Tsayar da Muhalli

Ecocentrism (/ˌɛkoʊˈsɛntrɪzəm/; daga Girkanci, 'gida' da κέντρον *kentron*, 'cibiyar') kalma ce da Masana falsafar muhalli da masu ilimin muhalli ke amfani da ita don nuna yanayin da ke tsakiya, sabanin tsarin dabi'u na mutum (watau, anthropocentric). Tabbatar da ecocentrism yawanci ya kunshi imani na ontological da kuma da'awar ɗabi'a. Imani na ontological ya musanta cewa akwai duk wani rarrabuwar rayuwa tsakanin yanayin ɗan adam da wanda ba na ɗan adam ba wanda ya isa ya yi iƙirarin cewa mutane ko dai (a) ne kawai masu ɗauke da ƙimar ƙima ko (b) suna da ƙimar da ta fi ƙimar ƙimar ɗan adam. Don haka da'awar ɗabi'a ta gaba ita ce don daidaito na ƙimar ƙima a duk faɗin ɗan adam da ba ɗan adam ba, ko daidaito na biospherical.

## Asalin kalmar
Aldo Leopold ne ya kirkiro ka'idar muhalli  kuma ya fahimci cewa dukkan jinsuna, gami da mutane, samfur ne na dogon tsarin juyin halitta kuma suna da alaƙa da juna a cikin hanyoyin rayuwarsu.  Rubuce-rubucen Aldo Leopold da ra'ayinsa game da ka'idojin ƙasa da kyakkyawan kula da muhalli sune mahimmin abu ga wannan falsafar.Ecocentrism yana mai da hankali kan al'ummar halittu gaba ɗaya kuma yana ƙoƙari ya kula da abun da ke cikin yanayin halittu da hanyoyin muhalli. Har ila yau, kalmar ta sami furci a cikin ka'idar farko ta zurfin motsi na muhalli, kamar yadda Arne Næss da George Sessions suka tsara a cikin 1984  wanda ya nuna cewa anthropocentrism, wanda ke ɗaukar mutane a matsayin cibiyar sararin samaniya da kuma saman dukkan halitta, abokin adawa ne mai wahala ga ecocentrism.

## Tarihi
Tunanin muhalli da rassa daban-daban na motsi na muhalli galibi ana rarraba su cikin sansanoni biyu na ilimi: waɗanda ake la'akari da anthropocentric, ko "mutane-tsakiya," a cikin daidaitawa da waɗanda ake laʼakari da biocentric, to "rayuwa-tsakiya". An bayyana wannan rarrabuwa a wasu kalmomi a matsayin "marasa zurfi" muhalli da "zurfi" mujalli kuma a matsayin "technocentrism" da "ecocentrism". Ecocentrism  ana iya ganin shi a matsayin rafi ɗaya na tunani a cikin muhalli, motsi na siyasa da na ɗabi'a wanda ke neman karewa da inganta ingancin muhalli ta hanyar canje-canje ga ayyukan ɗan adam masu cutar da muhalli Ta hanyar karɓar nau'ikan siyasa, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa masu kyau da kuma ta hanyar sake nazarin dangantakar ɗan adam da yanayi. A hanyoyi daban-daban, kare muhalli ya yi iƙirarin cewa kwayoyin da ba na ɗan adam ba da kuma yanayin halitta gaba ɗaya sun cancanci la'akari yayin kimanta halin siyasa, tattalin arziki, da manufofin zamantakewa.

## Dangantaka da wasu irin wannan falsafanci

### Tsakanin mutane
Masu goyon bayanta suna ɗaukar ecocentrism don zama ƙalubale mai tsanani ga halayen ɗan adam masu zurfi a cikin al'adun Yamma, kimiyya, da siyasa. An yi zargin cewa anthropocentrism ya bar shari'ar don kare yanayin da ba na ɗan adam ba wanda ke ƙarƙashin buƙatun amfanin ɗan adam, don haka ba ya dogara da buƙatun jin daɗin ɗan adam. Ɗabi'ar muhalli, akasin haka, an yi imanin ya zama dole don haɓaka tushen da ba na ƙwarewa ba don kare duniyar halitta. Masu sukar ecocentrism sun yi jayayya cewa yana buɗe ƙofofi ga halin kirki na ɗan adam wanda ke cikin haɗarin sadaukar da jin daɗin ɗan adam saboda 'mafi kyawun' wanda ba a bayyana ba. Masanin ilimin muhalli mai zurfi Arne Naess ya gano anthropocentrism a matsayin tushen tushen Rikicin muhalli, Yawan jama'a, da kuma lalacewar nau'o'in da ba na mutane ba. Lupinacci kuma yana nuna anthropocentrism a matsayin tushen tushen lalacewar muhalli. Sauran suna nuna fahimtar tarihi a hankali cewa mutane ba cibiyar dukkan abubuwa ba ne, cewa "Shekaru ɗari da suka gabata, tare da wasu jinkiri, mutanen Yammacin Turai sun yarda cewa taurari, Rana da taurari ba su kewaye da mazauninsu ba. A takaice, tunaninmu da ra'ayoyinmu duk da cewa ba za a iya rage su ba dole ba ne su kasance anthropocentric. "

### Industrocentrism
It sees all things on earth as resources to be utilized by humans or to be commodified.  This view is the opposite of anthropocentrism and ecocentrism.

### Tsakanin fasaha
Ecocentrism kuma ya bambanta da technocentrism (ma'anar dabi'u da ke tsakiya akan Fasaha) a matsayin ra'ayoyi biyu masu adawa game da halayen ga fasahar ɗan adam da kuma ikonsa na shafar, sarrafawa har ma da kare muhalli. Ecocentrics, gami da "mai zurfi kore" masu ilimin muhalli, suna ganin kansu a matsayin masu biyayya ga yanayi, maimakon a cikin iko da shi. Ba su da bangaskiya ga fasahar zamani da kuma tsarin mulki da ke haɗe da ita. Ecocentrics za su yi jayayya cewa ya kamata a girmama duniyar halitta saboda matakai da samfuranta, kuma cewa fasahar tasiri mai ƙarancin kai da dogaro da kai sun fi dacewa fiye da kulawar fasaha na yanayi.Technocentrics,  gami da masu mulkin mallaka, suna da cikakkiyar bangaskiya ga fasaha da masana'antu kuma sun yi imani da cewa mutane suna da iko akan yanayi. Kodayake masu fasaha na iya yarda da cewa matsalolin muhalli sun wanzu, ba sa ganin su a matsayin matsalolin da za a warware ta hanyar rage masana'antu. Lalle ne, masu fasaha suna ganin cewa hanyar ci gaba ga kasashe masu tasowa da masu tasowa kuma hanyoyin magance matsalolin muhalli a yau suna cikin ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha.

### Biocentrism
 
Bambanci tsakanin biocentrism  da ecocentrism ba a bayyana shi ba. Ecocentrism ya gane rayuwar duniya da tsarin da ba masu rai ba maimakon kawai kwayoyin duniya (biocentrism) a matsayin tsakiya a muhimmancin.Wadanda ke ba da shawarar "haɓaka mai zurfi" sun yi amfani da kalmar, suna haɗawa da zurfin ilimin muhalli tare da matsayin "mai adawa da masana'antu da mai adawa da jari-hujja" (David Orton et al.).

## Dubi kuma
 

## manazarta

## Ƙarin karantawa

* [Hasiya] Lokacin da Duniya Biyu suka haɗu: Al'umma da Muhalli.   ISBN&nbsp;
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] *Muhalli da Ka'idar Siyasa: Zuwa ga Hanyar Halitta*. Jami'ar Jihar New York Press.
* [Hasiya] Maido da Ecocentrism: Rage jaddada kwanciyar hankali da kare hamada. *Ka'idojin Muhalli* 21: 3-21.

## Haɗin waje

* Dan kasa na Muhalli
* Ka'idojin Yanayi
* Haɗin Kai na Muhalli