open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Emma Smith Gillies

**Emma Smith Gillies** (1900–1936) ƙwararren mai tukwane ne ɗan ƙasar Scotland wanda aka fi sani da shi saboda yadda ta fara amfani da tukwane da tukwane da aka fenti a Art Deco . 

## Tukwane
An haifi Emma Gillies a ƙaramin garin Haddington, a wajen birnin Edinburgh da ke Scotland. A Haddington, Gillies ta shiga Cibiyar Mata ta Yankin Karkara ta Scotland (SWRI) a farkon shekarun 1920 kuma Catherine Blair, wacce ta kafa Cibiyar ta koyar da ita yadda ake yin ado da guraben da aka yi amfani da su a salon Mak'Merry Pottery. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, baiwarta ta jagoranci ta koyar da azuzuwan ado da guraben da aka yi amfani da su ga sabbin membobin SWRI tare da Betty Wright, wacce ta kafa ƙungiyar Mak'Merry Pottery [1]

A shekarar 1929, Gillies ta ƙaura zuwa Edinburgh inda ta fara halartar azuzuwan tukwane a Sashen Zane na Kwalejin Fasaha ta Edinburgh, shirin da kawai ke ba da Azuzuwan Tukwane a Kwalejin.  A can ta yi karatu a ƙarƙashin jagorancin fitaccen mai sassaka kuma Shugaban Makaranta Alexander Carrick har zuwa kammala karatunta a 1932 inda, a zangon karatunta na ƙarshe, ta shiga cikin wani Nunin Aikin Karfe da Tukwane "a 5 Ramsay Lane [a] Edinburgh" wanda aka buga a jaridar Edinburgh *The Scotsman* a ranar 3 ga Disamba na wannan shekarar.  Ba mako guda ba bayan haka, wannan littafin ya sanar da cewa an ba Gillies kyautar tallafin karatu na tafiya mai darajar fam ɗari ga Kwalejin Fasaha ta London Royal. 

A zangon karatu na gaba, Emma Gillies ta halarci Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal da ke Landan a ƙarƙashin William Staite Murray, ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masana tukwane na Scotland na ƙarni na 20.  Duk da haka, Gillies ba ta iya kammala karatunta a Landan ba saboda rashin lafiya wanda ya tilasta mata komawa gida bayan ta kammala shekara ɗaya kacal. Duk da rashin lafiyarta, an baje kolin Gillies a cikin babban bikin baje kolin fasaha na ƙungiyar masu fasaha ta Scotland a watan Oktoban 1935, inda aka yaba mata sosai kafin rasuwarta tana da shekaru talatin da shida a watan Maris na 1936.

## Manazarta
Derek Davis (mai zane)

**Derek Maynard Davis** (24 ga Fabrairu 1926 &#x2013; 3 ga Satumba 2008) ƙwararren mai fasaha ne ɗan Ingila, yana aiki a fannin zane da tukwane . An haife shi a Wandsworth, Kudancin London, inda ya yi karatu a Makarantar Emanuel . Ya shiga Rundunar 'Yan Sanda ta Sarki a 1943, don yin yaƙi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu .  Bayan yaƙin, ya shiga Makarantar Fasaha da Sana'o'i ta Tsakiya a Landan.  Tare da abokinsa Eric James Mellon, sai ya fara aikin tukwane a Hillesden, Buckinghamshire .  Daga baya ya tafi ya yi aiki da kansa, ya koma Arundel, Yammacin Sussex . A nan ya ƙara haɓaka tukwanensa, yana fito da dabaru da dama na kirkire-kirkire.  An yi masa tiyatar ido a 1994, wanda ya sa bai iya duba ta cikin ramin da ke cikin murhun tukwane ba, kuma bayan haka ya fara mai da hankali kan zane. 

Aikin Davis ya shahara wajen karya salon aiki na Bernard Leach, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a shekarun bayan yaƙi. [1] Davis ya koyar da kansa a fannin tukwane, kuma an bayyana hanyarsa a matsayin "aiki gwargwadon yadda aka tsara". [2] An nuna tukwanen nasa a nune-nunen daban-daban, kuma yana da kwamitocin daga Cibiyar Barbican da ofisoshin jakadancin Birtaniya da ke Brasília, Rome, Warsaw, da Riyadh . Davis ya haɗu da matarsa Ruth Lambert a Ventnor a Tsibirin Wight, inda ya yi ɗan lokaci a wani wurin shan magani bayan kwaleji, yana fama da tarin fuka . Ruth, majiyyaciya a wannan cibiyar, ita ma mai zane ce. [3] Ma'auratan sun yi aure a shekarar 1953, kuma suna da ɗa ɗaya. [3] Davis ya mutu a Chichester a ranar 4 ga Satumba, 2008.

## Manazarta

*
Margery Clinton

**Margery Clinton** (1931 &#x2013; 2005) ƙwararriyar mai yin yumbu ce 'yar ƙasar Scotland kuma ƙwararriya ce a fannin rage hasken rana . Ta yi karatun zane a Makarantar Fasaha ta Glasgow tsakanin 1949 da 1953 kuma ta kasance ɓangare na ƙungiyar Young Glasgow, wacce aka gudanar da baje kolinta na farko a McLellan Galleries a 1958. Clinton ta fara sha'awar yumbu kafin ta ci gaba da bincike kan rage hasken rana a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal a farkon shekarun 1970.  A can ne a Landan ta fara bincike kan fasahar gilashin haske ta Louis Comfort Tiffany.

A shekarar 1978 ta kafa wani bita a Newton Port, Haddington a Scotland kuma ta yi aiki a can tare da Jan Williamson har zuwa 1981. Evelyn Corbett ta taimaka mata tsawon shekaru da yawa. Clinton ta ci gaba da aiki a can har zuwa 1995 lokacin da ta koma wani sabon studio a Templelands, Dunbar .

Clinton ta gudanar da wasu muhimman ayyukan gine-gine a ƙarshen rayuwarta, kuma an ɗauke ta aikinta da tayal a matsayin abin birgewa. An nuna ta a Tate, Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert, Gidan Tarihi na Glasgow da Gidan Tarihi na Royal na Scotland . Aikin tayal ɗinta a bainar jama'a yana da ɗorewa kuma mai ɗorewa. Ana iya ganin misalan aikin tayal na Clinton a Makarantar Mary Erskine da ke Edinburgh har ma da bayan gida na ma'aikata a Gidan Tarihi na Scottish National Portrait Gallery. A cikin aikinta na ƙarshe, Clinton ta yi aiki da paperclay, ta ƙara kusan 1.5% takarda zuwa yumbu, wanda ya canza yanayinta gaba ɗaya. [1]

Ta rubuta littafin Working with lustres (wanda kuma aka yi wa lakabi da Lustres), wanda Batsford ta buga a shekarar 1991, wanda yanzu ake kira Anova Books, wani tsari mai sauƙin fahimta game da dabarun da ake amfani da su a yawancin ayyukanta na musamman. 

Ana riƙe da cikakken jerin girke-girkenta da bincikenta na lustres a ɗakin karatu na ƙasa na Scotland tare da wasiƙunta, bayanan kuɗi, da takardun aiki daga 1969 &#x2013; 95. 

Ayyukanta suna cikin tarin Tate Museum . 

## Manazarta
Clarice Cliff

**Clarice Cliff** (20 ga Janairu 1899 - 23 Oktoba 1972) ƙwararren mai zane ne kuma mai zane na yumbu na Ingila. Daga 1922 zuwa 1963, Cliff ya zama shugaban sashen kera masana'antar tukwane ta Newport.

## Rayuwar farko

Kakannin Cliff sun ƙaura daga yankin Eccleshall zuwa Tunstall, Stoke-on-Trent, a kusan shekara ta 1725. An haifi Cliff a farfajiyar wani ƙaramin gida a titin Meir a ranar 20 ga Janairu, 1899.  Mahaifinta, Harry Thomas Cliff, yana aiki a wani kamfanin hakar ƙarfe a Tunstall . Mahaifiyarta Ann (ɗan Machin) tana wanke tufafi don ƙara wa iyalin kuɗin shiga. Suna da 'ya'ya bakwai.  

An tura Cliff zuwa wata makaranta daban da ta 'yan uwanta. Bayan makaranta, za ta ziyarci goggon ta, wacce mai fenti ce da hannu.   Ta yi samfuran takarda da mache a makaranta ga wani kamfanin tukwane na gida. 

A lokacin da take da shekaru 13, Cliff ta fara aiki a masana'antar tukwane a matsayin mai yin zinare . Ta ƙara layukan zinare a kan tukwane na gargajiya. Daga baya, ta koyi zane-zane da hannu a wani wurin ajiye tukwane .  Ta kuma yi karatun fasaha da sassaka a Makarantar Fasaha ta Burslem .

## Farkon aikina
A shekarar 1916, Cliff ta ƙaura zuwa masana'antar AJ Wilkinson da ke Newport, Burslem, don ƙara damarta ta aiki. Yawancin matasan mata a Staffordshire Potteries za su ci gaba da aiki a fannin aikin da suka fara ƙwarewa don ƙara kuɗin shigarsu sama da ƙimar 'albashin masu koyon aiki'. Cliff ta zaɓi kada ta bi wannan hanyar gargajiya; maimakon haka ta sami ƙwarewa da yawa, kamar yin zane-zanen siffofi da tukwane, yin zinare, ajiye littattafan zane, da kayan zane da hannu. Zane-zanen hannu sun haɗa da zana zane, yin ado da ɗaurewa (zanen madauri a kan faranti ko tasoshin ruwa). A farkon shekarun 1920, manajan kayan ado Jack Walker ya jawo hankalin Cliff ga ɗaya daga cikin masu masana'antar, Arthur Colley Austin Shorter. Shorter ta kula da ƙwarewarta a fannin yumbu kuma ta ba ta sarari don bincika ra'ayoyinta. Ya yi aure, amma daga baya ya auri Cliff bayan matarsa ta mutu (Cliff da Shorter sun yi aure a watan Disamba 1940). Bayan lokaci, Cliff ta haɓaka ƙwarewarta kuma ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal kuma ta ziyarci Paris. 

A cikin salo daban-daban, an yi amfani da tambarin baya na farko da aka buga 'Bizarre' a kan kayan Clarice Cliff daga 1928 zuwa farkon 1936. An ba Cliff horo na biyu yana da shekaru 25 (1924). Ta yi aiki a AJ Wilkinson's, galibi a matsayin 'mai ƙira' kuma ta yi aiki tare da masu tsara masana'anta John Butler da Fred Ridgway. Sun samar da kayan tarihi na zamani, irin na Victorian. [1] Daga ƙarshe, an gane ƙwarewar Cliff iri-iri, kuma a 1927 an ba ta ɗakin studio a Newport Pottery da ke maƙwabtaka, wanda Arthur Colley Austin Shorter ya saya a 1920. [2] A nan, an ba Cliff damar yin ado da wasu tsoffin kayan tarihi masu lahani a cikin tsarin hannunta na hannu. Ta yi amfani da launukan enamel na kan gilashi don waɗannan, wanda ya ba da damar yin palette mai haske fiye da launukan ƙarƙashin gilashi.

## Manazarta
Ray Finch (mai tukwane)

**Alfred Raymond Finch** (27 Nuwamba 1914 - 18 Janairu 2012), ƙwararren mai ginin tukwane ne ɗan Ingila  wanda ya yi aiki a Winchcombe Pottery na tsawon shekaru saba'in da biyar.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Ray Finch a Streatham, Kudancin London.

## Sana'a

A shekarar 1926, Michael Cardew ya kafa Greet Potteries a Winchcombe, Gloucestershire, inda ya yi tukwane a al'adar slipware ta Ingila, mai amfani kuma mai araha, kuma ya yi amfani da shi a cikin murhun kwalba na gargajiya tare da taimakon Sidney Tustin . [1] A shekarar 1935, Finch ya zo Gloucestershire ya tambayi Cardew ko zai iya shiga tukwane. Cardew ya ba shi shawara ya fara koyon dabarun asali, kuma Finch ya tafi Makarantar Fasaha da Zane ta Tsakiya, inda ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Dora Billington [2] kuma Cardew ya ɗauke shi aiki a 1936. Finch ya sayi tukwane, wanda yanzu ake kira Winchcombe Pottery, a 1946. [3]

Finch yana da sha'awar kayan dutse, kuma a shekarar 1952 ya fara gwaji da yumbu mai wahala. Daga ƙarshe gwaje-gwajen sun yi nasara kuma a shekarar 1954 an harba murhun kwalba a karo na ƙarshe, tunda ya yi girma sosai kuma bai dace da kayan dutse ba. An ci gaba da samar da kayan slipware ta hanyar amfani da murhun lantarki, amma an daina amfani da su a shekarar 1964. A shekarar 1974 an gina murhun itace don maye gurbin murhun mai da ake amfani da shi don samar da kayan dutse kuma ana amfani da shi tun daga lokacin. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Manazarta
Stella Rebecca Crofts

**Stella Rebecca Crofts** (9 ga Janairu 1898 - 1964) 'Yar Birtaniya ce mai zane wadda ta yi fice wajen ƙirƙirar zane-zane, sassaka da kuma tukwane.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Crofts a Nottingham kuma ta girma a Ilford da ke Essex .  Saboda tsawon lokacin rashin lafiya a lokacin da take ƙarama, Crofts galibi tana koyon gida kafin ta yi karatu a Makarantar Fasaha da Sana'o'i ta Tsakiya da ke tsakiyar London daga 1916 zuwa 1922 sannan ta yi shekara guda a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal inda ta yi karatun tukwane da sassaka.   Bayan kammala karatunta, Crofts ta koma Essex ta kafa ɗakin studio tare da murhu.  Ta fara baje kolin a Kwalejin Royal a 1925 kuma ta ci gaba da nuna ayyukanta a Venice, Milan da Toronto.  A Paris, an ba Crofts lambar azurfa a Exposition des Arts Decoratifs a 1925. 

An zaɓe Crofts a matsayin Mataimakiyar Ƙungiyar Masu Zane-zanen Mata a shekarar 1924, inda ta zama cikakken memba a shekarar 1925 kuma ta nuna ayyuka sama da 200 a Ƙungiyar a lokacin aikinta.  Ta ci gaba da baje kolin a Kwalejin Royal kuma ta yi wani wasan kwaikwayo na kaɗaici a Gidan Tarihi na Redfern a shekarar 1926 sannan ta kuma yi wasa tare da Ƙungiyar Zane-zane ta Mata ta Duniya kuma ta zama mataimakiyar Royal Society of Miniature Painters, Sculptors and Gravers .   Ta yi baje kolin a bikin baje kolin shekara-shekara na Sabuwar Ƙungiyar Masu Zane-zane a shekarar 1932.

A lokacin aikinta, Crofts sau da yawa tana ƙirƙirar zane-zane da sassaka na nau'ikan dabbobi daban-daban, musamman tsuntsaye, amma kuma tana zana hotunan ɗan adam. [1] Ta yi kwaikwayon ƙungiyoyin dabbobi sannan ta yi musu gilashi ta kuma harba su a cikin murhunta, ta amfani da dabaru daban-daban, don ƙirƙirar mutum-mutumi, kayan ado da kayan ƙasa. [1] Misalan ayyukan zane-zane na Crofts suna nan a Gidan Tarihi na Victoria & Albert da ke Landan, Gidan Tarihi na Nottingham Castle, Gidan Tarihi na Manchester City, Gidan Tarihi na Potteries da Art Gallery da ke Stoke-on-Trent da Gidan Tarihi na Kayan Ado da ke Milan. [2] [3]

## Manazarta
Audrey Cruddas

**Audrey Cruddas** (1912–1979) ƙwararriyar mai zane ce a fannin kayan ado da kuma tukwane, mai zane da kuma tukwane.  

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife ta a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu, Cruddas ta koma Ingila tare da iyayenta tun tana jaririya. Bayan ta bar makaranta ta karanci zane-zane a Makarantar Fasaha ta St John's Wood, Makarantar Royal Academy, da Makarantar Zane da Zane ta Bram Shaw . A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ta yi aiki a matsayin 'Yar Ƙasa' a Rundunar Sojojin Ƙasa ta Mata . A ƙarshen rikicin, ta fara tsara kayan ado na gidan wasan kwaikwayo kuma nan da nan ta sami hazaka daga mai rawa kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Sir Robert Helpmann . Ba da daɗewa ba Cruddas ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu tsara wasan kwaikwayo na zamani na lokacin bayan yaƙi.

Kwamitin farko na Cruddas shine tsara kayan kwalliya ga *The White Devil* a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Duchess, London (1947). Wannan shirin ya nuna fitaccen abokinta kuma mai ba ta shawara Robert Helpmann. Sauran abubuwan da suka fi daukar hankali a farkon aikinsa sun hada da shirin John Burrell na Old Vic na 1947 na Taming of the Shrew da Verdi's, Aida at Convent Garden (1948). Fina-finan da suka shahara daga baya sun hada da shirin Michael Benthall na Old Vic na *[[Julius Kaisar (wasan kwaikwayo)|Julius Caesar]]* (1955), *Cymbeline* (1957), da *Hamlet* (1958), da kuma shirin Peter Potter na Edinburgh Festival na ' The Wallace ' (1960).

A shekarar 1952, Cruddas ta zana wani littafin William Shakespeare mai suna *The Tragedy of Antony & Cleopatra* (wanda abokinta Laurence Olivier ne ya rubuta wannan bugu) na Folio Society kuma an sake buga littafin a shekarar 1963. Duk da cewa an fi saninta da aikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo, ta kasance ƙwararriyar mai fasaha a fannoni daban-daban - zane, zane da kuma tukwane. A wannan shekarar, ta kuma lashe kyautar Donaldson saboda gagarumin nasarar da ta samu a zane-zanen *Caesar da Cleopatra.*  

## Manazarta
Margaret Hine

**Margaret Hine** (1927–1987) ƙwararren mai yin tukwane ce ta Burtaniya. An san ta a shekarun 1950 saboda siffofin dabbobinta, amma kuma tana yin kwano da zane-zanen bango na yumbu. 

## Rayuwa
Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Fasaha ta Derby sannan ta je Makarantar Fasaha ta Tsakiya, inda ta yi karatun tukwane a ƙarƙashin Dora Billington, da kuma Cibiyar Ilimi, inda ta yi karatu a ƙarƙashin William R. Newland .  Daga 1949 zuwa 1954 ta yi ɗakin studio a Bayswater, London, tare da Newland da Nicolas Vergette .

Ta auri Newland a shekarar 1950, wacce ta haifi 'ya'ya biyu da ita, kuma a shekarar 1954 ta kafa wani studio tare da shi a Prestwood, Buckinghamshire. [1] Jami'ar Wales, Cardiff ce ke riƙe da tarihinsu. [2]

## Manazarta
Reginald George Haggar

**Reginald George Haggar** (1905–1988), RI, ARCA, FRSA, ƙwararren mai zane ne na yumbu ɗan ƙasar Birtaniya. An haife shi a Ipswich kuma ya yi karatu a Makarantar Fasaha ta Ipswich da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal . A shekarar 1929, ya zama mataimakin mai zane a Mintons Pottery da ke Stoke-on-Trent, inda ya zama darektan fasaha watanni shida bayan haka, mukamin da ya riƙe har zuwa 1939. Yana aiki a fannin zane-zanen ruwa da tukwane, ƙirarsa ta nuna abubuwa masu ƙarfi da kuma waƙoƙi na salon Art Deco .

Bayan ya bar Mintons, ya zama babban jami'in kula da Makarantar Fasaha ta Stoke a shekarar 1941 sannan ya zama babban jami'in kula da Makarantar Fasaha ta Burslem har zuwa 1945.

Bayan haka, ya zama mai zane mai zaman kansa kuma malami a yankin Potteries. Ya zana hotuna da yawa na yankin North Staffordshire . Ana gudanar da lacca ta shekara-shekara ta yumbu don tunawa da shi kowace shekara da ake kira Lakcar Tunawa da Reginald Haggar, wanda aka bayar a waɗannan kwanakin a Gidan Tarihi da Zane-zane na Potteries. [1]

## Manazarta

* *Sassaka na yumbu na baya-bayan nan a Burtaniya,* J. Tiranti ltd, 1946
* *Siffofin Tukwane na Turanci, 1660-1860,* J. Tiranti (wanda Barnard & Westwood suka buga), 1947
* *Sabuwar jagora ga tsoffin tukwane: Tukwane na ƙasar Ingila,* MM McBride, 1950
* *Turancin Pottery na Ƙasa,* Gidan Phoenix, 1950
* *Masons of Lane Delph da kuma asalin patent ɗin Masons ironstone,* An buga shi don GL Ashworth & Bros. ta PL Humphries, 1952
* *Kayan adon bututun hayaki na Staffordshire,* Gidan Phoenix, 1955
* *Pottery Through the Ages,* Roy Publishers, 1959
* *Zane-zane na tsawon shekaru,* London: Methuen, 1960
* *Gilashi da masu yin gilashi,* London: Methuen, 1961
* *Kamus na kalmomin fasaha: zane, sassaka, gine-gine,* Oldbourne Press, 1962
* *Littafin The Concise Encyclopedia of Continental Pottery and Porcelain,* Praeger, 1968
* tare da Elizabeth Adams, *Mason porcelain da ironstone 1796-1853, Miles Mason da Mason Manufactories,* London: Faber, 1977
David Leach (mai tukwane)

**David Andrew Leach** (7 ga Mayu 1911 - 15 ga Fabrairu 2005) ƙwararren mai ginin tukwane ne ɗan Ingila kuma babban ɗa ne ga Bernard Leach da Muriel Hoyle Leach, matar Bernard ta farko.

An haifi David Leach a Tokyo, Japan, inda mahaifinsa ya haɗu da Shoji Hamada, kuma ya zo Ingila a shekarar 1920 don neman ilimi a Makarantar Dauntsey, Wiltshire .  Ya fara koyon aiki tare da mahaifinsa a Leach Pottery St Ives, Cornwall, a shekarar 1930 kuma ya yi horo a matsayin manajan tukwane a Kwalejin Fasaha ta North Staffordshire, Stoke-on-Trent, 1935-37. Daga baya ya jagoranci tukwanen, ya canza daga ƙona itace zuwa murhu mai ƙona mai sannan ya sabunta wurin aikin. 

A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Leach ya zama wanda ake zargi da laifin shiga cikin rundunar a shekarar 1941, amma, a matsayinsa na Kirista mai son zaman lafiya, ya nuna rashin amincewarsa da lamirinsa ta hanyar ƙin sanya kayan soja. Bayan kotunan soji sau biyu, daga ƙarshe ya amince da shiga rundunar sojojin Duke of Cornwall .  

A shekarar 1955, Leach ya bar St Ives don kafa Kamfanin Pottery na Lowerdown a Bovey Tracey, Devon, inda ya shahara da fentinsa . [1] Christopher Gowing da Paul Rice sun bayyana aikinsa: "Salon ya yi kama da na mahaifinsa, amma bambancin yanayinsu ya haifar da tukwane daban-daban. Kwano mai busasshe, na celadon na David Leach bai yi kama da wanda mahaifinsa ya yi ba. Kwano na Bernard Leach zai kasance mai kauri, mai ƙarfi, mai kauri, mai haske tare da busasshe mai faɗi kuma ba shi da bambanci a launi tsakanin jiki da gilashi . Na David Leach zai kasance siriri, santsi, mai haske, kuma tare da busasshen busasshe mai daidaito, mai kunkuntar kuma mai launuka iri-iri - daga kore mai launin ja zuwa shuɗi mai launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi." [2]

## Manazarta
Ian Gregory

**Ian Gregory** (ko **Iain Gregory** ; 1942, Eastcote, Middlesex – 8 Afrilu 2021)   ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Burtaniya, mawaƙi kuma mai tukwane.

A matsayinsa na mawaƙi, ya yi waka tare da Joe Meek a wata waƙa mai suna "Time Will Tell", [1] da kuma waƙar "Can't You Hear the Beat of a Broken Heart" wadda Meek ya rubuta. [2]

A shekarar 1964, ya fito a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya, *The System* . 

Gregory ya halarci Makarantar Fasaha ta St Martin .  Aikinsa na farko na tukwane ya ƙunshi akwatin aljihun dutse mai gilashi mai gishiri, ɗaya daga cikinsu yana cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert .  Ya kasance mai amfani da yumbun takarda da farko kuma mai gina murhu mai ƙirƙira. 

A shekarar 1977 , an zaɓi    Masu Gina Ƙwallon ...

## Manazarta
Bernard Leach

**Bernard Howell Leach,** CH CBE (5 ga Janairu 1887 - 6 ga Mayu 1979) malamin tukwane ne na Burtaniya kuma malamin fasaha.  Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin "Uban tukwane na studio na Burtaniya". 

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Shekarun farko (Japan)
An haifi Leach a Hong Kong .  Mahaifiyarsa Eleanor (née Sharp) ta mutu a lokacin haihuwa. Ya kuma yi shekaru uku na farko a Japan tare da mahaifinsa, Andrew Leach, har sai da ya koma Hong Kong a shekarar 1890.

Leach ya halarci Makarantar Fasaha ta Slade da Makarantar Fasaha ta London, inda ya yi karatun zane a ƙarƙashin Frank Brangwyn .  Yana karanta littattafai na Lafcadio Hearn, ya fara sha'awar Japan. A shekara ta 1909 ya koma Japan tare da matarsa Muriel (née Hoyle) da nufin koyar da zane. Satomi Ton, Kojima Kikuo, da kuma daga baya Ryūsei Kishida su ne ɗalibansa.

A Tokyo, ya gabatar da jawabai kuma ya halarci tarurruka tare da Mushanoji Saneatsu, Shiga Naoya, Yanagi Sōetsu da wasu daga " Shirakaba -Group",  waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin gabatar da fasahar yamma ga Japan bayan shekaru 250 na keɓewa. A kusan 1911 ya halarci liyafar tukwane ta Raku-yaki wadda ita ce gabatarwarsa ta farko ga tukwane, kuma ta hanyar gabatarwa daga Ishii Hakutei, ya fara karatu a ƙarƙashin Urano Shigekichi(1851–1923), wanda ya tsaya a matsayin *Kenzan na 6* a al'adar mai ginin tukwane Ogata Kenzan (1663–1743). Mai taimakawa a matsayin mai fassara kalmomin fasaha shine mai ginin tukwane Tomimoto Kenkichi, wanda ya riga ya haɗu da shi a baya. Tun daga wannan lokacin Leach ya rubuta labarai ga Shirakaba.

A shekarar 1913 ya kuma tsara murfin Shirakaba da Fyūzan . [Sub 1] Tun bayan da masanin falsafa kuma masanin fasaha na Prussia Alfred Westharp ya jawo hankalin Leach, wanda a lokacin yake zaune a Peking, ya ƙaura zuwa Peking a shekarar 1915. A can ya ɗauki sunan李奇聞(don "Leach"), amma ya koma Japan a shekara mai zuwa. A shekarar 1919 ne, lokacin da matashi Hamada Shōji ya ziyarci Leach a karon farko. Leach ya sami tukunya daga Kenzan ya gina shi a lambun Yanagi ya kuma kira shi Tōmon-gama . Yanzu da ya zama mai tukwane, ya yanke shawarar ƙaura zuwa Ingila .

A shekarar 1920, kafin ya tafi, ya yi wani baje koli a Osaka, inda ya haɗu da mai yin tukwane Kawai Kanjirō . A Tokyo, an shirya baje kolin bankwana.

### A Ingila

## Manazarta
John Leach (mai yin tukwane)

**John Leach** ƙwararren mai ginin tukwane ne, babban ɗan David Leach kuma babban jikan Bernard Leach . An haife shi a St Ives a 1939, ya yi karatu a gaban kakansa da mahaifinsa a St Ives da kuma a ƙarƙashin Ray Finch a Winchcombe.  Leach ya bar makaranta a 1957 kuma ya yi aiki tare da mahaifinsa a Lowerdown Pottery Bovey Tracey, Devon kuma daga 1961 zuwa 1962 ya kasance mai koyon aiki a Leach Pottery St Ives . 

Ya kafa Muchelney Pottery a kan Somerset Levels  a shekarar 1964, kuma ya ƙirƙiro nau'ikan tukwane ta amfani da yumbu da itace na gida don samar da wutar lantarki ga murhun. 

Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert da ke Landan yana ɗauke da tarin ayyukansa [undefined] da kuma Gidan Tarihi na Worcester Art a Amurka. [1] Ayyukansa kuma suna cikin tarin dindindin na Gidan Tarihi na Fitzwilliam, Gidan Tarihi na Ulster, Belfast, Tate St Ives da Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Wales . [2]

Ya mutu a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2021. An yi jana'izarsa a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2021 a Higher Ground Meadow kusa da Corscombe. 

## Manazarta
Amy Krauss

**Amy Eliza Krauss** RWA (Janairu 1876 - 26 Disamba 1961) wata 'yar Birtaniya ce da aka sani da zane-zane a cikin mai da launukan ruwa, da kuma na ƙarshe da tukwane .  An fi saninta da zanen da aka yi a cikin Royal Collection a cikin Queen Mary's Dolls' House a Windsor Castle da kuma abota ta kud da kud da Frances Hodgkins .

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Krauss a Bristol ga mahaifin wani Bajamushe Augustus Krauss da mahaifiyar Ingila Alice Eliza Krauss (wacce aka fi sani da Elliott). Ita ce ta biyu a cikin akalla yara 5. Mahaifiyarta ta mutu a shekarun 1880 kuma goggon mahaifiyarta ce ta rene ta. Ta yi yarinta a birnin kafin ta yi karatu a Royal West of England Academy, daga baya aka zabe ta a cikin ƙungiyarsu. Ta kuma kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Clifton Arts Club. Ta yi darussan zane daga Alfred William Rich kuma ta ci gaba da karatun fasaha a Académie Colarossi, Paris daga 1908 zuwa 1913. Yayin da take Paris ta haɗu da yawancin masu fasaha waɗanda suka yi mata tasiri, ciki har da masu launin Scotland Samuel Peploe, John Duncan Fergusson da Leslie Hunter . Haka kuma a Paris ne ta fara haɗuwa da Frances Hodgkins. [1] [2]

## Sana'a
Krause ta yi baje kolin kayan tarihi sosai daga 1907 zuwa 1915, ciki har da a Royal Academy, Walker Art Gallery, New English Art Club da kuma Royal Institute of Oil Fenters .  Krauss ta koma Bristol a lokacin barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane a Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Burtaniya da na Colonial Airplane kuma daga 1915 zuwa 1918 ita ce babbar jami'ar kula da jin daɗin mata. A watan Satumba na 1915 Krauss ta shiga ajin zane na Hodgkins a St Ives a watan Satumba na 1915. Bayan haka, babban abin da ta fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne aikin tukwane, da farko ta yi aiki a Fishley Holland Pottery, Devon, sannan ta ci gaba da raba situdiyo tare da Sibley Pottery, Sandford, kusa da Wareham, Dorset .   A shekarar 1923 an ba ta aikin zana hoto don Gidan 'Yan Tsana na Sarauniya Mary a Windsor Castle. Aikin da aka yi a ƙarƙashin ruwa mai launi *Bishiyoyi da Gidajen Kwana* yana cikin ɗakin karatu na gidan 'yan tsana  tare da ayyukan wasu da suka haɗa da Paul Nash  A wannan shekarar ta sake yin zane tare da Hodgkins a wannan karon a Burford inda ta kafa ƙaramin shago don sayar da ayyukanta. Bayan wannan ya yi nasara a wannan bazarar, ta koma Dorset ta kafa ɗakin studio a cikin wani sito a West Street, Corfe Castle . Gidan Tarihi na Lefevre da ke Landan sun gudanar da babban baje kolin tukwane na farko na Krauss a 1925.   Krauss kuma ta koyar da tukwane kuma ta ba da darussa ga Don Potter kafin ya ɗauki aikin sassaka da tukwane bayan kammala koyarwa a Makarantar Bryanston a 1940.  Hodgkins ya kasance mai ziyara akai-akai zuwa Corfe Castle yana zama tare da Krauss a gidanta, Redlane Cottage da Krauss sun raka ta a buɗe baje kolin ta a Landan. A watan Agusta na 1941 ta kula da Hodgkins a can yayin da take murmurewa bayan tiyata. Bayan mutuwar Hodgkins a shekarar 1947, Krauss ta tattara kayan da ke ɗakinta ta kuma shirya a mayar da tokarta zuwa New Zealand. 

## Manazarta
Ewen Henderson (mai zane)

**James Ewen Henderson** (3 Janairu 1934 - 6 Oktoba 2000) ƙwararren mai zane ne na yumbu na Ingila .

An haife shi a Asibitin Cheddleton da ke Staffordshire, shi ne ɗa na biyu kuma ƙaramin ɗa ga David Henderson (kimanin 1900–1953), likitan likitanci, da (Beatrice) Mary Stewart (kimanin 1905–1956), malami kuma mai gudanarwa, waɗanda dukkansu 'yan asalin Scotland ne. An rene shi, ba kamar yadda aka saba ba kuma abin takaici, a wani babban asibitin mahaukata kusa da Leek, inda mahaifinsa ke zaune a matsayin likitan yara. Ya haɗu da ɗan'uwansa, David, a Makarantar Adams' Grammar, Newport, Shropshire, wacce ya halarta daga 1947 zuwa 1952, yana da ƙwarewa a wasan kurket da rugby. Ya yi hidimar ƙasa a rundunar RAF a Jamus.

Bayan ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Goldsmiths da Makarantar Fasaha ta Camberwell, ya shafe lokaci a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Edinburgh kafin ya koma Landan don gina sunansa.

A watan Mayu na shekarar 2000, an ba Henderson lambar yabo ta girmamawa ta Cibiyar London, domin girmama gudunmawar da ya bayar ga fasaha da kuma koyarwa mai kyau ta shekaru 30 da ya yi a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Camberwell, bayan ya shiga ma'aikata a shekarar 1970 lokacin da har yanzu ake kiran makarantar da Makarantar Fasaha da Sana'o'i ta Camberwell. Ɗalibansa sun haɗa da fitattun masana tukwane na studio kamar Jim Malone, Angus Suttie, da Sara Radstone. "Ewen Henderson ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu fasaha na yumbu a ƙarshen ƙarni na ashirin."

Ya fi son siffofi marasa tsari, waɗanda aka gina da hannu, kuma ya ƙirƙiro wata dabara da ake amfani da faci na nau'ikan yumbu daban-daban." 

A shekara ta 2002, an sanya wa wani sabon zauren zama na ɗalibai 260 suna Ewen Henderson Court don tunawa da shi da kuma girmama shi. Yana cikin New Cross Gate, London.

## Manazarta
Aiki Yau

**Agnete Hoy** (2 Nuwamba 1914 - 1 Afrilu 2000), wacce aka fi sani da **Anita Hoy**, ƙwararren mai ginin tukwane ne ɗan Ingila wanda ya sami nasarar ƙirƙirar gada tsakanin masana'antar yumbu da aikin masu ginin tukwane. Bayan ta yi karatu a Copenhagen, ta ci gaba da aiki a masana'antar tukwane ta Holbæk da Saxbo a ƙarshen shekarun 1930 kafin ta koma Ingila. Kwarewar Agnete ta ƙasar Denmark ta taimaka mata wajen ƙirƙirarta a masana'antar yumbu ta Ingila a lokacin yaƙin da kuma lokacin da ya biyo baya.

An samu ƙwarewar fasaha da ta shafi fenti da harbawa a masana'antar kuma an yi amfani da ita wajen samar da zane-zane na musamman don samarwa a ɗakin zane-zane na Buller's da ke Milton, Staffordshire da Royal Doulton da ke Lambeth, London.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Agnete Hoy a Southall, Ingila, a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 1914 ga iyayenta ' yan Denmark, Soren da Anna Blichfeldt, waɗanda ke zaune a Ingila tun 1906. An gayyaci Soren, wata mai bincike kan ƙwayoyin cuta daga Copenhagen, don kafa sabon dakin gwaje-gwaje na kimiyya don Maypole Margarine Works a Southall .

An haife Agnete a cikin iyali mai wadata da matsakaicin matsayi, kuma tana da kwanciyar hankali a lokacin yarinta. Kamar sauran iyalai masu irin wannan matsayi na zamantakewa, ita da 'yan uwanta biyu, Svend da Eric, an kula da su ta hanyar mai kula da su, kuma gidan ya kuma tallafa wa mai dafa abinci da mai kula da su. Wannan yarinta mai daɗi ta ƙare ba zato ba tsammani da mutuwar mahaifinta da wuri a shekarar 1921 lokacin da Agnete tana da shekaru 7 kacal. Wannan ya yi mata tasiri sosai a tsawon rayuwarta. Yanzu kuɗin shigar iyalin ya ragu sosai kuma mahaifiyarta ta ɗauki ƙaramin dangin zuwa Denmark, inda ta san cewa yaran za su sami ingantaccen ilimi kyauta a jihar .

Iyalin suna da kyawawan al'adun fasaha a fannin zane-zane da kiɗa, kuma an ƙarfafa ta ta ɗauki sha'awarta ta zane-zane a kan tukwane da aka riga aka ƙera. Tana da shekaru 19, ta nemi shiga Kwalejin Fasaha da Sana'o'i ta Copenhagen kuma an karɓe ta, tana karatu a can na tsawon shekaru 3. Bayan haka, ta yi aiki tare da Gerhard Nielsen a Holbaek Pottery na tsawon shekara guda, sannan ta koma aiki a Saxbo don Natalie Krebs. A shekarar 1938, Agnete ta auri Askel Hoy, wani mai zane, wanda ya girme ta da shekaru 7, kuma wannan sunan mahaifi ne za ta yi amfani da shi har tsawon sauran aikinta. Cikin 'yan watanni, auren ya gaza, Agnete ta nemi rabuwa ta hukuma ta bar Denmark, tare da mahaifiyarta a 1939. Ta yi shirin ziyartar 'yan uwanta biyu waɗanda suka koma Ingila don aiki, shekaru kaɗan da suka gabata. A lokacin wannan ziyarar ne yaƙi ya ɓarke kuma ba su sami damar komawa Denmark ba.

## Manazarta
Phyllis Keyes

**Phyllis Marion Keyes** (1881–1968)  ma'aikaciyar tukwane ce da ke da alaƙa da Duncan Grant, Vanessa Bell da ƙungiyar Bloomsbury . Ta samar da tukwane marasa komai don Grant ya yi wa ado, da yawa daga cikin waɗannan tukwane suna nan a Charleston Farmhouse . 

## Tarihin Rayuwa & Aiki
Ita 'yar Janar Sir Charles Patton Keyes ce da Katherine Jessie Norman. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

A shekarar 1922 Keyes ya kafa Tingewick Pottery don samar da fitilun da Sibyl Colefax na Colefax da Fowler suka ba da umarni. 

A farkon shekarun 1930, Keyes tana da ɗakunan studio a Warren Street sannan daga baya Clipstone Street London, suna samar da tukwane da furanni don ado, galibi ana yi musu alama da maɓallan da aka haɗa da kuma "P" na farko. [1] Ta yi aiki tare da mai sassaka Stephen Tomlin, wanda ya tsara kayan da ta yi kuma ya taimaka mata a cikin tukwanenta. Ana tsammanin [2] Tomlin ta gabatar da ita ga membobin ƙungiyar Bloomsbury.

A shekarar 1991, an sayar da wani kofi da tukunya mai launin kwano da Keyes ya jefa kuma Duncan Grant ya yi wa ado da shi a Christie's kan £1320. 

Gidan Tarihi na Yaƙin Daular Imperial yana da zanen launin ruwa na 1919 wanda Keyes ya yi wa lakabi da *WRNS Dockworker* . 

Gidan tarihin V&amp;amp;A yana ɗauke da akwatin ƙasa da kuma maƙallin bango da Stephen Tomlin ya tsara a cikin tarin kayansa na dindindin.   National Trust tana riƙe da ayyukanta a Monks House, Rodmell, East Sussex gidan Virginia Woolf .  Gidan Tarihi na Manchester Art Gallery yana da kwano mai ƙafafu Keyes da aka yi a 1933. 

## Manazarta
Colin Pearson (mai tukwane)

**Colin Pearson** (14 Satumba 1923 &#x2013; 3 Disamba 2007) ƙwararren mai ginin tukwane ne na Ingila kuma malamin fasaha.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Pearson a Friern Barnet, Landan a shekarar 1923  kuma ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Goldsmiths, Jami'ar Landan . Ya yi aiki a Winchcombe Pottery a ƙarƙashin Ray Finch  kafin ya tafi Lambeth a shekarar 1954 don yin aiki a Royal Doulton .

A shekarar 1955 ya karɓi ragamar manajan Aylesford Pottery, Kent wanda David Leach ya kafa shekara guda da ta gabata. A shekarar 1961 ya kafa kamfanin kera kayan gida na Quay Pottery a Aylesford. [1] An ba Pearson kyautar girmamawa daga Jami'ar Fasaha ta Landan a shekarar 1996. [2]

Ayyukansa suna cikin tarin V&amp;amp;A  da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Metropolitan . 

Ya koyar a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Camberwell da Makarantar Fasaha ta Medway.

## Manazarta
Katherine Pleydell-Bouverie

**Katherine** (wani lokacin ana kiranta da Katharine) **Harriot Duncombe Pleydell-Bouverie** (7 ga Yuni 1895 - 1985) ta kasance majagaba a fannin tukwane na zamani na Ingilishi, wacce aka san ta da fenti mai kama da toka.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Pleydell-Bouverie a cikin dangin masu arziki a gidan Coleshill kusa da Faringdon, a lokacin Berkshire. Iyayenta su ne Duncombe Pleydell-Bouverie da matarsa Maria Eleanor, 'yar Sir Edward Hulse, Baronet na 5 ; kakan mahaifinta shine Jacob Pleydell-Bouverie, Earl na 4 na Radnor . Pleydell-Bouverie ita ce ƙarama a cikin yara uku da suka girma a cikin wani gida mai kyau na ƙarni na 17 wanda aka kewaye shi da faranti na China mai launin shuɗi da fari. A lokacin hutun yara ne ake wasa a bakin teku mai laka a Weston-super-Mare tare da 'yan uwanta lokacin da aka fara gabatar da ita ga yumbu. [1]

Ta rasu a Kilmington, Wiltshire, a watan Janairun 1985 tana da shekaru 89. 

## Sana'a
A lokacin da take zaune a Landan a shekarun 1920, sha'awarta ga tukwane ta fara ne lokacin da ta ziyarci Roger Fry a taron bita na Omega kuma ta ga misalan aikinsa, wanda hakan ya sa ta halarci azuzuwan yamma a Makarantar Fasaha da Sana'o'i ta Tsakiya da ke Landan don yin karatun tukwane a ƙarƙashin Dora Billington . 

A shekarar 1924, Bernard Leach ya ɗauki Pleydell-Bouverie a ginin tukwanensa da ke St. Ives . Ta zauna a Leach Pottery na tsawon shekara guda kuma ta yi karatu tare da Michael Cardew, Shoji Hamada da Tsuronosuke Matsubayashi (wanda aka sani da Matsu). Ta yi ayyukan da ba su dace ba a wurin tukwane yayin da take kallon laccoci na fasaha daga Matsu kuma ba da daɗewa ba aka ba ta laƙabi da "Beano". 

## Manazarta
Isabelle Arvers

**Isabelle Arvers** ƙwararriyar mai kula da fasahar kafofin watsa labarai ce ta ƙasar Faransa, mai suka, kuma marubuciya ƙwararriya a wasannin bidiyo da kwamfuta, zane-zanen yanar gizo, sinima ta dijital, wasan kwaikwayo na retro, wasan kwaikwayo na chiptunes, da machinima . An haife ta a birnin Paris a shekarar 1972, a halin yanzu tana zaune a Marseille . Ta shirya nune-nunen a Faransa da kuma ƙasashen duniya, tana binciken alaƙar da ke tsakanin fasaha, wasannin bidiyo da kwamfuta, da siyasa . Bugu da ƙari, tana haɓaka al'adu kyauta da buɗewa, da kuma wasannin indie da wasannin fasaha .

## Bayani
Isabelle Arvers ta kammala karatunta daga Cibiyar Nazarin Siyasa da ke Aix-en-Provence kuma tana da Digirin Digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Ayyukan Al'adu daga Jami'ar Paris 8. Ta ƙware a sabbin kafofin watsa labarai tun daga 1993 kuma ta rubuta takardar digirinta kan "Kamfanin Dijital a Matsayin Hanya Don Fahimtar Gaskiya."

Ta yi aiki a Ex Machina da Doboi  kuma ta halarci Art 3000.  Bugu da ƙari, ita ce ke kula da taron ƙasa da ƙasa na fasahar lantarki (ISEA) a Paris. 

## Kula da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital
Arvers ya shirya nune-nunen a Cibiyar Pompidou, ciki har da "Bidiyon Cuts" a shekarar 2001, "Tour of the Web" a shekarar 2003, da kuma "Musique 8 Bits" a shekarar 2005.  

## Wasan kwaikwayo
Playtime wani daki ne na wasan kwaikwayo da kuma baje kolin fasahar wasanni wanda Arvers ya shirya a shekarar 2002 don bugu na farko na Festival Villette Numérique. Wannan shine babban taron farko da aka keɓe ga wasanni da tsoffin wasannin kwamfuta a cikin cibiyar al'adun Faransa. Manufar da ke bayan Playtime ita ce haɗa kyawawan kayan wasan kwaikwayo na farko da na'urorin watsa shirye-shirye na zamani (kamar bangon allo, shigarwa mai hulɗa, manyan allo, da na'urorin kan layi). Wannan bambanci yana bawa jama'a damar yaba da ci gaban zane-zane da fasaha da aka yi amfani da su a wasannin bidiyo da na dijital a cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata yayin da suke wasa.

"Game Heroes in Retrogaming" wani baje koli ne da Arvers ya shirya a shekarar 2011 a Marseille. Taron ya binciko tarihin wasannin bidiyo ta hanyar jarumai masu shahara waɗanda suka tsara tunanin kusan tsararraki huɗu na 'yan wasa, ciki har da Pac-Man, Zelda, Mario, Donkey Kong, da Sonic.

## Fasahar wasa da Wasannin Fasaha
Ta shirya taron fasaha mara waya mai suna "Wifiledefrance" ga yankin Île-de-France, inda ta gayyaci aikin Noderunners, wani wasan Wi-Fi a birnin. Ita ce kuma mai kula da fasahar intanet don bikin Banana RAM na 2004 a Italiya. Bugu da ƙari, ta shirya baje kolin "Gametime, Experimedia," wanda ya mayar da hankali kan wasanni, kiɗa, da sinima, a Melbourne a watan Oktoba na 2004, da kuma "La Nuit Numérique" don bikin Bitfilms na 2004 a Hamburg, Jamus, a watan Nuwamba na 2004.

Ayyukan baje kolin da ta gudanar kwanan nan da kuma shirye-shiryenta na nuna wasannin bidiyo a matsayin sabon harshe da kuma hanyar nuna fasaha. Waɗannan sun haɗa da:

## Manazarta
William Marshall (mai tukwane)

**William "Bill" Marshall** (21 Yuli 1923 - 5 Mayu 2007)  ƙwararren mai ginin tukwane ne na Ingila, wanda aka san shi da salon sa da ya yi tasiri a Japan.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Marshall a St Ives, Cornwall, ƙaramin yaro cikin 'ya'ya huɗu. Mahaifinsa babban mai kula da layin dogo ne na Great Western Railway kuma mahaifiyarsa ta sami kulawa sakamakon rashin lafiya lokacin da yake ɗan shekara biyu. Tun daga lokacin, kakarsa da mijinta na biyu suka rene shi a kusa da Halsetown . Ɗan uwansa Kenneth Quick shi ma mai tukwane ne, kuma kakansa maƙerin azurfa ne. 

Yana da shekaru bakwai, ya kamu da cutar tarin fuka a ƙafafunsa, kuma ya yi siriri sosai kuma ya rasa karatu mai yawa. Ya zama ɗan makaranta na farko a yankin St Ives' Leach Pottery yana da shekaru 14, wanda ɗan Bernard Leach David ya zaɓa saboda sha'awarsa da kuma duk da raunin jikinsa.  

## Sana'a
Duk da cewa an fara yi masa rijista a matsayin "ma'aikaci mai mahimmanci", an tilasta masa shiga Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a shekarar 1942 kuma ya shiga Royal Artillery . Ya sauka a Juno Beach a lokacin saukar jiragen ruwa na Normandy kuma ya tallafa wa sojojin Kanada. Daga nan aka tura shi Elbe a Jamus, kuma daga ƙarshe ya koma St Ives a shekarar 1947 bayan rashin lafiya mai tsanani. [1]

Da ya dawo Leach Pottery, ya fara jefa manyan tukwane masu rikitarwa, ya zama shugabansu. Marshall ya fara ƙirƙirar salon tukwane nasa, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga fassararsa: ba kamar mai ba shi shawara Leach ba, bai taɓa ziyartar ƙasar ba, amma ya koyi game da masu tukwane kamar Kitaoji Rosanjin daga tattaunawa da labarai. Ya yi abota da Shoji Hamada, kuma tasirinsu duka ana iya ganin su a cikin salon adonsa na yau da kullun. 

## Manazarta
Jon Middlemiss

**Jon Middlemiss** (1949–2021) ƙwararren mai zane ne kuma mai ginin tukwane ɗan ƙasar Birtaniya. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife shi a Yorkshire. Ya halarci Makarantar Fasaha ta Scarborough da Kwalejin Fasaha da Zane ta Exeter kuma ya koyar da tukwane na tsawon shekaru uku kafin ya zauna a Lelant, kusa da St Ives .  

Siffofin jirgin ruwansa sun yi aiki da jigogi na canji, alamomi da kuma hotunan siffofi na geometric. [1] An zaɓi Middlemiss a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Ceramics ta Duniya, Prague a shekarar 1994. [2] kuma memba ne na zaɓaɓɓun ma'aunin masu ƙera na Majalisar Sana'o'i . [2]

Middlemiss malamar makaranta ce a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Falmouth daga 1995 zuwa 2005 kuma ta koyar a Cibiyar Ilimi ta Manya a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Jami'ar Brunel daga 2012 zuwa 2018 a matsayin mai koyar da tukwane. 

An ba shi lambar zinare a Biennale ta 13, Vallauris a shekarar 1992, ya sami lambar azurfa a Gasar Ceramics ta Duniya ta Kutani a shekarar 1997, sannan ya sami lambar zinare a Biennale International Triennale de Ceramique d'Art. Vallauris, Faransa ta 13. 

## Manazarta
Kate Malone

**Kate Olivia Malone** MBE (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga Janairu 1959, a Landan) ƙwararriyar mai zane ce ta yumbu 'yar Birtaniya wadda aka san ta da manyan jiragenta na sassaka da kuma kyawawan launuka masu haske. Malone a da ta kasance alkali, tare da Keith Brymer Jones, a cikin shirin BBC2 na *The Great Pottery Throw Down* (2015–2017), sannan Sara Cox ta gabatar da shi.  

## Tarihin Rayuwa

Malone ya yi karatu a Bristol Polytechnic (1979–82)  kuma, bayan ya bar Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal a 1986, ya fara aiki a wani ɗakin studio a Cibiyar Fasaha ta South Bank da ke Charing Cross .  Aikin Malone yana cikin tarin Majalisar Burtaniya . 

Ana nuna ayyukanta a wurare da dama na jama'a, babban kifi na yumbu a cikin ruwa a Hackney Marshes da kuma babban tukunya a Gidan Tarihi na Manchester . [undefined] Ana kuma gudanar da ayyukan Malone a cikin tarin jama'a da yawa, ciki har da Majalisar Fasaha, Gidan Tarihi na Bristol City da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha, Majalisar Sana'o'i, Gidan Tarihi na Ashmolean, Gidan Tarihi na ƙasa na céramique de Sèvres, Gidan Tarihi na Victoria & Albert da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Gundumar Los Angeles . [2] Ta yi sabbin ayyuka da yawa don baje kolin da Waddesdon Manor ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi a 2016, [3] gami da fale-falen hotunan Ferdinand de Rothschild da 'yar uwarsa Alice Charlotte von Rothschild . [1]

## Manazarta
Victor Skellern

**Victor G. Skellern**  (1909–1966) wani mai zane ne na yumbu na Birtaniya kuma mai kera gilashin fenti wanda shine darektan fasaha a Wedgwood daga 1934 zuwa 1965. Ya taimaka wajen sabunta Wedgwood, kuma aikinsa na zane ya kasance wani abu da ya haifar da farfaɗowar kamfanin bayan 1935. An kuma san shi da ɗaukar shahararrun masu zane-zane daga wajen kamfanin. An nuna zane-zanen yumbu na Skellern a Grafton Galleries (1936) da kuma baje kolin *Birtaniya Can Make It* (1946) a Landan. Wasu daga cikin zane-zanensa yanzu ana nuna su a Gidan Tarihi na V&amp;amp;A, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Yale, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha da Kimiyya da Wedgwood . An ba shi kyautar ƙirarsa "Strawberry Hill", tare da Millicent Taplin, kyautar Tsarin Shekara na Majalisar Zane-zanen Masana'antu a 1957.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Skellern a shekarar 1909,   a Fenton, Stoke-on-Trent a Staffordshire .  Daga 1923,  ya yi aiki a fannin zane a Wedgwood a Etruria Works, a ƙarƙashin kulawar John Goodwin, yayin da yake karatun zane a Makarantar Fasaha ta Burslem da Hanley, inda Gordon Forsyth da Percy Lloyd suka horar da shi.  An rubuta ƙirarsa ta farko ga kamfanin a shekarar 1929.  Sannan ya yi nazarin gilashin da aka yi wa fenti tare da Edward Bawden a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal (1930–34).   Bayani game da gilashin da aka yi masa fenti yana da iyaka; ya zana allon "Potland" a shekarar 1933, sau ɗaya a Gidan Tarihi na Stoke-on-Trent,  kuma ya nuna tagar gilashin da aka yi wa fenti a shekarar 1936. 

A shekarar 1934, ya sake komawa Wedgwood a matsayin darektan fasaha na kamfanin, inda ya maye gurbin Goodwin bayan ya yi ritaya, inda ya zama mutum na farko da ya riƙe muƙamin da ilimin zane. [1] [2] Ya ci gaba da riƙe muƙamin har tsawon aikinsa, da farko a wurin Etruria da kuma daga 1940 a sabuwar masana'antar Barlaston . [1] An yaba masa da taimakawa wajen sabunta Wedgwood. [3] Wannan ya haɗa da haɗin gwiwa da daraktan samarwa na Wedgwood Norman Wilson don ƙirƙirar sabbin glazes, [1] da kuma haɓaka kyawawan tsare-tsare masu inganci na canja wurin zane [4] da kuma fafutukar amfani da su sosai. [5] An ambaci aikin ƙirarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da suka sa kamfanin ya farfado bayan 1935. [6] Ya kuma haɓaka amfani da Wedgwood na sanannun masu zane daga wajen kamfanin, ciki har da Keith Murray, [lower-alpha 1] Bawden, Eric Ravilious, Rex Whistler da Laurence Whistler . [2] [4]

## Manazarta
Bernard Rooke

**Bernard Rooke** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1938)  ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma mai ginin tukwane na Burtaniya.   Rooke ya nuna kayan aikinsa na "Azzalumai"  da zane a Burtaniya da kuma ƙasashen waje tare da aiki a tarin abubuwa da yawa na jama'a da na masu zaman kansu, ciki har da Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert, Gidan Tarihi na Cleveland, Gidauniyar Nuffield, Gidan Tarihi na Paisley da Zane-zane, Gidan Tarihi na Leicester, Gidan Tarihi na Gundumar Buckinghamshire, Gidan Tarihi na Röhsska a Sweden da Gidan Tarihi na Kunstheim a Norway. Ayyukansa sun zama ruwan dare a gidajen gwanjo  a Burtaniya da Amurka.  &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Shekarun farko
Bernard Rooke ya halarci Makarantar Fasaha ta Ipswich [1] yana karatun zane da lithography kafin ya ci gaba da karatu a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Goldsmiths. [2] A lokacin da yake karatu a nan ne ya yanke shawarar fara aikin tukwane. Duk da cewa bai saba da wannan sana'a da al'ada ba, ya gano cewa yin aiki da yumbu ya samar da sabbin damammaki ga 'yancin fassara da kerawa.

## Gidan studio na Forest Hill

A shekarar 1960, Rooke ya kafa tukwanensa na farko a Forest Hill da ke Kudancin London tare da Alan Wallwork .   Ƙaramin ɗaki ne mai isasshen sarari don ƙaramin murhun lantarki.  Da farko yana amfani da dabarun gini da hannu, naɗewa, toshewa da kuma yin slab. Yayin da yake bincike kan ra'ayoyi, yana tallafawa kansa ta hanyar yin lacca na ɗan lokaci a Jami'ar London, Kwalejin Goldsmiths da Kwalejin St Mary. Bugu da ƙari, kasancewar Rooke memba na 'The Craftsman Potters' Association' ya ba shi damar nuna aikinsa a wani shago da ke Titin Carnaby a Landan.

## Manazarta
Ernest Shufflebotham

**Ernest Shufflebotham** (19 Satumba 1908 - 6 Mayu 1984) ɗan ƙasar Ingila ne mai tukwane kuma mai zane wanda ke aiki tun daga shekarun 1920 zuwa 1950.

## Tarihi
Keith Murray, wani mai zane na yumbu ɗan asalin ƙasar New Zealand, ya horar da shi a lokacin da yake Wedgwood a Ingila. Ya girma ya zama ƙwararren mai jefawa kuma babban mai fassara zane-zanen Murray ne. A shekarar 1948, Crown Lynn tare da wasu masu zane-zane da dama, ciki har da Frank Carpay, suka kawo Shufflebotham zuwa New Zealand don yin aiki a 'Sashen Musamman' na kamfanin. An ɗauke shi aiki don ƙirƙirar ƙarin ayyukan da za su faɗaɗa kasuwar yumbu na Crown Lynn. Yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun masu jefawa a New Zealand tun daga lokacin da ya isa a 1948 zuwa tafiyarsa a watan Oktoba na 1955 lokacin da ya koma Ingila tare da iyalinsa.

Ya ci gaba da salon da Murray ya yi amfani da shi kuma zai jefa yumɓun a kan ƙafafun tukwane don ƙirƙirar tukunyar fure. Mataimakinsa zai kunna shi a kan lathe don samar da madaurin. Ƙarfin farin aikinsa ya yiwu ne ta hanyar ƙirƙirar dabarar Crown Lynn a shekarar 1948 ta hanyar ƙirƙirar wani tsari bisa yumɓun halloysitic daga Matauri Bay . Waɗannan ayyukan sun bambanta da waɗanda ya jefa a Wedgwood.

## Manazarta


* Lloyd Jenkins, D. (2004) A Gida: Tsarin Ƙarni na New Zealand. Auckland: Gidan Random.
* Dandalin Bututu da Tattara Kayan Aiki na New Zealand  Archived