open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Morice Line

**Layin Morice** layin tsaro ne wanda ya fara aiki a watan Satumbar 1957 a lokacin yakin Aljeriya. An gina ta ne a ƙarƙashin ikon Faransa don hana kai kayan agaji ga 'yan tawayen kungiyar 'yantar da al'ummar Aljeriya a Aljeriya ƙarƙashin ikon Faransa a lokacin, daga makwabciyar ƙasar Tunisia.  An sanya masa suna bayan Ministan Tsaro na Faransa André Morice.

## Zane
Tsakiyar layin Morice wani shingen lantarki ne mai tsayin mita 2.5 wanda ke tafiyar da tsayinsa duka. Wannan katangar wutar lantarki na ɗauke da wutar lantarki mai karfin 5,000 sannan kuma tana da katangar waya a gefe guda. A kowane gefen katangar akwai wurin nakiyoyi wanda ya kai mita 45 zuwa kowane ɓangare. A ɓangaren Aljeriya kuma akwai wata hanyar sintiri. 

Layin Morice ya kasance 460&nbsp;kilomita 700 a kan iyaka da Tunisiya&nbsp;kilomita mai tsawo tare da kan iyaka da Maroko, kuma an gina shi da na'urorin lantarki na zamani da na'urorin hakar ma'adinai. Waɗannan ƙararrawa, radars da fitulun bincike, da yin amfani da nakiyoyi masu hana mutane sun taimaka wajen daidaita martani daga dakarun da aka ba da layin. Waɗannan rundunonin da aka haɗa tare da na'urorin lantarki na baya sun sanya layin kusan ba zai iya shiga ba.

## Muhimmancin Layi
Layin Morice ya yi tasiri sosai wajen rage ayyukan 'yan tawaye da dakarun da suka samo asali daga Tunisiya ke yi. Kodayake Layin Morice ba "ƙarfafa" ba ne a cikin ma'anar kalmar, amma duk da haka yana da tasiri wajen rage ayyukan FLN a lokacin Yaƙin Aljeriya.

## Bamai masu kashe mutane
Bayan kawo ƙarshen yakin a shekarar 1962, sabbin mahukuntan Aljeriya sun yi kokarin kawar da tare da wargaza layin Morice. Sun haɗa da aikin tilasta wa harkis da aka kama da kuma sauran musulmi masu biyayya da suka yi aiki da Sojojin Faransa, waɗanda aka kashe da yawa daga cikinsu ta hanyar nakiyoyi.   Shekaru goma bayan kawo ƙarshen arangamar, Layin Morice, wanda Faransa ta yi ta hakowa sosai, ya ci gaba da haddasa asarar rayuka a tsakanin al'ummar ƙasar Aljeriya.   Daga ƙarshe Aljeriya ta shiga yarjejeniyar Ottawa, wacce ta haramta amfani da nakiyoyi, kuma a cikin shekarar 2017, Aljeriya ta sanar da cewa, bayan shekaru da dama na aiki, ta cika hakkinta na kawar da nakiyoyin a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar. Ya sanar da share wuraren hakar ma'adinai na 93 na ƙarshe ko waɗanda ake zargin, ciki har da 78 tsoffin ma'adanai  a cikin Layin Morice.

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Bir Anzarane (1979)

**Yakin Bir Anzarane** wani gagarumin arangama ne na soji tsakanin sojojin ƙasar Sahrawi Arab Demokradiyar Jumhuriyar Demokradiyar Larabawa, da ƙungiyar Polisario Front ta wakilta, da kuma sojojin Maroko . Rikicin dai ya faru ne a yankin Bir Anzarane da ke yammacin sahara, yankin da bangarorin biyu ke ikirarin cewa.

## Magana
Rikicin ya faru ne a lokacin muhimmin lokaci na canji. A ranar 5 ga Agusta, 1979, Mauritania ta janye daga lardin Río de Oro, ta yi watsi da ikirarinta na yankin. Nan da nan kasar Maroko ta ci gaba da mamaye yankin, lamarin da ya sa ‘yan tawayen Polisario suka ƙaddamar da farmaki domin tabbatar da shiga lardin, musamman birnin Dakhla mai matuƙar muhimmanci. 

## Bayanin yaƙi
Rukunin Polisario ya ƙunshi mayaƙa 2,500 zuwa 3,000 da motoci 500, gami da motocin sulke masu sulke na BRDM-2,  BM-13 na'urori masu harba rokoki da yawa, da motocin da ba a taɓa gani ba sanye da bindigogi marasa ƙarfi 106 mm, 14.5 mm manyan bindigogi masu sulke, ko 2.0mm gwangwani . Dakarun Bir Anzarane da ke karkashin kwamandan Bataliya Ali Mzerd Ouzine ya kunshi ma’aikata 800 daga ,  an tsara shi zuwa bataliyoyin runduna biyu. 

An dai yi artabu tsakanin dakarun da ke gaba da juna tun daga karfe 6:30 na safe zuwa karfe 4:00 na yamma  Sojojin saman kasar Morocco, tare da jiragen yakin F-5A guda uku,  sun bayar da tallafi tun daga karfe 8:30 na safe A wasu wurare, an yi artabu da juna. Da misalin tsakar rana, wani harin martani da motoci masu sulke na AML-90 na Moroko ke jagoranta ya dakile wani yunkuri da dakarun Polisario suka fara. Bayan haka, tsananin hare-haren Polisario ya ragu kuma a ƙarshe ya ƙare.  Banna Ould Baha, kwamandan rundunar soji ta 4 ta Polisario, ya samu raunuka a lokacin yakin. 

Rundunar Sojojin Maroko ta , karkashin jagorancin Laftanar Kanar , an kira shi a matsayin ƙarfafawa amma bai isa ba sai bayan an daina tashin hankali. 

## Hassuka da abubuwan da suka biyo baya
Maroko ta ba da rahoton mutuwar mutane 125 yayin da ta ce asarar Polisario ya fi girma, tare da kashe sama da 500 tare da lalata motoci 60, a cewar sanarwar da Sarki Hassan II ya yi. Wani dan jarida da ke wurin ya lura da asarar rayuka 100 a bangaren Morocco da kuma asarar rayuka 50 da kuma motoci hudu da aka lalata a bangaren Polisario. Kungiyar Polisario ta yi ikirarin cewa an kashe mayakan Moroko sama da dari biyu kuma an kama fursunoni 175. Dan majalisar dokokin Amurka Stephen Solarz ya gana da fursunonin Moroko kusan dari da aka kama yayin yakin. Rundunar ta Polisario ta kuma kwace kayayyakin soji. Gawarwakin mayakan Polisario goma sha uku ne suka rage a fagen daga.

Bayan yaƙin, Ali Mzerd Ouzine, kwamandan runduna, ya samu mukamin Laftanar Kanal . 

Daga baya, Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal Moroccan ta nada jirgin sintiri Bir Anzarane (OVP70), wanda ya fara aiki a cikin 2011, yana tunawa da wannan alkawari. 

## Manazarta
Abdel Nasser Ould Ethmane

**Abdel Nasser Ould Ethmane** ( Arabic   ) ɗan gwagwarmayar kare hakkin ɗan Adam ɗan ƙasar Mauritania ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa kungiyar SOS Esclaves(SOS Slaves). Shi tare da Boubacar Messaoud sun kafa kungiyar kare hakkin ɗan adam don kawar da bautar bayi a ƙasar Mauritania.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
A lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 7, an baiwa Abdel kyautar zabiin kyaututtuka da kuma zaɓar mallakar Yebawa Ould Keihel, wani matashi mai duhun fata, ya kulla alakar da ta wargaje saboda karfin su na tilastawa ubangida-bayi da kuma hana mu'amalarsu. 

A lokacin karatunsa a Nouakchott, Abdel ya bi salon rayuwar makiyaya. Fahimtarsa ta fara ne lokacin da wani malami na Turai ya sanya shi Cibiyar Al'adu ta Faransa, inda ya ci karo da kalmar "An haifi maza kuma suna da 'yanci kuma suna daidai da hakki" daga rubutu game da juyin juya halin Faransa. Wannan furucin ya yi matuƙar ji da Abdel, wanda ya haifar da sauyi a cikin ƙimarsa.

Bayan ya nemi shawara daga mahaifinsa, Abdel ya sami labarin cewa mahaifinsa ya yi ƙoƙari ya 'yantar da bayinsu a baya, amma ya fuskanci turjiya daga bayin da kansu. Wannan wahayin ya zaburar da Abdel yin tir da bautar bayi da kuma gudanar da ayyuka marasa kyau da bayinsa suka yi a baya a matsayin wani ɓangare na ci gaban kansa. 

### SOS Bayi (SOS Slaves)
A cikin shekarar 1995, Abdel ya kafa SOS Slaves (SOS Esclaves) tare da , tsohon bawa. Tare suka nemi kawo ƙarshen ayyukan bautar da bayi da ake yi a Mauritania, wanda ya riga ya sabawa doka tun shekara ta 1981.

An kama mutanen biyu tare da azabtar da su a yunƙurin su na shawo kan duka bayin da ke mallakar ajin, da kuma baƙar fata, game da kuskuren bautar.

SOS Slaves ta buga labaran bayin da aka 'yanta, baya ga yin zaɓe a madadin bayin da ba a 'yanta ba tukuna. A shekara ta 2007, gwamnatin Mauritaniya ta kaɗa kuri'a ga baki daya don mayar da mallakar bayi a matsayin laifi.

### Shawarwari na ƙasa da ƙasa
Abdel mai ba da shawara ne ga ofishin Yammacin Afirka. Ya kuma kasance memba na Majalisar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Gidauniyar Kare Hakkin Ɗan Adam . 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Gidauniyar Human Rights Foundation
* Dandalin 'Yanci na Oslo 

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Al Mahbes (1979)

An yi **yakin Al Mahbes** a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 1979 a lokacin yakin yammacin Sahara . Rundunar Polisario ta lalata wata bataliyar Sojojin Maroko ta Royal Moroccan .

## Fage

Garin na Al Mahbes yana samun kariya daga bataliyar runduna ta 14 masu motoci ta sojojin Maroko, kimanin mutane 780. 

Sojojin sun hada da batirin manyan bindigogi, BGM-71 TOW anti-tank missiles da kuma wani sulke mai sulke, ciki har da tankunan AMX-13 8 (4 daga cikinsu sun kasance a ranar da aka kai harin). 

Bayan harin da aka kai a Smara, sojojin Polisario da suka koma sansanoninsu a kasar Aljeriya sun yanke shawarar kai hari a sansanin Al Mahbes. 

Kimanin ƙungiyoyin Polisario goma ne suka shiga harin, wato kusan mutane 1,200. 

## Yaƙi
An kaddamar da harin ne da karfe 6:00 na safe&nbsp;Da tsakar rana, 'yan sandan Polisario sun kama dukkan layukan tsaron Moroccan, kuma an karye juriyar Moroccan ta ƙarshe da misalin karfe 4 na yamma. Sojojin saman Morocco ne suka shiga tsakani.  A ranar 15 ga watan, Saharawis sun bi ƴan gudun hijirar Moroccan  kuma sun toshe ƙarfafawar Moroccan.  Wani bangare na rundunar, ciki har da kwamandansu Captain Mohamed Sakka, sun yi nasarar ficewa zuwa garin Zag. An ce dukkan bangarorin biyu sun kare da harsashi. 

## Hassada da sakamako
A cewar Polisario, an kashe sojojin Morocco 767. 'Yan jaridar da suka zo wurin sun kirga gawarwakin 'yan kasar Morocco 132.  Kungiyar Polisario ta kuma gabatar da fursunoni 53 ga 'yan jarida.  A cewar rahotannin Morocco, kashi 20% na sojojin sansanin an kashe su kuma adadin wadanda suka jikkata ya fi haka. 

A cewar Maroko, maharan sun nuna bacin ransu game da mutuwar mutane 350 da kuma lalata motoci 75, amma ‘yan jarida na iya zuwa su ziyarci sansanin da Polisario ta mamaye washegarin bayan harin.

Ton 400 na kowane irin makamai da suka hada da makami mai linzami kirar BGM-71 TOW, kungiyar Polisario ta kama bayan wannan harin. 

## Magana
Larbi Tbessi

**Larbi Tbessi**, wanda sunansa na ainihi shine **Larbi Ferhati**, an haife shi a shekara ta 1891 a lardin Cheria Tébessa, ɗan juyin juya hali ne kuma mai kawo sauyin Aljeriya, shugaban kungiyar Aljeriya Muslim Ulema. Ya ɓace a ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu, 1957, a lokacin yakin Aljeriya, bayan da fararen hula da ke ɓoyewa suka kama shi a gidansa na Algiers, sojojin Faransa har yanzu suna musanta kama shi ko tsare shi.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Ya yi karatunsa na farko a Nefta ta ƙasar Tunisiya, sannan ya yi karatu a jami'ar al-Azhar ta ƙasar Masar da jami'ar Ez-Zitouna ta ƙasar Tunisia. Bayan haka, ya shiga cikin kungiyar malaman musulmi ta Aljeriya kuma ya kasance shugaban kungiyar bayan ya koma Algeria.

An kama Larbi Tebessi a  shekarar 1943 sannan aka sake shi. Sannan an ɗaure shi a shekara ta 1945 bayan kisan kiyashin Setif da Guelma a ranar 8 ga watan Mayu, 1945. Larbi Tebessi ya sami nasarar ƙirƙirar makaranta kuma ya yaɗa tunaninsa na adawa da 'yan mulkin mallaka.

Sheikh Larbi Tebessi shi ne ya wakilci babban jigo na kungiyar malamai da suka haɗa ka’idojin kungiyar ‘yanci ta kasa a shekarar 1956. Zighoud Youcef shugaban sashen Constantinois kuma memba na FLN ne ya ingiza wannan kuma bayan tawaye na watan Agusta 20, 1955.

An kashe Sheikh Larbi Tebessi a shekara ta 1957 a hannun wani kwamandan sojojin Faransa. An kona gawarsa da mai, kuma har yanzu ba a mayar da gawarsa ga al'ummar Aljeriya ba. Mai kama da yawancin masu juyin juya hali na Aljeriya waɗanda aka ajiye gawarwakinsu a gidajen tarihi a duk faɗin Faransa, mugun aiki a Faransa bayan mulkin mallaka.

## Martaba

* Jami'ar Tébessa tana ɗauke da sunansa.
* Ana ba da kyautar Larbi Tbessi ga mafi kyawun masu bincike a Aljeriya.
* Ma'aikatar Al'adu da na Tsohon Sojojin Yaki a Aljeriya ne ke shirya tarukan ƙarawa juna sani domin tunawa da Larbi Tbessi a kowace shekara.

## Duba kuma

* Ben Badis

## Manazarta
Democratic Front for the Liberation of Angola

**Ƙungiyar Democratic Front for the Liberation of Angola (FDLA)** kungiya ce ta siyasa a ƙasar Angola a lokacin mulkin mallaka. An kafa FDLA a matsayin tsarin da ya dace da ƙungiyar jama'a don 'yantar da Angola ( MPLA ), wanda ke samun goyon bayan gwamnatin Kongo-Brazzaville. Daga baya FDLA ta haɗe kanta da MPLA a gwagwarmayar da Turawa 'yan mulkin mallaka na Portugal. Daga ƙarshe, ƴan FDLA sun shiga MPLA, kuma wanzuwar FDLA mai cin gashin kanta ta ƙare.

## Manazarta
Cire Maroko daga Aljeriya

A ranar 18 ga Disamba 1975, ranar farko ta Eid al-Adha, shugaban kasar Aljeriya Houari Boumediene ya ba da umarnin korar dukkan 'yan kasar Morocco daga Algeria, wanda ya haifar da gudun hijirar iyalai 45,000 na Moroko,  ko kuma ta wasu asusun 350,000 gaba daya.   Ko da yake, a cewar wasu majiyoyin zamani, an kori tsakanin 10,000  zuwa 30,000 kuma an bai wa 'yan Morocco 5,000 'yan asalin Aljeriya.   Korar ta kasance martani ne ga Yarjejeniyar Madrid (wanda bai haɗa da tuntuɓar Aljeriya ko ƙungiyar POLISARIO ba)  da farkon Green Maris a Yammacin Sahara .  

Ficewar da gwamnatin Aljeriya ta yi wa lakabi da "Black March", Abdelaziz Bouteflika, ministan harkokin wajen Aljeriya na wancan lokaci ne ya yi wannan hijira. 

An kiyasta an kori iyalai 45,000; da yawa daga cikinsu sun rayu a Algeria shekaru da yawa ko ma ƙarni.    Yawancin 'yan Moroko sun yi rayuwa mai wadata kuma suna cikin yanayi mai kyau kafin korar.  An raba iyalai da yawa; Ba a fitar da ’yan Morocco da suka auri ’yan Aljeriya ba amma yawancin danginsu sun kasance. Da yawa daga cikin 'yan Morocco ba su sake haduwa da iyalansu ba.  

## Tunawa da juna
A cikin 2019, sojojin Morocco sun saka wani bidiyo a Facebook wanda ke nuna shaidar 'yan gudun hijirar Moroccan, suna kira da neman gafara daga Algeria. Bidiyon kuma martani ne ga bukatun gwamnatin Aljeriya na neman kasar Maroko ta nemi gafarar 'yan kasar Aljeriyan da ta bari bayan wani harin ta'addanci da aka kai a garin Asni na birnin Marrakesh a shekara ta 1994 . 

Ita ma kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Moroko (ODHM) ta yi kira ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ta binciki korar da aka yi. 

A watan Yulin 2014, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Morocco ta sake gabatar da wannan batu, inda ta bukaci Aljeriya da ta sake yin nazari kan 'yan gudun hijirar.

## Nassoshi
Harin bayi na Suðuroy

**Harin Bayin Suðuroy** wani hari ne da 'yan fashin teku daga Arewa maso Yammacin Afirka suka kai wa bayi a Suðuroy a tsibirin Faroe a lokacin rani na shekarar 1629. Hakan ya haifar da sace mutane sama da 30, galibi mata da yara, waɗanda a bayyane suke ba a biya su fansa ba kuma suka yi rayuwarsu cikin bauta a gaɓar tekun Barbary na Arewacin Afirka.

## Tarihi
Tsibirin Faroe dake keɓe ya daɗe yana fama da matsalolin 'yan fashin teku da kuma masunta da ke kutsawa cikin ruwan kamun kifi na tsibiran. Saboda matsayinsa na yanki, da kuma ƙananan jama'arta da ke da iyakacin damar kare kansu, tsibiran sun zama wurin hutawa ga 'yan fashin teku, waɗanda suka tsaya a bakin rairayin bakin teku don tsayawa. A cikin waɗancan tsaikon, talakawa da marasa tsaro a wasu lokuta suna fuskantar barace-barace da sata, kuma ba su iya kare kansu ba sai gudu zuwa wani tudu mai tsayi da kuma jifan ƴan fashin da duwatsu. Harin da 'yan fashin teku na Irish, Ingilishi da Barbary suka yi ya yi muni a farkon ƙarni na 17. 

A shekara ta 1607, 'yan fashin teku na Barbary sun kai farmaki kan bayi a Iceland da Tsibirin Faroe, waɗanda suka sace ɗaruruwan mutane zuwa kasuwannin bayi na Arewacin Afirka.

## Hari

A lokacin rani na shekarar 1629, jiragen ruwa na Barbary guda uku tare da 'yan fashi 500 sun shiga bakin teku na Hvalba a Suðuroy. Suna da jagoran Faroese, ɗan'uwan mai gonar Nøstgaard, wanda ya ji cewa ɗan'uwansa ya yaudare shi a kan gadonsa, kuma wanda ya nuna 'yan fashin zuwa gonar ɗan'uwansa da sauran Ikklesiya.

Masu bin addini sun gudu don ɓoyewa a cikin koguna da tsakanin duwatsu a cikin tsaunuka. An ruwaito mutane shida a lokacin fashi, yayin da aka sace mata da yara sama da talatin. Daga cikin yaran da aka ɗauka akwai ɗan shekara bakwai na wakilin Ikklisiya Hr. Povel. An ruwaito cewa vicar, a cikin matsanancin sa, ya raira waƙa a kan jirgin fashi wanda ke ɗauke da ɗansa. An ga wannan a matsayin dalilin da ya sa wannan jirgin ya sauka, wanda ya sa duk abin da ke cikin jirgin, gami da ɗan vicar, ya nitse, ya sa mahaifinsa ya zama mara hankali ga sauran rayuwarsa.

Sauran jiragen ruwa sun bar tsibirin washegarin bayan harin. Mazaunan da ke ɓoye sun shaida bayan haka, cewa suna jin kukan waɗanda aka kama daga cikin jiragen ruwan 'yan fashin lokacin da suka tashi.

## Martaba

A ranar 6 ga watan Yuli 1629, waɗanda suka tsira da hukumomi sun rubuta wasiƙa zuwa ga Sarki Christian IV don neman kariyarsa daga masu fashin teku. Da aka samu labarin matan da yaran da aka sace, sarkin ya umarci al’ummar Farowa da su karbi kuɗin fansa ga fursunonin domin kuɓutar da su daga bauta. Duk da haka, Faroese ya amsa cewa talaucin da ake fama da shi na shekaru da yawa na fashin teku a tsibirin, ya sa ba a iya tattara kuɗaɗen da ake buƙata don sayen fursunoni ba. 

An gina sansanin Skansin a Thorshavn a shekara ta 1630 bisa umarnin Sarki don baiwa jama'a damar kare kansu. An ci gaba da kai hare-hare a cikin ƙarni na goma sha bakwai, duk da haka ba a sami nasarar kai hari ba sai a shekarun 1660. 

## Duba kuma
 

## Manazarta
Lookout Masuku

Laftanar Janar **Lookout Khalisabantu Vumindaba Masuku** (7 Afrilu 1940 &#x2013; 5 Afrilu 1986) ya jagoranci Sojojin Juyin Juyin Juya Hali na Jama'ar Zimbabwe (ZIPRA), reshen 'yan gwagwarmaya na Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), a lokacin yakin Rhodesia. Ya riƙe muƙamin mataimakin kwamandan sojojin ƙasar Zimbabwe har zuwa lokacin da aka kama shi a shekarar 1982 bisa zarginsa da yunkurin kifar da gwamnatin shugaba Robert Mugabe. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
A cikin shekarar 1982 'yan sandan Zimbabwe sun kama Masuku da Dumiso Dabengwa, babban jami'in leken asiri na ZIPRA, bisa zarginsu da shirya juyin mulkin da aka yi wa firaminista Robert Mugabe na lokacin. Kotun kolin ƙasar  ta samu Masuku, Dabengwa, da wasu mutane huɗu a shekarar 1983, ba su da laifi, amma ‘yan sanda sun sake tsare su a ƙarƙashin dokar ta-ɓaci, inda suka tsare su na tsawon shekaru huɗu. Gwamnati ta saki Masuku saboda rashin lafiya da kuma Vote Moyo, jami'in ZAPU, a ranar 11 ga watan Maris 1986.  

Masuku ya isa Rhodesia tare da Dumiso Dabengwa a ranar 24 ga watan Disamba 1979. Dabengwa ya yi wani taro da wani mai ba da labari daga Hukumar Leken Asiri ta ƙasar, amma bai samu halartar taron ba, ya aika Masuku a madadinsa. Sun ɗauki wannan taro da muhimmanci sosai, kamar yadda mai ba da labarin ya yi iƙirarin cewa ‘yan makonnin da suka gabata an kashe Josiah Tongogara a wani harin kwantan ɓauna da aka kai a Mozambique. Taron ya gudana ne a mashaya mai suna Wimpy da ke Salisbury (Harare), wanda “The Senator” ya shirya, wanda shine sunan sa.

Ya mutu a ranar 5 ga watan Afrilu 1986 a Asibitin Parirenyatwa a Harare daga cutar sankarau ta cryptococcal.  Gidan rediyon SW Africa ya bayyana shakku game da halin da ake ciki a hukumance na mutuwar Masuku, yana mai cewa "yana da shakku."

## Martaba
Daga baya gwamnatin Mugabe ta ayyana Masuku a matsayin gwarzon ƙasa. 

A ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba, 2017, gwamnatin Zimbabwe ta yanke shawarar karrama wasu fitattun jaruman yakin ‘yantar da ƙasar ta hanyar sauya wa wasu barikokin sojin ƙasar suna. Barracks Llewellin, wanda ke wajen birnin Bulawayo, an sake masa suna Lookout Masuku Barrack zuwa ga Marigayi Kwamandan ZIPRA.

## Manazarta
Sultana Khaya

**Sultana Sidi Brahim Khaya** ( Arabic   ), kuma aka sani da **Sultana Khaya** ( Arabic   Fassarar Spanish : **Sultana Jaya** ), yar fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam Sahrawi ce kuma mai fafutukar neman 'yancin kai na yammacin Sahara da cin gashin kai .    

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Sultana Khaya shugabar wata kungiya ce mai suna ‘League for the Defence of Human Rights and against the Plunder of Natural Resources’ kuma ta shahara da fafutukar kare ‘yancin kai ga al’ummar Sahrawi. Ita ma memba ce a kungiyar Sahrawi da ke yaki da danniya ta Moroko (ISACOM). A cewar wata sanarwar manema labarai ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka buga a watan Yulin 2021, Sultana ta sha cin zarafi daga hukumomin Morocco kuma ta rasa idonta lokacin da wani dan sanda ya kai masa hari a 2007.  A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2021, Amnesty International ta fitar da wani kira na gaggawa "don kawo karshen munanan hare-haren da ake kai wa Sultana Khaya da danginta da kuma gudanar da bincike cikin gaggawa, cikakke, mai zaman kansa, ba tare da nuna son kai ba, cikin gaskiya da inganci kan jami'an tsaro na cin zarafi da hare-haren da aka kai mata da danginta, gami da rahoton fyade da cin zarafi, da kuma tabbatar da gurfanar da wadanda ake zargi da aikata adalci". 

Wakilin dindindin na Maroko a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Omar Hilale, ya yi tir da Sultana Khaya musamman a matsayin "mai goyon bayan tashin hankali" da kuma yin amfani da "yancin dan adam don biyan bukatun siyasa", a lokacin da ya gabatar da wata wasika ga MDD a madadin kasar Maroko yana zargin kungiyar Polisario ta kirkiro rahotannin fada da makamai da take hakin bil'adama a kan al'ummar Sahrawi da kuma haddasa tashin hankali a cikin kawance da gwamnatin Aljeriya .   Hukumomin Morocco sun tsare ta a gidan da aka kama tun watan Nuwamba 2020,   kuma an kai wa Khaya hari akai-akai, ta fuskanci cin zarafi da kai farmaki a gidanta.  Kamar yadda Amnesty International ta ruwaito, a wani lamari da ya faru a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2021, jami'an tsaron Moroko sanye da fararen kaya sun shiga gidan Khaya, suka yi mata fyade, kuma suka yi lalata da 'yan uwanta da mahaifiyarta. 

A ranar 5 ga Disamba, 2021, Khaya ta ba da rahoto a shafinta na Twitter cewa an kai wa gidanta hari, cewa an kai wa dukkan danginta hari, ciki har da mahaifiyarta, kuma an yi mata allurar wani abu da ba a sani ba. Ta danganta harin da jami'an tsaro na Moroko.

A cikin 2021, Hagu a Majalisar Turai - GUE / NGL ta zabe ta don Kyautar Sakharov .  A watan Maris na 2022, wata tawaga ta masu aikin sa kai da ke zaune a Amurka, wadanda suka hada da shugaban riko na Veterans for Peace, sun karya kage na kwanaki 482 na gidan Khaya a yammacin Sahara ta hanyar ziyarce ta. 

## Magana
Arup Chatterjee

**Arup Chatterjee** ɗan siyasan Indiya ne daga Jharkhand . Shi memba ne na Majalisar Dokoki daga Mazabar Majalisar Nirsa a Jharkhand wanda ke wakiltar Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Indiya (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation).

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
Chatterjee ɗan tsohon MLA marigayi Gurudas Chatterjee ne. Ya kammala karatunsa a 1994 a BBM Asansol kuma daga baya ya sami difloma na digiri a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga IILM, Kolkata a shekarar 1997.

## Ayyuka
Chatterjee ya fara lashe gasar a matsayin MLA wanda ya lashe Zaben Majalisar Dokokin Jharkhand na 2009 kuma ya riƙe shi a zaben Majalisar na 2014. Ya sake samun kujerar da ke wakiltar Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Indiya (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation a Zaben Majalisar Dokokin Jharkhand na 2024.

### Tarihin zabe

* 2009 - An zabe shi a matsayin Jam'iyyar MLA (Kwamitin Gudanar da Marxist) 
* 2014 - An zabe shi a matsayin Jam'iyyar MLA (Kwamitin Gudanar da Marxist) 
* 2024 - An zabe shi a matsayin Jam'iyyar MLA (Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Indiya (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation) 

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Arup Chatterjee ya auri mai koyar da gida kuma sana'arsa siyasa ce.

## Manazarta
Freedom Nyamubaya

**Freedom Nyamubaya** (1958? - 5 Yuli 2015) mawakiya ce, 'yar rawa, manomiya, mai kare hakkin mata, kuma 'yar juyin juya hali daga Zimbabwe.   An san ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mashahuran "mawaƙan soji" na Zimbabwe, tare da tarin waƙoƙin ta guda biyu da aka buga.  A lokacin Yaƙin Bush na Rhodesian, ta yi aiki a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƴan kwamandojin aikin filin mata. A shekarar 1979, an zaɓe ta a matsayin Sakatariyar Ilimi a taron farko na kungiyar Mata ta Afirka ta Zimbabwe (ZANU). 

## Rayuwar farko da gwagwarmaya
An haife ta a garin Uzumba da ke yankin Mashonaland ta Gabas, Nyamubaya ta bar makarantar sakandare tana da shekaru 15 yia shiga kungiyar ‘yantar da ‘yancin kai ta Zimbabwe (ZANLA) a lokacin da take tada kayar baya da gwamnatin Rhodesia wadda galibin farar fata ne.  Ta yi tafiya zuwa sansanin horar da ZANLA da ke Mozambique, ta yi imanin cewa za ta iya "canza wani abu".  A lokacin Yaƙin Bush na Rhodesian, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƴan kwamandojin fagen mata; ko da yake bayan yakin, ta ji takaicin yadda ake yi wa ‘yan daba da aka kora. Ta ci gaba da zama Sakatariyar Ilimi a taron farko na kungiyar Mata ta Afirka ta Zimbabwe (ZANU). 

## Bayan samun 'yancin kai
Bayan da Zimbabwe ta samu 'yancin kai a shekarar 1980, Nyamubaya ta ci gaba da fafutukar ganin an karfafawa da 'yancin 'yan Zimbabwe. A tsakiyar shekarar 1980s ta kafa kungiyar farar hula ta Gudanar da Ayyukan Koyarwa don Ci gaban Karkara da Ci gaban Birane (MOSTRUD) a Marondera, Zimbabwe.  Manufar farko ita ce a taimaka wa 'yan gudun hijira da mutanen da suka rasa matsugunansu sakamakon yakin neman 'yancin kai ta hanyar ba da gyare-gyare, sake haɗewa da horar da dabarun noma don tallafawa rayuwa.  Ta ci gaba da jagorantar ƙungiyar har zuwa rasuwarta, tare da haɗewa musamman kan ci gaban karkara, tallafin noma da wasan kwaikwayo ga mata da matasa.

## Rubutu da aiki
Freedom Nyamubaya tana da tarin wakoki guda biyu da aka buga, *On the Road again: Waƙoƙi Lokacin da Bayan 'Yancin Ƙasar Zimbabwe* (Zimbabwe Publishing House, 1985), da *Dusk of Dawn* (Jarida na Kwalejin, 1995).   Ta haɗu da *Ndangariro* tare da Irene Ropa Rinopfuka Mahamba (Zimbabwe Foundation for Education with Production, 1987).  An buga gajeriyar labarinta "Wuri na Musamman" a cikin littafin tarihin *Rubutun Har yanzu: Sabbin Labarun daga Zimbabwe* (Weaver Press, 2003). 

A cikin wakar ta mai suna 'Gabatarwa' da ta *On the Road agai*, Nyamubaya ta bayyana kudurinta na ci gaba da yaki da zalunci bayan kawo ƙarshen yakin daji:  Nyamubaya wata mawaƙiya ce da ta yi fice a cikin bukukuwan wallafe-wallafe da abubuwan da suka faru a Afirka da ƙasashen waje, ciki har da Poetry Africa on Tour, Satumba 2010 a Harare, Zimbabwe,  da kuma 18th International Poetry Festival na Medellín a Colombia a shekarar 2008. 

Nyamubaya ta kasance mai sha'awar kiɗan mbira na gargajiya, kuma ta yi wasa a matsayin 'yar wasan rawa, gami da fitaccen mawaƙin duniya Thomas Mapfumo.

## Manazarta
Catherine Phipps

**Catherine Phipps** (  - 11 Maris 1738) mace ce kuma 'yar  kasuwa a cikin Gold Coast. Ta kasance fitacciyar mace a Kamfanin Ingilishi na Royal African Company (RAC) kuma matar James Phipps, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin gwamnan Cape Coast Castle da Kyaftin-Janar na RAC a Yammacin Afirka a lokacin ƙarni na 18.  An haifi Catherine Phipps a Moree da ke gabar tekun Gold Coast, wanda a yanzu ake kira Ghana, ga wani sojan Holland da wata mata 'yar Afirka. Rayuwarta ta kasance da alaƙa da shigarta cikin cinikin bayi da alaƙar danginta da manyan mutane a cikin al'ummar Ingila.  

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Phipps a shekara ta 1690. Ƙarshe wasiyyar James Phipps, ya yi magana game da Catherine kamar yadda aka haife ta a "Morea" (mai yiwuwa Moree ), wanda a lokacin ya kasance wurin kasuwancin Holland amma yana daga Axim a cikin Gold Coast. Ita ce 'yar wani sojan Holland kuma wata mace 'yar Afirka.  

## Sana'a
Mijin Phipps, James Phipps, ya tashi ta cikin matsayi a Kamfanin Royal African Company (RAC) kuma ya zama Gwamnan Cape Coast Castle, babban sansanin kasuwanci na Birtaniya a kan Gold Coast, da Kyaftin-Janar na RAC, matsayi mafi girma a cikin ayyukan kamfanin a yammacin Afirka. James Phipps ya yi aiki a cikin waɗannan ayyuka na shekaru 20 kafin ya mutu a bakin teku a shekarar 1723.  

Bayan mutuwar mijinta, Catherine Phipps ta gaji wani kaso na kadarorinsa, wanda ya kai akalla fam miliyan uku a fam na yau. Wani abin lura game da wasiyyar James shi ne cewa James ya bayyana sunan Catherine, wata mace ‘yar Afirka da sunanta, kuma ya amince da ita a matsayin matarsa, wanda ba a saba ganin irin sa ba a lokacin. Bugu da ƙari, James ya ba da umarnin cewa su karɓi wani yanki na kadarorinsa, wanda darajarsa ta kai kusan fam miliyan 3 a cikin kuɗin yau. Bugu da ƙari, James ya bayyana muradinsa na Catherine da yaransu su ƙaura zuwa Ingila. Wannan aikin haɗawa ga matar da ba Baturiya ba a cikin wasiyya wani yanayi ne na musamman a lokacin. Ana kiran ta da "Mrs. Phipps" a cikin wasiƙun RAC kuma an san ta fitacciyar 'yar kasuwa ce kuma mai baiwa a Cape Coast.   

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Phipps ta auri James Phipps, Bature daga Westbury a Wiltshire, c. 1705. Tare, suna da 'ya'ya mata huɗu da ɗa ɗaya: Bridget, Susanna, Henrietta, da ɗa wanda ba a ambaci sunansa ba a cikin bayanan da ake da su. Bridget Phipps zai ci gaba da auren Chauncy Townsend, wanda ya zama Memba na Majalisar (MP) a Ingila kuma ita ce mahaifiyar James Townsend, wanda daga baya ya zama MP kuma Lord Mayor of London, da Joseph Townsend, wanda ya zama likita, masanin ilimin geologist, vicar, da masanin tattalin arziki.   

An aika da 'ya'yanta mata uku zuwa Ingila, wanda ya kasance sabon abu ga 'yan mata a lokacin, amma ta ƙi bin su kuma ta kasance a Cape Coast. Hakan ya sa 'ya'yanta suka girma a nesa da ita kuma suka yi aure a cikin al'ummar Ingila. Phipps ta mutu a ranar 11 ga watan Maris 1738 a Cape Coast.  

## Manazarta
Elghalia Djimi

**Elghalia Djimi** ( Arabic   ; An haife shi a ranar 28 ga Mayu 1961) shi ne mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Sahrawi Association of Victim of Grave Human Rights Violations Committed by the Moroccan State .  A cikin wannan kungiyar ta rubuta bayanan take hakkin dan adam da kuma daidaita ayyukan kungiyar a cikin rashin shugaban kasa.  Ita ma mamba ce a kwamitin iyalan Saharawi da suka bace. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Elghalia Djimi a Agadir, Morocco a shekara ta 1961. kakarta ta girma,  wacce ta bace a cikin 1984 kuma ba ta sake dawowa ba. Ita kanta Djimi ta kuma fuskanci bacewar karfi a cikin 1981,  da kuma tsakanin 1987 da 1991,  bayan ta shiga zanga-zangar adawa da mamayar Morocco na yammacin Sahara. A wannan karon, an sace ta tare da shahararriyar mai kare hakkin bil adama Aminatou Haidar .  A cikin wadannan shekaru uku da watanni bakwai   a gidan yari ta fuskanci nau'ikan azabtarwa daban-daban,    kuma har yanzu akwai alamun cizon kare a fuskarta, kuma babu gashi a kanta saboda fatar kan ta ya kone da acid.  A gidan yari ta hadu da mijinta,  wanda ta aura a 1991. 

A cikin 1994, Djimi ta fara ganawa da wasu Saharawis da aka daure, amma hukumomin Moroccan sun dakatar da kokarinta na daidaitawa a wannan shekarar. A shekara ta 1998 ta yi nasarar fara aikin ganawa da wasu tsofaffin fursunoni da kuma rubuta laifukan take hakki da aka dora musu, aikin da ya ci gaba har zuwa yau.

An sake ɗaure ta a kurkuku a cikin Maris 2006 da kuma a cikin Disamba 2008. 

Daga baya tana zaune a El Aun,  tare da mijinta da 'ya'yanta biyar. 

## Nassoshi
Ofishin Kasa da Kasa na Darajar Ƴancin Dan Adam a Yammacin Sahara

**BIRDHSO** (Faransa: ; Mutanen Espanya: Ofishin Duniya don Darajar' Yancin Dan Adam na Yammacin Saharar; Turanci: Ofishin Kasashen Duniya don Daraja' Yancin Mutum a Yammaicin Sahara) kungiya ce ta kare hakkin dan adam da ke Switzerland da ke yaƙi da take hakkin dan adam a Yammayar Sahara. Har ila yau, tana da wakilai a Faransa, Italiya da Spain.

## Makasudai
Manufofin BIRDSHO bisa ga dokokinta sune: 

* Tabbatar da cikakkun bayanai na duniya cikakke game da take haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin tsarin rikicin Yammacin Sahara .
* Yin Allah wadai ga ƙungiyoyin duniya ( UN, ICRC da sauransu) duk wani take haƙƙin ɗan adam a yankin.
* Tabbatar da tuntuɓar dindindin da ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin ɗan adam na duniya don samun damar shiga tsakani a hukumomin Morocco.
* Dorewa ta halin kirki da ta zahiri iyalai da wadanda abin ya shafa na bacewar Tilas .
* Taimakawa ta kowace hanya ayyukan kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam na Sahrawi a yankunan da aka mamaye da kuma kasashen waje.

## El Karama
Kafin kafuwar hukuma ta BIRDHSO a 2002, da kuma bayan haduwa a watan Nuwamba 1993 a Roma, ƙungiyar ta kasance tana fitar da sanarwar kowace shekara (tun 1994) 3 ko 4 labarai masu fa'ida mai suna " *El Karama* " ( Larabci, والكرامة; Turanci, *The Dignity* ) kan halin haƙƙin ɗan adam a Yammacin Sahara.

## Duba kuma

* Hakkokin Dan Adam a Yammacin Sahara
* Tarihin Yammacin Sahara
* AFAPREDESA
* Farashin ASVDH

## Magana
Y. K. J. Yeung Sik Yuen

**Bernard Yeung Kam John Yeung Sik Yuen** GOSK (an haife shi 1 Janairu 1947) masanin shari'a ne na Mauritius wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Mai Shari'a na 10 na Mauritius daga 2007 zuwa 2013.    

## Sana'a
Bayan da aka kira shi mashaya a Lincoln's Inn, London a cikin 1970, Yeung Sik Yuen ya koma ƙasarsa ta Mauritius kuma ya ɗauki matsayin mai ba da shawara na Jiha a ofishin Babban Lauyan Mauritius, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 1976. Bayan haka ya koma benci, inda ya fara aiki a matsayin majistare kuma daga 1984 zuwa 1989 a matsayin Master & Registrar kuma Alkali a Bankruptcy. An nada shi alkali na Kotun Koli a 1989, kuma an daukaka shi zuwa Babban Alkalin Puisne a 1995. An rantsar da shi a matsayin Alkalin Alkalai a ranar 13 ga Yuni 2007, inda ya gaji Ariranga Pillay bayan ya yi ritaya kuma Kheshoe Parsad Matadeen ya maye gurbinsa a ranar 31 ga Disamba 2013. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin kwararre mai zaman kansa na Mauritius a kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da wariyar launin fata

## Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Yeung Sik Yuen a Curepipe a cikin dangin Hakka Sino-Mauritius ' yan kasuwa; Kakanninsa sun fara zama masu shaguna kuma sun haɓaka kamfaninsu zuwa fannoni daban-daban.   Ya yi karatunsa na sakandare a St. Joseph's College, Curepipe sannan a 1966 ya tafi Burtaniya don karantar shari'a a Jami'ar Leeds, inda ya kammala karatunsa a 1969.  Ya taba zama shugaban kungiyar Lions Club na Port-Louis a 1988 da 2000. Yana da aure da ’ya’ya uku. Kanensa Michael shi ne ministan yawon bude ido da nishadi na Mauritius.

## Magana
Amnesty International Ghana

**Amnesty International Ghana** (wanda kuma aka sani da AI Ghana) wani sashe ne na cibiyar sadarwa ta Amnesty International kuma wani bangare ne na yunkurin duniya da aka mayar da hankali kan karewa da kare hakkin dan adam.
  Kungiyar mai zaman kanta ta mayar da hankali kan kare hakkin dan Adam a Ghana ta hanyar yin shawarwari da yakin neman shawo kan masu iko.

## Yakin neman zabe
Amnesty Ghana tana aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar gwamnati, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, kuma tana gudanar da ayyuka daban-daban don haɓaka fahimta da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam.

Ya tayar da damuwa game da shari'o'in rashin adalci da rashin kyawun yanayin gidan yari ga mutanen da ke kan hukuncin kisa, daurin da ake yi wa mutanen da ke da nakasu na zamantakewa da kuma ci gaba da nuna wariya, tashin hankali da cin zarafin 'yan sanda ga mutanen LGBTI.  Babban yakin neman zaben Amnesty Ghana har ila yau, ya hada da neman shari'a ga wanda aka kashe a boye Ahmed Hussein-Suale a watan Janairun 2019. 

A watan Fabrairun 2018, Amnesty International Ghana ta kaddamar da rahotonta na shekara. A cikin rahoton ta bukaci gwamnatin Ghana da cikakkar aiwatar da dokar kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa ta 2012 tare da yin kira da a inganta kudaden da ake bai wa ayyukan kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa a kasar. Har ila yau, ta gabatar da rahotanni daban-daban na kira da a kawo karshen cin zarafin bil'adama, da kawo karshen hukuncin kisa, da ingantaccen tsarin shari'a da kuma kare hakkin 'yan LGBTI a Ghana.

## Tsarin tsari
AI Ghana na karkashin jagorancin kwamitin zartarwa wanda ya kunshi mutane 5 da mambobin suka zaba a wani babban taro.

## Taimako
AI Ghana tana da mambobi sama da 10,000 da masu tallafawa kuɗi a duk faɗin Ghana .  Kungiyar ba ta nuna son kai kuma ba ta da wani ra'ayi na siyasa, muradin tattalin arziki ko addini, don haka ba ta karbar ko wane kudi daga gwamnatoci ko jam'iyyun siyasa. Har ila yau, ta yi haɗin gwiwa da Amnesty International, Ofishin Jakadancin Amirka na Ghana, Human Rights Watch da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Human Rights. Tana cikin gundumar Kokomlemle, Accra .

## Manazarta
Kunti Devi

**Kunti Devi Yadav** (an haifeta a 1963) yar siyasar Indiya ce daga Bihar.Ta kasance tsohon dan majalisa sau biyu daga mazabar Atri a gundumar Gaya mai wakiltar Rashtriya Janata Dal. .

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
Devi ta fito ne daga Atri, gundumar Gaya, Bihar . Ta auri Rajendra Prasad Yadav kuma tare suna da ɗa, Ajay Kumar Yadav . 

## Ayyuka
Devi ta lashe gasar daga mazabar Atri a zaben Majalisar Dokokin Bihar na 2015 wanda ke wakiltar Rashtriya Janata Dal . Ta samu kuri'u 60,687 kuma ta doke abokin hamayyarta mafi kusa, Arvind Kumar Singh na LJP da kuri'u 13,817.  Ta fara zama MLA inda ta lashe zaben Majalisar Dokokin Bihar a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2005.

## Kyauta

* Ɗanta Ajay Kumar Yadav a halin yanzu memba ne na Majalisar Dokokin Bihar daga mazabar Atri . 

## Duba kuma

* Mazabar Atri

## Manazarta
Surya Singh Besra

**Surya Singh Besra** mai fafutukar siyasa ne kuma fitaccen shugaban siyasa. Shi ne sakataren da ya kafa All Jharkhand Students Union (AJSU) da Jharkhan People's Party (JPP). Shi fitaccen jagora ne a cikin motsi don jihar Jharkhand daban. Ya kuma wakilci mazabar Ghatshila a matsayin IND MLA a shekarar 1990.

## Manazarta
Kisan Chachi

**Rajkumari Devi** wanda aka fi sani da **Kisan Chachi** manomi ne na Indiya daga Muzaffarpur, Bihar . An ba ta lambar yabo ta huɗu mafi girma ta farar hula a Indiya, Padma Shri a shekarar 2019.  

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Chachi a Muzaffarpur, Bihar a cikin iyali mai rauni, saboda talauci na iyali ta yi aure tun tana ƙarama. Bayan aurenta, ta kafa kungiyoyin taimakon kai kuma tare da taimakon aikin gona, ta samar da aiki ga iyalai da yawa matalauta. Bihar CM Nitish Kumar ya gane ta kuma ya ba ta Kisan Shri . 

Chachi ya fito ne daga ƙauyen Anandpur wanda ke cikin yankin Saraiya na gundumar Muzaffarpur a jihar Bihar .  Ta kammala karatunta bayan aurenta.

## Kyaututtuka

* Padma Shri
* Kisan Shri

## Manazarta
Balirajpur

**Balirajpur** (Maithili) ƙauye ne da aka yi imanin cewa shi ne mulkin almara na Asura Sarkin Bali . Tana cikin rukunin Babubarhi na Gundumar Madhubani a Yankin Mithila na Bihar, Indiya. Yana da wani ɓangare na Bhupatti Panchayat a cikin rukunin Babubarhi .   A cewar mazaunan ƙauyen, Balirajpur ita ce babban birnin masarautar Asura sarki Bali a zamanin d ̄ a. An ambaci Sarkin Asura Bali a cikin rubutun Vishnu Purana . A cikin ƙauyen Balirajpur, akwai wani tsohuwar wurin tarihi da aka sani da *Raja Bali Ka Garh* ko Balirajgarh  .

Kalmar **'Bali**' ita ce haɗuwa da kalmomin Indiya guda uku Bali, *Raj* da Pur . Bali shi ne jikan sanannen mai bautar Vishnu Prahlada kuma shi ne sarkin Asura. Kalmar Raj tana nufin mulki. Hakazalika ana amfani da kalmar Pur don nuna birni ko gari. Don haka ainihin ma'anar Balirajpur shine birnin masarautar Sarki Bali. 

Akwai temples da yawa a cikin ƙauyen. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan haikalin shine *Ram Janaki Mandir* kusa da tafki a ƙauyen.

## Manazarta
Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Mauritaniya

**Haƙƙin Dan Adam a Mauritania** ya haɗa da batutuwa masu muhimmanci kamar bauta, 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, haƙƙin mata, da martanin ƙasa da ƙasa. Duk da cewa an samu ci gaba a wasu fannoni, har yanzu akwai ƙalubale masu yawa da ke fuskantar haƙƙin dan adam a ƙasar.

## Bayani

Tare da kimanta yawan jama'a na milyan 3.4 a watan Yuli na shekara ta 2012, Mauritania ƙasa ce mai cike da iko kuma Jamhuriyar Musulunci wacce ba ta tanadar da wata doka da ke bayar da 'Yancin addini ba.

Daga mulkin mallaka na Faransa, Mauritania ta kasu bisa kabilanci tsakanin kungiyoyin kabilu masu magana da Larabci na arewa da kuma al'ummomin baki masu zaune na kudu, wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu sun kasance bayi ko kuma al'ummomi masu alaka da bauta. Gwamnatin Mauritania tana da tarihin nuna wariya ga Toucouleur da Soninke da ke cikin ƙasar. Misali guda ya faru a shekara ta 1987, lokacin da gwamnati ta tsare mutane daga kudu kuma ta kore wasu daga rundunar soja, wanda ya haifar da Yakin iyaka tsakanin Mauritania da Senegal.

Kungiyar Amnesty International ta zargi tsarin shari'a na Mauritania da yin aiki ba tare da bin ka'idojin shari'a ba, da rashin tabbataccen shari'a, da kuma rashin tauyewa wajen tsare mutane. Amnesty International ta kuma zargi gwamnatin Mauritania da amfani da azabtarwa ta hanyar da ta zama al'ada kuma ta dade da yin haka.

A cewar kundin tsarin mulki na Mauritania, dokar kasa da kasa na da fifiko akan dokokin cikin gida na Mauritania da zarar an wallafa dokar kasa da kasa a cikin Gazetin hukuma.
### Bauta

Bauta ta kasance matsala mai tsanani a Mauritania. Duk da cewa an haramta ta a hukumance a shekarar 1981, kuma aka sanya hukunci a shekarar 2007, har yanzu ana samun rahotannin cewa ana ci gaba da bautar mutane, musamman daga ƙabilar Haratin. Ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin dan adam sun yi kira ga gwamnati da ta ɗauki matakai masu ƙarfi don kawar da wannan matsala.

### 'Yancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki

'Yancin faɗar albarkacin baki yana fuskantar takura a Mauritania. Gwamnati na amfani da dokoki masu tsauri don hana sukar gwamnati da addini. Ana kama 'yan jarida da masu fafutuka bisa zargin ɓata suna ko cin zarafin addini, wanda hakan ke hana 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki.

### Haƙƙin Mata

Mata a Mauritania na fuskantar matsaloli da dama, ciki har da cin zarafi da rashin samun damar ilimi da aiki. Duk da cewa akwai dokoki da ke kare haƙƙin mata, rashin aiwatar da su yadda ya kamata na hana ci gaba. Ƙungiyoyin mata na ƙoƙarin wayar da kan jama'a da kuma matsa lamba ga gwamnati don inganta haƙƙin mata.

### Martanin Ƙasa da Ƙasa

Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar Amnesty International da Human Rights Watch sun yi suka kan halin da haƙƙin dan adam ke ciki a Mauritania. Sun yi kira ga gwamnati da ta ɗauki matakai don inganta haƙƙin dan adam, tare da tabbatar da cewa ana bin dokoki na ƙasa da ƙasa.

### Kammalawa

Haƙƙin dan adam a Mauritania na fuskantar ƙalubale masu yawa. Duk da cewa an samu ci gaba a wasu fannoni, akwai buƙatar ƙarin ƙoƙari daga gwamnati da al'umma don tabbatar da cewa ana kare haƙƙin kowa da kowa a ƙasar.

## Manazarta
National Democratic Union of Mozambique

National Democratic Union of Mozambique (Portuguese  **União Democrática Nacional de Moçambique**) ƙungiya ce mai kishin ƙasa da aka kafa a Salisbury, Kudancin Rhodesia (harare na yanzu, Zimbabwe) a cikin shekarar 1960. Adelino Gwambe ne ya jagoranta kuma ta kunshi galibin ma'aikata 'yan ci-rani da ɗaliban da suka yi gudun hijira daga yankunan tsakiya da kudancin Mozambique. An kafa ta ne don adawa da 'yan  mulkin mallaka na Portugal a Mozambique. A cikin watan Yunin 1962, UDENAMO ta haɗe da wasu kungiyoyi biyu masu kishin kasa, wato National African Union of Independent Mozambique (UNAMI) da Mozambique African National Union (MANU) don kafa kungiyar 'yantar da 'yanci ta Mozambique (FRELIMO).

## Manazarta
Hukumar Raya Yankin Patna

**Hukumar Raya Yankin Patna** da aka taƙaita a matsayin *PRDA*, kungiya ce ta Gwamnatin Bihar wacce ke da alhakin ci gaban ababen more rayuwa na Yankin Patne Metropolitan (PMR). Gwamnatin Jihar Bihar ce ta kafa shi da manufar bunkasa ababen more rayuwa na yankin Patna. Bayan Dokar Birnin Bihar ta shekarar 2007, yanzu an haɗa shi cikin Kamfanin Birnin Patna . 

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya
Bayan rushe Patna Improvement Trust, an kafa PRDA a 1975 kuma an kafa ta a 1979  a karkashin tanadin Patna Regional Development Authority Act 1978 don shirya Shirin Yankin, Babban Shirin da Shirin Yankara.

## Shirin Patna
A watan Oktoba 2016, majalisar dokokin Bihar ta amince da babban shirin Patna na 2031 wanda ke la'akari da ci gaban Filin jirgin saman Bihta .  Gwamnatin Bihar tana samun kadada 126 na ƙasa don gina sabon filin jirgin sama. 17.6 km2 na yanki a cikin ƙauyen Dumri a cikin Punpun block na Patna (PMR)  an ware shi don IT Park.&nbsp;

## Ikon iko
Yankin ikon ikon Patna Regional Development Authority ya rufe kusan 234.70 Square Kilometers wanda ya ƙunshi kimanin 234.70 square Kilometers

* **A cikin Gundumar Patna**: Yankin Patna Urban Agglomeration wanda ya ƙunshi Patna Municipal Corporation Area (PMC), Danapur Cantonment Area, Danapur Nagar Palika Parishad area, Khagaul Nagar Paliki Parishad region, Phulwari Sharif Nagar Palik Parishad yankin. Baya ga waɗannan kuma ya ƙunshi yankin Fatuha Nagar Parisad, yankin Maner Nagar Panchayat da ƙauyuka 104.
* **A cikin Gundumar Vaishali**: yankin Hajipur Nagar Parisad da ƙauyuka 99 a kusa da yankin Hajippur Nagar Panchayat.
* **A cikin Gundumar Saran**: Yankin Sonepur Nagar Panchayat da ƙauyuka 19 a kusa da yankin Sonepur nagar Panchayayat.

## Duba kuma

* Kamfanin Ci Gaban Infrastructure na Birnin Bihar
* Kamfanin Birnin Patna

## Manazarta
Yunkurin neman 'Yanci na Ƙungiyar Cabinda

The Movement for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (Portuguese: Movimento para a Libertação do Encrave de Cabinda; Faransanci: Mouvement de Libération de l'Enclave du Cabinda; **MLEC**) ƙungiya ce ta 'yan tawaye wacce ta yi yakin neman 'yancin Lardin Cabinda daga Portugal. MLEC ta haɗu da Kwamitin Ayyuka na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Cabinda (wanda asalinta ƙungiya ce ta MLEC) da Mayombe National Alliance a shekarar 1963 don kafa Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda. Cabinda yanzu lardin ne kuma wani yanki ne na Angola. 

## Manazarta
Saho People's Democratic Movement

**Saho People's Democratic Movement** ( **SPDM** ) ƙungiya ce mai shiryarwa a ƙasar Eritrea,   tana fafutukar neman 'yancin kai na al'ummar Saho. Suna ƙawance da ƙungiyar Red Sea Afar Democratic Organisation (RSADO), wacce suka yi ayyukan haɗin gwiwa da su. An kafa kungiyar ne a shekara ta 1984, a lokacin yakin neman ‘yancin kai na Eritriya, kuma ta taka rawar gani sosai a gwagwarmayar yaki da mulkin Habasha. 

An kafa SPDM ne a matsayin mayar da martani ga mayar da al'ummar Saho saniyar ware da EPLF, babbar kungiyar 'yantar da 'yancin kai ta Eritrea ta yi. 

SPDM ta ba da shawarar samun wakilcin al'ummar Saho a cikin EPLF, da kuma amincewa da Saho a matsayin harshen hukuma a Eritrea. Ƙungiyar ta kuma buƙaci a kawo ƙarshen tilasta wa matasa shiga cikin kungiyar ta EPLF, da kuma inganta dimokuraɗiyya da kare hakkin ɗan Adam a ƙasar.  

Bayan da Eritrea ta samu 'yancin kai a shekarar 1993, jam'iyyar SPDM ta zama jam'iyyar siyasa kuma ta shiga zaɓen farko na jam'iyyu da yawa a ƙasar a shekarar 1997. Sai dai jam'iyyar ta kasa samun kujeru a majalisar dokokin kasar, kuma tun a wancan lokaci ta yi ta fafutukar ganin ta samu gindin zama a siyasar ƙasar Eritrea. 

Jam'iyyar SPDM dai na sukar gwamnatin shugaba Isaias Afwerki, inda ta zarge ta da rashin bin tafarkin demokraɗiyya da danniya. Jam'iyyar ta kuma bayyana damuwarta kan yadda gwamnatin ƙasar ke tafiyar da rikicin kan iyaka da ƙasar Habasha, wanda ya haifar da daɗewar rikici tsakanin ƙasashen biyu. Yayin da matsayin SPDM a hukumance shi ne na neman ganin an sasanta rikicin Saho da gwamnatin Eritriya cikin lumana da Dimokuraɗiyya, wasu 'yan jam'iyyar sun nuna goyon bayansu ga samun 'yancin cin gashin kai ko ma 'yancin cin gashin kai ga yankin Saho.  Mutanen Saho a tarihi sun fuskanci wariya da nuna bambanci,  kuma SPDM ta kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkinsu da muradun su.  Sai dai shugabannin jam’iyyar sun bayyana muhimmancin haɗin kan ƙasa da haɗin kan kasa, kuma sun jaddada cewa duk wani sauyi da za a yi a tsarin siyasar ƙasar dole ne a samu ta hanyar lumana da dimokuraɗiyya.

## Manazarta
Abdelkrim al-Khatib

**Abdelkrim Al Khatib** (2 Maris 1921 - 28 Satumba 2008) likitan fiɗa ne, ɗan siyasa kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya. Shi ne ya kafa jam'iyyar National Popular Movement wacce daga baya za ta rabu kuma a ƙarshe aka mayar da ita jam'iyyar Justice and Development Party. Ya zama shugaban majalisar wakilai na Morocco na farko.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Al Khatib a ranar 2 ga watan Maris 1921 a El Jadida. Mahaifinsa, Omar Al Khatib, shi ne mai fassarar gudanarwa na asalin Aljeriya kuma mahaifiyarsa Meriem El Guebbas 'yar Morocco ce. Ya zama likita na farko a Maroko  kuma ya shiga lokacin da aka fara Popular Movement. Ya kasance mai fafutukar neman ‘yancin kai kuma ya zama shugaban majalisar wakilai na Morocco na farko. Ya kuma kasance ministan Gwamnati sau da dama.

Bayan lokacin gaggawa na shekarar 1965 lokacin da Sarkin Moroko ya ɗauki nauyin tafiyar da Maroko na wucin gadi, ya kafa Jam'iyyar Adalci da Ci Gaba wacce ta fito daga *Popular Democratic Constitutional Movement* a shekarar 1988. Waɗannan jam'iyyun Musulunci ne masu goyon bayan sarauta.  An ce wannan sabuwar jam'iyyar ta samo asali ne daga jam'iyyar Turkiyya mai suna. Amma hakan ba gaskiya ba ne domin an kafa jam’iyyar a Turkiyya a shekara ta 2001. Sai dai an ce ɗan siyasar addinin Islama na Turkiyya Necmettin Erbakan ya kasance babban ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar kafa jam'iyyar. 

Jam'iyyar ta samu nasara a zaɓen shekarar 2002 inda ta samu kujeru 42 daga cikin 325. 

Al Khatib ya rasu a Rabat a shekara ta 2008.

## Iyali
El Khatib shi ne kawun mahaifiyar Janar Housni Benslimane na Maroko wanda 'yar'uwarsa mahaifiyar Ismail Alaoui tsohon shugaban jam'iyyar Progress and Socialism.  El Khatib kuma kawun mahaifiyar Saad Hassar ne, tsohon sakataren jihar a Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Morocco.

## Duba kuma

* Jam'iyyar Adalci da Ci Gaba
* Mahjoubi Aherdane

## Manazarta
Jerin masu gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci kai na Kenya

Jerin sunayen 'yan ƙasar Kenya da suka ba da gudummawa ga gwagwarmayar 'yantar da Kenya daga hannun 'yan mulkin mallaka. 

## Manazarta