Jihadin na Fulani

**Fula** (ko **Fulani**) **jihadi** (Arabic) wani lokacin ana kiranta **Juyin Juya Halin Fulani** jerin jihadi ne da suka faru a fadin Afirka ta Yamma a cikin ƙarni na 18 da 19, wanda yawancin Musulmi Fulani suka jagoranta. Jihads da jihohin jihad sun zo karshe tare da Mulkin mallaka na Turai.

An kafa gwamnatin Fulbe ta farko a Bundu a cikin shekara ta 1690. Tashin hankali na farko da aka yi amfani da makamai ya faru ne a Futa Jallon a cikin shekara ta 1725, lokacin da makiyaya na Fula, tare da taimakon 'yan kasuwa Musulmi, suka tayar da kan shugabannin' yan asalin ƙasar. A shekara ta 1750, Fula ya kafa Imamate na Futa Jallon kuma ya sanya yankin a karkashin dokar Shari'a. Nasararsu ta yi wa Toucouleurs wahayi zuwa ga bankunan ƙananan Senegal don kafa nasu jihar, Imamate na Futa Toro, ta hanyar jerin yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin 1769 da 1776. A farkon karni na 19, yunkurin jihadi ya bazu zuwa gabas zuwa Jihohin Hausa. Mai juyin juya halin Usman dan Fodio, ta hanyar jerin jihadi da aka fara a 1804, ya kirkiro Khalifancin Sokoto, babbar jiha a Yammacin Afirka a wannan lokacin. Wani siyasa mai fadadawa, ya raunana tsohuwar Masarautar Bornu sosai.[1]

Mafi mahimmanci daga cikin masu motsawa ga jihadi shine hadin kai ta hanyar yaduwar addini, da sayen bayi ta hanyar cin nasarar maƙwabta.

## Jihad a matsayin sake fasalin Musulunci
Sauye-sauyen sun yi niyyar ƙirƙirar jihohin Islama a duk faɗin Yammacin Afirka. Har ila yau, sauye-sauyen sun yi niyyar magance matsalolin zamantakewa da siyasa, gami da ƙarancin jama'a da ƙaranci na kayayyaki kamar abinci da ruwa, wanda tare ya kara matsalolin tattalin arziki da ke akwai. Bugu da ƙari, sun kuma so su dakatar da mamayewar Turai a Afirka da duniyar Islama, saboda a wannan lokacin yawancin ƙasashen Turai suna mulkin mallaka na sassan Afirka kuma daular Islama kamar Ottomans suna raunana.Wadannan manufofi sun hadu da sakamako masu rikitarwa a duk faɗin ƙungiyoyin jihadi da yawa da kuma haifar da caliphates waɗanda suka fito a cikin karni na 19, kamar yadda wasu suka sami damar cimma waɗannan manufofi fiye da wasu.

### Gyara a aikace
A kan bunkasa tattalin arziki mai ɗorewa don tallafawa ci gaba da kawo wadata ga jama'a, wasu Khalifanci sun yi nasara sosai. Halifa ta Sokoto a karkashin ikon Muhammad Bello da Wazir Gidado sun kafa tattalin arziki mai karfi wanda ya dogara da noma da kayan sana'a.Wannan ci gaban tattalin arziki ya ba su damar tallafawa ci gaban siyasa, ilimi da soja a cikin Khalifanci wanda ya haifar da mamayewa da cinye yankunan da ke kewaye da shi, yana ƙara yawan mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin gwamnatinsa don haka cimma burin yada kalmar Islama. Koyaya, wasu kungiyoyi, har ma a cikin Khalifancin Sokoto, ba su iya kafa irin wannan tattalin arziki mai ɗorewa ba, kamar a ƙarƙashin Massina jihad na Seku Amadu. A lokacin rikici, ya yi ƙoƙari ya kafa tattalin arziki mai ƙarfi saboda rashin albarkatun da yake da su don kare garken shanu da ke yawo kuma saboda haka, manyan sassan ayyukan soja. Rashin albarkatun soja da tattalin arziki, saboda karin dabarun tsaro, jihadi na Masina bai yi nasara ba wajen cinye wasu yankuna da yada yankin iko a kan sikelin da Sokoto Caliphate. Saboda haka ana iya ganin cewa ci gaban tattalin arziki mai ɗorewa da dakarun sojoji masu ƙarfi suna da alaƙa da yawa, tare da ƙungiyoyin jihadi daban-daban da ke da ƙarfi daban-daban a cikin waɗannan sassan, wanda ke haifar da matakai daban-daban na nasara.

A cikin tsaron su daga masu mamaye Turai ƙungiyoyi kalilan sun yi nasara kuma, maimakon kayar da masu mamayewa, yawancin Musulmai dole ne su gudanar da ƙaura mai yawa a duk faɗin arewacin Afirka don tserewa. Wadanda ke fada a karkashin jihadi na Al-Hajj Vmar an tilasta su gudu, saboda ba su iya tura sojojin Faransa daga yankin Kogin Senegal ba.[1] Wannan matakin ya lalata halattaccen jagorancin wannan jihadi yayin da ya nuna wa mutane cewa shugabannin su ba za su iya kare su yadda ya kamata ba. Ɗaya daga cikin fa'idodin wannan da ya faru duk da haka, shi ne cewa ya haifar da mafi girman ma'anar asalin musulmi kuma ya sa Khalifanci da yawa su kara hulɗarsu da sauran Khalifanci, suna haɗa su da abokin gaba ɗaya kuma suna rage fadace-fadace na ciki tsakanin kungiyoyi daban-daban. Don haka, kodayake yawancin Khalifanci ba su iya cimma burinsu na samun damar yin aiki da kariya ta soja mai inganci daga masu mamaye Turai ba, sun sami damar cimma burin kara dangantakar Musulmi da hadin kai, ta hanyar yin hakan kara ma'anar hadin kan Musulunci da ainihi.

Lokacin da ya zo ga aikin kafa iko mai ƙarfi da halatta a kan Khalifanci, masu fafutukar Musulunci ba koyaushe suna samun nasara ba. A cikin Hamdullahi Khalifa akwai karfi na halatta a karkashin mulkin shekaru 30 na Seku Amadu amma ya kasa kiran magaji. Wannan ya haifar da rikice-rikice kuma a ƙarshe majalisa ta yanke shawarar cewa ɗansa ya kamata ya yi mulki. Abin takaici ga ɗansa, wannan dokar ba ta da ma'anar halatta kamar dai Amadu da kansa ya zaɓi ɗansa. Shirye-shiryen ɗan ya bambanta da mahaifinsa, musamman a kan koyarwa, kuma saboda haka ya kasa samun goyon bayan tsofaffin jama'a.

## Kasashen Jihadi
### Bundu

Wata karamar ƙasa ce a yankin da ake kira Senegal a yau inda Torodbe Malick Sy ya karɓi mulki a shekarar 1690 a cikin nasarar jihadi ta farko da Fulani suka yi. Wannan ƙasa ta zama mafaka ga sauran malamai Musulmai kuma ta kasance cibiyar shirye-shiryen jihadi na gaba.

### Futa Jallon

Futa Jallon, wanda yake a cikin ƙasar Guinea ta yau, wata babbar ƙasa ce da ke da kundin tsarin mulki da kuma sauya mulki tsakanin manyan jam’iyyu guda biyu: Soriya da Alphaya. An kafa jihar Futa Jallon a shekarar 1735 lokacin da Musulman Fulani suka tashi suka yi wa ƙabilun da ba Musulmai ba da sarakunan Djalonke tawaye, suka kafa wata haɗin gwiwar yankuna. An zaɓi Alpha Ibrahima Sambegu a matsayin Almaamy na farko a 1725 a birnin Timbo, wanda ke cikin Guinea a yau. Jihar Futa Jallon ta ci gaba da wanzuwa har zuwa 1898 lokacin da dakarun mallaka na Faransa suka kashe Almamy na ƙarshe, Bokar Biro Barry, suka rusa ƙasar suka haɗa ta da sabon mulkin mallaka na Rivières du Sud, wanda daga baya ya zama Guinea.

### Futa Toro

A ƙarƙashin tutar haɗin Musulunci, Fulani Musulmai suka yi tawaye a 1776 kan Fulani da ba Musulmai ba na masarautar Denianke, karkashin jagorancin Sileymaani Baal. Wannan juyin juya halin Musulunci ya haifar da sabuwar masarauta ta Futa Toro a ƙarƙashin tsarin mulki da ake kira Almamate (lafazi daga Pulaar na kalmar Larabci "al-imaam"). Kafin Faransa ta mamaye yankin gaba ɗaya, wannan ƙasa ta fara rauni sakamakon hare-haren Faransawa da kuma ƙoƙarin El Hadj Umar Tall na yaɗa jihadin sa zuwa gabas (duba da daular Toucouleur a ƙasa).

### Daular Sokoto

A farkon ƙarni na 19, Usman dan Fodio ya kifar da sarakunan Hausa ya kafa sabuwar Daular Fulani wadda ta ci gaba da wanzuwa har sai Turawan mulkin mallaka suka raba ta. Galibin waɗannan ƙasashe an haɗa su da Birtaniya a ƙarƙashin kariyar Arewacin Najeriya tsakanin 1901–1903.

Kasashen jihadi da wannan daula ta mamaye sun haɗa da:
* Abuja (wadda ta maye gurbin Zuba); sunan sarki Sarkin Zazzau, daga 1828 an fara kiran sa da Emir
* Adamawa (yanzu yana da wani yanki a cikin Kamaru), an kafa shi a 1809; suna Baban-Lamido
* Agaie, an kafa shi a 1822; suna Emir
* Bauchi, an kafa shi a 1805; suna Lamido (laamiiɗo cikin harshen Fula)
* Gombe, an kafa shi a 1804; suna Modibo Gombe
* Gwandu, wata babbar masarauta ta Fulani, an kafa ta a 1817; suna Emir
* Hadejia, ta maye gurbin Biram (sunan da ya gabata Sarkin Biram) a 1805; sabon suna Sarkin Hadejia, daga 1808 an fara kiran sa da Emir
* Jama`are, an kafa shi a 1811; suna Emir
* Jema`an Darroro, an kafa shi a 1810; suna Emir
* Kano ta maye gurbin tsohuwar Kano ta Hausa a Maris 1807; ana ci gaba da amfani da sunan Sarkin Kano, amma yanzu ana kiransa da Emir
* Katagum, an kafa shi a 1807; suna Sarkin Katagum, kuma ana kiransa da Emir
* Katsina ta maye gurbin tsohuwar Katsina ta Hausa a 1805; sunan Sarkin Katsina ya ci gaba, amma ana kiransa da Emir
* Kazaure, an kafa shi a 1818; suna Emir, kuma ana kiransa da Sarkin Arewa
* Keffi, an kafa shi a 1802; suna Emir
* Lafiagi, an kafa shi a 1824; sabon suna Emir
* Lapai, an kafa shi a 1825; suna Emir
* Daular Massina
* Mubi, an kafa shi a cikin karni na 19; suna Emir
* Muri, an kafa shi a 1817, suna Emir; tsakanin 1892-1893 ta kasance ƙarƙashin kariyar Faransa, daga 1901 aka haɗa ta da mulkin mallakar Birtaniya na Arewacin Najeriya
* Sokoto, cibiyar jihadin Fulani, an kafa ta a ranar 21 Fabrairu 1804 ta hannun Usman dan Fodio, suna Amir al-Mu´minin, kuma ana kiran sa da Lamido Julbe; daga 20 Afrilu 1817 aka fara kiran Sokoto da sultanate (sunan Sultan, kuma ana kiransa da Amir al-Mu´minin da Sarkin Musulmi); a 1903 Birtaniya ta mamaye daular Sokoto
* Zaria, ta maye gurbin tsohuwar Zazzau (sunan Sarkin Zazzau) a ranar 31 Disamba 1808; sabon suna da farko Malam, daga Oktoba/Nuwamba 1835 Emir, kuma ana kiransa da Sarkin Zaria da Sarkin Zazzau

### Daular Massina

Wannan ƙasa tana a tsakiyar Mali na yau, kuma ta wanzu daga 1818 zuwa 1862. A ƙarfafa da tashi-tashin Musulunci da Usman dan Fodio ya jagoranta a yankin Hausawa, wani malami kuma mai sauya al'umma, Seku Amadu, ya jagoranci rundunar Fulani cikin jihadi da Daular Bambara. Daular ta bazu cikin sauri, ta kwace birnin Djenné kuma ta kafa sabon birnin mulki a Hamdullahi. Amma daga bisani Umar Tall ya kayar da ita ya haɗa ta da Daular Toucouleur.

### Daular Toucouleur

El Hajj Umar Tall ya jagoranci rundunoni daga Futa Tooro da Dinguiraye ya mamaye Kaarta, Daular Bambara, da kuma Massina a farkon shekarun 1860. Mutanen Toucouleur suka ci gaba da riƙe wannan yanki har zuwa lokacin mamayar Faransa, lokacin da shugaban ƙarshe na daular, Ahmadu Tall, ya tsere zuwa Sokoto.
### Bibiyar Tarihi

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## Manazarta