A. R. Ammons

**Archibald Randolph Ammons** (18 ga Fabrairu, 1926 - 25 ga Fabrairu, 2001) mawaki ne ɗan Amurka kuma farfesa a fannin Turanci a Jami'ar Cornell . Ammons ya buga kusan tarin waƙoƙi talatin a rayuwarsa.  Saboda girmansa ga tasirinsa ga waƙoƙin soyayya na Amurka, Ammons ya sami manyan kyaututtuka da dama saboda aikinsa, ciki har da kyaututtukan littattafai guda biyu na ƙasa don waƙoƙi, ɗaya a 1973 don *waƙoƙin da aka tattara* da kuma wani a 1993 don *garbage* .  

## Jigogi na waƙa
Masu sukar adabi sun danganta Ammons da tsoffin mawakan al'adar soyayya ta Amurka, kamar Ralph Waldo Emerson da Walt Whitman .  Dangane da waɗannan tushen soyayya, waƙar Ammons tana bincika rai ɗaya ta hanyar alaƙarta da rayuwar yau da kullun da kuma duniyar halitta.  Duk da haka, Ammons yana nuna halaye da yawa waɗanda suka bambanta shi da takwarorinsa da magabatansa. Tare da zurfin ilimin abubuwan da suka faru na halitta, an san Ammons da amfani da ƙamus mai faɗi na kalmomin kimiyya.  Ana kuma ɗaukarsa da barkwancinsa mai wayo - kuma wani lokacin mai kaifi - wanda ke daidaita nauyin jigoginsa na masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. 

## Rayuwa
Ammons ya girma a gonar taba kusa da Whiteville, North Carolina, a yankin kudu maso gabashin jihar. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sarrafa sonar a cikin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, yana aiki a cikin jirgin ruwan USS Gunason, mai rakiyar masu lalata abubuwa.  Bayan yaƙin, Ammons ya halarci Jami'ar Wake Forest, inda ya yi karatun digiri a fannin ilmin halittu. Bayan kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1949, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban makaranta kuma malami a Makarantar Firamare ta Hattaras daga baya a wannan shekarar kuma ya auri Phyllis Plumbo.  Ya sami digirin MA a Turanci daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley . 

A shekarar 1964, Ammons ya shiga jami'ar Cornell, daga ƙarshe ya zama Farfesa Goldwin Smith na Turanci da Mawaka a fannin Gidaje. Ya yi ritaya daga Cornell a shekarar 1998.   Ɗalibansa waɗanda suka ci gaba da samun yabo a matsayin mawaka sun haɗa da Alice Fulton, Ann Loomis Silsbee, da Jerald Bullis. 

Ammons ya daɗe yana zama a al'ummomin South Jersey na Northfield, Ocean City da Millville, lokacin da ya rubuta *Corsons Inlet* a shekarar 1962.  

## Ammons a Jami'ar Cornell
Lokacin da Ammons ya isa Jami'ar Cornell a shekarar 1964 don koyar da rubuce-rubuce masu ƙirƙira, bai kammala digirinsa na biyu ba a Jami'ar California, Berkeley.  Duk da cewa yana da ɗan damuwa game da rashin iliminsa idan aka kwatanta da abokan aikinsa, Ammons ya kafa kansa cikin sauri ta hanyar kammalawa da buga littattafai shida da aka karɓe su da kyau kuma ya sami aiki a 1969.  Ammons ya haɗu da mai sukar adabi Harold Bloom, wanda ya ziyarci Cornell a 1968 a matsayin abokin ƙungiyar Society for the Humanities.  Sau da yawa ana yaba wa Bloom da ɗaukaka sunan Ammons a farkon aikinsa, kuma su biyun sun ci gaba da dangantaka ta tsawon rai, wanda ya saba dacewa da batutuwa na kashin kai da na adabi.  Ammons kuma ya ƙulla dangantaka ta kud da kud da mawaƙi Robert Morgan, wanda ya shiga Sashen Turanci na Cornell a 1971 kuma ya ci gaba da zama a can tare da Ammons tsawon kusan shekaru talatin.  Dukansu daga North Carolina, Ammons da Morgan sun haɗu kan irin tarbiyyar da suka samu; kuma duk da cewa sun rungumi salon waƙa daban-daban, mawakan biyu sun yaba wa aikin junansu a duk tsawon ayyukansu. 

A mataki na farko da ya mayar da hankali kan yanayi, Ammons ya sami kwarin gwiwa ga aikinsa daga yanayin da ke kewaye da Ithaca, New York . Waƙoƙinsa "Cascadilla Falls" da "Triphammer Bridge" suna girmama wuraren tarihi na waje a yankin.

## Kyaututtuka
A cikin shekaru hamsin na aikinsa na waƙa, Ammons ya sami kyaututtuka da ambato da yawa. Daga cikin manyan kyaututtukansa akwai kyaututtukan littattafai na ƙasa na Amurka na 1973 da 1993 (don Waƙoƙin da aka tattara, 1951–1971 da kuma don Garbage ); kyautar Wallace Stevens daga Kwalejin Mawakan Amurka (1998); da kuma ƙungiyar MacArthur a 1981, shekarar da aka kafa kyautar.

Sauran kyaututtukan da Ammons ya bayar sun haɗa da lambar yabo ta National Book Critics Circle Award ta 1981 don *A Coast of Trees* ;  lambar yabo ta National Library of Congress ta 1993 Rebekah Johnson Bobbitt don Poetry for *Garbage* ; lambar yabo ta Bollingen ta 1975 don *Sphere* ; lambar yabo ta Robert Frost ta ƙungiyar Poetry Society of America; lambar yabo ta Ruth Lilly ; da kuma tallafin karatu daga Gidauniyar Guggenheim da kuma Kwalejin Fasaha da Wasiku ta Amurka .  An zaɓe shi a matsayin Fellow na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a 1978. 

## Salon waƙa
Ammons galibi suna rubutu da babi biyu ko uku, waɗanda layukan ba su da sautin da aka haɗa su sosai.  Wasu daga cikin waƙoƙin Ammons gajeru ne kamar layuka ɗaya zuwa biyu. Wasu kuma, kamar waƙoƙin Ammons masu tsawon littattafai *Sphere*, *Tape for the Just of the Year,* da *Garbage,* suna da ɗaruruwan layuka. 

An san Amons da tsarinsa na musamman da kuma tsarin rubutu mai sauƙi.  Ciwon yana da alamar rubutu ta "sa hannu" ta Ammons, wadda yake amfani da ita a wurare da yawa don raba jimloli yayin da yake jinkirta ƙarshen ƙarshe.  Ammons yana guje wa ƙare waƙoƙi da lokaci. Wasu daga cikin waƙoƙinsa suna ƙarewa da ellipses, ko kuma ba su da alamun rubutu kwata-kwata. 

## Littattafan tarihi
 

### Waƙa

* *Ommateum, with Doxology*. Philadelphia: Dorrance, 1955.  Reprinted, with Preface by Roger Gilbert, Cornell University, by  W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York & London, 2006.   (paperback)
* *Expressions of Sea Level*. Columbus: Ohio State UP, 1964.
* *Corsons Inlet*. Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1965. Reprinted by Norton, 1967. ISBN&nbsp;
* *Tape for the Turn of the Year*. Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1965. Reprinted by Norton, 1972. ISBN&nbsp;
* *Northfield Poems*. Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1966.
* *Selected Poems*. Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1968.
* *Uplands*. New York: Norton, 1970. ISBN&nbsp;
* *Briefings: Poems Small and Easy*. New York: Norton, 1971. ISBN&nbsp;
* *Collected Poems, 1951-1971*. New York: Norton, 1972. ISBN&nbsp; – winner of the National Book Award
* *Sphere: The Form of a Motion*. New York: Norton, 1974. ISBN&nbsp; —winner of the Bollingen Prize for Poetry
* *Diversifications*. New York: Norton, 1975. ISBN&nbsp;
* *The Selected Poems: 1951–1977*. New York: Norton, 1977. ISBN&nbsp;
* *Highgate Road*. Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1977.
* *The Snow Poems* . New York: Norton, 1977. ISBN&nbsp;
* *Selected Longer Poems*. New York: Norton, 1980. ISBN&nbsp;
* *A Coast of Trees*. New York: Norton, 1981. ISBN&nbsp; – winner of the National Book Critics Circle Award
* *Worldly Hopes*. New York: Norton, 1982. ISBN&nbsp;
* *Lake Effect Country*. New York: Norton, 1983. ISBN&nbsp;
* *The Selected Poems: Expanded Edition*. New York: Norton, 1986. ISBN&nbsp;
* *Sumerian Vistas*. New York: Norton, 1987. ISBN&nbsp;
* *The Really Short Poems*. New York: Norton, 1991. ISBN&nbsp;
* *Garbage*. New York: Norton, 1993. ISBN&nbsp; – winner of the National Book Award
* *The North Carolina Poems.* Alex Albright, ed. Rocky Mount, NC: NC Wesleyan College P, 1994. ISBN&nbsp;
* *Brink Road.*New York: Norton, 1996. ISBN&nbsp;
* *Glare.* New York: Norton, 1997. ISBN&nbsp;
* *Bosh and Flapdoodle: Poems.* New York: Norton, 2005. ISBN&nbsp;
* *Selected Poems.* David Lehman, ed. New York: Library of America, 2006. ISBN&nbsp;
* *The North Carolina Poems.* New, expanded edition. Frankfort, KY: Broadstone Books, 2010. ISBN&nbsp;
* *The Mule Poems.* Fountain, NC: R. A. Fountain, 2010. ISBN&nbsp; (chapbook)
* *The Complete Poems of A. R. Ammons*, Volume 1 1955–1977; Volume 2 1978–2005: Edited by Robert M. West; Introduction by Helen Vendler.  W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York, 2017  hardcover vol. 1;  hardcover vol. 2

### Prose

*  
* *An Image for Longing: Selected Letters and Journals of A.R. Ammons, 1951–1974.* Ed. Kevin McGuirk. Victoria, BC: ELS Editions, 2014. ISBN&nbsp;

### Nazarce-nazarce masu zurfi da bita kan ayyukan Ammons

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* *Diacritics 3* (1973). An entire "essays on Ammons" issue.
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*  Review of A.R. Ammons, *The Complete Poems*.

## Manazarta