James Boswell

James Boswell, 9th Laird na Auchinleck (/ˈbɒzwɛl, -wəl/; 29 Oktoba 1740 (N.S.)  - 19 Mayu 1795), ya kasance marubucin tarihin Scotland, marubuci, kuma lauya, an haife shi a Edinburgh. An fi saninsa da tarihin rayuwa marubucin Ingilishi Samuel Johnson, Life of Samuel Johnson, wanda aka fi cewa shi ne mafi girman tarihin da aka rubuta a cikin harshen Ingilishi. An dawo da babban tarin littattafan Boswell, wasiƙu, da takardu masu zaman kansu daga shekarun 1920 zuwa 1950, kuma littafin da Jami'ar Yale ta wallafa ya canza sunansa.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Boswell a Blair's Land a gefen gabas na Majalisar Kusa da St Giles' Cathedral a Edinburgh a kan 29 Oktoba 1740 ( NS ). Shi ne ɗan babban alkali, Alexander Boswell, Lord Auchinleck, da matarsa Euphemia Erskine. A matsayinsa na ɗan fari, shi ne magaji ga danginsa na Auchinleck a Ayrshire . Mahaifiyar Boswell ta kasance mai tsaurin ra'ayi na Calvin, kuma yana jin cewa mahaifinsa ya yi masa sanyi. Lokacin yaro, ya kasance m. Kay Jamison, Farfesa na Ilimin ⁹Halittu a Johns Hopkins, a cikin littafinsa Touched with Fire, ya yi imanin cewa Boswell na iya fama da rashin lafiya, [1] kuma wannan yanayin zai shafe shi a lokaci-lokaci a duk rayuwarsa. Yana da shekaru biyar, an aika shi zuwa makarantar James Mundell, wata cibiya mai ci gaba bisa ka'idojin lokacin, inda aka koyar da shi Turanci, Latin, rubutu da lissafi.

Boswell mai shekaru takwas bai ji dadi ba a wurin, kuma ya sha wahala daga mafarki mai ban tsoro da tsananin kunya. Saboda haka, an cire shi daga makarantar sakandare kuma wasu masu koyarwa masu zaman kansu suka ba shi ilimi. Mafi shahara kuma mai goyan bayan waɗannan, John Dunn, ya fallasa Boswell ga adabi na zamani, irin su maƙalar The Spectator, da addini. Dunn kuma ya kasance a lokacin babban bala'in Boswell na 1752, lokacin da aka tsare shi a garin Moffat a arewacin Dumfriesshire. Wannan ya ba Boswell kwarewarsa ta farko ta al'umma ta gaskiya. Farfaɗonsa ya yi sauri kuma cikakke, kuma Boswell na iya yanke shawarar cewa tafiye-tafiye da nishaɗi sun yi masa tasiri mai kwantar da hankali.

A sha uku, Boswell ya shiga cikin kwas ɗin fasaha a Jami'ar Edinburgh, yana karatu a can daga 1753 zuwa 1758. A tsakiyar karatunsa, ya sha wahala mai tsanani amma ya murmure sosai. Boswell yana da swarth fata, baƙar gashi da duhu idanu; ya kasance mai matsakaicin tsayi, kuma ya kasance yana da girma. An ce kamanninsa a faɗake ne kuma na maza.

Bayan ya cika shekaru goma sha tara, an tura shi don ci gaba da karatu a Jami'ar Glasgow, inda ya halarci laccocin Adam Smith . Yayin da yake a Glasgow, Boswell ya yanke shawarar tuba zuwa Katolika kuma ya zama zuhudu . Da jin haka sai mahaifinsa ya umarce shi gida. Maimakon yin biyayya, duk da haka, Boswell ya gudu zuwa London, inda ya shafe watanni uku, yana rayuwa na ' yanci, kafin mahaifinsa ya mayar da shi Scotland. Bayan ya dawo, an sake shigar da shi a Jami'ar Edinburgh kuma mahaifinsa ya tilasta masa ya sanya hannu a yawancin gadon da ya samu don samun alawus na £ 100 a shekara.

## Zuwa London da Turai
A ranar 30 ga Yulin 1762, Boswell ya ci jarrabawarsa ta baka, bayan haka mahaifinsa ya yanke shawarar ƙara alawus ɗinsa zuwa fam 200 a shekara kuma ya ba shi izinin komawa Landan. Boswell ya fara ajiye jarida mai hankali, an rubuta shi cikakke, kuma an buga ƙarar da ke rufe wannan lokacin a 1950 a matsayin *Jaridar London* . A ranar 16 ga Mayu 1763, Boswell ya sadu da Johnson a karon farko. Ma'auratan sun zama abokai kusan nan da nan, kodayake Johnson ya zama mafi girman iyaye a idanun Boswell. 

A cikin Boswell's *Life of Johnson*, ya rubuta musayar tattaunawa ta farko tsakaninsa da Johnson kamar haka:[Boswell:] "Mr Johnson, hakika na fito daga Scotland, amma ba zan iya taimaka masa ba." [Johnson:] "Wannan, Sir, na gano, shine abin da yawancin mutanen ƙasar ku ba za su iya taimakawa ba." A ranar 6 ga Agusta, Boswell ya bar Ingila zuwa Turai, tare da burin farko na ci gaba da karatun shari'a a Jami'ar Utrecht . Ya shafe shekara guda a can kuma ko da yake bai yi matukar farin ciki a watannin farko ba, a ƙarshe ya ji daɗin lokacinsa a Utrecht. Ya haɗu da fitattun iyalai, kuma ya ci gaba da karatunsa da himma. Boswell ya yaba wa matashiyar gwauruwar Geelvinck wadda ta ki aurensa. Ya yi abokantaka kuma ya ƙaunaci Isabelle de Charrière, wanda kuma aka sani da Belle van Zuylen, wata matashiyar yarinya 'yar Holland mai ra'ayin ra'ayi mara kyau, mafi girman zamantakewa da hankali.

A ranar 18 ga Yuni 1764, Boswell ya tashi daga Utrecht ta koci, kuma ya shafe mafi yawan shekaru biyu masu zuwa yana balaguro a cikin nahiyar, Babban Balaguron sa. Ya bi ta Jamus, Switzerland, Italiya, Corsica da Faransa. Ya shirya ganawa da ’yan boko na Turai Jean-Jacques Rousseau da Voltaire tare da wasiƙar shawara ta Constant d’Hermenches, kuma ya yi tattaki zuwa Roma, inda George Willison ya zana hotonsa. Boswell kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa Corsica kuma ya shafe makonni bakwai a can, ya sadu da jagoran adawa na Corsican Pasquale Paoli, kuma ya aika da rahotanni zuwa jaridu na London. An harhada littattafansa da wasiƙun sa na wannan lokacin zuwa littattafai guda biyu, *Boswell a Holland* da *Boswell akan Babban Yawon shakatawa* .

## Balagagge rayuwa

Boswell ya koma Landan a watan Fabrairun 1766 tare da rakiyar uwar gidan Rousseau Thérèse Levasseur, wanda ya yi ɗan ɗan gajeren lokaci game da tafiya gida.  Bayan ya shafe makonni a babban birnin kasar, ya koma Scotland, sayen (ko watakila hayar) tsohon gidan David Hume a James Kotun a kan Lawnmarket .  Ya yi karatun digirinsa na shari'a a Jami'ar Edinburgh . Ya ci jarrabawa ya zama lauya . Ya yi wannan doka a Edinburgh fiye da shekaru goma, kuma yawancin shekaru ya shafe hutunsa na shekara a Landan, yana cuɗanya da Johnson da sauran marubuta da yawa na London, editoci, da mawallafa, tare da haɓaka burinsa na adabi. Ya ba da gudummawar abubuwa da yawa ga jaridu da mujallu, a London da Edinburgh.  Ya sami jin daɗi a cikin wasa da ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwaƙƙwaran waƙa tare da takwarorinsa.

A cikin 1768 ya buga *wani asusun Corsica, mujallar yawon shakatawa zuwa tsibirin, da kuma abubuwan tunawa na Pascal Paoli.* Littafin ya ƙunshi duka tarihi da bayanin Corsica, da kuma bayanin ziyararsa. Boswell babban mai goyon bayan Jamhuriyar Corsican ne. Bayan mamaye tsibirin da Faransa ta yi a cikin 1768, Boswell ya yi ƙoƙari ya wayar da kan jama'a da kuma nuna goyon baya ga mutanen Corsican. Ya aika makamai da kudi ga mayakan Corsican, wadanda aka ci nasara a karshe a yakin Ponte Novu a 1769. Boswell ya halarci masallatan da aka gudanar a Shakespeare Jubilee a Stratford-kan-Avon a watan Satumba na 1769 sanye da tufafin shugaban Corsican.  Ya kuma kasance cikin bacin rai ga abokinsa Johnson, mai karfin kare juyin juya halin Amurka. 

Wasu rubuce-rubucensa na mujallu da wasiƙu daga wannan lokacin sun bayyana abubuwan ban mamaki da ya yi. Don haka, a cikin 1767, a cikin wata wasiƙa zuwa ga William Johnson Temple, ya rubuta, "Na sami kaina sosai, na tafi gidan Bawdy kuma na wuce dare duka a hannun wata karuwa. karuwa ce ta cancanci Boswell idan Boswell dole ne ya kasance karuwa.  Bayan 'yan shekaru da suka wuce, ya rubuta cewa a cikin dare tare da wata 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Louisa, "sau biyar na yi rashin gaskiya a cikin fyaucewa mafi girma. Louisa ta yi matukar son ni; ta bayyana cewa ni mai ban mamaki ne kuma ta tambaye ni ko wannan ya kasance. ba mai ban mamaki ba ga yanayin ɗan adam."  Ko da yake a wasu lokuta yakan yi amfani da kwaroron roba don kariya,  ya kamu da cutar aƙalla sau goma sha bakwai. 

Boswell ya auri kaninsa, Margaret Montgomerie, a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 1769.  Ta kasance da aminci ga Boswell, duk da yawan hulɗar da yake yi da karuwai, har zuwa mutuwarta daga tarin fuka a 1789. Bayan kafircinsa yakan yi mata uzuri mai zubar da hawaye tare da neman gafararta, kafin ya sake yi mata alkawarin zai gyara. James da Margaret sun haifi 'ya'ya maza hudu da mata uku. 'Ya'ya maza biyu sun mutu tun suna kanana; Sauran biyun su ne Alexander (1775-1822) da James (1778-1822). 'Ya'yansu mata su ne Veronica (1773-1795), Euphemia (1774 - c. 1834) da Elizabeth, wanda aka fi sani da 'Betsy', (1780-1814). Har ila yau Boswell yana da aƙalla ƴaƴan waje biyu, Charles (1762–1764) da Sally (1767 – c. 1768).

Duk da nasarar wallafe-wallafen danginsa tare da asusun tafiye-tafiyensa na Turai, Boswell ya kasance mai ba da shawara ne kawai mai nasara a matsakaici, ban da batun keta haƙƙin mallaka na *Donaldson v Beckett*, inda Boswell ya wakilci mai sayar da littattafai na Scotland Alexander Donaldson . A ƙarshen 1770s, Boswell ya ƙara komawa cikin shaye-shaye da jarabar caca. A tsawon rayuwarsa, tun yana yaro har zuwa mutuwa, yana fama da matsananciyar motsin rai. Bacin ransa yakan ƙarfafa shi kuma ya tsananta saboda munanan halayensa daban-daban. Yawancin lokutan farin cikin sa yakan gan shi ba tare da mataimakinsa ba. Halinsa ya haɗu da hazakar wayewar kai don hankali da ɗanɗano tare da ƙauna ta gaske da ɗan ɗanɗano na ƙauna mai girma da ɗabi'a ga ɓacin rai lokaci-lokaci. Na karshen, tare da sha’awar shaye-shaye da sauran munanan dabi’u, ya sa mutane da yawa a wannan zamani da kuma daga baya masu lura da al’amura suka dauke shi a matsayin wanda ba shi da nauyi sosai da ya kai ga zama daidai a cikin taron adabin da yake son zama a cikinsa. Duk da haka, barkwancinsa da kyawawan dabi'unsa sun sa shi abokai da yawa na rayuwa.

A cikin 1773 Boswell ya sayi gidan David Hume (wanda ya koma sabon gida a Kudu St David Street/St Andrew Square) a kusurwar kudu maso gabas na Kotun James.   Ya zauna a can har zuwa 1786.  An kafa mazaunin Boswell a Kotun James da kyau, amma ba ainihin wurin ba. Misali, wani bugu na *Traditions na Edinburgh* daga baya na Robert Chambers ya nuna cewa gidan Boswell a Kotun James yana cikin reshen yamma. Gidansa na Kotun James ya shahara don samun matakai biyu, kuma duk da cewa gyare-gyaren zamani a yankin Gabas ya nuna irin wannan yuwuwar, mai yiwuwa gidan Boswell ya kasance mai kayan aiki makamancin haka a cikin sashin Yamma wanda babu shi, ya kone a cikin yankin. tsakiyar 1800s.

### Earl na Dumfries
Boswell ya zama abokantaka sosai tare da Earl na Dumfries na 6, kamar yadda ya gan shi a Scotland ya ziyarce shi a Rosemount, London a 1787 da 1788. A cikin mujallar Boswell na Nuwamba 2, 1778 jarida ya rubuta, "[The Earl of Dumfries] ya kasance mai kula da ni sosai [...] Na kasance a kan tsaro, kamar yadda na san cewa shi da Countess sun ba da kansu cewa za su samu daga gare su. ni waccan hanyar ta cikin gidanmu da mahaifina ya ƙi, kuma wanda a gaskiya har yanzu na fi gamsuwa da ƙi”. Ya ga Kunnen a matsayin *"mai hankali sosai"* .

Bayan sun karbi bakuncin Earl, Boswell da matarsa kuma sun yanke shawarar ziyartar Dumfries House "[o] ziyararmu ta kasance mai ban tsoro, saboda babu wata hanyar sadarwa tsakanin iyalai na shekaru da yawa na rayuwar mahaifina [...] Ni, duk da haka, na so in zauna tare da irin waɗannan maƙwabta na kusa".

A ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 1782, Boswell ya rubuta cewa, "Mun kalli ƙofar Ubangiji Dumfries da kuma sanannen hanya. [...] Na nuna masa cewa bayar da shi zai sa inganta Auchinleck ya zama wani ɓangare na yankunan Earl na Dumfries. magada."

### Daga baya rayuwa
Boswell ya kasance babban bako na Lord Monboddo a gidan Monboddo, wurin da ya tattara muhimman abubuwan lura game da rubuce-rubucensa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da Samuel Johnson, Lord Kames da sauran fitattun mahalarta.

Bayan mutuwar Johnson a 1784, Boswell ya koma London don gwada sa'arsa a Bar Ingilishi, wanda ya tabbatar da rashin nasara fiye da aikinsa a Scotland. A cikin 1792 Boswell ya yi kira ga Sakataren Harkokin Cikin Gida don taimakawa wajen samun gafarar sarauta ga 'yan gudun hijirar Botany Bay guda hudu, ciki har da Mary Bryant . Ya kuma yi tayin tsayawa takarar majalisar amma ya kasa samun goyon bayan da ya dace, kuma ya shafe shekaru na karshe na rayuwarsa yana rubuta *Rayuwar Samuel Johnson* .

A wannan lokacin ne lafiyarsa ta fara raguwa saboda ciwon gabobi da kuma shekarun da ya sha. Boswell ya mutu a London a shekara ta 1795. Kusa da ƙarshen rayuwarsa ya tabbata cewa " Takardun Shakespeare ", ciki har da wasan kwaikwayo biyu *Vortigern da Rowena* da *Henry II* da ba a san su ba, wanda William Henry Ireland ya gano, na gaske ne. Bayan mutuwar Boswell sun tabbatar da cewa jabu ne wanda Ireland da kansa ya kirkiro.  An shigar da gawar Boswell a cikin crypt na gidan mausoleum na Boswell a cikin abin da ke yanzu tsohon Auchinleck Kirkyard a Ayrshire . Mausoleum yana haɗe da tsohon Auchinleck kirk .

## ''Rayuwar Samuel Johnson''
 
File:JoshuaReynoldsParty.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A literary party at Sir Joshua Reynolds' – 1781. The painting shows the friends of Reynolds including Boswell at left.

poly 133 343 124 287 159 224 189 228 195 291 222 311 209 343 209 354 243 362 292 466 250 463 Dr. Samuel Johnson, author
poly 76 224 84 255 43 302 62 400 123 423 121 361 137 344 122 290 111 234 96 225 James Boswell, biographer
poly 190 276 208 240 229 228 247 238 250 258 286 319 282 323 223 323 220 301 200 295 Sir Joshua Reynolds, host
poly 308 317 311 270 328 261 316 246 320 228 343 227 357 240 377 274 366 284 352 311 319 324 David Garrick, actor
poly 252 406 313 343 341 343 366 280 383 273 372 251 378 222 409 228 414 280 420 292 390 300 374 360 359 437 306 418 313 391 272 415 Edmund Burke, statesman
rect 418 220 452 287 Pasqual Paoli, Corsican independent
poly 455 238 484 253 505 303 495 363 501 377 491 443 429 439 423 375 466 352 Charles Burney, music historian
poly 501 279 546 237 567 239 572 308 560 326 537 316 530 300 502 289 Thomas Warton, poet laureate
poly 572 453 591 446 572 373 603 351 562 325 592 288 573 260 573 248 591 243 615 254 637 280 655 334 705 396 656 419 625 382 609 391 613 453 Oliver Goldsmith, writer
rect 450 86 584 188 Probably ''The Infant Academy'' (1782)
rect 286 87 376 191 Puck by Joshua Reynolds
circle 100 141 20 Unknown portrait
poly 503 192 511 176 532 176 534 200 553 219 554 234 541 236 525 261 506 261 511 220 515 215 Servant, possibly Dr. Johnson's heir
rect 12 10 702 500 Use button to enlarge or use hyperlinks
desc bottom-left
Lokacin da aka buga *Rayuwar Samuel Johnson* a cikin 1791, salon sa ya kasance na musamman a cikin wannan, ba kamar sauran tarihin zamanin ba, kai tsaye ya haɗa da tattaunawar da Boswell ya ambata a lokacin don mujallunsa. Ya kuma ƙunshi ƙarin bayanan sirri da na ɗan adam fiye da waɗanda masu karatu na zamani suka saba da su. Maimakon rubuta ainihin tushen gaskiya na rayuwar jama'a na Johnson a cikin salon lokacin, ya zana hoton mutum na sirri fiye da yadda aka saba a tarihin rayuwar yau.

Macaulay da Carlyle, da sauransu, sun yi ƙoƙari su bayyana yadda mutum irin su Boswell zai iya samar da wani aiki mai cikakken bayani kamar *Rayuwar Johnson* . Tsohon ya yi jayayya da cewa wautar Boswell da ba a hana shi ba da faɗin gaskiya ita ce mafi girman cancantarsa; Na karshen ya amsa da cewa a ƙarƙashin irin waɗannan halayen akwai hankali don gane kyawu da kuma zuciyar da za ta yi godiya da shi, taimakon da ikon ingantaccen kallo da iyawa mai ban mamaki. 

## Matsayi akan bauta
Boswell ya kasance a taron kwamitin kawar da cinikin bayi a watan Mayu 1787 da aka kafa don shawo kan William Wilberforce ya jagoranci yunkurin kawar da shi a majalisar. Duk da haka, mai rushewar Thomas Clarkson ya rubuta cewa a shekara ta 1788 Boswell "bayan ya goyi bayan lamarin ... ya zama abin ƙyama."  Babban abin da Boswell ya nuna na goyon bayan bautar shi ne waƙarsa ta 1791 "Babu Abolition of Slavery; ko Universal Empire of Love", wanda ya lalata Clarkson, Wilberforce da Pitt . Har ila yau waƙar tana goyan bayan shawarar gama gari na ƙungiyoyin bautar, cewa a zahiri bayi sun ji daɗin rabonsu: "Ƙungiyoyin farin ciki!

## Ganowa da buga takaddun sirri na Boswell
A cikin 1920s an gano wani babban ɓangare na takaddun sirri na Boswell, gami da mujallu na kud da kud don yawancin rayuwarsa, a Malahide Castle, arewacin Dublin . Waɗannan suna ba da haske mai ban mamaki ga rayuwa da tunanin mutum. An sayar da su ga mai karɓar haraji na Amurka Ralph H. Isham kuma tun daga lokacin sun wuce Jami'ar Yale, wanda ya buga shahararrun kuma na ilimi bugu na mujallolinsa da wasiƙun, yawancin editan Frederick A. Pottle . An gano cache na biyu ba da jimawa ba kuma Isham ya siya. An buga bugu mai tsayi mai tsayi na *The Journal of Tour to the Hebrides* a cikin 1936 bisa asalin rubutun sa, edita ta LF Powell . *Jaridar sa ta London 1762–63*, na farko na wallafe-wallafen jaridar Yale, ya bayyana a cikin 1950. Shahararren bugu na ƙarshe, *The Great Biographer, 1789–1795*, an buga shi a cikin 1989. Buga bugu na bincike na mujallu da wasiƙun Boswell, kowannensu ya haɗa da abubuwan da ba a taɓa bugawa ba, Jami'ar Yale ta dakatar da ita a watan Yuni 2021, kafin kammala aikin.  .&#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

Wadannan cikakkun mujallu sun hada da bayanan da suka fi dacewa game da Grand Tour na Turai wanda ya dauka tun yana saurayi kuma, daga baya, na yawon shakatawa na Scotland tare da Johnson. Har ila yau, mujallu sun rubuta tarurruka da tattaunawa tare da fitattun mutane na The Club, ciki har da Lord Monboddo, David Garrick, Edmund Burke, Joshua Reynolds da [[Oliver Goldsmith]].

Tun lokacin da aka gano waɗannan mujallu ne aka gane Boswell a matsayin babban mai fasahar adabi. A cikin buɗaɗɗensa ga kowane nau'in jin daɗi, jin daɗinsa na ɗaukar ra'ayin guduwa da bayyanar da motsin rai, jin daɗin kansa da (a wasu lokuta) raini, Boswell yana shirye ya bayyana abin da wasu marubutan lokacin suka matsa. 

== Freemasonry ==
An ƙaddamar da Boswell cikin Freemasonry a Lodge Canongate Kilwinning a ranar 14 ga Agusta 1759. Daga baya ya zama Jagora na wannan Lodge a cikin 1773 kuma a waccan shekarar shine Babban Grand Warden na Grand Lodge na Scotland. Daga 1776 zuwa 1777 shi ne Mataimakin Babban Jagora na Grand Lodge.  

== A cikin almara da shaharar al'adu ==
Sunan mahaifi na Boswell ya shiga cikin harshen Ingilishi a matsayin lokaci ( ''Boswell'', ''Boswellian'', ''Boswellism'' ) don abokin tarayya da mai kallo akai-akai, musamman ma wanda ya rubuta waɗannan abubuwan lura a cikin bugawa. A cikin " A Scandal in Bohemia ", Sir Arthur Conan Doyle halinsa Sherlock Holmes cikin ƙauna ya ce game da Dr. Watson, wanda ya ba da labarin tatsuniyoyi, "Na ɓace ba tare da Boswell na ba." 

The comedy ''Young Auchinleck'' (1962) na ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Scotland Robert McLellan ya kwatanta zawarcin Boswell daban-daban da dangantakar da ke tsakaninsa da mahaifinsa a cikin lokacin bayan komawar sa Scotland a 1766, wanda ya ƙare a ƙarshen aurensa da ɗan uwansa Margaret Montgomery (Peggy) a 1769 akan a ranar da mahaifinsa ya yi aure na biyu a wani yanki na kasar. An fara yin wasan ne a bikin Edinburgh International Festival a 1962 kuma an daidaita shi don Gidan Talabijin na BBC a 1965.

A cikin 1981 mawallafin zane-zane R. Crumb ya buga labarin "Boswell's London Journal" a cikin mujallar anthology ''Weirdo'' . An gabatar da shi a matsayin "Klassic Komic," wannan yanki ya ƙunshi zane-zane masu ban sha'awa da kuma wasu bayanai daga rubuce-rubucen Boswell don ba da labari mai ban sha'awa na matashin Boswell yana ƙoƙari ya kafa kansa a cikin al'ummar London, yana haɗuwa da karuwai kuma yana fama da cututtuka na venereal. 

John Sessions ne ya buga Boswell a ''Boswell &amp;amp; Johnson's Tour of the Western Isles'', wasan 1993 BBC 2 . 

A cikin Fabrairu da Maris 2015, BBC Radio 4 watsa shirye-shirye uku na "Boswell's Lives", marubuci Jon Canter's wasan barkwanci dauki a kan Boswell taron daga baya tarihi (Sigmund Freud, Maria Callas da Harold Pinter, bi da bi) don dalilai na tarihin rayuwa.  Miles Jupp ne ya buga Boswell.

Mawallafin Ba’amurke Philip Baruth ya rubuta labarin almara na farkon rayuwar James Boswell a cikin ''Brothers Boswell'' (Soho Press 2009). Littafin, wanda ya haɗa da al'amuran da ke nuna Samuel Johnson, ɗan wasa ne mai ban sha'awa wanda ke mai da hankali kan alakar da ke tsakanin James da ƙanensa John. Boswell kuma yana fasalta a matsayin hali a littafin littafin James Robertson, ''[[Joseph Knight (bawa)|Joseph Knight]]'' (2003). 

== Manyan ayyuka ==

* ''The Cub at Newmarket''  (1762, James Dodsley ya buga)
* ''Haruffa Tsakanin Honourable Andrew Erskine, da James Boswell, Esq.'' (1763)
* ''Dorando, Labarin Mutanen Espanya'' (1767, ba tare da sunansa ba)
* ''[https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=6130954&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&search_terms=DTL7&pds_handle=%7CAn Asusun Corsica, Jaridar Tafiya zuwa Wannan Tsibirin, da Memoirs na Pascal Paoli]'' (1768)
* "The Rampager" (1770-1782, jerin kasidu 20 da aka buga kai tsaye a cikin ''Mai Tallace-tallacen Jama'a'' ) 
* ''The Hypochondriack'' (1777-83, jerin kasidu 70 da aka buga kowane wata a cikin ''Mujallar London'' )
* ''Jaridar Tafiya zuwa Hebrides tare da Samuel Johnson, LL.'' ''D'' (1785)
* ''Rayuwar Samuel Johnson, LL.'' ''D'' 2 juzu'i. (1791, an sake bugawa a cikin ɗakin karatu na Kowaneman )
* **' (1791) (waka)

## Buga mujallu
Bayan an kwato takardun sirri na Boswell, kuma Ralph Isham ya tattara su, Jami'ar Yale ta samu, inda aka kafa wani ofishi mai kwazo don gyara da buga mujallunsa da wasiku. An buga mujallun a cikin juzu'i 13, kamar haka.

* *Boswell's London Journal, 1762-1763 ,* ed. FA Pottle (1950)
* *[https://archive.org/stream/boswellinholland027081mbp/boswellinholland027081mbp_djvu.txt Boswell a Holland, 1763-1764], gami da wasiƙunsa da Belle de Zuylen (Zelide)*, ed. FA Pottle (1952)
* **', ed. FA Pottle (1953)
* ''[https://archive.org/stream/onthegrandtourit006242mbp/onthegrandtourit006242mbp_djvu.txt Boswell akan Babban Yawon shakatawa: Italiya, Corsica, da Faransa, 1765–1766]'', ed. Frank Brady da FA Pottle (1955)
* ''[https://archive.org/stream/boswellinsearcho010482mbp/boswellinsearcho010482mbp_djvu.txt Boswell a cikin Neman Mata, 1766-1769]'', ed. Frank Brady da FA Pottle (1957)
* ''Boswell don Tsaro, 1769-1774'', ed. [[W. A. Wimsatt|WA Wimsatt]] and FA Pottle (1960)
* **', ed. Charles Ryskamp da FA Pottle (1963)
* *Boswell a cikin Extremes, 1776-1778,* ed. C. McC. Weis da FA Pottle (1970)
* *Boswell, Laird na Auchinleck, 1778-1782*, ed. JW Reed da FA Pottle (1977)
* *Boswell: Tafi na Jury, 1782-1785*, ed. IS Lustig da FA Pottle (1981)
* *Boswell: Gwajin Ingilishi, 1785-1789*, ed. IS Lustig da FA Pottle (1986)
* *Boswell: Babban Mawallafin Tarihi, 1789-1795*, ed. Marlies K. Danziger da Frank Brady (1989)

## Manazarta
**Bayani****Sources**

* Pierce, Patricia. *Babban Shakespeare Zamba: Abin ban mamaki, Labarin Gaskiya na William-Henry Ireland* . Sutton Publishing, 2005.
*   

## Karakarantawa

* Boswell, James. *Littafin Mummuna na Boswell (Ayar Hoton Kai) ko 'Ƙaunar Waƙoƙi da Sauran Ayoyin na James Boswell*' . Edita tare da Bayanan kula ta Jack Werner. London. Farin Zaki, 1974. ISBN&nbsp; .
* Boswell, James. *Rukunin Boswell. Kasancewarsa Gudunmawar Saba'in ga Mujallar London a ƙarƙashin sunan da ake kira The Hypochondriack daga 1777 zuwa 1783 a nan An Buga Farko a Form Littafi a Ingila* . Gabatarwa da Bayanan kula ta Margery Bailey . London. William Kimber, 1951.
* Boswell, James. *Gaskiya da Ƙirƙirar: Zaɓuɓɓuka daga Jarida na James Boswell* . Paul Tankard ne ya gyara. New Haven. Jami'ar Yale Press, 2014. ISBN&nbsp;
* Boswell, James. *Jaridar Tafiya zuwa Corsica; da Memoirs na Pascal Paoli* . Edita, tare da Gabatarwa, ta Morchard Bishop. London. Williams & Norgate, 1951.
* Boswell, James. *Wasiƙun James Boswell zuwa Haikali na Rev. WJ* . Gabatarwa daga Thomas Seccombe . London. Sidgwick & Jackson, 1908.
* Brady, Frank. *Sana'ar Siyasa ta Boswell* . Jami'ar Yale Press, 1965.
* Daiches, David . *James Boswell da Duniyarsa* . Thames & Hudson, 1976. ISBN&nbsp; .
* William C. Dowling . *Jarumin Boswellian* . Athens, Jojiya: Jami'ar Jojiya Press, 1979. ISBN&nbsp; .
* Finlayson, Ina . *Asu da Kyandir. Rayuwar James Boswell* . London. Constable, 1984. ISBN&nbsp; .
* Maurice Lévy : James Boswell. Un libertin melancolique, Grenoble, ed. Lalle, 2001.
* McLaren, Moray : *The Highland Jaunt.* *Nazarin James Boswell da Samuel Johnson akan Ziyarar Haihuwa da Hebridean na 1773* . London. Jarolds, 1954.
* Mallory, George . *Boswell Mawallafin Tarihi* . London. Smith, 1912.
* Martin, Peter . *Rayuwar James Boswell* . London. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1999.
* Pottle, Frederick A. *Boswell da yarinyar daga Botany Bay* . London. Heinemann, 1938.
* Tinker, Chauncey g Brewster . *Matashi Boswell. Babi a kan James Boswell Mawallafin Tarihi Ya Gina Kan Sabon Kaya* . Boston. Watan Atlantic, 1922.
* Bita na Leo Damrosch, *[[The Club (Damrosch book)|Ƙungiyar: Johnson, Boswell, da Abokan da suka Shaida Shekaru]]* (2019). Jami'ar Yale Press.
* Wani, John ed. *Jaridar James Boswell, 1762-1795* . Jami'ar Yale Press, 1992.
* Wyndham Lewis, DB *The Hooded Hawk ko Case na Mista Boswell* . London. Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1946.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*  
* James Boswell at the Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)
* Works by James Boswell at Project Gutenberg
* Works by or about James Boswell at the Internet Archive
* Works by James Boswell at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) 
* Essay on Johnson, Boswell and the Abolition of Slavery
* Blog on Boswell's London Journal
* Online catalogue (in progress) of James Boswell's library at LibraryThing
* James Boswell – a Guide
* James Boswell's "An Account of Corsica" – Full text and illustrations
* Young Boswell, by Chauncey Brewster Tinker, Boston: Atlantic monthly press, 1922, University of Michigan Library (Digital Collection)
* Boswell Book Festival celebrates the art of biography and memoir at Boswell's home, Auchinleck House, in Ayrshire, Scotland
*  
* Portraits of James Boswell at the National Portrait Gallery, London 
* Portraits of James Boswell and Dr. Johnson at the Scottish National Portrait Gallery
* Boswell Collection--Scope and Contents. Archives at Yale: Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library