Albert Luthuli

**Albert John Luthuli**  (  - 21 ga Yuli 1967) ɗan gwagwarmayar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata ne na Afirka ta Kudu, shugaban gargajiya, kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Tarayyar Afirka daga shekarun 1952 har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar 1967.

An haifi Luthuli ga dangin Zulu a cikin shekarar 1898 a wata mishan Adventist na kwana bakwai a Bulawayo, Rhodesia (yanzu Zimbabwe). A cikin shekarar 1908 ya koma Groutville, inda iyayensa da kakanninsa suka rayu, don halartar makaranta ƙarƙashin kulawar kawunsa. Bayan kammala karatun sakandare da digiri na koyarwa, Luthuli ya zama shugaban wata ƙaramar makaranta a Natal inda shi kaɗai ne malami. Ya karɓi takardar shaidar gwamnati don yin karatun Diploma na Higher Teacher a Kwalejin Adams. Bayan ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1922, ya karɓi muƙamin koyarwa a Kwalejin Adams inda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin malaman Afirka na farko. A cikin shekarar 1928, ya zama sakataren ƙungiyar malamai ta Native Native, sannan shugabanta a shekarar 1933.

Luthuli ya shiga siyasar Afirka ta Kudu da kuma gwagwarmayar yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata a shekarar 1935, lokacin da aka zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban rijiyar Umvoti a Groutville. A matsayinsa na shugaba, ya fuskanci rashin adalcin da ‘yan Afirka da dama ke fuskanta sakamakon yadda gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ke kara nuna wariya. Wannan rarrabuwar kawuna daga baya za ta rikiɗe zuwa nuna wariyar launin fata, wani nau'i na wariyar launin fata da aka kafa, bayan nasarar da jam'iyyar National Party ta samu a zaben 1948. Luthuli ya shiga jam'iyyar African National Congress (ANC) a shekara ta 1944 kuma an zaɓe shi shugaban lardi na reshen Natal a shekarar 1951. Bayan shekara guda a cikin shekarar 1952, Luthuli ya jagoranci Kamfen na Defiance don nuna rashin amincewa da dokokin doka da sauran dokokin wariyar launin fata. Sakamakon haka, gwamnati ta cire shi daga babban muƙaminsa yayin da ya ki zaɓar tsakanin zama memba na ANC ko kuma babban jigo a Groutville. A wannan shekarar ne aka zabe shi a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar ANC. Bayan kisan kiyashin da aka yi a Sharpeville, inda aka kashe 'yan Afirka sittin da tara, shugabannin jam'iyyar ANC irin su Nelson Mandela sun yi imanin cewa ya kamata kungiyar ta ɗauki matakin tinkarar gwamnati. Da farko Luthuli ya yi adawa da amfani da tashin hankali. Daga baya a hankali ya zo ya yarda da shi, amma ya tsaya tsayin daka ga rashin tashin hankali a matakin sirri. Bayan umarnin haramtawa guda huɗu, ɗauri da kuma gudun hijira na abokansa na siyasa, da kuma haramtawa jam'iyyar ANC, ikon Luthuli a matsayin shugaban ƙasa-Janar ya ragu. Ƙirƙirar uMkhonto we Sizwe na baya-bayan nan, reshen sa-kai na ANC, ya nuna yadda ƙungiyar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata ta sauya daga rashin tashin hankali zuwa gwagwarmayar makami.

An ƙarfafa shi ta bangaskiyar Kiristanci da kuma hanyoyin rashin tashin hankali da Gandhi ya yi amfani da su, Luthuli ya sami yabo don sadaukar da kai ga rashin amincewa da wariyar launin fata da kuma hangen nesa na al'ummar Afirka ta Kudu marasa launin fata. A cikin shekarar 1961, Luthuli ya sami lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel ta 1960 saboda rawar da ya taka na jagorantar gwagwarmayar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata. Magoya bayan Luthuli suna masa laƙabi da alamar zaman lafiya a duniya kamar Gandhi da Martin Luther King Jr, wanda na ƙarshen su mabiyi ne kuma mai sha'awar Luthuli. Ya kafa kawancen launin fata da yawa tare da Majalisar Wakilan Indiya ta Afirka ta Kudu da kuma farar Congress of Democrats, wanda akai-akai yana jawo koma baya daga 'yan Afirka a cikin ANC. Kungiyar 'yan Afirka ta yi imanin cewa bai kamata 'yan Afirka su haɗa kansu da wasu ƙabilun ba, tun da 'yan Afirka ne suka fi fama da talauci a ƙarƙashin mulkin wariyar launin fata. Wannan saɓani ya kai ga kafa Majalisar Pan-Africanist Congress.

## Rayuwar farko

An haifi Albert John Luthuli a Ofishin Jakadancin Solusi, tashar mishan na Adventist na kwana bakwai, a cikin shekarar 1898   ɗa ne ga John da Mtonya Luthuli (née Gumede) waɗanda suka zauna a yankin Bulawayo na Rhodesia (yanzu Zimbabwe).  Shi ne auta a cikin yara uku  kuma yana da 'yan'uwa biyu, Mpangwa, wanda ya mutu a lokacin haihuwa, da Alfred Nsusana.  Mahaifin Luthuli ya rasu yana da kimanin wata shida, kuma Luthuli bai tuna da shi ba. Mutuwar mahaifinsa ta kai shi ga mahaifiyarsa Mtonya, wacce ta yi kuruciyarta a gidan sarautar Sarki Cetshwayo a Zululand. 

Mtonya ta koma Kiristanci kuma ta zauna tare da Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka kafin aurenta da John Luthuli. Sa’ad da take zamanta, ta koyi karatu kuma ta zama mai karanta Littafi Mai Tsarki da ta keɓe har mutuwarta. Duk da iya karatu, Mtonya bai koyi yadda ake rubutu ba. Bayan aurensu, mahaifin Luthuli ya bar Natal ya tafi Rhodesia a lokacin Yaƙin Matabele na biyu don yin hidima tare da sojojin Rhodesian.  Lokacin da yaƙin ya ƙare, John ya zauna a Rhodesia tare da wa’azin bishara na kwana bakwai kusa da Bulawayo kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara da mai bishara. Mtonya da Alfred sun yi tafiya zuwa Rhodesia don sake haɗuwa da John, kuma an haifi Luthuli a can ba da daɗewa ba. 

Kakannin mahaifin Luthuli, Ntaba ka Madunjini da Titsi Mthethwa, an haife su a farkon ƙarni na sha tara kuma sun yi yaƙi da yuwuwar hayewa daga Masarautar Zulu ta Shaka.  Har ila yau, suna cikin waɗanda suka fara tuba na Aldin Grout, ɗan mishan daga Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Waje ta Amirka (ABM), wanda ke kusa da Kogin Umvoti a arewacin Durban.  Abasemakholweni, wata al'ummar Kirista da suka tuba a cikin tashar Jakadancin Umvoti, sun zaɓi Ntaba a matsayin shugabansu a shekarar 1860. Wannan ya nuna farkon al'adar iyali, kamar yadda ɗan'uwan Ntaba, ɗan Martin, da jikan Albert su ma aka zaɓe su a matsayin sarakuna. 

## Manazarta