open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Tsibirin Phillip

**Phillip Island** ( Boonwerrung : *Corriong*, *Worne* ko *Millowl* )   tsibiri ne na Ostiraliya kusan  kudu-maso-gabas na Melbourne, Victoria . Sunan tsibirin ne bayan Gwamna Arthur Phillip, Gwamnan farko na New South Wales, ta mai binciken kuma jirgin ruwa George Bass, wanda ya yi tafiya a cikin wani jirgin ruwa na whale, ya taso daga Sydney a ranar 5 ga Janairu 1798.

Tsibirin Phillip ya samar da ruwan ɓarke na halitta don ƙaƙƙarfan ruwa na Tashar Yamma . Yana da  tsawo da  fadi, tare da yanki kusan    .  Yana da  na bakin teku kuma yanki ne na Bass Coast Shire .

A  gadar kankare (asali gadar katako) tana haɗa babban garin San Remo tare da tsibirin Newhaven .  A cikin ƙidayar 2021, yawan dindindin na tsibirin ya kasance 13,799,  idan aka kwatanta da 7,071 a cikin 2001.  A lokacin bazara, yawan jama'a ya karu zuwa 40,000. Kashi 60% na tsibirin ƙasar noma ce da aka keɓe don kiwo na tumaki da shanu.

UNESCO ta amince da tsibirin Phillip a matsayin wani yanki na Mornington Peninsula da Western Port Biosphere Reserve .  Ƙididdiga a matsayin UNESCO Biosphere Reserve yana ba da haske ga wurare masu mahimmanci na dabi'a inda al'ummomi ke hada kai don inganta ayyukan rayuwa mai dorewa da kuma zama a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta duniya na 759 Biosphere Reserves da ke da kasashe 136. 

## Tarihi
Farkon mazauna yankin su ne kabilar Yalloc Bulluk na kabilar Bunurong, na al'ummar Kulin .  A cikin yaren Bunwerrung ana kiran tsibirin da *corriung* ko *millowl* .  Yankinsu na bakin teku tare da matsugunan matsuguni yana nufin cewa Yalloc Bulluk, tare da sauran dangin Bunurong, suna cikin mutanen Aboriginal na farko a Victoria don yin hulɗa da ma'aikatan ruwa na Turai.  

Bayan rahotanni na binciken 1798 da George Bass da Matthew Flinders suka yi, yankin ya kasance ta hanyar masu sintiri daga Van Diemen's Land, wanda hulɗarsa da mutanen Bunurong ba ta da rikici.  A cikin 1801, navigator James Grant ya ziyarci tsibirin Churchill da ke kusa (wanda ya kira suna) kuma ya shuka amfanin gona na masara da alkama.   A cikin 1826, balaguron kimiyya na Dumont d'Urville, bisa jagorancin Corvette *Astrolabe*, ya haifar da damuwar Birtaniyya game da yunƙurin da Faransawa ke yi na kafa mulkin mallaka a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Yamma .  Wannan ya ga aika daga Sydney na , karkashin jagorancin Captain Wetherall, da brigs *Dragon* da *Amity*, ta Gwamna Darling . 

Yayin da mulkin mallaka na Faransa bai yi nasara ba, Wetherall ya ba da rahoto game da gano sansanin mai shinge da kuma kadada biyu na alkama da masara.  An gina wani katafaren gida kusa da Rhyll, kuma aka sanya masa suna Dumaresq bayan sakatare na sirri na Gwamna. "Yawan" itace, ƙasa mai inganci da kuma gano kwal a Cape Woolamai, an ambaci su a cikin asusun jaridu.    Har ila yau, Wetherall ya kafa ma'aikatan tuta a kan "dutsen-top'd rock Off Point Grant" (wanda aka fi sani da shi a yau kamar The Nobbies ) a yammacin tsibirin tsibirin a matsayin alamar ƙofar tashar jiragen ruwa. 

## Manazarta
Dokar Kare Bayanai ta Sirri da Kwarewar Kididdiga

**Dokar Kariyar Bayanin Sirri da Ƙididdigar Ƙididdiga**, (" **CIPSEA** "), dokar tarayya ce ta Amurka da aka kafa a 2002 a matsayin Title V na Dokar E-Government na 2002 ( Pub. L. 107-347 (rubutu) (PDF), 116 Matsayi 2899, 44 USC § 101 ).

## Manufar
CIPSEA tana kafa kariyar sirri iri ɗaya don bayanan da hukumomin kididdiga na Amurka suka tattara don dalilai na ƙididdiga, kuma tana ba da damar musayar wasu bayanai tsakanin Ofishin Kididdiga na Ma'aikata, Ofishin Nazarin Tattalin Arziki, da Ofishin Ƙididdiga .  Hukumomin suna ba da rahoto ga OMB kan takamaiman ayyuka da suka shafi sirri da raba bayanai.   

Dokar ta bai wa hukumomin daidaitattun hanyoyin kare bayanai daga masu amsawa ta yadda ba za a fallasa su ta hanyoyin da za su kai ga gano wanda ake kara ba da bai dace ba ko ban mamaki. Ta hanyar tsohuwa ana amfani da bayanan mai amsa don *dalilai na ƙididdiga* kawai. Idan mai amsa ya ba da *sanarwar izini*, za a iya amfani da bayanan zuwa wani amfani.

## Abubuwan ƙididdiga
CIPSEA ba ta bai wa hukumomin kididdiga sabbin damar yin amfani da bayanan tarayya kan harajin kasuwanci a hade tare da sauran hanyoyin ba don dalilai na kididdiga. Irin waɗannan bayanan ana kiyaye su ta taken 26 kuma za a buƙaci sabbin dokoki don baiwa sauran hukumomin damar yin amfani da irin waɗannan bayanan, waɗanda za su iya taimaka musu haɓaka rabe-raben kasuwanci cikin masana'antu don haka inganta daidaiton ƙididdiga na masana'antu. Shawarwari na baya sun magance wannan haƙiƙa. 

Sake ba da izini na CIPSEA a cikin 2018-19 ya bai wa hukumomin ƙididdiga ƙarin damar yin amfani da bayanan gudanarwa don dalilai na ƙididdiga, kuma suna buƙatar su ƙara yin nazarin haɗari ga sirri da sirrin masu amsawa. 

## Manazarta
Gudanar da muhalli na hadin gwiwa

**Gudanar da muhalli na hadin gwiwa** wata hanya ce ta gudanar da muhallar muhalli wacce ke neman lissafin rashin daidaituwa wanda zai iya faruwa a cikin tsarin zamantakewar muhalli. Ya fahimci cewa tsarin ɗan adam da na halittu masu alaƙa sun wanzu a kan ma'auni da yawa na ƙasa da na lokaci  kuma ta haka ne CEG ke neman gina haɗin gwiwa tsakanin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a fadin ma'aunin da iko da yawa. 

## Fa'idodin CEG
Haɗin kai wata hanya ce ta:

* inganta ƙarni na sabon ilimi ta hanyar ilmantarwa ta zamantakewa,
* mafi kyau haɗa muhimman fahimta daga tsarin ilimi daban-daban,
* yada ilimi da mafi kyawun ayyuka tsakanin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da yawa.

### Sabon Ilimi ta hanyar Ilimi na Jama'a
Rashin tabbas da ke tattare da kula da yanayin halittu da kuma kula da muhalli yana buƙatar waɗannan tsarin su dace da sabon ilmi. Haɗin gwiwar na iya sauƙaƙa irin wannan daidaitawa ta hanyar tsarin ilmantarwa na zamantakewa, wanda ake koya wa sababbin fahimta ta hanyar hulɗa tsakanin mutane, kuma wannan canji a cikin waɗannan fahimtar mutane ya wuce wannan mutum don canza fahimtar al'umma.

### Haɗin Tsarin Ilimi daban-daban
Ta hanyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da yawa da ke aiki tare a cikin tsarin ilimi da yawa, ilimin asali da na gargajiya, mulkin muhalli na iya amfana daga al'ummomin da yawa waɗanda ba sa cikin al'ummar kimiyya. ilimin gargajiya na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsarawa da kuma tsara batutuwan muhalli, amma kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga kowane bangare na tsarin yanke shawara.

Hakanan akwai yiwuwar samun fa'ida ta biyu na daidaito mafi girma tsakanin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda ke da fahimta daban-daban game da mahallinsu. Ƙarin fahimtar adalci game da tsarin yanke shawara na iya haifar da karuwar amincewa tsakanin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo,  da kuma karfafa haɗin gwiwa kanta. 

### Yaduwar Ilimi
'Yan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin tsarin yanke shawara da waɗanda waɗannan matakai suka shafi ba koyaushe suke karɓar sabon ilmi ko fahimta cikin sauƙi ba. Ta hanyar haɓaka hanyoyin sadarwar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban, sabon ilmi da fahimta na iya rarraba tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwar al'umma daban-daban.

## Ƙalubalen
Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki yana ɗaukar lokaci da albarkatu. Fahimtar lokacin da hadin gwiwa hanya ce mai inganci don magance matsaloli a cikin tsarin yanke shawara yana da mahimmanci don kada a wuce amfani da CEG. Akwai batutuwa daban-daban a cikin tsarin zamantakewar muhalli wanda zai iya hana tasirin CEG ciki har da:

* yanayin da ke tattare da wasu Batutuwan muhalli,
* ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin da ba daidai ba,
* Ya karu da rikici saboda hadin gwiwa.

### Yanayin Matsalar Muhalli
Yanayin yanayi na tsarin zamantakewar muhalli na iya haifar da rashin daidaituwa tsakanin cibiyoyin da yanayin halittu da zamantakewa. Wasu batutuwan muhalli suna buƙatar matakai nan take, yayin da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ke buƙatar shawo kan shingen farko don haɗin gwiwa, da ci gaban tsarin haɗin gwiwa.

## Manazarta
Muhalli a cikin Ubangiji na Zobba

Taken **muhalli a cikin ''Ubangiji na Zobba*** ya kasance mai magana daga masu sukar tun daga shekarun 1970s. Hobbits 'yan wahayin Saruman na masana'antu na Isengard da kuma ƙasar da aka gurɓata ta Sauron ta Mordor an fassara su a matsayin sharhi game da al'ummar zamani, yayin da halakar Isengard ta hanyar manyan bishiyoyi Ents, da kuma "The Scouring of the Shire" ta Hobbits, suna da jigon maido da yanayin halitta bayan irin wannan [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen masana'antu]] da lalacewa. Koyaya, ƙaunar Tolkien ga bishiyoyi da yanayin da ba a lalata ba a bayyane yake a cikin littafin.

== Yanayi ==

An haifi J. R. R. Tolkien a matsayin yaro da farko a yankunan karkara na Warwickshire a Sarehole, a wannan lokacin a waje da [[Birmingham]], sannan a cikin wannan birni na masana'antu. Wani nune-nunen fasaha mai taken "The Making of Mordor" a [[Wolverhampton]] Art Gallery (2014) ya yi iƙirarin cewa aikin ƙarfe da wuta na West Midlands kusa da gidan yarinta na Tolkien ya yi wahayi zuwa ga hangen nesa na Mordor, da sunan da ya ba shi, ma'ana "Black Land" a cikin Harshen Elvish da ya kirkira na Sindarin.  Wannan yankin masana'antu an san shi da "Black Country". Philip Womack, a rubuce a cikin The Independent, ya kwatanta tafiyar Tolkien daga yankunan karkara na Warwickshire zuwa birane na [[Birmingham]] a matsayin "bautar daga wani yanki na karkara zuwa Mordor-kamar forges da wuta",  Mai sukar Chris Baratta ya lura da bambancin mahalli na Shire mai kyau, gidan Hobbits, da kuma "ƙasar masana'antu ta Isengard da Mordor. "  Baratta ya yi magana a fili ga mai karatu don "bayyana wasu matsalolin muhalli na muhalli, da lalata duniya, kuma ya lalacewar Tolkien ya yi amfani da shi sosai a lokacin da yawa". Daga baya a rayuwa, Tolkien ya damu da karuwar barazanar karkara yayin da birane suka girma kuma hanyoyi suka yanke a fadin filaye da dazuzzuka.

== Halitta ta Pristine ==

=== Yanayin daji ===

yana amfani da yanayin daji a cikin [[Forests in Middle-earth|gandun daji a Tsakiyar Duniya]], daga [[Trollshaws]] da [[Mirkwood]] a cikin Hobbit, sake bayyana a cikin *Ubangiji na Zobba*, zuwa [[Old Forest|Tsohon daji]], [[Lothlórien]], da kuma gandun daji na Fangorn wanda kowannensu ya mamaye dukkan surori na Ubangiji na Zokuna, ba tare da ambaton manyan gandun daji ba na [[Beleriand]] da Valinor na *Silmarillion*. Lalle ne, yayin da Tsakiyar Duniya har yanzu tana "a cikin dusar ƙanƙara a ƙarƙashin taurari", "tsoffin abubuwa masu rai sun tashi: ... a duniya, inuwa na manyan bishiyoyi".  Ga mai sukar Tolkien [[Tom Shippey]], ambaton [[Mirkwood]] wani abu ne na [[Norse mythology|Tarihin Norse]] na Elder *Edda*, tare da gandun daji marasa hanya na Arewa a kan Dutsen Misty da aka bayyana a daya daga cikin waƙoƙin da ke cikin Edda, *Skirnismal'' .  Tolkien ya yi imanin cewa fahimtar ɗan adam ta farko, kamar yadda ya rubuta a cikin Tree and Leaf, "sadarwa da wasu abubuwa masu rai", yanzu sun ɓace. Mai sukar Tolkien Paul Kocher ya bayyana cewa Tsakiyar Duniya tana nufin zama Duniya kanta a cikin nesa da suka gabata, lokacin da gandun daji na farko har yanzu suna nan, kuma tare da su, cikakkiyar abin da yanzu ya ɓace.

## Manazarta
Ka'idojin kulawa

**Ka'idar kulawa** (a madadin **ka'idojin kulawa** ko **EoC**) ka'idar ka'idoji ce ta ka'idozi wacce ke riƙe da cewa aikin ɗabi'a yana kan al'ada mutum da kulawa ko alheri a matsayin nagarta. EoC tana ɗaya daga cikin tarin ka'idojin ka'idoji waɗanda wasu masu fafutukar mata da masu kula da muhalli suka haɓaka tun daga shekarun 1980.  Duk da yake ra'ayoyin ka'idoji da ka'idojin ka'idozi suna jaddada ka'idojoji da rashin son kai, ka'idocin kulawa suna jaddata muhimmancin amsawa ga mutum. Bambanci tsakanin janar da mutum yana nunawa a cikin tambayoyin ɗabi'a daban-daban: "me ne kawai?" da "yadda za a amsa?" : Carol Gilligan, wanda ake la'akari da shi wanda ya kafa **ka'idojin kulawa**, ya soki aikace-aikacen ƙa'idodin gaba ɗaya a matsayin "matsalar ɗabi'i, tunda yana haifar da makantaccen ɗabi'aa ko rashin kulawa".

Tunanin tsarin sun haɗa da: ana fahimtar mutane suna da matakai daban-daban na dogaro da juna; wasu mutanen da sakamakon zaɓin mutum ya shafa sun cancanci la'akari da su daidai da rashin lafiyarsu; kuma cikakkun bayanai na yanayi suna ƙayyade yadda za a karewa da inganta bukatun mutane.

## Tarihin tarihi
Wanda ya kirkiro ka'idojin kulawa shine Carol Gilligan, masanin ka'idoji da masanin halayyar dan adam na Amurka. Gilligan ta kirkiro wannan samfurin a matsayin sukar mai ba da shawara, masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Lawrence Kohlberg na ci gaban ɗabi'a. Gilligan ya lura cewa auna ci gaban ɗabi'a ta matakan Kohlberg na ci gaban ɗ ɗabi'aa ya sami yara maza sun fi girma fiye da mata, kuma wannan sakamakon ya kasance ga manya (ko da yake lokacin da ake sarrafa ilimi babu bambancin jinsi).  Gilligan ya yi jayayya cewa tsarin Kohlberg ba na da ma'ana ba ne, amma ra'ayi ne na namiji game da ɗabi'a, wanda aka kafa akan ka'idodin adalci da haƙƙoƙi. A cikin littafinta na 1982 In a Different Voice, ta ci gaba da nuna cewa maza da mata suna da halin kallon ɗabi'a a cikin kalmomi daban-daban. Ka'idarta ta yi iƙirarin cewa mata suna jaddada tausayi da tausayi a kan ra'ayoyin ɗabi'a dangane da ayyuka da ba a fahimta ba ko wajibai waɗanda ke da daraja a sikelin Kohlberg. Dana Ward ya bayyana, a cikin wata takarda da ba a buga ba, cewa sikelin Kohlberg yana da kyau. Bincike na gaba ya nuna cewa bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin kulawa ko tsarin adalci na iya zama saboda bambance-mbaran jinsi, ko bambance-buce a yanayin rayuwa na jinsi. Taƙaitawar Gilligan game da bambancin jinsi ya ba mata murya don yin tambaya game da dabi'u da ayyukan al'umma a matsayin namiji.

## Dangantaka da matsayi na al'ada
Ka'idodin kulawa sun bambanta da sauran samfuran ɗabi'a, kamar su ka'idojin sakamako (misali amfani) da ka'idoji na deontological (misali ka'idocin Kantian), saboda yana neman haɗa kyawawan halaye da dabi'u na al'ada waɗanda, masu goyon bayan ka'idohin kulawa suna jayayya, ba su cikin samfuran gargajiya na ka'idozi. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan dabi'u shine sanya kulawa da dangantaka akan ma'ana da dalili. A cikin ka'idojin kulawa, dalili da ma'ana suna ƙarƙashin kulawa ta halitta, wato, kulawa da aka yi ta hanyar sha'awa. Wannan ya bambanta da deontology, inda ayyukan da aka dauka daga son kai ba su da kyau.

## Manazarta
Kamfanin Green

**Kamfanin kore**, wanda aka fi sani da kasuwanci mai aminci ko mai ɗorewa, kungiya ce da ke gudanar da kanta ta hanyar da ke rage lahani ga muhalli. Misalan waɗannan ayyukan na iya haɗawa da kiyaye albarkatun ƙasa, ƙoƙarin rage hayakin carbon, rage ƙirƙirar sharar gida, da tallafawa kiyaye muhalli. Kamfanoni masu kula da muhalli galibi suna aiwatar da ayyukan da ke da alhakin muhalli a duk faɗin darajarsu, daga samar da albarkatun kasa zuwa hanyoyin masana'antu da rarrabawa.

Kamfanonin kore suna da niyyar ba da gudummawa ga adana muhalli da magance kalubalen da Canjin yanayi ya kawo. Wannan sadaukarwa ga kula da muhalli yana da mahimmanci a cikin yanayin damuwa game da dumama duniya da tasirin muhalli na ayyukan ɗan adam.

Kamfanoni masu amfani da kore da kamfanoni masu amfani a cikin ayyukan da ke ci gaba galibi suna karɓar zargi kuma suna fuskantar bincike don zargin su da Greenwashing da tallace-tallace na magudi. Amfani da hanyoyin "kore" da ayyuka galibi ana amfani da su a tallace-tallace, kuma ya haifar da gardama a duk masana'antu kan ko aiki, samfurin, yunƙurin, ko wani mataki shine wanda ya isa ya zama kore.

## Halaye
Kamfanonin kore suna da halaye da suka zama ruwan dare a tsakanin kasuwancin da ke ci gaba.

Wasu daga cikin sanannun ayyukan kamfanin kore sune:

* Ƙaddamar da ayyukansu masu ɗorewa da kula da muhalli.
* Taimako na kiyayewa da kare muhalli.
* Amfani da hanyoyin sabuntawa a cikin kasuwancin su, daga makamashi zuwa marufi.
* Kasancewar al'umma a cikin al'amuran muhalli da zamantakewa.
* Ƙaddamarwa don rage makamashi da amfani da kayan aiki.
* Amfani da madadin, kayan amfani da yawa.

Jigo na yau da kullun tsakanin kamfanonin kore shine tallan kore. Kamfanonin kore za su yi amfani da wannan nau'in talla don jawo masu amfani da ke kula da ayyukan muhalli. Ana amfani da wannan dabarar a waje da kamfanonin kore, sau da yawa ana kiranta da Greenwashing. Layin tsakanin waɗannan ayyukan na iya zama a wasu lokuta mai laushi, kuma kamfanonin kore suna da rikice-rikice game da amfani da greenwashing, da kuma tasirin dorewar su.

## Rikici
Magoya bayan kamfanonin kore suna da'awar cewa ya fi tattalin arziki ya zama kore fiye da ci gaba da ƙara sunadarai masu cutarwa ga yanayi da muhalli gaba ɗaya. Kamfanoni da suka yi ƙoƙari su zama kasuwancin kore sau da yawa sun fuskanci bincike mai mahimmanci da kuma mayar da martani.

## Manazarta
Jana'izar Jazz don ERA

An gudanar **da jana'izar jazz don Kwaskwarima Daidaita Haƙƙi** a birnin New Orleans, Louisiana ( Amurka ) a ranar 3 ga Yulin shekarar 1982.  Taron ya kasance makoki na jama'a saboda gazawar da aka yi na gyara ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka wanda jihohi 38 da ake bukata (3/4 na jihohi 50) suka amince da su kafin wa'adin majalisa.1982 .  

## Tarihin ERA a cikin New Orleans
Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙasa ta shirya yawo a cikin 1981 don inganta tafiyar ERA.  Rundunar Task Force ta New Orleans ERA ce ta dauki nauyin wannan taron. 

## Bayanin taron
Jazz jazz yana da dogon tarihi a cikin birnin New Orleans .  Jazz jazz na ERA ya faru mako guda bayan gyare-gyaren da aka tsara bai wuce jihohin 38 da ake bukata ba kafin wa'adin da Majalisa ta sanya.  An san shi da "Jana'izar Jazz Sabuwar Rana."  An yi jana'izar ta cikin Quarter na Faransa .  An shafe sa'a guda ana gudanar da jana'izar sannan aka yi jawabai na sa'o'i biyu.  Mahalarta sun yi tafiya ta manyan gidajen cin abinci da yawa a cikin New Orleans ciki har da Gidan Abinci na Arnaud, Otal ɗin Royal Sonesta, da Tsohon Absinth House yayin da mawaƙa ke buga " Lokacin da Waliyyai ke Tafiya ."   An dauki hoton yara maza da dama suna halartar wannan tattakin da mata suka samu halarta.  An kammala taron jana'izar a dandalin Jackson .  Sue Laporte ta yi waƙa ta asali a ƙarshen jerin gwanon a gaban magoya bayan ERA a dandalin Jackson. 

An kiyasta cewa mutane 500 ne suka halarci wannan tattakin.  Da yawa daga cikin masu zanga-zangar sanye da fararen kaya kamar masu neman zabe .  Lokacin da aka tambaye shi don bayyana manufar tafiya Pat Denton,  shugabar mata ta Louisiana ta siyasa caucus, jihar, "Al'adar jazz jazz shi ne cewa ko da yake akwai asara, rayuwa ta ci gaba da kuma sabon bege." 

## Ƙungiyoyin da ke da hannu
Kungiyar Mata ta kasa ce ta dauki nauyin tafiyar kuma kungiyar Mata ta Baton Rouge ta halarci taron kamar yadda kungiyar 'yan madigo ta Louisiana da 'yan luwadi (LAGPAC) ta yi.  

Ƙungiyoyi masu tallafawa sun haɗa da Ƙungiyar Masu jefa ƙuri'a na Mata, Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Jama'a ta Amirka, NAACP, Majalisar Matan Yahudawa ta Ƙasa da AFL-CIO . 

## Mahalarta

* Nikki Alexander 
* Pat Denton 
* Leonard Doty 
* Betty Godso 
* Cliff Howard 
* Sue Laporte 
* Dru Moody 
* Laura Peebles 
* Virginia Peyton 
* Alan Robinson 
* Kathi Tomeny 
* Cynthia Ware 

## Manazarta
Rashin lamuni

Green rance yana nufin rance wanda ya dogara da ka'idojin muhalli don amfani da kudade da aka tsara. Yana daga cikin zuba jari mai ɗorewa kuma yana da niyyar rage tasirin da ke kan muhalli na sabbin ayyukan rance. Ya haɗa da takardun kore (bashin bashi), rancen kore (sau da yawa suna da alaƙa da takamaiman aikin) da rancen da ke da alaƙa mai ɗorewa (yawanci ana da alaƙa le manufofin aikin ɗorewa). 

## Tarihi
Farawa a shekara ta 2005 manyan bankunan Amurka kamar su Wells Fargo (Yuli 2005, $ 1bn sama da shekaru 5)  da Bankin Amurka (Maris 2007, $ 20 biliyan)  sun fara sadaukar da kudade ga Kasuwanci mai ɗorewa. Wannan yawanci yana nufin tallafawa gina gine-gine ko kamfanoni masu dorewa ko masu kyau. Shirin ba da rance na kore ya bayyana cewa masu ba da ranta ne suka karbe shi ba kamar masu ba da bashi ba.

A cikin 2018 Ƙungiyar Kasuwancin Lance a Burtaniya ta ba da ƙa'idodin Green Loan don tabbatar da cewa ana amfani da duk wani rancen kore don ayyukan kore masu cancanta. Wannan ya haɗa da bayyana cewa wannan dole ne a bayyana shi a sarari a cikin takardun kuɗi tare da fa'idodin muhalli da ake tsammani, wanda dole ne a tantance shi, auna shi kuma mai ba da bashi ya bayar da rahoton. Jerin ayyukan da suka cancanci zama kore ya dogara ne akan jerin da Ƙungiyar Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Duniya ke amfani da su don bayyana Green Bonds.

## Rarrabawar [[Muhalli, zamantakewa, da gudanarwa na kamfanoni|ESG]] da rance mai kore
A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2017, Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield ta sanya rancen kore na € 650Mn tare da ƙungiyar banki da Lloyds Banking Group ke jagoranta a matsayin mai tsarawa da mai tsara kore. Wannan shi ne na farko a duniya 'daidaitaccen rance', yana da gefen da ke da alaƙa da ESG Key Performance Indicators. 

URW / LBG ba da daɗewa ba ta biyo bayan ING Group ta shirya rance mai ɗorewa ga Philips. Dukkanin wuraren sun haɗu da yawan riba na rance ga aikin dorewar kamfanin, ko dai ta hanyar ambaton ƙididdigar dorewar waje, ko Key Performance Indicators sun amince da bankunan ƙungiyar. A watan Yunin 2018, Bloomberg News ta ruwaito cewa ING Group ta rufe irin wannan yarjejeniya 15 inda bankin zai rage farashin aro da tsakanin 5% da 10% bisa ga darajar ESG da kamfanin ya bayar ta Sustainalytics. Kamar yadda aka nuna a jerin rance na muhalli na muhallar, wasu bankunan da yawa sun haɗa kai da hukumomin ƙididdigar ESG daban-daban.

A watan Satumbar 2018, bankunan biyar, ciki har da BBVA, sun tsara kayan aiki na bashi mai juyawa (RCF) don mai amfani da wutar lantarki ta Italiya A2A a cikin yarjejeniyar kudi mai daraja a Euro miliyan 400. Kudin da aka haɗa ya sami kansa na hanyar da ta dace da sigogi biyu: aikin da aka zaɓa guda biyu na KPIs (ƙwarewar sarrafa sharar gida da ƙarar makamashi mai sabuntawa da aka siyar a kasuwar mai yawa, yana jaddada mayar da hankali ga ƙungiyar A2A akan tattalin arzikin zagaye da decarbonation). Standard Ethics Aei ne ya ba da ƙimar ESG da aka nema a kowace shekara.

## Manazarta
Babban Birni

**Kamfanin CapitaLand Group Pte. Ltd.** kamfani ne na hedkwatar Singapore wanda ke mai da hankali kan saka hannun jari, ci gaba da gudanar da dukiya. Kamfanin yana da kasancewar a cikin birane sama da 270 a cikin kasashe sama da 45.

## Tarihi
A cikin 2017, CapitaLand ya shiga cikin rigima lokacin da kamfanin ya yi ƙoƙarin korar Faransas Art Gallery daga otal ɗin Cavendish a London.  CapitaLand ya mallaki wannan kadar ne a watan Agustan 2012. Shari'ar za ta kai ga Kotun Koli ta Burtaniya, wacce ta yanke hukunci a kan CapitaLand kuma ta amince da bukatar Franses Art Gallery na sabon hayar shekara 15.

A ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2002, CapitaLand Ascendas REIT (CLAR) an jera shi a kan SGX-ST. Da farko an san shi da Ascendas Real Estate Investment Trust, CLAR shine farkon kuma mafi girma da aka jera a Singapore da kuma masana'antu REIT.

A ranar 14 ga watan Janairun 2019, kungiyar ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta sayi Ascendas-Singbridge, ƙungiyar ƙasa, daga Temasek Holdings a cikin yarjejeniyar S $ 11B,    wanda aka kammala a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2019.  A ranar 3 ga watan Yulin 2019, ta ba da sanarwar cewa Ascott Residence Trust (Ascott Reit) da Ascendas Hospitality Trust za su haɗu, suna samar da mafi girman amincewar baƙi a Asiya tare da S $ 7.6b a cikin kadarorin da aka haɗu.

A ranar 22 ga Janairu, 2020, CapitaLand Mall Trust (CMT) da CapitaLand Commercial Trust (CCT) sun ba da sanarwar haɗewar REITs guda biyu don samar da CapitaLand Integrated Commercial Trust (CICT), wanda zai zama mafi girman REIT na Singapore kuma ɗayan manyan REITs a cikin Asiya Pacific tare da tushen kadara na S$22.4bn.&nbsp;

A ranar 22 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2021, kungiyar CapitaLand Group ta ba da sanarwar sake fasalin kasuwancin ta.

A ranar 20 ga Satumba 2021, CLI ta fara fitowa a Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Singapore a ƙarƙashin sunan kasuwanci CapitaLandInvest da lambar hannun jari, 9CI.

CapitaLand Ascendas REIT ya kawo sawun cibiyar bayanai ta London zuwa biyar a cikin 2023 ta hanyar sayen cibiyar bayanai na 31MW Chess Building daga Digital Realty don £ 125.1m ($ 159m). 

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2024, CapitaLand India Trust ta sami dukiyar masana'antu daga mai haɓaka Nalanda Shelter Private a cikin jihar Indiya ta Pune don rupees na Indiya 7.73bn (€ 86m). 

### Ayyuka masu ban sha'awa

#### Gidaje
Ascott Limited, wani reshe ne na CapitaLand, ya buɗe Ascott Singapore a shekarar 1984. Ascott ta fayil ya kunshi birane sama da 220 a fadin kasashe sama da 40 a Asiya Pacific, Asiya ta Tsakiya, Turai, Gabas ta Tsakiya. 

**Gidaje**

Sabon aikin shine sake gina kantin sayar da kayayyaki na JCube a cikin ci gaba mai gauraye tare da ɓangaren zama da ake kira J'Den. A Vietnam, ci gaban zama na CapitaLand sun hada da HeritagHe West Lake a Hanoi, Feliz en Vista da ZENITY a Ho Chi Minh City.
Ƙarshen Dokar Kwarewar Kwarewa

**Endarshen ƙwararrun ƙwararru** ne na majalisun da aka gabatar a cikin 2020 ta hanyar Justin Amash ( D - Massachusetts ) don kawo ƙarshen ƙwararru a Amurka.    Ƙwararren rigakafi yana kare jami'an 'yan sanda da sauran jami'an gwamnati daga kasancewa masu alhakin kansu don ayyukan da suka dace da aka yi a cikin aikinsu na hukuma (ko da waɗannan ayyukan sun keta haƙƙin farar hula na waɗanda abin ya shafa) sai dai idan abin da suka aikata ya saba wa dokar tarayya "a bayyane yake tabbatarwa", abin da ke buƙatar duka biyu cewa waɗannan ayyukan sun saba wa rubutaccen doka da kuma cewa akwai wani tsari na shari'a cewa irin waɗannan ayyukan ba su da tushe.   

An sake gabatar da kudirin a cikin Majalisa ta 117 ta Rep. Pressley a Majalisar Wakilai   da Sen. Edward Markey a Majalisar Dattijai.  

## Tarihi
An gabatar da kudurin dokar ga majalisar wakilai a ranar 2 ga watan Yuni, 2020. Da yake gabatar da dokar, Amash ya bayyana:A wannan makon, ina gabatar da Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙwararren Kariya don kawar da ƙwararrun rigakafi da maido da ikon Amurkawa na samun sauƙi lokacin da jami'an 'yan sanda suka keta haƙƙinsu da tsarin mulki ya ba su. Kisan gillar da 'yan sandan Minneapolis suka yi wa George Floyd shi ne na baya-bayan nan a cikin jerin munanan laifuka na 'yan sanda. Ana ci gaba da wannan tsari domin 'yan sanda sun kebe a bisa doka, a siyasance, da kuma al'adu daga sakamakon keta hakkin mutanen da suka rantse za su yi aiki. Wannan dole ne ya canza don waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na zalunci su daina faruwa. , the Ending Qualified Immunity Act had 66 cosponsors, of whom Representative McClintock is the only Republican. The bill's sponsorship by members of the Libertarian, Republican, and Democratic parties makes it a tripartisan bill.

## Fage
Ingantacciyar rigakafi koyaswar doka ce a cikin dokar tarayya ta Amurka wacce ke ba da kariya ga jami'an gwamnati daga kasancewa abin dogaro da kansu don ayyukan da suka dace da aka yi a cikin ikonsu na hukuma, sai dai idan ayyukansu ya saba wa dokar tarayya "tabbatacciyar kafa" - koda kuwa an keta hakkin jama'a na wanda aka azabtar.  Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta gabatar da ingantacciyar koyaswar rigakafi a cikin 1967, asali tare da manufar kare jami'an tilasta bin doka daga kararrakin da ba su dace ba da alhaki na kudi a cikin shari'o'in da suka yi da gaskiya cikin yanayin shari'a da ba a bayyana ba.   Tun daga shekara ta 2005, kotuna na karuwa An yi amfani da koyarwar game da shari'o'in  amfani da karfi ko kisa ta hanyar 'yan sanda, wanda ke haifar da sukar da ake yi cewa, a cikin kalmomin wani rahoto na Reuters na 2020, "ya zama kayan aiki kusan rashin aminci don barin zaluncin 'yan sanda ya tafi ba tare da hukunta shi ba tare da hana wadanda abin ya shafa 'yancinsu na tsarin mulki". 

## Manazarta
Totem Pole (Tasmania)

Bulus ya yi shirin hawan Totem Pole a cikin 1998 tare da abokin aikinsa Celia lokacin, bayan ya ɓace, igiyarsa ta kama wani babban dutse wanda ya fadi  a kan kansa. Celia ta yi gudun  komawa zuwa Fortescue Bay don kiran taimako. Ya rayu a kan tudu na tsawon sa'o'i takwas kafin a kubutar da shi kuma an bar shi a gurguje a gefen hagu da kuma matsalolin magana da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Daga baya ya rubuta littafi game da kwarewa kuma ya dawo a cikin 2016 don kammala hawan.  

## Nau'in dutse
An san Tasmania don ginshiƙan dolerite masu banƙyama, waɗanda suka shahara a tsakanin masu hawa.  Waɗannan ginshiƙan sun samo asali ne ta hanyar ayyukan volcanic suna fitar da magma daga ƙasa, wanda idan aka sanyaya su akai-akai yana haifar da ginshiƙai masu ɗai-ɗai.  Waɗannan nau'ikan ta hanyar wata hanya ta ɗan bambanta da abubuwan da aka saba da su a cikin teku, kuma ana iya samun su a wasu wuraren hawan dutse a kusa da jihar ciki har da Dutsen Wellington 's Organ Pipes.
Fayil:01ElCaballo_copy.jpg|alt=Paul Pritchard climbing| Paul Pritchard hawa
Fayil:The_Totem_Pole,_Cape_Huay.jpg|alt=Dolerite rock columns in Cape Hauy, Tasmania| ginshiƙan dutsen Dolerite a Cape Hauy, Tasmania
Fayil:The_Candlestick_(35280331625).jpg|alt=Sea stacks as seen from the water in Tasmania| Tulin teku kamar yadda aka gani daga ruwa a Tasmania


## Manazarta
Adalci na muhalli a Koriya ta Kudu

**Adalci na muhalli a Koriya ta Kudu** yana da ɗan gajeren tarihi idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashe a yamma. A sakamakon saurin Masana'antu, mutane sun fara samun wayar da kan jama'a game da gurɓataccen yanayi, kuma daga jawabin muhalli ra'ayin adalci na muhalli ya bayyana a ƙarshen shekarun 1980.

## Tarihi
Koriya ta Kudu ta sami ci gaban tattalin arziki mai sauri (wanda ake kira 'Miracle on the Han River') a cikin karni na 20 sakamakon manufofin masana'antu da Park Chung Hee ya daidaita bayan 1970s. Manufofin da yanayin zamantakewa ba su da wuri don tattaunawar muhalli, wanda ya kara gurɓata a kasar.

## Farawa da juyin halitta na ƙungiyar muhalli ta Koriya ta Kudu
Yunkurin muhalli a Koriya ta Kudu ya fara ne daga kamfen ɗin gurɓata iska. Yayinda ra'ayin gurɓata muhalli ya bazu, mayar da hankali kan gwagwarmayar muhalli ta sauya daga gurɓatawar da ke akwai zuwa hana gurɓataccen gaba, kuma kungiyoyin sun fara sukar manufofin gwamnati waɗanda ke watsi da batutuwan muhalli. An gabatar da manufar adalci na muhalli a Koriya ta Kudu tsakanin tattaunawar muhalli bayan shekarun 1990. Yayinda kungiyoyin muhalli suka bincika yanayin gurɓataccen yanayi a Koriya ta Kudu, sun lura cewa matsalolin muhalli ba su da kyau musamman a yankunan da mutane masu ƙarancin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki suka fi mayar da hankali. Wannan saboda daga shekarun 1960 zuwa 1990, gwamnatin Koriya ta ba da fifiko ga ci gaban tattalin arziki fiye da damuwa game da muhalli.

## Sanarwa da tallafin gwamnati
An fara gane adalci na muhalli a ko'ina a cikin shekarun 1990 ta hanyar yin manufofi da bincike na cibiyoyin da suka shafi. Misali, Ma'aikatar Muhalli, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1992, ta kaddamar da Citizen's Movement for Environmental Justice (CMEJ) don wayar da kan jama'a game da matsalar da kuma gano shirye-shiryen da suka dace. A matsayin wani ɓangare na ayyukanta, Citizen's Movement for Environmental Justice (CMEJ) ta gudanar da taron Adalci na Muhalli a cikin 1999, don tattara da nazarin da ke akwai game da batun wanda kungiyoyi daban-daban suka yi a wasu lokuta. CMEJ ta fara ne a matsayin karamar kungiya, amma tana fadadawa. A shekara ta 2002, CMEJ tana da fiye da sau biyar na yawan mambobi kuma sau uku na kasafin kudin da take da shi a farkon shekarar. Adalci na muhalli matsala ce mai girma a Koriya ta Kudu. Kodayake ba a san batun ba idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashe, ƙungiyoyi da yawa sun fara gane batun.

## Manazarta
Yarjejeniyar Kare haihuwa, 2000

**Yarjejeniyar Kariyar Haihuwa, 2000** Yarjejeniya ce ta Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya .

An kafa shi a cikin 2000, tare da gabatarwar yana cewa:"Layin la'akari da bukatar sake duba Yarjejeniyar Kariya ta Maternity (Bita), 1952, da Shawarwar Kariyar Maternity, 1952, don ƙara haɓaka daidaiton dukkan mata a cikin ma'aikata da lafiya da amincin uwa da yaro, kuma don gane bambancin tattalin arziki da ci gaban zamantakewar jama'a na Membobin, da ci gaban masana'antu na ƙasa da ƙasa. doka da aiki, da kuma

 "Layin la'akari da tanade-tanade na Yarjejeniya ta Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam (1948), Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata (1979), Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'yancin yara (1989), sanarwar Beijing da dandamali don aiwatarwa (1995), sanarwar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya kan daidaito da Ma'aikatan Kasa da Kasa 5 (1995) Bayanin Kungiyar Kwadago kan muhimman ka'idoji da hakkoki a aiki da bin sa (1998), da kuma Yarjejeniyar Kwadago da Shawarwari na kasa da kasa da nufin tabbatar da daidaiton dama da kulawa ga ma'aikatan maza da mata, musamman Yarjejeniyar game da Ma'aikata tare da Ayyukan Iyali, 1981, da kuma "Bisa la'akari da yanayin da mata ma'aikata ke ciki da kuma bukatar samar da kariya ga masu juna biyu, wanda alhakin gwamnati da al'umma ne daya, kuma “Bayan yanke shawarar amincewa da wasu shawarwari game da sake fasalin Yarjejeniyar Kariyar Maternity (Revised), 1952, da Shawarwari, 1952, wanda shine abu na hudu a cikin ajandar zaman, kuma “Bayan yanke shawarar cewa waɗannan shawarwari za su kasance a matsayin yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa;

 "ya amince da wannan rana ta goma sha biyar ga watan Yuni na shekara dubu biyu na Yarjejeniyar da ta biyo baya, wadda za a iya ambata a matsayin Yarjejeniyar Kariya ta Maternity, 2000." 

## Tarihi
Wannan Yarjejeniyar ta sake sake fasalin taron ILO na 1952 (C103), wanda kuma shine sake fasalin babban taron ILO na 1919 (C3) . An yi bitar ne don samun ƙarin tabbaci ta hanyar sauƙaƙa buƙatun babban taron 1952. 

## Abun ciki
Taron ya tattauna batutuwa masu zuwa:

* Kariyar lafiya
* Hutun haihuwa (fiye da mako 14)
* Bar idan akwai rashin lafiya ko rikitarwa
* Amfani
* Kariyar aikin yi da rashin nuna bambanci
* Mata masu shayarwa

## Amincewa
Tun daga Afrilu 2023, jihohi 43 masu zuwa sun amince da wannan Yarjejeniyar: 

## Manazarta
Nuna wariyar launin fata a Tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin Turai

**Rashin wariyar launin fata na muhalli a Tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin Turai** an rubuta shi sosai. A Tsakiyar Turai da Gabas, gwamnatocin gurguzu sun ba da fifiko ga ci gaban masana'antu akan kare muhalli, duk da karuwar wayar da kan jama'a da gwamnati game da muhalli a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970. : Ko da yake damuwa da jama'a game da tasirin muhalli na fadada masana'antu kamar ma'adinai da madatsar ruwa sun karu a ƙarshen 1980s da farkon 1990s, masu tsara manufofi sun ci gaba da mai da hankali kan mallakar da ci gaban tattalin arziki. : Bayan canjin kasuwa, batutuwan muhalli sun ci gaba, duk da wasu ci gaba a farkon matakan canji. : A duk wannan lokacin, muhimmiyar sake fasalin zamantakewa ta faru tare da canje-canjen muhalli. : 255 

A cewar K. Harper et al., "a cikin yanayin Roma a cikin CEE [Tsakiyar da Gabashin Turai], sararin da Romawa masu karamin karfi ke zaune sun zama 'racialised' a lokacin zamanin post-socialist, suna kara yawan tsarin ware muhalli tare da kabilanci". : Mutanen Romani sun zauna a Tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin Turai na tsawon shekaru ɗari shida kuma sun yi aiki ko kuma an yi amfani da su a matsayin ma'aikatan gona na rana, mawaƙa, masassaƙa (tinkers), da masassaƙa. : A cikin kalmomin K. Harper et al.,Lokacin tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe da lokacin bayan mulkin gurguzu, a cikin tsarin su, an yi alama ta hanyar motsi da ƙaruwar rarrabewar al'ummomin Roma a Hungary, Romania da Bulgaria. A cikin mahallin waɗannan sake zagayowar ne alamu na ware muhalli suka kasance. Fiye da shekaru 50 bayan rikice-rikicen zamantakewa na Yaƙin Duniya na II da canjin mulkin kwaminisanci, ƙauyuka marasa galihu na Roma a duk yankin suna kan ƙauyuka, an raba su da yawancin jama'a ta hanyoyi, layin dogo ko wasu shingen, kuma an cire su daga bututun ruwa da maganin datti. : 262 

## Lithuania
A cewar wani rahoto na RAXEN, gidaje gabaɗaya ga mutanen Romani a Lithuania ba su da inganci kuma "sau da yawa suna cikin wuraren da ba su da wadata dangane da ababen more rayuwa". : 36 A ƙauyen Romani na Kirtimai a Vilnius, RAXEN ya rubuta damuwa game da ingancin samun damar amfani da kayan aiki kamar ruwa da dumama, yana mai cewaBatun ingancin gidaje na Roma ya fi bayyane a cikin Kirtimai, inda gidaje ba su cika ka'idoji ba dangane da dumama, bayan gida na waje, famfo na ruwa da iyakance damar sufuri na jama'a. An sanye da ƙauyen Kirtimai da kayan more rayuwa irin su ruwa, wutar lantarki da tattara sharar gida a cikin shekara ta 2001, kuma an ci gaba - watakila na ƙarshe - a farkon shekara ta 2004.

## manazarta
Dokar Gyara ta 2007 ta 'Yancin Dan Adam (Mata a cikin Sojoji)

**Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam (Mata a Sojoji) Gyara Dokar shekarar  2007** doka ce ta majalisar da aka zartar a New Zealand a cikin shekara ta  2007. Ta cire keɓancewa daga Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta  Shekarar 1993 wacce ta hana mata yin aiki a matsayin yaƙi a cikin Rundunar Tsaro ta New Zealand .

## Fage
Lokacin da New Zealand ta amince da Yarjejeniya kan Kawar da Duk nau'ikan Wariya ga Mata (CEDAW) a cikin shekarar  1985, ta tanadi 'yancin kada a yi amfani da Yarjejeniyar muddin ta ci karo da manufofin da ake da su da ke hana mata yin aikin yaƙi a cikin soja.  An bayyana manufar a cikin Dokar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam a shekara ta 1993 tare da wani sashe na keɓe sojoji daga haramcin nuna bambanci dangane da jinsi dangane da matsayin yaƙi.  NZDF ta soke manufar da aka yi wa mata masu yin gwagwarmaya a hukumance a cikin shekara ta 2000, amma keɓancewar ya kasance a kan littattafan ƙa'ida a matsayin shinge ga cikakken amincewa da CEDAW.

## Gabatarwa da wucewa
An fara shigar da Kundin Tsarin Mulkin 'Yancin Dan Adam (Mata a Sojoji) Canje-canje a cikin kundin doka ta memba ta 'yar majalisa Lynne Pillay a ranar 4 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta  2006.  An zana shi a ranar 24 ga Agusta kuma an gabatar da shi ga Majalisa. Kudirin ya yi karatun sa na farko baki daya a ranar 6 ga watan Satumbar shekarar  2006 kuma an mika shi ga kwamitin harkokin waje, tsaro da kasuwanci.  

A ranar 15 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 2006 kwamitin ya ba da shawarar a ci gaba da gyare-gyaren fasaha kan lissafin.  Daga baya gwamnati ta amince da kudirin a cikin Maris, shekara ta 2007 don tabbatar da wucewar sa gabanin rahoton lokaci-lokaci na New Zealand ga Kwamitin Kawar da Wariya ga Mata daga baya waccan shekarar.  An wuce ta matakai na gaba gabaɗaya, kuma ta wuce karatu na uku a ranar 3 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 2007.  

## Manazarta
Sanarwar gafara (1687)

**Sanarwar Indulgence**, wanda kuma ake kira **Declaration for Liberty of Conscience**,  wani nau'i biyu ne na shela da James II na Ingila da Ireland da VII na Scotland suka yi a 1687. An fara ba da Indulgence don Scotland a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu sannan kuma ga Ingila a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 1687.  An yanke shawarar farko zuwa ga kafa addini a Birtaniya da Gland . Juyin Juya Hali .

Sanarwar ta ba da ́yancin addini mai faɗi a Ingila ta hanyar dakatar da dokokin hukunta laifukan da ke tilasta bin Cocin Ingila da ba wa mutane damar yin ibada a gidajensu ko ɗakin karatu yadda suka ga dama, kuma ya ƙare da bukatar tabbatar da rantsuwar addini kafin samun aiki a ofishin gwamnati.

Ta hanyar amfani da ikon dakatarwa na sarauta, sarkin ya ɗaga dokokin hukunci na addini kuma ya ba da izini ga ƙungiyoyin Kirista daban-daban, Katolika da Furotesta, a cikin masarautunsa. William Penn ya goyi bayan sanarwar da aka yi, wanda aka yi la'akari da shi a matsayin wanda ya kaddamar da shi.  An yi adawa da sanarwar da mazhabar Anglican a Ingila sosai bisa dalilai na addini da na tsarin mulki. Wasu Anglican sun ƙi gaskiyar cewa sanarwar ba ta da ƙayyadaddun iyaka don haka, aƙalla a ka'idar, ta ba da izinin yin kowane addini, gami da Musulunci, Yahudanci, ko arna . 

## 1687
A Scotland, da farko Presbyterians sun ƙi yarda da Sanarwar Indulgence. Sarkin ya sake ba da shi a ranar 28 ga Yuni, yana ba wa Presbyterians 'yanci irin na Katolika; yawancin Presbyterians sun yarda da wannan, tare da sananne ban da masu alkawari .  Sanarwar Ƙarfafawa, da kuma ba da yancin addini ga al'amuransa, ya kuma sake tabbatar da "Mallaka Mai Girma, Ƙarfin Sarauta da cikakken iko, wanda dukan batutuwanmu za su yi biyayya ba tare da ajiya ba",  kuma ta haka ne ya ba da cikakken mulkin sarauta . 

An yi maraba da fassarar Ingilishi ta mafi yawan marasa daidaituwa, amma, kamar yadda a cikin Scotland, Presbyterians sun fi jinkirin yarda da shi da gaske. Akwai damuwa cewa hakuri ya ta'allaka ne kawai a kan son rai na Sarki. 

## 1688
An sake fitar da sanarwar Indulgence na Ingilishi a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 1688, wanda ya haifar da buɗaɗɗen juriya daga Anglicans. Limamai kaɗan ne ke karanta Sanarwa a cikin Coci. 

William Sancroft, Archbishop na Canterbury, da wasu Bishof guda shida sun gabatar da koke ga Sarkin da ke ayyana shelar cin hanci da rashawa ta haramtacciyar hanya. Nan da nan James ya sa a yi wa limaman cocin bakwai shari’a don tawaye da tawaye; duk da haka, an wanke bishof din.  Yawancin Presbyterians sun yi shakka game da manufar sarki, yayin da sauran masu adawa, ciki har da Quakers da Baptists, sun gode wa sarki don Sanarwa na Indulgence. 

Sanarwar ta ɓace lokacin da aka hambarar da James II a cikin juyin juya hali mai ɗaukaka . Kudirin hakkin ya soke ikon dakatarwa. 

## Manazarta
Al'ummar Fenceline

**al'ummar fenceline** ko al'ummar gaba unguwa ce da ke kusa da kamfani, sansanin soja, masana'antu ko cibiyar sabis kuma ana shafar ta kai tsaye ta hayaniya, ƙanshi, hayakin sinadarai, zirga-zirga, filin ajiye motoci, ko ayyukan kamfanin. Wadannan al'ummomin suna fuskantar sunadarai masu haɗari, matakan gurɓataccen yanayi, da lalacewar muhalli tare da barazanar fashewar sinadarai.  

Yawancin al'ummomin fenceline suna cikin Yankunan sadaukarwa waɗanda mutane masu launi, al'ummomi na asali, da matalauta masu aiki ke zaune.

## Tarihi
A sakamakon fallasawa ga kayan haɗari da hayaki, al'ummomin fenceline suna fuskantar ƙimar da haɗarin ciwon daji da ƙalubalen numfashi. Al'ummomin Fenceline kuma suna fuskantar ƙarin matsalolin kiwon lafiya da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki kamar su kayan aikin gidaje marasa kyau, rashin samun damar samun abinci mai gina jiki da ba mai guba ba, da kuma yawan cututtuka, tare da karuwar damuwa da ƙalubalen da ke haifar da rashin aikin yi, talauci, aikata laifuka, da wariyar launin fata. Canjin yanayi da ya haifar da mummunan yanayi da bala'o'i sun sanya al'ummomin fenceline cikin haɗarin babban matakin fallasawa ga hayaki mai guba daga fashewar kayan aiki da ɓarkewar sinadarai.

Al'ummomin Fenceline "sun ji tsoron cewa zai iya jefa ayyukan yi da rayuwar tattalin arziki cikin haɗari" don tsarawa don rage bayyanarsu ga sharar gida mai haɗari. "  Bugu da ƙari, mazauna a cikin al'ummomin fenceline galibi ba sa iya komawa. Wannan shi ne saboda manyan masana'antu da ke kusa da al'ummomin zama galibi suna haifar da tasirin da ke rage darajar dukiyar waɗannan gidaje. Sabili da haka, mazauna ba su iya sayar da gidajensu don darajar da za ta isa su sayi dukiya a wasu wurare ba.

Misali na al'ummar fenceline shine al'ummar Diamond ta Afirka a Norco, Louisiana . Wannan al'umma ta zauna a kan fenceline na shuka na Shell.

## Magani
Misalan ayyukan da za su iya rage mummunar tasirin da kamfanin da ke kusa da shi ke da shi a kan al'ummar fenceline sun haɗa da, ƙarin ilimi da raba bayanai tsakanin kamfanoni da al'ummomi, inganta ƙa'idodin tsaro, kimanta tasirin kiwon lafiya, da haɓaka saka idanu, rahoto, da rage fitar da guba. Al'ummomi kuma suna shirya kan kamfanonin da ke kusa da su kuma suna ba da shawara game da yanayin rayuwarsu. Koyaya, al'ummomin fenceline na iya fuskantar shingen yin hakan saboda sau da yawa "ba su da albarkatun zamantakewa ko na kuɗi don rage bayyanar su".

## Dubi kuma

* Yankin Ciwon daji
* Rashin muhalli
* Adalci na muhalli
* Nuna wariyar launin fata na muhalli
* Nuna wariyar launin fata a Amurka
* Tushen layi
* Amfani da ƙasa da ba a so a cikin gida
* Yankin da ke da karancin fitarwa
* Mobile source air pollution - Rashin gurɓata iska da motoci, jiragen sama, locomotives, da sauran injuna ke fitarwa
** Exhaust gas - Iskar gas da aka fitar sakamakon halayen man fetur a cikin injunan konewa
* NIMBY
* Yankin hadaya
* Transport divide - Rashin daidaito ga sufuri

## Manazarta
2015 zanga-zangar Peruvian game da aikin hakar ma'adinai na Las Bambas

zanga-zangar ta kara tsanantawa a ranar 29 ga watan Satumba, lokacin da aka kashe mutane hudu kuma da yawa suka ji rauni a rikice-rikice tsakanin masu zanga-zambe da 'yan sanda, wanda ya sa Shugaba Ollanta Humala ya ba da umarnin dokar ta baci.

## Rikicin 29 ga Satumba
A ranar 29 ga watan Satumba, kimanin mutane 15,000 ne suka taru a Challhuahuacho don nuna rashin amincewa da aikin ma'adinin jan ƙarfe na dala biliyan 7.4. Mutanen yankin suna damuwa cewa aikin ma'adinin jan ƙarfe zai haifar da lalacewar muhalli ga yankin Andean. Hukumomin Peruvian sun aika da jami'an 'yan sanda 1,500 da sojoji 150 zuwa yankin. Daruruwan masu zanga-zangar sun kai hari kan shigarwar ma'adinai kuma sun yi karo da 'yan sanda, wadanda suka mayar da martani da iskar hawaye. Wannan zanga-zangar ta kara tsanantawa, bayan masu bin doka sun bude wuta a kan masu zanga-zambe,  inda suka kashe hudu daga cikinsu. Wadanda suka mutu hudu duk maza ne na yankin. A wani taron manema labarai, hukumomi sun tabbatar da cewa Uriel Elguera Chilca (34), Beto Chahuallo Huillca (24) da Alberto Cárdenas Chalco (23) sun mutu daga harbin bindiga a kan hanyar zuwa Cusco,  yayin da Exaltación Huamaní (30) ya mutu a asibitin Challhuahuacho.  Hakazalika, wasu mutane 23, ciki har da 'yan sanda takwas, sun ji rauni a cikin rikice-rikicen da suka biyo baya. Jami'ai sun ce ambulances ba za su iya isa asibitin yankin ba bayan harin saboda 'yan sanda sun harbe motar da ke dauke da likitoci.

MMG ta ce Las Bambas tana da tan miliyan 6.9 na jan ƙarfe kuma tana sa ran samar da fiye da tan miliyan 2 na jan ƙarfa a cikin shekaru biyar na farko. An gano ajiyar a sama da mita 4,000 sama da matakin teku kuma zai zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ma'adinan jan ƙarfe a duniya da zarar ya cika cikakken samarwa. Ginin ya fara ne a ranar 10 ga watan Agusta kuma ya fara aiki a farkon 2016.

## Halin da aka yi
Shugaban kasar Peru Ollanta Humala ya yi nadamar asarar rayuka a lokacin tashin hankali na zanga-zangar kuma ya yi kira ga kwanciyar hankali da tattaunawa. Ya kuma bayyana cewa "da yawa daga cikin shugabannin zanga-zangar (...) sun fito ne daga wajen yankin kuma suna amfani da zanga-zambe don inganta kamfen din su na babban zaben Afrilu 2016".

Humala ya ba da umarnin gaggawa na kwanaki 30 a yankunan kudancin Andes na Cusco da Apurimac,  inda ma'adinin, Las Bambas, mallakar MMG Ltd. na kasar Sin, ke cikin gini.  Yanayin gaggawa ya shafi larduna shida. Dakatar da 'yanci na farar hula da kuma ba da izinin sintiri na soja, gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a aika da karin sojoji zuwa Apurímac "don dawo da zaman lafiya na ciki". Ministan cikin gida José Luis Pérez Guadalupe ya ce kungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi daga wajen yankin sun haifar da rikice-rikice.

Babban darakta na Amnesty International a Peru, Marina Navarro, ta kira mutuwar "maras yarda" a cikin imel ɗin da aka aika wa AP. "Fadar zanga-zangar jama'a bai kamata ta zama mutuwar kowa ba", in ji sanarwa.

## Manazarta