open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Georgia Black

**Georgia Black** ( née Cantey; 1906–Yuni 1951), mace ce 'yar asalin Ba'amurke ' yar asalin Afirka wadda ta gudu daga gidanta ta kuma rayu a matsayin mace tun tana da shekaru 15 har zuwa mutuwarta.   Ta kasance mace mai daraja a cikin al'ummar Sanford, Florida, kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa haka duk da cewa matsayinta na wanda aka ba wa namiji a lokacin haihuwa ya bayyana ga jama'a bayan an yi mata gwajin lafiya.

## Rayuwa
Bakar fata ta fara canjin jinsinta tun tana 'yar shekara 15, tana guduwa daga gonar da take aiki a kusa da Greeleyville, South Carolina, kuma tana zama mace tun daga lokacin.   Bakar fata ta gudu zuwa Charleston, South Carolina, kuma an gayyace ta ta zama mai hidimar gida a wani gidan sarauta, inda ta shiga dangantaka da wani mai kula da maza, wanda ya yarda da asalin jinsinta na mace.  
 
Daga baya a Winter Garden, Florida, Black ya haɗu da Alonzo Sabbe, wanda ke fama da rashin lafiya mai tsanani a lokacin. Bayan ya warke, ya nemi Black ya aure shi. Bayan aurensu, Alonzo da Black sun ɗauki ɗa, Willie Sabbe, wanda ɗan wani ɗan'uwa ne wanda ya rabu da shi tun yana ɗan makonni uku bayan ya ziyarci Florida. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Sanford, Florida, suka renon yaron. Alonzo Sabbe ya mutu jim kaɗan bayan auren kuma daga baya Black ya auri Muster Black, likitan dabbobi na Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, a gidan Joanna Moore, shugabar makarantar firamare ta Baƙar fata ta Sanford. Muster Black ta mutu shekaru bakwai bayan auren, bayan haka Georgia ta sami damar karɓar fansho daga Hukumar Tsoffin Sojoji a matsayin bazawara.

A cikin kwanakin ƙarshe na rayuwarta, Dakta Orville Barks, likitan gundumar wanda ya yi mata gwajin gawarta bayan mutuwarta, ya gano asalin Bakar fata mai canza jinsi bayan mutuwarta.  Bayan gano al'aurar namijin Black, likitan ya bayyana bayanan Georgia a bainar jama'a. Al'ummar yankin sun fuskanci suka daga Dr. Barks, da kuma jaridar yankin, *Sanford Herald*, saboda buga wani labari a shafin farko game da wannan fallasa. Bakar fata ta kasance memba mai daraja a cikin al'ummar Sanford har zuwa mutuwarta a watan Yuni.  

## Gado
A cikin littafinsa *Black on Both Sides: A Racial History of Trans Identity*, C. Riley Snorton ya ambaci Black a matsayin misali na wani mutum wanda ya fito a cikin jaridar queer kuma ya ba da hanyar "bayyana yanayin trans a lokacin bayan yaƙin, farkon Yaƙin Cacar Baki " yayin da labarinta ya nuna tashin hankali da sakamakon Yaƙin Duniya na II, gwagwarmayar mulkin mallaka a duk faɗin Kudancin Duniya da wariyar Jim Crow a Amurka.  Snorton ya yi jayayya cewa labarin Georgia Black, kamar yadda Ebony ya rufe, ya nuna yadda aka "tara baƙaƙen fata don yin bimbini kan rayuwar baƙar fata a cikin mu'amala, ba kawai dangane da al'amuran jinsi da jima'i ba har ma da batun ra'ayoyin da suka canza game da ƙimar ɗan adam." 

## Manazarta
Sylvia Ardyn Boone

**Sylvia Ardyn Boone** (Satumba 30, 1940 - Afrilu 27, 1993)  ƙwararriyar masaniyar fasaha ce 'yar asalin Afirka, wacce ta ƙware a fannin fasahar Afirka, zane-zanen mata, fasahar mata da abin rufe fuska. A shekarar 1988, ta zama mace 'yar asalin Afirka ta farko da ta sami aiki a Jami'ar Yale . 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Sylvia Ardyn Boone a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 1940. Ta halarci Kwalejin Brooklyn a matsayin daliba ta farko kuma ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyyar zamantakewa daga Jami'ar Columbia .

Bayan wani lokaci a Jami'ar Ghana, ta koma Amurka kuma ta sami digiri a tarihin fasaha a Jami'ar Yale a shekarun 1970. Digirinta na uku a fannin digirin digirgir ya lashe kyautar Blanshard a shekarar 1979. 

Ta shiga sashen koyar da fasaha na Yale a shekarar 1979, kuma ta sami aiki a shekarar 1988.  Batutuwan da ta kwasa sun haɗa da fasahar Afirka da kuma kyawun hotunan mata a fannin fasahar Afirka. 

A shekarar 1989, Boone ya kasance mai himma wajen shirya bikin cika shekaru 150 na Amistad Affair na 1839. 

## Mutuwa da gado
Boone ya mutu a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 1993. A shekarar 1996, sashen Tarihin Fasaha na Jami'ar Yale da kuma sashen Nazarin Afirka da Baƙar fata-Amurka sun ba da **kyautar Sylvia Ardyn Boone** ta farko.  Ana ba da ita kowace shekara tun daga lokacin. 

## Ayyuka

* West African Travels: A Guide to Peoples and Places in libraries (WorldCat catalog) (Random House, 1974)
* Radiance from the Waters: Ideals of Feminine Beauty in Mende Art in libraries (WorldCat catalog) (Yale University Press, 1990)
* Sowo Art in Sierra Leone: The Mind and Power of Woman on the Plane of the Aesthetic Disciplines in libraries (WorldCat catalog) (UMI Dissertation Services, 1997)

## Manazarta
Justina Blakeney

**Justina Blakeney**  ƙwararriyar mai zane ce ta Amurka, mai zane, mai tsara cikin gida, marubuciya, kuma mai magana da yawun da aka san ta da kyawun " boho ". Ta kafa kamfanin kayan gida da kayan adon gida na Jungalow.  Littafinta na farko, *The New Bohemians: Cool and Collected Homes*, ya kasance littafin da aka fi sayarwa a  . 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Blakeney ta girma a Berkeley, California . Mahaifiyarta 'yar asalin Gabashin Turai ce ta Yahudawa kuma mahaifinta ɗan asalin Afirka-Amurkawa, 'Yan Asalin Amurka, Irish, da Faransa ne. An haifi Blakeney Bayahude, kuma mahaifinta ya musulunta zuwa addinin Yahudanci . Iyalan mahaifiyarta sun yi hijira zuwa New Jersey a farkon ƙarni. Iyalinta sun yi bukukuwan Yahudawa, ciki har da Hanukkah da Passoveretarewa, kuma ba su yi bikin Kirsimeti kamar wasu iyalai Yahudawa na duniya da suka sani ba.  Blakeney ta bayyana cewa wannan asalin kabilu da kuma tarbiyyar California ya yi tasiri ga kyawunta na bohemian.

Ta kammala karatunta daga UCLA a shekarar 2001 tare da digiri na farko a fannin Fasaha da Al'adu na Duniya.  A shekararta ta farko a jami'a, ta tafi Italiya don yin karatun kwalliya da sadarwa. Ta koma Italiya bayan kammala karatunta, kuma ta shiga makarantar koyon kwalliya ta Polimoda . 

## Sana'a
Blakeney ta sanya wa shafinta na zane da salon rayuwa suna "Jungalow," hadewar daji da bungalow.  Ta amfani da shafin yanar gizo da kafofin sada zumunta a matsayin dandamali, Blakeney ta ƙirƙiri tarin kafet masu kauri ga Loloi, tarin fuskar bangon waya tare da kamfanin shagunan Hygge & West, tarin Justina Blakeney Home tare da Anthropologie, layin gado a Target, da tarin kayan gida tare da shagunan Calico Corners.      Tana da layi a Living Spaces, da tarin kayan gado, ajiya, haske, da ƙananan kyaututtuka ga Pottery Barn Kids .  

An nuna zane-zanenta na kamfanin sayar da kayan kwalliya na Moda Operandi, gami da hotunan shahararrun kayan kwalliya kamar Grace Jones, a mujallar *Vogue* . 

### Littattafai
An fitar da littafinta na farko, *The New Bohemians: Cool and Collected Homes*, a shekarar 2015.  An fitar da littafin *The New Bohemians: Come Home to Good Vibes* a watan Oktoban 2017. Waɗannan littattafan teburin kofi ne tare da hotunan zane waɗanda ke nuna gidaje, kuma sun haɗa da albarkatu kamar jagororin tsire-tsire na gida da umarnin aiki. 

### Jawabin yin jawabi

* Babban taron Alt 
* Taron Masu Shiryawa 
* Taron Zane na AIGA: Kasuwanci + Kasuwanci 
* Taron Masu Rubuta Rubuce-rubucen Zane 
* DA IT 
* Kamfanin Saƙa na Pinterest
* Safiya Mai Kirkire-kirkire 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Blakeney tana zaune tare da mijinta da 'yarta a wani gida mai suna Bungalow a shekarar 1926 da ke unguwar Frogtown da ke Los Angeles .   Gidansu an nuna shi a cikin mujallar kayan ado ta *House Beautiful* . 

## Manazarta
Eva Roberta Coles Boone

**Eva Roberta Coles Boone** (1880–1902) malamar Baƙar fata ce kuma mai wa'azin Baptist daga Charlottesville, Virginia, wacce ta yi aiki tare da mijinta Clinton Caldwell Boone a abin da a da ake kira Kongo Free State, yanzu Congo .

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Eva Roberta Coles a ranar 8 ga Janairu, 1880, a Charlottesville, Virginia .    Coles ta halarci Kwalejin Tunawa da Hartshorn, kwaleji ta farko a duniya ga mata masu launin fata.    Ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1899.  

## Aiki da iyali
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Coles ya koma Charlottesville don koyarwa.   A shekara ta 1901, Coles ya auri Clinton Caldwell Boone, wanda ya halarci makarantar sakandare a Jami'ar Virginia Union, wanda ke da wani yanki a arewacin Hartshorn, kuma ya sami digirin Allahntaka a shekara ta 1900.  Ɗan wani fasto ne, an haife shi kuma ya girma a gundumar Hertford, North Carolina .

Boone da mijinta sun sami alƙawarin zuwa filin aikin wa'azi, wanda ƙungiyar mishan ta Baptist ta Amurka da kuma taron ƙungiyar mishan ta Lott Carey ta ƙasashen waje suka tallafa masa. Sun isa tashar Palabala da ke lardin Katanga na Kongo Free State a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 1901.

A wannan lokacin, abin mamaki ne kuma abin cece-kuce ga ƙungiyoyin addinai na Amurka su bai wa mutanen da ba su da launin fata damar yin hidima a Afirka.  A tashar Palabala, ta koyar da yara ƙanana,   ta ba da magani, kuma ta shirya da'irar dinki ga matan ƙauyen.   Ta yi ƙoƙarin koya wa mata dinki, amma a al'adar mutanen Kongo, maza sun mamaye wannan aikin a al'ada. A hankali ta yi aiki don canza haramcin al'adu ga mata dinki.  Matan ƙauyen sun kira ta "Mama Bunu".  

Coles ta mutu sakamakon cizon dafi a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 1902, a Palaballa, Jihar 'Yanci ta Congo (wanda yanzu take cikin Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo).   Ita da mijinta sun fuskanci mutuwar ɗansu tun suna jariri.

## Manazarta
Andrea Bordeaux

**Andrea Bordeaux** (an haife ta a ranar 31 ga Maris, 1987)  'Yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma mai tallan kayan kawa ta Amurka. An fi saninta da rawar da ta taka a matsayin Harley Hidoko a cikin shirin talabijin *na NCIS: Los Angeles .*

## Rayuwa da aiki
Bordeaux ta girma a Texas. Ta nuna sha'awar yin wasan kwaikwayo tun tana ƙarama  kuma ta samu gogewa a matakin farko tun tana 'yar shekara 14. 

A shekarar 2005, ta koma birnin New York ta yi karatu a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Jami'ar Pace . Bayan shekara guda, ta koma Kwalejin Koyon Fasaha ta New York mai zaman kanta.  A ƙarshen shekarar 2006, an gano Bordeaux a matsayin abin koyi kuma an ƙara samun karɓuwa.  A shekarar 2010, ta fara taka rawarta a shirin talabijin *mai suna Law &amp;amp; Order: Special Victims Unit* . 

A shekarar 2013 da 2014, ta buga wasa da Neda a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TNT Rizzoli & Isles . Bayan haka, ta sake fitowa a cikin jerin shirye-shirye kamar Criminal Minds . A shekarar 2017, ta sami nasararta a kakar wasa ta tara ta NCIS: Los Angeles, inda ta taka rawar Harley Hidoko.

A shekarar 2021, ta taka rawar Ella McFair a cikin barkwancin Starz mai *suna Run the World* .  An kore ta daga rawar da ta taka a lokacin shirya kakar wasa ta biyu saboda kin bin umarnin samar da allurar rigakafin COVID-19 . 

## Fim ɗin fim

### Fim

### Talabijin

## Manazarta
Harsunan Mascoian

Harsunan **Mascoian**, wanda aka fi sani da **Enlhet-Enenlhet**, Lengua-Mascoy, ko yarukan **Chaco**, ƙananan ne, dangin harshe masu alaƙa da Paraguay.

## Harsuna
Harsunan sune: 

* Maskoy (Toba-Maskoy) 
* Enxet (Yaren Kudu) 
* Enlhet (Harshe na Arewa) 
* Kaskihá (Guaná) 
* Sanapaná
* Angaité

An yi iƙirarin harsuna biyu na ƙarya a cikin wallafe-wallafen: *Emok* da *Maskoy Pidgin* .

### Jolkesky (2016)
Rarrabawar ciki ta Jolkesky (2016): 
 

## Kalmomin kalmomi
Loukotka (1968) ya lissafa abubuwa masu mahimmanci masu zuwa.

## Manazarta
Harsunan Matacoan

****Matacoan*' (kuma *Mataguayan, Matákoan, Mataguayo, Mataco-Mataguayo, matacoano, Matacoana'') iyali ne na harshe na arewacin Argentina, yammacin Paraguay, da kudu maso gabashin Bolivia .

## Rarrabawar iyali
Matacoan ya ƙunshi rukuni huɗu na harsuna: Wiichi, Chorote, Nivaĉle, da Maká . Wichí da Chorote sun kasance ƙungiyar da ke da goyon baya sosai a cikin iyali. An kuma ba da shawarar cewa Maká da Nivaĉle sun zama rukuni,   duk da haka, Nivaĉre kuma yana da sababbin abubuwa da yawa tare da Chorote-Wichí, yana jefa shakku game da ingancin rukuni na Maká-Nivaĉle. 

Gordon (2005) a cikin Ethnologue ya raba Wichí zuwa harsuna uku daban-daban da Chorote zuwa harsuka biyu.

### Mason (1950)
Rarrabawar ciki ta Mason (1950): 

### Nikulin & Carol (2024)
Rarrabawar ciki ta Nikulin & Carol (2024): 
 

## Kalmomin kalmomi
Loukotka (1968) ya lissafa abubuwa masu mahimmanci na asali don harsunan Matacoan.

## Harshe na asali
Manyan sake ginawa na Proto-Mataguayo sun hada da na Viegas Barros (2002)  (duba Labarin Mutanen Espanya mai dacewa don jerin sake ginawa) da Nikulin & Carol (2024).
## manazarta
Minta Bosley Allen Trotman

**Minta Bosley Allen Trotman** (13 ga Fabrairu, 1875 - 3 ga Mayu, 1949)  ta kasance 'yar Afirka-Amurka mai ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma shugabar al'umma,  wacce ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen "haɓaka walwala da kuma shigar baƙaƙen Amurkawa" ta hanyar aikinta a Brooklyn .  'Yarta Catherine Allen Latimer ita ce ta farko da ta fara aiki a ɗakin karatu na Baƙar fata-Amurka a ɗakin karatu na Jama'a na New York . 

## Rayuwa
An haifi Minta Bosley a Nashville, Tennessee, a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 1875, ita ce 'ya tilo ga John Beal Bosley (ɗan kasuwa) da Catherine Harding Bosley.  Daga 1889 zuwa 1893, ta halarci Jami'ar Fisk,  daga baya kuma ta halarci Makarantar Ayyukan Jama'a ta New York. 

A shekara ta 1895, ta auri Henry W. Allen, wani wakilin layin dogo, wanda ta haifi 'ya'ya uku da shi: Catherine (an haife ta a shekara ta 1896), Marian (an haife ta a shekara ta 1899), da Henry (an haife ta a shekara ta 1903).  A ƙarshen shekara ta 1903, Henry Allen ya mutu a wani hatsarin jirgin ƙasa,  kuma Minta, wacce mijinta ya mutu, ta yi zamanta a Turai tare da 'ya'yanta, kafin ta koma Brooklyn, New York a shekara ta 1908.  Lokaci a Faransa da Jamus ya taimaka wa yara wajen samun ilimi na musamman - kuma ta hanyoyi da yawa, inda Catherine Allen ta shahara da yin magana da Faransanci da Jamusanci. 

A shekarar 1911, Minta ta auri William Frederick Trotman, wani fitaccen wakilin gidaje wanda ya wakilci WEB Du Bois .  Minta da kanta ta shiga cikin al'umma, tana shiga cikin Ƙungiyar Mata Masu Launi ta Ƙasa (NACW), Ƙungiyar Kiristocin Matasan Mata, da Ƙungiyar Birane ta Brooklyn.  Tsawon shekaru ashirin, ta yi lacca, ta tara kuɗi, ta jagoranci, kuma ta yi yaƙin neman zaɓe don dalilai na siyasa da zamantakewa da dama.  Tana da alaƙa da abokiyarta kuma abokiyar ƙabilar ra'ayin jama'a Addie Waites Hunton, wacce ta halarci taron ƙasa na NACW a 1912.  Minta ta kasance memba da ta kafa, kuma shugabar farko, ta ƙungiyar "Big Sister Club" ta Urban League, wadda ta mayar da hankali kan 'yan mata.  Don wannan, ta yi tafiye-tafiye sosai a faɗin ƙasar, tana yin lacca a madadin ƙungiyar.  Lokacin da mata suka sami ƙuri'a a shekarar 1917, ta ci gaba da aiki don ƙara shigar mata cikin rayuwar jama'a a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar mata ta jama'a a Brooklyn. 

A shekarar 1927, ta yi aiki a kwamitin zartarwa na ƙungiyar mata ta duniya mai suna "The International Women's International Peace and Foreign Relations",  wacce ita ce ke da alhakin shirya taron Pan-African Congress karo na huɗu, wanda aka gudanar a birnin New York.  Kwamitin ya haɗa da Hunton da Nina DuBois . 

Baya ga ayyukanta na al'umma da na fafutuka, Minta ta nuna goyon baya sosai ga karewa da haɓaka al'adu da gado na Baƙar fata.  Ta kasance mai himma wajen kiyaye Gidan Frederick Douglass, kuma mai tattara fasahar al'adun Afirka ce. 

Minta Bosley Allen Trotman ta mutu a ranar 3 ga Mayu, 1949, sakamakon bugun zuciya. Mijinta ya rasu, da 'ya'yansa biyu (Marian da Henry). Catherine Allen Latimer ta rasu a shekarar da ta gabata. 

## Manazarta
Harsunan Maningrida

**Maningrida**, wanda aka fi sani da **Burarran**, ƙaramin iyali ne na yarukan Aboriginal na Australiya da ake magana a arewacin Australia. Ya haɗa da harsuna huɗu, babu wani da ke da alaƙa da juna:

* Burarra
* Gurr-goni
* Ndjébbana
* Na'kara

Green ya kafa iyalin ta hanyar sake gina sauye-sauyen yanayi na Proto-Maningrida, kuma ya nuna ci gaba na yau da kullun wanda ya raba su da sauran Harsunan Arnhem.

## Kalmomin kalmomi
Capell (1942) ya lissafa abubuwa masu mahimmanci na asali don harsunan Maningrida. Gunavidji da Bunarra sun fito ne daga Capell (1940). 

## manazarta
Harsunan Marrku-Wurrugu

**Harsunan Marrku-[[Wurrugu language|Wurrugu]]** suna iya zama dangin harsuna na asalin Australiya da ake magana a Yankin Cobourg Peninsula na Yammacin Arnhem Land. Su ne yarukan Marrgu da Wurrugu da suka ƙare. An taɓa rarraba su a matsayin dangi mai nisa na yarukan Iwaidjan, har sai Nicholas Evans ya sami shaidar membobin Marrgu ba ta isa ba, ya kammala cewa kamanceceniya ta kasance saboda aro (gami da maganganun magana). 

Rukunin kwayar halitta na Marrgu da Wurrugu suna tallafawa ta hanyar abubuwan lura masu zuwa: 

* Duk da cewa Harsunan Garig-Ilgar sun raba su, harsunan biyu suna da ƙimar ƙwarewa mai yawa (15 daga cikin kalmomi 43 = ~ 35%).
* Dukkanin harsuna suna dauke da sautin interdental [dh], wanda ba ya cikin harsunan Iwaidjan da ke kewaye.

## Kalmomin kalmomi
Capell (1942) ya lissafa abubuwa masu mahimmanci masu zuwa: 

## Manazarta
Pauline Braddy

**Pauline Braddy Williams** (14 ga Fabrairu, 1922 - 28 ga Janairu, 1996)  ƙwararriyar mai buga ganga ta jazz ce ta Amurka. Ta yi kade-kade da ƙungiyar International Sweethearts of Rhythm, ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta mata da aka haɗa, daga 1939 zuwa 1955. Baƙar fata 'yar Amurka ce, an san ta da "Sarauniyar Ganga".

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Braddy, wacce aka haifa a Mendenhall, Mississippi, ta halarci Makarantar Rayuwa ta Piney Woods Country .   A makaranta, ta buga clarinet, kuma ta ce ta fara buga ganguna "bisa ga kuskure."  Lokacin da ƙungiyar mawakan makarantar suka je Memphis don yin wasa, mai buga ganguna ya daina kuma aka zaɓi Braddy don yin ganguna saboda kyawun yanayinta. 

Braddy ta shiga ƙungiyar International Sweethearts of Rhythm a shekarar 1939.  Ba wai kawai ta kasance mai buga ganga a ƙungiyar ba, har ma ta rera waƙa.  A shekarar 1944, sojoji da ke aiki a Hawaii sun sanya mata suna "Wallet Gal".  Braddy ta shiga rangadin ƙungiyar USO a Turai a shekarar 1945, kuma ta ci gaba da zama memba har zuwa 1955.  

A cikin rangadin USO, Sherrie Tucker ta rubuta cewa "Mawakan waƙa bayan waƙoƙin mawaƙa, gangunan Braddy suna jawo ihun tafi a kowace sabuwar tsarin wasan kwaikwayo na paradidles ."  A cikin wasan kwaikwayo na International Sweethearts of Rhythm, an ɗauki rawar da take yi a matsayin "haske" na ƙungiyar.  *Jaridar Tampa Bay Times* ta kira rawar da take yi da "abin sha'awa." 

Francis Davis a cikin *littafin The Philadelphia Inquirer* ya rubuta cewa ƙungiyar mawakan "tana da ƙarfin bugun ganga na Pauline Braddy."  An kuma kira ta da "Sarauniyar Ganga." 

Bayan rabuwar Sweethearts, ta koma New York ta zama mai buga ganga ga Vi Burnside All-Stars, Edna Smith Trio da Two Plus One.  Braddy ta koma Washington don kula da mahaifiyarta a shekarun 1960. Daga nan ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru ashirin a matsayin mai sarrafa allon sauyawa, ta yi ritaya a 1994. 

Braddy ta yi sha'awar yin magana game da tarihin Duniyar Masoya ta Rhythm, kuma ta ba wa marubuciya Antoinette D. Hardy bayanai da kuma abubuwan da suka faru a littafinta mai suna The International Sweethearts of Rhythm . Braddy ta koma Braxton, Mississippi bayan ta yi ritaya. Braddy ta mutu a gidanta a ranar 28 ga Janairu, 1996, tana da shekaru 73.

## Manazarta
Harsunan Misumalpan

**Harsunan **Misumalpa**** (kuma Misumalpa ko **Misuluan**) ƙananan iyali ne na harsuna da kungiyoyi daban-daban na 'yan asalin ƙasar ke magana a yankin da aka fi sani da Mosquitia, wanda ake kira a cikin Miskitu da Yapti Tasba Masrka ("Ƙasar Jama'a"). 

Sunan "Misumalpan" masanin ilimin ɗan adam na Amurka John Alden Mason ne ya kirkiro shi a farkon karni na 20 a matsayin kalmar kwatankwacin harshe. Ba sunan mai cin gashin kansa ba ne wanda kowanne daga cikin al'ummomin 'yan asalin da ya bayyana. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga sunayen rassa uku na iyali: Miskitu, Mayangna (sau da yawa ana kiranta Sumu / Sumo a cikin wallafe-wallafen da suka gabata), da yarukan Matagalpan.

Tushen masana sun lura cewa "Sumu / Sumo" sunaye ne, yayin da Mayangna shine sunan al'umma. Hakazalika, Miskitu shine sunan da aka fi so, yayin da "Miskito" ke nuna rubutun mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya da Ingilishi.

Walter Lehmann ne ya fara gane rukunin a matsayin dangin harshe a shekarar 1920. 

Duk harsunan da aka rubuta a reshen Matagalpan sun shuɗe, kodayake asalin al'adun Matagalpa ya ci gaba da wanzuwa.  &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup> Akasin haka, Miskitu da Mayangna har yanzu suna rayuwa a harsuna. Miskitu yana da  kimanin masu magana da harsuna 180,000–200,000 ne kuma suna aiki a matsayin harshen yanki na yankin a gabar tekun Caribbean.  

Yawancin masu magana da Mayangna suna da harsuna biyu ko dai a Miskitu ko Sifaniyanci, ya danganta da yankin.  <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

Masana [waɗanda?] sun jaddada cewa Miskitu, Mayangna, da Matagalpan suna wakiltar 'yan asalin ƙasar da tarihin su da kuma asalin su. 

Kalmar "Iyalin Misumalpan" tana nufin rarraba harshe ne kawai kuma ba ƙungiya ce ta al'adu, siyasa, ko kuma ta ainihi ba.

## Dangantaka ta waje
Kaufman (1990) ya sami alaƙa da Macro-Chibchan don zama "mai gamsarwa", amma masanin Misumalpan Ken Hale ya yi la'akari da yiwuwar alaƙa tsakanin Chibchan da Misumalpan don zama "da nisa sosai don kafawa".
## manazarta
Tarihin Taqi na Usmani

Littattafan Muhammad Taqi Usmani sun haɗa da littattafai, fassarori, sharhi, labaran da masanin shari'a Musulmi na Pakistan da masanin Taqi Usmani suka rubuta. Usmani wata iko ce a fannin kudi na Islama, doka da kuma ilimi.

Usmani ya rubuta littattafai sama da 143 a Larabci, Turanci da Urdu. Shi ne babban editan *Al-Balagh*, mujallar Darul Uloom Karachi ta kowane wata. Littattafansa sun haɗa da Mashahurin Urdu Tafsir Tauzeeh Al-Qur'an ko Aasan Tarjuma-e-Qur'a, Takmilat Fatḥ al-mulhim, *Uṣūl al-iftā" wa-ādābuhu*, Gabatarwa ga Kudin Musulunci, Ma'anar Alkur'ani Mai Girma tare da bayanin kula, Islam auridat J Pasandi da *Zikr-o-Fikr*.

## Ayyukan Larabci

* *Buḥūth fī qaḍāya fiqhīyah mu'āṣirah* (transl. ). 
* *Fiqh al-buyū' 'alá al-madhāhib al-arba'ah* (transl. ).
* *Maqālāt al-'Uthmānī* (fassara. ) 
* Shija na al-Nasraniya?  (transl. Menene Kiristanci?) 
* *Takmilat Fatḥ al-mulhim bi-sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Imām Muslim* (fassara. Ƙarin zuwa Fath al-mulhem). Ƙarin kundi shida wanda ya kammala Shabbir Ahmad Usmani da ba a gama ba game da Sahih Muslim. Usmani ya fara rubuta wannan aikin a 1977 kuma ya kammala shi a 1994. Wannan aikin yana da gabatarwa daga Abd al-Fattah Abu Ghudda, Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Muhammad Mukhtar al-Sallami, da Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi . 
* *Uṣūl al-iftā" wa-ādābuhu* (transl. Ka'idodin ifta da alamun sa). 

## Ayyukan Turanci

* *Gabatarwa ga Kudi na Musulunci*
* *Dalilai da Magani na Rikicin Kudi na Yanzu daga Ra'ayin Musulunci. *
* *Fataawa na zamani*
* *Watanni na Musulunci: Daraja da Dokoki*
* *Ikon Sunnah*
* *Hukuncin Tarihi game da Sha'awa da aka Ba da shi a Kotun Koli ta Pakistan*
* *Harshen Jumma'a Khutbah*
* *Alkur'ani mai daraja: Ma'ana tare da Bayani*

## Ayyukan Urdu

* *Ahkām-e-Etikāf* (fassara ). An buga fassarar daban.
* *An kira shi Kya Thy?*  (transl. Masanan Deoband Islamic Seminary) 
* *Dars Tarmizi*
* *Fard ki Islāh*
* Fatawa Usmani 
* *Hadhrat Ameer Mu'awiyah aur Tareekhi Haqa Sanyi* (Mai sukar *Khilafat ko Malukiyat*) 
* *Hakeemul Ummat Kay Siyasi Afkar* (transl. ) 
* *Islāhi Majālis (7 Vols.) *
* Islahi Khutbat (23 Vols.) 
* Islah-e-Muashara 
* *Musulunci aur Jidat Pasandi* (fassara ). An buga fassarar Turanci daban.
* Islama aur Siyasat-e-Hazirah (transl. Islama da Siyasa ta zamani) 
* *Musulunci Aur Siyasi Nazriyat*
* *Ma'asir Hazrat Arifi* (transl. ) 
* *Maghribi Mumalik Kay Jadeed Fiqhi Masa'il Aur Un Ka Hal*
* Mere Walid - Mere Shaikh 
* *Nuqoosh-e-Raftigan*
* *Tauzeeh Al-Alkur'ani* ko Aasan Tarjuma-e-Alkur" 
* Uloomu-l-Qur'an,  Usmāni ya rubuta gabatarwa ga Alkur'ani Ma'ariful, wanda ya raba kuma ya sake duba daga baya a matsayin Uloomu'l-Alkur'an. Swaleh Siddiqi ya fassara fassarar Turanci a matsayin Wani *Hanyar Kimiyya ta Alkur'ani*.
* *Taqleed Ki Shari'i Hasiyat* (transl. Matsayin Shari'a na Bi Madhab). An buga fassarar daban.
* *Taqrīr-e-Tirmizi*
* *Zikr-o-Fikr*

## Manazarta
Kalmomin Alkur'ani Mai Tsarki

Littafin Dictionary of the Holy Alkur'ani an shirya shi ne a shekarar 1969, ta hanyar Malik Ghulam Farid (1897-1977), sanannen masanin Ahmadiyya kuma Mishan. Marubucin, Malik Ghulam Farid, ya kuma shirya kundin biyar na The English Commentary of the Holy Alkur'ani, wanda ya rufe kusan shafuka 3,000. Ya rubuta cewa a lokacin aikin gyara na Commentary, ya kuma yi aiki a kan shirya Dictionary of the Holy Alkur'ani. Wannan ƙamus ya ƙunshi fiye da 1,400 tushen Larabci tare da abubuwan da aka samo asali. An bayyana kalmomin Larabci, tare da haruffa da barbashi a Turanci.

An nakalto Tushen tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani inda suke faruwa, don haka ƙamus ɗin ya zama wani nau'i na yarjejeniya na Alkur'an Mai Tsarki. Marubucin ya ce, "Dukan aikin ya dogara ne akan ƙamus na harshen Larabci kamar Lisan al-Arab, Taj al-'Arus, Mufradat na Imam Raghib, Larabci Ingilishi Lexicon na E. W. Lane da Aqrab AI-Mawar da sauransu.

An buga fitowar ta yanzu ta Islam International Publications Limited, "Islamabad", Sheephatch Lane, Tilford, Surrey GU10 2AQ UK (2006).  .

## Manazarta
Musulunci a Ƙasar Ingila

Musulunci shine addini na biyu mafi girma a Burtaniya, inda sakamakon kidayar jama'a ta 2021 ya nuna cewa Musulmai kasa da miliyan hudu ne, ko kuma kashi 6.0% na jimillar jama'ar da ke Burtaniya. [1] [2] Landan tana da mafi yawan jama'a kuma mafi yawan kaso (15%) na Musulmai a kasar. [3] [4] [5] Yawancin Musulmai 'yan Birtaniya a Burtaniya suna bin addinin Musulunci na Sunni, [6] yayin da kananan lambobi ke da alaƙa da Musuluncin Shi'a .

A lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, akwai iyakantaccen musayar al'adu tsakanin Kristanci da duniyar Islama.[1] Babu wani musulmi da aka kafa a cikin tsibirin Burtaniya, kodayake an rubuta ƙananan 'yan Salibiyya kamar yadda suka tuba a Gabas, gami da Robert na St Albans. A lokacin Zamanin Elizabethan, lambobin sadarwa sun zama mafi bayyane yayin da Tudors suka bi dangantakar diflomasiyya da kasuwanci tare da ikon musulmi, gami da Daular Ottoman, a wani bangare don magance Katolika Habsburg Spain.

## Manazarta
Lillian K. Bradley

**Lillian Katie Bradley** (15 ga Oktoba, 1921  – 11 ga Fabrairu, 1995  ) ƙwararriyar masaniyar lissafi ce ta Amurka wadda a shekarar 1960 ta zama mace 'yar asalin Afirka ta farko da ta sami digirin digirgir a kowane fanni a Jami'ar Texas da ke Austin .     Ta kammala wannan shekaru goma bayan an fara shigar da 'yan Afirka a makarantar, duk da ra'ayoyin wariya na RL Moore, farfesa mai tasiri a fannin lissafi a Jami'ar Texas da ke Austin. 

## Ilimi
An haifi Bradley a Tyler, Texas . Ta sami digirin farko a fannin lissafi a shekarar 1938 daga Kwalejin Texas, da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin lissafi a shekarar 1946 daga Jami'ar Michigan .  Ta kammala karatun digirin digirgir a Jami'ar Texas a watan Yulin 1960.  Rubutun digirinta, a fannin ilimin lissafi, ya kasance Kimanta Ingancin Kwas ɗin Lissafi na Kwaleji .

## Sana'a
Dr. Bradley ta riƙe mukamai da yawa na koyarwa a tsawon aikinta. Ta kasance malamar makaranta a wata makarantar sakandare ta Baƙar fata da ke Hawkins, Texas . Ta kuma koyar a Kwalejin Paul Quinn, da kuma Kwalejin Texas, kafin ta zama mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin lissafi a Kwalejin Prairie View A&amp;amp;M . A can, a tsakanin 1957 zuwa 1958, an ba ta lambar yabo ta National Science Faculty Fellowship, ɗaya daga cikin 100 kacal da aka ba wa a shekarar farko ta shirin.  A shekarar 1962 ta ƙaura daga Prairie View zuwa Jami'ar Texas Southern, a matsayin farfesa. 

Bradley ya mutu a watan Fabrairun 1995 yana da shekaru 76. 

## Manazarta
Mary Elizabeth reshe

**Mary Elizabeth Branch** (29 ga Mayu, 1881) A ranar 6 ga Yuli, 1944) malamar makaranta ce kuma mai kula da ilimi a Amurka. Ta kasance Baƙar fata, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Kwalejin Tillotson (yanzu Jami'ar Huston–Tillotson), wata HBCU a Austin, Texas. Ita ce shugabar mace ta farko a kwalejin.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Branch a ranar 29 ga Mayu, 1881, a Farmville, Virginia, ga iyayenta da suka riga suka zama bayi a baya , Tazewell Branch da Harriet Branch. Mahaifinta ya yi aiki sau biyu a Virginia House of Delegates . Iyayenta duka sun yi karatu da rubutu, kuma suna koyar da Mary a gida, duk da cewa ita ma tana makaranta.

Bayan kammala karatun sakandare ta sami digirin koyarwa a Kwalejin Jihar Virginia (wanda yanzu ita ce Jami'ar Jihar Virginia ), kuma ta koyar a wata makarantar firamare a Blackstone, Virginia . 

## Sana'ar ƙwararru
Reshe ta koma Kwalejin Jihar Virginia don koyarwa; ta zauna a can tsawon shekaru ashirin, kuma a lokaci guda ta sami digiri na BA (1922) sannan ta sami digiri na MA (1925) daga Jami'ar Chicago . 

Bayan Kwalejin Jihar Virginia, Branch ta zama shugabar makarantar sakandare ta Vashon da ke St Louis. Bayan haka ta zama shugabar makarantar sakandare ta Tillotson da ke Austin, Texas, inda ta zauna har zuwa lokacin ritaya. Kwalejin ta ga raguwar masu shiga makarantar, kuma shekara guda kafin isowar Branch an mayar da ita zuwa kwalejin ƙaramar makaranta ta mata. An gina sabbin gine-gine a reshen kuma an gyara waɗanda ke akwai. An faɗaɗa ɗakin karatu, haka nan ma adadin malamai.  Tare da nasarar dabarun ɗaukar ma'aikata, tare da taimakon iyawarta na tara kuɗi, ta sami nasarar haɓaka yawan masu shiga makarantar daga ƙasa da 150 a 1930 zuwa 500. Ta kuma ƙarfafa alaƙa da al'umma. 

Bayan shekaru biyar, Tillotson ta zama jami'a mai haɗin gwiwa na shekaru huɗu kuma ta shiga Ƙungiyar Kwalejoji ta Amurka. Branch ita ce mace 'yar Afirka ta farko kuma ita kaɗai ta zama shugabar wata cibiya a cikin wannan ƙungiyar. A shekarar 1944, ta taimaka wajen kafa Asusun Kwalejin United Negro (UNCF) kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar reshen Austine. Branch memba ce ta Alpha Kappa Alpha . 

Ta rasu a shekarar 1944 a Baltimore, Maryland . 

## Kyaututtuka
A shekarar 1935, Lyndon B. Johnson ta naɗa ta a matsayin memba na Hukumar Ba da Shawara kan Harkokin Matasa ta Ƙasa ta Texas. A makarantar da ta yi karatu, Jami'ar Jihar Virginia ta sanya wa wurin zama suna bayan Reshe. An ba wa Reshen lambar yabo daga Kwalejin Jihar Virginia da Jami'ar Howard . 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin shugabannin Jami'ar Huston-Tillotson

## Manazarta
Loretta Braxton

Loretta Marion Murray Braxton (Janairu 19, 1934 - Fabrairu 19, 2019) ƙwararriyar lissafi ce 'yar Amurka wadda ta jagoranci sashen lissafi a Jami'ar Jihar Virginia tsawon shekaru da yawa.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Asalin Braxton 'yar asalin Winston-Salem ce, North Carolina . Bayan ta zama mai kula da harkokin valedictorian a Makarantar Sakandare ta Atkins da ke Winston-Salem, ta yi karatun lissafi a Jami'ar Virginia Union, wata jami'a ta baƙar fata da ta taɓa zama a Richmond, Virginia, sannan ta kammala karatun digiri *na magna cum laude* a shekarar 1955.

Da wannan digirin, ta koma Makarantar Sakandare ta Atkins a matsayin malamar lissafi, sannan ta kuma koyar a matakin ƙaramar makarantar sakandare a Norfolk, Virginia .  

## Karatun digiri da kuma aikin ilimi
A shekarar 1962, ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin lissafi daga Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign, kuma ta ɗauki matsayin malamar lissafi a Kwalejin Jihar Virginia, wadda daga baya ta zama Jami'ar Jihar Virginia.  

Yayin da take ci gaba a Jihar Virginia, ta sami digirin digirgir na ilimi, wanda ya ƙware a fannin ilimin lissafi, a Jami'ar Virginia a shekarar 1973.   Rubutun digirinta na farko shi ne *Tasirin Koyarwa a Fahimtar Ma'ana kan Ci gaban Ƙwarewar Tunani Mai Ma'ana na Ɗaliban Makarantar Sakandare* . 

An ƙara mata matsayi a fannin ilimi a Jihar Virginia, inda ta kammala karatunta na cikakken farfesa, sannan ta zama shugabar sashen lissafi daga 1977 zuwa 1992, lokacin da ta yi ritaya a matsayin Farfesa Emerita.  

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Braxton ta auri wani limamin Baptist, Rev. Dr. Harold E. Braxton, wanda ya zama darektan nazarin addini kuma shugaban ilimin ɗan adam da zamantakewa a Jihar Virginia.  Ta rasu a watan Fabrairun 2019. 

## Manazarta
Marjorie Adele Blackistone Bradfield

**Marjorie Adele Blackistone Bradfield** (10 ga Mayu, 1911 - 19 ga Nuwamba, 1999) ma'aikaciyar laburare ce 'yar Amurka wadda ta yi aiki a ɗakin karatu na jama'a na Detroit da makarantun gwamnati na Detroit . Ita ce ma'aikaciyar laburare ta farko 'yar Afirka-Amurka da aka ɗauka aiki a ɗakin karatu na jama'a na Detroit. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Marjorie Adele Blackistone a ranar 10 ga Mayu, 1911, a Washington, DC  

Blackistone ta sami digiri daga Jami'ar Michigan a shekarar 1934 kuma ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Ayyukan Laburare ta Jami'ar Columbia a shekarar 1935.  Ta auri Horace Ferguson Bradfield, likita, a shekarar 1938.  Ta koma Jami'ar Michigan kuma ta sami digiri na biyu a Kimiyyar Laburare a shekarar 1940. 

## Sana'a
A shekarar 1935, Blackistone ya zama ma'aikacin laburare a Makarantar Sakandare ta Roosevelt da ke Gary, Indiana . 

An ɗauki Bradfield aiki a ɗakin karatu na jama'a na Detroit a shekarar 1938, inda ta zama ƙwararren mai kula da laburare na farko a can.  Ta yi aiki don inganta albarkatun ɗakin karatu game da Baƙar fata 'Yan Amurka, kuma ta taimaka wajen kafa tarin Tarihin Baƙar fata na ɗakin karatu.  Bradfield ta bar ɗakin karatu don renon 'ya'yanta biyu a shekarar 1950, amma ta dawo a shekarar 1964, ta ci gaba da aikinta na gina tarin adabin baƙar fata na ɗakin karatu.  A shekarar 1967 Majalisar Birnin Detroit ta ƙara kuɗaɗen tallafin littattafai ga tsirarun tsiraru saboda ƙoƙarinta, gami da kuɗi don taimakawa wajen faɗaɗa tarin adabin baƙar fata na ɗakin karatu na Azalia Hackley game da fasahar wasan kwaikwayo.  Shawarar da ta bayar na ɗaukar Clara Stanton Jones aiki a matsayin mai kula da laburare na farko na baƙar fata na ɗakin karatu na Detroit ya yi tasiri. 

A shekarar 1968, Bradfield ta zama babbar mai kula da laburare ta tsarin Makarantun Jama'a na Detroit, inda ta kafa shirye-shiryen adabi don Watan Tarihin Baƙar fata.  A shekarar 1980 ta yi ritaya daga Makarantun Jama'a na Detroit.

Bradfield ya mutu a Detroit, Michigan, a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, 1999. 

## Manazarta
Cornificia

**Cornificia** (c. 85 BC - c. 40 BC) mawakiya ce  ta Romawa kuma marubuciyar rubutun ƙarni na 1 BC.

## Rayuwa
Cornificia na cikin ƙarni na ƙarshe na Jamhuriyar Roma.

'Yar Quintus Cornificius kuma 'yar'uwar mawaki, praetor da *augur* Cornificium, Cornificia ta auri wani mutum mai suna Camerius. Jane Stevenson ta ba da shawarar cewa wannan na iya zama wannan Camerius wanda ya kasance aboki na mawaki Catullus, wanda aka ambata a cikin waka ta 55.

Gaskiyar cewa ɗan'uwan Cornificia ya zama praetor da *augur* ya nuna cewa iyalin suna da matsayi mai girma. **'Firayim Minista**' majistare ne da / ko kwamandan soja, yayin da *augur* firist ne wanda aikinsa shine 'karɓar auspices', yana fassara nufin alloli ta hanyar nazarin ayyukan tsuntsaye.

Marubucin Christine na Pisan ya yi nuni da Cornificia a cikin littafinta The Book of the City of Ladies (1405), yana mai cewa tana da iyawa don ilmantarwa, musamman shayari da kimiyya.

## Ayyuka
Dukkanin aikin Cornificia ya ɓace.[1] Sunan ta a matsayin mawaki ya dogara ne akan Tarihi St Jerome na ƙarni na 4 (347-420 AD). A rubuce-rubuce game da ɗan'uwanta Cornificius, Jerome ya ce: "Huius soror Cornificia, cuius insignia extant epigrammata" (Yar'uwarsa ita ce Cornificia , wanda sanannun epigrams suka tsira). [2] Wannan dole ne ya nuna cewa har yanzu ana karanta aikinta kimanin shekaru ɗari huɗu bayan mutuwarta.

Cornificia tana ɗaya daga cikin batutuwa 106 na littafin Giovanni Boccaccio On Famous Women (De mulieribus claris, 1362 AD), wanda ya ce game da ita: 

Masanin ilimin ɗan adam na Renaissance Laura Cereta ya rubuta a cikin wata wasika zuwa ga Bibolo Semproni: "Ka kara da Cornificia, 'yar'uwar mawaki Cornificius, wacce sadaukarwarta ga wallafe-wallafen ta haifar da irin wannan 'ya'yan itace cewa an kula da ita a kan madarar Castalian Muses kuma wanda ya rubuta rubutun da kowane jumla ya sami furanni na Heliconian" 

## Abin tunawa
Wani abin tunawa ga Cornificia da ɗan'uwanta ya tsira a Roma, rubutun yana karantawa - CORNIFICIA Q. F. CAMERI Q. CORNIFIUS Q. F, FRATER PR. AUGUR (Cornificia, 'yar Quintus, matar Camerius,  ɗan'uwanta Quintus Cornificius, Praetor da Augur). [and]

## Manazarta
Elephantis

**Elephantis** (Girkanci na dā) (fl. ƙarshen ƙarni na 1 BC) mawaki ne na Girka kuma likita wanda ya shahara a duniyar gargajiya a matsayin marubucin sanannen littafin jima'i. Saboda shahararren 'yan majalisa da ke ɗaukar sunayen dabbobi a lokutan gargajiya, mai yiwuwa Elephantis mutane biyu ne ko fiye na wannan sunan. Babu wani daga cikin ayyukanta da ya tsira, kodayake an ambaci su a wasu matani na dā.

## Ayyuka
Ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin da ke cikin *Priapeia* yana nufin littattafanta:

: 

("Lalage ya keɓe hadaya ga Allah na azzakari mai tsaye, yana kawo hotuna marasa kunya daga littattafan Elephantis, kuma yana rokonsa ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi koyi da ita da nau'ikan jima'i na adadi a cikin zane-zane). 

Kuma Yaƙi rubutun da mawaki na Roman Martial, wanda Smithers da Burton suka haɗa a cikin tarin waƙoƙin su game da Priapus, ya karanta:

("Wadannan ayoyi kamar yadda 'ya'yan Didymus ba su sani ba, ko kuma littattafan da aka lalata na Elephantis, waɗanda aka tsara sababbin nau'o'in soyayya.") [1] An karanta "Novae figurae" a matsayin "novem figurae" (watau, "nau'o'i tara" na soyayya, maimakon "sabon siffofi" na soyayya), don haka wasu masu sharhi sun ƙaddara cewa ta lissafa matsayi daban-daban na jima'i.[2]

Pliny the Elder ya yi nuni da aikinta a matsayin mai juna biyu, kuma Galen ya lura da ikonta na warkar da gemu.

Ta kuma rubuta wani jagora game da kayan shafawa da kuma wani game da zubar da ciki.

## Manazarta
Unoma Ndili Okorafor

Unoma Ndiomali Okorafor masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta ne kuma ƴar kasuwa ce ta Najeriya. Okorafor ta kafa Working to Advance African Women, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke tallafawa ilimin mata na Afirka a kimiyya, fasaha, injiniya, da lissafi (STEM) a cikin 2007. Ita ce babban jami'in zartarwa a Herbal Goodness da Fairview Data Technologies .

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Okorafor ne a Najeriya. Ita ce ta biyar ta Frank Nwachukwu Ndili, masanin kimiyyar nukiliya na farko a Najeriya kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka .

Ta yi karatun injiniyan kwamfuta da lantarki a Jami'ar Legas, ta kammala a shekara ta 2008.  Ta koma Texas don karatun digiri, ta sami digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Rice a shekara ta 2001 da kuma PhD daga Jami'ar Texas A & M a shekara ta 2008.  A Jami'ar Texas A&amp;amp;M ta kasance Masanin Gidauniyar Sloan . Dokta ta PhD, Secure Integrated Routing and Localization in Wireless Optical Sensor Networks, Deepa Kundur ne ke kula da ita. Daga nan sai ta shiga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Stanford, inda ta kammala Shirin Zartarwa a Kasuwancin Jama'a. Ta kuma kammala shirin Kasuwancin Jama'a a INSEAD . 

## Ayyuka
Okorafor ta yi aiki a Texas Instruments, Intel, Hewlett-Packard da IBM. A shekara ta 2007, yayin kammala karatunta na PhD, Okorafor ta kafa Working to Advance African Women (WAAW).  WAAW wata kungiya ce ta 501 (c)  ba don riba ba wacce ke inganta ilimin STEM ga matan Afirka.  Ta ƙaddamar da shirin tare da tanadi da ta yi a matsayin ɗalibar digiri. WAAW tana gudanar da shirye-shirye 13 a Ghana, Kenya, Uganda, Kamaru, Malawi, Togo, Najeriya da Afirka ta Kudu. Suna da 'yan sa kai sama da ɗari kuma suna kaiwa dubban' yan mata a shekara. Tare da ilimantar da mata matasa, Okorafor yana aiki tare da al'ummomi da iyalai don tabbatar da cewa babu wanda ke ƙoƙarin dakatar da 'yan mata da zabar batutuwan STEM.

Okorafor farfesa ce mai ziyara a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Afirka, inda take koyar da darussan kimiyyar kwamfuta. Ita ce babban jami'in zartarwa a Herbal Goodness, Fairview Data Technologies, da Radicube Technologies.

### Kyaututtuka da girmamawa

* 2018 - Daya daga cikin Mata 100 na OkayAfrica a cikin 2018
* 2016 - ITU da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya GEM Tech Award 
* 2013 - Kyautar Wakilin Canjin Jama'a ta Anita Borg
* 2010 - Crans Montana Shugabannin Forum "Future World leader"

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Okorafor ta auri Ekpe Okorafor kuma tana da 'ya'ya uku. 

## Dubi kuma

* Rita Orji
* Adenike Osofisan
* Nonye Soludo

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Lora Aborn

**Lora Aborn Busck** (Mayu 30, 1907 - Agusta 25, 2005) mawakiya ce 'yar Amurka.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Lora Aborn a Birnin New York kuma ta fara karatun fiyano, ka'idar kiɗa da tsarin waka a Makarantar Kiɗa ta Effa Ellis Perfield. Ta ci gaba da karatun fiyano da murya a California kuma ta yi wakoki a cikin ƙungiyar jazz. Ta halarci Oberlin Conservatory inda ta karanci salon waka a karkashin Dokta George W. Andrews . 

Aborn ta ci gaba da karatun ta a Cibiyar Conservatory ta Amurka a Birnin Chicago a karkashin John Palmer kuma an ba ta lambar zinare don wakai a yayin kammala karatun. Ta yi wakoki da dama da aka biya ta, kuma an buga waƙarta kuma an tattara su a Amurka, China da Turai. An girmama ta a cikin jerin manyan mawaƙa mata na Amurka.

Na tsawon shekaru, Aborn ta kasance mai shiryawa, darektan kiɗa kuma mawaƙiya-mai zama a gida a cocin *[[:en:Unitarian_Universalism|Unitarian Universalist Church]], [[:en:Frank_Lloyd_Wright|Frank Lloyd Wright]]’s [[:en:Unity_Temple|Unity Temple]]*. Ta auri Harry Busck, mai sayar da littattafai na dā wanda ya mutu a 1999,  kuma yana da 'ya'ya mata biyu.  Aborn ya mutu a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, 2005, a Birnin Chicago.

An sanya wa wani nau'in kwaro sunan Lora Aborn's don girmama ta.

## Ayyuka
Aborn ta rera ballets guda biyar, opera biyu, wakokin coci, murya da ayyukan mawaƙa.
 

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

* 
* Tattaunawa da Lora Aborn, Mayu 17, 1999
Lars Kinström

**Lars Kinström**, an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1710 a Risinge, Östergötland, ya mutu a ranar 6 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 1763 a Hedvig Eleonora Parish a Stockholm, ya kasance mawakin Sweden ne kuma mai kirkirar kayan kida. Dan uwansa Matthias Lundbom ya kasance mai kirkirar fiyano kuma mai ba da gudummawa a Stockholm. Matar sa Christina Kinström ta ci gaba da kasuwancin bayan mutuwarsa.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Kinström a shekara ta 1710 a Ikklisiyar Risinge a Östergötland kuma ɗa ne ga  kwamandan Finspång Castle, Vaste Kinström (1673-1738) da Rebecka Wetterström (ya mutu a shekara ta 1799).  Mahaifinsa ya fito ne daga Kisa kuma mahaifiyarsa mai yiwuwa ta kasance daga dangin Wetterström wanda ke da alaƙa da Malexander. Kinström ya yi karatu a Uppsala a cikin 1730-1731. Ya kasance mai kula da majami'a a cikin 1736-1737 a cikin majami'ar Strängnäs . Kinström ya kasance organist 1738-1763 a Ladugårdsland a Stockholm kuma yana da wurin aiki a cocin Hedvig Eleonora . Sun zauna a can a cikin rukunin Walfisken na 39. A shekara ta 1741 an ba shi matsayi a matsayin mai kula da majami'ar a cikin Cathedral na Turku, amma bai taɓa ɗaukar matsayin ba.

A shekara ta 1742, an ba Kinström damar gina harpsichords, clavichords, clavier d'amours, da sauransu. Ya kuma kirkiri cymbals da kayan ayyukan waka.

Yana da gida a cikin gidajen Walfisken, mai lamba 35, a Hedvig Eleonora.  

Kinström ya mutu daga bugun jini a shekara ta 1763 a Hedvig Eleonora kuma an binne shi a ranar 10 ga Disamba.  Bayan mutuwarsa, matarsa Christina ta zama mai mallakar kamfanin da ke ɗauke da sunansa, sannan matafiyi Matthias Lundbom yana mata aiki. 

## Iyali
Kinström ya auri Maria Elisabeth Ekman (ya mutu a shekara ta 1748) a kusa da shekara ta 1736. Ita ce mawakiya mai suna Lars Ekman a Strängnäs. Tare suna da Rebecka Christina (an haife ta kafin 1736), Johanna Charlotta (an haifa ta 1739), Catharina Elisabeth (an haifu ta 1742), Maja Gretha (an haifi ta 1745) da Yakubu (an haifee ta 1746). Auren Kinström na biyu ya kasance da Christina Westervik a ranar 10 ga Oktoba 1751 a Ikklisiyar Hedvig Eleonora, Stockholm . Ita 'yar masassaƙin Erik Westerwik ce. Tare suna da 'ya'ya Lars (an haife shi a shekara ta 1753), Erik Vaste (an haifee shi a shekara ya 1755), ɗa (an haifi shi a shekara de 1757) da Johan Gustaf (an haifa shi a shekara wa 1759). 

## Kayan kida

### Wakoki

### Maɓallan maɓalli

* 1748 - Clavichord tare da haɗe da pedal. A yau a Gidan Tarihi na Jämtland.
* 1752 - Clavichord. Ya kasance na Vicke Andrén a cikin 1903. Yanzu a Gidan Tarihin Kiɗa, Stockholm.
* Harpsichords guda biyu.

## Abokan aiki

* Anders Svalberg (an haife shi a shekara ta 1715). Ya kasance mai tafiya tare da Kinström a cikin 1754. Ya yi aure.
* Jacob Westervik ya kasance mai tafiya tare da Kinström a cikin 1760. 
* Matthias Lundbom ya kasance ɗan koyo tare da Kinström a cikin 1760. 

## Manazarta

## Tushen labari

* *Stockholms rådhusrätt* sashi na 1 (A, AB) F1A:149 (1751) shafuka 763-767
* *Stockholms rådhusrätt* sashi na 1 (A, AB) F1A:197 (1764) shafuka 949-955
* *Stockholms rådhusrätt* sashi na 1 (A, AB) F1A:284 (1786) shafuka 71-75
*
Olatorera Oniru

**Olatorera Oniru** (an haife ta a ranar 3 ga Maris 1987) 'Yar kasuwa ce kuma babbar jami'ar kasuwanci ta Najeriya wacce aka san ta da aikinta a fannin dillalan kayayyaki ta yanar gizo da harkokin kasuwanci na dijital a Afirka. Ita ce wadda ta kafa kuma babbar jami'ar gudanarwa ta Dressmeoutlet.com, wani dandali na kasuwanci ta intanet wanda aka ƙirƙira don tallata kayan kwalliya, kwalliya, da salon rayuwa na Afirka ga abokan ciniki a ciki da wajen Afirka. Aikinta ya mayar da hankali kan taimaka wa masu zane-zane na gida da ƙananan kasuwanci su isa ga kasuwanni masu faɗi ta intanet.      

An haifi Oniru a Ibadan, Jihar Oyo, Najeriya, kuma ta shafe wasu sassan rayuwarta a Najeriya da Amurka . Ta karanci harkokin gudanar da kasuwanci da kasuwanci a Jami'ar Jihar North Carolina A&amp;amp;T, sannan daga baya ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Kasuwanci (MBA) daga Jami'ar Emory . Kafin ta fara kamfaninta, ta yi aiki a fannin kamfanoni, inda ta sami gogewa a fannin kuɗi, haɓaka kasuwanci, da kasuwannin duniya. 

A shekarar 2015, ta ƙaddamar da Dressmeoutlet.com da nufin tallafawa samfuran Afirka da faɗaɗa damarmakin kasuwanci na dijital a nahiyar. Ayyukanta na kasuwanci sun kawo mata karɓuwa a fannin kasuwanci da jagoranci, musamman a tattaunawa game da mata a fannin kasuwanci da kirkire-kirkire. Tana kuma shiga cikin shirye-shiryen jagoranci da jawabai na jama'a waɗanda ke ƙarfafa ci gaban matasa da ci gaban kasuwanci a Afirka.

## Nassoshi
Ibironke Akinsete

**Ibironke Akinsete** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1938) farfesa ce ' yar Najeriya a fannin ilimin jini da kuma zubar jini kuma mai fafutukar kare lafiyar mata .   Ta zaɓi ilimin jini a matsayin hanyar aikinta saboda tana sha'awar jini da yadda ake samar da jikin ɗan adam. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Ibironke Akinsete ta sami digirinta na likitanci daga Jami'ar Aberdeen, Scotland. Ta kuma sami wasu takaddun shaida da ake buƙata kan nazarin Haematology daga Jami'ar Aberdeen .

Akinsete ta yi aiki a Jami'ar Legas, inda ta yi aiki kuma ta yi ritaya a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Sashen Ilimin Haematology, a Kwalejin Magunguna.  Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Hukumar Zubar da Jini ta Jihar Legas. Ita kuma amintacce ce a Shirin Rigakafin Cutar Kanjamau a Najeriya kuma mai kula da rayuwarta na Ƙungiyar Mata da Kanjamau a Afirka, Najeriya (SWAAN), Farfesa Akinsete ta kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Ayyuka na Ƙasa kan Cutar Kanjamau-NACA. 

An nada Akinsete a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Najeriya a shekarar 2006.  A shekarar 2017, an ba ta lambar yabo ta nasarorin rayuwa a lambar yabo ta Najeriya ta musamman kan harkokin kiwon lafiya (NHEA) saboda jajircewarta ga inganci da kuma ingancin kiwon lafiya.  

## Nassoshi
Chinonye Chidolue

**Chinonye J. Chidolue** jaruma ce ta Nollywood, marubuciya, lauya, kuma mai aikin tallace-tallace daga Najeriya. Ta shahara saboda rawar da ta taka a fina-finai da dama, tare da rubuce-rubucenta na motsa rai da ci gaban kai.

## Rayuwa da Ilimi
Chidolue ta fito daga jihar Anambra, amma ta tashi a birnin Lagos. Ta yi karatun Lauya a Houdegbe North American University da ke Jamhuriyar Benin, inda ta kasance Babban Edita na ƙungiyar marubuta masu ƙirƙira.

## Aikin Fim
Ta fito a cikin shahararrun fina-finai da shirye-shiryen talabijin kamar:
* *King of Boys*
* *Crazy, Lovely, Cool*
* *Heart & Soul*
* *The Order of Things*
* *Choke*
* *Sleep Away*
* *Children of the Streets*
* *Mama’s Love*

Ta lashe lambar yabo ta **Best Supporting Actress** saboda rawar da ta taka a gajeren fim ɗin *Waiting for You*.

## Rubuce-rubuce
Baya ga yin fim, Chidolue marubuciya ce mai motsa rai, mawaƙiya, mai rubuta allo (screenwriter), da kuma mai rubuta blog kan ci gaban kai. Rubuce-rubucenta na ɗauke da tasirin tarbiyyar da ta samu daga iyali mai ƙa’idoji da darajoji.

## Aikin Tallace-tallace
Chidolue tana da fiye da shekaru shida a fannin tallace-tallace, inda ta yi aiki da kamfanoni kamar:
* Bet Ensured
* Diva’s Secret
* Delmar Inverters
* Premium Pension

## Girmamawa
Aikin ta mai fadi – daga lauya, rubutu, fim, har zuwa tallace-tallace – ya sanya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mata a masana’antar ƙirƙira ta Najeriya.

## Manazarta