Hotspot na halittu masu yawa

Hotspot na biodiversity yanki ne na biogeographic tare da manyan matakan biodiversity wanda ke fuskantar barazanar mazaunin ɗan adam. Norman Myers ya rubuta game da manufar a cikin labaran biyu a cikin The Environmentalist a cikin 1988  da 1990,  bayan haka aka sake fasalin manufar biyo bayan cikakken bincike na Myers da sauransu a cikin "Hotspots: Earth's Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions"  da kuma takarda da aka buga a cikin mujallar Nature, duka a cikin 2000.

Don samun cancanta a matsayin hotspot na halittu masu yawa a kan Myers' 2000 edition na taswirar hotspot, yankin dole ne ya cika ka'idoji guda biyu: dole ne ya ƙunshi aƙalla nau'ikan tsire-tsire 1,500 (fiye da 0.5% na jimlar duniya) a matsayin endemics, kuma dole ne ya rasa aƙalla 70% na tsire-tire-tsaren farko. A duniya, yankuna 36 sun cancanci a ƙarƙashin wannan ma'anar. Wadannan shafuka suna tallafawa kusan kashi 60% na tsire-tsire na duniya, tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu shayarwa, dabbobi marasa rarrafe, da nau'ikan amphibian, tare da babban rabo daga waɗannan nau'ikan a matsayin masu iyaka. Wasu daga cikin wadannan hotspots suna tallafawa har zuwa nau'ikan shuke-shuke 15,000, kuma wasu sun rasa har zuwa 95% na mazauninsu na halitta.

Hotspots na halittu masu yawa suna karɓar bakuncin tsarin halittu daban-daban a kan kashi 2.4% na farfajiyar duniya. Myer ne ya gano wurare goma da farko;  36 na yanzu sun yi amfani da su don rufe fiye da 15.7% na duk ƙasar amma sun rasa kusan 85% na yankinsu.  Wannan asarar mazaunin shine dalilin da ya sa kusan kashi 60% na rayuwar duniya ke rayuwa a kan kashi 2.4% kawai na yankin ƙasa. Tsibirin Caribbean kamar Haiti da Jamaica suna fuskantar matsin lamba mai tsanani a kan yawan tsire-tsire da dabbobi masu tasowa sakamakon saurin sare daji. Sauran yankuna sun haɗa da Tropical Andes, Philippines, Mesoamerica, da Sundaland, wanda, a ƙarƙashin matakan yanzu inda ake lalata gandun daji, mai yiwuwa zai rasa mafi yawan nau'ikan shuke-shuke da nau'ikan dabbobi.

## Shirye-shiryen kiyaye hotspot
Ƙananan kashi ne kawai na jimlar yankin ƙasa a cikin wurare masu yawa na halittu yanzu ana kiyaye su. Ƙungiyoyin ƙasashen duniya da yawa suna aiki don kiyaye wuraren da ke da bambancin halittu.

* Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) wani shiri ne na duniya wanda ke ba da tallafi da taimakon fasaha ga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu don kare yankuna masu arziki na duniya na bambancin shuke-shuke da dabbobi, gami da wuraren zafi na bambancin halittu, yankunan hamada masu yawa da mahimman yankunan ruwa.
* Asusun Duniya na Yanayi ya kirkiro tsarin da ake kira "Global 200 Ecoregions", wanda manufarsa ita ce zaɓar yankuna masu fifiko don kiyayewa daga nau'ikan ƙasa goma sha huɗu, ruwa mai laushi uku, da nau'ikan mazaunin ruwa huɗu. An zaba su ne don wadatar jinsuna, endemism, bambancin taxonomic, abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba na muhalli ko juyin halitta, da ƙarancin duniya. Duk wuraren da ke dauke da halittu masu yawa suna dauke da akalla yanki na duniya 200.
* Birdlife International ta gano 218 "Yankin Tsuntsaye na Ƙasashen" (EBAs) kowannensu yana riƙe da nau'in tsuntsaye biyu ko fiye da ba a samu a wani wuri ba. Birdlife International ta gano fiye da 11,000 Muhimman Yankunan tsuntsaye  a duk duniya.
* Rayuwar shuke-shuke ta kasa da kasa tana daidaita shirye-shiryen da ke da niyyar ganowa da sarrafa Muhimman Yankunan Shuke-shuka.
* Alliance for Zero Extinction wani shiri ne na kungiyoyin kimiyya da kungiyoyin kiyayewa waɗanda ke aiki tare don mayar da hankali kan nau'ikan da ke fuskantar barazana a duniya. Sun gano shafuka 595, gami da *Yankunan Tsuntsaye masu Muhimmanci* na Birdlife.
* The National Geographic Society ta shirya taswirar duniya  na hotspots da ArcView shapefile da metadata don Biodiversity Hotspots  gami da cikakkun bayanai game da fauna da ke cikin haɗari a kowane hotspot, wanda yake samuwa daga Conservation International.
* Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka da Shirye-shiryen Kasuwanci (CAMPA) tana neman sarrafa lalacewar gandun daji a Indiya.

## Rarraba ta yanki

Yawancin halittu masu yawa suna cikin wurare masu zafi; Hakanan, yawancin hotspots na wurare masu zafi ne. Daga cikin wurare masu yawa 36 na halittu, 15 an rarraba su a matsayin tsofaffi, yanayin yanayi, wuraren da ba su da kyau (OCBILs).  Wadannan yankuna an ware su a tarihi daga hulɗa tare da wasu yankunan yanayi, amma hulɗar ɗan adam ta baya-bayan nan da mamayewa sun sanya waɗannan wuraren da ke da aminci a tarihi cikin haɗari. OCBILs galibi an yi musu barazana ta hanyar sake komawa kungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar da ayyukan soja, saboda ƙasa marar amfani a baya ta hana yawan mutane. Tsaro na OCBILs a cikin hotspots na biodiversity ya fara jawo hankali saboda ra'ayoyin yanzu sun yi imanin cewa waɗannan shafuka suna ba da matakan halittu masu yawa ba kawai, amma suna da layin da ya dace da kuma yiwuwar manyan matakan jinsin a nan gaba. Saboda wadannan shafuka suna da kwanciyar hankali, ana iya rarraba su a matsayin mafaka.

## Rashin amincewa
Babban bayanin martaba na tsarin hotspots na halittu ya haifar da wasu zargi. Takardun kamar su Kareiva & Marvier (2003)  sun nuna cewa wuraren da ke da bambancin halittu (da sauran yankuna masu fifiko) ba sa magance manufar farashi,  kuma ba sa la'akari da bambancin phylogenetic. 

## Manazarta