open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Grasslands Trust

An kafa **Grasslands Trust** (kungiyar agaji mai rijista #1097893) a shekarar 2002, kuma ita ce ƙungiya ɗaya tilo a Burtaniya da ta mayar da hankali kawai kan ɗaya daga cikin wuraren zama na asali mafi haɗari; wuraren ciyayi masu wadata na namun daji. Manufarta ita ce kare da dawo da wuraren zama na ciyayi don amfanin namun daji da mutane.

Kamfanin Grasslands Trust ya tara sama da fam miliyan 1.4 don wannan aiki, wanda ya ba su damar adana wurare biyar masu mahimmanci a ƙasa, samar da shawarwari kyauta ga masu filaye sama da 700, hukumomin doka da ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa kan kula da filayen ciyawa, da kuma yin kira ga inganta kariya ta doka. Sun yi aiki don sa al'ummomin yankin su ƙara shiga cikin wuraren kiwon dabbobinsu.

An rufe kungiyar agajin ne a shekarar 2012 saboda matsalolin kudi . 

## Manazarta
Tom Lehrer

**Thomas Andrew Lehrer** (/ˈlɛər/ i; Afrilu 9, 1928 - Yuli 26, 2025) ɗan ƙasar Amirka ne, mawaƙi-marubucin waƙa, satirist kuma ɗan lissafi, wanda daga baya ya koyar da lissafi da wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa. Ya rubuta waƙoƙin pithy, masu ban dariya, kuma sau da yawa na siyasa waɗanda suka zama sanannun a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960. Waƙoƙinsa galibi suna yin amfani da shahararrun nau'ikan kiɗa, kodayake yawanci suna da waƙoƙi na asali. Wani banda shi ne "The Elements", inda ya saita sunayen abubuwan sinadarai zuwa sautin "Major-General's Song" daga Gilbert da Sullivan's The Pirates of Penzance .

Ayyukan farko na Lehrer sun shafi batutuwa marasa mahimmanci da baƙar fata a cikin waƙoƙi kamar "Poisoning Pigeons in the Park". A cikin shekarun 1960, ya samar da waƙoƙi game da batutuwan zamantakewa da siyasa, musamman ga sigar Amurka ta shirin talabijin That Was the Week That Was . Shahararren waɗannan waƙoƙin ya wuce batutuwan su da nassoshi. Lehrer ya nakalto bayanin abokinsa: "Ko da yaushe annabta mafi munin kuma za a yaba da ku a matsayin annabi. "  A farkon shekarun 1970s, Lehrer ya yi ritaya daga aikin jama'a don ba da lokacinsa ga koyar da lissafi da tarihin wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa a Jami'ar California, Santa Cruz.

## Rayuwa ta farko

An haifi Thomas Andrew Lehrer a Birnin New York a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 1928, kuma ya girma a Upper East Side na Manhattan. Shi dan Morris James Lehrer ne (1897-1986), mai zane-zane mai cin nasara, da Anna Lehrer (née Waller; 1905-1978) kuma ɗan'uwan Barry Waller Lehrer (1930-2007).  Lehrer ya gaya wa wani mai tambayoyin cewa ya tuna wani yaro mai ban sha'awa a kan Manhattan's Upper West Side wanda ya haɗa da halartar wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway tare da iyalinsa da tafiya a cikin Central Park rana ko dare. Shi da iyalinsa sun kasance Yahudawa ne, suna bin salon rayuwa na duniya wanda ya haɗa da halartar Makarantar Lahadi ta Yahudawa amma kuma suna murna da Kirsimeti; ya ce dangantakarsa da addinin Yahudanci "ta fi dacewa da kayan abinci fiye da majami'a (...) kuma 'Allah' ya kasance da farko mai zagi (.) " Yayinda yake yaro, yana son ƙididdigar tunani da lissafi. Ya fara karatun piano na gargajiya yana da shekaru bakwai, amma ya fi sha'awar shahararren kiɗa na shekarun. Daga bisani, mahaifiyarsa ta tura shi ga malamin piano wanda ya koya masa yadda za a buga waƙoƙin wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway da yake so. A wannan ƙuruciya, ya fara rubuta waƙoƙin nunawa, wanda daga ƙarshe ya taimaka masa a matsayin mawaƙi da marubuci a cikin shekarun da yake koyarwa a Jami'ar Harvard kuma daga baya a wasu jami'o'i.

## Ayyukan ilimi da na soja

Lehrer ta kamMA karatu daga Harvard tare da digiri na farko a fannin lissafi, Magna cum laude, [undefined] a shekara ta 1946. [1] A Harvard, ya kasance abokin zama na masanin tauhidin Kanada Robert Crouse . [2] Ya sami digiri na MA a shekara mai zuwa kuma an shigar da shi cikin Phi Beta Kappa . [3] Daga baya ya koyar da lissafi da sauran azuzuwan a MIT, Harvard, Wellesley, da Jami'ar California, Santa Cruz.[4]
 

### MANAZARTA
Abokan ƙololuwa Uku

**Abokan Kololuwa Uku**  ƙungiya ce ta mutane da ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke son karewa da haɓaka halaye na musamman na shimfidar wurare masu ban sha'awa da ban sha'awa na yankin Kololuwa Uku a cikin Filin Shakatawa na Yorkshire Dales .

Hukumar Kula da Ranger ta Yorkshire Dales ce ke gudanar da ita ga mutanen da ke tafiya a yankin tsaunuka uku.

## Manazarta
Manufar Rage Rashin Kasuwancin Carbon

**Manufar Rage Haɗakar Carbon** (CERT) a Burtaniya (wanda a da ake **kira da Alƙawarin Inganta Amfani da Makamashi** ) manufa ce da aka sanya wa masu jigilar iskar gas da wutar lantarki da masu samar da kayayyaki a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 33BC na Dokar Gas ta 1986 da Sashe na 41A na Dokar Wutar Lantarki ta 1989, kamar yadda aka gyara ta Dokar Sauyin Yanayi da Makamashi Mai Dorewa ta 2006. 

Shirin Amincewa da Inganta Makamashi na asali na 1 (2002-2005) ya buƙaci dukkan masu samar da wutar lantarki da iskar gas waɗanda ke da abokan ciniki na cikin gida 15,000 ko fiye dole ne su cimma haɗin tanadin makamashi na 62 TWh nan da shekarar 2005 ta hanyar taimaka wa abokan cinikinsu su ɗauki matakan inganta makamashi a gidajensu: masu samar da wutar lantarki dole ne su cimma aƙalla rabin tanadin makamashinsu a cikin gidaje waɗanda ke karɓar fa'idodi da lamunin haraji.

A mataki na biyu na shirin Alƙawarin Inganta Makamashi (2005-2008), an ɗaga manufofin tanadin makamashi zuwa masu samar da TWh 130, kuma a nan masu samar da kayayyaki waɗanda ke da aƙalla abokan ciniki na cikin gida 50,000 (gami da lasisin da ke da alaƙa) sun cancanci a ba su wani hakki.

Mataki na uku na CERT (wanda a da aka sani da Alƙawarin Ingantaccen Makamashi na 3) ya fara aiki ne daga 2008 zuwa 2011 kuma ya ƙara manufofin da aka sa a gaba zuwa 154 MtC. An buga takardar shawarwari tare da Takardar Farin Makamashi ta 2007, kuma an gayyaci amsoshin kafin 15 ga Agusta 2007. Sabon tsarin an tsara shi ne ta hanyar Umarnin Rage Gurɓatar Iskar Carbon (SI 2008/188). A shekarar 2009, Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ƙara manufar rage gurɓatar iska da ƙarin kashi 20% zuwa 185 MtC. A shekarar 2010, Gwamnati ta ƙara manufar zuwa 293 MtC, wanda za a cimma a tsawon lokaci mai tsawo har zuwa ƙarshen 2012 (duba Umarnin Wutar Lantarki da Iskar Gas (Rage Gurɓatar Iskar Carbon) (Gyara) na 2010: SI2010/1958).

Daga shekarar 2013, CERT za ta maye gurbinsa da Obligation na Kamfanin Makamashi (ECO)

## Manazarta
George Kooymans

**George Jan Kooymans** (11 March 1948 – 22 July 2025) was a Dutch guitarist and vocalist. He was best known for his work with the Dutch group Golden Earring. Kooymans wrote "Twilight Zone", the group's only top 10 entry on the U.S.  Hot 100, which hit No. 1 on the *Billboard* Top Album Tracks chart.

In 1961, Kooymans and his neighbour Rinus Gerritsen formed a rock duo. They originally called themselves "The Tornados", but changed their name to "The Golden Earrings" when they learnt of The Tornados, a UK instrumental group who had just had a hit with "Telstar". The name "the Golden Earrings" was taken from an instrumental called "Golden Earrings" performed by the British group the Hunters, for whom they served as opening and closing act. Initially a pop-rock band with Frans Krassenburg on lead vocals and Jaap Eggermont on drums, the Golden Earrings had a hit with their debut single "Please Go", recorded in 1965. After two albums, Barry Hay joined on lead vocals permanently, and by 1970, Sieb Warner had been replaced by Cesar Zuiderwijk, and the principal lineup (that would last for 50 years) was finalised.

They achieved worldwide fame with their international hit songs "Radar Love" in 1973, which went to number one on the Dutch chart, reached the top ten in the United Kingdom, and went to number 13 on the United States chart,[1][2] "Twilight Zone" in 1982, and "When the Lady Smiles" in 1984.[1] During their career they had nearly 30 top ten singles on the Dutch charts and released 25 studio albums.[3]

Kooymans also wrote and produced for other artists. In the sixties, he also launched the musical career of Bojoura and wrote Everybody's Day for her. Between 2017 and 2023 he released three albums as a member of  (Strange Boarders), a Dutch-language supergroup he formed with Henny Vrienten (bass player of the band Doe Maar) and singer-songwriter Boudewijn de Groot.

## Personal life and death
In February 2021, Kooymans announced that he was suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and would retire. Shortly afterward, Golden Earring announced they would disband.

## MANAZARTA
Arnold Palacios

(22 ga Agusta, 1955 - 23 ga Yuli, 2025) ɗan siyasan Arewacin Marianan ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin gwamnan goma na Tsibirin Mariana ta Arewa, daga 2023 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 2025. A baya ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin gwamnan tsibirin Mariana na 12 daga 2019 zuwa 2023 kuma ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dattijan tsibirin Mariona ta Arewa da Majalisar Wakilai ta tsibirin Mariyana ta Arewa. Wani memba na Jam'iyyar Republican na dindindin, ya bar jam'iyyar a takaice tsakanin 2021 da 2024, lokacin da ya zama na farko mai zaman kansa da aka zaba a matsayin gwamna.

## Rayuwa ta farko
Palacios was born August 22, 1955, on Saipan, the son of Francisco T. Palacios, a member of the Marianas Political Status Commission.[1][2] Palacios graduated from Portland State University with a BS in business administration.[3][4] He served as the director of fish and wildlife during the 1990s.[5]

## Ayyukan siyasa
Palacios ya wakilci Gundumar Zabe ta 3 a Majalisar Wakilai ta Arewacin Mariana, wanda ya ƙunshi ɓangarorin Saipan da Tsibirin Arewa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Kakakin Majalisar bayan an rantsar da shi a ranar 14 ga Janairu, 2008, a lokacin majalisar dokoki ta 16.

Palacios ya kasance abokin takarar dan takarar gwamna Heinz Hofschneider a Zaben gwamna na 2009. Duk da yake tikitin ya ci nasara a zagaye na farko, za su ci gaba da rasa dan takarar Jam'iyyar Alkawari Benigno Fitial a zaben farko na tsibirin.

Palacios ta auri Wella Sablan Palacios kuma tana da 'ya'ya hudu.[1]

Palacios ya rushe a ofishinsa na Capitol Hill a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 2025, kuma an kai shi asibiti zuwa Guam Regional Medical City a Dededo, Guam .  Ya mutu bayan sa'o'i yana da shekaru 69.

### MANAZARTA
Ƙungiyar Muhalli ta London

**Sashen Kula da Muhalli na London** (LEU) ya ba da shawara ga gundumomin London kan batutuwan kiyaye muhalli tsakanin 1986 da 2000. Ya buga jerin littattafan jagora, wasu kan takamaiman batutuwan kiyaye muhalli, wasu kuma waɗanda suka ba da cikakken bayani game da Wuraren Muhimmanci ga Kare Muhalli (SINCs) a kowace gunduma. Littattafan jagora sun samar da tushe don magance kiyaye muhalli a cikin Tsarin Ci Gaban Unity na gundumomin, da kuma yanke shawara kan manufofi a cikin tsare-tsare da ayyukan nishaɗi. 

## Tarihi
A shekara ta 1982 Babban Majalisar London (GLC) ta kafa ƙungiyar Muhalli, wanda ya ba da izini ga London Wildlife Trust don gudanar da bincike kan wuraren namun daji a London. An soke GLC a shekara ta 1986, amma LEU ta ci gaba da aikin ƙungiyar muhalli, tana aiki ga kwamitin hadin gwiwa na yankunan London, Kwamitin muhalli na London. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2000 an hade LEU cikin sabuwar hukuma mai girma ta London.

## Littattafai
Tushe: 

* 1. *Kiyaye Muhalli da Kare Muhalli a Landan*
* 2. *Jagora ga Ƙirƙirar Mahalli*
* 3. *Jagororin Kare Yanayi na Landan*
* 4. *Daji, Wasteland, Tidal Thames da Gundumomin London guda biyu*
* 5. *Kare Yanayi a Brent* (bugun 1)
* 7. *Kiyaye Yanayi a Hillingdon*
* 8. *Filaye da Makiyaya na Landan*
* 9. *Kiyaye Yanayi a Croydon*
* 10, *Kare Yanayi a Greenwich*
* 11. *Kiyaye Yanayi a Dajin Waltham*
* 12. *Kiyaye Yanayi a Southwark*
* 13. *Kiyaye Yanayi a Harrow*
* 14. *Yankunan Yanayi ga Mutanen Birni*
* 15. *Kiyaye Yanayi a Hounslow*
* 16. *Kiyaye Yanayi a Ealing*
* 17. *Kiyaye Yanayi a Newham*
* 18. *Kare Yanayi a Kingston upon Thames*
* 19. *Kiyaye Yanayi a Islington*
* 20. *Kiyaye Yanayi a Barking da Dagenham*
* 21. *Kare Yanayi a Richmond a kan Thames*
* 22. *Kare Yanayi a Sutton*
* 23. *Kiyaye Yanayi a Dajin Al'umma*
* 24. *Kiyaye Yanayi a Camden*
* 25. *Kiyaye Yanayi a Hammersmith da Fulham*
* 26. *Kiyaye Yanayi a Lambeth*
* 27. *Kiyaye Yanayi a Hasumiyar Tsaro*
* 28. *Kiyaye Yanayi a Barnet*
* 29. *Kiyaye Yanayi a Merton*
* 30. *Kiyaye Yanayi a Lewisham*
* 31. *Kare Yanayi a Brent* (bugu na 2)

Har ila yau: *Gina Kore - Jagora kan amfani da tsire-tsire a kan rufin gidaje, bango da kuma shimfidar wurare* 

## Manazarta
Hukumar Kula da Ruwan Sha

**Hukumar Kula da Ruwan Sha** ( **DWI** ) wani sashe ne na Sashen Muhalli, Abinci da Harkokin Karkara (Defra), wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1990 tare da mallakar ruwa, don samar da tabbacin cewa samar da ruwan sha a Ingila da Wales lafiya ne kuma yana da inganci mai kyau. 

Kamfanin da ke Whitehall, yana samar da rahoton shekara-shekara wanda ke nuna ingancin ruwan sha da matsalolin da ke tattare da shi. Aikinsa shi ne tantance ingancin ruwan sha a Ingila da Wales, ɗaukar matakin aiwatarwa idan ba a cika ƙa'idodi ba, da kuma ɗaukar matakin da ya dace idan ruwan bai dace da amfanin ɗan adam ba. 

Kafin Birtaniya ta bar Tarayyar Turai a shekarar 2020, Hukumar Kula da Ruwan Sha ta ba da rahoto game da ingancin ruwan sha ga Tarayyar Turai a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ruwan Sha ta Turai (DWD), Dokar Majalisar 98/83/EC, wadda ta shafi ingancin ruwan da aka yi niyya don amfanin ɗan adam.  Tana ba da shawara ga Defra kan yadda za a sauya dokokin ruwa na Turai a Ingila da Wales. 

Hukumar Kula da Ingancin Ruwan Sha ta Scotland ita ce hukumar da ta yi daidai da Scotland.

## Manazarta
Tsehay Melaku

Tsehay Melaku ( Amharic ; an haife shi c. 1952 ) marubuciya ce 'yar Habasha. An kira ta da marubuciya mace 'yar Habasha ta farko a wannan zamani, wani ɓangare na tarin marubuta mata waɗanda suka shiga fagen adabi a farkon shekarun 1990.

## Rayuwar farko da aikin koyarwa
An haifi Tsehay kuma ta girma a Addis Ababa, a cikin iyali mai 'ya'ya 11. Mahaifinta firist ne, kuma ya yi yaƙi da mamayar da Italiya ta yi wa Habasha . Ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani lokacin da take makarantar sakandare, don haka ta kammala ɗan gajeren shirin horar da malamai kuma ta sami aikin koyarwa don taimakawa wajen tallafa wa iyalinta. Ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin malamar makarantar sakandare sama da shekaru ashirin.  

A lokacin da take malamar makaranta, Tsehay ta shafe shekaru 10 tana aikin sa kai a gidan rediyon Legedadi, tana shirya wani shiri kan karfafawa mata gwiwa. 

## Rubutu
Bayan shekaru da yawa, Tsehay ta yi ritaya daga koyarwa don ci gaba da rubutu.  Ita ce ta farko a cikin sabuwar tsarar mata da ta fara mamaye yanayin adabin Eritrea a kusan 1990.  An rubuta ayyukanta da harshen Amharic . 

An buga littafinta na farko, *Qusa*, a shekarar 1989. Ya yi nasara, amma ta shiga bashi bayan fitar da littafinta na gaba mai suna *Anguz*, wanda ya yi magana game da Red Terror, saboda an sake shi a tsakiyar rikicin bayan ƙarshen mulkin Derg kuma ya kasa sayarwa.  

Tsehay ta ci gaba da buga littattafai masu zuwa a tsawon shekarun 1990 zuwa 2000, ciki har da *Bes Rahel* a shekarar 1996, *Em'minete* a shekarar 2002, da *Ye Petros Wazema* a shekarar 2005. Ta kuma fara rubuta waƙoƙi, inda ta fitar da kundin *Yesimet Tikusat* a shekarar 2002.    

Ayyukanta sun shafi batutuwan zamantakewa da siyasa, ciki har da rawar da mata ke takawa a cikin al'umma, da kuma gadon mulkin Derg.   

Da zarar ta kammala karatunta na farko sakamakon rasuwar mahaifinta, Tsehay ta koma makaranta bayan ta yi ritaya, inda ta kammala karatun digiri a fannin ilimin kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Addis Ababa .

Tsehay ta taɓa yin aiki a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar marubuta mata ta Habasha ta Zema Beir. Ta kuma kasance tana da hannu a ƙungiyar raya ƙasa da haɗin gwiwa ta Gondar .  

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Mijin Tsehay, Birgediya Janar Tariku Ayne, an kashe shi a hannun gwamnatin Derg a shekarar 1987. Tana da 'ya'ya mata biyu da jikoki biyu. 

## Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka

### Labarai

* *Qusa* ("Ɗaukar Fansa," 1989)
* *Anguz* ("Scar," 1992)
* *Bes Rahel* ("Rahel Kuturu," 1996)
* *Em'minete* ("Shugaban Nun," 2002)
* *Yeniseha Shengo* ("Court of Confession," 2004)
* *Ye Petros Wazema* ("Hauwa'u na Petros ," 2005)

### Waƙa

* *Yesimet Tikusat* ("Fever of Emotion," 2002)

## Manazarta
Galapagos Conservation Trust

**Kungiyar Kare Muhalli ta Galapagos** (GCT) wata kungiya ce ta kare muhalli ta Birtaniya (mai lamba 1043470) wadda ke mai da hankali kan ceton dabbobin da ke cikin barazanar halaka a Tsibiran Galapagos .  Memba ce ta Kungiyoyin Abokan Galapagos (wanda aka fi sani da Darwin Network).  An ƙaddamar da ita a shekarar 1995 a Royal Society da ke Landan. Kungiyar agaji tana tara kuɗi don tallafawa ayyukan kiyaye muhalli a Tsibiran, da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da kiyaye muhalli a Tsibiran Galapagos a Burtaniya da kuma Ecuador don tabbatar da cewa an kiyaye tsirrai da fauna na musamman a Tsibiran.

Jakadun agajin sun haɗa da Liz Bonnin, Stanley Johnson, Henry Nicholls, Sarah Darwin, Monty Halls, Julian Fitter, Angela Darwin, Jennifer Stone, Dr. Antje Steinfurth, Nigel Sitwell, Dorothy Latsis da Sir James Barlow.  Daga cikin waɗannan, Barlow da Sarah Darwin sun fito ne daga Charles Darwin.Angela Darwin 'yar Darwin ce ta aure (ita ce bazawar George Pember Darwin, ɗan Charles Galton Darwin).

## Ayyuka
Ayyukan tallafawa na GCT a ƙarƙashin muhimman fannoni kamar: kiyaye nau'ikan halittu masu yaɗuwa, sarrafa nau'ikan halittu masu yaɗuwa, kiyaye ruwa, kiyayewa ta hanyar ilimi da ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Tare da haɗin gwiwa da hukumomi da ƙungiyoyi a Galapagos da babban yankin Ecuador, ƙungiyar agaji tana tallafawa ayyuka iri-iri, tun daga nazarin takamaiman nau'ikan halittu da ayyukan gyara yanayin halittu zuwa haɓaka shirye-shiryen sake amfani da su da ilimi na gida.

GCT tana da hannu a cikin Aikin Finch na Mangrove wanda ke aiki don ceton finch na mangrove mai fuskantar barazanar ɓacewa (*Camarhynchus heliobates*) daga halaka. 

GCT ta haɗu da Royal Geographical Society (tare da IBG) don gudanar da tushen koyarwarsu na Discovering Galapagos .  Wannan tushen ya ƙunshi gidajen yanar gizo guda biyu, ɗaya an daidaita shi kuma an haɗa shi da manhajar karatu ta Burtaniya, ɗayan kuma an daidaita shi don isarwa a Galapagos da babban yankin Ecuador. Shafin yanar gizo mai harsuna biyu yana haɗa shafukan biyu wanda ke ba da damar hulɗa tsakanin ɗalibai daga ko'ina cikin duniya.

## Manazarta
Shirin Greenways na Gidauniyar

**Aikin Greenways Countryside** wani aiki ne na muhalli a yankin Ipswich, Suffolk .  An kafa shi a shekarar 1994 kuma zuwa shekarar 2018 ya shiga cikin karewa da kula da wuraren kore kimanin murabba'in kilomita 100 a cikin da kewayen Ipswich. 

## Tushen da shekarun farko
An kafa Greenways Countryside Project a shekarar 1994 ta Majalisar Gundumar Suffolk, Majalisar Gundumar Ipswich, Majalisar Gundumar Babergh, da Majalisar Gundumar Suffolk Coastal tare da tallafin kuɗi daga Hukumar Ƙauye, wanda ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru shida. A cikin shekaru goma na farko, Greenways ta ɗauki nauyin tattara kwanaki 7,181 na aikin sa kai a wannan lokacin. 

## Shafuka
Shafukan da Greenways ke da hannu a ciki sun haɗa da: 

* Alderman Canal Gabas da Alderman Canal Yamma
* Layin Bobbits
* Itacen Millennium
* Wurin Ajiye Yanayi na Mill Stream
* Sandlings

## Manazarta
Amincewa ta Kasa ga Scotland

**National Trust for Scotland** (Scottish Gaelic) ƙungiya ce ta kare muhalli ta Scotland. Ita ce babbar ƙungiyar mambobi a Scotland kuma ta bayyana kanta a matsayin "ƙungiyar agaji da ke kula da, rabawa da kuma yin magana game da kyawawan kayan tarihi na Scotland". 

Asusun yana da kuma kula da kadarori kusan 130 da kuma    na ƙasa, gami da gidajen sarauta, tsoffin gidaje, wuraren tarihi, lambuna, bakin teku, tsaunuka da ƙauyuka. Yana kama da na National Trust, wanda ya mamaye Ingila, Wales, da Arewacin Ireland, da kuma sauran amintattun ƙasashe a duk duniya. 

## Tarihi
An kafa wannan amintaccen asusun a shekarar 1931  a matsayin "Amintacciyar Hukumar Scotland don Wuraren Tarihi ko Kyawun Halitta", bayan tattaunawa da aka yi a ɗakin shan taba na Gidan Pollok .  An kafa Asusun a ranar 1 ga Mayu 1931, inda aka zaɓi John Stewart-Murray, Duke na 8 na Atholl a matsayin shugabanta na farko, Sir Iain Colqhoun ya zama shugaban farko. An naɗa Sir John Stirling Maxwell, mamallakin Gidan Pollok, a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ƙasa, kuma ya ba wa amintaccen kadararsa ta farko, Crookston Castle .   Wani siyan farko kuma shine Glen Coe, wanda aka saya tare da taimako daga Ƙungiyar Dutsen Scotland a 1935. 
 
Bayan wucewar jirgin  ( 26 Geo. 5 &amp;amp; 1 Edw. 8. c. ii), amintaccen ya sami ikon ayyana kadarorinsa "ba za a iya kwace su ba", ma'ana cewa ana riƙe su da kyau *har abada*, kuma za a iya cire su daga amintaccen ne kawai tare da izinin majalisa. 

Lokacin da amintaccen ya ɗauki nauyin kula da tsaunukan, an sami ce-ce-ku-ce game da batutuwa kamar wurin da aka sanya cibiyoyin baƙi, waɗanda wasu suka ɗauka ba su dace da ƙasar da ke da halin "daji" ba. Tun daga lokacin amintaccen ya cire wasu wurare masu kutse, inda aka cire Cibiyar Baƙi ta Glen Coe ta asali a 2002; an gina sabuwar cibiya a ƙasan glen.  Haka nan, an cire cibiyar baƙi a Ben Lawers a 2012. 

A watan Agusta na 2010, wani rahoto mai suna *Fit For Purpose*  wanda George Reid ya bayar, wanda Trust ya ba da umarni, ya ambaci kurakuran da aka gyara ta hanyar sake fasalin ƙungiyoyi wanda aka kammala a ƙarshen shekarar kuɗi ta 2011/12.  Daidaiton kuɗin Trust ya ba ta damar yin saye na farko cikin shekaru bakwai lokacin da ta sayi Hasumiyar Alloa da ke Clackmannanshire a 2015. 

Masana tarihi da ke aiki a NTS sun kiyasta cewa akalla kadarori 36 daga cikin kadarori 139 na tarihi da Amintaccen ya mallaka suna da alaƙa da cinikin bayi na Tekun Atlantika . Yawancin waɗanda suka riga sun mallaki kadarorin NTS ko dai kai tsaye ko a kaikaice sun amfana daga mallakar ko cin zarafin bayi, ko kuma sun sami kuɗin diyya daga Dokar Diyya ta Bayi ta 1837. 

## Ƙungiya
Amintaccen asusun agaji ne mai rijista a ƙarƙashin dokar Scotland .    ta ɗauki ma'aikata 1,144 jimilla (idan aka yi la'akari da ma'aikatan yanayi), daga 760 a shekarar 2022. Wannan ya yi daidai da mutane 617 a cikakken lokaci, daga 469 a shekarar 2022.   Mai kula da amintaccen shine Sarki Charles na Uku ; shugaban ƙasa shine Jackie Bird ; babban jami'in gudanarwa shine Philip Long; kuma shugaba shine Dame Sue Bruce.

## Manazarta
Martha Nasibù

**Martha Nasibù** ko **Nassibou**  ( Addis Ababa, 28 Oktoba 1931 – 23 Maris 2019)  marubuciya ce kuma mai fasaha ta Habasha, wacce ta zauna a Faransa.

'Yar Nasibu Zeamanuel, an haife ta a Addis Ababa, ta ƙaura zuwa Italiya a shekarar 1936 kuma ta yi karatu a Académie des Beaux-Arts da ke Paris da kuma ƙungiyar ɗaliban fasaha ta New York . Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Fasaha ta Habasha ce ta shirya bikin baje kolin ayyukanta na farko a shekarar 1945. Nasibù ta kasance memba ta farko a ƙungiyar masu fasaha ta Habasha. Ta zauna a Perpignan har zuwa rasuwarta. An haɗa fasaharta a cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Habasha .   

A cikin 2005, ta buga *Memorie di una principessa etiope*, wanda ke bayyana mamayewar 1930 na Habasha da gwamnatin Fasist ta Italiya ta yi. 

## Manazarta
Hukumar Deer ta Scotland

**Hukumar Barewa ta Scotland** wata hukuma ce mai zaman kanta wacce ba ta da ma'aikata a gwamnatin Scotland . Ita ce ke da alhakin kiyayewa, kulawa da kuma kula da dukkan nau'ikan barewa na daji a Scotland. Haka kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga gwamnati kan al'amuran da suka shafi barewa.

Kwamitin ya ƙunshi mambobi 10, waɗanda Ministocin Scotland suka naɗa. Babban ofishinsa yana a Great Glen House, Inverness,  kuma ƙungiyar memba ce ta SEARS (Ayyukan Muhalli da Karkara na Scotland) .

## Tarihi
An kafa Hukumar Barewa ta Scotland ta hanyar Dokar Barewa (Scotland) ta 1996.  A ƙarƙashin sashe na 1 na Dokar Ayyukan Jama'a (Gyara) (Scotland) ta 2010  an mayar da ayyukan Hukumar zuwa Gado na Halittar Scotland a ranar 1 ga Agusta 2010 kuma an rushe Hukumar. 

## Matsayin
Hukumar tana da ayyukan doka a ƙarƙashin Dokar 1996. Waɗannan sun haɗa da: *Izini* waɗanda suka ba da ikon kashe barewa a cikin yanayi inda ba za su sami haƙƙin doka na harbinsu ba (misali idan suna haifar da lalacewa); da kuma *Dawo da Doka* da mutane ko ƙungiyoyi ke buƙatar kammalawa don ba wa Hukumar cikakkun bayanai game da kisan gillar da aka yi.

Bugu da ƙari, Hukumar tana da rawar da za ta ba da shawara, ciki har da buga Ka'idojin Aiki Mafi Kyau da kuma Manufofin Cull na Shekara-shekara. 

## Suka
An yi iƙirarin cewa kisan gillar da Hukumar ta yi wa 'yan kasashen waje ya kori masu harbi, inda masu suka suka yi iƙirarin cewa hakan yana "kashe" masana'antar farautar barewa ta Scotland mai darajar fam miliyan 100, tare da ƙarancin barewa da za a harba har da yawa da ke komawa ƙasashensu hannu wofi. 

## Manazarta
Kwamitin Binciken Muhalli na Halitta

**Majalisar Binciken Muhalli ta Halitta** (**NERC**) majalisa ce  ta Bincike da Ƙirƙira a Burtaniya (UKRI), wata ƙungiya ce ta gwamnati mai zaman kanta wacce Ma'aikatar Kimiyya, Ƙirƙira da Fasaha ke ɗaukar nauyinta, wadda ke da alhakin tallafawa bincike, horarwa da ayyukan canja wurin ilimi a kimiyyar muhalli.

## Tarihi
NERC ta fara ne a shekarar 1965 lokacin da aka shigar da wasu ƙungiyoyin bincike na muhalli (musamman na yanayin ƙasa) (ciki har da Hukumar Kula da Yanayi wadda ta zama Majalisar Kula da Yanayi a shekarar 1973 kuma aka raba ta a shekarar 1991) ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar laima ɗaya.  Lokacin da aka sake tsara yawancin majalisun bincike a shekarar 1994, tana da sabbin nauyi - lura da duniya da kuma ilimin kayan tarihi da kimiyya ta haɓaka. Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin majalisun bincike ya ƙaru a shekarar 2002 lokacin da aka kafa Majalisar Bincike ta Burtaniya .

### Manyan jami'ai

* Sir Graham Sutton (1965–1970)  
* Farfesa James William Longman Beament (wanda ya gaje VC Wynne-Edwards FRS; 1978–1981)
* Farfesa John Krebs, Baron Krebs (1994–1999)
* Sir John Lawton (1999–2005)
* Farfesa Alan Thorpe (2005–2011)
* Dr Steven Wilson (Jarumi; 2011–2012)
* Farfesa Duncan Wingham (2012–2024) 
* Farfesa Louise Heathwaite (Maris 2024–Yanzu)

## Tsarin ƙungiya
Babban ofishin majalisar yana Polaris House da ke Swindon, tare da sauran Majalisar Bincike guda shida. Cibiyoyin bincike na NERC suna ba da jagoranci ga al'ummar kimiyyar muhalli ta Burtaniya kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin haɗin gwiwar kimiyya na duniya.

Haka kuma tana tallafawa wasu cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwa masu ƙwarewa da kuma Cibiyoyin Bayanan Muhalli da aka keɓe bisa ga fannoni don adanawa da rarraba bayanan muhalli.

## Ofishin Jakadanci
Majalisar Binciken Muhalli ta Halitta tana gudanar da bincike mai zaman kansa, bincike, horo da kuma canja wurin ilimi a fannin kimiyyar muhalli, don haɓaka ilimin duniyarmu a matsayin wani tsari mai rikitarwa, mai hulɗa. Aikin majalisar ya ƙunshi cikakken ilimin yanayi, Duniya, ilmin halittu, ƙasa da na ruwa, daga tekuna masu zurfi zuwa sararin samaniya na sama, da kuma daga sandunan ƙasa zuwa ga equator .

Manufar NERC ita ce tattarawa da amfani da ilimi, ƙirƙirar fahimta da hasashen halayen muhallin halitta da albarkatunsa, da kuma isar da dukkan fannoni na aikin majalisar. Ofishin Kula da Yanayi na Burtaniya *ba ya* cikin NERC.

## Cibiyar Binciken Jiragen Sama ta NERC

**Cibiyar Bincike ta Jiragen Sama ta NERC** ( **ARF** ) tana tattarawa da sarrafa bayanai da aka ji daga nesa don amfanin al'ummar kimiyya. Ana tattara bayanai daga ɗaya daga cikin jiragen sama huɗu na bincike na Twin Otter (ko Dash 7) da British Antarctic Survey ke gudanarwa, waɗanda ƙungiyar nazarin bayanai ke sarrafawa a Dakin Gwaji na Plymouth Marine kuma aka adana su a Cibiyar Bayanan Kula da Duniya ta Ƙasa (NEODC). A halin yanzu NERC ARF tana ba da bayanai masu zurfin gani da aka gyara ta hanyar rediyo daga kayan aikin Fenix da Mujiya na AISA; bayanai game da tsayin ƙasa daga Leica ALS50-II; da kuma ɗaukar hoto na dijital.

## Manazarta
Shewalul Mengistu

**Shewalul Mengistu** ( Amharic : ሸዋlul መንግሥቱ; 11 Satumba 1944 – 26 May 1977)  mawaƙi ne, marubuci, ɗan jarida kuma ɗan gwagwarmayar siyasa.  An kashe ta a shekara ta 1977. 

## Iyali
An haifi Mengistu a Hararghe, Habasha,  daga dangin matsakaicin aji. Mahaifinta mawaƙi ne wanda ya buga *bägäna*, wata irin waƙa mai igiya mai igiya goma.  Mengistu ya auri wani kwamanda a rundunar tsaron Habasha yana ɗan shekara 13. Sun haifi 'ya'ya biyar kuma daga baya suka sake su. 

## Sana'a
A shekarar 1973, Ma'aikatar Yaɗa Labarai ta Addis Ababa ta ɗauki Mengistu aiki, inda ta shirya shirye-shiryen rediyo da talabijin waɗanda aka tsara don mata. 

Mengistu ta yi magana da harshen Amharic da kuma harshen Oromo kuma ta rubuta waƙar Erè Mèla Mèla, wadda aka fi sani da ita lokacin da Mahmoud Ahmed ya rera ta.  Ta kuma zama marubuciyar siyasa, tare da ayyukanta da suka haɗa da waƙoƙi da dama (ɗaya daga cikinsu an hana ta watsawa da bugawa) da kuma wani ƙasida mai suka ga al'ummar Habasha. 

## Mutuwa
Ta zama memba na jam'iyyar Marxist-Leninist ta Mengistu Haile Mariam, wadda daga baya ta zama mai kama-karya. An kashe ta a Addis Ababa a shekarar 1977, ta mutu bayan an harbe ta.

## Manazarta
Juliana Cornelia na Lannoy

**Juliana de Lannoy** (1738–1782) mawakiya ce kuma mawaƙiya daga Jamhuriyar Holland .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife ta a Breda, North Brabant, a matsayin ɗan fari ga wani jami'i da ya bar gida don yin aiki a Yaƙin Maye Gurbin Austria . Mahaifiyarta ta yanke shawarar komawa gidan iyayenta a shekara ta 1743, bayan da ƙaramar yarinyarta ta mutu, don haka, shekarun Juliana sun yi girma a Nijmegen . Cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci Juliana ta rasa dukkan 'yan uwanta. Kakanta ya mutu a shekara ta 1746, sai kakarta ta biyo baya. Ƙaninta ya mutu a shekara ta 1747, mahaifiyarta kuma ta mutu a shekara ta 1750. Mahaifinta ya dawo da rauni daga yaƙin, don haka aka aika Juliana zuwa iyalinsa a Zutphen . Mahaifinta ya sake auri Pauline Aleida Putman na Deventer kuma a shekara ta 1752 Juliana ta ƙaura tare da su. An haifi ɗan'uwanta Adolf Hendrik a shekara mai zuwa. A shekara ta 1758, iyalin suka ƙaura zuwa St. Geertruidenberg inda mahaifin Juliana ke zaune a Markt a gidan da ake kira "De Roos," wanda a yau gidan tarihi ne. Ta mutu a St. Geertruidenberg .

## Ayyuka
An san ta da wayo da sharhi kan mata a cikin al'umma, kuma sau da yawa tana rubutu game da mata masu ƙarfi, musamman Kenau Simonsdochter Hasselaer, wacce ta fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayonta game da kewaye Haarlem a 1770 wanda ta keɓe ga William V, Yariman Orange . A cewar RKD. An san ta da wasannin kwaikwayo, waƙoƙi, launukan ruwa, da ayyukan siliki.

* "Aan myn Geest", Breda, 1766, sake buga 1767
* "Leo de Groote", Tragedy, Amsterdam, 1767, sake buga 1808
* "De belegering van Haerlem", Tragedy, Amsterdam, 1770, sake buga 1796
* "Cleopatra, koningin van Syriën", Bala'i, Amsterdam, 1776
* "Dichtkundige werken", Leiden, 1780
* "Nagelaten dichtwerken", Leiden, 1783

## Manazarta
Green Party na New Brunswick

Jam'iyyar **Green Party ta New Brunswick** (**PVNBGP** ; French), wanda aka fi sani da **Greens**, jam'iyyar siyasa ce ta lardin kore a New Brunswick, Kanada . An kafa jam'iyyar a shekarar 2008, kuma tana ƙarƙashin jagorancin David Coon tun daga shekarar 2012. A halin yanzu jam'iyyar tana da kujeru biyu a Majalisar Dokoki ta New Brunswick, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama ƙaramar jam'iyya ɗaya tilo a lardin da ake wakilta a majalisar dokoki a halin yanzu.

A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2008, ta gudanar da taron kafa jam'iyyar a Moncton inda membobin suka amince da kundin tsarin mulki, da kuma kundin tsarin mulki don jagorantar ci gaban manufofi da dandamali. An zabi Kwamitin Zartarwa mai membobi 12. A watan Satumba na 2009, an yaba wa Jack MacDougall a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar na farko, wanda ya yi aiki a karkashin wannan matsayi har zuwa lokacin da ya sauka daga mulki a watan Satumba na 2011. Greta Doucet ta yi aiki a matsayin shugaba na wucin gadi har zuwa taron shugabanci a shekarar 2012. David Coon ya maye gurbin Doucet a matsayin shugaba.

A zaɓen larduna na 2014, Coon ya zama ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Green Party na farko da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Dokoki ta New Brunswick . A zaɓen larduna na 2018, jam'iyyar ta zaɓi 'yan majalisar wakilai uku. A zaɓen larduna na 2020, an sake zaɓen waɗannan 'yan majalisar dokoki uku.

## Tarihi
An kafa Jam'iyyar Green Party ta New Brunswick a ranar 18 ga Mayu, 2008, wannan shi ne lardi na ƙarshe a Maritimes da ya yi hakan. An kafa jam'iyyar a lokacin taron Fredericton, ta yi amfani da damar da raguwar kasancewar NDP a lardin ya bayar, inda ta sanya kanta a matsayin madadin irin waɗannan masu zaɓe.  Bayan kafa ta, ta zama ƙarƙashin zaɓen shugabancin riƙon ƙwarya ta Mike Milligan.   A watan Satumba na 2009, Jam'iyyar Green Party ta yaba wa shugabanta na farko, tsohon mai shirya Liberal kuma ɗan takara Jack MacDougall .  Bayan MacDougall ya yi murabus a watan Satumba na 2011, shugabancin jam'iyyar ya ci gaba da riƙe muƙamin wucin gadi ta hannun Greta Doucet  har zuwa Satumba na 2012, lokacin da jam'iyyar ta zaɓi David Coon mai kare muhalli a taron shugabanninta. 

A zaɓen 2014, ƙungiyar Greens ta sami kujerarta ta farko a Majalisar Dokoki ta New Brunswick kuma ta zama jam'iyyar Green ta biyu ta Kanada da ta lashe kujerar majalisar dokoki ta larduna,  inda shugaba David Coon ya kayar da Ministan Makamashi na Progressive Conservative Craig Leonard a zaɓen Fredericton South . Wasu daga cikin muhimman saƙonnin Coon a lokacin sun haɗa da adawarsa da fracking da kuma bututun Energy East. 

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2023, jam'iyyar ta sanar da nadin Kevin Arseneau da Megan Mitton a matsayin Mataimakan Shugabanni ta hannun shugaba Coon. 

## Jagoranci

### Shugabanni

## Zaɓen shugabanci
A ranar 22 ga Satumba, 2012, an gudanar da zaɓen shugabanci don maye gurbin Jack MacDougall . An zaɓi David Coon bayan kuri'a ɗaya kacal. 

## 'Yan majalisar dokoki na yanzu

## Tarihin zaɓe

## Manazarta
Abokan Pandeño

An kafa Ƙungiyar Farar Hula **ta Amigos del Pandeño** a shekarar 2008. Ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin jama'a ce ta gida wadda ke zaune a Julimes, Chihuahua, Mexico. Manufarta ita ce kiyayewa da kare Gadon Halitta na mutanen Julimes, Chihuahua, tare da mai da hankali kan dabbobin ruwa masu ƙarancin yanayi waɗanda ke da iyaka ga maɓuɓɓugar ruwan zafi na " El Pandeño ". Ta hanyar Majalisar Fasaha, Amigos del Pandeño tana tallafawa binciken kimiyya da Shirin Kula da Alamomi Masu Muhimmanci wanda ke sanar da hanyoyin yanke shawara na gudanarwa waɗanda suka shafi albarkatun ƙasa na Julimes. 

## Tsarin kiyayewa
Tare da tallafi daga ƙungiyoyin sa kai masu zaman kansu ciki har da Biodesert, AC, Pronatura Noreste, AC, Profauna, AC da Asusun Namun Daji na Duniya (WWF); Cibiyoyin Ilimi ciki har da UACH, UACJ, UANL, UNAM da UNM ; gwamnatocin tarayya, jihohi da ƙananan hukumomi; da kuma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ciki har da Kamfanin Coca-Cola ;   Amigos del Pandeño yana haɓaka Ci gaba Mai Dorewa galibi a cikin gundumar Julimes. Ƙungiyar tana neman haɓaka da aiwatar da Dabaru na Gudanar da Albarkatun Ƙasa Masu Daidaitawa; haɓaka ƙarfin gida; haɓaka ilimin muhalli tsakanin mazauna Julimes; da kuma haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a. **Amigos del Pandeño** kuma yana shiga tsakani a cikin manufofin ruwa don aiwatar da tsarin kwararar muhalli na Rio Conchos Basin.

## Ayyuka
A shekarar 2012, tare da haɗin gwiwar Pronatura Noreste, WWF da SEMARNAT, **Amigos del Pandeño** sun fara aiwatar da wani aikin ceton ruwa wanda ya haɗa da sa ido da haɓaka hanyar sadarwa ta ban ruwa ta Julimes.  A shekarar 2010, tare da haɗin gwiwar Rotary International na Camargo, Chihuahua, Shirin Hamada na WWF-Chihuahuan da Municipality na Julimes, Amigos del Pandeño sun gina matatar mai tace ruwa wanda ke magance najasa daga gidaje 50 a Julimes.  An tsara tsarin tsaftace ruwa a matsayin babban masana'antar tace ruwa wanda ke hana najasa shiga Rio Conchos. Godiya ga amfani da tsutsotsi na ƙasa a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin magancewa, ana iya amfani da laka a matsayin taki, kuma za a yi amfani da ruwa don ban ruwa. 

A ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2010, Hukumar Ruwa ta Ƙasa (CONAGUA) ta bayar da amsa mai kyau ga buƙatar da "Amigos del Pandeño" ta gabatar, na ba su damar riƙe ikon amfani da kuma kula da filayen tarayya da ke kewaye da "El Pandeño" - wanda aka fi sani da "San Jose de Pandos" - maɓuɓɓugar ruwan zafi, don dalilai na muhalli, na tsawon shekaru goma.  Tunda, Amigos del Pandeño ne ke da alhakin gudanar da El Pandeño hotspring, gida ga Julimes pupfish (*Cyprinodon julimes*), da Julimes springsnail (*Tryonia julimensis*) da Juimes isopod (*Thermosphaeroma macrura*) a matsayin wani ɓangare na "Custodiniation Management para Wildlife. Conservación de la vida silvestre (UMA) -El Pandeño" SDUE-UMA-EX-096-CHIH-12" da kuma lura da Muhimman Alamominsa." 

## Manazarta
Ah Cheng

**Zhong Acheng** ( simplified Chinese      ; an haife shi a shekara ta 1949), wanda aka fi sani da sunan barkwanci **Ah Cheng**, marubuci ne kuma marubucin allo na ƙasar Sin. Sau da yawa ana danganta shi da ƙungiyar adabi ta " neman tushe " ta shekarun 1980. Ayyukansa da aka fi sani da su sun ƙunshi littattafai uku - *Jagorar Chess* ( Chinese; 1984), *Sarkin Bishiyoyi* ( Chinese; 1985), *Sarkin Yara* ( Chinese ; 1985)– wanda ya dogara da rayuwar karkara a lokacin juyin juya halin al'adu.

## Rayuwa da aiki
Mahaifin Ah Cheng, Zhong Dianfei, ya kasance mai kula da Ofishin Yada Labaran Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin. A shekara ta 1956, a matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfen din Hundred Flowers, ya rubuta wani labarin da ke sukar tsoma baki na siyasa a fina-finai kuma an tura shi zuwa karkara. Ah Cheng ya sayar da littattafan mahaifinsa don tallafa wa iyalin, kuma ya karanta waɗannan litattafan Sinanci da na yamma kafin ya yi hakan. A lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu, an kuma tura Ah Cheng zuwa ƙauyuka, yana aiki a Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, da Yunnan, inda ya zama sanannen mai ba da labari.

A shekara ta 1976, ya koma Beijing a hutu kuma ya ga zanga-zangar Tiananmen Square da mutuwar Zhou Enlai na haifar. An buga zane-zanensa na Zhou a cikin fitowar farko ta *Jintian*, mujallar wallafe-wallafen da ba ta hukuma ba wacce Bei Dao da sauransu suka kafa.

Ah Cheng kuma ya fara rubuta labaru game da rayuwarsa a Yunnan. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan, The Chess Master, an buga shi a cikin Shanghai Literature a watan Yulin 1984. An yaba da shi a cikin *Veni Bao*, mujallar kungiyar marubuta ta kasar Sin, a wannan watan Oktoba, kuma ya lashe lambar yabo a watan Disamba. An buga Sarkin itatuwa a cikin Marubutan Sinanci a watan Janairun 1985, kuma *Sarkin Yara* daga baya a wannan shekarar a cikin *Littattafan Jama'a* . An wallafa tarin ayyukansa a Hong Kong da Beijing a wannan shekarar, kuma a Taipei a 1986.  Labaransa suna amfani da al'adun gargajiya na kasar Sin, abubuwan Confucian da Daoist, da dabarun labarun gargajiya, suna nuna komawa da gangan ga gaskiyar al'adu da tushen al'adu ya bambanta da wallafe-wallafen juyin juya halin da suka gabata.

Mo Yan, wanda ya lashe Kyautar Nobel a cikin wallafe-wallafen, ya ɗauki Ah Cheng a matsayin gunkinsa na wallafe-walfinai a lokacin da yake makaranta. Wang Shuo, babban marubucin sabuwar makarantar Beijing, ya dauki Au Cheng a matsayin marubuci mai girma a cikin ƙungiyar wallafe-wallafen Beijing. Marubucin almara na Taiwan Chu Tʽien-wen ya tuna da ikon ba da labari na musamman na Ah Cheng da kyakkyawar fahimta game da rayuwa.

### Tarin abubuwa

* *Sarakuna Uku: Labarai Uku daga China ta Yau* (trans. ta Bonnie McDougall), wanda Collins-Harvill (London) ya buga a 1990. 
* *Sarkin Bishiyoyi* (omnibus na "Sarkin Bishi", "Sarkin Chess", da "Sarkin Yara") (trans. by Bonnie McDougall), wanda New Directions Publishing ya buga a cikin 2010.

## Manazarta
Alai (marubuci)

(Sinanci: 阿来; : Ālái Tibetan: moth, Wylie: a-le, ZWPY: Alê, Yaren Lhasa: [ɑ́lè]; an haife shi a 1959 a Lardin Sichuan) mawaki ne na harshen Sinanci kuma marubuci na zuriyar Rgyalrong Tibet. Ya kuma kasance tsohon editan Science Fiction World.

## Ayyuka
Shahararren littafin Alai *[[Red Poppies]]*, wanda aka buga a shekarar 1998, ya biyo bayan dangin shugabannin Tibet, Maichi, a cikin shekaru goma ko haka kafin "yanci" na Tibet ta Sojojin 'Yanci na Jama'a a shekarar 1951. Rayuwarsu a kan iyakar Tibet, wanda ɗan ƙarami "wawa" ya ba da labari, an bayyana shi a matsayin mai zalunci, soyayya, kuma cike da rikici (tare da Ƙaddamar da Tibet ta Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin da aka gabatar a matsayin babban ci gaba ga manoman Tibet). *Red Poppies* ta lashe lambar yabo ta Mao Dun ta 5 a shekara ta 2000 kuma an zaba ta a matsayin mai shiga gasar don Kyautar Kiriyama a shekara ta 2002. 

A cikin 2013, Alai ta shiga cikin Shirin Rubuce-rubuce na Kasa da Kasa a Jami'ar Iowa a Birnin Iowa, IA . 

## Manazarta
Qin Benli

**Qin Benli** (Chinese; 13 ga Agusta, 1918 - 16 ga Afrilu, 1991) sanannen ɗan jaridar kasar Sin ne, editan jarida, mai sharhi, kuma wanda ya kafa jaridar World Economic Herald.

Benli ta girma a matsayin babba cikin yara huɗu (yan'uwa mata biyu da ɗan'uwa ɗaya). Ya kammala karatunsa na firamare a Huzhou, Lardin Zhejiang, kuma yana da shekaru 18, ya shiga makarantar sakandare ta Hangzhou. An kore shi daga wannan makarantar saboda ayyukansa na siyasa. An sake kore shi daga makarantar sakandare ta gaba saboda wannan dalili. Har ila yau a Jami'ar Chaoyang, an kori Qin saboda ayyukansa na siyasa a shekara ta uku na karatun digiri. Halin siyasa wanda ya sa ya fito daga waɗannan makarantu uku shine ƙungiyar zanga-zangar kishin kasa da na dimokuradiyya.

Benli ya fara aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida a 1944, yana aiki a jerin jaridu a Chongqing da sauran wurare a China, kafin ya koma Shanghai don ci gaba da wannan sana'a.

Benli an fi saninsa da kafawa da kuma edita na World Economic Herald wanda ke zaune a Shanghai. An rufe littafin a lokacin zanga-zangar Tiananmen Square na 1989. Bayan jaridar ta kalubalanci jagorancin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis tare da rahotonta game da zanga-zangar, Qin, ya kira editan jarida "mai almara" saboda aikinsa, sakataren Jam'iyyar kwaminis ta Shanghai Jiang Zemin ya kore shi, sannan aka kama shi a gida. 

## Ayyuka
A shekara ta 1956, Benli ya karfafa matsayinsa na ɗan jarida a Shanghai, yana aiki a Wen Hui Bao . An wanke shi a cikin yakin neman zabe na adawa da dama a shekara mai zuwa, duk da haka, kuma ya shafe shekaru ashirin masu zuwa daga masana'antar jarida. 

An ƙaddamar da *Herald* a matsayin "jaridar da ba ta hukuma ba" a cikin 1980 ta Benli, tare da goyon bayan manyan jami'an jam'iyya waɗanda ke son ƙarfafa sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki da (a cikin iyaka) siyasa. Tare da yaduwar ƙasa na 300,000,  da sauri ya zama karatun da ake buƙata ga ƙwararrun mutane da masu ilimi. 

## Hanyoyin siyasa
Qin Benli, da alaƙar jaridarsa da ƙungiyar masu gyarawa a Jam'iyyar Kwaminis, musamman Zhao Ziyang, an san su sosai a cikin siyasa a lokacin. Bayan kisan kiyashi na Tiananmen, Chen Xitong, magajin garin Beijing, ya yi iƙirarin cewa akwai "maƙaryaci" tsakanin *Herald*, ɗaliban masu zanga-zangar, da Zhao Ziyang.

An sake tsara dukkan littafin kuma an kori Benli daga jaridar a ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 1989, a tsakiyar zanga-zangar dalibai a Beijing da Shanghai. Fushin hukumomin yankin, musamman Jiang Zemin, ya samo asali ne daga wallafa shafuka shida na tunatarwa da tattaunawa bayan mutuwar, a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, na Hu Yaobang, tsohon shugaban Kwaminisanci wanda 'yan jam'iyya masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suka kore shi. A watan Janairu da ya gabata, jaridar, a karkashin jagorancin Qin, ta kuma buga wata kasida ta wani masanin a Beijing wanda ya soki jam'iyyar. Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru sun jagoranci ƙungiyar masu tantancewa biyar don kafa ofishin a cikin jaridar, suna nazarin duk kayan kafin su je bugawa.

## Manazarta
Hannah Yakin

{{databox}
**Hannah Yakin** ( Hebrew   ; Haihuwar *Hannah van Hulst* ; 3 Maris 1933, a Amsterdam ) ɗan wasan Isra'ila ne mai fasaha.

A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Yakin ta haɓaka baiwar fasaha, tana fuskantar "lokutan farin ciki wanda buƙata ta haifar da kerawa". 

Bayan yaƙin, Yakin ta tafi makarantar sakandare ta yi karatun fasaha a Utrecht da kuma Paris tare da Paul Colin . A shekarar 1956 ta yi ƙaura zuwa Isra'ila inda ta haɗu da mai zane Abraham Yakin kuma ta auri shi. A cikin shekarun farko na aurenta, ta fi mai da hankali kan jigogi na ciki, haihuwa da kuma uwa. Bayan 1965, ta ƙirƙiri manyan jerin zane-zane guda biyu, ɗaya game da juyin halitta, ɗayan kuma game da kiɗa da mawaƙa. A shekarar 1978 ta fara rubutu, a wannan karon da Turanci. An buga wasu gajerun labaranta a mujallun adabi na Amurka da Kanada. BBC World Service ta watsa wasu labaranta kwanan nan. Ta buga littattafai uku masu zane a ƙananan bugu, a matsayin kayan masu tarawa.

## Littattafai

* *Hannah & Ibrahim Yakin : Urushalima*, 1963
* *A. Yakin, Hannah Yakin*, 1969
* *Hier is je bruidegom*, 2004
* *Jardena : dagboek a Urushalima*, 2008
* *Hagadah le-Ṭu bi-Shevaṭ*, 2017
* *Mi-tokh honkiyah = Abin da ke cikin harsashi*

## Manazarta
Felix Baumgartner

**Felix Baumgartner** ( [ˈfeːlɪks ˈbaʊ̯mˌɡaʁtnɐ]; 20 ga Afrilu 1969 - 17 ga Yulin 2025) ya kasance dan wasan Austriya ne, mai tsananin wasanni, kuma Mai tsalle-tsalle na BASE . [1] An san shi da tsalle zuwa Duniya daga balloon helium a cikin stratosphere a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 2012 da sauka a New Mexico, Amurka, a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin Red Bull Stratos. Ta hanyar yin haka, ya kafa tarihin duniya don tsalle-tsalle kimanin  (24 , ya kai kimanin gudun  km / h (843.6 , ko Mach 1.25.     Ya zama mutum na farko da ya karya shingen sauti dangane da farfajiyar ba tare da ikon mota a kan saukowarsa ba.   Ya karya rikodin tsalle-tsalle don tsayin fita (mita 38,969.3), nisan kai tsaye ba tare da parachute na drogue ba, da saurin tsaye ba tare tare da drogue ba. Kodayake har yanzu ana haɗa sunansa da rikodin biyu na ƙarshe, an karya rikodin tsayin sa na fita shekaru biyu bayan haka, lokacin da a ranar 24 ga Oktoba 2014, Alan Eustace ya tsalle daga ƙafa 135,890 (41.42   tare da drogue.&nbsp;

Baumgartner ya kuma shahara saboda yanayin haɗari na abubuwan da ya yi a lokacin aikinsa. Ya shafe lokaci a cikin Sojojin Austriya, inda ya horar da tsalle-tsalle, gami da horo don sauka a kan kananan wuraren da aka yi niyya. A ranar 17 ga watan Yulin 2025, ya mutu a hatsarin jirgin sama a Porto Sant'Elpidio, Italiya, yana da shekaru 56.

## Tarihin rayuwa

An haifi Felix Baumgartner ga Eva a Salzburg, Austria .[lower-alpha 1] Yana da ƙaramin ɗan'uwa, Gerard . [1] Yayinda yake yaro, ya yi mafarki game da tashi da tsalle-tsalle.[2] A shekara ta 1999, ya yi ikirarin rikodin duniya don tsalle-tsalle mafi girma daga gini lokacin da ya tsalle daga Petronas Towers a Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.[3] A ranar 20 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2003, Baumgartner ya zama mutum na farko da ya tashi sama a fadin Channel ta Turanci ta amfani da fuka-fukan fiber na carbon da aka yi musamman.[1][4] Alban Geissler, wanda ya haɓaka fuka-fukan fiber na SKYRAY tare da Christoph Aarns, ya ba da shawarar bayan tsalle na Baumgartner cewa fuka-fuka da ya yi amfani da shi kwafin fuka-fukki biyu na SKYraY da aka sayar wa Red Bull (mai tallafawa Baumg partners) shekaru biyu da suka gabata.[17]

### MANAZARTA