Abisso Bonetti

**Abisso Bonetti** ("Bonetti Abyss") kogon Karst ne a cikin gundumar Doberdò del Lago ( Gorizia, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italiya),  SE daga ƙaramin ƙauyen *Bonetti*, kusa da iyakar Sloveniya (ƙauyen *Nova vas* ).  Kogon yana daya daga cikin shahararrun kogo a cikin Gorizia Karst . Duk da haka dai, saboda buɗewar rami mai haɗari, ana ba da izinin shigarwa kawai ga ƙwararrun ƙwararru tare da kayan aiki masu mahimmanci don saukowa guda ɗaya .

## Ilimin Halitta
Abisso Bonetti yana daya daga cikin manyan kuma mafi sanannun cavities a cikin Gorizia Karst . Yana buɗewa  sama da matakin teku, a kan ƙaramin tudu a arewacin Jamiano ( Doberdò del Lago ), kusa da iyakar Slovenia. Gabaɗaya, shine  tsawo da  zurfi. 

Peculiarity na rami shine buɗewar sa mai ban sha'awa,  zurfi,  na  babban rami mai faɗi, wannan rami ne mai buɗewa dangane da yanayin waje kai tsaye. Kogon yana da wata mashiga, wato wani faifan hoton wucin gadi da ke da alaƙa da ramin. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, Sojojin Austro-Hungary sun gina matsuguni a cikin gallery. Ƙashin ƙasa na rami mai buɗewa yana ƙunshe da gangaren ɓarna inda aka tattara detritus, kayan shuka da dabbobin dabba, sun fadi daga yanayin waje. Bangaren can na cikin kogon ya kasance ne da wani gidan kallo na karkashin kasa bayan haka, an wuce ta wani matsuguni, an isa wani babban falo. Zauren ya ƙunshi gadaje da suka ruguje da gyare-gyaren kogo, gami da ginshiƙi mai kama da ɗaukar nauyin silin.  

Abisso Bonetti yana nuna yanayin yanayin yanayi . Babban ɓangaren kogon yana da tsayayyen zafin jiki ( , wannan shine yawan zafin jiki na shekara-shekara a wurin da kogon yake buɗewa), yanayin yanayin kogo. A cikin kasan ramin budewa, zafin jiki ya bambanta tsakanin  a lokacin rani da  a cikin hunturu. Ana iya ɗaukar wannan ɓangaren kogon a matsayin tarkon sanyi . 

## Tarihi
A lokacin yakin duniya na daya, tsakanin 1916 da 1917, sojojin Austro-Hungarian sun yi amfani da kogon a matsayin matsuguni da kuma matsayin asibitin filin, kuma sun daidaita shi ta hanyar bude wata sabuwar mashiga a cikin hoton da ke kusa da ramin. Saboda halin yanzu da dama na tattabarai, Austro-Hungary sun kira kogon *Taubenloch Höhle* ko *Taubenschlucht* ("Pigeons Hole"). Wannan suna ( Slovene : *Golobinka* ) kuma mutanen Sloveniya da ke zaune a yankin sun yi amfani da shi. A cikin bazara na 1917, sojojin Italiya sun mamaye duk yankin kuma sun yi amfani da kogon a matsayin mafaka. A cikin 1946, ƙungiyar *Rastrellatori* (" ƙaddamar da bam ") ta fitar da adadin fashewar abubuwan fashewa daga cikin kogon. Koyaya, ana iya samun wasu ragowar Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya a cikin kogon tukuna.

Baya ga amfani da sojoji, kogon ya ja hankalin masanan . Kanar Italo Garibotti (SAG) ne ya fara gudanar da binciken farko na wannan rami a watan Janairun 1923. Ugo Stocker (Gruppo Speleologico Monfalconese ) ne ya sake nazarin binciken a ranar 16 ga Yuni 1968. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, yawancin makarantu na speleology sun yi amfani da kogon a cikin karatunsu na farko. 

Tun daga 80ths, masana kimiyya sun gudanar da bincike da bincike da yawa a cikin kogon,    da  .

## Fauna
Abisso Bonetti yana wakiltar ɗaya daga cikin yankuna huɗu inda za'a iya lura da ƙasa irin ƙwaro *[[Typhlotrechus|Typhlotrechus bilimeki tergestinus]]*, troglobious, depigmented da anophthalmic predator nau'in.  Sauran nau'o'in da aka shirya a cikin kogon su ne nau'in mazaunin kogo irin na yankin Karst . Troglobites sun hada da gizo-gizo *[[Mesostalita|Mesostalita nocturna]]*, da woodlouses *Alpioniscus strasseri* da *Androniscus stygius*, da kuma zagaye naman gwari irin ƙwaro *Bathysciotes khevenhulleri tergestinus* . Troglophiles sun hada da millipede *[[Polydesmidae|Brachydesmus subterraneus]]*, nau'in lithobid centipede guda biyu, kogon cricket *Troglophilus neglectus*, asu *[[Triphosa dubitata]]*, ƙuda *[[Limonia nubeculosa]]* da nau'in kuda da ba a gane ba, da ƙasa irin ƙwaro *[[Laemostenus|Laemostenus cavicola]]* *beetelea da rovela* ela *elasa*  *.* Bugu da ƙari, jemagu (musamman babban jemagu na doki *Rhinolophus ferrumequinum*  ) da tsuntsaye (misali wasu samfurin mujiya tawny ) suna amfani da ɓangaren farko na rami a matsayin mafaka.

Ƙasan ramin buɗaɗɗen ramin yana ɗaukar nau'ikan kwari trogloxene, gizo-gizo, amphibians da dabbobi masu rarrafe. A lokacin rani, waɗannan dabbobin suna jan hankalin ƙananan zafin jiki da zafi da ke fitowa daga rami kuma su faɗi ƙasa. Koyaya, idan sun tsira daga faɗuwar, sun kasance cikin tarko kuma ba za su iya komawa yanayin waje ba.

## Tsire-tsire
Gabaɗaya, rashin hasken rana a cikin kogo yana hana photosynthesis da girma shuka. Duk da haka, musamman ilimin halittar jiki na Abisso Bonetti (rami mai zurfi tare da babban budewa) yana barin wani adadin haske ya shiga cikin rami, yana ba da damar ci gaban wasu nau'in shuka. Za a iya raba ciyayi a Abisso Bonetti zuwa yankuna huɗu na ciyayi, waɗanda suke daga sama (na waje) zuwa ƙasa (intern) na rami:

* yankin iyaka (  ): wannan yanki mai haske yana ɗaukar bishiyoyi da ganyaye waɗanda ke girma a cikin yanayin waje (tsawon tsire-tsire na *Seslerio - Ostryetum* ), da wasu nau'ikan fern (genera *Asplenium* da *Polypodium* )
* shiyyar ƙasa-ƙasa (  ): wannan yanki yana karbar bakuncin phanerogames ( hazel na gama gari, mala'ikan balm-leaved, letas bango, cyclamen, dige bittercress ), ferns ( maidenhair spleenwort da hart's-hart ), mosses (musamman *Thamnobryium alopecurum* algae ) da mulkin mallaka na farko.
* yankin karkashin duhu (  ): wannan yanki, inda haske ya ragu sosai, yana karɓar mosses, hanta da wasu sauran ferns ( maidenhair spleenwort )
* yankin duhu (  ): kawai kwayoyin cuta da koren algae mazauna za su iya rayuwa a nan, inda haske ba ya nan amma zafi yana da yawa; haka ma, kyawon tsayuwa da fungi (kwayoyin da ba na hoto ba) suna girma akan abubuwa masu ruɓewa 

## Geology
A cikin 90ths, an gano ma'adanai biyu a karon farko a cikin kogon Italiya. Waɗannan su ne crandallite da octacalcium phosphate (OCP).  

## Manazarta