Kadada Arba'in da Alfadari

**Kadada Arba'in da Alfadari** wata alƙawari ce da gwamnatin Amurka ta yi a shekarar 1865 ga tsoffin bayi baki bayan yakin basasa na Amurka. Wannan alƙawari ya samo asali ne daga umarnin soja da aka sani da suna "Special Field Orders No. 15" wanda Janar William T. Sherman ya bayar a ranar 16 ga Janairu 1865. Wannan umarni ya ba da damar raba ƙasashe daga gabar tekun Georgia zuwa kudancin Carolina ga iyalan tsoffin bayi, inda za a raba musu kadada arba'in kowanne iyali da kuma bai wa wasu daga cikinsu alfadari domin amfani da ƙasar.

Wannan tsari an ƙaddamar da shi ne domin taimaka wa tsoffin bayi su samu rayuwa mai zaman kansu, bayan an soke bautar da aka jima ana yi a yankin Kudu. Wannan shiri ya fito ne a lokacin da aka fara sake tsari bayan yakin basasa (Reconstruction), domin gyara halin da tsoffin bayi suka tsinci kansu a ciki.

## Asalin Shirin
A lokacin da sojojin Union suka ci gaba da mamaye yankunan Kudu, tsoffin bayi da dama suka fara guduwa daga matsugunansu don neman 'yanci. A wani taro da aka gudanar a Savannah, Georgia, tsakanin Janar Sherman da wakilan tsoffin bayi, sun bayyana bukatarsu ta mallakar ƙasa domin su samu 'yanci na hakika. Wannan ya sa Sherman ya bayar da wannan umarni, inda aka ware sama da kadada 1.6 miliyan na ƙasa domin rarraba wa tsoffin bayi. Legally, slaves could not own anything. But in practice, they did acquire capital. 

## Manufofi da Aiwatarwa
Kowanne iyalin tsoffin bayi zai samu kadada 40 na ƙasa, sannan wasu daga cikinsu za su samu alfadari domin taimaka musu noma. Wannan tsari ya fara aiki ne a wasu yankuna na gabar tekun Georgia da Carolina ta Kudu, kuma an fara raba ƙasa da gaske ga daruruwan iyalai.

Sai dai wannan alƙawari bai daɗe ba. Bayan mutuwar Shugaba Abraham Lincoln da dawowar shugabancin Andrew Johnson, sabon shugaban ya soke umarnin. Ya mayar da ƙasar ga tsoffin masu gonaki Fararen fata, yana mai cewa babu damar karɓar ƙasarsu har abada.

## Tasiri da Martani
Soke wannan shiri ya zama babban koma baya ga tsoffin bayi, domin da yawa daga cikinsu sun riga sun fara gyaran ƙasa, noma, da kafa sabbin gidaje. Sakamakon haka, yawanci daga cikinsu sun koma zaman marasa ƙasa ko kuma sun zama masu hayar gonaki karkashin tsarin sharecropping, wanda ya cigaba da danne su har shekaru da dama.

A cikin tarihi, kalmar "Kadada Arba'in da Alfadari" ta zama alamar alkawarin da bai cika ba ga bakin Amurkawa. Hakanan, tana nuni da irin gazawar gwamnati wajen cika alkawari ga waɗanda suka sha wahala a bautar ƙarni da suka gabata.

## Gado da Mahimmanci
Har zuwa yau, "Kadada Arba'in da Alfadari" na daga cikin batutuwan da ake ambato yayin tattaunawa kan diyya (reparations) ga 'yan asalin Afrika a Amurka. Masu rajin kare hakkin baki da wasu masana tarihi suna ganin cewa wannan gazawa ce da ta shafi cigaban al'ummar baki har zuwa yau.

## Kammalawa
Kadada Arba'in da Alfadari ya kasance wata alama ce ta bege da kuma gazawa a lokaci guda. Duk da cewa an fara da niyyar kawo sauyi mai ma'ana ga tsoffin bayi, rashin cikawa da soke alkawarin ya bar tarihi mai cike da zullumi da rashin adalci. Wannan lamari na daya daga cikin muhimman darussa na tarihin Amurka, da ke nuni da yadda 'yanci ke bukatar tallafi na ainihi, ba kawai furuci ba.

## Manazarta