Abin da ya faru na Azolla

Abubuwan da suka fure a *Azolla* wani lamari ne na paleoclimatology wanda aka yi la'akari da cewa ya faru ne a tsakiyar zamanin Eocene,  kimanin shekaru miliyan 49 da suka gabata, lokacin da ake zaton fern na ruwan sha mai tsabta mai suna Azolla ya faru ne da Tekun Arctic. Yayin da fern ya mutu kuma ya nutse zuwa cikin teku mai tsayi, an haɗa su cikin tururi a cikin kimanin shekaru 800,000; an yi hasashen cewa sakamakon raguwar carbon dioxide ya taimaka wajen juyar da duniyar daga yanayin "greenhouse Earth" na Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, lokacin da duniyar ta kasance mai zafi sosai don tururuwa da itatuwa su bunƙasa a kan sanduna, zuwa gidan kankara na yanzu da aka sani da Late Cenozoic Ice Age.

## Shaidar ilimin ƙasa game da taron

A cikin sedimentary yadudduka a ko'ina cikin Basin Arctic, naúrar ta kai aƙalla 8&nbsp;m a cikin kauri (ba a dawo da kasan mafi tsayi ba, amma yana iya kaiwa 20&nbsp;m+  ) ana iya ganewa. Wannan naúrar ta ƙunshi madaidaicin yadudduka; siliceous clastic yadudduka wakiltar bango sedimentation na planktonic kwayoyin, saba zuwa ruwa sediments, canzawa tare da kauri-milimita laminations kunshe da burbushin halitta *Azolla* .  Hakanan za'a iya gano wannan kwayoyin halitta a cikin nau'i na gamma radiation spike, wanda aka lura a ko'ina cikin kogin Arctic, yin taron ya zama taimako mai amfani a cikin layi mai layi da aka haƙa a wurare daban-daban. Gudanar da ilimin jijiyoyi da daidaitawa tare da babban rikodin jujjuyawar geomagnetic yana ba da damar ƙididdige tsawon lokacin taron a 800,000&nbsp;shekaru.  Lamarin ya zo daidai daidai da mummunan raguwar matakan carbon dioxide, wanda ya faɗi daga 3500.&nbsp;ppm a farkon Eocene zuwa 650&nbsp;ppm a lokacin wannan taron. 

## ''Azolla''
*Azolla* has been deemed a "super-plant" as it can draw down as much as a tonne of nitrogen per acre per year (0.25&nbsp;kg/m2/yr); this is matched by 6&nbsp;tonnes per acre of carbon drawdown (1.5&nbsp;kg/m2/yr). Its ability to use atmospheric nitrogen for growth means that the main limit to its growth is usually the availability of phosphorus: carbon, nitrogen and sulphur being three of the key elements of proteins, and phosphorus being required for DNA, RNA and in energy metabolism.  The plant can grow at great speed in favourable conditions – modest warmth and 20&nbsp;hours of sunlight, both of which were in evidence at the poles during the early Eocene – and can double its biomass over two to three days in such a climate. This rate of growth pushes the plants deep under away from sunlight where death and carbon sequestration occur.

## Yanayin da ke ƙarfafa taron

A farkon Eocene, Tsarin nahiyar ya kasance kamar yadda aka yanke teku ta Arctic kusan gaba ɗaya daga manyan teku. Wannan yana nufin cewa haɗuwa - wanda aka bayar a yau ta hanyar ruwa mai zurfi kamar Gulf Stream - bai faru ba, wanda ya haifar da ginshiƙi na ruwa mai kama da Black Sea na yau. Babban yanayin zafi da iskõki sun haifar da babban evaporation, ƙara yawan teku, kuma - ta hanyar karuwar ruwan sama  - babban fitarwa daga koguna wanda ke ciyar da kwandon. Wannan ruwa mai laushi mai laushi ya zama Layer nepheloid, yana iyo a saman teku mai zurfi. Ko da 'yan centimeters na ruwa mai laushi zai isa ya ba da izinin mulkin mallaka ta Azolla; Bugu da ƙari, wannan ruwan kogi zai kasance mai wadata da ma'adanai kamar phosphorus, wanda zai tara daga laka da duwatsu da ya yi hulɗa da su yayin da ya haye nahiyoyi. Don ci gaba da taimakawa ci gaban shuka, an san yawan carbon (a cikin nau'in carbon dioxide) a cikin yanayi da yawa a wannan lokacin.

Fure-fure kadai ba su isa su sami wani tasiri na yanayin ƙasa ba; don jawo CO2 har abada kuma ya haifar da Canjin yanayi, dole ne shuke-shuke da aka binne su su su rufe carbon kuma ragowar ta zama ba za a iya isa ga kwayoyin da ke lalacewa ba. Ƙashin anoxic na kwandon Arctic, sakamakon ginshiƙi na ruwa, ya ba da izini ga wannan kawai; yanayin anoxic yana hana aikin kwayoyin da ke lalacewa kuma yana ba da damar tsire-tsire su zauna ba tare da lalacewa ba har sai an binne su da laka.

## Tasirin Duniya
Da 800,000&nbsp;shekaru na *Azolla* Bloom episodes da    kwandon da za a rufe, ko da ta hanyar ƙididdiga masu ra'ayin mazan jiya fiye da isassun carbon za a iya raba su ta hanyar binne shuka don lissafin raguwar kashi 80% a cikin CO 2 ta wannan sabon abu kaɗai. &#x5B; &#x5D; Wasu dalilai kusan sun taka rawa. Wannan digo ya ƙaddamar da sauyawa daga greenhouse zuwa duniyar kankara na yanzu; Arctic ya yi sanyi daga matsakaicin yanayin zafin teku na 13&nbsp;°C zuwa yau &#x2212; 9&nbsp;°C,  da sauran duniya sun sami irin wannan canji. Wataƙila a karon farko tun lokacin da " Ƙasashen Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙasa" (fiye da rabin biliyan a baya), duniyar ta kasance tana da ƙanƙara a *duka* sandunan ta. Ragewar yanayin yanayin ƙasa cikin sauri tsakanin 49 zuwa 47 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce, a kusa da taron *Azolla*, ya bayyana; dropstones (wanda aka ɗauka azaman shaida na kasancewar glaciers) sun zama ruwan dare a cikin ruwan Arctic daga baya. An saita wannan tare da bayan bayanan a hankali, sanyaya na dogon lokaci; ba sai 15 shekaru miliyan da suka gabata cewa shaidar da ke yaɗuwar daskarewar polar arewa ta zama ruwan dare gama gari. 

## Sauran Bayani
Duk da yake Tekun Arctic mai kyau shine samfurin aiki mai yiwuwa, masana kimiyya masu shakku sun nuna cewa zai yiwu yankunan *Azolla* a cikin kogin kogin Laguna ko tafkunan ruwa mai laushi su shiga cikin Tekun Arctic ta hanyar karfi mai karfi, yana cire buƙatar ruwa mai lawu.

## Tunanin tattalin arziki
Much of the current interest in oil exploration in the Arctic regions is directed towards the *Azolla* deposits .  The burial of large amounts of organic material provides the source rock for oil, so given the right thermal history, the preserved *Azolla* blooms might have been converted to oil or gas.  In 2008 a research team was set up in the Netherlands devoted to *Azolla*.

## Manazarta