Robert McCormick Adams Jr.

**Robert McCormick Adams Jr.** (23 ga Yuli, 1926 - 27 ga Janairu, 2018)  masanin ilmin ɗan adam ne na Amurka kuma sakataren Cibiyar Smithsonian (1984–94).  Ya yi aiki a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Mesoamerica . Farfesa ne na Jami'ar Chicago na dogon lokaci, an fi saninsa da bincikensa a Iraki . 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
 An haife shi a Chicago, Illinois, kuma ya halarci Makarantar Francis W. Parker kuma ya kammala karatunsa a 1943. Ya sami digirin digirgir daga Jami'ar Chicago (1957), inda aka kuma yi masa aiki a matsayin memba na malaman. Ya kasance Daraktan Cibiyar Gabas a Jami'ar Chicago (1962–68, 1981–83).  Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Jami'ar Chicago (1982–84).  Farfesa ne na biyu a Jami'ar California, San Diego, a lokacin mutuwarsa. 

## Sakataren Smithsonian

Adams ya yi aiki a matsayin sakatare na tara na Cibiyar Smithsonian a Washington, DC, daga 1984 zuwa 1994.  An naɗa shi Sakataren Smithsonian a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 1984, inda ya zama shugaban wata Cibiya mai gidajen tarihi goma sha uku, gidan namun daji na ƙasa, da wuraren bincike na kimiyya da al'adu a jihohi tara da Jamhuriyar Panama. A matsayinsa na magajin S. Dillon Ripley, Adams ya nemi shirya Cibiyar don ƙarni na 21, mai da hankali kan tallafin karatu, ƙara shirye-shiryen jama'a, da kuma jaddada wakilci mai faɗi da shigar al'ummomin ƙabilu da al'adu daban-daban a cikin Smithsonian da shirye-shiryenta. Adams ya jagoranci gina Quadrangle, wani aikin gini wanda ya haɗa gidajen tarihi guda biyu da ofisoshi daban-daban zuwa tsari ɗaya, amma kuma ya yi wa Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ƙararrawa game da yanayin tsofaffin kayayyakin more rayuwa na Cibiyar kuma ya fara gyaran tsarin kayayyakin da ake da su. Waɗannan ayyukan "bulo da turmi" sun haɗa da gyaran Gidan Tarihi na Freer, gina Dakin Gwaji na Mathias a Cibiyar Binciken Muhalli ta Smithsonian, da Cibiyar Bincike da Taro ta Earl S. Tupper a Cibiyar Bincike ta Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Smithsonian da ke Panama. 

A lokacin mulkin Adams, Smithsonian ya mallaki Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na American Indian, kuma an kafa Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa don nuna Tarin Philatelic na Ƙasa. An ƙirƙiri Cibiyar Albarkatun Kimiyya ta Ƙasa don inganta koyarwar kimiyya da lissafi kafin kwaleji, kuma an kafa Cibiyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa don bincika al'adu na da da kuma waɗanda ke tasowa da kuma zama hedkwatar Smithsonian don ilimi, nune-nunen, da shirye-shirye na Latin Amurka. Adams ya kafa Kwamitin Ilimi na Al'adu na Smithsonian don haɓaka bambancin ra'ayi a duk fannoni na ayyukan Smithsonian. Ya kuma ƙarfafa ayyukan dijital, kamar fasahar bidiyo ta Gidan Tarihi na Sama da Sararin Samaniya ta Ƙasa don adanawa da dawo da takardu, hotuna, da sauran bayanai. "Yaƙe-yaƙen al'adu" sun isa Smithsonian a 1991, tare da sukar Yamma a matsayin Amurka, wani baje koli a Gidan Tarihi na Smithsonian na Amurka. A 1994, Kimiyya a Rayuwar Amurka, a Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Tarihin Amurka, ya jawo kukan al'ummar kimiyya saboda nazarin kimiyyar Amurka. Kuma an kammala rubutun farko na baje kolin 'yan luwaɗi na Enola a Gidan Tarihi na Sama da Sararin Samaniya na Ƙasa jim kaɗan kafin tafiyar Adams. 

## Rayuwa daga baya

Adams ya yi ritaya daga Smithsonian bayan shekaru goma na hidima a shekarar 1994 kuma ya koma jami'a a matsayin farfesa mai taimako a Jami'ar California, San Diego. Ya sami lambar yabo ta musamman daga Ƙungiyar Nazarin Kayan Tarihi ta Amurka a shekarar 1996 kuma ya ci gaba da aikinsa da bincike a fannin ilmin kayan tarihi da ilmin ɗan adam na Gabas ta Tsakiya. 

## Binciken ilimi
Robert McCormick Adams ya yi aiki mai faɗi da ya shafi fannoni da dama. A fannin yanayin ƙasa, abubuwan da yake sha'awa sun haɗa da aikin gona mai yawa a Gabas ta Tsakiya, amma kuma sun haɗa da Mexico. Tare da tsarin fannoni daban-daban, ya yi nazarin ci gaban wayewar birane tsawon shekaru aru-aru, kuma ya yi magana game da tarihin fasaha. Wani ɓangare na ƙwarewar da ya samu a Iraki, Iran da Saudiyya, har zuwa kwanan nan ya shiga cikin nazarin tashin hankali da ya shafi kabilu daban-daban a ƙarƙashin tallafin haɗin gwiwa na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa ta Amurka da Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Rasha.

A tsawon aikinsa, Adams ya jaddada muhimmancin hulɗar zamantakewa da muhallin al'adu a cikin juyin halittar wayewa. Bincikensa ya binciki yadda ilimin halittu na al'adu zai iya taimakawa wajen bayyana haɓakar wayewa da kuma yadda al'adu ke shafar juna.  

Adams ya gabatar, bisa ga tono ƙasa da ya yi a Mesopotamia, cewa babu wani yanayi ɗaya da ke bayan al'ummomin tsoffin birane da jihohi masu rikitarwa; sun samo asali ne daga yanayi daban-daban masu alaƙa, musamman tsarin zamantakewa da ƙwarewar sana'a. An zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a 1957,  memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa ta Amurka a 1970,  kuma memba na Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka a 1974.  A 1988, ya sami lambar yabo ta Golden Plate ta Kwalejin Nasara ta Amurka .  Adams ya sami lambar yabo ta Zinare don Nasarar Masana'antu Mai Kyau a 2002 daga Cibiyar Nazarin Masana'antu ta Amurka . 

## Ayyuka

* ''Ƙasar da ke Bayan Baghdad: Tarihin Matsugunan da ke Filayen Diyala'' (1965)
* ''YANAR GIZO DA AL'ADA A GIDAN TARIHI NA GABAS'' (1966)
* ''Juyin Halittar Al'ummar Birane: Mesopotamiya ta Farko da Meziko ta Prehispanic'' (1966)
* ''Michael M. Davis, Babban Taro'' (1971)
* ''Ƙauyen Uruk: Yanayin halitta na al'ummomin birane'' (1972)
* ''SIFFOFI NA GURBIN KASA A FARKON KUDUN MESOPATAMIA'' (1973)
* ''HOTON DUNIYA, TSARIN DAN ADAM &#x5B; LAƘARIN DA AKA BA DA KYAU - 1976 &#x5D;'' (1977)
* ''Zuciyar Birane: Binciken Matsugunan Tsoho da Amfani da Ƙasa a Tsakiyar Ruwan Kogin Yufiretis'' (1981)
* ''Rahoton Shekara-shekara na Cibiyar Gabas ta 1982-83 (Jami'ar Chicago)'' (1983)
* ''Kimiyya, Ɗabi'a, da Abinci: Takardu da Takardu na Taro da Cibiyar Smithsonian ta Shirya (Jerin Taro na Ƙasa da Ƙasa na Smithsonian)'' (1988)
* ''SHEKARAR SMITHSONIYA TA 1992'' (1993)
* ''Smithsonian: Fabrairu 1993'' (1993)
* ''Hanyoyin Wuta: Binciken Masana Ilimin Dan Adam game da Fasahar Yammacin Duniya'' (1996)
* ''Iyali a Amurka: Neman Haɗin Kan Jama'a a Zamanin Masana'antu'' (2003)

## Duba kuma

* Martin Harwit

## Manazarta