Yunkurin samun 'yancin kai a Mozambique

Ƙungiyoyi masu sha'awar 'yantar da Mozambique daga 'yan mulkin mallaka na Portugal da kuma mayar da ita ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta sun fito a farkon shekarun 1900, jim kaɗan bayan Portugal ta yi nasara a kan na ƙarshe na sarakunan 'yan asalin kuma ta kafa ingantaccen iko a kan yankin.

## 1920s
A cikin shekarar 1920 ko 1923, wata kungiya ta ɗauki nauyin gwamnati, an kafa *Liga Africana* a Lisbon da *assimilados*, mambobi ne na ƙananan tsirarun 'yan Afirka a cikin yankunan da aka ba su matsayin ɗan ƙasa.  Gibson ya bayyana cewa "ko da yake ya taru ne kawai wasu masanan Afirka ashirin da na mulatto, [ya] yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci a cikin yankunan."  Daga baya, a Mozambique, an kafa *Associação Africana* da mulattoes na assimilated; da kuma *Associação dos Naturais de Moçambique* na fararen fata da aka haifa a Mozambique. (A cikin shekarar 1950s ƙungiyar ta ƙarshe ta buɗe kofofinta ga waɗanda ba fararen fata ba kuma sun yi yaƙi don al'ummomin da ba na ƙabilu ba.) A cewar Chilcote, "'yan Afirka sun nuna buƙatu ta hanyar waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ta hanyar yin kira ga matsakaicin gyare-gyare a cikin shekarar 1930s da kuma mai da hankali kan tattaunawa kan shiga kai tsaye ga talakawan birane a cikin shekarar 1940s. Gwamnati ta mayar da martani tare da zaɓen shugabanni tare da maye gurbinsu tare da jagorancin gudanarwa. ayyukan waɗannan kungiyoyi."  Lokacin da *Associação Africana* ta zo wani yanki a ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati, mafi ƙudiri na masu kishin ƙasa a cikinta sun kafa *Instituto Negrófilo*. Daga baya gwamnati ta tilasta wa hakan ta canza suna zuwa *Centro Associativo dos Negros de Moçambique*; kuma an dakatar da shi a shekarar 1965 saboda zargin zagon ƙasa da ta'addanci.  Gwamnati kuma ta shiga tsakani a cikin *Associação dos Naturais de Moçambique*, ta maye gurbin shugabancinta, kuma, a cewar Chilcote, ta kawo ƙarshen tasirinta. 

Bayan waɗannan ƙungiyoyin jarida, *O Brado Africano* an kafa shi a farkon shekara ta 1920s. Ɗaya daga cikin makwanni na farko na Afirka a cikin nahiyar, ya ba da hanyar da za ta nuna rashin amincewa da 'yan ƙasa. Chilcote, a cikin shekarar 1967, ya rubuta cewa "Ko da yake gwamnatin Salazar ke iko da shi, ya kasance mai dogaro da Afirka." 

*Casa dos Estudantes do Império* wata cibiya ce ta ɗalibin Afirka a Lisbon. An bayyana shi a matsayin juyin mulki kuma gwamnati ta rufe shi a shekarar 1965.

## 1950s
A tsakiyar shekarar 1950s ƙungiyoyin siyasa na ɓoye sun kafu. Sama da ƙasa mai ilimin kishin ƙasa ya ci gaba: Masanan Afirka da ke karatu a jami'o'in Portuguese sun kafa ***Movimento Anti-Colonista*** (MAC) a matsayin haɓakar *Casa dos Estudantes do Império*. Wasu daga cikin ɗaliban Afirka a Portugal, ciki har da Angolan Mário Pinto de Andrade da Mozambique Marcelino dos Santos, sun bar Portugal kuma suka zauna a birnin Paris, inda Chilcote ya ce, "sun haɗu da Faransa masu ba da shawara na *négritude* da sauran waɗanda suka nemi al'adun Afirka, gargajiya a cikin sauti amma zamani da ƙwarewa a ciki."  A Afirka ta Kudu, ɗaliban makarantar sakandaren Mozambique waɗanda aka tura su can don yin karatu sun kafa wani yanki na *Centro Associativo dos Negros de Moçambique* da ake kira ***Núcleo dos Estudantes Africanos Secundários de Moçambique*** (NESAM). Ƙananan membobinta sun haɗa da da yawa waɗanda za su ci gaba da zama shugabanni a cikin gwagwarmayar 'yanci, ciki har da shugaban FRELIMO na gaba, Eduardo Mondlane.

A taron jama'ar Afirka na biyu, a Tunis, 1960, MAC ta maye gurbin ***Frente Revolucionária Africana para a Indêpencia das Colônais Portuguesas*** (FRAIN).

A cikin shekarun 1950 zuwa 1960, murkushe masu tsatsauran ra'ayi da gwamnati ke yi a Mozambik ya yi tsanani sosai, ta yadda muhimman kungiyoyin 'yantar da 'yantar da ƙasa baki ɗaya su ci gaba da wanzuwarsu a wajen ƙasar. Ƙungiya ta farko da ke da cikakkiyar niyya ga 'yantar da ƙasa an kafa ta 'yan gudun hijirar Mozambique a Rhodesia (yanzu Zimbabwe) da Nyasaland (yanzu Malawi), a ranar 2 ga watan Oktoba, 1960, kuma aka kira ***[[National Democratic Union of Mozambique|União Democrática Nacional de Moçambique]]*** (UDENAMO). Shugaban wanda ya kafa ta shine Adelino Gwambe. Shugaban Tanganyikan (yanzu Tanzaniya) Julius Nyerere ya tausayawa 'yan kishin ƙasa, kuma a watan Afrilun 1961 UDENAMO ya koma babban birnin Tanganyika, Dar es Salaam. Mambobinta a lokuta daban-daban sun haɗa da:

* Reverend Uria Simango (Shugaba), limamin Furotesta daga yankin Beira.
* JM Mabunde
* Paulo José Gumane

## 1960s
A cikin watan Fabrairun 1961 ƙungiyar masu kishin ƙasa ta biyu, ***Moçambique National African Union*** (MANU) an kafa shi daga ƙananan ƙungiyoyi da yawa ciki har da ***Mocambique Maconde Union*** of Northern Moçambique da Tanganyika. Membobin kungiyar sun samu kwarin gwiwa, kuma sun sami goyan bayan, Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta Kenya (KANU) da Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta Tanganyika (TANU). Matthew Mmole shi ne ya kafa shugaban ƙasa, kuma MM Malianga Sakatare-Janar. Bayan Tanganyika ta sami 'yancin kai a watan Disamba 1961, MANU ya koma Dar es Salaam.

Ƙungiya ta uku, ***União Africana de Moçambique Independente*** (UNAMI) ƴan gudun hijira daga gundumar Tete ne suka kafa. Shi ma ya koma Dar es Salaam a shekarar 1961.

A cikin watan Afrilu 1961 Adelino Gwambe ya yi tafiya zuwa Rabat don wakiltar dukkanin jam'iyyu uku, UDENAMO, MANU da UNAMI, a taron da aka watse FRAIN aka maye gurbinsa da *Confederação das Organizações Nacionalistas das Colónia Portuguesas* (CONCP).

A cikin watan Yuni 1962, tare da ƙarfafawa daga duka CONCP da Nyerere, UDENAMO, MANU, da UNAMI sun haɗe zuwa ***Frente de Libertação de Moçambique*** (FRELIMO). A taron farko na FRELIMO, a Dar es Salaam a ƙarshen watan Satumba 1962, an zaɓi Eduardo Mondlane Shugabanta. Bayan shekaru da dama na gwagwarmayar FRELIMO, Mozambik ta samu 'yancin kai a shekara ta 1975.

## Duba kuma

* Yakin 'Yancin Mozambique
* Yaƙin Turawan Mulkin Fotigal

## Manazarta

## Sources

* Ronald Chilcote, *Portuguese Afirka* . 1967; Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Amurika; Prentice-Hall.
* Richard Gibson, *Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Afirka* . 1972; London; Jami'ar Oxford Press.