Katherine Esau

Katherine Esau (3 ga Afrilu 1898 - 4 ga Yuni 1997) ta kasance masanin ilimin tsire-tsire na Jamus-Amurka wanda ya yi nazarin jikin shuka-shuke da tasirin ƙwayoyin cuta. Littattafanta Plant Anatomy (1953, 1965, 2006)  da Anatomy of Seed Plants (1960,  1977) sune mahimman matani. A shekara ta 1989, Isuwa ta sami lambar yabo ta Kimiyya ta Kasa "Don nuna godiya ga aikinta na musamman ga al'ummar Amurka na masana kimiyyar tsire-tsire, da kuma kyakkyawan bincike na farko, na asali da aikace-aikace, akan tsarin tsire-shire da ci gaba, wanda ya kai sama da shekaru sittin; saboda aikinta mai kyau a matsayin malami, a cikin aji da kuma ta hanyar littattafanta; don ƙarfafawa da wahayi da ta ba wa ƙungiyar matasa, masu son tsire-sire-tsalle-tsire; da kuma samar da misali na musamman ga mata a kimiyya. " Lokacin da Isuwa ta mutu a shekara ta hanyar shekara ta 1997. Peter Raven 'Director of Anatomy and Morphology' na 'Missouri Botanical Garden' ya tuna cewa ta mamaye fagen ilmin halitta har ma tana da shekaru 99.

Hakan ma ya kasan ce nasara ga dalibar da kuma sauran maganar magabatan da kuma yadda komai ya kasan ce musu baki daya. Kams daga cikin manyan nasarorin da ta samu shine rawar da ta taka wajen ci gaba da tafiya a hankali zuwa sama a Imeko shine Disamba a man who is halan nan sukw bari kasar hausa da hausawa yaribawa da inyanurai baki daya da. Dmin nasarorin da ta samu shine rawar da ta taka wajen ci gaba da tafiya a hanhakama akali zuwa sama a Imeko shine Disamba a. 

## Rayuwa da ilimi
An haifi Esau a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 1898 a Ekaterinoslav, Daular Rasha (*yanzu [[Dnipro]], Ukraine*) ga dangin Mennonites na zuriyar Jamus, wanda ake kira "Russian Mennonites". Ta halarci makarantar Mennonite Parish kafin ta shiga makarantar sakandare. Esau ta fara karatun noma a 1916 a Kwalejin Aikin Gona ta Mata ta Golitsin a Moscow, amma ta koma gida a ƙarshen semester ta biyu saboda Juyin Juya Halin Bolshevik .  

Mahaifin Katherine, John Esau, shi ne magajin garin Ekaterinoslav. Juyin juya halin ya sanya iyalin cikin haɗari saboda dukiyarsu, matsayi, da ƙasa. An dauki Isuwa a matsayin "masu adawa da juyin juya hali". Iyalin sun sami nasarar tserewa ta hanyar shiga jirgin saman sojojin Jamus a Ekaterinoslav a ranar 20 ga Disamba 1918, sun isa Berlin a ranar 5 ga Janairun 1919 bayan tafiya ta makonni biyu.

Kodayake har yanzu Berlin tana cikin rikici, Katherine ta zama ɗalibi a Berlin Landwirtschaftliche Hochschule (Kwalejin Aikin Noma na Berlin). Ta yi karatun aikin gona tare da  da shuka kiwo tare da masanin kimiyya Erwin Baur . 

A shekara ta 1922, iyalin Esau sun koma Reedley, California, al'ummar Mennonite. Isuwa ta yi aiki a takaice a matsayin mai kula da gida da kuma dafa abinci ga iyali a Fresno. A cikin 1923, ta yi aiki don ranch na samar da iri, ta kiwo da kuma nazarin sukari a Oxnard, California. Bayan wannan kamfani ya gaza, Isuwa ya yi aiki ga Kamfanin Sugar na Spreckels a kan juriya na sukari don kwayar cutar curly saman. 

A cikin 1927, Wilfred William Robbins ya ziyarci Spreckels, daga Jami'ar Gona ta Arewacin Kwalejin Aikin Gona (yanzu Jami'ar California, Davis), da Henry A. Jones na Davis Division of Truck Crops. Isuwa ta nuna musu filayen beet kuma ta tambayi game da shirin digiri a Davis. Robbins ya karbe ta kuma ya yi mata aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar digiri a cikin Sashen Botany. Isuwa ta ci gaba da karatunta a Jami'ar California, Davis a 1928. Tun da Davis ba ta ba da digiri na digiri a wannan lokacin ba, ta yi rajista a hukumance don shirin Ph.D. ta hanyar Jami'ar California Berkeley . Kwamitin digirin ta shine W.W. Robbins, (masanin ilimin shuke-shuke da kujera), T.H. Goodspeed, masanin ilimin halittu, da T.E. Rawlins, masanin cututtukan shuke-huke. An ba Isuwa digiri na biyu a shekara ta 1931 wanda UC Berkeley ta ba shi a shekara ta 1932. An kuma zabe ta a cikin kungiyar girmamawa ta Phi Beta Kappa a shekarar 1932.

Esau daga nan ya shiga bangaren a sabon mukamin Junior Botanist a Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Gona a Kwalejin Aikin Goma. Ta koyar a Jami'ar California, Davis daga 1932 zuwa 1963. A shekara ta 1963 ta koma Jami'ar California, Santa Barbara don ci gaba da aiki tare da Vernon I. Cheadle . 

Esau ta mutu a ranar 4 ga Yuni 1997 a Santa Barbara, California, Amurka.

## Bincike
Esau ta kasance masanin ilimin jikin shuke-shuke kuma littattafanta Plant Anatomy (1953) da Anatomy of Seed Plants (1960) ana ɗaukar su "matani na alama" a cikin ilmin halitta na shuke-fuki. Ayyukanta na farko a cikin jikin shuke-shuke sun mayar da hankali kan tasirin ƙwayoyin cuta a kan shuke- shuke-huke, musamman a kan ƙwayoyin shuke-tsuke da ci gaba. Binciken digirin ta ya canza daga filin zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje na cutar kwayar cuta ta sukari saboda wahalar hana kamuwa da cutar tare da cutar. Wannan ya haifar da mayar da hankali kan jikin shuke-shuke kuma musamman kwayar phloem wanda shine batun aikinta na kimiyya. Ba da daɗewa ba ta gano cewa kwayar cutar ta bazu ta hanyar tsire-tsire tare da phloem. Ta fara amfani da microscopy na lantarki ga bincikenta a shekarar 1960.

Yayinda take koyarwa a Jami'ar California, Davis, ta ci gaba da bincikenta kan ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma musamman phloem, abincin da ke jagorantar nama a cikin tsire-tsire. A cikin shekarun 1950, ta yi aiki tare da masanin tsire-tsire Vernon Cheadle a kan ƙarin bincike na phloem. An buga littafinta The *Phloem* (1969) a matsayin Volume 5 na *Handbuch der Pflanzenanatomy* . An gane wannan ƙarar a matsayin mafi mahimmancin jerin kuma ya kasance tushen bayani game da phloem.

Esau ta ci gaba da bincike sosai a cikin shekaru 90, ta buga jimlar labarai 162 da littattafai biyar. Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki ta Musamman ce ke riƙe da takardunta a cikin Laburaren Davidson a Jami'ar California, Santa Barbara .  Ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga ɗaliban digiri 15 kawai amma yawancin mutane sun amince da ita kuma sun yaba da ita. Ray Evert, daya daga cikin daliban digiri na Esau, ta ce: "Littafin Plant Anatomy ya kawo rayuwa ga abin da a baya ya zama kamar batun da ba shi da kyau. Ba ni kaɗai ne wanda ya shafi hakan. Plant Anatomy yana da babban tasiri a duk duniya, a zahiri yana kawo farfado da horo. "

Esau ba ta da mahimmanci ga sanarwa da aka ba ta, kuma ta gaya wa David Russell, wanda ya tattara tarihin baki, "Ban san yadda aka zaba ni ba [don lambar yabo ta Kimiyya ta Kasa]. Ba ni da masaniya game da abin da ya burge su game da ni.  Lokacin da Elga Wasserman ta tambaye shi ya yi tunani game da iliminta da aiki, Isuwa ya rubuta a 1973 cewa ayyukan kimiyya sun mamaye aikinta kuma ya kara da cewa, "Na sami hanyoyin kiyaye 'yancin ruhaniya yayin da ke daidaita kaina ga manufofi da aka kafa. . . . . gida ban taɓa jin cewa ina ina ina ina da ita mace ce mai ban dariya.

## Sanarwa

* An zabe ta Fellow na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekarar 1949. 
* A shekara ta 1951, ta kasance Shugabar kungiyar Botanical Society of America . 
* A shekara ta 1956, Botanical Society of America ta ba ta takardar shaidar Merit a cikin bukukuwan Jubilee na Zinariya.
* A shekara ta 1957, ita ce mace ta shida da aka zaba a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa.
* A shekara ta 1962, an ba ta digiri na girmamawa daga Kwalejin Mills, Oakland . 
* A shekara ta 1964, an zabe ta a cikin American Philosophical Society . 
* A shekara ta 1989 Shugaba George Bush ya ba Isuwa lambar yabo ta Kimiyya ta Kasa.

## Kyauta
Yawancin wallafe-wallafen Isuwa suna cikin gidaje kuma suna samuwa don aro daga ɗakin karatu na Cornelius Herman Muller a Jami'ar California, Cibiyar Cheadle ta Santa Barbara don Biodiversity da Maido da Muhalli.

Don tunawa da gudummawar da ta bayar a matsayin malami, marubuci da masanin kimiyya, ana ba da *Kyautar Katherine Esau* ga ɗaliban da suka kammala karatu wanda ya gabatar da mafi kyawun takarda a cikin tsarin da ilmin halitta na ci gaba a taron shekara-shekara na Botanical Society of America . 

Isuwa ta kafa Shirin Katherine Esau Fellowship a 1993 a Jami'ar California, Davis . Wannan yana tallafawa post-doctoral, ƙaramin baiwa da wasu haɗin gwiwar digiri na rani.

## Ayyuka
Littattafanta sun sabunta koyarwar jikin shuke-shuke kuma ana amfani da su har zuwa karni na ashirin da daya: 

* Esau, Katherine (1953). *Plant Anatomy*. (1st ed. 1954; 2nd ed. 1965; 3rd ed. 2006). McGraw-Hill, New York.
* 
* Esau, Katherine (1960). *Anatomy of Seed Plants*. (2nd ed. 1977). John Wiley & Sons, New York, 
* Esau, Katherine (1961). *Plants, Viruses, and Insects*. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
* Esau, Katherine (1965). *Vascular Differentiation in Plants*. Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 160pp
* Esau, Katherine (1968). *Viruses in Plant Hosts*.  University of Wisconsin Press, Madison 228pp
* Esau, Katherine (1969). *The Phloem*. (Handbuch der Pflanzenanatomie, Histologie Band 5, Teil 2). Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin.

## Manazarta