Yanayin Isra'ila

Yanayin Misira"Isra'ila ya bambanta sosai, tare da yanayin hamada a kudu, da tsaunuka masu dusar ƙanƙara a arewa. Isra'ila tana a gabashin Tekun Bahar Rum a Yammacin Asiya. Yana da iyaka a arewacin Lebanon, arewa maso gabas da Siriya, gabas da Jordan da West Bank, kuma a kudu maso yammacin Masar. A yammacin Isra'ila akwai Tekun Bahar Rum, wanda ya zama mafi yawan iyakar Isra'ila mai nisan kilomita  (170 ,  da kuma Gaza Strip. Isra'ila tana da karamin bakin teku a kan Bahar Maliya a kudu.

Yankin Isra'ila yana da kusan 20,770 km2 (8,019 sq mi), wanda ya haɗa da 445 km2 (172 sq mi) na ruwan ciki.  Isra'ila tana da nisan kilomita 424 (263 mi) daga arewa zuwa kudu, kuma fadinta ya kai daga 114 km (71 mi) a mafi girman wurinta zuwa 10 km (6.2 mi) a mafi ƙanƙanta.] Tana da Yankin Tattalin Arziki na Musamman.

Yankunan da Isra'ila ta mamaye sun hada da gabar yamma da kogin Jordan, murabba'in kilomita 5,879 (2,270 sq mi), Gabashin Kudus, murabba'in kilomita 70 (27 sq mi) da Tuddan Golan, murabba'in kilomita 1,150 (444 sq mi).  Za a lura da fasalin ƙasa a cikin waɗannan yankuna kamar haka.  Daga cikin wadannan yankuna, Isra'ila ta mamaye Gabashin Kudus da Tuddan Golan, matakin da kasashen duniya ba su amince da shi ba.

Kudancin Isra'ila ya mamaye hamadar Negev, wanda ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita 16,000 (6,178 sq mi), fiye da rabin adadin ƙasar.  Arewacin Negev ya ƙunshi Hamadar Yahudiya, wanda, a iyakarsa da Jordan, ya ƙunshi Tekun Gishiri wanda, a -417 m (-1,368 ft) shine mafi ƙasƙanci a duniya.  Yankin tsakiyar Isra'ila ya mamaye tsaunin Yahudiya na Yammacin Kogin Jordan, yayin da bakin tekun tsakiya da arewa ya ƙunshi fili mai dausayi da ke bakin tekun Isra'ila.  A cikin ƙasa, yankin arewa yana ƙunshe da tsaunin Dutsen Karmel, wanda kwarin Jezreel mai albarka ke biye da shi, sai kuma yankin Galili mai tuddai.  Tekun Galili yana bayan wannan yanki kuma yana da iyaka da gabas da tuddan Golan, wani tuddan tuddai mai iyaka da arewa da yankin da Isra'ila ta mamaye na Dutsen Harmon, wanda ya hada da mafi girman matsayi a karkashin ikon Isra'ila, kololuwar mita 2,224 (7,297 ft).  Matsayi mafi girma a cikin ƙasa da aka sani da Isra'ila a duniya shine Dutsen Meron a tsayin mita 1,208 (3,963 ft).

## Wurin da iyakoki

Isra'ila tana arewacin ma'auni a kusa da 31 ° 30' arewacin latitude da 34 ° 45' gabas longitude. Ya auna    daga arewa zuwa kudu [dubious - tattauna] kuma, a mafi faɗin sa   , daga gabas zuwa yamma. A mafi ƙanƙanta, duk da haka, an rage wannan zuwa kawai   . Yana da iyakar ƙasa na    da kuma bakin teku na   .  An sanya shi a matsayi na 153 a cikin Jerin ƙasashe da yankuna masu nisa ta hanyar jimlar yanki. 

Kafin kafa Dokar Burtaniya ga Falasdinu, babu wata ma'anar iyakar ƙasa da yankuna na yankin da aka sani da "Palestine". A gaban yakin duniya na *Encyclopædia Britannica* ta bayyana shi a matsayin "mahimmanci mai banƙyama".  Yarjejeniyar Sykes-Picot a 1916 ta raba yankin da daga baya ya zama Falasdinu zuwa sassan siyasa huɗu.  A karkashin Mandate na Burtaniya don Falasdinu, an kirkiro tsarin siyasa na farko wanda ya bambanta yankin daga manyan ƙasashe da ke kewaye da shi. Yankin iyaka a wannan lokacin bai gabatar da canje-canje na ƙasa kusa da iyakoki ba kuma bangarorin biyu na iyaka suna ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnatin Burtaniya.

Isra'ila ta zamani tana iyaka da arewa da Lebanon, arewa maso gabas da Siriya, gabas da Jordan da gabar yamma da kogin Jordan, sannan kudu maso yamma da Masar.  A yammacin Isra'ila akwai Tekun Bahar Rum, wanda ke da mafi yawan bakin tekun na Isra'ila mai nisan kilomita 273 (170 mi) da zirin Gaza.  Isra'ila tana da ƙaramin bakin teku a kan Bahar Maliya a kudu.  Mazaunan kudu mafi kusa a Isra'ila shine birnin Eilat yayin da na arewa shine garin Metula.  Yankin ruwan Isra'ila ya miƙe zuwa cikin teku zuwa nisan mil goma sha biyu na nautical mil daga madaidaicin tushe..

Kididdigar da Ofishin Kididdiga na Tsakiya na Isra'ila ya bayar sun haɗa da Gabashin Urushalima da Golan Heights, amma sun cire West Bank da Gaza Strip. Jama'ar Isra'ila sun hada da Mazauna Isra'ila a Yammacin Kogin. Hanyar Shingen Yammacin Isra'ila ta ƙunshi wasu sassan Yammacin Kogin.

## Yankunan jiki
Isra'ila ta kasu kashi huɗu: filin bakin teku na Bahar Rum, Tsakiyar Tsakiya, kwarin Rift na Jordan da hamadar Negev . 

### Filin bakin teku
 
Yankin bakin tekun Isra'ila ya shimfiɗa daga iyakar Lebanon a arewa zuwa Gaza a kudu, wanda Cape Carmel kawai ya katse a Haifa Bay. Yana da kusan kilomita 40 (25  a Gaza kuma yana ƙuntata zuwa arewa zuwa kusan kilomita 5 (3.1  a iyakar Lebanon. Yankin yana da kyau kuma yana da danshi (a tarihi na zazzabin cizon sauro) kuma an san shi da gonakin citrus da ruwa inabi. Yankin yana ratsawa da gajerun rafi da yawa. Daga arewa zuwa kudu waɗannan sune: Kishon, Hadera, Alexander, Poleg, da Yarkon. Dukkanin wadannan koguna sun gurɓata sosai, amma a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata an yi aiki mai yawa don tsaftace su. [dubious - tattauna] A yau Kishon, Alexander da Yarkon sun sake gudana a duk shekara, kuma suna da wuraren shakatawa a bakin kogin su. 

Dangane da yanayin ƙasa, an raba yankin zuwa ƙananan yankuna biyar.  Yankin arewaci yana tsakanin iyakar Lebanon, Yammacin Galili zuwa gabas, da kuma teku.  Ya taso daga Rosh HaNikra a arewa har zuwa Haifa, birni na uku mafi girma a Isra'ila.  yanki ne mai albarka, kuma a bakin tekun akwai kananan tsibirai da yawa.[1]  Tare da kewayon Dutsen Karmel akwai Hof HaCarmel, ko Filin Tekun Karmel.  Ya taso daga inda Dutsen Karmel ya kusa taɓa teku, a Haifa, da ƙasa zuwa Nahal Taninim, rafi da ke nuna iyakar kudancin Karmel.  Filin Sharon shine sashe na gaba, yana gudana daga Nahal Taninim (kudancin Zikhron Ya'akov) zuwa Kogin Yarkon na Tel Aviv.  Wannan yanki shine mafi yawan jama'a a Isra'ila.  Kudancin wannan, yana gudu zuwa Nahal Shikma, shi ne Filin Gabas ta Tsakiya, wanda kuma aka sani da yammacin Negev.  Bangare na ƙarshe shine Filin Gabas ta Kudu, wanda ya mamaye kudu da kewayen Zirin Gaza.  Ya kasu kashi biyu – a arewa, yankin Besor, yanki ne mai nau’in savanna mai yawan al’umma, sannan kudu da yankin Agur-Halutza, wanda ke da karancin jama’a.

A cikin ƙasa (gabas) na filin bakin teku yana cikin yankin tsakiya na tsakiya. A arewacin wannan yankin akwai duwatsu da tuddai na Upper Galilee da Lower Galilee, waɗanda galibi suna da mita 500 zuwa 700 (1,640 zuwa 2,297  a tsawo, kodayake sun kai matsakaicin tsawo na mita 1,208 (3,963  a Dutsen Meron .  Kudancin Galili, a Yammacin Kogin, sune Dutsen Samariya tare da ƙananan kwari masu yawa, masu kyau da ba sa kaiwa tsawo na mita 800 (2,625 .  Kudancin Urushalima, kuma galibi a cikin Yammacin Kogin, sune Dutsen Yahudiya, gami da Dutsen Hebron .  Tsakiyar tsaunuka na tsakiya tana da matsakaicin mita 610 (2,001  a tsawo kuma ta kai mafi girman tsawo a Har Meron, a mita 1,208 (3,963 , a Galili kusa da Safed .  Kwarin da yawa sun ratsa tsaunuka kusan daga gabas zuwa yamma; mafi girma shine Kwarin Jezreel (wanda aka fi sani da Filayen Esdraelon), wanda ya shimfiɗa kilomita 48 (30  daga Haifa kudu maso gabas zuwa kwarin Kogin Urdun, kuma yana da kilomita 19 (12  a fadin a mafi faɗin.

### Kogin Jordan Rift
 

Gabashin tsaunukan tsakiyar tsaunuka ya ta'allaka ne da Kogin Jordan Rift Valley, wanda karamin yanki ne na Rift na Gabashin Afirka mai nisan kilomita 6,500 (4,039 mi).nbsp; A cikin Isra'ila Rift Valley ya mamaye Kogin Urdun, Tekun Galili (wani muhimmin tushen ruwa mai mahimmanci wanda aka sani da tafkin Tiberias da tafkin Kinneret), da Tekun Gishiri.nbsp; Kogin Urdun, kogin mafi girma na Isra'ila (kilomita 322 (200 mi)), ya samo asali ne daga kogin Dan, Baniyas, da Hasbani kusa da Dutsen Harmon a cikin tsaunukan Anti-Lebanon kuma ya bi ta kudu ta magudanar ruwa ta Hula Basin zuwa cikin kogin Tiberias.nbsp; Tafkin Tiberias yana da girman murabba'in kilomita 165 (sq mi) kuma, ya danganta da yanayin yanayi da ruwan sama, yana da kusan mita 213 (699 ft) ƙasa da matakin teku.[1]nbsp; Tare da ƙididdige ƙarfin ruwa a kilomita 3 cubic (0.72 cu mi), yana aiki a matsayin babban tafki na Mai ɗaukar Ruwa na Ƙasa (wanda kuma aka sani da Kinneret-Negev Conduit).[1]nbsp; Kogin Urdun yana ci gaba da tafiyarsa daga kudancin ƙarshen tafkin Tiberias (wanda ya zama iyaka tsakanin Kogin Yamma da Kogin Urdun) zuwa ƙarshensa a cikin Tekun Gishiri mai matuƙar gishiri.[1]nbsp; Tekun Dead yana da girman murabba'in kilomita 1,020 (394 sq mi) kuma, a tsayin mita 420 (1,378 fat) ƙasa da matakin teku, ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta a saman duniya.[1]nbsp; Kudancin Tekun Dead, Rift Valley yana ci gaba a cikin Arabah (Ibrananci "Arava", Larabci "Wadi 'Arabah"), wanda ba shi da kwararar ruwa na dindindin, tsawon kilomita 170 (106 mi) zuwa Tekun Eilat.[1].

### Dajin Negev
 

Yankin Negev ya ƙunshi kusan  kilomita 12,000 (4,633 sq , fiye da rabin jimlar ƙasar Isra'ila. A fannin ƙasa yana da tsawo na hamadar Sinai, yana samar da wani triangle mai laushi tare da tushe a arewa kusa da Beersheba, Tekun Gishiri, da kudancin Dutsen Yahudiya, kuma yana da samansa a kudancin ƙasar a Eilat .  A fannin ƙasa, yana daidai da sauran yankuna na ƙasar, tare da ƙasƙanci a yamma, tuddai a tsakiyar, da kwarin Arava a matsayin iyakar gabashin.

Abu na musamman ga yankin Negev sune cirques makhteshim; Makhtesh Ramon, Makhtesh Gadol da Makhtesh Katan .  An kuma raba Negev zuwa yankuna biyar daban-daban na muhalli: arewa, yamma da tsakiyar Negev, babban tudu da kwarin Arabah. Arewacin Negev yana karɓar millimeters 300 (11.8 in) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara kuma yana da ƙasa mai kyau. Yammacin Negev yana karɓar  in) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara, tare da haske da kuma yashi. Tsakiyar Negev tana da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na millimeters 200 (7.9 in) kuma ana nuna shi da ƙasa mara ruwa, yana ba da damar mafi ƙarancin shiga ruwa tare da mafi girman rushewar ƙasa da runoff. Wannan na iya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa mai ban mamaki a lokacin ruwan sama mai tsanani yayin da ruwa ke gudana a fadin farfajiyar ƙasar hamada. Babban tsaunin Ramat HaNegev yana tsakanin mita 370 da 520 (1,214 da 1,706  sama da matakin teku tare da matsanancin yanayin zafi a lokacin rani da hunturu. Yankin yana samun millimeters 100 (3.9 in) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara, tare da ƙasa mai gishiri da kuma ɗan gishiri. Kwarin Arabah tare da iyakar Jordan ya kai kilomita 180 (112  daga Eilat a kudu zuwa ƙarshen Tekun Gishiri a arewa kuma yana da busasshiyar gaske tare da kusan millimeters 50 (1.97 in) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara.

## Ilimin ƙasa

Isra'ila ta raba gabas zuwa yamma ta hanyar tsaunuka da ke gudana daga arewa zuwa kudu tare da bakin teku. Urushalima tana zaune a saman wannan tudun, a gabashin abin da ke cikin Tekun Gishiri wanda shine kwandon da ke janyewa a kan Kuskuren Canjin Tekun Gishiri.

Yawancin dutse da sandstone na tsaunukan Isra'ila suna aiki ne a matsayin aquifers wanda ruwa ke gudana daga gefen yamma zuwa gabas. An kafa maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da yawa a gefen Tekun Gishiri, kowannensu oasis ne, musamman oases a Ein Gedi da Ein Bokek (Zohar tara) inda ƙauyuka suka bunkasa. Isra'ila kuma tana da yankuna da yawa na karst topography. An yi amfani da koguna a yankin dubban shekaru a matsayin mafaka, ɗakunan ajiya, ɗakunan ɗakunan ajiyoyi da kuma wuraren tarurruka na jama'a.

Yankin arewacin iyakar ƙasar yana da wasu shimfidar wurare da aka fi gani a Rosh HaNikra, dutsen dutse wanda aka lalata jerin koguna.

### Ayyukan girgizar ƙasa
Kogin Jordan Rift shine sakamakon motsi na tectonic a cikin tsarin kuskuren Dead Sea Transform (DSF). DSF ta samar da iyakar canzawa tsakanin Farantin Afirka zuwa yamma da Farantin Larabawa zuwa gabas. Golan Heights da duk Jordan suna cikin ɓangaren Larabawa, yayin da Galili, West Bank, Coastal Plain, da Negev tare da yankin Sinai suna kan ɓangaren Afirka. Wannan yanayin tectonic yana haifar da babban aikin girgizar ƙasa a yankin.

Dukkanin ɓangaren k Urdun ana zaton sun fashe sau da yawa, alal M a lokacin manyan girgizar ƙasa biyu da suka gabata tare da wannan tsari a cikin 749 da 1033. Rashin raguwar da ta gina tun bayan taron 1033 ya isa ya haifar da girgizar ƙasa ta Mw ~ 7.4. 

Girgizar ƙasa mafi muni ta faru ne a cikin 31 KZ, 363, 749, da 1033 AZ, wato kowane ca. Shekaru 400 a matsakaici. Girgizar ƙasa mai lalacewa wanda ke haifar da mummunar asarar rayuka kusan kowane shekaru 80. Duk da yake ƙa'idodin gini masu tsauri a halin yanzu suna nan kuma gine-ginen da aka gina kwanan nan suna da aminci ga girgizar ƙasa, tun daga shekara ta 2007 yawancin gine-gine a Isra'ila sun tsufa fiye da waɗannan ƙa'idodin kuma gine-gine masu yawa na jama'a da kuma gine-gumen zama 50,000 ba su cika sabbin ƙa'idodin ba kuma ana "sa ran rushewa" idan an fallasa su ga girgigizar ƙasa mai ƙarfi. Idan aka ba da yanayin siyasa mai rauni na yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma kasancewar manyan wurare masu tsarki, girgizar kasa da ta kai girman 7 a kan sikelin Richter na iya haifar da mummunar sakamako ga zaman lafiya a duniya.

## Koguna da tabkuna

Kogin da ya fi tsayi kuma ya fi shahara a Isra'ila shine Dan_River" id="mwA0E" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Jordan River">Kogin Urdun mai tsawon kilomita 320 (199 , wanda ke tasowa a kan gangaren kudancin Dutsen Hermon a cikin Dutsen Anti-Lebanon .  Kogin yana gudana a kudu ta hanyar Tekun Galili, kuma daga can ya zama iyaka tare da Masarautar Urdun don yawancin hanyarsa, a ƙarshe ya kwarara cikin Tekun Gishiri. Yankunan arewacin Jordan sune Dan, Banias, da Hasbani .  Dan ne kawai ke cikin Isra'ila marar gwagwarmaya; Hasbani yana gudana daga Lebanon kuma Banias daga yankin da aka kama daga Siriya a cikin Yaƙin Kwanaki shida. 

Tekun Galili (wanda kuma ake kira Kinneret) shine mafi girma kuma mafi mahimmancin tafkin Ruwa mai laushi na Isra'ila, wanda ke arewa maso gabashin kasar. Tafkin mai siffar pear yana da tsawon kilomita 23 (14  daga arewa zuwa kudu, tare da matsakaicin faɗin kilomita 13 (8  a arewa, yana rufe  kilomita 166 (64 sq . Kinneret yana da mita 207 (679  a ƙasa da matakin teku kuma ya kai zurfin mita 46 (151 . A cikin wani Lokacin na geological da ya gabata tafkin ya kasance wani ɓangare na babban teku na ciki wanda ya shimfiɗa daga marshes na Hula a arewacin Isra'ila zuwa kilomita 64 (40  kudu da Tekun Gishiri. Gidan tafkin ya zama wani ɓangare na kwarin Jordan Rift . 

Kudancin Kinneret yana da ruwan gishiri na Tekun Gishiri wanda ya zama iyaka tsakanin Isra'ila da Jordan kuma yana da mita 418 (1,371  a ƙasa da matakin teku, yana mai da shi mafi ƙasƙanci a duniya. Tekun Gishiri yana da tsawon kilomita 67 (42  tare da matsakaicin faɗin kilomita 16 (10  kuma yana cikin ɓangaren Rift Valley. Wani tsibiri yana fitowa cikin tafkin daga gabar gabashin, a kudancin inda tafkin bai da zurfi, kasa da mita 6 (19.7  zurfi. A arewa shine zurfin tafkin mafi girma.

Babu hanyoyin ruwa na wucin gadi a Isra'ila, kodayake mai ɗaukar ruwa na ƙasa, hanyar ruwa mai sha, ana iya rarraba shi kamar haka. An tattauna ra'ayin tashar da ke haɗa Bahar Rum da Tekun Matattu ko Red da Tekun Mattu.

## Zaɓaɓɓun tsaunuka

Wadannan sune zaɓaɓɓun tsaunuka na sanannun wurare, daga mafi girma zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci: 

Rabin arewacin Isra'ila yana da Yanayin Bahar Rum tare da tsawo, zafi, lokacin rani mara ruwan sama da ɗan gajeren lokaci, mai sauƙi zuwa sanyi, hunturu mai ruwan sama (Köppen climate classification *Csa*).  Rabin kudancin yana da yanayin zafi mai zafi (*BSh*) da hamada mai zafi (*BWh*). Yanayin yanayi kamar haka ne saboda wurin Isra'ila tsakanin busassun Sahara da hamadar Larabawa, da kuma zafi mai zafi na Levant da Gabashin Bahar Rum. Yanayin yanayi yana da bambanci sosai a cikin jihar kuma an gyara shi a cikin gida ta hanyar tsawo, latitude, da kusanci da Bahar Rum.

A matsakaici, Janairu shine watan da ya fi sanyi tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi daga 6 zuwa 15 ° C (42.8 zuwa 59.0 ° F), kuma Yuli da Agusta sune watanni mafi zafi a 22 zuwa 33 ° C (71.6 zuwa 91.4 ° F), a matsakaici a duk faɗin ƙasar. Lokacin bazara yana da zafi sosai  tekun Bahar Rum amma ya bushe a tsakiyar tsaunuka, Rift Valley, da Negev Desert.  Eilat, birni na hamada, yanayin zafi na rana na rani galibi shine mafi girma  jihar, a wasu lokuta yana kaiwa 44 zuwa 46 ° C (111.2 zuwa 114.8 ° F). Fiye da kashi 70% na matsakaicin ruwan sama a Isra'ila ya faɗi tsakanin Nuwamba da Maris; Yuni zuwa Satumba yawanci ba su da ruwan sama. Ana rarraba ruwan sama ba daidai ba, sosai a kudancin kasar. A cikin matsanancin kudu, ruwan sama yana kusa da  in) a kowace shekara; a arewa, matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya wuce  in).  Ruwan sama ya bambanta daga kakar zuwa kakar kuma daga shekara zuwa shekara, musamman a cikin Negev Desert. Sau da yawa ana mai da hankali kan ruwan sama a cikin guguwa mai tsanani, wanda ke haifar da rushewa da ambaliyar ruwa. A cikin hunturu, ruwan sama sau da yawa yana ɗaukar nau'in dusar ƙanƙara a tsaunuka mafi girma na tsakiya, gami da Urushalima. Dutsen Hermon yana da dusar ƙanƙara na yanayi wanda ke rufe dukkan tsaunuka uku a cikin hunturu da bazara. A lokuta masu wuya, dusar ƙanƙara tana kaiwa ga tsaunukan tsaunuka na arewa kuma kawai a lokuta masu wuya har ma da bakin teku. Yankunan kasar da aka fi nomawa sune wadanda ke karɓar fiye da millimeters 300 (11.8 in) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara, yana sa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ƙasar ana nomawa.

Hadari da ƙanƙara sun zama ruwan dare a duk lokacin ruwan sama kuma ruwa a wasu lokuta yakan buge bakin tekun Bahar Rum, wanda zai iya haifar da ƙananan lalacewa. Koyaya, tsawa mai ƙarfi da Guguwa F2 ta gaskiya ta buge Yammacin Galili a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2006, ta haifar da mummunar lalacewa da raunin 75.

Ruwa na zafi yana da yawa. 2010 ita ce shekara mafi zafi a tarihin Isra'ila tare da cikakkiyar rikodin a wurare da yawa a watan Agusta. Zafin ya zama mai ƙarfi daga watan Agusta lokacin da yanayin zafi ya fi matsakaici. Oktoba da Nuwamba ma sun bushe, kuma Nuwamba kusan babu ruwan sama lokacin da ya kamata ya zama ruwan sama.

### Taswirar yanayi na wurare daban-daban a Isra'ila

## Albarkatun halitta
Ba kamar yawancin Gabas ta Tsakiya ba wanda ke da wadataccen man fetur mai riba, Isra'ila tana da iyakantaccen albarkatun kasa. Wadannan sun hada da jan ƙarfe, phosphate, bromide, potash, yumɓu, yashi, sulfur, asphalt, da Manganese. Ƙananan iskar gas da mai suna nan, sau da yawa kaɗan ne don samun cancanta a fitar da su. A shekara ta 2009, an gano manyan wuraren ajiyar iskar gas a wurin hakowa na Tamar 1, kilomita 90 a yammacin Haifa. Ita ce mafi girman ajiyar iskar gas da aka taɓa ganowa a Isra'ila.

## Damuwa da muhalli

Isra'ila tana da damuwa da yawa game da muhalli daga haɗarin halitta zuwa batutuwan da mutum ya haifar duka sakamakon zamanin d ̄ a zuwa ci gaban zamani. Hadarin halitta da ke fuskantar kasar sun hada da yashi wanda wani lokacin yakan faru a lokacin bazara a cikin hamada ta kudu, fari wanda yawanci ake mayar da hankali a cikin watanni na rani, ambaliyar ruwa wanda ke haifar da babban haɗari a cikin hamadar saboda rashin sanarwa, da girgizar ƙasa na yau da kullun, mafi yawansu ƙananan ne, kodayake akwai haɗari na yau da kullum saboda wurin Isra'ila tare da kwarin Rift .  Damuwar muhalli ta yanzu ta haɗa da rashin ƙasa mai noma da albarkatun ruwa mai kyau. Yayinda aka dauki matakai don ban ruwa da girma a cikin hamada, yawan ruwan da ake buƙata a nan yana haifar da matsaloli. Har ila yau, hamada haɗari ne mai yuwuwa a gefen hamada, yayin da gurɓataccen iska daga masana'antu da fitar da motoci da gurɓatar ruwan ƙasa daga masana'antar masana'antu na cikin gida suma batutuwan da ke fuskantar ƙasar. Bugu da ƙari, tasirin amfani da taki na sinadarai, da magungunan kashe kwari sune batutuwan da ke fuskantar ƙasar. Isra'ila ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar muhalli ta kasa da kasa da yawa kuma tana cikin:

* Yarjejeniyar Biological Diversity
* UNFCCC - Canjin Yanayi&nbsp;
* Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Yaki da Yaki
* Yarjejeniyar Kasuwancin Duniya a cikin Dabbobi da ke cikin haɗari
* Rashin Kasuwanci Mai Hadari
* Hana gwajin nukiliya
* Montreal Protocol - Kariya ta Layer&nbsp;
* MARPOL 73/78 - Rashin Ruwan Jirgin&nbsp;
* Yarjejeniya kan Yankunan Ruwa na Muhimmancin Duniya Musamman A matsayin Gidan tsuntsaye

* Yarjejeniyar Kyoto
* Kare Rayuwar Ruwa

## Gidajen karkara

Yankin karkara na Isra'ila ya haɗa da nau'ikan ƙauyuka na musamman, musamman moshav da kibbutz. Asalin waɗannan sun kasance ƙauyuka ne na hadin gwiwa da haɗin gwiwa bi da bi. A tsawon lokaci, matakin hadin gwiwa a cikin waɗannan ƙauyuka ya ragu kuma a cikin da yawa daga cikinsu an rushe tsarin hadin gwiwa gaba ɗaya. Dukkanin ƙauyuka na ƙauyuka da ƙananan garuruwa da yawa (wasu daga cikinsu ana kiransu "ƙauyuka na karkara") an haɗa su cikin majalisun yanki. Amfani da ƙasa a Isra'ila shine 17% ƙasar noma, 4% amfanin gona na dindindin, da 79% wasu amfani. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2003 an yi ban ruwa da  kilomita 1,940 (749 sq .

Akwai ƙauyuka 242 na Isra'ila da wuraren amfani da ƙasa na farar hula a Yammacin Kogin, 42 a Golan Heights, da 29 a Gabashin Urushalima.

Isra'ila tana da Tsibirin Rosh Hanikra da Tsibirin Achziv a cikin ruwan yankinta. Gwamnatin Isra'ila tana shirin gina tsibirai na wucin gadi a bakin tekun don zama filin jirgin sama, tashar jiragen ruwa, tashar cire ruwa, tashoshin wutar lantarki, da kuma sansanin gwajin soja, a matsayin amsar rashin sarari na Isra'ila.

## Yanayin ɗan adam




Don dalilai na kididdiga, ƙasar tana da yankuna uku na birane; Gush Dan-Tel Aviv (yawan jama'a 3,150,000), Haifa (yawan mutane 996,000), da Beersheba (yawanci 531,600).  Wasu suna jayayya cewa Urushalima, birni mafi girma a Isra'ila tare da yawan mutane 763,600,  da Nazarat,  ya kamata a rarraba su a matsayin manyan birane. Gabaɗaya, Isra'ila tana da birane 74, 14 daga cikinsu suna da yawan jama'a sama da 100,000. Sauran nau'ikan kananan hukumomi a Isra'ila sune kananan hukumomi 144 da ke kula da kananan hukumomi gabaɗaya sama da 2,000 a cikin yawan jama'a,   da kuma kananan hukumomi wadanda ke kula da rukuni na kananan al'ummomi a kan babban yanki.  

Yawan jama'ar Isra'ila sun bambanta a cikin yawan jama'a; 76% Yahudawa, 20% Larabawa, da 4% ba su da alaƙa. Dangane da addini, kashi 76% Yahudawa ne, kashi 16% Musulmi, kashi 2% Kirista, kashi 2% Druze, kuma kashi 4% ba a rarraba su ta hanyar zabi ba. 8% na Yahudawa na Isra'ila sun kasance masu tsattsauran ra'ayi; 9% "masu bin addini", 12% "masu kishin addini", 27% "masu ba na addini ba", kuma 43% "masu zaman kansu ne". Sauran ƙananan, amma sanannun kungiyoyi a Isra'ila, sun haɗa da Circassians waɗanda kusan 3,000 ke zaune galibi a ƙauyuka biyu na arewa, 'yan Lebanon 2,500, da' yan Armenia 5,000 galibi a Urushalima.

## Lissafin da aka yi amfani da shi
Isra'ila tana cikin matsayi Na 34 a duniya dangane da yawan jama'a tare da, kamar yadda aka lura, yanayi na dogon lokaci, mai zafi, lokacin rani mara ruwan sama da kuma ɗan gajeren lokaci, sanyi, hunturu mai ruwan sama. The Population Matters 2011 overshoot index  ya sanya Isra'ila a matsayin yanki na uku mafi dogara a Duniya bayan Singapore da Kuwait.