2019 Ruwa mai zafi na Indiya da Pakistan

Daga tsakiyar watan Mayu zuwa tsakiyar watan Yunin 2019, jamhuriyar Indiya da Pakistan sun yi tsananin zafi . Ya kasance daya daga cikin zafi mafi zafi kuma mafi tsayi a yankin tun bayan da kasashen biyu suka fara nadar rahotannin yanayi. Mafi girman yanayin zafi ya faru a Churu, Rajasthan, ya kai ,  mafi kusa da rikodin a Indiya, ya ɓace rikodin  an saita a cikin 2016 ta ɗan ƙaramin digiri.     An rarraba kwanaki 32 a matsayin sassan zafin rana, wanda ya sa ya zama na biyu mafi tsawo da aka taɓa yin rikodin. 

A sakamakon yanayin zafi da rashin isasshen shiri, fiye da mutane 184 sun mutu a jihar Bihar,  tare da karin mutuwar da aka ruwaito a wasu sassan kasar.  A Pakistan, jarirai biyar sun mutu bayan matsanancin zafi.

Ruwa mai zafi ya yi daidai da matsanancin fari da karancin ruwa a duk faɗin Indiya da Pakistan. A tsakiyar watan Yuni, tafkuna da suka samar da Chennai a baya sun bushe, suna hana miliyoyin mutane. Rikicin ruwa ya kara tsanantawa saboda yanayin zafi mai yawa da rashin shiri, wanda ya haifar da zanga-zangar da fada wanda wani lokacin yakan haifar da kisa da wuka.

## Tarihi
Ruwa na zafi a duk duniya sun zama mafi tsananin gaske kuma sun fi yawa saboda sauyin yanayi da tasirin mutum da dumamar duniya.   Tun daga shekara ta 2004, Indiya da Pakistan sun sami 11 daga cikin shekaru 15 mafi zafi da aka rubuta. Yawanci da tsawon lokacin raƙuman zafi a Indiya da Pakistan sun karu. Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi ta Indiya ta gano dalilai da yawa da ke ba da gudummawa, gami da "El Niño Modoki", wani El Niño mara kyau wanda tsakiyar Tekun Pacific ya fi na gabas zafi, da kuma asarar murfin itace, wanda ke rage inuwa, ƙara yawan zafin jiki, da rage danshi a cikin ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin evapotranspiration da ƙarin canja wurin zafi a cikin yanayi.

Dangane da karuwar yawan mutuwar daga raƙuman zafi, gwamnatin Indiya, kodayake ba ta magance tushen abubuwan da suka haifar ba, ta fara aiwatar da matakan da aka nufa don ceton rayuka a cikin 2013. A Ahmedabad, alal misali, "an rage kwanakin makaranta, shirye-shiryen aikin gwamnati sun daina, kuma an rarraba ruwa kyauta a wuraren da ke cike da mutane. "An buɗe lambunan jama'a da rana don mutane su nemi inuwa. Farfesa na kiwon lafiyar jama'a Parthasarathi Ganguly ya kiyasta cewa mutane 800 sun mutu a shekarar 2014 sakamakon wadannan manufofi.

A Indiya, lokacin ruwan sama yawanci yana farawa a ranar 1 ga Yuni. Koyaya, a cikin 2019, an jinkirta kakar da kwanaki bakwai kuma ta fara a ranar 8 ga Yuni. Lokacin da ya faru, ruwan sama ya yi jinkirin ci gaba kuma ya kawo ruwan sama zuwa 10-15% na kasar a ranar 19 ga Yuni. Yawancin lokaci, kashi biyu bisa uku na ƙasar za su sami ruwan sama a wannan lokacin. Rashin ruwan sama ya kara tsananta yanayin guguwar zafi da karuwar karancin ruwa.

## Tasirin
  
Rashin zafi ya haifar da mutuwar mutane da yawa da kuma kamuwa da rashin lafiya. Ya zuwa 31 ga Mayu 2019, an bayar da rahoton mutuwar 8 da shari'o'i 456 na rashin lafiya saboda zafi a Maharashtra, akalla mutuwar 17 a Telangana, da mutuwar 3 da shari'ar bugun zafi 433 a Andhra Pradesh. A ranar 10 ga Yuni 2019, an sami fasinjoji uku sun mutu a cikin jirgin kasa yayin da ya isa Jhansi, a bayyane yake saboda matsanancin zafi. An sami fasinja na huɗu a cikin mawuyacin hali kuma an kawo su asibiti inda suka mutu daga yawan zafin jiki. A cikin jihar Bihar, mutuwar da ke da alaƙa da zafi ta kai 184 a ranar 18 ga Yuni a cewar Al Jazeera,  yayin da a cewar Zee News adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 139 a ranar 19 ga Yuni 2019. 

Tsananin zafi ya karya ko kusan karya tarihi a birane daban-daban na Indiya da Pakistan. A wani lokaci, 11 daga cikin 15 mafi zafi a duniya duk suna cikin ƙasar.  A ranar 2 ga Yuni 2019, birnin Churu ya yi rikodin zazzabi na , kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na ma'aunin ma'aunin celcius ne ƙasa da mafi yawan zafin jiki na ƙasar,  a lokacin zafi na 2016 .  A ranar 9 ga Yuni 2019, Allahabad ya kai , karya tarihin da ya gabata na kowane lokaci.  A ranar 3 da 4 ga Yuni 2019, zafin jiki a Jacobabad ya kai  ya zama mafi girman zafin jiki na Pakistan.  A ranar 10 ga Yuni 2019, zafin jiki a Delhi ya kai , sabon tarihin da ya samu a birnin a cikin watan Yuni.    A wannan rana, yawan amfani da wutar lantarki a Delhi ya kai 6,686 MW, wanda ya karya duk bayanan da aka yi a baya.  A ranar 29 ga Yuni 2019, zafin jiki a Islamabad da Rawalpindi ya kai  . 

Ba a san jimlar mutuwar ba. Don kwatanta, guguwar zafi ta Turai ta 2003 ta kashe kimanin mutane 35,000-70,000,  tare da yanayin zafi dan kadan fiye da Indiya da Pakistan. A cikin ilimin zafin jiki na ɗan adam, ainihin yanayin zafi na 40.0 ko 41.5   an ce zazzabi ne na nau'in *hyperpyrexia*, kuma an dauke shi gaggawa na likita kamar yadda zafin jiki zai iya haifar da matsaloli ciki har da lalacewar kwakwalwa ta dindindin, ko mutuwa.

### Rashin ruwa
Kiya da karancin ruwa sun faru a jihohi da larduna da yawa a fadin Indiya da Pakistan,  wanda ya kara tsananta yanayin zafi. A Chennai, miliyoyin mutane ba su da damar samun ruwa. Rashin ruwa sama da ruwan kasa ya bar tafkuna huɗu da ke samar da birni gaba ɗaya bushe. Rashin iya biyan buƙatun ruwa ya tilasta kasuwancin kamar otal-otal da gidajen cin abinci su rufe. Masu tankar ruwa daga yankunan Tamil Nadu wadanda fari bai shafa ba suna kawo ruwa zuwa wasu yankuna na birnin. Koyaya, tankunan gwamnati na iya ɗaukar har zuwa wata ɗaya don bayyana bayan an nemi su, don haka wasu mazauna masu arziki da masu kasuwanci sun zaɓi biyan tankunan ruwa masu zaman kansu masu tsada. Matalauta da ke zaune a cikin ƙauyuka ba su da wannan zaɓi; iyali a cikin ƙuƙwalwar Chennai na iya karɓar kusan lita 30 (7.9 US gallons) na ruwa kowace rana idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin gidan Amurka wanda ke amfani da lita 1,100 (290 US gallons).  A Coimbatore, an kama akalla mutane 550 saboda nuna rashin amincewa da gwamnatin birni saboda rashin kula da rikicin ruwa.

Har ila yau, rikice-rikice game da samun ruwa sun faru a duk faɗin Indiya. A ranar 7 ga Yuni, an yi wa mutane shida wuka a Jharkhand yayin fada kusa da tankar ruwa, kuma an kashe mutum daya a irin wannan fada a Tamil Nadu. A Madhya Pradesh a ranar 5 ga Yuni, yaƙi game da ruwa ya haifar da maza biyu da suka "ji rauni sosai", yayin da a cikin wani yaƙi daban kwana daya da suka gabata, an "buɗe direban tankin ruwa". A farkon watan Yuni, an gano birai goma sha biyar sun mutu a cikin wani gandun daji a Madhya Pradesh, watakila sakamakon guguwar zafi. Likitan dabbobi Arun Mishra ya ce wannan na iya faruwa ne saboda rikici game da ruwa tare da babban rukuni na birai 30-35. Mishra ya ce wannan "baƙon abu ne kuma baƙon abu" saboda masu cin ganyayyaki ba sa shiga irin waɗannan rikice-rikice.

### Yaduwar cutar ƙwaƙwalwa ta Bihar
Ruwa mai zafi yana iya haifar da barkewar cutar encephalitis a Bihar wanda ya kashe yara sama da 100 tun daga 1 ga Yuni.

## Amsoshin
Hukumar Kula da Bala'o'i ta Indiya (NDMA) tana da burin kiyaye mutuwar da ke da alaƙa da zafi a wannan shekara zuwa lambobi guda. A cikin 2018, an ci gaba da yawan mutuwar guguwar zafi a 20 ta hanyar matakan tsaro na jama'a; alal misali, ma'aikatan gwamnati a duk faɗin ƙasar sun gudanar da kamfen ɗin wayar da kan jama'a kuma sun rarraba ruwa kyauta. Koyaya, a cikin 2019, Babban zaben kasa ya faru kuma ma'aikatan da suka ba da gargadi na guguwar zafi a maimakon haka suna yin ayyukan zabe.

A farkon watan Yuni, Ma'aikatar Kula da Yanayi ta Indiya ta ba da gargadi mai tsanani a Rajasthan da yankunan da ke kusa da shi kamar Delhi. Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta ba da shawarar kauce wa rana tsakanin tsakar rana da karfe 3 na yamma kuma kada a sha barasa, shayi, ko kofi. A halin yanzu, NDMA ta ba da shawarar rufe kai, ɗakunan numfashi, da barci a ƙarƙashin takarda mai laushi.

Asphalt da aka yi amfani da shi don hanyoyi yana sa ran fara narkewa a  ° C (122 ° F); saboda haka, a ranar 3 ga Yuni, gwamnatin Churu ta zuba ruwa a kan hanyoyi don sanyaya su da hana su narkewa.

Don mayar da martani ga fadace-fadace kan ruwa a Madhya Pradesh, an tura 'yan sanda don kare tankunan ruwa da sauran hanyoyin ruwa daga masu tayar da kayar baya, tun daga ranar 8 ga Yuni. 

A ranar 17 ga Yuni, gwamnatin Gaya, wani birni a Bihar, ta sanya Sashe na 144 don aiki, wanda ya ba da ikon majistare ya hana taron mutane fiye da hudu a wani yanki, kuma ya haramta aikin gini da tarurruka tsakanin karfe 11 na safe da karfe 4 na yamma.&nbsp;

Kungiyar Likitoci ta Pakistan ta bukaci mutane da su koyi game da matakan don kauce wa mutuwar da ke da alaƙa da zafi.

## Manazarta