open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Algorithm na kwayoyin halitta

**Algorithm na kwayoyin halitta (PBGA**) algorithm ne na kwayoyin halittar don juyin halitta wanda F. Bellas da RJ Duro suka kirkira a cikin Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kai don Binciken Injiniya (GII) a Jami'ar Coruña, a Spain. Yana haifar da Cibiyoyin sadarwa na wucin gadi (ANN) masu girman gaske waɗanda aka tsara su cikin jerin kwayoyin halitta don gina na'urar ANN ta asali. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan tubalan yana gaba da mai gabatar da kwayar halitta wanda ke aiki a matsayin mai kunnawa / kashewa wanda ke ƙayyade ko za a bayyana wannan ɗayan ko a'a.

## Abubuwan PBGA na asali
Ƙungiyar asali a cikin PBGA shine neuron tare da duk haɗin shigarwa kamar yadda aka wakilta a cikin adadi mai zuwa:

kwayar halitta ta asali ita ce saiti na ainihin ma'auni mai daraja wanda ke biye da sigogi na neuron kuma ya ci gaba da wani yanki mai daraja wanda ya ƙayyade darajar kwayar halitta mai gabatar da ita kuma, saboda haka, furcin naúrar. Ta hanyar haɗa raka'a na wannan nau'in za mu iya gina dukkan cibiyar sadarwa.

Tare da wannan ƙididdigar an ɗora shi cewa bayanin da ba a bayyana ba har yanzu ana ɗaukar shi ta hanyar kwayar halitta a cikin juyin halitta amma an kare shi daga matsin lamba kai tsaye, yana kiyaye wannan hanyar bambancin a cikin yawan jama'a, wanda ya kasance tushen ƙira don wannan algorithm. Sabili da haka, an kafa bambanci tsakanin sararin bincike da sararin bayani, yana ba da izinin bayanan da aka koya kuma an sanya su cikin wakilcin kwayar halitta don a adana su ta hanyar kashe kwayoyin halitta.

## Sakamakon
An gabatar da PBGA ne da farko  a cikin filin robotics mai cin gashin kansa, musamman a cikin ilmantarwa na ainihi na samfuran muhalli na robot.

An yi amfani da shi a cikin tsarin fahimta na Multilevel Darwinist Brain (MDB) wanda aka haɓaka a cikin GII don ilmantarwa na ainihi a kan layi. A cikin wani takarda  an nuna yadda aikace-aikacen PBGA tare da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta waje wanda ke adana samfuran duniya da aka samu, shine mafi kyawun dabarun daidaitawa a cikin mahalli mai ƙarfi. 

Kwanan nan, PBGA ta samar da sakamakon da ya fi sauran algorithms na juyin halitta a cikin matsalolin da ba na tsayawa ba, inda aikin motsa jiki ya bambanta a lokaci.

## Manazarta
Al Sharqiya

**Al Sharqiya** ("The Eastern One") ( Arabic   ) ita ce tashar tauraron dan adam ta farko mallakar Iraki.

Attajirin kafofin watsa labarai na Iraki Saad al-Bazzaz wanda ke zaune a Baghdad da Dubai, sanannen ɗan adawa ne na siyasa na Sunni daga Mosul. Al-Bazzaz kuma shine Babban Editan Jaridar Azzaman . An ƙaddamar da tashar a watan Maris na 2004 kuma an fara watsa ta akai-akai a ranar 4 ga Mayu 2004. Mayakan Shi'a sun saba kiran tashar da Al-Baathiya (Baathist), saboda dangantakar Saad Al-Bazzaz da tsohon shugaban Baathist Saddam Hussein.

Al Sharqiya yanzu tana samun karuwar masu sauraro tare da cakuda labaran yau da kullun da suka shahara, barkwanci da shirye-shiryen talabijin na gaskiya na farko a Iraki. 

A cewar wani bincike da aka gudanar a watan Yuni na Ipsos-Stat, tashar talabijin ta Al Arabiya mallakar Saudiyya ce, wacce ke da kashi 41 cikin 100 na tashoshin, sai kuma tashar tauraron dan adam ta Iraki mai zaman kanta Al Sharqiya da ke da kashi 40 cikin 100. 

Wanda ya kafa Sharqiya ya ce ma'aikatansa na yanzu guda 400 suna fatan daukar hankalin jama'a da dama ta hanyar amfani da barkwancin siyasa da kuma irin labaran da ba a saba gani ba a tsawon shekarun da suka gabata na mulkin hambararren shugaban ƙasa Saddam Hussein . 

Tun lokacin da aka kafa tashar a watan Maris na 2004, ta sami suna saboda taimakon jin kai da ayyukan agaji wanda aka yi niyya ga biranen da ke faɗin Iraki. A matsayin wani ɓangare na wani shiri mai suna 'Sumputation and Capital' (Saya'o Surmuiya), Al Sharqiya ta raba wasu tallafi ga ƙananan ayyuka waɗanda ke taimaka wa mabukata da nakasassu a kewayen Iraki. Rarraba waɗannan tallafin a kewayen Iraki kamar haka: 39% ga Basra, 10% Najaf, 10% Baghdad, 7% Amara, 6% Karbala, 5% Kut, 4% Babila, 4% Mosul, 3% Nasriya, 3% Kirkuk 5% Sauran biranen.

Ana kallon jerin shirye-shiryen tashar don watan Ramadan mai alfarma, ciki har da shirye-shiryen agaji, barkwanci, wasan kwaikwayo, barkwanci, kiɗa da addini a Iraki. Tallafin kuɗi da aka bayar a lokacin Ramadan ga iyalai 90 mafi talauci a Iraki, ya yi daidai da dala miliyan 1 a watan Agusta na 2010.

A watan Agusta na 2008, an kashe ma'aikata huɗu a Mosul yayin da suke aiki.  Shugaban labaran tashar, Ali Wajih, ya zargi tashar al-Iraqiyyah ta gwamnatin Iraki, yana mai cewa " *kamfen ɗinsu na ɓata suna* " a kan tashar " *abin kunya ne* " saboda kisan gillar. 

An ci tarar gidan talabijin na Al Sharqiya dala $87,000 a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta 2009  saboda bayar da rahoton karya cewa an bayar da umarni na kama tsoffin fursunoni da Amurka ta saki kwanan nan. Manjo Janar Qassim al-Moussawi, babban mai magana da yawun sojoji a Baghdad, ya dage cewa ya ce kawai za a sake duba fayilolin tsoffin fursunonin don tantance ko akwai wani daga cikinsu da ke da hannu a wani tashin hankali na baya-bayan nan a hare-haren bama-bamai.

## Manazarta
Ellen Hagan

**Ellen Hagan** 'yar kasuwa ce 'yar ƙasar Ghana, kuma ƙwararriyar mai kula da albarkatun ɗan adam kuma Shugabar Kamfanin L'aine Services Limited.     Ita ce wacce ta kafa Kwalejin 'Yan Mata ta Legacy.

## Ilimi
Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta Wesley da ke Cape Coast a Yankin Tsakiyar Ghana, kafin ta kammala karatunta a Jami'ar Ghana . Tana da digirin MBA daga Makarantar Digiri na biyu ta Jami'ar Leicester . 

## Aikin kasuwanci
Hagan ya kafa L'aine Services Limited  kuma ya haɗu da kafa Makarantar 'Yan Mata ta Legacy Leadership a Akuse .  

Tana haɗin gwiwa da sashen ba da shawara na Jami'ar Ghana, Jami'ar Tsakiya da Jami'ar Ashesi don gabatar da gabatarwa kan duniyar kamfanoni, shirye-shiryen horon aiki da kuma yadda ake gudanar da su yadda ya kamata.

Hagan tana aiki a kan allunan gudanarwa da dama, ciki har da hukumar Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Ghana da kuma hukumar Sounding ta Denmark. Ta kasance wakiliya a taron ILO a lokuta da dama da ke wakiltar Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Ghana. 

An naɗa ta a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugabar Ƙungiyar Bible Society of Ghana a shekarar 2023. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Tana da aure kuma tana da 'ya'ya huɗu da jikoki shida. 

## Kyaututtuka

* CIMG Mace Ta Fi Kowacce Tauraruwa a Shekarar 2011 
* Kyaututtukan Jagoranci na Dabaru na 2011 na Babban Taron HRD na Duniya a Indiya. 
* Mace Mafi Tasiri a Afirka a Kasuwanci a 2013 
* Mace Mafi Kyau Ta Shekara A Gasar Emy Awards Ta 2017 
* Mata Masu Tasowa a Matsayin 'Yan Kasuwa na Shekarar 2017 
* Kyautar VLISCO Be Your Dream Award ta 2013 
* Fitacciyar 'yar kasuwa mace a bikin bayar da kyaututtukan mata na Ghana na 2013 
* Mafi Kyawun Ɗan Kasuwa a Kasuwancin Kamfanoni 2013 

## Rubuce-rubuce

* *Ƙwarewa Mai Taushi; Abin da ke Ba wa Mai Neman Aiki Fa'ida Fiye da Wani*
* *Duk Game da Hira da Aiki*
* *Me yasa kake nan*
* *Muryar Jagoranci da Gado*

## Manazarta
Cdial

Cibiyar Nazarin Harsunan 'Yan Asalin Afirka, CDIAL kamfani ne na fasaha wanda ke mai da hankali kan fasahar wucin gadi (AI) ga kamfanin, wanda ya ƙware a cikin samfuran harshe a cikin harsuna marasa wadataccen albarkatu, bincike, da kuma tura su aiki. An kafa ƙungiyar a cikin 2021 kuma hedikwatarta tana Los Angeles, Amurka tare da ofisoshi a Legas, Najeriya . 

A shekarar 2023, CDIAL ta ƙaddamar da fasaharta, Indigenius Mobile, wani dandamali na tattaunawa na AI don sadarwa da hulɗa da harsuna da yawa.   CDIAL ta kuma fitar da madannai masu wayo na harsuna da yawa waɗanda aka tsara don ba da damar sadarwa a cikin harsunan Afirka 180 da kuma ba wa masu amfani damar sadarwa cikin harsunan asali.   

A watan Mayu na 2023, CDIAL ta ƙaddamar da ƙamus wanda ke fassara kalmomin zamani zuwa harsunan asali wanda ya ƙunshi sabbin kalmomin da ake da su waɗanda ba su cikin ƙamus na asali ba.   

## Tarihi
An kafa ƙungiyar a hukumance a shekarar 2021 ta hannun 'yan Najeriya uku, Yinka Iyinolakan, Soji Akinlabi, da Shona Olalere, waɗanda suka fara wani aiki na ƙirƙirar hanyoyin samun damar dijital da kuma canza harsunan asali zuwa dijital,   gami da fasahar ginawa da kamfanoni za su iya amfani da ita don tura wakilan tallafin abokin ciniki, chatbots, injunan bincike, rubutun kwafi, fassara, taƙaitawa, da sauran samfuran da ke da alaƙa da AI.   Kayayyakin CDIAL sun haɗa da manhajar Indigenius akan Play Store, hanyoyin API na kasuwanci don gane fassara da magana, da kuma tsarin kayan aiki da ke tallafawa harsunan Afirka 

## Muhimman abubuwa
A shekarar 2023, CDIAL ta sami kyautar dala $50,000 a gasar ranar demo ta shekara-shekara ta uku ta Pharrell Williams ta Black Ambition, a wani biki da aka gudanar a Tribeca, New York .    A shekarar 2024, CDIAL ta sami kyautar Innovative and Technology wanda mataimakin shugaban Najeriya, Kashim Shettima, ya bayar a madadin Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin tallafin MSME na 2024,   kuma an sanya ta a cikin jerin ƙungiyoyin farko na kamfanoni goma masu kirkire-kirkire ta Accelerate Africa,  shirin hanzartawa wanda ke ƙoƙarin zama Haɗin Y na Afirka. Google ya kuma zaɓi CDIAL don shirin haɓaka Cohort 8 na Afirka don kamfanoni masu tasowa.  

## Nassoshi
Brian Chapman

**Brian Chapman** (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1968) tsohon dan wasan kankara ne na Kanada. Hartford Whalers ne suka tsara shi a matsayi NHL Entry Draft . Ya buga wasanni uku ga Whalers a cikin NHL a lokacin kakar 1990-91.  Ya sami lambar yabo ta Ironman ta 2000-01 yayin da yake wasa ga Manitoba Moose .

## Kididdigar aiki

## Manazarta
Tsare-tsaren Bibiya Mai Faɗi

**Tsarin Bin Diddigin Da Ya Dace**, ko **BATS**, ƙaramin kayan aiki ne mai sauƙi wanda masana kimiyya ke amfani da shi don bin diddigin motsin dabbobi. An yi shi da siffa kamar jakar baya kuma an manne shi a bayan jemage ko wata ƙaramar dabba. Ya ƙunshi GPS da kayan aikin intanet mara waya waɗanda ke ba masana kimiyya damar bin diddigin motsin dabbar.  

Masana kimiyya da suka ƙirƙiro BATS sun bambanta shi da sauran tsarin saboda yana da sauƙi, yana buƙatar ƙarancin ƙarfi, kuma yana iya bin diddigin dabbobi har ma a cikin kogo ko bishiyoyi masu rami.  Ana iya yin BATS a kan firintar 3D, kuma yana da haske sosai har ba ya rage gudu ga ƙananan jemagu lokacin da suke tashi.

JEMU suna faɗuwa daga bayan dabbar bayan kimanin kwana goma sha huɗu. Sannan masana kimiyya suka tattara JEMU suna sake amfani da sassan.

Masana kimiyya sun yi amfani da JEMS don nuna cewa jemage masu shan muggan kwayoyi suna samar da alaƙar zamantakewa idan mutane suka riƙe su, wanda suke tunawa bayan an sake su. 

## Suna
Masana kimiyya sun sanya wa kayan aikin suna "tsarin bin diddigin abubuwa masu amfani sosai" saboda sun yi imanin cewa ana iya amfani da shi a cikin nau'ikan dabbobi daban-daban: jemagu, beraye, masu ruwa da tsaki da kuma dabbobi masu rarrafe.  Ya zuwa watan Afrilun 2020, ana amfani da BATS ne kawai a kan jemagu.

## Ƙirƙira
Ƙungiyar da ta ƙirƙiro BATS ta haɗa da masana kimiyya daga Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Halitta da ke Berlin da jami'o'i a Jamus da Jami'ar Jihar Ohio .

## Nassoshi
William Chase (ɗan kasuwa)

{{Databox}
**William Chase** ɗan kasuwa ne na Ingila. Shi ne wanda ya kafa alamar Tyrrells Potato Chips da Chase Distillery, Ltd. wanda ke samar da Chase Vodka da Williams Gin kuma kwanan nan Willy's Probiotic Live Foods wanda ke samarwa da abinci da abin sha.

## Rayuwa ta farko
Chase ya girma a gonar iyalinsa, Tyrrells Court, kusa da Dilwyn a Herefordshire .  Bayan ya sayi gonar daga mahaifinsa yana da shekaru 20 tare da rancen banki na £ 200,000,  girbi mara kyau na dankali da kuma yawan riba ya tilasta masa ya bayyana fatarar kuɗi a shekarar 1992.  Daga nan sai ya sake kafa kasuwancinsa kuma ya fara ciniki a cikin dankali don samar da ƙarin kuɗin shiga.

## Tyrrells
A shekara ta 2002, Chase ya ƙaddamar da Tyrrells: alama ce da aka yi daga nau'ikan dankali da aka shuka a gonarsa, gami da Lady Rosetta da Golden Wonder .  Chase da farko ya fi son kantin sayar da kayayyaki irin su Fortnum & Mason, Selfridges da Harrods, da kuma masu siyarwa masu zaman kansu a kan masu siyar da kayayyaki,  musamman ta hanyar tilasta wa Tesco ta daina sayar da samfurin a shekara ta 2006. Juyin juya hali ya kai fam miliyan 14 a shekara ta 2008,  lokacin da ya sayar da mafi yawan hannun jari a kamfanin ga kamfanin saka hannun jari Langholm Capital na fam miliyan 30.&nbsp;&nbsp;

## Gidan Distillery na Chase
Chase ya saka hannun jari daga siyar da daidaito a Tyrrells don ya sami Chase Distillery, Ltd. a cikin 2008.  Da farko, kamfanin ya mayar da hankali ne kawai kan samar da vodka mai inganci daga dankali da aka shuka a shafin. Ginin wani ginshiƙi mai tsayi na 70 ft ya ba da damar Chase Vodka ya narke har zuwa sau 119. Tallace-tallace na Chase Vodka sun kai £ 140,000 a cikin shekara ta farko kuma alamar nan da nan ta sami nasara a kasuwar fitarwa. Chase a hankali ya bunkasa kuma ya kawo sabbin kayayyaki zuwa kasuwa ciki har da ruwan inabi (musamman Chase Elderflower Liqueur) da vodkas mai ɗanɗano (misali Chase Marmalade Vodka da Chase Smoked English Oak Vodka).&nbsp;

Chase Distillery kuma tana da alhakin samar da Williams Gin, wanda ke amfani da Chase Vodka a matsayin ruhunsa na asali. Ana zuba barasa tare da botanicals ta amfani da salon gargajiya na katako har yanzu  don ƙirƙirar samfuran da suka hada da Williams Elegant Gin, Williams Sloe da Mulberry Gin, Chase Eureka Citrus Gin da Williams Seville Orange Gin.

Diageois ta sayi Chase Distillery a ranar 1 ga Maris, 2021 don adadin da ba a bayyana ba.

## Selladore En Provence (tsoho Williams Chase )

## Manazarta
Kyakkyawan dakunan gwaje-gwaje

**Brilliant Labs** kamfani ne na fasaha da ke Singapore wanda ke samar da tabarau na budewa wanda ke dauke da fasahar wucin gadi (AI).

An kafa Brilliant Labs a shekarar 2019 a Hong Kong ta hannun Bobak Tavangar, tsohon shugaban shirin Apple . Tavangar ya ce ya ga yuwuwar haɗa ƙarfin fasahar fasahar wucin gadi cikin gilashi don bai wa masu amfani da ita "ƙarfin gani." Manufar ita ce amfani da dandamalin buɗaɗɗen tushe don haɓakawa wanda zai ba wa masu ƙirƙira damar samun damar lambar kamfanin da ƙirƙirar sabbin manhajoji don na'urori. 

A watan Janairun 2024, kamfanin ya gabatar da, Frame , wanda gilashin ne da suka yi kama da na wanda ya kafa Apple Steve Jobs . An tsara su ne don kada a iya bambance su da gilashin ido na yau da kullun kuma waɗanda suka sanya ruwan tabarau na likita za su sa su. An kunna gilashin don sauti tare da mai taimaka wa murya mai suna Noa kuma yana da injin bincike na AI mai suna Perplexity . Sun zo ne a lokacin da wasu kamfanoni suka gabatar da kayayyaki makamantan su, kamar AI Pin daga Humane, R1 daga Rabbit, ko Vision Pro daga Apple, kuma sun zo ne bayan wasu kayayyaki, kamar Google Glass ko HoloLens daga Microsoft ba su sami karbuwa ba. Kafin wannan, kamfanin ya bayar da Monocle, ruwan tabarau mai suna augmented reality (AR) wanda ke haɗe da gilashin gargajiya, kuma wanda kuma ya yi amfani da software na budewa.  

A shekarar 2025, kamfanin ya bayyana gilashin zamani na ƙarni na biyu, Halo.  Waɗannan gilashin sun haɗa da kyamara, makirufo, da lasifikan da ke sarrafa ƙashi, a cikin wani tsari mai kama da na wayfarer. 

## Nassoshi
Cecil Robbins Cherry

**Cecil Robbins Cherry** shi ne shugaban Gabas na Boustead &amp;amp; Co. kuma shugaban Singapore Chamber of Commerce . Ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin majalisar a Majalisar Dokoki ta Straits Settlements .

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Cherry a Windsor, Berkshire . 

## Ayyuka
Bayan barin makaranta, Cherry ta yi aiki a gidan banki mai zaman kansa Thomas Ashby & Co a Staines-upon-Thames . Ya kasance tare da kamfanin bayan Barclays ta shagaltar da shi a cikin 1905, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai binciken banki. Ya zo Singapore a 1913 kuma ya shiga Boustead &amp;amp; Co. Ya zama shugaban kamfanin na Gabas a 1934.  A cikin wannan shekarar, ya fara aiki a kwamitin Singapore Chamber of Commerce kuma an zabe shi memba na Straits Settlements Association. Ya kasance shugaban kwamitin daraktocin Cold Storage . 

An nada Cherry a matsayin Mai Shari'a na Zaman Lafiya a shekarar 1935.  A shekara mai zuwa, an zabe shi Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Kasuwanci. Ya kasance memba na Hukumar Tashar Jirgin Ruwa ta Singapore . A watan Maris na shekara ta 1938, ya fara aiki a matsayin memba mara izini na Majalisar Dokoki ta Straits Settlements a madadin Edwin Norman Collet Woollerton .  A watan Oktoba 1938, an nada shi memba na kwamitin ba da shawara na Asusun Rubber na Malayan a madadin James Robertson. An nada Cherry a matsayin shugaban majalisar kasuwanci ta Singapore a shekarar 1939.  A watan Afrilu, ya fara aiki a matsayin wakilin majalisar a Majalisar Dokoki ta Straits Settlements a madadin Sir John Bagnall, wanda ya tafi hutu. Kafin a zabi shi a matsayin memba na hukuma na majalisa, ya kasance yana aiki a matsayin memba mara izini ga Joseph William na Piro .  Ya yi murabus a matsayin shugaban majalisar kasuwanci kuma a matsayin memba na majalisar dokoki a watan Afrilu na shekara mai zuwa, kuma John Ivo Dawson ya maye gurbinsa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Ceto a shekara ta 1941. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin darektan Alexandra Brickworks da shugaban Haytor Rubber Estates .  

A watan Maris na shekara ta 1948, Cherry ya zama memba na Kwamitin Daraktoci na Standard Chartered .  An nada shi shugaban Malakoff Rubber Estates a madadin Sir Harold Snagge, Landan ya yi murabus. Ya yi murabus daga matsayinsa a Kwamitin Daraktoci na Standard Chartered a watan Yulin 1955 a lokacin da ya yi ritaya daga kasuwanci a London.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Cherry ta auri Mary Ada Stopford, fitacciyar 'yar wasan golf, a ranar 19 ga Maris 1934 a Winchester, Ingila. Harbi da bindiga wani abin sha'awa ne na shi. Kafin ya isa Singapore, ya shiga cikin harbe-harbe a Bisley, Surrey . Cherry ya yi aiki tare da Singapore Volunteer Artillery kafin da kuma lokacin yakin duniya na farko. Ya kasance mai goyon bayan Singapore Rowing Club, wanda ya haɗu da Singapore Yacht Club a 1921.

## manazarta
William Chaplin (mai horar da shi)

**William James Chaplin** (1787-1859) ya kasance mai kula da kocin mataki wanda ya haɓaka babban kasuwancin kocin kafin isowar layin dogo. An kira shi "watakila mafi girman mai horar da kocin da ya taɓa rayuwa". Babban abokin hamayyarsa shine Edward Sherman .

Chaplin ya ga cewa layin dogo zai lalata cinikin kocin; saboda haka ya sauya saka hannun jari zuwa London da Southampton Railway (wanda daga baya ya canza sunansa zuwa London da Kudancin Yammacin Railway) kuma ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban a 1840. Ya zama Shugaban a 1843, mukamin da ya rike har zuwa 1858 (ban da wani lokaci tsakanin 1853 da 1854).

An zabe shi a matsayin memba na majalisar dokoki na Salisbury a zaben watan Janairun 1847. Ya riƙe kujerar a babban zaben a watan Yunin wannan shekarar, amma ya bar gidan a babban zaben na gaba a shekara ta 1857.

## Manazarta
Manufofin muhalli na gwamnatin Stephen Harper

An aiwatar da **Manufofin muhalli na gwamnatin Stephen Harper** lokacin da Stephen Harper ya kasance Firayim Minista na Kanada daga 2006 zuwa 2015, a karkashin gwamnatocin 'yan tsiraru biyu har zuwa 2011 lokacin da Jam'iyyar Conservative ta Kanada ta lashe rinjaye a Zaben tarayya na Kanada na 2011. A lokacin Stephen Harper, hayakin gas na Kanada ya ragu daga 730 zuwa 723 Mt na carbon dioxide daidai. Sabanin haka, a lokacin daga 1993 har zuwa 2006, a karkashin gwamnatocin Liberal daban-daban, hayakin gas na Kanada ya karu da 617 zuwa 730 Mt na carbon dioxide daidai.

Gwamnatin Harper ta dauki yabo ga raguwar 7 Mt gabaɗaya a cikin iskar gas, yayin da masu sukar suka yi iƙirarin cewa gwamnatin Harper tana adawa da matakan hana canjin yanayi da dumamar duniya. Wasu sun yaba da Rikicin kudi na 2008 da Lardin Ontario rufe tashoshin wutar lantarki na kwal a matsayin dalilin rage fitar da iskar gas a lokacin firaministan Stephen Harper, abubuwan da ba su da iko.

## Kudin

### Kudin sashen
Gwamnatin Harper ta rage kudade don binciken muhalli da saka idanu da dala miliyan 83.3 na 2012-2013, da dala miliyan 117.9 na 2013-2014, kuma da dala miliyan 180.5 a kowace shekara daga 2014-2015 zuwa gaba. Har ila yau, gwamnati ta yi gagarumin raguwa a Fisheries and Oceans Canada, gami da yanke dala miliyan 100 a cikin aikin da ya shafi kariya ta ruwa. Rage aikin shirye-shiryen sa ido kan yanayi ya haifar da gibin tattara bayanai, da sauran tasirin.

### Bincike
A matsayin wani ɓangare na kasafin kuɗi na 2008 a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2008, an sanar da dala miliyan 250 don bincike wajen bunkasa ƙarin motocin da suka fi dacewa da man fetur da dala miliyan 300 don ci gaban ingantaccen makaman nukiliya da kuma inganta aminci a Kogin Chalk, wurin nukiliya na Ontario wanda ya rufe a lokacin faduwar 2007 saboda damuwa game da tsaro.

## Ƙungiyoyin bincike na muhalli

A cikin shekara ta 2012, gwamnatin Conservative ta sake fasalin Dokar Binciken Muhalli ta Kanada, ta rage ikonta don sauƙaƙe amincewar ayyukan da za su ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban tattalin arziki. An rage yawan hukumomin da za su iya gudanar da sake dubawa na muhalli daga 40 zuwa uku,  kuma an soke kimanin kimantawa 3000 saboda raguwar ikon.  Wadannan gyare-gyare sun haifar da damuwa tsakanin 'yan adawa da kungiyoyin muhalli, wadanda suka bayyana cewa gyare- gyare-garen sun rage alhakin gwamnati ga muhalli.

## Manazarta
Kirista Huitema

**Christian Huitema** (an haife shi a shekarar 1953 a Nantes, Faransa) shi ne shugaban farko na ba ɗan Amurka ba na Hukumar Gine-gine ta Intanet (IAB), wanda ya yi aiki daga Afrilu 1993 zuwa Yuli 1995.  A halin yanzu shi mai ba da shawara ne wanda ya mai da hankali kan sirrin Intanet.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Bayan kammala karatunsa daga École Polytechnique a shekarar 1975,  Huitema ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru biyar a matsayin injiniya a Sema Group da ke Montrouge kafin ya koma Cibiyar Sadarwa ta Ƙasa (CNET; yanzu wani ɓangare ne na Orange SA ) a Issy-les-Moulineaux . A shekarar 1985, ya sami digirin PhD daga Jami'ar Paris VI .  A shekarar 1986, ya shiga Cibiyar Bincike ta Faransa a Kimiyyar Kwamfuta da Atomatik (INRIA). Huitema ya yi aiki tare a kan ayyukan bincike da dama, ciki har da Aikin NADIR (tare da CNET) don nazarin amfani da tauraron dan adam na kwamfuta, aikin THORN na Shirin Dabaru na Turai kan Bincike a Fasahar Bayanai (aiwatar da farko na kundin tsarin da aka rarraba na X.500, wanda ya fara aikin Paradise na ESPRIT), da kuma aikin RODEO (wanda ke da nufin fayyace da kuma gwada ka'idojin sadarwa don hanyoyin sadarwa masu sauri).  Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban masanin kimiyya na Bell Communications Research a tsakiyar shekarun 1990.  A Microsoft, Huitema ta shiga cikin haɓaka hanyar tunneling ta 6to4 da Teredo . 

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

** official website
**
HTC RE

**HTC RE** na nufin jerin samfuran da HTC ta ƙera, gami da na'urar kyamarar RE Camera,  belun kunne na Vive na zahiri,  da kuma na'urar bin diddigin motsa jiki ta Grip .

## Nassoshi
HP-22S

**HP-22S** na'urar lissafi ce ta lantarki daga kamfanin Hewlett-Packard wacce take da algebra da kimiyya. Wannan na'urar lissafi tana kama da HP-32S. An haɗa da na'urar warware matsaloli maimakon shirye-shirye. Tana da ƙa'idodi iri ɗaya da na 32S, ba ta da isasshen RAM don amfani mai mahimmanci. Ayyukan da ake da su sun haɗa da TVM da canza na'urori. Ana ba da izinin sunayen masu canza harafi ɗaya kawai. Ana tallata ta azaman na'urar lissafi ta ɗalibi, 22S tana amfani da na'urar rubutu ta infix maimakon na'urar rubutu ta baya da ake amfani da ita akan wasu na'urori masu ƙididdige HP na zamani iri ɗaya.

## Siffofi
HP-22S ya haɗa da yawancin fasalulluka na yau da kullun da ake samu a cikin mafi yawan masu lissafin kimiyya:

* Ayyukan Trigonometric da Hyperbolic
* Juyawar daidaitawar polar/rectangle
* Ayyukan yuwuwar aiki da kalkuleta na ƙididdiga (matsakaicin karkacewa da daidaito, matsakaicin nauyi, komawar layi)
* Canza raka'a da tushe

## Kayan aiki
22S yana da nau'in siffar jiki iri ɗaya da kuma madannin maɓalli 37 kamar sauran samfura a cikin jerin Pioneer. An gabatar da shi a lokaci guda tare da HP-32S,  ya dogara ne akan kayan aikin iri ɗaya, tare da nuni na matrix mai tushen haruffa guda ɗaya wanda zai iya nuna haruffan lambobi da haruffa. CPU ɗin guntu ne na HP Saturn *Sacajawea* wanda aka yi masa agogo 640.&nbsp;kHz, wanda hakan ya sa ya yi ƙasa da ɗan'uwanta mai girman gaske, HP-27S . 

## Shirya daidaito da ɗakin karatu na lissafi
Tallan HP na 22S ya jaddada mai warware lissafi da ɗakin karatu na lissafi mai ginawa.  Wannan fasalin yana ba da damar mai amfani ya shigar da lissafi mai canzawa da yawa, kuma an warware lissafi don wani takamaiman canjin da ba a sani ba idan aka yi la'akari da ƙimar sauran masu canji.

Don saukaka, 22S ya haɗa da tsarin lissafi da kimiyya na gama gari, waɗanda suka haɗa da:

* Tushen 'yan huɗu
* Makamashin motsi
* Dokar iskar gas mai kyau
* Matsin ruwa
* Lalacewar rediyoaktif
* Darajar lokaci ta kuɗi

## Duba kuma

* Jerin kayayyakin Hewlett-Packard: Kalkuleta na aljihu
* Kalkuleta na HP

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* HP-22S akan MyCalcDB (bayanan bayanai game da kalkuleta na aljihu na shekarun 1970 da 1980)
Android ta tsakiya

***Android Central*** gidan yanar gizo ne na aikin jarida na fasaha wanda ke Amurka, Kanada, da Burtaniya wanda ke kula da tsarin aiki na Android . Yana buga labarai, sharhi kan kayayyaki da ayyuka, da kuma sharhi kan editoci. *Android Central* kuma yana rufe na'urorin Google, Android TV da watsa shirye-shirye, Wear OS, Chrome OS, Gemini, da Android XR da VR a cikin jerin MetaQuest . A cewar tarihinsa, shafin yana buga labarai tsakanin 280 zuwa 450 a wata, a matsakaici,  kuma ya sami baƙi miliyan 4.7 a watan Janairun 2025, a cewar SimilarWeb . 

## Tarihi
Masana wayoyin salula - wanda daga baya aka kira Mobile Nations - ya ƙaddamar da *Android Central* a watan Satumba na 2008 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Dieter Bohn, wanda daga baya ya zama editan farko na *The Verge* . 

Labarin farko da aka buga a shafin ya kasance a ranar 25 ga Satumba, 2008, na Casey Chan, mai taken "T-Mobile G1 ba shi da jack na belun kunne na 3.5mm." 

Shafin ya wallafa littattafai da dama na musamman tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, ciki har da duba kwamfutar hannu ta Nexus 7 ta 2013 da kuma HTC Merge wanda kusan ba a taɓa fitar da shi ba. 

A shekarar 2019, kamfanin Mobile Nations na asali na *Android Central* ya sayi kamfanin Future plc  akan dala miliyan 60. 

A shekarar 2024, shafin ya buga jerin wasu muhimman bayanai kan aikin Orion na Meta . 

## Jagorancin editoci da kuma ma'aikata masu mahimmanci
'Yar jaridar Kanada Shruti Shekar ta hau kan mukamin babban edita na *Android Central* a watan Satumba na 2023, inda ta maye gurbin Jeramy Johnson. Shekar ya kan bayyana a CBC a matsayin ƙwararre a fannin labaran fasaha a ƙasar Kanada . 

Derrek Lee shine babban editan *Android Central* ; yana aiki da shafin tun watan Nuwamba na 2020. Jerry Hildenbrand shine ke da alhakin "shafin Android da Chill." Dieter Bohn shine babban editan shafin tun daga lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da shi a shekarar 2008 zuwa 2011 lokacin da ya tafi don taimakawa wajen ƙaddamar da *The Verge* . Casey Chan shine wanda ya kafa *Android Central* wanda daga baya ya koma *Gizmodo* .

## Kyaututtukan Android Central
Kowace watan Janairu, *Android Central* tana fitar da kyaututtukan da suka fi kyau, wanda hakan ke kammala manyan kayayyaki, ayyuka, da fasahar da suka fi shahara a shekarar da ta gabata.  Kyaututtukan suna gane mafi kyawun wayoyin Android, kayan sawa, gilashin zamani da wasanni, Chromebooks da kwamfutar hannu, manhajoji da manhajoji, da kayan haɗin sauti. 

## Nassoshi
Amy Childs

**Amy Andrea Childs** (an haife ta 7 Yuni 1990) ƴar Ingila ce kuma mai tallata talabijin. Bayan ta bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen ITV2 na farko The Only Way Is Essex, ta fito a cikin nata jirgin sama a kan jerin shirye-'shiryen gaskiya It's All About Amy daga 2011 zuwa 2012. Childs daga nan ta zo a matsayi na huɗu a cikin jerin Channel 5 Celebrity Big Brother 8 a cikin 2011; a cikin 2014, ta shiga cikin jerin Channel 4 The Jump . Childs ya koma The Only Way Is Essex a cikin 2020.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Childs a ranar 7 ga Yuni 1990  a Barking, London, kuma daga baya ya koma Brentwood, Essex . Ta halarci makarantar Raphael Independent School, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar yarinya, kuma ta bar makarantar tare da cancantar GCSE guda hudu.

## Ayyuka
Childs ya zama sananne a shekara ta 2010 bayan ya bayyana a cikin jerin abubuwan da suka faru na ITV" id="mwJQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="ITV2">ITV2 The Only Way Is Essex . Daga baya ta sanya hannu a kamfanin gudanarwa na Can Associates . A matsayinta na samfurin, ta yi hoton mujallar fashion ta British Vogue . Childs ta sanya sunanta a wani shafi da aka rubuta don New! mujallar, kuma ta gabatar da sashi na yau da kullun a kan jerin ITV This Morning .  A watan Yulin 2011, an ba ta suna Mutumin Shekara a National Reality TV Awards . 

Daga Disamba 2011 zuwa Janairu 2012, Childs ta bayyana a cikin jerin abubuwan da ta faru, mai taken It's All About Amy, wanda aka watsa a Channel 5. An soke jerin ne bayan jerin daya saboda karancin ƙididdiga. A watan Fabrairun 2012, Childs ta yi gasa a cikin wani labari na Let's Dance for Sport Relief tare da dan uwan Harry Derbidge . Daga baya ta shiga cikin shahararren na musamman na Bankin Ayyuka a Channel 4 a watan Maris na shekara ta 2012. A cikin 2020, Childs ya kasance babban memba a jerin na takwas na shirin gaskiya na E4 *Celebs Go Dating* .  Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an sanar da cewa za ta koma The Only Way Is Essex bayan shekaru tara, ta dawo a jerin na ashirin da shida, tare da dan uwan Harry Derbridge . 

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Childs tana cikin dangantaka da mai ginin Bradley Wright daga 2013 zuwa 2017. Ta haifi 'yarsu a shekarar 2017, amma sun rabu jim kadan bayan haihuwar. Childs ta haifi ɗanta na biyu a shekarar 2018.

A cikin 2021, ta fara yin soyayya da Billy Delbosq, memba na simintin daga Dates na Farko; a cikin 2023, ta haifi tagwayen su.

Childs yana da dyslexia.

## Manazarta
Ornella Vanoni

**Ornella Vanoni OMRI** (22 Satumba 1934 - 21 Nuwamba 2025) mawaƙin Italiyanci ne kuma marubuci. Tare da sana'ar da ta shafe kusan shekaru saba'in, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu fasahar kiɗan Italiya mafi dadewa. A cikin doguwar aikinta, ta fito da kusan ayyuka 121 tsakanin LPs, EPs da mafi kyawun kundi, kuma ta siyar da rikodin sama da miliyan 65, ana ɗaukarta ɗaya daga cikin mashahuran masu fassarar kiɗan Italiyanci.
## Sana'ar fasaha
Vanoni ta fara aikin fasaha a 1960 a matsayin yar wasan kwaikwayo. Ta fi yin wasan kwaikwayo a ayyukan Bertolt Brecht, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Giorgio Strehler a Piccolo Teatro a garinsu na Milan. A lokaci guda kuma ta fara sana'ar waka. Shahararrun wakokin da ta bincika a cikin tarihinta na farko, musamman na masu aikata laifuka a Milan (Canzoni della Mala), sun sa ta sami laƙabi na cantante della mala ("Underworld Singer") don rera waƙoƙin yare na Milan akan wannan nau'in.

Vanoni ya ci manyan hits biyu a 1963 tare da "Senza fine" da "Che cosa c'è", duka Gino Paoli ya rubuta mata. A shekara ta 1964 ta lashe bikin bikin Neapolitan tare da "Tu si na cosa grande". A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ta shiga cikin jerin bukukuwan waƙoƙin Italiyanci a Sanremo tare da waƙoƙin "Abbracciami forte" (1965), "Io ti darò di più" (1966), "La musica è finita" (1967), "Casa Bianca" (1968), da "Eternità" (1970). "Casa Bianca", wanda ya ƙare na biyu a cikin 1968, shine batun takaddamar haƙƙin mallaka tsakanin mawallafin waƙar, Don Backy, da lakabin Clan Celentano.
## Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa
Vanoni yana da alaƙa da yawa tare da wasu masu fasaha, mafi mahimmancin su shine tare da Giorgio Strehler da Gino Paoli. Tsakanin 1960 zuwa 1965, ta yi aure da Lucio Ardenzi [shi], wanda daga gare shi ta haifi ɗa ɗaya, Cristiano, a cikin 1962. Saboda aikin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun Vanoni, iyayenta ne suka rene yaron.

Vanoni Kirista ce, kuma ta dauki lokaci tare da Furotesta. Ta kasance mai goyon bayan ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta AC Milan. A cikin Yuni 2025, ta sami digiri na girmamawa a cikin "Kiɗa, Al'adu, Media da Ayyuka" daga Jami'ar Milan.

Vanoni ta mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya a gidanta da ke Milan a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 2025, tana da shekara 91. Akwatin ta na kwance a wurin shakatawa na Piccolo Teatro, inda ta fara aikinta. An gudanar da jana'izar ta a Cocin San Marco a gundumar Brera na Milan a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 2025. Kafin rasuwarta, ta nemi a kona gawarwakinta kuma a bazurta tokar a tafkin Venice.

## Manazarta
David Clowes

**David Clowes** ɗan kasuwa ne na Ingila wanda aka sani da kasancewa mamallakain  ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Derby County, da Clowes Developments, kamfanin Gine-gine da ci gaban ƙasa na Burtaniya. Clowes a halin yanzu darektan kamfanoni ne 45. [Ba a buƙatar tushe na farko] &#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

A cewar Sunday Times Rich List 2023, David Clowes da dangin suna cikin matsayi na 345 tare da darajar fam miliyan 350.

Clowes ya horar da shi a matsayin matukin jirgi na British Midland International a shekara ta 2000, kuma ya ci gaba da tashi don British Midland har zuwa shekara ta 2012.

== Derby County FC ==
A ranar 26 ga Yuni 2022, bayan Clowes ya sayi Filin wasa na Pride Park,  an yarda da yunkurinsa na sayen kulob din, kuma Quantuma ya ba Clowes matsayin mai ba da gudummawa. Masu gudanarwa sun ce tayin Clowes ya bi manufofin rashin biyan kuɗi na EFL, ma'ana Derby za ta guje wa ƙarin raguwar maki. Yarjejeniyar, da ficewar kulob din daga gudanarwa, an tabbatar da ita a ranar 1 ga Yulin 2022,  kodayake wasu ƙuntatawa kan canja wurin sun amince da EFL da sabbin masu mallakar Derby. A ƙarshe an ɗaga takunkumin canja wurin kulob din a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2023.

A watan Yunin 2023, Clowes ya ce da bai karɓi kulob din ba, da sun shiga cikin warwarewa mako guda bayan haka.

A cewar asusun da Clowes Developments suka buga a shekarar 2023, David Clowes ya sayi Derby County FC.C. don £ 13.2m kuma ya biya Mel Morris £ 1 don Pride Park. Kieran Maguire, masanin kudi na kwallon kafa, ya bayyana David Clowes a matsayin "Mai Tsarki", bayan an buga waɗannan asusun.

== Ci gaban Clowes ==
Clowes Developments kamfani ne na ci gaban ƙasa wanda ke zaune a Burtaniya. A cikin 2022 sun mallaki fiye da fam miliyan 300 na dukiyar dukiya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

David Clowes ya kasance Darakta na Clowes Developments tun daga 4 ga Mayu 1991,  kuma ya zama Shugaban Kungiyar bayan mahaifinsa, Charles W Clowes, ya mutu a shekarar 2015. Ɗan'uwan David Thomas Clowes ya kasance manajan darektan Clowes Developments tun watan Agustan 2023.  

## Manazarta
Ted Mattner

**Edward William Mattner**, MC , DCM , MM (16 Satumba 1893 - 21 Disamba 1977) ɗan siyasa ne kuma soja ɗan ƙasar Ostiraliya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sanata a Kudancin Ostiraliya daga 1944 zuwa 1946 da 1950 zuwa 1968. Ya kasance Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa daga 1951 zuwa 1953.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Mattner a ranar 16 ga Satumba 1893 a Oakbank, Kudancin Australia . Shi ne na uku cikin yara huɗu da Emily Louisa (née Hocking) da William Charles Mattner suka haifa. Mahaifinsa mai aikin lambu ne wanda daga baya ya fara aikin gona.

Matter ta girma ne a Oakbank kuma ta halarci makarantar jihar ta gida, ta zama dalibi-malami tun tana da shekara 14. Daga baya ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Adelaide daga 1910 zuwa 1912 sannan a 1914 ya shiga Kwalejin Horar da Malamai a Adelaide. Kafin ya shiga aikin soja ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin malami a Uraidla, Parkside da Kadina. 

## Ayyukan soja
Mattner ya shiga cikin Sojojin Daular Australiya (AIF) a watan Satumbar 1915. An tura shi zuwa Yammacin Gabas a watan Maris na shekara ta 1916 a matsayin mai bindiga a cikin 18th Battery, 6th Field Artillery Brigade. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Soja saboda rawar da ya taka a wani aiki a Ploegsteert Wood a watan Yunin 1917, inda ya "yi ƙarfin hali ga harsashin abokan gaba da fashewar harsashi don kashe gobara a cikin ramukan bindigogi na brigade".

A watan Satumbar 1917, Mattner ya ɗauki umurni lokacin da kwamandan batirinsa ya ji rauni ta hanyar harbe-harbe na Jamus a Hooge, wanda aka ba shi lambar yabo ta Distinguished Conduct Medal. An ba shi izini a matsayin mataimakin na biyu a watan da ya biyo baya kuma ya karbi Cross na Soja saboda ayyukansa 'yan makonni bayan haka a Zillebeke, inda ya sake yin hadarin harbin makamai na abokan gaba kuma ya jagoranci wata ƙungiya wacce ta ceci sojoji da suka ji rauni. " Mattner ya koma Ostiraliya a watan Satumbar 1919 kuma an sallame shi daga AIF tare da matsayi na lieutenant. Sarki George V ne ya gabatar da shi da kansa tare da Cross Cross na Soja.

## Siyasa

A shekara ta 1944, an nada shi a Majalisar Dattijai ta Australiya a matsayin Sanata na Jam'iyyar United Australia na Kudancin Australia, inda ya cika gurbin da ya haifar da murabus din Oliver Uppill. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan nadin sa, UAP ta zama Jam'iyyar Liberal. An kayar da shi a yunkurin sake zaben a 1946, ya koma Majalisar Dattijai a 1949. A ranar 12 ga Yuni 1951, an zabe shi Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai, matsayin da ya rike har zuwa 7 ga Satumba 1953, lokacin da Alister McMullin ya gaje shi. Ya rike kujerarsa ta Majalisar Dattijai har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1967. Mattner ya mutu a shekara ta 1977.

## Manazarta
John Cobbold (1774-1860)

**John Wilkinson Cobbold** (1774-1860) ɗan kasuwa ne na Ingila, ma'aikacin banki kuma mai shayarwa a Ipswich .

Shi ne ɗan farko na John Cobbold da Elizabeth Wilkinson, waɗanda tare suka haifi 'ya'ya 15 kafin mutuwar Elizabeth a shekara ta 1790.  Mahaifinsa ya sake auren Elizabeth Knipe wanda aka fi sani da marubuciya Elizabeth Cobbold . 

Yayinda yake saurayi an ba John Cobbold alhakin gidan giya na iyali a Eye, Suffolk. A nan ne ya shiga cikin siyasar yankin. Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa a 1835, ya ɗauki nauyin gudanar da kasuwancin a Ipswich. Ya shiga kamfanin banki na Bacon, Cobbold & Co. Ya zama babban dan kasuwa da mai mallakar jirgin ruwa a yankin, kasuwanci a cikin Masara, Coal da Malt. A lokacin, Cliff Brewery da ya gudanar yana daya daga cikin manyan wuraren giya a wajen London, kuma yana ci gaba da kasuwanci mai yawa a cikin Wine da Spirit. Ya kuma mallaki wasu manyan gonaki da brickyards da yawa. Adadin mutanen da ya yi amfani da su gabaɗaya sun kai ɗaruruwan mutane.

## Manazarta
Brian Ross Martin

**Brian Ross Martin** AO KC (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1947) ƙwararren lauya ne a ƙasar Ostiraliya. Ya kasance alkali a Kotun Koli ta Kudancin Ostiraliya kafin a naɗa shi Babban Alkali na Kotun Koli ta Yankin Arewa a shekarar 2004. Ya yi aiki a Yankin Arewa tsakanin 2004 da 2010. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Alkali na riƙo na Kotun Koli ta Yammacin Ostiraliya a shekarar 2012.  A cikin rubuce-rubucen shari'a, ana kiransa da "Martin (BR) CJ" don guje wa ruɗani da wanda ya gabace shi.

## Ilimi
An haifi Martin a Adelaide kuma ya yi karatu a Makarantar Yankin Oakbank da Makarantar Sakandare ta Adelaide kafin ya yi karatu A Jami'ar Adelaide.

## Ayyukan shari'a
An shigar da Brian Ross Martin don yin aiki a matsayin lauya a shekarar 1970, ya zama mataimakin mai gabatar da kara a Adelaide a shekarar 1974 kuma daga bisani Babban mai gabatar da karar a shekarar 1982. An nada shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Sarauniya (QC) a shekarar 1984 kuma a shekarar 1991 an nada shi Babban mai ba da rahoto wanda ke taimakawa Hukumar Royal a cikin WA Inc. An nada Martin a matsayin Darakta na Commonwealth na Masu gabatar da kara a shekarar 1997 matsayin da ya rike har sai ya dauki nadinsa a matsayin Alkalin Kotun Koli ta Kudancin Australia. An rantsar da shi a matsayin Babban Alkalin Yankin Arewa na biyar a ranar 27 ga Janairun 2004 bayan ritaya na Brian Frank Martin; kuma ya rike mukamin har zuwa 2010. 

Mai shari'a Martin shi ne alƙalin shari'ar R da Murdoch, wanda ya fara da mummunan aiki a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2005 kuma shari'ar ta fara ne a ranar 17 ga Oktoba 2005, kuma an kammala shi da hukuncin laifi a ranar 13 ga Disamba 2005. Ya kuma jagoranci shari'ar kisan gilla ta Snowtown da ta shafi yanke wa John Bunting, Robert Wagner, da James Vlassakis hukunci saboda kisan gashi, da kuma Mark Haydon don taimakawa wajen zubar da gawawwakin. Shari'ar ta kasance daya daga cikin mafi tsawo kuma mafi yawan yadawa a tarihin shari'ar Australiya.

A watan Fabrairun 2012, an rantsar da Brian Martin a matsayin Alkalin Kotu ta Kudancin Australia, don jagorantar shari'ar Lloyd Rayney wanda aka tuhume shi da kisan matarsa, Corryn Rayney a watan Agustan 2007. [1] Martin ya gabatar da hukuncinsa, inda ya sami Rayney ba shi da laifi game da kisan matarsa, a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2012.[2]

A watan Yulin 2016, an nada shi a matsayin Kwamishinan Royal na Royal Commission a cikin tsare-tsaren yara a yankin Arewa, bayan an watsa shirin ABC Four Corners "Australia's Shame". Martin ya yi murabus bayan kwana huɗu, yana cewa "daidai ko ba daidai ba, a cikin wannan rawar ba zan sami cikakken amincewar sassan al'ummar 'yan asalin da ke da muhimmiyar sha'awa a wannan binciken ba".

## Manazarta
Tom Koutsantonis

**Anastasios** " **Tom** " **Koutsantonis** (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Agusta 1971) ɗan siyasa ne ɗan ƙasar Australiya a reshen Kudancin Australiya na Jam'iyyar Labour ta Australiya, yana wakiltar kujerun West Torrens (2002−current) da Peake (1997−2002) a matsayin memba na Labour a Majalisar Dokokin Kudancin Australiya.   Shi ne Ma'ajin Kudanci na Ostiraliya kuma Ministan Makamashi da Ma'adinai a ma'aikatar Malinauskas.

Koutsantonis served as Treasurer and minister for other portfolios in the Weatherill cabinet between 2011 and 2018. From March 2022, Koutsantonis served as the Minister for Infrastructure and Transport and the Minister for Energy and Mining in the Malinauskas ministry. On 19 September 2025, in a Cabinet reshuffle owing to the resignation of two front benchers, he was once again appointed Treasurer. He retains the portfolio of energy and mining, but lost the infrastructure and transport portfolio.

## Early life and education
Anastasios Koutsantonis was born on 23 August 1971 in Adelaide to Greek-Australian parents.

He attended Cowandilla and Netley Primary School and Adelaide High School,before going on to study at the University of Adelaide.

Koutsantonis was encouraged and inspired to get involved in politics by former premier Jack Wright, and first volunteered in Wright’s office when he was 14.

## Early career
Koutsantonis became an industrial officer for the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association in the 1990s.

## Parliament
Koutsantonis was elected to the seat of Peake (now West Torrens) at the 1997 election on a margin of 4.5 points,&#x5B;**&#x5D; aged 26. He was elected by 8.6 points at the 2002 election, and by 18.3 points at the 2006 election, after which Koutsantonis was elevated to the chairmanship of the economic and advisory committee.

On 3 March 2009,[1] he was appointed to cabinet,[2] and remained in Cabinet until the 2018 state election.[1] Koutsantonis has served in a range of ministerial portfolios, with responsibility for finance, state development, mineral resources and energy, small business, ministerial resources and energy, and for road safety.[3] Koutsantonis was forced to apologise for his "unacceptable" driving record which listed 58 traffic offences and over $10,000 in fines. He subsequently resigned the road safety portfolio.[4]

## Manazarta
Samuel Courtauld (mai tara kayan fasaha)

**Samuel Courtauld** (7 ga Mayu 1876 - 1 ga Disamba 1947) masanin masana'antu ne na Ingila wanda aka fi tunawa da shi a matsayin mai tara kayan fasaha. Ya kafa Cibiyar Fasaha ta Courtauld a Landan a 1932 kuma, bayan jerin kyaututtuka a cikin shekarun 1930, ya ba da tarin sa ga cibiyar bayan mutuwarsa.

A farkon karni na 20, kasuwancin dangin Courtauld ya zama babban kamfani na kasa da kasa, bayan da ya samu nasarar bunkasa da tallata rayon, fiber na wucin gadi da kuma maye gurbin siliki mai arha. Samuel Courtauld ya ɗauki nauyin kamfanin daga 1908 a matsayin darektan kuma a matsayin shugaban daga 1921 zuwa 1946.

## Rayuwarshi ta mutum
Courtauld ɗan Sydney Courtauld ne (1840-1899) da Sarah Lucy Sharpe (1844-1906), kuma babban ɗan'uwan ɗan'uwan Samuel Courtauld. Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Rugby . Bayan ya gama makaranta ya ziyarci Jamus da Faransa kuma ya yi karatun fasahar masana'antu don shirya don aiki a kasuwancin iyali. A cikin 1901, ya zama darektan ɗayan masana'antun (a Halstead, Essex), sannan a cikin 1908 Shugaba na duk tsire-tsire na kamfanin.

Ya zama mai sha'awar fasaha bayan ya ga tarin Hugh Lane a baje kolin a Tate Gallery a 1917. Koyaya, aikinsa a matsayin mai tarawa ya fara ne a 1922 biyo bayan baje kolin Fasahar Faransanci a Burlington Fine Arts Club. Courtauld na ɗaya daga cikin masu tarawa na Burtaniya na farko da suka nuna sha'awar zane-zanen Impressionist da Post-Impressionist na Faransa. A cikin shekarun 1920, ya tara tarin abubuwa masu yawa ciki har da manyan ayyukan Vincent van Gogh (Self-Portrait tare da Bandaged Ear da Peach Blossom a cikin Crau wanda Anna Boch ya mallaka ), Édouard Manet (A *Bar a Folies-Bergère*), Paul Cézanne (Montagne Sainte-Victoire) da Pierre-Auguste Renoir (La Loge). An samo mahimman abubuwan tarin sa tsakanin 1926 da 1930, kodayake sha'awarsa ta ragu kadan bayan mutuwar matarsa Elizabeth (wanda aka sani da Lil) a 1931. Samuel ya kafa Cibiyar Fasaha ta Courtauld tare da Viscount Lee na Fareham da Sir Robert Witt a cikin 1930.

## Iyali
Samuel Courtauld ya auri Elizabeth Theresa Frances Kelsey a ranar 20 ga Yuni 1901. Yaran daga wannan auren sun hada da Sydney Elizabeth Courtauld (1902-1954), wanda ya auri ɗan siyasa Rab Butler kuma ita ce mahaifiyar Richard C. Butler da Adam Butler . 

Yaron ɗan'uwan Samuel, Stephen Courtauld, shi ma mai kula da zane-zane ne kuma ana tunawa da shi saboda aikinsa na maido da Fadar Eltham. Augustine Courtauld (1904-1959), dan uwan Samuel, mai bincike ne, wanda aka sani da abubuwan da ya fara lura da yanayin kankara na Greenland.

## Manazarta
George Courtauld (masanin masana'antu, 1761)

**George Courtauld** (1761-1823) ya kasance Mai saƙa siliki na Burtaniya, masanin masana'antu kuma wanda ya kafa George Courtaald & Co (daga baya, Courtaulds). 

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi George Courtauld a ranar 19 ga Satumba 1761 a Cornhill, ga Louisa Courtauld, née Ogier, da Samuel Courtauld. Wani memba na al'ummar Huguenot a London, an yi wa Courtauld baftisma a ranar 8 ga Oktoba 1761 a Cocin Faransa a kan titin Threadneedle .  

## Ayyuka
Ya koyi aikin siliki na Spitalfields a cikin shekara ta 1775, George Courtauld ya fara aiki da kansa a matsayin mai jefa siliki. Tsakanin 1785 da 1794 ya ziyarci Amurka da yawa. A shekara ta 1794 ya kafa kasuwancin sa na masana'antu a Pebmarsh a ƙarƙashin sunan *George Courtald & Co.*, wanda zai zama babbar masana'anta ta Burtaniya ta kayan makoki. Koyaya a shekara ta 1816 kasuwancin yana cikin matsalar kudi: a wannan shekarar ɗan George Samuel ya karɓi kasuwancin kuma ya gina shi a cikin babbar masana'anta ta baƙin ciki a Burtaniya.

Courtauld ya kasance mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, kuma ya yi ritaya zuwa Amurka.

An binne Courtauld a Kabari na Allegheny a Pittsburgh . 

## Iyali
George Courtauld ya auri Ruth Minton  a ranar 10 ga Yulin 1789. Yaran su sune:

* Samuel Courtauld (1793-1881) 
* Catherine Courtauld (1795-) 
* George Courtauld (1802-1861) 

## Manazarta