Fredric March

**Fredric Maris** (an haife shi Ernest Frederick McIntyre Bickel; Agusta 31, 1897 - Afrilu 14, 1975) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne ɗan Amurka, wanda ake ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun taurarin Hollywood na 1930s da 1940s.A matsayinsa na mai yin wasan kwaikwayo a san shi da iya aiki. Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Academy guda biyu, lambar yabo ta Golden Globe, da lambar yabo ta Tony guda biyu da kuma nadin nadi na BAFTA Awards uku da Emmy Awards uku.
Maris ya fara aikinsa a cikin 1920, ta yin aiki azaman ƙari a cikin fina-finai da aka yi fim a birnin New York. Ya fara wasansa na farko a Broadway a cikin 1926 yana da shekaru 29, kuma a ƙarshen shekaru goma, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar fim tare da Paramount Pictures. Ya yi hotuna bakwai a cikin 1929. Ya ci gaba da samun lambar yabo ta Academy guda biyu, don wasan kwaikwayonsa a Dr. Jekyll da Mr. Hyde (1931) da Mafi kyawun Shekarun Rayuwarmu (1946). Sauran ayyukansa da aka zaba na Oscar sun kasance a cikin fina-finan The Royal Family of Broadway (1930), An Haife Tauraro (1937), da Mutuwar mai Siyarwa (1951). Maris ya sami karbuwa bayan ya kafa kansa tare da manyan mutane a cikin fina-finai irin su Honor Daga cikin Masoya (1931), Merryly We Go to Hell (1932), Design for Living (1933), Mutuwa Take Hutu, The Barretts na Wimpole Street (duka 1934), Les Misérables, Anna Karenina, No 19, The Dark3 (1937), kuma na auri mayya (1942). Ayyukansa na fim daga baya sun haɗa da Executive Suite, The Bridges at Toko-Ri (duka 1954), The Desperate Hours (1955), Gaji Iska (1960), da Kwanaki Bakwai a cikin Mayu (1964). Ya yi fitowar fim ɗinsa na ƙarshe a cikin The Iceman Cometh (1973)

An kuma san Maris saboda rawar da ya taka; ya fara fitowa a karon Broadway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo mai suna The Melody Man (1926), kuma a lokacin wasansa na mataki sau biyu ya lashe kyautar Tony Award don Mafi kyawun Jarumi a cikin Wasa, saboda wasan kwaikwayonsa a cikin wasan Ruth Gordon Play Years Ago (1947) da kuma cikin Tafiya ta Dogon Rana ta Eugene O'Neill zuwa dare (1956). Shi da 
Helen Hayes su ne kawai 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da suka lashe lambar yabo ta Academy da Tony Award sau biyu.
## '''Rayuwar sirri'''

An haifi Maris a Racine, Wisconsin, ɗan Cora Brown Marcher (1863-1936), malamin makaranta daga Ingila, da John F. Bickel (1859-1941), babban dattijon Cocin Presbyterian mai ibada wanda ya yi aiki a cikin kasuwancin kayan masarufi. Maris ya halarci Makarantar Elementary ta Winslow (wanda aka kafa a cikin 1855), Makarantar Sakandare ta Racine, da Jami'ar Wisconsin – Madison, [binciken da ake buƙata] inda ya kasance memba na Alpha Delta Phi.Maris ya yi aiki a Sojojin Amurka a lokacin yakin duniya na daya a matsayin laftanar manyan bindigogi. Ya fara aiki a matsayin ma’aikacin banki, amma matsalar appendectomy ta gaggawa ta sa shi sake nazarin rayuwarsa kuma, a shekarar 1920, ya fara aiki a matsayin “karin” a fina-finan da aka yi a birnin New York, ta hanyar amfani da gajeriyar hanyar sunan budurwar mahaifiyarsa. Ya bayyana a Broadway a cikin 1926, kuma a ƙarshen shekaru goma, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar fim tare da Paramount Pictures.
## '''Aiki'''
Kamar Laurence Olivier, Maris yana da ƙarancin furotin a cikin aikinsa wanda ya ba shi damar ɗaukar kusan kowane mutum cikin gamsarwa, daga Robert Browning zuwa William Jennings Bryan zuwa Dr Jekyll - ko Mr. Hyde. Ya sami lambar yabo ta Oscar don lambar yabo ta 4th Academy Awards a cikin 1930 don Gidan Sarauta na Broadway, wanda a ciki ya taka rawar gani akan John Barrymore. Ya lashe lambar yabo ta Academy don Mafi kyawun Actor don lambar yabo ta 5th Academy Awards a 1932 don Dr. Jekyll da Mr. Hyde (an ɗaure da Wallace Beery don The Champ, kodayake Maris ya sami kuri'a ɗaya fiye da Beery[8]). Wannan ya haifar da matsayi a cikin jerin fina-finai na yau da kullum bisa ga hits na mataki da litattafai na al'ada kamar Design for Living (1933) tare da Gary Cooper da Miriam Hopkins; Mutuwa Ta Yi Hutu (1934); Les Misérables (1935) tare da Charles Laughton; Anna Karenina (1935) tare da Greta Garbo; Anthony Adverse (1936) tare da Olivia de Havilland; kuma a matsayin ainihin Norman Maine a cikin A Star An Haife shi (1937) tare da Janet Gaynor, wanda ya sami lambar yabo ta Academy Award na uku.

Maris ya ƙi sanya hannu kan kwangiloli na dogon lokaci tare da ɗakunan studio, yana ba shi damar taka rawa a cikin fina-finai daga ɗakunan studio iri-iri. Ya koma Broadway bayan rashin shekaru goma a cikin 1937 tare da sanannen flop, Yr. Miji mai biyayya, amma bayan nasarar Thornton Wilder's The Skin of Our Teeth, ya mai da hankali sosai kan Broadway kamar Hollywood. Ya lashe kyaututtukan mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu: a cikin 1947 don wasan kwaikwayon Shekarun da suka gabata, wanda Ruth Gordon ya rubuta, kuma a cikin 1957 don wasan kwaikwayonsa a matsayin James Tyrone a cikin ainihin samar da Broadway na Tafiya ta Dogon Rana ta Eugene O'Neill zuwa Dare. Ya kuma sami manyan nasarori a cikin A Bell na Adano a 1944 da Gideon a 1961, kuma ya taka leda a Ibsen's An Enemy of the People on Broadway a 1951. A wannan lokacin, ya kuma yi tauraro a fina-finai, ciki har da na Auri Mayya (1942) da Wani Sashe na Daji (1948). Maris ya lashe Oscar na biyu a cikin 1946 don Mafi kyawun Shekarun Rayuwarmu.

Maris kuma ya shiga cikin talabijin, inda ya lashe zaɓen Emmy don ƙoƙarinsa na uku a gidan sarauta don jerin Mafi kyawun Broadway da kuma wasan kwaikwayon talabijin kamar Samuel Dodsworth da Ebenezer Scrooge. A ranar 25 ga Maris, 1954, Maris ta shirya bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na shekara-shekara karo na 26 daga birnin New York, tare da mai masaukin baki Donald O'Connor a Los Angeles.

Makwabcin Maris a Connecticut, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Arthur Miller, an yi tunanin zai goyi bayan Maris don ƙaddamar da ɓangaren Willy Loman a cikin Pulitzer Prize - Mutuwar Mutuwar Mai Siyarwa (1949). Duk da haka, Maris ya karanta wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya ƙi rawar, inda darekta Elia Kazan ya jefa Lee J. Cobb a matsayin Willy da Arthur Kennedy a matsayin ɗayan 'ya'yan Willy, Biff Loman. Cobb da Kennedy sun kasance 'yan wasan kwaikwayo biyu waɗanda daraktan ya yi aiki tare da su a cikin fim din Boomerang (1947). Daga baya Maris ya yi nadamar yin watsi da rawar kuma a ƙarshe ya buga Willy Loman a cikin fim ɗin 1951 na fim ɗin Columbia Pictures, wanda Laslo Benedek ya jagoranta. Maris ya sami nadinsa na biyar kuma na Oscar na karshe da kuma lambar yabo ta Golden Globe. Ya kuma buga daya daga cikin jagora biyu a cikin The Desperate Hours (1955) tare da Humphrey Bogart. Bogart da Spencer Tracy dukkansu sun dage kan babban lissafin kuɗi, kuma Tracy ta janye, ta bar ɓangaren da ke akwai har zuwa Maris. A cikin 1957, Maris ta sami lambar yabo ta George Eastman, wanda George Eastman House ya bayar saboda “fitacciyar gudumawa ga fasahar fim”.

A ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 1959, Maris ta bayyana a gaban taron haɗin gwiwa na Majalisar Dokokin Amirka ta 86, tana karanta Adireshin Gettysburg a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin cika shekaru 150 na haihuwar Abraham Lincoln.Maris tare da tauraro tare da Spencer Tracy a cikin fim ɗin Stanley Kramer na 1960 Gadon Iska, wanda a cikinsa ya buga wasan kwaikwayo na shahararren mai magana kuma ɗan siyasa William Jennings Bryan. Halin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Maris ya ba da abokin hamayya ga halayen Tracy's Clarence Darrow da aka yi wahayi. A cikin 1960s, aikin fim na Maris ya ci gaba da yin aiki a matsayin Shugaba Jordan Lyman a cikin rawar siyasa kwana bakwai a watan Mayu (1964) wanda ya yi tare da Burt Lancaster, Kirk Douglas, da Edmond O'Brien; Sashin ya sami nadin Maris a matsayin Golden Globe a matsayin Mafi kyawun Actor.

Maris ya yi rikodin kalmomin magana da yawa, gami da sigar Oscar Wilde's The Selfish Giant da aka bayar a cikin 1945 inda ya ba da labari kuma ya taka rawar take, da Sauti na Tarihi, saitin LP mai juzu'i goma sha biyu tare da juzu'i goma sha biyu na littattafan Tarihin Rayuwa na Amurka, wanda Time-Life ya buga. Charles Collingwood ne ya ba da labarin faifan, tare da Maris da matarsa ​​Florence Eldridge suna yin karatun ban mamaki daga takardun tarihi da adabi. Bayan tiyatar ciwon daji na prostate a 1970, da alama aikinsa ya ƙare; duk da haka, ya yi nasarar ba da wasan ƙarshe na ƙarshe a cikin The Iceman Cometh (1973) a matsayin rikitaccen mai kula da salon Irish, Harry Hope.
## '''Aure da ayyukan jama'a'''
Maris ya auri 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Florence Eldridge daga 1927 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1975, kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyu da suka karbe. Sun fito a fina-finai bakwai tare, na karshe shine Gadon Iska.Maris da Eldridge sun umurci Wallace Neff don gina gidansu a Ridgeview Drive, Bel Air, a cikin 1934. Daga baya Wallis Annenberg mai ba da agaji ya mallaki shi da ’yan wasan kwaikwayo Brad Pitt da Jennifer Aniston.A tsawon rayuwarsa, Maris da Eldridge sun kasance magoya bayan Jam'iyyar Democrat. A cikin Yuli 1936, Maris ta haɗu da haɗin gwiwar Hollywood Anti-Nazi League (HANL),  tare da marubuta Dorothy Parker da Donald Ogden Stewart, darekta Fritz Lang, da mawaki Oscar Hammerstein.
A cikin 1938, Maris na ɗaya daga cikin ƴan Hollywood da yawa waɗanda Kwamitin Ayyukan Ba-Amurke (HUAC) suka bincika da kuma farautar 'yan gurguzu a cikin al'ummar fim. A cikin Yuli 1940, yana cikin mutane da yawa waɗanda wani kwamiti na HUAC ya yi masa tambayoyi wanda Wakili Martin Dies Jr. ya jagoranta. Daga baya, a cikin 1948, shi da matarsa ​​sun kai ƙarar jaridar Anti-Communist Counterattack don bata suna, suna neman diyyar $250,000.An warware karar ba tare da kotu ba. Maris ya mutu da ciwon daji na prostate a Los Angeles a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 1975, yana da shekaru 77. An binne shi a gidansa da ke New Milford, Connecticut

## Nassoshi