Kisan mata a Mexico

Mexico tana da ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman ƙididdigar Kisan mata a duniya,   tare da kusan kashi 3% na waɗanda aka kashe a matsayin kisan mata. A cikin 2021, akwai kimanin 1,000 mata kashe-Kamfen, daga cikin 34,000 da aka kashe. Ciudad Juárez, a Chihuahua, yana da ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman ƙimar kisan mata a ƙasar. Ya zuwa 2023, Jihar Colima tana da mafi girman adadin kisan mata, tare da sama da 4 daga cikin mata 100,000 da aka kashe saboda jinsi. Morelos da Campeche suna da mafi girman adadin kisan mata a cikin 2023.

Mexico tana daya daga cikin mafi girman kisan kai a duniya, kuma kashi 90% na wadanda abin ya shafa maza ne. An fara karuwar tashin hankali a farkon shekarun 1990, kuma an bi shi da tashin hankali na jima'i da azabtarwa, sace-sacen, da karuwar yawan mata da ake kashewa saboda jinsi. Duk da yake yawan matan da aka kashe a Mexico ya karu sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yawan matan da kisan kai ya kasance daidai a cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata. A cewar INEGI (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía), rabo na kisan gillar da aka yi wa mata ya kasance tsakanin 10% da 13% tsakanin 1990 da 2020.

Har zuwa kashi ɗaya bisa uku na matan da aka kashe a Mexico an kashe su ne ta hanyar abokan aikinsu na yanzu ko na dā. Wannan tashin hankali an danganta shi da ka'idar mayar da martani, wanda ke zargin cewa a matsayin rukuni mai warewa yana samun ƙarin haƙƙoƙi a cikin al'umma, akwai tashin hankali daga masu zaluntar su. Musamman, 'yan asalin mata - wadanda suka kai kashi 15% na yawan jama'a - suna cikin haɗarin tashin hankali na jinsi kamar kisan mata saboda warewar tattalin arziki da iyakance damar samun kiwon lafiya da kariya ta gwamnati. Bugu da ƙari, tare da ƙarin keɓewar ƙasa da rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi yana haifar da saɓo da taimako mara inganci da wanda aka azabtar. Amsar da gwamnatin Mexico ta bayar ba ta da yawa. A halin yanzu akwai ƙananan dokoki da ke kare mata. Wannan rashin amsawa yana ƙara hana mutane ko kungiyoyi daga yin magana ko kalubalantar wannan sabon abu. An san 'yan sanda da jami'an gwamnati da sun kori lokuta na mata da suka bace, kuma an gano suna da alaƙa da wasu lokuta na tashin hankali ga mata. Akwai ƙananan ƙungiyoyin mata da yawa waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙari su jawo hankali ga matakin tashin hankali da mata na Mexico ke fuskanta. Wadannan ƙungiyoyi da farko suna mai da hankali kan kokarin su kan zanga-zangar, raba abubuwan da suka faru, da ƙirƙirar ayyukan fasaha don bayyana takaici. Kwanan nan, masu canza launin fata Sayak Valencia da Liliana Falcón, tare da ƙungiyoyin mata na gida kamar "Ni Una Menos", sun nemi haɗawa da mata masu canza launin jinsi a matsayin waɗanda aka halatta mata. Suna amfani da kalmomin transfemicide ko transfeminicide a matsayin wasu nau'o'in kisan mata da aka yi niyya ga mutanen da suka canza jinsi. Masanin ilimin mata da falsafa Judith Butler ya lura cewa taken "Ni Una Menos" ya dogara ne akan hadin gwiwar mutane daban-daban game da kashe dukkan batutuwa mata, gami da mata masu launin fata, Mata masu canza launin fata, da travestis.   

Mexico a hukumance ta fara yin rubuce-rubuce game da kisan mata a shekarar 2012. A cikin 2021, kusan kashi 3% na wadanda aka kashe (~ 1,000 daga cikin 34,000 duka) an sanya su a matsayin masu kisan mata. A matsakaita, ana kashe 'yan mata goma ko mata da maza ɗari a kowace rana a Mexico.  An kiyasta cewa kisan mata uku suna faruwa a kowace rana. Babban adadin kisan gillar kasar ya ci gaba da yin kanun labarai na kasa da kasa, yana mai da hankali ga rashin tasirin hukumomin Mexico na hana aikata laifuka da tashin hankali.

## Jerin lokaci na kisan mata a Mexico

### 2016

#### Paola Buenrostro
Paola Buenrostro, ma'aikaciyar jima'i, an kashe ta a unguwar Colonial Tabacalera ta Mexico City ta daya daga cikin abokan cinikinta. Wani alƙali ya kama mai laifin kuma daga baya ya sake shi, wanda ya nuna rashin shaidar. A cikin 2024, bayan shekaru na lobbying daga masu gwagwarmaya, Birnin Mexico ya zartar da "Dokar Paola Buenrostro", wanda ya tsarkake kisan jini a matsayin laifi wanda za'a iya hukunta shi da hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku har zuwa shekaru 70.

### 2020
A cikin 2020, kisan mata ya karu sosai. A cikin watanni bakwai na farko na shekara, rahotanni sun nuna cewa kimanin kisan mata 2,000 sun faru. An dauki Mexico a matsayin daya daga cikin kasashe masu yawan kisan mata a Latin Amurka da kuma duniya baki daya. Daga cikin yankuna mafi haɗari shine Jihar Mexico - musamman karamar hukumar Ecatepec - inda aka ruwaito kisan kai 84 a farkon watanni na shekara.

#### Ingrid Escamilla
Ɗaya daga cikin shari'ar da ta jawo gardama a cikin 2020 ita ce ta Ingrid Escamilla, wata mace ta Mexico wacce abokin aikinta ya kashe a cikin gidanta. 'Yan sanda sun fitar da hotuna na wurin aikata laifuka ga manema labarai, waɗanda aka buga a cikin jaridu daban-daban. A mayar da martani, an gudanar da zanga-zangar a Zócalo de la Ciudad de México, musamman a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu. Shari'ar ta haifar da shawarar dokar Ingrid, wacce ta haramta raba hotuna, sauti, ko bidiyo na gawawwakin ko sassan jiki, na yanayin mutuwa, raunin ko yanayin lafiya. Ana kiran hukunci mafi girma Idan abun ciki ya shafi mata, 'yan mata, ko matasa, ko kuma idan ma'aikacin gwamnati ya ɓoye abun ciki.

### 2021

#### Debanhi Escobar
Debanhi Susana Escobar Bazaldúa, mai shekaru 18, ta ɓace bayan ta halarci wata ƙungiya tare da abokai a Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 2021. An gano jikinta bayan kwana 13 a cikin wani tafkin motel da ke kusa. Wannan shari'ar ta haifar da babban rikice-rikicen jama'a saboda rashin daidaito a cikin binciken da rashin amsoshi daga hukumomi.

### 2022

#### Lidia Gabriela
Lidia Gabriela Gomez, mai shekaru 35, wani direban taksi ya sace ta a Birnin Mexico, Mexico a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, 2022, kuma daga baya aka same ta mutu. Wannan shari'ar ta haifar da fushi game da zargin hadin gwiwar hukumomi, wadanda suka kasa amsawa a kan lokaci ga kiran gaggawa na wanda aka azabtar.

## Abubuwan haɗari da toshewa
Rikicin da aka yi wa mata, wato, tashin hankali musamman ga mata da 'yan mata ta maza da maza bisa ga jima'i na wanda aka azabtar, shine sakamakon misogyny da nuna bambancin jinsi. A Mexico an san akidar misogynistic da machismo .  Kungiyoyin mata sun kasance masu aiki don jawo hankali ga matsalar kisan mata, amma har yanzu ana ci gaba da hawa, musamman tsakanin mata 'yan asalin ƙasar. Ɗaya daga cikin ra'ayoyin da aka gabatar game da yawan ci gaba a cikin kisan mata shine cewa yayin da matan Mexico suka sami ƙarin ikon cin gashin kansu a cikin al'ummar ubanni, maza da ke riƙe da imani na misogynist sun amsa da tashin hankali a kokarin kiyaye ikonsu na zamantakewa.

Duk da yake kisan mata da tashin hankali na jinsi batutuwan da ke shafar dukkan mata, wasu dalilai sun sanya wasu kungiyoyin mata cikin haɗarin tashin hankali. Mata masu karamin karfi da mata 'yan asalin musamman suna iya zama wadanda ke fama da kisan mata fiye da takwarorinsu masu arziki. Ga 'yan asalin ƙasar, yanayin ƙasa matsala ce, saboda ofisoshin da za su bayar da rahoton waɗannan lokuta ba su kusa da al'ummomin' yan asalin ƙasar ba. Wannan yana haifar da karancin rahoto, yana mai da ƙalubale don ƙididdige matakin tashin hankali a kan waɗannan mata.

Sauran hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su don tantance tashin hankali da mata na Mexico ke fuskanta shine rashin fahimta game da abin da kisan mata yake. Mutane da yawa suna kallon kisan mata a matsayin kisan kai kawai, maimakon kai farmaki bisa ga jinsi. Wannan haɗuwa da kisan mata tare da wasu nau'ikan tashin hankali yana share yanayin jinsi da kuma motsawa na musamman ga kisan mata.

### Mata da ke cikin haɗari
Daga cikin dukkan kungiyoyin mata, 'yan asalin ƙasar Mexico suna cikin haɗarin zama wadanda ke fama da tashin hankali na jinsi, da kuma ƙungiyar da aka yi watsi da ita dangane da neman adalci. Mata 'yan asalin ƙasar, duk da cewa sun ƙunshi kashi 15% na yawan jama'ar Mexico an yi watsi da su a tattaunawar kisan mata saboda abubuwan da ke sanya su cikin haɗari mafi girma. 80% na 'yan asalin ƙasar Mexico suna zaune a ƙasa da layin talauci, a jihohi kamar Chiapas da Oaxaca, yankin kudancin Mexico inda yawancin' yan asalin ƙasar ke zaune. Al'ummar 'yan asalin ƙasar Mexico suna fuskantar batutuwa da yawa kamar nuna bambanci da rashin tanadin zamantakewa da kiwon lafiya, amma duk batutuwan musamman suna shafar mata 'yan asalin. A cikin waɗannan batutuwa, 'yan asalin mata ma suna cikin haɗarin fuskantar cin zarafin jima'i yayin yara da matasa.

A Mexico, fataucin mutane wani abu ne na cartels, kuma dalilai kamar tarihin tashin hankali na jima'i da ƙananan ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki suna ƙara haɗarin kasancewa wanda aka fataucin. Ga 'yan asalin mata, sun kai kashi 70% na wadanda aka yi wa fataucin mutane daga kungiyoyin Mexico.[1] Bugu da ƙari, yin niyya ga matsalar tattalin arziki na mata 'yan asalin sun haifar da maquiladoras, masana'antun tufafi, don yadawa a cikin biranen Mexico. Wadannan maquiladoras suna biyan ƙananan albashi ga ma'aikata, kuma galibi suna cikin wuraren fataucin fataucin mutane. Wannan haɗuwa da rauni na tattalin arziki kusa da cartels ya haifar da karuwar yawan 'yan asalin mata da ke fuskantar mutuwa, fyade, fataucin mutane, da sauran nau'ikan tashin hankali na jinsi.[1] Gwamnatin Mexico ta kasa samar da ingantaccen matakan kariya da tsarin zamantakewa wanda zai hana tashin hankali na jinsi. Shari'ar Ingrid Escamilla misali ne na wannan, kamar yadda aka buga hotunan jikin mai shekaru 25 a cikin tabloids.[2] Shugaban kasar Manuel López Obrador na yanzu ya bayyana a wani taron cewa bai so ya tattauna kisan mata ba saboda zai janye hankalin jama'a daga ragamar da gwamnati ke gudanarwa, a ƙarshe ya sanya riba kan damuwa game da tsaro. Al'umma ba ta kasa yin zanga-zanga game da rashin aiki na gwamnati ba, wanda ya sa Jami'ar National Autonomous ta Mexico ta rufe daga zanga-zangar da ke zargin ma'aikatan cin zarafi da tashin hankali na jima'i.[2] Wannan ci gaba ne kawai na karuwar kashi 137% na tashin hankali na jinsi a Mexico daga cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, kamar lokacin da tsohon shugaban kasar Felipe Calderón Hinojosa (2006-2012) ya ayyana yaki da kwayoyi, an lura da karuwar kisan mata a cikin Chiapas, Jalisco, Nuevo León, Veracruz, da sauran jihohi.[2][3]￼

## Ƙungiyoyin mata
Haɓakar tashin hankali a Mexico ya kuma ga sauƙin jama'a ga manufar mata, musamman a tsakanin waɗanda ke gwagwarmaya don adalci ga waɗanda aka kashe mata. Mata na Mexico sun fara tafiya a kan tituna don yin tafiya a cikin manyan zanga-zangar. Wadannan tafiye-tafiye sun yi kira ga amincewa da cin zarafin mata da ke fuskanta. 'Yan mata na Mexico sun kirkiro kalmar "feminicidio" (kisan mata) don bayyana yadda ake kashe wasu mata saboda su mata ne. Sun bukaci 'yan al'ummarsu da su gane irin wannan tashin hankali ya kauce daga wasu nau'ikan kisan kai kuma su gan shi a matsayin batun daban. Manyan mahalarta a cikin wannan motsi sune ƙaunatattun waɗanda suka sha wahala daga kisan mata. Mutanen da suke so suna amfani da nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban don yada labarun wadanda suka rasa rayukansu a cikin tashin hankali. Kokarinsu ya haifar da kungiyoyi da yawa waɗanda ke aiki don kiyaye mata a Mexico lafiya daga tashin hankali da kuma sanar da shi game da shi.

Kafofin yada labarai da motsi na #MeToo sun canza motsi ta hanyar canza al'adun kunya da tsoro wanda ya zo tare da zuwa gaba game da tashin hankali na jima'i. Mata suna kiran masu cin zarafinsu a bainar jama'a sun zama na al'ada a sakamakon haka.

## Amsar 'yan sanda
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Wasu sun ba da shawarar cewa gwamnatin Mexico ta ba da izinin kisan mata da sauran nau'ikan tashin hankali na jinsi ya faru saboda yana sa mata su ji tsoro, kuma yana iya hana ƙungiyoyin mata ko ci gaba da 'yanci ga matan Mexico. Lokacin da mata suka fi mayar da hankali kan tsoron rayukansu, ƙungiyoyin masu fafutuka sun fi wuya a ci gaba.

Masu fafutuka a Mexico da sauran kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun soki gwamnatin Mexico saboda halinta kuma sun yi iƙirarin cewa waɗannan ayyukan keta hakkin dan adam ne. Amsar 'yan sanda tare da sukar masu fafutuka sun haifar da tarurruka da zanga-zangar a kusa da ofisoshin' yan sanda don samun tallafi da kara wayar da kan jama'a.

## Manazarta