open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Kenmore

**Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Kenmore** makarantar sakandare ce ta gwamnati da ke yankin Kenmore na Brisbane, Queensland, Ostiraliya. Majalisar Makarantun Ƙasa da Ƙasa (Ostiraliya) ta amince da ita.

## Tarihi
An buɗe makarantar a shekarar 1972 a matsayin makarantar 'yan shekara 8-12, ɗalibanta na farko sun kammala karatunsu daga aji 12 a shekarar 1976.[1] A shekarar 2015, an mayar da makarantar 'yan shekara 7 daga makarantun firamare zuwa makarantun sakandare, inda makarantar sakandare ta Kenmore ta zama makarantar 'yan shekara 7-12.[2]

## Tambarin makaranta
Tambarin Kenmore ya ƙunshi abubuwa biyar: Alamar Munich, gidan sarauta, bishiyoyi, tsuntsaye da kuma littafin. Alamar Munich tunatarwa ce ta shekarar kafuwar makarantar - shekarar gasar Olympics ta Munich. Gidan sarautar yana da alaƙa da Gidan Sarautar Kenmore da ke Scotland; gidan wasu daga cikin mazauna Kenmore na asali. Tsuntsaye da bishiyoyi alama ce ta mayar da hankali kan muhallin makarantar, kuma littafin yana nuna koyo.

## Gidajen wasanni
Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Kenmore tana da gidajen wasanni guda takwas, kowannensu yana da suna da aka ɗauko daga yaren 'yan asalin yankin. Gidajen wasanni sune:

* Bimbi - ma'ana "wurin tsuntsaye da yawa"
* Carrawah - ma'ana "tsuntsaye da yawa suna hutawa a nan"
* Tarcoola - ma'ana "lanƙwasa kogi"
* Wyuna - ma'anar "ruwa mai tsabta"
* Allunga - ma'ana "wuri mai kyau"
* Jarrah - "itacen Eucalyptus"
* Kinta - ma'ana "dariya"
* Alkira - ma'ana "sama" 

## Shirin Fadada Sadarwar Bayanai
Shirin Fadada Sadarwar Bayanai (ICE) a Kenmore shiri ne na shekaru uku wanda ya ƙunshi Shekaru 7-9, tare da mai da hankali kan haɗa fasaha cikin karatun ɗalibai. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mafi ƙarancin ƙarfi a cikin shirye-shiryen faɗaɗa Kenmore, wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwan da ba na makaranta ba na zangon karatu ɗaya.  Ana buƙatar ɗaliban wannan shirin su ɗauki wani ƙarin darasi na musamman da aka sani da 'ICX' (Fadada Sadarwar Bayanai) a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin zaɓaɓɓun karatunsu na zangon karatu ɗaya a Shekara ta 9. A cikin wannan darasin, ana ba wa ɗalibai aikin bincike da magance matsalolin da ke faruwa a cikin al'ummar yankin tare da taimakon fasaha. 

## Shirin Nutsewa a Jamus
An san Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Kenmore saboda Shirin Nutsewa na Jamusanci (GIP), wani shiri na tsawon shekaru huɗu mai zurfi na harsuna. Ana koyar da darussa kamar lissafi, kimiyya, da tarihi a cikin Jamusanci. Shirin ya haɗa da musayar makonni takwas a Jamus, inda ɗalibai ke zama tare da iyalai masu masaukin baki da kuma zagayawa a ƙasar.

## Shirin Fadada Kiɗa
Tsarin Kiɗa (MEX) shiri ne na shekaru biyu musamman wanda aka tsara don faɗaɗa ɗaliban da suka riga suka haɓaka ƙwarewar karatu da yin waƙoƙi masu sauti a tsawon shekarun karatunsu na firamare. Shirin yana ba ɗalibai damar haɓaka ƙwarewa ta musamman a fannin kiɗa da ka'ida tare da takwarorinsu masu ra'ayi iri ɗaya a cikin yanayi mai ƙalubale.

## Manazarta
Kwalejin Jihar Kelvin Grove

**Kwalejin Jihar Kelvin Grove** makarantar sakandare ce ta gwamnati da ke Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland, Ostiraliya, kilomita uku daga tsakiyar gundumar kasuwanci ta Brisbane kuma tana kusa da harabar Jami'ar Fasaha ta Queensland (QUT). Wasu daga cikin gine-ginen makarantar suna cikin Rijistar Gado ta Queensland. 

## Tarihi
An kafa Kwalejin Jihar Kelvin Grove a shekara ta 2002 tare da haɗa Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Kelvin Grove da Makarantar Jihar Kelvin Grove. Tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin ilimi na gwamnati a Ostiraliya. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

Haɗa wannan ƙungiya wani shiri ne na gwamnatin Queensland 's Smart State. Ɗalibai, ma'aikata da kuma gwamnati ne suka kaɗa ƙuri'a a kan wannan suna a shekara ta 2001 daga zaɓaɓɓun zaɓaɓɓu. Don haka, makarantar ta zama makarantar P-12 (shiryawa zuwa aji na sha biyu) don yin rajistar jiha. Haɗa wannan ƙungiya ta kuma ƙirƙiri ƙananan makarantu guda 3; 'Makarantar Ƙarami' wadda ke kula da shirye-shiryen aji zuwa aji 5, 'Makarantar Tsakiya' wadda ke kula da aji 6 zuwa 9 da kuma 'Makarantar Sakandare' wadda ke kula da aji 10 zuwa 12.[1]

## Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai

* Viraat Badhwar - ɗan wasan golf
* Ashley Barty - ɗan wasan tennis
* Lori Cramer - 'yar wasan rugby
* Michael Falzon - ɗan wasan kwaikwayo
* Kate Jones – Ministar Ilimi ta Queensland 
* Kate Miller-Heidke - mawaƙiya, marubuciya kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo
* Bob McMaster - ɗan wasan kokawa kuma ɗan ƙungiyar rugby/lig
* Ƙananan Mutane Masu Ban Tsoro – Rusty Berther – mawaƙi, ɗan barkwanci
* Andrew Stockdale - mawaƙin ƙungiyar Wolfmother
* Larissa Waters – Shugabar Jam'iyyar Greens ta Australiya
* Quan Yeomans - mawaƙin ƙungiyar Regurgitator
*

## Ma'aikata masu mahimmanci

* Benjamin Bell

## Manazarta
Girgizar ƙasa ta Tibet ta 2025

A ranar 7 ga Janairu, 2025 da ƙarfe 09:05 CTS (UTC+8), wani girgizar ƙasa mai ma'aunin 7.1 ya afku a Tingri County, dake cikin Shigatse matakin lardin yankin Tibet mai cin gashin kansa na Kudu maso yammacin China.
Tsakanin mutane 126 da 400 sun mutu kuma 338 sun ji rauni a yankin. Girgizar kasa ta kuma ji wa mutane 13 rauni a Nepal da kuma lalacewar da ke tattare da Arewacin Indiya. Girgizar kasa ita ce mafi girma a kasar Sin tun bayan 2021 kuma mafi muni tun bayan girgin kasa na 2023.

## Manazarta
Wavell State High School

**Makarantar Sakandare ta Wavell State** makarantar sakandare ce ta gwamnati mai haɗin gwiwa wacce ke a Wavell Heights, Birnin Brisbane, Queensland, Ostiraliya. Makarantar tana da jimillar ɗalibai sama da 1500 daga shekaru 7 zuwa 12, tare da ƙidayar ɗalibai 1674 a hukumance a shekarar 2019. Tun daga shekarar 2025, Luke Ferdinands ne ke riƙe da muƙamin Mukaddashin Shugaban Gudanarwa na Makarantar.

Wasu daga cikin gine-ginen makarantar suna cikin rajistar kayan tarihi na Queensland. 

## Tarihi
An buɗe Makarantar Sakandare ta Wavell State a ranar 27 ga Janairu 1959 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Shugaban makarantar, CE Anstey. A matsayinta na unguwar makarantar, Wavell Heights, wacce aka sanya wa suna a shekarar 1942, an sanya wa Makarantar Sakandare ta Wavell State suna ne bayan Field Marshal Archibald Percival Wavell, Earl Wavell na 1 (5 ga Mayu 1883 - 24 ga Mayu 1950), Babban Kwamandan Sojojin Burtaniya da na Dominion a Gabas ta Tsakiya daga Yuli 1939 zuwa Yuli 1941. Yawancin 'yan Australiya sun yi aiki a ƙarƙashin ikonsa a farkon lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu; galibi a Arewacin Afirka, Girka, Crete da Siriya.

A shekarar 2018, da yawa daga cikin gine-ginen asali sun sami Jerin Gidajen Gwamnati saboda muhimmancin al'adu da tarihi. 

A farkon shekarar 2021, Jeff Major, shugaban makarantar na 8 kuma mafi dadewa a aiki, ya sanar da cewa zai yi hutun da aka tsawaita domin kammala shirye-shiryen ritayarsa. Elizabeth Foster, wanda MacGregor ya maye gurbinsa, ya maye gurbinsa.

## Gidajen wasanni
An ambaci gidajen wasanni guda huɗu na Makarantar Sakandare ta Wavell State, Alamein, Burma, Keren da Tobruk, dangane da wurare da yaƙe-yaƙe da suka shafi Earl Wavell:

* Alamein yana tunawa da Yaƙin El Alamein na Biyu, wanda shine lokacin da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ya fara a Gabas ta Tsakiya .
* Burma, wacce take ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan Wavell a matsayin Babban Kwamandan Kudu maso Yammacin Tekun Pasifik, an mamaye ta a watan Disamba na 1941 ta hannun Sojojin Japan waɗanda suka sami ikon mallakar ƙasar a watan Mayu na 1942. Sojojin Sama da na Ruwa na Australiya suna cikin sojojin kawance da suka sake kwace Burma a 1945.
* Keren ne wurin da aka yi wani gagarumin yaƙi mai zafi daga 15 zuwa 26 ga Maris 1941 inda sojojin Birtaniya suka kayar da sojojin Italiya.
* Tobruk wuri ne da aka yi wa sojojin kawance kawanya inda sojojin kawance suka kare garin daga Sojojin Jamus daga 10 ga Afrilu zuwa 7 ga Disamba 1941. Wannan kawanya ta kwanaki 242 ita ce mafi tsawo a tarihin Sojojin Burtaniya.

## Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai
Makarantar ta shahara da samar da 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da yawa na ƙungiyar rugby league waɗanda suka buga wasa a NRL.

## Manazarta
Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Wynnum

**Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Wynnum** makaranta ce ta gwamnati, wacce ke da alaƙa da ilimi, wacce ke cikin yankin Brisbane na Wynnum, Queensland, Ostiraliya.

Ya zuwa watan Agusta na 2024, babbar jami'a ita ce Sandra Quinn, kuma mataimakan shugabanni su ne Danielle Goshnick, Marina Williams, Celia Connell, da Lisa Hawkin.[1]

## Tarihi
An fara ginin makarantar a shekarar 1941, kuma an fara buɗe makarantar ga ɗalibai a ranar 2 ga Maris 1942.   

A shekarar 2010, akwai ɗalibai 709 da suka yi rajista da kuma malamai 60. 

An kuma kammala ginin kwanan nan a kan sabon tubalin azuzuwa huɗu, waɗanda aka yi wa lakabi da Russell Building ko R Block (Nuwamba, 2018). Daga baya, an gina shi don ya haɗa da wasu azuzuwa uku a watan Mayu, 2023. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

Sabbin Gine-gine a makarantar sun gyara A Block (Administration Block) don haɗawa da sabon Sick Bay, Lost and Found da kuma lambar maɓalli / ƙofofin katin maɓalli don hana shiga a watan Yuli, 2024. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

## Kayan aiki
Kayan aiki a makarantar sun haɗa da: 

* Filin Wasan Kwando
* Wurin ninkaya
* Babban Oval na Wasanni
* Zauren Taro
* Wasanni Masu Manufofi Da Yawa (MPS)
* Gine-ginen Aji da Yawa
* Gidan wasan kwaikwayo
* Situdiyon Fasaha
* Dakunan gwaje-gwajen Kimiyya
* Laburare
* Kantin sayar da abinci
* Dakin Girki na Masana'antu
* Gidan Wasan Wasannin Imperial
* Ayyukan Ɗalibai
* Bayan gida
* Rufin Jirgin Ruwa
* Manyan Wuraren Zama
* Wurin Ajiye Motoci

## Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai

* Natalie Cook, 'Yar Wasan Volleyball na Olympic Beach
* Kyle Sandilands, mai gabatar da rediyo kuma mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin
* Belle Gibson, marubuciyar littafin girki kuma mai zamba a kan cutar kansa
* Samantha Riley, mai ninkaya ta Olympics.
* Farfesa Dominic Berry, masanin kimiyyar lissafi wanda ya ƙware a fannin bayanai kan kwantum da kuma na'urorin hangen nesa na kwantum. 

Robert Peden - zakaran damben duniya

Paul Green - ɗan wasan NRL da sauransu, kocin NRL/State of Origin

## Manazarta
Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar MacGregor

**Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar MacGregor** ( **MSHS** ) wata makarantar sakandare ce mai zaman kanta ta gwamnati,  wacce ke cikin yankin Brisbane na MacGregor, Queensland Ostiraliya.  Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Queensland ce ke gudanar da ita, kuma tun daga shekarar 2024, tana da ɗalibai 1,207 da suka yi rajista, tare da ma'aikatan koyarwa 107 da ma'aikatan da ba sa koyarwa 51. Makarantar tana kula da ɗalibai daga Aji 7 zuwa Aji 12   kuma an kafa ta a shekarar 1969.

## Tarihi
An buɗe Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar MacGregor a ranar 28 ga Janairu 1969,  shekaru biyu bayan an sanya wa unguwar MacGregor suna,  tare da malamai tara da ɗalibai 203. An sanya wa makarantar suna bayan William MacGregor, tsohon Gwamnan Queensland.

A watan Nuwamba na 2006, an ɗora bidiyon faɗa tsakanin ɗaliban MacGregor guda biyu a YouTube, wanda ya sami masu kallo sama da 1000 kafin a soke shi a watan Maris na 2007.

## Kyaututtuka
Makarantar ta lashe kyaututtuka a fannoni daban-daban. Akwai kyaututtukan Ministan Ilimi don ƙwarewa a fannin fasaha (2004, 2006), kyautar BHP Billiton Science Award (Physics, Engineering and Technology) (2001) da kuma kyaututtukan kiɗan matasa na Queensland (2006).[1]

## Mutane masu shahara

### Ma'aikata

* Kirby Short, mataimakin shugaban makaranta kuma tsohon ƙwararren ɗan wasan kurket. 

### Tsoffin tsofaffin ɗalibai

* Daniel Amalm, mai buga guitar kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. 
* Greg Creed, ɗan kasuwan Amurka.
* Sophie Monk, mawaƙiya, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai tallan kayan kawa. 

## Duba kuma

* Ilimi a Queensland
* Jerin makarantu a Queensland

## Manazarta
Kwalejin Jihar Stretton

**Kwalejin Jihar Stretton** makaranta ce mai zaman kanta ta gwamnati, mai ilimi tare, wacce ke , wacce ke cikin yankin Brisbane na Stretton, Queensland, Ostiraliya.  Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Queensland ce ke gudanar da ita, tare da yin rijistar ɗalibai 3,491 da ma'aikatan koyarwa 256 a shekarar 2024. Makarantar tana hidimar ɗalibai daga Shirye-shirye zuwa Aji na 12  a cikin harabar jami'o'i biyu ( firamare harabar da aka sani da Gowan da kuma sakandare da aka sani da Illaweena). An buɗe ta a shekarar 2006.

## Ƙungiya
Jan Maresca ne ke riƙe da matsayin Shugaban Jami'a na Kwalejin Jihar Stretton a yanzu. Kwalejin ta kuma ƙunshi Shugabannin Jami'a guda biyu, inda Judy Rose-Cooper ke riƙe da matsayin Shugaban Jami'ar Gowan, kuma Bradley Stewart ne ke riƙe da matsayin Shugaban Jami'ar Illaweena. Sauran ma'aikatan Kwalejin Jihar Stretton sun haɗa da Mataimakan Shugaban Makaranta guda takwas (huɗu a Makarantar Junior da huɗu a Makarantar Senior), Manajojin Ayyukan Kasuwanci guda uku, Shugabannin Sashe guda goma sha huɗu (uku a Makarantar Junior da goma sha ɗaya a Makarantar Senior), Masu Gudanar da Matakin Shekaru uku (Babban Harabar), Masu Gudanar da Shirye-shirye na Kyau guda biyu, Jami'an Jagora guda uku (ɗaya a Gowan da biyu a Illaweena), ma'aikatan koyarwa 82 a Makarantar Junior da ma'aikatan koyarwa 77 a Makarantar Senior.   

## Shirye-shiryen ƙwarewa
Kwalejin Jihar Stretton tana ba da waɗannan Shirye-shirye guda uku masu kyau ga ɗalibai a duk faɗin harabar biyu:

* Shirin Inganta Ilimi na Lighthouse
* Shirin Manyan Nasara na Karawatha Cluster
* Shirin Ingantaccen Kwalejin Wasanni 

## Ilimi da Horarwa na Sana'o'i
Darussan Ilimi da Horarwa na Sana'o'i (VET) da ake da su ga ɗalibai a Aji 11 da 12 sun haɗa da:

## Manazarta
Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Sunnybank

**Makarantar** Sakandare ta Jihar Sunnybank makaranta ce ta gwamnati da ke da alaƙa da ilimi da ke unguwar Brisbane a Sunnybank, Queensland, Ostiraliya.  Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Queensland ce ke gudanar da ita, tare da ɗalibai 666 da ma'aikatan koyarwa 61, tun daga shekarar 2023. Makarantar tana hidimar ɗalibai daga Aji 7 zuwa Aji 12. 

## Tarihi
An buɗe makarantar a ranar 29 ga Janairu 1963, [1] tare da ɗalibai 121 da suka yi rajista.[2] Wannan adadi ya karu zuwa sama da 1,300 a shekarun 1970.[2]

A watan Oktoban 2020, wani ɗan kwangila ya saki barbashin asbestos bayan ya shiga rufin da bangon aji don sanya na'urar sanyaya daki. A ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, wani ɗan jama'a ya shigar da ƙarar Lafiya da Tsaron Wurin Aiki game da lamarin. Makonni bakwai bayan lamarin, a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, makarantar ta rufe bulo huɗu da suka gurɓata kuma ta aika wa iyaye wasiƙa tana sanar da su abin da ya faru. Azuzuwan da abin ya shafa sun shirya don amfani da su a kan lokaci don farkon shekarar makaranta ta 202.

## Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai

* John-Paul Langbroek, ɗan siyasa, 
* Daniel Vidot, ɗan kokawa kuma tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon rugby.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin makarantu a Babban Brisbane

## Manazarta
Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Runcorn

**Makarantar Sakandare ta Runcorn State** makaranta ce ta gwamnati, mai haɗin gwiwa, wacce ke cikin unguwar Brisbane da ke Runcorn, a Queensland, Ostiraliya.  Ma'aikatar Ilimi ce ke gudanar da ita, tare da ɗalibai 843 da ma'aikatan koyarwa 94, tun daga shekarar 2023. Makarantar tana hidimar ɗalibai daga Aji 7 zuwa Aji 12. 

## Tarihi
An buɗe makarantar a ranar 28 ga Janairu 1986.

A shekarar 2015, an sallami wani ɗalibi Musulmi nan take bayan ya sanya rigar Musulunci a ranar da aka yi masa sutura ta kyauta, wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙarar da aka shigar wa kwamishinan yaƙi da wariyar launin fata na jihar. 

## Manhaja ta Manhaja
Darussan da ake buƙata; a duk matakan shekara sun haɗa da Lissafi da Turanci. A makarantar firamare, ɗalibai dole ne su yi karatun SOSE, Kimiyya, Ilimin Jiki da harshe. Dalibai suna da wasu zaɓuɓɓuka kamar wasan kwaikwayo, kafofin watsa labarai, fasaha ko kasuwanci.

## Gidajen wasanni
Akwai gidajen wasanni guda huɗu, Selsey (Rawaya), Tarsett (Kore), Nathan (Ja) da Sirett (Baƙi).

## Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai

* Nick Vujicic, mai wa'azin Kirista ɗan asalin ƙasar Australiya kuma mai jawabi mai ƙarfafa gwiwa,
* Cameron Bairstow, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Australiya.

## Manazarta
Conserve (NGO)

**Conserve** ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta (NGO) da aka ƙaddamar a Indiya a shekarar 1998 ta miji da mata Shalabh da Anita Ahuja . 

## Farawa
A shekarar 1998, lokacin da gwamnatin Delhi ta ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin Bhagidari, tana roƙon 'yan ƙasarta da su shiga cikin shirye-shiryen farar hula, mai kare muhalli, Anita Ahuja da mijinta na ɗaliban IIT, Shalabh, sun fuskanci ƙalubalen kuma suka ƙaddamar da **Conserve** . Tare da tallafin iri daga Hukumar Ci Gaban Ƙasa da Ƙasashen Duniya ta Amurka (USAID), ma'auratan sun fara fafutukar kula da sharar gida ta hanyar tarurrukan karawa juna sani da bita. 

Conserve ta fara ne a falon wasu abokan Anita Ahuja waɗanda ke ɗaukar nauyin matsalolin kamar najasa da shara. Tare da haɗin gwiwa da Ƙungiyoyin Jin Daɗi na Mazauna (RWA), Ahujas za su kuma tattara sharar gidaje da dama a wurin shakatawa sannan su raba su. Za a mayar da sharar kicin da aka jika ta zama taki yayin da za a ajiye shara kamar busasshiyar jaka kamar polythene.  Wannan aikin bai yi aiki sosai ba amma ya kai ta ga tunanin yin wani abu game da jakunkunan filastik. 

A cikin shekaru biyu da suka biyo baya, Ahuja ta gwada sake amfani da jakunkunan. Ta yi ƙoƙarin haɗa su don ƙirƙirar rufin tarpaulin ga gidajen talakawa. Wani lokaci kuma ta yi ƙoƙarin manna guntun polyethylene a kan zane da kwali. Ta ga cewa ana iya amfani da yadi mai kauri don yin maƙallan alkalami da manyan fayiloli, kuma ta fahimci cewa a ƙarshe ta sami girke-girke mai nasara lokacin da kayayyakinta na gida suka shahara a wani bikin baje kolin da aka yi a ofishin jakadancin Amurka da ke New Delhi . Ta yanke shawarar shiga kayan haɗi. 

Aikin Ahuja ya samar da ayyukan yi ga mutane da yawa marasa galihu kuma ya zama mafita don magance matsalar sharar filastik . Yanzu an faɗaɗa wannan fanni zuwa ƙirƙirar takalma, matashin kai, kayan ado, fitilu, akwatuna da littattafai. 

**Ganewa**

A watan Agusta na 2018, Power Brands ta ba wa Anita Ahuja, Bharatiya Manavata Vikas Puraskar, kyautar saboda ƙoƙarinta na kare duniyarmu da dukkan nau'ikan halittu a cikinta ta hanyar kirkire-kirkirenta - "roba da aka sake yin amfani da ita da hannu" - wanda ba wai kawai zai dakatar da tafiyarmu ta gaggawa zuwa "halakar muhalli ba", har ma zai sanya robobi su zama kayan zamani. 

## Manazarta
Masu kula da Tafkin Manapouri

**Masu Kula da Tafkin Manapouri, Monowai da Te Anau** ƙungiya ce ta doka da aka naɗa don ba da shawarwari ga Ministan Kare Muhalli na New Zealand kan duk wani lamari da ya taso daga tasirin muhalli, muhalli, da zamantakewa na aikin Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Manapouri akan garuruwan Manapouri da Te Anau, Tafkin Manapouri da Tafkin Te Anau da gabar tekunsu, da kuma kogunan da ke gudana a ciki da wajen waɗannan tafkunan, suna mai da hankali musamman kan tasirin aikin akan dabi'un zamantakewa, kiyayewa, nishaɗi, yawon buɗe ido, da ayyukan more rayuwa masu alaƙa. 

Dokar Kare Muhalli ta 1987 ta bayyana ayyuka da ayyukan Masu Kulawa. Tun daga shekarar 1998, dokar ta tanadi cewa dole ne aƙalla Mai Kulawa ɗaya ya zama mutumin da Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu ya zaɓa. 

Kafa Guardians ya kasance sakamakon yakin neman zaben Save Manapouri amma abin mamaki ne. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan babban zaɓen 1972, sabon firayim minista, Norman Kirk, ya kira Alan Mark ya tambaye shi ko zai jagoranci wata ƙungiya wacce rawar da take takawa wajen kare tafkuna ne. Masu gadi shida na farko, kamar yadda Kirk ya zaɓa, duk fitattun shugabannin kamfen ɗin Save Manapouri ne. Mark ya zama shugaban farko kuma ya riƙe wannan muƙamin na tsawon shekaru 26:  

* Alan Mark (shugaba; daga baya aka naɗa shi jarumi)
* Ron McLean
* Wilson Campbell
* Les Hutchins
* John Moore
* Jim McFarlane

Masu gadi na yanzu sune: 

* Darryl Sycamore (shugaba)
* Bill Jarvie
* Dave Riddell
* Dr. Jane Kitson (wakili Ngāi Tahu)
* Madeleine Peacock (mataimakiyar kujera)
* Sandra Cook (wakilin Ngāi Tahu)
* Dr. Sue Bennett
* Tom Ives

## Manazarta
NOE21

**Noé21** (daga French, ma'ana "Sabuwar hanyar tattalin arziki ta ƙarni na 21") ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da aka kafa a shekara ta 2003 kuma tana da hedikwata a Geneva.  Tana haɓaka mafita ga sauyin yanayi.  

Noé21 memba ne na Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Yanayi ta Switzerland,  ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Yanayi (  ), na Majalisar Turai don Tattalin Arziki Mai Inganci a Makamashi, na Ofishin Muhalli na Turai da kuma na Cibiyar Ayyukan Yanayi . Ƙungiyar kuma an amince da ita a cikin Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin Yanayi .

## Ayyuka
Noé21 tana haɓaka sauyin makamashi don yaƙi da sauyin yanayi . Tana kimanta mafita (cibiyar ƙwarewa) kuma tana ba da shawara ga masu yanke shawara ( tankin tunani ), ta hanyar bincike, tarurrukan karawa juna sani, zane-zane a makarantu da kuma tarurrukan jama'a.

Tare da Jam'iyyar Green Party of Switzerland da Greenpeace, Noé21 a halin yanzu tana nazarin samun damar zuwa ga bangaren shari'a don kare yanayi. 

## Manazarta
Kada ku bari Devon ya lalace

**Kada ku bari Devon ya ɓata lokaci yana yaɗawa,** wani shiri ne na wayar da kan jama'a game da sake amfani da sharar gida, wanda ke a gundumar Devon . An ƙirƙiri wannan kamfen a shekarar 2002.

Domin ƙarfafa jama'a su Rage, Sake Amfani, Sake Amfani da Itacen, da kuma Takin da ke cikin gundumar, Kada a bari Devon ya tafi a banza, hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi goma sha ɗaya ne ke ɗaukar nauyinsu, waɗanda suka kafa Ƙungiyar Sake Amfani da Itacen da ke Devon Authority. 

## Nasarar Yaƙin Neman Zaɓe
An samar da tallace-tallace da dama don kamfen ɗin. A shekarar 2008, 'A Fistful of Rubbish', wanda aka watsa a gidajen sinima da tashoshin talabijin na gundumar, ya lashe kyautar Chip Shop ta duniya; Majalisar Gundumar Cumbria kuma ta yi amfani da ita a shekarar 2009.  Peter Richardson na 'The Comic Strip Presents' ne ya jagoranci tallan a madadin hukumar talla ta Exeter, RH.

Talla kuma tana biye da labarin wani labarin spaghetti na yammacin duniya tare da rikicin sake amfani da kayan masarufi wanda ya ƙare da maza biyu suna cire kayansu tsirara suna tura kayansu zuwa bankin sake amfani da kayan. Yayin da suke cire wata tsohuwa da ke wucewa a kan kekenta ta nufi cikin rami. Layin madauri shine "Mai sake amfani da kayan. Ba da shi ba

duk abin da kake da shi."

Shahararru daban-daban, ciki har da Phillipa Forrester, Rik Mayall da marigayi Keith Floyd, sun goyi bayan kamfen ɗin a bainar jama'a, inda Mayall da Floyd suka bayyana a cikin tallace-tallacen talabijin. Na baya-bayan nan shine shigar mai gabatar da Location, Location, Location Kirstie Allsopp, wacce ta zama fuskar kamfen ɗin takin zamani a shekarar 2009. 

## Son Abinci, Ƙin Sharar Gida
Tun daga shekarar 2008, Kada a bar Devon ya yi barna yana tallafawa kamfen ɗin ƙasa na Ƙaunar Abinci Mai Ƙin Kiyayya, wanda Shirin Ayyukan Waste & Resources ya ƙaddamar, don magance matsalar abinci da ake zubarwa a Birtaniya na fam biliyan 11 kowace shekara. 

## Manazarta
Jean-Baptiste Sipido

**Jean-Baptiste Victor Sipido** (20 Disamba 1884 - 20 Agusta 1959 ) ya kasance ɗan ƙasar Belgian ne wanda aka san shi lokacin da shi, a lokacin saurayi ne mai ƙera ƙarfe, ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe Albert Edward, Yarima na Wales (daga baya Edward VII), a tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Brussels-North a Brussels a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 1900 . 

Da yake zargin Yarima da haifar da kisan dubban mutane a lokacin Yaƙin Boer a Afirka ta Kudu, dan shekara goma sha biyar ya tsallake a kan allon ƙafa na ɗakin sarauta kafin jirgin ya bar tashar kuma ya harbe harbi biyu ta taga. Sipido ya rasa kowa da kowa a ciki kuma da sauri ya yi gwagwarmaya zuwa ƙasa.[1]

Cutar ta haifar da mummunar martani daga Burtaniya, tare da shugaban House of Commons, Arthur Balfour, yana kiranta "mummunan rashin adalci".

Sipido ya ƙare rayuwarsa ta aiki a matsayin darektan fasaha da kasuwanci na Janar Society of Belgian Socialist Cooperatives, daga baya ya yi ritaya zuwa Cagnes a Sashen Alpes-Maritimes a Faransa.

## Manazarta
Marcus Sarstrand

**Marcus Sarstrand** (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1978) tsohon dan wasan Tennis ne daga Sweden.

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Rayuwa ta farko
Sarstrand ya fito ne daga Borås kuma ya fara buga wasan tennis yana da shekaru bakwai. Ya yi gasa a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na yara maza a duka Faransa Open da Wimbledon a shekarar 1996. 

### Ayyukan sana'a
A Swedish Open a shekarar 1997, Sarstrand ya damu da Thomas Johansson, wanda ya kasance na 35 a duniya, idan aka kwatanta da matsayinsa na 841. [1] Shekara ce ta farko ta Sarstrand a matsayin dan wasa mai sana'a kuma yana yin sa na farko a cikin babban zane na ATP Tour. Patrik Fredriksson ya kawar da shi a zagaye na biyu.

Ya kuma yi gasa a cikin babban zane na 2003 Swedish Open kuma Tommy Robredo na biyu ya doke shi a zagaye na farko.

### Rayuwa ta mutum
Sarstrand yanzu yana zaune a jihar Carolina ta Kudu ta Amurka. Ya sadu da matarsa Amy Baruch yayin da yake wasa a Spartanburg a 2008 kuma sun yi aure a shekara mai zuwa.

## Manazarta
Kind Direct

Kamfanin **In Kind Direct** wata kungiya ce ta agaji a Burtaniya wadda Sarki Charles III (wanda a lokacin Yariman Wales ne ) ya kafa a shekarar 1996. Wannan kungiya tana rarraba sabbin kayayyaki masu amfani da aka bayar daga masana'antu da dillalai zuwa ga kungiyoyin agaji na Burtaniya da ke aiki a cikin gida da kuma kasashen waje.  Sarki Charles III shine mai tallafawa kamfanin In Kind Direct, kuma shine shugaban kamfanin Rosanne Gray tun daga watan Disamba na shekarar 2019.

## Ayyuka
Kamfanin In Kind Direct yana tattara kayan da aka bayar daga kamfanoni kuma yana rarraba su ga ƙungiyoyin agaji, yana rage kashe kuɗin da suke yi kan muhimman abubuwa. Suna tantance ƙungiyoyi sosai don tabbatar da amfani da kayayyakin yadda ya kamata da kuma hana sake siyarwa. Ƙungiyoyin agaji da ke karɓar gudummawar sun yarda kada su sayar ko su yi ciniki da kayan. A cikin Kind Direct, ana bin diddigin gudummawar kuma ana ba da rahoton tasirin ga abokan hulɗarsu na kamfani da masu ba da tallafi.

## Cibiyar sadarwa ta ƙasa da ƙasa
A shekarar 2013, In Kind Direct ta kasance memba na kafa sabuwar ƙungiyar agaji, In Kind Direct International (IKDI). An kafa IKDI don kafa hanyar sadarwa ta ƙungiyoyin agaji daga ƙasashe da yawa, duk suna rarraba sabbin kayayyaki da aka bayar daga masu ba da gudummawa zuwa ƙungiyoyin agaji, ba ƙungiyoyin riba ba, ƙungiyoyi da kamfanonin zamantakewa. Membobin Cibiyar Sadarwa ta IKDI suna aiki tare don raba bayanai game da gudummawa da kuma raba ilimi da ƙwarewa don ba da damar rarraba kayayyaki ga ƙungiyoyin agaji da masu cin gajiyar su ta hanya mafi inganci. Wannan hanyar sadarwa ta ƙunshi membobi uku : A cikin Kind Direct a Burtaniya, Innatura a Jamus da Dons Solidaires a Faransa. A halin yanzu IKDI tana neman faɗaɗa zuwa Arewacin Turai da Asiya. 

## Manazarta
Gennaro Ruggiero

**Gennaro Ruggiero** (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2000) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Italiya wanda ke buga wa AS Melfi a matakin biyar na Eccellenza . 

## Ayyuka
Dan wasan tsakiya na tsakiya, kuma samfurin sanannen kungiyar matasa ta Naples Mariano Keller, 'yan kallo na Palermo sun hango shi sannan suka sanya hannu a shekarar 2014.

Ya fara buga wasan Jerin A na farko yana da shekaru 17 a ranar 14 ga Mayu 2017, yana buga dukkan wasan gida da Genoa, kuma ya zama dan wasan kwallon kafa na uku da aka haifa daga shekara ta 2000 don yin wasa a saman jirgin Italiya (bayan Moise Kean da Pietro Pellegri). 

An ba da rancensa ga Torino don kakar 2017-18 amma ya kasa yin kowane bayyanar farko a lokacin kakar kuma ya bayyana ne kawai ga ƙungiyar U-19 ta Granata' kafin ya koma Palermo, kuma a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Under-19. [1]

Bayan wani lokaci guda tare da kungiyar Jerin D ta Livorno, kungiyar Jerin D ta Nola ta sanya hannu a matsayin canja wurin kyauta a watan Nuwamba 2020.  A ranar 7 ga watan Agustan 2021, ya koma San Giorgio, wani kulob din Serie D daga yankin Campania. An sake shi a ƙarshen kakar, bayan San Giorgio ya ninka bayan da aka sake shi zuwa Eccellenza.

Bayan ya buga daga Janairu zuwa Yuni 2023 ga 'yan wasan Serie D Real Agro Aversa, an sanar da Ruggiero a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta 2023 a matsayin sabon sa hannun kulob din Jerin C Juve Stabia har zuwa karshen kakar.

## Manazarta
Hukumar Kula da Al'ummomin Karkara

An kafa **Hukumar Al'ummomin Karkara** (CRC) a matsayin wani sashe na Hukumar Kula da Ƙauye ta Ingila a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2005, kuma ta zama hukumar gwamnati mai zaman kanta a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2006, bayan an zartar da Dokar Muhalli ta Halitta da Al'ummomin Karkara ta 2006.   Shugaban hukumar shine Stuart Burgess.

A ranar 29 ga Yuni 2010, sakatariyar Defra Caroline Spelman ta sanar da soke Hukumar a matsayin wani ɓangare na gyare-gyaren quango na Burtaniya na 2010.  An soke ta a hukumance a ranar 31 ga Maris 2013. 

## Manazarta
Taimakon Ceto Duniya

**Help Rescue The Planet** wata ƙungiya ce ta ilimi  da aka keɓe don rage gurɓatar iska da rage sauyin yanayi .  A shekarar 2012 ta shirya taron tattaunawa na St George's House  a Windsor da kuma taron ƙasa da ƙasa kan sauyin yanayi  a Landan. Amintattun sun haɗa da Dr Robin Russell-Jones, Dr Charles Tannock, MEP da Baroness Walmsley.

## Manazarta
Abokan Duniya Scotland

**Abokan Duniya Scotland** ( **FoE Scotland** ) wata ƙungiyar agaji ce ta Scotland kuma memba mai zaman kanta na cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya ta Abokan Duniya ta ƙungiyoyi 73 na muhalli . Tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi 30 na ƙasa da ke wakiltar Abokan Duniya Turai kuma suna haɗa kai a matakin Turai.

FoE Scotland tana da mambobi kimanin mutane 3,000 a Scotland. 

## Tarihi
An kafa ƙungiyar Friends of the Earth ta farko a Scotland a shekarar 1972 kuma an gudanar da taron haɗin gwiwa na farko na dukkan ƙungiyoyin yankin Scotland a shekarar 1977.  A shekarar 1980 ta zama mai zaman kanta bisa doka daga Friends of the Earth Ltd. A shekarar 1982 tana da membobinta kusan 1,200.  An yi wa FoE Scotland rijista a matsayin ƙungiyar agaji tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu 1992, kuma wata ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da aka yi wa rijista da Ofishin Hukumar Kula da Sadaka ta Scottish (OSCR), lambar agaji ta Scotland SC 003442.  FoE Scotland tana aiki daban da Friends of the Earth a Ingila, Wales da Arewacin Ireland (EWNI) .

A shekarar 1991, an naɗa Kevin Dunion a matsayin daraktan su na farko, inda ya bar aiki a shekarar 2003 ya zama Kwamishinan Yaɗa Labarai na Scotland .  An naɗa Richard Dixon Darakta a shekarar 2013.

A shekara ta 2003, Abokan Duniya Scotland sun lashe kyautar "Charity of the Year" ta jaridar *[[The Guardian]]* .  A shekara ta 2021, FoE Scotland ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a martanin ƙungiyoyin farar hula ga Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Yanayi (COP26) da ya zo Glasgow, inda suka taimaka wajen shirya babban gangamin yanayi a Scotland da Birtaniya.

## Yaƙin neman zaɓe na baya

Yaƙin neman zaɓen da ya gabata ya haɗa da:

* *Tsaftace Bankin Royal na Scotland.* An yi kira ga bankunan da aka ceto da kuɗin jama'a da su yi ɗa'a da kuma nuna sanin ya kamata 
* *Dinosaur na Carbon* . FoE Scotland ta jawo hankali ga kasancewar cibiyoyin wutar lantarki mafi gurɓata ta hanyar amfani da kwal a shekarar 2003 
* *Hunterston* . A shekarar 2010 ta yi kamfe a kan shirin gina sabuwar tashar wutar lantarki ta kwal a Hunterston da ke Ayrshire.  A watan Yunin 2012, Ayrshire Power ta janye aikace-aikacenta na tsara birane 
* *Zanga-zangar M74* . FoE Scotland ta shiga cikin zanga-zangar adawa da tsawaita wa'adin M74, inda ta janye karar da ta shigar a shekarar 2006 
* *Kamfanin haƙar ma'adinai na South Harris* . Ya yi yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan wani kamfanin haƙar ma'adinai da aka shirya yi a South Harris tsakanin 1994-2004 
* *Dokokin sauyin yanayi* . FoE Scotland ta yi kira ga Scotland da ta sami ƙaƙƙarfan dokokin sauyin yanayi. Dokar Sauyin Yanayi (Scotland) ta 2009 an ɗauke ta a matsayin babbar hukuma a duniya lokacin da aka zartar da ita 

## Ƙungiyoyin gida
Abokan Duniya Scotland suna da hanyar sadarwa ta ƙungiyoyi goma na gida.  Akwai ƙungiyoyi a Aberdeen, Dumfries, Edinburgh, Falkirk, Fife, Glasgow, Inverness & Ross, Moray, Stirling da Tayside.

## Manazarta
Ƙauyuka Masu Rayuwa

**Living Villages** ƙungiya ce a Burtaniya da aka kafa a shekarar 1993 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Gidauniyar Athena ta Burtaniya (wanda yanzu aka rushe) kuma a matsayin Gidauniyar Living Village Trust a shekarar 1997   ta Carole Salmon da Bob Tomlinson.  Manufofin su ne ƙarfafa ci gaba mai ɗorewa ta hanyar ƙira mai dacewa da ayyukan kasuwanci na ɗabi'a. An gina aikin farko na gidaje biyar masu aminci ga muhalli da ake kira Bells Court a Bishops Castle, Shropshire, UK a shekarar 1997, da kuma unguwa mai gidaje 40 masu muhalli da ake kira The Wintles, wanda kuma yake a cikin Bishops Castle, don nuna cewa sabbin gidaje na iya zama masu kyau ga muhalli, masu kyau da kuma amfani ga al'umma.  

## Tarihi
An kafa Living Villages a shekarar 1993 a matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta, sakamakon amsoshi masu kyau ga shawarar da aka bayar na gina ƙauye mai muhalli bisa ƙa'idodin Permaculture da ƙira da Christopher Alexander 's A Pattern Language ya yi wahayi zuwa gare su.

Sun fara aikin Wintles a shekarar 1999 a matsayin sabuwar unguwa mai tafiya a ƙasa tare da isasshen wadatar kai ga garin Bishops Castle mai fadin eka 17 wanda ya haɗa da gidaje, lambuna na raba, wuraren samar da abinci, dazuzzuka da wuraren more rayuwa waɗanda suka haɗa da gonar lambu mai labyrinth wanda Keith Critchlow ya tsara. Masu zane-zane Pat Borer da David Lee sun yi aiki a kan tsarin farko tare da gudummawar Christopher Alexander da Leon Krier, amma Bob Tomlinson ne ya samar da zane-zane na ƙarshe kuma suka zama samfurin aiki don ƙa'idodin ƙira. Ecostruct sune abokan haɗin ginin. 

A shekara ta 2007, Living Villages ta lashe kyautar Housebuilder of the Year Award don The Wintles. 

Ministan Tsare-tsare Nick Boles ya ambaci Wintles a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin tsare-tsaren gidaje da gwamnatin Burtaniya ta fi so. 

## Manazarta
Leadnow

**Leadnow** (Faransanci:  ) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Kanada mai zaman kanta, mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin 'yan ƙasa, wadda aka kafa a shekarar 2010.  Tana fafutukar ganin an sami adalci, dorewa, da adalci a Kanada, wadda aka gina kuma aka kare ta ta hanyar ikon dimokuraɗiyya na jama'a masu himma.  

Ƙungiyar ta kasance mai adawa da bututun mai na Trans Mountain.  

"Vote Together" shine yakin neman zaben Leadnow na 2015, "aikin zaɓe mafi kyau da aka tsara, tare da sawun kuri'u da dama", a cewar *The Globe and Mail* .  Amara Possian, manajan kamfen na Vote Together, ta shaida wa *jaridar New York Times* a shekarar 2015 cewa "manufar Vote Together ta dogon lokaci ita ce ta sa zaɓen dabaru ya zama tarihi ta hanyar maye gurbin tsarin Kanada na cin nasara-duk-duka".  

Bayan zaɓen 2015, magoya bayan Leadnow sun yi fafutukar sauya tsarin zaɓe daga wanda ya yi nasara zuwa wanda ya yi nasara .  Ba su yi nasara ba lokacin da gwamnatin Liberal ta yi watsi da alƙawarin da ta yi na "tabbatar da cewa 2015 zai zama zaɓen tarayya na ƙarshe da za a gudanar a ƙarƙashin tsarin zaɓen wanda ya yi nasara a baya"  a watan Fabrairun 2017. 

## Manazarta
Daisuke Nakagawa

Daisuke Nakagawa (中川 大輔, Nakagawa Daisuke; an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1968) ɗan wasan shogi ne na Japan wanda ke da matsayi 8-dan . Shi tsohon Daraktan zartarwa ne na Japan Shogi Association .

## Rayuwa ta farko, shagon shogi da koyo
An haifi Daisuke Nakagawa a Sendai, Japan a ranar 13 ga Yuli, 1968.  A matsayinsa na ƙaramin makarantar sakandare, ya lashe gasar   a 1982,  kuma a shekara mai zuwa an yarda da shi a cikin makarantar horar da Japan Shogi Association a matsayin 6-kyū a ƙarƙashin jagorancin ƙwararren shogi Kunio Yonenaga . [1]  An ci gaba da shi zuwa 1-dan a shekarar 1985, kuma an ba shi Cikakken matsayi na ƙwararru da matsayi na 4-dan a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1987.

## Kwararren Shogi

### Tarihin gabatarwa
Tarihin ci gaba Nakagawa kamar haka: 

* 6-kyū: 1983
* 1-dan: 1985
* 4-dan: 19 ga Oktoba, 1987
* 5-dan: Nuwamba 27, 1990
* 6-dan: Yuni 28, 1994
* 7-dan: 20 ga Oktoba, 2000
* 8-dan: Disamba 11, 2009

### Takardun sarauta da sauran gasar
Nakagawa ya lashe gasar zakarun da ba ta da babbar lakabi a lokacin aikinsa: gasar  ta 11 a shekarar 1987. 

### Kyaututtuka da girmamawa
Nakagawa ta sami lambar yabo ta JSA ta "Shogi Honor Fighting-spirit Award" a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2011 don lashe wasanni 600 na hukuma a matsayin ƙwararre.
Gidauniyar Karewa (United Kingdom)

**Gidauniyar Kare Muhalli** wata kungiya ce mai rijista a Burtaniya, wacce David Bellamy  da David Shreeve suka kafa a ranar 5 ga Maris, 1982.  Bellamy ta yi aiki a matsayin shugaban gidauniyar. Tun daga shekarar 2022, Dorothy Harris ce ke shugabantar gidauniyar, kuma David Shreeve ita ce babbar darakta.

## Tarihi
An kafa wannan agajin ne a shekarar 1982,  ta kafa kyautar Ford Conservation Awards a wannan shekarar. Daga baya kyautar Ford Conservation Awards ta bazu zuwa Burtaniya, a duk faɗin Turai, kuma ta ƙare bayan shekaru 18. 

Kyautar Kare Muhalli ta Ford ta yaba wa ayyukan waɗanda suka karɓi kyaututtuka daban-daban, ciki har da shugabannin ƙoƙarin muhalli na gida da kuma masana tarihi na gida. A shekarar 1987, masanin tarihi na gida Daphne Munday ta sami kyautar saboda littafinta *mai suna A Parish Patchwork* wanda ya rubuta tarihin Sandford, Newbuildings, da sauran matsugunan gida a Mid Devon . 

An gabatar da kyaututtukan Ford Conservation Awards na 1999 a gidan namun daji na London ta hannun Yarima Philip . 

A shekarar 2023, Sarki Charles na Uku ya ba wa David Shreeve lambar yabo ta MBE a bikin tunawa da ranar haihuwar Sarki, domin girmama "hidimarsa ga muhalli" ta hanyar gidauniyar.  

## Tsarin gini
Hukumar agajin tana ƙarƙashin jagorancin kwamitin gudanarwa kuma majalisar tana goyon bayanta. Ayyukan ƙungiyar da ke da hedikwata a Royal Geographical Society da ke Kensington, London, galibi suna rufe Birtaniya, amma ayyukan da suka gabata sun shafi ƙasashe a faɗin duniya da kuma kowace nahiya.

## Ayyuka
Gidauniyar tana gudanar da ayyuka da dama don jawo hankalin jama'a game da batutuwan muhalli. Yawancinsu ana yi ne don al'ummomi a faɗin Burtaniya, yayin da wasu kuma ana yin su ne don takamaiman yankuna na Burtaniya ko kuma suna aiki a ƙasashen duniya.

A shekara ta 2000, gidauniyar ta yi aiki tare da Cocin Ingila don dasa bishiyoyin yew a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin yew na millennium .   An dasa kimanin yew 8,000 a cikin kusan cocin Cocin Ingila 7,000. 

A shekarar 2013, aikin gidauniyar Tool Shed ya haɗu da fursunoni mata a HMP Edinburgh don gyara da kuma gyara kayan aikin hannu da aka bayar, waɗanda aka ba makarantu da al'ummomi kyauta a matsayin wani ɓangare na kyautar da aka yiwa lakabi da Great Garden Tool Giveaway. 

A shekarar 2015, ta ƙaddamar da wani kamfen don kiyayewa da kare bishiyoyin yew na Burtaniya tare da Bishop na Salisbury . Kamfen ɗin, We Love Yew, yana da nufin ilmantar da mutane game da tarihin bishiyar yew a Burtaniya, kuma yana ba da bishiyoyin yew ga makarantu da al'ummomi. 

## Tallafin Kuɗi
Ana tallafawa wannan agajin ta hanyar tallafin gwamnati, amintattun agaji da gidauniya, daidaikun mutane, da kuma tallafin kasuwanci ta hanyar ayyukan alhaki na zamantakewa na kamfanoni . Ba ƙungiyar membobinta ba ce.

## Manazarta
Lex Brown (ɗan kasuwa)

**Lex Brown** (an haife shi Maybole, Ayrshire) ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan ƙasar Scotland . Tsohon matukin jirgi mai saukar ungulu na RAF,  ya zo ga jama'a bayan sayen Tioram Castle, a Moidart, don £ 300,000 a shekarar 1997.

Shekaru da yawa na rikice-rikice masu mahimmanci tare da Tarihin Scotland, Majalisar Highland da sauran jam'iyyun da ke da sha'awar,  gami da Binciken jama'a a 2002 da kuma roko ga Gwamnatin Scotland a 2006. Bayan canjin ma'aikata a Tarihin Scotland . ,  Brown ya sabunta tattaunawa tare da HS game da shirye-shiryensa na sakewa da zama a Castle Tioram, kodayake waɗannan har yanzu suna cikin matakin farko. 

Brown ya fi girma a kasashen waje, a Misira da Ghana, inda mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula. Mahaifiyarsa mai Magana da Gaelic, mai suna West Highland ta ba Brown girmamawa ga al'adun sa na tsaunuka.

Bayan shekaru 20 a cikin sojoji, Brown ya yi noma a Loch Lomondside kafin ya yi arziki a cikin jigilar kaya da kasuwancin Binciken mai.

## Duba kuma

* Bronson Conrad

## Manazarta
Louise London

**Louise London** ita ce marubucin littafin *Whitehall and the Jews, 1933-1948: British Shige da Fice Policy, Jewish Refugees and the Holocaust* (2000), wanda aka yaba a matsayin ƙarin ilimi ga sha'awar tarihi a cikin shige da fice na Yahudawa, kuma an zaɓe shi don kyautar Jewish Quarterly-Wingate a 2001.      

An haifi Landan ga 'yan gudun hijirar Yahudawa kuma ta cancanci zama lauya.  Littafinta mai suna *Whitehall and the Jews, 1933-1948*, ya dogara ne akan takardar bincikenta da ta kammala a shekarar 1992 daga Jami'ar Landan . 

## Littattafai da aka zaɓa

### Littattafai

*  

### Labarai

*  
* 
* 

## Manazarta
Cameron Buchanan (ɗan siyasa)

**Cameron Roy Marchand Buchanan** (17 ga Satumba 1946 - 18 ga Yuni 2023) ɗan siyasan Conservative ne na Scotland wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na majalisar dokokin Scotland (MSP) na yankin Lothian daga 2013 zuwa 2016.

## Rayuwa ta farko da aiki
An haifi Cameron Roy Marchand Buchanan a ranar 17 ga Satumba 1946 a Woking, Surrey .  Bayan ya yi karatu a Makarantar St Edward, Oxford da Jami'ar Sorbonne,  Buchanan ya yi aiki a matsayin dan kasuwa na masana'antu kuma yana da manajan darektan mai sayar da kayan ulu Harrisons na Edinburgh kafin ya hau kujerarsa. 

## Ayyukan siyasa
Buchanan ya kasance mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar Conservative Party ta Scotland yayin da yake aiki a tallace-tallace. Ya hau kujerarsa bayan tsohon shugaban Conservative na Scotland David McLetchie ya bar ta saboda mutuwar McLetchie daga ciwon daji a watan Agustan 2013. 

## Rayuwa da mutuwarsa
Buchanan ya zauna a Edinburgh tare da matarsa, Emma, wacce malama ce. Ya mutu a can a ranar 18 ga Yuni 2023, yana da shekaru 76  .

## manazarta
Tarihin baki

**Tarihin baki** shine tattarawa da nazarin bayanan tarihi daga mutane, iyalai, muhimman abubuwan da suka faru, ko rayuwar yau da kullun ta amfani da sauti, bidiyo, ko rubutun tambayoyin da aka shirya. Ana gudanar da waɗannan tambayoyin tare da mutanen da suka halarci ko kuma suka lura da abubuwan da suka faru a baya kuma waɗanda za a adana tunaninsu da fahimtar waɗannan a matsayin rikodin ji ga tsararraki masu zuwa. *Tarihin baki* yana ƙoƙari ya sami bayanai daga ra'ayoyi daban-daban kuma yawancin waɗannan ba za a iya samun su a rubuce-rubuce ba. Tarihin baki kuma yana nufin bayanan da aka tattara ta wannan hanyar da kuma aikin da aka rubuta (wanda aka buga ko wanda ba a buga ba) bisa ga irin wannan bayanan, sau da yawa ana kiyaye shi a cikin ɗakunan ajiya da manyan ɗakunan karatu. Ilimi da aka gabatar ta hanyar tarihin baki na musamman ne saboda yana da ra'ayi, tunani, ra'ayoyi da fahimtar wanda aka yi hira da shi a cikin ainihin tsari.

Ana amfani da kalmar a wasu lokuta a cikin ma'anar gaba ɗaya don komawa ga nazarin bayanai game da abubuwan da suka faru a baya waɗanda shaidu suka gaya wa kowa,  amma ƙwararrun masana tarihi galibi suna ɗaukar wannan a matsayin nazarin al'adar baki ko tarihin baki na gargajiya saboda tushen da ke karɓar bayanin ta hanyar ji.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya
An yi imanin cewa kalmar *Tarihin baki* ta samo asali ne daga Joe Gould, mutumin da ba shi da gida wanda ke zaune a Birnin New York wanda ya nemi gudummawa ta hanyar da'awar cewa yana aiki a kan babban rubutun da ake kira "An Oral History of Our Time", wanda ya ce ya ƙunshi dubban tattaunawar da aka rubuta akan batutuwa daban-daban. Kodayake an san shi da tarihin rashin lafiya da tashin hankali, wasu marubuta a Greenwich Village sun ƙaunaci Gould, gami da Ezra Pound da E. E. Cummings. Rubuce-rubucensa, wanda ake zaton ya fito ne daga wannan "Tarihin Magana", an buga shi a cikin mujallu masu daraja, kuma daga ƙarshe an bayyana shi a cikin The New Yorker . 

## Girma da ci gaba

#### Biritaniya da Ireland
Tun daga farkon shekarun 1970s, tarihin baki a Burtaniya ya girma daga kasancewa hanya a cikin nazarin al'adun gargajiya (duba misali aikin Makarantar Nazarin Scotland a cikin shekarun 1950s) zuwa zama muhimmiyar mahimmanci a cikin tarihin al'umma. Tarihin baki ya ci gaba da kasancewa muhimmiyar hanyar da wadanda ba malamai ba za su iya shiga cikin tattarawa da nazarin tarihi. Masu aiki a cikin fannoni daban-daban na ilimi sun kuma haɓaka hanyar zuwa hanyar yin rikodin, fahimta, da adana abubuwan tunawa. Tasirin ya hada da tarihin mata da tarihin aiki.

## Manazarta
Alice Loane

**Alice Eliza Loane** ta rubuta a matsayin **M. Loane** (23 Oktoba 1863 - 18 Janairu 1922) marubuciya 'yar Birtaniya ce. An san ta da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka yi ruɗi inda aka buga ayyukan haɗin gwiwa na ita da 'yar uwarta a matsayin aikin 'yar uwarta Martha Loane kaɗai. A shekarar 1910 sun yi rashin jituwa kuma Alice ta ƙirƙiri littafi ɗaya tilo da take da sunanta.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Loane a Southsea a shekarar 1863. Babbar 'yar uwarta Martha ta zama ma'aikaciyar jinya kuma a shekarar 1897 labarin farko ya bayyana a cikin *[[Nursing Notes]]* . A cikin shekaru 14 masu zuwa, ƙarin labarai sun bayyana a cikin *Nursing Notes* sannan ta koma zuwa *Evening News* da *The Spectator* . Ta amfani da ƙwarewar haɗin gwiwa da suka samu, ta rubuta littattafan aikin jinya, ciki har da *The District Nurse as Health Missioner* . Ayyukan Alice mafi daraja suna yin sharhin zamantakewa waɗanda suka bayyana talauci a wancan lokacin.  Na farko daga cikin waɗannan, *The Queen's Poor*, an buga shi a shekarar 1905. 

Sun kusa har zuwa shekarar 1910 lokacin da rikidar 'yar uwarta Martha zuwa Katolika ta haifar da katsewa. Lokacin da Alice ta mutu a shekarar 1922, an gano cewa ta rubuta wasiyya ta bar wa 'yar uwarta kadarorinta amma ba a sanya hannu kan wasiyyar ba. Saboda rashin sa hannu, ba a wanke wasiyyarta ba sai bayan shekaru huɗu bayan mutuwar 'yar uwarta.

Loane ya mutu a Clifton a shekarar 1922.

## Ayyuka
An buga waɗannan duka a ƙarƙashin M.Loane ko wani suna makamancin haka amma an danganta su da Alice tare da ra'ayoyin 'yar uwarta bayan sun mutu. 

* *Bayanan Kula da Jinya* tsakanin 1897 da 1907
* *Labaran Maraice* tsakanin 1907 da 1910
* *Mai kallo* tsakanin 1910 da 1911
* *Ma'aikacin Jinya na Gundumar a matsayin Mai Wa'azin Lafiya*
* *Ayyukan Babban Jami'in Kula da Jinya a Ƙaramin Gida ga Ma'aikatan Jinya na Gundumar*
* *Damar da Bazata ta Samu Ba a Aikin Jinya na Gundumar*
* *Bayani Kan Ayyukan Aiki a Ma'aikatan Jinya na Gundumar*, 1904
* *Tsafta Mai Sauƙi*, 1905
* *Darussa Masu Sauƙi na Gabatarwa a Ungozoma*, 1906
* *Talakawar Sarauniya*, 1905 
* *Titin Gaba amma Ɗaya*, 1907 
* *Daga Ra'ayinsu*, 1908
* *Maƙwabta da Abokai*, 1909
* *Gidan Bature*, 1910
* *Ci Gaban da Aka Cika*, 1911
* *Ma'aikatan Jirgin Ruwa* (1912) ita ce kawai rubutu a ƙarƙashin sunanta

## Manazarta
James Caldwell (British politician)

**James Caldwell**, PC (1839-1925)  ɗan kasuwa ne kuma ɗan siyasa na Scotland. Ya yi aiki a matsayin dan majalisa na mazabu biyu, duka biyu a Glasgow.

Dan Findley Caldwell, "mutumin aiki", James Caldwell ya yi aiki a ofishin lauya kafin ya halarci karatun shari'a a Jami'ar Glasgow kuma ya fara kasuwanci a matsayin lauya. Daga nan sai ya shiga wani kamfani na masu buga takardu, inda ya kasance kusan shekaru 20. Ya kasance memba na Royal Faculty of Procurators a Glasgow .

An fara zabarsa ne a Glasgow St Rollox a 1886 a matsayin Liberal Unionist . A lokacin wa'adinsa ya tafi Liberal, kuma a shekara ta 1892 ya tsaya don sake zaben ba a cikin mazabarsa ba amma a Glasgow Tradeston, inda aka kayar da shi.

Daga nan aka zabe shi a matsayin dan majalisa na Liberal na Mid-Lanarkshire a zaben da aka yi a shekara ta 1894,  inda ya yi aiki har zuwa Janairu 1910, lokacin da ya tsaya. Wani sanannen gwani a cikin tsarin majalisa, ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ways and Means da Mataimakin Kakakin Majalisar Dokoki daga 1906 har zuwa 1910. An rantsar da shi a Majalisar Privy a shekarar 1910.

Caldwell ya nuna sha'awar batutuwan ci gaba a cikin Highlands da Islands. A cikin bazara na shekara ta 1889, ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙasar Ross-shire da Lewis don tattara bayanai game da cikas ga ci gaban masana'antar kamun kifi ta Yamma. A kan tafiya daga Inverness zuwa Ullapool, Murdoch Paterson, babban injiniyan kamfanin Highland Railway Company ya kasance tare da shi.

## Manazarta