Josina Machel

**Josina Abiathar Muthemba Machel** (10 ga Agusta, 1945 &#x2013; Afrilu 7, 1971) shugabar kungiyar FRELIMO ce kuma jigo a gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai a Mozambique.

## Shekarun farko
An haifi Josina Machel tare da tagwaye, Belmiro, a Vilanculos, Inhambane, Mozambique a ranar 10 ga watan Agusta, 1945, a cikin dangin assimilado wanda duk da haka tana aiki a aikin yaki da 'yan mulkin mallaka.  Kakanta (wani mai wa'azi na Presbyterian wanda ya yi magana game da 'yan mulkin mallaka na Portuguese), mahaifinta, 'yan uwanta biyu, da kawunta biyu duk an ɗaure su a wani lokaci ko wani sakamakon shiga cikin adawa na ɓoye ga gwamnatin 'yan mulkin mallaka na Portugal. Mahaifinta yana aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin jinya a asibitocin gwamnati kuma hakan yana buƙatar shi ya motsa dangi lokaci-lokaci don ɗaukar canjin aiki. Lokacin da yake da shekaru bakwai, Josina ta shiga makarantar firamare Dom João de Castro a Mocímboa da Praia, makarantar 'ya'yan Portuguese da iyalan *assimilado* . Shekaru biyu bayan haka aka koma mahaifinta zuwa garin João Belo, kuma ta shiga cikin Mouzinho de Albuquerque. Bayan ta yi digiri na 4, an tura ta zuwa babban birnin Lourenço Marques domin ta ci gaba da karatunta, tana zaune tare da kakarta.

## Shekarun ƙuruciya
A shekara ta 1958, yanzu tana da shekara 13, Josina ta shiga makarantar kasuwanci Dokta Azevedo e Silva don yin lissafin kuɗi. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, ta shiga *Núcleo dos Estudantes Africanos Secundários de Mocambique* (NESAM), ƙungiyar al'adu da siyasa ta ɓoye wanda Eduardo Mondlane ya kafa a shekarar 1949.  Hankalinta na siyasa ya bunƙasa a cikin kungiyar, wanda 'yan sandan mulkin mallaka suka sanya ido a kai, har sai da ta kai shekaru 18 ta gudu tare da wasu ɗalibai takwas (ciki har da Armando Emilio Guebuza) da nufin kungiyar 'yantar da Mozambique ta Tanzaniya (FRELIMO). Sun yi nasarar isa iyakar Rhodesia - Zambia a Victoria Falls, tafiyar , kafin a kama su, an mayar da su Mozamqique, aka ɗaure su. Bayan wata biyar, a cikin watan da ta cika shekara 19, an sake Josina daga gidan yari, sakamakon wani kamfen da FRELIMO ta yi a duniya. Ta koma sakandire, amma jami'an 'yan sanda suna kallonta.

Bayan watanni huɗu, Josina ta tsere daga Mozambique a karo na biyu, tare da wasu gungun ɗalibai. Tun daga wannan lokacin bata sake ganin wani dan gidanta ba. Kungiyar ta nemi mafaka a Swaziland, inda aka saka su a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira. Da taimakon wani limamin cocin Presbyterian na yankin, da kuma wani mai goyon bayan FRELIMO, Josina da wasu mutane uku sun sami nasarar tserewa daga sansanin a daidai lokacin da ake raɗe-raɗin cewa za a miƙa su ga hukumomin Portugal. Da farko da mota, sannan da ƙafa, daga ƙarshe kuma ta bas, ɗaliban huɗu sun isa Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu. A can, sun yi tuntuɓar wani nau'in FRELIMO na Jirgin Jirgin ƙasa na Amurka. Bayan haka, ƙungiyar ta yi tafiya da babbar mota zuwa Francistown, Botswana, inda suka haɗu da wasu 14 waɗanda su ma ke neman zuwa Tanzaniya. A nan hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya sun ayyana su a matsayin "maziyartan da ba a so" kuma an yi shirye-shiryen mayar da su duka zuwa Swaziland. Bayan zazzafar yaɗa labaran duniya da ta shafi kungiyar haɗin kan Afirka da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, shugaban kungiyar FRELIMO Eduardo Mondlane ya yi nasarar shawo kan hukumomin Burtaniya da su saki ɗaliban 18 tare da ba su damar tafiya Tanzaniya. Don haka an mika kungiyar ga hukumar kula da 'yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, wacce ta shirya musu tafiya zuwa Lusaka, ƙasar Zambia. Sun yi kwanaki da yawa a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira a can, har sai da aka miƙa su ga wakilin FRELIMO. Bayan doguwar tafiya mai wahala a cikin motocin bas na jama'a, a ƙarshe ƙungiyar ta isa a raunata kuma ba ta da abinci a Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Duka Josina ta yi tafiya kusan  daga gidanta.

## A cikin gwagwarmayar 'yanci

Yayin da ta kai shekaru 20 da haihuwa, nan da nan aka ba wa Josina alhakin a cikin fafutuka da dama na FRELIMO na neman 'yancin kai na ƙasa. Ta fara aiki a Cibiyar Mozambik, cibiyar koyar da ɗaliban Mozambique a Tanzaniya, a matsayin mataimakiyar darakta. Darakta ita ce **Janet Mondlane**, haifaffiyar Amurka matar shugaban FRELIMO Eduardo Mondlane. Bayan shekara ɗaya da rabi, Josina ta ki amincewa da tayin tallafin karatu don gudanar da karatun jami'a a Switzerland, kuma ta ba da gudummawa ga sabuwar kungiyar mata ta FRELIMO (Destacamento Feminino). An ɗora wa reshen mata aikin baiwa mata horon siyasa da na soja domin su samu cikakkiyar damar shiga gwagwarmayar ‘yantar da su. Wannan yunƙurin ba shi da ɗan ƙaranci yayin da daidaiton jinsi ya sabawa ƙa'idodin al'adun Afirka na gargajiya.

Daga baya Josina ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata 25 da suka samu horon soji na tsawon watanni uku a Nachigwea da ke kudancin Tanzaniya inda mayakan ‘yantar da Mozambique suka samu horon soji don yakin neman zaɓen Mozambique. Samora Machel, shugabar farko ta Mozambique a nan gaba kuma mijinta na gaba, ya zama darekta na wannan cibiyar horarwa.

Bayan haka, Josina da sauran mata masu faɗa a ji sun haɗa aikin tsaro wajen kula da kayayyaki da kayan aiki a bayan fagen fama tare da ayyukan tsara al'umma inda suka bayyana tarihin FRELIMO, manufofinsa,  ga al'ummar yankin da aka 'yantar da su a kokarinsu na samun goyon bayansu na ɗabi'a da abin duniya. Wannan rabon aiki ya 'yantar da ƙarin maza don ayyukan soja kai tsaye.

A shekarar 1968, Reshen Mata ya samo asali zuwa wani shiri na ayyukan zamantakewa na FRELIMO a yankunan da aka 'yanta. Ya shirya cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, makarantu, da cibiyoyin kula da yara. Ya taimaka wa iyalai da aka ruguza gidajensu, kuma sun ba da goyon baya ga sojojin da suka ji rauni da kuma iyalan manoma da yakin ya rutsa da su. Josina ya taka rawar gani wajen gano buƙatar cibiyoyin kula da yaran da yakin ya raba su da marayu ko kuma ya raba su da iyalansu.

A tsakiyar shekarun 1968, an naɗa Josina a matsayin wakiliyar FRELIMO Congress ta biyu, inda ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga cikakken shigar da mata a cikin kowane ɓangare na gwagwarmayar 'yanci. Daga nan aka naɗa ta shugabar sashin mata a sashen hulɗa da ƙasashen duniya na FRELIMO. A cikin wannan matsayi, ta yi tafiya lokaci-lokaci zuwa tarurrukan ƙasa da ƙasa game da yancin mata da kuma rawar da mata ke takawa wajen ci gaba inda ta yi amfani da misalan abubuwan da FRELIMO ta samu don ba da shawara ga mata su kasance daidai da su a kowane ɓangare na ci gaba. Tana da shekara 24 a lokacin.

A shekarar 1969 ta tabbatar da shekara mai ban mamaki ga Josina. An naɗa ta shugabar Sashen Harkokin Zamantakewa na FRELIMO inda ta himmatu wajen bunƙasa cibiyoyin kula da yara da ilimi a arewacin Mozambik tare da bayar da shawarwari tare da jama'ar yankin kan mahimmancin tura yara mata zuwa makaranta. Lokacin da wakilan Portugal suka kashe shugaban FRELIMO Eduardo Mondlane a Tanzaniya, Josina ta shiga tare da matarsa, Janet, don ba da ta'aziyya da kamfani. A watan Mayu ta auri Samora Machel a Cibiyar Ilimi ta Tunduru a kudancin Tanzaniya, wurin da ta taimaka wajen bunƙasa wa. A ƙarshen watan Nuwamba, an haifi Josina da Samora tilo, mai suna **[[Samora Junior]]** da ake kira Samito.

A cikin shekarar 1970 Josina ta fara fama da ciwon ciki da rauni. Ta yi tafiya zuwa Moscow don kula da lafiya. Abinda aka gano shine ciwon hanta. An ba da shawarar hutawa da abinci mai tsauri, amma Josina ta koma aikinta tare da FRELIMO. A karshen shekara ta bar Samito tare da wata ƙawarta kuma ta yi tafiya ta tsawon watanni biyu, galibi da ƙafa, ta Lardin Niassa don tantance yanayi da tsara ayyuka na Sashen Harkokin Jama'a.

A cikin watan Maris 1971, Josina ta sake tafiya zuwa Cabo Delgado, don kimanta shirye-shiryen zamantakewa da ake aiwatarwa a can. A lokacin tattakin tana fama da gajiya da kasala. Duk da haka, a wani lokaci, ta jagoranci taron mutane fiye da 1,000. A gajiye da sirara sosai, ta yanke shawarar komawa Dar es Salaam a farkon watan Afrilu. Yayin da ta ke tsallakawa zuwa Tanzaniya, sai ta miƙa wa wani abokinta bindigarta ta ce: "Ya ku 'yan uwa, ba zan iya ci gaba ba, ku ba da wannan ga kwamandan sojan lardin domin ya taimaka wajen ceton al'ummar Mozambique."

A Dar es Salaam, Josina ta kamu da rashin lafiya a ranar 5 ga watan Afrilu. An kai ta asibitin Muhimbili kuma ta rasu a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilu, 1971, tana da shekaru 25 a duniya. An binne ta a makabartar Kinondoni, inda aka shiga tsakanin kawunta Mateus Muthemba, wanda jami'an Portugal suka ƙashe a shekarar 1968.

Shekara guda bayan haka, FRELIMO ta ayyana ranar 7 ga watan Afrilu, ranar mutuwar Josina, a matsayin ranar mata ta ƙasa a Mozambique. A cikin watan Maris 1973, FRELIMO ta kafa Ƙungiyar Matan Mozambique ta ƙasa a matsayin ƙungiyar mata ta zamantakewa da siyasa. An sami kwarin gwiwa daga wani ɓangare na akidar 'yantar da mata da Machel ta inganta, kungiyar ta ci gaba da yin aiki don wannan burin bayan samun 'yancin kai na Mozambique a 1975. ’Yan’uwan Josina da dama sun ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa a wannan kungiya da gwamnati. Makarantar sakandire ta principal da ke babban birni ana kiranta da sunanta.

## Manazarta