Carl Braden

**Carl Braden** (24 ga Yuni, 1914 - 18 ga Fabrairu, 1975) ya kasance Ƴan ƙungiyar kwadago, ɗan jarida, kuma mai fafutuka wanda aka sani da aikinsa a cikin ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin bil'adama.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Braden a New Albany, Indiana, kuma ya mutu a Louisville, Kentucky .

Ya yi aiki ga *Louisville Herald-Post*, The Cincinnati Enquirer (1937-1945), The Louisville Times, da The Courier-Journal (1950-1954).  Ya kuma rubuta wa wasu ayyukan labarai ciki har da The *Harlan Daily Enterprise*, Knoxville Journal, New York Daily News, Chicago Tribune, *St. Louis Globe-Democrat*, *Newsweek*, da Federated Press.

A cikin 1948, yayin da yake aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida a Kentucky, ya sadu kuma ya auri ɗan jarida Anne Gambrell McCarty.  Bradens suna da yara uku. James, an haife shi Satumba 15, 1951, wanda ya zuwa 2020, ya rayu kuma ya yi aiki da doka sama da shekaru 35 a San Francisco, California, kuma ya kasance 1972 Rhodes Scholar a New College of University of Oxford kuma 1980 ya kammala digiri na Harvard Law School, inda ya gabace Barack Obama a matsayin editan *Harvard Law Review* .   Anita, wanda aka haifa a 1953, ya mutu daga ciwon huhu yana da shekaru 11. Elizabeth, an haife shi a 1960, ta yi aiki a matsayin malami a kasashe da dama a duniya, tana aiki a matsayin 2006 a wannan matsayi a yankunan karkarar Habasha . &#x5B;&#x5D;

Bradens sun sadaukar da rayuwarsu don tura fararen fata cikin hanyar adalci ga dukkan mutane, kuma musamman sun yi yaƙi da wariyar launin fata. Bayan mutuwar Carl, Anne Braden ta ci gaba da aiki a cikin hanyoyin sadarwar adawa da wariyar launin fata. Yayinda suke tayar da 'ya'yansu, Carl da matarsa Anne Braden sun ci gaba da kasancewa da hannu sosai a cikin kare hakkin bil'adama da kuma ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da suka biyo baya daga shekarun 1960 zuwa 1970, saboda wannan sun kasance masu kai hare-hare akai-akai daga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na kudancin.

## Yunkurin gwagwarmaya na farko
A shekara ta 1948, Carl Braden tare da matarsa Anne sun shiga cikin tseren Henry Wallace a Jam'iyyar Progressive Party don shugabancin. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da aka ci Wallace, sun bar aikin jarida na yau da kullun don amfani da basirarsu a matsayin marubutan hagu na ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta hanyar FE (Ma'aikatan gona da kayan aiki) Union, wanda ke wakiltar ma'aikatan Louisville na International Harvester.

## Lamarin Wade na shekara ta 1954
A shekara ta 1954, kai tsaye suna fuskantar al'adar rarrabe launin fata na yankunan zama, Bradens sun taimaka wa ma'aurata 'yan Afirka na Afirka, Andrew da Charlotte Wade, waɗanda suke so su sayi gidaje amma ba su iya yin hakan ba saboda nuna bambancin gidaje. Bradens sun sayi gida a madadin Wades a Shively, wani yanki mai fararen fata a cikin babban birnin Louisville, kuma sun ba da shi ga iyalin Wade. Fararen masu rabuwa nan da nan suka yi fashi - da farko ta hanyar jefa duwatsu ta windows na gidan, ƙone gicciye a gabansa, da kuma harbe bindigogi a cikin gida - sannan suka jefa bam a gidan (sanya fashewa a ƙarƙashin ɗakin kwana na yarinyar Wades yayin da aka mamaye gidan), fitar da Wades kuma suka lalata gidan. A sakamakon ayyukansu, an tuhumi Carl Braden da tayar da kayar baya. Kodayake nuna bambanci a gidaje ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukunci musamman a kan wata shari'a a Louisville, Buchanan v. Warley, a cikin 1917, an gabatar da tuhuma a kan Braden don ƙirƙirar makircin kwaminisanci don tayar da yakin tseren. An kuma tuhumi wani aboki na Wades da fashewar bam a gidan don ya zama kamar wasu sun yi shi. Ba a gabatar da tuhuma game da sauran abubuwan da suka faru ba. Braden ya musanta zargin cewa sayen gidan da kuma fashewar bam din da ya biyo baya duk wani bangare ne na "maƙarƙashiya na kwaminisanci", kuma ya musanta cewa ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci. An same shi a ranar 13 ga Disamba, 1954, kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 15 a kurkuku. Nan da nan bayan da aka yanke masa hukunci, an kore shi daga Courier-Journal, kuma ya yi watanni bakwai na hukuncinsa kafin a sake shi a kan jinginar $ 40,000 yana jiran roko - mafi girman jinginar da aka taɓa kafawa a Kentucky har zuwa wannan lokacin. Daga nan aka soke hukuncinsa.

Matar Carl, Anne, ta yi la'akari da wahalar kuma ta yi amfani da ita a matsayin tushen littafinta The Wall Between, wanda aka buga a 1958, wanda ya kasance na biyu don Kyautar Littafin Kasa kuma ya nuna rubutun baya daga Eleanor Roosevelt.

## 1961 Kotun Koli ta Amurka
Lokacin da aka tilasta masa ya bayyana a gaban Kwamitin Ayyuka na Majalisar (HUAC), Braden ya ki amsa tambayoyin da aka yi masa, yana mai cewa tambayoyin ba su dace da umarnin kwamitin ba kuma sun keta haƙƙin Kwaskwarimar Farko. An saurari karar a gaban Kotun Koli ta Amurka a matsayin Braden v. United States, 365 US 431 (1961). Kotun ta yanke hukunci a kan Braden, tana mai cewa hukuncin da aka yanke masa ya kasance bisa tsarin mulki.

An yanke wa Braden hukuncin shekara guda a kurkuku, kuma Martin Luther King Jr. ne ya jagoranci yunkurin neman gafara a shari'arsa. An sake shi bayan ya yi watanni tara na hukuncin.

## Yunkurin gwagwarmaya na baya
A shekara ta 1967, an sake tuhumar Bradens da tayar da kayar baya don nuna rashin amincewa da aikin hakar ma'adinai a Pike County, Kentucky. Sun yi amfani da wannan shari'ar don gwada Dokar tayar da kayar baya ta Kentucky, wacce aka yanke hukuncin ba bisa ka'ida ba a kotun tarayya.

An sanya Bradens a cikin baƙar fata daga aikin gida a Kentucky. Sun dauki aiki a matsayin masu shirya filin don Asusun Ilimi na Kudancin (SCEF), suna haɓaka kulawar kafofin watsa labarai ta hanyar jaridar SCEF ta kowane wata, The Southern Patriot, da kuma ta hanyar litattafai da yawa da kuma fitar da manema labarai da ke tallata manyan kamfen na haƙƙin jama'a. Matasan dalibai masu gwagwarmayar kare hakkin bil'adama na shekarun 1960 sun yaba wa Bradens kuma daga cikin manyan magoya bayan fararen fata.

Taron Jagorancin Kirista na Kudancin ya dauki bakuncin liyafar girmama Frank Wilkinson da Carl Braden a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 1961, ranar da suka je kurkuku saboda kalubalantar Kwamitin Ayyuka na Majalisar da ba na Amurka ba. Martin Luther King Jr. da James Dombrowski sun kasance a wannan liyafar girmama Wilkinson da Braden.

## Mutuwa
Carl Braden ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani daga ciwon zuciya a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 1975, kuma an binne shi a Kabari na Eminence a Henry County, Eminence, Kentucky .

## Manazarta