Stanley Fischer

**Stanley Fischer** (Ibraniyawa; 15 ga Oktoba, 1943 - 31 ga Mayu, 2025) masanin tattalin arziki ne na Amurka da Isra'ila wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa na 20 na Tarayyar Tarayya daga 2014 zuwa 2017. Fischer a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin gwamnan Bankin Isra'ila na 8 daga 2005 zuwa 2013. An haife shi a Arewacin Rhodesia (yanzu Zambia), ya kasance 'Yan ƙasa biyu a Isra'ila da Amurka.  A baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Manajan Darakta na farko na Asusun Kuɗi na Duniya kuma a matsayin Babban Masanin Tattalin Arziki na Bankin Duniya. A ranar 10 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, Shugaba Barack Obama ya zabi Fischer a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Tarayya Tarayya. A ranar 6 ga Satumba, 2017, Fischer ya sanar da cewa yana murabus a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa saboda dalilai na kansa daga ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 2017. Ya kasance babban mai ba da shawara a BlackRock . 

## Tarihi
Stanley Fischer, wanda sunansa na Ibrananci shine Shlomo Ben Pesach Hacohen, [1] an haife shi ne a cikin iyalin Yahudawa a Lusaka, Arewacin Rhodesia (yanzu Zambia), a ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 1943. [2] Lokacin da yake da shekaru 13, iyalinsa suka koma Kudancin Rhodesia (yanzu Zimbabwe), inda ya zama memba mai aiki na Habonim, ƙungiyar matasa ta Zionist.[1] A shekara ta 1960, ya ziyarci Isra'ila a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin hunturu don shugabannin matasa, kuma ya yi nazarin Ibrananci a kibbutz Ma'agan Michael .

Fischer da farko ya yi niyyar nazarin ilmin sunadarai a Jami'ar Ibrananci ta Urushalima, amma an jawo shi zuwa tattalin arziki bayan an gabatar da shi ga aikin Paul Samuelson a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts da karanta The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money by John Maynard Keynes .  Ya karɓi tallafin karatu don halartar Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London a Ingila, inda ya sami B.Sc. da kuma M.Sc. digiri a cikin tattalin arziki tsakanin 1962 da 1966. Yayinda yake a LSE, ya yi nazarin ilimin tattalin arziki na Keynesian kuma an gabatar da shi ga Tsarin tattalin arziki. Daga baya ya shiga cikin shirin digiri a fannin tattalin arziki a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT), yana mai ambaton kasancewar Paul Samuelson da Robert Solow a matsayin babban abin da ya yanke shawara. Ya sami Ph.D. a cikin 1969 tare da rubutun da ake kira Essays on Assets and Contingent Commodities, wanda ya magance ka'idar daidaito gaba ɗaya a ƙarƙashin rashin tabbas.   Ya zama Dan ƙasar Amurka a shekara ta 1976.

## Ayyukan ilimi
Fischer ya fara aikinsa na ilimi a Jami'ar Chicago, yana aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa daga 1970 zuwa 1973. Ya koma MIT a 1973, inda ya zauna har zuwa sauran aikinsa na ilimi. Ya rike Elizabeth da James Killian Class na 1926 Farfesa daga 1992 zuwa 1995 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban sashen a 1993-94, kafin ya yi aiki da IMF.

Yawancin ɗaliban Fischer a MIT sun ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin manufofin tattalin arzikin duniya, gami da shugaban Tarayyar Tarayya Ben Bernanke, shugaban Babban Bankin Turai Mario Draghi, shugaban Bankin Ci Gaban Amurka Ilan Goldfajn, gwamnan Bankin Australia Philip Lowe, da Gwamnan Bankin Japan Kazuo Ueda. Sauran, kamar Greg Mankiw da Christina Romer, sun jagoranci Majalisar Masu Ba da Shawara ta Tattalin Arziki, yayin da Maurice Obstfeld, Kenneth Rogoff, da Frederic Mishkin suka rike manyan mukamai a Asusun Kuɗi na Duniya da Tarayyar Tarayya.

## Manufofin jama'a da aikin banki
Daga Janairu 1988 zuwa Agusta 1990 ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Masanin Tattalin Arziki na Bankin Duniya. Daga nan aka nada shi Mataimakin Manajan Darakta na farko na Asusun Kuɗi na Duniya, kuma ya yi aiki a wannan mukamin daga Satumba 1994 zuwa Agusta 2001. A ƙarshen shekara ta 2001, Fischer ya shiga Ƙungiyar talatin, ƙungiyar ba da shawara ta kuɗi mai tasiri a Washington DC. Daga Fabrairu 2002 zuwa Afrilu 2005, bayan ya bar IMF, ya kasance mai zartarwa a Citigroup, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban, Shugaban Citigroup International, da Shugaban Kungiyar Abokin Ciniki ta Jama'a.

### MANAZARTA