Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam a Afirka

Masu ba da gudummawa wajen kafa tsarin kare haƙƙin bil'adama a Afirka sun haɗa da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, dokokin kasa da ƙasa da kuma ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka waɗanda suka yi tasiri mai kyau wajen inganta yanayin kare haƙƙin bil'adama a nahiyar. Sai dai har yanzu ana cin zarafin bil'adama da dama a sassa da dama na nahiyar. Yawanci, cin zarafi ana iya danganta su da rashin zaman lafiya na siyasa (sakamakon yaƙin basasa), wariyar launin fata, cin hanci da rashawa, bayan mulkin mallaka, ƙarancin tattalin arziki, jahilci, rashin lafiya, kishin addini, bashi da kuma rashin gudanar da harkokin kuɗi, cin gashin kansa na mulki, rashin cin gashin kai na shari'a da 'yan jarida, da rikice-rikicen kan iyaka. Yawancin tanade-tanaden da ke ƙunshe cikin yarjejeniyoyin yanki, na ƙasa.

## Tsarin kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam na Afirka
**Yarjejeniya ta Afirka** takarda ce ta haƙƙin ɗan adam da ta ƙunshi labarai guda 68 da aka sassaƙa zuwa sassa huɗu—Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Jama'a; Ayyuka; Tsarin Hukumar; da ƙa'idoji masu aiki. Ya haɗa ƙungiyoyin haƙƙoƙi guda uku, wato, yancin jama'a da na siyasa, haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da al'adu, da haƙƙin ƙungiya da jama'a. Yana aiwatar da wajibai a kan kowane memba na kowace al'ummar Afirka kuma yana haɗa ra'ayoyin 'yancin ɗan adam, 'yancin mutane, da ayyuka akan mutane. 

Ƙungiyar da aka ba da izini don fassara Yarjejeniya, da kuma bincikar korafe-korafen ɗaiɗaikun mutane ita ce **Hukumar Haƙƙin Bil Adama da Jama'a ta Afirka** (ACHPR). An kafa ACHPR bisa Art. 30 na Yarjejeniya kuma an buɗe shi a cikin Nuwambar shekara ta 1987. ACHPR tana haɗuwa sau biyu a shekara kuma sakatariyarta tana da hedikwata a Banjul (Gambia). 

## Inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam da kare shi

## Ilimin haƙƙin ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam “haƙƙin da mutum yake da shi don kawai mutum ne”.  Wadannan gata da yancin jama'a sun kasance cikin kowane mutum ba tare da nuna bambanci ba kuma inda kabila, wurin zama, jinsi, asalin al'adu, launin fata, addini, ko harshe, ba su da mahimmanci.  Ainihin yana nufin "dukkan koyo da ke haɓaka ilimi, ƙwarewa, da ƙimar haƙƙin ɗan adam." 

Ilimin haƙƙin ɗan adam ya ƙunshi ɗimbin manufofi da ƙa'idodi waɗanda suka haɗa da zaman lafiya, adalci da haƙuri, daidaito, diflomasiyya, da ƙima ga mutunta ɗan adam. Ta hanyar ba da tabbaci da haɓaka mutunta haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin duk wayewar kai, yana baiwa ɗalibai damar ba da gudummawa sosai wajen haɗa makoma mai ɗorewa da mara tashin hankali. 

A cewar Amnesty International, ilimin haƙƙin ɗan adam aiki ne mai maƙasudi, aikin haɗin kai wanda aka yi niyya don ƙarfafa mutane da al'ummomi ta hanyar haɓaka son ilimi, ƙarfafa samun ƙwarewa, da haɓaka ɗabi'a da tunani masu dacewa da ƙa'idodin da aka yarda da su a duniya. Tana fatan hada al'adun mutunta daukar mataki cikin gaggawa wajen karewa da ƙarfafa 'yancin dan adam ga dukkan 'yan kasa. 

A cikin aiwatar da doka, ilimin haƙƙin ɗan adam yana nufin haɓaka wayewar xaliban da fahimtar yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙoƙin don tabbatar da kiyaye haƙƙin mutane a cikin al'umma, bayyana gaskiya a cikin mu'amala da ayyukan gwamnati, alhaki/ alhakin gudanar da mu'amalar jama'a, da daidaito da rashin son kai. aikin ƙarfi. 

A mafi yawan lokuta, ilimin haƙƙin ɗan adam yana bayyana ta hanyar sanannen ilimi ko ilimin al'umma tare da manufar tsara mutane da kunna mazaɓa don faɗaɗa da haɓaka ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa. An ƙirƙiri waɗannan samfuran tushen al'umma kuma an kafa su a yankunan ƙauye na Latin Amurka, Asiya, da kuma Afirka.

Ana kallon irin waɗannan yunƙurin ilmantar da haƙƙin ɗan adam a matsayin tsarin siyasa da na ilimi don taimakawa tsarin dimokuradiyya da samun ɗan ƙasa mai kuzari. Idan aka ba da hankali a cikin waɗannan yunƙurin ilimi sune haƙƙoƙin farar hula, siyasa, zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da al'adu da haƙƙoƙin daidaito ga wasu nau'ikan ƙungiyoyi. Sakamakon haka, ilimin haƙƙin ɗan adam ya bambanta ta asali, hanya da dabara, iyaka, maida hankali, girman kai, da isarwa.

## Haƙƙoƙin matan Afirka
An sami gagarumin ci gaba a game da bunƙasa yancin mata na Afirka da shigar mata cikin harkokin siyasa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. Nahiyar Nahiyar ta yi amfani da wasu tsare-tsare da suka dace, kamar yarjejeniyar Maputo, sanarwar, kamar sanarwar da kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta yi kan daidaiton jinsi a Afirka, da kudurorin da ke da nufin tabbatar da yancin mata. Hakanan waɗannan kayan aikin sun haifar da ƙungiyoyin sa ido da yawa don tabbatar da cikar manufofin matan Afirka.  Duk da haka, matan Afirka suna ci gaba da fuskantar ƙalubale marasa ma'ana ta fuskar tattalin arziki, a rayuwarsu, da kuma matsayinsu a cikin al'umma, musamman idan ana batun kiwon lafiya da ilimi. Isasshen kiwon lafiya, wayar da kan hana haihuwa, da fahimtar zubar da ciki lafiyayye ya yi ƙaranci saboda ababen more rayuwa na kiwon lafiya na nahiyar, yana mai da mata wuya su samu gamsasshen damar zuwa asibitocin lafiya.  Haka kuma, matan Afirka na ci gaba da bin diddigin mazan Afirka a cikin kayan aikinsu don samun dama, amfani, da sarrafa filaye da sauran albarkatu, wanda ke sa su zama marasa tsaro a cikin rikice-rikice da kuma rashin tsaro a lokutan bala'i. 

Yarjejeniyar **Maputo ta** daidaita dabi'un 'yancin ɗan adam na mata a Afirka. Yarjejeniyar tana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman adadin tabbatar da kayan aiki a cikin Tarayyar Afirka.  A cikin wannan yarjejeniya, bayanin cin zarafi ga mata ya bambanta duka ta jiki da ta zuciya da kuma barazanar zalunci da bacin rai. Ta bayyana rawar da mata ke takawa a harkokin siyasa da jama’a tare da jan hankalin jam’iyyun jahohi da su ware lokaci da kudi don yin dokoki da sauran hanyoyin da za su tabbatar da daidaiton wakilcin mata da maza wajen yanke shawara. 

Yarjejeniyar ta tanadi dokar haramta kaciyar mata a shari'a da kuma amincewa da zubar da ciki a lokuta na fyade, lalata da mata, lalata da kuma ci gaba da daukar ciki da ke barazana ga lafiyar kwakwalwa da ta jiki/rayuwar uwa ko tayin. Ita ce kuma yarjejeniyar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta farko ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ke magana ba tare da wata shakka ba game da cutar HIV/AIDS. Sauran tanade-tanade da ke ƙunshe a cikin adireshin ƙa'idar da aka kafa amma ayyuka masu lalacewa, auren yara, auren mata fiye da ɗaya, gado, ƙarfafa tattalin arziki, shigar mata a siyasance, ilimi, da mata a cikin rikicin makami. 

## Hakkokin yaran Afirka
Nau'ukan tashe-tashen hankula da musgunawa na yin illa ga rayuwar yara da dama a Afirka. Waɗannan sun haɗa da cin zarafi na tattalin arziƙi da jima'i, nuna bambancin jinsi a fannin ilimi, da kuma kama su a cikin tashin hankali a lokacin tashe-tashen hankula. A cewar UNICEF, akwai kimanin yara miliyan 150 a tsakanin shekaru 5-14 da ke aiki tukuru da kuma manya. 

An ƙirƙira don kare yara da kiyaye haƙƙoƙinsu na asali, an ƙirƙiri ***Yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan Haƙƙin Yara da Jin Dadin Yara*** (ACRWC). Har ila yau, ya zama babbar hanyar doka a cikin tsarin yancin ɗan adam na Afirka wanda ke fayyace haƙƙoƙi da gata da ya kamata ƙasashen Afirka su baiwa 'ya'yansu. Sauran matsalolin da kasashen Afirka ke son yarjejeniyar ta magance sun haɗa da batutuwan da suka shafi yaran da ke rayuwa ƙarƙashin mulkin wariyar launin fata, auren yara, kaciyar mata (FGM), rikice-rikice na cikin gida da ƙaura, haƙƙin yaran da aka ɗaure iyayensu mata, rashin tsafta, da kuma rawar da suka taka. iyali a reno da reno.

### Yaran sojoji

#### Ma'anarsa
Bisa ga *ka'idodin Paris da ƙa'idoji game da yara masu haɗin gwiwa da Sojoji ko Ƙungiyoyin Makamai*, yaro soja shine "kowane mutumin da ke ƙasa da shekaru 18 wanda aka ɗauka ko amfani da shi ta hanyar soja ko ƙungiyar masu ɗauke da makamai a kowace hanya, ciki har da amma a'a. iyakance ga yara, maza da mata da aka yi amfani da su azaman mayaka, masu dafa abinci, ƴan dako, manzanni, ƴan leƙen asiri ko don yin jima'i."  Sau da yawa ana tura yara sojoji ta hanyar tilas ta hanyar amfani da ƙarfi, ta hanyar yin garkuwa da su ko kuma yi musu barazana. Wasu kuma suna yin rajista da son rai don guje wa matsanancin wahala da talauci. 

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan dalilan da ke sa yara aikin soja shine ana kallon su a matsayin abin da za a iya raba su, ko kuma "masu jefarwa" kuma kula da su ba ya da tsada. Ana kuma ganin su a matsayin mafi sauƙi idan aka kwatanta da manya, waɗanda suka riga sun sami ma'anar mutane. Tun da yara ba sa jin tsoro, suna karɓar wasu ayyuka masu haɗari ba tare da nazarin abin da suke shiga ba. 

## Ƙungiyoyi masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na Afirka
Akwai ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa guda tara da ke aiki don kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam na Afirka, wato su ne kamar haka: Human *Rights Watch*, *International Committee of the Red Cross*, *Global Rights*, *Amnesty International*, *International Federation for Human Rights*, *Refugees International*, *UN Watch*, *Human Rights Foundation*, da kuma *Kariya International* . 

## Halin haƙƙin ɗan adam ta ƙasa

### Arewacin Afirka

A **Aljeriya**, manyan batutuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam sun haɗa da kutsawa cikin sirri ba tare da izini ba, kafa dokoki da ke hana ƙayyadaddun 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, dokokin cin mutuncin laifuffuka waɗanda galibi ba a san su ba, ƙuntatawa kan 'yancin 'yan jaridu, 'yancin yin taro da ƙungiyoyi, cin hanci da rashawa na jami'an gwamnati, rashi ko rashin 'yancin kai da tsaka-tsaki a cikin ma'aikatun shari'a, mummunar cin zarafin mata a cikin gida, haramta ayyukan jima'i, cin zarafi ta hanyar jima'i ga mutanen LGBTI, da fataucin mutane. A yayin da gwamnati ke ƙoƙarin yin bincike, daukar matakin shari'a, da hukunta jami'an gwamnati da suka aikata laifuka, har yanzu akwai rashin hukunta 'yan sanda da jami'an tsaro kuma ya kasance matsala a kasar nan. 

A shekara ta 2016 a ƙasar **Masar**, an ayyana dakatar da sukar gwamnati da jama'a ke yi. Ana kama mutane lokacin da ake zarginsu ko kuma aka tabbatar da cewa suna da hannu a zanga-zanga ko kuma halartar taron zanga-zangar. An ba da umarnin hana tafiye-tafiye tare da kama ko kuma daskarar da kadarorin sanannun ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. An tuhumi manyan daraktocin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da shugaban kungyiyar 'yan jaridu da kuma kan jagororin yakyi da cin hanci da rashawa na Masar. Jami’an tsaro na ci gaba da muzgunawa da azabtar da fursunonin kuma daruruwan mutane sun bace a boye ba tare da la’akari da yadda jami’an gwamnati suka saba wa doka ba. 

Tun daga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2018, wani daftarin aiki na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya ba da rahoton cewa, dubban 'yan bindiga da ke da alaka da gwamnati a **Libya** sun yi ta keta haƙƙin bil'adama.  Dangane da rahotannin Amnesty International, dakarun da ke kawance da gwamnatocin da ke gaba da juna - ban da ƙungiyoyin da ke ɗauke da makamai da dakaru masu zaman kansu - suna ci gaba da aiwatar da rashin jin dadi na wulakanta dokokin duniya da cin zarafi ga 'yancin dan adam. Wadannan ƙungiyoyi suna kai hare-hare ba kakkautawa a yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubban fararen hula. Suna ci gaba da yin garkuwa, da kamawa da tsare dubban mutane na wani lokaci mara iyaka. An tsananta wa marasa tausayi da kuma yin amfani da wasu mugayen hanyoyi a cikin ɗakunan kurkuku. Mata suna fuskantar muguwar wariya, gami da tauye hakkinsu na tafiye-tafiye. Ana ci gaba da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa. 

* Mauritania
* Maroko
* Sudan
* Tunisiya
* Yammacin Sahara

### Yankin Saharar Afirka
An yankewa wasu sojojin Kamaru hudu hukuncin daurin shekaru 10 a gidan yari bisa laifin harbe mata 2 da ƙananan yara 2 a shekara ta 2015. An ɗauki hoton harbin ne a wani faifan bidiyo da aka yaɗa ta yanar gizo a shekara ta 2018. A cikin faifan bidiyon an ga sojoji suna zargin matan da alaka da ƙungiyar ta'addanci ta Boko Haram . 

## Duba kuma

* Child Army International
* Afirka
* Jerin labaran haƙƙin ɗan adam ta ƙasa

## Manazarta

## Ci gaba da karatu

* Bösl, Anton & Diescho, Joseph (Eds), 'Yancin Dan Adam a Afirka. Ra'ayin Shari'a game da kariya da haɓaka su; Macmillan Ilimi Namibia 2009. ISBN&nbsp;
* Ilimin 'Yan Mata A Afirka Me Muka Sani Game da Dabarun Da Suke Aiki?
* Horn, Nico da Anton Bösl (eds. ) Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Doka a Namibiya, Macmillan Namibiya 2009. ISBN&nbsp;
* Viljoen, Frans da Chidi Odinkalu. " Haramcin azabtarwa da cin zarafi a cikin Tsarin 'Yancin Dan Adam na Afirka LITTAFI MAI KYAU GA wadanda aka zalunta da masu ba da shawararsu." (  ) Kungiyar Yaki da azabtarwa ta Duniya (OMCT). OMCT Littafin Jagora Vol. 3 Jerin Edita: Boris Wijkström
* Lokacin da kake karantar da yarinya, komai yana canzawa
* Ilimin 'yan mata da daidaiton jinsi 
* Nahiyar Afrika: Ka Sanya Ilimin ‘Yan Mata Ya Zama Gaskiya
* Yankin kudu da hamadar sahara ya yi kasa a gwiwa wajen samun daidaiton ilimin yara maza da mata: Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
* Yaki da cin zarafin mata a Aljeriya: Tattaunawa da kalubale
* Aljeriya, Bayanin Daidaiton Jinsi, UNICEF 
* Rinjaye Talauci a Masar: Cin Hanci da Hakkokin Dan Adam da suka Taimakawa Juyin Juya Halin 25 ga Janairu
* Siyasar 'Yancin Dan Adam a Masar da Jordan
* Makomar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin sabuwar Libya: Abubuwan da ake bukata da kalubale 
* Muhimman abubuwan da za a kawo gyara ga majalisa: Taswirar haƙƙin ɗan adam don sabuwar Libya
* BAYANI AKAN CIN HAKKIN DAN ADAM NA KASA DA DOKAR DAN ADAM A LOKACIN TASHIN HANKALI A LIBYA.
* Halin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam a Najeriya da Matsalolin 'Yancin Mata a Mauritania
* GASKIYA JIHAR HAKKIN MATA A AFRICA 
* Inganta Daidaiton Jinsi a Afirka 
* HOTUNAN HAKKIN MATA A AFRIKA: ABUBUWA GUDA 10 DA ZA KU IYA TUNANI! 
* Yana da wuya mata su kai ga matsayi na farko a siyasar Afirka - amma muna kan hanya
* Cin hanci da rashawa a Afirka ya keta haƙƙin ɗan adam. Me yasa muka jure shi?
* Rikicin Yanki da cin zarafin Bil Adama a Yammacin Afirka: Takaddar Takaddama ga Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
* Idan kun isa ɗaukar bindiga, kun isa soja'
* Abubuwa 10 masu ban tsoro game da Sojoji a Afirka
* Daukar yara kanana aikin soja har yanzu tana karuwa a Sudan ta Kudu
* Maputo Protocol ya cika shekaru 15!  Kira ga jihohi da su amince da aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar daga zance zuwa aiki
* Guterres: Dubban yara sojoji ne ke yaki a Somaliya
* Yaran soja sun dauki aikin soja sau biyu a cikin shekara guda a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka

## [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/guterres-thousands-child-soldiers-fight-somalia-170120063747893.html Hanyoyin haɗi na waje]

* Da'awar 'Yancin Dan Adam
* Tarayyar Afirka 
* Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) 
* Al'ummar Gabashin Afirka
* Rukunin Bankin Raya Afirka
* Inganta Haƙƙin Matan Afirka
* Bösl, A da Diescho, J. (eds), Haƙƙin Dan Adam a Afirka. Halayen Shari'a akan kariyar su da haɓakawa, Ilimin Macmillan Namibiya, 2009 http://www.kas.de/proj/home/pub/8/2/year-2009/dokument_id-16347/index.html
* Masu fafutukar neman Ilimin Hakkokin Dan Adam 
* Cibiyar Ilimi da Horar da Hakkokin Dan Adam
* PDHR - Ƙungiyar Jama'a don Koyon Haƙƙin Dan Adam
* Youth for Human Rights
* Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka - Rahoton Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Shekara-shekara
** 2007 2006 2005 2004