Kasuwancin Afirka

Afirka ta jari-hujja Falsafar tattalin arziki ce cewa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na Afirka suna da ikon canza nahiyar ta hanyar saka hannun jari na dogon lokaci, suna haifar da wadatar tattalin arziki da wadatar zamantakewa. An ƙaddamar da wani tanki mai tunani wanda aka ba shi aiki tare da nazarin falsafar, Cibiyar Afirka ta jari-hujja, a hukumance a lokacin Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya na 2014 a Abuja, Najeriya a watan Mayu na wannan shekarar.

Mai ba da agaji na Najeriya, mai saka hannun jari mai zaman kansa kuma tsohon ma'aikacin banki Tony O. Elumelu ya fara maimaita kalmar a cikin 2011, wanda aka haɗa shi da ra'ayoyin da suka haɗa da "kasuwanci mai mahimmanci", "kasuwancin jari-hujja," "kasuwanciyar jari-huje mai hankali" da "kasance-kasuwanci". Koyaya, falsafar neo-capitalism da ke da alaƙa da Africapitalism shine ka'idar "halicci darajar da aka raba"  - ra'ayi da aka bayyana a cikin labarin *Harvard Business Review* mai taken "Halitta Darajar Kasuwanci: Sake Bayyana Kasuwanci da Matsayin Kamfanin a cikin Al'umma",  wanda masanin tattalin arziki, Farfesa Michael Porter da Mark R. Kramer na Makarantar Gwamnati ta John F. Kennedy a Jami'ar Harvard suka rubuta. Babban jigon da ke bayan samar da darajar da aka raba shi ne cewa gasa ta kamfani da lafiyar al'ummomin da ke kewaye da shi sun dogara da juna.

## Tarihi
Elumelu ya fara gabatar da kalmar "Africanapitalism" a cikin 2011  kuma ya tsara manyan ka'idoji da falsafanci a cikin wallafe-wallafe da yawa, gami da The Economist,  Financial Times  da Fortune  Falsafar tana ɗaya daga cikin ginshiƙai huɗu da aka bayyana na aikin Gidauniyar Tony Elumelu, tushen sadaka da ya kafa a wannan shekarar.

A cikin shekara ta 2014, an ƙarfafa falsafar ta hanyar kafa Cibiyar Afirka ta jari-hujja, wani tanki na tunani na Afirka wanda aka sadaukar da shi don inganta falsafar ta wurin "bincike mai zurfi na ilimi" kan rawar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ke takawa a ci gaban Afirka.

An ƙaddamar da Cibiyar a hukumance a lokacin Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya na 2014 a Abuja, Najeriya a watan Mayu na wannan shekarar. A watan Fabrairun 2015 - Africapitalism Index, wanda ke kimanta yadda tattalin arzikin Afirka ke girma - Darakta na Cibiyar ta tsara shi yayin wata hira a kan CNBC Afirka. Lissafin yana ɗaya daga cikin wallafe-wallafen sa hannu na cibiyar.

Mujallar *Kasuwanci na Afirka* Ventures Africa ta kira Shugaba Barack Obama na Amurka a matsayin "Obama mai ba da gudummawa," biyo bayan alkawarinsa na dala biliyan 7 ga shirin "Power Africa", wanda ke da niyyar ci gaba da samun iko a Habasha, Ghana, Kenya, Laberiya, Najeriya da Tanzania. Falsafar Afirka ta jari-hujja kuma jigon tarihi ne, taron koli na farko na Amurka da Afirka wanda Shugaba Obama ya shirya a Washington, DC a watan Agustan 2014;   da kuma kwamitin a taron Shugaba na Afirka a Geneva a watan Maris na 2014.

## Halaye da falsafar
A cewar Elumelu, Afirka ta Tsakiya ita ce "tsakiyar tsakiya tsakanin kasuwanci da taimakon jama'a".  Halayen Afirka sun haɗa da:

* Canja saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu zuwa dukiyar zamantakewa, tare da kasuwancin Afirka na gida da ke biyan bukatun zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ta hanyar ƙirƙirar kayayyaki da aiyuka tare da fahimtar yanayin yankin. Wadannan kasuwancin na iya kawo kudade masu zaman kansu ga muhimman ababen more rayuwa kamar sufuri na hanya da samar da wutar lantarki, kuma suna iya samar da ayyuka ga 'yan Afirka da matsakaicin Afirka.
* Inganta Kasuwanci. Elumelu ya yi iƙirarin cewa ɗayan manyan matsayi na gwamnatocin Afirka ya kamata ya kasance a cikin "halicci yanayin da ya dace don sabon amfanin gona na 'yan kasuwa su fito," kuma ya bayyana kasuwanci a matsayin "dutse mai tushe ga ci gaban Afirka. "  A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, Gidauniyar Tony Elumelu ta ƙaddamar da shirin kasuwanci wanda zai ba da dala miliyan 100 a cikin shekaru 10 don ganowa da taimakawa haɓaka farawa 10,000 na Afirka da matasa. 
* Abubuwan da ke cikin harkokin zamantakewa. Abubuwan da suka shafi Afirka sun yi kama da tsarin kamfanonin zamantakewa, wanda ke tallafawa ayyukan riba da amfanin zamantakewa ta hanyar saka hannun jari na dogon lokaci  Wasu misalai na shirye-shiryen kamfanonin zamantakewar al'umma sun haɗa da shirye-shirye na musamman kamar Kasuwar Ci Gaban Indiya,  da na duniya kamar Cibiyar Ayyukan Kasuwancin Jama'a ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da waɗanda Gidauniyar Skoll a Amurka da Gidauniwar Khemka a Indiya ke jagoranta.
* Samar da darajar gida. Abubuwan da suka shafi tattalin arziki da siyasa na duniya ba na 'yan Afirka ba, sun tsara makomar Afirka tun ƙarni da yawa. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan karshen Yaƙin Cold, kasashe da yawa na Afirka sun ga ci gaban tattalin arziki mai ɗorewa, amma an ƙarfafa shi da farko ta hanyar amfani da albarkatun kasa na nahiyar tare da albarkatar da aka fitar da su a matsayin kayayyaki marasa inganci. Wannan ci gaban da ke haifar da albarkatun ba shi da tasiri a kan samar da aiki da sauran batutuwan zamantakewa da ake buƙata don fitar da nahiyar daga talauci. Samar da ƙimar gida ƙoƙari ne na bayyane daga kamfanoni da masu tsara manufofi na Afirka don sauƙaƙe ƙarin ƙima a cikin tattalin arzikin Afirka don tabbatar da ƙarin fa'idodin albarkatun ƙasa na nahiyar sun kasance a Afirka.

## Binciken masana
A cikin bazara na shekara ta 2014, Farfesa Kenneth Amaeshi, masanin kimiyya da aka haifa a Najeriya wanda ke zaune a Jami'ar Edinburgh a Scotland, ya fara aikin kasa da kasa, mai fannoni da yawa don bincika tushen tushen falsafar Afirka.  Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Amaeshi ya shirya taron farko na ilimi kan Afirka  a lokacin da shi da wasu malaman Afirka suka gabatar da binciken farko daga binciken da ke gudana.

Masanan da suka halarci Jami'ar Edinburgh Africapitalism Project sune Amon Chizema, Shugaban Kasuwanci da Dabarun Duniya da Shugaban horo, Kasuwanci na Duniya, Dabarun da Innovation, Jami'ar Loughborough, Burtaniya; Judy Muthuri, Mataimakin Farfesa a Kasuwancin Kasuwanci, Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Nottingham; Nathi Ser Lecturer, Jami'a Nath City City, Jami'an Nirtirtirtirty, Jami'in Kasuwanci mai suna Advis, Babban Daraktan Kasuwancici, Jami'i, Jami'ir Sukiukiukiuki, Jami'e, Jami'iyyar New York, Jami'er, Jami'al, Jami'at, Jami'ay, Jami'yar Kasuwanci.

An ci gaba da bincika ƙirƙirar ƙimar gida a lokacin wani taron jama'a da aka gudanar a Abuja, Najeriya a ranar 7 ga Janairu, 2015 lokacin da tsohon mai ba da labari na CNN Zain Verjee ya daidaita kwamitin masana  wanda ya haɗa da *Masanin Tattalin Arziki* da mai mallakar kalmomin rarraba tattalin arziki "BRIC" da "MINT", Jim O'Neill, tsohon Babban Masanin Tattalin Arziki na Goldman Sachs; Farfesa Tandeka Nkiwane, Mai ba da Babban Daraktan Sabon Tattalin Tattalin Riki don Ci gaban Afirka (NEPAD); Matthew Bishop, Babban Darakta na Babban Daraken Kasuwanci; Amir Ben Adeque

A cikin 2015, Gidauniyar Tony Elumelu ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da tushe a Afirka, Gidauniyar Brenthurst ta Afirka ta Kudu a kan aikin littafi. An kira shi "Afirkawa suna saka hannun jari a Afirka", tare da gabatarwa daga masanin tattalin arziki, Paul Collier .  An ƙaddamar da shi a kan layi na Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya a watan Yunin, 2015 a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu.  Littafin ya goyi bayan Africapitalism, yana ba da hangen nesa na musamman game da yadda 'yan Afirka ke jagorantar hanyar cinikayya da saka hannun jari a cikin Afirka, yana rubuta yadda, inda kuma dalilin da ya sa' yan Afirka ke saka hannun jari.

Amaeshi da abokin aiki, Uwafiokun Idemudia sun buga takarda a cikin *Jaridar Gudanarwa ta Afirka* kan "African Capitalism: A Management Idea for Business in Africa?"  suna bincika ƙalubalen da tasirin Africapitalism don gudanarwa a Afirka.

Elumelu ya yi magana sosai game da rawar da Afirka ke takawa a cikin gina al'umma a tarurruka da forums da yawa a duk duniya. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2015, ya gabatar da jawabi mai mahimmanci a Jami'ar Oxford  game da damar da za ta iya aiki a matsayin mai haɓaka ci gaba a Afirka, yana ƙarfafa ƙarin ƙoƙari da gangan wajen fitar da sabon nau'in tsarin saka hannun jari na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Makon da ya gabata, Elumelu ya kuma ba da jawabi a Jami'ar Georgetown  inda ya nuna cewa ci gaban da ake jagoranta da kasuwanci wanda Africapitalism ke neman bunkasa, shine mabuɗin ci gaban nahiyar.

A watan Yulin 2015, Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Durham da Cibiyar Afirka ta jari-hujja sun haɗu don shirya taron Tattaunawar na ilimi na kwana ɗaya kan falsafar a Legas. Yawancin fitattun malamai daga Jami'ar Durham sun gabatar da gabatarwa ga masu sauraro daban-daban waɗanda suka haɗa da malamai, ɗalibai, 'yan kasuwa da masu saka hannun jari. Wadanda suka halarci bangaren sun hada da Farfesa Geoff Moore, Shugaban Kasuwancin Kasuwanci da Mataimakin Dean; Farfesa Mehmet Asutay, malami a fannin Kudi na Musulunci; babban malami Emmanuel Adegbite, wanda ya yi magana game da Afirka da shugabancin kamfanoni; da Mark Learmonth, Farfesa na Nazarin Kungiya. Dokta Adegbite ne ya jagoranci ajanda na ranar, wanda memba ne na ƙungiyar Binciken Binciken Afirka da Farfesa Kenneth Amaeshi ke jagoranta.

Cibiyar ta kuma fitar da cikakken rahoto game da tsarin halittu na kasuwanci a Afirka, yana nazarin kalubalen da 'yan kasuwa na Afirka ke fuskanta da kuma hanyoyin da suka gabatar. An fara fitar da shi ga jama'a a taron manema labarai na duniya a gefen taron 6th Global Entrepreneurship Summit a Nairobi, Kenya a ranar 25 ga Yuli 2015. Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su sun dogara ne akan binciken asali wanda ke amfani da cibiyar sadarwa ta TEF ta Afirka sama da 20,000 na kasuwancin Afirka na farko.

Elumelu ya kuma ci gaba da bayyana tunaninsa wajen ba da shawara ga Afirka a matsayin abin hawa don hanzarta ci gaban Afirka, ta hanyar maganganu a dandamali daban-daban ciki har da TIME,   Libération  da CNN  .

## Amsa ga Afirka
Afirka ta jari-hujja - tare da irin wannan kokarin da aka mayar da hankali kan tsarin tattalin arzikin jari-huxa wanda ke ɗaukar tasirin zamantakewa na kasuwanci a cikin lissafi - ya sami yabo daga malamai, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, jami'an gwamnati, masana ci gaba da masu yaki da talauci da masu saka hannun jari na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.

Amsa daga al'ummar ci gaban kasa da kasa ya kasance mai kyau. Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka Joe Biden, a cikin wani muhimmin jawabi a taron Kasuwanci na Duniya na 2014,  ya yi bikin muhimmancin "halicci dukkan yanayi inda sababbin abubuwa da ra'ayoyi ke bunƙasa".  'Yan kasuwa na Afirka kamar Kamaru Christian Ngan da Kenyan Mubarak Muyika  sun yarda cewa karfafa bangaren masu zaman kansu na Afirka yana da mahimmanci ga ribar zamantakewa a nahiyar, kamar yadda masu halarta a taron Shugaba na Afirka na 2014 suka yi.

Sauran shugabannin Afirka a cikin gwamnati, malamai da kasuwanci sun tattauna muhimmancin yin amfani da ikon kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don fitar da ci gaba mai ɗorewa a shirye-shiryen ƙaddamar da Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin 2015 - shirin da ya kamata ya ci gaba da nasarar Manufofin Ci gaban Millennium na Majalisar Dinkinobho (MDGs). Wannan shi ne batun tattaunawar jama'a da aka gudanar a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar New York - wanda Cibiyar Afirka ta tallafawa - a watan Satumbar 2014 a lokacin Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a New York. Dean na Makarantar, Peter Henry, ya ba da maganganun buɗewa, kuma Mataimakin Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Wakilin Musamman na Sakatare-Janar na Makamashi mai dorewa ga Dukkanin, Dokta Kandeh Yumkella ya ba da jawabin jawabi. Maganganun Dr. Yumkellah sun biyo bayan kwamitin masana da ke tattauna muhimmiyar rawar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na Afirka za su taka idan burin ci gaba mai dorewa ya ci nasara.

Wasu masu sharhi sun yi iƙirarin cewa falsafar ta yi watsi da rawar da taimakon gargajiya ke takawa a matakan yaki da talauci. Joel Bakan, farfesa a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar British Columbia, ya yi jayayya cewa falsafar Africapitalist "ta sanya iyakoki masu zurfi akan ikon yin nagarta," kuma manyan kamfanoni na iya amfani da irin wannan maganganu don turawa zuwa ga deregulation.[1] An kuma soki addinin Afirka da sauran falsafancin sake fasalin jari-hujja a matsayin kokarin ware rawar da gwamnati ke takawa da kuma canja ƙarin tasiri ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu wanda ainihin manufar su shine haɓaka riba a maimakon inganta wadata mai yawa.

A cikin wani labari mai taken 'Yan kasuwa da Masana Falsafa na Sarakuna don Kasuwancin Afirka, Jibrin Ibrahim, Darakta na Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya da Ci Gaban, ya yi imanin cewa mabuɗin ci gaban jari-hujja da Kasuwancin Afrika ta hanyar fadadawa, yana hannun Jiha; yadda ya kamata ya sake maimaita matsayin Elumelu cewa gwamnatoci ya kamata su kirkiro yanayi mai ba da damar 'yan kasuwa. Ya jaddada cewa jihar tana buƙatar taka rawar kanta, gami da tabbatar da cewa masu samarwa da sauran 'yan kasuwa suna da damar samun bashi, maimakon kawai yan kasuwa da masu hasashe.

## Yin aiki
Shirin a halin yanzu yana karɓar aikace-aikace don fitowar 2022. A cikin shekara ta 2014, Elumelu ya kafa Shirin Kasuwanci na Tony Elumelu, shirin kasuwanci na shekaru goma, dala miliyan 100 wanda matasa 'yan kasuwa na Afirka 1,000 ke samun $ 5,000 [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] a cikin babban birnin iri tare da zaɓi na ƙarin rancen $ 5,000 ko daidaito a kowace shekara don haɓaka ra'ayoyinsu kuma a ƙarshe haɓaka nahiyar. 

* Amaeshi, Kenneth (2 ga Oktoba 2013) "Afirka da jari-hujja: Bayyana ikon motsin rai don ci gaban Afirka?", *Tattaunawar Afirka*
* Kotun, Alex (5 Disamba 2014) "Mai biliyan Najeriya ya yi alkawarin dala miliyan 100 don taimakawa wajen bunkasa kamfanoni 10,000 na Afirka", *CNN*
* Doane, Deborah (25 Fabrairu 2014) "Kamfanin zamantakewa: Shin zai iya cin nasara inda ci gaban gargajiya ya gaza?", *The Guardian*
* Edwards, Ruby (12 Yuli 2013) Shin Afirka za ta ceci nahiyar?Shin Afirka za ta iya ceton nahiyar?"*The Guardian*
* Hart, Stuart da Prahalad, CK (10 Janairu 2002) "Dashiyar a kasan dala", Strategy + Business*Dabarun + Kasuwanci*
* Jacks, Mzwandile (8 ga Yulin 2013) "Obama the Africapitalist: Samar da ci gaban kamfanoni masu zaman kansu" , Ventures-Africa.com
* Preston, Caroline (5 Yuni 2012) "Bankin Najeriya yana ƙarfafa tsarin kasuwanci zuwa talauci a Afirka", The Chronicle of Philanthropy*Tarihin Taimako*
* Stern, Gabriella (8 Mayu 2014) "'Africanapitalist' ya ce lokaci ya yi da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu su hau sama", The Wall Street Journal Frontiers*Yankin Jaridar Wall Street*
* Young, Holly (13 Yuni 2014) "Kamfanin zamantakewa ga Afirka: Shin hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su ga jari-hujja suna aiki?", *The Guardian*

## Bayanan da aka ambata