Joy Buolamwini

**Joy Adowaa Buolamwini** ƙwararriyar masaniyar kwamfuta ce 'yar ƙasar Kanada kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin dijital wadda a da take zaune a MIT Media Lab .  Ta kafa ƙungiyar Algorithmic Justice League (AJL), wata ƙungiya da ke aiki don ƙalubalantar son kai a cikin manhajar yanke shawara, tana amfani da fasaha, fafutuka, da bincike don nuna illolin zamantakewa da illolin fasahar kere-kere (AI).  

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Buolamwini a Edmonton, Alberta, kuma ta girma a Mississippi, kuma ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Cordova a Cordova, Tennessee.  Tana da shekaru tara, Kismet, robot ɗin MIT, ta sami kwarin gwiwa, kuma ta koyar da kanta XHTML, JavaScript da PHP .   A matsayinta na ɗaliba-ɗan wasa, ta kasance mai gasa a fagen tsalle-tsalle  kuma tana buga ƙwallon kwando. A cikin wani shiri na podcast da ta yi rikodi a shirin Brené Brown mai suna "Dare to Lead", ta tuna kammala aikinta na AP Physics tsakanin lokutan hutun ƙwallon kwando. 

A matsayinta na daliba ta farko, Buolamwini ta yi karatun kimiyyar kwamfuta a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Georgia, inda ta yi bincike kan ilimin lafiya .  Buolamwini ta kammala karatunta a matsayin Malamin Shugaban Jami'ar Stamps  daga Georgia Tech a shekarar 2012,  kuma ita ce ta yi shekara mafi ƙaranci a gasar Georgia Tech InVenture Prize a shekarar 2009. 

Buolamwini ƙwararren masani ce a fannin Rhodes Scholar, ƙwararriyar mai nazarin Fulbright, ƙwararriyar mai nazarin Stamps, ƙwararriyar mai nazarin sararin samaniya, kuma ƙwararriyar mai nazarin sararin samaniya ce a Cibiyar Anita Borg .  A matsayinta na ƙwararriyar mai nazarin sararin samaniya ta Rhodes, ta yi karatun koyo da fasaha a Jami'ar Oxford, inda ta kasance ɗaliba a Kwalejin Jesus, Oxford .   A lokacin karatunta na neman gurbin karatu, ta shiga cikin shekarar farko ta hidimar jama'a, tana aiki kan ayyukan da suka mayar da hankali kan al'umma.   An ba ta digiri na biyu a fannin Fasaha da Kimiyyar Watsa Labarai daga MIT a shekarar 2017 saboda binciken da Ethan Zuckerman ke kula da shi.  An ba ta digirin PhD a fannin Fasaha da Kimiyyar Watsa Labarai daga MIT Media Lab a shekarar 2022 tare da takardar digiri kan *Facing the Coded Gaze tare da Binciken Evocative da Binciken Algorithmic* . 

## Aiki da bincike
A shekarar 2011, Buolamwini ya yi aiki tare da shirin trachoma a Cibiyar Carter don haɓaka tsarin kimantawa mai tushen Android don amfani a Habasha.  

A matsayinta na abokiyar hulɗa da Fulbright, a shekarar 2013 ta yi aiki tare da masana kimiyyar kwamfuta na gida a Zambia don taimaka wa matasan Zambia su zama masu ƙirƙirar fasaha.  A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2016, Buolamwini ta bayyana a taron koli na Fadar White House kan Kimiyyar Kwamfuta ga Kowa. 

Buolamwini mai bincike ce a MIT Media Lab, inda ta yi aiki don gano son zuciya a cikin algorithms da kuma haɓaka hanyoyin da za a bi wajen ɗaukar nauyi yayin ƙira.  Za ta kira dakin gwaje-gwajen a matsayin "Masana'antar Gaba", wani kwakwa da masu mafarki kamar ita za su nutse cikin mafarki don gina fasaha.  A dakin gwaje-gwajen, Buolamwini memba ce a ƙungiyar Cibiyar Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai ta Ethan Zuckerman .   A lokacin bincikenta, Buolamwini ta nuna fuskoki 1,000 a cikin tsarin gane fuska kuma ta nemi tsarin ya gano ko fuskoki mata ne ko maza, kuma ta gano cewa software ɗin ya ga yana da wahala a gano mata masu launin fata.  Aikinta, *Jinsi Shades*, ya zama wani ɓangare na takardar bincikenta ta MIT.   Takardarta ta 2018 *Shades Jinsi: Bambancin Daidaito a Tsarin Rarraba Jinsi na Kasuwanci*  ta haifar da martani daga IBM da Microsoft don ɗaukar matakan gyara don inganta daidaiton algorithms ɗinsu, da sauri ta inganta software ɗinsu yana nuna tasirinta a masana'antar.   Ta kuma ƙirƙiri Aspire Mirror, wata na'ura da ke ba masu amfani damar ganin tunanin kansu bisa ga abin da ke ba su kwarin gwiwa.  Shirinta, Algorithmic Justice League, yana da nufin nuna son kai a cikin lambar da ka iya haifar da wariya ga ƙungiyoyi marasa wakilci.  Ta ƙirƙiri fina-finai biyu, *Code4Rights* da *Algorithmic Justice League: Unmasking Bias* .   Har yanzu darakta ce, Code4rights ƙungiya ce ta fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka fara a 2012 da nufin amfani da fasaha don yaɗa wayar da kan jama'a game da haƙƙin ɗan adam.  Ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in Fasaha (CTO) na Techturized Inc., wani kamfanin fasahar kula da gashi. 

An ambaci binciken Buolamwini a shekarar 2020 a matsayin wani tasiri ga Google da Microsoft wajen magance wariya tsakanin jinsi da launin fata a cikin kayayyakinsu da hanyoyinsu. 

Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba Shugaba Biden shawara kafin Dokar Zartarwa ta 14110 ta gwamnatinsa, wadda aka fitar a ranar 30 ga Oktoba, 2023. Wannan umarni kuma ana kiransa da Dokar Zartarwa kan Ci gaba da Amfani da Fasahar Zamani (wani lokacin ana kiransa da "Umarnin Zartarwa kan Fasahar Zamani").  

A shekarar 2023, ta buga littafinta na farko, *Unmasking AI: My Mission to Protect What Is Human in a World of Machines,* wanda ke ɗauke da tarihin bincikenta *.*  Ta hanyar littafinta:

* Buolamwini ya yi nazari kan tasirin da fasahar AI ke da shi a zamantakewa kuma ya yi gargaɗi game da son zuciya a cikin tsarin nazarin fuska, da kuma illolin da za su iya yi wa miliyoyin mutane - musamman idan sun ƙarfafa ra'ayoyin da ake da su.  
* Tana fafutukar samar da bayanai masu amfani da bayanai, tantancewa cikin gaskiya, da kuma manufofin ɗabi'a don rage tasirin wariya na AI. 

A shekarar 2025, an zaɓi Buolamwini a matsayin memba na Hukumar Daraktocin Asusun Kare Hakkin Bil Adama, wata ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin bil'adama mai zaman kanta. 

## son zuciya na AI da daidaiton jinsi
Binciken da Dr. Joy Buolamwini ta yi kan nuna wariya ga fasahar AI ya kasance mai matuƙar muhimmanci wajen haɓaka daidaiton jinsi a fannin injiniyanci da fasaha. Bincikenta ya gano cewa tsarin gane fuska da fasahar AI ke amfani da shi ya nuna ƙaruwar kurakurai yayin gano mata masu launin fata mai duhu, inda ƙimar ta kai kashi 34.7%, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 0.8% ga maza masu launin fata mai haske. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen sun nuna yuwuwar nuna wariya a cikin ƙirar algorithm, inda bayanan horo na son zuciya da kuma tsarin kimantawa marasa cikawa suka haifar da rashin daidaiton sakamako na fasaha dangane da jinsi da launin fata. 

Kwarewar da Buolamwini ta samu game da ƙarancin aikin AI ya motsa ta bincikenta kan son zuciya na algorithmic . Yayin da take aiki a wani aikin fasaha mai tushen gane fuska a MIT Media Lab, ta gano cewa tsarin AI na kasuwanci ba za su iya gano fuskarta akai-akai ba saboda launin fatarta mai duhu. Wannan takaicin ya zaburar da aikin bincikenta mai tarihi *Gender Shades*, wanda ya yi nazari sosai kan tsarin nazarin fuska daga IBM, Microsoft, da Face++. Bincikenta ya nuna cewa waɗannan tsarin sun fi dacewa ga maza masu launin fata mai haske, tare da ƙimar kurakurai ƙasa da 1%, yayin da daidaitonsu ya faɗi ga mata masu launin fata mai duhu, tare da ƙimar rarrabuwa mara kyau har zuwa 47%. 

Ganin cewa waɗannan gazawar sun samo asali ne daga rashin daidaiton bayanai, Buolamwini ya gabatar da *Pilot Parliaments Benchmark*, wani tsari mai bambancin bayanai wanda aka tsara don magance rashin wakilci a cikin tsarin horar da AI na yau da kullun, wanda ya ƙunshi sama da kashi 75% na maza da kashi 80% na fuskoki masu launin fata. Wannan sabon ma'auni ya kafa muhimmin misali don kimantawa da inganta aikin AI ta hanyar tabbatar da daidaiton ƙa'idodin gwaji. 

Abubuwan da ta gano sun taimaka wajen kawo sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci a masana'antar fasaha. Bayan wallafa bincikenta, kamfanoni kamar IBM da Microsoft sun ɗauki matakai don inganta tsarin aikinsu, rage son zuciya da haɓaka daidaito. Duk da haka, Buolamwini ta lura cewa ingantaccen daidaiton fasaha kaɗai ba ya kawar da haɗarin yiwuwar yin amfani da shi ba a fannoni kamar su bayanin launin fata, sa ido, da yanke shawara kan ɗaukar ma'aikata. 

Domin magance waɗannan damuwar, Buolamwini ta haɗu ta kafa Safe Face Pledge, tana ƙarfafa kamfanonin fasaha su rungumi ayyukan AI na ɗabi'a. Alƙawarin ya hana amfani da makamai wajen gane fuska, ya haramta amfani da 'yan sanda ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, kuma ya buƙaci a bayyana gaskiya a aikace-aikacen sa ido na gwamnati. Ƙoƙarinta ya jaddada cewa cimma adalci a ci gaban AI yana buƙatar hanyoyi da dama, gami da tsare-tsaren dokoki da ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa. 

### Ƙungiyoyin fafutuka

Buolamwini ya kafa Algorithmic Justice League (AJL) a shekarar 2016 don haɓaka basirar wucin gadi mai adalci da riƙon amana (AI).  Ƙungiyar AJL ta haɗa fasaha da bincike don bincika tasirin zamantakewa da rage illolin da ke da alaƙa da AI. Kamfanin yana aiki don wayar da kan jama'a game da tasirin AI yayin da yake haɓaka bincike kan rage son zuciya. Hakanan yana magance matsalolin da ke tsakanin daidaito da fasaha, yana haɓaka tsarin injiniya mai haɗaka da sauƙin amfani. AJL ta kuma ƙarfafa hulɗar jama'a ta hanyar kamfen mai hulɗa, nune-nunen, da shirye-shiryen ilimi, yana tabbatar da cewa an sanar da masu sauraro game da tasirin algorithms mai son zuciya akan daidaiton jinsi .

Domin faɗaɗa yaɗa labaranta, AJL ta haɗa kai da ƙungiyoyi kamar Black Girls Code don ƙarfafa 'yan matan Baƙar fata 'yan Amurka su bi ayyukan STEM, ta haka ne za a ƙara samun bambancin ra'ayi a masana'antar fasaha. AJL tana gudanar da tarurrukan bita da kuma samar da albarkatu da nufin ilmantar da jama'a da al'ummar fasaha game da son zuciya ta AI, tare da mai da hankali kan ƙarfafa wa mata marasa wakilcin jinsi damar shiga da kuma ƙalubalantar waɗannan tsare-tsare.

Nasarar AJL tana nuna ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa na ƙungiyarta. Wasu manyan membobin ƙungiyar Algorithmic Justice League sun haɗa da Rachel Fagen, Babbar Jami'ar Ma'aikata, wacce ke mai da hankali kan haɓaka ƙungiya da gina alaƙa don haɓaka AI mai adalci da riƙon amana. Aurum Linh tana aiki a matsayin Mai Nazarin Harms na AI, wanda ya sadaukar da kai don gano da rage illolin fasahar wucin gadi. Ƙungiyar Algorithm Justice League tana aiki tare da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, gami da masu ba da kuɗi na CORE, kwamitocin ba da shawara, da masu haɗin gwiwar bincike, don haɓaka gaskiya da riƙon amana a cikin tsarin AI, don tabbatar da cewa ƙoƙarinta na bayar da shawarwari ya kasance mai tasiri da haɗaka. 

Shafin yanar gizo na AJL yana ba da bayanai da kuma shafin yanar gizo kai tsaye.  Akwai sassa da dama a shafin inda masu amfani za su iya raba labarai, da kuma bayar da gudummawa ko rubuta wa wakilan Majalisar Dokokin Amurka. Buolamwini ta yi tasiri ga tattaunawar manufofi don magance wariyar jinsi a aikace-aikacen AI, tana fafutukar samar da dokoki da ke tabbatar da adalci a cikin tsarin yanke shawara da AI ke amfani da shi. A shekarar 2019, ta ba da shaida a gaban Kwamitin Kulawa da Gyaran Fuska na Majalisar Dokokin Amurka game da haɗarin fasahar gane fuska.  Shaidarta ta jaddada buƙatar ɗaukar alhakin aiwatar da fasahar gane fuska, musamman a yankunan da waɗannan tsarin za su iya ƙara ta'azzara rashin daidaiton jinsi.

Ta yi imanin cewa umarnin zartarwa ya gaza dangane da gyara, ko sakamako, ga tsarin AI wanda ke cutar da ƙananan al'ummomi.  Ƙoƙarinta ya goyi bayan haɗa matakan magance wariya a aikace-aikacen AI, musamman a fannoni kamar ɗaukar ma'aikata, gidaje, da kuma shari'ar laifuka. Umarnin Biden "tsari ne mai tsawo da ci gaba" wanda ke faruwa saboda masana'antar ba ta da kwarin gwiwa don yin hakan, in ji ta. 

Joy Buolamwini, ta hanyar Algorithmic Justice League (AJL), ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fafutukar ganin an haɗa mata, masu canza jinsi, da kuma waɗanda ba sa bin ƙa'ida a fannin fasaha. Shirye-shiryenta sun mayar da hankali kan fallasa da rage son zuciya a cikin fasahar kere-kere (AI) wanda ke shafar waɗannan ƙungiyoyin da ba su da wakilci sosai.

Buolamwini ta jagoranci kamfen da ke mai da hankali kan daidaiton jinsi a fannin AI da fasaha. A shekarar 2021, ta yi aiki tare da Olay a kan kamfen ɗin *Decode the Bias*, wanda ya binciki son zuciya a cikin tsarin kwalliyar da ke shafar mata masu launin fata. Wannan shirin ya tantance Tsarin Ba da Shawara kan Fata na Olay don tabbatar da daidaito a duk launin fata. 

Bisa ga waɗannan tsare-tsare, AJL ta ƙaddamar da Rahoton Al'umma game da Harin Tsarin Algorithmic (CRASH), wanda ke haɗa manyan masu ruwa da tsaki don haɓaka kayan aikin da ke ba da damar shiga cikin faɗaɗa wajen ƙirƙirar tsarin AI mai alhaki da adalci, tare da magance matsalolin da ke shafar ƙarancin wakilcin jinsi. 

### Goge Murya
Sashen *Kashe Murya* a shafin yanar gizo na AJL yana karbar bakuncin jawabai daga Buolamwini, Allison Koenecke, Safia Noble, Ruha Benjamin, Kimberlé Crenshaw, Megan Smith, da Sasha Costanza-Chock game da nuna son kai a tsarin murya.   Buolamwini da Koenecke sune manyan masu bincike a shafin yanar gizon da ke aiki don gano son kai na tsarin murya. Sun rubuta cewa tsarin gane magana yana da matsala mafi girma da masu magana da Ingilishi na Bakar fata-Amurka, kuma waɗannan tsarin suna sauraron tattaunawar masu amfani a ɓoye.  Sun kuma rubuta game da abin da suke ɗauka a matsayin ra'ayoyin jinsi masu cutarwa waɗanda tsarin gane murya ke haifarwa a Siri, Amazon Alexa, da Microsoft Cortana . 

Duk da cewa hanyoyinta da sakamakonta sun fuskanci suka daga masana'antu kamar Amazon, ta bayyana a cikin jawabinta na TED yadda ta magance 'kallon da aka tsara' ta hanyar nuna sakacinta game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin "tasirin zamantakewa, fasaha, da haɗa kai." 

Aikinta na Murya yana nuna daidaito tsakanin jinsi ta hanyar fallasa son zuciya a cikin tsarin gane murya, musamman waɗanda galibi ba sa sarrafa magana daidai daga mata da mutanen da ba su da alaƙa da mutane biyu . Wannan aikin yana ba da shawarar haɓaka AI mai haɗaka ta hanyar wayar da kan jama'a game da waɗannan ƙuntatawa.

### Gaze Mai Lambobi
*Jaridar Coded Gaze* wani ƙaramin shirin gaskiya ne da aka fara gabatarwa a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Boston a shekarar 2016, kuma a halin yanzu ana samunsa ta YouTube . Buolamwini tana amfani da ƙaramin shirin gaskiya don yin magana game da son zuciya da ta yi imanin yana cikin aikin basirar wucin gadi. Wahayi ga ƙaramin shirin gaskiya da bincikenta ya zo ne lokacin da take a MIT, tana ƙirƙirar fasaharta "Aspire Mirror," wanda ke amfani da gane fuska don nuna wani mutum wanda ke zaburar da mai amfani, a fuskar wannan mai amfani.  Buolamwini ta yi tsammanin Serena Williams, wata mace mai launin fata mai duhu, za ta nuna a fuskarta. Duk da haka, fasahar ba ta gane fuskarta ba. Binciken Buolamwini ya binciki dalilin da ya sa hakan ya faru, kuma sakamakon haka ya sa Buolamwini ta yanke shawarar cewa ware mutanen da suka yi kama da ita ya faru ne sakamakon wani aiki da ta kira "Coded Gaze."  Ta ƙara tattauna wannan ra'ayi a cikin ƙaramin shirin gaskiya, "The Coded Gaze." Shirin gaskiya yana bincika yadda AI za ta iya fuskantar wariyar launin fata da jinsi wanda ke nuna ra'ayoyi da asalin al'adun waɗanda suka haɓaka shi. 

### Bambancin da aka Lakafta
*Coded Bias* fim ne na shirin gaskiya wanda Shalini Kantayya ta jagoranta wanda ke nuna binciken Buolamwini game da rashin daidaiton AI a fasahar gane fuska da kuma manhajar tantancewa ta atomatik.   Ya mayar da hankali kan abin da masu ƙirƙirar fim ɗin suka ɗauka a matsayin rashin ƙa'idojin kayan aikin gane fuska da IBM, Microsoft, da Amazon ke sayarwa, kuma wanda suka ce yana ci gaba da nuna wariya ta launin fata da jinsi. Fim ɗin ya bayyana takaddama tsakanin masu haya a Brooklyn da wani kamfanin kula da gine-gine wanda ya yi ƙoƙarin amfani da gane fuska don sarrafa shiga wani gini. Fim ɗin ya ƙunshi marubuciyar *Weapons of Math Destruction* Cathy O'Neill da membobin Big Brother Watch a London, ciki har da Silkie Carlo . A ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2021, an samar da shirin don nunawa a Netflix . 

## Nunin Nunin
An nuna ayyukan da Algorithmic Justice League ta gudanar a cibiyoyin fasaha, ciki har da Barbican Centre da ke London, Birtaniya, da kuma Ars Electronica da ke Linz, Austria. 

* *Nunin Nau'in Laifuka* (2019) a APEXART, New York, NY, Amurka 
* *Nunin Fahimtar AI* (2019) a Cibiyar Ars Electronica, Linz, Austria 
* *AI: Nunin Baje Kolin Fiye da Dan Adam* (2019) a Cibiyar Barbican, London, Birtaniya 
* *Nunin Lokaci Tara Na Yanzu* (2018) a Cibiyar Hutchins, Jami'ar Harvard, Cambridge, MA, Amurka 
* *Nunin Big Bang Data* (2018) a Gidan Tarihi na MIT, Cambridge, MA, Amurka 

## Lambobin yabo da girmamawa
A shekarar 2017, an ba Buolamwini babbar kyauta a fannin ƙwararru a gasar Search for Hidden Figures, wacce aka haɗa da fitowar fim ɗin Hidden Figures a watan Disamba na 2016. Gasar, wacce PepsiCo da 21st Century Fox suka dauki nauyinta, an yi ta ne don "taimakawa wajen gano sabbin shugabannin mata a fannin kimiyya, fasaha, injiniyanci da lissafi," kuma ta jawo hankalin mata matasa 7,300 a faɗin Amurka.

Buolamwini ta gabatar da jawabi na TEDx a Beacon Street mai taken *Yadda nake yaƙi da son zuciya a cikin algorithms* .    A shekarar 2018, ta bayyana a TED Radio Hour .  An nuna ta a cikin Smart Girls na Amy Poehler a shekarar 2018.  Mujallar *Fast Company* ta lissafa ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "jarumai huɗu na ƙira waɗanda ke kare dimokuradiyya ta yanar gizo."  An saka ta a cikin ɗaya daga cikin Mata 100 na BBC a shekarar 2018. 

A shekarar 2019, an saka Buolamwini a cikin jerin "Manyan Shugabanni 50 na Duniya" na mujallar  ta shekarar 2019, inda mujallar ta bayyana ta a matsayin "lamirin juyin juya halin AI."  Ta kuma shiga jerin farko na Time 100 Next a shekarar 2019.  A shekarar 2020, Buolamwini ta fito a wani kamfen na karfafa mata gwiwa da kamfanin tufafi na Levi's for International Women's Day ya shirya.  An kuma nuna ta a cikin shirin gaskiya *mai suna Coded Bias* .  A shekarar 2020, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Babban Baƙi da Carnegie Corporation na New York ya ba ta. 

A shekarar 2022, an nada Buolamwini a matsayin wacce ta lashe kyautar ASQ Hutchens.  A shekarar 2023, an saka ta a cikin Time 100 AI. 

A ranar 9 ga Yuni, 2024, an ba Buolamwini digirin girmamawa na digirin digirgir na kimiyya daga Kwalejin Dartmouth saboda aikinta na fallasa son zuciya a cikin tsarin AI da kuma hana illolin AI. An kuma gayyace ta a matsayin babbar mai jawabi a bikin bayar da kyaututtukan adalci na zamantakewa na Dartmouth na 2024.

A watan Nuwamba na 2024, an ba Buolamwini kyautar Cibiyar Nazarin Rayuwar Addinin Baƙar fata ta Amurka (CSAARL) Octavia Butler a Kimiyyar Kwamfuta. 

A ranar 14 ga Maris, 2024, an ba Buolamwini kyautar NAACP Archwell Foundation Digital Civil Rights Award. Baya ga wannan kyautar, an ba Buolamwini dala $100,000 don ya yi aiki a sabon fanni. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Buolamwini a Edmonton, Alberta, Kanada ga 'yan asalin ƙasar Ghana.  Ta zauna a Ghana; Barcelona, Spain; Oxford, United Kingdom; kuma, a Amurka, Memphis, Tennessee, da Atlanta, Georgia .  Ta bayyana kanta a matsayin "ɗiyar kimiyya da fasaha",  mahaifinta a matsayin Malami kuma mahaifiyarta mai zane, da kuma Mawakiyar Code. 

## Manazarta