Muhalli a cikin kiɗa

Muhalli ya kasance jigon da al'adun al'adu a cikin shahararrun kiɗa. Masana ilimin kiɗa (masana ilimin kifi da masanan ilimin kabilanci da ke mai da hankali kan batutuwan kiɗa da muhalli) da kuma malamai na kiɗa suna ƙara jaddada haɗuwa da kiɗa da yanayi, da kuma rawar da kiɗa ke takawa a cikin gwagwarmayar muhalli.

jigogi na muhalli a cikin kiɗa sun fito ne daga godiya ga yanayi da jeji da kuma ba da shawara don kariya, zuwa lalacewar muhalli, gurɓataccen yanayi da Canjin yanayi. Za'a iya gano waƙoƙin da suka fi shahara da ke bincika batutuwan muhalli zuwa karni na 19 da kuma mutane farko, bishara da kiɗa na blues. Al'adun gargajiya na shekarun 1960 sun sauƙaƙa karuwar kiɗa na muhalli wanda ya cigaba a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya. Nau'ikan da suka magance batun sun haɗa da hip hop, punk rock, heavy metal da na zamani.

Wasu masu fasahar kiɗa sun yi amfani da dandalin su don ingantawa da tara kuɗi don dalilai na muhalli. An kuma yi ƙoƙari don inganta dorewa Masana'antar kiɗa da kiɗa na rayuwa.

## Tarihi a cikin shahararrun kiɗa

### Misalan farko
Wasu daga cikin waƙoƙin farko don rufe batutuwan muhalli sun samo asali ne daga karni na 19, tare da misali ɗaya shine "Woodman! Ka ajiye wannan Itacen!" na George Pope Morris da Henry Russell. Waƙoƙin gargajiya sun bincika batutuwan muhalli a cikin shekarun 1930 da 1940.

Waƙoƙin Icelandic suna da dogon al'ada na nuna yanayi tun lokacin da ƙasar ta sami 'yancin kai a 1944.  

### Shekaru na 1960 zuwa 1970
Bayan an gano isotope mai amfani da rediyo (Strontium-90) a cikin madarar shanu a shekarar 1959, damuwa game da tasirin muhalli na tseren makaman nukiliya ya karu. Wannan ya haifar da waƙoƙi game da rashin ganuwa na tasirin muhalli kamar isotopes na rediyo. A cikin waƙarsa "Mack the Bomb", Pete Seeger ya rubuta kwatanci tsakanin shark da Strontium-90, yana bayanin cewa barazanar shark aƙalla bayyane take, ba kamar isotopes na rediyo ba. A cikin 1962, Malvina Reynolds ta kuma rubuta waƙar da ake kira "Me suka yi wa ruwan sama?", wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar gwajin nukiliya na sama, da kuma yadda yake sanya Strontium-90 cikin iska, sannan a cikin ƙasa ta hanyar ruwan sama, wanda shine yadda ya shiga cikin shanu da madararsu. Mawallafin waƙa Peter La Farge ya fitar da As Long as the Grass Shall Grow a cikin 1963, tarin waƙoƙin 'yan asalin Amurka da ke tattauna lalacewar muhalli.

Pete Seeger ya fitar da abin da ake la'akari da kundi na farko na muhalli, mai taken "Allah ya albarkaci ciyawa" a shekarar 1966. Shekaru na 1960 sun samar da yawancin waƙoƙin da suka shafi muhalli, da farko saboda yaduwar kiɗa na gargajiya da mawaƙa waɗanda suka rubuta waƙoƙun zanga-zangar muhalli da yawa, a cikin wannan nau'in.

A cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970, shahararren kiɗa ya rinjayi motsi na adawa da al'adu, motsi na yaki da Vietnam da motsi na kare hakkin bil'adama. Ranar Duniya ta farko da kafa Greenpeace,  zubar da man fetur na Santa Barbara na 1969 da wucewar Dokar Manufofin Muhalli ta Kasa sun kasance da tasiri a kan kiɗa a farkon shekarun 1970s.  "Big Yellow Taxi" na Joni Mitchell ya yi nuni da DDT bayan littafin Rachel Carson na 1962 Silent Spring, wanda ya kawo haɗarin DDT ga jama'a. John Denver, mawaƙi na ƙasa da na gargajiya sau da yawa ya raira waƙa game da jejin Colorado tare da shahararrun waƙoƙi kamar "Rocky Mountain High" da "Take Me Home, Country Roads". The Beach Boys kuma sun binciki damuwar muhalli, musamman gurɓataccen yanayi, a cikin waƙoƙin Surf's Up (1971) "Kada ku je kusa da Ruwa"  da "Rana A Rayuwar Itace".

A cikin 1970, adawa da muhalli ga gwajin nukiliya a Amchitka ya haifar da kide-kide mai fa'ida a Vancounver wanda sanannun mawaƙa James Taylor, Joni Mitchell da Phil Ochs suka shirya don tara kuɗi don tafiya na ƙungiyar masu fafutuka Don't Make a Wave Committee on the Phyllis Cormack don adawa da gwajin. Wannan kide-kide da tafiyar da ta biyo baya sun haifar da tushe na ƙungiyar muhalli mai tasiri ta Greenpeace . 

Ra'ayi na farko da aka ci gaba da shi ta hanyar manyan nau'ikan kiɗa na muhalli daga shekarun 1960 zuwa gaba sun gabatar da haɗin kai na wurare masu kyau da bil'adama.   [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] Taƙaitaccen shine yanayin makiyaya. Koyaya an yi amfani da yanayin makiyaya don ci gaba da imani game da jeji daban-daban da ba a taɓa su ba, da kuma adawa da birni. Wadannan imani ba su nuna mahimman ayyukan Adalci na muhalli ba, wanda ke jaddada nau'o'i da haɗuwa a cikin batutuwan da suka shafi lafiyar ɗan adam da lalacewar muhalli. Yanayin makiyaya kuma ya cire abubuwan da kungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru suka samu wadanda suka kasance wani bangare ne na wuraren kiwo, da kuma fuskantar tasirin abinci da hamada mai zafi, karuwar gurɓataccen ruwa, ruwa mai tsabta, da ƙari a cikin birane.

### 1980s-1990s
Shahararrun mawaƙa a cikin shekarun 1980, ciki har da R.E.M.="./U2" id="mwnw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="U2">U2, REM, Grateful Dead da George Harrison za su ci gaba da tallafawa Greenpeace ta hanyar ba da gudummawa ga waƙoƙi ga kundin tarawa da bayyana a kide-kide masu fa'ida,  gami da Greenpeace - The Album.  R.E.M.="./Prince_(musician)" id="mwqw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Prince (musician)">Yarima, REM da Sting suma sun sami nasarar matsawa lakabin rikodin don fitar da ƙarin kunshin CD don rage gudummawarsu ga sharar gida da gurɓata.

A cikin 1995 mawaƙi Michael Jackson ya fito da waƙar "Earth Song" wanda ya shafi muhalli da jin daɗin dabbobi. Samar da bidiyon kiɗa yana da taken muhalli, yana nuna hotuna na zalunci na dabba, sare daji, gurɓata, talauci, da yaƙi. Jackson da mutanen duniya sun haɗu a cikin waƙar ruhaniya - "Waƙar Duniya" - wanda ke kiran ƙarfin da ke warkar da duniya. Yin amfani da sakamako na musamman, lokaci yana juyawa don rayuwa ta dawo, yaƙi ya ƙare, kuma gandun daji ya sake girma. Bidiyon ya rufe tare da buƙatar gudummawa ga Jackson's Heal the World Foundation .  An nuna shirin ne sau da yawa a Amurka.

### Shekaru na 2000
A shekara ta 2007, an gudanar da babban kide-kide mai suna Live Earth a wurare da yawa a duniya a lokaci guda don wayar da kan jama'a da kuma tayar da mataki game da canjin yanayi.

A cikin 2009 Disney ya kirkiro wani kamfen da ake kira Disney's Friends for Change wanda ya taimaka wajen inganta saƙon muhalli. An samar da waƙar da ake kira Send it On da mawaƙa na Disney Miley Cyrus, Demi Lovato, Jonas Brothers da Selena Gomez suka rubuta, kuma an ba da ribar ga kungiyoyin agaji na muhalli.  

### Shekaru na 2010-2020

Kundin Gorillaz Plastic Beach (2010) ya mayar da hankali kan gurɓata filastik  kuma Björk's  ya yi wahayi zuwa gare ta da sha'awar yanayi da damuwa da muhalli. 

Canjin yanayi ya zama batun da ya fi dacewa a cikin kiɗa a cikin shekarun 2010,   saboda canje-canje a cikin ra'ayin jama'a da tasirin motsi na yanayi, yajin aikin matasa da Greta Thunberg.  Yawancin mutane da kungiyoyi daga Masana'antar kiɗa a Ƙasar Ingila sun kafa Music Declares Emergency a cikin 2019 kuma sun ayyana gaggawa na yanayi. Grimes ta fitar da kundin jigon yanayi na *Miss Anthropocene* a cikin 2020, kuma 2019 Lil Dicky sadaka guda "Duniya" ta ƙunshi shahararrun mutane da yawa kuma ta ja hankalin kafofin watsa labarun.

An bayyana Sheng-Xiang Band (生祥樂隊 ) na Taiwan a matsayin majagaba da ke bincika batutuwan muhalli a cikin kiɗa na ƙasarsu. An bayyana kundin su na 2016 Village Besieged a matsayin yabo ga wadanda ke fama da gurɓataccen man fetur na Taiwan.

### Shekaru na 2020 zuwa yanzu
Kundin Billie Eilish na baya-bayan nan ya ƙunshi waƙar "All Good Girls Go to Hell,"  wanda aka yi niyyar jawo hankali ga rashin iyawar mutane don dakatar da canjin yanayi. Ya fito ne bayan jerin gobarar daji wanda shine abin da aka fi niyya da waƙar. 

Waƙar 1975 "The 1975" an sadaukar da ita gaba ɗaya ga mai fafutukar canjin yanayi Greta Thunberg. Wannan waƙar ta ƙunshi kalmomin kamar "Muna yanzu a farkon yanayin yanayi da rikice-rikicen muhalli" kuma "yanzu ba lokacin yin magana da ladabi ba ne ko kuma mayar da hankali ga abin da za mu iya ko ba za mu iya faɗi ba. "  Wasu daga cikin waɗannan kalmomin an ɗauke su kai tsaye daga jawabin Thunberg ko fitar da manema labarai.

## Ta hanyar jinsi

### Blues da bishara
A zamanin Cinikin bayi na Afirka zuwa Amurka, rawar da muhalli ke takawa tana da alaƙa da ruhaniya da aikin gona. Al'ummomin bayi da aka haifa a Afirka sun ba da imani da allahntaka, camfi, da haɗin ɗan adam ga duniyar halitta. "Mutanen Afirka sun yi imani da haɗin kai na mutum, ruhaniya, da mahalli kuma sun ji cewa lahani ga ko kula da wani ya shafi wasu. "  Wadannan tasirin an bayyana su ne ta hanyar ruhaniya ko kiɗa na Bishara kuma galibi ana yin su a ko dai "gidajen yabo" ko kuma a cikin tarayya ta waje da ake kira "taron bishiyoyi" ko "taron daji"  Wannan salon kiɗa hanya ce ta bayyana ainihin kwarewar baƙar fata a Amurka, wanda a hanyoyi da yawa yana nufin yin tunani game da wahala. A mayar da martani ga wannan, nassoshi ga sama a cikin bishara suna nufin shi a matsayin yanayin halitta ko makiyaya.

Blues wanda ya fito daga kudu a farkon shekarun 1900 ya yi magana game da salon rayuwa na noma da talauci na al'ummar Afirka ta Amirka. Da yake da tushe a cikin gaskiyar bautar da nuna bambanci na tsarin da ya biyo baya, Blues wanda masu zane-zane kamar Roosevelt Charles suka nuna alama ce ta aikin karkara da alaƙa da ƙasar. Daga baya sassan Blues sun sauya zuwa saurin sauri da jigogi na rayuwar birane yayin da al'ummomin launi suka yi ƙaura zuwa birane kamar Chicago, Detroit, da New York. Wasu masana tarihi suna nuna dukes a matsayin nuna dogaro a fuskar ci gaba da gwagwarmaya da zalunci na fararen fata. Ta haka ne Blues suka samo al'umma daga cikin 'yan tsiraru a cikin kwarewar da aka raba. Masanin ilimin ƙasa Clyde Woods ya yi iƙirarin cewa ambaton masu zane-zane kamar Robert Johnson cewa Blues da Hip-Hop suna wakiltar ɗabi'ar ɗorewa ta hanyar inganta 'nau'ikan yankunan karkara da birane masu haɗin gwiwa' ta hanyar al'ummomi kamar masu tsarki a waje da darajar su.

### Waƙoƙin gargajiya na zamani
Duk da yake mawaƙa galibi suna amfani da yanayi a matsayin wahayi, zamani na zamani daga lokacin tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ya ga yawan kiɗa da ke ƙaruwa a wannan batun. Mawallafa irin su John Cage da Olivier Messiaen sun fara amfani da alamu a cikin yanayi a matsayin kayan su a cikin Waƙoƙin kiɗa. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai na amfani da sauti na muhalli shine "Yara na Itace". Wannan aikin ya haɗa da fadada cactus da masu girgiza wake ban da sauran kayan aikin da mai wasan ya zaɓa. John Luther Adams ya rubuta kiɗa kai tsaye daga kewayenta a Alaska. Shi masanin muhalli ne wanda ya rubuta kuma ya tattauna rawar da masu zane-zane zasu iya takawa wajen yaki da dumamar duniya. Misali na kiɗansa shine yanki The Place Where You Go to Listen . Wannan aikin ya haɗa da shigarwar sauti da haske wanda "ana sarrafa shi ta abubuwan da suka faru a ainihin lokacin".

### Waƙoƙin gargajiya

Waƙoƙin gargajiya sun yi tasiri sosai a kan yunkurin muhalli. Richard Kahn ya rubuta cewa "ruhun jama'a, al'adar zanga-zangar zanga-zanga, da kuma dogaro da kayan kida - har ma da gidaje - mutane da yawa suna ganin kiɗa na gargajiya a matsayin salon da ya fi dacewa kuma yana wakiltar motsi na muhalli".

Waƙar gargajiya ta muhalli ta farko ta Amurka ana zaton ita ce "Boll Weevil", wanda ya tattauna tasirin Boll weevils a masana'antar auduga ta Amurka. A lokacin farkon Farfadowar kiɗa na gargajiya na Amurka, tasirin aikin gona mai zurfi akan ƙirƙirar Dust Bowl a lokacin Babban Mawuyacin hali ya kasance batun waƙoƙin gargajiya da yawa, kamar Woody Guthrie's *Dust Bowl Ballads* da sanannen waƙarsa "So Long It's Been Good to Know Yuh". Guthrie da abokin aikinsa Pete Seeger za su ci gaba da sakin waƙoƙi masu yawa game da muhalli kuma suna da hannu a cikin shawarwari don rage gurɓata a cikin koguna. Malvina Reynolds ta saki kiɗa a kan batutuwa kamar kiyaye ruwa, tasirin Tsarin titin California da gurɓataccen yanayi. Joni Mitchell, Bob Dylan, John Denver da John Prine duk sun kasance fitattun masu ba da shawara game da abubuwan muhalli a cikin kiɗan su da gwagwarmaya a cikin shekarun 1970s.

### Hip-Hop da R&B
A cikin shekarun 1970s, tare da korafe-korafe game da Yaƙin Vietnam da gwagwarmayar 'Yancin Bil'adama, kare muhalli ya kasance a idon jama'a a matsayin batun siyasa na tashin hankali. A cikin al'ummar Afirka ta Amirka sauyawa zuwa R & B ya jaddada muhimmancin waɗannan batutuwan. Mai zane Marvin Gaye ya fitar da wani kundi a cikin 1971 mai taken What's Going On inda ya soki rawar da Amurka ta taka a cikin Yaƙin Vietnam, da kuma lalacewar zamantakewa da muhalli na mazaunan cikin gari, musamman a cikin "Mercy Mercy Me (The Ecology) ".

Haihuwar hip-hop a cikin shekarun 1970s daga cikin baƙar fata, ƙananan al'ummomin a Kudancin Bronx kuma ya kasance tunani game da batutuwan da suka shafi launin fata, talauci, tashin hankali, da rashin adalci. Hip-hop na muhalli shine fadada batutuwan da al'ummomin launi ke fuskanta. Masu zane-zane kamar Mos Def a cikin waƙarsa "New World Water", wanda aka saki a 1999, suna amfani da matsakaici don rushe gwagwarmaya a cikin birane don wasu unguwanni su sami damar samun ruwa mai tsabta.

Kungiyoyi kamar Hip-Hop Caucus da Grind for the Green suna ci gaba da inganta karuwar shawarwari don batutuwan muhalli a cikin al'ummomin launi ta hanyar matsakaiciyar Hip-Hup. Wadannan kungiyoyi sun gano cewa ta amfani da dandamali kamar Hip Hop don shiga matasa. Cire Rashin adalci na muhalli daga ilimi da kuma cikin aikin baki a tarihi ya inganta abubuwan da aka raba da kuma sha'awar da aka raba.  Malik Yusef da Lennox Yearwood sun shiga cikin Yunkurin Yanayi na Jama'a, kuma sun yi ƙoƙari su wayar da kan jama'a game da Guguwar Katrina da gurɓata iska su ne batutuwan muhalli da ke shafar baƙi.

### Karfe mai nauyi

Waƙoƙin ƙarfe mai nauyi sun ƙunshi jigogi na muhalli, waɗanda ake zaton suna da alaƙa da matsayin jinsi a matsayin salon al'adu.

Thrash metal ya magance batutuwan muhalli tun lokacin da ya samo asali a cikin shekarun 1980, yawanci yana magance su ta hanyar jigogi na dystopian. Nuclear Assault da Alkawari sun kasance masu karɓar farko, kuma Metallica ta bincika taken a karo na farko a kan waƙar 1988 "Blackened".   Kungiyar mawaƙa ta Australiya King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard ta fitar da kundin canjin yanayi mai taken thrash metal Infest the Rats' Nest a cikin 2019. 

Black metal, gami da subgenre "eco-metal", yana da dogon al'ada na mayar da hankali kan yanayi da kuma muhalli mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, gami na kungiyoyin Wolves a cikin Gidan Sarauta  Botanist,   Agalloch, Panopticon da Immortal 

Ƙungiyar ƙarfe ta Faransa Gojira da ƙungiyar deathgrind ta Amurka Cattle Decapitation sun kuma sanya batutuwan muhalli cikin kiɗa da hoton su, bi da bi suna bincika Canjin yanayi da halaka na zamani a kan kundin su *Daga Mars zuwa Sirius* (2005) da The Anthropocene Extinction (2015).

Ƙungiyoyin ƙarfe masu nauyi a Indonesia sun magance batutuwan muhalli na gida. Ƙungiyar Karfe na Brazil Sepultura ta fitar da waƙoƙi da ke tattauna Batutuwan muhalli a Brazil Kabari su sare daji da Canjin yanayi, kuma waƙar su "Ambush" kyauta ce ga mai fafutukar kare muhalli Chico Mendes.

### Punk rock

Punk rock wani nau'i ne tare da akidar siyasa da yawa, gami da muhalli. Poly Styrene da X-Ray Spex sun binciki gurɓata a kan "Ranar da Duniya ta Juya Rana-Glo", kamar yadda The Clash ya yi a kan "London Calling" da Dead Kennedys a kan "Cesspools in Eden". A cikin shekarun 1990s, motsi na madaidaiciyar gefen hardcore punk yana da alaƙa da tsattsauran ra'ayi da veganism, musamman kungiyoyi kamar Earth Crisis da Vegan Reich. Al'adun da ke da karfi wanda ke inganta Biocentrism ya samo asali ne daga madaidaiciyar gefen hardcore punk, wanda ke da tasiri ta hanyar zurfin muhalli.

## Manazarta