Sheikh Abdullah

*Rubutun tsutsa* 

**Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah** (An haife shi 5 Disamba 1905 - Ya mutu 8 Satumba 1982) ɗan siyasan Indiya ne wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a siyasar Jammu da Kashmir .  Abdullah shine shugaban kafa All Jammu da Kashmir Muslim Conference (daga baya aka sake masa suna Jammu da Cashmir National Conference) kuma Firayim Minista na farko da aka zaba na Jammu da Kashemir bayan ya shiga Indiya. Ya yi zanga-zanga game da mulkin Maharaja Hari Singh kuma ya bukaci mulkin kai na Kashmir.An kuma san shi da suna Sher-e-Kashmir

Ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na farko da aka zaba na Jihar Jammu da Kashmir  da Jammu & Kashmir a matsayin Jiha kuma daga baya gwamnatin Indiya ta daure shi saboda goyon bayansa ga masu tayar da kayar baya.    An sallame shi daga mukamin Firayim Minista a ranar 8 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1953 kuma an nada Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad a matsayin sabon Firayim Ministan. An maye gurbin kalmomin 'Sadr-i-Riyasat' da 'Firai Minista' da kalmomin 'Gwamna' da 'Babban Minista' a shekarar 1965.  Sheikh Abdullah ya sake zama Babban Ministan jihar bayan yarjejeniyar da Indira a 1974 kuma ya kasance a saman matsayi har zuwa mutuwarsa a ranar 8 ga Satumba 1982.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Sheikh Abdullah a ranar 5 ga Disamba 1905 a Soura, wani yanki a wajen Srinagar, makonni biyu bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa Sheikh Mohammed Ibrahim.  [10]Kamar yadda ya yi iƙirarinsa a cikin tarihin kansa Aatish-e-Chinar, kakansa Hindu ne Brahmin na dangin Sapru, wanda ya tuba zuwa Islama bayan mai wa'azin Sufi ya rinjaye shi. Mahaifinsa ya kasance mai sana'a da kuma dan kasuwa na tufafin Kashmiri. Abdullah ita ce ƙarama a cikin 'yan uwa shida.[10]

An fara shigar da shi a makarantar gargajiya ko maktab a cikin 1909, lokacin da yake da shekaru hudu, inda ya koyi karatun Alkur'ani da wasu matani na Farisa kamar Gulistan na Sa'di, Bustan da Padshanama. Wannan ya biyo bayan makarantar firamare da Anjuman Nusrat-ul-Islam ke gudanarwa, duk da haka ƙananan ka'idojin ilimi sun haifar da Abdullah ya koma makarantar gundumar a Visrarnaag. Bayan maki biyar a nan ya koma makarantar sakandare ta gwamnati, Dilawar Bagh . Dole ne ya yi tafiya na kilomita goma zuwa makaranta da dawowa da ƙafa, amma a cikin nasa kalmomi, farin ciki na samun damar samun ilimin makaranta ya sa ya zama kamar aiki ne mai sauƙi. Ya wuce jarrabawar karatun sa (ma'auni 12) daga Jami'ar Punjab a shekarar 1922.

## Nazarin da ya fi girma
Bayan karatun ya sami shiga a Kwalejin Shri Pratap (S. P.) , babbar kwalejin Kashmir.[10] Manufarsa ita ce ta shiga aikin likita a lokacin. Koyaya, yanayin da ba ya ba da izini, ya yanke shawarar ƙoƙarin nazarin kimiyya gaba ɗaya a Kwalejin Yarima na Wales a Jammu. An hana shi shiga. Daga nan sai ya shiga Kwalejin Islamia, Lahore kuma ya kammala karatu daga can. A shekara ta 1930, ya sami digiri na biyu. a cikin Chemistry daga Jami'ar Musulmi ta Aligarh .  [10] Bayyanawar siyasa a Lahore da Aligarh zai karfafa rayuwarsa ta baya.[10]

## Yunkurin siyasa

A matsayinsa na dalibi a Jami'ar Musulmi ta Aligarh,  ya haɗu da mutane masu sassaucin ra'ayi da ci gaba sun rinjaye shi. Ya gamsu cewa Tsarin mulkin mallaka ne ke da alhakin masifar Kashmiris kuma kamar dukkan kasashe masu ci gaba a duniya Kashmir ma ya kamata ya sami gwamnatin da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokuradiyya.

### Gidan Karatu
A cikin shekarun 1920 akwai wasu 'gidan karatu' a Srinagar wanda ya kunshi matasa masu ilimi na yankin kuma ana iya kafa shi ne kawai bayan samun izinin gwamnati. An dakatar da kafa ƙungiyoyin siyasa a lokacin. A cikin 1922, G. A. Ashai ya kafa kungiyar Islamia School Old Boys Association (gidan karatu) tare da mambobi 20 a matsayin wani ɓangare na jagoranci, gami da Sheikh Abdullah . A wannan lokacin Abdullah har yanzu yana kwaleji.

An ba da izinin buɗe Fateh Kadal Reading Room Party a cikin 1930 kuma Sheikh Abdullah ya zama Sakataren jam'iyyar. A lokacin Abdullah jam'iyyar ɗakin karatu ta kasance a gidan Mufti Ziauddin. Ga Abdullah, "kafa ɗakin karatu (s) uzuri ne"; maimakon haka dama ce ta taru don tattauna batutuwa daban-daban.

Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru na farko da suka haifar da Jam'iyyar Abdullah's Reading Room Party don samun karbuwa mai yawa shine bayan rubuta wasika ga gwamnati da ke da alaƙa da manufofin daukar ma'aikata na gwamnati. Daga baya an kira su don gabatar da ra'ayoyinsu a gaban Majalisar Regency  karkashin jagorancin G. E. C. Wakefield a watan Oktoba 1930. Wannan yana daya daga cikin hulɗar farko ta Sheikh Abdullah tare da gwamnati da kuma ra'ayi mai kyau da Abdullah ya bar a Wakefield ya taimaka wajen tura sunansa cikin hasken 
## Manazarta