Jane Pierce

Jane Means Pierce ( wanda aka haifa a Appleton ; Maris 12, 1806 - Disamba 2, 1863) ita ce matar shugaban Amurka daga 1853 zuwa 1857, tana auren Franklin Pierce, shugaban Amurka na 14. An haife ta a Hampton, New Hampshire, ta auri Pierce, ɗan majalisa a lokacin, a 1834 duk da shakkun iyalinta. Ta ƙi zama a Washington, DC, kuma a 1842, ta shawo kan mijinta ya yi ritaya daga siyasa. Ya nemi takarar shugaban ƙasa ta Democrat ba tare da saninta ba a 1852 kuma aka zaɓe shi shugaban ƙasa daga baya a wannan shekarar. Ɗansu guda ɗaya tilo da ya rage, Benjamin, ya mutu a hatsarin jirgin ƙasa kafin rantsar da Franklin, wanda ya jefa Jane cikin mawuyacin hali wanda ya dame ta har tsawon rayuwarta. Pierce matar shugaban ƙasa ce mai zaman kanta, tana shafe shekaru biyu na farko na shugabancin mijinta tana makokin ɗanta. Abby Kent-Means sau da yawa tana cika ayyukanta a wannan lokacin. Bayan shugabancin Franklin, sun yi tafiya zuwa ƙasashen waje na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin su zauna a Massachusetts. Ta mutu sakamakon tarin fuka a shekarar 1863.

Pierce ba ta son rayuwar siyasa kuma ba ta ji daɗin matsayin uwargidan shugaban ƙasa ba. Ta ɗauki sha'awar kawar da gwamnati, kuma ta yi ƙoƙarin rinjayar shawarar mijinta kan batun. A matsayinta na mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, Pierce addini ce mai matuƙar addini kuma ta yi imanin cewa bala'o'in da ta fuskanta azaba ce ta Allah saboda zunubanta da na mijinta. An bayyana Jane a matsayin akasin mijinta, wanda yake mai son jama'a, mai siyasa, kuma mai shan giya da yawa. Ta kasance mai kaɗaici, mai ƙin siyasa, kuma mai son yin wasa da mutane .

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Jane Means Appleton a Hampton, New Hampshire, a ranar 12 ga Maris, 1806, ga ministan Congregationalist Jesse Appleton da matarsa Elizabeth Means Appleton. ’Yan Appleton suna da yara shida: manyan mata uku, cikinsu Jane ita ce ta uku, da kuma ƙananan maza uku. Mahaifinsu ya zama shugaban Kwalejin Bowdoin a 1807, kuma iyalin suka zauna a Brunswick, Maine (wani ɓangare na Massachusetts a lokacin).  : 89  : 188–189 Ayyukan addinin mahaifinta sun haɗa da cin abinci mai tsauri na azumi wanda ya sa lafiyarsa ta ragu, wanda ya kai ga mutuwarsa a shekarar 1819.  : 108 Bayan mutuwarsa, iyalin sun zauna tare da mahaifiyar Elizabeth a Amherst, New Hampshire .  : 89 A lokacin yarintarta, Appleton ta sami sadaukarwa ga Puritan,  : 89 bishara  : 91 Kalvinism .  : 108–109 

Appleton ta fito ne daga dangin New England masu arziki da kuma haɗin kai.  : 166 Ilimin Jane yana da inganci sosai, wanda ya ƙunshi makarantun gwamnati da kuma koyar da yara a gida.  Ta halarci makarantar koyar da matasa ta Miss Catherine Fiske's Young Ladies Seminary da ke Keene, New Hampshire,  : 189 inda ta sami ilimi mai inganci fiye da yadda mata za su iya samu. Tana da hazaka a fannin kiɗa kuma tana da sha'awar adabi, amma ta ƙi ci gaba da neman waɗannan don son nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki.  Yayin da take kusantowa ƙuruciyarta, Appleton ta kasance mai jin kunya, mai ibada sosai, kuma mai iya magana.  : 31–32   Ko a lokacin ƙuruciyarta, lafiyarta ba ta da kyau; tana kamuwa da mura mai tsanani a lokacin hunturu .  : 109 

## Aure da iyali
Appleton ya haɗu da Franklin Pierce bayan ya ƙaura zuwa Amherst don yin karatun lauya a Bowdoin. Wani labari ya nuna cewa sun haɗu ne a lokacin da aka yi tsawa lokacin da ya roƙe ta kada ta zauna a ƙarƙashin bishiya don haɗarin walƙiya. Wani kuma ya nuna cewa Alpheus Packard, surukin Jane kuma ɗaya daga cikin farfesoshin Franklin ne ya gabatar da su.  : 96 Tana iya haɗuwa da shi yayin da yake ziyartar gidan mahaifiyarta.  Iyalan Appleton sun yi adawa da dangantakar saboda dalilai da dama, ciki har da bambancinsu a aji, rashin ɗabi'arsa, shan giyarsa, da kuma haƙurinsa ga bauta,  : 89 imaninsa na Episcopal,  : 96 da kuma burinsa na siyasa.  : 109 Sun yi zaman aure na tsawon shekaru bakwai, ciki har da lokacin da Franklin ya koma Hillsborough, New Hampshire, don yin aikin lauya da kuma yin aiki a Babban Kotun New Hampshire .  : 109 Franklin da Jane sun yi aure a wani ƙaramin biki a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, 1834, wanda a lokacin Franklin ya zama ɗan Majalisar Wakilai .  : 89 An ɗauke su a matsayin akasin haka, kasancewar Jane cikin kaɗaici da baƙin ciki ya bambanta da halin son jama'a da kuma burin Franklin.  

Bayan aurensu, 'yan Pierces sun tafi tare zuwa Washington, DC, amma Jane ta ga birnin bai yi daɗi ba. A shekara ta 1835, ta halarci liyafar ranar Sabuwar Shekara ta Fadar White House tare da mijinta kuma ta haɗu da Shugaba Andrew Jackson . Ta yanke shawarar barin birnin daga baya a wannan shekarar, ta koma gidan mahaifiyarta da ke Amherst yayin da mijinta ke Washington.  : 168 Daga baya, Pierces sun sayi gida a Hillsborough inda Jane ta zaɓi zama yayin da Franklin ba ta nan. Sun ƙaura zuwa Concord, New Hampshire, a shekara ta 1838 yayin da Franklin yake sanata, kuma Jane ta ƙarfafa shi ya yi murabus ya yi ritaya daga siyasa a shekara ta 1842.  : 90 Jane ta ƙi siyasa, kuma ƙiyayyarta ga wannan batu ya haifar da tashin hankali da ya ci gaba a duk tsawon lokacin da mijinta ke haurawa a siyasance.  : 31–32   Duk da cewa siyasa sau da yawa abin muhawara ce ko jayayya tsakanin su biyun, amma sun kasance masu ɗumi da juna kuma suna rubuta wa junansu akai-akai idan sun rabu.  : 96–97 

Franklin da Jane suna da 'ya'ya maza uku, dukkansu sun mutu tun suna yara. An haifi Franklin Jr. a shekarar 1836 kuma ya mutu kwana uku bayan haihuwarsa. An haifi Frank Robert a shekarar 1839 kuma ya mutu a shekarar 1843 yana da shekaru huɗu da kamuwa da cutar typhus . An haifi Benjamin a shekarar 1841 kuma ya mutu a shekarar 1853 yana da shekaru 11 a wani hatsarin jirgin ƙasa.  : 241–244 Bayan ƙarshen wa'adin mijinta a Majalisar Dattawa, Pierce ta sami damar yin rayuwar gida tare da iyalinta a gida. Franklin ta kula da iyalinsa da aikinsa na lauya, kodayake ya tafi na ɗan lokaci don yin aiki a matsayin janar na soja a Yaƙin Mexico da Amurka .  Wannan lokacin rayuwar Jane galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mafi farin ciki a gare ta, domin mijinta bai shiga siyasa ba kuma har yanzu tana da 'ya'ya maza biyu da suka rage.  : 169  : 189 An sayar da gidansu a lokacin yaƙin, kuma iyalin sun yi shirye-shiryen zama daban-daban a cikin watanni masu zuwa. Shugaba James K. Polk ya bai wa Franklin naɗi a matsayin Babban Lauyan Amurka, amma ya ƙi saboda ƙin amincewar Jane. Bayan mutuwar ɗansu na biyu, Pierce ya mayar da hankali kan renon ɗansu tilo da ya rage, Benjamin, ta hanyar addini mai tsauri yayin da mijinta ke gudanar da aikinsa na lauya.  : 91 Ta sadaukar da kanta ga Benjamin gaba ɗaya kuma ta guji duk wani nauyi da ya wuce na iyalinta da addininta. Pierce ba ta gudanar da aikin gida ba saboda lafiyarta, don haka wasu ma'aurata ne suka yi aikin, Franklin ya ɗauki hayar su don kula da Jane da Benjamin yayin da yake can.  : 97 

## Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka

A shekarar 1852, mijin Pierce ya sami takarar shugaban ƙasa a jam'iyyar Democrat . An ce ta suma bayan ta ji labarin.  : 98  Ya yaudare ta game da burinsa na zama shugaban ƙasa, yana musanta irin yadda yake neman wannan mukami.  : 110 Ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kanta cewa idan ya zama shugaban ƙasa, ɗansu Benjamin zai fi samun nasara.  Duk da haka, tana yawan addu'a cewa mijinta ya sha kaye a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa .  : 91 Addu'o'inta ba a amsa ba, domin an zaɓe shi da babban rinjaye a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 1852.  : 190 

A lokacin da Franklin ya zama zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasa, jirgin ƙasa tare da Pierces ya kauce hanya, kuma an kashe Benjamin a gaban iyayensa. Pierce ta shiga cikin mawuyacin hali bayan ta shaida mutuwar ɗanta na ƙarshe, tana da yakinin cewa Allah ya ɗauki 'ya'yansu maza a matsayin hukunci ga burin siyasa na mijinta. Ba ta halarci bikin rantsar da shi a matsayin shugaban ƙasa ba, maimakon haka ta zauna a Baltimore na tsawon makonni biyu.  : 91 Rasuwar magabatanta Abigail Fillmore da Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa William R. King a cikin makonnin da suka biyo baya ta shafi Pierce.  : 190  : 98–99 

A cikin watannin farko na wa'adin mijinta, Pierce ba ta karɓar baƙi ba, sai dai ta halarci liyafar jama'a kaɗan,  kuma ta yi wa dangi da abokai maraba kawai.  : 171 Da ta isa Fadar White House, ta sanya baƙaƙen kaya sannan ta yi wa Fadar White House ado don zaman makoki .  : 111 Ba ta ɗauki nauyin tarurrukan jama'a ko kuma kula da Fadar White House a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa ba, ta bar waɗannan nauyin ga goggon ta kuma ƙawarta Abby Kent-Means . Ta guji yin mu'amala da mutane, tana yawan yin nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki.  : 91–92 Pierce ta kuma ƙulla abota da Varina Davis, matar Sakataren Yaƙi Jefferson Davis . Ta nuna sha'awar ɗan Davises, duk da cewa ya yi rashin lafiya kuma ya mutu a shekara ta 1854. A hankali ta saba da rayuwar Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa, tana halartar liyafar Sabuwar Shekara shekaru biyu bayan wa'adin mijinta da kuma liyafar da aka yi a yammacin Juma'a bayan haka.  : 112 Pierce ta yi ƙoƙarin yin magana da ɗanta da ya rasu tun tana uwargidan shugaban ƙasa, wani lokacin tana rubuta masa wasiƙu a matsayin aikin baƙin ciki.  : 92 Ta kuma yi ƙoƙarin tuntuɓarsa ta hanyar wani taro tare da taimakon ' yan'uwan Fox, manyan mutane a cikin ƙungiyar Ruhaniya .  

A matsayinta na uwargidan shugaban ƙasa, Pierce ta dage kan bin ƙa'idodin addini a Fadar White House, inda ta umurci ma'aikatan da su halarci coci da kuma gudanar da ayyukan addini a ɗakin karatu na Fadar White House. Ɗan uwan Pierce Amos A. Lawrence ya bayyana tasirin da hakan ya yi wa mijinta, yana mai cewa yana da ibada sosai a gabanta amma yana shan giya sosai lokacin da ba ta nan.  : 190 Ta kuma yi masa ra'ayin goyon baya a wasu lokutan; a shekarar 1856, ta shawo kansa ya janye kama Charles L. Robinson mai fafutukar kawar da gwamnati. A lokacin rashin lafiya, Franklin ta gayyaci 'yan'uwanta mata da yawa zuwa Fadar White House don kula da ita.  Da yake sha'awar kawar da gwamnati, ta fara halartar muhawarar Majalisar Dokoki bayan zaman makokinta don bin diddigin batun. A ƙarshen wa'adin mijinta, ta sake kin halartar bikin rantsar da shugaban ƙasa, a wannan lokacin na magajin mijinta James Buchanan .  : 113 

## Daga baya rayuwa da mutuwa
'Yan Pierces sun zauna a Washington na tsawon wata guda bayan ƙarshen wa'adin shugabancin Franklin, sannan suka yi rangadin New England a lokacin bazara. Sun yi tafiya zuwa ƙasashen waje na tsawon shekaru biyu, suka dawo gida don siyan  na ƙasar da ke Concord kafin ta tafi West Indies . Pierce ta guji Concord domin hakan yana tunatar da ita rasuwar ɗanta, kuma sau da yawa tana zama tare da 'yan uwa a Massachusetts har tsawon rayuwarta.  : 93 A lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka, ta goyi bayan Tarayyar Turai da kuma dalilin kawar da mulkin mallaka, yayin da mijinta ya goyi bayan kiyaye bauta domin kiyaye ƙasa da Kundin Tsarin Mulki .  Matsalar tarin fuka ta Pierce ta ƙara ta'azzara a cikin shekarun bayan shugabancin Franklin, kuma ta mutu a ranar 2 ga Disamba, 1863, tana da shekaru 57.  : 93 An binne ta a Makabartar Old North da ke Concord. Franklin Pierce ya mutu a ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 1869, yana da shekaru 64, kuma an binne shi tare da matarsa da ɗansa.  A cikin wasiyyarta, ta ba da kuɗi ga American Bible Society, American Society for Foreign Missions, da kuma American Colonization Society .  : 100 

## Fahimtar jama'a da gado

Ra'ayin jama'a na farko game da Pierce ya kasance a cikin wani tarihin rayuwar mijinta na abokin danginsa Nathaniel Hawthorne a farkon kamfen na Franklin. Ya jaddada rashin lafiyarta a matsayin dalilin mijinta na kin amincewa da rawar da ya taka a gwamnatin Polk, yana haifar da suna a matsayin mace mara lafiya wadda ta daɗe tana fama da ita tun daga lokacin.  : 189 A lokacin da take matar shugaban ƙasa, an ɗauke ta a matsayin marar lafiya kuma ana ganinta a matsayin wadda take cikin baƙin ciki a Fadar White House mai cike da baƙin ciki, duk da cewa ta sami tausayi daga mutane saboda baƙin cikinta.  An san ta da "inuwar Fadar White House".  : 99  Ta fuskanci suka daga jama'a bayan da ta soke wasannin kade-kade na Marine Band da yammacin Asabar saboda Asabar .  : 112 Hawthorne ta taɓa rubuta cewa "ba ta wannan duniyar ba ce." 

Ana ɗaukar Pierce a matsayin mara kyau a cikin masana tarihi, inda bincike ya nuna cewa ana ɗaukarta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matan shugabanni marasa tasiri.   Ita ma tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ba a san su ba, bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin kafin ta sami shahara a ƙasa da kuma lokacin shugabancin da ya zama ba a san shi ba. Kamar sauran matan shugabanni kafin a haife su, sau da yawa ana gane ta a matsayin mai guje wa haskakawa kuma ba ta da wani muhimmanci ga gwamnatin mijinta.  : 177 Ana ganin ba ta da wani tasiri a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa kuma ba ta kafa wani misali ga magadanta ba.  Tasirin Pierce ga mijinta ya bayyana ne ta hanyar ƙin siyasa, gami da rawar da ta taka a shawararsa ta yin ritaya daga Majalisar Dattawa a 1842.  : 110 Wasu masana sun nuna cewa a cikin dangantakarta da mijinta, wataƙila ta ji kamar an tilasta mata ta ceci ransa kuma ta so shi saboda munanan halayensa maimakon duk da su.  : 109 Duk da cewa fahimtar Pierce a zamanin yau gabaɗaya ta kasance ta tausayi, wani abu da masana tarihi na ƙarni na 20 suka yi shi ne bayyana ta a matsayin mai son zuciya wadda ta kasa tallafa wa mijinta a lokacin bala'i da kuma ɗaukar ta a matsayin abin da ke kawo cikas ga rashin samun shugabancin mijinta.  : 191–192 

## Imani na siyasa
Pierce ’yar Puritan ce, kuma wannan ne ya zama tushen ra'ayinta na duniya. Addininta ya burge ta da imanin cewa wahala hukunci ne daga Allah. Ta yi adawa sosai da al'adun siyasa da zamantakewa na Washington, tana kuka da bukukuwan yau da kullun da shan barasa.  : 110 An rene ta a matsayin Whig, wanda ya haifar da rikici da iyalinta lokacin da ta auri mijinta, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan Democrat . Ta goyi bayan ƙungiyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi kuma ta ƙi shan barasa.  Pierce ta kuma goyi bayan kawar da addini, sabanin yadda mijinta ya jure bauta da sunan haƙƙin jihohi, kuma ta yi fatan samun nasarar Tarayyar Turai a Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka.  Pierce ta yaba wa Andrew Jackson yayin da yake shugaban ƙasa. Ta ƙi Wakilin Davy Crockett, tana mai gaskata shi "mai hankali, wawa, [kuma] wawa".  : 97 

## Bayanan kula

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Wasiƙa zuwa ga Benjamin Pierce daga Jane Pierce bayan mutuwar Benjamin
* Zanen Jane Pierce
* Jane Pierce a C-SPAN 's *First Ladies: Influence &amp;amp; Image*