Louise Bates Ames

**Louise Bates Ames** an haife ta ne a ranar (29 ga watan Oktoba, na shekara ta 1908 - 31 ga Oktoba, 1996) masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam ne na Amurka wanda ya kware a ci gaban yara. An san Ames a matsayin mai gabatarwa na nazarin ci gaban yara, yana gabatar da ka'idar Matakan ci gaban yara zuwa sanannen magana. Ames ya wallafa littattafai da yawa da suka shahara a duniya a kan matakai na ci gaban yara, ya shirya shirin talabijin game da ci gaban yara.

Ayyukan Ames sun gano cewa yara suna wucewa ta hanyar bayyane, matakai masu rarrabewa bisa ga shekaru. Ta nuna cewa kungiyoyin shekaru daban-daban suna da halaye na musamman, waɗanda iyaye da likitoci za su yi la'akari da su wajen saka idanu kan ci gaban yara. Wataƙila sanannen abin da ya fi sani da aikinta shi ne ƙirƙirar kalmar "Terrible Twos," don bayyana tsananin, rikice-rikice na halayyar yara masu shekaru biyu.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Ames (née Bates) a ranar 29 ga Oktoba 1908 a Portland, Maine ga Samuel Lewis Bates da Annie Earle Leach Bates . Babbar 'yar uku, Ames ita ce kawai 'yar iyalin Bates. Mahaifinta, lauya mai daraja kuma alƙali, da mahaifiyarta, malamin makaranta, sun ba da ilimi kuma sun inganta yanayin ilimi ga Ames da 'yan uwanta biyu.

Ames ta halarci makarantun gwamnati na Portland a duk lokacin da take karatun firamare da sakandare. A nan ta ci gaba da sha'awar muhawara, tarihi, da adabi, kuma tana mafarkin zama lauya kamar mahaifinta. Bayan kammala karatunta a makarantar sakandare a 1926, Ames ta halarci Kwalejin Wheaton, kwalejin mata a Norton, Massachusetts. Ames ta yi fushi da abin da ta ji shi ne al'adun Wheaton kuma ta koma Jami'ar Maine a 1928. Yayinda ta yi niyyar neman doka, karatun digiri na farko a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam ya burge Ames, kuma a cikin 1930 ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Maine tare da digiri a fannin halayyar mutum. A wannan shekarar, ta auri ɗan'uwanta ɗaliban ilimin halayyar dan adam Smith Ames .  Sun sake aure a 1937.

Ames ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam daga Jami'ar Maine a 1933. A wannan shekarar, ta shiga Yale Clinic of Child Development a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike ga Arnold Gesell .  Ames ta yi aiki a asibitin daga 1933 zuwa 1948, tare da rubuce-rubuce da yawa tare da Gesell, kuma ta sami Ph.D. daga Jami'ar Yale a 1936 a cikin ilimin halayyar gwaji. An buga rubutun ta, The sequential patterning of prone progression in the human infant, a matsayin labarin mujallar a cikin shekara ta 1937. Takardar ta binciki sauye-sauyen jarirai zuwa crawling, ko "ci gaba mai saurin".

Yayinda take a Yale Clinic of Child Development, Ames ta buga ayyuka da yawa da ke bincika matakan ci gaban yara. A cikin shekarun 1940, ta fara fassara wannan aikin a cikin jerin littattafai masu nasara a duniya. *Shekaru biyar na farko na rayuwa* (1940), Jariri da Yara a cikin Al'adun Yau (1943), da kuma *Yaron Daga Biyar zuwa Goma* (1946) sun fadada bayanin Gesell game da matakan yara na girma daga motsi da ci gaban fahimta zuwa na ayyukan zamantakewa.

A cikin 1938, Ames ta yi fim na farko na fina-finai da yawa game da ci gaban yara. An samar da shi don fina-finai na Encyclopedia, Yadda Halin ke Girma: Tsarin Tsarin Ci gaba na Prone ya kasance karbuwa ne na rubutun ta game da ci gaba a cikin jarirai. A shekara ta 1944, Ames ya karbi matsayi a matsayin mai kula da fina-finai na Yale na ci gaban yara .

Bayan ta yi ritaya daga Yale Clinic of Child Development, Ames da abokin aikinta Dr. Frances L. Ilg sun yi aiki tare da Janet Learned don kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Yara ta Gesell .  Cibiyar, wacce aka kafa a 1950, tana cikin New Haven, Connecticut, kodayake tana aiki da kanta daga Yale. An nada Ames a matsayin darektan bincike a cibiyar. A lokacin, ta kuma kasance memba na Majalisar Mata ta Duniya. A cikin aikinta tare da majalisa, ta gudanar da babban bincike tare da Harriet Fjeld game da kwarewar kwararru na mata. An buga binciken a cikin Journal of Social Psychology . 

A cikin 1951, Ames da Ilg sun fara wani shafi na jarida, Child Behavior . Shafin tambaya da amsar ta nuna tambayoyin rubuce-rubuce daga iyaye kuma ya shawarce su da ido game da ilimin halayyar yara. Wannan shafi ya gudana na shekaru da yawa, wanda ya haifar da sanannen littafin su, wanda ake kira Child Behavior (1981). A cikin 1962, Bates da Ilg sun canza sunan shafi zuwa Iyaye Masu Tambaya, wanda shine taken wani littafi mai sayarwa da suka buga tare a wannan shekarar. A lokaci guda, Bates ya kuma yi aiki a cikin shirin talabijin na rabin sa'a na mako-mako da ake kira Child Behavior . 

A cikin 1952, Ames (et al.) ta buga wani bincike mai mahimmanci game da shekaru da alaƙarsu da martani na Rorschach. An buga bincikenta a cikin trilogy The Master Work Series . Kafin binciken Bates, likitoci suna amfani da ma'auni ɗaya don yin hukunci game da al'ada na martani na Rorschach. Bates ya nuna cewa yara da tsofaffi suna da alamu na amsawa wanda ya bambanta da sauran rukunin shekaru. Binciken da ta yi ya ci gaba da tallafawa da'awar da take da ita cewa dole ne a yi la'akari da shekaru yayin kimanta muhimmancin bambance-bambance a cikin halayyar.

Bates marubuciya ce mai ƙwarewa, tana buga takardu da littattafai har zuwa mutuwarta a shekara ta 1996, na ciwon daji na thyroid. Ta mutu a gidan jikanta a Cincinnati .  Ana gudanar da takardunta a Laburaren Majalisa.

## Ayyuka

* *Shekaru biyar na farko na rayuwa*, 1940
* *Jariri da yaro a cikin al'adun yau*, 1943
* *Yaron daga biyar zuwa goma*, 1946
* (tare da Frances L. Ilg) *Halin yara*, 1955
* (tare da Frances L. Ilg da Arnold Gesell) *Matasa: shekaru daga goma zuwa goma sha shida*, 1956
* (tare da Frances L. Ilg) *Iyaye suna tambaya*, 1962
* (tare da Clyde Gillespie da John W. Streff) *Dakatar da gazawar makaranta*, 1972
* (tare da Ruth W. Metraux, Janet Learned Rodell da Richard Walker) *Amsoshin Rorschach na Yara: yanayin ci gaba daga shekaru biyu zuwa goma*, 1974
* (tare da Frances L. Ilg da Sidney Baker) *Halin yara: daga Cibiyar Gesell ta Ci gaban Dan Adam*, 1981
* *Arnold Gesell: Jigogi na aikinsa*, 1989

## Kyaututtuka

* Jami'ar Maine Dokta na girmamawa na Kimiyya (1957) 
* Kwalejin Wheaton Dokta na girmamawa na Kimiyya (1967) 
* Kyautar Bruno Klopfer (1974) 
* Kyautar Jami'ar Maine Alumni Career (1974) 
* Society for Projective Techniques da Cibiyar Rorschach Honoree (1974) 
* Matsayin Jami'ar Yale Emeritus (1996) 

## Manazarta