Afro

**Afro** wani salon gashi ne da aka kirkira ta hanyar tsefe yanayin girma na gashin afro-textured, ko kuma musamman wanda aka yi masa salo da samfuran nadi na sinadarai ta mutane masu lanƙwasa ta halitta ko madaidaiciya. Za a iya ƙirƙira salon gyara gashi ta hanyar tsefe gashin kai daga kan kai, tarwatsa salo mai ban sha'awa, da samar da gashi zuwa siffa mai zagaye, kamar gajimare ko ƙwallo..

Ga mutanen da ke da wavy ko madaidaiciya gashi, an ƙirƙiri salon gashi tare da taimakon madaidaicin tsarin gashi mai canza magudanar ruwa ko gels da/ko wasu ruwa masu ƙarfi don riƙe gashin a wuri na ɗan lokaci. Musamman sananne a cikin al'ummar Afirka ta Amurka a ƙarshen 1960s da farkon 1970s,   galibi ana tsara salon gyara gashi kuma ana kiyaye su tare da taimakon tsefe mai faɗin haƙora da aka fi sani da Afro pick .   

## Etymology
"Afro" ya samo asali ne daga kalmar " Afro American ".  Har ila yau, salon salon gyara gashi wasu na kiransa da “halitta na halitta”. A mafi yawan lokuta gashi an bar su ba tare da annashuwa ta hanyar shakatawa ko daidaita sinadarai ba kuma a maimakon haka an ba su damar bayyana murguwar dabi'ar sa.  

### Gyaran gashi na Afirka-Amurka kafin shekarun 1960

A lokacin tarihin bauta a Amurka, yawancin Amurkawa 'yan Afirka sun yi salon gashin kansu a wani yunƙuri na kwaikwayon salon al'ummar da galibinsu fararen fata ne da suke rayuwa a cikinta.   Afro-textured gashi, halin da m kinks, an bayyana shi a matsayin kinky, m, auduga, nappy, ko woolly.   Wadannan halaye sun wakilci antithesis na ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin Turai na Amurka, kuma sun haifar da mummunan ra'ayi na kinky gashi. Sakamakon haka, al'adar daidaitawa ta samu karbuwa a tsakanin Amurkawa 'yan Afirka. 

Hanyar gyaran gashi sau da yawa yakan haɗa da yin amfani da abubuwa masu haɗari, irin su abubuwan shakatawa masu dauke da lemun tsami, wanda ya buƙaci ƙwararren mai gyaran gashi ya yi amfani da shi don kauce wa kona gashin kai da kunnuwa. [1] Waɗanda suka zaɓi kada su yi wa gashin kansu magani ta hanyar wucin gadi sau da yawa za su zaɓi su sanya shi cikin sarƙaƙƙiya ko sarƙoƙi . [2] Tare da duk waɗannan hanyoyin gyaran gashi, mutum yana fuskantar haɗarin lalata gashin gashi, wani lokacin yana haifar da asarar gashi . 

### 1960s da 1970s

Tasirin Ƙungiyoyin Haƙƙin Bil'adama ya haifar da sabunta ma'anar ainihi ga al'ummar Afirka-Amurka, wanda kuma ya haifar da sake fasalin salon mutum wanda ya haɗa da godiya ga baƙar fata kyakkyawa da kyan gani, kamar yadda " Black yana da kyau " motsi.   Wannan motsi na al'adu ya nuna alamar komawa ga karin salon gyara gashi, wanda ba a kula da shi ba. Afro ya zama alama ce ta siyasa mai ƙarfi wanda ke nuna girman kai na baki da ƙin yarda da ra'ayi na assimilation da haɗin kai-ba sabanin dogon gashi da ba a kula da su ba wanda galibi White hippies ke yi.   

Ga wasu Amurkawa na Afirka, afro kuma ya wakilci hanyar haɗin gwiwa zuwa Afirka ta Yamma da Afirka ta Tsakiya .  Duk da haka, wasu masu sukar sun nuna cewa salon gyaran gashi na afro ba musamman na Afirka ba ne:   A cikin littafinsa *Barka da Jungle: New Positions in Black Cultural Studies*, mai sukar al'adu Kobena Mercer ya yi iƙirarin cewa al'ummar Afirka ta zamani na tsakiyar karni na 20 ba su yi la'akari da ko wane salon aski don nuna wani "Afirka" ba; Akasin haka, wasu 'yan Afirka suna jin cewa waɗannan salon suna nufin " duniya ta farko ". 

Hakazalika, Brackette F. Williams ta bayyana a cikin littafinta *Stains on My Name, War in My Veins: Guyana and the Politics of Cultural Struggle* cewa ’yan kishin Afirka sun fusata da karvar afro da ’yan asalin Afirka suka yi a matsayin alamar al’adun Afirka; sun dauki wannan yanayin a matsayin misali na girman kan kasashen yamma . 

Afro dai maza da mata ne suka karbe shi kuma ya kasance salon gyara gashi mai saukin kula da kansa, ba tare da bukatar ziyartar masu gyaran gashi akai-akai da tsadar gaske ba kamar yadda aka saba samu daga mutanen da suka zabi yin kwalliya, daidaitawa ko sassauta gashin kansu. Saboda ƙirar kinky sananne a cikin Afro-textured gashi, yayin da yake girma yana da tsayin daka yana da dabi'ar ƙaddamarwa daga kai, wanda ya haifar da gashin gashi na domelike wanda aka sauƙaƙe da sassaka a cikin siffar da ake so.   Yayin da afro ya kasance mafi ƙarancin cin zarafi kuma zaɓin salon gyara gashi mai ɗaukar lokaci ga yawancin Amurkawa na Afirka, wasu sun zaɓi cimma mafi kyawun sigar afro ta hanyar ja da baya ko ba'a gashi, al'adar da ke haifar da lalacewa ga gashi da fatar kan mutum.  

A tsakiyar 1960s, afro salon gyara gashi ya fara a cikin wani fairly tam coiffed tsari, kamar salon gyara gashi wanda ya zama sananne a tsakanin membobin Black Panther Party . Yayin da shekarun 1960 suka ci gaba zuwa shekarun 1970, shahararrun salon gyara gashi, a ciki da wajen al'ummar Afirka-Amurka, sun yi tsayi da tsayi.  A sakamakon haka, ƙarshen 1960s / farkon 1970s ya ga haɓaka a cikin girman girman afros.  Wasu daga cikin masu nishadantarwa da kuma siyasar zamantakewa na lokacin da aka sani da sanya manyan afros sun hada da 'yar gwagwarmayar siyasa Angela Davis, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Pam Grier, mawaƙin rock Jimi Hendrix, mawaƙa Miriam Makeba, da membobin ƙungiyoyin kiɗa na Jackson 5 da Supremes .  

Sabanin haka, farin jinin afro a tsakanin Amurkawa na Afirka ya riga ya fara raguwa a farkon shekarun 1970;   Gabatar da salon aski ga al'ada da kuma karbe shi daga mutanen da ba na Afirka ba ya sa afro ya rasa ra'ayinsa na siyasa.  A shekarun 1970s an sami karuwar shaharar gashin gashi irin na masara a tsakanin jinsin Amurkawa na Afirka.

### 1990s-yanzu

Afro ya ga wasu sake farfadowa a cikin 1990s da 2000s.   Waɗannan afros za su ɗauki nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan sun haɗa da abubuwa kamar su braids, beads ko karkace, da kuma masu girma dabam daban-daban, daga salon gyara gashi na dabi'a da ke kusa da su har zuwa faɗaɗa wigs na afro. 

Wasu Ba’amurke Ba’amurke da suka shahara da saka wigs afros ko afro a cikin wadannan shekaru ashirin sun hada da ‘yan wasan kwando na NBA Ben Wallace, Kobe Bryant, da Michael Beasley, da mawakan Lauryn Hill, Erykah Badu, Macy Gray, Ludacris, Questlove, Cindy Blackman, Wiz Khalifavitz, da Lenny Kravitz . Beyoncé kuma ta ba da babbar afro wig saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin Foxxy Cleopatra a cikin fim ɗin 2002 *Austin Powers a Goldmember* .

A ranar 3 ga Yuli, 2019, California ta zama jihar Amurka ta farko da ta hana nuna wariya kan gashi. Gwamna Gavin Newsom ya sanya hannu kan dokar ta CROWN ta zama doka, ta haramtawa masu daukar aiki da makarantu nuna wariya ga salon gyara gashi kamar su afros, braids, karkatarwa, da tsumma.  Hakanan, daga baya a cikin 2019 Majalisar Dokokin 07797 ya zama doka a jihar New York; ya "haramta wariyar launin fata dangane da gashi ko salon gyara gashi." 

Aevin Dugas daga Gonzales, Louisiana, Amurka, ya kafa sabon rikodin Guinness na Duniya a ranar 11 ga Satumba 2022, don mafi girman mace afro, wanda ya kai 165 cm (5.41 ft) a kewaye, 25 cm (9.84 in) a tsayi, da 26 cm (10.24 in) a faɗin. Ta karya tarihin Guinness World Record na mafi girma afro sau uku, ciki har da a cikin 2010 da 2021. Dugas ta ce ta fara noman afro dinta ne a shekarar 1999 kuma ta koyi yadda ake yin salo da kuma yanke shi da kanta bayan wata tafiya da ba ta yi nasara ba wajen ƙwararrun masu gyaran gashi. Ta bayyana cewa ta karya tarihin ne don ba da shawara ga kyawun gashin halitta da kuma karfafa son kai.  

## Irin wannan salo na duniya

A “Yahudawa” ( hoton kalmomin Bayahude da afro) ko (da wuya) “Isro” (fayil ɗin kalmomin Isra’ila da afro) na nufin afro lokacin da Yahudawa suke sawa.  Kalmar ta samo asali ne a shekarun 1960 da 1970 lokacin da aka kwatanta fitattun mutane da yawa a matsayin wasan gyaran gashi. A cikin 1970, *[[Los Angeles Times]]* ta kira tauraron ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji Scott Marcus ɗan fure mai "gashi mai launin ruwan zinari&nbsp;... a cikin zobe a kusa da kansa a cikin abin da ya kira salon afro na Yahudawa"  . *[[New York Times|The New York Times]]*, a cikin wani labarin 1971 a Jami'ar Harvard 's "gashi" kwando tawagar, ya rubuta cewa Captain Brian Newmark "bai yi aski tun watan Mayun da ya gabata, kuma abokansa sun ba da shawarar gashin kansa dan uwan farko ne ga Afro, salon da ya shahara da baƙar fata.  Mawallafin marubuci Judith Rossner an kwatanta shi a cikin bayanin martaba *[[Chicago Tribune|na Chicago Tribune]]* a matsayin "Wunderkind mai girma tare da buɗaɗɗen fuska, fuska mai siffar da wani Bayahude Afro ya tsara." 

Hadendoa Beja na arewa maso gabashin Afirka sojojin Birtaniya ne a lokacin yakin Mahdist suka yi wa lakabi da " Fuzzy-Wuzzies " saboda manyan salon gyara gashi da suke yi kamar gyambo, wanda suke siffata su ta hanyar shafa man shanu ko kitsen naman .  A Somaliya, wasu samari na makiyaya da masu zaman kansu za su yi tsayin gashin kansu kuma su tsefe shi a hankali zuwa manyan ciyayi, wanda sai su riƙe shi da ghee .  Wannan ingantaccen salon gyara gashi ya bambanta da wani kayan kwalliyar da aka samu a tsakanin sauran Somaliyawa, waɗanda a maimakon haka za su yi tsayi kuma su fidda gashinsu mai kyau, madaidaiciyar gashin kansu da sanya sandar tauna da tsefe a tsakiya. 

Bambance-bambancen afro an yi amfani da su ta hanyar daya ko duka biyu a cikin al'adu daban-daban na nahiyar Afirka . Saboda haɗin kai na salon gyara gashi ga membobin yancin ɗan adam da ƙungiyoyin Black Power, yawancin al'adu na waje suna ganin afro a matsayin alama mai haɗari na tashin hankalin siyasa, ciki har da Tanzaniya inda aka dakatar da Afro a cikin 1970s saboda ana ganin shi a matsayin alama ce ta neocolonialism kuma a matsayin wani ɓangare na " mamayar al'adu " daga Amurka .     A cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960, an kuma san matan Afirka ta Kudu da sanya gashin kansu a irin salon afro. 

Afro bai tashi zuwa wannan matakin shahara a tsakanin al'ummar Afro-Caribbean kamar yadda ya yi a Amurka ba, a wani bangare saboda shahararren dreadlocks, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ƙungiyar Rastafari. Ba kamar muhimmancin Afro ba tsakanin mambobin kungiyar Black Power ta Amurka, dreadlocks alama ce ta girman kai da karfafawa tsakanin Rastafari na Caribbean.

## Kayan aiki
Dogayen hakora masu fadi na "afro pick" ko afro comb an tsara su ne don tono har zuwa fatar kan kai, wanda zai ba da damar a fitar da gashi daga tushen zuwa wani salo ko siffar da ake so ta hanyar amfani da motsi.   

## Magana