Barbara Kingsolver

**Barbara Ellen Kingsolver** (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 1955) marubuciya ce ta Amurka wacce ta lashe kyautar Pulitzer, marubuciya, kuma mawaki. Ayyukanta da aka fi sani da su sun haɗa da Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Poisonwood, labarin dangin mishan a Kongo, da Animal, Vegetable, Miracle, wani labari mai ban sha'awa game da yunkurin iyalinta na cin abinci a cikin gida. A cikin 2023, an ba ta Kyautar Pulitzer don Fiction don littafin Demon Copperhead .  Ayyukanta galibi suna mai da hankali kan batutuwa kamar Adalci na zamantakewa, bambancin halittu, da kuma hulɗa tsakanin mutane da al'ummominsu da mahalli.

Kingsolver ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa, gami da Kyautar Zaman Lafiya ta Dayton ta Richard C. Holbrooke a cikin 2011 da kuma Kyautar Humanities ta Kasa. Bayan ya lashe kyautar *Lacuna* a cikin 2010 da Demon Copperhead a cikin 2023, Kingsolver ya zama marubuci na farko da ya lashe Kyautar Mata don Fiction sau biyu. Tun daga shekara ta 1993, kowane ɗayan sunayen sarauta na littafin sun kasance a cikin New York Times Best Seller list.

Kingsolver ta girma ne a yankunan karkara na Kentucky, ta zauna a takaice a Kongo tun tana yarinya, kuma a halin yanzu tana zaune a Virginia, a yankin Appalachia. Kingsolver ta sami digiri a fannin ilmin halitta, ilimin muhalli, da ilmin juyin halitta a Jami'ar DePauw da Jami'ar Arizona, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin marubuciya mai zaman kanta kafin ta fara rubuta litattafai. A shekara ta 2000, Kingsolver mai ci gaba da siyasa ya kafa lambar yabo ta Bellwether don tallafawa "littattafan canjin zamantakewa".

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Kingsolver a shekara ta 1955 a Annapolis, Maryland, 'yar Wendell Roy Kingsolver da Virginia Lee (née Henry) Kingsolver, amma ta girma a Carlisle, Kentucky. Lokacin da Kingsolver ke da shekaru bakwai, mahaifinta, likita, ya kai iyalin zuwa Kinshasa" id="mwTg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kinshasa">Léopoldville, Congo (yanzu Kinshasa, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo).  

Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar sakandare, Kingsolver ya halarci Jami'ar DePauw a Greencastle, Indiana, a kan tallafin kiɗa, yana karatun piano na gargajiya. Ta canza babban nata zuwa ilmin halitta bayan ta fahimci cewa "masu wasan piano na gargajiya suna gasa don bude aiki shida a shekara, kuma sauran  suna wasa 'Blue Moon' a cikin ɗakin otal".  

Kingsolver ta shiga cikin gwagwarmaya a harabarta, kuma ta shiga cikin zanga-zangar adawa da Yaƙin Vietnam.  A shekara ta 1977, Kingsolver ya kammala karatun Phi Beta Kappa  tare da digiri na farko na Kimiyya, kuma ya koma Faransa na shekara guda. A shekara ta 1980, ta shiga makarantar digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Arizona,  inda ta sami digiri na biyu na biyu a fannin ilimin muhalli da ilmin juyin halitta.  

A shekara ta 1985, Kingsolver ya auri Joseph Hoffmann, kuma ya haifi 'yarsu Camille a shekara ta 1987.  A lokacin Yaƙin Gulf na farko, ta koma tare da 'yarta zuwa Tenerife a cikin Tsibirin Canary na shekara guda, galibi saboda takaici game da shigar soja na Amurka. Bayan ta koma Amurka a shekarar 1992, ta rabu da mijinta.

A shekara ta 1994, an ba Kingsolver lambar yabo ta Doctorate of Letters daga alma mater, Jami'ar DePauw .  A wannan shekarar, ta auri Steven Lee Hopp, masanin ilimin tsuntsaye, kuma an haifi 'yarsu Lily a shekarar 1996. A shekara ta 2004, Kingsolver ta koma tare da iyalinta zuwa gona a Washington County, Virginia. A shekara ta 2008, ta sami lambar yabo ta Doctorate of Humane Letters daga Jami'ar Duke, inda ta gabatar da adireshin farawa mai taken "Yadda za a yi fata".

A ƙarshen shekarun 1990s, Kingsolver ya kasance memba ne na kafa Rock Bottom Remainders, ƙungiyar dutse da roll da ta ƙunshi marubutan da aka buga. Sauran mambobin ƙungiyar sun haɗa da Amy Tan, Matt Groening, Dave Barry, da Stephen King, kuma sun yi wasa na mako guda a cikin shekara. Kingsolver ya buga keyboard, amma ba memba ne mai aiki a cikin ƙungiyar ba.

A wata hira da aka yi da *[[The Guardian]]* a shekara ta 2010, Kingsolver ya ce, "Ban taɓa so in zama sananne ba, kuma har yanzu ban... sararin samaniya ya ba ni lada da abin da na fi tsorata". Ta ce ta kirkiro nata shafin yanar gizon kawai don yin gasa da yawancin na karya "a matsayin kariya don kare iyalina daga bayanan da ba daidai ba".

Kingsolver yana zaune a yankin Appalachia na Amurka. Ta ce a cikin 2020 cewa ƙwararrun masu fasaha suna ɗaukar ƙauyuka na ƙauyuka tare da "rashin tausayi mai zurfi".

## Ayyukan rubuce-rubuce

Kingsolver ta fara aikinta na cikakken lokaci a tsakiyar shekarun 1980 a matsayin marubuciyar kimiyya ga Jami'ar Arizona, wanda daga ƙarshe ya haifar da rubuce-rubuce masu zaman kansu, gami da labaran rufewa da yawa don madadin mako-mako na gida, *Tucson Weekly* .  Ta fara aikinta a rubuce-rubucen almara bayan ta lashe gasar gajeren labari a cikin jaridar Phoenix ta gida.

Littafin farko na Kingsolver, The Bean Trees, an buga shi a shekarar 1988, kuma ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta bar Kentucky zuwa Arizona, ta ɗauki ɗa da aka watsar a hanya; ta rubuta shi da dare yayin da take da ciki da ɗanta na farko kuma tana fama da rashin barci.  Ayyukanta na gaba na fiction, wanda aka buga a cikin 1990, shine Homeland and Other Stories, tarin gajerun labaru a kan batutuwa daban-daban da ke bincika jigogi daban-daban daga juyin halitta na al'adu da ƙasashen kakanninmu zuwa gwagwarmayar aure.

An kuma buga littafin Animal Dreams a cikin 1990,  sannan Pigs in Heaven, wanda ya biyo bayan The Bean Trees, a cikin 1993. Kowane littafi da Kingsolver ya rubuta tun lokacin da Pigs in Heaven ya kasance a cikin jerin masu sayarwa na New York Times.

Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Poisonwood, wanda aka buga a shekarar 1998, yana daya daga cikin sanannun ayyukanta; yana ba da labarin rayuwar matar da 'ya'ya mata na mai wa'azi na Baptist a kan aikin Kirista a Afirka. Kodayake yanayin littafin ya yi kama da yarinta na Kingsolver a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (Zaire a lokacin), littafin ba tarihin kansa ba ne. An zaɓi littafin a matsayin zaɓin Oprah's Book Club .  Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Poisonwood ya lashe kyautar Littafin Kasa na Afirka ta Kudu kuma an sanya shi cikin jerin sunayen duka Kyautar Pulitzer da PEN / Faulkner . 

Littafinta na gaba, wanda aka buga a shekara ta 2000, shi ne Prodigal Summer, wanda aka kafa a kudancin Appalachia .  A shekara ta 2000, Shugaba Bill Clinton na Amurka ya ba ta lambar yabo ta National Humanities. 

Kingsolver ya rubuta wani ra'ayi na *[[Los Angeles Times]]* bayan harin bam na Amurka a Afghanistan bayan hare-haren 11 ga Satumba, wanda ya sami zargi mai yawa don haɗa 'yan Afghanistan marasa laifi da gwamnatin Taliban. Ta rubuta, "Ina jin kamar ina tsaye a filin wasa inda kananan yara maza duk suke ihu da juna, 'Ya fara shi!' kuma yana jefa duwatsu da ke ci gaba da fitar da wani ido, wani hakora. Ina ci gaba da neman mahaifiyar wani ta zo wurin tana cewa, 'Yara! Yara! Wanda ya fara shi ba zai iya zama batun a nan ba.  Ta hanyar wasu asusun, an "la'anta shi a matsayin mai cin amana, " amma daga baya ya rubuta game da su. 

Farawa a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2005, Kingsolver da iyalinta sun kwashe shekara guda suna yin duk wani ƙoƙari na cin abinci da aka samar a cikin gida kamar yadda zai yiwu.[1] Da yake zaune a gonarsu a yankunan karkara na Virginia, sun shuka yawancin abincin su kuma sun sami mafi yawan sauran daga maƙwabtansu da sauran manoma na yankin.[2] Kingsolver, mijinta, da 'yarta ta fari sun ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru a wannan shekarar a cikin littafin Animal, Vegetable, Miracle: A Year of Food Life, wanda aka buga a 2007. Kodayake an yi banbanci ga sinadaran da ba a samu a cikin gida ba, kamar kofi da Man zaitun, dangin sun shuka kayan lambu, kiwon dabbobi, sun yi cuku, kuma sun adana yawancin amfanin gonar su. [1] [3] Animal, Vegetable, Miracle ya lashe Kyautar Gidauniyar James Beard ta 2008.

Kingsolver ya koma rubuce-rubuce tare da The *Lacuna*, wanda aka buga a cikin 2009. Kingsolver ta sami lambar yabo ta mata ta farko don Fiction don littafin a shekara ta 2010.  *Lacuna* ta lashe kyautar Orange ta 2010 don Fiction. An buga Flight Behavior a cikin 2012. Yana bincika jigogi na muhalli kuma yana nuna tasirin tasirin dumamar yanayi a kan malamin sarki.

A shekara ta 2011, Kingsolver shine na farko da ya karbi kyautar Dayton Literary Peace Prize Richard C. Holbrooke Distinguished Achievement Award . Sabon lambar yabo don murnar diflomasiyyar Amurka wacce ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tattauna Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Dayton a shekarar 1995. A cikin 2014, an ba Kingsolver lambar yabo ta Lifetime Achievement Award ta Library of Virginia . Kyautar ta amince da kyawawan gudummawa na dogon lokaci ga wallafe-wallafen da wani dan Virginia ya bayar. A cikin 2018 Laburaren Virginia ya ba ta suna daya daga cikin Mata na Virginia a Tarihi . 

Kingsolver kuma mawaki ne da marubuci. Biyu daga cikin tarin rubutun ta, High Tide in Tucson (1995) da Small Wonder (2003), an buga su, kuma an buga tarihin waƙoƙinta a cikin 1998 a ƙarƙashin taken *Wani Amurka* . Rubutun ta "Where to Begin" ya bayyana a cikin tarihin Knitting Yarns: Writers on Knitting (2013), wanda W. W. Norton &amp;amp; Company ya buga. Har ila yau, waƙoƙinta sun haɗa da hotunan Annie Griffiths Belt a cikin aikin 2002 mai taken Last Stand: America's Virgin Lands . 

Babban ayyukanta na ba fiction ba sun haɗa da littafinta na 1990 Holding the Line: Women in the Great Arizona Mine Strike of 1983  da kuma Animal, Vegetable, Miracle na 2007, bayanin cin abinci a cikin gida.  An kuma buga ta a matsayin 'yar jaridar kimiyya a cikin jaridu irin su Economic Botany a kan batutuwa kamar tsire-tsire na hamada da albarkatun halittu.  

## Manazarta