'Yan kasuwan shakka

**Masu Kasuwar Shakku**: Yadda Ƙarfafan Masana Kimiyya Suka Rufe Gaskiyar Al'amura Daga Taba Taba Zuwa Dumumar Duniya Littafi ne na 2010 wanda ba na almara ba na masana tarihin kimiyya na Amurka Naomi Oreskes da Erik M. Conway. Yana gano kamanceceniya tsakanin rigimar ɗumamar duniya da kuma cece-kuce a baya game da shan taba, ruwan sama na acid, DDT, da rami a cikin sararin sararin samaniya. Oreskes da Conway sun rubuta cewa a cikin kowane hali "cire jayayya da rai" ta hanyar yada shakku da rudani bayan an cimma yarjejeniya ta kimiyya ita ce ainihin dabarar masu adawa da aiki. Musamman ma, sun nuna cewa Fred Seitz, Fred Singer, da wasu ƴan wasu masana kimiyya masu sabani sun haɗa ƙarfi tare da tankunan tunani masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don ƙalubalantar ijma'in kimiyya kan batutuwan zamani da yawa.

Wasu batutuwan littafin sun yi suka game da littafin, amma yawancin masu sharhi sun sami shi da kyau. An yi shi a matsayin fim, Merchants of Doubt, wanda Robert Kenner ya jagoranta, wanda aka saki a cikin 2014.

## Jigogi
Oreskes da Conway sun rubuta cewa ɗimbin masana kimiyya masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na siyasa, waɗanda ke da alaƙa mai ƙarfi ga masana'antu na musamman, sun " taka rawar da ba ta dace ba a cikin muhawara game da tambayoyi masu rikitarwa  Marubutan sun rubuta cewa hakan ya haifar da “rufewa da gangan” al’amuran da suka yi tasiri a kan ra’ayin jama’a da tsara manufofi.

Littafin ya soki abin da ake kira Merchants of Doubt, wasu manyan 'yan wasan kimiyya na Amurka, fiye da Bill Nierenberg, Fred Seitz, da Fred Singer. Dukkanin ukun masana kimiyya ne: Singer ya kasance mai binciken sararin samaniya da tauraron dan adam, yayin da Nierenberg da Seitz suka yi aiki akan bam din atomic. Sun yi aiki a kan batutuwa kamar ruwan sama na acid, shan taba, dumamar yanayi da magungunan kashe qwari. Littafin ya ce wadannan masana kimiyya sun kalubalanci tare da karkatar da ijma’in kimiyya a fagage daban-daban, dangane da illolin shan taba, da illar ruwan acid, da samuwar “ramin ozone”, da samuwar canjin yanayi na dan Adam. Seitz da Singer sun shiga cikin cibiyoyi irin su The Heritage Foundation, Competitive Enterprise Institute da George C. Marshall Institute a Amurka. Kamfanoni da gidauniyoyi masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ne suka samu tallafin, waɗannan ƙungiyoyin sun yi adawa da nau'ikan sa baki ko ƙa'ida na 'yan ƙasar Amurka da yawa. Littafin ya lissafta irin wannan dabara a kowane hali: "Ku bata ilimin kimiyya, yada labaran karya, yada rudani, da inganta shakku".

Littafin ya bayyana cewa Seitz, Singer, Nierenberg da Robert Jastrow duk sun kasance masu adawa da kwaminisanci kuma suna kallon tsarin gwamnati a matsayin mataki na gurguzu da gurguzu. Marubutan suna jayayya cewa, tare da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet, sun nemi wata babbar barazana ga jari-hujja na kasuwa kyauta kuma sun same shi a cikin muhalli. Suna tsoron cewa wuce gona da iri kan matsalolin muhalli zai haifar da tsoma bakin gwamnati a kasuwanni da kutsawa cikin rayuwar mutane. Oreskes da Conway sun bayyana cewa tsawon jinkirin da wadannan matsalolin ke kara ta'azzara, kuma da alama gwamnatoci za su bukaci daukar tsauraran matakan da masu ra'ayin rikau da masu ra'ayin rikau na kasuwa ke firgita. Sun ce Seitz, Singer, Nierenberg da Jastrow sun musanta shaidar kimiyya, sun ba da gudummawa ga dabarun jinkiri, kuma ta haka ne suka taimaka wajen kawo yanayin da suka fi firgita. Mawallafa suna da shakku sosai game da ikon kafofin watsa labaru don bambanta tsakanin gaskiyar ƙarya da ainihin kimiyyar da ake magana a kai; duk da haka, sun daina amincewa da yin katsalandan da sunan kimiyya. A cewar mawallafa, an yi watsi da tsarin aikin jarida na daidaiton rahotanni don fadada saƙon da ba daidai ba na masu saɓani ta hanyar ma'auni na ƙarya. Oreskes da Conway sun bayyana cewa: "Ƙananan adadin mutane na iya samun babban tasiri, musamman idan an tsara su, da ƙaddara kuma suna da damar yin amfani da wutar lantarki".

Babban ƙarshen littafin shi ne cewa da an sami ƙarin ci gaba a cikin aiwatar da manufofi idan ba don tasirin “masana” masu saɓani ba, waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙari don dalilai na akida don lalata amincin tushen kimiyya don ƙa'ida. An riga an yanke shawarar irin wannan, da sauransu akan Frederick Seitz da William Nierenberg a cikin littafin Requiem for a Species: Why We Resist the Truth about Climate Change (2010) na masanin Australia Clive Hamilton.

## Manazarta