Sinima a Zambiya

**Sinima a Zambiya** Tana nufin masana'antar fim da masana'antar fim ta ƙasar Zambia .

A mulkin mallaka Arewacin Rhodesia, kasuwanci na Sinima sau da yawa sarrafa *zahiri shine* launin fata, tare da 35-mm. gidajen sinima da ke nunawa fararen masu sauraro da 16-mm. sinimomi da ke nunawa ga masu baƙar fata. Duk da haka kuma nuna fina-finai a sararin samaniya ga al'ummomin hakar ma'adinai  Copperbelt ya haifar da yabon Hollywood Westerns . Masu gudanar da mulkin mallaka sun yi ƙoƙarin yin amfani da sinima don koyar da ilimin ma'adinai da ƙauyukan karkara.

Tun lokacin da Zambia ta sami ƴancin kai a shekarar 1964, binciken waje ya ci gaba da zama muhimmin abin hawa ga sinima, kuma gwamnatin Zambiya ta ci gaba da kokarin amfani da sinima a matsayin hanyar hulɗa da jama'a. Duk da cewa akwai kamfanonin shirya fina -finai na kasuwanci a Zambiya, amma ba su sami nasarar cimma matsayi ba.

## Masu sauraron sinima a Arewacin Rhodesia
Marcus Grill, ɗan kasuwa Bayahude ne, ya buɗe gidan wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Arewacin Rhodesia a Livingstone a 1917. Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya buɗe Sinima na Grill, wanda ke cikin ginin katako. Iyalan Grill sun buɗe gidan sinima na farko na Zambia don yin hotuna a shekarar 1931.  Masu amsawa ga Ofishin Turawan Mulkin Mallaka a 1927 sun ba da rahoton cewa "ba a shigar da 'yan asalin cikin nunin silima na Turai". Akwai, duk da haka, ana nuna mako -mako don ma'aikata a mahakar Kabwe (wanda a lokacin ake kira Broken Hill). Kwamitin ayyuka na Amurka, da 'yan sandan Johannesburg, sun tace fina -finai kafin su isa Arewacin Rhodesia. 

## Yin fim a Arewacin Rhodesia
A cikin shekarata 1932 wani mishan mai suna J. Merle Davis ya ziyarci Arewacin Rhodesia don nazarin tasirin hakar ma'adinai na Copperbelt akan al'ummomin gargajiya. Da yake ikirarin cewa sinima na iya taimaka wa mutanen Afirka da ba su iya karatu da rubutu su daidaita da masana'antu ba, ya taimaka ya sami Gwajin sinema na Ilimi na Bantu (BEKE). BEKE ta samar da fina-finan ilimi guda talatin da biyar tsakanin shekarar 1935 zuwa 1937, kodayake rashin ingancin fasahar fim ya haifar da janye tallafi daga masu mulkin mallaka na Gabashin Afirka da yawa. Arewacin Rhodesia ne kawai ke son ci gaba da ba da aikin. Kasar "ta fi sani da fina-finai fiye da sauran sassan bakar fata na Afirka saboda, sakamakon sinimomin ma'adinai a kan kwatankwacin Copper Belt, wataƙila tana da mafi yawan masu shirya fina-finai na Afirka a wajen ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu."  Masu mulkin mallaka sun kalli wannan "babban adadin ma'adinai na baƙin ƙarfe a matsayin tushen rashin zaman lafiya". 

A shekara ta 1957 an kuma buɗe silima ta farko mai nuna bambancin launin fata a Lusaka.

A cikin shekarata 1959 Ma'aikatar Bayanai ta Arewacin Rhodesia ta samar da 16-mm shida. fina -finan ilimi ga ƴan Afirka. Ƙananan adadin 35-mm. An kuma yi fina*-finai, ciki har da Kariba Game Reserve*, wani ɗan gajeren fasali da ake yaɗawa a wajen Rhodesia. Bangaren Fim na Tsakiyar Afirka ya kuma samar da labarai biyu na makwanni biyu-'Rhodesia da Nysaland News', wanda aka yi niyya ga masu sauraron Afirka, da kuma wani da aka yi niyya ga masu sauraron Turai-gami da labarai iri-iri, ilimi, yawon bude ido da gajerun fina-finai.

## Masu kallon sinima a Zambiya
Kodayake akwai gidajen sinima kaɗan a Zambiya, "nunin fina -finai wani bangare ne na rayuwar Zambiya".  Kamfanonin kasuwanci masu zaman kansu, da Sabis ɗin Bayanai na Zambiya na Gwamnati (ZIS), suna yin gwajin buɗe ido a yankunan karkara. A farkon shekarun 1970 Zambia tana da kusan 'Fim-Rovers' 100: Land Rovers sanye take da nuna fina-finai 16mm tare da ƙara sauti.

A shekarar 1964 Zambiya tana da gidajen sinimomi na kasuwanci na cikin gida guda 13 da ke da kayan aikin 35mm, da wasu uku tare da masu aikin injin 16mm. Kodayake doka ta hana wariyar launin fata, fararen masu sauraro sun fi yawa a cikin 35-mm mafi tsada. gidajen sinima, da masu sauraron baƙar fata na Afirka sun fi yawa a cikin ƙarancin 16-mm. sinima.  Ya zuwa 1971 akwai gidajen sinima 28, tare da wurin zama 13,400. 

Cinema na kasuwanci na nuna fina -finai galibi daga Biritaniya da Amurka, tare da wasu fina -finan Indiya don ɗaukar nauyin ƙaramin jama'ar Asiya ta Zambia.

## Yin fim na gwamnati a Zambiya
An kuma kafa Sabis ɗin Bayanai na Zambiya (ZIS) a kan samun ƴancin kai a 1964, a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Ayyukan Bayanai na Arewacin Rhodesia da Sashin Fina -Finan Afirka ta Tsakiya.  Sashin fim na ZIS yana yin fina -finan fina -finai a Zambiya. A farkon shekarun 1970 wannan rukunin yakamata ya kasance yana yin sabon shirin gaskiya a kowane mako biyu, tare da kwafi sama da 30, gami da wasu kwafi tare da sautin yaren Zambiya a Bemba, Nyanja, Tonga da Lozi . Koyaya, sashin bai sarrafa wannan matakin samarwa ba, kuma ƙarancin ƙwararrun masu fassarar yana nufin cewa yawancin shirye -shiryen bidiyo sun kasance cikin Turanci. 

A shekarar 2005 ZIS ta haɗu da Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Zambiya (ZANA) don kafa Sabis da Sabis na Zambiya (ZANIS). 

## Yin fim mai zaman kansa a Zambiya
Daraktan fina -finan Zimbabwe Michael Raeburn ya harbi wani ɓangare na *Killing Heat*, sigar 1981 na littafin Doris Lessing na farko *The Grass is Singing*, a Zambiya.

A cikin 1999 wani kamfanin samarwa mai zaman kansa, Ambush Productions an kafa shi a Zambia. Takaddun shaidarsu. *Choka!*, also titled *Get Lost!*, ya kwatanta rayuwar yau da kullun na yaran titin Zambiya.  An zaɓi fim ɗin don lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar tattara Bayanai ta Duniya. *Imiti Ikula* (2001) fim ne mai bin diddigin rayuwar maraya kan cutar kanjamau akan titunan Lusaka . 

## Manazarta

## Kara karantawa

* Charles Ambler, 'Fina -finan Fina -Finan da Masu Sauraren Mulkin Mallaka: Fina -Finan a Arewacin Rhodesia', *Binciken Tarihin Amurka*, Vol. 106, No. 1 (Feb., 2001), shafi.&nbsp;81-105
* James Burns, The Bioscope na Afirka - Al'adar Gidan Fina -Finan a cikin Turawan mulkin mallaka na Afirka ', *Afrique & histoire*, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2006, shafi na.&nbsp;65-80* David Kerr, 'Mafi kyawun Duka Biyu? Manufar Fim da Mulkin mallaka a Arewacin Rhodesia da Nyasaland ', *Critical Arts*, Vol. 7, Mujalla 1-2, 1993, shafi na.&nbsp;11-42
* Martin Luo, 'Rahoton Ƙasa kan Zambiya: *Fina-Finan Zambiya', a cikin Taron Fina-Finan Afirka na Farko: Fim ɗin Pan-Afirka- wacce hanya A Gaba? : Aikace -aikace*, 1983.
* H. Powdermaker, *Garin Copper: Canza Afirka*

## Hanyoyin waje

* Derek Barker, Cinematography na Kudancin Afirka 1913 - A halin yanzu
* Arewacin Rhodesia - Database Fim na Mulkin mallaka

## Manazarta