Muhammad Kurd Ali

**Muhammad Kurd Ali** ( Arabic  , 1876–1953) fitaccen malamin Siriya ne, masanin tarihi kuma mai sukar adabi a harshen Larabci . Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma darektan Kwalejin Harshen Larabci da ke Damascus (1918) har zuwa rasuwarsa.

## Rayuwar farko
Kakan Muhammad Kurd, Kurdawa ne, wanda aka haifa a Sulaymaniyah a Kurdistan, kuma ya zo Damascus a farkon ƙarni na sha tara.  Mahaifiyarsa 'yar Circassian ce. 

Kurd Ali ya koyi karatu da rubutu a kuttab inda ya kuma yi karatun Al-Qur'ani. Ya sami karatunsa na shiri a makarantar Al-Rushdiyya, sannan ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare a Makarantar Azariyya.

A makarantar sakandare ya tuna cewa a ranar farko aka tambaye shi daga wane unguwa yake, domin al'adar kiran ɗalibai da sunan farko da sunan unguwarsu a matsayin sunan ƙarshe. Kamar yadda ya yi daga Zuqaq Burghul ( Bulgur Alley), ta wannan dabarar, zai kasance yana da alaƙa da busasshen alkama da aka fasa a sauran lokacin karatunsa. Don haka ya yi ƙarya, ya gaya wa malaminsa cewa ya fito daga unguwar Tadil, wanda ya saba da shi tunda a nan ne mahaifinsa ya zauna tun yana yaro. [1]

Muhammad Kurd Ali yana son rubutu da aikin jarida kuma yana sha'awar karanta littattafai da tattara su tun yana ƙarami. Duk da cewa bai iya karatu da rubutu ba, mahaifinsa ya ƙarfafa shi ya sayi littattafai, kuma ya ba shi isasshen taimako don ya mallake su. Yayin da Kurd 'Ali ya ƙara ƙwarewa a fannin kimiyya da harshe, ya fara karanta jaridu da mujallu a cikin Faransanci, Turkiyya da Larabci. Yana da shekaru 16, yana rubuta labaran labarai kuma jaridu suna biyansa. Aikinsa bai tsaya a wannan lokacin ba, yana son waƙoƙin Larabci da waƙoƙin waƙa; kuma ya kasance tare da manyan malamai na gida a lokacin, yana amfani da iliminsu da adabinsu, kamar: Saleem Bukhari, Sheikh Mohammed Al Mubarak, da Sheikh Tahir al-Jazairi . 

## Sana'a a rubuce
A shekarar 1897, an ba shi amanar gyara jaridar gwamnati ta mako-mako (Sham); ya riƙe wannan aikin na tsawon shekaru uku kuma ya himmatu wajen yin rubutu a cikin labaransa. Daga nan Kurd 'Ali ya fara yin rubutu da mujallar *Al-Muqtataf* (wani ɓangare) a Masar na tsawon shekaru biyar, inda shahararsa ta yaɗu zuwa Masar.

Daga baya Kurd 'Ali ya tafi Alkahira ya zauna a can na tsawon watanni goma, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin editan jaridar Al-Ra'ed Almasri (wani majagaba na Masar). A lokacin da yake can, an gabatar da shi ga masana kimiyya da dama, marubuta da masu tunani, wanda hakan ya ƙara faɗaɗa fahimtarsa kuma ya ƙara shahararsa har sunansa ya zama sananne a Masar kamar shahararrun marubuta da kuma manyan malamai na wancan lokacin.

Ya koma Damascus ne kawai ya ga kansa wanda aka zalunta da wani batanci da ya kai ga umarnin sarkin Turkiyya na a binciki gidan Kurd 'Ali, amma daga baya aka same shi da laifi. Bayan wannan lamarin, Kurd 'Ali ya yi hijira zuwa Masar a shekarar 1906 kuma ya kafa mujallar *Al-Muqtabas* (wanda aka ambata) ta wata-wata inda ya buga binciken kimiyya, adabi da tarihi; ya kuma gyara wasu jaridu biyu na yau da kullun: *Al-Muqtabas* da  . Yana ambato daga mujallun Yamma, ya saba bayar da rahotannin sabbin labarai kan kimiyya, wayewa, ƙirƙira da ci gaba; baya ga haka, ya fassara wasu rubuce-rubuce da ba kasafai ake samu ba. Saboda haka, aikinsa ya sadaukar da kansa ga yaɗa ilimi, na da da na sabo.

Kurd Ali kuma an san shi da rubuta kalaman adawa da Shi'a . 

## A Siyasa
Muhammad Kurd 'Ali ya koma Damascus a shekarar 1908 bayan ayyana Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Ottoman, kuma ya buga mujallar *Al-Muqtabas* ban da wata jaridar yau da kullun da ya kira Al-Muqtabas tare da haɗin gwiwar ɗan'uwansa Ahmed; shi ma ya kafa nasa gidan jarida. Amma, a ƙarƙashin mulkin Ottoman, an ci gaba da cin zarafi da takura masa ta hanyar takunkumi da kuma sa ido sosai kan rubuce-rubucensa da tunaninsa; kuma a matsayin misali na hakan an rufe jaridarsa bayan da ɗaya daga cikin sarakunan Turkiyya ya zarge shi da tattauna dangin Sultan a cikin ɗaya daga cikin labaransa. Kurd 'Ali ya sake guduwa zuwa Masar sannan zuwa Turai, amma daga baya ya dawo bayan an wanke shi daga baya. Waɗannan nau'ikan cin zarafi sun ci gaba da damun sa har sai da Kurd 'Ali ya miƙa alhakin jaridar yau da kullun ga ɗan'uwansa Ahmed kuma ya sadaukar da kansa ga mujallar. Ya ƙara zama cikin tsoro bayan ayyana Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya da kuma fara wani yaƙin ramuwar gayya da sarakunan Ottoman suka yi wa 'Larabawa' 'yanci, waɗanda suka nemi ƙarin 'yancin siyasa; don haka ya rufe mujallar da jaridar. A lokacin wannan yakin neman zabe, Kurd 'Ali da kansa kusan an kai shi ga gawawwakin mutane kamar sauran masu fafutukar 'yanci da masu sukar gwamnatin Ottoman; duk da haka, an tsira daga gare shi godiya ga wata takarda da aka samu a ofishin jakadancin Faransa da ke Damascus wanda wani ma'aikaci a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Faransa ya rubuta kafin yakin. A cewar takardar, wakilin Faransa ya tuntubi Kurd 'Ali kuma, ta hanyar amfani da rashin amincewarsa da masu goyon bayan Ottoman, ya sa shi ya dauki hanya mafi kyau ga manufofin goyon bayan Faransa a Gabas ta Tsakiya; amma martanin Kurd 'Ali bai yi kyau ba kuma ya bukaci Faransawa da su canza manufofinsu a Algeria da Tunisia. Irin wadannan takardu kamar wannan sun hada da 'wallafe-wallafen sirri a hukumance' wanda jakadan Faransa a Istanbul ya aika wa jakadun Faransa a Syria yana gargadinsu daga Kurd 'Ali da kuma cewa: 'yana aiki ne kawai da Turkawa'. Wannan ya zo a matsayin shaida mai kyau tare da wasu takardu irin wannan da aka samu a lokacin binciken ofisoshin jakadancin kasashen waje a farkon yakin. Bayan haka, Djemal Pasha ya kira Kurd 'Ali ya sanar da shi wannan labarin cikin farin ciki, amma kuma ya yi masa gargaɗi cewa idan Kurd 'Ali ya sake komawa ga adawa, Djamal Pasha ya yi barazanar kashe shi da bindigarsa. Daga nan ya ba da umarnin sake buɗe jaridar kuma ya ba Kurd 'Ali taimakon kuɗi; sannan ya naɗa shi editan jaridar Al-Sharq (Gabas) wadda sojoji suka fitar.

Bayan shiga cikin Alƙawarin Faisal da kuma 'yancin Siriya daga Daular Ottoman, Kurd 'Ali ya sami damar cika burin da ya daɗe yana yi: kafa Kwalejin Larabawa a Damascus kamar yadda yake a sauran ƙasashe masu wayewa da nufin ceton gadon Larabci da kuma karewa da haɓaka harshen Larabci a matsayin abin hawa don yaɗa adabi da kimiyya. Don haka, ya gabatar da ra'ayin ga shugaban soja na wancan lokacin Rida Pasha al-Rikabi, wanda ya amince ya mayar da Kotun Ilimi zuwa Kwalejin Harshen Larabci a Damascus. An cimma wannan a ranar takwas ga watan Yunin 1919, kuma aka naɗa Muhammad Kurd 'Ali a matsayin shugaban Majalisar kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa haka har zuwa mutuwarsa.

Bayan faduwar Daular Ottoman, ƙasashen Babban Siriya, wanda aka fi sani da Bilad al-Sham, sun rabu zuwa jihohi da yankuna daban-daban. Duk da haka, Kurd 'Ali ya ci gaba da kasancewa mai goyon bayan haɗin kai da 'yancin kai na yankin. Yankin, a tunaninsa, muhimmin cibiya ne wanda ya haɗa nahiyoyi uku (misali Asiya, Afirka, da Turai) da kuma Duniyar Larabawa. Bugu da ƙari, an haɗa shi da al'ummomin addini da yawa da ya karɓa. Tare da Damascus a matsayin babban birninta, ya yi hasashen Babban Siriya mai zaman kanta ta zama "cibiya a duniya da kuma ga duniya," a cikin kalmomin Cyrus Schayegh. 

## Gado
Kurd 'Ali ya fi komai daraja Kwalejin kuma ya ɗauke ta a matsayin kyauta ɗaya tilo da ya samu a rayuwarsa da kuma sakamakon duk wani rikici da ya yi, ta yadda ba zai rabu da kansa daga kowace taruka na Kwalejin ba. Mohammad Kurd 'Ali ya kasance majagaba a fannin aikin jarida, kuma ƙwararre a fannin aikin jarida na bincike; ya yi suna a rubuce-rubuce da marubuta kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan malamai a duniyar Larabawa. An amince da shi a matsayin wanda ya fara kafa jarida da mujalla mai inganci a Damascus, kuma na farko da ya kafa Majalisar Kimiyya ta Larabawa a duniyar Larabawa.

An bayyana salon rubutunsa a matsayin 'mai sauƙi amma ba zai yiwu ba'. Yana da siffa mai sauƙi da kuma iya magana ta baki; kuma yana amfani da kalmomi masu ƙarfin ma'ana, da jimloli masu tsayi daban-daban. An ce salon rubutunsa yana ƙaura daga sha'awa kuma yana nufin mai da hankali kan ma'anar, yana guje wa fifita tsarin da ba daidai ba. A cikin yawancin abin da ya rubuta, wani lokacin ana jayayya cewa Kurd 'Ali ya bi irin wannan hanyar rubutun kamar na Ibn Khaldoun a cikin *Gabatarwarsa* .

Muhammad Kurd 'Ali ya ɗauki ayyuka da mukamai da dama a fannin manema labarai, a jami'a, a ma'aikatar ilimi, a Majalisar Kimiyyar Larabawa da ke Damascus, da kuma a Majalisar Harsuna a Masar. Ya karɓi Ma'aikatar Ilimi sau biyu a zamanin mulkin mallaka na Faransa. Ya cike wani matsayi mai daraja a fannin adabi da kimiyya a tsakanin takwarorinsa na sauran masana Larabawa masu tasiri. Rubuce-rubucensa sun kai adadin marubuta ashirin da biyu, ciki har da:

## Manazarta