'Yancin Dan Adam a Greece

Kungiyoyi daban-daban suna kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam a Girka. Kasar ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, Yarjejeniyar Geneva da ta shafi Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa. Tsarin mulkin Girka ya kuma tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali ga dukan 'yan ƙasar Girka.

## Batutuwan yanzu

### Rikicin 'yan sanda
An bayar da rahoton amfani da karfi, azabtarwa da sauran mummunar zalunci da jami'an 'yan sanda da sauran jami'an tilasta bin doka suka yi.

'Yan sanda na Girka, wanda aka sani da' yan sanda na Hellenic, sun ɗauki tsarin su na yanzu a cikin 1984 sakamakon haɗakar Gendarmerie (Chorofylaki) da Sojojin 'yan sanda na Urban (Astynomia Poleon).  Ya ƙunshi sassan tsakiya da na yanki, 'yan sanda na Hellenic suna da dogon tarihin zalunci na' yan sanda. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru na farko da aka rubuta ya samo asali ne daga shekara ta 1976, inda 'yan sanda suka kashe mai fafutuka mai shekaru 16 Sideris Isidoropoulos yayin da ya sanya hotunan kamfen a kan ginin jama'a. A shekara ta 1980, a lokacin zanga-zangar tunawa da tashin hankali na Athens Polytechnic, 'yan sanda na Girka sun yi wa Stamatina Kanelopoulou mai shekaru 20 da Iakovos Koumis duka har suka mutu. Har yanzu ana gudanar da zanga-zangar har zuwa yau ga masu zanga-zambe don tunawa da tashin hankali na 1973. Har yanzu zanga-zangar ta shafi cin zarafin 'yan sanda a lokacin taron. A ranar 17 ga Nuwamba 1985 wani mai zanga-zangar, mai shekaru 15 Michalis Kaltezas, 'yan sanda ne suka kashe shi yayin zanga-zambe na tunawa da tashin hankali na Polytechnic.

Matsayi da tsananin zalunci na 'yan sanda a Girka a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata sun kasance masu zurfi. Saboda rikicin kudi na baya-bayan nan, an aiwatar da matakai masu yawa, wanda ya haifar da mutane da iyalai da yawa da ke gwagwarmaya don tsira. 'Yan ƙasar Girka sun yi tsayayya da waɗannan matakan tsauraran matakai tun daga farko kuma sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da yajin aiki da zanga-zangar. A mayar da martani, zalunci na 'yan sanda ya karu sosai, tare da rahotanni masu yawa game da amfani da iskar hawaye, mummunan rauni da' yan sanda suka yi, da kuma tsare masu zanga-zangar ba tare da dalili ba.

A cikin 2013 'yan sanda na Girka sun yi zargin azabtar da samari hudu da aka yi imanin cewa wadanda ake zargi da fashi da banki bayan kama su. An yi iƙirarin cewa an ɗaure mutanen kuma an yi musu duka sosai a tsare. Kafofin yada labarai sun buga hotuna na mutanen, duk suna da mummunan rauni, kodayake sanarwar 'yan sanda ta nuna hotunan da aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar dijital na hudu ba tare da rauni ba. Ministan kare 'yan ƙasa na Girka - Nikos Dendias - ya goyi bayan' yan sanda kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa suna buƙatar amfani da Photoshop don tabbatar da cewa ana iya gane wadanda ake zargi. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012, an kama masu zanga-zangar adawa da fascist 15 a Athens lokacin da suka yi rikici da magoya bayan jam'iyyar fascist (kuma daga baya aka dauke su kungiyar masu aikata laifuka) "Golden Dawn". Wadanda abin ya shafa sun yi iƙirarin cewa an azabtar da su yayin da aka tsare su a Babban Ofishin 'yan sanda na Attica kuma sun bayyana cewa jami'an 'yan sanda sun buge su, sun tofa musu, sun ƙone hannayensu da masu kunna sigari, kuma sun sa su farka da fitilu da lasers. Dendias ya mayar da martani ta hanyar zargin jaridar Burtaniya da ta buga cikakkun bayanai game da waɗannan laifuka na tsegumi. An tabbatar da shi ta hanyar binciken shari'a cewa azabtarwar ta faru. An kori 'yan jaridar Girka guda biyu da suka yi sharhi a rahoton *The Guardian* washegari.

Rikicin 'yan sanda a Girka a yau yafi bayyana kansa ta hanyar tashin hankali na jiki da ba daidai ba ga masu zanga-zangar da 'yan jarida. Amnesty International ta nuna cewa ci gaba da yin niyya ga 'yan jarida yana da damuwa saboda yana keta haƙƙin' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. A cewar wani rahoto na Amnesty International na baya-bayan nan, akwai lokuta da yawa inda 'yan sanda suka yi amfani da karfi mai tsanani, ba su yi amfani da makamai marasa kisa a kan masu zanga-zangar ba, sun kai farmaki ga 'yan jarida, kuma sun yi wa masu kallo mummunan rauni, musamman a lokacin bikin tunawa da tashin hankali na Athens Polytechnic, wanda ya faru a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba 2014. Zarge-zarge a kan 'yan sanda sun fito musamman game da amfani da karfi mai tsanani ga' yan jarida da ke rubuce-rubuce game da zanga-zangar da kuma dalibai da yawa da suka shiga cikin zanga-zambe na zaman lafiya. An yi zargin cewa 'yan sanda sun yayyafa masu zanga-zangar da sinadarai daga kusa - a wani misali an kula da wata yarinya mai shekaru 17 da ke fama da asma a asibiti bayan wannan harin kuma lokacin da ta sanar da' yan sanda game da yanayinta sun yi dariya.

Hotunan bidiyo sun tabbatar da cewa a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 2014, 'yan sanda masu tayar da kayar baya sun fara kai hari ga daliban da suka yi ƙoƙari su gudu daga filin Athens Polytechnic. Rahotanni na kafofin watsa labarai sun nuna cewa kimanin masu zanga-zangar 40 sun nemi kulawar likita ga raunin da suka samu daga mummunan duka 'yan sanda. Amnesty International ta yi kira da a dauki mataki don gurfanar da wadanda ke bayan hare-haren, inda ta bayyana cewa a cikin 'yan sanda na Girka akwai al'adar "ba'a da rashin hukunci" wanda ya kasance yayin da hukumomi suka dauki mataki kadan don magance tushen matsalar.

Wani dalibi na musayar Jamus ya ce 'yan sanda masu tayar da kayar baya sun buge shi ba zato ba tsammani a gundumar Exarheia, yana bayyana dalilin da ya sa ya kasance a can shi ne cewa yana cin abinci tare da wasu ɗalibai. Ɗalibin ya ba da mummunar bayani game da tashin hankali da ya jimre kuma ya firgita a kusurwa lokacin da ya ga 'yan sanda saboda' yan makonni kafin ya ga' yan sanda suna doke wani mutumin da suka kama. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa bayan ya gan shi, kimanin jami'an 'yan sanda shida sun fara kai masa hari da sandunansu, kuma lokacin da suka bar wani rukuni na' yan sanda ya maye gurbin su. Dalibin ba shi da makami kuma bai haifar da barazana ba amma 'yan sanda sun kasance masu zalunci a cikin ayyukansu. An nuna cewa 'yan sanda masu tayar da kayar baya sun bar mutane da aka yi musu duka kuma sun ji rauni sosai ba tare da taimakon likita ba. Amnesty International ta bukaci Girka da ta yi bincike kan wadannan laifuka a kan fararen hula, wadanda suka keta hakkokin dan adam, da kuma sanya masu aikata laifin alhakin.

* **Mayu 2011**: dalibi Yannis Kafkas ya sami kusan mummunan rauni a kai bayan wani jami'in 'yan sanda ya buge shi da mai kashe wuta. Kafkas ya kwashe kwanaki 20 a cikin kulawa mai tsanani.
* **Yuni 2011**: Manolis Kipraios, ɗan jarida, yana rufe zanga-zangar adawa da matakan tsauraran matakai lokacin da wani memba na 'yan sanda suka harbe shi da grenade kuma ya sa ya sha wahala daga rashin jin magana na dindindin.
* **Fabrairu 2012**: mai daukar hoto Marios Lolos ya yi tiyata bayan 'yan sanda suka buge shi a kai a zanga-zangar. Ranar da ta gabata kafin wannan harin wani dan jarida Rena Maniou ya yi wa jami'an tsaro duka. Dimitris Trimis, shugaban kungiyar 'yan jarida ta Girka (ESEA) ya karya hannunsa bayan 'yan sanda suka tura shi da karfi kuma suka kori shi.

Akwai lokuta inda aka yi amfani da masu zanga-zangar a matsayin garkuwar mutum - hoto na wata mace mai zanga-zambe a cikin wuyan hannu a gaban 'yan sanda yayin da mutane suka jefa duwatsu ga' yan sanda ya sami kulawa mai yawa.

Babu wani shari'ar zalunci na 'yan sanda da ke sama da ya haifar da tuhumar' yan sanda. Ɗaya daga cikin shari'ar da ta haifar da tashin hankali a duk faɗin ƙasar ita ce mutuwar Alexis Grigoropoulos mai shekaru 15, wanda wani jami'in 'yan sanda ya harbe shi a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2008 yayin zanga-zangar da aka yi a Athens, wanda ya haifar da manyan tashin hankali game da zalunci na' yan sanda. Ba kamar sauran shari'o'i ba, an yanke wa jami'in 'yan sanda da ke da alhakin kisan kai.

Rahotanni game da zalunci na 'yan sanda sun sake ƙaruwa a ƙarshen 2019, gami da 'yan jarida da dalibai da ke nuna rashin amincewa da kawar da dokar da ta hana jami'ai shiga makarantun jami'a. An rubuta bincike na wucin gadi a lokuta da yawa a matsayin wani ɓangare na rashin lafiya. Akwai manyan tuhuma cewa waɗannan abubuwan da ke faruwa akai-akai ba su da yawa kuma ba su da kariya ga yanayin da ke ko'ina na rashin hukunci ga irin wannan hali.

### Rashin amincewa da lamiri
A cikin 2020, Amnesty International ta ba da rahoton cewa ci gaba da "babban keta doka" na haƙƙin masu adawa da lamiri ya faru wanda ya haifar da kamawa, gurfanar da su, tarar, shari'a a kotunan soja, maimaita hukunci da kuma dakatar da hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku. Sabis ɗin maye gurbin ya fi tsayi fiye da aikin soja kuma saboda haka ana ɗaukarsa azaman azabtarwa ga fursunonin lamiri.

## Amnesty International
A cewar rahoton Amnesty International na 2007 game da Girka, akwai matsaloli a cikin wadannan yankuna:

* Kula da 'yan gudun hijira da' yan gudun hijira ta 'Yan sanda na Girka.
* Kula da masu adawa da aikin soja saboda lamiri.
* Rashin ba da kariya ga mata da ke fama da tashin hankali na gida ko fataucin mutane da kuma tilasta karuwanci.
* Rahoton ya kuma nuna shari'o'in da suka shafi kamawa a cikin mahallin 'yaƙin ta'addanci' da kuma hukuncin da Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai ta yanke wa Girka saboda keta Mataki na 9 na Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam ta hanyar hukunta wani Mufti ba bisa ka'ida ba don 'kushe aikin ministan "abin da aka sani'.

## Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka
Rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka na 2007 game da haƙƙin ɗan adam a Girka ya gano batutuwan da suka biyo baya:

* Shari'o'in cin zarafin da jami'an tsaro suka yi, musamman na baƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba da Romawa.
* Yawan jama'a da mawuyacin hali a wasu kurkuku.
* Tsayar da baƙi marasa takardar shaidar a cikin yanayi mara kyau.
* Ƙuntatawa da cikas na gudanarwa da membobin addinan da ba na Orthodox ba suka fuskanta.
* Tsayawa da fitar da kananan 'yan gudun hijira marasa matasan ko kuma wadanda suka rabu, gami da masu neman mafaka.
* Ƙayyadaddun ikon kabilun kabilanci don nuna kansu, da nuna bambanci da warewar kabilun, musamman Roma.

## Matsayi na kasa da kasa

* Demokradiyya Index, 2020: 39 daga cikin 167.
* Worldwide Press Freedom Index, 2022: 108 daga cikin 180. 
* Ƙididdigar Sirriyar Duniya, 2006: 1 daga cikin 26.
* Ƙididdigar Ingancin Rayuwa ta Duniya, 2022: 44 daga cikin 87.

## Dubi kuma

* Abubuwan da suka faru a Komotini a 1990
* Rukunin shiga soja a Girka
* Shari'ar Girka
* Tsayar da Intanet da sa ido a Girka
* Hakkin LGBT a Girka
* Ƙananan mutane a Girka
* Masu magana da Slavic na Girkanci Makidoniya
* Sotiris Bletsas, masanin gine-gine kuma mai fafutukar yaren Aromanian.
* Turks na Yammacin Thrace

## Manazarta