Charles Francis Adams Sr.

**Charles Francis Adams Sr.** (Agusta 18, 1807 - Nuwamba 21, 1886) editan tarihi ne na Amurka, marubuci, ɗan siyasa, kuma jami'in diflomasiyya.  A matsayinsa na Ministan Amurka a Burtaniya a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka, Adams ya kasance mai matuƙar muhimmanci ga ƙoƙarin Tarayyar Turai na hana Birtaniya amincewa da ƙasashen Confederate na Amurka da kuma kiyaye tsaka tsaki na Turai har zuwa matuƙar muhimmanci. Adams ya kuma taka rawa a siyasar ƙasa da jiha kafin da kuma bayan Yaƙin Basasa.

Adams memba ne na ɗaya daga cikin fitattun iyalan siyasa na Amurka: mahaifinsa da kakansa su ne Shugaba John Quincy Adams da John Adams bi da bi, waɗanda ya rubuta babban tarihin rayuwa game da su. Yana da 'ya'ya bakwai, ciki har da John Quincy II, Charles Jr., Henry, da Brooks .

Adams ya yi wa'adi biyu a Majalisar Dattawan Jihar Massachusetts kafin ya taimaka wajen kafa Jam'iyyar Free Soil Party mai ra'ayin kawar da mulkin mallaka a shekarar 1848; shi ne mataimakin dan takarar shugaban kasa na jam'iyyar a zaben 1848 bisa tikitin tsayawa takara da tsohon shugaban kasa Martin Van Buren . An zabe shi a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka a shekarar 1858 kuma aka sake zabensa a shekarar 1860.

A lokacin Yaƙin Basasa, Adams ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Amurka a Burtaniya a ƙarƙashin Abraham Lincoln, inda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen hana gwamnatin Burtaniya shiga tsakani ba tare da amincewa da ƙungiyar Confederacy ta hanyar diflomasiyya ba. Bayan Yaƙin, ya zama bare daga Jam'iyyar Republican kuma ya kasance ɗan jam'iyyar Republican mai sassaucin ra'ayi, mai adawa da Mason, da kuma ɗan Democrat . A shekara ta 1876, ya zama ɗan takarar Democrat da bai yi nasara ba a zaɓen Gwamnan Massachusetts .

Adams ya zama mai kula da Jami'ar Harvard kuma ya gina Laburaren Dutse a Peacefield, gidan dangin Adams wanda yanzu ya zama wani ɓangare na Adams National Historical Park da ke Quincy, Massachusetts, don girmama mahaifinsa.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Adams a Boston a ranar 18 ga Agusta, 1807, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya maza uku da 'ya mace da aka haifa wa John Quincy Adams (1767–1848) da Louisa Catherine Johnson (1775–1852).  Yan uwansa manyan su ne George Washington Adams (1801–1829) da John Adams II (1803–1834). An haifi 'yar'uwarsa, Louisa, a shekara ta 1811 amma ta mutu a shekara ta 1812 yayin da iyalin ke Rasha. An sanya masa suna bayan Francis Dana . A ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1826, kakan Adams ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya yana da shekaru 90.

Ya halarci Makarantar Latin ta Boston da Kwalejin Harvard, inda ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1825. Daga nan ya yi karatun lauya tare da Daniel Webster, ya sami shiga aikin lauya, sannan ya yi aiki a Boston. Ya rubuta sharhi da dama game da ayyukan tarihin Amurka da Birtaniya ga *North American Review* .

A lokacin shugabancin mahaifinsa John Quincy Adams (1825–1829), Charles da 'yan uwansa John da George duk abokan hamayya ne ga mace ɗaya, 'yar uwarsu Mary Catherine Hellen, wacce ta zauna tare da dangin Adams bayan mutuwar iyayenta. A shekara ta 1828, John ya auri Mary a wani bikin Fadar White House, kuma Charles da George suka ƙi halarta. 

## Sana'a

A shekara ta 1840, an zaɓe Adams a matsayin ɗan takarar farko na shekara uku a Majalisar Wakilai ta Massachusetts, kuma ya yi aiki a Majalisar Dattawa ta Massachusetts daga 1843 zuwa 1845. A shekara ta 1846, ya sayi kuma ya zama editan jaridar *Boston Whig* . A shekara ta 1848, shi ne wanda bai yi nasara ba a zaɓen Jam'iyyar Free Soil Party a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka, inda ya yi takara da tsohon shugaban ƙasa Martin Van Buren a matsayin wanda zai tsaya takarar shugaban ƙasa. A wannan shekarar, a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, mahaifinsa ya yi fama da bugun jini mai tsanani kuma ya faɗi a ƙasan Majalisar. Ya mutu bayan kwana biyu a ɗakin Kakakin Majalisa a ginin Capitol yana da shekaru 80.

Tun daga shekarun 1840, Adams ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun editocin tarihi na zamaninsa. Ya haɓaka ƙwarewarsa a wani ɓangare saboda misalin mahaifinsa, wanda a cikin 1829 ya juya daga siyasa (bayan ya sha kaye a takararsa ta neman wa'adi na biyu na shugaban ƙasa a 1828) zuwa tarihi da tarihin rayuwa. John Quincy Adams ya fara tarihin rayuwarsa na mahaifinsa, John Adams, amma ya rubuta surori kaɗan kacal kafin ya dawo fagen siyasa a 1830 tare da zaɓensa zuwa Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka. 

Ƙaramin Adams, wanda aka fara bugawa daga bugun wasikun kakarsa Abigail Adams, *Wasikun Mrs. Adams, Matar John Adams* (1840), ya ɗauki nauyin aikin da mahaifinsa ya bari ba a kammala ba, kuma tsakanin 1850 da 1856, ba wai kawai ya fito a cikin kundin tarihin rayuwarsa ba, har ma da wasu littattafai guda takwas da ke gabatar da bugu na *Littafin Tarihin Rayuwa da Tarihin Rayuwa* na John Adams, manyan rubuce-rubucensa na siyasa, da kuma zaɓaɓɓun wasiƙu da jawabai. Bugun, mai taken *Ayyukan John Adams, Esq., Shugaban Amurka na Biyu*, shine bugu ɗaya tilo na rubuce-rubucen John Adams har sai da iyalin suka ba da gudummawar tarin takaddun Adams ga Ƙungiyar Tarihi ta Massachusetts a 1854 kuma suka ba da izinin ƙirƙirar aikin Adams Papers; Aikin zamani ya buga ingantattun bugu na ilimi na littafin tarihin rayuwar John Adams da tarihin rayuwarsa, kundin wasiƙun iyali da dama, kundin littattafai biyu akan hotunan John da Abigail Adams da John Quincy da Louisa Catherine Adams, da kuma farkon shekarun littafin tarihin rayuwar Charles Francis Adams, wanda ya buga bugu na tarihin rayuwarsa da aka sake gyarawa a 1871. An zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a 1857. 

### Ganawa da Joseph Smith
A shekara ta 1844, yayin da yake tafiya tare da ɗan uwansa Josiah Quincy, Charles Francis Adams ya haɗu da Joseph Smith, wanda ya kafa Cocin Yesu Kiristi da Waliyyan Ranar Ƙarshe, a Nauvoo, Illinois, kuma ya karɓi kwafin Littafin Mormon wanda a da mallakar matar Smith ta farko ce, Emma Smith . Littafin yanzu yana cikin tarin kayan tarihi na Adams National Historical Park . A ziyarar, Smith ya nuna wa Adams da Quincy gawarwakin Masar guda huɗu da tsoffin takardu. Adams bai yi mamakin Smith ba, kuma ya rubuta a cikin littafin tarihin rayuwarsa a wannan ranar, "Irin wannan mutumin bincike ne ba don kansa ba, amma don nuna abin da tunanin ɗan adam zai yi wani lokacin. Kuma bayan haka idan zan rayu, zan iya kwatanta sakamakon wannan ruɗani da yanayin da na gan shi da manzonsa na gefen dutse." 

Abokin Adams kuma ɗan uwan Adams, Josiah Quincy, shi ma ya yi tunani game da tasirin Joseph Smith, yana rubutawa:

"Ba zai yiwu ba a ce wani littafi na gaba... zai ƙunshi tambaya kamar haka: Wane Ba'amurke ɗan tarihi na ƙarni na sha tara ne ya yi tasiri mafi ƙarfi akan ƙaddarar mutanen ƙasarsa? Kuma ba zai yiwu ba a rubuta amsar wannan tambayar haka: Joseph Smith, annabin Mormon." Quincy, Figures of the Past 376.

### Ɗan Majalisa kuma jami'in diflomasiyya

A matsayinsa na ɗan jam'iyyar Republican, an zaɓe Adams a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka a shekara ta 1858, inda ya jagoranci Kwamitin Masana'antu. An sake zaɓe shi a shekara ta 1860 amma ya yi murabus don zama ministan Amurka (jakadan) a Kotun St James's (Birtaniya), wani muƙami da mahaifinsa da kakansa suka riƙe a baya, daga 1861 zuwa 1868. Sanata Charles Sumner mai ƙarfi a Massachusetts ya so wannan matsayi don haka ya rabu da Adams. Birtaniya ta riga ta amince da yaƙin Confederate, amma Adams ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kiyaye tsaka tsaki na Birtaniya da kuma hana Birtaniya amincewa da Confederacy a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka . 

Wani ɓangare na aikinsa ya haɗa da yin rubutu da fararen hula na Birtaniya, ciki har da Karl Marx da Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Duniya .  Adams da ɗansa, Henry Brooks Adams, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin sakatarensa na sirri, sun kuma kasance suna sa ido kan makircin diflomasiyya na Confederate da gina masu kai hare-hare na ' yan tawaye (kamar *jirgin sama mai lamba N°290*, wanda aka ƙaddamar a matsayin *Enrica* daga Liverpool  amma ba da daɗewa ba aka mayar da shi kusa da Tsibirin Azores zuwa CSS mai tsaurin kai hari. Alabama ) da kuma masu gudu da aka toshe ta hanyar jiragen ruwa na Burtaniya.

Babban nasarar da ya samu a matsayinsa na jami'in diflomasiyya ita ce ta hana Birtaniya shiga tsakani. Ya taimaka wajen warware matsalar  Affair a shekarar 1861, inda wani jami'in sojan ruwa na Amurka ya keta haƙƙoƙin Birtaniya. Yayin da toshe tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Confederate na Tarayyar Turai ke ƙara samun nasara, ƙananan auduga sun isa Turai sai ta hanyoyin Union. Wani abu mai ƙarfi a Birtaniya, ciki har da Shugaban Baitulmali William Gladstone, yana son shiga tsakani don taimakawa Confederacy. Adams ya yi gargaɗin cewa yin hakan zai haifar da yaƙi da Amurka, da kuma yanke fitar da abincin Amurka, wanda ya kai kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na abincin Birtaniya. Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka, wacce ke ƙara ƙarfi, za ta yi ƙoƙarin nitsar da jigilar kayayyaki na Birtaniya.

Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta janye daga maganar yaƙi lokacin da aka kayar da mamayar da Confederate ta yi wa Arewa a Antietam, kuma Lincoln ya sanar da cewa zai fitar da sanarwar 'Yanci . Adams da ma'aikatansa sun tattara bayanai kan batun gina jiragen ruwa, suna nuna yadda jiragen ruwa na yaƙi da masu tsaron kan iyaka da aka gina wa Confederacy suka lalata muradun Amurka, na farko ya kasance kan Amurka Merchant Marine sannan na biyu ya kasance kan Union Army a fagen daga. Shaidun sun zama tushen da'awar  bayan yaƙin. Da'awar ta tafi zuwa sulhu, inda Adams ke kula da ɓangaren Amurka. Duk da haka, Birtaniya a shekarar 1872 ta amince ta biya dala miliyan 15 (~$ 349 miliyan a 2024 ) a matsayin diyya kawai ga diyya da jiragen yakin Confederate da Birtaniya ta gina suka jawo.  

## Rayuwa daga baya
A can Boston, Adams ya ƙi shugabancin Jami'ar Harvard, amma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu kula da ita a 1869. A shekara ta 1870 ya gina ɗakin karatu na farko na shugaban ƙasa a Amurka don girmama mahaifinsa John Quincy Adams. Laburaren Dutse ya ƙunshi littattafai sama da 14,000 da aka rubuta cikin harsuna goma sha biyu. Laburaren yana cikin Peacefield (wanda kuma aka sani da "Tsohon Gida") wanda yanzu ɓangare ne na Adams National Historical Park da ke Quincy, Massachusetts .

A shekarar 1876, Adams ya tsaya takarar Gwamnan Massachusetts ba tare da nasara ba. 

A lokacin takaddamar Kwalejin Zaɓe ta 1876, Adams ya goyi bayan Samuel J. Tilden na Democrat a kan Rutherford B. Hayes na Republican a matsayin wanda zai tsaya wa Fadar White House.

## Rayuwa ta sirri

A ranar 3 ga Satumba, 1829, ya auri Abigail Brown Brooks (1808–1889), wacce mahaifinsa yake da babban ɗan kasuwa Peter Chardon Brooks (1767–1849).  Tana da 'yan'uwa mata biyu, Charlotte, waɗanda suka auri Edward Everett, ɗan siyasan Massachusetts,  da Ann, waɗanda suka auri Nathaniel Frothingham, wani firist na Unitarian .  Tare, su ne iyayen:

* Louisa Catherine Adams (1831–1870), wacce ta auri Charles Kuhn (1821–1899)
* John Quincy Adams II (1833–1894)
* Charles Francis Adams Jr. (1835–1915)
* Henry Brooks Adams (1838–1918)
* Arthur George Adams (1841-1846), wanda ya mutu yana ƙarami
* Mary Gardiner Adams (1845–1928), wacce ta auri Dr. Henry Parker Quincy (1838–1899)
* Peter Chardon Brooks Adams (1848–1927)

Adams ya mutu a Boston a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, 1886, yana da shekaru 79, kuma an binne shi a makabartar Mount Wollaston, Quincy. [1] Shi ne ɗa na ƙarshe da ya rage daga John Quincy Adams.

"Lafiya da ruhin" matarsa Abigail sun ta'azzara bayan mutuwar mijinta, kuma ta mutu a Peacefield a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1889.

## Manazarta