Tepui

/ˈtɛpwi/, ko **[[Tebur]]** (Spanish: [teˈpuj]), memba ne na dangin tsaunuka masu tasowa da aka samu a arewacin Kudancin Amurka, musamman a Venezuela, yammacin Guyana, da arewacin Brazil. Kalmar tepui tana nufin "gidan alloli" a cikin yaren Pemon, 'yan asalin da ke zaune a Gran Sabana.

Ana samun Tepuis a matsayin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu maimakon a cikin kewayon da aka Haɗuwa, wanda ya sa su zama masu karɓar bakuncin tsire-tsire na musamman da nau'in dabbobi. Shahararrun tepuis sun hada da Auyantepui, Autana, Neblina, da Dutsen Roraima . Yawanci suna kunshe da tubalan Precambrian quartz arenite sandstone waɗanda ke tashi kwatsam daga cikin daji. Auyantepui shine tushen Angel Falls, mafi tsayi a duniya.

## Yanayin Yanayi

Wadannan tsaunuka na saman tebur sune ragowar babban dutse wanda ya taɓa rufe ginin dutse tsakanin iyakar arewacin Amazon Basin da Orinoco, tsakanin gabar tekun Atlantika da Rio Negro. Wannan yanki yana daga cikin ragowar babban nahiyar Gondwana .  A duk tsawon Tarihin Duniya, filin ya fara lalacewa da raguwa kimanin shekaru miliyan 300 da suka gabata, kuma kimanin shekaru miliyan 70 da suka gabata an kafa tepuis daga sauran monadnocks.

Akwai irin waɗannan mesas 115 a cikin Gran Sabana a kudu maso gabashin Venezuela a kan iyaka da Guyana da Brazil, inda aka sami mafi yawan tepuis. duwatsu da ke da tsaunuka sun mamaye yankin da ke kewaye da su har zuwa mita 1,000 (3,000 .

Tepuis yana da tsayi daga  .  Jimlar saman duk 115 tepuis kusan  ne   . 

Saboda tsufa, wasu tepuis suna nuna siffofi na farfajiyar da koguna na karst, waɗanda aka kafa a cikin duwatsu masu narkewa kamar dutse. koguna a nan sun haɗa da zurfin mita 671 (2,201  Abismo Guy Collet, kogon quartzite mafi zurfi a duniya. Wasu daga cikin mesas suna cike da manyan sinkholes har zuwa mita 300 (1,000  a diamita kuma tare da bangon tsawo har zuwa mita 300. Wadannan sinkholes an kafa su ne lokacin da rufin ramin da koguna na karkashin kasa suka rushe.

Berry, Huber, et al. (1995) sun rarraba tepuis zuwa gundumomi huɗu da aka ayyana ta hanyar ka'idojin ƙasa (basins na ruwa) da alaƙa da furanni.

* Gundumar Gabashin Pantepui tana gabashin Kogin Caroni a gabashin Venezuela, yammacin Guyana, da jihar Roraima ta arewacin Brazil. Ya haɗa da Dutsen Roraima, Auyan-tepui, da Dutsen Pacaraima. Kogin Caroni, kogin Mazaruni da Essequibo na Guyana, da Rio Branco na Brazil ne ke zubar da su.
* Yankin Yammacin Pantepui a kudu maso yammacin Venezuela wanda ke da iyaka da kogin Caura, Orinoco, da Ventuari. Yankin tsaunuka na sandstone da tsaunuka masu tsawo tare da tsaunukan da suka kai tsakanin mita 1,300 da 2,350. Ya haɗa da dutsen dutse Sierra Maigualida (1,800 zuwa 2,350 m). Yutajé Subdistrict ya hada da Cerro Guanay, Cerro Yaví, Cerro Coro Coro, da Cerro Yutajé, tare da yankuna daban-daban da kuma taron kolin daga 1,800 zuwa 2,300 m. Cuao-Sipapo Massif ya hada da tepuis mafi yamma, wanda aka yi da sandstone da granite kuma ya kai 1,400 da 2,000 m. 
* Gundumar Pantepui ta Tsakiya ta haɗa da Cerro Guaiquinima, Cerro Duida, Cerro Marahuaka, Cerro Huachamacari, da Cerro Yapacana . 
* Gundumar Kudancin Pantepui ta haɗa da duwatsu tare da iyakar kudancin Venezuela tare da jihar Amazonas ta Brazil, kuma ta haɗa da Cerro de la Neblina, Cerro Aracamuni, da Cerro Avispa . 

## Tsire-tsire da dabbobi
Filayen tepuis sun ware gaba ɗaya daga gandun daji na ƙasa, suna mai da su tsibirai na muhalli. Tsayin yana sa su sami yanayi daban-daban daga gandun daji na ƙasa. A saman yana nuna yanayin sanyi tare da ruwan sama akai-akai, yayin da tushe na duwatsu suna da yanayi mai zafi, mai dumi da zafi. Keɓewa ya haifar da kasancewar tsire-tsire da dabbobi ta hanyar juyin halitta a cikin dubban shekaru na duniya daban-daban na dabbobi da tsire-shuke, an yanke su daga sauran duniya ta hanyar manyan ganuwar dutse. Wasu sinkholes na tepui suna dauke da nau'o'in da suka samo asali a cikin waɗannan "tsibirai a cikin tsibirai" waɗanda suka kasance na musamman ga wannan sinkhole. Ana ɗaukar tepuis a matsayin yanki na musamman da aka sani da Pantepui . 

Sau da yawa ana kiran tepuis a matsayin Tsibirin Galápagos na babban yankin, yana da adadi mai yawa na tsire-tsire da dabbobi na musamman waɗanda ba a samu a ko'ina a duniya ba. Gidajen mesas ba su da abinci mai gina jiki, wanda ya haifar da Tsire-tsire masu cin nama iri-iri, kamar *Drosera* da yawancin nau'ikan *Heliamphora*, da kuma nau'ikan orchid da bromeliads iri-iri. Yanayin yanayi, yanayin dutse na ƙasa mai duwatsu yana nufin babu wani nau'i na humus da aka kafa.

An yi la'akari da cewa endemics a kan tepuis suna wakiltar relicte fauna da flora waɗanda suka sha wahala a cikin vicariant speciation lokacin da tudu ya zama ragargaje a lokacin geological. Koyaya, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa tepuis ba su da nisa kamar yadda aka yi imani da su. Misali, wani rukuni na bishiyoyi, *Tepuihyla*, sun rabu bayan an kafa tepuis; wato, jinsin ya biyo bayan mulkin mallaka daga ƙasashe.

Tepuis, wanda aka fi sani da 'tsibirai sama da gandun daji', ƙalubale ne ga masu bincike, saboda suna gida ga yawancin sababbin nau'o'in da ba a bayyana su ba. Wasu daga cikin wadannan duwatsu an rufe su da girgije mai zurfi kusan kusan duk shekara. A baya za a iya ɗaukar hotunan su ne kawai ta hanyar kayan aikin radar na helikofta.

Manyan binciken botanical na tepuis sun fara ne a karni na 19, gami da na Alexander von Humboldt da Aimé Bonpland da Robert Schomburgk. Daga shekarun 1950 zuwa gaba Julian Steyermark da Bassett Maguire sun fara Shirin Garkuwa na Guayana don yin rikodin dukkan tsire-tsire na tepuis na Venezuela da wuraren da ke kewaye da su, kuma sun gudanar da balaguro da yawa. Wannan shirin ya samar da Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana, wani aiki mai yawa da aka buga tsakanin 1995 da 2005. Ya kula da nau'ikan tsire-tsire 2447 na asalin lardin Pantepui, kashi 42% daga cikinsu suna cikin tepuis tare da har zuwa kashi 25% na nau'ikan da aka ƙuntata ga duwatsu guda ɗaya. An gudanar da tafiye-tafiye biyar na tsire-tsire zuwa tepuis uku na Brazil - Serra do Aracá, Pico da Neblina, da Monte Caburaí - daga 2011 zuwa 2014.

Yawancin tepuis suna cikin Canaima National Park a Venezuela, wanda UNESCO ta rarraba a matsayin Gidan Tarihin Duniya.

## Zaɓaɓɓun tepuis
Wasu daga cikin sanannun tepuis 60: 

* Auyantepui shine mafi girma a cikin tepuis mai fadin fili    . Angel Falls, mafi girman ruwa a duniya, ya sauko daga wani tsagewa a cikin koli.
* Dutsen Roraima, wanda kuma aka sani da Roraima Tepui. Wani rahoto na fitaccen mai bincike na Kudancin Amirka Robert Schomburgk ya ƙarfafa marubucin ɗan ƙasar Scotland Arthur Conan Doyle ya rubuta littafinsa mai suna *The Lost World* game da gano duniyar da ta riga ta kasance mai cike da dinosaur da sauran halittu na farko. Iyakokin Venezuela, Brazil, da Guyana sun hadu a saman.
* Matawi Tepui, wanda kuma aka sani da Kukenán, saboda ita ce tushen kogin Kukenán, an dauke shi a matsayin "wurin matattu" ta mutanen Pemon na gida. Yana kusa da Dutsen Roraima a Venezuela. &#x5B;&#x5D;
* Autana Tepui yana tsaye  sama da gandun daji. Wani kogo na musamman yana gudana daga wannan gefen dutsen zuwa wancan.
* Sarisariñama Tepui, wanda ya shahara da kusan madaidaicin madauwari mai madauwari wanda ke gangarowa kai tsaye daga saman dutsen - mafi girma irin wannan nutsewar shine  a diamita da zurfin (wanda ake zargin yashwar ruwa ta ƙasa ta haifar). Suna ɗauke da tsarin halitta wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan tsire-tsire da dabbobi na musamman a ƙasa. 
* Ilú-Tramen Massif shine dutse mafi arewa a cikin sarkar da ke kan iyakar Venezuelan da Guyana daga Roraima a kudu.
* Tafelberg a tsakiyar Suriname shine tepui gabas. 

## Al'adun gargajiya
Tunanin cewa fauna da flora na tepuis suna wakiltar ragowar tsoffin jinsuna shine wahayi zuwa ga littafin Arthur Conan Doyle The Lost World (1912), wanda aka saita a kan tepui.

A cikin fim din 1990 *Arachnophobia*, sabon nau'in gizo-gizo tare da karfi sosai, mai kisa wanda ke zaune a cikin yankunan zamantakewa kuma shine mafi girman mai cin nama na mahallinta an gano shi a cikin rami da aka kewaye da tepui a cikin gandun daji na Venezuela, kuma yana nuni da yanayin muhalli na musamman na tepuis.

Yawancin labarin 2009 Pixar - Disney film *Up* yana faruwa a cikin tepuis. Fim ɗin ya kuma haɗa da zane-zane na nau'ikan duwatsu masu yawa da kuma wani magudanar ruwa kamar Mala'ikan Falls mai suna "Faɗuwar Aljanna".

Steve Backshall ya kasance wani ɓangare na balaguron farko don samun nasarar hawa Dutsen Upuigma .  Wannan balaguron ya kasance wani ɓangare na shirin Lost Land of the Jaguar a BBC One a cikin 2008. A taron sun gano nau'ikan kwaya da linzamin kwamfuta, da kuma sawun dabba mai shayarwa da ba a san ta ba.

A cikin littafin The 6th Extinction (2014)  na James Rollins, an nuna wani tepui a arewacin Brazil a matsayin ɓoye na sirri ga mugun Dr. Cutter Elwes .

An ambaci sinkholes na Sima Martel da Sima Humboldt da ke kan Sarisariñama, a cikin tallan kwayar cuta don fim din *Godzilla (fim na 2014) *. Shigar da sunan ko dai sinkhole a cikin gidan yanar gizon talla zai samar da karatun "sa hannu biyu da aka gano". Saboda an gano sinkholes a 1961, ana zaton karantawa ya zama abin ban dariya game da *Mothra (fim na 1961)*

## Manazarta

; Bayani