Alurar rigakafin meningococcal

**Alurar rigakafin meningococcal** na nufin duk wani maganin da ake amfani da shi don rigakafin kamuwa da cutar ta Neisseria meningitidis. Daban-daban iri suna tasiri akan wasu ko duk nau'ikan meningococcus masu zuwa: A, B, C, W-135, da Y. Magungunan suna da tasiri tsakanin 85 zuwa 100% na akalla shekaru biyu. Suna haifar da raguwar cutar sankarau da sepsis a tsakanin al'ummomi inda ake amfani da su sosai.  Ana ba su ko dai ta hanyar allura a cikin tsoka ko kuma a ƙarƙashin fata kawai.
Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ba da shawarar cewa kasashen da ke fama da matsakaitan cututtuka ko masu fama da barkewar cutar su rika yin allurar riga-kafi. A cikin ƙasashen da ke da ƙarancin kamuwa da cututtuka, suna ba da shawarar cewa a yi wa ƙungiyoyi masu haɗari masu haɗari da rigakafi. A cikin bel ɗin sankarau na Afirka ana ci gaba da yin rigakafi ga duk mutanen da ke tsakanin shekara ɗaya zuwa talatin da allurar rigakafin cutar sankarau. A Kanada da Amurka ana ba da shawarar rigakafin da ke da tasiri akan nau'ikan meningococcus guda huɗu (A, C, W, da Y) akai-akai ga matasa da sauran waɗanda ke cikin haɗari. Saudi Arabiya na buƙatar yin alluran rigakafi tare da allurar rigakafi huɗu don matafiya na duniya zuwa Makka don aikin Hajji.
Alurar rigakafin meningococcal gabaɗaya ba su da lafiya. Wasu mutane suna samun zafi da ja a wurin allurar. Amfani a cikin ciki ya bayyana yana da aminci. Mummunan rashin lafiyan yana faruwa a ƙasa da ɗaya cikin allurai miliyan
An fara samun rigakafin cutar sankarau na farko a cikin shekarun 1970. Yana cikin jerin Mahimman magunguna na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya.
Sakamakon martanin da aka samu game da bullar cutar ta 1997 a Najeriya, WHO, da Médecins Sans Frontières, da sauran kungiyoyi sun kirkiro kungiyar hadin gwiwa ta kasa da kasa kan samar da allurar rigakafin cutar sankarau, wacce ke kula da dabarun mayar da martani a duniya. An kirkiro ICGs don wasu cututtuka na aannoba.!
## Nau'i
Neisseria meningitidis yana da ƙungiyoyin serogroups 13 masu mahimmanci na asibiti, waɗanda aka rarraba bisa ga tsarin antigenic na capsule ɗin su na polysaccharide.  cuta a cikin mutane.
### Pentavalent (kungiyoyin A, B, C, W, da Y)
An amince da Penbraya don amfani a Amurka a cikin Oktoba 2023. Ya haɗa maganin rigakafi na Trumenba da Nimenrix. Ana nuna Penbraya don yin rigakafi mai aiki don hana kamuwa da cuta ta Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, B, C, W, da Y. An amince da shi don amfani ga mutane masu shekaru 10 zuwa 25.

### Ƙungiyoyi huɗu (ƙungiyoyin A, C, W-135, da Y)
Akwai alluran rigakafi guda uku da ake samu a cikin Amurka waɗanda ke yin niyya ga ƙungiyoyin serogroups A, C, W-135, da Y:
allurar rigakafi guda uku (MCV-4), Menactra, Menveo, da MenQuadfi.
Menveo da MenQuadfi an yarda da su don amfanin likita a cikin Tarayyar Turai.

## Menactra da Menveo
An ba da lasisin rigakafin farko na meningococcal conjugate (MCV-4), Menactra, a cikin Amurka a cikin 2005, ta Sanofi Pasteur;  An ba Menveo lasisi a cikin 2010, ta Novartis.  Dukkanin alluran rigakafin MCV-4 Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna (FDA) ta amince da su ga mutane masu shekaru 2 zuwa 55.  Menactra ya sami amincewar FDA don amfani da yara masu ƙanana a cikin watanni 9 a cikin Afrilu 2011, yayin da Menveo ya sami amincewar FDA don amfani da yara a cikin watanni biyu a watan Agusta 2013.  Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka (CDC) ba ta ba da shawarwari don ko hana amfani da shi ga yara waɗanda ba su wuce shekaru biyu ba.

## Menquadfi
Menquadfi, wanda Sanofi Pasteur ya ƙera, Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) ta amince da ita a cikin Afrilu 2020, don amfani ga mutane masu shekaru biyu da haihuwa.
### Ma'ana
Maganin polysaccharide na Meningococcal (MPSV-4), Menomune, yana samuwa tun 1970s.  Ana iya amfani da shi idan babu MCV-4, kuma shine kawai maganin rigakafin meningococcal da aka ba da lasisi ga mutanen da suka girmi shekaru 55. Ana samun bayanai game da wanda ya kamata ya karɓi maganin alurar riga kafi daga CDC.

## Nimenrix
Nimenrix (wanda GlaxoSmithKline ya haɓaka kuma daga baya Pfizer ya samo shi), rigakafi ne mai haɗaɗɗiyar quadrivalent daga serogroups A, C, W-135, da Y. A watan Afrilun 2012 an amince da Nimenrix a matsayin allurar rigakafin cutar sankarau ta farko da za a yi amfani da ita a matsayin kashi ɗaya cikin waɗanda suka haura shekara ɗaya, ta Hukumar Kula da Magunguna ta Turai. A cikin 2016, sun amince da rigakafin ga jarirai masu shekaru shida da haihuwa, kuma an amince da shi a wasu ƙasashe ciki har da Kanada da Ostiraliya, da sauransu.  Ba shi da lasisi a Amurka.
## Mencevax
Mencevax (GlaxoSmithKline) da NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135 (JN-International Medical Corporation) ana amfani da su a duk duniya, amma ba su da lasisi a Amurka.
### Iyakance
Tsawon lokacin rigakafin da Menomune (MPSV-4) ke shiga tsakani shine shekaru uku ko ƙasa da haka a cikin yara masu shekaru ƙasa da biyar saboda baya haifar da ƙwayoyin T ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Ƙoƙarin shawo kan wannan matsala ta hanyar yin rigakafi akai-akai yana haifar da raguwa, rashin haɓaka, amsawar antibody, don haka ba a ba da shawarar masu ƙarfafawa da wannan maganin ba. Kamar yadda yake tare da duk allurar rigakafin polysaccharides, Menomune ba ya haifar da rigakafi na mucosal, don haka har yanzu mutane na iya zama mallakar mallaka tare da nau'ikan meningococcus, kuma babu garkuwar garken da zai iya tasowa.  Saboda wannan dalili, Menomune ya dace da matafiya da ke buƙatar kariya ta ɗan gajeren lokaci, amma ba don shirye-shiryen rigakafin lafiyar jama'a na ƙasa ba.
Menveo da Menactra sun ƙunshi antigens iri ɗaya kamar Menomune, amma antigens suna haɗuwa da diphtheria toxoid polysaccharide-protein hadaddun, yana haifar da ingantaccen tsawon lokaci na kariya, haɓaka rigakafi tare da haɓakar rigakafi, da ingantaccen rigakafin garken garken.

## Juriya
Wani binciken da aka buga a cikin Maris 2006, kwatanta nau'ikan alluran rigakafin guda biyu sun gano cewa 76% na batutuwa har yanzu suna da kariya ta gaba shekaru uku bayan sun karɓi MCV-4 (kariya 63% idan aka kwatanta da sarrafawa), amma 49% kawai suna da kariya ta m bayan sun sami MPSV-  4 (31% kariya idan aka kwatanta da sarrafawa). Tun daga shekara ta 2010, akwai ƙayyadaddun shaida cewa kowane ɗayan allurar rigakafin haɗin gwiwa na yanzu yana ba da ci gaba da kariya fiye da shekaru uku;  Ana ci gaba da karatu don sanin ainihin tsawon lokacin rigakafi, da kuma buƙatu na gaba na rigakafin haɓaka. CDC tana ba da shawarwari game da waɗanda suke jin ya kamata su sami ƙarin rigakafi.
### Bivalent (serogroups C da Y)
A watan Yunin 2012, FDA ta amince da hada maganin rigakafi daga nau'ikan cutar sankarau guda biyu da cutar Hib ga jarirai da yara masu makonni 6 zuwa watanni 18. Alurar riga kafi, Menhibrix, yana hana cututtukan da Neisseria meningitidis serogroups C da Y da Haemophilus mura irin b ke haifarwa.  Wannan ita ce rigakafin cutar sankarau ta farko da za a iya ba wa jarirai masu ƙanƙanta da makonni shida.[38]  An nuna Menhibrix don yin rigakafi mai aiki don hana kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar Neisseria meningitidis serogroups C da Y da Haemophilus influenzae type b ga yara 'yan makonni 6 zuwa watanni 18.
### Serogroup A
An samar da wani maganin alurar riga kafi mai suna MenAfriVac ta hanyar wani shiri mai suna Project Vaccine Project kuma yana da damar hana bullar cutar sankarau ta rukuni A, wadda ta zama ruwan dare a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara.

### Kungiyar B
Alurar rigakafin serotype B cutar meningococcal sun tabbatar da wahalar samarwa, kuma suna buƙatar wata hanya ta daban daga alluran rigakafin cutar sankarau.  Ganin cewa an samar da ingantattun allurar rigakafin polysaccharide akan nau'ikan A, C, W-135, da Y, polysaccharide capsular polysaccharide akan nau'in kwayar cutar B ya yi kama da kwayoyin mannewar jijiya na mutum don zama manufa mai amfani.

An samar da adadin rigakafi na "serogroup B".  A taƙaice, waɗannan ba alluran rigakafin “serogroup B” ba ne, saboda ba su da nufin samar da ƙwayoyin rigakafi ga rukunin B antigen: zai zama mafi daidai a kwatanta su a matsayin maganin rigakafi mai zaman kansa na serogroup, yayin da suke amfani da abubuwan antigenic daban-daban na kwayoyin halitta;  lalle ne, wasu daga cikin antigens sun zama ruwan dare ga nau'in Neisseria daban-daban.
An samar da maganin rigakafi na serogroup B a Cuba don mayar da martani ga babban barkewar cutar sankarau B a cikin 1980s.  An samo wannan maganin alurar riga kafi akan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na waje da aka samar ta hanyar wucin gadi.  Alurar rigakafin VA-MENGOC-BC ta tabbatar da aminci da inganci a cikin binciken binciken makafi biyu bazuwar, amma an ba shi lasisi kawai don dalilai na bincike a Amurka [46] kamar yadda bambance-bambancen siyasa ke iyakance haɗin gwiwa tsakanin  kasashen biyu.
Saboda yawaitar cutar sankarau mai nau'in B-serotype a Norway tsakanin 1974 zuwa 1988, hukumomin kiwon lafiya na Norway sun kirkiro wani maganin rigakafi da aka tsara musamman don yaran Norwegian da matasa matasa.  An dakatar da gwaje-gwajen asibiti bayan da aka nuna cewa maganin ya rufe kawai fiye da 50% na duk lokuta. Bugu da ƙari, an shigar da ƙararrakin diyya a kan Jihar Norway daga mutanen da mummunan mummunan halayen ya shafa.  Bayanan da hukumomin kiwon lafiya suka samu yayin haɓaka rigakafin an ba su daga baya zuwa Chiron (yanzu GlaxoSmithKline), wanda ya samar da irin wannan maganin, MeNZB, don New Zealand.
An amince da maganin rigakafin MenB don amfani a Turai a cikin Janairu 2013. Bayan kyakkyawar shawara daga kwamitin Tarayyar Turai don Kayayyakin Magunguna don Amfani da Dan Adam, Bexsero, wanda Novartis ya samar, ya sami lasisi daga Hukumar Tarayyar Turai. Koyaya, turawa a cikin ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe membobin EU har yanzu ya dogara da shawarar gwamnatocin ƙasa.  A cikin Yuli 2013, Kwamitin Hadin gwiwar Alurar riga kafi da rigakafi na Burtaniya (JCVI) ya ba da sanarwar matsaya ta wucin gadi da ke ba da shawarar yin amfani da Bexsero a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin rigakafin cutar meningococcal B na yau da kullun, bisa dalilan tsadar farashi. An mayar da wannan shawarar don neman rigakafin Bexsero a cikin Maris 2014. A cikin Maris 2015 gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba da sanarwar cewa sun cimma yarjejeniya da GlaxoSmithKline wanda ya mallaki kasuwancin rigakafin Novartis, kuma za a gabatar da Bexsero a cikin tsarin rigakafi na yau da kullun na Burtaniya daga baya a cikin 2015.
A cikin watan Nuwambar 2013, sakamakon barkewar cutar sankarau ta B-serotype a harabar jami'ar Princeton, shugaban riko na Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka (CDC) reshen cututtukan da ake iya rigakafin cutar sankarau ya shaida wa NBC News cewa sun ba da izinin shigo da gaggawa na Bexsero don dakatar da barkewar cutar. FDA ta amince da Bexsero daga baya a cikin Fabrairu 2015 don amfani a cikin mutane masu shekaru 10 zuwa 25. A cikin Oktoba 2014, Trumenba, wani maganin serogroup B wanda Pfizer ya samar, FDA ta amince da shi don amfani da mutane masu shekaru 10 zuwa 25.

### Rukunin rukuni X
An ba da rahoton faruwar ƙungiyar serogroup X a Arewacin Amurka, Turai, Australia, da Afirka ta Yamma. Babu wata rigakafin da za ta kare daga cutar serogroup X N. meningitidis.

## Illoli
Abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da zafi da jajaye a kusa da wurin allurar (har zuwa 50% na masu karɓa).  Kashi kaɗan na mutane suna kamuwa da zazzabi mai sauƙi.  Kadan daga cikin mutane suna fama da rashin lafiya mai tsanani.[58]  A cikin 2016 Lafiya Kanada ta yi gargaɗi game da ƙarin haɗarin anemia ko hemolysis a cikin mutanen da aka yi wa eculizumab (Soliris).  Babban haɗari shine lokacin da mutane "sun sami kashi na Soliris a cikin makonni 2 bayan an yi musu allurar Bexsero".
Duk da damuwa na farko game da ciwo na Guillain-Barré, binciken da aka yi a 2012 bai nuna wani ƙarin haɗarin GBS ba bayan rigakafin meningococcal conjugate.
## Bukatun tafiya

Matafiya masu son shiga ko barin wasu ƙasashe ko yankuna dole ne a yi musu allurar rigakafin cutar sankarau, zai fi dacewa kwanaki 10-14 kafin su tsallaka kan iyaka, kuma su iya gabatar da takardar shaida/takardar rigakafi a kan iyakokin iyaka.: 21-24  Kasashen da ake buqatar rigakafin cutar sankarau ga matafiya sun haɗa da Gambia, Indonesia, Lebanon, Libya, Philippines da kuma, mafi mahimmanci kuma mafi yawa, Saudi Arabia ga musulmi masu ziyara ko aiki a Makka a lokacin aikin Hajji ko Umrah. Ga wasu ƙasashe a cikin bel na sankarau na Afirka, ba a buƙatar alluran rigakafi kafin shiga, amma ana ba da shawarar sosai.: 21-24

## Manazarta