Kogon Mogao

**Kogon Mogao**, wanda kuma aka sani da **Dubban Buddha Grottoes** ko **kogon Buddha dubu**, sun samar da tsarin haikali 500   kudu maso gabashin tsakiyar Dunhuang, wani yanki da ke kan mashigar addini da al'adu a kan hanyar siliki, a lardin Gansu na ƙasar Sin. Ana iya kiran kogon da sunan **kogon Dunhuang** ; duk da haka, ana amfani da wannan kalmar azaman kalmar gama gari don haɗawa da sauran wuraren kogon Buddha a ciki da kuma kewayen yankin Dunhuang, kamar Kogon Buddha Dubu na Yamma, Kogon Buddha Dubu na Gabas, Kogon Yulin, da Kogon Haikali biyar . Kogon ya ƙunshi wasu mafi kyawun misalan fasaha na addinin Buddha wanda ya kai tsawon shekaru 1,000. 

An haƙa kogo na farko a shekara ta 366 AZ a matsayin wuraren zuzzurfan tunani da bautar addinin Buddha; daga baya kogon ya zama wurin aikin hajji, kuma an ci gaba da gina kogo a wurin har zuwa karni na 14.  Kogon Mogao sun fi shahara a cikin grottoes na addinin Buddah na kasar Sin, tare da Longmen Grottoes da Yungang Grottoes, daya daga cikin shahararrun tsoffin wuraren sassaka na addinin Buddah guda uku na kasar Sin.

An gano wani muhimmin ma'ajiyar takardu a cikin 1900 a cikin abin da ake kira "Kogon Laburare", wanda aka yi masa katanga a karni na 11. Abubuwan da ke cikin ɗakin karatu daga baya sun tarwatse a duniya, kuma yanzu ana samun tarin tarin yawa a biranen Beijing, London, Paris da Berlin, kuma aikin Dunhuang na duniya ya kasance don daidaitawa da tattara ayyukan ilimi kan rubuce-rubucen Dunhuang da sauran abubuwa. A halin yanzu kogon da kansu ya zama sanannen wurin yawon bude ido, amma an kayyade adadin maziyartan don taimakawa wajen adana kogon. 

## Etymology
Ana kiran kogon a cikin Sinanci da sunan kogon Buddha dubu (Chinese), sunan da wasu masana suka yi hasashe cewa ya fito ne daga almara na kafuwarta, lokacin da wani sufa Yuezun ya hango Buddha dubu a wurin. Wannan suna, duk da haka, mai yiwuwa ya fito ne daga adadi mai yawa na Buddha a wurin, ko kuma ƙananan siffofi da aka zana a bangon waɗannan kogo kamar yadda ake kiran waɗannan adadi "Buddha dubu" a baki. Sunan Mogao Caves (Chinese) an yi amfani da shi a cikin daular Tang, inda 'Mogao' ke nufin gundumar gudanarwa a wurin a lokacin daular Tang.  Mogao na iya nufin "marasa tsara" (a zahiri "babu mafi girma", inda " *mo* " na nufin "babu", da " *gao* " na nufin "high");   madadin karatu na iya zama "mai girma a cikin hamada" idan an karanta "mo" a matsayin bambance-bambancen kalmar Sinanci don "hamada".  Ana kuma amfani da Mogao azaman sunan wani gari na zamani wanda birnin Dunhuang ke gudanarwa: Garin Mogao (莫高镇).   Ana kuma kiran kogon Mogao da kogon Dunhuang bayan birni mafi kusa da Dunhuang, wanda ke nufin "filin wuta" kamar yadda aka yi amfani da tashoshi a bakin iyakar don gargadin hare-hare daga kabilun makiyaya.  Kalmar Dunhuang kogon kogon Dunhuang duk da haka ana amfani da ita a cikin ma'ana mai faɗi a matsayin gamayya ga duk kogon da aka samu a cikin ko kewayen yankin Dunhuang. 

## Tarihi
 
An kafa Dunhuang a matsayin shingen shingen shingen shinge ta hanyar daular Han ta sarki Wudi don kariya daga Xiongnu a shekara ta 111 BC. Har ila yau, ta zama muhimmiyar kofa zuwa Yamma, cibiyar kasuwanci tare da hanyar siliki, da kuma wurin taron mutane da addinai daban-daban kamar addinin Buddah . Kogon Mogao da ke kusa da Dunhuang an fara gina su ne a karni na 4 miladiyya kuma an yi amfani da su a matsayin wurin ibada da aikin hajji. Kogon ya ƙunshi sama da murabba'in ƙafa 400,000 na frescoes da sassaƙaƙe, wanda ya mai da su ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren ajiyar fasahar Buddha a duniya. 

An fara gina kogon Mogao gabaɗaya a wani lokaci a ƙarni na huɗu AD, lokacin da Dunhuang ke ƙarƙashin ikon tsohuwar daular Liang . A cewar wani littafi da aka rubuta a zamanin mulkin Tang Empress Wu, *Fokan Ji* (, *An Account of Buddhist Shrines* ) by Li Junxiu (), wani malamin addinin Buddah mai suna Lè Zūn (, wanda kuma ana iya kiransa Yuezun) ya ga hangen nesa na Buddha dubu da aka yi wanka da hasken zinariya a wurin a cikin 366 AD, wanda ya karfafa masa gwiwar gina kogo a nan.  Har ila yau, ana samun labarin a wasu kafofin, kamar a rubuce-rubucen da aka yi a kan stele a cikin kogo 332; Kwanan baya na 353 duk da haka an ba da shi a cikin wani takarda, *Shazhou Tujing* (, *Geography of Shazhou* ).  Daga baya wani sufafi na biyu Faliang (), kuma a hankali wurin ya girma, a lokacin Arewacin Liang wata karamar al'umma ta sufaye ta kafa a wurin. Kogon da farko ya zama wurin yin bimbini ne kawai ga sufaye, amma sun bunƙasa don hidima ga gidajen ibadar da suka taso a kusa.

Kogon Mogao na farko da ya rage har zuwa yau (kogo 268,  da  ), an gina su kuma an yi musu ado a zamanin Arewacin Liang tsakanin 419 zuwa 439 CE, kafin mamaye arewacin Wei. Suna raba halaye masu salo da yawa tare da wasu daga cikin kogon Kizil, kamar . Membobin gidan sarauta na Arewacin Wei da Arewacin Zhou sun gina kogo da yawa a nan, kuma sun bunƙasa a daular Sui na ɗan gajeren lokaci. A daular Tang, adadin kogo ya kai sama da dubu. 

A daular Sui da Tang, Mogao Caves ya zama wurin ibada da aikin hajji ga jama'a.  Daga na 4th har zuwa karni na 14, sufaye ne suka gina kogwanni don zama wuraren ibada tare da kudade daga masu ba da gudummawa. Wadannan kogon da aka zana dalla-dalla, zane-zanen kogon da gine-gine suna aiki a matsayin taimako don yin zuzzurfan tunani, a matsayin wakilcin gani na neman wayewar kai, kamar na'urorin mnemonic, da kuma kayan aikin koyarwa don sanar da waɗanda ba su iya karatu ba game da imani da labarun Buddha. Magoya bayan manyan limamai, da masu mulki na gida, da manyan kasashen waje, da kuma sarakunan kasar Sin ne suka dauki nauyin manyan kogon. Wasu kogo na iya samun tallafin ƴan kasuwa, hafsoshin sojoji, da sauran jama'ar gari kamar ƙungiyoyin mata.

### Ganowa da farfaɗowa

A karshen karni na sha tara da farkon karni na ashirin, masu binciken kasashen yamma sun fara nuna sha'awar tsohuwar hanyar siliki da garuruwan da suka bata na tsakiyar Asiya, kuma wadanda suka ratsa ta Dunhuang sun lura da zane-zane, sassaka-tsalle, da kayan tarihi irin su Stele of Sulaiman a Mogao. Akwai kiyasin murabba'in murabba'in ƙafa miliyan ɗaya na bangon bangon addini a cikin kogon.  Babban abin da aka gano, duk da haka, ya fito ne daga wani ɗan Taoist na kasar Sin mai suna Wang Yuanlu wanda ya naɗa kansa mai kula da wasu daga cikin waɗannan temples a ƙarshen ƙarni kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin tara kuɗi don gyara mutum-mutumin.

## Gallery

Fayil:Mogao_Cave_61,_painting_of_Mount_Wutai_monasteries.jpg|alt=10th century mural from Cave 61, showing Tang Buddhist monasteries of Mount Wutai, Shanxi province| bangon bango na karni na 10 daga Kogon 61, yana nuna gidajen ibada na Buddha Tang na Dutsen Wutai, lardin Shanxi
Fayil:DunhuangCave323.jpg|alt=The travel of Zhang Qian to the West, complete view, c. 700| Tafiya na Zhang Qian zuwa yamma, cikakken kallo, c. 700
Fayil:Zhang_Qian.jpg|alt=The travel of Zhang Qian to the West, details of mural from cave 323, 618–712| Tafiya na Zhang Qian zuwa Yamma, cikakkun bayanai na bango daga kogon 323, 618-712
Fayil:Sakyamuni_cuts_his_hair,_detail,_Tang_Dynasty.jpg|alt=A Tang Chinese silk landscape painting depicting a young Sakyamuni cutting his hair| Wani zanen shimfidar siliki na kasar Sin na Tang wanda ke nuna wani matashi Sakyamuni yana aske gashin kansa
Fayil:Varjapani_magao_caves.jpg|alt=Vajrapani Painting at Mogao Caves (Library Cave)| Zanen Vajrapani a Mogao Caves (Kogon Laburare)
Fayil:Bandit_attack.JPG|alt=Bandit attacks| Yan bindiga sun kai hari
Fayil:Vaishravana_riding_across_the_waters._61,8x54,7cm_From_Dunhuang,_Cave17._Five_Dynasties,_mid-10th_century_AD._British_Museum..jpg|alt=Vaishravana riding across the waters. Five Dynasties, mid-10th century.| Vaishravana yana hawan ruwa. Daular Biyar, tsakiyar karni na 10.
Fayil:Mural_Worshipping_Bodhisattva.jpg|alt=Worshipping Bodhisattva, cave 285, Wei dynasty.| Yin Bauta Bodhisattva, kogo 285, daular Wei.
Fayil:FireLanceAndGrenade10thCenturyDunhuang.jpg|alt=An illustration of Sakyamuni's temptation by Mara| Misalin jarabawar Sakyamuni ta Mara
Fayil:Story_of_the_Five_Hundred_Robbers_(535–557_CE),_Mogao_Cave_285,_Dunhuang,_China.jpg|alt=Depiction of the avadana story of Five Hundred Robbers. Cave 285, Western Wei.| Bayanin labarin avadana na 'yan fashi dari biyar. Kogo 285, Western Wei.
Fayil:Buddhist_donors_from_Cave_98_at_Mo-kao.jpg|alt=Young female Buddhist donors. Cave 98, Five Dynasties era.| Matasa Buddhist masu ba da gudummawa. Kogo 98, Zamanin Dauloli Biyar.
Fayil:Dunhuang_Mogao_cave_Cao_donor_figures.jpg|alt=Wife of Dunhuang ruler Cao Yanlu and daughter of the King of Khotan, wearing an elaborate jade headdress. Cave 61, Five Dynasties.| Matar sarkin Dunhuang Cao Yanlu kuma diyar Sarkin Khotan, sanye da wani fitaccen rigar ja. Kogo 61, Dauloli Biyar.
Fayil:Portrait_of_a_Khotan_King_-_full.jpg|alt=King of Khotan| Sarkin Khotan
Fayil:Dunhuang_Uighur_king.jpg|alt=Uighur king attended by servants. Cave 409, Western Xia.| Sarkin Uighur wanda bayinsa suka halarta. Kogon 409, Yammacin Xia.
Fayil:Dunhuang_mogao_mural_cave_409.jpg|alt=Figures from cave 409, Western Xia.| Hotuna daga kogon 409, Western Xia.
Fayil:Dinastia_tang,_bodhisattva_avalokitesvara_a_8_braccia,_dalle_grotte_di_mogao,_890-910_ca..JPG|alt=Sculpture of Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara from Mogao Caves, 890–910, Musée Guimet| Hoton Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara daga Mogao Caves, 890-910, Musée Guimet
Fayil:Great_Buddha_of_Mogao_Caves.jpg|alt=Great Buddha of cave 130| Babban Buddha na kogon 130
Fayil:Dinastia_tang,_re_celeste_(lokapala),_grotte_di_mogao,_VII-VIII_sec..JPG|alt=Lokapala guardian figure, Musée Guimet| Mutumin mai kula da Lokapala, Musée Guimet
Fayil:Grottos_of_dunhuang.jpg|alt=Sculptures in a niche above a main Buddha figure, Mogao cave 27, High Tang| Hotunan sassaka a cikin wani wuri sama da babban siffa na Buddha, Mogao Cave 27, High Tang
Fayil:Grotta_nr_158.JPG|alt=Reclining Buddha in cave 148, second largest reclining figure in Mogao. High Tang period.| Budda mai kishirwa a cikin kogo 148, adadi na biyu mafi girma a Mogao. High lokacin Tang.
Fayil:T'ang_Architecture_in_the_Mo-kao_Fresco_1.jpg|alt=A fresco shows the style of architecture of the Tang dynasty.| fresco yana nuna salon gine-ginen daular Tang .
Fayil:T'ang_Architecture_in_the_Mo-kao_Fresco_2.jpg|alt=A fresco shows the Tang style architecture in the Buddhist land.| Wani fresco yana nuna tsarin gine-ginen Tang a ƙasar Buddha.
Fayil:Sogdian-Zoroastrian_Deities,_Tunhwang.jpg|alt=Sogdian Daēnās depicting two Zoroastrian deities once worshipped by the Sogdians| *Sogdian Daēnas* yana nuna gumakan Zoroastrian guda biyu waɗanda Sogdians suka taɓa bautawa
Fayil:Mogao_Christian_painting_(original_version).jpg|alt=Church of the East painting of Jesus Christ discovered at the Library Cave| An gano zanen Cocin Gabas na Yesu Kiristi a Kogon Laburare
Fayil:Sogdian_whirl_with_large_pipa.jpg|alt=Buddhist cave art, a dancer spins while the orchestra plays. Grotto 46 Left interior wall, second panel. Also called cave 112.| Fasahar kogon addinin Buddah, dan rawa yana jujjuyawa yayin da makada ke wasa. Grotto 46 Hagu bangon ciki, panel na biyu. Kuma ana kiransa kogo 112.


## Manazarta