Howard Florey

**Howard Walter Florey, Baron Florey na Adelaide da Marston**, OM FRS FRCP (/ˈflɔːri/; 24 ga Satumba 1898 - 21 ga Fabrairu 1968) masanin ilimin likitanci ne kuma masanin ilimin cututtuka na Australiya wanda ya raba kyautar Nobel a fannin ilimin lissafi ko magani a 1945 tare da Ernst Chain da Sir Alexander Fleming saboda rawar da ya taka wajen ci gaban penicillin.

Kodayake Fleming ya sami mafi yawan yabo don gano penicillin, Florey ne da tawagarsa a Oxford" id="mwHg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="University of Oxford">Jami'ar Oxford waɗanda suka sanya shi cikin magani mai amfani da tasiri, shekaru goma bayan Fleming ya watsar da ci gabanta. Sun haɓaka dabaru don girma, tsarkakewa da ƙera maganin, sun gwada shi don guba da inganci a kan dabbobi, kuma sun gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na farko na asibiti. A shekara ta 1941, sun yi amfani da shi don kula da ɗan sanda daga Oxford. Ya fara murmurewa, amma daga baya ya mutu saboda Florey bai iya ba, a wannan lokacin, don yin isasshen penicillin. Daga baya gwaje-gwaje a Burtaniya, Amurka da Arewacin Afirka sun yi nasara sosai.

Ya kammala karatu a Jami'ar Adelaide, Florey ya yi karatu a Jamiʼar Oxford a matsayin Rhodes Scholar kuma a Amurka a kan zumunci daga Gidauniyar Rockefeller. A shekara ta 1935, ya zama darektan Makarantar Sir William Dunn a Oxford. Ya tara ma'aikatan da za su iya magance manyan ayyukan bincike. Baya ga aikinsa a kan penicillin, ya bincika wasu batutuwa da yawa, musamman lysozyme, hana haihuwa da cephalosporins. Ya shiga cikin kafa Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia a Canberra da kuma kafa Makarantar Binciken Kiwon Lafiya ta John Curtin, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Jami'ar Ƙasar Australia daga 1965 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1968. An zabe shi a matsayin abokin Royal Society a shekara ta 1941, kuma a matsayin shugabanta daga 1960 zuwa 1965, ya kula da tafiyarta zuwa sabon masauki a Carlton House Terrace da kuma kafa alaƙa da kungiyoyin Turai. A shekara ta 1962, ya zama shugaban Kwalejin Sarauniya, Oxford.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Howard Walter Florey a Malvern, wani yanki na kudancin Adelaide, Kudancin Australia, a ranar 24 ga Satumba 1898.  Sunan mahaifiyarsa yana da alaƙa da "murna". Shi kaɗai ne ɗan Joseph Florey, mai yin takalma daga Oxfordshire a Ingila, wanda tun yana yaro ya koma London inda kakan Florey ya kafa kasuwancin yin takalma. Matar farko ta Joseph Florey ita ce Charlotte Ames, tare da ita yana da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Charlotte, wacce aka haifa a 1880, da Anne, wacce aka Haifa a 1882. Bayan matarsa ta kamu da tarin fuka, iyalin suka yi hijira zuwa Kudancin Australia, inda ake fatan cewa yanayin zai fi dacewa. Rashin lafiyarta ya ragu a hankali kuma ta mutu a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1886. Joseph Florey ya kafa kasuwancin kansa na takalma a Adelaide, kuma ya auri Bertha Mary Waldham, 'yar mai kula da gidansa.  An haifi ɗansu na farko tare, Hilda, a ranar 6 ga Satumba 1890. Ta zama masanin ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta kuma ta fara aikin likitancin dakin gwaje-gwaje. An haifi 'yar ta biyu, Valetta, a shekara ta 1891. Don haka, Florey tana da 'yan'uwa mata biyu da' yan'uwa mata guda biyu.

A cikin 1906, iyalin suka  "Coreega", wani babban gida a yankin Adelaide na Mitcham . Florey ta halarci Makarantar Unley Park, makarantar masu zaman kansu ta gida, tana tafiya kilomita biyu (3.2) zuwa makaranta kowace rana a cikin motar da aka ja da doki tare da Mollie Clampett, aboki wanda ke zaune a cikin ɗakin da ke kusa da Coreega. A makaranta ya sami laƙabi na rayuwa "Floss", wannan shine, kamar "Florrie", wani nau'i na "Florence". Ya koma Kwalejin Kyre, makarantar yara maza mai zaman kanta, a cikin 1908. A shekara ta 1911, ya shiga Kwalejin St Peter, Adelaide,  inda ya yi fice a ilmin sunadarai, kimiyyar lissafi, lissafi da tarihi. Ya buga wasanni daban-daban a makarantar: wasan kurket,  Kwallon ƙafa na Australiya,  Tennis,  da kuma wasan motsa jiki a matsayin mai tsere da kuma tsere. Kudin karatunsa ya rufe shi da tallafin karatu guda huɗu. Ya yi aiki a cikin Senior Cadets, inda aka ba shi izini a matsayin mataimakin na biyu a watan Agustan 1916.  Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na farko ya ɓarke a shekara ta 1914, ya so ya shiga, amma ana buƙatar izinin iyaye kuma ba ya zuwa. Ya kasance babban yaro a shekararsa ta ƙarshe a makaranta, kuma ya kasance na goma sha biyu a jihar a cikin jarrabawarsa ta ƙarshe.

Maimakon zama ɗan Kashewa kamar mahaifinsa, Florey ya zaɓi ya bi sawun 'yar'uwarsa Hilda, wacce ta yi karatun likita. Ya shiga Jami'ar Adelaide a watan Maris na shekara ta 1917, kuɗin da aka biya shi gaba ɗaya ta hanyar tallafin karatu na jihar. Wannan ya ba shi damar ci gaba da karatunsa bayan mahaifinsa ya mutu daga ciwon zuciya a ranar 15 ga Satumba 1918, kuma an gano kamfanin takalma ba shi da kuɗi kuma ya shiga cikin warwarewa. Dole ne a sayar da Coreega da sauran kadarorin, kuma a cikin 1920, iyalin suka koma wani bungalow a Glen Osmond. Florey ta shiga cikin wasannin jami'a da wasan tennis. Ya kasance editan *Bincike* Nazarin Dalibai na Likita da *Mujallar Jami'ar Adelaide.* Ta hanyar wannan ne ya sadu da Mary Ethel Hayter Reed, wata daliba ta likita, lokacin da ya tambaye ta ta ba da gudummawa ga wani labarin kan Mata a Magunguna.

## Rhodes Scholar
Florey ya yanke shawarar bin binciken likita, ƙwarewar da ke buƙatar karatu a ƙasashen waje. A watan Agustan 1920, ya nemi Rhodes Scholarship don ci gaba da karatunsa a Jami'ar Oxford a Ingila. An sanar da zabarsa a matsayin dan takarar da ya ci nasara a Kudancin Australia a ranar 8 ga watan Disamba. Wannan babban girmamawa ne, kuma ya zo tare da tallafin £ 300 (daidai da $ 47,000 a 2022). Kwamitin Rhodes yana son ya fara a watan Oktoba, farkon shekarar ilimi a Oxford. Wannan yana nufin ko dai jinkirta karatun sa na shekara guda ko jinkirta jarrabawar cancanta ta ƙarshe don digiri na likita har sai ya dawo. Florey ya nace cewa ba zai yi komai ba; zai dauki jarrabawarsa kuma ya fara a Oxford a farkon Lokacin Hilary a watan Janairun 1922. Tare da taimakon Gwamnan Kudancin Australia, Sir Archibald Weigall, Florey ya lashe gardamar. Ya wuce jarrabawarsa tare da girmamawa na aji na biyu, kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery a waje a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1921. A lokacin hutun bazara ya tafi Asibitin Broken Hill, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin asibiti.

A ranar 11 ga watan Disamba 1921, Florey ya tashi zuwa Ingila daga Port Adelaide a kan SS *Otira*, jirgin ruwa na Shaw, Savill &amp;amp; Albion Line, yana tafiya kyauta a matsayin likitan jirgin. Jirgin ya isa Hull a ranar 24 ga Janairun 1922, kuma Florey ya hau jirgin kasa zuwa London, inda 'yar'uwarsa Anne ta sadu da shi a King's Cross Station. Kwanaki biyu bayan haka ya tafi Oxford, inda ya sadu da Sakataren Rhodes Trust, Francis James Wylie . Dole ne ya zaɓi kwaleji, kuma ya zaɓi ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Magdalen, Oxford, inda shugaban makarantar sakandare, Henry Girdlestone, ya tafi. Ya shiga makarantar girmamawa ta ilimin lissafi, inda ya yi karatu a karkashin kulawar Sir Charles Scott Sherrington. A lokacin hutun bazara ya ziyarci Faransa, Belgium, Jamus, Italiya, Czechoslovakia da Austria. Ya zama mai zanga-zanga a sashen ilimin lissafi, kuma ya nemi zumunci a fannin ilimin lissafi a Kwalejin Merton, amma an wuce shi don goyon bayan Gavin na Beer. An ba shi digiri na farko a fannin fasaha a shekarar 1924. A kan shawarar Sherrington, ya yi nazarin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa na cats. An buga takarda a cikin *Brain* a watan Maris na shekara ta 1925. Daga baya John Scott Haldane da John Gillies Priestley suka bincika rubutunsa a kan "The capillary circulation tare da abubuwan da suka shafi abubuwan da aka yi a cikin wannan binciken" kuma an ba shi digiri na farko na Kimiyya.

## Manazarta