Hakkin jarirai

**Haƙƙoƙin tayi** sune haƙƙoƙin ɗabi'a ko haƙƙoƙin doka na ɗan tayin a ƙarƙashin dokar halitta da ta farar hula. Kalmar *haƙƙin tayi* ya shigo cikin amfani da yawa bayan *Roe v. Wade*, babban shari'ar 1973 wanda ya halatta zubar da ciki a Amurka.   Tunanin haƙƙoƙin tayi ya samo asali don haɗa da lamuran rashin amfani da kayan haihuwa na uwa, gami da matsalar shan barasa da rashin amfani da opioid .  Yawancin sharuɗɗan kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa "sun yi watsi da da'awar cewa ya kamata 'yancin ɗan adam ya haɗa tun daga cikin ciki ko kowane lokaci kafin haihuwa."  Yayin da akasarin ka'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya ba su da haɗaɗɗun ɗan tayin a matsayin mutum don dalilai na haƙƙin ɗan adam, ana ba ɗan tayin haƙƙoƙi daban-daban a cikin kundin tsarin mulki da dokokin farar hula na ƙasashe da yawa. 

## Tarihi
A zamanin da, wani lokacin ana kiyaye tayin ta hanyar hana zubar da ciki.Wasu nau'ikan rantsuwar Hippocratic sun kare tayin a kaikaice ta hanyar hana ciki .  Har zuwa kusan tsakiyar karni na 19, ra'ayoyin falsafa game da tayin sun sami tasiri a wani bangare ta hanyar ra'ayin Aristotelian na jinkirta **kisan kai** .  A cewarsa, 'yan tayin 'yan adam ne kawai suke samun ransu a hankali, kuma a farkon matakan ciki tayin ba cikakke ba ne.  Dogaro da gwaje-gwajen 'yan tayin da ba a haifa ba, Aristotle ya yi imanin cewa 'yan tayin maza suna samun ainihin siffar su a kusan ranar 40, kuma mata a ranar 90.  Ga Pythagoreans, duk da haka, rayuwar tayin ya kasance daidai da darajar halin kirki tare da rayuwar ɗan adam balagagge tun daga lokacin daukar ciki; irin wannan ra'ayi ya kasance da Stoics .  Dokar Athens ta dā ba ta amince da haƙƙin ɗan tayi na rayuwa ba kafin amincewar al'ada na yaron.  Sai dai dokar ta bada damar a dage aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ga mata masu juna biyu da aka yankewa hukunci har sai an haifi jariri. 

Yawancin rubuce-rubucen Hindu game da ɗabi'a da adalci, irin su *Dharmaśāstra*, suna ba wa tayin haƙƙin rayuwa daga ciki, kodayake a aikace ba a bi da irin waɗannan nassosi ba koyaushe. 

Dokar kadara ta Daular Roma ta ba da haƙƙin gadon tayi.  Matukar dai an dauki cikin ne kafin mutuwar mai wasiyya (yawanci, uba) sannan aka haife shi da rai, hakkin gadon nasu daidai yake da wanda aka haifa kafin wasiyin ya rasu. Ko da yake a ƙarƙashin dokar Romawa ɗan tayin ba batun shari'a ba ne, mutum ne mai yuwuwa wanda aka kare haƙƙin mallaka bayan haihuwa.  Masanin shari'a na Roma Ulpian ya lura cewa "a cikin Dokar Tables goma sha biyu, wanda yake cikin mahaifa an shigar da shi ga gado na halal, idan an haife shi".  Wani masanin shari’a Julius Paulus ma ya lura cewa, “magabatan sun yi tanadin ‘ya’yan da ba a haifa ba ta yadda suka adana masa duk wani hakki na shari’a har zuwa lokacin haihuwa”. Haƙƙin gadon tayin ya kasance hanyar cika wasiyyar wasiyya. Wani ma'aikaci ne zai iya kare muradun tayin, yawanci dangin maza ne, amma a wasu lokuta mace da kanta za a iya nada ta mai kula da ita.  The Digest ta ba wa tayin haƙƙoƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan tayi,  yana ba da kariya ga bukatun tayin a cikin praetor . Jaridar Digest ta kuma haramta aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ga mata masu juna biyu har zuwa lokacin haihuwa.  Dokar Roma ta kuma nuna cewa idan uwa kuyanga ta sami ’yanci na kowane lokaci tsakanin lokacin da aka ɗauki ciki da haihuwa, za a ɗauki yaron a matsayin ’yantacce.  Ko da yake mai yiwuwa mahaifiyar ta sake zama bawa kafin ta haihu, an yi la’akari da cewa bai kamata ba a yi wa wanda ba a haifa ba sa rai don masifar uwa. A lokaci guda kuma, majiyoyin Girka da na Romawa ba su ambaci batutuwan shan barasa da mata masu juna biyu suka yi ba.  A kan haka an yi imanin cewa Girkawa da Romawa ba su san ciwon barasa na tayin ba. 

Bayan yaduwar addinin Kiristanci, wani batu ya bayyana: ko ya halatta mace mai ciki ta yi baftisma kafin ta haihu, saboda rashin tabbas kan ko tayin zai yi baftisma da mahaifiyarsa. Majalisar dattawa ta Neo-Caesarea ta yanke shawarar cewa baftismar mace mai ciki a kowane mataki na ciki bai haɗa da tayin ba.  A cikin tsakiyar zamanai, haƙƙoƙin tayi yana da alaƙa da ma'anar rai . A wasu lokuta kuma tayin na iya gado ko zama cikin tsari na gado . A cikin Daular Byzantine, ana ɗaukar tayin a matsayin mutum na halitta kuma yana iya gado tare da zuriyar jini da bayi.  Sarkin Byzantine Micheal VIII Palaiologos ya ƙyale sojoji su canja sunan su ga ƴaƴan da ke cikin ciki.  An ƙara baiwa 'yan gidan sarautar da ba a haifa ba haƙƙin gado. A cikin 1284, Sarkin Scotland Alexander III ya sanya 'ya'yansa da ba a haifa ba a matsayin magada masu zato ta hanyar aikin majalisa don kauce wa rikici tsakanin zuriyarsa masu aminci.  Halin 1315 na Sarkin Scotland Robert the Bruce ya ƙyale waɗanda ba a haifa ba su kasance cikin layin sarauta fiye da ɗan uwansa Edward da 'yarsa Marjorie Bruce .  Bayan mutuwar Albert II na Jamus a 1439, ɗansa Ladislaus the Posthumous wanda ba a haifa ba a lokacin ya gaji haƙƙin mallakar mahaifinsa.  A shekara ta 1536, Majalisar Burtaniya ta ba wa 'ya'yan Henry VIII da Jane Seymour da ba a haifa ba a cikin jerin sarauta.  An cire bambanci tsakanin mai rai da tayin da ba ta da rai bayan Paparoma Pius na IX ya zartar a shekara ta 1854 cewa ruhun Budurwa Maryamu ya faru a lokacin daukar ciki. 

A shekara ta 1751, TOWPLET  Aikin da ba a haife shi ba ga Ikilisiyar Kwalejin London "ta likita sun ba da izinin rayuwa da kariya. Littafin ya yi hasashen da yawa daga cikin muhawarar gwagwarmayar rayuwa ta ƙarni na 21 .  A shekara ta 1762, masanin shari'a kuma alkali na Ingila William Blackstone ya rubuta cewa "jarirai a cikin mahaifiyarsa" zai iya amfana daga gadon gado kuma ya sami dukiya kamar dai an haife shi.  Ta haka aka dauki tayin a matsayin mutum don dalilai na gado.  Hakazalika ga dokar Romawa, Dokar Napoleon ta yi tanadi cewa idan mace ta zama gwauruwa, a naɗa wa ɗanta mai kula da namiji. 

A cikin karni na 20 kuma musamman bayan yakin duniya na biyu batutuwan 'yancin tayin sun ci gaba da bunkasa. A cikin 1948, an amince da sanarwar Geneva wanda kafin gyare-gyare a 1983 da 2005, ya shawarci likitoci da su "ci gaba da mutunta rayuwar ɗan adam tun daga lokacin da aka ɗauka".  A cikin 1967, *Mujallar Bar Association ta Amurka* ta lura da "yanayin zamani na yanke hukunci na shari'a wanda ke ba kowane dukiya da haƙƙin ɗan adam ga ɗan da ba a haifa ba, gami da 'yancin rayuwa da kansa, tun daga lokacin haihuwa".  A cikin 1975, yayin da take fassara haƙƙin rayuwa a ƙarƙashin Babban Dokar Jamus, Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Tarayya ta yanke shawarar cewa "rayuwa a cikin ma'anar kasancewar tarihin mutum" ta kasance "aƙalla daga rana ta 14 bayan ɗaukar ciki ( nidation, individuation ) " don haka 'yancin kowa na rayuwa a ƙarƙashin Dokar asali na Jamus ya haɗa da wanda ba a haifa ba a matsayin ɗan adam.  Shekarun 1980 sun shaida sake bayyanar da kariyar tayi a wurin aiki, da nufin kiyaye lafiyar tayin a cikin yanayin aiki mai haɗari.  A cikin 1983, Ireland ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe na farko a duniya don ba da tsarin mulkin ɗan tayi na rayuwa ta hanyar zartar da Kwaskwarima ta takwas ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki, daga baya aka soke a cikin Satumba 2018. 

## Dokokin zamani
Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa daya tilo ta musamman da ke magance yancin tayin ita ce Yarjejeniyar Amurka kan Hakkokin Dan Adam wacce ta yi hasashen ' yancin rayuwan tayin daga lokacin daukar ciki .  Kasashe ashirin da biyar na Amurka ne suka amince da yarjejeniyar (kasashe biyu daga baya sun yi tir da yarjejeniyar da ke jagorantar adadin masu rattaba hannu a halin yanzu ya zama ashirin da uku  )  a cikin 1973-1993. Mexico ta amince da yarjejeniyar tare da ajiyar cewa furcin "gaba ɗaya" game da haƙƙin ɗan tayi na rayuwa bai zama wajibi ba kuma wannan al'amari yana cikin yankin jihohin.  Yayin da za a iya fassara yarjejeniyar don ba da izinin dokokin zubar da ciki a cikin yanayi na musamman, yana bayyana ɗan tayin a matsayin mutum yadda ya kamata.  Duk da haka, wasu tsiraru ne kawai na masu ba da izini na jihohi gaba ɗaya sun haramta zubar da ciki ba tare da ba da izinin keɓancewa ba lokacin da rayuwar mace mai ciki ke cikin haɗari ( Jamhuriyar Dominican, El Salvador da Nicaragua ).

Bisa ga sanarwar 1959 na Haƙƙin Yara, preambular sakin layi na 9 na Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara (CRC) ta bayyana cewa "yaro ... yana buƙatar ... kariya ta doka da ta dace kafin da kuma bayan haihuwa", amma saboda rashin fahimta, kariya ta shari'a na tayin ya ci karo da 'yancin yarinya mai ciki a karkashin wannan Yarjejeniyar.  Irin wannan rikici wani lokaci ana kiransa rikici tsakanin uwa da tayi .  A karkashin CRC, ana fassara haƙƙin yarinya mai ciki a matsayin wanda ya wuce na tayin.  Jihohin suna da ikon yanke wa kansu shawarar irin kariyar doka da za su ɗauka a ƙarƙashin CRC.  Beljiyam, Brazil, El Salvador, Mexico da Maroko ne suka gabatar da shawarar baiwa tayin yancin rayuwa daga ciki a lokacin da ake tsara yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa (ICCPR), amma an yi watsi da ita don nuna rashin tsattsauran ra'ayi. .  A lokaci guda, ICCPR ta haramta aiwatar da kisa ga mata masu juna biyu. 

Sanarwar Kungiyar Likitoci ta Duniya game da zubar da ciki ta lura cewa "halayen da ke kawo moriyar uwa cikin cin karo da bukatun 'yar da ke cikinta na haifar da matsala tare da tayar da tambayar ko ya kamata a dakatar da ciki ko a'a da gangan".  Sanarwar Dublin game da lafiyar mata, wanda aka sanya hannu a cikin 2012, ya ba da fifiko ga 'yancin ɗan tayi na rayuwa ta hanyar lura da cewa "akwai bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin zubar da ciki, da jiyya masu mahimmanci waɗanda aka gudanar don ceton rayuwar mahaifiyar, koda kuwa irin wannan magani ya haifar da shi. asarar rayuwar danta da ke cikinta”.  Ƙungiyoyi da dama, irin su Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da Human Rights Watch sun ba da fifikon haƙƙin haifuwar mata fiye da ƴan tayi. 

A ƙarƙashin dokar Turai, ana ɗaukar tayin a matsayin ɓangaren utero na uwa don haka mahaifiyar tana riƙe da haƙƙinsa.  Kotun Turai ta ’Yancin ’Yan Adam ta ce ’yancin yin rayuwa bai shafi ’yan tayi ba a ƙarƙashin sashe na 2 na Yarjejeniyar Turai kan ’Yancin ’Yan Adam (ECHR).  A cikin *[[H. v. Norway]]*, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ba ta ware cewa "a wasu yanayi" tayin zai iya samun "wani kariya a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 2, jumla ta farko".  Kasashe biyu na Tarayyar Turai (Hungary da Slovakia) sun ba wa tayin ' yancin rayuwa da tsarin mulki ya ba shi. Kundin tsarin mulkin Norway ya ba wa 'ya'yan sarauta da ba a haifa ba 'yancin samun gadon sarauta.  A cikin dokar gama gari ta Ingilishi, an ba tayin haƙƙoƙin gado a ƙarƙashin mulkin da aka haifa . 

Shari’ar Musulunci ta bai wa tayin ’yancin rayuwa musamman bayan an haife shi, wanda a cewar malaman fikihu daban-daban yana faruwa ne bayan kwanaki 40-42 ko watanni hudu bayan samun ciki  (wasu malaman fikihu na Shi’a sun yi imanin cewa ruhin yana faruwa ne bayan kwanaki 11 zuwa 14, a lokacin dasawa. na kwai da aka haifa a bangon mahaifa ).  Malaman fiqihu Ahlus-Sunnah da Shi’a duk sun ba da haqqoqin gadon ‘ya’yan juna biyu: idan mutum ya rasu, mace mai ciki ta tsira daga gare shi, haqqin da xai samu na gado ya tabbata kuma ba za a zubar da gadon ba kafin a ware rabon xakin.  A karkashin sharadi na biyu, idan mace ta zubar da tayin a kowane mataki kuma ta yi watsi da duk wata alama mai mahimmanci, tayin yana da hakkin ya sami gadon duk wani halastaccen dan majalisa wanda ya mutu bayan an dauke shi. 

Muhawarar shari'a akan haƙƙoƙin tayi wani lokaci tana kiran ra'ayi na yuwuwar tayin .  Babban abin da ke tabbatar da shi shine ƙarfin huhun tayi wanda yawanci ke tasowa a cikin makonni ashirin da uku zuwa ashirin da huɗu.  Makonni ashirin da uku yawanci ana ɗaukar su azaman ƙananan iyaka na iyawar tayin saboda fasaha ta kasa wuce iyaka da ci gaban huhu ya saita.  Duk da haka an bayyana cewa fasaha ta ba da damar daukar tayin a matsayin mara lafiya mai zaman kansa ba tare da uwa ba.  A cikin *[[Winnipeg Child and Family Services v. G.]]*, alƙalai sun yi iƙirarin cewa "fasaha kamar na ainihi duban dan tayi, Fetal heart Monitors da foetoscopy na iya nuna mana a fili cewa tayin yana da rai" kuma ta haka ne tsarin mulkin da aka haife shi ya kasance "wanda ba shi da kyau kuma ba shi da kariya" . 

Ƙirƙirar ƴaƴan ƴaƴa don duk dalilai na bincike an haramta shi ta Yarjejeniyar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Mutuncin Dan Adam dangane da aikace-aikacen ilimin halitta da magani . Duk da haka, kamar yadda muhawarar zubar da ciki, a cikin mahawara ta al'ada kan binciken mahaifa za a iya bambanta ra'ayi biyu: ra'ayi "mai tayi" mai mayar da hankali kan darajar tayin tayi, da kuma ra'ayi na "mata" mai ba da shawara ga bukatun mata, musamman dan takara oocyte. masu ba da taimako. 

## Haƙƙin tayi ta ƙasa

Kwaskwari na takwas na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ireland ya ba "marasa haihuwa" 'yancin rayuwa daidai da na "uwa".  A cikin 2018, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan tayin kawai da tsarin mulki ya kayyade shine 'yancin haifuwa, ta soke hukuncin da babbar kotun tarayya ta yanke cewa tayin ya mallaki haƙƙoƙin yaran da aka ba da tabbacin sashe na 42A na Kundin Tsarin Mulki .  A ranar 25 ga Mayu 2018, an zartar da kuri'ar raba gardama  wanda ya gyara Kundin Tsarin Mulki ta hanyar maye gurbin tsohon tanadin amincewa da haƙƙin rayuwa na waɗanda ba a haifa ba, tare da wanda ya ba da izinin Oireachtas, Majalisar Irish, don yin doka don dakatar da ciki.  Wannan gyare-gyaren ya fara aiki ne lokacin da Shugaban ƙasar Ireland ya sanya hannu kan dokar a ranar 18 ga Satumba 2018, kuma Dokar Kariyar Rayuwa a Lokacin daukar ciki ta 2013 ne ke gudanar da zubar da ciki har sai an maye gurbinta kuma ta soke ta Dokar Lafiya (Ka'idar Kashe Ciki) Dokar. 2018, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2019.

A {asar Amirka,   , Jihohi talatin da takwas sun ba da wani matakin kariya na laifi ga wanda ba a haifa ba, kuma ashirin da uku daga cikin wadannan jihohi suna da dokoki da ke kare tayin daga ciki har zuwa haihuwa.  Duk jihohin Amurka - ta hanyar doka, dokar kotu ko shari'a - sun ba da izini ga mai kulawa don wakiltar muradun waɗanda ba a haifa ba.  A cikin 1999, an gabatar da dokar da ba a haifa ba a cikin Majalisar Dokokin Amurka wanda ke bayyana tashin hankalin da aka yi wa mata masu juna biyu a matsayin laifi ga mutane biyu: mace da tayin da ta ɗauka.  An zartar da wannan doka a shekara ta 2004 bayan kashe Laci Peterson da tayin da take dauke da shi. A cikin 2002, Shugaban Amurka George W. Bush ya ba da sanarwar wani shiri don tabbatar da ɗaukar lafiyar 'yan tayi a ƙarƙashin Shirin Inshorar Lafiyar Yara na Jiha (SCHIP). 

Lambobin farar hula na ƙasashe da yawa, irin su China (ciki har da Hong Kong da Macau)  da Rasha, da kuma wasu jihohin Amurka,  suna ba da haƙƙin gadon tayin, yawanci a ƙarƙashin mulkin da aka haifa. A cikin ka'idar farar hula na Iran, tayin na iya gado idan an zubar da cikin da ya faru saboda wani laifi, muddin tayin yana raye ko da dakika daya bayan haihuwa. A ƙarƙashin ka'idar farar hula ta Japan, don dalilai na gado ana ɗaukar tayin an riga an .  Ka'idojin farar hula na Philippines da Spain sun yi hasashen cewa za a iya ba da gudummawa ga yaran da ba a haifa ba "mutane da za su wakilce su bisa doka idan an riga an haife su".   Haka ma malikiyya suka halatta . 

Tare da Norway, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Bhutan ya ba wa 'ya'yan sarauta da ba a haifa ba 'yancin samun gado, amma idan babu namiji mai gado. 

## Sa baki na ɗabi'a
Shirye-shirye iri-iri, wanda ya haifar da damuwa game da illolin da ka iya haifar da lafiya ko ci gaban tayin, suna neman takurawa ko hana mata shiga wasu halaye yayin da suke ciki. Har ila yau, a wasu ƙasashe, an kafa dokoki don taƙaita aikin zubar da ciki dangane da jinsin tayin.

* Yawancin hukunce-hukuncen suna yin gargaɗi game da shan barasa ta hanyar mata masu juna biyu, suna ba da shawarar matsakaicin ci ko ƙauracewa gabaɗaya, saboda haɗuwa da ciwon barasa na tayin . Kasashen da ke ƙarfafa masu juna biyu su guje wa barasa gaba ɗaya ko kuma sun haɗa da Australia, Kanada, Faransa, Iceland, Isra'ila, Netherlands, Norway, New Zealand, Spain, United Kingdom, da kuma Amurka . A Poland a cikin 2017 wani aikin lissafin kuɗi, wanda zai iyakance 'yancin mace (maganin tilastawa da kariya irin su keɓewa) wanda aka sani ya sha a lokacin daukar ciki. Amma ba a gabatar da zana daftarin dokar ba saboda an lasafta shi a matsayin mai kawo cece-kuce da kuma bata ‘yancin cin gashin kai da ‘yancin mata.   
* Hukumomin ƙasa da ƙasa da yawa suna ba da shawarar ƙa'idodin abinci ga mata masu juna biyu saboda haɗarin kiwon lafiya da ke tattare da cin kifin da aka gurbata da methylmercury ta hanyar gurɓacewar masana'antu . Nazarin ya danganta fallasa zuwa matakai daban-daban na methylmercury a cikin mahaifa zuwa cututtukan jijiya a cikin yara.
* An danganta amfani da kayan sigari ko fallasa shan taba a lokacin daukar ciki da ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa .  Gwamna Mike Huckabee na Arkansas, yana ambaton binciken da ke danganta kashi 10% na mutuwar jarirai zuwa uwaye masu shan taba, ya ɗauki ɗaukar haramcin shan taba ga mata masu juna biyu a 2006 da nufin rage mace-macen jarirai . 
* Babu wata kasar Amurka da ta kafa wata doka wacce ta haramta takamaiman halaye yayin daukar ciki, [ bukatar   sabuntawa ] amma, duk da haka, an kiyasta cewa aƙalla mata 200 na Amurka an gurfanar da su da laifi ko kuma kama su a ƙarƙashin dokokin cin zarafin yara da ake da su saboda zargin haifar da cutar da mahaifa ta hanyar halayensu a lokacin daukar ciki.  Dalilan da ake tuhumar sun haɗa da amfani da haramtattun abubuwa, shan barasa, da rashin bin umarnin likita na kwanciya barci ko sashin caesarean .  An zargi masu shan muggan kwayoyi da “bayar da magunguna ga kananan yara” ta hanyar shigar da sinadarai ba da gangan ba ta hanyar cibiya .  An tuhumi wasu da laifin kai wani mugun makami tare da "mummunan makamin" da ake magana a kai cewa haramtacciyar muggan kwayoyi ce.  Minnesota, Wisconsin da South Dakota suna ba matan da suka ci gaba da amfani da abubuwa yayin da suke da juna biyu su kasance masu tawali'u .  Wasu jihohi suna buƙatar masu ba da lafiya su kai rahoton duk wani jaririn da aka haifa tare da dogaro na zahiri, ko wanda ya gwada ingancin ragowar barasa ko ƙwayoyi, ga hukumomin jin daɗin yara .
* Abubuwan da ake so na al'ada ga yara maza a wasu yankuna na Asiya, kamar kasar Sin, Indiya, Koriya ta Kudu, da Taiwan, wani lokaci ya haifar da zubar da ciki na mata ta hanyar jima'i, wanda ke haifar da rashin daidaituwa tsakanin adadin haihuwa tsakanin namiji da mace wanda shine. lura a wasu wurare. Laifi ne a duk waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen neman zubar da ciki don dalilai na zaɓin jima'i.  

## Duba sauran bayanai

## Manazarta