Mitrofan Dovnar-Zapolsky

**Mitrofan Viktorovich Dovnar-Zapol'skiy** ( Belarusian   Запольскі, Russian:   ; 14 June [    .​​ ​​ Ya fito daga dangin ƴan ƙaramar ƙasa kuma ɗan Sakatariyar Koleji ne. 

Shi ne marubucin ayyuka sama da 150 a kan tarihin Kievan Rus', Muscovy, karni na 19 Rasha, Lithuania da Belarus, a kan yunkurin zamantakewar siyasa, tambayar manoma da ethnography na Belarus.  Musamman, yawancin ayyukansa na kimiyya ne. Ya samo ayyukansa sosai a kan kayan daga fiye da 20 archives a Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Kyiv, Vilna, Warsaw, Kraków, Lviv, Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Novgorod, Nyasvizh da sauransu. Yawancin ayyukansa ba a buga su ba. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Order of Saint Vladimir 4th grade (Afrilu 1916) saboda aikinsa na kimiyya.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Tsohon jami'in ilimin tarihi na Jami'ar Kyiv (1893), ya rubuta rubutun magister a kan tarihi a Fall 1901 da kuma rubutun digiri a kan tarihi. Ya zama farfesa a Jami'ar Moscow (1899) kuma farfesa a tarihin Rasha a Jami'an Kyiv a 1902. Ya kasance mai shirya da kuma darektan Kwalejin Kasuwanci mafi girma  (Kyiv, 1906), ɗaya daga cikin masu shirya kuma shugaban farko na reshen Kudu maso Yamma na Kamfanin Kasuwancin Rasha (1912), kuma shugaban yawancin shahararrun masana kimiyya da al'ummomi a Kyiv.

Bayan rikici tare da daliban Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Kyiv (1917) da kuma "Kotu ta Stashevskiy" (1917),  Dovnar-Zapol'skiy ya yi murabus daga kusan dukkanin aikin farfesa. Daga nan ya zama farfesa a Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Kharkiv a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1919 kuma a Jami'ar Kharkiov a shekara ta 1920, ya kasance a can har zuwa 1921. Ya kuma kasance shugaban Jami'ar Azerbaijan kuma farfesa a Cibiyar Nazarin Fasaha ta Baku daga 1922 zuwa 1925. Bayan haka ya kasance farfesa na tarihin Belarus a Jami'ar Jihar Belarus daga Oktoba 1925 zuwa Fall 1926, ya kirkiro Hukumar Archeographical ta Inbelkult tare da Dovgyallo a 1925. Bayan tilasta ƙaura zuwa Moscow a cikin fall of 1926, sau da yawa dole ne ya nemi aiki a waje da fagen kimiyya. Ya kasance farfesa a Kwalejin Timiryazev a cikin shekarun 1930. A cikin 1920s da 1930s, ya rike mukamai da yawa a cikin tsarin gudanar da tattalin arziki a Soviet Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Belarus da Rasha.

## A cikin siyasa
Ya shiga cikin ƙungiyoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba a shekarun 1880 kuma an dakatar da shi na ɗan lokaci don zama a Kyiv. Daga baya, ya nuna tausayi ga ƙungiyoyin hagu.

Dovnar-Zapol'skiy ya goyi bayan Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Belarus (BPR), ya jagoranci Kamfanin Kasuwancin Belarus a Kyiv a 1918 (wanda Sakatariyar Jama'a ta Belarus ta tabbatar a ranar 24 ga Afrilu 1918),  kuma ya shirya aikin kirkirar Jami'ar Belarus a Minsk a ƙarshen Maris 1918. Daga Mayu zuwa Oktoba 1918, ya shiga cikin aikin diflomasiyyar BPR a Kyiv, wanda ya nemi amincewar BPR daga wakilan Soviet Russia, Ukraine, Don, Jamus da Austro-Hungary.

A buƙatar hukumomin BPR, ya shirya sanannen bayani "Memorandum" ("Foundations of statehood of Belarus"), wanda aka buga a Grodno da Vilna a cikin 1919 a cikin yarukan Belarusian, Rasha, Polish, Jamusanci da Faransanci; wanda P. Clark ya fassara zuwa Turanci. Wannan Memorandum ya ƙunshi tushen tarihi don buƙatar ƙirƙirar ƙasar Belarus mai zaman kanta kuma an gabatar da shi a Taron Versailles ta tawagar BPR, duk da cewa ba tare da sakamako mai kyau ba.

'Ya'yansa maza biyu sun mutu a cikin Red Army a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Rasha .

Littafinsa da aka buga amma ba a buga shi ba "History of Belarus" ya haifar da tashin hankali tsakanin hukumomin siyasa na Belarus (beg. 1926), an zarge shi da "Cathechism of Belarusian National Democratism",  kuma daga baya aka dakatar da shi; an kwace rubutun.  Sakamakon haka, an tilasta Dovnar-Zapol'skiy ya koma Moscow, ya yi gudun hijira (Fall 1926), kuma bai sake komawa Belarus ba.

Daga 1930 zuwa 1934, an soki shi sosai saboda abin da ake zargi "Neo-Narodnichestvo", wanda ya danganta marubucin tushen akidar "National Democratism", wanda aka daidaita da "wakilan fascism" ta hanyar ilimi. V.K. Shcherbakov, wanda tsohon ɗalibinsa farfesa A.P. Ogloblin (Kyiv, 1934) ya zargi shi da siyasa tare da makarantar kimiyya.

## A cikin kimiyya
Ɗalibi na farfesa Golubovskiy, Ikonnikov, kuma musamman V.B. Antonovich, ya nemi yin koyi da haɗuwa da ayyukan kimiyya da ilimi, kamar yadda P. Shafarik, V. Karajic, da N.I. Kostomarov suka bayyana.

Ya yi tir da ra'ayin mutanen Belarus kamar yadda ba su da wata ƙasa, kuma ya kasance mai gabatar da kara da kuma mai goyon bayan farfadowar ƙasar Belarus a farkon karni na 20. Dovnar-Zapol'skiy ya gaishe da fitowar "mahimmanci da kimiyya" a cikin binciken tarihi da ethnographical na Belarus. Ya nuna tausayi ga ka'idar Marxist amma bai damu da shi ba.

### Ra'ayoyin tarihi
Dovnar-Zapol'skiy ya inganta manufar fifikon tarihin mutane a kan tarihin jihohi kuma ya yi la'akari da ethnography da tattalin arziki da mahimmanci, idan ba manyan dalilai ba, a nazarin tarihin al'umma.

A matsayin wani ɓangare na bincikensa game da Tarihin Belarus, ya yi la'akari da kasancewar ƙasar Belarus tare da tarihinta, siffofi daban-daban, al'adun gargajiya masu arziki, tare da harshen Belarus ya zama magajin jawabin Krivichi da Dregovichs. Ya goyi bayan "ka'idar mulkin mallaka" game da fitowar jihar a Belarus, kuma ya yi la'akari da Krivichi da Dregovichs da yawa don warewa daga jihar Tsohon Rus sabili da haka suna canzawa daban. Dovnar-Zapol'skiy ya kuma yi la'akari da rashin hadin kan al'adu a cikin tsohuwar Rus, tare da harkokin siyasa da na soja na waje su ne kawai abubuwan da ke ɗaurewa a ciki.

Ya kalli kirkirar Babban Duchy na Lithuania da Rus' a cikin karni na 13 a matsayin wani bangare na zaman lafiya da kuma hadin kai tsakanin sarakunan da suka raunana Rus' da sarakunan Lithuania masu tayar da kayar baya.

Ya kuma yi la'akari da cewa Lublin Union da Church Union sun kasance mummunan dalilai a tarihin Belarus, suna mai da'awar suna inganta rashin haƙuri na addini. Ya kuma ƙi amincewa da shigar da ƙasar Belarus cikin Rasha bayan rabuwa da Commonwealth na Poland da Lithuania. Gabaɗaya, ya yi la'akari da "mugunta biyu" da suka rinjayi tarihin Belarus da mummunar tasiri: "Jamhuriyar aristocraticszlachta" ta Poland da kuma "Boyar oligarchy" ta Rasha. Ya ƙi duka biyun, kamar yadda waɗannan *demos* ɗin ba su da kyau, saboda haka suna da haɗari ga mutanen Belarus waɗanda ke da "masu dimokuradiyya sosai a cikin al'adunsu na tarihi da na gargajiya".

Daga baya a cikin shekarun 1920, masanin tarihi ya kara jaddada batun tattalin arziki a tarihi da kuma muhimmancin gwagwarmayar aji a tarihin Babban Duchy.

## Bayanan da wasu suka gani
John Leslie Howard Keep da Alter L. Litvin suna nufin Dovnar-Zapol'ski da Picheta a matsayin "masu tsattsauran ra'ayi (Belarusian) 'yan kasa.

## Ayyukan kimiyya

### Tarihi, tattalin arziki da kididdiga na Belarus

* Hoton tarihin ƙasashen Krivichi da Dregovichi har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 12, Kyiv, 1891.
* Yammacin Rasha a cikin karni na 16, Saint-Petersburg, 1897.
* Tattalin arzikin jihar na Babban Duchy na Lithuania a karkashin Jagellons . Magister dissertation, Kyiv, 1901.
* Hotuna game da shirya manoma na Yammacin Rasha a karni na 16. Dokta rubutun, Kyiv, 1906.
* Tarihin tattalin arzikin mutanen Rasha, Kyiv, 1911.
* Tarihin Belarus, kammalawar farko a 1919, fadada kuma an buga shi a 1925, an dakatar da shi, an sake buga shi daga rubutun da ba cikakke ba a 1994 da 2005.
* Sketch on social-economic tsarin Belarus in XVI - XVIII cent.[Hasiya]
* Tattalin arzikin mutanen Belarus a 1861-1914, Myensk, 1926.
* USSR ta yanki. Yankin Yamma (Belarusian SSR da Yammacin ɓangaren RSFSR), Moscow - Leningrad, 1928.

### Ethnography da al'adun Belarus

* Waƙoƙin aure da aure na Belarus, Kyiv, 1888.
* Aure na Belarus a cikin al'adu da addini, Kyiv, 1893.
* Yankin Belarus. Tarin kayan tarihi na M.V.Dovnar-Zapol'skiy. Waƙoƙin Pinchuki,  Kyiv, 1895.
* Bincike da labarai. Tarin a cikin 2 vol.[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9]

### Tarihin siyasa na Rus' da Rasha

* Tsarin siyasa na Tsohon Rus', Moscow, 1906.
* Manufofin siyasa na M. M. Speranskiy, Moscow, 1906.
* Fitowar Ma'aikatun a Rasha, Moscow, 1906.
* Daga tarihin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa a Rasha. [Hotuna a shafi na 9]

* Kungiyar Asirin Disamba, Moscow, 1906.
* Tarihin Disamba, Kyiv, 1906.
* Ideals of Decembrists, Moscow, 1907.

## Ayyukan rubuce-rubuce

* Takardun ajiyar Moscow na Ma'aikatar Shari'a, Moscow, 1897.
* Yarjejeniyar Barkulab, 1897.
* Ayyukan Jihar Lithuania-Rasha. Fitowa 1, 1390-1529, Moscow, 1898.
* Lithuanian Memorabilia zuwa Tartar Hordes, Simferopol', 1898.
* Tarin kayan tarihi akan tarihin mutanen Volyn voidvodship a cikin 17-18-cent., 1914 (ba a buga shi ba).

## Manazarta

## Ƙarin karantawa

* B.B. K.  (Bandarchyk 1964) Gісторыя белорускай этнаграфия XIX ст. - M.: Navuca da kuma Tehyule, 1964. - 282 s. shafi na 201-215.&nbsp;
* Karawu Dz. Da yake akwai.  (Karaw 1994) Pрадмова // Doўнар-ЗапольскіM. B. Gісторыя Беларусі / Беларус. Encycl., Naza. Arh. Rashin jinin. Belarus.[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Z Rasha. T. M. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] M. Ka'ida, E. F. Feshch. - M.[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] - 510 p.: 1l.   ISBN . &nbsp;shafi na 5-15.&nbsp;
* LabadaB.M., Scaliban B. B., Shumiko M.F. M. B. Donar-Zapol da gadonsa // Donar-Заapol M. B. Tarihin Belarus / M. B. Don'a-Zapol. - 2nd ed. - M.[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 1] - 680 s.   ISBN . &nbsp;shafi na 3-14.&nbsp;

## Haɗin waje