Karewa a Costa Rica

Kodayake yunkurin kiyayewa ya ci gaba a Turai a karni na 18, Costa Rica a matsayin ƙasa an sanar da shi zakara a halin yanzu. Costa Rica tana da nau'o'in halittu masu ban mamaki, saboda girman ta, tana da nauʼo'in dabbobi da shuke-shuke fiye da Amurka da Kanada sun haɗu  tare da karɓar bakuncin nau'in shuke-huke da dabbobi sama da 500,000. Duk da haka, Costa Rica tana da nisan kilomita 250 kawai da faɗin kilomita 150. Ka'idar da aka yarda da ita don asalin wannan nau'in jinsuna mai ban mamaki shine haɗuwa da jinsuna daga Arewa da Kudancin Amurka da ke faruwa a kan wannan wuri mai faɗi. Saboda haka, adana yanayin halitta na wannan wuri mai rauni, ya ja hankalin masana da masana kimiyya da yawa na duniya.

MINAE (Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Makamashi da Sadarwa) da kuma alhakin kokarin kiyayewa da yawa a Costa Rica ta cimma ta hanyar hukumomin ta da yawa, gami da SINAC (National System of Conservation Areas), FONAFIFO (asusun gandun daji na kasa), da CONAGEBIO (National Commission for Biodiversity Management).

Costa Rica ta sanya kiyayewa fifiko na kasa, kuma ta kasance a kan gaba na adana yanayin halitta tare da kashi 28% na ƙasar da aka kare ta hanyar wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa, wuraren ajiya, da mafaka na namun daji, wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon gudanarwa na SINAC (National System of Conservation Areas)  wani ɓangare na MINAE (Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Makamashi da Sadarwa). SINAC ta raba kasar zuwa yankuna daban-daban dangane da bambancin muhalli na wannan yankin - kamar yadda aka gani a cikin adadi 1.Kasar ta yi amfani da wannan bambancin muhalli don amfanin tattalin arzikinta ta hanyar Masana'antar yawon shakatawa mai tasowa, ta sanya jajircewarta ga yanayi, a nunawa ga baƙi daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Kasuwar yawon bude ido a Costa Rica an kiyasta ta karu da dala biliyan 1.34 daga 2023 zuwa 2028, tana girma a CAGR na 5.76%.

Har ila yau, ita ce kadai ƙasa a duniya da ke samar da fiye da kashi 99% na wutar lantarki daga hanyoyin sabuntawa, ta dogara da wutar lantarki (72%), iska (13%), makamashi na geothermal (15%), biomass da hasken rana (1%). Masu sukar sun nuna duk da haka, cewa a cimma wannan muhimmancin, kasar ta gina madatsun ruwa da yawa (ba da yawancin wutar lantarki) wasu daga cikinsu sun yi mummunar tasiri ga al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma tsire-tsire da fauna na yankin.

## Ci gaban tarihi

"The Green Republic: A Conservation History of Costa Rica" na Sterling Evans sanannen littafi ne wanda ke gano ci gaban yunkurin kiyayewa a Costa Rica daga tsakiyar 1700s zuwa yau. Evans ya ambaci cewa lokacin da Mutanen Espanya suka fara isa Amurka, yanayin Costa Rica bai bayyana a gare su ba, idan aka kwatanta da Guatemala ko Mexico wanda ya fi kama da yanayin Mutanen Espanya. Saboda haka, har zuwa karni na 18, akwai karancin ci gaban noma a yankin. Har ila yau, ba shi da zinariya da sauran ma'adanai da Christopher Columbus ya yi fatan samun su a waɗannan yankuna (saboda haka sunan, Rich Coast). A sakamakon haka, gandun daji na Costa Rica ya bar shi da kyau ta hanyar zama na Turai a Amurka.

A tsakiyar karni na 19, an lura cewa ƙasar Costa Rican ta kasance mai kyau ga ci gaban kofi. Bukatar kofi a duniya tana ƙaruwa da sauri, ta hanyar buƙatun ma'aikata a cikin masana'antu na yamma. Misali na aikin gona da masu shuka kofi suka karɓa a Costa Rica ya kasance daga ƙananan gonakin da aka sani da cafeteras, kuma sun yi ƙoƙari su zama masu kula da ƙasar. Wannan tsarin ya bambanta da al'adun kofi wanda zai bunkasa ta hanyar karɓar akidar jari-hujja. A sakamakon haka, duk da cewa samar da kofi ya karu sosai daga 1850 zuwa 1950, babu wani babban lalacewar gandun daji a Costa Rica har zuwa shekarun 1950, sabanin imani.

Wasu daga cikin mahimman bayanai da ake watsi da su a tarihin kiyayewa na Costa Rica tsakanin 1850 da 2000 a cewar Evans, sune:

1. Gwamnatin Shugaba Bernardo Soto a cikin 1888 ta fara aiwatar da jan hankalin malamai daga ko'ina cikin duniya, musamman Switzerland da Jamus a kokarin ilimantar da mazauna yankin game da ayyukan noma da suka dace da muhalli kamar yadda a shekara ta 1914, Costa Rica ta zama babbar cibiyar bincike ta kimiyya a Amurka mai zafi

2. Kafa Jami'ar Costa Rica (UCR) a cikin shekarun 1940 wani abu ne mai mahimmanci, tun lokacin da jami'ar ta yi aiki a matsayin matattarar bincike game da nazarin wurare masu zafi a Amurka ta tsakiya. A kan jagorancin UCR akwai masana kimiyya masu tasiri kamar su Rafael Lucas Rodríguez da Alexander Skutch waɗanda littattafan su na gaba suka zama tushe ga yanke shawara na manufofi na gaba. Skutch ya lura, 

"a tsakiyar shekarun 1930, Costa Rica har yanzu ba ta lalace ba. Yawan jama'arta na kasa da rabin mutane miliyan . . . ya mai da hankali ne a cikin ƙanƙanin Meseta Central. . . . Sauran fa'idodi . . ga masanin halitta shine kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da abokantaka da mutanenta. . . Costa Rica tana da rikodin ci gaba, tsarin mulki mai tsari wanda kusan kowace ƙasa a Latin Amurka ba za ta iya daidaitawa da karatun sa ba ko kuma yanke layin sadarwa mai yawa.

3. A shekara ta 1950, Costa Rica ta dogara sosai da fitar da kofi zuwa Turai da Amurka. A lokaci guda, yana fama da matsalar tsakanin kara yawan aikin gona a gefe guda da kare albarkatun kasa don amfani a nan gaba a gefe guda. A shekara ta 1958, duk da haka, farashin kofi na duniya ya ragu, kuma an nuna babban tushen samun kudin shiga na Costa Rica yana da matukar damuwa ga dakarun da ba a iya tsammani ba. Gwamnati ta mayar da martani ta hanyar inganta masana'antu na ciki da ƙarfafa wasu masana'antu. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan masana'antar da ta fito a sakamakon haka, ita ce Masana'antar nama.

An kwatanta kwarin Amurka ta tsakiya a matsayin "cikakke ga shanu" ta Carl Hoffman . Har zuwa 1970, an fara amfani da shanun da ake kiwon a Costa Rica don amfanin gida. Kusan 1970, buƙatar naman naman sa daga Amurka ya fara nuna haɓaka mai girma saboda haɓakar masana'antar abinci mai sauri. Wannan buƙatu mai ƙarfi, haɗe da faɗuwar farashin kofi ya ba masana'antar shanu haɓaka kuma an fara maye gurbin dazuzzuka da wuraren kiwo. A mafi munin sa, Costa Rica tana asarar kashi 4% na gandun daji a kowace shekara.

Wani madadin bincike da Julia Flagg ta yi a cikin tsarin "tsarin-tsarin" ya nuna cewa bayan samun 'yancin kai a 1821 warewar Costa Rica daga El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, da Nicaragua ya kasance mai mahimmanci wajen tsara makomarta kuma ya zama batu mai banbanci a cikin juyin halitta na kasashen Amurka ta tsakiya. A cewar Mahoney  " . . . yayin da duk sauran larduna suka shiga cikin yaki da rikice-rikicen siyasa, Costa Rica ta tsere wa irin wannan lalacewa kuma ta yi yunkurin ci gaban tattalin arziki. " Ta kuma yi jayayya cewa rashin ƙwararrun masu mallakar ƙasa a Costa Rica ya taimaka wajen ci gaba da kyakkyawan shugabanci da kiyaye dimokuradiyya mai ɗorewa a ƙasar. Kaddamar da sojoji a shekarar 1948 ya taimaka wajen samar da albarkatun da gwamnati ta zaba don saka hannun jari a cikin ilimi da kariya. Kasar ta shiga cikin ingantaccen tsarin karfafawa daga baya, inda sabbin dokoki da aka kafa suka jawo yabo na kasa da kasa wanda ya taimaka wajen karfafa matsayin Costa Rica a matsayin jagora na duniya a cikin kariya ta albarkatu.

"Green Republic" na Sterling Evans yayi nazarin tarihin kiyayewa a Costa Rica, yana kalubalantar fahimtar shi a matsayin "jamhuriyar kore" mara lahani. Kokarin kiyayewa na Costa Rica ya fito ne a cikin mummunar lalacewar muhalli, wanda ya haifar da dalilai kamar fadada aikin gona da sake rarraba ƙasa. Evans ya gano juyin halitta na manufofin kiyayewa, yana nuna mahimman lokutan kamar Ley Forestal na 1969 da kuma kafa tsarin wurin shakatawa na kasa. Duk da kalubalen, Costa Rica ta sami ci gaba a kiyayewa ta hanyar shirye-shirye kamar musayar bashi ga yanayi da kuma sa hannun kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Koyaya, batutuwan kamar dorewar yawon shakatawa na muhalli suna jaddada matsalolin da ke gudana na daidaita kiyayewa tare da ci gaban tattalin arziki. Gabaɗaya, Evans yana ba da ra'ayi mai mahimmanci game da tafiyar kiyayewa ta Costa Rica, yana amincewa da nasarori yayin da yake fahimtar ƙalubalen da ke gudana.

## Misalan kokarin aiki

### Tsarin Gidan shakatawa na Kasa
Costa Rica tana alfahari da cibiyar sadarwa ta wuraren kariya, gami da wuraren shakatawa na kasa, mafaka ga namun daji, da wuraren ajiyar halittu. Wadannan yankuna suna kare yanayin halittu daban-daban, kamar gandun daji, gandun daji na girgije, rairayin bakin teku, da coral reefs, kare nau'ikan flora da fauna. 

Kamar kowane yanki na halitta, yankunan kiyayewa na Costa Rican suna da dokoki da ka'idoji don kare nau'in da ke kira su gida. Yawancin dokoki suna da ma'ana, kamar haramtacciyar farauta, fita daga hanyoyin da aka yi alama, cire samfurori kamar shuke-shuke, dabbobi, ko harsashi, da shiga cikin craters na dutsen wuta

### Yawon shakatawa na muhalli
Costa Rica ta zama jagora a duniya a cikin yawon shakatawa na muhalli, tana jan hankalin matafiya da ke sha'awar bincika abubuwan al'ajabi na halitta yayin da suke rage tasirin muhalli. Kasar tana ba da gidaje masu yawa, yawon shakatawa na yanayi, da ayyukan kasada, suna samar da kudaden shiga da ke tallafawa kokarin kiyayewa da al'ummomin yankin.

### Bincike da Kulawa da Biodiversity
Cibiyoyin kamar Cibiyar Nazarin Biodiversity ta Kasa (INBio) suna gudanar da bincike don yin rubuce-rubuce da kiyaye wadatattun halittu na Costa Rica. Ta hanyar shirye-shirye irin su binciken halittu, binciken kwayoyin halitta, da saka idanu kan mazaunin, masana kimiyya suna ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci don sanar da manufofi da ayyuka na kiyayewa.

### Karewa da ke da alaƙa da al'umma
Costa Rica tana ƙarfafa shiga cikin al'umma a cikin kiyayewa ta hanyar shirye-shirye kamar wuraren ajiyar da ke kula da al'umma da kuma wuraren kiyayewa. Ta hanyar karfafa al'ummomin yankin don gudanar da albarkatun kasa yadda ya kamata, waɗannan ƙoƙarin suna inganta kula da muhalli da tallafawa hanyoyin rayuwa.

Shingen bureaucratic a cikin tsarin gwamnati na iya hana aiwatar da shirye-shiryen kiyaye al'umma, ta amfani da Costa Rica a matsayin binciken shari'a. Basurto ya bambanta da hanyoyi guda biyu: rarrabawar gwamnati da kuma kula da shiga kasa. A yankunan da gwamnati ta jagoranci rarraba mulki, iko ya kasance mai tsakiya kuma ya cire al'ummomin karkara daga yanke shawara. Sabanin haka, a yankuna kamar Yankin Kula da Guanacaste, shugabancin al'umma ya bunƙasa ta hanyar shiga cikin gida da hanyoyin biyan diyya. Samun nasarar shigar da shirye-shiryen kiyaye al'umma, kamar ICCAs, yana buƙatar magance tsarin mulki, goyon baya mai ƙarfi na tsakiya, buƙatun gida don shiga, da kafa tsarin cibiyoyin tallafi.

### Aikin noma mai dorewa
Kokarin inganta ayyukan noma masu ɗorewa yana da niyyar rage lalacewar muhalli wanda ya haifar da hanyoyin noma na al'ada. Shirye-shiryen sun haɗa da noma, agroforestry, da shirye-shiryen takaddun shaida waɗanda ke ƙarfafa masu samarwa su karɓi dabarun muhalli yayin kiyaye yawan aiki.

### Biyan kuɗi don Shirin Ayyukan Muhalli (PES)
Don magance rage yawan gandun daji a cikin shekarun 1980, gwamnatin Costa Rican ta fara wani makirci a cikin 1997 da aka sani da *PES*, wanda ya ba da lada ga masu mallakar ƙasa masu zaman kansu don kiyaye gandun daji ba tare da lalacewa ba a ƙasashensu maimakon ayyukan da waɗannan gandun daji suka bayar ga muhalli da tattalin arziki gaba ɗaya. Bankin Duniya, wanda ya ba da rancen da farko daga 2000 zuwa 2006 don tallafawa biyan kuɗi da ke karfafa gandun daji, ya kalli shirin a matsayin nasara gaba ɗaya duk da wasu gazawarsa.

An kiyasta cewa kashi na ƙasar Costa Rican da gandun daji suka rufe ya tashi daga kusan 20% a cikin shekarun 1980 zuwa sama da 50% na jimlar yankin a cikin 2013 - ci gaban 250%. Shirin ya kuma rage hayakin carbon na kasa da tan miliyan 11 a cikin shekaru 6 daga 1999 zuwa 2005. Al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar da mata musamman, sun amfana saboda wannan shirin. Da wannan nasarar ta ƙarfafa shi, Bankin Duniya ya ba da goyon bayansa ga shirin gwamnatin Costa Rican ta hanyar tallafawa sabon shirin da ake kira "Mainstreaming Market-Based Instruments for Environmental Management". A cikin shekaru, hukumomin kasa da kasa da yawa sun tura gwamnatin kasa don sauƙaƙa tsarin samun biyan kuɗi don haɗawa da al'ummomin da ba su da ci gaba da kuma jefa babbar hanyar don shirin.

### Kare Ruwa
Costa Rica ta kafa wuraren kariya na ruwa (MPAs) don kare yanayin halittu na bakin teku da na ruwa, gami da coral reefs, mangroves, da rairayin bakin teku. Wadannan MPAs suna ƙuntata ayyukan kamun kifi, kare wuraren zama masu mahimmanci, da kuma inganta amfani mai ɗorewa na albarkatun ruwa.

Turtle na Tekun Green

Turtle na teku mai launin kore nau'in da ke cikin haɗari a duniya kuma ɗayan mahimman wuraren zama ne a cikin Tortuguero, Costa Rica  - kalmar Totuguero ta samo asali ne daga tsoffin taswirar Mutanen Espanya ma'anar "wurin turtles". Bayan raguwar duniya a cikin yawan jama'arta saboda yawan farauta don nama da ƙwai, an kafa Gidan shakatawa na Tortuguero a cikin 1975 a ƙoƙarin karewa da adana yankin kiwo na tururuwa. Wani binciken da aka ambata sosai  na Tröeng da Rankin, wanda aka bincika a shekara ta 2004, tasirin da wannan matakin kariya ya yi a kan yanayin nesting. Kodayake yawan turtles yana nuna babban bambancin shekara-shekara don haka yana sa aikin ƙayyade ainihin adadin ya zama da wahala sosai, a matsakaici, yanayin ya kasance mai kyau a cikin dogon lokaci na kusan shekaru 35. Binciken ya nuna cewa aiwatar da dokoki uku da gwamnatin Costa Rican ta yi yana da mahimmanci wajen daidaitawa da kara yawan mutanen waɗannan tururuwan teku.

1. Hana tarin tururuwa da kwai a 1963

2. Wani haramtacciyar fitar da Calipee (wani bangare na kan tururuwa wanda ake la'akari da kayan lambu) a cikin 1970 kuma a ƙarshe,

3. Halitta da Gidan shakatawa na Tortuguero a cikin 1975 ta majalisar dokoki.

Tasirin dindindin da aka haifar ta hanyar irin wannan tunanin siyasa na gaba yana nuna bukatar shiga tsakani na gwamnati.

4. Yankunan Kare Ruwa na Gidauniyar MarViva: Gidauniya ta MarViva tana aiki don kafawa da sarrafa wuraren kariya na ruwa (MPAs) a bakin tekun Costa Rica da sauran ƙasashe a Gabashin Tropical Pacific. Wadannan MPAs suna samar da muhimmiyar wurin zama ga tururuwan teku da sauran nau'ikan ruwa, suna taimakawa wajen kiyaye bambancin halittu da inganta ayyukan kamun kifi masu ɗorewa.

5. Shirye-shiryen masu sa kai tare da WIDECAST: The Wider Caribbean Sea Turtle Conservation Network (WIDECAST) yana aiki tare da kungiyoyi na gida a Costa Rica don gudanar da shirye-shiryen sa kai da aka mayar da hankali kan kiyaye tururuwan teku. Masu sa kai suna shiga cikin ayyukan kamar sa ido kan gida, tsaftace bakin teku, da kuma fadakar da al'umma. Ana ba da shirye-shirye daga Mayu zuwa Nuwamba, daidai da lokacin nesting.

Tasirin dindindin da aka haifar ta hanyar irin wannan tunanin siyasa na gaba yana nuna bukatar shiga tsakani na gwamnati.

### Shirye-shiryen sake fasalin gandun daji da sabuntawa
Ta hanyar aiwatar da matakan ka'idoji da nufin kare muhalli da kuma kafa Shirin Biya don Ayyukan Muhalli (PSA), Costa Rica ta yi gagarumin ci gaba wajen dawo da wani bangare mai yawa na yankunan da aka kare. Gwamnati ce ta ba da kuɗin ta hanyar Asusun Gudanar da Kudin dazuzzuka na Kasa (FONAFIFO), Shirin PSA yana mai da hankali kan kiyaye gandun daji, gudanarwa, sake gina gandun daji da sake farfadowa na halitta, wanda ke haifar da inganta wuraren da aka kiyaye da suka kai hekta 437,000. Wannan shirin ya sauƙaƙa dasa bishiyoyi miliyan 5.4 ta manoma kuma ya goyi bayan kokarin kiyaye gandun daji a cikin yankunan asali. Duk da haka, duk da fadada gandun daji na biyu, sare daji don dalilai na noma ya ci gaba, yayin da wasu manoma ke jinkirin barin ƙasar noma don sake farfado da gandun daji. A cikin lokacin daga 1996 zuwa 2015, ayyukan PSA da aka keɓe don sake gina gandun daji sun sami zuba jari mai yawa na dala miliyan 318, tare da kashi 64% na kudaden da aka samu daga haraji akan man fetur da kashi 22% daga rance da Bankin Duniya ya bayar.

## Manufar tsaka-tsaki na carbon

Costa Rica ta fito fili a cikin kasashe saboda jajircewarta na rage hayakin carbon, kamar yadda aka tabbatar da Shirin Decarbonization na Kasa. Wannan shirin yana da niyyar cimma matsaya ta hanyar fitar da hayaki a shekarar 2050 kuma an gano shi a matsayin mai matukar alƙawari a cikin binciken RAND.Binciken ya nuna cewa saka hannun jari da aka yi a cikin matakan rage carbon a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan shirin zai samar da dawowar kusan kashi 110. A cikin aikinta na ƙarshe a matsayin mai zane-zane na RAND, Gabrielle Mérite ta yi niyyar nuna tafiyar Costa Rica zuwa makomar carbon-neutral, ta jawo wahayi daga motsi na fasahar Solarpunk, wanda ke tunanin duniya mai ɗorewa.

## Rashin amincewa da kokarin aiki
Hanyar da gwamnati ta yi don samun fitar da hayaki ya samar da sakamako mai kyau gabaɗaya, amma masana sun bayyana shi a matsayin bai isa ba kuma ba shi da shi  saboda ya yi watsi da hayaki na motoci wanda ke da kusan kashi 20% na jimlar hayaki na ƙasar. An kuma kira burin 2021 "mai son kai" da "mai girman kai", tunda kokarin rage dogaro da kasar kan man fetur da aka shigo da shi  zai dauki lokaci mai tsawo don yin tasiri.

A shekara ta 2006, wani binciken da Sierra da Russman suka yi  sun bincika ƙarin kiyayewa da aka samu ta hanyar PES, sama da yawan kiyayewa. Binciken ya kammala cewa shirin PES tabbas ya shafi yanke shawara game da amfani da ƙasa saboda masu mallakar ƙasa sun yi amfani da biyan kuɗi don sauran ayyukan samarwa don haka kiyaye gandun daji ba tare da lalacewa ba. Koyaya, sun kuma kammala cewa wannan ba shine mafi kyawun amfani da kuɗi ba saboda yawancin waɗannan gandun daji za su kasance ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba. Binciken ya ba da shawarar cewa zai zama mafi kyawun dabarun shiga cikin kariya ga wuraren zama masu mahimmanci a maimakon haka.

Jaguar jinsin da ke cikin haɗari ne kuma mazauninta ya kasance cikin barazana saboda gina madatsar ruwan Reventazón Dam kwarin Reventazán. Dam din Reventazón shine madatsar ruwa mafi girma a Amurka ta tsakiya tare da ƙarfin shigarwa na 305.5 MW. Masu ba da kuɗi guda biyu na aikin, Bankin Duniya da Bankin Ci Gaban Amurka, sun ba da kuɗin a kan yanayin cewa gina madatsar ruwan ta Cibiyar Lantarki ta Costa Rican (ICE) za ta "maido da kuma kula da haɗin kai a cikin Barbilla-Destierro Corridor" wanda ke da mahimmanci ga rayuwar jaguar.

Masu zanga-zangar wannan aikin sun yi iƙirarin cewa ginin ya kasa cika tsammanin a kan batutuwa masu zuwa: 

1) Masu ginin ba su share tsire-tsire gaba ɗaya daga wuraren da za a ambaliya ba saboda wannan aikin. A sakamakon haka, tsire-tsire marasa tsire-shire a cikin yankunan da ambaliyar ruwa ta fara tsayawa, suna haifar da cikakkun yanayi don ci gaban Hyacinth na Ruwa (nau'in mamayewa). Hyacinth na ruwa ya yi aiki a matsayin tushen babban adadin carbon dioxide da methane da aka fitar cikin yanayi.

2) Ba a kammala sake gina gandun daji a kusa da tafkin don taimakawa wajen ƙaurawar jaguars ba wanda ya sa motsi ya fi wuya.

3) Saboda cire kayan aiki da yawa don sauƙaƙe gini, yankunan ruwa na Lancaster da ke makwabtaka da su (gida ga fiye da nau'in tsuntsaye 250 da nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa 80, dabbobi masu rarrafe da amphibians) an bar su a cikin yanayin da ya fi saukin kamuwa da rushewar ƙasa.

Abin da ya zama ruwan dare a cikin waɗannan zarge-zarge shi ne cewa shirye-shiryen sun motsa abubuwa a cikin hanyar da ta dace gaba ɗaya, amma aiwatarwa ba ta kasance mai kyau kamar yadda aka yi alkawari ba.

## manazarta