Joseph Sweetman yana so

**Joseph Sweetman Ames** (3 ga Yuli, 1864 &#x2013; 24 ga Yuni, 1943) masanin kimiyyar lissafi ne na Amurka, farfesa a Jami'ar Johns Hopkins, shugaban jami'ar daga 1926 zuwa 1929, kuma shugaban jami'a daga 1929 zuwa 1935.  Ana tunawa da shi sosai a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Ƙasa don Aeronautics (NACA, magajin NASA ) kuma shugabanta na dogon lokaci (1919–1939). An sanya wa Cibiyar Bincike ta NASA Ames suna bayansa. An zaɓe shi a cikin Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka a 1905 da kuma Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa ta Amurka a 1909.   An zaɓe shi a matsayin Fellow na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a 1911.  Shi ne wanda ya karɓi lambar zinare ta Langley a 1935 daga Cibiyar Smithsonian .

Ames ya kuma kasance mataimakin edita na *Jaridar Astrophysical* kuma mataimakin edita na *Jaridar Kimiyya ta Amurka* ; babban editan *Scientific Memoir Series* ; kuma editan tarihin Joseph von Fraunhofer akan *Prismatic da Diffractive Spectra* (1898). 

## Sana'a
An haifi Joseph Sweetman Ames a Manchester, Vermont a ranar 3 ga Yuli, 1864.  Ames ɗan George Lapham Ames da Elizabeth (Bacon) Ames ne kuma zuriyar iyalan Ames da Bacon na Connecticut.  Iyalinsa sun ƙaura zuwa Minnesota lokacin yana ƙarami kuma ya halarci Makarantar Shattuck, inda ya nuna sha'awa ta musamman a fannin lissafi.  Lokacin da ya isa Hopkins a matsayin ɗan fari a 1883, ya fara hulɗa ta tsawon rai na shekaru sittin, tare da hutun shekara ɗaya kacal bayan kammala karatunsa a 1886 (manhajar karatun digiri na farko a lokacin shekaru uku ce). Bayan ya yi tafiya a Turai kuma ya halarci laccocin Helmholtz a Jami'ar Berlin,  ya koma Hopkins a 1887 don yin nazarin kimiyyar lissafi a ƙarƙashin Henry A. Rowland . Ya sami digirin digirgir a shekarar 1890. A matsayinsa na ɗalibi mai digiri na biyu, ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin dakin gwaje-gwaje kuma ya ci gaba da yin hakan har sai da aka ɗaukaka shi zuwa matsayin mataimakin farfesa a shekarar 1891. A shekarar 1893 ya zama mataimakin farfesa, kuma Farfesa na kimiyyar lissafi a shekarar 1898. An zaɓe Ames a matsayin memba na girmamawa na Royal Institution of Great Britain a shekarar 1899.  Bayan mutuwar Rowland a shekarar 1901, an naɗa shi Daraktan Dakin Gwaji na Kimiyya. 

Ames ya ba da gudummawa ga aikinsa ta hanyar buga littattafai guda huɗu, ya yi aiki a ma'aikatan edita na Astrophysical Journal da Harper's Scientific Monthly, ya gabatar da Lakcocin Harris na Jami'ar Northwestern kan "The Constitution of Matter", tare da rubuta littafi, Theoretical Mechanics, da kuma riƙe mukamin shugaban American Physical Society, wanda shi memba ne na ƙungiyar. Ƙwarewarsa ta kuma haifar da kiransa ya jagoranci Kwamitin Ayyukan Ƙasashen Waje na Majalisar Bincike ta Ƙasa, don jagorantar aikin ilimi na Ofishin Ma'auni na Amurka, don jagorantar wani aikin kimiyya na lokacin yaƙi zuwa Faransa, da kuma jagorantar kwamitin zartarwa na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Ƙasa don Aeronautics (NACA), wanda ya gabaci Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama da Sararin Samaniya ta Ƙasa (NASA).

A matsayinsa na malami, an ɗauke Ames a matsayin malami mai kyau, wanda zai iya bayyana ƙa'idodin kimiyyar lissafi masu rikitarwa ta hanyar da mutum mai ilimi zai iya fahimta. Yayin da Rowland ya shahara da gabatar da laccoci waɗanda suka haifar da tambayoyi fiye da yadda suka amsa, laccocin Ames sun nuna ƙwarewa a fannin wanda ɗalibai da abokan aiki suka saba yin tsokaci a kai.  A matsayinsa na malami da kuma mai gudanarwa Ames ya goyi bayan ' yancin ilimi kuma ya ƙi amincewa da rantsuwar aminci da malamai ke buƙata a lokacin a jihohi da yawa. 

A Hopkins, baiwar da ya bayar ta shugabanci ta sa ya zama sakataren Majalisar Ilimi a shekarar 1915, Shugaban Kwalejin a shekarar 1924, da kuma Provost a shekarar 1926. A shekarar 1929, lokacin da jami'ar ke neman sabon shugaban ƙasa, an naɗa Ames. Ya hau mulki a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1929 kuma ya fara gudanar da mulki wanda ya ɗauki tsawon shekaru shida mafi wahala a tarihin jami'ar, saboda wahalhalun tattalin arziki na Babban Mawuyacin Halin Kunci . Gibin jami'ar ya ƙaru yayin da yanayin kuɗi ya ƙara ta'azzara.  Shugaba Ames ya gudanar da jami'ar yadda ya kamata, yana magance matsaloli kamar "Tsarin Goodnow" da sabon Cibiyar Shari'a amma mai cike da matsaloli. Har ma ya magance matsalar kasuwanci a wasannin motsa jiki na Hopkins, yana mai cewa karɓar shiga wasannin motsa jiki "bai dace ba". Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ritayarsa a ranar 30 ga Yuni, 1935, an soke rasitin ƙofa. Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, an soke wannan matakin kuma aka sake kafa kuɗin shiga. A lokacin shugabancinsa na Hopkins, an buɗe ɗakin karatu na likitanci na William H. Welch a harabar likitancin jami'ar, kuma an shirya Makarantar Hulɗa da Ƙasashen Duniya ta Walter Hines Page a matsayin ɓangaren jami'ar. 

Lokacin da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ya fara, a matsayinsa na shugaban Kwamitin Ayyukan Ƙasashen Waje na Majalisar Bincike ta Ƙasa, Ames ya yi rangadin Turai yana nazarin ci gaban kimiyya. Bayan dawowarsa, ya soki manufofin ƙasashen waje na Amurka na keɓewa, yana mai kira da a aika kayan yaƙi zuwa Faransa da wuri-wuri. Ya kuma yi kira da Amurka ta hanzarta haɓakawa da samar da jiragen yaƙi nan take. 

A ƙarshen rayuwarsa, aikin Ames a fannin sufurin jiragen sama ya ƙara samun karɓuwa. A shekarar 1935, an naɗa shi a matsayin memba na girmamawa na Cibiyar Kimiyyar Jiragen Sama kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Langley Gold Medal for Aerodynamics daga Smithsonian Institution. A shekarar 1939, Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Ƙasa kan Jiragen Sama ya gabatar masa da ƙudurin shaida. Wataƙila babbar girmamawa da aka ba shi ita ce sanya wa Ames Aeronautical Laboratory suna a California. Ames ya mutu a ranar 24 ga Yuni, 1943, bayan ya shafe shekaru da dama yana fama da rashin lafiya sakamakon bugun jini. 

## Littattafai

* 1897:  
* 1898:  lissafi a Taskar Intanet
* 1898:  a Taskar Intanet
* 1900:  
* 1900: *Shigar da Wutar Lantarki* (juzu'i biyu)
* 1904:  ta Gabaɗaya ta Taskar Intanet
* 1929: *Injiniyoyin Ka'ida*

## Manazarta