open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Rashin zubar da ruwa na biyu

Tsayar da zubar da ruwa na biyu shine tsayar da ruwa mai haɗari don hana gurɓata ƙasa da ruwa. Hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da amfani da wuraren zubar da ruwa don ƙunsar kayan aikin da ke cike da mai, Tankunan mai, wuraren wanke motoci, ko duk wani wuri ko abubuwa da zasu iya zubar da ruwan haɗari.

## Ma'anar
Tsayar da zubar da ruwa na biyu ya haɗa da kwace sharar gida mai haɗari don hana gurɓata ƙasa da ruwa.

## A cikin masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki
]
Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) Jagororin Rigakafin Ruwa, Kulawa, da Countermeasure (SPCC) suna buƙatar cewa wuraren da ke adana man fetur mai yawa (kayayyakin) dole ne su sami shirin a wurin don ƙunshe da zubar. Manufar dokar SPCC ita ce ta kafa buƙatu don wurare don hana fitar da mai cikin ruwa mai ko bakin teku. A cikin Masana'antar amfani da wutar lantarki, masu canzawa da ke cike da mai sau da yawa suna buƙatar ƙuntatawa ta biyu. Tsohon dabarun hanawa na biyu kamar kwandon kama-kayan suna da sauri suna rasa ƙasa ga mafita waɗanda ke ba da tsaftacewa mai tsada idan akwai zubar ko ɓarkewa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Ɗaya daga cikin misalai na hanyar da ta fi tsada ya haɗa da sanya ƙwanƙwasawar geotextile cike da polymers masu ƙarfi a kusa da mai canzawa. Wadannan shingen geotextile suna ba da damar kwararar ruwa, amma suna ƙarfafa man gaba ɗaya a yayin da ya ɓace kuma suna rufe zubar. Kamfanoni da yawa na wutar lantarki suna sauyawa zuwa wannan hanyar saboda yana adana su da kuɗi mai yawa lokacin da aka zubar, saboda babu buƙatar yin amfani da manyan motoci daga baya don tsaftace zubar a cikin kwandon.

## Tsayar da zubar da ruwa mai sauƙi

Gidan kwanciyar hankali mai ɗaukar hoto shine ainihin kwandon da zai iya kama nau'ikan ruwa da sunadarai daban-daban. Su ne wani nau'i na kwantar da hankali na biyu mai amfani don ƙunshe da kayan aiki na hannu kamar Drums na mai, manyan motoci, tankuna da trailers. Ba kamar geotextile berms ba, berms masu ɗaukar hoto yawanci ba sa ƙarfafa mai. Kamfanoni da yawa da ke da hannu a cikin fracking amfani da zubar da ruwa don kama ruwan da aka gurbata wanda shine samfurin aikin. Kowane shafin rijiyar yana da manyan motoci da yawa waɗanda ke jigilar ruwa da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin hanyar hako rijiyar zurfi.

## Manazarta
Geoengineering

Geoengineering (wanda kuma aka sani da injiniyan yanayi ko shigin yanayi) shine babban tsoma baki da gangan a cikin tsarin yanayin duniya wanda aka yi niyya don magance canjin yanayi da ɗan adam ke haifarwa.[1]Kalmar ta saba da maki biyu daban-daban: manyan-sikelin carbon dioxide (CDR) da gyaran hasken rana (SRM). CDR ya ƙunshi dabaru don cire carbon dioxide daga sararin samaniya kuma ana ɗaukarsa azaman nau'i na rage canjin yanayi. SRM na nufin rage dumamar yanayi ta hanyar nuna ɗan ƙaramin yanki na hasken rana (radiyoyin rana) nesa da Duniya da komawa cikin sararin samaniya. Ko da yake a tarihi an haɗa su tare, waɗannan hanyoyin sun bambanta sosai a cikin tsari, lokaci, da bayanan haɗari, kuma a halin yanzu ana tattaunawa daban-daban.

Wasu nau'ikan geoengineering suna gabatar da batutuwan siyasa, zamantakewa da ɗa'a. Wani ƙin yarda da aka saba shine cewa mayar da hankali kan waɗannan fasahohin na iya lalata yunƙurin rage hayakin iskar gas. Ana ɗaukar ingantaccen shugabanci da sa ido na duniya a matsayin mahimmanci.

Manyan kungiyoyin kimiyya sun yi nazarin yuwuwar, kasada, da bukatu na mulki na geoengineering, gami da Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyyar Kimiyya, Injiniya, da Magunguna ta Amurka, [4][5][6] Royal Society, [7] Hukumar Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNESCO),[8] da Shirin Binciken Yanayi na Duniya.[1]

## Manazarta
Rukunin aiki

Battalions na aiki sun kasance wani nau'i na madadin sabis ko aiki mara kyau a kasashe daban-daban maimakon ko kama da aikin soja na yau da kullun. A wasu lokuta sun kasance sakamakon wani nau'i na nuna bambanci na yawan jama'a, yayin da a wasu sun kasance zabi mai hankali.

## Dalilan siyasa
A wasu ƙasashe an halicci rundunonin ma'aikata daga wani ɓangare na yawan jama'a wanda saboda dalilai daban-daban ba su dace da aikin soja na yau da kullun ba, sau da yawa saboda an dauki wannan yawan "marasa kyau" ko "marasa aminci", misali, abokan gaba na siyasa, yawan yankunan da aka mamaye ko "ƙananan jinsi".

Misalan sun haɗa da battalions na ma'aikata a ƙarshen Daular Ottoman da farkon Jamhuriyar Turkiyya a lokacin yakin duniya na I da kuma lokacin Yaƙin duniya na II, battalions masu aiki da Francoist Spain ta kafa (wanda aka kiyasta a cikin raka'a 700 na ma'aikatar ma'aikata gaba ɗaya, ban da kusan sansanoni 300)  a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Spain a matsayin wani nau'i na zaluntar abokan gaba na siyasa wanda ya ci gaba ta hanyar mulkin kama-karya,  da kuma battalions ma'aikata na ma'aikatan ma'aikata da Nazi Jamus da abokanta ke riƙe da ita (duba kuma "Hiwi").

## Sauran sabis
A wasu ƙasashe rundunonin ma'aikata wani nau'i ne na aikin farar hula maimakon aikin soja ga mutanen da ba za su iya shiga aikin soja ba saboda dalilai daban-daban, misali, saboda rashin lafiya ko kasancewa masu adawa da kowane nau'in tashin hankali, muddin ba a dauke su marasa cancanta ga wasu ayyuka ba.

A cikin Sojojin Burtaniya a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na farko, an fara kafa ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata ko majagaba a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1914 daga sabbin ma'aikata masu ƙwarewa ko ƙwarewa a cikin aikin hannu, waɗanda aka horar da su don yin yaƙi a matsayin sojoji amma yawanci ana amfani da su don gina rami da aiwatar da wasu ayyukan hannu. A farkon shekara ta 1916 waɗannan sun fara haɗawa da maza da ba a tantance su ba don yin yaƙi don aiwatar da irin wannan rawar kuma wani lokacin ana kiransu Battalions na Ayyukan Sojoji. Da farko an sanya su ga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, an haɗa rukunin ma'aikata da ma'aikatan sojan ƙasa a watan Fabrairun 1917 don kafa sabuwar ƙungiyar ma'aikata.

Har zuwa kwanakin ƙarshe na Tarayyar Soviet tare da aikin soja na tilas a cikin jihar, maza da aka ɗauka ba su dace da aikin soja ba na yau da kullun amma ba su dace ba don wasu ayyuka, da kuma masu iya aiki da yawa, an sanya su a cikin battalions na gini (стройбаты) na Sojojin Soviet. Irin wannan rassan sojoji sun kasance a wasu ƙasashen Gabashin Turai a duk lokacin kwaminisanci tsakanin ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II da ƙarshen shekarun 1980. Misali mai ban sha'awa shine Sojojin Gine-gine na Bulgarian (Строителни Войски), wanda aka fara kafawa a 1920 don kauce wa iyakokin girman sojoji da Yarjejeniyar Neuilly-Sur-Seine ta sanya a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na I. A cikin shekaru wannan reshe ya zama cakuda ƙungiyar injiniyoyi da kuma hanyar da wasu za su cika aikin da ake bukata a wurin a lokacin kwaminisanci a kasar.
## Manazarta
Hukumar yaki da fataucin mutane ta kasa

Hukumar yaki da fataucin mutane (NAATIP) hukuma ce ta gwamnatin Gambiya da ke da alhakin yaki da fatauchin mutane da aikin tilas.

## Tarihi
An kafa NAATIP a cikin 2007 ta hanyar ƙuduri na Majalisar Dokokin Gambiya kuma tana aiki a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Shari'a. Ya fara aiki a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 2011. 

Ana ɗaukar fataucin mutane a matsayin muhimmiyar matsala a Gambiya. A cewar Darakta Jawara-Ceesay, Gambiya tana aiki ne a matsayin tushen fataucin mutane, tare da tilasta wa Gambiyawa yin aiki a kasashen waje. Har ila yau, ƙasa ce mai wucewa da makoma ga wadanda ke fama da fataucin mutane da aka tilasta musu yin aiki a cikin Gambiya. Mata, 'yan mata, kuma, har zuwa wani mataki, ana tilasta wa yara maza yin aikin jima'i da nau'o'i daban-daban na aikin tilas. Wadanda abin ya shafa suna fuskantar zargi kuma suna da iyakantaccen damar samun sabis na tallafi.

Wani rahoto na 2020 daga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya lura cewa, duk da kokarin, gwamnatin Gambiya ba ta cika cikakkun ka'idoji don yaki da fataucin mutane ba. A mayar da martani, Shugaba Adama Barrow ya ba da umarnin karuwar ma'aikata da inganta tilasta bin iyaka.

A shekara ta 2015, an yanke wa wani mutum hukunci kan fataucin 'yan mata 19 na Gambiya. Ya zuwa tsakiyar 2021, NAATIP ta ba da rahoton cewa ana gurfanar da shari'o'in fataucin mutane 15 a kotunan Gambiya.

## Manufofin
Babban burin NAATIP sun haɗa da wayar da kan jama'a, samar da horo, da kuma ilimantar da jama'ar Gambiya game da fataucin mutane. Hukumar ta kuma horar da 'yan sanda, ma'aikatan tsaro, da jami'an kan iyaka kan magance shari'o'in fataucin mutane.

NAATIP tana aiki tare da kungiyoyin yaki da fataucin mutane a kasashe makwabta, kamar su Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Kasa (NAPTIP) a Najeriya.
## Manazarta
Bacewar Holocene

Bacewar Holocene, wanda kuma ake magana da shi azaman ɓarnar Anthropocene   ko ɓarnar taro na shida, [5] [6] wani lamari ne mai ci gaba da lalacewa wanda ayyukan ɗan adam ke haifarwa kawai a lokacin zamanin Holocene.[7] [8] Wannan taron ɓarkewar ya ƙunshi iyalai da yawa na tsire-tsire[9] [10] [11] da dabbobi, gami da dabbobi masu shayarwa, tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu rarrafe, amphibians, kifi, da invertebrates, suna tasiri duka nau'ikan ƙasa da na ruwa.[12] Yaduwar lalacewar wuraren da ake samun rabe-raben halittu irin su murjani reef da dazuzzukan dazuka ya kara ta'azzara rikicin. Yawancin waɗannan batattu ba su da takaddun shaida, kamar yadda galibi ba a gano nau'ikan ba kafin bacewar su.

Ana ƙididdige ƙimar ɓarna na yanzu a sau 100 zuwa 1,000 sama da ƙimar ɓarna na asalin halitta [13][14] [15] [16] [17] kuma suna haɓaka.[18] A cikin shekaru 100-200 da suka gabata, asarar rayayyun halittu ya kai irin wannan matakan ban tsoro[14] wanda wasu masana ilimin halitta a yanzu sun yi imanin cewa ayyukan ɗan adam sun haifar da bacewar jama'a, [19] [20] ko kuma suna kan hanyar yin hakan.[21][22]. Don haka, bayan ɓarkewar “Big Five”, an kira taron ɓarna na Holocene a matsayin ɓarna ta shida.[23] [24] [25] [26] Duk da haka, idan aka yi la'akari da kwanan nan game da kawar da yawan jama'a na Capitanian, an kuma ba da shawarar kalmar halakar taro ta bakwai.[27][28]

Marigayi Mobintocene ya mamaye shekaru 50,000 zuwa 10,000 da suka gabata), a cikin manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa - har da kashi 81% na Megerierbores. [29] Ana ci gaba da yin muhawara mai ƙarfi game da mahimmancin alaƙar abubuwan da ke tattare da ɗan adam da canjin yanayi, amma wani bita na baya-bayan nan ya kammala cewa akwai ƙaramin shaida ga babban rawar da canjin yanayi da kuma “ƙarfi” shaida ga ayyukan ɗan adam a matsayin babban direba.[31] Misalai daga yankuna irin su New Zealand, Madagascar, da Hawaii sun nuna yadda mulkin mallaka na ɗan adam da lalata wuraren zama suka haifar da babbar hasarar rayayyun halittu.

A cikin karni na 20, yawan bil'adama ya ninka sau hudu, kuma tattalin arzikin duniya ya karu sau ashirin da biyar.[32][33] Wannan lokacin, wanda galibi ana kiransa Babban Haɗawa, ya tsananta bacewar nau'ikan nau'ikan.[34][35] Dan Adam ya zama "mafi girman girman duniya" wanda ba a taba ganin irinsa ba,[36] yana farautar manya manyan mafarauta, mamaye wuraren wasu nau'ikan,[37] da kuma wargaza gidajen abinci.[38] Sakamakon haka, masana kimiyya da yawa sun amince da ra'ayin Paul Crutzen game da Anthropocene don bayyana ikon ɗan adam na duniya.

## Manazarta
Kumfan carbon

Kumfa carbon wani kumfa ne da aka zayyana a cikin kimar kamfanonin da suka dogara da samar da makamashi mai tushen burbushin mai, sakamakon raguwar darajar albarkatun mai a nan gaba yayin da suke zama mara amfani don saduwa da kasafin kuɗi na carbon da kuma sanin abubuwan da ba su da kyau na makamashin carbon wanda har yanzu ba a yi la'akari da ƙimar kasuwancin hannun jari na kamfani ba.

Duk da yake mafi yawan kamfen don rage saka hannun jari, samarwa, da amfani da burbushin mai ya dogara ne akan dalilai na ɗabi'a,  manazarta harkokin kuɗi, masana tattalin arziki, da cibiyoyin kuɗi sun ƙara yin jayayya da yin hakan saboda dalilai na kuɗi.[6][7] Don haka, farashin burbushin mai yadda ya kamata bisa ka'idar kumfa carbon na nufin makamashin da za a sabunta zai zama mafi ban sha'awa don saka hannun jari a cikinsa, sabili da haka yana hanzarta sauyawa zuwa makamashi mai dorewa.[8]

Yawancin masu saka hannun jari a duk faɗin duniya suna tara jari don haƙon mai. Koyaya, kamar yadda asusun yanzu ya riga ya wuce kasafin kuɗin carbon waɗannan sabbin ajiyar ba sa yuwuwa a yi amfani da su, ma'ana ƙimar waɗannan saka hannun jari za ta sami raguwa sosai.[9][10] Duk da haka, a halin yanzu ana ƙarfafa masu zuba jari ta hanyar zagayowar sakamakon kwata da ka'idojin lissafin yanzu don yin watsi da waɗannan batutuwan na dogon lokaci don samun riba mafi girma na ɗan gajeren lokaci.[9] Babbar matsala ga gwamnatoci da masu zuba jari ita ce sake daidaita darajar waɗannan jari tare da lalacewar tattalin arziki ko kasuwa sosai.[9] Ƙididdigar da Kepler Cheuvreux ya yi ya sanya asarar a cikin darajar kamfanonin mai saboda tasirin haɓakar masana'antu masu sabuntawa a kan dalar Amurka tiriliyan 28 a cikin shekaru ashirin masu zuwa.[11][12] Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan da Citi ya yi ya sanya wannan adadi ya kai dala tiriliyan 100.[13][14]

A cikin 2021, wani bincike ya gano kashi 90% na kwal da kashi 60% na man fetur da iskar gas ba za a iya hakowa ba idan har ana iya samun damar ko da kashi 50% na kiyaye dumama duniya kasa da 1.5C.

## Manazarta
Tsibirin Bangabandhu

**Tsibirin Bangabandhu**, wanda kuma aka sani da **tsibirin Putney**,   tsibiri ne a cikin Bay na Bengal, 10&nbsp;km kudu da Dublar Char, in Khulna, Bangladesh . Wani sabon wurin yawon bude ido ne a gundumar Khulna .   

## Wuri
Tsibirin Bangabandhu yana cikin kewayon Satkhira na Sundarbans . Tsibirin yana kan Bay na Bengal, 15&nbsp;km daga Hiran Point a Sundarbans da 20&nbsp;km daga Dublar Char.  

## Tarihi
An gano wanzuwar tsibirin a cikin hotunan tauraron dan adam tun 1976. Bayan haka tsibirin a wasu lokuta ya sake farfadowa kuma ya sake nutsewa.  A cikin 1992, yayin da ake kamun kifi a cikin teku, wani mai kamun kifi mai suna Malek Farazi, wanda ya kasance masoyin shugaban farko na Bangladesh, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (wanda aka fi sani da "Bangabandhu"), ya fara gano tsibirin da aka tada tare da wasu masunta biyu. A lokacin, Farazi ya sanyawa tsibirin da ba kowa a cikin sunan Rahman kuma ya sanya allo a wurin mai dauke da sunan tsibirin. 

Bayan 2004, girman tsibirin a hankali ya daidaita. Tun daga wannan lokacin, tsibirin yana girma a hankali ba tare da nutsewa ba. A cikin 2017, wasu masu bincike daga Jami'ar Dhaka sun tafi sabon tsibiri da aka tada. Sun zauna a can na tsawon kwanaki uku a jere kuma sun gudanar da bincike iri-iri na kimiyya da suka hada da ƙasa na ciki, binciken DCP da nazarin gani na tsibirin. 

## Matsayin ƙasa da yanayin ƙasa
Da farko, tsibirin yana da kadada 2 kacal, amma a yau ya kai kusan murabba'in kilomita 10.  Sama da matakin teku, tsayinsa ya kai kimanin mita 2. Tsibirin na da bakin teku mai yashi wanda tsawon kilomita 9 da fadin mita 500.  Akwai ƙananan yashi ko yashi a bayan tsibirin. A cikin kasa da shekaru goma, an samu sararin gandun daji da dajin mangrove a tsibirin. 

## Flora da fauna
Dangane da bambancin halittu, flora da fauna na tsibirin sun bambanta sosai. Tsibirin yana da wadataccen ɗimbin halittu, tare da kyakkyawan gudu na jajayen kaguwa marasa adadi, ruwa mai tsabta, da rairayin bakin teku masu yashi.  Da farko, nau'ikan kaguwa guda huɗu, nau'ikan molluscs 16 (katantanwa, kawa, da sauransu), nau'ikan plankton takwas da nau'ikan barnacles guda biyu an samo su a tsibirin. Bayan haka, an sami nau'in ascidian a tsibirin, wanda shine na farko a Bangladesh. Ana samun nau'ikan kwari iri-iri ciki har da ciyawa, malam buɗe ido, da ƙudan zuma a tsakanin dabbobin ƙasa. 

## Manazarta
Shirin Welspun Solar MP

**Aikin Welspun Solar MP** tashar wutar lantarki ce mai karfin megawatt 151 (MW) dake cikin kauyen Bhagwanpura, kudu da Diken, a cikin Jawad tehsil na gundumar Neemuch, Madhya Pradesh, tsakiyar Indiya . 

Aiki tun watan Fabrairun shekarar 2014, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan wutar lantarki na hasken rana  a Indiya.  An gina aikin MP na Welspun Solar akan kudi crore rupees 1,100 (kimanin dalar Amurka miliyan 182) akan  na fili. Yana ba da wutar lantarki a farashin 8.05 rupees kowace kW·h ( cents 13,31/kW·h). Welspun Energy Ltd. (WEL) ya gina masana'antar ta hannun reshensa, *Welspun Solar Madhya Pradesh Private Limited* (WSMPPL). Aikin yana rage ton 216,372 na hayakin Carbon duk shekara da kuma samar da wutar lantarki ga gidaje 624,000.

Matsakaicin ikon amfani da waɗannan tsire-tsire na hasken rana yana da mahimmanci sama da ƙa'idar CREC 19%.  Modulolin PV na hasken rana suna amfani da fasahar photovoltaic na polycrystalline silicon, kowannensu yana da ƙarfin module na 235.&nbsp;W p, kuma an haɗa su zuwa inverters tare da fitarwa na 630&nbsp;kW ku . Ana fitar da wutar lantarkin da aka samar zuwa yankin Arewa maso Gabas-Yamma-Arewa Gabas (NEWNE) ta hanyar wutar lantarki a kasar Indiya, bayan an kara karfin da ya kai kV 132.

Wurin, wanda ke kan tudu mai tsayin mita 500, yana karɓar wasu mafi girman matakan iska a Indiya, tare da ma'aunin DNI (Direct Normal Irradiance) na kusan 2076&nbsp;kW·h/m 2 . Tsawon rayuwar da ake tsammani na tashar wutar lantarki ta hasken rana PV shine shekaru 25. 

## Manazarta
Bear Peak (Boulder County, Colorado)

**Bear Peak** babban koli ne na tsaunuka a Gabashin Gaban Dutsen Dutsen Arewacin Amurka .  kololuwa yana cikin Boulder Mountain Park,  kudu-maso-maso-yamma ( mai ɗauke da 206°) na cikin gari Boulder a cikin Boulder County, Colorado, Amurka .       

## Dutsen
Bear Peak gabaɗaya ana ɗaukarsa a ƙarshen ƙarshen Boulder's Flatirons, ƙayyadaddun dutse a mafi yammacin birnin. Tafiya zuwa saman Pear Peak sanannen aiki ne kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin tafiya mafi ƙarfi a yankin Boulder. Gaskiya ga sunanta, wani lokaci ana iya ganin bear akan hanyoyin da ke kusa. Hanyoyi biyu masu tsayi suna kaiwa ga kololuwar, Shadow Canyon da Fern Canyon. Ra'ayoyi daga saman Bear Peak suna da kyau tare da Boulder, Denver, tsaunin tsaunin Indiya, da Dutsen Dutsen National Park duk bayyane. Ba shi da aminci don yin hawan kololuwa ko kusa da taron yayin da aka yi aradu da asarar rayuka a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Baya ga yin yawo, Bear Peak yana da aƙalla nau'ikan hawan dutse guda uku kai tsaye kusa da su - The Slab, The Goose, and Seal Rock. Wadannan gyare-gyaren suna da hawan dutse daga 5.2 (sauki) zuwa 5.13 (mai wuyar gaske). A ranar 26 ga Yuni, 2012, Wutar Tuta ta barke kuma ta kona wani yanki na sama na Bear Peak. An kwashe wasu gidaje a kudancin Boulder amma babu wani gini da aka yi asarar gobarar.  Wutar Flagstaff wani bangare ne na lokacin gobara na 2012 mai cike da aiki don Colorado.

## Manazarta
'Yan mata Dutsen

**Dutsen 'yan mata** yana da  babban taron tsaunin da ke cikin tsaunin Chugach, a jihar Alaska ta Amurka. Kololuwar tana  gabas da Valdez,  arewa-arewa maso yamma na Thompson Pass, da  yamma da babbar hanyar Richardson . Ruwan hazo daga dutsen da narkakken ruwan dusar kankara yana magudawa zuwa magudanan ruwa na kogin Tsina, wanda hakan ya kasance wani bangare na magudanar ruwa na kogin Copper .

## Tarihi
Hukumar Kula da Sunayen Ƙasar Amurka ta karɓi sunan Dutsen Girls a hukumance a cikin shekarar 1964 bayan Austin Post na Binciken Yanayin ƙasa na Amurka . An ba da shawarar sunan ta hanyar ma'auni na Shekarar Geophysical na Duniya, "'Yan Matan Tasha, 1957", wanda aka sanya shi cikin kolin tudun dutse.  An yi hawan farko na kololuwa a cikin shekarar 1957 ta Austin Post da jam'iyyar USGS wadanda suka sanya ma'auni. 

## Yanayi
Dangane da rarrabuwar yanayi na Köppen, Dutsen 'yan mata yana cikin yankin yanayi mai zurfi tare da tsayi, sanyi, lokacin sanyi, da lokacin zafi mai sanyi.  Yanayin sanyi na iya faɗuwa ƙasa da -20&nbsp;°C tare da yanayin sanyin iska ƙasa -30&nbsp;°C. Wannan yanayin yana tallafawa Tsina da Worthington Glaciers da ke kewaye da dutsen. Watanni Mayu zuwa Yuni suna ba da mafi kyawun yanayi don kallo da hawa.

## Gallery

Fayil:Girls_Mountain_-_Alaska.jpg|alt=Girls Mountain centered| Dutsen 'yan matan tsakiya
Fayil:Alaska_-_Chugach_Mountains_-_NARA_-_23937583.jpg|alt=Girls Mountain (right) and Worthington Glacier| 'Yan mata Mountain (dama) da Worthington Glacier
Fayil:WORTHINGTON_GLACIER,_LOOKING_WEST_TOWARD_THE_GLACIER_RICHARDSON_HIGHWAY_AND_GIRLS_MOUNTAIN,_THE_PROMINENT_PEAK_ON_THE..._-_NARA_-_555664.jpg|alt=Girls Mountain at upper right| Dutsen 'yan mata a saman dama


## Manazarta
Mary Lee Sargent

## Jagorancin Rukunin Tushen Jama'a na aji na biyu

Sargent ya kasance babban memba na ƙungiyar mata na Grassroots Group of Class Citizens na biyu, ƙungiyar da ta goyi bayan amincewa da Daidaita Haƙƙin Ƙimar (ERA).  Ƙungiyar ta shirya Ranar Tawaye a Illinois a cikin 1982 kuma Sargent ya kasance mai magana da yawun kungiyar.  An dauki hoton Sargent sanye da sarkoki a wajen Majalisar Dattijan Jihar Illinois ta Anne Leibowitz kuma hoton ya gudana a cikin Mujallar Life .  Lokacin da 'yan jarida suka tambayi Sargent ko ta damu da dabarun aikin kai tsaye na iya kashe wasu magoya bayan ERA sai ta amsa, "Ya yi latti don haka ... muna nan don tayar da rikici."  An dauki hoton Sargent a cikin 1982 tare da Sonia Johnson wanda ya kasance

a kan dogon lokaci azumi don ERA a gidan jihar Illinois. 

## Taimakawa ga haƙƙin LGBT
A cikin 1979, Sargent ta shiga zanga-zangar jama'a ta farko don 'yancin LGBT a Washington, DC  A cikin 1980s, ta shirya Cibiyar Mata ta Lavendar Prairie Women's Center. 

## Mata Masu Tashi A Juriya
Sargent ya kasance mai haɗin gwiwa na sanannen kungiyar Mata Rising in Resistance .  An san ƙungiyar da zanga-zangar mata kai tsaye. An ƙirƙira shi bayan shan kashi na ERA a Illinois a cikin 1982. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Sargent a Texas a cikin 1940.  A cikin 1980s ta zauna a Champaign-Urbanan, Illinois.  Sargent ya kasance farfesa na dogon lokaci a Nazarin Mata da Tarihi a Kwalejin Parkland a Illinois.  A cikin 1984 ta nemi kujera a Kwamitin Amintattu na Jami'ar Illinois. 

A farkon 1990s ta yi amfani da lokaci mai yawa a New Harmony, Indiana kuma an santa da ƙaunar ciyayi na prairie. Mazauna yankin suna kiranta da "Prairie Mary." 

## Manazarta
Hukuncin kisa a Aruba

An haramta hukuncin kisa a Aruba ta hanyar Sashe na I.4 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Aruba tun daga 1 ga Janairu, 1986, ranar da Aruba ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta a cikin Masarautar Netherlands. Hada haramcin hukuncin kisa a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin ya biyo bayan misalin da aka samu daga kundin tsarin mulkin Netherlands na 1983, amma maimakon a saka shi a sashen shari'a kamar yadda aka yi a misalin, an sanya shi a cikin hakkin asali, tare da Sashe na I.3 game da rashin tabbas ga jiki, don tabbatar da cewa haramcin ba zai zama na masu shari'a kawai ba.

## References
Jerin duwatsu masu aman wuta a Ostiraliya

Jerin duwatsu masu aiki, da marasa aiki  a cikin Ostiraliya. In aka  Lura cewa ana amfani da kalmar volcano a hankali kamar yadda zai iya haɗawa da ƙungiyoyin tsaunuka masu kama da wuta waɗanda suka fashe a lokaci guda tare da lava na asali. Lissafin da aka bayar a ƙasa galibi dutsen tsaunuka ne na shekarun Cenozoic, tare da wasu fitattun tsofaffi (Mesozoic da Paleozoic tsofaffi), an haɗa dutsen mai aman wuta. Babu wani dutse mai aman wuta a babban yankin Ostiraliya da ya barke tun lokacin da Turawa suka zauna, amma wasu filaye a Victoria da Kudancin Ostireliya da Arewacin Queensland na iya zama shaida ga mutanen Aborigin shekaru dubu da dama da suka gabata, duk da haka babu tabbacin hakan. Akwai duwatsu masu aman wuta a cikin Heard da McDonald Islands.

## Jihohin Australiya

### New South Wales

### Victoria

### Kudancin Australia
Dutsen aman wuta na Kudancin Ostireliya shi ne mafi ƙanƙanta a Ostiraliya, kuma ya fashe a cikin tunawa da ƴan asalin yankin. Dukkansu suna cikin yankin Limestone Coast, a cikin Dutsen Burr Range. Ana ɗaukar su a kwance maimakon batattu.

### Yammacin Ostiraliya
Babu wasu tsaunuka masu aiki ko na barci a Yammacin Ostiraliya, ko da yake akwai adadin da batattu, da shaidar ƙasa na wasu. Akwai ƙananan tsaunuka goma sha tara da suka bace a cikin kwarin kogin Fitzroy a yankin Kimberley na yammacin Ostiraliya. Har ila yau, Kimberley yana da ƙungiyoyin maɓuɓɓugan ruwa masu zafi, waɗanda za su iya haɗawa da aikin volcanic wanda ya haifar da tsaunuka masu tsaunuka (amma tun da waɗannan nau'o'in dutsen suna Proterozoic a shekaru - watau watakila shekaru biliyan, wannan zai zama mai wuya). Hakanan akwai adibas na basalt a Bunbury da Cape Gosselin.

### Tasmania
}
|Shekaru miliyan 500 da suka gabata
|-
|Dutsen Tor
|1105
|3625
|
|Shekaru miliyan 500 da suka gabata
|-
|Dutsen Julia
|843
|2766
|
|Shekaru miliyan 500 da suka gabata
|-
|Dutsen Cripps
|943
|3,094
|
|Shekaru miliyan 500 da suka gabata
|-
|Dutsen Karanta Volcanics
|1.123
|3.684
|
|Shekaru miliyan 500 da suka gabata
|}

## Yankuna

### Babban Birnin Ostiraliya

### Heard da McDonald Islands

### Tsibirin Ubangiji Howe

### Yankin Antarctic na Ostiraliya

### Tsibirin Norfolk
Tsibirin Norfolk da Tsibirin Nepean da ke makwabtaka da Tsibirin Phillip sune ragowar dutse mai tsawo.

## Tekun Tasman

## Sauran
Yankin ruwa na Marinha

**Praia da Marinha** (a cikin Turanci : *Navy Beach* ko *Marinha Beach*  ) yana ɗaya daga cikin rairayin bakin teku masu kyau na Portugal tare da yanayin zafi mai zafi na Bahar Rum, wanda yake a bakin tekun Atlantika a Caramujeira, wani ɓangare na gundumar Lagoa, Algarve, kuma Jagoran Michelin yayi la'akari da daya daga cikin 10 mafi kyaun rairayin bakin teku masu a Turai kuma a matsayin daya daga cikin rairayin bakin teku masu kyau 10 a duniya.  A cikin 1998, an kuma ba shi lambar yabo ta *"Golden Beach"* ta Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Portugal saboda fitattun halaye na halitta. Bugu da ƙari, yawancin hotuna na wannan bakin teku an yi amfani da su sau da yawa a cikin kayan talla da kuma "Jagororin Portugal" da aka rarraba a duniya. Tekun da kanta yana da ƙanƙanta da yashi, kuma dutsen dutsen lemu na orange yana iyaka da wannan sanannen bakin teku. Har ila yau rairayin bakin teku yana da ɗan wahala don isa wurin, yana ɗan nesa da babban titin kuma hanyar ƙafa yana ɗaukar gangara mai kaifi. 

Wannan rairayin bakin teku ba wai kawai sanannen dutse ba ne, amma har ma da ingancin ruwa. Marinha Beach sau da yawa ana amfani da hukumomin talla na kasa da kasa da masu samar da talabijin a yakin talla.

A cikin 2018, tashar talabijin ta Amurka CNN ta zaɓi Marinha Beach a cikin Algarve a matsayin ɗayan 20 mafi kyau a duniya a cikin nau'ikan rairayin bakin teku masu tare da tsaunuka. 

A cikin 2019, CNN ta sake zabar Marinha Beach a matsayin rairayin bakin teku na Fotigal tare da lambar yabo don mafi kyawun wurin da za a ziyarta a cikin Satumba kuma a matsayin ɗayan mafi kyawun wurare a duniya. 

## Gallery

Fayil:Praia_da_Marinha_(2012-09-27),_by_Klugschnacker_in_Wikipedia_(90).JPG| Marinha Beach
Fayil:Praia_da_Marinha_(2012-09-27),_by_Klugschnacker_in_Wikipedia_(1).JPG| Marinha Beach
Fayil:Praia_da_Marinha_(2012-09-27),_by_Klugschnacker_in_Wikipedia_(26).JPG| Marinha Beach
Fayil:Praia_da_Marinha_(2012-09-27),_by_Klugschnacker_in_Wikipedia_(31).JPG| Marinha Beach
Fayil:Praia_de_Marinha.jpg| Marinha Beach


## Manazarta
Hukuncin kisa a Paraguay

An soke Hukuncin kisa a Paraguay. An soke shi a shekara ta 1992 ta hanyar kundin tsarin mulki. Ayyukan kisa na ƙarshe a Paraguay an gudanar da shi a shekarar 1928.

Paraguay ta yi jefa ƙuri'a na goyon baya ga dakatarwar Dakatarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan hukuncin kisa  sau takwas a jere: a shekarun 2007, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018, da 2020. Haka kuma ta amince da Yarjejeniya ta Biyu ta Zaɓi ga Yarjejeniyar Duniya kan Haƙƙin ɗan Adam na Siyasa da na Zamani a ranar 18 ga Agusta, 2003.

## References
Kinbazhin

**Kinbazhin** ( Armenian   ), ƙungiya ce ta mata a Armeniya, wadda aka kafa a cikin 1920. Ita ce reshen Armenia na Zhenotdel, kuma tana da aikin gabatar da sabon matsayin mata a Armeniya SSR.  Duk da yake ba ta cimma kyakkyawar manufa ta al'ummar gurguzu ba, ta sami sauyi na juyin juya hali a rayuwar mata a Armeniya .

## Tarihi
Lokacin da Armeniya ta kasance na Rasha, ƙungiyar matan Armeniya ta yi rauni sosai. Yayin da makarantar sakandare ga 'yan mata ta kasance a Armeniya daga 1850, yawancin mata sun yi rayuwa ta al'ada, kuma lokacin da Armeniya ta zama wani ɓangare na Tarayyar Soviet a 1920, ana ganin halin da mata a Armeniya yake a cikin mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin Jamhuriyar Soviet . Kamar yadda yake a sauran jamhuriyar Soviet, hukumomi sun gabatar da wani babin mata na Zhenotdel don gabatar da sauye-sauye a matsayin mata.

### Siyasa da aiki
Ra'ayin Tarayyar Soviet shine cewa matan Armeniya su bar al'adar bambancin jinsi, su daina rufe fuskokinsu, su ilmantar da kansu, sun zama masu ilimin siyasa kuma su fara aiki da ba da gudummawa ga tattalin arziki, kuma manufar ita ce samar da mata masu kula da yara da kuma karfafa maza su raba aikin gida don yin hakan zai yiwu.  Kinbazhin sun kai ziyara gida tare da sanar da mata irin rawar da suke takawa a cikin al'umma da sabbin hakkokin da aka ba su don cika su da kuma taimaka musu wajen amfani da su; Daga cikin haƙƙoƙin akwai haƙƙin mata na ilimi, haƙƙin ƙwararru, haƙƙin haɓakawa, kula da yara, rigakafin hana haihuwa da zubar da ciki.  

### Rushewa
A shekara ta 1930, an soke Zhenotdel saboda ra'ayi ne a hukumance na gwamnatin Soviet cewa a yanzu an samu nasarar samar da daidaito tsakanin jinsi a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, wanda kuma ya haifar da kawar da kwatankwacinta a cikin jamhuriyar Soviet daban-daban, kamar Kinbazhin ta Armeniya.

## Manazarta
Ayyuka

***Craftopia*** wani shirin talabijin ne na gaskiya na Amurka wanda aka fara nunawa a HBO Max a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2020.  A watan Oktoba na 2020, an sabunta shirin don kakar wasa ta biyu.  A watan Agusta na 2022, an soke shirin. 

## Gidaje
Craftopia gasa ce ta sana'a da ke da alaƙa da matasa, inda shekarun masu fafatawa ke tsakanin 9 zuwa 15. Ana bai wa masu fafatawa ƙalubale don ƙirƙirar abubuwa daban-daban a cikin wani lokaci. Kafin kowace ƙalubale, masu fafatawa suna yin tsere don cika kekunansu da kayan aiki daga "shagon", sannan su yi aiki don ƙirƙirar abubuwa daban-daban bisa ga umarnin da aka bayar. Manufar ita ce gina abin da alkalai suka ɗauka a matsayin mafi kyawun ƙirƙira gaba ɗaya don kawo "Craftrophia da $5,000".

## Shirye-shirye

## Samarwa
B17 Entertainment, wani reshe na Industrial Media ne ya shirya wannan shirin, kuma Lauren Riihimaki, wanda aka fi sani da LaurDIY, ce ta dauki nauyin shirin. An fara sanar da shirin a watan Oktoba na 2019.  A watan Afrilun 2020, an tabbatar da cewa *Craftopia* za ta fara aiki tare da HBO Max a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2020. 

## Manazarta
James W. Ivy

**James W. Ivy** (1901 – 1974) malami ne kuma ɗan jarida Ba’amurke. Ya gyara Mujallar NAACP *[[Rikicin|The Crisis]]* daga 1950 har zuwa ritaya a 1966. 

## Rayuwa
An haifi Ivy a Danville, Virginia a ranar 16 ga Mayu, 1901, ɗan William da Nannie Ivy.  Ya yi karatu a makarantun gwamnati a Danville kafin ya sami digiri na B.Sc. daga Virginia Union University a 1925. Daga baya ya kammala karatun digiri a Jami'ar New York . 

A cikin 1926 Ivy ya fara koyar da Ingilishi da Faransanci a Makarantar Sakandare ta Baƙar fata a Hampton, Virginia . Ya ci gaba da koyarwa a manyan makarantu a North Carolina da Virginia, kuma daga 1934 zuwa 1939 ya koyar da Turanci a Cibiyar Hampton . A halin yanzu, a cikin 1930 ya shiga *cikin Crisis* a matsayin editan bita na littafi a ƙarƙashin editan WEB Du Bois . Ya ci gaba da aiki a littafin a ƙarƙashin Roy Wilkins a matsayin edita har zuwa 1942.

A 1944 ya auri Helen Marshall daga Pittsburgh . Ba su da 'ya'ya.  Daga 1945 zuwa 1946 ya kasance manajan editan New York na ci gaba na wata-wata *Common Sense* . A 1946 ya koma *The Crisis* a matsayin mataimakin edita, kuma ya gaji Wilkins a matsayin edita a 1950. 

Ivy ya yi magana da harsuna da yawa, kuma kamar yadda editan *Crisis* ya himmatu wajen ɗaukar al'ummar baki na duniya. Daga baya ya takaita akidarsa ta kishin kasa da kasa: "Na yi imani ya kamata Amurkawa Negroes su gane kamanceceniya tsakanin matsalolinsu da na bakaken fata a wasu sassan duniya".   Horace Mann Bond, Mercer Cook, John A. Davis da William T. Fontaine , Ivy yana daga cikin wakilan Afirka na Afirka zuwa Majalisar Majalissar Farko ta Marubuta da Mawaƙa a Paris a 

Ivy ya yi ritaya a watan Mayu 1966. Ya mutu sakamakon ciwon daji a ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 1974 a gidansa da ke La Salle Street, Morningside Heights, New York City. 

## Rubutu

* 'Shekaru hamsin na ci gaba a cikin adabi'. *Pittsburgh Courier*, 1950.
* 'Hikimar Baƙin Haiti: ko wasu karin magana na Haiti da aka yi la'akari da su', *Negro History Bulletin*, Vol. 4, Na 9 (1951), shafi na 197, 209-10.
* *Dangantakar tseren Brazil na yau : taƙaitaccen tarihin littafin tare da gabatarwa* . New York, 1958.

## Manazarta
Dokar nuna bambanci na Jima'i (Masu Gudanar da Zabe) Dokar 2002

**Dokar Wariyar Jima'i ('Yan takarar Zaɓe) Dokar 2002** (c.2) doka ce ta Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya . Manufar dokar ita ce keɓance zaɓen ƴan takara a zaɓen majalisar dokoki daga tanade-tanade a cikin Dokar Wariya ta Jima'i 1975 da Dokar Wariyar Jima'i (Arewacin Ireland) na 1976 waɗanda suka haramta wariyar jima'i. Manufar dokar ta baiwa jam'iyyun siyasa damar zabar 'yan takara bisa jinsi domin kara yawan wakilcin mata a siyasar Birtaniya.

* Majalisar Tarayya ;
* Majalisar Scotland ;
* Sened Cymru - Majalisar Welsh ;
* Majalisar Arewacin Ireland ;
* Zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi (ciki har da Majalisar London ); kuma
* Har zuwa 2019, Majalisar Turai .

Dokar ba ta shafi zaɓen 'yan takarar magajin birnin London ba . Jam'iyyun siyasa ne kawai suka yi rajista a karkashin Sashe na 2 na Jam'iyyun Siyasa, Zabuka da Dokar Ra'ayin Ra'ayin Jama'a na 2000 ne kawai ke cikin dokar.

Tun da farko dai an tsara dokar ta ci gaba da aiki har zuwa karshen shekarar 2015. Za a iya ba da umarnin tsawaita wa'adin idan an gabatar da wani daftarin aiki a baya, kuma aka amince da shi da wani kuduri na kowace majalisar. A ranar 6 ga Maris 2008, Ministar Mata Harriet Harman ta sanar da cewa za a tsawaita keɓe har zuwa 2030 a ƙarƙashin Dokar Daidaita 2010 .  

Jam'iyyar Labour ta yi amfani da dokar wajen gudanar da jerin sunayen mata duka, wadanda a baya sun sabawa doka a karkashin dokar nuna wariyar jinsi ta 1975 .

## Manazarta
Hukuncin kisa a Saint Kitts da Nevis

**[[Hukuncin Kisa|Hukuncin kisa]]** hukunci ne na doka a **[[Saint Kitts da Nevis|Tarayyar St. Kitts da Nevis]]**,, kuma ana aiwatar da shi ta hanyar rataye a gidan yari na Sarki a Basseterre. Hukuncin kisa na iya zama kawai ga laifin kisan kai mai tsanani da cin amanar ƙasa.

Tun bayan samun 'yancin kai a 1983, St. Kitts da Nevis ta yi hukunci da kisa ga mutane guda uku kacal, inda aka yi aiwatar da hukuncin karshe a shekarar 2008, lokacin da aka rataye Charles Laplace saboda kashe matarsa. Zuwa shekarar 2018, ƙasar ba ta da wani ɗan gidan yari da ke kan layin hukuncin kisa

St. Kitts da Nevis sun jefa ƙuri'ar kin amincewa da dakatarwar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan hukuncin kisa a shekarun 2007, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018, da 2020.

## References
Muriel Tillinghast

**Muriel Tillinghast** ɗan fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a Ba'amurke ne kuma tsohon sakataren filin wasa na Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) .  Ƙoƙarinta ya haɗa da aikin sa kai don Aikin bazara na 'Yanci a Mississippi inda ta taimaka fara mashahurin Makarantar 'Yanci ta 1964 kuma ta jagoranci Majalisar Mississippi's Council of Federated Organizations (COFO).  

## Hakkokin jama'a

### SNCC da 'Yanci Summer
Nan da nan bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Howard, Tillinghast ya ba da kansa don jagorantar aikin SNCC a Mississippi. A cikin takaicin danginta, ta yanke shawarar karɓar matsayi a Greenville, Mississippi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Aikin bazara na 1964. Shigarta a cikin Aikin bazara ya haɗa da shirya Makarantar 'Yanci don koyar da tarihin Afirka Ba'amurke da tattauna haƙƙin jama'a da haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a. A matsayinta na mai fafutuka na SNCC, ta yi aiki don yin rajistar masu jefa ƙuri'a da zazzagewa a duk faɗin gundumar.  Duk da yanayin da ba a sani ba da kuma tarihin tarihin kabilanci a Mississippi, Tillinghast ya ci gaba da jagorantar ayyukan SNCC a cikin yankunan Washington, Issaquena, da Sharkey . Daga baya ta zama darektan wannan aikin na Greenville kuma shugabar jihar COFO ta Mississippi (ƙungiyar laima da ta kula da SNCC da 1964 Summer Project), ta mai da ita ɗaya daga cikin mata uku da suka zama jagororin aiki a Mississippi.  

### Ci gaba da gwagwarmaya da aikin siyasa
Bayan Muriel Tillinghast ta shiga cikin SNCC da kuma Civil Rights Movement, ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga 'yancin ɗan adam da na jama'a. A cikin shekarun 1970s, ta zama malami a Jami'ar Atlanta School of Social Work . Tun daga wannan lokacin, ta yi aiki sosai a kan batutuwan haƙƙin masu haya da ilimin kurkuku ta hanyar rawar da ta taka a matsayin mai gudanarwa a Ma'aikatar Tsaro da Ci Gaban Gidaje ta Birnin New York kuma a matsayin mai kula da ilimin kurkukun a Birnin Brooklyn House of Detention da Rikers Island . 

A cikin 1996, an zaɓi Tillinghast a matsayin ɗan takarar New York Green Party na mataimakin shugaban ƙasa tare da Ralph Nader . 

## Magana
Erika Miranda

**Érika de Souza Miranda** (an haife ta a ranar 4 ga watan Yunin na shekara ta 1987) 'yar wasan judoka ce ta kasar  Brazil . 

Ta lashe lambar azurfa a cikin rabin nauyi -52 kg division a Wasannin Pan American na shekarar ta 2011 a Guadalajara, Mexico . Ta yi gasa a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar ta 2016 a gasar cin kofin mata ta 52 kg, inda ta rasa lambar tagulla ga Misato Nakamura .  Ta kuma taka rawar gani a wannan rukuni a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar ta 2012 amma an kori ta a zagaye karo na biyu.&nbsp;

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje
Hukuncin kisa a Austria

An soke hukuncin kisa a Ostiriya a shekarar 1787, duk da haka an mayar da shi a shekarar 1795. Ba kamar sauran ƙasashe da ke da ƙaramin shekarun da za a iya aiwatar da hukuncin kisa na shekaru 18 ba, Dokar Habsburg da aka kafa a 1919 ta kafa ƙaramin shekarun aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a Ostiriya a shekara 20.

Hanyar aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a Ostiriya ita ce rataye har sai lokacin da Nazi Jamus ta mamaye kasar (1938-1945), lokacin da aka maye gurbinta da guillotine. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, Birtaniya ta sake dawo da hanyar rataye. Mutumin ƙarshe da aka aiwatar da hukunci a Ostiriya shi ne Johann Trnka, wanda aka rataye a ranar 24 ga Maris, 1950 saboda laifin kisa. An soke hukuncin kisa ga laifin kisa a ranar 30 ga Yuni, 1950. Sai dai aiwatar da hukunci ya ci gaba cikin shekarun 1950 karkashin dokar soja ta Allied a yankin mamayar Soviet, inda aka gudanar da ƙarshe aiwatarwar kafin 1955, lokacin da mamayar ta ƙare. An soke hukuncin kisa gaba ɗaya a watan Fabrairu, 1968. Ostiriya tana daga cikin ƙasashen da suka rattafa hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Zaɓi ta Biyu ga ICCPR (ta amince a 1993), Yarjejeniyar No. 6 zuwa ECHR (1984), da Yarjejeniyar No. 13 zuwa ECHR (2004).

## References
Siyarwar yara

** gwanjon yara ** (Yaren mutanen Sweden: barnauktion, Finnish: huutolaisuus) al'ada ce ta tarihi a cikin Sweden da Finland a cikin ƙarni na 19 da farkon 20th, inda aka hau kan yara marayu da matalauta a cikin gwanjo. Sunan *auction*, duk da haka, baya nufin ainihin gwanjon bayi, saboda ba a taɓa siyan yaran da ke cikin waɗannan gwanjon ta hanyar shari'a ba, amma sunan ya zama sunan gama gari na wannan sana'a.**
**

An ba da yaran ga mutumin da ke neman mafi ƙarancin kuɗi daga hukumomi don samar da yaron. An ƙaddara diyya a cikin Siyarwar Ingilishi, inda yara suka kasance. Wanda ya fi ƙarancin tayin ya zama iyayen da ke kula da yaron kuma an biya shi da adadin shekara-shekara daidai da tayin. Iyaye masu kula da yara sun ba yaron gidaje, girma da ilimi, amma ana amfani da yara sau da yawa don aikin yara. Musamman a cikin ƙauyukan Finland, yara da aka siyar a gwanjo yawanci suna rayuwa cikin yanayi mara kyau kuma ana wulakanta su. cr.d.

An haramta sayar da yara a Sweden a 1918  kuma a Finland a 1923.  Koyaya, har yanzu ana shirya gwanjo a Finland har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1930. An gudanar da gwanjon yara na ƙarshe da aka sani a cikin 1935. Wasu daga cikin yaran har yanzu suna zaune tare da iyayensu a cikin shekarun 1940.

Daga cikin sanannun mutanen da aka sayar a cikin tallace-tallace na yara sune ɗan siyasan Sweden Fredrik Vilhelm Thorsson, wanda daga baya ya zama Ministan Kudi na Sweden,  wanda ya kafa makarantar Sweden Hanna Lindmark,  'yan siyasa na Finland Eino Kujanpää,  Jukka Lankila  da Vasili Suosaari,  da kuma marubucin Finland Joel Lehtonen [4] [5]  .

An kuma gudanar da irin wannan ayyukan a wasu ƙasashen Turai, kamar ma'aikatar *Verdingkinder* a Switzerland.
## Manazarta
Hukuncin kisa a Azerbaijan

An soke hukuncin kisa a **[[Azerbaijan]]** a shekarar 1998. Ayyukan kisa na ƙarshe a Azerbaijan an yi shi a shekarar 1993 ta hanyar harbin bindiga ɗaya kacal. Yarjejeniya ta No. 6 zuwa ECHR ta fara aiki a wannan ƙasa a ranar 25 ga Janairu, 2001, inda aka maye gurbin hukuncin kisa da ɗaurin rai a gidan yari na har abada.

## References
https://web.archive.org/web/20050324105012/http://www.geocities.com/richard.clark32%40btinternet.com/europe.html
Hukuncin kisa a Ghana

Hukuncin kisa hukunci ne na doka a Ghana amma kawai ga laifin babban cin amanar ƙasa. Ghana ta aiwatar da hukunci na ƙarshe a shekarar 1993. Hanyar aiwatar da hukuncin ita ce ta harbin bindiga daga rundunar sojoji. Ana ɗaukar Ghana a matsayin ƙasa mai "soke hukuncin kisa a aikace." Har zuwa shekarar 2023, hukuncin kisa yana daga cikin tilas ga wasu laifuka na yau da kullum.

An yanke sabbin hukuncin kisa guda bakwai a shekarar 2021, yayin da mutane 165 ke kan layin hukuncin kisa a Ghana a ƙarshen shekarar 2021.

A ranar 25 ga Yuli, 2023, Majalisar Dokokin Ghana ta kada ƙuri’ar soke hukuncin kisa a matsayin hukuncin doka ga laifukan yau da kullum. Duk da haka, hukuncin kisa ya ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin hukunci a kundin tsarin mulki na ƙasa ga babban laifin cin amanar ƙasa. An gyara kundin dokokin ƙasar domin maye gurbin hukuncin kisa da ɗaurin rai da rai. Wannan kudirin doka ya fito ne daga Francis-Xavier Kojo Sosu, wanda ya bayyana shi a matsayin “babban cigaba ga tarihin kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam a Ghana.

Soke hukuncin kisa a Ghana ba ya aiki da baya; wato, ba ya shafar laifukan da aka aikata kafin dokar ta fara aiki. A watan Agusta 2023, har yanzu ana yanke hukuncin kisa ga laifukan da aka aikata kafin soke hukuncin ya fara aiki.

## References
Leandro Guilheiro

**Leandro Marques Guilheiro** (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1983) Dan kasar Brazilian male judoka. Yaci  azurfa a gasar nauyi  (‍–‍73&nbsp;kg) division at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece and at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. He became the first Brazilian judoka to win medals at two consecutive Olympic Games.&#x5B;**&#x5D; Guilheiro plays a classical style of judo fighting in an upright stance and using techniques such as uchi mata, ippon seoi nage, morate seoi nage and o soto gari.  He has done modeling work in Brazil.

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje
Tsibirin Al Safliya

**Tsibirin Al Safliya** (Laraci: اَلْجَزِيرَة اَلسَّافِلِيَّة, rumanci: *Jazīrat as Sāfliya*) tsibiri ne dake bakin gabar Doha babban birnin kasar Qatar. 

Tsibirin yana da nisan mil 3 arewa da Ras Abu Aboud. Shahararriyar wurin yawon buɗe ido tsakanin mazauna wurin, tafiya ta jirgin ruwa daga Doha yana ɗaukar kusan mintuna 30 zuwa 40. 

## Asalin suna
A harshen Larabci, sunan tsibirin yana nufin "ƙasa" ko "ƙarƙashi", yana nufin wurinsa a kudancin Al Aaliya Island.

## Bayani
Tsibirin Al Safliya yana da nisan mil 2 gabas zuwa yamma, kunkuntar sosai, kuma yana lankwasa da gefen arewacin tashar Doha ; yana da ƙasa, yashi kuma yana da gungu na ciyawa. Reef na arewa yana aiwatar da mil 1 ½ kudu maso gabas daga tsibirin; Yashi ne galibi, kuma a wajen ƙofar shiga yana tafiya arewa maso gabas da arewa har tsawon mil ɗaya.

Ba kamar Halul ko Shra'ouh ba, waɗanda ke kan tsaffin tsaunukan dutse masu ƙaƙƙarfan ƙazamin dutse, Al Safliya da farko ya ƙunshi gine-ginen murjani na murjani, kama da Al Aaliya na kusa. 

## Kiyayewa
A shekara ta 2015, Ma'aikatar Gundumomi da Muhalli ta kaddamar da aikin tsaftace tsibirin Al Safliya wanda ya hada da cire sharar gida da gwangwani na robobi da baƙi suka bari a tsibirin. Sun kuma sanya pergolas 35.

## Manazarta
Rangabali Upazila

**Rangabali** wani yanki ne na Upazila na gundumar Patuakhali a cikin sashin Barisal, Bangladesh . 

## Wuri
**Rangabali** **Upazila** yana kudu maso kudu na gundumar Patuakhali a cikin chars na Bay na Bengal. Kogin Chalitabunia da Agunmukha da Char Biswas a arewa, tashar Ramnabad da Kalapara Upazila a yamma, Char Kurri-Mukri a Char Fasson Upazila a gabas da Bay na Bengal a kudu.

## Yankunan Gudanarwa
A halin yanzu akwai ƙungiyoyi 6 a Rangabali upazila. Ayyukan gudanarwa na duka upazila suna ƙarƙashin ofishin 'yan sanda na Rangabali.

Ƙungiyoyi:

# Rangabali Sadar Union
# Kungiyar Boro Baishadia
# Kungiyar Chhoto Baishdia
# Kungiyar Char Momtaz
# Kungiyar Chalitabunia
# Maudubi Union (wanda aka kafa daga Bara

## Tarihi
**Sunan Upazila:** Ba a san ainihin tarihin sunan Rangabali upazila ba. Duk da haka, an ce saboda ƙirƙirar sabon shiryayye a cikin teku, yashin wannan shelf ya kasance ja a cikin juyin halitta. Kalmar 'ja' ana kiranta da 'ranga' a gida. Wannan shine asalin sunan "Rangabali". Masana tarihi sun ce a cikin 184, wasu mutanen Rakhine sun tsere daga jihar Arakan suka zauna a yankin. Daga nan ne aka fara sasantawa a wannan yanki.

**Asalin Upazila:** An ba da izinin gudanarwa na Rangabali Upazila a kan 6 Yuni 2011 a taron 105th na Nikar (Kwamitin Aiwatar da Kasa don Gyara Gudanarwa). Bayan haka, an buga Gazette na Bangladesh a ranar 13 ga Yuni 2011. An ƙaddamar da Upazila a cikin 2012.

## Alkaluma
Yawan jama'a na yanzu kamar yadda ƙidayar 2011 ta Bangladesh ta kasance 103,003 a cikin gidaje 22,588. 26914 (26.13%) sun kasance ƙasa da shekaru 10. Rangabali yana da maza 52,403 da mata 50,600 akan rabon jima'i na mata 966 a cikin maza 1000 kuma yawan ilimin karatu na 40.77%. Dukan jama'ar karkara ne. Musulmai 101,046 (98.10%) da Hindu 1,868 (1.81%).  

## Sanannen Kungiyoyin Jama'a

* Rangabali Press Club
* Rangabali Youth Society (RYS)
* Baro Baishdia Village Development Society (BVDS)

## Manazarta
Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bitta

**Bitta Solar Power Plant tashar** wutar lantarki ce mai karfin megawatt 40 da ke kauyen Bitta, Gujarat, a yammacin Indiya . Lokacin da aka ba da izini a farkon Janairu 2012, ita ce tashar wutar lantarki mafi girma ta Indiya.

## Siffofin
An baje tashar wutar lantarki a kan wani yanki na  . Sama da fanatoci 400,000 na amorphous silicon sikanin-fim na photovoltaic fasahar. Kowane panel yana da 100 ko 95 Wp.  Farashin ya kai kusan Rs 400 crore. 

## Gudanarwa
An fara aikin samar da wutar lantarki a ranar 5 ga Janairun 2012, kuma an kammala shi cikin kwanaki 150. Adani yana sa ran fadada tashar wutar lantarki zuwa MW 100 nan gaba. 

## Production

## Manazarta
Jerin lokaci na tarihin muhalli

Wannan jadawalin lokaci ya lissafa abubuwan da suka faru a cikin yanayin waje waɗanda suka rinjayi abubuwan da suka gabata a tarihin ɗan adam. Wannan jadawalin lokaci shine don amfani tare da labarin game da Ƙaddamar da muhalli. Don tarihin tasirin bil'adama a kan muhalli, da kuma hangen nesa na bil'adame a kan wannan tasiri, duba jerin lokuta na tarihin muhalli. Dubi Jerin lokutan da abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin yanayi don jerin lokutan da aka mayar da hankali kan yanayi.

## Kafin Holocene (1.5 Ma)
Lokaci daga kimanin 15,000 zuwa 5,000 KZ lokaci ne na canji, kuma saurin canjin muhalli mai yawa, yayin da duniyar ke motsawa daga zamanin Ice, zuwa wani lokaci mai zafi (lokacin zafi). Matsayin teku ya tashi sosai (kuma suna ci gaba da yin hakan), ƙasar da aka rushe ta hanyar kankara ta fara tashi, gandun daji da hamada sun fadada, kuma yanayin ya zama na zamani a hankali. A cikin tsari na dumama, duniyar ta ga "sake sanyi" da yawa da "sake zafi", kamar Tsohon Dryas da mafi kyawun yanayin Holocene, da kuma hazo mai nauyi. Bugu da kari, Megafauna na Pleistocene ya ƙare saboda matsin muhalli da juyin halitta daga canjin yanayi. Wannan ya nuna ƙarshen abin da ya faru na Quaternary, wanda mutane suka ci gaba zuwa zamanin zamani. Lokacin da ya kai shekaru 11,700 da suka gabata (9,700 BC) an dauke shi a matsayin ƙarshen tsufa (Pleistocene, Paleolithic, Stone Age, Wisconsin Ice Age), da kuma farkon duniyar zamani kamar yadda muka sani.

## Shekara dubu 10 BC

## Manazarta