open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ali ibn al-Madini

**Abū al-Ḥasan ʻAlī ibn ʻAbdillāh ibn Jaʻfar al-Madīnī** (778 AZ/161 AH - 849/234) (Arabic) masanin addinin Sunni ne na ƙarni na tara wanda ya kasance mai tasiri a kimiyyar hadisi. Tare da Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Ibn Abi Shaybah da Yahya ibn Ma'in, yawancin masana Musulmai a cikin hadisi sun dauki Ibn al-Madini a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan marubuta huɗu a fagen.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Ibn al-Madīnī a shekara ta 778 AZ/161 AH a Basra, Iraki ga dangin da ke da tushe a Madina yanzu a Saudi Arabia. Malamansa sun hada da mahaifinsa, 'Abdullāh ibn Jaʻfar, Ḥammād ibn Yazīd, Hushaym da Sufyān ibn ʻUyaynah da sauransu daga zamanin su. Malamin sa, Ibn 'Uyaynah, ya ce ya koyi fiye da Ibn al-Madīnī, ɗalibinsa, fiye da ɗalibinsa daga gare shi.

Ibn al-Madīnī ya ƙware a cikin horo na hadith, kimantawa na tarihin rayuwa da *al-'Ilal*, ɓoyayyun lahani, a cikin, sarkar ba da labari. Sauran kwararru na hadisi sun yaba masa saboda kwarewarsa a wannan fagen - daga tsaransa, dalibai da malamansa. 'Abd al-Raḥmān ibn Mahdī, masanin da ya riga shi, ya bayyana Ibn al-Madīnī mutum mafi masaniya game da hadisi na annabci.

Dalibansa sun hada da fitattun malaman hadisi a kansu. Sun hada da: Muḥammad ibn Yaḥyā al-Dhuhalī, Muḥammad ibn Ismāʻīl al-Bukhārī, Abū Dāwūd Sulaymān ibn al-Ashʻath al-Sijistānī da sauransu. Al-Bukhārī, wanda ya ci gaba da tattara abin da ake la'akari da shi mafi yawan tarin hadisi a cikin Sunni Islama, ya ce bai ɗauki kansa ƙarami ba idan aka kwatanta da kowa banda Ibn al-Madīnī.

Al-Dhahabī ya yaba da Ibn al-Madīnī a matsayin ''Imām'' kuma a matsayin misali ga malaman da suka biyo baya a fagen hadisi, bayanin da ya yi la'akari da shi ta hanyar Ibn al-madīnī a cikin Binciken tauhidi karni na tara. A cewar Al-Dhahabī, ya ɗauki matsayi na goyon bayan Mu'tazilah game da asalin Alkur'ani, amma daga baya ya yi nadama game da wannan kuma ya bayyana mai da'awar cewa an halicci Alkur'an a matsayin ɗan ridda.

Ibn al-Madīnī ya mutu a Samarra, Iraki a watan Yuni, 849/Dhu al-Qa'dah, 234.

## Ayyuka
Al-Nawawī ya ce Ibn al-Madīnī ya rubuta kusan ayyuka 200 wasu a kan batutuwan da ba a rubuta ba a baya kuma da yawa ba a maye gurbin su ba.

* *al-'Ilal* - a kan batun ɓoyayyun lahani a cikin hadith  wanda aka buga ƙaramin ɓangaren 
* Kitāb al-Ḍuʻafāʼ - a kan batun masu ba da labari na hadisi marasa ƙarfi a cikin horo na kimantawa na tarihin rayuwa 
* *al-Mudallisūn* - a kan batun masu ba da labari na hadith waɗanda ke amfani da kalmomin da ba a fahimta ba a cikin ba da labari 
* *al-Asmāʼ wa al-Kunā* - a kan sunayen paidonymics 
* *al-Musnad* - tarin hadisi da mai ba da labari ya shirya 
* *Kitab Ma'rifat al-Sahaba* - *Littafin Ilimi na Abokan*

## Manazarta
Harshen Massa

**Massa** (ko ***'Masa***', Masa) yare ne na Chadi da ake magana dashi a kudancin Chadi da kuma arewacin Kamaru da Mutanen Masa. Yana da kusan masu magana 200,000.

Harsuna sune Bongor, Bugudum (Budugum), Domo, Gizay, Gumay, Ham, Walia, Wina (Viri), Yagwa .

Kim, wani harshe maƙwabta, an taɓa sanya shi a matsayin Masa ba daidai.

## Kashe kashe
Ana magana da Masa a kudancin sashen Mayo-Danay a yankin Far North, a cikin yankunan Yagoua, Kalfou, Wina, Yele, da Guéré . 

Ana magana da Masa ta Tsakiya tare da Kogin Logone, tare da nau'o'i huɗu. Bambance-bambance, kamar yadda aka jera daga arewa zuwa kudu, sune: Yagwa (wanda ake magana a kusa da Yagoua), Domo (a ƙauyen Domo), Walya, da Buguëum . 

Yammacin Masa ya haɗa da Gizay, wanda ake magana a kusa da Guéré, da Viri (Wina), tsohon kabilar Tupuri wanda ya sauya zuwa yaren Masa.

Yaren Muzuk, wanda aka daɗe ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin yaren Munjuk (ALCAM 1983), a zahiri yaren Masa ne tunda a bayyane yake ana iya fahimtarsa ​​da sauran nau'ikan Masa (Ousmanou 2007). Masu magana da Muzuk suna da harsuna biyu, kuma suna magana da yaren Muzuk na Masa, da kuma Munjuk. Ana magana da shi a yankunan da suka bushe a Yamma (Guidigis, Mayo-Kani, Yankin Arewa Mai Nisa). 

Ana magana da Masa a Kamaru da Chadi, tare da masu magana 103,000 a Kamaru.

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

### Sautin sautin

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Asusun Blue Action

**Asusun Tallafawa Albarkatu (Blue Action Fund)** ginshiƙi ne na kare tekuna da bakin teku. Yana ba da kuɗaɗen ayyukan da ke ba da gudummawa ga Manufar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 14, da kuma Manufar Aichi ta 11 don kiyaye bambancin halittu a duniya. Asusun Tallafawa Albarkatu (Blue Action Fund) yana da hedikwata a Frankfurt am Main, Jamus .

## Aiki
Manufar aikin Asusun Blue Action shine don "ƙarfafa kariyar teku da ruwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa." Ta hanyar yin hakan, asusun yana da nufin kare bambancin halittu da rayuwar masuntan bakin teku a yankunan Afirka, Latin Amurka da Asiya. Don cimma wannan burin, Asusun Blue Action yana aiki tare da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu don tsara da kuma kula da yankunan da aka kare da kuma tallafawa amfani da albarkatun bakin teku da na ruwa mai ɗorewa.    Ana zaɓar ayyukan da aka biya kuɗi ta hanyar kiran jama'a na yau da kullun don shawarwari. Nan da shekarar 2019, ayyukan da aka biya kuɗi sun riga sun tallafa wa murabba'in kilomita 195,000 na yankin da aka kare a ruwa. A cikin 2021, Asusun Blue Action ya tallafa wa ayyuka 17 a ƙasashe 17 tare da kuɗin tallafi sama da EUR miliyan 42. 

## Abokan hulɗa
Ma'aikatar Haɗin gwiwar Tattalin Arziki da Ci Gaban Tarayyar Jamus ce ke daukar nauyin Asusun Blue Action ta hannun Bankin Raya Kasa na KfW,  Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Sweden ta hannun Hukumar Haɗin gwiwar Ci Gaban Ƙasashen Duniya ta Sweden (Sida), Hukumar Haɗin gwiwar Ci Gaban Ƙasa (AFD),   Hukumar Haɗin gwiwar Ci Gaban Ƙasa ta Norway (Norad), Taimakon Irish, da Asusun Kore na Climate .  Bugu da ƙari, IUCN abokin hulɗa ne na Asusun Blue Action.

## Tsarin gini
Asusun Tallafawa Jama'a na Blue Action wani gida ne da aka kafa a ƙarƙashin dokokin farar hula, tare da ofishinsa mai rijista a Frankfurt am Main, da kuma Ofishin Shirye-shirye a Berlin.

Hukumomin da suka kafa gidauniyar sune Hukumar Gudanarwa, Hukumar Kulawa da kuma wanda ya kafa (Ma'aikatar Haɗin Gwiwa da Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki ta Tarayya ta Jamus da Bankin Ci Gaban KfW). Markus Knigge shine Babban Darakta kuma Shugaban Hukumar Gudanarwa.

## Tarihi
An kafa Asusun Tallafin Blue Action a shekarar 2016 ta Ma'aikatar Haɗin Gwiwa da Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki ta Tarayyar Jamus, da Bankin Raya KfW. Asusun muhimmin gudummawa ne ga Shirin Maki 10 na Ma'aikatar Raya Kasa don Kare Teku. An yi wa Asusun Tallafin Blue Action rajista a matsayin alƙawarin son rai daga Jamus da Sweden a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na farko a 2017.

## Manazarta
Asibitin Chester-le-Street

**Asibitin Chester-le-Street** cibiyar lafiya ce da ke Chester-le-Street, County Durham, Ingila. Gundumar Durham da Darlington NHS Foundation Trust ne ke kula da shi.

## Tarihi
Cibiyar ta samo asali ne daga Chester-le-Street Union Workhouse wanda Matthew Thompson ya tsara kuma aka buɗe a 1856. An ƙara sabon sashin kula da marasa lafiya da keɓewa a kudancin gidan aikin a 1898. Ta shiga Hukumar Lafiya ta Ƙasa a matsayin Asibitin Chester-le-Street a 1948. An samar da sabon asibiti a ƙarƙashin kwangilar Shirin Kuɗi na Masu Zaman Kansu a 2000: Robertson Group ne ya gina shi akan kuɗin £12 miliyan kuma aka kammala shi a 2003.

## Manazarta
Isabelle Bronk

**Isabelle Anna Bronk** (Disamba 4, 1858 - Janairu 10, 1943) farfesa ce ta kwalejin Amurka kuma shugabar sashen Harsunan Romance a Kwalejin Swarthmore daga 1901 zuwa 1927.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Isabelle Bronk a Duanesburg, New York, 'yar Abram Bronk da Cynthia Brewster Bronk. Ta yi horo a matsayin malamar makaranta a makarantar gwamnati ta Brockport, ta sami digiri na farko daga Jami'ar Wesleyan ta Illinois a 1893, sannan ta sami digiri na uku daga Jami'ar Chicago a 1900. Ta ci gaba da karatu a Kwalejin Wellesley da kuma Turai, a jami'o'i a Paris, Leipzig,  Madrid, da Grenoble.  

## Sana'a
Bronk ta koyar da Faransanci a wata makarantar kwana mai zaman kanta a birnin New York na tsawon shekaru uku, sannan kuma a Jami'ar Chicago daga 1900 zuwa 1901.  Ta kasance shugabar sashen Harsunan Soyayya a Kwalejin Swarthmore daga 1901 zuwa 1927.   Ta kasance mamba mai himma a Ƙungiyar Mata ta Duniya don Zaman Lafiya da 'Yanci (WILPF), Ƙungiyar Matan Jami'o'i ta Amurka (AAUW), Ƙungiyar Harsunan Zamani, da kuma ' Yan Dames na Amurka, da sauran ƙungiyoyi da yawa.   Ta halarci taro na biyu na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Duniya, wanda aka gudanar a birnin Paris a 1922. 

Littafin tarihinta mai suna *Paris Memories* (1927), ya gabatar da "hoto mai ban mamaki na ɓangaren Paris wanda ba na luwaɗi ba ne kuma ba shi da kulawa amma yana damuwa da manyan fannoni na rayuwa, da kwanciyar hankali", a cewar wani mai sharhi. 

## Littattafai

* *Poésies Diverses of Antoine Furetière* (1908, Bronk ya gyara kuma ya gabatar)
* *"* Bayanan kula akan Méré " (1915) 
* "Manufofin da za a iya cimmawa a Koyar da Harshe na Zamani a Kwalejoji, ko kuma, Me Za Mu Yi Fatan Cimmawa Cikin Darussan Harshe na Zamani a Kwaleji" (1921) 
* *Tunawa da Paris* (1927) 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Bronk ta mutu a shekarar 1943, a wani gida da ke kwance a Media, Pennsylvania, tana da shekaru 84. Masanin kimiyya kuma shugaban jami'a Detlev Bronk ɗan uwanta ne. 'Yar uwarta ma'aikaciyar laburare ce ta jami'a, wacce kuma ake kira Isabelle Bronk (1903–1955).

## Manazarta
Ramanattam

**Ramanattam** ( Malayalam : രാമനാട്ടം, IAST : Rāmanāṭṭaṃ) fasahar haikali ce a Kerala, Indiya. Wasan raye-raye yana gabatar da labarin Rama a cikin jerin wasanni takwas kuma an ƙirƙira su a ƙarƙashin ikon Veera Kerala Varma (AD 1653-1694) *wanda aka fi sani da* Kottarakkara Tampuran. Ramanattom ya dogara ne akan wani labari daga almara *Ramayana*, yana rufe cikin jiki na Rama zuwa yakin Rama-Ravana, rashin nasara na Ravana da rawanin Rama a Ayodhya. Kottarakkara Tampuran ne ya rubuta labarin kuma ya kasu kashi takwas na wakoki domin kowane sashe ya kasance a cikin rana daya. Waɗannan sassa takwas sune puthrakameshti, seetha swayamvaram, vicchinnabhishekam, kharavadham, balivadham, thoranayudham, sethubandhanam da yudham (yaƙi). Ana kyautata zaton cewa Ramanattam shine tushen fasahar gargajiya ta Kerala, Kathakali . 

## Asali
Bayan shirya da ƙirƙirar Krishnattam ta hannun Zamorin Raja na Calicut a lokacin a shekarar 1657.&nbsp;AD, shahararta ta bazu ko'ina a Kerala. Nasarar ta sa sarkin maƙwabta na Raja na Kottarakkara (Kottarakkara Thampuran) ya nemi Zamorin ya ba shi aro daga ƙungiyar mawaka a jajibirin wani aure da za a yi a fadar Kottarakkara.   Sarki Manavedan, a lokacin Zamorin na Kozhikode yana da ƙungiyar mawaka da ke yin Krishnanattam. > Sarkin Kottarakkara ya aika da manzo zuwa Kozhikode da wasiƙa yana roƙonsa ya aika da mawaka.  An ce saboda takaddamar cikin gida da hamayyar siyasa tsakanin shugabannin ƙasashen da ke maƙwabtaka, Zamorin, baya ga ƙin aika masu yin wasan, ya zagi Raja na Kottarakkara da kuma wulaƙanta shi da wannan furuci,

"Ba shi da amfani a wakilci ƙungiyar, domin kotun ku (Raja na Kottarakkara) ba za ta iya fahimtar ko fahimtar komai game da Krishnattam mai fasaha da kuma babban matsayin wasan kwaikwayo ba"

A nan hamayyar siyasa tsakanin shugabannin biyu ta rikide zuwa hamayyar fasaha kuma ta kai ga Kottarakkara Thampuran, ta fara wani salon nishaɗi iri ɗaya, wanda ya dogara da Ramayana, kuma ta sanya masa suna Ramanattam (wanda a zahiri yana nufin rayuwar Rama a cikin salon rawa).  Yayin da aka rubuta Krishnattam na Manaveda a cikin Sanskrit, "harshen alloli"; ya rubuta dukkan Ramayanam a cikin kundin littattafai takwas a cikin salon Manipravalam . 

## Asalin Kathakali

An yi imanin cewa an canza salon fasahar Ramanattam zuwa wani sabon salon rawa mai suna Kathakali ta hannun sarkin Kottayam (Kottayath thampuran), kuma an ƙirƙira shi a haikalin Mridangashaileshwari da ke Muzhakkunn.  An gina shi ne bisa ga almarar Mahabharatha .  Ana kuma kyautata zaton cewa an haɗa nau'ikan fasaha guda biyu, Ramanattam da Krishnanattam don samar da Kathakali.  Kathakali yana kama da Ramanatta sosai dangane da gabatarwa, ado, wasan kwaikwayo da kiɗan baya. 

## Manazarta
Kate Bolick

**Kate Bolick** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1972)  ita ce marubucin littafin *Spinster: Making a Life of One's Own na* New York Times kuma Malamar Turanci a Jami'ar Yale. A da, ta kasance edita mai ba da gudummawa ga *The Atlantic ,* , babban editan mujallar Domino, kuma mai masaukin baki na "Touchstones at The Mount," , wani shiri na shekara-shekara na hirar adabi a gidan Edith Wharton da ke Berkshires .

Bolick ya halarci Kwalejin Colby da Jami'ar New York . 

## Sana'a
Kate Bolick an fi saninta da marubucin littafin *Spinster: Making a Life of One's Own* na New York Times. Baya ga aikinta da *The Atlantic*, Bolick ta ba da gudummawa ga rubuce-rubuce ga ,  ,  ,   *[[New York Times|The New York Times]]*,  da *The Wall Street Journal*,  da sauran wallafe-wallafe. A da, Bolick ita ce babban editan ,  da kuma marubuciya a sashen ra'ayoyin  . 

Fitowar Bolick ta haɗa da shirye-shiryen *The Today Show*, CBS Sunday Morning, CNN, Fox News, MSNBC, da NPR a faɗin ƙasar. 

### ''Spinster: Yin Rayuwa Ta Kansa''
A cikin littafinta mai suna New York Times na shekarar 2015, Bolick ta yi tambaya kuma ta amsa tambayar da ta yi a cikin wani labarin murfin mujallar The Atlantic na shekarar 2011: "Ta yaya mace ke rayuwa ita kaɗai?" Heather Havrilesky, wacce ta rubuta a jaridar The New York Times, ta ba littafin sharhi mai kyau, tana mai cewa "abin da Spinster ya bayar a zahiri tafiya ce ta musamman ta binciken Bolick na tsawon shekaru da dama na yadda ake rayuwa da kanta, tare da alamu daga nau'ikan mata marasa al'ada." 

## Manazarta
Adrienne Brodeur

**Adrienne Brodeur**  marubuciya ce 'yar Amurka. Ita ce marubucin littafin tarihin da ya fi sayarwa a duniya  (2019) da kuma littafin *Little Monsters* (2023), da kuma littafin *Man Camp* (2005).  Ta kuma yi rubutu a wallafe-wallafe kamar *[[New York Times|The New York Times]]*, *The Oprah Magazine*, *Vogue*, da *Glamour* . Brodeur babbar darekta ce ta Aspen Words, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta fasahar adabi kuma shirin The Aspen Institute . Ta kaddamar da kyautar Aspen Words Literary Prize a shekarar 2017. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Brodeur 'yar marubuciyar New Yorker ce , Paul Brodeur kuma marubuciyar abinci, Malabar Brewster. Kakanta shi ne shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na Dayton, Price & Co., Ltd., wani kamfanin fitar da kayayyaki da jigilar kaya na New York. Mahaifiyarta ta sake yin aure a shekarar 1974 ga Henry Hornblower II, jikan Henry Hornblower, wanda ya kafa kamfanin zuba jari na Hornblower & Weeks, wanda daga ƙarshe ya zama wani ɓangare na Lehman Brothers ta hanyar haɗakar kamfanoni daban-daban. Mahaifinta ya kafa Plimoth Plantation kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta.

An rene ta a Cape Cod . A cikin tarihin rayuwarta, Brodeur ta rubuta game da dangantakarta da mahaifiyarta, wacce ta taimaka ta ɓoye daga mahaifinta Charles Greenwood.   A cikin hirarraki, ta ce ta ɗauki shekaru biyu da rabi kafin ta rubuta littafin kuma "ta rayu kafin ta aiwatar da shi." 

Ta sami digirin BA daga Jami'ar Columbia kuma ta sami digirin MPA daga Jami'ar Pennsylvania .  

## Sana'a
A shekarar 1997, Brodeur ta kafa mujallar almara, *Zoetrope: All-Story*, tare da mai shirya fina-finai Francis Ford Coppola .  Ta yi aiki a matsayin babban edita har zuwa 2002. 

A shekarar 2005, Brodeur ta zama edita a Harcourt HMH Books, inda ta samu kuma ta gyara almarar adabi da tarihin rayuwa.  Ta bar bugawa a shekarar 2013 ta zama Daraktan Kirkire-kirkire na Aspen Words, inda yanzu ita ce babbar darekta. A shekarar 2017, Brodeur ta ƙaddamar da kyautar Adabin Aspen Words, kyautar dala $35,000 a kowace shekara saboda wani aiki mai tasiri na almara wanda ke haskaka wani muhimmin batu na zamani kuma yana nuna ikon canza adabi akan tunani da al'adu. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Brodeur ta raba lokacinta tsakanin Cambridge, Massachusetts da Cape Cod. Tana zaune tare da mijinta da 'ya'yanta biyu.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Shafin yanar gizo na hukuma 

## Manazarta
Molly Brodak

**Molly Brodak** (Maris 29, 1980 - Maris 8, 2020) mawaƙiya ce 'yar Amurka, marubuciya, kuma mai yin burodi. Ita ce mawallafin tarin waƙoƙin *A Little Middle of the Night* ( Jami'ar Iowa Press, 2010) da kuma tarihin *Bandit* ( Grove Press, 2016).  *Jaridar Atlanta Journal-Constitution* ta bayyana *Bandit* a matsayin: "littafi game da labarai da hali, na yadda abubuwan da suka faru da ayyuka ke siffanta mu, yadda uba ya zama mutum ɗaya, yadda 'ya mace ta girma ta zama wani."  *Jaridar New York Times* ta kira *Bandit* "littafi mai kyau, kuma tare da kyakkyawan dalili,"  yayin da Kirkus ya kira shi: "littafi mai hankali, mai tayar da hankali, kuma mai gaskiya sosai." 

## Sana'a
A cikin wani shiri a shirin NPR *mai suna All Things Considered*, Brodak ta bayyana tsarin ɗabi'a na batun *Bandit*, wanda ya yi cikakken bayani game da abin da ya faru a matsayinta na 'yar wani mai fashi da makami da yawa a Detroit, Michigan: "Kowace iyali tana da duhu da nauyi da mutane ba za su so su yi magana a kai ba. Kuma lokacin da ka zaɓi zama mutumin da zai bayyana sirrin iyali, wani lokacin ana iya ɗaukarka a matsayin mai cin amana. *"*  Wani ɓangare daga *Bandit* ya bayyana a cikin *Mafi Kyawun Karatu na Amurka na Ba a Bukata ba 2016.*  A cikin 2018, ta sami tallafin karatu na NEA don rubuta wakoki. 

Waƙoƙin Brodak sun bayyana sosai, ciki har da a cikin *Granta*, *Poetry*, *Fence*, *Map Literary*, *NY Tyrant*, *Diode*, *New Orleans Review*, *Ninth Letter*, *Colorado Review*, *Bateau*, da *Hayden's Ferry Review.* Waƙarta *Yesu* ta zaburar da waƙar *I WHO BEND THE TALL Cases* ta Lingua Ignota . 

Tarin waƙoƙinta, *The Cipher*, ya lashe kyautar Pleiades Press Editors Prize ta 2019, kuma an buga shi a shekarar 2020. 

Brodak ita ce kuma ta kafa Kookie House, wani shafin yanar gizo na yin burodi game da kukis da kek na musamman.  A shekarar 2017, ta fito a matsayin wacce ta yi nasara a gasar *Great American Baking Show* . 

## Mutuwa
Brodak ta mutu a ranar 8 ga Maris, 2020.  A cewar *[[New York Times|jaridar The New York Times]]*, mijinta, Blake Butler, ya bayyana musabbabin mutuwar a matsayin kashe kanta da bindiga. Ta sha fama da damuwa tun tana karama. 

A shekarar 2023, Butler ya buga wani tarihin rayuwarsa, mai suna Molly, wanda ya yi cikakken bayani game da dangantakarsa da Brodak har zuwa rasuwarta.

## Manazarta
Virginia Bruce

**Virginia Bruce** (an haife ta **Helen Virginia Briggs** ;  Satumba 29, 1910 - Fabrairu 24, 1982) 'Yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma mawaƙiya 'yar Amurka.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Bruce a Minneapolis, Minnesota. Tun tana jaririya, ta ƙaura tare da iyayenta, Earil da Margaret Briggs, zuwa Fargo, North Dakota .  Littafin tarihin birnin Fargo ya nuna cewa iyalan Briggs suna zaune a wurin a lamba 421 14th Street South. Bayan Bruce ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Fargo Central a shekarar 1928,   ta ƙaura tare da iyalinta zuwa Los Angeles da nufin yin rajista a Jami'ar California, Los Angeles lokacin da wani abokin ciniki ya aiko mata da neman aikin fim.

## Sana'a
Aikin farko na Bruce a fim ɗin allo shine a shekarar 1929 a matsayin ƙarin fim a Paramount a cikin *Why Bring That Up?* A shekarar 1930, ta fito a Broadway a cikin waƙar *Smiles* a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ziegfeld, sannan kuma ta fito a cikin Broadway a cikin fim ɗin *America's Sweetheart* a shekarar 1931. 

Bruce ya koma Hollywood a shekarar 1932, inda ta fara aiki a farkon watan Agusta a Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer a fim ɗin *Kongo* wanda Walter Huston ya fito a ciki. A lokacin da ake shirya wannan aikin, a ranar 10 ga Agusta, ta auri John Gilbert (na farko, na huɗu) wanda ta yi aure kwanan nan a *Downstairs* .   *Jaridar Film Daily* ta ruwaito cewa an yi bikin auren ma'auratan cikin sauri a ɗakin shirya kaya na Gilbert da ke cikin ɗakin studio. Daga cikin mutanen da suka halarci ƙaramin bikin akwai shugaban shirin MGM Irving Thalberg, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mafi kyawun mutumin ango; marubucin allo Donald Ogden Stewart, wanda matarsa Beatrice ta yi aiki a matsayin uwargidan girmamawa; daraktan fasaha na MGM kuma mai tsara saiti Cedric Gibbons ; da matarsa, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Dolores del Río . 

Bruce ya yi ritaya na ɗan lokaci daga yin wasan kwaikwayo bayan haihuwar 'yarsu Susan Ann, duk da cewa ta koma yin fina-finai bayan rabuwarta da Gilbert (sakamakon shan giyarsa) a watan Mayun 1934.  Gilbert ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya a shekarar 1936.

An yaba wa Bruce da gabatar da mizanin Cole Porter mai suna " I've Got You Under My Skin " a cikin fim ɗin Born to Dance na 1936. A wannan shekarar, ta yi fice a cikin waƙar MGM mai suna The Great Ziegfeld . Ta kuma yi wasa lokaci-lokaci a rediyo. Misali, a shekarar 1949, Bruce ya fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Make Believe Town, wani wasan kwaikwayo na minti 30 na rana da ake watsawa kowace rana a CBS Radio. A farkon shekarun 1960, ta yi ritaya daga fina-finai.

## Rayuwa ta sirri

Bruce ya auri daraktan fina-finai na Amurka J. Walter Ruben a shekarar 1937.  Tana da 'ya'ya biyu. 

Bruce ɗan jam'iyyar Democrat ne wanda ya goyi bayan yakin neman zaben Adlai Stevenson a lokacin zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 1952. 

Bruce ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yana da shekaru 71 a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 1982, a gidan ƙasa na Motion Picture &amp;amp; Television Country House and Hospital  da ke Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California.

## Fim ɗin fim

## Bayanan TV na ɗan lokaci

## Manazarta
Courtney Angela Brkic

**Courtney Angela Brkic** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1972) marubuciya ce ' yar asalin ƙasar Croatia, marubuciya a fannin gajerun labarai, kuma mai ilimi .

## Rayuwar farko
Brkic 'yar asalin Washington, DC ce, wacce ta girma a Arlington, Virginia, kuma ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Yorktown . Ta kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin William &amp;amp; Mary da babban digiri a fannin ilimin ɗan adam da kuma ƙaramin digiri a fannin Nazarin Hispanic. Kafin ta sami digirinta na MFA daga Jami'ar New York, Brkic ta zauna a Bosnia, Croatia, da Netherlands. 

## Sana'a
A shekarar 1996, tana da shekaru 23, ta tafi gabashin Bosnia da Herzegovina a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar bincike ta Likitoci don kare haƙƙin ɗan adam . Ta shafe wata guda tana taimakawa wajen tono gawarwakin dubban maza da yara maza waɗanda sojojin Serbia suka yi wa kisan gilla a shekarar da ta gabata. Ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai fassara taƙaice a Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya ta tsohuwar Yugoslavia .

Ta koyar da rubuce-rubuce masu ƙirƙira a Jami'ar New York, Cooper Union, da Kwalejin Kenyon, inda ta riƙe Shugaban Richard L. Thomas a fannin Rubuta Ƙirƙira a 2006.   Tana koyarwa a Jami'ar George Mason, kuma tana zaune a birnin New York tare da mijinta, Phil. 

## Kyaututtuka

* Tallafin Adabin Fasaha na Ƙasa na 2008
* Kyautar Whiting ta 2003 don Almara da Labarai marasa tushe 
* Tallafin Fulbright don bincike kan mata a cikin al'ummar da yaƙi ya shafa a Croatia
* Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida *ta New York Times* .

## Ayyuka

### Littattafai

*  
*     
*  

### Fassarori

*  

### Labarai gajeru

* 
* 
* 
* 

### Rubuce-rubuce

* 

## Manazarta
Sarah M. Broom

**Sarah Monique Broom** (an haife ta a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 1979)  marubuciya ce 'yar Amurka. Littafinta na farko, *The Yellow House* (2019), ya sami kyautar littattafai ta ƙasa don labaran da ba na almara ba. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Broom a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 1979  kuma ta girma a New Orleans, ita ce ƙarama a cikin yara goma sha biyu. Bayan ta halarci Kwalejin Word of Faith,  ta yi karatun ilimin ɗan adam da sadarwa a Jami'ar North Texas .  Broom kuma tana da digiri na biyu a fannin aikin jarida daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley kuma ta koyar a Makarantar Fasaha ta Jami'ar Columbia . 

## Sana'a
Bayan ta buga a mujallu daban-daban, ciki har da *Mujallar New York Times*, *New Yorker*, da kuma *O, Mujallar Oprah*, ta sami kyautar Creative Nonfiction ta 2016 daga Gidauniyar Whiting.  An kuma nada Broom a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara a gasar New York Foundation for the Arts Fellowship in Creative Nonfiction kuma an ba shi tallafin karatu a Shirin Djerassi Resident Artists Program da MacDowell Colony . 

### ''Gidan Rawaya''
Littafin farko na Broom mai suna The Yellow House, Grove Press ta buga shi a ranar 13 ga Agusta, 2019, bayan buga wani ɓangare na farko a cikin New Yorker a 2015.

Kafin a buga shi, littafin tarihin farko na Broom, *The Yellow House*, ya sami kulawa mai kyau daga wasu kafofin watsa labarai. A cikin wani sharhi da aka yi kafin a buga shi, Dwight Garner na *[[New York Times|The New York Times]]* ya rubuta, "Wannan babban littafi ne da nake tsammanin za a yi la'akari da shi a cikin muhimman tarihin wannan shekaru goma masu wahala."  A *cikin* *Littafin New York Times*, Angela Flournoy ta kira shi "rubutu mai mahimmanci nan take."  Da yake magana game da Broom kafin a buga littafin *The Yellow House*  marubuciya kuma wacce ta kafa mujallar *Believer,* Heidi Julavits, ta ce, "Na riga na dauke ta a matsayin daya daga cikin marubuta mafi muhimmanci da tasiri a Amurka."  Jaridar *Star Tribune* ta yi tsokaci cewa littafin Broom ya "ba da labarin bakar fata Amurka a lokaci guda."  Sauran wallafe-wallafen da suka bayyana muhimmancin littafin sun hada da *Publishers Weekly*  da *Kirkus Reviews .*  Da yake ambaton littafin da kansa, *Kirkus Reviews* ya bayyana cewa *The Yellow House* ya nuna ƙoƙarin marubucin "na yin la'akari da 'kuɗin da ake kashewa wajen bayyana kansa ta wurin da ka fito," ya ƙara da cewa "Salon waƙoƙin Broom yana murnar dangantakar danginta, amma fushin adalci ya mamaye labarin rashin adalcin New Orleans, tun daga tushe har zuwa sama."  Kafin buga *The Yellow House*  an jera shi a matsayin littafi mai mahimmanci ta *[[New York Times|The New York Times]]*,  *Entertainment Weekly*,  *[[Time (magazine)|Time]]*,  da *Washington Post*,  kuma *Ms.*,  da marubuciya Lisa Taddeo,  da sauransu sun ba da shawarar hakan.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Broom tana zaune a Harlem, New York tare da matarsa Dee Rees .  

## Accolades

* Kyautar Littattafai ta Ƙasa ta *The Yellow House* - 2019 don Labarai marasa tushe 

## Littattafan tarihi

* *Gidan Rawaya* (2019)

## Manazarta
Rodolfo Gambini

**Rodolfo Gambini** (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Mayu 1946) masanin kimiyyar lissafi ne kuma farfesa a Jami'ar Republica a Montevideo, Uruguay kuma farfesa ne mai ziyara a Cibiyar Horace Hearne ta Physics a Jami'iyyar Jihar Louisiana .

Yana aiki a kan ma'auni mai ma'ana. Ya sami digirinsa na PhD a Jami'ar Paris VI yana aiki tare da Achilles Papapetrou . Daga can ya koma Universidad Simón Bolívar a Venezuela inda ya tashi ta hanyar farfesa. A can ne tare da ɗan'uwansa masanin kimiyyar lissafi Antoni Trías ya kirkiro wakilcin madauki don Ka'idodin Yang-Mills a cikin 1986.

Gambini ya koma Uruguay a shekarar 1987 bayan dimokuradiyya ta koma kasar. Gambini ya wallafa fiye da 100 labaran kimiyya daga falsafar kimiyya da tushe na quantum mechanics zuwa ka'idodin lattice gauge zuwa nauyi mai nauyi. Ya kasance shugaban Pedeciba, babban hukumar samar da kudade don kimiyyar asali a Uruguay (2003-2008). Shi ɗan'uwan American Physical Society ne da kuma American Association for Advancement of Science, memba ne na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Duniya ta Uku, Kwalejin Fasaha ta Latin Amurka da Kwalejin Farko da Kimiyya ta Argentina. Shi ne wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Duniya ta Uku a shekarar 2003 a fannin kimiyyar lissafi kuma ya sami bambance-bambance da yawa a Uruguay. Musamman an ba shi lambar yabo ta Kimiyya ta Shugaban kasa ta 2004, Kyautar Ayyukan Ilimi a 2011 kuma ya sami digirin digirin girmamawa na Jami'ar Jamhuriyar a 2010.

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan ya yi nazarin batutuwa a cikin tushe na injiniyan lissafi, bayan ya haɓaka fassarar Montevideo na Quantum Mechanics. Ya kuma sami ainihin bayani game da daidaitattun daidaitattun Einstein a cikin ma'auni mai ma'ana don sararin samaniya mai ma'aunin sararin samaniya, wanda ke warware daidaituwa a cikin ramukan baki.

Gambini ta sami lambar yabo ta TWAS ta 2003.

## Muhimman wallafe-wallafe

* *Loops, Knots, Gauge Theories da Quantum Gravity*, tare da Jorge Pullin Hardcover 1996, . Littafin 2000, .
** Hardcover 1996,  .
** Littafin 2000,  .
* A First Course in Loop Quantum Gravity, tare da Jorge Pullin 
** Oxford (2011)  
* 

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Tattaunawar Farfesa Gambini a kan Vassiliev Invariants da Quantum Gravity Constraints .
* Shafi game da Fassarar Montevideo .
* Labari a cikin New Scientist game da ƙuduri na musamman.
* CV daga SNI (10 Nuwamba 2015)
Gidan Zinariya na Tsarina

Tsarina's Golden Chamber (Russian: Золотая Царицына Палата, *Zolotaya Tzaritsyna Palata*) (wanda aka rubuta a matsayin "Czarina's") shine ɗakin liyafar hukuma na tsarin Rasha, inda suke gudanar da bukukuwan auren na sarakunan Rasha, tarurruka tare da malamai na Rasha da na kasashen waje, da kuma liyafa ga dangi na gidan sarauta da mata na kotu. Yana daga cikin fadar tsar a cikin Kremlin na Moscow . Золотая Царицына Палата kuma shine sunan ginin da ke da ɗakin, a wannan lokacin ta amfani da Палата a ma'anar "gidan sarauta". An san ƙaramin ginin da sanannen ciki, "Tsarina's Golden Chamber".

## Tarihi
Gidan ya kasance wani ɓangare na fadar da aka gina a Kremlin a ƙarshen ƙarni na 15 da tsakiyar ƙarni na 19. Gidan tsarina dole ne ya kasance a wannan ɓangaren fadar. Tana kan bene na ƙasa kuma an gina ta a farkon karni na 16. A cikin shekarun 1580, an sake gina shi a matsayin ɗakin liyafar Tsarina Irina Godunova, matar Tsar Feodor I na Rasha. Ba a san sunayen masu ginin ba; ana iya ɗauka, duk da haka, cewa sun saba da gine-ginen Renaissance na Italiya.

An yi wa bangon ɗakin ado da zane-zane a bango mai launin zinare. Zane-zanen da ke kan rufin gidan sun nuna shirye-shiryen tarihin Kiristanci da suka shafi Sarki Constantine na Byzantium da mahaifiyarsa, Helena. A kan gangaren bangon gabas kusa da inda kursiyin tsarina ya tsaya akwai jerin zane-zane da ke nuna tubar gimbiya Olga, gimbiya Kirista ta farko ta Rasha, da baftismarta. An nuna a bangon arewa daga Rayuwar St. Dinara, wata waliyya 'yar Georgia wadda, tare da mai masaukinta, suka kare addinin Kirista da ƙarfin hali. Zane-zanen da ke kan bangon yamma suna nuna abubuwan da suka faru daga rayuwar Sarauniya St. Theodora.

Anteroom ko Passage Chamber yana kusa da gefen yammacin Tsarina's Golden Chamber. A farkon karni na 17, an kira shi *Zhiletskaya* ("Mazauna") saboda masu tsaron gidan sarauta da ma'aikatan suna nan koyaushe.

A cikin ƙarni huɗu na wanzuwarsa, Gidan Zinare na Tsarina ya sami sauye-sauye da yawa kuma an sake fentin zane-zanensa fiye da sau ɗaya. A cikin 1970-1978 an gudanar da babban aikin gyara a can. Maidowa yana da mahimmanci saboda wannan shine kawai samfurin zane-zane na tsohuwar Rasha a Moscow wanda ya tsira har zuwa yau.

An fara ambaton Gidan Zinare na Tsarina a cikin rubuce-rubuce a cikin 1526 a matsayin *Naugolnaya* ("Kurwa"). Shi da Faceted Chamber sune tsofaffin gine-ginen farar hula a cikin Kremlin na Moscow. 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Asusun Yanayi na Caucasus

**Asusun Caucasus Nature Fund** ( **CNF** ) wanda aka kafa a shekarar 2007, wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Jamus wadda ke tallafawa yankunan kariya a kasashen Kudancin Caucasus kamar Armenia, Azerbaijan da Georgia. Manufar asusun shine samar da kudade na dogon lokaci don kudaden gudanarwa, ingantaccen gudanarwa da ci gaba mai dorewa na yankunan kariya na yankin. Amincewar tana aiki ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu da gwamnatocin uku ta hanyar daidaita kasafin kuɗin Jiha, amma ba ta wuce kasafin kuɗin Jiha ba. Wannan yana tabbatar da cewa kowane ɓangare yana ba da tallafi na dogon lokaci ga yankunan kariya.

Hedikwatar asusun tana Frankfurt am Main, Jamus, tare da ofisoshin shirye-shirye a Tbilisi, Georgia da Yerevan, Armenia, kuma tana tallafawa yankuna 18 da aka kare a faɗin ƙasashe uku.

## Wurin da ake samun bambancin halittu na Caucasus
Yankin Caucasus Ecoregion yana ɗaya daga cikin yankuna mafi wadata a duniya. Gida ne ga yawan nau'ikan tsirrai da dabbobi da ke fama da cututtuka, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin "wuraren da ke fuskantar barazanar bambancin halittu" a cewar Conservation International da WWF.

Yankin Caucasus, wanda ke da iyaka tsakanin Tekun Baƙi da Caspian, wani yanki ne na halittu, inda nau'ikan tsirrai da dabbobi daga Turai, Asiya ta Tsakiya, Gabas ta Tsakiya, da Arewacin Afirka ke haɗuwa da nau'ikan halittu masu ban sha'awa waɗanda ba a samu a wani wuri a duniya ba. Girman ƙasar Faransa, wurin ya kai murabba'in kilomita 500,000, ciki har da Armenia, Azerbaijan da Georgia, da kuma ƙananan sassan Rasha, Iran da Turkiyya . Abin mamaki, wannan ƙaramin yanki yana ɗauke da yankuna 9 na yanayi daga rabin hamada zuwa babban tundra, daga ciyawar tuddai zuwa zurfin daji. A nan za ku iya samun nau'ikan tsire-tsire sama da 6,400, tsuntsaye 348, dabbobi masu shayarwa 131, dabbobi masu rarrafe 86, tsuntsayen ruwa 17 da kifaye masu ruwa-ruwa 127.

## Ayyukan samar da kuɗi
A shekarar 2022, CNF ta ba da rabon kuɗi guda huɗu na Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Armenia €335,000 don biyan kuɗaɗen da aka kashe. An ware €142,500 ga Zangezur Biosphere Complex, €80,000 ga Khosrov Forest State Reserve, €82,500 ga Dilijan National Park, da €30,000 ga Lake Arpi National Park . 

## Fitattun Membobin Hukumar
Fitaccen memba na kwamitin ba da shawara shine Gabriela Von Habsburg, jikanyar Charles na ɗaya, sarkin ƙarshe na Austria.

## Manazarta
Kathleen Bradley

**Kathleen Bradley** tsohuwar 'yar Amurka ce mai tallan kayan kawa, tsohuwar mawaƙiya, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai masaukin baki. An fi saninta da " Barker's Beauty " a shirin CBS na wasan rana mai suna *The Price Is Right*   daga 1990 zuwa 2000. An san ta a matsayin mace ta farko 'yar Afirka ta dindindin a shirin. 

## Sana'a
An haife ta ga Albert da Winifred Bradley a Girard, Ohio, Bradley ita ce mace ɗaya tilo da ke da 'ya'ya huɗu. Ta lashe kyautar "Miss Black California " a shekarar 1971. A shekarun 1970, ta kasance cikin ƙungiyoyin disco guda biyu na ɗan gajeren lokaci, The Love Machine da Destination . Ta taka rawar Mrs. Parker a fim ɗin *Juma'a* na 1995.  Shekaru ashirin da tara bayan haka, Cube da Bradley sun sake bayyana tare a bidiyon waƙarsa mai suna " *It's My Ego* ",  inda ta bayyana a matsayin mai zuwa coci sanye da riga mai launin shuɗi da hula mai faɗi a shekarar 2024.

### Tashi daga ''Farashi Daidai Ne''

An sallami Bradley, tare da tsohuwar mai tallata kayan kawa Janice Pennington, daga aikinta na tallata kayan kawa a shirin *The Price Is Right* a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 2000, jim kaɗan bayan ta bayar da shaida a lokacin shari'ar saboda ɓata suna da ɓata sunan mai gabatarwa kuma babban furodusa Bob Barker da aka shigar a kan mai tallata kayan kawa Holly Hallstrom . Shirin Bradley na ƙarshe ya fito ne a ranar 13 ga Disamba, 2000. Barker ya sha kaye a ƙarar da ya shigar a kan Hallstrom. Bradley ya yi zargin cewa an kore ta da Pennington saboda shaidar da suka bayar a wannan shari'ar kuma sun yi shawarwari kan sulhu a fannin kuɗi maimakon ƙara.  Barker ya dage cewa zargin Bradley ba gaskiya ba ne kuma korar ta samo asali ne daga canjin mallakar gidan, kuma ya ce ya yaba da shaidar Pennington.  

A watan Yunin 2014, Bradley ta fitar da tarihin rayuwarta, *Backstage at The Price Is Right: Memoirs of a Barker Beauty* . 

## Na Kai
Bradley ta yi aure sau biyu. Aurenta na farko shi ne da jarumi Bill Overton daga 1980 zuwa 1984. Ta auri injiniyan injiniya Terrence Redd tun 1988. Tana da 'ya'ya biyu; 'ya mace, Cheyenne Overton, daga aurenta da Overton; [3] da ɗansu Terrence Redd II. 'Yar mijinta Dior ta fito ne daga auren Redd da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Bern Nadette Stanis .

## Fim ɗin fim

### Fim

### Talabijin

## Manazarta
Fidyah da kaffara

**Fidyah** or **fidiya** da **kaffara** ko **kaffarah** gudummawa ce ta addini da ake bayarwa a Musulunci idan aka rasa wani wajibi na addini (kamar azumin Ramadan) ko kuma aka karya shi. Fidyah tana aiki a matsayin diyya ga lokacin da Musulmi bai iya cika wajibcin ba saboda wasu dalilai da suka fi karfinsu. Kaffarah tana aiki ne da karya azumi ko rashinsa ba tare da wani uzuri mai inganci ba, haka nan kaffara take aiki maimakon diyya, kuma tana buƙatar biyan diyya mai mahimmanci ko aiki fiye da fidya.

Ayar Alqur'ani ta 2:184  ta ambaci yadda gudummawar abinci, ko kuɗi, don taimakawa wajen ciyar da waɗanda ke cikin buƙata, ke zama diyya ga azumin da aka rasa lokacin da wani ya "rashin lafiya ko yana kan tafiya". Wasu ƙungiyoyi suna da zaɓuɓɓukan fidyah da kaffara ta yanar gizo.

## Fidiyah
Fidyah (wanda aka fassara shi da Romaniyanci da *fidya* ) gudummawar kuɗi ko abinci ce ta addini da aka yi don taimaka wa waɗanda ke cikin bukata.

Ana yin Fidyah ne don azumin da aka rasa saboda larura, inda mutum ba zai iya rama azumin ba bayan haka - misali, idan wani ba zai iya yin azumin na tsawon kwanakin da ake buƙata ba saboda rashin lafiya, ciki ko kuma tsufa mai tsanani (tsofaffi ko ƙarami).  A watan Ramadan, dole ne a biya fidyah ɗin kowane azumin da aka rasa. Amma, idan mutum ya rasa azuminsa saboda rashin lafiya ko a kan tafiya, amma ya sami isasshen lafiya don rama shi, ya fi kyau ya rama azumin a wani lokaci na gaba, kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Alƙur'ani.

## Kaffara
Kaffara (wanda kuma aka fassara shi da *kaffarah*), gudummawa ce ta addini ta kuɗi ko abinci da aka yi don taimaka wa waɗanda ke cikin bukata.

Ana yin Kaffara ne don azumin da aka rasa ba tare da wani dalili ba - misali, idan wani ya rasa ko ya karya azumi a watan Ramadan ba tare da wani dalili mai inganci ba. Domin rama azumin da ya karye, dole ne ya 'yanta bawa ɗaya, idan kuma ba zai iya ba, dole ne ya ci gaba da azumi na tsawon kwanaki 60. Idan ba zai iya yin hakan ba, dole ne ya bayar da diyya ta sadaka don farashin matsakaicin abinci ga talakawa 60. A Burtaniya, farashin kaffara na 2021 shine £5 ga kowane mutum, wanda ya kai £300 ga kowane azumin da aka karye da gangan. 

Biyan kaffara shima wajibi ne a Musulunci idan aka karya alkawari ko rantsuwa.

## A cikin Alqur'ani
An ambaci Fidyah da kaffara a cikin Alƙur'ani:

"(Azumtar Sa'a) ga ƙidãyayyun kwanaki, kuma wanda ya kasance daga gare ku ya kasance majiyyaci, kõ kuwa a kan tafiya, to, adadinsa ya kasance daga wasu kwãnuka, kuma waɗanda suke yin azumi da wahala, (misali dattijo, da dai sauransu), to sunã da (zãɓi ko dai su yi azumi ko) ciyar da Miskin (Miskini) (kuma wanda ya kyautata daga gare shi). ku yi azumi, shi ne mafi alheri a gare ku, idan kun kasance kunã sani.

## Manazarta
Ramadan a Afghanistan

**Ramadan a [[Afghanistan]]** yana da muhimmancin addini da al'adu a Afghanistan, inda yawancin jama'a ke yin addinin Islama. Ramadan alama ce ta al'adu na musamman, ayyukan sadaka, da tarurruka na al'umma, da ayyukan sadaka.

## Ranar da ganin wata
Lokaci na Ramadan a Afghanistan ya bi kalandar wata ta Musulunci, tare da kwanakin farawa da ƙarshen da aka ƙayyade ta hanyar ganin wata mai ƙwanƙwasawa (Hilal). Rashin daidaituwa a cikin kwanakin na iya tasowa saboda kwamitocin kallon wata na yanki, kamar hukumomin addini na Afghanistan ko daidaitawa da sanarwar Saudi Arabia. Bambance-bambance na iya faruwa idan aka kwatanta da ƙasashe makwabta kamar Pakistan.

## Bukatar da al'adu
Ranar farko ta Ramadan koyaushe hutu ne na jama'a a Afghanistan. Kamar sauran kasashe masu yawan Musulmai, gidajen cin abinci da cafes suna rufewa a lokacin hasken rana a cikin watan.

A lokacin Ramadan, Musulmai na Afghanistan suna yin azumi daga asuba har zuwa faɗuwar rana, suna guje wa abinci, abin sha, da sauran bukatun jiki. Ana karya azumi a faɗuwar rana tare da abincin da ake kira Iftar . Iftars na gargajiya na Afghanistan sau da yawa suna farawa da Shorba, miya mai ta'aziyya da aka yi da kayan lambu da nama da aka dafa a hankali, sannan kuma sabo gurasa da busassun 'ya'yan itace - suna ba da sauƙi amma mai farin ciki ga bikin maraice.

Baya ga azumi, 'yan Afghanistan suna halartar masallatai, suna ba da sa'o'i da yawa ga addu'a da tunani. Ana jaddada ayyukan al'umma da ayyukan sadaka a wannan lokacin, suna nuna ruhun karimci da tausayi na Ramadan.

### Ayyukan al'adu
Ɗaya daga cikin al'adun al'adu na musamman da aka kiyaye a Herat, wani birni a yammacin Afghanistan, shine *"Ramazan Khwani,"* ko waka ta Ramadan. Wannan al'adar tarihi ta ci gaba da kasancewa wani bangare mai karfi na rayuwar al'adu, adana al'adun yankin.

## Ayyukan jama'a da na sadaka
Ramadan a Afghanistan yana jaddada al'umma da sadaka. Iyalai galibi suna karbar bakuncin jama'a, suna gayyatar maƙwabta da waɗanda ba su da sa'a. Masallatai da kungiyoyin agaji suna rarraba abinci ga mabukata, tabbatar da cewa kowa zai iya shiga cikin albarkatun watan.

sa'a al'ada ta musamman ta haɗa da kunna dohol (wani nau'in drum) da sassafe don tayar da mutane don suhoor.

## Kalubale a cikin bikin
Duk da yanayin bikin Ramadan, yawancin 'yan Afghanistan suna fuskantar manyan kalubale. Kasar tana fama da daya daga cikin manyan rikice-rikicen jin kai a duniya, wanda ya kara tsanantawa da yunwa, talauci, da rashin aiki. Wadannan batutuwan suna rufe watan mai tsarki ga iyalai da yawa waɗanda ke gwagwarmaya kowace rana don biyan bukatun yau da kullun.

Koyaya, shirye-shirye irin su rarrabawar Ramadan ta Islamic Relief suna ba da taimako. Wadannan kokarin suna kawo bege ga iyalai masu rauni, suna samar da kayan aiki da tallafi a lokacin da ake kara rikicin yunwa.

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje
Ramadan a Ostiraliya

**Ramadan a Ostiraliya** lokaci ne mai tsarki kuma wata na tara a kalandar Musulunci, wanda Musulmai 'yan Australiya ke yi kamar sauran Musulmai a duk duniya. A Ostiraliya, wata al'umma mai al'adu daban-daban da addinai daban-daban a wannan watan mai tsarki tana da azumi, addu'a, tunani, al'adun gargajiya da tarukan al'umma, wanda ke nuna al'adun al'adu daban-daban na kasar.

## Bayani
Ramadan is a time for spiritual growth, self-discipline, and increased devotion. Muslims abstain from food, drink, and other physical needs from dawn until sunset, focusing on prayer, charity, and community. In Australia, the observance of Ramadan showcases the country's religious diversity and the vibrant traditions of its Muslim communities.

## Kwanaki da ganin wata
Ana tantance farkon watan Ramadan ta hanyar ganin sabon wata . Misali, a shekarar 2025, Majalisar Limaman Ƙasa ta Ostiraliya (ANIC) ta sanar da cewa Ramadan ya fara ne a ranar Asabar, 1 ga Maris bayan ganin jinjirin wata a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu. Duk da haka, wasu al'ummomi sun lura da farkon a ranar Lahadi, 2 ga Maris, saboda rahotannin ganin wata daban-daban.    

Hakazalika, Majalisar Fatawa ta Australiya da Babban Mufti na Australiya, Dr. Ibrahim Abu Mohamed, sun tabbatar da ranar farawa bisa ga lissafin ilmin taurari wanda ke nuna ganin wata na tsawon mintuna 12 bayan faɗuwar rana a Sydney da mintuna 16 a Perth . 

## Tsawon lokacin azumi da yanayi
Australia's geographical location results in varying fasting durations across the country. During Ramadan, fasting hours can range from approximately 11 to 13 hours, depending on the season and region. The diverse climate also influences the daily routines and practices of fasting individuals.

## Bukukuwan al'adu da abubuwan da suka faru a cikin al'umma
Ana bikin Ramadan a Ostiraliya tare da al'adu da al'adu daban-daban. Wani abin sha'awa shine bikin " Lakemba Nights " a Sydney, wanda ke jan hankalin baƙi sama da miliyan ɗaya kowace shekara. Bikin ya ƙunshi rumfunan abinci, wasannin kwaikwayo na al'adu, da addu'o'in gama gari, wanda ke nuna bambancin al'ummar Musulmi.

### Hulɗar addinai daban-daban
Ramadan yana zama wata dama ta tattaunawa tsakanin addinai da kuma shiga cikin al'umma a Ostiraliya. Masallatai da cibiyoyin Musulunci da yawa suna shirya bukukuwan buda baki, suna gayyatar mutane na kowane addini don koyo game da Ramadan da kuma cin abincin jama'a.

## Ayyukan agaji
Sadaka muhimmin bangare ne na Ramadan. Musulmai 'yan kasar Australia suna gudanar da ayyukan agaji daban-daban, ciki har da bayar da gudummawa ga bankunan abinci, tallafawa al'ummomin 'yan gudun hijira, da kuma shiga cikin tarukan tara kudi. Kungiyoyi kamar Islamic Relief Australia suna tsara kokarin da ake yi a duk fadin kasar don taimakawa wadanda ke cikin bukata a lokacin watan mai tsarki.

Ramadan kuma yana jaddada Zakkatul Fitr (sadaka ta wajibi kafin Eid) da kuma gudummawar da aka bayar ga jama'a. Yawancin ƙungiyoyin Musulunci na Australiya suna gudanar da kamfen na tara kuɗi don ayyukan gida da na duniya, gami da taimakon jin kai ga Gaza.

## Manazarta
Ramadan a Kanada

Musulmai 'yan Kanada suna bikin **Ramadan a Kanada** kamar sauran Musulmai a duniya a matsayin watan azumi, addu'a, tunani, da kuma al'umma. Kanada gida ce ga al'ummar Musulmi masu bambancin ra'ayi da kuma ci gaba, ibadar addini, al'adun gargajiya, da ayyukan zamantakewa suna nuna watan Ramadan .

## Bayani
Ramadan yana ɗaya daga cikin Shika-shikan Musulunci guda biyar kuma yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga Musulmai. A Kanada, inda Musulmai suka kai kusan kashi 5% na al'ummar ƙasar (sama da mutane miliyan 1.8), ana yin watan ta hanyar azumi daga fitowar alfijir zuwa faɗuwar rana, yawaitar addu'o'i, sadaka, da tarukan al'umma. Wannan lamari ya bambanta a faɗin ƙasar saboda girman yanayin ƙasar Kanada, al'adu daban-daban, da kuma lokutan hasken rana daban-daban. 

## Kwanaki da ganin wata
Ramadan yana bin kalandar watan Musulunci, ma'ana kwanakin farawa da ƙarewa suna canzawa da kwanaki 10-12 kowace shekara a kalandar Gregorian . Kwamitin ganin wata na gida a birane kamar Toronto, Vancouver, da Montreal ne ke tantance ainihin ranakun, ko kuma ta hanyar bin sanarwar ƙasashen da Musulmai suka fi rinjaye.    

Yankunan Arewa kamar Yellowknife na iya samun tsawon lokacin azumi (15+) kuma wani lokacin suna bin lokutan Makkah don samun sauƙi. 

## Ayyukan al'umma
Musulman Kanada suna bikin Ramadan ta hanyar al'adu daban-daban:

Buɗe Ido na Al'umma: Masallatai da cibiyoyin Musulunci suna shirya abinci don yin buɗa baki tare.  

Sadaka ( Zakka da Sadaqah ): Ƙara yawan gudummawa ga ƙungiyoyi kamar Islamic Relief Canada da bankunan abinci na gida. 

Karatun Alqur'ani : Da yawa suna da nufin kammala Alqur'ani, tare da addu'o'in Taraweeh da ke sauƙaƙa wannan. 

Shirye-shiryen Ilimi: Lakcoci da bita kan koyarwar Musulunci.

## Gwamnati da kuma sanin jama'a
Gwamnatin Kanada ta amince da muhimmancin Ramadan ta hanyar sanarwa a hukumance da kuma amincewa da jama'a.  Misali, Ministan Lafiya Kamal Khera ya jaddada Ramadan a matsayin lokacin karimci, tausayi, da kuma sabunta alƙawarin tallafawa marasa galihu.

An kuma kunna fitilun tarihi kamar Hasumiyar CN a watan Ramadan.

Kuma ana ci gaba da ƙoƙarin yaƙi da wariya ga shirye-shiryen da ke yaƙi da ƙiyayyar Musulunci.

## Manazarta