Tsitsi Dangarembga

**Tsitsi Dangaremb fbunga** (an Haife ta 4 ga Fabrairu 1959) marubuciya ce ta Zimbabwe, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai shirya fina-finai. Littafin littafinta na farko mai suna *[[Yanayin Jijiya|Nervous Conditions]]* (1988), wanda ita ce ta farko da wata bakar fata daga kasar Zimbabwe ta buga a cikin Turanci, wanda BBC ta bayyana a shekarar 2018 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan littattafai 100 da suka tsara duniya.  Ta ci wasu lambobin yabo na adabi, gami da Kyautar Marubuta ta Commonwealth da lambar yabo ta PEN Pinter . A cikin 2020, littafinta *[[Wannan Jikin Makoki]]* ya kasance cikin jerin sunayen da aka zaba don Kyautar Booker .  A shekarar 2022, an yanke wa Dangarembga hukunci a wata kotu a Zimbabwe da laifin tayar da hankalin jama'a, ta hanyar nuna, a kan titin jama'a, allunan neman gyara.. M

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Tsitsi Dangarembga a ranar 4 ga Fabrairun 1959 a Mutoko, Kudancin Rhodesia ( yanzu Zimbabwe ), ƙaramin gari inda iyayenta ke koyarwa a makarantar mishan da ke kusa.     Mahaifiyarta, Susan Dangarembga, ita ce mace baƙar fata ta farko a Kudancin Rhodesia don samun digiri na farko,  kuma mahaifinta, Amon, daga baya zai zama shugaban makaranta.   Daga shekaru biyu zuwa shida, Dangarembga ta zauna a Ingila, yayin da iyayenta ke neman ilimi mai zurfi.      A can, kamar yadda ta tuna, ita da ɗan'uwanta sun fara jin Turanci "hakika kuma sun manta da yawancin Shona da muka koya."  Ta komba Rhodesia tare da danginta a shekara ta 1965, shekarar shelar 'yancin kai na bai ɗaya na mulkin mallaka.    A Rhodesia, ta sake samun Shona, amma ta ɗauki Turanci, yaren karatunta, harshenta na farko . 

A cikin 1965, ta ƙaura tare da danginta zuwa Old Mutare, manufa ta Methodist kusa da Umtali (yanzu Mutare) inda mahaifinta da mahaifiyarta suka ɗauki mukamai daban-daban a matsayin shugaban makaranta da malami a Makarantar Sakandare ta Hartzell.     Dangarembga, wacce ta fara karatunta a Ingila, ta shiga makarantar firamare ta Hartzell, kafin ta tafi makaranta a makarantar zuhudu ta Marymount Mission.    Ta kammala karatunta na A-Levels a Makarantar Arundel, makarantar ƴan mata ƙwararru, galibi fararen fata a babban birnin kasar, Salisbury (yau Harare),  kuma a cikin 1977 ta tafi Jami'ar Cambridge don karatun likitanci     a Kwalejin Sidney Sussex .  A can, ta fuskanci wariyar launin fata da keɓewa kuma ta bar bayan shekaru uku, ta dawo a 1980 zuwa Zimbabwe watanni da yawa kafin samun 'yancin kai.    

Dangarembga ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin malami, kafin ya fara karatu a fannin likitanci da ilimin halin dan Adam a Jami'ar Zimbabwe yayin da ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru biyu a matsayin marubuci a wata hukumar kasuwanci.      Ta shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta jami'a, kuma ta rubuta tare da ba da umarni da yawa daga cikin wasan kwaikwayo da ƙungiyar ta yi.     Ta kuma shiga cikin rukunin wasan kwaikwayo na Zambuko, inda ta shiga cikin shirya wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu, *Katshaa!* da *Mavambo* .  Daga baya ta tuna, “Babu wani wasan kwaikwayo da aka yi da mata baƙar fata, ko aƙalla ba mu sami damar yin su ba a lokacin. Marubuta a Zimbabwe maza ne a lokacin. Don haka a gaskiya ban ga cewa za a gyara lamarin ba sai dai in wasu mata sun zauna sun rubuta wani abu, don haka na yi!”   Ta rubuta wasanni uku a cikin wannan lokacin: *Lost of the Soil* (1983), *Ba Ta Kara Kuka ba*, da *Na Uku* .     A cikin waɗannan shekarun, ta kuma fara karanta ayyukan marubutan mata Ba-Amurke da wallafe-wallafen Afirka na zamani, sauyi daga ƙa'idodin Ingilishi da ta girma. 

## Sana'a

### 1980s da 1990s
A cikin 1985, ɗangarembga ta ɗan gajeren labari "Wasiƙa" ya lashe matsayi na biyu a gasar rubuce-rubucen da Hukumar Haɗin gwiwar Ci Gaban Ƙasashen Duniya ta Sweden ta shirya, kuma an buga shi a Sweden a cikin littafin tarihin *Whispering Land* .   A cikin 1987, an buga wasanta mai suna *She No Longer Weeps*, wanda ta rubuta a lokacin jami'a, a Harare.   Littafinta na farko, *Yanayin Jijiya*, an buga shi a cikin 1988 a Burtaniya, kuma bayan shekara guda a Amurka .     Ta rubuta shi a cikin 1985, amma ta sha wahala wajen buga shi; Wasu mawallafa 'yan Zimbabwe huɗu suka ƙi, daga ƙarshe ta sami mawallafi mai son rai a cikin Gidan Jarida na Mata na London .   *Yanayi na Jijiya*, littafi na farko da wata baƙar fata daga Zimbabwe ta rubuta a cikin Ingilishi, ya sami yabo na gida da na duniya, kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Commonwealth Writers' Prize (yankin Afirka) a 1989.      Aikinta yana cikin littafin tarihin 1992 ' *ya'ya mata na Afirka*, wanda Margaret Busby ta shirya.  Ana ɗaukar *Yanayin Jijiya* ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun litattafan Afirka da aka taɓa rubuta,  kuma an haɗa su cikin jerin manyan littattafai 100 na BBC na 2018 waɗanda suka tsara duniya. 

A cikin 1989, Dangarembga ya tafi Jamus don nazarin jagorar fina-finai a Cibiyar Nazarin Fina-Finai da Talabijin ta Jamus Berlin .    Ta shirya fina-finai da dama yayin da take Berlin, ciki har da wani shirin gaskiya da aka watsa a gidan talabijin na Jamus.  A cikin 1992, ta kafa Nyerai Films, kamfanin shirya fina-finai da ke Harare.  Ta rubuta labarin ne don fim ɗin *Neria*, wanda aka yi a 1991, wanda ya zama fim mafi girma a tarihin Zimbabwe.  Fim ɗinta na 1996 *Child's Child*, fim ɗin farko da wata baƙar fata 'yar Zimbabwe ta shirya, an nuna shi a duniya, ciki har da bikin fina-finai na Dublin .   Fim din, wanda aka yi a Harare da Domboshava, ya biyo bayan labarai masu ban tausayi na 'yan'uwa hudu bayan iyayensu sun mutu da cutar kanjamau . 

### 2000 gaba
A cikin 2000, Dangarembga ta koma Zimbabwe tare da danginta, kuma ta ci gaba da aikinta tare da Nyerai Films. A shekara ta 2002, ta kafa bikin fina-finai na Hotuna na Duniya.  Fim dinta na 2005 *Kare Kare Zvako* ta lashe kyautar Short Film Award da Golden Dhow a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Zanzibar, da lambar yabo ta gajerun fina-finan Afirka a bikin fina-finai na Milan .  Fim dinta *Peretera Maneta* a shekara ta 2006 ta sami lambar yabo ta UNESCO ta yara da kare hakkin dan Adam kuma ta lashe bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Zanzibar.  Ita ce babbar darektar kungiyar mata masu shirya fina-finai ta Zimbabwe, kuma ita ce shugabar da ta kafa bikin fina-finan mata na Harare.  Tun daga shekarar 2010, ta kuma yi aiki a hukumar kula da kade-kade ta Zimbabwe na tsawon shekaru biyar, ciki har da shekaru biyu a matsayin kujera.   Ita mamba ce ta kafa Cibiyar Ƙirƙirar Ƙirƙirar Ƙirƙira don Ci gaba don Ƙirƙirar Ƙirƙira a Afirka (ICAPA). 

Da aka tambaye ta game da rashin rubuce-rubucenta tun lokacin da *yanayin Jijiya*, Dangarembga ya bayyana a cikin 2004: "Da farko, an buga littafin ne kawai bayan da na juya zuwa fim a matsayin matsakaici; na biyu, Virginia Woolf ta wayo abin lura cewa mace tana buƙatar £ 500 da ɗakin kanta don rubuta shi cikakke ne. Ba zato ba tsammani, Ina motsi da fatan cewa, a karon farko tun lokacin da *yanayin Jijiya*, Zan sami ɗaki na kaina. Zan yi ƙoƙarin yin watsi da bit game da £ 500."  Lalle ne, bayan shekaru biyu a cikin 2006, ta buga littafinta na biyu, *Littafin Ba*, wani mabiyi ga *Yanayin Jijiya* .  Ta kuma shiga harkokin siyasa, kuma a shekarar 2010 aka nada ta sakatariyar ilimi na jam'iyyar siyasa ta Movement for Democratic Change karkashin jagorancin Arthur Mutambara .   Ta ba da misali da tarihinta da ta fito daga dangin malamai, da ɗan gajeren zamanta na malami, da kuma “aiki, in ba bisa ƙa’ida ba,” a fannin ilimi, a matsayin ta na shirya mata rawar.  Ta kammala karatun digiri na uku a fannin nazarin Afirka a Jami'ar Humboldt ta Berlin, kuma ta rubuta karatun digirinta na uku kan karbar fina-finan Afirka.  

Ta kasance alkali ga lambar yabo ta Etisalat na Adabi na 2014.  A cikin 2016, Cibiyar Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio ta zaɓi ta don masu fasahar su a cikin shirin zama.  Littafinta na uku, *Wannan* *Jikin Makoki*, Mabiyi *na Littafin Ba* da *Yanayin Jijiya*, an buga shi a cikin 2018 ta Graywolf Press a cikin Amurka, kuma a cikin Burtaniya ta Faber da Faber a cikin 2020, wanda Alexandra Fuller ya bayyana a cikin *[[New York Times]]* a matsayin "wani gwaninta"  da kuma ta Novurion Rosa T. .  ya kasance daya daga cikin litattafai shida da aka zaba don *Kyautar* Booker na 2020, wanda aka zaba daga gabatarwa 162.  

A cikin wata hira da Bhakti Shringarpure na mujallar *Bomb*, Dangaremgba ta tattauna dalilin da ya sa littattafanta: "Mawallafina na farko, marigayi Ros de Lanerolle, ya umarce ni da in rubuta wani labari game da *Yanayin Jijiya* . Lokacin rubuta ci gaba, na gane littafi na biyu zai yi magana ne kawai da tsakiyar ɓangaren rayuwar jarumin. ... [kuma] ba su ba da amsa ga tambayoyin da aka taso a cikin *Yanayin Jijiya* ba game da yadda rayuwa tare da kowane mataki na hukuma zai yiwu ga irin waɗannan mutane. . . . Ra'ayin rubuta trilogy ya burge ni game da wani talaka wanda ya fara a matsayin ƴar ƙauye mai talauci a ƙasar Rhodesia ta mulkin mallaka kuma dole ta yi ƙoƙarin gina rayuwa mai ma'ana ga kanta. Har ila yau, fam ɗin ya ba ni damar yin hulɗa da wasu al'amura na ci gaban ƙasar Zimbabwe ta hanyar kai tsaye maimakon siyasa." 

A cikin 2019, an sanar da Dangarembga a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙarshe na lambar yabo ta Adabin Kwalejin St. Francis, lambar yabo ta shekara-shekara don gane fitaccen almara na marubuta a tsakiyar matakan ayyukansu, wanda a ƙarshe Samantha Hunt ya ci nasara a wannan shekarar.  m

A ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2020 an kama Dangarembga a Harare, Zimbabwe, gabanin zanga-zangar adawa da cin hanci da rashawa.  Daga baya waccan shekarar tana cikin jerin mata 100 na BBC da aka sanar a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 2020. 

A cikin Satumba 2020, an sanar da Dangarembga a matsayin Jami'ar Gabashin Anglia na farko na Shugaban Rubutun Ƙirƙirar Rubutun Duniya, daga 2021 zuwa 2022.  

Dangarembga ya lashe lambar yabo ta 2021 PEN International Award for Freedom Expression, wanda aka ba kowace shekara tun 2005 don karrama marubutan da ke ci gaba da aiki duk da tsanantawa saboda rubuce-rubucensu.    

A cikin Yuni 2021, an sanar da cewa Dangarembga zai zama mai karɓar babbar lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta 2021 da ƙungiyar masu buga littattafan Jamus da masu sayar da littattafai suka ba ta,  ta zama baƙar fata ta farko da aka karrama da lambar yabo tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da shi a 1950. 

A cikin Yuli 2021, an zabe ta zuwa Fellowship na girmamawa na Kwalejin Sidney Sussex, Cambridge . 

PEN ta Ingilishi ce ta zaɓi Dangarembga a matsayin wanda ya lashe kyautar PEN Pinter na 2021, wanda ake ba shi kowace shekara ga marubuci wanda, a cikin kalmomin da Harold Pinter ya faɗa game da karɓar kyautar Nobel ta adabi, ya jefa kallon "marasa hankali, rashin karkata" a duniya kuma yana nuna "ƙaddamar azamar tunani ... don ayyana gaskiyar rayuwarmu".  A jawabinta na karbuwa a dakin karatu na Burtaniya a ranar 11 ga Oktoba 2021, Dangarembga ta nada marubuciyar marubuciya 'yar kasar Uganda Kakwenza Rukirabashaija a matsayin lambar yabo ta Marubuci ta Kasa da Kasa .   

A cikin 2022, an zaɓi Dangarembga don karɓar lambar yabo ta Windham-Campbell Literature Prize don almara. 

A watan Yuni 2022, an bayar da sammacin kama Tsitsi Dangarembga.  An tuhume ta da laifin tunzura jama'a da cin zarafin jama'a da keta dokokin yaki da cutar Covid bayan zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati da aka shirya a karshen Yuli 2020.  

A ranar 28 ga Satumba 2022, an yanke wa Dangarembga hukunci bisa hukuma da laifin yada tashin hankalin jama'a bayan ita da kawarta, Julie Barnes, sun zagaya a Harare cikin zanga-zangar lumana yayin da suke rike da allunan da ke dauke da "Muna Son Mafi Kyau. Gyara Cibiyoyinmu”. Dangarembga an ci tarar dala 110 da kuma daurin watanni shida a gidan yari. Ta sanar da cewa ta shirya daukaka kara kan hukuncin nata ne a daidai lokacin da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama ke ikirarin cewa ana tuhumarta ne sakamakon yunkurin Shugaba Emmerson Mnangagwa na "shuru da 'yan adawa a kasar da ta dade a kudancin Afirka."    A ranar 8 ga Mayu 2023, an sanar da cewa an soke hukuncin Dangarembga bayan da ta daukaka kara a kan hukuncin farko a 2022.   

## Zaɓaɓɓen kyaututtuka da karramawa

* 1989: Kyautar Marubuta ta Commonwealth (yankin Afirka) don *Yanayin Jijiya*
* 2005: *Kare Kare Zvako* ya lashe kyautar Short Film da Golden Dhow a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Zanzibar, da lambar yabo ta gajerun fina-finan Afirka a bikin fina-finai na Milan.
* 2018: *Yanayin Jijiya* da BBC ta ambata a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan littattafai 100 da suka tsara duniya 
* 2020: *Wannan Jikin Makoki* da aka zaba don Kyautar Booker 
* 2021: Kyautar PEN ta Duniya don 'Yancin Magana
* 2021: Kyautar zaman lafiya ta 2021 daga ƙungiyar masu buga littattafan Jamus da masu sayar da littattafai 
* 2021: Fellowship na girmamawa na Kwalejin Sidney Sussex, Cambridge
* 2021: Kyautar PEN Pinter daga Turanci PEN
* 2022: Kyautar Adabin Windham-Campbell (almara) 

## Jerin ayyuka
 

* *Na Uku* (wasa)
* *Rashin Ƙasa* (wasa), 1983
* "Wasiƙar" (gajeren labari), 1985, wanda aka buga a cikin *Ƙasar Wasiƙa*
* *Ba Ta Kara Kuka ba* (wasa), 1987
* *Yanayin Jijiya*, 1988, 
* *Littafin Ba*, 2006, 
* *Wannan Jikin Makoki ,* 2018, 
* *Baƙar fata da Na mata* (marubuta), 2022,  

### Filmography
 

## Nassoshi


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Rikodin karatun Dangarembga na "Zaben Zimbabwe"
* Petri Liukkonen.    
*   
* "Sanarwar goyon baya ga Tsitsi Dangarembga", *Sabon Rubutu*, Jami'ar Gabashin Anglis, Oktoba 2020.
* Leo Robson, "Me yasa Tsitsi Dangarembga yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan da kyautar Booker ta taɓa yin bikin", *New Stateman*, 13 Nuwamba 2020.
* Mia Swart, "Tsitsi Dangarembga: Rayuwa a cikin 'Zimbabwe mai takurawa'", *AlJazeera*, 16 Nuwamba 2020.
* Catherine Taylor, "Tsitsi Dangarembga kan kama ta, kyautar Booker da kuma dalilin da ya sa ba za ta bar Zimbabwe ba: 'Yana ci gaba da rauni'" *,* 16 Nuwamba 2020.
* Troy Fielder, "UEA Live: Wani fanko mai cutarwa, A cikin Tattaunawa Tare da Tsitsi Dangarembga" , *Kankare*, 27 Fabrairu 2021.