open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Yaƙin Beni Mered

**Yakin Beni Mered** ya faru ne a watan Afrilun shekarar 1842 tsakanin sojojin Faransa da kuma mayakan Aljeriya daga kudancin Algiers ( Boufarik zuwa Beni Mered a lardin Blida)

Faransawa sun kafa sansanin ajiyar sojoji a kusa da garin Beni Mered tsakanin Blida da Boufarik.

Mayakan dawakan Berber karkashin Ahmed bin Salem sun tsawaita ayyukansu daga yankin Kabylia zuwa filin Mitidja a farkon shekara ta 1842 ta hanyar kai wa sojojin Faransa hari a yankin Béni Mered.  An kai harin ne a ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 1842, ba da nisa da sansanin ajiyar sojojin Faransa ba, a kan wani rukunin sojojin Faransa 22 da ke karkashin jagorancin Sergent Bladan. Kimanin mahayan Berber 300 ne karkashin Ahmed bin Salem suka kai hari tare da hallaka sojojin Faransa. Lokacin da ƙarfafawa a ƙarƙashin Laftanar-Kanar Morris ya isa, wanda ya tilasta wa Aljeriya janye, maza biyar ne kawai ke tsaye.

## Magana
Yaƙin Tachekkirt

**Yakin Tachekkirt** yaki ne tsakanin sojojin Faransa na Marshal Jacques Louis Randon da dakarun kawancen Aljeriya na Lalla Fatma N'Soumer da Sherif Boubaghla.

Sojojin Aljeriya na fargabar cewa Faransawa za su kai harin ba-zata. Jim kadan bayan bayyanar Lalla Fatma N'Soumer da ƙarfafawarta, waɗanda suka haɗa da mayaka na Kabyle, sun ɗauki matsayi na dabaru kuma an sanya masu kallo.

An yi yakin ne a ranar 18 ga watan Yuli, kuma kabilun Algeria sun yi nasara a kan sojojin Faransa karkashin jagorancin Marshal Randon.  Mutanen Faransa da suka mutu sun kai 800, ciki har da jami'ai 56, sannan 371 suka jikkata.  An kusan kama Marshall Randon a wannan yakin amma ya yi nasarar tserewa. 

Bayan yakin, an kashe kwamandan Aljeriya Sherif Boubaghla, mai yiwuwa ta hanyar cin amanar abokansa, N'Soumer ne zai jagoranci sauran juriya.

## Magana
Yaƙin Bouzegza

**Yakin Bouzegza** ya faru ne a lokacin yakin Aljeriya a yankin masu magana da harshen Berber na Adrar Azegzaw massif (Djebel Bouzegza, wanda ke nufin "Dutsen Bouzegza"), a ƙarshen gabas mai nisa na Mitidja Plain.

A ranakun 4, 8, da 12 ga watan Agusta, 1957, Ali Khodja na Sojan Yancin Ƙasa (ALN), wanda ya ƙarfafa shi da ƙungiyoyin gida, ya fuskanci rundunonin sojojin Faransa waɗanda wasu janar-janar suka ba da umarni, ciki har da Jacques Massu.

## Kafin 4 ga watan Agusta 1957
A cewar Faransa, yakin ya biyo bayan wani harin kwantan ɓauna da aka kai a kusa da Medéa a ƙarshen watan Yulin 1957 a kan wani sashe na Rejiment na Parachute na 1st na waje, inda aka kashe mutane 14 tare da jikkata takwas.  A cewar 'yan ƙasar Aljeriya, wani likita daga ruƙunin gida a Palestro wanda Si Boualem ya ba da umarni, wanda aka kama a wani harin ta'addanci, ya shaidawa Faransawa rundunarsa tana Bouzegza. Ya san ba haka ba ne amma bai san Ali Khodja na nan ba. 

## Yaƙi

### 4 ga watan Agusta
Duk da yawansu da ɗimbin albarkatunsu, sojojin Faransa sun sha kashi sosai a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta. Tawagar ta 2 ta runduna ta 2 ta Dragoons ta yi  kuskuren mayakan Ali Khodja na sojojin Faransa   kuma sun rasa mazaje da yawa. Manjo Azzedine ya faɗa a shekara ta 2009 cewa wata kasida a cikin jaridar *Le Monde*, wacce aka buga washegarin aukuwar lamarin, ta bayar da rahoton mutuwar Faransawa kusan 600 da suka mutu, da jikkata, da kuma bacewarsu, kuma a cewarsa mayakan Wilaya IV sun samu raunuka kaɗan.  Labarin da ake tambaya, yana ambaton hukumomin sojan Faransa,  a zahiri ya ce Faransawa 21 ne kawai aka kashe kuma 18 suka ji rauni. Tarihin Dakarun Dragoon na Faransa na 2 ya bayyana cewa, asarar da aka yi sun haɗa da kashe mutane 29, da jikkata 12, da 2 da suka ɓata.  A cewar FLN, kwamandojin sun sami rauni guda ɗaya kawai, 'yan tawayen da sojojin Faransa suka kashe su ne moussebilines da fararen hula.

### 12 ga watan Agusta
Ali Khodja ya kasance tare da wasu ɓangarori. A ranar 12 ga wata ne mahara suka kai wa sojojin NLP hari mai tsanani a ranar 12 ga wata da mahara  na runduna ta 2 ta Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment da na 1st na ƙasashen waje Parachute Regiment,  Faransa sun kwato wasu daga cikin makaman da 'yan tawayen suka kama. A cewar Kwamanda Azzedine, an kashe wasu ferkas ƙarƙashin umarnin Si Boualem a kusan, yayin da aka kashe mutane goma sha biyu daga cikin kwamandojin. Godiya ga hanyoyin sadarwarsa na bayanai da kuma iliminsa na filin, Ali Khodja ya yi nasarar kawar da ja da baya tare da mafi ƙarancin lalacewa (a cewar Kwamandan Azedine: an kashe wasu da kuma wasu dozin da suka jikkata). 

## Littattafai

* Yves Courrière, La guerre d'Algérie, Fayard, 2001 ( ).
* 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Labari a *Le Monde* kan yaƙin:  *Le Monde* (a cikin Faransanci). 10 ga Agusta, 1957. 

## Duba kuma

* Yakin Aljeriya
* Faransa Aljeriya

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Douar Souadek

**Yaƙin Douar Souadek**, ko **Yaƙin Boukerker**, ya kasance aikin soja tsakanin Sojojin Faransa, da ALN.

## Tarihi
A cikin safiya na 1 ga watan Nuwamba 1954, FLN *maquisards* ('yan tawaye) sun kai hari kan sojoji da farar hula a ko'ina cikin Aljeriya a cikin abin da aka sani da *Toussaint Rouge* (Red All-Waliyai).  An raba ƙasar zuwa yankuna da yawa, daga baya Wilayas, kuma kowanne yana da jagora. Shugaban Zone II, shi ne Mourad Didouche,   wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin shida waɗanda suka kafa FLN.  Ya kan yi amfani da dabarun bugawa da gudu don raunana abubuwan Faransan na gida, kuma ya shahara wajen ziyartar maquis, don dubawa, ko horar da su.

## Yaƙi
A ranar 18 ga Janairu 1955, Mourad Didouche, ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar tara Fellaghas, a cikin wani maquis na gida da ake kira Douar Souadek da ke 12.&nbsp;km daga garin Condé-Smendou. Wataƙila ya kasance yana horar da su. Suna dauke da bindigogi 6. Dangane da cikakkun bayanai da jaridar *[[La Dépêche de Constantine]]* ta ruwaito, kimanin gendars na Faransa 20 ƙarƙashin jagorancin Laftanar Malherbe ne suka jagoranci Douar Souadek a farkon 18 ga watan Janairu 1955. Nan take, kusa da rafin Boukerker, maquis ɗin da aka ambata sun yi musu kwanton ɓauna.&#x5B; ** &#x5D;

A cewar La Dépêche de Constantine *,* an fara yaƙin ne da ƙarfe 8:30 na safe. Bayan harbe-harbe da aka yi kawai, wani Jandarma na Faransa ya mutu, yayin da wasu biyu suka jikkata, yayin da 'yan Aljeriya ba su samu asarar rai ba. Ganin girman haɗin kai, Laftanar Malherbe ya nemi ƙarfafawa. A ƙarshen safiya, sojojin jandarma guda uku sun zo daga Constantine, Azzaba da El Harrouch, tare da kamfanoni biyu na CRS, kuma an ba da rahoton wani ma'aikacin paratrooper a ƙarƙashin umarnin Paul Ducournau. 

Duk da nasarorin da suka samu na farko, Fellaghas goma sun sami ci gaba ta hanyar manyan lambobi, kuma mafi kyawun rukunin Faransa masu ɗauke da makamai. Duk da haka sun yi turjiya har misalin karfe 5:15 na yamma. A ƙarshen yakin ‘yan bindiga 7 sun mutu, biyu sun jikkata, ɗaya kuma ya iya tserewa, ko da yake ya samu rauni.  Ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka kashe shi ne Mourad Didouchppe da kansa.   

## Gane gawarwaki
Tun daga farkon *ƙungiyar speciale*, duk jami'ai da shugabanni suna da Pseudonyms, don guje wa ganowa. Don haka, sojojin Faransa ba su taɓa gane cewa ɗaya daga cikin mayaka 'yan adawar da aka kashe shi ne Mourad,  kamar yadda suke tunanin a maimakon haka wani ne ake kira Abdelkader.

## Duba kuma

* Operation Véronique
* Kwanton bauna na Falasdinu

## Manazarta
1962 Rediyo na 'yancin kai na Algeria

An gudanar da zaben raba gardama na samun 'yancin kai a kasar Faransa a ranar 1 ga Yulin 1962. Ya biyo bayan amincewar Faransa na Yarjejeniyar Évian a cikin zaben raba gardama na Afrilu . An tambayi masu jefa kuri'a ko Aljeriya ta zama kasa mai cin gashin kanta, tare da hada kai da Faransa; Kashi 99.72% ne suka kada kuri'ar amincewa da kashi 91.88%.

Bayan zaben raba gardama, Faransa ta ayyana Aljeriya a matsayin mai cin gashin kanta a ranar 3 ga watan Yuli; An buga wannan shawarar a cikin jaridar hukuma washegari, da shugabannin Aljeriya sun ayyana ranar 5 ga Yuli (bikin cika shekaru 132 na zuwan Faransa a Algiers ) a matsayin ranar samun 'yancin kai . Lokacin da Aljeriya ta daina zama wani ɓangare na Faransa kuma ta daina kasancewa ɓangare na al'ummomin Turai

## Fage
Yakin Aljeriya ya kasance membobi ne na National Liberation Front (FLN) tare da harin Toussaint Rouge a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 1954. Rikici ya yaɗu a Faransa, ciki har da rikicin Aljeriya a watan Mayun 1958 wanda ya kai ga faduwar jamhuriya ta huɗu .  Sojojin Faransa sun yi amfani da munanan hanyoyi na yunƙurin murkushe masu kishin ƙasa na Aljeriya, tare da kawar da goyon baya ga babban birnin Faransa da kuma bata sunan Faransa a ketare.  

A cikin 1960, shugaban Faransa Charles de Gaulle ya amince da tattaunawa da FLN bayan manyan zanga-zangar a Algiers da sauran garuruwa. Kashi 75% na masu jefa kuri'a (ciki har da kashi 70% na masu kada kuri'a a Aljeriya) sun amince da zaben raba gardama na 1961 kan ba da damar cin gashin kai ga Aljeriya. Tattaunawa ta ƙare tare da rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Évian a cikin Maris 1962, wanda kashi 91% na masu jefa ƙuri'a suka amince da su a cikin kuri'ar raba gardama a ranar 8 ga Afrilu. 

## Sakamako
Tambayar raba gardama an faɗi:"Shin kuna son Aljeriya ta zama kasa mai cin gashin kanta, tare da yin hadin gwiwa da Faransa a karkashin sharuddan da aka ayyana a cikin sanarwar 19 ga Maris 1962?"

## Bayan haka
Dangane da yarjejeniyar Évian (Babi na III.3)  An ba Faransa damar kula da sansanin sojojin ruwa na Mers El Kébir na tsawon shekaru goma sha biyar. Duk da haka, an janye dukkan sojojin a 1967.

Masanin tarihin Kanada John C. Cairns ya bayyana a cikin 1962 cewa: 
 

## Nassoshi
Conference of Nationalist Organizations of the Portuguese Colonies

**Conference of Nationalist Organizations of the Portuguese Colonies** (Portuguese: Conferência das Organizações Nacionalistas das Colónias Portuguesas CONCP) kungiya ce don daidaitawa da haɗin kai tsakanin ƙungiyoyin 'yanci na ƙasar dana 'yan mulkin mallaka na Portugal a Afirka a lokacin Yakin mulkin mallaka.

An kafa CONCP a ranar 18 ga watan Afrilu 1961 a Casablanca, Morocco ta PAIGC na Guinea-Bissau da Cape Verde, MPLA na Angola, UDENAMO (daga baya FRELIMO) na Mozambique da MLSTP na São Tomé da Príncipe.  Tawagar 'yan kishin Indiya daga Goa kuma ta halarta, ciki har da Aquino de Bragança.  An naɗa Marcelino dos Santos na UDENAMO a matsayin babban sakatare na farko na CONCP da Mário Pinto de Andrade na MPLA a matsayin shugaban farko.   CONCP ya maye gurbin Juyin Juyin Juya Hali don neman 'Yancin Ƙasa na Ƙasar daga Turawan Mulkin Fotigal (Portuguese:   **Independência Nacional das colonias portuguesas** *FRAIN*) wanda PAIGC da MPLA suka kafa a Tunis a cikin shekarar 1960.  An gudanar da taro na biyu na CONCP a Dar es Salaam, Tanzaniya, a cikin watan Oktoba 1965.

## Manazarta
Nei Lopes

**Nei Braz Lopes** (an haife shi a watan Mayu 9, 1942 a Irajá, Rio de Janeiro) mawaƙi ne ɗan ƙasar Brazil, mawaki, lauya, marubuci kuma ɗan tarihi, ƙwararre a cikin karatun Afro-Brazil.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife shi a Irajá a Rio de Janeiro (wani yanki na samba na gargajiya wanda kuma ya kawo mana Zeca Pagodinho, da sauransu), Nei Lopes ya kammala karatun digiri a matsayin lauya a Jami'ar Brazil, amma a farkon shekarun 70 ya watsar da aikinsa na shari'a na kwanan nan don sadaukar da kansa ga kiɗa da wallafe-wallafe. Kwararren mawaki tun 1972, Nei Lopes ya zama sananne musamman ta hanyar haɗin gwiwarsa da Wilson Moreira da kuma aikinsu, wanda kusan duk masu fassarar samba na gargajiya suka rubuta. A cikin 80s, Nei, wanda aka riga ya yaba, yana ɗaya daga cikin masu goyon bayan motsi na Pagode, wanda ya mayar da samba a cikin iska bayan wani lokacin husufin.

A cikin 90s, Nei ya fara haɗin gwiwa tare da mutanen da aka gano tare da lakabin MPB, irin su mawaki Guinga da Zé Renato . Hakanan yana da waƙa tare da Chico Buarque .

Nei shine marubucin babban littafi opus game da jigogin Afro-Brazil, da kuma samba na musamman. Yana aiki, tun 1995, a cikin *Encyclopedia na Brazil na Afirka ta Tsakiya* .

## Hotuna
Tare da Wilson Moreira:

* 1980 - *A Arte Negra de Wilson Moreira & Nei Lopes* - EMI
* 1985 - *O Partido Muito Alto de Wilson Moreira & Nei Lopes* - EMI

(An fitar da waɗannan daga baya a matsayin CD guda ɗaya)

Kowane mutum:

* 1983 - *Negro Mesmo* - Lira-Continental
* 1996 - *Canto Banto* - Saci
* 1999 - *Sincopando o Breque* - CPC-Umes
* 2000 - *De Letra & Música* - Velas
* 2005 - *Partido ao Cubo* - Fina Flor

## Adabi

* 1981 - *Ya Samba na Realidade*
* 1988 - *Bantos, Malês e Identidade Negra*
* 1992 - *O Negro no Rio de Janeiro e sua Tradição Musical*
* 1996 - *Dicionário Banto do Brasil* (Kamus Banto na Brazil)
* 1999 - *171 - Lapa-Irajá - Casos e Enredos do Samba* - Folha Seca
* 2000 - *Zé Keti, Ya Samba sem Senhor*
* 2000 - *Logunede, Santo Menino que Velho Respeita*
* 2005 - *Partido Alto: Samba de Bamba* - Pallas
* 2008 - *Tarihi da Cultura Africana da Afro Brasileira*
* 2009 - *Chutando o balde*
* 2015 - *Dicionário da História Social do Samba* (Tarihin zamantakewa na ƙamus Samba),
* 2019 - *Za a yi nasara*
* 2019 - *Agora bauta o coração*
* 2019 - *Afro-Brasil Reluzente*

## Kara karantawa

# Bocsky, Stephen (2012). Muryoyin Samba: Kiɗa da Hasashen Kabilanci na Brazil (1955-1988) (Doctorate). Providence, Rhode Island: Jami'ar Brown.
# Bocsky, Stephen (2017). "Hannun da ba a so: Samba, Ingantawa, da Siyasar Afro a cikin 1970s Brazil". Binciken Bincike na Latin Amurka. 52 (1): 64-78.

## Magana

* Nei Lopes a Agenda do Samba & Choro
Yaƙin Essien (1957)

**Yakin Essien**, wanda kuma aka fi sani da **Yaƙin Isin**, ya faru ne a watan Oktoban 1957, a ƙauyen Essien, dake kudancin garin Ghat na Libya. Wannan gagarumin haɗin kai ya samo asali ne daga rikitattun yanayi na Yaqin ‘yancin kai na Aljeriya da ‘yan mulkin mallaka na Faransa.

## Tarihi
A cikin daulolin da Faransa ta yi wa mulkin mallaka a kwanakin baya, ‘yan ƙasar Aljeriya sun kaddamar da tawaye ga Faransawa, da hanyoyin neman ‘yancin kai. Faransawa na da dangantaka mara kyau ba kawai adawar Aljeriya ba, har ma da ƙasashen da ke makwabtaka da Aljeriyar Faransa. 

Dangantakar Franco-Libyan ba ta da kyau sosai. A cikin watan Nuwamba 1954, Bin Halim ya taimaka a isar da kayayyaki daga Masar zuwa jajurtattun Aljeriya. Daga nan Fezzan ya zama babbar hanyar samar da wutar lantarki ga jajurtattun Aljeriya.

## Yakin
Wani harin kwantan ɓauna da Mujahidan Aljeriya suka shirya a kan ayarin motocin Faransa da ke kusa da iyakar Aljeriya da Libya. Bayan faruwar wannan lamari ne Mujahiddin ya koma cikin ƙasar Libya, lamarin da ya sa sojojin mamaya na Faransa suka fatattake su ta kan iyaka.  Hare-haren ta’addanci ya kai ga harin bam a ƙauyen Issin da sojojin Faransa suka yi a ranar 3 ga watan Oktoban 1957, lamarin da ya kara ta’azzara rikici tsakanin Aljeriya, Libya da Faransa.

Rikicin ya yi kamari ne a ranar 4 ga watan Oktoba, 1957, yayin da sojojin Libya suka shiga tsakani a kan sojojin Faransa, wanda ke nuna farkon yakin Essien.  Faransa ta tura wani ginshiƙi da ya ƙunshi motoci 16 da sojoji 80. 'Yan juyin juya hali na Aljeriya da na Libya ne suka katse harin, inda suka yi kakkausar suka ga dakarun mamaya.  Duk da cewa sun fi yawa, mayakan na Aljeriya da na Libya sun iya kare matsayinsu, inda suka yi sanadiyyar mutuwar sojojin Faransa.  

Daga baya Faransawa sun kai harin bam a garin. Sai dai mayakan na Libya da na Aljeriya sun iya tilastawa Faransa janyewa daga yankin.   

## Martani
Masarautar Libya ta yi Allah wadai da harin na Faransa, sannan kuma kwamitin bincike na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya yi Allah-wadai da harin, inda ta ce harin da aka kai a ƙasar Libya rashin adalci ne.  

## Martaba
Jami'an diflomasiyya na Aljeriya da Libya, da jakadu, da sauran jiga-jigai na gudanar da bikin zagayowar yakin a kowace shekara. Ana tunawa da yakin a kowace shekara a matsayin tunatarwa game da yadda suka "yakar abokan gaba", suna ƙara karfafa dangantakar Aljeriya da Libya. 

Dangantakar Franco-Libyan ta kasance ba ta da kyau sosai, kuma ba ta fara inganta komai ba har sai da Aljeriya ta samu 'yancin kai a shekarar 1962. 

## Manazarta
Yankin Aljeriya da Libya

**Iyakar Aljeriya-Libiya** ita ce 989&nbsp;km (615 mi) tsayi kuma yana gudu daga tudu tare da Tunisia a arewa zuwa tripoint tare da Nijar a kudu. 

## Tarihi
Faransa ta mamaye mafi yawan yankunan arewacin gabar tekun Aljeriya a tsakanin shekarun 1830-47, wadanda har yanzu suke karkashin ikon daular Usmaniyya .  Domin yawancin karni na 19 yankin bakin teku na Libya na zamani (wanda aka tsara a matsayin Vilayet na Tripolitania ) ya kasance wani ɓangare na Daular Ottoman, ko da yake yana da babban mataki na cin gashin kansa.   A cikin Satumba 1911 Italiya ta mamaye Tripolitania, kuma an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Ouchy a shekara mai zuwa wanda Ottomans suka ba da ikon mallakar yankin ga Italiya.    Italiyawa sun shirya yankunan da aka ci nasara a cikin yankunan Italiyanci Cyrenaica da Italiyanci Tripolitania kuma a hankali suka fara turawa zuwa kudu; a 1934 sun hade yankuna biyu a matsayin Italiyanci Libya .  

Faransa da Italiya sun rattaba hannu kan wata yerjejeniya a ranar 12 ga Satumban 1919 wadda ta kayyade iyaka tsakanin Aljeriya da Libya.   A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu da aka yi a Arewacin Afirka an yi galaba a kan Italiya sannan kasashen da ke karkashinta sun mamaye kasashen Afirka da kawancen kasashen Larabawa, inda Libya ta rabu zuwa yankunan Birtaniya da Faransa na mamaya.  Daga baya Libya ta sami cikakken 'yancin kai a ranar 2 ga Disamba 1951.  Faransa wacce ta dade ba ta gamsu da bangarorin kan iyaka ba, ta sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Libya a shekarar 1955-6 wadda ta sauya wani bangare na kan iyakar Ghadames da Ghat, ta yadda za a iya gudanar da mulki mai inganci.   Bayan yakin Aljeriya ta sami 'yencin kai a shekarar 1962, kuma iyakar ta zama daya tsakanin kasashe biyu masu cin gashin kai.

Dangantaka tun bayan samun 'yancin kai na da kyau sosai, ko da yake iyakar ta kasance ba ta da tsaro saboda tasirin ta'addanci da kuma bullowa daga yakin basasar Libya .

## Mazauna kusa da iyaka

### Aljeriya

* Debdeb
* In Amin
* Edjeleh
* Zarzaitine

### Libya

* Ghadames
* Al Birkah
* Ghat

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Fellaoucene

**Yaƙin Fellaoucene** ya faru a kusa da Tlemcen a ranar 20 ga watan Afrilu 1957 a lokacin Yaƙin 'Yancin Aljeriya. 

Yakin ya zo daidai da ranar 16 ga watan watan Ramadana, inda aka aike da sojojin Faransa yan mulkin mallaka 30,000 ɗauke da manyan makamai tare da tankokin yaki, da jiragen bincike 30 da jirage masu saukar ungulu 12 don yin arangama da mujahidai 330 na kungiyar 'yantar da ƙasar  Aljeriya ɗauke da bindigu na wucin gadi. Mayakan FLN sun yi turjiya mai karfi a kan sojojin Faransa yan mulkin mallaka.     A sakamakon yakin, 'yan Aljeriya sun yi kakkausar suka ga sojojin Faransa 'yan mulkin mallaka inda suka kashe sojoji 500 zuwa 700, 400 suka samu munanan raunuka, sannan aka harbo jirgin sama guda 1, yayin da 'yan Aljeriya suka kashe 120 kawai, sannan 60 suka jikkata. Bayan 'yan kwanaki, sojojin Faransa sun ɗauki fansa ta hanyar kai bama-bamai a yankin Fellaoucene da tsaunin Trara daga Nedroma zuwa Ghazaouet tare da bama-bamai na napalm tare da jigilar jama'a.     

## Manazarta
Gatumba

Garin **Gatumba** yana gefen yammacin Burundi, kusa da iyakar Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo . An san wurin da kisan kiyashi da ya faru a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Gatumba da ke da alaƙa da ƙauyen.

## Kisan kiyashi
A ranar 13 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2004, sansanin 'yan gudun hijira a Gatumba ya kasance wurin daya daga cikin manyan kisan gillar farar hula da aka yi a Burundi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. 

Sojojin mayakan da ke dauke da makamai, da yawa daga cikinsu mambobi ne na Forces for National Liberation (FNL), sun kashe akalla fararen hula 166  'Yan Kongo kuma sun ji wa wasu rauni 106. FNL ƙungiya ce ta 'yan tawaye na Hutu da aka fi sani da ƙiyayya da Tutsi kuma waɗanda abin ya shafa galibi Banyamulenge ne, ƙungiyar da ake rarraba su da Tutsi. An yi imanin cewa FNL ta kasance a bayan jerin wasu hare-hare, gami da Kisan kiyashi na Titanic Express a ranar 28 ga Disamba, 2000.

Brigadier-General Germain Niyoyankana, shugaban sojojin Burundi, ya zargi sojojin Kongo da hannu a cikin kisan.

Bayan amincewar FNL da alhakin kisan kiyashi na Gatumba, gwamnatin Burundi ta ba da takardar shaidar kama shugaban kungiyar, Agathon Rwasa, kuma ta bayyana niyyar tura lamarin zuwa Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da ƙuduri da ke Allah wadai da harin, kuma Tarayyar Afirka ta ayyana FNL a matsayin kungiyar ta'addanci. Har yanzu ba a kama kowa ba.

## Sanarwar FNL
A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2005, FNL ta fitar da wata sanarwa da ta yi Allah wadai da kisan kiyashi na Gatumba, inda ta zargi Agathon Rwasa da jagorantar "saukowa cikin jahannama", kuma ta sanar da cewa an maye gurbinsa. An ruwaito cewa Rwasa ya gudu zuwa Tanzania.

## Haɗin waje

* Rahoton BBC game da Gatumba
* Rahoton Human Rights Watch game da Gatumba
* Ƙaddamarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 1577, ta yi Allah wadai da kisan kiyashi na Gatumba
* Ƙaddamarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 1602, tana maimaita hukunta kisan kiyashi na Gatumba
* IANSA - Ta'aziyya ga Fasto Jacques Rutongo, wanda ya mutu a kisan kiyashi tare da 'ya'yansa shida

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Oued Zeggar ambush

**kwantan ɓaunar Oued Zeggar**, ko kuma **yakin Ain Kechra**, wani farmakin soji ne da rundunar 'yantar da 'yancin kai ta ƙasa  (ALN) ta yi domin yi wa ayarin sojojin Faransa kwanton ɓauna a kusa da Ain Kechra na lardin Skikda na ƙasar Aljeriya a shekara ta 1957.

## Tarihi
A ranar 11 ga watan Mayun 1957, wata ƙungiya ta Rundunar 'Yancin Ƙasa (ALN) ta ɗauki matsayi a kan hanyar da ta tashi daga wata gada akan Oued Zeggar zuwa garin Zitouna. Sun ci gaba da zama a gefen kwarin tun daga karfe 2 na safe har zuwa karfe 4 na yamma, da rana, sai suka hango wani ƙaramin ayarin sojojin Faransa na tafiya a bakin kogin.  

## Yaƙi
Sojojin Faransa sun ƙunshi sojoji sama da 100 tare da rakiyar tankokin yaƙi 7  da manyan motocin soja 17 ɗauke da alburusai da kayan aiki masu mahimmanci. Saɓanin haka, ALN ya ƙunshi kusan 600   ko 300 mayakan. 

Rundunar soji ta faɗa cikin kwanton ɓauna da dakarun suka kafa, kuma bayan hallaka ta, sun kwace adadi mai yawa na harsashi da kayan aiki, gami da manyan bindigogi. A cikin yakin, an kashe kimanin 100  ko 90   sojojin Faransa, tare da 1  ko 12  da aka kama, ba tare da wani rauni ba  ko 3  a gefen ALN.

## Bayan haka
A wani mataki na ramuwar gayya, sojojin Faransa sun kona ƙauyen, tare da yi wa fararen hula da dabbobinsu yankan rago, tare da bayyana Ain Kechra a matsayin haramtacciyar wuri.  

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Ouled Bouachra

**Yakin Ouled Bouachra** ko kuma wanda aka fi sani da **Yakin Dutsen Mokorno** yaki ne tsakanin dakarun ALN da sojojin 'yan mulkin mallaka na Faransa a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba 1958.

## Tarihi
A ranar 29 ga watan Disamba, 1958, ruƙunin Zoubiria, El Hamdania, da El Omaria, waɗanda aka tura a ko'ina cikin Wilaya IV, sun taru kusa da commune of Ouled Bouachraa, wanda ke yammacin Medea inda hedkwatar Wilaya IV take. An shirya taro don haɗa waɗannan ruƙunin zuwa kashi ɗaya. Duk da haka, kafin hakan ya faru, an faɗakar da su game da kasancewar sojojin Faransa na mulkin mallaka a kusa da Ouled Bouachraa. Dangane da mayar da martani, kwamandan Wilaya IV ya ba da umarnin tura wadannan rukunin da kuma shirye-shiryen yaki.    

## Yaƙi
An soke taron da aka shirya daga baya, kuma a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba, an tura ruƙunin uku zuwa tsaunukan dazuzzuka don sauƙaƙe janye babban ruƙunin a Ouled Bouachra. Rikicin ya zama wanda ba za a iya kaucewa ba saboda gagarumin kasancewar sojojin Faransa a yankin, wanda ke nuna farkon harin Massu. An fara yakin ne da karfe 10 na safe inda aka yi harbin farko. Duk da rashin son su, bataliyoyin El Omaria, El Hamdania, da Zoubiria sun yi nasarar dakatar da ci gaban Faransa zuwa Ouled Bouachra kuma an ja su cikin yakin. Tsananin rigingimun ya yi kamari ne a tsawon lokaci, inda ya bazu zuwa yankunan da ke makwabtaka da su. Sojojin na ALN sun kuma yi nasarar jinkirta ci gaban bataliyar maharbi na Faransa da ke Berrouaghia, wanda ya haifar da barna mai yawa ga sassan kwamandojin su. Tare da shiga tsakani na tankunan yaƙi na Faransa, da jiragen sama, da makaman yaƙi, yaƙin ya ƙara tsananta. Shaidu a yakin sun lura da harbin bindiga da ta samo asali daga iska da kuma harin bama-bamai da Faransa ta kai kan ƙauyukan. Da yawa daga cikin sojojin Faransa sun ki shiga yakin saboda fargaba, inda suka zaɓi fuskantar kotun soji maimakon abin da suka bayyana a matsayin "Jahannama." Bugu da ƙari, da yawa daga cikin membobin Sniper Brigade sun ƙi bin umarnin Massu. A sakamakon haka, Faransa dole ne ta karfafa sojojinta daga Blida da Algiers, sojojin ALN sun yi nasarar tserewa ta hanyar gujewa layin abokan gaba.

ALN ta yi hasarar mutane kusan 140 musamman sanadin harin Napalm Bombs da Artillery Bombardement, yayin da Faransawa suka rasa maza 600 ko 900.

## Manazarta
Jerin kisan kiyashi a Burundi

Jerin da ke ƙasa shine jerin Kisan kiyashi da suka faru a Burundi a cikin tsari na lokaci:

## Jerin kisan kiyashi

## Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

Fayil:Location_Burundi_AU_Africa.svg|Location of Burundi
Fayil:Burundi_-_Location_Map_(2011)_-_BDI_-_UNOCHA.svg|Map of Burundi


## Bayanan da aka ambata
Gidan ƴan gudun hijira na Gatumba

Gatumba Refugee Camp kuma an san shi da Gatumba Transit Center wani sansanin 'yan gudun hijira ne na wucin gadi a Burundi wanda 'yan tawaye na' yan tawayen Sojojin 'Yancin Kasa suka kashe a shekara ta 2004.

## Wurin da yake
Gidan 'yan gudun hijira na Gatumba yana cikin Gatumba, garin Mutimbuzi, lardin Bujumbura, kimanin kilomita 10 a Arewa maso Gabashin Bujumbura a kan babbar hanyar zuwa Uvira.

## Tarihi
Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yan Gudun Hijira ne ke gudanar da sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Gatumba .  An fi amfani da sansanin ne don wucewar 'yan gudun hijira da suka tsere a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo saboda rikicin Kivu a Kivu ta Kudu.

Ya zuwa watan Satumbar 2004, sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Gatumba ba shi da mutane da suka zauna sai dai masu tsaron da ke kare ginin makarantar da kuma daya daga cikin wadanda suka tsira saboda kisan kiyashi wanda ya faru a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta 2004. 

## Yawan jama'a
Ya zuwa 13 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2004, sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Gatumba yana da' yan gudun hijira 825 na Kongo waɗanda galibi na kabilar Banyamulenge ne. Koyaya, yawan jama'a suna da mutane daga kabilun Bembe, Vira da Fulero.

## Kisan kiyashi na Gatumba
A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2004, wani rukuni na mutane masu dauke da makamai na Sojojin 'Yanci na Kasa wanda aka fi sani da Forces pour la Liberation Nationale (FNL) sun kashe kimanin' yan gudun hijira 152 daga DRC kuma sun bar' yan gudun gudun hijira 106 da suka ji rauni a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Gatumba    A lokacin harin, sansanin yana da kimanin 'yan gudun hijira 800 da aka ajiye. Wadannan mutane suna daga cikin 'yan gudun hijira 20,000 da suka tsere daga DRC saboda Rikicin Kivu 

Kungiyar 'yan tawaye wadanda ke dauke da makamai, makamai masu sarrafa kansa da grenades sun kai hari kan mutane da dare lokacin da suke barci a cikin dakunan filastik a cikin sansanin. Sun kashe mutane wadanda suka hada da mata, maza da iyalai ta hanyar konewa. A lokacin harin, an kashe mutane 136 a wurin kuma 20 sun mutu a asibiti.

Bayan kisan kiyashi, 'yan gudun hijira 500 sun tsira kuma an sake tura 400 daga cikinsu zuwa makarantar da ke kusa da su kuma 100 suna da wurin zama a Bujumbura.

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

* Burundi: Laifukan Yakin Gatumba da Takaddun Siyasa, Takardar Kula da Hakkin Dan Adam, Satumba 2004
Yaƙin Sidi Semiane

**Yakin Sidi Semiane** an ɗauki tsawon sa'o'i 4 ana gwabza yaki na 'yancin kai na ƙasar Aljeriya a ranar 20 ga watan Mayun 1957 a tsaunin Dahra a Wilaya IV. 

Dakarun Faransa sun haɗa sojoji 850 domin kai farmakin ba-zata kan mujahidai 35 na ƙungiyar 'yantar da ƙasar Aljeriya a matsayin ramuwar gayya ga nasarar da Aljeriya ta samu a yakin Sidi Mohand Aklouche a ranar 26 ga watan watan Afrilun shekarar 1957. An kwashe sama da sa'o'i 4 ana gwabzawa, kuma kwamandan Faransa Gaudion da bataliyarsa sun sha kashi mai tsanani wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar sama da mutane 150 da raunata fiye da 200, yayin da 'yan Algeria suka rasa maza biyu kawai, Si Slimane da Si Mahfoud.  

## Manazarta
Operation Véronique

**Operation Véronique** wani harin soji ne da sojojin Faransa suka yi a lokacin yakin Aljeriya da fatan kawar da kungiyar 'yantar da ƙasa  ta FLN.

## Tarihi
Yakin Aljeriya, bayan hare-haren ta'addanci na Toussaint Rouge, ya ta'allaka ne akan Aurès da kuma wani ɗan ƙaramin tsaunukan Kabylia da Constantine saboda rashin tasirin National Liberation Front (FLN) a sauran ƙasar. Wannan ilimin ya sa Faransa ta ƙaddamar da ayyuka da yawa a cikin tsaunuka da fatan dakatar da tawayen FLN.

## Yaƙi
Aikin wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin na farko a yakin Aljeriya, ya kunshi yankin tsaunin Ahmar Khaddou da ke cikin Aurès. Babban hafsan hafsoshin sojojin, André Zeller,   da babban hafsan hafsoshin sojojin Algeria, Paul Cherriére ne suka haɓaka aikin. Makasudin aikin shi ne ware mayakan ALN daga cikin jama’a, waɗanda aka hana su kayan aiki ta hanyar rufewa, sarrafawa da rarraba kayan abinci, ba za su sake ba da tallafin kayan aiki ga waɗannan mayaka ba. Tasirin aikin ba shi da kima, domin kuwa sojoji da hukumomin farar hula na yankin sun kusan jahilci tsarin zamantakewar mazauna yankin, musamman alakar da ke tsakanin su da mutanen da suka tayar, waɗanda tun kafin ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba, 1954, sun riga sun yi rayuwa a cikin tsaunuka. 

A cikin ‘yan kwanakin farko na wannan aiki, koguna, da sauran wuraren da Fellaghas ya ɓuya aka jefa bama-bamai daga rundunar sojojin sama amma abin ya ci tura. A yayin gudanar da aikin, an kuma yi amfani da bama-baman napalm da sojojin sama suka yi.  Martanin Aljeriya, wanda Mostefa Ben Boulaid ya shirya ya kasance mafi yawan hare-haren da ba a saba gani ba,  wanda ya yi nasara sosai duk da cewa sojojin FLN a yankin sun kasance marasa kayan aiki sosai. A ƙarshen wannan farmakin, Faransa ma ta fara amfani da makaman atilari wajen kai hare-hare kan wuraren da ake zargin 'yan tawaye ne.

Bayan kama Ben Boulaid, shugaban Wilaya I ya zama Bachir Chihani, wanda ya jagoranci sojojin yankin na kwanaki na ƙarshe na aikin. A matakin soja kuma a cewar jaridun Faransa, an kashe mayaka tara ne kawai a ɓangaren Aljeriya. Sakamakon ya nuna ƙarara rashin tasirin hanyoyin da aka aiwatar ta fuskar ALN. Wannan ɗaya ne kawai, na yawancin manyan zaɓen Paul Cherrière, irin su Operations Violette da Eckmühl, waɗanda duk ba su da tasiri a kan dabarun yaƙi na ALN.

## Bayan haka
Rashin nasarar Faransa na lalata tushen tawayen Aljeriya ya sa FLN ta yi saurin girma cikin tasiri akan ƙasar. A cikin watanni, yankunan karkara na tsaunin Aurés sun faɗa ƙarƙashin ikon FLN.

## Manazarta
Operation Jumelles

**Operation Jumelles**  wani farmakin soji ne wanda wani ɓangare ne na yakin Aljeriya a Kabiliya, Aljeriya. Ya kasance daga ranar 22 ga watan Yulin shekarar1959 zuwa Maris na shekarar 1960. An gwabza tsakanin FLN da Sojojin Faransa.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya
Operation Jumelles ko Operation Binoculars shi ne farmaki mafi girma da aka taɓa kaiwa a ƙasar Aljeriya, sama da sojoji 60,000 ne ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar Maurice Challe. An gwabza faɗa ne a kwarin Soummam, Akfadou da Djudjura, a Kabylia wilaya (III).

Janar Massu ya kuma ambaci wannan aiki a cikin littafinsa -le torrent et la digue- a shafi na 266 ya rubuta: « kuma zai kasance karo na farko a tarihin yakin Aljeriya da wani "kwamandan kwamanda" zai bayar da umarnin gudanar da wani aiki mai suna "jumelles" da kansa..

Janar Challe ne da kansa ya jagoranci wannan aiki.

Duk nau'ikan makamai da jiragen yakin da ke cikin wannan aiki.

Kashi na farko na aikin ana kiransa Pelvoux, kuma an gwabza tsakanin ranakun 22 ga watan Yuli da 9 ga watan Agusta. Sojojin ruwan Faransa ƙarƙashin jagorancin kyaftin ɗin jirgin ruwan Sanguinetti sun shiga dajin Akfadou.

## Manazarta
Operation Resurrection

**Operation Resurrection** wani shiri ne na soji na sojojin Faransa a shekarar 1958 wanda ya nemi karɓe babban birnin Faransa, Paris, don tilasta dawowar Charles de Gaulle kan gwamnati. Janar Jacques Massu ne ya ƙware, za a gudanar da wannan aiki ne da Opération Corse wanda dakarun sojin Faransa suka mamaye Corsica. An soke aikin ne bayan da 'yan siyasar Faransa suka shirya shirin komowar de Gaulle kan ƙaragar mulki.

## Tarihi
Janar Charles de Gaulle ya jagoranci Sojojin Faransa na 'Yanci, waɗanda suka yi tsayayya da Nazi Jamus a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu kuma ya zama jarumi na ƙasa da na soja. Bayan 'yantar da Faransa a shekarar 1944, de Gaulle ya zama firaministan Faransa a gwamnatin wucin gadi, amma rashin jituwa da rikice-rikicen siyasa sun sa shi yin murabus kuma ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja da siyasa a shekara ta 1946.

Shekaru goma bayan haka, rikice-rikicen siyasa da suka biyo baya na Jamhuriya ta Huɗu ta Faransa, sakamakon ɓarkewar yakin Aljeriya da rashin gamsuwa da tattalin arziki, ya haifar da boren jama'a ga gwamnati, wacce ke ƙarƙashin jam'iyyun siyasa masu tayar da ƙayar baya. Manufar gwamnati kan Aljeriya ta fusata miliyoyin mazauna Faransawa, hafsoshin soji da 'yan siyasa na hannun dama a Faransa. Janar-janar din sojojin Faransa a birnin Paris da Algiers sun fara matsa lamba kan 'yan siyasar Faransa su mayar da de Gaulle kan ƙaragar mulki.

## Ayyukan da aka tsara
Tawaye da tarzoma sun ɓarke a cikin shekarar 1958 kan gwamnatin Faransa a Algiers, wanda ya sa Janar Jacques Massu ya kirkiro kwamitin mazauna Faransa  don neman kafa sabuwar gwamnatin ƙasa ƙarƙashin de Gaulle, wanda ya kasance gwarzon ƙasa kuma ya ba da shawarar manufofin soja mai karfi, kishin ƙasa  da kuma riƙe ikon Faransa a kan Aljeriya. Massu, wanda ya samu ɗaukaka da iko a lokacin da ya murkushe mayakan Aljeriya cikin rashin tausayi, ya bayyana cewa matukar ba a mayar da de Gaulle kan mulki ba, sojojin Faransa za su yi tawaye a fili. Massu da wasu manyan hafsoshin sojan ƙasar sun yi shirin mamaye birnin na Paris a ɓoye tare da dakarun soji 1,500 ta hanyar shirin karɓar filayen jiragen sama tare da tallafin rundunonin sojojin saman Faransa.  Ruƙunin masu sulke daga Rambouillet sun shirya don mirgina zuwa Paris. 

A ranar 24 ga watan Mayu, sojojin Faransa daga cikin gawarwakin Aljeriya sun sauka a Corsica kuma suka ɗauki tsibirin Faransa a wani mataki na rashin jini, Operation Corse.   Za a aiwatar da Operation Resurrection idan majalisar dokokin Faransa ba ta amince da de Gaulle a matsayin shugaban ƙasa ba, idan ya nemi taimakon soja don ya karɓi mulki, ko kuma duk wani yunkuri na jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Faransa na kwace mulki ko hana dawowarsa yana buƙatar a dakile.

## Bayan haka
A ranar 29 ga watan Mayun 1958, 'yan siyasar Faransa sun amince da yin kira ga De Gaulle ya karɓi gwamnati a matsayin Firayim Minista. Yardar sojojin Faransa na goyon bayan hambarar da gwamnatin tsarin mulki wani gagarumin ci gaba ne a siyasar Faransa. Tare da goyon bayan Sojoji, gwamnatin de Gaulle ta dakatar da Jamhuriya ta huɗu kuma ta tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulki wanda ke shelar Jamhuriyar Fifth ta Faransa a shekarar 1958.

## Manazarta
Yaƙe-yaƙe na Café

**Yakin Café** ya faru ne a lokacin yakin Aljeriya, a matsayin wani ɓangare na faɗan cikin gida a Faransa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa na Aljeriya guda biyu masu adawa da juna, Mouvement National Algérien da Front de Libération National (wanda daga baya ya zama jam'iyyar siyasa mai mulki a Aljeriya mai cin gashin kanta).

Ana kiran Yaƙin Café ne saboda wani ɓangare na faɗan ya ɗauki nau'in hare-haren bama-bamai da kashe-kashe a wuraren shaye-shaye, wanda ake kaiwa magoya bayan ɗayan jam'iyyar, yayin da suke fafutukar samun iko da tasiri kan babban al'ummar 'yan gudun hijira na Aljeriya da ƙungiyoyinta. Tun da ƙungiyoyin biyu suna aiki a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kuma gwamnatin Faransa tana nema, layin da ke tsakanin sojoji da farar hula yana da wuya a zana, kuma sau da yawa mayakan sun yi watsi da su da gangan. Kungiyoyi daga duka MNA da FLN sun koma yin kisa irin na gangiya, tsoratarwa da kashe farar hula don cimma manufofinsu na siyasa da tabbatar da kuɗi da tasiri. Wannan ya haifar da bayyanar da Café Wars a Faransa a matsayin ayyukan ta'addanci bazuwar, da kuma haɗa kai da hare-haren da aka kai wa Faransawa mazauna Algeria.

A cewar wasu alkaluma, Yakin Café an yi asarar rayuka kusan 5,000.  Alkalumman hukuma na Faransa sun mutu 3,975 da jimillar mutane 10,223 da abin ya shafa (matattu ko suka jikkata).

Yakin Café bai ƙare ba kafin Algeria ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1962, ta gwamnatin Charles de Gaulle. Daga nan ne FLN ta fatattaki rundunonin mayaka na MNA a Aljeriya, kuma ga dukkan alamu ta lalata kungiyar ta a Faransa.

## Duba kuma

* Zohra Drif

## Manazarta
Kisan kiyashi na Lari

**Kisan kiyashi na Lari** wani lamari ne da ya faru a lokacin tashin hankalin Mau Mau inda Mau Mau suka kashe kusan mutane 74, ciki har da wasu mambobi ne na masu tsaron gida masu aminci, amma galibin iyalansu: mata, yara da tsofaffi dangi.  Waɗanda aka kashe sun haɗa da fitaccen ɗan kishin ƙasa Luka Kahangara.    An gurfanar da ‘yan tawaye 309 da laifin kisan kiyashin, inda aka yanke wa 136 hukunci. An kashe 71 daga cikin waɗanda aka yankewa hukuncin ta hanyar rataya. 

‘Yan tawayen sun yi garkuwa da maza da mata da ƙananan yara cikin bukkoki tare da cinna musu wuta, inda suka riƙa kutsawa da adduna da duk wanda ya yi yunkurin tserewa, kafin su mayar da su cikin bukkokin da ke cin wuta. Harin da aka kai a Lari ya wuce gona da iri cewa "'yan sandan Afirka da suka ga gawarwakin waɗanda aka kashe ... sun kasance marasa lafiya kuma sun ce 'Waɗannan mutane dabbobi ne. Idan na ga ɗaya yanzu zan harbe da babban sha'awar' ", kuma "har ma ya girgiza magoya bayan Mau Mau da yawa, wanda wasu daga cikinsu za su yi ƙoƙari su ba da uzuri a matsayin 'kuskure'."    Gwamnatin 'yan mulkin mallaka ta yi amfani da harin a matsayin farfaganda kuma ta nuna kisan kiyashin ga 'yan jarida.  Kisan gillar ya haifar da harin ramuwar gayya.  An yi zaton cewa sojojin 'yan mulkin mallaka sun kashe 'yan tawayen Mau Mau 400, ciki har da Bindigan Afirka na Sarki, a matsayin ramuwar gayya. 

## Sources
* 

*  

## Manazarta
Belaid Abdessalam

**Belaid Abdessalam** (20 Yuli 1928 - 27 Yuni 2020) ɗan siyasan Aljeriya ne, wanda ya zama Firayim Minista daga shekarun 1992 zuwa 1993. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Abdessalam a Dehamcha, lardin Setif na ƙasar Aljeriya a ranar 20 ga watan Yuli 1928.  Abdessalam ya kasance shugaba mai kishin ƙasa  a jam'iyyar FLN a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai daga ƙasar Aljeriya. Ya kasance ministan masana'antu da madafun iko a ƙarƙashin mulkin soja na Houari Boumedienne, kuma sunansa yana da alaka ta kut da kut da tsohuwar manufofin gwamnatin Aljeriya na gina tushen masana'antu masu nauyi ta hanyar tattalin arziki da aka tsara. Abdessalam ya zama shugaban gwamnatin Algeria daga ranar 8 ga watan Yuli 1992 zuwa ranar 21 ga watan Agusta 1993. Ya kuma riƙe muƙamin ministan kuɗi.  A lokacin mulkinsa, yakin basasar Aljeriya da 'yan tawayen Islama ya tsananta. 

A ranar 27 ga watan Yuni 2020, ya mutu a asibitin soja na Ain Naadja a Algiers, yana da shekara 91.   

## Manazarta
Abdellah Belhouchet

**Abdellah Belhouchet** (1924 - Satumba 16, 2003) hafsan sojan Aljeriya ne kuma mai fafutukar kishin ƙasa, wanda aka fi sani da rawar da ya taka a lokacin yakin neman 'yancin kai na Aljeriya da kuma ci gaban rundunar sojojin ƙasar Aljeriya (ANP).  Belhouchet ya riƙe muƙamai daban-daban a tsawon aikinsa na soja, ciki har da babban hafsan hafsoshin sojojin ƙasar  daga shekarun 1986 zuwa 1988, kuma ya kasance mataimakin ministan tsaro na ƙasa .  Har ila yau, ya kasance memba na majalisar ƙasa ta juyin juya halin Aljeriya da majalisar juyin juya hali kuma mai bai wa shugaba Chadli Bendjedid shawara kan harkokin soji. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Belhouchet a Souk Ahras, Algeria. Da farko dai ya shiga aikin sojan Faransa ne a lokacin yakin Indochina kafin ya koma ƙasar Aljeriya, inda ya shiga cikin rundunar sojojin ‘yantar da ƙasa ta  (ALN) a farkon fafutukar neman ‘yancin kai daga turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa. 

### Matsayin da ya taka a yakin neman 'yancin kai
A lokacin Yaƙin neman 'Yanci, Belhouchet an naɗa shi a Majalisar National Council of the Algerian Revolution (CNRA) a 1957. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa ga ALN wajen daidaita ayyukan soji da shirya ayyukan juyin juya hali a kan sojojin Faransa. 

### Aiki bayan samun 'yancin kai
Bayan da Aljeriya ta samu 'yancin kai a shekarar 1962, Belhouchet ya mayar da hankali wajen tsarawa da tsara jam'iyyar ANP, wanda ya gaji jam'iyyar ALN. Ya riƙe manyan muƙamai na soja da dama, ciki har da zama shugaban ma’aikatan jam’iyyar ANP daga ranar 22 ga watan Nuwamba, 1986, har zuwa Nuwamba 1988. Bugu da ƙari, an naɗa shi mataimakin ministan tsaro na ƙasa da kuma kula da babban sufeton jam’iyyar ANP, wanda hakan ya nuna tasirinsa a cikin muƙamin soja. 

A cikin watan Nuwamba 1988, bayan tarzomar Oktoba, an sake sanya shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan soji ga shugaba Chadli Bendjedid. Ficewar tasa daga muƙamin babban hafsan hafsoshin soji na daga cikin wani gagarumin sauyi da aka yi da nufin zamanantar da shugabancin sojoji da kuma rage shigarsa siyasa. 

Belhouchet ya mutu a ranar 16 ga watan Satumba, 2003, a Blida, Algeria, yana da shekaru 80. 

## Kara karantawa

*  

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Amoaful

An yi **yakin Amoaful ne** a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1874 a lokacin yakin Anglo-Ashanti na uku lokacin da Sir Garnet Wolseley ya ci Ashantis bayan turjiya mai karfi da ya fuskanta. Rundunar ta 42 ce ta jagoranci harin. A Amoaful, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka kashe a cikin faɗan ya ba da lambar yabo ga kwamandan Ashanti: "Babban Cif Amanquatia yana cikin waɗanda aka kashe. An nuna fasaha mai ban sha'awa a matsayin da Amanquatia ya zaɓa, kuma jajircewa da jajircewar da ya nuna a cikin tsaro ya haifar da babban suna a matsayinsa na ƙwararren mai dabara da soja mai jajircewa." Lance-Sergeant Samuel McGaw an ba shi kyautar Victoria Cross don aiki a lokacin yakin.

## Manazarta
Mohammed Saleh Bendjelloul

**Dokta Mohammed Saleh Bendjelloul** (1893-1985) ya kasance babban likitan Aljeriya kuma ɗan siyasa kuma ɗan kishin ƙasa ne mai tsattsauran ra'ayi.  Ya kafa "Fédération des élus indigènes" tare da Ferhat Abbas (a cikin shekarar 1927),   kuma ya kafa "Federation des Élus Musulmans d'Algérie" (a cikin shekarar 1930).  Bugu da ƙari, Bendjelloul ya kasance mataimakin Majalisar Dokokin Faransa har sai da Aljeriya ta sami 'yancin kai. Bendjelloul ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kishin ƙasa na Aljeriya, kafin juyin juya halin, ta hanyar koƙarinsa na cimma daidaito na siyasa da na farar hula tsakanin Faransa da Aljeriya.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Bendjelloul a cikin Constantine a cikin dangin asalin Baturke.

## Manazarta
Salah Goudjil

**Salah Goudjil** (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1931)   ɗan siyasan Aljeriya ne, na cikin Sakatariyar Kwamitin Zartarwa na Ƙungiyar neman 'Yanci ta Ƙasa (FLN).  Ya shiga yakin neman 'yancin kai na ƙasar Aljeriya daga hannun 'yan mulkin mallaka na Faransa.  Goudjil ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Sufuri da Kamun kifi a ma'aikatun FLN daban-daban. 

## Manazarta
Saad Dahlab

**Saad Dahlab** (Ranar 18 ga watan Afrilun, shekarar 1918 - ranar 16 ga watan Disamban, shekarar 2000) ɗan kishin ƙasa ne kuma ɗan ƙasar Aljeriya kuma ɗan siyasa. Wani ɗan gwagwarmayar ƙasa ne na dogon lokaci, ya taka rawa a kusan dukkanin ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa na Aljeriya na farko: L' Etoile Nord-Africaine (ENA), Parti du Peuple Algérien (PPA) da Mouvement pour la Triomphe des Libertés Democratiques (MTLD), dukkansu Messali Hadj ya jagoranta.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Faransa ta ɗaure shi daga shekarun 1945 zuwa 1946.

Bayan zama ɗan adawa na cikin gida na anti-Hadj a cikin PPA-MTLD, ya shiga kungiyar 'yantar da ƙasa ta Front de Liberation Nationale (FLN), wacce ta fara tawaye a cikin shekarar 1954. A lokacin yakin neman ‘yancin kai na ƙasar Aljeriya (1954 – 62), ya shiga hannu wajen kirkiro *El Moudjahid* —  na FLN wanda ya rikiɗewa zuwa babban harshen Faransanci na Aljeriya mai cin gashin kanta a kullum — da kuma watsa rediyo da sauran ƙoƙarin farfaganda. Ya kuma taɓa zama ministan harkokin waje a shekarar 1961-62 na gwamnatin gudun hijira ta ƙungiyar ( GPRA ). Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1962 ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in diflomasiyya a Morocco, kuma ya ci gaba da harkokin kasuwanci. A shekarunsa na baya, ya kafa kamfanin buga littattafai, da sauran abubuwan da ya wallafa tarihin shekarun yaki.

## Manazarta
Gimbiya Caroline ta Nassau-Weilburg

**Gimbiya Caroline ta Nassau-Weilburg** (Jamusanci: Karoline Luise Friederike von Nassau - Weilburg; 14 ga Fabrairu 1770 - 8 ga Yulin 1828) ta kasance Gimbiya ta Nassaun-Weilbourg, 'yar Charles Christian, Yarima ta Nassaa-Weilurg da Gimbiya Carolina ta Orange-Nassau, matar Yarima Karl Ludwig ta Wied-Runkel .

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Caroline a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 1770, a Kirchheimbolanden . Ita ce ta shida kuma 'yar ta uku a cikin dangin Yarima Karl Christian na Nassau-Weilburg da matarsa Carolina na Orange-Nassau . Tana da 'yan'uwa mata Maria da Louise da' yan'uwa Friedrich Wilhelm da Wilhelm, wadanda suka mutu watanni biyu bayan haka. Daga baya, ƙananan yara biyar sun kara da iyalin, daga cikinsu ɗa Karl Wilhelm da 'ya'ya mata Amelia da Henrietta sun kai ga balaga.

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1787, Caroline ta rasa mahaifiyarta, duk da haka, a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar, ta yi aure.

A lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ta zama matar Hereditary Count Karl Ludwig na Wied-Runkel, wanda ba da daɗewa ba ya cika shekaru 24. ango shine ɗan fari na Count Christian Ludwig mai mulki. An yi bikin ne a ranar 4 ga Satumba, 1787 a Kirchheimbolanden da kuma. Ma'auratan ba su da yara.

A shekara ta 1791, Kirista Ludwig ya sami taken yarima,  kuma ya mutu a watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar. Mijin Caroline ya zama mai mulkin Weid-Runkel na gaba.

A cikin 1806, tare da kirkirar Tarayyar Rhine ta Napoleon, an yi amfani da masarautar, ƙasashenta sun tafi Grand Duchy na Berg Duchy na Nassau . 

Karl Ludwig ya mutu a ranar 9 ga Maris, 1824, a Deardorff . Tun da auren ba shi da yara, bayan mutuwar ɗan'uwansa a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1824, haƙƙin ƙasar Wied-Runkel ya wuce Johann Carl August na Wied.

Caroline ta mutu a ranar 8 ga Yuli, 1828, a Wiesbaden .

## Tsofaffi

## Manazarta
Ahmed Boumendjel

**Ahmed Boumendjel** (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Afrilu 1908   a Beni Yenni, Lardin Tizi Ouzou kuma ya mutu a ranar 19 ga watan Nuwamba 1982   ) ɗan siyasan Aljeriya ne kuma ɗan kishin ƙasa.

## Rayuwar farko
An haife shi a cikin shekarar 1908 a Taourirt n'Mangllat (Ain El Hammam) Grande Kabylie.  Ya fara aiki a matsayin malami sannan ya ci gaba da karatunsa, ya sami digiri na lauya kuma ya yi aikin lauya.

Ya yi aiki tare da Ferhat Abbas a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu a cikin jam'iyyar *Friends of the Manifesto of Liberty* sannan kuma zuwa *jam'iyyar Democratic Union for Aljeriya Manifesto*. An zaɓe shi a matsayin Kwamitin Tarayyar Faransa, Boumendjel ya bar Algeria don ya zauna a Faransa.

## Juyin juya halin Aljeriya
Ya zama memba na *Tarayyar Jam'iyyar 'Yancin Ƙasar Faransa* daga shekarar 1957, sannan ya zama memba na *Majalisar ƙasa ta juyin juya halin Aljeriya* daga shekarun 1957 zuwa 1962  Daga nan ya tafi Tunisiya inda ya jagoranci jaridar El Moudjahid wacce ta fito cikin harshen Faransanci. Shi ne ya rubuta labarin da aka fi sani da **"Bayanan da aka kashe"**, wanda ya haifar da cece-kuce tsakanin gwamnatin Tunisiya da gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Jamhuriyar Aljeriya. Ta wakilci gwamnatin wucin gadi tare da Mohamed Seddik Benyahia a tattaunawar Melun a watan Yuni 1960 kuma ta shiga cikin tattaunawar farko a Evian.  A lokacin rikicin cikin gida da ya faru bayan samun 'yancin kai, Boumendjel ya haɗa kai da Ferhat Abbas don kafa kungiyar Ben Bella. An naɗa shi Ministan Ayyukan Jama’a a watan Satumba 1962 zuwa 1963.

## Manazarta