Girman photovoltaics

Tsakanin 1992 da 2023, amfani da photovoltaics (PV) a duniya ya karu sosai. A wannan lokacin, ya samo asali ne daga kasuwar ƙananan aikace-aikace zuwa tushen wutar lantarki. Daga 2016 zuwa 2022, PV ta ga ƙarfin shekara-shekara da haɓaka samarwa na kusan 26%, ninka kusan kowane shekaru uku.

Lokacin da aka fara gane tsarin hasken rana a matsayin fasahar makamashi mai sabuntawa, shirye-shiryen tallafi, kamar Farashin abinci, gwamnatoci da yawa sun aiwatar da su don samar da ƙarfafa tattalin arziki don saka hannun jari. Shekaru da yawa, ci gaban yafi haifar da Japan da ƙasashen Turai masu gabatarwa. A sakamakon haka, farashin hasken rana ya ragu sosai saboda tasirin gogewa kamar ci gaba a cikin fasaha da tattalin arzikin sikelin. Shirye-shiryen kasa da yawa sun taimaka wajen kara yawan turawar PV, kamar Energiewende a Jamus, aikin Million Solar Roofs a Amurka, da kuma shirin shekaru biyar na kasar Sin na 2011 don samar da makamashi.[1] Tun daga wannan lokacin, turawar photovoltaics ya sami ƙarfi a kan sikelin duniya, yana ƙara yin gasa tare da hanyoyin samar da makamashi na al'ada. A farkon karni na 21 wani kasuwa don tsire-tsire masu amfani sun fito don haɓaka rufin da sauran aikace-aikacen da aka rarraba.[2] A shekara ta 2015, wasu kasashe 30 sun kai daidaitattun grid.[3] : 9 :9￼

Tun daga shekarun 1950, lokacin da aka kera sel na hasken rana na farko a kasuwanci, akwai kasashe da dama da ke jagorantar duniya a matsayin mafi girman mai samar da wutar lantarki daga hasken rana. Da farko Amurka ce, sannan Japan,  sannan Jamus, kuma a halin yanzu China.

A ƙarshen 2022, ƙarfin PV da aka shigar a duniya ya kai kimanin 1,185 gigawatts (GW), yana samar da sama da 6% na buƙatar wutar lantarki ta duniya,  daga kusan 3% a cikin 2019.  A cikin 2022, hasken rana ya ba da gudummawa sama da 10% na amfani da wutar lantarki na shekara-shekara a cikin ƙasashe tara, tare da Spain, Girka da Chile sama da 17% . 

Hukumomin hukuma suna buga tsinkaya game da ci gaban hasken rana, sau da yawa suna rage shi. Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Duniya (IEA) ta ci gaba da kara kimantawarsu na tsawon shekaru, yayin da har yanzu ba ta da isasshen ƙaddamar da ainihin turawa a kowane hasashen. Bloomberg NEF yana tsara ƙarin 600 GW da ke zuwa kan layi nan da 2030 a Amurka.

## Rashin ƙarfin sunayen PV
Ikon lamba yana nuna mafi girman ikon fitarwa na tashoshin wutar lantarki a cikin watt ɗin da aka ƙaddara kamar yadda ya dace, zuwa misali kilowatt (kW), Megawatt (MW) da gigawatt (GW). Saboda fitar da wutar lantarki don hanyoyin sabuntawa yana da bambanci, matsakaicin ƙarni na tushen gabaɗaya yana da ƙarancin ƙimar lamba. Don samun kimantawa na matsakaicin wutar lantarki, ana iya ninka ƙarfin ta hanyar damar da ta dace, wanda ke la'akari da yanayi daban-daban - yanayi, dare, latitude, kulawa. A duk duniya, matsakaicin ƙarfin hasken rana shine 11% . Bugu da ƙari, dangane da mahallin, ƙarfin da aka bayyana na iya kasancewa kafin juyawa na gaba zuwa sauyawa na yanzu, misali don kwamiti ɗaya na photovoltaic, ko haɗa wannan juyawa da asarar sa don tashar wutar lantarki ta photovoltaïque da aka haɗa. : 10 

Ikon iska yana da halaye daban-daban, misali mafi girman ƙarfin aiki kuma kusan sau hudu na samar da wutar lantarki na 2015 na hasken rana. Idan aka kwatanta da ikon iska, samar da wutar lantarki ta photovoltaic tana da alaƙa da amfani da wutar lantarki don sanyaya iska a cikin ƙasashe masu dumi. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2017, 'yan amfani da yawa sun fara hada shigarwar PV tare da bankunan batir, don haka samun sa'o'i da yawa na ƙarni mai aikawa don taimakawa rage matsalolin da ke tattare da layin duck bayan faɗuwar rana.

## Matsayi na yanzu

A cikin 2022, jimlar ƙarfin photovoltaic na duniya ya karu da 228 GW, tare da ci gaban 24% shekara-shekara na sabbin shigarwa. A sakamakon haka, jimlar ƙarfin duniya ya wuce 1,185 GW a ƙarshen shekara.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Asiya ita ce mafi girma mai shigar da hasken rana a cikin 2022, tare da 60% na sabon ƙarfin da 60% na jimlar ƙarfin. Kasar Sin kadai ta kai sama da 40% na sabon hasken rana da kusan 40% na jimlar iyawa, amma kawai 30% na tsara.

Arewacin Amurka ta samar da kashi 16% na jimlar duniya, karkashin jagorancin Amurka. Arewacin Amurka tana da mafi girman ƙarfin dukkan nahiyoyi a cikin 2022 a 20%, gaba da Kudancin Amurka (16%) da duniya gaba ɗaya (14%). 

Kusan dukkanin hasken rana a Oceania (39TWh) an samar da su a Ostiraliya a cikin 2022, a kowane hali ya kai kashi 3% na jimlar duniya. Koyaya, Oceania tana da mafi girman adadin wutar lantarki wanda ya kasance hasken rana a cikin 2022 a 12%, gaba da Turai (4.9%), Asiya (4.9%) da duniya gaba ɗaya (4.6%). 

## Manazarta