open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Economic instruments for water policies

**kayan aikin tattalin arziki don manufofin ruwa**
Kayayyakin Tattalin Arziki don manufofin ruwa kayan aiki ne bisa ga abubuwan ƙarfafawa na talla; suna canza yanayi don ba da damar ma'amalar tattalin arziki ko rage haɗari, da nufin haɓaka ingancin muhalli.

A cikin duniyar da ke ƙara karuwa da buƙatar ruwa da raguwar samun ruwa da / ko amintacce, inda hadurran da ke da alaka da ruwa ke karuwa, inda sauyin yanayi ke barazanar soke shekarun da aka yi na kokarin ci gaba, hanya daya tilo don dorewa ita ce daidaitattun kayan aikin karfafa juna. A cikin wannan mahaɗar manufofin, Kayayyakin Manufofin Tattalin Arziƙi (EPI) sun fi dacewa don haɓaka ingantaccen rabo da amfani da ruwa, rage fallasa cutarwa da tasiri ga al'ummomi da muhalli, da kuma kare babban birni. EPIs sune ka'idojin da ke ƙarfafa hali ta hanyar siginar kasuwa maimakon ta hanyar ba da umarni bayyananne "[1] Hanya ce ta gyara siginar kasuwa don isar da farashin waje ga masu aikin tattalin arziki (mutane da kamfanoni) waɗanda suka haifar da su. dangane da haraji, haraji, kudade da kudaden sarauta da tallafi.

## Manazarta
Alder carr

**Alder carr** wani nau'in mota ne na musamman, watau filin dazuzzuka masu cike da ruwa mai cike da bishiyoyin aldarai. Ana iya samun su a ko'ina cikin Burtaniya, wani lokaci suna jan bishiyar Ash idan sun bushe. Mutane da yawa sun ci gaba tare da rafuka a cikin Sabon dajin, inda ƙarfin Alder na bunƙasa a cikin yanayin da ruwa ya cika ya ba su damar zama nau'in bishiyar mafi girma a cikin waɗannan yankuna. Kasancewar wasu ƙwayoyin cuta, Frankia alni, suna ba da damar tushen tsarin su don fitar da nitrogen daga iska, don haka yana haifar da ƙarancin nitrogen a cikin ƙasa mai cike da ruwa. Ana kwafi motocin Alder sau da yawa, ta yadda yanke girma a matakin ƙasa yana ƙarfafa sabbin kututture don girma a matakin ƙasa. Wannan yana nufin ana iya girbe itace akai-akai.Sannan ana iya amfani da wannan itace wajen yin bututun ruwa, famfunan katako, da kuma tulin gindin gadoji. Sauran abubuwan da ake amfani da su sun haɗa da gawayi don yin foda na bindiga, da kuma tacewa ga abin rufe fuska.

## Manazarta
Tsarin kare madatsar ruwa

## Tsarin kare madatsar ruwa
Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta Wannan labarin yana buƙatar ƙarin ambato don tabbatarwa. Da fatan za a taimaka inganta wannan labarin ta ƙara ambato zuwa amintattun tushe. Ana iya ƙalubalanci abubuwan da ba a samo su ba kuma a cire su. Nemo tushe: "Tsarin kare lafiyar Dam" - labarai · jaridu · littattafai · malami · JSTOR (Oktoba 2012) (Koyi yadda da lokacin cire wannan sakon) Ana amfani da tsarin tsaron madatsun ruwa don sa ido kan yanayin madatsun ruwa, gami da barazanar jiki na waje ga madatsun ruwa, da kuma ba da gargadin gaggawa a matakai daban-daban na sarrafa kansa. Wannan ya haɗa da amfani da bambancin GPS da SAR hangen nesa don saka idanu kan hatsarori da zaizayar ƙasa da ƙasa ke haifarwa. Ga manyan madatsun ruwa, ana amfani da seismographs don gano girgizar da tafki ya haifar wanda zai iya yin barazana ga zaman lafiyar dam. Fitowar waɗannan tsarin na iya ba da gargaɗi ga al'ummar yankin gabanin rugujewar da za a iya yi.Aikace-aikace na musamman Ukraine Tsarin sa ido da faɗakarwa da ke kiyaye madatsar ruwa ta Kyiv yana da wahala sosai don haɗawa da kariya daga tasirin abin sararin samaniya. Italiya Tsarin kula da madatsar ruwa na Enel green Power  a cikin Dam na Riolunato yana sarrafa duk mahimman sigogin dam. Ana shigar da tsarin daidaita gani da jiki don sarrafa duk wani motsi na ƙasa ƙarƙashin da kewayen dam ɗin. Tsarin kula da madatsar ruwa yana duba matakin ruwan ne saboda hakan yana haifar da matsi daban-daban a kan madatsar ruwan, haka nan dangane da iska da kuma zafin ruwa. Duk waɗannan sigogi ana sarrafa su kuma ana kwatanta su tare da nakasawa da damuwa da aka yi amfani da su a kan tsarin dam, auna su tare da extensimeter, pendulum, pendulum reverse, piezometer, da dai sauransu. Tsarin kula da madatsar ruwa yana ci gaba da adanawa da kuma nazarin duk sigogin dam, ƙirƙirar nau'ikan ƙararrawa 5. Tsarin sa ido na madatsar ruwa yana saita matakan ƙararrawa daban-daban daidai da takamaiman haɗari, kamar raguwar matakan ruwan tafkin, da kuma sadar da haɗari tare da hanyar sadarwa na duk tsarin kula da madatsar ruwa. Lokacin da matakin haɗarin ya ƙaru, tsarin sa ido yana kunna ƙararrawa don rufe hanyoyi ko gadoji, kuma a ƙarshe yana faɗakar da mutanen da ke zaune a ƙauyuka kusa. Ana ci gaba da aikawa da duk bayanan daga tsarin kula da madatsar ruwa zuwa tsarin kula da madatsar ruwan cibiyar sadarwa, inda kwararrun injiniyoyi zasu iya yanke shawara game da yanayin gaggawa. An samar da software na tsarin gida na dam na Riolunato daga AuCo Solutions.
## Manazarta
Sufuri ta ruwa

## '''Sufuri ta ruwa'''
Daga Wikipedia encyclopedia ta kyauta 
Jirgin ruwa shine motsi na ruwa na duniya akan manyan nisa. Hanyoyin sufuri sun kasu kashi uku:
Magudanan ruwa, waɗanda suka haɗa da bututu, magudanar ruwa, ramuka da gadoji
Jigilar kwantena, wanda ya haɗa da jigilar da motar tanki, motar tanki, da jirgin ruwa.
Juyawa, inda ake amfani da tukwat don jan dutsen kankara ko babban jakar ruwa tare da bayansa.
Saboda nauyinsa, jigilar ruwa yana da ƙarfi sosai. Sai dai idan yana da taimakon nauyi, magudanar ruwa ko bututun mai nisa zai buƙaci tashoshi na famfo a lokaci-lokaci. Dangane da wannan, ƙananan matakan juzu'i na canal ya sa ya zama mafi tattalin arziki fiye da bututun. Har ila yau sufurin ruwa ya zama ruwan dare a cikin koguna da kuma tekuna.
## '''Manyan ayyukan sufurin ruwa'''
Babban Canal na kasar Sin, wanda aka kammala a karni na 7 AD kuma yana auna tsawon kilomita 1,794 (mita 1,115).
Kogin California, kusa da Sacramento, yana da nisan kilomita 715 (mita 444).
Babban kogin Manmade babban hanyar sadarwa ne na bututu mai nisan kilomita 1,600 (990 mi) a cikin hamadar Sahara, yana jigilar ruwa daga wani babban rafi zuwa manyan biranen yankin.
Aikin Haɗin Kai na Keita ya yi amfani da garmaho na musamman da ake kira donaldo da Scarabeo don gina magudanan ruwa. A cikin wadannan magudanan ruwa, an dasa itatuwan da suke tsirowa a kan ruwan da ke ratsa ramuka.
Aikin Kimberley Water Source Project yana gudana a halin yanzu a Ostiraliya don tantance mafi kyawun hanyar jigilar ruwa daga kogin Fitzroy zuwa birnin Perth. Zaɓuɓɓukan da ake la'akari sun haɗa da magudanar ruwa mai tsawon kilomita 3,700, bututun mai aƙalla kilomita 1,800, tankunan tanka na tan 300,000 zuwa 500,000, da buhunan ruwa kowanne yana ɗaukar tsakanin gigalita 0.5 zuwa 1.5.
Bututun Goldfields da aka gina a Yammacin Ostiraliya a cikin 1903 shine bututu mafi tsayi a zamaninsa, mai nisan kilomita 597. Yana ba da ruwa daga Perth zuwa cibiyar hakar gwal na Kalgoorlie.
 
## '''Littafin jigilar Ruwa'''
Babban labarin: Tankin ruwa
Sakka ta Makkah, 1779
A tarihi ana safarar ruwa da hannu a cikin ƙasashe busassu, masu ruwa na gargajiya irin su Sakkas na Arabiya da Bhishti na Indiya. Afirka wani yanki ne da ake yawan jigilar ruwa da hannu, musamman a yankunan karkara.
## Manazarta
Ma,ajiyar ruwa(Tafki)

tafki (/ ˈrɛzərvwɑːr/; daga réservoir na Faransa [ʁezɛʁvwaʁ]) wani babban tafki ne a bayan dam, yawanci ana gina shi don adana ruwa mai daɗi, galibi ana ninka don samar da wutar lantarki.

Ana ƙirƙira tafki ta hanyar sarrafa magudanar ruwa da ke zubar da ruwan da ke wanzuwa, katse hanyar ruwa don samar da ruwa a cikinsa, tonowa, ko gina kowane adadin bango ko lefi don rufe kowane wuri don adana ruwa.

## Rabe-rabe
Damtattun kwaruruka

Tafkin Vyrnwy. Dam din ya mamaye kwarin Vyrnwy kuma shine babban dam din dutse na farko da aka gina a Burtaniya.

Tafkin Reshen Gabas, wani ɓangare na tsarin samar da ruwa na birnin New York, an kafa shi ta hanyar kame gabar gabashin kogin Croton.

Tafkin Cherokee a cikin Tennessee. An kafa ta ne bayan kame kwarin Holston ta Hukumar Kwarin Tennessee a cikin 1941 a zaman wani bangare na kokarin New Deal na kawo wutar lantarki a kwarin Tennessee.

Tafkunan da aka lanƙwasa tafkuna ne na wucin gadi da aka ƙirƙira kuma suna sarrafa su ta hanyar dam da aka gina a cikin wani kwari kuma sun dogara da yanayin yanayin yanayi don samar da mafi yawan kwalwar tafki. Wadannan tafkunan suna iya zama ko dai tafkunan da ke kan rafi, wadanda ke kan asalin magudanar ruwan kogin kuma suna cike da magudanan ruwa, koguna ko ruwan sama da ke ratsawa da magudanan dajin da ke kewaye, ko kuma tafki, wadanda ke karbar ruwan da aka karkatar daga rafi da ke kusa ko magudanar ruwa ko bututun mai daga sauran tafkunan da ke kan rafi.

Madatsun ruwa yawanci suna kasancewa a kunkuntar wani yanki na ƙasan rafin yanayi. Bangarorin kwari suna aiki azaman bango na halitta, tare da dam ɗin da ke a mafi ƙanƙantar wurin aiki don samar da ƙarfi da mafi ƙarancin farashi na gini. A cikin ayyukan gine-ginen tafki da yawa, dole ne a motsa mutane a sake gina su, an motsa kayan tarihi ko kuma a sake ƙaura wuraren da ba kasafai ba.Misalai sun haɗa da haikalin Abu Simbel(wanda aka motsa kafin gina Dam ɗin Aswan don ƙirƙirar tafkin Nasser daga Kogin Nilu a Masar), ƙaura na ƙauyen Capel Celyn yayin ginin Llyn Celyn, [2] da ƙaura na Borgo San Pietro na Petrella Salto.

## Manazarta
Alamar ciyawar kogi/kwata

## Gabatarwa
Wetland Indicator ko Alamar Ciyawar Kogi/Kwata wata hanya ce da masana muhalli ke amfani da ita don tantance ko wani fili yana ɗaya daga cikin karkara masu danshi (wetlands) ko a'a. Wannan na’ura ko hanyar nazari na taimakawa wajen gano irin tsirrai, yanayin ƙasa, da kuma ruwa da ke kasancewa a wani wuri domin tantance matsayin wurin a matsayin ƙasa mai danshi (wetland).
## Abubuwan da Wetland Indicator ke dubawa

1. Nau’in Tsirrai (Vegetation):
Ana amfani da wasu nau’o’in tsirrai da aka sani da rayuwarsu a wuraren danshi domin gane ko wuri yana da alaƙa da wetlands. Wadannan tsirran su ne ake kira da:

Obligate Wetland Plants (OBL): Tsirran da ke rayuwa kawai a wuraren danshi.

Facultative Wetland Plants (FACW): Tsirran da ke rayuwa a wuraren danshi da kuma wasu wurare marasa danshi.

Facultative Plants (FAC): Tsirran da ke iya rayuwa a kowanne irin fili, danshi ko busasshe.

Facultative Upland Plants (FACU): Tsirran da ake samu fiye da kima a ƙasa busassu.

Upland Plants (UPL): Tsirran da ba sa rayuwa a cikin danshi ko ciyawar koguna.

2. Ruwan Ƙasa (Hydrology):
Ana tantance ko akwai ruwa a ƙasan wajen ko kuma ko ana samun ruwa a kai a kai, musamman a lokacin damina.

3. Yanayin Ƙasa (Soil Characteristics):
Ana duba yanayin ƙasa ko tana ɗauke da alamun danshi na dogon lokaci, kamar launin ƙasa, ƙamshi ko yanda take narkewa da sauƙi.
## Muhimmancin Wetland Indicators
Taimakawa wajen kare muhalli daga lalacewa.

Samar da ingantaccen bayani ga hukumomi ko kungiyoyi masu kula da muhalli.

Samar da kariya ga halittu masu rai da ke rayuwa a wuraren danshi.

Tallafawa aikin noma da ruwa ta hanyar fahimtar halayen ƙasa da danshi.
## Kammalawa
Wetland indicators wata hanya ce da ake amfani da ita don gano ko wani yanki yana cikin muhimman wuraren danshi (wetlands). Ta hanyar duban tsirrai, ruwa da ƙasa, masana muhalli na iya yanke hukunci daidai akan matsayin wannan wuri, wanda hakan ke taimakawa wajen tsara dokoki da kariya ga irin waɗannan wurare.
## Manazarta
1. Cowardin, L. M., Carter, V., Golet, F. C., & LaRoe, E. T. (1979). Classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.
Yawan amfani da hanyoyin samar da ruwa

Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Amfani da Dama (Multiple-Use Water Supply System - MUS) wata hanya ce ta samar da ruwa da aka tsara domin biyan bukatun mutane da dama a lokaci guda.  Wannan tsarin yana haɗa amfani da ruwa don bukatun gida kamar sha, girki, da tsafta, da kuma bukatun noma kamar ban ruwa, kiwo, da kamun kifi. 

## Muhimmancin MUS
Inganta Rayuwar Jama'a: Ta hanyar samar da ruwa mai yawa da inganci, MUS yana taimakawa wajen rage wahalar da mutane ke fuskanta wajen nemo ruwa, musamman mata da yara waɗanda ke ɗaukar nauyin wannan aiki a yawancin lokuta. 

Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki: MUS yana ba da damar yin amfani da ruwa don ayyukan noma da kiwo, wanda ke ƙara yawan amfanin gona da samun kuɗi ga iyalai. 

Rage Talauci: Ta hanyar haɗa amfani da ruwa don bukatun gida da na noma, MUS yana taimakawa wajen rage talauci ta hanyar ƙara damar samun abinci da kuɗi. 

## Aiwatar da MUS
MUS yana amfani da hanyoyi kamar tara ruwa daga tuddai ko tsaunuka zuwa tankuna, sannan a raba shi ta hanyar bututun ruwa zuwa gidaje da gonaki.  Wannan tsarin yana da matuƙar amfani a yankunan karkara da ke da ƙarancin ruwa. 

## Kalubale
Ƙarin Kuɗi: Gina tsarin MUS na buƙatar kuɗi fiye da tsarin samar da ruwa na amfani guda ɗaya. 

Gudanarwa: Akwai buƙatar ƙwararrun ma'aikata da tsari mai kyau don kula da tsarin MUS yadda ya kamata. 

## Misalai
A ƙasashe kamar Nepal da Indiya, an yi amfani da tsarin MUS don taimakawa manoma ƙanana wajen samun ruwa don bukatun gida da noma.  Hakanan, a wasu yankunan Afirka, an aiwatar da MUS don rage wahalar da mutane ke fuskanta wajen samun ruwa mai tsafta. 

## Kammalawa
Tsarin MUS yana da matuƙar amfani wajen inganta rayuwar mutane, musamman a yankunan da ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa.  Duk da cewa yana da kalubale, fa'idodin da ke tattare da shi sun fi yawa, musamman wajen rage talauci da ƙarfafa tattalin arziki. 

## Manazarta
Multiple-use Water Schemes, Issue 11, 2011, IWMI
van Koppen, B, Moriarty, P. and Boelee, E. *Multiple-Use Water Services to Advance the Millennium Development Goals*, Research Report 98, IWMIGutu, T. and M. Prowse (2017) ‘What Determines Smallholders’ Willingness to Pay to Improve and Protect Multiple-Use Water Resources? Empirical Evidence from Ethiopia’ Journal of Development Studies
Colin Firth

**Colin Andrew Firth** (an Haife shi 10 Satumba shekara ta 1960) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma ɗan Ingilishi. Shi ne wanda ya karɓi yabo da yawa, gami da lambar yabo ta Academy, Awards BAFTA guda biyu, da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe, da kuma nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. A cikin shekara ta 2011, an nada Firth a matsayin CBE don ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma ya fito a cikin mutane 100 mafi tasiri a cikin mujallar Time.
 

## Manazarta
Franz Beckenbauer

**Franz Anton Beckenbauer** (an haifeshi ranar 11 ga watan Satumba, 1945 - 7 ga watan Janairu, 2024) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne, koci, kuma jami'i. Wanda ake yi wa lakabi da der Kaiser "Sarkin Sarki" ana masa kallonsa a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa na kowane lokaci, kuma yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasa tara da suka ci Kofin Duniya na FIFA, Kofin Zakarun Turai, da Ballon d'Or.

## Manazarta
Fjord

Fjord

In physical geography, a **fjord** (also spelled **fiord** in New Zealand English; /ˈfjɔːrd, fiːˈɔːrd/ ⓘ) is a long, narrow sea inlet with steep sides or cliffs, created by a glacier. Fjords exist on the coasts of Antarctica, the Arctic, and surrounding landmasses of the northern and southern hemispheres. Norway's coastline is estimated to be 29,000 km (18,000 mi) long with its nearly 1,200 fjords, but only 2,500 km (1,600 mi) long excluding the fjords.

## Formation
A cikin yanayin yanayin ƙasa, fjord (wanda kuma aka rubuta fiord a cikin Ingilishi na New Zealand; / ˈfjɔːrd, fiːˈɔːrd/ ⓘ [1]) doguwar mashigar ruwa ce mai kunkuntar tare da gangara ko dutse, wanda glacier ya ƙirƙira.[2] Fjords sun kasance a gabar tekun Antarctica, Arctic, da kewayen yankunan arewaci da kudanci.[3] An kiyasta bakin tekun Norway da nisan kilomita 29,000 (mita 18,000) tare da kusan 1,200 fjords, amma kawai 2,500 km (1,600 mi) tsayi ban da fjords.[4][5]
Blominmaki sewage treatment plant

Cibiyar kula da magudanar ruwa ta Blominmäki babbar cibiyar kula da ruwan sharar gida ce a Espoo, Finland, wacce aka shigo da ita a watan Agusta 2023.[1]
Kudade
Yana wakiltar mafi tsadar saka hannun jari na Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta yankin Helsinki zuwa yau, tare da jimillar kuɗin kusan Yuro miliyan 400, wani ɓangare na rance daga Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai.[2] Shi ne aikin samar da ababen more rayuwa na biyu mafi tsada a yankin Babban Birni na Helsinki, a bayan tsawaitawar Metro ta Yamma mai zuwa.[3]
An fara ba da shawarar shuka a cikin 2005, kuma an fara ginin a cikin 2014.[1] Yana tsaftace najasa daga mazauna yankin kusan 400,000 daga Espoo, Kauniainen, Vihti, Siuntio da yammacin Vantaa. Nan gaba za a iya fadada ayyukanta, ta yadda za ta iya sarrafa najasa na mazauna miliyan daya[3].

## Manazarta
Emmanuel boateng

**Emmanuel Agyenim “Ema” Boateng** (an haife shi 17 ga Janairu 1994) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Ghana wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gefe a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Major League Soccer San Diego.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Boateng kuma ya girma a Ghana a cikin gidan da ba ya da ruwan fanfo da wutar lantarki. A matsayinsa na matashi, an zaɓe shi don shiga Makarantar Haƙƙin Mafarki inda ya haɗa karatun ilimi tare da horar da ƙwallon ƙafa.A cikin 2009 yana ɗan shekara 15, Boateng ya ƙaura zuwa Amurka kan tallafin karatu don halartar Makarantar Cate a Carpinteria, California. Baya ga taka leda a kungiyar Cate School, ya kuma bayyana ga sauran kungiyoyin matasa na gida a Santa Barbara Soccer Club da South Coast Strikers. Boateng ya sami lambar yabo ta 2012 Gatorade Player of the Year, wanda tsohon mai nasara Alexi Lalas ya ba shi, kuma ya zama mai karɓa na farko a cikin tarihin 100+ na makarantar Cate a duk wasanni. Ya tsallake shekararsa ta ƙarshe ta makarantar sakandare don yin rajista da wuri a Jami'ar California, Santa Barbara, duk da sha'awar Manchester City FC. don sanya masa hannu bisa sharuɗɗan sana'a.

## Aiki
A lokacin bazara na 2013, ya yi wasa tare da ƙungiyar ci gaban Premier League ta USL Ventura County Fusion yayin da har yanzu ya yi rajista a kwaleji.Ya fito a cikin wasanni 5 na Fusion, ya zira kwallaye sau ɗaya.Bayan samun gayyata don yin horo tare da ƙungiyar Allsvenskan ta Sweden Helsingborgs IF daga baya a lokacin bazara, Boateng ya biya tikitin jirgin sama a kan Tekun Atlantika don samun damar ziyartar kulob din. Ya yi babban abin burgewa kuma ba da jimawa ba suka rattaba masa hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da rabi a cikin Yuli 2013.Zai bayyana a cikin wasanni 37 na Allsvenskan tsawon shekaru uku tare da kulob din, inda ya zira kwallaye 4 a gasar.Ya kuma taimaka wa kulob din zuwa wasan karshe na Svenska Cupen a shekarar 2014, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni biyar, kuma ya zo ne a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin na biyu a wasan karshe da kansa; rashin nasara da ci 0–1 a hannun IF Elfsborg a ranar 18 ga Mayu.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
An nuna labarinsa a cikin Kyawun Wasan, shirin 2012 game da ƙwallon ƙafa a Afirka, da kuma kan rahoton CNN akan 'yancin yin Dream Academy.An ba da rahoton cewa Boateng ya sami takardar zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka a cikin 2016. A wajen wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, burin Boateng shine ya zama likita. Yana magana da harsuna uku.

## Manazarta
Maga Dam

**Maga Dam** wani madatsar ruwa ne da ke kudancin Tafkin Chadi a Kamaru, kusa da iyakar Chadi.

## Tarihi
An gina dam ɗin a shekarar 1979. A cikin 1994 an fara wani shiri don dawo da ruwan biyo bayan wani ambaliyar ruwa.

## Haɗin waje
* Safety Assessment of Maga Dam, Cameroon
* www.iwlearn.net
* On Google Maps
Nutse tafkin

Ruwan tafki (ko kwandon ruwa ko tafkin ruwa) babban bakin ciki ne a cikin gadon rafi a gindin magudanar ruwa ko rufewa. An halicce shi ne ta hanyar ruɗaɗɗen ruwa na zubar da ruwa a kan duwatsu a tushen kafa inda ruwa ya yi tasiri.Kalmar na iya nufin ruwan da ke shagaltar da baƙin ciki, ko kuma baƙin ciki da kansa.

## Samuwar
An kafa wuraren tafkunan tafkunan ta hanyar ƙarfin faɗuwar ruwa, kamar a magudanar ruwa ko tudu; suna kuma haifar da tsarin da mutum ya yi kamar wasu zane-zane na zubewa. Ruwan tafki sau da yawa suna da zurfi sosai, gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da tsayin faɗuwar, yawan ruwa, juriyar dutsen da ke ƙasa da tafkin da sauran abubuwa. Ruwan da ke da tasiri da jujjuyawa, wani lokaci yana ɗauke da duwatsu a cikinsa, yana karkatar da gaɓar kogin zuwa cikin kwano, wanda galibi yana nuna ɓangarorin da ba su dace ba. Tafkunan ruwa na iya zama dadewa bayan ruwan ruwan ya daina gudu ko kuma aka karkatar da rafin. Misalai da yawa na tsoffin wuraren tafki suna wanzu a Dry Falls a cikin Channeled Scablands na gabashin Washington. Ana kuma iya samun su a karkashin ruwa a wuraren da a da suke sama da matakin teku, misali, Perth Canyon da ke gabar tekun yammacin Ostiraliya.

Plunge wuraren tafkuna siffofi ne na zazzagewa waɗanda ke faruwa a lokacin ƙuruciyar haɓakar

kogin, wanda ke da madaidaicin gradients da saurin ruwa. Inda dutsen da ya fi laushi ko ya karye ya koma wani wuri, ruwa yana ci gaba da jefa bam a gindinsa. Saboda wannan dutsen sau da yawa ba shi da juriya fiye da kifaye, ruwan da ke sama yana ci gaba da zubewa ƙasa har sai an sami daidaito.

Wani siffa mai kama da kwano da ke gudana ta hanyar ruwa mai gudana, sabanin faɗuwar ruwa, an san shi da rami mai zubewa. Wadannan suna faruwa duka ta halitta da kuma sakamakon ginin gada.

## Manazarta
Atmospheric water generator

Na'urar samar da ruwa ta yanayi (AWG), na'ura ce da ke fitar da ruwa daga iska mai danshi, ta samar da ruwan sha. Za a iya fitar da tururin ruwa a cikin iska ko dai ta hanyar sanyaya - sanyaya iskar da ke ƙasa da raɓarsa, da fallasa iskar ga masu bushewa, ta amfani da membranes waɗanda kawai ke wucewa da tururin ruwa, tattara hazo, [1] ko matse iska. AWGs suna da amfani a inda ruwan sha ke da wuyar samu, domin a ko da yaushe ruwa yana cikin iska.

## Manazarta
Flash (lake)

Flash (Lake)

Don tafkin da ke Arewacin Wales, duba The Flash (tafkin).

Sprotbrough Flash, kusa da Doncaster, Ingila
Filasha wani ruwa ne da ke samuwa inda kasa ta lafa.[1] Duk da yake ana samun waɗannan galibi a wuraren da aka yi aikin hakar ma'adinai, wasu na iya faruwa a zahiri.
Rip Halin yanzu

Rip current (ko kawai rip) wani nau'in ruwa ne na musamman wanda zai iya faruwa kusa da rairayin bakin teku inda raƙuman ruwa ke karye. Rip wani ruwa ne mai ƙarfi, wanda aka keɓe, kuma kunkuntar ruwa wanda ke motsawa kai tsaye daga gaɓar ta hanyar yanke layin raƙuman ruwa, kamar kogin da ke gudana zuwa teku. Ƙarfin halin yanzu a cikin rip ya fi ƙarfi kuma ya fi sauri kusa da saman ruwa

Rip igiyoyin ruwa na iya zama haɗari ga mutanen da ke cikin ruwa. Masu ninkaya da aka kama a cikin ruwan ruwa kuma ba su fahimci abin da ke faruwa ba, ko kuma waɗanda ba su da ƙwarewar ruwa, suna iya firgita, ko kuma suna iya gajiyar da kansu ta hanyar yin iyo kai tsaye don hana kwararar ruwa. Saboda wadannan dalilai, tsagewar igiyar ruwa ita ce kan gaba wajen ceton masu ceto a bakin teku. A Amurka suna haifar da matsakaita mutuwar mutane 71 ta hanyar nutsewa a kowace shekara kamar na 2022.

Rip current ba abu ɗaya bane da undertow, kodayake wasu suna amfani da wannan kalmar ba daidai ba lokacin da suke magana game da rip current. Sabanin abin da aka yi imani da shi, babu tsagewa ko karkatacce ba zai iya jawo mutum ƙasa ya riƙe su a ƙarƙashin ruwa. Rip kawai yana ɗaukar abubuwa masu iyo ciki har da mutane, zuwa kusa da yankin da igiyar ruwa ke karyewa, a lokacin ne abin ya bazu ya saki duk abin da yake ɗauka.

## Abubuwan dake haddasa faruwar sa
Rip current yana samuwa saboda iska da raƙuman ruwa suna tura ruwan saman zuwa ƙasa. Wannan yana haifar da ɗan hawan matakin ruwa a bakin tekun. Wannan ruwan da ya wuce gona da iri zai kasance yana komawa zuwa budadden ruwa ta hanyar mafi karancin juriya. Lokacin da akwai wani yanki na yanki wanda ya ɗan ɗanɗana zurfi, kamar hutu a cikin shingen yashi na bakin teku ko reef, wannan na iya ba da damar ruwa ya gudana cikin sauƙi a cikin teku, kuma wannan zai haifar da tsagewar ruwa ta wannan rata.

Ruwan da aka tura sama kusa da rairayin bakin teku yana gudana tare da gaɓar gaɓar mai fita a matsayin "gudun ruwa mai ciyarwa". Ruwan da ya wuce gona da iri yana gudana a kusurwar dama zuwa rairayin bakin teku, a cikin matsi mai ƙarfi da ake kira "wuyan" na rip. "wuyan" shine inda kwarara ya fi sauri. Lokacin da ruwan da ke cikin rip current ya kai wajen layukan tsagewar igiyoyin ruwa, magudanar yakan tarwatse a gefe, ya rasa iko, ya kuma tarwatse a cikin abin da ake kira "kai" na rip.

## Manazarta
Wucewar koguna

## Wucewar Koguna
Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta Fas ɗin elver ko ƙwanƙwasa wani gyare-gyaren hanyar ruwa ne da aka gina don rage tasirin toshewa, musamman magudanar ruwa, akan hanyoyin ruwa, magudanan ruwa, ramuka, magudanar ruwa, tashoshi da fulawa, akan motsin elvers, kifi da elvers (ƙasassun yara). Masu ninkaya masu ƙarfi, gami da kifin kifi da kifi na teku, suna samun sauƙin wucewa ta sassa da yawa. Duk da haka, an yarda da cewa wasu sifofi suna sa ƙaurawar kifin ya fi wahala a sama. Kogin Welland Elver Pass a Duddington Gina Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Burtaniya tana da jagororidon ƙirƙira ƙwanƙwasa da elver don yin aiki a cikin magudanar ruwa, ƙofofi & ƙofofi da tsarin sluice. Ana amfani da abubuwa iri-iri misali HDPE da bakin karfe don yin goga da filaye, bututu, bututu, ramukan linzamin kwamfuta, flaps na cat da nau'ikan ƙofofin dabbobi na elver da elver. Eel da elver pass suna bambanta da tsanin kifi wanda kuma ya bambanta da tsani. Ana gina madaidaicin madaidaicin ta hanyar gabatar da matakai ko madaidaiciya. Kowane mataki ko tsaye na tsani na gyale yana katse kwararar ruwa a kowane wuri a cikin tsani. Sabanin haka, wucewar elver da elver sun bambanta ta ko dai yin amfani da bututu wanda ke ƙetare babban magudanar ruwa ko na yanzu da/ko yin amfani da filaye mai ƙyalƙyali wanda ke ba da tsayin tsayin ci gaba da rushewar ruwa..
## Manazarta
Na'ura Nilometre

Nilometer wata tsohuwar na'ura ce da aka ƙera domin auna matakin ruwa da tsaftar Kogin Nilu yayin lokacin ambaliya a Masar.  An yi amfani da ita tun zamanin Masarawa na da, kuma ta kasance muhimmiya wajen tantance ko ambaliya za ta wadatar noma ko kuma ta haifar da matsaloli. 

## Nau'o'in Nilometer
Akwai nau'o'i uku na nilometer, duk an tsara su ne da ma'aunin "hasta" na Masar: 

1. Tsani mai sauka zuwa kogin: Tsani mai matakai da ke sauka zuwa kogin, tare da alamomi a bangon da ke nuna matakin ruwa.  Misali, a tsibirin Elephantine, akwai tsani mai matakai 52 da ke sauka zuwa kogin.  

2. Rijiya mai zurfi da bututun ruwa: Rijiya mai zurfi da bututun da ke haɗa ta da kogin, wanda ke ba da damar auna matakin ruwa a cikin rijiya.  Misali, a haikalin Kom Ombo, akwai irin wannan nilometer.  

3. Silar tsaye: Silar tsaye da aka saka a cikin kogin, tare da alamomi da ke nuna matakin ruwa.  Misali, a tsibirin Roda a birnin Alkahira, akwai silar tsaye da aka gina a shekara ta 861. 

## Muhimmancin Nilometer
Tantance haraji: Masarawa na da suna amfani da nilometer don tantance yawan harajin da za a karɓa daga manoma, bisa ga matakin ambaliya. 

Tsinkayar girbi: Matakin ruwa da aka auna yana taimakawa wajen hasashen yawan amfanin gona da ake sa ran samu. 

Gudanar da noma: Bayani daga nilometer yana taimakawa wajen tsara lokacin shuka da girbi. 

## Tarihi

An fara amfani da nilometer tun zamanin Masarawa na da, kuma daga baya Romawa da Musulmai sun ci gaba da amfani da ita.  A zamanin Abbasiyawa, khalifa al-Mutawakkil ya umarci gina sabuwar nilometer a tsibirin Roda a shekara ta 861, tare da kulawar masanin taurari al-Farghani.  

Amfani da nilometer ya ragu bayan gina madatsar ruwa ta Aswan a karni na 20, wadda ta dakatar da ambaliyar shekara-shekara ta Kogin Nilu. 

## Wuraren da Ake da Nilometer
Tsibirin Roda (Alkahira): Nilometer da aka gina a shekara ta 861, wanda har yanzu yana nan. 

Tsibirin Elephantine (Aswan): Tsani mai matakai 52 da ke sauka zuwa kogin. 

Haikalin Kom Ombo: Rijiya mai zurfi da bututun ruwa. 

## Manazarta
Tony Hoagland

**Anthony Dey Hoagland** (Nuwamba 19, 1953 - Oktoba 23, 2018) mawaƙin Ba'amurke ne. Tarin waƙarsa, Abin da Narcissism ke nufi a gare ni (2003), ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙarshe na lambar yabo ta Critics Circle Award. Sauran lambobin yabo nasa sun haɗa da kyauta guda biyu daga Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun. Wakokinsa da sukar sa sun bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafen kamar su Mujallar Poetry, Ploughshares, AGNI, Threepenny Review, The Gettysburg Review, Wasika Tara, Southern Indiana Review, American Poetry Review da Harvard Review.

## Farkon rayuwa
An haifi Hoagland a Fort Bragg, North Carolina a cikin 1953.Mahaifinsa likita ne na Soja, don haka Hoagland ya girma a sansanonin soja daban-daban a Hawaii, Alabama, Habasha, da Texas. Yana da ƙanwarsa babba, da ɗan'uwa tagwaye wanda ya mutu sakamakon yawan shan miyagun ƙwayoyi a makarantar sakandare.Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Williams, Jami'ar Iowa (BA) da Jami'ar Arizona (M.F.A.). A cewar mawallafin marubuci Don Lee, Hoagland "ya halarci kuma ya fita daga kwalejoji da yawa, ya zaɓi apples da cherries a Arewa maso yamma, ya zauna a cikin jama'a, ya bi Matattu masu godiya kuma ya zama Buddha." Ya koyar a Jami'ar Houston shirin rubutun kirkire-kirkire. Har ila yau, ya kasance a sashin ƙananan mazaunin Warren Wilson College MFA Shirin na Marubuta. Hoagland ya auri Kathleen Lee, marubucin almara, kasidu da rubuce-rubucen balaguro. Ba su da 'ya'ya. Ya mutu a Santa Fe, New Mexico a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2018 daga ciwon daji na pancreatic yana da shekaru 64.

## Manazarta
Shingen ambaliya

## Shingen Ambaliya
Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta Oosterscheldekering ya ƙunshi kofofin ƙarfe 62, kowane faɗin mita 42 (138 ft) Maeslantkering yana rufe babbar hanyar shiga Port of Rotterdam, tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma a Turai. Katangar ambaliya, shingen hawan sama ko katangar hawan guguwa takamaiman nau'in ƙofofin ambaliya ne, wanda aka ƙera don hana guguwa ko ruwan bazara daga ambaliya da kariya a bayan shingen. Shingayen hawan jini kusan ko da yaushe wani yanki ne na babban tsarin kariyar ambaliya wanda ya ƙunshi bangon ambaliya, lefes (wanda aka fi sani da dikes), da sauran gine-gine da fasalin yanayin ƙasa. Har ila yau, shingen ambaliya na iya nufin shingen da aka sanya a kusa da ko a gine-gine guda ɗaya don kiyaye ambaliyar ruwa daga shiga gine-gine. Misalai Delta Aiki Babban labarin: Delta Works Aikin Delta a Netherlands shine aikin kare ambaliyar ruwa mafi girma a duniya. Wannan aikin ya ƙunshi shingen shinge da yawa, Oosterscheldekering shine shinge mafi girma a duniya, kilomita 9 (5.6 mi) tsayi. Sauran misalan sun haɗa da Maeslantkering, Haringvlietdam da Hartelkering.Barrier na IHNC, wanda Rundunar Sojojin Amurka na Injiniya ke ginawa. GIWW a gaba, MRGO a bango New Orleans A cikin 2007 Rundunar Sojojin Amurka ta fara gina wani gagarumin aiki da ke da nufin hana guguwa daga ambaliya a birnin nan da shekara ta 2011. Barrier na IHNC Lake Borgne Surge Barrier akan haduwar wadannan hanyoyin ruwa shine mafi girma a Amurka. Yana kare birnin daga Tekun Mexico daga ambaliya a yankin. Sabuwar hanyar ruwa ta Seabrook ta hana guguwa daga shiga daga tafkin Pontchartrain. Ƙungiyar GIWW West Closure Complex ta rufe hanyar ruwan Tekun Intracoastal na Gulf don kare gefen yammacin birnin. Wannan hadadden abu ne na musamman domin yana dauke da tashar famfo mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya wajaba don fitar da ruwan sama da ke zubowa a bangaren kariya na magudanar ruwa yayin guguwa. Eider Barrage, gefen ƙasa, buɗe Eider Barrage Babban labarin: Eider Barrage Eider Barrage yana bakin kogin Eider kusa da Tönning a gabar Tekun Arewa ta Jamus. Babban manufarsa ita ce kariya daga guguwar ruwa ta Tekun Arewa. Ita ce tsarin kariyar gabar teku mafi girma a Jamus. St. Petersburg Dam Babban labarin: Dam din Saint Petersburg Dam din Saint Petersburg (wanda ake kira da Cibiyar Kare Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Saint Petersburg) shingen kilomita 16 (9.9 mi) ne wanda ya raba gabar tekun Finland da Neva Bay don kare birnin Saint Petersburg na Rasha daga ambaliyar ruwa. Tarayyar Soviet ta fara gina katangar a shekarar 1978 kuma an kammala ta kuma ta fara aiki a shekarar 2011.
## Manazarta
Milldam

## Aiki
Dam din yashi wani katangar siminti ne da aka karfafa (ko kuma mai kwatankwacinsa mai karfi kuma mai kaifi) wanda aka gina tsayin mita 1-5 a fadin kogin yashi na yanayi.==Low cost and maintenance: Sand dams are the lowest cost form of rainwater harvesting known – 3 to 100 times lower cost than other technologies. A sand dam is built to last over 50 years, has no operational costs and requires little maintenance.
Community owned and managed: Most examples of sand dams are built by members of the communities they serve with support local and international development agencies. Community ownership and management is key to their successful operation.
Spillways" yana turawa nan. Don waƙar ta Ghost, duba Impera.

Babban titin madatsar ruwa na Llyn Brianne a Wales
Hanyar zube wani tsari ne da ake amfani da shi don samar da sarrafawar sakin ruwa daga magudanar ruwa ko levee, yawanci cikin kogin kogin da aka datse kansa. A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, ƙila a san su da tashoshi masu yawa. Hanyoyin zube suna tabbatar da cewa ruwa Spillways" yana turawa nan. Don waƙar ta Ghost, duba Impera.

Babban titin madatsar ruwa na Llyn Brianne a Walesbaya lalata sassan tsarin da ba a tsara don isar da ruwa ba.
Tsagewar igiyar ruwa

Rip tide, ko tsagewa, wani ƙaƙƙarfan igiyar ruwa ne wanda ke haifar da igiyar ruwa da ke jan ruwa ta hanyar mashigar da ke kusa da bakin teku mai shinge, a tafkin ko ruwa na cikin ƙasa inda ruwan tudu ke gudana akai-akai zuwa teku a lokacin bututun ruwa. Ruwa ne mai ƙarfi a cikin magudanar ruwa da sauran wuraren da aka rufe. Riptides sun zama mafi ƙarfi inda aka takura magudanar ruwa. Lokacin da aka sami fadowa ko buguwa, ruwan da ke fita yana gudana da ƙarfi ta hanyar mashigai zuwa teku, musamman da zarar jiragen ruwa suka daidaita

## Mai karfi
A lokacin wannan faɗuwa da magudanar ruwa, tsage-tsafe na iya ɗaukar mutum zuwa teku mai nisa. Misali, guguwar ruwa a Shinnecock Inlet da ke Southampton, New York, ta yi sama da mita 300 (980 ft) a bakin teku. Saboda wannan, riptides yawanci suna da ƙarfi fiye da rip.

A lokacin da ake fama da rashin ƙarfi, ruwan ba ya motsi na ɗan lokaci kaɗan har sai ambaliya ko tashin ruwa ya fara tura ruwan teku zuwa ƙasa ta mashigin ruwa. Riptides kuma yana faruwa a wuraren da aka taru a cikin bays da lagoons inda babu raƙuman ruwa kusa da mashigai.

Ana iya kiran waɗannan ƙaƙƙarfan igiyoyin ruwa masu jujjuya ruwa, jiragen ruwa na ruwa, ko jiragen ruwa na injiniyoyi na bakin teku saboda suna ɗauke da yashi mai yawa a waje wanda ya zama sanduna mai nisa a cikin teku ko cikin bakin teku a wajen tashar shiga. Za'a yi amfani da kalmar "ebb jet" don magudanar ruwa da ke barin wani yanki mai ruɗewa, da kuma "jet na ambaliya" don kwatankwacin magudanar ruwa da ke shiga cikinsa.

## Manazarta
Toshen Fuse

## Toshen Fuse
Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta Don na'urar a cikin tukunyar jirgi, duba fusible fusible. Hanyar zubewar gaggawa tare da toshe fis (kasa) da madaidaicin ogee spillway (saman) a New Waddell Dam. Fuus fius wani dam ne mai rugujewa wanda aka girka akan magudanan ruwa a madatsun ruwa don ƙara ƙarfin dam ɗin. Ka'idar da ke bayan fis ɗin fis ita ce mafi yawan ruwan da ya mamaye madaidaicin madatsar ruwa za a iya datse shi cikin aminci sai dai a yanayin ambaliyar ruwa. Fis ɗin fis ɗin na iya zama akwati mai yashi, tsarin ƙarfe ko shingen kankare. A ƙarƙashin yanayin kwarara na yau da kullun ruwan zai zube akan fis ɗin fis da ƙasa. A cikin yanayi mai yawa na ambaliya, inda saurin ruwa zai iya yin yawa ta yadda madatsar da kanta za a iya jefa shi cikin haɗari, fis ɗin fis ɗin kawai ya wanke, kuma ruwan ambaliya ya malalo kan dam ɗin cikin aminci. Ana amfani da matosai a cikin madatsun ruwa da yawa a duk faɗin duniya. Misali, Dam din Warragamba da ke New South Wales yana da matosai masu tsayin daka kusan mita 14.
## Manazarta
Kidan kofa (aikin ruwa)

## Kidankofa(aikin ruwa)
Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta Dam din Kinzua a Pennsylvania, tare da ayyukan fitar da ruwa. Gidan ƙofa, gidan kofa, ayyukan kanti ko gidan bawul don dam shine tsarin ginin ƙofofin ƙofofin ƙofofi, bawuloli, ko famfo (wanda a ciki an fi kiransa daidai tashar famfo). Yawancin gidajen ƙofofi suna da amfani sosai, amma musamman a cikin ƙarni na sha tara, wasu sun faɗi sosai. Fage Saitin ayyukan fitarwa shine na'urar da ake amfani da ita don saki da daidaita kwararar ruwa daga dam. Irin waɗannan na'urori yawanci sun ƙunshi bututu guda ɗaya ko fiye ko ramuka ta hanyar shingen dam ɗin, waɗanda galibi suna ƙarƙashin matsin lamba zuwa kogin. Ana amfani da waɗannan gine-gine a lokacin da kogin ya wuce ƙarfin wutar lantarki ko ƙarfin karkatar da madatsar ruwa, amma bai isa ba don yin amfani da magudanar ruwa. Ana iya amfani da su lokacin da dole ne a ketare kogin saboda aikin gyarawa a tashar wutar lantarki ko kofofin karkatarwa. Ko da yake yana da kama da manufar zub da jini, ayyukan kanti suna ba da ƙarin sarrafawa don saduwa da buƙatun kwararar ƙasa. Ainihin saiti na kanti yana farawa a tsarin sha, wanda yawanci tashar tashar ruwa ne ko hasumiya ta sha. Ƙofa mai daidaitawa ko bawul tana sarrafa kwararar ruwa zuwa cikin bututun aikin fitarwa, wanda ke fitarwa zuwa ƙasa zuwa cikin kwandon tsayawa ko kai tsaye cikin kogin. Wuraren mashigai na ayyukan kanti na iya ƙunshi kofofi ko bawuloli, ko kuma sun ƙunshi tsarin tsayayyen tsari. Mashigai na iya ƙunsar jerin wasu na'urori don dalilai daban-daban, gami da rumbunan shara da allon kifi.
## Manazarta
Freshet

Freshet

The term ***freshet*** is most commonly used to describe a snowmelt, an annual high water event on rivers resulting from snow and river ice melting.

An fi amfani da kalmar freshet don kwatanta dusar ƙanƙara, taron ruwa mai yawa na shekara-shekara akan koguna sakamakon dusar ƙanƙara da narkewar kogin.
Lamia Abusedra

**Lamia Fathi Abusedra** (26 Janairu 1974) injiniyar Libya ce, 'yar juyin juya hali, kuma jakadiyar siyasa. Daga watan Mayu 2022, ta yi aiki a matsayin wakilin dindindin na Libya a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a Geneva.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Abusedra a ranar 26 ga watan Janairu 1974. 

Abusedra ta samu digirin farko na Kimiyya da Digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Garyounis da ke Benghazi. Bayan ta sami digiri na uku a Jami'ar Exeter a Burtaniya, Abusedra ta yi aiki a matsayin abokiyar bincike a Makarantar Injiniyanci da, Kimiyyar Kwamfuta da Lissafi daga shekarun 2007 zuwa 2009. 

## Aiki a Libya
Abusedra ta koma Libiya tare da almajiranta a Jami'ar Garyounis a shekarar 2010, inda ta koyar a Sashen Injiniyancin na Lantarki. 

### Yakin basasar Libya
A lokacin yakin basasar Libya na shekarar 2011, Abusedra ya kirkiro "tattalin bayanai na mutanen da suka ɓace, suka ji rauni, a asibitoci, da aka hana su gidaje, ko ayyukan soja suka shafi ta wata hanya."  Har ila yau, ta kafa NGO Forum For a Democratic Libya, mai tushe a Benghazi, Cyrenaica,  da Libyan Coalition of NGOs a shekarar 2011. 

Daga nan Abusedra ta zama Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Hulɗa da Ƙasa da Ƙasa a ƙarƙashin *sabuwar* gwamnatin Libya, tana aiki da Ofishin Al'adu da Jama'a na Majalisar Rikon kwarya ta ƙasa.  Daga watan Maris 2013 zuwa watan Disamba 2014, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar ministar yaɗa labarai na Libya. Daga watan Yuni 2017 zuwa Yuni 2020, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Ƙaramar Ministar Ma'aikatar Gyaran Hukumomi.  

### Jakadiya a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya
A ranar 3 ga watan Mayu, 2022, Abusedra ya zama jakada na musamman kuma mai cikakken iko a matsayin sabon wakilin dindindin na Libya a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UN) a Geneva.   

A cikin wannan rawar, Abusedra ya ba da goyon baya tare da ba da haɗin kai tare da tawagar bincike mai zaman kanta ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, wacce ke da alhakin binciken 'yancin ɗan adam, a Libya. Ofishin ya gano "rahotanni na azabtarwa, kisan gilla, tilasta ɓacewar mutane da cin zarafi na jima'i da jinsi" da "rarrabuwar siyasa, rashin tsaro, yaɗuwar makamai da kyaruwar al'amuran ƙaura ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma shiga tsakani na waje." An aiwatar da wani shiri na kare hakkin ɗan Adam na ƙasa a Libya don magance batutuwa da take hakki na dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa.  

Abusedra ta kuma gabatar da rahotanni ga Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru a kan Mutanen Afirka  kuma ta shiga cikin shirye-shiryen da aka gabatar wa mata matasa a harkokin diflomasiyya don bikin ranar mata ta duniya. 

## Manazarta
Fqih Basri

**Mohamed Basri**  wanda aka fi sani da **Fqih Basri** (   ; 1927 a Demnate, MarokoOktoba 14, 2003 a Chefchaouen, Maroko) ɗan gwagwarmayar siyasa ne na har tsawon rayuwarsa kuma abokin adawar gwamnatin Moroko.

Ana yi wa Mohamed Basri laƙabi da 'Fqih Basri', tun lokacin da ya fara karatunsa a makarantar kur'ani kafin ya shiga, a shekarar 1944, a jami'ar Marrakech ta Ben Yousef, inda ya fara shiga fagen gwagwarmaya da 'yan mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Morocco.

A cikin shekarar 1954, hukumomin Faransa sun kama shi kuma aka tsare shi a Kenitra; a shekara ta gaba, ya yi nasarar tserewa daga gidan yarin tare da wasu mahara guda 37.

Bayan samun 'yancin kai, a lokacin da yake jagorantar rundunar 'yantar da 'yancin kai ta Kudu, ya taimaka wajen kafa UNFP, jam'iyyar gurguzu wacce ta ɓalle daga jam'iyyar Istiqlal a shekarar 1959, kuma ta jagoranci jaridarta ta Al-Tahrir.

An kama shi tare da azabtar da shi saboda zargin shiga cikin abin da ake kira 'Yuli 1960 Plot' a kan masarautar, kuma a cikin shekarar 1963.

A shekarar 1966, ya zaɓi gudun hijira na son rai, bai koma Maroko ba har sai a watan Yuni, 1995. Bayan gudun hijira ya sha fama da gwamnatinsa a wasu makirce-makirce daban-daban a kan masarautun, kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa akai-akai ba ya nan.

Wanda ya kamu da ciwon zuciya, Basri ya mutu a Chefchaouen a ranar 14 ga watan Oktoba, 2003, jim kaɗan bayan wani aikin tiyata a Paris. An binne shi a ranar 15 ga watan Oktoba.

## Manazarta
Festus Akingbaso

**Festus Olanrewaju Akingbaso** wanda aka fi sani da Fessy West (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1970) ɗan kasuwa ne kuma ɗan siyasan ƙasar Najeriya, a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin wakilin mazaɓar Tarayya ta Idanre / Ifedore a cikin Majalisar Wakilai ta 10 a ƙarƙashin inuwar jam'iyyar  Peoples Democratic Party .  

## Tarihi da farkon rayuwarsa
An haifi Festus a ranar 6 ga Yunin shekarar  1970. Ya fito ne daga Yankin Idanre a Jihar Ondo . 

## Ayyukan siyasa
Akingbaso ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban zartarwa na Majalisar Ƙaramar Hukumar Idanre a shekarar 2015.  Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba wanda ke wakiltar mazaɓar Idanre a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Ondo .  A cikin Shekarar  2020, ya ki amincewa da naɗin da aka yi masa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙananan Hukumomi a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Ondo, yana mai bayyana cewa bai san yadda aka kori Mataimakin Kakakin Shugaban Majalisar Dokoki Ogundeji Iroju ba. A shekara ta 2023, an zaɓe shi ya wakilci Majalisa ta Tarayya ta Ƙaramar hukumar Idanre / Ifedore a ƙarƙashin jam'iyarJam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama'a (PDP).   A watan Yulin Shekarar 2024, PDP ta zabi Festus a matsayin ɗan takarar Mataimakin Gwamna, tare da haɗa shi da Agboola Ajayi.

Akingbaso ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban al'umma ta hanyar shirye-shiryen tallafawa kafa Yankunan Ci Gaban Ƙananan Hukumomi (LCDAs) a cikin mazabarsa. Ya kuma fara shirin tallafin ilimi a cikin mazaɓar tarayya.

## Manazarta
Abderrahim Bouabid

**Abderrahim Bouabid** (23 ga watan Maris 1922 - 8 ga watan Janairu 1992) ɗan siyasan Morocco ne, kuma shugaban ƙungiyar Socialist Union of Popular Forces (SUPF) ta hagu (left-wing) tsakanin shekarun 1975 zuwa 1992.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Bouabid a Madina ta Salé, a ranar 23 ga watan Maris 1922. Ya yi karatun firamare a garinsu, kafin ya halarci makarantar sakandare a Rabat, a makarantar Moulay Youssef. A lokacin ya riƙa ziyartar wasu fitattun mutane waɗanda suka tsara makomar ƙasar. Abokin Mehdi Ben Barka, matashin Bouabid an gabatar da shi ga yunkurin kishin kasa na lokacin, yana adawa da kasancewar Faransa a cikin ƙasar. A cikin shekarar 1939, bayan kammala karatunsa, ya koma Fez don zama malami, kuma yana ganawa da ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa.

## Harkokin siyasa
Tun yana matashi Bouabid ya tsunduma cikin harkokin siyasa tun yana matashi, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin matasa 'yan gwagwarmaya da 'yan siyasa da suka rattaba hannu kan ayyana 'yancin kai na Maroko, takardar da jam'iyyar 'yancin kai ta gabatar a ranar 11 ga watan Janairun 1944 tana neman cikakken 'yancin kai daga Faransa da Spain, haɗewar ƙasa, da tsarin mulkin Demokraɗiyya.

A ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 1944, Bouabid ya jagoranci wata babbar zanga-zanga a Salé yana yin tir da kama wasu masu faɗa a ji na jam'iyyarsa. An ɗaure shi ne tare da wasu shugabannin Istiklal kafin a sake shi bayan shekara guda. A cikin shekarar 1946 ya shiga tare da abokinsa Mehdi Ben Barka a Faransa don rubuta rahoto game da halin da Morocco ke ciki kuma ya miƙa shi ga Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Yayin da yake zaune a Faransa, ya ci gaba da karatunsa na shari'a a jami'a kuma ya zama lauya a shekarar 1949. 

Da Maroko ta samu 'yancin kai, an naɗa Bouabid a matsayin Ministan Tattaunawa a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Mbarek Bekkay. A shekarar 1956 ya zama jakadan Morocco a birnin Paris, daga baya kuma aka naɗa shi ministan tattalin arzikin ƙasa. A ranar 12 ga watan Mayu 1958, ya kasance mai kula da Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziƙi da Aikin Noma ta ƙasa a majalisar ministocin Ahmed Balafrej. Ya kasance Ministan Tattalin Arziki da Kuɗi daga watan Disamba 1958 zuwa watan Mayu 1960. 

## Manazarta
Gurbin ruwa guguwa

Girbin ruwan guguwa ko sake amfani da ruwan guguwa shine tarawa, tarawa, jiyya ko tsarkakewa, da adana ruwan guguwa don sake amfani da shi. Yayin da girbin ruwan sama ke tattara hazo da farko daga saman rufin rufin, girbin ruwan guguwa yana hulɗa da tarin kwararar ruwa daga rafuka, rafuka, rafukan ruwa da isar da ƙasa. Hakanan yana iya haɗawa da wuraren da ake kamawa daga wuraren da aka haɓaka, kamar hanyoyi ko wuraren ajiye motoci, ko wasu wuraren birane kamar wuraren shakatawa, lambuna da filayen wasa.

Ruwan da ke haɗuwa da wuraren da ba su da ƙarfi, ko madaidaicin saman da ba su iya ɗaukar ruwa mai yawa, ana kiransa zubar da ruwa. Yayin da kwararar ruwan saman ke yin tafiya mai nisa a kan wuraren da ba su da kyau yakan zama gurɓata kuma yana tattara adadin gurɓataccen abu. Babban ƙalubale na girbi ruwan guguwa shine kawar da gurɓataccen ruwa domin a samu wannan ruwan don sake amfani da shi.

Ayyukan girbin ruwan guguwa galibi suna da maƙasudi da yawa, kamar rage gurɓataccen kwararar ruwa zuwa ruwa mai mahimmanci, haɓaka cajin ruwa na ƙasa, da aikace-aikacen da ba za a iya amfani da su ba kamar zubar da bayan gida da ban ruwa. Ana kuma yin aikin girbi ruwan guguwa a yankunan Amurka a matsayin hanyar magance hauhawar buƙatun ruwa yayin da yawan jama'a ke ƙaruwa. A duniya baki ɗaya, Ostiraliya ta yi fice a ƙoƙarinta na neman girbin ruwan guguwa.

## Tsari
Tsarin magudanar ruwa na ƙasa yana ba da ruwa daga wurin da aka tanadar zuwa wurin ajiya. Ana yin la'akari da waɗannan tsarin sau da yawa a wuraren da ruwan sama ba ya da yawa kuma ba a samun sauran hanyoyin ruwa. Idan an tsara shi yadda ya kamata, tsarin magudanar ruwa na ƙasa zai iya tattara ruwan sama mai yawa. A cikin busasshiyar ƙasar kiwo, ana iya gina magudanar ruwa ko tankin shanu a kan wankin da ba a taɓa gani ba don tattarawa da tattara abin da ƙaramin ruwa ke haifarwa a wurin. Wannan ruwan da ba a kula da shi yana samun sauƙin shiga kuma dabbobi suna amfani da shi. Ƙarin tsarin tarawa da sarrafawa yana da mahimmanci don girbin ruwan guguwa don sake amfani da su don amfanin ɗan adam.

## Manazarta
Dike na karkashin kasa

Dike na karkashin kasa wani tsari ne da aka gina shi a cikin magudanar ruwa da nufin dakile kwararar ruwa na kasa, ta yadda zai daga darajar ruwan kasa da kuma kara yawan ruwan da ake ajiyewa a cikin magudanar ruwa. Yin aiki a matsayin shingen ƙasa wanda ba zai iya shiga ruwa ba, yana sarrafa magudanar ruwan ƙasa a cikin magudanar ruwa kuma yana ɗaga teburin ruwa.

## Gabatarwa
Ko da yake ana kyautata zaton jimillar yawan ruwa a doron kasa ya tsaya cik, saurin bunkasuwar yawan jama'a, tare da fadada aikin noma na ban ruwa da bunkasuwar masana'antu, na sanya damuwa kan inganci da kuma yawan bangarorin tsarin halitta. Cibiyoyi da yawa sun yi gwaji tare da amfani da dykes na ƙasa don adana ruwa a wuraren da babu ruwa. Mafi kyawun wuri don dyke shine ƙayyadadden ma'anar, faɗi, kwarin da ke gangare sosai tare da ƙunƙunwar mashigar da ke da ƙayyadaddun kauri na ƙasa mara kyau ko dutse mai ƙura a saman tare da ƙaƙƙarfan dutse ko maras kyau a ƙasa. Dike na ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da fa'idodi da yawa. Ba ya buƙatar ƙarin tafki na sama, babu asarar ƙasar noma, akwai mafi ƙarancin asarar ƙafe tun lokacin da aka adana shi a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, babu siltation da asarar ƙarfin tafki, farashin kulawa ba shi da komai, kuma yana da ƙarancin yanayi.

Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan misalin shine dyke na ƙasa da aka gina kwanan nan a Indiya. Don ƙarin bayani game da wannan aikin, duba Krishi Vigyan Kendra Kannur.