Ilimin manya na muhalli

**Ilimin manya na muhalli** shine "haɓaka haɓakar motsin muhalli da ilimin manya, haɗa tsarin yanayin muhalli tare da tsarin ilmantarwa don samar da ingantaccen tsarin ilimi game da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli." Yana nufin ƙoƙarin koyar da al'amuran muhalli da yadda mutane da kasuwanci za su iya sarrafawa ko canza salon rayuwarsu da yanayin muhallinsu don samun dorewa. Babban makasudin wannan fanni na nazari shi ne ilmantar da ‘yan kasa na duniya domin su samu rayuwa mai dorewa a cikin al’ummominsu. Abubuwan da ke ciki na iya haɗawa da adalci na muhalli, haɗa abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa kamar talauci, launin fata, jinsi, da yanayin jima'i, da sauransu. Ana nuna wannan dangantaka a cikin tasirin wuce gona da iri na tsarin jari-hujja na duniya da kuma rashin gamsuwa da bukatuwar albarkatu ga mutane kamar karkatar da mulki da dukiya.

## Tarihi
Ilimin manya na muhalli sabon fanni ne na nazari da aiki. Yin amfani da hanyar tushen al'umma, malamai suna saurare da mutunta bayanan xaliban kuma duk mahalarta ana ɗaukarsu da mahimmanci.

Ko da yake fiye da karni guda, kungiyoyin muhalli da kiyayewa suna koyar da ilimin muhalli na manya da ƙaramin tsari, a zahiri ya samo asali a cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata.

Amurka tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe na farko da suka amince da ilimin muhalli a hukumance. A yayin zaman hadin gwiwa na Majalisar Dattijai a 1968, Majalisa ta amince da mahimmancin ilimin muhalli, kuma a cikin 1970 ta zartar da Dokar Ilimin Muhalli, wacce ta kafa Ofishin Ilimin Muhalli. A cikin 1992, wannan tsarin ya fara fitowa a Asiya da Latin Amurka, inda ake ɗaukarsa a matsayin kogin ilimin manya kuma wani lokaci ana kiransa da sanannen ilimin muhalli. A nata bangaren, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta fara hada ra'ayin dorewar muhalli ga shirin Ilimi ga kowa da kowa, wanda wani tsari ne na manufofin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke da burin biyan bukatun koyo na kowa da kowa, da kuma burin ci gaban karni (MDGs). Musamman, taron Duniya da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta shirya a 1992, ya sa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Ilimin Manya ta bunkasa shirin Koyo don Ayyukan Muhalli (LEAP) wanda ya dauki matakin sauƙaƙe tattaunawar da ta haɗu da batutuwan muhalli da ilmantarwa na manya.

## Tun da farko shirye-shiryen ilimin muhalli
A cewar UNESCO, a cikin 1968 ta shirya taron gwamnatoci na farko da nufin daidaita muhalli da ci gaba, wanda yanzu ake kira da ci gaba mai dorewa. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, UNESCO da Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP) sun ƙaddamar da manyan sanarwa guda uku waɗanda suka ayyana ilimin muhalli. Wadanda suka hada da:

1972: Sanarwar Stockholm. Wannan takarda ta ƙunshi shela bakwai da ka'idoji 26 "don ƙarfafawa da jagorantar al'ummomin duniya don kiyayewa da haɓaka yanayin ɗan adam."

1975: Belgrade Charter. Samfurin taron bita na kasa da kasa kan Ilimin Muhalli, wannan Yarjejeniya ta Gina kan Sanarwa ta Stockholm ta ƙara maƙasudi, manufofi da ka'idoji don shirye-shiryen ilimin muhalli.

1977: Sanarwar Tbilisi. Wannan takaddar ta sabunta kuma ta fayyace sanarwar Stockholm da Yarjejeniya ta Belgrade ta haɗa sabbin manufofi, manufofi, halaye, da ƙa'idodin jagororin ilimin muhalli.

## Hanyoyin
Malamai a cikin wannan fagen nazarin suna la'akari da matsalolin muhalli tare da cikakkiyar tsari wanda ya haɗu da matsalolin zamantakewa, siyasa da muhalli cikin matsalolin al'umma.

Hanyoyin shiga suna ba wa ɗalibai damar yin alaƙa tsakanin al'amuran zamantakewa da matsalolin muhalli. Wannan haɗin kai yana bawa xaliban manya damar fahimtar ainihin musabbabin manyan lamuran muhalli da sakamakon rashin daidaiton zamantakewa. Wannan hanya kuma tana baiwa malamai damar jaddada mahimmancin sanya wayar da kan muhalli ta yadda xalibai kar su manta da dangantakarsu da duniyar halitta.

Don taƙaita hanyoyin horar da ilimin muhalli na balagagge, masu koyar da ilimin muhalli suna ƙoƙari su cusa xalibai tare da: ilimin matsalolin muhalli da abubuwan da ke haifar da su, basirar shiga cikin gwagwarmayar zamantakewa don yaƙar waɗannan matsalolin, halin mutuntawa da haɗin kai ga duniyar halitta, da kuma sha'awar canza ayyukan yau da kullum don kare duniya.

## Manazarta