open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Gundumar Tarihi ta Shockoe Hill

Gundumar tarihi Gundumar Shockoe Hill wani yanki ne na tarihi wanda ke cikin birni Richmond, Virginia, kuma misali ne mai mahimmanci na gidan almshouse-asibiti na jama'a na irin wannan wanda ya tashi a lokacin Sabon Jamhuriyar, biyo bayan rushewar Ikilisiyar Anglican. Gundumar ta nuna sauye-sauyen zamantakewa da launin fata a Richmond ta hanyar Sabon Jamhuriyar, Antebellum, Yaƙin basasa, sake ginawa, da Jim Crow / Lost Cause na ƙarni na goma sha tara da na ashirin.

An jera shi a cikin National Register of Historic Places a ranar 16 ga Yuni, 2022; kuma an jera shi a kan Virginia Landmarks Register a ranar 17 ga Maris, 2022.

## Tarihi
Gundumar Tarihin Tarihin Gidauniyar Shockoe Hill ta mamaye kadada 43 (17  na ƙasar da ke da iyaka zuwa kudu ta E. Bates Street, zuwa arewacin iyakar Virginia Passenger Rail Authority (a baya layin dogo na CSX) dama-hanya (City of Richmond parcel # N0000233022) a gefen kudancin kwarin Bacon's Quarter Branch, zuwa yamma ta 2nd Street, kuma zuwa gabas ta gefen tarihi na dukiyar City a tsohon wurin Shockoe Creek. Gundumar ta ƙunshi mafi yawan yanki na   wanda birnin Richmond ya samu a cikin 1799 don cika ayyukan birni da yawa, tare da ƙarin ƙari ga wannan asalin.

Gundumar tana da ayyuka da ayyuka na birni da suka shafi al'amuran jin dadin jama'a, kiwon lafiya, da aminci, wanda Birnin Richmond ya sake shi zuwa yankinsa na wancan lokacin a kan iyakar arewa a cikin karni na sha tara. Ya haɗa da kadarori uku waɗanda aka daɗe ana gane su kuma ana yin bikin, waɗanda aka jera su a kan Virginia Landmarks Register da National Register of Historic Places: Almshouse, Shockoe Hill Cemetery, da Kabari na Ibrananci. Bugu da ƙari ya haɗa da sabbin shafuka guda uku da aka gano: Asibitin Birni da Yanayin Almshouse, [undefined] Yanayin Mujallar Birni, da kuma Shafin binnewar Afirka na Shockoe Hill. [2][1] Gundumar kuma ita ce shafin da aka yi amfani da ita a birnin.￼

Gidan binnewar Afirka na Shockoe Hill mai yiwuwa shine mafi girman wurin binnewa ga 'yanci masu launin fata da bayi a Amurka. An kiyasta cewa an binne mutane sama da 22,000 na zuriyar Afirka a cikin kadada 31 (13 . An buɗe shi a cikin 1816, kuma an rufe shi a cikin 1879 saboda yanayin da ya cika. Yana daya daga cikin "Wuraren tarihi mafi haɗari na Virginia". Barazanar da ake yi a yanzu ga wurin binnewa sun hada da aikin jirgin kasa na fasinja na DC2RVA (jirgi mai sauri), hanyar gabas da yammacin Commonwealth, da kuma fadada I-64, tare da ayyukan ababen more rayuwa daban-daban.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin wuraren tarihi na kasa a Richmond, Virginia

## Manazarta
William McKee (mai kula da lafiya)

**William McKee**, CBE (1952-2018) tsohon jami'in gudanarwa ne kuma wanda ya kafa Belfast Health and Social Care Trust . A shekara ta 2007 ya jagoranci hadewar Trusts shida don samar da Belfast Trust daya daga cikin mafi girma a Burtaniya yana daukar ma'aikata 20,000 tare da kasafin kudin shekara-shekara na £ biliyan 1. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara a fannin kiwon lafiya da tsarin kula da jama'a da manufofi kuma yana ci gaba da yin aikin ba da shawara.

William McKee ya kasance shugaban zartarwa na Royal Hospitals wanda ya ƙunshi Royal Victoria, Royal Maternity, da Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children daga 1993 zuwa 2006

## manazarta
Ginin Roseville (Aylett, Virginia)

Roseville Plantation, wanda aka fi sani da Floyd's, gida ne na tarihi wanda ke kusa da Aylett, King William County, Virginia . An gina babban gidan a cikin 1807, kuma yana da hawa 2 + 1⁄2, bay huɗu, gidaje a cikin salon Tarayya. Yana zaune a kan tushe na tubali kuma an rufe shi da allon yanayi. Har ila yau, a kan dukiyar akwai ɗakin ajiya mai hawa ɗaya, ɗakin ajiya guda ɗaya; ɗakin ajiya na hawa ɗaya, makarantar ajiya guda biyu; babban, bene ɗaya, ɗakin ɗaki ɗaya; ɗakin karatu, gidan ajiya na zamanin 1930, da gidajen kaza guda biyu, wanda ɗayan ya zama kayan aiki. Har ila yau, dukiyar ta haɗa da makabartar bayi da makabartun iyalin Ryland. 

An jera shi a cikin National Register of Historic Places a cikin 2007.￼

## Manazarta
Kabari na Tunawa da Jama'a

Kabarin Tunawa da Jama'a, wanda aka fi sani da Kabarin Providence, wani kabari ne na Afirka da Amurka wanda ke Petersburg, Virginia . An kaddamar da makabarta a sassa uku: na farko a 1840, an kara na biyu a 1865, kuma an kadada na ƙarshe game da 1880. Kabarin yana nuna ƙungiyar "mutane masu 'yanci na launi" kuma shaida ce ta juyin halitta na ƙoƙarin kasuwanci na masu jana'izar Afirka da masu yankan dutse; ayyukan ƙungiyoyin taimakon juna; da kuma dabi'un zamantakewa, addini, da fasaha na al'umma daga 1840 zuwa 1942. 

An jera shi a cikin National Register of Historic Places a cikin 2008. 

Kabarin yana kusa da Kabarin Blandford kuma wasu sassan filin sun kasance wani ɓangare na Negro Burying Ground, makabartar bayi da suka mutu a lokacin Yaƙin 1812. [1]￼

## Manazarta
Kabari na Newtown

Kabarin Newtown wani kabari ne na tarihi a Harrisonburg, Virginia . Tana cikin arewacin birnin, iyakance a arewacin Kelley Street da yammacin Sterling Street. An raba shi ta hanyar tsawo na Effinger Street, wanda yanzu yake aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na hanyoyin da ake zagayawa na makabartar. Kusan kadada 4 (1.6  ya kasance ainihin wurin binnewa ga mutanen Afirka na birnin tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a 1869. An kiyasta cewa yana riƙe da kaburbura 900, gami da yawancin bayi da aka 'yantar. Shahararrun jana'iza sun haɗa da malami Lucy F. Simms da tsoffin sojan Amurka.

An jera makabarta a cikin National Register of Historic Places a cikin 2015.￼

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin wuraren tarihi na kasa a Harrisonburg, Virginia
Nicholas G. Martin

**Nicholas Gordon Martin** (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 1950) ƙwararren masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan ƙasar Ostiraliya ne wanda ya buga labarai sama da 1300 da aka yi nazari a kansu kan batutuwa da suka haɗa da gadon addini da hankali da kuma cututtukan lafiya kamar endometriosis .  Martin yana cikin masana kimiyyar likitanci da aka fi ambato a Kudancin Hemisphere, tare da rubuce-rubuce da dama da suka haɗa da " *Genetics, culture and personality: An empirical approach* "  wanda ya rubuta tare da Lindon Eaves da Hans Eysenck, " *Binciken kwayar halittar p16 (CDKN2) a matsayin ɗan takara don wurin kamuwa da cutar melanoma ta chromosome 9p* " ( , da " *Gudunmawar kwayoyin halitta da muhalli ga haɗarin dogaro da barasa a cikin samfurin tagwaye na ƙasa* ". 

## Rayuwa ta farko
Martin ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Adelaide . A shekara ta 1972 ya kafa samfurin tagwaye a Adelaide yayin kammala karatun girmamawa. 

## Ayyukan ilimi
Martin ya koma Burtaniya don kammala karatun digirin digirgir a shekarar 1977 a ƙarƙashin Lindon Eaves a Jami'ar Birmingham .  Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin mai bincike a Sashen Halittar Halitta na Jami'ar Birmingham (1976-1978) da kuma a Sashen Ilimin Halittu na Jama'a, Makarantar Nazarin Kimiyyar Halittu, Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Australiya (1978-1983), ya sami muƙamin Mataimakin Farfesa a Sashen Halittar Halittar Ɗan Adam a Kwalejin Likitanci ta Virginia (1983-1986). Ya koma Ostiraliya a shekarar 1986, ya koma Brisbane, inda a halin yanzu yake jagorantar Dakin Gwaji na Cututtukan Halitta a Cibiyar Binciken Lafiya ta QIMR Berghofer (QIMR Berghofer). Tun daga shekarar 1992, ya kasance Farfesa na biyu a Sashen Cututtukan Halittu (1993), Zoology (1996), da Psychology (2003) a Jami'ar Queensland, kuma Babban Jami'in Bincike a Cibiyar Binciken Lafiya ta QIMR Berghofer.

Tare da J.D. Mathews, ya kafa a 1978 Australian Twin Registry . QIMR Berghofer yanzu gida ne ga ɗayan manyan karatun tagwaye a duniya.

## Daraja
Martin ya lashe kyautar Fulker sau biyu don mafi kyawun takarda a cikin *[[Behavior Genetics (journal)|Behavior Genetics]]* (1999 & 2003),  Kyautar Dobzhansky don Gudummawa Mai Kyau ga Halayyar Halitta (2005),  da Kyautar James Shields ta Ƙungiyar Nazarin Tagwaye ta Duniya saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga binciken tagwaye (1986),  kuma memba ne na Kwalejin Kimiyyar Zamantakewa ta Australiya . Bugu da ƙari, ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar Halayyar Halittar Halitta (1996–1997), kuma babban editan *[[Twin Research and Human Genetics|Bincike na Tagwaye da Halittar Dan Adam]]* . Yana cikin allunan edita na mujallu da dama na ilimi kuma yana cikin Hukumar Ba da Shawara ta Rijistar Tagwaye ta NHMRC ta Australiya. An zaɓe shi memba na Kwalejin Lafiya da Kimiyyar Lafiya ta Australiya (FAHMS) a 2015.h

## Manazarta
Paddy McKillen

**Patrick McKillen** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1955) ɗan otal ne na duniya, mai saka hannun jari kuma ɗan kasuwa.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Paddy McKillen (an haife shi a shekara ta 1955: Belfast, Arewacin Ireland) ɗan kasuwa ne na Irish kuma mai saka hannun jari. An fi saninsa da saka hannun jari da ci gaban otal-otal masu alatu da dukiya a London, Faransa da Japan. McKillen ya kasance mai aiki na shekaru da yawa a bangaren dukiya tare da fayil ɗin da ya kunshi Turai, Asiya da Kudancin Amurka.

**Rayuwa ta Farko**

A cikin shekarun 1980s, McKillen ya gina fayil na kadarori ciki har da gine-ginen kasuwanci, shagunan sayar da kayayyaki da cibiyoyin cin kasuwa a Dublin, Belfast, Cork da Limerick. Kasuwanci na farko sun haɗa da Jervis Street da Powerscourt Townhouse Shopping Centres a Dublin da kuma gine-ginen tallace-tallace da kasuwanci da yawa a Dublin da sauran biranen Ireland.

A cikin shekarun 1990s, ya mayar da hankalinsa ga gina kasuwancin mallakar kasa da kasa. Ya mayar da hankali kan sayen kadarorin da ba a iya cimma su ba a manyan wurare, inganta su da sarrafawa da riƙe kadarorin na dogon lokaci. Ya gina fayil ɗin da suka haɗa da otal-otal, tallace-tallace da kadarorin kasuwanci a Turai, Amurka, Asiya da Kudancin Amurka.

**Gidajen Kasa da Kasa da Otal**

McKillen sananne ne ga mallakarsa ta dogon lokaci da aikin gyarawa na Maybourne Hotel Group a London wanda ya hada da Claridges, The Connaught da Berkeley Hotels .  Ya sami karbuwa a duniya saboda ci gaban Chateau La Coste a Provence, Faransa wanda ya haɗa da Villa la Coste, otal mai kayatarwa. Ginin yana da fasahar fasaha da gine-gine ta Tadao Ando, Louise Bourgeois, Bob Dylan, Tracey Emin, Andre Fu, Frank Gehry, Richard Rogers, Jean Nouvel, Renzo Piano, Ai Weiwei da Franz West. A cikin 2022 McKillen ya buɗe Shinmonzn a otal ɗin da Tadao Ando ya tsara a Gion, Kyoto . 

Takardar shaidarsa ta haɗa da wasu kadarori a Paris, Amurka, Argentina da Vietnam inda yake haɓaka harabar biotechnology wanda ya haɗa da jami'a, wuraren bincike da asibiti.

watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2025 an ba Paddy McKillen lambar yabo ta Trophée de L'Alliance, saboda aikinsa na hangen nesa a cikin karɓar baƙi, gine-gine, da wadatar al'adu. A cikin 2020 an ba McKillen suna Jami'in Ordre des Arts et des Lettres ta Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta Faransa saboda tasirinsa a kan zane-zane na duniya. A shekara ta 2022 ya sami digiri na Doctor of Science daga Jami'ar Ulster saboda nasarorin da ya samu a karbar baki da gudummawa ga zaman lafiya da sulhu a Ireland. Ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin girmamawa na Vietnam a Ireland, yana nuna jajircewarsa ga diflomasiyyar al'adu.

## Manazarta
Alastair McLeod

**Alastair McLeod** sanannen mai dafa abinci ne na Arewacin Ireland-Australia  Shi baƙo ne na yau da kullun a Ready Steady Cook, Queensland Weekender  da ABC Radio . Alastair kuma yana karbar bakuncin shirin abincinsa ′′Off the Eaten Track′′ wanda aka nuna a Australia, Asiya, da New Zealand.

An haife shi a Belfast, Arewacin Ireland, shi ne ɗan mawaƙan Australiya Candy Devine .  Ya yaba da ƙaunarsa ga dafa abinci da abinci ga asalinsa na al'adu da yawa na Torres Strait Islander, Sri Lankan, Danish, Filipino  da kakannin Mutanen Espanya. 

Alastair ya yi aiki a gidajen cin abinci da yawa na Michelin a Turai, gami da Roscoff a Belfast (aiki ga Paul Rankin),  da gidan cin abinci na Da Giovanni a Torino, Italiya, da sauran wuraren a Scotland da Faransa. 

Shi ne tsohon babban mai dafa abinci na Bretts Wharf Restaurant da Tank Restaurant da Bar a Brisbane.

&#x5B;**&#x5D;

## Manazarta
Andy MacMillan

**Andrew MacMillan** OBE RSA FRIAS RIBA (11 Disamba 1928, a Maryhill, Glasgow - 16 Agusta 2014, a Inverness) masanin gine-gine ne na Scotland, malami, marubuci kuma mai watsa shirye-shirye. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Makarantar Gine-gine ta Mackintosh a Glasgow tsakanin 1973 da 1994 kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta zinare ta Royal Society of Arts (1975) da kuma lambar yabo ta Royal Incorporation of Architects a Scotland. A shekara ta 1986 ya kasance Farfesa mai ziyara a Jami'ar Yale.

MacMillan ya haɗu da abokinsa na dindindin Isi Metzstein a Gillespie, Kidd & Coia a cikin 1954 kuma ma'aurata sun ci gaba da zama masu zanen kamfanin, dukansu sun zama abokan tarayya a cikin kasuwancin a cikin 1966.

An nada shi Jami'in Order of the British Empire a shekarar 1992. 

National Life Stories ya gudanar da hira ta tarihin baki (C467/112) tare da Andy MacMillan a cikin 2013 don tarin Architects Lives da British Library ke gudanarwa.

## Ayyuka

* Cocin St Paul, Glenrothes, 1957
* Asibitin haihuwa na Bellshill da Gidan Nurses
* makarantu a Cumbernauld, Simshill, Langside, Pollock da Glasgow
* St Maryamu na Mala'iku, Falkirk
* Cocin St Joseph, Duntocher
* St Bride's, Gabashin Kilbride
* St Patrick's, Kilsyth
* St Benedict's, gidan Easter
* Uwargidanmu mai ba da shawara mai kyau, Glasgow
* St Peter's Seminary, Cardross, gini na zamani na farko da za a ba shi matsayi na Category-A 
* dakunan zama a Jami'ar Hull (1963-7) 
* Canje-canje da ƙari ga Kwalejin Wadham, Oxford (1971-7) 
* Kwalejin Robinson, Cambridge (1974-80) 
* Craobh Haven, Argyll

## Shirye-shiryen talabijin

* Six Scottish Burghs, Pencil of Light don BBC Scotland, wanda Ken Macgregor ya samar kuma ya ba da umarni

* Aikin Gidan Mai zane
* Gidan Mai Fata
* Robert Macintyre

## Manazarta
Roy Megarry

**Archibald Roy Megarry**, OC (10 Fabrairu 1937 - 18 Nuwamba 2024) ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan ƙasar Kanada. Ya kasance mai bugawa kuma Shugaba na The Globe and Mail daga 1978 zuwa 1992. Ya kasance mai bugawa na wucin gadi daga Nuwamba 1993 zuwa Mayu 

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haife shi a Belfast, Arewacin Ireland, ya sami digiri na Certified Management Accountant. Ya kasance mai kula da Honeywell Canada daga 1957 zuwa 1962. Ya yi aiki ga Daystrom (Heathkit) Ltd. daga 1962 zuwa 1964, kafin ya zama Babban Mai ba da shawara ga Coopers &amp;amp; Lybrand daga 1964 zuwa 1968. A shekara ta 1968, ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Kudi na International Syscoms Ltd. kuma daga 1972 zuwa 1978, ya kasance Mataimakin shugaban kasa, Ci gaban Kamfanoni na Torstar. A shekara ta 1978, an nada shi mai bugawa da Shugaba na The Globe and Mail . Daga baya ya zama Shugaban.

Daga baya, ya taimaka wajen bunkasa shirin KARI Canada "Kayan aiki don Ci gaba", wanda ke aika kayan aikin masana'antu da aka yi amfani da su ga ƙananan 'yan kasuwa a Latin Amurka.

A shekara ta 1993, an sanya shi Jami'in Order of Canada . Megarry ya mutu a Port Perry, Ontario a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 2024, yana da shekaru 87. 

## Manazarta
Bikin Ipoh

Ipoh Parade wani kantin sayar da kayayyaki ne a Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia tare da masu haya kamar su Parkson, Golden Screen Cinemas, Jaya Grocer, Guardian da Mr DIY .  Ƙungiyar Lion ce ta gina shi kuma ta yi amfani da shi a cikin 1994. An sayar da mall ɗin ga ARA Asia Dragon Fund a cikin 2012 kuma an rufe shi a ƙarshen 2013 zuwa 2014 don babban gyare-gyare. Yanzu mallakar ARA Harmony III ne  kuma ARA Asset Management Limited (ARA) ke sarrafawa. Ya zuwa 1 ga Janairun 2024, yankin da za a iya ba da izini (NLA) na 626,262 sq. ft. murabba'i. ft. kuma an ruwaito cewa 98.7% ne masu haya.

## Tarihi
Ipoh Parade ita ce babbar kasuwa ta zamani ta farko a garin tarihi na Ipoh .  An yi babban gyare-gyare a cikin 2013 kuma an sake buɗe shi a cikin 2014.  Gidan shakatawa yana da rumfunan karaoke, hanyoyin bowling, cibiyoyin laser tag, da GSC cineplex (mafi girma a Perak) wanda ya haɗa da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na GSC BIG. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da wurin kula da yara ga uwaye da ɗakin addu'a ga Musulmai.

Cibiyar ta dauki bakuncin manyan abubuwan da suka faru a cikin al'umma kamar Shuddup N" Dance na shekara-shekara, Cosplay, Diabolo Masters Championship da Lion Dance gasa da mahalarta yankin da na yanki suka halarta.

## Kyautar da aka samu

* Littafin Rubuce-rubucen Malaysia a matsayin "Babban Allon Talla na LED na waje".

## Samun dama

### Buses
Ana iya samun Ipoh Parade ta hanyar sabis na bas na Route 116 (Terminal Amanjaya). 

## Manazarta
Ablation (ƙwarewar ɗan adam)

A cikin basirar wucin gadi (AI), musamman koyon injina,  **cirewa** shine cire wani ɓangare na tsarin AI. **Nazarin cirewa** yana nufin tantance gudummawar wani ɓangare ga tsarin AI ta hanyar cire ɓangaren, sannan kuma yin nazarin aikin da tsarin ya haifar. 

Kalmar tana da kwatankwacin ilmin halitta (cire abubuwan da ke cikin kwayar halitta), kuma ana amfani da ita musamman a cikin nazarin hanyoyin sadarwa na wucin gadi ta hanyar kwatankwacin tiyata ta kwakwalwa. Sauran kamanceceniya sun haɗa da wasu tsarin jijiyoyi kamar na *Drosophila*, da kwakwalwar vertebrate. 

## Tarihi
An ba da kalmar ga Allen Newell,  ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa hankali na wucin gadi, wanda ya yi amfani da shi a cikin koyarwarsa ta 1974 game da ganewar magana, wanda aka buga a Newell (1975). Kalmar ta hanyar kwatanci ne tare da ablation a cikin ilmin halitta. Dalilin shi ne cewa, yayin da aka tsara kayan aikin mutum, gudummawar wani bangare na mutum ga aikin tsarin gaba ɗaya ba a bayyane yake ba; cire kayan aikin yana ba da damar wannan bincike.

Newell ya kwatanta kwakwalwar mutum da kwamfutoci na wucin gadi. Tare da wannan a cikin tunani, Newell ya ga duka biyu a matsayin tsarin ilimi yayin da za'a iya aiwatar da hanyoyin kamar ablation a duka biyu don gwada wasu ra'ayoyi.

## Amfani da uncensoring LLMs
An kirkiro kalmar **abliteration** don aiwatar da amfani da *ablation* don uncensor manyan samfuran harshe ta hanyar canza ayyukan ciki don *kawarwa* da halayen ƙin gaba ɗaya yayin adana sauran ayyukan samfurin. Kalmar ita ce portmanteau wanda ya haɗu da kalmomin ablation da obliteration.

## Dubi kuma

* Haɗuwa

## Manazarta
Lam Nguyen

**Lam M. Nguyen** (ko **Lam Nguyen**; Vietnamese: **Nguyễn Minh Lâm**, an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 1986)   masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta ne na Vietnamese-Amurka kuma masanin lissafi ne wanda aka sani da gudummawarsa ga inganta algorithms don ilmantarwa na inji kuma sananne ne don ba da shawara da haɓaka hanyar SARAH.  Shi Masanin Kimiyya ne na Bincike a Cibiyar Bincike ta IBM, Thomas J. Watson, New York, Amurka, inda bincikensa ke mai da hankali kan haɗuwa da ingantawa da ilmantarwa na inji. Shi babban memba ne na INFORMS kuma memba ne na kungiyar girmamawa ta Beta Gamma Sigma, ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman girmamawa da ɗaliban kasuwanci zai iya karɓa.

## Ilimi da aiki
Nguyen ta sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a cikin lissafi da kimiyyar kwamfuta daga Jami'ar Jihar Lomonosov Moscow (2008) a karkashin kulawar Vladimir Dmitriev, MBA daga Jami'an Jihar McNeese (2013), da Ph.D. a cikin Masana'antu da Injiniya daga Jami'a Lehigh (2018). Rubutun nasa, A Service System with On-Demand Agents, Stochastic Gradient Algorithms da SARAH Algorithm, sun sami lambar yabo ta Elizabeth V. Stout Dissertation Award na jami'ar. Mai ba da shawara ga digirinsa shine Katya Scheinberg .

## Bincike da gudummawa
Binciken Nguyen yana kan hanyoyin ingantawa don ilmantarwa na inji da ingantaccen tsari. An san shi a matsayin jagora mai kirkirar *SARAH (Stochastic Recursive Gradient) * algorithm, wanda aka gabatar a ICML 2017, wanda ya rinjayi nau'ikan hanyoyin inganta bambancin bambance-bambance.

Shi ne co-editor na littafin Federated Learning: Theory and Practice (Elsevier, 2024), wanda ke ba da haɗin kai game da fannoni na ka'idoji da amfani na ilmantarwa na tarayya.

## Ayyukan edita da ƙwararru
Nguyen yana aiki a matsayin Editan Ayyuka don *[[Journal of Machine Learning Research|Jaridar Nazarin Injin]]* da Ilimin Injin, kuma a matsayin Mataimakin Edita na Jaridar Ka'idar Ingantawa da Aikace-aikace.   Ya kasance a cikin Kwamitin Shirye-shiryen *[[Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems|Taron kan Tsarin Gudanar da Bayanai na Neural (NeurIPS)]]*  2023-2025,  da Babban Shugaban Yankin *[[International Conference on Machine Learning|Taron Kasa da Kasa kan Ilimin Injin (ICML)]]* , Taron Kasa na Duniya kan Wakilan Ilimi (ICLR), Taron kan Tsaro na Bayanai na Niural (NeuriIPS), da Artificial Intelligence da Statistics (AISTATS). Ya shirya bita a NeurIPS 2021 da AAAI 2023.

## Manazarta
Robert Patterson (masanin halitta, an haife shi a 1863)

**Robert Patterson** (1863–1931) masanin kimiyyar halitta ne ɗan ƙasar Ireland . Shi ɗan Richard Patterson ne, jikan Robert Patterson FRS kuma ɗan uwan Robert Lloyd Patterson (1836–1906).

Robert Patterson yana da sha'awar kowane reshe na tarihin halitta amma galibi tsuntsaye. Ya kasance memba na Tarihin Halitta da Falsafa na Belfast da kuma Kungiyar Filin Halitta ta Belfast kuma wanda ya kafa Ulster Fisheries and Marine Biology Association. Ya kuma kafa Fadar Jama'a, ko Gidan Tarihi na Patterson, a Belfast wanda aka buɗe a 1904. Wannan tarihi ne na halitta (musamman tsuntsaye) da kuma gidan kayan gargajiya na archaeological da aka nufa don koyar da mutane kyauta.

## Manazarta

* Welch, R.J.et al. 1905 A new Irish museum: The Patterson Museum, People's Palace, Belfast. *Irish Naturalist* 14: 73-78
*Welch, R.J, 1932  Obituary. Robert Patterson, 1863-1931. With portrait. *The Irish naturalists' journal*, Vol. IV, No. 1, pp.&nbsp;19–20, January 1932
Samuel Riddle (mai yin sutura)

**Samuel Riddle** (Oktoba 5, 1799 - Fabrairu 19, 1888) ya kasance masana'antar masana'antu daga Belfast, Ireland wanda ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka kuma ya mallaki masana'antun masana'antu da yawa a Delaware County, Pennsylvania, Amurka.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Riddle a kusa da Belfast, Ireland . Ya sami ilimin makaranta mai zaman kansa amma ya bar lokacin da yake dan shekara 14 don yin aiki a masana'antar masana'antu. A cikin 1823, Riddle ya tashi zuwa Philadelphia, Amurka kuma ya fara aiki a wani ma'adinin auduga a yankin Manayunk na garin.

## Ayyuka
A cikin 1827, Riddle ya shiga kasuwanci don kansa ta hanyar hayar ma'adinai a Springdale, Pennsylvania tare da ma'aikatan mule 480 da ma'aikata 10. A cikin 1830, Samuel Riddle tare da ɗan'uwansa James sun koma aiki zuwa Parkmount Mill a kan Chester Creek a Aston, Pennsylvania .  'Yan uwan Riddle sun gudanar da Parkmount Mill har zuwa 1841 lokacin da aka ba da hayar ga wasu masana'antun. Riddle daga ƙarshe ya mallaki ma'adinai 5 kuma ya yi aiki da mutane 400. Ginin yana da kimanin auduga 10,400 da ulu da kuma 270 power looms.

A cikin shekarun 1840, Riddle ya fara gina wani yanki na daruruwan kadada wanda ya kira Glen Riddle .  Wannan yanki ya zama al'umma mara kafa ta Glen Riddle a cikin Garin Middletown.

## Rayuwa ta mutum

## Manazarta
Thomas Bassett Macaulay

**Thomas Bassett Macaulay**, wanda aka fi sani da **T. B. Macaulay**, (6 Yuni 1860 - 1942) sanannen mai ba da kuɗi ne na zamaninsa, mai ba da agaji; kuma shi ne wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Macaulay, a cikin 1930. An kiyasta cewa yawancin shanu na Holstein a duniya sun fito ne daga garken Macaulay.

## Tarihi
An haifi Thomas Bassett Macaulay a Hamilton, Ontario, ɗan Barbara Marie Reid da ɗan Scotland Robertson Macaulay (1833-1915), wanda ya yi hijira zuwa Kanada a 1854.  Iyalin sun kasance zuriyar Iyalin Macaulay na Lewis, kuma sun kasance zuriya na jarumin Uig na karni na 17 Donald Cam Macaulay .  Robertson Macaulay ya auri Barbara Marie Reid, kuma ya ƙaura da iyalinsa zuwa Montreal, Quebec, Kanada, lokacin da aka ba shi matsayi a can tare da Sun Life Assurance Company. Ya shiga a matsayin sakatare a 1874; a shekara ta 1889, ya yi aiki har zuwa shugaban kasa.

## Rayuwa
Thomas Bassett Macaulay ya kammala makarantar sakandare kuma ya shiga Sun Life yana da shekara 17. Shekaru 40 masu zuwa ya yi aiki a kamfanin a matsayin mai ba da kuɗi (shekaru 20), sakatare, manajan darektan (46), shugaban kasa (55). Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa na tsawon shekaru 20, kafin ya yi ritaya a matsayin shugaban.

A shekara ta 1914 ya zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa na farko na Ƙungiyar Ƙididdigar Amirka. A shekara ta 1917, shi ne shugaban kwamitin kasa kan albarkatun abinci, shi ma gwamnan Babban Asibitin Montreal ne, da kuma ɗakin karatu na Fraser-Hickson Institute a Montreal.

ya kirkiro asusun £ 10,000 don taimakawa mutanen da ke cikin teku na garin mahaifinsa, Fraserburgh, Scotland. Ya kuma ba da £ 10,000 don bincike game da kiwon dabbobi a Jami'ar Edinburgh. Ya ba da kuɗi ga ɗakin karatu na jama'a a Tsibirin Lewis, ya gina reshe a asibitin tsibirin kuma ya kafa gonar gwaji ta Macaulay. A cikin 1930, ya ba da kuɗin sayen kadada 50 (200,000 m2), don kafa Cibiyar Macaulay don Binciken Kasa. Macaulay ya sami digiri na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Aberdeen,  da Jami'ar McGill,  kuma garin Stornoway ya sanya shi dan kasuwa na farko na gari a cikin shekaru 300.

## Garken Holstein

An bayyana cewa mafi yawan shanu na Holstein masu tsabta a duniya sun fito ne daga garken Macaulays, wanda aka haifa a gonarsa a Quebec. Macaulay da manajan gona, Joe Chandler, sun sayi bijimi mai suna "Johanna Rag Apple Pabst" (wanda aka fi sani da "Old Joe"), don $ 15,000. Bull din ya haifi bijimai 51 da shanu 44; bayan mutuwar Macaulay a 1942, an warwatsa garken kuma ya ci gaba da samar da mafi yawan tsarkaka a duniya. Don aikinsa a matsayin mai kiwo da manomi da kuma sadaukarwarsa ga ci gaban noma a lardin Quebec, an shigar da Thomas Bassett Macaulay a cikin Hall of Fame na Aikin Gona na Quebec a shekarar 1992 

## Manazarta
Duniya da Zuciya ta daji

**Earth vs the Wildhearts** shi ne kundi na farko na rukunin mawaƙa na Burtaniya Wildhearts, wanda aka saki a shekarar 1993. Taken ya dogara ne akan irin waɗannan sunayen B-fim kamar Duniya vs. Flying Saucers da Duniya vs. Spider .

An sake fitar da kundin sau biyu: na farko a cikin shekarar 1994 tare da kara waƙar da ta kasance "Caffeine Bomb", kuma a cikin 2010 tare da bangarorin B da yawa daga lokacin.

## Rubuce-rubuce
Mick Ronson ya ba da gudummawa daya daga cikin guitar solos guda uku a kan "My Baby Is a Headfuck". An yi imanin cewa wannan shine bayyanar Ronson ta ƙarshe a cikin rikodin kafin mutuwarsa a ranar 29 ga Afrilu 1993. "Muna da waƙar 'My Baby Is a Headfuck' kuma ba shi da kyau, "in ji Ginger, "amma mun yi tunanin, 'Idan za mu iya samun Ronson ya buga solo a ciki, to zai yi aiki'... Kuma Ronson bai kasance a kusa ba na dogon lokaci, amma ina samun ta'aziyya saboda shi ne na karshe daga cikin rikodin da kuka ji... Mun sa shi ya sake yin wani ɓangare na waƙar saboda ba mu so ya daina wasa a karon farko; kawai ya ƙusa shi ne kawai ya saurare shi. 

Sarah Cutts da Stevie Lange sun baƙi a cikin kundin bisa buƙatar ƙungiyar, waɗanda suke so su sami memba na Cardiacs da matar da ta raira jingle don tallan Bodyform na 1990.

## Karɓar karɓa da gado
Earth vs the Wildhearts an zabe shi mafi kyawun kundi na 1993 ta *Kerrang!* mujallar a cikin zaben shekara-shekara. A shekara ta 2006, *Kerrang!* ya kimanta shi No. 20 a cikin wani littafi na musamman na mafi kyawun Rock Albums. Billy Morrison na Camp Freddy da Circus Diablo ya bayyana cewa Duniya vs Wildhearts yana daya daga cikin kundin da ya fi so a kowane lokaci.

A ranar cika shekaru 15 da fitowar kundin, a cikin 2008, Wildhearts sun zagaya, suna wasa da asalin kundin gaba ɗaya. A ranar cika shekaru 20, a cikin 2013, Wildhearts sun sake fasalin don yawon shakatawa inda aka buga asalin kundin gaba ɗaya da dare, sannan kuma saiti na biyu na waƙoƙin da masu sauraro suka zaɓa. Ɗaya daga cikin wasan kwaikwayon a wannan yawon shakatawa, a Rock City a Nottingham, an rubuta shi don kundin rayuwa na 2014, Rock City vs the Wildhearts . A cikin 2018, ƙungiyar ta tafi wani ɗan gajeren yawon shakatawa tana wasa da kundin gaba ɗaya, don bikin cika shekaru 25.

## Manazarta
Fim din AFN

**AFN Movie** tasha ce da ke nuna fina-finai da kuma shirye-shiryen da suka shafi fina-finai.

## Tarihi
A watan Janairun 2003, AFN ta sanar da ƙirƙirar Fim ɗin Iyali na AFN da AFN, wanda aka shirya farawa a watan Disamba na 2003.  An jinkirta ƙaddamar da tashoshin biyu saboda dalilai na fasaha;  kuma an sanar da su a watan Agusta na 2004 don farawa a ranar 3 ga Satumba; a halin yanzu, tashar ta ƙaddamar da tauraron ɗan adam a matsayin mai riƙe matsayi har zuwa ranar da aka tsara.  An fara watsa shirye- *shirye* a ranar 2 ga Satumba, amma *de jure* a ranar 3 ga Satumba; duk da haka, har yanzu tana gudanar da watsa shirye-shirye na wucin gadi na tsawon lokacin Olympics na bazara na 2004, suna watsa abubuwan da aka gani a CNBC da MSNBC . 

Tun daga farkon tashar, ta yi niyya ga masu sauraro manya. Kamar sauran tashoshin AFN, ta watsa sabbin fina-finai (akwai shekaru biyu bayan fitowar wasan kwaikwayo) da "wasan gargajiya na gargajiya".  Yawanci, fina-finai suna farawa daga agogo (ban da :00 da :30) kuma wasu shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye sun cika da shirye-shirye masu alaƙa da fitowar fina-finai da sharhin da aka gani a talabijin na jihohi. 

A shekarar 2017, daidai da sauran hanyoyin sadarwa na AFN, ya koma babban ma'auni. 

An shirya rufe tashar a watan Maris na 2026. 

## Manazarta
Kuskuren amincewa da Aaron Farmer

**Aaron Lance Farmer** wani mutum ne ɗan ƙasar New Zealand wanda a shekarar 2005 aka yanke masa hukuncin fyaɗe ba bisa ƙa'ida ba . A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2003, yana hawa babur ɗinsa na Suzuki a Christchurch a daidai lokacin da aka ja wata mata 'yar shekara 22 zuwa cikin daji a kan titin Colombo kuma wani mai babur da ke wucewa ya yi mata fyaɗe.  Manomi yana da Autism kuma yana da cutar alibi . Amma a yayin bincikensu, 'yan sanda sun yi masa ƙarya, suna gaya masa cewa sun sami DNA ɗinsa a kan wanda aka kashe.

## Tarihi
Matar ta gaya wa 'yan sanda cewa wanda ya kai mata hari yana da babur, sigari da barasa kuma yana da gemu mai laushi. Lokacin da Farmer ya fahimci cewa 'yan sanda suna neman duk wanda ya kasance a yankin da fyade ya faru, sai ya tafi ofishin' yan sanda ya ba da samfurin DNA, don haka za a iya fitar da shi daga binciken su.

Manomi ba ya shan sigari ko shan sigari; yana da gashi kaɗan a fuska; kuma bayanin matar game da babur, kwalkwali da tufafin wanda ya kai mata hari bai dace da abin da Manomi ke sawa ba. Koyaya, ta zaɓi shi a matsayin mai aikata laifuka daga hotunan hoto kuma ya zama babban wanda ake zargi.

## Shari'ar
Manomi yana da autistic, kuma yana da wasu matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Rashin lafiyarsa ya sanya shi mai sauƙin kai ga 'yan sanda waɗanda suka yi masa ƙarya, suna mai cewa an sami DNA dinsa a kan wanda aka azabtar. An kama shi kuma an tuhume shi da fyade. Mista Farmer yana da hujja, amma lauyansa na kare jama'a bai gabatar da wannan shaidar ga juri ba. Har ma lauyansa ya gaya masa cewa daukaka kara zai zama ɓata lokaci.

## Roƙon
Manomi ya yi baƙin ciki cewa babu wanda ya saurare shi ko ya yi imani da shi kuma ya yanke shawarar daina magana. Shekaru biyu, ya yi shiru a kurkuku, ya ki yin magana da kowa. Mahaifiyar Aaron Farmer, Bev, ita ma ta damu. Ta rubuta wasiƙu da yawa ga jami'an gwamnati suna neman taimako ga ɗanta, wanda ta ce an ɗaure shi ba daidai ba. An tuntubi ta da lauyan Christchurch, Simon Shamy, wanda ya amince da taimakawa. Ya gano shaidar da ta tabbatar da hujja ta Farmer kuma ya fara daukaka kara. Shamy kuma ya ci gaba da gwajin DNA, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa wanda ya kai wa matar hari wani ne.

## Da'awar biyan kuɗi
Lauyan Manomi ya nemi diyya saboda shekaru biyu da ya yi a kurkuku. Ko da yake an soke hukuncin da aka yanke masa, bai cancanci biyan diyya ta atomatik ba a karkashin jagororin majalisar saboda Kotun daukaka kara ta ba da umarnin sake shari'a. Crown ta nada Robert Fisher QC don gudanar da bita game da shari'ar. Fisher ya gano rashin daidaituwa guda shida tsakanin bayanin mai fyade da na Manomi, kuma ya ce tabbacinsa "ya dogara da komai fiye da ganewar gani ta mai korafi na wani nau'in da ba a amince da shi ba. "  Fisher ya kammala cewa Mista Farmer ba shi da laifi fiye da wata shakka.

## Manazarta
Afiricable

**Africable** tashar talabijin ce ta Afirka kyauta, mai harshen Faransanci , wacce hedikwata a Bamako, Mali . An ƙaddamar da tashar a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 2004, wacce ta samo asali ne daga sha'awar matasa masu amfani da kebul a Afirka ta Faransa . 

## Tarihi
An ƙirƙiro wannan tashar ne a shekarar 2003 ta hannun Ismaila Sidibé, wanda a shekarar 1993 aka ba shi damar watsa shirye-shiryen TV5 zuwa Mali kuma ya kafa kamfanin MMDS Multicanal a shekarar 1995. Falsafar ta dogara ne akan watsa shirye-shiryensa na ƙasashen waje, domin mayar da damar samun bayanai ga ƙananan 'yan Mali. 

## Shirye-shirye
Shirye-shiryen Africable sun mayar da hankali kan haɗin kan Afirka da alfahari. Taken taken su shine "La Chaîne du Continent". Tashar tana watsa shirye-shiryen labarai ("Journal") daga ORTM ( Mali ), RTI ( Côte d'Ivoire Coast ), RTS 1 ( Sénégal ), RTB ( Burkina-Faso ), ORTB ( Benin ), Télé Sahel ( Nijar ), CRTV ( Kamaru ), RTG1 ( Gabon ) da RTG ( Guinea ).  Waɗannan suna karɓar mintuna goma sha biyar na lokacin watsa shirye-shirye a kowane shiri. 

## Samuwa

* Ta hanyar eriya ta MMDS
** Benin
** Burkina Faso
** Kamaru
** Chadi
** Gabon
** Gini
** Mali
** Nijar
** Senegal
** Togo
* Ta hanyar eriya ta UHF
** Burkina Faso
** Nijar
** Senegal
* Ta hanyar tauraron dan adam Intelsat 707
** Afirka
** Turai
* Ta hanyar Tauraron Dan Adam na Eutelsat W3A
** Turai
** Arewacin Afirka
** Gabas ta Tsakiya

## Duba kuma

* Talabijin a Mali

## Manazarta
No Trifling with Love (albam)

**No Trifling with Love** (Faransa: On ne badine pas avec l'amour) fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Faransa na 1977 wanda Caroline Huppert ta jagoranta. Ya dogara ne akan aikin wasan kwaikwayo na Alfred de Musset na wannan sunan.

## Makirci
An shirya wasan ne a cikin gidan sarauta na Baron . Ɗansa mai shekaru 21, Perdican, kwanan nan ya gama karatun jami'a kuma ya koma gidan sarauta, kamar yadda dan uwansa Camille, kyakkyawar yarinya mai shekaru 18, dan uwansa kuma ƙaunataccen aboki na ƙuruciya, ya dawo daga gidan ibada. Su biyu sun hadu bayan rabuwa na shekaru goma a cikin wannan gidan sarauta mai daraja ga zukatan su, inda suka girma, suka yi wasa, kuma an ƙaunace su. Baron ya sanar da shirinsa na auren 'yan uwan biyu.

Perdican da Camille koyaushe suna ƙaunar juna, amma 'yan majami'a sun koya wa Camille, mafi yawansu sun shiga gidan ibada saboda sun rasa mutanensu har zuwa mutuwa ko kuma sun kasance wadanda ke fama da al'amuran soyayya marasa farin ciki. Sun koya wa Camille kada ta amince da mutane amma ta amince da Allah kawai. Saboda wannan Camille ta yanke shawarar barin Perdican kuma ta koma gidan ibada.

Da yake murkushe yadda take ji game da Perdican, Camille ta rubuta wasika ga ɗaya daga cikin nuns, Louise, wanda masifarsa ta sa ta yi ƙoƙari ta hana Camille barin "tsaron" na gidan. "Camille ta gaya wa cewa ta yi komai don sa Perdican ya ƙi ta, kuma yanzu yana cikin damuwa saboda ƙin aurenta.

A lokacin jayayya tsakanin Dame Pluche da Blazius, Perdican ya sami wasikar Camille ba zato ba tsammani. Ya yi girman kai, sai ya ba da kansa ga girman kai kuma ya yanke shawarar yin kishi ga Camille ta hanyar ci gaba da kyakkyawar 'yar'uwar Camille Rosetta, yarinya manomi marar laifi.

Amma Camille ya koyi daga Dame Pluche cewa Perdican ya karanta wasikar, kuma yana iya hango shirinsa. A matsayin fansa ta bayyana wa Rosette cewa Perdican yana da alaƙa da ita. Rosette ta fahimci kuskuren ta kuma ta rasa sani. A cikin yanayin karshe Camille da Perdican a ƙarshe sun furta ƙaunarsu ga juna, yayin da Rosette, tana kallon su a asirce, ba za ta iya jure wa baƙin ciki ba kuma ta mutu da motsin rai: "Ta mutu. Farewell, Perdican," in ji Camille.

## Masu ba da labari

* Isabelle Huppert - Camille
* Didier Haudepin - Perdican
* Sabine Haudepin - Rosette
* Jean Benguigui - Bridaine
* André Julien - Baron
* Evelyne Bouix - Mai raira waƙa
* Yves Elliot - Blazius
* Monique Couturier - Dame Pluche
* Christian Pernot - Mai raira waƙa

## Dubi kuma

* Isabelle Huppert a kan allo da kuma mataki

## Haɗin waje

*
Girls, Girls, Girls (waƙar Jay-Z)

"**Girls, Girls, Girls**" ita ce ta biyu daga kundin rapper Jay-Z mai suna The Blueprint (2001). An saki ɗayan a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 2001. Bayani ne mai ban sha'awa game da salon rayuwar mai zane. Waƙar ta ƙunshi samfurin "Babu wani abu a cikin wannan duniya wanda zai iya dakatar da ni daga son kai" na Tom Brock, wanda ya mutu bayan shekara guda. Kwararrun suna nuna waƙoƙin "High Power Rap" na Crash Crew. Waƙar tana da *[[The Blueprint|Tsarin]]* muryoyin da Q-Tip, Slick Rick, da Biz Markie suka raira, amma ba a ba su kyauta a matsayin baƙi a kan zane-zane na baya ba; duk da haka, an ba su kyauta ne a cikin bayanan kundin.

Ana iya samun remix na waƙar da Kanye West ya samar a matsayin ɓoyayyen waƙa a kan The Blueprint bayan waƙoƙin "Blueprint (Momma Loves Me) " da kuma ɗayan ɓoyayyun waƙar, "Lyrical Exercise". Remix ɗin ya ƙunshi sabbin ayoyi ta Jay-Z, sabon samfurin kayan aiki "Trying Girls Out" na The Persuaders, da kuma muryoyin da ba a san su ba daga Michael Jackson da Chante Moore. Just Blaze da farko ya samar da waƙar ga Ghostface Killah. 

## Bidiyo na kiɗa
An yi bidiyon (wanda Marc Klasfeld ya jagoranta) a watan Satumbar 2001 a Los Angeles, California. Jay-Z ya bayyana a cikin wata hira ta 2011 cewa yana Los Angeles yana shirin harbi lokacin da hare-haren ta'addanci na 11 ga Satumba suka faru:

'Yan wasan kwaikwayo Carmen Electra, Tamala Jones, da Paula Jai Parker duk suna fitowa a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na waƙar. Damon Dash, Biz Markie, da Kanye West suma suna yin taƙaitaccen bayyanar a cikin bidiyon.

Jay-Z ya sa rigar Mitchell &amp;amp; Ness 1947 Washington Redskins na Hall of Fame quarterback Sammy Baugh da kuma rigar San Diego Padres ta 1982. Wannan ya kara bukatar rigar da aka yi amfani da ita kuma ya sabunta sanarwa game da Baugh.

## Kyaututtuka da ma'aikata
Kyaututtuka na "Girls, Girls, Girls" an daidaita su daga bayanan layi na The Blueprint.

## Manazarta
Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington

The Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington a Mount Vernon shi ne ɗakin karatu na shugaban kasa na George Washington, shugaban farko na Amurka. [1] Da yake a gidan Washington a Dutsen Vernon, Virginia, Ƙungiyar Mata ta Mount Vernon ce ta gina ɗakin karatu kuma tana da kudade masu zaman kansu.[1] An sanya masa suna ne don shugaban Gidauniyar Donald W. Reynolds wanda ya ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 38 ga aikin.[1] An buɗe ɗakin karatu a hukumance a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2013. [1]￼

## Bayyanawa
Sabon ɗakin karatu yana da 'in ƙafa 45,000 (4, m2) a cikin wani gini mai hawa uku wanda ke kan yanki na 15 acre (6.1  a fadin titin daga babban ƙofar Dutsen Vernon. Babban ɗakin karatu ya ƙunshi dubban littattafai, jaridu, litattafai, microforms, albarkatun lantarki, taswira, hotuna, da kuma littattafai na Washington. Wadannan kayan sun rufe batutuwa da yawa ciki har da George Washington, Martha Washington, Mount Vernon, juyin juya halin Amurka, mulkin mallaka na Amurka, bautar, Jamhuriyar Farko, da adana tarihi. Tarin na musamman na ɗakin karatu sun haɗa da littattafai masu ban sha'awa, takardu, wasiƙu, littattafan gona, da taswirar da suka shafi Washington, shugabancinsa, da rayuwar iyali. Wannan tarin kuma ya ƙunshi littattafai 103 waɗanda suka kasance wani ɓangare na tarin Washington a gidansa a Dutsen Vernon .  Littattafan ƙananan ne kawai na tarin taken 900 da 1,200 na Washington. Sauran wannan babban tarin an ba da su ga dangin ko kuma an sayar da su a 1848 ga mai sayar da littattafai Henry Stevens.

Sabon ɗakin karatu kuma ya ƙunshi ɗakunan taro na fasaha wanda zai ba da damar laccoci, taro, da sauran tarurruka. Sabon ɗakin karatu na kasa na Fred W. Smith don Nazarin George Washington shima yana da babban ɗakin ajiya. Wannan rufin yana dauke da wakilci mai tsawon mita shida (1.8  na takardar shaidar Washington wanda ke nuna alamar iyalin Washington. Ana samun ɗakin karatu ga masu bincike da masu sha'awar malamai na kowane zamani ta hanyar alƙawari kawai; dole ne a yi amfani da kayan ɗakin karatu a cikin ginin kuma ba za a iya bincika su ba.

## Shahararrun mutane

* Lindsay Chervinsky (mai rai), masanin tarihin shugaban kasa kuma darektan GWPL

## Dubi kuma

* Takardun George Washington
* Bikin tunawa da shugaban kasa a Amurka

## Manazarta
Ann Pamela Cunningham

**Ann Pamela Cunningham** (15 ga Agusta, 1816 - 1 ga Mayu, 1875) 'yar asalin Amurka ce wacce ta kafa Ƙungiyar Mata ta Mount Vernon a 1853 kuma ta yi aiki na shekaru a matsayin mai mulki na farko. Ta sami halartar mata shugabannin daga dukkan jihohi 30 na Tarayyar a wannan lokacin. Kungiyar ta tara duk babban birnin da ake buƙata don kammala sayen Dutsen Vernon a shekara ta 1859 kuma ta mallaki ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, ranar haihuwar Washington. Kungiyar ta ci gaba da mallakar da kuma gudanar da Dutsen Vernon, gidan George Washington da gonar.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Cunningham a shekara ta 1816, a Rosemont Plantation, South Carolina, ga Louisa da Robert Cunningham kuma ta rayu duk rayuwarta a Rosemond Plantation na iyayenta a Laurens County, South Carolina. An sadaukar da shi ga noman auduga. Ta yi karatu a gida kuma ta koyi hawa dawakai. Mata sai suka hau gefen, kuma ta sami nakasa tun tana matashiya daga hatsarin hawa, wanda ya sa iyayenta su nemi taimakon likita a Philadelphia. Cunningham ya halarci Cibiyar Barhamville a Columbia, South Carolina . Ba ta taɓa yin aure ba. 

Yayinda take wucewa Dutsen Vernon ta jirgin ruwa a kan Kogin Potomac, mahaifiyarta ta ga yanayin da ya lalace kuma ta rubuta game da shi ga Cunningham. Ta yanke shawarar ɗaukar aikin tara kuɗi don sayen dukiyar don adanawa. Mai shi a lokacin, John Augustine Washington Jr. ya bayyana cewa masu hasashe sun ba shi $ 300,000 don dukiyar, kuma ya kusanci duka Majalisa da majalisar dokokin Virginia don sayar da shi da kadada 200 da ke kewaye da shi don $ 200,000, don kiyaye damar jama'a. Koyaya, ko Commonwealth na Virginia ko Majalisa ta tarayya ba su yarda da irin waɗannan sayayya ba (duka suna damuwa da yakin da ke gabatowa). 

Cunningham tana cikin shekaru 30 (kuma ta kasance nakasassu shekaru 21) lokacin da ta fara kamfen dinta. A ranar 2 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 1853, ta rubuta wasika mai budewa ga "Mata na Kudu," wanda *Charleston Mercury* ya buga. don tara kuɗi don gidan shugaban farko. Ita, tsohon Gwamnan Massachusetts Edward Everett da Sarah C. Tracy na Troy, New York tare da taimakon lauyan Charleston James Louis Petigru sun kafa The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, suna neman wakilan mata shugabannin daga kowace jiha 30 a cikin ƙungiyar. Cunningham ya yi aiki a matsayin mai mulki na farko.

Ƙungiyar Mata ta Mount Vernon ta sayi Mount Vernon, gine-ginensa da kadada 200 don $ 200,000.[1] Sun yi nasara wajen tara duk kudaden da ake buƙata don kammala sayan daga John A. Washington a 1859. Wannan Kungiyar ita ce mafi tsufa a cikin kungiyar adanawa mai zaman kanta a Amurka. Har yanzu kungiyar ta mallaki kuma tana kula da dukiyar Washington kuma tana buɗewa ga baƙi kwanaki 365 a shekara.￼

An binne ta a Ikilisiyar Presbyterian ta farko a Columbia, South Carolina .

## Manazarta
Edmund Parker (sexton)

**Edmund Parker** (Disamba 24, 1827 - Disamba 30, 1898) ɗan Amurka ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Mai Tsaro na Kabari a Dutsen Vernon, shafin yanar gizon gidan Washington da sarcophagus wanda ke dauke da ragowar George Washington, daga 1874 zuwa 1898. 

An haifi Parker a cikin bautar a 1827 kusa da Charleston, Virginia kuma an tura shi aiki a Dutsen Vernon a 1841. Duk da yake Washington ta 'yantar da bayi na Mount Vernon, iyayengiji na gaba na gonar sun sake fara amfani da aikin bautar. Ya yi aure a cikin ɗakin karatu na babban gidan a cikin shekarun 1850 ga Susan. A cewar Parker, sun yi aure "a ƙarƙashin ɗakin da Janar ya mutu". Tare da ita, yana da 'ya'ya goma sha tara.[1][2]￼

A lokacin Yaƙin basasar Amurka, Parker ya tsere daga Dutsen Vernon kuma ya gudu zuwa arewa, ya shiga ƙungiyar Amurka zouaves a matsayin mai dafa abinci a sansanin. Bayan capitulation na Confederate States, da yawa tsohon Mount Vernon Slaves - Parker daga cikinsu - sun koma gidan don, a cewar Matthew Costello, "tattara iyalai da sake gina al'ummarsu".  

Parker na daga cikin wadanda suka dawo sun ba da aiki a tsohuwar gonar da Ƙungiyar Mata ta Mount Vernon (MVLA) ta yi, wacce ta sami dukiyar don kiyayewa a matsayin shafin tarihi. Da farko a shekara ta 1882, an sanya shi ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da kabarin Washington, ci gaba da aikin da Black men suka yi aiki a kas masu kula da kabarun tun lokacin da aka gina shafin a cikin shekarun 1830. Parker ya shahara tsakanin baƙi zuwa Dutsen Vernon saboda labarun sa game da rayuwa a cikin antebellum Virginia. A cewar Parker, yana aiki ne yayin ziyarar kabarin da Pedro II na Brazil da Edward VII (a matsayin Yarima na Wales) suka yi.

Parker ya mutu daga ciwon daji a gidan daya daga cikin 'ya'yansa bayan wani lokaci na rashin lafiya. An binne shi a cikin bukukuwan jana'izar da MVLA ta shirya.

Dan Parker, Henry, ya kasance mai aiki na dogon lokaci kuma sanannen ma'aikacin Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Hanyoyi da Hanyoyi daga farkon karni na 20 har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a 1937. Ayyukan nada baƙar fata don yin aiki a matsayin masu kula da kabarin ya ƙare a shekarar 1965.

## Manazarta
Kabari na Woodland (Richmond, Virginia)

Kabarin Woodland wani kabari ne na tarihin Afirka na Amurka a Arewa maso gabashin Richmond, Virginia wanda ke gabashin unguwar Highland Park. An buɗe shi a cikin 1916, an gina shi a matsayin wurin hutawa ga ƙwararrun baƙar fata na Richmond. An shimfiɗa itacen a cikin siffar kaifin kibiya da ke nuna arewa don nuna alamar yadda baƙi da aka taɓa duban arewa zuwa 'yanci.

## Tarihi
Kabari na biyu mafi girma na Afirka na Amurka a yankin, Woodland ya wuce kawai ta Evergreen Cemetery. Editan Richmond Planet John Mitchell, Jr ne ya kafa kuma ya tsara makabartar. An tsara makabarta a cikin salon makabarta na ƙauyuka kuma ya haɗa da hanyoyi masu juyawa a kan gangaren da aka shimfiɗa kuma an shimfiɗa shi da hanyoyi da hanyoyi. Tsarin ya samo asali ne daga zane na Kabari na Hollywood, wanda John Notman ya tsara a cikin 1847 

Har zuwa kusan 1970, makabarta masu zaman kansu kamar Woodland da Evergreen Cemeteries sune kawai makabarta da aka bude wa 'yan Afirka na Afirka don binnewa a birnin Richmond.  Kabarin da ke mallakar birni ya kasance mai rarrabewa har zuwa sama da ƙarni guda bayan bayi sun sami 'yanci a Amurka. Tun a farkon shekarun 1900, an san Kabari na Woodland a matsayin wuri mai daraja na binne 'yan Afirka na Afirka. An binne a nan da yawa daga cikin Black elite na Richmond,  ciki har da shugabannin a cikin Civil Rights Movement, likitoci, likitocin hakora, jami'an banki, mace 'yar leƙen asirin Afirka ta Afirka don Tarayyar da shugabannin coci.

Shekaru da yawa, makabarta ta ga mummunan watsi ciki har da tsiro da zubar da ruwa, [1] A cikin 1993, birnin Richmond ya shiga don taimakawa tare da tsaftacewa a cikin tsammanin ɗaukar kafofin watsa labarai da ake tsammani don binne Arthur Ashe. [2]￼

A cikin 2020, ɗan kasuwa na gida Marvin Harris, wanda ya kafa Gidauniyar Maido da Kabari ta Woodland, wanda ya tara kudade don siyan makabartar. Mista Harris ya kuma shiga cikin kokarin dawo da Kabari na Tarihi na Evergreen da ke kusa. Ya zuwa 2022, tushe yana aiki don tara ƙarin kuɗi don kammala tsarin sabuntawa.

## Jerin sanannun jana'iza

* Arthur Ashe (1943-1993), sanannen ɗan wasan tennis kuma mai ba da agaji. Ashe shi ne Ba'amurke na farko da ya wakilci kasarsa a gasar cin Kofin Davis (1963), Ba'amurkiya na farko da ta lashe gasar US Open (1968), Ba'Amurka ta farko da ta ci gasar Wimbledon (1975), kuma Ba'amurki na farko da suka zama kyaftin din tawagar Davis Cup (1981).
* Leslie Garland Bolling (1898-1955), masanin katako na Afirka na farko na karni na 20
* William Washington Browne (1849-1897), wanda ya kafa Babban Maɓuɓɓugar United Order of True Reformers . 
* Zenobia Gilpin (c. 1898-1948), likita kuma kulob a Richmond
* John Jasper (1812-1901), wanda ya kafa kuma Reverend na farko na Ikilisiyar Baptist ta Sihiyona ta shida. A lokacin da Yaƙin basasa, lokacin da ba a amince da auren bayi a matsayin doka ba, Ofishin Freedman na Amurka ya ba da izini ga Mista Jasper don halatta auren bayi.
* Charles Thaddeus Russell (1875-1952), masanin gine-gine

## Dubi kuma

* Kabari na Evergreen - Kabari na Afirka na Amurka a Richmond

## Manazarta