Pliny Earle Goddard

**Pliny Earle Goddard** (Nuwamba 24, 1869 - Yuli 12, 1928) masanin harshe ne na Amurka kuma Masanin ilimin kabilanci wanda aka sani da rubuce-rubucensa masu yawa game da harsuna da al'adun mutanen Athabaskan na yammacin Arewacin Amurka. Binciken da ya yi na farko, wanda aka gudanar a karkashin jagorancin Jami'ar California, Berkeley, ya mayar da hankali kan Hupa da kungiyoyin Athabaskan da ke kusa da shi a arewa maso yammacin California. Bayan ya koma New York a shekara ta 1909 a gayyatar Franz Boas ya fadada damarsa ta hada da Athabaskans na Kudu maso Yamma, Kanada, da Alaska. A cikin shekarun 1910 da 1920. A matsayin ƙaramin abokin aiki na Boas a Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Amirka da Jami'ar Columbia, Goddard ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kirkirar ababen more rayuwa na ilimi don ilimin harshe na Indiyawan Amurka da ilimin ɗan adam a Arewacin Amurka.

## Rayuwa da ayyukanta

### Shekaru na California
An haifi Goddard a Lewiston, Maine, a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 1869, a cikin dangin Quaker masu matsakaici. Ya halarci Kwalejin Earlham a Richmond, Indiana (A.B. 1892, MA 1896), inda ya yi karatun Classics. Tsakanin shekara ta 1892 zuwa 1896 ya koyar da Latin a makarantun sakandare a Indiana da Kansas, amma mawuyacin tattalin arziki na tsakiyar shekarun 1890 ya kai shi ga karɓar matsayi a matsayin mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje ga Hupa na arewa maso yammacin California. Ganin cewa ya zama dole a koyi isasshen yaren Hupa don sadarwa tare da garkensa, Goddard nan da nan ya shiga cikin nazarin tsarin harshe wanda ya bambanta da duk wanda ya yi karatu a baya. A shekara ta 1900 ya yi murabus daga mukamin mishan kuma ya fara karatun digiri a Berkeley. A shekara mai zuwa an ba shi Mataimakin a sabon sashen Anthropology na jami'ar, ya shiga Alfred L. Kroeber, wanda aka hayar shi don gudanar da shirin.

An ba Goddard Ph.D. a cikin 1904 don cikakken nazarin ilimin lissafi na Hupa,  digiri na farko a cikin ilimin ilimin ɗan adam wanda kowane jami'ar Amurka ta bayar. An ci gaba da shi zuwa Mataimakin Farfesa a 1906 kuma yana da alhakin yawancin koyarwar digiri a cikin ilimin ɗan adam da ilimin harshe da jami'ar ta bayar. Bayan kammala takardunsa na Hupa, Goddard ya sadaukar da mafi yawan lokacin rani don tara bayanai game da sauran nau'ikan California Athabaskan, yana tafiya daruruwan mil a kan muleback don neman masu magana da irin waɗannan harsuna kamar Kato, Wailaki, da Sinkyone. Hanyar da Goddard ya fi so na aiki daga matani na labari maimakon jerin kalmomi ya kasance a gaban lokacinsa, kuma bayanansa suna ci gaba da kasancewa da sha'awa.

Babban tushen kayan Goddard da ba a buga ba shine saitin litattafan rubutu, wanda aka tattara tsakanin 1902 da 1908, wanda aka adana a American Philosophical Society (APS) a Philadelphia. An samo litattafan ne a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, amma an aika su zuwa APS a cikin shekarun 1940 don zama wani ɓangare na tarin Franz Boas na wannan ma'aikata. Littattafan rubutu sun ƙunshi tambayoyi tare da tsofaffin Indiyawan daga kungiyoyin kabilanci da yawa, gami da waɗancan kungiyoyin da aka fi sani da Sinkyone, Mattole, Nongatl, Tolowa, Chilula, Whilkut, Tsnungwe, da Hupa. Yawancin kayan sun ƙunshi ƙamus da labaru, amma akwai sassan da ke ƙunshe da ainihin bayanan ƙasa. Rubuce-rubucen bayanan ƙasa an kirkiresu ne daga Cibiyar Al'adu, Jami'ar Jihar Humboldt, Arcata, California. Baya ga litattafan APS da suka shafi Indiyawa na Athabascan na California, Farfesa Melville Jacobs na Jami'ar Washington Ma'aikatar Anthropology ya sami litattafai huɗu na Goddard da suka shafi kabilar Lassik.

### Shekaru na New York
A cikin 1909 babban tallafi daga Regent Phoebe Apperson Hearst wanda ya goyi bayan yawancin binciken ilimin ɗan adam na UC a farkon shekarun karni ya ragu sosai, kuma gwagwarmaya mai tsanani ta biyo baya tsakanin Kroeber da Goddard don kula da shirin da ya ragu. Lokacin da Kroeber ya fito da nasara, Goddard ya yi murabus don ya dauki curatorship a cikin kabilanci a Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Amirka, a New York, wanda Franz Boas ya tsara masa. Daga wannan matsayi Goddard ya zo ya yi tasiri sosai, da farko a matsayin marubuci a kan batutuwan ilimin kabilanci kuma a matsayin editan American Anthropologist (1915-20). Goddard ya zama mai goyon baya mai karfi na ra'ayoyin Boas a cikin ilimin ɗan adam da ilimin harshe, musamman ma ra'ayin ra'ayin mazan jiya na Boas game da ingancin dangantakar harshe mai zurfi. A cikin 1917 Boas da Goddard sun kafa tare kuma sun shirya Jaridar Harshen Harshen Amurka ta Duniya, wanda ba da daɗewa ba ya zama babban sashin ilimin harshe na Indiyawan Amurka.

### Rayuwa ta mutum
Ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan Goddard, David R. Goddard (1908-1985), ya kuma halarci UC Berkeley, inda ya yi karatun botany. Ya ci gaba da samun kyakkyawan aiki na ilimi a matsayin masanin ilimin shuke-shuke da masanin kwayoyin halitta. An zabi shi a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Provost na Jami'ar Pennsylvania 

### Halin mutum
Inda wani batu ya shafi kansa, sau da yawa yana mamaye shi: ya zama mai rabin zuciya, ba mai tsayayya ba, wani lokacin ya yi murabus cikin lumana. Yana buƙatar dalilin da zai fitar da mafi kyawunsa; a cikin wani dalili, idonsa ya haskaka, ƙarfe a cikinsa ya haskakawa, kuma ya yi farin ciki da tsaftacewar yaƙi. Duk rayuwarsa ya kasance mai bauta wa jarumi: kuma ya jefa cikin bautar ingancin jaruntaka na kansa, da kuma sadaukarwa marar iyaka. Akwai ya gudana a cikin waɗannan halaye da yawa daga cikin kakanninsa na Quakerism, wanda har ma da halaye na waje ya ci gaba a matsayin alamomi bayan ya bar ka'idodinsa na al'ada. Ainihin ya kasance Quaker har zuwa ƙarshe - mai son zuciya, mai bautar sauƙi a cikin bil'adama da kai tsaye a cikin dangantaka, shahidai idan ya cancanta. Ayyukansa sun kasance daidai. Ya kasance mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ga abstemiousness, yana son homepun a cikin magana da hanya, ba ya amincewa da duk wani abin da ya motsa daga duniyar waje, ba shi da saukin kamuwa da nau'ikan motsin rai, amma yana da hankali ga motsin zuciyar rayayyun halittu. Sau da yawa kusan jin kunya a cikin al'umma ko dangantaka ta hukuma, ya kasance mai gaskiya a cikin hulɗar mutum da mutum, sannan kuma ba kawai a cikin sauƙi ba amma yana cike da wasa da kuma sha'awa mai ban mamaki. Halinsa yana da ƙyama ga cinyewa; tawali'unsa na asali ba ya canzawa kuma ba shi da kunya; abokantakarsa ta kasance aminci.

## manazarta