Miriam Martinho

Miriam Martinho (an haife ta a shekara ta 1954) tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan mata a Brazil kuma wani ɓangare na ƙarni na biyu na' yan jarida mata, waɗanda suka fito a cikin shekarun 1980. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mutane na farko da suka kawo lesbianism a bayyane a cikin ƙungiyar mata kuma ta kafa ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin Lesbian-Feminist na farko a ƙasar. Ita da Rosely Roth sun sami karbuwa don shirya zanga-zangar, wanda aka sani a "Brazilian Stonewall" a Ferro's Bar a 1983. Ta rubuta wa mujallu da yawa na LGBT da mata kuma ta gabatar da shaidar ƙwararru game da yanayin al'ummar LGBT a Brazil.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Míriam Martinho a shekara ta 1954 a Rio de Janeiro kuma ta girma a birnin São Paulo .  Tana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mata a Brazil  da kuma Ƙungiyar 'yan luwadi ta Brazil. 

Yunkurin mata a Brazil, ya zama mai aiki sosai a 1975. Bayan Majalisa ta II ta Mata na Paulista akwai rabuwa tsakanin shugabannin hagu da mata. A wannan lokacin, 'yan mata suna tallafawa manufar jinsi, maimakon aji, a matsayin mai da hankali ga karfafa siyasa da daidaito. Rashin jituwa ya haifar da mata suna ci gaba da kansu kuma tarin mujallu da tunani mai mahimmanci game da mata sun fito. An kafa kungiyoyin mata da yawa kowannensu tare da takamaiman jigogi: ilimi, kiwon lafiya, karfafa siyasa, jima'i, tashin hankali, da sauransu. Martinho ta kasance wani ɓangare na wannan motsi, ta kafa ƙungiyar mata ta farko, Grupo Lésbico-Feminista, a cikin 1979. A shekara ta 1981 kungiyar ta rushe  kuma wani ɓangare na membobin ya ci gaba da kafa Grupo Ação Lésbica-Feminista (GALF), mafi yawan su Martinho da Rosely Roth ne. A shekara ta 1989, GALF ta sake fasalin, a matsayin wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ake kira Um Outro Olhar . 

A cikin 1981, Martinho ya fara samar da jaridar mai fafutuka da ake kira *"ChanacomChana"* a matsayin muryar GALF. Wani lokaci ana samar da shi sau uku a shekara kuma wani lokacin kwata-kwata, amma ya bazu a cikin shekarun 1980. Ita ce mujallar farko da ta fadada ra'ayin hada 'yan mata a cikin ƙungiyar mata, wanda aka gani a matsayin mai tsattsauran ra'ayi a lokacin. A shekara ta 1989, lokacin da aka kafa GALF a matsayin wata kungiya mai zaman kanta, mujallar ta canza sunanta don ya dace da na kungiyar mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta. 

Littafin *"ChanacomChana"* ne ke da alhakin kai tsaye ga taron da ake kira "Brazilian Stonewall". A ranar 19 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1983, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da Ferro's Bar, wanda aka sani da abokan ciniki, a São Paulo, saboda sun ki ba da izinin rarraba *ChanacomChana*. Martinho da Roth sun shirya zanga-zanga, suna kiran masu fasaha, masu ilimi da lauyoyi, don yin zanga-zanga. A cewar Martinho, wahalar ta fara kusan wata daya da ta gabata lokacin da masu mallakar suka fitar da ita da Roth saboda kokarin rarraba takarda a cikin mashaya. An yi rikici na zahiri kuma an hana su rarraba takarda. Sun shirya zanga-zangar don nuna rashin amincewa da haramcin kuma sun sami labarai da yawa saboda hanyarsu ta kasance mai aiki da rashin tashin hankali, amma kuma saboda suna buɗewa game da yin yaƙi don hakkinsu a lokacin da yawancin 'yan mata ke ɓoye. Bayan zanga-zangar, mashaya ta samar da mabiya da suka fi girma.

Tun daga shekarun 1990s, Martinho ya shiga cikin kokarin inganta kulawar kiwon lafiya da aka bayar ga mata, amma musamman 'yan mata. Kamar yadda da yawa daga cikinsu ba sa bayyana matsayinsu ga likitocin kiwon lafiya, tana jin cewa suna da matukar damuwa. A shekara ta 2003, ta gabatar da bincike don sake dubawa na lokaci-lokaci game da yanayin yawan LGBT a Brazil. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka da Hukumar Shige da Fice da 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Kanada sun nuna rahotonta a cikin kimantawar su.

Martinho yana aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida kuma yana aiki a babban editan shafukan yanar gizon Umoutroolhar da Contraocorodoscontentes biyu daga cikin mahimman tashoshin Intelligentsia Lesbian a Brazil.

## Daraja

* Taron Kasa da Kasa na Tara na Sabis na Bayanai na Lesbian International-ILIS. Geneva, Switzerland 28 zuwa 31 ga Maris, 1986
* Na sadu da Lesbian-Feminist Latin-American da Caribbean. Takaddun shaida, Mexico, 1987
* Taron Tunanin Lesbian-Homossexual. Santiago, Chile, Nuwamba 1992

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

* Martinho, Miriam. "Lesbians ma gays ne," Boletim do Grupo Gay da Bahia Vol. 6, No. 12: Brazil (1986) shafi na 1 (A cikin Portuguese) 
* Martinho, Miriam. "1979-1989: 10 Shekaru na Motsi na Lesbian a Brazil", Um Ooutro Olhar Vol. 9: Brazil (1990), shafi na 8-17 (A cikin Portuguese) 
* Martinho, Mrian. "Lesbicas A Borinquen: III Gamuwa da Lesbicas Feministas Latino-Americanas da na Caribbean" *Wani Wani Duhu* Vol. 19/20 No. 7: Brazil (Fall/Winter 1993) shafi na 24-26
* Martinho, Miriam. Prazer sin Medo: bayanai ga mata da ke hulɗa da mata, Cibiyar Bayanai Wani Dubi: São Paulo, Brazil (1995) (A Portuguese) (A Portugais) 
* Martinho, Miriam. "Lesbian Life Today" shafi na 13-23 a cikin Rosenbloom, Rachel .  (Editor) *Dokokin da ba a faɗi ba: Jima'i da 'Yancin Dan Adam na Mata*, Cassell Publishing: London (1996) (a Turanci) ( )  
* [Hasiya] *IX Gasar Brazil ta Gays, Lesbicas da Travestis = II Gasar Brazil da Gays, Lésbicas da Travestus da ke aiki da cutar kanjamau*, Cibiyar Bayani Wani Duhu: São Paulo, Brazil (1998) (A Portuguese) 
* Martinho, Miriam. Wani taƙaitaccen tarihin Motsi na Lesbian a Brazil IGLHRC: Brazil (2003) (a Turanci) http://www.iglhrc.org/binary-data/ATTACHMENT/file/000/000/38-1.pdf  An adana shi 2011-08-03 a 

## Ƙarin karantawa

* Tarihin Mata a Brazil (a cikin Portuguese)

## Manazarta