Muhammadu Bello

**Muhammed Bello:** (Larabci: ***محمد بلو***) Shi ne sarki na biyu. Sarkin Musulmi ya yi mulki daga shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da sha bakwai 1817A.c, har zuwa, shekara ta   alif  ɗari takwas da talatin da bakwai 1837A.c. 

Ya kasance marubucin tarihi ne  wanda kuma ke da. Ilimin addinin Musulunci. Ɗan Usman Ɗan Fodio ne kuma mai masa hidima, wanda shine ya kafa Daular Sokoto kuma shi ne Sultan (Sarkin Musulmi) na farko. Lokacin mulkinsa, ya ƙarfafa da'awar yaɗa Musulunci a dukkanin yankunan Ƙasar Hausa, da tsarin karantar da mata da maza, da kuma kafa kotunan Musulunci, Ya rasu a watan Octobar, a ranar 25, shekarar alif ɗari takwas da talatin da bakwai, 1837, ƙaninsa Abu Bakar Atiku ne ya gaje shi, daga nan sai ɗansa mai suna Ali Babba bin Bello ya gaji sarautar a gurin Abubakar Atiku.

## Tarihi:
Matar Usman Ɗanfodio ta huɗu ce ta haifi Muhammad Bello, wacce aka fi sani da Hauwa ko Inna Garka, a shekara ta alif ɗari bakwai da tamanin da ɗaya, 1781  Kaman sauran ƴan uwansa, yana cikin karatun da mahaifinsa ya jagoranta a Degel har zuwa lokacin da aka fitar da dangi da wasu mabiyan, a cikin shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da huɗu, 1804. 

A shekarar alif ɗari takwas da tara 1809, Bello ne ya ɗauki nauyin kafuwar Sakkwato wanda zai zama babban birni ga mahaifinsa ya ci ƙasashen Hausa a yaƙin Fulani (1804-1810). 

Yawancin ƴan uwansa sun sadaukar da mahimmin lokacin su don ƙoƙarin karatu kuma sun shahara sosai game da wannan. Fitattun daga cikinsu sune 'yar uwarsa Nana Asma'u, mawakiya kuma malama,  da Abu Bakr Atiku, wanda zai gaje shi a matsayin Sultan. 

## Sarauta:
Bayan Jihadi , Kalifancin Sakkwato na ɗaya daga cikin manya-manyan jihohi a Afirka kuma ya gunshi kimbin yawan Fulani da Hausawa . Usman ɗan Fodio ya yi ƙoƙarin danne tsarin Hausa sosai, gami da shugabanci na gargajiya, ilimi, da yare.  

Shehu Usman ya yi ritaya daga shugabancin Halifaci  a shekarar 1815, kuma ya sanya Muhammad Bello a kan wasu masarautu na yamma da Daularb Khulafa. Bello ya Jagoranci wannan Masarautar ne daga garin Wurno kusa da Sokoto.

Bayan rasuwar Shehu Dan-Fodio, an jefa Kalifanci cikin rudani lokacin da magoya bayan Bello suka zagaye tare da rufe kofofin Sakkwato, suna hana sauran fitattun masu gwagwarmaya zuwa Masarauta (ciki har da kawun Bello Abdullahi Ibn Fodio) shiga garin. 

Halifancin daga ƙarshe ya rabu zuwa ɓangarori huɗu na cin gashin kai wanda ɓangarorin kawun Bello ne kawai ke mulki; Ya kamata Abdullahi Ibn Fodiyo ya gane kuma ya yi wa Bello mubaya'a .

Sarkin Musulmi  Muhammadu Bello ya fuskanci kalubale na farko daga shugabannin da ba su yarda da shi ba da kuma sarakunan Fulani da na Hausawa. Ya bambanta da mahaifinsa, gwamnatinsa ta fi yarda da tsarin ƙasar Hausa da yawa waɗanda suka kasance a gabanin halifancin.   

Ga jama'ar Fulanin, wadanda suka kasance makiyaya ne kafin wannan lokaci, Bello ya karfafa sasantawa ta dindindin game da kaddarar da aka tsara tare da makarantu, masallatai, kagarai, da sauran gine-gine.  Koda yake wannan yunƙurin ya kawo karshen adawar da yawa, amma wasu jagororin barna kamar 'Abd al-Salam da Dan Tunku sun ci gaba da haifar da adawa ga mulkin nasa da wuri. Dan Tunku ya ci gaba da kasancewa babban mai adawa a matsayin shugaban masarautar Kazaure .

Duk da cewa Dan Tunku ya yi yaki tare da mahaifinsa a yakin Fulani, lokacin da Bello ya nada Ibrahim Dabo Sarkin Kano a 1819, Dan Tunku ya shirya dakaru masu adawa a juyin juya hali. Bello ya taimaki Ibrahim Dabo wajen fatattakar sojojin Dan Tunku da kuma gina manyan katanga a duk yankin da Dan Tunku ya jawo ikonsa. 

Bayan kawo karshen wasu adawa na farko, Sultan ya mayar da hankali kan karfafa gwamnatinsa sannan a duk fadin masarautar tare da manyan gine-gine, sasantawa, da tsarin adalci na bai daya.  

Wani mahimmin al'amari da ya fadada daga mahaifinsa, ya fadada ilimin maza da mata sosai. 'Yar uwarsa, Nana Asma'u, ta zama muhimmiyar hanyar fadada ilimi ga mata ta zama muhimmiyar malama kuma mai cudanya da matan karkara don karfafa ilimi. 

A lokacin mulkin Muhammad Bello, El Hadj Umar Tall, wanda ya kafa daular Toucouleur nan gaba, ya zauna a Sakkwato bayan dawowarsa daga Makka a shekarar 1822. Sarkin Musulmi Muhammad Bello ya yi tasiri a kan Umar Tall sosai kamar yadda ya bayyana ta hanyar yabo da Tall ya yi wa Sarkin a cikin rubuce-rubucen nasa.  

Don tabbatar da kawance na dindindin, Sultan Bello ya aurar da daya daga cikin ‘yarsa ga Haj Umar  wanda ya ci gaba da zama a Sokoto a matsayin alkali (qadi), kuma a matsayin babban kwamanda a rundunar sojan kasa har zuwa mutuwar Muhammadu Bello.

## Ziyara:
Hugh Clapperton ya ziyarci kotun Muhammadu Bello a shekarar 1824, kuma ya yi rubuce-rubuce da yawa game da karamci da hankali na Sarkin Musulmi.Clapperton ya gamsu sosai da rubuce-rubucen da Bello yake da shi da kuma cikakken iliminsa game da binciken Burtaniya a Indiya. A 1826, Clapperton ya dawo ziyarar ta biyu,amma Bello bai barshi ya tsallaka iyaka ba saboda yaki da Daular Bornu kuma Clapperton yayi rashin lafiya ya mutu. . 

A shekarar alib 1836,masarautar Gobir ta yi wa mulkin Sakkwato tawaye.Sultan Muhammed Bello ya tattara rundunarsa ya murkushe ta a ranar 9 ga Maris 1836 a Yaƙin Gawakuke.. 

Yayin da yake mulki,ya ci gaba da manyan abubuwan neman ilimi, akasari tarihi da shayari. Infaku'l Maisuri (*Hakkin* *Hakimai) galibi* ana daukarsa tabbataccen tarihin yake-yake na Fulani da daular mahaifinsa. Ya yi rubuce-rubuce ɗaruruwan tarihi kan tarihi, karatun addinin Musulunci, da kuma waƙoƙi a lokacin rayuwarsa..

## Mutuwa:
Ya mutu ne sanadiyyar dabi'a, yana da shekara 58, 25 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta alib 1837 a Wurno dake garin sokoto, Nijeriya. kuma dan uwansa Abu Bakr Atiku ne ya gaje shi a matsayin Sultan. 

## Hadin waje:

* Littattafan Muhammadu Bello

## Bibiliyo:

* ·*Warfare in the Sokoto Caliphate : historical and sociological perspectivesISBN0-521-21069-0OCLC2371710.*
* ·*The Sokoto Caliphate : history and legacies, 1804-2004*. Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmood. (1st ed ed.) Kaduna, Nigeria: Arewa House. 2006. . OCLC 156890366.

## Manazarta