Bion na Borysthenes

Bion na Borysthenes (Girkanci: Βίων Βορυσθενίτης, gen.: Βίωνος; c. 325 – c. 250 BC) masanin falsafa ne na Girka. Bayan an sayar da shi zuwa bauta, sannan aka sake shi, ya koma Athens, inda ya yi karatu a kusan kowace makarantar falsafa. Duk da haka, saboda maganganunsa na salon kafirci ne ake tunawa da shi. Ya yi wa wauta ga mutane, ya kai hari ga addini, kuma ya yaba wa falsafar.

## Rayuwa
Bion ya fito ne daga garin Olbia a arewacin Tekun Black ta bakin kogin Borysthenes (Dnieper na zamani). Ya rayu c. 325-c. 250 BC, amma ainihin kwanakin haihuwarsa da mutuwarsa ba su da tabbas. Strabo  ya ambaci shi a matsayin zamani na Eratosthenes, wanda aka haife shi 275 BC. Diogenes Laërtius ya adana wani asusun da Bion ya bayyana danginsa ga Antigonus II Gonatas, Sarkin Makidoniya. Mahaifinsa dan 'yanci ne kuma dillali ne a cikin kifi mai gishiri, wanda ya haɗu da aikin smuggling. Mahaifiyarsa, Olympia, kaRuwa ce ta Lacedaemonian. An sayar da dukan iyalin a matsayin bayi, saboda wasu laifuffuka da mahaifin ya aikata. A sakamakon wannan, Bion ya fada hannun wani mai magana, wanda ya sanya shi magajinsa. Bayan ya ƙone ɗakin karatu na mai kula da shi, sai ya tafi Athens, kuma ya yi amfani da kansa ga falsafar, a yayin karatun ya rungumi ka'idodin kusan kowane ɗarika a jere. Da farko ya kasance Masanin kimiyya wanda ke karatu a ƙarƙashin Xenocrates  da Crates na Athens,  sannan ya zama Cynic,  (watakila a ƙarƙashin Crates na Thebes), daga baya ya haɗa da Theodorus,  masanin falsafar Cyreneic wanda ake zargin rashin yarda da Allah ya rinjayi Bion,  kuma a ƙarshe ya zama ɗalibin Theophrastus the Peripatetic. Bayan hanyar sophists na lokacin, Bion ya yi tafiya ta Girka da Makidoniya, kuma yana hulɗa da Antigonus II Gonatas. Wasu wallafe-wallafen bincike na zamani sun yi iƙirarin cewa Antigonus ya gayyace shi zuwa kotunsa a Pella, amma wannan zaton ba ya dogara da tsoffin tushe da hasashe mai tsabta. Bion ya koyar da falsafar a Rhodes, kuma ya mutu a Chalcis a Euboea.

## Falsafa
Saboda farkon dangantakarsa da Kwalejin, Diogenes Laërtius ya sanya Bion a cikin Masana kimiyya, amma babu wani abu a rayuwarsa ko tunanin da ke nuna alaƙa da Platonism kuma malaman zamani suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin Cynic, duk da cewa ba a saba da shi ba tare da karfi na Hedonistic ko Cyreneic.[1][2] Yawancin abin da Laërtius ya ce game da Bion da alama an samo shi ne daga tushen adawa don haka dole ne a kula da shi ta amfani da asusunsa don sake gina rayuwar Bion da tunaninsa.[3] Laërtius ya nuna mana mutumin da ke da basira sosai, amma a shirye yake ya kai farmaki ga kowa da komai. Ya kasance sanannen marubuci, kuma a cikin Diatribes ya yi ba'a da wauta na mutane. Yayinda yake yabon talauci da falsafar, ya kai farmaki ga alloli, mawaƙa, masu ilimin ƙasa, masu ilimin taurari, da masu arziki, kuma ya musanta ingancin addu'a. Laërtius ya yi iƙirarin cewa Bion mai musun wanzuwar Allah ne (wanda ake zargin ya yi watsi da shi a lokacin mutuwarsa) amma raguwar da suka tsira sun nuna shakku na addini kawai game da addinai masu ban mamaki, annabawa, da sauransu. [4][3] Kalmomin Bion da Teles ya rubuta, kuma Stobaeus ya adana sun nuna mutumin da "ya yi magana game da matsalolin ɗan adam na yau da kullun a cikin ruhun fahimta, kodayake don jaddada yin amfani da duk na'urorin salon zamani. ... Yanayin da aka yi magana da su sune waɗanda zasu iya fuskantar kowane mutum, daga universalia na tsufa, talauci, gudun hijira, Bautar, tsoron mutuwa, har zuwa mafi kyawun yanayin matar da ke damun rai.[3]

Ana iya gano tasirinsa a cikin marubutan da suka biyo baya, misali a cikin satires na Menippus . Horace ya yi nuni da satires da hikimar caustique. Misalan wannan basira sune maganganunsa:

: "Mai zalunci ba shi da dukiya, amma ya mallake shi".
: "Rashin tausayi shine abokin gaskatawa, [kuma] kwaɗayi babban *birni* na mugunta".[and]
: "Bawan kirki suna da 'yanci sosai, kuma mugayen 'yanci suna da' yanci sosai".

: "Ba shi da amfani a cire gashinmu lokacin da muke cikin baƙin ciki, tunda baƙin ciki ba ya warkewa ta hanyar gemu. "

Wani kuma ya fito ne daga Plutarch: 

: "Ko da yake yara maza suna jefa duwatsu a kan kwari a wasanni, kwari ba sa mutuwa a wasanni amma da gaske".

## Ayyuka

# A kan Fushi, wanda Philodemus ya ambata 

## Manazarta