Greenland ice core project

The Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) wani aikin bincike ne wanda aka shirya ta hanyar Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Turai (ESF).  Aikin ya gudana daga 1989 zuwa 1995, tare da lokutan hako daga 1990 zuwa 1992. A shekara ta 1988, an yarda da aikin a matsayin shirin da ke da alaƙa da ESF, kuma an fara aikin gona a Greenland a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1989.

GRIP ya yi niyyar tattara da bincika ƙwayoyin ƙanƙara masu tsawon mita 3000 da aka hako a saman kankara na Greenland, wanda aka fi sani da Summit Camp .  Yankin kankara na Greenland ya ƙunshi fiye da 90% na jimlar kankara da kankara a waje da Antarctica. 

Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Cibiyar Ilimin Kimiyya ta Jami'ar Bern ne ya gudanar da aikin, wanda Farfesa Bernhard Stauffer ke jagoranta. Kudin ya zo ne daga kasashe takwas na Turai (Belgium, Denmark, Faransa, Jamus, Iceland, Italiya, Switzerland, da Ingila), da kuma Tarayyar Turai. Nazarin isotopes na nukiliya da nau'ikan yanayi daban-daban da aka bayar ta hanyar ƙwayoyin sun ba da damar ƙungiyar ta gina cikakkun bayanai game da canjin yanayi, wanda ya rufe shekaru 100,000 da suka gabata.

## Tarihi
Rashin taro na kankara na Greenland yana hanzarta saboda tasirin canjin yanayi wanda ayyukan ɗan adam suka haifar. Rashin tarin kankara da kankara yana haifar da matakan teku su tashi, albedo na ƙasa ya ragu, da kuma alamu na yaduwar teku don canzawa. An yi hasashen cewa matakin teku zai tashi da kimanin mita 7 idan duk kankara ta narke. Hawan matakan teku saboda narkewar kankara zai sa ba zai yiwu mutane su zauna a yankunan bakin teku ba.

Saboda babu wani datti na duniya da aka adana a Greenland, yawancin tarihin kankara ya dogara ne akan bayanan kai tsaye. Yin amfani da iyakantaccen bayanan paleoclimate, masu bincike sun nuna cewa girman kankara a Greenland ya canza sosai a tsawon lokaci, kuma wannan yana nuna cewa canjin girman ya faru ne saboda dalilai daban-daban na muhalli. Kimanin mafi kyau bisa ga bayanan paleoclimate ya nuna cewa kankara na Greenland ya ragu sosai ta hanyar karamin karuwa a cikin mummunan tasirin canjin yanayi. Wani takarda na bincike na 2020 ya nuna cewa narkewar kankara da ke rufe Greenland zai hanzarta da sauri fiye da yadda aka annabta a baya.

## Sakamakon da binciken

Nazarin isotopes na nukiliya da nau'ikan yanayi daban-daban suna ba da cikakkun bayanai game da canjin yanayi sama da shekaru 100,000. Daga nazarin isotope na isotope ratio na GRIP core da aka tono a shekarar 1992, ya bayyana a fili cewa canjin yanayi na kwatsam ya faru a Greenland a lokacin glacial na karshe. Wannan ya faru fiye da sau 20. Ya ci gaba da bayyana cewa lokutan zafi da sanyi sun sauya. Kusa da ƙasan GRIP core, isotope ratios na oxygen ya canza sosai; an fara fassara wannan a matsayin alamar sake maimaita canjin yanayi a lokacin interglacial na ƙarshe a Greenland.

## Hanyoyi
Binciken farko na Greenland Ice Core Project ya tafi kawai 'yan daruruwan mita cikin kankara. Amma daga 1989 zuwa 1992 GRIP ya sami nasarar hako kankara mai mita 3029 zuwa gadon kankara na Greenland a Summit (72°34.74′N 37°33.92′W / 72.57900°N 37.56533°W / 72.57900; -37.56533).  A cikin 1991, an hako ƙwayoyin kankara na tsawon mita 783 zuwa 2482, kuma an hako wani ƙwayoyin ƙanƙara zuwa dutse a cikin 1992. An fara kai kankara zuwa Jami'ar Copenhagen a Denmark, inda aka adana shi a cikin dakin sanyi a -26 ° C. Sashe biyar na kankara core tare da tsawon kimanin 300 zuwa 400 mm an tura su zuwa Japan. Za'a iya nazarin bayanai masu yawa da suka shafi sauye-sauyen yanayi da muhalli na baya da na yanzu daga kankara. Yankunan kankara da aka tattara na iya bayyana har zuwa shekaru 500,000 na shaidar.&nbsp;

Nazarin isotopes da nau'ikan yanayi daban-daban a cikin tsakiya sun ba da cikakken rikodin Canjin yanayi wanda ya kai sama da shekaru 100,000 da suka gabata. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa yanayin Holocene ya kasance mai ɗorewa sosai, amma sun tabbatar da faruwar saurin canjin yanayi a lokacin zamanin kankara na ƙarshe. Bambance-bambance na Delta-O-18 da aka lura a cikin ainihin abin da aka yi imanin har zuwa yau daga Eemian Stage ba a tabbatar da su ta wasu rubuce-rubuce ba,  gami da asalin Arewacin Greenland, kuma ba a sake yarda da su wakiltar abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi ba. Yanayin Interglacial na Eemian Stage ya bayyana ya kasance kamar yadda Holocene.

An yi amfani da nau'ikan nau'ikan ƙanƙara guda uku a cikin aikin, sun bambanta da zurfin da za su iya hakowa.

### Ƙarƙashin hannu
Hannun hannu yana da nauyin 80 kg, mutum ɗaya ne zai iya sarrafa shi, kuma yana da amfani don tattara ƙwayoyin kankara tare da diamita na 74 mm daga saman 10 m na kankara.&nbsp;&nbsp;

### Rashin zurfi
Rashin zurfi na iya ɗaukar ƙwayoyin har zuwa tsawon mita 50 da 74mm a diamita daga saman 350 m na kankara, kuma baya buƙatar ruwa mai hakowa.

### Gudun ruwa mai zurfi
Gudun zurfi yana aiki a cikin ramuka masu cike da ruwa, ana iya dawo da ainihin, kuma ana iya sarrafa shi a kowane zurfi. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran motsa jiki, aikin yana da jinkiri.

## Ayyukan da suka danganci
Baya ga GRIP, akwai wasu ayyukan kankara da yawa a Greenland, kamar Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP2), North Greenland Ice Core Project (NorthGRIP), da North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling (NEEM).

### Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP2)
Da farko GISP2 ya yi kama da juyar da sakamakon da GRIP ta gano a baya. Dangane da sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci na isotope na isotopi na oxygen kusa da ƙasan GRIP, an yi la'akari da cewa mummunan canjin yanayi ya faru akai-akai a lokacin interglacial na ƙarshe a Greenland. Koyaya, bayanan isotope na isotope yajin GISP2 wanda aka tono kawai kilomita 30 daga wurin samfur na GRIP bai dace da bayanan GRIP ba. Ya bayyana a fili cewa tsarin layin kankara ya damu da ninka a kasan kankara a cikin ƙwayoyin biyu, yana nuna cewa fassarar cewa akwai mummunar canjin yanayi a lokacin ƙarshe na interglacial na iya zama ba daidai ba.&nbsp;

GISP2 sake ginawa sun tsufa. Nazarin da aka yi kwanan nan ya tayar da tambayoyi game da kimanta dangantakar da ke tsakanin zafin jiki da Delta-O-18 a lokacin Holocene saboda canje-canjen tsawo a cikin kankara a shafin GISP2. GISP2 sake ginawa ya canza dangantakar da ke tsakanin Delta-O-18 da zafin jiki ta hanyar kashi biyu a lokacin Holocene, yayin da sake ginawa na baya-bayan nan ya bar wannan dangantakar ba ta canza ba. Canjin tsawo yana shafar rikodin Delta-O-18, kuma tsofaffin gyare-gyaren GISP2 ba su lissafa canje-canjen tsawo ba.

### Arewacin Girma
NorthGRIP ya yi niyyar tattara kankara a lokacin ƙarshe na interglacial, amma kasan kankara ya narke, kuma ba zai yiwu a tono waɗancan samfurori ba. A sakamakon haka, yanayin zafi da aka kiyasta ya kai 5 ° C sama da waɗanda a halin yanzu an lura da su daga wasu ƙwayoyin kankara waɗanda za a iya tattara su a tsakiyar lokacin interglacial na ƙarshe; Greenland ice sheet a bayyane yake ya wanzu har ma a cikin irin wannan yanayi mai dumi.

Lines ɗin da aka rufe suna wakiltar rashin tabbas na ƙididdigar saboda rashin daidaito a cikin bincike da gyare-gyare a cikin samfurin isotope.

### Arewacin Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling (NEEM)
Aikin NEEM na baya ya tsawaita aikin GRIP ta hanyar tono wani kankara core wanda ke nuna kasa narkewa da kuma ninka a shafin NEEM, kuma yana ba da shaida game da dukan karshe interglacial lokaci. A Arewacin Greenland, ya fi zafi a kusa da shekaru 126,000 kafin farkon lokacin interglacial na ƙarshe, lokacin da zafin jiki ya kasance kusan 8 ° C ± 4 ° C sama da yanzu. A cikin shekaru 6000 tsakanin shekaru 128,000 da 122,000 da suka gabata, kaurin kankara ya ragu da 400 ± 250 m, kuma shekaru 122,000 da yawa da suka gabata tsawo na kankara ya kasance 130 ± 300 m sama da yadda yake a yau. Wannan ya nuna cewa yana da matukar wuya ga kankara ya narke har ma a lokacin rani mai zafi a Greenland. Maimakon haka, kankara ta narke a lokacin ƙarshe na interglacial (Eemian) saboda methane da iskar gas da aka tattara daga core na kankara na NEEM. Gaskiyar cewa asalin Greenland ya kasance mai ɗorewa a lokacin hauhawar zafin jiki yana nuna cewa kankara na Antarctic ya ragu a lokacin ƙarshe kuma ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga karuwar matakin teku.&nbsp;&nbsp;

## Canjin yanayi
Don yin hasashen daidai da martani na kankara na Greenland ga canjin yanayi, ya zama dole a sami bayanai na dogon lokaci game da dumama da ya gabata da tasirinsa da inganta yanayin yanayi da samfuran kankara bisa ga shi. Tunda abubuwan da ke tattare da mutum suna da alaƙa da batutuwan muhalli kamar su iskar gas, suna iya kasancewa da alaƙa ti canjin yanayi a lokacin Eemian.

## Gabas ta Tsakiya
Ayyukan hako na kankara na baya, gami da GRIP, an gudanar da su a wuraren da kwararar kankara ta kwance ta yi ƙanƙanta. Sabanin haka, an gudanar da binciken EastGRIP na baya-bayan nan a saman kogin Ice Stream na Arewa maso gabashin Greenland. Wannan shine mafi mahimmancin rafin kankara mai aiki a Greenland.

Bugu da kari, zurfin kankara a cikin ƙwayoyin kankara na Greenland na baya wanda ya dace da lokacin dumi na farkon Holocene sun kasance masu rauni sosai. Kusan ba zai yiwu a tattara bayanan bincike na sunadarai da na gas ba tare da ƙuduri na lokaci mai tsawo daga ƙwayoyin kankara na gargajiya na Greenland. Dangane da wannan wahalar, EastGRIP ta shigar da ɗakin zafin jiki mai sanyi don kiyaye kankara da aka hako a ƙasa da -30 ° C nan da nan bayan hakowa, kuma an yi ƙoƙari don rage lalacewar ƙwayoyin kankara ta hanyar kawar da ƙananan matakai na dubban microns a cikin aikin filin. Iska mai sanyi yana hana fadada kumfa na iska kuma yana hana kankara daga fashewa. A sakamakon haka, an samo ƙwayoyin kankara masu iya ci gaba da nazarin gudana har ma daga yankuna masu zurfi, kuma ana sa ran cewa ƙarin cikakken bayani da daidaitattun bincike na gas da sauran sunadarai zai yiwu a nan gaba.&nbsp;

## Manazarta