Harsunan Uganda

A kasar Uganda harshen da aka fi amfani da shi a babban birnin kasar shi ne Luganda, sai kuma Ingilishi (kuma harshen da ake amfani da shi tun 1962), kamar yadda duk makarantun kasar Uganda ke amfani da shi wajen karatunsu saboda shigar da Ingilishi a lokacin mulkin mallaka. Har ila yau Ingilishi shine harshen kasuwanci da shari'a. Mafi yawan magana bayan Luganda da Ingilishi shine Swahili. Wannan yare ya fi zama ruwan dare a makwabciyar Kenya da Tanzaniya. Ana koyar da Swahili a makarantu a matsayin ƙarin yare na zaɓi kuma yawancin sojojin Uganda ne ke magana da shi. A cikin 2005, an yi tattaunawa don haɗa Swahili a matsayin yaren hukuma na biyu kamar yadda ake kallonsa a matsayin tsaka tsaki, amma har yanzu gwamnati ba ta amince da hakan ba.. Ana amfani da Swahili a tsakanin wasu al'ummomi masu iyaka da Sudan ta Kudu da Kenya.

Uganda ƙasa ce mai harsuna da yawa tare da fiye da 70 gabaɗaya kiyasin harsuna. 43 daga cikin harsunanta masu rai sun fada cikin manyan iyalai hudu - Bantu, Nilotic, Sudan ta Tsakiya da Kuliak. Daga cikin wadannan, 41 'yan asalin kasar ne, 2 kuma ba 'yan asalin kasar ba ne. Bugu da ƙari, 5 na cibiyoyi, 27 suna tasowa, 7 an kafa su, 2 suna cikin haɗari, 2 kuma sun kusan bace. Akwai kuma Harshen Kurame na Uganda.

## Harsuna

A duk yankunan Bantu na Yuganda, ci gaba da yare ya zama gama gari. Misali, mutanen da ke kusa da Mbarara suna jin Runyankore kuma mutanen Masarautar Tooro suna magana da Rutooro, amma a tsakanin wadannan yankuna akwai kauyuka da galibin mutanen ke magana da yare wanda aka fi saninsa a matsayin tsaka-tsaki tsakanin Runyankore da Rutooro. A haƙiƙa, kafin 1952, waɗannan da sauran yarukan da ke da alaƙa suna da adabi da sunan Runyoro (Runyoro, Rutooro, Runyankore, Rukiga, Ruhema, Runyambo, Ruhaya) tunda dukkansu suna da fahimtar juna. A cikin 1952, duk da haka, an ƙirƙira waƙoƙi daban-daban don Runyoro da Rutooro (Runyoro – Rutooro) da Runyankore da Rukiga (Runyankore – Rukiga). A wajajen shekara ta 1990 kalmar Runyakitara, wacce ba ta da alaka da kowace kabila ta zamani amma ga magada al'adu na Daular Kitara, an yada ta ne don komawa ga rukunin harsuna baki daya tare da saukaka aiki a cikin wadannan harsuna, kamar koyarwa a jami'a. matakin (Makerere). Duk da haka, har yanzu ba a samar da ingantaccen rubutun waƙa da yaɗa shi ba.

A kudu-ta-tsakiyar Uganda, harsunan Bantu na Luganda da Lusoga na iya fahimtar juna sosai. Wannan kamanceceniyar yare kuma ya shafi yaren Lussese da ake magana a cikin tsibiran Ssese na tafkin Victoria.

Harsunan Nilotic sun hada da Karamojong na gabashin Uganda (yawan jama'a 370,000), yaren Kakwa a cikin matsananci arewa maso yamma (kimanin yawan jama'a 150,000) da Teso kudancin tafkin Kyoga (miliyan 3.2 9.6% na al'ummar Uganda). Harsunan yammacin Nilotic Luo sun haɗa da Alur (yawan jama'a 459,000), Acholi, Lango, Adhola da Kumam.

Wasu harsunan Kudancin Nilotic Kalenjin ana magana da su a kan iyaka da Kenya, gami da Pökoot da harsunan Elgon da ke kusa da Kupsabiny. Harsunan Kuliak Ik da Soo ana magana da su a arewa maso gabashin Uganda. Lugbara, Aringa, Ma'di da Ndo na arewa maso yammacin Uganda mambobi ne na harsunan Sudan ta Tsakiya.

## Ka'idojin Harshe
A Uganda, kamar yadda ake yi a yawancin ƙasashen Afirka, an ƙaddamar da Ingilishi a cikin gwamnati da rayuwar jama'a ta hanyar aikin mishan da tsarin ilimi. A cikin shekarun farko na karni na ashirin, Swahili ya sami tasiri saboda ba kawai ana amfani da shi a cikin sojoji da 'yan sanda ba, amma ana koyar da su a makarantu. Baganda sun ɗauki shigar da Swahili a matsayin barazana ga ikonsu na siyasa kuma wani ɓangare ta tasirinsu, Ingilishi ya kasance kawai harshen hukuma a lokacin.

Bayan samun 'yancin kai, an yi ƙoƙarin zaɓar yaren hukuma na Afirka, tare da Swahili da Luganda a matsayin waɗanda aka fi ɗauka. Ko da yake Luganda shi ne yaren da ya fi yaɗu a yanki, mutanen da ke wajen Buganda sun yi adawa da samun shi a matsayin yaren ƙasa. Turanci ya kasance harshen hukuma.

Turancin Ugandan, yare na cikin gida na Ingilishi, yawancin harsunan asali na mutanen Ugandan suna tasiri sosai amma yana kama da Ingilishi na Burtaniya da na Amurka.

Uganda National Kiswahili Council

A shekara ta 2011, gwamnatin Uganda ta bayyana shirin kafa majalisar koyar da harshen Swahili a kasar. Sai a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 2019 ne majalisar zartaswa ta zartar da kudurin kafa majalisar Kiswahili ta kasa.

Majalisar Swahili ta kasa tana nufin jagorantar tsarin tsare-tsare, aiwatar da shisshigi da rarraba albarkatu don amfani da ci gaban Kiswahili a matsayin harshen yare - harshen da aka karbe a matsayin yare gama gari tsakanin masu magana da harsunan farko sun bambanta.

## Manazarta

## Domin Karin Karatu
*Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com/. More specifically  Ethnologue report for Uganda, retrieved August 19, 2005.
* Ladefoged, Peter; Ruth Glick; Clive Criper; Clifford H. Prator; Livingstone Walusimbi (1972) *Language in Uganda* (Ford Foundation language surveys vol. 1). London/New York etc. Oxford University Press. 
* Mpuga, Douglas (2003) 'The official language issue: A look at the Uganda Experience'. Unpublished paper presented at the African Language Research Project Summer Conference, Maryland.
* Parry, Kate (ed.) (2000) *Language and literacy in Uganda: towards a sustainable reading culture*. Kampala: Fountain Publishers.