Henry Kravis

**Henry Roberts Kravis** (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Janairu, 1944) ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan Amurka, mai saka hannun jari, kuma mai taimakon jama'a.  Shi ne wanda ya kafa kamfanin saka hannun jari mai zaman kansa da saka hannun jari na Kohlberg Kravis Roberts .

Masu fafutuka da ke neman gyara dokokin hannun jari na masu zaman kansu da kuma takaita yadda ake amfani da kudaden da aka yi amfani da su wajen sayen hannun jari da ya fara yi, sun soki salon rayuwarsa mai cike da arziki.   An nuna yadda ya sayi hannun jarin RJR Nabisco a cikin littafin 1989 da kuma fim din 1993 *mai suna Barbarians at the Gate* .

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Kravis a cikin dangin Yahudawa  a Tulsa, Oklahoma, ɗan Bessie (née Roberts) da Raymond F. Kravis,  wani injiniyan mai na Tulsa mai nasara wanda abokin kasuwanci ne na Joseph P. Kennedy . Kravis ya fara karatunsa a Makarantar Eaglebrook ('60), sannan ya kammala karatun sakandare a Makarantar Loomis Chaffee, inda ya shiga gwamnatin ɗalibai kuma aka zaɓe shi mataimakin shugaban majalisar ɗalibai a shekararsa ta ƙarshe. Ya halarci Kwalejin Claremont McKenna (wanda a lokacin ake kira Kwalejin Maza ta Claremont) kuma ya yi karatun tattalin arziki. Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyoyin golf na jami'ar CMC na tsawon shekaru huɗu kuma memba ne na ƙungiyar hidimar ɗalibai ta Knickerbockers. Ya yi aiki a matsayin sakatare-ma'ajin ajinsa na biyu. Ya kammala karatunsa daga CMC a 1967 kafin ya tafi Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Columbia, inda ya sami digiri na MBA a 1969.  

## Sana'a

### Kravis a Bear Stearns
Bayan sun yi aiki a wurare daban-daban a ɓangaren kuɗi na birnin New York, shi da ɗan uwansa na farko, George R. Roberts,  sun shiga ma'aikatan Bear Stearns . A can, sun yi aiki a ƙarƙashin manajan kuɗi na kamfani, Jerome Kohlberg, Jr. Dukansu sun zama abokan hulɗa a Bear Stearns tun suna ƙanana, shekaru 30 da 31.

A lokacin da suke aiki da Bear Stearns a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 da farkon shekarun 1970, Kravis, tare da Kohlberg da Roberts, sun fara jerin abubuwan da suka bayyana a matsayin jarin "bootstrap". A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Kohlberg da daga baya Kravis da Roberts za su kammala jerin siye-siye da suka haɗa da Stern Metals (1965), Incom (sashen Rockwood International, 1971), Cobblers Industries (1971), da Boren Clay (1973) da kuma Thompson Wire, Eagle Motors da Barrows ta hanyar saka hannun jarinsu a Stern Metals. Duk da cewa sun sami jarin da suka yi nasara sosai, jarin dala miliyan 27 da aka zuba a Cobblers ya ƙare da fatarar kuɗi. 

### Kohlberg Kravis Roberts
Zuwa shekarar 1976, rikici ya ta'azzara tsakanin Bear Stearns da Kohlberg, Kravis da Roberts uku, wanda ya kai ga tafiyarsu da kuma kafa Kohlberg Kravis Roberts (KKR) a wannan shekarar. Mafi mahimmanci, shugaban Bear Stearns Cy Lewis ya yi watsi da shawarwarin da aka yi ta yi na kafa asusun saka hannun jari na musamman a cikin Bear Stearns kuma Lewis ya yi watsi da adadin lokacin da aka kashe a ayyukan waje. 

Kohlberg ya zuba jarin dala 100,000 yayin da Kravis da Roberts suka zuba jarin dala 10,000 kowanne daga cikin jarin nasu a sabon kamfaninsu.  Masu zuba jari na farko a KKR sun hada da Hillman Family da Griffith iyali (wadanda kuma manyan masu hannun jari ne a MGM da Warner Bros. Discovery ).  Zuwa shekarar 1978, tare da gyaran dokokin ERISA, sabuwar KKR ta yi nasarar tara asusunta na farko tare da kimanin dala miliyan 30 na alkawuran masu zuba jari. 

A shekarar 1987, Jerome Kohlberg, Jr. ya yi murabus daga KKR, kuma Henry Kravis da George Roberts suka ci gaba da jagorantar kamfanin. A ƙarƙashin Kravis da Roberts, kamfanin ne ke da alhakin siyan RJR Nabisco a shekarar 1988. A kan kuɗin dala biliyan 31.4,  a lokacin shine mafi girman farashin da aka taɓa biya ga wani kamfani na kasuwanci. Talla da aka yi wa taron ya sa labarin ya kasance cikin fim ɗin *Barbarians at the Gate* .  An nuna Kravis a cikin fim ɗin ta hannun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jonathan Pryce . 

A farkon shekarar 1995, KKR ta raba sauran hannun jarinta a RJR Nabisco, inda ta sha kashi a hannun jarin. Wani ɗan jarida na *[[New York Times|jaridar New York Times]]* ya rubuta shekaru kaɗan bayan haka cewa "yarjejeniyar za ta shiga tarihi a matsayin wadda ke nuna yadda zai yi wuya a fita daga babbar yarjejeniyar da ta yi muni, da kuma haɗarin saka kuɗi mai yawa a kan jarin da aka zuba." KKR ta yi alƙawarin ba za ta sake saka hannun jari mai yawa a cikin asusunta ba a nan gaba. Duk da haka, wasu jarin sun fi samun riba, kuma asusun ya yi kyau gaba ɗaya. 

Jerin kamfanonin da kamfanin Henry Kravis na KKR ya zuba jari a cikinsu tsawon shekaru sun haɗa da kamfanin kula da lafiya na Hospital Corporation of America (HCA), TXU,  Playtex,  Beatrice Foods,  Safeway,  Toys "R" Us,  Borden, First Data  da Regal Entertainment Group .  Karɓar kamfanin kera batirin Duracell ya nuna riba sosai. 

A ranar 24 ga Disamba, 2013, KKR ta rufe asusun saka hannun jari na farko na musamman ga gidaje, wanda ya tara dala biliyan 1.2 na sabbin kuɗi don saka hannun jari. Tare da ƙarin kuɗi daga cikin KKR, sabon asusun ya samar da sama da dala biliyan 1.5 don amfani. 

A watan Yulin 2017, Kravis da Roberts sun sanar da cewa daga ƙarshe Joseph Y. Bae da Scott C. Nuttall za su gaje su, waɗanda aka naɗa su a matsayin shugabannin haɗin gwiwa da manyan jami'an gudanarwa domin su karɓi ayyukan yau da kullun a hankali.  An aiwatar da wannan shirin maye gurbin a watan Oktoban 2021, inda Kravis da Roberts suka sauka daga muƙamansu na haɗin gwiwa amma suka ci gaba da zama shugabannin zartarwa. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Kravis ya yi aure sau uku. Aurensa na farko da Helene Diane "Hedi" Shulman ya ƙare da saki. Suna da 'ya'ya uku, Harrison S. Kravis (an haife shi a 1972, bayan hatsarin mota na 1991), Robert R. Kravis (an haife shi a 1973), da Kimberly Kravis Schulhof (an haife shi a 1975).   Hedi ta sake yin aure da James Thompson Ruger, ɗan William B. Ruger kuma ta mutu sakamakon cutar kansa a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 1997, tana da shekaru 49.  Daga baya Kravis ta auri mai zane a New York Carolyne Roehm (an haife ta a Carolyne Jane Smith) a 1985, amma auren ya ƙare da saki a 1993.  Kravis a halin yanzu tana auren wata fitacciyar masanin tattalin arziki ta ƙasar Kanada, kuma tsohuwar marubuciya kuma mai gabatar da shirye-shirye a talabijin a Kanada, Marie-Josée Drouin . Tana cikin allunan Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Memorial Sloan-Kettering, Gidauniyar Robin Hood, kuma ita ce shugabar kwamitin gudanarwa na Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani . 

Kravis yana zaune ne a birnin New York kuma yana da gidan zama na lokaci-lokaci a Palm Beach, Florida ; yana kuma da gidaje a Southampton, New York ; Paris ; da Sharon, Connecticut . 

### Siyasa
Mai goyon bayan siyasar jam'iyyar Republican, ya kasance mai goyon bayan Shugaba George W. Bush da John McCain wajen tara kuɗi. Ya kuma kasance babban mai bayar da gudummawa ga yakin neman sake zaɓen Shugaba George HW Bush a shekarar 1992. A shekarar 1997, Henry Kravis ya haɗu da Lewis M. Eisenberg don kafa Majalisar Jagorancin Jam'iyyar Republican . A shekarar 2017, ya kuma ba da gudummawar dala 1.&nbsp;miliyan don bikin rantsar da shugaban ƙasa na Shugaba Donald Trump . 

## Taimakon jama'a da mukaman gwamnati
Kyautar Henry R. Kravis a Jagorancin Ƙungiyoyin Sa-kai, wadda aka kafa a shekarar 2006, tana gano shugabanni na musamman a ɓangaren agaji, tana murnar nasarorin da suka samu, kuma tana raba mafi kyawun ayyukansu da wasu.  Kwalejin Claremont McKenna (CMC) da Marie-Josée da Henry Kravis ne ke gabatar da kuma gudanar da kyautar. Kravis ɗalibi ne kuma amintaccen Kwalejin Claremont McKenna. Kyautar Kravis tana da alaƙa da Cibiyar Jagorancin Kravis, wata cibiyar bincike a Claremont McKenna. 

Kravis kuma yana ba da kuɗaɗen Cibiyar Jagoranci ta Henry Kravis wacce ke ɗaukar nauyin shirye-shiryen Nazarin Jagoranci a Kwalejin Claremont McKenna, da kuma shirin "Henry Kravis Internships for Teachers of Color". Ya kuma ba da kuɗaɗen gina manyan wurare a Makarantar Middlesex (Kravis House), Makarantar Eaglebrook (Kravis Dorm), Kwalejin Deerfield (Kravis Arena), da Makarantar Loomis Chaffee (Kravis Hall).

Kravis mai taimakon jama'a ne kuma tsohon shugaban gidan talabijin na jama'a na New York kuma yana cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na Gidan Tarihi na Metropolitan . Henry da matarsa Marie-Josée Kravis, amintaccen Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Mount Sinai, sun bayar da gudummawar dala miliyan 15 don kafa "Cibiyar Lafiyar Zuciya" da kuma daukar nauyin zama farfesa. Sun kuma bai wa shugaban sashen ilimin cutar kansa na dan adam a Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Memorial Sloan-Kettering da ke New York.

A baya Kravis ya yi aiki tare da Jerry Speyer, wani kamfani mai tasiri a birnin New York, wanda David Rockefeller ya kafa a shekarar 1979, kuma yanzu yana cikin kwamitin gudanarwa. [1] Ya ƙirƙiri Asusun Zuba Jari na Birnin New York, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta don ƙirƙirar ayyukan yi da sabbin kasuwanci a birnin New York.

Kravis amintaccen memba ne na Majalisar Hulɗa da Ƙasashen Waje a New York, shugaban Masu Tallafawa don Damar Ilimi, kuma memba ne na kwamitin zartarwa na Majalisar Kasuwanci na 2011, 2012, 2013 da 2014.    Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Kasuwanci.  

Kravis yana tare da shugaban Hukumar Kula da Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Columbia inda ya yi alƙawarin bayar da kyautar dala miliyan 100 don tallafawa sabon aikin harabar makarantar  kuma mataimakin shugaban Jami'ar Rockefeller ne. An sanya wa Henry R. Kravis Hall mai hawa goma sha ɗaya, ɗaya daga cikin manyan gine-gine biyu na makarantar suna. 

A watan Afrilun 2024, Kravis ta bayar da kyautar dala miliyan 100 don tallafawa tallafin Makarantar Loomis Chaffee . Kyautar da aka bai wa tallafin makarantar ita ce babbar kyauta guda ɗaya da aka taɓa bai wa Loomis Chaffee, ɗalibin makarantar Kravis, kuma ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma da aka bai wa wata makaranta mai zaman kanta a tarihi. 

## Lambobin yabo da girmamawa

* Kyautar Zinare ta Kwalejin Nasara ta Amurka, 1987 
* An nada Henry Kravis shugaban masu tallafawa damar ilimi, 2014
* Kyautar Nasarar Rayuwa ta Gudanar da Zuba Jari, 2015
* Kyautar Shekarun Shekara ta Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Columbia, 2016
* Kyautar Jagoranci Mai Kyau ta Majalisar Atlantic, 2016
* Lambar Carnegie ta Taimakon Jama'a, 2019

## Duba kuma

* Jerin ɗaliban Kwalejin Claremont McKenna
* Tarihin hannun jari masu zaman kansu da jarin kamfanoni

## Manazarta