Hakkin Dan Adam a Kasar Djibouti

Batun **<nowiki/>'yancin ɗan adam a Djibouti**, ƙaramar ƙasa dake cikin yankin kahon Afirka,  wani lamari ne dake damun ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da dama.

Rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka game da Ayyukan Haƙƙin Dan Adam na 2019 ya nuna cewa muhimman batutuwan da suka shafi 'yancin ɗan adam na Djibouti sun haɗa da: kisan gilla da jami'an gwamnati suka yi ba bisa ka'ida ba; tsarewar jami'an gwamnati ba bisa ka'ida ba; yanayin gidan yari mai tsanani da barazanar rai; tsangwama na sabani ko ba bisa ka'ida ba tare da keɓantawa; kame ko gurfanar da 'yan jarida ba tare da hakki ba; Laifin laifi; babban tsangwama ga haƙƙin taron lumana da ƴancin ƙungiyoyi; manyan ayyuka na cin hanci da rashawa; da cin zarafin mata da 'yan mata tare da rashin isassun matakan gwamnati dan gurfanar dasu a gaban kuliya da hukunta su, gami da yi wa mata kaciya. Ta kuma bayyana cewa rashin hukunta shi matsala ce, inda ba kasafai gwamnati ke daukar matakan ganowa tare da hukunta jami’an da suka aikata munanan laifuka, walau a jami’an tsaro ko kuma a wasu wurare a cikin gwamnati. 

## Tarihi (1977-2006) da yanayin siyasa
A shekarar 1977 ne Djibouti ta samu 'yancin kai daga Faransa, bayan da kashi 98.8% na al'ummar kasar suka kada kuri'ar raba gardama a zaben raba gardama .  Hassan Gouled Aptidon ya zama shugaban kasa kuma an ayyana jam'iyyarsa ta siyasa, the People's Rally for Progress, a matsayin jam'iyyar doka tilo a  shekarar 1981.  Ta kasance tana da iko tun daga lokacin, karkashin Aptidon har zuwa shekarar 1999, da Isma'il Omar Guelleh daga baya.

Mai zuwa shine ginshiƙi na ƙimar Djibouti tun shekarar 1977 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba".  1

### Gwamnatin Aptidon (1977-1999)

Da'awar tsare siyasa da azabtarwa sun fara kusan nan da nan bayan 'yancin kai. A ranar 15 ga watan Disamba shekarar 1977, an kama wasu magoya bayan jam'iyyar adawa Mouvement populaire de liberation goma sha bakwai tare da azabtar da su.  A cikin 1978, ɗalibai goma sha biyar, waɗanda suka ziyarci karatunsu a ƙasashen waje a Paris, an yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin watanni a kurkuku kuma an ba da rahoton azabtarwa saboda labaran da ƙungiyar ɗalibansu ta rubuta a Faransa.  Bayan wani hari da makami a shekarar 1979 a Randa, an tsare 'yan Afara sittin kuma akalla daya ya mutu sakamakon azabtarwa.  An yi iƙirarin cewa an kama da yawa saboda kasancewarsu na ƙungiyar Mouvement populaire de liberation.  Bayan wani yunkurin kisan gilla da aka yi wa Daraktan Tsaro a watan Yunin 1979 (wanda Amnesty International ta ce ana shakkar gaskiyarsa), an tsare da azabtar da masu adawa da siyasa tara, ciki har da mataimakan majalisa biyu. Daya daga cikin wadannan - Mohamed Houmed Mohamed - ya taba gabatar da jawabin majalisar dokokin kasar inda ya yi tir da yadda gwamnati ke azabtar da mutane. 

A cikin watan Agustan shekarar 1981 jam'iyyar Parti populair Djiboutien ta nemi amincewa da doka a matsayin jam'iyyar siyasa. A farkon watan Satumba sun fitar da sanarwarsu ta farko, kuma a ranar 7 ga watan Satumba an kama dukkan mambobin kwamitin zartarwa goma sha uku, ciki har da 'yan majalisa shida. Cikin wadanda ake tsare da su akwai Mohamed Houmed Mohamed.  Wasu daga cikin wadannan mambobin sun tsere daga kasar bayan an sako su, amma an sake tsare su da azabtar da su bayan sun dawo daga gudun hijira. 

Hanyoyin azabtarwa da aka ruwaito a karkashin Aptidon sun haɗa da (amma ba'a iyakance ga): duka mai tsanani; hawan ruwa ; konewa; yage daga farce; wutar lantarki; tsayin daka ga hayaki wanda ke haifar da kusan asphyxiation; "The Swing", wanda aka dakatar da wanda aka azabtar da shi daga mashaya ta idon sawunsa; da sanya kwalabe a cikin dubura.  

### Gwamnatin Guellah (1999-)

Aptidon ya sanar da yin murabus a watan Fabrairun shekarar 1999 kuma jam'iyyar People's Rally for Progress ta zabi Ismaïl Omar Guelleh a matsayin dan takararsu na shugaban kasa. Ya lashe zaben da aka yi a watan Afrilu da hannu, da kusan kashi uku cikin hudu na kuri'un da aka kada, inda ya kayar da abokin hamayyarsa na shugaban kasa, Moussa Ahmed Idriss mai zaman kansa.   An kama Idriss ne a watan Satumba mai zuwa saboda "barazana da kwarin gwiwar sojojin kasar" kuma an tsare shi a wani wuri da ba a bayyana ba. 

Jam'iyyar People's Rally for Progress ta ci gaba da mamaye harkokin siyasa a karkashin gwamnatin Guellah, inda ta yi amfani da wani tsari na musamman na farko-farko, wanda mafi rinjaye a kowane gundumomi biyar na zaben kasar ke rike da dukkan kujeru. Don haka, a zaben Majalisar Dokokin kasar na 2003, kawancen ya karbi dukkan kujeru 65 da kashi 62% na kuri'un da aka kada. Jam’iyyun adawa sun kaurace wa zaben na 2005 da shekarar 2008. 

A shekara ta 2008, shugaba Guellah ya ba da sanarwar rusa jam'iyyar adawa ta Movement for Democratic Renewal and Development jam'iyyar. 

A watan Afrilun shekarar 2010, an yi wa kundin tsarin mulkin kwaskwarima, inda aka cire wa'adin wa'adi biyu, tare da baiwa Guelleh damar ci gaba da wa'adinsa na shugaban kasa.  A cikin watan Yunin shekarar  2010, an yanke wa babban attajirin nan na Djibouti, kuma tsohon abokin shugaban kasar, Abdourahman Boreh, hukuncin  rai-da-rai saboda ta'addanci. Ba shi da lauya mai kare shi kuma ya kasance yana niyyar tsayawa takarar shugaban kasa a shekarar 2011. 

## Abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu (2007-)

### 'Yancin magana
Duka manyan jaridun ( *La Nation de Djibouti* ) da mai watsa shirye-shirye ( *Radiodiffusion Télévision de Djibouti* ) gwamnati ce ke sarrafa su. Jaridar 'yan adawa ta *Le Renouveau* ta daina aiki a shekara ta 2007 bayan buga labarin da ke cewa wani dan kasuwa ya ba wa surukin Ismail Omar Guelleh cin hanci, gwamnan babban bankin Djibouti.  A ranar 2 ga watan Yuli, shekarar 2009, an kama Ahmed Darar Robleh, kuma daga baya aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin watanni shida a gidan yari saboda rubuta wakokin sukar shugaban kasa. 

A cikin watan Fabrairun shekarar 2011 gwamnati ta kame da yawa daga cikin 'yan adawar siyasa, ciki har da mutane shida da ke ba da rahoto ga gidan rediyon Turai, *La Voix de Djibouti*. Wadannan sun hada da Farah Abadid Heldid da Houssein Robleh Dabar, wadanda aka sake su bayan watanni hudu amma aka sake kama su a watan Nuwamba. 

### 'Yancin addini
Freedom House ta yi ikirarin cewa ana mutunta 'yancin yin ibada a kassar. 

### Tsarin doka
Djibouti ta soke hukuncin kisa a watan Afrilun shekarar 2010. Tsarin shari'a na ƙasar ya dogara ne akan tsarin farar hula na Faransa, tare da shari'ar Shari'a da ke tafiyar da al'amuran iyali. 

#### Kame ba bisa ka'ida ba
Ko da yake doka ta haramta kama kama, ƙungiyoyi na uku suna da'awar cewa ba a mutunta wannan haƙƙin ba. 

Jami’an tsaro na yawan kama mutane ba bisa ka’ida ba.  Jean-Paul Noel Abdi, shugaban kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Djibouti, an kama shi ne a ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2011 bayan ya ba da rahoto kan zanga-zangar 'yan adawa dangane da rikicin Larabawa a farkon wannan watan. A cewar kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Human Rights Watch, bai goyi bayan zanga-zangar da kansu ba amma ya nuna adawa da abin da ya bayyana a matsayin kame ba bisa ka'ida ba.  Daga baya an sake shi bisa dalilan lafiya amma har yanzu ana tuhumar sa. 

### Azaba
Kundin tsarin mulki ya haramta azabtarwa. Sai dai rahotannin amfani da shi na ci gaba da kwarara zuwa kasashen waje.  An kama karuwai ta hanyar mataimakan squads, kuma fyade ya kasance wani sharadi na sakewa.  Ana samun rahotannin ‘yan sanda suna dukan fursunonin lokaci-lokaci.  Kungiyar Reporters Without Borders ta yi ikirarin cewa Dirir Ibrahim Bouraleh ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da Sajan Manjo Abdourahman Omar Said ya yi masa daga ranar 23 – 27 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2011. 

### Yanayin gidan yari
Djibouti na da gidan yari guda daya - Gabode a birnin Djibouti - da kuma wasu kananan gidajen yari. An ba da rahoton cewa yanayi a cikin tsarin ya kasance "mai tsanani".  Duk da yawan cunkoso, fursunonin na Gabode suna ciyar da abinci sau uku a rana kuma suna samun kulawar lafiya. An yi la'akari da yanayi a cikin gidajen yari mafi muni, ba tare da tsarin kulawa ba. Gwamnati ce ke ba masu gadi horo game da haƙƙin ɗan adam. 

### 'Yan tsiraru da 'yancin mata
 
A cewar Freedom House, tsirarun kungiyoyin kamar Yemeniyawa da Afarwa na fuskantar wariya. 

Kaciyar mata ya zama ruwan dare. Daidaito, duk da haka, yana samun ci gaba; sama da kashi 50% na alkalai yanzu mata ne. 

## Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya
Matsayin Djibouti game da yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa sune kamar haka.

## Duba kuma
 

* Fataucin mutane a Djibouti

## Bayanan kula

: 1. Lura cewa "Shekarar" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008 ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a shekarar 2009, da sauransu.
: 2. **^** Tun daga ranar 27 ga watan Yuni (Ranar 'Yancin Kai) a 1977; 1 Janairu bayan haka.
: 3. **^** Rahoton na 1982 ya shafi shekara ta 1981 da rabin farko na 1982, kuma rahoton na 1984 na gaba ya shafi rabin na biyu na shekarar 1982 da kuma gaba ɗaya 1983. Don samun sauƙi, waɗannan rahotannin "shekaru da rabi" guda biyu masu banƙyama an raba su zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

; Rahotanni

* Rahoton Ƙasa game da Ayyukan Haƙƙin Dan Adam na 2011 na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka
* Rahoton Haƙƙin ɗan Adam na 2010  na Amnesty International (kuma ana samunsa cikin Larabci , Faransanci, da Sipaniya  )
* 'Yanci a Duniya Rahoton 2011 , ta Freedom House

; Ƙungiyoyin duniya

* Djibouti  a Amnesty International (kuma ana samun su a cikin Larabci , Faransanci , da Sipaniya  )
* Djibouti a Human Rights Watch
* Djibouti  a FIDH (Ƙarin bayani akan rukunin Faransa  )
* Djibouti a ofishin hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (OHCHR)
* Djibouti  a UNICEF
* Djibouti a International Freedom of Expression Exchange (IFEX) (kuma ana samunsa cikin Faransanci )

; Kungiyoyin kasa

* Ligue Djiboutienne des Droits