Babban Masallacin Banten

**Babban Masallacin Banten** masallaci ne mai tarihi a Old Banten,  arewacin Serang, Indonesia. Masallacin ƙarni na 16 yana ɗaya daga cikin ragowar abin da ya rage a da birnin Banten mai tashar jiragen ruwa, cibiyar kasuwanci mafi wadata a cikin tsibiran Indonesia bayan faɗuwar Sultanate na Demak a tsakiyar ƙarni na 16. 

## Tarihi

Babban Masallacin Banten yana nuna zane mai ban mamaki, wanda ke nuna tasirin ƙasashen duniya a Banten a lokacin gina shi a 1552. An gina masallacin a salon Java a zamanin Sultan Maulana Yusuf, Sultan na uku na Banten Sultanate, a Dzulhijjah AH&nbsp;966 (1566)&nbsp;CE). 

An ƙara wani *gida* mai kama da na mutanen Java (zauren gefe, wanda ake amfani da shi don yin sallar mata) a zamanin mulkin Maulana Muhammad (1580–1586). An mayar da shi *baranda* ta kudancin masallacin zuwa kabari mai ɗauke da kaburbura kusan 15. 

A shekara ta 1632, wani An ƙara minaret a cikin ginin masallacin.   ɗan China Cek-ban-cut ne ya tsara minaret ɗin.  A kusan wani lokaci makamancin haka, an ƙara *tiyamah* mai salon Dutch a cikin masallacin bayan ƙirar Hendrik Lucaasz Cardeel, ɗan Holland wanda ya musulunta. 

Tsarin Babban Masallacin Banten yana da tasirin addini da al'adu daga Musulunci, Hindu, Buddha, Sin da kuma Holland. Waɗannan al'adu sun sanya dabi'u da salonsu a kan gine-ginen Babban Masallacin Banten, amma kuma sun haɗu da al'adun Javanese na Indonesia. Misali, akwai haɗin gine-ginen Hindu da Javanese waɗanda suka ƙunshi ginin tubalin Holland. Cardeel ya haɗa da fasalin gine-ginen Baroque na Turai na farko a cikin ƙirarsa na masallacin, wanda galibi ana iya gani a cikin minaret, ginin *tiyamah*, da bangon masallaci.  Wannan ya bambanta Babban Masallacin Banten da sauran masallatan gargajiya a Indonesia, saboda akwai gauraye na al'adu daban-daban da aka haɗa a cikin ƙirar gine-ginensa da abubuwan da ke ciki.

## Gine-gine
Rufin masallacin yana da tsarin rufin pyramidal na gargajiya kamar na masallacin Java na yau da kullun. 

### Tsarin Zane

Kasancewar babban masallacin Banten gari ne mai tashar jiragen ruwa, yana da abubuwan da suka bambanta, waɗanda ke bayyana a cikin sararin da aka rufe na masallacin, minaret, da ginin *tiyamah* . Minaret sanannen alama ce ta Babban Masallacin Banten.  minaret na tubali, tare da  diamita na tushe mai siffar octagon.  Siffar tana kama da gidan haske. Tsarin ginin yana da gaurayen tsarin Mughal na Indiya da kuma kayan ado na candi na da. 

A gefen masallacin akwai wani gini mai hawa biyu da aka gina a salon Dutch na ƙarni na 17. Wannan ginin, wanda aka sani da *tiyamah*, an gina shi bisa umarnin Sultan Haji na Banten kuma wani ɗan ƙasar Holland, Hendrik Lucaasz Cardeel, ya tsara shi. Cardeel ya musulunta, ya zama memba na kotun Banten mai suna Pangeran Wiraguna, kuma ya tsara wannan ginin wanda yanzu yake a gefen kudu maso yammacin Babban Masallaci. Har yanzu ana amfani da shi a matsayin cibiyar nazarin Musulunci.  Ginin *tiyamah* shine inda ake gudanar da tarurrukan zamantakewa, kuma shine kawai masallacin gargajiya a Indonesia wanda ke da irin wannan ginin kusa da shi. An gina ginin *tiyamah* don dacewa da yanayin zafi na Indonesia, wanda ake gani ta hanyar tsarin bene mai buɗewa tare da isasshen iska da haske da kuma ta hanyar fasalulluka waɗanda ke kare ginin kamar rufin da ke da kusurwoyi masu ƙarfi don jure ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Kayan gini sun haɗa da itace, tubali, da tayal. Tagogi da ƙofofi suna da ƙirar layi mai daidaituwa da tsayi. 

Haka kuma a cikin Babban Masallacin Banten akwai ɗakin addu'a na mata, wanda ake kira *[[pewastren]] ,* da kuma kaburbura da dama a cikin ginin masallacin, kamar kabarin Sultan Maulana Hasanuddin da matarsa, Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, da kuma na Sultan Abu Nasir Abdul Qohhar. Saboda an haɗa waɗannan a cikin tsarin masallacin, ginshiƙan masallacin guda 24 ba su kasance a tsakiyar ɗakin ba, kamar yadda aka saba. Ba kamar yawancin masallatan gargajiya waɗanda ke da tushe mai murabba'i ba, Babban Masallacin Banten an gina shi ne a cikin tushe mai kusurwa huɗu. Wannan ya faru ne saboda haɗa *pewastren* da kaburbura.

#### Waje
A cikin wani tsari na yau da kullun na masallacin Java, Babban Masallacin Banten ya ƙunshi babban zauren addu'a da baranda mai rufi ( *serambi* ). Serambi wani tsari ne mai kama da baranda wanda ke ba da hanyar shiga babban zauren addu'a. Babban sallar yana da rufin hawa biyar wanda manyan ginshiƙai huɗu ke tallafawa ( *saka guru* ). An tsara bene uku na sama musamman, yana kama da pagoda na China fiye da rufin gine-ginen Java mai hawa da yawa na yau da kullun. Akwai takaddama kan adadin farko na matakan babban zauren addu'a; zane-zanen birnin a cikin 1596, 1624, 1661 da 1726 ya nuna adadin matakin bai wuce hawa uku ba, yayin da Valentijn (1858) ya ambaci adadin matakin biyar ne kamar yadda yake a yau.  An ƙara baranda mai rufi a cikin babban ginin masallaci, wanda aka gina a gefen arewa da kudu na masallacin.

#### Ciki
Cikin Babban Masallacin Banten ba shi da ado ko rikitarwa sosai domin babu zane-zanen rubutu ko na ado. Abubuwan ado kawai ake samu a wuraren da iska ke shiga, inda akwai siffofi na geometric. Wannan salon zane mai sauƙi na ciki yayi kama da na Masallacin Pecinan Tinggi, masallaci ga al'ummar Sinawa na Indonesia.

Akwai babban tasirin addinin Buddha a cikin ginshiƙan ginshiƙan masallacin. Siffar da'ira da siffar zane mai siffar lotus da ke sama da ƙasan kowane ginshiƙi sun fito ne daga tsarin al'adun Sinawa, wanda ke da tasirin addinin Buddha. Wannan siffar zagaye mai zagaye tana kawo daidaito ga masallacin, domin tana wakiltar daidaiton dukkan ƙarfi da ƙarfi. Bugu da ƙari, an gano cewa wannan cikakken zane na lotus ya dace da matakan sulhu na Buddha, wanda aka sani da matakai sittin. Ana ganin wannan jituwa ta hanyar ginshiƙai a matsayin wurin da addu'o'in da ke faruwa a cikin masallacin, ƙarfinsu yana tafiya sama da ginshiƙan zuwa mafi girman wurin masallacin. 

## Ayyukan zamantakewa a cikin Masallacin Masallacin
Akwai manyan wurare uku na Babban Masallacin Banten: Babban Masallaci, ginin *tiyamah*, da kuma yankin makabarta. Ginin *tiyamah* ya kasance wuri ne na tarurrukan zamantakewa yayin da makabartar ta kasance al'adar al'adu wadda ke ɗauke da kaburburan sarakuna. Makabartar ta fi tasiri a kan ayyukan zamantakewa da al'adu da ke faruwa a cikin Masallacin. Yawancin baƙi na Babban Masallacin sun kasance a wurin da nufin ziyartar kaburburan Sultan Maulana Hasanuddin da iyalansa.  Wannan ya rinjayi nau'in ayyukan gargajiya da ake gudanarwa a yankin.

An gina Babban Masallacin Banten da farko don ya zama wurin da Musulmai za su iya biyan buƙatunsu na addini da kuma gudanar da ayyukan addini. Dangane da buƙatun ƙarin koyo game da Musulunci, Indonesia kuma tana da karuwar yawan Musulmi da suka tuba. Iri-iri da wanzuwar tsarin gine-gine waɗanda ke nuni da musayar al'adu da sauran addinai, gami da Buddha da Hindu da aka gani a Babban Masallacin Banten, an yi nufin su nuna wannan haɗuwa. 

## Manazarta