open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Aude Gbedjissi

**Aude Gbedjissi** (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Disamba 1998) ƙwararriyar 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce 'yar ƙasar Benin wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai zira kwallaye  a ƙungiyar RC Lens ta Seconde Ligue da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Benin.

## Rayuwar farko
Gbédjissi ta fara buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa tun tana ƙarama, wanda ƴan uwanta suka ƙarfafa ta. An fara ganin hazakar ta ne a lokacin da take wasa a unguwar, wanda hakan ya sa ta bar ƙauyen don ƙara bunƙasa fasaharta. A wannan lokacin, ta burge 'yan wasa a gasar cikin gida a Cotonou, wanda ya kai ta shiga makarantar Rosa Esperance a shekarar 2013. 

## Aikin kulob
Bayan ta samu Baccalauréat a shekarar 2018, ta bar Benin don ci gaba da wasan kwallon kafa a ƙasashen waje, bisa shawarar kocinta Malick Lawogni. Ta koma Cote d'Ivoire kuma ta shiga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Abdul Ivoire Service a ƙungiyar ruƙuni na biyu.  A cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa, ta nuna kwazo da ladabtarwa, inda ta sami manyan kambun masu zura kwallaye a duka Ruƙunin Na biyu da na Farko a ƙasar.  Waɗannan nasarorin ne suka share mata hanya zuwa Faransa.

A cikin shekara ta 2021, ta shiga Racing Club Saint-Denis, ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta Yanki 1.  inda ta shafe watanni shida kafin ta koma Yzeure a cikin Division 2 Féminine na kakar 2022-2023.  Ta buga kaka ɗaya a Yzeure, inda ta zira kwallaye 15 a wasanni 22 na gasar a duk gasa. 

A watan Agusta 2023, RC Lens ta sanya mata hannu.   A kakar wasanta na farko, ta buga bayyanuwa 21, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama ‘yar wasa ta biyu mafi taka leda a Lens a waccan kakar. Ta ƙare ne a matsayin wacce ta fi zura kwallaye a gasar Dibishin 2, inda ta ci kwallaye 14 da bada taimako biyar.  

## Ayyukan ƙasa da ƙasa
Gbedjissi 'yar ƙasar Benin ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa, wacce ta wakilci ƙasar ta tun daga shekarar 2018.  A wasannin neman cancantar shiga gasar Olympics ta bazara na shekarar 2024 a watan Yulin 2023, ta ci wa Benin kwallonta ta farko a ƙarawar da suka yi da Guinea-Bissau, sannan ta biye mata da wata kwallo a wasa na biyu don tabbatar da nasarar Benin zuwa zagaye na gaba.  

### Kwallaye na ƙasa da ƙasa

## Manazarta
Harshen Kurame na Hong Kong

Harshen Kurame na Hong Kong (Sinanci; : ), wanda aka taƙaita a matsayin (HKSL, )shine yaren kurma na Hong Kong da Macau. Ya samo asali ne daga yaren kudancin Harshen Kurame na Sinanci, amma yanzu ya zama mai zaman kansa, harshe wanda ake fahimta.[1]

## Asalin
Asalin HKSL za a iya gano shi zuwa kusan 1949, lokacin da wani rukuni na kusan kurame 20 suka ƙaura daga Shanghai da Nanjing zuwa Hong Kong kuma suka fara koyar da kurame na gida don sauƙaƙe haɗin kai na zamantakewa da daidaita yarensu. Harshen kurame na kasar Sin shine farkon hanyar koyarwa, wanda ya haifar da yaduwar CSL tsakanin kurame na yankin, waɗanda suka daidaita harshe ta hanyar haɓaka alamun kansu tare da sababbin ra'ayoyi, ra'ayoyin ko abubuwan da suka haɗu da su a rayuwarsu. Wannan ya haifar da ci gaba da ƙamus da ƙwarewar Harshen Kurame na Hong Kong kamar yadda ya bambanta da CSL. Shekaru da yawa, HKSL ta ci gaba da bunkasa ba tare da tasiri na waje ba, yayin da tafiye-tafiye na kasa da kasa daga Hong Kong kuma ta haka ne hulɗa tsakanin sauran al'ummomin kurame ba koyaushe ba ne. Tare da ƙarin kurame na Hong Kong da ke tafiya zuwa ƙasashen waje a cikin 'yan shekarun nan saboda dalilai da yawa, rance a cikin HKSL ya zama ruwan dare. An aro haruffa na Amurka kuma an karɓa (tare da wasu gyare-gyare) ta wannan hanyar, kamar yadda wasu alamu da yawa suka kasance.[1]

## Harshen magana da ƙamus
Akwai siffofin hannu 40 zuwa 50 a cikin yaren kurame na Hong Kong. Alamomi galibi ana samo su ne daga wakilci na ra'ayi (abstract, kamar alamun 'mahaifi' da 'mahaifin'), wakilci na gani (kai tsaye, kamar alamomin 'raba' da 'kauri-kauri') ko wakiltar halin Sinanci (kamar alamun ' gabatar' da 'harshen Sinanci') ko, da wuya, kalmar Ingilishi (kamar alamar 'wankauri / WC'). Kalmomin tambaya galibi kalmomi ne ko jimla-ƙarshe, yayin da tsari na asali shine S-O-V. Ana iya cire batun da abu a cikin tattaunawar tsakanin mutane biyu inda suke bayyane daga mahallin.

Wani lokaci, masu sa hannu na iya magana ko magana yayin sa hannu. Misali, lokacin sanya hannu kan sunan wuri kamar Tsakiya, mai sanya hannu na iya yin amfani da sunan Cantonese don "Tsakiya" yayin sanya hannu. Wannan aikin na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da horarwar masu sa hannu da suka gabata a cikin magana da karatun bakuna, amma wani lokacin baki ba shi da alaƙa ga yaren da ake magana, kuma wani ɓangare ne na alamar.

HKSL yana da ban sha'awa tsakanin yarukan kurame saboda gaba ɗaya yana da ambidextrous.

## Manazarta
Maria Cuțarida-Crătunescu

Maria Cuțarida-Crătunescu (10 ga Fabrairu, 1857 - 16 ga Nuwamba, 1919) ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama likita a Romania. A matsayinta na mai goyon bayan mata, ta kafa kungiyar Maternal Society a shekara ta 1897, kuma a shekara ta 1899 ta shirya jariri na farko a Romania.

A matsayinta na 'yar asalin Călărași, ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Tsakiya ta Mata a Bucharest . Daga nan sai ta shiga Faculty of Medicine a Jami'ar Zurich a 1877, amma saboda matsalolin harshe da fa'idodi da dalibai da ke da difloma daga Faransa suka samu, sai ta koma Jami'ar Montpellier, inda ta yi karatun digiri na farko. Cuțarida-Crătunescu ta yi aikin horar da ita a asibiti da kuma horo na digiri a birnin Paris. Ta zama likita a shekara ta 1884, ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu. An kira rubutunta  .  Ta yi kira ga Asibitin Brâncovenesc, tana neman yin aiki a sashen kiwon lafiya na sakandare "Diseases of Women", amma an ƙi ta ba tare da bayani ba, kuma a maimakon haka an ba ta matsayi a matsayin farfesa na tsabta. A shekara ta 1886 ta zama shugabar sashen tsabta na mafaka "Elena Lady", kuma a shekara ta 1891 ta kasance shugabar sashin ilimin mata a asibitin Filantropia a Bucharest .

Cuțarida-Crătunescu ta kafa wata ƙungiya ta uwa a cikin 1897 don taimakawa yara matalauta, kuma an gayyace ta zuwa majalisa a Brussels (1907) da Copenhagen (1910), inda ta gabatar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya na Romania da aka fara game da mutuwar jarirai da kuma binciken kan wuraren kula da yara a Romania.
 Ta kasance mai fafutukar mata kuma ta gabatar da Aikin Mata a Romania game da aikin ilimi na mata na Romania ga Majalisa da aka gudanar a Paris a cikin 1900. A lokacin yakin duniya na farko ta yi aiki a matsayin likita a asibitin soja na 134. Ta yi ritaya bayan yakin saboda dalilai na kiwon lafiya kuma ta mutu a Bucharest a 1919. 

## Manazarta
Harshen Kurame na Tibet

**Harshen kurame na Tibet** shine harshen kurame da aka kafa kwanan nan na yankin  Tibet.

Alamar Tibet ita ce yaren kurame na farko da aka sani ga 'yan tsiraru a kasar Sin. Shirin Harshen Kurame na Tibet, wanda mambobin kulob din kurame na gida suka yi, an kafa shi ne a karkashin kulawar Handicap International a cikin 2001 don ƙirƙirar daidaitaccen harshe, wanda ya dogara da harshen kurame na Lhasa, a matsayin maye gurbin yarukan kurame na yankin na Tibet. Misali, kurame na Nagqu suna da ƙamus mai kyau ga dabbobi, yayin da waɗanda ke Lhasa suna da ƙayyadaddun ƙamus don rayuwar birni. Gwamnatin kasar Sin ce ta sanar da ma'auni a shekara ta 2004. 

Kamfanin yada labarai na gwamnatin kasar Sin Xinhua ya ce Harshen Kurame na kasar Sin ba shi da amfani saboda kurame na Tibet ba su san haruffa na kasar Sin, kuma membobin kulob din za su gabatar da sabon ma'auni a duk fadin Tibet. Membobin kulob din ne suka kirkiro haruffa na Tibet daga haruffa ta Tibet ba tare da fallasa siffofin rubutun yatsunsu kasashen waje ba.

## Manazarta
Harshen Kurame na Tsibirin Providence

Harshen Kurame na Tsibirin Providence (PISL; Mutanen Espanya: Lengua de señas de Providencia), wanda aka fi sani da Provisle, yaren kurame ne na ƙauyen tsibirin Providence a Yammacin Caribbean, a bakin tekun Nicaragua amma na Colombia. Tsibirin yana da kimanin murabba'in kilomita 15 (39 ) kuma yawan jama'a kusan 5000 ne, wanda wani rabo mai ban mamaki shine kurame (5 cikin 1,000). [1]

An yi imanin cewa yaren kurame ya fito ne a ƙarshen karni na 19 ko farkon karni na 20. Takaitaccen binciken zamantakewar al'umma ya ba da shawarar cewa kurame a tsibirin ana ɗaukar su a matsayin marasa ƙwarewa; masu ji ba sa tattauna ra'ayoyi masu rikitarwa tare da su, kuma suna riƙe da matsayi na zamantakewa. Wataƙila saboda haka, PISL yana da sauƙi idan aka kwatanta da sauran yarukan kurame. Wani yiwuwar yanayin harshe shine cewa ƙananan kurame suna sadarwa kai tsaye, ma'ana kusan dukkanin sa hannu suna shiga tsakani ne daga yawan masu ji.[1]

## Haɗin waje

* Harshen Kurame na Tsibirin Providence na William Washabaugh (1991) 

## Manazarta
Harshen Kurame na Bribri

Harshen Kurame na Bribri yare ne na kurame na ƙauyen Bribri na asali a kudancin Costa Rica . yana da banbanci da Harshen Kurame na Costa Rica

## Manazarta
Harshen Kurame na Brunca

**Harshen Kurame na Brunca** yare ne na ƙauyen  ɗan asalin ƙasar Brunca a kudancin Costa Rica . Ba shi da alaƙa da Harshen Kurame na Costa Rica.

## Manazarta
Harshen Kurame na Colombia

**Harshen Kurame na Colombia** (: Harshe na Kurame na Colombian, LSC, [ˈleŋɡwa ðe ˈseɲas ko  kolomˈbjana]) yaren kurma ne na kasar  Colombia.

## Rarraba
Clark  ya lura cewa yarukan kurame na Peruvian, Bolivia, Ecuador da Colombian "suna da kamanceceniya da juna" kuma "suna dauke da wani mataki na tasirin ƙamus daga ASL" kuma, aƙalla suna tafiya ta hanyar siffofi a cikin ƙamus na ƙasa. Chilean da Argentina suna da waɗannan halaye, kodayake a ƙarami.

## Bayyanawa
Ci gaban alamun suna da tasirin yaren kurame na Mutanen Espanya da Harshen Kurame na Amurka.  [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] An ba da rahoton cewa suna da alamomi iri ɗaya da Harshen Kurame na El Salvador.

## Koyarwa
There are two sign language schools in Bogotá (the first started in 1929), two in Medellín and one in Cali.  Countrywide, three different institutions of support for deaf promotes the learning of the language.   The national Committee for the sign language promotes the research in the area, distributes the manual alphabet for spelling and the Grammar Dictionary and supports the organization for sign language teachers.  The now defunct national central of telecommunications TELECOM distributed a CD-ROM software for self-learning.

## Muhimmancinsa
Akwai karuwar sha'awar koyon yaren kurame tsakanin masu sauraro. Wasu makarantu suna amfani da yaren kurame a cikin aji. Ana ba da masu fassara a muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a jama'a, da kuma ɗaliban koleji.

## manazarta
Tsohon Harshen Kurame na Costa Rica

**Tsohon Harshen Kurame na Costa Rica** yaren kurame ne na al'umma na San Jose, wanda mutanen da aka haifa kafin  shekara ta  1945 ke magana da shie . Tare da Harshen Kurame na Amurka, yana ɗaya daga cikin tushen Sabon Harshen Kurame na yankin  Costa Rica.

## Manazarta
Finland-Yaren Kurame na Sweden

**Harshen Alamar Finland-Swedish wanda a ka takaita shie zuwa**  ( **FinSSL** ; Swedish  , Finnish   ) yaren kurame ne a ƙasar Finland . Yanzu ana amfani da shi musamman a cikin saitunan sirri ta tsofaffin waɗanda suka halarci makarantar kurame ta Sweden kawai a cikin Finland (a cikin Porvoo, Swedish   ), wanda Carl Oscar Malm ya kafa a tsakiyar karni na 19 amma an rufe shi a 1993.  Koyaya, kwanan nan an koyar da shi ga wasu matasa.  Wasu mutane 90 sun kasance da shi a matsayin harshensu na asali a cikin Finland a cikin 2014  kuma kusan mutane 300 ke magana da shi gabaɗaya. 

## Tarihi
Makarantar kurame ta farko a Finland an kafa ta ne a cikin 1846 ta hanyar Carl Oscar Malm, wanda shi kansa kurma ne. Tun lokacin da aka rufe makarantar kurame a Borgå a 1993, makomar yaren ba ta da tabbas. Iyalai da yawa da ke da yara kurame sun yi hijira zuwa Sweden saboda shawarar. Harshen yana cikin haɗari sosai bisa ga ka'idodin UNESCO.

Tun daga shekara ta 2015, an amince da yarukan kurame na Finland-Swedish da Finnish a matsayin harsuna daban-daban a cikin dokokin Finnish, yayin da aka karɓi sabon dokar yaren kurame a majalisa. Koyaya, yarjejeniyar kimiyya ta kasance tun daga shekara ta 2005 cewa yarukan kurame guda biyu sun bambanta.

## Bambance-bambance daga Alamar Finnish

Ta hanyar hulɗa tsakanin kurame na Sweden da kurame na Finland-Swedish, yaren kurame na Finnish-Sweding ya aro kalmomi da yawa daga yaren kurkuku na Sweden. Bugu da ƙari, ilimin sauti na gani tare da bayyanar fuska yana bin sautunan yaren Yaren mutanen Sweden. 

## manazarta
Katlego Kai Kolanyane-Kesupile

**Katlego Kai Kolanyane-Kesupile** (an haife ta a watan Janairu 1988, kuma aka sani da **Kat Kai Kol-Kes**) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce, mawakiya, marubuciya kuma mai fafutukar LGBT daga Botswana. An san ta da kasancewa mace ta farko daga ƙasar da ta fito fili ta bayyana a matsayin mai canza jinsi. Ita ce kuma mace ta farko daga Botswana da aka ba wa suna TED Fellow.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Kolanyane-Kesupile a cikin watan Janairu 1988 a Francistown.   Ita ce mace ta farko da ta fito fili a Botswana, wanda ta yi a cikin shekarar 2013.    Kolanyane-Kesupile ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Clifton.  Ta tafi makarantar kwana a Durban tana da shekara sha takwas.  Kolanyane-Kesupile ta sami digiri na farko a gidan wasan kwaikwayo daga Jami'ar Witwatersrand kuma ta sami digiri na biyu a 'yancin ɗan adam, al'adu da adalci na zamantakewa daga Goldsmiths, Jami'ar London.   Ta zama Chevening Scholar a shekarar 2016. 

Kolanyane-Kesupile ita ce wacce ta kafa bikin Nunin Queer Shorts,  wanda shine na farko kuma kawai LGBT jigo na wasan kwaikwayo a Botswana.   Ta rubuta wa *Mujallar Peolwane*, *Binciken Kalahari*, *The Washington Blade* da *AfroPUNK.com*.  Kolanyane-Kesupile kuma tana wasa tare da wata ƙungiya mai suna Chasing Jakyb.  Ta rubuta waƙa ga ƙungiyar a cikin Turanci da Setswana.  Ƙungiyar ta fitar da wani kundi, *Ƙasar Bongo*, a cikin shekara ta 2015. 

Kolanyane-Kesupile ya kasance 2013/2014 Mafi kyawun wanda aka karrama na Botswana a cikin nau'in Fasaha.  An nada ta a Matsayin Babban Yabo Mai Gudu don Kyautar Shugabannin Matasan Sarauniya na 2015.  An ba ta suna TED Global Fellow a cikin 2017 kuma ita ce Motswana ta farko da ta sami wannan bambanci.   A cikin 2018, an nuna ta a cikin jerin matan OkayAfrica 100. 

## Manazarta
Mavis Nduchwa

**Mavis Nduchwa**, wanda kuma aka fi sani da **Rewana Nduchwa** (28 ga Agusta 1982 - 13 ga Agusta 2021), ita ce wacc ta kafa kuma Shugaba na gonakin Chabana agribusiness, wanda kuma ke kasuwanci da Kalahari Honey. Matar aure ce kuma mahaifiyar 'ya'ya maza biyu kyawawa da aka haifa a watan Afrilu 2014 da Afrilu 2017  'yar kasuwa ce ta motswana, wacce tana ɗaya daga cikin 2020 Jack Ma foundation  na 50 na Jaruman Kasuwancin Afirka na ƙarshe. 

## Tarihi da ilimi
An haifi Mavis Nduchwa a cikin shekara ta 1983, a Francistown, Botswana, kuma tana da digiri na farko a fannin gidaje da kula da baƙi. 

## Sana'a
Nduchwa ita ce wacce ta kafa kuma Shugaba na Chabana farms, wanda ke kasuwanci a matsayin Kalahari Honey. Tsarin kasuwancin zuma na Kalahari ya ta'allaka ne kan magance rikicin giwayen mutane a Botswana. Kamfaninta na tantance manoma don kafa rumfunan kuɗan zuma a matsayin hanyar rage ɓarnar amfanin gona. Ta tsarin kasuwancinta tana neman yin nazarin hanyoyin haɓaka yawan kuɗan zuma.  Kamfaninta na zamantakewa da ke Kalahari Ruwan Zuma na samar da rumbun zuma ga matan karkara a matsayin hanyar kare gonakinsu daga giwaye. 

Nduchwa ita ce 2020 Women Empower UN SDG ta lashe ƙalubalen a Afirka kudu da Sahara, lambar yabo ta duniya ga mata a cikin kasuwanci  da 2019 AFRINIC (Cibiyar Sadarwar ta Afirka).  A cikin shekarar 2017 ta kasance cikin waɗanda suka yi nasara a gidauniyar Tony Elumelu,  inda aka zaɓe ta don shirin Mandela Washington Fellow, Young African Leaders Initiative (YALI).

Nduchwa tana riƙe da 2019 Mace 'yar Kasuwancin Botswana (Grant Thornton), Mafi kyawun Kyautar Kasuwancin Afirka na 2018 ( Tony Elumelu Foundation) da Botswana Innovation Award 2019  A cikin shekarar 2017 an zaɓe ta a Tony Elumelu Entrepreneurship  aka zaɓa don Kasuwancin Tony Elumelu2 wanda ya dogara da Shirin Kasuwancin Afirka. horar da kasuwanci da tallafin $5000. A cikin shekara ta 2019, an nuna Nduchwa a cikin Gasar Abinci ta Duniya a matsayin alkalya baƙuwa tare da Samin Nosrat, Gaggan Anand, Marion Nestle da Arnold Kreilhuber. 

## Manazarta
Harshen Kurame na Yahudawa na Aljeriya

Harshen Kurame na Yahudawa na ƙasar Aljeriya (AJSL), wanda aka fi sani da Harshen Kurame na Ghardaia, yaren kurame ne na ƙauye wanda ya samo asali ne daga Ghardaïa, Aljeriya wanda yanzu ake amfani dashi a Isra'ila kuma mai yiwuwa ma a Faransa.[1][2]

Al'ummar Yahudawa na Ghardaïa sun yi hijira zuwa Faransa da Isra'ila a cikin shekarun 1943 zuwa 1962. Koyaya, saboda Yahudawa kurame na Aljeriya sun auri Isra'ilawa kurame daga wasu asali, sun karɓi Harshen Kurame na Isra'ila (ISL) a matsayin yarensu na farko kuma AJSL yanzu ana amfani da ita ne kawai ga tsofaffi.[1]

Ba a san komai game da amfani da shi a Faransa ba.

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Labaran JDCC
Halima Ali Adan

**Halima Ali Adan** 'yar gwagwarmayar kare hakkin jinsi ce ta Somaliya kuma gwani ne kan yankan mata (FGM). Ita ce shugabar kungiyar aiki ta Gender Based Violence (GBV) da kuma manajan shirin don Save Somali Women and Children (SSWC), kungiyar jin kai mai zaman kanta da ke zaune a Somalia.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Adan kuma ta girma a Mombasa, Kenya. Ta yi karatun Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta a Jami'ar Greenwich da ke Landan inda ta sami digiri na BSc . Bayan samun MSc a Nazarin Ci Gaban, Adan da farko ya yi aiki ga Mai ba da sabis na Intanet a Kenya.

## Ayyuka
Tun daga shekara ta 2014, Adan ta yi aiki don Save Somali Women and Children (SSWC) a matsayin manajan shirin da kuma co-shugaban kungiyar aiki ta Gender Based Violence (GBV).  SSWC an kafa ta ne a shekarar 1992 a Mogadishu ta mata Somaliya, wadanda burinsu shine ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar da ba ta da riba wacce za ta tallafa wa 'yan mata da mata Somaliya da aka ware kuma suna fuskantar tashin hankali da talauci a cikin al'ummominsu.

Kungiyar GBV ta Adan ta fuskanci matsaloli da yawa wajen samun adalci ga wadanda ke fama da tashin hankali na jinsi a Somaliya. Rashin isasshen jami'an 'yan sanda da aka horar da su don amsa shari'o'in GBV, ƙarancin jami'an' yan sanda mata, rashin amincewa da tsarin shari'ar Somaliya, da tsoron ramuwar gayya daga masu aikata laifin, sun hana mutane da yawa wadanda abin ya shafa bayar da rahoton laifukan GBV.[1]

A cikin shekara ta 2014, gwamnatin Burtaniya don tallafawa kungiyoyin agaji masu zaman kansu na Somalia, ta ba da tallafi ga SSWC da sauran kungiyoyin da ke kudu maso tsakiya na Somalia a matsayin wani ɓangare na fam miliyan 1 na kashewa na Burtaniya a kan ayyukan don hana tashin hankali na jima'i a duk faɗin Somalia. Kudin ya fara ne da farko tare da samar da ayyuka na asali ga wadanda abin ya shafa. "Ayyuka suna mai da hankali kan horo da haɓaka iyawa ciki har da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, samar da tallafin zamantakewa, shari'a, da tattalin arziki da haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a ta hanyar ilimi. "

An kara kudade daga Burtaniya tare da ƙarin kudade da tallafi daga Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNFPA) da Ofishin Taimako na Bala'o'i na Kasashen Waje na Amurka (OFDA / USAID) a cikin 2015. Tallafin kasa da kasa ya ba Adan da tawagarta ta GBV damar fadada shirin su, daidaitawa tare da sauran kungiyoyin aikin GBV na Somalia da kuma samar da ƙarin horo ga masu tsara GBV a Kudancin Tsakiya da yankin Puntland na Somalia. 

## Haɗin waje

* Podcast tare da masana FGM: Efua Dorkenoo, Nimco Ali da Halima A Adan  An adana shi 2018-07-25 a 

## Manazarta
Ana de Castro Osório

**Ana de Castro Osório** (18 Yuni 1872 - 23 Maris 1935) ƴar Portugal ce, mai ƙwazo a fagen wallafe-wallafen yara da kuma Jamhuriyar siyasa.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Osório a cikin iyali mai arziki a ranar 18 ga Yuni 1872, mahaifiyarta ita ce Mariana Osório de Castro Cabral da Albuquerque kuma mahaifinta Alkalin João Baptista de Castro .  Iyayenta sun rinjayi ta babban ɗakin karatu kuma ta zama marubuciya tun tana 'yar shekara 23. A shekara ta 1889, Osório ta auri mawaki na jamhuriya Paulino de Oliveira, tare da ita ta haifi 'ya'ya biyu.

## Rayuwar jama'a
A cikin 1905, ta rubuta takardar shaidar mata ta Às Mulheres Portuguesas (Ga Mata na Portuguese). [1] Wannan aikin ya nuna a kan karuwar karfin siyasa na mata masu ilimi da kuma shiga kungiyoyin mata da mata a cikin Jamhuriyar Republicanism.[2]

Ita ce ta kafa kungiyoyin mata da yawa ciki har da kungiyar mata ta farko, Grupo Português de Estudos Feministas (Ƙungiyar Nazarin Mata ta Portugal) a cikin 1907.  Tare da Adelaide Cabete da Fausta Pinto de Gama, sun kafa Liga Republicana das Mulheres Portuguesas (Liga Republican ta Mata ta Portugal) a cikin 1908.  Kungiyar ta yi kira ga hambarar da mulkin mallaka kuma ta ba da gudummawa ga shelar Jamhuriyar Portugal a 1910. A cikin 1911, Osório ya jagoranci Associação de Propaganda Feminista (Portuguese Feminist Propaganda Association) wanda Adelaide Cabete da Carolina Beatriz Ângelo suka kafa.

A watan Yunin 1913, ita, Ana Augusta na Castilho, Beatriz Pinheiro, Luthgarda de Caires, Joana de Almeida Nogueira da Maria Veleda sun kasance daga cikin tawagar Portugal a Taron Bakwai na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Duniya a Budapest.

A shekara ta 1917, Osório na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Crusade na Mata na Fotigal wanda ya ƙarfafa mata su kasance masu aiki a cikin ƙoƙarin yaƙi.

## Bayani

## Haɗin waje

* Works by Ana de Castro OsórioaShirin Gutenberg
* Works by or about Ana de Castro Osórioa cikinTarihin Intanet
* Works by Ana de Castro OsórioaLibriVox (littafan sauti na yankin jama'a)
Harshen Kurame na Switzerland da Jamusanci

Harshen kurame na Switzerland-Jamusanci (Jamusancin: , an rage shie zuwa  **DSGS**) shine harshen kurma na farko na ɓangaren Jamusanci na Switzerland da Liechtenstein. An kafa yaren ne a kusa da shekara ta  1828.  A cikin shekara ta  2011 an kiyasta cewa kurame sama da  7,500 da masu ji 13,000 suna amfani da DSGS. Akwai yaruka shida waɗanda suka haɓaka a makarantun kwana don kurame a Zürich, Bern, Basel, Lucerne, da St. Gallen, da kuma Liechtenstein.

## Sunan
A Switzerland, ana kiran yaren *Gebärdensprache* (harshe na alama) idan ba a buƙatar bambanci daga wasu harsuna ba. Wasu kafofin suna kiranta *Natürliche Gebärden* ko *Natürliche Gebärdensprache*,  ko **Harshen Kurame na Switzerland** (Harshe na Switzerland).  Tsohon yana nufin 'alamu na halitta', kamar waɗanda ke nufin "barci" ko "ci", sabanin *Abstrakte Gebärden* 'alamu mai ma'ana', don haka ba a amfani da kalmar ba. Yawancin kafofin Ingilishi a yau suna amfani da kalmar Jamusanci-Swiss Sign Language ko Swiss-Jamusanci Sign Language .  

## Rarraba
Wittmann (1991) ya yi zargin cewa harshen kurame na Switzerland-Jamusanci na iya zama wani ɓangare na dangin yaren kurame na Faransa, amma ba kusa ba ne kuma wannan ba abu ne mai sauƙi a nuna shi ba.

A Switzerland, iyayen wannan harshe har yanzu suna cikin bincike. Bincike kan ko DSGS na iya zama wanda aka samo daga Harshen Kurame na Jamusanci (DGS) an shirya shi, amma an lura cewa masu sa hannu na DSGS galibi suna buɗewa don karɓar alamun aro daga LSF-SR, yaren Kurame na Faransanci na Suisse Romande, kuma ƙasa da DGS.

## Littattafai
An buga littattafai biyu a cikin SignWriting . 

## Harshen hannu
Harshen hannu yayi kama da na Harshen Kurame na Jamusanci da Harshen Kurame na Amurka, amma tare da bambance-bambance masu zuwa:

* Ga F, yatsunsu na tsaye suna layi daya / a cikin hulɗa
* Ga T, yatsan ma'ana yana kwance a saman saman yatsan yatsa (X tare da yatsan yatta a ƙasa), kamar yadda aka saba samu a wasu haruffa
* Ba bisa ka'ida ba, X yana amfani da yatsa, kamar C tare da yatsan ma'ana kawai
* Ä kamar A ne, amma yatsa yana motsawa da baya sau da yawa
* Ö kamar O ne, amma yana buɗewa zuwa siffar C kuma yana rufewa sau biyu (a hukumance, yatsan ma'ana ya kasance a cikin hulɗa da yatsa) 
* Ü kamar U ne, amma yatsunsu sun sunkuya (kamar yadda alamar take cikin X ko T) sau biyu
* SCH kamar yadda yake a cikin DGS
* Har ila yau akwai CH, wanda shine C da aka kafa tare da yatsun H (ƙwanƙwasa, alamar da tsakiya) 
* Babu wani nau'i, kamar yadda ake fassara SS a Switzerland.

## Haɗin waje

* Swiss Kurame Federation: Ƙamus na yanar gizo na Harshen Kurame na Switzerland
* Interkantonale Hochschule für Heilpädagogik: Ƙamus na kasuwanci na Harshen Kurame na Switzerland

## Manazarta
Tsohon Harshen Kurame na Faransanci

**Tsohon Harshen Alamar Faransanci** ( French  , sau da ywa ana rage shi zuwa  **VLSF** ) shi ne yaren kurame a birnin Paris na ƙarni na 18 a lokacin da aka kafa makarantun kurame na farko.Bayanan farko na harshen suna cikin aikin Abbé de l'Épée, wanda ya yi tuntuɓe a mata biyu suna sadarwa a cikin alamu kuma, ta hanyar su, sun san wani yanki na 200 kurame Parisians.

Rubuce-rubucen yaren da suka yi amfani da su kaɗan ne. Épée ya ga sa hannunsu kyakkyawa amma na asali, kuma maimakon yin karatu ko yin rikodin shi, ya fara haɓaka tsarin sigina na musamman (), wanda ya ranta alamomi daga Tsohon Harshen Kurame na Faransanci kuma ya haɗa su da tsarin idiosyncratic wanda ya samo daga Harshen Faransanci. An yi amfani da kalmar "Tsohon Harshen Kurame na Faransanci" a wasu lokuta don bayyana "alamu na tsarin" na Épée, kuma sau da yawa ana ambaton shi (ba daidai ba) a matsayin mai kirkirar yaren kurame.

Épée, duk da haka, ya rinjayi yaren kurame, kuma ana iya cewa Harshen Kurame na Faransanci na zamani ya fito ne a makarantun da Épée ta kafa. Kamar yadda makarantun kurame da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare su ta hanyar samfurin Épée suka tashi a duniya, harshe ya shafi ci gaban wasu yarukan kurame da yawa, gami da Harshen Kurame na Amurka. Daga ƙamus  na "alamu masu tsari" cewa Abbé de l'Épée da magajinsa, Abbé Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard, an buga, mutum na iya ganin cewa yawancin alamun da aka bayyana suna da zuriya kai tsaye a cikin yarukan kurame a yau.

Pierre Desloges, wanda shi kurma ne da kansa kuma ɗan zamani ne na Abbe de l'Épée, ya bayyana wani ɓangare na Tsohon Harshen Kurame na Faransanci a cikin abin da zai iya zama littafi na farko da kurma ya taɓa bugawa (1779).  Harshen da aka yi amfani da shi tabbas game da yiwuwar ƙamus na sararin samaniya. Ɗaya daga cikin siffofin ilimin lissafi da Desloges ya lura shine amfani da kalmomin shugabanci, kamar aikatau "don so".

Daga 'yan bayanin da suka wanzu, masana harsuna na zamani ba su iya gina cikakken hoto na Tsohon Harshen Kurame na Faransanci ba, amma bincike mai gudana yana ci gaba da gano ƙarin ɓangarorin rikitarwa. Ba a san yadda aka samo yaren ba ko kuma tsawon lokacin da yaren ke bunkasa kafin Épée ya kafa makarantarsa. Koyaya, shaidu sun nuna cewa duk lokacin da akwai isasshen yawan kurame, yaren kurame zai tashi ba zato ba tsammani (cf. Harshen Kurame na Nicaragua). Kamar yadda Paris ta kasance birni mafi girma a Faransa na daruruwan shekaru (kuma tare da mazauna 565,000 a cikin 1750), Harshen Kurame na Faransanci dan takara ne mai kyau ga ɗayan tsofaffin yarukan kurame a Turai.

Tsohon Harshen Kurame na Faransanci ba shi da alaƙa da Tsohon Faransanci, wanda aka yi magana daga kimanin 1000 zuwa 1300.

## Manazarta
Harshe na Kurame na Adamorobe

Harshen Kurame na Adamorobe ko **AdaSL** yaren kurame ne na ƙauye da ake amfani da shi a Adamorobe, ƙauyen Akan a gabashin kasar  Ghana . Kimanin kurame 30 da masu ji 1370 ne ke amfani da shi a shekara ta (2003).

Al'ummar Adamorobe sananne ne saboda yawan abubuwan da suka faru na kurma na gado (genetic recessive autosomal). Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, kusan kashi 1.1% na yawan jama'a kurame ne, amma kashi ya kai kashi 11% a 1961 kafin shugaban yankin ya kafa manufofin da ke hana kurame su auri wasu kurame. Kurame sun shiga cikin al'umma.

A karkashin wadannan yanayi, AdaSL ya bunkasa a matsayin yaren kurame na asali, cikakke mai zaman kansa daga Harshen Kurame na Ghana (wanda ke da alaƙa da Harshen Kurame na Amurka). AdaSL yare ne na kurame wanda ya bambanta da yarukan kurame na birane kamar Harshen Kurame na Ghana saboda yawancin masu magana da yaren kurame da aka raba ba kurame ba ne. Harshen kurame na kasa yawanci yana fitowa ne don manufar amfani da kurame kamar waɗanda ke halartar makarantu musamman ga kurame. Wannan muhimmin fasalin yarukan kurame da aka raba yana canza yadda ake kiyaye shi, ci gaba, da raba shi. Misali na tarihi na al'ummar sanya hannu da aka raba shi ne tsibirin Martha's Vineyard (Martha's Vinefield Sign Language). 

AdaSL tana raba alamomi da siffofi na prosodic tare da wasu yarukan kurame a yankin, kamar Harshen Kurame na Bura, amma an ba da shawarar cewa waɗannan kamanceceniya sun kasance ne saboda alamun al'adu maimakon alaƙar kwayar halitta. AdaSL yana da fasalulluka waɗanda suka saita shi daga yarukan kurame na manyan al'ummomin kurame da aka yi nazari har zuwa yanzu, gami da rashin nau'in ginin mai rarrabawa wanda ke nuna motsi ko wuri (wani lokacin ana kiransa "masu rarrabawa"). Maimakon haka, AdaSL yana amfani da nau'ikan maganganu masu yawa waɗanda aka samo a cikin harshen da ke kewaye, Akan. Frishberg ya ba da shawarar cewa AdaSL na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da "ƙamus na kasuwanci da aka yi amfani da shi a kasuwanni a duk faɗin Yammacin Afirka". Don haka AdaSL yana ba da yanki mai ban sha'awa don bincike kan yarukan kurame na harshe.

Fiye da shekaru goma, yaran kurame na ƙauyen sun halarci makarantar kwana a Mampong-Akuapem, inda ake amfani da Harshen Kurame na Ghana na ASL. A sakamakon haka, wannan harshe ya zama harshen farko na waɗannan yara kuma umarnin su na AdaSL yana raguwa. Wannan na iya haifar da cikakken canji na kurame a Adamorobe zuwa harshen kurame na Ghana. Saboda haka, AdaSL yare ne mai haɗari.

## Manazarta
Kungiyar Malamai ta Tanzaniya

**Kungiyar Malamai ta [[Tanzaniya]]**, (ana takaita sunan da **TTU**), ƙungiya ce ta malamai a ƙasar ta Tanzaniya.

## Tarihi
An kafa ƙungiyar ne a 1993 da niyyar bayar da shawarwari da inganta haƙƙin malamai a faɗin ƙasar ta Tanzaniya.

A shekara ta 2006, Shugaba Jakaya Kikwete ya naɗa shugabar ƙungiyar Margaret Simwanza Sitta a matsayin Ministan Ilimi da Horar da Kwarewa.

Ƙungiyar tana da matsayi a taron koli na 17 na Tarayyar Afirka a shekara ta 2011. 

A cikin shekara ta 2012, malamai dubu 200,000 sun shiga yajin aiki bayan kashi 95.7 cikin dari na membobin Tarayyar ƙungiyar sun kaɗa kuri'a bisa wani dalilin. Shugaban ƙungiyar Gratian Mukoba ya ce ya zama dole a ƙara albashi.

A watan Mayun shekarar 2017, ƙungiyar ta yi Allah wadai da korar ma'aikatan gwamnati dubu 10,000.

## Jagoranci
Leah Yanya ita ce shugabar ƙungiyar ta yanzu. Christopher Banda shine Mataimakin Shugaban ƙungiyar.

Ezekiah Oluoch ya kasance mataimakin sakatare janar na ƙungiyar.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin hadi na Waje

* Official website
*Webpage at the Commonwealth of Nations

## Karin Karatu

* Trade unions participation on improving employee Condition: a case of Tanzania teachers union

## Duba Kuma
* Trade unions in Tanzania
Institute of Management and Technology, Enugu

Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Fasaha, Enugu, wacce aka fi sani da IMT Enugu, Polytechnic ce da ke cikin Jihar Enugu, Najeriya.

Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Fasaha mallakar jihar makarantar Polytechnic ce da aka kafa a shekarar 1965.
## Manazarta
Abbotsford

**Abbotsford** birni ne, da ke a British Columbia kusa da iyakar Kanada – Amurka, Greater Vancouver, da Kogin Fraser. Tare da ƙidayar jama'a na mutane 153,569 (2021), ita ce birni mafi yawan jama'a a lardin da ke wajen babban birnin Vancouver. Abbotsford–Mission yana da kaso na uku mafi girma na ganuwa tsiraru a tsakanin manyan biranen ƙidayar jama'a a Kanada, bayan Babban Yankin Toronto da Babban CMA na Vancouver. Gida ne ga Tradex, Jami'ar Fraser Valley, da Filin jirgin sama na Abbotsford.

Dangane da ƙidayar jama'a ta 2021, ita ce birni mafi girma na gundumar Fraser Valley da kuma gunduma ta biyar mafi girma na British Columbia. Yankin Abbotsford-Mission na kusan mazaunan 195,726 kamar na ƙidayar 2021 shine yanki na 23 mafi girma na ƙidayar jama'a a Kanada. Har ila yau, Cibiyar Kididdiga ta Kanada ta sanya sunanta a matsayin birni mafi karimci na Kanada dangane da gudummawar agaji na tsawon shekaru tara madaidaiciya.

Al'ummar yanki mai fadin murabba'in kilomita 375.55 (145.00 sq mi) ita ce birni mafi girma ta yanki a British Columbia. Iyakar kudancin gundumar ita ce iyakar Kanada-Amurka. A Kanada, tana da iyaka da Garin Langley zuwa yamma, Birnin Ofishin Jakadancin zuwa arewa, da Birnin Chilliwack zuwa gabas. Abbotsford yana iyaka da garin Sumas, Washington, zuwa kudu. Yawancin Abbotsford yana da ra'ayoyi na Dutsen Baker (zuwa kudu maso gabas, a cikin Washington) da Dutsen Tekun (a arewa).

## Manazarta
Matthew Brettingham

**Matthew Brettingham** (An haifeshi a ranar 1699 - 19 ga watan Agusta 1769), wani lokacin ana kiransa da suna Matthew Brettingham the Elder, masanin gine-ginen Ingila ne wanda ke kula da ginin Holkham Hall, kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin sanannun gine-ggine na ƙarni, duk da cewa ya fito ne daga asalin da ba shi da kyau.  Yawancin manyan ayyukansa tun lokacin da aka rushe su, musamman aikinsa a London, inda ya sauya tsarin babban Gidan gari. A sakamakon haka, ana yawan watsi da shi a yau, ana tunawa da shi musamman saboda gyaran Palladian na gidaje da yawa na ƙasa, da yawa daga cikinsu suna cikin yankin Gabashin Anglia na Burtaniya. Yayin da Brettingham ya kusanci saman aikinsa, Palladianism ya fara faduwa daga cikin kayan ado kuma an gabatar da Neoclassicism, wanda saurayi Robert Adam ya goyi bayan.

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Naƙasassu ta China

**Ƙungiyar nakasassu ta kasar China** ta kasance kungiya ce ta mutane don nakasassu a kasar China da aka kafa a Beijing, China a watan Maris na shekara ta 1988. Wadanda suka riga CDPF sune China Association for the Blind and Deaf, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1960 da kuma China Welfare Fund for the Handicapped da aka kafa a 1984. Ayyuka uku na asali na CDPF sune wakiltar bukatun mutanen da ke da nakasa a kasar Sin da kuma taimakawa kare hakkinsu na halal, don samar musu da cikakkun ayyuka masu tasiri da kuma kula da al'amuran da suka shafi mutanen da ke dauke da nakasa da gwamnatin kasar Sin ta ba da umarni.[1] Alamar CDPF tana kama da furen furen da ke nunawa a cikin fasahar kasar Sin da al'adunsu. Tare da ka'idarsa "mutuntaka, gaskiya, sabis da gudummawa" CDPF ta taimaka wa nakasassu da yawa

## Manazarta
The Fast and the Furious (1954)

**The Fast and the Furious** fim ne na aikata laifuka na kasar Amurka na shekara ta 1954 wanda John Ireland da Dorothy Malone suka fito, wanda Ireland da Edward Sampson suka jagoranta.

Shi ne fim na farko da aka samar don Kamfanin American Releasing Corporation, kuma fasalin na biyu da Roger Corman ya samar.

## Manazarta
Fast & Furious

**Fast & Furious**, wanda aka fi sani da **The Fast and the Furious** (Fast & Furius), wani nau'in kafofin watsa labarai ne na ƙasar Amurka wanda ke da alaƙa da jerin fina-finai da ke kewaye da tseren aiki, fashi, da 'yan leƙen asiri. Har ila yau, ikon mallakar ya haɗa da gajeren fina-finai, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin, kayan wasa, wasannin bidiyo, shirye-shirye na kai tsaye, da abubuwan jan hankali na wurin shakatawa. Hotunan Universal ne ke rarraba fina-finai

Fim na farko, wanda ya samo asali ne daga mujallar Vibe ta 1998 "Racer X" ta Ken Li kuma Gary Scott Thompson, Erik Bergquist, da David Ayer ne suka rubuta shi, an sake shi a shekara ta 2001. Ya fara asali na asali na fina-finai da aka mayar da hankali kan tseren tituna ba bisa ka'ida ba, wanda ya ƙare a fim din Fast & Furious (2009). Jerin ya koma ga fashi da leken asiri tare da Fast Five (2011), wanda ya biyo bayan biyar a cikin wannan nau'in, wanda aka saki mafi kwanan nan, Fast X, a ranar 19 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 2023.
## Manazarta
Bikin Littattafai na Port Harcourt

**Bikin Littatafai na Port Harcourt** wani taron wallafe-wallafen shekara-shekara ne a jihar Port Harcoort, Jihar Rivers, Najeriya, wanda kungiyar Rainbow Book Club ta shirya kuma Gwamnatin Jihar Rivers ta amince da shi tun 2008.  Bikin wallafe-wallafen Garden City, wanda a halin yanzu aka sani da bikin wallafe-wallo na Port Harcourt ne Gwamna Amaechi na Jihar Rivers ya kafa shi, Daruruwan magoya bayan wallafe-rubuce suna taruwa zuwa Garden City a kowace shekara don wannan taron na kwana shida, wanda ya haɗa da baje kolin littafi, bitar marubuta, da sauran ayyukan da yawa. A baya sanannun marubuta sun halarci Bikin kuma sun dauki bakuncin mutane da yawa.
## Manazarta
Harshe na Nanabin

**Harshe na Nanabin** yare ne na alamar iyali na ƙauyen Fanta na bakin teku na Ekumfi Nanabin a Ghana)"Yankin Tsakiya na Ghana, ca. 8 km gabashin Mankessim. &nbsp;Ana amfani da shi ta ƙarni uku na iyali ɗaya wanda galibi kurma ne. Zamani na biyu suna da harsuna biyu a cikin Harshen Kurame na Ghana.

Nanabin SL yayi kama da Harshen Kurame na Adamorobe a wasu alamun al'ada da suka samo asali daga al'adun jin Akan. Dukansu suna amfani da siffofin hannu masu laushi kuma suna nuna abubuwan da suka faru daga hangen nesa na halin maimakon mai kallo.

## Manazarta
Bikin kanival na Calabar

**Calabar Carnival** ya kasance wani biki ne na shekara-shekara da ake gudanarwa a Jihar Cross River, Najeriya . Har ila yau, an san shi da Jam'iyyar Babbar titin Afirka, ana gudanar da bikin a kowace Disamba kuma gwamnan Jihar Cross River na lokacin, Mista Donald Duke ya ayyana shi a matsayin aikin yin bikin Kirsimeti a kowace shekara. Ya ce hangen nesa na kirkirar bikin shine ya sanya Cross-River gida na yawon bude ido da karɓar baƙi a kasar Najeriya da Afirka. Ingancin bikin ya karu a cikin shekaru yana mai da shi babban bikin Najeriya da kuma bikin da aka sani a duniya. Ya kasance wani taron na tsawon wata wanda ya fara a ranar 1 ga Disamba, har sai tsohon gwamnan jihar, Benedict Ayade ya rage shi zuwa makonni biyu bayan an zabe shi. A lokacin bikin na 2017, tsohon gwamnan Benedict Ayade ya ce a cikin jawabinsa cewa bikin zai nuna Afirka a matsayin nahiyar da ta fi arziki da kuma wurin da ya kamata matasa su yi alfahari da kasancewa. Carnival koyaushe yana da nishaɗi kuma yana da launuka daban-daban yayin da ake gudanar da gasa daban-daban kuma ana samun manyan kyaututtuka na kuɗi. Calabar wanda aka fi sani da sunan Birnin Kan'ana, birni ne a kudu maso gabashin Najeriya . Calabar ita ce ainihin babban birnin Jihar Cross River. Calabar yana zaune kusa da Kogin Calabar da Babban Kwa da Falls da kuma kogunan Cross River.
## Manazarta
Dorcas Makgato-Malesu

**Dorcas Makgato** ’yar kasuwa ce ta Botswana. An haife ta a Serowe, Botswana kuma ta girma a babban birnin Gaborone. Ta yi minista a majalisar ministocin Botswana. Ta kuma kasance ɗaya daga cikin matasa masu fata da suka yi bikin cika shekaru 10 da samun 'yancin kai na Botswana tare da yin maci na shugaban ƙasa na farko a shekarar 1976. Daga shekarun 2019 ta kasance jakadiyar Botswana a Ostiraliya.    Maghetho Malesu ta kammala aikinta a matsayin babbar kwamishina ta Botswana a Ostireliya a shekarar 2023 kuma ta yi aikin diflomasiyya na tsawon shekaru huɗu kafin ta koma Botswana. 

## Ilimi
MBA daga Ducere Global Business School da Jami'ar Wales. Ta halarci Jami'ar Sheffield a Burtaniya  daga inda ta kammala karatu tare da BSc Hons a  Gudanarwa da Tsarin Abinci.&#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Sana'a
Makgato ta kasance babbar jami'a ta hukumar fitar da kayayyaki da ci gaba da saka hannun jari ta Botswana  tsakanin shekarun 2007 da 2009 inda ta gano shingen zuba jari tare da jan hankalin gwamnatin Botswana don yin sauye-sauye don ingantacciyar yanayin saka hannun jari, wanda ya ƙunshi babban haɗin gwiwa da hulɗa tare da masu ruwa da tsaki da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Ta yi amfani da matsayinta na shugabar hukumar wajen yin garambawul ga tsarin ayyukan kungiyar tare da inganta ayyukanta wanda ya sa kamfanin ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan hukumomin bunƙasa zuba jari a Afirka.   

Kafin shiga hukumar saka hannun jari, Makgato ta yi aiki da Barloworld Limited a matsayin darektan aiyuka na kamfanoni tsakanin shekarun 2001 zuwa 2007 kuma ta kasance babbar darektar kamfanin na Nashua kuma tana da alhakin jagoranci dabarun da ayyukan kamfanin. A ƙarshe, kafin ta shiga Barloworld ta kasance Shugabar Sashen Kasuwanci da Albarkatun Bil Adama na Air Botswana.  

Abubuwan da ta samu sun taimaka a tsohuwar rawar da Makgato ta taka a ma'aikatar ciniki da masana'antu. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan manufofinta shi ne ƙoƙarin ganin Botswana ta zama wuri mai ban sha'awa don yin kasuwanci a duniya. Ta yi fatan yin amfani da matsayinta wajen taimakawa ƙasar nan wajen samar da masana'antu da kasuwanci masu ɗorewa. Tun bayan da ta hau muƙamin ma'aikatar a shekarar 2010, ta karfafa dangantakar dake tsakanin ƙasar Botswana da makwaftanta a kudanci da gabashin Afirka, yayin da ta ɓullo da wasu tsare-tsare na karfafa martabar Botswana a masana'antar lu'u-lu'u da ma ƙasar baki ɗaya.  Ta kasance ministar lafiya kuma tsohuwar ministar kasuwanci da masana'antu a shekarar 2014.       Ta yi nasarar jagoranci tare da ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyi na musamman na mata, irin su Mata a Wasannin Botswana da Ƙungiyar Mata ta BDP. 

## Manazarta
Fátima Langa

**Fatima langa**

**Fatima Langa** (An haifeta a ranar 24 ga watan Yuni, 1953 - Yuni 24, 2017) marubuciya ce ’yar kasar Mozambique, da farko na labarai ga matasa masu karatu, wadanda suka yi nuni da kuruciyarta a kudu maso gabashin Mozambique. Ita ce ta kafa gidan wallafe-wallafe Editora Mulheres e Jovens Moçambicanos.

## Tarihi
An haifi Fátima José Correia Langa a shekara ta 1953 a Bahanine, gundumar Manjacaze, a ƙasar Mozambik a lokacin Fotigal. Ita ce babba a cikin yara 10.

Har ta kai shekara shida tana magana Chopi kawai. Ta koyi harshen Fotigal a makarantar firamare, ta ci gaba da karatunta a Xai-Xai sannan kuma a babban birnin Mozambique, Maputo.

Tun tana karama, Langa ta kan ba da labari da yarenta a kusa da wutar, amma hakan bai same ta ba ta buga su.[4][3] Amma marubuciyar Mozambique Lilia Momplé ta ƙarfafa ta ta fara rubuta su.

Ta fara buga labarai da wakoki a jaridu da mujallu daban-daban, amma ba ta buga littafinta na farko mai suna Uma Jibóia no Congelador ("A Boa Constrictor in the Freezer") har zuwa shekara ta 2004.

Ta ci gaba da buga littattafai na yara aƙalla guda 10, waɗanda ke ba da labarun ilimantarwa da aka kafa a rayuwar yau da kullun, yawanci ta yin amfani da dabbobin ɗan adam don kwatanta yanayin yau da kullun. An buga littattafanta a cikin harsunan gida daban-daban, ciki har da Chopi, Makhuwa, Chuwabu, da Makonde, da kuma cikin harshen Braille.

Tare da goyon bayan Fundação Fernando Leite Couto, littattafai biyu na Langa, Ndinema vai à escola da O gato e o coelho, sun zama wasan kwaikwayo.

A cikin 2010, tana da shekaru 57, ta shiga Jami'ar Eduardo Mondlane, inda ta sami digiri na farko a aikin jarida.

Ta kafa gidan buga littattafai na kanta, Editora Mulheres e Jovens Moçambicanos (Buga Matan Mozambique da Matasa, ko EMUJOMO), a cikin 2015.Ta kuma kasance memba na Muchefa, kungiyar mata shugabannin gidaje, masu tallafa wa mata da yara mabukata da masu fama da cutar kanjamau..

Ta rasu ne a ranar 24 ga Yuni, 2017, bayan ta yi fama da rashin lafiya yayin da take shirin bikin cikarta shekaru 64 da haihuwa.

## Manazarta
Philda Kereng

**Philda Kereng** 'yar siyasar Motswana ce. Ita ce babbar kwamishiniyar Botswana a Najeriya. Wa'adin ta ya fara ne a ranar 30 ga watan Janairu 2024. 

Kafin wannan naɗin ta riƙe muƙamin mataimakiyar ministar ƙananan hukumomi da raya karkara a ƙasar Botswana, bayan da shugaban ƙasar Botswana na yanzu, Mokgweetsi Masisi ya naɗa shi muƙamin a shekarar 2019. Wa'adin ta ya fara ranar 13 ga watan Fabrairu 2022.  

## Manazarta
Harshen Cafundó

***Cafundó*** (Magana ta Portuguese: []), ko **** (), yare ne ("harshe na sirri") da ake magana a ƙauyen Cafundó na Brazil, São Paulo, yanzu unguwar Salto de Pirapora . Harshen yana da kama da Portuguese, tare da kalmomin Bantu da yawa a cikin ƙamus.

Da farko an yi tunanin Cafundó yare ne na Afirka, amma binciken da Carlos Vogt da Peter Fry suka yi daga baya (1996) ya nuna cewa tsarin ilimin harshe da tsarin halittarsa sune na Portuguese na Brazil, musamman yankunan karkara na kudu maso gabashin, *caipira*. Ganin cewa ƙamus dinsa ya samo asali ne daga wasu yarukan Bantu (s). Saboda haka ba yaren creole ba ne, kamar yadda ake la'akari da shi a wasu lokuta. Ya bambanta da Vogt da Fry (1996), Álvarez López da Jon-And (2017) sun nuna cewa lokacin da masu magana suka sauya lambar daga Cafundó Portuguese zuwa Cupópia, suna samar da wani abu daban-daban daga nau'ikan yankin Portuguese na zamani tare da kalmomin da aka samo daga Afirka. Maimakon haka, sassan da aka yi amfani da Cupópia sun ƙunshi takamaiman fasalulluka na ilimin lissafi, yana nuna cewa iri-iri suna da nasa ilimin lissafi.

## Tarihi
Sunan  yana nufin "wurin da ke nesa" ko "wurin mai wuyar isa", yana nufin quilombo na Cafundó. Fim din Brazil *Cafundó* kuma ya ɗauki sunansa daga wannan wuri.

## Masu magana
Al'ummar masu magana suna da ƙanƙanta (mutane 40 a cikin 1978). Suna zaune a cikin karkara, kilomita 150 daga birnin São Paulo, kuma galibi 'na asalin Afirka ne. &nbsp;Suna kuma magana da Portuguese, kuma suna amfani da *cafundó* a matsayin harshen gida "asirin".

## Manazarta
Lulu Rasebotsa

**Lulu Rasebotsa** 'yar kasuwa ce ta Botswana kuma jami'in gudanarwa, wacce ita ce babbar jami'in gudanarwa na Air Botswana, kamfanin jirgin sama na Botswana, tun a watan Disamba 2023. 

Nan da nan kafin ta shiga Air Botswana, ta kasance Shugabar Bidvest Life Insurance (a da FMI), wanda ke Afirka ta Kudu, kasancewarta mace ta farko Shugaba a tarihin wannan kamfani, ta yi aiki a can tsakanin shekarun 2021 da 2023. 

## Tarihi da ilimi
Rasebotsa 'yar Motswana ce ta haihuwa, an haife ta a kusan shekara ta 1971.  Ta yi digirin farko na Kimiyya a fannin lissafi da kididdiga da ta samu daga Jami'ar Kent da ke Burtaniya. Har ila yau, tana da *takardar shaidar ƙwarewa a cikin Inshora* (COP) da kuma *Takaddar Matsakaici a Nazarin Kasuwanci* (ICIBS), dukansu sun samu daga *Cibiyar Inshorar Afirka ta Kudu*. 

## Sana'a
Tun daga watan Yuni 2024, aikinta ya kai sama da shekaru 25. Tana da gogewa a cikin masana'antar sabis na kuɗi, ƙwarewa a cikin inshora. Ta yi aiki a matsayin dillaliya da kuma matsayin marubuciya. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da asusun fansho, a Botswana da Afirka ta Kudu.  Ta yi aiki a matsayin manajan darakta na Liberty Life Insurance Botswana, sama da shekaru 10, kafin ta koma Bidvest Life Insurance a Afirka ta Kudu. 

A matsayinta na Shugabar Kamfanin Air Botswana, tana kula da faɗaɗa  jigilar kayayyaki mallakar gwamnati ta hanyar faɗaɗa jiragen ruwa da faɗaɗa hanyoyin sadarwa. Wuraren da ake la'akari sun haɗa da Cape Town, Durban da Windhoek–Hosea Kutako, daga Gaborone, Kasane da Maun.  

## Sauran la'akari
Rasebotsa tana zaune a Kwamitin Ba da Shawarar Masana'antu na Sashen Lissafi da Kimiyyar ƙididdiga na Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Duniya ta Botswana (BIUST) da hukumar Sir Ketumile Masire Foundation (Botswana). 

## Duba kuma

* Sufuri a Botswana
* Jerin kamfanonin jiragen sama na Botswana

## Manazarta
Harshen Kurame na Maya

(Spanish) yare ne na kurame da al'ummomin Mayan ke amfani da shi a Mexico da Guatemala tare da adadi mai yawa na kurame. A wasu lokuta, masu ji da kurame na ƙauye na iya amfani da yaren kurame. Ba shi da alaƙa da yarukan kurame na ƙasa na Mexico (Harshe na Makame na Mexico) da Guatemala (Harshe ta Guatemala), da kuma yarukan Mayan da ake magana da su da Mutanen Espanya.

## Yucatec Harshe na Mayan
**Yucatec Maya Sign Language**, ana amfani dashi a yankin Yucatán ta hanyar masu ji da kurma na yankunan karkara. harshe ne na halitta, mai rikitarwa wanda ba shi da alaƙa da Harshen Kurame na Mexico, amma yana iya samun kamanceceniya da yarukan kurame da aka samu a kusa da Guatemala.

Kamar yadda mazauna ƙauyen masu ji suka ƙware a cikin yaren kurame, mazaunan kurame suna da alaƙa da al'umma - sabanin warewar kurame a cikin al'umma, kuma ya bambanta da Harshen Kurame na Highland Mayan.  &#x5B;**&#x5D;

Harshen baki na al'umma shine yaren Yucatec Maya .

## Harshe na Alamar Mayan na Highland
A cikin tsaunuka na Guatemala, Maya suna amfani da yaren kurame wanda ke cikin "harshe na kurame" wanda aka sani a cikin Harshen Kʼicheʼ kamar *Meemul Chʼaabʼal* da *Meemul Tziij*, "harshe mara kyau". Mai bincike Erich Fox Tree ya ba da rahoton cewa kurame Maya na karkara suna amfani da shi a duk yankin, da kuma wasu 'yan kasuwa da masu ba da labarun gargajiya. Wadannan al'ummomi da Fox Tree sun yi imanin cewa *Meemul Chʼaabʼal* na cikin tsohuwar iyalin yarukan kurame na Maya. Fox Tree ya yi iƙirarin cewa Yucatec Maya Sign Language yana da alaƙa da juna kuma yana da fahimtar juna.

## Bayanan da ke ƙasa


## Ƙarin karantawa
 

## Haɗin waje