Bautar a Mauritania

An kira Bautar "mai zurfi" a cikin tsarin ƙasar Mauritania ta arewa maso yammacin Afirka kuma an kiyasta cewa "an ɗaure shi sosai" ga ƙabilar ƙasar, kodayake an kiyasta kuma cewa "bautar da aka yadu ta al'ada ce tsakanin kabilun kudancin da ba su da makiyaya, inda ba ta da asalin launin fata ko ma'ana; iyayengiji da bayi baƙi ne",  duk da dakatar da aikin a duk da sauran ƙasashen Afirka da kuma haramtacciyar hukuma tun 1905.

Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Faransa ta ayyana ƙarshen bautar a Mauritania a cikin 1905, amma ba ta yi komai ba don aiwatar da wannan haramcin. Mauritania ta tabbatar a cikin 1961 Yarjejeniyar Kwadago ta tilasta, bayan da ta riga ta tsarkake kawar da bautar, duk da cewa a bayyane yake, a cikin kundin tsarin mulkinta na 1959. A cikin 1981, Mauritania ta zama ƙasa ta ƙarshe a duniya da ta soke bautar a hukumance,  lokacin da dokar shugaban kasa ta soke aikin. Koyaya, ba a zartar da dokokin aikata laifuka don aiwatar da haramcin ba. A shekara ta 2007, a karkashin matsin lamba na kasa da kasa, gwamnati ta zartar da doka da ta ba da izinin gurfanar da masu bautar bayi.

Duk da kawar da bautar hukuma, 2018 Global Slavery Index ya kiyasta yawan bayi a matsayin 90,000 (ko 2.1% na yawan jama'a),  raguwa daga 155,600 da aka ruwaito a cikin 2014 wanda Mauritania ta kasance ta 31st na kasashe 167 ta jimlar yawan bayi kuma ta farko ta yaduwa, tare da 4% na yawan jama-a. Gwamnatin Mauritania ta kasance ta 121st na 167 a cikin martani ga dukkan nau'ikan Bautar zamani. A cikin 2017, BBC ta yi iƙirarin cewa jimlar 600,000 suna rayuwa a cikin bautar.

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2009 Ofishin Jakadancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya karkashin jagorancin mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkinobho Gulnara Shahinian ya kimanta ayyukan bautar a Mauritania. A cikin wani rahoto na watan Agustan 2010 ga Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNHRC), aikin ya kammala cewa "duk da dokoki, shirye-shirye da bambancin ra'ayi game da kasancewar bautar a Mauritania, ... bautar ta ci gaba da wanzuwa a Mauritania" 

Duk da yake wasu ƙasashe a yankin suna da mutane a cikin "yanayin bawa", halin da ake ciki a Mauritania "ya fi tsanani" ne a cewar farfesa na tarihin Afirka Bruce Hall,  kuma ya ƙunshi yawancin baƙar fata Mauritanians da masanan Larabawa ke riƙe. 

Matsayin hukuma na gwamnatin Mauritania shine cewa bautar ta "ƙare gaba ɗaya ... duk mutane suna da 'yanci. "  A cewar abolitionist Abdel Nasser Ould Ethmane, yawancin Mauritanians sun yi imanin cewa magana game da bautar "yana ba da shawarar magudi daga Yamma, aikin ƙiyayya ga Islama, ko tasiri daga Makircin Yahudawa a duniya. "  Wasu kungiyoyin 'yancin ɗan adam na iya ɗaure masu fafutukar adawa da bautar fiye da masu ɗaurewa da masu bautar da suka ɗaure. Mutum daya ne kawai, Oumoulmoumnine Mint Bakar Vall, aka gurfanar da shi saboda mallakar bayi. An yanke mata hukuncin watanni shida a kurkuku a watan Janairun shekara ta 2011.

Masana kimiyya Ahmed Meiloud da Mohamed El Mokhtar Sidi Haiba sun soki zarge-zargen bautar a Mauritania da kungiyoyin masu adawa da bautar da marubuta suka yi zargin cewa sun wuce gona da iri tare da rashin tushen kididdiga da kurakurai na gaskiya.

## Tarihi da aiki
Matsayin bawa ya wuce ta hanyar tsararraki. Zuriyar baƙar fata na Afirka da aka kama a lokacin hare-haren bayi na tarihi yanzu suna zaune a Mauritania a matsayin "Black Moors" ko Haratin; wasu daga cikinsu har yanzu suna aiki a matsayin bayi ga "White Moors" mai launin fata ko Beydan ("Whites")  (waɗanda Berbers ne ko gauraye Berber-Arabs, zuriyar masu mallakar bayi da aka sani da *al-beydan*). Kodayake bautar ma ta wanzu a tsakanin yankin Sub-Saharan na yawan jama'a, tare da wasu Black Sub-Sacharan Mauritanians suna da bayi iri ɗaya a gare su, kuma wasu kimantawa har ma suna nuna cewa bautar a halin yanzu ta fi yaduwa a wannan ɓangaren yawan jama'ar, a kudancin ƙasar. A cewar Global Slavery Index, bautar manya da yara a Mauritania "da farko tana ɗaukar nau'in bautar kaya," ma'ana cewa bayi da zuriyarsu "cikakken dukiyar iyayensu ne. "  Ana iya saya da sayar da bayi, hayar su kuma a ba su kyauta".  Bautar a Mauritania "ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan karkara da birane", amma an ruwaito mata "sun sha wahala sosai" ta hanyar bautar. Mata bayi "yawanci suna aiki a cikin gida," kula da yara da yin ayyukan gida, amma "yana iya yin garken dabbobi da gona. "Maza bayi "suna fuskantar cin zarafin jima'i daga iyayensu. "  Saboda matsayin bawa yana da alaƙa da uwaye, bayi yawanci suna bauta wa iyalai iri ɗaya da kakanninsu suka yi hidima. Yawancin lokaci suna barci da cin abinci a cikin ɗakuna ɗaya kamar dabbobi na iyalansu masu mallakar su. Ba a hana bayi da sarƙoƙi ba amma ta hanyar "tattalin arziki" da "halayyar mutum". An hana su ilimi a fannoni na duniya waɗanda ke ba da ƙwarewar aiki, kuma ana koya musu cewa "ƙaddamar da bautar daidai yake da yin tambaya game da Islama".  Akwai kuma "yanki mai launin toka"  ko "ci gaba" tsakanin bautar da 'yanci a Mauritania  - wanda kuma ake kira "rashin bautar" - wanda masu raba gona da ma'aikata ke cinyewa da masu mallakar Beydan da shuwagabannin.  A cewar Ahmed Vall Ould Dine na Mauritanian Human Rights Watch, "Bawa suna da alaƙa ta kusa da iyayengijinsu; waɗanda aka 'yantar, waɗanda suke matalauta kuma ba su gaji komai daga iyayensu ba, sun zaɓi su kasance a ƙarƙashin jagorancin tsoffin iyayengijensu yayin da suke ba su muhimman abubuwan rayuwa. "

A cewar *Rahoton 'Yancin Dan Adam na 2010* na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka,  cin zarafi a Mauritania sun hada da:...Rashin kula da fursunoni da fursunonin; rashin hukunci na dakarun tsaro; tsare-tsare na dogon lokaci kafin a yi shari'a; yanayin kurkuku mai tsanani; kamawa da gangan; iyakokin 'yancin' yan jarida da taro; cin hanci da rashawa; nuna bambanci ga mata; auren yara; ware siyasa na kabilun kudanci; nuna bambancin launin fata da kabilanci; bautar da ayyukan da suka shafi bautar yara.Rahoton na 2010 ya ci gaba da cewa: "Ƙoƙarin Gwamnati bai isa ba don aiwatar da dokar hana bautar. Babu shari'o'in da aka samu nasarar gurfanar da su a karkashin dokar hana bauta duk da gaskiyar cewa bautar 'de facto' ta wanzu a Mauritania".

### Bautar yara
Har ila yau, aikin yara ya kasance a ko'ina cikin Mauritania. Gwamnatin Mauritania ta gudanar da hari a Nouakchott a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017 kuma ta ceci yara 42 da masu koyar da Koranic suka tsare. A cewar Ma'aikatar Ayyuka ta Amurka, keta dokokin bautar yara ba a hukunta su da yawa. Brigade na Musamman don Minors ya bincika shari'o'i 406 na cin zarafin yara; duk da haka, ba a san ko tsarin shari'ar Mauritania ya ci gaba da bincike ko kuma ya hukunta duk wanda ke da hannu a cikin waɗannan shari'oʼin ba. Bautar yara ta ci gaba da zama matsala a Mauritania saboda matsayin ya wuce daga uwa zuwa yaro.

## Mulkin mallaka na Faransa
Faransanci sun mallaki Mauritania a cikin 1904 a lokacin Scramble for Africa . Mauritania da sauran yankunan mallakar Faransa an san su da sociétés esclavagistes ko "al'ummomin bayi" saboda bautar al'ada ce da Faransanci ke hulɗa da ita. Faransanci sun sake fasalin bautar a cikin al'umma saboda "masu gudanarwa na Faransa da mishaneri na Faransa sun kirkiro rawar da kansu ... wanda, a mafi yawancin, ya dace da al'adun al'adu na gida. " Koyaya, tasirin tattalin arziki ya iyakance, saboda ba a ɗaga farashi zuwa matakin da ya isa ya inganta wadatar bayi. 

Akwai fassarori da yawa game da tasirin da mulkin mallaka ke da shi a kan al'ummomin Afirka. Mahmood Madani ya yi imanin cewa mulkin mallaka ya ba da damar ikon iyayengiji na bayi ya kasance ba tare da an hana su ba saboda ikon da ya goyi bayan su. Koyaya, wasu malamai sun yi imanin cewa cibiyoyin Afirka ba su canza ba saboda Turawa masu amfani ne kawai.

Faransanci sun mallaki yankunansu ta hanyar amfani da ma'aikatan Afirka daga waɗancan yankuna. Ma'aikatan Mauritania sun yi aiki a matsayi na ƙasa kuma "shugaban mulkin mallaka suna aiki ne akan zaton cewa ma'aikatanta na Afirka za su yi aiki a matsayin bayyane, marasa tunani waɗanda za su haɗa hukumomin mulkin mallaka na fari zuwa batutuwan mulkin mallaka baƙi na Afirka ba. "  Ba a ga ma'aikatan Afirka a matsayin barazana duk da gaskiyar cewa suna da ikon sarrafa kwararar bayanai tsakanin Mauritanians da Faransanci saboda shingen harshe.

### Manufofin soke bautar da Faransa ta aiwatar
Faransa ta aiwatar da manufofin soke bautar bayan yankunanta sun kasa bin dokar da ta 'yanta bayi gaba ɗaya. Manyan jami'an Mauritania sun shaida wa Faransa cewa bautar wani al'ada ne a Mauritania, ba za a iya soke ta kawai ba ba tare da rikicewar al'umma ba, don haka suka aiwatar da wasu manufofi amma har yanzu suka bar bautar. Bayi a Mauritania sun koma hannun maigidansu kuma suna kallon su kamar yara masu guduwa. Haka kuma, maza ‘yan Afirka da aka ɗauka aikin soja a rundunar Faransa, ko tirailleurs, ana barin su aure bayin mata, amma dole ne su kasance ‘yan ƙwaƙwalwa kafin aure, kuma su zauna a cikin mulkin mallaka. Tirailleurs na iya ɗaukar ‘ya’yansu idan sun tabbatar an haife su cikin aure; in ba haka ba, bayi ne.

Faransa ta kafa villages de liberté ("garuruwan ’yanci") domin bayi su sami wuri na ’yanci a Mauritania. Za su iya samun mafaka a nan kuma su bi haraji ga Faransa. Sai dai, cikin watanni uku, maigidansu za su iya ƙwato su, kuma waɗannan garuruwa ba su da albarkatu.

A shekarun 1930, Faransa ta ba da rahoto ga Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery cewa an soke bautar a dukkan yankunan Faransa a Afirka, har da Mauritania.

Ko da Faransa ta samu nasarar ’yanta sauran yankunanta, saboda tsananin haɗin kai tsakanin addinin Musulunci da bautar, Faransa ta yi imani cewa yin hakan zai sabawa al’ada idan aka aiwatar da soke bautar a Mauritania. Faransa ta kuma yi imani cewa “bayi da kansu ba su shirya ba don a cire su daga tsaro na zamantakewarsu; yin hakan zai jawo rikici a cikin al’umma." Saboda haka, an ci gaba da yarda da bautar cikin gida da ta mulkin mallaka a Mauritania.
## Rawar da addini ke takawa

Addinin Musulunci shi ne mafi rinjaye a Mauritania, inda akidar Maliki ta Musuluncin Sunni ke da karfi sosai. Malikan Musulunci a zamanin kafin mulkin mallaka a yammacin Afirka sun yi yaki da cinikin bayi ta hanyar tekun Atlantika, amma a cikin karni na 19 da na 20, da dama daga cikin Malikan sun kare ci gaba da bautar da mutane a cikin Mauritania ta wasu ko duka nau'ikan ta. Yau da kullum, mafi yawan 'yan Mauritania suna da ra'ayin cewa tsoffin bayi (koda kuwa an 'yantar da su) ba za su iya zama cikakkun 'yan ƙasa ba ko kuma su zama limamai.

Kokarin kawo ƙarshen bautar da mutane a lokacin mulkin mallaka a Mauritania bai yi nasara ba, domin akasarin yunkurin kare ‘yanci an gina su ne bisa akidar Orientalism, wato ra'ayin cewa Afirka na da ban mamaki, marasa hankali, masu jin dadi da sha’awa, masu mulkin danniya, marasa kuzari a al’adu, kuma masu saukin shan mulkin siyasa daga waje.

Wasu bangarorin addini ma sun taka rawa wajen dorewar tsarin bautar da mutane. Misali, mallakar surukai (matan da aka mallaka ba tare da aure ba) an amince da ita a Musulunci kuma ta kasance gama gari. Surukai ana tsammanin a rika kula da su da tausayi. Ra’ayoyin ’yanci an tsara su bisa tsarin zamantakewa da imani cewa Allah zai gafarta wa bayi idan suka kasance masu biyayya ga ubanninsu.

Bayan shekarar 1980, malaman addinin Musulunci a Mauritania (ulama) sun cimma matsaya cewa babu wani bawa da aka samu ta hanyar jihadi, don haka babu wata sahihiyar hujjar shari’a da za ta halatta bautar da mutane.

## Matsayar gwamnati

Gwamnatin Mauritania (wadda Beydanes ke da rinjaye a cikinta) tana musanta cewa ana bautar da mutane a kasar. A cewar Abdel Nasser Ould Ethmane, mai ba da shawara na siyasa ga Tarayyar Afirka kuma daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar SOS Slaves, gwamnatin Mauritania ta bayyana cewa: "Bauta ba ta wanzu a kasar, kuma duk wani magana a kanta wata makarkashiya ce daga kasashen yamma, wata harin addini ne akan Musulunci, ko kuma tasirin wata makirci ce daga yahudawa a duniya."

A cikin martani ga zarge-zargen take hakkin dan Adam, a 2012 Ministan bunkasa karkara Brahim Ould M'Bareck Ould Med El Moctar ya bayyana:

A watan Maris na 2013, shugaban kasa ya kafa wata hukuma da aka kira "Hukumar Kasa ta Yaki da Ragowar Bautar Da Mutane, Hadewa da Yaki da Talauci". Daraktan hukumar, Hamdi Ould Mahjoub, wani Beydane, ya gaya wa marubuciyar mujallar The New Yorker Alexis Okeowo cewa, "Bauta a matsayin wata doka ko wani abu da al'umma ke amincewa da shi ba ya wanzu", kuma cewa hukumar na aiki kan shirye-shirye da suka hada da taimaka wa manoma, gina asibitoci da kuma samar da ruwa.

A cewar gwamnatin Mauritania, an dauki matakai domin kawo karshen kowace irin bauta. A shekarar 2015, gwamnatin ta fadada ma’anar bauta domin ta hada da aikin yara, duk da cewa tana fuskantar kalubale wajen aiwatar da dokokin hana bautar. Gwamnatin na da karancin kudi da kayan aiki domin yaki da bautar.

## Dalilan dorewar bauta
* Da dama daga cikin bayi suna zaune ne a yankunan da ba su da ilimi, su talakawa ne, kuma suna zaune a nesa, don haka ba su san cewa akwai wata rayuwa bayan bauta ba.
* Wahalar aiwatar da dokoki a cikin hamadar kasar mai fadi.
* Talauci da ke hana bayi samun hanyar rayuwa idan aka 'yantar da su.
* Dogaro da ubanni wajen samun abinci da tufafi.
* Wahalar “gudu” daga bauta, musamman saboda barin iyalai a cikin yankunan hamada.
* Imani da cewa bauta wani bangare ne na dabi’ar wannan al’umma.
* Fahimtar wasu daga cikin ra’ayoyin addinin Musulunci inda ake fada wa bayi cewa aljannah za ta kasance tare da ubanninsu kuma idan suka yi biyayya za su shiga aljannah.
* Dokokin Mauritania, wadanda ke da sharadin cewa dole ne wanda abin ya shafa ya gabatar da kara kafin a fara bincike, sannan kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam ba za su iya kai kara a madadin wanda aka ci zarafinsa ba, duk da cewa yawancin bayi ba su da ilimi.

A watan Nuwamba na 2016, kotun daukaka kara a Mauritania ta soke hukuncin daurin gidan yari da aka yanke wa wasu masu fafutukar yaki da bauta guda uku, ta kuma rage wa wasu bakwai daga cikin su hukuncin zuwa lokacin da suka riga suka shafe, har sai guda uku suka rage a tsare. Wannan ya biyo bayan wani tarzoma da aka danganta da su a watan Yuni, kamar yadda Amnesty International ta ruwaito. A baya, wata kotu ta yanke wa wadannan 'yan gwagwarmaya 13 daga kungiyar IRA hukuncin dauri na shekaru 15.

## Jerin kungiyoyin da ke yaki da bautar ɗan adam
* Initiative for the Resurgence of the Abolitionist Movement (IRA-Mauritania), tana karkashin jagorancin Biram Dah Abeid, tsohon bawa
* Al'Hor الحر (fassararsa: "maɗaukaki")
* In'itaq إنعتاق (fassararsa: "yanci")
* SOS Esclaves (ma'ana "SOS Bayi" a Faransanci) tana taimaka wa bayi su tsere daga hannun ubanninsu, tana kuma roƙon gwamnati da limamai su magance matsalar bautar ɗan adam, amma ba ta kai ga yin hamayya da hukumomi kamar yadda IRA-Mauritania ke yi. SOS an kafa ta ne tare da haɗin gwiwar Boubacar Messaoud da Abdel Nasser Ould Ethmane, tsohon bawa wanda ya samu damar karatun injiniya da gine-gine a Mali da Moscow. A shekarar 2014, yana kusan shekara sittin da bakwai, kuma a cewar Messaoud, yana wakiltar tsofaffin ra’ayoyi. A shekarar 2011, Messaoud da Biram Dah Abeid sun yi yajin cin abinci a ofishin ’yan sanda na Nouakchott har sai da ’yan sanda suka tsare wani mai bayi.

## Matsin lamba daga ƙasashen duniya

Sakamakon gazawar Mauritania wajen magance bautar ɗan adam, a watan Janairu 2018, Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta hukunta gwamnatin Mauritania. Hukuncin ya samo asali ne daga karar da ta shafi 'yan uwa guda biyu, Said Salem da Yarg Ould Salem, waɗanda aka haifa a matsayin bayi. Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta umarci Mauritania da ta biya diyya ga waɗannan 'yan uwa biyu, abin da ya sa masu fafutuka suka ce wannan hukunci zai zama tubalin tabbatar da dokokin yaki da bauta a ƙasar.

A shekarar 2015, gwamnatin Mauritania ta faɗaɗa ma’anar bautar ɗan adam har ta haɗa da aikin yara. Talauci mai tsanani da ƙa’idodin addinin Musulunci na hana bayi da dama guduwa. Rabuwar ƙabilu da launin fata na taka rawa a gwamnatin da al’umar Mauritania, domin mafi yawan bayi a ƙasar su ne baƙin Mauritania yayin da masu mulki yawanci su ne 'yan ƙasar Larabawa.

Al’umomin duniya na ƙara matsa lamba ga Mauritania don ta aiwatar da dokokinta na hana bautar ɗan adam. Bayan hukuncin da Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta yanke, ƙasar Amurka ma tana duba yiwuwar rage dangantakar kasuwanci da Mauritania saboda tarihin gazawar ta wajen aiwatar da dokokin hana bautar ɗan adam.

## Manazarta

## Mahaɗa

*Slavery – Mauritania differentiating between facts and fiction *[[Middle East Eye]]*
*Anti-Slavery International: Forced labour in Mauritania, Anti-Slavery International
*Interview with a former slaveholder from Mauritania, iabolish.org
*African Liberation Forces of Mauritania on opposition to slavery
*Freedom from Slavery in Mauritania, BBC Radio
*Slavery’s last stronghold, CNN documentary
*Slavery Lives on in Mauritania, NPR
*UNHR Special Rapporteur on Contemporary forms of slavery