open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Jo Gullett

**Henry Baynton Somer "Jo" Gullett**, AM, MC (16 Disamba 1914 - 24 Agusta 1999) soja ne na Australiya, ɗan siyasa, mai kula da abinci, jami'in diflomasiyya kuma ɗan jarida. Ya yi aiki da matsayi mai girma a rundunar sojojin Australiya a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, kuma memba ne mai cike da ce-ce -ku- ce a Majalisar Wakilai ta Australiya a Sashen Henty, daga 1946 zuwa 1955. Gullett ya yi aiki a matsayin Jakadan Australiya a Girka daga 1965 zuwa 1968, a lokacin ' lokacin Kanar'.

Ya kasance ɗa ga tsohon Ministan Majalisar Ministoci Sir Henry Somer Gullett, jikan marubuciya Barbara Baynton kuma kawun jarumar Penne Hackforth-Jones.

Shi ne marubucin littattafan tarihi guda biyu, ɗaya daga cikinsu, Ba a matsayin Duty Only: an Infantryman's War ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani littafi na gargajiya a rubuce-rubucen yaƙi na Australiya.[1] [2]

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haife shi a Birtaniya ga iyayensa 'yan asalin ƙasar Ostiraliya Henry Gullett da matarsa Elizabeth Penelope née Frater. Mahaifinsa yana aiki a Landan a lokacin a matsayin ɗan jarida.  Shi da mahaifiyarsa sun koma Ostiraliya a shekarar 1919, mahaifinsa ya yi jinkiri a Landan. Ba da daɗewa ba mahaifinsa ya shiga tare da su kuma tsawon shekaru huɗu masu zuwa suka zauna a jere a gidajen haya da Toorak da South Yarra a Melbourne.

Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Grammar ta Melbourne har zuwa shekarar 1929 lokacin da iyalin, waɗanda a yanzu suka haɗa da 'ya mace, suka ƙaura zuwa Canberra . Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa Geelong Grammar a matsayin ɗan ƙasa don kammala karatunsa na sakandare.

Gullett ya yi ɗan lokacin ƙuruciyarsa a Canberra, a Hill Station (wanda daga baya ya zama gidan cin abinci mai daraja) a yankin da yanzu ake kira Hume . Filayen kwarin Tuggeranong sun ba shi damar haɓaka sha'awar hawan dawaki, kuma ya zama mai hazaka a hawan dawaki.

Bayan ya bar Geelong Grammar, ya yi shekara guda a Sorbonne sannan ya fara a Oxford, inda ya yi digirin BA . A shekarar 1935 ya fara aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida a Melbourne a jaridar *The Herald*, inda ya zauna na tsawon shekaru huɗu masu zuwa.

## Manazarta
Tayla Honey

**Tayla Honey** (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga Agusta 1997) 'yar wasan ƙwallon raga ce ta Australiya a gasar Suncorp Super Netball, tana bugawa Melbourne Vixens wasa.

Honey ta fara aikinta na ƙwallon raga tare da Vixens a matsayin abokin horo a shekarar 2017 kuma ta shafe shekaru biyu tana wasa a ƙungiyar 'yan wasa ta ƙungiyar, Victorian Fury. An ɗaga ta zuwa jerin manyan 'yan wasa na ƙungiyar kafin kakar wasa ta 2019, [1] kodayake ana sa ran ba za ta buga dukkan kakar wasa ba bayan ta ji rauni a jijiyarta a lokacin atisayen kafin kakar wasa.[2] Honey 'yar tsohon mataimakin kocin ƙungiyar ce, Dianne.[3]

## Manazarta
Henri Lopes

**Henri Lopes** (12 ga Satumba 1937 – 2 ga Nuwamba 2023) marubuci ne, diflomasiyya, kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan ƙasar Congo . Ya kasance Firayim Minista na Congo-Brazzaville daga 1973 zuwa 1975, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Jakadan Congo-Brazzaville a Faransa daga 1998 zuwa 2016.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Lopes a fadin Kogin Congo a Léopoldville (yanzu Kinshasa ), babban birnin kasar Beljiyam Congo (yanzu Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo ), a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 1937. [1] [2] Ya yi karatun firamare a Brazzaville da Bangui a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, sannan ya tafi Faransa a shekarar 1949 don karatun sakandare da na gaba. [1] A lokacin da yake can, ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Zartarwa na Tarayyar Daliban Bakar fata na Afirka kuma ya kasance Shugaban Kungiyar Daliban Congo daga 1957 zuwa 1965. Bayan ya dawo Congo a shekarar 1965, ya kasance farfesa a tarihi a École normale supérieure d'Afrique Centrale da ke Brazzaville daga 1965 zuwa 1966, sannan Darakta Janar na Ilimi daga 1966 zuwa 1968.

## Aikin siyasa da diflomasiyya
A ƙarƙashin Shugaba Marien Ngouabi, Lopes ya zama Ministan Ilimi na Ƙasa a watan Janairun 1969  har zuwa lokacin da ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje a watan Disamban 1971.  An haɗa shi cikin Ofishin Siyasa na Jam'iyyar Labour ta Congo (PCT) mai mambobi biyar a watan Disamban 1972.  Daga baya, ya zama Firayim Minista daga 1973 zuwa 1975.  Ya ziyarci China a farkon 1975, amma bai iya ganawa da Shugaba Mao Zedong ba saboda Mao yana rashin lafiya.  Lopes da gwamnatinsa sun yi murabus bayan taron Kwamitin Tsakiya na PCT a watan Disamban 1975, kuma aka naɗa Louis Sylvain Goma don ya maye gurbinsa. 

## A matsayina na marubuci
Mista Lopes ya buga tarihin rayuwarsa a shekarar 2018, "Il est déjà demain" ("It is already Tomorrow"). 

## Mutuwa
Henri Lopes ya mutu a Suresnes, Faransa, a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 2023, yana da shekaru 86. 

## Zaɓaɓɓun littattafan karatu

### MANAZARTA
William Hood (ɗan siyasa)

**William Walter Hood** (25 Maris 1844 – 18 Agusta 1920) memba ne na Majalisar Dokokin Queensland.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Hood a Berwick, Scotland, ɗan Robert Hood da matarsa Margaret (née Weatherly). Da isowarsa Australia ya yi karatu a Makarantar Grammar Geelong kuma bayan ya sami gogewa a kasuwanci a Melbourne ya tafi Queensland a 1863. A nan ya fara aiki a tashoshi da dama kafin ya zama babban manajan Kamfanin Pastoral na Queensland a 1880 kuma darektan kamfani na Kamfanin Cattle na Queensland, Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Queensland, da Kamfanin Pastoralists na West Qld.

A ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 1868, Hood ya auri Mary Jane Sceales (ta mutu a 1902)  kuma tare suka haifi 'ya'ya maza shida da 'ya'ya mata tara. Ya mutu a watan Agusta, 1920  kuma aka binne shi a Makabartar Toowong. 

## Aikin jama'a
Kwarewa ta farko da Hood ya samu a matsayinsa na ɗan siyasa ita ce ta Majalisar Ararat Shire da ke Victoria. Bayan mutuwar ɗan majalisar da ke kan mulki, James Crombie a 1898, Hood ya lashe zaɓen maye gurbin da ya biyo baya don zama mazaunin Warrego a Majalisar Dokokin Queensland.[1] An ayyana zaɓen Hood a zaɓen mulkin mallaka na Queensland a 1899 a watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar [2] kuma an sake gudanar da wani zaɓen maye gurbin a watan da ya biyo baya wanda David Bowman na jam'iyyar Labour ya lashe.[3]

## Manazarta
Walter Davis (kwallon kwando)

**Walter Pearl Davis** (Satumba 9, 1954 - Nuwamba 2, 2023) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ne na Amurka. Bayan shekarunsa na kwaleji tare da North Carolina Tar Heels, ya buga wasa a matsayin mai tsaron gaba/mai tsaron baya na tsawon shekaru 15 a Ƙungiyar Kwando ta Ƙasa (NBA), inda ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa tare da Phoenix Suns . Davis ya kasance ɗan wasan NBA All-Star sau shida, memba na Ƙungiyar Biyu ta All-NBA sau biyu, kuma ɗan wasan NBA Rookie na Shekara a 1978. A shekarar 1994, Suns ya yi ritaya daga rigarsa ta lamba 6 kuma a shekarar 2004 an saka shi a cikin Ring of Honor na ƙungiyar . Maki 15,666 na Davis a lokacin da yake tare da Suns shine na biyu mafi yawa a tarihin ikon mallakar ƙwallon ƙafa. A shekarar 2024, an sanar da cewa za a shigar da Davis cikin Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame bayan mutuwarsa. 

## Aikin makarantar sakandare da kwaleji
An haife shi a Pineville, North Carolina, Davis shi ne ƙarami cikin yara 13 da aka haifa tsakanin 1937 da 1954. Ƙungiyoyin makarantar sakandarensa a Makarantar Sakandare ta South Mecklenburg da ke Charlotte sun lashe gasar ƙwallon kwando ta jihar NCHSAA 4A sau uku a jere a shekarun 1970, 1971, da 1972, kuma sun sha kashi a wasanni huɗu kacal. [1] [2] Bayan shekararsa ta ƙarshe, ya yi shiri a Makarantar Sanford da ke Hockessin, Delaware, kuma ya shiga ƙungiyar Delaware All-State a kakar wasa ta 1972-73.

Davis fitaccen ɗan wasan kwaleji ne a Jami'ar North Carolina da ke Chapel Hill, kuma an zaɓe shi don ya buga wasa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta maza ta Amurka wacce Dean Smith na UNC ya horar da ita, wadda ta lashe lambar zinare a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1976. A shekararsa ta farko, Davis ya buga bugun tsalle mai ƙarfi a kan Duke a ƙarshen dokar don aika wasan zuwa ƙarin lokaci. A Chapel Hill, an kira Davis "Sweet D" saboda salon wasansa mara wahala da santsi da kuma ƙarfin tsaron da yake da shi. 

## Ƙididdigar aiki na NBA

### MANAZARTA
Simon Holmes a Kotun

**Simon Holmes à Court** (an haife shi 1971 or 1972 ) ɗan kasuwa ne kuma ɗan fafutukar siyasa na ƙasar Australiya. Shi ɗan attajirin farko na ƙasar Australiya Robert Holmes à Court ne, kuma shugaban Climate 200. Shi ne kuma babban mai ba da shawara ga Kwalejin Climate and Energy a Jami'ar Melbourne, a matsayin darektan Majalisar Makamashi Mai Kyau da kuma Cibiyar Ba da Tallafin Muhalli ta Australiya.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Holmes à Court a shekarar 1971 ko 1972, ɗan ɗan kasuwa ɗan ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu ɗan ƙasar Australiya Robert Holmes à Court (wanda ya zama attajiri na farko a ƙasar Ostiraliya) kuma 'yar kasuwa (kuma shugabar Heytesbury Pty Ltd ) Janet Holmes à Court.

Holmes à Court ya girma a Perth amma an tura shi da 'yan uwansa zuwa Victoria don yin karatu a Makarantar Grammar Geelong, inda ya haɗu da matarsa Katrina. Ya fara karatun fasaha/lauya a Jami'ar Yammacin Ostiraliya, inda ya shiga harkokin siyasa na ɗalibai, amma ya janye bayan 'yan shekaru. Daga nan ya koma Malaysia don yin aiki a ƙungiyar John Holland Group mallakar iyali kan ayyukan IT. Daga baya Holmes à Court ya koma Amurka don yin karatun kimiyyar fahimta da kimiyyar kwamfuta a Kwalejin Dartmouth. 

## Sana'a
Bayan kammala karatunsa na digiri, Holmes à Court ya shafe shekaru biyar yana aiki a Silicon Valley, ciki har da Netscape, kafin ya koma Ostiraliya a shekara ta 2001. Daga nan ya fara aiki da Heytesbury Pty. Ltd. mallakar iyali, yana ƙoƙarin inganta ingancin tashoshin shanu guda takwas a Yankin Arewa. Daga baya ya kafa Observant Pty Ltd a matsayin kamfani don haɓaka tsarin sa ido kan ruwa daga nesa da sauran kayayyaki. 

Holmes à Court wani gungun masu goyon bayan gonar iska ta farko mallakar al'umma a Ostiraliya, Hepburn Wind, kusa da Daylesford a Tsakiyar Victoria.

## Siyasa

### Kooyong 200 kuma sun yi jayayya da Josh Frydenberg
Holmes à Court ya kasance mai tallafawa harkokin kuɗi kuma memba ne na ƙungiyar tara kuɗi ta Kooyong 200 ta ɗan majalisar wakilai ta tarayya Josh Frydenberg . Frydenberg ya kore shi bayan ya rubuta wani rubutu a *jaridar Guardian Australia* a shekarar 2018 yana goyon bayan rufe tashar wutar lantarki ta Liddell ta AGL da ke amfani da kwal.

Daga baya a shekarar 2019, an kori Holmes à Court daga Otal ɗin Auburn da ke Hawthorn East a wani taron "haɗu da ɗan takara" da Frydenberg kafin zaɓen 2019. Holmes à Court ya ce "Na ga kaina tsaye a kan hanyar ƙafa da gilashin giya," in ji Holmes à Court. "Mai masaukin baki ya ce, 'Dole ne ka tafi yanzu.' Na ce, 'Zan iya gama shan giyata?' Ta ce, 'A'a, Ma'ajin kuɗi ya ce dole ne ka tafi yanzu.'" 

Frydenberg ya soki Holmes à Court saboda yawan lokutan kulle-kullen COVID-19 a gonarsa da ke Daylesford tare da iyalinsa. [1] Holmes à Court ya mayar da martani da cewa "Ban ma fahimci ra'ayinsa ba... biyu daga cikin 'yan uwana suna fama da rashin lafiya mai tsanani, lokaci ne mafi muni da aka taɓa yi, don haka Josh zai iya yin lalata da ni, yi haƙuri. Ba lokaci ne mai daɗi ba kwata-kwata. Bai san ni ba." [2]

## Manazarta
Frank Howard (dan siyasa na Louisiana)

**Frank Alden** " **Frankie** " **Howard** (Disamba 1, 1938) A ranar 26 ga Yuli, 2020) jami'in tsaro ne na Amurka kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Louisiana daga 2008 zuwa 2020. Kafin ya yi aiki a majalisar dokokin jihar, ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin sheriff a Vernon Parish, Louisiana, daga baya kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin sheriff daga 1976 zuwa 2000.

An haifi Howard a Hornbeck, Louisiana, kuma ya yi karatunsa a Cibiyar Sheriffs ta Ƙasa a Jami'ar California, Los Angeles da Jami'ar Jihar Louisiana a shekarun 1970. Ya shiga siyasa da nadinsa a matsayin Shugaban Garin Hornbeck don cike gurbin da mutuwar mahaifinsa ta haifar, daga baya kuma aka naɗa shi mataimakin Sheriff. A shekarar 1976, ya lashe zaɓe a matsayin Vernon Parish, Louisiana, wanda zai yi aiki har zuwa 2000. A shekarar 2007, ya lashe zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai ta Louisiana kuma ya yi aiki har zuwa lokacin da aka ƙayyade masa wa'adin mulki a 2020.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi

An haifi Frank Alden Howard a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1938, a Hornbeck, Louisiana, ga Robert Howard da Essie Brown. [1] Daga Nuwamba 1961 zuwa Nuwamba 1963, ya yi aiki a Rundunar Sojan Amurka kuma an tura shi cikin Rundunar Sojojin Sama ta 49.

Ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Hornbeck kuma ya halarci Cibiyar Shari'o'i ta Ƙasa a Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, a shekarar 1978.   Daga baya ya ɗauki darussan ci gaba da ilimi a Jami'ar Jihar Louisiana . 

### Alderman
A shekarar 1966, an zaɓi Howard a matsayin memba na majalisar birnin da ke Hornbeck, Louisiana. 

## Rayuwar mutum da mutuwa
A shekarar 1961, Howard ya auri Betty Pauline Cavanaugh, wacce ta haifi 'ya'ya uku da ita. Betty ta rasu a watan Yulin 2015, kuma ya sake auri Macel McInnis Anderson a shekarar 2017. 

Howard ya mutu sakamakon matsalolin COVID-19 a Alexandria, Louisiana, a ranar 26 ga Yuli, 2020, yana da shekaru 81, a lokacin annobar COVID-19 a Louisiana .    Bayan mutuwar Howard, Gwamna John Bel Edwards ya fitar da wani sakon girmamawa ga Howard kuma ya ba da umarnin a yi amfani da tutoci a tsakiyar ginin Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Louisiana da sauran gine-ginen jihar. 

### MANAZARTA
Silicon Peach

Silicon Peach kalma ce da ake amfani da ita don komawa ga Atlanta da kuma mayar da hankali ga ci gaban fasaha mai zurfi a yankin. Kalmar ci gaba ce da bayanin da ke biyo bayan Silicon Valley (California), Silicon Alley (New York), Silicon Prairie (Chicago), Silicon Hills (Austin), da Silicon Beach (Los Angeles). Atlanta ta kasance cibiyar fasaha mai zurfi. Wasu daga cikin injunan gargajiya na ci gaban fasaha a Atlanta sun kasance ATDC a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Georgia da Kungiyar Fasaha ta Jojiya (TAG). [1] Sabbin cibiyoyin kirkire-kirkire da hanzarin fasaha suna fitowa, gami da ƙaddamar da ƙauyen Atlanta Tech Village; Kasuwar Ponce City; Tech Square Labs; [2] da Flatiron Accelerator.[3]

Atlanta tana ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin birane masu saurin haɓaka a Amurka, tare da mai da hankali kan:

* Fasahar tafiye-tafiye 
* Kafofin watsa labarai da abun ciki
* Tsaro na cibiyar sadarwa
* Gudanar da Ma'amaloli na kudi
* Ci gaban software da injiniya
* Fasahar bayanan kiwon lafiya
* Fasahar grid mai wayo

A cewar rahoton Jones Lang LeSalle na 2012, Atlanta ita ce birni na 10 mafi girma a cikin fasaha a Amurka. Rahoton ya ci gaba da cewa kamfanonin fasaha na Atlanta sun samar da dala biliyan 113 a cikin kudaden shiga da kusan sabbin ayyuka 30,000. An kiyasta cewa kamfanonin Atlanta za su saka hannun jari sama da dala biliyan 1 a cikin sabuwar fasaha a cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa.

## Tattalin Arziki

### Kamfanonin IT da ke da hedikwatarsu a cikin Atlanta

### Kamfanonin IT tare da ofisoshi a cikin babban Atlanta

## Manazarta
Dave Courtney

**David John Courtney**  (17 ga Fabrairu 1959 - 22 ga Oktoba 2023) ɗan Ingila ne wanda ya yi ikirarin zama ɗan daba  wanda ya zama marubuci  kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. 

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Courtney a Forest Hill, London.  Ya yi karatun firamare a Adamsrill a Sydenham, Kudu maso Gabashin London.

Courtney sau da yawa yana alfahari da alaƙar da ake zargin yana da ita da 'yan daba kamar Reggie Kray da Lenny McLean, duk da cewa yana da shekara tara lokacin da aka daure Kray. Ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa ya shiga cikin tara bashi, kula da ƙungiyoyi, kai hari, fasa-kwauri, da kisan kai.  Ya shafe lokaci a gidan yarin Belmarsh a matsayin fursuna mai tsaro sosai, kamar yadda tsohon mai gadin gidan yari Jim Dawkins ya bayyana a cikin littafinsa *The Loose Screw* . 

Courtney ya yi ikirarin cewa an harbe shi, an daba masa wuka, an ciji hancinsa, kuma ya bayyana cewa dole ne ya kashe kansa domin ya rayu. Ya kuma ce hatsarin mota da ya yi a kan M20 wani yunƙuri ne na kashe shi da "wani wanda ke da ƙiyayya a kansa" ya yi. 

An fara bincike kan ikirarinsa na aikata laifuka, kuma ba a taɓa tabbatar da gaskiyar mutane da yawa ba.

## Marubuci
Courtney ta buga littattafai shida: *Stop the Ride I Want to Get Off*, *Raving Lunacy*, *Dodgy Dave's Little Black Book*, *The Ride's Back On*, *F**k the Ride*, da *Heroes & Villains* . A cikin littafinsa *F**k the Ride*, Courtney ta yi ikirarin cewa ba ta da laifi a shari'o'i 19 daban-daban. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

### MANAZARTA
Oliver Hollands

**Oliver Hollands** (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Janairu 2004) ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Ostiraliya wanda ke bugawa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Carlton a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ostiraliya (AFL). Shi ne ƙanin abokin wasan Carlton kuma tsohon ɗan wasan Gold Coast Elijah Hollands. 

Hollands, ɗan tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Richmond , Ben Hollands, ya halarci Geelong Grammar kuma ya buga ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar Wodonga Bulldogs . Kafin a tura shi Carlton, Hollands sun yi kakar wasa ta All-Australian don Vic Country ('yan ƙasa da shekara 18). A gasar da aka zaɓa, ya yi daidai da na farko a gwajin lokaci na tsawon kilomita biyu kuma Carlton ya zaɓe shi da zaɓe na 11 a cikin zaɓen ƙasa na 2022. Kakansa, Martin Cross, shi ma ya buga wa Carlton wasa.[1]

## Manazarta
Richard Roundtree

**Richard Arnold Roundtree** (9 ga Yuli, 1942 - 24 ga Oktoba, 2023) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka. Ya shahara sosai saboda yadda ya nuna ɗan sanda mai zaman kansa John Shaft a fim ɗin *Shaft* na 1971 da kuma wasu fina-finai guda huɗu, *Shaft's Big Score!* (1972), *Shaft in Africa* (1973),   fim ɗinsa na 2000   da kuma fim ɗinsa na 2019,  da kuma fim ɗin talabijin (1973–1974).  An kuma san shi da fitowa a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin da dama, ciki har da *Roots*, *Generations*, da *Desperate Housewives* .  

An ɗauke shi a matsayin "baƙar fata na farko a cikin jaruman fim",   An yaba wa Roundtree da yin tasiri ga ci gaban manyan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka-Amurka a cikin ayyukan Hollywood, godiya ga nasarorin da ya samu a cikin wannan nau'in.    Bayyanar da ya yi wa Shaft a matsayin mutum mai ƙarfin hali, kwarin gwiwa, da kuma kwarjini ya kuma yi tasiri ga hotunan fina-finai na mazan baƙar fata da kuma mazan baƙar fata, wanda ya bambanta da mazan baƙar fata a cikin fina-finai kafin *Shaft* sau da yawa ana nuna su a matsayin masu sauƙin hali ko kuma masu hidima. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Richard Arnold Roundtree a ranar 9 ga Yuli, 1942, a New Rochelle, New York, ga John Roundtree da Kathryn Watkins.  Roundtree ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta New Rochelle, inda ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1961.  Daga baya ya halarci Jami'ar Kudancin Illinois da ke Carbondale, Illinois,  amma daga ƙarshe ya daina karatu a jami'a a shekarar 1963, domin ya fara aikin wasan kwaikwayo. 

## Sana'a
Roundtree ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru a kusan shekarar 1963, yayin da ya fara aiki a matsayin mai ƙira a bikin baje kolin kayan kwalliya na Ebony bayan Eunice W. Johnson ta leƙa masa;  daga nan sai ya fara yin tallan kayayyaki kamar su Johnson Products 'Duke hair grease  da sigari na Salem .  A shekarar 1967, Roundtree ya shiga Kamfanin Negro Ensemble : daga nan ya ci gaba da taka rawarsa ta farko a wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar nuna ɗan dambe Jack Johnson a cikin shirin kamfanin *The Great White Hope.*  A cewar JE Franklin, ya taka rawa a cikin shirin Off-Off-Broadway na wasanta na *Mau Mau Room,* na bikin bita na Negro Ensemble Company,  a St. Mark's Playhouse a shekarar 1969, wanda Shauneille Perry ya jagoranta. 

Roundtree ya fara fitowa a babban allo ta hanyar taka rawa kaɗan a cikin fim ɗin What Do You Say to a Naked Lady?, wani fim na gaskiya na Amurka mai ɓoye a cikin salon kyamara na 1970 wanda mai kirkirar Candid Camera Allen Funt ya jagoranta.

#### MANAZARTA
Tim Hewat

**Timothy Edward Patterson Hewat** (4 ga Mayu 1928 - 19 ga Mayu 2004) wani mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin ne kuma ɗan jarida a Ostiraliya. An bayyana shi a matsayin "ƙwararren mai hazaka a harkokin talabijin na Granada a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa" kuma "ɗaya daga cikin manyan kafofin watsa labarai na gaske." 

An haife shi a New Zealand, ya girma a Ostiraliya kuma ya yi karatu a Makarantar Grammar Geelong, inda Rupert Murdoch na zamani ya kasance. Bayan ya fara aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto game da Zamanin Melbourne, ya yi ƙaura zuwa London a 1948. Ya kasance ɗan jarida, sannan ƙaramin edita a Daily Express, sannan ya koma Kanada don yin aiki a *The Globe and Mail* da ke Toronto.

Bayan ya dawo Birtaniya a ƙarshen shekarun 1950, ya shiga shirin *Searchlight* na Granada TV (1959–60) a Manchester a matsayin mai shirya al'amuran yau da kullun. Hewat ya fi shahara da ƙirƙirar *World in Action* na Granada mai juyin juya hali da dogon lokaci a 1963.

Daga baya Hewat ya koma jaridar Daily Express na ɗan lokaci a matsayin babban jami'in edita. Aurensa na biyu ya kasance da daraktan fina-finai na Granada Ann Suudi. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu. Ya koma Ostiraliya a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 kuma ya rubuta littattafai da yawa na taimakon kai. Ya mutu yana da shekaru 76 sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a hatsarin mota.[1]

## Ayyuka

* *Wanene Ya Yi Mabo Mess*, Wrightbooks, North Brighton, Vic., c1993.
* *Jagorar Mai Zuba Jari Mai Hankali don Siyan Raba*, bugu na 3, Wrightbooks, North Brighton, Vic., 1994.

## Manazarta
Joanna Aizenberg

**Joanna Aizenberg** (an haife ta a shekarar 1960) farfesa ce a fannin sinadarai da ilmin halittu na sinadarai a Jami'ar Harvard . Ita ce Farfesa Amy Smith Berylson ta Kimiyyar Kayan Aiki a Makarantar Injiniya da Kimiyyar Aiwatarwa ta Harvard,  darakta mai haɗin gwiwa na Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kavli ta Bionano kuma babbar mamba a fannin Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering .  Ita fitacciyar mace ce a fannin kimiyyar kayan aiki da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare ta ta hanyar halitta, bayan ta rubuta littattafai kusan 240 kuma tana da haƙƙin mallaka kusan 70.  

## Ilimi

Aizenberg ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin sinadarai da kuma digirinta na biyu a fannin sinadarai na zahiri daga Jami'ar Jihar Moscow a shekarar 1981 da 1984 bi da bi, sannan ta sami digirinta na uku a fannin ilmin halittu na tsarin halitta daga Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Weizmann a shekarar 1996. 

## Sana'a
Ta yi binciken digiri na biyu tare da George Whitesides a Jami'ar Harvard, inda ta yi bincike kan micro/nanofabrication da kuma kusa da filin gani . A shekarar 1998, ta shiga Bell Labs a matsayin memba na ma'aikatan fasaha inda ta ba da gudummawa da dama, ciki har da haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin biomimetic don haɗa fina-finan ma'adinai da aka tsara tare da siffofi da yanayin da aka tsara sosai, da kuma gano tsarin gani na musamman na halittu waɗanda suka fi ƙarfin analogues na fasaha, da kuma siffanta ƙwayoyin halitta masu alaƙa. 

A shekara ta 2007, Aizenberg ya shiga Makarantar Injiniya da Kimiyyar Aiki ta Harvard .  

Binciken da dakin gwaje-gwajen ya gudanar ya binciki batutuwa daban-daban da suka haɗa da biomimetics, haɗa kai, kayan daidaitawa, injiniyan lu'ulu'u, danshi a saman, nanofabrication, biooptics, biomaterials, da biomechanics.

A shekarar 2019, an zaɓi Aizenberg a Kwalejin Injiniya ta Ƙasa saboda gudummawar da ya bayar wajen fahimtar tsarin halittu da kuma ƙirar kayan da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare su.

## Kyaututtuka

* An zaɓe shi zuwa Kwalejin Injiniya ta Ƙasa, 2019
* An zaɓe shi zuwa Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa, 2019 
* An zaɓe shi zuwa Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka (2016) 
* An zaɓe shi zuwa Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka (2014) 
* Kyautar Ronald Breslow don Nasarar da aka samu a fannin Kimiyyar Halittu, ACS 2008
* Kyautar Kirkirar Masana'antu, Ƙungiyar Sinadaran Amurka, 2007
* Kyautar Masana Kimiyya ta Mata Mai Kyau, Jami'ar Indiana, 2006
* Kyautar Shugaban Lucent, 2005
* Lakca ta Kyauta ta Pedersen, DuPont, 2005
* Kyautar Lakca ta ACS PROGRESS, Jami'ar Wisconsin da ke Madison, 2004
* Lakca ta Mata Masu Shahararrun Masana Kimiyya, Jami'ar Texas da ke Austin, 2003
* Kyautar Sabon Mai Bincike a fannin Sinadarai da Halittu na Nama Masu Ma'adinai, 2001
* Kyautar Arthur K. Doolittle ta Ƙungiyar Sinadaran Amurka (ACS), 1999
* Kyautar ƙungiyar Max-Planck a fannin ilmin halittu da kimiyyar kayan aiki, Jamus, 1995

## Manazarta
Joan Evans (yar wasan kwaikwayo)

**Joan Evans** (an haife ta **Joan Katherine Eunson** ; 18 ga Yuli, 1934 - 21 ga Oktoba, 2023) 'Yar wasan fina-finai ce ta Amurka da aka fi sani da *Roseanna McCoy*, *Skirts Ahoy!* kuma ta fito tare da Audie Murphy a fim ɗin, *Column South* . An auri Kirby Weatherly a watan Agusta na 1952.

## Shekarun farko
An haifi Joan Katherine Eunson a birnin New York a ranar 18 ga Yuli, 1934, ga marubutan Hollywood Dale Eunson da Katherine Albert .    Mahaifinta ya rubuta littafin *The Day They Gave Babies Away*, wanda aka yi shi a fim ɗin *All Mine to Give* (1957). An sanya mata suna ne bayan jaruma Joan Crawford, uwar gida.  Ta taka rawar Gretel a wasan kwaikwayo na makaranta na *Hansel da Gretel* . 

## Mai wasan kwaikwayo

### Sam Goldwyn
Evans ya fito a fina-finai uku tare da jarumi Farley Granger . Fim ɗinta na farko tare da shi shine matsayin taken Roseanna McCoy (1949), bisa ga soyayyar rayuwa ta gaske tsakanin mambobi biyu na rikicin Hatfield-McCoy . Ta sami matsayin ne bayan furodusa Samuel Goldwyn ya gudanar da bincike kan baiwar ƙasa bayan tauraruwar asali, Cathy O'Donnell, ta fice. Evans tana da shekaru 14 kacal lokacin da ta fara aiki a Roseanna McCoy, kuma iyayenta sun ƙara shekaru biyu a shekarunta don ta iya cewa tana da shekaru 16 lokacin da aka fitar da fim ɗin.

An fara aikin fim ɗin Evans da hotunanta guda uku a gaban Granger, ciki har da rawar da ta taka a wasan kwaikwayo *na Our Very Own* (1950) da kuma wani ɓangare da ya fito a cikin labarin aikata laifuka *na Edge of Doom* (1950). 

A shekarun 1950, Evans ta rubuta labarai ga mujallar *Photoplay* . Tun daga watan Mayu na shekarar 1966, ta kasance editan *mujallar Hollywood Studio*, tana amfani da sunan aurenta, **Joan Evans Weatherly** . 

### MANAZARTA
Dwight Twilley

**Dwight Twilley** (6 ga Yuni, 1951 – 18 ga Oktoba, 2023) mawaki ne kuma mawaƙi ɗan Amurka kuma mai rubuta waƙoƙi, wanda aka fi sani da waƙoƙi 20 mafi shahara " I'm on Fire " (1975) da "Girls" (1984).  Waƙoƙinsa suna da alaƙa da salon waƙar pop mai ƙarfi . Twilley da Phil Seymour sun yi wasa a matsayin ƙungiyar Dwight Twilley har zuwa 1978, kuma Twilley ya yi wasa a matsayin mai yin wasan kwaikwayo na kaɗaici daga baya.

An fitar da kundin wakokinsa na ƙarshe, *Always*, a watan Nuwamba na 2014 ta hanyar kamfanin Twilley mai suna Big Oak Records.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Twilley a Tulsa, Oklahoma, Amurka.  Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Edison  kuma ya tafi Kwalejin A&amp;amp;M ta Arewa maso Gabashin Oklahoma daga 1971 zuwa 1973.

## Ƙungiyar Mawakan Dwight Twilley
Twilley da Phil Seymour sun haɗu a Tulsa a shekarar 1967 a wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo inda suka je kallon The Beatles ' A Hard Day's Night, kuma ba da daɗewa ba suka fara rubuta waƙoƙi da yin rikodi tare. Sun ci gaba da haɗin gwiwarsu tsawon shekaru da dama a ƙarƙashin sunan ƙungiyar Oister. Twilley ya rubuta duk waƙoƙin kuma ya buga guitar da piano, Seymour ya buga ganguna da bass, kuma dukansu sun rera waƙoƙin jagora da harmonies. Daga baya, ɗan guitar Bill Pitcock na IV ya buga guitar mai jagora a yawancin waƙoƙin su.

Daga ƙarshe Twilley da Seymour sun yanke shawarar barin Tulsa su yi ƙoƙarin gano su a Memphis, Tennessee . Da gangan, ɗakin rikodi na farko da suka yi yawo a ciki shine Sun Studio, inda suka haɗu, a cewar Twilley, "wani mutum mai suna Phillips."  Bayan sun saurari kaset na haɗakar al'adun gargajiya/pop/country, Jerry Phillips (ɗan wanda ya kafa Sun Sam Phillips ) ya tura su zuwa ɗakin studio na Tupelo, Mississippi na tsohon mai zane-zanen Sun Ray Harris, wanda Twilley da Seymour suka yaba da shi don gabatar da su ga rockabilly da kuma ƙara musu ƙarfi ga sautinsu. 

## Shekarun kaɗaici
A watan Nuwamba na 2014, Twilley ya fitar da kundin wakokinsa *Always* ta hanyar Big Oak Records. Wakar LP mai waƙoƙi 12 ta ƙunshi waƙoƙi da dama daga mawakan power-pop da rock and roll kamar Ken Stringfellow, Timm Buechler da Mitch Easter.

## Mutuwa
Twilley ya mutu a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2023. Ya yi fama da bugun jini mai tsanani yayin da yake tuki, wanda hakan ya sa ya yi karo da bishiya. Yana da shekaru 72. 

### MANAZARTA
Mai haƙuri Hawker

**Patience Hawker** (28 Maris 1900 - 9 Agusta 1994) malamar makaranta ce wacce tare da Mabel Hardy suka kafa Makarantar 'Yan Mata ta Stawell a Kudancin Ostiraliya.

## Tarihi
**Patience Constance Joan Hawker** jika ce ga George Charles Hawker (1818–1895) da Elizabeth "Bessie" Hawker mai suna Seymour (–1901), kuma 'yar Edward William Hawker MHA (1850–1940) da Mary Letitia Hawker mai suna Stawell (1870–1938). Iyalin suna da kadara da zama a East Bungaree, inda suke da alaƙa da mutanen Wachenappee. An yi wa Patience karatu a gida, sannan aka yi mata masauki a makarantar Yoothamurra da ke Glenelg,  sannan aka yi mata makarantar Geelong Grammar, sannan aka yi mata makarantar Frensham da ke Mittagong, New South Wales . Ta sami digirin digirgir a Kwalejin Bedford, Jami'ar London,  sannan ta koma gidan danginta "Wachenappee" da ke Stirling, kusa da tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Mount Lofty  (daga baya aka sanya mata suna "Olivet House"). A shekarar 1925, ta yi aiki a Makarantar Grammar 'Yan Mata ta Woodlands da ke Glenelg, Kudancin Ostiraliya, inda ta sami ƙawarta a matsayin Mabel Hardy, wacce ta raba ra'ayoyi game da koyarwa da ita. Amma ba ta gamsu da masaukin ma'aikatan ba, kuma bayan tattaunawa da shugabar makaranta Dora Gillam  ta tafi a ƙarshen shekara. Ta yi aiki na 'yan watanni a Makarantar Girton, sannan ta sami takardar sanarwa daga Mabel Hardy, wacce ke jin daɗin shekara guda a Ingila da kuma nahiyar Afirka, tana ba da shawarar haɗin gwiwa don kafa makarantar 'yan mata a Tuddan Adelaide.

Cikin farin ciki, Patience ta sayi "Arthur's Seat" wani babban gida mai fadin 90 acres (36 ha) kusa da tsaunin Mount Lofty kuma yana kallon filayen Adelaide. An ba da kuɗin makarantar ne da rancen daga mahaifiyarta, kuma an sanya wa makarantar suna don girmama ta, tunda aka haife ta Mary Stawell. An kafa wani kamfani, Stawell School Ltd., a ranar 21 ga Disamba 1926 tare da Patience Hawker a matsayin manajan darakta. Matan biyu sun mai da gidan zama nasu, tare da ɗakuna don masu kwana, kuma an gina azuzuwa nesa da gidan. Sun yi koyi da Makarantar Stawell bisa ga abubuwan da ta tuna da su na farin ciki game da Frensham, [1] wanda ya zaburar da Patience sosai. Wani ɓangare na falsafar koyarwa ta Helen Parkhurst shine tsarin Dalton wanda ke ba wa ɗalibar iko sosai kan aikinta, inda malamar ta kasance mai albarka kuma mai ba da shawara maimakon lacca, kuma ana ƙarfafa ɗalibai su taimaki junansu su koyi.

## Manazarta
Peter Henderson (ma'aikacin gwamnati na Australiya)

**Peter Graham Faithfull Henderson**, AC (1 Oktoba 1928 - 25 Satumba 2016) babban ma'aikacin gwamnati ne na Australiya. Ya kasance Sakataren Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje tsakanin 1979 da 1984. An kuma san shi da zama surukin Robert Menzies.

## Rayuwar Farko da Aure
An haifi Henderson a watan Oktoban 1928.  Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Geelong Grammar, Victoria, da Kwalejin Merton, Oxford (1947–1950). A watan Mayun 1955, Henderson ya auri Heather Menzies, 'yar Robert Menzies, Firayim Ministan Australiya.  Sun haifi ɗansu na fari, 'ya mace, a watan Maris&nbsp;1956, a Jakarta. 

## Aiki da rayuwa daga baya
Henderson ya fara aikinsa a ma'aikatar kula da harkokin waje ta Australiya a shekarar 1951. 

An naɗa shi Sakataren Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje a shekarar 1979.[1] A lokacin da yake aiki a ma'aikatar ya gabatar da dokoki don hana ma'aurata su haɗu, wanda waɗanda abin ya shafa suka fassara shi a matsayin "ƙungiyar da ke adawa da daidaiton aiki ga mata 'yan diflomasiyya."[2]

A ƙarshen aikinsa na hidimar jama'a a watan Satumba na 1984, an ba Henderson mukamai a Roma da Ottawa - ya zaɓi yin ritaya, kuma ya yi Allah wadai da Gwamnatin Ostiraliya da amfani da aikin diflomasiyya a matsayin "ajiyar kuɗi... ga mutanen da suke son kawar da su a Canberra". 

Henderson ya mutu a Canberra a ranar 25 ga watan Disamba&nbsp;Satumba&nbsp;2016.  

## Kyaututtuka
A watan Janairu&nbsp;A shekarar 1985, an naɗa Henderson a matsayin Abokin Aikin Order of Australia don girmama fitaccen aikin gwamnati. 

## Manazarta
Rebecca Joyce

**Rebecca Susan Joyce** (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 1970 a Melbourne ) tsohuwar 'yar tseren kwale-kwale ce ta Australiya, ƙwararriyar mai ƙwallo a rukunin masu nauyi. Ta taɓa zama zakara a ƙasa sau biyar, ta taɓa zama zakara a duniya a shekarar 1995, kuma ta lashe lambar yabo ta Olympics.

## Kulab da kwale-kwale na jiha
Joyce ta yi karatu a Makarantar Geelong Grammar inda ta fara koyon tukin kwale-kwale. Ta shiga Kungiyar Mercantile Rowing Club a shekarar ƙarshe ta makaranta kuma ta yi kwale-kwale daga wannan ƙungiyar tsakanin 1988 da 1990. Joyce ta yi kwale-kwale a Ƙungiyar Jirgin Ruwa ta Jami'ar Melbourne daga 1991 zuwa 1994. Ta koma Sydney a 1994 don ta sami kocin Ellen Randall sannan ta yi kwale-kwale a Ƙungiyar Jirgin Ruwa ta UTS Haberfield daga 1994 zuwa 2000.

An fara zaɓar Joyce don wakiltar jihar Victoria a gasar matasa ta mata ta 1989, duk da haka ba a gudanar da gasar Interstate Regatta a wannan shekarar ba saboda guguwa. A shekarar 1990 ta kasance wurin ajiyar gaggawa ga ƙungiyoyin masu nauyi na Victorian guda huɗu. Daga ƙarshe ta fafata a gasar Interstate Regatta ta 1991 a gasar tseren kwale-kwale ta Australiya a matsayin wani ɓangare na gasar mata masu nauyi na Victorian guda huɗu da suka lashe gasar Victoria. Daga 1995 ta wakilci New South Wales kuma ta yi tuƙi a cikin ƙungiyoyin masu nauyi na huɗu da suka fafata a gasar Victoria Cup a Interstate Regatta a 1995, 1996, 1997 da 1999. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin New South Wales sun yi nasara a 1995 da 1996.

Ta fafata a gasar kasa a gasar tseren kwale-kwale ta Australia a lokuta da dama. A jami'ar Melbourne, ta fafata a gasar tseren kwale-kwale mai sauƙi a shekarar 1990, kuma ta lashe gasar tseren kwale-kwale mai sauƙi a shekarar 1991. A shekarar 1996, ta lashe gasar tseren kwale-kwale mai sauƙi ta kasa.

## Wakilan kwale-kwale na ƙasashen duniya
Wakiltar Joyce ta fara wakiltar ƙasa ta zo ne lokacin da, tana da shekaru goma sha takwas, aka zaɓe ta don ta doke 'yan wasa huɗu na Australiya a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na Bled a 1989. Sun yi kwale-kwale zuwa matsayi na huɗu.[1] Joyce da Sally Ninham sun riƙe kujerunsu a gasar 'yan wasa huɗu na Australiya a 1990 kuma Pam Westerndorf da Amanda Cross suka haɗu da su. Sun sami wasu ƙwarewa ta ƙasa da ƙasa tare da yin rangadin Arewacin Amurka mai mahimmanci kafin su dawo Tasmania don Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na 1990 a Tafkin Barrington. A wasan ƙarshe, Joyce ta doke 'yan wasa huɗu na Australiya da lambar azurfa.[1]

## Manazarta
Martti Ahtisaari

**Martti Oiva Kalevi Ahtisaari** , 23 ga Yuni 1937 - 16 ga Oktoba 2023) ɗan siyasa ne kuma jami'in diflomasiyya na ƙasar Finland wanda ya kasance shugaban ƙasar Finland daga 1994 zuwa 2000. Ya kasance jakadan Finland a Tanzania daga 1973 zuwa 1977 kuma Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Namibia daga 1977 zuwa 1981. An san shi da aikinsa na samar da zaman lafiya a ƙasashen duniya, kuma ya sami kyautar Nobel Peace Prize a 2008.

Ahtisaari jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne na musamman a Kosovo, wanda aka ɗora masa alhakin shirya tattaunawar matsayin Kosovo . Waɗannan tattaunawar sun yi nufin warware takaddamar da ta daɗe tana faruwa a Kosovo, wadda daga baya ta ayyana 'yancin kanta daga Serbia a 2008. A watan Oktoba na 2008, an ba shi kyautar Nobel Peace Prize "saboda muhimman ƙoƙarinsa, a nahiyoyi da dama da kuma sama da shekaru talatin, don warware rikice-rikicen ƙasa da ƙasa".  Sanarwar Nobel ta ce Ahtisaari ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen warware manyan rikice-rikice masu ɗorewa, ciki har da na Namibia, Aceh (Indonesia),  Kosovo da Serbia, da kuma Iraki . 

## Kuruciya da farkon aikinta

An haifi Martti Ahtisaari a Viipuri, Finland (yanzu Vyborg, Rasha) a ranar 23 ga Yuni 1937.  Mahaifinsa, Oiva Ahtisaari, wanda kakansa Julius Marenius Adolfsen ya yi hijira tare da iyayensa zuwa Kotka, Finland a shekara ta 1872 daga Tistedalen da ke Kudancin Norway,  ya ɗauki takardar zama ɗan ƙasar Finland a shekara ta 1929 kuma ya sanya sunansa na ƙarshe a hannun Adolfsen a shekara ta 1935.  Oiva yana aiki a matsayin NCO a cikin rundunar samar da kayayyaki a Viipuri lokacin da aka haifi Martti. 

Yaƙin Ci gaba (Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu) ya ɗauki Oiva Ahtisaari a matsayin makanikin soja wanda ba jami'in soja ba ne, yayin da mahaifiyar Martti, Tyyne, ta ƙaura zuwa Kuopio tare da ɗanta don tserewa daga hatsarin yaƙin a 1940.   Kuopio shine inda Ahtisaari ya yi yawancin yarintarsa,  daga ƙarshe ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Kuopion Lyseo . 

A shekarar 1952, Martti Ahtisaari ya ƙaura zuwa Oulu tare da iyalinsa. [1] A can ya ci gaba da karatunsa a makarantar sakandare, ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1956. [2] Ya kuma shiga YMCA ta gida. [1] Bayan kammala aikin soja (Ahtisaari ya riƙe muƙamin kyaftin a Rundunar Sojojin Finland ), [3] ya fara karatu a kwalejin malamai ta Oulu, yana halartar kwas na shekaru biyu wanda ya ba shi damar cancantar zama malamin firamare a shekarar 1959.

## Shugaban ƙasar Finland (1994–2000)
Ahtisaari ya fifita jam'i da kuma juriyar addini a bainar jama'a. A sirri, shi da matarsa sun yi addininsu na Kiristanci. Sabanin wasu daga cikin magabatansa da kuma wanda ya gaje shi a matsayin Shugaban Finland, Ahtisaari ya kammala dukkan jawabansa na Sabuwar Shekara da fatan Allah ya albarkaci al'ummar Finland. 

A lokacin da Ahtisaari ke shugabancin ƙasa, Boris Yeltsin da Bill Clinton sun haɗu a Helsinki .  Ya kuma yi shawarwari tare da Viktor Chernomyrdin da Slobodan Milošević don kawo ƙarshen faɗan da ake yi a lardin Yugoslavia na Kosovo a shekarar 1999. 

### MANAZARTA
Lilli Alanen

Lilli Kristina Alanen (née Gullichsen ; 16 Oktoba 1941 - 22 Oktoba 2021) ta kasance ƙwararriyar masanin falsafar ƙasar Finland kuma Farfesa Emeritus na Tarihin Falsafa a Sashen Falsafa a Jami'ar Uppsala . An zaɓe ta a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a 2018.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Lilli Gullichsen a ranar 16 ga Oktoba, 1941 a Pori, Finland.   Ta yi karatun falsafa a Sorbonne da ke Paris, inda ta kasance ɗalibi a Ferdinand Alquié, da kuma Jami'ar Helsinki, inda ta kasance ɗalibi a Ingmar Pörn da Georg Henrik von Wright . 

## Aikin ilimi
A shekarun 1980 ta koyar a Jami'ar Pittsburgh da ke Amurka da kuma Helsinki kafin a nada ta farfesa a fannin falsafa a Jami'ar Uppsala a shekarar 1997. 

Alanen ta ƙware a tarihin falsafa, musamman a fannin René Descartes da David Hume . Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga falsafar mata . 

A cikin littafinta mai suna  game da Descartes (2003), Alanen ya wuce tarihi kawai, yana zana abubuwan da suka gabata na tarihi da kuma juyin halittar tunani na Descartes game da hankali, yana nuna yadda muhimmancinsa ga tsarin tunani yana da ma'anoni masu rikitarwa da ban sha'awa fiye da yadda aka saba gani a labarin dualism da ke da alaƙa da tunaninsa. 

An zaɓi Alanen a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekarar 2018.  Ta kuma kasance memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya da Wasiku ta Norway . 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Alanen memba ne na dangin masana'antar Ahlström . Mahaifiyarta ƙwararriyar mai tattara zane-zane ce ta ƙasar Finland kuma mai kula da fasaha Maire Gullichsen da mahaifinta Harry Gullichsen, masanin masana'antu. 'Yan uwanta su ne mai ginin gine-gine na ƙasar Finland Kristian Gullichsen da Johan Gullichsen, farfesa a fannin injiniya. Gidan iyali da ke Noormarkku kusa da Pori gidan zamani ne da aka fi sani a duniya Villa Mairea wanda mai zane Alvar Aalto ya tsara.  A shekarar 1964 ta auri mai zane Sakari Alanen ɗan ƙasar Finland (an haife shi a shekara ta 1940), kuma suna da 'ya'ya uku. Sun sake su a shekara ta 1989.  A shekarar 1992, Alanen ta auri masanin falsafa ɗan Amurka Frederick Stoutland (1933–2011). 

Alanen ya mutu a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2021 a Helsinki.   

## Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka

* Lilli Alanen, *Nazari a cikin ilimin kimiya na Cartesian da falsafar hankali*, Acta Philosophica Fennica, Helsinki, 1982. 
* Lilli Alanen da Sara Heinämaa (eds.), *Commonality and Speciality in Ethics*, Palgrave Macmillan, London, 1997.
* Lilli Alanen da Charlotte Witt (masu gyara), *Tunani kan Mata kan Tarihin Falsafa* (Sabuwar Laburaren Tarihi), Springer, New York, 2004.
* Lilli Alanen, *Tsarin Tunani na Descartes*, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 2003. 

## Manazarta
Joanna Merlin

**Joanna Merlin** (an haife ta **JoAnn Delores Ratner** ; 15 ga Yuli, 1931 - 15 ga Oktoba, 2023) 'Yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka kuma daraktan fina-finai wadda ta yi aiki tare da Stephen Sondheim kuma ta fito a cikin fim ɗin *Fiddler on the Roof* na Broadway . Ta rubuta jagora biyu na wasan kwaikwayo.  kuma ta kasance mamba a cikin shirin digiri na biyu na wasan kwaikwayo na Jami'ar New York .  Daga 2000 zuwa 2011, an san ta da rawar da ta taka a kai a cikin *Law &amp;amp; Order: Special Victims Unit* a matsayin Alkali Lena Petrovsky.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi JoAnn Delores Ratner, wacce daga baya ta ɗauki sunan mahaifiyarta na farko, a Chicago, Illinois, a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1931, ga Toni Merlin da Harry Ratner, wani mai sayar da kayan abinci na Yahudawa.   Iyayenta sun yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka daga Rasha.  Iyalinta sun haɗa da babbar 'yar uwarta, Harriet Glickman, wa nocce ta ci gaba da samun yabo saboda taimaka wa Charles M. Schulz ya ƙara wani baƙar fata a cikin rigarsa ta *Peanuts*, wanda ya yi da gabatar da Franklin . 

Merlin ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a kan dandamali tana da shekaru 11, inda ta shiga wani shirin wasan kwaikwayo na al'umma, *Too Many Marys* .  Iyalan Merlin sun ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles lokacin tana da shekaru 15.  Ta halarci UCLA, kodayake ba ta kammala karatunta ba,   daga baya ta yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Michael Chekhov, inda ta koyi dabarun wasan kwaikwayo da ya shahara a duniya. An bayyana ta a matsayin ɗalibi na ƙarshe na Chekhov wanda har yanzu yana raye kuma yana koyarwa. 

## Sana'a
Merlin ta fara fitowa a fim ɗin Cecil B. DeMille mai suna The Ten Commandments a shekarar 1956. Bayan shekaru biyar, ta fara fitowa a Broadway a fim ɗin Becket [1] kafin ta fito a fim ɗin Tzeitel a fim ɗin Harold Prince mai suna Fiddler on the Roof . Ta bar jaruman Fiddler on the Roof kafin ƙarshen rangadin don kula da ƙananan 'ya'yanta biyu, [2] amma Harold Prince ya ba ta damar shiga cikin yin wasan kwaikwayo tare da jadawalin sassauƙa. Kamfanin shine kiɗan farko da Merlin ta yi aiki a matsayin daraktan yin wasan kwaikwayo. Ita ce kuma ke da alhakin yin wasan kwaikwayo a wasannin kwaikwayo kamar Follies, Evita da Sweeney Todd .

Bayan aurensu da Martin Lubner a shekarun 1950, Merlin ya auri David Dretzin daga 1965 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 2006, sakamakon raunin da ya samu a hatsarin mota. Suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu: Rachel, mai shirya fina-finai na gaskiya; da Julie, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo. 

Merlin ta mutu sakamakon cutar myelodysplastic syndrome a gidan 'yarta, Rachel, da ke Los Angeles a ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 2023, tana da shekaru 92.  

### MANAZARTA
Angela Ferrell-Zabala

**Angela Ferrell-Zabala** 'yar asalin Amurka ce mai kula da haƙƙin haihuwa, kula da bindiga, kuma mai fafutukar Adalci na zamantakewa wanda ke aiki a matsayin babban darakta na Moms Demand Action .  

## Ayyuka
Ayyukan farko na Ferrell-Zabala sun haɗa da matsayi na shirya al'umma a kungiyoyin adalci na zamantakewa da yawa, tare da mai da hankali kan fadadawa ga al'ummomin bangaskiya. A cikin 2011-12, ta kasance darakta na hadin gwiwar addini don Zaɓin Zaɓin Matasa na Ruhaniya don 'Yanci na Haihuwa, tana gudanar da yaduwar haƙƙin haihuwa a makarantun koleji. Ferrell-Zabala ya kasance mai shirya Canjin Al'umma, da kuma Shirin Zabe na Al'umma.

A cikin shekara ta 2014, Ferrell-Zabala ya shiga Planned Parenthood a matsayin Darakta na Jagorancin Afirka da Haɗin Kai.   Daga baya aka nada ta a matsayin Darakta na Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Kasa don Asusun Ayyukan Iyaye na Shirye-shirye .  

Ferrell-Zabala ya shiga Everytown for Gun Safety, kungiyar iyaye ta Moms Demand Action, a cikin 2019 a matsayin Babban Jami'in Kasuwanci, Kasuwanci da Kasuwanci. Bayan ta yi aiki a cikin rawar na watanni 18, an nada ta Babban Mataimakin Shugaban Ginin Motsi na Everytown. An nada Ferrell-Zabala a matsayin babban darakta na farko na Moms Demand Action a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2023. 

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Ferrell-Zabala ya bayyana kansa a matsayin Kirista da LGBT.[1] Ferrell-Zabala da matarsa, Fernanda Ferrell-Sabala suna zaune a Washington, DC, tare da 'ya'yansu huɗu. A cikin 2022, ta raba a cikin bayanan New York Times game da iyalai na LGBT cewa ta yi abota da Babban Darakta na SumOfUs Emma Ruby-Sachs a wani koma baya na jagoranci ba tare da riba ba a cikin 2016, kawai daga baya ta gano cewa 'ya'yansu mata 'yan uwa ne, bayan sun yi amfani da wannan Mai ba da maniyyi.[2]

## Manazarta
Aachen Treaty

Yarjejeniyar Aachen, a hukumance Yarjejeniyar kan hadin gwiwar French-Jamus da Haɗin kai, kuma an san shi da Yarjejeniyar Aachen(Jamusanci: Aachener Vertrag, Vertrag von Aachen, Faransa: Traité d'Aix-la-Chapelle), yarjejeniya ce ta Biyu tsakanin Jamus da Faransa game da hadin gwiwoyi a kan manyan batutuwa, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 22 ga Janairun 2020, shekara guda bayan an sanya hannu.[1] Shugaban Tarayya Angela Merkel da Shugaba Emmanuel Macron ne suka sanya hannu a cikin zauren da aka yi wa kambi na Aachen City Hall a ranar 22 ga watan Janairun 2019.

## Tarihi
An zaɓi zauren ɗaukakawa na Tarihin Aachen City Hall don sanya hannu kan sabon yarjejeniyar da Shugaba Macron da Shugaba Merkel suka yi a ranar Franco-Jamus (22 Janairu 2019), ranar cika shekaru 56 na Yarjejeniyar Élysée, saboda Aachen, a matsayin babban wurin zama na Charlemagne (Charles the Great), yana wakiltar tarihin kowa.

## Abinda ke ciki
Yarjejeniyar Aachen ta ƙunshi jimlar sashe 28. An lakafta manyan surori shida na yarjejeniyar:

# Al'amuran Turai
# Zaman lafiya, tsaro da ci gaba
# Al'adu, ilimi, bincike da motsi
# Haɗin gwiwar yanki da na ƙasashe
# Ci gaba mai ɗorewa, yanayi, muhalli da harkokin tattalin arziki
# Ƙungiya

Daga cikin sauran batutuwa manufar kwangilar ita ce ta karfafa bambancin al'adu (§9) da kuma daidaita bukatun tsaro na kasashen biyu. Goethe-Institut da Institut Français suna shirin bude cibiyoyin al'adu tare a Erbil, Bishkek, Rio de Janeiro da Palermo bisa ga Yarjejeniyar Aachen . 

Bugu da kari, kwangilar tana da niyyar karfafa hadin gwiwar siyasar tsaro na kasashen biyu, gami da taimakon juna a cikin yanayin rikici.

Yarjejeniyar ta kasance wani abu ne a cikin kafa Majalisar Dokokin Faransa da Jamus.

## Mai sukar
An ji zargi da yawa tun lokacin da aka kirkiro Yarjejeniyar:

* Jam'iyyar Marine Le Pen ta Rassemblement National ta bayyana cewa Yarjejeniyar Aachen za ta ba da Alsace ga Jamus, kuma Faransa za ta raba kujerarta a Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin *Duniya* tare da Jamus. Fadar Elysee  da jaridu Le Monde  da La Croix  sun karyata ikirarin.

## Dubi kuma

* Dangantakar Faransa da Jamus
* Sanarwar Schuman
* Tarihin Turai

## Manazarta