open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Molly Blackburn

**Molly Bellhouse Blackburn** OLS (12 Nuwamba 1930 - 28 Disamba 1985) 'yar gwagwarmayar yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata ce ta Afirka ta Kudu, 'yar gwagwarmayar siyasa, mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a, kuma 'yar siyasa.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Molly Bellhouse a Port Elizabeth, Afirka ta Kudu, 'yar Elgar Bellhouse (Buller) Pagden, shugabar jam'iyyar Progressive Party (PP) na Port Elizabeth wanda ya sanya 'yarsa mai sassaucin ra'ayi da ci gaba. 

Ya kammala karatunsa daga Rhodes tare da Digiri na BA bayan kammala makaranta a shekarar 1947 tare da karatun digiri na farko, Blackburn ya shafe lokaci yana koyarwa a Landan kafin ya zauna a Belgium. Bayan shekaru bakwai duk da haka ta koma Port Elizabeth ta shiga cikin Black Sash, ƙungiyar gwagwarmaya da aka kafa a shekarar 1955 da mata shida (Jean Sinclair, Elizabeth McLaren, Ruth Foley, Tertia Pybus, Jean Bosazza da Helen Newton-Thompson), amma daga bisani ta bar saboda abin da ta gane a matsayin "rashin aiki" na Sash.

A cikin shekarar 1981 ta fara aikinta na siyasa ta hanyar lashe kujerar majalisar lardin Walmer, Port Elizabeth, na Jam'iyyar Progressive Federal Party (PFP). Di Bishop, wanda zai zama abokin rayuwa kuma abokin gwagwarmaya shi ma ya sami kujerar majalisa a wannan shekarar. Di Bishop ya shiga Black Sash a cikin 1978 kuma Molly ta koma kan tsari a cikin shekarar 1982 tare da ra'ayoyi da yawa na nata. 

Ita da Di sun fara binciken sake fasalin haya da harbe-harben 'yan sanda da ke da cece-kuce. An fara kallon su a matsayin "masu tayar da hankali" a wurin hukuma. An yi mata barazanar kisa kuma an kama ta a wasu lokuta. 

A ranar 28 ga watan Disamba 1985, Molly da Brian Bishop (Mijin Di Bishop) sun mutu a wani hatsarin mota tsakanin Oudshoorn da Port Elizabeth. Di Bishop da 'yar'uwar Molly, Judy Chalmers, sun ji rauni.  Tana da shekaru 55 kuma Brian Bishop yana da shekaru 51.

A wajen jana'izar ta da aka yi a cocin St John's da ke Port Elizabeth a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun 1986, taron mutane 20,000 galibi baƙaƙen fata 'yan Afirka ta Kudu ne suka taru don nuna alhinin rashin ta.  Blackburn ta bar mijinta da ’ya’yansu bakwai.

## Martaba

An ba wa **makarantar sakandaren Molly Blackburn** suna a cikin girmamawarta a KwaNobuhle, da kuma **ɗakin tunawa da Molly Blackburn** a Jami'ar Cape Town.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* ''Watsawa Kan layi'', 12 Disamba 2002
Ministan mulkin mallaka (Belgium)

**Ministan Mallaka na Belgium** dan majalisar dokokin Belgium ne wanda ke da alhakin yankunan daular mulkin mallaka a Afirka ta Tsakiya daga 1908 zuwa 1962, wanda ya ƙunshi mulkin mallaka na Kongo Belgian (1908-60) da kuma wa'adin kasa da kasa na Ruanda-Urundi (1916-62). An canza ainihin take a lokuta da yawa.

## Matsayin minista
Domin mafi yawan wanzuwar matsayi, an san masu rike da ofisoshin da suna "Minister of Colonies" ( *Ministre des Colonies* ko *Minister van Koloniën* ). Daga hawan  a cikin Nuwamba 1958, duk da haka, sunan minista ya canza zuwa "Ministan Kongo Belgian da Ruanda-Urundi" ( *Ministre du Congo belge et du Ruanda-Urundi* ko *Ministan van Belgisch-Congo en Ruanda-Urundi* ).  A ranar 30 ga Yuni 1960, tare da 'yancin kai na Kongo Belgian, taken ya canza zuwa "Ministan Harkokin Afirka" ( *Ministre des affaires africaines* ko *Minister van afrikaanse zaken* ) wanda kawai masu rike da ofishin su August de Schryver da Harold Charles d'Aspremont Lynden . 

Baya ga ministocin mulkin mallaka na hukuma, wasu mutane biyu sun yi aiki a matsayin ministoci ba tare da takardar shaidar mallaka ba tsakanin 1959 zuwa 1960. Raymond Scheyven ya kasance "Ministan ba tare da fayil ba, wanda ake tuhuma da harkokin tattalin arziki da kudi na Kongo Belgian da Ruanda-Urundi"  yayin da Walter Ganshof van der Meersch ya kasance "Ministan ba tare da fayil ba, wanda aka tuhume shi da al'amuran gama-gari a Afirka".

## Jerin sunayen ministoci
Ga jerin sunayen ministoci, wanda ɗan tarihi Guy Vanthemsche ya kawo a cikin littafinsa *Belgium and the Congo, 1885-1980* : 

; Jam'iyyun siyasa
;; *Kirista Democrat*

, later:

;; *Liberal*

;; *Socialist*

## Manazarta
Abdollah Guivian

**Abdollah Guivian** (an haife shi 28 ga Yuni 1960) marubuci ɗan Iran ne kuma masanin ilimin zamantakewa wanda aikinsa ya mai da hankali kan ilimin ɗan adam na addini, nazarin kafofin watsa labarai da Armeniyawa na Iran. Shi ne wanda ya kafa editan mujallar Sadarwar Sadarwa. Ana yaba Guivian a matsayin "mahaifin shirye-shiryen bidiyo a Iran". Abdollah Guivian yana da digirin digirgir (PhD) a fannin ilmin dan Adam da sadarwa a shekarar 2006 kuma Farfesa ne a jami'ar yada labarai ta Iran.

## Manazarta
Bryony Duus

**Bryony Duus** (an haife shi 7 Oktoba 1977) kocin ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma tsohon ɗan wasan tsakiya na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Ostiraliya.

## Rayuwa
Duus ya girma a Ipswich, Queensland inda ta buga kwallon kafa don Coalstars  da Ipswich Girls Grammar School.

Duus ya kasance wani ɓangare na Kwalejin Wasanni ta Queensland da Cibiyar Wasanni ta Australiya na shirye-shiryen ƙwallon ƙafa na mata,  kafin a ci gaba da taka leda a gasar zakarun ƙasa don Queensland Sting.

Ta yi gasa a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2000 da 2003 na FIFA World Cup.

Ita ce kociyan U17 na yanzu kuma Babban Mataimakin Koci na Mata a Western Pride FC, wanda tsohon abokin wasanta na duniya Belinda Kitching ya gayyace ta zuwa kulob din.

Bayan ya koyi Italiyanci, Duus ya shiga Cibiyar Horar da Turai ta AIS a cikin aikin dabaru bayan rauni na gwiwa ya hana ta ci gaba da wasanta.

## Sake dubawa
Ostiraliya a Gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2000

## Manazarta
Zappozap

**Nzappa zap** (wanda kuma ake kira **zappozap**, **nsapo**, **kilonda**, **kasuyu** ) wani makamin gargajiya ne daga Kongo mai kama da gatari ko hula .

## Amfani
Yana da ƙoƙon ƙarfe mai ƙyalƙyali da aka haɗa da igiya mai kama da kulake, galibi ana sanye da tagulla, tagulla ko tagulla.   

Babban biki, ana iya amfani da shi da yawa kamar na Amurka tomahawk, duka biyu an jefa su don ɗan gajeren nesa kuma ana amfani da su azaman makami a cikin yaƙin hannu-da-hannu . Ya bambanta da salon gatari da aka saba, a cikin cewa ruwan wukake yana hawa zuwa madauki na madauki wanda ke rataye da  .

Wannan makamin ya fito ne daga yankin Kongo na sama kuma an yi amfani da shi wajen yaki. Yawancin mutanen Nsapo waɗanda suka bunƙasa a masana'antu daga ƙarfe da tagulla ne suka yi shi. An ƙera ruwan wukake ne daga ƙarfe kuma an yi maƙalar da itace da aka lulluɓe da tagulla. Nzappa Zap yana da kulake kamar hannu wanda yake walƙiya a gindi kuma yana da kai mai zagaye. Hakanan ana haɗe ruwan wukake ta wurin da aka shimfiɗa daga hannun. Nzappa Zaps wani lokaci yana da fuskoki biyu ko uku na mutum a kan ƙarfe. Gatari dai biki ne kuma shugabannin waƙar Songye sukan ajiye da kuma ɗauka. Makamin yana da iko da mahimmanci a tsakanin mutane.  An yi amfani da gatari a yaƙi, a matsayin alamar matsayi, da kuma a matsayin nau'i na kuɗi a kasuwanci. 

Makamin shine tushen asalin sunan " Zappo Zap ", wata mummunar ƙungiyar kabilar Songye da ta taɓa yin aiki a cikin ' Yancin Kwango .

## Hoto

Fayil:Brooklyn_Museum_22.524_Axe.jpg| Nzappa zap, Brooklyn Museum
Fayil:Brooklyn_Museum_22.526_Axe.jpg|alt=Nzappa zap or Kilonda| Nzappa zap ko Kilonda
Fayil:Brooklyn_Museum_22.1516_Axe.jpg|alt=Nzappa zap or Kilonda with full blade| Nzappa zap ko Kilonda tare da cikakken ruwa
Fayil:Brooklyn_Museum_22.840_Axe_(2).jpg|alt=Nsapo axe| Nsapo ax
Fayil:Brooklyn_Museum_22.578_Axe_with_Handle_and_Blade.jpg|alt=Nsapo with thin blade| Nsapo mai bakin ciki
Fayil:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Ceremoniele_bijl_TMnr_2661-9.jpg|alt=Ceremonial axe| Gatari biki


## Nassoshi
Kifi mai taushin kai

Kifi mai laushi mai laushi (Plicofollis nella), wanda kuma aka sani da kifin garkuwa,  nau'in kifi ne na kifin a cikin dangin Ariidae. Achille Valenciennes ne ya bayyana shi a cikin 1840, asalinsa ƙarƙashin jigon Pimelodus. Tana zaune a cikin ruwaye na ruwa da ruwan sha a New Guinea, Australia, da kudu da kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Ya kai matsakaicin  jimlar tsayin 47 cm (inci 19).

## Manazarta
Josh Mellington

**Josh Mellington** (an haife shi ranar 29 ga watan Disamba, 1992) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Australiya tare da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Fremantle, a cikin Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Australiya (AFL).

Mellington ya buga ƙaramin ƙwallon ƙafa don Murray Bushrangers a gasar TAC. A cikin 2010, Mellington ya jagoranci bugun ƙwallon ƙafa na Bushrangers, tare da 41 don kakar wasa, kuma ya ƙare na huɗu a cikin mafi kyawun gasar cin Kofin TAC.Ya “firgita” lokacin da Fremantle ya tsara shi tare da zaɓi na uku, 56th gabaɗaya, a cikin daftarin 2010 AFL.

Karamin dan gaba, Mellington ya buga wasanninsa na farko ga Fremantle a gasar cin kofin NAB  pre-kakar wasan kai biyu da Hawthorn da West Coast a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 2011

Ya fara wasansa na farko na AFL a Zagaye na 14 na  2011 AFL lokacin da Brisbane Lions a Filin wasa na Paterson.Fremantle ne ya cire Mellington bayan kakar wasan AFL ta 2013 bayan buga wasanni shida kawai a cikin shekaru uku da ya yi a kulob din.

A cikin 2021 Mellington ya zura kwallaye 27 a wasan Violet Town da Tallygaroopna yayin da yake wasa a Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Kyabram.

## Manazarta
Yarjejeniyar Belgium ta Tianjin

**Yarjejeniyar Belgian na Tianjin** wani rangwamen mulkin mallaka ne mai girman eka 120 na Belgian a birnin Tianjin na kasar Sin tsakanin shekarar 1902 zuwa 1931, wani rangwamen da Belgium ta samu a kasar Sin. Ko da yake ba a samar da nata rangwame ba, Belgium ta kasance mai himma wajen gina kayayyakin more rayuwa na Tianjin Huajie da sauran rangwame, kuma ana iya kiranta da "kaftin injiniya" a cikin rangwamen da wasu kasashe daban daban ciki har da tsohon birnin Tianjin suka yi.

## Tarihi
Duk da cewa ba a aika da sojoji don yin yaki a lokacin tawayen Boxer, Belgium ta sami damar da'awar yankin gabas na Kogin Hai a cikin shawarwari a karkashin karamin jakadan Maurice Joostens, ko da yake Rasha ta yi ikirarin ƙasar a baya. Bayan da ta yi iƙirarin cewa Belgium za ta gina masana'antu a yankin, Rasha ta haƙura.  A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 1902, Zhang Lianfen na gwamnatin Qing ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar yarjejeniyar Tianjin Belgian tare da Henri Ketels, mukaddashin jakadan Belgium a Tianjin. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da aka keɓe rangwamen, an ƙusa gungumen katako kusa da rangwamen da Rasha ta yi don kayyade yarjejeniyar Belgian. 

Yayin da ake fuskantar rikicin kudi na neman rangwame, karamin jakadan kasar Belgium a kasar Sin ya sanar da cewa, za ta mayar wa kasar Sin rangwamen a matsayin wata alamar abota. A ranar 31 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1929, kasashen Sin da Belgium suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar dawo da yarjejeniyar Tianjin-Belgium, inda ta nuna cewa, ikon gudanar da wannan rangwame da duk kadarorin jama'a na wannan rangwamen ya kamata a mika su ga gwamnatin kasar Sin; A daya hannun kuma, 93,000 na bashi (tare da riba) gwamnatin kasar Sin za ta biya.

## Magana
Jacob Fine

Yakubu Lewis mai kyau, yi rubutu (27 Yuni 1883  - 23 Mayu, shugaban ƙungiyar ƙungiyar alamu na Rasha ne, aiki a Burtaniya Tarayyar Turai.

An haifi Fine a Masarautar Rasha, amma ya koma London a lokacin kuruciyarsa. Ya fara aiki a masana'antar tufafi, kuma ya haɓaka sha'awar ƙungiyar kasuwanci, yana aiki a matsayin mai shirya ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa ta 'yan mata ta 1912. A cikin 1918, an zabe shi a matsayin babban sakatare na ƙungiyar.Kamar yawancin membobin ƙungiyar, Fine ya kasance Bayahude, kuma ya gano cewa ƙwarewarsa cikin Yiddish ta taimaka masa a cikin wannan matsayi.

Fine yayi ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa ƙungiyar ta hanyar shirya haɗe-haɗe tare da ɗimbin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin tela na mata gwargwadon yiwuwa. A kan buƙatar  Trades Union Congress, ya tattauna yiwuwar haɗin gwiwa tare da Amalgamated Society of Tailors and Tailoresses da Tailors and Tufafin Ƙungiyar ƙwadago, amma ya yanke shawarar kin shiga kowace ƙungiyar. Koyaya, a cikin 1939, ya jagorance ta zuwa haɗin gwiwa tare da Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Tela da Tufafi (NUTGW).Ƙungiyar ta zama reshen tela na mata na London na NUTGW, tare da Fine a matsayin sakatare na cikakken lokaci.

Fine ya kasance mai goyon bayan Jam'iyyar Labour, wanda ya yi aiki a kan Stepney Borough Council. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin magistrate. A cikin 1948, an nada shi Jami'in Tsarin Mulkin Biritaniya.

## Manazarta
Isola Comacina

**Isola Comacina** ƙaramin tsibiri ne mai kamun daji na Tekun Como na Italiya, a hukumance wani yanki ne na gundumar Ossuccio . Yana kusa da gabar yamma na hannun Como na tafkin a gaban wani raƙuman ruwa da aka sani da *Zoca de l'oli*, sunan Lombard wanda ke magana akan ƙaramin yanki na samar da man zaitun . A ƙarshen karni na 6 (c. 587) tsibirin ya kasance wurin da ya rage na Romawa a ƙarƙashin Francio, wanda ke ƙarƙashin Narses ; ko da yake yankunan da ke kewaye da tafkin Como na Lombards ne ke sarrafa su gaba daya. Lombards karkashin Authari sun yi wa tsibirin kawanya na wani lokaci mai kyau wanda ya saki Francio ya gudu zuwa babban birnin Narses a Ravenna .  Lombards sun gano tsibirin yana ɗauke da "dukiya da yawa" da aka ajiye don kiyayewa daga masu biyayya na Roman na gida.

Frederick Barbarossa da sojoji daga garin Como suka mamaye tsibirin a shekara ta 1169.  A cikin 1175, Vidulfo, Bishop na Como, ya la'anci tsibirin tare da kalmomi masu zuwa, "Karrarawa ba za su taba yin kara ba, duwatsu ba za a sanya su a kan juna ba, babu wanda zai yi a nan aikin mai karɓar haraji, hukuncin kisa mai tsanani."

A cikin 1919 an ba da tsibirin ga Belgium, don girmama Sarki Albert I. An mayar da tsibirin a shekara ta gaba. 

Pietro Lingeri ya gina gidaje uku a tsibirin a shekara ta 1939. Tunaninsa shi ne ya mayar da tsibirin ya zama mallakin masu fasaha. An gina gidajen a cikin salon hankali, an yi su da kayan gida kuma ba tare da ado da yawa ba. 

Tsibirin yanzu ya ƙunshi gidan cin abinci, cafe, tarin wuraren tarihi na archaeological da gidajen masu fasaha uku.

## Magana

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Isola Comacina Official Website
Reckya Madougou

**Reckya Madougou** (an haife ta 30 Afrilu 1974) 'yar siyasar Benin ce. Ta yi aiki a majalisar ministocin Boni Yayi sau biyu: na farko a matsayin ministar kudi, samar da ayyukan yi da matasa; sannan kuma a matsayin Ministan Shari’a.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Madougou a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 1974. A makarantar firamare, tana sha'awar leƙen asiri. Lokacin da ta girma, ta shiga ƙungiyar Jeune Chambre Internationale (JCI) babin Benin, daga ƙarshe ta zama mataimakiyar shugaba.

Madougou ta kammala karatunta a Institut National d'Economie (yanzu Ecole Nationale d'Economie appliquée et de Management) a Benin a 1997. Ta sami difloma a Injiniyan Kasuwanci daga ISG Lille a cikin 1998, sannan digirin digirgir a cikin Kasuwancin Duniya daga Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa da Kasa a 2000. An zabe ta don wakiltar Benin a cikin Shirin Jagorancin Baƙi na Duniya na 2007.

## Aiki
Madougou ta fara sana'arta ta hanyar shiga cikin ci gaban aikin Nasuba telecom LC 2 International. Daga nan ta shiga sashen tallace-tallace da tallace-tallace na kamfanin sadarwa na GSM BB Com. Daga baya ta zama Daraktar tallace-tallace da tallace-tallace a kamfanin Tunde Motors, mai lasisin kera Volkswagen na kasar Benin. A shekara ta 2006, ta kafa kamfanin ba da shawara na bincike da dabaru, International Key Consulting.

### Shigar siyasa
Madougou ya qaddamar kuma ya jagoranci kamfen na ƙungiyoyin farar hula "Kada ku taɓa Tsarin Mulki na" (Faransanci: *Touche pas à ma constitution*) a Benin daga 2004 zuwa 2006, wanda ya ƙarfafa irin wannan yakin a Senegal, Burkina Faso da Kamaru.

Madougou ta yi aiki a Majalisar Ministoci daga shekarar 2008 zuwa 2013. Nadin ta na farko shi ne ministar harkokin kudi, samar da ayyukan yi da matasa da mata. Shirye-shiryen da ta fara sun taimaka wa sama da mutane miliyan biyu da suka ci gajiyar tallafin, galibi mata, matasa, kananan ‘yan kasuwa, da manoma. Sannan ta zama ministar shari’a. Bayan barin majalisar ministocin, ta zama mai ba da shawara na musamman ga gwamnatin Togo.

## Hukuncin gidan yari
A ranar 11 ga Disamba 2021, Kotun Ta'addanci da Ta'addanci a babban birnin Porto-Novo ta sami Madougou da laifin "damuwa da ayyukan ta'addanci" kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru 20 a gidan yari.

## Labarai

* *Soigner les certitudes* (with Stephens Akplogan). Éditions Jean-Jacques Wuillaume, 2020.
* *Mon combat pour la parole : les défis d'une mobilisation citoyenne pour la promotion de la gouvernance démocratique*. L'Harmattan, 2008.

## Manazarta
Dario Buccino

**Dario Buccino** (An haife shi ranar 20 ga watan Nuwamba, 1968) mawaƙi ne na Italiyanci, mawaƙa-mawaƙi, masanin kida, kuma mai zane. Ya kirkiro tsarin HN kuma ya kafa rukunin Laboratorio Aperto Fatti Sonori.

## Tarihin rayuwa
A cikin 1991, Buccino ya fayyace tsarin kiɗa na asali mai suna "HN System". Tsarin yana haɗa nau'in abun ciki, sanarwa da dabarun aiki dangane da daidaita ayyukan jiki. A cikin 1993 mawaƙin ya kafa "Laboratorio Aperto Fatti Sonori", ƙungiyar da aka sadaukar don aiwatar da sakamakonsa. A cikin 1997 ya tsawaita aikace-aikacensa na HN System don haɗa da zanen ƙarfe. Ayyukan kiɗansa sun bambanta a fannoni daban-daban: baya ga bincikensa a matsayin mawallafin gwaji da mai yin wasan kwaikwayo, Buccino kuma yana aiki don cinema da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin mawallafi, mai fassara, mai ba da shawara na kiɗa, a matsayin rock, pop da jazz composer, mai tsarawa da guitarist, kuma a matsayin mawaƙa-mawaki, busker da kuma jarida na kiɗa.

## Manazarta
Mayo Memorial Hall

Mayo Memorial da Town Hall  (wanda aka fi sani da Mayo Hall) babban zauren taro ne a Prayagraj, kusa da Tunawa da Thornhill Mayne, yana da hasumiya mai tsayi ƙafa 180. Farfesa Gamble na Gidan Tarihi na Kudancin Kensington, Landan ya ƙawata cikin wannan zauren tunawa da zane. Mayo Memorial Hall Richard Roskell Bayne ne ya tsara shi kuma an kammala shi a cikin 1879. Zauren an yi shi ne don tarurrukan jama'a, ƙwallo da liyafa don tunawa da wanda aka kashe Viceroy Mayo.

## Manazarta
Norway men's national youth handball team

The Norway national youth handball team is the national under-18 handball team of Norway. Controlled by the Norwegian Handball Federation, that is an affiliate of the International Handball Federation IHF as well as a member of the European Handball Federation EHF, The team represents Norway in international matches.

## Manazarta
Grain flow

A grain flow is a type of sediment-gravity flow in which the fluid can be either air or water, acts only as a lubricant, and grains within the flow remain in suspension due to grain-to-grain collisions that generate a dispersive pressure to prevent further settling. Grain flows are very common in aeolian settings as grain avalanches on the slip faces of sand dunes. By contrast, pure grain flows are rare in subaqueous settings, where the grains in a flow are generally held in suspension dominantly by traction, saltation, fluid turbulence and/or grain buoyancy when the grains are floating in the clay matrix of a mud flow. However, grain-to-grain collisions are very important as a contributing process of sediment support in subaqueous, sand-rich, high-density turbidity currents. The high concentrations of sand that develop at the base of high-density flows brings grains close enough together that frequent grain-to grain collisions are inevitable and result in layers of sediment that are inverse graded as the smaller grains are able to fall in between larger grains and settle out beneath them.

## Manazarta
Kwamitin Nazarin Upper Congo

An **kafa Kwamitin Nazarin Ƙasar Kongo**, ko kuma a cikin Faransanci **Comité d'études du Haut-Congo**, an kafa shi a cikin 1878  a madadin Leopold II, Sarkin Belgium, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Scramble for Africa. 

Bisa bukatar Leopold, wasu ma'aikatan banki da 'yan kasuwa a Belgium da kuma kasashen waje sun kafa kwamitin, wadanda suka ba da gudummawar kudade. Tun da farko Sarkin ya so daukar Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza a matsayin mai bincike, amma Faransawa suka dauke shi aiki. An tuntubi Henry Morton Stanley maimakon; a cikin kaka 1878, ya amince ya yi aiki ga kwamitin na tsawon shekaru biyar, kuma a cikin Janairu 1879, ya gabatar wa kwamitin cikakken tsari na ci gaba da binciken Kongo. Kwamitin ya goyi bayan wannan aikin, kuma Stanley ya bar Antwerp a asirce a kan wani jirgin dakon kaya a watan Yuni 1879, ya isa a watan Yuli a bakin Kogin Kongo. An ba Stanley umarni don samun rangwamen yanki daga sarakunan ƙabilun gida .

## Manufa
An kafa kwamitin, bisa ga dukkan alamu, tare da manufofin:

* Yi la'akari da kewayawar kogin Kongo ;
* Yi la'akari da yuwuwar kasuwancin Turai tare da mazauna yankin;
* Gano irin kuɗin shiga da kabilun za su iya cajin;
* Koyi yanayin kasuwancin gida;
* Bincika yiwuwar samar da layin dogo a yankin ruwan ruwa (yanzu ana kiransa Livingstone Falls ), da kayan da za a kai.

Duk da haka, Sarkin ya ba da umurni a asirce Stanley cewa: " *Ba game da yankunan Belgian ba ne. Yana da game da kafa sabuwar ƙasa mai girma kamar yadda zai yiwu da kuma game da mulkinta. Ya kamata a bayyana a fili cewa a cikin wannan aikin ba za a iya yin la'akari da baiwa Negroes wani nau'i na siyasa ba. Wannan zai zama abin ba'a. Farar fata, waɗanda ke jagorantar mukamai, suna da ikon*  ".

## Ƙaddara
Ko da yake kwamitin ya maye gurbin kungiyar kasashen Afirka ta duniya ne kawai a shekarar 1878, Sarki Leopold na biyu ya sa aka rushe kwamitin a shekarar 1879, kuma duk wadanda ba Belgium masu zuba jari ba sun dawo da kudadensu.  Har yanzu Stanley ya yi imanin yana aiki da Kwamitin sama da shekara guda bayan haka.  An maye gurbinsa da Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Kongo, wadda ita ce Jamhuriyar Kongo ta maye gurbinta a 1885.

## Kara karantawa

* Martin Ewans, " ''Tsarin Ta'addanci na Turai, Bala'in Afirka'' "

## Nassoshi
Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Kongo

**Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta [[Kongo Basin|Kongo]]** (Faransa: Association internationale du Congo), wanda aka fi sani da Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Kongo, ƙungiya ce da Leopold II na Belgium ya kafa a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba 1879 don ci gaba da sha'awarsa a Kongo.   [dubious - tattauna] Ya maye gurbin Kwamitin Belgium na Nazarin Upper Congo ( )  wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na Ƙungiyar gaba ta Ƙungiyar Afirka ta Duniya da aka kirkira don amfani da Kongo. Manufofin Ƙungiyar Kongo ta Duniya ita ce ta kafa iko da Kogin Kongo da kuma amfani da albarkatun tattalin arziki. Taron Berlin ya amince da al'umma a matsayin mai iko a kan yankunan da ta mallaka kuma a ranar 1 ga Agusta, 1885, watau watanni huɗu da rabi bayan rufe taron Berlin, Mataimakin Babban Manajan Sarki Leopold a Kongo, ya sanar da cewa al'umma da yankunan da ya mamaye daga nan gaba ana kiransu "Congo Free State".

## Mallaka da sarrafawa
Masu hannun jari a hukumance na kwamitin binciken manyan jami'an Kongo sune 'yan kasuwa na Netherlands da Burtaniya da wani ma'aikacin banki na Belgium wanda ke rike da hannun jari a madadin Leopold. Kanar Maximilien Strauch, shugaban kwamitin, shi ne wanda aka nada na Leopold. Ba a bayyana ba ga Henry Morton Stanley, wanda ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar don kafa sansani a Kongo a cikin 1878, ko yana aiki da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Afirka ta Duniya, Kwamitin Nazarin Ƙasar Kongo, ko kuma Leopold kansa. Kwangilolin ma'aikatan Stanley na Turai sun hana bayyana ainihin yanayin aikinsu.

## Taron Berlin
Taron Berlin ko taron Kongo na 1884-85 ya tsara mulkin mallaka da kasuwanci na Turai a Afirka . Sarki Leopold na biyu ya iya gamsar da masu iko a wurin taron cewa, kasuwanci bai daya a Afirka ya dace da moriyar dukkan kasashe. &#x5B; ** &#x5D; Babban Dokar taron ya raba Afirka tsakanin manyan iko na Turai  kuma ya tabbatar da yankin da Ƙungiyar Kongo ke sarrafawa a matsayin mallakarta na sirri, wanda ya sa ta zama mallakar Leopold II. 

A ranar 10 ga Afrilu 1884 Majalisar Dattijan Amurka ta ba wa Shugaba Chester A. Arthur izini "ya amince da tutar AIC a matsayin daidai da ta gwamnatin kawance".  A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 1884 Jamus ta amince da ikon al'umma akan Kongo. 

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Jadawalin lokaci don Kongo - Commons na Tarihi
Edward Bhengu

**Edward "Sonnyboy" Bhengu,** (8 Nuwamba 1934 - 26 Disamba 2010) ɗan gwagwarmayar Afirka ta Kudu ne kuma memba na Pan Africanist Congress of Azania.

Edward 'Sonnyboy' Bhengu, wanda kuma aka fi sani da 'Bra Sanza', ya kasance ƙanin mawaki Don Mattera kuma an ɗaure shi sau da yawa saboda ayyukansa na yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata. Ya mutu a Soweto a ranar 26 ga watan Disamba 2010 na matsalolin hanta. 

## Manazarta
Jean Bernadt

**Jean Bernadt** (née Alkin) (19 Mayu 1914 - 9 Afrilu 2011) 'yar gwagwarmayar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata ce ta Afirka ta Kudu. 

Ta kasance memba mai ƙwazo a Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Afirka ta Kudu (CPSA), Congress of Democrats, Ƙungiyar Mata ta Afirka ta Kudu da Black Sash a tsakanin sauran cibiyoyi. A shekarar 1940 ta auri Himan (Himie) Bernadt kuma ta haifi 'ya'ya uku.

## Ilimi
A shekarar 1934 tayi karatu a High School Cape Town 

A shekarar 1936 tayi karatu a Jami'ar New York - tayi nazarin Adabin Amurka 

## Ayyuka
Ta kasance cikin ƙungiyoyin agaji da yawa, yawanci tare da wasu mata daga Black Sash da Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci. Ta kasance memba na Kwamitin Athlone don Ilimin Nursery. Kwamitin Athlone ya kafa makarantar reno na farko don yara masu launi a Athlone a cikin shekarar 1949 sannan kuma ta kafa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Open-Air na Maynardville a ranar 1 ga watan Disamba 1950 a matsayin mai tara kuɗaɗe na agaji ga yankunan marasa galihu. Ita da Margaret Molteno (shugaban kuma wanda ya kafa kwamitin Athlone) sun haɗu tare da shugabar al'ummar Blouvlei Dora Tamana a cikin shekarar 1954 don yin aiki kan ayyukan al'umma a cikin Blouvlei na yau da kullum. Tun a shekarar 1948, Tamana ta fara aikin al'umma a wani gida mai zaman kansa, amma ya tsaya bayan shekara biyu da rabi saboda rashin kuɗi. Matan ukun sun tattara kuɗaɗe kuma suka kafa makarantar Nursery Blouvlei da cibiyar kula da lafiyar iyali bisa ga tsare-tsaren Tamana a watan Mayu 1955. 

Ta kasance ƙarƙashin dokar hana gwamnati daga shekarun 1959 zuwa 1964. Daga baya ta ajiye Nelson Mandela a lokacin da yake tattaunawa da gwamnatin nuna wariyar launin fata.  A shekarar 1960 aka kama ta kuma ta yi watanni uku a gidan yari. 

## Bikin Tunawa
A shekara ta 2008, Jean Bernadt da mijinta an yi bikin tunawa da su kuma an ba su lambar yabo ta Luthuli a azurfa saboda adawa da nuna wariyar launin fata da kuma kare masu fafutukar yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin sunayen mutanen da aka haramtawa oda a karkashin mulkin wariyar launin fata

## Manazarta
Gundumar Dume

**Gundumar Dume** wani yanki ne na gudanarwa a Kamaru a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Jamus.

## Yankin gunduma
Yankin gundumar, wanda ke cikin kewayon lardin Est na yau, yana iyaka da yamma da gundumar Yaoundé, a gabas ta kan iyakar Faransa. A arewacin kogin Sanaga (Lom) ya kafa iyaka da mazaunin Adamawa, bayan 1913 zama Ngaoundéré . A yammacin gundumar, Nyong ita ce yankin iyakar kudu da gundumar Lomié . A kudu, gundumar kuma tana kan iyaka da sabuwar gundumar Molundu da aka kirkira a shekarar 1911.

## Yawan jama'a
Mutanen Bantu ne suka mamaye yankin musamman Omvang, Makaa da Kaka da kuma Gbaya masu magana da Ubangi . A cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta 1909, jimilar yawan jama'a ya kai 97,566 mazauna. Cibiyoyin siyasa na ƴan asalin ƙasar sune Gamane/Bertua (Gbaya), Baturi, Mokbe, Bimba da Beri (Kaka).

## Tarihi
Ci gaban yankin ta hanyar mulkin mallaka ya fara ne a cikin 1897 tare da balaguron Laftanar Ernst von Carnap-Quernheimb a yankin Sanga-Ngoko. A cikin 1899 *Regierungsrat* (Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa) Dr. Plehn ya fara a kudu maso gabashin yankin tare da kafa gudanarwa na gundumar Sanga-Ngoko. A cikin 1901-1903 Ludwig Freiherr von Stein Lausnitz ya gudanar da balaguro mai yawa a Makaa, Gbaya Kaka da Territory kuma ya fara a cikin watan Agusta 1902 tare da rashin ikon shugaban Bertua da maye gurbinsa da dansa mai aminci hadewa cikin tsarin ikon Jamus na yankin tsakanin Doume da Sanaga.

A cikin 1906-07 an yi wani babban rikici tsakanin dakarun kare Jamus da Omvang da Makaa a yankin tsakanin Sanaga, Dja da Doume. A sakamakon haka, an cire yankin da ke tsakanin daji da savanna tsakanin Latitude 4 zuwa 6 daga Gwamnatin Sanga-Ngoko (District Lomi) kuma ta zama mai cin gashin kanta. A kan Kogin Doume wani katanga ne wanda ake kira Dume, wanda shine wurin zama na gundumomi da wurin da Kamfanin na 9th na rundunar kariya. Saboda wurin da yake a tashar jirgin ruwa, nan da nan wurin ya zama mararraba na muhimman hanyoyin kasuwanci.

Jami'in Gudanarwa na Farko na gundumar shine Kyaftin Peter Scheunemann, wanda ba da daɗewa ba Captain Adolf Schipper ya gaje shi (* 12. Nuwamba 1875; † Nuwamba 4, 1915 a Kamaru). Dakarun sun tilasta wa yankin zaman lafiya da ci gaban yankin. Bayan kashe wani ɗan kasuwa Bajamushe, kuma a cikin Mayu-Yuli 1910 ya zo ga rikicin soja. Abin da ya haifar da karuwar tashe-tashen hankula shi ne ayyukan da 'yan kasuwar Jamus da na Afirka suka yi, da suka hada da hare-haren da ake kai wa al'ummomin 'yan asalin sakamakon fadada kasuwancin roba, amma har ma da daukar 'yan asalin kasar aikin kula da ayyukan gina hanyoyi, gina madatsun ruwa da tsaftace koguna a Doume. A cikin makonni, an dakile tarzomar a karkashin jagorancin Kyaftin Hans Dominik. A cikin 1913 tsohuwar gundumar Soja ta zama gundumar farar hula. A cikin 1916 gundumar ta kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Faransanci, waɗanda suka koma hedkwatar gundumar zuwa Bertoua .

## Manazarta
Mabel Balfour

**Mabel Balfour** 'yar ƙungiyar kwadagon Afirka ta Kudu ce kuma mai fafutukar yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata. Balfour ta fara shiga tare da ƙungiyoyi masu wakiltar abinci da ma'aikatan gwangwani.  Bayan da aka kama shugabanni da yawa a cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Kasuwanci ta Afirka ta Kudu (SACTU) a cikin shekarar 1956 Trials Trials, ta zama wani ɓangare na Kwamitin Gudanarwa a shekarar 1957.  An yi la'akari da Balfour mai kyau wajen kiyaye "ruhin ma'aikata a lokacin mawuyacin lokaci." 

An kama Balfour a shekara ta 1958 saboda ta shiga cikin zaman Afrilu na Afrilu kuma an yanke mata hukumcin fam 20 ko 30 da aiki mai wuyar gaske saboda "tunanin ma'aikatan da ba fararen fata ba a Rand." Daga ƙarshe aka dakatar da hukuncin.  A cikin shekarar 1962, ta zama Sakatare Janar na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Abinci da Canjin Abinci ta Afirka (A-FCWU) a Transvaal.  An dakatar da ita a cikin shekarar 1963 She was banned in 1963  kuma an tsare ta a gidan kurkuku a Roodepoort. She was banned in 1963

## Duba kuma

* Jerin sunayen mutanen da aka haramtawa oda a karkashin mulkin wariyar launin fata

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Rita Ndzanga da Mabel Balfour
Yaƙin Ukoko

**Yakin Ukoko** ya faru ne a ranar 21 ga Satumba 1914 a lokacin yakin Kamerun na yakin duniya na farko tsakanin sojojin Faransa da Jamus a Ukoko, Kamerun ko Cocobeach na zamani, Gabon .

## Fage
Bayan mamaye Kamerun bayan barkewar yaki tsakanin Jamus da kawayenta, babban makasudin soji na Faransa da Birtaniyya shi ne karbe iko da gabar tekun da ke yankin don tabbatar da cewa karin maza da kayayyaki ba za su iya isa ga sojojin Jamus da ke can ba. A tsakiyar watan Satumba na 1914, jiragen ruwa na Birtaniya da na Faransa sun tare hanyar Wouri da babban tashar jiragen ruwa na Douala yadda ya kamata.

A ranar 21 ga Satumba, jirgin ruwan Faransa, *Mamaki* wanda ya raka sojojin Faransa daga Libreville, ya bayyana a gaban ƙauyen Ukoko a kudancin Neukamerun . Wannan garin yana da wani karamin sansanin sojan Jamus kuma sojojin Faransa sun so su mamaye shi. Jirgin ruwan Faransa ya yi luguden wuta a garin tare da lalata da yawa daga cikinsa. 

## Saukowa da yaƙi
Bayan harin dai an harba wasu jiragen ruwa guda hudu dauke da sojojin Faransa da kuma bindigu daga cikin *Surprise* a kokarinsu na daukar Ukoko. Karamin rundinar, karkashin jagorancin Kanar Miquelard, sun sauka a bakin tekun amma sun ci karo da wuta daga sassan Jamus wadanda suka yi kaka-gida a kan tudu mai tsayi. Daga baya da yamma kuma, wasu kwale-kwale guda tara na sojojin Faransa sun iso bakin tekun, suka haye shi. Yanzu haka dai Jamusawa sun fuskanci wuta mai tsanani daga bindigogin da aka kawo daga *abin mamaki* . Yawancin sabbin ƴan ƙasar Jamus sun gudu. Da misalin karfe uku na yamma Faransawa sun kai wani gagarumin farmaki kan mukaman Jamus. Dakarun na Jamus ya ci tura inda daga karshe suka ja da baya. 

A lokacin yakin, Jamusawa sun yi ƙoƙari su kai farmaki kan jirgin ruwan Faransa, *Mamaki* wanda ke a Corisco Bay. Jirgin ruwan *Itolo* da harba *Khios da* makami duk sun nutse a harin da aka kaiwa jirgin Faransa. 

## Bayan haka

Bayan yaƙin, ginshiƙin ƙarƙashin umarnin Miquelard zai tura zuwa gabas tare da iyakar kudancin Guinee na Spain. Dakarun Jamus da suka taba mamaye Ukoko sun ja da baya zuwa Mbini a yankin Rio Muni na Spain na tsaka mai wuya. [1] Za a bi wannan al'ada a duk sauran yaƙin neman zaɓe inda ƙungiyoyin Jamus za su tsere zuwa mulkin mallaka na Spain kuma su mika wuya a can. [2] Matakin da aka yi a Ukoko, tare da saukar jiragen da aka yi a Duala, sun tabbatar da tsaron bakin tekun Kamerun ga 'yan kawance da kuma takaita zirga-zirgar sojojin Jamus sosai.

## Nassoshi

* D'Almeida, Alain. "Cocobeach: La Stele Aux Heros De La Guerre Renovee." Croissance Saine: Le Journal. Np, 11 Nuwamba 2008. Yanar Gizo. 24 ga Disamba, 2012. .
* "Der Raubzug Gegen Unsere Kolonien-Verteidigung Ukokos." Der Täglichen Rundschau (Berlin) 1915 Yanar Gizo. .
* Reynolds, Francis J., Churchill, Allen L., da Miller, Francis T. "Babi na 11 - Yaƙin neman zaɓe a Togoland da Kamaru." "Labarin Babban Yakin". Vol. III (na VIII). 1916.
Dokgo Rewind

Dokgo Rewind (Yaren mutanen Koriya: 독고 리와인드) jerin ayyukan gidan yanar gizo ne na Koriya ta Kudu na 2018 dangane da shahararren gidan yanar gizo mai suna Meen da Baek Seung-hoon. Jerin yana aiki azaman prequel ga webtoon. Tauraro Oh Se-hun,  [5] [6] [7] Jo Byeong-kyu, [8] Ahn Bo-hyun, [9] da Kang Mi-na.[10] [11] Shafin yanar gizon yana magana ne game da cin zarafi, tashin hankali da cin hanci da rashawa a cikin manyan makarantu a cikin da'irar masu zalunci da kuma yadda yara maza uku daga rayuwa daban-daban suke haduwa don yakar tashin hankalin makaranta. Samar da Samhwa Networks, an sake shi akan layi ta hanyar Kakao Page da sauransu akan Satumba 7, 2018, [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] kuma ana samunsa akan Viki.[17]

## Manazarta
Irvin Jim

**Irvin Jim** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1968) shi ne shugaban ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu.

An haife shi a gona a Gabashin Cape, Jim ya girma a Motherwell. Ya zama ɗalibin jami'a, mai aiki a cikin gwagwarmayar yaki da wariyar launin fata, amma dole ne ya bar karatun don samun kuɗi a cikin masana'antar taya a Port Elizabeth, inda ya shiga Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙarfafa na Afirka ta Kudu (NUMSA). A cikin watanni uku, ya kasance ma'aikacin shago, kuma a shekarar 1993 yana aiki na cikakken lokaci ga ƙungiyar. A cikin shekarar 1994, an naɗa shi a matsayin shugaban yanki na Cape Eastern Cape, sannan daga shekarun 2000 ya zama sakataren yankin. Ya kuma riƙe muƙamai a jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Afrika ta kudu da kuma na African National Congress.  Yanzu shi ne babban sakataren jam'iyyar Socialist Revolutionary Workers Party (Afirka ta Kudu).

A cikin shekarar 2008, an zaɓi Jim a matsayin babban sakatare na NUMSA, babbar ƙungiyar kasuwanci guda ɗaya a Afirka ta Kudu. Shi ne mai magana da yawun NUMSA lokacin da aka kore shi daga Congress of African Trade Unions (COSATU) a watan Nuwamba 2014.  Yana da kakkausar suka ga jam'iyyar African National Congress mai mulkin ƙasar, wadda ya zarge shi da gaza aiwatar da yarjejeniyar 'Yanci ta 1955, da kuma laifin tashe-tashen hankula na kyamar baki a Afirka ta Kudu. 

A cikin watan Janairu 2015, ya zagaya Amurka, yana magana da Local 1199 na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Duniya a New York, and the Institute for Policy Studies in Washington, DC.  da Cibiyar Nazarin Siyasa a Washington, DC.  A cikin jawabinsa na Washington, ya bayyana cewa NUMSA ƙungiya ce ta Marxist-Leninist wacce manufarta ita ce ƙirƙirar "Jamhuriyar gurguzu ta Afirka ta Kudu".  Ya zargi wasu jagororin jam'iyyar ANC da goyon bayan 'yan jari hujja na Afirka ta Kudu bayan wariyar launin fata tare da Afirka ta Kudu da kamfanoni na ƙasa da ƙasa da kuma kungiyoyin fararen hula na Afirka ta Kudu, ya kuma bayyana cewa sun ci amanar juyin juya halin Afirka ta Kudu. 

Yana aiki tare da Mosiuoa Lekota na Congress of the People party,  da kuma korar babban sakatare na COSATU Zwelinzima Vavi a wani kamfen na yaki da cin hanci da rashawa a Afirka ta Kudu. 

## Manazarta
Essop Jassat

**Essop Essak Jassat** (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba 1932) ɗan siyasan Afirka ta Kudu mai ritaya ne kuma likita wanda ya wakilci jam'iyyar National Congress (ANC) a Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa daga shekarun 1994 zuwa 2004. Shi tsohon mai fafutukar yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata ne kuma tsohon shugaban jam'iyyar Transvaal Indian Congress.

## Rayuwa ta farko da gwagwarmaya
An haifi Jassat a ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba 1932 a Vrededorp, Johannesburg a tsohon Transvaal.  Shi ne na biyu a cikin 'ya'ya uku kuma iyayensa biyu sun kasance baƙi daga Indiya.  Ya kammala MBChB a Jami'ar Wits a shekarar 1960. 

A wannan lokacin, Jassat yana aiki a cikin gwagwarmayar yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata; Ya shiga reshen matasa na Transvaal Indian Congress a shekarar 1947, ya zama shugabanta, kuma ya wakilce ta a shekara ta 1955 Congress of the People.   Bob Hepple ya ɗauke shi aiki a cikin sashin sata na ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kuma ɗakin baya a cikin tiyatar da aka yi masa a Johannesburg jami'an Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) ne suka yi amfani da shi wajen adana kayan sabo.  Ya kuma ba da jinya ga babban kwamandan MK a Liliesleaf Farm a cikin makonni kafin kama su a shekarar 1963.  An sanya shi a ƙarƙashin dokar hana shi ta farko a shekarar 1955, kuma a shekarar 1964 ya yi zaman gidan yari na kwanaki goma bayan da aka same shi da laifin kin bin sharuɗɗan haramcin. 

Lokacin da aka sake buɗe taron Transvaal Indian Congress a shekarar 1983, Jassat ya zama shugabanta.  A wannan shekarar ne ya shiga jam'iyyar United Democratic Front (UDF). A cikin shekarar 1984–85, yana cikin shugabannin UDF 16, ciki har da Albertina Sisulu da Archie Gumede, waɗanda aka tuhume su (sannan kuma aka wanke su) na cin amanar ƙasa a cikin gwajin cin amanar ƙasa na Pietermaritzburg.   A lokacin juyin mulkin demokraɗiyya , ya wakilci Majalisar Indiya ta Transvaal a taron Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Afirka ta Kudu. 

## Aikin bayan mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata
A babban zaɓen shekara ta 1994, wanda shi ne na farko a Afirka ta Kudu a ƙarƙashin zaɓen duniya, an zaɓi Jassat a matsayin wakilin jam'iyyar ANC na Afirka a Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa, 'yan majalisar wakilai na sabuwar Majalisar Afirka ta Kudu. Ya ci gaba da zama a kujerarsa har zuwa babban zaɓen shekara ta 2004, inda ya sake lashe zaɓe a shekarar 1999.  

Bayan ya bar majalisar, ya koma aikin likita a Fordsburg  har sai da ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2017.  A lokacin, a cikin shekarar 2015, Shugaba Jacob Zuma ya ba shi lambar yabo ta Luthuli a azurfa "saboda kyakkyawar gudunmawar da ya bayar ga gwagwarmayar 'yantar da mulkin demokraɗiyya a Afirka ta Kudu, ta hanyar sadaukar da kai ba tare da la'akari da lafiyarsa da lafiyarsa ba".   A cikin shekarar 2018, ANC ta naɗa shi a cikin Hukumar Integrity na cikin gida, wanda George Mashamba ke jagoranta. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Ya auri Shireen Patel a shekarar 1964. Suna da ɗa da ’ya’ya mata biyu.  

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* 2022 hira
Jacqueline Arenstein

**Jacqueline Arenstein** (an haife ta 6 Yuni 1921) 'yar gwagwarmayar yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata ce ta Afirka ta Kudu. Memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Afirka ta Kudu (SACP) daga shekara 21, ta kasance wacce ake tuhuma a cikin 1956 Treason Trial kuma an dakatar da ita akai-akai daga shekarun 1960 zuwa 1980. A cikin shekarar 1984 an naɗa ta a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Mangosuthu Buthelezi.

## Rayuwa
Arenstein Bayahudiya  ce,   kuma kanwa ce ga tsohon Ministan leken asiri Ronnie Kasrils.

## Manazarta
Godwin Adiele

**Godwin Anyamagiobi Adiele** dan siyasan Najeriya ne dake wakiltar mazabar Ukwa ta yamma a majalisar dokokin jihar Abia, a matsayin dan Jam'iyyar people's Democratic Party (PDP). 

## Sana'ar siyasa

### Zaben majalisar dokokin jihar Abia
An fara zaben Adiele a matsayin dan majalisar dokokin jihar Abia a shekarar 2019, mai wakiltar mazabar Ukwa ta yamma. Ya tabbatar da sake tsayawa takara a shekarar 2023, inda ya ci gaba da aikinsa na majalisa a karkashin alamar PDP. 

### Ayyukan doka
A matsayinsa na dan majalisa, Adiele ya tsunduma cikin kudurori da muhawara daban-daban da nufin inganta harkokin mulki da magance matsalolin da ke faruwa a Jihar Abia. Musamman ma, a watan Nuwamba 2024, ya gabatar da kudirin yin Allah wadai da cin zarafin wani dan majalisa, inda ya nemi gafara daga mataimakin gwamnan Jihar. 

## Manazarta
Bradley Ihionvien

**Bradley Osezele Akhigbe Philip Ihionvien** (an haife shi ranar 23 ga watan Disamba, 2003) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda yake taka leda a matsayin mai gaba a kungiyar EFL League One ta Peterborough United.

## Manazarta
Jordan Obita

**Jordan John Obita** (an haife shi ranar 8 ga watan Disamba, 1993 a Ingila) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke buga wa ƙungiyar Hibernian ta Firayim Minista ta Scotland Yana taka leda a tawagar kasar Uganda.

## Manazarta
CJ Egan-Riley

**Conrad Jaden Egan-Riley** (an haife shi ranar 2 ga watan Janairu, 2003) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda yake buga wa kungiyar  Marseille da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙasa ta Ingila U21.  Mai kunnawa mai amfani, ana iya tura shi a matsayin mai tsakiya,mai tsakiya ko kuma mai tsakiya.

Egan-Riley ya fara aikinsa tare da Manchester City,kuma ya wakilci Ingila da Jamhuriyar Ireland a cikin matasa na duniya.
 

## Manazarta
Allan Campbell (footballer)

**Allan Campbell** (an haife shi ranar 4 ga watan Yuli, 1998) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Scotland wanda yake taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya .Ya taba buga wa Motherwell da Luton Town wasa a baya tare da samun lokaci a aro a Millwall da Charlton Athletic. An kuma zaba shi sau 24 don tawagar Scotland_national_under-21_football_team" id="mwGQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Scotland national under-21 football team">Scotland 'yan kasa da shekara 21 kuma ya fara bugawa Scotland wasa a watan Yunin 2022.  

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Kusseri

**Yakin Kusseri** tsakanin sojojin Jamus da na Faransa ya faru ne daga karshen watan Agusta zuwa 25 ga Satumban 1914 a Kusseri dake arewa maso gabashin Kamerun a lokacin yakin Kamerun na yakin duniya na daya . Matakin ya haifar da kame sansanin Kusseri na Faransa da kuma koma bayan sojojin Jamus zuwa Mora .

## Fage
Bayan barkewar yakin duniya na daya, sojojin Faransa a karkashin jagorancin Kanar Largeau, da ke kan iyaka daga Jamus Kamerun a Afirka Equatorial na Faransa da ke Fort Lamy, suka mamaye yankin. Manufarsu ita ce kwace sansanin Jamus a Kusseri, kusa da tafkin Chadi wanda zai ba da damar sojojin Faransa su taimaka wa Birtaniya a hare-haren da suke kaiwa sojojin Jamus a yammacin Kamerun. Sojojin Jamus, a ƙarƙashin Laftanar Kallmeyer sun ƙunshi mutane 31. An sake daukar wasu biyar daga garin Kusseri lokacin da aka san cewa Faransawa na mamayewa.  Kallmeyer ya kewaye katangar da ciyayi masu kauri masu kauri a shirye-shiryen harin da ke tafe.

## Yaƙi
Faransawa sun aike da 'yan bindiga 250 da makami guda daya domin su kwace sansanin Jamus a karshen watan Agusta. Harin farko da Faransa ta kai kan katangar, bindigogin Jamus ne suka fatattaki su kuma ya yi sanadin jikkatar mutane masu yawa. Bugu da kari, Jamusawan sun lalata makamin bindigu na Faransa daya tilo. Bayan waɗannan gazawar, Faransawa sun janye zuwa Fort Lamy, amma sun dawo tare da ƙarfafawa a kan 20 Satumba 1914. Idan aka yi la'akari da girman ƙarfinsa idan aka kwatanta da na Faransanci, da gajiyar da ta faru bayan hare-hare na ci gaba, Kallmeyer ya yanke shawarar cewa tsayawa yaƙi ba shi da amfani kuma ja da baya shine kawai zaɓi.

Jim kadan bayan tsakar dare a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba, bayan wani kakkarfan harin da Faransa ta kai kan sansanin sojojin Jamus sun yi wani komowa daga Kusseri. A cikin hargitsi da daji mai kauri, karfin ya rabu. Sun yi hanyarsu zuwa tungar Jamus a Mora, kimanin kilomita 150 zuwa kudu maso yamma kuma sun isa can daga 28 ga Satumba zuwa 9 ga Oktoba. Sojoji 25 ne suka rage daga cikin 37 da suka kafa sansanin Jamus a Kusseri.  Sauran an kashe su a yaƙi, an kama su a lokacin da ake ja da baya, ko kuma a bace. Ragowar membobin rundunar za su shiga cikin Siege na Mora daga baya. Faransawa sun canza sunan kagara a Kusseri, Fort Foureau bayan kama shi a ranar 25 ga Satumba. 

## Bayanan kula

## Magana

* Damisa, Fritz. *Auf Dem Moraberge – Erinnerungen an Die Kämpfe Der 3.* *Kompagnie Der Ehemaligen Kaiserlichen Schutztruppe Für Kamerun.* 1929. Berlin.
* Fecitte, Harry . ''Yankin tafkin Chadi: 1914.'' Harry's Africa - Nauyin Soja. Yanar Gizo. .
* Strachan, Hew. *Yaƙin Duniya na Farko a Afirka* . Oxford: Jami'ar Oxford Press. 2004
Henry Ford

## Henry Ford
**Henry Ford** (30 Yuli 1863 – 7 Afrilu 1947) ɗan kasuwa ne kuma mai ƙirƙira ƙirar motoci na ƙasar Amurka, wanda ya kafa kamfanin Ford Motor Company. An fi saninsa saboda ya ƙirƙiri tsarin samarwa mai sauƙi ta hanyar amfani da layin haɗin kai (assembly line), wanda ya sa motoci suka zama masu araha ga mutane da yawa. Ford ya kawo sauyi a masana’antar motoci ta hanyar gabatar da motar Ford Model T a shekara ta 1908, wadda ta zama mota ta farko da aka samar da ita a yawa kuma a farashi mai rahusa.

### Rayuwa ta Farko
An haifi Henry Ford a ranar 30 ga watan Yuli, 1863, a Greenfield Township, Michigan, Amurka. Ya girma a gonar iyalinsa kuma ya ji sha’awar injiniyoyi tun yana ƙarami. A shekara ta 1879, ya bar gida ya koma Detroit don ya koyi aikin injiniya. A shekara ta 1891, ya fara aiki a kamfanin Edison Illuminating Company, inda ya ji daɗin gina injunan mai.

### Ford Motor Company
A shekara ta 1903, Henry Ford ya kafa Ford Motor Company. Ya ƙirƙiri motar Ford Model T a shekara ta 1908, wadda ta zama sananne saboda ƙarfinta da araha. A shekara ta 1913, ya gabatar da tsarin layin haɗin kai, wanda ya rage lokacin samar da mota daga sama da sa’o’i 12 zuwa kusan mintuna 90. Wannan tsari ya sa farashin Model T ya ragu daga dala 825 zuwa dala 260 a shekara ta 1925, wanda ya sa miliyoyin mutane suka iya siyan mota.

### Tasiri
Henry Ford ya kawo sauyi a masana’antar motoci ta hanyar sa motoci su zama abin da kowa zai iya siya, ba kawai masu kuɗi ba. Tsarin layin haɗin kai ya kuma shafi wasu masana’antun, kamar masana’antar lantarki da sararin samaniya. A Najeriya, motocin Ford, musamman Model T, sun kasance sananne a cikin shekarun 1920 da 1930 saboda amincinsu da sauƙin gyarawa.

Ford ya kuma gabatar da albashi mai yawa ga ma’aikatansa, kamar dala 5 a kowace rana a shekara ta 1914, wanda ya fi ninki biyu na albashin yau da kullun a lokacin. Wannan ya taimaka wajen ƙarfafa ma’aikata kuma ya sa su iya siyan motocin da suke kera.

### Rayuwarsa ta Ƙarshe
Henry Ford ya rasu a ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 1947, a Dearborn, Michigan. Ya bar gado mai girma a masana’antar motoci da kuma duniya baki ɗaya. Kamfaninsa, Ford Motor Company, har yanzu yana ci gaba da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana’antun motoci a duniya.

### Manazarta

### Hanyoyin Waje
* Shafin Ford Motor Company
* Tarihin Henry Ford da Model T