open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ingeborg Auer

**Ingeborg Auer** ƙwararriyar masanin kimiyyar sararin samaniya ce ta kasar Austriya,  aka sani da aikinta akan Project HISTALP (Jerin Tarihin Hawan Yanayi na Tarihin Kayan Tarihi na Babban yankin Alpine).

Auer ya fito ne daga Velden am Wörthersee. Ta yi karatu daga shekara ta v1970 zuwa shekara ta 1975 a Cibiyar Nazarin Hasashen yanayi da Geophysics na Jami'ar Vienna, inda ta karɓi digirin digirgir tare da rubutun *Zur Chronik und Synoptik a cikin den österreichischen Südalpenländernon* (To the Chronicle and Synoptics in the Austrian Southern Alps).  Daga shekara ta 1975 Auer tayi aiki a Cibiyar Kula da Sauyin Yanayi da Geodynamics. A cikin shekara ta 2001 ta zama shugabar sashin nazarin yanayin ƙasa da kuma nazarin halittun ruwa. A shekara ta 2009 ta zama shugabar sashen binciken yanayi. Ta yi ritaya a shekara ta 2016. 

Ta'anak da aka sani ga ta taimako ga halittar high quality-data sets ga sauyin yanayi bincike, musamman a fagen homogenization . A karkashin jagorancin ta tare da Reinhard Böhm, an kirkiri bayanan bayanan yanayi na yankin Alpine na HISTALP. Bayanan HISTALP yana ɗayan mafi tsayi kuma ingantaccen bayanan yanayi a duniya.  Bayanai da suka danganci aikinta sun nuna cewa tun daga shekara ta 1800 yankuna masu canjin yanayi a tsaunukan Alps sun matsa zuwa wurare masu mahimmancin gaske a matsayin wani ɓangare na canjin yanayi: A cikin yankunan tsaunuka inda a da akwai dusar ƙanƙara duk shekara zagaye yanzu akwai ciyawa sau da yawa; inda akwai ciyawa, daji sau da yawa yakan tsiro a yau.

## Zaɓaɓɓun wallafe-wallafe

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## Manazarta
Wariyar Launin Fata a Amurka

**Wariyar launin fata a Amurka** yana nuna halaye marasa kyau da ra'ayoyi game da kabilanci . 

Da yawa daga cikin Amurkawa sun ce a shekarar 2019 Donald Trump, Shugaba na wancan lokacin, ya sanya dangantakar launin fata ya yi kyau. 

African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanics, Latinos and Native Americans in the United States have said that they are victims of racism and racial profiling while in college, at work or on streets.

A shekarar 2020 da shekarar 2021, zanga-zangar ta barke a fadin Amurka. Puerto Rican, Amurkawa ta Tsakiya da Meziko sun ƙetare kan iyaka, gami da yara da ba sa rakiyar yara da ƙananan yara . Ba'amurke Ba'amurke da Ba'amurke Ba'amurke an kaiwa hari. 

Ya zuwa Yulin shekarata 2016, Amurkawan Caucasian sune mafi yawan mutane. {Asar Spain da kuma Latino su ne mafi girma da 'yan tsirarun yawan . Yawancin Ba'amurke 'yan Afirka suna zaune ko dai a Kudancin Amurka, Midwest Amurka ko Yammacin Amurka .

## Bayani
1
Point of Peace Foundation

**Point of Peace Foundation:** ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta haƙƙin ɗan adam da ke Stavanger, Norway. Ƙungiyar tana da alhakin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin Shekara ta dubu biyu da takwas 2008 kamar yadda Stavanger ya kasance Babban Birnin Al'adun Turai.

ƙungiyar tana da niyyar kafa filin wasa na duniya don tattaunawa da gudanar da Rikici a Stavanger . *Point of Peace Foundation* yana da wani musamman  don tallafa Nobel Peace Prize yabon a gaggawa bukatar na kafofin watsa labarai, sannan tattaunawa da kuma sadarwa taimako a kasarsu da kuma duniya.

Ƙungiyar ta ƙaddamar da tashar yanar gizo mai suna " Peace Channel" tare da haɗin gwiwar Bob Geldof, da kamfaninsa na Landan Ten Alps, da nufin ƙaddamar da su a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2008.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗin waje

* Shafin yanar gizo Reuters game da Tashar Aminci
Gidauniyar CryptoRights

**Gidauniyar** **CryptoRights, Inc.** (**CRF**) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta 501 (c) (3) da ke San Francisco. Gidauniyar CryptoRights tana taimakawa ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin dan Adam da sauran kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu amfani da boye-boye don kare hanyoyin sadarwar su ta yanar gizo. Kuma  ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙa'idodin ɓoyewa kamar OpenPGP,  IPsec da GnuPG. An kafa kungiyar ne a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1998 yayin kusufin rana gaba daya (kusa da iyakar tsibirin tsibirin Montserrat na Caribbean mai aman wuta  ) a cikin kwale-kwalen da mahalarta taron International Financial Cryptography Association suka shirya akan Anguilla  da Dave Del Torto da ƙungiyar gungun masana "cypherpunk" masana ilimin kimiyyar lissafi.

Muhimman ayyukan fasaha sun hada da ci gaban HighFire (" **H** uman r **igh** ts **Fire** bango"), dandamalin sadarwar da aka rarraba don sadarwar masu zaman kansu na NGO (a kan PC mai karamin aiki wanda ake kira FireBox, game da girman modem na kebul), da kuma HighWire da ke da alaƙa, aikin sadarwar mara waya na yancin dan adam wanda ya zama shine budi na bude tushen bayanin Rediyon da aka ayyana Software a GnuRadio. CRF tana ba da horo na tsaro kyauta da tallafi ga 'yancin ɗan adam da ƙungiyoyin aikin jarida kan amfani da rubutun kalmomi .  Aungiyar CRF kuma ta haɓaka toshe GPG don SquirrelMail .

## Duba kuma

* Gidauniyar Yankin Lantarki
* Cibiyar Bayanai Sirrin Lantarki

## Manazarta
Julaybib

**Julaybi**
Yakasance daya daga cikin sahabban  Annabi, Muhammad.Masu daraja kuma jarumi ne sannan annabi muhammad yace yaga yan matan Al-jannah suna masa maraba.

## '''Yanayin Sa'''
Julaybib yakasance mummuna a harsashen da akayi a zamanin sahabbai yafi kowa muni.

## '''Garin Sa'''
Yakasance mutumin  Madina wacce a larabce ake kira da Ansar￼￼.

## '''Kalar Matan Sa'''
Matar sa Takasan ce kyakkyawa wanda ko a madina tana daya daga cikin masu kyau a garin.

## '''Mutuwar Sa'''

## ￼Ya mutu lokacin da aka kira yaki , A lokacin da yashiga kasuwa sai yaji an kira jahadi da kudin da zaisiya kayan biki dashi ya siya [[Wukari|Wuka￼]].Allah yasa yayi shahada.

#### '''Yaran Sa'''

#### ￼￼Julaybib yaransa shine Larabci[[Larabci|￼￼[Larabci]￼￼]].

￼￼￼￼￼￼￼￼￼￼￼￼￼￼
Mikiko Kainuma

Mikiko Kainuma (甲斐沼 美紀子) (born 1950) is a Japanese climatologist at the Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology. She is primarily known for her work on climate change and climate policy. She is a lead Japanese author on the 4th and 5th IPCC assessment reports..

## Ayyuka
Kainuma ta sami BS, MS, da kuma Ph.D digiri a cikin ilimin lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi daga Jami'ar Kyoto, Japan.  Tun daga shekarar 1977, ta yi aiki a kan gurbatar iska da canjin yanayi a Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli ta Kasa (NIES),  inda kuma a yanzu haka ita ce Shugabar Sashin Bincike Kan Manufofin Yanayi. Ita ce jagorar marubuciya kan Rahoton Bincike na Hudu da na Biyar na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta kan Canjin Yanayi (I.P.C.C).   

Ayyukanta sun haɗa da Misalin Hadaddiyar Asiya da Pasifik (AIM) da Integaddamar da ƙididdigar Muhalli mai ƙarfi na ƙaddamar da Innovation Muhalli na Asiya da Pacific (APEIS)..

## Babban wallafe-wallafe

* RH Moss ua: *Zamani mai zuwa na al'amuran yanayi don bincike da canjin yanayi.* A cikin: *Yanayi .* 46ungiyar 463, Nr. 7282, 2010, S. 747, 
* M. Kainuma, Y. Matsuoka und T. Morita (Hrsg. ): *Kididdigar manufofin yanayi: Tsarin hada-hadar hada-hadar Asia da Pacific.* Masana Kimiyya da Kasuwancin Kasuwanci, 2011, 
* DP Van Vuuren ua: *Hanyar tattara hankalin wakilin: bayyani.* A cikin: *Canjin Yanayi.* Ungiyar 109, Nr. 1-2, 2011, S. 5, .

## Manazarta
Faɗuwar ruwan Rusumo

**Faɗuwar ruwan Rusumo** (Faransanci: **Chutes Rusumo**) shi ne ruwan da yake kan kogin Kagera a kan iyakar Rwanda da Tanzania, wani ɓangare na mafi nisa daga cikin kogin Nilu. Faduwar ta kusan tsayi 15 m (49 ft) kuma 40 m (130 ft) fadi kuma sun kafa a kan precambrian schists da quartz-phyllites.

Kodayake faduwar da kansu ba ta da wani tsayi mai girma idan aka kwatanta da sauran magudanan ruwa, amma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin Ruwanda saboda ita ce kawai hanyar da ta dace a kan kogin da ke yankin.

## A tarihi
Rashin faduwar shine wurin da Bature ya fara zuwa Ruwanda a shekarar 1894, lokacin da lissafin Jamusawa Gustav Adolf von Götzen ya tsallaka daga Tanzaniya (ana ɗaukar Rwanda a matsayin ɓangare na Afirka ta Gabas tun daga 1885 amma har yanzu babu wani Bajamushe da ya shigo ƙasar). Ya ci gaba daga nan zuwa fadar Mwami da ke Nyanza, kuma ya wuce zuwa gabar Tafkin Kivu.

'Yan Beljiyam kuma sun shiga Ruwanda ta hanyar faduwa, lokacin da suka mamaye kasar a lokacin yakin duniya na 1 a shekarar 1916. Gadar da ke Rusumo ita ce kadai za a iya tsallaka kogin a lokacin, kuma Jamusawa sun kafe kansu ta bangaren Rwanda. Ta hanyar ɗaukar matsayi a cikin tsaunukan da ke kewaye, 'yan Beljium sun sami damar cire waɗannan masu gadin ta hanyar amfani da manyan bindigogi suna buɗe hanyar da suka mamaye sauran ƙasar.

Ruwayen ya samu daukaka a duniya a lokacin kisan kare dangin na Ruwanda a shekarar 1994, yayin da dubban gawarwaki suka kwarara a karkashin gadar Rusumo yayin da kwararar ‘yan gudun hijira a lokaci guda suka tsallaka ta, suka tsere zuwa Tanzania don guje wa yanka. Wannan shi ne farkon fitowar jama'a daga rikicin 'Yan gudun hijirar Babban Tekun. Kagera yana shan ruwa daga duk yankunan Rwanda sai yamma mai nisa, saboda haka ya kwashe duk gawarwakin da aka watsar zuwa koguna a duk fadin kasar. Wannan ya haifar da ayyana dokar ta baci a yankunan da ke kusa da gabar Tafkin Victoria a Uganda, inda daga karshe wadannan gawarwakin suka tafi.

A shekarar 2013 kungiyar Bankin Raya Kasashen Afirka ta amince da ba da gudummawa don aikin samar da wutar lantarki na yankin Rusumo Falls Hydropower Project wanda zai kara samar da wutar lantarki ta sabunta da samar da wutar lantarki a kasashen Tanzania, Rwanda da Burundi. Aikin yana da bangarori biyu: injin samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin 80 MW da layukan watsawa da kuma wuraren bada wuta. Bankin yana ɗaukar nauyin watsa kayan aikin Rusumo Falls Hydropower Project.

## Manazarta
Enough Project

**A Enough Project** kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Washington, DC wacce aka kafa a shekara ta 2007. Manufarta ta bayyana shine kawo karshen kisan kare dangi da cin zarafin bil'adama . The Enough Project yana gudanar da bincike a yankuna da dama na rikici a Afirka ciki har da Sudan, Sudan ta Kudu, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, da yankunan da kungiyar Lord Resistance Army (LRA) ke iko da su.  The Enough Project yana ƙoƙari ya gina tasirin akan masu aikatawa da sauƙaƙa ayyukan cin hanci da rashawa ta hanyar gudanar da bincike, yin hulɗa tare da gwamnatoci da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu kan hanyoyin magance manufofi, da haɓaka kamfen ɗin jama'a.  Yaƙin neman zaɓe da shirye-shirye da nufin kawo hankali ga waɗannan rikice-rikicen sun haɗa da The Sentry kuma, a baya, Raise Bege ga Congo da Tauraron Dan Adam Sentinel .  

A Enough Project ya karu daga bincike da dabarun neman shawara na Cibiyar Ci Gaban Amurka da Kungiyar Rikicin Ƙasa ta Duniya a shekara ta 2007.  Abokan haɗin gwiwar sune John Prendergast da Gayle Smith .  A cikin shekaru da yawa na farko, isasshen aikin ya mai da hankali kan tallafi don inganta hanyoyin wanzar da zaman lafiya, dabarun kare fararen hula, da kuma kokarin ba da lissafi game da rikice-rikice masu saurin kisa da munanan ayyuka a Gabas da Tsakiyar Afirka. Kuma a cikin shekarar 2016, isasshen aikin ya karkatar da hankalinsu ga tattalin arziƙin siyasa na rikice-rikice da yaƙi da gwamnatocin kleptocratic.  A cikin wannan shekarar, isasshen aikin ya ƙaddamar da The Sentry, wani yunƙuri wanda aka tsara don tattara shaidu da kuma nazarin yadda ake kashe kuɗi da aiwatar da rikice-rikicen Afirka.

## Manazarta
Forum 18

**Forum 18** wata Norwegian kungiyar kare haƙƙi da inganta 'yancin addini . Sunan kungiyar ya samo asali ne daga Mataki na 18 na Sanarwar Kare Haƙƙin Dan-Adam na Duniya. Ƙungiyar 18 ta taƙaita labarin kamar:

* 'Yancin imani, ibada da shaida.
* 'Yancin canza ra'ayin mutum ko addininsa.
* Hakkin shiga tare da bayyana imanin mutum. 

*Sabis na Labarai na 18*, wanda aka kafa shi ta 18 a shekara ta 2003, tsari ne na kirista na yanar gizo da kuma imel don gabatar da rahoto game da barazanar da ayyukan da ake yi wa religiousancin addini na dukkan mutane, duk abin da ya shafi addinin su, a cikin haƙiƙa, gaskiya da dacewar lokaci. Sabis din ya fi maida hankali ne kan jihohin tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, da suka hada da Belarus da Asiya ta Tsakiya, da Gabashin Turai, amma kuma ya buga rahotanni kan Kosovo, Macedonia, Serbia, Turkey, Burma, China (gami da Xinjiang ), Laos, Mongolia, Koriya ta Arewa, da kuma Vietnam.

An buga sabis na labarai a cikin bugu biyu: taƙaitaccen labaran mako-mako a kowace Juma'a; da kuma fitowar kusan kowace rana da ake bugawa a ranakun mako. Akwai rumbun tarihin bincike, gami da binciken 'yancin addini na ƙasashe da yankuna, da sharhi na kai tsaye kan al'amuran' yancin addini.)

A watan Agusta na shekarar 2005 daya daga cikin kungiyar da ta labarai da aka tsare da kuma tura da hukumomi a Tashkent filin jirgin sama a Uzbekistan,amma shi daukawa a rufe da cewa kasar.
Rahotannin game da 'yancin addini daga Taron Labarai na 18 ana amfani da shi sosai ga ƙungiyoyin duniya kamar Amnesty International,Human Rights Watch,  da ƙungiyar Tsaro da Hadin Kai a Turai (OSCE),kuma kamar yadda yawancin rukunin labarai tare da banbancin addini (watau Musulmi,Kirista,Bahá'í,da Buddah ).

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗin waje

*
Ƴanta Bayi

**Free Slaves** ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta duniya da ƙungiyar zaure, an kafa ta ne don yaƙi da al'adar bautar zamani a duniya. An kafa ta ne a matsayi uwar-kungiyar (Anti-Slavery International)  amma tun daga yanzu ta zama wani keɓaɓɓen abu kuma ba shi da dangantaka da shi. An ƙirƙiro ƙungiyar ne sakamakon binciken da Kevin Bales yayi a cikin littafinsa mai suna **Disposable People: New Sla ohu in the Global Economy**.

## Shirye-shirye.
Free Slaves a halin yanzu suna aiki a ƙasashe kamar haka: Indiya, Nepal, Ghana, Jamhuriyar Demokiradiyar Kongo, Haiti, Senegal, Dominican Republic, da Brazil  Kasashen suna niyya ne bisa ga yawan bautar. Kungiyar ta bayar da "Kyaututtukan Kyauta" don karrama mutane da kungiyoyin da ke gwagwarmayar kawo karshen bautar. Wadanda suka yi nasara sun hada da Veeru Kohli a shekarun (2009), da Timea Nagy, 2012. 

## Magoya baya.

Free Slaves sun yi aiki tare da mawaƙa kamar Jason Mraz da Grammy Award wanda ya ci kyautar Esperanza Spalding . Spalding ya yi wasan kida na fa'ida ga FTS a cikin Disamban shekara ta2012, wanda ke dauke da Bobby McFerrin, Gretchen Parlato, da kuma bayyanar baƙo ta musamman ta Paul Simon .  Spalding kuma ya tara kuɗi don ƙungiyar yayin yawon shakatawa na bazara. 

Sauran magoya bayan sun hada da Carla Gugino, Vincent Kartheiser, Camilla Belle, Forest Whitaker, Demi Moore, da Ashton Kutcher .  

## Sukar.
Dangane da tattaunawar Kevin Bales da Dimokiradiyya Yanzu! game da 'The Free The Slaves,  ɗan jaridar nan mai bincike Christian Parenti ya rubuta suka game da Bales yana mai cewa ya yi ƙararraki game da masana'antar cakulan . Musamman, Parenti yayi jayayya da cewaBales ya kewaya neman kudade, bulala littafinsa da kuma tallata kansa bisa cewa ya samu nasarar gyara masana'antar cakulan kuma ya daina amfani da aikin kwadago na yara a Afirka ta Yamma. Amma irin wannan ba ta faru ba. . . Kungiyar Bales 'FTS ta kare masana'antar cakulan lokacin da Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta nemi sanya koko a matsayin kayan da bayi da ayyukan yara suka lalata. 

## Manazarta.

## Hanyoyin haɗin waje

* 'Yancin Bayi
* Shafin Anti-Bautar Kasa da Kasa
* "Kofar Nextofar Bawa: Safarar Mutane da Bauta a Amurka Yau" a kan Dimokiradiyya Yanzu!
Cutar Rayuwa ta Al'aldu

**Cutar Rayuwa ta Al'adu,** (wanda aka kafa ta a shekara ta 1972) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke zaune a Cambridge, Massachusetts, Amurka], waɗanda aka keɓe don kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na 'yan asalin ƙasar.

## Tarihi
Al'adu Survival aka kafa ta Anthropology, David Maybury-Lewis da matarsa, Pia, , a mayar da martani ga bude kofa na Amazonian da kuma kudancin Amurka hinterlands a lokacin shekara ta 1960s, da kuma m effects wannan yana a kan 'Yan asalin mazaunan. Tun daga wannan lokacin ya yi aiki tare da al'ummomin Asiya a Asiya, Afirka, Kudancin Amurka, Arewacin Amurka, da Ostiraliya, suna zama manyan ƙungiyoyi na Amurka waɗanda ke kare haƙƙin igenan Asalin a duk duniya. Cibiyarsa a Cambridge, Massachusetts, Tsira da Al'adu kuma tana da ofishin tauraron dan adam don.
 aikin Rediyon Guatemala a Guatemala. 

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, Rayuwa ta Al'adu tana da darajar tauraruwa huɗu daga ƙungiyar Sadaka .

## PONSACS
Shirin akan takunkumin hana tashin hankali a rikici (PNS), wani sashin bincike na Harvard's Center for International Affairs, Gene Sharp ne ya kirkireshi a shekarar 1983.  Abinda ta mai da hankali shi ne yin amfani da takunkumi ba bisa doka ba a matsayin madadin ayyukan tsoma baki. Sharp ya kuma kafa ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta Albert Einstein Institution (AEI) 'yan watanni daga baya, wanda ya zama ƙungiyar kuɗi don Shirin.

A cikin shekarar 1995 (wasu shekaru bayan tafiyar Sharp) PNS sun haɗu tare da Rayuwa ta Al'adu, ƙirƙirar Shirin kan Takunkumi na Rashin andarfafawa da Cutar Al'adu (PONSACS). PONSACS ya mai da hankali kan "hanyoyin da ba na tashin hankali ba don kiyaye dukkan mutane da al'adunsu", ya bunkasa tsawon shekaru goma kafin daga karshe ya rufe a shekara ta 2005.

## Duba wasu abubuwan

* Abokan Mutanen Kusa da Yanayi
* Tsira International

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗin waje

* 
*
Ƙungiyar Amfanar da Jama'a ta Huɗu

**Ƙungiyar Amfanar da Jama'a ta Hudu** (Wanda kuma ake kira **Estate na Huɗu** ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa, mara son kai, haƙƙin ɗan adam, ƙungiyar membobin da aka sadaukar da ita ga 'yan jaridu masu' yanci masu ƙarfi.An tsara a matsayin memba na mallakar haɗin gwiwar zamantakewar al'umma,  mambobi na thasa ta Hudu duka mutane ne da ƙungiyoyi masu wakiltar furodusoshin labarai da kuma masu amfani.Manufofin kungiyar sun hada da: bayar da shawarwari, kokarin yada labarai, saka hannun jari, da dabarun shigar da kara a kotu. Sunanta kuma yana nuni da wani yanki na al'umma wanda ke amfani da tasiri kai tsaye amma mai tasiri a cikin al'umma duk da cewa ba yanki ne na tsarin siyasa da aka sani ba.

## Manyan ayyuka da manufofi

### Tsarin aikin jarida
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2019 kungiyar ta bayyana wani sabon Kundin Aikin Aikin Jarida wanda aka kirkira don nuna muhimman ka'idoji da ka'idojin aikin jaridar na zamani.  Sabon Dokar a'a ya zama sananne musamman don yarda da hukuma cewa aikin jarida ba shine kawai keɓantaccen ƙwararren ɗan jarida ba. 

### Kwaskwarimar farko da 'yancin yada labarai
Ƙasashe na huɗu suna ba da shawara ga Kwaskwarimar Farko da 'Yancin' Yan Jarida kuma suna aiki tare da haɗin gwiwa  tare da sauran ƙungiyoyin fararen hula  kan shirye-shiryen 'Yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da shirye-shirye.

### Tsarin dandalin sada zumunta
Ƙasar ta huɗu ta haɓaka kuma ta ƙaddamar da wasu hanyoyin rarraba kafofin watsa labarun da yawa **.** Civiq.social  amfani da ita ta hanyar dandalin Civiq, haka kuma PhotoJournalist.pro  da Cartoonist.org  amfani da su ta hanyar dandalin Cutline.

### Labarai da kuma kasuwanci aikin jarida
Ƙasar ta Hudu tana gudanar da shirye-shirye da yawa don haɓaka labarai da kasuwanci na aikin jarida  gami da sabis na kayayyakin yanar gizo kyauta da ragi,  shirye-shiryen ba da shawara kan ƴan kasuwa, da kuma samar da jari iri.

### Mala'iku na hudu
**Mala'iku Estate na Hudu** suna ba da iri da farkon matakan kuɗi a cikin kewayon $ 5K- $ 25K don labarai da farawa na aikin jarida.  Mala'iku Estate na huɗu ba asusu bane kuma baya saka hannun jari azaman LLC. Membobi suna aiki tare cikin tsarin himma, amma suna yanke shawarar saka hannun jari ga mutum.

### Sero ilmi dns
A cikin watan Disambar watan shekara ta 2017 Gida ta Hudu ta sanar da ƙaddamar da "Amintaccen, Sirri, Zero na Ilimin Sabis na DNS don 'yan jarida da ƙungiyoyin labarai masu sha'awar jama'a".   An tsara sabis ɗin don sanya shi wahala ga gwamnatoci, na ISP, da / ko hukumomi don amfani da buƙatun DNS don leken asiri kan journalistsan jarida da ƙungiyoyin labarai. Ana kiranta a matsayin "ilimi" sabis na DNS saboda hanyar da aka adana bayanan tambayoyin DNS, rufaffen kuma sarrafa su.

## Manazarta
Ƴanci daga Azaftarwa

**<nowiki/>'Yanci daga Azabtarwa** (wanda a baya aka sani da **Gidauniyar lafiya don kula da wadanda aka azabtar da su** ) wata ƙungiyar agaji ce ta Biritaniya wacce ke ba da kulawar likita ga waɗanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa waɗanda ke neman kariya a ƙasar Burtaniya.  Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a cikin shekara ta 1985, sama da mutane kimanin guda 57,000 waɗanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa aka tura zuwa ga ƙungiyar don taimako kuma ita ce ɗayan manyan cibiyoyin kula da azabtarwa a duniya.  

'Yanci daga azabtarwa yana ba da takaddun likita da na tunani game da azabtarwa, yawancin hanyoyin warkarwa, gami da halayyar kwakwalwa, ba da shawara ga mutum da dangi, aikin gyaran jiki da haɗin gwiwa tare da shawarwari masu amfani da tallafi. Tana horar da masana kiwon lafiya, na shari'a da na siyasa a duk cikin Ƙasar Burtaniya don aiki tare da buƙatu masu rikitarwa da haƙƙin waɗanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa.

Babban yanki na 'Yanci daga aikin azabtarwa shine bayar da shawarwari ga wadanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa da kuma tabbatar da jihohin da ke da alhakin azabtarwar an hukunta su. Sannan kuma yana aiki ne don tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam na waɗanda suka ragu a ƙasa da ƙasa. 'Yanci daga azabtarwa kuma yana tallafawa waɗanda ke Raye Suna Magana (SSO), ,ungiyar sadarwar Burtaniya da ta tsira daga azabtarwa.    Duk mambobin tsohuwar 'Yanci ne daga abokan cin azabar.

## Tarihi
'Yanci daga azaba ya fara a farkon shekara ta 1980s, a matsayin ɓangare na ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Amnesty International.  An kafa kungiyar ne don inganta aiyukan kiwon lafiya da ake da su wa wadanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa a ƙasar Burtaniya. Wannan aikin da farko ya ɗauki salon kamfen kan take haƙƙin ɗan adam da takaddun shaidar azabtarwa ta ƙwararrun likitocin sa kai da manyan ƙwararrun likitoci a matsayin martani.

## Ƙididdiga
Tunda aka kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1985, kungiyar ta karbi mutane Guda miliyan 57,000. 

A cikin shekara ta 2016, 'Yanci daga cibiyoyin azabtarwa sun karɓi ma'aikataa 1,066 ga mutane daga ƙasashe daban-daban guda 76. Mafi yawan wadanda aka tura sun fito ne daga Sri Lanka (230), Iran (140), Afghanistan (108), Nigeria (64), Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo (62), Turkey (56), Iraki (55), Pakistan (53), Syria (48) da Sudan (46). 

## Manazarta
Ƴancin Amsa

***<nowiki/>'Yancin Amsa*** (wani lokacin ana kiransa ***R2R*** ) jerin talabijin ne na Burtaniya da aka nuna akan Channel 4 daga shekara ta 1982 har zuwa shekara ta 2001, wanda ya bawa masu kallo damar tofa albarkacin bakinsu ko damuwarsu game da shirye shiryen TV. Yana dauke da rahotanni, galibi wanda mai kallo ke gabatarwa, da hira tare da masu shirin.

## Tarihi

*<nowiki/>'Yancin Amsa ya* kasance mai tsananin mahimmanci da raha fiye da kwatankwacin *Ra'ayoyin* BBC . Har ila yau, *R2R ya* tattauna duk shirye-shiryen tashoshi, kodayake, asali, kawai "masu yin shirye-shiryen Channel Hudu [aka] kira su zuwa asusu";  bayan wasu shekaru *R2R ya* fara tattauna abubuwan nunin ITV shi ma, kuma ba da daɗewa ba kuma ya ƙara BBC, kuma daga baya tauraron dan adam / kebul . *Mahimman ra'ayi sun* yi sharhi ne kawai kan shirye-shiryen BBC, kuma ana ci gaba har yau.

Wasu sanannun ayyuka da rahotanni sun haɗa da:

* "Manhattan Transfer" (farko watsa shirye-shirye 8 Fabrairun shekarar 1985) https://web.archive.org/web/20071113081822/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/332403, da dukan mazaunan episode game da John Wilcock, wanda ya shirya wani New York na USB TV jama'a damar bayyana game da TV.
* *<nowiki/>'Yancin Amsa* labarin abin da ya faru game da batun jima'i a *cikin Daraktan Waƙoƙi* a cikin 1986, wanda ya sa wasu masu kallo yin gunaguni game da' *Yancin Amsa*, wanda watakila fitowar TV ta Simon Cowell kenan.

Babban sanannen ' *Yancin Amsa* shi ne "akwatin bidiyo", wanda ya ba masu kallo hanya ta uku ta sadarwa tare da shirin a cikin 1980s, tare da wasiƙa ko tarho . A ƙarshen 1990s (har zuwa 2001) "'Yancin Amsa 500", gungun masu kallon TV 500, sun amsa binciken mako-mako na kan layi game da al'amuran talabijin na yanzu.

### Sokewa
Shawarwarin Channel 4 na shekarata 2001 don ƙare *Dama don Amsa*, bayan gudu fiye da shekaru 18, magoya bayansa sun soki shi, tunda babu wani abu makamancin wannan da ya rage a wurin. Wasu sun ce sokewar wakilcin sauyawar Channel 4 ne zuwa ga al'ada da kuma rashin son daukar kasada kamar yadda ya yi a shekara ta 1980 - wani mai kallo ya ce, "Channel 4 da nake gani a yau ya canza zuwa wata tashar Talabijin kawai". 

### Maimaitawa

A ranar 24 ga 6 Mayun shekara ta 2007, Ofcom ta ba da umarnin a sake dawo da wani shiri na Channel Hudu *don Ba da Amsa* a cikin hukuncin sa na tseren shekara ta 2007 *Celebrity Big Brother* .  *An nuna Nunin TV* sau ɗaya a wata a Channel 4, amma a ƙarshen jerin na biyu, an soke wasan kwaikwayon saboda ƙimantawa da sake dubawa.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗin waje

* BFI.org.uk: Bayani game da abun ciki a cikin dama da ''dama don ba da amsa'', 1982-2001
* Mai kallo Dom Robinson yayi bitar kwarewarsa akan ''R2R'', 2001 
*
Garkuwa da yara ɗalibai a Kebbi

A ranar 24 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 2021,  an sace ɗalibai da yawa a Birnin Yauri, Kebbi, Nigeria.      Motar da aka yi amfani da ita ta wani tsohon Alƙali ce.
 An kashe ɗan sanda guda, kuma an ceto dalibai biyar.

## Manazarta
Segun Awosanya

**Segun Awosanya** (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1976). Wanda aka fi sani da **Segalink**  dan Nijeriya ne, kuma dan rajin kare hakkin dan Adam, sa'annan kuma Mashawarcin Kasuwanci da Dabaru. 

Awosanya ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka shirya (yakin neman zaben) yaki da cin zarafin ‘yan sanda a Najeriya ta hanyar amfani da kafofin sada zumunta a matsayin kayan aiki, yayin da yake tattaunawa da hukumomi a bangarorin gwamnati tare da neman goyon bayan #EndSARS #ReformPoliceNG, wanda ya samar da sakamako a lokacin da Muhammadu Buhari ya jagoranci gwamnatin Tarayyar. Najeriya ta sanar da yin garambawul ga sashen sashin rundunar yaki da fashi da makami ta musamman da aka fi sani da SARS .    

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Segun a karamar hukumar Isale Eko na jihar Legas ga marigayi Prince Adebanjo M. Awosanya da Late Madam Susanna Olubukonla Awosanya dukkansu sun kasance daga Ago -Iwoye (Ijebu North local government- State Ogun ). Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Ojota a shekarun (1982-1987) da kuma sakandaren Ojota (1988-1994). 

Awosanya karatu Estate Management a Yaba College of Technology a 1996. Yayin da yake kwalejin, an dauke shi aiki a Kaba College of Technology Cadet Force wanda ke hade da Bataliyar 25 Guards, Army Cantonment kuma ya tashi cikin mukami ya zama memba na kwamandan kwamanda a shekara ta 1997. Daga baya ya zarce zuwa Jami'ar Legas inda ya yi karatu a fannin Gudanar da Gidaje (2000-2005). 

## Ayyuka
Awosanya shine Founder / Shugaba, Socialungiyar Ba da Tallafin *Tallafawa Jama'a (SIAF).*   Shi ne kuma Wanda ya kirkiro da kuma Daraktan Daraktan kamfanin *ALIENSMEDIA* (wata kafar yada labarai ta zamani mai zuwa, fasahar kere kere da dabarun tuntuba).  Ya ci gaba da ilimantarwa da wayar da kan jama'a ta hanyar Twitter tare da samun nasarar shiga tsakani kai tsaye wajen dinke barakar da ke tsakanin mutane da cibiyoyin gwamnati.  

Awosanya na tuntubar kamfanoni da yawa, Governmentungiyoyin Gwamnati da Nonungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a cikin Nijeriya da ma kan fasaha, dabarun kasuwanci, sadarwar dabaru, saka hannun jari na kasa / gudanar da dukiya, ci gaban mutum, rikice-rikicen / hangen nesa, kwarewa mai laushi da al'amuran watsa labarai.

Awosanya ya saukaka tare da yin tasiri a fagen zamantakewar siyasa da siyasa daga Nijeriya har zuwa shekara ta 2014 har zuwa yau ta hanyar wasu shawarwari.  Mafi shahara a tsakanin su shine *[[End SARS|#EndSARS #ReformPoliceNG]]* - Shawarwarin da ke mayar da hankali kan sake fasalin tsarin shari'ar masu aikata laifuka ta hanyar yin gyare-gyare a majalisa da kuma karyar dan sanda (SARS) wanda a halin yanzu ke barazana ga mulkin kasar da kuma janar tsarkin zamantakewarmu.     

Bayan zanga-zangar #ndSARS a Najeriya, an sanya Awosanya a matsayin mamba a kwamitin binciken shari’a na jihar Legas da gwamnan jihar Legas Babajide Sanwo-Olu kan cin zarafin ‘yan sanda a jihar Legas.

## Rayuwar mutum
Awosanya ta auri Odezi Faith Awosanya (dan kasuwa), tare da ɗa da diya

## Duba kuma

* Karshen SARS
* Adungiyar Anti-fashi ta Musamman

## Manazarta
Olikoye Ransome-Kuti

Olikoye Ransome-Kuti an haife shi ne a Ijebu Ode a ranar 30 ga watan Disamban shekarar 1927, a cikin jihar Ogun ta yanzu, Nijeriya. Mahaifiyarsa, Cif Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti, shahararriyar mai rajin siyasa ce kuma mai rajin kare hakkin mata, kuma mahaifinsa, Reverend Israel Oludotun Ransome-Kuti, wani Furotesta minista kuma shugaban makarantar, shi ne shugaban farko na ƙungiyar Malaman Najeriya .  Dan uwansa Fela ya girma ya zama mashahurin mawaƙi kuma ya kafa Afrobeat, yayin da wani ɗan'uwansa, Beko, ya zama fitaccen likita da ɗan gwagwarmaya na duniya. Ransome-Kuti ta halarci Makarantar Grammar ta Abeokuta, Jami’ar Ibadan da kuma Kwalejin Trinity ta Dublin (1948–54). 

## Ayyuka
Ya kasance likitan gida a General Hospital, Lagos . Ya kasance babban malami a jami'ar Legas daga shekara ta 1967 zuwa shekara ta 1970 sannan ya nada Daraktan kula da lafiyar yara a kwalejin koyon aikin likitanci ta jami'ar ta Legas sannan ya zama shugaban sashin kula da lafiyar yara daga shekara ta 1968 zuwa shekara ta 1976. Ya kasance farfesa a likitan yara a Kwalejin Magunguna, Jami'ar Legas har sai da ya yi ritaya a 1988.   Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban jami'in gidan jami'in a Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, da kuma matsayin locum a Hammersmith Hospital a shekarun 1960s.

A shekarun 1980, ya shiga gwamnatin Janar Ibrahim Babangida a matsayin ministan lafiya. A cikin shekarar 1983 tare da wasu Nigeriansan Nijeriya biyu, ya kafa ɗayan manyan ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kiwon lafiya - ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Iyali ta Nijeriya da ta fi damuwa da tsarin iyali da ayyukan kula da lafiyar yara a lokacin. A cikin shekara ta 1986, ya isar da labarin cutar ta farko a Nijeriya, yarinya 'yar shekara 14 da aka gano tana dauke da kwayar cutar HIV . Ya yi minista har zuwa  shekara ta 1992, lokacin da ya shiga Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya a matsayin Mataimakin Darakta-Janar.

Ya rike mukamai daban-daban na karantarwa, gami da ziyarar farfesa a makarantar Baltimore ta Johns Hopkins ta makarantar tsafta da kiwon lafiyar jama'a. Ya yi rubuce-rubuce da yawa don mujallu na likita da wallafe-wallafe. 

Ya lashe kyautar Leon Bernard Foundation  da lambar yabo ta Maurice Pate, a shekara ta 1986 da kuma shekara ta 1990 a jere. 

## Mutuwa
Olikoye Ransome-Kuti ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Yunin shekara ta 2003. Ya bar matar sa da shekaru 50 Sonia da yara uku. 

## Manazarta
Ƴancin Yin Faɗa

**Yancin Yin faɗa, yana** ɗayan da ga cikin haƙƙoƙi ne da aka ba wa mahaliccin ayyukan kirkira ta dokar haƙƙin mallaka ta ƙasar Japan. Doka ba ta bayyana haƙƙin mallaka ba a matsayin cikakken haƙƙi guda ɗaya (1) ba amma a matsayin ɗumbin haƙƙoƙi daban-daban da suka haɗa da haƙƙin haifuwa, haƙƙin aiwatarwa, 'yancin gabatar da allo da kuma haƙƙin watsawa ga jama'a.

=Adawa=
An sami adawa mai ƙarfi ga shawarwarin game da "'Yancin Intanet" da aka ambata a sama. A cewar ra'ayin masu adawa, kafa irin wannan "'Yancin na Intanet" na iya sanya takunkumi mara adalci kan aiwatar da hakkin mallaka da na makwabta kuma babu wani dalili da zai sanya a yi tsari na musamman kawai don amfani da abubuwan dijital a intanet.    

## Hanyoyin haɗin waje
* Dokar haƙƙin mallaka ta Japan (Haɗin haɗin asalin asalin Jafananci da fassarar Ingilishi) 
* Dokar haƙƙin mallaka na Amurka

## Manazarta
Ƴancin Tsabtace Tsarin Jirgin Sama Turkiyya

**Yancin Tsabtace Tsarin Jirgin Sama a Turkiyya** (RtCAP) (    ) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ta maida hankali kacokan kan matsalar gurɓatar iska a Turkiyya.

## Manufofi.
Don kare lafiyar jama'a RtCAP na da nufin tsaftace iska daga ƙasar Turkiyya har sai a kalla ta haɗu da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da shawarar lafiya. 

A cikin shekara ta 2018, RtCAP ta buga wasu shawarwari game da manufofi guda 10, ga gwamnati sune kamar haka: 

# Abin dogaro gwargwadon gurɓatacciyar iska.
# Yi doka don saduwa da jagororin gurɓata iska na WHO.
# Haɗa PM 2.5, a cikin sama.
# Saki ƙarin bayanai ga jama'a.
# Yi amfani da samfurin zamani na watsawa na yanayi a cikin kimanta tasirin tasirin muhalli.
# Gabatar da kimanta tasirin kiwon lafiya.
# Dakatar da ba da tallafi ga burbushin mai.
# Inganta doka don hanawa da ramawa don gurɓatar iska.
# Inganta madadin zuwa ayyukan gurɓata.
# Hada kai tsakanin sassan gwamnati da kuma kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da kungiyoyin kwararru.

## Membobi.
Membobin wannan dandalin sune: CAN Turai, General Practitioner Association of Turkey, Greenpeace Mediterranean, Green Peace Law Association, Green Thought Association, Lafiya da Kawancen Kawance (HEAL), Likitocin kungiyar kare muhalli, Gidauniyar TEMA (Gidauniyar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Soasa yashewa, domin Reforestation da Kariya Halitta wuraren), Turkish Medical Association (TTB), Turkish Neurological Society, Turkish numfashi Society, Turkish Society of sana'a Lafiya Kwararru (İMUD), Turkish Society of Public Health Kwararru (HASUDER), Yuva Association, WWF Turkiyya, 350.org.

## Aiki.

Wannan dandamali ya biyo baya ne daga sarki Byzantine Justinian I wanda ya amince da mahimmancin iska mai tsafta a shekara ta 535, AD,  da kuma tsarin mulkin jamhuriyyar Turkiyya da ke cewa "Wajibi ne ga Jiha da 'yan ƙasa su inganta yanayin yanayi, don kare lafiyar muhalli da kuma kiyaye gurbatar muhalli.importance of clean air in 535, AD,

### Gawayi.
A cikin shekarar 2019, dandalin ya jawo hankalin 'yan majalisa don hana gurbata muhalli daga tashoshin wutar lantarki da aka harba a Turkiyya, kuma suka gudanar da wayar da kan jama'a da kuma bayar da shawarwari ta hanyar jaridun kasar. Daga baya majalisar ta kada kuri'ar don takaita wannan gurbatarwar.  Suna kuma yakin neman zabe kan tallafin da Turkiyya ke bayarwa kan kwalpollution. They also campaign against Turkey's subsidies to coal.

### Muhalli mai Gina.
Su suna wayar da kai  a turkey domin kawo tsaftatacciyar karshen muhalli mai Guba mai suna PM 2.5

### Musamman.
A dandamali ne da yakin neman zabe ga Turkey don saita mai shari'a iyaka a kan yanayi lafiya particulates da aka sani da PM 2.5.  Sun bayyana cewa za a iya hana rigakafin mace-mace sama da dubu 50, a cikin shekara ta 2017, idan da PM2.5, sun kasance ƙasa da jagororin WHO.

## Manazarta.

## Hanyoyin haɗin waje

* Taswirar Ingancin iska (Baturke) 
* Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2019 a Istanbul
Biyafara

**Bight of Biafra** (wanda aka fi sani da **Bight of Bonny** a Najeriya)wani yanki ne da ke yammacin gabar tekun yammacin Afirka ta tsakiya,a gabashin gabar tekun Guinea.

## Geography
*Bight na Biafra,*ko Mafra (mai suna bayan garin Mafra a kudancin Portugal),tsakanin Capes Formosa da Lopez,shi ne mafi gabashin Gulf of Guinea ; ya ƙunshi tsibiran Bioko [Equatorial Guinea],Sao Tomé da Principe .Sunan Biafra - kamar yadda ke nuni da kasar - ya fada cikin rashin amfani a karshen karni na 19

Taswirar 1710 ta nuna cewa yankin da ake kira "Biafra" ( Biafra )yana cikin Kamaru a yau.

Bakin Biafra ya taso gabas daga kogin Delta na Niger a arewa har ya isa Cape Lopez na kasar Gabon. Bayan kogin Neja,sauran kogunan da suka isa bakin teku akwai kogin Cross River,kogin Calabar,Ndian, Wouri,Sanaga,Kogin Nyong, Ntem, Mbia, Mbini, Muni da Kogin Komo .

Babban tsibiran a cikin Bay sune Bioko da Principe;wasu muhimman tsibiran sune Ilhéu Bom Bom,Ilhéu Caroço,Elobey Grande da Elobey Chico.Kasashen da ke yankin Biafra sune Kamaru,yankin gabashin Najeriya, Equatorial Guinea ( Tsibirin Bioko da Rio Muni ), da Gabon

## Tarihi
 
Faɗin Biafra ya kai kimanin kashi 10.7% na duk mutanen da aka yi bautar da aka yi jigilar su zuwa Amurka tsakanin 1519-1700.Tsakanin 1701-1800, an kiyasta kimar 14.97%.  Wadanda aka sace a Fagen Biafra sun hada da Bamileke, Igbo,Tikar,Bakossi,Fang,Massa,Bubi da dai sauransu.Waɗannan 'yan Afirka da aka kama sun isa abin da zai zama Amurka kuma an sayar da su a Virginia,wanda ke riƙe da kashi 60% na duk bayi a gabar tekun gabas.Virginia da yankunan da ke kewaye sun rike bayi 30,000.A al'ada,mutanen da ake bauta suna da arha idan aka saya a Kamaru saboda sun gwammace su mutu maimakon su karɓi bautar.

A tsakiyar karni na goma sha takwas,Bonny ya fito a matsayin babbar tashar kasuwancin bayi a kan Bight of Biafra wanda ya wuce tashar jiragen ruwa na farko a Elem Kalabari (wanda aka fi sani da New Calabar) da Old Calabar . Wadannan tashoshin jiragen ruwa guda 3 tare sun dauki sama da kashi 90% na cinikin bayi da ke fitowa daga Bight of Biafra.

Tsakanin 1525 zuwa 1859,Biritaniya ta yi lissafin sama da kashi biyu bisa uku na bayi da aka fitar da su daga fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra zuwa sabuwar duniya .

A cikin 1777,Portugal ta canza ikon Fernando Po da Annobón zuwa suzerainty na Sipaniya don haka gabatar da Spain cikin tarihin mulkin mallaka na farko na Bight of Biafra.

A cikin 1807,United Kingdom ta haramta cinikin bayi na duniya,kuma an tura sojojin ruwa na Royal don hana bayi daga Amurka, Faransa, Spain, Portugal,Holland, Afirka ta Yamma da Larabawa daga yin cinikinsu.

A ranar 30 ga watan Yunin 1849,Biritaniya ta kafa tasirin soji akan Bight of Biafra ta hanyar gina sansanin sojan ruwa da karamin ofishin jakadanci a tsibirin Fernando Po,  a karkashin ikon British Consuls of the Bight of Benin:

## Manazarta
Kogin Kagera

**Kogin Kagera**, wanda aka fi sani da **Kogin Akagera**, ko **Alexandra Nile**, kogi ne na Afirka ta Gabas, yanayin wani ɓangare na saman ruwan Kogin Nilu kuma yana ɗaukar ruwa daga asalinsa mafi nisa. 167 Tare da tsawon 597 kilomita (371 mi) ) daga tushenta dake Tafkin Rweru a Rwanda.

Bangaren kogi mai suna Kagera ya fara ne daga Burundi, yana malala daga Tafkin Rweru. Daga tabkin, yana kwarara gabas ta kan iyakar Rwanda-Burundi da Rwanda-Tanzania don haɗuwa da Kogin Ruvubu. Ta haka ne aka samar da ruwan Kagera ta wasu manyan rafuka guda biyu, Nyabarongo na Rwanda, wanda ke ciyar da Tafkin Rweru, da kuma Ruvubu na Burundi. Ba a san ko wanne daga cikin waɗannan kogunan ciyarwar guda biyu ne ya fi tsayi ba saboda haka shine asalin Nilu. Daga wurin haduwa, Kagera yana kwarara zuwa arewa ta kan iyakar Rwanda da Tanzania, a kan Rusumo Falls da kuma ta Akagera National Park. Daga nan sai ya juya zuwa gabas, yana bin iyakar Tanzania da Uganda kuma ya wofinta zuwa Tafkin Victoria a Uganda. A cikin 1898, Richard Kandt ya gano asalin Kagera.

Kogin ya yi fice sosai a tarihin kasashen da ya ratsa, musamman Ruwanda. A cikin 1894, Bajamushe Gustav Adolf von Götzen ya tsallaka Kagera a Rusumo Falls, ya fara zamanin mulkin mallakar Rwandan; kuma a cikin 1916, a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, ’yan Beljiyam suka ci Jamusawa, suka shiga Rwanda ta wannan hanyar. Kogin ya sami daraja a duniya a cikin 1994 saboda daukar gawarwaki daga kisan kiyashin Rwandan zuwa Lake Victoria, wanda ya sa aka ayyana dokar ta baci a yankunan Yuganda, inda daga karshe wadannan gawawwaki suka tafi.

## Labarin kasa
Kagera ya tashi a cikin Burundi ya kwarara zuwa Tafkin Victoria. Shine mafi girma tafkin daya shigo cikin tafkin ya shigo Victoria, yana bayar da gudummawar kimanin mitakyub biliyan 6.4 a shekara (kimanin kashi 28 cikin dari na kwararar tafkin). An kafa Kagera ne ta hanyar haɗin Ruvuvu da Nyabarongo, kusa da ƙarshen arewacin Tafkin Tanganyika. Tana kafa sassan iyakokin Burundi – Tanzania, Rwanda – Tanzania, Burundi – Rwanda, da Tanzania-Uganda. Tana ba da suna ga Akagera National Park a arewacin Ruwanda, da kuma yankin Kagera na Tanzania. A kan kogin akwai Rusumo Falls, muhimmin mashigin tsakanin Rwanda da Tanzania. Yana kusa da garin Rusumo.

## Kifi
Kogin Kagera yana da wadataccen kifi. Ya zuwa 2001, akwai aƙalla nau'ikan kifaye 55 da aka sani daga ɓangaren Rwandan kawai kuma ainihin adadin na iya yawa. Bugu da ƙari, akwai aƙalla nau'ika 15 na *haplochromine cichlids* waɗanda ba su da kyau ga wasu daga cikin tabkuna a ɓangarorin saman kogin. Saboda yawan faduwar ruwa da hanzari, an raba bangarori daban-daban na Kogin Kagera a bayyane, yana sanya motsi a tsakanin su da wahala ko ma ba zai iya kamun kifi ba.

## Kisan kiyashi
A lokacin kisan kare dangin na Ruwanda na 1994, an yi amfani da Kagera wajen zubar da gawarwaki yayin da aka kashe dubban 'yan Tutsi da masu sassaucin ra'ayi na siyasa a gabar kogin. Kogin ya kawo gawarwakin da aka kashe cikin Tafkin Victoria, wanda ke haifar da mummunan haɗari ga lafiya ga mutane a cikin Uganda.

## Duba kuma

## Manazarta

### Bayanan kula


### Majiya
* 
* 
*
André Onana

**André Onana Onana** (An haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Afrilu 1996) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Kamaru wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida a ƙungiyar Ajax ta Eredivisie da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kamaru.

## Aikin kulob/ƙungiya
An haife shi a Nkol Ngok,  Onana ya koma Barcelona a 2010, bayan ya fara a Gidauniyar Samuel Eto'o.  A farkon Janairu 2015, an sanar da cewa zai shiga kulob din Ajax na Holland a watan Yuli 2015.  An gabatar da canja wurin daga baya a wannan watan.    Ya fara buga wa Jong Ajax wasa a Eerste Divisie a watan Fabrairun 2015.  Ya sanya hannu kan sabon kwangila tare da Ajax a watan Mayu 2017, yana gudana har zuwa 2021.  A cikin Maris 2019 ya sanya hannu kan sabon kwangila, har zuwa Yuni 2022.  A watan Nuwamba 2019, ya ce yana sha'awar buga gasar Premier a Ingila. 

A cikin Fabrairu 2021, UEFA ta dakatar da Onana daga yin wasa na tsawon watanni 12 bayan an gwada ingancin Furosemide, haramtaccen abu. Ajax ya ce ya sha maganin matarsa ne bisa kuskure kuma za su daukaka kara kan hukuncin.  Kotun sauraren kararrakin wasanni ta rage dakatarwar zuwa watanni tara a watan Yuni. 

A cikin Janairu 2022 an danganta shi da canja wuri zuwa kulob din Inter Milan na Italiya.

## Ayyukan kasa
Onana tsohon dan wasan Kamaru ne na kasa da kasa.  An sanya sunan shi a cikin 'yan wasan Kamaru a wasan sada zumunci da Faransa a watan Mayun 2016. 

Onana ya fara bugawa Kamaru a wasan sada zumunta da suka doke Gabon da ci 2-1 a watan Satumban 2016.  Ya taka leda a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 2021 wasan matsayi na uku da Burkina Faso.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Dan uwansa, Fabrice Ondoa, kuma yana taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida . 

A watan Mayun 2019, Onana ya yi magana game da zama mai tsaron gida baƙar fata, yana mai cewa dole ne su yi aiki tuƙuru fiye da takwarorinsu farar fata saboda rashin fahimta game da su suna yin "kuskure". 

## Kididdigar sana'a

### Kulob

### Ƙasashen Duniya

## Girmamawa
**Ajax** 

* Wasanni : 2018-19, 2020-21, 2021-22
* Kofin KNVB : 2018-19, 2020-21
* Johan Cruyff Shield : 2019
* UEFA Europa League na biyu: 2016-17 

**Kamaru**

* 2021 Gasar Cin Kofin Nahiyar Afrika A Matsayi na Uku. 

**Mutum**

* Indomitable Lion of the Year (Dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Kamaru): 2018 
* Gwarzon Golan Afirka: 2018 
* Kungiyar Eredivisie na Shekara: 2018-19 
* Kungiyar CAF ta Shekara : 2019 
* IFFHS CAF Ƙungiyar Maza ta Shekara: 2020 

## Manazarta
Tafkin Rweru

**Tafkin Rweru,** Tafki ne da ke kusa da arewacin Burundi a tsakiyar Afirka. Yankin arewacin tafkin ya kasance wani yanki na iyakar Burundi da Rwanda. Sanannen wuri ne wanda yake nesa da Kogin Nilu. Kogin Kagera, wanda mutane da yawa ke ɗaukarsa a matsayin mashigin Kogin Nilu, ya tashi a arewacin tafkin, wanda yake a Ruwanda.
## Labarin kasa
Tafkin yana da fadin kasa kilomita 100 (40 sq mi) tsakanin kasashen biyu, Burundi (80 km2 (30 sq mi)) da Rwanda (20 km2 (10 sq mi)). Tekun yana da gabar teku kusan kilomita 76. Tabkin yana da zurfi a mafi yawan bangarorin kuma yana da zurfin zurfin 2.1 m tare da iyakar zurfin sa a 3 m dake cikin Burundi. Kogin Kagera yana kwarara daga tafkin a cikin Burundi kuma yana kwarara gabas zuwa iyakar Rwanda har sai ta haɗu da Kogin Ruvubu.
## Rigima
A watan Agusta na 2015 masunta a Burundi da ke zaune a gefen tafkin a Lardin Muyinga sun gano sama da gawarwaki 40 da ba a san su ba suna yawo a cikin tafkin. Mafi yawan gawarwakin an lullube su ne da roba a cikin Burundi daga Ruwanda tare da Kogin Kagera. Gawarwakin da aka gano suna cikin matakin ruɓuwa, wanda ya firgita mazauna ƙauyen saboda matsalolin kiwon lafiya. Burundi ta yi ikirarin cewa dukkan gawarwakin da aka gano 'yan kasar Rwandan ne kuma babu wata cikakkiyar matsaya dangane da yadda aka kashe gawarwakin. Duk kasashen biyu sun musanta cewa gawarwakin ‘yan kasar su ne. Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya daga Amurka ya amince da daukar karar bayan kasashen biyu sun nuna rashin sha'awar duba lamarin.
## Manazarta
Kungiyar Bada Shawara (AP)

**Ƙungiyar bada shawara** (Turanci : ***The Advocacy Project*** ko **AP**) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa ƙungiyoyin kare Haƙƙin dan adam a cikin al’umma. An kafa aikin ne a watan Yunin shekarar 1998 don gabatar da rahoto ga masu rajin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam daga taron Rome da ya kafa Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya . Aikin Neman Shawara ya ci gaba bisa tsari-ta-tsari har sai da ta sami matsayin mao amfani a watan Yulin shekarata 2001. Ya zuwa shekarar 2017, Aikin Nasiha ya tura 294 Peace Peaces ga ƙungiyoyi guda 114 a cikin ƙasashe sama da 50.

## Ƙungiya

### Ofishin Jakadancin
A cewar shafin yanar gizan ta, Aikin Ba da Tallafi na taimaka wa al'ummomin da ba su da kyau su ba da labarinsu, su nemi haƙƙinsu, kuma su samar da canjin zamantakewa.  ƙungiyar ta kasance a Washington, DC, kuma tana aika abokan zaman lafiya, waɗanda galibi ɗaliban digiri ne, don taimaka wa abokansu a duk faɗin duniya. Sun fi mayar da hankali kan tura wakilai zuwa kungiyoyin da suka fito daga yankunan karkara maimakon sanya mafita daga waje. 

### Ayyuka
Aikin Nasiha ya aika da  ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri zuwa ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa a wasu ƙasashe waɗanda suka samo asali daga al'ummomin yankin.  Daliban, waɗanda ake kira Peace Fellows ta wannan aikin, sun rubuta shafukan yanar gizo wanda ke ba da tarihin tafiyarsu yayin da suke ɓata lokaci don taimakawa ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs).  *Wired ya* lura cewa shafukan yanar gizo suna aiki azaman ingantattun mujallu na tafiye-tafiye daga abokan aiki, wanda yayi aiki don haskaka bambance-bambance a al'adu tsakanin duniyan farko da ta uku. 

Aikin Ba da Shawara ya ba da tallafi ta hanyar ayyuka  gami da:

* Fadawa Labarin su
* Tsara Tsari ko Kamfen
* Organizationarfafa theungiyar Abokin Hulɗa
* Yi amfani da IT da dandamali na Media Media
* Samun kudi
* Promaddamar da Internationalasa

Ayan manyan hanyoyin da Shawarwarin ke bayar da kai wa garesu ita ce ta mayafai . Ta hanyar ayyukan cire buhu, Aikin Ba da Shawara yana fatan zai taimaka wa mutanen da aka ware su ba da labarin labarinsu ta hanyar hotuna. Sau da yawa waɗannan mayafan suna nuna rayuwar mutane ta yau da kullun a cikin al'ummomin da ke gefe.  *Baltimore Sun* da *St. Louis Post-Dispatch* duk sun ba da rahoto mai kyau game da aikin aikin tare da Bosfam, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta da ke taimaka wa matan Bosniya waɗanda yakin Bosniya ya shafa a shekara ta 1992 zuwa shekarata 1995, don taimaka wajan samun kuɗi ta hanyar ɗinki da matan ƙungiyar ke yi. yi.   An kuma baje katanga da dama wadanda aka yi su tare da taimakon The Advocacy Project a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don girmama ranar mata ta duniya ta wani taron da Asusun Kula da Yawan Jama'a na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya sanya. 

## Bayani
 

## Manazarta

*
Haƙƙin Tarawa Lokaci

**Hakkin tarawa lokaci** ne na saka hannun jari don ma'amular asusun juna, wanda zai bawa duk mai saka jari damar samun ƙarancin cajin tallace-tallace akan ma'amuloli da yawa, maimakon buƙatar cinikin guda ɗaya ya wuce adadin da aka bayar.
Saki Isasashen Waje

**Saki isasashen waje** ƙungiya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa don sa ido da bayar da rahoto game da tsananta wa Kiristoci a duniya  da kuma taimaka wa waɗanda ke cikin wannan zalunci. Ana ɗaukarsa ɗayan "Babbar hanyar sa ido da tsanantawa",  wanda ke yiwa Krista hidima a cikin sama da ƙasashe 30.

## Tarihi
Sanarwar ta duniya  ta asali ta kasance minista Romania Richard Wurmbrand ne ya kafa ta da sunan **Christian Mission to the Communist World,** bayan da aka sake shi daga ɗaurin kurkuku a Romania a cikin shekarun 1960s. 

## Ayyuka
Daga cikin manyan manufofin kungiyar sune:

* Bada taimako da bukatun dangin shahidai da fursunoni ,
* Bada damar majami'u masu wa'azin bishara su tsira daga tsanantawa da illolin sa,
* Taimakawa cocin da ake tsanantawa cin nasara ga Kristi waɗanda ke adawa da Bishara ,
* Bayar da Baibul da wallafe-wallafe don biyan buƙatar haɓaka da bishara,
* Kasancewar muryar shahidai da wadanda ake zalunta.

Saki Isasshen waje yana tallafawa kuma yana buga mujallar da ake kira *Saki* .

Kafin wasannin Olympics na shekarata 2008, kungiyar ta bukaci Gwamnatin China da ta ba da tabbaci ga ‘yancin yin ibada ga dukkan‘ yan kasarsu. 

## Manazarta

* Saki gidan yanar gizon hukuma