Nazarin baƙar fata

**Nazarin baƙar fata** ko **Nazarin [[Afirka]]** (tare da takamaiman sharuɗɗa na ƙasa, kamar **Nazarin Afirka na Amurka** da karatun baƙar fata na Kanada), wani fannin ilimi ne wanda ya fi mayar da hankali kan nazarin tarihin, al'adu, da siyasa na mutanen Afirka da Afirka. Filin ya hada da malaman Afirka-Amurka, Afro-Kanada, Afro'Caribbean, Afro na Latino, Afro, Afro de Turai, Afro d'Asian, Afirka ta Australiya, da wallafe-wallafen Afirka, tarihi, siyasa, da addini gami da waɗanda ke cikin horo, kamar ilimi zamantakewa, ilimin ɗan adam, Nazarin al'adu, ilimin halayyar dan adam, ilimi, da sauran fannoni da yawa a cikin ilimin ɗan adam da kimiyyar zamantakewa. Filin kuma yana amfani da nau'ikan Hanyoyin bincike daban-daban.

Kokarin ilimi na musamman don sake gina tarihin Afirka-Amurka ya fara ne a ƙarshen karni na 19 (W. E. B. Du Bois, The Suppression of the African Slave-trade to the United States of America, 1896). Daga cikin majagaba a farkon rabin karni na 20 sune Carter G. Woodson,  Herbert Aptheker, Melville Herskovits, da Lorenzo Dow Turner. 

Shirye-shiryen da sassan karatun baƙar fata a Amurka an fara kirkiresu ne a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970 sakamakon ɗaliban kabilanci da kuma gwagwarmayar baiwa a jami'o'i da yawa, wanda ya haifar da yajin aiki na watanni biyar don karatun baƙarƙashiya a Jami'ar Jihar San Francisco. A watan Fabrairun 1968, Jihar San Francisco ta hayar Masanin ilimin zamantakewa Nathan Hare don daidaita shirin karatun Black na farko da kuma rubuta wani tsari ga Sashen Nazarin Black na farko; an kirkiro sashen ne a watan Satumbar 1968 kuma ya sami matsayin hukuma a ƙarshen yajin aikin watanni biyar a cikin bazara na 1969. Ra'ayoyin Hare sun nuna na ƙungiyar baƙar fata, kuma ya yi imanin cewa sashen ya kamata ya ba da ikon ɗaliban baƙar fata. Halitta shirye-shirye da sassan a cikin karatun baƙar fata wani abu ne na yau da kullun na zanga-zangar da zama daga ɗaliban 'yan tsiraru da abokansu, waɗanda suka ji cewa al'adunsu da abubuwan da suke so ba su da kyau ta hanyar tsarin ilimi na gargajiya.  &#x5B;**&#x5D;

An kuma kirkiro sassan nazarin baƙar fata, shirye-shirye, da darussan a Ƙasar Ingila,   Caribbean,  Brazil,  Kanada,  Colombia,   Ecuador, [4] da Venezuela. [4]

## Sunayen horo na ilimi
An san horo na ilimi da sunaye daban-daban. Mazama (2009) ya bayyana cewa:A cikin ƙarin bayani ga littafin da aka buga kwanan nan na Black Studies, Asante da Karenga sun lura cewa "sunan horo" ya kasance "marasa tabbas" (Asante & Karenga, 2006, shafi na 421). Wannan magana ta zo ne sakamakon bincike mai zurfi game da shirye-shiryen Black Studies na yanzu, wanda ya haifar da editocin gano sunaye da yawa don horo: Nazarin Afirka, Nazarin Afirka da Afirka, Nazaren Afirka / Black World, Nazarin Pan-African, Nazarin Africology, Nazarin Duniya da Sabon Duniya, Nazarin Ƙasar Afirka-Major, Nazarin Baƙar fata, Nazarin Latin Amurka, Nazarin Yankin Afirka-Amurka, Nazarin Jama'ar Amirka, Nazarin Kabilanci-AmurkaOkafor (2014) ya bayyana cewa:Abin da ya bayyana don fitar da waɗannan sunayen na musamman shine haɗuwa da dalilai: ƙwarewar ƙwarewarsu, wuraren ƙwarewar su, da kuma ra'ayoyin duniya na ƙwarewar da suka zama kowane ɗayan. Ta hanyar ra'ayi na duniya, ina magana ne game da tambayar ko bangaren da aka ba shi a cikin wani wuri yana nuna ko haɗuwa da wahayi masu zuwa na aikinmu:

* hangen nesa na cikin gida game da karatun baƙar fata wanda ke ganin yana mai da hankali ne kawai kan al'amuran Amurkawa 'yan Afirka na Amurka waɗanda suka fito daga ƙarni na' yan Afirka masu bautar
* hangen nesa na nazarin baƙar fata wanda ya haɗa da al'amuran dukkan zuriyar Afirka a Sabon Duniya - wato, Amurka: Arewacin Amurka, Kudancin Amurka da Caribbean
* hangen nesa na duniya game da karatun baƙar fata - wato, ra'ayi wanda ke tunani dangane da duniyar Afirka - duniyar da ta kunshi al'ummomin asalin Afirka waɗanda suka warwatse a duk faɗin duniya da nahiyar Afirka kanta.
Jerin sunaye a cikin Black Studies kuma yana nuna yanayin tarihi da zamantakewar siyasa wanda waɗannan shirye-shiryen suka fito. Misali, kalmomi kamar "African-American Studies" sun samo asali ne a lokacin yunkurin kare hakkin bil'adama, suna jaddada mayar da hankali kan kwarewar Afirka ta Amurka da gwagwarmayar samun daidaiton launin fata. Sabanin haka, karin kalmomin zamani kamar "African Studies" da "Pan-African studies" suna nuna haɗin kai tare da kwarewar baki na duniya, gami da haɗin kai a duk faɗin Afirka da kuma amincewa da tasirin ƙasashen duniya.

## Tarihi

### Amurka

#### Arewacin Amurka

##### Kanada
A cikin 1991, an kirkiro kujera ta kasa don Nazarin Black Canadian, wanda aka sanya masa suna bayan James Robinson Johnston, a Jami'ar Dalhousie don manufar ci gaba da kasancewar karatun Black a Kanada. Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin ya yi karatu ne daga shugaban Black Canadian Studies, John Barnstead . 

##### Mexico
Ta hanyar ci gaban littafin, The black population in Mexico (1946), Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán ya ba da hanya ga ci gaban karatun Afro-Mexican.

##### Amurka

Ci gaban karatun Africana, kamar yadda Robert Harris Jr. ya tsara, ya jaddada juyin halitta na horo don mayar da martani ga yanayin tarihi da bukatun al'umma. Mataki na farko, daga shekarun 1890 har zuwa yakin duniya na biyu, ƙungiyoyin ƙauyuka ne suka yi alama da ke neman haskaka tarihin da al'adun mutanen Afirka. Wannan aikin tushe ya kafa tushe don ilimin gaba ta hanyar kalubalantar labaran da ke da yawa waɗanda galibi ke warewa ko kuma ba su nuna abubuwan Black ba.

Mataki na uku ya ga kafa shirye-shiryen ilimi na yau da kullun da ake kira Black Studies, wanda ya kara inganta horo a cikin ilimi mafi girma. Wadannan shirye-shiryen sun yi niyyar ƙirƙirar tsarin ilimi mai tsauri don nazarin kwarewar Black, sau da yawa suna haɗa hanyoyin da suka samo asali daga tarihi, ilimin zamantakewa, adabi, da zane-zane. Wannan tsari ba wai kawai ya ba da izini ga filin ba har ma ya ba da gudummawa ga karuwar ƙwarewar da ta kalubalanci labaran da suka fi dacewa.

Yayinda karatun Africana ke ci gaba da bunkasa, mataki na huɗu - yana jaddada haɗin duniya da hangen nesa na Afirka - yana nuna yadda horo ke amsawa ga batutuwan zamani. Yana neman bincika haɗin gwiwar abubuwan da suka faru na Afirka da Afirka, suna inganta zurfin fahimtar abubuwan al'adu da tasirin su a cikin yanayin duniya. Wannan manufar tana ƙarfafa muhimmancin wakiltar muryoyi da gogewa daban-daban, tabbatar da cewa an gane kwarewar Black a matsayin wani ɓangare na labarin ɗan adam.

##### Brazil

A cikin 1980, Abdias Nascimento ya ba da gabatarwa a Panama game da karatunsa a kan Kilombismo a 2nd Congress of Black Culture in the Americas .  Binciken da ya yi a kan Kilombismo ya ba da cikakken bayani game da yadda harkokin tattalin arziki da siyasa na 'Yan Afirka a duk faɗin Amurka suka ba da gudummawa ga yadda suka shirya kansu. Bayan haka, Nascimento ya koma Brazil kuma ya fara kafa karatun Africana a 1981.  Yayinda yake a Jami'ar Katolika ta Pontifical ta São Paulo, Nascimento ya haɓaka Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka da Bincike (IPEAFRO).  IPEAFRO ta samar da darasi ga farfesa tsakanin 1985 da 1995.

##### Chile
Daga shekarun 1920 zuwa 1950, wallafe-wallafen da suka hada da kasancewar Afro-Chileans ba a tsara su ba, kuma, daga shekarun 1960 zuwa 1980, wallafe-wallo sun ci gaba da haɗa Afro-chileans tare da wasu kungiyoyi. Tun daga shekarun 2000, an sami karuwar tsarin da ci gaba da nazarin Afro-Chilean, tare da mai da hankali kan Afro-Shileans da dawo da al'adun al'adun Afro-Chhilean.

##### Colombia
Masana, kamar su Rogerio Velásquez, Aquiles Escalante, José Rafael Arboleda, da Thomas Price, sun kasance masu gabatarwa a ci gaban karatun Afro-Colombian a cikin 1940s da 1950s.  A cikin shekarun 1960, yayin da shirye-shiryen kimiyyar zamantakewa suka shiga cikin cibiyoyin jami'a, gudummawa daga masana kimiyyar ɗan adam da masana kimiyyyar zamantakewar jama'a sun kara da fitowarsa. Bayan gabatar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Colombia, musamman Mataki na 55, a cikin 1991,  Dokar 70 a cikin 1993,   da Dokar 804 ta Ma'aikatar Ilimi a cikin 1995,   abubuwan da ke tattare da karatun Afro-Colombian sun fara haɗuwa,  kuma nuna bambancin tarihi na Afro-colombians ya sami damar fara magance shi, tare da ci gaban abubuwan ilimi na ƙasa game da Afro-Kolombians da Afirka.  A Jami'ar Birnin Bogotá, na Jami'ar Kasa ta Colombia, Ƙungiyar Nazarin Afro-Colombian ta haɓaka kuma ta kafa shirin horo a cikin karatun Afro-colombian don malaman makarantar firamare da sakandare. A watan Fabrairun 2002, an ci gaba da shirin difloma na ilimi a cikin karatun Afro-Colombian kuma an fara bayar da shi a Jami'ar Cauca da ke Belalcázar, Caldas. A Jami'ar Pontifical Xavierian, akwai shirin digiri na biyu a cikin karatun Afro-Colombian. Har ila yau, akwai shirin karatu a kasashen waje don daliban Afro-Colombian da daliban Afirka-Amurka da ke tsakanin shirin karatun Afro-Kolombian a Jami'ar Pontifical Xavierian a Colombia da shirye-shiryen karatun Afirka-Amurkan a kwalejoji da jami'o'i na tarihi a Amurka.

## Manazarta