Kula da muhalli na matalauta

**Kula da muhalli na matalauta** wani tsari ne na ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa waɗanda ke tasowa daga rikice-Rikicin muhalli lokacin da talakawa ke gwagwarmaya da ikon gwamnati ko bukatun masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke barazana ga rayuwarsu, kiwon lafiya, ikon mallaka, da al'adu. Wani ɓangare na yunkurin Adalci na muhalli na duniya, ya bambanta da al'adun muhalli ta hanyar jaddada batutuwan adalci na zamantakewa maimakon jaddada kiyayewa da ingancin muhalli. [1] [2][3] Yana zama muhimmiyar karfi ga dorewa duniya.

Kamar yadda Joan Martinez Alier ya bayyana, kare muhalli na matalauta wani tsari ne na gwagwarmaya da ayyuka wanda ake kira "'matalauta"" mutane ke shiga duk lokacin da rikice-rikicen rarraba muhalli ke barazana.[1] Rikicin rarraba muhalli, wanda Martínez-Alier ya bayyana, rikice-rikicen zamantakewa ne da ke bayyana lokacin da tasirin muhalli na aikin tattalin arziki ba daidai ba ne kuma ba daidai ba a rarraba shi tsakanin al'umma; yawanci, tasirin muhallar ba a kula da shi kuma ba a kula shi da kasuwanci, kuma yana shafar waɗanda ke da karancin albarkatu don yaƙi da su.[1] Sabili da haka, a wannan ma'anar, kare muhalli na matalauta ya ƙunshi gwagwarmayar waɗancan matalauta da ayyukan tattalin arziki da ke shafar su ba bisa ka'ida ba.[1] Misalan sun haɗa da Motsi na Chipko da gwagwarmayar 'yan asalin ƙasar da Kasuwancin noma na Brazil.

Muhalli na matalauta ya haɗa da ƙungiyoyin muhalli da yawa a Kudancin duniya waɗanda ba su da wakilci a cikin jawabin muhalli na al'ada.[1] Koyaya, talakawa da ke cikin rikice-rikicen cikin gida suna ƙara sanin yunkurin adalci na muhalli na duniya, kuma cibiyoyin sadarwar adalci na mujalli na kasa da kasa suna ba da damar waɗannan Masu kare muhalli su iya amfani da tallafin duniya don gwagwarmayar su

## Tarihi

A shekara ta 1988, masanin tarihin Peruvian Alberto Flores Galindo ya ba da shawarar kalmar 'yancin muhalli na matalauta' don bayyana ƙungiyoyin adawa da manoma na zamantakewar al'umma, wanda ƙungiyar narodniki ta yi wahayi zuwa gare shi. A cikin 1997 Joan Martinez-Alier da Ramachandra Guha sun bambanta waɗannan ƙungiyoyi tare da 'cikakken muhalli' na Arewacin duniya kuma sun jawo daidaituwa tsakanin yankunan karkara da na uku na duniya 'muhalli na matalauta' da kuma ƙungiyar adalci na muhalli da ke tasowa a Amurka.  

### Bambance-bambance na muhalli
A cikin littafinsa na 2002, Environmentalism of the Poor, Martinez-Alier ya bayyana hanyoyi daban-daban guda uku a cikin muhalli: 'bautar jeji'; daga baya 'bishara ta ingancin muhalli' da kuma karuwar yunkurin adalci na muhalli ko 'muhalli na matalauta'.

#### Addinin jeji
 
Cult of the Wilderness, wanda Ramachandra Guha ya fi sani da "tunani na hamada",  yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyar kiyayewa da mutane kamar John Muir, da Henry David Thoreau . Wannan motsi ya tashi a cikin karni na 19 tare da kungiyoyi irin su Sierra Club da Audubon Society; Aldo Leopold, tare da littafinsa na 1949 A Sand County Almanac, ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan adadi  

Addinin jeji ba ya adawa da ayyukan tattalin arziki, amma ya bayyana (a cikin kalmomin Leopold) cewa "wani abu yana da kyau lokacin da yake kiyaye mutunci, kwanciyar hankali, da kyau na al'ummar halittu. Ba daidai ba ne lokacin da ba haka ba". Yunkurin kiyayewa yana ƙoƙarin iyakance tasirin ayyukan tattalin arziki akan yanayin halitta. Babban hanyar aikin da masu kiyayewa suka gabatar shine raba ayyukan tattalin arziki da muhalli, don iyakance tasirin tsohon akan ƙarshen. Babban kayan aikin da za a yi haka sune wuraren ajiyar halitta da wuraren da aka kiyaye, inda ake tsara ayyukan ɗan adam. Ta hanyar yin wannan rabuwa, masu kiyayewa suna da niyyar yin 'aikin baya' don adana yanayi (ta amfani da ƙa'idar Leopold a cikin Martínez-Alier, 2003). Wannan 'aikin baya' ya ƙunshi ayyukan kiyayewa kamar kula da yanayin halittu, Maido da mazaunin, ko dawo da nau'o'in da ke cikin haɗari, dukansu misalai ne na ilmin halitta.

Babban dalilan da aka bayar don irin wannan muhalli sun bambanta sosai. Wasu marubutan suna ɗaukar hanyar amfani: Ana ganin Halitta tana da mahimmanci ga ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa, kuma ƙirƙirar wuraren ajiya da wuraren kariya suna da niyyar adana shi don ci gaba da samar da ayyukan muhalli da kuma asalin halitta ga al'umma. Don haka, asarar halittu iri-iri shine babban damuwa, tunda halittu iri na halitta suna da mahimmanci don samar da Babban birnin halitta da sabis na yanayin halittu (duka suna da mahimmanci ga ci gaban tattalin arziki).

Sauran dalilan da ake bayarwa galibi sune dabi'ar dabi'a, dabi'ar addini ta yanayi, dabi'un bil'adama da za a janyo hankalin yanayi (Biophilia), da kuma haƙƙin yanayi da jinsinsa su wanzu da kansu..

Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da wannan nau'in kiyayewa sune Yarjejeniyar kan Bambancin Halitta a Rio de Janeiro (1992), Dokar Halitta ta 1973, ko kuma kirkirar wuraren shakatawa na Yellowstone da Yosemite a Amurka. A halin yanzu, Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Kula da Yanayi (IUCN), Asusun Duniya (WWF)  da The Nature Conservancy suna wakiltar shi. A bangaren masu fafutuka, ana wakilta shi da zurfin ilimin muhalli da ƙungiyar masu kiyayewa.

#### "Bishara ta ingancin muhalli"

"Bishara ta ingancin muhalli", ko 'masana'antu na kimiyya',  ya samo asali ne daga rubuce-rubucen karni na 19 na Malthus da William Stanley Jevons kuma ya girma a cikin karni na 20 lokacin da tasirin gurɓataccen abu da gajiyawar albarkatu suka fi bayyane. Kamar yadda Martinez Alier ya sanya shi, 'bishara ta ingancin muhalli' tana da "'damuwa game da tasirin ci gaban tattalin arziki ba kawai a yankuna masu kyau ba har ma da masana'antu, noma da tattalin arzikin birane". Martínez Alier ya kira shi 'bisharar ingancin muhalli' a matsayin girmamawa ga Samuel P. Hays, wanda a cikin littafinsa Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency (1959) ya bayyana 'Progressive Conservation Movement a lokacin Progressive Era a matsayin 'bishara na inganci', a cikin ma'anar cewa Gwamnatin Amurka ta jaddada ingantaccen gudanar da albarkatu.

Linjilar ingancin muhalli ta tambayi tambayoyi kamar, '"Yaya gurɓata zai shafi ci gaban tattalin arziki? ""; '"Ta yaya za mu iya rage gurɓataccen yanayi? ""; '"Ta yaya za mu iya magance sakamakonsa? ""; '"Ta yaya za mu iya rage yawan amfani da albarkatu? ""; da '"Ta yaya za mu iya juya sharar gida zuwa hanya? ’’.

Yawancin lokaci, amsoshin da aka bayar suna cikin layin Ci gaba mai ɗorewa, wanda Rahoton Brundtland ya bayyana a matsayin "ci gaba wanda ya cika bukatun yanzu ba tare da lalata ikon tsararraki masu zuwa don biyan bukatun kansu ba". 'Bishara ta ingancin muhalli' yawanci tana kare ci gaban tattalin arziki, amma ba a kowane fanni ba. Maimakon haka, yana neman ci gaban da ke buƙatar ƙarancin albarkatu kuma yana haifar da ƙarancin gurɓataccen sharar gida, saboda haka rage tasirinsa da inganta dorewarsa: abin da ake kira dematerialization na tattalin arziki. Masu kare bishara yawanci suna jayayya cewa ta hanyar inganta ingancin fasaha yana yiwuwa a cimma manyan matakan ci gaban tattalin arziki tare da ƙananan matakan samar da sharar gida da amfani da albarkatun da za a iya sarrafawa ga yanayin halittu, don haka ya zama mai ɗorewa. Koyaya, an gabatar da zargi da yawa game da ka'idar dematerialization: galibi, cewa dokar entropy ta sa ba zai yiwu a inganta ingancin fasaha ba;  kuma cewa rarraba tattalin arzikin cikin gida yana yiwuwa ne kawai saboda suna fitar da samar da kayan aiki masu yawa ga ƙasashe masu tasowa.

Babban kayan aikin da 'bishara ta ingantaccen muhalli' ta gabatar sun damu da (1) tattalin arziki, harajin muhalli da kasuwanni a cikin izinin fitarwa, da (2) tallafin fasaha ga kayan aiki da canje-canjen adana makamashi.

# 'Bishara ta ingancin muhalli' ta damu da ingancin tsarin samarwa, wato, ingancin fasahar da ke ciki. Yana mai da hankali kan gano mafita waɗanda ke inganta ingancin amfani da albarkatu da na sharar gida / gurɓataccen yanayi, galibi ta hanyar saka hannun jari a cikin bincike da ci gaba.
# Har ila yau, yana damuwa da ingancin kasuwar tattalin arziki, kuma yana ganin matsalolin muhalli a matsayin rashin inganci, ba a matsayin matsalolin tsarinsa ba. Sabili da haka, yana mai da hankali kan gano mafita ga waɗannan rashin inganci, galibi ta hanyar sanya su cikin asusun kasuwa. Bishara tana tallafawa ta hanyar Tattalin arzikin muhalli, horo wanda ke tsaye cewa kasuwa tana da Negative Externalities waɗanda ba a lissafa su a matsayin farashin tattalin arziki ba, kuma idan an lissafa su kamar haka, kasuwa za ta sake daidaitawa don rage waɗannan farashin, don haka rage abubuwan waje. Wasu kayan aikin da tattalin arzikin muhalli ke bayarwa don lissafin waɗannan farashin sune Harajin muhalli da izinin fitarwa.

A cewar Joan Martinez Alier, wasu daga cikin fitattun masu goyon bayan 'bisharar ingancin muhalli sune Gifford Pinchot a Amurka da Cibiyar Wuppertal don Yanayi, Muhalli da Makamashi a Turai. Pinchot shi ne shugaban Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka ta Amurka a lokacin Progressive Era, kuma ya ba da shawarar kiyaye wuraren ajiyar ƙasar ta hanyar amfani da aka tsara da sabuntawa. Cibiyar Wuppertal ta fara ilimin muhalli na masana'antu a Turai a cikin 90s, kuma ta tsara samfuran da yawa masu inganci kamar gidan Passive kuma ta haɓaka alamomi kamar shigar kayan aiki ta kowane ɗayan sabis (MIPS).

## Kula da muhalli na matalauta

### Rashin Halitta na Muhalli
Karen Bell ta bayyana batutuwan muhalli waɗanda suka samo asali ne daga rashin daidaito na samun kudin shiga, batutuwan tsari, nuna bambanci tsakanin ma'aikata da masu kula da muhalli wajen magance adalci na muhalli a matsayin rarrabe muhalli. Rob Nixon ya rufe rashin daidaito na muhalli a cikin littafinsa na 2011 Slow violence and environmentalism of the poor wanda ya kirkiro kalmar slow violence.

In addition, there are issues in approaching environmental justice that occur from class inequalities. Both the ‘cult of wilderness’ and the ‘gospel of eco-efficiency’ are a bit technocratic (although it is not always the case). &#x5B;**&#x5D; The ‘cult of wilderness’ has been associated with middle to upper-class people, with scientists, and with statisticians. The ‘gospel of eco-efficiency’ has been associated with state policies, with private businesses, and with scientists and engineers. And they have been historically associated with the Global North, and with white, cis-hetero males.

Saboda haka an ga muhalli a tarihi a matsayin mai daraja, kuma talauci an haɗa shi da ayyukan da ke lalata muhalli da rashin sha'awar damuwa game da muhalli. Misali, Rahoton Brundtland ya kammala cewa talauci yana daya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke haifar da lalacewar muhalli;  masanin kimiyyar siyasa Ronald Inglehart ya kuma yi jayayya cewa al'ummomin masu wadata sun fi kare yanayi. Hakazalika, Kuznets curves yana haɗa inganta muhalli tare da mafi girman kuɗin shiga na mutum, yana nuna cewa maganin lalacewar muhalli ya fi girma. Koyaya, binciken shari'o'i da yawa sun nuna cewa matalauta suna kare muhalli daga abubuwan da ke da iko don kare rayuwarsu da al'adunsu. Sabili da haka, a cewar Martínez Alier, 'matalauta' suna shiga cikin wannan halin na uku na muhalli: 'muhalli na matalauta' (ko ilimin muhalli na rayuwa,  'yanci na muhalliya,  Yunkurin adalci na muhalli, sanannen muhalli,  da dai sauransu).

Kariya ta muhalli ta matalauta tana jaddada adalci na zamantakewa da kariya ga ƙasa don amfani da mutanen da aka ware. Martinez-Alier ya samo asali ne daga ilimin muhalli na siyasa da Tattalin arzikin muhalli don ƙirƙirar tushen ka'idoji don yunkurin adalci na muhalli a duniya wanda ya taso daga rikice-rikicen muhalli. Wannan halin yanzu na muhalli ya samo asali ne daga rarrabawar lalacewar muhalli tsakanin bangarori daban-daban na al'umma (abin da Martínez Alier da Martin O'Connor ke kira rikice-Rikicin rarraba muhalli ), wanda ya haifar da ayyukan tattalin arziki da ci gaban tattalin arziki. Wannan halin yanzu na muhalli, sabili da haka, yana tsaye cewa Arewacin Duniya yana fitar da lalacewar muhalli ga Kudancin Duniya, ko kuma cewa matalauta suna iya fuskantar lalacewar yanayi fiye da masu arziki, ko ma cewa mutanen launin fata suna da damar da za su sha wahala fiye da fararen mutane.

Sabili da haka, ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, dukansu suna da abu ɗaya: gaskiyar cewa saboda wannan rarrabawar lalacewar muhalli, ana barazanar Rayuwa (fahimtar rayuwa a cikin ma'ana mai zurfi; ba kawai tushen rayuwar ɗan adam ba, har ma da al'adu, al'umma da tushen mutum).  Martínez Alier ya yi jayayya cewa, yayin da sikelin tattalin arziki ke ƙaruwa, 'matalauta' suna "'marasa damar samun albarkatun muhalli da ayyuka, kuma suna jimrewa da yawan gurɓataccen yanayi'".  Wadanda 'matalauta', wadanda suke barazanar rayuwarsu, suna gwagwarmaya da lalacewar muhalli da ke barazana ga su da kuma wadanda ke da alhakin lalacewar cikin muhalli.

A yin haka, suna kare rayuwarsu, kuma wannan sau da yawa yana nufin cewa suna kare hanyoyin rayuwa na gargajiya waɗanda suka haɓaka cikin daidaituwa tare da muhalli, sabili da haka suna da ɗorewa. Wannan ka'idar ta nuna cewa yanayin muhalli ne ya tsara hanyoyin rayuwa na gargajiya a tarihi, kuma sun koyi daidaitawa da su, ta amfani da albarkatun da ke akwai. Saboda haka, kare su yana nufin kare hanyoyin rayuwa masu ɗorewa. Misali, manoma na gargajiya suna kare hanyar rayuwarsu mai ɗorewa, ta gida daga tsananin tsarin kasuwancin gona na kasa da kasa.

Martínez Alier ya yi jayayya cewa matalauta da ke kare rayuwarsu sau da yawa suna gefen kiyaye albarkatun da kuma yanayi mai tsabta, kodayake ba za su iya da'awar su masu kare muhalli ba kuma suna iya amfani da wasu harsuna don bayyana ajanda (kamar tsarki, ikon mallaka, da sauransu).  Maimakon haka, ya yi jayayya cewa mutane za su tsayayya da lalacewar muhalli wanda ke barazana ga rayuwarsu, al'adu, da kuma yiwuwar rayuwa, koda kuwa ba su da sha'awar kare yanayi don kansa. Mutane ba za su ba da abubuwan da suke rayuwa ba don musayar saka hannun jari na tattalin arziki da ci gaba wanda ke ba su kuɗi, saboda dabi'u kamar ikon mallaka da tsarki ba za a iya kwatanta su da sharuddan kuɗi ba. Misali, wasu al'adu za su dauki kudi ba tare da darajar wuri mai tsarki ba, ko kuma idan aka kwatanta da 'yanci da ikon mallakar su. Saboda haka, "matalauta" sau da yawa suna ƙin ko da ayyukan da suka fi samun riba a tattalin arziki idan sun cutar da abubuwan da suke darajar su kuma suna cikin rayuwarsu. Muhalli na matalauta don haka wani bangare ne na gwagwarmaya don sarrafa harshen kimantawa da aka yi amfani da shi ga farashin da fa'idodin hakar albarkatu, gentrification, da sauran hanyoyin da ke barazana ga amfani da matalauta na ƙasarsu.

Misalan kare muhalli na matalauta sun haɗa da gwagwarmaya da wariyar launin fata a Amurka, gurɓataccen iska na birane, da gwagwa da ma'adanai da gwagwagwarmaya don samun ruwa, gwagwarmayar gandun daji, da sauransu.

### Mata masu muhalli

Jagorancin mata ya zama ruwan dare ga kare muhalli na matalauta kuma yana haifar da haɗuwa da kare muhallu. Mata galibi suna da matsayi na zamantakewa wanda ke kawo su cikin hulɗa kai tsaye da yanayi kamar tattara ruwa, shuka amfanin gona, kula da dabbobi, tarawa, da dai sauransu. Misali, a cikin saitunan birane, mata suna iya ɗaukar mataki game da zubar da sharar gida ko wasu gurɓataccen yanayi, koda kuwa matsayi na jinsi ya hana su shiga. Rikicin rarraba muhalli ba wai kawai yana shafar talakawa ba, har ma yana shafar mata saboda dangantakarsu da Halitta da gurɓataccen yanayi. Saboda haka, mata suna da alaƙa da shiga cikin gwagwarmayar muhalli. A cewar Johanna oksala, "ga mata da ke zaune a cikin mawuyacin hali, gwagwarmayar muhalli wani nau'i ne na kare kai",  saboda suna so su kare rayuwarsu.

Wannan halin mata masu gwagwarmaya don ɗaukar matsayi na farko a cikin muhalli na matalauta an nuna shi a cikin misalai kamar ƙungiyar Chipko a Indiya, Green Belt Movement a Kenya,  da adawa da aikin Agua Zarca Hydroelectrical a Honduras  kuma an haɗa shi da mutane kamar Berta Cáceres, Lesbia Urquía, Jeannette Kawas, da Margarita Murillo, dukansu sun yi yaƙi da lalacewar muhalli a Honduras don haka an kashe su.

### Yunkurin Duniya
Masanan ilimin muhalli na siyasa da kungiyoyin adalci na muhalli suna nunawa ga yunkurin adalci na mujalli na duniya, wanda masu kare muhalli ke jagoranta daga matalauta na duniya. Ƙungiyoyin cikin gida suna buƙatar tallafin ƙasa da ƙasa don kalubalanci manyan kamfanoni na ƙasa, kuma muhalli na matalauta zai buƙaci tasirin duniya don shafar Batutuwan duniya kamar rikicin Holocene da Canjin yanayi.

A hankali, rikice-rikicen cikin gida suna samun goyon bayan kasa da kasa da kuma tasiri mai yawa. Misali, gwagwarmayar da aka yi da madatsar ruwan Tipaimukh a Indiya ta samo asali ne daga matalauta waɗanda ake barazana ga maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, kuma wannan rikici ya zama ƙungiya mai ƙarfi da juriya ta duniya. Cibiyoyin sadarwa na kasa da kasa irin su Oilwatch sun samo asali ne daga matakin kai tsaye da 'yan asalin ƙasar suka dauka suna yaƙi da binciken mai a wurare kamar Niger Delta, Colombia, da Peru.

## Rikici da kawance da wasu nau'o'in muhalli
Kodayake akwai wasu bambance-bambance, 'bishara ta ingancin muhalli', 'bautar jeji', da 'yancin muhalli' na matalauta sun haɗu kuma sun haɗu a wasu batutuwa, kuma suna iya samar da kawance. A cikin kalmomin Martínez Alier, "'suna da yawa iri ɗaya, kuma duk ukun suna adawa da masu adawa da muhalli ko kuma sun raina su ko kuma sun yi watsi da su"", kuma a cikin Kudancin Duniya har ma an kai musu hari kuma an kashe su.

### 'Tsarin muhalli na matalauta' da 'bautar jeji'
'Bautar jeji' a tarihi ta ɗauki hanyar da ta dace kuma ta shiga cikin kare wuraren halitta, 'pristine' na jeji daga ayyukan ɗan adam ta hanyar hanawa ko aƙalla daidaita ayyukan ɗan adam a yankin, ƙirƙirar wuraren ajiyar yanayi ko wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa. Babban zaton shi ne cewa aikin ɗan adam gabaɗaya yana da nuna bambanci ga muhalli. Sabili da haka, wasu raƙuman ruwa a cikin wannan motsi sun kasance suna ganin yawan mutane a matsayin ainihin dalilin lalacewar muhalli.

Don haka, 'bautar jeji' a tarihi ta kasance mai tsattsauran ra'ayi da wariyar launin fata. Misali, matalauta ko 'yan asalin suna dauke da jahilci kuma ba su da ikon girmama muhalli; saboda haka, wani lokacin ana hana su shiga ciki. A lokuta da yawa, har ma ana fitar da su daga ƙasashen da suke zaune, don ƙirƙirar wuraren ajiyar halitta (duba, alal misali, yanayin Kruger National Park, yanayin Mutanen Batwa da aka fitar daga Kahuzi-Biéga National Park ta hanyar masu gadi da WWF suka horar,   ko kuma yanayin 'yan asalin Indiyawan da aka fitar da su cikin gandun daji ta hanyar manufofin gwamnati).

Koyaya, matalauta da 'yan asalin ƙasar ba su da jahilci, kuma a zahiri sun fi sanin bukatar bambancin halittu da muhalli a matsayin dukiya mai kyau wanda ya cancanci kiyayewa. Bayan lokaci, sun koyi darajarta saboda rayuwarsu ta dogara da ita. Misali, talakawa manoma galibi suna da sha'awar adana muhalli da ƙasa saboda sun san yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwarsu. Bugu da kari, 'yan asalin sau da yawa suna so su adana darajar muhalli saboda suna da alaƙa ta ruhaniya da shi, wanda kuma yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwarsu.

A nan akwai yiwuwar kawance. Bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar suna da tasiri a kan mafi yawan halittu masu yawa a duniya: sabili da haka, kare su kuma hanya ce ta sarrafa halittu masu banbanci. Misali, 'yan asalin ƙasar Brazil sun nuna cewa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen guje wa sare daji a cikin gandun daji na Amazon. A Kanada, kula da gobara da 'yan asalin ke jagoranta '"yana inganta bambancin yanayin halittu, yana taimakawa tare da gudanar da albarkatun da suka dace, kuma yana rage haɗarin gobarar daji ta hanyar rage nauyin man fetur"". Sau da yawa 'yan asalin ƙasar sun fi manajoji na bambancin halittu fiye da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ko fiye da Jiha kanta.

Don haka, kawance tsakanin masu kiyaye muhalli da matalauta masu kare muhalli na iya haifar da ingantaccen kariya da gudanar da "'wildness'". Masu kiyayewa sun fara fahimtar cewa 'matalauta' za su kare jeji idan sun yi la'akari da shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na rayuwarsu. Masu kiyayewa sun fara fahimtar cewa ya kamata a kare yanayi ta hanyar kare masu kare shi.

### 'Bishara ta ingancin muhalli' da kuma 'yancin muhalli na matalauta'

* Kudancin Catalonia ya shafi babban taro na hasken rana da macroprojects na makamashi wanda, a cewar Platform Against the Concentration of Wind Turbines, ya jefa yanayin yanayi cikin haɗari kuma yana da mummunan sakamako ga lafiyar mutane. Suna buƙatar sauyawa mai ƙarfi wanda ke sanya fa'idodi a hannun mutane maimakon a hannun kasuwancin kamfanoni.
* A Montcada i Reixac (Catalonia) babban masana'antar siminti da Lafarge-Holcim ke sarrafawa ya sauya daga kone kwal zuwa kone sharar gida. Masu gabatar da shi sun tabbatar da wannan canjin a matsayin hanyar adana burbushin burbushin halittu, rage hayaki da ke da alaƙa da kwal, kuma a matsayin hanyar rage yawan sharar da aka jefa. Koyaya, wannan ya sa masana'antar ta zama mafi gurɓata fiye da baya, tunda ƙonewar sharar gida yana samar da barbashi masu guba wanda ke shafar duk Montcada i Reixac. Wannan mummunar tasiri a kan rayuwar mutane ya kara da kansa ga jerin mummunar tasirin da masana'antar ta riga ta samu kafin ta sauya zuwa sharar ƙonewa (ƙazantar da hayaniya, fitar da barbashi na siminti, da dai sauransu). Cibiyar Montcada i Reixac Anti-Incineration Platform "Montcada Aire Net" tun daga lokacin ta yi adawa da wannan, ta shirya mutane don kare rayuwarsu.
* A Turai, Manufar Aikin Gona ta Tarayyar Turai ta aiwatar da ita tana da manufar yin samar da aikin gona ta hanyar inganta hanyoyinta don kara yawan samar da ita. Ya haɗa da canji daga noma mai zurfi zuwa aikin gona mai zurfi, yana amfana da manyan masu mallakar ƙasa. Kamar yadda manyan monocultures da aka gudanar tare da high-tech maye gurbin kananan amfanin gona da aka gudanar da low-tech, tasirin muhalli da ke tattare da shi ya karu. Yaduwar lalacewar ƙasa da gurɓataccen yanayi, tare da zubar da manoma wanda ya haifar da fadada monocultures, ya jefa rayuwar waɗannan ƙananan manoma cikin haɗari.
* Yaduwar karɓar amfanin gona mai canza kwayoyin halitta (GMOs) wanda aka yada a matsayin mafita ga rashin tsaro na abinci da tasirin muhalli ta manyan kamfanoni kamar Bayer-Monsanto,  ya shafi rayuwar kananan manoma saboda gurɓataccen kwayar halitta na tsaba. Shuke-shuke da aka shuka tare da GMOs suna shuka shuke-shuka a cikin amfanin gona da ke kusa da su waɗanda ba sa amfani da GMOs, suna ba da damar masu mallakar lambar kwayar halitta na shuke-tsuke masu gurbatawa, don haka suna shafar rayuwar manomi wanda ya shuka su. Rashin tasirin amfanin gona na GMO yana adawa da muhalli na ƙungiyoyin matalauta kamar La Via Campesina 

Wannan ya nuna cewa sau da yawa 'bishara' tana da alaƙa da bukatun tattalin arziki, don haka yana jefa rayuwar mutane cikin haɗari. Koyaya, wannan ba koyaushe ba ne: idan ba a motsa shi da ma'anar haɓaka fa'idodi, ingantawa a cikin wani tsari na samarwa na iya rage tasirin wannan aikin tattalin arziki, don haka buɗe sarari don abubuwan rayuwa don haɓaka kyauta.

Misali, a wuraren da suka aiwatar da ingantaccen shirin kula da sharar gida, an rage gurɓata muhalli yadda ya kamata. Wannan misali ne na yadda 'bishara' za ta iya, ta hanyar aiki a gefen samarwa, buɗe sarari don ayyukan da ba su da amfani.

Bugu da ƙari, a lokuta da yawa 'bishara' na iya samun tasiri mai kyau ta hanyar yin aiki a bangaren rayuwa: a lokuta da dama don kare hanyoyin rayuwa ya zama dole don inganta amfani da albarkatun da ke ci gaba da wannan hanyar rayuwa. Misali:

* Misali, al'ummomin karkara da yawa a duniya, waɗanda ba su da damar yin amfani da hanyar sadarwar wutar lantarki gaba ɗaya a baya, sun shigar da bangarorin hasken rana a cikin gidajensu don inganta damar samun wutar lantarki.
* Wasu al'ummomi sun aiwatar da sabbin dabarun gandun daji don yin gandun daji mafi inganci, ba don haɓaka samarwa ba, amma don rage adadin albarkatun da suke amfani da su don ci gaba da rayuwarsu.
* Wani misali zai zama ci gaban da aka yi a cikin kiwon lafiya. Ko da yake ya fi rikitarwa fiye da haka saboda akwai sha'awar tattalin arziki da yawa a Masana'antar kiwon lafiya, ana samun ci gaba da yawa a kimiyyar kiwon lafiya don inganta rayuwar mutane maimakon kawai samar da inganci. Misali, ingantaccen kiwon lafiya a cikin maganin ciwon daji zai sami tasiri mai kyau kai tsaye a rayuwar mutane.
* A Ahmedabad (India) , inganta manufofin kula da sharar gida ya buɗe dama ga masu karɓar sharar gida, waɗanda aka tsara su a cikin ma'aikatan gwamnati, don haka inganta rayuwarsu yayin da har yanzu suna da ƙimar gasa na sake amfani.

Dukkanin waɗannan misalai masu kyau suna da abu ɗaya: a cikinsu ba a amfani da fasaha tare da ma'anar haɓaka samar da tattalin arziki. An yi amfani da shi azaman "'kayan aiki don jin daɗi"", wanda Ivan Illich ya bayyana a matsayin '"waɗanda ke ba wa kowane mutum wanda ke amfani da su babbar dama don wadatar da muhalli tare da 'ya'yan itacen hangen nesa". Illich ya kuma rubuta cewa "'kayan aikin masana'antu sun musanta wannan yiwuwar ga waɗanda ke amfani da su kuma suna ba da damar masu zanen su ƙayyade ma'anar da tsammanin wasu. Yawancin kayan aiki a yau ba za a iya amfani da su ba a cikin salon jama'a. " A cikin misalai da aka bayar, ana amfani da fasahar a matsayin kayan aiki don inganta rayuwar mutane ko sanya su da ɗorewa, maimakon kawai a matsayin kayan aikin samarwa.

### 'Bishara ta ingancin muhalli' da kuma 'bautar jeji'
'Bishara ta ingancin muhalli' tana mai da hankali sosai kan inganta amfani da albarkatu. Ana iya ganin wannan a matsayin ƙoƙari na rage tasirin ayyukan tattalin arziki a kan muhalli da al'umma, ko kuma a matsayin ƙoƙari don inganta farashin samarwa don kara yawan fa'idodi da haɓaka saka hannun jari a sabon babban birnin. A cikin yanayin farko, ingantaccen aiki na iya samun sakamako mai kyau ga yanayi, yayin da a cikin yanayin na biyu, wannan ci gaba yana da sakamako mai tsaka-tsaki ko mara kyau. Akwai misalai na lokuta biyu:

* Misali, saboda ci gaban fasaha, ma'aikatan lantarki ba sa buƙatar iskar gas (CFC) don aiki, don haka rage fitar da wannan iskar gas wanda ke lalata layin ozone, don haka yana taimakawa wajen rage Ramin ozone.
* Akasin haka, akwai shaidar cewa saboda Jevons paradox, yawancin ci gaba a cikin ƙwarewar farashin ayyukan tattalin arziki ba ya haifar da rage farashin kansu, amma a cikin samun damar samar da ƙarin tare da farashin iri ɗaya.

'Bishara ta ingancin muhalli' tana damuwa sosai game da albarkatun da aka bayar ta hanyar Babban birnin halitta da ayyukan muhalli. A wasu lokuta, tabbatar da waɗancan albarkatun na iya haɗawa da ƙirƙirar wuraren halitta, ko ma maido da wuraren da suka lalace. Misali, an haifi kula da gandun daji tare da manufar amfani na sarrafa wasu gandun daji don samar da itace da sauran albarkatu. An halicci wasu wuraren shakatawa na halitta tare da manufar tsara ayyukan ɗan adam a cikin yanayin halitta don kauce wa raguwa don tabbatar da wadatar albarkatu. A wannan yanayin, 'bishara ta ingancin muhalli' ta haɗa da kare wuraren halitta. Wani lamari wanda 'bishara' ta haɗa da kare yanayi shine lokacin da ƙirƙirar wasu sarari na halitta ke aiki a matsayin "'moral scapegoat"" don kara ayyukan tattalin arziki a wuraren da ba na halitta ba. Misali, carbon offsetting, ko Maido da yanayin halittu ta hanyar kasuwanci an dauke su a matsayin wani nau'i na Greenwashing ta wasu daga cikin waɗannan marubutan.

Gabaɗaya, matakin adawa tsakanin 'bishara na ƙwarewar muhalli' da 'bautar jeji' ya bambanta da matakin kiyayewa da tasirin muhalli na aikin muhalli.

Misali, masu ilimin muhalli masu zurfi yawanci suna adawa da kowane nau'in aikin tattalin arziki, koda kuwa yana da inganci sosai, saboda suna yabon rashin taɓa yanayi kuma suna jayayya cewa ya kamata a dakatar da kowane nau" aikin tattalin arziki. Koyaya, wasu masu ilimin muhalli masu zurfi suna da amfani kuma suna jayayya don ƙirƙirar wuraren ajiyar halitta da ba a taɓa su ba waɗanda zasu iya kasancewa tare da nau'ikan ayyukan tattalin arziki, don haka suna ba da izini ga 'bisharar ingancin muhalli' muddin yana kare wuraren halitta na asali.

Hanyoyin da ba su da tsattsauran ra'ayi na kiyayewa suna jayayya cewa ayyukan tattalin arziki na iya kasancewa tare da sararin samaniya muddin wannan aikin tattalin arziki yana da inganci. A cikin wannan mahallin ne 'bishara ta ingancin muhalli' da 'bautar jeji' suka sami haɗin gwiwa mafi ƙarfi. Misali, wasu marubuta suna jayayya cewa ana iya kauce wa gobarar daji ta hanyar gabatar da noma mai yawa. Sauran marubutan suna jayayya cewa masana'antar da ta dace da muhalli wacce ta dogara da mafita ta yanayi na iya kasancewa tare da kiyayewa. Gabaɗaya, ƙananan siffofi na kiyayewa suna ganin ayyukan tattalin arziki a matsayin wani abu mai tsaka-tsaki muddin ba su yi barazana ga sararin halitta ba. Kamar yadda Martínez Alier ya yi jayayya, sun tabbatar da cewa "canjin fasaha zai sa samar da kayayyaki ya dace da dorewar muhalli", don haka yana jaddada "tsaron wannan ɓangaren Yanayi wanda har yanzu yana waje da tattalin arziki". A taƙaice, suna jayayya don Ci gaba mai ɗorewa tare da adana sararin samaniya.

## Misalan 'yancin muhalli na matalauta'

Wasu misalai na gwagwarmayar muhalli sune:

* The Chipko movement
* The opposition to the Agua Zarca Dam for which the activist Berta Cáceres was assassinated.
* The Green Belt Movement led by Wangari Maathai.
* The struggles against solar and wind energy macroprojects in Southern Catalonia
* The "empates" organized by the National Council of Rubber Tappers, which, led by Chico Mendes, fought against the destruction of "seringes" (sustainably managed rubber forests). Mendes was later assassinated to halt grassroots organizing.
* The legal battle of activist Saúl Luciano Lliuya against RWE for its polluting activities.
* The neighborhood struggles in Montcada i Reixac (Catalonia) against a Lafarge-Holcim cement factory that burns waste as a source of energy, and which causes toxic pollution and noise pollution.
* The Great Sioux War of 1876, in which the Sioux fought for the preservation of their sacred mountains, the Black Hills
* The struggle against the Fenix Nickel Project in Guatemala
* The Cochabamba Water War in Bolivia
* The struggle to protect a water body in Llinars del Vallès (Catalonia) from being built on by private developers. The struggle involved a resistance camp in the place, and ended up in the local government protecting the water.
* The struggle against the privatization of water in Sainte-Soline (France) involved 30.000 people clashing with the police.
* Residents and activists in Memphis, Tennesee have expressed concern about Elon Musk's xAI's supercomputer, which raised concerns about pollution from the methane generators used.

## Bayanan da aka ambata