open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Cibiyar Gudanar da Muhalli da Bincike

**Cibiyar Ƙwararrun Ma'aikata Masu Dorewa da Muhalli (ISEP)** wacce a da aka fi sani da **Cibiyar** **Gudanar da Muhalli da Ƙimarta** (**IEMA**) ƙungiya ce ta membobi ta duniya don masu aiki da dorewa da muhalli, tare da membobi sama da 20,000.

Membobi suna karɓar sabuntawa kan dokokin muhalli da dokoki na yanzu, kuma ƙungiyar tana shirya tarurruka sama da 100 na yanki kan batutuwan muhalli don isar da jagororin aiki mafi kyau na yanzu. Hakanan tana buga mujallar *Transform* sau shida a shekara, littattafan aiki mafi kyau kan dorewar mutum da jigogin muhalli, da kuma shirya tarurrukan ƙasa waɗanda ke ɗauke da ƙwararru da ra'ayoyi na ƙasa.

Kasancewar ISEP memba yana da nufin tabbatar da cewa 'yan takara suna da ilimi, ƙwarewa da kuma horo sosai. An jera ayyukan muhalli a gidan yanar gizon ISEP a.  Ana ƙalubalantar ƙungiyoyi su yi aiki ta hanyar da ta dace da muhalli, kuma ajandar Gwamnatin Burtaniya kan sauyin yanayi da tattalin arziki mai ƙarancin carbon da albarkatun ƙasa ya sa aka shawarci ISEP kan manyan batutuwa, inda ISEP ke haɗa membobinta a mafi yawan waɗannan shawarwari. 

ISEP ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Ƙungiyar Muhalli (SocEnv), wadda ke ba wa membobin ISEP damar ci gaba zuwa matsayin mai rajin kare muhalli . 

ISEP ita ce Hukumar da ta ƙware a Burtaniya don Tsarin Gudanar da Muhalli da Duba Muhalli na Tarayyar Turai (EMAS).  ISEP kuma tana haɓaka Tsarin Acorn (BS 8555), tsarin da aka tsara a matakai zuwa tsarin kula da muhalli na ISO 14001 .

ISEP ta kuma amince da masu ba da horo don ba da horon muhalli.  A halin yanzu akwai sama da masu ba da horo 80 da ISEP ta amince da su.

## ''Canji''
*Transform* (wanda a da aka fi sani da "The Environmentalist") mujalla ce ta kwararru kan dorewa da muhalli, wacce Cibiyar Kula da Ci Gaba da Masana Muhalli ta Burtaniya ke bugawa sau shida a shekara. Batutuwan sun hada da labarai, manufofi, dokokin muhalli, mafi kyawun ayyuka da labaran cibiya. Ana aika ta kyauta ga membobin ISEP.

## Manazarta
Gidauniyar Musulunci don Halitta da Kimiyya ta Muhalli

**Gidauniyar Musulunci don Ilimin Halittu da Kimiyyar Muhalli** ( **IFEES** ) ƙungiya ce ta muhalli da Fazlun Khalid ya kafa a shekarar 1993 a Birmingham, Ingila . IFEES ta samar da kayan ilimi iri-iri da nufin wayar da kan Musulmai game da batutuwan muhalli, kuma tana da hannu a ayyukan kiyayewa da ilimi da yawa a duk faɗin duniyar Musulmi, gami da "duba koren bincike" ga masallatai da kuma sansanin bazara na "Sustainable Living Islam". IFEES ta buga wata wasiƙa, *EcoIslam*, kuma ta shirya wani fim mai suna *Clean Medina* .  IFEES ta buga *Jagorar Musulmi don Rage Sauyin Yanayi* a shekarar 2008. 

A shekara ta 2005, IFEES ta yi aiki tare da CARE International don dakatar da kamun kifi mai ƙarfi a Zanzibar,  kuma a halin yanzu suna gudanar da wani kamfen na dasa bishiyoyi a Indonesia mai suna "Green Indonesia".

## Manazarta
Cenex

**Cenex**,  **Cibiyar Kyau ta Ƙananan Carbon da Man Fetur**, wata ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da bincike da ba da shawara mai zaman kanta wacce ke taimaka wa ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da na gwamnati su ƙirƙiro dabarun ULEV . An kafa Cenex a shekarar 2005, hedikwatarta tana Loughborough, Burtaniya.

## Tarihi
An kafa Cenex a watan Afrilun 2005 tare da tallafi daga Sashen Motoci na Ma'aikatar Ciniki da Masana'antu ta Burtaniya . Manufarta ita ce taimaka wa masu kera motoci na Burtaniya wajen mayar da martani ga sauyawa zuwa fasahar ƙwayoyin carbon da mai mai ƙarancin yawa.

A shekarar 2008, Cenex ta kafa taron ƙananan motocin Carbon (Cenex-LCV).  Taron ya haɗa da nune-nunen, tarurrukan karawa juna sani, hanyoyin sadarwa, da kuma damar hawa da tuƙa motocin samfura.

## Ƙungiyar Sufuri
Tawagar Sufuri ta Cenex tana taimaka wa abokan ciniki wajen aiwatar da fasahar kera motoci masu ƙarancin fitar da hayaki a cikin ayyukan jigilar kaya, jigilar kaya da jigilar kayayyaki. Waɗannan sun haɗa da motocin hydrogen, gas da lantarki.

Cenex ta ƙirƙiri kayan aikin VC3  don ƙididdigewa da kwatanta duk farashin rayuwa da hayakin carbon na fasahar dizal, lantarki, iskar gas da kuma dakatar da amfani da motocin. Cenex CLEAR Capture  ( **C** mafi inganci **L** ow **E** manufa **Nalysis** daga **R** eal-world Date **Capture** ) plug yana samun bayanan bayanan zagayowar tuƙi daga abin hawa.

Ƙungiyar Sufuri ta yi aiki tare da British Gas kan wani Kimanta Hadarin Shigar da Kayayyakin Iskar Gas,  rage hayakin hayakin carbon da ake fitarwa a fannin sufuri,  da kuma gwajin Hydrogen Van . 

## Ƙungiyar Tsarin Makamashi
Ƙungiyar Tsarin Makamashi tana aiki tare da masu haɓaka ababen more rayuwa don haɗa motoci da Tsarin Ƙasa. Cenex kuma tana tallafawa da ba da shawara kan shigar da kayayyakin more rayuwa na ƙananan hayaki a faɗin Burtaniya da Turai. 

Cenex ce ke shugabantar Ƙungiyar Kayayyakin Samar da Motoci ta Lantarki ta Burtaniya (UKEVSE).  

## Ƙungiyar Tallafin Ƙirƙira-kirkire
Ƙungiyar Tallafin Ƙirƙira tana gudanar da shirye-shirye a madadin gwamnatocin tsakiya da ƙananan hukumomi don haɓaka tsarin samar da kayayyaki na fasahar samar da ababen hawa masu ƙarancin hayaki a Burtaniya.

Cenex ta yi aiki tare da Majalisar Birnin Nottingham,  kuma ta jagoranci aikin InclusivEV, wanda ya binciki yuwuwar amfani da motocin lantarki don magance talaucin sufuri. 

## Manazarta
Kimiyya Fera

**Kimiyyar Fera**, wacce a da **Hukumar Binciken Abinci da Muhalli** ce, wata ƙungiya ce ta bincike a Burtaniya. Haɗin gwiwa ce tsakanin Bridgepoint Group da Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Abinci da Harkokin Karkara ta Gwamnatin Burtaniya (Defra).

## Tarihi
An kafa Hukumar Binciken Abinci da Muhalli (FERA) a shekarar 2009 ta hanyar haɗa Dakin Gwaji na Kimiyya ta Tsakiya (CSL) a Sand Hutton, Sashen Lafiyar Shuke-shuke (PHD) / Kula da Lafiyar Shuke-shuke da Tsaba (PHSI) a York, Ofishin Haƙƙin Iri-iri na Shuke-shuke da Sashen Tsaba (PVS) a Cambridge da Sabis na Kare Tsaba na Gwamnatin Burtaniya a MoD Stafford . An kafa FERA ne don tallafawa da haɓaka sarkar abinci mai ɗorewa, muhalli mai lafiya, da kuma kare al'ummar duniya daga haɗarin halittu da sinadarai.

A shekarar 2015, an ƙirƙiri Fera Science a matsayin wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta daga gwamnatin Burtaniya a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin DEFRA (25%) da Capita (75%). An raba Hukumar Kula da Lafiyar Shuke-shuke, Iri-iri na Shuke-shuke da Iri, Sashen Kudan zuma na Ƙasa da GM Inspectorate daga Fera kuma suka zama wani ɓangare na Hukumar Kula da Lafiyar Dabbobi da Shuke-shuke . 

A watan Janairun 2024, Bridgepoint Group ta sayi hannun jarin Capita na kashi 75% a fannin Fera Science kan fam miliyan 62. 

## aiki
Fera ta ƙware a fannin kimiyyar da ke ƙarfafa noma don samar da amfanin gona mai ɗorewa, kula da muhalli da kiyayewa da kuma tsaron abinci da inganci. Fera tana da alhakin doka na aiwatar da manufofi da ayyukan dubawa dangane da Lafiyar Shuke-shuke, Lafiyar Kudan zuma da Iri-iri na Shuke-shuke da Iri. Fera wani ɓangare ne na ikon Burtaniya na mayar da martani, da kuma murmurewa daga yanayi na gaggawa, gami da sakin abubuwa masu haɗari ba zato ba tsammani ko da gangan.

## Tsarin gini
Haka kuma yana ɗauke da FAPAS (sabis na gwajin ƙwarewar nazarin abinci na duniya) da kuma tarin ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasa da ke haifar da cututtuka a tsire-tsire . 

## Manazarta
Edmund White

Edmund Valentine White III (Janairu 13, 1940 - Yuni 3, 2025) ɗan littafin Amurka ne, marubucin tarihin, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, marubucin Labarai da marubuci. Wani mutum ne na farko a cikin LGBTQ kuma musamman wallafe-wallafen gay bayan Rikicin Stonewall, ya rubuta da gaskiya mai ban mamaki game da asalin gay, dangantaka, da jima'i. Ayyukansa sun fito ne a matsayin wani ɓangare na Al'ummar LGBTQ da ke karuwa da ganuwa, suna taimakawa wajen sake fasalin labarun jama'a a lokacin da fitowa har yanzu yana da haɗari, har ma da aiki mai tsattsauran ra'ayi. Rubuce-rubucensa, wanda aka sani da zurfin zurfi da kyawawan wallafe-wallafen,  ya haɗa da tarihin kansa mai suna A Boy's Own Story (1982), The Beautiful Room Is Empty (1988), da The Farewell Symphony (1997). Ya kuma hada hannu da The Joy of Gay Sex (1977), yana inganta maganganun jima'i masu kyau.

An haife shi a Cincinnati kuma ya girma a waje da Chicago, White ya yi karatun Sinanci a Jami'ar Michigan bayan da ya ƙi shiga Jami'ar Harvard don bin maganin juyawa. Daga baya ya sake ki Harvard don ya bi masoyi zuwa Birnin New York, inda ya yi aiki a Time Life kuma ya fara aikinsa na wallafe-wallafen. Farkonsa, Forgetting Elena (1973), Vladimir Nabokov ya yaba da shi. White ya shiga The Violet Quill, ƙungiyar marubuta 'yan luwadi da ke taimakawa wajen ci gaban wallafe-wallafen LGBTQ na zamani, a cikin 1980.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Edmund White a Cincinnati a ranar 13 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1940.  Shi dan Delilah "Lila Mae" ne da Edmund White, II, injiniyan farar hula ne kuma ɗan kasuwa.

He was raised in Cincinnati and Evanston, Illinois, and spent most of his childhood in the Chicago area. Beginning in the middle of his second year of high school, he attended Cranbrook School in Michigan.

## Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen

### Farkon aiki
White ya rubuta **Bold text**littattafai da wasan kwaikwayo yayin da yake matashi, ciki har da wani littafi da ba a buga ba mai taken Mrs Morrigan . 

Littafin farko na White, Forgetting Elena (1973), wanda aka kafa a tsibirin, ana iya karanta shi azaman yin sharhi game da al'adun ɗan luwaɗi a hanyar da aka tsara. Marubucin littafin Rasha-Amurka Vladimir Nabokov ya kira shi "littafi mai ban mamaki". 

## Rayuwa ta mutum
White, wani ɗan luwaɗi, ya kasance a Stonewall Inn a shekarar 1969 lokacin da tashin hankali ya fara ne a matsayin abubuwan da suka karfafa ma'anar al'umma, suna sa ƙungiyoyin LGBTQ a Amurka su fi haɗuwa da kuma bayyane a fili a yayin da ake ci gaban ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama. Daga baya ya rubuta, "Muna na iya zama juyin juya halin farko mai *ban dariya*. "  "Lokacin da wani ya yi ihu 'Gay yana da kyau' a kwaikwayon 'Black yana da kyau', duk mun yi dariya ... Sa'an nan kuma na kama kaina da wauta ina tunanin cewa gays na iya zama al'umma maimakon ganewar asali".  "Har zuwa wannan lokacin duk mun yi tunanin luwadi kalma ce ta likita", in ji shi. "Ba zato ba tsammani mun ga cewa za mu iya zama Ƙungiyar 'yan tsiraru - tare da haƙƙoƙi, al'ada, ajanda. "&nbsp;

### MANAZARTA
Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Muhalli

**Cibiyar Kimiyyar Muhalli** (IES) ƙungiya ce ta ƙwararru kuma ƙungiyar agaji mai rijista a Burtaniya . Ƙungiyar tana haɓaka kariyar muhalli da kiyayewa, kuma tana gudanar da ilimi mai alaƙa da bincike-bincike na kimiyya.  IES ƙungiya ce mai mambobi biyu ta Society for the Environment (SocEnv), da Majalisar Kimiyya kuma tana horar da masu fasaha a fannin muhalli, masu kula da muhalli  da kuma masana kimiyya masu lasisi  . IES tana ba da iko ga wasu ƙungiyoyi biyu a Burtaniya: Al'umma don Horar da Muhalli a Babban Ilimi  waɗanda ke amincewa da shirye-shiryen jami'a, da kuma Cibiyar Gudanar da Ingancin Iska .

IES tana kula da mujallar MASANIN KWAYOYIN MUHALLI , tana aika wa membobi kwata-kwata da kuma damar shiga a bude bayan watanni uku bayan bugawa. Masana da kwararru da ke aiki a fannin muhalli ne ke rubuta labarai. IES kuma tana buga rahotanni kan batutuwa a fannin kimiyyar muhalli da kuma bayar da jagora ga kwararru da ke aiki a fannin kimiyyar muhalli. 

## Tarihi
An kafa Cibiyar Kimiyyar Muhalli ne sakamakon wani shiri da Dr John Rose ya yi a lokacin tarurruka da aka gudanar a tsakanin 1971-1972 a Royal Society da ke Landan kuma Lord Burntwood ne ya jagoranta.

## Manazarta
London Natural History Society

**Ƙungiyar Tarihin Halitta ta London** (ko LNHS kamar yadda aka fi sani da ita) ƙungiya ce ta tarihin halitta ta gida a cikin Burtaniya da ke da alhakin yin rikodin namun daji na London, wanda ke rufe yanki mai zagaye wanda ya rufe nisan mil 20 daga Cathedral na St. Paul .  Manufar ƙungiyar ita ce haɓaka godiya da nazarin namun daji da muhallin halitta na London da taimakawa wajen kiyaye namun daji a yankin London ta hanyar taimakawa wajen yin rikodin namun daji na London.  Ayyukan al'umma sun haɗa da gudanar da tarurruka na cikin gida da na waje a duk shekara  da kuma samar da wallafe-wallafe da dama, gami da **mai nazarin namun daji na London** na shekara-shekara  da **Rahoton Tsuntsayen London** .  Laburaren LNHS yana cikin Gidan Tarihin Halitta, London . 

## Tarihi
An kafa LNHS tun daga shekarar 1858 lokacin da aka kafa **Haggerstone Entomological Society** a watan Yuni na wannan shekarar. A ƙarshen shekarar, tana da membobi 35, waɗanda ke haɗuwa da yamma ɗaya a kowane mako a Carpenters' Arms, wani mashaya a Haggerston . A shekarar 1887, ƙungiyar ta canza sunanta zuwa **The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society** kuma ta koma wani wuri mai mahimmanci a Albion Hall .

A shekara ta 1886, yara maza huɗu a Makarantar Kamfanonin Grocers da ke Hackney suka kafa **Clapton Naturalists' Field Club**, wanda ke taruwa a gidajen membobinsu. Wannan al'umma ta bunƙasa cikin sauri, kuma a shekara ta 1892 ta canza sunanta zuwa **North London Natural History Society** . Ta ƙunshi dukkan rassan tarihin halitta, kalmar da a wancan lokacin aka fahimci ta haɗa da dukkan kimiyyar halitta, gami da ilmin taurari, ilimin yanayi da ilimin ƙasa. A shekara ta 1893, ƙungiyar ta karɓi mata a karon farko. An kafa ƙungiyoyin gida a wasu sassan London, kuma shirin ayyukan ya haɗa da tafiye-tafiyen filin wasa, tarurruka na cikin gida akai-akai, nune-nunen, har ma da waƙoƙin kiɗa da raye-rayen tara kuɗi.

A shekara ta 1913, ƙungiyar nazarin halittu da halittu ta birnin Landan da ƙungiyar nazarin halittu ta Arewacin Landan suka haɗu, aka kafa ƙungiyar nazarin halittu ta London, inda aka sanya yankin nazarin a matsayin da'ira mai nisan mil 20 a kusa da cocin St Paul (kamar yadda yake a yanzu). 

## Sashen Al'umma
An raba LNHS zuwa sassa 5, kowannensu yana mai da hankali kan takamaiman manufar rikodin halittu:

* Sashen Binciken Gaggawa na Bookham 
* Sashen Tsirrai 
* Sashen Ilimin Halittu da Kwayoyin Halitta 
* Sashen Binciken Lafiya na Hampstead 
* Ƙungiyar Tsuntsayen London 

## Manazarta
Net Zero Directorates

**Hukumar Kula da Noma ta Scotland, wacce ba ta da cikakken bayani game** da harkokin noma, rukuni ne na Daraktocin Gwamnatin Scotland . An kafa wannan kungiya a watan Yulin 2021, inda aka sauya tsarin Noma da Tattalin Arzikin Karkara, Hukumar Kula da Ruwa (wanda aka fi sani da Marine Scotland ), Hukumar Kula da Makamashi da Sauyin Yanayi, Hukumar Kula da Muhalli da Daji, Hukumar Sufuri ta Scotland, Hukumar Kula da Daji da Daji ta Scotland, da kuma Hukumar Kula da Daji ta Scotland daga Hukumar Tattalin Arziki.

Kowane Darakta a cikin dangin Darakta (Darakta-Janar) Net Zero (Daraktocin Net Zero) suna ba da rahoto ga Darakta-Janar, Roy Brannen. 

## Ministoci
Babu wata alaƙa kai tsaye tsakanin Ministoci da Hukumomin. Duk da haka, ayyukan Hukumomin sun haɗa da waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon Sakataren Majalisar Ministoci na Net Zero da Makamashi, Mairi McAllan MSP, Sakataren Majalisar Ministoci na Sufuri, Fiona Hyslop MSP da Sakataren Majalisar Ministoci na Harkokin Karkara, Gyaran Ƙasa da Tsibirai Mairi Gougeon MSP. Ministan Ayyukan Yanayi Gillian Martin MSP da Ministan Noma da Haɗaka, Jim Fairlie MSP suna samun goyon baya a ayyukansu.

## Daraktoci
Manyan Daraktocin Gwamnatin Scotland sun riga sun sami irin waɗannan tsare-tsare da ake kira "Sassan" waɗanda ba sa wanzuwa (kodayake har yanzu ana amfani da kalmar a cikin wannan mahallin).  A matsayin wani ɓangare na babban sashe, Daraktocin Net Zero sun haɗa da wasu Daraktoci daban-daban masu taken:

* **Hukumar Noma da Tattalin Arzikin Karkara**
* **Hukumar Kula da Makamashi da Sauyin Yanayi**
* **Hukumar Muhalli da Gandun Daji**
* **Hukumar Kula da Ruwa (wanda aka fi sani da Marine Scotland )**
* **Iskar Gari**

## Hukumomi da sauran hukumomi
Daraktocin suna da alhakin hukumomi uku:

* Sufuri Scotland
* Gandun daji da Ƙasa a Scotland
* Gandun Daji na Scotland

Har ila yau, Daraktocin suna ɗaukar nauyin wasu ƙungiyoyin gwamnati da ba na ma'aikatu ba, ciki har da:

* Hukumar Kula da Wuraren Shakatawa ta Ƙasa ta Cairngorms
* Hukumar Yin Kofi
* Hukumar Filaye ta Scotland
* Loch Lomond da Hukumar Kula da Wuraren Shakatawa ta Trossachs
* Cibiyar James Hutton
* Lambun Botanic na Royal Edinburgh
* Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Scotland
* Ingancin Nama Scotland
* NatureScot

kuma a raba tare da Gwamnatin Burtaniya da sauran gwamnatoci don tallafawa Hukumar Masana'antar Kifi ta Teku, Hukumar Noma da Noma da Hukumar Talla ta Ulu ta Burtaniya .

## Tarihi
Kafin ƙirƙirar Daraktocin Net Zero a watan Yunin 2021, ƙungiyar daraktocin wani ɓangare ne na Daraktocin Muhalli. Kafin 2007, tsohuwar Sashen Gudanar da Muhalli da Harkokin Karkara na Scotland (SEERAD) ce ke gudanar da aikin.

## Manazarta
Maria Elizabeth van Ebbenhorst Tengbergen

**Maria Elizabeth van Ebbenhorst Tengbergen** (Yuli 11, 1885 - Yuli 16, 1980)   mawaƙiyar Holland ce,  mawaƙiya, organist,  kuma malami. 

An haifi Tengbergen a Hoorn ga Susanna Maria Gerlings da Hendrik Johan van Ebbenhorst Tengbergen, jami'in gwamnati. Malamin kidanta na farko ita ce kanwarta, Maria Elizabeth Gerlings, wacce ta kasance mai kula da kwayoyin halitta. Ta yi karatun kiɗa a makarantu a Leiden da Amsterdam tare da malamai Jean Baptiste de Paux, Sem Dresden, Steven van Groningen, da Wilhelmina ter Huppen.

Tengbergen ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar kiɗa da kuma mai kunna organ. Ta rubuta waƙoƙin da kuma waƙoƙin da ta rubuta da yawa daga cikin waƙoƙinta. Ɗalibanta sun haɗa da masanin kiɗan Birtaniya Macario Santiago Kastner.  Mai zane-zanen Holland Engelien Reitsma-Valença ta zana hoton Tengbergen a piano a 1921, wanda ke cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Rijksmuseum a yau.  Tengbergen ta yi rubutu da marubuciya kuma mai sukar wasan kwaikwayo Jeanne Gabriëlle van Schaik-Willing.  Takardun Tengbergen suna cikin adana a Cibiyar Kiɗa ta Netherlands . 

Alsbach, Broekmans &amp;amp; van Poppel ne suka buga ayyukan Tengbergen,  Heuwekemeijer,  Ploegsma, da Seyffardt.  Abubuwan da ta buga sun haɗa da:

## Littattafai

* *Baron van Hippelepip: een verhaaltje voor kinderen* gana plaatjes en muziek (Baron van Hippelepip: labari ga yara masu hotuna da kiɗa; tare da Leo Visser) 

* *Solfeges* 

## Ɗakin taro

* *Nau'i 8 na Masu Rikodi Uku *

* *Als Duizend Sterren Schijnen* (Lokacin da Taurari 1,000 ke haskakawa; violin da piano) 

* *Ɗakin Violin da Piano* 

## Operatta

* *Sneeuwit en Rozerood* (Snow White da Rose Red) 

## Piano

* *4 Sonatines: voor Piano* (4 Sonatinas don Piano) 

* *Guda 50 na Polyphonic *

* *Bedenkseltjes Aan De Piano* (Ra'ayoyi a Piano) 

* *Bekende Liedjes* (Wakokin Sananniya; 4 piano na hannu) 

* *De Ontwikkeling aan de Piano* (Ci gaban Kiɗa a Piano) 

* *Klimmen & Dalen* (Hawa da Saukowa) 

* *Muzikale Bouwstenen* (Tubalan Ginin Kiɗa) 

* *Oude Wijsjes Voor Jonge* Handen (Tsoffin Tunes don Matasa Hannu) 

* *Nazarin a cikin Wit en Zwart: 30 Piano-etudes voor de Jeugd* (Nazari a cikin Fari da Baƙar fata: 30 Piano Etudes for Youth) 

## Murya

* *7 Kinderliedjes* (Wakokin Nursery 7; murya da piano) 

* *Als Engelen Zingen: een Verzameling Kerstliederen voor de Jeugd* (Lokacin da Mala'iku ke Waƙa: Tarin Kirsimeti Carols don Matasa) 

* "Am Himmelstor" (A Ƙofar Sama; baritone da piano; rubutu daga Conrad Ferdinand Meyer ) 

* "Benedizione" (Blessing; murya da piano) 

* Bij de schoorsteen *: een bundel St. Nicolaasliedjes* (A Chimney: A Bundle of St. Nicholas Songs) 

* "Bomen a Nevel" (Bishiyoyi a cikin Hazo; murya da piano) 

* "Maria, die Zoude naar Baithlehem" (Maryamu, Wanda Zai Je Baithlehem; murya da piano) 

* *Sint Nicolaas en Kerstliederen* (Saint Nicholas da Kirsimeti Carols) 

* "Stil nu Tekst" (Shiru Yanzu) 

* T *rekvogels: Canons 14 tare da Tekst* (Tsuntsayen Migratory: Canons 14 tare da Rubutu) 

* *Twee Liederen* (Wakoki 2; murya da piano) 

## Manazarta
Cornelia Teelinck

**Cornelia Eeuwoutsdr. Teelinck** (1554 - Janairu 1577) marubuciya ce kuma mawaƙiya 'yar ƙasar Holland Reformed daga Zierikzee a Gundumar Zeeland, wacce aka santa da rubuce-rubucenta na ibada da kuma rawar da ta taka a matsayin muryar mace ta farko a cikin ƙungiyar Reformed . 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Teelinck a shekara ta 1554 a Zierikzee, ƙaramin yaro daga cikin 'ya'ya huɗu a cikin wani iyali mai suna da ilimi da ilimi. Mahaifinta, Eewoud Teelinck, ma'aikacin giya ne kuma alkali a birnin kuma yana da ɗakin karatu mai littattafai a cikin Latin, Faransanci, da Jamusanci. Ya mutu a shekara ta 1561, ya bar wani babban kadara. 

Duk da cewa asalin iyalinta Katolika ne, Cornelia da 'yan uwanta sun koma addinin Reformed a shekarun 1570, lokacin da aka samu gagarumin sauyi a addini a Netherlands.  

A shekara ta 1575, Cornelia ta auri Anthonie Limmens (wanda kuma aka rubuta Lammers ko Lumers), wani ɗan kasuwa mai ibada daga Antwerp . Ma'auratan sun zauna a Antwerp, amma Anthonie ta mutu bayan shekaru biyu kacal, a shekara ta 1577. Cornelia ta mutu makonni biyar bayan haka, kamar yadda aka ruwaito a Middelburg, tana da shekaru 22 ko 23.  

An dawo da jaririyar 'yarsu, Katrijnken, zuwa Zierikzee a watan Janairun 1577, bisa ga bayanai daga ɗakin marayu na birnin. 

## Rubuce-rubuce da rayuwar addini
A kusan shekara ta 1573, tana da shekaru 19, Teelinck ta rubuta takardar shaidar imani ta kanta ta miƙa ta ga majalisar cocin Zierikzee a matsayin wani ɓangare na buƙatarta ta karɓar sadaka. Wannan ikirari, wanda aka rubuta da harshen Dutch, an buga shi daga baya bayan mutuwarsa ta hannun 'yar uwarta Susanna Teelinck a shekara ta 1607 saboda ƙaruwar buƙatar kwafi.

An karanta ƙaramin littafin, mai suna *Een corte belijdenisse des geloofs* ("A Short Confession of Faith"), kuma bugu na biyar ya fito a shekarar 1625. Ya kasance tarin rubuce-rubucenta guda ɗaya tilo da ya rage kuma ana ajiye shi a ɗakin karatu na Jami'ar Leiden .  

Bugun 1625 ya kuma ƙunshi gajerun waƙoƙin ibada da Teelinck ya rubuta, musamman makoki da aka rubuta bayan mutuwar mijinta.  

## Gado
Duk da cewa rayuwarta da kuma sakamakonta na ɗan gajeren lokaci ne, Cornelia Teelinck ta zama sananne a cikin farkon littattafan addini na Holland. Ikirarin da ta yi bayan mutuwarta ya yaɗu sosai a farkon ƙarni na 17 kuma an yaba mata saboda tsabta da kuma sadaukarwarta.  

Rubuce-rubucenta sun taimaka wajen yaɗuwar ibadar Reformed, musamman tsakanin mata, a wani lokaci mai mahimmanci a tarihin Protestantism na Holland.  

Iyalan Cornelia sun ci gaba da yin tasiri a cikin da'irar addini. Ɗan'uwanta Joost Teelinck ya yi aiki a matsayin magajin garin Zierikzee kuma ɗansa Willem Teelinck ya zama fitaccen mai wa'azin addinin Kirista. 

An ɗauke ta cikin ayyukan *1001 Vrouwen uit de Nederlandse geschiedenis* ; tarin tarihin rayuwar 1001 na shahararrun matan Netherlands. 

## Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka

* *Een corte belijdenisse des geloofs* (an rubuta c. 1573, aka buga bayan mutuwa a 1607; 5th ed. 1625) 

## Manazarta
Louise Schouwenberg

Louise Schouwenberg (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga Janairu 1954, a Belfeld ) ta yi karatun ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a Jami'ar Radboud Nijmegen, ta yi sassaka a Kwalejin Gerrit Rietveld da ke Amsterdam, sannan ta yi falsafa a Jami'ar Amsterdam . Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane daga 1985 zuwa 2003. Tun daga lokacin babban abin da ta fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne kan ka'idar fasaha da ƙira. Schouwenberg ita ce shugabar shirin Masters Contextual Design a Kwalejin Design Eindhoven (malami tun 2005, shugaba tun 2010), kuma mai ba da shawara kan shirin Masters Inside, Interior Architecture, na Kwalejin Royal Arts da ke Hague.

Schouwenberg ta shirya nune-nunen fasaha da zane-zane na zamani kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga ƙungiyoyi da yawa. Tana rubutu akai-akai ga mujallu na fasaha da zane-zane na ƙasashen duniya kuma ta ba da gudummawa ga littattafai iri-iri, wasu daga cikin na baya-bayan nan sune littafin: *Hella Jongerius - Misfit*, wanda Phaidon Press ta fitar a shekarar 2010, wani littafi kan mai zane , wanda masu buga littattafai na Nai suka buga a shekarar 2012, da kuma Panorama - Konstantin Grcic, wanda Vitra Design Museum suka buga a shekarar 2014. A shekarar 2013 ta shiga cikin sake tsara wurin zama na Delegates' Lounge na Hedkwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Dutch, wadda ta ƙunshi Hella Jongerius, Rem Koolhaas, Irma Boom da Gabriel Lester . Gwamnatin Netherlands ce ta ba wa ƙungiyar umarnin ƙirƙirar hangen nesa kan sake tsara wannan muhimmin wuri a cikin hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke New York.  A shekarar 2015, Hella Jongerius da Schouwenberg sun rubuta Beyond the New,  wani bayani game da lalacewar masana'antar ƙira ta hanyar mai da hankali kan ribar riba, wanda aka ƙaddamar a Salone del Mobile na 2015 a Milan. Wannan bayanin ya yi wa sha'awar ƙirar zamani game da 'sabon' ba'a, wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙirƙirar kirkire-kirkire na al'adu na gaskiya. Daga baya, an gayyaci Jongerius da Schouwenberg don ƙirƙirar wani shiri na musamman a wurin da aka gina a kan wannan batu don Die Neue Sammlung - Gidan Tarihi na Zane da ke Munich ; baje kolin, wanda aka yi wa lakabi da Beyond the New, an buɗe shi a cikin sanannen Paternoster Hall na gidan tarihi a watan Nuwamba 2017.  

## Duba kuma

* Tsarin Dutch

## Manazarta
Toivo Mikael Kivimäki

**Toivo Mikael Kivimäki** (5 Yuni 1886 - 6 Mayu 1968), (J.D.), ɗan siyasan Finland ne na Jam'iyyar National Progressive Party wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban sashen shari'ar farar hula a Jami'ar Helsinki 1931-1956, Firayim Minista na Finland 1932-1936, da Jakadan Finland zuwa Berlin 1940-1944. 

## Farkon aiki
An zabe shi a matsayin memba na majalisar dokoki na wa'adin 1922, 1924-1927 da 1929-1940. Kafin zama Firayim Minista, Kivimäki ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan cikin gida 1928-1929  da Ministan Shari'a 1931-1932. 

## Bayan WWII
A shekara ta 1946, an sanya Kivimäki tare da rabin-dozin sauran manyan 'yan siyasa a kan "gwaji na yaki-daidaita" wanda aka aiwatar a karkashin matsin lamba daga masu nasara a yakin duniya na biyu. An yanke wa Kivimäki hukuncin shekaru biyar a kurkuku bayan an same shi da alhakin Ci gaba da Yaƙi. Bayan Finland ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Paris, 1947, da Yarjejeniyar Finno-Soviet ta Abokantaka, Haɗin kai, da Taimako, 1948, an dauki halin da ake ciki na kasa da kasa ya ɗan daidaita, kuma an gafarta wa Kivimäki. Ya koma aikinsa a fannin ilimi.

## Kyauta
Kamar yadda yake tare da dukkan 'yan siyasa da ke da alaƙa da Yakin Ci gaba, an ga Kivimäki na tsawon shekaru da yawa a cikin haske mai mahimmanci. A lokacin Finlandisation, yawancin fitattun Finns sun bayyana kansu a hankali a kan irin waɗannan batutuwa don kada su dame masu cin nasara na Allied na yaki; taka tsantsan da ba tare da wata shakka ba ya rinjayi fahimtar Finland da ra'ayoyin bayan yakin.

* A matsayinsa na Firayim Minista, Kivimäki ya jagoranci majalisar ministocin Finland (har zuwa shekara ta 1987) mafi tsawo, da nufin tabbatar da siyasa mai rikitarwa a Finland bayan an kashe Mäntsälä Rebellion.
* Ya sami nasarar sauya manufofin kasashen waje na Finland zuwa matsayin tsaka-tsaki na Scandinavian, da kuma kusanci na Sweden, wanda watakila an shirya shi a cikin mafi yawan wuraren da aka fara, amma a cikin rikice-rikicen harshe na zamani a Finland ba abu ne mai sauƙi a bayyana wa jama'a ba.
* A matsayinsa na Jakada ga Reich na Uku, Kivimäki yana cikin matsayi don lura da yanayin anti-Semitic na mulkin Nazi da kuma bacewar Yahudawa na Jamus zuwa sansanonin taro. Kivimäki ya yi nasara wajen juyar da matsayin Nazi Jamus na adawa da Finnish, yana samun goyon baya da fa'idodi amma a farashin Finland ya kafa kawance da Hitler. Finland ta guje wa yarjejeniyar da aka yi da Nazi Jamus har zuwa Yarjejeniyar Ryti-Ribbentrop, wacce aka sanya hannu bayan faduwar Viipuri a watan Yunin 1944.

Mutane da yawa da dalilai sun kasance masu mahimmanci ga Yakin Winter da Yakin Ci gaba. Kivimäki ba tare da wata shakka ba yana da matsayi mai girma tsakanin shugabannin Finnish masu goyon bayan Axis.

## Ofisoshin

* Ma'aikatar Kivimäki

## Manazarta
Wanda Reisel

**Wanda Daniela Reisel Muller** (an haife ta a Willemstad, Curaçao,  a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 1955    ) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Holland.   An ba Reisel kyautar Anna Bijns kuma an zaɓe ta a wasu kyaututtukan.

## Rayuwa
Ita ce 'yar Jacques Jacob Hirsch Reisel (1915-1976) da Emma Henny Elisabeth Reisel-Muller (1921-2002).   Ita 'yar'uwar Max Reisel ce. Iyayenta Yahudawa sun yi ƙaura zuwa tsibirin Willemstad a shekarar 1948 saboda tsoron Yaƙin Cacar Baki kuma sun koma Amsterdam a shekarar 1960 kuma ta girma a Amsterdam a cikin dangin likitoci masu sassaucin ra'ayi tare da 'ya'ya shida (mahaifinta likitan tiyata, mahaifiyar ma'aikaciyar jinya).  

Bayan kammala karatun firamare (1968-1974), Reisel ta yi ɗan nazarin tarihi, kuma bayan shekara ɗaya da rabi ta shiga kwas ɗin darakta a makarantar wasan kwaikwayo, a Stage Directoring a Amsterdamse Hogeschool voor de Kunsten . Tun tana ƙarama ta san cewa tana son zama marubuciya. Ta kammala wannan horon a 1981. Tun daga lokacin ta rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo goma sha biyu, waɗanda aka tattara a ƙarƙashin taken *Tien stuks* .  Littafinta na farko da aka buga shine *Het blauwe uur* (The Blue Hour, wanda aka fassara da Jamusanci zuwa *Die Blaue Stunde* ). 

Baya ga rubuce-rubuce da wasan kwaikwayo, Reisel kuma yana rubuta rubuce-rubucen fina-finai da talabijin da wasannin kwaikwayo na rediyo. Reisel ya kasance abokin Herman Koch nagari tsawon shekaru da yawa.

## Kyaututtuka
Reisel ta fara rubuta wakokinta a shekarar 1986 tare da *littafin Jacobi* (littattafai biyu). Littafinta na farko *Het blauwe uur* ya fito a shekarar 1988. Ta shahara ga masu sauraro da yawa a shekarar 1997 sakamakon zaben *Baby Storm* (1996) don kyautar Libris Adabi .  Littafinta na gaba, *Een man een man* (2000), shi ma an zaɓe shi don kyautar Libris Adabi, a shekarar 2001.  An zaɓi littafin *Witte liefde* don kyautar AKO Adabi kuma an ba shi kyautar Anna Bijns.  An yi wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo ta Toneelgroep Baal da Discordia, kuma Gerardjan Rijnders da sauransu sun ba da umarni.

## Manazarta
Mari Kiviniemi

**Mari Johanna Kiviniemi** (an haife ta 27 Satumba 1968) 'yar siyasar Finland ce, wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista ta 41 kuma ta biyu ta Finland daga 2010 zuwa 2011. 

Tun daga 25 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, ita ce Mataimakin Sakatare Janar na OECD . 

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Kiviniemi a Seinäjoki, Finland . Ta girma a yankunan karkara na Kudancin Ostrobothnia, 'yar manomi na kaza, kuma ta tafi makaranta a Jalasjärvi . Yayinda take matashiya a lokacin makarantar sakandare, ta shafe shekara guda a matsayin ɗalibar musayar a Jamus. Ta shiga Jami'ar Helsinki a shekarar 1988 don nazarin tattalin arziki.

Kiviniemi 'yar siyasa ce, kuma ta fara tsayawa takara a matsayin dan takarar Majalisar a shekarar 1991, inda ta samu kasa da kuri'u 5,000, yayin da take aiki a matsayin Sakatare Janar na Kungiyar Dalibai ta Tsakiya .  Shekara bayan kammala aikinta na digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyyar zamantakewa, ta sake tsayawa takara a babban zaben 1995, a wannan lokacin ta lashe kujerar daga gundumar Kudancin Ostrobothnia tare da kuri'u 9,350.

Kiviniemi is also a member of the Helsinki city council, in addition to her work in national politics. She has been on the city council since 2005.&#x5B;**&#x5D;

### Shugaba na Jam'iyyar Tsakiya

A shekara ta 2003, an zabi Kiviniemi a matsayin shugabanci a cikin Jam'iyyar Tsakiya, tana aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban (ɗaya daga cikin uku) har zuwa watan Yunin 2008, lokacin da aka zabe ta a taron jam'iyyar na wannan lokacin rani. Ta zama mai ba da shawara na musamman ga Firayim Minista Matti Vanhanen a shekara ta 2004, kuma ya nada ta sau biyu don aiki a matsayin Ministan majalisar ministoci: na farko a watan Satumbar 2005 a kan wucin gadi lokacin da mai ci ya tafi hutun haihuwa na watanni shida; sannan kuma a cikakken lokaci a watan Afrilu 2007.

A ranar 22 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, wata daya bayan Firayim Minista Vanhanen ya sanar da cewa zai sauka a matsayin shugaban (shugaban) na Jam'iyyar Tsakiya a taron Yuni na shekara ta 2010, Kiviniemi ta sanar da takarar ta don gurbin. An kaddamar da kamfen dinta a hukumance a watan Afrilu.

### Babban zaben 2011
Babban zaben 2011 ya ga hauhawar jam'iyyar True Finns, wacce ta sami kujeru 35 a kan kudin dukkan bangarorin sai dai daya daga cikin sauran jam'iyyun majalisa. Jam'iyyar Cibiyar Kiviniemi ta fi fama da ita, ta rasa kujeru 16 daga cikin kujeru 51 da suka rike a baya kuma ta fadi daga kasancewa babbar jam'iyya zuwa ta huɗu mafi girma. Kiviniemi da farko ta bayyana cewa jam'iyyarta ba za ta nemi zama wani ɓangare na gwamnati ta gaba ba, amma daga baya ta yarda da gayyatar da Jyrki Katainen ta yi don shiga tattaunawar hadin gwiwa. Wadannan tattaunawar sun rushe, duk da haka, kuma bayan wasu jam'iyyun shida sun sanar da cewa sun cimma yarjejeniya, ta gabatar da murabus din gwamnatinta ga Shugaban kasa kuma Katainen ya gaje ta a matsayin Firayim Minista a ranar 22 ga Yuni 2011.  Jam'iyyar Tsakiya ta shiga adawa, tare da Kiviniemi ta ci gaba a matsayin shugabarta.
Masarautar Kuuskoski

Reino Iisakki Kuuskoski (18 ga watan Janairun 1907 - 27 ga watan Janairu 1965) ya kasance lauya ne na Finland, an haife shi a Loimaa .

Kuuskoski ya kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Agrarian . Ya yi ayyukan minista a Finland a lokuta biyu. Na farko da aka nada shi a matsayin minista ya kasance tsakanin 17 ga Nuwamba 1953 da 5 ga Mayu 1954 a matsayin Ministan Shari'a a matsayin wani ɓangare na Gwamnatin Finland ta 37. [1] Na biyu da aka nada shi a matsayin minista ya kasance tsakanin 26 ga Afrilu da 29 ga Agusta 1958 a matsayin Firayim Minista na 43 na Finland. [2] Dukkanin gwamnatocin biyu gwamnatocin kulawa ne.

A lokacin aikinsa Kuuskoski ya kuma yi ayyukan Shugaban Kotun Koli ta Finland. Kuuskoski ya kuma kasance mai kula da majalisa na bakwai na Finland kuma daya daga cikin manyan mutane da ke sabunta dokokin birni na Finland.

## Ofisoshin
* Ma'aikatar Kuuskoski

## Manazarta
Reino Ragnar Lehto

Reino Ragnar Lehto (2 ga Mayu 1898 - 13 ga Yuli 1966; sunan mahaifi har zuwa 1901 Lagerlund) ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Finland daga 1963 zuwa 1964, sannan ya yi aiki da gwamnan lardin Uusimaa har zuwa mutuwarsa a ranar 13 ga Yuli 1966. Ya kasance lauya ta hanyar sana'a.

## Ofisoshin

* Ma'aikatar Lehto

## Manazarta
Keijo Liinamaa

**Keijo Antero Liinamaa** (6 ga Afrilu 1929 a Mänttä - 28 ga Yunin shekarar 1980 a Helsinki) lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasa na Finland wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista mai kulawa na Finland daga Yuni zuwa Nuwamba 1975. 

Liinamaa, lauya da ke ƙwarewa a fannin Dokar aiki, ya fara aikinsa yana aiki ga Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta TSAK ta Finland (SAK). A shekara ta 1958, yana da shekaru 29 kawai, ya zama manajan garin Mänttä, wata karamar hukuma ta masana'antu a Yammacin Finland. Bayan kirkirar tsarin sulhu na rikice-rikicen ma'aikata a duk faɗin ƙasar a farkon shekarun 1960, an nada Liinamaa a matsayin mai sulhu na rikicin ma'aikata na yanki. A shekara ta 1965 ya zama mai sulhu da rikice-rikicen ma'aikata na kasa kuma ya riƙe muƙamin a 1965-1970 da 1979-1980.

A cikin shekarar 1965-1967 saboda iska mai rikitarwa, Liinamaa ta fuskanci sulhu da rikice-rikicen ma'aikata da yawa. A matsayinsa na mai sulhu na kasa na Finland, ya sami damar hana manyan yajin aiki da yawa.

A shekara ta 1967 Firayim Minista Rafael Paasio ya ba Liinamaa aiki na musamman: Liinamaa ya tattauna yarjejeniyar tattalin arziki mai zurfi tare da ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata da kungiyoyin kwadago don hana hauhawar farashi saboda hauhawar albashi. Wadannan tattaunawar sun haifar da Yarjejeniyar Manufofin Haraji ta farko kuma sun kawo shahara ga Liinamaa.

Canje-canje masu mahimmanci a goyon bayan jam'iyyun siyasa a zaben 'yan majalisa na 1970 ya haifar da rikice-rikicen siyasa masu tsanani: Ba za a iya kafa hadin gwiwar siyasa don kafa majalisar ministoci ba. Shugaba Urho Kekkonen ya nada ministocin mai kulawa karkashin jagorancin Tuvo Aura. A karkashin Firayim Minista Aura, Liinamaa ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Shari'a na kwanaki 63 a watan Mayu-Yuli 1970,  har sai Ahti Karjalainen ya kafa sabuwar gwamnatin hadin gwiwa.

Kungiyar Karjalainen ta fadi a cikin kaka na 1971, kuma an kira zaben 'yan majalisa na farko. An nada ministoci na biyu karkashin jagorancin Teuvo Aura, inda Liinamaa ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Kwadago daga Oktoba 1971 zuwa Fabrairu 1972. 

Bayan zaɓen shekarar 1975, jam'iyyun siyasa ba za su iya yarda da sharuddan gwamnatin hadin gwiwa ba. Shugaba Kekkonen ya nada Keijo Liinamaa Firayim Minista na gwamnatin wucin gadi wanda ya kasance daga Yuni zuwa Nuwamba 1975. Matsayin Kekkonen ya ba da damar kafa sabuwar gwamnatin hadin gwiwa a karkashin Martti Miettunen a cikin kaka na 1975.

## Ofisoshin

* Ma'aikatar Liinamaa

## Manazarta
Paavo Leppänen

Paavo Leppänen (3 ga watan Janairun 1876, Eno - 1 ga watan Yunin 1945) ɗan jaridar Finland ne kuma ɗan siyasa. Ya kasance memba na majalisar dokokin Finland daga 1916 zuwa 1918, yana wakiltar jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP). An ɗaure shi a shekara ta 1918 saboda ya goyi bayan Reds a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Finland. [1]

## Manazarta
Rafael Palacios (mai zane)

**Rafael D. Palacios** (1905-1993) ya kasance mai zane-zane na Puerto Rican-Amurka kuma mai zane-zanen da ke ƙwarewa a cikin jaket da taswira ga manyan masu wallafa Amurka a tsakiyar da ƙarshen karni na 20. Daga cikin sanannun taswirar aikinsa mai yawa da nasara sosai sune wadanda ke cikin mafi yawan littattafan tarihin Isaac Asimov da kuma littattafan Yaƙin basasa Bruce Catton.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Daga iyayen Mutanen Espanya-Puerto Rican, an haifi Palacios a Santo Domingo, babban birnin Jamhuriyar Dominica. Lokacin da yake da watanni biyar iyalinsa suka koma Puerto Rico. Ya yi karatu a makarantun Puerto Rican, amma a matsayin mai zane ya fi koyar da kansa. A shekara ta 1928 ya yi zane-zane na farko yayin da yake San Juan. Ya yi wani abu na musamman na hotunan Afro-Caribbean. Palacios ya koma Birnin New York a cikin shekarun 1930 kuma ya kasance a can har sai ya koma Puerto Rico a kusa da 1980.

A shekara ta 1937 an zaba shi, tare da wasu biyu, don wakiltar Puerto Rico a baje kolin shekara-shekara na biyu na Fasaha ta Amurka a Birnin New York. A cikin 1938 ya kuma nuna a Delphic Studios a New York, inda ya gabatar da nune-nunen farko na Fasahar Afro-Antillean (nunawar mutum ɗaya na gouaches). A wannan shekarar ya kuma nuna a baje kolin 'yan jarida na farko a New York, kuma a cikin mutane da yawa a Athenaeum a San Juan da Jami'ar Puerto Rico.  Da farko a 1938 Palacios ya yi aiki ga jaridu na Amurka a matsayin mai zane-zane da mai fassara na zane-zane. A tsakiyar shekarun 1940, ya raba ɗakin karatu tare da wasu masu zane-zane masu zaman kansu da yawa kuma ya yi murfin da takardu da yawa don Littattafan Bantam. Takardunsa na ƙarshe suna da ingancin zane-zane mai ƙarfi kuma sun yi irin wannan manufar tare da taswirar Dell Books.

A cikin 1948, an zaɓi Palacios don samar da taswirar tarihin Janar Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe . Palacios daga baya ya samar da taswira don tarihin Eisenhower guda biyu na lokacinsa a Fadar White House, Mandate for Change [undefined] da Waging Peace (wanda ya haɗa da "Map Portfolio by Rafael Palacios). [1] Tsakanin ƙarshen 1940s da farkon 1990s, Palacios ya buga dubban taswira a cikin ɗaruruwan littattafai, da yawa daga cikinsu don Doubleday. Palacios sun ƙware a cikin taswirar takarda da tarihin soja, musamman taswirar Yaƙin Duniya na II da Yaƙin basasar Amurka. Palacios ya zama mai zane-zane daga George Annand don jerin Rivers of America a shekarar 1956. Littattafai 13 na ƙarshe a cikin jerin (1956-74) suna dauke da taswirar da ya yi.

A cikin aikinsa, Palacios ya yi taswira don littattafai da yawa daga 'yan siyasa, janar, da kuma marubuta, ciki har da: Lyndon Johnson, Winston Churchill, Herman Wouk, Leon Uris, Cornelius Ryan, Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Dean Acheson, Omar Bradley, Dee Brown, John Dos Passos, da John Toland.

Hanyar yin taswirar Palacios ta kasance sananne ne saboda son layin hannu, alamun hannu, da juriya ga samar da inji da rubutun rubutu.

Takardun Palacios, gami da taswirar asali, wasiƙu, da littattafan da marubuta suka rubuta yanzu ana gudanar da su a Laburaren Majalisa.

## Manazarta
Rafael Pascoal

**Rafael Pereira Pascoal** (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Satumba 1990), wanda aka fi sani da **Rafael Pascoal**, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Brazil wanda ke taka leda a matsayin Mai tsaron gida na Confiança .

## Ayyukan kulob din
An haife shi a Taubaté, São Paulo, Pascoal ya fara aikinsa tare da Guarulhos a cikin 2011 Campeonato Paulista Segunda Divisão, inda ya zira kwallaye a cikin nasara 5-2 a kan Union Suzano a ranar 14 ga Mayu na wannan shekarar.  Daga baya ya wakilci ECUS da União Mogi a cikin wannan rukuni kafin ya koma Red Bull Brazil don kakar 2015.

A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2017, Pascoal ya amince da kwangila tare da San Bernardo .  Wani madadin Daniyel a lokacin 2018 Campeonato Paulista Série A2, ya zama mai farawa a Copa Paulista na shekara.

A ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 2019, Pascoal ya shiga Portuguese .  Ya sanya hannu ga Imperatriz a ranar 18 ga Disamba, amma ya koma Linen a ranar 6 ga Maris 2020, bayan wasanni uku kawai.

A ranar 17 ga Yulin 2020, an sanar da Pascoal a Boa Esporte .  Ya fara kamfen din 2021 a Rio Claro, kafin ya shiga Joinville a ranar 21 ga Mayu na wannan shekarar.

A watan Janairun 2022, Pascoal ya koma Botafogo-SP. Wani zaɓi na madadin a cikin ci gaban kulob din zuwa rukuni na biyu, ya sanya hannu ga Pouso Alegre a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 2023.

An sake shi daga Pousão a ranar 26 ga Yuli 2023, [undefined] Pascoal ya koma Lusa kwana daya bayan haka. [1] Wani madadin Thomazella a cikin yakin neman zabe na 2024, ya zama mai farawa a Copa Paulista, kafin a sauke shi zuwa zaɓi na uku a bayan sabbin sa hannu Rafael Santos da Bruno Bertinato a kakar 2025.

A ranar 28 ga Maris 2025, Pascoal ya amince da shiga Confiança a kan aro har zuwa karshen shekara,  amma yarjejeniyar daga baya ta rushe saboda bai fito a kowane wasannin league na jihar ba a cikin shekara.  A ranar 22 ga watan Agusta, ya koma São Bento a kan aro don Copa Paulista . 

A ranar 2 ga Disamba 2025, Pascoal ya koma Confiança har abada don kakar wasa mai zuwa.

## Kididdigar aiki

## Manazarta
Mauno Pekkala

**Mauno Pekkala** (27 Janairu 1890 - 30 Yuni 1952) ɗan ƙasar Finland ne kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista daga 1946 zuwa 1948.  Mauno Pekkala ɗan'uwan Eino Pekkala ne.

Pekkala ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party of Finland kuma memba ne na majalisun da yawa na lokacin yaƙi a matsayin Ministan Kudi daga Disamba 1939 zuwa Fabrairu 1942.  Pekkala ya bar jam'iyyar bayan Ci gaba da Yaƙi.

Bayan yakin, Pekkala ya shiga kungiyar Finnish People's Democratic League (SKDL), wata kungiya ta kwaminisanci, 'yan gurguzu da' yan dimokuradiyya. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Tsaro tsakanin Afrilu 1945 da Maris 1946. [1]

Ya kasance dan takara a Zaben shugaban kasa na 1950, amma ya sha kashi a hannun J. K. Paasikivi . Pekkala kuma na cikin Jam'iyyar Socialist Unity Party wacce ke aiki a cikin SKDL.

## Ofisoshin

* Ma'aikatar Pekkala

## Manazarta
Rafael Palacios (firist)

Rafael Palacios firist ne na Roman Katolika a El Salvador wanda aka kashe a ranar 20 ga Yuni 1979 a Suchitoto . Ya yi aiki a karkashin Archbishop Óscar Romero . Romero ya nuna kisan da ya yi a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsanantawa na Ikilisiyar Katolika da zalunci game da kokarin sake fasalin mulkin kama-karya na soja don tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam ga talakawa.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Paavo Lipponen

Paavo Tapio Lipponen (mai suna [ˈpɑːʋo ˈlipːonen] i; an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1941) ɗan siyasan Finland ne kuma tsohon mai ba da rahoto. [1] Ya kasance Firayim Minista na Finland daga 1995 zuwa 2003, kuma shugaban Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party of Finland daga 1993 zuwa 2005.[2] Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin kakakin Majalisar dokokin Finland daga 2003 zuwa 2007 kuma ya kasance dan takarar jam'iyyarsa a Zaben shugaban kasa na Finland na 2012 amma ya sami kashi 6.7% kawai na kuri'un, wanda ya sa ya zama babbar nasara da Jam'iyyar Social Democratic ta taba samu a zaben shugaban kasar Finland a lokacin.[3][4][5] Lipponen a halin yanzu shine tsohon Firayim Minista mafi tsufa a Finland.fififiFinnish_IPA" rel="mw:PageProp/Category"/>

## Ayyuka
An haifi Lipponen a Turtola (wanda daga baya aka sake masa suna Pello), ɗan Orvo Lipponen da matarsa Hilkka Iisalo . Kakannin mahaifiyar Paavo sune Jaakko Antero Ingman / Isalo (dangi mai nisa na Adolf Fredrik Munck da Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim) da matarsa Siiri Törnroos .  Paavo Lipponen ya yi yarantakarsa da ƙuruciyarsa a Kuopio .

Da yake karɓar difloma na wasan motsa jiki daga Lyceum na Kuopio a shekarar 1959, sai ya yi karatun falsafa da adabi a Kwalejin Dartmouth na shekara guda a kan tallafin Fulbright.

Lipponen ya yi maganganu daban-daban masu rikitarwa waɗanda suka fusata kungiyoyi kamar 'yan gudun hijirar Estonia.

A cewar littafin Alpo Rusi Vasemmalta ohi, Lipponen ya fara hadin gwiwa tare da 'yan sanda na sirri na Gabashin Jamus Stasi a shekarar 1969.[1] Littafin ya nuna cewa Lipponen shine sunan lambar Mungo XV/326/71 a cikin Fayilolin Rosenholz.[2] A cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a shekara ta 2008 Lipponen ya ce ya kasance "mai niyya ne ga magudi na Gabashin Jamus". [3] An yi jita-jita cewa Lipponen yana cikin abin da ake kira Tiitinen list . [4] Alpo Rusi ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa Lipponen yana da sunan, lambar, da aiki a cikin KGB.[5]

Ya rike mukamai daban-daban a kungiyar jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party daga 1967 zuwa 1979. An canza ra'ayoyin Lipponen. A cikin jawabin da ya yi a shekara ta 1978, Lipponen ya tabbatar da cewa ya rasa imaninsa ga kwaminisanci.

Lipponen ya fara shiga cikin fadar siyasa lokacin da yake sakataren Firayim Minista Mauno Koivisto daga 1979 zuwa 1982. Sau da yawa yana maye gurbin Firayim Minista mai aiki, nan da nan aka kira Lipponen *vara-*Manu** ("Mataimakin Manu" - Manu yana da gajeren Mauno).

Lipponen ya kasance memba na Majalisar dokokin Finland daga 1983 zuwa 1987 kuma daga 1991 har sai da ya yi ritaya a 2007.

## Rayuwar Sirri
Lipponen ya buga wasan polo na ruwa a matakin kasa mafi girma a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa.

A halin yanzu yana zaune tare da matarsa ta biyu, Päivi Lipponen (tsohon Hertzberg, née Hiltunen), kuma yana da 'ya'ya uku.

## Al'adun gargajiya
Lipponen ya bayyana a matsayin hali mai rai a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na siyasa The Autocrats . 

## Ofisoshin

* Ma'aikatar Lipponen I (1995-1999) 
* Ma'aikatar Lipponen II (1999-2003) 

## Manazarta