Juliana v. Amurka

**Juliana, et al. v. United States** of America, et al ne karar da ta shafi yanayi da aka shigar a shekarar 2015 kuma aka sallame ta a shekarar 2020. Matasa 21 ne suka shigar da kara a kan Amurka da kuma jami'an reshe da yawa. Da yake gabatar da kararsu a Kotun Gundumar Amurka don Gundumar Oregon, masu shigar da kara, wanda kungiyar Our Children's Trust mai zaman kanta ta wakilta, sun hada da Xiuhtezcatl Martinez, mambobin kungiyar Martinez Earth Guardians, da masanin yanayin yanayi James Hansen a matsayin "mai kula da tsararraki masu zuwa". Wasu kungiyoyin man fetur da masana'antu da farko sun shiga tsakani a matsayin wadanda ake tuhuma amma daga baya sun nemi a sauke su bayan Zaben shugaban kasa na 2016, suna mai cewa za a kare lamarin sosai a karkashin sabuwar gwamnati.

Masu shigar da kara sun tabbatar da cewa gwamnati da gangan ta keta haƙƙin su na rayuwa, 'yanci, da dukiya, da kuma aikin gwamnati na kare filayen jama'a, ta hanyar ƙarfafawa da ba da izinin ƙone burbushin burbushin halittu. Sun yi kira ga gwamnati da ta ba da "duka tallafi na bayyanawa da na umarni don da'awar su - musamman, sanarwar rawar da gwamnatin tarayya ke takawa wajen adana yanayi da kuma umarnin ayyukanta waɗanda suka saba wa wannan rawar. " Wannan shari'ar misali ce ta wani yanki na Dokar muhalli da ake kira "karin yanayi", ra'ayi wanda ya dogara da Koyarwar amincewar jama'a da alhakin kasa da ke da kasa da ke tattare da albarkatun kasa.

Da'ira ta Tara ta watsar da karar a watan Janairun 2020 saboda rashin tsayawa, wanda aka tabbatar a benci a watan Fabrairun 2021. Masu shigar da kara sun shigar da korafin da aka gyara a cikin ƙoƙari na magance tsayawa. Kotun ta tara ta yi watsi da karar da aka yi wa gyare-gyare a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, kuma saboda rashin matsayi. Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta ki sauraron karar a watan Maris na shekara ta 2025.

## Tarihin shari'a

### Tarihi
An yi yunkurin Shari'ar canjin yanayi tun daga shekarun 1990. Kungiyar ba da riba ta Oregon, Our Children's Trust, lauya Julia Olson ce ta kirkireshi don taimakawa wajen tsara shari'o'in shari'a da za a iya ɗaukar su a kan jihohi da gwamnatin tarayya wacce za ta caje su da rage canjin yanayi a ƙarƙashin Koyarwar amincewar jama'a. Olson ya kafa kungiyar ba da riba tare da shawara da taimako daga Mary Christina Wood, darakta na Shirin Shari'a na Muhalli da Al'adu a Jami'ar Oregon, wanda ke nazarin manufar koyarwar amincewar jama'a kuma ya kafa ra'ayin "Atmospheric Trust Litigation" don ɗaukar matakin shari'a don sanya gwamnatoci da ke da alhakin ayyukan da suka shafi canjin yanayi.  Wani ɓangare na wahayi na Our Children's Trust ya fito ne daga aikin Oposa a Philippines. Tun daga shekara ta 2011, Our Children's Trust tana gabatar da karar jihohi da tarayya daban-daban a madadin matasa, kodayake kotuna sun kori mafi yawansu, saboda kotuna gabaɗaya ba su yanke hukuncin cewa samun damar samun yanayi mai tsabta haƙƙin da za a iya yin shari'a da shi ba. Irin waɗannan shari'o'in kuma ana watsi da su gabaɗaya saboda ba za a iya fara karar ta hanyar "ƙaddamar da korafe-korafe" ba, kuma suna buƙatar masu shigar da kara da ke tsaye don kai karar kuma suna iya nuna mummunar lahani da gwamnati ta yi, kuma kotuna na iya aƙalla gyara cutar ta hanyar umarnin kotun. Bugu da ƙari, ba za a iya kawo shari'o'i a kotu ba idan sun magance "Tambayar siyasa" wanda za'a iya warware shi ne kawai ta hanyar ayyukan Majalisa da Shugaban kasa.

Wasu 'yan shari'o'in da suka shafi sauyin yanayi sun kai ga Kotun Koli. Na farko, wanda ya buɗe hanya ga sauran, shine Massachusetts v. Hukumar Kare Muhalli, 549 U.S. 497 (2007). A cikin wannan kara, jihohi goma sha biyu sun kai karar Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) saboda gazawa wajen daidaita hayakin iskar gas da kuma neman agaji. Kotun ta amince da jihohin da kuri’u 5 – 4 kan kowanne daga cikin batutuwa uku: cewa jihohin sun tsaya kai karar hukumar EPA saboda rashin fitar da ka’idoji, gas din da ke gurbata muhalli gurbataccen iska ne, kuma an ba da izinin EPA ta tsara su. Ra'ayin masu rinjaye ya bayyana cewa, duk da cewa duk wata ka'ida da EPA za ta yi ba za ta iya dakatar da dumamar yanayi ba, ya kamata a bukaci hukumar ta tsara irin wannan hayaki don rage girman dumamar yanayi. Bugu da ari, Massachusetts da EPA sun gyaggyara a tsaye ta hanyar yanke hukunci cewa mai gabatar da kara daya ne ya nuna wata cutarwa ta musamman. Abubuwan da suka biyo baya ba su yi nasara ba. Misali, yunƙurin shigar da ƙarar abubuwan amfani na jama'a game da hayaƙin iskar gas a ƙarƙashin ka'idar "rashin lafiyar jama'a" da ke kira ga ka'idar tarayya ta rashin hankali da kotuna gabaɗaya ta ƙi a 2011 a American Electric Power Co. v. Connecticut, 564 U.S. 410 (2011). Har ila yau, ƙalubalen da EPA ta biyo bayan ka'idojin gas game da iskar gas an kiyaye shi a wani ɓangare kuma an ƙi shi a wani ɓangare a cikin Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA, 573 U.S. ____ (2014), wani hukunci wanda ya ki amincewa da fadada karatun EPA na ikonsa ta hanyar kuri'a 5-4 amma ya ba da izinin EPA don aiwatar da tsarin samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar kuri'a 7-2 da ake da shi..

### Tattaunawar farko

An gabatar da karar a watan Agustan 2015 tare da Kotun Gundumar Amurka don Gundumar Oregon, kuma an sanya shi ga alƙali Ann Aiken, wanda a lokacin shine babban alƙali na kotun. Matasan 21, daga 8 zuwa 19 a lokacin shigarwa, sun sami wakilci na pro bono daga Our Children's Trust, kuma suna da goyon baya ga masanin yanayin yanayi James Hansen, wanda ke aiki a matsayin "mai kula da tsararraki masu zuwa" a cikin shigarwar shari'ar.  (Jikan Hansen Sophie Kivlehan na ɗaya daga cikin masu shigar da kara da aka ambata.)  Matasan sun zaɓi su ne ta hanyar Our Children's Trust yayin da suke tunanin sun iya nuna "raunin da ya faru" nan da nan saboda canjin yanayi, kamar su gidajensu sun shafe ta hanyar ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa, hauhawar matakan teku, da hamada waɗanda ke da alaƙa da canjin yanayi. 

An gabatar da karar ne a kan Shugaba Barack Obama da hukumomi da yawa a cikin reshen zartarwa, kuma sun nemi tabbacin cewa ayyukan gwamnati sun keta haƙƙin amincewarsu na tsarin mulki da na jama'a, kuma sun bukaci umarni don hana wadanda ake tuhuma daga ci gaba da keta haƙƙoƙinsu da kuma samar da shirin rage hayakin carbon dioxide. Daga cikin muhawara, lauyoyin matasa sun tabbatar da cewa rashin matakin gwamnati kan canjin yanayi ya nuna bambanci ga ƙarni na matasa, tunda canjin yanayi zai fi tasiri amma ba su da ikon jefa kuri'a don rinjayar hakan.

Kungiyoyin masana'antar man fetur guda uku, Cibiyar Man Fetur ta Amurka, Masu Masana'antar Man Fetur da Man Fetur na Amurka, da Ƙungiyar Masu Masana Nantarki ta Kasa, da farko sun shiga tsakani a cikin shari'ar a matsayin wadanda ake tuhuma, sun shiga cikin gwamnatin Amurka don ƙoƙarin sallamar shari'ar. An gudanar da sauraron shari'a a watan Maris na shekara ta 2016 a gaban Alkalin Majalisa na Amurka Thomas Coffin . Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta yi jayayya cewa "babu wani haƙƙin tsarin mulki ga yanayin da ba shi da gurɓataccen yanayi", kuma cewa tsarin kotun ba wuri ne da ya dace don aiwatar da irin waɗannan canje-canje ba. Coffin ya yi mulki a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2016 yana ba da shawarar cewa an hana duka biyun da za a yi don korar su; Coffin ya gano cewa yayin da shari'ar ta kasance "ba a taɓa gani ba", tana da isasshen cancanta don ci gaba. Alkalin Aiken ya tabbatar da shawarar Coffin, wanda ya yanke hukunci a watan Nuwamba na 2016 cewa haƙƙin "tsarin yanayi wanda zai iya ci gaba da rayuwar ɗan adam" haƙƙin asali ne mai kama da auren ɗan luwaɗi kamar yadda Kotun Koli ta kwanan nan ta yanke shawara, *Obergefell da Hodges* .  A cewar Michael Gerrard, darektan Sabin Center for Climate Change Law a Jami'ar Columbia, "wannan yanke shawara ta ci gaba fiye da kowane kotun da ta taɓa yi a cikin bayyana muhimmiyar wajibin gwamnati don hana canjin yanayi mai haɗari",  kuma hukuncin Alkalin Aiken cewa akwai yiwuwar haƙƙin tsarin mulki ga yanayi mai kyau shine farkon irin wannan hukunci daga kotun tarayya.  An saita kwanakin gwaji na farko don shekara ta 2017.

## Manazarta