Gidan shakatawa na Golden Gate

**Golden Gate Park** wani wurin shakatawa ne na birni tsakanin gundumomin Richmond da Sunset a Yammacin San Francisco, California, Amurka. Shi ne wurin shakatawa mafi girma a cikin birnin, wanda ke ɗauke da , kuma wurin shakatawa na birane na uku da aka fi ziyarta a Amurka, tare da kimanin 24&nbsp;miliyoyin masu ziyara a kowace shekara.

An fara gabatar da ƙirƙirar babban wurin shakatawa a San Francisco a shekarun 1860. A shekarar 1865, mai zane-zanen shimfidar wuri Frederick Law Olmsted ya gabatar da wurin shakatawa wanda aka tsara shi da nau'ikan halittu na asali daga San Francisco. An ƙi shirin wurin shakatawa irin na Central Park wanda injiniya William Hammond Hall ya tsara. An gina wurin shakatawa a saman teku da kuma tuddai na yashi a wani yanki da ba a haɗa shi ba wanda aka sani da Ƙasashen Waje . Gine-gine ya mayar da hankali kan dasa bishiyoyi da ciyawa waɗanda ba na asali ba don daidaita tuddai waɗanda suka mamaye kashi uku cikin huɗu na wurin shakatawa. An buɗe wurin shakatawa a shekarar 1870.

Manyan abubuwan jan hankali sun haɗa da cibiyoyin al'adu kamar Gidan Tarihi na De Young, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta California, da Lambun Shayin Japan ; wuraren shakatawa kamar Conservatory of Flowers, Lambun Botanical na San Francisco, Beach Chalet, injinan iska na Golden Gate Park, da kuma National AIDS Memorial Grove . Ayyukan nishaɗi sun haɗa da hawa keke, hawa kwale-kwale, da kade-kade da abubuwan da suka faru kamar bikin kiɗa na Outside Lands da Hardly Strictly Bluegrass . Ana iya isa Golden Gate Park ta mota da kuma ta sufuri na jama'a.

Golden Gate Park ya sami nadin National Historic Landmark da kuma California Historic Resource a shekara ta 2004. Sashen Nishaɗi da Wuraren Shakatawa na San Francisco ne ke kula da wurin shakatawar, wanda aka fara a shekara ta 1871 don kula da ci gaban wurin shakatawar. Golden Gate Park yana da nisan mil uku (  . ) tsayin gabas zuwa yamma, kuma kusan rabin mil (  ) arewa zuwa kudu. 

## Tarihi

### Ci gaba
A shekarun 1860, mutanen San Francisco sun ji buƙatar wani babban wurin shakatawa na jama'a kamar Central Park, wanda a lokacin yake ɗaukar siffarsa a birnin New York . An sassaka Golden Gate Park daga yashi da tuddai masu ban sha'awa waɗanda aka sani da Ƙasashen Waje, a wani yanki mara tsari a yammacin iyakokin San Francisco na lokacin. A shekarar 1865, Frederick Law Olmsted ya gabatar da wani shiri na wurin shakatawa ta amfani da nau'ikan halittu na asali waɗanda suka dace da yanayin busasshiyar San Francisco. An ƙi shawarar don fifita wurin shakatawa irin na Central Park wanda ke buƙatar ban ruwa mai yawa. 

An yi masa zaton zai yi nishaɗi, babban manufar wurin shakatawar ita ce gina gidaje da faɗaɗa birnin a yammacin ƙasar. Injiniyan filin William Hammond Hall ya shirya taswirar bincike da taswirar yanayin wurin shakatawar a shekarar 1870 kuma ya zama kwamishinansa a shekarar 1871. Daga baya aka naɗa shi injiniyan jihar California na farko kuma ya ƙirƙiro tsarin kula da ambaliyar ruwa da aka haɗa don kwarin Sacramento . Wurin shakatawar ya samo sunansa ne daga mashigin Golden Gate da ke kusa.

Hall da mataimakinsa, John McLaren, ne suka tsara shirin da dashen, wanda ya yi aiki a Scotland, inda ya zama gidan kwararrun masu lambu na ƙarni na 19. Lokacin da Hukumar Kula da Shakatawa ta tambaye shi ko zai iya sanya Golden Gate Park "ɗaya daga cikin kyawawan wurare na duniya," ya amsa yana cewa, "Da taimakonka, kuma Allah ya yarda, zan yi." Ya kuma yi alƙawarin cewa "zai fita cikin ƙauye ya yi tafiya a kan rafi har sai ya sami gona, kuma zai dawo lambun ya sake ƙirƙirar abin da yanayi ya yi." 

Tsarin farko ya buƙaci a raba manyan hanyoyi masu ratsa ta cikin wurin shakatawa, kamar yadda Frederick Law Olmsted ya tanadar wa Central Park, amma ƙa'idojin kasafin kuɗi da kuma sanya Arboretum da Concourse sun kawo ƙarshen shirin. A shekara ta 1876, an kusan maye gurbin shirin da ɗaya don filin tsere, wanda attajirai " Manyan Huɗu " suka fi so: Leland Stanford, Mark Hopkins, Collis P. Huntington, da Charles Crocker . Stanford, wanda shine shugaban Kamfanin Jirgin Ƙasa na Kudancin Pacific, shi ma yana ɗaya daga cikin masu Kamfanin Jirgin Ƙasa na Ocean, wanda ya tashi daga Titin Haight a fadin wurin shakatawa zuwa iyakar kudu, sannan ya fita zuwa bakin teku da arewa zuwa wani wuri kusa da Cliff House. 

Gus Mooney ya yi ikirarin mallakar fili kusa da wurin shakatawa a Ocean Beach. Abokan Mooney da yawa sun yi ikirarin mallakar gidaje kuma sun gina gidajen shakatawa a bakin teku don sayar da abubuwan sha ga masu kula da wurin shakatawa. Hall ya yi murabus, sauran kwamishinonin wurin shakatawa kuma suka biyo baya. A shekara ta 1882 Gwamna George C. Perkins ya naɗa Frank M. Pixley, wanda ya kafa kuma editan The Argonaut, a kwamitin kwamishinonin Golden Gate Park na San Francisco. Pixley ya dage kan cewa a kawar da gidajen shakatawa na Mooney, kuma ya sami goyon baya daga 'yan sandan San Francisco don tsaron wurin shakatawa. Pixley ya fifita kamfanin Stanford ta hanyar ba da hayar shekaru hamsin a kan hanyar da ta rufe wurin shakatawa a ɓangarori uku don fafatawa.  Zuwa 1886, shirin farko ya dawo kan hanya, lokacin da motocin titi suka kai mutane sama da 47,000 zuwa Golden Gate Park a wata ƙarshen mako da rana, daga cikin yawan jama'a 250,000 a birnin.

Mataki na farko na ci gaban wurin shakatawa ya ta'allaka ne kan dasa bishiyoyi domin daidaita tuddai da suka mamaye kashi uku cikin huɗu na yankin wurin shakatawa. Domin mayar da tuddai na yashi zuwa wurin shakatawa, John McLaren ya shuka iri mai lanƙwasa da aka samo daga Faransa na tsawon shekaru biyu. Da zarar an shuka iri, sai ya dasa su a kan yashi don riƙe ƙasa tare. Bayan wannan nasarar, McLaren ya gabatar da sabbin nau'ikan tsirrai a ƙasar, sannan ya ƙara sabbin nau'ikan bishiyoyi sama da 700 a California cikin shekara guda. 

Zuwa shekarar 1875, an dasa bishiyoyi kimanin 60,000, galibinsu Eucalyptus globulus, Monterey Pine, da Monterey Cypress . Zuwa shekarar 1879, wannan adadi ya ninka zuwa bishiyoyi 155,000 a fadin  . A cikin rayuwarsa, McLaren an yaba masa da dasa bishiyoyi sama da miliyan biyu a arewacin California gaba ɗaya. Wani abin da John McLaren ya cimma shi ne ƙirƙirar sararin tafiya a buɗe a gefen tekun Pacific a kan iyakar yammacin wurin shakatawa. Duk da cikas kamar ruwa mai ƙarfi da iska da ke ɗauke da yashi zuwa wurin shakatawa, McLaren ya sami damar gina esplanade ta hanyar tara dubban rassan bishiyoyi a cikin shekaru 20. 

Lokacin da ya ƙi yin ritaya yana da shekaru 60 na al'ada, gwamnatin birnin San Francisco ta cika da wasiƙu: lokacin da ya kai shekaru 70, an zartar da wani gyara na kundin tsarin mulki don yantar da shi daga yin ritaya ta tilas. A ranar haihuwarsa ta cika shekaru 92, 'yan San Francisco dubu biyu sun halarci wani taron shaida wanda ya girmama shi a matsayin ɗan ƙasa na farko a San Francisco. Ya zauna a McLaren Lodge a Golden Gate Park har ya mutu a 1943, yana da shekaru 96. An sanya wa McLaren Avenue, a Sea Cliff, kusa da Lincoln Park suna bayansa. 

A shekarar 1903, an gina wasu injinan iska guda biyu irin na ƙasar Holland a ƙarshen yammacin wurin shakatawa. Waɗannan suna fitar da ruwa a ko'ina cikin wurin shakatawa. An mayar da injinan iska na arewa zuwa ga yadda yake a shekarar 1981 kuma yana kusa da lambun Sarauniya Wilhelmina tulip, kyautar Sarauniya Wilhelmina ta ƙasar Netherlands .  An dasa waɗannan da kwararan fitilar tulip don nuna hunturu da sauran furanni a lokutan da suka dace. An gyara injinan iska na Murphy da ke kusurwar kudu maso yammacin wurin shakatawa a watan Satumba na 2011.

### Agajin girgizar ƙasa ta 1906

Bayan girgizar ƙasa mai girma da ta faru a San Francisco a shekarar 1906, Golden Gate Park ya zama wurin mafaka ga mutane da yawa waɗanda suka sami kansu ba tare da mafaka ba. Ƙasashen Waje marasa ci gaba sun zama wuri mafi kyau don ɗaukar waɗannan mutane da yawa, kuma "masu tsaron ƙasa" sun bayyana a ko'ina cikin yankin. Daga cikin sansanonin marasa matsuguni 26 na hukuma a yankin Golden Gate Park, 21 suna ƙarƙashin ikon Sojojin Amurka. 

Rundunar Sojan Amurka ta ɗauki mutane 20,000 a sansanonin soja, kuma 16,000 daga cikin 'yan gudun hijira 20,000 suna zaune a Presidio .  A cikin Presidio akwai manyan sansanonin sojoji guda huɗu, ciki har da sansani na musamman ga baƙi 'yan China.  Duk da cewa masauki ne mai sauƙi, rundunar ta shirya tantuna 3,000 a cikin wani tsari mai siffar geometric wanda ya ƙunshi tituna da adiresoshi.  "Rundunar sojin ta gina wani gari mai kama-da-wane tare da manyan sansanonin zama [tare da] gidaje na wucin gadi, bandakuna da bandakuna, wanki, da sauran ayyuka."

Ba wai kawai matsayin ƙungiyar sojoji ya yi girma ba, har ma da tsarin zamantakewa ya kasance a matsayin da aka yarda da shi duk da bayan girgizar ƙasa da gobara. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa ƙananan al'ummomi sun kafa a cikin unguwannin tanti. Yaran 'yan gudun hijira sun kafa wuraren wasa, kuma manya sun taru a cikin ɗakunan cin abinci don yin mu'amala. 

A watan Yunin 1906, an rufe sansanonin tantunan Presidio. Domin maye gurbin waɗannan tantunan, birnin San Francisco ya gina ƙarin wuraren zama na dindindin. Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, an gina waɗannan ɗakunan girgizar ƙasa don ɗaukar waɗanda har yanzu ba su da matsuguni bayan girgizar ƙasa da gobarar da ta biyo baya. Masu aikin kafinta na ƙungiyar sojoji sun gina ɗakunan, kuma mazauna sun biya kuɗin gini akan dala biyu a wata na tsawon watanni ashirin da biyar. 

; Fina-finai

* Charlie Chaplin filmed scenes in the park for at least two 1915 movies, including *A Jitney Elopement* and *In the Park*
* Another silent comedy short was filmed in the park, *Wished on Mabel* (1915), starring Mabel Normand and Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle; various early features of the park can be seen in this 12-minute film, including several views of Stone Bridge
* A sequence in the  lost Sessue Hayakawa film, *A Heart in Pawn* was filmed at the  Japanese Tea Garden.
* A scene in Orson Welles' *The Lady from Shanghai* (1947) was shot in the Steinhart Aquarium in the old California Academy of Sciences building
* In the Bugs Bunny cartoon *Bushy Hare* (1950), Bugs pops up at Portals of the Past at Lloyd Lake, the remains of the A. E. Towne mansion from Nob Hill after the 1906 earthquake
* *Scaramouche* (1952) includes scenes of duels looking west into the fog at Speedway Meadows, and interiors in De Young Museum's old period rooms
* In *The Lineup* (1958), scenes were shot inside the Steinhart Aquarium
* *At Golden Gate Park* is a live recording of the concert given on May 7, 1969, by the Jefferson Airplane in Golden Gate Park
* *Dirty Harry* (1971) scenes were filmed in Kezar Stadium
* The Conservatory of Flowers was filmed in *Harold and Maude* (1971)
* The opening scene of the 1978 version of Invasion of the Bodysnatchers was filmed on the outskirts of Golden Gate Park
* In the film *Time After Time* (1979), Malcolm McDowell can be seen exiting the park near 6th Avenue in the Richmond District
* The Spock casket scene near the end of *Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan* (1982) was filmed in an overgrown corner of the park, using smoke machines to add a primal atmosphere
* In *Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home* (1986), a Klingon Bird-of-Prey is said to land in the park, but the scene was actually filmed at Will Rogers State Historic Park near Los Angeles due to heavy rainfall
* One of a number of scenes of characters playing football in *The Room* (2003) is shot in Golden Gate Park's Hellman Hollow
* A scene from *The Pursuit of Happyness* (2006) was shot in the Children's Playground
* *Contagion* (2011) includes a scene filmed at the Music Concourse
* The film *The Diary Of A Teenage Girl* (2015) filmed its opening scene in Golden Gate Park
* Several scenes in *Always Be My Maybe* (2019) are set in Golden Gate Park.

## Manazarta