open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Peter Werner

**Peter H. Werner** (Janairu 17, 1947 - Maris 21, 2023) daraktan fina-finai da talabijin ne na Amurka. Fim ɗinsa na 1976, *In the Region of Ice*, ya lashe kyautar Academy Award don Mafi Kyawun Fim ɗin Kai Tsaye .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Werner a cikin dangin Yahudawa,  a birnin New York, New York, ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya uku da aka haifa wa Elizabeth (née Grumbach) da Henry Werner.  Yana da 'yar'uwa ɗaya, Patsy Werner Hanson, da ɗan'uwa ɗaya, Tom Werner . 

A shekarar 1977, Werner ya lashe kyautar Oscar don Mafi Kyawun Fim ɗin Kai Tsaye na Kai don jagorantar ɗan gajeren fim ɗin *In the Region of Ice* .  Tun daga lokacin ya yi aiki a kan jagorantar talabijin inda ya tara wasu kyaututtukan fina-finan talabijin kamar su *Mama Flora's Family*, *Two Mothers for Zachary*, *Call Me Claus*, *I Married a Centerfold*,  *Gracie's Choice*, *Mom at Sixteen*, *Tempting Fate*, da sauran fina-finai ciki har da *Front of the Class* (2008). 

Fitattun fina-finansa na talabijin sun haɗa da Ghost Whisperer, Medium, Law & Order: Criminal Intent, A Different World, The Wonder Years, Moonlighting, da kuma na shirin Graham Yost Boomtown da Justified, da sauran shirye-shirye. Ya kuma ba da umarni a wani fim na talabijin a shekarar 2010 mai suna Bond of Silence .

## Rayuwar mutum da mutuwa
Matar Werner ta farko ita ce Marie Ashton; daga baya suka sake ta.  Matarsa ta biyu ita ce Kedren Jones.  Werner ya haifi 'ya'ya uku: Lillie Werner Singh, Katharine Werner, da James Werner. Shi ne babban ɗan'uwan mai shirya talabijin Tom Werner . 

Werner ya mutu sakamakon matsalolin zuciya bayan ya fashe a cikin aorta a Wilmington, North Carolina, a ranar 21 ga Maris, 2023. Yana da shekaru 76.
Gordon Moore

**Gordon Earle Moore** (Janairu 3, 1929 - Maris 24, 2023) ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan Amurka, masanin kimiyya, injiniya, kuma wanda ya kafa Intel Corporation tare da haɗin gwiwa kuma shugaban emeritus. Ya gabatar da dokar Moore wadda ta nuna cewa adadin transistor a cikin da'irar haɗin gwiwa (IC) yana ninka kusan kowace shekara biyu.     

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Gordon Moore a shekarar 1929 a matsayin ɗa na biyu ga Walter Harold Moore (sheriff a Gundumar San Mateo ) da Florence Almira "Mira" Williamson (mai gyaran gida).  Lokacin da Moore ya fara makaranta a shekarar 1935, malaman makarantar sun lura da halayensa na rashin son kai.  Mahaifinsa ya karɓi ci gaba zuwa mataimakin sheriff  a shekarar 1938 kuma ya ƙaura da iyalin zuwa Redwood City, California .  A shekarar 1940, Moore ya sami kyautar ilmin sunadarai a matsayin kyautar Kirsimeti, wanda hakan ya ba shi kwarin gwiwa ya zama masanin kimiyyar sinadarai.  Daga 1942 zuwa 1946, Moore ya yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta Sequoia, inda ya shiga cikin ayyukan wasanni. 

Moore ya halarci Kwalejin Jihar San José (a yanzu Jami'ar Jihar San José) daga 1946 zuwa 1947, yana karatun ilmin sunadarai.  Ya koma Jami'ar California, Berkeley a 1948 kuma ya kammala karatunsa a 1950 tare da digirin farko na Kimiyya tare da babban digiri a fannin ilmin sunadarai.  

Moore ya yi karatu a Cibiyar Fasaha ta California daga 1950 zuwa 1954, inda ya sami digirin Doctor of Falsafa a fannin sinadarai a 1954.     Moore ya gudanar da bincike na postdoctoral a dakin gwaje-gwajen kimiyyar lissafi na Applied Physics a Jami'ar Johns Hopkins daga 1953 zuwa 1956. 

## Aikin kimiyya

### Dakin gwaje-gwaje na Semiconductor na Fairchild
 
Moore ya shiga William Shockley, tsohon ɗalibi a MIT da Caltech a sashin dakin gwaje-gwaje na Shockley Semiconductor na Beckman Instruments, amma ya tafi tare da " masu cin amana takwas ," lokacin da Sherman Fairchild ya amince ya goyi bayansu kuma ya ƙirƙiri kamfanin Fairchild Semiconductor mai tasiri. [1] [2]

### Dokar Moore
A shekarar 1965, Moore yana aiki a matsayin darektan bincike da ci gaba (R&D) a Fairchild Semiconductor. Mujallar Electronics ta tambaye shi ya yi hasashen abin da yake tunanin zai iya faruwa a masana'antar sassan semiconductor a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa. A cikin wani labarin da aka buga a ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 1965, Moore ya lura cewa adadin abubuwan da ke cikin (transistors, resistor, diode, ko capacitors)  a cikin da'irar da aka haɗa mai yawa ya ninka kusan kowace shekara kuma ya yi hasashen cewa zai ci gaba da yin hakan na akalla shekaru goma masu zuwa. A shekarar 1975, ya sake duba ƙimar hasashen zuwa kusan kowace shekara biyu.  Carver Mead ya shahara da kalmar "Dokar Moore". Hasashen ya zama abin da ake nufi da rage yawan amfani da makamashi a masana'antar semiconductor kuma ya yi tasiri sosai a fannoni da yawa na canjin fasaha.  

## Manazarta
Michael Chu (mai saka hannun jari mai zaman kansa)

**James Michael Chu** (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Yuli, 1958) ɗan kasuwan kuɗi ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka. Ya kasance manajan hannun jari masu zaman kansu kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa (Shugaba) na L Catterton tun daga 1989.  

## Rayuwar farko
Chu ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Bates da ke Lewiston, Maine a shekarar 1980, inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da tattalin arziki tare da babban matsayi.  A Bates, ya kasance memba na kwamitin amintattu daga 1995 zuwa 2013. 

## Sana'a
Chu ya riƙe manyan mukamai daban-daban na kula da harkokin kuɗi a Kamfanin First Pacific, wani kamfanin saka hannun jari da gudanarwa da aka sanya wa suna a Hong Kong wanda ya shiga a farkon 1983. 

### L Caterton
A shekarar 1989, Chu ya kafa kamfanin da daga baya ya zama L Catterton sannan daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan shugabannin kamfanin na duniya. 

A shekarar 2015, Catterton Partners ta ɗauki ƙananan abokan hulɗa Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton (LVMH) da Groupe Arnault (ofishin iyalan Bernard Arnault, wanda ya tara kadarorin dala biliyan 12 a matsayin L Catterton .   A watan Mayun 2018, an jera kamfaninsa a matsayin kamfanin hannun jari na masu zaman kansu na 31 mafi girma a duniya, bisa ga jarin da aka tara a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata.  A watan Yunin 2022, L Catterton ta kasance ta 30 a cikin jerin kamfanonin Private Equity International na 2022 PEI 300.  

### Sauran membobinsu da ayyukan agaji
Chu memba ne na Kwamitin 100 (wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta da ke ba da taimako ga 'yan China da Amurka). 

A shekarar 2016, Chu da matarsa sun ba da kyautar dala miliyan 10 ga Kwalejin Bates, inda suka goyi bayan ƙirƙirar matsayin farfesa da sauran shirye-shirye a makarantar. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Chu tana da aure da Elizabeth Kalperis Chu. Sun haɗu ne a lokacin da suke karatu a Kwalejin Bates. Ɗansu na fari, Christopher, ya kammala karatunsa a kwalejin a shekarar 2012.

## Manazarta
Peter Werner Häberlin

**Peter Werner Häberlin** (25 ga Mayu 1912 - 9 ga Yuli 1953) wani mai ɗaukar hoto ne ɗan ƙasar Switzerland wanda aka san shi da jerin hotunansa da ya yi a lokacin da yake tafiya a cikin Saharar Afirka tsakanin 1949 da 1952.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Peter Häberlin a shekarar 1912 a Kreuzlingen kusa da Konstanz a kan tafkin Constance (Obersee Bodensee) kuma ya girma a Singen, a Jamus, kusa da kan iyakar Switzerland. Daga 1928-1931 ya fara koyon aiki tare da wani mai dafa abinci a Berneck, Switzerland, a gabashin tafkin Constance. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Tafiya
A lokacin yana da shekaru 21, Häberlin ya tashi daga gidansa da ke Canton Thurgau don yin tafiya zuwa Afirka, kuma daga 1932 zuwa 1934 ya yi tafiya da ƙafa daga Switzerland zuwa Italiya, ya tsaya a Capri da Positano, kafin ya ci gaba zuwa Palermo, inda ya hau jirgin ruwa zuwa Tunisia da Algeria inda ya ga hamada ya tsaya a yankin Biskra kafin ya nufi kudu zuwa birnin Touggourt . A Constantine, Algeria, Häberlin ya yi aiki a shahararren Pâtisserie Viennoise don dawo da kuɗin tafiyarsa. Ya dawo ta Morocco da Gibraltar, daga baya ya yi wasu tafiye-tafiye a Turai, inda a shekarar 1935 a Stockholm, ya yi ƙoƙarin haɗuwa da mai binciken Sven Hedin na Sweden, wanda aka san shi da binciken Asiya, wanda shi ma a manyan yankunan hamada, ya ruwaito a cikin littattafansa da aka buga tun ƙarni na sha tara waɗanda Häberlin ya karanta sosai.

## Mai ɗaukar hoto
A shekarar 1938/9, Häberlin ya yi karatun sassaka da daukar hoto a Hansische Hochschule, Hamburg har zuwa lokacin da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ya tilasta masa barin Jamus. Daga nan ya yi rajista a fannin daukar hoto a Kunstgewerbeschule da ke Zürich daga 1940 zuwa 1943 inda ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Hans Finsler, babban mai goyon bayan Neue Sachlichkeit . Bayan kammala karatunsa, an buga ayyukan Häberlin a *Atlantis* da *Du* . A shekarar 1948 ya auri Jolita Coughlin, wata ɗaliba 'yar Amurka (wadda Edward Weston ya ɗauki hotonta , kuma tana cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha, Boston ). Sun bar 'ya mace ɗaya da jikoki biyu. 

Häberlin ya yi rangadin wurare daban-daban guda huɗu a Arewacin Afirka a tsakanin 1949-1952, sau da yawa yana bin diddigin tafiye-tafiyensa na baya, a kan hanyoyin karafa da aka kafa, a ƙafa, da keke da kuma a kan sufuri, yana ratsa hamadar Sahara har sai da ya isa Arewacin Kamaru . Ya ɗauki hotunan mutane da gine-gine  a wurare da suka haɗa da Colomb-Béchar (yanzu Béchar ), arewacin Algeria, a El Golea, tsakiyar arewacin Algeria, a sansanin Tuareg kusa da tsaunukan Hoggar, Faransa Sudan (yanzu Mali), Salah, tsakiyar Algeria, arewacin Sahara, da makabartar Ghardaia, arewacin Algeria. 

Häberlin ya yi ɗan ƙaramin rubutu game da tafiye-tafiyensa, kuma irin bayanan tarihin rayuwarsa da ke tattare da shi a wannan lokacin an tattara su ne daga wasiƙun da ya rubuta wa matarsa Jolita,  da kuma hotunan da kansu.

## Manazarta
Werner Peter

**Werner Peter** (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1950) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Jamus wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba . Ya lashe lambar azurfa tare da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Gabashin Jamus a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1980 a Moscow, Tarayyar Soviet . Ya buga wasanni 255 na DDR-Oberliga (kwallaye 66) ga Hallescher FC Chemie.  Peter ya samu jimillar wasanni tara a ƙasarsa ta haihuwa, inda ya zira kwallaye ɗaya. 

## Ƙididdigar aiki
Jerin maki da sakamakon da aka samu. Jamus ta Gabas ta ci kwallaye da farko.

## Manazarta
Todd Combs

**Todd Anthony Combs** (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga Janairu, 1971) tsohon manajan asusun hedge ne kuma manajan saka hannun jari na yanzu a Berkshire Hathaway, wanda ya kasance babban jami'in gudanarwa (Shugaba) na GEICO tun daga Janairu 2020.  Tare da Ted Weschler, ana yawan ambatonsa a matsayin wanda zai iya maye gurbin Warren Buffett a matsayin babban jami'in saka hannun jari na Berkshire .  A shekarar 2016, an nada shi memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na JPMorgan Chase .  A watan Disamba na 2025, an sanar da cewa zai bar Berkshire Hathaway ya shiga JPMorgan don gudanar da Rukunin Zuba Jari na Dabaru. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Todd Anthony Combs kuma ya girma a Sarasota, Florida yana karatun Sakandare a Riverview .   Ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Jihar Florida a shekarar 1993, tare da digiri a fannin kuɗi da harkokin kasuwanci na ƙasashen duniya. Daga baya Combs ya halarci Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Columbia da ke birnin New York, inda ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 2002.   

## Sana'a
Bayan kammala karatunsa na kwaleji, Combs ya zama mai sharhi kan harkokin kuɗi na Sashen Banki, Tsaro da Kuɗi na Jihar Florida. Daga 1996 zuwa 2000 ya kasance mai sharhi kan farashi a Progressive Insurance kuma daga 2000 zuwa 2002 ya kasance mai sharhi kan harkokin inshora a Keefe, Bruyette & Woods. Daga 2003 zuwa 2005, Combs ya yi aiki a Copper Arch Capital, wani asusun shinge da Scott M. Sipprelle ke gudanarwa. 

A shekarar 2005, tare da tsabar kuɗi na dala miliyan 35 daga Stone Point Capital, Combs ya kafa Castle Point Capital. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'i kuma Darakta na asusun shinge na Greenwich, Connecticut, har zuwa 2010, a lokacin da ribar ta kai jimillar kashi 34%, a cewar wani mai zuba jari.   A watan Oktoba na 2010, *Wall Street Journal* ta ruwaito cewa Buffett ya zaɓi Combs don maye gurbinsa a matsayin babban jami'in saka hannun jari na Berkshire Hathaway. 

A watan Satumba na 2016, Combs ya shiga kwamitin gudanarwa na bankin Amurka JPMorgan Chase, wani naɗi da ya faɗaɗa alaƙar Berkshire a fannin ayyukan kuɗi zuwa manyan bankuna uku a Amurka . 

A ranar 23 ga Disamba, 2019, an sanar da Combs a matsayin sabon Shugaba na GEICO, wani reshe na Berkshire. Zai ci gaba da aikinsa a matsayin manajan fayil na Berkshire.

A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2025, Combs zai bar Berkshire Hathaway ya shiga JPMorgan Chase don gudanar da sabuwar ƙungiyar saka hannun jari ta bankin a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban shirinta na "tsaro da juriya" wanda aka sanar a watan Oktoba. Combs zai yi rahoto kai tsaye ga Shugaban JPMorgan Jamie Dimon kuma ya sauka daga shugabancin kamfanin, inda ya yi aiki tun 2016. Combs zai kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman ga Dimon da kwamitin gudanarwa na bankin  .

## Manazarta
William Danoff

**William Danoff** (an haife shi daga 1959–60) wani manajan saka hannun jari ne na Amurka wanda aka san shi da zama mataimakin shugaban ƙasa kuma manajan fayil na Fidelity Contrafund .  A wani lokaci, Contrafund yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan asusun hannun jari ko haɗin gwiwa da mutum ɗaya ke gudanarwa. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Danoff ya sami digiri a fannin tarihi daga Harvard a shekarar 1982 da kuma digiri na MBA daga Wharton a shekarar 1986.

## Sana'a
Da farko ya shiga Fidelity a matsayin manazarci a shekarar 1986, Danoff ya yi horo a ƙarƙashin Peter Lynch, wanda ya kula da Asusun Magellan na Fidelity a shekarun 1970.   

William Danoff ya zama manajan babban asusun Fidelity Investments na Fidelity Contrafund a shekarar 1990. Shi kaɗai ne manajan asusun daga 1990 zuwa 2025, lokacin da aka naɗa Jason Weiner da Asher Anolic a matsayin manajojin asusun tare da Danoff. 

Kafin nadin Weiner da Anolic, Contrafund yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan asusun manaja na musamman a duniya.  

Ya zuwa shekarar 2025, Fidelity Contrafund tana da dala $280kadarori biliyan kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan asusun haɗin gwiwa da ake gudanarwa a zahiri.  

## Taimakon jama'a

Danoff da matarsa sun kasance membobin kwamitin gudanarwa da masu goyon bayan Kwalejin Harvard, da kuma ƙungiyoyin al'umma da dama a Greater Boston.  Jami'ar Brown ta sanya wa wani zauren zama da dakin gwaje-gwajen kimiyyar rayuwa suna, "don girmama kyautar da aka ba su."  

## Duba kuma

* Amintaccen Cin Hanci da Rashawa
* Peter Lynch
* Gerald Tsai
* Zuba Jari na Gaskiya
* Darajar hannun jari
* Kasuwar hannun jari

## Many
Gladys Kessler

**Gladys Kessler** (Janairu 22, 1938 - Maris 16, 2023) ta kasance alkaliyar gundumar Amurka a Kotun Gundumar Gundumar Columbia .

## Ilimi da aiki
Bayan ta sami digirin farko na fasaha daga Jami'ar Cornell da kuma digirin farko na shari'a daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard, Hukumar Hulɗa da Ma'aikata ta Ƙasa ta ɗauke ta aiki. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar majalisa ga Sanata Harrison A. Williams ( D &#x2013; NJ ), sannan ta yi aiki a matsayin ɗan majalisar dokoki na Amurka Jonathan B. Bingham ( D &#x2013; NY ). Kessler ta yi aiki a Hukumar Ilimi ta Birnin New York, sannan ta buɗe kamfanin lauyoyi na kare haƙƙin jama'a.

## Aikin shari'a

### Babban Kotun Gundumar Columbia
A watan Yunin 1977, an naɗa ta a matsayin mataimakiyar alkali a Babbar Kotun Gundumar Columbia, kuma daga 1981 zuwa 1985 ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar alkali a sashen iyali. Ta kasance shugabar ƙungiyar alkalai mata ta ƙasa daga 1983 zuwa 1984, kuma ta yi aiki a kwamitin zartarwa na taron alkalai na shari'o'in tarayya na ƙungiyar lauyoyi ta Amurka da kuma kwamitin gudanarwa da gudanarwa na taron shari'a na Amurka.

### Hukumar shari'a ta tarayya

A ranar 22 ga Maris, 1994, Shugaba Bill Clinton ya naɗa Kessler a matsayin alkali a gundumar Amurka a Kotun Gundumar Amurka ta Gundumar Columbia, a kujerar da Alkali Michael Boudin ya bari. Majalisar Dattawa ta amince da ita a ranar 15 ga Yuni, 1994, kuma ta karɓi kwamitinta a ranar 16 ga Yuni, 1994. Ta hau kujerar babban jami'a a ranar 22 ga Janairu, 2007. 

A shekara ta 2002 ta saurari ƙarar da Gidauniyar Ƙasa Mai Tsarki ta bayar don Agaji da Ci Gaba ta shigar tana neman a soke naɗin da aka yi musu a matsayin ƙungiyar ta'addanci a ƙarƙashin Dokar Zartarwa ta 13224. A lokacin ƙungiyar agaji ta Falasɗinu da Amurka ita ce babbar ƙungiyar agaji ta Musulmi a Amurka, inda ta karɓi gudummawar dala miliyan 13 a shekarar 2000. Alkali ya yi watsi da ƙarar da ta ba da umarnin a cire duk wata shaida daga tarihinta. Kotun ɗaukaka ƙara ta yanke hukuncin cewa ta yi kuskure a shawarar da ta yanke na hana shari'ar a gaban alkalai, amma saboda gaskiyar cewa shari'ar ta shafi tsaron ƙasa, za su bar shawarar ta tsaya. 

## Manazarta
Jacqueline Goldfinger

Jacqueline Goldfinger ƙwararriyar marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma mai rubuta littattafai 'yar Amurka wadda aka fi sani da wasanninta na Babel da The Arsonists. Ta rubuta littafin nan mai suna, Playwriting with Purpose: A Guide and Workbook for Playwriters.

## Sana'a

### Rubutu don mataki
Goldfinger ta fara aikinta a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na fringe inda ta ƙirƙiri aikin musamman a wurin tare da San Diego Playwrights Collective da kuma rangadin wani nau'in wasan kwaikwayo na *The Terrible Girls* zuwa Bikin Fringe na Duniya na New York . 

Cikakken wasan kwaikwayo na asali da ta yi sun haɗa da:

* *Lokacin Konewa*
* *Zamewa/Harba*   (Kyautar Barrymore)
* *Kwalba ta tashi*  (Kyautar Yale) (mawallafin Yale Press)
* *Babel*    (Kyautar Smith, Kyautar Generations) (mawallafi Theatrical Rights Worldwide/TRW Plays)
* *Mai ƙona wuta*  (mawallafi Samuel French/Concord Theatricals)
* *<nowiki/>'Yan Mata Masu Ban Tsoro*  (mawallafin Playscripts)
* *Danna*  (mai wallafawa Theatrical Rights Worldwide/TRW Plays)
* *Fata da Kashi* 
* *Baya Gaba Baya*  (Kyautar Glaspell)

Cikakken tsarinta ya haɗa da:

* *Iska a Ƙofa*   (mai bugawa Stage Partners)
* *Ƙaramar Jaruma*  (mawallafi Theatrical Rights Worldwide/TRW Plays)
* *Ƙananan Mata*  (mawallafin Playscripts)
* *A Kirsimeti Carol*  (mawallafin Playscripts)
Jacqueline Gold

**Jacqueline Gold** CBE (16 Yuli 1960 - 16 Maris 2023) 'Yar kasuwa ce 'yar Birtaniya wacce ta kasance shugabar zartarwa ta Gold Group International,  Ann Summers da Knickerbox .

An kiyasta cewa Gold ita ce mace ta 16 mafi arziki a Burtaniya, wadda ta mallaki fam miliyan 470 a shekarar 2019 a cewar Jaridar *Sunday Times Rich List* .  

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Gold a ranar 16 ga Yuli, 1960, 'yar Beryl Hunt da ɗan kasuwa David Gold .  Mahaifinta yana gudanar da wani kasuwancin buga littattafai wanda ke gabatar da mujallun jima'i a babban titin Burtaniya. Da alama David ya yi kuka lokacin da aka haifi Jacqueline ga matarsa ta farko, saboda yana son ɗa.  Ita da 'yar uwarta, Vanessa, sun girma a cikin wani babban gida mai hawa uku tare da babban lambu da wurin waha a Biggin Hill, Kent .  A watan Agusta na 2007, ita ce babbar mai shiga kashi na biyu na shirin BBC Radio 4, *The House I Grow Up In*, inda ta bayyana rashin jin daɗin yarinta.  Iyayenta sun rabu lokacin da take da shekaru goma sha biyu.  Mahaifinta ya ci zarafin zina da zina da Gold. 

## Aikin kasuwanci

Bayan makaranta, Gold ta fara aiki a Royal Doulton, amma ta yanke shawarar ba za ta so ta zama manaja ba, kuma ta roƙi mahaifinta ya taimaka mata ta sami ƙarin ƙwarewar aiki . Bayan ta sayi shaguna huɗu na sarkar Ann Summers a shekarar 1972, mahaifinta ya ba ta ƙwarewar aikin bazara a watan Mayu 1979.

Gold kuma ba ta son yanayin da ake ciki a Ann Summers ba, wanda shine shagon jima'i na David Gold mai "tsabta" mai daraja. Ta ce game da gabatarwarta: "Ba yanayi mai kyau ba ne a yi aiki a ciki. Duk maza ne, masana'antar jima'i ce kamar yadda muke ɗauka." Duk da haka, bayan gayyatar da aka yi mata zuwa bikin Tupperware a 1981, ta ga yuwuwar sayar da kayan kwalliya masu kyau da kayan wasan jima'i ga mata a cikin sirrin gidajensu.  Ta ƙaddamar da Tsarin Bikin Ann Summers, wani shirin tallan gida don kayan wasan jima'i, tare da ƙaƙƙarfan manufar "ba a yarda da maza ba". Tsarin ya bai wa kamfanin wurin sayar da kayayyaki wanda ya guji ƙa'idodi na doka kan nuna kayan wasan jima'i don siyarwa.
Bobby Caldwell

**Robert Hunter Caldwell** (Agusta 15, 1951 - Maris 14, 2023) mawaki ne na Amurka, mawaƙi, kuma mawaƙi. Ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙi da dama waɗanda suka haɗa da R&amp;amp;B, soul, jazz, da kuma na zamani, kuma an san shi da waƙoƙinsa masu rai da kuma iyawa. Caldwell ya fitar da waƙar da ya fi shahara da kuma waƙar sa mai suna " What You Won't Do for Love " daga kundin wakokinsa na farko mai taken platinum sau biyu a shekarar 1978.

laushi da yawa, Caldwell ya koma ga matsayin waƙa daga littafin waƙoƙin Great American Song Book . Ya rubuta waƙoƙi da yawa ga sauran mawaka, ciki har da waƙar Billboard Hot 100 mai lamba 1 mai suna " The Next Time I Fall " ga Amy Grant da Peter Cetera . [1] Kasidar waƙoƙin Caldwell wataƙila an fi saninta a yau saboda ɗauko ta daga baya daga wasu mawakan hip hop da R&B.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Bobby Caldwell a Manhattan,  amma ya girma a Miami, Florida . Mahaifiyarsa ta sayar da gidaje kuma ɗaya daga cikin abokan cinikinta mawakin reggae Bob Marley ne; Caldwell da Marley sun zama abokai. Lokacin da suka girma a Miami ya fallasa Caldwell ga waƙoƙi iri-iri kamar Haiti, Latin, reggae, da R&B. Iyayensa sun shirya wani shirin talabijin na gida mai suna *Suppertime* .   Ya girma yana sauraron kiɗan Frank Sinatra da Ella Fitzgerald .  Lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 12, Caldwell ya fara buga piano da guitar. Yana sha'awar rock and roll, jazz, da rhythm and blues .

## Sana'a
Caldwell memba ne na wata ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Miami mai suna Katmandu wanda ya rubuta yawancin kayan aikinsu yayin da yake yin waƙoƙin gargajiya. Caldwell ya buga kayan kida da yawa kuma ya rera waƙa. Yana da shekaru 17, ya yi aiki da ƙungiyar mawaƙa a Las Vegas, sannan ya ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles. 

Caldwell ya sami hutun aikinsa na farko a matsayin mai yin guitar ga Little Richard a farkon shekarun 1970.   Caldwell da ƙungiyarsa daga ƙarshe sun bar Little Richard, kuma Caldwell ya zama shi kaɗai.  A shekarar 1977, ya yi shekaru shida a Los Angeles yana wasa a ƙungiyoyin mashaya daban-daban kuma yana ƙoƙarin samun yarjejeniyar rikodi.  Caldwell daga ƙarshe ya sanya hannu da TK Records a Miami a shekarar 1978. Bayan an yi rikodin waƙoƙin kundinsa na farko, shugabannin sun gaya wa Caldwell cewa sun ji daɗin kundin, amma sun yi tunanin ba shi da wani tasiri. Caldwell ya koma ɗakin studio na tsawon kwana biyu ya rubuta " What You Won't Do for Love ". TK galibi lakabin R&B ne da ya shahara tsakanin masu sauraron Afirka-Amurka. Shugabannin kamfanin suna son ɓoye gaskiyar cewa Caldwell fari ne, don haka suka hana shi rufe murfin kundin. Lokacin da ya yi rangadin tare da Natalie Cole don tallafawa kundin, yawancin masu sauraro baƙi ne kuma mutane da yawa sun yi mamakin cewa Caldwell fari ne.  

Kundin farko na Caldwell ya biyo baya, sai *Cat in the Hat* (1980) da *Carry On* (1982). A cikin kundin *Carry On*, Caldwell ya buga dukkan kayan kida, shi ne mai shiryawa kuma ya taimaka wajen shiryawa da haɗa su.  A shekarar 1983, Caldwell ya fitar da *August Moon* kawai a Japan. An fitar da shi a Amurka a shekarun 1990.

## Manazarta
Bobby Caldwell (album)

***Bobby Caldwell*** (wanda aka sake fitar da shi a CD a matsayin ***What You Won't Do for Love*** ) shine kundin farko na mawaƙi kuma mawaƙi Bobby Caldwell . An fitar da kundin a shekarar 1978 a kan alamar Clouds na TK Records .

Kundin ya fara fitowa a jadawalin  Top LPs amp; Tape a fitowar da aka yi a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 1978, kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa a jadawalin tsawon makonni 31, inda ya kai matsayi na 21.  ya kuma fito a jadawalin *Billboard* Soul LP, a fitowar da aka yi a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 1978, kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa a jadawalin tsawon makonni 28, inda ya kai matsayi na bakwai. 

Waƙar " What You Won't Do for Love " ta fara fitowa a Hot 100 a ranar 23 ga Disamba, 1978, inda ta shafe makonni uku a lamba tara a lokacin makonni 20 na gudu, [1] lamba goma a jadawalin waƙoƙin Cash Box, a cikin makonni 19 na gudu a jadawalin, [2] lamba shida a kan Billboard Hot Rhythm & Blues Singles a lokacin makonni 23 na gudu. [3] da lamba goma a kan jadawalin Billboard Easy Listening a lokacin makonni 16 na gudu.

## Jerin waƙoƙi
Bobby Caldwell ne ya rubuta dukkan waƙoƙin, sai dai inda aka lura.
  

* Bobby Caldwell - mawakan da ke jagorantar waƙoƙi, madannai, masu haɗa sauti, gita, da bass
* Ed Green, Joe Galdo, Harold Seay – ganguna
* George "Chocolate" Perry, Richie Valesquez – bass
* Alfons Kettner - guitar
* Steve Mealy - guitar
* Benny Latimore - madannai
* Mike Lewis - Tsarin ƙaho da igiyoyi

* Ann Holloway - furodusa
* Marsha Radcliffe – furodusa (a shirin "Special to Me" da "My Flame")
* George "Chocolate" Perry - mai shirya fim (a kan "Can't Say Goodbye")
* Henry Marx - Gudanar da Kai

## Manazarta
Rubuce-rubucen Bobby Caldwell

Mawakin Amurka, marubuci, kuma mawaƙi, Robert Hunter Caldwell (1951 - 2023), wanda aka fi sani da Bobby Caldwell, ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙi 16 na studio, ayyukan tattarawa da adana waƙoƙi 3 daban-daban, da kuma waƙoƙi 16. Waƙarsa mafi nasara ita ce " What You Won't Do for Love ", wadda ta kai matsayi na 8 a kan Billboard Hot 100, [1] No. 6 a kan jadawalin waƙoƙin R&B (No. 6), [2] da kuma matsayi na 10 a kan jadawalin zamani na manya

## Kundin waƙoƙi

### Kundin waƙoƙin studio

### Kundin tattarawa

## Manazarta
Joe Periton

**Joe Periton** (1901–1980) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa da ƙasa wanda ya wakilci Ingila daga 1925 zuwa 1930.  Ya kuma jagoranci ƙasarsa. 

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Joe Periton a ranar 8 ga Maris, 1901 a Belfast, Ireland, amma ya girma a Crosby, Merseyside .  

## Aikin ƙungiyar ƙwallon rugby
Periton ya fara buga wasa a ƙasashen waje a ranar 17 ga Janairu 1925 a Twickenham a wasan Ingila da Wales . [1] Daga cikin wasanni 21 da ya buga wa ƙungiyar ƙwallonsa ta ƙasa, ya kasance yana kan gaba a gasar sau 12. [1] Ya buga wasansa na ƙarshe wa Ingila a ranar 15 ga Maris 1930 a Twickenham a wasan Ingila da Scotland
Manu Daftary

**Manu Daftary** wani manajan kuɗi ne na Amurka  wanda ke kula da Asusun Ci Gaban Dabaru na Quaker.  A cikin shekaru goma daga 1997 zuwa 2006, asusun ya doke S&amp;amp;P 500 da matsakaicin kashi tara cikin ɗari a kowace shekara. 

## Sana'a
Ya fara aikinsa na gudanar da zuba jari a Jami'ar Kudancin California a shekarar 1985  inda ya kasance Mataimakin Ma'ajin Zuba Jari.  A shekarar 1988, ya shiga Geewax, Terker & Company a matsayin manajan fayil a shekarar 1988, inda ya jagoranci asusun kamfanoni na kamfanin tare da kula da harkokin hannun jari na kadarorin asusun ajiyar hannun jari na kamfanin.  Yayin da yake GT&C, ya tsara wani shiri na musamman don asusun ajiyar kudadensa.  Daga nan ya yi aiki a Hellman, Jordan Investment Management Company a matsayin babban mataimakin shugaban kasa/manajan fayil, kuma yana da alhakin dala miliyan 500 na kadarorin cibiyoyi.  A can, ya kuma shiga cikin gudanar da kadarorin asusun ajiyar hannun jari na dala miliyan 150.  Daftary ya fara kamfanin saka hannun jari nasa a shekarar 1996,  DG Capital Management, wanda shi ne shugaban kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa 

## Ilimi
Daftary yana da digirin farko a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Mumbai, Indiya.  Shi ma ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Jihar California, Long Beach,  inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin Kimiyya da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Kasuwanci .  Shi ne mai takardar shaidar mai nazarin harkokin kuɗi .

## Manazarta
Shelby M. C. Davis

Shelby Moore Cullom Davis (an haife shi a shekara ta 1937 [) ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne mai taimakon jama'a kuma mai saka hannun jari mai ritaya kuma manajan kuɗi.

## Rayuwar farko da aiki
An haifi Davis a shekarar 1937, ɗan manajan kuɗi ne Shelby Cullom Davis  da Kathryn Wasserman Davis .  Ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Princeton  kuma ya fara aikinsa a Bankin New York,  inda ya zama mataimakin shugaban bankin mafi ƙaranci tun bayan Alexander Hamilton.  

Davis ya bar BNY a shekarar 1968 ya kafa kamfanin kula da saka hannun jari wanda daga ƙarshe ya zama Davis Selected Advisers,   wanda a shekarar 2021 ya mallaki kimanin dala biliyan 37 a cikin asusu da dama. 

Duk asusun Davis suna zuba jari a hannun jarin jama'a kuma an bayyana su a matsayin asusun "ƙimar hannun jari". Sunan Shelby Davis da irin waɗannan hannun jari ya kai matsayin da jaridar New York Times ta kira shi "manajan asusun almara",  mujallar Money "tatsuniya",  mujallar Financial Advisor "tatsuniya",  da kuma "mai saka hannun jari na almara" ta mujallar Kiplinger 's Personal Finance. 

A halin yanzu Davis yana auren matarsa ta biyu, Gale.  Matarsa ta farko, Wendy A. Adams, 'yar shugaban ƙungiyar Boston Bruins ce , Weston Adams .  Davis ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar Bruins, kuma sakamakon nasarar da ƙungiyar ta samu a gasar zakarun Turai a shekarar 1972, an rubuta sunansa a gasar cin kofin Stanley . 

A shekarar 2012, John Rothchild ya buga wani bayanin Davis, mahaifinsa, da 'ya'yansa maza, mai suna "Daular Davis: Shekaru Hamsin na Nasarar Zuba Jari a Wall Street".

## Taimakon jama'a
An san Shelby Davis a matsayin mai bayar da agaji mai karimci, musamman ga harkokin ilimi.  Daga cikin manyan waɗanda suka amfana da ayyukan agajinsa akwai ƙungiyar United World College da kuma ɗalibansa, Jami'ar Princeton,  wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin amintacce tun daga 2006,  kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin masu ba da gudummawa mafi girma ga jami'ar a lokacin da yake cikin kwamitin gudanarwa.  Tallafinsa ga Kwalejojin Duniya na United World sun haɗa da biyan kuɗin gyara Montezuma Castle a harabar jami'ar Amurka.   Ya ƙara tallafawa waɗannan makarantu ta hanyar Shirin Masana Kwalejin Duniya na Davis United, ƙalubalen Davis-UWC IMPACT da Shirin Dare zuwa Mafarki na Davis-UWC.  Ta hanyar Shirin Masana Kwalejin Duniya na Davis United, Davis ya samar da guraben karatu ga ɗalibai sama da 10,000 a kwalejoji da jami'o'i a faɗin duniya.           &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

Davis da matarsa suna kuma tallafawa ayyukan agaji na muhalli da na yanki, ciki har da a Maine, Wyoming, Florida, da Utah. 

Davis ya bayyana ayyukansa na taimakon jama'a ta hanyar cewa "Ina ganin ilimi yana haifar da damammaki. Kullum yana game da matasa da makomarsu, kuma duk mun fahimci cewa tare da ilimi, matasa suna da damammaki fiye da ba tare da shi ba. Ina saka hannun jari a cikin ɗaliban UWC, musamman, saboda ina ganin suna samun wani nau'in ilimi na musamman a makarantun UWC. Suna gaya min wannan, akai-akai a cikin wasiƙunsu da kuma lokacin da na haɗu da su. Malamansu da farfesoshinsu suma suna gaya min haka". 

## Manazarta
William Wulf

**William Allan Wulf** (Disamba 8, 1939 - Maris 10, 2023) masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda ya shahara saboda aikinsa a harsunan shirye-shirye da na'urorin tattara bayanai .

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Wulf a Chicago, kuma ya halarci Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign, inda ya sami digirin farko na Kimiyya (BS) a fannin kimiyyar injiniya a shekarar 1961 da kuma digiri na biyu na Kimiyya (MS) a fannin injiniyan lantarki a shekarar 1963. Daga nan ya sami digirin farko na Digirin Farko na Falsafa (Ph.D.) a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta daga Jami'ar Virginia a shekarar 1968.

## Sana'a
A shekarar 1970, lokacin da yake Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon (CMU), ya tsara harshen shirye-shiryen BLISS kuma ya ƙirƙiri mai tsara shirye-shirye don shi.

Daga 1971 zuwa 1975, a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin CMUs C.mmp, ya yi aiki a kan wani microkernel na tsarin aiki (OS) mai suna Hydra wanda aka gina bisa ga iyawa, wanda aka mayar da hankali kan abu, kuma an tsara shi don tallafawa nau'ikan tsarin aiki iri-iri da za a iya amfani da su.

Tare da matarsa Anita K. Jones, Wulf ya kasance wanda ya kafa kuma mataimakiyar shugaba ta Tartan Laboratories, wani kamfanin fasahar tattara bayanai, a shekarar 1981.

Wulf ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Kwalejin Injiniya ta Ƙasa  daga 1996 zuwa 2007. Ya jagoranci Hukumar Kimiyyar Kwamfuta da Sadarwa ta Majalisar Bincike ta Ƙasa daga 1992 zuwa 1996. Kafin haka, ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Darakta na Hukumar Kimiyyar Kwamfuta da Bayanai ta Ƙasa ta Amurka (CISE) daga 1988-1990. A wannan lokacin, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da hanyar sadarwa ta kwamfuta ta NSFnet (kamar yadda aka san ta a wancan lokacin) ga jama'a a matsayin Intanet, wanda ya sami lambar yabo ta ACM Policy Award a 2017.  Ya yi aiki a Majalisar ACM, a kwamitin gudanarwa na CRDF Global,  kuma editan bita ne na *Kimiyya* . A 1994 an naɗa shi a matsayin Fellow na ACM. A 2007 an ba Wulf lambar yabo ta gabatar da lacca mai daraja ta Charles P. Steinmetz a Kwalejin Union .  An zaɓe shi cikin Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka a wannan shekarar. 

Binciken Wulf ya kuma haɗa da tsarin gine-ginen kwamfuta, tsaron kwamfuta, da kuma lambar sirri ta software-hardware .

Wulf ya ƙare aikinsa a Jami'ar Virginia ta hanyar yin murabus a ranar Talata, 19 ga Yuni, 2012, don nuna rashin amincewa da murabus ɗin tilas na tsohuwar Shugaba Teresa A. Sullivan,  a cikin abin da ya kira, "mummunan misali na shugabancin kamfanoni da na taɓa gani."     Bayan ƙalubalen da ya yaɗu daga malamai, ƙungiyar ɗalibai, tsofaffin ɗalibai, da kuma al'ummar ilimi ta ƙasa; kuma a gaban barazanar kai tsaye daga Gwamnan Virginia cewa zai maye gurbin dukkan hukumar gudanarwa idan ba su magance rikicin ba, an sake ɗaukar Sullivan aiki bayan makonni biyu. 

## Rayuwar mutum da mutuwa
Wulf ya auri Anita K. Jones, farfesa mai ritaya a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta a Jami'ar Virginia .

William Wulf ya mutu a Charlottesville, Virginia, a ranar 10 ga Maris, 2023, yana da shekaru 83.
William Wulff

**William D. Wulff** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1949) ƙwararren masanin kimiyyar sinadarai ne na Amurka, wanda a halin yanzu yake Jami'ar Jihar Michigan kuma zaɓaɓɓen memba na Ƙungiyar Ci gaban Kimiyya ta Amurka .   Binciken Wulff ya mayar da hankali kan nazarin ƙwayoyin halitta marasa daidaituwa, kimiyyar sinadarai ta Fischer carbene, nazarin injiniyanci, da kuma haɗakar samfuran halitta gaba ɗaya.

Ya sami digirin digirgir na uku a fannin sinadarai na halitta daga Jami'ar Jihar Iowa a shekarar 1979. Bayan haka, ya kasance ƙwararren digiri na uku a Jami'ar Princeton daga 1979 zuwa 1980 a ƙarƙashin Farfesa MF Semmelhack. Kafin ya shiga Jihar Michigan, Wulff ya kasance memba na malamai a Jami'ar Chicago, yana aiki a matsayin Mataimakin, Mataimakin, sannan cikakken Farfesa tsakanin 1980 da 1999. 

Karl Heinz Dötz ne ya fara gano martanin Wulff-Dötz da aka sanya wa sunansa, kuma ƙungiyoyin Dötz da Wulff sun haɓaka shi sosai.
MAIYAU

**FÁS** (  ), sunan gama gari na **An Foras Áiseanna Saothair** (  ; lit. ' Hukumar Horarwa da Aiki ' ), hukuma ce ta jiha a Ireland wacce ke da alhakin taimaka wa waɗanda ke neman aiki . An kafa ta a watan Janairun 1988 a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ayyukan Kwadago ta 1987  kuma kwamitin da ya ƙunshi wakilan ma'aikata da ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago ne ke gudanar da ita. An rushe ta a shekarar 2013, kuma SOLAS da Hukumar Ilimi da Horarwa ne suka ɗauki nauyin gudanar da ayyukanta. Bayan kafa ta, Ministan Kwadago ne ya naɗa kwamitin; bayan rushewar ta, bayan an canja wurin ayyuka, Ministan Ilimi da Ƙwarewa ne ya naɗa kwamitin.

## Bayani
Hukumar, wacce sunanta na harshen Irish ya fassara a matsayin "Gidauniyar Kayan Aiki", ita ce magajin An Chomhairle Oiliúna ("majalisar horarwa", wacce aka fi sani da AnCO), Hukumar Kula da Ma'aikata ta Ƙasa da Hukumar Samar da Ayyukan Matasa. Kalmar Irish  wanda aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar acronym yana nufin "girma", kuma an ƙirƙiri ikon a cikin shekarun 1980s Ireland a lokacin dogon koma bayan tattalin arziki na lokacin.

Hukumar ta gudanar da wasu Cibiyoyin Aiki a Ireland don sauƙaƙa wa waɗanda ke neman aiki; duk da haka an sha suka a wasu lokutan, musamman saboda ra'ayin cewa kawai shiri ne na cire mutane daga ƙididdigar rashin aikin yi.  - an kuma soki ta saboda kashe kuɗin gudanar da ita kusan Yuro biliyan 1 a kowace shekara. &#x5B; ** &#x5D; Hukumar ta gudanar da kwasa-kwasan horo a fannoni daban-daban, ta hanyar cibiyoyin yanki, kodayake an mayar da wasu daga cikin wannan aikin zuwa cibiyoyin fasaha - gami da horar da ɗalibai a fannoni daban-daban da ta tsara.

## Takaddama a Geoghegan
A al'ada, Darakta Janar na FÁS memba ne na kwamitin gudanarwa na Forfás . Brian Geoghegan (matarsa Mary Harney, wacce a lokacin Ministar Lafiya da Yara ce ) ya yi ritaya a matsayin Shugaban FÁS a ƙarshen 2005 kuma Peter McLoone ya maye gurbinsa. An sami wasu ce-ce-ku-ce game da matsayin Geoghegan lokacin da ya bayyana cewa shi ma memba ne na kwamitin gudanarwa na IBEC, ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta Ireland. [ an buƙaci ambato ] IBEC ta yi suka ga FÁS a wasu lokutan tana da'awar, a lokuta daban-daban, cewa wasu darussa da tsare-tsare na FÁS ɓata kuɗi ne, suna ɗauke ma'aikata masu yuwuwa daga rajista kai tsaye waɗanda za a iya ɗaukar su aiki a manyan mukamai. [ ana buƙatar ambato ] Gaskiyar cewa Geoghegan ya auri Harney, tsohon Ministan Kasuwanci, Ciniki da Aiki, ya haifar da wasu ikirari cewa yana da sabani da sha'awa.

## Manazarta
Kwamitin Koyarwa da Koyarwa na Kasa

**Kwamitin Hadin Gwiwa na Koyarwa da Horarwa na Ƙasa** ( **NJATC** ) shine tsohon sunan da ake kira Electrical Training Alliance, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta da aka kafa a shekarar 1941 ta Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Wutar Lantarki ta Duniya (IBEW) da Ƙungiyar 'Yan Kwangilar Wutar Lantarki ta Ƙasa (NECA).

Hukumar NJATC ta taimaka wajen haɓaka da daidaita ilimi a masana'antar wutar lantarki ta hanyar taimaka wa membobin NECA da IBEW, ƙirƙirar ma'aikata masu ƙwarewa. Ƙungiyar ta yi aiki tare da ƙwararru daban-daban don tabbatar da cewa ɗaliban da ke koyon wutar lantarki a cikin ƙungiyar ma'aikata masu tsari sun sami damar yin amfani da sabbin dabarun horarwa a masana'antar ginin wutar lantarki.

Ƙungiyar ta kuma ɗauki nauyin Cibiyar Horarwa ta Ƙasa (NTI), wato babban taron horar da wutar lantarki a Arewacin Amurka. Kusan ma'aikatan wutar lantarki 2,000 ne suka halarci wannan taron don koyo game da sabbin hanyoyin masana'antu, ganin sabbin kayayyaki, da kuma halartar tarurrukan horo mai zurfi. NTI kuma gida ce ga ɗaya daga cikin manyan baje kolin cinikin wutar lantarki a masana'antar gine-gine.

Ya zuwa shekarar 2007, an sami sama da ɗaliban koyon aikin lantarki 40,000 da suka yi rajista a shirye-shiryen JATC a duk faɗin Amurka da Kanada. Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, sama da ɗaliban koyon aikin lantarki 325,000 sun kammala shirye-shiryen horar da NJATC kuma sun zama ƙwararrun masu tafiya, wanda hakan ya sanya ƙungiyar ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan shirye-shiryen horar da aikin lantarki da koyon aikin hannu irinta.

## Bayani
A faɗin Amurka da Kanada, sama da kwamitocin haɗin gwiwa na horo da horo (JATCs) 200 na gida sun yi amfani da manhajar NJATC don taimakawa wajen horar da masu koyon aikin lantarki. NJATC ta ƙirƙiro manhajojin horar da lantarki don shirye-shiryen Inside Wireman, Outdoor Lineman, Voice-Data-Video (VDV), da Residential Wireman. Fasaha masu tasowa kamar su photovoltaics (samar da wutar lantarki ta hasken rana), samar da wutar lantarki ta iska da kuma masu sarrafa dabaru (PLCs) suma suna cikin manhajojin NJATC, tare da lambobi da horar da aminci da kayan aiki. Ƙungiyar kuma tana da alhakin jagorantar nau'ikan takaddun shaida na masana'antar lantarki kamar haɗa kebul da lanƙwasa bututu .

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Shafin yanar gizo na NJATC
* Shafin yanar gizo na NECA
* Shafin yanar gizo na IBEW
Koyon karatu mafi girma

**Babban Horon Aiki** shine aikin da ya yi daidai da digirin Jami'ar Gidauniya . Wannan shirin zai samar da cancantar mataki na 4-5 kuma ana iya yin sa ne kawai idan an riga an cimma daidaiton mataki na 3. Duk da haka, kwanan nan wasu Masu Ba da Horon Aiki waɗanda ke ba da horo mai zurfi ba koyaushe suke buƙatar waɗannan cancantar ba. Kwarewa mai dacewa na iya haifar da yin hira da mai ba da horon kafin a karɓe shi cikin shirin.

Yanzu haka manyan makarantu sun kai kashi 31.9% na dukkan fara koyon sana'o'i, tare da sabbin ɗalibai 80,700 da suka fara sana'o'i mafi girma a shekarar 2020/21. Babban fannin koyon sana'o'i shine kawai fannin koyon sana'o'i da ya bunƙasa a cikin shekaru uku da suka gabata, inda ya koma daga sabbin ɗalibai 59,800 a shekarar 2018/19 da kuma 66,700 a shekarar 2019/20 zuwa matakin da ake da shi a yanzu na sama da 80,000 a cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata. 

## Bukatu
An tsara manyan darussan koyon aiki ga ɗalibai 'yan shekara 18 ko sama da haka.

Dole ne 'yan takarar da ke sha'awar wannan shirin su riga sun sami cancantar mataki na 3 kamar su horon aiki mai zurfi, matakan A ko kuma Digiri na Baccalaureate na Ƙasa da Ƙasa. Duk da haka, wasu masu ba da horo za su bayar da shirin idan kuna da ƙwarewa mai dacewa.

## Manazarta
Sabis ɗin Koyarwa na Kasa

**Rubutu mai gwaɓi****Hukumar Kula da Horar da Matasa ta Ƙasa** ( **NAS** ), wani ɓangare na Hukumar Ba da Tallafin Ilimi da Ƙwarewa, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnati da ke tsara ayyukan koyon sana'o'i a Ingila, wanda ke ba matasa damar shiga sana'o'in ƙwararru .

## Tarihi
A farkon watan Fabrairun 2008, Gwamnatin Labour ta buga wani takarda mai suna *Dabaru don Makomar Horar da Malamai a Ingila* . Ta gabatar da wani yanayi na rashin tabbas, wato Hukumar Horar da Malamai ta Ƙasa (NAS). Daraktan Ƙwarewa ta Ƙasa na Majalisar Koyo da Ƙwarewa (LSC) ne zai kula da Hukumar NAS. A lokacin, LSC ta sami mafi yawan kuɗaɗenta ga hukumomin yankin. Hukumar NAS za ta kasance wani ɓangare na LSC, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin takardar gwamnati ta 2008 kan horar da malamai. An kafa sabbin sassa biyu a LSC a lokaci guda - ɗaya ga matasa wanda Rob Wye ke jagoranta, ɗaya kuma ga ilimin manya da horo wanda Chris Roberts ke jagoranta. Duk sabbin sassa uku har yanzu suna cikin wannan matakin na LSC, ba ƙungiyoyi daban-daban ba. A lokacin, hukumomin gwamnati shida suna da alhakin horar da malamai, amma babu shugabanci gaba ɗaya.

A lokacin da aka kafa ta, Gwamnatin Labour har zuwa wannan lokacin ta fi mai da hankali kan shawo kan kashi 50% na 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18 su halarci jami'a. A wasu ƙasashen Turai, an fi mai da hankali kan koyon sana'o'i; kashi 6% ne kawai na kamfanonin Ingila ke ba da koyon sana'o'i idan aka kwatanta da kashi 30% a Jamus. A Ingila, waɗanda suka kai shekara 25 suna koyon sana'o'i za su sami kuɗi fiye da waɗanda ba su samu ba, don irin waɗannan cancantar (£100,000 akan aiki). Sau da yawa ana ambaton digirin jami'a a matsayin inganta damar samun kuɗi, amma ya dogara sosai da zaɓin digiri, kuma koyon sana'o'i yana da babban ƙimar nasara akan damar samun kuɗi.

## Duba kuma

* Horarwa a Burtaniya
* Matakin T
Dokar Koyarwa ta Kasa

**Dokar Koyar da Ɗalibai ta Ƙasa** (wanda kuma aka sani da **Dokar Fitzgerald** ) doka ce ta tarayya a Amurka wadda ke tsara shirye-shiryen koyon aiki da kuma horar da ɗalibai a wurin aiki.

Shirye-shiryen koyon aiki a Amurka galibi ba su da tsari har zuwa 1934. Bayan an zartar da Dokar Farfado da Masana'antu ta Ƙasa (NIRA), masana'antu, ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago da Hukumar Farfado da Magani ta Ƙasa sun haɗu don ƙirƙirar "lambobin masana'antu" daban-daban don gudanar da gasa, albashi, yanayin aiki da ingancin kayayyaki da ayyuka. Ɗaya daga cikin fannoni na dokokin masana'antar gini gabaɗaya shine jerin dokoki da ke tsara shirye-shiryen koyon aiki a masana'antar gini.

Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta ayyana NIRA a matsayin wadda ta saba wa kundin tsarin mulki a watan Mayun 1935.

Domin ci gaba da aikin hukumar kula da harkokin gine-gine dangane da shirye-shiryen koyon aiki, Sakataren Ma'aikata na Amurka Frances Perkins ta kafa Kwamitin Tarayya kan Koyarwa . Perkins, wanda ya kunshi wakilai daga hukumomin gwamnatin tarayya, ya dauki nauyin kwamitin da ya ba da shawarar manufofin tarayya game da koyon aiki.

A shekarar 1937, Majalisar Wakilai ta zartar da Dokar Koyon Aiki ta Ƙasa (29 USC 50), wadda aka fi sani da "Dokar Fitzgerald." Dokar ta kafa kwamitin ba da shawara na ƙasa wanda aikinsa shi ne yin bincike da tsara dokoki don kafa ƙa'idodi mafi ƙanƙanta don shirye-shiryen koyon aiki. Daga baya an yi wa Dokar kwaskwarima don ba wa Ma'aikatar Aiki ta Amurka damar fitar da ƙa'idodi da ke kare lafiya, aminci da jin daɗin ɗalibai gabaɗaya, da kuma ƙarfafa amfani da kwangiloli wajen ɗaukar ma'aikata da kuma ɗaukar su aiki.

Dokar Fitzgerald tana ƙarƙashin kulawar Hukumar Aiki da Horarwa a Ma'aikatar Aiki. Ka'idojin da ke kula da shirye-shiryen koyon aiki suna cikin Dokar Dokokin Tarayya ta Amurka a Take 29, CFR Sashe na 29. Dokokin da ke hana nuna wariya ga launin fata, ƙabila, addini, shekaru da jinsi a cikin shirye-shiryen koyon aiki suna cikin Take 29, CFR Sashe na 30.

## Manazarta

* "Tarihin koyon aiki." Shirin Koyar da Aikin Carpenter & Millwright na Michigan. babu kwanan wata.  Archived
Takardun mai tafiya

**Takardun tafiya**, ko **lasisin matafiya**, takardar shaida ce da ake bai wa ma'aikata bayan kammala koyon aiki. Takardar shaidar tana tabbatar da cewa ma'aikacin yana da ƙwarewa a sana'arsa. Ana kiran ma'aikacin da ya sami wannan takardar shaidar matafiya .  

Har zuwa wannan zamani, takardun matafiya suna da mahimmanci don neman aiki a matsayin sana'a. Cancanta na matafiya ya bambanta tsawon ƙarni. A Amurka ta yanzu, matafiya dole ne su ci jarrabawar da hukumar ta ba da takardar shaidarta, sannan su sami lasisi. [ ana buƙatar ambato ]

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya

Internationaler Bund (wanda aka fi sani da: IB ) (Turanci: International Federation) ƙungiya ce ta ilimi ta Jamus wadda ba ta da alaƙa da siyasa kuma ba ta da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin addini . An kafa IB a shekarar 1949 [1] kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da sabis a fannoni na shirye-shiryen zamantakewa da ilimi don ci gaban matasa a Turai tare da ƙungiyar sa kai mai rijista (Jamusanci: Eingetragener Verein ), ƙungiyoyin sa kai masu zaman kansu, kamfanonin kasuwanci, shirye-shiryen ilimi da makarantu da kwalejojin fasaha. [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] A yau, IB tana da wurare kusan 700 a wurare sama da 300 a faɗin Jamus kuma tana haɓaka ayyukan ilimi da yawa a ƙasashen waje tare da cibiyoyin ilimi a China, Georgia da Turkiyya da kuma tare da Stiftung Internationaler Bund Polska a Poland, [7] [8] da sauransu. [9] IB tana da hedikwatarta a Frankfurt, Jamus. [10] [11]

## Manazarta
Mai Tafiya

**Matafiyi** ma'aikaci ne, ƙwararre a fannin sana'ar gini ko sana'a, wanda ya kammala karatunsa na aiki a hukumance. Ana ɗaukar matafiyi a matsayin ƙwararru kuma an ba shi izinin yin aiki a wannan fanni a matsayin cikakken ma'aikaci. Suna samun lasisinsu ta hanyar ilimi, gogewa da jarrabawa.  Duk da cewa matafiyi sun kammala takardar shaidar sana'a kuma an ba su izinin yin aiki a matsayin ma'aikata, ba za su iya yin aiki a matsayin ƙwararrun ma'aikata ba tukuna.   

Kalmar "ɗan tafiya" an fara amfani da ita ne a cikin ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci na zamanin da. Ana biyan 'yan tafiya kowace rana kuma kalmar "tafiya" ta samo asali ne daga *tafiya*, ma'ana "cikakken yini" a cikin Faransanci . Kowace ƙungiya gabaɗaya tana gane matsayi uku na ma'aikata: masu koyon aiki, masu tafiya, da kuma magabata. Mai tafiya, a matsayin ƙwararren ma'aikaci, zai iya zama ƙwararre kuma ya gudanar da kasuwancinsa, amma yawancinsu sun ci gaba da aiki a matsayin ma'aikata. 

An tsara ƙa'idodi don haɓaka ƙwararrun ma'aikata masu alhakin, waɗanda aka ɗora musu alhakin ayyukansu da kuma kare sana'arsu da kuma jama'a daga ma'aikata marasa ƙwarewa. Domin zama ƙwararren ma'aikaci, dole ne mai tafiya ya miƙa aikin babban aiki ga ƙungiyar don tantancewa. Sai bayan kimantawa ne kawai za a iya shigar da mai tafiya cikin ƙungiyar a matsayin babban ma'aikaci.  Wani lokaci, ana buƙatar mai tafiya ya yi tafiyar aiki ta shekaru uku, wadda za a iya kira *Wanderjahre* .

## Asali

Kalmar *tafiya* ta fito ne daga *tafiyar* Faransa (rana), wanda hakan ya fito ne daga Latin *diurnus* (wanda ya shafi rana, kowace rana). Lakabin "mai tafiya" yana nufin haƙƙin karɓar kuɗi don aikin kowace rana. Mai tafiya ya kammala aikin koyon aiki amma wani  yana aiki da shi kamar ƙwararren masani, amma za su zauna daban kuma suna iya samun iyali na kansu. Mai tafiya ba zai iya ɗaukar wasu aiki ba. Sabanin haka, mai horo zai kasance yana ɗaure da ubangida, yawanci na tsawon lokaci na shekaru bakwai, kuma ya zauna tare da ubangida a matsayin ɗan gida, yana karɓar mafi yawan ko duka diyya ta hanyar abinci, masauki, da horo. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

A wasu sassan Turai, kamar yadda yake a Jamus ta Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Zamani, yin lokaci a matsayin mai tafiya mai yawo ( Wandergeselle ), [1] ƙaura daga wani gari zuwa wani don samun gogewa a fannoni daban-daban na bita, muhimmin ɓangare ne na horar da mai neman aiki. Masassaƙa da sauran masu sana'a a ƙasashen da ke magana da Jamusanci sun riƙe al'adar masu tafiya mai yawo har ma a yau, [2] amma kaɗan ne kawai har yanzu suna yin hakan. A Faransa, ana kiran masu tafiya mai yawo a matsayin abokan tafiya .

## Manazarta