Marie Maynard Daly

**Marie Maynard Daly** (16 ga Afrilu, 1921) 28 ga Oktoba, 2003) ƙwararriyar masaniyar kimiyyar sinadarai ce ta Amurka. Ita ce Baƙar fata 'yar Amurka ta farko da ta sami digirin digirgir daga Jami'ar Columbia kuma mace 'yar Afirka ta farko a Amurka da ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin sinadarai.  Daly ta ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci a fannoni huɗu na bincike: sunadarai na histones, haɗa furotin, alaƙar da ke tsakanin cholesterol da hawan jini, da kuma ɗaukar ƙwayoyin tsoka ta hanyar ƙwayoyin halitta. 

## Ilimi
Daly ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Hunter College, makarantar sakandare ta 'yan mata da ke ƙarƙashin kulawar malaman Kwalejin Hunter,  inda aka kuma ƙarfafa ta ta ci gaba da karatun sinadarai. Daga nan ta shiga Kwalejin Queens, wata ƙaramar makaranta mai suna Flushing, New York. Ta zauna a gida don adana kuɗi kuma ta kammala karatun digiri na farko *a* fannin sinadarai a shekarar 1942.    Bayan kammala karatun, an naɗa ta a matsayin Malamin Kwalejin Queens,  girmamawa da ake bai wa manyan 2.5% na ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun.

Karancin ma'aikata da kuma buƙatar masana kimiyya su tallafa wa yaƙin ya ba Daly damar samun guraben karo karatu don yin karatu a Jami'ar New York da Jami'ar Columbia don digirin digiri na biyu da na uku, bi da bi. 

Daly ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar dakin gwaje-gwaje a Kwalejin Queens yayin da take karatu a Jami'ar New York don digirin ta na biyu a fannin sinadarai, wanda ta kammala a shekarar 1943. Ta zama mai koyar da sinadarai a Kwalejin Queens kuma ta yi rajista a shirin digiri na uku a Jami'ar Columbia, inda Mary Letitia Caldwell ta kula da ita, don samun takardar digiri na uku mai taken, "Nazarin Samfuran da Aka Samar Ta Hanyar Aikin Amylase na Pancreatic akan Masara" kuma ta sami digiri na uku a fannin sinadarai a shekarar 1947.   

## Sana'a
Daly ta yi aiki a matsayin mai koyar da kimiyyar jiki a Jami'ar Howard, daga 1947 zuwa 1948 yayin da take gudanar da bincike a lokaci guda a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Herman Branson . Bayan an ba ta tallafin Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Amurka don tallafawa bincikenta na postdoctoral, ta shiga ƙungiyar Alfred E. Mirsky a Cibiyar Rockefeller, wacce ke nazarin ƙwayar halitta da abubuwan da ke cikinta.  Wannan shine farkon shirin bincike na shekaru bakwai a Cibiyar Magunguna ta Rockefeller, inda Daly ta binciki yadda ake gina sunadaran a cikin jiki.  A lokacin, ba a fahimci tsari da aikin DNA ba tukuna. 

Daly ta fara aiki a Kwalejin Likitoci da Likitocin Fiɗa a Jami'ar Columbia a shekarar 1955. Tare da haɗin gwiwar Quentin B. Deming, ta yi nazarin aikin jijiyoyin jini.   Ta ci gaba da wannan aikin a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin sinadarai da magunguna a Kwalejin Magunguna ta Albert Einstein da ke Jami'ar Yeshiva, inda ita da Deming suka ƙaura a shekarar 1960.  Daga 1958 zuwa 1963, ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai bincike ga Ƙungiyar Zuciya ta Amurka . 

A cikin shekarunta na ƙarshe a Kwalejin Albert Einstein, bisa ga ƙoƙarin Daly na ƙara yawan masu rajista a makarantun ƙwararru da na digiri na biyu, ta taimaka wajen gudanar da shirin Martin Luther King -Robert F. Kennedy don taimakawa wajen shirya ɗaliban baƙar fata don shiga jami'a.  A shekarar 1971 an ɗaukaka ta zuwa mataimakiyar farfesa. 

A shekarar 1975, Daly ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata masana kimiyya 30 'yan tsiraru da suka halarci wani taro da ke nazarin ƙalubalen da mata 'yan tsiraru ke fuskanta a fannonin STEM. Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Kimiyya ta Amurka ce ta gudanar da taron. Wannan ya haifar da buga rahoton, *The Double Bind: The Price of Being a Minority Woman in Science* (1976) wanda ya ba da shawarwari don ɗaukar da kuma riƙe mata 'yan tsiraru masana kimiyya.  

Daly ta kasance memba a kwamitin gwamnonin Kwalejin Kimiyya ta New York tsawon shekaru biyu. Ta kasance memba a Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Kimiyya ta Amurka da kuma Ƙungiyar Ciwon Daji ta Amurka. Majalisar Binciken Lafiya ta Birnin New York ta naɗa Daly a matsayin ƙwararren masanin kimiyya.

Daly ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1986 daga Kwalejin Likitanci ta Albert Einstein, kuma a shekarar 1988 ta kafa tallafin karatu ga ɗaliban Afirka ta Amurka da ke karatun kimiyyar sinadarai da kimiyyar lissafi a Kwalejin Queens don tunawa da mahaifinta.   A shekarar 1999, Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Ƙasa ta amince da ita a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mata 50 a fannin Kimiyya, Injiniyanci da Fasaha.

## Bincike

### Tarihin Tarihi
Daly ta fi sha'awar sunadaran nukiliya. Ta ƙirƙiro hanyoyin raba kayan nukiliya da kuma tantance abubuwan da ke cikinsu. Ya zama dole a raba kayan ƙwayoyin halitta zuwa dukkan abubuwan da ke cikinsu, ba tare da lalata ko rasa ɗaya daga cikinsu ba.

Ta yi nazarin histones, sunadaran da aka samu a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta, kuma ta sami damar nuna sinadarin amino acid na ɓangarorin histone daban-daban. Nazarin da ta yi kan histones da Mirsky ya ba da shaida ga histones masu arzikin lysine, sabanin histones masu arzikin arginine da Albrecht Kossel ya bayyana.     Tun daga lokacin an nuna cewa histones suna da mahimmanci a cikin bayyanar kwayoyin halitta .  Yanzu ana ɗaukar aikin Daly akan histones a matsayin abu mai mahimmanci. 

### Sunadaran da kuma nucleic acid
Daly ta ƙirƙiro hanyoyi don raba ƙwayoyin halitta da kuma auna tushen sinadarin purines da pyrimidines a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta na desoxypentose.   Ta kammala, a tsakanin wasu abubuwa, cewa "babu wani tushe sai adenine, guanine, thymine, da cytosine da ke akwai a adadi mai yawa." 

Ta binciki yadda ake samar da furotin,  ciki har da rawar da ribonucleoprotein cytoplasmic ke takawa a cikin hada furotin.   Ta amfani da amino acid glycine mai lakabin rediyo, ta sami damar auna yadda metabolism na furotin ya canza a lokacin ciyarwa da kuma yanayin azumi a cikin beraye. Wannan ya ba ta damar sa ido kan ayyukan cytoplasm yayin da aka ɗauki glycine mai lakabin rediyo zuwa cikin kwayar halitta. 

A shekarar 1953, Watson da Crick sun bayyana tsarin DNA . Da suka karɓi kyautar Nobel ta wannan aikin a shekarar 1962, Watson ya ambaci ɗaya daga cikin takardun Daly kan "Matsayin ribonucleoprotein a cikin haɗakar furotin" a matsayin gudummawarsa ga aikinsa.    Bayan 1953, filin binciken ƙwayoyin halitta ya cika da damar samun kuɗi. 

### Cholesterol da hawan jini
Daly da abokan aikinta sun yi wasu daga cikin ayyukan farko da suka shafi abinci mai gina jiki ga lafiyar zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. Sun binciki tasirin cholesterol, sukari, da sauran abubuwan gina jiki. Ita ce ta farko da ta tabbatar da cewa hawan jini shine abin da ke haifar da atherosclerosis,  kuma ita ce ta farko da ta gano alaƙar da ke tsakanin cholesterol da toshewar jijiyoyin jini,  wani muhimmin bincike ne wajen fahimtar yadda bugun zuciya ke faruwa.  

Ta fi sha'awar yadda hawan jini ke shafar tsarin jijiyoyin jini. Ta nuna cewa yawan shan cholesterol a abinci yana haifar da toshewar jijiyoyin jini, kuma hawan jini yana hanzarta wannan tasirin. Ta yi nazarin tasirin abinci kan hawan jini, kuma ta gano cewa cholesterol da sukari suna da alaƙa da hawan jini.       Ta yi bincike kan tsufa, ta ba da shawarar cewa hauhawar tsoka mai santsi saboda tsufa na iya haifar da hauhawar jini da atherosclerosis.  Daly kuma ta kasance mai bincike na farko kan tasirin hayakin sigari akan huhu da kuma hawan jini.  

### Creatine
A shekarun 1970, Daly ta fara nazarin yadda ƙwayoyin tsoka ke ɗaukar creatine, wani muhimmin batu na bincike a cikin tsarin sake amfani da makamashi na tsoka. Ta "Uptake of Creatine by Cultured Cells" (1980) ta bayyana yanayin da kyallen tsoka ke sha creatine mafi kyau.  

## Rayuwar farko
Akwai ƙarancin bayanai game da rayuwarta ta sirri da kuma dalilin da ya sa take sha'awar kimiyya.  Mahaifin Daly, Ivan C. Daly, ya yi ƙaura daga British West Indies, ya sami aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin gidan waya kuma daga ƙarshe ya auri Helen Page na Washington, DC  Suna zaune a birnin New York, kuma an haifi Daly kuma ta girma a Corona, Queens .  Sau da yawa tana ziyartar kakanninta na uwa a Washington, inda take karanta game da masana kimiyya da nasarorin da suka samu a babban ɗakin karatu na kakanta. Ta yi matuƙar sha'awar littafin Paul de Kruif mai suna *The Microbe Hunters*, wani aiki da ya yi tasiri ga shawararta ta zama masanin kimiyya. 

Sha'awar Daly ga kimiyya ta yi tasiri ga mahaifinta, wanda ya halarci Jami'ar Cornell da nufin zama masanin sinadarai, amma bai sami damar kammala karatunsa ba saboda rashin kuɗi.  Daly ta kammala burin mahaifinta ta hanyar yin babban digiri a fannin sinadarai. Shekaru bayan haka, ta fara asusun tallafin karatu na Kwalejin Queens don girmama shi don taimaka wa ɗaliban tsiraru da ke karatun sinadarai da kimiyyar lissafi. 

Daly ta yi aure ta kuma ɗauki sunan Marie Maynard Daly Clark.  Mijinta ya mutu kafin ta kuma ba su haifi 'ya'ya ba.  Ta mutu a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 2003. 

## Gado
A ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2016, shugaban makarantar firamare ta PS360Q, Mista R. Emmanuel-Cooke, ya sanar da cewa za a sanya wa makarantar suna "Kwalejin Dr. Marie M. Daly" don girmama mazaunin Queens.   Bugu da ƙari, Kwalejin Einstein ta kuma ƙirƙiri wani lacca na tunawa na shekara-shekara mai suna Bikin Tunawa da Marie M. Daly wanda sashen Kimiyyar Halittu da Ƙungiyar Masana Kimiyyar Einstein ke ɗaukar nauyinsa.  Kowace shekara ana gayyatar baƙi masu jawabi don yin lacca da ke nuna bambancin ra'ayi da gudummawar tsiraru ga kimiyya.

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## Duba kuma

* Tsarin lokaci na mata a kimiyya

## Manazarta