Cin hanci da rashawa a Burundi

Cin hanci da rashawa ya yadu sosai a cikin [Burundi] a kowane mataki na gwamnati.  Misalai na cin hanci da rashawa sun kasance kafin lokacin mulkin mallaka, kuma sun dawwama a lokacin mulkin mallaka, har ma a zamanin da. Kasar dai tana da albarkatu masu yawa da kuma kyakkyawan yanayi na kasa wanda ya jawo hankulan kasuwanci da kasuwanci, tare da karfafa cin hanci da rashawa da amfani da mulki. Tun bayan da aka kawo karshen yakin basasar Burundi da hadin gwiwar jam'iyyar CNDD-FDD, cin hanci da rashawa ya kai matakin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba, inda a baya-bayan nan ya zama mafi muni a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara..

## Tarihi

## Lokacin mulkin mallaka
Burundi mulki ne a karkashin sarakuna waɗanda suka yi mulki da ƙafar ƙarfe a kan jama'a kuma masu mulkin mallaka na Turai sun kore su da tashin hankali. Masu mulki da kayan aikin su sun kwace jihar kuma sun cika asusun masu biyayya da zinariya a farashin talakawa. Masarautar Nzarim ta kasance bayan duk mulki ne, mai arziki sosai kuma mai wadata, amma an yi hakan ne mafi yawa ta hanyar gumi da ƙafafun da aka doke daruruwan dubban mutane da aka kulle su cikin yanayin aiki wanda ba zai yiwu ba wanda ya ba su komai ba.

## Zamanin mulkin mallaka
Burundi ta kasance Jamus kuma bayan wannan jihar Belgium a cikin lokacin majagaba an kwace Colombia da kayayyakinta kamar kofi, auduga, da ma'adanai. Cin hanci da rashawa ya kara muni, da kuma wani nau'i na jari-hujja inda jami'ai da manyan mutane suka haɗu don satar kudi (kuma su yi komai da cin hanci da Rashawa). Irin waɗannan ayyukan an kalli su daga nesa ta mutanen mulkin mallaka, yayin da suke ci gaba da cinyewa da sarrafa ƙasashensu.

### Amfani da albarkatun

#### Jihar Congo ta Sarki Leopold II
Burundi ta kasance mulkin mallaka na Jamus, a ƙarƙashin tasirin Sarki Leopold II na Congo Free State . Wakilan Leopold da jami'ai sun ci gaba da cin zarafin albarkatun Burundi-ivory, roba-ta hanyar aikin tilas. Sau da yawa ana haifar da cin hanci da rashawa ne sakamakon cin hanci.  Wannan ya haifar da cin Hanci da rashi a babban sikelin tare da satar kuɗi, wanda ke haifar da duk sauran ayyukan cin hanci na jami'an ciki har da 'yan sanda.

#### Amfani da mulkin mallaka na Jamus
Jamus, ikon mulkin mallaka na abin da ke yanzu Burundi, ya fitar da kofi, auduga da sauran dukiyar halitta. Wannan ya tilasta wa mazauna yankin shuka amfanin gona don fararen fata maimakon abinci, wanda ya haifar da yunwa da talauci. Bugu da kari, wasu jami'an cin hanci da rashawa sun kwace kudaden da aka ware don ayyukan ci gaba don samun karin wadataccen mutum.

Kamfanin hakar ma'adinai na Belgium, Union Minière du Haut-Katanga, ya yi amfani da wadatar ma'adanai na abin da ke yanzu Burundi, yana fitar da jan ƙarfe, cobalt da uranium. Kamfanin ya yi makirci da jami'an cin hanci da rashawa don kauce wa haraji da sarauta, ya bar Burundi ba tare da dawowa kan zuba jari mai yawa na albarkatun kasa ba.

#### Reginald Karegeya
Wani shugaban Burundi mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ya fara aiki tare da jami'an mulkin mallaka na Jamus, Karegeya, an zarge shi da cin hanci da rashawa. Ya girma mai arziki da iko a Burundi, ya kafa kansa a matsayin daya daga cikin mutane mafi arziki. Bethmann-Hollweg, wanda Wolff ya kasance jami'in mulkin mallaka, an ce ya karɓi kuɗin da aka ware masa a ayyukan ci gaba a Burundi. Ya yi amfani da ikonsa don samun riba, yana ba da cin hanci da rashawa ga kansa, abokai da dangi, yana barin tsarin dukiya ya shiga cikin cin hanci.

### Kashe ƙasar
A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Burundi, cin hanci da rashawa yana da alaƙa da kwace ƙasa, tare da ikon mulkin mallaka da ƙwararrun mazauna yankin da ke makirci don kwace ƙasa daga al'ummomin yankin. 

#### Daular mulkin mallaka ta Jamus (1890s-1916)
Jami'an mulkin mallaka na Jamus da mazauna sun karɓi ƙasa daga manoman Burundi, sau da yawa ba tare da diyya ko biyan kuɗi ba. Wannan ya haifar da yaduwar ƙaura da talauci tsakanin al'ummomin yankin. Cif Wilhelm Kahlfeldt, wani jami'in mulkin mallaka na Jamus, ya kwace manyan filayen ƙasa daga manoman Burundi, gami da kwarin Rugazi mai kyau, don kafa ƙauyukan Jamus. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na I, jami'an mulkin mallaka na Belgium sun ci gaba da yin amfani da ƙasa, suna karɓar ƙasa daga mutanen Burundi don kafa shuke-shuke da ƙauyuka. Baron Leo van der Straeten, wani jami'in mulkin mallaka na Belgium, ya kwace ƙasa daga manoman Burundi don kafa babban gonar kofi, ya kori daruruwan iyalai.

#### Haɗin Shugabannin (1900s-1930s)
Wasu shugabannin Burundi sun hada baki da jami'an mulkin mallaka don samun ƙasa daga mutanensu, sau da yawa ta hanyar tilasta tallace-tallace ko zamba.A cikin 1905, Cif Ndadaye Gahutu, wani shugaban Burundi, ya sayar da ƙasar mallakarsa ga jami'an mulkin mallaka na Jamus ba tare da yardarsu ba, ya wadatar da kansa a cikin tsari.

#### Rashin hasashen ƙasa (1900s-1950s)
Jami'an mulkin mallaka da masu hasashe sun sayi ƙasa a arha daga 'yan Burundi, sau da yawa ta hanyar tilasta ko zamba, kuma sun sake siyar da shi a farashi mai yawa ga wasu masu mulkin mallaka. Reginald Karegeya, shugaban Burundi kuma mai haɗin gwiwa tare da jami'an mulkin mallaka na Jamus, ya shiga cikin hasashen ƙasa, ya sayi ƙasa daga talakawansa kuma ya sayar da shi ga mazauna Jamus a farashi mai yawa.

### Rashin amincewa da abokantaka
Gwamna Hermann von Wissmann ya nada dan uwansa, Ernst von Wissmann, a matsayin jami'in gundumar a Burundi a ranar 15 ga Maris, 1902, duk da rashin cancanta. A ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 1905, von Wissmann ya ba da babbar izini ga abokinsa, ɗan kasuwa na Jamus Wilhelm Schmidt, don amfani da albarkatun ƙasa na Burundi ba tare da tayin jama'a ba.

### Kwace ƙasa
A zamanin mulkin mallaka a Burundi, cin hanci da rashawa yana da nasaba da kwace ƙasa, inda masu mulki na mallaka da sarakunan gida suka haɗu don kwace ƙasa daga hannun al’ummomin gida.

#### Kwace ƙasa a zamanin Jamus (1890s-1916)
Jamusawa masu mulkin mallaka da masu zama sun kwace ƙasa da ƙarfi daga hannun manoma na Burundi, yawanci ba tare da diyya ko adalci ba. Wannan ya haddasa ƙaura da talauci a tsakanin al’ummomin gida. Shugaba Wilhelm Kahlfeldt, jami'in mulkin mallaka na Jamus, ya kwace manyan filaye daga manoman Burundi, ciki har da ƙasar mai albarka ta Rugazi, domin gina matsugunnan Jamusawa. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Farko, jami’an mulkin mallaka na Belgium suka ci gaba da wannan aiki na kwace ƙasa, inda suka kwace ƙasa daga hannun Burundawa don kafa gonaki da matsugunni. Baron Leo van der Straeten, jami’in mulkin mallaka na Belgium, ya kwace ƙasa daga manoman Burundi don kafa babbar gonar kofi, lamarin da ya tilasta wa daruruwan iyalai barin muhallansu.

#### Haɗin guiwar sarakuna (1900s-1930s)
Wasu sarakunan Burundi sun haɗu da jami’an mulkin mallaka don mallakar ƙasa daga hannun mutanensu, ta hanyar tilasta musu siyarwa ko yaudara. A shekarar 1905, Sarkin Ndadaye Gahutu, wani sarki na Burundi, ya sayar da ƙasar mutanensa ga jami’an mulkin mallaka na Jamus ba tare da yardarsu ba, inda ya ci riba da kansa.

#### Ciniki da ƙasa (1900s-1950s)
Jami’an mulkin mallaka da masu ciniki sun sayi ƙasa a farashi mai sauƙi daga hannun Burundawa, yawanci ta hanyar tilastawa ko yaudara, sannan suka sake sayar da ita ga wasu masu mulkin mallaka a farashi mai tsada. Reginald Karegeya, wani sarki na Burundi kuma abokin aiki da jami’an mulkin mallaka na Jamus, ya shiga harkar ciniki da ƙasa, inda yake sayen ƙasa daga mutanensa yana sayarwa ga Jamusawa a farashi mai tsada.

## Zamanin Yanzu
Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1962, matsalolin cin hanci da rashawa a Burundi sun ci gaba da wanzuwa. Shugabannin ƙasar, ciki har da Shugaba Michel Micombero da Shugaba Pierre Buyoya, sun fuskanci zarge-zargen wawure dukiyar ƙasa, nuna bambanci ga 'yan uwa da sauran nau'ikan cin hanci. Yakin basasa da ya faru daga 1993 zuwa 2005 ya kara tabarbarewar lamarin, inda 'yan tawayen yaki da jami’an gwamnati suka amfana daga rikicin.

Burundi ta ci gaba da zama a matsayi na 170 cikin ƙasashe 180 a jerin ƙasashen da ke da matsalar cin hanci a shekarar 2020, a rahoton Transparency International, wanda ke nuna cewa cin hanci har yanzu na da ƙarfi a ƙasar. Wannan na nuna cewa cin hanci na ci gaba da karfi a Burundi sakamakon yanayin da gwamnati ta samar ta hanyar danne ‘yan adawa da kungiyoyin fararen hula.

## Dokokin Wanke Kudi

Burundi ta kafa dokoki da dama da suka shafi yaki da cin hanci da laifukan hada-hadar kudi. Dokar lamba 1/013 da aka amince da ita a ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2001 ta haramta wanke kudi da kuma daukar nauyin ayyukan ta'addanci, tare da kafa Hukumar Binciken Bayanai na Harkokin Kudi (FIU) domin gudanar da bincike kan ayyukan wanke kudi (Akhmedov et al. 68). A ranar 28 ga Disamba, 2007, Dokar Lamba 1/021 ta fara fayyace laifuffukan da za a iya danganta su da wanke kudi, wanda suka hada da cin hanci, zamba, da karkatar da dukiyar gwamnati, lamarin da ya karfafa ikon da aka ba Hukumar Binciken Bayanai.

Ka'idar lamba 01/04 da aka fitar a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2004 ta kafa dokoki ga cibiyoyin banki kan adana bayanai game da cinikayyar da ake zargin akwai laifi da abokan ciniki.

Dokar Lamba 1/035 ta ranar 25 ga Mayu, 2011 ta gabatar da hukunci mai tsauri ga laifin wanke kudi, ciki har da tara da dauri. Dokar Lamba 1/055 ta ranar 30 ga Disamba, 2015 ta kafa Ofishin Karbo Dukiyar da aka samu ta hanyar laifi domin kula da dukiyoyin da aka danganta da cin hanci da wanke kudi.

Shugaba Pierre Nkurunziza, Ministan Shari'a Laurent Nzeyimana, Ministan Kudi Athanase Gahungu, Daraktan Hukumar Binciken Bayanai Emmanuel Ndayisenga, da Daraktan Hukumar Haraji ta Burundi Egide Ndayisenga su ne fitattun mutane da suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa da aiwatar da wadannan dokoki.

Kungiyoyin kasa da kasa kamar su International Monetary Fund da World Bank sun bayar da taimako ta fuskar fasaha da goyon baya wajen gina tsarin yaki da wanke kudi a Burundi.

## Manazarta