Edith Clements

**Edith Gertrude Clements**(1874-1971), wanda kuma aka sani da **Edith S. Clements** da **Edith Schwartz Clements**, ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne kuma majagaba a fannin ilimin halittu wanda ita ce mace ta farko da aka ba da Ph.D.ta Jami'ar Nebraska.Ta yi aure da masanin ilimin botanist Frederic Clements,wanda ta yi aiki tare a duk rayuwarta ta sana'a.Tare suka kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Alpine,tashar bincike a Pikes Peak,Colorado.Clements kuma ƙwararriyar ƙwararriyar ƙwararriyar ce wacce ta kwatanta littattafanta da kuma littattafan haɗin gwiwa tare da Frederic.

Dukansu Clementes sun shiga tare da nazarin phytogeography,musamman ma abubuwan da ke ƙayyade ilimin halittu na ciyayi a wasu yankuna,kuma za a yaba su a matsayin"mafi kyawun ƙungiyar mata da miji tun lokacin Curies."Ba shi yiwuwa a raba aikin kowane Clementes gaba ɗaya yayin da suke aiki tare a cikin manyan shekarun su. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Edith Gertrude Schwartz an haife shi a 1874 a Albany,New York,ga George da Emma(Young)Schwartz.Mahaifinta ma'aikacin naman alade ne daga Omaha, Nebraska.Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Nebraska(UNL),an zabe ta zuwa Phi Beta Kappa kuma ta sami AB a cikin Jamusanci a 1898.Ta kasance memba na Kappa Alpha Theta.Ta rubuta karatunta a kan"Dangantakar Tsarin Ganyayyaki zuwa Abubuwan Jiki"a cikin 1904.

Schwartz began her career as a teaching fellow in German at UNL(1898–1900). During this period,she met her future husband,Frederic Clements,a UNL botany professor who influenced the direction of her graduate studies.At the time,the Universities of Nebraska and Minnesota (where she would later teach)were centers for the study of phytogeography—the geographic distribution of plant species—and she chose to make this her area of specialization.She earned her doctoral degree in botany in 1904(with a minor in Germanic philology and geology), becoming the first woman to be awarded a Ph.D.by UNL.

## Sana'a

Bayan ta sami Ph.D.,Clements ta sami aiki a matsayin mataimaki a fannin ilimin halittu a Jami'ar Nevada (1904-07),inda Frederic ke koyarwa.Don samun kuɗi, sun yi amfani da lokacin rani da yawa suna tattara samfurori na tsire-tsire kuma suka tattara *Herbaria Formationum Coloradensium*,tarin mahimmanci na wasu nau'i na 530 na tsire-tsire na tsaunin Colorado a hankali annotate kuma an ƙara su da hotuna 100.An ba da shi a cikin 1903 a cikin saiti 24 waɗanda aka sayar wa cibiyoyin kimiyya.Bayan 'yan shekaru baya,sun tattara wani tarin da ke nuna wasu nau'ikan 615 na cryptogams ;An fitar da wannan saitin daga baya(1972) a cikin sigar bugawa ta Lambun Botanical na New York. 

A cikin 1909,Jami'ar Minnesota, Minneapolis ta dauki Clements a matsayin mai koyarwa a fannin ilmin halitta,inda aka dauki Frederic shekaru biyu kafin ya jagoranci sashen nazarin halittu.A cikin 1917,Frederic ya daina koyarwa kuma ya fara yin bincike da Cibiyar Carnegie ta Washington,DC  ta ba da kuɗaɗen shekaru bayan haka,tallafin Cibiyar Carnegie ta tallafa wa ƙoƙarin binciken haɗin gwiwa,kuma Cibiyar Carnegie ta nada Clements a matsayin mataimaki na filin.  

Tun daga 1917,Clementes sun shafe lokacin hunturu suna yin bincike a cibiyoyin bincike guda biyu na Carnegie: na farko a Cibiyar Tucson a Arizona, sannan(farawa a 1925)a Laboratory Coastal a Santa Barbara,California.A tsawon wannan lokacin,an yi amfani da lokacin bazara a wani tashar kayan lambu da suka haɓaka azaman wurin gwaji don haɓaka shuka,Laboratory Alpine a Pikes Peak,Colorado.Clements ya yi aiki a matsayin mai koyarwa a fannin ilimin kimiyyar halittu na Laboratory Alpine,da Frederic a matsayin darekta.Sun horar da masana ilimin halittu da yawa a wannan dakin binciken a cikin shekaru arba'in na ayyukansa,kafin a rufe shi a cikin 1940.  Sun buga a haɗin kai da kuma ɗaiɗaiku, kuma Clements ta yi amfani da ƙwarewar yarenta don fassara wasu littattafansu da labaransu zuwa harsunan waje. 

A cikin shekarun Dust Bowl,Clements da Frederic sun yi tafiya a cikin Babban Filaye da Kudu maso Yamma,suna taimakawa wajen ƙarfafa matakan kiyayewa don magance asarar gonaki da filayen kiwo. 

Clements ya kasance mai zane-zane na botanical kuma ya kwatanta adadin wallafe-wallafen haɗin gwiwa, kamar *Rocky Mountain Flowers*(1914)da *Flowers of Coast and Sierra*(1928),da kuma wallafe-wallafen solo na Frederic, ciki har da *Plant Succession*(1916, wanda ita ma ta taimaka).don tattarawa),*Daidaitawa da Asalin Duniyar Shuka: Matsayin Muhalli a Juyin Halitta*(1939),da *Dynamics of Vegetation* (1949).A cikin 1916, an ba da faranti masu launi daga *Dutsen Dutsen Rocky* a matsayin littafin jagora zuwa 175 mafi kyawun furanni na yankin a ƙarƙashin taken *Furen Dutsen da Plain*.Mawallafin marubuci Willa Cather,mai lura da yanayi mai mahimmanci kuma abokin Clementes,ya kasance mai sha'awar aikinsu.A wata hira da aka yi da ita a shekara ta 1921,Cather ta ce:“Akwai littafi ɗaya da na fi so na samar fiye da dukan littattafana.Wato Clements botany da ke mu'amala da furannin daji na yamma"( wanda ta hanyar da ta yiwu tana nufin *furannin Dutsen Rocky* ) 

A cikin 1960,yana da shekaru tamanin da shida,Clements ya buga wani abin tunawa mai rai,*Adventures in Ecology:Half a Million Miles:Daga Mud zuwa Macadam*,a cikin abin da ta ba da labarin"masu nazarin halittu guda biyu da suka rayu kuma suka yi aiki tare."Yana da matuƙar bayyanawa a cikin nunin ayyuka nawa Clements suka ɗauka don tallafawa balaguron haɗin gwiwa na ma'auratan,kama daga direba, makaniki,dafa abinci,da mai daukar hoto zuwa mai daukar hoto,mai fasaha,da masanin ilimin halittu.Lalle ne,Frederic da kansa yana da ra'ayin cewa Clements za a sanya shi a cikin manyan masana kimiyyar halittu na duniya da ta yi amfani da lokaci kadan don taimakawa aikinsa. 

Salon wry na Clements ya bayyana a cikin wannan lissafin tafiyar balaguro ɗaya:Maƙwabta abokantaka sun tsaya kusa da juna,suna ba da shawara,gargaɗi da annabce-annabce masu ban tsoro gami da yin fare kan rashin yiwuwar samun sarari a cikin mota ɗaya don ɗimbin abubuwa masu ban tsoro waɗanda da alama suna da matuƙar mahimmanci ga harkar.Na lashe fare don ina da zane wanda ya nuna'wuri don komai'kuma a ƙarshe ina da 'komai a wurinsa.' Wato komai sai tulin sikari da pancakes mai mai,wanda aka bari daga karin kumallo.Ginger ya yi shirin yi musu abincin rana, amma babu kowa a wurinsu, kuma lokacin da bai duba ba sai na ajiye su a kan faifai a gareji.  Frederic ya yi ritaya a 1941 kuma ya mutu a 1945.Edith ya ci gaba da yin aiki a kan rubutun haɗin gwiwa tare da rubuta labarai har zuwa mutuwarta a La Jolla a 1971. 

## Legacy da girmamawa
An zabi Clements don Zauren Fame na Nebraska a cikin 2012.  

Rumbun ajiya a Jami'ar Wyoming,Edith S. da Frederic E.Clements Papers,sun ƙunshi hotuna daga lokacin 1893-1944,bayanan filin, wasiƙun kimiyya,rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce da takaddun kimiyya,da littattafan Edith na tsawon lokacin 1907-1966.Bugu da ƙari,Jami'ar Nebraska ta ƙididdige ƙaramin tarin wasiƙun da Clements ya rubuta zuwa ga danginta game da balaguron 1911 da ita da Frederic suka tafi Turai don halartar taron ƙasa da ƙasa na masana ilimin halittu da masanan halittu.  Yanzu ana kan layi,an rubuta su tare da sa hannun Clements don cikakken daki-daki da gwanintar ba da labari.

## wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa

### Littattafai

* *Kasada a cikin Ilimin Halitta: Rabin Miliyoyi: Daga Laka zuwa Macadam* (1960)
* *Furen Coast da Saliyo*(1928)
* *Iyalan Flower da Kakanni*(1928,tare da Frederic Clements)
* *Furen Dutsen da Filaye*(1916)
* *Dutsen Dutsen Rocky*(1914;tare da Frederic Clements)

### Sauran rubuce-rubuce

* "The Flower Pageant na Midwest" (1939;tare da Frederic Clements)
* "Dangantakar Tsarin Ganyayyaki da Abubuwan Jiki"(1905;Dissertation na Ph.D)(cikakken rubutu kyauta)

### Tari

* *Cryptogamae Formationum Coloradensium*(1905-1908;tare da Frederic Clements;wanda aka buga a cikin 1972)
* *Herbaria Formationum Coloradensium*(1903; tare da Frederic Clements)

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Edith S.da Frederic E.Clements Papers,1867-1969 a Jami'ar Wyoming-Cibiyar Tarihi ta Amirka.
* Don ƙarin hotuna duba tarin dijital na AHC na Edith S.da Frederic E. Clements Papers
* Takardun Clements Suna Rubutun Tarihin Halitta AHC blog