Harshen Kurame na Indiya

**Harshen kurame na Indiya** (**PISL**), wanda aka fi sani da Harshen Hannu ko **Harshen Kurame na Filayen**, harshe ne mai haɗari  wanda ya zama gama gari ga kasashe daban-daban na Filayen a duk fadin abin da ke yanzu tsakiyar Kanada, tsakiya da yammacin Amurka da arewacin Mexico.  An yi amfani da wannan harshe a tarihi a matsayin harshen magana, musamman don kasuwanci tsakanin kabilun; har yanzu ana amfani da shi don ba da labari, maganganu, bukukuwa daban-daban, da kuma kurame don amfani na yau da kullun.

A cikin 1885, an kiyasta cewa akwai sama da 110,000 "Indians masu magana da alama", gami da Blackfoot Confederacy, Cheyenne, Sioux, Kiowa da Arapaho. A sakamakon dalilai da yawa, gami da mulkin mallaka na Turai na Amurka, yawan masu magana da alamomi sun ragu sosai daga mulkin mallaka ta Turai zuwa gaba. Koyaya, karuwar sha'awa da aikin adanawa akan Harshen Kurame na Filaye ya kara amfani da shi da ganuwa a cikin karni na 21. A tarihi, wasu sun kwatanta rajista ta na yau da kullun, wanda maza ke amfani da shi, zuwa Ikilisiyar Latin a cikin aiki. Ana amfani da shi da farko a yau ta Dattawa da kurame na kabilun 'yan asalin Amurka.

Wasu kurame 'yan asalin ƙasar suna halartar makarantu don kurame kuma suna koyon yaren kurame na Amurka (ASL) bayan sun riga sun sami yaren kurama na filayen. Wata kungiya da aka yi nazari a shekarar 1998 sun iya fahimtar juna, kodayake wannan mai yiwuwa ne ta hanyar amfani da Alamar Kasa da Kasa. Jeffrey E. Davis, babban masanin harshe a kokarin rubuce-rubuce, ya yi la'akari da cewa wannan hulɗa, haɗe da yiwuwar hulɗa da Martha's Vineyard Sign Language (wani abu mai yuwuwa ga ASL) na iya ba da shawarar cewa ASL ya sauko a wani ɓangare daga Plains Sign Language.: 24–27 

## Tarihi
Ba a san asalin Harshen Kurame ba, idan akwai, saboda rashin rubuce-rubucen rubuce-daban. Koyaya, bayanan farko na hulɗa tsakanin Turawa da 'yan asalin yankin Gulf Coast a cikin abin da ke yanzu Texas da arewacin Mexico sun lura da cikakken yaren kurame da aka riga aka yi amfani da shi a lokacin isowar Turawa can. Wadannan bayanan sun hada da asusun Cabeza de Vaca a cikin 1527 da Coronado a cikin 1541.

Wataƙila an fara sanya hannu a kudancin Amurka ta Arewa, watakila a arewacin Mexico ko Texas, kuma kawai ya bazu zuwa cikin Filaye a cikin 'yan lokutan nan, kodayake wannan zato na iya zama kayan tarihi na Turai. Harshen Alamar Filaye ya bazu zuwa Sauk, Fox, Potawatomi, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, da Caddo bayan an fitar da su zuwa Oklahoma. Ta hanyar Crow, ya maye gurbin Harshen Alamar Plateau daban-daban gabas da suka yi amfani da shi, Coeur d'Alene, Sanpoil, Okanagan, Thompson, Lakes, Shuswap, da Colville a British Columbia, Washington, da Idaho, tare da kasashen yamma suna canzawa maimakon Chinook Jargon . 

## Yanayin ƙasa
An yi amfani da yaren kurame a duk faɗin masu magana da akalla harsuna 37 da ake magana a cikin iyalai goma sha biyu,  wanda ya bazu a fadin yanki sama da murabba'in kilomita miliyan 2.6 (kilomita murabba'i miliyan 1).   A cikin tarihin kwanan nan, ya ci gaba sosai tsakanin Crow, Cheyenne, Arapaho da Kiowa, da sauransu, kuma ya kasance mai ƙarfi tsakanin Crow, Chiyenne da Arapaho.

Al'ummai daban-daban da aka tabbatar da amfani, an raba su ta hanyar iyali na harshe, sune:

* Piman: Pima, Papago, and continuing into northern Mexico
* isolates of the Texas coast: Coahuilteco, Tonkawa, Karankawa, Atakapa
* Yuman: Maricopa
* Numic: Paiute, Ute, Comanche, Shoshone
* Tanoan: Kiowa, Taos
* Zuni Pueblo
* Caddoan: Wichita, Pawnee, Arikara
* Athabaskan: Apache (Mescalero, Lipan, Jicarilla, and Kiowa Apache), Navajo, Sarcee, Beaver
* Algonquian: Blackfoot, Gros Ventre, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Cree, Ojibwa
* Kutenai
* Siouan: Mandan, Crow, Hidatsa, Omaha, Osage, Assinibion, Ponca, Oto, Sioux (Teton, Yankton, Yanktonai, Santee)
* Sahaptian: Nez Perce, Sahaptin, Umatilla, Palus
* Cayuse
* Salish: Kalispel, Coeur d'Alene, Flathead, Spokane, Sanpoil (shifted from the distinct Plateau Sign Language)

An san cewa Navajo yana da yawan mutanen da za su iya magana da yaren Navajo na Harshen Kurame. Har ila yau, akwai yaren kurame wanda ba shi da alaƙa, Navajo Family Sign, a cikin dangin Navajos wanda ke da mambobi da yawa kurame.

Akwai nau'o'in Harshen Kurame na Filayen a cikin Blackfoot Confederacy. Ba a san komai game da yaren ba bayan da 'yan kurame ke amfani da shi, da kuma al'umma gaba ɗaya, don ba da al'adun baki da labaru.

## Fasahar sauti
 
La Mont West, yana aiki a karkashin jagorancin Alfred Kroeber da Charles F. Voegelin, ya kasance majagaba na farko ba kawai a cikin nazarin phonological na Harshen Kurame na Plains ba har ma da ilimin harshe na kurame gabaɗaya. A cikin rubutunsa da ba a buga ba, ya haɓaka tsarin ƙididdiga kuma ya bincika Harshen Alamar Plains kamar yadda yake da alamomi tamanin da biyu, wanda ya kira *kinemes*, kowannensu yana iya raguwa dangane da fasalulluka. Ya bincika alamomi kamar yadda yake da rikitarwa wanda wasu kamar William Stokoe za su bincika a matsayin monomorphemic, kuma daga baya an sake gano yawancin abubuwan da ya gano. Nazarinsa na Harshen Kurame na Plains yana faruwa a lokaci guda kamar yadda Stokoe ya yi nazarin ilimin sauti na ASL.: 85 

Yammacin ya bincika Harshen Alamar Filayen kamar yadda yake da alamun da ba za a iya warewa ba waɗanda aka rarraba su a matsayin *siffofin hannu*, jagororin, *masu magana*, *motsi* ko *Tsarin motsi*, da kuma motsi. Hudu daga cikin wadannan suna daidaitawa da sigogin yaren kurame da aka sani yanzu, daidaitawa, wurin, da motsi, wanda ya fito ne daga Stokoe da sauran masu bincike daga baya suna aiki a kan harsunan kurame da yawa. Na biyar, mai ƙarfi, na musamman ne ga nazarin Yamma, kodayake yana iya kasancewa a wasu yarukan kurame. Yamma ya yi jayayya cewa wannan bincike ya guje wa batun samun alamun da suka kunshi sautin guda ɗaya ya ƙunshi nau'ikan nau'ikan da yawa: : 5 : 134-135 

* Jagora - sautin da ke daidaitawa, akwai hanyoyi guda takwas na musamman, gami da "jagoranci" na ko dai taɓawa ko kasancewa daidai da mai magana. Ana iya haɗa shi da siffar hannu don nunawa ko fuskantar; tare da mai magana, inda ya bayyana a matsayin wuri; ko tare da motsi (watau motsi), inda ya ƙayyade jagorancin motsi.
* Handshapes - masu kama da juna, ana iya zagaye ko kuma ba a zagaye su ba don samar da jimlar siffofin hannu 18 daban-daban.
* Mai magana - ƙidaya 40, waɗannan suna da asusun mafi girman kayan aiki na Harshen Kurame na Filayen idan aka kwatanta da mafi yawan Harsunan da ake magana. Wannan na iya zama wani ɓangare na hannu, kai, kafa, jiki, ko mai magana na waje.
* Tsarin motsi - akwai tsarin motsi guda huɗu wanda ya ƙunshi siffar kowane motsi. : 10–16 : 10–16 

Duk wani alamun da ba a raba su da sakin layi- ko magana-ƙarshen lokaci ba kusan an raba su da alamar-ƙarshen, da kuma kunshe-kunshe a cikin fili mai buɗewa, inda ake amfani da alamomi da yawa a matsayin ɗayan don komawa ga wasu ra'ayi ko abu. Sashin layi da maganganun ƙarshe suna da matukar wuya a cikin fili. Mafi girman raka'a da ba a raba su da haɗuwa ba duka sune alamun raka'a, wanda zai iya zama kunshin guda ɗaya, kunshin da siffar hannu ko mai magana da ƙarshen, kunshin maimaitawa, ko kuma mahaɗin rufewa, inda alamomi da yawa suka samar da sabon alamar.: 53–56 

## Rubuce-rubuce
Kamar yadda aka fahimci Harshen Kurame na Indiya a ko'ina tsakanin kabilun daban-daban, an san rubuce-rubuce, rubutun hoto na waɗannan alamu sun yi aiki a matsayin matsakaici na sadarwa tsakanin 'yan asalin Amurka a kan da kuma wuraren ajiya a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Amurka, cirewa, da kuma tilasta makaranta a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20. Wasikar wani dalibi na Kiowa, Belo Cozad, a cikin 1890 da aka aika zuwa Makarantar Indiya ta Carlisle a Pennsylvania daga iyayensa a wani ajiya a Oklahoma ya yi amfani da irin waɗannan alamu kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin sanannun rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rukuncen asalin yaren Kiowa.

## Dubi kuma

* Harshe na Kurame

## Manazarta