy De Forest, Manuel Neri, William T. Wiley, David Gilhooly, Chris Unterseher, Margaret Dodd) ko dai sun koyar, ko kuma sun halarci azuzuwan. [1]

Babban wurin nuna zane-zane na Funk shine a Candy Store Gallery, wanda ke kusa da Folsom, California, inda Bailey ke gabatar da ayyuka akai-akai a cikin mahallin wasan kwaikwayo na mutum ɗaya da na rukuni. 

A shekarar 1968, Bailey ya fara koyarwa a Jami'ar Jihar California, Hayward (wanda yanzu Jami'ar Jihar California ce, East Bay ). Ya yi ritaya daga wannan mukamin a watan Yunin 1996, tare da muƙamin Farfesa Emeritus of Ceramics. 

## Manazarta
Margarete Bagshaw

**Margarete Bagshaw** (11 ga Nuwamba, 1964 - 19 ga Maris, 2015) ƙwararriyar mai fasaha 'yar Amurka ce da aka san ta da zane-zane da tukwane. Ta fito ne daga zuriyar mutanen Tewa na K'apovi ko Kha'p'oo Owinge, Santa Clara Pueblo, New Mexico. 

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Margarete Bagshaw a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 1964, kuma ita ce 'yar mai zane Helen Hardin da Pat Terrazas, kuma jikar Santa Clara Pueblo artist Pablita Velarde .  

Bagshaw ta girma a New Mexico kuma ta rayu mafi yawan rayuwarta tsakanin Albuquerque da Santa Fe, amma tun tana ƙarama tana zaune tare da mahaifiyarta tsawon shekaru da yawa a Colombia da Guatemala . 

Ta auri Greg Tindel tana da shekaru 19, ƙwararren mai tsara zane. [1] Ba ta fara ƙirƙirar zane-zanenta ba sai a shekarar 1990, tana da shekaru 26, yayin da take da ciki da ɗanta na biyu. [2] [3] A farkon aikinta na mai zane, mijinta Tindel ya ƙarfafa ta ta raba zane-zanenta da wasu. [3] Bagshaw ya fara samun ƙarin kwarin gwiwa a aikinta na mai zane, bayan da aka samu wasu amsoshi masu kyau. [3]

## Aikin fasaha
A shekara ta 2006, bayan ta saki kuma ta zauna a gidan kakarta, ta koma Tsibirin Virgin na Amurka, inda take zaune tare da mijinta na biyu Dan McGuinness.  Ta kasance abokiyar kafa kuma mai gina ISW Studios&nbsp;— wani ɗakin rikodi da watsa shirye-shirye.  Yayin da take a Tsibirin Virgin, ta ci gaba da yin zane da kuma aika ayyukanta zuwa New Mexico. 

## Manazarta
Arthur Eugene Baggs

**Arthur Eugene Baggs** (27 Oktoba 1886, Birnin New York - 15 Fabrairu 1947, Columbus ) ƙwararren masanin kimiyyar sinadarai ne kuma mai tukwane na Amurka .

Ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Charles Fergus Binns a Jami'ar Alfred . A tsakanin 1904-05 ya kafa Marblehead Pottery a Marblehead, Massachusetts, kuma ya tsara jiragen ruwa a can har sai da aka rufe shi a 1936. A halin yanzu, ya yi aiki a matsayin masanin kimiyyar sinadarai a Cowan Pottery daga 1925 zuwa 1928. Daga 1928 ya koyar da tukwane a Jami'ar Jihar Ohio .

Aikin Baggs yana da siffofi masu sauƙi da launuka masu duhu da ƙasa. An san shi musamman saboda kayan dutse da aka yi da gishiri da gilashi .

## Ƙarin karatu

* Denker, Ellen Paul. "Baggs, Arthur Eugene." A cikin Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online, (an shiga Fabrairu 5, 2012; ana buƙatar biyan kuɗi).

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Aikin Arthur Eugene Baggs a cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha da Zane
* Cikakkun bayanai game da tarihin Arthur Eugene Baggs a shafin yanar gizon Marblehead Pottery
* Laburaren Tunawa da Arthur E. Baggs a Jami'ar Jihar Ohio
Ralph Bacerra

**Ralph Bacerra** (1938, Garden Grove, California - 10 ga Yuni, 2008) ƙwararren mai zane ne na yumbu kuma mai koyar da sana'a. Ya zauna kuma ya yi aiki a Los Angeles, California .

Daga 1959 zuwa 1961, Bacerra ɗalibi ne a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chouinard da ke Los Angeles, inda ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin fitaccen masanin yumbu da kuma malami Vivika Heino. Bacerra ya shiga Rundunar Sojan Amurka a 1961, ya dawo a 1963 don nemo matsayin shugabar sashen yumbu a Chouinard wanda Vivika Heino ta bar a buɗe. Bacerra ya riƙe wannan muƙamin a can daga 1963 zuwa 1971, a lokacin ne aka sake wa Chouinard suna Cibiyar Fasaha ta California kuma ya koma Valencia, California . Bayan wannan ƙaura a 1971, an cire sashen yumbu daga manhajar makarantar, kuma Bacerra ya tafi aiki na cikakken lokaci a ɗakin aikinsa. Ana yaba wa Bacerra da muhimmiyar fasahar kere-kere a fannin yumbu mai ci gaba, musamman wanda ya haifar da haɓaka saman murhu na Induction Stove Corporation wanda ke nuna amfani da induction na lantarki . Bacerra ya koma koyarwa a 1983, a wannan karon ya karɓi tayin daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Otis don zama shugaban sashen yumbu. An kafa wannan sashe a Otis ta hannun fitaccen mai fasaha Peter Voulkos . Bacerra shi ne shugaban wannan shirin har zuwa 1997. Tsarin koyarwarsa ya fi mayar da hankali kan haɓaka ƙwarewar fasaha da gogewa da kayan aiki fiye da batutuwan tunani. Yana da koda ɗaya kawai.

Zane-zanen Ralph Bacerra ana iya gane su ta hanyar amfani da launuka da bambanci sosai, wanda hakan ya samo asali ne daga wani tsari mai laushi da matakai da yawa na yin gilashi mai yawa. Hakanan an san shi da siffofi masu rikitarwa da rikitarwa na fasaha. Kayan adonsa ya samo asali ne daga tushen Asiya, musamman kayan Imari da Kutani na Japan, ƙananan kayan Farisa, da yumbu na Tang na China. Hotunan saman sassaka na Bacerra sun dogara ne akan ƙira kuma suna kwatantawa da dabarun grid na MC Escher da amfani da sarari mai kyau da mara kyau, da kuma fahimtar geometric da ƙirƙirar motsi da sarari da ke da alaƙa da Vassily Kandinsky. Bacerra ya dage kan rashin kwatancen:

"Ban taɓa tunanin aikina a cikin kalmomin bayan zamani ba. Amma ina tsammanin ta hanyoyi da yawa ya dace da ma'anar. Rubutuna sun dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin gargajiya kuma suna shiga cikin wasu abubuwan da suka dace da al'adu - a cikin tsari, a cikin ƙira, a cikin zaɓin gilashi. Duk da haka, aikina ba bayan zamani ba ne ta ma'anar cewa ba na yin wata magana - zamantakewa, siyasa, ra'ayi, har ma da na hankali. Babu ma'ana ko kwatanci. Na fi mai da hankali kan ra'ayin kyawun halitta. Ya kamata kayan da aka gama su zama kamar kayan ado, masu kyau sosai."

## Manazarta

*  
* 
*
Angela Baca

## Heading text
**Angela Tafoya Baca** (1927 - 2014) 'Yar asalin ƙasar Amurka ce wadda aka san ta da tukwane masu launin ja da baƙi, musamman kwanukan kankana da kwano waɗanda ke ɗauke da ƙirar ƙafafuwar beyar.  Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mafi daɗewa a cikin ayyukan tukwane a Santa Clara Pueblo da ke New Mexico .  Ta kasance memba na Tewa kuma mazaunin Santa Clara Pueblo.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Angela Tafoya Baca a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 1927, kuma 'yar Severa da Cleto Tafoya ce.  Gidanta na yarinta, wanda ke tsakiyar filin wasa a Santa Clara Pueblo, daga baya ya zama Merrock Galeria,  wanda ɗan uwanta Paul Speckled Rock ne kuma yake kula da shi.

Angela ta auri Jose Antonio "Tony" Baca, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin babban aji na soja a rundunar sojojin Amurka a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Ya yi aiki a Kamfanin Zia (wanda daga baya ya zama Johnson Controls), wanda ke ba da ayyukan tallafi ga dakin gwaje-gwaje na ƙasa na Los Alamos da ke Los Alamos, New Mexico . Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya 10, huɗu daga cikinsu (David, Darryl, Leona, da Alvin) sun zama fitattun maginan tukwane na Santa Clara Pueblo. [1] Angela Baca ta mutu a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 2014. [2] An binne ta a makabartar ƙasa ta Santa Fe .

## Manazarta
John Bennett (mai tukwane)

**John Bennett** (1840-1907) wani mai zane ne na yumbu ɗan ƙasar Birtaniya wanda ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa a Amurka. Ya shahara da kayan ado na yumbu masu ƙyalli tare da zane-zane na halitta.

## Sana'a
Bennett ya fito ne daga Burslem, Staffordshire. [1] A shekarun 1870, shi ne darektan "Lambeth faience", wato, sashen "fasaha" na dutse, a Doulton & Co. da ke Landan. [2] A kusan shekarar 1876, ya yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka kuma ya fara kasuwancinsa na yumbu a birnin New York. [2] Ba da daɗewa ba aka fara neman aikinsa saboda inganci da salon zane. [3] Ya rufe kasuwancin New York a shekarar 1882 kuma ya yi ritaya zuwa wata gona a West Orange, New Jersey, wani ɓangare don ya ƙara lokaci tare da iyalinsa. [2] An yi wa tukwane da ya yi a gonar alama "W. Orange - NJ". [2] Ya kuma koma ga zane da zane kuma ya ba da darussan fasaha na sirri. [2]

Kayan ƙasa na Bennett da aka yi da gilashi sun haɗa da tukwane da faranti, waɗanda galibi ana yi musu ado da launuka masu kyau, marasa daidaituwa na furanni da sauran siffofi daga yanayi. Salonsa yana da tasiri daga tukwane na gabas, Motsin Kyau, da kuma motsin Fasaha da Sana'o'i . 

## Manazarta
Alice R. Ballard

**Alice R. Ballard** (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga Yuni, 1945, Florence, South Carolina ) ƙwararriyar mai yin yumbu ce 'yar Amurka da ke zaune a Clover, South Carolina . Yawancin ayyukanta suna da alaƙa da nau'ikan kayan ƙasa na halitta na kwantena masu rufewa, tukwane masu tsini, faranti, kwalaye, tukwane masu shayi, totems, ƙananan ayyuka, tasoshin ruwa da kuma jerin abubuwan da take kira fararen aikinta. Yawancin ayyukanta an kammala su da terra sigillata .  Alice tana ɗaukar fasaharta a matsayin "nuni na dangantakarta da siffofi na halitta. Sau da yawa canjin siffofin yanayi ne, yayin da suke canzawa daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, wanda ke jan hankalinta zuwa wannan duniyar duniya wacce nau'ikan rayuwa daban-daban ke raba halaye iri ɗaya."  Kyawawan halayenta suna nuni da kwatancin uwa/yaro/ƙwai kuma suna bincika duniyar da ke jan hankali na mamaki da ban mamaki. 

Ballard ta sami digirinta na BS a fannin zane da kuma MFA a fannin zane daga Jami'ar Michigan a shekarar 1968. A bayyane yake cewa tarihinta a fannin zane yana da matuƙar muhimmanci yayin ƙawata saman da kayan yumbunta. Ballard tana amfani da kwalayen a matsayin zane mai girma uku ta amfani da terra sigallata domin yana tunatar da ita fenti sosai. Yayin da glaze yake a saman kamar icing a kan kek, da gaske tana son jaddada kek ɗin. 

Daga 1974 zuwa 2001, ta halarci tarurrukan bita da dama daga Makarantar Fasaha ta Penland da ke Penland, North Carolina . A shekarar 2004 ta yi tafiya ta kwanaki 40 zuwa China wanda Cibiyar Bincike ta Ƙasa da Ƙasa kan Fasahar Zane-zane ta Yumbu, Jami'ar West Virginia ta ɗauki nauyinsa. Ta kasance mai koyar da yumbu tun daga 1967, kuma tana da ayyukanta a gidajen tarihi da dama, ciki har da Gidan Tarihi na Blue Spiral da ke Asheville, North Carolina da kuma Gidan Tarihi na Renwick na Smithsonian American Art Museum da ke Washington DC, inda aka ƙara wani kayan zane mai launin fari mai suna "White Onion VII", a cikin tarin kayan tarihi na dindindin. [1]

## Manazarta
Ernest A. Batchelder

**Ernest Allan Batchelder** (Janairu 22, 1875 &#x2013; Agusta 6, 1957) wani ɗan fasaha ne kuma malami ɗan Amurka wanda ya mayar da Kudancin California gidansa a farkon ƙarni na 20. Ya ƙirƙiri tayal na zane-zane kuma ya kasance jagora a cikin Ƙungiyar Fasaha da Sana'o'in Amurka .

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Ernest Allan Batchelder a ranar 22 ga Janairu, 1875, a Nashua, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire.    A shekara ta 1894, Batchelder ya fara halartar azuzuwan a Makarantar Fasaha ta Al'ada ta Massachusetts (wanda yanzu ita ce Kwalejin Fasaha da Zane ta Massachusetts ), wadda aka kafa a shekara ta 1873 da nufin tallafawa Dokar Zane ta Massachusetts ta 1870 ta hanyar samar da malaman zane ga makarantun gwamnati da kuma horar da ƙwararrun masu fasaha, masu zane-zane, da masu zane-zane. A shekara ta 1899 ya sami takardar shaidar kammala karatunsa ta Ajin Makarantar Jama'a.  Batchelder ya zo Pasadena, California, a farkon shekarun 1900 don koyarwa, kuma ya zama darektan sashen fasaha a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Throop, wadda ta gabaci Cibiyar Fasaha ta California .

## Sana'a

Rayuwar Batchelder ta sauya a shekarar 1909 lokacin da, a bayan gidansa da ke kallon Arroyo Seco, ya gina murhu ya shiga harkar ƙirƙirar tayal ɗin fasaha da hannu. Tayoyin sun shahara sosai, kuma a shekarun 1920, ana iya samun tayal ɗin Batchelder a gidaje da gine-gine a faɗin Amurka. Shaharar da Batchelder ya samu a cikin al'ummar fasaha ta Kudancin California ta haɗa da sa hannunsa a kafa Cibiyar Fasaha ta Pasadena da kuma zama memba a Ƙungiyar Masu Fasaha ta Pasadena . Batchelder shi ma shi ne Shugaban Hukumar Daraktoci na uku na Pasadena Playhouse, inda ya ba da gudummawar murhu na tayal da marmaro na asali (wanda aka gyara kwanan nan).

Shaharar Batchelder a yankin ya sa ana iya samun tayal a gidaje masu zaman kansu da yawa a yankin Pasadena, ciki har da unguwar Altadena da ke arewacin Pasadena, kodayake da yawa daga cikin waɗannan gidajen sun ɓace a gobarar Eaton ta 2025. An yi ƙoƙari don ceton tayal ɗin da galibi su ne kawai abin da ya rage na tsoffin gidajen, duk da haka, wa'adin da aka ɗauka na fara lalata kadarorin don fara sake ginawa ya sa da yawa daga cikinsu za su ɓace daga ƙarshe. [1] [2]

## Manazarta
F. Carlton Ball

**Frederick Carlton Ball** (2 ga Afrilu, 1911 - 5 ga Yuni, 1992) ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne mai fasaha, marubuci, kuma malami, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tukwane, mai zane, da mai yin kayan ado. Ball shi ne mai yin yumbu na farko da ya yi manyan tukwane a California  tun daga kusan 1935. Ya koyar a Kwalejin Fasaha da Sana'o'i ta California, Kwalejin Mills, Jami'ar Kudancin Illinois, Jami'ar Puget Sound, da Jami'ar Wisconsin. An zaɓe shi zuwa Kwalejin Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru ta Amurka a 1983

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Frederick Carlton Ball a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 1911 a Sutter Creek, California.   

Ball ya halarci Kwalejin Sakandare ta Sacramento (wanda yanzu haka Kwalejin Birnin Sacramento ce), [1] kafin ya koma Jami'ar Kudancin California (USC). [2] A USC, ya yi karatun zane (wanda ya fi mai da hankali kan zane-zane ) da tukwane; [2] kuma ya kammala karatunsa da digirin BA (1932), da digirin MA (1934). [3] Ya yi azuzuwan tare da mai zane-zanen yumbu Glen Lukens . [2] [3]

## Sana'a
Ball ya yi aiki tare da masu zane-zane a fannin zane-zanen yumbu, ciki har da matarsa ta uku Kathryn Uhl Ball, da kuma Aaron Bohrod .  A shekarun 1930 da 1940, Ball ya ƙirƙiri manyan tukwane da aka jefa, kuma ya ba wa sauran masu ginin tukwane taimakon fasaha. 

## Manazarta
Peter Anderson (mai zane)

**Peter Anderson** (Disamba 22, 1901 - Disamba 20, 1984) ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne mai yin ceram kuma wanda ya kafa Shearwater Pottery a Ocean Springs, Mississippi . An haife shi a New Orleans ga George Walter Anderson, dillalin hatsi, da Annette McConnell Anderson, memba na wani fitaccen iyali a New Orleans, wacce ta karanci fasaha a Kwalejin Newcomb, inda ta rungumi manufofin ƙungiyar Fasaha da Sana'o'in Amurka.

## Sana'a
A shekarar 1928, Anderson ya buɗe kasuwancinsa: Shearwater Pottery. Kasuwancin ya juya, ya yi ta jujjuyawa sannan aka yi masa fenti. A shekarar 1931, tukwanen Shearwater sun sami karɓuwa a ƙasa a bikin baje kolin kayan yumbu na Amurka na zamani a birnin New York. An kuma nuna kayansa a gidajen tarihi da dama, ciki har da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Virginia da Gidan Tarihi na Tsohon Capitol da ke Jackson. [1]

## Gado
Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta Ocean Springs - Babban Titi - Ofishin Yawon Bude Ido a Ocean Springs, Mississippi ta shafe shekaru 43 tana gudanar da bikin fasaha da sana'o'i na Peter Anderson na shekara-shekara.  A shekarar 2021, taron na kwanaki biyu ya karbi bakuncin baƙi 150,000. 

## Manazarta
Sorcha Boru

**Sorcha Boru** ita ce sunan ɗakin studio na **Claire Everett Stewart** ( née Jones; Afrilu 13, 1900 &#x2013; Janairu 30, 2006), mai aikin tukwane da sassaka yumbu. Yawancin ayyukanta sun haɗa da ƙananan kayayyaki kamar siffofi, tukwane, masu shuka, da kuma masu girgiza gishiri da barkono, galibi ana yin su ne a salon kayan ado na fasaha. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukanta ya haɗa da saitin dara na "Alice in Wonderland" (1932).

An haifi Stewart a San Francisco, California kuma ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata da ke San Francisco a shekarar 1919. Ta sami digirin farko a fannin Turanci daga Jami'ar California Berkeley a shekarar 1924. A shekarar 1926, ta auri Ellsworth R. Stewart (1897 – 1971) wanda ta haɗu da shi a lokacin da suke ɗalibai a Jami'ar California, Berkeley .

Daga kimanin 1932-39, Stewart tana da ɗakin studio a ƙungiyar Allied Arts Guild da ke Menlo Park, California . Daga kimanin 1940 zuwa tsakiyar 1950, tana da ɗakin studio a 430 El Camino Real da ke San Carlos, California tare da masana'antar samarwa kusa da San Carlos, wanda mijinta ke gudanar da shi wanda ke yin sassaka ta amfani da molds. An nuna ayyukanta a Gidan Tarihi na Whitney of American Art (1937), Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani na San Francisco (1935), Gidan Tarihi na Golden Gate International Exposition (1939), Gidan Tarihi na Fine Arts na Syracuse (New York), yanzu Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Everson (1936) da Gidan Tarihi na Jami'ar Northwestern da ke Evanston, Illinois . Ayyukan Stewart suna gudana a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Everson, Gidan Tarihi na Oakland da kuma Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi da ke San Carlos, California . Ta mutu a Stockton, California tana da shekaru 105.

## Manazarta

* *Zane-zanen Potter a California, daga 1885 zuwa 1955* (1980), Hazel V. Bray
* *Carlmont Enquirer-Bulletin*, 21 ga Yuli 1982, Russel Estep (labarin)
* *Wanene Wanene a cikin Fasahar Amurka*, 1985 (bugun da aka gyara), Peter Hastings Falk
* *Masu fasaha a California, 1786 - 1940*, 2002, Eden Milton Hughes
* Gidan Tarihi na San Carlos, San Carlos, California (nuni)
* *Jaridar New York Times*, 15 ga Afrilu, 1990, Harold C. Schonberg (labarin kayan tarihi)
Filin wasa na ciki na Jerry Richardson

Filin **wasa na Jerry Richardson Indoor Stadium** filin wasa ne na ƙwallon kwando na kwaleji da ke Spartanburg, South Carolina a harabar Kwalejin Wofford . Ya zama gidan ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon kwando na maza da mata na Wofford Terriers a farkon kakar wasa ta 2017-18, wanda ya maye gurbin Benjamin Johnson Arena . Babban filin wasan ƙwallon kwando yana ɗaukar mutane 3,400, kuma ginin ya haɗa da filin wasan ƙwallon raga mai kujeru 350. 

An fara gina ginin a watan Janairun 2016. An bude ginin da wasan ƙwallon raga tsakanin Wofford da Furman a ranar 20 ga Satumba, 2017, kuma filin wasan ƙwallon kwando ya buɗe a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba da wasan maza da South Carolina .

Filin wasa na Jerry Richardson Indoor Stadium yana da wurin zama na mutane 4,500 waɗanda ba 'yan wasa ba ne, kamar fara wasa da kade-kade, waɗanda suka kai mutum 4,500. Ya haɗa da kabad na gida da na baƙi don wasanni da yawa, ɗakin horo na zamani, ofisoshin masu horarwa da ɗakunan kabad da ɗakunan taro na ƙungiya. Sauran fasalulluka sun haɗa da allon bidiyo da allon ribbon, da kuma wuraren da aka keɓe musamman don ɗalibai, magoya baya, yara da masu ba da gudummawa. Akwai ɗakunan kwana huɗu na buɗe ido a kusurwoyi. McMillan Pazdan Smith Architecture ne ya tsara shi tare da Robins da Morton a matsayin 'yan kwangila na gaba ɗaya.
Fred Uhl Ball

**Fred Uhl Ball** (1945-1985) ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne mai zane-zane . Yana da ayyukan da aka tattara a Gidan Tarihi na Smithsonian American Art. An fi saninsa da *The Way Home* wanda ya ce shine fassararsa ta kallon sararin samaniya na Kogin Sacramento.  Ya mutu bayan wani mummunan hari a shekarar 1985 kuma har yanzu ba a warware kisan nasa ba.

## Rayuwar kai da ilimi
An haifi Fred Uhl Ball a Oakland, California a shekarar 1945. Mahaifiyarsa, Kathryn Uhl, mai zane ce kuma mai zane mai zane wanda ke koyar da zane-zanen rayuwa a Kwalejin Mills kuma mahaifinsa, F. Carlton Ball, mai zane ne wanda ke jagorantar sashen fasaha a Mills. Kakansa, George Uhl, maƙerin azurfa ne. Wannan tasirin iyali da kuma shiga cikin fasaha ya ƙarfafa shi ya bincika zane-zane masu kyau a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa. Lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 11, ya nuna aikinsa kuma ya yi zanga-zangar nuna zane-zane a bikin baje kolin jihar California . [1] Ya sami digirinsa na farko da na biyu a fannin zane-zane daga Jami'ar Jihar Sacramento . Ya zauna kuma ya yi aiki a Sacramento . A watan Satumba na 1985, an yi masa fashi kuma an yi masa duka a wajen ɗakin studio ɗinsa. [2] Ya mutu watanni uku bayan haka sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a lokacin harin. [3]

## Zane mai kyau
A farkon shekarun 1970, ya fara gwada sanya enamel masu kunna tocila a kan siririn allon foil na tagulla kamar wani abu mai kama da collage . Ball ya kuma bincika amfani da tagulla a matsayin saman ta hanyar fallasa farin enamel a yanayin zafi daban-daban don ƙirƙirar launuka daban-daban na launin tagulla.  Waɗannan gwaje-gwajen farko, waɗanda aka bayyana a matsayin waɗanda ba na al'ada ba, sun kuma sa shi ya bincika sikelin wuta da enamel na ruwa, waɗanda suka zama ruwan dare a cikin enamel a yau.  A cikin 1972 ya buga littafinsa na farko, "Dabarun Gwaji a Enamel." 

An fi sanin Ball da manyan zane-zanen bango . A shekarar 1976 ya shiga cikin Dokar Aiki da Horarwa ta Sacramento da gwamnatin tarayya ta ba shi tallafi, wanda ya ba shi damar ƙirƙirar babban zane na farko a Cibiyar Al'umma ta Sacramento . Ya kuma ƙirƙiri zane mai tsawon ƙafa 6 da ƙafa 62  a garejin ajiye motoci na Sacramento, ɗaya daga cikin manyan zane-zanen enamel, mai suna *The Way Home.* Wannan zane ya ƙunshi 1,488, kowannensu 12 da 12&nbsp;inci,  tayal ɗin enamel da aka sanya a cikin bangarori waɗanda aka ɗaure su da bangon siminti.  Nasarar da ya samu a matsayin mai zane-zanen zane ya ba shi damar samun abin rayuwa ta hanyar kwamitocin da kuma damar ci gaba da gwaji da fasaha. Babban ɓangare na kwamitocinsa sun fito ne daga abokan cinikin kamfanoni a Sacramento, gami da aikin *The Great Sacramento Valley* a Sutter General Hospital wanda, bayan mutuwarsa, mahaifiyarsa da mai zane Bruce Beck suka kammala shi a watan Disamba, 1986. 

## Manazarta
Georgia Blizzard

**Georgia Blizzard** (7 ga Mayu, 1919 - 2 ga Yuni, 2002) ƙwararriyar mai zane ce ta yumbu 'yar Amurka daga Virginia . An koyar da ita da kanta kuma ayyukanta suna cikin tarin kayan tarihi na Amurka da dama.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Blizzard a Saltville a shekarar 1919.  Ta yi ikirarin cewa asalin Apache ne da Irish .  Lokacin da take ƙarama, ita da iyalinta sun ƙaura zuwa Plum Creek .  Mahaifiyarta ta koya wa Blizzard da 'yar uwarta yadda ake ƙirƙirar fasaha ta amfani da hanyar wuta .  A lokacin Babban Mawuyacin Halin Kunci, ta bar makaranta don zama wani ɓangare na Hukumar Matasa ta Ƙasa .  Ta yi aiki a masana'antar harsasai a Bristol a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu kuma bayan haka, ta yi aiki a wani masana'antar yadi a Chilhowie har zuwa 1958.  Blizzard ta kamu da huhun baki kuma ta rasa ɗaya daga cikin huhunta.  Mijinta ya nakasa a wani hatsari a ma'adinan kwal kuma daga ƙarshe aurensu ya lalace.  Mijinta ya mutu a 1954.  Blizzard ta kamu da cutar schizophrenia bayan waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru kuma fasaharta ta taimaka mata wajen magance wahayin da ta gani da kuma yadda take buƙatar magancewa. 

Ta fara yin zane-zane don siyarwa a ƙarshen shekarun 1950 kuma ta sayar da tukwanenta a shagon 'yarta, Mary's. [1] A farkon shekarun 1980, maƙwabcinta, Michael Martin, ya tuntuɓi wani abokinsa don ya kai wasu daga cikin ayyukan Blizzard zuwa wani gidan tarihi a Buckhead wanda Judith Alexander ke jagoranta inda Jonathan Williams ya gano aikinta. [1]

## Manazarta
David Ludwig Bloch

**David Ludwig Bloch** (Maris 25, 1910) Satumba 16, 2002) ƙwararren mai zane ne kuma mai zane na Jamusanci-Bayahudiya ɗan Amurka.

A lokacin Kristallnacht, an kama Bloch aka aika shi sansanin tsare mutane na Dachau na tsawon makonni huɗu. Duk da cewa bai ji komai ba, an sake shi daga sansanin kuma ya sami damar tserewa zuwa Shanghai a shekarar 1940. Bayan ya yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka a shekarar 1949, zane-zanensa sun mayar da hankali kan munanan abubuwan da suka faru na kisan kiyashi na Holocau .

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi David Ludwig Bloch a ranar 25 ga Maris, 1910, a Floss, Bavaria, inda iyalinsa masu matsakaicin matsayi suka rayu tsawon tsararraki da yawa.  Iyayensa, Simon da Selma Ansbacher Bloch, dukkansu sun mutu kafin Bloch ya cika shekara biyu.  Kakarsa ce ta rene shi, tare da taimakon mai kula da shi. 

Bloch ya ji rauni sakamakon ciwon sankarau lokacin da yake ɗan shekara ɗaya. [1] Yana da shekaru biyar, an yi masa rajista a wata makarantar kurame a Munich, Die Konigliche Bayrische aubstummen Anstalt, inda ya kammala karatunsa a 1923. [2] Daga nan ya halarci makarantar kurame a Jena, inda ya yi aikin koyon aikin gyaran gashi a wani masana'antar fenti a Planken Hammer . [1] [2] Daga 1927 zuwa 1930, Bloch ya halarci Makarantar Fasaha ta Masana'antar Porcelain a Selb . [3] Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai zane a masana'antar porcelain ta Bauscher Brothers da ke Weiden, amma ya rasa aikin yi a watan Oktoban 1932 saboda rashin oda a masana'antar. [3]

## Manazarta
Gordon Pinsent

**Gordon Edward Pinsent,** CC FRSC (12 ga Yuli, 1930 - 25 ga Fabrairu, 2023) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na ƙasar Kanada, marubuci, darakta, kuma mawaƙi. An san shi da rawar da ya taka a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin da dama, ciki har da *Away from Her*, *The Rowdyman*, *John and the Missus*, *A Gift to Last*, *Due South*, *The Red Green Show*, da *Quentin Durgens, MP*   Shi ne muryar Sarki Babar a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin da fina-finai na Babar the Elephant daga 1989 zuwa 2015.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Pinsent, ƙaramin yaro daga cikin yara shida, a Grand Falls, Newfoundland (wanda a yanzu ake kira Newfoundland da Labrador, Kanada). [1] Mahaifiyarsa, Florence "Flossie" (née Cooper), asalinta daga Clifton, Newfoundland ce, kuma mahaifinsa, Stephen Arthur Pinsent, ma'aikacin injin niƙa takarda ne kuma mai gyaran dutse wanda asalinsa daga Dildo, Newfoundland ne. [2] Mahaifiyarsa "mai magana da shiru" kuma mai addini ne na Anglican ; dangin sun fito ne daga bakin haure daga Kent da Devon a Ingila. [3] Yaro ne da aka kira kansa "marar kunya" wanda ke fama da rickets .

Pinsent ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a kan dandamali a shekarun 1940 yana da shekaru 17. Ba da daɗewa ba ya fara taka rawa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo a CBC, kuma daga baya ya koma talabijin da fina-finai. A farkon shekarun 1950, ya huta daga wasan kwaikwayo ya shiga Rundunar Sojojin Kanada, yana aiki na tsawon shekaru huɗu a matsayin mai zaman kansa a Rundunar Sojojin Kanada ta Royal Canadian . 

## Sana'a
Aikin wasan kwaikwayo na Pinsent ya fara ne a shekarar 1957 a Winnipeg's Theatre 77 (wanda daga baya aka sani da Royal Manitoba Theatre Centre ) a ƙarƙashin jagorancin John Hirsch . A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, ya yi wasanni da yawa a Winnipeg, a Toronto a Crest Theatre da kuma a bikin Stratford . 

A farkon shekarun 1960, ya fito a cikin *Bikin Ado*, *Scarlett Hill* da *The Forest Rangers* . Daga baya ya zama babban jarumi a talabijin na Kanada tare da rawar da ya taka ciki har da shirin *Quentin Durgens, MP*, *A Gift to Last* (wanda ya ƙirƙira), *The Red Green Show*, *Due South*, *Wind at My Back*, da *Power Play* . 

Fim ɗin Pinsent sun haɗa da *The Thomas Crown Affair*, *The Rowdyman*, *Who Has Seen the Wind*, *John and the Missus*, *The Shipping News* da *Away from Her* . Ya rubuta fina-finan fim ɗin *The Rowdyman* da *John and the Missus* . Wataƙila rawar da ya fi shahara a farkon fim ɗinsa ita ce ta shugaban Amurka a cikin fim ɗin almara na kimiyya na 1970 *mai suna Colossus: The Forbin Project* .   Sauran wasannin kwaikwayo nasa sun haɗa da *Easy Down Easy* (1987) da *Brass Rubbings* (1989). 

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan rawar da Pinsent ta taka ita ce rawar da Hap Shaughnessy ya taka a *shirin The Red Green Show* daga 1991 zuwa 2006. Hap ya shahara wajen ba da labarai masu yawa game da abubuwan da ya gabata. Abokinsa Red Green (wanda ɗan wasan barkwanci ɗan ƙasar Kanada Steve Smith ya taka) ko wasu sun yi ta yi masa kirari game da abubuwan da ya ƙirƙira.