Sinima a Senegal

**Sinima a Senegal** ƙaramin masana'antar fim ne wanda kuma ya sami babban matsayi daga shekarun 1960 zuwa farkon shekarun 1980, amma tun daga wannan lokacin ya ƙi zuwa fina -finan fina -finai biyar da aka samar a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata.  [ yana buƙatar sabuntawa ]

## Tarihin fim

### Fim na farko: 1955–1969
Fim na farko na Senegal, Fim ɗin Paulin Vieyra *Afrique-sur-Seine*, an yi shi a shekarar 1955. Vieyra za ta biyo bayan wasu gajerun finafinan *Afrique à Moscou* (1957), *Le Niger aujourd'hui* (1958), *Les présidents Senghor et Modibo Keita*, *Avec les Africaines à Vienne* da *"Présence Africaine" a Rome* (1959) da *Indépendance du Cameroun, Togo, Kongo, Madagaska* (1960), shirin gaskiya wanda ya ƙunshi yancin waɗannan ƙasashe.

Sai dai har sai da cin gashin kan Senegal da kanta masana'antar ta fara bunƙasa. Marubuci Ousmane Sembène ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan daraktocin ƙasar a wannan lokacin ta hanyar sauya yawancin gajerun labaransa zuwa fina -finai. Ya damu musamman da canjin zamantakewa, kuma ya ga fim a matsayin hanyar isar da saƙo ga masu sauraro da yawa. A cikin 1963, Sembène ya shirya fim ɗinsa na farko, ɗan gajeren minti 20 da ake kira *Barom Sarret* (The Wagoner). Ana ɗaukar fim ɗin fim na farko da Baƙar fata ɗan Afirka ya taɓa yi a Afirka kuma yana nuna rayuwar talauci da har yanzu ya zama ruwan dare a Senegal bayan samun 'yancin kai, ta hanyar ayyukan yau da kullun na direban taksi. 

A  shekarar 1964 ya sake yin wani ɗan gajeren suna *Niaye* . A cikin 1966 ya shirya fim ɗinsa na farko kuma na farko na Senegal, *La Noire de ...*, bisa ga ɗaya daga cikin gajerun labaransa; kuma shi ma ya zama fim na farko da wani darektan Afirka da ke kudu da Sahara ya taba fitarwa.  Kodayake tsawon mintuna 60 kawai, fim ɗin yaren Faransanci ya lashe shi Prix Jean Vigo,  yana mai da hankalin duniya kai tsaye ga fim ɗin a cikin Senegal da sinima na Afirka gabaɗaya. Sembène ya bi wannan nasarar tare da *Mandabi na* 1968, ya cimma burinsa na shirya fim a cikin yarensa na Wolof . 

### Shekarun 1970: "Shekarar Zinare"
Ta hanyar shekarun 1970 masana'antu sun haɓaka. A cikin 1971 Sembène ya yi fim a cikin Diola da Faransanci, *Emitaï* . Darakta Djibril Diop Mambéty ya fitar da fina -finai da yawa a wannan lokacin tare da zurfin ma'anar zamantakewa da wakilci. Kamar yawancin mutanen zamaninsa, Djibril Diop Mambéty ya yi amfani da gidan sinima don yin tsokaci kan yanayin siyasa da zamantakewa a Afirka, kuma kamar Sembène fina-finansa ba su saba da juna ba, masu ba da gaskiya, masu saurin tafiya, tare da labarai na gaskiya.

A cikin fina-finansa, Mambéty ya fuskanci kuma ya tsunduma cikin rikitarwa da sabani a cikin al'umma mai tasowa a Senegal da ke nuna kamanni. Fim ɗin farko na Mambéty, ɗan gajeren taken *Contras City* (1968), ya bambanta yanayin duniya a cikin gine-ginen baroque na Dakar akan yankunan da talauci ya dabaibaye. A shekarar 1970 Mambéty ya fitar da gajeren gajerar sa ta gaba, *Badou Boy*, wani kallon rainin hankali a babban birnin Senegal wanda ke nuna mutumin da bai dace ba a kan wani ɗan sanda mai ɗaukar hoto wanda ke bin sa ta hanyar abubuwan da ba za su iya yiwuwa ba.

Mambéty ta fasalin-tsawon halarta a karon, *Touki Bouki* *(The kura ta Journey)* a shekarar 1973, wanda masu sharhi la'akari da mafi tsauri misali na hybridity da kuma zamantakewa warewa da kuma juxtaposition a Senegal, aka yi tare da wata kasafin kudin na $ 30,000, Abin mamaki jera a] en da gwamnatin ƙasar Senegal ta. Fim ɗin yana kunshe da masoya, Mory da Anta, waɗanda a alamance suke tserewa daga Dakar don ƙaunataccen Faransa, wanda ke wakiltar canjin yanayi a cikin jama'ar Senegal da sauyawa zuwa sabon zamani. Daga cikin gudummawar da Mambéty ya bayar ga fim ɗin Senegal a wannan lokacin, Sheila Petty, wani masani a cikin Nazarin Afirka ya lura, "sabanin sauran masu shirya fina -finan Afirka na ƙarshen 1960s da farkon 1970s waɗanda aka tsara fina -finan su game da mahimmancin kishin ƙasa da aka mayar da hankali kan hamayyar binary na ƙimar Afirka da al'adun gargajiya. nisanta, Mambéty ya nemi fallasa bambancin rayuwa ta ainihi ". 

Masana’antar fina -finai ta sami karɓuwa a 1975 tare da fitar da fitattun fina *-finan Kaddu Beykat*, wanda Safi Faye da *Xala suka jagoranta*, da kuma Sembène, wanda New Yorker Films ta ba da tallafi, baƙar fata mai ban dariya wanda ke ba da labarin El Hadji, ɗan siyasa mara ƙarfi a Senegal daga ranar aurensa zuwa matarsa ta uku. Fim ɗin ya yi ɗimbin cin hanci da rashawa a siyasar Afirka tun lokacin samun 'yancin kai tare da raunin El Hadji wanda ke nuna gazawar gwamnatoci da yawa na shawo kan haɗama.  Ya bi wannan tare da *Ceddo* (1977), fim wanda ya sami babban takunkumi a cikin Senegal saboda batun sa.

Safi Faye, wacce ta fara fitowa a shekarar 1972 tare da ɗan gajeren fim ɗin ta *La Passante* (*The Passerby*) wanda ita ma ta fito a ciki, ƙwararren masanin kishin ƙasar Faransa kuma ɗan fim Jean Rouch ya ƙarfafa ta da yin amfani da yin fim a matsayin kayan aikin ƙabilanci. Ya lallashe ta da neman ilimi a harkar shirya fim. Ta yi nazarin ilimin ɗabi'a a École pratique des hautes études sannan a Makarantar Fim ta Lumière kuma ta tara kuɗin da ake buƙata don samar da fina -finai ta hanyar karɓar aiki a matsayin abin koyi, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma tasirin sauti na fim. Ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin ɗabi'a daga Jami'ar Paris a 1979 kuma nan da nan ta fara nazarin samar da bidiyo a Berlin. Ta sami tallafin kuɗi don *Kaddu Beykat* daga Ma'aikatar Haɗin Kan Faransanci kuma ya zama fim ɗin farko da wata 'yar Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara ta yi ta kasuwanci ta rarraba kuma ta sami karbuwa a duniya.  Duk da cewa an sake shi, an haramta shi a Senegal.  A cikin 1976 ta sami lambar yabo ta FIPRESCI daga Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Masu Fina -Finan Duniya da Kyautar OCIC. Sannan ta saki *Fad'jal* da *Goob na nu* a 1979.

Haka kuma a shekarun 1970, ɗan jarida Ben Diogaye Bèye ya fara ɗaukar jerin gajeran fina -finai a Senegal. Na farko, *Les Princes Noirs de Saint Germain-des-Près*, wanda aka sake shi a 1972, shima sanannen sananne ne.  Abin dariya ne ga wani matashi ɗan Afirka da ba shi da aikin yi yana ƙoƙarin rayuwa daban -daban a babban birnin Faransa.  Fim dinsa na biyu, *Samba Tali*, an sake shi a farkon 1975.  Ta karɓi Kyautar Mafi Kyawun Fim a bikin nuna fina-finan International du Film de l'Ensemble Francophone a Geneva a 1975 da kuma a Carthage Festival a 1976. 

### Shekarun 1980 don gabatarwa: raguwar aikin fim
Zuwa shekarar 1980 kasar tana samar da fina-finai biyar masu cikakken tsayi a shekara da gajerun fina-finai da yawa. Bèye zai shirya kuma ya shirya fim ɗin sa na farko, *Sey, Seyti*, a cikin 1980, wanda ya kasance babban zargi game da auren mata fiye da daya a Senegal.  Ita ce ta zo ta biyu don samun Kyautar Fim ɗin Mafi Kyawu a Gasar da Hukumar Hadin Kan Fasaha da Al'adu ta shirya wa ƙasashen Faransanci.  An karrama shi da daraja a bikin Fim ɗin Locarno da Fina-finan Fina- Finan Afirka na Prix de la Commune a 1980 da 1981 bi da bi. 

Safi Faye ya ci gaba da yin umarni a shekarun 1980 tare da *Man Sa Yay* a 1980 da *Les âmes au soleil* a 1981. A cikin 1983, Faye ya ba da umarnin fim ɗin fim ɗin *Selbé: Daya Daga cikin Mutane da yawa* wanda ya biyo bayan wata mace mai shekaru 39 da ake kira Sélbe wacce ke aiki don tallafa wa 'ya'yanta takwas tun da mijinta ya bar ƙauyensu don neman aiki.  Selbé yana tattaunawa akai-akai tare da Faye, wacce ba ta kan allo, kuma tana bayanin alakarta da mijinta da rayuwar yau da kullun a ƙauyen. 

Kodayake ta ci gaba da shirya fina -finai a cikin 1980s, tare da sake fitowa daga baya kamar su *Racines noires* da *Elsie Haas, femme peintre et cinéaste d'Haiti* a 1985 da *Tesito a 1989, fina -finan ta, galibi* suna rigima a cikin gida, an nuna su a Turai amma ba kasafai a Senegal ba ko Afirka.  Bayan 1983 cinema ta Senegal ta sami raguwar gaske, wani ɓangare saboda rashin kuɗin gida. Daraktoci irin su Sembene sun kasance masu wadatar arziki don ci gaba da yin fina -finai, tare da *Camp de Thiaroye* (1987), da *Guelwaar* (1992) amma ƙasar ba ta da albarkatun cikin gida da kuɗin da ake buƙata don haɓaka masana'antar da cika ƙimar ta. Ko a yau a Senegal yawancin masu shirya fina -finai da mutanen da ke da ilimin shirya fim, musamman a Dakar, amma ba su da albarkatu. Duk wani fina -finan da aka shirya tun kusan kusan an samu kuɗi daga ƙasashen waje kuma an nuna su a bukukuwan fina -finai na duniya maimakon a Senegal. 

Duk da haka, Sembène zai ci gaba da jagorantar wasu fina -finai da yawa, amma saboda ci gaba da saka hannun jari a fina -finansa ta kamfanonin fina -finan Amurka kamar New Yorker Films . A cikin 2000 ya jagoranci *Faat Kiné* wanda ya ba da muhimmiyar mahimmiyar fahimta game da Senegal ta zamani, bayan mulkin mallaka da rawar da mata ke takawa a cikin wannan al'umma. Fim ɗin yana magana kan jigogi na ciki ba tare da aure da zina ba kuma yana nazarin bambance -bambancen da ke tsakanin ɗalibai na tsakiya da na ƙasa da talauci tare da rabe -raben arziki da na zamani, da gwagwarmaya cikin ƙima tsakanin abin da ya gabata da na yanzu a Senegal. Sembène ya jagoranci fim ɗinsa na ƙarshe a 2004 tare da fasalinsa, *Moolaadé* . Ta ci lambobin yabo a bikin Fina -Finan Cannes da Fim ɗin FESPACO a Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso . Fim ɗin, wanda aka shirya a wani ƙaramin ƙauyen Afirka a Burkina Faso, ya bincika batun rigimar mata da ake takaddama akai .

Valerio Truffa shine ɗayan fitattun daraktocin fina -finan Senegal. Hakanan shine shugaban makarantun fim a Bénin da Madagascar, da sauransu. Amadou Tidiane Niagane shi ne daraktan sinima na ma'aikatar al'adu ta Senegal a 2007. 

## Fitattun daraktocin fim

## Fitattun fina -finai

* *Afrique-sur-Seine* (1955)
* *Borom Sarret* (1963)
* *Niaye* (1964)
* *La Noire de ...* (1966)
* *Mandabi* (1968)
* *Birnin Contras* (1968)
* *Badou Boy* (1970)
* *Touki Bouki* (1973)
* *Xala* (1974)
* *Ceddo* (1977)
* *Camp de Thiaroye* (1988)
* *Guelwaar* (1992)
* *Faat Kiné* (2000)
* *Moolaadé* (2004)
* *Les Feux de Mansaré* (2009)
* *Yau* (2011)
* *La Pirogue* (2012)
* *Tayi* (2012)
* *Des Étoiles* (2013)
* *Félicité* (2017)

## Manazarta

### Bibiyar tarihi

* Şaul, Mahir "Art, Siyasa da Kasuwanci a Fina -Finan Afirka na Faransanci," a cikin Mahir Şaul da Ralph Austen, eds. *Kallon Fina-finan Afirka a karni na ashirin da daya: Fina-finan Fim da Juyin Bidiyon Nollywood*, shafi.&nbsp;133–159. Jami'ar Jami'ar Ohio, 2010, 
*  
*  
*  
* Christopher, Michael (2011). "A Bustrip to Postcoloniality: A kan hanya tare da TGV-Express". A cikin: *cinecine da yawa 2/2011*, shafi na.&nbsp;Shafi na 68-81. Kan layi akan manycinemas.org  .