Igbo Landing

**Ibo Landing** (kuma ana kiranta **Ibo Landing**, **Ebo Landing**, ko **Ebos Landing**) wuri ne mai tarihi a Dunbar Creek a tsibirin St. Simons, gundumar Glynn, Georgia. A shekara ta 1803 ne wasu ‘yan kabilar Igbo da suka yi garkuwa da su suka kashe kansu a cikin jirgin ruwan bautar da suke ciki, kuma suka ki mika wuya ga bauta a Amurka . Ƙimar ɗabi'a na taron a matsayin labarin juriya ga bauta yana da mahimmiyar mahimmanci a cikin tatsuniyar Afirka ta Amirka a matsayin tatsuniyar 'yan Afirka masu tashi, da kuma cikin tarihin adabi.

## Tarihi
A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1803 wani jirgin ruwa mai dauke da 'yan Afirka ta Yamma, bayan sun tsira daga Tsakiyar Tsakiya, masu kamawa da Amurka da aka biya su sun sauka a Savannah ta Jirgin bawa, don a siyar da su a daya daga cikin kasuwannin bayi na gida. Fasinjojin da aka bautar jirgin sun hada da wasu mutanen Igbo daga abin da ke yanzu Najeriya. Masu shuka da bayi na Kudancin Amurka sun san Igbo saboda kasancewa masu cin gashin kansa da tsayayya da bautar kaya. Wakilan John Couper da Thomas Spalding ne suka sayi ƙungiyar bayi 75 na Igbo don tilasta aiki a gonakin su a tsibirin St. Simons don $ 100 kowannensu.

Mutanen da aka daure da sarka sun cika makil a karkashin wani karamin jirgin ruwa mai suna *The Schooner York*   da za a yi jigilar su zuwa tsibirin (wasu majiyoyin sun ce tafiyar ta gudana ne a cikin *Morovia*  ). A yayin wannan tafiya bayin kabilar Ibo sun tashi da tawaye inda suka kwace jirgin tare da nutsar da wadanda suka yi garkuwa da su, lamarin da ya yi sanadin kakkabo jirgin *Morovia* a Dunbar Creek a wurin da a yanzu ake kira Igbo Landing. 

Ba a fayyace jerin abubuwan da ke biyo baya ba, saboda akwai nau'o'in ci gaban tawayen, wasu daga cikinsu ana ɗaukarsu tatsuniya. Da alama ’yan Afirka sun tafi tudu, daga baya kuma, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin wani babban sarkin Igbo a cikin su, suka shiga cikin rafi tare da rera waƙa a cikin harshen Igbo "Ruhun Ruwa ya kawo mu, Ruhun Ruwa zai kai mu gida". Ta haka suka yarda da kariyar allahnsu Chukwu da mutuwa akan madadin bauta.  Roswell King, wani farar fata mai kula da gonar Pierce Butler da ke kusa ( Butler Island Plantation ), ya rubuta ɗaya daga cikin ƴan labaran da suka faru a wannan zamani na lamarin, wanda ya bayyana cewa da zarar Igbo sun sauka a tsibirin St. Simons sai suka shiga cikin fadama, inda suka kashe kansu ta hanyar shiga Dunbar Creek.  Wani labari na ƙarni na 19 na taron ya bayyana kyaftin ɗin da sunan mai suna Patterson kuma ya sanya sunan Roswell King a matsayin wanda ya kwato gawarwakin mutanen da aka nutse.  Wasikar da ke bayyana lamarin da dillalin bayin Savannah William Mein ya rubuta ya bayyana cewa Igbo sun shiga cikin tekun, inda 10 zuwa 12 suka nutse, yayin da wasu ‘yan farauta suka “ceto” da suka samu $10 kan kai daga Spalding and Couper.  A cewar wasu majiyoyi, an kai wadanda suka tsira daga tawayen Igbo zuwa Cannon's Point a tsibirin St. Simons da tsibirin Sapelo .  

## Mahallin tarihi
Ibo Landing shine wuri na ƙarshe na al'amura wanda a cikin 1803 ya zama "babban aikin juriya" na 'yan Afirka. Waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru sun kasance suna da mahimmancin ma'ana mai ɗorewa a cikin tatsuniyoyi da tarihin adabi na Ba-Amurka .  Tashin hankalin da 'yan kabilar Igbo suka yi ana kiransa da "takin 'yanci" na farko a tarihin Amurka.  Ko da yake fiye da ƙarni biyu mafi yawan hukumomi suna ɗaukar asusun a matsayin tatsuniyar Afro-Amurka, bincike tun 1980 ya tabbatar da ainihin tushen almara da abubuwan da ke cikin tarihi. An haɗa wurin a matsayin albarkatun tarihi a cikin binciken gundumomi na 2009. 

Shafin ba shi da alamar tarihi a hukumance. An gina wata shukar zubar da ruwa  kusa da wurin tarihi a cikin 1940s duk da adawar gida daga Baƙin Amurkawa. Masana tarihi da masu yawon bude ido suna ziyartar wurin har yanzu.  An shigar da taron kwanan nan a cikin tsarin karatun tarihi na makarantun Georgia na gabar teku. 

## Tarihin Baka
Labarin bayi Ibo da suka fi son mutuwa fiye da zama cikin bautar dawwama yana da maimaituwa sosai a cikin tarihin baka na bakaken fata da na Gullah a Amurka. Kamar yadda yake da tarihin baka, gaskiyar abin ta canza lokaci zuwa lokaci.

### Almara na 'yan Afirka masu tafiya a ruwa
Floyd White, wani dattijo bakar fata da aka yi masa tambayoyi ta hanyar Federal Writers' Project a shekarun 1930, ya ce:

Wani irin labarin Gullah da Linda S. Watts ta rubuta ya bayyana abubuwan da suka zama jigo a yawancin almarar da ke da nasaba da Igbo Landing:

### Almara na 'yan Afirka masu tashi sama
Wata mashahuriyar almara da ke da nasaba da Igbo Landing ita ce almara ta 'yan Afirka masu tashi sama. An rubuta ta daga bakunan mutane daban-daban a shekarun 1930 ta hannun mambobin Federal Writers' Project. A cikin waɗannan labaran, an ce 'yan Afirka sun fara girma musu fikafikai, ko kuma sun zama gungun agwagwa, kafin su tashi zuwa 'yanci a Afirka. Wallace Quarterman, bakar fata da aka haifa a 1844, da aka yi masa tambaya a 1930, idan ya san labarin Igbo Landing, ya ce:

Kamar yadda Farfesa Terri L. Snyder ta bayyana:

Amma wannan ra’ayi na da sabani da wanda Farfesa Jeroen Dewulf ya bayar, wanda ke ganin cewa ana ambaton Igbo da kuma labarin bayi masu tashi sama sau da yawa a cikin tambayoyin Federal Writers’ Project, amma hujjojin da ke haɗa su duka ba su da ƙarfi. Dewulf, maimakon haka, ya danganta asalin wannan almara zuwa Masarautar Loango da Masarautar Kongo a Afirka ta Tsakiya.

### Zargin hatsaniya
Mutanen gari na kusa da wurin Igbo Landing da kogin Dunbar sun yi imani cewa wuraren anan na dauke da hatsaniyar ruhohin bayi Igbo da aka bautar da su kuma suka mutu a can.

## Gado
A watan Satumba na shekarar 2002, Kungiyar Kula da Gado da Tarihin Baƙar fata na St. Simons ta shirya wani taron tunawa na kwana biyu dangane da tarihin Igbo da kuma tafiya zuwa wurin. Mutane 75 daga jihohi daban-daban, da kuma daga Najeriya, Belize da Haiti—inda irin wannan tawaye ya faru—sun halarta. Sun taru domin karrama wannan wuri a matsayin wuri mai tsarki kuma su huta da ruhohin da suka mutu. Yanzu haka, labarin Igbo yana cikin tsarin karatun makarantu na yankin gabar teku a jihar Georgia.

### Alamar tarihi

A shekarar 2021, wasu ɗalibai daga Kungiyar Nazarin Kabilanci ta Glynn Academy suka gabatar da bukatar kafa alamar tarihi don girmama Igbo Landing ga Hukumar Tarihi ta Georgia. Wannan ya haɗa da rubuta cikakken bincike bisa takardun tushe a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin gasa da tantancewa na Shirin Alamar Tarihi. Kungiyar ɗaliban ta tuntuɓi Hukumar Tarihi ta Gabar Tekun Georgia da kuma Kungiyar Baƙar fata ta St. Simons don samun jagoranci.

Bayan amincewa da bukatar, kungiyar ɗaliban ta tara kusan $2,500 don alamar. Sauran $2,500 kuma daga Hukumar Tarihi ta Gabar Tekun Georgia. Wurin Igbo Landing yana kan filin mallakar masu zaman kansu, kuma an kafa alamar tarihi a wani fili mai kore da St. Simons Land Trust ke mallaka kusa da wurin.

An yi bikin kaddamar da wannan alama a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 2022 kuma kusan mutane 100 ne suka halarta. An kafa alamar a Old Stables Corner, a tsibirin St. Simons, Georgia, a gefen arewa maso yammacin titunan Frederica Road da Sea Island Road. Alamar ta ce:

### Wakilta a sauran kafofi
Abubuwan tarihi da suka shafi fitar bayi Igbo a Dunbar Creek, da kuma almarar da ke da nasaba da shi, sun zama tushen wahayi ga masu fasaha daga diasporan Afirka.

Misalai sun haɗa da Toni Morrison, wanda ta samu lambar yabo ta Nobel, ta yi amfani da almarar 'yan Afirka masu tashi sama a cikin littafinta, *Song of Solomon*, da Alex Haley, wanda ya sake ba da labarin a cikin littafinsa *Roots*. Littafin *Praisesong for the Widow* na Paule Marshall ma ya samo wahayi daga wannan lamari.

Sana'ar sassaka ta Beverly Buchanan mai suna *Marsh Ruins* (1981), da ke wurin Marshes of Glynn Overlook Park kusa da Dunbar Creek, ta kasance wani bangare na girmamawa ga Igbo Landing.

An sake bayar da labarin daga hangen zuriyar Gullah a fim ɗin *Daughters of the Dust* (1991), wanda Julie Dash ta shirya. Fim ɗin Ngozi Onwurah na shekarar 1994 mai suna *Welcome II the Terrordome* ya ƙunshi wani kashi da ke nuna Igbo Landing, a matsayin jigon fim ɗin da yanayin rayuwarsa na baƙin ciki.

Sauran masu fasaha na zamani da suka ambaci ko suka haɗa cikakken labarin 'yan Afirka masu tashi sama a ayyukansu sun haɗa da Joseph Zobel, Maryse Condé, Toni Cade Bambara, da Jamaica Kincaid. Hoton fim daga ɓangaren "Love Drought" na kundin fim na Beyoncé mai suna *Lemonade* ana ganin ya samo wahayi daga *Daughters of the Dust*da kuma labarin Igbo Landing.

A cikin fim ɗin *Black Panther* na shekarar 2018 daga Marvel, jarumin Michael B. Jordan a matsayin Killmonger ya ambaci Igbo Landing yayin mutuwarsa: "Ka binne ni a cikin teku tare da kakanni na da suka fado daga jiragen ruwa, domin sun san mutuwa ya fi bautar." 

## Manazarta

## Ƙarin Karatu
*Gado na Ibo Landing: Asalin Gullah a Al'adun Baƙin Fata na Amurka, Marquetta L. Goodwine, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (9 Oktoba, 2002) 
*Tatsuniyoyin Baƙar Fata, Julius Lester, Grove Press; bugu na farko na Evergreen (10 Janairu, 1994) .
*Mutanen da Za Su Iya Tashi: Tatsuniyoyin Baƙar Fata na Amurka, Virginia Hamilton (Mawallafi), Leo Dillon (Mai Zane), Diane Dillon Ph.D. (Mai Zane), Knopf Books for Young Readers; bugu na sake maimaitawa (4 Janairu, 1993), .
*A Lokacin Ganguna, Kim Siegelson (mawallafi), Brian Pinkney (Mai Zane); Lee and Lowe Books 

## Hanyoyin Waje
*Kungiyar Kula da Tarihin Baƙar Fata ta St. Simons: Labarai akan Igbo Landing .
*"Ibo Landing". The Moonlit Road.