James Watson

**James Dewey Watson** (Afrilu 6, 1928 - Nuwamba 6, 2025) masanin ilimin halittar ɗan adam ɗan Amurka ne, masanin ilimin halitta, kuma masanin dabbobi. A cikin 1953, shi da Francis Crick sun haɗu tare da rubuta takarda na ilimi a cikin Nature wanda ke ba da shawarar tsarin tsarin helix biyu na kwayoyin DNA, ginawa akan binciken Rosalind Franklin da Raymond Gosling. A cikin 1962, Watson, Crick, da Maurice Wilkins sun sami lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin Physiology ko Medicine "saboda binciken da suka yi game da tsarin kwayoyin halitta na acid nucleic da mahimmancinsa don canja wurin bayanai a cikin kayan rayuwa".

Watson ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Chicago a 1947 kuma ya sami digirinsa na digiri daga Jami'ar Indiana Bloomington a 1950. Bayan kammala karatun digiri a Jami'ar Copenhagen tare da Herman Kalckar da Ole Maaløe, Watson ya yi aiki a Jami'ar Cambridge ta Cavendish Laboratory a Ingila, inda ya sadu da abokin aikinsa na gaba Francis Crick. Daga 1956 zuwa 1976, Watson ya yi aiki da sashen nazarin halittu na Jami'ar Harvard, yana inganta bincike a cikin ilmin kwayoyin halitta.

Daga 1968, Watson ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Ruwa ta Cold Spring Harbor (CSHL) a Laurel Hollow, New York, tana faɗaɗa matakin tallafi da bincike sosai. A CSHL, ya mayar da hankalin bincikensa ga nazarin ciwon daji, tare da mai da shi cibiyar bincike mai jagorancin duniya a ilimin kwayoyin halitta. A cikin 1994, Watson ya zama shugaban kasa kuma ya yi aiki na shekaru 10. Daga nan ne aka nada shi kansila, inda ya yi murabus a shekara ta 2007 bayan da ya yi tsokaci kan cewa akwai alaka tsakanin jinsi da hankali. A cikin 2019, bayan watsa shirye-shiryen bidiyo inda Watson ya sake nanata waɗannan ra'ayoyin game da launin fata da jinsin halitta, CSHL ta soke taken girmamawarsa kuma ta yanke duk wata alaƙa da shi.

Watson ya rubuta litattafan kimiyya da yawa, gami da littafin Molecular Biology of the Gene (1965) da littafinsa mai suna The Double Helix (1968). Ya yi kalamai na wulakanci game da Rosalind Franklin, wanda ke da alhakin tattara bayanan da suka kai ga gano tsarin DNA, kuma an soki shi da rashin fahimta. Tsakanin 1988 da 1992, Watson yana da alaƙa da Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya na Ƙasa, yana taimakawa wajen kafa tsarin aikin ɗan adam, wanda ya kammala aikin taswirar kwayar halittar ɗan adam a 2003.
## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
James Dewey Watson an haife shi ne a Chicago a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 1928, kaɗai ɗan Jean (née Mitchell) da James D. Watson, ɗan kasuwa ya fito galibi daga baƙi Ingilishi na mulkin mallaka zuwa Amurka. Kakansa na uwa, Lauchlin Mitchell, tela, ya fito daga Glasgow, Scotland, kuma kakarsa ta uwa, Lizzie Gleason, ɗan iyaye ne daga County Tipperary, Ireland.Mahaifiyar Watson ’yar Katolika ce mai tawali’u kuma mahaifinsa ɗan Episcopal ne wanda ya rasa imaninsa ga Allah. Watson ya girma Katolika, amma daga baya ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "mai tserewa daga addinin Katolika". Watson ya ce, "Abin da ya fi sa'a da ya taɓa faruwa da ni shi ne mahaifina bai yi imani da Allah ba."  A lokacin da yake da shekaru 11, Watson ya daina halartar taron jama'a kuma ya rungumi "neman ilimin kimiyya da ɗan adam."

Watson ya girma a Kudancin Kudancin Chicago kuma ya halarci makarantun jama'a, gami da Horace Mann Elementary School da South Shore High School.Yana sha'awar kallon tsuntsaye, abin sha'awa da aka raba tare da mahaifinsa, don haka Watson ya yi la'akari da babban ilimin ilimin ornithology.Ya fito a cikin Quiz Kids, wani mashahurin shirin rediyo wanda ya ƙalubalanci matasa masu haske don amsa tambayoyi. Godiya ga manufofin sassaucin ra'ayi na shugaban jami'a Robert Hutchins, Watson ya yi rajista a Jami'ar Chicago, inda aka ba shi tallafin karatu yana da shekaru 15.Daga cikin malamansa akwai Louis Leon Thurstone, wanda Watson ya koya game da nazarin abubuwan da ya faru, wanda daga baya ya yi magana game da ra'ayoyinsa masu rikitarwa game da launin fata.

Bayan karanta littafin Erwin Schrödinger Menene Rayuwa? a cikin 1946, Watson ya canza burinsa na sana'a daga nazarin ilimin ornithology zuwa kwayoyin halitta. Watson ya sami digirinsa na farko na Kimiyya a fannin dabbobi daga Jami'ar Chicago a shekara mai zuwa.A cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, Ka guje wa mutane masu ban sha'awa, Watson ya bayyana Jami'ar Chicago a matsayin "cibiyar ilimi mai ban sha'awa inda aka cusa shi da iyawar tunani mai mahimmanci da kuma tilastawa na ɗabi'a don kada ya sha wahala wawaye waɗanda suka hana shi neman gaskiya", sabanin bayaninsa na abubuwan da ya faru a baya. A cikin 1947, Watson ya bar Jami'ar Chicago don zama ɗalibin digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Indiana, wanda ya jawo hankalin kasancewar Bloomington na 1946 wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel Hermann Joseph Muller, wanda a cikin mahimman takaddun da aka buga a 1922, 1929, kuma a cikin 1930s ya shimfiɗa duk mahimman kaddarorin tarihin gadon.4. Watson ya sami digirin digirinsa na Doctor of Philosophy daga Jami'ar Indiana Bloomington a 1950; Salvador Luria shi ne mai ba shi shawara na digiri.
## Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa
Watson ya kasance wanda bai yarda da Allah ba.A cikin 2003, yana ɗaya daga cikin 22 Nobel Laureates waɗanda suka sanya hannu kan Manifesto na ɗan adam.[133] Ya rubuta a cikin Time cewa ya ba da gudummawar $1,000 ga yakin neman zaben Bernie Sanders na 2016.

Watson da Elizabeth Lewis sun yi aure a 1968. Suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu, Rufus Robert Watson (b. 1970) da Duncan James Watson (b. 1972). Wani lokaci Watson ya yi magana game da dansa Rufus, wanda ke da schizophrenia, yana neman ƙarfafa ci gaba a cikin fahimta da kuma kula da tabin hankali ta hanyar ƙayyade yadda kwayoyin halitta ke ba da gudummawa gare shi.

Watson ya mutu a Gabashin Northport, New York, a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 2025, mako guda bayan an canza shi zuwa kulawar asibiti bayan jinyar kamuwa da cuta. Yana da shekara 97. Bayan mutuwarsa, jaridar New York Times ta kira Watson daya daga cikin manyan masana kimiyya na karni na 20 yayin da kuma ya amince da takaddamar da ke tattare da ra'ayinsa na launin fata. BBC ta lura cewa ayyukan Watson sun "bude kofa" don taimakawa wajen bayyana yadda DNA ke yin kwafi da kuma ɗaukar bayanan kwayoyin halitta yayin da kuma "tsara mataki don ci gaba cikin sauri a ilimin kwayoyin halitta".
##### MANAZARTA