Joseph Altonji

**Joseph Gerard Altonji** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1953) masanin tattalin arziki ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka kuma Farfesa Thomas DeWitt Cuyler na Tattalin Arziki a Jami'ar Yale . Fagagen da ya fi sha'awa sun haɗa da tattalin arziki na ƙasa da tattalin arziki na aikace-aikace, musamman tattalin arzikin aiki, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masana tattalin arziki na aiki a duniya.  A shekara ta 2018, gudummawar da ya bayar wajen nazarin samar da aiki, tattalin arzikin iyali da wariya an ba shi kyautar IZA a fannin Tattalin Arzikin Ma'aikata . 

## Ilimi
Joseph Altonji ya sami digirin BA da MA a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Yale a shekarar 1975, sannan ya sami digirin Ph.D. daga Jami'ar Princeton a shekarar 1981. Bayan digirin Ph.D., Altonji ya zama mataimakin farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Columbia kafin ya koma matsayin mataimakin farfesa a Jami'ar Northwestern a shekarar 1986, inda aka ɗaukaka shi zuwa farfesa a shekarar 1990. A shekarar 2002, Altonji ya koma Jami'ar Yale a matsayin Farfesa Thomas DeWitt Cuyler na Tattalin Arziki, matsayin da har yanzu yake riƙe da shi.

## Sana'a
Baya ga nadin da ya yi a fannin ilimi, Altonji ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Bankunan Tarayya na Chicago da Cleveland, ya kasance babban jami'i a NCI Research, kuma mai ba da shawara ga Cibiyar Nazarin Sojojin Ruwa.  Tun daga shekarar 2002, ya kasance Abokin Bincike a Cibiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ma'aikata ta IZA .  A halin yanzu memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Kididdigar Tattalin Arziki ta Tarayya da Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Harkokin Jama'a, Halayya da Kimiyyar Tattalin Arziki na NSF. An amince da bincikensa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Ƙungiyar Masana Tattalin Arzikin Ma'aikata da kuma memba a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka .  A shekarar 2018, Altonji ya lashe kyautar IZA don Tattalin Arzikin Ma'aikata. 

## Bincike
Abubuwan da Joseph Altonji ya yi amfani da su wajen bincike sun haɗa da "canjin kasuwar aiki, wadatar aiki, ɗabi'ar amfani da kayayyaki, tattalin arziki na ilimi, alaƙar tattalin arziki tsakanin 'yan uwa, launin fata da jinsi a kasuwar aiki, ƙayyade albashi, da hanyoyin tattalin arziki". [undefined] Altonji yana cikin manyan 1% na masana tattalin arziki da aka yi wa rijista a kan IDEAS/RePEc dangane da sakamakon bincike. A shekarar 2021, an keɓe wani fitowar musamman ta Mujallar Tattalin Arzikin Aiki ga aikin Altonji.

### Bincike kan samar da ma'aikata
Fannin bincike na farko na Joseph Altonji shine tattalin arzikin samar da aiki. A cikin wani babban takarda na 1982, ya yi nazari kan ko za a iya bayyana canjin aiki (wanda ba shi da aiki) a matsayin maye gurbin aiki na lokaci-lokaci a cikin wadatar aiki, kamar yadda misali Robert E. Lucas ya yi hasashe, kuma ya gano cewa an ƙi samfurin a cikin bayanan.  A wani bincike na yadda samar da aiki ke shafar bambancin albashi na lokaci-lokaci, Altonji yana amfani da ko dai bayanan amfani ko kuma hanyar farko ta bambanta don sarrafa wadata da tsammanin albashi kuma ya gano cewa sassaucin maye gurbin albashi na lokaci-lokaci ga mazan da suka yi aure yana da kyau kuma ƙarami.  Daga baya an samar da ƙarin aiki kan samar da aiki a cikin shekarun 1990 tare da Christina Paxson, wacce Altonji ya gano cewa tasirin canje-canje a cikin tsarin alƙaluma na iyali akan lokutan aikin mata gabaɗaya ya fi girma ga matan da ke canza ma'aikata, yana tallafawa ra'ayin cewa canje-canjen aiki bayan canje-canje a cikin fifikon samar da aiki (misali saboda uwa) na iya samar da damar rage bambance-bambance tsakanin lokutan aiki da ake so da na gaske.  A wani bincike da aka yi da Paxson kan wannan batu, sun gano cewa ma'aikata suna buƙatar diyya don yin aiki a cikin aikin da, idan aka yi la'akari da fifikon ma'aikacin, yana ba da lokutan aiki marasa kyau. 

### Tattalin arziki na ilimi da horo
Wasu daga cikin ayyukan farko na Altonji a fannin tattalin arziki da horo sun yi nazarin tasirin manhajojin makarantar sakandare. Misali, tare da James Spletzer, ya yi nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin karɓar horo a kan aiki da halayen ma'aikata da ayyuka a Amurka a shekarun 1970, wanda ba su sami wata alaƙa tsakanin manhajar makarantar sakandare da horo ba, amma maimakon haka - a tsakanin sauran abubuwa - wata mummunar alaƙa tsakanin ƙarfin horo da tsawon lokaci, mata za su fi samun horo fiye da maza amma gabaɗaya suna samun ƙarancin lokacin horo, da kuma ilimin bayan sakandare don sa horo na gaba ya fi yiwuwa.  Aikin da Altonji ya yi a baya kan manhajojin makarantar sakandare ya gano cewa komawar ƙarin darussa a fannonin ilimi ƙanana ne.  An sake duba ƙarin bincike da Altonji ya yi kan buƙatar komawa makarantar sakandare da sakandare ta hanyar fannin karatu a cikin bincikensa na wallafe-wallafe (wanda ya rubuta tare da Erica Blom da Costas Meghir ).  A cikin bincike guda biyu da Thomas Dunn ya yi ta amfani da PSID da NLS, Altonji ya gano cewa albashin malamai, kashe kuɗi ga kowane ɗalibi da kuma ma'aunin ingancin makaranta suna da tasiri mai kyau akan albashin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun sakandare a Amurka,  amma sakamako iri ɗaya game da ko ilimin iyaye yana da tasiri mai kyau akan dawowar yara zuwa ilimi.  Tare da Todd Elder da Christopher Taber, Joseph Altonji ya yi nazari sosai kan tasirin halartar makarantar sakandare ta Katolika, yana gano cewa suna ƙara yawan yuwuwar kammala karatun sakandare da kuma yiwuwar halartar kwaleji, kodayake ba su da tasiri sosai akan sakamakon gwaji.  A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan binciken, Altonji, Elder da Taber sun yi amfani da wata alaƙa da ake zato tsakanin zaɓen da aka lura da kuma waɗanda ba a lura da su ba kuma daga baya sun yi amfani da sakamakonsu don haɓaka hanyar kimantawa don dabarun canza kayan aiki.  A ƙarshe, kodayake yawancin dawowar Altonji a fannin tattalin arziki na ilimi abin dogaro ne, ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga ka'idarsa, mafi mahimmanci ta hanyar nazarin buƙatar da komawa ga ilimi da ke fuskantar sakamakon ilimi mara tabbas. 

### Bincike kan tattalin arzikin iyali
Wani fanni na bincike na Altonji shine nazarin tattalin arziki na iyali, musamman a cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Laurence Kotlikoff da Fumio Hayashi da kuma tare da Thomas Dunn. Tare da Hayashi da Kotlikoff, Altonji ya gano cewa, a cikin dangin da suka faɗaɗa a Amurka, rarrabawar amfani ba ta dogara da rarraba albarkatu ba, yana nuna cewa membobin dangin da suka faɗaɗa ba su da alaƙa ta son rai.  Bayan binciko tasirin samun kuɗi da wadata akan lokaci da canja wurin kuɗi tsakanin iyaye da yara, sun gano cewa canja wurin kuɗi yana rage rashin daidaito a cikin kuɗin shiga na gida amma bambancin samun kuɗi yana hasashen canja wurin lokaci mara kyau, tare da 'yan'uwa masu arziki suna ba da ƙari ga iyaye kuma suna karɓar ƙasa da haka; gabaɗaya, sakamakon yana buƙatar samfuran musanya masu inganci.  Wani binciken kuma shine cewa raba haɗari tsakanin ko a cikin iyalan Amurkawa bai cika ba.  A cikin wasu ayyukan da suka gabata, Altonji, Hayashi da Kotlikoff sun sake yin watsi da hasashen taimakon al'umma, inda suka gano a cikin bincikensu kan taimakon al'umma na iyaye da kuma canja wurin intervivs cewa sake rarraba dala ɗaya daga yaron da aka karɓa zuwa ga iyayen da suka ba da gudummawa yana haifar da "ƙasa" na kashi 13% kawai, ƙasa da abin da ake tsammani a ƙarƙashin taimakon al'umma (100%).  Kwanan nan, tare da Dunn, Altonji ya yi nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin kuɗin shiga na iyali da sakamakon kasuwar aiki na dangi. 

### Bincike kan nuna wariya da ƙaura
Altonji ya kuma bayar da gudummawa mai yawa ga fannin wariyar launin fata a kasuwar aiki, musamman ta hanyar cikakken bincikensa kan wallafe-wallafe kan launin fata da jinsi a kasuwar aiki (tare da Rebecca Blank ).  Wani babban bincike ya faru ne saboda Altonji da Charles Pierret, waɗanda suka nuna cewa idan kamfanoni suka nuna wariya a kididdiga tsakanin matasa ma'aikata bisa ga halaye masu sauƙin gani, ya kamata a rage yawan ma'auni a kan ma'auni masu sauƙin gani kuma ma'auni akan ma'auni masu wahalar lura da su na yawan aiki ya kamata ya ƙaru, yayin da kamfanoni ke koyo game da yawan ma'aikata.  Kwanan nan, a cikin aiki tare da Ulrich Doraszelski, Altonji ya yi nazarin rawar da kudin shiga na dindindin da kuma alƙaluma ke takawa game da bambancin arziki tsakanin baƙaƙe da fararen fata a Amurka  A ƙarshe, baya ga aikinsa kan wariya, Altonji ya kuma yi nazari kan tasirin shige da fice kan sakamakon aiki na 'yan asalin ƙasar da ba su da ƙwarewa a Amurka (tare da David Card ), inda ya gano wasu shaidu cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar da ba su da ƙwarewa a biranen da suka yi ƙaura sun ƙaura daga masana'antu masu yawan baƙi kuma cewa shigowar baƙi daidai da 1% na iya rage matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na mako-mako na 'yan asalin ƙasar da ba su da ƙwarewa da kusan 1.2%. 

### Bincike kan albashi, kudin shiga da amfani
A cikin bincikensa kan albashi, Altonji da Robert Shakotko sun gano cewa albashi yana ƙaruwa kaɗan tare da matsayi na aiki kuma cewa ƙwarewar kasuwar aiki gabaɗaya da "siyayya ta aiki" suna da alhakin mafi yawan ƙaruwar albashi akan aiki, tare da ƙaƙƙarfan alaƙa tsakanin aiki da albashi galibi saboda bambancin ra'ayi.  Wani sake kimantawa na 2005 da Altonji da Nicolas Williams suka yi ya samar da kimantawa na shekaru 10 na aiki wanda ya ƙara albashin da kashi 0.11, yana nuna cewa komawa ga aiki wataƙila ya ƙaru akan lokaci.  A cikin wata takarda da Aloysius Siow, Altonji ya gwada tsammanin tunani na tsarin rayuwa na amfani da samfurin Keynesian da tsammanin tunani na tunani tare da kasuwannin jari mara kyau, yana neman shaidar ƙin tsarin Keynesian amma yana ba da sakamako mara ma'ana game da ko ɗaukar cikakkun kasuwannin jari ya zama dole ko a'a.  A cikin wani bincike da Paul Devereux, Altonji ya yi nazari kan yadda albashin da ba a san shi ba ya yi tsauri da kuma tasirin da irin waɗannan tsaurin ra'ayi ke da shi akan matakan albashi, canje-canjen albashi, da sauye-sauyen kasuwar aiki.  Kwanan nan, Altonji, Anthony Smith Jr. da Ivan Vidangos sun yi amfani da ƙididdiga kai tsaye don kimanta tsarin haɗin gwiwa na samun kuɗi, aiki, canje-canjen aiki, ƙimar albashi, da lokutan aiki a kan aiki, suna gano cewa jarin ɗan adam shine ke da alhakin yawancin haɓakar samun kuɗi akan aiki, kodayake tare da mahimman matsayi na girma da motsi na aiki, kuma cewa girgizar rashin aikin yi tana da tasiri mai yawa akan samun kuɗi a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci da na dogon lokaci. 

### Sauran bincike
Ƙarin babban bincike da Altonji ya yi ya magance ƙaramin nuna son kai a cikin kimantawar GMM na tsarin haɗin gwiwa (tare da Lewis Segal),  masu kimanta bayanai na ɓangaren giciye da na kwamitin don samfuran da ba za a iya raba su ba tare da masu juyawar ciki (tare da Rosa Matzkin),  da kuma tasirin canje-canje a cikin halayen matasan Amurka ga sakamakon manya (tare da Prashant Bharadwaj da Fabian Lange). 

## Manazarta