Cahora Bassa

Tafkin **Cahora Bassa** - a zamanin mulkin mallaka na Portugal (har zuwa 1974) wanda aka fi sani da **Cabora Bassa**, daga Nyungwe *Kahoura-Bassa*, ma'ana "ƙare aikin" - shine tafkin wucin gadi na huɗu mafi girma a Afirka, wanda ke cikin Lardin Tete a Mozambique. A Afirka, Tafkin Volta ne kawai a Ghana, Tafkin Kariba a kan Zambezi a saman Cahora Bassa, da Tafkin Nasser na Masar sun fi girma dangane da ruwa.

## Tarihi

### Lokacin Portuguese
Tsarin Cahora Bassa ya fara ne a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 a matsayin aikin Portuguese a Lardin Mozambique na kasashen waje. Gwamnatocin Kudancin Afirka sun kuma shiga cikin yarjejeniyar da ta bayyana cewa Portugal za ta gina da kuma gudanar da Tashar samar da wutar lantarki a Cabora Bassa (kamar yadda ake kira a Portuguese) tare da tsarin watsa wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi (HVDC) da ake buƙata don kawo wutar lantarki zuwa iyakar Afirka ta Kudu. Afirka ta Kudu, a gefe guda, ta fara gina da kuma gudanar da tashar mai sauyawa ta Apollo da kuma wani ɓangare na tsarin watsawa da ake buƙata don kawo wutar lantarki daga iyakar Afirka ta Kudu da Mozambique zuwa tashar mai canzawa ta Apollo kusa da Pretoria. Daga nan ne aka tilasta wa Afirka ta Kudu sayen wutar lantarki wanda aka tilasta Portugal ta samar.

A lokacin gwagwarmayar samun 'yancin kai, an kai hari kan kayan gini na madatsar ruwan a cikin wani yunkuri na dabarun da 'yan tawaye na Frelimo suka yi, saboda kammala shi zai sa tafkin ya fadada sosai zai dauki lokaci mai tsawo don hayewa zuwa wancan gefen tare da jiragen ruwa. Dam din ya fara cikawa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1974, bayan Juyin Juya Halin Carnation a ƙasar Portugal da kuma sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar 'yancin kai. Mozambique ta sami 'yanci daga Portugal a hukumance a ranar 25 ga Yuni 1975.

Har zuwa Nuwamba 2007, madatsar ruwan ta yi aiki da Hidroeléctrica de Cahora Bassa (HCB) kuma mallakar haɗin gwiwa ta Mozambique, tare da kashi 18% na hannun jari, da Portugal, wanda ke riƙe da sauran kashi 82%. A ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 2007, Mozambique ta karɓi iko da madatsar ruwan daga Portugal,  lokacin da Portugal ta sayar wa Mozambique mafi yawan kashi 82 cikin ɗari. Ministan kudi Fernando Teixeira dos Santos ya ce Portugal za ta karɓi dala miliyan 950 (Yuro miliyan 750) daga siyar da ɓangaren sa na aikin samar da wutar lantarki mafi girma a kudancin Afirka. Portugal ta ci gaba da kashi 15 cikin dari, kodayake ta shirya sayar da wasu kashi 10 cikin dari a wani mataki na gaba ga mai saka hannun jari wanda gwamnatin Mozambican za ta ba da shawarar. Firayim Ministan Portugal, Jose Socrates, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tare da gwamnatin Mozambican, yayin ziyarar hukuma zuwa Maputo. Yarjejeniyar ta kawo karshen rikice-rikice tsakanin Portugal da tsohuwar mulkin mallaka game da kamfanin, wanda ake kira Hidroeléctrica de Cahora Bassa . Rashin jituwa na tsakiya ya kasance game da kula da bashin da kamfanin ya kiyasta dala biliyan 2.2 (Yuro biliyan 1.7) ga Portugal. Hukumomin Mozambican sun yi jayayya cewa ba su tabbatar da bashin ba sabili da haka bai kamata su kasance masu alhakin biyan bashin ba.

### Mozambique mai zaman kanta

Mozambique ta sami 'yanci daga Portugal a ranar 25 ga Yuni 1975. Tun lokacin da aka rufe shi, Zambezi, wanda shine kogin ambaliyar ruwa na huɗu mafi girma a Afirka, ya sami ƙimar kwararar da aka tsara, amma ambaliyar yanayi mai bala'i har yanzu tana faruwa. Ambaliyar ruwa ta 1978 ta haifar da mutuwar mutane 45, mutane 100,000 da suka rasa muhallinsu da kuma lalacewar dala miliyan 62.

A cewar masu ba da shawara kan injiniya, "Wannan shi ne ambaliyar ruwa ta farko tun bayan kammala Cahora Bassa, kuma ya lalata imanin da aka yi da yawa cewa madatsar ruwan za ta kawo ambaliyar a ƙarƙashin cikakken iko". Don ƙarin bayani game da matsalolin muhalli da madatsar ruwan ta haifar, duba labarin kan Kogin Zambezi.

A lokacin yakin basasar Mozambican (1977-1992) an lalata layin watsawa har zuwa lokacin da ake buƙatar maye gurbin hasumiyoyi 1,895 kuma an sake gyara 2,311 a kan nisan kilomita 893 a gefen Mozambican na layin.&nbsp;

A cikin shekarun 1990s, bayan ƙarshen yakin basasa, Hidroeléctrica de Cahora Bassa (HCB) ta nada ayyukan Trans-Africa na Afirka ta Kudu (TAP) don yin gudanar da gine-gine, tabbatar da inganci da sabis na tallafin ƙira don sake farfado da aikin. TAP ta taimaka wa HCB wajen bayar da kwangilar gini ga kamfanin hadin gwiwa wanda ya hada da Consorzio Italia 2000 da Enel, kuma an tsara lokacin watanni 24 don aikin. Lines a Afirka ta Kudu sun lalace zuwa ƙarami kuma Eskom ne kawai ke buƙatar kulawa ta yau da kullun don dawo da waɗannan layin.

An fara aiki a kan aikin ne a watan Agustan 1995. Hanyar layin a Mozambique ta ratsa cikin daji mai yawa da kuma ƙasa mai wahala daga Songo zuwa iyakar Afirka ta Kudu kusa da Pafuri, tare da duka biyun da ke cike da bam daga yakin basasar Mozambican (1977-1992) wanda ake buƙatar sharewa kafin aikin gini ya fara. Ruwan sama mai tsanani, wanda ba na lokaci ba daga baya ya shafi shirin har ya kai ga kammala layin farko ne kawai a watan Agustan 1997 kuma na biyu a watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar. A lokacin sabuntawa, TAP ta haɓaka kuma ta aiwatar da ƙirar daban-daban da hanyoyin gini don inganta jadawalin shirye-shiryen gaba ɗaya da farashin aikin. Duk da matsanancin yanayin da suka kamata su gyara da sake gina waɗannan layin, an kammala aikin a cikin jadawalin kuma tare da iyakantaccen kasafin kuɗi. Lines ɗin, tun lokacin da aka kammala, an yi musu gwaje-gwaje da yawa kuma an ba da ƙarfi ga cikakken damarsa. Kimanin mutane 1,100 ne aka yi aiki a lokacin mafi girma na gini.

Ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani a watan Fabrairun 2000 a kwarin Kogin Limpopo ya sake haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga layin biyu har zuwa inda kimanin hasumiyoyi 10 suka rushe kuma suna buƙatar sake ginawa a cikin mafi ƙanƙantaccen lokaci don dawo da samar da wutar lantarki ga Afirka ta Kudu. HCB ta sake ba da TAP tare da aikin injiniya, sayarwa da ayyukan gudanar da gine-gine. TAP ta sami nasarar dawo da wutar lantarki ta wucin gadi ta hanyar layi daya yayin da za a iya aiwatar da mafita ta dindindin a kan ɗayan layin. Ana amfani da layin da aka sake ginawa don ɗaukar cikakken ƙarfin layin. TAP dole ne ta aiwatar da dabarun gini marasa kyau don dawo da wadata ta wucin gadi. Hasumiyoyin dakatarwa kusa da ƙetare kogi sun haifar da babbar ƙalubale ga mafita ta wucin gadi don samun izinin da ake buƙata na matakin ƙasa na mita 711.

A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2009 an kama 'yan kasashen waje hudu saboda sanya wani abu "mai lalata sosai" a cikin tafkin a cikin wani yunkuri na lalata tashar wutar lantarki. Wanda aka kama ya yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiya ce daga Orgonise Africa, ta sanya ɓangarorin orgonite a cikin tafkin don inganta ingancin makamashi na etheric (ƙarfin rai) na madatsar ruwan.

Tun daga shekara ta 2005, an dauki yankin a matsayin Sashin Kula da Zaki.

Yawancin wutar lantarki da Cahora Bassa ta samar, wanda ke kan Kogin Zambezi a yammacin Mozambique, ana sayar da shi ga Afirka ta Kudu da ke kusa. A shekara ta 2006, Cahora Bassa ta watsa kimanin megawatts 1,920 na wutar lantarki, amma ababen more rayuwa na iya samun matakan samarwa mafi girma kuma kamfanin yana da shirye-shiryen kusan ninka fitarwa ta hanyar 2008. A cikin 1994 jimlar ƙarfin da aka shigar a Mozambique ya kasance 2,400 MW wanda kashi 91% na hydroelectric ne.&nbsp;

Babban kamun kifi na kapenta ya bunkasa a cikin tafkin. An ɗauka cewa kapenta ya samo asali ne daga Tafkin Kariba inda aka gabatar da shi daga Tafkin Tanganyika. Kayan shekara-shekara na kapenta a cikin madatsar ruwan Cahora Bassa a 2003 ya wuce tan 10,000.

### Sharks
An yi imanin cewa akwai mazaunin kiwo na sharks na Zambezi "ƙuntata" a cikin tafkin. Kamar yadda aka san shark din yana tafiya fiye da kilomita 100 sama da ruwa, wannan sabon abu bai saba wa gaskiyar kimiyya da halittu ba. &nbsp;Yawancin lokaci nau'in da ke zaune a teku, sharks suna da cikakkiyar ikon rayuwa a cikin ruwa mai laushi don dukan rayuwarsu. Ƙabilun yankin sun ba da rahoton ganin (da hare-hare) ta wannan al'umma mai zaman kanta na shark, kodayake waɗannan har yanzu ba a tabbatar da su da hujja mai ƙarfi ba.

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

* Hidroeléctrica de Cahora Bassa (HCB) Shafin yanar gizo (Portuguese)
* Bayanan Lake na Duniya don gaskiya da adadi
* [Hasiya]
* Allen Isaacman da Chris Sneddon, "Tsarin mulkin mallaka na Portugal, Rikicin Yankin da Amnesia na Bayan mulkin mallaka: Cahora Bassa Dam, Mozambique 1965-2002," Taron kan Lusophone Afirka: Tsakanin tsakanin Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Cornell don Ci gaban Afirka (Mayu 2003).http://www.kyle.aem.cornell.edu/Lusoconferencepage.htm