James Cook

**James Cook** FRS (7 ga watan Nuwambar shekarar 1728  -14 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 1779) ɗan ƙasar Biritaniya ne mai bincike, navigator, zane-zane, kuma kyaftin a cikin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Burtaniya, Wanda ya shahara da tafiye-tafiye uku tsakanin shekarata 1768 da 1779 a Tekun  Pasifik da zuwa kasar New Zealand. da kasar Australia musamman. Ya yi cikakkun taswirori na Newfoundland kafin yayi balaguro sau uku zuwa tekun Pasifik, a lokacin da ya sami nasarar isar Turai ta farko zuwa  gabar tekun gabashin kasar Ostiraliya da tsibiran Hawai, da zagaye na farko na kasar New Zealand.

Cook ya shiga aikin sojan ruwa na Burtaniya lokacin yana matashi kuma ya shiga Rundunar Sojojin ruwa a shekarar 1755. Ya ga wani mataki a Yaƙin Shekara Bakwai kuma daga baya ya yi nazari tare da tsara taswira da yawa na ƙofar kogin St. Wannan yabo ya zo a wani lokaci mai mahimmanci ga jagorancin binciken Birtaniya na ketare, kuma ya jagoranci hukumarsa a shekarar 1768 a matsayin kwamandan HMS. Ƙoƙari don farkon tafiya guda uku na Pacific.

A cikin waɗannan tafiye-tafiyen, Cook ya yi tafiya na dubban mil a wurare da ba a san shi ba na duniya. Ya tsara filaye daga New Zealand zuwa Hawaii a cikin Tekun Pasifik daki-daki da ma'auni da masu binciken Yammacin Turai ba su tsara a baya ba. Ya yi nazari da sunaye fasali, kuma ya rubuta tsibirai da bakin teku akan taswirorin Turai a karon farko. Ya kuma nuna haɗe-haɗe na jirgin ruwa, ingantaccen bincike da fasaha na zane-zane, ƙarfin hali, da ikon jagorantar maza a cikin yanayi mara kyau.

An kai wa Cook hari tare da kashe shi a shekara ta 1779 a lokacin balaguron bincike na uku da ya yi a tekun Pacific a lokacin da yake yunkurin yin garkuwa da shugaban da ke mulki a tsibirin Hawai`i, Kalani`ōpu`u, domin kwato wani tsinke da aka karbo daga daya daga cikin jiragen ruwa bayan da ma'aikatansa suka dauko itace daga binne shi. ƙasa. Duk da yake akwai cece-kuce game da matsayin Cook a matsayin 'mai ba da ikon mulkin mallaka'  da kuma tashin hankalin da ke tattare da hulɗarsa da 'yan asalin ƙasar, ya bar gadon ilimin kimiyya da yanki wanda ya yi tasiri ga magajinsa har zuwa 20th.&nbsp;karni, kuma an keɓe masa abubuwan tunawa da yawa a dukan duniya.

## Ƙuruciya da iyali
An haifi James Cook a ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1728 ( NS ) a ƙauyen Marton a Arewacin Riding na Yorkshire kuma an yi masa baftisma a ranar 14 ga watan Nuwamba (NS) a cocin Ikklesiya na St Cuthbert, inda za a iya ganin sunansa a cikin rajistar cocin.   Shi ne na biyu a cikin 'ya'ya takwas na James Cook (1693-1779), ma'aikacin gona dan kasar  Scotland daga Ednam a Roxburghshire, da matarsa da aka haifa a gida, Grace Pace (1702-1765), daga Thornaby-on-Tees.    A cikin shekarar 1736, danginsa sun ƙaura zuwa gonar Airey Holme a Great Ayton, inda ma'aikacin mahaifinsa, Thomas Skottowe, ya biya shi don halartar makarantar gida. A shekara ta 1741, bayan ya yi makaranta na shekaru biyar, ya fara aiki ga mahaifinsa, wanda aka kara masa girma zuwa manajan gona. Duk da cewa bai yi karatun boko ba, ya zama gwani a fannin lissafi, ilmin taurari da kuma zane-zane a lokacin tafiyarsa ta *Endeavor*.  Don nishaɗi, zai hau dutsen kusa, Roseberry Topping, yana jin daɗin damar kaɗaici.  Cooks' Cottage, gidan iyayensa na ƙarshe, wanda mai yiwuwa ya ziyarta, yanzu yana cikin Melbourne, Ostiraliya, bayan an ɗauke shi daga Ingila kuma an sake haɗa shi, brick by brick, a cikin shekarar 1934. 

A cikin shekarar 1745, lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 16, Cook ya ƙaura  zuwa ƙauyen masu kamun kifi na Staithes, wanda za a koya a matsayin ɗan kanti ga mai siyar da kayan abinci da haberdasher William Sanderson.  Masana tarihi sun yi hasashen cewa a nan ne Cook ya fara jin ruɗin teku a lokacin da ya leƙa ta tagar shagon. 

Bayan watanni 18, ba tare da tabbatar da dacewa da aikin shago ba, Cook ya yi tafiya zuwa garin Whitby da ke kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa don gabatar da abokan Sanderson John da Henry Walker.  Masu tafiya, waɗanda suke Quakers, sun kasance fitattun masu mallakar jirgin ruwa a cikin cinikin kwal. Gidansu yanzu shine Gidan kayan tarihi na Kyaftin Cook Memorial. An dauki Cook a matsayin dan kasuwa da ke koyon aikin sojan ruwa a cikin ƴan ƙananan jiragen ruwansu, masu tuka gawayi a gabar tekun Ingila. Aikinsa na farko shi ne a cikin jirgin *ruwa mai suna Freelove*, kuma ya shafe shekaru da yawa a kan wannan da sauran jiragen ruwa daban-daban, yana tafiya tsakanin Tyne da London. A matsayin wani ɓangare na karatunsa, Cook ya yi amfani da kansa ga nazarin algebra, geometry, trigonometry, kewayawa da falaki  duk ƙwarewar da zai buƙaci wata rana don ba da umarnin jirgin nasa. 

Koyarwarsa na shekaru uku ya kammala, Cook ya fara aiki akan jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci a cikin Tekun Baltic. Bayan ya ci jarrabawar sa a shekara ta 1752, nan da nan ya ci gaba ta hanyar sojan ruwa na 'yan kasuwa, inda ya fara da *haɓakarsa* a wannan shekarar don ya yi aure a cikin ƙungiyar abokantaka.  A cikin shekarar 1755, a cikin wata guda da aka ba da umarnin wannan jirgin ruwa, ya ba da kansa don hidima a cikin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa, lokacin da Biritaniya ta sake yin amfani da abin da zai zama Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai. Duk da buƙatar farawa a ƙasan matsayi na sojan ruwa, Cook ya gane cewa aikinsa zai ci gaba da sauri a cikin aikin soja kuma ya shiga sojan ruwa a Wapping a  17 ga watan Yunin shekarar 1755. 

Cook ya auri Elizabeth Batts, 'yar Samuel Batts, mai kula da Bell Inn a Wapping  kuma ɗaya daga cikin masu ba shi shawara, a ranar 21 ga watan Disamban shekarar 1762 a St Margaret's Church, Barking, Essex.  Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya shida: James (1763-1794), Nathaniel (1764-1780, sun ɓace a cikin HMS). Thunderer wanda ya kafa tare da dukkan hannaye a cikin guguwa a yammacin Indiya), Elizabeth (1767-1771), Joseph (1768-1768), George (1772-1772) da Hugh (1776-1793, wanda ya mutu daga zazzabi mai zafi yayin da yake dalibi). a Kwalejin Kristi, Cambridge ). Lokacin da ba a teku ba, Cook ya rayu a Gabashin Ƙarshen London. Ya halarci Cocin St Paul, Shadwell, inda aka yi wa dansa James baftisma. Cook ba shi da zuriyar kai tsaye-duk 'ya'yansa sun mutu kafin su haifi 'ya'yansu. 

## Manazarta