Hannes Alfvén

**Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén** (  ; 30 ga Mayu 1908 - 2 ga Afrilu 1995  ) injiniyan lantarki ne na ƙasar Sweden, masanin kimiyyar lissafi na plasma kuma ya lashe kyautar Nobel ta 1970 a fannin kimiyyar lissafi saboda aikinsa kan magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). Ya bayyana ajin raƙuman MHD da yanzu ake kira Alfvén waves . An fara horar da shi a matsayin injiniyan wutar lantarki kuma daga baya ya koma bincike da koyarwa a fannonin kimiyyar lissafi na plasma da injiniyan lantarki . Alfvén ya ba da gudummawa da yawa ga kimiyyar lissafi na plasma, gami da ka'idoji da ke bayyana halayen aurorae, bel ɗin radiation na Van Allen, tasirin guguwar maganadisu akan filin maganadisu na Duniya, magnetosphere na ƙasa, da kuma yanayin plasmas a cikin galaxy na Milky Way .

## Ilimi
Alfvén ya sami digirin digirgir daga Jami'ar Uppsala a shekarar 1934.  An yi masa taken "Binciken Raƙuman Wutar Lantarki Mai Yawan Mita."

## Shekarun farko
A shekarar 1934, Alfvén ya koyar da kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Uppsala da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Lissafi ta Nobel (daga baya aka sake masa suna Manne Siegbahn Institute of Physics  ) da ke Stockholm, Sweden. A shekarar 1940, ya zama farfesa a fannin ka'idar lantarki da ma'aunin lantarki a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Royal da ke Stockholm. A shekarar 1945, ya sami matsayin da ba a nada shi ba na Shugaban Lantarki. An canza masa suna zuwa Shugaban Kimiyyar Lissafi ta Plasma a shekarar 1963. Daga 1954 zuwa 1955, Alfvén ya kasance Malamin Fulbright a Jami'ar Maryland, College Park . A shekarar 1967, bayan ya bar Sweden kuma ya shafe lokaci a Tarayyar Soviet, ya koma Amurka. Alfvén ya yi aiki a sassan injiniyan lantarki a Jami'ar California, San Diego da Jami'ar Kudancin California .

## Shekarun da suka biyo baya

A shekarar 1991, Alfvén ya yi ritaya a matsayin farfesa a fannin injiniyan lantarki a Jami'ar California, San Diego da kuma farfesa a fannin kimiyyar plasma a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Royal da ke Stockholm.

Alfvén ya yi rayuwarsa ta girma a tsakanin California da Sweden. Ya mutu yana da shekaru 86. 

## Bincike
A shekarar 1937, Alfvén ya yi jayayya cewa idan plasma ya mamaye sararin samaniya, to zai iya ɗaukar kwararar wutar lantarki da ke iya samar da filin maganadisu na galactic.  Bayan ya lashe kyautar Nobel saboda ayyukansa a magnetohydrodynamics, ya jaddada cewa:Domin fahimtar abubuwan da ke faruwa a wani yanki na plasma, ya zama dole a yi taswirar ba kawai maganadisu ba, har ma da filin lantarki da kwararar wutar lantarki. Sararin samaniya yana cike da hanyar sadarwa ta kwararar wutar lantarki waɗanda ke canja wurin kuzari da kuzari a kan manyan nisa ko manyan nisa. Sau da yawa kwararar wutar lantarki suna matsewa zuwa kwararar filamentary ko saman ruwa. Na biyun yana iya ba da sarari, haka kuma sararin interstellar da intergalactic, tsarin tantanin halitta . An tabbatar da aikinsa na ka'idar kan kwararar wutar lantarki masu daidaitawa a cikin aurora (bisa ga aikin da Kristian Birkeland ya yi a baya) a shekarar 1967,  yanzu ana kiran waɗannan kwararar da kwararar Birkeland .

Masanin kimiyya ɗan Birtaniya Sydney Chapman ya kasance mai suka sosai ga Alfvén.  Masana kimiyyar lissafi da yawa sun ɗauki Alfvén a matsayin mai goyon bayan ra'ayoyi marasa tushe  RH Stuewer yana lura da cewa "... ya ci gaba da zama baƙo mai ɗaci, yana samun ƙarancin girmamawa daga sauran masana kimiyya ko da bayan ya sami kyautar Nobel..."  kuma sau da yawa ana tilasta masa ya buga takardunsa a cikin mujallu marasa tushe. Alfvén ya tuna:Idan na bayyana [abin da ke faruwa a cikin plasma] bisa ga wannan tsari, yawancin alkalai ba sa fahimtar abin da nake faɗa kuma suna ƙin takardar shaidar da na bayar. Tare da tsarin alkalai wanda ke mulkin kimiyyar Amurka a yau, wannan yana nufin cewa ba kasafai ake karɓar takarduna a manyan mujallu na Amurka ba. Alfvén ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka:

* Masanin kimiyyar plasma
* Haskokin barbashi masu caji
* Ma'aunin Intanet
* kimiyyar lissafi mai siffar magnetosphere
* Magnetohydrodynamics
* Binciken abubuwan da ke faruwa a rana (kamar iskar rana )
* Kimiyyar Aurorae

A shekarar 1939, Alfvén ya gabatar da ka'idar guguwar maganadisu da auroras da kuma ka'idar yanayin jini a cikin magnetosphere na Duniya . Wannan ita ce takardar da mujallar Amurka ta ƙi amincewa *da* ita.

Amfanin binciken Alfvén a kimiyyar sararin samaniya sun haɗa da:

* Ka'idar bel ɗin radiation na Van Allen
* Rage filin maganadisu na Duniya yayin guguwar maganadisu
* Magnetosphere (jini mai kariya wanda ke rufe Duniya)
* Samuwar wutsiyoyin tauraro mai wutsiya
* Samuwar Tsarin Rana
* Tsarin plasma a cikin galaxy
* Ilimin halittar jiki

Ra'ayoyin Alfvén sun bi na wanda ya kafa kimiyyar magnetospheric, Kristian Birkeland . A ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara, Birkeland ya gabatar da (wanda bayanai masu yawa suka goyi baya) cewa kwararar wutar lantarki da ke gudana a kan filayen maganadisu na Duniya zuwa cikin sararin samaniya sun haifar da rikicewar aurora da maganadisu na polar.

Fannin fasaha da ke amfana daga gudummawar Alfvén sun haɗa da:

* Masu hanzarta ƙwayoyin cuta
* Haɗin thermonuclear mai sarrafawa
* Jirgin sama mai tsauri
* Tura roka
* Sake kunna birki na motocin sararin samaniya

Gudummawa ga ilmin taurari:

* Filin maganadisu na Galactic (1937)
* Gano hasken synchrotron mara zafi daga tushen ilmin taurari (1950)

An ambaci raƙuman ruwa na Alfvén (ƙarancin mitoci na hydromagnetic plasma oscillations ) don girmama shi, kuma suna yaɗuwa a saurin Alfvén. Yawancin ka'idojinsa game da tsarin hasken rana an tabbatar da su tun daga shekarun 1980 ta hanyar ma'aunin waje na cometary da planetary magnetospheres. Duk da haka, Alfvén da kansa ya lura cewa littattafan ilmin taurari ba su da kyau wajen wakiltar abubuwan da aka sani game da plasma:Nazarin yadda ake yin wasu daga cikin littattafan karatu da aka fi amfani da su a fannin ilmin taurari suna kula da muhimman ra'ayoyi kamar layuka biyu, saurin gaske, tasirin tsunkule, da kuma da'irori. An gano cewa ɗaliban da ke amfani da waɗannan littattafan ba su san ko da wanzuwar waɗannan ra'ayoyin ba, duk da cewa wasu daga cikinsu sanannu ne tsawon rabin ƙarni (misali, layuka biyu, Langmuir, 1929; tasirin tsunkule, Bennet, 1934). Alfvén ya ruwaito cewa daga cikin litattafai 17 da aka fi amfani da su a fannin ilmin taurari, babu wanda ya ambaci tasirin pinch, babu wanda ya ambaci saurin ionization mai mahimmanci, da'irori biyu kawai da aka ambata, da kuma layuka uku da aka ambata biyu.

Alfvén ya yi imanin cewa matsalar da ke tattare da Big Bang ita ce masana ilmin taurari sun yi ƙoƙarin bayyana asalin sararin samaniya daga ka'idojin lissafi da aka haɓaka a kan allo, maimakon farawa daga abubuwan da aka sani da za a iya gani. Ya kuma ɗauki Big Bang a matsayin tatsuniya da aka ƙirƙira don bayyana halitta.  Alfvén da abokan aikinsa sun gabatar da samfurin Alfvén-Klein a matsayin madadin ka'idar sararin samaniya ga duka ka'idar Big Bang da ka'idar yanayin da ke tsaye .

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Alfvén ya yi aure na tsawon shekaru 67 da matarsa Kerstin (1910–1992). Sun haifi 'ya'ya biyar, namiji ɗaya da mata huɗu. Ɗansu ya zama likita, yayin da 'ya mace ɗaya ta zama marubuciya ɗaya kuma lauya a Sweden. Marubuciyar ita ce Inger Alfvén kuma an san ta da aikinta a Sweden. Mawaki Hugo Alfvén kawun Hannes Alfvén ne.

Alfvén ya yi nazarin tarihin kimiyya, falsafar gabas, da addini . Dangane da ra'ayinsa na addini, Alfven ba shi da addini kuma yana sukar addini.   Ya yi magana da Yaren mutanen Sweden, Turanci, Jamusanci, Faransanci, da Rashanci, da kuma wasu Sifaniyanci da Sinanci. Ya nuna matukar damuwa game da wahalhalun da ke tattare da sarrafa sharar rediyoaktif mai inganci na dindindin."  Alfvén yana kuma da sha'awar matsalolin ilmin sararin samaniya da dukkan fannoni na kimiyyar auroral, kuma ya yi amfani da sanannen littafin Schröder kan aurora, *Das Phänomen des Polarlichts* .  An buga wasiƙun Alfvén, Treder, da Schröder a lokacin bikin cika shekaru 70 da haihuwar Treder.   Schröder ya tattauna dangantakar da ke tsakanin Hans-Jürgen Treder, Hannes Alfvén da Wilfried Schröder dalla-dalla a cikin littattafansa.

Alfvén ya mutu a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1995 a Djursholm yana da shekaru 86.

## Lambobin yabo da girmamawa
An sanya wa kyautar Hannes Alfvén, wacce ƙungiyar kula da lafiyar jiki ta Turai ke bayarwa kowace shekara saboda gudummawar da ta bayar a fannin kimiyyar jini, sunanta. An sanya wa Alfvén, tauraron dan adam na 1778, suna ne don girmama shi.

### Kyaututtuka
 
Alfvén yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan masana kimiyya kaɗan waɗanda suka kasance memba na ƙasashen waje na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Amurka da Soviet . 

## Zaɓaɓɓun littattafan karatu
Don cikakken jerin wallafe-wallafe duba. 

; Littattafai 

; Labarai 

## Duba kuma

* Mai kunna sauti na Alfvén
* Plasma na ilmin taurari
* Takardar halin yanzu ta heliospheric
* Sake haɗawa da maganadisu
* Magnetohydrodynamic hayaniyar
* Ruwan Magnetosonic
* Ruwan Marklund
* Sigogin plasma
* Daidaiton jini
* Iskar rana
* Spheromak

## Manazarta