Masarautun Hausa

**Masarautun Hausa** (), wanda aka fi sani da **Kasar Hausa** (,  tarin jihohin da Mutanen Hausa ke mulki,  kafin Jihads na Fulani. Tana tsakanin Kogin Neja da Tafkin Chadi (yanzu arewacin Najeriya). Hausaland ya kasance tsakanin daular Yammacin Sudan na Tsohon Ghana, Mali da Songhai da daular Gabashin Sudan na Kanem-Bornu . 

**Masarautun Hausa** su ne tsofaffin masarautu da suka bunƙasa a yankin **Arewacin Najeriya** da wasu sassan **Jamhuriyar Nijar** tun kafin zuwan Turawa. Ana kuma kiran su da suna **Hausa Bakwai** da **Banza Bakwai**.

Daura-linkid="263" href="./Oral_traditions" id="mwJw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Oral traditions">Hadisai na baki na Hausa sun ba da cikakken bayani game da labarin Bayajidda, wanda ya bayyana abubuwan da suka faru na jarumin Baghdadi, Bayajidda. A cewar labarin, zuriyar Bayajidda ta kafa *[[Hausa Bakwai]]* (jihohi bakwai na "gaskiya"), da kuma *[[Hausa Bakwai|Hausa Banza]]* ("bastard" ko "marasa izini"). 

## Labaran Tarihi
A cewar [./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Bayajidda_legend" id="mwNA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Bayajidda legend">Labarin Bayajidda]   ya'ya maza da jikoki na Bayajidda ne suka kafa jihohin Hausa,  yarima na Bagadaza wanda ya auri Daura" id="mwOg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Daurama">Daurama, Kabara na karshe na Daura, kuma ya sanar da ƙarshen sarakunan matriarchal waɗanda suka yi mulkin mutanen Hausa. A cewar labarin, Bayajidda ya yi tafiya ta hanyar Bornu, ya isa Daura, inda ya tafi gidan wata tsohuwar mace mai suna Waira kuma ya tambaye ta ta ta ba shi ruwa amma ta gaya masa matsalar ƙasar, yadda maciji daya da ke Daura, wanda ake kira *[[Kusugu]]*, ya zauna, wanda ya ba da damar 'yan Daura su dauki ruwa ne kawai a ranar Jumma'a. :: 485  Tun da *sarki* shine kalmar Hausa don "sarki", wannan na iya zama kwatanci ga wani mutum mai iko. Bayajidda ya kashe Sarki kuma saboda abin da ya yi sarauniya ta auri shi saboda jaruntakarsa. Bayan aurensa da Daurama mutane sun fara kiransa Bayajidda wanda ke nufin "bai fahimci (harshe) ba kafin".  

### Hausa Bakwai
**Hausa Bakwai** sune jihohi bakwai na "gaskiya" (*birane*) waɗanda aka ce duk mutanen Hausa sun fito daga. Bisa ga al'ada, Bayajidda da dan Daurama, Baw, suna da 'ya'ya maza shida tare da mata uku (Ba'u ga kowace mace) kowannensu ya kafa mulki. Biram, masarauta ta bakwai, wani ɗan Bayajidda ne ya kafa ta, wanda ya haifa tare da yarima Kanuri (wanda ake kira Magira) :: 485  yayin da yake Bornu. Daura ita ce "mahaifiyar birni" na jihohin Hausa. 

Waɗannan su ne masarautun da ake ɗauka a matsayin ginshiƙan al’ummar Hausa:
* Daura (Gazaura ya hau gadon sarauta) :: 486 
* Kano (wanda Bagauda ya mallaka) :: 270 
* Katsina (wanda Kumayau ya kafa) :: 486 
* Zazzau (wanda Gunguma ya kafa) 
* Gobir (wanda Duma ta kafa) :: 486 
* Rano (wanda Zamna Kogi ya kafa) :: 486 
* Biram / Garun Gobas (wanda Biram ke mulki,  birni yanzu ana kiransa "Hadejia") 

### Hausa Banza / Banza Bakwai
i.iAna kiran **Hausa Banza** ko **Banza Bakwai** a matsayin jihohin "bastard" ko "marasa izini". Bisa ga al'ada, Bayajidda yana da ɗa na uku tare da ƙwaraƙwaransa mai suna Mukarbigari . An ce zuriyar Mukarbigari sun kafa wasu jihohi bakwai waɗanda ke kan iyaka da Hausa Bakwai zuwa yamma da kudu. Hadisin Hausa sau da yawa yana nufin waɗannan a matsayin ƙasa da Hausa Bakwai .  :: 486  Baya ga Zamfara da Kebbi, mambobin Hausa Banza maƙwabta ne na Hausaland, kodayake musamman ya bar Kanem-Bornu da Songhai. :: 278–9 -9 Borgu wani lokacin ana haɗa shi a cikin Hausa Banza .  Su ne:.

Waɗannan sun taso ne daga hulɗa da Hausa Bakwai:
* Zamfara (wanda masu magana da Hausa ke zaune) 
* Kebbi (wanda masu magana da harshen Hausa ke zaune) 
* Yauri
* Gwari
* Kwararafa (jiha ta Abakwariga (ba Musulmi Hausa) ko Mutanen Jukun) 
* Nupe (jiha ta Mutanen Nupe) 
* Yoruba (mutane na Yoruba

### Muhimmancin Masarautun Hausa

* Sun taimaka wajen **yaɗa kasuwanci** ta hanyoyin Sahara.
* Sun bunƙasa **al’adu, harshe da tsarin mulki**.
* Sun kasance cibiyar **ilimi da addini**, musamman bayan shigowar Musulunci.
* Sun kafa tubalin **tarihin siyasa da zamantakewar Hausawa**.

## Tarihi

### Asalin da tashi
Hadisai na baki na Hausa sun riƙe cewa an fara kafa ƙauyuka inda aka sami *[[Iskoki]]* (ruhohin halitta).  :: 488 ">&#x3A;&#x200A;489&#x200A; Hausaland yana da babban damar noma, da kuma matsayi na farko na iko da ke da al'adu da kula da ƙasar, wanda aka haɓaka ta hanyar dangantakar dangi. Shugabannin Hausa ko dai Shugabannin iyali ne (*Gidaje*) ko jami'an addini waɗanda aka ba su al'ada don tabbatar da wadatar noma (*sarkin noma*; "sarakuna na noma").  : 488 Ba a san ranar da aka kafa masarautun Hausa ba, duk da haka birane a arewacin Najeriya sun haifar da kafa jihohi, tare da manyan biranen da suka zama cibiyoyin iko da mulki. Masarautun suna sarrafa kasuwanci a yankin, kuma mai yiwuwa Ya'qubi ne ya fara ambata su a karni na 9. : 'Yan kasuwa 21 na Hausa sun kafa gidaje (*sabon gari*) a wurare daban-daban, suna gina ingantaccen hanyar kasuwanci. Fararen hula wani lokacin sukan bi sojojin su a matsayin 'yan kasuwa ko don samar da ayyuka, kuma su zauna a kasashen waje, suna ba da gudummawa ga diaspora. : 289 : 289 

Hausa tradition describes the division of roles between the states, where Kano and Rano were centres of the textile industry (and thus called *sarakuman babba*; "kings of indigo"), Katsina and Daura were trade centres (called *sarakuman kasuwa*; "kings of the market"), Zazzau supplied slave labour to the other states (called *sarkin bayi*; "king of the slaves"), and Gobir, as the northernmost city, was tasked with the defence of Hausaland from foreign invaders (called *sarkin yaki*; "king of war").: 270  Throughout its history there was lots of immigration from the Sahel and Sudan into Hausaland, including herdsmen, fishermen, agriculturalists, merchants and traders, and *mallam*, as well as some aristocrats*.* Migrations from Bornu are thought to have been more long-standing, and Tuareg (who displaced the Gobirawa from Asben) and Fulani migrated to the region from the 14th and 15th centuries respectively. As nomadic pastoralists they sometimes made incursions into Hausaland looking for grazing land. Another group was the Wangara, who migrated in the 14th/15th centuries and were key to the spread of Islam through Hausaland. Though Islam likely spread to Hausaland from the north through Gobir or the east from Bornu, the first ruler to convert to Islam is thought to have been Yaji I of Kano (r. 1349-85) due to invitation from Wangara. The Wangara, like Songhai immigrants, gradually integrated and became Hausa.

A lokacin mulkin Yaji I na Kano (1349-85) ya ci nasara kuma ya mamaye Rano na tsawon shekaru biyu, bayan haka Rano ya ci gaba da wanzuwa amma bai sake samun ikon mallakarsa ba. :: 271  A cikin karni na 15, wani mai tsigewa na Bornu ya gudu zuwa Kano, wanda ya haifar da Bornu yana fadada zuwa yamma kuma ya mamaye jihohin Hausa. Ba a san ko wannan ya haɗa da dukkan jihohin ba, ko kuma kawai Kano da Biram kamar yadda M. G. Smith ya yi tunani; ba tare da la'akari ba, an aika haraji ta hanyar Daura. Duk da yake ba a san tsawon lokacin da jihohin Hausa suka biya wannan haraji ba, Bornu ya ci gaba da riƙe tasiri a yankin. : 279–80 : 279–80 

### Karni na 16 zuwa gaba
A karni na 15, masarautun Hausa sun kasance cibiyoyin kasuwanci wadanda suka yi gogayya da Kanem-Bornu da daular Mali .  Abubuwan da aka fi fitar dasu sune bayi, fata, zinari, tufa, gishiri, kwaya kola, fatun dabbobi da henna . A lokuta daban-daban a cikin tarihinsu, Hausawa sun yi nasarar kafa tsarin kula da jahohinsu, amma irin wannan haɗin kai ya kasance a takaice. A zamanin Sarki Yaji I (1349-1385) an fara shigar da Musulunci Kano ta hanyar  daga Soninke Wangara , &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup> da Musulunci sau da yawa ana daidaita su da [[Maguzanci|kiyayyar Hausawa]] .  : 14 Da yawa daga cikin ‘yan kasuwa da malaman addini musulmi sun zo daga Mali, daga yankin Volta, daga baya kuma daga [[Daular Songhai|Songhay]] . Sarki Yaji ya nada wani Qadi da Imam a matsayin wani bangare na gwamnatin jihar. [[Muhammad Rumfa]] (1463-99) ya gina masallatai da madrassa. Ya kuma umurci Muhammad al-Maghili da ya rubuta taswirar yadda ake gudanar da mulkin musulmi. An kawo wasu <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D; &#x5B; **' daga Masar, Tunisiya, da Maroko . Wannan ya mayar da Kano da Katsina a matsayin cibiyoyi na ilimin addinin Musulunci .  Musulunta ya sauƙaƙa faɗaɗa kasuwanci kuma ya kasance ginshiƙi na faɗaɗa hanyar sadarwa. *[[Ulama'u|Malamai]]* sun ba da goyan bayan doka, garanti, ayyuka masu aminci, gabatarwa da sauran ayyuka masu yawa. A karshen karni na 15, wani malami Muhammad al-Korau ya karbe iko da Katsina yana ayyana kansa a matsayin sarki. Daga nan aka kawo *Malamai* daga Arewacin Afrika da Masar suka zauna a Katsina. Ajin *Malamai* ya fito karkashin kulawar sarauta. Sarakunan Hausawa sun yi azumin Ramadan, sun gina masallatai, sun tsai da salloli biyar na farilla, da bayar da ''zakka'' ga fakirai. Ibrahim Maje (1549–66) ya kasance mai kawo gyara a Musulunci kuma ya kafa dokar auren Musulunci a Katsina. Gabaɗaya ƙasar Hausa ta kasance cikin rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin manyan biranen musulmi na duniya da kuma al'ummomin karkara. A cikin wannan lokaci, Leo Africanus a takaice ya ambata a cikin littafinsa *[[Bayanin Afirka (littafi na 1550)|Descrittione dell'Africa]]* game da yanayin siyasa da tattalin arzikin kasar Hausa a wancan lokacin duk da cewa ba a san ko da gaske ya ziyarce ta ba; Ga dukkan alamu kasar Hausa ta kasance mafi yawan matsayin da Songhai ke da shi domin a bayaninsa na Zamfara ya yi tsokaci cewa " Askiya ne suka yanka sarkinsu, kuma su kansu suka yi tagumi" haka ma sauran yankunan ke fada. 

### Faduwa

Duk da ci gaba mai yawa daga karni na 15 zuwa karni na 18, jihohin suna da rauni ga yaki na yau da kullun a ciki da waje. A karni na 18, sun gajiya akan tattalin arziki da siyasa. Yunwa ta zama ruwan dare a wannan lokacin kuma Sarakai sun saka haraji mai yawa don daukar nauyin yaƙe-yaƙensu. Kodayake yawancin mazaunanta Musulmi ne, a ƙarni na 19, mayaƙan Fulani da manoma na Hausa sun mamayesu suna cewar  ana zalunci  da rashin adalci a zamantakewa. A shekara ta 1808 Usuman dan Fodio ya ci jihohin Hausa kuma ya shiga cikin Shugabancin Hausa-Fulani na Sokoto . 

## Gwamnati
An ba da izinin makiyaya na Fulani da malamai na Islama na kasashen waje su mallaki nasu gwamnatin a ƙarƙashin kulawar *sarki* (sarki).  : 492 : 492 

## Al'adu da al'umma
Manufofin kan tsarin zamantakewa sun dogara ne akan dangi, kuma an sanya fararen hula na kasashen waje cikin tsarin ta hanyar aure, sake rarraba zamantakewa, ko kuma an ba su dama ta musamman. Kasuwanci tsakanin jihohi ya sauƙaƙa yaren Hausa na yau da kullun, ba tare da yarukan da ba a fahimta ba. Duk da juyowa na sarakuna zuwa Islama, mutane da yawa sun ci gaba da yin addininsu na gargajiya, ko kuma sun haɗa shi da Islama, wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin karɓa har zuwa Fula jihads a karni na 19. *talakawa* (talakawa) sun ƙunshi raka'a na gonaki waɗanda iyalai biyu ko fiye (*[[Gandu (settlement)|gandu]]*) ke sarrafawa waɗanda wakilin doka (maigida) ke jagoranta. Maigida ta gudanar da rukunin kuma an ba ta aikin sulhunta rikice-rikice da matsayi na al'ada a cikin bukukuwan. Wani uba ne ya kafa sabon *gandu* wanda ya kara da ƙasar ɗansu, don a ƙarshe a gane shi a matsayin wani bangare na musamman don dalilai na haraji. Wannan tsarin patrilineal mai kyau sau da yawa ya rushe ta hanyar kisan aure (saboda auren polygynous ya zama ruwan dare), dangantaka mai karfi ta matrilineal, da ƙwarewar sana'a. Maza suna da lakabi da suka dace da ayyukansu a waje da lokacin noma. Manya marasa aure an dauke su a matsayin wadanda aka ware. : 492–3 : 492–3 

## Dubi kuma

* Hauka da ƙiyayya
* Littattafan Hausa

## Lura
a. Farkon anfani da kalmar "Hausa" matsayin nuna bangaranci yasamo asali daga karni na 16 zuwa na 17 alokacin wannan bangaranci an dorashi ne Akan jiha kamar irinsu Kanawa a matsayin Kano, Katsinawa a matsayin Katsina,Gobirawa a matsayin Gobir da sauransu.
b.wasu tarihin suna hadawa da Zamfara acikin Hausa Bakwai.

## Manazarta