John Switzer Owens

**John Switzer Owens** (28 ga Yulin 1871 - 6 ga Disamba 1941)   ya kasance likitan Irish kuma Injiniyan muhalli. Ya kirkiro wasu kayan aikin kimiyya na farko don tattarawa da auna gurɓataccen iska  kuma ya taimaka wajen kafa cibiyar kula da gurɓatacciyar gurɓata ta farko a Ƙasar Ingila.  

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Owens a Enniscorthy, County Wexford, kuma ya horar da shi don zama likita a Kwalejin Trinity Dublin, inda ya ɗauki BA, MD, da B.Ch. digiri. A ƙarshen shekarunsa na ashirin, ya bar magani kuma ya ci gaba da sha'awar injiniyan muhalli, wanda ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Durham. Daga baya, ya zama mai iko a kan Rushewar bakin teku da tsaron teku, kuma ya haɓaka sabbin nau'ikan rairayin bakin teku masu ɗorewa bisa ga ƙarfe mai ƙarfi. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin injiniyan hakar ma'adinai a Burtaniya, Spain, da Portugal.

## Aiki kan gurɓataccen iska
Sha'awar Owens game da gurɓataccen iska ta haɓaka a matsayin memba na Coal Smoke Abatement Society (daga baya aka sani da National Society for Clean Air, yanzu Kare Muhalli UK). Wannan ya haifar da nadin sa, a cikin 1917, a matsayin sakatare na farko na Kwamitin Binciken Rashin Yanayi, ƙungiyar masana kimiyya ta son rai, ta amfani da wuraren da The *Lancet* ya bayar, wanda daga ƙarshe ya zama kwamitin ba da shawara ga Ofishin Met. Sir Napier Shaw, wanda ya kasance shugaban kwamitin kuma darektan farko na Ofishin Met, ya bayyana Owens a matsayin "ruhu mai motsawa" a bayan shirin, yana mai lura da cewa a matsayin injiniya da likita, "yana da ƙwarewa ta musamman don magance batun gurɓataccen yanayi".

A cikin 1925, Shaw da Owens sun hada hannu da littafin The Smoke Problem of Great Cities .  Kusan shekaru talatin kafin Babban London Smog ya yi ikirarin dubban rayuka, sun yi gargadi game da barazanar gurɓataccen iska: "Rashin tsabta a cikin iska na wasu biranenmu na zamani yana da girma sosai har ya zama barazana ga lafiyar jama'a da kuma babbar hanyar asarar kuɗi ga al'umma". Hoton da ya faru a gaban littafin shine hoton wani mutum da aka auna shi tare da babban jaka a bayansa mai taken "The soot fall in a minute within the county of London and a Londoner on the same scale".

A cikin wata takarda da Owens ya karanta wa Royal Society of Arts a wannan shekarar, ya fi jaddadawa: "Mugun gurɓataccen yanayi ya mamaye mu kusan ba tare da saninsa ba, tare da karuwar amfani da gawayi. Ci gaban yawan jama'a da tarin mutane a cikin birane masu ban tsoro sun ci gaba har zuwa yanzu yawan gobara da aka mayar da hankali a cikin ƙananan yankuna yana da girma sosai cewa iska a kan biranenmu kamar cikin babban murhu".

A shekara ta 1927, Owens ya zama Superintendent of Observations a Sashen Binciken Kimiyya da Masana'antu kuma ya rike wannan rawar har zuwa mutuwarsa.

### Kayan aiki na auna
Owens sananne ne ga ci gaban da ya samu wajen tantancewa da kwatanta gurɓataccen iska: shi da kansa ya kirkiro sabbin kayan auna da yawa, kuma Kwamitin Binciken gurɓatawar yanayi, wanda ya jagoranta, ya haɓaka ma'aunin ajiya. Wannan na'urar mai kama da funnel ta kama hayaki da ke fadowa daga sama a cikin kwalabe na tattarawa, yana ba da damar a auna shi kuma a kwatanta shi da ajiyar da aka ɗauka a wasu wurare. An tura ma'aunin ajiya a wurare 27 a shekarar 1917, wanda ya tashi zuwa wurare 1066 a shekarar 1966, don haka ya haifar da cibiyar kula da gurɓataccen gurɓata ta farko a Burtaniya. A cewar masanin tarihin gurɓataccen iska Stephen Mosley, Owens ya fahimci bukatar auna gurɓatawar tsari: "A kan muhimmancin saka idanu, John S. Owens ya nace cewa bayanan da aka tattara akan hayaki 'sau da yawa mataki na farko' zuwa ga kula da gurɓata, yayin da yake haifar da 'mai zurfin tasirin tunani a kan birni lokacin da aka nuna cewa iska da mazaunanta ke numfashi da rayuwa a ciki ba ta da kyau"

Owens daga baya ya haɓaka wasu, mafi ƙwarewa (kuma mafi sarrafa kansa) na'urorin auna gurɓataccen yanayi, gami da ɗaya bisa ga siphon kuma, a cikin 1921, wani, wanda aka sani da ƙurar ƙura, wanda ya hanzarta samfurori na iska zuwa ga zane-zanen gilashi don haka za'a iya nazarin abun da ke cikin gurɓata a ƙarƙashin microscope. Biyu daga cikin abubuwan kirkirar Owens an ba da izini a Burtaniya a matsayin "Kayan aiki don auna yawan hayaki daga masana'antu da sauran Chimneys" (1911)  da kuma "Kayan aikin auna yawan tsabtar da aka dakatar a cikin iska" (1914);  Owens yana da wasu takardun shaida na Burtaniya 30 don na'urori daban-daban kamar Masu hada kankare, masu jefa bama-bamai, ginshiƙan takarda, da nau'o'ikan kare teku.

Owens' jet dust counter yana daya daga cikin kayan aiki na farko don nuna cewa gurɓataccen iska na iya tafiya a kan nesa. A cikin bayaninsa game da kirkirar, ya yi hasashen cewa barbashi da ya lura a Ingila na iya "an samo su ne daga hayaki na gobarar Continental... yana da matukar yiwuwar cewa babban kokarin masana'antu da Jamus ke yi yanzu, a wasu yanayi, yana da alhakin daidaitattun ƙazanta a cikin iska a kan wannan ƙasar". Ba kamar ma'aunin ajiya ba, an yi watsi da ma'auni na ƙurar jet na Owens - kuma, tare da shi, ra'ayin gurɓataccen nesa a matsayin matsala ta duniya. A cewar masanin kimiyyar gurɓataccen yanayi Gary Fuller, Owens ya kasance shekaru da yawa a gaban lokacinsa: "Idan an kammala na'urar Owens, da mun ɗauki matakai na farko don sarrafa ƙonewar kwal na Burtaniya don hana rikicin ruwan sama na Scandinavia na shekarun 1970 da 1980, da kuma mataki don kauce wa gurɓatawar iska wanda har yanzu ke rufe yammacin Turai a kowane bazara da rani.

## Manazarta