Maria Louise Baldwin

**Maria Louise Baldwin** (Satumba 13, 1856 - Janairu 9, 1922)  malamar makaranta ce kuma shugabar al'umma ta Amurka wadda aka haifa kuma ta girma a Cambridge, Massachusetts .  Ta rayu kusan duk rayuwarta a Cambridge da Boston.  A lokacin da take rubutu a shekarar 1917, WEB Du Bois ta yi ikirarin cewa ta sami babban fifiko a fannin ilimi har zuwa wancan lokacin fiye da duk wani Ba'amurke ɗan Afirka da ba ya aiki a makarantu daban-daban. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Baldwin ga Peter L. da Mary E. Baldwin a Cambridge, Massachusetts. Ta sami dukkan karatunta a makarantun gwamnati na birnin. A shekarar 1874, Baldwin ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Cambridge sannan kuma bayan shekara guda daga makarantar horar da malamai ta Cambridge. Duk da baiwarta a bayyane a matsayin malamar makaranta, ba a ɗauke ta aiki a Makarantar Jama'a ta Cambridge ba, amma ta fara koyarwa a wata makaranta daban a Chestertown, Maryland na tsawon shekaru biyu.  Bayan mutuwar mahaifinta a shekarar 1880, ta koma Cambridge. Zanga-zangar da al'ummar Afirka-Amurkawa ta Cambridge ta yi ya sa aka ɗauke ta aiki don koyarwa a makarantar Agassiz, makarantar gwamnati mai daraja wadda yara fararen fata masu matsakaicin matsayi ke halarta. A shekarar 1889 an naɗa Baldwin shugabar makaranta, babbar mace 'yar Afirka-Amurkawa ta farko a Massachusetts da Arewa maso Gabas.  A matsayinta na shugabar makaranta, Baldwin ta kula da malamai fararen fata da kuma ɗaliban da suka fi fararen fata.  A shekarar 1916 lokacin da aka gina sabuwar makarantar Agassiz, an naɗa Baldwin babbar jami'a. Tana ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu kacal a tsarin makarantun Cambridge waɗanda suka riƙe matsayin masters kuma ita kaɗai 'yar Afirka Ba'amurke da ta riƙe irin wannan matsayi a New England .

Baldwin ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar makaranta da kuma babban digiri na biyu a makarantar Agassiz tsawon shekaru arba'in. A ƙarƙashin jagorancinta, ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun makarantu a birnin, waɗanda yaran farfesoshi na Harvard da kuma tsoffin iyalai na Cambridge suka halarta, ta zama sananne da girmamawa a tsakanin manyan al'ummar Cambridge.  Ta gabatar da sabbin hanyoyin koyar da lissafi kuma ta fara azuzuwan fasaha. Ita ce ta farko da ta gabatar da aikin ɗaukar ma'aikacin jinya na makaranta. Makarantarta ita ce kaɗai a birnin Cambridge da ta kafa ajin "a buɗe". Mawaki EE Cummings ɗaya ce daga cikin ɗalibanta kuma ta bayyana ta haka a cikin littafinsa *Six Nonlectures:*Miss Baldwin, matar da aka ambata a cikin littafina na farko (kuma wata mace idan ta taɓa wanzuwa) an albarkace ta da murya mai daɗi, ɗabi'u masu kyau, da kuma fahimtar yara sosai. Babu wani shugaban da ya taɓa yin mulkin kama-karya cikin sauƙi da kyau da sauƙi ga jama'a marasa biyayya da marasa kirki. Kasancewarta ta fito da daraja da ɗaukaka: girmamawar 'yancin ruhaniya - ba kawai 'yanci daga - da kuma ɗaukakar kasancewa, ba (kamar yawancin mutane da ke wanzuwa ba) waɗanda ba su mutu ba amma a zahiri suna da rai. Daga gare ta na koyi da mamaki cewa iko mafi gaskiya shine tausayi.Ta yi lacca sosai ga ƙungiyoyin Turai-Amurka da Afirka-Amurka. Gabatarwar da ta fi shahara ita ce laccarta kan Harriet Beecher Stowe, wadda ta fara gabatarwa a matsayin bikin zagayowar ranar haihuwar Washington ta shekara-shekara a Cibiyar Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Brooklyn a shekarar 1897. Ita ce Baƙar fata Ba'amurke ta farko kuma mace ta farko da aka gayyata don gabatar da wannan laccar ta shekara-shekara. Ta kuma koyar da darussan bazara ga malamai a Cibiyar Hampton da ke Virginia da Cibiyar Matasa Masu Launi a Cheyney, Pennsylvania kuma ta kasance mai goyon bayan Cibiyar Palmer ta Charlotte Hawkins Brown da ke Sedalia, North Carolina.

A ƙarshen shekarun 1870, Baldwin ta shiga ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin jama'a da dama, inda ta zama memba kuma sakatare na ƙungiyar muhawara ta Banneker Society, tana amfani da matsayinta da ƙwarewarta don fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata da mahimmancin ilimin yara.  Gidanta shine babban wurin taro ga al'ummar Afirka ta Amurka.  Tun daga farkon shekarun 1890 ta jagoranci ƙungiyar adabi ga ɗaliban Harvard baƙaƙe, daga cikinsu akwai William Monroe Trotter, William Lewis, da WEB DuBois .  Ta kuma shirya kuma ta jagoranci ƙungiyar Omar Khayyam Circle, ƙungiyar adabi da ilimi ta baƙaƙe.  Manyan membobi sun haɗa da Clement G. Morgan, William Monroe Trotter, da sauransu waɗanda suka fara aiki don kare haƙƙin jama'a. 

Ta kasance cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a da ilimi da yawa, duka baƙaƙe da farare. Daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da fararen fata suka mamaye akwai Ƙungiyar Twentieth Century, Ƙungiyar Cantabrigia, da Ƙungiyar Ethical ta Boston. Ta kuma kasance shugabar al'ummar baƙaƙe. A shekarar 1893, tare da ƙawayenta Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin da Flora Ruffin Ridley, ta kafa Ƙungiyar Woman's Era, ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin mata 'yan Afirka ta Amurka na farko.  Ƙungiyar ta buga mujallar *The Woman's Era* ta farko da mata baƙaƙe suka buga. Ta kasance memba a kwamitin gudanarwa kuma a shekarar 1903 aka zaɓe ta a matsayin Shugabar Ƙungiyar Adabi da Tarihi ta Boston, ƙungiyar manyan masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a na baƙaƙe waɗanda ke goyon bayan haƙƙin jama'a na baƙaƙe.

Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka shiga ƙungiyar Niagara Movement  kuma memba ce a Kwamitin Arba'in wanda ya shirya kafa NAACP . Daga baya ƙungiyar Zamanin Mata ta shiga ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar National Association of Women's Clubs (NACWC).  Baldwin ta kasance mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata.  Ta kuma kasance memba na farko a kwamitin NAACP na reshen Boston. Ta kasance mai himma wajen tallafawa gidan Robert Gould Shaw, wani gidan zama a Kudancin Boston. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, ita ce ta taka rawa wajen kafa ƙungiyar Soldiers Comfort Unit, wacce ke tallafawa sojojin baƙaƙe da aka tura a Fort Devens. Bayan yaƙin, ƙungiyar ta canza sunanta zuwa League of Women for Community Service . Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar ƙungiyar har zuwa rasuwarta a 1922. Yayin da take jawabi ga majalisar ƙungiyar Robert Gould Shaw House Association a Copley Plaza Hotel da ke Boston, a ranar 9 ga Janairu, 1922, ta faɗi ta mutu ba zato ba tsammani sakamakon bugun zuciya tana da shekaru 66. 

## Gado da girmamawa

* An kiyaye gidanta tun daga shekarar 1892 a matsayin Gidan Maria Baldwin kuma an sanya shi a matsayin Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa . Gidan mallakar masu zaman kansu ne kuma ba a buɗe shi ga jama'a ba.
* A ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 2004, an sake wa Makarantar Agassiz suna zuwa Makarantar Maria L. Baldwin a hukumance. Wani ɗalibi ɗan aji takwas a makarantar ne ya fara wannan kamfen ɗin kuma sauran ɗalibai da shugaban makarantar sun ba shi goyon baya sosai.  
* An san Baldwin a kan hanyar Tarihin Mata ta Boston saboda alaƙarta da Ƙungiyar Mata don Ayyukan Al'umma. 
* An sake wa unguwar Agassiz da ke Cambridge, Massachusetts suna zuwa Baldwin a shekarar 2020 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
A cewar marubuciyar tarihin rayuwar Kathleen Weiler, Baldwin ta kasance marar aure: "Kamar yadda yake a sauran fannoni da dama na rayuwar Maria Baldwin, ba a san dalilan da suka sa ta ci gaba da zama marar aure ba. 'Yar uwarta Alice ita ma ba ta taɓa yin aure ba" kuma ta zauna a gidaje mata kawai tare da wasu malamai mata baƙaƙe, kuma abokan hulɗarta mata baƙaƙe sun haɗa da Alice Dunbar Nelson, wacce masanin tarihi na adabi Gloria T. Hull ya kammala da cewa tana da alaƙa mai mahimmanci da 'yan madigo.  Weiler ta yi hasashe: "Wataƙila Maria da Alice Baldwin sun fi daraja rayuwarsu ta sana'a fiye da aure, ko kuma kawai sun fi son su kasance marasa aure. Cewa ba mu da wata shaida game da dangantakar soyayya ta Maria da maza ko mata ba yana nufin ba su da wata dangantaka ba. Yana nufin cewa wannan ɓangaren tarihinsu, kamar yawancin rayuwar cikin mata baƙaƙe na wannan ƙarni, ba a san shi ba."

## Duba kuma

* Gidan Maria Baldwin

## Manazarta