Stokely Carmichael

**Kwame Ture** (/ ˈkwɑːmeɪ ˈtʊəreɪ/; an haife shi Stokely Standiford Churchill Carmichael; Yuni 29, 1941 - Nuwamba 15, 1998) ɗan gwagwarmayar Ba'amurke ne wanda ya taka rawa sosai a cikin fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a a Amurka da ƙungiyoyin Afirka na duniya. An haife shi a Trinidad a cikin Caribbean, ya girma a Amurka tun yana ɗan shekara 11 kuma ya zama ɗan gwagwarmaya yayin da yake halartar Makarantar Kimiyya ta Bronx. Ya kasance babban jigo a cikin ci gaban kungiyar Black Power, da farko yayin da yake jagorantar kwamitin kula da zaman lafiya na Student (SNCC), sannan a matsayin "Honorary Prime Minister" na jam'iyyar Black Panther Party, kuma na karshe a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar All-African People's Revolutionary Party (A-APRP).

Carmichael yana ɗaya daga cikin mahaya ƴancin SNCC na asali na 1961 ƙarƙashin jagorancin Diane Nash. Ya zama babban mai fafutukar kare hakkin kada kuri'a a Mississippi da Alabama bayan Ella Baker da Bob Moses suka ba shi jagoranci. Kamar yawancin matasa a cikin SNCC, ya yi rashin jin daɗi da tsarin jam'iyyu biyu bayan Babban Taron Dimokuradiyya na 1964 ya kasa amincewa da Jam'iyyar Freedom Democratic Party ta Mississippi a matsayin wakilai na hukuma daga jihar. A ƙarshe Carmichael ya yanke shawarar haɓaka ƙungiyoyin siyasa masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu, irin su Lowndes County Freedom Organization da, na ɗan lokaci, Jam'iyyar Black Panther ta ƙasa. Misalin Malcolm X ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi, ya fayyace falsafar ikon baƙar fata, kuma ya shahara da ita ta hanyar maganganun tsokana da ƙarin rubuce-rubuce masu hankali. Marubucin Richard Wright an yaba shi da ƙirƙirar jimlar a cikin littafinsa na Black Power na 1954.

Carmichael ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mashahuran shugabannin Baƙar fata da ke da rigima a ƙarshen 1960s. Darektan FBI J. Edgar Hoover a asirce ya bayyana Carmichael a matsayin mutumin da ya fi dacewa ya gaji Malcolm X a matsayin “Almasihu bakar fata na Amurka”. FBI ta yi niyya da shi don yin aiki da bayanan sirri ta hanyar shirinta na COINTELPRO, ya sa Carmichael ya ƙaura zuwa Afirka a 1968. Ya sake kafa kansa a Ghana, sannan Guinea ta 1969. A can, ya karɓi sunan Kwame Ture, kuma ya fara yaƙin neman zaɓe na gurguzu mai ra'ayin gurguzu a duniya. Ture ya mutu sakamakon ciwon daji na prostate a 1998 yana da shekaru 57.

## Shekarun baya
An haifi Carmichael a Port of Spain, Trinidad da Tobago. Ya halarci Makarantar Gwamnati ta Tranquility kafin ya koma Harlem, New York City, a cikin 1952 yana ɗan shekara 11, don komawa cikin iyayensa. Sun yi hijira zuwa Amurka yana ɗan shekara biyu, kuma kakarsa da yayyensa biyu suka rene shi. Yana da ‘yan’uwa mata guda uku.

Mahaifiyarsa, Mabel R. Carmichael, ta kasance mai kula da layin jirgin ruwa. Mahaifinsa, Adolphus, kafinta ne wanda kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin direban tasi. Carmichaels da suka sake haduwa daga ƙarshe sun bar Harlem suka zauna a Van Nest a Gabashin Bronx, a wancan lokacin ƙauyen da suka tsufa musamman na Yahudawa da Italiya baƙi da zuriya. Bisa ga wata hira da Carmichael ya yi wa Mujallar Life a shekara ta 1967, shi ne kawai baƙar fata a cikin Morris Park Dukes, ƙungiyar matasa masu shiga cikin barasa da ƙananan sata.

## 1961:'Yancin hawa
A cikin shekararsa ta farko a Jami'ar Howard, a cikin 1961, Carmichael ya shiga cikin Rides na Freedom Rides wanda Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) ya shirya don rarraba motocin bas da gidajen cin abinci na tashar bas tare da hanyar US Route 40 tsakanin Baltimore da Washington, DC, kamar yadda suka zo ƙarƙashin tarayya maimakon dokar jiha. An ware su ta al'ada. An kama shi akai-akai kuma ya kasance a gidan yari. An kama shi sau da yawa saboda gwagwarmayar da ya yi har ya rasa ƙidaya, wani lokacin yana ƙididdige 29 ko 32. A cikin 1998, ya gaya wa Washington Post cewa yana tunanin jimlar bai kai 36 ba.

Tare da wasu mahaya takwas, a ranar 4 ga Yuni, 1961, Carmichael ya yi tafiya ta jirgin ƙasa daga New Orleans, Louisiana, zuwa Jackson, Mississippi, don haɗa sashin "farar" a cikin jirgin. Kafin su hau jirgin kasa a New Orleans, sun ci karo da masu zanga-zangar farar fata suna tare hanya. Carmichael ya ce, "Suna ihu suna jefa mana gwangwani da kunna sigari suna tofa mana." Lokacin da ƙungiyar ta isa Jackson, Carmichael da sauran mahayan takwas sun shiga gidan cin abinci "farar fata". An tuhume su da laifin tada zaune tsaye, an kama su, aka kai su gidan yari.

Daga ƙarshe, an tura Carmichael zuwa gidan yarin mai suna Parchman a cikin gundumar Sunflower, Mississippi, tare da sauran 'Yancin 'Yanci. Ya yi suna a matsayinsa na shugaba mai wayo da taurin kai a cikin fursunoni.

Ya yi aiki kwanaki 49 tare da sauran masu fafutuka a Parchman. A 19, Carmichael shi ne ƙarami wanda aka tsare a lokacin rani na 1961. Ya shafe kwanaki 53 a Parchman a cikin ɗakin kwana shida-ta tara. Shi da abokan aikinsa an ba su damar yin wanka sau biyu kawai a mako, ba a ba su izinin littattafai ko wani tasiri na mutum ba, kuma a wasu lokuta ana sanya su cikin mafi girman tsaro don ware su.

## Manazarta