Harshen Tunica

The Tunica or Luhchi Yoroni (or Tonica, or less common form Yuron)[1] language is a language isolate that was spoken in the Central and Lower Mississippi Valley in the United States by Native American Tunica peoples. There are no native speakers of the Tunica language, but there were 32 second-language speakers in 2017, and As of 2023, there are 60 second-language speakers.

Dan kabilar Tunica-Biloxi William Ely Johnson ya yi aiki tare da masanin ilimin kabilanci na Switzerland Albert Gatschet don taimaka masa ya rubuta harshen a 1886. Wannan takardun farko ya ci gaba da bunkasa ta hanyar masanin harshe John R. Swanton a farkon shekarun 1900.[1]

Mai magana da asalin ƙasar na ƙarshe, Sesostrie Youchigant, ya mutu a shekarar 1948. A cikin shekarun 1930, masanin harshe Mary Haas ya yi aiki tare da shi don bayyana abin da Youchigant ya tuna game da harshe, kuma an buga bayanin a cikin A Grammar of the Tunica Language a 1941. Wannan ya biyo bayan Tunica Texts a cikin 1950 da Tunica Dictionary a cikin 1953.

A karni na 17, mutane sun sha wahala sosai daga cututtukan Eurasian, yaƙi, da rushewar zamantakewa. Ƙabilar Tunica da aka rage sun zauna kusa da kabilun Ofo da Avoyels, a Louisiana ta yanzu. Sun yi magana ta hanyar Mobilian Jargon ko Faransanci. Ƙananan jama'a da amfani da jargon sun sa Haas ya lura cewa lalacewar yaren Tunica ba za a iya gujewa ba.

## Rarraba
Kodayake Tunica yawanci ana rarraba shi azaman yare mai zaman kansa,  Granberry (1994) ya ba da shawarar cewa Tunica tana da alaƙa da Calusa, tare da Calusa mai yiwuwa ya zo kwanan nan daga yankin Mississippi. Wani yiwuwar shi ne cewa kamanceceniya tsakanin harsuna sun samo asali ne daga hulɗar juna na dogon lokaci.

## Kokarin farfado da harshe
A cikin shekara ta 2010, kabilar Tunica-Biloxi ta kafa Shirin Harshen Tunica tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Shirin Harshe a Jami'ar Tulane a ci gaba da ƙoƙari don sake farfado da harshen Tunica.  'Yan kabilar sun karanta daga sabon littafin yara a Tunica a 2010 pow wow. Kimanin rabin mambobin kabilun ne kawai ke zaune a cikin kilomita 75 (kilomita 121) daga ajiyar, a cikin Avoyelles Parish. Shirin Tunica-Biloxi Language & Culture Revitalization yana amfani da webinars don koyar da harshe ga waɗanda ba sa zaune kusa da ajiyar.

## Fasahar sauti
Harshen sauti na Tunica kamar haka ne.

### Sautin sautin
Tunica tana da wasula bakwai, dukansu yawanci gajere ne amma ana iya tsawaita su a cikin sassan da aka jaddada, kuma dukansu ana furta su gaba ɗaya, sai dai idan /u / yana a ƙarshen jumla a cikin kalma tare da damuwa a kan sashi na biyu na ƙarshe, lokacin da ba a furta shi ba bayan /k / ko /hk / . Ana haɗa sautin tare da wani waƙoƙi a ƙarshe ko kuma wani lokaci na biyu na ƙarshe na kalma. Waƙoƙin suna da tsawo, ƙasa, tashi, faɗuwa, da faɗuwa-hawan.

Sauti*n* na iya bayyana ne kawai bayan ko gaba da ma'anar, ba tare da kusanci da juna ba. Har ila yau, /i/, /a/, da /u/ na iya bayyana a kowane matsayi, amma sauran suna bayyana ne kawai a cikin sassan tare da damuwa. Sautin ba sa faruwa a ƙarshen jumla, kuma lokacin da kowane sautin ya riga n a cikin wannan syllable, ya zama nasalized.

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
Hanyar fassarar (wanda aka wakilta a cikin alamomin da ke ƙasa) ya dogara ne akan aikin Mary Haas na Tunica Language .  Alamomin IPA suna cikin ƙuƙwalwa kusa da kowane ma'ana.

Harshen /p/, /t/, /k/, da /t͡ʃ/ koyaushe suna da burin gaske sai dai idan sun faru a gaban /ʔ/, lokacin da ba su da isasshen iska. A halin yanzu, /b/, /d/, da /g/ ba sa faruwa akai-akai, kamar yadda yake tare da /f/. Ana kiran fricatives /s/ da /š/ tare da murya mai ƙarfi fiye da Turanci, kuma /ʔ/ an ce yana da rufewa mai ƙarfi. Ana amfani da sautin /j/ da /w/ koyaushe, kamar yadda hanci /m/ yake. A gefe guda, /n/, /l/, da /r/ za a iya furta su ko kuma ba su da murya. Ana bayyana /l/ da /r/ tsakanin wasula ko kafin /ʔ/ ko masu ci gaba. Koyaya, ba su da murya a gaban ƙayyadaddun murya sai dai /ʔ/ ko a ƙarshen jumla: ši'lka "blackbird," *ši'hkal* "dutse." Hakazalika, /n/ ana yin murya tsakanin wasula ko kafin /ʔ/ kuma ba shi da murya ne a ƙarshen jumla ko kafin ƙayyadadden murya sai /ʔ/.

### Bayyanawa
Tunica yana da jimloli masu jaddadawa da marasa jaddada, kuma jimloli masu ja-gidawa na iya samun sautin da ya fi sauran jimloli, dangane da matsayin syllable a cikin jumla. Kalmomin farko da aka jaddada na jumla yawanci ana magana da su tare da dan kadan mafi girma fiye da kalmomin da ke biyowa. Banda shi ne sashi na ƙarshe lokacin da aka yi amfani da waƙoƙi masu tsawo ko faɗuwa ko sashi na karshe yayin amfani da low ko rising melody. Kalmomin ƙarshe na ƙarshe suna ƙayyade yawancin damuwa a cikin sauran kalmomin.

Lokacin da aka yi amfani da babbar waƙa, sashi na ƙarshe yana da kusan ƙaramin ɓangare na uku mafi girma fiye da sashi na biyu na ƙarshe. Sashe na farko tare da damuwa yawanci babban na biyu ne mafi girma fiye da sassan da ke biyowa sai dai na ƙarshe. Duk sauran sassan ba za a iya magana da kowane irin farar ba, kuma haka yake ga wasu sassan da ba a matsa musu ba. Misali,  "Za ku kashe squirrel" yana nuna waƙar. *ta'-* babban sashi ne na biyu mafi girma fiye da sassan da ke biye da shi sai dai *-ča*, wanda shine ƙaramin kashi na uku mafi girma fiye le kowane sashi da ke gabansa ban da *ta'-* .

Ƙananan waƙoƙin da ke faruwa a matsayin syllable na ƙarshe ya fi ƙasa da syllable ɗin da aka jaddada na ƙarshe, wanda ya ɗan fi girma fiye da syllabs ɗin da ya biyo baya nan da nan. Dukkanin sassan da ba a matsawa ba tsakanin sashi na ƙarshe da aka matsawa da sashi na karshe suna ɗaukar irin wannan damuwa kamar na ƙarshe. Sai dai idan ita ce sashi na ƙarshe da aka jaddada, sashi na farko da aka jiddata ya fi kowane sashi mai zuwa sai dai wannan sashi na karshe da aka jindata: ʔu'riš ma'rʔuwa' Hean "Ya koma gida, sun ce. "

Lokacin da waƙar da ke tashi ta faru, sashi na ƙarshe yana farawa ƙasa da sashi na karshe da aka jaddada kuma yana tafiya sama da sauri da kusan ƙaramin ɓangare na uku. A wani wuri a cikin wannan magana, sautin yana kama da ƙaramin waƙa: *lɔ'ta Wiwa'nǎn* "Shin kuna so ku gudu?"

Waƙar da ke fadowa tana saurin sauka ta kashi na huɗu, sannan ta biyo bayan saurin tashi ta kashi na uku. Koyaya, kalma ɗaya ce kawai ke amfani da shi: *oxygen* "Yes".

### Hanyoyin sauti
Kowane syllable a cikin Tunica yana farawa da ma'ana guda ɗaya. Wani lokaci, sau biyu ko sau uku na iya faruwa a tsakiyar kalmomi ko jimloli, amma ba fiye da biyu a jere ba ne ke faruwa a ƙarshen jumla. Ƙananan rukuni na phonetic a cikin Tunica kalma ce, amma kalma da magana za a iya rarrabe su ta wasu matakai. Wadanda ke shafar abubuwan da ke tattare da ilimin lissafi waɗanda suka haɗu don samar da kalmomi sune raguwa murya, daidaitawa murya، Haɗuwa da ma'ana, haplology, da kuma alamu a cikin damuwa. Wadanda ke shafar kalmomin da suka haɗu cikin jimloli sune apocope na murya, apocope na consonantic, amalgamation, da asarar damuwa. Ƙarin takamaiman bayanai da misalai na asali suna da cikakkun bayanai a ƙasa:

* /a/ ya daidaita bayan /i/ ko /e/ > /ɛ/, kuma /a/ yana daidaita bayan /o/ ko /u/ > /ɔ/: *mi'lʔɛhɛ* "ba ja ba" 'hkuni "breechcloth" ko -tisa "sunan.

Za'a iya amfani da ƙididdigar ƙididdigari na jinsi ne kawai a cikin ƙayyadaddun yanayin ƙayyadadden rukuni don haka a duk lokacin da aka yi amfani da ɗaya, dole ne a sami ƙayyadamare mai ƙayyadama da aka haɗe da tushe. Da ke ƙasa akwai teburin da ke nuna ƙididdigar yawan jinsi:

Wani lokaci, ana sanya ƙididdigar ƙididdigatattun jinsi a kan nau'in aikatau don canza shi zuwa sashi na dangi. Zai iya zama cewa sunan yana da ma'anar da ta dace, kuma aikatau na sashi yana ɗaukar wannan. Sauran lokuta, aikatau ne kawai ke ɗaukar ma'anar. Misalan amfani da ƙididdigar ƙididdigan jinsi sun biyo baya:

* , "shugaban" *ta'sapʔaraštihk* "zuwa yamma" 

*  

## Haɗin waje

* Ƙabilar Tunica-Biloxi ta Louisiana
* Harshen Tunica da sauti  An adana su 2019-04-27 a 
* Tunica-Ingilishi Dictionary
*