open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Claudia (matar Octavian)

**Claudia** (an haife ta a 57 BC/56 BC) 'yar Fulvia ce ta mijinta na farko Publius Clodius Pulcher . Ita ce 'yar Mark Antony da kuma' yar'uwar 'ya'yansa maza Marcus Antonius Antyllus da Iullus Antonius .

## Tarihin rayuwa
Tana da cikakken ɗan'uwa ɗaya daga iyayenta; Publius Clodius Pulcher, da 'yan'uwa uku daga mahaifiyarta Fulvia; Gaius Scribonius Curio, Marcus Antonius Antyllus da Iullus Antonius .

Mark Antony shine mijin mahaifiyarta na uku. Kamar yadda Clodius ya yi a baya, Antony ya yi farin ciki da karɓar kuɗin Fulvia don haɓaka aikinsa. Bayan kisan Julius Kaisar a cikin 44 BC, Antony ya kafa nasara ta biyu tare da Octavian da Lepidus kuma ya fara haramtacciyar haramtacciya. Don karfafa kawancen siyasa, Fulvia ta miƙa Claudia ga saurayi Octavian a matsayin matarsa, yayin da Lepidus ya miƙa 'yar'uwar matarsa Servilia (ɗan Junia Prima da Publius Servilius Isauricus).  Daga baya, Octavian ya zaɓi Claudia. Ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da aurensu ba kuma ba a sami cikakken bayani game da Claudia ba.

Wadannan ayyukan sun haifar da rikice-rikicen siyasa da zamantakewa, amma lokacin da Octavian ya nemi saki daga Claudia, Fulvia kanta ta yanke shawarar daukar mataki. Surukinta Lucius Antonius ya tara runduna takwas a Italiya don yaƙi da haƙƙinsa da Octavian, a cikin abin da ya zama Yaƙin Perusine . Sojojin sun mamaye Roma na ɗan gajeren lokaci, amma daga ƙarshe sun koma Perusia (Perugia ta zamani). Octavian ya kewaye Fulvia da Lucius Antonius a cikin hunturu na 41-40 BC, ya kashe su cikin yunwa. An tura Fulvia gudun hijira zuwa Sicyon, inda ta mutu daga rashin lafiya kwatsam.

Octavian ya saki Claudia don ya auri Scribonia, tare da ita zai haifi ɗansa guda ɗaya, Julia the Elder . Ba a taɓa yin aure da Claudia ba kuma lokacin da ya sake ta, ya bayyana cewa har yanzu budurwa ce.

Ba a san abin da ya faru da Claudia ba bayan ta saki Octavian. Wata ka'ida ita ce mai yiwuwa ta auri Gnaeus Lartius kuma ta zama kakarta ta Publius Plautius Pulcher da 'yan uwansa Plautia Urgulanilla, Marcus Plautius Silvanus da Aulus Plautius Urgulanius . 

## Dubi kuma

* Clodia
* Mata a Roma

## Manazarta
Dane Campbell

**Dane Campbell** (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu 1983) tsohon ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon rugby ne na ƙasar Ostiraliya a shekarun 2000, wanda a yanzu shi ne manajan ɗaukar ma'aikata na Perth Bears a gasar Rugby ta ƙasa kuma babban kocin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Singapore.

A matsayinsa na ɗan wasa, Campbell ya buga wasa a matsayin halfback ga Newcastle Knights a NRL. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga wasa, an ɗauki Campbell aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar 'yan wasa a ƙungiyoyin NRL da dama, kuma ya kasance babban mai bayar da gudummawa wajen gabatar da gasar rugby league ga Jamaica, Vanuatu, da Singapore, gami da kafa ƙungiyoyin ƙasa daban-daban.  

## Bayani
An haife shi a Brisbane, Queensland, Campbell ya buga gasar ƙwallon rugby ta matasa ta Pine Rivers Bears da Redcliffe Dolphins. 

Ya halarci Kwalejin St Joseph, Nudgee kafin Brisbane Broncos ta sanya masa hannu.

## Sana'ar wasa
A shekara ta 2000, Campbell ya wakilci ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta Queensland. [1] A shekara ta 2002, Campbell ya buga wa Redcliffe wasa a gasar cin kofin Queensland kafin ƙungiyar North Queensland Cowboys ta saye shi. A shekara ta 2004, ya shiga ƙungiyar Easts Tigers, inda ya fara daga rabin baya a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Burleigh Bears.[2]

A shekara ta 2005, Campbell ya sanya hannu da Newcastle Knights. A zagaye na 9 na kakar wasa ta NRL ta 2005, ya fara buga NRL a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Sydney Roosters da ci 2-32. Ya buga wasanni shida a kulob din, inda ya zura kwallaye shida, kafin ya tafi a karshen kakar wasa. 

Bayan ya bar Knights, Campbell ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan wasa da kocin Noosa Pirates kafin ya yi ritaya a matsayin ɗan wasa a shekarar 2010 saboda raunin da ya samu a kai.

## Sana'ar bayan wasa
A shekara ta 2004, yayin da yake ɗan wasa mai himma, Campbell ya taimaka wajen kafa ƙungiyar ƙwallon rugby ta ƙasa ta West Indies, wadda ta buga wasa ɗaya ta ƙasa da ƙasa da Afirka ta Kudu . Wannan ya haifar da kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Rugby ta Jamaica da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon rugby ta ƙasa ta Jamaica .  

A shekara ta 2010, ya karɓi ragamar mulki a matsayin mamallaki kuma babban mai gudanarwa na Hurricanes Rugby League, wata ƙungiyar wasan rugby league da ke Jamaica.  

## Manazarta
Francisco Pinto Balsemão

Francisco José Pereira Pinto Balsemão (lafazin Portuguese: [fɾɐ̃ˈsiʃku ˈpĩtu βalsɨˈmɐ̃w]; 1 Satumba 1937 - 21 Oktoba 2025) ɗan kasuwan Portuguese ne, ɗan jarida, kuma ɗan siyasa, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Portugal daga 1981 zuwa 1981.

A karkashin mulkin Estado Novo, Pinto Balsemão ya yi aiki a Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa a matsayin wani bangare na tsarin dimokuradiyya "Liberal Wing". A cikin 1974, jim kaɗan bayan juyin juya halin Carnation, Pinto Balsemão ya kafa Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party tare da 'yan siyasa masu ra'ayi Francisco Sá Carneiro da Joaquim Magalhães Mota.

A lokacin sauye-sauyen Portuguese zuwa dimokuradiyya, Pinto Balsemão ya yi aiki a Majalisar Zartarwa, wadda aka dora wa alhakin tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulki. A karkashin Firayim Minista Sá Carneiro, Pinto Balsemão ya yi aiki a matsayin minista. Bayan Sá Carneiro ya mutu a 1980, Pinto Balsemão ya gaje shi a matsayin Firayim Minista a 1981, kodayake rikicin siyasa ya kai shi barin ofis a 1983.

Baya ga rike mukamin siyasa, Pinto Balsemão ya jagoranci kungiyar watsa labarai ta Impresa, wanda ya kafa jaridar Expresso a cikin 1973 da cibiyar sadarwar talabijin ta SIC a cikin 1992.
## Fage
Francisco Pinto Balsemão an haife shi a Lisbon akan 1 Satumba 1937, ɗan Henrique Patrício Pinto Balsemão da matarsa Maria Adelaide van Zeller de Castro Pereira, babban jikan Pedro IV na Portugal.
## Rayuwa ta sirri
A cikin 1964, Pinto Balsemão ya auri Maria Isabel de Lacerda Rebelo Pinto da Costa Lobo, wanda kuma aka sani da "Belicha".Ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu, Mónica da Henrique.

An haifi ɗansa na uku, Francisco Maria, a shekara ta 1970, sakamakon dangantaka ta rashin aure da Isabel Maria Supico Pinto.Pinto Balsemão da farko ya ƙi amincewa da uban shege na ɗansa kuma su biyun ba su hadu ba har zuwa ƙarshen 1980s.. Matarsa, Belicha, ita ma an yi zargin cewa tana da wani aure tare da mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin Carlos Cruz, wanda daga baya aka tabbatar a cikin tarihin tarihin Cruz.

Auren Pinto Balsemão na biyu shine Maria Mercedes Aliu Presas, wanda kuma aka sani da "Tita", 'yar asalin Mutanen Espanya. Sun yi aure a cikin 1975, bayan Pinto Balsemão ya rabu da matarsa ta farko. Ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu, Joana da Francisco Pedro. Pinto Balsemão ya kira matarsa ta biyu a matsayin "uwar sarauniya" saboda tasirinta na sirri. Ta maraba kuma ta haɗa Francisco Maria cikin dangi.

Pinto Balsemão ya mutu a gidansa a Cascais a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 2025, yana da shekaru 88.

## Manazarta
Cameron Caldwell

**Cameron MacKenzie Caldwell** (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Mayu 1979) ɗan siyasa ne ɗan ƙasar Ostiraliya wanda memba ne a Majalisar Wakilai mai wakiltar Sashen Fadden. An zaɓe shi a zaɓen cike gurbi na Fadden a watan Yulin 2023. Shi memba ne na Jam'iyyar Liberal National Party of Queensland kuma yana zaune tare da Jam'iyyar Liberal a majalisar tarayya.

Kafin a zaɓe shi a majalisar tarayya, ya yi aiki a matsayin kansila a majalisar birnin Gold Coast tun daga shekarar 2012.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Caldwell a Mount Isa, Queensland. Ya girma a Redcliffe kuma ya halarci Kwalejin St Joseph, Nudgee, sannan ya tafi Jami'ar Fasaha ta Queensland. Kafin a zaɓe shi a majalisar dokoki, ya gudanar da wani kamfanin lauyoyi a yankin Gold Coast na Hope Island . 

## Aikin siyasa
Jam'iyyar Liberal National Party (LNP) ta zaɓe Caldwell a matsayin ɗan takara a zaɓen jihar Queensland na 2012. A watan Fabrairun 2012, wata guda kafin zaɓen, ya nuna rashin amincewa bayan da jam'iyyar ta sami korafi daga wani ɗan jama'a game da tafiya da Caldwell ya yi zuwa wani kulob na swingers. Shugaban LNP Campbell Newman ya kare shawarar jam'iyyar na barin Caldwell. 

A watan Afrilu daga baya a wannan shekarar, an zaɓi Caldwell a matsayin kansila na Sashe na 3 na Birnin Gold Coast. An sake zaɓe shi a shekarar 2016, sannan aka zaɓe shi a matsayin kansila na Sashe na 4 a shekarar 2020. 

A lokacin da yake kansila, a watan Disamba na 2012, yayin da yake mukaddashin magajin garin Gold Coast, an zargi Caldwell da kai hari ga wani mai ginin gidaje a wani taron agaji, ana zargin ya kama shi a makogwaro, wanda Caldwell ya musanta. 

### Zaɓen maye gurbin Fadden na 2023
 
Bayan murabus din tsohon minista Stuart Robert daga majalisar dokoki, an zabi Caldwell a matsayin dan takarar LNP a Fadden don zaben cike gurbi, inda ya kayar da wasu mutane hudu a zagaye uku na kaɗa ƙuri'a. [undefined] Caldwell ya bayyana cewa zaben cike gurbi zai zama hanyar aika sako ga Firayim Minista Anthony Albanese kan batutuwan da suka shafi tattalin arziki, yana mai cewa ya san "zai iya zama wanda za su iya goyon baya don ya yi wa al'ummar yankinmu aiki." [2] An zaɓe shi cikin nasara a zaɓen cike gurbi a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 2023.[1]

## Matsayin siyasa
Caldwell ya yi adawa da shawarar da gwamnatin Labour ta gabatar wa Majalisar Dokoki ta 'Yan Asalin ƙasar, kuma ya goyi bayan manufar jam'iyyar Liberal ta adawa da shawarar gwamnati a kuri'ar raba gardama . 

## Manazarta
Mutuwar Cesare

La morte di Cesare ('Mutuwar Kaisar') wani wasan kwaikwayo ne a cikin ayyuka uku na Francesco Bianchi . Gaetano Sertor ne ya rubuta Littafin, bayan wasan kwaikwayon Shakespeare *[[Julius Kaisar (wasan kwaikwayo)|Julius Kaisar]]* .

La morte di Cesare na ɗaya daga cikin matani shida da Sertor ya rubuta wa Bianchi, wanda ya rinjayi shahararren jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Venetian 'morte' a cikin shekarun 1790. Duk da yake ba a nuna kisan kai a kan mataki ba, an bar masu sauraro tare da jikin Kaisar a bayyane a bayyane yayin abubuwan rufewa.

Kamar yadda yake tare da sauran wasan kwaikwayo na Bianchi, akwai sababbin abubuwa: mawaƙa sun shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo, akwai wasan kwaikwayo da pantomime, duet ga maza biyu, da kuma wurin rantsuwa na ƙarshe (giuramento), ban da ƙarshen bala'i mai ban mamaki.

## Tarihin wasan kwaikwayon
An fara wasan kwaikwayo a Teatro San Samuele a Venice a ranar 27 ga Disamba 1788. 

## Matsayi

Batun wasan kwaikwayo shine makirci, wanda Cassio, Bruto da Porzia suka jagoranta, don kashe Giulio Cesare (Julius Kaisar) a Roma a cikin 44 BC. Dangantakar soyayya ta Giulio Cesare da Calfurnia ta zama wani sashi.

## Manazarta
Jerusha Davidson Richardson

**Jerusha Davidson Richardson** An haifi OBE a **Jerusha Hunting** wadda aka fi sani da **Mrs Aubrey Richardson** (10 ga Agusta 1864 - 8 ga Fabrairu 1938) marubuciya ce kuma mai taimakon jama'a 'yar Birtaniya. A farkon rayuwarta, marubuciya ce da aka san ta da ba da shawarar cewa kada mata su zama masu neman iko amma su sadaukar da lokacinsu ga ayyukan alheri. A rabin ƙarshen rayuwarta, ta yi hakan kuma aka naɗa ta a matsayin OBE.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Richardson a Paddington a shekara ta 1864. 

Ta auri lauya mai suna Aubrey Richardson a ranar 20 ga Mayu 1893. Yana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan Mary (wanda aka haifa Smith) da Sir Benjamin Ward Richardson . Surukinta likita ne kuma babban mai duba tsafta. Aubrey ta mutu da wuri kuma ta bar ta bazawara ba tare da 'ya'ya ba.

A shekarar 1899, ta buga wani littafi na tarihin rayuwar *Matan Kotun Ingila* .  Ta lura cewa maza suna da ikon siyasa amma kwanan nan mata za su iya yin burin ayyukan jin kai da na addini yayin gabatarwar littafin. 

A shekarar 1908, ta buga wani littafi na tarihin rayuwar mata mai suna *Matan Cocin Ingila* .  An san wannan littafin a matsayin wanda ya bayar da gudummawa ta farko ga muhimmancin tarihin mata . 

Ta rubuta littafinta na ƙarshe game da *Doges of Venice* a shekarar 1914. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, ta zama marubuciya da aka sani da ba da shawarar cewa mata kada su yi burin iko amma su sadaukar da lokacinsu ga ayyukan alheri. A rabin ƙarshen rayuwarta, ta yi hakan. A wani asibiti na sojojin da suka ji rauni, ta zama shugabar rukunin gidaje. An ɗaukaka ta a matsayin kwamandan rundunar agajin sa kai mai lamba 58 kuma ta buɗe sabon asibitin sojoji na taimako a Dollis Hill House a watan Fabrairun 1916.  Yana ɗaya daga cikin asibitoci da yawa na Asibitin Sojoji na Endell Street . Sabon asibitin yana da gadaje 27 amma an faɗaɗa shi zuwa gadaje 70 ta amfani da bukkoki. Matsayin ginin har yanzu yana da alama.  Asibitin Dorris Hill ya rufe a watan Afrilun 1919 kuma Richardson ya yanke shawarar buɗe asibitinta a Willesden . Likitoci za su aika marasa lafiyarsu zuwa wurin da ya zama tiyata. A shekarun 1930, an san shi da aikinsa na rheumatism. Ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1935. 

An naɗa ta a matsayin OBE.

## Mutuwa
Richardson ta mutu a gidanta a shekarar 1938 a Maida Vale .

## Manazarta
Brian Cahill

**Brian John Cahill** MBE (16 ga Fabrairu 1931 - 8 ga Maris 2015) ya kasance mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen rediyo da talabijin na Australiya,  mai karanta labarai kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya fara aiki a rediyo, sannan kuma a talabijin daga 1959 har zuwa 1982. A shekarar 1983, an zaɓi Cahill a Majalisar Dokokin Queensland, a matsayin memba na Aspley, Brisbane har zuwa 1986. Bayan haka, ya koma sana'arsa ta farko, koyarwa, kuma ya ci gaba da sadaukar da kai ga wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa. A shekarar 1984, tare da matarsa Denise, ya kafa Queensland Musical Theatre, wanda shi ne Shugaba kuma (sau da yawa) babban mai wasan kwaikwayo a cikin shirye-shiryensa.

An haifi Cahill a Innisfail a shekarar 1931 kuma ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Cairns da Kwalejin St Joseph, Nudgee. Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya koma Brisbane don yin horo a matsayin malami, kuma aka tura shi zuwa arewacin Queensland, inda ya yi aiki a makarantu a Almaden da Tully Falls. Albarkacinsa da murya mai kyau da kuma kyakkyawan kalami, ya fara aiki a matsayin mai sanarwa a tashar rediyo ta kasuwanci 4CA Cairns - farkon dogon aikinsa a fannin watsa labarai. A shekarar 1955, ya auri Pamela Holmes ya koma Melbourne, inda ya koyar a Makarantar Grammar Essendon. Ya ci gaba da aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin mai watsa labarai a 3TR Sale, har sai da ya koma matsayin mai sanarwa da mai karanta labarai a 4BC Brisbane. A shekarar 1959, Channel 7 na shirin ƙaddamar da shi a Brisbane kuma Cahill ya zama mai karanta labarai na farko a tashar a daren buɗe ta, 1 ga Nuwamba 1959. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da labarai ga dukkan tashoshin talabijin na kasuwanci guda uku a Brisbane tsawon shekaru 23 da suka biyo baya, inda ya ƙare a Channel 0 (10) a shekarar 1982, a shekarar da ya kasance Daraktan Ayyukan Rediyo na Wasannin Commonwealth na XII, wanda aka shirya a Brisbane daga 30 ga Satumba zuwa 9 ga Oktoba.

## Manazarta
Matattu Kaisar

Dead Caesar wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na shekara ta 2007 wanda ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Australiya Chris Taylor ya rubuta daga The Chaser . Nunin satirical ya yi wa Julius Kaisar, wasan kwaikwayon William Shakespeare.

## Fitarwa
Brendan Cowell, darektan Wharf 2LOUD, ya rinjayi Taylor, yayin da yake buguwa, don rubuta wasan kwaikwayo. Ya ƙare ya rubuta wani labari game da bala'in William Shakespeare *Julius Kaisar* . 

## Masu ba da labari da ma'aikata
Ma'aikatan sun hada da memba na Chaser Andrew Hansen a matsayin mawaki na kiɗa.

* Daraktan: Tamara Cook
* Waƙoƙi: Andrew Hansen
* Mai tsarawa: Bruce McKinven
* Hasken wuta: Stephen Hawker

Babban simintin shine kamar haka: 

* Kaisar: Toby Moore
* Marc Antony: Andrew Hansen
* Lucius: Andrew Hansen
* Brutus: Ben Borgia
* Cassius: Ewen Leslie
* Cicero: Alan Dukes
* Calpurnia: Monica Sayers
* Manzo: John Leary

## Dubi kuma

* Kashe Julius Kaisar

## Manazarta
Peter Byrne (ɗan siyasa)

**Peter Byrne** (13 ga Yuni 1892 - 16 ga Maris 1974) memba ne na Majalisar Dokokin Queensland.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Byrne a Myola, Queensland, ɗan Peter Byrne Snr da matarsa Mary (née McCoy). Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Jihar Mareeba sannan ya halarci Kwalejin Nudgee da ke Brisbane. Bayan ya bar makaranta ya sami aiki a masana'antar narkar da nama ta Chillagoe kafin ya zama mai noman ciyawa a Tully daga 1925. Shi ma wakilin haraji ne kuma, a shekarun 1930, ya taimaka wa manoma da yawa waɗanda aka ayyana sun fatara su sake komawa kan ƙafafunsu. 

A ranar 7 ga Mayu 1923, Byrne ya auri Ellen Elsiba Imison [1] amma Ellen ta mutu bayan shekaru uku kacal, [2] auren ya kawo 'ya'ya maza biyu. Shekaru shida bayan aurensa na farko, Byrne ya sake aure a karo na biyu, ga Amy Jean Scott a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba 1929 [1] (ya mutu a shekarar 1967) [2] kuma tare suka haifi 'ya'ya mata uku. Byrne ya mutu a watan Maris 1974 kuma aka binne shi a Makabartar Pinnaroo Lawn.[3]

## Rayuwar jama'a
A zaɓen jihar Queensland na 1950, Byrne, na Jam'iyyar Labour, ya lashe sabuwar kujerar Mourilyan. Ya kasance memba na Mourilyan har zuwa zaɓen jihar Queensland na 1969 lokacin da ya yi ritaya daga siyasa.

## Manazarta
Kisan Julius Kaisar (Sullivan)

Assassination of Julius Caesar zane ne na 1888 wanda William Holmes Sullivan ya nuna kisan Julius Kaisar a hannun 'yan uwansa sanatoci. Hoton, kamar sauran ayyukan Sullivan, ya dogara ne akan wasan kwaikwayon Shakespare na Tragedy of Julius Caesar, yana nuna Dokar III, Scene 1, kuma an sanya shi a cikin Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal Shakespeare. Irin wannan sigar da Sullivan ya yi ana kiranta Et tu Brute.

## Dubi kuma
* Bayanan al'adu na Julius Kaisar

## Manazarta

## Ƙarin Karatu
* 

## Hanyoyin Haɗi na Waje

* https://web.archive.org/web/20191111154732/http://www.newrep.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/1516_StudyGuide_Caesar.compressed.pdf
Kevin Byrne (babban gari)

**Kevin Michael Byrne** (1949 - 21 Satumba 2023) ɗan siyasa ne ɗan ƙasar Ostiraliya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin magajin garin Cairns daga 1992 zuwa 1995 sannan kuma daga 2000 zuwa 2008.

## Rayuwa ta farko

An haifi Kevin Michael Byrne a Lae a shekarar 1949. Iyalinsa sun fara isa Papua New Guinea a shekarar 1906 lokacin da aka naɗa kakansa Babban Mai Tara Kwastam a Port Moresby. Karatunsa na farko yana Tsibirin Manus, Papua New Guinea kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Nudgee, Brisbane daga 1963 zuwa 1967.

## Aikin soja
Byrne ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1969 daga Makarantar Jami'ar Cadet da ke Portsea, Victoria ( OCS Portsea ) tare da hukumar sojojin Australiya. An ba shi Takobin Girmamawa saboda Jagoranci a wannan shekarar. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup> Aikin soja na shekaru 17 ya haɗa da aika sojoji zuwa ƙasar Ostiraliya da ƙasashen waje zuwa [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]], [[Singafora|Singapore]], [[Sabuwar Gini Papuwa|Papua New Guinea]], [[Rhodesia]] da Kudancin Vietnam . Aikin soja na ƙarshe shine Babban Malami a Kwalejin Sojoji ta Royal, Duntroon, 1987.

== Rayuwar sana'a ==
Byrne ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan yanki a Ofishin Ci gaban Arewa da Yankuna, Cairns, tsakanin 1987 da 1990. A shekarar 1990 ya zama manajan yanki na Ƙungiyar Masana'antu ta Queensland.

An zaɓi Byrne a matsayin Magajin Garin Cairns a shekarar 1992; kuma aka sake zaɓe shi a shekarar 1994. A shekarar 1995, Tom Pyne ya kayar da shi.

Byrne ya yi aiki a matsayin Daraktan Gudanarwa na aikin tsaftace malalar mai, wanda Bankin Duniya da Bankin Turai na Sake Ginawa da Ci Gaba suka dauki nauyinsa, a yankin Kolva Basin, a Jamhuriyar Komi, wani bangare na Tarayyar Rasha. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D; An gyara magudanar ruwa ta kogin Pechora kuma an gano  . &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

A watan Disamba na shekarar 1995, an naɗa Byrne a matsayin Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na Hukumar Inganta Yawon Bude Ido ta Papua New Guinea. Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar sasantawa ta ƙasa don yarjejeniyoyin haɗin gwiwar jiragen sama; [ yaushe? ] mukaddashin shugaban Hukumar Jiragen Sama ta Ƙasa na tsawon shekaru biyu; mataimakin shugaban kamfanin Air Niugini na tsawon watanni goma sha takwas; da kuma wakili na ƙasa zuwa ga ƙungiyoyin aiki na APEC kan yawon buɗe ido da ciniki.

A watan Disamba na shekarar 1999, Byrne ya koma Cairns; kuma aka sake zaɓensa a matsayin Magajin Garin Cairns a ranar 25 ga Maris na 2000 da kuma a watan Maris na 2004. A shekarar 2008 Val Schier ya kayar da shi a matsayin magajin garin Majalisar Yankin Cairns . 

## Manazarta
Sohail Hashmi

**Sohail Hashmi** masanin tarihi ne na Delhi, mai fafutukar zamantakewar al'umma, mai shirya fina-finai kuma mai kiyaye al'adun gargajiya.

## Ayyuka
Hashmi tana gudanar da Gudun Tarihin Tarihi na Delhi wanda ke da niyyar gabatar da 'yan ƙasa, musamman yara, ga garinsu. Ya haɗa tarihin mutane, al'adu, abinci da gine-gine na Delhi a cikin waɗannan tafiye-tafiye. Ya lashe lambar yabo ta Heritage daga INTACH (Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage) Delhi Chapter a 2022 don tafiyarsa.

Hashmi shine marubucin littafin Sanchi: Inda Tigers Fly da Lions Have Horns . Yana daga cikin UNESCO World Heritage Sites of India Series . 

Hashmi mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama ne tare da Dokar Harmony da Dimokuradiyya (ANHAD) da *Safdar* *Hashmi Memorial Trust* (SAHMAT). 

Hashmi masanin harshe ne kuma mai ba da shawara kan kiyaye shahararren bambancin harsunan Indiya.

Hashmi yana ba da shawarar adana al'adun da tarihi lokacin da ake gudanar da ayyukan ci gaba da sake fasalin.

## Manazarta
John Heatwole

**John L. Heatwole** (1948-2006) ya kasance mai zane-zane, masanin tarihi, jagorar yawon shakatawa, kuma mai ba da labari wanda ya tattara kuma ya adana daruruwan tarihin baki da labarun gargajiya daga Kwarin Shenandoah da kuma ko'ina cikin Virginia da West Virginia ta hanyar rubuce-rubuce, laccoci, da shirye-shiryen rediyo.

An haifi Heatwole a Washington, DC kuma ya girma a Arewacin Virginia, inda ya sadu da matarsa Miriam . Bayan makarantar sakandare, ya yi aiki a cikin Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka. Ya yi aiki a Laburaren Majalisa.

Heatwole ya koma Kwarin Shenandoah a rinjayar kawunsa kuma ya fara aiki a Kamfanin Virginia Craftsmen Furniture Company a Harrisonburg, Virginia, a watan Maris na shekara ta 1974 a matsayin shugaban mai zane-zane. Ya bude shagon kansa a Bridgewater, Virginia, a shekara ta 1976.

## Mai zane
Heatwole ya fara aiki a cikin yumɓu, amma ya juya zuwa zane-zane a farkon shekarunsa na 20, yana neman masu ba da shawara guda biyu waɗanda suka koya masa yin amfani da kayan aikin zane-zane. Heatwole ya nuna fasaharsa a bainar jama'a na shekaru da yawa kafin ya sami nasarar dabarun lokacin da aka nuna fasahar sa a cikin kantin sayar da kayan Kirsimeti na Neiman Marcus na 1979 a Washington, DC. Ya ci gaba da nunawa a can har zuwa shekara ta 1985. Gidan Tarihin Delaware ya gayyaci Heatwole don nuna aikinsa a 1989, kuma a 1990 ya kara wani yanki zuwa tarin dindindin. A shekara ta 2004, kungiyar Tarihin Harrisonburg-Rockingham ta nuna fiye da 200 a gidan kayan gargajiya a Dayton don bikin cika shekaru 30 na yanke shawara na canjin aikin mai zane. A cikin 1991 Heatwole ya zama mai zane na farko daga Virginia don nuna fasaha a cikin Capitol Rotunda . Ya zuwa shekara ta 2004, Heatwole ya kiyasta cewa ya kammala kusan abubuwa 3,000 na fasaha.

## Masanin tarihi da mai kiyayewa
Sha'awar Heatwole game da tarihin yakin basasa ta fara ne tun yana yaro. Ya ceci harsashi, buckles, tukwane da sauran kayan tarihi masu alaƙa da yaƙi daga filin da ke kusa da gidansa.

Heatwole shine marubucin littattafai da littattafai da yawa, gami da *Virginia da West Virginia Mountain da Valley Folk Life Series* da The Burning: Sheridan na cikin Shenandoah Valley, wanda ya shafi tasirin yakin neman zabe na Sheridan a 1864 a kan fararen hula. ,   Heatwole's Shenandoah Voices: Folklore, Legends, and Traditions of the Valley, wanda aka buga a 1995, ya nuna abubuwan tunawa da mutanen da ya yi hira da su waɗanda suka girma a ƙarni na 19 da na 20.

## Manazarta
Kerry Copley

**Patrick Kerry Copley** (11 Disamba 1901 - 18 Yuli 1949)  lauya ne kuma memba na Majalisar Dokokin Queensland.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Copley a Ipswich, Queensland, ɗan Patrick Kerry Copley Snr da matarsa Ada Cecilia (née Sloane). Ɗan'uwansa William (Jack) Copley ya wakilci mazaunin Bulimba a Majalisar Dokokin Queensland. Ya yi karatu a kwalejojin 'Yan'uwa Kirista a Ipswich, Maryborough da Townsville da Kwalejin Nudgee.

A shekarar 1920 ya yi aiki a ofishin Mai Kula da Jama'a kuma a shekarar 1924 ya kasance wakilin sashe na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Jihar Queensland kuma ya kasance shugabanta daga 1926 zuwa 1928. Daga nan ya zama lauya a 1927 kuma shekara guda bayan haka ya yi aikin lauya na kansa. Ya auri Dorothy Roberts Jones a watan Fabrairun 1939. Copley ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya a watan Yulin 1949 kuma an yi jana'izarsa daga Cathedral na Katolika na St Stephen zuwa Makabartar Toowong. 

## Aikin jama'a
Copley, na Jam'iyyar Labour, ya tsaya takarar Kurilpa a zaɓen jihar Queensland a shekarar 1929 amma ɗan majalisar da ke kan mulki, James Fry, ya kayar da shi.[1] Ya sake tsayawa takarar Kurilpa a shekarar 1932 kuma ya kayar da Fry a bayan da ya yi nasara a kan Labour a duk faɗin jihar.[2] Ya ci gaba da riƙe kujerar har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar 1949.

Ya kasance ƙwararre a fannin wasanni kuma memba ne na Ƙungiyar Wasannin Amateur ta Queensland, South Brisbane Harriers, da kuma Ƙungiyar Cricket ta West End. Ya kasance sakataren ƙungiyar St Vincent de Paul da Kwamitin Marayu na Nudgee.

## Manazarta
Anthony D'Arcy

**Anthony Michael D'Arcy** (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Oktoba 1958) ɗan ƙasar Ostiraliya ne tsohon ɗan wasan rugby na ƙasa da ƙasa.

An haifi D'Arcy a Port Moresby kuma ya halarci Kwalejin St Joseph, Nudgee, a matsayin ɗan ƙasar da ke kan iyaka. Ya kasance wakilin Queensland 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19 kuma ya yi rangadin Turai tare da ƙungiyar 'yan makaranta ta Australiya a tsakanin 1977–78.

D'Arcy, wanda ya taka rawar gani a gasar Wallabies, ya buga wasanni 10 tsakanin 1980 da 1982. Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar da ta lashe Kofin Bledisloe a 1980 kuma ya fito a wasannin 1981-82 na Burtaniya da Ireland . [1]

Bayan ya koma gasar rugby a shekarar 1982, D'Arcy ya buga wasa a matakin reserve tare da Penrith Panthers . 

D'Arcy tsohon kocin ƙungiyar Ballymena ta Arewacin Ireland ne, wanda ya jagoranci lashe gasar All-Ireland a kakar wasa ta 2002-03. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin 'yan wasan ƙungiyar ƙwallon rugby ta ƙasa ta Australiya

## Manazarta
Herseni na Ƙarya

**Traian Herseni** (18 ga Fabrairu, 1907 - 17 ga Yuli, 1980) masanin kimiyyar zamantakewar al'umma ne na Romanian, ɗan jarida, kuma ɗan siyasa. Da farko an lura da shi a matsayin almajirin da aka fi so na Dimitrie Gusti, ya taimaka wajen kafa makarantar Romania ta ilimin zamantakewar karkara a cikin shekarun 1920 da farkon shekarun 1930, kuma ya shiga cikin kungiyoyin nazarin fannoni da tafiye-tafiye. Wani marubuci da mai bincike, ya yi nazarin kungiyoyin mutane da aka ware a duk faɗin ƙasar, yana ƙoƙarin bayyana alaƙar da ke tsakanin ilimin zamantakewa, ilimin al'adu, da ilimin al'adun al'adu. Yana da sha'awar al'adun manoma da al'ummar makiyaya na Dutsen Făgăraș. Da yake gasa tare da Anton Golopenția don rawar babban almajirin Gusti, Herseni ya fito a matsayin mai nasara a 1937; daga 1932, ya kuma rike matsayin koyarwa a Jami'ar Bucharest.

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Asalin da makaranta

### A matsayin mai taimaka wa Gusti

A cikin 1932, Herseni ta auri jami'a kuma abokin aiki na ISR, Paula Gusty . Ita 'yar Paul Gusty ce, sanannen darektan gidan wasan kwaikwayo  (kamar sunayen sunaye ya sa mai yiwuwa, amma ba tabbatacce ba, cewa tana da alaƙa da Gusti da kansa). Har ila yau, a wannan shekarar, bayan ya ba da lacca na ɗan lokaci a Makarantar Ayyukan Jama'a ta Sabin Manuilă,  Gusti ya nada Herseni mataimakin farfesa a Jami'ar Bucharest sashen ilimin zamantakewa, ɗabi'a da siyasa. Stahl ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne zaɓin farko na Gusti, amma ya ƙi matsayin don ya dace da Herseni, wanda, a matsayin mai aure, yana buƙatar samun kuɗi mai ɗorewa. A sakamakon haka, Herseni ya ɗan fi kyau a fannin kudi fiye da sauran masu ilimi na ƙarni.

## Manazarta
Helen Hogan

**Helen Merrick Hogan** (née **Watson**; 29 Satumba 1923 - 1 Janairu 2025) malamar New Zealand ce, masanin kimiyya, kuma mai bincike, an san ta da aikinta a cikin karatun Māori da Moriori, tarihin baki, da tarihin wallafe-wallafen.

## Rayuwa ta farko, iyali da ilimi
An haifi Hogan Helen Merrick Watson a Christchurch a ranar 29 ga Satumba 1923, 'yar William Davie Watson, mai mallakar tashar sabis, da Charlotte Amelia Watson (née Smith), ma'aikaciyar jinya ta Karitane. Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandaren 'yan mata ta Christchurch, inda ta kasance dux a shekarar 1942. Tana so ta ci gaba da karatu a Jami'ar Canterbury, ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko na Arts tare da girmamawa na biyu a 1946, da kuma digiri na Master of Arts a Turanci da tarihi, kuma tare da girmamawar aji na biyu, a 1949.

Bayan samun difloma ta koyarwa a Kwalejin Malamai ta Auckland, Watson ta koyar a makarantar sakandaren 'yan mata ta Avonside a Christchurch na tsawon shekaru shida, tare da hutun shekara guda a Ostiraliya a 1953 inda ta sami ƙarin ƙwarewar koyarwa kuma ta yi karatun buga oboe a Sydney Conservatorium of Music . 

Bayan aurenta, Hogan ta koyar a Makarantar Sakandare ta Darfield, sannan, bayan shekara guda don samun ɗanta na farko, ta kasance memba na ma'aikatan tushe a makarantar sakandaren Hillmorton a 1961.  A cewar Hogan, ba ta da zafi sosai a kan tsabtace gida", don haka ta yi amfani da albashi don biyan mai kula da gida, kuma ta yi aiki a Hillmorton na tsawon shekaru 12, ta tashi ta zama shugaban Turanci, da kuma malami-mai kula da sabon ɗakin karatu na makarantar a shekarar 1969.

## Manazarta
Blair Connor

**Blair Connor** (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga Satumba, 1988) ɗan wasan rugby ne daga Brisbane, Ostiraliya. Ya buga wa Queensland Reds wasa a kakar wasa ta Super 14 ta 2009 da kuma kakar wasa ta Super 14 ta 2010. Blair Connor yana da ikon bugawa a tsakiya ko kuma a gefe.

Ya sanya hannu a ƙungiyar Reds tun yana matashi a shekarar 2008 kuma ya kasance mai yawan fara wasa a ƙungiyar. 

A watan Yunin 2010, ya sanar da cewa ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu da ƙungiyar French Pro D2 kuma yanzu ita ce ta 14 a cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi 14, Union Bordeaux Bègles.[1]

## Manazarta
Jonna Doolittle Hoppes

**''Jonna Doolittle'<nowiki/>'' Hoppes** (an haife ta Jonna Doelittle) marubuciya ce ta Amurka wacce ayyukanta suka hada da Tarihin baki da Tarihin rayuwa. Jikan jarumin jirgin sama kuma Janar na Sojojin Sama na Amurka, Jimmy Doolittle, ita mai magana ce kuma tana wakiltar dangin Doolittles a abubuwan da suka faru a duk duniya. Ayyukan Hoppes suna murna da tsoffin sojoji da fararen hula da suka kare kasashensu kuma suna rubuta labarun su waɗanda in ba haka ba za su ɓace.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Hoppes ta biyu cikin 'ya'ya biyar na John da Priscilla Doolittle.[2] Mahaifinta, daya daga cikin 'ya'ya maza biyu na James H. Doolittle,  ya yi ritaya daga rundunar sojan Amurka wanda ya tashi yaƙi a duka Yaƙin Koriya da Vietnam.  'Yan uwanta sun hada da' yar'uwarta, Jody, ƙaramar 'yar'uwa, Penny, da tagwaye, Peter da Patrick.

A lokacin yarinta, ta shafe sa'o'i da yawa tare da kakanninta, waɗanda ta kira Granny da Gramps, lokacin da suke zaune a San Francisco kuma daga baya a Los Angeles, California. Doolittle Raiders, wanda ya tashi tare da kakanta a kan aikin 1942 don jefa bam a Tokyo, sun kasance wani ɓangare na iyalinta kuma wani lokacin za ta halarci tarurrukan shekara-shekara.[9] Raiders, Kanal masanin tarihi Colonel Carroll . V. Glines, sun zama muhimman mutane a rayuwar Hoppes. Glines daga baya za ta rubuta gabatarwa littafinta, Calculated Risk.

## Ayyuka

### Malami da marubuci
Hoppes yana aiki a Ofishin Ilimi na 61st Mission Support Squadron - zagi sashi na 61st Air Base Group da aka ajiye a Los Angeles Air Force Base .  Ta fara littafinta na farko don mayar da martani ga fim din, Pearl Harbor, don gyara rashin daidaito game da halin kakanta da ayyukanta a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.[9] Dan wasan kwaikwayo Alec Baldwin da farko ya nuna Doolittle a matsayin mutumin da ba shi da tausayi wanda ke amfani da laifuka, amma an gyara hoton bayan Hoppes ya gabatar da rashin amincewar iyalin. Kodayake Calculated Risk ya gabatar da nasarorin Jimmy Doolittle, littafin ya haɗa da cikakkun bayanai game da iyalin kamar matar Doolittles mai shekaru 71, Josephine Daniels. Wani mai bita ya bayyana littafin a matsayin "yawan ga kakarta,"  wanda Hoppes kanta ta bayyana a matsayin mace mai haƙuri na saint wanda shine jagorar rayuwar Doolittle. [2] Calculated Risk ya sami bita mai kyau daga wasu wallafe-wallafen kasuwanci ciki har da Library Journal, Publishers Weekly, da Booklist.

## Manazarta
Gidan Zora Neale Hurston

**Gidan [[Zora Neale Hurston]]** gida ne mai tarihi a 1734 Avenue L a Fort Pierce, Florida . An gina shi a shekara ta 1957, gidan marubucin Zora Neale Hurston (1891-1960) ne daga wannan lokacin har zuwa mutuwarta. A ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1991, an sanya shi a matsayin Tarihin Tarihi na Amurka.

## Bayyanawa da tarihi
Gidan Zora Neale Hurston yana tsaye a cikin wani yanki na Fort Pierce, a gefen arewacin Avenue L, tsakanin Arewa 17th da Arewa 19th Streets. Gida ce mai hawa ɗaya, wanda aka gina shi daga tubalan siminti da aka yi da rufin tar-da-gravel. Gidan ba shi da bambanci; yana ɗaya daga cikin gidaje iri ɗaya da aka gina a 1957 wanda Dokta C.C. Benton, likita, ya gina, wanda ya sayar da kadada 10 da ke kusa don gina "sabuwar makarantar sakandare ta baƙar fata" a kusa. Asalin da yake a Kotun Makaranta,  an motsa shi, yana riƙe da daidaitawa, arewacin ƙafa 500 a 1995 zuwa 1734 Avenue L don ba da damar fadada Lincoln Park Academy, makarantar da Hurston ya koyar.

Gidan yana tsayawa a kan Zora Neale Hurston Dust Tracks Heritage Trail. Sauran tsayawa a kan hanyar sun hada da Zora Neale Hurston Branch Library, "Zora Exhibition" a Cibiyar Wasanni ta Agape (tsohon Gidan Welfare na St. Lucie County, inda Hurston ya mutu a 1960), da kuma Aljanna na Heavenly Rest Cemetery, inda aka binne ta.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin Tarihin Tarihi na Kasa a Florida
* Jerin wuraren tarihi na kasa a cikin St. Lucie County, Florida
* Jerin mazaunan marubutan Amurka

## Manazarta
Mary Ann Rundall

**Mary Ann Rundall** (ta mutu a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 1839) marubuciya ce ta ilimi 'yar Birtaniya wadda ta ƙirƙiro littattafan tarihi bisa haddace gaskiya ta amfani da alamomi.

## Rayuwa
Rundall tana gudanar da wata makaranta a garin Bath inda take koyar da 'yan mata matasa. 'Yar uwarta, Elizabeth, ita ma malamar rawa ce, amma kuma malamar rawa ce. Rundall ya fara sha'awar ra'ayoyin Gregor von Feinaigle wanda ya buga wani littafi da ke nuna yadda za a inganta tunaninka. Bayan ya ziyarci Ingila a shekarar 1811, Rundall ya ƙirƙiri wani littafi mai ban sha'awa mai suna "Alamomin Tarihin Ingila". Wannan littafin yana da nufin tattara gaskiyar tarihi zuwa shafuka 39 kacal, amma littafin ya sami kulawa mara so daga The Quarterly Review wanda ya yi magana game da "littafinta mafi ban mamaki". Mai suka ya lura cewa ana buƙatar shafuka 700 na rubutu don tallafawa shafuka 39 na alamomi.  Ba wai kawai Rundall ba ne har ma da Feinagle, wacce ta ƙirƙiro ra'ayoyin a Jamus, ta jawo suka daga Birtaniya. 

Rundall ta ci gaba da buga wani littafi makamancin haka kuma ta sami kuɗin shiga daga ɗaukar ɗaliban da ba na gwamnati ba. Ba a san tana da 'ya'ya ba amma ita goggon 'ya'ya goma ne da 'yar uwarta ta haifa da mijinta Robert William Elliston wanda manajan gidan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Landan.

Rundall ya mutu a Landan a shekara ta 1839. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Manazarta
David Isay

**David Avram "Dave" Isay** (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 1965) ɗan asalin Amurka ne kuma wanda ya kafa Sound Portraits Productions. Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa StoryCorps, aikin tarihin baki mai gudana. Shi ne mai karɓar girmamawa da yawa na watsa shirye-shirye, ciki har da lambar yabo ta Peabody guda shida da MacArthur "Genius" Fellowship . Shi ne marubuci / editan littattafai da yawa waɗanda suka fito daga aikinsa na rediyo na jama'a.

## Tarihi
David Isay ya girma a New Haven, Connecticut, da Manhattan, New York . Shi ne ɗan likitan tabin hankali Richard Isay  kuma editan littafi kuma marubuciya Jane Isay. Ya kammala karatunsa a makarantar Friends Seminary a shekarar 1983  da Jami'ar New York a shekarar 1987.

A shekara ta 2003, Isay ta kafa ɗakin rikodin tarihin baki a cikin Grand Central Terminal, a Birnin New York. Ya dauki masanin tarihin baki Studs Terkel na Chicago don yanke layin bikin don buɗe ɗakin farko na StoryCorps. A yau, StoryCorps yana da ɗakunan rikodin a Atlanta, Chicago da San Francisco. A shekara ta 2005, StoryCorps ya canza motocin Airstream guda biyu zuwa ɗakunan rikodin tafiye-tafiye - MobileBooths - ya ƙaddamar da yawon shakatawa na farko. A cikin shekara ta 2010, StoryCorps ya fara motsawa da zabin tambayoyinsu tare da 'yan uwan Rauch, don haka ya yi tsalle daga watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo zuwa talabijin a kan shirye-shirye kamar PBS 'POV da bidiyo masu rai na kan layi.

Isay kuma memba ne na kwamitin daraktocin Peabody Awards  wanda Jami'ar Georgia ta Henry W. Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication ta gabatar.

## Kyaututtuka

* Kyautar TED ta 2015 
* 2006 Rockefeller Fellow 
* 2001 Kyautar Hillman tare da Stacy Abramson don ɓangaren "Witness to an Execution" a kan NPR's All Things Considered*Dukkanin Abubuwan da aka Yi la'akari*
* Shirin MacArthur na 2000Shirin MacArthur Fellows
* 1996 Kyautar Hillman tare da LeAlan Jones da Lloyd Newman don "Tunanin: Labaran 14 na Eric Morse" a kan NPR's All Things Considered*Dukkanin Abubuwan da aka Yi la'akari*
* 1994 Guggenheim Fellow
* Kyautar Peabody guda huɗu
* Biyu Robert F. Kennedy Journalism AwardsKyautar Jarida ta Robert F. Kennedy

## Manazarta
Jamie Charman

**Jamie Charman** (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Yuli 1982) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Australiya wanda ya buga wa Brisbane Lions wasa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Australia (AFL).

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Charman a Maryborough da ke Queensland . Mahaifinsa Eddie ya koma Maryborough daga Euroa da ke Victoria. Ya girma a Brisbane kuma ya halarci Kwalejin St Joseph, Nudgee inda ya buga wa makarantar wasa a Shekarar (1996 zuwa 1999)   Charman ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta Australiya yana ɗan shekara 7 a Sandgate Football Club, mahaifinsa wanda memba ne na ƙungiyar ƙarni ta Euroa ya ƙarfafa shi. Charman ya ƙi yin wasan rugby a Nudgee don ci gaba da bin ƙa'idodin Australiya a matakin kulob. A shekara ta 2000 ya koma Cairns, Queensland don yin karatun ilimi inda ya buga wasa na ɗan lokaci a gasar AFL Cairns. Charman shi ma gwarzon ninkaya ne, ya zo na 3 a wasan baya a gasar Queensland Under-18 ta ƙasa. Duk da haka ya zaɓi ya ci gaba da buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da Sandgate kuma shawararsa ta biya domin Brisbane ta ɗauke shi aiki tare da zaɓen 29 a gasar AFL ta 2000.

## Aikin AFL
Charman ya fara buga wasa a Brisbane Lions a zagaye na 5, 2001 da Fremantle . Ya buga wa ƙungiyar reserve ta Brisbane wasa a gasar cin kofin AFLQ State League Grand Final ta 2001. Ya kuma buga wasa a gasar cin kofin AFL Grand Final ta Lions a 2003 da Collingwood.[1] [2]

Ya shahara da salon ruckwork nasa na karo da rashin nasara, kamar na tsohon abokin wasansa Clark Keating (tsohon kocin ruck na Brisbane Lions).

Charman ya yi ritaya a ranar 3 ga Agusta 2011 saboda raunin da ya samu a jijiyar Achilles. 

## Bayan AFL
A ƙarshen shekarar 2011, Charman ya koma ƙungiyar NRL ta North Queensland Cowboys a matsayin kocin ɗan lokaci mai harbi da kamawa.

Charman ya buga wasanni biyu a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Glenorchy a kakar wasa ta TSL ta 2014. 

## Manazarta
Jan Jansen (masanin tarihi)

Dokta **Jan Jansen** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1962) na Jami'ar Leiden, Netherlands, masanin tarihi ne kuma masanin ilimin ɗan adam wanda ke ƙwarewa a Tarihin baki na Afirka ta kudu da Sahara, musamman Mali.

Jansen shine manajan editan *[[History in Africa|Tarihi a Afirka]]*, mujallar Ƙungiyar Nazarin Afirka. Har ila yau, shi ne editan da ya kafa Mande Worlds, wanda LIT Verlag, Munster / Hamburg, da kuma African Sources for African History, wanda Brill, Leiden ya buga.

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

* *Labarin Sunjara, bisa ga Lansine Diabate na Kela*. Leiden: Makarantar Bincike CNWS, 1995.  (tare da E. Duintjer da B. Tamboura).
* Griot's Craft - Wani Essay on Oral Tradition and Diplomacy . [Hasiya]
* Epopée Tarihi - Labarin Soundjata (Mali-Guinea). [Hasiya] [Faransa edition na 1995 dissertation]).

## Dubi kuma

* Tarihin baki a Mali ta zamani

## Manazarta
Hsu Hsueh-chi

**Hsu Hsueh-chi** (Chinese; an haife shi a watan Satumbar shekara ta 1953) masanin tarihin Taiwan ne. Ita fitacciyar abokiyar bincike ce ta Academia Sinica kuma tana da farfesa a cikin Cibiyar Nazarin Tarihin Taiwan ta Jami'ar Taiwan ta Kasa .  Ta ƙware a cikin abin da ya faru na 228 na 1947 da kuma lokacin White Terror.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Hsu a cikin Gundumar Penghu a watan Satumbar shekara ta 1953. Bayan kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar National Chengchi, ta sami Ph.D. a tarihi daga Jami'an National Taiwan a shekarar 1982. Takardar karatun digirin ta mai taken, "Binciken Tsarin Sojojin Taiwan a lokacin Daular Qing" (Sinanci: 清代台灣武備制度的研究─台灣的綠營).

A shekara ta 1991, Zartarwa Yuan ta tara kwamitin don bincika abin da ya faru na 228, kuma ta nemi ta ba da gudummawa. Hsu ya ba da tarihin baki ga abin da ya zama Rahoton Bincike kan abin da ya faru na 228. A duk lokacin da ta yi aiki, Hsu ta nemi ci gaba da nuna gaskiya game da takardun tarihi da suka shafi lamarin 228. An gayyace ta don tattauna wani nune-nunen da ke zuwa a Gidan Tarihi na 228 wanda daga ƙarshe ya buɗe wa baƙi a cikin 2011. 

## Ayyuka
Hsu ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Tarihin Taiwan ta Academia Sinica daga 2005 zuwa 2011, kuma an sake nada shi tsakanin 2017 da 2023. Yayinda Hsu ta kasance darektan a shekara ta 2011, cibiyar ta kafa nune-nunen da ake kira "Tarihinta a Taiwan," yana mai da hankali kan rawar mata a Taiwan daga 1795 zuwa 1950. A cikin shekara ta 2014, Hsu ta ba da tallafi ga wata takarda game da sake dubawa ga litattafan tarihin makarantar sakandare da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta goyi bayan, tana mai da hankali kan gwamnatin shugabancin Ma Ying-jeou, "Suna yin duk abin da suke so. Manufarsu da damuwa don haɗa Taiwan cikin China yana da sauƙi a gani. " A shekara mai zuwa, ta kafa nune-nunen da ake kira "Ail Beyond the Prison Walls" a Jing-Mei White Terror Memorial Park, tana mai mai da hankali ga mata da 'yan uwansu da aka da aka da' yarinya ko aka da aka tsare su a lokacin White Terror . An zabi Hsu don aiki a Hukumar Shari'a ta Musamman a watan Afrilun 2018.   A cikin kayan da Majalisar Yuan ta rubuta don bita, ta yi imanin cewa Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall">Gidan Tunawa na Chiang Kai-shek na Kasa ya kamata ya tsaya don zama tunatarwa game da mulkin mallaka na baya, tare da mutum-mutumi na ChiangKai-shek ya koma Cihu Memorial Sculpture Park, yana ba da shawarar ɗakin karatu na zane-zane ko gidan kayan gargajiya na haƙƙin ɗan adam a wurinsa. An amince da zaben Hsu a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2018.  

## Manazarta
John Cleary (rugby)

**John Cleary** (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Oktoba 1938) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na rugby ne na ƙasar Ostiraliya. 

Cleary ya girma a Darling Downs, kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Nudgee a matsayin ɗan ƙasa kuma ya bi ƙungiyar rugby a matsayin wasan da ya fi so yayin da yake ci gaba da karatu a kwalejin malamai da ke Toowoomba. Ya fafata a ƙungiyar Harlequins ta birnin kuma ya yi aiki a Brisbane tare da Brothers. Cleary, wanda ya rabu, ɗan wasa ne na Queensland kuma ya buga wasa da ƙungiyar British Lions ta 1959.

Cleary ya koma gasar rugby league bayan ya sami matsayin koyarwa a Harrisville kuma ya fafata da Ipswich da ke kusa a gasar Bulimba Cup. Ya yi kakar wasa mafi kyau a shekarar 1963 lokacin da ya shiga ƙungiyar Queensland kuma ya sami matsayi a matsayin mai tallafawa ƙungiyar ƙasa a rangadinsu na Turai daga 1963 zuwa 1964. [undefined] A shekarar 1964, Cleary ya koma Townsville don aiki kuma ya horar da 'yan wasa a gasar gida.[1]

## Manazarta
John Gama

**John Gama** ya kasance mai ba da labari na Swazi na ƙarni na 19 wanda aka ambata a bayyane a matsayin tushen da mai tara jerin Sarakunan Eswatini wanda daga baya Theophilus Shepstone Jr, James Stuart da Allister Miller suka buga a cikin takardun Tarihin Eswatini. 

An tuntubi Gama a wani lokaci lokacin da Shepstone ke tambaya game da tarihin da asalin sarauta na Eswatini a ƙarshen karni na 19.

A cikin wata wasika mai kwanan wata 1898, Shepstone ya rubuta wa Stuart, yana mai bayyana cewa ya yi imanin bayanin Gama ya zama daidai kuma ya kara da cewa a lokacin shawarwari Gama ya sami bayanai daga wasu dattawa da mazauna Swaziland na dogon lokaci.

## Rayuwa ta farko da asali
An haifi John Gama a Swaziland a kusa da 1841-1842. A lokacin da yake ƙarami, Gama ya bar Swaziland tare da mahaifinsa zuwa Natal, an ruwaito cewa saboda tsoron tashin hankali. Ya yi karatu a Edendale a Natal, inda ya koyi karatu da rubutu, wanda ya kasance ƙwarewa mai ban mamaki tsakanin dattawan Swazi na ƙarni na 19. Lokacin da ya koma Swaziland a lokacin da Sarki Mbandzeni ya hau mulki a farkon shekarun 1870, ya shiga cikin rundunar Giba. An dauke shi a matsayin dattijo mai ilimi sosai.

Gama ya ba da Jerin sarakunan Eswatini wanda ya fi tsayi fiye da waɗanda Shepstone Jr. da Allister Miller suka rubuta a baya.

Gama ya sake nazarin sassan da Shepstone da Miller suka rubuta kuma ya ba da sake dubawa da bayani ga tarihin.

## Manazarta
Mustafa Kabha

**Mustafa Kabha** ( Arabic  , an haife shi a shekarar 1962) masanin tarihi ne na Falasɗinu, masanin ilimin falsafa, kuma farfesa a tarihin Gabas ta Tsakiya na zamani. An san shi sosai saboda aikinsa kan tarihin al'ummar Falasɗinu, aikin jarida na Larabci a Falasɗinu, da tarihin baki a matsayin tushen ilimin tarihi. Ana ɗaukar Kabha a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan malaman tarihin Falasɗinu da nazarin tunawa.

Kabha ita ce Shugabar Kwalejin Harshen Larabci a Isra'ila.

## Ayyukan ilimi
Kabha ya sami horo na ilimi a cikin harshen Larabci, tarihi, da ilimin harshe. Ya kammala karatunsa na digiri a Jami'ar Tel Aviv, ya kware a tarihin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Palasdinawa na zamani. Yana aiki a matsayin memba na malamai a Jami'ar Open ta Isra'ila, inda yake koyar da darussan kan al'ummar Larabawa, tarihin tarihi, da tarihin Gabas ta Tsakiya na zamani.

Ayyukan Kabha suna mai da hankali kan al'adu, ilimi, da tarihin zamantakewa na Palasdinawa, tare da mai da hankali sosai kan ci gaban jaridar Larabci a Falasdinu da kuma amfani da tarihin baki wajen sake gina ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Nazarinsa ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga fahimtar yadda Palasdinawa suka adana ilimin tarihi a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka, na kasa, da kuma yanayin bayan Nakba.

## Bincike da gudummawa
Kabha ya wallafa da yawa a kan:

* Tarihin jaridu na Larabci da aikin jarida a Falasdinu a lokacin Ottoman da British Mandate.
* Matsayin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, Labari, da al'adar baki a tarihin Palasdinawa.
* Tasirin rarrabuwar siyasa a kan rubuce-rubucen tarihi da kuma hadin kai a cikin al'ummar Palasdinawa.
* Nazarin kwatankwacin hanyoyin tarihi a cikin al'adun ilimi na Larabawa da Yamma.

Ayyukansa sun haɗa da tarihin tarihi, nazarin ilimin harshe, da takardun al'adu, kuma ya shiga cikin ayyukan da suka shafi fannoni daban-daban da suka mai da hankali kan adana shaidun baki da al'adun harshe masu haɗari a yankunan karkara na Falasdinu.

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] *Jaridar Palasdinawa a matsayin Shaper na Ra'ayi na Jama'a, 1929-1939: Rubuta Guguwa* . Tel Aviv: Maimaitawa.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Matsayin Jaridar Larabci a Falasdinu: Canjin Jama'a da Siyasa a cikin Late Ottoman da British Mandate Periods. A cikin * Tarihin Jama'a da Al'adu na Palasdinawa*, ed. R. Kanaaneh da I. Rabinowitz.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 7] Tarihin Jama'a na Palasdinawa da Tarihin Magana: Tsakanin Labari da Takaddar. * Urushalima Quarterly*, 42, 34-47.
* Kabha, M. (2013). *Tsakanin Hadisi da Zamani: Jaridar Larabci da Canjin Al'adu a Falasdinu* . * Nazarin Gabas ta Tsakiya*, 49 (2), 213-230.

## Manazarta