Eileen Blair

**Eileen Maud Blair** (née **O'Shaughnessy**, 25 ga Satumba 1905 - 29 ga Maris 1945) mawakiya ce kuma masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan Birtaniya. Ita ce matar farko ta Eric Arthur Blair, wanda aka fi sani da marubucin Ingilishi George Orwell . A lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Spain a 1937, ta yi aikin sa kai a matsayin mai buga rubutu na Ingilishi da Faransa ga shugaban jam'iyyar Labour mai zaman kanta John McNair yayin da Orwell ke fafatawa da POUM . Lokacin da aka ayyana POUM a matsayin haramtacciyar hanya, ta taimaka wa mijinta ya tsere daga Spain.

Blair ya goyi bayan Orwell a matsayin mai buga littattafai, mai haɗin gwiwa da kuma mai suka ga ayyukansa. An bar ta a matsayin mai kula da rubutunsa na littafinsa mai suna *The Road to Wigan Pier* a shekarar 1937, lokacin da Orwell ya tafi yaƙi a Yaƙin Basasa na Spain. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ta yi aiki a Sashen Censorship na Ma'aikatar Labarai a Landan da kuma Ministan Abinci .

Bayan ya shafe shekaru yana fama da wata matsala ta mahaifa, Blair ya yi booking na tiyatar cire mahaifa kuma ya mutu a lokacin tiyata yana da shekaru 39, yayin da Orwell ke aiki a Turai. Masu rubuta tarihin rayuwa sun yaba mata da yin tasiri a ayyukan Orwell, ciki har da littafinsa na 1945 mai suna Animal Farm . Wakarta mai taken "End of the Century, 1984", wadda aka buga a shekarar 1934, shekarar da ta gabata kafin ta haɗu da Orwell, ta yi nuni ga littafinsa na dystopian na 1949 mai suna Nineteen Eighty-Four .

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Blair Eileen Maud O'Shaughnessy a ranar 25 ga Satumba, 1905 a South Shields .  Ita 'yar Laurence O'Shaughnessy ce, mai kula da kwastam da harajin kaya, da kuma Mary Westgate.  An haifi mahaifinta a County Kerry, Ireland, a shekarar 1866 kuma ya koma Ingila a shekarun 1880. Shi da matarsa 'yar Ingila sun zauna a South Shields kuma sun renon 'ya'yansu a matsayin 'yan Anglican .  Ta yi shekarunta na farko a gidan iyali a Westgate House, Beach Road. A lokacin yarintarta ta halarci Makarantar Westoe.  An haifi ɗan'uwanta Laurence Frederick O'Shaughnessy a ranar 24 ga Disamba, 1900. Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta South Shields don Maza, sannan ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin likitan tiyata . 

Blair ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Cocin Sunderland .  A kaka ta 1924, ta shiga Kwalejin St Hugh, Oxford,  inda ta karanci adabin Turanci. A shekarar 1927, ta sami digiri na biyu mafi girma .  Ta yi matukar takaici da rashin samun digiri na farko .  A lokacin, daliban mata 'yan tsiraru ne, domin jami'ar ta ba wa mata damar kammala karatunsu shekaru hudu kacal da suka gabata.  Ta rike ayyuka na ɗan gajeren lokaci, tun daga lokacin da ta fara aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar maigida a Silchester House, wata makarantar kwana ta 'yan mata da ke Taplow a kwarin Thames. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin sakatare; mai karatu ga tsohuwar Dame Elizabeth Cadbury ; kuma ita ce mamallakin wani ofishi a Titin Victoria, Landan, don buga rubutu da aikin sakatare. Lokacin da ta rufe ofishin, ta fara aikin jarida mai zaman kanta kuma ta sayar da wani labari na lokaci-lokaci ga *Evening News* . Ta taimaka wa ɗan'uwanta, Laurence, ta hanyar bugawa, gyarawa da kuma gyara takardun kimiyya da littattafansa.  

A kaka ta 1934, Blair ta yi rajista a Kwalejin Jami'ar Landan don kwas na digiri na biyu na shekaru biyu a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, wanda ya kai ta ga samun digiri na biyu a fannin Fasaha . Tana da sha'awar gwada basirar yara kuma ta zaɓe ta a matsayin batun takardar digirin.  Sir Cyril Burt ne ya jagoranci malamanta, wanda ya burge shi da iyawarta.  Elizaveta Fen (sunan alkalami na Lydia Jackson Jiburtovich), wata daliba da ta zama ɗaya daga cikin abokanta na kud da kud, ta haɗu da ita a karon farko a Kwalejin Jami'a lokacin da Blair ke da shekaru 28. Ta bayyana ta a matsayin "mai tsayi da siririya", mai idanu shuɗi da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, gashi mai laushi. 

## Waƙa
Blair ta rubuta wata waƙa mai taken "Ƙarshen Ƙarni, 1984" don bikin cika shekaru hamsin da kammala makarantarta, wanda aka buga a mujallar Makarantar Sakandare ta Sunderland a 1934. Ta bayyana damuwarta game da yadda zamani ya mayar da hankali kan kimiyya, fasaha da hankali wanda ya sa waƙar da fasahar da ta gabata ta tsufa. Waƙar tana da kyakkyawan fata, tana duban shekaru hamsin zuwa ga shekarar 1984 tare da tsammanin farfaɗowa. 

## Aure

Ta haɗu da Eric Arthur Blair, wanda aka fi sani da sunansa George Orwell, a lokacin bazara na 1935 yana da shekaru 29. A lokacin yana zaune a 77 Parliament Hill a Hampstead, yana zaune a wani ɗaki a bene na farko na Rosalind Henschel Obermeyer. Yayin da yake karatun digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a Kwalejin Jami'ar Landan, Obermeyer ta gayyaci wasu abokanta da waɗanda suka sani zuwa wani biki wata rana da yamma.  Orwell ya yi mamakin halin O'Shaughnessy mai rai kuma ya gaya wa Obermeyer cewa ita ce irin matar da zai aura. Ya yi soyayya da ita cikin 'yan makonni kuma ya nemi aurenta, wanda da farko ta ƙi kuma daga ƙarshe ta amince da shi. 

Sun yi aure a shekara mai zuwa, a ranar 9 ga Yuni 1936, a Cocin St Mary, Wallington, Hertfordshire . Gidansu na farko shi ne ƙaramin gida a Lamba ta 2, Kit's Lane, Wallington, wanda aka fi sani da "The Stores", inda suka zauna har zuwa 1940.  Yana cikin yanayi mafi muni fiye da gidan da aka rene ta.  Gidan ƙaramin gida ne, mai danshi, mai nisa kuma ba shi da kayan more rayuwa na zamani. Hakanan ya zama shagon ƙauye, don haka Blair ya zauna a rayuwar aure ta hanyar dafa abinci da sayar da kayan abinci yayin da mijinta ke aiki a rubuce. A cikin wata wasiƙa daga Nuwamba 1936, ta rubuta cewa ta ci gaba da jayayya da Orwell a cikin makonnin farko na aure, wanda wani ɓangare ne sakamakon goggon Orwell Nellie Limouzin ta zauna na tsawon watanni biyu a ɗakin kwananta. Blair ya rubuta cewa dangin mijinta sun yi mata gargaɗi kafin auren cewa "ba zai yiwu a zauna da shi ba" amma ta lura cewa sun kasa fahimtar cewa tana da irin wannan halin.  Suna son yara, amma Blair bai yi ciki ba, kuma daga baya sun ji cewa Orwell ba shi da haihuwa. 

## Manazarta