Jerry Brown

**Edmund Gerald Brown Jr.** (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 1938) lauya ne, marubuci, kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan Amurka wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin gwamna na 34 da 39 na California daga 1975 zuwa 1983 da 2011 zuwa 2019. A matsayinsa na memba na Jam'iyyar Democrat, an zaɓe shi sakataren jihar California a 1970; daga baya Brown ya yi aiki a matsayin magajin garin Oakland daga 1999 zuwa 2007 da kuma babban lauyan California daga 2007 zuwa 2011. Shi ne gwamna mafi tsufa kuma na shida mafi ƙarami a California saboda tazarar shekaru 28 tsakanin wa'adinsa na biyu da na uku. Bayan kammala wa'adinsa na huɗu a ofis, Brown ya zama gwamna na huɗu mafi daɗewa a tarihin Amurka, inda ya yi shekaru 16 da kwana 5 a ofis. 

An haife shi a San Francisco, ɗan Bernice Layne Brown ne da Pat Brown, wanda shine gwamnan California na 32 (1959-1967). Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley da Makarantar Shari'a ta Yale, ya yi aikin lauya kuma ya fara aikinsa na siyasa a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Amintattu na Gundumar Kwalejin Al'umma ta Los Angeles (1969-1971). An zaɓe shi don yin aiki a matsayin sakataren jihar California na 23 daga 1971 zuwa 1975. Yana da shekaru 36, an zaɓe shi a wa'adinsa na farko a matsayin gwamna a 1974, wanda hakan ya sanya shi ƙaramin gwamnan California a cikin shekaru 111. A 1978, ya lashe wa'adinsa na biyu. A lokacin mulkinsa, Brown ya yi takara ba tare da nasara ba a matsayin ɗan takarar neman takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar Democrat a 1976 da 1980. Ya ƙi neman wa'adi na uku a matsayin gwamna a 1982, maimakon haka ya yi takarar Majalisar Dattawa ta Amurka a wannan shekarar, inda ya sha kaye a hannun magajin garin San Diego kuma gwamnan da zai gaje shi Pete Wilson .

Bayan ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙasashen waje, Brown ya koma California kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Jam'iyyar Democrat ta California na shida (1989–1991), yana ƙoƙarin sake tsayawa takarar shugaban ƙasar Amurka a 1992 amma ya sha kaye a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat ga Bill Clinton . Daga nan ya koma Oakland, inda ya ɗauki nauyin wani shirin rediyo na tattaunawa ; Brown ba da daɗewa ba ya dawo cikin rayuwar jama'a, yana aiki a matsayin magajin garin Oakland (1999–2007) da kuma babban lauyan California (2007–2011). Ya yi takarar wa'adi na uku da na huɗu a matsayin gwamna a 2010 da 2014, cancantarsa ta yin hakan ta samo asali ne daga sashe na kundin tsarin mulki na California. A ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2013, ya zama gwamna mafi daɗewa a tarihin California, inda ya zarce Earl Warren .

## Rayuwar farko, ilimi, da kuma aikin da aka yi na sirri
An haifi Brown a San Francisco, California, ɗansa tilo na 'ya'ya huɗu da aka haifa wa lauyan gundumar San Francisco kuma daga baya gwamnan California, Edmund Gerald "Pat" Brown Sr., da matarsa, Bernice Layne .  Mahaifin Brown ɗan asalin Irish ne kuma ɗan Jamus ne.  Kakansa August Schuckman, wani baƙo ɗan Jamus, ya zauna a California a shekarar 1852 a lokacin California Gold Rush . 

Brown memba ne na ƙungiyar California Cadet Corps a Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Ignatius, inda ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1955.   A shekarar 1955, Brown ya shiga Jami'ar Santa Clara na tsawon shekara guda sannan ya tafi zuwa Sacred Heart Novitiate, wani gidan Jesuit da ke Los Gatos, da niyyar zama firist na Katolika .   Brown ya zauna a makarantar novitiate daga watan Agusta 1956 zuwa Janairu 1960 kafin ya yi rajista a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ya kammala karatunsa da digiri na farko a fannin fasaha a 1961.   Tare da kuɗin karatunsa da Gidauniyar Louis Lurie ta biya,  gami da tallafin karatu na $675 a 1963,  Brown ya ci gaba da zuwa Makarantar Shari'a ta Yale kuma ya kammala karatunsa da digiri na farko a fannin Shari'a a 1964.  Bayan kammala karatun lauya, Brown ya yi aiki a matsayin magatakardar shari'a ga alkalin kotun koli ta California Mathew Tobriner .

A shekarar 1960, Brown ya yi wa mahaifinsa (gwamna a wancan lokacin) roƙon ya ceci ran Caryl Chessman, kuma an ruwaito cewa ya yi masa zaman kwana 60.  

Da ya koma California, Brown ya yi jarrabawar lauyoyi ta jiha kuma ya ci zaɓensa na biyu.  Daga nan ya zauna a Los Angeles ya shiga kamfanin lauyoyi na Tuttle & Taylor. A shekarar 1969, Brown ya tsaya takarar sabuwar Hukumar Amintattu ta Kwalejin Al'umma ta Los Angeles, wadda ke kula da kwalejojin al'umma a birnin; ya zo na farko a fannin maki 124 kuma ya yi aiki har zuwa 1971. 

## Sakataren Harkokin Waje na California (1971–1975)

A shekarar 1970, an zaɓi Brown a matsayin sakataren harkokin waje na California . Brown ya yi jayayya a gaban Kotun Koli ta California kuma ya yi nasara a shari'o'in da aka yi wa Standard Oil of California, International Phone and Telegraph, Gulf Oil, da Mobil saboda keta dokokin zaɓe.  Bugu da ƙari, ya tilasta wa 'yan majalisa su bi dokokin bayyana sakamakon zaɓe. Brown ya kuma tsara kuma ya taimaka wajen zartar da Dokar Gyaran Siyasa ta California ta 1974, Shawara ta 9, wadda kashi 70% na masu zaɓe a California suka zartar a watan Yunin 1974. Daga cikin wasu tanade-tanaden, ta kafa Hukumar Ayyukan Siyasa ta Gaskiya ta California .

## Gwamna na 34 na California (1975–1983)