Siege na El Fasher

Siege na El Fasher yaƙi ne mai gudana don kula da garin El Fashers a Arewacin Darfur a lokacin Rikicin Sudan.  Yaƙin farko na birnin ya faru ne tsakanin 15 da 20 ga Afrilu 2023, kuma ya haifar da tsagaita wuta wanda aka gudanar har zuwa 12 ga Mayu. Rikicin ya sake tashi tsakanin 12 da 29 ga Mayu, kuma ya ƙare tare da tsagaitar tsagaitaccen wuta wanda ya kasance har zuwa Agusta. A watan Satumba, birnin ya zama mafaka ga 'yan gudun hijira a duk fadin yankin, ba tare da isasshen abinci da ruwa ba.

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2023, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tana shirin janye aikin siyasa daga Sudan.Nathaniel Raymond, mai binciken kare hakkin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ya ce "idan El Fasher ya fadi, RSF za ta iya kammala kisan kare dangi da Janjaweed ya fara ta hanyar tsarkake kabilanci na wadanda ba su kore su ba ko kashe su har zuwa yanzu".

## Tarihi

### Yaƙi a Darfur
A shekara ta 2003, ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye a Kudancin Sudan, mafi yawan wadanda ba Larabawa ba ne Justice and Equality Movement da Sudan People's Liberation Movement sun kaddamar da hare-hare kan sansanonin Sojojin Sudan da abokansu, mafi yawan 'yan bindiga na Janjaweed. JEM da SPLM sun kaddamar da hare-haren a adawa da mai mulkin kama karya Omar al-Bashir, wanda nan da nan ya ayyana yaƙi da 'yan bindiga. Tun daga shekara ta 2003, yakin ya kashe daruruwan dubban mutane, kuma ya kori wasu da yawa.

Ga yawancin yakin da aka yi a Darfur, Sojojin Sudan da Janjaweed ne ke sarrafa El Fasher, kodayake 'yan tawaye sun rike mukamai a cikin Jebel Marrah mai nisa. Birnin sau da yawa wuri ne na tattaunawa, tare da tarurruka da ke faruwa a cikin 2010 da kuma Doha Document for Peace a Darfur da aka sanya hannu a can a cikin 2013 .  Duk da wannan, har yanzu ana yin fada a wasu lokuta a cikin birni, tsakanin 'yan tawaye, UNAMID, Sojojin Sudan, da Janjaweed.

Yaƙin a Darfur ya ƙare bayan juyin juya halin Sudan ya kori al-Bashir a cikin 2020, kuma bangarorin da ke yaƙi sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Juba . Rikicin ya ci gaba da lokaci-lokaci, kuma fashi, hare-hare, da yaƙe-yaƙe da suka samo asali daga dukiya ko rikice-rikicen kabilanci sun ci gaba a watan Agusta 2021. A cikin waɗannan hare-haren, an kashe mutane da yawa, kuma jami'an tsaro na Arewacin Darfuri da Sojojin Sudan galibi ba su iya daidaita yanayin ba. A watan Disamba na 2021, fashi da tashin hankali sun faru a kusa da tsohon sansanin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a garin, wanda UNAMID ta yi amfani da shi.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2023, rikice-rikicen kabilanci ya ci gaba, tare da kashe mutane hudu saboda fadace-fadace a cikin kabilar Bani Hussein.

### Rikicin siyasa da farkon rikici
Bayan juyin juya halin Sudan, an nada Nimir Mohammed Abdelrahman gwamna, kuma an kori Mohammed Hassan Arabi.[1] A Khartoum, babban birnin Sudan, yawancin Janjaweed sun shiga cikin Sojojin Taimako da ke karkashin jagorancin Hemedti, wani soja da ke da alaƙa da Sojojin Sudan da aka kafa a shekarar 2013.[2] Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, shugaban soja na rikon kwarya, ya hambarar da shugaban gwamnati Abdalla Hamdok a shekarar 2021. A farkon 2023, tashin hankali ya karu tsakanin Hemedti da Burhan game da hadewar RSF cikin Sojojin Sudan, yayin da hadewar za ta rage 'yancin RSF da tasiri sosai.[2] Wadannan tashin hankali sun kai ga kai a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, lokacin da sojoji na RSF suka kai hari kan sansanonin SAF a Khartoum da Merowe.

## Yaƙe-yaƙe

### 2023

#### Yaƙin farko (15-20 Afrilu)
Rikicin ya ɓarke a El Fasher a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, kamar sauran biranen da yawa a duk faɗin Sudan. RSF ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta kama filin jirgin saman El Fasher da wuraren soja da yawa a cikin birni a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, amma wannan ba za a iya tabbatar da shi ba a lokacin. Mutane ashirin da bakwai sun ji rauni a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na farko bisa ga kafofin watsa labarai na kasar Sin, kuma akwai rahotanni game da wadanda suka mutu. A ranar 17 ga Afrilu, asibitoci a cikin birni suna karɓar yawan marasa lafiya, kuma ana tura yawancin wadanda abin ya shafa zuwa asibitin 'yan sanda. An kai hare-hare masu kisa a unguwar El Jama. A sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Abu Shouk da El Fasher, mutane 11 sun mutu kuma 90 sun ji rauni. A mayar da martani, Gwamna Abdelrahman ya ba da sanarwar kirkirar kwamitin binnewa don murkushe rikice-rikicen. An yanke wutar lantarki a cikin birni, kuma an lalata babban kasuwa da kasuwar dabbobi. An kuma rufe filin jirgin sama. Fararen hula a El Fasher sun ba da rahoton cewa sojojin RSF sun mallaki sansanin El Manhal da unguwar el-Ghaba, yayin da SAF ta mallaki hedkwatar Janar Command da unguwanni a kusa da El Manhal le El Ghaba . 

Rahotanni sun fito a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 'yan Indiya 31 sun makale a El Fasher, wanda ya sa gwamnatin Indiya ta kaddamar da Operation Kaveri .  Likitocin Sans Frontières sun ba da rahoton cewa an kawo mutane 136 da suka ji rauni zuwa wuraren su a El Fasher, kodayake yana ƙara zama da wuya a kula da su. Har ila yau, kungiyar ta yi iƙirarin cewa yawancin wadanda suka ji rauni fararen hula ne da harsasai suka kashe. Wasu fararen hula a yankin, suna magana da Al Jazeera, sun yi iƙirarin cewa yayin da sojojin SAF da RSF suka rasa rayukansu, RSF ta dauki karin. Shaidar ta kuma bayyana cewa gawawwakin da yawa suna kan tituna, ba za a iya karɓar su ba. Wani dan kasar Indiya ya mutu da harsashi. MSF ta kuma yi iƙirarin cewa a ranar 21 ga Afrilu, an kashe mutane sama da 44 kuma 279 sun ji rauni. Kungiyar Likitocin Sudan ta ba da rahoton mutuwar mutum tara da 36 suka ji rauni a cikin birni a asibitocin su. Dukansu MSF da SDS sun yi iƙirarin cewa babu isasshen kayan aiki don makonni uku.

An sace asibitoci da yawa a cikin birni, gami da asibitin yara. An ƙone sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Abu Shouk, gidan sama da mutane 100,000 da suka rasa muhallinsu, a ƙarshen Afrilu, tare da babban kasuwa a El Fasher. Hotunan tauraron dan adam sun kuma nuna tankuna da dakarun da ba a sani ba da ke zaune a yankunan zama.

#### Harkokin tsagaita wuta (20 Afrilu - 12 Mayu)
A ranar 20 ga Afrilu, kwamandojin RSF da SAF a El Fasher sun amince da tsagaita wuta na kwana uku, wanda kwamitin farar hula mai kyau ya yi. A cikin tsagaita wuta, SAF za ta riƙe matsayi a yammacin birnin, kuma RSF za ta rike a gabas, yayin da cibiyar El Fasher za ta zama ba ta da makamai, kawai 'yan sanda ne ke sintiri. Maƙwabta da hedkwatar kungiyar ta duniya za a ba da su ga ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye kamar ragowar JEM da SLA, dukansu sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Juba. An tsawaita yarjejeniyar har ta kasance ba tare da iyaka ba a ranar 23 ga Afrilu.

Ranar 24 ga Afrilu ta kasance mai natsuwa, ban da wasu ƙananan rikice-rikice a arewacin birnin. Yayinda rayuwar farar hula ta koma yadda take, farashin da hauhawar farashi sun tashi, kuma kayayyaki har yanzu suna da ƙarancin gaske. Kasuwar Um Defsoa, ɗaya daga cikin manyan kasuwanni na birnin, ya koma yadda yake, kodayake kasuwar Jebel Marra da kasuwannin Kutum dukansu sun ƙone sosai don aiki. Kashegari, an saki fursunoni daga Kurkukun Shala, ban da wadanda ke da hukuncin kisa, ta hanyar 'yan bindiga na Larabawa. Wasu fashi sun faru a ranar 24 ga Afrilu, inda suka kashe mutane hudu. Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Arewacin Darfur ta fitar da wata sanarwa a ranar 28 ga Afrilu inda ta bayyana cewa an kashe fararen hula 62, ciki har da yara 13, kuma sama da wasu 282 sun ji rauni sakamakon rikice-rikicen.

Duk da yake asibitin Cibiyar Abdelsalam ya sami damar sake buɗewa a lokacin tsagaita wuta, asibitin Kudancin har yanzu yana cikin mummunan yanayi. Duk asibitoci sun sake buɗewa a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa. A ranar 4 ga Mayu, Operation Kaveri ya samu nasarar ƙare, kuma gwamnatin Indiya ta cire dukkan 'yan ƙasar Indiya daga birnin. Minni Minnawi, gwamnan West Darfur, ya dawo da dakarunsa zuwa El Fasher a ranar 9 ga Mayu bayan tattaunawar ta gaza a Khartoum . 

#### Rikicin lokaci-lokaci ya ci gaba (12-29 ga Mayu)
A ranar 12 ga Mayu, tsagaita wuta ta fadi, kuma rikice-rikice sun sake sabuntawa a El Fasher .  RSF ta zo ƙarƙashin iko da unguwanni da yawa, kuma a tsakiyar birnin, fashi da kashe-kashen da ba na shari'a ba sun zama ruwan dare yayin da kudi ya ƙare kuma bankunan sun rufe. A ranar 14 ga Mayu, kungiyoyi da masu sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Juba, tare da dukkan gwamnoni biyar na jihohin Darfur, sun kirkiro "Sojojin Darfur" da ke tura sojoji a cikin birni don gudanar da tsagaita wuta. Yaƙin ya shafi taimakon zuwa ga fararen hula. Rikicin ya sake tashi a ranar 22 ga Mayu, tare da harbe-harbe da ke faruwa a unguwanni na gabas a karkashin ikon RSF. Rikicin ya faru ba da daɗewa ba bayan hadin gwiwar Darfur ya koma Khartoum .  Yaƙe-yaƙe sun mutu a cikin kwanaki biyu masu zuwa, yayin da aka shirya tsagaita wuta a duk fadin kasar. Sun sake farawa a ranar 25 ga Mayu a cikin waɗannan yankuna.

A ranar 29 ga watan Mayu, an lalata ko kuma an ƙone sassa da yawa na birnin. A ranar 26 ga Mayu, duk hanyoyin zuwa babban kasuwa a El Fasher an rufe su, kuma a ranar 29 ga Mayu, an lalata shi. Sabunta hare-haren RSF a kan unguwanni na arewacin El Fasher sun lalata gine-gine da yawa a Jami'ar El Fasher .  Har ila yau, rikice-rikice ya faru a sansanin Abu Shouk. Harin bam din a ranar 29 ga Mayu ya kashe fararen hula uku kuma ya ji wa wasu rauni. A ranar 30 ga Mayu, Minnawi ya yi kira ga fararen hula a El Fasher da su karɓi makamai a kan RSF. A ranar 1 ga Yuni, El Fasher ya kasance mai natsuwa. An tilasta RSF ta janye daga yankuna da yawa a cikin unguwanni na gabas, amma har yanzu tana sarrafa yawancin su. Gwamna Nimir Abdelrahman ya bayyana cewa Kwamitin Masu sulhu da Dattawa da Kwamitin Ofisoshin Kyakkyawan sun tattauna kan tsagaita wuta tsakanin bangarorin biyu.

#### Harkokin tsagaita wuta da rikice-rikice na lokaci-lokaci (30 ga Mayu - 26 ga Oktoba)
Duk da sabunta zaman lafiya bayan 29 ga Mayu, an lalata kayan aiki a cikin birni yayin yakin. Asibitoci, wutar lantarki, da sadarwa duk sun sauka a cikin birni, kuma farashin man fetur ya yi yawa sosai. Wani kwararar 'yan gudun hijira sun tafi El Fasher daga Tawila, Kutum da sansanin' yan gudun hijira na Kassab, wanda RSF ta kama a farkon Yuni. A ranar 7 ga Yuni, wani kwamandan ƙungiyar SAF ta 6 ya sauya sheka zuwa RSF.  El Fasher ya kasance shiru ga mafi yawan watan Yuni, kodayake ana kawo ƙarfafawa daga bangarorin biyu a ƙarshen Yuni. A ranar 22 ga Yuni, wani rikici tsakanin RSF da SAF ya kashe mutum daya kuma ya ji wa wasu rauni bakwai. Sauye-sauye da makamai sun tilasta wa kasuwar dabbobi ta El Fasher ta rufe a ranar 27 ga Yuni. Har ila yau, cin zarafin jima'i da fyade sun tashi a cikin tsagaita wuta, musamman a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Zamzam. Gwamna Abdelrahman a ƙarshen Yuni ya kuma yaba da kokarin da Kwamitin Masu sulhu da Dattawa suka yi don riƙe tsagaita wuta a El Fasher, da kuma sauƙaƙe isowar 'yan gudun hijira daga Kutum da Tawila.

#### Ƙaƙƙarfan yaƙi (26 ga Oktoba–Nuwamba)
RSF sun kai wani babban hari kan Division ta 6 ta sojojin ƙasa a El Fasher a ranar 26 ga Oktoba, ranar da suka ci Nyala da Zalingei. Duk SAF da RSF sun bayar da labarai masu cin karo da juna game da yaƙin, inda SAF suka yi iƙirarin sun fatattaki harin, yayin da RSF suka yi iƙirarin sun kwace sansanin gaba ɗaya. Kwamitin Resistance na El Fasher ya bayyana cewa mutum ɗaya ya mutu, wasu da dama kuma sun ji rauni. Wannan adadin daga baya ya tashi zuwa aƙalla mutane goma da aka kashe da kuma wasu arba'in da biyu da suka ji rauni. Wannan faɗa ya ci gaba a ranar 31 ga Oktoba, inda aka lalata gidaje da dama. Gwamnoni Abdelrahman da Minnawi duk sun yi kira ga RSF da SAF da su hana faɗa mai girma a birnin a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, domin faduwar Nyala da Zalingei ya sanya El Fasher zama birni na ƙarshe wanda ba RSF ke iko da shi ba a Darfur, don haka ya zama target ga RSF. Amurka ta fitar da sanarwa mai kama da ta Minnawi da Abdelrahman.

Mutum ɗaya ya mutu a sabon faɗan da aka yi a birnin a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, kuma sabbin 'yan gudun hijira daga arewa sun gudu zuwa yankin kudancin birnin. Tun da aka rufe kasuwanni tun farkon sabbin faɗan, iyalai da yawa sun shiga halin rashin abinci. A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, Babikir Musa, wani babban kwamandan bangaren Minnawi na SLA, an kashe shi a ƙauyen Shaqra yayin da yake kare shi daga RSF. Wasu biyu kuma sun ji rauni. Faɗan ya ƙare sosai a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba. Abdel Rahman Jumma, kwamandan RSF wanda ya ci El Geneina, ya yi kira ga RSF da su ci El Fasher ma, wanda ya ƙara tsananta tashin hankali. Tare da wannan, mazauna El Fasher sun zargi Minnawi da kare unguwannin Zaghawa-mafi rinjaye a birnin kawai, wanda shi memba ne.

Tsakanin tsakiyar Nuwamba, an bazu jita-jitar cewa RSF suna tara sojoji a wajen birnin don shirye-shiryen kai hari. Jama'a sun kasance cikin tsananin tsoron kai hari. Don kare birnin, SLM – el-Nur da Sudan Justice and Equality Forces sun isa birnin don ganawa da El Sadig El Foka, kwamandan bangaren sa na SLM, da mambobin JDF don haɗin kai don dakatar da harin RSF. Jagoran Justice and Equality Movement Gibril Ibrahim da kwamandan SLA-Tambour Mustafa Tambour sun bayyana tun farko shirin su na goyon bayan JDF idan RSF suka kai hari. SLM – el-Nur sun fitar da sanarwa cewa wannan goyon bayan ba don kare sojojin Sudan bane, sai dai JDF.

Duk da ƙawancen da ke tsakanin kusan dukkanin rukunin 'yan tawaye, kwamandan RSF Abdelrahim Dagalo ya bayyana niyyar kwace El Fasher. Masana sun bayyana cewa harin RSF a kan El Fasher zai haifar da rikici tsakanin kabilun Larabawa da mayakan Zaghawa. Dakarun GSLF sun tara ƙarin sojoji a garin tare da JDF a farkon Disamba, duk da cewa kwamanda el-Tahir Hajar ya nace kan tsaka-tsaki. Jagoran SLM-Transitional Council, El Hadi Idris, ya bayyana cewa ƙungiyarsa ta fara tattaunawa a Nuwamba da RSF kan hana kai hari a birnin, inda RSF suka yi iƙirarin cewa hanyar da za a hana kai hari ita ce nace kan tsaka-tsakin JDF a rikicin.

### 2024

#### Harin RSF (13 ga Afrilu 2024–yanzu)
A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2024, kungiyar Rapid Support Forces (RSF) ta fara kai hari a El Fasher. A farkon watan Mayu, an samu rahotannin cewa RSF sun kewaye El Fasher kuma sun toshe dukkan hanyoyin shiga birnin.

A ranar 10 ga Mayu, MSF (kungiyar agaji) ta ce Babban Asibitin Kudu ya samu rahoton mutuwar mutane 134 daga cikin marasa lafiya 979 da aka yi wa magani a asibitin a cikin makonnin biyu da suka gabata. A ranar 26 ga Mayu, BBC ta ruwaito cewa asibitocin Saudi da Kudu ne kawai ke aiki a yankin.

Har ila yau a ranar 26 ga Mayu, RSF sun kama tafkin Golo da tashar famfo kuma sun datse ruwan sha zuwa El Fasher. A ranar 27 ga Mayu, JDF ta sake kwace shi.

A ranar 1 ga Yuni, an sake tsananta faɗa a El-Fasher yayin da RSF suka jefa bama-bamai a yankunan zama da dama, inda suka fi haifar da barna ga gine-gine a unguwannin Birinja da Al-Wahda, yayin da SAF suka kai hare-hare ta sama. Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Sayed Al-Shuhada ta ce ta samu gawawwaki 11 da marasa lafiya 42 sakamakon harin RSF.

A ranar 11 ga Yuni, Wakilin Musamman na Amurka a Sudan, Tom Perriello, ya gargadi cewa faɗuwar El Fasher a hannun dakarun RSF na iya faruwa nan take, kuma bala'in jin kai na iya faruwa kuma dole ne a dakatar da yaƙin.

A ranar 13 ga Yuni, an amince da Kudurin Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai lamba 2736, inda aka buƙaci a kawo karshen killace birnin.

A ranar 14 ga Yuni, dakarun sojin Sudan sun kashe Ali Yaqoub Gibril, kwamandan Rapid Support Forces a Darfur.

A ranar 6 ga Oktoba, dakarun hadin gwiwa sun samu nasarar shiga El Fasher daga arewa.
### 2025

A ranar 21 ga Janairu, RSF sun ba da wa'adin sa'o'i 48 ga SAF da dakarun kawancenta su fice daga birnin. Idan ba a bi wannan gargaɗin ba, to akwai yiwuwar za su kaddamar da sabon hari a birnin. Dakarun haɗin gwiwa a cikin birnin sun sha alwashin fatattakar duk wani hari, suna masu iƙirarin cewa sun dakatar da hare-hare sama da 170 a birnin, inda suka kashe mayaka sama da 15,000 da kuma wasu kwamandoji.

A ranar 24 ga Janairu, cikar wa'adin RSF daga karshe ya sa RSF suka kaddamar da wani harin da bai yi nasara ba. SAF da sojojin Darfuri sun fatattaki harin daga wurare da dama. Shafin yanar gizo na Sudan Tribune ya ruwaito cewa SAF sun kaddamar da jiragen yaƙi a kan RSF. Kakakin JDF, Ahmed Hussein Mustafa, ya yi iƙirarin cewa an kashe mayakan RSF sama da 400 a harin, baya ga lalata motocin yaki 25 da kuma kama motocin yaki 30. Minni Minnawi ya ce RSF za su ga "mummunan martani", idan hare-hare a birnin suka ci gaba. A yayin faɗan, an kai hari kan asibitin Saudi da ke El Fasher, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar mutane da dama da raunuka ga mutane marasa laifi. Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta yi Allah wadai da harin.

A ranar 10 ga Maris, sojojin Sudan sun ce sun lalata motocin yaƙi 47 kuma sun harbo jirage marasa matuƙa sama da 100 tun farkon watan. Sojojin sun kuma ci gaba a wajen birnin a kudu, inda suka mamaye gine-ginen "Lafat Toqro" da kuma dukkanin unguwar Al-Salam, waɗanda duk an dauke su a matsayin sansanonin RSF.

A ranar 20 ga Maris, SAF sun ce sun kashe mayakan RSF 15 kuma sun kashe wani kwamanda wanda ba a ambaci sunansa ba.

A ranar 2 ga Afrilu, SAF sun ce sun kai hare-hare ta sama kan RSF, inda suka lalata wata mota mai ɗauke da alburusai tana kan hanyarta ta zuwa Mellit, da kuma manyan motoci uku da motocin da ke da ƙafafu huɗu guda biyar. Washegari, wani jirgin sojan Sudan ya faɗi tare da rahoton cewa dukkanin ma'aikatan sun mutu. RSF sun ɗauki alhakin lamarin kuma sun yi iƙirarin cewa "sun harbo jirgin.", amma har yanzu ba a tabbatar da abin da ya haifar da shi ba.