Shockoe Ƙarƙashin Kabari na Afirka

Gidan binnewar Shockoe Bottom African, wanda aka sani a tarihi a matsayin "Gidan binnewar Negroes" da kuma "tsohuwar ƙasar Powder Magazine", shine mafi tsufa daga cikin wuraren binnewar birni guda biyu da aka kafa don binne 'yanci masu launi da kuma bayi a birnin Richmond, Virginia. Tana a 1554 E Broad St. (wani adireshin 1520 E Marshall St.), a fadin shafin yanar gizon Lumpkin's Jail, a Shockoe Bottom . Yankin da yanzu ake kira Shockoe Bottom, an san shi da Shockoe Valley. Gidan binnewar Afirka na biyu na Richmond, wanda ake kira Shockoe Hill African Burying Ground shine mafi girma daga cikin wuraren binnewa guda biyu, kuma yana da mil da rabi a 1305 N 5th St, a kan Shockoe Hills.

## Tarihi
An yi tunanin cewa an kafa Gidan Kabari na Shockoe Bottom na Afirka tun farkon 1750, duk da haka takardar ƙasa don dukiyar tana tallafawa kafawar 1799 .   An rufe shi don sabon binnewa a cikin 1816 a lokacin bude Shockoe Hill African Burying Ground (Richmond's 2nd African Burial Ground) wanda ke 1305 N 5th St.

A cikin shekara ta 1799, birnin Richmond ya sami sassan ƙasa guda biyu don kafa wuraren binnewar birni. An sayi wani makirci na 28 1/2-acre a arewacin Shockoe Hill, wanda ke kan iyaka tsakanin birni da Henrico County, da farko don binne fararen mutane, da sauran dalilai.[1] An sanya karamin yanki a cikin Shockoe Valley (wanda aka fi sani da Shockoe Bottom) don binne mutanen Black. An kira wannan a matsayin "Gundumar Kabari ga Negroes" a kan Shirin 1809 na Birnin Richmond na Richard Young, kuma yanzu an gane shi a matsayin Gidan Kabari na Shockoe Bottom African . [2] Wannan shafin daga baya ya zama wurin da aka rataye birnin bayan 1804 kuma, bisa ga shirin 1809, ya ƙunshi mujallar foda. A cikin wannan shekarar, 1799, birnin ya kara kuri'u biyu don binne fararen fata a Cocin St. John.[3]￼

Bayan sake gano Shockoe Bottom African Burial Ground ta Elizabeth Kambourian a cikin shekarun 1990, an fara imanin cewa shi ne shafin da Gabriel, shugaban shirin tawaye na bayi 1800 (wanda aka sani da Gabriel's Rebellion ko Gabriel's Conspiracy), da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa aka kashe kuma aka binne su. Koyaya, binciken da ya biyo baya ya nuna cewa waɗannan kisa sun faru ne a wurare daban-daban (s).   Gabriel da mabiyansa da aka kashe a cikin birni an ruwaito su ne a rataye su a kan Gallows Hill, a "wurin da aka saba da shi" kusa da tsakiya na 1st Street da Canal Street, wanda shine wurin al'ada na kisa a wannan lokacin. Wani labarin jarida na 1871, wanda aka nuna a shafin farko na Daily Dispatch, ya bayyana cewa an binne Gabriel da sauran da ke cikin tayar da kayar baya a cikin wani wuri na binnewa da farko ga baƙar fata da ke haɗe da "tsohuwar Ikilisiyar Baptist". Wannan coci, wanda aka kafa shi ne a matsayin Richmond Baptist Church (yanzu First Baptist Church) a cikin 1780, yana da gidan taro na asali a gefen arewacin Cary Street, kusa da kusurwar arewa maso gabashin Cary da Second Streets. Wani sashi na dukiyar da ke da alaƙa da cocin, musamman Lot # 659 a kusurwar Cary da 3rd Streets, daga baya Col. John Coke ne ya mallake shi.   Rashin mutum da aka gano yayin gina gidan Col. Coke a wannan ɓangaren Lot # 659 a cikin 1871 ya haifar da hasashe a cikin labarin jarida cewa waɗannan na iya zama ƙasusuwan Jibra'ilu, Sulemanu, da Bitrus, saboda an bayyana cewa an binne su a cikin "tsohuwar Ikilisiyar Baptist" da ke da tubalan da ke nesa da wurin kisa.

An kafa Gidan binnewa na Negroes (yanzu Shockoe Bottom African Burial Ground) tare da Shockoe Creek, amma wurinsa bai dace da binnewa ba. Kowane ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya haifar da rushewa, yana wanke gawawwakin cikin rafin. Christopher McPherson, wanda a baya ya zama bautar 'yanci mai launi, ya bayyana yanayin ƙalubale a cikin littafinsa, A Short History of the Life of Christopher McPherson, Alias Pherson, Son of Christ, King of Kings and Lord of Lords. Ya ƙunshi tarin takaddun shaida, wasiƙu, da sauransu. Shi da kansa ne ya rubuta shi, wanda aka buga a 1811 kuma aka sake bugawa a 1855.  McPherson ya rubuta kuma ya rarraba takarda ga Majalisar Birnin Richmond yana neman sabon wurin binnewa ga 'yanci masu launin fata a Richmond. Wannan ya haifar da kafa sabbin wuraren binnewa guda biyu a kan Shockoe Hill a cikin 1816: Gidan binnewa don 'yanci na launi da Gidan binnewar Negroes (bautar). Wadannan yanzu suna daga cikin Shockoe Hill African Burying Ground. Bayan bude wuraren binnewar Shockoe Hill, an rufe filin binnewar Shoccoe Bottom African don sabon binnewa kuma an sake amfani da shi, wanda ya haifar da lalata kaburbura. An gina Makarantar Lancastrian a shafin a cikin 1816, kuma an gina kurkukun birni a can daga baya. Gidan binnewa ya ɓace daga wuri mai ganuwa da kuma ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Masanin tarihin yankin Elizabeth Kambourian ya sake gano shi a taswirar a cikin shekarun 1990. Kimanin a shekara ta 2004, Jami'ar Commonwealth ta Virginia (VCU) ta sami shafin Shockoe Bottom, sannan filin ajiye motoci. Wannan saye ya haifar da gwagwarmaya da kafa kungiyoyi irin su Sacred Ground Historical Reclamation Project .  Shirin Tarihin Tarihi Mai Tsarki yana ba da shawara don sake farfadowa da kuma kula da shi da kyau na Shockoe Bottom African Burial Ground . 

## Bikin Tunawa
Sanarwar jama'a game da Shockoe Bottom African Burial Ground, wanda aka rufe shi da asphalt, ya fara ne a lokacin Juneteenth na Elegba Folklore Society, A Freedom Celebration a 2002 ko kuma a baya. Wannan bikin a kowace shekara yana gane tarihin da muhimmancin Trail of Enslaved Africans da Shockoe Bottom African Burial Ground. Bugu da ƙari, Elegba Folklore Society tana jagorantar yawon shakatawa na tarihin al'adu wanda ya haɗa da "godiya" ga wannan wurin binnewa.

The Sacred Ground Historical Reclamation Project, wani aikin masu kare 'yanci, adalci da daidaito, suna karbar bakuncin taron al'umma na shekara-shekara, wanda aka sani da Gabriel Gathering, kowane Oktoba a Shockoe Bottom African Burial Ground. Wannan taron ya gane Jibra'ilu, babban mutum a cikin tawaye na bayi na 1800, kuma yana tunawa da wadanda ke da hannu. Masu halarta kuma suna mai da hankali kan fassara tarihin shafin da kuma ba da shawara don farfadowa da tunawa da Shockoe Bottom, suna nuna muhimmancin tarihi a matsayin cibiyar cinikin bayi na cikin gida na Amurka.

Kokarin da ake ci gaba don tunawa da fassara tarihin Shockoe Bottom African Burial Ground yanzu yana daga cikin aikin Shockoe, wani shiri da aka yi niyyar ƙirƙirar cikakken tarihin tarihi a cikin kwarin Shockoe don gane tarihin 'yan Afirka masu bautar bayi da' yan Afirka. Gidan binnewa, wanda aka manta da shi, yanzu shine mayar da hankali ga kokarin kiyayewa.

A ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2024 a taron Gabriel na shekara-shekara na 22, an bayyana wani Tarihin Tarihin Hanyar don Gidan Kabari na Afirka na Shockoe Bottom, Kabari na Farko na Afirka na Richmond. Ma'aikatar Bayanai ta Tarihi ta Virginia (DHR) ce ta dauki nauyin alamar.

## Bambancin wuraren binnewa
Akwai wuraren binnewa da yawa a Richmond, Virginia, da ke da alaƙa da tarihin Afirka ta Afirka ta gari. Wadannan shafuka sun bambanta a wurin su, tarihi, da kuma halin yanzu:

* Tsohon Cocin Baptist Burying Ground (mai aiki a kusa da 1780-1802) wanda ke da alaƙa da Ikilisiyar Baptist ta Richmond a kan titin Cary, wannan shafin ya riga ya wuce wuraren binnewar birni kuma an yi amfani da shi ga bayi da 'yan Black. Daga baya aka haɓaka shi kuma yanzu shafin da ba a ganuwa ne a kan dukiyar masu zaman kansu.

* Shockoe Bottom African Burial Ground (mai aiki 1799-1816) wanda ke cikin Shockoe Boottom (a tarihi Shockoe Valley), a fadin shafin yanar gizon Lumpkin's Jail, wannan shine mafi tsufa daga wuraren binnewa guda biyu, mai aiki daga 1799 zuwa 1816. 

* Shockoe Hill African Burying Ground (mai aiki 1816-1879) wanda ke kan Shockoe Hills, an kafa shi a 1816 a matsayin maye gurbin wurin binne Shockoe Bottom. An kiyasta cewa yana dauke da mutane sama da 22,000, yana mai da shi mafi girman wurin binnewa da aka sani ga 'yanci masu launi da kuma bayi a Amurka. Ƙalubalen kiyayewa da ke fuskantar Shockoe Hill African Burying Ground an nuna su ta hanyar ƙaddamarwar Hukumar Kula da Jirgin ƙasa ta Tarayya (FRA) cewa aikin jirgin ƙasa mai saurin gudu na DC2RVA da aka tsara zai sami "matsananciyar sakamako" a shafin, yana nuna rikitarwa da ke tattare da kare waɗannan wuraren tarihi. [

## Manazarta