Washington Allston

**Washington Allston** ARA (5 ga Nuwamba, 1779 &#x2013; 9 ga Yuli, 1843) ɗan Amurka ne mai zane kuma mawaƙi, wanda aka haifa a Waccamaw Parish, South Carolina . Allston ya fara aikin zane-zanen shimfidar wuri na Amurka na soyayya. An san shi sosai a lokacin rayuwarsa saboda gwaje-gwajensa da abubuwan ban mamaki da kuma amfani da launin haske da yanayi mai ƙarfi. Duk da cewa ayyukansa na farko sun mayar da hankali kan manyan abubuwa da ban mamaki na yanayi, ayyukansa na baya suna wakiltar hanyar tunani da hangen nesa mafi zurfi. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa

An haifi Allston a gonar shinkafa a Kogin Waccamaw kusa da Georgetown, South Carolina . Mahaifiyarsa Rachel Moore ta auri Kyaftin William Allston a shekarar 1775, kodayake mijinta ya mutu a shekarar 1781, jim kaɗan bayan Yaƙin Cowpens .  Moore ya sake yin aure da Dr. Henry C. Flagg, ɗan wani attajiri ɗan kasuwan jigilar kaya daga Newport, Rhode Island . 

An naɗa shi don girmama babban janar na juyin juya halin Amurka,  Washington Allston ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Harvard a 1800 kuma ya koma Charleston, South Carolina, na ɗan lokaci kafin ya yi tafiya a jirgin ruwa zuwa Ingila a watan Mayu 1801.  An shigar da shi Makarantar Royal Academy da ke Landan a watan Satumba, lokacin da mai zane Benjamin West yake shugaban ƙasa a lokacin. 

Daga 1803 zuwa 1808, ya ziyarci manyan gidajen tarihi na Paris sannan, tsawon shekaru da dama, na Italiya, inda ya haɗu da Washington Irving a Rome  da Coleridge, abokinsa na tsawon rai. A 1809, Allston ya auri Ann Channing, 'yar'uwar William Ellery Channing .  Samuel FB Morse yana ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban fasaha na Allston kuma ya raka Allston zuwa Turai a 1811. Bayan ya yi tafiya a duk faɗin yammacin Turai, Allston ya zauna a Landan, inda ya sami suna da kyaututtuka saboda hotunansa.

Allston shi ma marubuci ne da aka buga littattafai. A Landan a shekarar 1813, ya buga littafin *The Sylphs of the Seasons, with Other Poems*, wanda aka sake bugawa a Boston, Massachusetts, daga baya a wannan shekarar.  Matarsa ta rasu a watan Fabrairun 1815, wanda ya bar shi cikin baƙin ciki, kaɗaici, da kuma kewar gida ga Amurka. 

A shekara ta 1818, ya koma Amurka ya zauna a Cambridge, Massachusetts, tsawon shekaru ashirin da biyar. An zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekara ta 1826.  Shi ne kawun masu fasaha George Whiting Flagg da Jared Bradley Flagg, waɗanda dukkansu suka yi karatun zane a ƙarƙashinsa.

Nunin farko na ayyukan Allston na Amurka ya kasance a shekarar 1827 lokacin da aka nuna zane-zanensa goma sha biyu a Boston Athenæum .  Allston ya kuma nuna zane-zane guda biyar a Kwalejin Zane ta Ƙasa, amma wannan adadi ya yi ƙasa idan aka yi la'akari da matsayinsa a cikin al'ummar fasaha ta lokacin. An sassaka zane-zanensa guda huɗu kuma an buga su a cikin littattafan kyaututtuka na shekara-shekara *na The Atlantic Souvenir* da *The Token* a shekarun 1820 da 30. Daga cikinsu akwai *Moonlight* da *The Mother and Child*, wanda Allston ya ɗauka a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ayyukansa. 

A shekara ta 1830, Allston ya auri Martha Remington Dana ('yar Babban Alkali Francis Dana ), 'yar'uwar marubuci Richard Henry Dana Sr .; Dana 'yar'uwar matar Allston ta farko ce.

A shekara ta 1841, ya buga *Monaldi,* wani labari na soyayya da ke kwatanta rayuwar Italiya, kuma a shekara ta 1850, wani littafi na *Lakcocinsa kan Fasaha, da Waƙoƙi* .  Ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru kan abin da ya yi hasashen zai zama babban aikinsa: wani zane mai suna *Belshazzar's Bikin* ; ya mutu kafin ya gama shi. 

Allston ya mutu a ranar 9 ga Yuli, 1843, yana da shekaru 63. An binne Allston a Dandalin Harvard, a Tsohon Filin Binnewa tsakanin Cocin Farko da Cocin Kristi .

## Ganewa
A wani lokacin ana kiran Allston da "American Titian " saboda salon sa ya yi kama da manyan masu fasaha na Renaissance na Venetian a cikin nuna bambancin launuka masu ban mamaki. Ayyukansa sun yi tasiri sosai ga ci gaban zanen shimfidar wuri na Amurka. Haka kuma, jigogin zane-zane da yawa an ɗauko su ne daga adabi, musamman labaran Littafi Mai Tsarki. 

Samuel Taylor Coleridge ya yaba wa baiwar fasaharsa, kuma Ralph Waldo Emerson ya yi tasiri sosai a zane-zanensa da waƙoƙinsa, haka ma Margaret Fuller da Sophia Peabody, matar Nathaniel Hawthorne .  Mai suka kuma edita mai tasiri , Rufus Wilmot Griswold, ya sadaukar da sanannen littafinsa mai suna *The Poets and Poetry of America* ga Allston a shekarar 1842.  Mawaki Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, shekaru 17 bayan mutuwar Allston, ya rubuta cewa: "Mutum ɗaya zai iya yin zaki a kowane lokaci. Ba na taɓa wucewa ta Cambridge Port ba tare da tunanin Allston ba. Tunawa da shi shine quince a cikin aljihun tebur kuma yana turare yanayi." 

Mai zane-zane na Boston William Morris Hunt mai sha'awar ayyukan Allston ne, kuma a shekarar 1866 ya kafa Allston Club a Boston, kuma a cikin azuzuwan fasaha nasa ya bai wa ɗalibansa iliminsa game da dabarun Allston.  Mai suka na zamani James Miller na wannan birni yana girmama shi sosai, yana cewa, "Yana aiki a manyan fannoni na fasaha." Wani mai suka na zamani, John Neal na *The Yankee*, ya ji cewa Allston yana da baiwar da ba a iya fahimta ba: "Ilimin Mr. Allston haɗin kai ne na jarumtaka da kyau", amma duk da haka ba shi da "irin wannan sha'awar ciki wanda ke haskakawa zuwa ƙonewa kwatsam, duk lokacin da aka yi farin ciki ko aka fusata." Duk da haka, masanin tarihi David S. Lovejoy ya yi wa Allston hukunci "babu shakka mafi kyawun mai zane-zanen soyayya na Amurka". 

Kamus na Turanci na Oxford ya ambaci Allston a matsayin wanda ya fara amfani da kalmar Manufacturing Correlative a shekarar 1850. Kalmar, wadda daga baya TS Eliot ya shahara a cikin kasidar Hamlet (1919), tana nufin tarin abubuwa, yanayi, jerin abubuwan da za su zama dabarar wani motsin rai na musamman; ta yadda idan aka bayar da gaskiyar waje, wadda dole ne ta ƙare a cikin ƙwarewar ji, za a tayar da motsin rai nan take.

An sanya wa unguwar Allston da ke yammacin Boston, Massachusetts suna, kamar yadda ake yi wa Allston Way, a unguwar "Poets Corner" da ke Berkeley, California.


Fayil:Storm_Rising_at_Sea.jpg|alt=Storm Rising at Sea, 1804, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts| *Guguwa Mai Tasowa a Teku*, 1804, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha Mai Kyau, Boston, Massachusetts
Fayil:Moonlit_Landscape.jpg|alt=Moonlit Landscape, 1809, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts| *Tsarin shimfidar wuri na Moonlit*, 1809, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha Mai Kyau, Boston, Massachusetts
Fayil:Allston,_Washington_-_Coast_Scene_on_the_Mediterranean,_oil_on_canvas,_1811.jpg|alt=Coast Scene on the Mediterranean, 1811, Columbia Museum of Art, Columbia, South Carolina| *Wurin Bahar Rum a Bahar Rum, 1811, Gidan Tarihi* na Fasaha na Columbia, Columbia, South Carolina
Fayil:1811_PoorAuthor_RichBookseller_byWashingtonAllston_MFABoston.jpeg|alt=The Poor Author and the Rich Bookseller, 1811| *Marubuci Matalauci kuma Mai Sayar da Littattafai Masu Arziki*, 1811
Fayil:Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge_by_Washington_Allston_retouched.jpg|alt=Samuel Taylor Coleridge, 1814, Dove Cottage, Wordsworth Museum, Grasmere, England| *Samuel Taylor Coleridge*, 1814, Dove Cottage, Gidan Tarihi na Wordsworth, Grasmere, Ingila
Fayil:1815_DonnaMencia_byWashingtonAllston_MFABoston.jpeg|alt=Donna Mencia in the Robber's Cavern, 1815| *Donna Mencia a cikin Kogon 'Yan Fashi*, 1815
Fayil:Washington_Allston_-_Hermia_and_Helena_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|alt=Hermia and Helena, (from A Midsummer Night's Dream) from c. 1818| *Hermia da Helena*, (daga A Midsummer Night's Dream ) daga kimanin 1818
Fayil:1819_Beatrice_byWashingtonAllston_MFABoston.jpeg|alt=Beatrice, 1819, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston| *Beatrice*, 1819, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha Mai Kyau, Boston
Fayil:1831_SpanishGirl_byWashingtonAllston_MMA.jpg|alt=The Spanish Girl in Reverie, 1831| *Yarinyar Sifaniya a Reverie*, 1831
Fayil:Two_Artists_in_the_Old_Library,_Washington_Allston's_Picture,_'Jacob's_Dream',_Hanging_over_the_Fireplace_('The_Artist_and_the_Amateur').jpeg|alt=Two Artists in the Old Library, Washington Allston's Picture, 'Jacob's Dream', Hanging over the Fireplace ('The Artist and the Amateur'), J. M. W. Turner, 1827| *Masu Zane Biyu a Tsohon Laburare, Hoton Washington Allston, 'Mafarkin Yakubu', Rataye a Kan Murhu ('Mai Zane da Mai Son')*, JMW Turner, 1827
Fayil:William_Ellery_Channing_by_Allston.jpg|alt=Portrait of William Ellery Channing| *Hoton William Ellery Channing*
Fayil:Washington_Allston,_American_-_Scene_from_Shakespeare's_"The_Taming_of_the_Shrew"_(Katharina_and_Petruchio)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|alt=Scene from Shakespeare's "The Taming of the Shrew" (Katharina and Petruchio)| *Wani ɓangare daga littafin Shakespeare mai suna "The Taming of the Shrew"* (Katharina da Petruchio)


## Ƙarin ayyuka
 

* *Tsarin Yanayi bayan Faɗuwar Rana*, kimanin 1819, Gidan Tarihi na Corcoran, Washington, DC

## Manazarta