Marja'

**Marja ** ( Arabic      ; jam'i ***marājiʿ*** ; lit. '      ) lakabi ne da aka bai wa babban malamin addini na Shi'a na Twelver, tare da ikon da wani malami mai suna hawzah (wani cocin karantu inda ake koyar da malaman Musulunci na Shi'a) ya ba shi don yanke shawara ta shari'a a cikin iyakokin shari'ar Musulunci ga mabiya da malamai a ƙarƙashinsa a matsayi. *Marjiʿ* mafi matsayi ana kiransa *marja al-mutlaq* ko *marja al-taqlid al-mutlaq* .    Marji' yawanci kuma ana kiransa  **babban ayatollah** .

Majiyoyi sun bambanta game da lokacin da aka kafa marja˓, inda Murtadha al-Ansari (ya mutu a shekara ta 1864)  da Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni (ya mutu a shekara ta 940 ko 941)  dukkansu ana kiransu marja'i na farko.

Ya zuwa shekarar 2023, akwai sama da maraji 50 da ke rayuwa, kusan dukkansu suna zaune a Iran ko Iraki.

## Lakabi
A halin yanzu, ana ba wa maraji' lakabin *Grand Ayatullah* ( Arabic   *ʾĀyatullāh al-ʿUẓmā* ).  A da, an yi amfani da lakabin Allamah (kamar Allameh Tabatabaei, Allameh Majlesi, Allameh Hilli ) da Imam (kamar Imam Khomeini, Imam Rohani,  Imam Shirazi  da Imam Sadr )  . Wani tushe (Abbas Djavadi) ya ce marja' "yawanci" babban ayatollah ne. 

Wanda ke bin/"kwaikwayi" marja'i (wanda ke yin *taqlid* ) ana san shi da *muqallid* .

### Sauran lakabi na malaman addini
**Ayatollah**

Ana ba da lakabin ayatullah ne lokacin da malami/malamin addini ya kai matsayin hawaza (makarantar addini) inda ɗalibansa da mabiyansa suka amince da shi don amsa tambayoyinsu kan batutuwan addini. Ayatullah dole ne ya buga wani littafi na shari'a, wanda aka sani da risalah amaliyah - littafi ko kuma rubutun hukunce-hukuncen addini masu amfani waɗanda aka tsara bisa ga batutuwan da suka shafi tsarkin al'ada, ibada, al'amuran zamantakewa, kasuwanci, da harkokin siyasa. Risalah ya ƙunshi fatawoyin ayatullah akan batutuwa daban-daban, bisa ga iliminsa na ingantattun majiyoyin Musulunci da kuma aikace-aikacensu ga rayuwar yau da kullun. A al'ada, shahararrun ayatullah ne kawai suka buga risalah. Duk da cewa wasu daga cikin shahararrun ayatullah sun ƙi rubuta ɗaya, wasu da yawa daga cikin asali masu daraja sun yi hakan a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.

**Marja al-taqlid al-mutlaq**

Mafi girman marja' ko "na farko-da-daidai", ana kiransa *Marja al-taqlid al-mutlaq* . 

## Matsayi, iko, da buƙatu
A al'adance, *taqlid* ko "kwaikwayon" ƙwararre a fannin shari'ar Musulunci ( *[[Ijitihadi|mujtahid]]* ) ba wai kawai halal ba ne, har ma wajibi ne a kan tambayoyi da yawa na addini ga dukkan Musulmai waɗanda ba su horar da kansu ba;  (akan "al'amuran imani" ko *usulu 'din*, wajibi ne ga Shi'a su horar da kansu).  Daga mahangar shari'ar Shi'a, a lokacin ɓoyayyen Mahadi, (tsawon shekaru 1000+ da suka gabata) manyan malaman hauza na Shi'a suna da alhakin fahimtar da bayyana shari'ar addinin Musulunci. Tun daga ƙarni na 19, *[[Ulama'u|malaman]]* Shi'a sun koya wa masu imani su koma ga "tushen *taqlid* " ( *marja' at-taqlid* ) "don neman shawara da jagora da kuma a matsayin abin koyi da za a yi koyi da shi."  

### Bayar da jagora na addini
Abbas Djavadi ya bayar da misalai na yadda *muqallid* zai yi koyi da *marja'insu* :

### Hukuma
Idan akwai bambanci a ra'ayi tsakanin maraji'i, kowannensu ya bayar da nasa ra'ayin kuma *[[Taqlid|muqallid]]* (mabiyansu) za su bi ra'ayin marja'i a kan wannan batu.  An keɓe daga buƙatar bin marja'i, wato wanda ya kammala horo mai zurfi ( *dars kharij* ) a cikin hawa kuma ya sami lasisin shiga ijtihad ( *ʾijāz al-ʾijtihād* ) daga ayatollah ɗaya ko da yawa. Duk da haka ijtihad ba koyaushe yake cikakke ba don haka mujtahid na iya zama ƙwararre a wani fanni na musamman na fiqhu na Musulunci ( fiqh ) kuma ya yi ijtihad a ciki amma yana bin marja'i a wasu fannoni na fiqhu.

### Wanene kuma a ina
Manyan malamai da dama ne ke jagorantar makarantun hauza (ilimin addini). Gidajen hauza na Qom da Najaf su ne manyan cibiyoyin koyar da malaman addinin Shi'a. Duk da haka, akwai wasu ƙananan makarantun hauza a wasu birane da dama a duniya, waɗanda suka fi girma sune Karbala (Iraq), Isfahan (Iran) da Mashhad (Iran).

Akwai maraji guda 56 da ke zaune a duniya har zuwa 2023,   galibi suna zaune a Najaf da Kum . Shahararru daga cikinsu akwai Hossein Vahid Khorasani, Ali Khamenei, Mousa Shubairi Zanjani, Sayyid Sadeq Rohani, Naser Makarem Shirazi, Sadiq Hussaini Shirazi, Hossein Noori Hamedani da Abdollah Javadi-Amoli a birnin Qum; Ali Sistani, Muhammad al-Fayadh, Muhammad Saeed al-Hakim and Bashir al-Najafi in Najaf.

## manazarta