Anne Vallayer-Coster

**Anne Vallayer-Coster** (21 ga Disamba 1744 &#x2013; 28 ga Fabrairu 1818) ƙwararriyar mai zane ce 'yar ƙasar Faransa da aka fi sani da rayuwar da ba ta da rai . Ta sami suna da karramawa tun farkon aikinta, bayan an shigar da ita cikin Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture a shekarar 1770, tana da shekaru ashirin da shida. 

Duk da ƙarancin matsayin da zanen rai yake da shi a wannan lokacin, ƙwarewar Vallayer-Coster mai hazaka, musamman a fannin zane-zanen furanni, ba da daɗewa ba ta jawo hankalin masu tarawa da sauran masu fasaha sosai.  "Babban baiwarta da kuma sharhin da ta yi" ya jawo hankalinta ga kotun, inda Marie Antoinette ta ɗauki sha'awar zane-zanen Vallayer-Coster. 

Rayuwarta ta kasance ta sirri, mai mutunci da aiki tukuru. Ta tsira daga zubar da jinin Mulkin Ta'addanci,  amma faɗuwar masarautar Faransa, waɗanda su ne manyan masu tallafa mata, ya sa sunanta ya ragu.

Baya ga rayuwar da ba ta mutu ba, ta zana hotunan mutane da zane-zanen nau'ikan zane-zane, amma saboda ƙuntatawa da aka sanya wa mata a lokacin nasararta a zanen siffofi ba ta da iyaka. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa

An haife ta a shekara ta 1744 a bakin Bièvre kusa da Seine, Vallayer-Coster tana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya mata huɗu da wani maƙerin zinare Joseph Vallayer (1704–1770) na gidan sarauta da kuma compagnon des Gobelins ya haifa.  Mutum zai iya ɗauka cewa kasuwancin zanen gidan mai zane yana da tasiri kan sha'awarta da ƙwarewarta a fannin fasaha. Da yawa daga cikin zane-zanenta an kwafi su zuwa zane-zanen ta hanyar masana'antar Manufacture Nationale des Gobelins.  Tun lokacin da ta yi yarinta a masana'antar, ta sami damar dandana dukkan ayyukan kasuwancin.  A shekara ta 1754, mahaifinta ya ƙaura da iyalin zuwa Paris. Da alama Vallayer-Coster ba ta shiga ɗakin zane na ƙwararren mai zane ba, wataƙila saboda irin wannan koyon aiki ga namijin da ba shi da alaƙa yana da wahala ga mace mai daraja. Kamar sauran mata masu fasaha na lokacin, mahaifinta ya horar da ita yadda ya kamata; amma kuma ya koya daga wasu majiyoyi ciki har da ƙwararren masanin tsirrai Madeleine Basseport, da kuma shahararren mai zane-zanen ruwa Joseph Vernet . 

### Farkon aiki

Lokacin da ta kai shekara ashirin da shida, Vallayer-Coster har yanzu ba ta da suna ko mai tallafawa; wannan ya zama matsala mai tayar da hankali a gare ta.  Da rashin son rai, ta miƙa biyu daga cikin rayuwarta da ba ta mutu ba *- Siffofin Zane* da *Siffofin Kiɗa* (dukansu yanzu suna cikin mallakar Louvre )  - ga *Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture*, a matsayin kayan liyafa a 1770.  An zaɓe ta cikin haɗin kai cikin Royal Academy da zarar Masana Ilimi suka ga zane-zanenta, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata goma sha huɗu kacal da aka karɓa a cikin Academy kafin Juyin Juya Halin Faransa .  Duk da haka, wannan lokacin nasara ya mamaye mutuwar mahaifinta. Nan da nan mahaifiyarta ta karɓi harkokin iyali, galibi haka yake a wannan lokacin, kuma Anne ta ci gaba da aiki don taimakawa wajen tallafa wa iyalinta. 

Tare da Halayenta na Zane, Zane, da Gine-gine da Halayen Kiɗa, an nuna wasu zane-zanen Vallayer-Coster guda tara, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu aka gabatar wa masana ilimi a baya, a cikin baje kolin Salon na 1771. Da take tsokaci game da baje kolin Salon na 1771, masanin ilimin kimiya Denis Diderot ya lura cewa "idan duk sabbin membobin Royal Academy suka yi nuni kamar na Mademoiselle Vallayer, kuma suka ci gaba da kasancewa iri ɗaya, Salon zai yi kama da na sauran!" [1] Kodayake an san ta da zane-zanen da ba su da rai a wannan lokacin, hotonta ya karu sosai, kuma Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa ya sayi Hoton Mai Zane na 1773 na Mai Zane a 2015.

Vallayer-Coster ta nuna rayuwarta ta farko ta fure a shekarar 1775, kuma daga baya ta shahara musamman a matsayin mai zane-zanen furanni.  Bayan shekaru huɗu, ta fara jin daɗin goyon bayan Marie Antoinette .  Tare da alaƙarta da Kotun da kuma matsin lamba daga Marie Antoinette, ta sami sarari a Louvre a shekarar 1781 wanda ba a saba gani ba ga mata masu fasaha.  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, a gaban Marie Antoinette a kotunan Versailles, ta auri Jean-Pierre Silvestre Coster (1745–1824), lauya mai kuɗi, *ɗan majalisa*, kuma memba mai daraja daga wata iyali mai ƙarfi daga Lorraine . Marie Antoinette ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar aure a matsayin shaida.   Tare da waɗannan lakabin, manyan mukamai na bourgeoisies sun zo, wato rob mai daraja . Tare da irin wannan matsayi mai daraja, ofishin gwamnati ya zo wanda, a al'adance a wannan lokacin ana siyan su daga uba zuwa ɗa, wanda hakan ya sa ba za a iya bambanta su da tsoffin manyan mutane ba. 

Ta sami karbuwa da wuri a aikinta bayan an zaɓe ta a matsayin mataimakiya kuma cikakken memba na Royal Academy a shekarar 1770. Dabarunta na fara aiki da kuma ci gaba da aikinta na ƙwararru sun kasance masu kyau. Ta yi fice wajen samun zama memba a makarantar kuma ta yi nasara a wani sanannen aiki na ƙwararru a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18, lokacin da adawa da mata a fagen jama'a ke ƙara zurfafa kuma Academy ta kasance mai juriya ga maraba da mata a cikin sahunta.  Hoton da aka saba gani na Vallayer-Coster ba wai kawai a matsayinta na mai fasaha ba ne, har ma a matsayinta na diflomasiyya mai ƙwarewa da mai shiga tsakani, ta san muradun masu son ta da kuma matsayinta na mace mai fasaha. 

### Shekarun da suka biyo baya
Da Mulkin Ta'addanci a 1793, tsohuwar gwamnatin, wadda har zuwa wannan lokacin ta goyi bayan Vallayer-Coster, ta ɓace.  Duk da matsayinta mai daraja da alaƙarta da karagar mulki, Vallayer-Coster ta sami damar guje wa rikicin juyin juya halin Faransa a 1789,  amma faɗuwar masarautar Faransa ta shafi aikinta. Akwai shaida cewa a wannan lokacin na raguwar aikin Vallayer-Coster, ta yi aiki a masana'antar Gobelins Tapestry a matsayin hanyar ci gaba da ayyukanta na fasaha.  Kodayake a lokacin mulkin Napoleon, sarauniya Josephine ta sami ayyuka biyu daga gare ta a 1804, sunanta ya ragu.  Vallayer-Coster ta mai da hankali kan zane-zanen fure a cikin mai, ruwan ruwa da gouache. 

A shekara ta 1817 ta nuna fim ɗin *Still Life tare da Lobster* a cikin Paris Salon .  A cikin wannan, zane na ƙarshe da ta nuna, ta gudanar da abin da wani ƙwararre ya kira "taƙaitaccen aikinta"  wanda ke nuna yawancin waɗanda ta zaɓa a baya tare a cikin wani aiki da ta bayar ga Sarki Louis XVIII da aka dawo da shi. Akwai wasu shaidu da ke nuna cewa Vallayer-Coster ta ba wa sarki don nuna farin cikinta a matsayin mai goyon bayan Bourbon mai aminci a cikin shekarun juyin juya hali da mulkin mallaka na Napoleon. 

Ta mutu a shekara ta 1818 tana da shekaru saba'in da uku bayan ta zana fiye da rayuka 120, koyaushe tana da haske mai ban mamaki. 

## Zane-zane

### Salo da fasaha

Vallayer-Coster ta yi aiki musamman a cikin nau'ikan halittu marasa rai da aka haɓaka a cikin ƙarni na 17 da 18.  Ɗabi'ar al'ada ta hana mata masu fasaha su zana daga samfurin tsirara, wanda shine ginshiƙin da ake buƙata don manyan nau'ikan halittu. Saboda haka, rayuwa marar rai, wacce aka ɗauka a matsayin mafi ƙarancin ilimi a cikin nau'ikan halittu kuma mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin tsarin ilimi, an ɗauke ta a matsayin batun da ya dace ga mata masu fasaha. Yayin da take karɓar wannan iyakancewa don samun shiga makarantar, babban hanyar kula da sarauta, Vallayer-Coster ta sadaukar da ƙwarewarta mai girma ga rayuwar marar rai, tana ƙirƙirar ayyukan da ba za a iya musantawa ba da kuma abubuwan da ke jan hankali na gani. 

Vallayer-Coster ta yi amfani da mai a kan zane don yawancin zane-zanenta. Ta sami babban daidaito a cikin wakilcin kayan aiki da laushi ta hanyar amfani da goge-goge masu kyau.  A cewar masanin tarihin fasaha Marianne Roland Michel, "layukan ado masu ƙarfi na kayanta, wadatar launukanta da zane-zanen kwaikwayo, da kuma nasarorin ruɗani da ta samu wajen nuna nau'ikan abubuwa iri-iri, na halitta da na wucin gadi"  ne suka jawo hankalin Royal Academymie da masu tarawa da yawa waɗanda suka sayi zane-zanenta. Wannan hulɗar da ke tsakanin fasaha da yanayi ta kasance ruwan dare gama gari a cikin rayuwar Dutch, Flemish, da Faransa.  Aikinta ya bayyana tasirin Jean-Baptiste-Simeon Chardin, da kuma ƙwararrun Dutch na ƙarni na 17, waɗanda aikinsu ya fi daraja, amma abin da ya sa salon Vallayer-Coster ya bambanta da sauran masu zane-zanen rai shi ne hanyarta ta musamman ta haɗa ruɗani na wakilci tare da tsarin kayan ado.   Manufarta ita ce ta ba da wani ɓangare na girma ga duk abin da ta zana; ta yin hakan, ta ƙirƙiri ƙarin jin daɗin kwanciyar hankali da wadatar zuci. Mai suka John Haber, wanda ya bayyana aikinta a matsayin wanda ba shi da son zuciya, ya ce ƙarfi da kuma abin da ke kwantar da hankali na waƙoƙinta sun burge manyan masu banki da masu kuɗi, waɗanda za su iya jin daɗin yadda ta fassara "zanen katako daban-daban masu ban mamaki" ko "tarin murjani da harsashi mai yawa, abubuwan da suka ɗauki shekaru suna wanzuwa kuma za su daɗe har shekaru masu zuwa." 

## Nunin Baje Kolin
A tsakanin 2002-2003, an nuna fiye da zane-zanen Vallayer-Coster talatin da biyar, waɗanda gidajen tarihi da masu tattarawa masu zaman kansu na Faransa da Amurka suka samar, a National Gallery of Art, The Frick Collection, da kuma Museum of Beaux-Arts de Nancy .   Nunin, "Anne Vallayer-Coster: Mai Zane ga Kotun Marie Antoinette," shine nunin farko da ya samar da wakilci mai kyau, mai cike da zane-zanenta. Gidan Tarihi na Dallas ne ya shirya shi kuma Eik Kahng ne ya shirya shi.   Nunin ya haɗa da ƙarin ayyukan Chardin, babbanta kuma fitaccen malamin zane-zanen rai, da kuma Henri-Horace Roland Delaporte na zamani, da sauransu.  A watan Yunin 2015, Nationalmuseum ta ƙara hoton Vallayer-Coster na 1773 *Portrait of a Violinist* a cikin tarin zanen Faransa na ƙarni na 18. Gidan tarihin ƙasa yana da mallakin Vallayer-Coster's *Still Life with Brioche, Fruit, and Vegetables' na 1775 Still Life with Brioche, Fruit, and Vegetables* da ƙaramin *Floral Still Life ɗinta da ba a daɗe ba.*  A watan Maris na 2019, Gidan tarihin Kimbell Art ya sami zanen Vallayer-Coster na 1787 mai taken *Still Life with Mackerel.* 

## Ayyuka daga Anne Vallayer-Coster

Fayil:Anne_Vallayer-coster.jpg|alt=A Bust of Minerva with Armour and Weapons on a Stone Ledge (1777)| *Tsarin Minerva da Sulke da Makamai a kan Tudun Dutse* (1777)
Fayil:Portrait_of_an_elderly_lady_with_her_daughter.jpg|alt=A Lady Writing, and her Daughter (1775)| *Rubutu daga Uwargida, da 'yarta* (1775)
Fayil:Anne_Vallayer-Coster_-_Attributes_of_Painting,_Sculpture,_and_Architecture_-_WGA24263.jpg|alt=Attributes of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture (1769)| *Halayen Zane, Zane-zane, da Gine-gine* (1769)
Fayil:Attributes_of_Music.jpg|alt=Attributes of Music (1770)| *Halayen Kiɗa* (1770)
Fayil:Still_Life_with_a_Ham.jpg|alt=Still Life with a Ham (ca. 1767)| *Rayuwa Mai Tsayi Tare da Naman Alade* (kimanin 1767)
Fayil:Anne_Vallayer-Coster_-_Still_Life_with_Peaches_and_Grapes.jpg|alt=Still Life with Peaches and Grapes| *Rayuwa Mai Kyau Tare da Peaches da Inabi*
Fayil:Anne_Vallayer-Coster_-_Still-Life_with_Tuft_of_Marine_Plants,_Shells_and_Corals_-_WGA24264.jpg|alt=Still-Life with Tuft of Marine Plants, Shells and Corals (1769)| *Rayuwa Mai Tsabta Tare da Tuft na Tsire-tsire na Ruwa, Harsasai da Murjani* (1769)
Fayil:Beaux-Arts_de_Carcassonne_-_Bouquet_de_fleurs_dans_un_verre_d'eau_-_Anne_Vallayer-Coster_-_Joconde04400000408.jpg|alt=Bouquet of flowers in a glass of water (ca. 1774)| Bouquet na furanni a cikin gilashin ruwa (kimanin 1774)
Fayil:Still_Life_with_Lobster.jpg|alt=Still Life with Lobster (ca. 1781)| *Rayuwa Mai Tsanani tare da Lobster* (kimanin 1781)
Fayil:Vase_of_Flowers_and_Conch_Shell_MET_DT11675.jpg|alt=Vase of Flowers and Conch Shell (1780)| *Tukunyar Furanni da Kwalbar Conch* (1780) 


## Duba kuma

* Women artists

## Bayanan kula

## Manazarta

* Berman, Greta. "Mayar da Hankali Kan Fasaha". Jaridar Juilliard Online 18:6 (Maris 2003)
* Bonnet, Marie-Jo. "Masu Zane-zanen Mata a Aiki: Hotunan Kai a Matsayin Manufofi na Siyasa (Ƙarni na 18 - 19)", *Revue d'histoire moderne & contemporaine*, vol. 49-3, no. 3, 2002, shafi na 1.&nbsp;140–167.
* Chrisman-Campbell, K. (2012). Masu rajin kare haƙƙin mallaka zuwa ga soyayya: Mata Masu fasaha daga Louvre, Versailles, da Sauran Tarin Alkaluman Ƙasa na Faransa. *Mujallar Zane-zane ta Mata*, *33* (2), 62+. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A337816139/AONE?u=nysl_sc_ithaca&sid=bookmark-AONE&xid=666ec7b6
* Cohen, Sarah R. "Anne Vallayer-Coster: Mai Zane ga Kotun Marie-Antoinette." Nazarin Ƙarni na Sha Takwas 36:4 (2003): 571–576
* Doy, Janar. Gani da Sanin Kai: Mata, Aji da Wakilci. Gordonsville: Berg Publishers, 2005 p.&nbsp;33
* Greer Germaine. Tseren Ciwo: Sa'ar Mata Masu Zane da Ayyukansu. London: Tauris Parke Paperbacks, 2001. Shafi na 244–247
* Haber, John. "Furayen Matattu". New York Art Crit (2003).
* Hoashi, Lisa. "Siyasa ta Nau'i." Mawakin Amurka, 08, 2002, 8,  .
* Magnus Olausson, "Anne Vallyer-Coster, Hoton wani Violinist", Bulletin Art na National Museum Volume 22, 2015, https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:992775/FULLTEXT01.pdf
* McKinven, Mary Jane. Yuni 2002. "Rayuwa Mai Ban Mamaki Mai Ban Mamaki ta Anne Vallayer-Coster, Fitaccen Mai Zane a Karni na 18 a Kotun Marie-Antoinette". Gidan Tarihi na Kasa (Yuni 2002)
* Michel, Marianne Roland. "Tapestries on Designs by Anne Vallayer-Coster." Mujallar Burlington 102: 692 (Nuwamba 1960): i-ii
* Michel, Marianne Roland. "Valloyer-Coster, Anne". *Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online* . Oxford University Press. Yanar Gizo.
* Rothenberg, Sandra. "Anne Vallayer-Coster: Mai Zane ga Kotun Marie-Antoinette." Mujallar Laburare 127, lamba 17 (Oktoba 15, 2002): 67. ProQuest&nbsp;196779524 .
* Spies-Gans, Paris Amanda. "Kyakkyawan Bayani, Amma Ba Keɓancewa Ba: Nunin Jama'a da Tashi na Mace Mai Zane a Landan da Paris, 1760–1830." Nazarin Ƙarni na Sha Takwas, vol. 51, no. 4, 2018, shafi na 1.&nbsp;393–416., https://doi.org/10.1353/ecs.2018.0009 .
* Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Metropolitan. "Anne Vallayer-Coster, Tukunyar Furanni da Kwandon Conch" .
* "An ceto mace mai zane daga duhu." United Press International (Fabrairu 2003).
* Christophe Huchet de Quénétain, Sophie Mouquin, "D'albâtre, de cristal et de porcelaine : Anne Vallayer-Coster, peintre de vases", in Jean-Patrice Marandel, Sophie Mouquin, Christophe Huchet de Quénétain, Anne Vallayer-Coster, protégée de Marie-Antoinette, exh. cat. Paris, Galerie Éric Coatalem, 2 Nuwamba-23, Paris Coatalem, 2 Nuwamba-23, Gari Coatalem 2023, p. 65-87 .
* Christophe Huchet de Quénétain, "Le trompe-l'œil chez Anne Vallayer-Coster", in Erik Desmazières (dir.), Sylvie Carlier (dir.) et Aurélie Gavoille (dir.), Le trompe-l'œil, de 1520 a nos jours, exh. cat. Paris, musée Marmottan Monet, 17 Oktoba 2024 - 2 Maris 2025, Gand, Snoeck Publishers, 2024, cat. n° 34-35, p.&nbsp;130-133.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* 3 artworks by or after Anne Vallayer-Coster at the Art UK site
* Entry for Anne Vallayer-Coster on the Union List of Artist Names
* Anne Vallayer-Coster on ArtCyclopedia