Tina Bell

**Tina Marie Bell** (5 ga Fabrairu, 1957 –  10 ga Oktoba, 2012)  mawaƙiya ce kuma marubuciya 'yar Amurka, mace ta farko a ƙungiyar mawakan rock Bam Bam da ke Seattle .   Ana ɗaukar ƙungiyar mawakan tare da Bell a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara ƙirƙirar waƙar grunge .   Ana ɗaukar Bell a matsayin farkon majagaba na grunge kuma an yi masa lakabi da "Uwar Grunge" da "Sarauniyar Grunge".

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Tina Marie Bell a Seattle, Washington a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 1957 kuma ta girma a can.  Ita ce ta uku cikin 'yan'uwa 10 kuma 'yar fari.  Mahaifin Bell har yanzu ba a san ko wanene shi ba; mahaifiyarta ta ƙi bayyana asalinsa, sai kawai ta bayyana cewa direban motar tsere ne kuma ya haɗu da ɗan asalin Amurka.  Bell ta fara zama mawaƙiya ta hanyar rera waƙa a Cocin Baptist na Mount Zion da ke Seattle,  kuma ƙwarewarta ta farko a kan dandamali ita ce yin wasa tare da Langston Hughes Theater, shi ma a Seattle.  Bell ba ta da addini kuma hakan ya haifar da rashin jituwa tsakaninta da mahaifiyarta. 

Bell ta kasance mai fafutukar kwarjini a makarantar sakandare.  Ta yi karatun digiri a fannin wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Jihar Washington . 

## Aikin kiɗa
Bell da mijinta Tommy Martin a lokacin sun kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa mai suna Bam Bam a shekarar 1983.  Ƙungiyar ta kuma haɗa da ɗan wasan bass Scott Ledgerwood da ɗan wasan ganga Matt Cameron – wanda ya zo na biyu ya shiga Soundgarden sannan ya shiga Pearl Jam .  Daga baya an maye gurbin Cameron da Bam Bam da Tom Hendrickson.  Ƙaramin firam ɗin Bell mai tsawon inci 5 da inci 2 ya musanta muryarta mai hayaƙi mai laushi wadda ake kira "ba ta da haƙuri". 

A cewar *Seattle Times* : "Gadon Bell, mace baƙar fata, sau da yawa ana yin watsi da shi a cikin wani nau'in kiɗa da aka saba dangantawa da fararen fata masu dogon gashi."  Waɗannan sun haɗa da ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa na Seattle kamar Nirvana, Pearl Jam, Alice in Chains, Soundgarden, da sauran irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin.  A wasu lokutan ana yi mata kallon waɗanda aka kai mata hare-haren wariyar launin fata yayin da take kan dandamali,  amma Bam Bam wanda Bell ke jagoranta ya shahara da masu sauraro na gida.  Wanda ya kafa Future Nirvana/babban mawaƙi Kurt Cobain ya taɓa yin aiki a matsayin mai waƙar roaddie ga ƙungiyar kuma shi ma mai sha'awar ne.  Melvins kuma sun buɗe wa Bam Bam.  *The Stranger* na Seattle ya rubuta a 2012: "Bam Bam ya yi wahala, wani ɓangare saboda masu kallo ba sa tare da mawaƙin punk na Afirka-Amurka".  Tsohon mijin Bell kuma abokin aikinsa Tommy Martin ya ƙara da cewa; "Masu jarida sun kwatanta ta da Tina Turner, kamar dai hakan yana da ma'ana. 

Duk da cewa Bam Bam ta yi sha'awar kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo na punk rock C/Z Records, amma sun zaɓi su fitar da EP *Villains (Also Wear White)* da kansu a watan Satumbar 1984.  Wannan shine rikodin grunge na farko da aka yi a Reciprocal Recording studio, inda daga baya Nirvana ta yi demos don kundin waƙoƙin *Bleach* da *Incesticide* .  *Villains* sun riga sun yi rikodin grunge da aka fi sani da kusan shekara guda. "Ba a yi shi da fiye da $100 ba. Ƙungiyar farko da na yi rikodi da ta fitar da kowane irin vinyl ita ce wata ƙungiya mai suna Bam Bam," in ji mai Reciprocal Recording Chris Hanzsek (wanda ya shirya kundin waƙoƙin Soundgarden, Mudhoney, Melvins, da sauransu a fagen kiɗan Seattle)  ga mujallar *Billboard* .  Tare da waƙoƙin da Bell, Ledgerwood da Martin suka rubuta,  da kuma Hendrickson da ganguna, Bam Bam ya yi rikodin kundin waƙoƙi masu darajar gaske a Reciprocal Recordings, gami da kayan da ke cikin EP.  An sake ƙera wasu waƙoƙi takwas daga zaman Reciprocal kuma an sake su a watan Yunin 2019 a matsayin *Free Fall From Space*, wanda Martin da Hanzsek suka shirya. An sake fitar da wani sigar *Villains (Also Wear White)* da aka faɗaɗa a ƙarshen 2021 a kan Bric-a-Brac Records. 

Bam Bam ya fitar da kundin wakokin *Bam Bam House Demo '84* a watan Janairun 2019, wanda ya haɗa da rikodin wasu waƙoƙin da aka yi rikodin su a Reciprocal Recording.  Ƙungiyar ta kuma fitar da bidiyon waƙar "Ground Zero," wadda Bell, Martin, Ledgerwood da Cameron suka rubuta kuma aka ɗauko daga zaman Reciprocal. Waƙar ta ƙunshi waƙoƙin da Bell ya rubuta game da barazanar yaƙin nukiliya, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga zama kusa da Naval Submarine Base Bangor, tashar jiragen ruwa ta Trident don jiragen ruwa masu sarrafa kansu. 

Bayan tsakiyar shekarun 1980, Ledgerwood da Hendrickson sun bar ƙungiyar, amma Bell ya ci gaba da jagorantar ƙungiyar da sabon ɓangaren waƙa, tare da Martin a kan guitar.  A ƙarshen shekarun 1980 da farkon shekarun 1990, Bam Bam ya yi rangadin tare da shahararrun ƙungiyoyin mawaka kamar Pearl Jam,  Soundgarden,  da Alice in Chains . 

Bayan rashin samun amincewar sauran ƙungiyoyin "Seattle Sound" masu tasowa a yankin, Bell da ƙungiyar sun bar Seattle zuwa Landan a ƙarshen shekarun 1980, suna fatan samun nasara a Turai.  Wannan bai sami amincewar da aka yi niyya ba, kuma ya haifar da korar su zuwa Amurka a lokacin da ake gudanar da zanga-zangar tilasta shige da fice a Netherlands. 

Bell ta bar Bam Bam a shekarar 1990, kuma daga ƙarshe ta daina kiɗa gaba ɗaya.  Bam Bam ta zaɓi kada ta maye gurbinta, maimakon haka ta ci gaba a matsayin ƙungiyar mawaƙa mai sassa uku. 

An dakatar da shirin sake haɗuwa da tsoffin membobin Bam Bam a shekarar 2012 bayan mutuwar Bell. Mai buga bass na Bam Bam Scott Ledgerwood ya bayyana a cikin hirarraki cewa shi da Bell sun fara rubuta sabbin waƙoƙi tare kafin mutuwarta, kuma Bell yana shirin yin fim ɗin gaskiya da tarihin rayuwa mai taken *Tattaunawa da Sarauniyar Grunge*, wanda ɗanta, TJ Martin, zai jagoranta, amma waɗannan ayyukan sun ƙare da mutuwarta. 

## Tasiri
Bell mai son Frank Sinatra da Nina Simone ce a lokacin ƙuruciyarta. Martin ya mayar da Bell zuwa kiɗan rock kuma ta zama mai son Jim Morrison, The Doors, Peter Gabriel, X, The Pretenders, da Metallica . 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Lokacin da Bell ke neman malamin Faransa don ta rera waƙoƙin Faransanci a wani shiri na Langston Hughes Theater, ta haɗu da ɗan guitar Tommy Martin.   Daga ƙarshe Bell ya auri Martin, kuma a ranar 7 ga Satumba, 1979,  ma'auratan sun haifi ɗa, Thomas McKay Martin Jr, wanda daga baya ya zama mai shirya fina-finai da aka sani da TJ Martin . A shekarar 2012, TJ ta lashe kyautar Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature Film for *Undefeated* (2011), inda ta zama darakta na farko ɗan asalin Afirka-Amurka da ya lashe kyautar Academy Award for a film mai tsawon fasali.  TJ ya faɗi game da Bell: "Kowa yana tuna ta a matsayin wacce za ta nuna maka murmushi mai girma, ta rungume ka sosai kuma ta yi fatan alheri a gare ka, sannan ta ɓoye aljanunta. Kullum tana ƙoƙarin nuna mafi kyawun kanta lokacin da nake tare da ita kuma ta kare ni daga duk wani irin abin da take faɗa a ciki. Don haka mutum ne mai ƙauna da ɗumi, [amma] mahaifi ba ya nan gaba ɗaya. Babana, mahaifi ne na yanzu amma akasin haka. Yana bayyana. Yana shigar da kai cikin guguwar rudaninsa."  TJ ya bayyana cewa dangantakar iyayensa "ba ta da ƙarfi sosai"; "Wataƙila ba kamar Sid da Nancy ba, amma tabbas yana raba DNA da jima'i na gargajiya, yaudarar juna, ƙwayoyi, da ƙarfin iko a cikin ƙungiyar," in ji shi.  Daga ƙarshe Bell da Martin suka rabu kuma Bell ya shigar da ƙarar saki a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 1996,  kuma ɗansu ya zauna tare da Martin bayan rabuwarsu. 

Bell ta daɗe tana fama da shan giya da baƙin ciki.   Bayan Bell ta daina kiɗa, za ta rubuta waƙoƙi, ta yi nazarin taswirar taurari kuma ba kasafai take barin gidanta ba.  Bayan ɗanta ya kammala makarantar sakandare, Bell ta koma Saint Paul, Minnesota inda ta zauna na tsawon shekaru biyu kuma ta yi aikin sa kai a wata coci ta gida.  Daga nan ta zauna a gidan Las Vegas inda ta zauna har zuwa kwanakinta na ƙarshe.  A shekara ta 2006, ɗanta ya koma Los Angeles kuma ya riƙa ganin Bell akai-akai. Daga baya Bell ta ga ɗanta ya lashe kyautar Oscar a 2012. 

## Mutuwa
Bell ta mutu a gidanta da ke Las Vegas sakamakon cutar hanta mai tsanani tana da shekaru 55 a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2012.   Ɗanta, TJ Martin, ya ce likitan da ya binciki gawar ya kiyasta lokacin mutuwarta makonni biyu kafin a gano gawarta.  Lokacin da Martin ya isa gidan mahaifiyarsa da ke Las Vegas, an jefar da duk kayanta - banda na'urar kunna DVD, fosta, da kujera -. Duk rubuce-rubucenta kamar waƙoƙi, waƙoƙi, littattafan tarihi, tare da kiɗan Bam Bam, bidiyo, da sauran abubuwan tunawa sun tafi cikin shara ba tare da an sanar da iyalinta ba. 

## Gado
Ana ɗaukar Bell a matsayin wanda ya fara kirkirar grunge kuma ana yi masa lakabi da "Uwar Grunge" da kuma "sarauniyar Grunge".        

Sau da yawa ana kwatanta Bell da mawaƙiya Tina Turner .   Ɗan Bell, TJ Martin, ya jagoranci shirin fim ɗin *Tina* (2021) game da Turner. Martin ya tuna cewa gabatarwarsa ga Turner ya fara ne tun yana yaro kuma maza a kan titi suna bugun Bell ta hanyar kiranta "Tina Turner"; "ba wai don sun san ko wacece ba amma saboda tana da kyawun dutse. Za su ce, 'Kai Tina—Tina Turner!' Wannan ita ce kaɗai mace Baƙar fata a cikin dutsen da za su iya danganta ta da ita," in ji Martin. 

An fara sake duba tarihin Bell da Bam Bam a shekarar 2019 tare da fitowar shirin *Bam Bam House Demo '84* a watan Janairun 2019, sannan aka sake fitar da *Free Fall From Space* a watan Yunin 2019,  bayan da mawakin bass Scott Ledgerwood ya yi kasadar rayuwarsa don ceton rikodin Bam Bam daga gobarar gida a shekarar 2017.  Bell da sake farfado da kungiyar a karshen shekarun 2010 da farkon shekarun 2020 suma sun faru ne saboda Ledgerwood, babban mai kula da tarihin Bam Bam wanda galibi yake raba labarai da taskar bayanai daga kungiyar.  Sha'awar Bell da wakokinta ta karu bayan da CBS News ta watsa wani gajeren shirin gaskiya game da ita a watan Satumban 2021.  

Mawakin ganga Matt Cameron, abokin ƙungiyar mawakan Bell a Bam Bam, ya ce game da ita: "Tina ta kasance abin mamaki. Na yi aiki da wasu daga cikin manyan mawaka na tsararrakina tabbas, kuma tana nan a can, kamar yadda take da kwarjini, iko, da kalmominta suna da kyau sosai... Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mawaka." 

Mawakin Seattle Om Johari, wanda ya saba zuwa wasannin kwaikwayo na Bam Bam tun yana matashiya kuma ya ce ya sami kwarin gwiwa wajen ganin wata 'yar'uwa Bakar fata tana rera waka a wurin wasan kwaikwayo na Seattle mai suna Hard-rock, wanda ba koyaushe ya kunshi Bakar fata ko mata ba, ya ce Bell ba ta sami karramawar da ta cancanta a matsayinta na daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa grunge saboda wariyar launin fata da kuma wariyar launin fata. Wannan ra'ayi ne da tsohon abokin karawar Bell, Bam Bam mai suna bass Scott Ledgerwood, ya raba, wanda ya ce Bell ba ta sami kwangiloli da shaharar da wasu daga cikin takwarorinta fararen maza suka samu a fagen grunge ba saboda mutanen da ke kan mulki a masana'antar kiɗa ba su ba ta dama ba. "Sun makance sosai don ganin cewa Amurka ta shirya don tauraruwar Bakar fata, wata kyakkyawar mace, a gaba a cikin kungiyar mawaka masu suna Hard [rock]", in ji shi.

A shekarar 2021, ɗan Bell, TJ Martin, ya ce yana shirin yin wani shirin gaskiya game da ita. 

A shekarar 2023, an nuna Bell a cikin littafin *Hit Girls: Women of Punk in the USA, 1975–1983*, na Jen B. Larson. 

### Girmamawa
A ranar 9 ga Yuli, 2021, mawakan Seattle sun kafa ƙungiyar waƙoƙin yabo kuma suka yi wani wasan kwaikwayo a Central Saloon don girmama gadon Bell. Om Johari, mawaƙiyar ƙungiyar waƙoƙin yabo ta Bad Brains Re-Ignition, ta sami ra'ayin wannan wasan kwaikwayo bayan da Gayle King, mai suna CBS News, ya tuntube ta don yin wani labari game da Bell. Ƙungiyar waƙoƙin yabo ta Bam Bam ta haɗa da mawaƙa kamar Matt Cameron, mai buga guitar Kendall Jones na Fishbone, mai buga guitar Ayron Jones, da kuma mai buga bass Jenelle Roccaforte. Mai buga guitar na Pearl Jam Stone Gossard shi ma ya halarci, haka kuma mata baƙi da Johari ya zaɓa waɗanda waƙar Bell ta yi tasiri a kansu. Daga cikinsu akwai Eva Walker na The Black Tones, Shaina Shepherd na BEARAXE, Dmitra Smith na Ex's With Benefits da Dejha Colantuono, mai rubuta waƙa. Ƙungiyar ta buga wasu waƙoƙin Bam Bam a wasan kwaikwayon.  CBS ta biyo bayan tarihin Bell, tare da labarin da Lee Cowan ya rubuta a farkon watsa shirye-shiryen *CBS Mornings* . 

## Kundin Waƙoƙi
**Tare da Bam Bam**

* *Mugaye (Haka kuma Sanya Fari)* (1984) (EP)
* *Faɗuwa Kyauta Daga Sararin Samaniya* (2019) (EP)
* *Mugaye (Haka kuma Sanya Fari)* (ƙarshen sigar) (2021) (EP)

## Littattafan tarihi
Matteo Ceschi, *G. Storia ed estetica grunge* (2024), Vololibero, 

## Manazarta