Littattafan Javanese

**Littattafan [[Java]]**, gabaɗaya suna magana, littattafai ne daga Java kuma, musamman, daga yankunan da ake magana da Javanese. Koyaya, kama da sauran al'adun wallafe-wallafen, ayyukan yaren Javanese sun kasance kuma ba lallai ba ne a samar da su kawai a Java, amma kuma a Sunda, Madura, Bali, Lombok, Kudancin Sumatra (musamman a kusa da Palembang) da Suriname. Wannan labarin kawai yana magana ne game da rubuce-rubucen Javanese kuma ba tare da wallafe-wallafen baki da Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Javanese kamar *Wayang* ba.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya
Harshen Javanese yare ne na Austronesian kuma Sanskrit ne ya rinjayi shi sosai a farkon rubuce-rubucensa. Daga baya ya sami ƙarin tasiri daga Larabci, Yaren mutanen Holland, da Malay / Indonesian. Da farko a karni na 9, an rubuta matani a cikin harshen Javanese ta amfani da rubutun da aka samo daga Brahmic. Tsohon rubutun da aka rubuta a cikin Javanese shine abin da ake kira Rubutun Sukabumi wanda aka rubuta a ranar 25 ga Maris, 804. Kodayake wannan ba wani littafi ba ne, ana yawan ambaton wannan rubutun a matsayin farkon wallafe-wallafen Javanese.

Masanin Holland Theodore Pigeaud ya raba tarihin wallafe-wallafen Javanese a cikin manyan lokuta huɗu: 

### Lokacin kafin Musulunci
Zamanin farko shine lokacin kafin Islama na kimanin ƙarni shida, farawa game da 900 AD, har zuwa kusan 1500 AD: ranar gargajiya ta nasarar Islama akan imani na Islama a masarautar Gabashin Javanese na Majapahit . An adana rubutun Javanese ba tare da wata shakka ba a zamanin kafin Islama ba don zuriya galibi a cikin rubuce-rubucen Balinese na ƙarni na goma sha takwas da na sha tara. Ana kiran yaren Tsohon Javanese. A cikin Java asalin al'adar Javanese na wallafe-wallafen ya katse kuma duk an yanke shi ta hanyar tashiwar Islama.

Akwai wadataccen jiki na wallafe-wallafen Javanese na pre-Islamic  (duba Jerin ayyukan wallafe-walfinai na Tsohon Javanese). Daga cikin Tsohon matani na Javanese, ana iya yin bambancin lokaci tsakanin ayyukan marubutan da ke zaune a lokacin mulkin sarakunan Kadiri (har zuwa kimanin 1200 AD) da magabata, a gefe ɗaya, da littattafan da aka rubuta a cikin lokacin Singosari Majapahit na gaba a ɗayan. Kusan dukkanin Tsohon matani na Javanese an rubuta su ne a Gabashin Java, galibi a cikin gundumomin da ke cikin kogin Brantas. Ƙananan banbanci sune wasu tsoffin matani masu yiwuwa an rubuta su a ƙarni na goma a Tsakiyar Java a cikin gundumar Mataram, a cikin kwandon kogin Opak da Praga. Bugu da ƙari, ga wasu matani, yana da shakku ko an rubuta rubutun da aka ba da shi a cikin Tsohon Javanese a cikin Java ko a Bali. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&#x5B;**&#x5D;

A cikin zamanin kafin Islama al'adun Indiya sun kasance mafi mahimmanci a ci gaban wallafe-wallafen Javanese. A wasu ƙarni, watakila har zuwa ƙarni na goma sha biyu, tasirin wallafe-wallafen Indiya ya mamaye a kowane bangare. Bayan haka ra'ayoyin Javanese na asali sun fito a hankali. A cikin ƙarni na goma sha huɗu da goma sha biyar marubutan Javanese sun rubuta wasu littattafai da ke dauke da ra'ayoyi da tatsuniyoyi waɗanda suke da alama sun fi dacewa da Javanese. A wannan lokacin an haɗa abubuwa da aka shigo da su na al'adun Indiya da ra'ayoyin Javanese na asali a cikin wallafe-wallafen.

### Lokacin Javano-Balinese
Lokaci na biyu na tsarin lokaci shine lokacin Javano-Balinese na kimanin ƙarni na goma sha huɗu, farawa game da 1500 AD kuma yana ci gaba har zuwa yanzu. An rubuta wallafe-wallafen Javano-Balinese a cikin yaren wallafe-wallo na Javano-balinese. Tun daga karni na goma sha uku, ko ma a baya, tsibirin Bali da alama an kawo shi sannu a hankali a cikin tasirin Sarakunan Gabashin Javanese, kuma a karni na sha huɗu daular Majapahit ta mallaki ƙasar. Bisa ga al'adar tarihi ta Javanese, kimanin 1500 AD Sarkin Majapahit na ƙarshe, wanda 'yan tawaye Musulmi suka kori daga gidansa na sarauta, ya gudu zuwa gabas kuma ya sami mafaka a Bali. Wataƙila akwai gaskiya a cikin wannan al'ada. Ko ta yaya, sarakunan Balinese ba su rungumi Islama ba, kuma a Bali an adana litattafan Tsohon Javanese kuma an girmama su. A cikin lokaci a Kotuna na karni na goma sha shida da goma sha bakwai Kudancin Balinese

Sarakuna na Gèlgèl na Klungkung, Tsohon Javanese haruffa sun zama wallafe-wallafen Javano-Balinese tare da halaye na kansa. An gabatar da al'adun gargajiya da tarihi na asalin Balinese, kuma an horar da sabon salon prosody, wanda ya dace da tsarin yarukan Balinese da Javanese.
## manazarta