Henri Bertini

Henri Jérôme Bertini (28 ga Oktoba 1798 - 30 ga Satumba 1876) ya kasance mawaki ne na gargajiya na Faransa, kuma dan wasan piano. An haife shi a cikin dangin mawaƙa, kuma ya ja hankalin François-Joseph Fétis lokacin da ya zagaya Turai a matsayin yaro mai ban mamaki. Yayinda yake girma an yaba masa a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa da kuma mawaƙa na ɗakin; an ce ya yi wasa tare da sauƙi da ladabi na Johann Nepomuk Hummel ba tare da sadaukar da hasken kayan aikin ba. A matsayinsa na mawaƙa yana da salon asali wanda ke da wadataccen ra'ayoyin kiɗa, waƙoƙi masu kyau, da kuma jituwa mara ƙoƙari. A shekara ta 1856, ya yi ritaya daga fagen kiɗa kuma ya zauna a Dauphiné a kudu maso gabashin Faransa. [ana buƙatar hujja]

## Rayuwa
An haifi Henri Jérôme Bertini a Landan a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 1798  amma iyalinsa sun koma Paris watanni shida bayan haka. Ya sami ilimin kiɗa na farko daga mahaifinsa, dan wasan piano da mawaƙa da kansa, da kuma babban ɗan'uwansa, Auguste, wanda ɗalibin Muzio Clementi ne. An dauke shi yaro mai ban mamaki kuma yana da shekaru 12 mahaifinsa ya dauke shi zuwa rangadin Ingila, Holland, Flanders, da Jamus inda aka karbe shi da farin ciki. Bayan karatunsa a Ingila da Scotland an nada shi farfesa a fannin kiɗa a Brussels amma ya koma Paris a 1821. An san cewa Bertini ya ba da kide-kide tare da Franz Liszt a cikin Salons Pape a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1828. Shirin ya haɗa da rubutun Bertini na Symphony No. 7 na Beethoven a cikin A major for eight hands (sauran pianists sun kasance Sowinsky da Schunke.) An kuma yaba da shi a matsayin mai yin kiɗa na ɗakin, yana ba da kide-kide tare da abokansa Antoine Fontaine (violin) da Auguste Franchomme (cello). Ya ci gaba da aiki a ciki da kewayen Paris har zuwa shekara ta 1856, inda ya yi ritaya zuwa Meylan (kusa da Grenoble). A Meylan ya zauna da kansa, ya daina yin waka da yin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jama'a, kuma ya zama jagora na ƙungiyar   (kwararrun maza). 

Bertini ya yi kide-kide a ko'ina amma ba a yi bikin ba kamar Friedrich Kalkbrenner ko Henri Herz. Ɗaya daga cikin tsaransa ya bayyana yadda yake wasa kamar yana da daidaito da haske na Clementi a cikin sassan da sauri da kuma ingancin sauti, hanyar magana, da kuma ikon yin kayan aikin suna raira waƙa na makarantar Hummel da Ignaz Moscheles.  Thomas Tapper ya rubuta cewa:Ya kasance a lokacinsa misali mai haske na halaye masu ban sha'awa na mai zane. Rayuwa a cikin zamani na kyawawan halaye, kuma an yaba da shi a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa da kansa, duk da haka ya ci gaba da ƙa'idodin ƙwarewar kiɗa a cikin wasa, a cikin waƙoƙinsa, da kuma cikin kiɗa wanda ya bayyana a gaban jama'a don fassara. Wannan shi ne mafi ban mamaki lokacin da mutum ya yi la'akari da cewa an kai shi namiji a lokacin da ya dace da soyayya ta Faransa kuma cewa abubuwan da suka faru na fashewar wallafe-wallafen sun nuna a cikin ƙungiyoyin kiɗa na lokacin. Virtuosity ya fuskanci jaraba mai tsanani kuma mutane da yawa sun mutu. Bertini ya tsaya don halayen mai zane kuma a hankali ya sami matsayi mai tsawo da biyan kuɗi. Rayuwarsa ba ta da abin da ya faru da kuma bambancin hukuma, amma gadon ayyukan koyarwa wanda ya bar mana da aikinsa mai daraja ya ba shi duk damar da za a kira nasara.An yi bikin Bertini a matsayin malami. Dalibansa sun hada da Eugenie Santa Coloma Sourget .  Antoine Marmontel, wanda ya ba da babi na biyu na aikinsa a kan shahararrun 'yan wasan piano ga Bertini, ya rubutaBa shi da kyau a matsayin malami, yana ba da darussansa tare da kulawa mai zurfi da kuma sha'awar ci gaban ɗalibansa. Bayan ya bar koyarwa, da yawa daga cikin ɗalibansa sun ci gaba da kasancewa tare da ni, kuma na fahimci ingancin ka'idodin da aka samo daga koyarwarsa.Fiye da komai a cikin aji na musamman na karatu da caprices, cewa an kafa babban shahararren Bertini. A nan ne ya sami matsayi na musamman kuma ya buɗe hanyar da ƙarni na gaba na mawaƙa zai yi gaggawar bin sa. A cikin kowane tarin karatunsa da yawa, yana rungumar kowane mataki na wahala, ya ci gaba da ba da kowane yanki, mai sauƙi ko mai wahala, taƙaitaccen ko tsawo, halayyar waƙoƙi masu ban sha'awa. Matsalar fasaha da za a shawo kanta ta gabatar da kanta a matsayin waƙa; koda kuwa inda aka sadaukar da binciken ga matsalar saurin gabaɗaya ya fada cikin layin waƙa, kuma wannan shine farkon kuma ya wuce dalilin nasarar duniya na waɗannan ɓangarorin, waɗanda, ƙari, na halitta ne game da rhythm kuma an yi la'akari da hankali.Robert Schumann, a cikin bita na ɗaya daga cikin piano trios na Bertini a cikin *Gesammelte Schriften*, ya yi sharhi cewa Bertini ya rubuta jituwa mai sauƙi amma cewa ƙungiyoyin sun yi tsawo sosai. Ya ci gaba da cewa: "Tare da mafi kyawun nufin a duniya, muna da wahala mu yi fushi da Bertini, duk da haka yana janye mu hankali tare da kalmominsa na Paris; duk kiɗan sa yana da santsi kamar siliki da satin. "

An fi tunawa da Bertini a yau saboda hanyar piano Le Rudiment du pianiste, da kuma kusan karatun 500 da aka buga a cikin littattafai 20.

## Abubuwan da aka tsara

### Nonetto Op. 107
Nonetto opus 107 don sarewa, oboe, bassoon, Ƙaho na Faransa, ƙaho, viola, cello, bass biyu, da piano, wanda aka tsara a 1835, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan Bertini. Berlioz ya rubuta bita a cikin Maurice Schlesinger da aka rarraba sosai kuma mai tasiri sosai La Revue et Gazette musicale de Paris game da wasan kwaikwayon a wani maraice na kiɗa da 'yan uwan Tilmant suka bayar a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1838:A wannan maraice an yi Nonetto na Bertini don piano, viola, cello, oboe, flauta, ƙaho, bassoon, ƙaho da bass. Yana da babban abu mai kyau wanda kowane kayan aiki ke ba da gudummawa ga duka bisa ga muhimmancinsa da halayensa, ba tare da ƙoƙarin fitowa da mutum ba. Piano da kansa an danka shi ne kawai ga waɗancan sassan da ke ba da gudummawa ga ma'anar kiɗa na lokacin, kuma ba ya ƙoƙari ga haske don haskakawa. Beethoven da kansa ya bi wannan falsafar a cikin trios dinsa marasa mutuwa. Daga cikin sauran ƙungiyoyi, wannan Nonetto ya haɗa da adagio mai suna La Melancolie wanda ke ba da fiye da yadda take nunawa; yana da girma sosai, a wasu lokuta yana da duhu sosai, cewa jin daɗin baƙin ciki wanda mutum yake sa ran yana rufe shi da ra'ayoyin mafi girma da kuma tsari mai ban mamaki. Ba ni da wata ma'ana in yi jayayya da taken, Allah ya haramta; duk abin da nake so in ce shi ne cewa wannan aiki mai ban sha'awa ba kawai baƙin ciki ba ne, har ma da yawa. A cikin Scherzo da Finale mutum yana samun cikakkun bayanai game da baƙin ciki mai kyau da kuma kyawawan halaye, amma Adagio ya tashi a tsakiyar aikin kamar Mont Blanc tsakanin tsaunuka makwabta; yana mamaye duka; yana da girma da zurfin tunani wanda ke ba da kusan ra'ayi mai raɗaɗi wanda ba za a iya mantawa da shi ba.Berlioz daga baya ya kara yin tsokaci game da wannan maraice a cikin fitowar 6 ga Yuli na Le Journal des débats:Nonetto na Bertini... shine aikin babban mawaƙi tare da tunani mai rai da ƙwazo, wanda zai kara karfi da ƙarfi idan ya guji ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa tafi kamar yadda yake neman yin a cikin motsi na farko. Ayyukansa sun kasance a bayyane kuma ana ganin yana da matukar damuwa da samun nasara da samar da sakamako. Wannan yana ragewa daga kwararar tunaninsa. Wannan kuskuren bai wanzu a sauran sassan Nonetto ba. A cikin rubuce-rubucen waɗannan marubucin, wanda ya shiga cikin batun, tabbas ya manta cewa yana rubutawa ne ga jama'arsa, kuma ya damu da kansa kawai da aikin da ke hannunsa da kuma haɗin kai na aikin. Wane daga cikin wadannan ƙungiyoyi uku na ƙarshe ne wanda muka fi so? Adagio, sama da duka, ba tare da wata shakka ba ne mai daraja da kuma wahayi mai ban sha'awa wanda waƙoƙinsa masu duhu ke tunatar da mu game da girman girman Sonatas na Beethoven. Wannan yana da ban sha'awa.An rage Nonetto zuwa quintet (flauta ko violin, violin, viola, cello da piano) ta Charles Schwencke, dan wasan piano da mawaƙa daga Hamburg wanda ke zaune a Paris. Wannan ya bayyana cewa an yi shi ne ga masu kida masu son: ɓangaren flauta, wanda za'a iya maye gurbinsa da violin, yana ƙunshe da sauye-sauye na octave akai-akai don sauƙaƙa kunnawa.

### Nazarin
Bertini ya rubuta kimanin 500 études, daga karatu mai sauƙi ga matasa dalibai waɗanda hannayensu ba za su iya ɗaukar octave zuwa karatun kide-kide ba. An buga su a cikin jerin nazarin 25 kowannensu. Kusan a cikin tsari na wahala sune:

* Nazarin da aka tsara musamman don ƙananan hannu 25 Nazarin da ke da sauƙi da ci gaba, Op.100 25 Nazarin, Op.137 25 Nazarin firamare, Op.166
** 25 Nazarin da ke da sauƙi da ci gaba, Op.100
** [Hasiya]
** 25 Nazarin Firamare, Op.166
* Gabatarwa ga Cramer 24 Etudes, Op.29 24 Etudes.
** [Hasiya]
** [Hasiya]
* Études mélodiques opus 86 sur les romances de A. Romagnési opus 141 wanda kowannensu ya riga ya sami gabatarwa a cikin sassan biyu. No. 1 opus 142 wanda kowannensu ya gabatar da gabatarwa a cikin sassan biyu. A. 2
** Opus 86 a kan litattafan soyayya na A. Romagnési
** Opus 141 wanda kowannensu ya gabatar da gabatarwa a cikin sassan biyu. Na 1
** Opus 142 wanda kowannensu ya gabatar da gabatarwa a cikin sassan biyu. A. 2
* Gabatarwa ga Nazarin Bayani na Opus 66 
** opus 134
* Nazarin Bayani na 66
** opus 66
* Nazarin da ba a sani ba ko kuma Ƙara ga Nazarin da ke tattare da shi na musamman na 94
** opus 94
* Babban Nazarin zane-zane na farko 
** Opus 122
* Bertini kuma ya rubuta wasu ɗakunan karatu don piano hudu hannu opus 160 L'Art de la mesure pour les petites mains à quatre mains opus 149 Études très facile à quatre mains Opus 150 Études très easy à quatre mains ous 97 Études musicales à quatre mains pour le piano opus 135 Études musicaux à quatre mains à le piano WoO Frère et sœur. Ƙananan Duos huɗu don piano na hannu huɗu da aka tsara don Henri da Isabelle. WoO Uwar da 'yar. Ƙananan Duos huɗu don piano da hannu huɗu bayan ɗan'uwa da 'yar'uwa.
** Opus 160 Fasahar ma'auni don ƙananan hannaye huɗu
** Opus 149 Nazarin da ke da sauƙin gaske a hannu huɗu
** Opus 150 Nazarin da ke da sauƙin gaske a hannu huɗu
** Opus 97 Nazarin kiɗa na hannu huɗu don piano
** Opus 135 Nazarin kiɗa na hannu huɗu don piano
** WoO Ɗan'uwa da 'yar'uwa. Ƙananan Duos huɗu don piano na hannu huɗu da aka tsara don Henri da Isabelle.
** WoO Uwar da 'yar. Ƙananan Duos huɗu don piano da hannu huɗu bayan ɗan'uwa da 'yar'uwa.
* Baya ga waɗannan, littattafai biyar da aka buga na ƙarshe na karatu sun bayyana cewa an yi su ne a matsayin saiti 175 Études préparatoires opus 176 Études intermédiares opus 177 Études spéciales de la vélocité, du trille et de la main gauche opus 178 Études normales et classiques opus 179 Études suite de l'opus 150 à quatre mains pour le piano
** Opus 175 Nazarin Shirye-shiryen
** Opus 176 Nazarin Tsakanin
** Opus 177 Nazarin Musamman na Saurin, da Trille da hannun hagu
** Opus 178 Nazarin al'ada da na gargajiya
** Opus 179 Nazarin da ya biyo bayan Opus 150 da hannu huɗu don piano

## Lissafin ayyukan

### Ayyuka na farko, ba tare da opus ba

* Gabatarwa da bambance-bambance a kan iska na *Gondrillon*
* Waƙoƙin Irish da aka yi waƙoƙi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Guy Mannering tare da bambance-bambance da gabatarwa ga piano forte
* Na uku divertimento don piano forte
* Iska tare da bambance-bambance bakwai don piano forte
* Polacca da aka tsara don piano mai ƙarfi
* Har ila yau, ɗan ƙarami ne. Andante don piano mai ƙarfi

### Tare da opus

### Waƙoƙin da aka buga ba tare da opus ba
Mai kishi da aka yaudare. Opera mai ban dariya a cikin mataki 1

* Kayinu. Hoton Littafi Mai-Tsarki (Hotunan Littafi Mai-Msarki) 
* Françoise de Rimini
* Abubuwa biyar na addini. Kalmomin Latin da ake amfani da su a cikin seminaries, addinai, chapels da kuma gidajen ilimi. Ave Maris Stella, O Salutaris, Tantum Ergo, Ave Maris Stella (Ƙarƙashin addini guda biyar. Kalmomin Latin don amfani da masu karatun seminari, al'ummomin addini, ɗakin sujada, da wuraren ilimi...) 
* Misa na biyu na murya huɗu don tenors biyu da bass biyu tare da haɗin organ (Mass na biyu a cikin murya huɗun don tenors guda biyu da bass guda biyu tare da ƙungiyar organ.) 
* Waƙar Addini. Tarin motets a cikin Mai Tsarki Mai Tsarki da kuma Budurwa Mai Tsarki da murya ɗaya ko fiye tare da haɗin organ (Religious melody. Tarin motet zuwa Mai Tsarki Sacrament da Budurwa Mai tsarki don murya ɗaya ɗaya ko da yawa tare da haɗinorgan.) 

**Nazarin**

* Yin wasan motsa jiki na yatsunsu. Shirye-shiryen nazarin piano (Finger gymnastic. shirye-shiryen karatun piano) 
* Makon Mai kunna Piano. Nazarin yau da kullun na kewayon a cikin dukkan manyan da ƙananan sauti (The pianist's week. Nazarin yau na dukkan manyan da kananan sikelin.) 
* Nazarin piano mai ƙarfi a cikin motsa jiki 24 (Studies for *Panoforte* in 24 exercises).
* Ayyuka a cikin nau'i biyu (Jaraba don nau'i uku).
* Ayyuka a cikin octaves, motsa jiki a cikin yarjejeniya (Jarabawar octaves da chords).
* Darussan farko da aka shirya don ƙananan hannaye (Darussan farko a cikin yatsunsu da aka shirya ga ƙananan hannaye).
* Cinquantes Leçons progressives, suna bin abubuwan da suka gabata (Dokar darussan hamsin masu ci gaba, suna bin wadanda suka gabata) 
* Nazarin Musamman goma sha biyu (Kwarewar Musamman goma ta Biyu) 

**Sauran sassan piano**

* Romanesca
* Scherzo a cikin C mai girma don piano
* Storielle amorosa don piano

### Haɗin gwiwa tare da wasu mawaƙa
**Duos don piano da violin na Bertini da Antoine Fontaine**

* Littafin farko. Abokantaka, babban Duo don piano da violin
* Littafin na biyu. Lokaci, Duo mai haske don piano, violon ko violoncelle
* Littafin na uku. Fantasia da bambance-bambance masu haske a kan sauti na Switzerland don piano da violin
* Littafin na 4. Fantaisie concertante a kan *Robin des Bois* don piano da violon
* Littafin na biyar. Lokacin kaka. Babban duo mai kide-kide don piano da violon
* Littafin na 6. Tattaunawa. Duo concertant don piano da violon
* Littafin na 7. Duetto don piano da violon
* Littafin na 8. Serenata don piano da violon
* Littafin na 9. Notturno don piano da violon

**Duo don piano da violin na Bertini da Auguste Franchomme**

* Jigogi daban-daban don piano da violoncelle

**Duo don piano da sarewa ta Bertini da Joseph Guillou**

* Fantasia don piano da sarewa

### Shirye-shiryen

* Tarin gabatarwa da fugues na Sébastien Bach da aka shirya don piano na hannu huɗu. Makarantar kiɗa tare. Nazarin musamman na salon da ya fi girma, ma'auni da duk wani nau'i mai wuya na rhythm.  (Tarin preludes da fugues na Sebastian Bach shirya don piano tare da hannaye huɗu. Makarantar kiɗa. Nazarin musamman na salon da ya fi girma, na matakan (bars) da duk haɗuwa mafi wuya na rhythm. ) 

### Hanyoyi

* Hanyar aiki don piano mai ƙarfi wanda aka rubuta bisa ga yanayin koyarwa da J. Jacotet ya nuna kuma ya ƙunshi ɓangarorin da aka zaɓa (Hanyar aiki don *Pianoforte* da aka gyara bisa ga hanyar koyarwa da j. Jacototet ya bayyana kuma ya ƙunshi abubuwan da aka zaɓe.) 
* Hanyar piano mai sauƙi da sauƙi (Hanyar piano mai sauki, hanya ta farko).
* Hanyar da ta ci gaba da piano (Hanyar da ta dace da piano).

### Ayyukan da Bertini ya yi

* Muzio Clémenti, Etudes journières des gammes.  (Muzio Clémenti, Nazarin yau da kullun na sikelin.) 

## Bayani

### Manazarta