open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Harshen Achuar-Shiwiar

**Shiwiar**, wanda aka fi sani da *Jivaro* da *Maina*, yare ne na Chicham da ake magana a kogin Pastaza da Bobonaza a Ecuador . Shiwiar na ɗaya daga cikin yarukan asali goma sha uku na Ecuador .  Dukkanin wadannan harsunan asali suna cikin haɗari.

## Masu magana
Shiwiar yare ne da mutanen Achuar na yankin Amazon na Ecuador ke magana.  Mutanen Achuar kuma suna magana da Mutanen Espanya, Shuar, da Kichwa tare da yarensu na asali, Shiwiar .  Shuar na cikin iyalin yaren iri ɗaya da Shiwiar - Jivaraan . 

Kodayake Achuar suna zaune a cikin Amazon Basin, cire mai da albarkatun kasa daga Ecuador ta hanyar hakar ma'adinai ya kori al'ummomin Achuar kuma ya jefa gidajensu cikin haɗari.

Duk da yake harshen hukuma na Ecuador shine Mutanen Espanya, mutanen Achuar tare da sauran kungiyoyin 'yan asalin suna da' yancin amfani da yarensu a ilimi ta hanyar manufofin harshe na hukuma na Equator da aka halatta a cikin Dokar No. 000529, Mataki na 27, da kuma Dirección Nacional de Educación Indígena Intercultural Bilingüe (DINEIIB). 

## Fasahar sauti

*  suna da ƙwayoyin hakora kamar [ , ].  
* Ana yawan yin magana game da dakatarwar murya da affricates lokacin da suka faru bayan sautin hanci.
* Lokacin da  ya riga ya wuce da wasali mai girma na gaba, sai a gane shi azaman fricative palatal [ç]. 
** Ga wasu masu magana,  za a iya gane shi azaman murya mara murya [x].
* Lokacin da  ya biyo bayan wasula mai tsawo na gaba, sai a gane shi azaman kusanci na labio-dental [ʋ] ko kusanci na bilabial [βʹ].

*  sau da yawa ana gane su a matsayin [ , ] lokacin da a cikin jimloli marasa amfani.  
* Idan ƙananan wasula nan da nan ya riga ko ya biyo baya da babban wasula na gaba, ko kuma ya riga ya wuce da wani sashi mai laushi misali,  wani lokacin ana gane shi azaman tsakiyar-low [ɛ] ko tsakiyar wasula na farko [eʹ].
* A kusa da kusanci na labio-velar , ƙananan wasula  galibi ana gane su azaman wasula na tsakiya na baya ba tare da zagaye ba [ʌ, ʌ̃], yayin da manyan wasula na tsakiyar  galibi suna gane su azuman wasula na gaba-tsakiya na baya da ba tare da an zagaye ba.
*  kuma ana iya jin sautin baya mai tsawo [ɯ] lokacin da sautin leɓuna ke gaba  . 

## Manazarta

## Bayanan littattafai
 

*  
*  

## Haɗin waje

*  
* Sabon Alkawari a cikin Achuar
* The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Achuar
* Achuar-Shiwiar a kan Harsunan asali na Amurka
* Saurari samfurin Achuar-Shiwiar daga Cibiyar Rubuce-rubuce ta Duniya
* Albarkatun OLAC a ciki da kuma game da Achuar-Shiwiar
James Maitland, 7th Earl na Lauderdale (Reynolds zane)

***James Maitland, Earl na 7 na Lauderdale*** zane ne na Sir Joshua Reynolds na James Maitland, Earl na 7 na Lauderdale. An yi masa fenti a tsakanin 1759-1760, kuma a halin yanzu yana cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na New South Wales.

## Zane
James Maitland yana da shekaru 41 lokacin da ya zauna don wannan hoton bayan ya yi aiki mai kyau a soja.[1] A wannan lokacin, Reynolds an san shi da ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu zane-zanen hoto na sarakunan Burtaniya. Layuka uku na ermine a kan rigarsa suna nuna cewa shi Earl ne, haka nan kuma kwallaye takwas na azurfa a kan wuraren da aka ɗaga da ganyen strawberry a kan kambinsa.[2] Lord Lauderdale ya ba da shi, ginshiƙin Solomonic ne, wanda ke nuna tafiya zuwa Italiya, alhali kuwa a zahiri, ɗan Scotland bai taɓa zuwa can ba.[3]

## Tarihi
Earl ya zauna don ɗaukar hoton a shekarar 1759, kuma ya saye shi daga Reynolds a shekarar 1761 kan fam 80. Zanen ya ratsa cikin iyalin har zuwa 1976, lokacin da Hon Gerald Edward Ian Maitland-Carew ya sayar da zanen a Christie's a ranar 26 ga Maris. Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na New South Wales, tarin jama'a, ne ya sayi zanen bayan da gidan tarihin ya sami wani asusun kyauta da ba a san ko waye ba don siyan hoton ƙarni na 18 a farkon wannan shekarar.

## Manazarta
Gidan shakatawa na White Rabbit

**Gidan Tarihi na White Rabbit** wani gidan tarihi ne na zamani wanda ke cikin unguwar Chippendale ta tsakiyar birnin Sydney, New South Wales, Ostiraliya.

## Bayani
Gidan adana kayan tarihi, wanda Judith Neilson ta kafa a shekarar 2009, [1] yana cikin wani tsohon ma'ajiyar kayan tarihi da kuma wurin ajiyar kayan tarihi na Rolls-Royce.[2] Gidan adana kayan tarihi yana gudanar da nune-nune guda biyu a kowace shekara, yana mai da hankali kan ayyukan masu fasaha na zamani na kasar Sin.

## Hotunan Hotuna

Fayil:White_Rabbit_Gallery_interior.jpg|alt=White Rabbit Gallery interior| Cikin Gidan Hotunan Farin Zomo
Fayil:White_Rabbit_Gallery_tea_house.jpg|alt=White Rabbit Tea House| Gidan Shayin Farin Zomo


## Manazarta
Koltan

**Coltan** (Turanci: *Coltan, cikakken suna:* **[[columbite]]-tantalite** kuma an san shi a masana'antu a matsayin tantalite) ƙarfe ne mai ƙarancin ƙarfe wanda aka cire abubuwa niobium da tantalum. Ma'adinin niobium mai rinjaye a cikin coltan shine columbite (bayan asalin sunan niobium na Amurka), kuma ma'adinin tantalum mai rinjaye shine tantalite.

Ana amfani da Tantalum daga coltan don ƙera capacitors na tantalum waɗanda ake amfani da su don wayoyin hannu, kwamfutocin mutum, kayan lantarki na mota, da kyamarori. Ma'adinai na Coltan ya yadu a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo.

Kimanin kashi 71% na wadatar tantalum ta duniya a cikin 2008 an haƙa shi, kashi 20% daga sake amfani ne, kuma ragowar ta fito ne daga tarkace da kaya. Ana hakar ma'adanai na Tantalum a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Colombia, Rwanda, Australia, Brazil, China, Habasha, Mozambique da Kenya. Hakanan ana samar da Tantalum a Thailand da Malaysia a matsayin samfur na hakar ma'adinai da narkewa. Ana bincika ma'adanai masu yuwuwa a nan gaba, a cikin tsari mai saukowa, a Misira, Greenland, China, Australia, Finland, Kanada, Najeriya da Brazil

A duniya, kashi 60% na dukkan kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai sun yi rajista tare da musayar hannun jari mai tsari sosai a kasar  Toronto da Vancouver. Koyaya, saboda ka'idojin muhalli, babu hakar ma'adinai na coltan a halin yanzu da ke faruwa a Kasar Kanada kanta,  ban da ma'adinin da aka tsara a Blue River, British Columbia. A Kasar Kanada, Tanco Mine kusa da Bernic Lake a Manitoba yana da tanadin tantalum, shine mafi girma a duniya mai samar da Caesium, kuma Global Advanced Metals Pty Ltd ne ke sarrafa shi. Tattaunawar ma'adinai ta Kanada ta Natural Resources Canada, wanda aka sabunta a cikin 2017, bai ambaci  coltan ba.

## Manazarta
Harshen Kaskihá

**Kaskihá** (Cashquiha) harshe ne na **Kaskihá** (Cashquiha) yare ne na Chaco na Paraguay . Yana daya daga cikin da yawa da ke tafiya da sunan **Guaná** .

## Manazarta
Art, Life da sauran abubuwa

Zane-zane, Rayuwa, da sauransu shine zane mai lambar yabo ta Archibald wanda ya lashe kyautar 1978 ta mai zane-zanen Australiya Brett Whiteley [1] [2] wanda ya haɗa kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban guda uku a cikin nau'in triptych.

## Kayan aikin
Zane na tsakiya yana nuna Brett Whiteley da kansa tsaye gefe da gefe ga mai kallo, kansa yana motsi da hannuwansa suna riƙewa. A hannu ɗaya, hoton Joshua Smith mai baƙi da fari na William Dobell; a ɗayan kuma, goga mai fenti, yayin da yake zana wannan hoton. Jikinsa yana tafiya a tsaye zuwa kan zane tare da gefen hagu kusan babu komai. Siffofin hoton ba su da tabbas kuma an ƙara musu girma musamman a kai, inda Whiteley ke nuna motsi. Saboda wannan motsi, kan ya bayyana kamar ba a saba gani ba. Hannuwa, ƙafafu da jiki suna da tsayi da tsayi. Jikin yana sanye da kaya mai sassa biyu, duk da fari. Yayin da kansa ke juyawa, ya zama na gaske da ƙarfi, yana tafiya daga layuka masu duhu a hagu zuwa kusan na gaske a hoto a dama. Don ƙara wa gaskiyar, Whiteley ya ƙara gashin kansa a kan abin da ke gefen dama. Launin bango launin ruwan lemu ne mai haske.

### ''Rayuwa''
Sashe na uku kuma na ƙarshe na hoton triptych ƙaramin hoton kai ne na Brett Whiteley da kansa. Yana a gefen dama, a kusurwar sama ta hagu na hoton kuma shine ƙaramin ɓangaren. An yanke hoton a ƙasa da haɓar Whiteley. Mutumin yana murmushi kuma cikin yanayi mai tunani, idanunsa sun mayar da hankali kan wani abu da ya wuce mai kallo, a gefen dama (hagu). Gashinsa ya yi kama da datti, wanda ya nuna ba hoto na hukuma ba ne. Launin bango launin ruwan lemu ne mai haske.

### ''Wani Abu''
Bangaren hagu na triptych wani zane ne mai matsakaicin girman mai a kan zane wanda aka yi shi da launuka masu dumi da na ƙasa, kamar launin ruwan kasa, lemu, rawaya da ja. Yana nuna wani mahaukacin biri, an ɗaure shi da sarka da raunuka da ƙusoshin da suka manne a hannunsa da wuyan hannunsa. Babi yana motsi a bayyane, yana fama da matsanancin zafi da azaba. Idanunsa suna da datti kuma bakinsa yana buɗewa. Babi yana mamaye mafi yawan zanen, amma ba zane ne na gaske/na gaske ba, amma an karkatar da shi don ƙara fasaloli. A kusurwar hagu ta sama akwai hannu, tafin hannu, yana miƙa sirinji ga babi. Hannun babi ɗan adam ne. Babu komai a bango.

## Manazarta
Harshen Kallawaya

Kallawaya, also Callahuaya or Callawalla (Callawalla: Machaj Juyai, meaning 'folk language'[1] or 'speech of the men'[2]), is an endangered, secret, mixed language in Bolivia; another name sometimes used for the language is Pohena. It is spoken by the Kallawaya people, a group of traditional itinerant healers in the Andes in their medicinal healing practice living in Charazani, the highlands north of Lake Titicaca,[3] and Tipuani.[4]

## Halaye
Kallawaya yare ne mai gauraye. Harshen yana da wani ɓangare na Quechua a cikin yanayin, amma yawancin kalmominsa sun fito ne daga ko dai ba a san su ba ko kuma daga dangin harshe, Pukina. An watsar da Pukina don goyon bayan Quechua, Aymara, da Mutanen Espanya.

Kallawaya kuma yare ne na sirri, wanda uba ya ba da shi ga ɗa, ko kakan zuwa jikansa, ko kuma da wuya, ga 'ya'ya mata idan mai aiki ba shi da' ya'ya maza. Ba a amfani da shi a cikin tattaunawar iyali ta yau da kullun. Kodayake amfani da shi da farko al'ada ne, ana amfani da shi a asirce ga maza da aka fara, Kallawaya na iya zama wani ɓangare na tattaunawar yau da kullun tsakanin waɗanda suka saba da shi.

Kallawaya na ɗaya daga cikin batutuwa na fim din fim na Amurka na Ironbound Films na 2008 The Linguists, wanda *Masana Harsuna* biyu suka yi ƙoƙari su rubuta harsuna da yawa da ke mutuwa.

Bolivians suna magana da yankin da masu magana ke zaune a matsayin "Qollahuayas," [wannan harshe ne wannan?] ma'ana "wurin magunguna", saboda Kallawaya sanannun masu shayarwa ne. Tun da yake suna kula da ko warkarwa da tsire-tsire, ma'adanai, kayan dabbobi, da al'adu, manoma suna kiran masu magana da "Qolla kapachayuh", [wannan yare ne?] ma'ana "masu mulkin jakar magani".  

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

### Sautin sautin

## Manazarta

## Ƙarin karantawa
 

## Haɗin waje

* Shirin yaren Kallawaya da hotuna na masu magana da harshe
* Sauran hanyoyin da za a rubuta Kallawaya
Alan Matheney

**Alan Lehman Matheney** (6 ga Nuwamba, 1950 - 28 ga Satumba, 2005) Ba'amurke ne wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa saboda ya buge tsohon matarsa, Lisa Bianco, tare da bindiga .410 yayin da aka saki sa'o'i takwas daga kurkuku a ranar 4 ga Maris, 1989. A lokacin yana yin hukunci a Pendleton Correctional Facility don batir da tsare Bianco. Ya yi ikirarin aikata laifuka ga ƙananan tuhume-tuhumen bayan ya buge ta kuma ya yi mata fyade. Matheney ya kuma sace 'ya'yansu mata biyu a baya, amma ya mayar da su lokacin da Bianco ya yi alkawarin sauke tuhumar.

An same shi da laifin fashi da kisan kai. An kashe shi ta hanyar allurar rigakafi a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2005, a gidan yarin Jihar Indiana a Birnin Michigan. An sanar da lokacin mutuwar a karfe 12:27 na safe.&nbsp;

Fitar da aka saki na sa'o'i takwas ya ba Matheney izinin tafiya zuwa Indianapolis; a maimakon haka ya yi tafiya zuwa St. Joseph County. Ya canza tufafi kuma ya ɗauki bindiga daga gidan abokinsa. Daga nan sai ya yi tafiya zuwa Mishawaka kuma ya ajiye motarsa gidaje biyu daga gidan Bianco. Ya shiga gidanta ta ƙofar baya sannan ya bi ta a kan titi. Ya kama ta kuma ya buge ta har ya mutu da bindiga yayin da 'ya'yansa mata biyu da maƙwabta da yawa suka kalli.[1] Duk da haka, an dakatar da wannan shari'ar a kan roko na tsawon shekaru 16. Shari'ar ta haifar da canjin doka a jihar Indiana, wanda ya buƙaci a sanar da wadanda abin ya shafa idan aka saki fursuna. Jihar ta kuma amince da biyan dukiyar Bianco $ 900,000 a matsayin diyya.￼

A lokacin shari'arsa ya yi jayayya cewa ya kasance mahaukaci bisa doka. Wani kwararren mai kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa ya gano shi yana da rikicewar schizophreniform kuma wani ya ce yana da rikici na halin mutum tare da rikice-rikice. Babu wanda ya ce ya haukace bisa doka a lokacin laifin. Matheney ya bayyana cewa ya yi imanin Bianco yana cikin makirci a kansa.

Ya ki bayyana a gaban sauraron Hukumar Shari'a ta Indiana a ranar 19 ga Satumba. Sa'an nan a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2005, Kotun Koli ta Indiana ta yanke hukuncin 5-0 don kin amincewa da bukatar sabon shari'a. A ƙarshe, Gwamna Mitch Daniels ya musanta gafara a ranar 27 ga Satumba.

Lauyansa ya fitar da wata sanarwa ta ƙarshe da ta karanta: Ina son iyalina da yaranna. Na yi nadama saboda ciwo da na haifar musu. Na gode wa abokana da suka tsaya kusa da ni ... Na tabbata jikokin jikina za su girma cikin farin ciki da lafiya a kula da iyayensu masu ban mamaki.

Kisan Lisa Bianco ya yi wahayi zuwa ga amfani da layin purple don wakiltar wayar da kan jama'a game da tashin hankali na cikin gida, kamar yadda purple ya kasance launi da Bianco ta fi so. Iyalinta da abokai sun ɗaure layin purple a duk fadin gundumar.

## Dubi kuma

* Hukuncin kisa a Indiana
* Hukuncin kisa a Amurka
* Jerin mutanen da aka kashe a Indiana
* Jerin mutanen da aka kashe a Amurka a shekara ta 2005

## Manazarta
James Lutgen

**James Lutgen** na East Dubuque, Illinois ya rataye matarsa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1984 a gidansu da ke Menominee, Illinois a gaban 'ya'yansu mata biyu. Suna da shekaru 10 da 12 a lokacin. Ta shigar da karar saki da umarnin kariya na gaggawa, amma an kashe ta kafin ta sami amsa. Lutgens sun shiga cikin fada bayan Ms. Lutgen ta ki yarda da yaran su fita sayayya tare da mahaifinsu. James Lutgen ya shaida cewa matarsa ta yi ƙoƙari ta maƙure shi, kuma sai ya maƙure ta har sai ta mutu. Lutgen ya yi ikirarin aikata kisan kai da son rai kuma ya sami hukuncin shekaru 4 a kurkuku, wanda ya yi watanni 13.

An saki Lutgen a shekara ta 1986 kuma an ba shi izinin riƙe kula da 'ya'yansa. Wani alƙali na kotun da'ira a cikin Jo Daviess County ya yanke hukuncin cewa Lurgen "mutum ne mai dacewa kuma mai dacewa don samun kulawa da sarrafa kananan 'ya'yansa". Gwaggo da kawun 'yan matan biyu sun yi kira ga umarnin shari'a wanda ya mayar da kula da yara ga mahaifinsu, amma kotun daukaka kara ta kwamitin uku ta ce babu wani misali ko doka don soke hukuncin kotun:  Ko majalisar dokoki ko shari'armu a Illinois ba su ga ya dace da kafa doka cewa kashe iyaye daya da ɗayan a gaban yara, ba tare da la'akari da yanayin ba, ya isa ya hana wannan iyaye daga 'ya'yansa bisa ga rashin cancanta.Wani shaida ya shaida cewa ta ga yara da Ms. Lutgen da raunin, gami da baƙar ido, amma ba ta ga yadda yara suka samu raunin ba.[1] Kodayake dokar jihar ta ba da umarnin cewa kotun ta yi la'akari da tashin hankali na gida a matsayin wani abu don tantance mafi kyawun bukatun yaro, kotun ta ce dokar ba ta buƙatar a ba da tashin hankali a cikin gida fiye da kowane abu.[1] Kotun daukaka kara ta rubuta cewa "wani laifi guda, ba tare da ƙarin ba, ba zai goyi bayan binciken rashin cancanta ba bisa ga lalata", yana mai lura da cewa Lutgen yana da "rikodin da ba shi da matsala". [1] [2]￼

## Manazarta
Jam'iyyar ta Ƙarshe

The Last Party: Scenes From My Life with Norman Mailer littafi ne na 1997 na Adele Morales, matar Norman Mailer ta biyu, wanda ta auri a shekara ta 1954. An buga￼

Littafin tarihin auren Morales da Mailer ne; a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ya tsara wani abin da ya faru a ranar Asabar, 19 ga Nuwamba, 1960,  lokacin da Mailer ya soke ta da wuka a wani biki. Ya yanke ta cikin ƙirjinta, kawai ya rasa zuciyarta. Sai ya soke ta a baya. Yayin da ta kwanta a can, tana zubar da jini, wani mutum ya zo ya taimake ta. Ya ce: "Ka bar yarinyar ta mutu. "  An sanya shi a asibitin Bellevue na kwanaki 17; matarsa ba za ta gabatar da tuhuma ba, kuma daga baya ya yi ikirarin aikata laifi ga rage zargi na hari, kuma an ba shi hukuncin da aka dakatar.  An kwantar da Morales a Asibitin Jami'ar da ke Manhattan don kula da raunin da ta samu. A cikin gajeren lokaci, Morales ya sami ɗan warkewar jiki. Ta saki Mailer a 1962 sakamakon abin da ya faru. Lamarin wuka ya kasance abin da ya faru ga masu sukar mata na Mailer, waɗanda ke nuna jigogi na tashin hankali na jima'i a cikin aikinsa.

## Manazarta
Nick Faldo

**Sir Nicholas Alexander Faldo** (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1957) ɗan wasan golf ne mai ritaya kuma mai sharhi a talabijin. An dauke shi daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa na kowane lokaci,  ya shahara da sadaukarwarsa ga wasan,  kuma an sanya shi No. 1 a kan Official World Golf Ranking na jimlar makonni 97.  Nasarorin da ya samu na 41 sun hada da nasarori 30 a gasar Turai da manyan zakarun Turai guda shida: gasar zakarun Open guda uku (1987, 1990, 1992) da kuma Masters uku (1989, 1990, 1996).

Faldo tun daga lokacin ya zama mai sharhi na talabijin don manyan gasar golf. A shekara ta 2006, ya zama babban mai sharhi na golf na CBS Sports. A shekara ta 2012, Faldo ya shiga kungiyar BBC Sport a cikin iska don ɗaukar hoto na Open Championship .

An haifi Faldo a Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, Ingila, a cikin shekara ta 1957, a matsayin ɗa kaɗai na Joyce da George Faldo, mai lissafi a Imperial Chemical Industries. Da yake amsawa ga shawarwarin cewa Faldo na iya zama sunan mahaifiyar Italiyanci, George Faldo ya bayyana cewa asalin Ingilishi ne, kuma ya gano shi zuwa Knight na karni na 13 a Bedford . 

Faldo "ya zama mai ƙugiya" a kan golf yana da shekaru 14 - ba tare da "har ma ya ɗauki kulob din golf" da kansa ba, yana kallon Jack Nicklaus yana buga Masters na 1971 a sabon launi na talabijin na iyayensa (bayyanar farko da ya yi game da wasan).

## Ayyukan ɗan wasa
Faldo ya cancanci yin wasa a cikin 1974 English Amateur a Woodhall Spa . A shekara ta 1975, ya lashe gasar Amateur ta Ingila a Royal Lytham da kuma gasar zakarun matasa ta Burtaniya. Nasarorin da ya samu sun makara don samun matsayi na Walker Cup a wannan shekarar, an buga wasan a ƙarshen Mayu tare da ƙungiyar da aka zaba a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1974.  Ya wakilci Burtaniya a Gasar Commonwealth a Afirka ta Kudu a watan Nuwamba 1975. Faldo ya bayyana binciken da ya yi game da golf da ƙwazo, yana cewa "yana son makarantar, har sai golf ta zo" - bayan haka "abin da kawai  yake sha'awar shi ne fita daga ƙofofin da sauri kuma zuwa filin golf.[d][he]

Ba da daɗewa ba aka lura da ƙwarewar Faldo a golf a Amurka, inda aka ba shi tallafin karatu na golf a Jami'ar Houston. Ya halarci makonni goma, amma ya ji jan hankali na zuwa makaranta ya cutar da wasan golf.

## manazarta
Richard George (mai samarwa)

**Sir Richard William George** (24 ga Afrilu 1944 - 23 ga Maris 2016) ya kasance mai samar da abinci na Burtaniya wanda ya juya kamfanin Weetabix ya zama babban alama ta Burtaniya.

An ba shi lambar yabo a shekarar 1995 saboda hidimomin da ya yi wa masana'antar abinci.

## Manazarta
Harshen Wintuan

**Wintuan** (kuma **Wintun**, **Wintoon**, **Copeh**, **Copehan**) iyali ne na harsuna da ake magana a cikin Kwarin Sacramento na tsakiyar Arewacin California .

Dukkanin yarukan Wintuan ko dai sun ƙare ko kuma Yana cikin haɗari sosai.

## Rarraba

### Rarrabawar iyali
William F. Shipley ya lissafa harsuna uku na Wintuan a cikin bayanansa na encyclopedic na harsunan Indiyawan California.  Kwanan nan, Marianne Mithun ta raba Kudancin Wintuan zuwa yaren Patwin da yaren Kudancin Patwin, wanda ya haifar da rarrabuwa mai zuwa.
 
Wintu ya ƙare tare da mutuwar mai magana da yawun karshe a shekara ta 2003.  Ya zuwa 2010, Nomlaki yana da akalla mai magana ɗaya. Ɗaya daga cikin masu magana da Patwin (Hill Patwin dialect) ya kasance a cikin shekara ta 2003.  Kudancin Patwin, wanda ƙabilar yankin Suisun ta taɓa magana da shi a arewa maso gabashin San Francisco Bay, ya ƙare a farkon karni na 20 kuma saboda haka ba a san shi sosai ba. Wintu daidai shine mafi kyawun rubuce-rubuce daga cikin harsunan Wintuan guda huɗu.

Pitkin ya kiyasta cewa harsunan Wintuan sun kasance kusa da juna kamar harsunan Romance. Wataƙila sun rabu da harshe na kowa shekaru 2,000 da suka gabata. Nazarin kwatankwacin da ya haɗa da sake gina ilimin sauti na Proto-Wintuan, morphology da lexicon an gudanar da shi ta Shepherd.

### Dangantaka mai yuwuwa ga iyalan harsuna na waje
Iyalin Wintuan galibi ana ɗaukar su memba ne na ƙididdigar yaren Penutian  kuma suna ɗaya daga cikin rassa biyar na asalin asalin California na Penutian wanda Roland B. Dixon da Alfred L. Kroeber suka gabatar.   Koyaya, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa Wintuans da kansu sun shiga California kimanin shekaru 1,500 da suka gabata daga wani wuri na baya a wani wuri a Oregon. Tsarin wakilin Wintuan yayi kama da na Klamath, yayin da akwai kamanceceniya da yawa tsakanin Arewacin Wintuan da Alsea waɗanda suka bayyana a matsayin rance.

## Manazarta

## Bayanan littattafai

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## Ƙarin karantawa

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## Haɗin waje

* Ƙabilun asali, Ƙungiyoyi, Iyalai na Harshe da Harshe na California a cikin 1770 (map bayan Kroeber) 
* Halin halittar tsakanin Klamath da Wintu  (Scott DeLancey)  
* Shirin Harshen Wintu
* Wintu (Wintun) 
** Kalmomin Wintu
A fadin Black Soil Plains

***A fadin filayen Black Soil Plains*** akwai zane a shekarar 1899 wanda mai zane-zanen ƙasar Australiya George Washington Lambert ya zana. Yanayin ƙasa yana nuna ƙungiyar dawakai masu ja dawaki suna jan karusa mai ɗauke da ƙusoshin ulu. An ba wa zanen Lambert kyautar Wynne a shekarar 1899.

Zanen ya sami kwarin gwiwa daga abubuwan da Lambert ya fuskanta wajen tukin tumaki, ganin "ƙungiyoyin dawaki suna jigilar kekunan ulu masu nauyi a fadin filayen Snakes Plain marasa hayaniya, daga Warren zuwa tashar jirgin ƙasa a Nevertire ." 

Lambert ya ƙera zanen a cikin wani rumfar da ke gidan mahaifiyarta a Hornsby, wani yanki na Sydney. Lokacin da yake aiki a kan zanen, Lambert ya sanya dogon zane mai kunkuntar a cikin rumfar. An ba da shawarar sunaye da yawa a matsayin abin koyi ga ɗan wasan ƙungiyar, ciki har da Jim Smith daga gundumar Warren, Luke Rollins daga Moree ko Henry Sharkey, wanda ya ɗauki nauyin ulu mai yawa daga Louth zuwa Bourke.[1]

Zanen ya yi nasara sosai a taron *Sydney Morning Herald* inda ya ce "A cikin wannan dogon zane mai tsayi, matashin mai zane yana zana zane da ƙarfin hali da motsin rai ... a cikin kowane hali da za a iya tunanin dawakai suna jan hankali da matsi ga nauyin nauyi." 

Zane-zanen ya kuma kasance batun wani waƙa mai suna iri ɗaya da ɗan jarida Gordon Tidy (kimanin 1862–1953) a ƙarƙashin sunan alkalaminsa 'Mousquetaire' a cikin *The Bulletin*, 30 Oktoba 1902.  An kwatanta kalmominsa da na Will H. Ogilvie 'Yadda Sarauniyar Wuta ta ketare fadama'. 

## Manazarta
A Cavalier

A Cavalier wani hoto ne mai kama da mai da aka yi a kan zane na 1657 wanda mai zane na ƙasar Holland Frans van Mieris ya ɗauka. A shekara ta 2007 an sace shi daga Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na New South Wales [1] kuma har yanzu ba a gano shi ba. Yana ɗaya daga cikin "Manyan Laifukan Fasaha Goma" na FBI kuma yana da kimanin darajar dala miliyan 1.
  

## Manazarta
Tebur ɗin Abincin Ƙanƙara (Brack)

***Teburin Karin Kumallo*** wani zane ne da aka yi a shekarar 1958 wanda wani mai zane a ƙasar Ostiraliya John Brack ya zana. Zanen yana nuna tebur bayan karin kumallo amma kafin a share faranti, kofuna da kayan ciye-ciye.

Ra'ayin mai zane yana fitowa ne daga saman teburin, yana shimfida abubuwan a cikin tsari mai siffar geometric tare da kwalaben tubular da kwalba, faranti masu faɗi, da wuƙaƙe da aka karkata a kusurwoyi daban-daban.  Zane yana nuna wasu daga cikin ayyukan Brack na baya — na shekarun 1960s na wuƙaƙe marasa rai da zane-zanensa na rikici na misali na shekarun 1980s. 

An bai wa Kwalejin Trinity, Melbourne kyautar wannan aikin a shekarar 1958 domin tunawa da tsohon ɗalibi Edward Rowden White (1881-1958) da ya rasu kwanan nan, bayan an saya shi daga baje kolin Brack a wannan shekarar. Ya ci gaba da kasancewa a kwalejin har sai da amincewar iyalin, suka ɗauki Joseph Brown aiki don ya kai shi gwanjo a shekarar 1989.[1] Bayan an sayar da shi, sai ya koma kasuwar sakandare bayan shekara guda inda aka saya shi don tarin Grundy. Gidan Tarihi na New South Wales ya sayi wannan aikin a gwanjo a shekarar 2013 akan dala miliyan 1.3.[2]

## Manazarta

##
Edinburgh daga Calton Hill

Edinburgh daga Calton Hill wani zane ne na shimfidar wuri na 1858 wanda mai zane-zanen Burtaniya David Roberts ya yi.Tsarin birni yana nuna kyakkyawan yanayin Edinburgh daga Calton Hill.[1] An haifi Roberts a Stockbridge, a lokacin yana wajen birnin amma ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa a Landan da kuma ƙasashen waje ya zama sananne saboda ra'ayoyinsa na Gabas ta Tsakiya. Roberts ya dawo don ziyara tare da abokinsa kuma abokin aikinsa Clarkson Stanfield, wanda ya ba da kwarin gwiwa ga wannan hoton birninsa na asali. A yau zanen yana cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na New South Wales a Sydney, wanda aka samo shi a 1890.[2]

Wani nau'in daban na wannan ra'ayi na Roberts, wanda aka shirya a shekarar 1863, yanzu yana cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Guildhall da ke Landan. 

## Manazarta
Cymon da Iphigenia (zane-zane na Leighton)

***Cymon da Iphigenia*** wani zane ne mai mai a kan zane na Frederic Leighton, Baron Leighton na 1st. Zanen ba shi da kwanan wata amma an fara nuna shi a Royal Academy of Arts, London, a shekarar 1884. Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na New South Wales da ke Sydney, Ostiraliya, ya saya shi a gwanjon Christie da ke Landan a shekarar 1976.

## Bayani
A cewar wani labari da aka buga a shekarar 1897, Leighton ya shafe watanni shida yana neman samfurin da zai dace da tunaninsa na Iphigenia don kwaikwayon Cymon da Iphigenia. Ya ga wata matashiyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, Dorothy Dene, a wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo a Landan kuma bincikensa ya ƙare. Tana da kyakkyawar salon Girkanci na gargajiya, Dene tana da gashi mai launin zinare mai kyau tare da kyakkyawan yanayin fata da launi a fuskarta; ta fi matsakaicin tsayi da hannaye da ƙafafu masu kyau tare da "ƙirjin da aka ƙera sosai". Ta fito a cikin wasu ayyukan Leighton da yawa, ciki har da *Flaming June*, *Greek Girls Playing Ball* da *Summer Moon*. Lena, ɗaya daga cikin ƙanwar Dene, ta bayyana a cikin zanen a matsayin yarinya mai bauta. Sauran zane-zanen Leighton da ke nuna Dene sune: *The Bath of Psyche*, *Clytie*, *Perseus da Andromeda*, *Solitude*, *The Return of Persephone* da *The Vestal.*

Zanen ya ɗauki watanni takwas kafin a kammala; [1] an fara yin zane-zanen layi a jere yayin da Leighton ya yi ƙoƙarin kama matsayin da yake so don siffar tsakiya, [1] kusan 56 - gami da wasu ganye da sauran abubuwan da ke cikin wannan yanki - an san cewa akwai su.[1] Mai sukar fasaha na Ingila Peter Nahum ya bayyana zanen a matsayin "babban ɓangare na ayyukan Leighton na baya", [1] ra'ayi da Mrs Russell Barrington ta yi la'akari da shi Leighton ne ya raba.[ 5 ] Zanen Leighton mai suna Idyll wanda aka yi shekaru da suka gabata yana da wasu abubuwa iri ɗaya amma ba shi da sarkakiyar Cymon da Iphigenia.[ 6 ] Abubuwan da aka tsara guda biyu kowannensu yana nuna bambanci tsakanin launin fata mai kyau na mace mai launin fata mai duhu; duka suna nuna mace mai tsayi wacce ke kwance a ƙarƙashin itace kuma ana amfani da dabarun haske iri ɗaya.[ 6 ]

## Manazarta

### Ambato
Mutanen da suka fi muhimmanci (Lambert)

***Muhimmin Mutane*** wani zane ne da aka yi da mai a kan zane wanda wani mai zane na Australiya George Washington Lambert ya zana. An fara nuna shi a shekarar 1914 kuma aka sake yin aiki a shekarar 1921, kuma aikin ya nuna ƙungiyar mutane huɗu na yau da kullun a gaban keken shanu kusa da teku - mai sayar da furanni, ɗan dambe, ɗan kasuwa da jariri.

A bikin baje kolin farko a shekarar 1914, fitaccen mai suka Paul George Konody ya bayyana game da aikin "Mutum zai iya yarda da shi a matsayin hujja mai nasara ta ka'idar cewa ba shi da wani muhimmanci ga abin da hoto ke wakilta, matuƙar an zana shi da kyau".[1]

Lambert ya sake yin zane a lokacin da ya dawo Australia a shekarar 1921 kuma ya nuna shi a Ƙungiyar Masu Fasaha da ke Sydney a shekarar 1921.

Bayan mutuwar Lambert, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na New South Wales ya sayi aikin a shekarar 1930 kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa wani ɓangare na tarinsa.

## Manazarta
Marksman na farko (zane-zane)

***Marksman mai matsayi na farko*** (1946) zane ne da mai zane Sidney Nolan, ɗan ƙasar Australiya ya yi.

Zanen ya nuna siffar Ned Kelly sanye da sulke mai kauri, wato abin da Nolan ya fi sani, yana harba bindiga a kan yanayin ƙasar Ostiraliya. Sunan ya nuna wani lamari da ya faru a Stringybark Creek na Victoria, lokacin da Kelly da ƙungiyarsa ke yin aikin sulke, suna harba ɗaruruwan harsasai a kan bishiyoyin da ke kewaye daga wani maɓoya da harsashi ba ya shiga.[1]

An yi masa lakabi da "Nolan da ya ɓace", wannan aikin shi ne kawai zanen da aka yi a jerin zane-zanen Ned Kelly na farko guda 27 da Nolan ya yi, wanda ba a cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Ostiraliya ko Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani na Heide ba. Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na New South Wales ne ya saya shi kan dala miliyan 5.4. 

A shekarar 2010, zanen *da aka yi wa lakabi da First class Marksman* ya zama fenti mafi tsada da aka taɓa sayarwa a gwanjo a Ostiraliya. 

## Manazarta
Justin Gayner

**Justin John Heydon Gayner** (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1977) marubuci ne na Burtaniya, mai watsa shirye-shirye kuma furodusa. Shi ne co-kafa shafin yanar gizon nishaɗin Intanet na Burtaniya ChannelFlip . A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2008, jaridar The Observer ta zabi Gayner a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan 'yan kasuwa 500 a Burtaniya. Gayner kuma tana da tarihi a cikin talabijin na gargajiya da kafofin watsa labarai, yana rubutu ga wallafe-wallafe da yawa kamar Daily Telegraph . Ya kirkiro tsarin talabijin da yawa kuma ya samar da jerin wasan kwaikwayo da yawa don Warner Music Group da MySpace. A shekara ta 2005, Gayner ya zama darektan kasuwanci na QI Ltd, kamfanin da ke samar da shahararren shirin BBC QI, wanda Stephen Fry ya gabatar. Gayner ya bar QI Ltd a 2007 don fara tashar talabijin ta farko ta kan layi ta Burtaniya don maza, ChannelFlip tare da co-kafa Wil Harris. Yanzu shi ne Daraktan kirkirar Channelflip da kuma mai karɓar bakuncin shirin fim din su na kan layi, ChannelFlip Film .

## Ilimi
Gayner ya halarci Kwalejin Eton daga 1990 zuwa 1995, ya biyo bayan shekaru uku a Jami'ar Durham daga 1995 inda ya yi karatun wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi.

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

* Ka zo da kyau rawa Wasan DVD mai ma'ana
* Da ke da alaƙa da QI: Gwajin QI: Jirgin saman BBC, mai haɗin gwiwa kuma marubuci Littafin Janar Ignorance Littafin Rashin Rashin Rikici na Shekara-shekara na QI don jerin uku Ya rubuta kuma ya samar da QI News
** *Gwajin IQ*: matukin jirgi na BBC, mahalicci da marubuci
** Littafin Janar Rashin Ilimi
** Littafin Rashin Sanin Dabbobi
** I.K. na shekara-shekara
** Mai gabatarwa na QI don jerin uku
** Ya rubuta kuma ya samar da QI NewsLabaran QI

## Manazarta
Sara Northrup Hollister

**Sara Elizabeth Bruce Northrup Hollister** (8 ga Afrilu, 1924 - 19 ga Disamba, 1997) 'yar asalin Amurka ce kuma matar ta biyu ta wanda ya kafa Scientology L. Ron Hubbard . Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kirkirar Dianetics, wanda ya samo asali a cikin ƙungiyar addini ta Scientology . Hubbard zai zama shugaban Ikilisiyar Scientology . 

Northrup wani adadi ne a reshen Pasadena na Ordo Templi Orientis (O.T.O.), wata ƙungiya ta sirri da masanin sihiri na Ingila Aleister Crowley ke jagoranta, inda aka san ta da "**Soror** [Sister] Cassap". Ta shiga tun tana matashiya tare da 'yar'uwarta Helen. Daga 1941 zuwa 1945 tana da dangantaka mai rikitarwa tare da mijin 'yar'uwarta John Whiteside Parsons, majagaba a cikin roket din mai ƙarfi kuma shugaban Pasadena O.T.O. Ko da yake ta kasance memba mai himma da mashahuri, ta sami suna don rushewa wanda ya sa Crowley ya zarge ta a matsayin "vampire". Ta fara dangantaka da L. Ron Hubbard, wanda ta hanyar O.T., a cikin 1945. Ita da Hubbard sun tsere, tare da su da adadi mai yawa na rayuwar Parsons kuma sun yi aure bayan shekara guda yayin da Hubbard ke auren matarsa ta farko, Margaret Grubb.

Northrup ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaban Dianetics, "kimiyya ta zamani ta lafiyar kwakwalwa" ta Hubbard, tsakanin 1948 da 1951. Ita ce mai binciken kansa na Hubbard kuma tare da Hubbard, ɗaya daga cikin mambobi bakwai na Kwamitin Daraktoci na Gidauniyar Dianetics. Koyaya, aurensu yana da matukar damuwa; Hubbard ne ke da alhakin yaƙin neman zaɓe na cikin gida a kanta kuma ya sace ta da jaririyarta. Hubbard ta yada zargin cewa ta kasance wakilin sirri na Kwaminisanci kuma ta yi mata zargi ga FBI akai-akai. FBI ta ki daukar wani mataki, tana nuna Hubbard a matsayin "matsalar tunani". Aure ya ƙare a shekara ta 1951 kuma ya haifar da manyan labarai a cikin jaridu na Los Angeles. Daga baya ta auri daya daga cikin tsoffin ma'aikatan Hubbard, Miles Hollister, kuma ta koma Hawaii kuma daga baya Massachusetts, inda ta mutu a shekarar 1997.￼

## Rayuwa ta farko
Northrup na ɗaya daga cikin yara biyar da aka haifa wa Thomas Cowley, ɗan Ingila da ke aiki don Kamfanin Man Fetur na Standard, da matarsa, Olga Nelson, 'yar wani ɗan gudun hijirar Sweden zuwa Amurka. Ita ce jikokin ɗan gudun hijirar Rasha Malacon Kosadamanov (daga baya Nelson) wanda ya yi hijira zuwa Sweden. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya mata uku. A cikin 1923 iyalin suka koma Pasadena, inda Olga ta zaba ta amfani da allon Ouija.

Kodayake daga baya ta tuna yarinta da dumi, mahaifinta mai cin zarafin jima'i ya lalata renon Northrup, wanda aka daure shi a 1928 saboda cin hanci da rashawa. Ta kasance mai yin jima'i tun tana ƙarama kuma sau da yawa tana cewa ta rasa budurwa tun tana 'yar shekara goma.

## Manazarta
Nasturtiums (E. Phillips Fox)

***Nasturtiums*** wani zane ne mai mai da Emanuel Phillips Fox, mai zane-zanen ƙabilanci na Australiya ya zana a shekarar 1912 a lokacin da ya yi wani babban ƙirƙira ga mai zane, inda ya samar da wasu daga cikin mafi kyawun ayyukansa. Ya nuna wata mata, Edith Susan Gerard Anderson, sanye da riga mai launin shuɗi, hula baƙar fata da safar hannu baƙi, tana karatu a cikin lambu zaune a kan kujera mai tsayi a kan bangon ganyen nasturtium da furanni suna girma a kan trellis.

Bayan mallakar dangin samfurin, Boyds, tun lokacin da aka ƙirƙira shi, an sayi zanen a shekarar 2011 a gwanjo ta Society of the Art Gallery of New South Wales a matsayin abin tunawa ga Margaret Olley, mai zane a Sydney kuma mai kula da gidan kayan tarihi na dogon lokaci wadda ta mutu watanni da suka gabata.[1] [2] Fox yana ɗaya daga cikin mawakan da Olley ya fi so [2] kuma mai kula da zane-zane na gidan kayan tarihi na Australiya ya ce "haɗin zane na waƙa da aiki, kayan ado da na gaske", yana nuna sha'awar Olley ta fuskar ado".[3] [ tabbacin da ya gaza ]

## Mai zane
Emanuel Phillips Fox wani mai zane ne ɗan ƙasar Australiya da ke zaune a birnin Paris a lokacin da ya shirya wannan da wasu zane-zane da dama da ke nuna matar mai zane da abokansa a cikin yanayin gida na birnin Paris a lokacin bikin *Belle Époque*. Fox ya auri mai zane ɗan ƙasar Australiya Ethel Carrick a shekarar 1905 a birnin Landan a wani biki da Rupert Bunny, wani ɗan ƙasar Australiya kuma abokinsa ya halarta. Ma'auratan sun zauna kusa da juna a birnin Paris, kuma ana ɗaukar abotar da ke tsakanin masu zane-zane a matsayin tana da "tasiri mai kyau" ga zane-zanen juna.

## Samfuri
Misalin da ke cikin zanen shine ƙawar Fox , Edith Susan Gerard Anderson (1878–1961), wacce ita ce kuma samfurin wasu zane-zanen da Fox ya zana, ciki har da *[[On the Balcony]]*, (Fr: *Sur le Balcon* )  da *[[The Green Parasol]]*  da aka zana a shekarar (1912). An haifi Anderson a Brisbane, ta yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Fox. Jakar gashinta ta shahara a yawancin zane-zanen Fox. Anderson da mijinta na gaba, Penleigh Boyd, abokai ne na kud da kud na mai zane wanda "ya ja hankalin gashinta mai launin auburn da idanunta masu launin toka-kore - dukkansu suna da kyau a lokacin."  Fox ta gabatar da Anderson ga Boyd, wanda ke da ɗakin studio a kusa da shi a Paris. Su biyun sun yi aure a watan Oktoba na 1912. Ɗansu, Robin Boyd, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun masu zane-zane na Ostiraliya kuma ɗan'uwansu, Arthur Boyd, ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun masu zane-zane na Ostiraliya. Iyalan Boyd sun mallaki zanen har sai da Gidan Tarihi na New South Wales ya sayi shi. Ganin waɗannan ranakun, an kiyasta ƙirƙirar *Nasturtiums* da *On the Balcony* a farkon Satumba 1912. Wani mai suka ya bayyana zane-zane kamar *Nasturtiums* da *On the Balcony* a matsayin "cike da tausayi ga ƙirar". 

## Maudu'i

## Manazarta
Manjit Dale

**Manjit Dale** (an haife shi a watan Yunin shekara ta 1965)  ɗan kasuwa ne mai zama a London. Ya kafa TDR Capital tare da Stephen Robertson a shekara ta 2002. Tana kan titin Bentinck a Marylebone, tsakiyar London.

Dale ya halarci Jami'ar Cambridge inda ya yi karatun tattalin arziki. Kafin wannan, ya halarci Makarantar Colfe a Lee, Kudu maso Gabashin London.

## manazarta
Sabon Gidan

***Sabon Gida*** zane ne da wani mai zane ɗan ƙasar Australiya John Brack ya yi a shekarar 1953. Zanen ya nuna wani mutum da wata mace suna tsaye a gaban murhu a cikin ɗaki.

Aikin "ya mamaye yanayin lanƙwasa, wanda Brack ya yi amfani da fenti mai laushi, yana mai jaddada tsabta da ƙarancin halayen ɗakin."[1]

A da can wani ɓangare ne na tarin Grundy, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na New South Wales ya sayi aikin a shekarar 2013 akan dala miliyan 1.6. 

## Manazarta
Harry Day (ɗan siyasa)

Harry Day (16 ga Satumba 1880 - 16 ga Satumba 1939)  ya kasance mai gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Birtaniya kuma ɗan siyasan Jam'iyyar Labour.  A farkon shekarun 1900, ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan mai sihiri Harry Houdini.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Day a matsayin Edward Lewis Levy a Amurka. Ya canza sunansa zuwa Harry Day.

Shi ɗan David John Day ne. Ya sayar da tikiti don wasan motsa jiki na Barnum & Bailey. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin takardar kudi kafin ya sami mallakar gidan wasan kwaikwayo a Bristol, Bedford da Dover. Ya kuma kasance a takaice manajan Harry Houdini.

Day ta gudanar da yawon shakatawa na Turai na Houdini. A watan Yunin, 1900 ya taimaka wa Houdini shirya hira da C. Dundas Slater manajan Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alhambra .  Slater ya nemi zanga-zanga kuma ya kalubalanci Houdini don yin tserewa a cikin sashin kurkuku a Scotland Yard. Houdini ya samu nasarar tserewa daga hannayen hannu da sauƙi, ya burge William Melville shugaban farko na Ofishin Asirin Burtaniya. Houdini ya shiga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alhambra kuma wasan kwaikwayon sihirinsa ya zama abin mamaki nan take, albashinsa ya tashi zuwa $ 300 a mako.

A shekara ta 1901 ya auri Katherine Amelia Rea, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo mai suna "Kitty Colyer", kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyu. Ranar ta kasance Bayahude.

A cikin 1909, Houdini ya ba shi zane tare da saƙon "Ga Harry Day daga abokinsa mai gaskiya, Harry Houdini. " Wannan zanen daga baya ya lalace a cikin hutu a gidansa. 

## Dan siyasa
An zabi Day a matsayin memba na majalisar (MP) na Southwark Central a Babban zaben 1924, bayan da ya yi hamayya da kujerar a shekarar 1923.  An sake zabarsa a shekarar 1929 tare da karuwar rinjaye, amma lokacin da Labour ta rabu a Babban zaben 1931 ya rasa kujerar ga mai goyon bayan Conservative na Gwamnatin Kasa.

An zabe shi a Majalisar Gundumar London a matsayin wakilin Southwark Central a wannan shekarar da ya rasa kujerarsa ta majalisa.

Day ya sake samun kujerarsa ta Commons a Babban zaben 1935,  yana riƙe da kujerun majalisa da majalisa har zuwa mutuwarsa. 

A shekara ta 1939, ya yi rashin lafiya kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa Kanada don lafiyarsa. Ya mutu a ranar haihuwarsa ta 59 a Quebec .

## manazarta
David Darling (ɗan kasuwa)

**David Darling** CBE (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Yunin 1966 a Landan) ɗan wasan bidiyo ne na Burtaniya kuma ɗan kasuwa,   wanda aka sani da kafa Codemasters, tare da ɗan'uwansa Richard Darling, da kuma kasancewa cikin jerin wasannin goma na sama da shekaru 30. Yanzu shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma Shugaba na mai haɓaka aikace-aikacen wayar salula da mai bugawa Kwalee.

## Rayuwa ta farko
Mahaifin Darling ya kasance majagaba ne na hulɗa wanda ya auri wani Australiya; suna da 'ya'ya 7. A farkon rayuwarsa Darling ya zauna a nahiyoyi uku - a Burtaniya, a Netherlands, a Ostiraliya, a Faransa da Kanada - kafin a ƙarshe ya zauna a Crewkerne, Somerset . Yayinda suke Faransa, iyalin sun zauna a cikin Jirgin ruwa kuma sun yi tafiya a cikin ƙasar, sun zauna na ɗan lokaci a Cap d'Agde .

## Codemasters
Bayan mahaifinsu ya sayi Commodore PET don kasuwancinsa, Darling da ɗan'uwansa sun fara rubuta wasannin bidiyo a ƙarshen mako lokacin da Darling ke da shekaru 14. A shekara ta 1982, lokacin da Darling ke da shekaru 16, 'yan uwan suna sayar da wasanni ta hanyar ƙananan tallace-tallace a cikin mujallu irin su Popular Computing Weekly . Ba da daɗewa ba suna samun kuɗi fiye da mahaifinsu, wanda ya taimaka musu wajen gudanar da kasuwancin da ke tasowa. Sun kafa kamfanin Galactic Software kuma sun samar da jerin wasannin da Mastertronic za ta buga, gami da The Last V8 (wanda aka buga a ƙarƙashin alamar MAD), ɗaya daga cikin sunayen sarauta da yawa da Darling ya rubuta.

An kafa Codemasters a cikin 1986 ta hanyar Darling tare da ɗan'uwansa Richard da mahaifinsa Jim don buga wasanninsu da kansu. Da farko an sanya shi a cikin masana'antu a Banbury, Oxfordshire, sannan ya koma ofisoshi da aka canza daga dakuna, ɗakunan ajiya da sauran gine-gine a Lower Farm House, a waje da Southam, Warwickshire.

Harry Day (16 ga Satumba 1880 - 16 ga Satumba 1939)  ya kasance mai gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Birtaniya kuma ɗan siyasan Jam'iyyar Labour.  A farkon shekarun 1900, ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan mai sihiri Harry Houdini.

## Kwalee
A cikin 2011, Darling ya kafa Kwalee a Leamington Spa, Warwickshire don haɓaka da buga Aikace-aikacen wayar salula.

A watan Yulin 2012, Darling ya yi amfani da shafin yanar gizon kansa a shafin yanar gizon Kwalee don ya ce na'urorin wasan bidiyo sun zama "kamar dinosaur da ke kan hanyar halaka. " Ya bayyana ta hanyar cewa ya yi imanin cewa Apple da Google za su karɓi kasuwar da aka taɓa kafawa ta irin su Nintendo, Sony da Microsoft. 

## manazarta
Pan Is Dead (Har yanzu Rayuwa)

***Pan Is Dead (Still Life)*** wani zane ne na rayuwa mai rai wanda wani mai zane ɗan ƙasar Australiya George Washington Lambert ya yi a shekarar 1911.Zanen yana nuna "kan Pan da aka sassaka kusa da safar hannu da gilashin gilashi cike da fararen wardi". Lambert ya ƙirƙiri ƙashin Pan a matsayin wani ɓangare na suturar wani hali da ya taka a cikin wani zane mai ban sha'awa, *The awake of Pan*, wanda matar mai zane Philip Connard ta ƙirƙira a shekarar 1909.

An ce allahn Pan yana nuna yanayin halitta yayin da fararen furanni ke nuna "gaskiya, rashin laifi da kuma ruhi". Farin safar hannu "alama ce ta kyawawan halaye a zamanin Edwardian ".

An fara nuna zanen a Landan a shekarar 1911 a ƙarƙashin taken Pan is dead ; an ce taken yana nuna "dukkanin cewa Pan ya rasa kuzarinsa ta hanyar jefa shi cikin wani sassaka, da kuma yiwuwar shan kaye a Pan ta hanyar rashin laifin furanni da kuma ɗabi'un zamantakewa na matsakaicin aji na Edwardian".[1]

Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na New South Wales ne ya sayi zanen a shekarar 1952 kuma har yanzu yana cikin tarinsa.

## Manazarta
Hayward Davenport

**Hayward Montague Davenport** (1874-1959), wasu lokutani ana kiransa Hayward M. Davenport, masanin zane-zane ne na Ingila kuma masanin magani. Ayyukansa mafi shahara shine babban watercolour mai suna *Oak da Karfe*, wanda aka nuna a Royal Academy of Arts a shekara ta 1894.  Sauran ayyukan da aka nuna a Royal Academy sun hada da A View of Hampton Court Palace . Ya zana sosai don kwamiti kafin 1901, musamman ga kyaftin din jiragen da aka nuna. A cikin 1901, bayan rasuwar kakansa, John Thistlewood Davenport, Davenport ya ba da zanen don ɗaukar matsayinsa na Shugaban J. T. Davenport & Sons, kamfanin magunguna na London wanda ke tallata Dr. J. Collis Browne's Chlorodyne. Babban zane mai suna, HMS "Ophir" yana barin Portsmouth, Maris 15, 1901, tare da Duke da Duchess na Cornwall da York a kan tarihin su na kilomita 40,000 na Empire, an sayar da su a Sotheby's a watan Mayu 2002.
Hadaya ta Zaman Lafiya da Hadaya ta Yaƙi

***The Offerings of Peace'' and ''The Offerings of War*** are a pair of bronze allegorical equestrian statues by Gilbert Bayes commissioned for the entrance of the Art Gallery of New South Wales. They have been on permanent display since their installation in 1926.  

## Bayani
Peace (a gefen hagu na ƙofar Gallery) da War (a gefen dama) kowannensu yana nuna mahayi namiji yana hawa doki. Samfuran ayyukan su ne Elgin Marbles kuma mahaya suna ɗauke da abubuwa na alama a matsayin "hadayu". Peace tana ɗauke da abin rufe fuska na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Girka na Tragedy and Comedy wanda ke wakiltar "fasaha" da "da yawa", yayin da War ke ɗauke da sanda, tarin takuba da karyewar sandunan mashi. A fannin fasaha, "ba su yi sassauci ga ƙarni na ashirin ba" kuma suna "...gaba ɗaya a daidai da fuskar Victorian ta zamani [na gidan gallery], wadda a cikinta misali ce."[1]

## Hukumar

A shekara ta 1903, an umurci Bayes da ya tsara allon tagulla don fuskar Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na New South Wales. "An buƙaci abubuwan da suka shafi fasahar Assuriya ko ta Masar." An ƙera ƙirarsa da ke nuna Assur-Natsir-Pal, Sarkin Assuriya, a shekara ta 1906  kuma a shekara ta 1907 ya zama allon farko da aka sanya a kan fuskar.

A shekarar 1915, bayan barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, Bayes ya miƙa wa Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na New South Wales a "zane biyu na tagulla mai tsawon inci 18 mai taken *Tayin Zaman Lafiya* da *Tayin Yaƙi* kuma a shekara mai zuwa ya sami kwamiti na samar da manyan nau'ikan tagulla don gefen babban ƙofar gidan kayan tarihi. 

Yaƙin da kansa ya katse aikin *Yaƙi* da *Zaman Lafiya*,   wanda aka keɓe Bayes daga wannan aikin saboda wannan aikin.  An kammala cikakken mutum-mutumin siminti a shekarar 1919,  an yi shi a Ingila a shekarar 1923, an aika su daban zuwa Sydney a shekarar 1924 ( *Yaƙin* farko a watan Fabrairu,  sannan *Peace* a watan Yuni  ) kuma an gina su a shekarar 1926. A cewar rubutunsu, AB Burton ya yi  a ginin Thames Ditton, wanda mutanen zamanin suka ɗauka a matsayin "mafi kyawun mai yin simintin tagulla a duniya". Waɗannan za su zama na farko daga cikin kwamitocin Sydney da dama da aka yi wa c.

Tsawonsa ya kai ƙafa 14 kuma yana da nauyin tan shida, an fara aikin ginin akan fam 1500 kowanne; daga ƙarshe farashin ya tashi zuwa fam 2300 kowanne. 

## Shigarwa

## ''Yaƙi da zaman lafiya da kuma a tsakanin''

## Manazarta
Sofala (Drysdale)

Zane ne na Sofala wanda wani mai zane ɗan ƙasar Australiya Russell Drysdale ya yi a shekarar 1947. Zane-zanen sun nuna babban titin garin Sofala na New South Wales.[1] Zane-zanen sun lashe kyautar Wynne ta 1947.[2] Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na New South Wales ya bayyana aikin a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun zane-zanensa, wanda ke wakiltar mai zane a lokacin da yake da ƙarfin iko." kuma cewa "zanen ya wuce bayanin wani wuri na musamman don zama bayyana halaye na gari na cikin ƙasar Australiya".[2]

Drysdale ya zana aikin bayan tafiya a shekarar 1947 tare da abokin aikinsa Donald Friend zuwa ƙasar da ke kewaye da Bathurst, ciki har da ƙauyukan Hill End da Sofala. A Sofala, Drysdale ya yi wasu zane-zane na babban titi kuma ya ɗauki wasu hotuna. Da suka dawo Sydney, Friend da Drysdale sun yi aiki a kan zanen babban titi. Friend ya ce game da Drysdale:

John Stephen, surukin Drysdale, ne ya fara sayen zanen. An siya shi a shekarar 1952 ta Gidan Tarihi na New South Wales da ke Sydney.

Ana iya ganin gine-ginen da dama a cikin zanen a Denison St, Sofala, ciki har da Royal Hotel da ke gaban hagu da kuma tsohon asibiti da ke tsakiyar nesa.

## Manazarta