open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Dutsen Cleveland

**Cleveland Peak** yana da  taron dutse a Saguache County, Colorado, Amurka.

## Bayani
Cleveland Peak an saita shi a cikin Sangre de Cristo Range wanda yanki ne na tsaunin Rocky .  Dutsen yana kan iyakar Sangre de Cristo Wilderness da Great Sand Dunes National Park da Preserve .  Ruwan hazo daga tsaunukan gabas na tsaunin ya gangara zuwa Sand Creek, gangaren yamma ya ratsa cikin kogin Pole da Deadman, kuma duka ukun suna kwarara cikin kwarin San Luis . Taimakon Topographic yana da mahimmanci yayin da taron ya tashi  sama da Tekun Deadman a cikin mil ɗaya da rabi (0.8&nbsp;km) kuma kusan  sama da Sand Creek a cikin  . Hukumar Kula da Sunayen Ƙasa ta Amurka ta karɓi sunan dutsen a hukumance. 

## Yanayi
Bisa ga tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, Cleveland Peak yana da yanayi mai tsayi tare da sanyi, lokacin sanyi, da sanyi zuwa lokacin zafi.  Saboda tsayinsa, yana samun hazo duk shekara, kamar dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin sanyi da kuma kamar tsawa a lokacin rani, tare da lokacin bushewa a ƙarshen bazara. Masu hawan hawa za su iya tsammanin ruwan sama da rana, ƙanƙara, da walƙiya daga damina ta yanayi a ƙarshen Yuli da Agusta.

## Gallery

Fayil:Fresh_Snow_on_Cleveland_Peak_above_Dunes_(29624879951).jpg|alt=Cleveland Peak and Great Sand Dunes| Cleveland Peak da Great Sand dunes
Fayil:Dunes_and_Cleveland_Peak_(51265736844).jpg|alt=Cleveland Peak and Great Sand Dunes| Cleveland Peak da Great Sand dunes
Fayil:Dunes_and_Cleveland_Peak_(30517214603).jpg|alt=Great Sand Dunes and Cleveland Peak| Babban Sand dunes da Cleveland Peak
Fayil:Dune_and_Cleveland_Peak_at_Sunset_-_Flickr_-_Great_Sand_Dunes_National_Park_and_Preserve.jpg|alt=Cleveland Peak at sunset| Cleveland Peak a faɗuwar rana
Fayil:Lenticular_Cloud_over_Dunes_and_Cleveland_Peak_(51103389272).jpg|alt=Lenticular cloud over Cleveland Peak at sunset| Gajimare na Lenticular akan Cleveland Peak a faɗuwar rana
Fayil:Cleveland_Peak_and_Great_Sand_Dunes_National_Monument_&_Reserve.jpg|alt=Cleveland Peak centered and the Crestones to the left| Cleveland Peak yana tsakiya da Crestones zuwa hagu
Fayil:Gold_Aspens_and_Cottonwoods_around_the_Dunes_(52422434922).jpg|alt=Great Sand Dunes and Cleveland Peak| Babban Sand dunes da Cleveland Peak
Fayil:Pronghorn_in_Grasslands_(47074510254).jpg|alt=Cleveland Peak to right and the Crestones to the left| Cleveland Peak zuwa dama da Crestones zuwa hagu


## Manazarta
Dutsen Cross (Colorado)

**Cross Mountain** taro ne  akan iyakar Dolores da San Miguel County, a Colorado, Amurka.

## Bayani
Cross Mountain yana da  kudu maso yamma na al'ummar Telluride a cikin Lizard Head Wilderness, a ƙasar da Uncompahgre National Forest da San Juan National Forest ke gudanarwa. Tana yamma da Rarraba Nahiyar a cikin tsaunin San Juan waɗanda yanki ne na tsaunin Rocky .Ruwan hazo daga gangaren kudu da dutsen ya gangaro zuwa kogin Dolores ta hanyar Slate Creek, yayin da gangaren arewa ke magudawa zuwa kogin San Miguel ta hanyar Bilk Creek. Taimakon Topographic yana da matsakaici yayin da taron ya tashi  sama da Slate Creek a cikin  . Hawan taron kolin ya ƙunshi tafiya  tare da tsayin ƙafa 2,663 na haɓaka daga Cross Mountain Trailhead tare da Babbar Hanya 145. Hukumar {asar Amirka ta kar~i sunan saman dutsen a hukumance akan Sunayen Geographic. 

## Yanayi
Bisa ga tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, Cross Mountain yana da yanayi mai tsayi tare da sanyi, lokacin sanyi, da sanyi zuwa lokacin zafi.  Saboda tsayinsa, yana samun hazo duk shekara, kamar dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin sanyi da kuma kamar tsawa a lokacin rani, tare da lokacin bushewa a ƙarshen bazara. Masu hawan hawa za su iya tsammanin ruwan sama da rana, ƙanƙara, da walƙiya daga damina ta yanayi a ƙarshen Yuli da Agusta.

## Manazarta
Dutsen Baker (Colorado)

**Baker Mountain** babban taron tsaunuka ne  a Grand County, Colorado, Amurka.

## Bayani
Dutsen Baker shine kololuwar 15th-mafi girma na Dutsen Lokacin bazara waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin tsaunukan Rocky .  Dutsen yana kan iyakar yammacin Dutsen Rocky National Park kuma gefen yamma na kololuwar yana cikin jejin Ba lokacin bazara, a ƙasar dajin Arapaho na ƙasa . Ruwan hazo daga gangaren dutsen yana magudawa zuwa magudanar ruwa na kogin Colorado sai dai wani yanki da Grand Ditch ke karkatar da shi. Taimakon yanayi yana da mahimmanci yayin da taron ya tashi  sama da kwarin Kawuneeche a cikin  da  sama da Baker Gulch a cikin mil 0.6 (1)&nbsp;km).

## Tarihi
Ana kiran dutsen don John R. Baker wanda ya fara hawan dutsen a cikin 1875.  Dutsen dutsen ya kasance a hukumance a shekara ta 1932 Hukumar Amurka kan Sunayen Geographic Names,   kuma mai suna tare da Baker Gulch wanda aka ruwaito a cikin wallafe-wallafe tun aƙalla 1906. 

## Yanayi
Dangane da tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, Dutsen Baker yana cikin yankin yanayi mai tsaunuka mai tsayi tare da sanyi, lokacin sanyi, da sanyi ga lokacin zafi.  Saboda tsayinsa, yana samun hazo duk shekara, kamar dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin sanyi, da kuma kamar tsawa a lokacin rani, tare da lokacin bushewa a ƙarshen bazara.

## Gallery

Fayil:Baker_Mountain_RMNP_CO.jpg|alt=Southeast aspect| bangaren kudu maso gabas
Fayil:Baker_Mountain_and_Mt._Stratus.jpg|alt=Baker Mountain (left) and Mt. Stratus| Dutsen Baker (hagu) da Mt. Stratus


## Manazarta
Dutsen Hallett

**Hallett Peak** ( Arapaho : ***Bonoh'oooonoteyoo*** ') babban koli ne na tsaunuka a Arewacin Gaban Gaban Dutsen Rocky na Arewacin Amurka .  kololuwa yana cikin Dutsen Dutsen National Park Wilderness,  kudu maso yamma ta yamma ( mai ɗauke da 240°) na Garin Estes Park, Colorado, Amurka, akan Rarraba Nahiyar tsakanin Grand da Larimer County .    

## Dutsen
Hallett Peak yana kan Rarraba Nahiyar, gefen Flattop Mountain zuwa arewa da Otis Peak a kudu. Kawai zuwa gabas ɗinsa yana kwance tafkin Emerald, tafkin Dream, da tafkin Nymph, samun damar zuwa wanda yawanci yake daga tashar Ta'aziyyar Tekun Bear .  

*Hanyar Northcutt-Carter* na Hallett Peak an gane shi a cikin rubutun hawan tarihi *na hawan hamsin hamsin na Arewacin Amirka* .   Masu hawan dutsen da ba fasaha ba na iya isa kololuwar Hallett Peak ta hanyar hawan Tudun Flattop zuwa babban wurinsa, sannan su yi tafiya kudu tare da tudu da hawan kololuwar kan tulin talus.

## Etymology
Sunan dutsen don William L. Hallett (1856-1947), fitaccen mai hawan dutse kuma ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Ƙungiyar Dutsen Rocky .  Hallett ya isa yankin Estes Park a matsayin matashin injiniya mai horar da MIT a hutu a 1878. Ya zama mai sha'awar yankin kuma ya yanke shawarar zama, kuma ya zama mai kiwon dabbobi da ke Loveland, Colorado.  An karɓo sunan dutsen a hukumance a cikin 1932 ta Hukumar Amurka akan Sunayen Geographic . 

A cikin harshen Arapaho dutsen ana kiransa bonoh'oooonoteyoo' ko Thunder Peak. 

## Yanayi
Bisa ga tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, Hallett Peak yana cikin yankin yanayi mai tsayi mai tsayi tare da sanyi, lokacin sanyi, da sanyi zuwa lokacin zafi.  Saboda tsayinsa, yana samun hazo duk shekara, kamar dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin sanyi da kuma kamar tsawa a lokacin rani, tare da lokacin bushewa a ƙarshen bazara.

## Gallery

Fayil:Otis,_Hallett,_Flattop.jpg|alt=Otis Peak (left), Hallett Peak (center), Flattop Mountain (right)| Otis Peak (hagu), Hallett Peak (tsakiya), Dutsen Flattop (dama)
Fayil:Dream_Lake.jpg|alt=Looking west over Dream Lake. Hallett Peak is on the left with the dramatic cliff band and prominent point.| Neman yamma a kan Dream Lake . Hallett Peak yana gefen hagu tare da rukunin dutse mai ban mamaki da fitaccen batu.
Fayil:Bierstadt_Lake,_Rocky_Mountain_National_Park,_USA.jpg|alt=A view from Bierstadt Lake. Hallett Peak is at the center, flanked on the left by Otis Peak, with Flattop Mountain and Ptarmigan Point on the right.| Duba daga tafkin Bierstadt . Hallett Peak yana tsakiyar, gefen hagu ta Otis Peak, tare da Dutsen Flattop da Ptarmigan Point a dama.
Fayil:Otis_Peak_and_Hallett_Peak.jpg|alt=Otis Peak (left) and Hallett Peak from northeast| Otis Peak (hagu) da Hallett Peak daga arewa maso gabas


## Manazarta
White River Plateau

**Kogin White River Plateau**  shine " kubba mai faɗi"  wanda ke arewacin Glenwood Springs, Colorado da arewacin Kogin Colorado a Amurka. Har ila yau ana kiransa da **White River Uplift**, an nuna yankin dutsen a kan taswira kamar yadda yake da ma'auni a cikin yanki, yana mamaye sassan Colorado County na Garfield da Rio Blanco, tare da ƙananan sassan da ke fadada zuwa yankunan Eagle da Routt .  Babban Hogback yana alamar sassan yankunan kudu da yamma na tudu. Tsawon tsaunuka na Flat Tops wani yanki ne na Farin Kogin Plateau, kuma yawancin tudu yana cikin dajin farin Kogin National Forest . 

Koli na Dutsen Blair, tsayin , shine mafi girman tudun tudu.

## Geology
Ƙasar ta zama wani yanki na Kudancin Dutsen Dutsen Dutsen . An halicce shi a lokacin Eocene, a lokacin ƙarshen ɓangaren Laramide orogeny . 

## Manazarta
Girgizar kasa Baroque

**Girgizar kasa [[Baroque]]**, ko Seismic Baroque, salon gine-ginen Baroque ne da aka samo a Philippines da Guatemala, waɗanda yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin mulkin Mutanen Espanya ne waɗanda suka sha wahala daga girgizar ƙasa mai lalacewa a cikin ƙarni na 17 da 18. An sake gina manyan gine-ginen jama'a, kamar majami'u, a cikin salon Baroque a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya a waɗancan ƙasashe.

Irin waɗannan abubuwan sun haifar da gine-ginen Pombaline a Lisbon bayan girgizar ƙasa ta 1755 da Sicilian Baroque a Sicily bayan girgijin ƙasa ta 1693. 

## Halaye
A cikin Indiyawan Gabas ta Spain, lalata majami'u na farko daga girgizar ƙasa akai-akai ya sanya girman cocin ƙasa da faɗi;  Ganuwar gefen sun yi kauri kuma an yi mata kauri sosai don kwanciyar hankali yayin girgiza.  An yi manyan sifofi na sama da kayan wuta.  Maimakon kayan wuta da aka gabatar da bangon sirara ta hanyar rage kauri a hankali zuwa mafi girman matakan

Hasumiyar kararrawa yawanci suna ƙasa da ƙarfi idan aka kwatanta da hasumiya a cikin yankuna marasa ƙarfi na duniya.  Hasumiya sun fi kauri a cikin ƙananan matakan, suna ci gaba da raguwa zuwa matakin mafi girma.  A wasu majami'u na Philippines, baya ga aiki a matsayin hasumiya ga masu fashi da makami, an ware wasu hasumiya na kararrawa daga babban ginin cocin don gujewa lalacewa idan hasumiya ta fado saboda girgizar kasa.&#x5B;**&#x5D;
Fayil:San_Agustin_Church_(Intramuros,_Manila;_07-22-2020).jpg|San Agustin Church (Manila)
Fayil:Saint_Jerome_Parish_Church_(Morong,_Rizal;_08-14-2021).jpg|Morong Church
Fayil:Paoay.JPG|Paoay Church
Fayil:Miagao_Church_(Santo_Tomás_de_Villanueva_Parish_Church).jpg|Miagao Church
Fayil:Loboc_river_-_panoramio_(1).jpg|Loboc Church
Fayil:Roman_Catholic_church,_Loay,_Bohol,_Philippines.JPG|Loay, Church
Fayil:Anini-y_Church,_2018.jpg|Anini-y Church, Antique
Fayil:Sta._Maria_Church,_Ilocos_Sur.jpg|Santa Maria Church (Ilocos Sur)
Fayil:Church_of_Panay_(Santa_Monica_Parish_Church,_Panay).jpg|Panay Church
Fayil:Malate_Church_(MH_Del_Pilar,_Malate,_Manila;_01-01-2020).jpg|Malate Church
Grand Turk (Colorado)

**Grand Turk** babban taron  a gundumar San Juan, Colorado, Amurka. Yana  kudu maso yamma na al'ummar Silverton, a ƙasar dajin San Juan National Forest . Grand Turk yana da  yamma da Rarraba Nahiyar a cikin tsaunin San Juan waɗanda yanki ne na tsaunin Rocky . Ana iya ganin Grand Turk daga ra'ayoyi tare da Babbar Hanya 550 . Ruwan hazo daga dutsen yana shiga cikin magudanar ruwa na kogin Animas . Taimakon yanayi yana da mahimmanci yayin da taron ya tashi kusan  sama da kogin a cikin mil 1.75 (kilomita 2.82). Maƙwabta sun haɗa da Dutsen Bear, mil 2.25 (kilomita 3.62) zuwa arewa maso yamma, da layin iyayen Sultan Mountain, mil 0.67 (kilomita 1.08) zuwa arewa-maso-yamma.  Hukumar {asar Amirka ta kar~i sunan dutsen a hukumance akan Sunayen Geographic,  kuma an rubuta shi a cikin wallafe-wallafe tun aƙalla 1901.  

## Yanayi
Dangane da tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, Grand Turk yana cikin yankin yanayi mai tsaunuka mai tsayi da tsayi, sanyi, lokacin sanyi, da sanyi ga lokacin zafi.  Saboda tsayinsa, yana samun hazo duk shekara, kamar dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin sanyi, da kuma kamar tsawa a lokacin rani, tare da lokacin bushewa a ƙarshen bazara.

## Manazarta
Ƙarshen Twining

**Twining Peak** shine  taron kolin dutse a kan iyakar Pitkin County da Lake County, a Colorado, Amurka.

## Bayani
An saita Peak Twining akan Rarraba Nahiyar  arewa da Independence Pass a cikin Sawatch Range wanda yanki ne na tsaunin Rocky . Yana matsayi a matsayin kololuwa na 138th a Colorado.  Dutsen yana da  gabas da al'ummar Aspen a ƙasar dajin White River National Forest da San Isabel National Forest . Kololuwar tana kan iyakar Dutsen Massive Wilderness da Hunter-Fryingpan Wilderness . Ruwan hazo daga gangaren dutsen yana magudanar yamma zuwa mashigar ruwan kogin Roaring Fork da gabas zuwa Kogin Arkansas ta hanyar Lake Creek. Taimakon Topographic yana da mahimmanci yayin da taron ya tashi  sama da Kogin Fork a cikin  da  sama da Arewa Fork Lake a cikin  . Hawan kololuwar ya ƙunshi tafiya  mai  na riba mai tsayi kuma ana ɗaukarsa mafi guntuwar hawa daga babbar hanyar da aka shimfida na kololuwa 200 mafi girma na Colorado. 

## Etymology
A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1974, Hukumar {asar Amirka kan Sunayen Geographic ta kar~i sunan dutsen don girmama Dr. Warren Hugh Twining (1876–1946), magajin garin Aspen (1905–1907), memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Colorado (1925–34), da Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai ta Jihar Colorado –3 (19).3.  Ya taka rawar gani wajen kafa Kwalejin Yamma a Gunnison. 

## Yanayi
Dangane da tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, Twining Peak yana cikin yankin yanayi mai tsayi mai tsayi tare da sanyi, lokacin sanyi, da sanyi zuwa lokacin rani.  Saboda tsayinsa, yana samun hazo duk shekara, kamar dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin sanyi, da kuma kamar tsawa a lokacin rani, tare da lokacin bushewa a ƙarshen bazara.

## Gallery

Fayil:Twining_Peak_from_Independence_Lake.jpg|alt=North aspect of Twining Peak from Independence Lake| Yankin Arewa na Twining Peak daga tafkin Independence
Fayil:Twinning_Mt.JPG|alt=West aspect| Yanayin yamma


## Manazarta
Scottnema lindsayae

***Scottnema lindsayae*** nau'in nematode ne na dangin Cephalobidae .   Da farko an bayyana shi a cikin 1971, yana da alaƙa ga Antarctica kuma galibi ana samun shi a cikin Dry Valleys na McMurdo . *S. lindsayae*, tsutsotsi na microscopic, yana ciyar da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, ciki har da kwayoyin cuta, yisti, da algae.  An daidaita shi da yanayin sanyi da bushewa, yawan jama'arta na iya raguwa sakamakon sauyin yanayi .  

## Taxonomy
*S. lindsayae* shine kawai memba na *Scottnema* da aka kwatanta.  Asalin RW Timm (1971) ya bayyana shi, an ba shi suna ne bayan mai binciken polar Robert Scott da kuma mai tarin holotype, Kay Lindsay. 

## Bayani da yanayin rayuwa
*S. lindsayae* yana tsakanin rabin millimita da millimita a tsayi kuma tsakanin micrometers biyu zuwa hudu a fadin. *S. lindsayae* yana haifuwa ta jima'i, tare da mata suna kwanciya. Matsakaicin tsayin hawan rayuwa da aka lura a  kwanaki 218 ne, tare da matakan samari guda huɗu a wajen kwai. Yayin da yake shiga lokacin sanyi a lokacin hunturu na Antarctic, *S. lindsayae* yana iya buƙatar rani fiye da ɗaya don kammala zagayen rayuwa ɗaya. Zazzabi sama da  sun kasance masu cutarwa ga sake zagayowar haihuwa, tare da ci gaba da rauni sosai a  .  Sakamakon haka, tsananin zafi a Antarctic na iya haifar da barazana ga wannan nau'in.  A cikin 2006, yawan jama'a ya ragu da 65% tun daga 1993. 

## Wurin zama

*S. lindsayae* yana daya daga cikin nematodes guda uku da aka samu a cikin ƙasa na Dry Valleys na McMurdo, kuma ɗaya tilo da ke cikin nahiyar. An kuma samo shi a wasu sassan Antarctica, ciki har da Gabashin Ongul Island da Admiralty Bay . A cikin busassun kwari, *S. lindsayae* shine mafi girma nematode, wanda ke wakiltar kusan 80% na tsutsotsi da aka rubuta, musamman a cikin wurare masu sanyi da bushewa inda sau da yawa ba a iya samun wasu nau'in.  Har ila yau, ya fi kowa a wurare masu tsayi.   An samo shi zuwa kudu har zuwa digiri 83.48, shine nau'in tsutsotsi na kudu da aka rubuta. 

## Manazarta
Hakkin samun yanayi mai kyau a Tunisia

"Hakkin samun yanayi mai lafiya" a Tunisiya Hakkin ɗan adam ne wanda aka tabbatar da shi ta hanyar Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Tunisia na 2014  amma kuma ta wasu dokoki da tarurruka na duniya.

## Tsarin shari'a

### Tsarin Mulki na Tunisia
Hakkin yanayi mai lafiya a Tunisia an tabbatar da shi ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Tunisia na 2014, musamman ta hanyar Mataki na 45, wanda ya ce: "Jam'iyyar ta tabbatar da haƙƙin yanayi mai lafiya da daidaituwa da haƙƙin shiga cikin kare yanayi. Jiha za ta samar da hanyoyin da suka dace don kawar da gurɓata muhalli". 

Mataki na 12 daga wannan kundin tsarin mulki ya kuma bayyana cewa jihar "za ta nemi cimma adalci na zamantakewa, ci gaba mai ɗorewa" da kuma "amfani da albarkatun kasa a hanya mafi inganci".

Kuntain tsin Mulki Ya Tai sameran Mulki Dimanda Ke Aiki Donta Waɗanda Ke Adai Zaman Daga shirann Hukumomin Kundin Tsarin Mulaki, Dyada Gada Shafi Butu Tsare-Tsareci Ci Gaba. [2]

### Taron Kasa da Kasa
Gwamnatin Tunisia ta tabbatar da tarurruka da yawa na bangarorin biyu da suka shafi kare muhalli da rigakafin gurɓata. Daga cikin wadannan tarurruka: 

* Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Yaki da Yaki da hamada da aka karɓa a ranar 17 ga Yuni 1994 (an tabbatar da shi a cikin gida ta hanyar doka ta 95-52 a ranar 19 ga Yuni 1995);
* Yarjejeniyar London kan Rigakafin Ruwa ta Ruwa ta hanyar Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter da aka karɓa a ranar 29 ga Disamba 1972 (an tabbatar da shi a cikin gida ta hanyar doka ta 76‐17 a ranar 21 ga Janairu 1976);
* Yarjejeniyar Barcelona don Kare Muhalli na Ruwa da Yankin Yankin Yammacin Bahar Rum da aka karɓa a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 1976 (wanda aka tabbatar da shi a cikin gida ta hanyar doka ta 77‐29 a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1977 kuma an gyara shi ta hanyar doka na 98‐15 a ranar 23 ga Fabrairun 1998).

## Manazarta
Rashin shari'a

Wannan jerin sunayen shari'o'in shari'a ne. Wannan jerin sun hada da shari'o'in da aka yanke wa mutum hukunci daga baya aka wanke shi daga laifin kuma ko dai ya sami izinin hukuma, ko kuma an sami yarjejeniya cewa an hukunta mutumin ba bisa ka'ida ba ko kuma inda aka soke hukunci kuma ba a sake yin shari'a ba, don haka wanda ake tuhuma an ɗauke shi ba shi da laifi. Wannan jerin ba cikakke ba ne. Bayanan aikata laifuka tare da tauraron ya nuna cewa daga baya an tabbatar da abubuwan da suka faru ba su zama aikata laifukan ba.

## Jerin shari'o'i

### Argentina

### Armenia

### Ostiraliya

### Brazil

### Kanada

### China

### Finland

### Faransa

### Jamus

### Girka

### Iceland

### Iran

### Ireland

### Isra'ila

### Italiya

### Japan

### Malaysia

### Mexico

### Netherlands

### New Zealand
A cikin 2010s, sha'awar jama'a wajen magance yiwuwar hukunce-hukuncen da ba daidai ba a matsayin batun tsarin ya haifar da kafa Hukumar Binciken Laifuka a cikin 2019 .  A cikin shekaru goma tun 2013, an bayyana cewa kusan 'yan New Zealand 900 sun karkatar da hukuncin su. Wadannan shari'o'i ne kawai inda Gwamnati ta biya diyya don hukunci mara kyau,  ban da Peter Ellis wanda ya mutu kafin Kotun Koli a New Zealand ta soke hukuncinsa, da Rex Haig wanda ya mutu yayin da yake kira ga diyya. Musamman, a New Zealand, babu wani hakki na diyya don yanke hukunci mara kyau ko ɗaurin kurkuku na ƙarya.

### Nicaragua

### Norway

### Poland

### Rasha

### Singapore

### Afirka ta Kudu

### Koriya ta Kudu

### Spain

### Sweden

### Taiwan

### Uganda

### Ƙasar Ingila

## Dubi kuma

## Manazarta

## Ƙarin karantawa

* Jed S. Rakoff, "An ɗaure shi ta hanyar Kimiyya mara kyau", The New York Review of Books, vol. LXVI, No. 20 (Disamba 19, 2019), shafi na 79-80, 85. A cewar Alkalin Rakoff (shafi na 85), " dabarun bincike waɗanda a asalin su an kalli su ne kawai a matsayin taimako ga binciken 'yan sanda sun ɗauki muhimmancin tsarin shari'ar aikata laifuka wanda sau da yawa ba za su iya tallafawa ba. Sakamakon su ana nuna su... kamar suna da digiri na inganci da amintacce wanda kawai ba su da shi. " Rakoff ya yaba (shafiye 85) Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Kasa mai zaman kanta don yin gwajin asali da kuma gabatar da ka'idojin kimiyya na ainihi wanda zai sa kimiyya".[e]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Taron Turai don Adalci na Yanayi

**Majalisar Tarayyar Turai don Adalci na Yanayi** wani taron kyauta ne kuma a bude ga duk abin da ya faru a Brussels daga 26th zuwa 29th na Nuwamba 2010. Taron ya samu halartar mutane sama da 250 daga kasashe 10 daban-daban na Turai ciki har da: Burtaniya, Denmark, Rasha, Belgium, Turkiyya, Jamus, Finland, Sweden, Spain, Netherlands, da Faransa.

Kungiyoyin muhalli daban-daban na Turai da Belgium ne suka shirya taron ciki har da: Abokan Duniya, Yanayi da Adalci na Jama'a, Yanayi na Yanayi na Belgium / Yanayi na Yankin Yanayi na Belgique, da La Via Campesina . 

## Dalilin da ya sa aka yi amfani da shi
Wannan taron ya samo asali ne daga kiran La Via Campesina don "Dubban Cancuns" don mayar da martani ga tattaunawar yanayi ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke faruwa a Cancun. Kira ya kasance ne saboda tsoron cewa manyan kasuwanci da kasashe masu masana'antu za su yi amfani da tattaunawar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don ci gaba da ajanda na kansu kuma kada a inganta yadda yawan mutanen duniya ke bi da muhalli.

## Abubuwan da suka faru
Tushen: 

### Jumma'a 26th
Gudun keke mai mahimmanci a ko'ina cikin Brussels, sannan taron zamantakewar rukuni

### Asabar 27th
Tattaunawar, taron jama'a da kuma taron yau da kullun

### Lahadi 28th
Taron da bita don tattauna shirye-shiryen ƙungiyoyi, ayyuka, da tattarawa. Ya biyo bayan taron "Sing for the Climate", wanda kungiyar Belgium Climate Coalition ta shirya.

### Litinin 29th
Taron kimantawa na ranar ƙarshe

## Haɗin waje

* Shafin yanar gizon Majalisar Tarayyar Turai don Canjin Yanayi
* Ta hanyar Campsenia - 1000 Cancuns

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Yankin girgizar ƙasa

A cikin ilimin Girgizar ƙasa, da **Yankin girgizar ƙasa** ko na **belin girgizar ƙasa** yanki ne na girgizar duniya wanda zai iya raba wani dalili. Ana iya kiran shi da belin girgizar ƙasa. Hakanan yana iya zama yanki a kan taswirar da ake ɗauka a cikin yanayin ƙasa na yau da kullun don manufar lissafin motsi na ƙasa. Ma'anar da ba ta da amfani shine yankin da ke kan taswirar da ake buƙatar matakin ƙirar girgizar ƙasa.

## Manyan yankunan girgizar ƙasa
Wani nau'in yankin girgizar ƙasa shine yankin Wadati–Benioff wanda yayi daidai da shingen da ke ƙasa a cikin yanki mai ƙasa.  Babban bel ɗin girgizar ƙasa mafi girma a duniya, wanda aka fi sani da Circum-Pacific seismic bel, shine inda akasarin girgizar ƙasa ke faruwa.  Kusan kashi 81% na manyan girgizar asa suna faruwa tare da wannan bel.  Belin seismic na Circum-Pacific ya sami sunan laƙabi na kansa kuma ana kiransa da Ring of Fire, wani nau'i mai kama da zobe wanda ya ƙunshi yawancin Tekun Pasifik.  Sanannar San Andreas Fault, wanda ke da alhakin manyan girgizar asa da yawa a gabar Tekun Yamma na Amurka, ya ta'allaka ne a cikin Wutar Wuta ta Circum-Pacific Seismic ko Ring of Fire.
Yakin Kasa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam na Dalit

Kamfen na kasa kan 'yancin dan adam na Dalit (**NCDHR**), wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1998, yanzu ya ƙunshi bangarori huɗu na aiki, kowannensu yana aiki don kawar da nuna bambanci ga Dalits a Indiya. Tana zaune ne a Delhi kuma tana da surori a wasu wurare a kasar. Ya bayyana manufarsa ta zama samun gagarumin ganuwa ga batutuwan Dalit da kuma rike jihar, a cikin tsarin shari'ar aikata laifuka, mai da hankali ga gazawar da ake zargi.

## Aiki
An kafa shi a cikin 1998 ta hanyar 'yancin Dalit da masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam don mayar da martani ga rashin aiwatar da Dokar Shirin da Shirin Kabilanci (Kariya ga Ayyuka), 1989, NCDHR tana da surori a cikin jihohin 14 na Indiya a shekara ta 2003. Manufofin da aka bayyana a farkon su ne don nuna alamun batutuwan Dalit ga masu sauraro na Indiya da na duniya da kuma riƙe jihar da lissafi game da zargin da ta yi na bayar da adalci mai adalci a cikin tsarin dokar aikata laifuka.

Bayan kusan shekaru goma na wanzuwar, NCDHR ta kafa kamfen guda huɗu, kowannensu yana da niyya ga fannoni daban-daban na nuna bambanci. Ana kiranta Dalit Arthik Adhikar Andolan (DAAA), All India Dalit Mahila Adhikar Manch (AIDMAM), National Federation of Dalit Land Rights Movements (NFDLRM) da National Dalit Movement for Justice (NDMJ)  waɗannan sassan sun kasance, a cewar Gidauniyar Rafto, bi da bi an yi niyyar magance su: 

* inganta tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, ilimi da al'adu
* inganta haƙƙin mata Dalit, waɗanda galibi suna fuskantar nuna bambanci sau biyu a matsayin Dalits da mata, da kuma tashin hankali na kabilanci
* daidaita kokarin tabbatar da haƙƙin ƙasa da hanyoyin rayuwa ga Dalits, da kuma tabbatar da martani na shari'a da kuma hanyoyin kudi ga waɗanda suka tsira da wadanda ke fama da tashin hankali da sauran keta doka
* takardu da rage raunin Dalits a shirye-shiryen bala'i da martani

A lokaci guda, NCDHR ta fara ganowa, ingantawa da tallafawa hadin gwiwa tsakanin sauran kungiyoyin Dalit.

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan karɓar wannan tsarin ƙungiya, a cikin 2009, an kafa National Dalit Watch (NDW). Ya biyo bayan wani bincike mai zurfi da aka gudanar akan tsunami na 2004 kuma daga baya na ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa a Bihar (2007-08), wanda NCDHR ta ce ya nuna nuna bambancin bambanci a cikin shirye-shiryen ceto a lokacin bala'o'i. Tun lokacin da aka fara, an tsara kayan aiki da hanyoyin daban-daban don ganowa, fallasawa da kuma yin rikodin nuna bambanci na kabilanci kuma sun yi amfani da abubuwan da mutane ke fuskanta don rinjayar jagororin kula da bala'i ta gwamnatin tsakiya.

## Sanarwa
An ba NCDHR lambar yabo ta Rafto a shekara ta 2007 saboda aikinta na inganta haƙƙin Dalit da kuma tattaunawa game da batun a duniya. Ya yi aiki a duniya tare da kungiyoyi kamar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Cibiyar Solidarity ta Duniya . 

## Dubi kuma

* Paul Diwakar

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

*
Jerin masu bautar

Wadannan sune jerin sanannun mutane waɗanda suka mallaki wasu mutane a matsayin bayi, inda akwai  kididdiga game da shaidar sun taɓa mallakar bayi a tarihi, an tsara jerin sunayen nasu cikin haruffan  ajere

  

## A

* Adelicia Acklen (1817-1887), a wani lokaci yakasance mace mafi arziki a Tennessee, ta gaji bayi 750 daga mijinta, Isaac Franklin . 
* Green Adams (1812-1884), wakilin Amurka, a cikin jawabin da ya yi a Majalisar Wakilai ya bayyana yana yin aiki tare da bayinsa, kuma ya  faɗi cewa " Dayawan mugaye sun taɓa  halartar cibiyoyin bautar]".  
* Giovanni Pietro Francesco Agius na Soldanis (1712-1770), masanin harshe na Maltese, masanin tarihi da kuma malami wanda da ya taɓa mallakar  akalla bawa Musulmi daya.
* Stair Agnew (1757-1821), Wanda ya mallaki  filayen dayawa, alƙali kuma ɗan siyasa a New Brunswick, ya bautar da mutane kuma ya shiga cikin shari'o'in kotu don tabbatar da halattaccen bauta a cikin yankin shi.
* William Aiken (1779-1831), wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban Kamfanin Canal da Rail Road na Kudancin Carolina, ya bautar da daruruwan a gonarshi ta shinkafa.
* William Aiken Jr. (1806-1887), Gwamna na 61 na Kudancin Carolina, dan majalisa na jihar kuma memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka, wanda aka rubuta a cikin ƙidayar 1850 kamar yadda ya bautar da mutane 878. 
* Muhammad al-Badr (1926-1996), Sarkin karshe na Yemen, yana da bayi 13.
* Isaac Allen (1741-1806), alƙali na New Brunswick, ya ƙi yarda a cikin shari'ar da ba ta yi nasara ba a 1799 da ke kalubalantar bautar (*R da Jones*), ya 'yantar da bayinsa ba da daɗewa ba.
* Diego de Almagro (1475-1538), Mai cin nasara na Mutanen Espanya mai aiki a Kudancin Amurka wanda ya mallaki Malgarida kafin ya 'yantar da ita.
* Joseph R. Anderson (1813-1892), injiniyan gine-gine, ya bautar da daruruwan don gudanar da aikinsa na Tredegar Iron Works.
* John Armfield (1797-1871), Virginia co-kafa "mafi girman kamfanin cinikin bayi" a Amurka, kuma mai fyade.
* David Rice Atchison (1807-1883), Sanata na Amurka daga Missouri, mai bautar, sanannen mai fafutukar  bautar, kuma mai adawa da abolitionism.
* William Atherton (1742-1803), mai mallakar gonakin sukari na Jamaica.
* John James Audubon (1785-1851), masanin halitta na Amurka. Ya ki amincewa da kawar da bautar Burtaniya a cikin Caribbean kuma ya sayi kuma ya sayar da bayi da kansa.
* Stephen F. Austin, ɗan kasuwa ɗan asalin Amurka kuma ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Jamhuriyar Texas. Ya mallaki 'yan bayi kuma ya yi aiki tuƙuru don ya kare kuma  faɗaɗa ƙangin bautar a Texas.
Carol Blanchette

**Carol Anne Blanchette** masanin kimiyyar halittu ce a Jami'ar California, Santa Barbara wacce aka sani da aikinta a kan yankunan ruwa da kuma tsarin halittu na kwayoyin ruwa.

## Ilimi da aiki
Blanchette ta girma a New Jersey kuma ta bayyana sha'awar rayuwarta da ilmin halitta da kimiyya sakamakon hulɗar farko da kakanninta game da kifi da kamun kifi. Blanchette tana da BS daga Jami'ar Notre Dame (1988) kuma ta sami Ph.D. a 1994 daga Jami'an Jihar Oregon .  Bayan ta Ph.D. ta koma California inda ta kasance masanin kimiyya na postdoctoral a Hopkins Marine Station sannan daga baya saboda masanin kimiyyar bincike a Jami'ar California, Santa Barbara .  Daga shekara ta 2000 har zuwa 2019, Blanchette na ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu bincike na Hadin gwiwar Nazarin Interdisciplinary na Tekun Ruwa (PISCO) inda ta jagoranci ƙungiyar da ke aiki a kan ilimin muhalli da ilmin halitta,  kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da kimiyya da manufofi.  A cikin 2016 an nada Blanchette darektan Valentine Eastern Sierra Reserve .  

## Bincike
An san Blanchette da aikinta a kan batutuwa ciki har da biomechanics, ilimin muhalli, da canjin yanayi. Binciken farko na Blanchette ya bincika bambancin inda tsire-tsire ke zaune a bakin teku na dutse  da kuma yadda tsire-shuke ke tsira daga raƙuman ruwa a bakin teku.  Ta yi aiki a kan abubuwan da ke bayyana trophic cascades  da rarraba nau'o'in kamar mussels  da sauran kwayoyin benthic  waɗanda ake samu a yankunan intertidal. Ta yi aiki a kan asarar starfish, cutar da ke lalata tauraron teku, a yammacin gabar tekun Amurka. A shekara ta 2016 taurarin teku suna dawowa gabar tekun Oregon, kuma sun nuna abin da Blanchette da abokan aikinta suka gani don dawo da taurarin teku a California. Ayyukan Blanchette sun kuma bincika acidication na teku  da tasirin canjin yanayi  a yankunan ruwa.

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Kyaututtuka da girmamawa
A cikin 2012 Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Amurka ta girmama Blanchette saboda aikinta tare da Hadin gwiwar Nazarin Interdisciplinary na Tekun Ruwa (PISCO). 

## Manazarta
Elizabeth Canuel

**Elizabeth A. Canuel** masanin kimiyyar sinadarai ne na Amurka wanda aka sani da aikinta a kan cycling na carbon a cikin yanayin ruwa. Ita ce Babban Farfesa na Kimiyya ta Marine a Kwalejin William &amp;amp; Mary kuma zaɓaɓɓen ɗan Ƙungiyar Geochemical Society da Ƙungiyar Turai ta Geochemistry .

## Ilimi da aiki
Canuel tana da BS a cikin ilmin sunadarai daga Kwalejin Stonehill (1981) kuma ta sami Ph.D. a cikin Kimiyya ta Marine (1992) daga Jami'ar North Carolina a Chapel Hill .  Bayan ta Ph.D. ta kasance mai bincike na postdoctoral a Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi ta Amurka har zuwa 1994 lokacin da ta shiga bangaren a Kwalejin William & Mary . An inganta ta zuwa farfesa a shekara ta 2006, kuma an ba ta suna Farfesa a shekara. 

Daga 2018 har zuwa 2020 Canuel ta kasance jami'in shirin a Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Kasa, kuma ta dawo can a 2021.

## Bincike
Binciken farko na Canuel ya bincika barbashi a gabashin Tekun Arewacin Pacific,   da kuma alamun halittu a cikin barbashi daga Arewacin Carolina  da San Francisco  . Ta bincika lalacewar kwayoyin halitta da aka sanya a kan turɓaya, da kuma anoxia a cikin Chesapeake Bay. Binciken da ta yi a Chesapeake Bay ya kuma yi la'akari da yadda tushen kwayoyin halitta zuwa bay ya shafi ingancin ruwa. Amfani da Canuel na isotopes masu ɗorewa ya kai ga bincika daidaitattun isotope a cikin tsire-tsire daga San Francisco Bay,  amfani da isotopes mai ɗorewa don bin diddigin tushen kwayoyin halitta a cikin koguna,  yadda canjin yanayi zai shafi cycling carbon a kan iyaka tsakanin ƙasa da teku  da kuma nazarin shekarun kwayoyin halitta cikin koguna.

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

* 
*  
* 
* 
* 

## Kyaututtuka da girmamawa
An kira Canuel ɗan'uwan Leopold a cikin shekara ta 2011. An zabe ta a matsayin abokiyar kungiyar Geochemical Society da European Association of Geochemistry a cikin 2016,  kuma an kira ta a matsayin mai kula da kungiyar Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography a cikin 2019. 

## Manazarta
Sawatch Range

Yankin **Sawatch Range** / səˈwɑː tʃ / ko Saguache **Range**    wani babban tsauni ne mai tsayi a tsakiyar Colorado wanda ya haɗa da takwas daga cikin kololuwa ashirin mafi tsayi a cikin Dutsen Rocky, gami da Dutsen Elbert, a  tsayi, mafi girman kololuwa a cikin Rockies.

Yankin yana daidaitawa tare da arewa maso yamma- kudu maso gabas, yana da kusan mil 80 (130  daga 39°37′36′′N 106°32′13′′W / 39.62667°N 106.53694°W / 39. 62667; -106.53697 a arewa zuwa 38°5′51′′N 106 °3′48′′W / 38.09750°N 106,06333°W / 38.09.50; -106.06333 a kudu. Yankin ya ƙunshi tsaunuka goma sha biyar sama da ƙafa 14,000 (4,267 m), wanda aka fi sani da goma sha huɗu. Yankin ya zama wani ɓangare na Continental Divide, kuma gefen gabashinsa yana shiga cikin Kogin Arkansas. Yankin yammacin kewayon yana ciyar da kogin Roaring Fork, Kogin Eagle, da Kogin Gunnison, masu ba da gudummawa ga Kogin Colorado.

Duwatsun Sawatch gabaɗaya suna da tsayi, manya-manya, kuma suna da laushi a cikin kwane-kwane. Yayin da wasu kololuwa suna da ƙarfi don buƙatar hawan fasaha, yawancin ana iya hawan su ta hanyar tafiya mai sauƙi, amma mai wahala. Sanannen koli sun haɗa da Dutsen Elbert, Dutsen Massive, La Plata Peak, Dutsen Cross Cross, da Kololuwar Kololuwa (Mounts Columbia, Harvard, Princeton, Yale, Belford, da Oxford ).

Hanyar Jiha 82 ta ratsa kewayo a Independence Pass (Colorado) . Hakanan ana wucewa ta Cottonwood Pass, wanda ke haɗa garin Buena Vista tare da Gunnison County. Dukansu Pass Independence da Cottonwood Pass sun fi , yin su 2 na mafi girman wucewa a Colorado kuma yawanci ana buɗe su ne kawai daga ƙarshen bazara zuwa tsakiyar kaka. Hagerman Pass wata hanyar wucewa ce zuwa arewa, tana haɗa Arkansas Headwaters kusa da Leadville tare da babban kwarin kogin Fryingpan . Hagerman Pass yana tafiya tare da motocin tuƙi huɗu da ƙafa a lokacin bazara da farkon watanni na kaka. Kewayon ya ƙunshi hanyoyin tafiye-tafiye da yawa a cikin dajin San Isabel na ƙasa da dajin farin kogin ƙasa .

## Fitattun kololuwa

## Manazarta
Dutsen Cinnamon

Dutsen **Cinnamon taro** ne  a San Juan County, Colorado, Amurka.

## Bayani
Dutsen Cinnamon yana da  arewa maso gabas na al'ummar Silverton da  gabas da Animas Forks, akan ƙasar da Ofishin Kula da Filaye ke gudanarwa.  Cinnamon yana  yamma da Rarraba Nahiyar a cikin tsaunin San Juan waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin tsaunukan Rocky . Ruwan hazo daga dutsen yana magudawa zuwa kogin Animas kuma taimako na topographic yana da mahimmanci yayin da taron ya tashi sama da  sama da kogin cikin mil ɗaya (kilomita 1.6). Samun damar zuwa dutsen ta hanyar Alpine Loop Back Country Byway a Cinnamon Pass. Hukumar Amurka ta amince da sunan dutsen a hukumance akan Sunayen Geographic . 

## Yanayi
Dangane da tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, Dutsen Cinnamon yana cikin yankin yanayin yanayi mai tsayi mai tsayi tare da sanyi, lokacin sanyi, da sanyi zuwa lokacin zafi.  Saboda tsayinsa, yana samun hazo duk shekara, kamar dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin sanyi da kuma kamar tsawa a lokacin rani, tare da lokacin bushewa a ƙarshen bazara. Masu tafiya za su iya tsammanin ruwan sama da rana, ƙanƙara, da walƙiya daga damina ta yanayi a ƙarshen Yuli da Agusta.

## Manazarta
Jerin tashoshin O-Train

Jirgin O-Train tsarin zirga-zirgar jiragen kasa ne (LRT) a Ottawa, Ontario, Canada wanda OC Transpo ke sarrafa shi mai dauke da layuka uku da tashoshi 25.  Layin 1 cikakken layin dogo ne na lantarki mai cikakken daraja kuma ya ƙunshi tashoshi 13, 4 daga cikinsu suna ƙarƙashin ƙasa.  Tana tafiya gabas-yamma a fadin birnin, tazarar kusan kilomita 12.5 (8 mi) daga makiyayar Tunney zuwa Blair.  Layin 2 cikakken layin dogo na dizal mai cikakken daraja kuma ya ƙunshi tashoshi 11.  Layin na yanzu yana tafiya arewa-kudu akan layin dogo, daga Bayview zuwa Limebank, tazarar kusan kilomita 19 (12 mi) kuma ta ƙunshi tashoshi 11.  Ya keɓe daga zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, amma an raba shi da sauran jiragen ƙasa;  bayan sa'o'i na aiki ba a saba amfani da waƙar ta Ottawa Central don sabis na jigilar kaya zuwa Majalisar Bincike ta ƙasa.  Layin 4 layin layin dogo ne mai sauƙi na dizal mai rarrafe daga Layi 2 a Maɓallan Kudu kuma yana tafiya kudu zuwa Filin Jirgin Sama na Ottawa Macdonald – Cartier, tazarar kusan kilomita 4 (2 mi).

Mataki na 2 zai ga tsarin O-Train ya fadada kudu, gabas, da yamma, tare da sabbin tashoshin 24 da aka kara zuwa layin da ke akwai.

## Tashoshin

## A cikin gini
Mataki na 2 wani shiri ne na tsawo ga cibiyar sadarwa ta O-Train wanda zai kara ƙarin tashoshin 16 zuwa Layin 1 da 3.

## Tashoshin da aka tsara
Garin ya kuma fara shirin fadada ayyukan gaba da suka hada da fadada zuwa Kanata da Barrhaven.  An kammala kimanta muhalli don tsawaita Kanata, wanda zai iya ganin har zuwa tashoshi 8, an kammala shi a cikin Afrilu 2018. Ana kuma ci gaba da nazarin tsawaita layin zuwa Barrhaven tare da daidaitawar farko da aka gabatar a ranar 30 ga Oktoba, 2019. A ranar 9 ga Satumba, 2020, an gabatar da layin da aka zaɓa don tattaunawa kan layi.  Daidaitawar da aka sabunta ta haɗa da zaɓin ingantacciyar hanyar jagora tsakanin Tallwood da tashar Nepean Sportsplex.

A matsayin wani ɓangare na tsawo na Mataki na 2, ana kuma yin masauki don tashoshin cikawa da yawa na gaba ciki har da uku a kan Layin 2 tsakanin Limebank da Bowesville, da uku a cikin tsawo Layin 1 da 3.
Erika Edwards

**Erika Jeannine Edwards** farfesa ce a Jami'ar Yale da aka sani da aikinta kan juyin halitta na shuke-shuke. Ita ce kuma darakta na Marsh Botanical Garden .

## Ilimi da aiki
Edwards tana da BS daga Jami'ar Stanford (1998) kuma ta sami Ph.D. daga Jami'an Yale  inda ta yi aiki a kan juyin halitta na *Pereskia*, nau'in cactus.  Bayan ta Ph.D. ta kasance mai bincike na postdoctoral a Jami'ar California a Santa Barbara kafin ta karbi matsayi a Jami'an Brown a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a 2007. A shekara ta 2017 ta koma Jami'ar Yale a matsayin farfesa da darakta na Marsh Botanical Garden . 

A cikin 2020 ta fara wa'adin ta a matsayin shugabar Society of Systematic Biologists . 

## Bincike
Binciken Edwards yana mai da hankali kan abubuwan maye da juyin halittar C4 carbon fixation a cikin tsirrai. Bincikenta na farko ya ta'allaka ne akan *Pereskia* inda ta bincika ilimin halittar jiki  da matsayinsa a cikin tarihin juyin halitta na tsiron cactus .   Binciken da ta yi a cikin C4 carbon fixation ya bincika yadda sauyin yanayi ke canza rarraba ciyawa na C4 kuma ya bayyana cewa hanyar C4 carbon fixation yana ba shuke-shuke da amfani a cikin busassun wurare.  Binciken ta na gaba ya bi diddigin karuwar ciyawa na C4 tare da karuwa a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi da savannas.  Edwards ya jagoranci ƙungiyar aiki wanda ya kafa phylogeny na ciyawa C4 kuma ya bayyana bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta a cikin nau'o'in ciyawa.   Ta yi amfani da canje-canje a siffar ganye don ayyana yadda tsire-tsire ke kashe albarkatun su yayin girma,   yayi nazarin martanin tsire-tsire ga canje-canje a cikin biome.  kuma yana kwatanta daidaitaccen juyin halitta na C4 photosynthesis da crassulacean acid metabolism .  

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

* 
* 
* 
* 

## Kyaututtuka da girmamawa
A cikin 2016, Edwards ta sami lambar yabo ta Farko ta Shugaban kasa don Masana kimiyya da Injiniyoyi (PECASE). 

## Manazarta
Kwarin Girgizar Kasa

33°05′40′′N 116°27′08′′W / 33.09444°N 116.45222°W / 33.09.444; -116.4522222  **Kwarin Girgizar Kasa**  wani kwarin hamada ne a gabashin Julian, California, wanda ya ƙunshi sassan Anza-Borrego Desert State Park.  Wuri ne na yankin Shelter Valley Ranchos, wanda kuma aka sani da ƙungiyar da ba ta da alaƙa ta Shelter Valley.  The official USGS wurin sunan ga geologic siffa a cikin abin da Shelter Valley ne wurin shi ne "Girgizar kasa Valley", da kuma 1959 USGS Topographic taswirar bai yi magana game da Shelter Valley.  Mawallafi, mawaƙi, mai zane-zane da primitivist Marshal South ya zauna a ciki kuma ya rubuta game da yanki na gaba (ciki har da Julian, Mason Valley, Vallicito Valley, da gidansa a Blair Valley), a cikin jerin labaran da aka buga na Desert Magazine tsakanin 1941 da 1948. Yawancin hanyoyi masu ban sha'awa suna wucewa ta cikin kwari, ciki har da Trail Trail Pacific Crest Trail, da California Riding.

## Tarihi
Kwarin girgizar ƙasa shine shafin wani kauyen Kumeyaay kusa da abin da ke yanzu Scissors Crossing da Sentenac Cienega, wani ɗan ƙaramin cienega da aka kafa a kasan ruwa a cikin kwarin kafin ya sauko Sentenac Canyon.

Kwarin girgizar ƙasa, wanda ake kira Valle de San Felipe, ya zama hanyar hanyar Sonora zuwa yankin bakin teku na Kudancin California.  Hanyar Sonora da sojojin Mexico suka gano ta sake kafa hanyoyin sadarwar ƙasa tsakanin Alta California da Sonora, Mexico a ƙarshen 1820s.  Kwarin daga baya shine wurin Rancho Valle de San Felipe.  Daga lokacin yakin Amurka na Mexican da California Gold Rush Hanyar Sonora ta zama hanyar Kudancin Hijira Trail wanda ya ratsa ta kwari daga Blair Valley zuwa Teofulo Summit, (tsohon Warner Pass).  Wannan hanyar ta kasance babbar hanyar kudanci zuwa California daga gabashin Amurka har zuwan layin dogo a Yuma, Arizona a 1877 ya rage mahimmancinsa.  Daga 1858 muhimmin tashar San Felipe na Butterfield Overland Mail yana da nisan mil kwata a arewa da Scissors Crossing.  Layukan mataki sun ci gaba da amfani da hanyar har sai da layin dogo ya zo Yuma.
Dutsen Bethel (Colorado)

**Dutsen Bethel** yana da  taron tsaunuka a Clear Creek County, Colorado, Amurka.

## Bayani
Dutsen Bethel an saita  gabas da Rarraba Nahiyar a Gabashin Gaban wanda yanki ne na Dutsen Dutse .  Alama ce mai kyan gani da ake kallo daga Yamma zuwa Interstate 70 yayin da matafiya ke tunkarar Ramin Eisenhower . Dutsen yana da  yamma da Denver akan ƙasar da Arapaho National Forest ke gudanarwa. Ruwan hazo daga gangaren dutsen yana magudawa zuwa magudanar ruwa na Clear Creek wanda wani yanki ne na Kogin Platte ta Kudu . Taimakon Topographic yana da mahimmanci yayin da taron ya tashi  sama da rafi da Interstate 70 a cikin mil ɗaya (kilomita 1.6). Katangar dusar ƙanƙara alama ce mai ban mamaki a kan gangaren dutsen waɗanda ke wurin don rage ƙazamar ruwa daga barazanar Interstate. Hawan kololuwar ya ƙunshi tafiya  tare da  na daukaka riba. 

## Etymology
Asalin dutsen ana kiransa "Little Professor", tare da haɗin gwiwa da "Babban Farfesa" wanda shine asalin sunan Dutsen Sniktau da ke gefe na Clear Creek. Hukumar Amurka akan Sunayen Geographic ta karbe sunan dutsen a hukumance a cikin 1926 don tunawa da Ellsworth Bethel (1863 – 1925), ɗan asalin Amurka.  Bethel ya yi aiki da Hukumar Kula da gandun daji ta ƙasa a matsayin likitan cututtukan daji; ya kasance malamin ilmin halitta a Gabashin Denver High School a Denver; kuma ya ba da suna da yawa daga cikin kololuwa a cikin Kololuwar Indiya ta Indiya .

## Yanayi
Bisa ga tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, Dutsen Bethel yana cikin yankin yanayi na tsaunuka masu tsayi da sanyi, lokacin sanyi, da sanyi ga lokacin zafi.  Saboda tsayinsa, yana samun hazo duk shekara, kamar dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin sanyi, da kuma kamar tsawa a lokacin rani, tare da lokacin bushewa a ƙarshen bazara. Wannan yanayin yana tallafawa yankin Loveland Ski mil biyu kudu da kololuwar.

## Gallery

Fayil:Mount_Bethel_from_Loveland_Pass.jpg|alt=South aspect of Mount Bethel showing snow fences high on its slope| Yankin kudu na Dutsen Bethel yana nuna shingen dusar ƙanƙara a kan gangara
Fayil:Mount_Bethel,_Interstate_70,_Colorado.jpg|alt=Mt. Bethel, with parent Pettingell Peak to right| Mt. Bethel, tare da iyaye Pettingell Peak zuwa dama
Fayil:Mount_Bethel_(Colorado).jpg|alt=Mount Bethel| Dutsen Betel


## Manazarta
Dawson Butte

**Dawson Butte**, girma , dutse ne mai lebur a cikin gundumar Douglas, Colorado . Kusa da dutsen shine Dawson Butte Open Space, mallakar Douglas County  kuma Sashen Buɗaɗɗen Sararin Samaniya da Albarkatun ƙasa ke sarrafa shi.

Dutsen da sararin samaniya suna kusan mil biyar kudu da Castle Rock . 

Yankin sararin samaniya da ake isa ga jama'a ya rufe kadada 828. Hannun madaukai mai tsayin mil biyar a kusa da kadarar sararin samaniya. Hanyar a buɗe take ga masu tafiya, mahayan dawakai, masu hawan dusar ƙanƙara, da masu hawan dutse. Ana ba da izinin kare idan an lalata su. Wata tsohuwar hanyar bridle ta rage a kan kadarorin, kuma har yanzu ana kafa wasu tsalle-tsalle. 

## Suna
Dawson Arkose, tsarin halittar ƙasa, ya karɓi sunansa daga Butte, wanda da kansa aka rada masa suna bayan farkon mazaunin Plum Creek, Thomas Dawson. 

## Manazarta
Bald Mountain (Summit County, Colorado)

**Dutsen Bald** babban koli ne mai tsayi kuma sanannen tsaunuka a Gabashin Gaban Dutsen Rocky na Arewacin Amurka .  goma sha uku yana cikin gandun daji na Arapaho,  kudu maso gabas ( mai ɗauke da 135°) na Garin Breckenridge a gundumar Summit, Colorado, Amurka.   

Za a iya isa ta hanyar fasaha mai ban sha'awa ko da yake doguwar hanya ce mai nisa daga Breckenridge, ta farko ta cikin daji sannan kuma a buɗe ƙasa; ko da yake ga dukan tsaunuka na wannan tudun, ciwon tsaunuka na iya zama haɗari da kuma tsawa da rana.

Za a iya jin daɗin ra'ayoyi masu yawa na yankin da ke kewaye daga taron a rana mai haske.

## Yanayi

## Dutsen

## Manazarta
Hayden Peak (San Miguel County, Colorado)

**Hayden Peak** babban taron tsaunuka ne  wanda ke cikin gundumar San Miguel, a cikin Colorado, Amurka .  Yana da nisan mil tara arewa maso yamma da al'ummar Telluride, a cikin jejin Dutsen Sneffels, a ƙasar da Uncompahgre National Forest ke gudanarwa . Yana daga cikin Rawan Sneffels wanda yanki ne na tsaunukan San Juan, wanda kuma wani bangare ne na tsaunukan Rocky . Hayden Peak yana yamma da Rarraba Nahiyar, da mil uku arewa maso yamma na Mears Peak . Taimakon Topographic yana da mahimmanci yayin da bangaren kudu ya tashi  sama da Deep Creek cikin kusan mil ɗaya.

## Etymology
Hukumar Amurka akan Sunayen Geographic ta karbe sunan wannan dutsen a hukumance don tunawa da Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden (1829-1887), masanin ilimin kimiya na Amurka ya lura da balaguron sa na farko na tsaunin Rocky.   Ƙungiyar bincikensa ta yi nazarin yammacin Colorado daga 1873 zuwa 1876.

## Yanayi
Dangane da tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, Hayden Peak yana cikin yankin yanayi mai tsayi mai tsayi tare da dogayen sanyi, sanyi, lokacin sanyi, da sanyi ga lokacin zafi.  Saboda tsayinsa, yana samun hazo duk shekara, kamar dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin sanyi, da kuma kamar tsawa a lokacin rani, tare da lokacin bushewa a ƙarshen bazara. Ruwan hazo daga tsaunin yana zuwa cikin magudanar ruwa na kogin San Miguel .

## Gallery

Fayil:Hayden_Peak.jpg|alt=Hayden Peak centered, north aspect| Hayden Peak a tsakiya, bangaren arewa
Fayil:Hayden_Peak_centered.jpg|alt=Hayden Peak centered, north aspect| Hayden Peak a tsakiya, bangaren arewa
Fayil:Hayden_Peak,_North_Pole_Peak.jpg|alt=Hayden Peak (left) with little North Pole Peak to right| Hayden Peak (a hagu) tare da ƙaramin Peak na Arewa zuwa dama
Fayil:Hayden_Peak,_Colorado.jpg|alt=Hayden Peak (right) seen from the northeast along State Highway 62(Pastoral field of Ralph Lauren's Double RL Ranch in foreground)| Hayden Peak (dama) wanda aka gani daga arewa maso gabas tare da babbar hanyar Jiha 62 (Filin kiwo na Ralph Lauren 's Double RL Ranch a gaba)
Fayil:FerdinandVHayden1870.jpg| Ferdinand V. Hayden, 1870
Fayil:Mears_Peak,_Colorado_San_Juan_Sneffels_range.jpeg|alt=Hayden Peak to the right| Hayden Peak zuwa dama


## Manazarta