Catherine Ray

Catherine Ray (an haife ta a kusa da 1830) ta kasance matafiyi, marubuciya, malama, mai gyara zamantakewa da siyasa, kuma mai fassara Turanci na farko na Ibsen.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Catherine Ray kuma ta girma a Suffolk .  Mahaifinta ya mutu lokacin da take 'yar shekara uku, kuma tana fama da rashin lafiya akai-akai tun tana yarinya. Bayan rasuwar mahaifiyarta, wacce Catherine ta kula da ita a cikin rashin lafiya ta ƙarshe, ta fara shekaru ashirin da biyar na tafiya akai-akai, ta ziyarci Scandinavia, Rasha, nahiyar Turai da Ostiraliya. Ta koyar da Turanci da Italiyanci, kuma a tsakiyar shekarun 1870 ta shiga cikin Kungiyar Ilimi ta Jami'ar Mata yayin da take zaune a Edinburgh. Ga wani mai tambayoyin a cikin 1890 ta ce game da kanta da imanin ta:*"Za ku iya tunanin ni wani abu ne mai ban mamaki. Ni mai tsayin daka ne, mai goyon bayan Ikilisiyar Reformed ta Ingila, mai shayarwa, kuma mai Socialist har zuwa inda na yi imanin cewa soyayya da tausayi ga wahalar 'yan uwanmu mafi talauci ya kamata su ƙayyade ayyukan kowa; ci gaba na gaskiya a gare su da mu yana ta hanyar taimaka musu; har zuwa wannan shine Socialism, ni mai Socialist. Ina da aminci ga kashin baya, kuma fatan ta kasance a cikin mata na duniya!"*Ba a san ranar mutuwarta ba.

## Rubuce-rubuce
Catherine Ray ta fara aikinta na wallafe-wallafen tare da fassarar wasan kwaikwayo na Henrik Ibsen Emperor and Galilean (1873). Fassarar Ray ta bayyana a 1876, kuma ita ce fassarar Turanci ta farko da aka buga na ɗaya daga cikin wasannin Ibsen. Kamar yadda Katherine Newey ta lura, gabatarwa ta Ray ga fassarar ta "ya zama farkon nazarin harshen Ingilishi na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ibsen". Kodayake Ray kanta ta tabbatar da cewa ta "karɓi sanarwa mai kyau ga manema labarai",  ɗaya daga cikin mutanen Ray ya yi sharhi game da sakaci da aka nuna wa aikinta na farko:

"Ban lura da cewa kowane daga cikin masu sukar ya ambaci gaskiyar cewa Miss Ray ita ce ta farko da ta gabatar da Ibsen ga jama'ar Ingila ba. Ina jin tsoro ta gano cewa ba a yaba da kokarin ta ba. "

Ray ta bi fassarar ta tare da jerin litattafai, gami da aikin yara da aka kafa a Norway, 'littafin dankali' da aka kafa da yawa a Edinburgh, da kuma wani littafi da aka kafa cikin Tyrol. Daga wannan, littafinta na karshe, wani mai bita a cikin The County Gentleman ya yi sharhi:*"Marubucin 'Sabon Fitowa' ya nuna jin dadi mai karfi ga Yanayi yayin da ta bayyana kanta a cikin tsaunuka masu ɗaukaka da kwari masu kyau na Tyrol mai kyau. Rashin ƙanshin daji da Pine yana da alama yana motsa waɗannan shafuka kamar numfashi mai rai, kuma kyakkyawan yanayin yanayin Alpine ya zama tsarin da ya dace don hoto mai kyau da jimiri. "*A rubuce-rubuce a cikin *Kwalejin*, William Wallace ya yarda:*"Duka 'The Exiles of the Zillerthal', ba shi da burin kamar yadda yake, kuma yana nunawa, game da marubucinsa, na ikon wallafe-wallafen a ajiya, ana iya bayyana shi a matsayin labarin misali na ajin sa".*

## Ayyuka

* "Catalan Bay: Labarin Gibraltar", The Monthly Packet, 1872
* Henrik Ibsen, *Sarkin sarakuna da Galili*, trans. Catherine Ray London: Samuel Tinsley, 1876.
* *[[A Farm on the Fjord: A Tale of Life in Norway|A Farm on the Fjord: Labari na Rayuwa a Norway]]* . London da Edinburgh, 1877.
* "Edelraute; ko Shekaru biyar da ashirin da suka gabata a Achen See", The Ladies' Edinburgh Magazine, vol. 3, 1877.
* *[[Aground in the Shallows|A cikin Shallows]]*. Jirgin sama biyu. London: Remington, 1879.
* *Sabon Fitowa; ko, 'yan gudun hijira na Zillerthal. Labari ne na Furotesta na Tyrol .* London: Nisbet da Co, 1887

## Manazarta