Branle

**A** / ( / ˈb rænəl , ˈb rɑːl / BRAN -əl BRAN BRAHL,  ), kuma **bransle**, **brangle**, **brawl** ( **e** ), **brall** ( **e** ), **braul** ( **e** ), **brando** (a Italiya), **bran** (a Spain), ko **brantle** (a Scotland), wani nau'in rawa ne na Faransa wanda aka shahara tun daga farkon ƙarni na 16 zuwa yanzu, wanda ma'aurata ke rawa a layi ko da'ira . Kalmar kuma tana nufin kiɗa da matakin halayyar rawa.

## Tarihi

### Farko da kuma karɓewa daga kotu
Sunan *branle* ya samo asali ne daga fi'ilin Faransa *branler* (girgiza, wave, swim, wag, wobble), yana nufin motsi gefe-da-gefe na da'ira ko sarkar masu rawa suna riƙe da hannuwa ko haɗa hannu.  Ana samun rawa irin wannan suna tun daga kimanin shekara ta 1500 kuma ana amfani da kalmar don rawa da har yanzu ake rawa a Faransa a yau.  Kafin shekara ta 1500, amfani da wannan kalmar kawai da ya shafi rawa shine matakin "juyawa" na basse danse .

Ana yin rawa da sarkar rawa ta hanyar rawa, yawanci a cikin ma'aurata, tare da hannuwa a haɗe ko riƙe hannu. Rawar tana canza matakai da yawa na gefe zuwa hagu (sau da yawa huɗu) tare da adadin ƙananan matakai iri ɗaya zuwa dama don haka sarkar ta motsa a hankali zuwa hagu.

Duk da cewa asali rawan Faransa na asalin ƙauye ne, ana rawa da waƙoƙin masu rawa, an ɗauki branle, kamar sauran rawan gargajiya, zuwa ga masu sarauta a lokacin da littattafan da aka buga suka ba mu damar sake gina rawan. An yi rawa iri-iri na branle, waɗanda aka danganta su da yankuna daban-daban, a jere, don haka jerin waƙoƙin branle sun ba da ɗaya daga cikin misalan farko na rukunin rawa na gargajiya . Irin waɗannan ɗakunan suna ƙarewa da gavotte, wanda a lokacin ake ɗaukarsa a matsayin nau'in branle.

Wasu branles masu arziki sun haɗa da abubuwan pantomime, kamar branle de Poitou, wanda zai iya zama kakan minuet, wanda ke nuna alamun soyayya. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan raye-rayen an keɓe su ne ga takamaiman rukuni na shekaru - misali, branle de Bourgogne, ga ƙananan masu rawa. Waƙar Branle gabaɗaya tana kama da gavotte, kodayake wasu nau'ikan, kamar na Poitou, suna cikin lokaci uku.  Ana rawa Branles suna tafiya, gudu, zamewa, ko tsalle-tsalle dangane da saurin kiɗan.  Daga cikin dangantakar da ke tsakanin rawa da gidan sarauta akwai basse danse da passepied  wanda na ƙarshe, kodayake yana cikin lokaci uku, Rabelais da Thoinot Arbeau (1589) sun bayyana a matsayin nau'in Breton branle.

### Branle a Arbeau
An samo bayanai na farko game da matakan rawa a cikin sanannen littafin Arbeau mai suna *Orchesography* . Antonius de Arena ya bayyana a taƙaice matakan branle biyu da guda ɗaya,  kuma littafin John Marston mai suna *The Malcontent* (1604) ya zana zane-zanen nau'in waƙa ɗaya. A cewar Arbeau, kowace ƙwallo ta fara da nau'ikan branles guda huɗu: biyu, ɗaya, ɗan luwaɗi da kuma ɗan Burgundian branle. Branle mai siffar ƙwallo biyu yana da tsari mai sauƙi wanda ya ƙunshi jimloli biyu na sanduna biyu kowannensu.

Arbeau yana yin wasannin rawa ga branles guda takwas da ke da alaƙa da takamaiman yankuna; Burgundian (duba sama) ko Champagne, Haut Barrois, Montardon, Poitou, Maltese, Scottish da Trihory na Brittany; ya kuma ambaci wasu huɗu ba tare da bayyana matakansu ba; branles na Camp, Hainaut, Avignon, da Lyon.  Yawancin waɗannan raye-rayen suna da alaƙa ta gaske da yankin: Trihory na Brittany, in ji Arbeau, ba kasafai ake yin su a kusa da Langres inda aka buga littafinsa ba, amma "Na koyi hakan tun da daɗewa daga wani matashi ɗan Breton wanda abokin karatuna ne a Poitiers". 

A gefe guda kuma, Arbeau ya gano wasu branles a matsayin waɗanda suka dace da rawa da rawa. Lokacin da ɗalibinsa Capriol ya tambaya ko rawa da rawa ta Maltese ta fito ne daga Malta, maimakon kawai "wani ƙirƙira mai ban sha'awa ga rawa", Arbeau ya amsa cewa "ba zai iya yarda cewa rawa ce ba".  Ya kuma bayyana rawa da rawa da aka yi da rawa da rawa.

### Tarin branles
Akwai da yawa daga cikin gidajen rawa na Branle da aka kafa, waɗanda suka haɗa da raye-raye har guda goma; *Branles de Champagne*, *Branles de Camp*, *Branles de Hainaut* da *Branles d'Avignon* . Arbeau ya sanya wa waɗannan gidajen rawa suna *Branles coupés*, wanda a zahiri yana nufin "yanke" ko "masu haɗin gwiwa" amma galibi ana fassara shi da "masu haɗin gwiwa".  Antonius de Arena ya ambaci gaurayen branles ( ** ) ) a cikin littafinsa na macaronic *Ad suos compagnones* . 

A shekara ta 1623 irin waɗannan suites an daidaita su zuwa jerin raye-raye shida: *Prime branle*, *branle gay*, *branle de Poictou* (wanda ake kira *branle à mener* ), *branle double de Poictou*, *cinquiesme branle* (ta 1636 mai suna *branle de Montirandé* ), da kuma guntun *gavotte* .  Ana samun bambance-bambance a cikin *Tablature de mandore* (Paris, 1629) na François, Sieur de Chancy. Rukunin raye-raye bakwai tare da ake kira *Branles de Boccan* ya fara da *branle du Baucane*, wanda masanin rawa kuma ɗan wasan violin ya haɗa Jacques Cordier, wanda aka fi sani da "Bocan", sannan na biyu, branle mara taken sannan *ɗan gay branle*, *branle* *de Poictu*, *branleirann bran de* *la Poictu* de Poictu. 

### Shahararriyar Branle
A ƙarshen ƙarni na 16 a Ingila, Shakespeare ya ambaci branle ( *Love's Labour's Lost*, 3. 1. 7: "Za ku lashe soyayyarku da faɗan Faransa?"). A ƙarni na 17, an yi rawa a kotunan Louis XIV na Faransa da Charles II na Ingila, inda ya zama "ya fi yawa fiye da a Faransa".  Akwai ma wasu misalai na ƙarshen lokaci a cikin bayanin Beauchamp–Feuillet (wanda aka ƙirƙira a 1691), kamar *Danses nouvelles presentees au Roy* (c. 1715) na Louis-Guillaume Pécour .

A Italiya, branle ya zama *alamar kasuwanci*, kuma a Spain, *bran ya* zama alamar kasuwanci.  Da alama Branle ya yi tafiya zuwa Scotland kuma ya rayu na ɗan lokaci a matsayin *brail* . Emmanuel Adriaenssen ya haɗa da wani waƙa mai suna *Branle Englese* a cikin littafinsa na kiɗan lute, *Pratum Musicum* (1584) da kuma littafin Thomas Tomkins mai suna *Worster Braules* a cikin Littafin Fitzwilliam Virginal . Amma daga cikin dubban waƙoƙin lute daga Ingila, 18 ne kawai aka kira branle, kodayake ɗaya da ake kira "courant" an san shi daga tushen nahiyar a matsayin branle. 

### Arbeau bai yi wa Branles aikin kide-kide ba
Da alama Branle de Montirandé yana da alaƙa da Haut Barrois branle, wanda Arbeau ya ce an "tsara shi da sautin branle na Montierandal" (watakila Montier-en-Der, kusa da Chaumont a cikin Haute Marne).  Ana rawa wannan a cikin lokaci biyu, kuma kamar yadda Arbeau ya bayyana yana da tsari iri ɗaya da branle biyu. Saitunan wannan sun bayyana a cikin littafin lute *Le trésor d'Orphée* na Anthoine Francisque (1600) da tarin tarin *Terpsichore* na Michael Praetorius (1612).

A cikin littafin John Marston mai suna *The Malcontent* (1604), act 4, scene 2, halin Guerrino ya bayyana matakan rawa mai suna *Beanchaes brawl* (Bianca's branle):Kawai dai guda biyu ne a hagu, biyu a dama, biyu a gaba, uku a jere, zagaye shida: yi haka sau biyu, gefe guda uku, dabarar galliard ta ashirin, saurin gudu; adadi na takwas, guda uku sun lalace, zo vp, hadu da biyu biyu, fada baya, sannan girmamawa.Buɗewar ta yi kama da ta Maltese branle da Arbeau ya bayyana, amma farawa da "ɓangaren mutum uku", akwai haɗakar "wani abu da ake ganin ya fi dacewa da motsa jiki". Ɗan rawa namijin ya rabu da abokin aikinsa kafin ya yi "wasa mai ban dariya ta ashirin" - a bayyane yake cewa akwai wasu tsalle-tsalle ko tsalle-tsalle a cikin salon wasan kwaikwayo - kafin ya koma ƙarshen al'ada. 

## Farfadowa

* Francis Poulenc ya haɗa da Bransle de Champagne da Bransle de Bourgogne a cikin *Suite Française* (1935).
* Igor Stravinsky ya haɗa da Bransle Simple, Bransle Gay, da Bransle de Poitou (Double) a cikin littafinsa *na Agon* (1957).
* An daidaita sararin samaniyar "Branle de l'Official" na Arbeau don waƙar Kirsimeti ta Ingila ta ƙarni na 20 mai suna " Ding Dong Merrily on High ".
* Gidan Capriol Suite na mawakin Birtaniya Peter Warlock yana ɗauke da bransles a matsayin motsi na huɗu. Wannan waƙa ta ƙunshi raye-rayen gargajiya guda shida da aka shirya da farko don piano mai hannu huɗu, amma daga baya Warlock ya shirya ta don ƙungiyar makaɗa da kuma ƙungiyar makaɗa.

## Manazarta

*  
* 
*  
*  
*  
*