Shekaru na 2020 a tarihin muhalli

Wannan Tarihin muhalli ne na shekarun 2020. Tarihin muhalli yana nufin abubuwan da suka faru da abubuwan da suka shafi yanayin halitta da hulɗar ɗan adam da shi. Misalan abubuwan da suka faru da mutum sun haɗa da asarar halittu, Canjin yanayi da halakawar holocene.

## Batutuwan Duniya

### Tasirin da ke tattare da mutane

#### Anthropocene
 
Ya zuwa watan Yulin , ko Hukumar Kasa da Kasa kan Stratigraphy (ICS) ko kuma Ƙungiyar Kimiyya ta Duniya (IUGS) sun amince da kalmar a matsayin sanannen yanki na lokacin geologic,    amma a watan Mayu 2019, AWG ta kada kuri'a don amincewa da gabatar da tsari ga ICS ta hanyar 2021,  gano alamun stratigraphic masu yuwuwa zuwa tsakiyar karni na ashirin na Zamanin yau da kullun.

#### Rashin bambancin halittu
Dangane da rahoton 2020 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Duniya, daga cikin burin halittu 20 da Aichi Biodiversity Targets ya tsara a cikin 2010, 6 ne kawai aka "ƙara" a ƙarshen shekarar 2020.  Rahoton ya nuna cewa idan ba a canza yanayin ba, bambancin halittu zai ci gaba da raguwa saboda "a halin yanzu tsarin samarwa da amfani, ci gaban jama'a da ci gaban fasaha". Rahoton ya kuma nuna Australia, Brazil da Kamaru da Tsibirin Galapagos (Ecuador) saboda daya daga cikin dabbobinta ya ɓace a cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata. Bayan wannan, shugabannin kasashe 64 da Tarayyar Turai sun yi alkawarin dakatar da lalacewar muhalli da dawo da duniyar halitta. Shugabannin daga wasu manyan masu gurɓataccen duniya, wato China, Indiya, Rasha, Brazil, da Amurka, ba su cikin su ba.

#### Canjin yanayi
Sakamakon Canjin yanayi ya bayyana a cikin 2020 tare da rikodin 30 mai suna guguwa da guguwa na wurare masu zafi na Atlantic; mafi girman zafi a cikin shekaru 80 da aka rubuta a 54.4 Celsius; manyan gobarar daji a Ostiraliya, Yammacin Amurka, da Arctic; da kuma na biyu mafi ƙasƙanci na shekara-shekara na Arctic.

Mutane ɗari sun mutu kuma 18,000 sun kwantar da su a asibiti a Japan yayin da Faransa ta ba da rahoton mutuwar mutane 1,462 da suka shafi zafi a cikin 2019, shekara ta El Niño. Mutane 2,800,000 sun kamu da cutar dengue, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar mutane 1,250 .

Milne Ice Shelf, a tsibirin Ellesmere a arewacin yankin Kanada na Nunavut, ya rushe cikin kwanaki biyu a ƙarshen Yuli 2020. Wannan shi ne na karshe da aka yi amfani da shi a kan kankara ta Arctic.

Kungiyoyin muhalli sun bayyana cewa 2020 ya kasance a ko kusa da shekara mafi zafi a rubuce. NASA ta ce 2020 an ɗaure shi da 2016, amma NOAA ta ce shi ne na biyu ko na uku. NOAA ta ce 2020 ya kai matsakaicin 58.77 ° F (14.88 ° C), 'yan kashi ɗari na digiri a bayan 2016. Sauran kungiyoyi (Kungiyar Meteorological ta Duniya, Kungiyar Copernicus, Ofishin Meteorological na Burtaniya) suna da ma'auni daban-daban. Bambance-bambance a cikin matsayi galibi sun faru ne saboda yadda masana kimiyya suka lissafa gibin bayanai a cikin Arctic; bambancin tsakanin wuri na farko ko na biyu ana ɗaukarsa maras muhimmanci.&nbsp;&nbsp;

#### Cutar COVID-19

#### Rashin Holocene
Dangane da *Rahoton Rayuwa na Duniya* na 2020 na Rayuwa, yawan namun daji ya ragu da kashi 68% tun daga 1970 sakamakon yawan cin abinci, ci gaban yawan jama'a da noma mai zurfi, wanda shine ƙarin shaida cewa mutane sun haifar da taron halaka na shida. 

### Abubuwan da suka faru na halitta
Girgizar ƙasa da tsunami a cikin shekaru goma sun haɗa da Girgizar kasa ta Caribbean ta 2020 da girgijin ƙasa ta Zagreb ta 2020. Wutar daji ta haɗa da Lokacin gobarar daji na Australiya na 2019-20, lokacin gobarar namun daji na Yammacin Amurka na 2020, gobarar daji ta Córdoba ta 2020, da kuma gobarar daji da ta Turkiyya ta 2021.

Manyan guguwa da guguwa na wurare masu zafi sun bayyana a cikin shekaru goma, kamar Guguwar Ida da Guguwar Ian . Yawan ruwan sama fiye da matsakaicin ruwan sama, ƙasa mafi girma da aka rufe, da kuma iskar iska mai saurin gaske da ta kasance tare da guguwar biyu an yi zargin a kaikaice su ne samfurori na hauhawar matakan teku da yanayin zafi mafi girma.

A cikin 2020, babbar tarin kwari na hamada sun yi barazanar haɗiye manyan sassan Gabas ta Tsakiya, Afirka, da Asiya. Tare da annobar COVID-19, wannan ya haifar da manyan haɗari ga biliyoyin mutane waɗanda zasu iya shafawa. Kodayake masana sun yi tunanin kwari za su mutu a lokacin fari a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, ruwan sama mara kyau ya sa mamayar ta kai matakan da ba a tsammani ba kuma masu haɗari.

## Tarihi ta yanki

### Afirka
Cutar damisa ta 2019-2022 ta haifar da lalacewar samar da abinci a cikin Horn of Africa.

### Amurka

#### Arewacin Amurka
Wani matsanancin zafi a Yammacin Arewacin Amurka ya fara shafar yawancin Pacific Northwest da Yammacin Kanada a ƙarshen Yuni 2021. Zafin ya shafi arewacin California, Idaho, yammacin Nevada, Oregon, da Washington a Amurka, da kuma British Columbia, kuma, a cikin sashi na baya, Alberta, Manitoba, Yankin Arewa maso Yamma, Saskatchewan, da Yukon, duk a Kanada. Ya haifar da wasu daga cikin mafi girman yanayin zafi da aka taɓa yin rikodin a yankin,  gami da mafi girman zafin jiki da aka taɓa auna a Kanada a 49.6 ° C (121.3 ° F).&nbsp;&nbsp;

#### Amurka ta tsakiya
Guguwar Eta da Guguwar Iota (duka Category 4) sun mamaye yankin a watan Nuwamba cikin makonni na juna, suna haifar da lalacewa sosai ga yankuna iri ɗaya. Akalla mutane 250 ne suka mutu, tare da biliyoyin daloli na lalacewar dukiya.

### Asiya

#### Turkiyya
Girgizar kasa ta Aegean Sea ta 2020 ta kashe mutane 117 a İzIzmir(banda biyu a GirGirka 41 sun mutu a girgizar kasa da ta Elazığ a wannan shekarar, yayin da girgizar kasar Iran-Turkey ta 2020 ta mutu 10. Mutane arba'in da daya sun mutu sakamakon ruwan sama na Van na 2020.

Fiye da gobarar daji ɗari biyu sun ƙone murabba'in kilomita 1,600 na gandun daji na Turkiyya a Yankin Bahar Rum a watan Yulin da Agusta 2021,  mafi munin lokacin gobarar daji a Tarihin kasar. 

A watan Yulin 2021, ambaliyar ruwa ta shafi kasashe da yawa na Turai, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar da lalacewa mai yawa. Ambaliyar ta shafi koguna da yawa, na farko a Ingila kuma daga baya a fadin arewa da tsakiyar Turai ciki har da Belgium, Jamus, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Switzerland da Italiya. Akalla mutane 185 sun mutu a cikin ambaliyar, ciki har da 157 a Jamus, 27 a Belgium da daya a Italiya.

#### Netherlands
*Milieudefensie v Royal Dutch Shell* wata shari'ar ce da kotun gundumar The Hague a cikin Netherlands ta ji a cikin 2021 da ta shafi kokarin da kamfanoni masu yawa suka yi don rage hayakin carbon dioxide. An dauki shari'ar a matsayin hukunci mai mahimmanci a cikin dokar muhalli da ta shafi canjin yanayi: yayin da karar da aka yi a baya a kan gwamnatoci suka ci gaba don inganta hayaki, an dauki wannan a matsayin babbar karar farko da za ta gudanar da kamfani ga ka'idodin Yarjejeniyar Paris.  Duk da yake yanke shawara kawai tana da iko a cikin Netherlands, ana sa ran zai kafa misali ga wasu shari'o'in muhalli a kan wasu manyan kamfanoni masu hayaki masu yawa waɗanda ba su dauki isasshen matakai don rage hayaki ba. Tasirin hukuncin kotun ya yi la'akari da karfafawa saboda dogaro da ka'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam da matakan duniya kan canjin yanayi.

#### Rasha
Norilsk_oil_spill" id="mwAUc" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Norilsk oil spill">Ruwan mai na Norilsk wani bala'i ne na masana'antu a kusa da Norilsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai, wanda ya fara a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2020 lokacin da tankin ajiya man fetur a Norilsk-Taimyr Energy's Thermal Power Plant No. 3 (mal Nornickel) ya gaza, ya mamaye koguna na cikin gida har zuwa 21,000 cubic mita (17,500 ton) na man diesel. Shugaban Rasha Vladimir Putin ya ayyana dokar ta baci a farkon watan Yuni. An bayyana hadarin a matsayin na biyu mafi girma a tarihin Rasha na zamani. A sakamakon zubarwar, har zuwa 21,000 cubic mita (17,500 ton) na man diesel ya zubo cikin Kogin Daldykan. Greenpeace Rasha ta kwatanta yiwuwar tasirin muhalli na zubar da Norilsk da na zubar mai na Exxon Valdez na 1989.  Bayan zubar da Norilsk, ofishin Babban Lauyan Rasha ya ba da umarnin binciken tsaro a duk wani haɗari da aka gina a kan permafrost a cikin Arctic na Rasha.

Daga watan Yunin 2021, gandun daji na taiga a Siberia da yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya na Rasha sun sami gobarar daji da ba a taɓa gani ba, biyo bayan zafi da fari. A karo na farko a tarihin da aka rubuta, hayakin gobarar daji ya kai Arewacin Pole. Dalilan gobarar sun haɗa da matsalolin saka idanu,  sauye-sauyen jet stream da Canjin yanayi a Rasha.  Za'a iya fitar da carbon mai yawa daga ƙasa mai daskarewa a ƙarƙashin gobarar,  musamman peatlands  wanda ya ci gaba da ƙonewa daga shekarar da ta gabata.

### Oceania

#### Ostiraliya
Lokacin gobarar daji na Australiya na 2019-20 ya kasance mai lalacewa musamman, ya kashe akalla 28 kuma ya lalata ba kasa da gidaje 3,000 ba. Wutar ta yadu, amma New South Wales (NSW)  ita ce mafi wuya. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019 hayaki a kusa da Sydney ya kasance mummunan cewa ingancin iska ya ninka sau 11 na matakin "mai haɗari" kuma yanayin zafi ya wuce 40 ° C (113 °-120 ° F). Abubuwan da suka haifar da halitta kamar walƙiya sun fara yawancin gobarar, waɗanda yanayin bushewa da fari suka fusata, kodayake 'yan sanda a NSW sun kama akalla mutane 24 don fara gobara da gangan. Gabaɗaya, hekta miliyan 7.3 (acre miliyan 17.9) sun ƙone a duk jihohin Australia guda shida - yanki da ya fi Belgium da Denmark girma. Masana sun kiyasta dabbobi miliyan 500 sun mutu, ba tare da sun hada da jemagu, kwari, ko kwari ba; an kashe kashi ɗaya bisa uku na koalas na Ostiraliya, a cewar Ministan Muhalli Sussan Ley . &nbsp;&nbsp;

## Manazarta