Kasashen common wealth

**Commonwealth of Nations** sau da yawa ana kiranta da Commonwealth Commonwealth ko kuma kawai Commonwealth, ] Sarakuna ƙungiya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta ƙasashe membobi 56, mafi yawansu tsoffin yankuna ne na Daular Birtaniya waɗanda daga ciki suka haɓaka. An haɗa su ta hanyar amfani da harshen Ingilishi da alaƙar al'adu da tarihi. Manyan cibiyoyi na kungiyar su ne Sakatariyar Commonwealth, wacce ke mai da hankali kan dangantakar gwamnatoci, da Gidauniyar Commonwealth, wacce ke mai da hankali kan alakar da ba ta gwamnati ba tsakanin kasashe mambobinta[, Ƙungiyoyi da yawa suna da alaƙa da aiki a cikin Commonwealth. 
"
Ƙasar Commonwealth ta samo asali ne tun farkon rabin karni na 20 tare da kawar da mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya ta hanyar karuwar ikon mallakar yankunanta. An ƙirƙira shi azaman Ƙungiyar Commonwealth ta Biritaniya ta hanyar sanarwar Balfour a taron 1926 na Imperial,  kuma Burtaniya ta tsara ta ta Dokar Westminster a cikin 1931. A cikin 1949, sanarwar London ta ba da izinin Indiya ta ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin Commonwealth a  bsbmatsagshshvsyin jamhuriya, wanda ke nuna gagarumin juyin halittar ƙungiyar.[] , 
 
Shugaban Commonwealth shine Charles III. Shi sarki ne na kasashe membobi 15, wadanda aka fi sani da Commonwealth realms, yayin da wasu membobi 36 da ke jamhuriya, wasu biyar kuma suna da sarakuna daban-daban. Ko da yake ya zama shugaban kasa bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarsa, Elizabeth II, matsayin ba gado ne na fasaha ba.
## Tarihi
Asalin tunani
Manyan labarai: Daular Burtaniya da Tarihi na Daular Biritaniya

Daftarin Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Irish ta 1921, tare da "Daular Biritaniya" ta ketare kuma "Ƙasashen Duniya na Birtaniyya" an ƙara da hannu. ,
 
Firayim Minista na membobi biyar a taron Firayim Minista na Commonwealth na 1944: (L-R) Mackenzie King (Kanada), Jan Smuts (Afirka ta Kudu), Winston Churchill (Birtaniya), Peter Fraser (New Zealand) da John Curtin (Australia)
S Elizabeth ta biyu, a cikin jawabinta ga Kanada a Ranar Mulki a 1959, ta yi nuni da cewa Tarayyar Kanada a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1867 ita ce haihuwar "ƙasa ta farko mai cin gashin kanta a cikin daular Burtaniya". Ta bayyana cewa: "Don haka, wannan kuma alama ce ta farkon wannan ƙungiyar 'yanci ta ƙasashe masu zaman kansu wanda a yanzu ake kira Commonwealth of Nations."Commonwealth of Nations". Taro na Firayim Minista na Biritaniya da na mulkin mallaka sun faru lokaci-lokaci daga na farko a cikin 1887, wanda ya haifar da ƙirƙirar Taro na Imperial a 1911 

Ƙungiyar Commonwealth ta haɓaka daga tarurrukan daular. Jan Smuts ya gabatar da takamaiman shawara a cikin 1917 lokacin da ya ƙirƙira kalmar "Ƙasashen Commonwealth na Biritaniya" kuma ya tsara "dangantakar tsarin mulkina gaba da gyare-gyare a ainihin" a taron zaman lafiya na Paris na 1919, wanda wakilai daga Dominions da kuma United Kingdom suka halarta.[ , Kalmar ta farko ta sami amincewar doka ta sarauta a cikin Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Irish na 1921, lokacin da kalmar Burtaniya 

## Tallace-tallace da kuma tsari
A cikin sanarwar Balfour a taron Imperial na 1926, Ƙasar Ingila da yankunanta sun yarda cewa sun kasance "Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a cikin Daular Biritaniya, daidai da matsayi, ba za su kasance  karkashin juna ba a kowane bangare na al'amuran cikin gida ko na waje, ko da yagavke sun haɗu da haɗin kai ga Crown, kuma suna da dangantaka da 'yanci a matsayin mambobin kungiyar Commonwealth na Birtaniya." Kalmar 'Commonwealth' ta kasance a hukumance don bayyana al'umma.   .  
Dokar Westminster ta tsara waɗannan bangarorin dangantakar a cikin 1931, wacce ta shafi Kanada ba tare da buƙatar tabbatarwa ba, amma Australia, New Zealand da Newfoundland dole ne su amince da dokar don ta fara aiki. Newfoundland bai taba yin haka ba saboda matsalar tattalin arziki da kuma bukatar taimakon kudi daga Landan, Newfoundland da son rai ta amince da dakatar da mulkin kai a shekara ta 1934 kuma mulki ya koma ga ikon kai tsaye daga London. Daga baya Newfoundland ta shiga Kanada a matsayin lardinta na goma a cikin 1949. Ostiraliya da New Zealand sun amince da dokar a cikin 1942 da 1947 bi da bi.
 
Ko da yake Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu ba ta cikin Masarautar da ke buƙatar yin amfani da Dokar Westminster don aiwatar da ita, dokoki biyu - Matsayin Dokar Tarayyar, 1934, da Dokar Gudanarwa na Sarauta da Dokar Hatimi, 1934 - Majalisar Afirka ta Kudu ta zartar da ita don tabbatar da matsayin Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin kasa mai 'yanci, da kuma shigar da doka ta Afirka ta Kudu.

Sarauniya Elizabeth ta II ta ba da sabon manufa ta bayan yakin Commonwealth a cikin watsa shirye-shiryenta na Ranar Kirsimeti ta 1953, wanda a cikinta ta hango Commonwealth a matsayin "sabon ra'ayi - wanda aka gina akan mafi girman halayen Ruhun Mutum: abota, aminci, da sha'awar 'yanci da zaman lafiya". Duk da haka, baitul malin Biritaniya ya yi rauni sosai, ta yadda ba za ta iya yin aiki ba tare da Amurka ba. Bugu da ƙari kuma, asarar ayyukan tsaro da na kuɗi ya lalata hangen nesa na farkon ƙarni na 20 na Joseph Chamberlain na daular duniya wanda zai iya haɗa fifikon Imperial, tsaron juna da ci gaban zamantakewa. Bugu da kari, rawar da Birtaniyya ke takawa a cikin harkokin duniya ya zama mai iyaka, musamman tare da asarar Indiya da Singapore. bYayin da 'yan siyasar Birtaniya da farko suka yi fatan cewa Commonwealth za ta kiyaye tare da aiwatar da tasirin Birtaniyya, sannu a hankali sun daina sha'awar su, in ji Krishnan Srinivasan. Hankalin farko ya ragu yayin da manufofin Birtaniyya suka shiga wuta a tarurrukan Commonwealth. Ra'ayin jama'a ya shiga cikin damuwa yayin da bakin haure daga kasashe da ba fararen fata suka zama manya ba (duba kuma: kasashen Commonwealth).

Kalmar "Sabuwar Commonwealth" ta sami amfani a cikin Burtaniya (musamman a cikin 1960s da 1970s) don komawa zuwa ƙasashen da aka raba mulkin mallaka kwanan nan, galibi waɗanda ba fararen fata da ƙasashe masu tasowa ba. An yi amfani da shi sau da yawa a cikin muhawara game da ƙaura daga waɗannan ƙasashe " 

 

## jigajigen common wealth
Ana yawan ganin sanarwar London a matsayin alamar farkon Commonwealth na zamani. Bayan tsarin Indiya, wasu al'ummomi sun zama jumhuriya, ko masarautun tsarin mulki tare da nasu sarakuna. Yayin da wasu ƙasashe ke riƙe da sarauta iri ɗaya da Burtaniya, masarautunsu sun sami ci gaba daban-daban kuma nan da nan suka zama (ko kuma sun riga sun zama) da gaske masu zaman kansu daga masarautar Burtaniya. Ana daukar sarki a matsayin wani mutum na shari'a na daban a kowace daula, duk da cewa mutum daya ne sarkin kowace masarauta.[  ] 
 
Shawarwari don haɗa da Turai
A daidai lokacin da Jamus da Faransa tare da Belgium, da Italiya, da Luxembourg, da Netherlands, suke tsara yadda za su zama Tarayyar Turai, da kuma ƙasashen Afirka da suka sami 'yancin kai, suka shiga cikin ƙungiyar Commonwealth, an yi ta yawo da sabbin ra'ayoyi don hana Birtaniya zama saniyar ware a harkokin tattalin arziki. Cinikin Biritaniya da Commonwealth ya ninka kasuwancinta da Turai sau hudu. A cikin 1956 da 1957, gwamnatin Biritaniya, a ƙarƙashin Firayim Minista Anthony Eden, ta ɗauki "Shirin G" don ƙirƙirar yankin ciniki cikin 'yanci na Turai yayin da kuma ke kare matsayin da aka fi so na Commonwealth.  

 
 

## Fadadawa
Memba na farko da aka yarda ba tare da wata alaƙa da tsarin mulki ba da Masarautar Biritaniya ita ce Mozambique - tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Portugal - a cikin 1995 bayan zaɓen dimokuradiyya na farko. Shigarta ta gabaci sanarwar Edinburgh da ka'idojin zama membobin yanzu. A shekara ta 2009, Rwanda ta zama kasa ta biyu da ta shiga cikin kungiyar ba wata.   da wata alaka da tsarin mulkin kasar ba. Ƙasar amintacciyar ƙas

## Alamomi
Commonwealth ta karɓi alamomi da yawa waɗanda ke wakiltar ƙungiyar membobinta. An gane harshen Ingilishi a matsayin alamar gadon membobin; kamar yadda kuma ana ɗaukarta alama ce ta Commonwealth, amincewa da ita a matsayin "hanyar sadarwar Commonwealth" wani abu ne da ake buƙata don zama membobin Commonwealth.

Tutar Commonwealth ta ƙunshi alamar sakatariyar Commonwealth, duniyar zinare kewaye da haskoki masu fitowa, akan filin shuɗi mai duhu; An tsara shi don CHOGM na biyu a cikin 1973, kuma an karbe shi a hukumance a ranar 26 ga Maris 1976. 1976 kuma ta ga ƙungiyar ta amince da ranar gama gari wacce za ta yi bikin ranar Commonwealth, Litinin ta biyu a cikin Maris, ta ci gaba daban a ranaku daban-daban daga bukukuwan ranar Empire.[225]

Hakanan don bikin cika shekaru 60 (Diamond Jubilee) na Commonwealth a 2009, Sakatariyar Commonwealth ta umurci Paul Carroll ya shirya "The Commonwealth Anthem". An ɗauko waƙoƙin waƙar daga cikin shelar yancin ɗan adam ta duniya ta 1948.[226] Kungiyar Orchestra ta Matasa ta Commonwealth ta buga fassarar waƙar tare da kuma ba tare da labarin gabatarwa ba.[227][228

## Manazarta