Ƙungiyar Dervish (Somali)

Harkar Dervish (Somali: Dhaqdhaqaaqa Daraawiish) wanda aka fi sani da Jihar Dervish[1] ƙungiya ce ta juriya da siyasa tsakanin 1899 zuwa 1920, wanda mawaƙin Salihiyya Sufi Muslim mawaƙi kuma jagoran gwagwarmaya Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, wanda kuma aka sani da Sayyid Mohamed, wanda ya yi kira ga samun 'yancin kai daga Turawan mulkin mallaka na Biritaniya da Italiya da kuma shan kashi na sojojin Habasha. Kungiyar Derwish ta yi niyyar kawar da tasirin Birtaniya da Italiya daga yankin da kuma maido da tsarin mulki na Musulunci tare da akidar Sufanci a matsayin tushensa, a cewar Mohamed-Rahis Hasan da Salada Robleh.

Hassan ya kafa majalisar mulki mai suna Khususi wadda ta kunshi dattawan kabilar Sufaye da masu magana da yawunsa, ya kara da wani mai ba da shawara daga Daular Usmaniyya mai suna Muhammad Ali, ta haka ne ya samar da wata kungiya ta Musulunci mai kabilu da dama a abin da ya kai ga samar da kasar Somaliya daga karshe.  

Ƙungiyoyin Dervish sun jawo hankalin matasa kusan 25,000 daga kabilu daban-daban a cikin 1899 da 1905, sun sami bindigogi sannan suka kai hari ga sojojin Habasha a Jigjiga. Derwish sun sami nasarar kwace shanun da suka kwace daga hannun Somaliyawa, wanda ya ba su nasarar soji na farko. Don kawo karshen wannan yunkuri, Birtaniya sun nemi kabilun Somaliya da ke fafatawa da juna a matsayin abokan hadin gwiwa don yakar yunkurin Dervish. Turawan Ingila sun ba wa wadannan dangogi makamai da kayayyaki don yakar Darwish. An kaddamar da hare-haren azabtarwa a kan wuraren da Dervish ke da karfi a cikin 1904. Ƙungiyoyin Dervish sun sha asara a fagen fama, suka koma ƙanana, suka koma yaƙin neman zaɓe. Hasan da abokinsa Dervishes sun ƙaura zuwa cikin Somaliland da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Italiya a cikin 1905 bayan Hasan ya rattaba hannu kan yerjejeniyar Illig, wanda a ƙarƙashinsa aka ba da Dervishes kwarin Nugaal, wanda ya ƙarfafa motsinsa, kuma Hasan daga baya ya sami tallafin Italiyanci da matsayin kariya mai cin gashin kansa.

A cikin 1908, Dervishes sun sake shiga yankin Somaliland na Biritaniya kuma suka fara yi wa Birtaniyya babbar asara a yankunan tsakiyar yankin Kahon Afirka. Daga shekara ta 1908 har zuwa karshen yakin duniya na daya turawan ingila sun ja da baya zuwa sauran yankuna da suka rage a gabar teku bayan sun sha asara mai yawa a cikin shigar da derwish ke ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukanta na kashin kai tare da barin yankunan cikin gida a hannun Dariya. A lokacin 1905-1910, Dervishes sun ci gaba da kai farmaki kan sauran ’yan Birtaniyya wadanda aka ci nasara a yakin Dul Madooba.

Harkar Dervish karkashin jagorancin Sayid Muhammed Abdullah Hassan, ta ci gaba da cin gashin kanta daga kimanin shekaru (24-26) tsakanin 1896/1900-1921. Kungiyar Dervish ta yi nasarar fatattakar daular Burtaniya sau hudu tare da tilasta mata ja da baya zuwa yankin bakin teku. Saboda wannan balaguro mai nasara, daulolin Ottoman da Jamus sun amince da ƙungiyar Dervish a matsayin ƙawance a lokacin yakin duniya na farko. Turkawa sun nada Hassan Sarkin Somaliya, kuma Jamusawa sun yi alkawarin amincewa da duk wani yanki da Derwish suka mallaka a hukumance. Bayan kwata karni na ci gaba da rike turawan ingila tare da kawo karshen yakin duniya na farko wanda ya kai ga fatattakar abokan kawancen Daular Usmaniyya da na Jamus bayan karshen yakin duniya na daya, turawan ingila sun mayar da hankalinsu ga Derwish. A shekara ta 1920, turawan ingila sun kaddamar da wani gagarumin farmaki na hadakar makamai a kan sansanonin taleh, tungar mayakan Darwish. Harin dai ya janyo hasarar rayuka da dama a tsakanin 'yan ta'addar na Darwish, ko da yake shugaban na Derwish Mohammed Abdullah Hassan ya samu nasarar tserewa. Mutuwarsa a cikin 1921 saboda ko dai zazzabin cizon sauro ko mura ya kawo karshen motsin Dervish.

Ƙungiyoyin Dervish sun ƙirƙiri wani “jahar proto-jihar” ta Somaliya ta hannu a farkon ƙarni na 20 tare da iyakoki na ruwa da jujjuyawar yawan jama'a.  Ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi zubar da jini da dadewa 'yan ta'adda a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara a lokacin mulkin mallaka, wanda ya ci karo da yakin duniya na daya. Yakin da aka yi tsakanin bangarori daban-daban cikin shekaru 20 da suka wuce ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan kashi daya bisa uku na al'ummar Somaliland tare da durkusar da tattalin arzikin yankin.  Malamai daban-daban suna tafsirin bullowa da kuma halakar ƙungiyar 'yan ta'addar Dervish a Somalia. Wasu suna daukar akidar “Sufi Islam” a matsayin direba, wasu kuma suna ganin matsalar tattalin arziki ga salon rayuwar makiyaya da mamaya ta haifar da akidar ‘yan mulkin mallaka a matsayin abin da ya haifar da yunkurin Derwish, yayin da masu ra’ayin zamani suka bayyana cewa addini da kishin kasa ne suka haifar da yunkurin Derwish.

## Tarihi

### Asalin
 
A cewar Abdullah A. Mohamoud, al'ummar gargajiya ta Somaliya ta bi tsarin rarraba da salon rayuwa mai zaman kansa wanda ya kan dogara da dabbobi da makiyaya. Har ila yau, yawancin Musulmi ne. A ƙarshen karni na 19, ikon mulkin mallaka na Turawa ya faɗaɗa isar da su a Ƙarƙashin Afirka, yankin Somaliya ya kasance ƙarƙashin tasirin Burtaniya, Habashawa da Italiya. Cire sojojin Masar daga Harar ya ba Ras Makonnen da Menelik II damar fadada mulkin Habasha mai tasowa zuwa gabas zuwa yankin Ogaden. A cikin 1884, Burtaniya ta kafa ikon kariya a kan Somaliland, da nufin kare Aden da Bab-el-Mandeb a cikin Bahar Maliya. A shekara ta 1893, bayan tattaunawa mai wuya, wani kamfani na Italiya ya ɗauki iko a kan iyakar Benadir a kudancin Somaliya, tare da sauran yankin da aka sanya a ƙarƙashin kariya ta Italiya a cikin 1889. Tare da mulkin kasashen waje ya zo tsakiya na tattalin arziki, wanda ya damu da kiwon dabbobi na gargajiya da makiyaya na Somalis. Har ila yau, dukkan kasashe na kasashen waje sun kasance Krista, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin tuhuma tsakanin manyan addinai na Somaliya. Sojojin Habasha sun riga sun zama mummunan abu ga Somalis saboda su ne masu fashi da masu satar garken su. Zuwan ikon mulkin mallaka da kuma rabuwa da Afirka ya haifar ya shafi Somalis sosai, tare da mawaƙa na Sufi kamar Faarax Nuur suna rubuta waƙoƙi suna nuna adawarsa ga mulkin kasashen waje. Don haka ana iya ganin motsi na Dervish a matsayin martani game da kafa ikon kasashen waje a Somaliya.

Mawaƙin Sufi kuma jagoran addinin kishin ƙasa mai suna Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, wanda aka fi sani da Sayid Maxamad Cabdulle Hassan ne ya jagoranci ƙungiyar Dervish. An haife shi a tafkin Sacmadeqo, wani wuri mai nisan kilomita bakwai arewa da garin Buuhoodle, a tsakanin 1856 zuwa 1864 ga wani uba wanda malamin addini ne. Ya yi karatu a makarantun Islama na Somaliya, daga baya kuma ya tafi aikin Hajji zuwa Makka, inda ya hadu da Shaihu Muhammad Salah na Salihiya Islamic Tariqah, wanda ya ce The Encyclopedia Britannica ya kasance "mai gwagwarmaya, mai kawo sauyi, da tsaftar Sufaye". Wa'azin da Salah ya yi wa Hasan ya samo asali ne daga akidar Wahabiyanci ta Saudiyya, kuma ta dauki shi a matsayin wani aiki na addini "yi yaki (jihadi) mai tsarki a kan dukkan sauran nau'o'in Musulunci, kasancewar kasashen Yamma da Kiristanci a duniyar musulmi, da farfado da addini", jihar Richard Shultz da Andrea Dew. Lokacin da Hasan ya koma yankin kahon Afirka, al’adar Somaliya ta bayyana cewa, ya ga yaran Somaliyawa da masu wa’azi na mishan suka musulunta zuwa addinin Kiristanci. Hasan ya fara wa'azi akan wannan musuluntar addini da kasancewar Birtaniyya. Ya fuskanci fushin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya wacce ta kira shi 'mahaukacin mullah', kuma koyarwarsa ta Sufanci ita ma 'yar adawa Qadiriya Tariqah - wata kungiyar Sufaye ta yankin, ta yi adawa da koyarwarsa, in ji Said M. Mohamed .   Another version of the early events link the illegal sale of a gun to Hasan by a corrupt Somali officer in 1899, who reported his gun as stolen rather than purchased by Hasan. The British authorities demanded the gun's return, while Hasan replied that the British should leave the country, a sentiment he had previously claimed in 1897 when he declared himself "the leader of a sovereign nation". Hasan continued to preach against the British introduction of Christianity to Somalia, stating that the "British infidels have destroyed our [Islamic] religion and made our children their children".

Hasan ya bar ƙauyuka kuma ya ƙaura don yin wa’azi a ƙauye. Tasirinsa ya bazu a yankunan karkara kuma dattijai da yawa, da matasa, sun zama mabiyansa. Hasan ya mai da matasa masu tasiri daga dangi daban-daban zuwa ’yan’uwantaka na musulmi,  suna yin gangami don kare Musulunci daga tasirin mishan na Kirista . Wadannan ne suka kafa kungiyar gwagwarmayar Hasan da ke dauke da makamai da suka kafa domin tunkarar Turawan mulkin mallaka, kuma aka yi musu lakabi da Dervishes ko Daraawiish, in ji M. Mohamed[3].

### Motsi