Mycology

**Mycology** reshe ne na ilmin halitta wanda ya shafi nazarin fungi, gami da taxonomy, kwayoyin halitta, biochemical Properties, da kuma amfani da mutane . Fungi zai iya zama tushen tinder, abinci, magungunan gargajiya, da kuma entheogens, guba, da kamuwa da cuta . Mycology rassan a cikin filin phytopathology, nazarin cututtuka na shuka. Daban-daban guda biyu suna da alaƙa ta kud da kud, saboda yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta na fungi. Masanin ilimin halitta wanda ya ƙware a cikin mycology ana kiransa **masani** .

## Dubawa
Duk da cewa a tarihi an dauki mycology a matsayin reshe na ilimin halittu, binciken 1969  na dangantakar halittar fungi da dabbobi ya haifar da sake fasalin binciken a matsayin filin mai zaman kansa.  Masana kimiyya na majagaba sun haɗa da Elias Magnus Fries, Christiaan Hendrik Persoon, Heinrich Anton de Bary, Elizabeth Eaton Morse, da Lewis David de Schweinitz . Beatrix Potter, marubucin *The Tale of Peter Rabbit*, kuma ya ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga filin. 

Pier Andrea Saccardo ya ɓullo da wani tsari don rarraba naman gwari mara kyau ta hanyar launi da nau'i, wanda ya zama tsarin farko da aka yi amfani da shi kafin rarrabawa ta hanyar nazarin DNA . Ya fi shahara da *Sylloge Fungorum*,  wanda shine cikakken jerin sunayen da aka yi amfani da su don namomin kaza . Har ila yau Sylloge shine kawai aikin irin wannan wanda ya kasance cikakke ga masarautun tsirrai na Fungi kuma mai inganci na zamani. 

Yawancin fungi suna haifar da guba,  maganin rigakafi,  da sauran metabolites na biyu . Misali, nau'in halittar *Fusarium* na cosmopolitan da gubobinsu da ke da alaƙa da barkewar cutar alimentary mai guba a cikin mutane Abraham Z. Joffe ya yi nazari sosai. 

Fungi suna da mahimmanci ga rayuwa a duniya a matsayinsu na symbionts, misali a cikin nau'in mycorrhizae, symbionts na kwari, da lichens . Yawancin fungi suna iya rushe hadaddun kwayoyin halitta irin su lignin, mafi ɗorewa bangaren itace, da gurɓata kamar su xenobiotics, man fetur, da polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons . Ta hanyar lalata waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta, fungi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin zagayowar carbon na duniya.

Fungi da sauran kwayoyin halitta da aka sani da su a matsayin fungi, irin su oomycetes da myxomycetes ( slime molds ), sau da yawa suna da mahimmanci a tattalin arziki da zamantakewa, kamar yadda wasu ke haifar da cututtuka na dabbobi (ciki har da mutane) da na shuke-shuke. 

Baya ga cututtukan cututtukan fungi, nau'ikan fungi da yawa suna da matukar mahimmanci wajen sarrafa cututtukan shuka da ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban ke haifarwa. Misali, nau'in nau'in nau'in fungal na filamentous *Trichoderma* ana daukar su daya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan sarrafa halittu a matsayin madadin samfuran tushen sinadarai don sarrafa cututtukan amfanin gona masu inganci. 

Taro na filin don nemo nau'in fungi masu ban sha'awa ana kiran su 'forays', bayan taron farko da Woolhope Naturalists' Field Club ta shirya a 1868 kuma mai taken "A foray tsakanin naman gwari"   " 

Wasu fungi na iya haifar da cututtuka a cikin mutane da sauran dabbobi; nazarin cututtukan fungi da ke cutar da dabbobi ana kiran su da ilimin likitanci .

## Tarihi
An yi imanin cewa mutane sun fara tattara namomin kaza a matsayin abinci a zamanin da . An fara rubuta namomin kaza a cikin ayyukan Euripides (480-406 BC). Masanin falsafa na Girka Theophrastos na Eresos (371-288 BC) watakila shine farkon wanda ya fara ƙoƙarin rarraba tsire-tsire a tsari; an dauki namomin kaza a matsayin tsire-tsire da suka ɓace wasu gabobin. Daga baya Pliny the Elder (23-79 AD), wanda ya rubuta game da truffles a cikin littafinsa *na Tarihin Halitta* .  Kalmar *mycology* ta fito ne daga tsohuwar Hellenanci :  ( *mukēs* ), ma'ana "naman gwari" da ƙari  ( *-logia* ), ma'ana "nazari". 
 
Tsakanin Zamani ya ga ɗan ci gaba a cikin ilimin ilimin fungi. Duk da haka, ƙirƙira na buga littattafai ya ba wa marubuta damar kawar da camfi da rashin fahimta game da fungi da marubutan gargajiya suka yi. 

Farkon zamani na mycology ya fara ne da littafin Pier Antonio Micheli na 1737 na *Nova plantarum genera* .  An buga shi a cikin Florence, wannan aikin seminal ya kafa tushe don tsarin tsarin ciyawa, mosses da fungi. Ya samo asalin sunan halittar *Polyporus*  da ,  duk sun yi kwanan watan 1729 (ko da yake an gyara kwatancen a matsayin rashin inganci ta dokokin zamani).

Wanda ya kafa nomenclaturist Carl Linnaeus ya haɗa da fungi a cikin tsarin sunansa na binomial a shekara ta 1753, inda kowane nau'in halitta yana da suna mai kalma biyu wanda ya ƙunshi nau'in halitta da nau'in halitta (yayin da har zuwa lokacin an tsara kwayoyin halitta tare da kalmomin Latin da ke dauke da kalmomi da yawa).  Ya samo asali sunayen kimiyya na sanannun sanannun taxa naman kaza, irin su *Boletus*  da *Agaricus*,  waɗanda har yanzu ana amfani da su a yau. A wannan lokacin, har yanzu ana la'akari da fungi a cikin masarautar shuka, don haka an rarraba su a cikin *Species Plantarum* . Linnaeus 'fungal taxa bai kusan cikawa kamar taxa shuka ba, duk da haka, ya haɗa dukkan namomin kaza tare da tushe a cikin jinsin *Agaricus* .   Dubban nau'in nau'in gilled ne, waɗanda daga baya aka raba su zuwa nau'i-nau'i iri-iri; A cikin amfaninsa na zamani, *Agaricus* kawai yana nufin namomin kaza da ke da alaƙa da naman gwari na kowa, *Agaricus bisporus* .  Alal misali, Linnaeus ya ba da sunan *Agaricus deliciosus* zuwa saffron madara-cap, amma sunan yanzu shine *Lactarius deliciosus* .  A gefe guda, naman daji na *Agaricus campestris* ya kiyaye suna iri ɗaya tun lokacin da Linnaeus ya buga.  Har ila yau ana amfani da kalmar Ingilishi " agaric " don kowane naman kaza mai gasa, wanda yayi daidai da amfani da kalmar Linnaeus. 

Kalmar mycology da ƙarin kalmar mycologist ana danganta su ga MJ Berkeley a 1836.  Duk da haka, masanin ilimin mycologist ya bayyana a cikin rubuce-rubucen da masanin ilmin halittu na Ingilishi Robert Kaye Greville ya rubuta a farkon 1823 dangane da Schweinitz .

## Mycology da gano magunguna
Shekaru da yawa, an rubuta wasu namomin kaza azaman maganin jama'a a China, Japan, da Rasha .  Kodayake amfani da namomin kaza a cikin magungunan jama'a ya fi mayar da hankali kan nahiyar Asiya, mutane a wasu sassan duniya kamar Gabas ta Tsakiya, Poland, da Belarus an rubuta su ta amfani da namomin kaza don dalilai na magani. 

Namomin kaza suna samar da bitamin D mai yawa lokacin da aka fallasa su zuwa hasken ultraviolet (UV) .  Penicillin, cyclosporin, griseofulvin, cephalosporin da psilocybin su ne misalan magungunan da aka keɓe daga ƙwayoyin cuta ko wasu fungi.

* Ethnomycology
* Kamus na mycology
* Gwajin kwayoyin fungal
* List of mycologists
* Jerin mujallu na mycology
* Marine fungi
* Farautar naman kaza
* Mycotoxicology
* pathogenic fungi
* Protology

## Manazarta