Matsayin jinsi a cikin bayan kwaminisanci na Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai

Sauye-sauye a **rawar da jinsi ke takawa a Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai bayan faduwar Kwaminisanci** sun zama abin nazari na tarihi da zamantakewa . 

## Yanayin tarihi
Gwamnatocin gurguzu na Gabashin Turai sun ayyana 'yancin mata a ƙarshen shekarun 1940. An zartar da doka wadda ta canza matsayin mata a cikin al'ummomin Gabashin Turai.   Sabbin dokoki sun tabbatar da daidaito tsakanin mata a cikin al'umma da aure,  kuma an buƙaci mata da maza su zama membobin al'umma masu amfani ta hanyar yin aiki don albashi da kuma shiga cikin fafutukar siyasa.  Shiga mata a cikin ma'aikata ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa a tsawon wannan lokacin,  inda wasu ƙasashe suka ga kashi 50% na ma'aikata sun ƙunshi mata a ƙarshen zamanin gurguzu.  A yawancin ƙasashe, an tsara haƙƙin zubar da ciki a matsayin doka a ƙarshen shekarun 1950. 

Shugabannin siyasa sun kalli kasancewar mata a cikin ma'aikata a matsayin wata dama ta cusa akidar gurguzu a cikin sabbin tsararrakin mata. 

Duk da cewa an sami irin wannan ci gaba, gwamnatocin Soviet da Warsaw sun tsara tsarin mata a matsayin "akidar 'yan gurguzu ". 

## Canje-canje a jihohin bayan gurguzu

### Gwamnati
Tare da sauyin tattalin arziki daga gurguzu zuwa tattalin arzikin kasuwar neo-liberal da dimokuradiyya, jihohi da yawa sun ga raguwar adadin mata da aka wakilta a majalisun jihohi.   Ana iya ganin irin wannan misali a majalisar dokokin Albania inda adadin mata wakilai ya faɗi daga 73 zuwa 9 a zaɓen farko bayan rugujewa.  Sauyin ya kuma ga raguwar shigar mata cikin sabbin tsarin siyasa.   Waɗannan abubuwan sun sa ya yi wa mata wahala su yi fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata a tsakiya da gabashin Turai bayan sauyin. 

### Aiki

Sauye-sauye daga gurguzu zuwa tattalin arzikin kasuwar neo-liberal ya ga yawan mata a cikin rashin aikin yi wanda bai taɓa wanzuwa ba a ƙasashen tsakiya da gabashin Turai.  Duk da cewa akwai bambanci a cikin wannan canjin ya danganta da ƙasar.  A tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, wannan sauyi ya haifar da manyan canje-canje a dukkan fannoni ciki har da kasuwar aiki.  Duk da cewa akwai gibin albashi tsakanin maza da mata a wurare kamar Tarayyar Soviet, saboda dokar kariya da ta takaita aikin mata a ayyukan da ake ganin suna da haɗari ko kuma masu wahala, wanda ke nufin cewa saboda gaskiyar cewa a cikin tsarin albashi na tsakiya, inda ƙarfin kasuwa bai tsoma baki ba, samun kuɗi a cikin sassa an ƙaddara shi ta hanyar fahimtar yawan aiki, aiki tuƙuru da amfanin zamantakewa na wani ɓangare, mata a Rasha sun fi mai da hankali sosai a fannoni kamar ilimi, kiwon lafiya, ciniki, abinci da masana'antu masu sauƙi, kuɗin shigarsu ya yi ƙasa da na maza a duk tarihin Tarayyar Soviet,  an ga yawan mata a cikin ma'aikata iri ɗaya kuma an ga irin wannan yanayin a Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Jamus .  Bayan rugujewar tattalin arziki, saboda dokoki kamar Dokar Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Jiha (wanda aka amince da shi kafin sauyi a 1987), yana nufin cewa kamfanonin samar da kayayyaki dole ne su cika wajibcin biyan albashi daga kudaden shigarsu. Duk da cewa wannan sauyin bai shafi mata da yawa ba, domin mata har yanzu suna cikin ɓangaren "marasa amfani", ya shafi gibin albashi tsakanin mata da maza. Bangaren da ba ya samar da riba, wanda ya ƙunshi sassa kamar ilimi da kiwon lafiya, har yanzu ana ba da kuɗaɗen daga kasafin kuɗin jihar kuma saboda haka yana cikin haɗarin rage kasafin kuɗi, wanda ya faru a lokacin wucin gadi.  Mata sun ci gaba da samun ƙarancin albashi fiye da maza bayan rugujewar tattalin arziki, tare da ƙaruwar gibin albashi a yawancin ƙasashe,  wannan ya faru tare da ƙaruwar rashin daidaiton kuɗi gaba ɗaya.  A cikin wannan lokacin wucin gadi ga jihohi da yawa akwai bala'in tattalin arziki, kuma Gale Stokes ya yi tsokaci kan yadda "yawancin ayyukan yau da kullun na rayuwa ta yau da kullun, kamar ƙimar lokaci, dangantakar jinsi, yanayin tattaunawar jama'a, da yanayin aiki, suka canza."  Saboda mata sun fi mayar da hankali kan ƙananan matakan rarraba kuɗin shiga,  sun fi fuskantar irin waɗannan canje-canje, kuma ƙaruwar rashin daidaiton zamantakewa  ya yi mummunan tasiri ga bambancin albashi tsakanin jinsi a lokacin shekarun canji.  Rita Hansberry,  Christopher Gerry, Byung-Yeon Kim da Carmen Li  sun bayar da shaida cewa ƙaruwar yaɗuwar kuɗaɗen shiga da sassaucin ra'ayi ya haifar ya yi mummunan tasiri ga gibin albashin jinsi a Rasha.

Bayan daidaiton samun kudin shiga, sauyin ya ƙara wariyar jinsi a wuraren aiki.   Mata da yawa sun bar mukamai na ƙwararru da na shugabanci waɗanda mata suka taɓa riƙewa a baya saboda ci gaba da cire ayyukan kula da yara na gwamnati a ƙasashen tsakiya da gabashin Turai.   Saboda la'akari da iyali, an yi hasashen a shekarar 1993 cewa mata da yawa za su bar ma'aikata su haɗu a wasu lokutan, na ɗan gajeren lokaci, na yanayi, na rashin bayyanawa, da sauran nau'ikan ayyuka marasa inganci,  kuma an nuna cewa hakan ya faru a binciken da aka yi daga baya. 

Éva Fodor da Anikó Balogh, sabanin sauran masu bincike,  bisa ga bayanan binciken da aka yi kafin rugujewa da kuma bayan rugujewa, sun ce ra'ayoyin mata a matsayin masu kula da gidaje da kuma gudummawar da suka bayar ga ma'aikata, ba su canza sosai ba a jihohin tsakiya da gabashin Turai, kuma a akasin haka, ƙasashen yammacin Turai sun yi sassauci sosai kan ra'ayoyinsu game da mata a cikin gida da ma'aikata. 

Sauyin tattalin arzikin ya kuma haifar da sauyi a yawancin tattalin arziki daga manyan masana'antu zuwa ƙananan masana'antu, wanda hakan ya sa aka tilasta wa maza da yawa barin aiki a manyan masana'antu su koma ƙananan masana'antu waɗanda suka kasance ɓangaren tattalin arziki na mata a lokacin mulkin kwaminisanci. 

### Haƙƙoƙin haihuwa da cin zarafin jima'i

Wasu haƙƙoƙi, kamar haƙƙin haihuwa waɗanda aka samu a ƙarƙashin gwamnatocin gurguzu na baya, an ƙalubalanci su daga baya a ƙasashe bayan faɗuwar waɗannan gwamnatocin.  Takaita damar zubar da ciki a cikin shekarun nan bayan rugujewar ya haifar da zanga-zangar mata a Czechoslovakia da Poland,  tare da adadin zubar da ciki bisa doka da aka gudanar a kowace shekara a Poland ya ragu da sama da 30,000 daga 1991 zuwa 1993. 

A Rasha, batsa ta yaɗu bayan rugujewar tattalin arziki,   yayin da a tsohuwar Yugoslavia aka sami annobar fyaɗe .  Slavenka Drakulić ta bayyana sassaucin tattalin arziki da al'umma a Yugoslavia da cewa:

Tare da mummunan yanayin tattalin arziki da mata da yawa suka tsinci kansu a ciki a lokacin da aka samar da 'yancin tattalin arziki a kasuwa, masu fataucin mutane sun yi fice wajen fataucin mata a tsakiyar da gabashin Turai, da kuma zuwa yammacin Turai daga tsakiya da gabashin Turai don karuwanci . 

### Lafiya
Sauyin ya haifar da raguwar tsawon rayuwar mutane a faɗin al'umma a ƙasashe da yawa, kodayake ga mata kaɗan. 

## Misali a Bulgaria

### Shiga cikin tattalin arziki
Kristen Ghodsee ta yi tsokaci kan yadda duk mata a Bulgaria suka fuskanci mummunan koma-baya sakamakon rugujewar tattalin arziki, wasu ƙungiyoyin mata sun yi kyau bayan rugujewar tattalin arziki, musamman waɗanda ke cikin masana'antar yawon buɗe ido, waɗanda ke da manyan matakan ilimi na gabaɗaya, ƙwarewar aiki tare da Turawan Yamma kuma sun san harsunan ƙasashen waje na Yamma. Vesna Nikolić-Ristanović ta nuna yadda a lokaci guda mata suka kai kashi biyu bisa uku na ma'aikatan da ba a biya su albashi a Bulgaria a lokacin sauyin. Mariya Stoilova ta gano cewa ayyukan tattalin arzikin mata a Bulgaria bayan gurguzu sun fi shafar shekarun mata, tare da tsofaffin mata waɗanda ke aiki a lokacin tsarin gurguzu suna da mafi ƙarancin adadin ayyukan tattalin arziki a Bulgaria bayan gurguzu, kuma yayin da ƙananan mata har yanzu suna fuskantar wariyar jinsi a cikin damar aiki, sun fi ƙarfin tattalin arziki fiye da tsofaffin ƙungiyoyin mata.

### Martanin Addini
Bayan rugujewar, Pomaks na Bulgaria sun ga sake farfadowa a cikin nau'ikan addinin Musulunci da Kiristanci na gargajiya, kamar yadda mutane da yawa suka yi imanin cewa "al'adunsu sun lalace ta hanyar gurguzu", tare da irin wannan ra'ayi da aka gani a wasu ƙungiyoyi.  Wannan ya ƙarfafa komawa ga matsayin jinsi na gargajiya ga maza da mata. Ghodsee ya yi tsokaci kan yadda ga wasu maza wannan ya haɗa da sanya ido sosai kan jikin matansu fiye da yadda suka yi a baya a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin gurguzu, da kuma yadda mata da yawa "suka yi kama da suna sha'awar" ɗaukar irin waɗannan matsayin jinsi na gargajiya.  Tare da rashin ƙungiyoyin mata masu cin gashin kansu a lokacin mulkin gurguzu na Bulgaria, haƙƙin mata a ƙasar bayan gurguzu ba ta da tushe mai kyau na jama'a, kuma maimakon haka ana gudanar da su galibi ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin sa kai na ƙwararru . 

### Cin zarafin mata
Masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam sun ba da rahoton cewa rahotannin tashin hankalin cikin gida sun ƙaru a Bulgaria a lokacin sauyin yanayi, wanda hakan ya danganta wannan ƙaruwar da matsalolin tattalin arziki da yawa da iyalai da yawa ke fuskanta. 

## Takaddama
Akwai cece-kuce game da ra'ayin, wanda galibi ake tallatawa a yammacin Turai, wanda a cewarsa, faduwar kwaminisanci ya yi mummunan tasiri ga mata a waɗannan ƙasashe, kuma akwai suka ga ra'ayoyin da aka gabatar a kafofin watsa labarai game da matsayin mata daga wannan yanki a lokacin da kuma bayan faduwar kwaminisanci. Irin waɗannan ra'ayoyin galibi ana zargin su da tushe a cikin ra'ayin gama gari cewa al'adun yamma sun fi kyau kuma dole ne su ceci al'ummomin "marasa ci gaba". Wannan yana da alaƙa da ƙin amincewa da aka yi wajen kwatanta ra'ayin mata a gabashin Turai a matsayin "al'amari na kamawa da Yamma."

Dangane da ƙasashen tsakiya da gabashin Turai, faɗuwar gurguzu ta shafi al'umma gaba ɗaya  (gami da ta hanyar yaƙe-yaƙe masu ƙarfi kamar Yaƙin Yugoslavia da rikice-rikicen bayan Soviet ), kuma a wasu lokuta, kamar faɗuwar masana'antu masu nauyi, maza sun fi shan wahala.  Dangane da manufofin zamantakewa, waɗannan sun bambanta sosai daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, a lokacin da kuma bayan faɗuwar gurguzu, ganin cewa tsoffin ƙasashen gurguzu ba su da wani tsari na musamman kuma akwai kuma bambance-bambance a tsakaninsu (rabin ƙasashen Turai tsoffin ƙasashen gurguzu ne). Misali, yayin da a Poland aka takaita zubar da ciki a shekarun 1990, a wasu ƙasashe faɗuwar gurguzu ta haifar da 'yancin haihuwa, kamar a Albania,  musamman a lokacin matakan ƙarshe na zamanin gurguzu, wanda ya ga manufofin naturalism masu tsauri.  

Masu suka suna jayayya cewa ikirarin da tsoffin gwamnatocin gurguzu suka yi game da bayanan hukuma game da halin da mata ke ciki a ƙarƙashin waɗannan gwamnatocin gurguzu bai kamata a ɗauke su a matsayin abin wasa ba,  domin duk da cewa akwai dokoki da ke goyon bayan daidaiton jinsi a Tarayyar Soviet, kamar sauran dokoki da yawa a Tarayyar Soviet, ba a aiwatar da su yadda ya kamata ba kuma wani lokacin ana yin watsi da su. 

## Nassoshi