open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ayre (ƙasa)

Wani **ayre** shine sunan da aka yi amfani da shi don rairayin bakin teku da aka samu a Orkney, Shetland, Isle of Man, Lancashire, Cumbria da Northumbria .  Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga Tsohon Norse *eyrr*, ma'ana rairayin bakin teku ko wuri mai laushi,  kuma ana iya amfani da shi ga rairayin rairayin kan teku na yau da kullun, rairayin ga bakin teku irin su Lang Ayre  a Northmavine, Shetland, spits, sanduna ko tombolos, amma kawai idan an kafa shi da shingle. 

Fiye da 130 irin waɗannan rairayin bakin teku suna kan taswirar Ordnance Survey na Shetland, amma kaɗan a Orkney, inda yawancin rairayin kan teku suka samo asali ne daga yashi. Kalmar a cikin tsohuwar Norse ta zama ruwan dare a Iceland, kuma tana faruwa a wasu sunayen wurare a arewa da yammacin ƙasar Scotland wanda ke da tasirin Norse mai ƙarfi, kamar Eriboll ("gida a kan rairayin bakin teku") da kuma sunayen bankunan shingle da yawa - Salt Ayre, Green Ayre, Stake Ayre, Rabbit Ayre da Whinny Ayre - a cikin hawan Kogin Lune a Lancaster.

Churchill Barrier lamba 4 a Orkney ya yi amfani da wani shingle spit, Ayre na Cara a Kudancin Ronaldsay, a matsayin kudancinsa. Har yanzu ana kiran wannan ayre a kan taswira, duk da cewa duk sun ɓace a ƙarƙashin hanyar da yashi da suka tara a gefen gabas. 

Kalmar "ayre" wani lokacin ana amfani da ita ba daidai ba ga tombolos na yashi (misali St. Ninian's tombolo a Shetland) da kuma tabkuna da lagoons da aka rufe da sanduna na bay-head, waɗanda ake kira   a Orkney da  a Shetland.

## Manazarta
Binciko Shirin Sanyaya Yanayi

**Shirin Binciko Yanayin Sanyi** wani yunƙuri ne na kimiya na Birtaniyya da ke mayar da hankali kan binciken fasahar injiniyan yanayi da aka tsara don rage tasirin ɗumamar yanayi. Babban makasudin shirin ya ƙunshi bincika hanyoyi daban-daban don rage zafin saman duniya ta hanyar iyakance hasken rana zuwa yuwuwar rage ci gaban canjin yanayi.

ta Afrilu 2025, Cibiyar Bincike da Ƙirƙirar Ƙirƙirar (ARIA) da Majalisar Binciken Muhalli ta Ƙasa sun ba da jimillar fam miliyan 61 a cikin tallafin gwamnati ga shirin injiniyan yanayi a cikin ayyukan bincike da yawa.

## Ƙaddamarwa
Daraktan Shirin sanyaya yanayi, Farfesa Mark Symes ya bayyana ra'ayin cewa, haɗarin da ke damun yanayin yanayi - kamar yuwuwar rugujewar ruwan tekun Atlantika ko manyan kankara - yana buƙatar bincike kan hanyoyin da za su iya kwantar da duniyar cikin sauri. Shugabannin shirye-shiryen, bayan tuntubar daruruwan masu bincike, sun yi iƙirarin cewa an fara aikin ne saboda rashin samun bayanai masu ma'ana daga gwaje-gwajen zahiri na zahiri game da yunƙurin rage sauyin yanayi, wanda simintin gwaje-gwaje da ƙirar kwamfuta kaɗai ba za su iya bayarwa ba.

A ƙarshen 2024, Cibiyar Bincike da Ƙirƙirar Ƙirƙirar (ARIA) ta ware fam miliyan 50 zuwa ga cikakken shirin bincike wanda ya haɗa da ƙananan gwaje-gwaje na waje. Cikakkar wannan yunƙurin, Hukumar Binciken Muhalli ta ƙasa (NERC) ta ƙaddamar da ƙarin fam miliyan 11 a ranar 3 ga Afrilu, 2025, don bincika yuwuwar tasirin ayyukan injiniyan hasken rana. Tallafin biyu ya haifar da Burtaniya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da kuɗi na kimiyyar injiniyan yanayi, a daidai lokacin da aka yi hasashen gudummawar Amurka za ta ragu a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Donald Trump na biyu.

Shirin ya yi niyya don gwada hanyoyin da yawa don sarrafa hasken rana (SRM). Waɗannan sun haɗa da allurar aerosol na stratospheric, wanda ya haɗa da gabatar da barbashi masu haske zuwa sararin sama don billa hasken rana zuwa sararin samaniya; girgijen ruwa yana haskakawa, wanda ya haɗa da fesa ruwan teku don haɓaka hasken girgije; da cirrus Cloud thinning, wanda ya haɗa da shuka ƙanƙara a cikin gajimaren cirrus don rage tsawon lokacinsu.

Shirin ya ba da matakai da yawa don rage yiwuwar lahani da gwaje-gwajen suka haifar, kamar haramcin sakin abubuwa masu guba, buga cikakken nazarin tasirin muhalli kafin gwaje-gwaje, da tuntuɓar wakilan al'umma a yankunan da gwaje-gwajen suka yi tasiri. Masu binciken shirin sun bayyana fatan cewa za a iya haɓaka matakan da aka gwada a cikin ma'auni a cikin shekaru goma, idan gwaje-gwajen sun nuna alamun nasara.

## Rigima
Masu sukar, ciki har da mashahuran masu binciken yanayi da dama, sun bayyana gwaje-gwajen sarrafa hasken rana da shirin zai gudanar a matsayin wata hanya mara kyau wacce ke karkatar da hankali daga muhimmin aiki na rage fitar da iskar carbon. Manyan masu bincike Michael Mann da Raymond Pierrehumbert sun bayyana ƙoƙarin a matsayin "mai haɗari mai haɗari" daga tushen tushen canjin yanayi, kuma ya yi kama da "shan aspirin don ciwon daji".

## Manazarta
Al'ummar Afirka ta Kudu ta Sahara a Paris

Yankin babban birni na Paris yana da al'umma ta asali daga yankin Saharar Afirka . Akwai mutane 54,000 daga Afirka, ban da Algeria, Maroko, da Tunisiya, bisa ga ƙidayar Faransa ta 2009. Kasashen da suka samo asali a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara sun hada da Burkina Faso, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Guinea, Kamaru, Mali, da Senegal . 

An sami karuwa mai yawa a cikin mutanen da suka fito daga yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara da ke zaune a Paris daga 1960 zuwa 1992.

## Geography
Ya zuwa kusan 1995 wuraren da aka fi so na mazauna yankin kudu da hamadar sahara a birnin Paris sun hada da gundumomi na 18th, 19th, and 20th . Bugu da ƙari, gundumomi na kewayen birni suna da mazauna Afirka: Charenton, Issy-les-Moulineaux, Ivry-sur-Seine, Montreuil, da Pantin . 

Mazauna Montreuil sukan yi wa garin laƙabi da "garin Mali na biyu bayan Bamako ", ko kuma wani lokacin "Mali-sous-Bois"  ko "Bamako-sur-Seine" duk da cewa Seine ba ya shiga cikin garin. Lallai Montreuil yana da yawan al'ummar Mali : fiye da mazauna 2,000 bisa ga INSEE a 1999, tsakanin mutane 6,000 zuwa 10,000 bisa ga *mairie*,  wanda ya kiyasta cewa Montreuil yana da mafi yawan al'ummar Mali a Faransa.  Kashi 10% na al'ummar ƙasar Mali ne ko kuma suna da asalin ƙasar Mali. 

## Al'adu
Salon kiɗan *coupé-décalé* yana jaddada alaƙar da ke tsakanin Abidjan, Ivory Coast da Paris. 

## Fitattun mutane

* Luc Abalo
* Umar Bakari
* Amedy Coulibaly
* Bira Dembélé
* Mana Dembélé
* Alou Diarra
* Boukary Dramé
* Tripy Makonda
* André Matsoua
* Dan N'Guessan
* Bakary Sako
* Mamadou Samassa (an haife shi a shekara ta 1990)
* Umar Sissoko
* Alassane També
* Bano Traore
* Ibrahima Traore
* Makan Traore (an haife shi a shekara ta 1992)

## Magana

* Jules-Rosette, Bennetta. *Black Paris: Tsarin Marubutan Afirka* (Littafin Duniya: Nazarin Al'adu). Jami'ar Illinois Press, 2000. , 9780252069352.

## Manazarta

## Kara karantawa

* Cazenave, Odile. *Afrique sur Seine: Wani Sabbin Marubuta na Afirka a birnin Paris* (Bayan Daular: Duniya ta Faransanci da Turawan Mulkin Faransa). Littattafan Lexington, 15 Janairu 2007. ISBN&nbsp;, 9780739120637.
* Dadie, Bernard Binlin. *Dan Afirka a Paris* . Jami'ar Illinois Press, 1 Janairu 1994. ISBN&nbsp;, 9780252064074.
* Jenkins, Jennifer. *<nowiki/>'Yan Afirka ta Yamma a Paris* . Walƙiya Source Incorporated, 2008. ISBN&nbsp;, 9783836497268.
* " Al'adun Afirka a cikin 'City of Romance' ." *[[CNN]]* . Nuwamba 5, 2012 - Bidiyo
* *[https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLGHg5ka8T5EIQ9WGrf2iYkJdUPPrlNjOa Baarakètò]* (Shirin Gajerun Fina-Finai). An ka ta, 2022.
Sakataren Ma'aikatar Canjin Yanayi

**Sakataren majalisar ministocin sauyin yanayi** ( Welsh   ) memba ne a majalisar ministoci a gwamnatin Wales . Ma'aikaci na yanzu shine Huw Iranca-Davies tun Maris 2024.

## Ministoci

## Ayyuka
Ayyukan mukamin sune: 

* **Canjin yanayi, albarkatun kasa da nauyin makamashi**
** Shirye-shiryen ruwa da ruwa mai laushi, bambancin halittu, kiyayewa da lasisi
** Tabbatar da manufofin ƙasa ana amfani da su mafi kyau kuma mafi yawan amfani, ba da shawara kan maido da wuraren ma'adinai, Rarraba ƙasar noma da aiwatar da Dokokin EIA (Aikin Gona) 
** Manufofin makamashi, wanda ya haɗa da ƙaramin da matsakaiciyar samar da makamashi.
** Makamashi mai sabuntawa a Wales
** Canjin yanayi, wanda aka magance shi da kasafin kudin carbon da kuma rage fitarwa
** Gudanar da albarkatun kasa, gami da kulawa da aiwatar da Dokar Muhalli (Wales) , da kuma kula da albarkaten kasa na WalesAlbarkatun Halitta Wales
** Matakan ragewa da daidaitawa da suka shafi canjin yanayi, gami da shigar da ruwa, ambaliyar ruwa (da haɗarin bakin teku), zubar da ƙasa, da sarrafa gurɓataccen ruwa da iska.
** Tsaro na Coal a Wales
** Ruwa
** Manufofin gandun daji da dokoki, gami da sake dawowa da saka idanu kan lafiyar bishiyoyi, da kuma "kayan haifuwa na gandun daji"
** Garin Kasa na Wales
** Manufofin bambancin halittu, gami da aiwatar da Shirin Maido da Yanayi
** Amfani mai dorewa da albarkatu, da kuma kula da sharar gida
** Gudanar da ingancin muhalli na gida, gami da datti, tashi-tipping, Tsarin Komawa na ajiya, manufofin hayaniya da ka'idoji
** Gidajen shakatawa na kasa
** Jagoran rabon da dabarun kayan aikin birane
** Yankunan Green na Al'umma
** Yankin ƙauye, bakin teku, dama ta hanya, da hanyoyin ruwa / ruwa
** Yankunan Kyakkyawan Kyakkyawar Halitta

## Manazarta
Maud Casey

**Maud Casey** marubuci ɗan Amurka ne, kuma farfesa a fannin rubuce-rubucen ƙirƙira a Jami'ar Maryland, Kwalejin Kwalejin.

## Rayuwa
Ita ce 'yar marigayi marubuci John Casey. Ta sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Arizona da M.F.A.
 

## Manazarta
D. Graham Burnett

**D.Graham Burnett**

D. Graham Burnett masanin tarihin kimiyya ne kuma marubuci Ba'amurke. Shi farfesa ne a Jami'ar Princeton kuma edita a majalisar ministoci, wanda ke Brooklyn, New York. Burnett ya sami A.B. a cikin tarihi (natsuwa a cikin tarihin kimiyya) a Jami'ar Princeton da M.Phil da Ph.D. a cikin tarihi da falsafar kimiyya a Kwalejin Trinity, Cambridge.

## manazarta
Sojojin Juyin Juya Halin Jama'ar Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) shi ne reshen soja na Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), jam'iyyar siyasa ta Marxist-Leninist a Rhodesia . Ya shiga cikin Rhodesian Bush War da aka yi da mulkin fararen fata na Rhodesia (Zimbabwe ta zamani). ZIPRA (ko sau da yawa ZPRA) an kafa ta ne a cikin shekarun 1960 ta hanyar jagoran kasa Jason Moyo, mataimakin Joshua Nkomo.

## Ayyuka
Saboda dabarun siyasa na ZAPU sun haɗu da tattaunawar siyasa da sojoji, ZIPRA ta haɓaka a matsayin horar da sojoji na yau da kullun da mayakan 'yan tawaye, kodayake kuma a shekara ta 1979 tana da kimanin mayakan 20,000,  wanda ke sansanoni a kusa da Lusaka, Zambia da kuma gaba. Yankin ƙetare na ZIPRA zuwa Zimbabwe sun kasance a Feira a Zambia a gaban Mashonaland Gabas da Yamma. Misali, iyakar aiki ita ce Sipolilo inda ZIPRA, Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) da Rhodesian Security Forces suka yi fada. ZIPRA ta yi aiki kadai a Mashonaland West. Babu mayakan ZANLA da suka kasance a wannan yanki har zuwa matakan da suka biyo baya na yakin.

Baya ga ra'ayoyin siyasa gaba ɗaya, manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin ZIPRA da ZANLA sune:

Baya ga ra'ayoyin siyasa gaba ɗaya, manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin ZIPRA da ZANLA sune:
## Manazarta
Xabi'a na karin magana

Ka'idojin ambaliyar siyasa shine tsarin da ke neman inganta tunawa da abin da ya gabata, saboda hakan yana ba da gudummawa ga makoma mai kyau. A matsayinka na tsarin ɗabi'a, an daidaita daga hadin kai na adalci, wanda ya nuna cewa ana gudanar da tunawa da wannan tunatarwa da siyasa - niyya. Misalai na irin wannan ambaliyar sun hada da al'amuran gwamnati, gumakan gidaje, sunaye, sunaye, a tsakanin wasu.
"Ethics of Political Commemoration"
Tsarin ya kunshi ka'idodi takwas, an shirya shi a ƙarƙashin subheadings biyu, kama da ka'idar yaƙi. Waɗannan ka'idodi suna bincika tambayoyin yabo da hanawa a lokacin tunawa da aka samu damar tunawa da dalilai na siyasa. Babban mahimmancin tsarin shine halin ɗabi'a na siyasa ce ta buƙatar ɗaukar ma'auni da yawa.,

yakamata a yi magana a cikin manyan nau'ikan.
Masu ba da gudummawa daga tsarin da gangan suka karba tare, tsarin yana iya zama cikakkiyar hanyar ɗabi'a ko misalin don karin magana. Suna hadewa cewa shari'o'in kasar Just su ma suna amfani da wannan halin kirki, a cikin cewa duka pacifiist da nazarinsu / madadin juyin juya hali suna riƙe da ingancinsu. [1]

## Aikace-aikace
An yi amfani da tsarin ga wasu lokuta a cikin wallafe-wallafe daban-daban, ciki har da Gidan Tarihi na Brijuni zuwa Tito;  gidan Tarihi na Stalin a Gori, Georgia;  ] Gidan Tarihi na Bolnisi;  Memorial a Yerevan; hanyar WG Sebald a Wertach; kuma an gabatar da gardama cewa za a iya amfani da tsarin kula da lafiya tare da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya.
"Addressing institutional trauma in health care: the case for a structured ethical framework"
A cikin 2023, Mehdi Bchir da David Wood sun yi iƙirarin cewa tsarin zai iya taimakawa "haɓaka hangen nesa na gaba" ga Libya.
"How Commemoration Can Help Unite a Divided Libya"

## Tushe
An fara gabatar da tsarin a wani taron karawa juna sani a Jami'ar Hoton Hall a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 2021. "Towards an Ethics of Commemoration - Reflections on Armenia's Quest for Recognition" An kuma gabatar da koyarwar tattaunawa a cikin gidan Charham a cikin Oktoba 2021. ["Memory politics: the challenge of commemoration in post-Soviet Eastern Europe and the Caucasus" Wallafe-wallafe-wallafe-wallafe-wallafe-wallafe sun kafa hanyar daki daki daki. Hans Guttrod ya kirkiro da Hans Guttrod, mai binciken ya samo asali ne a Jami'ar Jihar Ilia. "Ethics of Political Commemoration -" Dauda Wood Wood, wanda ya karyata a Jami'ar Hebon, wanda ya kirkiro da aikace-aikacen tsarin don sauƙin canzawa.

## Manazarta
Yanayi (jarida)

Wannan jerin mujallu ne na ilimi da MDPI  da aka buga. Ya zuwa watan Satumbar 2022, MDPI ta buga mujallu na ilimi 399 da An sake dubawa a mujallu taron.
Morocco a yau

**** jarida yau da kullun ce ta Maroko. Jarida ce ta labarai gaba ɗaya.

Aujourd'hui Le Maroc wani bangare ne na Akwa Group wanda mallakar iyalin/ahalin gidan  Akhanouch ne. 

## Tarihi da bayanin martaba
 an fara bugawa ne a shekara ta dubu biyu da daya 2001 ta hanyar ALM Publishing .  Khalil Hachimi Idrissi ne ya kafa takarda, wanda daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan kamfanin dillancin labarai na jihar Maghreb Arabe Presse, kuma wanda ke da hannun jari a kamfanin wallafe-wallafen ALM. Asusun fansho na jihar Caisse de dépôt et de gestion yana daga cikin masu hannun jari na jaridar.

Ya zuwa shekara ta dubu biyu da takwas 2008, Idrissi ya kasance Babban edita jaridar yau da kullun  wanda ke da matsayi na siyasa mai zaman kansa. 

Yana da rabon kwafi kimanin 20,000 kullum a cikin 2003. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Fadada bincike

* Jerin jaridu na Maroko
* Jaridar Maroc - جريدة إلكترونية مغربية An adana shi  

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

*
Masallacin Lalla Abla

**[[Masallaci]] Lalla Abla** (Arabic), wanda aka fi sani da Masallacin Port, masallaci ne a Tangier, Morocco, an kammala shi a shekarar dubu biyu da sha bakwai 2017 kuma Sarki Mohammed VI ya keɓe shi a watan Yulin shekara ta 2018. Ya maye gurbin ƙaramin masallaci a wani wuri da ke kusa, wanda aka fi sani da Masallacin Port . 

An sanya masa suna ne bayan kakarsa ta Mohammed VI Lalla Abla bint Tahar, wanda ya sake maimaita keɓewar shekaru 35 da suka gabata na Masallacin Mohammed V na Tangier ga mijin Lalla Abla da kakan Mohammed VI.

Masallacin yana da kimanin murabba'in mita 5,712, a wani shahararren wuri a tashar kamun kifi ta Tangier wanda Mohammed VI ya kaddamar da shi 'yan makonni da suka gabata a watan Yunin shekara 2018. Yana iya karɓar bakuncin masu bautar sama da 1,900 a cikin dakunan addu'a guda biyu na maza da mata.

## Fadada bincike

* Masallacin Mohammed V, Tangier
* Mausoleum na Mohammed V
* Jerin masallatai a Maroko

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje
Yarima Moulay Abdallah na Maroko

**Yarima Moulay Abdallah na Maroko** (31 ga watan Mayu alif dari tara da talatin da biyar 1935  - 20 Disamba 1983) ɗan'uwan Moulay Hassan ne, daga baya Sarki Hassan II na Maroko kuma ɗan Sarki Mohammed V na Maroko (1909-1961), da matarsa ta biyu Princess Abla bint Tahar (1909-1992).

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Yarima Moulay Abdallah a Dar al-Makhzen a Rabat . Kamar dan uwansa, gaba Hassan II, ya bi karatunsa a Royal College a Rabat, wanda mahaifinsu ya kirkiro musu a alif dari tara da arba'in da biyu 1942.  Korar danginsa a cikin shekara ta alif dari tara da hamsin da uku 1953, na farko zuwa Corsica sannan Madagascar, ya sa ya canza makarantu. Mahaifinsa da danginsa suna zaune a Antsirabe kuma Moulay Abdallah ya kasance ƙwararren malami a kwalejin addini, *Les pères jésuites de Saint-Michel* .  Bai dade da yin makarantar kwana ba, kamar yadda 'yar uwarsa Lalla Malika ta shiga wani jami'a, kuma da sauri ya bar wannan cibiyar don daukar darasi na sirri, ita ma 'yar uwarsa.  Bayan iyalansa sun dawo daga gudun hijira a Maroko a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, alif dari tara da hamsin da biyar 1955, ya koma rayuwarsa ta farko kuma ƙasarsa ta sami 'yancin kai a ranar 2 ga Maris, shekara ta 1956. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa a *l'École des Roches*,  a Normandy, daga farkon shekarar makaranta ta Satumba 1956 don samun digirinsa .  Ya bar wannan kafa kuma ya shiga birnin Paris a Lycée *Louis-le-Grand*   ya sami digirinsa a shekarar 1958 . 

## Iyali
A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, shekara ta alif dari tara da sittin da daya 1961, (a lokacin bikin aure biyu tare da ɗan'uwansa Hassan II) ya auri Lamia Solh, 'yar Riad Solh, Firayim Minista na farko na Lebanon.  Daga nan ne Sarki Hassan II ya ba matarsa Lalla Lamia taken Gimbiya da kuma Maganar Mai Girma. Ma'auratan su ne iyayen:

* Yarima Moulay Hicham;
* Gimbiya Lalla Zineb;
* Yarima Moulay Ismail.

Yayan su 'yan uwan Yarima Al Waleed bin Talal ne na Saudi Arabia,  wanda mahaifiyarsa mahaifiyarsu ita ce Mona Solh. 

## Mutuwa
Ya mutu daga ciwon daji a ranar 20 ga Disamba a shekarar 1983 alif dari tara da tamanin da uku, yana da shekaru 48, a Rabat. An binne shi tare da mahaifinsa, Sarki Mohammed V, a cikin Mausoleum na Mohammed V a Rabat . Daga baya, ya kuma zama wurin binne ɗan'uwansa Sarki Hassan II.

## Kyauta
An sanya wa Filin wasa na Yarima Moulay Abdellah alif dari tara da tamanin da uku (1983)  suna, da kuma wurin maye gurbinsa a wannan shafin, filin wasa na Prince Moulay Abdela . 

## Daraja

### Darajar ƙasa

* Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the Throne (1963).&#x5B;**&#x5D;

### Darajar kasashen waje

*  : Knight Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (1963).
*  Empire of Iran : Commemorative Medal of the 2500th Anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire (14/10/1971).
*  : Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (27/10/1980).

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Compton Nevé

The **Compton Névé** névé ne a cikin Yankin Pacific na Tsaunukan Teku a kudu maso yammacin British Columbia, Kanada, kudu maso gabashin Homathko Icefield da Dutsen Gilbert kuma zuwa kudu na Kogin Bishop. Ya kwanta yamma da Lillooet Icecap kuma an haɗa shi da Ring Glacier, wanda ke zaune astride Ring Pass, rabe tsakanin Lillooet da Bishop Rivers, kuma yana da yanki na . 

## Manazarta
Dokar Rarraba Ƙasa ta 1930

Dokar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci ta 1930 ta sa ya zama ba bisa ka'ida ba ga 'yan Afirka su sayi ƙasa a waje da wuraren sayen' yan asalin ƙasar da aka kafa a yankin Kudancin Rhodesia, wanda yanzu ake kira Zimbabwe. Kafin dokar 1930, ba a iya samun ƙasa a bayyane ga 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, amma kuma babu wani shingen doka ga mallaka. An zartar da Dokar ne a karkashin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a cikin ƙoƙari na hana asarar ikon gwamnati a kan 'yan asalin yankin.

Dokar ta haifar da yawan jama'a na Native Reservations, da kuma iyakance damar Afirka ga ƙasa mai inganci wanda ya haifar da babban rashin daidaito na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Sakamakon Dokar Rarraba Ƙasa ta 1930 za a iya gani a cikin dokokin da aka zartar don magance batutuwan da ta kirkira, kamar dokar Native Land Husbandry na shekarun 1950, wanda kuma ya tilasta rarrabe ƙasa da iyakance damar 'yan asalin ƙasar a Kudancin Rhodesia.[1] Bayan samun 'yancin kai, sake fasalin ƙasa ya ci gaba da kula da muhimmancinsa a Zimbabwe, yayin da gwamnatin yanzu ke aiki don sake bayyana mallakar ƙasa a karni na ashirin da daya.
## Manazarta
Lardunan Libya

An wajabta **lardunan Libya** a cikin shekarar 1934, a lokacin ƙarshen lokacin mulkin mallaka na Italiya Libya, kuma sun ci gaba ta hanyar Libya bayan samun 'yancin kai har zuwa shekara ta 1963 lokacin da aka kafa tsarin mulki.

Manyan larduna uku na ƙasar sun bi sahun asali na mulkin mallaka na Italiya Libya: lardin Tripolitania, lardin Cyrenaica da lardin Fezzan.

## Zamanin mulkin mallaka na Italiya
Bayan Italiya ta karɓe yankin daga Daular Ottoman a shekarar 1912, an gudanar da ita a matsayin ruƙunin gudanarwa guda ɗaya, wanda ake kira Italiya Arewacin Afirka.
Bayan haka, daga shekarun 1927 zuwa 1934, an raba yankin zuwa yankuna biyu daban-daban, kowannensu yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin gwamnan Italiya: Italiyan Cyrenaica da Italiyan Tripolitania. A cikin shekarar 1934, Italiya ta karɓi sunan "Libya" (Libya Italiya) a matsayin sunan hukuma na yankin da aka sake haɗewa kuma a hukumance ta raba shi zuwa larduna uku na Cyrenaica, Tripolitania da Fezzan. A cikin shekarar 1937, lardunan Cyrenaica da Tripolitania sun rabu, inda arewacin Cyrenaica ya zama lardin Benghazi da lardin Darnah da arewacin Tripolitania suka rabu zuwa lardin Tripoli da lardin Misurata. 

Ba a raba Fezzan a cikin shekarar 1937 ba, amma duk yankin hamadar sahara ta kudu ana gudanar da aikin soja ne a matsayin yankin Soja na Kudancin *(Territorio del Sahara Libico* ko *Il Territorio Militare del Sud Libico*).

An raba yankin Saharar Libya zuwa gundumomin soji huɗu da ake gudanarwa daga hamadar garuruwan Ghat, Brak, Murzuk da Hun. Oder Senussi Kufra oasis a kudu maso gabashin hamadar Libya ba Italiya bane ke gudanar da shi daban ba, amma a shekara ta 1932, sun gina katanga a wuri mai tsarki na El Tag a samansa. Sojojin Italiya ne kawai ke gudanar da wannan yanki kuma a cikin shekarar 1936 an ƙara haɓaka tare da haɗa Aouzou Strip na Chadi na Faransa.

## Yaƙin Duniya na II da samun 'yancin kai
A shekarar 1943 ne Faransawa da Britaniya suka mamaye ƙasar Libya bayan nasarar Kamfen na hamada ta Yamma, lokacin da aka sake raba ƙasar zuwa larduna uku: Tripolitania a arewa maso yamma, Cyrenaica a gabas da Fezzan-Ghadames a kudu maso yamma.

Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekara ta 1951, larduna uku sun ci gaba da zama tsarin raba ƙasa a masarautar Libya, inda aka ɗan canja iyakoki, har zuwa shekara ta 1963. Sannan aka maye gurbin lardunan da tsarin *muhafazah*  a masarautar da kuma jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Libya ta gaba har sai da tsarin gundumomi  na shekarar 1983 ya maye gurbinsu. 

## Duba kuma

* Tarihin Libya a matsayin mulkin mallaka na Italiya
* Yankunan Libya
* Gundumomin Libya
* Gwamnonin Libya

## Bayanan kula
Ostiraliya mai hana wuta

Fireproof Australia kungiya ce ta gwagwarmayar canjin yanayi da aka sadaukar don kare yanayin halittu na musamman na Australia, al'ummomi, da tsararraki masu zuwa daga gobarar daji.

An kama mambobin kungiyar bayan sun toshe gadar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Sydney a shekarar 2022. An tsare wani memba a kurkuku na ɗan lokaci, kafin ya ci nasara wajen daukaka kara.

## Tarihin kungiyar
Fireproof Australia kungiya ce ta gwagwarmayar canjin yanayi ta Australia wacce aka kafa a 2022 a Sydney, Australia .  Wadanda suka kafa sun hada da Violet Coco . Kungiyar ta bayyana cewa an kafa ta ne saboda rashin martani da Gwamnatin Australiya ta yi game da *Lokacin gobarar daji na Australiya na 2019-20* wanda ya bar 'yan Australiya 18,000 da suka rasa muhallinsu. Kungiyar ta tashi zuwa sananne a cikin 2022 don jerin zanga-zangar, gami da toshe manyan tituna,  katse wasan Rugby League na kasa,  da kuma toshe zirga-zirga a kan gadar Sydney Harbour - wanda aka yanke wa Violet Coco hukuncin watanni 15 a kurkuku. 

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2023, wani alƙali ya soke hukuncin da aka yanke wa 'yan gwagwarmayar Fireproof Australia guda biyu. Wannan yanke shawara ta zo ne bayan an gano cewa rundunar 'yan sanda ta New South Wales ta gabatar da shaidu masu yaudara da ke ikirarin cewa zanga-zangar ta toshe motar gaggawa.

## Kasancewa memba
Membobin sun hada da tsoffin mambobin Extinction Rebellion,  Violet Coco, memba na Hukumar Wutar Lantarki ta Karkara Alan Russell Glover, da Karen Fitz-Gibbon. 

## Manazarta
Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Ruwa da Yanayi (Zimbabwe)

Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Yanayi da namun daji ma'aikata ce ta gwamnati, wacce ke da alhakin kula da muhalli, canjin yanayi da kula da namun daji a Zimbabwe. Ministan da ke kan mulki shine Sithembiso G.G. Nyoni .  Ma'aikatar tana kula da:

* Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Gidajen Kasa ta Zimbabwe
* Hukumar Kula da Muhalli a Zimbabwe
* Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka
* Ma'aikatar Kula da Yanayi ta Zimbabwe

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Abubuwan Gaskiya akan Canjin Yanayi -

***[[Canjin yanayi]] - Gaskiya*** wani shirin Burtaniya ne na shekarar 2019 wanda David Attenborough ya gabatar wanda ke tattauna canjin yanayi da yiwuwar magance shi. Shirin na awa daya ya fara bugawa a BBC One a Ingila da karfe 9 na dare  a ranar 18 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 2019. 

## Karɓar baƙi
Fim din ya sami yabo daga masu sukar don nuna haɗarin da za a iya gabatar da su ta hanyar rashin yin isasshen don magance canjin yanayi. *[[The Guardian]]* ya kira shi "kira mai tayar da hankali ga makamai",  yayin da The Telegraph ya bayyana taken a matsayin "mai ƙarfi" kuma ya yaba da amfani da Attenborough a matsayin mai gabatarwa: "A lokacin da muhawara ta jama'a ke ci gaba da zama mai tayar, yana da kyau a gabatar da shi da wani abu da za ku iya amincewa. 

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Climate Change – The FactsaBBC Online 
*
Bears na Gaskiya

The Real Bears wani kamfen ne na tallace-tallace na rigakafin shan giya ta Cibiyar Kimiyya a cikin Jama'a, wanda aka fara a watan Oktoba 2012. Yana da kamfen ɗin talla na Kamfanin Coca-Cola wanda ke nuna bears, musamman tallace-tallace na "Open Happiness", kuma an samar da shi tare da taimakon Alex Bogusky. Michael Jacobson ya ce tallan shine "...yunkurinmu na sake sanya abin sha mai laushi daga tushen farin ciki zuwa babban dalilin cuta. "  CSPI ta zaɓi Bogusky don jagorantar tallan saboda, sun ce, sun daɗe suna sha'awar aikinsa wajen ƙirƙirar tallace-tallace na hana sigari ta hanyar hukumar sa, Crispin Porter + Bogusky.  Waƙar da ke wasa a cikin tallan CSPI ta Jason Mraz ne kuma ana kiranta "Sugar". Tallafin yana nuna bears da ke fama da matsaloli iri-iri na kiwon lafiya sakamakon amfani da soda, kamar nau'in ciwon sukari na II da rashin aiki. A mayar da martani ga tallan, mai magana da yawun Coca-Cola Susan Stribling ta bayyana cewa tallan "ba shi da alhakin kuma abin da ya saba da shi daga CSPI, kuma Karen Hanretty, mai magana le yawun American Beverage Association, ta lura cewa amfani da soda ya ragu a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata ko haka, yayin da yawan kiba har yanzu ya karu a wannan lokacin, yana cewa, "CSPI ya fi kyau a samar da bidiyo fiye da suke yin lissafi. "  Bidiyon yana da ra'ayoyi sama da miliyan 2 a YouTube. 

## Manazarta
Canjin yanayi a Tsibirin Faroe

**Canjin yanayi** yana shafar fannoni daban-daban na muhalli a Tsibirin Faroe.

## Rashin iskar gas

Rashin iskar gas na shekara-shekara ya kai tan 1,119.716 na carbon dioxide daidai. Rashin iskar gas ya karu da kashi 11% tsakanin shekara ta 1990 da shekarar 2002. Rashin fitarwa ga kowane mutum a shekara ta 2002 ya kai kimanin tan 4 na carbon dioxide daidai.

## Ruwan sama
Ana sa ran canjin yanayi zai kara yawan guguwa da ruwan sama mai tsanani,  tare da karuwar ruwan sama na shekara-shekara.

## Ragewa
A cikin shekara ta 2014, kamfanin wutar lantarki na Faroese, SEV, ya ba da sanarwar niyyarsa ta kai 100% na wutar lantarki da ake samarwa ta hanyar sabuntawa nan da shekara ta 2030. A cikin shekara ta 2019, an shirya turbines na iska guda biyu don aiki a shekarar 2020, sau uku da makamashi da aka samar da wutar lantarki.

Saboda rashin ƙarfin batir, babban rabo na makamashi da iska ke samarwa ya lalace. An gina madatsar ruwa da tsarin famfo don ba da damar adana makamashi, da kuma saki ta hanyar wutar lantarki.

An gabatar da bas din lantarki na farko a watan Agustan shekarar 2023. 

## Dubi kuma

* Canjin yanayi a Denmark

## Manazarta
Mala Mogodu

**Mogodu** abinci ne na Kudancin Afirka . Mogodu hade ne da yankakken serobe ( tripe ) da mala (hanji) da ake yi a matsayin stew sau da yawa tare da pap mai zafi ko dumpling. Mala (a cikin Setswana/Sotho) shine ciki, yawanci na dabbobi masu shayarwa kamar saniya ko tunkiya. 

## See also

* Jerin porridges

## Manazarta
Abin sha'awa

Diversion, Diversions, ko The Diversion na iya nufin:sha awa

## Fasaha da nishaɗi

* Diversion (fim), fim din talabijin na Burtaniya na 1980 wanda aka daidaita cikin fim din 1987 Fatal Attraction*Abin sha'awa Mai Ƙarshe*
* Diversion (wasan kwaikwayo), aikin 1927 na John Van Druten
* The Diversion, wani littafi na 2001 na K. A. Applegate
* Littattafan Diversion, mai bugawa na Amurka
* Diversions, op. 21, don piano hagu da ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Benjamin Britten
* Diversions (album), wani kundin jazz na 1987
* Diversions (album), wani kundi na 1994 na Orbital
* Diversions, tsohon sunan Kamfanin Dance na Kasa na Wales
* Diversions Entertainment, mai ƙera wasan bidiyo na One Must Fall

## Kamfanoni

* Divert (kamfani) , kamfani ne na fasahar tasirin Amurka wanda ke zaune a Massachusetts

## Sufuri

* Filin jirgin sama na nishaɗi, filin jirgin sama da aka tsara don saukowa na gaggawa
* Rashin zirga-zirga, sake zirga-zane
* Yamaha Diversion, babur da Yamaha ta ƙera

## Sauran amfani

* Dam din karkatarwa, sake hanyar ruwa
* Shirin karkatarwa, tsarin shari'ar aikata laifuka yawanci don ƙananan laifuka
* Karkatar da miyagun ƙwayoyi, canja wurin magungunan da aka tsara bisa doka ga wasu mutane
* Karkatar da kayayyaki, sayar da kayayyaki a kasuwannin da ba a yi niyya ba
* Karkatar da makamai, asarar ko sata makamai da harsashi

## Dubi kuma

* All pages with titles containing Diversion
* Yaudara
* Abin sha'awa
* Red herring
* Yaudarar soja
* Ƙarya
Southern Africa Support Project

**Shirin Tallafi na Kudancin Afirka** (SASP) ta kasance ƙungiyar yaƙi da mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta. A baya can, ana kiranta da Southern African News Collective (SANC) kuma ta fara bayan taron Pan-African Congress karo na 6 a shekarar 1974. SASP ta wayar da kan al'amuran da ke fuskantar mutanen Afirka ta Kudu, sun yi zanga-zanga, sun tara kuɗaɗe ga 'yan gudun hijira, kuma sun buga wata jarida.

## Tarihi
SASP wata ƙungiya ce ta asali da aka kirkira bayan taron Pan-African Congress na 6 (6PAC) da aka gudanar a shekarar 1974.   Bayan 6PAC, Sylvia IB Hill da sauransu suka koma Washington, DC inda suka kafa wata ƙungiya mai suna Southern African News Collective (SANC).  Duk da haka, membobin SANC sun ga ya kamata a ƙara mai da hankali kan praxis, kuma sun fara SASP a watan Yunin shekarar 1978.    Ƙungiyar ta kasance wani ɓangare a Jami'ar Howard.  SASP ta wayar da kan jama'a game da gwagwarmayar da aka zalunta a yankin Kudancin Afirka.  Sun gudanar da taron jama'a da kuma "Makon Afirka ta Kudu" kowace shekara wanda ke mai da hankali kan ƙasashe daban-daban na yankin. 

Membobin kafa ƙungiyar sun haɗa da Kathy Flewellen, Sylvia Hill, Sandra Hill, da Karen Jefferson.  Daga baya, Joseph Jordan da Ira Stohlman suka shiga.  Jordan ta taimaka wa SASP kafa "ƙungiyoyin mayar da hankali, yakin neman ilimi, da zanga-zangar adawa da manufofin kudancin Afirka na Amurka."  Tsohon memba na SANC, Sandra Rattley wanda ya yi aiki a gidan rediyon Howard, WHUR-FM, watsa shirye-shiryen SASP.  Bugu da kari, SASP ta tara kuɗaɗe don tallafawa 'yan gudun hijira a Kudancin Afirka.  A shekarun 1985 da shekarar 1986 zaɓen Ofishin Jakadancin Afirka ta Kudu, SASP "ta taka muhimmiyar rawa." 

SASP ta buga wasiƙar kwata mai suna *Gwagwarmaya*.  Archivist da SASP memba, Jefferson, ya shirya SASP tarin *Gwagwarmaya* da sauran kayan, da yawa daga cikinsu aka bayar da su zuwa Jami'ar Howard. 

## Manazarta

### Tushe
* 
* 
* 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* ''Gwagwarmaya'', vol. 10, Na 2
* Makon Kudancin Afirka
* Aikin Tallafawa Kudancin Afirka - Cibiyar Bincike na Moorland-Springarn
* Aikin Tallafawa Kudancin Afirka, 1987–1982
Jerin littattafan canjin yanayi

Wannan **jerin littattafan [[Canjin yanayi]]** ne waɗanda ke bayyana, a matsayin babban jigo, tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam akan canjin yanayi.

## Rashin Almara
Rashin almara wani asusun ne ko wakilci na batun da aka gabatar a matsayin gaskiya. Wannan gabatarwar na iya zama daidai ko a'a; wato, zai iya ba da labarin gaskiya ko ƙarya game da batun da ake tambaya. Koyaya, ana zaton cewa marubutan irin waɗannan labaran sun yi imanin cewa gaskiya ne a lokacin da aka rubuta su.

## Labari ne

## Dubi kuma

* Canjin yanayi a cikin wallafe-wallafen
* Jerin littattafan muhalli

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Ɗalibai ta Afirka ta Kudu

**Ƙungiyar Ɗaliban Afirka ta Kudu** (**SASM**) ƙungiya ce ta siyasa ta yaƙi da wariyar launin fata na ɗaliban makarantar Afirka ta Kudu, wanda aka fi sani da rawar da ta taka a rikicin Soweto na 1976.    A shekara ta 1976 an gano ta sosai tare da Black Consciousness Movement. Gwamnatin mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata ce ta haramta ta a watan Oktoba 1977 a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin danniya da jihar ke yi game da bore.

An kafa SASM a cikin shekarar 1972 a cikin Transvaal kuma ta fi aiki a manyan makarantun Soweto. A cewar masanin  Diseko, wanda ya riga ya kasance shine African Students Movement (ASM), wani dandalin da aka kafa a Soweto a shekarar 1968. A kan asusun Diseko, shugabannin ASM, tare da shawarwari da shugabannin Black Consciousness South African Students' Organisation (SASO), sun yanke shawarar a cikin shekarar 1972 don sake suna da faɗaɗa ASM kuma ta ƙaddamar da tsarin ilimi da yawa. 

## Manazarta
Ambaliyar ruwa ta 1916

**ambaliyar ruwa ta shekarar 1916** ko **Zuiderzee na shekara ta 1916** ambaliyar ruwa ce da ta faru daga daren 13 ga watan  Janairu zuwa safiyar 14 ga watan Janairu,shekara ta 1916 a cikin Netherlands tare da dicks na Zuiderzee sakamakon guguwa.

## Hanyar da ake ciki
Ambaliyar ta zo dai-dai da yadda koguna suka yi ta kwararar ruwa, wanda ya haifar da fashe-fashe da barna a gine-gine a wurare da dama a gabar tekun.  Wasu gidaje na katako a tsibirin Marken sun rushe gaba daya.  A lardin Arewacin Holland, mutane 19 ne suka mutu, yayin da a cikin teku, jiragen ruwa da dama sun tarwatse inda wasu 32 suka jikkata.  Sarauniya Wilhelmina ta ziyarci yankunan da abin ya shafa.

## Sakamakon
Wannan bala'in, tare da yunwa da Yaƙin Duniya na farko ya haifar, ya haifar da dokar da ake kira Zuiderzeewet . An kammala karfafa madatsar ruwa, wanda aka yi bayan bala'in, a shekara ta 1926. A cikin shekarata 1932, an 'ƙuntata' Zuiderzee ta hanyar gina madatsar ruwa mai tsawon kilomita 32, madatsar da ake kira Afsluitdijk . Ga masunta, wannan kuma ya haifar da ƙarshen ayyukansu na kamun kifi.

## Taimako na kasashen waje
Dangane da wasikun da aka rubuta a The Hague tsakanin jakadan Turkiyya ga gwamnatin Netherlands, Turks sun ba da gudummawar FL 237.890 (daidai da kusan € 20,000 yanzu) ga Netherlands don taimakawa wadanda ambaliyar ta shafa.
Baker Beach

**Baker Beach** rairayin bakin teku ne na jama'a a tsibirin San Francisco, California, Amurka . Yankin rairayin bakin teku yana kan iyakar Tekun Pacific a Yammacin birnin. Yana da kusan    tsawo, yana farawa a kudancin Golden Gate Point (inda Golden Gate Bridge ya haɗu da tsibirin), yana faɗaɗa zuwa kudu zuwa tsibirin Seacliff, Fadar Legion of Honor da Sutro Baths. Yankin arewacin Baker Beach "yawanci masu wanka da tufafi,"  kuma saboda haka ana ɗaukarsa rairayin bakin teku ne. 

## Tarihi

Baker Beach wani bangare ne na San Francisco">Presidio, wanda ya kasance sansanin soja daga kafa San Francisco ta Mutanen Espanya a cikin 1812 har zuwa 1997. 

A cikin 1904, an ƙarfafa shi tare da ɓacewar kayan aikin bindiga da aka sani da Battery Chamberlin, wanda har yanzu ana iya kallon shi a yau.

Lokacin da aka dakatar da Presidio a matsayin sansanin Sojojin Amurka, ya zama wani ɓangare na Golden Gate National Recreation Area, wanda National Park Service ke gudanarwa.

John Henry Baker ne ya kafa dukiyar kadada 160 (ha 65) a cikin shekarun 1850 kuma an san shi da Golden Gate Milk Ranch . Bayanan wurin mallakar ya bambanta, amma an bayyana shi gabaɗaya a matsayin kusan    yammacin birnin a kan titin Point Lobos (yanzu Geary Blvd.) 

Baker ya mutu a shekara ta 1863 kuma gwauruwarsa, Maria, ta rasa dukiyar ta hanyar rufewa a shekara ta 1879. A shekara ta 1897, jikan Baker, Fairfax Henry Wheelan ya kai karar  don a mayar da taken ga magada John H. Baker, yana mai da'awar cewa gwauruwar Baker ba ta da ikon doka don ba da jinginar dukiyar.

Daga 1986 zuwa 1990, ƙarshen arewacin Baker Beach shine asalin shafin bikin fasahar Burning Man. A cikin 1990, 'yan sanda na wurin shakatawa sun ba da izinin mahalarta su ɗaga babban mutum-mutumi na gargajiya amma ba su ƙone shi ba, tunda rairayin bakin teku yana tilasta iyaka akan girman kowane wuta. Abubuwan da suka biyo baya na Burning Man sun faru ne a Black Rock Desert, Nevada . 

Wani mummunan Harin shark ya faru a Baker Beach a ranar 7 ga Mayu, 1959,   lokacin da babban farin shark mai shekaru 18 ya kai hari yayin da yake cikin ruwa mai zurfi   .  Wannan ita ce kawai harin shark da aka rubuta a Baker Beach.

Manyan tsaunukan macizai suna faruwa a gabar tekun Pacific kusa da Tekun Baker. Lokacin tashi daga saman ƙasa, serpentine yana samar da ƙasa mai ƙarancin calcium, ƙasa mai girma- magnesium wanda zai iya ba da damar nau'ikan shuke-shuke da ba su da yawa don haɓaka a kusa.  Wannan na iya bayyana kasancewar *Hesperolinon congestum* (Marin Dwarf Flax, tsire-tsire mai barazana) a cikin yankunan da ke kewaye. &#x5B;&#x5D;

A arewacin rairayin bakin teku shine Marshall's Beach kuma shine shafin yanar gizon Japan Type 93 torpedo da aka saka a cikin yashi na rairayin kan teku a 1946. Masanin tarihi Mark Felton ya yi imanin cewa Jirgin ruwa na Japan I-15 ne ya harba shi a 1941, wanda ke tafiya kusa da ruwa daga San Francisco.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Garibaldi An haife shi

Garibaldi Névé filin dusar ƙanƙara ne a cikin Pacific Ranges na Coast Mountains a kudu maso yammacin British Columbia, Kanada, wanda ke arewa da gabashin Dutsen Garibaldi a New Westminster Land District .  Nevé tare da tashoshin kankara suna da yanki mai kimanin murabba'in kilomita 30 (12 murabba'i mil). 

## Gilashin kankara
Wadannan kankara suna daga cikin Garibaldi Névé:

* Ginin Garibaldi
* Kogin Arewacin Pitt
* Kudancin Pitt Glacier
* Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa
* Gidan Tsaro na Gishiri
* Ginin Warren
* Gidan Gishiri na Bishop
* Ginin Phoenix
* Ginin Pike

## Samun dama
Hanyar Mamquam, kilomita 4 (2.5 miles) arewacin garin Squamish, tana ba da damar zuwa Dutsen Garibaldi daga Hanyar 99. Wannan hanyar da aka shimfiɗa ta gabas ta ratsa Squamish Golf da Country Club sannan ta kai arewa ta Jami'ar Quest. Hanyar Mamquam sa'an nan ta faɗaɗa zuwa arewa maso gabas kuma ta zama Hanyar Garibaldi Park .  A ƙarshen Garibaldi Park Road shine filin ajiye motoci na Diamond Head, wanda ke da nisan kilomita 16 (9.9 miles) daga Hanyar 99 a tsawo na mita 914 (2,999 feet). Hanyar tafiye-tafiye mai tsawon kilomita 11 (6.8 mil) Diamond Head ta fara ne daga wurin ajiye motoci zuwa Elfin Lakes inda za'a iya kallon Opal Cone, Columnar Peak, The Gargoyles da Mamquam Icefield. Hanyar tafiya mai tsawon kilomita 6.5 (4.0-mile) wanda ya kai daga Tafkin Elfin ya sauka zuwa Ring Creek sannan ya hau Opal Cone inda za'a iya kallon Tafkin Mamquam da Garibaldi Névé daga taron. Hanyar zuwa Garibaldi Névé tana da alamar Cawarns.

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Mawaƙan Afirka ta Kudu

**Ƙungiyar Mawaƙan Afirka ta Kudu** ( **SAMA** ) ƙungiya ce, ƙungiyar masu fasaha, da gwagwarmaya da kuma jajircewa  da mawaƙa suka kafa a Afirka ta Kudu waɗanda suka yi adawa da cece-kuce da murkushe mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata. An kafa ƙawancen wani lokaci kafin shekarar 1983. Mawaƙan SAMA sun yi fatali da rarrabuwar ƙabilu da gwamnati ta yi da kuma hana abun ciki na kiɗa. Uku daga cikin abubuwan da sukafi basu fifiko a ƙungiyar SAMA sune 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, 'yancin motsi, da 'yancin haɗin gwiwa. 

Wani fitaccen mai magana da yawun ƙungiyar shi ne ɗan wasan pian Rashid Lanie.  

## Duba kuma

* Juriya na ciki ga wariyar launin fata

## Manazarta

## Ƙara karantawa
* 
* 
*
Cibiyar Nazarin Duniya

**Ƙasar Planetarium** ( Malay   ) ita ce kasa ta duniya planetarium ta Malaysia . Tsari ne mai shuɗi mai shuɗi wanda ke saman wani tudu a cikin Lambuna na Lake a Jalan Perdana, Kuala Lumpur . Yana da kusan    a cikin yanki.

## Tarihi
National Planetarium ya fara ne a matsayin Sashen Planetarium a cikin Sashen Firayim Minista a shekarar 1989. Ginin Cibiyar Nazarin Duniya ta Kasa, wanda aka fi sani da Cibiyar Ilimi ta Kasa da Kimiyya,  ya fara ne a 1990 kuma an kammala shi a 1993, wanda ya kai RM miliyan 24 tare da gwamnatin Japan ta ba da gudummawar RM miliyan 5 ga jimlar kuɗin gini. An fara gabatar da shi ga jama'a a watan Mayu 1993 kuma Firayim Minista na Malaysia, Mahathir Mohamad, ne ya buɗe shi a hukumance a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 1994. A watan Yulin 1995, an sauya Sashen zuwa Ma'aikatar Kimiyya, Fasaha da Muhalli, wanda kuma shine mai mallakar wannan planetarium har zuwa yanzu.

## Nuni da abubuwan jan hankali
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan jan hankali na wannan planetarium ya haɗa da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na sararin samaniya wanda ke nuna sararin samaniya da babban fim.

A cikin babban zauren akwai nune-nunen dindindin da suka shafi kimiyyar sararin samaniya. Daga cikinsu akwai injin sararin samaniya na Arianne IV, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin injunan da aka yi amfani da su don kaddamar da MEASAT 1, tauraron dan adam na farko na Malaysia zuwa sararin samaniya. Wani na'urar daukar hoto mai inci 14 (360  yana cikin wurin kallo.

National Planetarium ya kai ga wurin shakatawa na sararin samaniya inda aka sanya kwatankwacin tsoffin wuraren kallo. An haɗa shi da gada mai tafiya zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Malaysia .

## Lokacin aiki
Ana buɗe planetarium a kowace rana daga karfe 9.00 na safe zuwa 4.30 na yamma (sai dai a ranar Litinin, hutun Hari Raya Puasa, hutun hari Raya Haji da hutun jama'a kamar yadda Planetarium Negara ya bayyana). Za a nuna wasan kwaikwayon a kowane sa'a daya tun daga karfe 10 na safe kuma wasan kwaikwayon na karshe zai kasance a karfe 4 na yamma. Ƙofar tashar kyauta ce kuma tikitin nunawa shine RM 12 don babba (kowane mutum) da RM 8 don yara (kowane mutumin).

## Sufuri

Ana iya samun planetarium a cikin nisan tafiya a yammacin Tashar jirgin kasa ta Kuala Lumpur.

Hakanan ana iya isa ta hanyar gadar da ke kan hanya daga Gidan Tarihi na Kasa.

## Manazarta
Hanyar Homoclinal

A homoclinal ridge ko strike ridge ne wani tudu ko ridge tare da wani matsakaici, gabaɗaya tsakanin 10 ° da 30 °, karkata baya. Yankin baya shi ne gangaren Ruwa, wanda ya dace da raguwar wani tsari mai tsayayya ko strata, wanda ake kira *[[Caprock]].* A wancan gefen ɗayan gangaren, wanda shine gabansa, na tudu mai laushi ne mai tsayi ko ma mai kama da dutse (ƙwanƙwasawa) wanda aka kafa ta hanyar fitowar caprock. Dutsen yana yankewa ta hanyar shimfidar wuri wanda ya ƙunshi tudun homoclinal.

Homoclinal ridges sune furcin yanki na matsakaiciyar nutsewa, yawanci sedimentary strata, wanda ya kunshi gadaje masu sauyawa na wuya, da kyau-lithified strata, watau sandstone da limestone da raunana ko mai laushi strata, wato shale, mudstone, da marl. Yankin dutse mai tsayayya da rushewa ya zama caprock na baya (dip-slope) na tsaunuka na homoclinal wanda rushewa ta fi dacewa ta cire duk wani sashi mai rauni. Kayan da ke gaba, gabansa, wanda ke samar da gaban wani tsaunin homoclinal ya ƙunshi wani tsauni wanda ya yanke a fadin gado da ke kunshe da shi. Saboda yanayin nutsewa na matsakaici na strata wanda ke samar da tudu na homoclinal, wani gagarumin canji a wuri a kwance zai faru da wuri mai faɗi ya saukar da rushewa. Saboda gangaren tsaunuka na homoclinal yana nutsewa a cikin wannan gefen kamar yadda yake a ƙarƙashinsa, ana iya lissafin kusurwar nutsewa na wannan gado (Ө) ta hanyar v / h = tan (Ө) inda v daidai yake da nisan tsaye kuma h daidai yake da nesa a kwance a tsaye zuwa yajin gado.

Cuestas, homoclinal ridges, da Hogbacks sun ƙunshi jerin siffofin ƙasa waɗanda ke samar da ci gaba na gradational. Wadannan siffofin ƙasa sun bambanta ne kawai a kan tsawo na baya da bambance-bambance na dangi a cikin karkatawar baya da gaba. Wadannan bambance-bambance sun dogara ne akan ko nutsewar sassan da aka rushe su kusan kusan tsaye ne, nutsewa a matsakaici, ko nutsewa cikin hankali. Gabaɗaya, tuddai na homoclinal, ko tuddai na yajin aiki, suna da alaƙa da ɓangarorin da ke nutsewa tsakanin 10 ° da 30 °. Yankunan da ke nuna alamun hogbacks suna tasowa inda strata ke nutsewa sosai a 40 ° ko fiye. Saboda suna da gradational a yanayi, ainihin kusurwar baya da aka yi amfani da shi don bayyana waɗannan siffofin ƙasa yana da son rai kuma yana iya bambanta a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya.

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Jama'ar Eritiriya

The Eritrea People's Liberation Front (EPLF), wanda aka fi sani da Shabia, ƙungiya ce ta Marxist–Leninist mai ɗauke da makamai wacce ta yi gwagwarmayar kwato 'yancin kai daga Habasha. Ya fito ne a cikin 1973 a matsayin ƙungiyar hagu mai nisa zuwa ƙungiyar masu kishin ƙasa waɗanda suka balle daga Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Eritrea (ELF). Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Eritrea a shekarar 1991, ta rikide zuwa jam'iyyar People's Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ), wacce ke aiki a matsayin babbar jam'iyyar siyasa ta Eritrea.

## Tarihi
Babban labarin: Yaƙin yancin kai na Eritrea
Asalin
A shekarar 1967, maza talatin da uku sun yi horo na watanni shida a kasar Sin, ciki har da Isaias Afwerki, dalibin injiniya wanda ya bar jami'ar Haile Selassie na farko (Jami'ar Addis Ababa) a shekarar 1966 ya shiga kungiyar 'yantar da 'yancin Eritrea (ELF), da Romodan Mohammed Nur, wanda ya zama kwamandan shiyya ta hudu bayan horar da sojoji a Syria. Har ila yau, Cuba ta karɓi mutane goma, ciki har da Ibrahim Affa, ƙwararren tsohon kwamandan ruwa a cikin 1968. Bayan dawowarsu, waɗannan mutanen sun inganta ƙarfin yaƙi na gaba amma kuma sun tsananta rikice-rikice na cikin gida, ]

## 1970s

Mayakan EPLF.
Cikin rashin gamsuwa da jagororin da ba su cancanta ba, da yawa daga cikin ’yan adawa sun bar ELF, suka kafa kungiyoyi masu gasa. Rigingimun siyasa sun fara ruguza ELF daga ciki, aka kashe wasu ‘yan adawa da ba su bar kungiyar ba. Kokarin gyarawa da haɗin kai ya ci tura, wanda ya kai ga bullowar ƙungiyar EPLF a watan Agusta 1973, wadda aka fi sani da Shaabia ("mai farin jini" a taƙaitaccen larabci) a cikin 1977. Isaias da Ramadan suka jagoranta, EPLF ta sami mafaka a tsaunin tsaunukan Sahel, ta sami nasarar tunkuɗar da aka yi ta kai hare-hare a kan wani babban birni na Sahel. Don kauce wa maimaita kuskuren ELF, sun tabbatar da cewa ba a horar da membobin ba kawai ta hanyar soja amma a siyasance. Dukkan mambobi sun sami ilimi iri daya, ko da kuwa asalinsu, don kiyaye ma'anar daidaito
## Manazarta