Roman Katolika Archdiocese na Besançon

**Archdiocese na Besançon** (Latin: Archidiœcesis Bisuntina; Faransa: Archidiocèse de Besançon) yanki ne na Ikilisiyar Latin ko archdiocese of the Catholic Church a Faransa . Ya ƙunshi sashen Doubs (sai dai Montbéliard) da sashen Haute-Saône (sai dai canton na Héricourt).

Daga 1034 zuwa 1184, babban bishop yana da iko a wajen farar hula a cikin Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki a matsayin Yarima-babban bishop na Besançon . A hankali ya rasa ikonsa na farar hula ga majalisar gari; birnin ya zama birnin Imperial na Besançon a cikin 1184. Faransa ta mamaye birnin a matakai, a ƙarshe Faransa ta shiga cikin 1792 a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Faransa. Archdiocese na Besançon babban birni ne tare da dioceses guda biyar a cikin lardinsa na coci: Dioceses na Belfort-Montbéliard, Nancy, Saint-Claude, Saint-Dié, da Verdun .

## Tarihin farko na diocese
An taɓa gaskatawa a cikin diocese na Besançon cewa Linus, ɗaya daga cikin almajiran Yesu Kristi saba'in da biyu, da kuma aboki da magajin Bitrus Manzo (d. 65), ya kawo Kiristanci zuwa yankin  54, kuma Linus shine bishop na farko na Besançons. An yi watsi da wannan tatsuniyar tun da daɗewa. Amma don adana bayyanar, yanzu an saka Linus a cikin jerin sunayen bishops bayan Ferreolus . 

Wata al'adar yankin ta bayyana cewa tsarkaka Ferreolus da Ferrutio (Ferréol da Ferjeux) ne suka yi bishara a diocese,  wadanda St. Irenaeus, Bishop na Lyon ya aiko su a nan. A cewar encyclopedia na Katolika, "Louis Duchesne ya tabbatar da cewa waɗannan tatsuniyoyi suna cikin jerin labaran da aka ƙirƙira a farkon rabin karni na 6 kuma wanda "sha'awar" St. Benignus na Dijon shine haɗin farko. "

An yi ƙoƙari na farko don haɗa al'adun gida da sauran kayan a lokacin Bishop Hugues (1031-1067), lokacin da aka kirkiro jerin bishops na farko. "Bishop Ferreolus" bai kasance a ciki ba, har zuwa karni na 18, lokacin da François Dunod de Charnage ya sami rubutun hannu na "The Legend of Saint Ferreolus " daga cikin tarin cocin Collegiate na La Madeleine . 

Sarkin sarakuna Charles the Bald ya ziyarci Besançon a cikin shekara ta 871. Ya baiwa manyan bishops damar yin kudi.

A lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya Paparoma da yawa sun ziyarci Besançon, daga cikinsu Paparoma Leo IX wanda ya tsarkake bagaden tsohuwar Cathedral na St. Etienne a cikin 1050, da Eugenius III wanda a cikin 1148 ya tsarkaka cocin St. Jean, sabon babban coci. 

A cikin bijimi da ke tabbatar da hakkoki, gata, da dukiyar manyan bishops na Besançon, mai kwanan wata 19 ga Nuwamba 1049, Paparoma Leo IX ya ambaci cewa manyan bishops suna da mint (moneta). 

### Sarkin sarakuna da Paparoma
A shekara ta 1156, Frederick Barbarossa ya auri Beatrix, 'yar kuma magajiyar Renaud III, ta ƙarshe daga cikin ƙididdigar gado na Burgundy. Shugabansa na Burgundy shi ne bishop na Lausanne .  A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1157, Frederick ya koma Besançon, kuma ya naɗa kansa Sarkin Burgundy da Arles. Kashegari bayan da aka naɗa shi, an gudanar da taro tsakanin Frederick da wakilan Paparoma Adrian IV, Kadanal Bernard na San Clemente da Kadanal Roland na San Marco, shugaban Ikilisiyar Roman Mai Tsarki. A cikin wata wasika, wadda aka karanta a gaban kotun sarki, Paparoma Adrian ya tunatar da Frederick cewa ya naɗa shi a Roma, sabili da haka sarki ya kasance mai bin Paparoma; wannan saƙon ya ƙunshi a cikin jawabin buɗewa na cardinals. An yi babban laifi, kuma Frederick ya umarci babban bishop na Besançon da sauran malamai da su yi magana da Paparoma ba; daga nan gaba, sarki zai gudanar da aikin coci. A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, bayan ganawa da wakilan Paparoma, Frederick ya kira Archbishop Heraclius na Lyon exarch dinsa.

Paparoma Adrian ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Satumba 1159, kuma zaben don zabar magajinsa ya haifar da jam'iyyun biyu da popu biyu, Alexander III da Anti-Pope Victor IV .  Frederick ya goyi bayan sha'awar Victor IV, kuma ya kira majalisa don saduwa a Pavia, a ranar 5-11 ga Fabrairu 1160, don yin hukunci tsakanin masu da'awar biyu. Archbishop Humbert na Besançon (1134-1162) ya aika da wakili, amma daga baya bai sami tagomashi ko kulawa daga sarki ba. Cistercians a cikin diocese, waɗanda suka aika wakilai zuwa Janar Chapter a Citeux a cikin 1161, sun bayyana da ƙarfi a madadin Paparoma Alexander III, wanda ya kawo fushin Frederick a kan dukan tsari. An juya masallatai na Acey, Bellevaux, da Clairefontaine don fashi. Archbishop Humbert ya yi murabus a 1162, kuma ya yi ritaya zuwa gidan ibada, inda ya mutu a 1164.  Gauthier, ɗan Duke Hugues na Burgundy, babban sakatare da Dean na Babi ne ya gaje shi, amma ba a san ko Gauthier ya taɓa samun tabbaci daga Paparoma ba. A maimakon Humbert, Frederick ya sanya shi a matsayin babban bishop Herbert, ɗan Jamus daga Cologne, Provost na Babi na Aix-la-chapelle (Aachen).  A cikin 1166, duk da haka, Herbert har yanzu yana biyan takardu tare da taken zaɓaɓɓen babban bishop, kuma taken babban bishop bai bayyana ba har zuwa 1168. Ya mutu a shekara ta 1172, kuma ba mutane ko malamai na Besançcon ba su halarci jana'izarsa ba. Wanda ya gaje shi Eberhard (1172-1180) shi ma mai goyon bayan Frederick ne kuma mai rabuwa, har sai Frederick ya kawo karshen rabuwa ta hanyar sulhunta da Paparoma Alexander a watan Yulin 1177, daga inda aka gane Eberhard a matsayin babban bishop na Besançon.

An haifi ɗan Count Guillaume na Burgundy, Guido na Burgundy , wanda ya kasance shugaban Kirista daga 1119 zuwa 1123 a ƙarƙashin sunan Calixtus II, a Quingey, kilomita 23 kudu maso yammacin Besançon . 

### Babi da babban coci
Labarin ya ce wanda ya kafa Saint-Étienne shine Linus, wanda ya rayu a tsakiyar karni na 1 ko marigayi na 2. Kiristanci, duk da haka, ba bisa ka'ida ba ne da ba a yi rajista ba har sai Edict of Milan, wanda ya sa ginin ba zai yiwu ba. Wannan tushe ya ba da rahoton sake gina cocin ta "Queen Helena", mahaifiyar Constantine, a ƙarƙashin bishop Hylarius.

Cocin Saint Stephen (Saint-Étienne) ya kasance a cikin cikakkiyar rushewa lokacin da aka fara sake ginawa a ƙarƙashin Archbishop Gauthier (1016-1030).  Archbishop Hugues de Besançon (1031-1067) ne ya kammala shi kuma Paparoma Leo IX ne ya keɓe shi a ranar 3 ga Oktoba 1048. Paparoma Innocent IV (1243-1254) ya ba da gafara ga masu ba da gudummawa ga maido da Saint-Étienne. A lokaci guda ne aka fara gini a kan sabon babban coci, Saint-Jean, a cikin salon zamani. Paparoma Eugenius III ne ya tsarkake shi a ranar 5 ga Mayu 1148.  A ranar 6 ga Maris 1350, walƙiya ta buge Saint-Étienne, kuma ta lalata rufin, kayan aiki, da kayan ado. An gyara ginin, amma a ƙarshe masanin gine-ginen soja Vauban ya rushe shi, bisa umarnin Sarki Louis XIV, tsakanin 1674 da 1678, don buɗe hanyar birni na Besançcon .  A wani lokaci, Besançon tana da majami'u biyu, Saint Stephen da Saint John the Evangelist.

Wani kamfani da ake kira Chapter ne ya yi wa babban cocin hidima kuma ya gudanar da shi. Ya kunshi canons 43, mutunci huɗu, da ƙananan mutunci bakwai (*adjutors*). Matsayi sun kasance: Dean, wanda ya jagoranci Babi, babban archdeacon, Cantor, Treasurer, archdeacon Salinarius, archdeaco Faverniacensis, archdeacan Graacenus, archdeacus Luxoviensis, da Theologus.  A cikin shekara ta 1698, akwai manyan mutane huɗu, mutane huɗu (*adjutors*), da kuma canons 45.

## Tarihin baya
Daga ƙarni na 13 zuwa 18, babban bishop na Besançon yana da dioceses masu sufragane: Belley, Basel, da Lausanne . 

A ranar 7 ga watan Mayu 1254, Sarkin sarakuna William na Holland ya tabbatar da manyan bishops na Besançon a cikin haƙƙin yin kuɗi, wanda ake kira sephanienses bayan hoton Saint Étienne a kansu, don amfani a duk diocese dinsa.

A cikin 1520, Archbishop Antoine de Vergy (1502-1541) ya gudanar da taron majalisa a gidansa na Gy . 

Zababben Archbishop Claude de La Baume (1543-1584) ya jagoranci taron majalisa a cikin 1549, kuma ya buga ka'idojin majalisa a 1550. An gudanar da wani taron majalisa na diocesan a shekara ta 1572. Archbishop Ferdinand de Rye (1586-1636) ya gudanar da majalisa a cikin 1588, 1589, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1594, 1597, 1599, 1600, 1604, 1605, 1607, da 1609.  Bugu da ƙari, Archbishop de Rye ya gudanar da majalisa a cikin 1611, 1614, 1615, 1618, 1621, 1627, 1630, 1631, 1632, da 1633. Archbishop Claude de Achey (1637-1654) ya gudanar da majalisa a cikin 1640, 1641, 1644, 1647, 1648, 1650, 1651, 1652, da 1653. Archbishop Antoine-Pierre de Grammont (1662-1698) ne ya gudanar da majalisa a cikin 1663, 1664, 1665, 1666, 1669, 1670, 1671, 1673, 1674, 1675, 1676, 1677, 1678, 1679, 1680, da 1691. 

A shekara ta 1598, Society of Jesus (Jesuits) sun shiga yarjejeniya tare da birnin don kafa *kwaleji* a Besançon . 

A ranar 24 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1600, Paparoma Clement na takwas ya ba Archduke Albert, mai mulkin Pays-Bas, a matsayinsa na mai mulkin gundumar Burgundy, damar sanya sunan 'yan takara ga yawancin limamai a cikin archdiocese na Besançon. Paparoma Urban na takwas ya ba da wannan dama ga Sarki Philip na hudu na Spain a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 1640, kuma an ba da dama ga magajinsa, Charles na biyu. 

Archbishop Claude de Achey (1637-1654) ya gudanar da taron majalisa na lardin a Besançon a ranar 19 ga Mayu 1648. Ya yi Allah wadai da littafin Jansenist De la fréquente Communion na Antoine Arnauld . Babban bishop din ba zai ba da izinin kafa wani limami a cikin amfanin sa ba sai dai har sai ya yi rantsuwa don tallafawa bijimai na Paparoma Urban na takwas da Paparoma Innocent X a kan shawarwarin Jansenist.

Archbishop Antoine-Pierre de Grammont (1662-1698) ya kafa dutse na kusurwa don sabon seminary a ranar 25 ga Yuli 1670 . 

### Haɗin kai da Faransa
A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1674, bayan da aka kewaye shi na kwana tara, sojojin da Sarki Louis na 14 na Faransa ke jagoranta sun kama Besançon, kuma an haɗa Franche-Comté. Yarjejeniyar Nimègue tsakanin Sarki Louis na 14 da Sarki Philip na II, na Spain a ranar 17 ga Satumba 1678 ne suka tsara haɗin gwiwa. An kira Besançon babban birnin lardin Franche-Comté kuma an kafa majalisa a can.

A watan Yunin shekara ta 1683, Sarki Louis na 14 da Sarauniya Marie-Thérèse sun ziyarci Besançon, sun halarci Mass na Archbishop de Grammont, kuma sun shiga cikin processions na Corpus Christi . A shekara ta 1691, Besançon ya zama wurin zama na jami'a, wanda aka canja shi daga Dijon. Dalibai daga duka seminary da kwalejin Jesuit a Besançon sun aika da ɗaliban su zuwa jami'a don ci gaba da karatu a falsafar da tauhidin.

A ranar 20 ga Mayu 1686, Paparoma Innocent XI ya canja wurin gata a cikin gundumar Burgundy wanda aka ba sarakunan Spain ga Sarki Louis XIV na Faransa. 

A ranar 31 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1698, Paparoma Innocent XII ya ba sarkin Faransa damar zabar dan takarar don zama na Besançcon. A shekara ta 1698, Sashen babban coci ya ba sarkin Faransa damar ba da sunan babban bishop lokacin da wani wuri ya faru.

A ranar Juyin Juya Halin Faransa, a cikin 1790, diocese na Besançon yana da majami'u 840, 28 abbeys, 14, majami'un majami'a, da kuma 99 priories.

### Juyin Juya Halin Faransa
Ko da kafin ta mayar da hankali ga Ikilisiya kai tsaye, Majalisar Dokokin Kasa ta kai farmaki ga kafa monasticism. A ranar 13 ga Fabrairu 1790. ta ba da doka wacce ta bayyana cewa gwamnati ba za ta sake amincewa da alkawuran addini da maza ko mata suka yi ba. A sakamakon haka, Dokoki da Ikklisiya waɗanda ke zaune a ƙarƙashin Dokar an hana su a Faransa. Membobin kowanne jinsi suna da 'yanci su bar masallatai ko masallatai idan suna so, kuma suna iya neman fansho mai dacewa ta hanyar neman izinin karamar hukuma.

Majalisar Dokokin Kasa ta ba da umarnin maye gurbin sassan siyasa na tsohuwar tsarin mulki tare da sassan da ake kira ""Sashe"", don a nuna su ta hanyar birni ɗaya na gudanarwa a tsakiyar wani yanki. An zartar da dokar a ranar 22 ga Disamba 1789, iyakokin da aka kafa a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu 1790, tare da ma'aikatar da za ta fara aiki a ranar 4 ga Maris 1790.  An kirkiro sabon sashen da ake kira "Doubs," kuma Besançon ya zama babban birni a cikin sashen. Majalisar Dokokin Kasa a lokacin, a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu 1790, ta umarci kwamitin Ikklisiya da ya shirya wani shiri don sake tsara malamai. A ƙarshen watan Mayu, an gabatar da aikinsa a matsayin daftarin Tsarin Mulki na Malamai, wanda, bayan muhawara mai ƙarfi, an amince da shi a ranar 12 ga Yuli 1790. Dole ne a sami diocese ɗaya a kowane sashen,  wanda ke buƙatar murkushe kusan dioceses hamsin.  Besançon ya zama wurin zama na "Metropole de l'Est. "

Archbishop Raymond de Durfort ya ki yin rantsuwa da tilas ga Tsarin Mulki na Jama'a, kuma ya janye zuwa gudun hijira bayan isowar "Bishop na Tsarin Mulki". Ya mutu a Soleure a Switzerland a ranar 19 ga Maris 1792, kuma babban sufraginsa, Bishop Bernard Emmanuel von Lenzburg na Lausanne  ya ɗauki gwamnatin diocese na Besançon.  Lokacin da Lenzburg ya mutu a ranar 14 ga Satumba 1795, gudanarwa ta wuce ga Bishop Franz Xaver von Neveu na Basel.

Yarjejeniyar 1802 ta ba Diocese na Besançon duk waɗannan gundumomin wanda, a cikin 1822, ya zama Diocese of St.-Claude. A cikin 1806, an ba Besançon iko a kan majami'u uku na Principality na Neufchâtel (Switzerland) wanda ya fada ƙarƙashin ikon bishopric na Lausanne a cikin 1814. A cikin 1870, bayan da Jamus ta mamaye Alsace-Lorraine, an cire gundumar Belfort daga bishopric na Strasburg kuma an haɗa ta da diocese na Besançon.

### Sake ginawa
Shugabancin Faransa ya fadi a juyin mulkin da Talleyrand da Napoleon suka shirya a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 1799. Wannan juyin mulki ya haifar da kafa Ofishin Jakadancin Faransa, tare da Napoleon a matsayin wakilin farko. Don ci gaba da manufofinsa na soja na waje, ya yanke shawarar yin sulhu da Cocin Katolika da Paparoma.  A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 1801, a cikin Yarjejeniyar 1801 tsakanin Ofishin Jakadancin Faransa, wanda ke karkashin jagorancin Consul na farko Napoleon Bonaparte, da Paparoma Pius VII, babban bishop na Besancon da sufraganninta Belley, da duk sauran dioceses a Faransa, an murkushe su. Wannan ya cire duk gurɓataccen ma'aikata da sababbin abubuwa da Ikilisiyar Tsarin Mulki ta gabatar. An sake kafa tsarin diocesan, tare da babban bishop na Besancon (Doubs) da diocese na Dijon da Autun (a Burgundy), Metz, Nancy, da Strasbourg (a Alsace-Lorraine).  An yi rajistar yarjejeniyar a matsayin dokar Faransa a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1802. 

A shekara ta 1814, an dawo da mulkin mallaka na Faransa, kuma a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1814, Paparoma ya koma Roma daga gudun hijira a Savona. An fara aiki nan da nan a kan sabon yarjejeniya, don daidaita dangantakar tsakanin bangarorin biyu. A aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar 27 ga Yuli 1817, tsakanin Sarki Louis XVIII da Paparoma Pius VII, an ba da bijimin papal "Qui Christi Domini" a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 1917, amma Majalisar Faransa ta ki amincewa da yarjejeniyar. Ba har zuwa 6 ga Oktoba 1822 ba ne cewa wani gyare-gyare na bijimin papal, yanzu ana kiransa "Paternae Charitatis",  wanda aka karfafa ta hanyar umarnin Louis XVIII na 13 ga Janairu 1823 wanda ya ba da umarnin rajista, ya sami karɓar dukkan bangarorin. An sanya babban bishop na Besançon (Doubs) a matsayin masu sufragans dioceses na Strasbourg, Metz, Verdun, Belley, Saint-Die, da Nancy. An janye Dijon da Autun daga Besançon.

A watan Yunin 1874, bayan Yaƙin Franco-Prussian, bisa buƙatar gwamnatin Faransa, Paparoma Pius IX ya cire majami'u na Metz da Strasburg daga ikon babban birni na babban bishop na Besançon, kuma ya ba su izini, a ƙarƙashin ikon kai tsaye na Mai Tsarki. 

A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 1979, Paparoma John Paul II ya ba da kundin tsarin mulki na manzanni (sakin papa), "Qui Divino Consilio", wanda ya cire yankin Belfort daga diocese na Besançon; da "paus de Montbéliard" a cikin sashen Doubs; da kuma arondissement da ake kira "Héricourt" tare da garin "Chalonvillars", don samar da sabon diocese ya Belfort-Montbéliard. Diocese na Belfort-Montbéliard an sanya shi sufragane na babban birnin Besançon 

Abbey na Lure (Luthra), (a Haute-Saône, an kafa shi ne a farkon karni na 7 ta St. Déicole (Deicolus), ko Desle, almajirin Columbanus; daga baya abbots dinsa sun kasance sarakuna na Daular Mai Tsarki.  Abbey na Beaume les Dames, wanda aka kafa a karni na 5 kuma inda aka binne Gontram, Sarkin Burgundy, shine makarantar da Odo, daga baya Abbot na Cluny, ya yi karatu a karni na goma; a ƙarshen karni na takwas an gina kusa da shi wani masallaci (Palma) don Benedictine nuns, membobin masu daraja. A lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa an lalata cocin wannan masallaci. 

### Zuwa 600

A cewar Georges Goyau, a rubuce a cikin bugu na farko na Catholic Encyclopedia, "ya kamata a karanta kundin bishops na farko na Besançon da taka tsantsan. "

: Ferreolus 180?–211?
: Linus 
: Antidius a shekara ta 267
: Jamusanci

* Maximinus ya mutu kafin 304 
* Paulinus ya mutu a shekara ta 310
* Eusebius 
* Hilarius
* Pancharius (an tabbatar da shi a shekara ta 346) 
* Justus a shekara ta 362
* Aegnanus ya mutu a shekara ta 374
* Sylvester I 376-396?
* Anianus (karni na 4) 
* Yankin da ya dace
* Desideratus
* Leontius? –443
* Chelidonius c. 445, ya mutu 451?
* Antidius na II
* Chelmegisl
* Claudius (I) c. 517 
* Urbicus c. 549 
* Tetradius (I) c. 570 
* Sylvester (II.) c. 580 
* Vitalis (I) 
* St. Rothadius, wani ɗan majami'a a Luxeuil kuma mai shirya rayuwar masallaci

### 600 zuwa 1000
 

## Manazarta