Samun damar samun bayanai na jama'a a Bosnia da Herzegovina

**Samun damar samun bayanai na jama'a** da **[[Yancin Bayanai|<nowiki/>'yancin bayanai]] (FOI) ** suna nufin haƙƙin samun damar samun bayanai da hukumomin jama'a ke riƙewa wanda aka fi sani da "yancin sani". Samun damar samun bayanai na jama'a ana ɗaukarsa muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga ingantaccen aiki na tsarin dimokuradiyya, yayin da yake inganta alhakin gwamnatoci da jami'an gwamnati, haɓaka sa hannun mutane da kuma ba da damar sa hannun jama'a. Babban jigon haƙƙin samun damar bayanan jama'a shine cewa bayanan da cibiyoyin gwamnati ke riƙewa a ƙa'idar jama'a ne kuma ana iya ɓoye su ne kawai bisa ga dalilai na halal waɗanda ya kamata a ba da cikakken bayani a cikin doka.

Bosnia da Herzegovina na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe na farko a cikin Balkans da suka karɓi Dokar 'Yanci na Samun Bayanai, a matakin Jiha a cikin 2000, sannan a cikin 2001 a cikin ƙungiyoyinta biyu, wato Tarayyar Bosnia da Herzegovina da Republika Srpska . Koyaya, a cewar wasu masana doka tana buƙatar canje-canje don magance jerin gazawar da aka gano a cikin shekaru.

## Tsarin shari'a
Dokokin sun kafa haƙƙin jama'a don samun damar bayanan da hukumomi/kungiyoyin jama'a ke riƙe "har zuwa iyakar yiwuwar daidai da bukatun jama'a". Don haka, dokokin sun kafa wajibi gama gari na bayyana duk bayanan da suka dace a bainar jama'a, sai dai wasu lokuta da suka faɗo ƙarƙashin keɓancewar da doka ta ayyana. Samun damar yin amfani da bayanan jama'a ya shafi bayanan da duk sassan jama'a (majalisa, shari'a, zartarwa da gudanarwa) suke da shi kuma ba tare da la'akari da tsarin su (takardun rubuce-rubuce, bayanan dijital, bayanan sauti ko bidiyo, da sauransu) da kuma ga masu mallakar doka ko masu iko da ƙungiyoyin jama'a, kamar kamfanonin jama'a, makarantun gwamnati, jami'o'i, hukumomin gwamnati, da dai sauransu. Sabanin haka, ba ya shafi kamfanoni da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Dokokin sun ba kowane mutum, ba tare da la’akari da kasancewarsa ɗan ƙasa, ƙasarsa, ƙabila, ko wurin zama ba, damar samun bayanan jama’a. 'Yan jarida da kafofin watsa labarai ba su da ƙarin haƙƙi idan aka kwatanta da sauran masu neman. Lokacin da aka kayyade don samun bayanan da ake buƙata shine kwanaki 15 daga ƙaddamar da buƙatar. Ƙarƙashin dokokin FOI, hukumomin jama'a suna da wajabcin ba da damar yin amfani da takardu da bayanai da kuma buga mahimman bayanai ba tare da buƙatu ba (bayyana kai tsaye). Dokokin don bugawa mai fafutuka sun shafi bayanai kan kasafin cibiyoyi, ayyuka na yau da kullun da yanke shawara.

### Ban da
Dangane da ka'idojin kasa da kasa, samun dama ga dokokin bayanai a cikin Tarayyar Bosnia da Herzegovina da Republika Srpska sun tabbatar da cewa a wasu lokuta ana iya hana bayanan jama'a bisa doka. Musamman, ana ganin lokuta uku na banbanci: na farko, lokacin da akwai yiwuwar bayyana bayanai na iya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga ayyukan da suka dace na gwamnati (tsaron kasa, tsaro, batutuwan manufofin kuɗi, rigakafin aikata laifuka, da dai sauransu); na biyu, ana iya amfani da banbanci don kare bukatun kasuwanci; kuma, na uku, don kare bukatun mutum da sirrin wani ɓangare na uku. Aikace-aikacen waɗannan banbanci ba ta atomatik ba ne: a zahiri, don ƙin aikace-aikacen bisa ga banbancin da aka kafa a cikin doka, hukumomi dole ne su yi Gwajin sha'awar jama'a, ma'ana la'akari da ko kuma yadda bayyana bayanai ke cutar da wasu abubuwan da aka kare. Gwajin sha'awar jama'a ya samo asali ne daga ka'idojin kasa da kasa mafi inganci akan haƙƙin samun damar bayanai na jama'a. Idan aka kwatanta da irin waɗannan dokoki a Yammacin Balkans, dokokin Serbia da Croatia ne kawai ke ba da irin wannan gwajin. Ana amfani da banbanci ne kawai bayan nazarin shari'a-da- shari'a na kowane shari'a da takamaiman yanayi da suka shafi kowane buƙata. An haramta yin lakabi da duk wani nau'in bayanai a matsayin keɓancewa.

## Samun damar samun bayanai na jama'a a aikace
A Bosnia da Herzegovina wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna ba da gudummawa don aiwatar da doka kan samun damar samun bayanai na jama'a da kuma saka idanu kan aikace-aikacen ta da tattara bayanai masu dacewa ta hanyar gabatar da buƙatun FOI da fara hanyoyin daukaka kara. Wannan shi ne yanayin, alal misali, na Cibiyar Bincike ta Rahoton Balkan (BIRN), Transparency International (Bosnia da Herzegovina), ko Cibiyar Bindzamin Jarida (CIN) da ke Sarajevo.

Dangane da rahoton da kungiyar 'yan jarida ta Bosnia da Herzegovina da kuma Majalisar Labarai ta kasar suka shirya, yawancin mutanen Bosnia (kimanin kashi 93%) sun yi imanin cewa akwai iyakoki da yawa ga haƙƙin samun damar samun bayanai na jama'a a aikace. A daidai wannan, ra'ayin jama'a a Bosnia da Herzegovina galibi ba su da cikakken sanin hakkinsu game da samun damar samun bayanai na jama'a.

Idan ya zo ga aikace-aikacen doka, matsaloli sun fito ne daga fassarar doka ta bangarorin gwamnati daban-daban, rashin son yin amfani da ita, zuwa rashin jituwa da dokokin FOI tare da wasu dokoki.

Musamman, daya daga cikin manyan rashi na dokokin 'yancin bayanai a Bosnia da Herzegovina shine raunin tanadi game da hanyoyin daukaka kara idan aka ƙi buƙatar. Dokar FOI ta Republika Srpska ba ta tsara hanyar daukaka kara kwata-kwata ba. Wani matsala ya shafi rashin bin wasu dokokin da ke akwai waɗanda suka ware ko kuma suka rage haƙƙin samun damar samun bayanai kyauta a aikace a cikin Tarayyar da Republika Srpska.  Har ila yau, masana sun gano daga cikin gazawar da ke hana aikace-aikacen dokokin FOI a Bosnia da Herzegovina rashin ingantaccen tsarin don saka idanu kan aikace-aikace. Ƙananan hukumomin jama'a ne kawai ke bin wajibin buga bayanan akan yawan tambayoyin da aka karɓa da suka shafi 'yancin bayanai akai-akai.

A cikin 2013-16 don gwada aiwatar da dokokin FOI, Cibiyar Bayar da Rahoton Bincike ta Balkan (BIRN) ta gabatar da jerin buƙatun samun takardu ga hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban na ƙasar a kowane mataki. An yi watsi da rabin buƙatun BIRN na neman bayanai, yayin da sauran kashi 50 cikin 100 kawai aka ba su.

Har ila yau, a cewar Transparency International - Bosnia da Herzegovina kawai kashi 40% na kamfanonin gwamnati a Republika Srpska da kashi 27% a cikin Tarayyar Bosnia da Hersegovina suna ba da bayanin da aka nema a cikin lokacin da doka ta kafa. A cikin kashi 37% na shari'o'in da Transparency International ta bincika, cikawar hanyar ta dauki fiye da wata daya, koda kuwa doka ta tanadi cewa dole ne a samar da bayanan da aka nema a cikin kwanaki 15.

## Dubi kuma

* Samun damar samun bayanai na jama'a a Turai
* 'Yanci na bayanai
* Dokokin 'yancin bayanai ta ƙasa
* Bayyanawa na mallakar kafofin watsa labarai a Turai
* Kafofin watsa labarai na Bosnia da Herzegovina
* Bayyanawa na mallakar kafofin watsa labarai a Bosnia da Herzegovina

## Manazarta