Relay

**Relay** shine sauyawa lantarki. Yana da saiti na tashoshi shigarwa don siginar sarrafawa ɗaya ko fiye, da saiti ne na tashoshi na hulɗa. Canjin na iya samun kowane lambobi a cikin siffofin hulɗa da yawa, kamar yin lambobin sadarwa, karya lambobin sadarwa.

Ana amfani da ragowa don sarrafa da'ira ta hanyar siginar ƙaramin ƙarfi mai zaman kanta da kuma sarrafa da'irori da yawa ta siginar ɗaya. An fara amfani da su a cikin da'irorin telegraph masu nisa a matsayin masu maimaita sigina da ke watsa kwafin sabuntawa na siginar da ta shigo zuwa wani da'irar. An yi amfani da ragowar sauyawa sosai a musayar tarho da kwamfutoci na farko don yin aiki mai ma'ana.

Rediyon lantarki na gargajiya yana amfani da magnet don rufewa ko buɗe lambobin sadarwa, amma an ƙirƙiri rediyo ta amfani da wasu ka'idojin aiki, kamar a cikin rediyo na jihar mai ƙarfi wanda ke amfani da kaddarorin semiconductor don sarrafawa ba tare da dogaro da sassa masu motsi ba. Ana amfani da relays tare da halaye masu aiki da yawa kuma wani lokacin ana amfani da coils masu aiki da dama don kare da'irorin lantarki daga wuce gona da iri ko kurakurai; a cikin tsarin wutar lantarki na zamani ana yin waɗannan ayyuka ta hanyar kayan aikin dijital har yanzu ana kiransu masu kariya ko masu tsaro.

Latching relays yana buƙatar kawai bugun jini ɗaya na ikon sarrafawa don aiki da canjin ci gaba. Wani bugun da aka yi amfani da shi a saiti na biyu na tashoshin sarrafawa, ko bugun da ke da kishiyar polarity, ya sake kunnawa, yayin da maimaita bugun iri ɗaya ba shi da tasiri. Magnetic latching relays suna da amfani a aikace-aikace lokacin da katsewar wutar lantarki bai kamata ya shafi da'irorin da ragowar ke sarrafawa ba.

## Tarihi
A cikin 1809 an tsara ragowar lantarki a matsayin ƙararrawa ga telegraph na lantarki ta hanyar Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring . 

Rediyo na lantarki sun fara ne musamman a aikace-aikacen telegraphs. Masanin kimiyya na Amurka Joseph Henry sau da yawa ana ambaton shi da ya kirkiro ragowa a cikin 1835 don inganta sigar sa ta telegraph na lantarki, wanda aka haɓaka a baya a cikin 1831.    Koyaya, Henry bai taɓa buga kowane ɗayan waɗannan gwaje-gwajen ba kuma kwanan wata don gwaje-gayen sakewa ya dogara ne kawai akan kalmomin Henry da kansa da ɗalibansa, sau da yawa shekaru da yawa daga baya.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 1837 Edward Davy ya sanya wasika tare da Sakataren Burtaniya na Society of Arts wanda ke dauke da ra'ayoyinsa don sakewa na lantarki, wanda, koda kuwa ba na farko ba ne, an dauke shi da amfani fiye da kayayyaki da suka gabata, kasancewa nau'in 'make-and-break' maimakon ya dogara da amfani da mercury. Ya yi wannan watanni biyu kafin Charles Wheatstone da William Cooke su gabatar da takardar shaidarsa ta farko don tsarin telegraph ɗin su kuma za su gabatar da patent don wannan ra'ayin shekara guda bayan haka.

## Tsarin asali da aiki

Rediyon lantarki mai sauƙi ya ƙunshi igiya mai laushi wanda aka lulluɓe a kusa da ƙarfe mai laushi (solenoid), yoke na ƙarfe wanda ke ba da hanyar ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarfi don ƙarancin ƙarfe, ƙarfe mai motsi, da ɗaya ko fiye da saiti na lambobin sadarwa (akwai lambobin sadarwa biyu a cikin hoton). An haɗa Armature zuwa yoke kuma an haɗa shi da inji zuwa ɗaya ko fiye da saiti na lambobin sadarwa masu motsi. Ana riƙe armature a wurin ta hanyar bazara don haka lokacin da aka cire wutar lantarki akwai rata ta iska a cikin kewayon magnetic. A cikin wannan yanayin, ɗayan saiti biyu na lambobin sadarwa a cikin ragowar da aka zana an rufe shi, ɗayan kuma yana buɗewa. Sauran ragowar na iya samun ƙarin ko ƙananan lambobin sadarwa dangane da aikinsu. Rediyo a cikin hoton kuma yana da waya wanda ke haɗa armature zuwa yoke. Wannan yana tabbatar da ci gaba da'irar tsakanin lambobin sadarwa masu motsi a kan armature, da kuma hanyar da'irar a kan allon da aka buga (PCB) ta hanyar yoke, wanda aka haɗa shi da PCB.

## Kalmomin
Tunda masu sauyawa ne, ana amfani da kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita ga masu sauyawa ga masu sauya; mai sauyawa yana sauya ɗaya ko fiye da *sanduna*, kowannensu ana iya *jefawa* lambobin ta hanyar ba da wutar lantarki. Yawancin lambobi masu budewa (NO) suna haɗa da'irar lokacin da aka kunna ragowar; an cire da'irar yayin da ragowar ba ta aiki. Yawancin lambobin sadarwa da aka rufe (NC) suna cire da'irar lokacin da aka kunna ragowar; an haɗa da'irar yayin da ragowar ba ta aiki. Dukkanin siffofin tuntuɓar sun haɗa da haɗuwa da haɗin NO da NC.

Ƙungiyar Masana'antun Rarraba ta Kasa da magajinta, Ƙungiyar Masanin Rarraba da Canja sun bayyana nau'ikan hulɗar lantarki 23 da aka samo a cikin rarraba da sauyawa. Daga cikin wadannan, ana yawan samun wadannan:

* *SPST-NO* (Single-Pole Single-Throw, Normally-Open) relays suna da guda Form A ko *yi* hulɗa. Wadannan suna da tashoshi biyu waɗanda za a iya haɗa su ko cire su. Ciki har da biyu don coil, irin wannan ragowar tana da tashoshi huɗu gabaɗaya.
* *SPST-NC* (Single-Pole Single-Throw, Normally-Closed) relays suna da guda Form B ko *karya* lamba. Kamar yadda yake tare da SPST-NO relay, irin wannan relay yana da tashoshi huɗu gabaɗaya.
* *SPDT* (Single-Pole Double-Throw) relays suna da saiti ɗaya na Form C, *karya kafin yi* ko *canja wuri* lambobin sadarwa. Wato, tashar gama gari tana haɗawa da ɗayan biyu, ba ta haɗawa da duka biyun a lokaci guda ba. Ciki har da biyu don coil, irin wannan ragowar tana da jimlar tashoshi biyar.
* *DPST* - Sauye-sauye guda-*A'A'A* guda biyu daidai suke da sauye-sauyen SPST ko sauye-shiryen da ke aiki da kwalliya ɗaya. Ciki har da biyu don coil, irin wannan ragowar tana da jimlar tashoshi shida. Sandan na iya zama Form A ko Form B (ko ɗaya daga cikin kowannensu; ya kamata a yi amfani da sunayen NO da *NC* don warware rashin tabbas).
* *DPDT* - Sauye-sauye na sauye-sauyen sauye-shirye suna da saiti biyu na lambobin sadarwa na Form C. Wadannan sun yi daidai da sauyawa biyu na SPDT ko relays da ke aiki da guda ɗaya. Irin wannan ragowar tana da tashoshi takwas, gami da coil
* Hanyar D - yi kafin hutu 
* Hanyar E - haɗuwa da D da B 

## Nau'o'in

### Rarrabawar Coaxial
Inda masu watsa rediyo da masu karɓa ke raba eriya ɗaya, sau da yawa ana amfani da ragowar coaxial azaman ragowar TR (karɓar-karɓar), wanda ke sauya eriya daga mai karɓa zuwa mai watsawa. Wannan yana kare mai karɓa daga babban ikon mai watsawa. Ana amfani da irin wannan ragowar sau da yawa a cikin masu karɓa waɗanda ke haɗawa da mai watsawa da mai karɓa a cikin ɗayan ɗaya. An tsara lambobin sadarwa don kada su nuna duk wani ƙarfin rediyo zuwa ga tushen, da kuma samar da keɓewa sosai tsakanin mai karɓa da tashoshin watsawa. Halin halayen ragowar ya dace da layin watsawa na tsarin, misali, 50 ohms.

### Mai ba da labari
Ana amfani da ragowa don sarrafa da'ira ta hanyar siginar ƙaramin ƙarfi mai zaman kanta da kuma sarrafa da'irori da yawa ta siginar ɗaya. An fara amfani da su a cikin da'irorin telegraph masu nisa a matsayin masu maimaita sigina da ke watsa kwafin sabuntawa na siginar da ta shigo zuwa wani da'irar. An yi amfani da ragowar sauyawa sosai a musayar tarho da kwamfutoci na farko don yin aiki mai ma'ana.

### Rarrabawar sadarwa ta hanyar karfi
Rediyon lambobi masu jagorantar karfi yana da lambobin sadarwa waɗanda aka haɗa su tare, don haka lokacin da aka ba da wutar lantarki ko kuma an cire wutar lantarki, duk lambobin sadarwa da aka haɗa suna motsawa tare. Idan wani saiti na lambobin sadarwa a cikin ragowar ya zama mai tsayawa, babu wani hulɗa na wannan ragowar da zai iya motsawa. Ayyukan lambobin sadarwa masu jagorantar karfi shine don ba da damar da'irar tsaro don bincika matsayin ragowar. Har ila yau, an san lambobin sadarwa masu jagorantar karfi a matsayin "masu jagorantar lambobi masu kyau", "masu hulɗa masu ɗaurewa", "masusu hulɗa masu haɗin kai", ko "masu sadarwa na tsaro".

## Manazarta