Hejazi Larabci

**Hejazi Arabic** or **Hijazi Arabic** (HA) (Arabic: اللهجة الحجازية, romanized: al-lahja al-ḥijāziyya, Hejazi Arabic: , ), also known as **West Arabian Arabic**, is a variety of Arabic spoken in the Hejaz region of Saudi Arabia. Strictly speaking, there are two main groups of dialects spoken in the Hejaz region, one by the urban population, originally spoken mainly in the cities of Jeddah, Mecca, Medina and partially in Ta'if and another dialect by the urbanized rural and bedouin populations. However, the term most often applies to the urban variety which is discussed in this article.

## Rarraba
Larabci na yau ya samo asali ne daga tsoffin yarukan Tsakiya da Arewacin Arabiya waɗanda masanan ilimin gargajiya na Larabci suka raba zuwa ƙungiyoyi uku: Hejaz, Najd, da yaren kabilun da ke kusa da su. Kodayake yarukan Hejazi na zamani sun ci gaba sosai tun lokacin da aka ci gaba da Larabci na gargajiya, kuma Larabci ya bambanta da yaren Hejaz na zamani. Standard Arabic yanzu ya bambanta sosai daga zamani Hejazi Arabic dangane da phonology, morphology, syntax, da lexicon,  irin wannan diglossia a cikin Larabci ya fara fitowa a baya a cikin karni na shida AZ lokacin da mawaƙa na baki suka karanta waƙoƙinsu a cikin proto-Classical Arabic bisa ga archaic yarukan da suka bambanta sosai da nasu. 

Urban Hejazi Larabci na cikin reshen Larabci ne na yammacin Peninsular na Harshen Larabci, wanda kansa Harshen Semitic ne. Ya haɗa da siffofi na harsunan birane da na Bedouin da aka ba da ci gabanta a cikin biranen tarihi na Jeddah, Madina da Makka kusa da kabilun Bedouin waɗanda ke zaune a gefen waɗannan biranen, ban da ƙaramin tasiri a cikin ƙamus daga wasu harsunan Larabci na birane da Larabci, kuma kwanan nan tasirin sauran harsunan Saudi Arabia, dukansu sun sanya Urban Hejazi wani yare ne na musamman amma kusa da harsunan yankin da sauran harsuna na Larabci a kan wasu.

A tarihi, ba a san shi sosai a wane mataki na Larabci canjin daga Proto-Semitic biyu  qāf da  gīm ya zama Hejazi  gāf da jīm āج, قā, kodayake an tabbatar da shi tun farkon karni na takwas AZ, kuma ana iya bayyana shi ta hanyar Canjin sarkar * →  →   wanda ya faru a daya daga cikin hanyoyi biyu:

# Drag Chain: Proto-Semitic gīm  palatalized zuwa Hejazi jīm  na farko, buɗe sarari a matsayin , wanda qāf /q / * sannan ya koma ya cika sarari mara amfani wanda ya haifar da Hejazi gāf /g /, dawo da alaƙar tsarin da ke cikin tsarin pre-Arabic.
# Push Chain: Proto-Semitic qāf * ya canza zuwa Hejazi gāf  na farko, wanda ya haifar da tura asalin gīm  gaba a cikin magana don zama Hejazi jīm , amma tunda yawancin yarukan qāf na zamani da kuma daidaitattun Larabci suma suna da jīm, sannan za a iya lalata sarkar qāf zuwa gāf da farko, kodayake akwai kyakkyawan dalili don gaskanta cewa tsohuwar qāf tana da murya [g] da kuma daga baya a kan dukkan g/[q]

#### Daidaita Monophthongization
Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru na diphthongs guda biyu  da  a cikin zamanin Larabci na gargajiya sun sami monophthongization a cikin Hejazi, kuma ana gane su azaman dogon wasula  da  bi da bi, amma har yanzu ana kiyaye su azaman diphthonges a cikin kalmomi da yawa waɗanda suka haifar da bambanci tare da dogon wasula/, /oː /oː-/,  da/.

Ba duk lokuta na sautin tsakiya ba ne sakamakon monophthongization, wasu sun fito ne daga tsarin ilimin harshe  / / 'sun ce' →  / / 'sun gaya mata' (a adawa da Larabci na gargajiya  -/), kuma wasu suna faruwa a cikin Kalmomin Portmanteau na zamani misali   'me ya sa?' (daga Larabci ta gargajiya  /liʔ/ 'don menene' da kuma Resanya /ʃaj /ʃ).

## Kalmomin kalmomi
Kalmomin Hejazi sun samo asali ne daga tushen Larabci Semitic. Kalmomin Hejazi na birane sun bambanta da na wasu yaruka a yankin Larabawa. Misali, akwai ƙananan kalmomi na musamman da suka shafi rayuwar hamada, da kuma karin kalmomin da suka shafi tafiyar teku da kamun kifi. Kalmomin aro ba a saba gani ba kuma galibi na Faransanci ne, Italiyanci, Farisa, Turkiyya kuma kwanan nan na asalin Ingilishi, kuma saboda asalin mazaunan biranen Hejazi, wasu kalmomin aro suna amfani da wasu iyalai kawai. Wasu tsoffin kalmomin aro suna ɓacewa ko kuma sun zama tsofaffi saboda Tsarin Larabci na zamani da haɗin su tare da ƙananan zamantakewa da ilimi,  misali, hammer / / "Mai sanyaya iska" (daga *Yanayin* Ingilishi) an maye gurbinsa da Standard Arabic  / / .

## Tsarin rubuce-rubuce
Hejazi ba shi da tsarin rubutu na yau da kullun kuma galibi yana bin ƙa'idodin rubutu na Larabci na Gargajiya .  Babban bambanci tsakanin Larabci na gargajiya da Hejazi shine madadin Hamza, wasu siffofin fi'ili da kuma wasulan ƙarshe masu tsayi, wannan canjin ya faru ne tunda an cire yawancin gajerun wasalan kalmomi na ƙarshe daga lokacin gargajiya kuma an gajarta yawancin wasalan kalmomi marasa ma'ana na ƙarshe a Hejazi. Wani madadin kuma shine rubuta kalmomin bisa ga sautin da aka yi amfani da shi yayin furta su, maimakon tushen su wanda galibi yana da tasiri akan haruffa uku   da , misali rubuta   "mai kauri, mai kiba" maimakon  ko kuma   "wutsiya" maimakon  duk da cewa wannan canjin a rubuce ba a ɗaukarsa a matsayin abin karɓa ga yawancin masu magana da Hejazi ba. Har yanzu haruffan suna amfani da saitin haruffa iri ɗaya kamar na Larabci na Gargajiya ban da haruffa biyu na zaɓi ⟨ پ ⟩  kuma ⟨ ڤ ⟩  waɗanda ake amfani da su ne kawai wajen rubuta kalmomin aro kuma ana iya maye gurbinsu da   kuma   bi da bi ya danganta da marubucin, ban da haka wasulan  da kuma  waɗanda ba su cikin jerin kalmomin CA ba, haruffan  da  ne suka wakilta su.

**Bambance-bambance tsakanin rubuce-rubucen gargajiya da Hejazi**

* Hamza  /ʔ/: 
** Initial hamza holds little phonemic value in Hejazi but it can be used as per Classical Arabic convention, e.g.   "blue" or   "he took" can be written as  or  but long initial  is more important to indicate, e.g.   "sorry" to differentiate it from  /   "regret".
** Medial hamza is merged with the semi-vowels  and  as in   "going" from   and   "pearl" from  , or it can be completely elided as in   "she came" from   or   "they came" from  , but other words keep the medial hamza as in   "responsible" and   "issues".
** Final hamza is omitted in most Hejazi words as in   "lunch" from  ,   "green" from  , but some words keep the final hamza as in   "beginner" and   "slowness".
* Added medial long vowels :
** some words have elongated medial vowels in Hejazi as in   "with you" from  ,   "to you, for you" which could be from the classical   or  , and   "who" from  .
** 2nd person masculine singular imperative in *hollow* verbs keep their long vowels as روح  "go!" as opposed to classical   and   "see!" as opposed to classical  .
* Final added  /i/ appears in:
** Masculine singular imperative in *final-weak* verbs, as in   "go!, walk!" as opposed to classical  . The classical pair   (feminine) and   (masculine) merged into   used as a masculine and feminine singular imperative verb in Hejazi.
** 2nd person feminine singular past verbs, as in   "you forgot" as opposed to classical  . The classical pair   (feminine) and   (masculine) became   (feminine) and   (masculine).
** Feminine possessive and object pronoun  which occurs after a long vowel, as in   "he gives you" as opposed to classical  . The classical pair   (feminine) and   (masculine) became   (feminine) and   (masculine).
** Feminine pronouns, as in   "you", as opposed to classical  . The classical pair   (feminine) and   (masculine) became   (feminine) and   (masculine), but the classical form can still be used in Hejazi.
* Innovative forms:
** Some verb forms are innovative and differ from their classical equivalents as in the common plural verb   "you saw" *pl.* as opposed to classical   (masculine) and   (feminine), or the *final-weak* verbs as in   "they ran" as opposed to classical   and the *doubled* verbs   "I loved" opposed to classical  .
** The verb forms V, VI and IIQ have an additional initial  before  , so that Hejazi forms  ,   and   correspond to classical forms  ,   and  , e.g.   "he spoke" (form V),   "she worked" (form VI) and   "they babbled" (form IIQ).
** Portmanteau words have the most alternatives in their spelling since they did not occur in Classical Arabic, so the word for "still"  can be written   or  depending on the writer, all of these forms stemming from the classical  (, "to the hour").
** Loanwords can have multiple spellings as well, which is the case for the word "also"  which can be written as  or بَ

## Manazarta