Mata a cikin tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi a Amurka

In the United States, **women represent roughly a quarter of all arrests**. Women and men are both more likely to be arrested for less serious property crimes, but men are more likely than women to be involved in violent crime. Since 1960, while arrests in total have decreased, women have become a higher percentage of those arrests, partly due to an increase in drug-related arrests. Steffensmeier and Schwartz (2008) claim that this increase is not because more women are committing substance-abuse offenses, but because law enforcement officials have begun using broader, more expansive definitions of crimes, arresting more people for minor crimes. Because women are more likely to commit these minor crimes, females have been disproportionately added to the number of arrests.

## Mata da yaki da miyagun ƙwayoyi
A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, Amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na nishaɗi tsakanin matsakaicin aji ya karu yayin da ya zama mafi yawan jama'a. An haɗa shi da ƙungiyoyin adawa da al'adu da rikice-rikicen zamantakewa da siyasa. A shekara ta 1970, Majalisa ta zartar da Dokar Kula da Abubuwa, wanda ya tsara kuma ya hukunta amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi bisa ga "shirin" daban-daban guda biyar. Kowane magani na nishaɗi an sanya shi jadawalin bisa ga yiwuwar jaraba da cin zarafi, amfani da shi na kiwon lafiya, da kuma bayanin tsaro. Kowane jadawalin yana ɗauke da matakai daban-daban na azabtarwa don amfani, mallaka, ko rarraba miyagun ƙwayoyi - Shirin na sami mafi tsanani, yayin da Shirin V yana da mafi sauƙi.

Yaƙin kan kwayoyi da kuma halin adawa da miyagun ƙwayoyi na jama'a ya kai kololuwa lokacin da Ronald Reagan ya zama shugaban kasa a 1981 kuma Uwargidan Shugaban kasa Nancy Reagan ta fara kamfen din yaki da miyagun kwayoyi na "Ka ce A'a" wanda aka yi niyya ga yara da matasa masu matsakaicin matsayi. A lokaci guda, zuwan crack cocaine a Birnin New York ya yi mummunar tasiri a yankunan cikin gari kuma ya kara adawar siyasa ta jama'a ga amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi. Reagan ya kuma sanya hannu kan Dokar Anti-Drug Abuse na 1986, wanda ya sanya mafi ƙarancin hukunci, yana cire hankali daga alƙalai yayin yanke hukunci ga masu aikata miyagun ƙwayoyi.

Dana Britton a cikin 2011  da Steffensmeier da Schwartz a cikin 2008  sun kammala cewa yakin kan kwayoyi ya haifar da babban tasiri ga mata, musamman ga mata masu launin fata, saboda karuwar tsananin da yawan kananan laifuka da kuma wadanda suka shafi miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma gaskiyar cewa mata sun fi maza damar aikata laifuka marasa tsanani.

Bloom, Owen da Covington (2004)  sun kuma bayyana cewa yawancin mata masu laifi mata ne matalauta, marasa ilimi, kuma marasa aiki, suna cutar da damar da suke da ita na daina aiki yadda ya kamata kuma suna kara haɗarin sake aikata laifi bayan sun bar kurkuku. Kimanin kashi 60% na mata a cikin gidajen kurkuku na jihohi da na tarayya sune uwaye na kananan yara; tasirin yaƙin akan kwayoyi ba kawai ya shafi mata da kansu ba, har ma da tasiri ga yaransu, ƙarni na gaba. Bugu da kari, kamar yadda Britton  da Beckett, Nyrop, da Pfingst  suka nuna, matan Hispanic da na Afirka-Amurka suna da yawa a cikin yawan mata da ke cikin tsarin shari'ar aikata laifuka.

Zuwan cocaine" id="mwXA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Crack cocaine">crack cocaine, wani nau'i mai rahusa na cocaine wanda za'a iya shan taba, a cikin unguwanni na cikin gari na Amurka a cikin shekarun 1980 sun dace da raguwar masana'antu, karuwar yawan rashin aikin yi, da kuma karuwar yawan shugabannin mata. Zuwan crack kuma ya zo ne a lokaci guda kamar yadda yaƙin yaƙi a kan kwayoyi da kuma dokokinta masu yawa da kuma mayar da hankali kan kawar da shirye-shiryen jin dadin. Saboda wannan, da kuma farashin crack mai rahusa, yawan amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na mata ya tashi. Ryder da Brisgone sun yi hira da ƙungiyar uwaye da suka girma a lokacin wannan "Crack Era" a cikin shekarun 1990s don gano yadda yaƙin kan kwayoyi da crack ya shafi su da yaransu.

Sun gano cewa yawan amfani da kwayoyi a lokacin wannan zamanin ya rinjayi yaransu sosai don gwada kwayoyi. Bugu da ƙari, an matsa mata da yawa ko kuma sun zaɓi yin aikin jima'i don tallafawa "bukatar gaggawa don kwayoyi". Marubutan wannan binciken sun gano cewa jarabawar uwaye ta kara tilasta musu su ciyar da karancin lokaci tare da iyalansu, suna rushe alaƙar da ke tsakanin uwa da yaro, kodayake suna ƙaunar yaransu kuma suna so su ciyar da lokaci tare da su lokacin da za su iya.

## Kasancewar mata a cikin tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi

### Mata da tattalin arziki na al'ada
Tattalin arzikin da ba a saba amfani da shi ba wani bangare ne na tattalin arziki wanda ya hada da "duk ayyukan aikata laifuka da ke samar da kudin shiga". A Amurka, wannan yana nufin cewa siyarwa da amfani da kwayoyi wani bangare ne na tattalin arzikin da ba na al'ada ba. A duk faɗin duniya, mata masu aiki suna iya aiki a bangaren da ba na al'ada ba, wani bangare saboda al'adunsu na gida da kula da yara na iya sa ya fi dacewa su yi aiki daga gida. Sauran sun yi imanin cewa ana "tilasta" mata cikin bangaren da ba na al'ada ba saboda bangaren da aka tsara ya kasa biyan bukatun mata na musamman, kamar hutun haihuwa.

Tun daga shekarun 1980s, shigo da kayayyaki masu rahusa suna gasa don kayan da aka ƙera a cikin gida a Amurka, wanda ke haifar da rashin masana'antu, musamman a cikin birane. Wannan ya haifar da rashin aikin yi a bangaren hukuma. Bugu da ƙari, raguwar manufofin jin dadin ya kuma karfafa rashin aikin yi. Dukkanin wadannan dalilai sun haifar da ci gaba a bangaren da ba na al'ada ba na Tattalin arzikin Amurka, wanda ya kara yawan mata da ke aiki a wannan bangaren. Wannan ya haifar da kwararar mata zuwa kasuwannin miyagun ƙwayoyi.

### Tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi a matsayin mai daidaitawa
Kasancewar mata a kasuwannin miyagun ƙwayoyi ya sa Masana ilimin zamantakewa, masu binciken laifuka, da masu ilimin ɗan adam su tattauna rawar mata a cikin waɗannan kasuwannin. Shin suna da matsayi a cikin tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi waɗanda aka 'yantar da su daga Rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi na al'umma, ko kuma nuna bambancin jinsi na al-umma yana haifar da kansa a cikin tattalin arziƙin miyagun ƙwalwa?

Masanin ilimin ɗan adam Phillippe Bourgois, a cikin tarihin kasuwar crack a cikin Harlem na Mutanen Espanya, ya bayyana cewa kasancewar mata a kan tituna da kuma kasuwar crack yana nuna 'yancin su daga aikin gida da Kula da yara. Suna da 'yanci su shiga cikin rayuwar titi. A cewar Natasha Du Rose, Wilson (1993) ya yi jayayya cewa laifin mata da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi suna tashi don daidaitawa da na maza saboda 'yancin mata. Du Rose ya nakalto Fagan yana cewa matsayin mata a cikin tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi yana da matsayi mai girma wanda karuwanci ke taka rawar "marasa mahimmanci" wajen samar da kudin shiga ga waɗannan mata.

### Tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi yana ci gaba da rashin daidaito
Duk da yake Bourgois a cikin 1989 ya bayyana cewa mata suna da 'yanci su shiga cikin cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi yanzu da aka 'yantar da su daga zama mata da uwaye, ya cancanci wannan ta hanyar cewa "dangantaka ta al'ada har yanzu tana sarrafa dabarun samar da kudaden shiga a cikin tattalin arzikin karkashin kasa". Binciken da ya yi ya nuna cewa yawancin mata a kasuwar Harlem ta Spain sun zama ma'aikatan jima'i don tallafawa jarabawarsu. Duk da yake mata suna shiga cikin tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi, har yanzu ana tilasta musu cikin ayyukan gargajiya na titi lokacin da suke buƙatar samar da kudin shiga.

Masana ilimin zamantakewa Lisa Maher da Kathleen Daly a cikin 1996 sun yi binciken ilimin lissafi na mata a kasuwar miyagun ƙwayoyi ta Brooklyn" id="mwpw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Bushwick, Brooklyn">Bushwick a Brooklyn. Sun yi amfani da haɗuwa da aikin lura da masu halarta da kuma ganawa da mata kuma sun gano cewa, a cikin kasuwar miyagun ƙwayoyi mai matsayi, mata suna zaune a mafi ƙasƙanci a kasuwa. "Masu mallakar", wadanda duk maza ne, suna daukar ma'aikata wadanda ke kula da "masu siyarwa" da yawa na yau da kullun. Wadannan masu siyarwa suna amfani da "masu gudu", "masu tuka", da "masuwanci", waɗanda ke ba da masu siyarwar, suna tallata nau'ikan kwayoyin su, ko siyan kwayoyi ga wasu abokan ciniki. Masu gudu, masu tuka motar, jan ƙarfe, da masu siyarwa na yau da kullun suna da matsayi mafi ƙarancin ƙarfi da mafi ƙaranci na wannan kasuwa, kuma suna da mafi yawan mata masu halarta. Manyan matakan matsayi suna da maza kawai. A cikin wannan binciken, Maher da Daly sun karyata ra'ayin cewa fitowar tattalin arzikin crack ya ba da 'yanci da dama ga mata; Rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi ya ci gaba da kasancewa har ma a cikin tattalin arzikin da ba na al'ada ba. Canjin da Maher da Daly suka samu wanda 'yancin mata suka kawo ya zama raguwar yawan mata da ke dogaro da saurayi maza ko maza don sayar da kwayoyi.

Lisa Maher ta ci gaba da bincikenta game da tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi na Bushwick a cikin littafinta na 1997 Sexed Work . Ta sake jaddada bincikenta tare da Daly a kan karamin karfi, karamin karfi na mata a kasuwar miyagun ƙwayoyi, amma kuma tana mai da hankali kan aikin jima'i da mata ke yi don samar da kudin shiga. Tun lokacin da aka samu karuwar karamin karamin karkara a kasuwa, Maher ya gano cewa an sa mata da yawa su shiga cikin karuwanci a kan titi, suna motsa gasar da kuma rage farashin, suna kara tabarbarewar mata, musamman mata masu launin fata waɗanda galibi ba sa jawo hankalin abokan ciniki masu biyan kuɗi. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da kwararar crack ta rage farashin sosai, littafin Maher ba ya goyon bayan ra'ayin cewa mata galibi suna musayar jima'i kai tsaye don kwayoyi.

### Shirye-shiryen mata don magance rashin daidaito
Kodayake mata na iya zama marasa amfani a cikin tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi, suna samun hanyoyin magance waɗannan rashin daidaito. A cikin Sexed Work, Lisa Maher ta bayyana cewa wasu mata suna karɓar "mummunan" ko "hauka" mutum don tsira tsakanin takwarorinsu maza masu tashin hankali.Maher da Susan L. Hudson, a cikin bita na wallafe-wallafen mata a cikin tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi, sun bayyana cewa mata suna iya amfani da hotonsu a matsayin "mata", "mai rauni", ko "marasa laifi" don ɓoyewa daga zargin 'yan sanda da sayar da miyagun ƙwalwa cikin nasara. Hakanan suna iya amfani da ƙwarewar zamantakewar "mata" da sadarwa don warware yanayin tashin hankali. Maher da Hudson sun kuma gano cewa mata da yawa na iya jimrewa da iyakantaccen damar samar da kudaden shiga a cikin tattalin arzikin miyagun ƙwayoyi ta hanyar "diversifying": suna samun kuɗi ta hanyar haɗuwa mai sauƙi na aikin jima'i, jin daɗi, ayyukan bangarori na yau da kullun, da sayar da miyagun ƙwalwa.

## Manazarta