Asiento de Negros

***' yarjejeniya ce ta kaɗaici tsakanin Masarautar  Spaniya da 'yan kasuwa daban-daban don haƙƙin samar da 'yan Afirka da suke bautar mulkin mallaka a cikin Amurkan Spain.  [[Daular Sipaniya]] ba ta cika yin [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|cinikin bayi na transatlantic]] kai tsaye daga Afirka da kanta ba, inda ta zaɓi maimakon yin kwangilar shigo da ƴan kasuwa na ƙasashen waje daga ƙasashen da suka fi shahara a wannan ɓangaren na duniya, yawanci Portuguese da Genoese, amma daga baya Dutch, Faransa, da Burtaniya. Asiento bai shafi Faransa ko Caribbean na Biritaniya ba, ko Brazil, amma Amurkan Sifen kawai.

Yarjejeniyar Alcáçovas ta shekarar 1479 ta raba Tekun Atlantika da sauran sassan duniya zuwa yankuna biyu na tasiri,  Espaniya da Fotigal.  Espaniya sun mallaki gefen yamma, suna wanke Kudancin Amurka da Yammacin Indiya, yayin da Portuguese suka sami gefen gabas, suna wanke gaɓar yammacin Afirka  da kuma Tekun Indiya bayan haka.  Espaniya sun dogara ga ma'aikatan Afirka da aka bautar don tallafawa aikin mulkin mallaka na Amurka, amma a yanzu ba su da wani yanki na kasuwanci ko yanki a yammacin Afirka, babban tushen aikin bayi.   Espaniya sun dogara ga masu cinikin bayi na Portugal don cika buƙatunsa. Yawanci ana samun kwangilar ne daga bankunan ƴan kasuwa na ƙasashen waje waɗanda ke haɗin gwiwa da ƴan kasuwa na cikin gida ko na ƙasashen waje, waɗanda suka kware wajen jigilar kayayyaki. Ƙungiyoyi daban-daban da ɗaiɗaikun mutane za su nemi haƙƙin riƙe .

Asalin abin da ya sa aka shigo da ’yan Afirka da ake bautar da su shi ne don a kwato ’yan asalin mazauna yankin daga buƙatun ’yan mulkin mallaka na Spain.  An dakatar da bautar Amerindians ta hanyar tasirin Dominicans kamar Bartolomé de las Casas. Spain ta ba da  guda ɗaya ga 'yan kasuwan Portugal don kawo bayin Afirka zuwa Amurka ta Kudu.

Bayan zaman lafiya na Münster, a cikin shekarar 1648, 'yan kasuwa na Holland sun shiga cikin Asiento de Negros. A cikin shekarar 1713, an bai wa Birtaniyya haƙƙin asiento a cikin Yarjejeniyar Utrecht, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen Yaƙin Nasarar Espaniya.  Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba da hakkinta ga Kamfanin Tekun Kudu.  Birtaniya  Ya ƙare tare da 1750 Yarjejeniyar Madrid tsakanin Birtaniya da Spain bayan yakin Jenkins 'Ear, wanda Espaniya suka sani da ''Guerra del Asiento'' ("Yaƙin Asiento").

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A ***', a cikin yaren Espaniya , rance ne na ɗan gajeren lokaci ko kwangilar bashi, na kimanin shekara ɗaya zuwa huɗu, wanda aka sanya hannu tsakanin kambin Espaniya  da ma'aikacin banki ko ƙananan gungun masu banki () a kan kuɗaɗen shiga na kambi na gaba,   sau da yawa ya haɗa da bayan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya. A  an rufe ɗaya ko haɗin  takamaiman ma'amaloli uku: rancen ɗan gajeren lokaci mara tsaro, canja wurin biyan kuɗi, da kwangilar musayar kuɗi.  Tsakanin farkon ƙarni na 16th da tsakiyar ƙarni na 18th,  An yi amfani da ma'ajin  Espaniya don daidaita rashin daidaituwa na ɗan gajeren lokaci tsakanin kuɗaɗen shiga da kashe kuɗi. Sarkin ya yi alkawarin biyan shugaban rancen tare da riba mai yawa (12%). Ma’aikatan bankin da suka halarci taron a Seville, Lisbon, Jamhuriyar Genoa da Amsterdam, sun sami riba da kuma saka hannun jari kai tsaye da aka samu daga ɗimbin dillalan Atlantika.  A musayar tsarin biyan kuɗi da aka tsara, an baiwa 'yan kasuwa da masu kuɗi 'yancin karɓar harajin da suka dace ko kuma kula da kasuwancin waɗannan kayayyaki waɗanda suka faɗi ƙarƙashin ikon sarki. Ta wannan hanyar saitin 'yan kasuwa sun sami 'yancin yin jigilar taba, gishiri, sukari da cacao akan hanyar kasuwanci daga Espaniya West Indies, wasu lokuta tare da lasisi don fitar da bullion daga  Espaniya Main ko Cadiz.  Musamman,  zai haifar da babban tasiri ga tattalin arzikin Amurkawa na Spain, saboda yarjejeniyar ta kulla ko za ta tabbatar da tsayayyen kuɗaɗen shiga don kambi da wadata yankin tare da wasu kayayyaki, yayin da masu kwangilar ke haifar da hadarin ciniki.  Wata sabuwar asiento ita ce hanya mafi aminci don dawo da kuɗinsu da kuma biyan bashin da suke bi.

## Manazarta