open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Fashewar bam na 2015 a Istanbul

A ranar 6 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2015, Diana Ramazova daga Dagestan ta fashe da jakar bam a wani Ofishin 'yan sanda a tsakiyar gundumar Sultanahmet ta Istanbul, kusa da Masallacin Blue da Hagia Sophia . Harin ya kashe Ramazova kuma ya ji wa jami'an 'yan sanda biyu rauni, daya daga cikinsu daga baya ya mutu saboda raunin da ya ji. Ramazova ta kasance gwauruwa mai ciki na wani mayaƙin ISIS na Norway-Chechen a Siriya wanda aka kashe a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014.

## Harin
Gwamnan Istanbul Vasip Sahin ya ce matar, wacce aka ruwaito tana magana da Turanci tare da "harshen magana" kuma tana sanye da niqab, ta shiga ofishin 'yan sanda kuma ta gaya wa jami'an cewa ta rasa walatinta kafin ta fashe bam din. Firayim Ministan Turkiyya Ahmet Davutoğlu ya gaya wa manema labarai cewa mai fashewar bam din yana dauke da wasu na'urori biyu, wadanda jami'an da ke wurin suka kashe su lafiya. Ayyukan gaggawa sun gaggauta zuwa wurin fashewar, yayin da aka dakatar da layin tram da ke gudana ta cikin gundumar na ɗan lokaci. Baya ga mai aikata laifin mutum daya ne kawai ya mutu a harin; wani matashi jami'in 'yan sanda daga Trabzon wanda ya zama uba.

## Mai aikata laifin
An tsare mutane shida, ciki har da baƙi uku, saboda harin.

A ranar 7 ga watan Janairu, kungiyar masu dauke da makamai ta Revolutionary People's Liberation Party-Front (DHKP / C) ta yi ikirarin alhakin harin, tana mai cewa ana nufin "don azabtar da (masu) kisan Berkin Elvan" da kuma "yi kira ga lissafin gwamnatin fascist da ke kare masu cin hanci da rashawa na AKP, masu sata". Berkin Elvan yaro ne mai shekaru 15 wanda wani jami'in 'yan sanda ya kashe shi a lokacin zanga-zangar Istanbul ta 2013. Fashewar bam din ta zo ne kwanaki biyar bayan wani memba na DHKP / C ya kai hari kan 'yan sanda a waje da Fadar Dolmabahçe ta Ottoman, inda ya jefa grenades guda biyu da suka kasa fashewa. Ginin yana da ofisoshin Firayim Ministan Turkiyya na Istanbul.

DHKP / C ta shiga cikin hare-hare da yawa a kan manufofin gwamnatin Turkiyya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, gami da fashewar bam a 2013 a ofishin jakadancin Amurka a Ankara . 

Kungiyar ta kuma yi iƙirarin cewa mai fashewar bam din shi ne Elif Sultan Kalsen. Bayan an kira su zuwa cibiyar kiwon lafiya ta masu aikata laifuka don gano gawar, dangin Kalsen sun musanta da'awar, suna mai cewa ba 'yarsu ba ce.

A ranar 8 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2015, an gano mai aikata laifin a matsayin Diana Ramazova, ɗan ƙasar Chechen-Rasha daga Dagestan. Ta auri Abu Aluevitsj Edelbijev, ɗan ƙasar Norway na asalin Chechen a shekarar 2014. Sun kwashe watanni uku a Istanbul daga Mayu zuwa Yuli 2014, kafin su shiga Siriya. A Siriya Edelbijev ya yi yaƙi don ISIS kuma an kashe shi a watan Disamba. Ramazova, wacce take da ciki a lokacin, ta sake shiga Turkiyya ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwarsa.[4]

## Duba kuma

* 2013 Fashewar bam a ofishin jakadancin Amurka a Ankara
* Janairu 2016 fashewar bam a Istanbul

## Manazarta
Jirgin sama na 322

Rashin satar jirgin sama na Aeromaya Flight 322 wani taron ne wanda ya faru a ranar 6 ga Oktoba, 1968, kuma Jirgin sama na HS 748 ne ke sarrafa shi tare da rajista **XA-SEY** da lambar serial 1599 .  Jirgin ya samo asali ne a Filin jirgin saman Mexico City tare da makomarsa ta ƙarshe ita ce Filin jirgin sama na Isla Mujeres, yana tsayawa a tashoshin jirgin saman Campeche, Chichen Itzá da Cozumel. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da aka sace jirgin sama tare da tutar Mexico, rajista da ma'aikata.

## Abubuwan da suka faru
Jirgin yana rufe tashar karshe ta jirgin tsakanin Cozumel da Isla Mujeres lokacin da karfe 1:35 na yamma, Judith Vázquez, fasinja na Argentina, ya bayyana a cikin jirgin yana dauke da makami kuma daga baya ya yi barazanar ma'aikatan kuma ya bukaci su kai ta Cuba, yayin da ta yi iƙirarin cewa rayuwarta da ta 'ya'yanta biyu wadanda suke cikin jirgin 322 suna cikin haɗari saboda sun shiga cikin abubuwan da suka faru a ranar 2 ga Oktoba.

Kyaftin din ya yi ƙoƙari ya shawo kan Judith ta daina ayyukanta, har ma da ƙoƙarin zuwa Isla Mujeres, wanda mai satar ya lura kuma ya sake buƙatar zuwa Cuba. Bayan sanar da abubuwan da suka faru tare da hedkwatar Aeromaya da kuma kafa hulɗa tare da LANICA Flight 175 don karɓar rediyo da bayanan jirgin sama daga Filin jirgin saman Havana (tun da ma'aikatan Aeromaya ba su taɓa tashi zuwa Cuba ba), sun tafi tsibirin Caribbean.

Fasinjoji biyu sun sami nasarar cire makamin matar kafin su sauka a Havana, sun fahimci cewa makamin kayan wasa ne. Koyaya, babu isasshen man fetur, don haka sun yanke shawarar ci gaba a kan wannan hanyar. Jirgin ya sauka a Filin jirgin saman José Martí da karfe 3:43 na yamma, tare da jiragen sama biyu na Cuban Air Force MIG . 

'Yan sanda na Cuban sun tsare Judith Vázquez tare da' ya'yanta biyu, yayin da aka yi wa sauran fasinjoji da ma'aikatan tambayoyi. Bayan kammala dukkan hanyoyin da ake bukata na bureaucratic da man fetur, HS 748 ya tashi da karfe 8:05 na yamma, a wannan lokacin yana kan hanyar zuwa Filin jirgin saman Mérida, inda suka sauka da karfe 10:15 na yamma.

## Manazarta
Rita Braver

**Rita Braver** (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 1948) 'yar Amurka ce mai ba da labarai na talabijin, wacce ta yi aiki tare da CBS News, kuma wacce aka fi sani da aikin jarida na bincike game da abubuwan da suka faru a Fadar White House kamar Iran-Contra .

## Tarihin rayuwa
Rita Lynn Braver an haife ta ne a cikin iyalin Yahudawa [1] a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 1948, [2] kuma ta girma a Silver Spring, Maryland. [3] Mahaifinta ya mutu yayin da take matashiya.CBS"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-CBSWish-4","html":"Washington, DC, tare da mijinta kuma ta shiga CBS a 1972 a matsayin furodusa. [6]

Daga 1983-1993, Braver ta yi aiki a matsayin babban wakilin shari'a na CBS News. Ta karya labarin zoben leken asiri na John Walker, da kuma na wani ɗan leken asiri, Jonathan Pollard. Ta kuma jagoranci CBS game da batun Iran-Contra. Ta yi aiki a matsayin babban wakilin Fadar White House na CBS a lokacin wa'adin farko na Bill Clinton, kuma tun daga 1998 ta kasance babban wakilin kasa na *Lahadi da safe*.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
A ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 1972, Braver ta auri Washington, DC, lauya Robert B. Barnett [1] (1946-2025) wanda ta sadu da shi a kwaleji.[2] Suna da 'yar, Meredith Jane Barnett (an haife ta a shekara ta 1978), wacce ta auri Daniel Ross Penn a wani bikin Yahudawa a Washington DC a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 2008.[3]

## Manazarta
Doreen Gentzler

**Doreen Gentzler** (an haife ta a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 1957)  'yar asalin Amurka ce mai ba da labarai a talabijin. Ta gabatar da labarai a karfe 6 na yamma da 11 na yamma a kan WRC-TV a Washington, DC.

## Rayuwa ta farko
Gentzler ta girma ne a unguwar Dominion Hills ta Arlington, Virginia .  Mahaifiyarta, Rita O'Flinn, ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatariyar gwamnatin tarayya yayin da mahaifinta, Ferris Gentzler, ya kasance mai zartarwa tare da kamfanin inshora. Iyalinta sun koma Mount Pleasant, South Carolina lokacin da take da shekaru 11. Iyalinta sun dawo yankin lokacin da ta tafi kwaleji a Jami'ar Georgia .

Gentzler ta kammala karatu a shekara ta 1979 a Kwalejin Jarida da Sadarwar Jama'a ta Henry W. Grady, Jami'ar Georgia . 

## Ayyuka
Gentzler ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin shirin watsa shirye-shiryen jama'a na Georgia The Lawmakers, wanda aka watsa a lokacin zaman Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Georgia, a kusa da shekara ta 1979.

Gentzler first worked at Cleveland, Ohio's NBC affiliate WKYC-TV.&#x5B;**&#x5D; There she anchored the 6pm and 11pm newscasts. From 1979 to 1983, she co-anchored the 6pm and 11pm newscasts at WSOC-TV, the ABC affiliate in Charlotte, North Carolina.
Next she worked at Philadelphia's WCAU-TV, which was then a CBS affiliate, on the crime beat.

Gentzler ta shiga NBC4 a 1989, bayan tashiwar Dave Marash. Ta kasance tare da gabatar da wasannin mako na 6 na yamma da 11 na yamma na News4 a kan WRC-TV (NBC4) a Washington, DC, kuma ita ma mai ba da rahoton kiwon lafiya na tashar. Rahotonta sun kai ta ko'ina cikin duniya, gami da Tekun Farisa, Bosnia da Ecuador. Ana iya ganin rahotonta na kiwon lafiya a News4 da karfe 5 na yamma, da sauran labarai na tashar. Ta kasance mai magana da yawun tashar NBC4 Health and Fitness Expo, wanda aka gudanar a kowace Janairu a Cibiyar Taron Washington. Ta kuma bayyana a matsayin kanta a NBC nuna The Event da The Blacklist .

Gentzler ta gabatar da labarai na 6pm na WRC tare da tsohon dan wasan Jim Vance na tsawon shekaru 28 - haɗin gwiwar da ta kasance har zuwa mutuwar Vance a watan Yulin 2017.

A ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 2022, ta sanar da ritayar ta a labarai na karfe 6 na yamma. Labarin ta na karshe ya kasance a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba, 2022.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Gentzler ta auri Bill Miller, tsohon mai ba da rahoto kuma edita a The Washington Post, wanda ya kware a fannin tilasta bin doka. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu: ɗa Chris (an haife shi a shekara ta 1991) da 'yar Carson (an haifi ta a shekara ta 1994).   Gentzler yana zaune a Chevy Chase, Maryland . 

## Manazarta
Pwyll (crater)

**Pwyll** (Welsh pronunciation: [pʊ̯iɬ]) wani rami ne mai tasiri a saman wata ta Jupiter Europa . An yi tunanin yana daya daga cikin ƙananan siffofi a kan wata. An fara Turai da rami daga hotunan Voyager a cikin shekarar 1986,  kuma IAU ta amince da sunan a hukumance a cikin 1997, bayan Pwyll na tatsuniyoyin Welsh..

## Bayyanawa
An kiyasta cewa Pwyll crater yana da shekaru miliyan 18 ko ƙarami.[1] Yankin tsakiya mai duhu da ke bayyane yana da kimanin kilomita 25 (16 a diamita, tare da ƙananan tsaunuka da yawa, da kuma tsakiya na tsakiya wanda ya tashi zuwa kusan 600.[2] An fallasa kayan duhu a tsakiyar rami sakamakon tasirin, kuma ana iya tono su daga zurfin kilomita 1.[3]

Abubuwan da aka fitar da haske sun shimfiɗa zuwa waje daga Pwyll a cikin hasken da ya kai har zuwa kilomita 1000, yana rufe duhu mai launin ja na Europa. Launi mai hasken rana nuna abun da ke cikin ƙwayoyin kankara na ruwa. Baya ga fararen haskoki, tasirin ya kuma samar da tarin ƙananan craters na biyu, waɗanda suka fi girma kusa da tsakiyar kowane haskoki..

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin craters a Turai.
* Jerin siffofin yanayin ƙasa a Turai.

## Manazarta
Armando Ferreira

**Armando Félix Ferreira** (An haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta 1919 - 31 ga watan Yuli a shekarar 2005) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan Portugal wanda ya yi wasa a matsayin mai gaba.

## Haɗin waje

* Armando Ferreiraa ForaDeJogo (an adana shi) 
* Armando Ferreiraa EU-Football.info
.
.
Jeff Zeleny

**Jeffrey Dean Zeleny** (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Yuni,a shekara ta 1973) ɗan jaridar Amurka ne kuma babban wakilin harkokin ƙasa na CNN . Ya kasance babban wakilin Washington na ABC News. A lokacin aikin jarida, ya lashe Kyautar Pulitzer tare da Chicago Tribune .

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Jeffrey Dean Zeleny a rana ta 10 ga watan Yuni,a shekara ta 1973, a Exeter, Nebraska,   ɗan Diane Naomi (née Yeck) da Robert Dean Zelenay . Yana da 'yan'uwa maza biyu, James Robert Zeleny da Michael Jon Zeleny, kuma an girma tare da su a gonar iyali.

## Ilimi
Zeleny ya yi karatu a makarantar sakandare ta Exeter,  makarantar sakandare ce ta jama'a a karamin garin Exeter, Nebraska . Yayinda yake dalibi, ya ba da gudummawar labarun wasanni ga *York News-Times* a makwabciyar York County.

Zeleny ya halarci Jami'ar Nebraska-Lincoln, inda ya yi karatun aikin jarida da kimiyyar siyasa. Ya kammala karatu a shekara ta 1996. Yayinda yake a jami'a, shi ne editan The Daily Nebraskan, jaridar makarantar. Ya kuma buga ƙaho a Jami'ar Nebraska Cornhusker Marching Band . 

## Ayyuka
Bayan ya yi aiki a jaridu ciki har da The Wall Street Journal, *Florida Times-Union* da *Arkansas Democrat-Gazette* a kwaleji, Zeleny ya fara aiki ga The Des Moines Register a shekarar 1996.  Kodayake da farko ya shirya zama mai ba da rahoto game da wasanni, muhimmancin Caucuses na Iowa ya kai shi ga zama ƙwararren siyasa.

A shekara ta 2000, ya bar ya rubuta wa Chicago Tribune .  Ya rufe yakin neman zabe na shugaban kasa a cikin shekarar 2000 da 2004 don takarda. Yayinda yake a Tribune, ya lashe kyautar Pulitzer don Bayyanawa na Jarida saboda aikinsa a kan jerin abubuwan da suka shafi matsalolin Kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a duk fadin kasar.

A shekara ta 2006, The New York Times ta hayar da shi don rufe siyasa, kuma ya rufe zaben shugaban kasa na 2012 don jaridar, yayin da yake jagorantar mai ba da rahoto.[1][2] A taron manema labarai na kwanaki 100 na Shugaba Barack Obama a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2009, Zeleny ya sami kulawa daga shafukan yanar gizo na kafofin watsa labarai don tambayar Shugaba Obama yadda ya kasance "mamaki, damuwa, da farin ciki, da kuma tawali'u" a kwanakin farko a ofis.[3]

An hayar Zeleny a watan Fabrairun 2013 ta ABC News don zama babban wakilin Washington da kuma fayilolin labarai don shafin yanar gizon.

Ya shiga CNN a watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, kuma a watan Janairun shekara ta 2017 an nada shi Babban Wakilin Fadar White House .  A watan Janairun 2021, an nada Zeleny a matsayin Babban Wakilin Harkokin Kasa.

## Manazarta
Nebraskans da ke adawa da tashin hankali na bindiga

**Nebraskans Against Gun Violence** (NAGV) kungiya ce ta ba da shawara ta siyasa da ke da hedikwata a Lincoln, Nebraska tare da manufa "don tallafawa manufofin bindigogi na shaida".  Yana ba da shawara don adana bindigogi da manufofi da aka nufa don sanya bindigogi marasa damar yara.

## Ayyuka
NAGV tana kallon tashin hankali na bindiga a matsayin matsalar kiwon Lafiya ta jama'a kuma tana tallafawa da kudade na bincike, shirye-shiryen al'umma, ilimi, da manufofi don rage tashin hankali na makami. Membobin rukuni suna ba da shawara tare da 'yan majalisa, rubuta Op-eds, shirya abubuwan da suka faru, kuma suna bayyana a matsayin masu magana a bukukuwan tunawa da wadanda aka yi wa Harbe-harbe a makaranta, suna neman dokoki don hana yara kawo bindigogi zuwa makarantu. NAGV ta yi tsayayya da wani shiri na 2022 don halatta ɗaukar bindiga mai ɓoye ba tare da izini ba,  kuma ta yi tsayin daka na 2021 da gwamnan Pete Ricketts ya yi don sanya Nebraska a matsayin "Jiha mai tsarki". 

An gayyaci wakilan NAGV don saduwa da shuwagabannin Amurka Barack Obama a cikin 2016  da Joe Biden a cikin 2022  a matsayin wani ɓangare na kokarin kula da manufofin bindigogi na gwamnatocinsu. Kungiyar tana sukar tasirin siyasa na Ƙungiyar Rifle ta Amurka.

NAGV ta yi tsayayya da wani shiri wanda Ma'aikatar 'yan sanda ta Omaha ta amince da cinikin kwalkwali da kayan aiki masu tsayayya ga harsashi zuwa kasuwancin gida da ake kira 88 Tactical, don musayar mujallu na bindiga. Fararen masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suna amfani da lambar 88 don tsayawa ga *Heil Hitler*. A cewar Cibiyar Shari'ar Talauci ta Kudancin, babban darektan NAGV Melody Vaccaro ya yi imanin cewa wannan ambaton wariyar launin fata da sauran alamomin fararen kasa ana amfani da su ta hanyar 88 Tactical da gangan. An cire kasuwancin da aka gabatar daga ajanda na Majalisar Birnin Omaha biyo bayan rashin amincewar NAGV.

'Yan sanda na Omaha da sauran sassan' yan sanda 16 na Nebraska ba su gabatar da rahotanni game da tashin hankali na cikin  gida ba, kamar yadda doka ta buƙaci, daga shekara ta 2014 zuwa 2019. NAGV ta gano rahotanni da suka ɓace yayin tattara kididdigar jihar da ta shafi bindigogi.

## Manazarta
Debbie Barham

**Deborah Ann Barham** (20 Nuwamba 1976 - 20 Afrilu 2003) marubuciya ce ta wasan kwaikwayo ta Ingila wacce ta mutu tana da shekaru 26 na gazawar zuciya sakamakon anorexia .  Kazalika da rubuce-rubuce don talabijin da rediyo, Barham ya rubuta ginshiƙai don jaridu da mujallu.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Barham a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 1976 a Sheffield, Ingila .  Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta Sheffield  kuma ta kasance daliba mai basira, amma ta bar makaranta da wuri saboda ba ta farin ciki a can.

Ta fara sana'arta ta rubuce-rubuce tana da shekaru 15,  ta koma Landan tana da shekaru 16,  kuma tana aiki a matsayin marubuciyar kwangilar BBC tana da shekaru 17. A cikin 1995, Barham ya kamu da anorexia nervosa . 

An gabatar da aikinta na farko a ƙarƙashin sunan **D. A. Barham**, saboda damuwa cewa ba za a yarda da yarinya matashiya a cikin duniyar da maza masu ilimi na Oxbridge suka mamaye ba.

## Manazarta
Helga Braathen

**Helga Braathen** (5 Maris 1953 - 11 Oktoba 1982) ta kasance 'yar wasan motsa jiki ta Norway.

An haife ta ne a Drammen . Ta yi gasa a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1968.  Ta mutu tana da shekaru 29, tana fama da Anorexia nervosa .

## Manazarta
Jerin mutuwar daga anorexia nervosa

Wannan jerin sanannun mutane ne da suka mutu daga anorexia nervosa, a cikin tsari na lokaci.

* 1380: Catherine na Siena - Mai Tsarki na Italiya, mai shekaru 33
* 1387: Pierre na Luxembourg - Bishop na Katolika na Faransa, mai shekaru 17
* 1882: Sophie Gray - samfurin Scotland, mai shekaru 38
* 1909: Renee Vivien - mawaki na Burtaniya wanda ya rubuta a cikin harshen Faransanci, mai shekaru 32
* 1936: Irene Fenwick - 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka kuma 'yar fim din shiru, mai shekaru 49
* 1952: Susan Peters - 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka, mai shekaru 31
* 1957: Caren "Sande" Crabbe - 'Yar Buster Crabbe, mai shekaru 20
* 1982: Helga Braathen - mai wasan motsa jiki na Norway, mai shekaru 29
* 1983: Karen Carpenter - mawaƙan Amurka, mai bugawa (The Carpenters), mai shekaru 32 
* 1994: Christy Henrich - ɗan wasan motsa jiki na Amurka, mai shekaru 22 
* 1996: Cynthia MacGregor - 'yar wasan tennis ta Amurka, mai shekaru 31
* 1997: Heidi Guenther - yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka, mai shekaru 22
* 1997: Michael Krasnow - marubucin Amurka, My Life as a Male Anorexic, mai shekaru 28 
* 1999: Lena Zavaroni - mawaƙiya kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Scotland, mai shekaru 35
* 2001: Bahne Rabe - ɗan jirgin ruwa na Jamus, mai shekaru 37
* 2003: Helen Moros - mai tsere mai nisa na New Zealand, mai shekaru 35 
* 2003: Debbie Barham - marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Turanci, mai shekaru 26
* 2006: Luisel Ramos - samfurin Uruguay, mai shekaru 22
* 2006: Ana Carolina Reston - samfurin Brazil, mai shekaru 21 
* 2007: Eliana Ramos - samfurin Uruguay, ƙanwar Luisel Ramos, mai shekaru 18
* 2007: Hila Elmalich - samfurin Isra'ila, mai shekaru 33
* 2010: Isabelle Caro - samfurin Faransa, mai fafutukar anorexia, kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, mai shekaru 28
* 2016: Morgan Claire Dunn - Mai ba da shawara kan lafiyar kwakwalwa, da kuma wahayi don canje-canje a cikin al'ummar matsalar cin abinci
* 2018: Javiera Muñoz - mawaƙan Sweden, mai shekaru 40 
* 2019: Lene Marie Fossen - mai daukar hoto kuma mai zane na Norway, mai shekaru 33
* 2020: Josi Maria - mai tasiri na Jamus, mai shekaru 24 
* 2021: Nikki Grahame - mutumin talabijin na Ingila, mai shekaru 38
* 2025: Stina Oscarson - darektan gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Sweden, marubuci kuma mai muhawara, mai shekaru 49
* 2025: Gülnihal Candan - likitan shari'a na Turkiyya, mai watsa labarai da talabijin, mai shekaru 30  

## Manazarta
Hila Elmalich

**Hila Ilanit Elmalich** (Ibraniyawa; 14 ga Nuwamba 1973 - 14 ga Nuwambar 2007) ta kasance samfurin tufafin Isra'ila  wanda ya mutu daga anorexia a shekara ta 2007.  Wakilin reshen Isra'ila na hukumar kera samfurin Elite Model Management,  ta taɓa zama sanannen samfurin kayan ado a ƙasar. 

## Manazarta
Fritha Goodey

**Fritha Jane Goodey** (23 ga Oktoba 1972 - 7 ga Satumba 2004) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Burtaniya, rediyo da fim da aka sani da rawar da ta taka a fim din About a Boy (2002), inda ta taka rawar daya daga cikin tsoffin budurwar Hugh Grant.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Goodey a Kingston a kan Thames, Surrey, kuma an horar da shi a Kwalejin Kiɗa da Fasaha ta London.

## Ayyuka
Ayyukan Goodey, musamman tare da kamfanin yawon shakatawa na Max Stafford-Clark, sun haɗa da Nadia a cikin Some Explicit Polaroids (1999), Odette a cikin Remembrance of Things Past (2000), Constance Neville a cikin She Stoops to Conquer (2002) da Mrs. Garrick a cikin A Laughing Matter . Kwanan nan ta sami rawar da ake so a cikin farfadowar Terence Rattigan's Man and Boy . 

## Manazarta
Nikki Grahame

**Nicola Rachele-Beth Grahame** (28 Afrilu 1982 - 9 Afrilu 2021) ya kasance ɗan gidan talabijin na Ingila kuma marubuci. Ta kasance mai takara a jerin na bakwai na wasan kwaikwayo na Big Brother a shekara ta 2006, wanda ta gama a matsayi na biyar. Bayan wasan kwaikwayon, ta fito a cikin jerin abubuwan da suka faru na Princess Nikki, kuma ta lashe lambar yabo ta gidan talabijin ta kasa don Mafi Mashahuriyar Mai fafatawa a talabijin. A shekara ta 2010, Grahame ta kasance ta biyu a cikin Ultimate Big Brother, kuma a cikin 2015, ta bayyana a matsayin baƙo a jerin goma sha shida na Big Brother . A shekara ta 2016, ta yi gasa a kakar wasa ta huɗu ta Big Brother Canada, ta kammala a matsayi na shida.

Grahame ta sha wahala daga Anorexia nervosa a duk rayuwarta. Ta fito da littattafan Dying to Be Thin (2009) da Fragile (2012), dukansu biyu sun dogara ne akan abubuwan da ta samu tare da cutar. Ta mutu daga matsalolin anorexia nervosa a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2021, tana da shekaru 38. 

Grahame ya bayyana kansa, wanda ya haɗa da shiga cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin daban-daban kamar Celebrity Scissorhands da *[[8 out of 10 Cats|8 daga cikin 10 Cats]]*,  da kuma bayyanar daren dalibai da kungiyoyi.  A ranar 24 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2007, Grahame ya bayyana a wani fitowar "Goodies and Baddies" na musamman na wasan kwaikwayon The Weakest Link . A lokacin zagaye na uku, ita ce mafi karfi a cikin tawagar (ta amsa mafi yawan tambayoyin daidai kuma ta sami mafi yawan kuɗi), amma an kawar da ita a zagaye na biyar bayan ta zama mafi rauni a cikin tawajin. Grahame ya shiga gasar agaji ta Soccer Six a Wrexham's Racecourse Ground a watan Mayu 2007. 

## Manazarta
Sophie Gray

**Sophia Margaret** "**Sophie**" **Gray** (28 ga Oktoba 1843 - 15 ga Maris 1882), daga baya Sophia Margaret Caird, ta kasance samfurin Scotland ga surukinta, mai zane na Pre-Raphaelite John Everett Millais . Ita ce ƙaramar 'yar'uwar Euphemia "Effie" Gray, wacce ta auri Millais a 1855 bayan soke aurenta da John Ruskin . Rubutun sunanta shine, bayan kusan 1861, wani lokacin "Sophy," amma kawai a cikin iyali. A cikin jama'a an san ta da suna Sophie kuma daga baya a rayuwa, bayan aurenta, da suna Sophia .

Daga ƙarshen shekarun 1860, ta sha wahala daga rashin lafiya na kwakwalwa wanda da alama ya shafi wani nau'in Anorexia nervosa. A shekara ta 1873, ta auri ɗan kasuwa na Scotland James Caird kuma tare suna da 'yar. Ta mutu a shekara ta 1882, mai yiwuwa ne sakamakon anorexia. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

## Manazarta
Heidi Guenther

**Heidi Noelle Guenther**  (Janairu 11, 1975 - Yuni 30, 1997) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka daga 1981 zuwa mutuwarta a shekarar 1997. Guenther ta mutu daga ciwon zuciya wanda aka yi imanin cewa matsalar cin abinci ce ta haifar da ita.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Guenther a San Francisco .  Ta girma ne a Los Osos, kuma ta horar da ita a Makarantar American Ballet da Houston Ballet Academy a lokacin bazara. Guenther ta sami cikakken tallafin karatu a makarantar San Francisco Ballet lokacin da take da shekaru goma sha biyu. Ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a duk makarantar sakandare kuma a cikin 1994, ta yi wasan "Symphony in C" a Cibiyar Kennedy . 

Makarantar Ballet ta San Francisco ce ta fara gaya mata ta rasa nauyi. A cikin 1994  kuma a cikin 1995, darektan zane-zane Anna-Marie Holmes ya ƙarfafa Guenther ya rasa nauyi,  daga ƙarshe ya tafi fam 110. Rashin nauyi bai tsaya a nan ba. Guenther ya ci gaba da raguwa da nauyi da sauri sosai. Ba da daɗewa ba aka inganta Guenther zuwa Boston Ballet a 1994 a matsayin mai horar da rawa. Wani abokin aiki, Kyra Strasberg, wanda ake kira Guenther, "mai rawa sosai, mai basira sosai tare da tsalle mai haske mai kyau".

## Manazarta
Christy Henrich

**Christina "Christy" Renée Henrich** (18 ga Yuli, 1972 - 26 ga Yuli, 1994) 'yar wasan motsa jiki ce ta Amurka. Mutuwarta daga Anorexia nervosa tana da shekaru 22 ya haifar da manyan gyare-gyare a hanyar da ake rufe wasan motsa jiki na mata a talabijin da kuma kafofin watsa labarai. Al Fong ne ya horar da ita.

## Farkon aiki
Horarwa tare da Al Fong a kulob din Great American Gymnastics Express (GAGE) a Missouri" id="mwEA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Blue Springs, Missouri">Blue Springs, Missouri, Henrich ya sanya kungiyar wasan motsa jiki ta Amurka a shekarar 1986 bayan ya sanya ta biyar a cikin ƙaramin rukuni a Gasar Cin Kofin Amurka.  Ta ci gaba da hawa cikin manyan matsayi a cikin shekaru hudu masu zuwa, ta kasance ta tara a gasar Olympics ta 1988 kuma ta lashe lambar azurfa a duk faɗin a gasar zakarun Amurka ta 1989.

Ta wakilci Amurka a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 1989 a Stuttgart, ta kasance ta huɗu tare da tawagar Amurka, kuma kawai ta rasa lambar yabo a wasan karshe na sanduna. Ɗaya daga cikin ma'aunin ma'auni na asali na Henrich an sanya masa suna a cikin Code of Points ta hanyar 2001 - 2005 Code,  kodayake an cire sunanta daga kashi daga baya. 

* Little Girls in Pretty Boxes, wani littafi game da rayuwar mata masu wasan motsa jiki da masu wasan kwaikwayo
* Julissa Gomez, 'yar wasan motsa jiki ta Amurka da ta gurgunta a hatsarin da aka yi a shekarar 1988 a Japan yayin da take ƙoƙarin yin rawar Yurchenko
* Elena Mukhina, 'yar wasan motsa jiki ta Soviet da ta gurgunta a cikin hatsari a 1980 yayin da take ƙoƙarin yin amfani da Thomas salto da aka haramta daga bayaThomas ya yi tsalle
* Jerin mutuwar daga anorexia nervosa

## Manazarta
Michael Krasnow

**Michael Krasnow** (27 ga Afrilu, 1969 - 9 ga Oktoba, 1997) marubuci ne na Amurka. Tarihin kansa, My Life as a Male Anorexic, ya bayyana rayuwarsa tare da mummunar cutar Anorexia nervosa. Krasnow ya auna kilo 115 lokacin da yake da shekaru 16, amma a cikin mafi yawan rayuwarsa ta girma ya ci gaba da nauyin kusan 75 lbs. Ya tsaya a 5'9", yana ba shi ƙididdigar nauyin jiki na 11.1. Ya yi fatan littafinsa zai ba da ƙarfi ga sauran mazajen da ke fama da cutar anorexia. Krasnow yana da nauyin kilo 64 lokacin da ya mutu yana da shekaru 28.

## Manazarta
Cynthia MacGregor

**Cynthia MacGregor** (Maris 26, 1964 - Fabrairu 13, 1996) ta kasance ƙwararren ɗan wasan Tennis daga Amurka.

## Tarihin rayuwa
MacGregor, wanda aka fi sani da "Cinny", an haife shi ne a Torrance, California.

Daga 1983 zuwa 1986, ta buga wasan tennis na kwaleji a Jami'ar Jihar San Diego, inda ta kasance sau biyar All-American.

Ta yi gasa a kan yawon shakatawa na sana'a galibi a matsayin mai kunnawa biyu, ta kai 50 a duniya. A cikin sau biyu sau da yawa ta haɗu da ƙanwarta Cammy MacGregor kuma biyun sun yi wasan karshe na WTA Tour tare, gami da nasarar lashe gasar a Taipei a shekarar 1987.  Ayyukanta mafi shahara a cikin mutane shine bayyanar zagaye na biyu a 1988 Australian Open, inda bayan da ta doke Patricia Hy a zagaye na farko, ta rasa a zagaye ya biyu ga mai tseren kwata-kwata Claudia Porwik, 11-13 a cikin yanke shawara. A 1990 Australian Open, ta haɗu da 'yar'uwarta don shiga cikin kwata-kwata na mata biyu.

## Manazarta
Yarjejeniyar Aarhus akan Masu Gishiri na Organic

Yarjejeniyar Aarhus a kan Ci gaba da gurɓataccen Organic, yarjejeniyar 1998 a kan ci gaba da gurbataccen kwayoyin halitta (POPs), ƙari ne ga Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta 1979 kan Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP). Yarjejeniyar tana neman "don sarrafawa, ragewa ko kawar da fitarwa, hayaki da asarar gurɓataccen kwayoyin halitta" a Turai, wasu tsoffin ƙasashen Tarayyar Soviet, da Amurka, don rage yawan yaduwar su don kare lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli daga mummunan sakamako.

Marubutan da masu gabatar da Yarjejeniyar sune Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Turai (UNECE), wanda a lokacin yana da mambobi 53 daban-daban da kawance. An yi gyare-gyare ga yarjejeniyar a ranar 18 ga Disamba 2009: gyare- gyare-gine ga Rubutun da kuma Annexes I, II, III, IV, VI da VIII ga Yarjejeniyar 1998 kan Ci gaba da Magana ta Organic sun fara aiki a ranar 20/01/2022 kuma Gyare-gyaren zuwa Annexes I da II ga Yarjejeniya ta 1998 kan Ciyawa ta Organic Pollutants sun fara aiki ne a ranar 26/02/2023.

## Manazarta
Sharuɗɗan fitowar haɗari

Kalmomin fitowar haɗari sune lissafin lissafi wanda ke ƙididdige yawan kwararar da aka saki na ruwa ko gurɓataccen iskar gas a cikin yanayin da zai iya faruwa a wuraren masana'antu kamar su masana'antun man fetur, tsire-tsire na man fetur. Dokokin gwamnati a kasashe da yawa suna buƙatar a bincika yiwuwar irin wannan fitowar haɗari kuma a ƙayyade tasirin su a kan muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam don a tsara kuma a aiwatar da matakan ragewa.

Akwai hanyoyi da yawa na lissafin lissafi don ƙayyade yawan kwararar da za a iya saki gurɓataccen gas da ruwa daga nau'ikan haɗari daban-daban. Irin waɗannan hanyoyin lissafi ana kiransu *kalmomin tushe*, kuma wannan labarin game da kalmomin fitowar asali na haɗari ya bayyana wasu hanyoyin lissafi da aka yi amfani da su don ƙayyade yawan yawan kwararar da za a iya saki gurɓataccen gas ba da gangan ba.

## Sakin gas na hadari
Lokacin da iskar gas da aka adana a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba a cikin jirgin da aka rufe ta fito zuwa yanayi ta hanyar rami ko wani buɗewa, saurin iskar gas ta hanyar wannan buɗewa na iya ƙuntatawa (watau, ya kai matsakaicin) ko kuma ba a ƙuntata shi ba.

Saurin da aka buga, wanda *k* ake kira saurin sauti, yana faruwa ne lokacin da rabo na matsin lamba na cikakke zuwa matsin lamba daidai yake da ko mafi girma fiye da **[ (''k'' + 1) / 2]<sup>''k'' / (''k'' − 1)</sup> **, inda k shine takamaiman rabo na zafi na isentropic da aka fitar (wani lokacin ana kiransa isentropic fadada factor kuma wani lokacin ana nuna shi kamar yadda 

γ 

{\displaystyle \gamma } 

Rashin amfani da shi

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Aerotoxic

An kafa **Ƙungiyar Aerotoxic** Association a ranar 18 ga Yuni 2007, a Gidan Majalisar Dokokin Birtaniya ta tsohon BAe 146 Training Captain John Hoyte,  don wayar da kan jama'a game da rashin lafiya da ake zargin ya haifar bayan ya kamu da iska mai guba wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa an gurɓata shi zuwa matakan guba, ta hanyar man injiniya da ke shiga cikin tsarin iska mai zubar jini, wanda ke matsin dukkan jirgin sama, ban da Boeing 787. 

Baya ga samar da taimako da tallafi ga ma'aikatan jirgin sama da fasinjoji, Ƙungiyar Aerotoxic tana inganta sanannun hanyoyin fasaha, kamar masu gano iska mai guba, da kamfen don canje-canje a cikin ka'idoji don inganta ingancin iska a kan jiragen sama. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&#x5B;**&#x5D;

The phrase "aerotoxic syndrome" was first coined by Chris Winder and Jean-Christophe Balouet in 2000 to describe the ill health allegedly caused by exposure to air which they claimed had been contaminated by jet engine oil.
 this syndrome is not recognized in medicine.

## Manazarta
AIR Index

**AIR Index** tsarin daidaitaccen motar mota ne na Burtaniya wanda aka gabatar a watan Fabrairun 2019 ta hanyar gwajin Hanyar Hanyar Hadin Gida (AIR). Manufar tsarin ita ce ta karfafa amfani da motoci masu zaman kansu da ma'ana NOx fitar da kwayoyin don sanar da masu amfani da masu tsara manufofi game da tasirin motocin duniya na gaske da za su kasance a kan ingancin iska na birni.

## Tarihi
AIR, ƙungiyar da ke Burtaniya a bayan ƙididdigar, ƙungiya ce ta masana kimiyya, malamai da masana tattalin arziki daga ƙungiyoyin jama'a da masu zaman kansu kuma ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta. Kungiyar tana da niyyar samar da bayanai masu zaman kansu da tsauraran bayanai waɗanda za su taimaka wa masu amfani da masu tsara manufofi su rage mummunar tasirin da motocin ke da shi akan ingancin iska na birane. Nick Molden, daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa AIR, ya ce: "Binciken bayyane na masu zaman kansu, sakamakon gwajin hayaki a kan hanya shine hanya mafi inganci don inganta ingancin iska. "  Wani co-kafa Massimo Fedeli ya ce: ""Yana ba da sauƙin fahimta, a-a-glance bayani game da ainihin hayaki na motoci a cikin garuruwa da birane. "  Muradin masu kafa AIR shine cewa shirin su na AIR Index zai sami irin wannan tasiri a kan hayaki na duniya kamar yadda shirin Euro NCAP ke da shi a kan ainihin motar tsaro na duniya.

## Manazarta
Bayani game da yaduwar gurɓataccen iska

An ba da wannan Bayani a matsayin bayyani da jagora na yau da kullun game da watsa gurɓataccen iska: A cikin kimiyyar muhalli, watsa gurɓatar iska shine *Rarraba* gurɓatawar iska cikin yanayi. ''Rashin gurɓata iska'' shine gabatar da ƙwayoyin halitta, kwayoyin halitta, ko wasu abubuwa masu Cutar a cikin yanayin Duniya, suna haifar da cuta, mutuwa ga mutane, lalacewar wasu halittu masu rai kamar amfanin gona, da yanayin halitta ko ginin. Rashin gurɓata iska na iya fitowa daga tushen mutum ko na halitta. Rarrabawar tana nufin abin da ke faruwa ga gurɓataccen lokacin da kuma bayan gabatarwarsa; fahimtar wannan na iya taimakawa wajen ganowa da sarrafa shi.

Yaduwar gurɓataccen iska ya zama abin da Masu kiyaye muhalli da Hukumomin kare muhalli na gwamnati (na gida, na jihohi, na lardin da na ƙasa) na ƙasashe da yawa (waɗanda suka karɓi kuma suka yi amfani da yawancin kalmomin wannan filin a cikin dokokinsu da ƙa'idodi) game da kula da gurɓata iska.

Ruwan gurɓataccen iska - kwararar gurɓata a cikin nau'in tururi ko hayaki da aka saki cikin iska. fuka-fuki suna da matukar muhimmanci a cikin tsarin watsa yanayi na gurɓataccen iska. Akwai nau'ikan gurɓataccen iska guda uku:

## Manazarta
Hasashen gurɓata iska

Hasashen gurɓataccen iska shine aikace-aikacen kimiyya da fasaha don yin hasashen abin da ke cikin gurɓatawar iska a cikin yanayi don wani wuri da lokaci. Ana iya fassara tsinkaya na algorithm game da yawan gurbataccen iska a cikin ƙididdigar ingancin iska, kamar ainihin ma'auni. da birane suna ba da tsinkaya daga kungiyoyin gwamnati na jihohi da na gida, da kuma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu kamar Airly, AirVisual, Aerostate, Ambee, BreezoMeter, PlumeLabs, da DRAXIS waɗanda ke ba da tsarkakar gurɓataccen iska.

## YaDalilin da ya sa aka yi amfani da shi
Rashin gurɓata iska yana daya daga cikin manyan matsalolin duniya, kuma yana haifar da matsalolin numfashi, cututtukan huhu, da matsalolin zuciya kuma yana iya ba da gudummawa ga matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da kuma kara yanayin kiwon lafiya na yanzu. Zai iya haifar da raguwa ga lafiyar duniya daidai. Sabili da haka, ragewa da kuma sa mutane su san waɗannan matsalolin da gurɓataccen iska ya haifar ya zama mahimmanci. 

Tare da ingantaccen hanyar hasashen gurɓataccen iska, ya zama da sauƙi don sarrafawa da rage haɗarin gurɓatawar iska da kuma tabbatar da matakin aminci na gurɓata a yankin. Hakanan yana taimakawa wajen tantance haɗari ga muhalli da yanayi da ya haifar da ƙarancin ingancin iska. Cikakken tsinkaya na iya haifar da sauƙin tsara ayyukan yau da kullun, guje wa wuraren da ke da manyan wuraren faɗakarwa, da aiwatar da matakan sarrafa gurɓataccen yanayi.

## Manazarta
Ƙididdigar gurɓata iska

Matsakaicin gurɓataccen iska, kamar yadda aka auna ko kuma kamar yadda aka lissafa ta hanyar ƙirar watsa iska,  dole ne a sauya shi ko gyara shi don a bayyana shi kamar yadda ake buƙata ta hanyar ka'idojin da hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban suka bayar. Dokokin da ke bayyanawa da iyakance yawan gurɓataccen abu a cikin iska ko a cikin hayaki zuwa iska ta muhalli ana bayar da su ta hanyar Kare muhalli na kasa da na jihohi (ko na lardin) da hukumomin kiwon lafiya da tsaro na sana'a.

Irin waɗannan ƙa'idodi sun haɗa da maganganu daban-daban na mai da hankali. Wasu suna bayyana maida hankali a matsayin ppmv (kashi na miliyan ta hanyar girma) kuma wasu suna bayyana ma'auni a matsayin MG / M3 (milligrams a kowace mita cubic), yayin da wasu ke buƙatar daidaitawa ko gyara maida hankali don yin la'akari da yanayin yanayin danshi, abun ciki na oxygen ko abun ciki na carbon dioxide. Wannan labarin ya gabatar da hanyoyin da za a iya jujjuya maida hankali daga ppmv zuwa MG / M3 (kuma akasin haka) da kuma gyara maida hankali ga yanayin da ake buƙata.

## Manazarta
Rashin gurɓata iska a Iran

**Rashin gurɓata iska a Iran** babbar haɗari ce ta lafiya da muhalli da lafiya. Iran ta kasance ƙasa ta uku mafi gurɓata a duniya. Iran ta kasance a matsayin kasa ta shida mafi yawan watsawa a duniya.

Rashin gurɓata iska a Iran ya fi mayar da hankali a cikin birane kuma an ruwaito cewa yana kashe 'yan Iran 40,000 a shekara. Matsayi mai girma na gurɓataccen iska shine babban mai ba da gudummawa ga cututtukan da suka hada da cututtukani na zuciya, jijiyoyi, cututtukun da suka shafi huhu da kuma lahani na haihuwa. Kudin kiwon lafiya da ke da alaƙa da mutuwar da ba ta dace ba da kuma maganin marasa lafiya ya haifar da Iran ta rasa kashi 3.2% na GDP a kowace shekara.

Babban matakan gurɓataccen abu kamar carbon monoxide da ƙwayoyin an haɗa su saboda zirga-zirgar motoci mai nauyi a cikin birane. A Tehran, zirga-zirgar motoci ne ke da alhakin mafi girman gurɓataccen gurɓata. A cewar Radio Free Europe, kokarin gwamnati ya kasa magance batun kuma a watan Janairun 2025, gwamnatin Iran ta sanar da cewa za ta motsa babban birninta daga Tehran da sauran dalilai saboda gurɓataccen yanayi.

## Manazarta
Ingancin iska da dokokin EU

Tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1970s, manufofi Tarayyar Turai (EU) sun kasance don haɓaka da fitar da matakan da suka dace don inganta ingancin iska a duk faɗin EU. Kula da hayaki daga hanyoyin tafi-da-gidanka, inganta ingancin man fetur da ingantawa da haɗa bukatun kare muhalli cikin ɓangaren sufuri da makamashi suna daga cikin waɗannan manufofi.

Babban hukumar ba da shawara ta EU ita ce Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Turai (EEA). Ya fara aiki a cikin 1993, bayan yanke shawara don gano EEA a Copenhagen. An fara aiki da gaske a shekarar 1994. Manufar EEA ita ce ta taimaka wa al'umma da kasashe membobin su yanke shawara game da inganta muhalli da haɗa la'akari da muhalli cikin manufofin tattalin arziki da daidaita bayanan muhalli na Turai da kuma lura da cibiyar sadarwa (Eionet). Eionet cibiyar sadarwa ce ta haɗin gwiwa a duk faɗin jihohin membobin da suka haɗa da kusan masana 1000 da fiye da cibiyoyin ƙasa 350. Cibiyar sadarwa tana tallafawa tattarawa da shirya bayanai da ci gaba da rarraba bayanai game da yanayin Turai.

## Manazarta
Jagoran ingancin iska

The World Health Organization guidelines were most recently updated in 2021. The guidelines offer guidance about these air pollutants: particulate matter (PM), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and carbon monoxide (CO). The WHO first released the air quality guidelines in 1987, then updated them in 1997. The reports provide guidelines intending to give guidelines to reduce the health effects of air pollution.

The guidelines stipulate that PM should not exceed 5 μg/m3 annual mean, or 15 μg/m3 24-hour mean; and that PM should not exceed 15 μg/m3 annual mean, or 45 μg/m3 24-hour mean. For ozone (O3), the guidelines suggest values no higher than 100 μg/m3 for an 8-hour mean and 60 μg/m3 peak season mean. For nitrogen dioxide (NO2), the guidelines set 10 μg/m3 for the annual mean or 25 μg/m3 for a 24-hours mean. For sulfur dioxide (SO2), the guidelines stipulate concentrations not exceeding 40 μg/m3 24-hour mean. For carbon monoxide concentrations not exceeding 4&nbsp;mg/m3 24-hour mean.

Dangane da tasirin kiwon lafiya, jagorar ta bayyana cewa PM2.5 maida hankali na 10 shine mafi ƙasƙanci wanda aka nuna jimlar, mutuwar zuciya da huhu da ciwon daji na huhu sun karu da fiye da 95% amincewa don mayar da martani ga bayyanar PM2.5 na dogon lokaci.

## Manazarta
Amy Carlson (shugaban addini)

**Amy Carlson** (Nuwamba 30, 1975 -  Afrilu 16, 2021), wanda mabiyanta suka fi sani da **Uwar [[Allah]]**, shugaba ce ta Addini Amurka kuma co-kafa sabuwar ƙungiyar addini Love Has Won .  Carlson da mabiyanta sun yi imanin cewa ita Allah ce, mai shekaru biliyan 19, kuma sake haifuwa Yesu Kristi, kuma tana iya warkar da mutane da ke fama da cutar kansa "tare da ikon soyayya". An bayyana ƙungiyar ta a matsayin ƙungiyar addini kuma Carlson a matsayin jagora ta ƙungiyar mutane da yawa, gami da tsoffin mambobi da kafofin watsa labarai. 

An gano jikin Carlson a cikin gidan Love Has Won a Crestone, Colorado, a watan Afrilun 2021.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Carlson a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 1975, a McPherson, Kansas . Iyayenta sun sake aure lokacin da take yarinya, kuma bayan sun sake yin aure, Carlson ta girma tsakanin gidajensu a Kansas da Oklahoma City. Carlson da 'yar'uwarta Tara sun tafi zama tare da mahaifiyarta da mahaifinta bayan da'awar cin zarafin mahaifiyarsu. Daga baya iyalin suka rayu a cikin matsakaicin matsayi a Dallas, Texas, inda Carlson ya sami maki masu kyau kuma ya raira waƙa a cikin mawaƙa na makaranta. Daga baya suka koma Houston.

Carlson yana da 'ya'ya uku daga iyaye uku daban-daban. Ta yi aiki a matsayin manajan a McDonald's.

## Manazarta
Ka'idodin ingancin iska

**Ka'idodin ingancin iska**, ko ka'idoji, sune maida hankali ga gurɓataccen iska a cikin iska, kuma yawanci suna nufin iska ta waje. An ƙayyade ka'idojin don dalilai daban-daban ciki har da kare lafiyar ɗan adam, gine-gine, amfanin gona, ciyayi, yanayin halittu, da kuma tsarawa da sauran dalilai. Babu ma'anar da aka yarda da ita a duniya amma yawanci "ka'idoji" suna da wasu fannoni na doka ko tilasta, yayin da "jagoranci" bazai sami goyon baya daga dokoki ba. Ana iya amfani da "Criteria /criterion" a matsayin kalma don rufe ka'idoji da jagororin.

Kungiyoyi daban-daban sun ba da shawarar ka'idoji misali WHO, EU, US EPA. Wadannan ka'idoji galibi suna kama da juna - amma ba koyaushe ba, koda kuwa an gabatar da su don wannan dalili (misali kariya ga lafiyar ɗan adam).

## Bayyana ka'idojin
Yana da mahimmanci ga kowane ma'auni na lambobi cewa an ba da matsakaicin lokaci, raka'a, da ma'aunin kididdiga (misali kashi 98 na sa'a na sa'o'i yana nufin auna a kan shekara ta kalandar a cikin micrograms a kowace mita cubic (μg / m3)). Ba tare da waɗannan ba babu wani dalili na kowa don ma'auni da aka ba shi, yana mai da shi rikice-rikice ko ma ba shi da ma'ana. Ana iya saita ma'auni a cikin raka'a daban-daban (misali μg / m3, sassa da biliyan ta hanyar girma (ppbv), sassa da biliya ta hanyar taro (ppb (mass)), sassa da miliyan (ppm)) kuma yana yiwuwa a canza tsakanin duk waɗannan raka'a idan an san yawan kwayoyin gurbataccen da zafin jiki. Ana amfani da yanayin zafi daban-daban a duk faɗin duniya don haka yana da mahimmanci a bayyana yanayin zafin jiki na juyawa (idan ya dace). Yawancin gurbatawa suna da ka'idojin yanayi a cikin sassa na biliyan (ppb) ko kewayon μg / m3. Wasu suna da ƙananan raka'a (misali dioxins sau da yawa suna cikin picograms / m3); wasu suna da manyan raka'a ("misali carbon monoxide (CO) a cikin mg / m3). An ƙayyade gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin (misali PM10, PM1.0) a cikin raka'a na taro (misali μg / m3) kuma ba a cikin raka-a na girma ba (ppmv).

Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin ka'idojin ingancin iska a duniya. Akwai ma'auni da yawa tsakanin kungiyoyi (misali International Finance Corp (IFC)) waɗanda ke da nasu ka'idoji amma a ƙarshe, ka'idojin da yawa sun dogara ne akan waɗanda Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ƙayyade. Yana da mahimmanci lokacin da aka bi ka'idojin ingancin iska don bincika bayanin kai tsaye. Ba duk abubuwan da suka danganci / sigogi masu sarrafa ma'auni ba za a iya sanya su a cikin teburin, sabili da haka waɗanda aka ƙayyade a ƙasa galibi sune waɗanda yawancin hukumomin sa ido suka ƙayyade. Wadannan hukumomi sun kuma lissafa ko dole ne a saka idanu kan ka'idoji ta wata hanya don dacewa da matakan bin doka.

## Manazarta
Mesmerize (waƙar)

"**Mesmerize**" waƙa ce ta mawaƙin Amurka Ja Rule . An sake tane a ranar 16 ga watan Disamba, 2002, a matsayin na biyu daga ɗakinsa na huɗu, kundin The Last Temptation (2002). Ya ƙunshi samfurin daga waƙar 1974 "Stop, Look, Listen (To Your Heart) " ta Diana Ross da Marvin Gaye, Irv Gotti ne ya samar da waƙar kuma tana nuna mai zane-zane na R & B Ashanti. Waƙar ta kai lamba ta biyu a kan  Hot 100 a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2003, ta sa ta zama ta huɗu ta Ashanti da Ja Rule a saman 10 a matsayin duet.

An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi da lambar kiɗa "Kai ne wanda nake so" daga fim din kiɗa na 1978 *Mai* suna Grease, bidiyon kiɗa ya fara ne tare da Irv Gotti ƙungiyar maza da suka yi ado da baki suna tattauna alaƙarsu a Los Angeles, California da Houston, Texas (a reference to Murder Inc.'s affiliation with Death Row Records da Rap-A-Lot Records) da kuma shirin su na juyin juya hali a cikin ɗakin dabarun. Ja Rule ya shiga cikin rigar preppy, ya ba da mamaki kwarai ga sauran maza, kuma ya bayyana cewa 'yarsa tana son ya bar rayuwar titi. A halin yanzu, wasu daga cikin abokan *Ashanti* suna yin biki na barci (tare da kundin Ashanti da aka yanke "Movies" suna wasa a bango) kuma suna wasa lokacin da Ashanti ta fito da tufafin fata mai haske, tana bayanin cewa ɗanta yana son ta zama mai rayuwar titi.

Waƙar ta fara ne da haɗuwa da su biyu a wani wuri na baje kolin nishaɗi. Yayin da suke raira waƙa, suna shiga cikin abubuwan jan hankali daban-daban, kamar su dakunan wasa da motoci. Waƙar ta ƙare ba zato ba tsammani tare da abokan Ja Rule suna fitowa daga motar baƙar fata kuma suna tambayarsa idan yana hawa tare da su. Bayan ya yi jinkiri kuma ya juya ga Ashanti, sai ta yarda. Su shiga cikin motar kuma bayan 'yan saurin yanke sun fito kuma Ja Rule ya fara raping "Destiny", waƙar rufewa daga kundin. Bidiyo ya ƙare tare da taron mutane da ke tafiya a kan tituna da riƙe alamomi daban-daban, gami da girmamawa ga marigayi rappers Tupac Shakur da DJ Jam-Master Jay.

An yi fim din titin ne a waje da Cathedral High School a kan Bishops Road (tsohon Stadium Way), hawa dutse zuwa Filin wasa na Dodger. An yi fim din al'amuran carnival a Los Angeles a filin kabari na Cathedral High School. Dukan harabar ita ce shafin yanar gizon tsohuwar Kabari na Calvary, arewa maso gabashin birnin Los Angeles.

## Tarihin saki

## Manazarta
Hawan Arctic

Haushi na Arctic shine abin da ke faruwa na haushi mai launin ruwan kasa a cikin yanayi a manyan latitudes a cikin Arctic saboda gurɓataccen iska na mutum. Babban abin da ke rarrabe haze na Arctic shine ikon sinadarai sa don ci gaba a cikin yanayi na tsawon lokaci fiye da sauran gurbatawa. Saboda iyakantaccen dusar ƙanƙara, ruwan sama, ko iska mai rikitarwa don kawar da gurbataccen iska daga iska mai zurfi a cikin bazara, haze na Arctic na iya kasancewa sama da wata ɗaya a cikin yanayin arewa.

## Manazarta