Hakkin Yan Asalin Kasa

**Haƙƙin Ƴan Asalin Ƙasa,** Hakkoki ne na filaye da albarkatun ƙasa dake cikin su, ko dai a ɗaiɗaiku ko a dunkule, galibi a cikin ƙasashen da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka. Haƙƙoƙin ƙasa da albarkatun ƙasa suna da mahimmancin ga ƴan asalin ƙasar saboda dalilai da dama, waɗanda suka haɗa da: mahimmancin addini na ƙasar, zaɓin kai, ainihi, da abubuwan tattalin arziki.  Filaye wata babbar kadara ce ta tattalin arziki, kuma a wasu al’ummomin ‘yan asalin kasar, yin amfani da albarkatun kasa na kasa da ruwa ke zama tushen tattalin arzikin gidansu, don haka bukatar mallakarsu ta samo asali ne daga bukatar tabbatar da samun damar samun wadannan albarkatun. Ƙasa kuma na iya zama muhimmiyar kayan gado ko alamar matsayin zamantakewa. A cikin al'ummomin ƴan asalin ƙasar da yawa, kamar a cikin yawancin al'ummar Australiya na Aboriginal, ƙasar wani muhimmin sashi ne na ruhinsu da tsarin imani.

An magance da'awar filaye na asali tare da nasarori daban-daban a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa tun farkon lokacin mulkin mallaka . Irin wannan da'awar na iya dogara ne akan ƙa'idojin dokokin duniya, yarjejeniyoyin, dokar gama gari, ko kuma tsarin mulki na cikin gida ko dokoki . Laƙabin ƙabila (wanda kuma aka sani da taken Asali, take na asali da sauran sharuɗɗan) koyarwar doka ce ta gama gari cewa haƙƙoƙin ƙasa na ƴan asalin ƙasar zuwa ga al'adar al'ada sun ci gaba bayan ɗaukan ikon mallaka a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka . Amincewa da kare haƙƙin ƴan ƙasa da na al'umma bisa doka ya ci gaba da zama babban ƙalubale, tare da tazarar da ke tsakanin filaye da aka sani a hukumance da na al'ada da kuma sarrafa shi,  babban tushen rashin ci gaba, rikice-rikice, da lalata muhalli.

## Dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa
Takaddun tushe na haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar a cikin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa sun haɗa da Yarjejeniyar Ƙungiyoyin Yan Asalin Ƙasa da Ƙabila, 1989 (" ILO 169 "), Sanarwar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya game da Haƙƙin Yan Asalin, Yarjejeniyar Kawar da Duk Wani nau'i na Wariyar launin fata, da Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da na siyasa, Yarjejeniyar Amurka akan 'yancin dan adam, da sanarwar Amurka kan 'yancin 'yan asalin .

### China

### Yankin Larabawa
 

## Doka ta gama gari
Taken Aboriginal, wanda kuma aka sani da sunan ɗan ƙasa (Ostiraliya), take na al'ada (New Zealand), taken Indiya na asali (US), shine rukunan doka na gama gari cewa haƙƙin ƙasa na ƴan asalin ƙasar zuwa al'adar al'ada ta ci gaba bayan ɗaukan ikon mallaka . Hakanan ƴan asalin ƙasar suna iya samun wasu haƙƙoƙi akan ƙasar Crown a yankuna da yawa.

### Ostiraliya
 
A tarihi an tauye haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar ta hanyar koyarwa iri-iri irin su *terra nullius*.  wanda shine kalmar Latin ma'ana "ƙasar da ba ta kowa ba" A cikin 1971, gungun mutanen Meriam a Ostiraliya sun ba da da'awar mallakar su na tsibirin Mer a cikin mashigar Torres. A cikin da'awarsu ta shari'a sun bayar da cewa ƙasarsu ta asali ce kuma keɓantacce, mallakar Meriam ne kuma ke mulki, inda a tarihi suka gudanar da al'amuranta na siyasa da zamantakewa. Bayan shekaru da kotunan shari'a ta fara sauraren ƙarar, kuma bayan mutuwar daya daga cikin wadanda suka shigar da kara (Eddie Mabo), hukuncin da babbar kotun ta yanke ya ba da tabbacin cewa dan ƙasar ya mallaki fili da kuma ƙaryata tatsuniya na terra nullius.

### Kanada
Babban shari'ar ga taken Aboriginal a Kanada shine *Delgamuukw v.* *British Columbia* (1997). Wani muhimmin lamari don taken Aborigin shine Tsilhqot'in Nation v. British Columbia (2014).

### Latin Amurka
Yayin da tsarin siyasar wasu ƙasashen Latin Amurka ke ƙera samun dimokuradiyya da bude ido don saurare da rungumar ra'ayoyin tsirarun wadannan batutuwan da suka shafi hakkin ƙasa sun fito fili a fagen siyasar ƙasar. Duk da wannan sabon “sake karramawa” kadan-kadan, har yanzu ’yan asalin kasar na daga cikin matalautan kasashe kuma galibi ba su da damar samun albarkatu kuma suna da ƙarancin damar ci gaba da ci gaba. Yanayin shari'a na haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar a cikin ƙasashen Latin Amurka ya bambanta sosai. Har yanzu akwai babban bambancin haƙƙoƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar, dokoki da karɓuwa a duk faɗin nahiyar. A shekara ta 1957, Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO), ta sanya yarjejeniyar ILO 107. Wannan yarjejeniya ta haifar da dokoki da ka'idoji don kariya da haɗin kai na 'yan asalin ƙasar a cikin ƙasashe masu zaman kansu. Duk ƙasashe masu zaman kansu na Latin Amurka da Caribbean na lokacin sun amince da wannan yarjejeniya. Tun daga shekarun 1960 suka fara tare da amincewa da iƙirarin farko na ƙasar ƴan asalin ƙasar tun lokacin mulkin mallaka. A cikin shekara ta 1989 ILO ta yi Yarjejeniyar 169 ; Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi ƴan asali da ƙabilu a cikin ƙasashe masu zaman kansu, wanda ke sabunta ILO 107 na 1957. A cikin wannan al'ada kuma an fahimci kusanci da mahimmancin dangantaka tsakanin ƙasa da ainihi, ko kuma ainihin al'ada mai mahimmanci. A yau, kasashe 15 na Latin Amurka da Caribbean sun amince da wannan yarjejeniya. Hatta a kasashen da aka amince da shi, takaita aiwatar da shi ya haifar da tashe-tashen hankula game da ‘yancin mallakar filaye na asali kamar zanga-zangar ma’adinan Escobal a Guatemala.

### New Zealand
 
An amince da haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar a cikin Yarjejeniyar Waitangi da aka yi tsakanin Masarautar Burtaniya da sarakunan Maori daban-daban. An yi watsi da yarjejeniyar kanta sau da yawa, amma kotunan New Zealand yawanci sun yarda da kasancewar take na asali. Takaddama game da haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar sun kasance sun ta'allaka ne kan hanyoyin da Māori ya yi asarar mallaka, maimakon ko suna da mallakar tun farko.

### Amurka
"Bayan harbin 'yan asalin kasar, hanyar da ta fi dacewa ta kashe mu ita ce raba mu da yankinmu na Duniya." Hayden Burgess, Hawai 
Shawarar tushe don taken Aboriginal a Amurka shine *Johnson v.* *McIntosh* (1823), wanda Babban Mai Shari'a John Marshall ya rubuta.

Ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka a Amurka an mayar da su zuwa wuraren ajiyar Indiya da kabilan ke gudanarwa a ƙarƙashin Ofishin Harkokin Cikin Gida na Amurka .

## Dokar farar hula

### Brazil

### Mexico
Shekaru bayan juyin juya halin Mexico na 1910 ya ga sauye-sauyen noma (1917-1934), kuma a cikin *labarin 27* na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Mexiko an soke tsarin encomienda, kuma an tabbatar da haƙƙin mallakar ƙasa na gama gari ga al'ummomin gargajiya. Don haka an ƙirƙiri tsarin ejido, wanda a aikace yakamata ya ƙunshi ikon saka hannun jari na masu zaman kansu na kamfanoni na ƙasashen waje da masu gidaje da ba su nan, kuma ya ba wa 'yan asalin ƙasar damar wani yanki don yin aiki da rayuwa.Tun daga shekarun 1980 zuwa 1990, manufofin tattalin arzikin Mexico sun fi mayar da hankali kan ci gaban masana'antu da kuma jawo babban birnin ketare. Gwamnatin Salinas ta ƙaddamar da wani tsari na mayar da ƙasa mai zaman kansa (ta hanyar PROCEDE-program). A cikin 1992, a matsayin (kafin) sharadi ga Mexico don shigar da Yarjejeniyar Ciniki Kyauta ta Arewacin Amurka (NAFTA) tare da Amurka da Kanada, art.4 da art.27 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki an canza su, ta hanyar abin da ya zama mai yiwuwa a mayar da shi ga kamfanoni. al'umma ejido-land. Wannan ya lalata tushen tsaro na al'ummomin ƴan asalin don samun haƙƙin ƙasa, kuma tsoffin *ejidatorios* yanzu sun zama ƴan ta'adda ba bisa ƙa'ida *ba*, da matsugunan su na yau da kullun. (duba kuma rikicin Chiapas )

## Manazarta

## Littafi Mai Tsarki

* Richardson, Benjamin J., Shin Imai & Kent McNeil. 2009. *Jama'ar asali da doka: kwatanta da ra'ayi mai mahimmanci* .
* Robertson, LG, (2005), *Cin nasara ta Doka: Yadda Ganowar Amurka Ya Kori 'Yan Asalin Kasashensu*, Jami'ar Oxford University, New York 
* Snow, Alpheus Henry. 1919. *Tambayar Aborigine a cikin Doka da Ayyukan Al'ummai* .

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Gidauniyar Rainforest Amurka na gwagwarmaya don tabbatar da haƙƙin ƙasa ga al'ummomin ƴan asali a Latin Amurka
* Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin 'Yan Asalin kamar yadda Babban taron ya karbe, 13 Satumba 2007