2013 California fursunoni yajin aikin yunwa

Yunkurin yajin aikin fursunoni na California na 2013 ya fara ne a ranar 8 ga Yuli, 2013, wanda ya shafi fursunoni sama da 29,000 don nuna rashin amincewa da amfani da ayyukan tsare-tsare na jihar kuma ya ƙare a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 2013 .  An shirya yajin aikin yunwa ne ta hanyar fursunoni na dogon lokaci a cikin Sashin Gidajen Tsaro (SHU) a gidan yarin Jihar Pelican Bay don nuna rashin amincewa da fursunoni da ke zaune a can waɗanda ke cikin kurkuku ba tare da iyaka ba saboda suna da alaƙa da ƙungiya. Wani yajin aikin yunwa wanda ya kara da motsi ya fara a makon da ya gabata a gidan yarin Jihar Babban Yankin. Manufar yajin aikin yunwa na Babban Yankin Yankin Yamma ita ce neman wurare masu tsabta, abinci mafi kyau da kuma samun damar shiga ɗakin karatu.

e.Saboda yajin aikin yunwa na watanni biyu, 'yan majalisa sun amince da gudanar da sauraron jama'a game da yanayin da ke cikin kurkuku na tsaro na California inda wannan ɗaurin zaman kansa ya faru. Bayan wannan sanarwar, mako guda bayan haka a ranar 4 ga Satumba, 2013, akwai fursunoni 100 a cikin kurkuku biyu a yajin aikin yunwa; 40 daga cikinsu sun kasance a yajin aiki tun daga ranar 8 ga Yuli. Dukkanin sauran masu yajin aikin yunwa, saboda alkawarin dan majalisa, sun ci gaba da cin abinci a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 2013.8..

A ranar 22 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2013, wani fursuna, Billy "Guero" Sell, ya mutu bayan ya nemi kulawar likita na kwana bakwai wanda ya kai ga mutuwarsa.

## Damuwa da haƙƙin ɗan adam da tsare-tsare
Health and human rights concerns surrounding California's use of solitary confinement are not a new phenomenon. Questions regarding both the mental and physical health of prisoners kept in solitary confinement have been prevalent since the practice began in the early 1800s. Solitary confinement in United States' prisons is the practice of detaining prisoners in a single cell for between 22 and 24 hours a day. The majority of prisoners confined in solitary confinement in California are contained to 11-foot-by-7-foot windowless concrete cells. These cells generally contain a toilet, shower, a slot in the door large enough for a food tray, and a bed. California opened Corona and Pelican Bay State prisons in the late 1980s, which were two of the first and largest supermax prisons to be erected. In the case of *Madrid v. Gomez* in 1995, the U.S. district court for Northern California determined that a significant number of inmates held in SHU units within Pelican Bay prison suffered from mental health issues. California law allows for any prisoner to be placed into an SHU unit for an indefinite amount of time, so long as they are suspected to be active within a gang. The prisoners' release from the SHU unit can only be reviewed every six years. In *Madrid* the court determined that the Pelican Bay prison was failing to provide adequate mental and physical care for prisoners, and that the Pelican Bay SHU was in a state of a "mental health crisis". The *Madrid* case also brought to light the violence and cruel and unusual punishment that guards were inflicting upon inmates within the SHU unit of the prison, including acts such as caging inmates outside during inclement weather. The Supreme court in 2011 declared that the California prisons were overcrowded to the point of it being considered cruel and unusual punishment, effectively violating the 8th amendment. The supporting opinion on this bipartisan and landmark decision described that the California prison system had failed to meet the minimum requirements needed for the mental and physical health of prisoners. One year after the supreme court decision in 2011, California still had more than 10,000 inmates confined to solitary confinement, with 1,557 inmates having been kept in solitary confinement for at least 10 years. No state besides California is believed to have held such high numbers of prisoners in solitary confinement for such a prolonged period of time. Human Rights Watch, an independent organization that focuses on human rights, found that prolonged use of solitary confinement is inconsistent with respecting the inmates humanity. Amnesty International, a global human rights NGO, voiced support for the hunger striker's concerns as well as saying that California has fallen short of international law and the necessary standards for humane treatment due to California's use of solitary confinement.

## Ayyukan shari'a
Shari'ar, Todd Ashker, et al., vs. Gwamnan Jihar California, et al, fursunonin Jihar Pelican Bay 10 ne suka kawo wadanda aka ajiye a cikin Sashin Gidajen Tsaro (SHU). Shari'ar ta yi zargin cewa tsare-tsare na dogon lokaci a cikin SHU ya keta haramcin Kwaskwarima ta takwas na azabtarwa mai tsanani da ba a saba gani ba da kuma sashi na Kwaskwarima ta goma sha huɗu don tsari da ya dace. An warware shari'ar kotu a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2015, wanda ya haifar da dakatar da tsare-tsare a California kuma ya rage yawan mutane da ke tsare-tsaren kadai gaba ɗaya. Kotun ta yanke hukunci a watan Janairun 2019 cewa California ta ci gaba da keta kundin tsarin mulki, kuma za a sami ƙarin shekara ta saka idanu. Yawancin fursunoni suna jin cewa har yanzu akwai canji da yawa da ake buƙata yayin da ba a sake fasalin tsarin tattaunawa ga fursunonin da ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyar ba.

## Manazarta