open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Babban Makarantar Sakandare ta Asare Bediako

**Asare Bediako Senior High School** (wanda aka fi sani da **ABSEC** ) hadaddiyar makarantar ce ta zagaye na biyu a Akrokerri a gundumar Adansi ta Arewa a yankin Ashanti na Ghana.   

## Tarihi
An kafa makarantar a 1993.  A cikin 2012, shugaban makarantar shine Mista CW Nuakoh.  A cikin 2017, Anglogold Ashanti ya samar wa makarantar da rijiyoyin burtsatse na inji da tankunan ruwa .  A cikin 2021, shugaban makarantar shine Dr. Emmanuel Asiedu.   A cikin 2021, Taimakawa Gidauniyar Afirka ta samar wa makarantar da cibiyoyin ICT .  

Taken makarantar shine "Ilimi da Aiki".

Yankin Obuasi na Cocin Fentikos ya ba da gudummawar tebur 200 don tallafawa makarantar saboda rashin isasshen kayan aiki ga ɗalibai.

## Abubuwan da ke ciki
Makarantar tana kusa da kwarin da ke cike da ruwa kuma tana zaune a kan kimanin kadada 75 na ƙasa.

## Manazarta
Ampelocissus gracilipes

***Ampelocissus gracilipes***, wanda aka fi sani da abourbee (Akan-Twi),  itace inabi mai hawa ko liana a cikin Iyalin inabi na yammacin Afirka  (Ghana zuwa Laberiya),  a cikin yankunan da ke da tsire-tsire, gandun daji.

Tushen da ke da tsayi, mai kauri da ƙarfi, amma ba da wuya sosai, suna farawa da murfin gashi mai launin ruwan kasa, suna ba da hanya a tsawon lokaci ga ƙananan warts. Dukkanin furanni da 'ya'yan itace ja ne.

## Amfani da shi
Ruwan yana da kyau kuma yana da yawa, kuma ana iya sha shi kamar ruwa. 'Ya'yan itace, ko sun nuna ko a'a, ana iya cinye su, amma ba a cinye su da yawa ba.

## Manazarta
Ali Muhammad Uthman Yasin

**Ali Muhammad Uthman Yasin** (Larabci علي محمد عثمان ياسين) ɗan siyasan Sudan ne, diflomasiyya, kuma alkali. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Shari'a na Sudan daga 1998 zuwa 2005.

Yasin ya fara aikin diflomasiyya a matsayin karamin sakatare a ma'aikatar harkokin wajen kasar a shekarar 1991. Daga nan ya zama jakadan Sudan a kasar Ingila  zuwa shekara ta1994, sannan ya zama wakilin dindindin a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga shekarar 1994 zuwa 1996.Ya kasance ministan shari'a daga shekara ta 1998 zuwa 2005. A lokacin da yake rike da mukamin sa, ya wakilci Sudan a tarukan kasa da kasa, ciki har da kare tarihin gwamnatin kasar a taron duniya na yaki da wariyar launin fata a shekarar 2001 a birnin Durban na kasar Afirka ta Kudu.

Yasin ya yi murya wajen musanta zarge-zargen tsaftace kabilanci a Darfur. Ya bayyana rahotanni kamar yadda suka wuce gona da iri kuma sun rinjayi tushen nuna bambanci. A shekara ta 2004, ya ki amincewa da kiran da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi wa masu kula da haƙƙin ɗan adam a Sudan kuma ya tabbatar da cewa irin waɗannan matakan ba su da tushe. Ya kuma yi magana game da korar Hamas daga Sudan a shekara ta 2003 kuma ya kori duk wani barazanar tsaro da ta taso daga shawarar. 

Yasin ya sanar da tsare mutane 14 wadanda suka hada da sojoji, masu tsaro, da 'yan sanda, saboda cin zarafi a Kudancin Darfur a shekara ta 2005. A cikin wannan shekarar, ya bayyana cewa an gabatar da korafe-korafe na shari'a a kan manyan jami'ain kotuna na musamman a  Darfur don laifuka. Ya kuma kula da bincikai game da rashin bin doka na banki da mutuwar dalibai da suka shafi aikin soja na tilas a cikin 2000.
Ahmed al-Dirdiri Ghandour

**Ahmed al-Dirdiri Ghandour** (Arabic) shi ne shugaban sadarwa na Sudan kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ke aiki a matsayin Ministan Sadarwa da Canjin Dijital tun daga 28 ga Yulin shekarar 2025. Kafin ya shiga gwamnati, ya rike manyan mukamai na jagorancin a MTN Sudan , wanda ya hada da Manajan Darakta na Sashin Kasuwancin MTN .

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
Ghandour ya sami digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta daga Jami'ar Khartoum a shekara ta 2004. Daga baya ya samu digiri ta biyu a fannin Gudanar da Kasuwanci (MBA) tare da mai da hankali kan fannin kudi daga wannan jami'ar a shekarar 2018. 

## Ayyuka
Ghandour ya shiga MTN Sudan da wuri a cikin aikinsa kuma ya ci gaba ta hanyar ayyuka  na fasaha da gudanarwa a masana'antar sadarwa. Matsayinsa sun hada da Darakta na Ayyuka masu basira (VAS), Darakta ya na tushen yanar gizo, da Manaja na gaba daya Kasuwancin Kasuwanci (MTN Business) sama da shekaru takwas.

### Ministan Sadarwa da Canjin Dijital
Firayim Minista Kamil Idris ya nada Ghandour a majalisar ministoci a ranar 28 ga Yulin 2025 a matsayin wani ɓangare na sake fasalin da aka yi niyyar ci gaba da ajandar dijital ta Sudan. A ranar 8 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2025, ya jagoranci taron majalisar ma'aikatar da aka yi a Port Sudan, inda tattaunawar ta mayar da hankali kan sake ginawa bayan yakin ta hanyar fasaha.
Fashewar tankin mai 2025 a Suleja

A ranar 18 ga watan Janairun 2025, wata tankar mai dauke da kusan lita 60,000 na man fetur ta kife a mahadar Dikko kusa da Suleja, jihar Neja a arewacin Najeriya, inda bayan ta yi karo da mazauna yankin suka taru domin karbar man da ya zube. Man fetir ya haddasa fashewar wani abu da ya kashe mutane sama da 100 tare da raunata wasu 69, ciki har da akalla 52. 

## Fashewa
Fashewar ta faru ne da misalin karfe 9:00 na safeam WAT a mahadar Dikko dake kan babbar hanyar da ta hada Abuja babban birnin tarayyar Najeriya zuwa Kaduna . A cewar shugaban hukumar kiyaye hadurra ta kasa (FRSC) a jihar Neja Kumar Tsukwam, lamarin ya fara ne a lokacin da wata motar dakon mai dauke da man fetur ta kife, inda ta zubar da cikinta. Mazauna yankin da suka hada da yara da suka taru domin karbar man da ya zube sun kama su a cikin fashewar da ta biyo bayan fashewar wata tankar mai. Hukumar bayar da agajin gaggawa ta jihar Neja ta bayyana cewa fashewar ta afku ne a lokacin da man fetur da ya zube ya tuntubi wani janareta da ake amfani da shi domin saukaka aikin jigilar mai.    Fashewar ta kone tare da lalata akalla shaguna 20 da ke kusa. 

## Wadanda abin ya shafa
Hukumar kiyaye hadurra ta tarayya ta tabbatar da cewa an zakulo gawarwakin mazauna yankin sama da 100 tare da binne mafi yawan wadanda abin ya shafa sun kone ba a iya gane su ba.  Kimanin mutane 69 da suka jikkata an garzaya da su asibitoci daban-daban da ke kusa domin samun kulawar gaggawa.  Da yawa daga cikin wadanda abin ya rutsa da su an ruwaito suna yunkurin tattara man da ya zube daga tankar mai a lokacin fashewar. Gwamnan jihar Neja Umaru Bago ya ruwaito cewa wasu da ba a bayyana adadinsu ba sun samu kone-kone daban-daban. Fashewar da gobarar da ta biyo baya ta haifar da hasarar dukiya mai yawa, inda aka kiyasta asarar miliyoyin nairori .  

## Martani
Bago ya bayyana bala'in a matsayin "mai damuwa, mai raɗaɗi, da rashin tausayi".  Ƙungiyar Gwamnonin Najeriya ta yi ta'aziyya ga iyalan wadanda abin ya shafa, sun yi addu'a ga wadanda suka mutu a bala'in, kuma sun bukaci dukkanin 'yan Najeriya da su kasance "cikin taka tsantsan da cikakken mutunta rayuwa a kowane lokaci" a cikin irin wannan yanayi mai hatsari. 

Uwargidan shugaban kasar Najeriya Remi Tinubu ta bayar da gudunmuwar naira miliyan 100 na Najeriya da wasu kudade da suka hada da abinci ga iyalan wadanda abin ya shafa.

Hukumar bayar da agajin gaggawa ta jihar Neja karkashin Darakta Janar Abdullahi Baba-Arah, ta gudanar da bincike na farko kan musabbabin fashewar. 

## Duba kuma

* 2024 Majiya mai tankar mai
* Fashewar tankar mai a Ibadan
* Hadarin gobarar gadar Otedola

## Manazarta
TraceX Guard

**TraceX Guard** aikace-aikacen tsaro ne na wayar hannu da aka gina da fasahar AI wanda kamfanin TraceX Labs ya samar don tsarin Android.  Ana rarraba shi a matsayin kyauta mai lasisi, kuma yana kare wayar hannu daga mummunan malware kamar kwayoyin cutar kwamfuta, spyware, tsutsar kwamfuta, da rubuce-rubucen mugayen lamba.

Aikace-aikacen yana kuma ƙunshe da tsarin SMS da kiran da aka toshe, manajan software da tsari, ajiyar bayanai da aikace-aikace, da mai lura da zirga-zirgar bayanai.  Wani fasalin “anti-theft” da aka haɗa yana ba da damar gano, kulle, ko dawo da wayar da aka rasa ko sata.

## Manufa da Haɓakawa
A Indiya, yawaitar aikace-aikacen da ke ɗauke da cutar kai tsaye ga wayar hannu da yada mugayen fayilolin APK a kan dandalin kamar WhatsApp da Telegram ne ya sa kamfanin TraceX Labs ya ƙirƙiri TraceX Guard.

Wasu daga cikin waɗannan ƙarya apps suna kwaikwayon sabis na gwamnati irin su *mParivahan*, *e-Challan*, da *RTO* apps, tare da wasu aikace-aikacen "shirin bikin aure" da kuma apps na manya irin su *“Bhabhi Calling”* da *“Video Call.”*

Waɗannan zamba na yanar gizo sun fi niyya ga tsofaffin jami’an soja, ma’aikatan banki, ‘yan sanda, matasa, da jama’a gaba ɗaya.

An haɓaka TraceX Guard ƙarƙashin shirin Make in India, kuma yana kare masu amfani da Indiya daga mummunan malware da barazanar tsaro na wayar hannu.

## Inshorar Rufewa
TraceX Labs yana ba da inshorar inshora na ₹10 lakh ga masu amfani waɗanda ke yin asarar kuɗi saboda Androd malware yayin amfani da TraceX Guard, daidai da sharuɗɗan kamfanin.

## Manazarta
Zargi

**zargi** wata sanarwa ce ta mutum daya da ke tabbatar da cewa wani mutum ko ƙungiya ya yi wani abu mara kyau. Mutumin da ke gabatar da zargi shine **mai tuhuma**, yayin da batun da aka yi masa shi ne wanda ake tuhuma. Ko an fassara wata sanarwa a matsayin zargi na iya dogaro da Yanayin zamantakewa inda aka yi ta: 

Ana iya zargi a cikin sirri ko a fili, ga wanda ake tuhuma shi kaɗai, ko ga wasu mutane tare da ko ba tare da sanin wanda ake tuhumar ba. Mai tuhuma na iya yin zargi tare da ko ba tare da shaida ba; zargi na iya zama gaba ɗaya hasashe, har ma yana iya zama zargi na ƙarya, wanda aka yi da Mugunta, don manufar cutar da suna wanda ake tuhuma.

## Ra'ayoyi da halayen
Ƙarfin da aka fahimta na zargi yana shafar amincin mai tuhuma. Misali, a cikin aikin jarida na bincike:

Amsoshin zarge-zarge sun bambanta, kuma suna iya haɗawa da ikirarin, amma kuma sau da yawa ana nuna su a matsayin "yanayin musantawa, ragewa, ko fitarwa".

## Zarge-zarge da alakar jama'a
A cikin aikin jarida, bayar da rahoton zargi yawanci ana daidaita shi tare da ƙoƙari na samun amsa ga zargin da ake tuhuma ko ƙungiya:

Saboda haka yawanci akwai damar da batun zargi zai amsa shi. Wani zargi da aka yi wa kamfani sau da yawa ana bi da shi azaman taron hulɗa da jama'a, inda ake zargi kasuwanci da aikata laifi don rinjayar halayensa.

## Zarge-zargen aikata laifuka
Zargin aikata laifuka zargi ne da gwamnati ta yi wa mutum ko kamfani. Baya ga abubuwan da suka dace na zargi, zargi mai laifi ya bayyana cewa laifin da aka yi wa wanda ake tuhuma ya zama keta doka. Ana iya yin zargi na laifi ta hanyar sanarwa da aka yi wa jama'a gaba ɗaya (yawanci ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai) ko ta hanyar gabatar da zargi a kotun shari'a ta hanyar mutumin da ke da ikon yin hakan, gabaɗaya a madadin jihar ta mai gabatar da kara.

* Zargin
* Zargin ƙarya
* Shari'a
* Bayani (ƙaddamar da laifi) 

## Manazarta
Abincin da ake ci

Wani abu mai cin abinci shine duk wani abu da ke da aminci ga mutane su ci. "Mai cin abinci" ya bambanta da "mai cin abinci" saboda ba ya nuna yadda wani abu yake dandano, kawai idan ya dace a ci. Abubuwan da ba su da guba da aka samu a cikin yanayi - kamar wasu ƙwayoyin cuta, kwari, albasa, da sauransu - ana kiransu abin ci. Abubuwan da aka sarrafa waɗanda ba a cinye su ba amma an ƙera su musamman don haka, kamar Kayan ciki mai cin abinci ko Kayan kwalliya masu cin abinci, ana kuma lakafta su da **Abin cin abinci**.

## Abubuwan da za a iya ci a cikin yanayi
Mutane suna cin dubban nau'ikan shuke-shuke; akwai yiwuwar nau'ikan angiosperms 75,000 masu cin abinci, wanda watakila ana cin 7,000 sau da yawa.

Tsire-tsire masu cin abinci da aka samu a cikin yanayi sun haɗa da furanni, tsaba, 'Ya'yan itace, da cacti. Kasancewa da iya gano nau'ikan waɗannan tsire-tsire waɗanda suke da aminci don cinyewa muhimmiyar ƙwarewar rayuwa ce. Wasu ƙwayoyin cuta, gami da wasu nau'ikan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin, suma ana iya cin su.

Dabbobi da yawa kuma ana iya cinye su, gami da dabbobi na gida da kwari na daji, amphibians, dabbobi masu rarrafe, tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa. Masu ba da shawara game da karuwar amfani da kwari masu cin abinci sun ambaci fa'idodin muhalli na samun damar haɓaka ƙarin abinci ta amfani da ƙasa kaɗan yayin samar da ƙarancin hayaki. Fiye da nau'ikan kwari 1,900 an rubuta su kamar yadda ake amfani da su don abinci, gami da tururuwa da kwari a cikin abincin wasu kabilun Afirka da Australiya, da kuma kwari da aka dafa da kwari da kwari suna jin daɗi a matsayin abinci na titi a wasu sassan Thailand.

## Magana
Kalmar "mai cin abinci" ta samo asali ne daga shekarun 1590. Ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin "edibilis" (mai cin abinci), wanda ya fito ne daga kalmar "edere" (don cin abinci), wacce ta fito ne daga prefix "ed-" (don cinye). 

## Manazarta
Ilimin halayyar abinci

Ilimin kimiyyar abinci mai gina jiki yana kimanta yadda abinci mai gina jiki ke shafar ayyukan tunani, da kuma yadda zaɓin tunani da ɗabi'a ke tasiri abinci mai gina jiki da lafiya.

## Bayani
Ilimin kimiyyar abinci mai gina jiki yana magana game da ingancin abinci da alaƙarsa da sassa daban-daban na lafiyar hankali. 

## Asalin da ci gaba
Ilimin kimiyyar abinci mai gina jiki wani fanni ne wanda har yanzu yana kan matakin farko na ci gaba. Duk da haɓakar sha'awa da buƙatar ilimin kimiyyar abinci mai gina jiki, akwai ƙarancin binciken bincike kan wannan batu. Fadada filin zai buƙaci haɓaka bincike-bincike na tsara.  Nazarin kwanan nan ya nuna cewa probiotics da prebiotics na iya tallafawa jin daɗin tunanin mutum ta hanyar haɓaka microbiota mai daidaitacce. Wadannan abubuwan abinci na abinci suna taimakawa wajen daidaita kumburi da ayyukan neurotransmitter, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da yanayi da aikin fahimi. 

Tare da kiba kasancewa matsala mai ci gaba da girma a cikin ƙasashe da yawa,  ilimin kimiyyar abinci mai gina jiki yana samun mahimmanci da shahara a cikin al'umma a yau. Kamar yadda ya girma, ilimin kimiyyar abinci mai gina jiki ya kai tsaye da kuma kai tsaye ya rinjayi bincike akan rage cin abinci, alamun abinci, yadda ake sayar da abinci, fasahar abinci, kiba, da kuma halin jama'a game da abinci, a tsakanin sauran batutuwa. 

Wasu bincike sun tattauna ra'ayin "fadism abinci", wanda aka sassauta ma'anarsa a matsayin, "ra'ayin cewa an sanya nauyin da yawa akan tasirin abinci da abinci a kan lafiyar gabaɗaya kuma da'awar, mai kyau ko mara kyau, galibi ana yin karin gishiri." Wannan ra'ayin zaɓin abinci yana da matsananciyar sakamako ana tsammanin yana da zurfi cikin al'ada, mai yiwuwa ya samo asali daga labarin Adamu da Hauwa'u suna cin ' ya'yan itacen da aka haramta . 

## Aikace-aikace

### Alamomin abinci
A cikin 1990, Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) ta buƙaci a sanya alamun abinci mai gina jiki akan samfuran abinci a Amurka.  Tunanin da ke tattare da yin hakan shine don samar wa masu amfani da bayanan da suka dace don yanke shawarar ilimi game da abincin da suka saya. Tun daga wannan lokacin, masana kimiyyar abinci mai gina jiki sun yi bincike kan yadda waɗannan alamun ke tasiri yadda masu amfani ke zaɓar abincin da za su saya. Waɗannan binciken sun nuna gaurayawan sakamako game da tasirin alamar abinci mai gina jiki.  Bisa ga binciken, matsakaicin mabukaci yakan karanta lakabin kuma yayi la'akari da bayanin, a wani ɓangare saboda kamfanoni sun fara samar da abinci tare da karin kayan abinci mai mahimmanci na kiwon lafiya.  Duk da haka, yawancin waɗannan fa'idodin kiwon lafiya sun rufe su ta hanyar ci gaba da karuwa a cikin kiba da mutuwar da ke da alaka da kiba a Amurka a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata. 

## Manazarta
Alliesthesia

## Siffofin

* *thermal* alliesthesia: alliesthesia na thermic hasashe (zafi da sanyi), wanda ke ba da gudummawar gaske ga tsarin thermoregulation na homeostatic . Wani bangare ne na ta'aziyyar thermal . 
* *Olfactory* alliesthesia: alliesthesia of olfate (jin wari )
* *gustatory* alliesthesia: alliesthesia na dandano - wanda aka kwatanta don wasu abubuwan dandano na farko (mai dadi da gishiri)
* olfacto-gustatory alliesthesia ko **allimentary alliesthesia** : alliesthesia na dandano / dandano dangane da ci abinci.
* *na gani* / na gani alliesthesia: alliesthesia na hangen nesa
* *auditory* alliesthesia: alliesthesia na ma'anar ji

Kowane ɗayan waɗannan nau'o'in alliesthesia yana samuwa a cikin dabi'u masu saba wa juna:

* *korau* alliesthesia: motsi na jin dadi daga jin dadi zuwa rashin jin daɗi.
* *tabbatacce* alliesthesia: motsi na jin daɗi daga rashin jin daɗi zuwa jin daɗi.

## Shaida
Masanin ilimin lissafin Faransa Michel Cabanac ya fara bayanin abin da ke faruwa na *kawance* . Littafin kimiyya na farko daga 1968  ya sami nasara fiye da 40 wallafe-wallafe a cikin mujallu na duniya, misali: 1970 a cikin *[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]*  da 1971 a *[[Science (journal)|Kimiyya]]* .  An fara ambaton kalmar *alliesthesia* a cikin haɗe-haɗe na *Matsayin Jiki na Ji daɗi* kuma an ƙara yin ƙarin bayani tare da haɗin gwiwar marubuci Stylianos Nicolaïdis . Asali, an nuna alliesthesia a cikin gwaje-gwaje tare da batutuwan ɗan adam, kuma daga baya an tabbatar da su a cikin berayen ( *[[Rattus norvegicus]]* ). 

## Manazarta
Sakamakon amino acid

**Amino acid score**, a hade tare da gina jiki narkewa, ana amfani dashi don sanin ko furotin ya cika . Yana kwatanta rabon muhimman amino acid da ake samu a cikin furotin ɗaya zuwa madaidaicin “protein na magana” da ake ganin ya cika

## Hanyoyin lissafin amino acid
PDCAAS da DIAAS sune manyan ma'aunin sunadaran gina jiki guda biyu waɗanda ke ƙayyadad da cikar sunadaran ta hanyar keɓancewar su na mahimman amino acid . 

### Sauƙaƙan AAS, PDCAAS
PDCAAS yana ɗaukar narkewa da AAS daban. Tana da bayanin martaba guda ɗaya na “protein na magana”, wanda a cikinsa aka jera adadin da ke cikin milligrams na kowane muhimmin amino acid (EAA) a cikin kowane gram na furotin tunani. Don nemo AAS da aka ba da bayanin martabar amino acid na furotin gwajin T i da kuma bayanan amino acid na furotin tunani R i : 

* Ga kowane muhimmin amino acid i, lissafta

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Ƙarfafa Binciken Aikin Noma a Gabashi da Tsakiyar Afirka

**Ƙungiyar Ƙarfafa Binciken Aikin Noma a Gabashi da Tsakiyar Afirka** ( **ASARECA** ) ƙungiya ce da ke da nufin haɓaka bincike da ci gaban aikin gona a yankin Gabas da Tsakiyar Afirka . An kafa shi a cikin 1994, ASARECA ta haɗu da Cibiyoyin Binciken Aikin Noma na Ƙasa daga ƙasashe goma membobi - Burundi, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Eritrea, Habasha, Kenya, Madagascar, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, da Uganda .    

## Tarihi da asali
An kafa ASARECA don tallafawa da inganta ingantaccen binciken aikin gona a yankin Gabas da Tsakiyar Afirka .     An samar da kungiyar ne ta hanyar hadin gwiwa tsakanin cibiyoyin binciken aikin gona na kasa da kasa na kasashe mambobin kungiyar don magance matsalolin da suka shafi noma.  ASARECA tana haɓaka bincike da ƙirƙira don dorewar noma tun lokacin da aka kafa ta.   

## Manufar da manufa
Babban makasudin ASARECA shine don haɓaka binciken aikin gona mai dogaro da kasuwa wanda ke haɓaka yankin gabashi da tsakiyar Afirka samar da kudaden shiga, haɓakar tattalin arziƙi, wadataccen abinci, da gasa a ketare.    Don cin gajiyar girma da girman tattalin arziƙin, ƙungiyar tana ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar yanki a cikin binciken aikin gona .   Baya ga halartar buƙatu na musamman da fifiko na ƙasashen membobinta, ASARECA na da niyyar haɓaka aikin noma mai fa'ida da dorewa .   

## Manazarta
ADIME

**ADIME**, ko **tantancewa, ganewar asali, da ke sa ido / kimantawa**, ana amfani da ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki (RDN).   Ana amfani da ADime a matsayin hanyar tsara ci gaban haƙuri da ƙarfafa harshe na duniya tsakanin ƙwararrun abinci mai gina jiki.  

Tsarin ADIME ya ƙunshi matakai huɗu:   

* Ƙimar - Wannan matakin ya ƙunshi tattara bayanan da suka dace da majiyyaci, gami da Tarihi mai alaƙa da abinci mai gina jiki, Ma'aunin Anthropometric, bayanan sinadarai, abubuwan da suka fi mayar da hankali kan abinci mai gina jiki, tarihin abokin ciniki da ƙa'idodin kwatance.
* Bincike - Dangane da bayanan kima da aka tattara, ana iya gano matsalar abinci mai gina jiki. An gano dalilai da abubuwan da ke taimakawa.
* Tsangwama - Dangane da ganewar asali na abinci mai gina jiki, ana magance matsalolin da ke taimakawa wajen kawar da alamun da alamun ganewar asali. An gina ayyuka don bawa majiyyaci damar yin aiki zuwa ga manufofin da aka tsara musu ta kansu da kuma ƙwararrun su na abinci.
* Sa ido/Kima - Ana bibiyar ci gaban da aka samu akan burin da/ko sakamakon da ake sa ran don tabbatar da cewa ana magance matsalolin abinci mai gina jiki; Ana yin gyare-gyare a cikin matakin shiga tsakani bisa ga ci gaba. 

## Manazarta
Tsarin ruwa

Ana amfani da **tsarin Atwater**,  mai suna bayan Wilbur Olin Atwater, ko abubuwan da aka samo daga wannan tsarin don ƙididdige yawan kuzarin abinci . An samar da tsarin sosai daga binciken gwaji na Atwater da abokan aikinsa a ƙarshen karni na 19 da farkon shekarun 20th a Jami'ar Wesleyan a Middletown, Connecticut . Amfani da shi ya kasance sanadin jayayya akai-akai, amma an ba da shawarar wasu hanyoyi. Kamar yadda yake tare da lissafin furotin daga jimlar nitrogen, tsarin Atwater al'ada ne kuma ana iya ganin iyakokinsa a cikin samuwarsa.

## Fitowa
Samuwar makamashi (kamar yadda Atwater ke amfani da shi) yayi daidai da amfani da zamani na kalmar makamashi mai narkewa (ME).

{\text{Metabolisable Energy}} = \left(\text{Gross Energy in Food}\right) - \left(\text{Energy lost in Faeces, Urine, Secretions and Gases}\right).

A mafi yawan binciken da aka yi a kan mutane, an yi watsi da hasara a cikin ɓoye da iskar gas. Babban makamashi (GE) na abinci, kamar yadda aka auna ta hanyar calorimetry na bam yana daidai da jimlar zafin konewa na abubuwan da aka haɗa - furotin (GE p ), mai (GE f ) da carbohydrate (GE cho ) (ta bambanta) a cikin tsarin kusanci.

{GE} = .

Atwater yayi la'akari da darajar makamashin najasa haka.

{GE}^\mathrm{F} = .

Ta hanyar auna ma'auni na samuwa ko a cikin ƙamus na zamani bayyananniyar narkewa, Atwater ya samo tsarin ƙididdige asarar makamashin faecal.

\text{Digestible energy} = {{GE}_\mathrm{p}(D_\mathrm{p})} + {{GE}_\mathrm{f}(D_\mathrm{f})} + {{GE}_\mathrm{cho}(D_\mathrm{cho})},

inda *D* p, *D* f, da *D* cho ne bi da bi da digestibility coefficients na furotin, mai da carbohydrate lissafta kamar yadda

## Manazarta
Magungunan halittu masu aiki

**Filin bioactive** wani fili ne wanda ke da tasiri akan rayayyun kwayoyin halitta, nama ko tantanin halitta, yawanci ana nunawa ta hanyar bincike na asali a cikin vitro ko in vivo a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Duk da yake abubuwan da ake amfani da su na abinci suna da mahimmanci ga rayuwa, ƙwayoyin halitta ba a tabbatar da cewa suna da mahimmanci ba  kamar yadda jiki zai iya aiki ba tare da su ba  ko kuma saboda ayyukansu sun ɓoye ta hanyar abubuwan gina jiki da ke cika aikin. 

Magungunan bioactive ba su da isassun shaidar tasiri ko aminci, sabili da haka yawanci ba a tsara su ba kuma ana iya siyar da su azaman kari na abinci . 

## Asalin da misalai
Abubuwan da ake samu na bioactive galibi ana samun su ne daga tsire-tsire,   samfuran dabbobi, ko ana iya yin su ta hanyar roba. Misalan mahadi masu amfani da tsire-tsire sune carotenoids, polyphenols, ko phytosterols .  Misalai a cikin kayayyakin dabbobi sune fatty acids da ake samu a madara da kifi. Sauran misalan su ne flavonoids, maganin kafeyin, choline, coenzyme Q, creatine, dithiolthiones, polysaccharides,  phytoestrogens, glucosinolates, da prebiotics . 

## Manazarta
Kalorie shine calorie

***Kalori shine kalori"*** magana ce da ake amfani da ita don isar da ra'ayi cewa tushen makamashin abinci yana canzawa. Wannan ra'ayi ya kasance batun muhawara tun fitowar ta a farkon karni na 19.

## Tarihi
A cikin 1883, masanin abinci na Jamus Max Rubner ya buga abin da ya kira "dokar isodynamic".  Dokar ta yi iƙirarin cewa tushen abinci mai gina jiki shine musayar makamashi .  A farkon 1900s, Carl von Noorden ya yi amfani da dokar isodynamic don nazarin kiba kuma ya haɓaka ka'idoji guda biyu akan abin da ya sa mutane su haɓaka kiba. Na farko ya maimaita ra'ayin Rubner cewa "kalori shine kalori". Na biyu yayi da'awar cewa kiba shine sakamakon yadda jiki ke rarraba adadin kuzari don amfani ko adanawa. Waɗannan ka'idoji masu gasa sun ci gaba da zama tushen jayayya a cikin al'ummomin abinci mai gina jiki da abinci. 

A cikin thermodynamics, makamashi ba zai iya ƙirƙira ko halakar da shi ba, kawai yana canzawa daga wannan nau'i zuwa wani. A cikin abinci mai gina jiki, makamashin abinci yana nufin makamashi mai narkewa, ba babban kuzari ba.  Matsayin sha da *tasirin zafi na abinci* (TEF) duka suna shafar yawan kuzarin da aka samu ga jiki.

Abun sha shine hanyar da jikin ɗan adam ke shigar da kuzari daga abinci. Sha yana faruwa galibi a cikin ƙananan hanji . Wani ɗan ƙaramin adadin sha—wanda ya ƙunshi da farko na ruwa—yana faruwa a cikin babban hanji . Ana amfani da makamashin da aka samo daga abinci don narke shi da daidaita shi, da kuma adana duk wani abincin da ya rage.

Kimanin kashi 10% na makamashin da aka samo daga abinci yana ƙonewa azaman zafi, yayin wani tsari da ake kira *thermogenesis mai haifar da abinci* (DIT), *takamaiman aiki mai ƙarfi* (SDA), ko *tasirin thermic na abinci* (TEF). 

## Manazarta
Phytoestrogen

A **phytoestrogen** ne shuka-derived xenoestrogen (wani nau'in estrogen samar da kwayoyin ba mutane ba) ba a samar da shi a cikin Tsarin endocrine, amma cinye shi ta hanyar cin shuke-shuke ko kayan abinci. Har ila yau ana kiranta "estrogen na abinci", rukuni ne daban-daban na kwayoyin tsire-tsire masu tasowa waɗanda ke faruwa na halitta waɗanda, saboda kamanceceniya da estradiol (17-β-estradiol), suna da ikon haifar da tasirin estrogenic ko antiestrogenic.

Phytoestrogens ba muhimman abubuwan gina jiki ba ne saboda rashin su daga Abinci ba ya haifar da cuta, kuma ba a san su da shiga cikin kowane aikin halitta na yau da kullun ba. Abinci na yau da kullun da ke dauke da phytoestrogens sune soya da sinadarin soya, miso, tempeh, da tofu. Wasu nau'ikan jarirai da aka ƙera tare da furotin soya suna dauke da isoflavones.

Sunansa ya fito ne daga Girkanci *phyto* ("shuka") da *Estrogen*, hormone wanda ke ba da haihuwa ga dabbobi masu shayarwa mata. Kalmar "Estrus" (Girkanci οίστρος) tana nufin "sha'awar jima'i", kuma "gene" (Grikicen γόνο) shine "don samarwa". An yi la'akari da cewa tsire-tsire suna amfani da phytoestrogen a matsayin wani ɓangare na kariya ta halitta daga yawan dabbobi masu cin ganyayyaki ta hanyar sarrafa yawan haihuwa na mata.

Kamancin, a matakin kwayoyin, na Estrogen da phytoestrogen suna ba su damar yin koyi da hankali kuma wani lokacin suna aiki a matsayin mai adawa da estrogen. An fara lura da Phytoestrogens a 1926,   amma ba a san ko za su iya samun wani tasiri a cikin metabolism na mutum ko dabba ba. A cikin 1940s da farkon 1950s, an lura cewa wasu makiyaya na clover na karkashin kasa da ja clover (tsire masu wadata da phytoestrogen) suna da mummunar tasiri akan yawan kiwo.

## Tsarinsa
Phytoestrogens galibi suna cikin babban rukuni na maye gurbin mahaɗan phenolic na halitta: coumestans, prenylflavonoids da isoflavones sune uku daga cikin mafi yawan aiki a cikin tasirin estrogenic a cikin wannan aji. Mafi kyawun binciken shine isoflavones, wanda aka saba samu a cikin soya da ja clover. An kuma gano Lignans a matsayin phytoestrogens, kodayake ba flavonoids Ni ne. Mycoestrogens suna da irin wannan tsari da sakamako, amma ba abubuwan da ke cikin shuke-shuke ba ne; waɗannan su ne ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin *[[Fusarium]]*, musamman na yau da kullun akan hatsi,   amma kuma suna faruwa a wasu wurare, misali a kan abinci daban-daban. Kodayake ba a la'akari da mycoestrogens a cikin tattaunawa game da phytoestrogens, waɗannan su ne mahadi waɗanda suka fara haifar da sha'awar batun.

## Manazarta
Hakkin yara na samun isasshen abinci mai gina jiki a New Zealand

Kowane yaro yana da **hakkin ya sami isasshen abinci mai gina jiki** a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya . A New Zealand, kimanin yara 100,000 na New Zealand suna zuwa makaranta kowace rana ba tare da karin kumallo ba.   Mataki na 11 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu ta amince da 'yancin kowa na samun 'yanci daga yunwa'. 

A cikin yankin Auckland, akwai kusan yara 43,000 a makarantun jaha na decile 1 da 2. Daga cikin wadannan 57% Pasifika ne, 30% 'yan Māori ne, kuma 4% 'yan Turai ne . Ragowar kashi 9% na Asiya / Gabas ta Tsakiya da sauran kabilu.  Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta shawarci Ministan a cikin 2006 cewa "rage makarantu ɗaya da biyu suna zana ɗaliban su daga al'ummominmu masu rauni kuma su magance batutuwa da yawa da suka shafi talauci". 

Wani bincike na Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta 2002  ya gano cewa akwai adadi mai yawa na yara tsakanin shekarun 5 zuwa 14 waɗanda "wani lokaci ko kuma ba su ci komai ba kafin makaranta",  idan aka kwatanta da Binciken Kiwon Lafiya na New Zealand wanda ya gano kusan 15% na yara suna barin makaranta ba tare da cin karin kumallo ba. Kwamishinan Yara  ya fitar da Tsarin Abinci a cikin Shirin Makarantu yana mai cewa "Yara suna buƙatar ciyar da su yadda ya kamata don dalilai masu yawa na abinci mai gina jiki, ilimi da zamantakewa kuma ya kamata a ciyar da su ba tare da la'akari da kudaden shiga ko matsayi na iyayensu ba. Don kawo karshen wannan, ya kamata a ba da karin kumallo don rage 1 da 2 makarantun firamare, matsakaici da firamare na gaba."

## Manazarta
Abinci mai nauyi

**Abinci mai nauyi** shine amfani da abubuwan gina jiki wanda aka maye gurbin wasu atoms tare da isotopes masu nauyi marasa rediyo, kamar  (2H) ko (13C). Biomolecules waɗanda suka haɗa da isotopes masu nauyi suna haifar da tsarin kwayoyin da ya fi tsayayya a wasu yanayi, wanda aka yi la'akari da ƙara juriya ga lalacewar da ke da alaƙa da tsufa  ko cututtuka. 

Magunguna tare da wasu ƙwayoyin hydrogen da aka maye gurbin da deuterium ana kiransu magungunan deuterated, yayin da abubuwa masu mahimmanci za a iya amfani da su azaman kayan abinci, suna sa wannan abinci "isotopic". Idan aka ci tare da abinci, waɗannan abubuwan gina jiki sun zama kayan gini ga jiki. Misalan sune deuterated polyunsaturated fatty acids, aminoacids masu mahimmanci,  tushen DNA kamar cytosine,  ko Ruwa mai nauyi da glucose. 

## Hanyar da aka ba da shawarar
Ɗaya daga cikin mafi muni da kuma ba za a iya gyarawa ba na Lalacewar oxidative da aka haifar da nau'in oxygen mai amsawa (ROS) a kan kwayoyin halitta ya haɗa da rarraba haɗin carbon-hydrogen (abstraction hydrogen). Abin sha'awa, kwayoyin halitta da suka fi lalacewa ta wannan nau'in lalacewa suna cikin ƙungiyar Abubuwan gina jiki masu mahimmanci (10 daga cikin amino acid 20; nucleosides a wasu yanayi (yana da mahimmanci); duk polyunsaturated fatty acids). A ka'idar, maye gurbin hydrogen da deuterium "karfafa" haɗin saboda tasirin isotope na kinetic, kuma irin waɗannan ƙwayoyin halitta da jiki ya ɗauka za su fi tsayayya da ROS.

## Deuterated omega-6 fatty acids ga mutane tare da cututtukan lalacewa
Kamfanin Retrotope ya fara ci gaba da tushen deuterated Omega-6 fatty acid di-deuterated linoleic acid ethyl ester (RT001) a matsayin kayan abinci don yiwuwar maganin cututtukan neurodegenerative kamar Friedreich's ataxia da yara neuroaxonal dystrophy. FDA ta ba shi sunan maganin marayu kuma ya wuce gwajin asibiti na Mataki na I / II (kamar na 2018). 

## Dubi kuma

* Magunguna masu guba
* Ruwa mai nauyi
* RT001

## Manazarta
Pterostilbene

**Pterostilbene** (/ˌtɛrəˈstɪlbiːn/) (trans-3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxystilbene) stilbenoid ne da ke da alaƙa da resveratrol .  A cikin tsire-tsire, yana aiki da rawar phytoalexin na karewa.

## Abubuwan da suka faru na halitta
Ana samun Pterostilbene a cikin almonds,  nau'ikan berries *na Vaccinium* (ciki har da blueberries    ), ganyen inabi da inabi .   Har ila yau, an ci karo da shi a cikin xylem, musamman a cikin katako na *Pterocarpus marsupium*  da kuma a cikin wasu nau'o'in dangin *Pterocarpus*, ciki har da Malay padauk, itacen Narra ( *Pterocarpus indicus* ), Muninga da African padauk ( *Pterocarpus erinaceus* ), wanda aka sani da halin da ake ciki . 

## Tsaro da tsari
Pterostilbene an dauke shi abu ne mai lalatawa, yana da haɗari a lokacin da aka fallasa shi ga idanu, kuma guba ce ta muhalli, musamman ga Rayuwar ruwa. Nazarin farko na batutuwan mutane masu lafiya da aka ba su pterostilbene na makonni 6-8, ya nuna cewa pterostil bene yana da aminci ga amfanin ɗan adam a sashi har zuwa 250 MG kowace rana, kodayake wannan binciken bai tantance tasirin metabolism akan bayanin lipid ba.&nbsp;

Sauran binciken sun ba da rahoton hauhawar ƙwayoyin lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, "mummunan cholesterol") da raguwar lipoproteinsterol (HDL-C, ""mai kyau cholesterol") a cikin makonni 4 zuwa 8 na maganin yau da kullun. Hawan LDL-C na iya motsawa a cikin iyaka mai tsawo ko iyaka mai zurfi kuma ya tayar da tambayoyi game da Hadarin zuciya na dogon lokaci na ƙarin pterostilbene a cikin mutane.

Dangi na sunadarai, resveratrol, ya sami matsayin FDA GRAS a cikin 2007,  da amincewa da resveratrel na roba a matsayin mai aminci ta Hukumar Kula da Tsaro ta Turai (EFSA) a cikin 2016.  Pterostilbene ya bambanta da resveratrol ta hanyar nuna karuwar bioavailability (80% idan aka kwatanta da 20% a cikin resveratrel) saboda kasancewar Ƙungiyoyin methoxy guda biyu waɗanda ke sa ya nuna karuwar Lipophilic da shafar baki.

## Bincike
Ana nazarin Pterostilbene a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da bincike na farko na asibiti.

## Dubi kuma

* Piceatannol, stilbenoid da ke da alaƙa da resveratrol da pterostilbene

## Manazarta
Jerin cholesterol a cikin abinci

Wannan jeri ya ƙunshi abinci na gama gari tare da abubuwan da ke cikin cholesterol da aka rubuta a cikin milligrams cikin 100&nbsp;grams (3.5 oz ) na abinci.   

## Ayyuka
Cholesterol sterol ne, steroid -kamar lipid da dabbobi suka yi, har da mutane. Jikin dan adam yana yin cokali daya bisa takwas zuwa kashi hudu na tsaftataccen cholesterol a kullum. Ana ba da shawarar matakin cholesterol na millimoles 5.5 a kowace lita ko ƙasa ga babba. Hawan cholesterol a cikin jiki na iya ba da yanayin da ke tattare da yawan ƙwayar cholesterol a cikin bangon jijiya da ake kira atherosclerosis . Wannan yanayin yana toshe hanyoyin jini zuwa ga mahimman sassan jiki wanda zai iya haifar da hawan jini ko bugun jini. Cholesterol ba koyaushe yana da kyau ba. Sashe ne mai mahimmanci na bangon tantanin halitta kuma mafarin abubuwa kamar kwayoyin halitta da wasu kwayoyin halittar jima'i. Akwai wasu nau'ikan cholesterol masu amfani ga zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. Lipoprotein mai girma ana kiransa "mai kyau" cholesterol. Wadannan lipoproteins suna taimakawa wajen cire cholesterol daga cikin sel, sannan a mayar da shi cikin hanta inda ya tarwatse kuma a fitar da shi a matsayin sharar gida ko kuma ya rushe zuwa sassa. 

## Manazarta
Ciberobn

Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu ta Mutanen Espanya a Ilimin Halitta na Kiba da Gina Jiki (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición: **CIBERObn** ) ƙungiyar bincike ce ta jama'a wacce aka kafa a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, 2006 da Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Instituto de Saludicia ta bayar. Innovación (MICINN).

**CIBERObn** ta tattara ƙungiyoyin bincike guda 31 daga asibitoci daban-daban na Spain, Jami'o'i da Cibiyoyin Bincike. Manufarta ita ce haɓaka ingantaccen ilimi game da hanyoyin da ke ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar kiba don rage yawan kamuwa da cutar da kuma rikicewarta, baya ga cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da abinci .

An tsara **CIBERObn** cikin shirye-shiryen kimiyya na 8 da aka yi niyya don haɓaka haɗin gwiwa tsakanin masu bincike, don ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa da haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin bincike. Shirye-shirye sune kamar haka:

# **Gina Jiki** : illar nau'ikan abinci da sinadirai daban-daban akan lafiyar dan adam .
# **Adipobiology** : gano sabbin sigina da aka saki ta hanyar adipose tissue wanda ke da hannu a cikin ka'idojin makamashi homeostasis .
# **Kiba da Ciwon daji** : Matsayin waɗannan sunadaran da ke da alaƙa da sake zagayowar tantanin halitta akan sarrafa rayuwa da haɓaka kiba.
# **Kiba da haɗarin zuciya** : hemodynamic, metabolism da abubuwan kumburi da ke hade da cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini a cikin kiba.
# **Abubuwan Neurocognitive da Muhalli** : abubuwan muhalli da na tunani a cikin abinci mai gina jiki da cututtukan kiba.
# **Kiba a cikin Yaro-Balaga** : Biochemical, hormonal, metabolic, genetic, proteomic and body-composition study in yara da matasa.
# **Biomarkers** : sababbin dabaru, hanyoyin warkewa da rigakafin rigakafi, masu alamar kiba.
# **Samfuran Halittu da Manufofin Magunguna** : haɓakawa da tabbatar da samfuran gwaji da maƙasudin warkewa idan akwai kiba.

## Manazarta
Tasirin lafiyar kofi

Binciken laima na 2017 na meta-bincike ya gano cewa shan kofi yana da lafiya gabaɗaya a cikin matakan da aka saba amfani da shi kuma yana iya inganta sakamakon kiwon lafiya fiye da haifar da cutarwa a allurai na 3 ko 4 kofuna na kofi kowace rana. Banbance-banbance sun haɗa da yuwuwar haɓakar haɗari a cikin mata masu raunin kashi, da yuwuwar ƙara haɗarin haɗarin tayin ko rage nauyin haihuwa yayin daukar ciki.  Sakamakon ya kasance mai rikitarwa ta hanyar rashin ingancin karatun, da bambance-bambance a cikin shekaru, jinsi, matsayi na kiwon lafiya, da girman hidima. 

## Narkewa
Wani bita na 1999 ya gano cewa kofi baya haifar da rashin narkewar abinci, amma yana iya haɓaka reflux .  Biyu nazarin binciken asibiti a kan mutanen da suke murmurewa daga ciki, colorectal, da tiyata na gynecological sun gano cewa shan kofi yana da lafiya kuma yana da tasiri don inganta aikin gastrointestinal bayan aiki.  

A wasu mutane, kofi yana haifar da bayan gida a cikin mintuna na shan.     Duk da haka, har yanzu ba a san takamaiman tsarin aiki da abubuwan sinadaran da ke da alhakin ba. 

## Manazarta
Ci gaban biyan kuɗi (jiki)

**Girman ramuwa**, wanda aka sani da **ci gaban kamawa** da **riba mai ramawa**, haɓakar haɓakar kwayoyin halitta ne mai saurin ci gaba bayan wani lokaci na raguwar haɓakawa, musamman sakamakon ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki .   Girman na iya kasancewa game da nauyi ko tsayi (ko tsayi a cikin mutane).        Alal misali, nauyin jikin dabbobin da ke fuskantar ƙuntataccen abinci mai gina jiki sau da yawa a kan lokaci ya zama kama da na dabbobin da ba su fuskanci irin wannan damuwa ba.  Yana yiwuwa don ƙimar girma mai girma na ramawa don haifar da raguwa, inda kwayoyin halitta suka wuce nauyin al'ada kuma sau da yawa yana da ƙima mai yawa. 

Kwayoyin halitta na iya murmurewa zuwa nauyin al'ada ba tare da ƙarin lokaci ba.  Wani lokaci lokacin da ƙuntataccen abinci mai gina jiki ya yi tsanani, ana ƙara tsawon lokacin girma don isa nauyin al'ada.  Idan ƙuntatawa na gina jiki ya yi tsanani sosai, kwayoyin halitta na iya samun ci gaba na dindindin a inda ba ta kai ga nauyi na yau da kullum ba.  Yawancin lokaci a cikin dabbobi, cikakken dawowa daga ƙuntataccen carbohydrate da gina jiki yana faruwa. 

An lura da girma mai ramuwa a cikin kwayoyin halitta da yawa ciki har da mutane,       sauran nau'in dabbobi masu shayarwa,  tsuntsaye,  ] dabbobi masu rarrafe,  kifi,    tsire-tsire (musamman ciyayi da ciyayi , ciyayi da ciyayi .  microbes,  aladu,  da damselflies .  be

## Tarihi
A cikin 1911, Hans Aron ya yi binciken farko na girma bayan lokutan rashin abinci mai gina jiki.  Ya ba da abinci ga kare kuma ya gano cewa har yanzu yana da ikon yin nauyi da sauri, kodayake bai kai nauyin kare na ƙarshe da ake ciyar da shi ba.   A cikin 1915, Osborne da Mendel sune farkon don nuna cewa berayen da aka ciyar bayan ƙuntatawar haɓaka suna da haɓakar haɓakar haɓaka.    A cikin 1945, Brody ya haɓaka ra'ayin "homoestasis na girma" a cikin littafin *Bioenergetics and Growth* .    A cikin 1955, Verle Bohman shine farkon wanda yayi amfani da kalmar "girman ramuwa" a cikin labarin da ya shafi shanun naman sa .  

## Manazarta
Cikakken furotin

**Cikakken furotin** ko **furotin gabaɗaya** tushen abinci ne na furotin wanda ke ƙunshe da isassun kaso na kowane mahimman amino acid guda tara waɗanda ake buƙata a cikin abincin ɗan adam.     

## Ra'ayi
Abincin gina jiki yana da wuyar gaske saboda kowane amino acid na proteinogenic na iya zama abin da ke iyakance ga metabolism . Haɗuwa da ciyarwar dabbobi na iya haɓaka don haɓaka, ko rage tsada yayin kiyaye isasshen girma. Hakazalika, abinci mai gina jiki na ɗan adam yana ƙarƙashin dokar Liebig mafi ƙanƙanta : Matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci na ɗayan mahimman amino acid zai zama ƙayyadaddun abu a cikin metabolism.

: Idan abun ciki na amino acid guda daya da ba makawa a cikin abinci bai kai abin da mutum ke bukata ba, to zai takaita amfani da sauran amino acid kuma ta haka zai hana yawan hadawa na yau da kullun koda kuwa adadin sinadarin nitrogen ya isa. Don haka "amino acid mai iyaka" zai ƙayyade ƙimar sinadirai na jimlar nitrogen ko furotin a cikin abincin. 

## Manazarta
CRNHs

Cibiyoyin de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine ko CRNHs cibiyar sadarwa ce ta cibiyoyin bincike kan abinci mai gina jiki a Faransa . Manufar su ita ce haɓaka ilimin kan kayan aikin abinci, metabolism, da ilimin halittar ɗan adam, tun daga bincike na asali zuwa nazarin halaye da tasirin su akan lafiya. Faransa tana da CRNH guda huɗu waɗanda ke raba kayan aikin gama-gari da ƙarin ƙwarewar kimiyya waɗanda ke ba su damar haɓaka shirye-shiryen tsakiya da yawa ta amfani da dandamali da takamaiman ƙwarewarsu.

* Ƙirƙiri sandar bincike na masana
* Haɗawa da jagoranci shirin bincike na tsakiya don haɓaka ilimin a cikin abinci mai gina jiki na ɗan adam
* Ƙirƙirar dandali tsakanin dakunan gwaje-gwaje da asibitoci don binciken fassarar
* Amsa ga manyan batutuwan kiwon lafiyar jama'a ta hanyar ba da amsar kimiyya game da matsalar abinci mai gina jiki

## Manazarta
Shirin China-Cornell-Oxford

**Shirin Sin-Cornell-Oxford**, a takaice don "Nazarin Sin-Oxford-Cornell game da Halayen Mutuwar Abinci, Rayuwa da Cututtuka a yankunan karkarar kasar Sin 65," wani babban binciken da aka gudanar a cikin shekarun 1980 a yankunan karkarar kasar Sin, hadin gwiwa tsakanin Jami'ar Cornell, Jami'ar Oxford da Jami'ar Jami'ar kasar Sin .  Binciken ya kwatanta sakamakon kiwon lafiya na abinci mai wadata a cikin abinci na dabba da abincin da ke da wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki a tsakanin mutanen da ke kama da kwayoyin halitta . A cikin Mayu 1990, *The New York Times* ya kira binciken "Grand Prix of epidemiology ". 

## Fage
Tun daga shekarar 1980 zuwa 1981, an fara ra'ayin nazarin, yayin tattaunawa tsakanin T. Colin Campbell na jami'ar Cornell da Chen Junshi, mataimakin darektan cibiyar kula da abinci da tsaftar abinci ta kwalejin koyon aikin rigakafi ta kasar Sin. Daga baya Richard Peto na Jami'ar Oxford-Farfesa na Kididdigar Likitoci da Cututtuka kamar na 2012-da Li Junyao na Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta China.    

## Manazarta
Amfani da ruwan sha na yau da kullun

Adadin ruwan sha na yau da kullun ga mutane ya bambanta.  Ya dogara da aiki, shekaru, lafiya, da muhalli. A cikin Amurka, isassun isassun ruwa na jimillar ruwa, dangane da abin da ake ci na tsaka-tsaki, shine  kowace rana ga maza da suka girmi 18, da  kowace rana ga mata sama da 18; yana ɗaukar kusan 80% daga abin sha da 20% daga abinci.  Hukumar Kula da Abinci ta Turai tana ba da shawarar  na jimlar ruwa kowace rana ga mata da  kowace rana ga maza. 

Adadin ruwan sha na yau da kullun ga mutane ya bambanta.  Ya dogara da aiki, shekaru, lafiya, da muhalli. A cikin Amurka, isassun isassun ruwa na jimillar ruwa, dangane da abin da ake ci na tsaka-tsaki, shine  kowace rana ga maza da suka girmi 18, da  kowace rana ga mata sama da 18; yana ɗaukar kusan 80% daga abin sha da 20% daga abinci.  Hukumar Kula da Abinci ta Turai tana ba da shawarar  na jimlar ruwa kowace rana ga mata da  kowace rana ga maza.  gama gari don sha gilashin 8 (  ) na ruwa mai tsabta a kowace rana ba kimiyya ba; ƙishirwa ita ce mafi kyawun jagora ga yawan ruwan da za a sha fiye da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun adadi.  Amirkawa masu shekaru 21 da haihuwa, a matsakaita, suna sha  na ruwan sha a rana, kuma 95% suna sha kasa da  kowace rana.  Motsa jiki da bayyanar zafi yana haifar da asarar ruwa don haka yana iya haifar da ƙishirwa da yawan shan ruwa.  Mutane masu aiki a cikin yanayin zafi na iya buƙatar  na ruwa, ko fiye, kowace rana. 

Ba a fayyace ko nawa ruwan sha ke taimakawa wajen shan sinadarai masu gina jiki ba. Ma'adinan inorganic gabaɗaya suna shiga cikin ruwan saman da ruwan ƙasa ta hanyar ruwan guguwa da ta cikin ƙasa. Maganin ruwa kuma yana ƙara wasu ma'adanai, irin su calcium, zinc, manganese, phosphate, fluoride, da mahadi na sodium .  Ruwan da aka samar ta hanyar sinadarai masu gina jiki suna samar da wani muhimmin sashi na bukatun ruwa na yau da kullun don wasu arthropods da dabbobin hamada, amma yana ba da ɗan ƙaramin juzu'i ne kawai na abincin ɗan adam. Akwai abubuwan ganowa a kusan dukkanin ruwan sha; wasu daga cikin waɗannan suna shafar metabolism, irin su sodium, potassium, da chloride, waɗanda suke da yawa a cikin ƙananan yawa a yawancin ruwa. Sauran abubuwa, irin su fluoride, yayin da suke da amfani a cikin ƙananan ƙididdiga, na iya haifar da hakori da sauran matsaloli a manyan matakan.

## Manazarta
Tsayayyar abinci

**Conservatism na abinci**  dabara ce ta abinci wacce mutane ke nuna rashin son cin abinci na zamani, koda bayan an shawo kan neophobia . A cikin kowane yawan jama'a na masu cin abinci, wasu za su kasance masu ra'ayin mazan jiya wasu kuma za su kasance masu ban sha'awa, wata hanya ta dabam wacce mutane ke karɓar abinci na yau da kullun nan da nan bayan neophobia ya ɓace. Conservatism na abinci mai gina jiki da neophobia duk da haka matakai ne daban-daban,  an bambanta su ta hanyar dagewar rashin son cin abinci na mutum akan ci gaba da ci karo da abinci na zamani da kuma tsawon lokaci mai tsawo.

## Fage
Dabbobi galibi suna fuskantar zaɓi tsakanin cin abincin da aka sani ko faɗaɗa abincinsu ta hanyar cinye wani sabon abu. An dade an gane cewa dabbobi suna shakkar kusancin abincin da suka ci karo da su   kuma wannan tsoron farko na sabon abu (ma'anar ma'anar "neophobia") yana ɗaukar mintuna kaɗan kawai a yawancin dabbobi. Akasin haka, an gano martani na biyu ga abinci na zamani, wanda, bayan masu neman abinci sun shawo kan rashin son zuciyarsu don tuntuɓar su kuma suka yi hulɗa da abinci na zamani, suna ci gaba da guje wa cin shi na ɗan lokaci.  Wannan nisantar abinci na yau da kullun ana kiransa kiyaye abinci,  kuma yana da tushen kwayoyin halitta.  Ba kamar neophobia ba, DC ba ya raguwa da sauri a kan ci karo da maimaitawa. Misali, Kelly (2001)   ya gano cewa a tsakanin tsuntsayen daji, wasu mutane sun guje wa abinci na yau da kullun fiye da shekaru 2 da bayyanar 200, kodayake abincin novel ya kasance bayyane kuma cikakke.

## Yaduwa
An kwatanta ra'ayin abinci mai gina jiki a cikin nau'in nau'in kashin baya ciki har da tsuntsaye: Zebra Finch,  Jafananci quail,  blackbird na kowa,  robin Turai, duka a cikin daji  da kuma cikin fursuna,  kaza na gida,  mai girma tit  da Eurasian blue tit  kuma [ stick blue  . nau'i huɗu na halittar Ginus na *GUPLIA* .  Ba a taɓa nuna rashin lafiyar abinci a cikin mutane ba, ko da yake yanayin da aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar jinsin " cin abinci mai ban sha'awa " a cikin yara   yayi kama da halin dabbobin da ba na mutum ba.

## Manazarta
Abinci mai narkewa Abinda ake bukata Amino Acid Score

**Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score** ( **DIAAS** ) hanya ce mai ingancin furotin da aka gabatar a cikin Maris 2013 ta Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma don maye gurbin ma'aunin furotin na yanzu, Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS).

DIAAS na lissafin amino acid narkewa a ƙarshen ƙananan hanji (= ƙarshen ileum, sashe na ƙarshe na ƙananan hanji), yana ba da ma'auni mafi dacewa na adadin amino acid da jiki ke sha da kuma gudummawar furotin ga amino acid na ɗan adam da bukatun nitrogen . Wannan ya bambanta da PDCAAS, wanda ya dogara ne akan ƙididdiga na jimlar furotin mai narkewa akan jimillar ƙwayar cuta . Ƙididdiga da aka bayyana ta amfani da PDCAAS gabaɗaya suna ƙididdige adadin amino acid da aka sha. 

## Manazarta