Yobiko

Yobikō  makarantu ne masu zaman kansu da ake sayar da takardar shigansu ga ɗaliban da ke yin jarrabawar da ake yi kowace shekara a Japan daga Janairu zuwa Maris don tantance shigar koleji. Mafiya yawancin daliban dake shiga makarantungaba daya sun kammala karatun sakandare amma sun kasa shiga makarantar da suke so. Gwajin, ba kamar irin na *baccalauréat* na Faransa da Kwalejin Koriya ta Kudu ba, yana da nau'i daban-daban, tare da makarantu daban-daban suna neman sakamako daga jarrabawa daban-daban. A Japan, ana ɗaukar gwajin a matsayin mafi mahimmanci a cikin ilimin yara. Daliban da suka gaza suna iya ɗaukar shekara ɗaya ko fiye suna karatu don sake jarabawar. Ire-iren wadannan daliban ana kiran su da suna *ronin*. Yobiko suna kama da juku sai dai banbance-banbance kamar tsarin karatu, matsayin doka, da manyan nau'ikan ɗaliban da suke halarta.  

## Matsayin doka.
Su kamfanoni ne masu zaman kansu na riba  waɗanda Ma'aikatar Ilimi, Al'adu, Wasanni, Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Japan ta jera su a matsayin makarantu a hukumance. A matakin gundumomi, ana kula da su ne daga hukumomin ilimi.  Duk da haka, suna ƙarƙashin kulawa kaɗan, saboda bin ƙa'idodin yanayin jiki abin da aka fi bincikawa, kuma ba a duba tsarin karatu da albashin malamai. 

## Nau'ukan
Yobiko ya bambanta da yawan ɗaliban da suka yi rajista. Mafi yawa sune na kowane birni, kuma kowannensu yana da ƙasa da ɗalibai 500. Yobiko na ƙasa, wanda ake kira mammoth Yobiko, yana da ɗalibai 10,000 ko fiye.  Wasu kuma suna shirya ɗalibai don cin jarabawar shiga na musamman kamar na makarantun likitanci da na fasaha kuma suna da ɗalibai ƙasa da 100 kuma galibi suna karɓar kuɗin koyarwa fiye da sauran nau'ikan. 

## Tsarin

### Tsarin karatu
An shirya tsarin karatun Yobiko ne don shirya ɗalibai suci jarabawar shiga jami'a, kuma manhajar tana da tsarin hadda da koyon dabarun jarabawa.  Wani bincike na yobiko  na yau da kullun ya gano cewa tsarin karatun ya ƙunshi nazarin tambayoyin da ke kan jarrabawar da ta gabata, takamaiman hanyoyin inganta amsoshi, da takamaiman batutuwan da za a tattauna a cikin jarrabawar.

### Ma'aikata
Ma’aikatan koyarwa na malamai iri-iri ne, galibinsu masu aikin yi da kuma malamai na wucin gadi kamar malaman da suka yi ritaya da malaman da ke da alaƙa da wata makaranta.  Wasu kaɗan ne malamai na cikakken lokaci na yau da kullun. 

### Dalibai
Akwai tazarar da ke tsakanin shekarun ɗaliban da ke zuwa yobikō. Daliban manyan makarantun gaba da sakandare an san su da halartar Makarantun   bayan sa'o'in karatunsu na yau da kullum da kuma ranar Lahadi  amma yawancin ɗalibai *rōnin*, waɗanda suka kammala karatun sakandare waɗanda suka fadi jarrabawar shiga kwaleji kuma suna shirye-shiryen zuwa kwaleji. Sai kuma  a matsayin ɗaliban *ronin*, suna halartar azuzuwan yobiko cikakken lokaci. 

### Saka idanu
Ana lura da kuma tantance ingancin koyarwa ta hanyoyi amfani da wasu abubuwa kamar kyamarori a cikin ajujuwa da bincike mai alaƙa da ingancin wasan kwaikwayon malamai da ɗalibai ke ɗaukar karatu.  

### Jarabawa (Mock Exams)
Dalibai suna yin jarrabawar  a duk shekara.  Ana bayyana  makin ga jama'a don ɗalibai su sami damar kwatanta maki da sauran ɗalibai don samun matsayinsu na ilimi.  Dangane da makinsu, ɗalibai sun san ko za su iya cika makin gwajin shiga kwalejin da suke shirin nema. 

## Halarta da shahara
Kashe Kudade akan manyan makarantu masu zaman kansu ya zama ruwan dare kamar na manyan makarantun gwamnati. OECD ta ba da rahoton cewa a cikin 2013, kashe kuɗi a makarantu masu zaman kansu ya kai kusan kashi sittin da shida (66%) cikin ɗari (100%) na tsadar ilimi kuma kusan kashi tamanin (80%) na wannan adadin ya fito ne daga hannun al'umma. (shafi na 24).&nbsp;2-3).

Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun Yobikō shine Kawaii Juku.  Ko da yake ana kallonta a matsayin juku, daga cikin kwasa-kwasan da take bayarwa akwai azuzuwan musamman na shirye-shiryen jarrabawa, suna ba ta siffa irin ta Yobikō. Ba wai kawai ɗaliban *rōnin* ba ne har ma ga bangarorin shekaru daban-daban, kamar yadda ake ba da azuzuwan ga ɗalibai daga makarantar firamare zuwa kwaleji (Kungiyar Kawaijuku, 2012).

## Amfani
Ana iya samun ƙarancin laifuffukan yara na Japan a wani ɓangare saboda yaran da ke zuwa Yobikō ko juku, ban da makaranta na yau da kullun, suna da ƙarancin lokacin yin wasu aiyukan. 

Yobiko zai iya inganta damar ɗalibai na karɓuwa zuwa kwalejin mai inganci. Hakanan, gaba ɗaya *ronin* waɗanda ke halartar manyan kwalejoji suna samun ƙarin kudin shiga (Ono, 2007, p.&nbsp;282).

## Rashin amfani
Yobiko ba sa bada dama daidai ga ɗalibai. Wani bincike na kasa da bincike kan reshen Hiroshima na Yobikō, wanda za a iya la'akari da shi na yau da kullun, ya gano cewa yawancin maza suna zuwa Yobiko fiye da mata.  Dalili ɗaya shine cewa *rōnin* mace tana jin haushi a cikin al'ummar Japan.  Hakanan, ba duka ɗalibai ne ke iya samun damar halartar makarantun ba. 

Matsanancin kuɗin shiga ya haifar, ta hanyar kuɗin tura yara zuwa Yobiko ko juku na kuma iya haifar da raguwar adadin haihuwa a Japan. 

## Duba kuma

* Makarantar Cram
* Juku
* Tarihin ilimi a Japan
* Ilimi a Japan
* Makarantar share fagen jami'a
* Jaesueng
* Sundai Preparatory School

## Manazarta


* 
* Kawaijuku Group. (2012). Details about our businesses. Retrieved from http://www.kawaijuku.jp/en/education/college/detail.html#college02 
* OCED. (n.d.). Education at a glance 2013: Country note for Japan. Retrieved from OCED url; http://www.oecd.org/japan/educationataglance2013-countrynotesandkeyfacttables.htm
* 
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* Tsukada, M. (1988b). The yobiko, the institutionalized supplementary educational institution in Japan: A study of the social stratification process (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10125/10289