open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Grace Lotowycz

**Grace E. "Betty" Lotowycz** (an haife ta **Grace Elizabeth Ashwell**, 11 ga Mayu, 1916 - 8 ga Afrilu, 2016) ƙwararriyar masaniyar tsirrai ce 'yar Amurka, mace mai tasowa a fannin tsirrai, kuma matukin jirgin sama na Mata a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . 

## Rayuwar farko
An haife ta a birnin New York, ɗiya ta farko ga mawallafi Thomas Walker Ashwell da Helen Mariah Buffum Ashwell; a shekarar 1919, iyalin suka ƙaura zuwa New Canaan, Connecticut, suna zaune a gefen titi daga Maxwell Perkins .  Tun tana ƙarama ta sha fama da cututtuka da dama masu tsanani, a wani lokaci sai ta sake koyon tafiya. 

Lotowycz ta yi karatun ilmin tsirrai a Kwalejin Vassar, inda ta fara hawan dutse a Shawangunks daga baya kuma a Kanada Rockies. Ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1938  sannan ta shiga Experiment in International Living, wani shiri na musayar ɗalibai wanda ya ba ta damar hawa tsaunukan Swiss da hawan Matterhorn na ɗan lokaci. Ta yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin mataimakiyar mai kula da lambun tsirrai na Brooklyn .  

## Mai jirgin sama
Lotowycz matukin jirgi ne a cikin WASPs a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ɗaya daga cikin 1,047 kacal. Ta kasance memba na Aji 44-W-7 a Avenger Field da ke Sweetwater, Texas ; kuma daga baya aka tura ta zuwa rundunar jiragen ruwa daga Minter Field kusa da Bakersfield, California .   An amince da Lotowycz da sauran masu shigar da ƙara na WASP a matsayin tsoffin sojoji na Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a 1977,  kuma sun sami lambar yabo ta zinare ta Congressional a 2009.  

Bayan da aka dakatar da WASPs a watan Disamba na 1944, ta nemi izinin shiga kamfanonin jiragen sama na kasuwanci da dama ta hanyar amfani da laƙabinta "Gerry Ashwell", amma a koyaushe ana ce mata "a'a". [1] Ta auri matukin jirgin ruwa Vlademir "Bill" Lotowycz, kuma suka ƙaura zuwa Damascus bayan yaƙin yayin da yake aiki da Pan American World Airways . [2]

## Masanin tsirrai
A shekarar 1962, ta fara aiki a wurin shakatawa na tarihi na Planting Fields Arboretum State inda ta kafa kuma ta kula da tsirrai masu tsire-tsire waɗanda a halin yanzu suka kai kimanin samfura 10,000.  Ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1984 bayan shekaru 22. 

Lotowycz memba ne na kafa ƙungiyar tsirrai ta Long Island kuma memba ne na ƙungiyar tsirrai ta Torrey .

A lokacin da yake da shekaru 88, Lotowycz ya rubuta wani littafi mai suna *Illustrated Field Guide to Shrubs and Woody Vines of Long Island* tare da Barbara Conolly. 

## Manazarta
Gidan Suzanne

**Suzanne "Sue" Upjohn DeLano Parish** (13 ga Nuwamba, 1922 - 12 ga Mayu, 2010)  matukin jirgin sama ne na Amurka. Parish memba ce a cikin Matan Jiragen Sama na Sojojin Sama (WASPs) a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . A shekarar 1977, tare da mijinta, Pete Parish, ita ce ta kafa Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Jiragen Sama na Kalamazoo, wanda daga baya aka sani da Gidan Namun Daji na Air, bayan laƙabin dabbobi na jiragen. 

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Parish a birnin New York, 'yar Dorothy Upjohn DeLano Dalton  da H. Allan DeLano. Parish jikanyar William E. Upjohn ce ta uwa, wanda ya kafa Kamfanin The Upjohn, kamfanin kera magunguna na Michigan. 

A shekarar 1942, Parish ta halarci Kwalejin Sarah Lawrence .

## Sana'a
Parish ta koyi tukin jirgin sama a shekarar 1941, lokacin tana da shekaru 19.  Tun daga lokacin da take da shekaru 19 zuwa 21, ta tara awanni 350 a sararin samaniya.

### Matan Jiragen Sama Masu Jiragen Sama (WASPs)
Lokacin da take da shekaru 21, Parish ta shiga ƙungiyar Matan Jiragen Sama (WASPs) . Tana cikin aji 44-W-6  kuma an tura ta sansanin sojojin sama na Bryan kusa da Bryan, Texas, inda ta tashi da jiragen sama na P-40, AT-6, da BT-13 . 

### Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu
Bayan yaƙin, Parish ta yi ƙoƙarin samun aiki a matsayin matukin jirgin sama na kasuwanci, amma ba ta yi nasara ba. Bayan ta auri Pete Parish a shekarar 1948, ta haifi 'ya'ya biyar kuma uwa ce mai cikakken lokaci. A shekarar 1958, lokacin da mijinta ya sayi hannun jari a injin 35C Bonanza guda ɗaya, ta yanke shawarar sake fara tuƙi. 

Ba da daɗewa ba ita da mijinta suka sayi Stearman, AT-6, da kuma Grumman Wildcat . Jirgin ƙarshe da suka saya shine P-40 .

A shekarar 1971, Parish ta kasance Mataimakiyar Shugabar Kal-Aero, Inc., kamfanin da ita da mijinta suka kafa a Kalamazoo.

## Gidan Zoo na Sama
A shekarar 1977, ita da mijinta suka kafa Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Jiragen Sama na Kalamazoo, wanda aka fi sani da Gidan Zoo na Air, kusa da filin jirgin sama da ke Kalamazoo, Michigan . Tsarin tarin jiragensu ne. 

### Nunin sararin samaniya

Parish ta yi amfani da jirgin ruwan P-40 Warhawk mai ruwan hoda a wasanni daban-daban na sama da shekaru 25, har sai da ta kai shekarunta na 70. Bayan ta yanke shawarar cewa ba za ta iya ci gaba da kula da sojojin G ba, ta tashi a wasanta na ƙarshe a watan Oktoban 1993. [1] Ta ci gaba da tashi da jirgin ruwanta na Beechcraft Beechcraft T-34 Mentor .

## Gado

An rataye motarta mai ruwan hoda P-40 a ƙofar shiga gidan namun daji na Air Zoo. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
A shekarar 1948, Parish ta auri Preston "Pete" Parish.  Sun haifi 'ya'ya mata biyu, Barbie Parish da Katie Miller, da 'ya'ya maza uku, Will Parish, Pres Parish, da Dave Parish. Ta kuma haifi jikoki 14. A shekarar 1991, auren ya ƙare da saki.

## Manazarta
Deanie Parrish

**Marie Odean Bishop Parrish** (25 ga Fabrairu, 1922 - 24 ga Fabrairu, 2022), wacce aka fi sani da **Deanie Parrish** (wani lokacin ana rubuta ta a matsayin **Parish** )  matukin jirgin saman Amurka ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin matukin jirgin WASP a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. An san ta da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka fara shiga jirgin saman rundunar sojin sama a Florida . Ta shiga rundunar sojin sama tana da shekaru 21, kuma bayan ta sami fuka-fukan ta, ta yi aiki a matsayin matukin jirgin gwaji na injiniya a sansanin sojojin sama na Greenville.  Daga baya ta sake horar da jan jiragen sama masu hari yayin atisayen horo. 

Ta auri matukin jirgin sama na USAF kuma ta haifi 'ya'ya mata biyu. Ta shafe mafi yawan rayuwarta bayan da aka wargaza WASPs a matsayin mai aikin sa kai na asibiti.  A rayuwarta ta baya ta yi aiki don tunawa da ƙoƙarin da matukan jirgin mata suka yi wajen yaƙi a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.  

Aikinta kai tsaye ya sa aka ba wa Matan Jiragen Sama lambar zinare ta Majalisa a shekarar 2010, ta karɓi kyautar a madadin jiragen sama na WASP 1074. [1] [2] An shigar da Deanie cikin zauren shahara na WAI Pioneer Hall of Fame a shekarar 2015. [3] Parish ta yi tasiri sosai a ƙoƙarin da ake yi na ganin an amince da aikin WASP, kuma ta shirya gidajen yanar gizo da dama, ta rubuta littattafai da kuma ƙirƙirar shirye-shirye don cimma wannan. [4]

An gudanar da bikin bayar da lambar yabo a kan tudun Capitol tare da sama da ma'aikatan WASP 200 da suka tsira.  Kyautar ta zo ne shekaru 65 bayan an wargaza rundunar. WASP (wanda aka sani da "'yan matan tashi")  matukan jirgin sama ne masu sa kai waɗanda suka yi jigilar jiragen sama na soja a Amurka a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu don ba da damar ƙarin matukan jirgin saman USAF su tashi a fagen daga a Turai, an amince da su a matsayin ƙungiyar soja a 1977, kuma gudummawar da suka bayar ga yaƙin ta sami lambar yabo ta zinare ta Congressional a 2010.    Jami'an majalisar sun gabatar da lambar yabo kuma Deanie Parish ta karɓe ta a madadin WASP. 

Parrish ta mutu a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2022, kwana ɗaya kafin cikarta shekaru 100. 

## Manazarta
Lorrie Otto

**Lorrie Otto** (Satumba 9, 1919 &#x2013; Mayu 29, 2010) 'yar Amurka ce mai magana kuma marubuciya. A matsayinta na mai kare muhalli, ta kasance mai goyon bayan kare bambancin halittu . Ta taimaka wajen kawo haramcin DDT a Amurka kuma ta taimaka wajen kafa Asusun Kare Muhalli . 

## Bayani
An haife ta **Mary Lorraine Stoeber** a shekarar 1919 kusa da Madison, Wisconsin .   Ita 'yar manomi ce kuma tun tana ƙarama ta yi sha'awar ƙasar da aka juye a ƙasar mahaifinta. Ta shiga Matan Jiragen Sama a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.  

## Ilimi da aure
Ta kammala karatunta a Jami'ar Wisconsin .  Ta haɗu da mijinta na gaba a can, Owen Otto, likitan tabin hankali .

## Ƙungiyoyin fafutuka
A shekarun 1960, yayin da take damuwa game da adadin tsuntsayen da suka mutu a kusa da gidanta da ke Milwaukee, ta gabatar da zaman sauraren ƙara kan amfani da magungunan kashe kwari a Wisconsin. Ta shirya masana kimiyya, lauyoyi da shaidu daga Amurka, Kanada da Sweden don gabatar da shaida kan DDT. Ta sami damar gabatar da doka, ta farko a Wisconsin a 1970, kan DDT.  Wannan ya haifar da dokar hana DDT a duk faɗin ƙasar shekaru biyu bayan haka. 

A shekarar 1979, bayan sun saurari laccar Otto, Ginny Lindow da wasu mata takwas suka fara haɗuwa duk wata don tattauna batun gyaran lambun halitta. Suna son haɓaka amfani da shuke-shuken asali don shimfidar wurare a birane da kuma yankunan karkara.  Sun kira kansu " **Namun daji** " kuma a yau ƙungiyarsu tana da rassanta a duk faɗin Amurka. 

An nuna lambunta mai kyau a cikin littafin Martha Stewart *Living* kuma an saka shi a cikin littafin "The American Woman's Garden," wanda ya ƙunshi manyan lambuna. 

## Ganewa
An shigar da ita cikin Zauren Tunawa da Rayuwa na Wisconsin a shekarar 1999. [1] Rangadin shekara-shekara na Cibiyar Schlitz Audubon a wuraren kiwon dabbobi yanzu yana ɗauke da sunanta. Ta sami karramawa daga Ƙungiyar Audubon ta Ƙasa, Ƙungiyar Kula da Namun Daji ta Ƙasa da kuma yabo daga tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa Al Gore . [2]

## Abin da wasu suka ce game da ita
"Fiye da kowa, Lorrie Otto ta kawo ra'ayin gyaran lambun halitta ga jama'a," in ji masanin kimiyyar halittu Craig Tufts, manajan Shirin Habitat na Dabbobin Gida na Backyard na NWF. 

Charles Wurster, wanda ya kafa asusun kare muhalli, ya taƙaita aikin Otto ta muhalli ta wannan hanyar: "'Yan sandan ciyawa za su zo su kama ta. Daga ƙarshe ta zama fitacciyar ƙasa a madadin dukkan nau'ikan ayyukan kiyaye muhalli." 

## Manazarta
Patricia Kenworthy Nuckols

**Patricia Kenworthy Nuckols** (21 ga Yuni, 1921 - 17 ga Janairu, 2022) 'yar wasan hockey ce ta Amurka kuma matukin jirgi a cikin Matan Sojojin Sama (WASP) a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu .  Kafin aurenta a 1948, an san ta da sunanta na farko, **Patricia Kenworthy** .

## Sabis na WASP
Kenworthy ya shiga shirin WASP a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu duk da cewa bai cika sharuddan da ake buƙata ba cewa matukan jirgi su kai tsayin da ya kai  .  Ta sami nasarar wuce taron ta hanyar "tsayawa tsaye sosai kuma gabaɗaya tana ƙarfafa shi."  Ta yi iƙirarin cewa tana da ƙafa biyar inci biyu da rabi, kuma, tana yin atisaye a kujerar baya ta wani Steerman, ta yi amfani da matashin kai uku don ganin saman matukin jirgin horo a kujerar gaba.  Tana ɗaya daga cikin mata 1,800 da aka karɓe su cikin shirin WASP.  An tura ta zuwa Filin Jirgin Sama na Sojoji na Blytheville . 

Ba a amince da matukan jirgin WASP a matsayin matukan jirgin soja ba har zuwa shekarun 1970.  A shekarar 2010, Nuckols da kimanin wasu matukan jirgin WASP 200 sun sami lambar zinare ta Majalisa saboda aikinsu na lokacin yaƙi.  Majalisar Dokokin Vermont ta kuma zartar da wani kuduri na girmama Nuckols saboda "aikin soja na musamman da ta yi a matsayin WASP mai tashi a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu." 

## Ɗan wasan hockey na fili
Kenworthy ta kasance fitacciyar 'yar wasan hockey a filin wasa. A watan Nuwamba na 1940, an zaɓe ta a matsayin 'yar wasan baya ta hagu a ƙungiyar farko a ƙungiyar All-America ta mata ta hockey.  An kuma zaɓe ta a matsayin 'yar wasa ta wucin gadi a ƙungiyar All-America ta 1939 da kuma a matsayin 'yar wasa ta farko ta All-America a 1941.  

Ta ci gaba da buga wasan hockey a filin wasa a matsayin mai tsaron baya bayan yaƙin kuma ta yi tafiya zuwa Turai a shekarar 1948 a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Amurka .   A shekarar 1988, ta zama ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka ba wa izinin shiga cikin Ƙungiyar Shahararrun 'Yan Wasan Hockey ta Amurka . 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Kenworthy Nuckols a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 1921, a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania . [1] [2] Ta yi aure a shekarar 1948 da E. Marshall Nuckols, [3] wanda ya zama babban jami'i a Campbell Soup Company . [4] Ta mutu a Manchester, Vermont, a ranar 17 ga Janairu, 2022, tana da shekaru 100. [2]

## Manazarta
Ola Mildred Rexroat

**Ola Mildred Rexroat** (28 ga Agusta, 1917 &#x2013; 28 ga Yuni, 2017) ita ce mace ɗaya tilo 'yar asalin Amurka da ta yi aiki a cikin Matan Jiragen Sama na Sojan Sama (WASP).  

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Rexroat a Argonia, Kansas a shekarar 1917, ga uba ɗan ƙasar Turai da kuma mahaifiyar Oglala . Mahaifinta mawallafi ne kuma edita kuma yana ƙaura akai-akai. Iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa South Dakota tun tana ƙarama, kuma ta yi aƙalla wani ɓangare na ƙuruciyarta tare da kakarta a Pine Ridge Reservation .  Tun daga shekarar 1923, iyalin suka ƙaura don ta sami damar halartar makarantar gwamnati a Wynona, Oklahoma . Ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar St. Mary's Episcopal Indian School da ke Springfield, South Dakota, a shekarar 1932.  Rexroat ta fara shiga kwalejin malamai a Chadron, Nebraska, amma ta tafi kafin ta kammala digirinta don yin aiki a abin da yanzu ake kira Ofishin Harkokin Indiya na shekara guda.  Ta sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha daga Jami'ar New Mexico a shekarar 1939.  Bayan kwaleji, ta sake yin aiki a Ofishin Harkokin Indiya a Gallup, New Mexico na shekara guda. 

## Aikin jirgin sama da kuma rayuwar daga baya

Rexroat ta yi aiki a matsayin injiniyoyi da ke gina filayen jirgin sama a El Paso, inda ta yanke shawarar koyon yadda ake tashi. Domin yin hakan, za ta buƙaci jirginta na kanta ko kuma ta shiga Matan Jiragen Sama na Sojojin Sama (WASP). Ta zaɓi na ƙarshe, ta ƙaura zuwa Washington, DC a 1943, tare da mahaifiyarta da 'yan'uwanta mata, kuma an ɗauke ta aiki a Kwalejin Yaƙin Sojoji .  Daga nan Rexroat ta je horon WASP a Sweetwater, Texas, kuma an ba ta aikin da ke da haɗari na jan wuraren da ɗaliban ke kai hari a sararin samaniya a Filin Jirgin Sama na Sojojin Eagle Pass bayan kammala karatunta.  Ta kuma taimaka wajen jigilar kaya da ma'aikata.

Lokacin da aka wargaza rundunar WASP a watan Disamba na 1944, ta shiga rundunar sojin saman Amurka, inda ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru goma a matsayin mai kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a sansanin sojojin sama na Kirkland da ke New Mexico a lokacin yakin Koriya .   

Bayan kammala aikinta a Rundunar Sojojin Sama a shekarar 1954, ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Tarayya tsawon shekaru 33. [1] Sai da ta kai shekara 60 a shekarar 1977 ne WASP ta sami takardar shaidar soja a hukumance, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama tsohon soja.

A shekara ta 2007 aka shigar da ita cikin zauren shaharar jiragen sama na South Dakota . 

A shekarar 2009, an ba ta lambar zinare ta Majalisar Dokoki tare da sauran WASP saboda nasarorin da suka samu. 

## Rayuwar mutum da mutuwa
Rexroat ta haifi ɗa ɗaya.  Ta mutu a watan Yunin 2017 tana da shekaru 99.  Kafin mutuwarta, ita ce WASP ta ƙarshe da ta tsira a South Dakota kuma ɗaya daga cikin WASP 275 masu rai daga cikin 1,074 na asali. 

## Gado
Watanni da dama bayan rasuwarta, an sanya wa ginin filin jirgin sama da ke sansanin sojojin sama na Ellsworth suna. 

Rayuwarta ta zaburar da wani littafi mai hoto ga yara mai suna At the Mountain's base. 

## Manazarta
Umut Shayakhmetova

**Umut Shayakhmetova** ( Kazakh  , an haife ta a shekarar 1969) 'yar kasuwa ce ta Kazakhstan. Tana aiki a matsayin shugabar kwamitin gudanarwa na Halyk Bank, wani banki mai rijista a Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta Kazakhstan da London.   

## Rayuwar farko
A shekarar 1993, Shayakhmetova Umut ta kammala karatun digiri a Jami'ar Abokantaka ta Jama'a ta Rasha (wanda aka fi sani da Jami'ar RUDN) tare da digiri na farko a fannin Kimiyyar Tattalin Arziki. 

A shekarar 1996, ta kammala karatunta a Jami'ar Rutgers, New Jersey, Amurka, tare da digirin MBA . 

## Sana'a
Shayakhmetova ta fara aiki a tsakanin 1997-1998 a matsayin ƙwararriya a fannin kuɗaɗen gini na ZAO SB ABN AMRO Bank Kazakhstan (ZAO).   Daga 1998 zuwa 2000 ta kasance shugabar kwamitin gudanarwa na PAMC "ABN AMRO Asset Management". Daga 2000 zuwa 2004 ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar kwamitin ZAO. Ta kula da sashin ba da lamuni na kamfanoni a reshen Kazakhstan na wani bankin Holland. 

A shekara ta 2001 ta zama memba na Majalisar Kwararru ta Hukumar Tsaro ta Ƙasa ta Jamhuriyar Kazakhstan .  

Daga Nuwamba 2004 zuwa Janairu 2009 ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar hukumar don ba da rance a Halyk Bank of Kazakhstan JSC (Halyk) A ranar 22 ga Janairu, 2009, an naɗa ta shugabar hukumar Halyk, inda ta maye gurbin Grigori Marchenko .  A ranar 7 ga Mayu, 2009, an zaɓe ta a matsayin memba na Hukumar Halyk. 

A watan Mayun 2011 ta zama shugabar ƙungiyar motsa jiki ta Jamhuriyar Kazakhstan kuma memba a kwamitin zartarwa na kwamitin wasannin Olympics na ƙasa na Jamhuriyar Kazakhstan .

A watan Nuwamba na 2012 aka zaɓe ta a matsayin memba na Majalisar UnionPay ta Duniya. 

A watan Yunin 2015 ta zama Shugabar Majalisar Mata 'Yan Kasuwa ta Almaty National Chamber of Entrepreneurs «Atameken». 

A watan Yunin 2016 ta zama Shugabar Majalisar Yankin UnionPay ta Duniya a yankin Gabashin Turai, Tsakiyar Asiya, Rasha da Caucasus.  Ta kuma zama Shugabar Kwamitin Sashen Kuɗi na Shugabancin Majalisar 'Yan Kasuwa ta Ƙasa «Atameken». 

## Kyaututtuka

* Eren enbegi Ushin medal (2006). 
* Order of Parasat (2011). 
* Tsarin digiri na 3 na Barys (2016). 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Mahaifinta shine Tayzhan, Bolatkhan Kulzhanuly (8 ga Maris, 1941 - 20 ga Fabrairu, 2007). Ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakatare Janar na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Kazakhstan SSR, Mataimakin Ministan Harkokin Tattalin Arziki na Farko na Kazakhstan, jakadan Masar, Aljeriya, Jordan, Libya, Morocco, Siriya da Tunisiya .  Ya kasance wakilin Kazakhstan a Kungiyar Taron Musulunci kuma jakada a Malaysia . 

Mahaifiyarta ita ce Tayzhanova, Alla Sadvokasovna (an haife ta a shekara ta 1944). &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Manazarta
Nadine B. Ramsey

**Nadine Bernice Ramsey** (1911–1997) wata 'yar Amurka ce da ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu na farko da suka fara aika wa Hukumar Wasiku ta Amurka wasiku. Ta kasance Matan Jirgin Sama kuma ɗaya daga cikin WASPs ashirin da shida kacal da ta tuƙa Lockheed P-38 Lightning a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu .

## Iyali da rayuwar farko
Ramsey ta girma a Illinois da Kansas.  Mahaifinta yana aiki a matsayin "mai farautar daji" a filayen mai kuma sau da yawa yana nesa da gida.  Ramsey da ƙanenta, Edwin, sau da yawa suna ganin mahaifinsu yana dukan mahaifiyarsu.  Lokacin da take da shekaru 17,  an kama mahaifinta saboda cin zarafin miji  bayan da Nadine da Edwin suka ja shi daga mahaifiyarsu.  A wannan daren, ya kashe kansa a cikin ɗakinsa.  Bayan mutuwarsa, mahaifiyar Ramsey ta renon yaran su kaɗai.  Don taimakawa wajen tallafa wa iyalinta, Ramsey ta daina makaranta ta zama sakatare.  Bayan aiki, za ta je masana'antar jirgin sama ta Beechcraft da ke kusa don darussan jirgin sama.  Da farko, ta ɓoye darussanta daga yawancin mutane, tana tsammanin za a ɗauki matukin jirgi mace a matsayin abin kunya.  Ta ba wa Edwin darussan jirgin sama, wanda ya bayyana ta a matsayin "ƙwararriya, mai tashi da hankali." 

Mahaifiyar Ramsey, Nelle,  ƙwararren likitan kwalliya ce kuma likitan fata.  Ɗan'uwanta ya zama jami'i a rundunar sojojin Amurka kuma shugaban 'yan daba a Philippines a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . 

## Aikin tukin jirgin sama
Ramsey ta zama matukin jirgin sama a shekarar 1937, [1] ta yi fice a kanun labarai lokacin da ta tashi da jirgin sama a Kansas a ranar 19 ga Mayu, 1938. [2] Ita da Charlotte Frye su ne mata na farko da suka ɗauki wasiku don Hukumar Sabis na Wasiku. [2] A ranar 22 ga Mayu, ta tashi a wani wasan kwaikwayo a Hutchinson, Kansas . [3]

Zuwa shekarar 1940,  Ramsey yana zaune a Manhattan Beach, California, inda ta tallata kuma ta sayar da jiragen saman Taylorcraft .  Ta kuma ɗauki fasinjoji akan kuɗi.  A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1940, Ramsey yana shawagi a kan duwatsu kusa da Tafkin Henshaw tare da wani fasinja mai suna Gertrude Snow.  Yayin da take ƙoƙarin sauka, kayan saukar jirgin sun bugi wata bishiya, wanda hakan ya sa ta yi amai.  Snow ya sami "karyewar hannuwa biyu da kuma rauni mai tsanani a ƙafarsa".  An yi wa Ramsey magani saboda "yiwuwar mummunan raunuka a cikinta".  Bayanta da wasu haƙarƙarinta sun karye, kuma ta yi mummunan suma.  Ɗaya daga cikin ƙafafunta ya kusa yankewa, amma wata abokiyarsa, da'awar cewa tana magana ne a madadin iyalinta, ta tura Ramsey zuwa wani asibiti a LA inda likitoci suka ceci ƙafar.  Edwin ya daina karatun lauya don kula da ita yayin da take murmurewa.  Zuwa watan Disamba, Ramsey zai iya tafiya, kuma kafin watan Fabrairu, za ta sake tashi sama. 

## Manazarta
Elizabeth Ya Eli Harding

**Elizabeth Ya Eli Harding** (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Maris 1956) ita ce Babbar Kwamishiniya  ta Gambia, a Burtaniya daga shekarun 2007 zuwa 2013, sannan ta zama Jakadiyar Gambia ta farko a Burtaniya daga shekarun 2013 zuwa 2017, lokacin da aka maye gurbinta da Francis Blain.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Harding a ranar 23 ga watan Maris 1956,  kuma ta yi karatu a makarantar sakandare a Banjul, sannan ta sami tallafi daga Commonwealth don halartar wani shirin diflomasiyya a Faransa, sannan ta yi karatu a Scotland da Kanada.  Ta sami digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Glasgow Caledonian. 

## Aiki
Harding ta kasance Babbar Kwamishiniya Gambiya a Burtaniya daga ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 2007 zuwa 2013. 

Daga shekarar 2013, Mrs. Harding ta kasance jakadiyar Burtaniya, har sai da aka sake kiranta a shekarar 2017. Tun daga lokacin aka maye gurbinta da Francis Blain.

A watan Disamba a shekarar 2014, an sami "gungun jami'an diflomasiyyar Gambia" da laifin gudanar da "mai shan taba ba tare da haraji ba" daga harabar ofishin jakadancin da ke Landan na tsawon shekaru uku, da kuma guje wa haraji na fam miliyan 5.   An sami mutane bakwai ciki har da Mataimakin Shugaban Ofishin Jakadancin Gambia, Yusupha Bojang, da laifi.  Sun yi odar tan 32 na taba sigari ba tare da haraji ba, kuma sun yi amfani da wata dabara da ta samar da keɓancewa ba tare da haraji ba ga kayayyaki don amfanin kansu, duk da cewa babu ɗayansu da ya sha taba.  Harding ta bayyana a zaman sauraron ƙarar, amma ba wacce ake tuhuma ba ce, kuma ta ce ta yi amfani da wannan dabarar don siyan turare da shinkafa, amma ba ta taɓa yin magana game da hakan da ma'aikatanta ba, kuma ta san cin zarafin damar diflomasiyya ne kawai bayan da Ofishin Harkokin Waje da Tarayyar Turai na Burtaniya ya rubuta mata wasiƙa.  

A watan Disamba a shekarar 2016, jakadu 11 ciki har da Harding sun rubuta wa Shugaban Gambia na wancan lokacin, Yahya Jammeh, wanda ya sha kaye a zaben watan Disamba na 1, amma ya ki amincewa da shan kaye, ya amince da sakamakon ya kuma sauka daga mulki cikin lumana.  A watan Janairun 2017, Jammeh ya kori jakadu 12, ciki har da Harding.  A watan Fabrairun 2017, sabon Shugaban Gambia, Adama Barrow, ya mayar da jakadun da aka kora. 

## Girmamawa
Harding memba ce ta ƙungiyar 'yan adawa ta Jamhuriyar Gambiya. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Harding tana da aure, tana da 'ya'ya huɗu. 

## Duba kuma

* Babban Kwamishinan Gambia a Burtaniya

## Manazarta
Yamaha Motor Company

**Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.** (Yamaha Hatsudoki), wani kamfani ne na ƙasar Japan da ke kera motoci da yawa, wanda hedikwatansa ke a birnin Iwata, yankin Shizuoka. Kamfanin yana aiki a fannoni daban-daban na kasuwanci, ciki har da babura, babura, jiragen ruwa, injinan jet, da kuma injinan robot. Ita ce ta biyu mafi girma a duniya wajen kera babura kuma babbar masana'antar jiragen ruwa a duniya .

Kamfanin ya bambanta da kamfanin Yamaha ( Hamamatsu, Shizuoka ) wanda ya kera kayan kida.

## Alamar kasuwanci
An san Yamaha da suna "Yamaha of Design," ana girmama Yamaha sosai saboda kyawawan siffofi da kuma kulawa da cikakkun bayanai. Kamfanin ya lashe kyaututtuka da dama na ƙira a Japan da kuma ƙasashen waje, ciki har da Kyautar Kyakkyawan Zane a Japan da Kyautar Zane ta Red Dot a Jamus .

## Yankin kasuwanci
### Motsi a ƙasa
* babur
* Motocin lantarki (kekunan hawa da keken guragu )
* Injinan mota ( Volvo, Kamfanin Motocin Toyota )
* Na'urar samar da wutar lantarki ta motar lantarki
* Damfara Aiki

### Motsin teku
* injin waje
* jirgin ruwa mai babur
* jirgin ruwan kamun kifi
* Jet skis
* Injin ruwa

### Motar ƙasa ta waje
* Motar ƙasa gaba ɗaya (ATV)/ Motar gefe da gefe (SSV, ROV)
* Kekunan golf na fasinja / motocin da ke da dukkan wurare (LSM, PTV)

### Robotics
* Mai haɗa guntu
* Kayan aikin kera semiconductor
* robot-robot na masana'antu
* Jiragen helikwafta marasa matuki na masana'antu
* jirgin sama mara matuki na noma

### Ayyukan kuɗi
* Dillali da kuɗin jimilla
* Kasuwancin haya
* Kasuwancin inshora

## Jerin Hotunan Motocin Yamaha

File:Yamaha YZF-R1 (2) (MSP15).JPG|Yamaha YZF-R1
File:Yamaha 1700 VMax.jpg|Yamaha VMax 1700
File:Yamaha Tracer 9 GT+ 2025.jpg|Yamaha Tracer 9 GT+
File:YAMAHA SEROW225.jpg|Yamaha SEROW225
File:V-Star 950 1.jpg|Yamaha V-Star 950
File:PRESTIGE 680 (28998149032).jpg|Yamaha PRESTIGE
File:2021 Yamaha AR258.jpg|Yamaha AR258
File:RIAS 2014 Polizia Jet Ski 01.jpg|Yamaha WaveRunner
File:Yamaha outbord engines.jpg|Yamaha Outbord Engines
File:1967 Toyota 2000GT 01.jpg|Toyota/Yamaha 2000GT
File:Soldier on a Quad Bike in Afghanistan MOD 45156139.jpg|Yamaha Grizzly 450
File:Dunes2006 2.jpg|Yamaha Rhino
File:Yamaha Drive 2 golf car.jpg|Yamaha Drive 2


## Nassoshi
Yevgeny Bokaryov

**Yevgeny Alekseyevich Bokaryov** (Russian; 25 Fabrairu [ 12 Fabrairu]   - 11 Maris 1971) masanin harshe ne na Soviet wanda aka sani da sauran abubuwa saboda aikinsa a kan harsunan Arewa maso gabashin Caucasian da ayyukansa na Interlinguistics; ya kasance memba na Kwalejin Esperanto.

An haifi Bokaryov a ƙauyen Sredniy Yegorlyk, wanda a lokacin yana cikin Gwamnatin Stavropol a Daular Rasha (yanzu a cikin Gundumar Tselinsky, Rasha). Bayan ya yi hijira zuwa Temir-Khan-Shura tare da iyalinsa a lokacin shekarunsa na farko, ya koma Sredniy Yegorlyk bayan Juyin Juya Halin Fabrairu.

## Manazarta
Viktor Bout

**Viktor Anatolyevich Bout**[a] (/buːt/; Rasha: Viktor Anatolievich But,  Viktor Anatelyevich But; an haife shi 13 Janairu 1967) ɗan kasuwar makamai ne kuma ɗan siyasa na Rasha. Mai kera makamai kuma tsohon mai fassara na soja na Soviet, ya yi amfani da kamfanoninsa don shigo da makamai daga Gabashin Turai zuwa Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin shekarun 1990 da farkon 2000s. Bout ya sami lakabin "Mai Kasuwanci na Mutuwa" bayan ministan Burtaniya Peter Hain ya karanta wani rahoto ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekara ta 2003 game da ayyukan Bout masu yawa, abokan ciniki masu yawa, da kuma shirye-shiryen kauce wa embargoes.

Bayan ya koma Rasha, Bout ya shiga Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party of Russia a 2022 kuma ya lashe kujerar a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ulyanovsk Oblast a matsayin memba na LDPR a ranar 2 ga Yulin 2023.

## Rayuwa ta farko
Asalin Bout ba a bayyane yake ba. Takardun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Bout da kansa dukansu sun bayyana wurin haihuwarsa a matsayin Dushanbe, Tajik SSR, Tarayyar Soviet (yanzu babban birnin Tajikistan), kuma cewa ranar haihuwarsa mai yiwuwa 13 ga Janairu 1967, kodayake wasu kwanakin da yawa suna yiwuwa. Yana da babban ɗan'uwa mai suna Sergei Bout.

## Ayyukan soja
Bout ya yi aiki a cikin Sojojin Soviet. Babu wani bayani game da aikin soja sai dai ya kammala karatu daga Cibiyar Sojojin Soviet ta Harsunan Kasashen Waje a ƙarshen shekarun 1980.   Horarwar Bout ta ba shi damar zama mai magana da harsuna da yawa kuma ya iya harsuna biyar na kasashen waje: Portuguese, English, Faransanci, Larabci, da Farsi. An ruwaito cewa yana da ƙwarewa a Esperanto, wanda ya koya yana da shekaru 12 a farkon shekarun 1980 a matsayin memba na kulob din Esperanto na Dushanbe. Shafin yanar gizon Bout ya bayyana cewa ya yi aiki a cikin Sojojin Soviet a matsayin mai fassara, yana riƙe da matsayin mataimakin.

Ba a san wane matsayi Bout ya rike ba yayin da yake soja. A wata hira da aka yi da Rediyo Echo Moskvy, Bout da kansa ya ce ya yi ritaya tare da "sashin jami'in". Sauran rahotanni sun bayyana Bout a matsayin tsohon babba jami'in. An yi tunanin an sallami Bout daga Sojojin Soviet a lokacin da aka rushe shi a 1991 tare da matsayi na Lieutenant Colonel, inda ya fara kasuwancin jigilar kayayyaki. Sauran kafofin sun bayyana cewa ya kasance babban jami'i a cikin GRU, jami'in Sojojin Sama na Soviet, cewa ya kammala karatu daga shirin horar da leken asiri na soja na Soviet, ko kuma ma'aikacin KGB.

## Manazarta
Aleksandr Dulichenko

**Aleksandr Dmitrievich Dulichenko** (a madadin Alexander Duličenko; Rasha: Alexander Дмитриевич Дуличенко; 1941 - 6 Maris 2026) ya kasance masanin Esperantist na Rasha-Estonia, masanin harshe, kuma gwani a cikin ƙananan Harsunan Slavic waɗanda ke zaune a Estonia. Ya kasance farfesa a Jami'ar Tartu, inda ya kasance shugaban sashen Nazarin Slavic.

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Dulichenko a Krasnodar a shekarar 1941.  Shi ne editan *Interlinguistica Tartuensis*, wata mujalla kan harsunan da Jami'ar Tartu ta buga wadda ta buga mujallu bakwai daga 1982 zuwa 1990 tana rikodin ayyukan colloquia a Tartu;  a shekarar 2006, an buga mujalla ta takwas. 

An shirya wani festschrift a cikin girmamawar Dulichenko a shekara ta 2006;  Humphrey Tonkin ya kira wannan ƙarar "mahimmanci mai mahimmanci ga wallafe-wallafen" na Interlinguistics da Nazarin Esperanto. 

Dulichenko ya mutu a ranar 6 ga Maris 2026, yana da shekaru 84. 

## Manazarta
Mabel Virginia Rawlinson

**Mabel Virginia Rawlinson** (19 Maris 1917) A ranar 23 ga Agusta, 1943) ta yi aiki tare da Matan Jiragen Sama na Sojan Sama (WASP) a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mata 1,102 da suka sami lambar azurfa.  Lokacin da ta mutu a wani hatsarin jirgin sama a lokacin horo na dare, ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata 38 da suka mutu yayin da suke aiki tare da Matan Jiragen Sama na Sojan Sama (WASP). 

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haife ta a Greenwood, Delaware a shekarar 1917, Rawlinson da iyalinta sun ƙaura zuwa Blackstone a gundumar Nottoway, Virginia a shekarar 1925 lokacin da take da shekaru takwas.  Ta ji daɗin yin wasa a waje a garinsu na karkara, ta yi aiki a matsayin memba mai himma a cocinta, kuma ta halarci wasannin kwaikwayo na baiwa.  Bayan kammala karatun sakandare a Virginia, Rawlinson ta koma Kalamazoo, Michigan a shekarar 1935. A can, ta zauna tare da goggon ta, farfesa a fannin Ingilishi Eleanor Rawlinson. 

## Ilimi
Rawlinson ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin fasaha a Jami'ar Western Michigan (WMU) da ke Kalamazoo.  Ta yi aiki a Kalamazoo Plating Works da kuma Kalamazoo Public Library.  Bayan ta fuskanci darasin farko na tashi a shekarar 1940, Rawlinson ta zaɓi shiga kwas ɗin horar da matukan jirgin farar hula na WMU, wanda sabbin ɗalibai mata suka yi maraba da shi. A ranar 31 ga Oktoba, 1940, Rawlinson ta tashi da jirginta na farko ita kaɗai, kuma a shekarar 1941, ta sami lasisin matukin jirginta na sirri. Rawlinson ta yi lokacin hutunta a Filin Jirgin Sama na Kasa da Kasa na Kalamazoo Battle Creek a matsayin mai mallakar jirgin saman Aeronca Chief. 

## Sana'a
Lokacin da Amurka ta shiga Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Rawlinson ta taimaka wajen tsara rundunar sintiri ta farar hula ta Kalamazoo. Ita ce mataimakiyar farar hula ta rundunar sojojin sama ta Amurka (a yau ita ce rundunar sojojin sama ta Amurka ).  A lokacin kaka na 1942, lokacin da Rawlinson ta ji labarin damar da mata ke da ita na taimakawa jigilar jiragen sama, ja wuraren da za a kai hari don horar da sojojin ƙasa, da kuma horar da matukan jirgi, ta zaɓi ta yi amfani da ƙwarewarta ta tashi don yaƙi ta hanyar neman abin da ya zama Matan Jiragen Sama .  Waɗannan matukan jirgin sa kai sun yi jiragen sama 77 kuma sun yi tafiyar mil miliyan 60 a lokacin da shirin ke gudana. 

Rawlinson ta yi tafiya zuwa filin Avenger Field da ke Sweetwater, Texas don horon WASP, wanda ya fara a ranar 16 ga Janairu, 1943. Wasikar da aka rubuta mata a gida yayin horon WASP ta bayyana sha'awarta ga tashi da jirgin sama: "Ajin da ke gabanmu yanzu yana tashi da daddare. Dole ne ya yi kyau a can a waɗannan daddare, wata yana haskakawa." [1] Bayan kammala horo na asali kuma tare da fitacciyar baƙo, daraktan WASP Jacqueline Cochran a wurin, Rawlinson ta kammala karatun WASP Aji 43-W-3 a ranar 3 ga Yuli, 1943. [2] Bayan kammala karatun, ta rubuta gida game da tafiyarta ta ziyartar Alamo da San Antonio, Texas kafin ta ba da rahoto don wani aikin horo mai zurfi a filin jirgin saman Camp Davis Army da ke North Carolina . [3]

## Manazarta
Aigül Quspan

**Aiigül Saifollaqyzy Qūspan** [ a ] ( Kazakh  , an haife ni a ranar 24 ga Yuli 1961) yar siyasa ce kuma jami'ae diflomasiyya ta ƙasar Kazakhstan, wadda ke aiki a matsayin memba na Mäjilis kuma Shugabar Kwamitin Harkokin Waje, Tsaro, da Tsaro tun daga Janairu 2021 .

Kafin aikinta na majalisar dokoki, Qūspan ta yi aiki a matsayin Jakadar Kazakhstan a Belgium da Luxembourg, haka kuma ta kasance wakiliyar dindindin a Tarayyar Turai da NATO daga 22 ga Mayu 2018 zuwa 14 ga Janairu 2021.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Qūspan a ranar 24 ga Yuli, 1961 a ƙasar Soviet Kazakhstan . 

A shekarar 1983, ta kammala karatunta a Jami'ar Hulɗa da Ƙasashen Duniya ta Kazakh Ablai Khan . Daga baya, a shekarar 1989, ta kammala karatunta a Jami'ar Harsuna ta Jihar Moscow . 

A shekarar 1995, Qūspan ta kammala karatunta a Jami'ar Rennes 1. A can Faransa, ta kuma kammala karatunta a École nationale d'administration a shekarar 1996. 

## Farkon aikina
Daga 1983 zuwa 1984 da kuma daga 1989 zuwa 1992, Qūspan ya koyar a Jami'ar Hulɗa da Ƙasashen Duniya ta Kazakh Ablai Khan . 

## Aikin diflomasiyya
Qūspan ta kasance mataimakiya, sannan sakatariya ta uku a ofishin jakadancin Kazakhstan da ke Faransa daga 1996 zuwa 1999. Ta kasance Sakatare na Biyu, daga baya Sakatare na Farko, sannan Shugabar Sashen Sashen Haɗin Kan Ƙasashen Biyu na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Kazakhstan daga 1999 zuwa 2002.

Daga 2002 zuwa 2004, ta kasance mai ba da shawara, wakiliya kuma mai ba da shawara ga Jakadan Kazakhstan a Austria. Daga baya, daga 2004 zuwa 2006, ta kasance shugabar wani sashe na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Turai da Amurka. 

Daga 2006 zuwa 2011, ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga jakadan Lithuania. Daga 2011 zuwa 2013, ta kasance Mataimakiyar Darakta, daga baya daga 2014 zuwa 2018, Darakta a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Turai. 

A shekarar 2018, an naɗa Qūspan a matsayin Jakadar Kazakhstan a Belgium da Luxembourg, wakiliyar dindindin a Tarayyar Turai da NATO . Ta riƙe wannan matsayi har zuwa ranar 14 ga Janairu 2021. 

Qūspan yana da matsayin jakada na musamman kuma mai cikakken iko  na aji na biyu. 

## Aikin yin dokoki
Sakamakon zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki na Kazakhstan na 2021, an zaɓi Qūspan a matsayin memba na 7 na Mäjilis a ranar 14 ga Janairu 2021 ta jerin jam'iyyar Nur Otan .  Washegari, aka zaɓe ta a matsayin Shugabar Kwamitin Harkokin Waje, Tsaro, da Tsaro na Mäjilis. 

A ranar 29 ga Maris 2023, bayan zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki na Kazakhstan na 2023, an sake zaɓenta a matsayin 'yar majalisar dokoki  sannan aka sake naɗa ta a matsayin Shugabar Kwamitin. 

Tsawon shekaru, Qūspan tana da alaƙa da Nur Otan, wacce daga baya Amanat ta zama jam'iyyar siyasa mai mulki. Tun daga watan Janairun 2022, ta kasance memba a majalisar siyasa. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Qūspan tana da aure  kuma tana da 'ya'ya. Tana jin yaren Kazakh, Rashanci, Turanci, Faransanci, da Jamusanci. 

## Lambobin yabo da girmamawa
Kyaututtuka da kyaututtukan jihar Qūspan sun haɗa da: 

* Order of Kurmet (Kazakhstan, Disamba 2019)
* Ordre na kasa du Mérite ( Faransa, Mayu 2019) 
* Dokar Kambin Oak ( Luxemburg, Disamba 2021)

## Manazarta
Vasili Eroshenko

**Vasili Yakovlevich Eroshenko** (Russian) (12 ga Janairu 1890 - 23 ga Disamba 1952)  marubuci ne makaho, mai fassara, Esperantist, masanin harshe, matafiyi, mawaki da malami. Ya rubuta a cikin Esperanto da Jafananci.

## Rayuwa ta farko
A lokacin da yake da shekaru hudu, ya kamu da kyanda kuma a sakamakon haka, ya makance.

## Ayyuka
Daga 1907 zuwa 1914 ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kunna violin ga Kungiyar mawaƙa ta Moscow don makafi. A wannan lokacin ya yi karatun Esperanto, da kuma Turanci. Ya yi tafiya zuwa Burtaniya a 1912 kuma ya yi karatu a makarantar makafi. A can ya sadu da mai mulkin mallaka Peter Kropotkin, wanda mai yiwuwa ya rinjayi ra'ayoyinsa na mulkin mallaka. Daga baya ya koma Moscow ta hanyar Paris kuma ya ci gaba da aikinsa a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa. A can ne ya fara karatun harshen Jafananci.

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1914 Eroshenko, saboda hulɗa da Esperantists na Japan, ya tafi Japan. Ya yi karatun tausa a cibiyar makaranta don makafi a Tokyo, bayan ya koyi sunansu a cikin aikin. A can ya inganta Esperanto tsakanin daliban makafi. An buga litattafansa na farko, a cikin Jafananci, a can. Bayan shekaru biyu ya tafi Siam kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya kafa makarantar makafi. Amma saboda ma'aikatan gwamnati bai yi nasara ba. Ya tafi Burma, a Moulmein, kuma ya kafa makarantar makafi. A watan Nuwamba 1917, bayan ya koyi game da Juyin Juya Halin Rasha, ya tafi Indiya kuma yana fatan komawa Rasha daga can. An kama shi a Calcutta, a matsayin Bolshevik na Rasha. A shekara ta 1918 ya koma Burma kuma ya ci gaba da aikinsa a Moulmein .

Da fatan komawa Rasha don ƙoƙari na biyu ya koma Indiya. Hukumomin Burtaniya sun hana shi fita zuwa kasarsa kuma an sanya shi a tsare a gida a Calcutta. Ya tsere wa kamawa kuma ya tafi Bombay, amma daga baya aka kama shi kuma aka mayar da shi Calcutta. Ya sa ya bar Indiya. A lokacin da aka kama shi an shiga cikin jirgin yaki don a kore shi zuwa Japan. Ya tsere daga jirgin lokacin da yake Shanghai kuma daga can ya sami nasarar komawa Rasha.

A lokacin rani na 1919, ya koma Japan ta hanyar Shanghai. Tare da kyakkyawar fahimta game da harshen Jafananci, Eroshenko ya rubuta labarun yara da yawa a cikin wannan harshe kuma ya zama sananne a tsakanin al'ummar adabin Jafananci. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1921 saboda shiga cikin zanga-zangar gurguzu da kuma shiga cikin taron na biyu na Jam'iyyar Socialist ta Japan, 'yan sanda sun yi wa Eroshenko duka kuma an kama shi. Bayan wata daya aka kore shi, kuma ya tafi Vladivostok, Tarayyar Soviet.

Daga 1921 zuwa 1923 Eroshenko ya tafi China kuma ya zauna a Harbin na fiye da watanni uku, sannan ya zauna a Beijing, China, inda ya koyar da Esperanto. Daga Oktoba 1921 zuwa Fabrairu 1922 ya yi aiki a Cibiyar Harsuna a Shanghai. Ya kasance yana hulɗa da marubucin kasar Sin Lu Xun, wanda ya fassara wasan kwaikwayo da tarin tatsuniyoyi ta Eroshenko a cikin Sinanci. Eroshenko ya fito ne a cikin ɗan gajeren labarin Lu 'The Comedy of the Ducks'.  Ya ba da laccoci ga jami'a da makarantar horar da malamai ga mata a Beijing kan wallafe-wallafen Rasha da sauran jigogi.

## Manazarta
Magomet Isayev

**Magomet Izmaylovich Isayev** (Russian; Ossetian; Maris 5, 1928 - Yuni 20, 2011) ya kasance Esperantist na Rasha, Mai fassara, kuma masanin harshe na Digor Ossetien. Ya fi shahara da aikinsa a kan Harsunan Iran (da farko Ossetic) da Esperanto.

## Manazarta
Lena Karpunina

**Lena Karpunina** (1963 - 4 ga Nuwamba, 2013; Rasha: Елена Карпунина) marubuciya ce ta harshen Esperanto a Tajikistan (sa'an nan wani ɓangare na Tarayyar Soviet). An haife ta a cikin abin da ke yanzu Rasha, ta girma a babban birnin Tajik na Dushanbe, sannan aka tilasta mata barin zuwa Jamus saboda Yaƙin basasar Tajikistan . Daga 2010 har zuwa mutuwarta, ta kasance memba na Akademio de Esperanto, wanda aka zaba da farko don nuna godiya ga aikinta a fagen adabi.

An haifi Jelena Karpunina, wacce aka fi sani da Lena, a shekarar 1963 a Kaluga, Tarayyar Soviet, a yankin da yanzu ake kira Rasha.   Ta girma a Dushanbe, babban birnin abin da yanzu ake kira Tajikistan.  Bayan kammala karatunta a  a shekarar 1986, ta yi aiki a kamfanoni daban-daban a Tajikistan a matsayin injiniyan mota.   A shekarar 1988, ta fara koyon Esperanto .   Ta kan yi tafiye-tafiye akai-akai zuwa tarurruka da tarurrukan Esperanto.  Sannan, a shekarar 1993, a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Tajikistani, ta ƙaura zuwa Berlin, inda a shekarar 1997 ta fara karatun harsunan Jamus a Jami'ar Humboldt . Yayin da take Jamus, ta auri Gerd Bussing, wani ƙwararren masanin Esperanti na Jamus.  Ta mutu a shekarar 2013 a Berlin.

## Rubuce-rubucen wallafe-wallafen
gKarpunina an san ta da gudummawar da ta bayar ga wallafe-wallafen Esperanto, wanda ta fara rubutawa a farkon shekarun 1990. Ta wallafa littattafai biyu a cikin Esperanto, duka gajerun labaran: La *Bato* ("The Blow") a cikin 2001 da Neokazinta Amo ("Unrequited Love") a cikin 2007.   Dukansu an buga su a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin da ta buga. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga mujallar Esperanto *[[Monato]]*, tana rubutu a ƙarƙashin sunan alkalami "REGO".  Ayyukanta galibi sun samo asali ne daga abubuwan da ta samu tun tana yarinya a Tajikistan, kuma an bayyana gajerun labarinta a matsayin "humanist" da "modern".

Ayyukanta sun sami kyaututtuka daban-daban a gasar zane-zane ta Universal Esperanto Association. A shekara ta 2010, an zabe ta a matsayin memba na Akademio de Esperanto,  kuma ta kasance memba na Akademios Literatura de Esperanto. 

## Manazarta
Abram Kofman

**Abram Antoni Kofman** ( Russian   ;  &#x2013;  ), wanda aka fi sani da **Abraham S. Kofman**, ya kasance akawu na Rasha-Yahudawa, kuma mawaƙi kuma mai fassara a harsuna da dama da aka gina . Daga Odesa, Daular Rasha, Kofman ya koyi Esperanto a 1889 kuma ya kasance farkon mai goyon bayan karɓuwar harshen. Yana ɗaya daga cikin Yahudawan Rasha na farko da suka rubuta waƙa a cikin Esperanto kuma mutane da yawa sun bayyana shi a matsayin "majagaba". Ayyukansa sun bayyana a cikin mujallu da dama na harshen Esperanto da kuma tsoffin littattafan tarihi, ciki har da ** . Shi ne mai fassara sassa da dama na Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci a cikin harshen Esperanto da kuma yaren 'yarsa, Ido . Shi ne farkon mai fassara Girkanci -Esperanto na farko, yana fassara sassan *Iliad* tun daga 1895.

## Esperanto

### Tarihi
Kofman ya rubuta kayan asali da fassarori don yawancin littattafan Esperanto; ya rubuta a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban, gami da rubutun satirical da shayari.  Ya bayyana a cikin littafin Zamenhof na 1903 Fundamenta Krestomatio [eo] (Fundamental Chrestomathy).  An gabatar da wani ɗan gajeren labari a cikin Louis de Beaufront's L'Espérantiste [eo],  kuma ya haɗa kai da mujallar Czech Bohema *[[La Esperantisto|Esperantist]]* [eo].   An ba da gudummawa da yawa ga La Esperantisto da Lingvo Internacia a ƙarƙashin sunan "Amiko" ("Aboki"); kodayake da farko an yi imanin cewa daga Zamenhof ne, daga baya an gano su ayyukan Kofman ne. A shekara ta 1896, ya shirya buga tarin waƙoƙi  mai taken Voices of People () a cikin harsuna goma sha takwas, amma ba a sake shi ba.  Ga matani a cikin Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian, Jafananci, da Mordvin, ya nemi taimako daga Finnish Esperantist Gustaf John Ramstedt, ba daidai ba ya gaskata cewa Ramstedt na iya magana da Jafananci. A cikin wata wasika a cikin mujallar Lingvo Internacia, Kofman ya bayyana cewa yana fatan samun harsuna 35-50.

## Manazarta
Alexander Nedoshivin

**Aleksandr Mixaylovich Nedoshivin** (Maris 14, 1868 a Kazan - Maris, 1943, Kabari na Orthodox na Rasha, Nice) ya kasance kwararren kwararre ne na shekara 27 a Ma'aikatar Kudi a Daular Rasha, daga baya lauya na shekaru 10. A shekara ta 1920 ya bar kasar kuma ya zama firist a shekara ta 1927. A shekara ta 1928 ya zama firist na Cocin Orthodox na Rasha a Leipzig.

A shekara ta 1910 ya koyi Esperanto kuma yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar Esperanto Society a Kaunas, Lithuania . A Saint Petersburg ya kafa Cibiyar Kasuwancin Esperanto ta Duniya (Internacian Esperantan Komercan Ĉambron) wanda ya sami tallafi. Matarsa (ta mutu 1926) da 'yarsa ne suka goyi bayan aikinsa na Esperanto.

## Manazarta
Nikolai Vladimirovich Nekrasov

**Nikolai Vladimirovich Nekrasov** (Russian) (18 Disamba 1900 - 4 Oktoba 1938) marubucin Esperanto ne na Soviet, mai fassara, kuma mai sukar.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Nekrasov a Moscow. Wani ɗan jarida, ya yi aiki a gidan wallafe-wallafen Moscow. Ya koyi Esperanto a shekarar 1915.

### Ayyukan Esperanto, aikin edita, da labarai
A cikin 1918-19, ya kasance shugaban *Tutrusia Ligo de junaj esperantistoj* (All-Russia League of Young Esperantists), kuma edita da mai rubutun *Juna Mondo* (Young World). A ranar 1 ga Yuni 1922 Nekrasov tare da Gregory Demidyuk sun kafa nazarin al'adu La Nova Epoko  (The New Epoch), wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin gabobin SAT. A cikin 1923 ya zama memba na kwamitin tsakiya na  [eo] (SEU) (ru: Soyuz Esperantistov Sovetskikh Stran), sannan a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ernest Drezen .

Ya damu musamman game da tarihi da sukar adabin Esperanto, akidar juyin juya halin Esperanto, matsalar kasa da cosmoglottics. A cikin *La Nova Epoko* ya wallafa litattafai da yawa game da wallafe-wallafen Esperanto (game da Baghy, Bulthuis,  ,  , Mikhalski, Devkin, Schulhof, da sauransu). Masu sukar sa sun fito ne daga ra'ayi na zamantakewar al'umma na asali, amma a lokaci guda ya mai da hankali sosai ga amfani da harshe a cikin ayyukan.

An sake dawo da shi bayan mutuwarsa a matsayin marar laifi a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba 1957.

## Haɗin waje

* Nekrasov: Datreveno de talenta poeto [mafi kyawun hanyar haɗi] (Nekrasov: Ranar haihuwar mawaki mai basira), NikSt, *Esperanto*, 06.03.91 
* Nikolaj Nekrasov ''Soneto pri Espteranto''  An adana shi 2007-03-12 a , *Esperanta antologio: poemoj 1887-1981* (*Esperanto Anthology: waƙoƙi 1887-1981*) - Rotterdam, 1984, shafuffuka 207-208.&nbsp;
Zlatoje Martinov

**Zlatoje Martinov** (Serbian-Cyrillic: Златоје Мартинов; an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Disamba 1953, Pančevo) ɗan jarida ne kuma marubuci na Serbia.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Martinov ya yi karatun tattalin arziki (BS) a Jami'ar Belgrade . Ya kasance darektan hadin gwiwar *[[wallafawa|Res Publica]]*, mataimakin Nebojša Popov na shekaru da yawa kuma babban editan mujallar Republika na karshe. rahotanni, sake dubawa da litattafan Martinov an kuma buga su a cikin mujallu kamar *Sveske* (Serbian: Notebooks), *Krovovi* (Serbian): Roofs), *Fensir* (Jamusanci: Windows) da wasu. Labaransa mai mahimmanci sun nuna jigogi na zamantakewa, siyasa, al'adu da tarihi na al'ummar Serbia. Martinov ya kasance darektan Cibiyar Rubuce-rubuce ta Jamusawa na Vojvodina (Centar za tunningciju o vojvođanskim Nemcima) daga 1994 zuwa 2002, kuma a wannan lokacin ya inganta tattaunawar al'adu tsakanin yawancin Serbia da 'yan tsiraru na Jamus. A cikin 2000 da 2003, ya halarci matsayin wakilin Serbia a taron Danube Swabian ARDI a Vienna.

Yana da sha'awar Al'adun Esperanto tun shekaru da yawa, memba na cibiyar Esperanto PEN a La Chaux-de-Fonds kuma babban editan Mujallar Esperanto Literatura Foiro . Martinov memba ne na Gidauniyar Danube Swabian *Heimathaus* a Sremski Karlovci . Marubucin yana cikin kwamitin Alliance of Anti-fascists of Serbia (Savez antifašista Srbije). Yana zaune a Belgrade.

## Bayanan littattafai (zaɓin)
**Magana**

* *Osmeh Emi Majeer* (Murmushin Emi Majer; gajerun labarai), Dandalin Banatski, Pančevo 2002,  . 
* *Preljubnička biblija: priče* (Littafi Mai Tsarki don Masu Zina: gajerun labarai), Mali Nemo, Pančevo 2004,  .

## Manazarta