Norman Lear

**Norman Milton Lear** (27 ga Yuli, 1922) Disamba 5, 2023) wani marubucin allo ne kuma furodusa ɗan Amurka wanda ya shirya, ya rubuta, ya ƙirƙira, ko ya ƙirƙiri shirye-shirye sama da 100.  Lear ya ƙirƙira kuma ya samar da shahararrun sitcoms na shekarun 1970, ciki har da *All in the Family* (1971–1979), *Maude* (1972–1978), *Sanford and Son* (1972–1977), *One Day at a Time* (1975–1984), *The Jeffersons* (1975–1985), da *Good Times* (1974–1979). Ayyukansa sun gabatar da jigogi na siyasa da zamantakewa ga tsarin sitcom. 

Lear ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa, ciki har da kyaututtuka shida na Primetime Emmy Awards, kyaututtuka biyu na Peabody, lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta Arts a 1999, lambar yabo ta Kennedy Center a 2017, da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe Carol Burnett a 2021. Ya kasance memba na Zauren Shahararrun Kwalejin Talabijin .

An san Lear da fafutukarsa ta siyasa da kuma tallafawa manufofi masu sassaucin ra'ayi da ci gaba da kuma 'yan siyasa. A shekarar 1980, ya kafa kungiyar kare hakkin Kirista ta hanyar Amurka don dakile tasirin ' yancin Kirista a siyasa, kuma a farkon shekarun 2000, ya yi rangadin yawon bude ido da kwafin Sanarwar 'Yanci .

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Norman Milton Lear a ranar 27 ga Yuli, 1922, a New Haven, Connecticut,   ga Jeanette ( *née* Seicol) da Hyman "Herman" Lear, wani mai sayar da kaya mai tafiya.  Iyaye biyu 'yan asalin Rasha ne da Yahudawa .    Yana da ƙanwarsa, Claire Lear Brown (1925–2015).  Lear ya girma a gidan Yahudawa a Connecticut kuma ya yi bikin mashaya . 

Lokacin da Lear yake da shekaru tara, yana zaune tare da iyalinsa a Chelsea, Massachusetts,  mahaifinsa ya shiga gidan yari saboda sayar da takardun bogi.  Lear ya yi tunanin mahaifinsa a matsayin "wawa" kuma ya ce halin Archie Bunker (wanda Lear ya nuna a matsayin farar fata Furotesta a shirin) wani ɓangare na wahayi ne daga mahaifinsa, kuma halin Edith Bunker wani ɓangare ne na wahayi daga mahaifiyarsa.  Duk da haka, Lear ya yi zargin cewa lokacin da ya ƙarfafa rayuwarsa ta fafutuka wani abu ne da ya fuskanta tun yana ɗan shekara tara, lokacin da ya fara jin firist ɗin rediyo na Katolika mai adawa da Yahudawa Father Charles Coughlin yayin da yake yin wasan kwaikwayo da rediyonsa mai lu'ulu'u.  Bayan jin ƙarin wa'azin rediyo na Coughlin, Lear ya ce ya gano cewa Coughlin zai haɓaka ƙiyayya ga Yahudawa ta hanyar kai hari ga mutanen da Yahudawa ke ɗauka a matsayin "manyan jarumai", kamar Shugaban Amurka Franklin Roosevelt. 

## Aikin soja
Lear ya shiga rundunar sojojin sama ta Amurka a watan Satumbar 1942.  Ya yi aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bahar Rum a matsayin mai aiki da rediyo kuma mai harbi a cikin jiragen bam na Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress tare da rundunar bam ta 772nd, ƙungiyar bam ta 463rd ta rundunar sojojin sama ta Fifteenth ; a cikin wata hira ta 2014, ya yi magana game da jefa bam a Jamus.  Ya yi ayyukan yaƙi 52 kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta Air Medal tare da tarin ganyen itacen oak guda huɗu.  An kori Lear daga rundunar sojojin sama ta Army a 1945.  Ma'aikatan jirginsa na Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu an nuna su a cikin littafin *Crew Umbriago* na Daniel P. Carroll. 

## Sana'a

### 1950–1959
Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Lear ya yi aiki a fannin hulɗa da jama'a .  Zaɓen aikin ya samo asali ne daga Kawunsa Jack: "Mahaifina yana da ɗan'uwa, Jack, wanda ke ba ni kwata duk lokacin da ya gan ni. Shi wakilin manema labarai ne don haka ina son zama wakilin manema labarai. Wannan shine abin koyi kawai da nake da shi. Don haka abin da kawai nake so shi ne in girma in zama mutumin da zai iya ba wa ɗan'uwa ɗaya kwata."  Lear ya yanke shawarar ƙaura zuwa California don sake fara aikinsa a bainar jama'a, yana tuƙi tare da 'yarsa ƙarama a faɗin ƙasar. 

A darensa na farko a Los Angeles, Lear ya ci karo da wani shiri na George Bernard Shaw 's *Major Barbara* a gidan wasan kwaikwayo mai kujeru 90 a gefen Sunset Boulevard. Ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayon shine Sydney Chaplin, ɗan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo Charlie Chaplin da Lita Grey . Charlie Chaplin, Alan Mowbray, da Dame Gladys Cooper sun zauna a gaban Lear, kuma bayan an gama wasan kwaikwayon, Charlie Chaplin ya yi wasa. 

### MANAZARTA