Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Malawi

Tarihin **[[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|<nowiki/>'yancin ɗan adam]] a Malawi** cikin 'yan shekarun nan yana da sarƙaƙiya, kuma halin da ake ciki a halin yanzu yana cikin yanayi mai ban mamaki, kuma mai kyau, sauyi.

Har zuwa 1994, yanayi ba su da daɗi sosai. Abubuwa sun inganta bayan tabbatarwa a waccan shekarar na sabon tsarin mulkin Malawi, "mai ci gaba da ba a saba gani ba" , wanda ya gabatar da dimokuradiyyar jam'iyyu da yawa. Duk da haka, a ƙarshen shugabancin Bingu wa Mutharika, wanda ya mutu a ofishin a watan Afrilun 2012, lamarin ya tsananta, sai dai ya gyaru cikin sauri bayan hayewar shugabar Mutharika, Joyce Banda .

## Hangen tarihi
Gidauniyar Kare Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta lura a ƙarshen 2011 cewa Malawi an taɓa ɗauka "ƙasa ce da ƙungiyoyin farar hula za su iya bayyana kansu cikin yanci." 

Wani rahoto na 2010 da babbar hukumar Biritaniya ta fitar ya bayyana cewa Malawi “ta sami ci gaba mai kyau a kan ‘yancin ɗan adam tun lokacin da aka soma tsarin dimokraɗiyya mai jam’iyyu da yawa” a shekara ta 1994, lokacin da Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Malawi ya fara aiki. Rahoton na Burtaniya ya lura cewa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Malawi ya “kare muhimman haƙƙi,” cewa ƙasar “ta rattaba hannu kan yawancin yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa,” kuma “babu fursunonin siyasa a gidan yarin Malawi kamar yadda aka yi a zamanin jam’iyya ɗaya.” Rahoton ya kuma yi nuni da samun ci gaba "a bangaren kwanciyar hankali na tattalin arziki da samun damar samun muhimman hakkokin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki kamar kiwon lafiya, ilimi, samar da abinci da adalci," yayin da ya yi kira da a inganta "a bangaren 'yancin 'yan jarida, 'yancin yin taro da magana da 'yancin tsiraru." 

Duk da haka, wani bincike mai zurfi game da ilimin haƙƙin ɗan adam da bayar da shawarwari a ƙasa ya gano cewa an fassara manufar haƙƙin ɗan adam zuwa Chichewa, yaren da ake magana da shi a Malawi, ba tare da shawarwarin da ya dace ba tsakanin masu magana da shi, wanda ya haifar da wani ƙima a tsakanin masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na farko da rashin jin daɗin manufarsu a tsakanin jama'a. 

A ƙarshen shugabancin Bingu wa Mutharika (2004-2012), yanayin 'yancin ɗan adam a Malawi ya tabarbare sosai. A cewar wani rahoto da ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ta fitar kan yanayin ‘yancin dan adam a Malawi a shekara ta 2010, manyan matsalolin ‘yancin dan adam sun hada da “amfani da ‘yan sanda da karfin tuwo, wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwa da jikkatar mutane, rashin hukunta jami’an tsaro, ko da yake gwamnati ta yi wasu yunƙuri na gurfanar da masu cin zarafi; tashin hankalin gungun mutane lokaci-lokaci; yanayi mai tsanani da barazana ga rayuwa; tsare-tsare na son rai, tsare fursunonin shari’a da tsare ƴan jarida na tsawon lokaci; tsare ƴan jarida na tsawon lokaci; tsare ƴan jarida na tsawon lokaci; cin zarafin mata da ake yi wa al’umma; 

A ƙarshen 2011, Gidauniyar Kasa da Kasa don Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta bayyana Malawi a matsayin "ta sauko cikin karkatacciyar mulkin mallaka a cikin 'yan shekarun nan," kuma ta nuna cewa" [da] halin da ake ciki ya kara tabarbarewa a farkon 2011 lokacin da ƙungiyoyin farar hula suka mayar da martani ga cin hanci da rashawa da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki tare da buƙatun gyara da shugabanci nagari. tada fitina a kan masu kare hakkin dan Adam da shugabannin kungiyoyin fararen hula."

Hakazalika, wani rahoton Human Rights Watch ya bayyana halin da ake ciki na kare hakkin bil'adama a Malawi da cewa "ya tabarbare sosai a shekara ta 2011, inda gwamnatin shugaba Bingu wa Mutharika ke daukar wani mataki na danniya." A cikin wannan shekarar, Mutharika ya “ sanya hannu kan sabuwar dokar danniya, ciki har da sashe na 46 na kundin hukunta manyan laifuka, wanda ya bai wa ministan yada labarai damar hana wallafe-wallafen da ake ganin ‘ya saba wa bukatun jama’a. Malaman jami’o’i da daliban da suka soki yadda gwamnati ta gaza kare hakkin bil’adama, an gallazawa wani dalibin jami’ar da ke zama mataimakin shugaban kungiyar matasa don ‘yancin kai da dimokuradiyya (YFD) a harabar kwalejin kimiyya da fasaha ta Polytechnic tare da tsinke kansa sosai, duk da cewa ‘yan sanda sun yanke hukuncin kisan kansa, amma masu fafutukar kare hakkin jama’a sun zargi gwamnati da hannu a rikicin Chasowa.

Rikicin kare hakkin bil adama a kasar Malawi ya yi kamari ne a ranar 20 ga Yuli, 2011, lokacin da 'yan sandan Malawi suka kashe mutane 19 da ba sa dauke da makamai, wadanda ke gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yanayin tattalin arziki da ake yi a fadin kasar baki daya, da kuma nuna adawa da danniya a karkashin Shugaba Mutharika. Kimanin mutane dari biyar ne aka kama, sannan an yi wa wasu ‘yan jarida duka ko kuma aka hana su yada zanga-zangar da ta’asar. 

Mutharika ya ci gaba da zaluntar masu rajin kare hakkin dan Adam da sauran masu adawa da gwamnatinsa. A watan Satumba an jefa bama-bamai a gidaje ko ofisoshin masu sukar gwamnati da dama; a cikin Oktoba 'yan sanda sun kama wasu masu adawa da gwamnati biyar saboda "sun gudanar da zanga-zangar ba bisa ka'ida ba." A watan Maris na 2012, an gargadi 'yan jarida da masu fafutuka cewa duk wanda ya zagi shugaban kasar za a gurfanar da shi a gaban kuliya sannan kuma a daure shi. A ranar 16 ga Maris, an kama shugaban Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Malawi ba tare da izini ba kuma an tuhume shi da mallakar "kayan da ke da kalamai masu tayar da hankali,"  ko da yake ba a sami irin waɗannan kayan ba.  A ranar 21 ga Maris, an kama wani jigo a jam'iyyar adawa, United Democratic Front, tare da tuhume shi da tada hankali. 

A ranar 23 ga Maris, Human Rights Watch ta yi sharhi cikin damuwa game da "yawan kamawa da barazanar da gwamnatin Mutharika ta yi a baya-bayan nan ga masu suka," wanda ta bayyana a matsayin "farin yaki da 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da sauran hakkoki." Halin kare hakkin bil'adama a Malawi ya zama mai muni sosai, wanda a cikin shekara ta 2011, Birtaniya, Amurka, Jamus, Bankin Duniya, EU, Bankin Raya Afirka, da Norway duk sun dakatar ko wani bangare na dakatar da tallafin da suke baiwa kasar, a matsayin martani da Mutharika ya fusata ya ki ganawa da Bankin Duniya da tawagogin IMF ya zargi kasashe masu ba da agaji da bayar da tallafin kudi ga abokan hamayyarsa. 

A cikin Afrilu 2012, Shugaba Mutharika ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani, kuma mataimakiyar shugaba Joyce Banda ta zama shugabar kasa. A watan Agustan 2012, Human Rights Watch ta lura cewa Malawi ta sami "ci gaba mai mahimmanci" a 'yancin ɗan adam tun lokacin da ta hau kan kujerar shugabancin Banda, wanda ya gabatar da mafi girman 'yancin kafofin watsa labaru, yana kira da a soke dokar hana luwadi, kuma tana barazanar "ta kama shugaba Omar al-Bashir na Sudan, wanda kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya ke nema ruwa a jallo, idan ya yi yunkurin shiga kasarta."  A ƙarƙashin Banda, ƙasashe masu ba da gudummawa waɗanda suka dakatar da tallafin gaba ɗaya ko wani bangare ga Malawi sun dawo ba da tallafi. 

A wani taron manema labarai da aka yi a watan Yuni na shekarar 2012 a Malawi, mataimakiyar babbar jami’ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da kare hakkin bil’adama Kyung-wha Kang ta ce Banda ta “yi gaggawar shawo kan matsalolin da suka shafi hakkin bil adama da dama” kuma ta yaba da “aikinta mai karfi na ciyar da hakkin dan Adam da jin dadin jama’ar Malawi.” Da take lura da cewa "Malawi tana da kundin tsarin mulki mai ci gaba mai karfi tare da tanade-tanade na kare hakkin bil'adama, da kuma kyakkyawan tsari na dokoki da cibiyoyi don ingantawa da kare hakkin bil adama," Kyung-wha Kang ta ce "a yanzu lokaci ya yi da za a karfafa al'adun 'yancin ɗan adam da bin doka a cikin cibiyoyin gwamnati da kuma a cikin daidaikun mutane da ke da alhakin kariya, haɓakawa da kuma cika dukkanin hakkokin bil'adama ga mutanen Malawi." Kyung-wha Kang ta jaddada cewa, 'yan Malawi, wadanda suka fito "daga lokacin danniya na siyasa," suna bukatar "su ji daga shugabanninsu cewa za a mutunta muhimman yancin fadin albarkacin baki, kungiyance da kuma taro, da kuma ganin an dauki kwararan matakai don nuna wannan alkawari." 

Wani abin da ke nuni da sauyin halin da ake ciki game da haƙƙin ɗan Adam a ƙarƙashin Banda shi ne sanarwar da ta yi a watan Yunin 2012 cewa Malawi, wadda aka shirya za ta karbi bakuncin taron kolin Tarayyar Afirka a watan Yuli, ba za ta karbi bakoncinsa ba idan har shugaba Omar al-Bashir na Sudan, wanda kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya ke nema ruwa a jallo, da laifukan yaki, da kisan kare dangi, da kuma cin zarafin bil adama, ya halarta. "Shugaban Malawi Joyce Banda ta dauki matsaya mai karfi na goyon bayan adalci duk da matsananciyar matsin lamba daga Tarayyar Afirka," in ji Undule Mwakasungula, darektan cibiyar kare hakkin bil'adama da farfado da Malawi. "Malawi ta yi daidai da wadanda rikicin Darfur ya shafa a yau." 

Ko da yake babu shakka yanayin kare hakkin bil'adama ya inganta a karkashin Banda, "wasu 'yan Malawi," a cewar Muryar Amurka, "sun yi zargin kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama da gangan sun yi watsi da sukar da suka yi wa sabuwar gwamnati," suna masu cewa "sun kasa mayar da martani ga masu amfani da abin da ya shafa sakamakon raguwar darajar kuɗi da hauhawar farashin." Muryar Amurka ta ruwaito Billy Banda, babban daraktan kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Malawi Watch, yana cewa shi da sauran kungiyoyin "ba su yi shiru da gangan ba" amma a maimakon haka "sun yi shiru" domin su taimaka wa gwamnatin Banda ta tsira a cikin mawuyacin hali. “Amma ta hanyar bayar da goyon baya, hakan ba wai yana nufin wai suna goyon bayan gwamnati mai ci ba ne, muna kira ga gwamnati da ta bude wata tagar hulda ta yadda a duk lokacin da mutane suka nuna damuwa su kula.” 

Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Malawi tun 1972 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba".  1

## Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Malawi
Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na shekarar 1994 ne ya kafa hukumar kare hakkin dan adam ta Malawi (MHRC) kuma ta fara aiki a 1998  ko 1999.  Ana tuhumarta da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da binciken take hakki. Hukumar tana da “ikon da yawa na saurare da kuma samun duk wata shaida da ta dace, da gudanar da bincike bayan samun sammacin da alkalin kotun ya bayar, da kuma yin amfani da ‘ikon da ba ta dace ba’ na ziyartar wuraren da ake tsare da su ‘da ko ba tare da sanarwa ba.’” Ba ta da ikon gurfanar da masu laifi, amma ta “na iya shiga tsakani a shari’o’in kotu kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin amicus curiae.”  Transparency International ta ruwaito a cikin 2004 cewa "ana daukar MHRC a matsayin daya daga cikin cibiyoyi masu inganci a kasar."  ko 1999 

A lokacin shugabancin Bingu wa Mutharika, hukumar kare hakkin bil adama ta fuskanci cikas sakamakon karancin kayan aiki da fargabar daukar fansa. Ko da a karkashin Mutharika, duk da haka, MHRC ta ci gaba da samun 'yancin kai, a cewar Cibiyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Duniya, kamar yadda "an nuna ta hanyar haɗin kai na shugaban MHRC mai barin gado, John Kapito," wanda sukar gwamnatin Mutharika a fili ya haifar da barazana da cin zarafi. Duk da damuwa game da dorewarta, MHRC ta ci gaba a ƙarƙashin Mutharika "don aiwatar da aikinta iyakar iyawarta." 

A watan Yunin 2012, mataimakiyar shugabar hukumar kare hakkin bil adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Kyung-wha Kang ta bayyana cewa, MHRC ta yi "ayyuka na kwarai, ciki har da lokuta masu matukar wahala a cikin shekarar da ta wuce. Yana da muhimmanci a kiyaye da kuma mutunta 'yancin kai da kuma babban aiki na MHRC." Da yake rantsar da sabbin mambobin Hukumar a watan Agustan 2012, Shugaba Banda ya ba su tabbacin goyon bayan aikinsu da kuma jajircewarta na samun ‘yancin kai. Ta bukace su da su yi amfani da aikinsu na ba da shawara kuma ta ba su tabbacin cewa "babu wanda ofishina zai kama kuma ba zan yi shakkar neman shawara daga cibiyar ku ba." 

## Hakkoki na asali

Sau da yawa ana bayyana Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Malawi a matsayin mai ƙarfi a cikin lamunin haƙƙin ɗan adam. Kudirin Haƙƙin da aka haɗa a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki, a cewar Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Duniya, a sarari ya ba da kariya ga "yancin rayuwa, mutunci, daidaito da yancin lamiri, imani, tunani da addini da kuma 'yancin ilimi." Har ila yau, ta ba da kariya ga "'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, 'yancin motsi da 'yancin yin taro. Duk wani iyaka ko ƙuntatawa da aka sanya wa hakki da 'yanci dole ne ya dace da nauyin Malawi a karkashin dokokin kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya." 

Rahoton na 2012 na Cibiyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Duniya ya nuna cewa ko a cikin kwanaki na ƙarshe na gwamnatin Mutharika, lokacin da kafofin watsa labaru suka fuskanci "tsangwama da cin zarafi" da "lalacewar tsoratarwa," sun kasance 'yantacciyar 'yanci' kuma sun ci gaba da "ba da ra'ayi iri-iri." Rahoton ya ba da misali da "kona motocin sabis na gidan rediyo mai zaman kansa Zodiak", barazanar da 'yan jarida suka yi na kisa, kamawa da duka da aka yi wa 'yan jarida a zanga-zangar Yuli 2011, da kuma umarnin da gwamnati ta ba da umarnin "kashe kafofin watsa labarai" na waɗannan zanga-zangar. 

A karkashin Banda, gwamnati na mutunta kariyar da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya tanada na hakki fiye da na shekarun karshe na Mutharika. Misali, an soke sashe na 46 na kundin hukunta manyan laifuka, wanda a karkashinsa ministar za ta iya rufe jaridun da aka yi la’akari da su “sun saba wa bukatun jama’a,” an soke su. An kuma soke dokar ba da izini, wadda a karkashinta jami'an gwamnati ke da kariya daga tuhuma. 

Yayin ziyararta a watan Yunin 2012 a Malawi, mataimakiyar babbar jami'ar MDD mai kula da kare hakkin bil'adama Kyung-wha Kang ta lura cewa, akwai "daftarin dokoki kan batutuwan da suka hada da HIV/AIDS, daidaiton jinsi, da fataucin mutane da ake jiran nazari," kuma ta bayyana fatan "sabbin dokokin za su yi daidai da ka'idojin kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya." 

## Hakkin LGBT
Batun hakkin LGBT ya shahara da ban mamaki, kuma ya kasance abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai, a cikin shekarun karshe na gwamnatin Mutharika da farkon watannin gwamnatin Banda.

A karkashin dokokin Malawi na luwadi a zamanin mulkin mallaka, halayya ta jinsi daya tsakanin mazaje tana da hukuncin daurin shekaru 14 a gidan yari ga maza. A watan Disambar 2009, a karkashin shugabancin Bingu wa Mutharika, an yanke wa wasu maza biyu hukuncin daurin shekaru 14 a kan aikin wahala. Bayan sukar da jama'a suka yi na wannan mummunan hukunci, shugaban ya yi afuwa ga mutanen. A cikin wannan watan, duk da haka, majalisar ta zartar da dokar da ta aikata laifin jima'i tsakanin mata,  wanda ya sanya shi hukuncin daurin shekaru 5 a gidan yari.

Kungiyoyin fafutuka biyu na Malawi, Cibiyar Raya Jama'a (CEDEP) da Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Bil Adama da Gyara (CHRR), sun dade suna kira ga jami'an Malawi da su canza dokar. A cikin watan Mayun 2012, a jawabinta na farko ga al'ummar kasar bayan zama shugabar kasa, Joyce Banda ta ce za a sake duba dokokin da suka hana "ayyukan da ba su dace ba da kuma rashin da'a" "a cikin gaggawa," kuma ta ba da shawarar cewa za ta hukunta ayyukan luwadi ta hanyar soke sashe na 153 da 156 na kundin hukunta manyan laifuka.  An lura da wannan magana da kuma yabawa sosai, inda Ministan Harkokin Wajen Kanada John Baird ya yaba wa Banda saboda "yunƙurin soke dokar nuna wariya, gami da dokar da ke tsananta wa 'yan luwaɗi da madigo."  A watan Satumba na 2012, duk da haka, Banda "ya gaya wa manema labarai daga kafofin watsa labaru na duniya a watan Satumba cewa Malawi ba za su kasance a shirye don irin wannan canji ba, kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa 'yan majalisa su mayar da batun yanke hukunci ga mazabun su."

A wata muhawara ta rediyo a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, 2012, Ministan Shari'a Ralph Kasambara ya ba da sanarwar dakatar da kame kan zargin yin luwadi da luwadi, matakin da Human Rights Watch ta bayyana a matsayin "Mataki na sasantawa, wanda zai ba majalisar damar yin muhawara kan yiwuwar sauyin majalisa." Akalla wani ɓangare na dalilin matakin na Kasambara, a cewar rahoton, yana da damuwa cewa dokar antigay ta Malawi na iya keta ƙaƙƙarfan harshe na kundin tsarin mulki game da "mutunci da kimar kowane ɗan adam" da "yancin da ra'ayoyin dukan mutane," da kuma cewa bai dace da yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa ba, wanda Malawi ta sa hannu.

Tiseke Kasambala na kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta taya Malawi murnar daukar "wannan gagarumin mataki na gaba, tare da mutunta lamunin da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya ba ta na gaba da tsakiya."  Wakilin Amnesty International ya ce kungiyar "tana maraba da bayanin Minista Kasambara kuma yana fatan ya zama matakin farko na kawo karshen wariya da tsangwama dangane da ainihin ko fahimtar jima'i da asalin jinsi a Malawi."  Duk da haka, kwanaki uku bayan sanarwar dakatarwar, wanda jami’an cocin Malawi da kuma kungiyar Lauyoyi suka yi kakkausar suka, Minista Kasambara ya yi ikirarin cewa bai taba ayyana wannan dakatarwar ba kuma ya ce “har yanzu ana aiwatar da dokar da ta kai shekaru 14 a gidan yari saboda aikata ayyukan luwadi.” 

## Hakkin HIV/AIDS
Akwai babban kyama da ke da alaƙa da matsayin HIV/AIDS a Malawi, da kuma wariya mai yawa. Kwamishinan MHRC Dalito Kubalasa ya bayyana a watan Oktoba na shekarar 2012 cewa "HIV da AIDS batu ne na 'yancin ɗan adam saboda rashin mutunta 'yancin ɗan adam yana ƙara yaɗuwa da tasirin cutar. Bugu da ƙari kuma, cutar tana fallasa mutanen da kwayar cutar ta shafa ga cin zarafi daban-daban ta hanyar nuna wariya da wariya." Ya bukaci a baiwa hakiman gundumomi horon da za su rage wannan kyama da wariya. 

## Hakkokin mutanen da ake kamawa
Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2012 da Cibiyar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Lauyoyi ta Duniya, bisa lura da aka yi a gaban Banda ya zama shugaban ƙasa, ya nuna cewa “yan sanda sun yi amfani da ƙarfi fiye da kima, musamman wajen magance rashin jituwar siyasa.” Rahoton ya soki yadda 'yan sanda suka gudanar da zanga-zangar a watan Yulin 2011, kuma ya mayar da hankali kan "mutuwar da aka yi wa dalibi mai fafutuka da Matasa don 'Yanci da Dimokiradiyya, Robert Chasowa," a watan Satumba na 2011, yana nuna cewa "rahoton bayan mutuwar ya ci karo da ikirarin 'yan sanda cewa Chasowa ya kashe kansa," yana nuna "sabili da raunin da ya samu saboda raunin da ya samu." Rahoton ya lura da "cikin gamsuwa" cewa Banda "ya nada kwamitin bincike don bincikar mutuwar Chasowa."

A watan Yulin 2012, mataimakiyar babban kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Kyung-wha Kang ta bayyana "damuwa sosai game da rashin lafiya da tashin hankali, a wasu lokuta da ke kai ga mutuwa, da 'yan sanda ke yi kan wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifuka." Da take yabawa gwamnatin Banda bisa jajircewarta na maido da amanar jama'a ga 'yan sanda, Kyung-wha Kang ta ce tana fatan "ganin ganin an goyi bayan wannan alƙawarin ta hanyar ayyuka na zahiri, gami da horo da ƙoƙarin yaƙi da rashin hukunta masu aikata irin wannan laifin." A matsayin "matakin maraba kan hanyar da ta dace" ta yaba da "sabon tsarin korafe-korafen 'yan sanda." 

## Hakkokin mutanen da ake shari'a
A lokacin ziyararta a watan Yulin 2012 zuwa Malawi, jami'ar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Kyung-wha Kang ta lura da "rakuncin da aka samu wajen gudanar da shari'a a Malawi."  MHRC ta yi zargin "wasu daga cikin ma'aikatan shari'a sun bayyana suna da alaƙa da zartarwa kuma hakan yana lalata tasirin MHRC." Hakanan, Kwalejin kare haƙƙin dan Adam na ɗan adam da ke lura da shi a cikin 2012 cewa ofishin harkokin gabatar da kara a gaban jama'a "a halin yanzu ba su da nasara," kuma ba su da kwararrun magabtarwa. Wannan yana haifar da babban jinkiri a cikin gudanar da shari'a, tare da "laukan laifuka ... ɗaukar shekaru biyu zuwa uku a matsakaici kafin shari'a."

A cewar Ƙungiyar lauyoyi ta Duniya, “ladan alkalai da ma’aikatan da ke tallafa wa shari’a babbar matsala ce,” da ke haifar da damuwa “cewa wasu alkalan za su fi son duba wasu, wasu lokuta, hanyoyin samun ƙarin kudin shiga.” Bugu da ƙari kuma, ƙungiyar ta ƙasa ta sanar da cewa babu takamaiman ƙimar adalci, "matsala ce ta ƙwararrun Kotu da sauran ƙungiyoyi da sauran ƙungiyoyi da kuma Taro na Hakkin dan adam da ke tattare da hakkin dan adam Ga bangaren shari’a.” 

## Hakkin mutanen da ke gidan yari
Mataimakiyar Kwamishinan Kare Hakkokin Bil Adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Hugh Kyung-wha Kang ta lura a cikin watan Yulin 2012 yadda ake ci gaba da fuskantar matsaloli masu tsanani a gidajen yarin Malawi, da suka hada da "[p] daure a tsare a cikin dakunan tsare mutane masu cunkoso, saboda koma bayan shari'o'i da kuma jinkirin aiwatar da aikace-aikacen beli." Ta lura cewa ana kokarin magance wannan matsala "da kuma lalubo hanyoyin da za a bi wajen tsarewa da dauri," kuma ta yaba da "wannan sauyin tunani." 

## Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama
Malawi Watch Human Rights, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1992, "wata kungiya ce mai ba da shawara da ra'ayi mai zaman kanta wacce ke aiki a bangarorin siyasa da tattalin arziki." Ba a sabunta gidan yanar gizon sa ba tun Janairu 2011. 

Cibiyar Ci Gaban Jama'a (CEDEP) kungiya ce mai kare hakkin bil'adama "ta sadaukar da kai don magance bukatun, inganta rayuwa, da kuma ba da tallafi ga wasu tsirarun tsirarun Malawi da aka yi watsi da su ta hanyar ilmantarwa na jama'a, horarwa, inganta iyawa, sadarwar sadarwa da bincike." Membobinta sun yi imanin "cewa inganta jin daɗin ƙungiyoyin tsiraru, gami da fursunoni, ma'aikatan jima'i, da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da jinsi ɗaya, yana da mahimmanci ga lafiya da walwalar dukkan mutane." 

Kwamitin ba da shawara kan 'yancin ɗan adam, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1995, wata hanyar sadarwa ce da ta ƙunshi cibiyoyin coci, ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, da Law Society of Malawi, waɗanda dukkansu ke aiki tare kan bayar da shawarwari, sa ido, da sauran ayyuka tare da manufar kare da haɓaka haƙƙin ɗan adam a Malawi. Gidan na riko na HRCC na kasa kodineta, shi ne harin kone-kone a 2011. 

Cibiyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Gyara (CHRR) wata babbar ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ce ta Malawi, wacce kuma aka kafa a cikin 1995.

Cibiyar Mu'amalar Siyasa wata ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ce ta Malawi. Daraktanta Rafiq Hajat, an tilasta masa shiga buya a lokacin shugabancin Mutharika. A ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2011, an jefa bam a cikin ofisoshin IPI a Blantyre, wanda ya yi barna mai yawa. 

## Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya
Malawi ta rattaba hannu kan wasu yarjeniyoyi na kasa da kasa: • Yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a (1981)

• Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata (1987)

• Yarjejeniya Ta Afirka Kan Hakki da Jin Dadin Yara (1990)

• Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin Yara (1991)

• Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya Kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (1993)

• Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu (1993)

• Yarjejeniya kan azabtarwa da sauran zalunci, rashin jin daɗi ko wulaƙanci magani ko azabtarwa (1996)

• Yarjejeniya ta Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Farko zuwa Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (1996)

• Yarjejeniya kan Kawar da Duk wani nau'i na Wariyar launin fata (1996)

• Dokar Rome ta Kotun hukunta laifuka ta duniya (1998)

• Yarjejeniya da Yarjejeniya Ta Afirka Kan Hakkokin 'Yan Adam da Jama'a Kan 'Yancin Mata a Afirka (2005)

• Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin nakasassu (2009)

• Yarjejeniya ta Zaɓin kan Haƙƙin Yaro akan Siyar da Yara. Karuwanci da Yara da Labarin Batsa (2009)

• Yarjejeniya ta Zaɓuɓɓuka ga Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin Yara kan Shigar Yara a Rikicin Makamai (2010). 

## Manazarta