Mary Meyer (artist)

**Mary Fisher Meyer** (née Nanson) (1878–1975) ƙwararriyar mai zane ce ta ƙasar Australiya, mai kula da fasaha kuma mai tattarawa.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Meyer a shekarar 1878 a Melbourne, 'ya ta biyu, bayan Margaret Isabel, ta Elizabeth (née McMichael), matar farko ta Edward Nanson, da kuma babbar 'yar'uwar Eleanor Lucy, Katherine St Clair, Francis Wiliam da Judith.  A shekarar haihuwar Mary, mahaifinta ya yi ƙaura zuwa Ostiraliya tare da iyalansa don ya ɗauki matsayin Farfesa a fannin Lissafi a Jami'ar Melbourne. 

Daga 1896 zuwa 1900 Mary ta yi karatu tare da E. Phillips Fox da Tudor St George Tucker a Makarantar Fasaha ta Melbourne wacce ta gudana daga 1893-99, kuma a cikinta aka koyar da ita ta hanyar makarantun Impressionist na Faransa waɗanda malamai biyu suka yi karatu, kuma da hanyoyin sassauci fiye da koyarwar makarantar fasaha ta National Gallery of Victoria . An ba da makarantar bazara a Charterisville wanda Fox da Tucker suka kafa a cikin tsohon gidan da ke sama da Kogin Yarra a Gabashin Ivanhoe, wanda suka karɓi hayar daga Walter Withers a 1893. Ita ce makarantar fasaha ta farko da aka sani a lokacin bazara a Ostiraliya. Matan, ciki har da Ina Gregory, Mary Meyer, Bertha Merfield, Henrietta Irving, Ursula Foster da Helen Peters, an ba su masauki a ɗakunan gidan dutse kuma wani mai kula da gida da mai kula da su ne ke kula da su. Wataƙila Violet Teague ne malaminsu. 

Kyawun Mary ya zaburar da EP Fox, wanda mijinta na gaba Felix Meyer ne, ya zana hotonta a lokacin yana da shekaru ashirin (kodayake Germain ya ce batun 'yar uwarta ce),  a cikin wannan aikin Fox ya yi zane mai kama da gawayi.  An nuna hotonsa na Whistleresque  An nuna *hoton Mary, 'yar Farfesa Nanson* a shekarar 1898 a wani baje kolin zane-zane na Australiya a Landan, a Grafton Gallery,   kuma yanzu ana gudanar da shi a cikin National Gallery of Victoria . 

A kusan shekarar 1902, Mary da kanta ta yi tafiya, tare da ƙawarta Ursula Foster  (mai ƙira ga Fox's *[https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/works/624/ Lady a cikin Baƙi]* da   ) don yin karatu a Makarantar Fasaha ta Westminster da kuma a Slade .  Daga nan ta yi tafiye-tafiye ta yi zane a duk faɗin Turai. Mahaifiyarta ta mutu ba da daɗewa ba bayan dawowarta, a shekarar 1904, lokacin da Mary ke da shekaru 26. Mahaifinta ya sake yin aure a shekarar 1913, ga Mavourneen Bertha Wettenhall wacce ta girmi Mary da shekaru biyu kacal.

A ranar 20 ga Janairu, 1904 Nanson, wanda a lokacin yake zaune a Otal ɗin George da ke St Kilda, ya yi aure, a ofishin rajista saboda bambancin addinai, Farfesa Felix Meyer, likitan mata Bayahude, an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Yuni, 1858, ɗan ɗan Menk Meyer da Rebecca (née Fink).     Ma'auratan ba su da 'ya'ya, sun kasance masu goyon bayan fasaha sosai, kuma sun yi tafiya tare a Turai a 1927, kamar yadda aka lura a cikin *The Home: wani taron shekara-shekara na Australiya* :Doctor da Mrs. Felix Meyer, waɗanda ke yawo a Turai, sun ɗanɗani abubuwan jin daɗi na Tafkunan Ingila, Scotland, Derby, Devon, Cornwall, daga baya kuma sun tafi Nahiyar. Kafin aurenta, Mrs. Meyer ta kasance Miss Nanson, 'yar Farfesa Nanson, ta Jami'ar Melbourne, kuma mai fasaha ce mai ƙwarewa fiye da yadda aka saba. Shahararren Likitan, saboda yanayinsa mai haske, ya sami kyautar yabo daga abokansa na " Australia Felix ." Juliet Peers ta gabatar da cewa auren ya haifar da rashin jituwa da iyalan Mary, kuma ta ce:Tattara zane-zane da kuma samar da ayyukan yi masu yawa na ƙananan ayyukan da aka yi *a sararin samaniya* (da kuma kwafi bayan Arthur Streeton da aka yaba)   wataƙila ya rama mata wani ɗan wariya na zamantakewa. Aurenta da wani Bayahude shekaru da suka wuce ta ya haifar da wani abin tsoro...Yahudanci har yanzu yana iya samun wani abin kunya na zamantakewa a lokacin aurenta tsakanin addinai, ƙarni kafin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Yahudawa su zama lamiri da shugabannin rayuwar al'adu ta Melbourne. A lokacin bikin karramawar Streeton  ya aika da takardar godiya (wanda yanzu haka ake gudanarwa a National Gallery of Australia)  ga Felix da 'matarsa ƙaunatacciya' don taya su murna.

## Mai zane
Mary ta gabatar da zane-zane a cikin sassan gasa na Nunin Farko na Ayyukan Mata da aka gudanar a watan Oktoban 1907 a Ginin Nunin Melbourne. Jirgin ruwanta *mai suna Sorrento Lime Boat* da aka zana a wannan shekarar (kuma yanzu yana cikin tarin National Gallery of Australia )  ya lashe Mafi Kyawun Teku da Kyauta ta Musamman na Guineas 5 (A$731.60 a cikin darajar dangi a 2022).  A lokacin shirye-shiryen nune-nunen a watan Yulin 1907, mijinta Felix ya ba da guineas biyu ga asusun kyaututtukan. 

A cikin shekarun 1920-1930, kodayake wataƙila tun daga shekarar 1912, Mary ta raba wani ɗakin studio tare da Ada Plante da Isabel Tweddle a titin Collins, Melbourne,  wanda Max Meldrum ya saba zuwa,  da kuma maƙwabciyar Felix a fannin kula da mata da haihuwa . Kasancewar ta kusa da mahaifiyar Lina Bryans Mary ta ƙulla abota ta tsawon rai da Lina.  Mary kuma ta yi alaƙa da Tom Roberts musamman Rupert Bunny, wanda shi ma ya yi mata hotonta, a shekarar 1911.  

A shekarar 1936 mahaifin Mary ya rasu yana da shekaru 86, sai kuma mijinta ya rasu a ranar 31 ga Agusta 1937, wanda ya rasu a Armadale yana da shekaru 79 bayan ya yi ritaya. 

Domin tallafawa ƙungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta Faransa, a watan Yulin 1916, Meyer ta shiga gwanjon ayyukan da aka tallata a matsayin 'ta hannun Manyan Mawakan Australiya,' tare da Rupert Bunny, Edward Officer, Ethel Carrick, Walter Withers, Arthur Boyd, Janet Cumbrae Stewart, Violet Teague, Josephine Muntz Adams, Clara Southern, Ina Gregory, Dora Meeson, da sauransu. Ta yi magana game da ƙyamar da take yi wa dabbobi,  bayan mummunan gobarar daji ta Black Friday ta 1939, Mary ta ba da gudummawa ga wata ƙungiyar agaji da Louisa Lord Smith ta ƙungiyar kula da lafiyar dabbobi ta fara, kuma a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ta ba da gudummawa ga ƙungiyoyin agaji ciki har da Asusun Magajin Gari na Melbourne.

## Salo
Meyer ta yi zane mai yawa, ta ƙware a ƙananan wurare masu ban sha'awa da lokacinta a Charterisville ya yi tasiri a kansu, ba kasafai take nuna ba saboda, idan aka yi la'akari da dukiyarta, ba ta buƙatar yin aiki a ƙwararru, duk da cewa an kore ta ko an yi watsi da ita saboda hakan;  ta gamsu da yin amfani da kerawarta. Dabarunta sun kasance masu ban sha'awa, tana amfani da buroshi mai sauri da goga mai zagaye kamar yadda masu zane-zanen Faransa suka yi, da launuka masu ƙarfi a bayyane a cikin hotonta na farko.  Don shimfidar wurare, ta saba amfani da launuka masu launin shuɗi da kore waɗanda ɗaliban Charterisville suka fi so kuma a lokacin halartarta a can ta gyara kuma ta daidaita aikin buroshinta.

## Mutuwa da gado
A ranar 11 ga Maris, 1975, Mary Meyer ta rasu a Melbourne tana da shekaru 97. Shekaru goma da suka gabata, ƙungiyar Lyceum ta Melbourne, wacce ta kasance memba a cikinta kuma memba a cikin Art Circle,  ta yi nazari kan ayyukanta lokacin da take cikin ƙarshen shekarunta na tamanin. Peers sun rubuta cewa 'Mary ta fi nuna wa wasu masu fasahar zamani na gargajiya a Lyceum Club a farkon shekarun 1960 waɗanda suka ɗauka cewa ita mai zane ce 'mai son'.' 

An bai wa Jami'ar Melbourne wani kaso mai yawa na kadarorinta kusan dala 874,000 don ɗakin karatun likitanci, sannan kuma an bai wa Jami'ar Melbourne dala 130,000 don tallafin karatu na digiri na biyu a fannin adabi da kula da mata da kuma kula da lafiyar mata a madadin mijinta. An ba da gudummawar ayyuka 300 daga tarin kayanta, waɗanda suka haɗa da zane-zanen Bunny, Streeton, Fox, Heyson, Roberts da sauransu,   ga National Gallery of Australia  da National Gallery of Victoria, kuma an ba da yawancin zane-zanenta ga jerin gidajen tarihi na yankin Victoria a shekarar 1976.

Duk da yawan kayan da Meyer ke samarwa, ba kasafai ake samun aikin Meyer a gwanjo ba, amma sha'awar da ake da ita tana karuwa;  *Yarra River* ta jawo hankalin A$7977, wanda har zuwa wannan lokacin, Satumba 2024, mafi girman farashi da aka samu ga aikinta.  Mary Meyer ta kuma jawo hankali a gwanjon da aka yi da *Cows in Landscape*, wanda aka sayar akan $2000, wanda ya zarce kiyasin $600 zuwa $800, da kuma *hotonta na Dr Felix Meyer*, wanda ya kai $2500, sama da kiyasin $700. 

## Nunin Nunin

* 1907, Oktoba: *Nunin Farko na Ayyukan Mata*, Ginin Nunin Melbourne.
* 1916, 21 ga Yuli: Gwanjon ayyukan fasaha don tallafawa Red Cross ta Faransa 'ta hannun Manyan Mawakan Ostiraliya,' waɗanda suka haɗa da: Rupert Bunny, Edward Officer, Ethel Carrick, Walter Withers, Robert Taylor-Ghee, Arthur Boyd, A. McClintock, Janet Cumbrae Stewart, Violet Teague, Josephine Muntz Adams, Clara Southern, William Rowland Coleman, SA Edmonds, Mary Meyer, Ina Gregory, Mrs. Goodwin Green, John D. Banks, William Menzies Gibb, Dora Meeson, da sauransu. The Atheneum, Upper Hall, Collins Street, Melbourne 
* 1965: Tunani na Baya. Ƙungiyar Lyceum, Melbourne 

### Bayan Mutuwa

* 1976, 17 ga Satumba–22 ga Oktoba: binciken da aka gudanar kan aikin ɗaliban Mildred Lovett, mai na Mary Meyer. Ma'aikatan Fasaha Mata Masu Muhimmanci, Gabashin Malvern 
* 1978, 6-22 Oktoba: binciken bincike na aikin ɗaliban Mildred Lovett, mai na Mary Meyer. Mahimman Mawakan Mata, Gabashin Malvern 
* 1992 Kammala Hoton: Mata Masu Zane-zane da Zamanin Heidelberg, baje kolin tafiye-tafiye wanda Artmoves ya shirya
* 1995, 8 Maris–25 Afrilu: *Mata suna ɗaga sama rabin sama*, National Gallery of Australia 
* 2007, 21 Oktoba–9 Disamba: *Hoton wani baje koli.* Gidan Tarihi na Castlemaine da Gidan Tarihi
* 2013, Yuli–Oktoba: *Masu ra'ayin kwarjini na Australiya a Faransa*, Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Victoria, Dandalin Federation   

## Tarin abubuwa

* Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Australiya 
* Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Victoria 
* Gidan Tarihi na Geelong Art Gallery 
* Gidan Tarihi na Bendigo Art Gallery 
* Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Castlemaine 

## Manazarta