Gretchen Chapman

**Gretchen Chapman** Masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce wadda aka fi sani da aikinta kan hukunci da yanke shawara a cikin yanayin da ya shafi kiwon lafiya, kamar yanke shawara na asibiti da abubuwan da suka fi so, halayyar kiwon lafiya ta rigakafi, da rigakafi. Ita Farfesa ce a fannin kimiyyar zamantakewa da yanke shawara a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon .  Chapman ya yi aiki a matsayin Edita na mujallar Psychological Science  kuma memba ne na Association for Psychological Science . 

Chapman ta sami lambar yabo ta 1998/1999 ta American Psychological Association Distinguished Scientific Awards don Gudanar da Ayyuka na Farko ga Psychology a fannin bincike mai amfani. Bayanan lambar yabo ta lura da nasarorin da ta samu wajen samar da "babban bincike kan ka'idar yanke shawara game da halayyar mutum da aikace-aikacensa ga kiwon lafiya. ... [Binciken] ya kara fahimtarmu game da abubuwan da suka faru na asali, gami da rashin daidaitawa bayan kafawa, rashin jin daɗi, tasirin tsada, da ragi a cikin zaɓin lokaci-lokaci. ... Ta sami sabon fahimta game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin halayen rashin kulawa, kamar shan sigari, da kuma yawan abubuwan da za su yi a nan gaba. ... Aikinta yana da ke faruwa a nan gaba ɗaya.

Ta sami lambar yabo ta 1996 Division of Experimental Psychology, American Psychological Association don fitaccen matashi mai bincike wanda aka buga a cikin Journal of Experimentel Psychology: Applied  don takarda Koyon darussan daga kudaden da Brian Bornstein ya rubuta  Chapman da abokan aikinta sun sami lambar yabo na 2000 Society for Medical Decision Making Award for Outstanding Paper by a Young Investigator.,  don takarda Sanarwa da abubuwan da suka fi so a lokacin: yanke shawara game da maganin ciwon kai da cutar Crohn.  Sauran lambobin yabo sun hada da Kyautar Bincike ta 2011 daga New Jersey Psychological Association, . 

Chapman ta hada kai (tare da Frank Sonnenberg) "Yin yanke shawara a Kula da Lafiya: Ka'idar, Ilimin Halitta, da Aikace-aikace. "

## Tarihin rayuwa
Chapman ta girma ne a Baitalami, Pennsylvania .  Ta kammala karatu tare da girmamawa daga Kwalejin Bryn Mawr tare da digiri na Bachelors of Arts a cikin Psychology a shekarar 1985.  A Bryn Mawr, Chapman ya gudanar da bincike kan yanayin Pavlovian tare da Dick Gonzalez . Chapman ta bi digirinta na PhD a cikin ilimin halayyar gwaji a Jami'ar Pennsylvania inda ta fara aiki tare da Robert Rescorla a kan nazarin ilmantarwa na dabbobi. Chapman ta sauya mayar da hankali ga bincikenta yayin da take gudanar da bincike tare da ɗan'uwanta mai digiri Steven Robbins,  kuma ta kammala digirin ta na PhD a cikin 1990, tare da rubutun da ake kira "Models of contingency judgment".  Ta kasance ɗan'uwanci na post-doctoral a cikin Sashen Kimiyya da Tallace-tallace a Makarantar Wharton a Jami'ar Pennsylvania daga 1990 zuwa 1992, inda ta gudanar da bincike kan rataya tare da Eric J. Johnson.

Chapman ta kasance Mataimakin Farfesa na Yanayin Asibiti a Sashen Ilimi na Kiwon Lafiya, a Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiyar, Jami'ar Illinois a Chicago daga 1992 zuwa 1996.  Daga 1993 zuwa 1996 ta yi aiki a matsayin Masanin Kimiyya na Bincike na Lafiya a Sashen Bincike Na Harkokin Tsofaffi a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta West Side a Birnin Chicago. Chapman ya koma Jami'ar Rutgers a 1996 kuma ya kasance a can har zuwa 2017. Ta kasance Farfesa mai daraja a Sashen Ilimin Halitta  kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban da Darakta na Nazarin Digiri yayin da take Rutgers .Chapman ya shiga bangaren koyarwa na Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a matsayin Farfesa na Kimiyya ta Jama'a da Shawarwari a shekarar 2017. 

## Bincike
Shirin bincike na Chapman ta bincika hanyoyin tunani da ke haifar da yanke shawara tare da manufar tsara abubuwan da suka shafi manufofi don sauƙaƙe halayyar lafiya da zamantakewa, kamar rigakafi da ba da jini. Binciken da ta yi game da yanke shawara yana magance batutuwa daban-daban ciki har da tasirin tsoho, manufofi da kwatancen zamantakewa, da rarraba albarkatun da ba su da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ra'ayoyin a cikin binciken yanke shawara shine cewa masu yanke shawara suna ba da sakamako a matsayin riba ko asarar da ke da alaƙa da batun tunani. Binciken Chapman ya nuna cewa burin na iya aiki a matsayin ma'anar tunani, irin wannan rashin samun burin yana da lambar a matsayin asarar.

Chapman ta yi nazarin rawar da lokaci ya fi so a cikin halayyar kiwon lafiya ta hanyar nazarin bin tsarin maganin hawan jini, maganin rage cholesterol, da allurar rigakafin mura na shekara-shekara. Ta kuma ci gaba da nazarin bambance-bambance tsakanin abubuwan da aka fi so na lokaci don kiwon lafiya da kuɗi, gano, alal misali, cewa yarjejeniya tsakanin yankuna biyu tana inganta lokacin da masu yanke shawara ke kallon lafiya a matsayin kuɗi. Chapman yana da sha'awar abubuwan da ke haifar da yanke shawara na rigakafi saboda waɗannan yanke shawara na iya zama taga a kan wasu muhimman abubuwan da suka faru na tunanin mutum ciki har da rangwamen lokaci da halayyar zamantakewa.

## Littattafan wakilci

* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Ragewa na ɗan lokaci da amfani don kiwon lafiya da kuɗi. Jaridar Nazarin Jiki: Koyon, Tunawa, da Sanarwa, 22 (3), 771-791.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Motsin rai da halayyar kiwon lafiya na rigakafi: damuwa, nadama, da rigakafin mura. [Hotuna a shafi na 9]
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Anchoring, kunnawa, da kuma gina dabi'u. *Halin Ƙungiya da Tsarin Shawarwarin Dan Adam, 79* (2), 115-153.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Darajar makomar: Ragewa na wucin gadi na kiwon lafiya da kudi. *Shawarwarin Likita, 15* (4), 373-386.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9]Yin amfani da ka'idar wasan don bincika abubuwan da ke motsawa a cikin halayyar rigakafin mura. *Kimiyya ta Halitta*, 23 (9), 1008-1015.

## Manazarta