Tarihin gargadi na guguwar Atlantic

**Tarihin gargadi na guguwa na wurare masu zafi na Atlantic** ya ba da cikakken bayani game da ci gaban gargadi game da guguwa a cikin Tekun Atlantika ta Arewa. An kafa sabis na farko a cikin shekarun 1870 daga Cuba tare da aikin Uba Benito Viñes . Bayan mutuwarsa, Rundunar Sojojin Amurka da Ofishin Yanayi na Amurka sun ɗauki sabis na gargadi na guguwa a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, na farko sun kasance a Jamaica da Cuba kafin su koma Washington, DC Babban ofishin a Washington, wanda zai zama Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Kasa da Cibiyar Kulawa ta Yanayi, sun ɗauki nauyin a farkon karni na 20. Wannan alhakin ya wuce ga ofisoshin guguwa na yanki a cikin 1935, kuma an kafa manufar Lokacin guguwar Atlantic don ci gaba da lura da guguwa ta wurare masu zafi a wasu lokuta na shekara. Shawarwarin guguwa da aka bayar kowane sa'o'i 12 daga ofisoshin guguwa na yanki sun fara a wannan lokacin.

Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa ta zama cibiyar gargadi ta guguwa a cikin 1956 kuma ta ɗauki yawancin ayyukan da take da su a yau ta 1965. Shirin Binciken Guguwa na Kasa, wanda aka fara a cikin shekarun 1950, ya yi amfani da jirgin sama don nazarin guguwa na wurare masu zafi da kuma gudanar da gwaje-gwaje a kan guguwa masu girma ta hanyar aikin Stormfury. An bayar da tsinkaya a cikin shawarwarin guguwa kwana ɗaya zuwa nan gaba a cikin 1954 kafin a tsawaita shi zuwa kwana biyu zuwa nan gaba mu 1961, kwana uku zuwa nan gaba cikin 1964, da kwana biyar zuwa nan gaba. Daga shekarun 1960 zuwa 1980, an haɗa aiki daga ofisoshin guguwa daban-daban na yanki a cikin Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa. An canza sunanta zuwa Cibiyar Tsinkaya ta Tropical a cikin 1995, kafin ta sake ɗaukar sunan Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa a cikin 2010. Ana yin hasashen guguwa na wurare masu zafi a zamanin yau ta amfani da hanyoyin kididdiga bisa ga yanayin yanayi na guguwa, da kuma hanyoyin hasashen yanayi na lambobi inda kwamfutoci ke amfani da lissafin lissafi na motsi don ƙayyade motsi.

## Shekaru na farko

An kafa sabis na gargadi na guguwa na farko a farkon shekarun 1870 daga Cuba tare da aikin Uba Benito Viñes, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Royal College of Belén. Ya kafa cibiyar sadarwa ta wuraren lura kuma ya haɓaka hanyar farko don yin hasashen motsi na guguwa na wurare masu zafi, tare da tsohuwar gargadi da aka sani don tsarin wurare masu zafi da aka yi a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 1873. Wannan gargadi na farko ya faɗakar da New England da Mid-Atlantic game da guguwa da za ta mamaye Newfoundland. Zai ba da cikakkun bayanai kwanaki a gaba, bisa ga girgije da ke ci gaba sosai a gaban guguwa. Ayyukan gargadi na guguwa a Cuba ya ci gaba har zuwa mutuwarsa a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 1893.  A cikin Amurka, jama'a ba su gamsu da hasashen Signal Corp ba bayan Guguwar 1875. Amsawar nan da nan ta Signal Corp ita ce kirkirar tutar gargadi ta guguwa, wasu jan tutar goma da takwas kowannensu a girman, an saka shi da baƙar fata. Farawa a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1875, an ɗaga tutar gargadi na guguwa a wuraren da gargadi game da guguwa ke aiki, kuma an haskaka su da dare.

Majalisa ta Amurka ta zartar da lissafi don ba da izinin kafawa da ayyukan Tashoshin yanayi a fadin West Indies da Caribbean Sea a ranar 7 ga Yuli, 1889. Sakamakon karshe shine zuwan Ofishin Yanayi a cikin 1890, ta hanyar wucewar Dokar Organic wanda ya sanya sabuwar kungiyar ga Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona.  Guguwar Satumba 1896 ta haifar da fadada cibiyar guguwar Weather Bureau ta hanyar Tekun Caribbean. Yaƙin Mutanen Espanya da Amurka ya haifar da Amurka ta kafa ofishin gargadi na guguwa a Kingston, Jamaica a cikin 1898, kafin ta koma Havana, Cuba bayan ƙarshen yaƙin a cikin 1899.  Bayan Guguwar Galveston ta 1900, an kafa ofishin gargadi na guguwa a New Orleans, Louisiana don magance gargadi game da guguwa. Ofishin Gargadi na Guguwa ya koma Washington, DC a cikin 1902. Amfani da rediyo ta hanyar jigilar kaya, wanda ya fara a cikin 1905, ya kara da ƙarin bayani ga waɗanda ke bin diddigin guguwa. Rahoton farko daga guguwa an karɓa a cikin 1909, tare da jimlar rahotanni na rediyo ya tashi zuwa 21,000 a kowane lokacin guguwa a cikin 1935.  Duk da bayar da agogon guguwa da gargadi, hasashen hanyar guguwa ba ta faru ba har zuwa 1920.

## Manazarta