Esther Merle Jackson

**Esther Merle Jackson** (Satumba 3, 1922 - Agusta 1, 2006) ta kasance masaniyar tarihi kuma darakta a Amurka. An haife ta a Pine Bluff, Arkansas, kuma ta fara koyarwa a kwalejoji da jami'o'i na baƙar fata na tarihi kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin mata baƙar fata na farko a Amurka da suka sami digirin digirgir a wasan kwaikwayo kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Daraktan Ilimi a Bikin Shakespeare na New York, kafin ta zama farfesa a Sashen Wasan Kwaikwayo da Wasan Kwaikwayo na Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison . Ta kasance ƙwararriya a cikin ayyukan Tennessee Williams, tana rubuta littafin *The Broken World of Tennessee Williams* a 1965, kuma ita da John Ezell sun yi aiki tare a kan shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo da dama, gami da tattara wasannin kwaikwayo na rabin sa'a daga watsa shirye-shiryen Thornton Wilder akan PBS a 1978.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Esther Merle Jackson a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 1922, a Pine Bluff, Arkansas .   Mahaifinta Napoleon F. Jackson shine shugaban makarantar sakandare ta Booker T. Washington, wata makaranta daban a El Dorado, Arkansas, kuma mahaifiyarta Ruth (née Atkinson) Jackson ta koyar da Turanci a makarantar da aka ambata a sama.   Bayan ta yi karatu a makarantun daban a El Dorado, Arkansas, ta yi karatu a Hampton Institute, inda ta sami digirin farko a shekarar 1942, sannan ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Jihar Ohio, inda ta sami digirin farko a fannin wasan kwaikwayo a shekarar 1946.  

Bayan koyarwa a Kwalejin Aikin Gona ta Arkansas, Injiniyanci &amp;amp; Al'ada a matsayin mai koyarwa a Turanci da Jawabi (1942 &#x2013; 1944), Jackson ta koyar a Cibiyar Hampton (1946 &#x2013; 1949) da Kwalejin Clark (1949 &#x2013; 1956) a matsayin Mataimakin Farfesa na Wasan Kwaikwayo, a lokaci guda tana aiki a matsayin darektan wasan kwaikwayo.  Ta sami tallafin karatu na Gidauniyar John Hay Whitney a 1956 da kuma tallafin karatu na Jami'ar Jihar Ohio a 1957, kuma ta koma Jihar Ohio don samun digirin digirgir a Wasan Kwaikwayo a 1958, ɗaya daga cikin mata baƙar fata na farko a Amurka da suka yi hakan;   takardar digirin digirgir ɗinta, wadda Everett M. Schreck ke kula da ita, an yi mata lakabi *da Fitowar Tsarin Halayya na Zamani a Wasan Kwaikwayo na Amurka na Tennessee Williams* . 

Jackson ta fara aiki a fannin wasan kwaikwayo na bayan sakandare bayan ta sami digirin digirgir,  kuma ta yi shekara guda tana aiki a matsayin Farfesa a fannin Turanci a Jami'ar Jihar North Carolina A&amp;amp;T (1958 &#x2013; 1959) da kuma Farfesa mai ziyara a fannin ilimin ɗan adam a Cibiyar Tuskegee (1959 &#x2013; 1960).  Ta kasance ƙwararren malami a fannin wasan kwaikwayo da wasannin kwaikwayo a Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert a lokacin shekarar karatu ta 1960 &#x2013; 1961. 

A shekarar 1961, Jackson ta koma Kwalejin Clark a matsayin Farfesa na Magana da Wasan Kwaikwayo kuma shugabar Sashensu na Magana da Wasan Kwaikwayo.   Daga 1964 zuwa 1965, ta yi aiki a matsayin ƙwararriya a fannin ilimin wasan kwaikwayo da rawa a Ofishin Ilimi na Amurka,  inda ta yi niyyar faɗaɗa rawar da wasan kwaikwayo ke takawa a cikin Babban Al'umma .  Bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar Joseph Papp a 1963, ta fara aiki a 1965 a matsayin Daraktan Ilimi a Bikin Shakespeare na New York .   Daga baya ta yi ɗan gajeren lokaci tana koyarwa a Jami'ar Adelphi, Jami'ar Shaw, da Jami'ar Free ta Berlin, inda ta kasance Malamin Fulbright a fannin Wasan Kwaikwayo da Wasan Kwaikwayo a lokacin shekarar karatu ta 1967-1968.   Ta buga littafin *The Broken World of Tennessee Williams* a shekarar 1965.  An zaɓe ta a matsayin memba na Guggenheim a shekarar 1968,  saboda "nazarin wasan kwaikwayo na ra'ayoyi a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka, 1909–1966". 

A shekarar 1969, ta zama farfesa a Sashen Wasan Kwaikwayo da Wasan Kwaikwayo na Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison, ta ci gaba da zama a can har zuwa 1987.  A lokacin da take a UW Madison, ta yi aiki tare da John Ezell a lokacin ƙoƙarinta na kafa wata cibiya kan nazarin wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka da kuma koyar da wasan kwaikwayo.  A ranar 30 ga Agusta, 1978, ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryensu na haɗin gwiwa, wato tattara wasannin kwaikwayo na Thornton Wilder na rabin sa'a mai suna *Wilder Wilder*, ya kasance a duk faɗin ƙasar a PBS.  

A matsayinta na ƙwararriyar mai ilimi, Jackson ta ƙware a fannin adabin wasan kwaikwayo, musamman ayyukan Tennessee Williams da Eugene O'Neill .  *Jaridar The Reporter* ta bayyana ta a matsayin "mai suka ga marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Tennessee Williams" kuma "baƙar fata mai ilimi a tarihin wasan kwaikwayo da suka".  A shekarar 1981, ta buga da kanta *The American Drama and the New World Vision*, wani rubutu kan tarihin wasan kwaikwayo wanda, a cewar Daniel Ciba, "ya zama ƙarshen karatun Jackson [kuma] ya haɗa karatunta a matsayin wani abu da ta ci gaba da ci gaba kai tsaye ta hanyar koyarwa ta shekaru da yawa." 

Bayan ya yi fama da cutar Alzheimer, Jackson ya mutu sakamakon matsalolin da cutar ta haifar a ranar 1 ga Agusta, 2006, a Brooklyn, yana da shekaru 83.  

A shekarar 2011, an mayar da takardunta zuwa Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, da Rare Book Library Library ; lokacin da farfesa Daniel Ciba na wasan kwaikwayo ya gano su a shekarar 2019 yayin da yake aiki a kan wani aikin bincike kan Jackson, tarin da aka samu bai kasance cikin tsari ba.

## Manazarta