open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
KK Park

**KK Park** (Sinanci: KK園區) sunan hadin gwiwa ne ga Masana'antun zamba da ke cikin Garin Myawaddy, Myanmar . Da yake kusa da Kogin Moei a kan iyakar Myanmar-Thailand, hadaddun babban cibiyar aikata laifuka ne na yanar gizo, Cin hanci da rashawa a intanet, cin hancin saka hannun jari, cin hancinsu na alade (wani nau'i na kamawa da cin hanci na soyayya yawanci da rassan kuɗi), da fataucin mutane a cikin yankin Golden Triangle mafi girma. 

## Tarihi
An tsara hadaddun ne don manufar kasuwanci, an gina shi tsakanin 2019 da 2021, tare da ƙarin gini da ke gudana tun daga 2023. Yawancin irin waɗannan masana'antun zamba an tattara su kuma kafofin watsa labarai sun ruwaito. A cewar DW, akwai akalla wuraren zamba 12 da ke kusa da iyakar da Thailand. Bayan zargin aikata laifuka, suna kuma gudanar da kasuwancin caca a matsayin sabon hanyar samun kudin shiga.

A watan Agustan 2022, Rundunar Sojojin Myanmar ta gudanar da manyan hare-hare da aka yi wa daruruwan kamfanonin zamba na intanet a Myawaddy, wanda ya tilasta wa waɗannan kamfanoni su koma Yangon. Daga baya, 'yan ta'adda daga Karen National Union (KNU) da masu alaƙa da ita sun kai hari kan sansanin tsaron iyaka na junta. KNU kungiya ce mai dauke da makamai ta kabilanci wacce ke kula da sassan Jihar Kayin. An dakatar da ayyukan zamba da yawa na KK Park yayin harin.

A ranar 7 ga Yuni 2023, hukumomin Thai sun ba da sanarwar cewa sun dakatar da samar da wutar lantarki ga KK Park da Shwe Kokko saboda gwamnatin soja ta Myanmar ba ta sabunta kwangilar samar da wutar.

## Ayyuka
An ce KNU da kamfanonin kasar Sin dake da alaka da shugaban triad Wan Kuok-koi ne suka kafa aikin na KK Park tare.  Kungiyar ta KNU tana fuskantar matsin lamba kan zargin hannu a cikin KK Park da wasu ayyukan da suka sabawa doka, kuma ta fuskanci bukatar wasu manyan mambobinta su yi murabus.  &#x5B; ** &#x5D; gano cewa sojojin da ke kare iyakokin Myanmar suna nan a cikin rukunin. 

An tilasta ma'aikata daga ko'ina cikin Kudu maso gabashin Asiya suyi zamba a kan layi, gami da saka hannun jari na cryptocurrency da zamba na gidan caca na kan layi, da jimrewa da azabtarwa da ɗaurin kurkuku ba bisa ka'ida ba da barazanar girbi jikinsu. Binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2024 daga kamfanin watsa shirye-shiryen jihar Jamus Deutsche Welle ya gano cewa ma'aikata a KK Park suna fuskantar sa'o'i 17 na aiki kuma ana yawan yin leken asiri, azabtar da su, kuma ana barazanar kisan kai yayin da suke ƙoƙarin tserewa daga fili. An kwace fasfo da wayoyin salula na ma'aikata don hana sadarwa ba tare da kulawa ba tare da duniya ta waje. Haɗin ya haɗa da manyan kantuna, asibiti, gidajen cin abinci da otal-otal don samar da al'umma mai rufewa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa girbi na ɓangarorin ba bisa ka'ida ba yana faruwa a cikin KK Park. Wadanda abin ya shafa na KK Park za su iya barin ne kawai ta hanyar biyan kuɗin "ƙaddamar da kwangila" wanda aka lissafa ta hanyar farashin sufuri da kuma yawan kuɗin da wadanda abin ya shafa suka samu ga kamfanonin zamba. Wadanda abin ya shafa sau da yawa dole ne su ranta daga dangin da abokai don biyan wannan kuɗin.

## Manazarta
Samun dama ga bayanai a Bangladesh

Samun dama ga Bayanai (Bengali: এটুআই) na Ofishin Firayim Minista (yanzu an sake bayyana shi a matsayin "Aspire to Innovate" kuma shirin da aka motsa a karkashin Sashen ICT) wani shiri ne na sauya fasalin dijital na gwamnati wanda ke da ƙwarewa wajen gabatar da sabbin ayyukan jama'a don sauƙaƙe isar sabis na jama'a da inganta rayuwar 'yan ƙasa ta hanyar kara nuna gaskiya, inganta mulki da rage lokacin, wahala da farashin samun ayyukan gwamnati. Bangladesh ta sami ci gaba sosai a cikin fasaha a fannoni daban-daban ciki har da sadarwa, haɗin intanet da sauri, ƙididdiga, da kafofin watsa labarai.

## Tarihi
a2i, mai sauya sauye-sauye na kasa da kasa, yana sauƙaƙa isar da sabis na jama'a ta hanyar sauyawar dijital da kirkire-kirkire. An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2007 tare da tallafi daga UNDP, Gidauniyar Gates, USAID, da Gwamnatin Bangladesh, an kafa a2i a cikin 2023 a matsayin Hukumar Innovation ta Kasa tare da reshe na kasa da kasa don tallafawa LDCs wajen cimma SDGs.

## Bayani

## GHaɗin waje

*
Kotun Mata ta Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya kan Cutar Cutar Ciki da Cinikin Dan Adam

Kotun Mata ta Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya kan Cutar Cutar Ciki da Cin Hanci da Mutum wani taro ne da aka gudanar a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta 2009 a Nusa Dua, Bali, Indonesia, wanda Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) da sauran hukumomin yanki suka shirya. Daga baya aka buga wani rahoto, yana mai da hankali ga batutuwan Kwayar cutar rigakafin mutum (HIV) da fataucin mutane tsakanin mata a kudu maso gabashin Asiya.

## Masu tallafawa
Kazalika da UNDP taron ya dauki nauyin: Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Asiya (AWHRC); Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Indonesia, Yakeba; Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Magunguna da Laifuka (UNODC); Asusun Ci Gaban Mata na Majalisar Dinkininkin Duniya (UNIFEM); Shirin Majalisar Dinkinobho na Majalisar Dattijai kan Cinikin Dan Adam (UNIAP); da Cibiyar Nazarin Asiya Pacific na mutanen da ke zaune da ke fama da cutar kanjamau (APN +), tare da tallafin kudi daga Gwamnatin Japan. An shirya taron ne tare da daidaitawa tare da Taron Kasa da Kasa na 9 kan cutar kanjamau a Asiya da Pacific (ICAAP), wanda aka buɗe a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, kuma a Bali.

## Tsarinsa
Wannan taron ya ɗauki nau'in "tribunal na alama", inda kwamitin ("jury") na masana shida a fannin shari'a da haƙƙin ɗan adam suka ji shaidu na farko daga mata 22 na kudu maso gabashin Asiya waɗanda suka bayyana yadda suka sha wahala daga fataucin mutane, tashin hankali da cin zarafi. Har ila yau, an gabatar da bayanai da bincike game da girman keta mutunci da haƙƙin ɗan adam da mata na Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya suka samu. Wadanda suka halarci taron sun hada da shugabannin siyasa da kuma mutane da kungiyoyi da ke aiki don karfafa mata da rage yiwuwar su ga fataucin mutane da cutar kanjamau a yankin. Sessions sun haɗa da: haƙƙin ɗan adam na al'ummomin da ke da rauni; tasirin lafiyar jama'a na dokokin yaki da fataucin mutane; da martani daga al'ummomi.

## Ƙarshen
Bayan shari'ar, juriya ta fitar da wata sanarwa da ke nuna cewa "raunin mata ga fataucin mutane da cutar kanjamau ya samo asali ne daga rashin tsaro na ɗan adam, talauci, jahilci da rashin ƙarfi da suke fuskanta a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun". Sun kara da cewa wasu matan da ake fataucin mutane ana bi da su a matsayin baƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba, ana gurfanar da su a kan masu laifi, ko kuma an hana su hakkinsu.

Wannan taron ya haifar da wani rahoto, "Kotu ta Mata ta Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya kan Cutar Cutar Ciki da Cin Hanci da Mutum: Daga Rashin Tsaro zuwa Free, Just, and Safe Movement", wanda UNDP ta buga a watan Janairu mai zuwa, tare da manufar inganta ƙarin tattaunawa da aiki kan batutuwan da suka shafi Cutar Cike da fataucin mutane tsakanin mata a Kudu maso Gabas ta Asiya.

## Dubi kuma

* Batutuwan 'yancin Dan Adam a Arewa maso gabashin Indiya
* Ci gaba (yancin ɗan adam)

## Manazarta
Samun dama ga Bayanai Cibiyar Bayar da Bayani

Gwamnatin Burtaniya ce ta kafa Gidan Bayani na Tsakiya a watan Janairun shekara ta 2005. An kafa Gidan Tsakiya na Tsakiya don tabbatar da aiwatar da Dokar Kare Bayanai ta 1998, Dokar 'Yancin Bayanai ta 2000, da Dokokin Bayanai na Muhalli (EIRs) a duk fadin Gwamnatin Tsakiya. Gidan Tsakiya na Tsakiya yana ba da shawara ga ƙwararru don shari'o'in da aka tura ga Kwamishinan Bayanai ko Kotun Bayanai.

Akwai hanyoyin don tabbatar da cewa duk buƙatun da ke kunna ɗaya daga cikin 'masu haifar' da yawa ana tura su gidan Clearing.

## Rashin jituwa
Masu sukar sun zargi Gidan Tsakiya na Tsakiya saboda ƙaruwar yawan roko ga Kwamishinan Bayanai da kuma 'suna son toshe buƙatun da yawa don bayanai kamar yadda zai iya'.

A watan Yunin 2020, openDemocracy ta wallafa wani bincike wanda ya gano cewa Majalisar ta hana sakin bayanan da suka shafi abin kunya na jini a Ingila. Fayilolin, waɗanda aka saki a cikin 2018, sun nuna cewa gwamnatin Burtaniya ta yarda da cewa wasu hukumomin kiwon lafiya sun yi sakaci.

A ranar 8 ga watan Yunin 2021 Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta rasa bukatar neman 'yancin bayanai game da cikakkun bayanai game da gidan Clearing, OpenDemocracy ne ya kawo matakin. A cikin tsaronta ofishin majalisa ya ba da labarin Wikipedia. Alkalin Hughes, ya kammala cewa akwai "rashin gaskiya mai zurfi game da aikin" wanda "yana iya bayyana ... don fadadawa ga ministoci" kuma cewa sashen, wanda Michael Gove ke jagoranta ya yaudari kotun.

Wani bincike da Politico Europe ta buga a ranar 12 ga Yuni 2021 ya gano cewa Clearing House ta ajiye jerin 'yan jarida da suka yi buƙatun FOI kuma sun yi amfani da shi don sanin ko za a ba da waɗannan buƙatun, a keta dokar cewa ya kamata a kimanta buƙatun FOi makaho. Binciken Politico ya kuma gano cewa Majalisar ta toshe buƙatun koda lokacin da Ma'aikatar Ciniki ta ba da shawarar ba da su.

A watan Satumbar 2021, Ministan Ofishin Ma'aikatar Chloe Smith ta ba da sanarwar cewa gwamnati za ta gudanar da "bincike game da rawar da Gidan Cirewa ke takawa. " Kwamitin Gudanar da Jama'a da Harkokin Tsarin Mulki na House of Commons suma suna gudanar da bita na Gidan Creewa. Daga baya a wannan watan, openDemocracy ya ci gaba da bayyana cewa Clearing House ya tsoma baki tare da sakin bayanai da ke kewaye da wutar Grenfell Tower.

## Abubuwan da ke haifar da tura buƙatun zuwa Gidan Tsakiya na Tsakiya
Gwamnati ta wallafa jerin abubuwan da za su haifar da buƙatar da za a tura zuwa Gidan Tsakiya na Tsakiya waɗannan abubuwan da za a iya fadawa ƙarƙashin manyan jigogi biyar: 

* Batutuwan Firayim Minista da Ministoci
* Gidan sarauta da girmamawa
* Sayarwa da inganci
* Batutuwan Cross-Whitehall
* Takaddun shaida na veto na ma'aikatar da tsaro

## Manazarta
Gidan da ke cikin kogon

**Sump**, ko **siphon**, wani wuri ne a cikin kogon da aka nutse a ƙarƙashin ruwa.  Ƙirar ƙila ta kasance a tsaye, ba tare da kwararar ciki ko ta waje ba, ko aiki, tare da ci gaba da gudana. Hakanan za'a iya haɗa sups na tsaye a ƙarƙashin ruwa zuwa hanyar rafi mai aiki. Lokacin da ɗan gajeren tsayi, ana iya kiran sump ɗin **duck** ; duk da haka, wannan kuma yana iya komawa zuwa wani sashe ko nassi tare da wasu (ƙananan) sararin sama sama da ruwa.

Dangane da abubuwan da ke tattare da ruwa na musamman ga kogo - irin su kogin teku, canje-canje a cikin kogi, ko dangantaka tare da teburin ruwa na gida - sups da ducks na iya canzawa a matakin ruwa da zurfin (kuma wani lokaci a tsayi, saboda siffar da ke kusa).

## Binciken da ya wuce jimlar kuɗi

### Ruwa
Za a iya wuce gajerun kuɗi kawai ta hanyar riƙe numfashi yayin duck ta cikin sashin da aka nutse (misali, Sump 1 a cikin Swildon Hole ). Ana kiran wannan da " nutsewa kyauta" kuma za'a iya gwadawa ne kawai idan an san tarin tarin gajere ne kuma ba shi da wahala ta fasaha (misali maƙarƙashiya ko buƙatar kewayawa). Tsawon lokaci kuma mafi wahala a fasaha ba za a iya wucewa ta hanyar nutsewar kogo ba (kamar yadda ya faru akai-akai a cikin binciken kogon Krubera ).

### Ruwan ruwa
Lokacin da ake amfani da shi, ana iya zubar da sump ta amfani da bokiti, famfo ko siphon . Fitar da ruwan yana buƙatar shigar da ruwa a cikin tafki don ya zama ƙasa da adadin da famfo ke zubar da shi, da kuma wurin da ya dace don tattara ruwan da aka zubar. An yi nasarar zubar da sups na sama ta hanyar amfani da hoses don fitar da ruwa daga cikin su, kamar a cikin Sinkhole Dersios yayin bincike a cikin 2005. An aika ruwan cikin zurfi a cikin nutsewa, kuma kullun da aka kwashe ya bayyana hanyar budurwa a bayan su. A lokacin da ake ceto daga hayin kogin Sarkhos a shekara ta 2002, an jibge ruwa daga sama zuwa wani dam da aka gina ta 'yan mitoci sama da mashigar ruwa.

Wasu litattafan kuma sun ambaci amfani da bama-bamai ko wasu nau'ikan ƙarfi don wofintar da kuɗaɗen kuɗi, amma lalacewar muhallin da ke tattare da gurɓataccen yanayin kogo yakan hana yin amfani da irin waɗannan hanyoyin.

## Manazarta
Muhalli na wuta

Ilimin **Muhalli na [[wuta]]** horo ne na kimiyya wanda ke da alaƙa da tasirin wuta a kan yanayin halittu. Yawancin yanayin halittu, musamman prairie, Savanna, chaparral da gandun daji, sun samo asali ne tare da wuta a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa ga rayuwar mazauni da sabuntawa. Yawancin nau'ikan shuke-shuke a cikin yanayin da wuta ta shafa suna amfani da wuta don tsiro, kafa, ko haifuwa. Cire gobarar daji ba kawai yana barazana ga waɗannan nau'o'in ba, har ma da dabbobi da ke dogara da su.

Yunkurin hana gobarar daji a Amurka ya tsara ra'ayin jama'a a tarihi don gaskata cewa gobarar daji tana da lahani ga yanayi. Binciken muhalli ya nuna, duk da haka, cewa wuta wani bangare ne mai mahimmanci a cikin aiki da bambancin halittu na wurare da yawa na halitta, kuma cewa kwayoyin da ke cikin waɗannan al'ummomin sun saba da tsayayya, har ma da amfani, gobarar daji. Gabaɗaya, wuta yanzu ana ɗaukar ta a matsayin 'rashin jituwa na halitta', mai kama da ambaliyar ruwa, guguwa, da rushewar ƙasa, wanda ya haifar da juyin halitta na jinsuna kuma yana sarrafa halaye na yanayin halittu.

Cire wuta, tare da sauran canje-canjen muhalli da mutum ya haifar, na iya haifar da Sakamakon da ba a tsammani ba ga yanayin halittu. Wasu manyan gobarar daji a Amurka an zarge su da shekaru na murkushe wuta da ci gaba da fadada mutane cikin yanayin da ya dace da wuta da kuma Canjin yanayi. Manajojin ƙasa suna fuskantar tambayoyi masu wuya game da yadda za a dawo da tsarin wuta na halitta, amma ba da izinin gobarar daji ta ƙone wataƙila hanya ce mafi tsada kuma mafi inganci a yanayi da yawa.

## Tarihi
Wutar ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara tsire-tsire na duniya. Tsarin halittu na photosynthesis ya fara mayar da hankali ga iskar oxygen da ake buƙata don konewa a lokacin Devonian kimanin shekaru miliyan 350 da suka gabata. Sa'an nan, kimanin shekaru miliyan 125 da suka gabata, wuta ta fara rinjayar mazaunin tsire-tsire na ƙasa.

A cikin karni na 20 masanin ilimin muhalli Charles Cooper ya yi kira ga wuta a matsayin tsarin yanayin muhalli.

## Abubuwan da ke cikin wuta

Abubuwa da yawa a cikin gandun daji suna shafar bambancin halittu; abubuwan da suka fi bunkasa yawan namun daji da bambancin halititu shine kasancewar nau'ikan bishiyoyi daban-daban a cikin gandu daji da kuma rashin kula da katako. Misali, Turkey na daji yana bunƙasa lokacin da tsawo da bambance-bambance na canopy suka kasance kuma lambobinsa sun ragu ta hanyar kula da katako.. f..

Wutar na iya ƙonewa a matakai uku. Wutar ƙasa za ta ƙone ta cikin ƙasa da ke da wadataccen kwayoyin halitta. Wutar da ke sama za ta ƙone ta hanyar kayan shuke-shuke masu rai da matattu a matakin ƙasa. Wutar kambi za ta ƙone ta saman bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi. Tsarin halittu gabaɗaya suna fuskantar haɗuwa da duka uku.

## Amsawar ƙwayoyin cuta
Wutar na iya shafar ƙasa ta hanyar dumama da tsarin konewa. Dangane da yanayin zafi na ƙasa yayin tsarin konewa, sakamako daban-daban za su faru- daga evaporation na ruwa a ƙananan zafin jiki, zuwa konewar kwayoyin halitta na ƙasa da kuma samar da kwayoyin halitta, kamar gawayi.
## Manazarta
Joaquim Pedro de Andrade

**Joaquim Pedro de Andrade** (25 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 1932 - 10 ga watan Satumba, shekarar ta 1988) ya kasance darektan fina-finai na kasar Brazil kuma marubucin allo. Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar Cinema Novo a kasar  Brazil . Andrade an fi saninsa da fim dinsa na shekara ta 1969 *Macunaíma*, wanda ya samo asali ne daga littafin mai taken Mário de Andrade . Fim dinsa na 1shekarar 962 Garrincha: Hero of the Jungle an shigar da shi cikin 13th birnin Berlin International Film Festival .

## Hotunan fina-finai

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Bayanan littattafai

* Patrice Kirchhofer, *Fim din da aka lalata* na Pedro De Andrade (2001) a cikin Nicole Brenez, Christian Lebrat (codir.), Matashi, mai tsauri da tsarki ! A cikin littafin nan, an yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai suna "French" a cikin littafin nan "Frenh" a cikin tarihin nan "Faransa".  

## Haɗin waje

*
Jerin girgizar ƙasa a cikin Netherlands

**Rubutu mai gwaɓi****Girgizar ƙasa a cikin Netherlands** tana faruwa galibi a kudu maso gabas da arewa maso gabashin ƙasar,  tare da mafi yawan girgizar ƙasa ta tectonic a kudu maso gabashin kuma ta haifar da girgizar kasa a arewa maso gabas. Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi ta Royal Netherlands ta fara ne da rajistar girgizar ƙasa a cikin 1904. Girgizar kasa mafi muni ita ce Girgizar ƙasa ta Roermond ta 1992 tare da girman 5.8.

## Rijistar girgizar ƙasa
Lokaci na farko da aka yi rajistar aikin girgizar ƙasa a cikin Netherlands ta Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) a De Bilt ya kasance a ranar 26 ga Yuni 1904. 

## Girgizar ƙasa
Girgizar ƙasa ta halitta da ke faruwa a kudu maso gabashin Netherlands ta haifar da raguwa mai aiki na Tsarin Rift na Cenozoic na Turai. Roermond_earthquake" id="mwHw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="1992 Roermond earthquake">Girgizar ƙasa ta Roermond ta 1992 a lardin kudu maso gabashin Limburg ita ce girgizar kasa mafi tsanani a cikin Netherlands. Yana da girman 5.8 kuma ya faru a Roermond a ranar 13 ga Afrilu 1992.

## Girgizar ƙasa da aka haifar
Tun daga shekara ta 1986, an sami girgizar kasa kusan 1,000 a arewa maso gabashin Netherlands sakamakon amfani da filin iskar gas na Groningen kusa da Slochteren.  Girgizar kasa mafi girma da aka yi rajista a lardin Groningen da ke arewa maso gabashin kasar tana da karfin 3.6 kuma ta faru a Huizinge a ranar 16 ga watan Agustan 2013. Wannan adadin abubuwan da suka faru ya nuna babban ci gaba a cikin lokaci, wanda zai iya haifar da aukuwa daya a kowace rana a cikin 2025.  mutuncin tsarin gidaje da gine-gine.  A ranar 29 ga Maris, 2018, gwamnati ta sanar da cewa za ta dakatar da hakar iskar gas a wannan filin gaba daya nan da shekarar 2030 a karshe.  An yi hasashen cewa binciken na yau da kullun zai ƙare nan da 2022, yayin da har yanzu ke aiki a matsayin wurin ajiyar lokacin sanyi na musamman.  Bayan da aka samu kololuwa a cikin 2013 adadin girgizar kasa da ya haddasa da girman> 1,5 yana raguwa.  Har zuwa 2016, duk da haka, bayanan KNMI har zuwa 2016 sun nuna wani yanayi mai ma'ana a kirga taron shekara-shekara.

Tun daga 1904, akwai girgizar ƙasa bakwai a cikin Netherlands tare da girman 4.0 ko mafi girma. Dukkanin girgizar ƙasa ce da ba a haifar da ita ba a lardunan kudu maso gabashin Limburg da Arewacin Brabant .
Kotun Shari'a ta tilas

Kotun Matakan tilas (Jamusanci: ***Zwangsmassnahmengericht***, Faransanci: Tribunal des mesures de contrainte, Italiyanci: Tribunale delle Jerome coercitive) wata hukuma ce ta Dokar aikata laifuka ta Switzerland  . Yana mulki a kan tsare-tsare na wucin gadi (" tsare-tsaren kafin shari'a") na wanda ake tuhuma, da kuma wasu matakan tilas  .

## Kwarewa
Ana buƙatar yanke shawara na Kotun Matakan tilas don ba da umarni ga matakan da suka biyo baya :

* Tsayawa na wucin gadi; 
* Tsayawa saboda dalilai na tsaro; 
* Sauran matakan tilas;
* Samfurin DNA ;
* Kula da wasiƙu; 
* Matakan sa ido na fasaha; 
* Kula da dangantakar banki; 
* Aikin wakilin ɓoye; 

Sauran matakan tilas ba sa buƙatar a tura su Kotun Matakan tilas, kamar dokar aikata laifuka ta Switzerland .

Matakan tilas sun keta haƙƙoƙi na asali  kuma dole ne su bi wasu sharuɗɗa,  gami da ka'idar daidaito. 

## Manazarta


## Haɗin waje

* Swiss Code of Criminal Procedure archive (CCP) na Oktoba 5, 2007 (yanayin Fabrairu 1, 2020), SR  312.0.
Jerin girgizar ƙasa a Tsibirin Burtaniya

Wadannan sune jerin sanannun girgizar ƙasa da suka shafi tsibirin Burtaniya. A matsakaici, ana gano daruruwan girgizar ƙasa ta hanyar binciken ilimin ƙasa na Burtaniya a kowace shekara, amma kusan duk suna da rauni sosai don mutane su ji su. Wadanda ake ji gabaɗaya suna haifar da ƙananan lalacewa. Duk da haka, girgizar ƙasa a wasu lokuta ta haifar da mummunar lalacewa, musamman a cikin 1580 da 1884; Musson (2003) Rahotanni sun ce an samu asarar rayuka goma – shida sakamakon fadowar ginin ginin da kuma rugujewar gini hudu.  Abubuwan da ke haifar da girgizar kasa a Burtaniya ba su da tabbas, amma yana iya haɗawa da "matsi na yanki sakamakon motsi na faranti na tectonic na duniya, da haɓakawa sakamakon narkewar zanen kankara da ya rufe yawancin sassan Biritaniya dubban shekaru da suka gabata."  Rahotanni na tsakiyar zamanai na "girgizar kasa" da ta jefar da sabbin gine-ginen coci-coci na iya zama babban bala'i na gazawar ginin gine-gine, musamman hasumiyai, maimakon ainihin abubuwan da suka faru na tectonic.

## Girgizar ƙasa
Bayani na Dublin

Sanarwar Dublin kan Ruwa da Ci gaba mai dorewa, wanda aka fi sani da **Ka'idodin Dublin**, taro ne na masana kan matsalolin da suka shafi ruwa wanda ya faru a ranar 31 ga Janairun 1992 a Taron Duniya kan Ruwa Da Muhalli (ICWE), Dublin, Ireland, wanda aka shirya a ranar 26-31 ga Janairu 1992.

Sanarwar Dublin kan Ruwa da Ci gaba mai dorewa ta amince da karuwar karancin ruwa sakamakon amfani daban-daban da kuma amfani da ruwa da yawa.

## Ka'idodin Dublin
Sanarwar ta ba da shawarwari don aiki a cikin gida, na ƙasa da na duniya don rage ƙarancin, ta hanyar ka'idoji huɗu masu zuwa: 

# Ruwa mai laushi hanya ce mai iyaka kuma mai rauni, mai mahimmanci don ci gaba da rayuwa, ci gaba da muhalli
# Ci gaban ruwa da gudanarwa ya kamata ya dogara da tsarin shiga, wanda ya shafi masu amfani, masu tsarawa da masu tsara manufofi a kowane mataki
# Mata suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samarwa, gudanarwa da kiyaye ruwa
# Ruwa yana da darajar tattalin arziki a duk fa'idarsa kuma ya kamata a gane shi azaman fa'idar tattalin arzikiAmfanin tattalin arziki

## Ruwa a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam ko amfanin tattalin arziki?
Ƙaddamar da Sanarwar Dublin game da *darajar tattalin arziki* na ruwa maimakon ruwa a matsayin haƙƙin duniya ana kalubalantarsa sosai ta ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam (ko da yake cikakken rubutun ka'idar 4 ya bayyana yana da mahimmanci a fara gane haƙƙin asali na dukkan 'yan adam su sami damar samun ruwa mai tsabta da tsafta a farashi mai araha).

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2002, duk da haka, Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu ya karɓi Babban *Bayani na 15*, wanda masana suka tsara a matsayin sharhi kan Mataki na 11 da 12 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan' Yancin Tattalmin, Jama'awa da Al'adun. A cikin wannan sharhi, an gane ruwa ba kawai a matsayin iyakantaccen albarkatun halitta da kuma amfanin jama'a ba har ma a matsayin Hakkin ɗan adam. Wannan mataki - karɓar Janar Comment No. 15 - an gan shi a matsayin mataki mai mahimmanci don fahimtar ruwa a matsayin haƙƙin duniya.

A ranar 30 ga Satumba 2010, Taron 15 na Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zartar da Resolution A / HRC/15 / L.14,  wanda ya sake tabbatar da ƙudurin Majalisar Dinkinobho na baya (64/292 na 28 ga Yuli 2010) wanda *ya amince da haƙƙin ruwan sha mai aminci da tsabta da tsabta a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam wanda yake da mahimmanci ga cikakken jin daɗin rayuwa da duk haƙƙin ɗan Adam*. Resolution A / HRC/15 / L.14 ya bayyana cewa haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwan sha mai aminci da tsaftacewa an samo shi ne daga haƙƙin isasshen yanayin rayuwa kuma ba tare da la'akari da haƙƙin mafi girman yanayin lafiyar jiki da tunani ba, da kuma haƙƙin rayuwa da mutuncin ɗan adam.

## Dubi kuma

* Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa
* Haɗin gwiwar Ruwa na Duniya
* Hakkin ruwa
* Rashin ruwa
* WASH - Ruwa, tsaftacewa, tsabta

## Manazarta
Koriya Tarayyar Muhalli

Koriya Tarayyar Koriya don Ayyukan muhalli (**KFEM**) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta a Koriya ta Kudu wacce ke mai da hankali kan muhalli.

An kafa kungiyar ne a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1993 a matsayin tarayyar Ƙungiyoyin muhalli guda takwas, mafi girma shine Kungiyar Koriya ta Koriya ta Anti-Pollution Movement Association. Tare da kusan mambobi 80,000 da kusan ofisoshin gida 50 a duk fadin kasar, KFEM ita ce babbar kungiyar kare muhalli a Koriya ta Kudu. Da yake yana da tushe a cikin gwagwarmayar Koriya don dimokuradiyya, KFEM tana aiki a matsayin jagora ga jama'a. Har ila yau, memba ne na Koriya ta Kudu na Friends of the Earth International . 

Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, kungiyar ta sami nasarori masu mahimmanci, gami da dakatar da ayyukan da suka shafi cutar nukiliya kamar yadda aka tsara a tsibirin Gureop, gina madatsar ruwa a Kogin Dong, da kuma filin golf a cikin Gidan shakatawa na Gaya Mountain. KFEM na neman wayar da kan jama'a game da batutuwan muhalli daban-daban da kuma ba da wani taro ga damuwar 'yan ƙasa. Babban ayyukan sun haɗa da kamfen, kudade da fara ayyukan bincike, shirya zanga-zangar, da kuma jagorantar aikin kiyaye yanayi. Manyan kamfen ɗin suna magance makamashi na nukiliya da sauyawa zuwa makamashi mai sabuntawa, sunadarai masu guba da gurɓataccen iska, kariya ta kogi daga gina babban madatsar ruwa, kiyaye wuraren da ke da ruwa da tsuntsaye na ruwa, GMO, da kuma alhakin zamantakewar kamfanoni. Bugu da ƙari, KFEM yana mai da hankali kan takamaiman batutuwa, kamar kiyaye wuraren da ke da ruwa da bambancin halittu a cikin yankin da ba a haɗa su ba (DMZ) tsakanin Koriya ta Kudu da Koriya ta Arewa. KFEM kuma tana haɓaka dabaru don ci gaba mai ɗorewa da batutuwan makamashi kuma tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa game da kalubalen muhalli na duniya.

## Ayyuka
KFEM tana aiki a cikin ƙasa da ƙasa kuma tana aiki a kan ƙananan ayyuka da yawa.

### Tsaro na Yankin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba da kuma yankin da ke kewaye da shi
Yankin Demilitarized (DMZ) yanki ne mai tsauri tsakanin Koriya ta Arewa da Koriya ta Kudu wanda aka kafa bayan shekaru uku na Yakin Koriya a kan sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Armistice a ranar 27 ga Yuli 1953. DMZ yana da kimanin kilomita 249 da faɗin kilomita 4.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Saboda iyakantaccen shigar ɗan adam a cikin DMZ da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata, yawancin nau'o'in namun daji da tsire-tsire sun kafa a yankin, gami da nau'o-nunen da ke cikin haɗari kamar baƙar fata, ja-crowned crane, da Amur goral. KFEM tana gudanar da bincike da bincike na filin don tantance darajar muhalli na waɗannan yankuna, musamman ma dangane da bambancin halittu.

## Manazarta
Defend Our Juries

Defend Our Juries kungiya ce mai fafutuka a Burtaniya da aka kafa a shekarar 2020 ta tsohon lauyan gwamnati Tim Crosland (bayan ya raina shari'ar kotu game da fadada Heathrow).  Ya wanzu don nuna abin da yake gani a matsayin lalata tsarin shari'ar Burtaniya game da haƙƙin mutane suyi aiki bisa lamirinsu. Ya, musamman, ya goyi bayan ayyukan waɗanda ke zanga-zangar a cikin kamfen ɗin Just Stop Oil   da Insulate Britain [1]  da waɗanda ke zanga'ar adawa da haramtacciyar aikin Falasdinu. 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na Waje
* shafin yanar gizon na Jury
Jerin girgizar ƙasa a Nicaragua

Wannan jerin girgizar kasa ne a Nicaragua wadanda suka shafi kasar kai tsaye.

## Girgizar ƙasa
Shahararrun girgizar ƙasa a tarihin Nicaragua sun haɗa da:
Decho

Decho wani Omelette ne na asalin Filipino, kuma yana da tasirin Jafananci da Sinanci. Abincin yanki ne na Cavite, Philippines . Duk da yake ana iya bayyana Decho a matsayin omelette, shi ma wani nau'i ne na dumpling. Ya ƙunshi ƙaramin kwai a waje, kuma a ciki akwai naman alade da aka gauraya da soya da starch na masara. Ana dafa shi a cikin ruwa, soya sauce, sukari, starch na masara, soya mai ɗanɗano, man sesame, da kuma ruwan albasa mai kore.

## Asalin
Yankunan kamar Cavite sun sami rinjaye sosai daga kasashen waje da suka mamaye Philippines a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe daban-daban. Shirye-shiryen abinci musamman an canza su kuma al'adun sababbin al'adu da al'adu sun rinjaye su. Spam da naman sa mai laushi misali sun zama ruwan dare a wasu yankuna na Philippines saboda mamayar Amurkawa a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, lokacin da suka musayar abincin da aka yi da su tare da Filipinos don sabon abinci (gurasa, ƙwai, 'ya'yan itace, madara, naman alade, da kaza).

Ana samun dandano na soya da soya sau da yawa a cikin abincin Jafananci da Sinanci. An yi imanin cewa Dumplings sun samo asali ne a lokacin Daular Han ta Gabas a kasar Sin, sannan suka fara yaduwa zuwa kasashe daban-daban. Yayinda a kasar Sin ake kira jiaozi, a Japan ana kiransu gyoza, kuma a Philippines, siomai .

## Tarihi
An kirkiro Decho a cikin Philippines, ƙasa mai talauci. Saboda yanayin tattalin arziki na mazauna, an yi abinci tare da abin da ke samuwa, kuma mai arha. Yawancin abincin Filipino yana dauke da nama da / ko shinkafa, waɗanda sune manyan abubuwa biyu na Philippines. Pork yana daya daga cikin nama da aka fi samu (kuma yana samuwa) a can, na biyu ga kaza. Ba a yawan samun naman sa ba.

Philippines ta riga ta ɗauki girke-girke na Mutanen Espanya tare da tasirin Italiyanci, Portuguese, da Hungary daga lokacin da Spain ta mamaye su (har zuwa nasarar da aka yi musu a Yaƙin Mutanen Espanya da Amurka na 1898), wanda ake kira Torta, kuma ya sanya shi nasu. Torta a Spain abinci ne na karin kumallo da aka yi a cikin kwalliya tare da ƙwai, dankali, da nama, waɗanda aka yi musu kwalliya sannan aka dafa su. Philippines ta kirkiro nasu ra'ayi akan wannan, suna yin Torta tare da sinadaran guda ɗaya, amma suna kiyaye su a matsayin omelette maimakon scramble.

Decho abinci ne mai kama da wannan, amma ana tunanin shi azaman abincin dare. Ba kawai omelette ne mai laushi kamar Torta ba, amma kwai ne. Yin shi dumpling shine gaskiyar cewa kwai ne na waje wanda ke samar da aljihu, wanda ya cika da cakuda naman alade. Decho da broth dinsa galibi ana ba da su a kan shinkafa.￼

## Manazarta
Heitor Dhalia

**Heitor Dhalia** (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1970) shi ne darektan fina-finai na kasar Brazil kuma marubucin allo. ' Ya jagoranci fina-finai bakwai tun shekarar 1988. Fim dinsa, *A Deriva*, ya yi gasa a sashin Un Certain Regard a bikin fina-finai na Cannes na shekara ta 2009. 

## Hotunan fina-finai

* *[[A Pantomima da Morte|Pantomima da Mutuwa]]* (1988) 
* Conception (2000) 
* As Three Marias (2002; rubutun allo) 
* *Nina* (2004) 
* Cheiro do Ralo (2006) 
* *A Deriva* (2009) 
* *Ya tafi* (2012) 
* *Serra Pelada* (2013) 
* A kan Yoga: Gine-gine na Zaman Lafiya (2017) 
* **[pt] (2018) 

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

*
João Moreira Salles

**João Moreira Salles** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1962) ɗan kasar Brazil ne mai shirya shirye-shirye kuma shugaban Cibiyar Moreira Salles . A shekara ta 2006, ya kafa mujallar Piauí . Ya kuma koyar da darussan kan takardun shaida a Jami'ar Katolika ta Pontifical ta birnin Rio de Janeiro kasar Brazil da Jami'ar Princeton . 

## Hotunan fina-finai

* 1989 - *Amurka* (jerin talabijin) 
* 1990 - *Blues* (jerin talabijin) 
* 1998 - Wasan *Kwallon ƙafa* (jerin talabijin da aka shirya tare da Arthur Fontes) 
* 1999 - Labari Daga Yaƙin Mutum (wanda aka jagoranta kuma aka rubuta tare da Kátia Lund) 
* 2003 - *Nelson Freire*
* 2004 - *Tattaunawa*
* 2006 - *Santiago*
* 2017 - Babu Ƙarfi Yanzu*Ba Mai tsanani Yanzu*

## Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa

* 2000 - Silver Daisy Awards, Brazil (Silver Daisy for News of a Particular War) 
* 2001 - Bikin Fim na Mutanen Espanya na Málaga (Maganar Musamman don Labaran Yakin Musamman, tare da Kátia Lund) 
* 2003 - Silver Daisy Awards, Brazil (Silver Daisy ga *Nelson Freire*) 
* 2004 - Kyautar Kungiyar Masu sukar Fasaha ta São Paulo (Mafi kyawun Takaddun don *Nelson Freire*) 
* 2004 - Babban Kyautar Cinema Brazil (Mafi kyawun Taron don *Nelson Freire*) 
* 2005 - Kyautar Kungiyar Masu sukar Fasaha ta São Paulo (Fim mafi kyau don Entreatos) 
* 2005 - Bikin Fim na Havana (Grand Coral - Kyauta ta Biyu don Entreatos) 
* 2007 - Bikin Fim na Latin Amurka na Lima (Mafi kyawun Taron don *Santiago*) 
* 2007 - Cinéma du réel (Grand Prize for "Santiago") 
* 2007 - Bikin Fim na Duniya na Alba (Lambar Masu sauraro don "Santiago") 
* 2008 - Bikin Fim na Duniya na Miami (Knight Grand Jury Prize for "Santiago") 

## Gudummawa ga fina-finai

* 2001 - Kyakkyawan Zuciya (Wurin Scout) 
* 2003 - Dorm Daze (Dokta na Rubutun (ba a san shi ba)) 
* 2006 - Dorm Daze 2 (Mai ba da shawara kan miyagun ƙwayoyi) 

## Jarida

* 2010 - Kyautar Esso na Bayani na Kimiyya, Fasaha da Muhalli don *Artur yana da matsala*
* 2011 - Frist Golden Campus Casserole Award - Mafi kyawun Mai sukar Gastronomy, rukunin cafeterias na jami'a

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

*
Abinda ke da mahimmanci

Correlative ("corelative," rubutun Burtaniya) shine kalmar da Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld ya karɓa don bayyana alaƙar falsafa tsakanin mahimman ra'ayoyin shari'a a cikin shari'a.

## Binciken Hohfeldian
Hohfeld ya damu da cewa akwai wasu rashin tabbas a cikin bayanin kamanceceniya da bambance-bambance tsakanin ra'ayoyi a cikin doka. Saboda haka, tare da mai da hankali kan yanayin haƙƙoƙi, ya ba da shawarar tsarin bincike wanda ya dogara da "ma'amala ta shari'a" da "maɓallin shari'a". Ma'amala ita ce inda ra'ayoyi biyu suke daidai kuma ɗayan yana nuna ɗayan. Lokacin da ra'ayoyi biyu suka kasance masu adawa da Hohfeldian (a zahiri, rikice-rikice masu ma'ana), suna da bambanci ga juna.

Don haka, idan A yana da haƙƙi game da B, nazarin dangantakarsu daga ra'ayi na B dole ne ya nuna cewa B yana da aiki ga A. Mai mallakar ƙasa na iya riƙe haƙƙoƙi huɗu daban-daban: haƙƙofo, gata, iko, da rigakafi. Hohfeld ya danganta kowane haƙƙin zuwa ma'ana da akasin haka:

## A aikace
Masu shari'a irin su Mickey Dias da Hohfeld sun bayyana cewa hakkoki da ayyuka sune shari'a,  wanda ke nufin cewa idan *wani* yana da hakki, wani ya ci shi aiki. An yi amfani da wannan tunanin Dias a cikin Murphy v Brentwood District Council (1991) don rashin amincewa da hukuncin Ubangiji Denning MR a *Dutton v Bognor Regis Urban District Council* (1972). 

## Dubi kuma

* 'Yancin jama'a

## Manazarta

* Hohfeld, W. N. Tushen Shari'a na asali kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Tunanin Shari'a, ed. by W.W. Cook (1919); sake bugawa, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, (1964).
Kwamitin Burtaniya don sake haɗuwa da Marbles na Parthenon

**Kwamitin Burtaniya don sake haɗuwa da Marbles na Parthenon (BCRPM)**  rukuni ne na mutanen Burtaniya waɗanda ke tallafawa dawowar marbles na Partenon (Elgin) zuwa Athens, Girka . An kafa kwamitin ne a shekarar 1983. Mambobin yanzu sun hada da Dame Janet Suzman (shugaban)  da furofesoshi Anthony Snodgrass (shugaban girmamawa),  Paul Cartledge (Mataimakin Shugaba),  da Andrew Wallace-Hadrill 

## Ƙarin karantawa

* Tom Flynn, Gidan Tarihi na Duniya (Lulu, 2012) 
* Christopher Hitchens, The Parthenon Marbles: A Case for Reunification (tare da gabatarwar Nadine Gordimer da rubutun Robert Browning da Charalambos Bouras) (Verso, Mayu 2008) 
* Dorothy King, The Elgin Marbles (Hutchinson, Janairu 2006) 
* Mary Beard, The *Parthenon* (Littafin Bayani, 2004) 
* Jeanette Greenfield, *Komawar Al'adun Al'adu* (Cambridge University Press 2007) 
* Ian Jenkins, The Parthenon Frieze (British Museum Press, 2002) 
* William St Clair, Lord Elgin da Marbles (Oxford University Press, 1998) 
* Catharine Titi, The Parthenon Marbles da Dokar Duniya (Springer, 2023) 

## Dubi kuma

* Gidan kayan gargajiya na Acropolis
* Parthenon
* Elgin Marbles

## Manazarta
 

## Haɗin waje

* Shafin yanar gizon hukuma
* Gidan kayan gargajiya na Acropolis, Athens
* Shafukan Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya na Parthenon
* Wasikar Adair

* Gidauniyar Melina Mercouri
* ''Ka dawo da su'' (bidiyo na Youtube)
* Acropolis na Athens
Mariolumne Dome

**Mariolumne Dome** babban dutse ne, a cikin yankin Tuolumne Meadows na Yosemite National Park .

## Suna
*Mariuolumne* shine haɗin sunayen *Mariposa* da *Tuolumne* ; iyakar da ke tsakanin kananan hukumomin biyu na kusa da gindin Mariolumne Dome. 

## Geography

Mariuolumne Dome yana da  tsayi, dome mafi tsayi na Tuolumne Meadows . Tare da tsayin tsayin  ƙafafu, na biyu ne kawai zuwa Fairview Dome . A ƙafarsa a arewa ya ta'allaka ne da Drug Dome . Lamb Dome yana da  arewa. Zuwa yamma da kudu akwai doguwar katanga na Medlicott Dome, wanda ke samar da shingen yamma na gama gari . 

Babban abin jan hankalin Mariuolumne Dome shine hanyoyin hawan dutse, kodayake tsayinsa ya sa ya cancanci yin tafiya. A gefen gabas, yana da sauƙi ajin 2, ana iya samun dama ta hanyar sawu da wasu giciye. 

Daga saman Marioulumne Dome, mutum yana da ra'ayi mai ban mamaki game da babban ƙasar Tuolumne: Cathedral Peak da Eichorn's pinnacle suna kusa da gabas; Tresidder Peak da Tenaya Peaks suna kudu; Tenaya Lake, Pywiack Dome da Stately Pleasure Dome suna kudu maso yamma; da Fairview Dome da Daff Dome zuwa arewa maso gabas. 

## Hawan dutse
Mariolumne Dome yana da adadin hanyoyin hawan dutse .  

## Manazarta
José Felipe Voloch

**José Felipe Voloch** (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar ta 1963, a birnin Rio de Janeiro) masanin lissafi ne na kasar Brazil wanda ke aiki a kan ka'idar lambobi da lissafin lissafi. Ya kasance farfesa a Jami'ar Canterbury tun daga shekara ta 2016. 

## Ayyuka
Voloch ya sami Ph.D. daga Jami'ar Cambridge a shekarar ta 1985 a karkashin kulawar John William Scott Cassels .  Ya kasance farfesa a Jami'ar Texas, Austin . 

## Kyaututtuka
Shi memba ne na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta na kasar Brazil . 

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

*  

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

* https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=r0Jun08AAJ
Dutsen Ritter

**Dutsen Ritter** shine dutse mafi girma a gundumar Madera, California, a Yammacin Amurka, a tsayin  . Hakanan shine mafi girma kuma mafi shaharar kololuwar sunan sa, Ritter Range, wani yanki na Saliyo Nevada a cikin jejin Ansel Adams na Inyo da dazuzzukan Saliyo . Dutsen Ritter shine tsayin dutsen na 15 mafi tsayi a California tare da aƙalla mita 500 na shaharar yanayi.

## Geography
Dutsen Ritter an yi shi da dutsen duhu mai ban mamaki kuma ya shahara sosai saboda tsayinsa da keɓantacce.  Yana tsakiyar Ritter Range, wanda ya haɗa da Banner Peak makwabta da Minarets . Shahararriyar sifar Ritter – Banner ana iya gani daga manyan tudu mai nisa zuwa arewa da kudu a cikin Saliyo Nevada.

Dutsen Ritter Josiah Whitney, shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Geological na California, don Carl Ritter, wanda ya kasance malaminsa lokacin da yake dalibi a Berlin a cikin 1840s. 

### Yanayi

## Manazarta
North British Review

The ***North British Review*** mujallar kasar Scotland ce. An kafa ta a shekarar 1844 domin ta zama wata kafar yada ra'ayi ta sabuwar Cocin 'Yanci na Scotland, inda David Welsh ya kasance edita na farko. An buga ta har zuwa shekarar 1871; a cikin 'yan shekarun ƙarshe na wanzuwarta, ta ɗauki salon gyara na Katolika mai ra'ayi mai sassauci.

A ƙarƙashin tasirin Lord Acton, *Review* ta ɗauki wani sabon salo, inda Aurelio Buddeus da Constantin Frantz suka rubuta game da al’amuran Turai. Hanyar gyara ta wuce siyasar ƙasa-ƙasa, tana kuma nuna ƙin jinin Otto von Bismarck.

Darwin, wanda ya ambace ta sau da yawa, ya ce game da ita: "ta taimake ni fiye da kowacce Review.".

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin Waje
 a *archive.org*.
Koguna masu launin ruwan kasa

**Bluefish Caves** wuri ne na binciken kayan tarihi a Yukon, Kanada, yana  kudu maso yammacin al'ummar Vuntut Gwichin na Old Crow .  An ba da shawarar cewa aikin ɗan adam ya kasance zuwa shekaru 24,000 Kafin Zuwan (BP) dangane da yanayin radiyo na ragowar dabbobi,  amma waɗannan kwanakin suna hamayya saboda yanayin yanayin da ba a san shi ba na ragowar archaeological dangane da ragowar dabbar da aka haifa.   Akwai ƙananan kogo guda uku a yankin. 

## Magana
Kogon Bluefish da farko an san shi ga ƙasashen farko na gida, amma wani balaguron kamun kifi ya shahara a shekarar 1976, daga baya kuma ta hanyar masu bincike. Wannan  yana da ƙananan kogo guda uku, daga    .  Kogon farko ya kunshi kasusuwan dabbobi iri-iri wadanda ake ganin mahara ne suka ja su zuwa wurin; binciken da aka yanke na iya nuna kasancewar mutum. 

Tsohon Crow Flats, wani yanki mai mahimmanci tare da kasancewar ɗan adam na farko, yana kusan 75&nbsp;km arewa maso gabas na Bluefish Caves. 

## Dating
Masanin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi Jacques Cinq-Mars ne ya tono wurin a tsakanin 1977 zuwa 1987, kuma farkon lokacin da aka fara aikin rediyo ya nuna shekaru 24,000 kafin yanzu (BP).  An yi la'akari da wannan rikice-rikice kamar yadda ya bambanta da ka'idar Clovis-First, wanda masana kimiyya suka yarda da su a lokacin, wanda yayi la'akari da kwanan wata yarjejeniya ta Arewacin Amirka a kusa da 13,000 BP.  Wani bita na shafin a cikin 2017 ya gano cewa yana da shekaru 24,000,  yana ba da tallafi ga ma'anar "tsayin Beringian" - cewa kakannin 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka sun shafe lokaci mai tsawo a cikin mafaka na Beringian a lokacin Glacial Maximum na Ƙarshe kafin su mamaye Amurka.  Wani takarda daga baya ya yi tambaya game da jima'i (dangane da rikice-rikicen da'awar) da kuma al'adun faunal ya rage,  amma goyon bayan binciken 2017 ya sake maimaita ta marubucin wannan rahoto. 

## Manazarta
Hukumar Shirye-shiryen Shirye-sauye

Hukumomin Shirye-shiryen Shirye-sauye, ko **[http://www.calepa.ca.gov/cupa/ CUPAs]**, hukumomin cikin gida ne waɗanda Sakataren Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta California (CalEPA)  ya tabbatar da su don aiwatar da abubuwan Shirin Shirye-harke na CalEPA a cikin ikon CUPA. Shirin CalEPA Unified yana karfafawa, daidaitawa, kuma yana daidaita buƙatun gudanarwa, izini, dubawa, da ayyukan tilasta aiki na shirye-shiryen muhalli da na gaggawa guda shida a California. Wadannan shirye-shirye shida (da kuma hukumomin kula da jihohin su) sune:

* Shirye-shiryen Bayar da Kayan Kasuwanci - Ofishin Gwamnan California na Ayyukan Gaggawa (Cal OES)  
* Shirin Rigakafin Sakiyar Kashewa na California (CalARP) - Ofishin Gwamnan California na Ayyukan Gaggawa (Cal OES)  
* Shirin Tanki na Tsaro na karkashin kasa (UST) - Hukumar Kula da albarkatun ruwa ta Jihar California (SWRCB)  
* Dokar Adana Man Fetur (APSA) - Ofishin Jakadancin Wutar Lantarki na Jiha (CAL FIRE-OSFM) Ofishin Jami'in Wutar Lantarki na Jiha (CAL FIRE-OSFM) 
* Mai samar da sharar gida mai haɗari da kuma kula da shararru mai haɗari a wurin (haɗin izini) Shirye-shiryen - Ma'aikatar Kula da Abubuwa masu guba (DTSC)  

Manufar Shirin Haɗin Kai shine kare lafiyar jama'a da aminci, don dawowa da inganta ingancin muhalli, da kuma ci gaba da ƙarfin tattalin arziki ta hanyar ingantaccen aiwatar da Shirin Haɗuwa.

Shirin Haɗin Kai ya kafa ta hanyar California Senate Bill 1082 (Calderon) a cikin 1993. An rubuta ka'idoji don aiwatar da aiwatar da wannan doka kuma an tabbatar da CUPAs na farko a cikin 1996. Yanzu akwai CUPAs 81 da hukumomin shiga 24 (PAs) a duk faɗin California. Akwai kusan 83 CUPAs, amma wasu an cire su. CalEPA A kai a kai tana kimanta CUPAs don bin ka'idojin doka da ka'idoji. An kuma tabbatar da DTSC, daga ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2005, don zama CUPA na yankunan Imperial da Trinity.

Mataimakin Sakataren CalEPA Jared Blumenfeld, Mataimakin Secrata na Shirye-shiryen Gida da Amsa na Gaggawa Jason Boetzer shine shugaban Shirin Haɗin Kai (Fabrairu 2020 zuwa yanzu). Mataimakin Sakataren da suka gabata sune Gregory Vlasek (2017-2019), James Bohon (2012-2017), da Don Johnson (1994 -2011). 

CUPAs suna da ikon doka don buƙatar izini, bincika wurare, bayar da keta doka, da aiwatar da ayyukan tilasta aiki - gami da ikon ɗaukar hoto duk wani abu mai haɗari ko sharar gida, akwati, lakabin akwati, abin hawa, tsarin kula da sharar gidaje, wurin zubar da shararru, ko yanayin da ya zama keta doka da aka samu yayin binciken (California Health and Safety Code, Babi na 6.95, Sashe na 25511 (a) da Babi na 65, Sashe ya 25185 (a) (5)).

## Haɗin waje

* Taron CUPA na California
* Shafin gida na CalEPA Unified Program
* CalEPA Unified Program Fact Sheet
* Rubutun Dokar Majalisar Dattijai 1082 (1993, Calderon)
* Ofishin Gwamnan California na Ayyukan Gaggawa (Cal OES)
* CAL FIRE - Ofishin Jakadancin Wutar Lantarki na Jiha (OSFM)
* Ma'aikatar Kula da Abubuwa masu guba (DTSC)
* Kwamitin Kula da albarkatun ruwa na Jiha (SWRCB)

## Manazarta
The Anglo-Saxon Review

***The Anglo-Saxon Review*** wani mujallar taro ce wadda aka gyara ta Lady Randolph Churchill, kuma aka buga a birnin London ta hannun John Lane. Ta yi ƙarancin rayuwa, inda ta fara fitowa daga Yuni 1899 zuwa Satumba 1901, jimlar kundin guda 10. Ɗan ta, Winston Churchill, shi ne ɗaya daga cikin masu ba ta shawara sosai a cikin watannin da suka gabata kafin fitowar mujallar. Ya ba da shawarar cewa mujallar ta ɗauki manufar "a adana tarihin tunani da burin zamani, waɗanda suke canzawa da saurin hasken rana a ruwa mai gudana, don zuriyar masu hikima da ba a haifa ba."

Ta ƙunshi labarai daga Henry James, Winston Churchill, George Gissing, Stephen Crane, Henry De Vere Stacpoole, Robert Barr, Henry Duff Traill, Henry Swinburne, Ethel Rolt Wheeler, Henry Watson Fowler da Frank Swettenham. Kowace lissafin mujallar an ɗaure ta da kwafi mai kyau na tsohuwar ƙyalle. Misali, kundin farko an ɗaure shi da kwafi na ƙyallen da ba a san wanda ya ƙera ba na littafin James VI and I mai suna *Vrais portraits de la vie des hommes illustres* na André Thevet Paris 1584, wanda ke ɗauke da tambarin James da haruffan farkon sunansa. Jerin masu biyan kuɗin mujallar ya haɗa shugabannin ƙasa, sarakuna, da wasu daga cikin manyan iyalai masu arziki a Biritaniya da Amurka. Haka kuma, yawancin masu rubutun mujallar membobin sarauta ne, jami'an Cocin Ingila, 'yan majalisa, ma'aikatan mulkin mallaka masu taken sarauta, da kuma manyan baƙi daga ƙasashen waje.

An bayar da wani labari na kirkira game da ƙirƙirar mujallar a cikin littafin Robin Paige mai suna *Death at Whitechapel*.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin Waje
Jerin littattafan Anglo-Saxon Review
Ƙungiyar Green Light Trust

**Green Light Trust** ƙungiya ce ta muhalli da ilimi wacce manufarta ita ce kawo al'ummomi da shimfidar wurare zuwa rayuwa ta hanyar ilmantarwa 'hannuwa' da kuma girma da gandun daji.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya
Green Light Trust ya wanzu shekaru 20. Yana da dangantaka ta dogon lokaci tare da mazaunan gandun daji masu nisa a Papua New Guinea . 

Manufar Trust ita ce kawo al'ummomi da shimfidar wurare zuwa rayuwa ta hanyar ilmantarwa 'hannuwa' da kuma girma da gandun daji. Tare da 'yancin kai da wadatar kai a matsayin burin, yana aiki tare da al'ummomin birane da yankunan karkara don neman ƙasa, ƙira, shuka, sarrafawa da mallakar ayyukan gandun daji.

Har ila yau, Trust ɗin yana ba da ilimi don Ci gaba mai ɗorewa ta hanyar ayyukan gida da zama ɗan ƙasa na duniya. Ayyukanta a makarantu sun haɗa da ɗalibai daga farkon shekaru zuwa nau'i na shida; ayyukan sun haɗa da tattara tsaba da kula da gandun daji don haɓaka ƙwarewa da dabi'un kiyaye muhalli.

An kafa shi ne a hedkwatarsa a Lawshall a Foundry, wani gini mai tsaka-tsaki na carbon. Trust yana da kusan ayyukan Landan daji na yankunan karkara da birane 60 a cikin yankuna 8 a duk yankin Gabashin Ingila tare da wasu a Yorkshire, Kent da London. Kimanin hekta 70 na ƙasa yanzu suna ƙarƙashin kulawar al'umma kuma yana da masu sa kai sama da 1000 tare da yara sama da 3000 da ke cikin shirye-shiryen makaranta na ci gaba.

Kungiyar ta fara ne a shekarar 1993. Babban burinta yanzu shine gina wani tsari na musamman na wuraren da aka sake sabuntawa da al'ummomi, don fara ayyukan 200 da kuma tasiri ga yara 100,000.

### Daji don  'ya'yanmu
Forest for Our Children shine aikin farko na Trust na WildSpace. An kafa shi kusa da hedikwatar Trust a Lawshall, Forest for Our Children yana da hekta 9 na ƙasa wanda ya ƙunshi itatuwa 2 a cikin Ikklisiya. An dasa itace mai laushi a 1993 da kuma Golden Wood tsakanin 1994 da 2010. 

### Shirin WildSpace na al'umma
An fara shirin WildSpace na Green Light Trust a cikin shekara ta 2001 tare da haɗin gwiwar tallafi na musamman daga B&Q, Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka da Majalisar Gundumar Suffolk. Yin aiki tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da al'ummomin yankin, Green Light ya taimaka wajen kafa kusan ayyukan karkara da birane 60 a cikin yankuna 8 (ciki har da kasuwancin 2 WildSpaces a Oxford da Cambridge). e.

## Yara da ilimi
Amincewa tana gudanar da shirye-shiryen makaranta da yawa ga yara da kuma darussan ga manya da ke aiki a ilimi.

The Trust yana inganta makarantun gandun daji, shirin ilimi na Scandinavia wanda ke inganta ɗakunan ajiya na gandun daji inda yara ke halartar darussan waje kuma ana ƙarfafa su bincika muhalli.

## Manazarta