Coal a kasar Sin

Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin ita ce mafi girma mai samarwa da kuma amfani da wutar lantarki a duniya. Kasar Sin tana samar da kimanin tan biliyan 4.8 na kwal a kowace shekara, sama da rabin jimlar duniya.

A cikin 2024, kwal ya kai kusan kashi 59% na samar da wutar lantarki na kasar Sin, tare da iska, hasken rana, ruwa, da nukiliya suna ba da gudummawa ga mafi yawan ragowar. Musamman, iska da hasken rana sun samar da 10% da 9% na jimlar wutar lantarki bi da bi, sannan kuma wutar lantarki (13%) da makamashin nukiliya (4%). 

A cikin 2024, China ta fara gini a kan kimanin 94.5 gigawatts (GW) na sabon ƙarfin wutar lantarki, yana nuna mafi girman ƙari na shekara-shekara tun 2015. Masu sharhi gabaɗaya suna tsara sabbin tsire-tsire na kwal a matsayin ƙarfin ajiya da aka nufa don daidaita grid ɗin da kuma tabbatar da amincin wadataccen abu kamar sabuntawa kamar iska da hasken rana sun zama mafi rinjaye. Koyaya, ra'ayi mai banbanci ya nuna cewa kamfanonin hakar kwal suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tallafawa waɗannan sabbin ayyukan wutar lantarki. A cewar Cibiyar Bincike kan Makamashi da Tsabtace Iska, fiye da kashi 75% na sabbin hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki a cikin 2024 sun sami goyon baya daga kamfanonin hakar kwal ko kungiyoyin makamashi tare da ayyukan kwal, ta hanyar haɓaka buƙatun kwal duk da raunin tushen kasuwa da kuma lalata manufofin gwamnati ta tsakiya da nufin hana amfani da kwal.

An yi hasashen tasirin dogon lokaci na manufofin sauya makamashi na kasar Sin don rage kwal. Dangane da DNV's 2024 China Energy Transition Outlook, ana sa ran makamashi mai sabuntawa zai samar da kashi 88% na samar da wutar lantarki nan da shekara ta 2050, tare da iska da hasken rana kowannensu yana ba da gudummawa kusan 38%, tare da ƙananan hannun jari daga wutar lantarki da makamashin nukiliya.

A watan Satumbar 2021, kasar Sin ta yi alkawarin kawo karshen kudade ga tashoshin wutar lantarki na kasashen waje, wanda ya haifar da soke akalla ayyukan 15 a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2022.

## Tarihi

### Ma'adinan kwal a kasar Sin kafin masana'antu
Tsofaffi mutane a kasar Sin ta yanzu sun fara amfani da kwal kimanin shekaru 6,000 da suka gabata. Masana tarihi sun yi zargin cewa Sinawa suna da hannu a cikin hakar kwal a kusa da 3490 BC, suna jagorantar duniyar zamani. Fushan mine yana amfani da [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] don a nuna shi a matsayin ma'adinin kwal na farko a duniyar tsohuwar duniya kuma ya fara a kusa da 1000 BC. A cikin kasar Sin ta zamani, kwal ya ƙuntata duka ta hanyar iyakancewar fasahar gargajiya da raunin buƙata. 

A cikin karni na 3 BC, mutanen kasar Sin sun fara ƙone kwal don zafi. Yaduwar amfani da kwal ya kasance a hankali har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 11 lokacin da karancin katako a arewacin China ya haifar da fadadawa cikin sauri a cikin hakar kwal da amfani. A cikin 1000 AD, ma'adanai na kasar Sin sun kasance a gaban mafi yawan ci gaban ma'adinai a duniya. 

Ma'adanai na kwal a kasar Sin sun fuskanci irin wannan matsala ga na Turai. Dukkanin masu hakar ma'adinai na kasar Sin da na Turai sun fi son amfani da ma'adanai masu nutsewa a kwance a cikin tudun don fitar da ruwa. A cikin karni na 18, masu lura da Burtaniya sun fahimci cewa irin waɗannan ma'adanai a Guangdong suna buɗewa kai tsaye zuwa kogi. Ma'adanai na tsaunuka sune nau'i na biyu mafi yawanci, kamar ma'adanai a Leiyang, Hunan . 

A cikin karni na 19, ma'adanai sun fi yawa, musamman a arewacin China. Masu lura da Turai sun fassara hakan a matsayin sakamakon rashin itace a cikin yankin don riƙe rufin a cikin ma'adanai. Ambaliyar ruwa matsala ce ta kullum, kuma an watsar da ma'adanai da yawa saboda wannan dalili.

Ma'adanai na kwal a kasar Sin sun kasance masu zurfi kamar na Turai. A yankuna kamar Shanxi tare da magudanar ruwa, ma'adanai suna da zurfi kamar 120 m. Daga Henan da Manchuria, ma'adanar suna da zurfin 90 m ko fiye.

### Amfani da kwal na farko a kasar Sin
Amfani da kwal a cikin al'adun gargajiya na kasar Sin ya kasance mai yawa amma ƙasa a kan kowane mutum. Babban bukatar kwal ya fito ne daga masana'antu. Magana ta farko game da kwal suna cikin mahallin hanyoyin narkewa. An yada fasahar daga tsakiya zuwa yankunan da ke kewaye a kasar Sin.

A karni na 11, an narkar da baƙin ƙarfe da aka samar a arewacin kasar Sin a cikin tanderun da ke ƙonewa da kona . Yanke dazuzzuka a wannan yanki ya tilastawa yin amfani da coke, cibiyoyin aikin ƙarfe na naman gwari a kan iyakar Henan da Hebei . Lissafi na wancan lokacin sun kiyasta cewa aƙalla tan 140 000 na kwal a shekara ana amfani da su ta hanyar masana'antar ƙarfe a wannan yanki. Masanin kimiyyar kasar Sin Song Yingxing ya ba da shawarar cewa kusan kashi 70% na baƙin ƙarfe an narkar da shi da gawayi. A halin yanzu, 30% sun yi amfani da gawayi . Shanxi ita ce cibiyar masana'antar ƙarfe a ƙarshen zamanin gargajiya. &#x5B; Masanin kimiyyar &#x5D; Ferdinand von Richthofen ya yi lissafin amfani da kwal a yankuna da dama na lardin. 

Bayanan farko na kwal don dalilai na gida sun koma har zuwa karni na 6 lokacin da marubuci ya nuna cewa abinci yana da ɗanɗano daban-daban dangane da ko an dafa shi a kan kwal, gawayi, bamboo, ko ciyawa. Daga karni na 11, kwal shine babban zaɓi a cikin gida a babban birnin Kaifeng. A farkon karni na 12, an kafa sabbin kasuwannin kwal ashirin kuma kwal ya maye gurbin gawayi a yankin. Ƙarin buƙata ya haifar da ci gaban hakar ma'adinai a yankunan Henan da Shandong. Marco Polo ya yi iƙirarin cewa an "ƙone kwal a lardin Cathay" kuma ya nuna cewa an yi amfani da shi a cikin gidajen wanka.

## Fitarwa

Coal shine mafi yawan ma'adanai a kasar Sin. : 21 China ita ce mafi girma a duniya mai samar da kwal,  samar da tan biliyan 3.84 a cikin 2020 kuma yana lissafin kusan rabin samar da duniya. 

### Yankin da aka rarraba
Ana adana ma'adanai na kasar Sin a lardunan Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, da Shaanxi. Wannan maida hankali na arewa yana haifar da manyan ƙalubale, yayin da jigilar kwal zuwa yankunan bakin teku na kudu maso gabashin ke cinye kusan rabin ƙarfin jirgin ƙasa na kasar Sin.

### Babban ayyukan hakar ma'adinai

Babban ma'adinin kwal na kasar Sin, Haerwusu a cikin Inner Mongolia, yana aiki tare da ƙarfin shekara-shekara na tan miliyan 20 da kuma ajiyar tan biliyan 1.73. Manyan kamfanonin kwal guda bakwai kowannensu yana samar da tan miliyan 100 a kowace shekara, gami da Shenhua Group, China National Coal Group, da Shanxi Coking Coal Group.

## Kasuwanci
Kasar Sin ita ce babbar mai shigo da kwal a duniya, tare da Rasha da Indonesia a matsayin manyan masu samar da kwal a cikin shekarun 2020.  Duk da yake kasar Sin tana samar da mafi yawan kwal mai zafi a cikin gida, tana shigo da kwal don samar da ƙarfe.

Bayan kauracewa kwal na Australiya a shekarar 2020-2022, shigo da kasar Sin daga Mongolia da Amurka ya karu. A cikin 2023, shigo da kayayyaki daga Ostiraliya ya ci gaba da kai tan miliyan 23.47, kodayake har yanzu yana ƙasa da matakan kafin kauracewa na tan miliyan 77.51.

## Amfani da shi
Coal provides 57% of China's energy consumption and 49% of electricity generation as of 2020. The National Development and Reform Commission targets a cap of 3.8 billion tonnes annual consumption.&#x5B;&#x5D; Major consumers include:

* **Samar da wutar lantarki:** Amfani da ya fi dacewa, cinye mafi yawan samar da kwal
* Sashin **Masana'antu:** Musamman Masana'antar ƙarfe a kasar Sin, wanda ya dogara da kwal 
* **Amfani da zama:** An iyakance shi ga yankunan karkara, inda konewar kwal ke haifar da mummunar tasirin kiwon lafiya 

## Tasirin muhalli da kiwon lafiya

### Tasirin yanayi
Amfani da kwal na kasar Sin ya samar da tan biliyan 7.24 na CO a cikin 2019, kusan kashi 14% na hayakin gas na duniya. Kasar Sin ta yi alkawarin samun hayaki mai yawa a shekarar 2030 kuma ta cimma matsaya ta carbon a shekarar 2060. Shirin kasuwancin carbon na kasar Sin ya ƙaddamar a cikin 2021 don tallafawa waɗannan burin.

### Rashin gurɓata iska
Rashin gurɓata iska a kasar Sin daga konewar kwal yana haifar da kusan mutuwar mutane 750,000 a kowace shekara. Damuwar jama'a ta haifar da zanga-zangar, kamar zanga-zambe na Haimen na 2011 game da fadada tashar wutar lantarki.

A mayar da martani, gwamnati tana da:

* Matsayin fitarwa da aka aiwatar don , mercury, , da soot  
* An rufe masana'antun kwal na karshe na Beijing a shekarar 2019, inda aka maye gurbin su da wuraren da ake amfani da iskar gas 
* Saita manufofi don rage rabon kwal a cikin makamashi

### Rashin gurɓata iska a cikin gida
Gidajen karkara da ke ƙone kwal a cikin murhun da ba a yi amfani da su ba suna fuskantar haɗarin kiwon lafiya mai tsanani daga bayyanar arsenic, fluorine, da mercury, wanda ke haifar da ƙwayoyin fluorosis a cikin mutane sama da miliyan 10. Rashin gurɓata iska a cikin gida yana haifar da kimanin mutuwar da ba ta dace ba 420,000 a kowace shekara.

## Tsaro na hakar ma'adinai
Yawan mutuwar ma'adinai na kasar Sin ya inganta sosai amma ya kasance mai girma ta hanyar ka'idojin kasa da kasa. Mutuwa ta ragu daga 5,798 a cikin 2000 zuwa 1,049 a cikin 2013. Masana'antar tana daukar ma'aikata a cewar rahotanni na Ma'aikatar Ayyuka ta Amurka.

Ingantaccen tsaro ya haɗa da:

* Rufe ƙananan ma'adanai masu haɗari (ƙwarewar ƙasa da tan 300,000) 
* Inganta iska da bukatun kula da wuta
* Kashewa a kan ayyukan da ba a tsara su ba

## Canjin makamashi

### Abubuwan tattalin arziki
A cewar BloombergNEF, sabon hasken rana ya zama mai rahusa fiye da masana'antun kwal na yanzu a cikin 2021. Sashin kwal yana daukar ma'aikata miliyan 2.6, yana yin sauyawa mai mahimmanci. Adana makamashi da amsar buƙata suna da mahimmanci don maye gurbin ƙarni na kwal.

### Ƙalubalen Manufofin
Kokarin rage ƙarfin kwal ya haifar da karancin makamashi. A cikin 2021, ƙididdigar samarwa ta haifar da katsewar wutar lantarki, wanda ya sa gwamnati ta sauƙaƙa ƙa'idodin muhalli da ba da umarnin ayyukan cikakken iko. : 70–72 : 70–72 

### Yanayin Duniya
Duk da yake amfani da kwal a duniya ya ragu a 2022, China ta kara da 26.8 GW na ƙarfin kwal kuma yanzu tana wakiltar 68% na ayyukan kwal a duniya a karkashin ci gaba. Koyaya, a Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2021, Shugaba Xi Jinping ya yi alkawarin dakatar da gina ayyukan wutar lantarki a kasashen waje.
 

## Manazarta