Tsarin Omo Kibish

**Tsarin Omo Kibish** ko kuma kawai **Tsarin Kibish** tsari ne na ilimin ƙasa a cikin Lower Omo Valley na kudu maso yammacin Habasha. An sanya masa suna ne bayan Kogin Omo da ke kusa kuma an raba shi zuwa mambobi huɗu da aka sani da Members I-IV . Ana ƙidaya membobin a cikin tsari wanda aka ajiye su kuma kwanan wata tsakanin 196 ka ~ 13-4 ka. Omo Kibish da makwabta (Shungura da Usno) sun samar da rikodin paleoanthropological mai arziki tare da hominin da yawa (misali *Paranthropus boisei*) da kayan aikin dutse (misali kayan aikin Oldowan) da aka gano. Tsarin Kibish, musamman, ya fi shahara ga aikin Richard Leakey a can a shekarar 1967 lokacin da shi da tawagarsa suka sami daya daga cikin tsofaffin ragowar *[[Ɗan Adam|Homo sapiens]]* na zamani. An san shi da Omo Kibish 1 (Omo I), burbushin ya kasance a shekara ta 196 ± 5 ka tsoho kuma yana daga cikin wasu ragowar Omo guda biyu (Omo II da Omo III) waɗanda aka samo a cikin Member I. Abubuwan burbushin Omo sun kasance kwanan nan (a cikin 2022) sun sake zuwa kimanin 233 ± 22 ka tsoho. A farkon shekarun 2000 wani bincike ya wadatar da tushen ilimi game da Tsarin Kibish. Nazarin ragowar dabbobi (babban dabbobi masu shayarwa da kifi) da kayan aikin dutse sun ba da haske game da ƙungiyoyin archaeological na *Homo sapiens* kuma ta haka ne halayensu da kuma yanayin muhalli mai rikitarwa wanda suka rayu kuma suka samo asali.

## Tarin kayan kwalliya na MSA
A lokacin binciken farko na Richard Leakey na 1967 an sami kayan aikin dutse da yawa tare da Omo 1 a shafin hominid na Kamoya (KHS) amma ba a bayyana su sosai a cikin wallafe-wallafen bincike ba. A cikin 2000s ƙarin tono ya faru a KHS ban da wasu shafuka biyu: shafin hominid na Awoke (AHS) wanda yake a cikin memba 1 da kuma Bird's Nest Site (BNS) wanda ke cikin memba 2. Bayanan tarin lithic da aka samo a lokacin binciken da aka yi kwanan nan sun kuma yi la'akari da lithics da aka samo daga binciken farko na 1967.

Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su don samar da lithics da aka samu shine chert. Gabaɗaya, ingantattun kayan masarufi masu kyau na cryptocrystalline silicate kamar jasper, chert, chalcedony sun ƙunshi mafi rinjaye (60-90%) a duk shafuka.Ganin cewa duk abin da ke faruwa sai dai guda ɗaya da ba a saba gani ba za a iya samun su a cikin ajiyar dutse na zamani a cikin memba 1, an yi hasashen cewa hominins na farko sun sami ƙwayoyin dutse da suka dace don samar da kayan aikin dutse daga tushen gida. Kodayake ana iya samun dukkan kayan a cikin isasshen adadi a cikin ajiyar dutse na gida, kayan aiki masu ƙarancin inganci kamar shale, rhyolite da basalt sun fi yawa. Bugu da ƙari, ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin da suka fi ƙarancin ƙwayoyin.Tare, waɗannan yanayin suna nuna cewa hominins sun kasance masu zaɓaɓɓu sosai a cikin samar da kayan aikin dutse. Kashi sittin da tara na dukkan ƙwayoyin sune ƙwayoyin levallois ko ƙwayoyin asymmetrical waɗanda ke cikin aji na rukuni da aka sani da ƙwayoyin tsari. Kodayake masana'antar Kibish tana da wasu halaye waɗanda ke tallafawa yiwuwar samar da kayan aikin dutse da nufin karɓar babban motsi na zama, akwai halaye masu saɓani. Misali, Kayan aiki da aka gyara suna da wuya amma yawan kayan aikin da ba a sauƙaƙe ba kaɗan ne. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran tarurruka MSA ƙwayoyin sun kasance ƙananan. Koyaya, an yi la'akari da cewa wannan mai yiwuwa ne sakamakon farawa daga ƙananan clasts. Duk da irin waɗannan bambance-bambance, masanin ilimin ɗan adam John Shea ya kammala cewa masana'antar Kibish tana da bambancin gida na masana'antar gabashin Afirka har yanzu ba a ambaci sunanta ba.

## Rashin dabbobi

### Dabbobi masu shayarwa
Binciken da Assefa et al. suka yi ya samo dukkan mambobi amma sun sami ragowar dabbobi daga mambobi I, III, da IV kawai. Kungiyoyin da aka samu daga kowane memba suna kama da bambancin dabbobi masu shayarwa kuma galibi suna wakiltar manyan dabbobi masu sha waɗanda suka hada da al'ummar dabbobi na yanzu a yankin. Wato, galibi bovids, suids, da equids amma kuma wasu ungulates kamar hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses da dai sauransu. Samfurin burbushin dabbobi ya kasa dangane da iyakantaccen wakilci na primates (kamar guda ɗaya) da Masu cin nama; wasu nau'in shanu ba a wakilce su kwata-kwata. Sabanin haka,  da *Cephalophus* an samo su ne a cikin burbushin halittu amma ba su cikin al'ummar da ke akwai ba. Kasancewar *H. meinertzhageni* da *Cephalophus* suna da ban sha'awa saboda an ruwaito su da wuya a cikin tarihin burbushin Afirka da suka faru a wasu shafuka kamar Matupi Cave.Wani sanannen binciken da aka samu a cikin burbushin halittu shine na *Equus burchellii* da *E. grevyi* saboda wannan na iya nuna cewa yankin Omo Kibish ya daɗe yana da banbanci ga kasancewar jinsunan biyu a cikin wani wurin zama.An yi hasashen cewa rashin isasshen samfurin samfurin maimakon kasancewar kawai fauna na yanzu a lokacin ƙarshen tsakiyar Pleistocene na iya bayyana rashin kowane nau'in da ya ƙare a cikin Tsarin Kibish.

### Dabbobi na kifi

#### Rubuce-rubucen lissafi
Gabaɗaya, an tattara samfurori 337 na ƙashi na kifi daga membobin ƙungiyar Kibish; kamar yadda yake ga dabbobi masu shayarwa, an sami burbushin ne kawai a cikin membobin I, III da IV. Kodayake wasu daga cikin samfurori 337 na iya kasancewa na mutane iri ɗaya, an yi imanin cewa taƙaitaccen mitar haraji ba ya da tasiri sosai ta wannan gaskiyar.

Tare perciforms da siluriforms (catfish) sun ƙunshi kashi 86.7 cikin dari na taron Kibish. Abu mai mahimmanci, tsari na perciform yana wakiltar gaba ɗaya ta nau'i ɗaya (*Lates niloticus*) yayin da kashi 76 cikin dari na siluriforms suna wakiltar *Synodontis* da clariids. Kodayake Kibish ichthyofauna ba ta kusanci da rubuce-rubuce na bambancin halittu na al'ummar da ke akwai (9 daga cikin 37 da aka sani), gabaɗaya yana kama da fauna na zamani a yankin. Membin III ya ƙunshi dukkan nau'ikan tara yayin da Member I ya ɓace *Hydrocynus* da *Shilbe*; duk da haka membobin biyu sun kasance iri ɗaya a cikin mitar haraji (ta hanyar tsari). Member IV ya ƙunshi manyan nau'o'i uku kawai (Lates, Synodontis da Clarias). 

#### Hominid hulɗa
Kodayake babu alamomi masu nunawa a kan burbushin burbushin kanta, wasu layin shaidu sun nuna cewa kamun kifi wata hanya ce ta rayuwa ga hominids da ke zaune a Omo Turkana Basin. Babban shaidar ta haɗa da ƙashin ƙashi, kamar waɗanda ke cikin wasu rukunin yanar gizon MSA, waɗanda aka samo a cikin Member IV. A cikin shafukan MSA da aka ambata a gabashin da kudancin Afirka, an sami waɗannan ƙwayoyin ƙashi tare da kayan kifi da aka sarrafa. Bugu da ƙari, halaye na wasu daga cikin Kibish taxa, kamar girman su ko fifiko ga wuraren zama na ruwa suna nuna cewa da gaske za su buƙaci kayan aiki don a saya.

## Bayanan da aka ambata