Yanayin ƙasar Uruguay

**[[Uruguay]]** ƙasa ce a yankin kudu maso gabashin Kudancin Amurka, da ke kan iyakar Tekun Atlantika, tsakanin Argentina da Brazil . Tana cikin Kudancin Hemisphere a kan tekun Atlantika na Kudancin Amurka tsakanin 53 da 58 yammacin longitude da 30 da 35 kudu latitude. Yana da iyaka zuwa yamma da Argentina, a arewa da arewa maso gabas da Brazil, kuma a kudu maso gabas ta Tekun Atlantika, wanda ya zama bakin tekun Uruguay.

A kudu, yana gaba da Río de la Plata, wani yanki mai faɗi da ke buɗewa zuwa Kudancin Atlantic. Montevideo, babban birni kuma babbar tashar jiragen ruwa, yana zaune a kan bankunan Río de la Plata kuma yana kan kusan latitude ɗaya da Cape Town da Sydney.]  Uruguay ita ce ƙasa mafi ƙanƙantar masu magana da Mutanen Espanya a Kudancin Amurka tare da fili mai faɗin murabba'in kilomita 175,015 (67,574 sq mi) da yankin ruwa na murabba'in kilomita 1,200 (463 sq mi).  Bugu da kari, Uruguay ita ce kasa daya tilo mai cikakken iko a duniya wacce ba ta tsallaka zuwa arewa daga latitude 30 na kudu (idan an dauki tsibirin Nugent a matsayin wurin arewa mafi girma a New Zealand);  saboda haka, duk sauran al'ummomi sun haɗa da aƙalla wasu filaye a arewa fiye da dukkan maki a Uruguay;  ta wannan ma'ana, ana iya la'akari da Uruguay a matsayin ƙasa mafi kudu a duniya.  Tana da Yankin Tattalin Arziki Na Musamman na murabba'in kilomita 142,166 (54,891 sq mi).  Ita ce kasa daya tilo a Kudancin Amurka da ke kudu da Tropic na Capricorn, da kuma daya daga cikin irin wadannan hudu a duniya.

## Yanayin ƙasa da yanayin ruwa

Yawancin Uruguay fili ne mai juyawa wanda ke wakiltar sauyawa daga kusan pampas na Argentina zuwa tsaunuka masu tsawo na kudancin Brazil. Kasar kanta tana da filayen filaye a gefen gabas, kudu, da yamma. Yankin bakin tekun Atlantika yana da yashi da marshy, wani lokacin yana karyawa da ƙananan lagoons. Yankunan Río de la Plata da Río Uruguay sun fi girma kuma sun haɗu a hankali cikin tsaunuka.

Sauran kashi uku cikin huɗu na ƙasar suna da tsaunuka masu juyawa waɗanda ke da alamun ƙananan tuddai waɗanda suka zama sanannun a arewa yayin da suka haɗu cikin tsaunuka na kudancin Brazil. Ko da waɗannan yankunan tsaunuka ba su da alama, duk da haka, kuma tsaunuka da wuya su wuce mita 200. Matsayi mafi girma, Cerro Catedral (513 m), yana cikin kudu maso gabashin ƙasar a cikin tsaunukan Cuchilla Grande.

Uruguay ƙasa ce mai wadata da ruwa. Kyakkyawan ruwa suna nuna iyakokinta a gabas, kudu, da yamma, har ma da mafi yawan iyakar da Brazil suna bin ƙananan koguna. Tafkuna da lagoons suna da yawa, kuma babban teburin ruwa yana sauƙaƙa tono rijiyoyi.

Tsarin koguna guda uku suna zubar da ƙasa: koguna suna gudana zuwa yamma zuwa Río Uruguay, zuwa gabas zuwa Atlantic ko tafkunan ruwa da ke kan iyaka da teku, da kuma kudu zuwa Río de la Plata .  Río Uruguay, wanda ya zama iyaka da Argentina, yana kewaye da ƙananan bankunan, kuma ambaliyar ruwa mai bala'i wani lokacin yakan mamaye manyan yankuna. Mafi tsawo kuma mafi mahimmanci daga cikin koguna da ke gudana zuwa yamma shine Rio Negro, wanda ke haye duk ƙasar daga arewa maso gabas zuwa yamma kafin ya zubo cikin Río Uruguay .  Wani madatsar ruwa a kan Río Negro a Paso de los Toros ya haifar da tafki - Embalse del Río Neglo - wannan shine mafi girman tafkin wucin gadi a Kudancin Amurka. Babban kogin Río Negro kuma kogin na biyu mafi muhimmanci a kasar shine Kogin Yí . 

Kogunan da ke gudana daga gabas zuwa Tekun Atlantika gabaɗaya ba su da zurfi kuma suna da ƙaruwa mai yawa fiye da sauran koguna. Mutane da yawa sun kwashe a cikin lagoons a cikin filin bakin teku. Babban tafkin bakin teku, Laguna Merín, ya zama wani ɓangare na iyaka da Brazil. Ƙananan tafkuna shida, wasu ruwa mai laushi da wasu ruwan gishiri, suna kan iyakar bakin teku da ke kudu.

## Yanayi
 
An samo shi gaba ɗaya a cikin yankin matsakaici,  Uruguay tana da Yanayin zafi mai zafi (Cfa bisa ga rarraba yanayin Köppen)   wanda yake daidai da ƙasa. Bambancin yanayi yana bayyana, amma matsanancin zafin jiki yana da wuya. Kamar yadda za a sa ran ta hanyar yalwar ruwa, yawan danshi da hazo sun zama ruwan dare. Rashin tsaunuka, wanda ke aiki a matsayin shingen yanayi, yana sa duk wuraren da ke da rauni ga manyan iskõki da sauye-sauye masu sauri a cikin yanayi yayin da gaba ko guguwa ke mamaye kasar. Yanayi wani lokaci yana da danshi.

An bayyana lokutan sosai, kuma a mafi yawan Uruguay bazara yawanci yana da danshi, sanyi, da iska; lokacin rani yana da dumi; kaka yana da sauƙi; kuma hunturu yana da sanyi kuma yana da ɗanɗano. Arewa maso yammacin Uruguay, duk da haka, ya fi nesa da manyan ruwa sabili da haka yana da lokacin rani mai dumi da kuma hunturu mai sauƙi da bushewa fiye da sauran ƙasar. Matsakaicin matsakaicin a lokacin rani (Janairu) a Montevideo shine 28 da 17 ° C (82.4 da 62.6 ° F), bi da bi, tare da cikakkiyar matsakaicin  ° C (109.4 ° F); lambobi masu kama da Artigas a arewa maso yamma sune 33 da  ° C (91.4 da 64.4 ° F), tare da mafi girman zafin jiki da aka taɓa rubuta  ° .6 ° F. Winter (Yuli) matsakaicin matsakaicin matsayi da ƙasa a Montevideo shine 14 da 6 ° C (57.2 da 42.8 ° F), bi da bi, kodayake babban danshi yana sa yanayin zafi ya fi sanyi; mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki da aka yi rajista a Montevide shine -4 ° C (24.8 ° F).  Matsakaicin a watan Yuli na saman 18 ° C (64.4 ° F) da ƙananan 7 ° C (44.6 ° F) a Artigas sun tabbatar da hunturu mai sauƙi a arewa maso yammacin Uruguay, amma har ma a nan yanayin zafi ya sauka zuwa subfreezing -4 ° C (24.8 ° F). 

Ana rarraba ruwan sama daidai a ko' shekara, kuma adadin shekara-shekara yana ƙaruwa daga kudu maso gabas zuwa arewa maso yamma. Montevideo yana da matsakaicin millimeters 950 (37.4 in) a kowace shekara, kuma Artigas yana karɓar millimeters 1,235 (48.6 in)  matsakaicin shekara. Kamar yadda yake a mafi yawan yanayi mai matsakaici, ruwan sama yana haifar da wucewar sanyi a cikin hunturu, faɗuwa cikin hazo mai zafi, kuma tsawa na rani yana da yawa.

Iska mai ƙarfi alama ce mai banƙyama ta yanayi, musamman a lokacin hunturu da bazara, kuma sauye-sauyen iska ba zato ba tsammani ne kuma yana bayyana. Za'a iya karya yanayin zafi na hunturu ba zato ba tsammani ta hanyar pampero mai ƙarfi, iska mai sanyi kuma a wasu lokuta mai ƙarfi da ke busawa daga arewa daga pampas na Argentina. Iska ta lokacin rani daga teku, duk da haka, tana da tasirin lafiya na yanayin zafi na rana.

## Amfani da ƙasa da tsarin zama
Ana iya raba Uruguay zuwa yankuna huɗu, bisa ga zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da yanayin ƙasa. Yankunan sun hada da ciki, bakin teku, Babban Montevideo, da bakin teku.

### Cikin ciki
Wannan yanki mafi girma ya haɗa da sassan Artigas, Cerro Largo, Durazno, Flores, Florida, Lavalleja, Rivera, Salto, Tacuarembó, da Treinta y Tres da gabashin gabashin Paysandú, Rio Negro, da Soriano.  Ƙasa ta sama tana da bakin ciki kuma ba ta dace da aikin gona mai zurfi ba, amma tana ciyar da makiyaya masu yawa.

Only 2 to 3% of Uruguay's land is forested. An estimated 30,000 to  (17 to 23% of the total land) are arable, but only one-third of this (about 7% of the total productive land) was cultivated in 1990. Almost all of the interior consisted of cattle and sheep ranches; pasture accounted for 89% of the country's productive land.

Ana yawan yin kiwon Tumaki a matsakaitan gonaki da aka mayar da hankali a yamma da kudu. Ya fara bunƙasa a matsayin masana'antar fitarwa a cikin kwata na ƙarshe na karni na 19, musamman bayan kirkirar waya mai kaifi, wanda ya ba da damar sauƙin rufe dukiya. Gishiri na Uruguay yana da matsakaici, ba daidai ba ne da ka'idodin Australiya.

Ranches na shanu, ko estancias, don naman sa da fata yawanci suna da girma sosai (sama da 10 km2) kuma an mayar da hankali a arewa da gabas. Dairying ya mayar da hankali a cikin sashen Colonia .  Saboda kiwon dabbobi yana buƙatar ƙaramin aiki, kawai 'yan gauchos, ciki ba shi da manoma da manyan garuruwa. Duk da cewa ba su da yawan jama'a, duk da haka, cikin gida an gina shi sosai saboda babban birnin kowane sashen yawanci yana dauke da kusan rabin mazauna. Alamun ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki sun kasance mafi ƙasƙanci ga sassan da ke kan iyakar Brazil zuwa arewa maso gabas. Yunkurin gwamnati na karfafa mulkin mallaka ta hanyar sake fasalin ƙasa a cikin gida ya gaza sosai a fannin tattalin arziki, kamar yadda inganta samar da alkama. Ɗaya daga cikin banbanci, shinkafa, wanda aka samar da shi a gabas, ya zama babban fitarwa ba na gargajiya ba a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.&nbsp;

### Yankin bakin teku

Yammacin yamma tare da Río de la Plata daga Montevideo, sune sassan noma da samar da madara na San Jose da Colonia. A arewa tare da Río Uruguay akwai sassan Soriano, Río Negro, Paysandú da Salto. Rabinsu na yamma sun zama wani ɓangare na bakin teku, yankin da ya fi ci gaba fiye da ciki. A nan ƙasa tana da kyau kuma tana da kyau, tana son samar da amfanin gona da gonaki masu girman gaske fiye da ciki. Shuka na Citrus don fitarwa ya karu a cikin sassan da ke kusa da Río Uruguay .  Sashen Colonia, wanda wasu daga cikinsu Swiss ne suka zauna, sananne ne ga samar da madara, man shanu, cuku, da dulce de leche (abin da aka yi da madara da sukari).  Yawancin alkama (wanda Uruguay ta wadata) an kuma samar da shi a wannan yankin.

Ginin tare da Argentina na madatsar ruwan Salto Grande Dam fadin Río Uruguay arewacin Salto ya kasance babban ci gaba ga ci gaban arewacin Ƙasar teku a cikin shekarun 1970s. Sabanin haka, rufe sanannen masana'antar shirya nama a Fray Bentos a cikin sashen Río Negro ya canza shi zuwa garin fatalwa mai kama da juna. Daga kudu, tattalin arzikin bakin teku ya amfana daga kammala Janar Artigas Bridge a fadin Río Uruguay daga Paysandú zuwa lardin Argentina na Entre Ríos .  Koyaya, zuwan hanya mai dacewa (idan kewaye) daga Montevideo zuwa Buenos Aires ta hanyar sabon gada ya rage jigilar kaya da fasinjoji ta hanyar ƙaramin tashar jiragen ruwa na Colonia a kan Río de la Plata a gaban babban birnin Argentina.  Don ramawa, gwamnatin Uruguay ta karfafa maido da gine-gine na Colonia, wanda Portuguese suka gina a zamanin mulkin mallaka. A shekara ta 1990 Colonia ta zama ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan jan hankali na yawon bude ido na tarihi na Uruguay, kuma yawancin gidajensu masu hutu ne suka sayi su daga Buenos Aires.

### Babban Montevideo
 
Dangane da ƙididdigar shekara ta 2004, yawan mutanen sashen Montevideo ya kai 1,325,968,  kuma na sashen makwabta na Canelones ya kai 485,240,  daga cikin yawan mutane 3,241,003. Don haka, waɗannan sassan da ɓangaren gabashin San José, waɗanda tare suka zama yankin Greater Montevideo, sun riƙe fiye da rabin yawan mutanen Uruguay.

Wannan tsari na monocephalic na sulhu ya fi bayyana a Uruguay fiye da kowane al'umma na duniya, ban da birane-jihohi. Ƙididdigar shekara ta 1985 ta nuna yawan jama'a kusan 2,475 a kowace murabba'in kilomita a cikin sashen Montevideo da kimanin mazauna 80 a kowace murabus kilomita a cikin Sashen Canelones. Yawan jama'a a wasu wurare a kasar sun kasance mafi ƙanƙanta.

An kafa Montevideo a kan wani tudu kusa da babban bay wanda ya zama cikakkiyar tashar jiragen ruwa. A cikin karni na 19, Birtaniya ta inganta shi a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa mai hamayya zuwa Buenos Aires. Birnin ya fadada har zuwa 1990 ya rufe mafi yawan sashen. Yankin asali na zama, wanda aka sani da Tsohon Birni, yana kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa, amma gundumar kasuwanci ta tsakiya da wuraren zama na tsakiya sun koma gabas. Abinda kawai ya bambanta da wannan tsari na fadada gabas shi ne cewa banki da kudi sun ci gaba da taruwa a cikin Tsohon Birni a kusa da Kasuwancin Kasuwanci, Bankin Uruguay (Banco de la República Oriental del Uruguay - BROU), da Babban Bankin Uruguay. 

Tun daga shekarun 1950, azuzuwan na tsakiya masu wadata na Montevideo sun yi watsi da wuraren da aka saba da su a cikin gari don ƙarin manyan gine-ginen gidaje na zamani na Pocitos, wani yanki na bakin teku a gabashin tsakiyar.  Har ila yau a gabas mafi nisa shine yankin Carrasco mai tsada, yanki na gidajen alfarma na zamani wanda ya zo ya maye gurbin tsohuwar unguwar El Prado da ke arewacin birnin a matsayin gida ga manyan attajiran kasar.  Tekun rairayin bakin tekun ba su da ƙazanta fiye da waɗanda ke kusa da cibiyar.] Filin jirgin saman Carrasco na ƙasa da ƙasa na Montevideo yana kusa, [yana haye kan iyaka zuwa Sashen Canelones.  Babban jijiya na babban birnin, 18 ga Yuli Avenue, ya kasance babban titin siyayya na Montevideo, amma ya ji rauni tun tsakiyar shekarun 1980 ta hanyar gina babban kantin sayar da kayayyaki na zamani wanda ke tsakanin Pocitos da Carrasco.

Garin da ya fi talauci a Montevideo ya kasance a arewacin birnin da kewayen bay a yankunan ayyukan masana'antu. Koyaya, matakin rabuwa na sararin samaniya na rukunin zamantakewa ya kasance matsakaici ta ƙa'idodin wasu biranen Kudancin Amurka. Farawa a cikin shekarun 1970s, birnin ya fara samun belin ƙauyuka a kusa da kewayenta, amma a cikin 1990 waɗannan sun kasance ƙananan idan aka kwatanta da Rio de Janeiro ko Guayaquil, alal misali. Kimanin iyalai 60,000 ne ke zaune a cikin irin waɗannan ƙauyuka, waɗanda aka sani a Uruguay da *cantegriles* .  An gudanar da wani shiri mai zurfi na gina gidajen jama'a a cikin 1970s da 1980s, amma bai warware matsalar ba a shekarar 1990.

A cikin 1990 Greater Montevideo ya kasance mafi ci gaba da yankin Uruguay kuma ya mamaye ƙasa a tattalin arziki da al'adu. Ya kasance gida ga jami'o'i biyu na kasar, manyan asibitocinsa, da kuma mafi yawan kafofin watsa labarai (tafiye-tafiye na talabijin, tashoshin rediyo, jaridu, da mujallu).  Kokarin da gwamnatocin soja suka yi daga 1973 zuwa 1985 don inganta ci gaban arewacin kasar (wani bangare saboda dalilai na dabarun) sun kasa canza wannan tsari na tsakiya mai tsakiya. A wata hanya, duk da haka, sun sami babban nasara: gabatar da kiran kai tsaye ya sauya tsarin tarho mai nisa na ƙasar. Sabanin haka, cibiyar sadarwar tarho ta cikin gida a Montevideo ta kasance tsoho kuma ba abin dogaro ba ne cewa kamfanoni da yawa sun dogara da sabis na aika saƙo don samun saƙonni ga sauran kasuwancin cikin gari.

Har zuwa lokacin da aka gina gine-gine a ƙarshen shekarun 1970, an gina gine-ginen zamani kaɗan. A sassa da yawa na cibiyar, kyawawan gidaje na ƙarni na goma sha tara da aka gina a kusa da tsakiya na tsakiya har yanzu ana iya ganin su a cikin 1990. A wasu lokuta, an bude farfajiyar zuwa iska, amma a mafi yawan lokuta an rufe ta da hasken wuta, wasu daga cikinsu an yi su da gilashin da aka yi da kyau. An yi amfani da ƙananan waɗannan gidaje don zama na iyali ɗaya, duk da haka, kuma an canza da yawa zuwa gidaje masu arha.

Manyan ɗalibai sun fi son zama a cikin gidaje na zamani kusa da tsakiyar gari ko Jami'ar Jamhuriyar. A madadin haka, suna iya siyan gidan iyali guda ɗaya tare da ƙaramin yadi a baya. Yawancin waɗannan suna kusa da rairayin bakin teku da ke gudana daga gabas daga cikin gari tare da titin da aka sani da Rambla .  A cikin Pocitos, duk da haka, manyan gidaje sun maye gurbin gidaje masu zaman kansu a kan titunan da suka fi kusa da rairayin bakin teku.

### Yankin bakin teku
Yaduwa daga gabas daga Montevideo tare da Río de la Plata sune sassan Canelones, Maldonado, da Rocha .  Yankin cikin gida na Canelones yanki ne na ƙananan gonaki da lambunan motoci, waɗanda ke samar da kayan lambu ga babban birnin. Ya kasance matalauta a cikin 1990. Yawancin mazauna ƙananan garuruwan sashen sun kuma tafi aiki a Montevideo ta hanyar bas mai sauri. A bakin tekun akwai jerin ƙananan garuruwan bakin teku (balnearios), daga inda ma'aikata masu wadata suka fara tafiya. Da nisa gabas a cikin sashen da ya ci gaba sosai na Maldonado yana da babban wurin shakatawa na Punta del Este .  An haɓaka wannan a matsayin filin wasa mai kyau ga 'yan Argentina fiye da matsakaicin Uruguayans, waɗanda suka ga yana da tsada sosai. Tare da otal-otal, gidajen cin abinci, gidan caca, da wuraren shakatawa na dare, Punta del Este babbar mai fitar da kayayyaki ce, kuma ta mamaye masana'antar yawon bude ido ta Uruguay.

'Yan Uruguay masu hutu da suka fi dacewa sun mai da hankali ne a cikin ƙananan wuraren shakatawa kamar Piriápolis da Atlántida, waɗanda ke kusa da Montevideo. Bayan Punta del Este a cikin mafi yawan sashen Rocha, al'ummomi da yawa sun tsiro a bakin tekun Atlantika da ba a lalata su ba tare da kilomita na rairayin bakin teku da manyan masu fashewa. Wadannan kananan al'ummomin hutu - kamar Aguas Dulces da Cabo Polonio, duka a cikin Sashen Rocha - ba a tsara su ba kuma ba su da muhimman ayyuka. A lokuta da yawa, an gina gidajen hutu masu sauƙi a kan dukiyar jama'a da ke kusa da bakin teku ba tare da wani takardar doka ga ƙasar ba. A cikin 1990 hukumomi a Ma'aikatar Rocha sun ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen tsarawa da inganta wannan ci gaba da fatan ƙarfafa ziyarar da masu yawon bude ido masu kashewa.

### Ci gaban Yankin
Yankunan Uruguay sun bambanta ba kawai a cikin girman yawan jama'a da yawa ba amma har ma a cikin alamun ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, ciki har da ilimi, kiwon lafiya, sadarwa, amfani da makamashi, da masana'antu.  Río Negro, Flores, Florida, Durazno, Treinta y Tres, da Rocha.[1]  Ƙarin ci gaban masana'antu da birane, amma har yanzu matalauta ne, sassan Soriano da Salto, waɗanda, kamar yadda aka gani a baya, sun amfana daga gina gada da dam, bi da bi, a fadin Río Uruguay a ƙarshen 1970s da farkon 1980ss.  Sauran sassan yamma guda biyu - Colonia da Paysandú - sune mafi ci gaba a bakin teku.

Sassan uku da ke kusa da Montevideo - San José, Canelones, da Lavalleja - sun gabatar da hoto mai rikitarwa na ci gaban tattalin arziki mai ci gaba tare da ƙananan alamun sabunta zamantakewa. A ƙarshe, Montevideo da sashen Maldonado (wanda masana'antar yawon bude ido ta shafa sosai a Punta del Este) suna da mafi girman alamun ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a kasar.

**Maritime claims:**
*continental shelf:*
200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
*Exclusive Economic Zone:*
, . Overflight and navigation is guaranteed beyond 

**Albarkatun halitta:** ƙasa mai noma, wutar lantarki, ƙananan ma'adanai, kamun kifi

Ƙasar da ake ban ruwa: 1,180 km2 (2003) &nbsp;

**Jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa:** 13 km3 (2011) &nbsp;

**Muhalli - batutuwan yanzu:** gurɓataccen ruwa daga masana'antar saka nama / tanery; rashin isasshen kashin / haɗari

**Muhalli - yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa:** jam'iyya ga: Yarjejeniyar Antarctic, Yarjejeniyar muhalli ta Antarctic, Biodiversity, Canjin yanayi, Yarjejeniya ta Yanayi-Kyoto, Yaduwa, Dabbobi masu haɗari, Canjin Muhalli, Hadari, Yarjejeniyoyin Kyoto, Dokar Tekun, Kare Layer na Ozone, Ruwan Jirgin ruwa, An *sanya hannu, amma ba a tabbatar da shi ba:* Ruwa na Ruwa, Tsaro na MarineKare Rayuwar Ruwa

## Manazarta