M. H. Abrams

**Meyer Howard Abrams** (23 ga Yuli, 1912 - 21 ga Afrilu, 2015), wanda aka fi ambatonsa da **MH Abrams**, ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne mai sukar adabi, wanda aka san shi da ayyukan soyayya, musamman littafinsa *The Mirror and the Lamp* . A ƙarƙashin editan Abrams, *Littafin Norton Anthology of English Literature* ya zama rubutu na yau da kullun don darussan binciken digiri na farko a faɗin Amurka kuma babban mai tsara salon adabi a cikin ƙirƙirar kundin adabi.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Abrams a Long Branch, New Jersey, kuma ɗan Yahudawan da suka yi ƙaura zuwa Gabashin Turai ne.  Ɗan mai fenti a gida kuma na farko a cikin iyalinsa da ya je kwaleji, ya shiga Jami'ar Harvard a matsayin ɗan digiri na farko a 1930. Ya fara koyon Turanci saboda, a cewarsa, "babu ayyuka a wata sana'a..., don haka na yi tunanin zan iya jin daɗin yunwa, maimakon yunwa yayin da nake yin wani abu da ban ji daɗinsa ba."  Bayan ya sami digirinsa na farko a 1934, Abrams ya sami lambar yabo ta Henry Fellowship zuwa Kwalejin Magdalene, Cambridge, inda malaminsa yake IA Richards . Ya koma Harvard don karatun digiri na biyu a 1935 kuma ya sami digiri na biyu a 1937 da kuma digirin digirgir a 1940. 

## Sana'a
A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ya yi aiki a Dakin Gwaji na Psycho-Acoustics da ke Harvard. Ya bayyana aikinsa a matsayin magance matsalar sadarwa ta murya a cikin yanayin soja mai hayaniya ta hanyar kafa lambobin soja waɗanda ake iya ji sosai da kuma ƙirƙirar gwaje-gwajen zaɓi ga ma'aikatan da ke da ƙwarewar gane sauti a cikin yanayi mai hayaniya. 

A shekarar 1945, Abrams ya zama farfesa a Jami'ar Cornell . Masu sukar adabi Harold Bloom, Gayatri Spivak da ED Hirsch, da kuma marubuta William H. Gass da Thomas Pynchon suna cikin ɗalibansa.   An zaɓe shi a matsayin Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences a shekarar 1963  kuma memba na American Philosophical Society a shekarar 1973.  A shekarar 1981, Jami'ar Northwestern ta ba shi lambar girmamawa ta Doctor of Humane Letters.  Tun daga ranar 4 ga Maris, 2008, ya kasance Farfesa na 1916 na Turanci Emeritus a can. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Matarsa mai shekaru 71, Ruth, ta riga shi rasuwa a shekarar 2008.  Ya cika shekaru 100 a watan Yulin 2012.  Abrams ya mutu a ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 2015, a Ithaca, New York, yana da shekaru 102.  

## ''Madubi da Fitilar''
Abrams ya bayar da shaida cewa har zuwa lokacin Romantics, ana fahimtar adabi a matsayin madubi da ke nuna ainihin duniyar a cikin wani nau'in mimesis; yayin da ga Romantics, rubutu ya fi kama da fitila: hasken ruhin marubucin ya zube don haskaka duniya. A cikin 1998, Modern Library ta sanya The Mirror and the Lamp a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan littattafai 100 na Turanci marasa almara na ƙarni na 20.

## ''Littafin Norton na Adabin Turanci''
Abrams shi ne babban editan *The Norton Anthology of English Literature*, haka kuma editan wannan tatsuniyar mai suna *The Romantic Period (1798–1832)*  inda ya kimanta marubuta da kuma sunansu. Misali, a cikin gabatarwarsa ga Lord Byron, ya jaddada yadda Byronism ke da alaƙa da ra'ayin Nietzsche game da superman,  kuma a cikin gabatarwar Percy Bysshe Shelley, Abrams ya ce, "Bala'in rayuwar Shelley ta ɗan gajeren lokaci shine cewa koyaushe yana nufin mafi kyau, yana kawo bala'i da wahala ga kansa da waɗanda yake ƙauna." 

### Rarraba ka'idojin adabi

Abrams ya yi jayayya cewa ka'idojin adabi za a iya raba su zuwa manyan rukuni huɗu: 

* Ka'idojin Mimetic (masu sha'awar alaƙar da ke tsakanin Aiki da Duniya)
* Ka'idoji Masu Aiki (masu sha'awar alaƙar da ke tsakanin Aiki da Masu Sauraro)
* Ka'idoji Masu Bayyanawa (masu sha'awar alaƙar da ke tsakanin Aiki da Mai Zane)
* Ka'idojin Manufofi (mai sha'awar karanta Aikin a hankali)

## Ayyuka

* *Madubi da Fitilar: Ka'idar Soyayya da Al'adar Mahimmanci* (1953) 
* *Waƙar Paparoma: Zaɓi* (1954) 
* *Adabi da Imani: Makaloli na Cibiyar Turanci, 1957* (1957) edita 
* *Kalmomin Adabi* ( Geoffrey Harpham, 1957; bugu na 9. 2009) 
* *Mawakan Soyayya na Turanci: Makaloli na Zamani a kan Suka* (1960) 
* Editan farko na *Norton Anthology of English Literature* (1962), bugu da yawa daga baya
*  (1970) 
* *Al'adun Halitta: Al'ada da Juyin Juya Hali a cikin Adabin Soyayya* (1971) 
* *Mujallar 'Yan Jarida: Makaloli kan Soyayyar Turanci* (1984) 
* *Yin Abubuwa Da Rubuce-rubuce: Makaloli A Cikin Suka Da Ka'idar Mahimmanci* (1989) 
* *Ma'auni na Huɗu na Waƙa da Sauran Makaloli* (2012) 

## Manazarta