Kashe-kashen da ba daidai ba a Amurka

Tattaunawar game da hukuncin kisa a Amurka ta kasance tun farkon Lokacin mulkin mallaka. Ya zuwa Afrilu 2022, ya kasance hukunci na shari'a a cikin jihohi 28, gwamnatin tarayya, da tsarin shari'ar aikata laifuka na soja. Jihohin Colorado, Delaware, Illinois, Maryland, New Hampshire, Virginia, da Washington sun soke hukuncin kisa a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata kadai.

Gallup, Inc. ta sa ido kan goyon baya ga hukuncin kisa a Amurka tun daga 1937 ta hanyar tambayar "Shin kuna goyon bayan hukuncin kisa ga mutumin da aka yanke masa hukuncin kisan kai?" Hamayya ga hukuncin kisa ya kai kasa da kashi 20%, tare da kwatanta, kashi 42% na Amurkawa da ke adawa da shi;  ta hanyar kwatanta, kashi 42 cikin 100 na goyon bayan hukuncin mutuwa kuma 11% ba su da "babu ra'ayi". Hukuncin mutuwa ya karu da shahara a cikin shekarun 1970 da 1980s, lokacin da 'yan siyasa suka yi yakin neman zabe kan yaki da aikata laifuka da miyagun ƙwayoyi; a kan yaki da miyagun kwayoyi; a cikin shekara, adadin ya kai kasa ne da kashi 20 cikin shekara. Tun daga wannan lokacin, yawan aikata laifuka ya ragu kuma adawa da hukuncin kisa ya sake karfafawa. A cikin zaben Oktoba 2021, kashi 54% na masu amsa sun ce suna da ni'ima kuma kashi 43% sun yi adawa.

## Tarihi

### Lokacin mulkin mallaka
Abolitionists sun sami goyon baya ga da'awar su daga rubuce-rubucen masana falsafa na Turai kamar Montesquieu, Voltaire (wanda ya gamsu cewa hukuncin kisa ya kasance mai zalunci kuma ba dole ba ) da Bentham. Baya ga masana falsafa daban-daban, yawancin mambobin Quakers, Mennonites da sauran majami'u na zaman lafiya sun yi adawa da hukuncin kisa. Wataƙila rubutun da ya fi tasiri ga ƙungiyar adawa da hukuncin mutuwa shine rubutun Cesare Beccaria na 1767, On Crimes and Punishment . Beccaria ta yi tsayayya da haƙƙin jihar na kashe rayuka kuma ta soki hukuncin kisa kamar yadda yake da tasiri kadan. Bayan Juyin Juya Halin Amurka, masu tasiri da sanannun Amurkawa, kamar Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Rush, da Benjamin Franklin sun yi ƙoƙari su sake fasalin ko kawar da hukuncin kisa a Amurka. Dukansu uku sun shiga kungiyar Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons, wanda ke adawa da hukuncin kisa. Bayan lokutan mulkin mallaka, yunkurin adawa da hukuncin kisa ya tashi kuma ya fadi a cikin tarihi. A cikin Against Capital Punishment: Anti-Death Penalty Movement a Amurka, Herbert H. Haines ya bayyana kasancewar ƙungiyar adawa da hukuncin kisa kamar yadda ta kasance a cikin lokuta daban-daban guda huɗu.

### Zamanin abolitionist na farko, tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19
Yunkurin adawa da hukuncin kisa ya fara karuwa a cikin shekarun 1830 kuma Amurkawa da yawa sun yi kira ga kawar da hukuncin kisa. Rashin amincewa da hukuncin kisa ya tashi ne sakamakon zamanin Jacksonian, wanda ya yi Allah wadai da gungume kuma ya ba da shawarar ingantaccen kula da marayu, masu laifi, matalauta, da marasa lafiya. Bugu da ƙari, wannan zamanin ya kuma samar da mutane masu haske daban-daban waɗanda aka yi imanin suna da ikon sake fasalin masu karkatarwa.

Kodayake wasu sun yi kira ga kawar da hukuncin kisa gaba ɗaya, kawar da ratayewar jama'a shine babban abin da aka mayar da hankali. Da farko, abolitionists sun yi tsayayya da ratayewar jama'a saboda sun yi barazanar zaman lafiya na jama'a, sun haifar da tausayi ga waɗanda aka hukunta, kuma ba su da kyau ga al'umma su kalli. Koyaya, bayan jihohi da yawa sun ƙuntata kisan gilla a kurkuku ko ɗakunan kurkuku, ƙungiyar adawa da hukuncin kisa ba za ta iya amfani da mummunan bayanai na kisan gashin gilla ba.

### Zamanin abolitionist na biyu, ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20
Hukuncin adawa da mutuwa ya sake samun ƙarfi a ƙarshen karni na 19. Sauye-sauye masu ra'ayi da ci gaba sun ba da gudummawa ga sake farkawa da ra'ayi na adawa da hukuncin kisa. Bugu da kari, wani nau'i na Kristanci na "sanin zamantakewa" da kuma karuwar goyon baya ga gyare-gyaren "kimiyya" sun ba da gudummawa ga nasarar motsi. New York ta gabatar da kujerar lantarki a cikin 1890. Wannan hanyar ya kamata ta zama mafi mutunci da kuma kwantar da hankalin masu adawa da hukuncin kisa. Koyaya, abolitionists sun yi Allah wadai da wannan hanyar kuma sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba ta da mutunci kuma tana kama da ƙone wani a kan gungume.

## Manazarta