Fannie Fern Andrews

**Fannie Fern Andrews (Phillips), PhD** (1867 &#x2013; 1950) malami Ba'amurke ne, malami, ma'aikacin zamantakewa, kuma marubuci .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Fannie Fern da Frank Edward Phillips tagwaye ne, an haife su a ranar 25 ga Satumba 1867 a Middleton, Annapolis ( Nova Scotia ) zuwa Annie M. (née Brown) da William Wallis Phillips. [1] Tsakanin 1871 da 1880, dangin, waɗanda suka haɗa da yara 5, sun yi ƙaura daga Middleton zuwa Lynn, Massachusetts . [2] [3] Daga baya, suka koma Salem, inda ta halarci makarantun jama'a [4] kuma ta kammala a Salem Normal School. Ranar 16 ga Yuli, 1890, ta yi aure da Edwin G. Andrews. Ta koyar da shekaru shida [ana buƙatar hujja] kafin samun digiri a cikin ilimin halin ɗan adam da ilimi daga Kwalejin Radcliffe a 1902. [5] Ta kuma halarci Harvard Summer School . [6] [4]

Andrews ya kafa Ƙungiyar Gida da Makarantu ta Boston a cikin 1907, tare da burin shigar da iyayen ɗalibai cikin ilimi.  Ta hanyar aikinta a makarantun jama'a a Boston, ta gamsu cewa bambancin kabilanci da na tattalin arziki ya haifar da rikici, kuma dole ne a koya wa kowannensu fahimtar sauran don sadarwa da yin shawarwari akan lumana.

A cikin 1908, Andrews ya kafa Ƙungiyar Aminci ta Amurka . Wannan ƙungiyar ta nemi zaman lafiya ta hanyar koyar da ƙa'idodin 'adalci na duniya' a makarantun Amurka .   Ta yi tunanin kafa ofishin ilimi na duniya, wanda zai inganta fahimta tsakanin dukkan al'ummomi. Lokacin da yakin duniya na daya ya barke, Andrews ya canza sunan kungiyarta daga "American Peace League" zuwa " American School Citizenship League " a 1918.

A cikin 1918, bayan da Shugaba Woodrow Wilson ya zaɓa, Andrews ya halarci taron zaman lafiya na Paris .  Ta halarci taron mata masu haɗin gwiwa da aka yi daidai da juna kuma ba ta yi nasara ba ta nemi Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa ta haɗa da tanadi don burinta na ofishin ilimi na duniya.  Dalilin ƙin yarda shine akwai bambance-bambancen da yawa a cikin al'adun ƙasashe daban-daban don samun ingantaccen tsarin karatu wanda zai yi aiki ga kowa. sun kai ga kafa Ofishin Ilimi na Duniya a Geneva . 

A cikin 1920, Andrews ya sami digiri na Master of Arts kuma a cikin 1923 ya kammala PhD dinta a Harvard.  An san ta a matsayin malami kan ilimi a Turai da Amurka, a matsayin sakatariya da kuma mai tsara kungiyar 'yan kasa ta Amurka, kuma a matsayin memba na majalisar ba da shawara na Cibiyar Ilimi ta Duniya da Ofishin Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya ( Berne, Switzerland ), da dai sauransu. Ta kasance wakili a taron kasa da kasa kan ilimi a 1914 kuma ta wakilci Ofishin Ilimi na Amurka a Paris a lokacin taron zaman lafiya .

Andrews ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga manufar ilimin zaman lafiya, kuma ya inganta aiki a matakin hukuma don samun canje-canjen manhaja. Azuzuwan ilimin farar hula na yau ya samo asali ne sakamakon kokarin da ita da wasu suka yi. Ta mutu a ranar 24 ga Janairu 1950, bayan doguwar jinya, a Hillcrest Nursing Home a Somerville, Massachusetts, an  makabartar Dutsen Auburn, kuma an binne shi a makabartar Pine Grove a Lynn, Massachusetts.

## Ayyuka

* *Amurka da Duniya* (1918)
* *Iyalin Duniya* (1918)
* *Yakin - Me ya kamata a ce game da shi a cikin Makarantu?* (Boston, 1914)
* *Ƙungiya ta Tsakiya don Zaman Lafiya Mai Dorewa* (Boston, 1916)
* *<nowiki/>'Yancin Tekuna* (The Hague, 1917)
* *Darasi A Cikin Dan Kasa da Kishin Kasa* (:Houghton Miffin, 1918) 
* *Darasi a Harkokin Harkokin Waje*, wanda aka shirya don Hukumar Ilimin Soja (Paris, 1919)

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Fannie Fern Andrews Papers. Archived Laburaren Schlesinger   , Cibiyar Radcliffe, Jami'ar Harvard.
* Rubuce-rubucen Ƙungiyar Aminci ta Duniya daga Tarin Zaman Lafiya na Kwalejin Swarthmore