Tarihin muhalli

**Tarihin muhalli** shine shirin bincike wanda ke mai da hankali kan hulɗar tsakanin mutane da mahallinsu na dogon lokaci, yawanci a cikin ƙarni. Don aiwatar da wannan aikin, masana kimiyyar muhalli na tarihi suna tattara bayanai masu tsawo da masu aiki suka tattara a fannoni daban-daban. Maimakon mayar da hankali kan wani takamaiman taron, ilimin muhalli na tarihi yana da niyyar nazarin da fahimtar wannan hulɗa a duk lokacin da sarari don samun cikakken fahimtar tasirinsa. Ta hanyar wannan hulɗa, mutane suna daidaitawa da kuma tsara Yanayi, suna ci gaba da ba da gudummawa ga canjin wuri. Masana ilimin muhalli na tarihi sun fahimci cewa mutane suna da tasiri a duniya, tasirin wuri a hanyoyi daban-daban waɗanda ke ƙaruwa ko rage bambancin jinsuna, kuma cewa hangen nesa yana da mahimmanci don samun damar fahimtar wannan tsarin.

Kashewa tare da shimfidar wurare yana buƙatar haɗin kai mai wuya tsakanin kimiyyar halitta da zamantakewa, kulawa ta kusa da ma'auni na ƙasa da na lokaci, ilimin kewayon rikitarwa na muhalli na ɗan adam, da gabatar da binciken ta hanyar da ke da amfani ga masu bincike a fannoni da yawa. Wadannan ayyukan suna buƙatar ka'idar da hanyoyin da aka samo daga Yanayin ƙasa, ilmin halitta, ilimin muhalli, Tarihi, ilimin zamantakewa, ilimin ɗan adam, da sauran fannoni. Hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da binciken tarihi, sake fasalin yanayi, binciken shuke-shuke da dabbobi, binciken archaeological, tambayoyin ethnographic, da sake fasalin wuri.ds.s

## Tarihi
Hanyar tana da shafuka da yawa na asali daga masu bincike waɗanda suka raba sha'awar matsalar muhalli da tarihi, amma tare da bambancin hanyoyin. Edward Smith Deevey, Jr. ya yi amfani da kalmar a cikin shekarun 1960  don bayyana hanyar da ta kasance cikin ci gaba mai tsawo.  Deevey ya so ya hada ayyukan "al'adun muhalli" wanda aka yi nazari a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na gwaji, tare da "al'ummar muhalli na tarihi" wanda ya dogara da shaidar da aka tattara ta hanyar aikin gona. Misali, Deevey ya yi amfani da kwanan wata na radiocarbon don sulhunta jerin tsire-tsire da dabbobi na masana kimiyyar halittu tare da jerin al'adun kayan aiki da wuraren da masu binciken tarihi suka gano.

A cikin shekarun 1980s, membobin sashen tarihi a Jami'ar Arkansas a Little Rock sun shirya jerin laccoci mai taken "Historical Ecology: Essays on Environment and Social Change"  Marubutan sun lura da damuwar jama'a game da gurɓataccen yanayi da raguwar albarkatun halitta, kuma sun fara tattaunawa tsakanin masu bincike tare da ƙwarewar da suka mamaye kimiyyar zamantakewa. Takardun sun nuna muhimmancin fahimtar tsarin zamantakewa da siyasa, asalin mutum, fahimtar yanayi, da kuma yawan mafita ga matsalolin muhalli.

Fitowar ilimin muhalli na tarihi a matsayin horo mai jituwa ya haifar da ayyukan bincike na dogon lokaci a cikin ilimin muhallar tarihi na wurare masu zafi, masu matsakaici da arctic:

Masana binciken tarihi da masu ilimin halittu ne suka gudanar da E.S. Deevey's Historical Ecology of the Maya Project (1973-1984) wadanda suka hada bayanai daga tafkin, alamu na zama, da kayan aiki daga tonowa a tsakiyar Gundumar Petén ta Guatemala don karyata ra'ayoyin cewa rushewar biranen Mayan ya haifar da raguwar samar da abinci.

Carole L. Crumley's Burgundian Landscape Project (1974-yanzu) an gudanar da shi ne ta hanyar ƙungiyar bincike mai yawa da nufin gano dalilai da yawa waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga dorewar tattalin arzikin noma na Burgundy, Faransa.

Shirin Inuit-Norse na Thomas H. McGovern (1976-yanzu) yana amfani da ilimin kimiyyar archaeology, sake gina muhalli, da kuma nazarin rubutu don bincika canjin yanayin muhalli na masu mulkin mallaka na Nordic da 'yan asalin ƙasar Greenland, Iceland, Faeroes, da Shetland. 

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan an fadada hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su wajen ilimin muhalli na tarihi don haɗawa da yanayin bakin teku da na ruwa:

Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary Project (1984-yanzu) yayi nazarin Massachusetts, Amurka kifi a cikin ƙarni na 17 zuwa 19 ta hanyar tarihin tarihi.

## Dangantaka da sauran fannoni

## Manazarta