Panthera spelaea

***Panthera spelaea***, wanda aka fi sani da **zakin kogon** (ko kasa da haka a matsayin **zaki na steppe** ), wani nau'in *Panthera* ne wanda ya kasance daga Eurasia da arewa maso yammacin Arewacin Amirka a lokacin zamanin Pleistocene . Binciken kwayoyin halitta na tsohuwar DNA ya nuna cewa yayin da yake da alaƙa, wani nau'i ne na musamman wanda ya keɓe daga zakin zamani ( *Panthera leo* ),  tare da bambancin jinsin tsakanin nau'in biyu da aka kiyasta a kusan shekaru 500,000 da suka wuce. 

Ya yi kama da zakoki masu rai tare da rigar Jawo mai launin rawaya-launin toka ko da yake ba kamar zakoki na zamani ba, maza da alama ba su da makin. Ko zakunan kogo sun rayu a cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a kamar zakoki masu rai ba tabbas, amma galibi ana ba da shawarar cewa sun kasance kaɗai kaɗai, kama da damisa masu rai. 

*Panthera spelaea* ta yi hulɗa da Neanderthals da mutane na zamani, waɗanda suka yi amfani da fatarsu kuma game da ƙarshen, sun nuna su a cikin ayyukan fasaha.

Zaki na kogo sun ƙare kimanin shekaru 13,000 da suka gabata a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙarshen ƙarshen Pleistocene, ainihin dalilin da ba a sani ba, kodayake canjin yanayi, canje-canje a cikin yawan ganima, da gasa tare da wasu masu cin nama da mutane an ba da shawarar su a matsayin yiwuwar abubuwan haifar da hakan.

## Research history and taxonomy

A shekara ta 1774, Johan Friedrich Esper ya kawo hankalin kimiyya ga Kogin Zoolithenhöhle kusa da ƙauyen Burggaillenreuth a Bavaria, kudancin Jamus, wanda ya fahimci cewa ƙasusuwan da suka ƙare sun kasance a cikin kogon. A cikin 1810, Georg August Goldfuss ya ba da wani burbushin burbushin daga kogon Sunan kimiyya *Felis spelaea* .  Wataƙila ya kasance ne a lokacin Glacial na Ƙarshe.

Several anatomical studies of remains of *Panthera spelaea* were conducted during the early-mid 19th century, who found the morphology of the species most similar to lions, tigers and jaguars. A monograph by W. Dawkins and W. Sandford studying *P. spelaea* published in 1868 found that it had closest affinities with the modern lion. At the end of the 19th century, the earliest remains of *P. spelaea* from Siberia were reported by M. Tschersky, who mistook them for those of a tiger. During the 20th century and the first decade of the 21st century, *Panthera spelaea* was often regarded as a subspecies of the modern lion, and therefore as *Panthera leo spelaea*. However, other authors considered the cave lion to be more closely related to the tiger, based in part on a comparison of skull shapes, with some proposing that it should be considered a subspecies of the tiger as *Panthera tigris spelaea*. Analysis of cave lion mitochondrial genomes published in 2004 supported the modern lion as the closest relative of *P. spelaea,* with this result being later confirmed by analysis of the nuclear genome. Results from morphological studies showed that it is distinct in cranial and dental anatomy to justify the specific status of *Panthera spelaea*. Results of genetic studies also support this assessment.

A cikin 2001, an gabatar da nau'ikan nau'ikan *Panthera spelaea vereshchagini* don samfurori bakwai da aka samu a Siberiya da Yukon, waɗanda ke da ƙananan kwanyar kai da hakora fiye da matsakaicin *P. spelaea* .  Kafin 2020, nazarin kwayoyin halitta ta amfani da DNA na d ¯ a ya ba da wata shaida game da takamaiman matsayinsu; Sa hannun DNA daga *P. spelaea* daga Turai da Alaska ba a iya bambanta su ba, yana nuna babban yawan jama'a .   Duk da haka, nazarin jerin kwayoyin halittar mitochondrial daga 31 kogon zakuna ya nuna cewa sun fada cikin nau'i biyu na monophyletic . Ɗayan ya rayu a yammacin Turai kuma ɗayan an iyakance shi ga Beringia a lokacin Pleistocene . Saboda wannan dalili, ana ɗaukar yawan Beringian a matsayin nau'i na musamman, *P. s. vereshchagini* .  

### Juyin Halitta
Felids pantherine mai kama da zaki ya fara bayyana a cikin Kogin Olduvai na Tanzaniya kimanin 1.7 ku 1.2 miliyan shekaru da suka wuce . Wadannan kuliyoyi sun watse zuwa Eurasia daga Gabashin Afirka a kusa da ƙarshen Pleistocene na Farko da farkon Pleistocene ta Tsakiya, wanda ya haifar da *burbushin Panthera .* Kasusuwan burbushin *burbushin P.* mafi dadewa da aka yarda da su a Turai sun kai kusan shekaru 700,000-600,000 da suka gabata, irin su daga Pakefield a Ingila,     tare da yiwuwar tsofaffin burbushin burbushin halittu daga Yammacin Siberia zuwa marigayi Early Pleistocene,  tare da binciken 2024 na baya-bayan nan da suka gabata a Spain. Pleistocene a kusa da shekaru ɗaya da samfurin Siberiya.  Mawallafa daban-daban sunyi la'akari da *burbushin Panthera* a matsayin ko dai jinsin jinsin kakannin *P. spelaea*,  ko kuma a matsayin nau'i na *P. spelaea* .   Shaidar kwayoyin halittar nukiliya na baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa bambance-bambance tsakanin zakuna na zamani da duk zakin burbushin Eurasian ya faru har zuwa shekaru 500,000 da suka gabata, amma ta hanyar 470,000 shekaru da suka gabata, ba a sami bambance-bambance tsakanin zuriyar biyu ba.   Zuwan *burbushin halittu na Panthera (spelaea)* a Turai wani bangare ne na juyin juya hali a kusa da sauyin Pleistocene na Farko-Tsakiya wanda yawancin nau'ikan da ke nuna tsohon Villafranchian ya mutu. A cikin ƙungiyar masu cin nama, wannan musamman ya haɗa da katuwar hyena *Pachycrocuta* da sabertooth cat *Megantereon* . Bayan zuwan *Panthera (spelaea) burbushin halittu na* zaki mai girman sabertooth cat *Homotherium* da "Jaguar Turai" *Panthera gombaszoegensis* ya zama mai wuyar gaske,  a ƙarshe ya zama bace a Turai a lokacin ƙarshen Pleistocene na tsakiya, tare da gasar tare da zakuna da shawarar zama wani abu mai mahimmanci.  

Misalai masu tsaka-tsaki tsakanin *P. fossilis* da Late Pleistocene *P. spelaea* ana kiran su da ƙananan nau'ikan *P. s. tsaka-tsaki* .  Sauyi daga *P. fossilis* zuwa Late Pleistocene *P. spelaea* yana nuna raguwa mai yawa a cikin girman jiki, da kuma canje-canje a cikin kwanyar kwanyar da hakora.  Bayanan jerin DNA na mitochondrial daga burbushin burbushin halittu sun nuna cewa zaki na Amurka yana wakiltar ƙungiyar 'yar'uwar Late Pleistocene *P. spelaea*, kuma mai yiwuwa ya tashi lokacin da farkon *P. spelaea* ya zama ware a kudancin Cordilleran Ice Sheet . Da farko an nuna wannan ya kasance a kusa da 340,000 shekaru da suka wuce,  amma daga baya binciken ya nuna cewa rabuwa tsakanin nau'in nau'i biyu ya kasance ƙananan ƙananan, a kusa da 165,000 shekaru da suka wuce, daidai da farkon bayyanar *P. spelaea* a gabashin Beringia (yanzu Alaska da yankunan da ke kusa) a lokacin Illinois (kimanin shekaru 190-000). 

## Bayani

Zane-zane da zane-zanen kogo na zakunan kogo, waɗanda aka gano a cikin kogon Lascaux da Chauvet a Faransa, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da Upper Paleolithic .   Wani zane a cikin kogon Chauvet ya nuna zakuna kogo guda biyu suna tafiya tare. Wanda ke gaba yana da ɗan ƙarami fiye da na baya, wanda aka zana shi da ƙugiya kuma ba tare da maniyyi ba.  Irin waɗannan zane-zanen kogon suna nuna cewa zakunan kogo na maza gaba ɗaya ba su da mashin, ko kuma galibi suna da ƙananan mayu. 

Mambobin farko na zuriyar zaki na kogon da aka sanya wa burbushin halittu na *Panthera*   ) a lokacin Pleistocene ta Tsakiya sun fi girma fiye da daidaikun mutanen *P. spelaea* daga Zamanin Glacial na Ƙarshe da kuma zakuna na zamani, tare da wasu daga cikin waɗannan mutane suna da kimanin tsawon , tsayin kafada na  da nauyin jiki na , bi da bi, sanya su cikin manyan kuliyoyi da suka taɓa rayuwa. Late Pleistocene *Panthera spelaea spelaea* ya kasance ƙarami sosai duk da cewa har yanzu yana da girma dangane da kuliyoyi masu rai, tare da kiyasin tsayin  da tsayin kafada na , bi da bi, Dabbobin sun nuna raguwar girman ci gaba a tsawon lokacin Glacial na Ƙarshe har zuwa ƙarshensa, tare da yawan mutanen *P. spelaea* na ƙarshe da aka kwatanta da girman ƙananan zakoki na zamani, tare da nauyin jiki kawai , tsayin jiki na  da tsayin kafada na  bi da bi.  

**'P.'' ''Spilaea**' yana da ɗan gajeren ƙuƙwalwa idan aka kwatanta da na zaki mai rai, tare da yankin zygomatic yana da ƙarfi sosai, tare da hakoran carnassial suna da bambance-bambance a cikin yanayin cusp (yana nuna shirye-shirye). Kamar zakuna na zamani, mata sun fi maza karami. Idan aka kwatanta da burbushin *P.* (spelaea) na baya, Late Pleistocene *P. spelaea spelaea* ya bambanta (ban da bambance-bambance masu girman da aka ambata a baya) a cikin samun manyan hakora masu laushi, mafi ƙanƙanta da ƙanƙara, da kuma ƙanƙanin sama da ƙasa na uku da na huɗu, waɗanda ke nuna wasu bambance-mbance a cikin yanayin cusp, tare da ƙancin farko ya fi ƙanƙata kuma ya fi tsayi. Orbites (sockets na ido) na *P. spelaea spelaea* suma sun fi girma kuma ƙuƙwalwar ƙanƙara idan aka kwatanta da burbushin P. (spelaea), tare da yankin hanci kuma yana da ƙanƙanta, yayin da yankunan postorbital da mastoid na kwanyar sun fi faɗi, tare da bullae na tympanic suna da kumbura.

A cikin 2016, gashin da aka gano a kusa da kogin Maly Ayuy an gano shi a matsayin gashin zaki na kogo ta hanyar nazarin DNA . Kwatanta da gashin zaki na zamani ya nuna cewa gashin zaki mai yiwuwa ya yi kama da na zaki na zamani, ko da yake ya ɗan yi haske. Bugu da kari, zakin kogon ana tunanin yana da rigar kauri mai kauri da yawa wanda ya hada da rufaffiyar gashi mai kauri daga rawaya zuwa fari tare da karamin gashin gadi masu launin duhu, maiyuwa dacewa da yanayin zamanin Ice Age .  Yayin da launin gashin gashi na yara ya kasance rawaya, manyan zakuna na kogo ana ba da shawarar sun yi launin toka. 

## Rarraba da wurin zama

A lokacin Glacial na Ƙarshe, *P. spelaea* ya kafa yawan jama'a a fadin mammoth steppe, daga Yammacin Turai zuwa arewa maso yammacin Arewacin Amirka.   An rarraba shi sosai a cikin Iberian Peninsula,  Italiyanci,  Kudu maso Gabashin Turai,  Biritaniya,  Tsakiyar Turai,    Filin Gabashin Turai,  tsaunin Ural,   yi nisa zuwa kudu maso gabas da Sin Tsibirin Koriya  ), da kuma ƙetare gadar Bering zuwa Alaska, Yukon,  da yiwuwar Alberta .  Zakin kogon yana da nisa mai faɗin tsayi, wanda aka gano ya kai sama da  sama da matakin teku a cikin Alps na Turai da Buryatia a Arewacin Asiya, kodayake wataƙila ba su mamaye wuraren tsaunuka ba duk shekara. 

Wataƙila zakin kogon ya kasance mafi yawan wuraren buɗaɗɗe kamar su ciyayi da ciyayi ko da yake da ma ya faru a buɗaɗɗen ciyayi kuma.  Yayin da lokacin Glacial na Ƙarshe ya kasance sau da yawa yana haɗuwa da yanayin sanyi, nau'in kuma yana zaune a wurare masu zafi,  kamar a Turai a lokacin Ƙarshen Interglacial / Eemiyan . 

## Ilimin nazarin halittu

### Ilimin halittu

*P. spelaea* ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin nau'in dutse mai mahimmanci na mammoth steppe, kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manyan mafarauta tare da kerkeci mai launin toka, hyena kogo da bear mai launin ruwan kasa .  An tono kasusuwa masu yawa na *P. spelaea* a cikin kogo, inda aka gano kasusuwan hyena, kogon kogo da kuma kayan tarihi na Paleolithic .   Duk da sunansu na kowa, "zakin kogo" mai yiwuwa ne kawai idan an taɓa yin amfani da kogo, kuma suna cikin yankunan da kogo ba su nan.  Wasu daga cikin irin wannan tarin kasusuwan zaki na kogo a cikin ramukan kurayen ana alakanta su da arangama tsakanin kurayen kogo da zakin kogo kan gawawwakin, tare da kashe ragowar zakin kogo a wadannan arangama daga baya aka kai su ramuka.  

Binciken isotopic na samfuran collagen na kashi da aka samo daga ragowar a Turai   da kuma Gabashin Beringia  sun nuna cewa reindeer ya kasance sananne a cikin abincin zakoki na kogo a cikin waɗannan yankuna a lokacin Glacial na ƙarshe.  Zakunan kogo kuma da alama sun yi wa ƴan ƴaƴan kogo,   tare da manya kogon kogon kuma ana iya kaiwa aƙalla wani lokaci.  Binciken Isotopic na sauran samfurori na Turai yana nuna abinci ciki har da doki daji, woolly mammoth da kogon kogo ga waɗannan mutane.  Wataƙila ya nemi beyar da ke cikin kogon montane a matsayin tushen abinci a lokacin hunturu.  Alamun cizon da aka samu akan kasusuwan giwaye masu kai-tsaye a Neumark Nord, Jamus, sun hadu da Interglacial na karshe, an nuna su zama sakamakon zakin kogo. 

Sauran nau'in ganima da za a iya samu su ne manyan barewa, jajayen barewa, muskox, aurochs, masu hikima, bison bison, da ƙananan karkanda . Yana yiwuwa ya yi gasa don ganima tare da damisa na Turai, kurayen kogo, berayen launin ruwan kasa da kyarkeci masu launin toka a cikin Eurasia,  tare da beyar gajeriyar fuska, da sabertooth cat *Homotherium*, da Wolves Beringian a Beringia . 

### Halin zamantakewa
Ko zakunan kogo sun kasance masu girma kamar zakuna na zamani ba a sani ba.  Sabol da Puzachenko a cikin takarda na 2024 sun bayyana cewa zakoki na kogon "ana tunanin" sun kasance kadai, amma "ra'ayoyin wannan sun bambanta" kuma tambayar ta kasance a bude.  Wasu masana, irin su Guthrie suna jayayya cewa zaki na kogon ya rayu shi kadai ko kuma a cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin iyali, bisa ga rashin ma'aikata (wanda ke da mahimmanci ga tsarin zamantakewa na zakuna na zamani) wanda aka nuna akan zane-zane na Paleolithic.   Yamaguichi da abokan aikinsa sun soki wannan hujja, sun bayar da hujjar cewa bullowar rukunin da ke zaune a cikin zakuna mai yiwuwa ya kasance kafin rabuwa tsakanin zakuna kogo da zakuna na zamani da kuma juyin halittar mane a cikin zakuna na zamani. A gefe guda, mawallafa sun yi jayayya da gregariousness ta hanyar jima'i dimorphism. Dimorphism na jima'i a cikin girman canine yana nuna zakuna kogo suna da kamanceceniya ta jima'i ga zakuna, kuma a cikin mahallin juyin halitta na iya nuna cewa sun rayu cikin rukuni bisa ga Yamaguichi da abokan aiki.  Boeskorov da abokan aikinsu sun ba da shawarar cewa mafi girman dimorphism na jima'i da aka gani a cikin zakoki na kogo na iya nuna cewa sun rayu cikin girman kai. Duk da haka sun yarda cewa babu isassun shaidun da za su ƙare kan tsarin zamantakewar su.  Akasin haka, Valkenburgh da Sacco sun yi gargadin cewa dimorphism na jima'i ba hanya ce mai dogara don ƙayyade halin rukuni ba, kamar yadda damisa ma suna da jima'i na jima'i a cikin girman canine amma suna rayuwa ne kawai. 

Binciken da Hervé Bocherens da abokan aikinsa suka yi a kan kogon zakuna ya kai su ga nuna cewa zakin kogon na iya zama kadaitaka, saboda zakin kogon da ke canza abincinsu bayan bacewar kurayen, gawawwakin kurayen kuma suna cinye kurayen, yana nuna cewa sun kasance cikin gasa mai gasa, kuma tarwatsewar bayanai tsakanin daidaikun mutane ne.    A cikin tsaunin tsaunuka da wuraren tsaunuka masu tsayi, zakuna kogo na iya zama su kaɗai ko farauta a cikin ma'aurata, kamar zakuna na yau. Zakuna sukan yi farautar girman kai a tsayin da ke ƙasa da mita 1,500, amma a cikin tsaunuka masu tsayi, suna zama kaɗai ko farauta a cikin ma'aurata. Wannan dabi'ar da aka tsara na zakin kogo ya sami goyon baya daga rabon maza da mata daga Moravian Karst kasancewa 1:1.  

## Dangantaka da mutane
 
Bayan zuwan mutanen zamani zuwa Turai a cikin Upper Paleolithic, sun zana zane-zane na kogo na zakuna, sun zana kamanninsu a kan ƙasusuwa kuma sun ƙirƙira zane-zanen su, gami da sanannen zaki mai ɗan adam ( *Löwenmensch)* daga kogon Hohlenstein-Stadel a Jamus wanda ke da kusan shekaru 41-35 da shugaban jikin mutum. Ƙwayoyin zaki na kogo tare da ramukan ramuka ƙila an sa su azaman kayan ado na sirri.  An samo duwatsun da aka yi wa ado tare da zane-zane masu wakiltar zakuna kogo a kudancin Italiya.  Mutanen zamani kuma kamar Neanderthals sun yi amfani da pelts, kamar yadda aka nuna ta phalanges da aka samu a rukunin La Garma a Spain dangane da Magdalenian, kusan shekaru 16,800 da suka wuce.  Wasu kasusuwa na zakoki na kogo da aka samu a cikin Upper Paleolithic layers (irin su Aurignacian da Gravettian ) na Swabian Jura na kudancin Jamus suna nuna alamar yankewa da gyare-gyare a cikin kayan aiki,  wanda zai iya wakiltar shaida na farauta, ko da yake shaidar zakin farauta na kogon farauta ta mutanen zamani a lokacin Upper Paleolithic ba a sani ba. 

## Kashewa
Radiocarbon Dating yana nuna cewa nau'in ya ɓace kusan lokaci guda a cikin kewayon sa a cikin 'yan shekaru dubun da suka gabata na Late Pleistocene, kimanin shekaru 14-15,000 da suka wuce, mai yiwuwa ya rayu kusan shekaru 1000 daga baya a cikin yankin gabas ta Arewa mai nisa na Arewacin Amurka. Wannan lokacin yayi daidai da farkon lokacin zafi na Bølling-Allerød Interstadial da sakamakon rugujewar yanayin yanayin mammoth steppe . Ba a san takamaiman dalilin da ya sa ya bace ba, amma mai yiwuwa ya haɗa da sauyin yanayi daga buɗaɗɗen wuraren zama zuwa dazuzzukan da aka rufe, da sauye-sauyen yawan ganima, da kuma tasirin ɗan adam, ko da yake yana da wuya a warware ainihin musabbabin bacewarsa.  Gasa tare da kyarkeci na iya zama muhimmiyar mahimmanci a cikin lalacewa.  Zakunan kogo sun bayyana sun sha fama da matsalar yawan jama'a wanda ya rage bambancin jinsin su tsakanin shekaru 47,000 zuwa 18,000 da suka wuce, mai yiwuwa a kalla a wani bangare na rashin kwanciyar hankali. 

Ƙarshen ya zama wani ɓangare na babban taron ƙarewar Pleistocene, wanda yawancin manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa a duniya suka zama bace, ciki har da manyan masu cin nama. 

## Mummified samfurori
A shekara ta 2008, an gano wani samfurin zaki na kogon da ya balaga da kyau a kusa da kogin Maly Anyuy a Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, wanda har yanzu yana riƙe da wasu guntun gashi. 

A shekarar 2015, an gano wasu ’ya’yan zaki biyu masu daskararre, wadanda aka kiyasta suna tsakanin shekaru 25,000 zuwa 55,000, kusa da kogin Uyandina a Yakutia, Siberiya a cikin permafrost .    Sakamakon bincike ya nuna cewa 'ya'yan sun yi kusan mako guda a lokacin mutuwarsu, saboda haƙoran madara ba su cika fitowa ba. Wasu karin bayanai sun nuna cewa an boye yaran a wani rami har sai da suka yi karfin da za su bi mahaifiyarsu zuwa ga girman kai, kamar yadda ake yi da zakuna na zamani. Masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa, an kama yaran ne sakamakon zaftarewar kasa, kuma rashin iskar oxygen da ke karkashin kasa ya hana su rubewa kuma ya ba da damar adana yaran a cikin yanayi mai kyau. An shirya balaguro na biyu zuwa wurin da aka gano ’ya’yan a shekarar 2016, da fatan gano ko dai ragowar ’ya’ya na uku ko kuma watakila mahaifiyar yaran. 

A cikin 2017, an gano wani samfurin daskararre, wanda ake tunanin ɗan zaki ne, a Yakutia da ke gabar kogin Tirekhtyakh ( Russian   ), wani tributary na kogin Indigirka . An yi tunanin cewa wannan dan jaririn ya girmi 'ya'yan 2015 a lokacin mutuwarsa; an kiyasta ya kai kusan wata daya da rabi zuwa biyu.  A cikin 2018, an gano wani gawar ɗan yaro da aka adana a wani wuri  zuwa. An yi la'akarin yana da kusan wata guda lokacin da ya mutu kusan shekaru 50,000 da suka wuce, kuma an ɗauka cewa ɗan'uwan ɗan'uwan namiji ne.  Duk da haka, haɗin gwiwar carbon ya nuna su sun rayu kimanin shekaru 15,000, tare da mace an kiyasta cewa ta rayu shekaru 28,000 da suka wuce, kuma namiji 43,448 shekaru da suka wuce.  Dukan 'ya'yan biyu an kiyaye su da kyau, duk da cewa suna da 'yan lalacewa, tare da mace mai yiwuwa ita ce "mafi kyawun adana" dabba da aka gano tun lokacin Ice . 

## Manazarta