Kamfanin Niassa

**kamfani Niassa** ko  **Kamfanin Hadin Gwiwa na Nyassa** (Portuguese: *Companhia do Niassa*) kamfani ne na masarauta a karkashin mulkin mallaka na Portugal a Mozambique, wanda aka sani da Portuguese East Africa, wanda ke da izinin ƙasashen da suka haɗa da lardunan yanzu na Cabo Delgado da Niassa a tsakanin 1891 da 1929.

## Tarihi
A ƙarshen karni na 19, mulkin Portugal a Mozambique ya fara samun kalubale bayan kafa yankunan mulkin mallakan Birtaniya da Jamus a makwabtansu. Duk da cewa an fitar da iyakokin Mozambique a yayin Taron Berlin na 1884-1885, Portugal ba ta da isasshen kudi don wanzar da isasshen tasiri ko kwashe tattalin arziki na yankin. Don taimakawa wajen shawo kan wannan, a cikin 1891 gwamnatin Portugal ta ba da izini ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu guda uku ta hanyar sashin sarauta don sarrafa ɓangarorin Mozambique: Kamfanin Mozambique, Kamfanin Zambezia da Kamfanin Niassa.

An ba Kamfanin Niassa iko a inda ya had da lardunan yanzu na Cabo Delgado da Niassa, daga Kogin Ruvuma zuwa Kogin Lúrio da Tekun Indiya zuwa Tafkin Niassa, yankin da ya rufe fiye da murabba'in kilomita 160,000. Sharuɗɗan izinin sun kasance daidai da na Kamfanin Mozambique, sai dai na tsawon shekaru 35 kawai. Yarjejeniyar hukuma ta gwamnatin Portugal a watan Maris na shekara ta 1893.

Kodayake Bernard Daupais, dan kasuwa daga Lisbon ne ya kafa shi, ƙungiyarsa ta kasa tara babban birnin da ake bukata don ayyukan kamfanin, don haka daga 1892 zuwa 1893 ƙungiyar Landan biranen Faransa da Burtaniya sun sayi izinin, suna motsa hedkwatarsu zuwa London. Tun da yawancin yankin Portuguese ne kawai kuma ba a riga an mamaye su da soja ba, wannan ƙungiyar tana buƙatar samun ƙarin kuɗi don aikinta.

Tsakanin 1897 da 1908, kungiyoyi uku na kudi sun mallaki Kamfanin Niassa. Na farko shi ne "Ibo Syndicate" wanda ya tara isasshen kuɗi don kafa cibiyar gudanarwa a ƙauyen Ibo a cikin 1897. A cikin 1899 "Ibo Syndicate" ya zama "Ibo Investment Trust", wanda ya tada ƙaramin rundunar da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Portugal ta bayar, wanda ya ƙunshi sojoji 300 na Portugal da "sepoys" 2800 (Indians da aka tattara a wasu yankuna na Mozambique). Daga 1900 zuwa 1902, kamfanin ya sami nasarar mamaye yankunan cikin gida na izinin, gami da Metangula a bakin tekun Niassa.

A cikin 1904 Kamfanin Niassa ya kafa garin Porto Amélia, wanda yanzu aka sani da Pemba, kuma Porto Amélia ya zama hedkwatar kamfanin.

A wannan lokacin, kamfanin ya gano hanyar samun kudin shiga. An tsara kwangilar samar da ma'aikata ta farko ta gida ga kungiyar ma'aikata na Witwatersrand (WENELA), a matsayin mai daukar ma'aikata a Mozambique don ma'adinai a Afirka ta Kudu. Kamfanin Niassa ya mamaye "Nyassa Consolidated" daga 1908, tare da karfi na babban birnin hakar ma'adinai na Afirka ta Kudu. Ta hanyar daukar ma'adanai na Afirka ta Kudu, Kamfanin Niassa ya shiga gasa kai tsaye da shugabannin kabilun Musulmai, musamman Yao, waɗanda har yanzu suna fitar da bayi zuwa Arabiya. An buƙaci ƙarin aikin soja daga 1909 zuwa 1912 don hana cinikin bayi. Koyaya, a cikin 1913, ma'adanai na Afirka ta Kudu sun dakatar da shigo da ma'aikata daga arewacin latitude 22 deg Kudu. Kodayake Kamfanin Niassa da sauri ya ɗauki matakai don canza abokan cinikinsa zuwa ma'adinan Katanga a Belgian Congo, masu saka hannun jari na Afirka ta Kudu sun rasa ra'ayinsu.

A cikin 1913-14, ƙungiyar banki ta Jamus ta sayi mafi yawan hannun jarin Kamfanin Niassa, da nufin kawo rabuwa da Mozambique na Portuguese tsakanin Jamus da Burtaniya. Tare da barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na farko, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta kwace kadarorin Jamus kuma ta mika su ga ƙungiyar kuɗi ta Ingila karkashin jagorancin Owen Philipps, shugaban Union-Castle Line, wanda ke gudanar da kasuwanci da yawa a Gabashin Afirka ta Portugal, amma wanda ya sami tsinci yankin a matsayin mara amfani. A lokacin yakin, yankin Kamfanin Niassa ya kasance wurin da shugabannin yankin da Jamusawa suka taimaka (ciki har da Kionga Triangle). Don tsayayya da wannan mamayewa, an buɗe hanyoyi sama da kilomita 300. Wannan kuma yana nufin tasiri na Mueda Plateau, wanda Mutanen Makonde masu dauke da makamai suka mamaye. Kamfanin Niassa kawai ya sami nasarar murkushe Makonde a farkon shekarun 1920, kuma ƙabilar daga baya ta zama kashin baya na ƙungiyar FRELIMO a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970 game da ci gaba da mulkin mallaka na Portugal. 

Kodayake Kamfanin Niassa ya kirkiro tsarin gudanarwa a cikin gundumomi da wakilai suka tsara, kamfanin ya wanzu don amfanin masu hannun jari, kuma ba shi da sha'awar ci gaban yankin zuwa wani karshen. Kodayake ɗayan manyan wajibai shine ƙirƙirar gidaje masu haske a bakin tekun Mozambican, Kamfanin Niassa ya kasa wannan burin. A ranar 27 ga Oktoba 1929 gwamnatin Portugal ta ki bayar da karin izinin, kuma an soke Kamfanin Niassa.

## Tattalin Arziki na Kamfanin Niassa
Kamfanin Niassa bai taba iya tara isasshen kudaden shiga daga masu saka hannun jari ba don samar da kayan aiki masu inganci ga yankin da ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa. Farkon darajarta na fam 300,000 ya kasance kashi ɗaya ne kawai na abin da ake buƙata. Tunanin mulkin mallaka na zamani ya riƙe cewa mabuɗin samun riba zai zama hanyar jirgin ƙasa daga Port Amelia zuwa Lake Niassa, wanda zai buɗe cikin yankin don saka hannun jari a aikin gona da ma'adinai. Koyaya, farashin irin wannan hanyar jirgin ƙasa zai kasance sama da fam miliyan 3, wanda kamfanin ba zai iya biyan ba.

Don samun kudaden shuka, kamfanin ya dogara da tsarin *[[Chibalo]]*, manufofin aiki, wanda ya tilasta wa 'yan asalin su yi aiki a kan shuke-shuke, da ayyukan ayyukan jama'a. Rubber da sisal sune amfanin gona na farko. Tsarin chibalo ya ba Kamfanin Niassa damar kafa gonaki da tilasta manoma su yi musu aiki da kuma hana su shuka amfanin gonar su don sayarwa.

Bugu da kari, kamfanin ya dogara da harajin hutun don tallafawa ayyukansa. Kodayake a ka'ida haraji ne a kan kowane gida, a zahiri harajin ya kasance a kan kowane mutum mai girma, wanda za'a iya biya shi da tsabar kudi ko a cikin kayan aiki. Harajin hutun, wanda ya kasance escudo biyu a 1921 an kara shi zuwa escudo 50 a 1927 kuma zuwa escudo 85 a 1929. Wannan jam'iyya ce saboda raguwar escudo, amma kuma saboda raguwar haraji, yayin da dubban Mozambicans suka nemi mafaka a Tanganyika ko Nyasaland don kauce wa harajin. Kamar yadda haraji na 50 escudo ya yi daidai da aikin da aka biya watanni uku, mutane da yawa sun fada cikin bashi ko aikin tilas.

Jimlar ribar yankuna ta kai fam 115,000 kawai a 1926, wanda ya iya kiyayewa ne kawai ta hanyar yin amfani da harajin hutun kuma masu saka hannun jari na Burtaniya sun ki ba da ƙarin babban birnin sai dai idan an ba da izinin bayan 1929, wanda ba haka ba ne. A lokacin da izinin ya ƙare, kamfanin ya ci bashin fiye da fam miliyan ga masu ba da bashi kamar yadda ya saba da tallace-tallace 75,000 kawai a cikin kadarori.

## Manazarta

## Mahaɗa
* Map of company territory from ''A History of Mozambique'', p.366.
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