Bautar a Burtaniya

Bautar a Burtaniya ta wanzu kafin mamayar Romawa, wanda ya faru daga kimanin AD 43 zuwa AD 410, kuma aikin ya jimre a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban har zuwa karni na 11, lokacin da nasarar Norman na Ingila ta haifar da haɗuwa da sannu a hankali na tsarin bautar da ya gabata a cikin bautar a tsakiyar wasu rikice-Rikicin tattalin arziki. Idan aka ba da sauye-sauyen zamantakewa da siyasa da suka yadu daga baya, ba a bi da bayi daban da wasu mutane a ko dai dokar Ingila ko al'ada ta al'ada ba. A tsakiyar karni na 12, kafa bautar kamar yadda ta kasance kafin nasarar Norman ta ɓace gaba ɗaya, amma wasu nau'ikan bautar da ba ta da 'yanci sun ci gaba da wasu ƙarni.

’Yan kasuwan Biritaniya sun kasance wani gagarumin karfi a bayan cinikin bayi na Atlantic (wanda kuma aka sani da cinikin bayi na “transatlantic”) tsakanin karni na sha bakwai da sha tara, amma ba a taba kafa wata doka a Ingila da ta halatta bautar ba. [ana binciken hujja] A cikin shari'ar Somerset v Stewart (1772) 98 ER 499, Lord Mansfield ya yanke hukuncin cewa, kasancewar ba a amince da bautar da dokar Ingila ba, James Somerset, bawa da aka kawo Ingila sannan ya tsere, ba za a iya tura shi Jamaica don sayarwa ba, kuma aka 'yanta shi. A Scotland, ana ci gaba da amfani da bayin da aka yi amfani da su har zuwa 1799, lokacin da aka zartar da wani aiki wanda ya tabbatar da ’yancinsu, kuma ya sanya bauta da bautar da aka haramta.

Wani yunkuri na abolitionist ya girma a Burtaniya a cikin ƙarni na 18 da 19, har sai Dokar Cinikin Bauta ta 1807 ta haramta cinikin bayi a Daular Burtaniya. Koyaya ba sai 1937 ba ne aka haramta cinikin bayi a duk faɗin Daular Burtaniya ba, tare da Najeriya da Bahrain su ne yankunan Burtaniya na ƙarshe da suka kawar da bautar.

Duk da cewa ya saba wa dokokin Burtaniya, ayyukan da aka kwatanta da "bautar zamani" har yanzu suna wanzuwa a Biritaniya kuma galibi suna da alaƙa da illolin da masu safarar mutane ke haifarwa waɗanda suka fito daga ƙasashe matalauta, kamar waɗanda ke aikata laifuka daban-daban na cin zarafin 'yan ƙasar Vietnam. A lokaci guda kuma, ƙungiyoyi da yawa a cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin aikata laifuka a cikin Burtaniya suna yawan kai hari ga 'yan Birtaniyya. Gwamnatin kasar, a cikin wata sanarwa da ta fitar, ta lura da yadda "kungiyoyi ke amfani da mutane masu rauni don safarar abubuwa (ba bisa ka'ida ba)", da kuma "wanda aka amince da shi a matsayin wanda aka azabtar da bautar zamani" ya hada da maza da mata da manya da yara. Musamman, a cikin 2022, cikakkun "12,727 masu yuwuwar wadanda ke fama da bautar zamani an tura su zuwa Ofishin Cikin Gida a cikin 2021, yana wakiltar haɓaka 20% idan aka kwatanta da shekarar da ta gabata".
## Bayani
A tarihi, Britons sun bautar da yawa, yawanci ta hanyar masu arziki 'yan kasuwa da masu yaƙi waɗanda suka fitar da bayi na asali daga zamanin da suka gabata,  da kuma masu mamaye kasashen waje daga Daular Romawa a lokacin Roman Conquest of Britain. 

Shekaru dubu bayan haka, 'yan kasuwa na Burtaniya sun zama manyan mahalarta Cinikin bayi na Atlantic a farkon zamani zamani. A matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin Kasuwanci na triangular, masu mallakar jirgi sun kai bayi na Afirka ta Yamma zuwa mallakar Turai a Sabon Duniya (musamman ga yankunan Burtaniya a West Indies) don a sayar da su a can. Jiragen sun dawo da kayayyaki zuwa Burtaniya sannan suka fitar da kayayyaki ga Afirka. Wasu masu gonar sun kawo bayi zuwa Burtaniya, inda da yawa daga cikinsu suka tsere daga iyayensu. Bayan doguwar kamfen don kawar da doka karkashin jagorancin Thomas Clarkson da (a cikin House of Commons) na William Wilberforce, Majalisar ta haramta yin ma'amala da bayi ta hanyar zartar da Dokar Cinikin Bauta ta 1807, wanda Royal Navy ta Yammacin Afirka Squadron ta tilasta. Burtaniya ta yi amfani da tasirin ta don shawo kan wasu ƙasashe a duniya don soke cinikin bayi da sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyi don ba da damar Royal Navy don hana jiragen bautar.

A cikin shekara ta 1772, Somerset da Stewart ta yi ikirarin cewa bautar ba ta da tushe a cikin Dokar Ingilishi kuma saboda haka ta saba wa habeas corpus. Wannan ya gina a kan Shari'ar Cartwright ta farko daga mulkin Elizabeth I, wanda kuma ya riƙe manufar bautar ba a gane ta a cikin dokar Ingilishi ba. An dauki wannan shari'ar a lokacin don yanke shawarar cewa yanayin bautar ba ta wanzu a karkashin dokar Ingila ba. A shari'a ("de jure") masu bautar ba za su iya cin nasara a kotu ba, kuma abolitionists sun ba da taimako na shari'a ga bautar baƙi. Koyaya ainihin ("de facto") bautar ta ci gaba a Burtaniya tare da bayi dubu goma zuwa goma sha huɗu a Ingila da Wales, waɗanda galibi ma'aikatan gida ne. Lokacin da aka kawo bayi daga yankuna dole ne su sanya hannu kan takardun da suka sanya su ma'aikata yayin da suke Burtaniya. Yawancin masana tarihi na zamani sun yarda cewa bautar ta ci gaba a Burtaniya har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 18, a ƙarshe ta ɓace a kusa da 1800.
## Kafin 1066

Tun kafin zamanin Romawa, bauta ya zama ruwan dare a Biritaniya, tare da fitar da ’yan asalin Birtaniyya akai-akai. Bayan mamayar da Romawa suka yi wa Biritaniya, bautar ta yaɗu kuma ta haɓaka masana'antu.

Bayan faduwar Roma na Burtaniya, duka Angles da Saxon sun yada tsarin bautar. Ɗaya daga cikin asusun farko na bayi daga farkon tsakiyar Burtaniya ya fito ne daga bayanin yara maza masu gashi mai kyau daga York da Paparoma Gregory the Great ya gani a Roma, a cikin tarihin rayuwa da wani ɗan majami'a wanda ba a san shi ba ya rubuta. An san Mala'iku da Saxon da za a fitar da su daga tsibirin Burtaniya ta hanyar tashar Ingilishi zuwa Arras da Tournai sannan a fadin Faransa zuwa Bahar Rum ta hanyar babban tashar bayi ta Marseilles. An san cewa masu sayar da bayi na Frisia sun ziyarci Ango-Saxon London a cikin ƙarni na 7 da 8 don siyan bayi, waɗanda suka sayar tare da hanyoyin kogi zuwa biranen Jamus da Kudu zuwa Paris.

Vikings sun yi ciniki tare da masarautun Gaelic, Pict, Brythonic da Saxon tsakanin kai musu hari don bayi. 'Yan kasuwar bayi na Saxon wani lokacin suna aiki a cikin layi tare da' yan kasuwa na Norse, galibi suna sayar da Britons ga Irish. A cikin 870, Vikings sun kewaye kuma sun kama sansanin Alt Clut (babban birnin Masarautar Strathclyde) kuma a cikin 871 an kai mafi yawan mazaunan shafin, mai yiwuwa Olaf the White da Ivar the Boneless, zuwa Kasuwancin bayi na Dublin. An ce Maredudd ab Owain (d. 999) ya biya babban fansa don dawo da bayi 2,000 na Welsh.

ngila da tsibirin Burtaniya sun kuma yi amfani da su a matsayin tushen samar da bayi ta hanyar Vikings, wadanda suka kasance daya daga cikin manyan masu samar da bayi na saqaliba ga duniyar musulmi. Mutanen da aka kama a lokacin hare-haren Viking a duk faɗin Turai, kamar su tsibirin Burtaniya, ana iya sayar da su ga Moorish Spain ta hanyar Dublin_slave_trade" id="mwAQI" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Dublin slave trade">Cinikin bayi na Dublin [1] ko kuma a kai su Hedeby ko Brännö kuma daga can ta hanyar hanyar hanyar cinikin Volga zuwa Rasha ta yau, inda aka sayar da bayi da fata ga 'yan kasuwa Musulmai don musayar dirham azurfa da siliki, waɗanda aka samo su a Birka, Wollin da Dublin; da farko wannan hanyar cinikayya tsakanin Turai da Abbasid Caliphate ya wuce ta hanyar Khaganate ta hanyar Khazar Khaganate, amma daga farkon karni na Tsakiya zuwa Iran zuwa Iran zuwa Gaban, daga farkon Volga

## Norman da Mafivel Ingila
Dangane da ƙididdigar Domesday Book, sama da 10% na yawan mutanen Ingila a cikin 1086 bayi ne.

Duk da yake babu wata doka game da bautar,  William the Conqueror ya gabatar da dokar da ke hana sayar da bayi a kasashen waje. 

A cikin 1102, Majalisar Ikilisiya ta London da Anselm ya tara ta ba da doka: "Babu wanda ya yi kokari daga nan gaba ya shiga cikin mummunar kasuwanci, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a Ingila, na sayar da mutane kamar dabbobi. "  Koyaya, Majalisar ba ta da ikon yin doka, kuma babu wani doka da ya dace sai dai idan sarki ya sanya hannu. 
## Manazarta