Donald R. Howard

**Donald Roy Howard** (Satumba 18, 1927 - Maris 2, 1987) malami ne kuma marubuci Ba'amurke. A cikin shekarun 1950 zuwa 1960, Howard ya fara aikinsa na ilimi a matsayin malami kuma abokin farfesa. Daga tsakiyar 1960s zuwa tsakiyar 1980s, Howard da farko ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa na Ingilishi na Jami'ar Johns Hopkins da Jami'ar Stanford. A matsayin marubuci tsakanin shekarun 1960 zuwa 1980, Howard ya fi mayar da hankali kan ayyukansa akan Geoffrey Chaucer. A cikin wannan lokacin, Howard ya sami Kyautar Ƙasa don haɗin gwiwar 'yan Adam da Guggenheim Fellowship sau biyu. Tarihinsa da aka buga bayan mutuwarsa, Chaucer: Rayuwarsa, Ayyukansa, Duniyarsa, ya sami lambar yabo ta 1987 na National Book Critics Circle Award a cikin tarihin tarihin rayuwa / tarihin kansa.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Ranar 18 ga Satumba, 1927, an haifi Howard a St. Louis, Missouri. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, Howard ya zauna a Swampscott, Massachusetts. Domin karatunsa na gaba da sakandare, Howard ya fara samun digiri na farko a fannin fasaha daga Jami’ar Tufts a shekarar 1950. Daga baya ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin fasaha a shekarar 1951 daga Jami’ar Rutgers da kuma Likitan Falsafa a 1954 daga Jami’ar Florida.

## Ayyuka
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Howard ya yi aiki a matsayin malami na shekara guda a Florida kafin ya shiga Jami'ar Jihar Ohio a 1955. Yayin da yake Jihar Ohio, ya ci gaba da aikinsa na koyarwa kuma an ba shi matsayi na Farfesa kafin ya bar jami'a a 1963.Daga 1963 zuwa 1966, Howard ya ci gaba da gogewar abokin farfesa a Jami'ar California, Riverside. Bayan ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a Jami'ar California, Los Angeles na tsawon shekara guda, Howard ya kasance malamin Ingilishi a Jami'ar Johns Hopkins daga 1967 har zuwa 1977. Daga nan ya ci gaba da karatunsa na Ingilishi a Jami'ar Stanford daga 1977 zuwa 1985 kafin ya ƙare aikinsa na ilimi tare da Stanford a 1987.A lokacin aikinsa na ilimi, Howard shine Farfesa Caroline S. Donvoan na Turanci tsakanin 1973 da 1977 da kuma Farfesa Olive H. Palmer a cikin Humanities daga 1984 zuwa 1987.

Baya ga masana ilimi, Howard ya saki Jarabawa Uku: Mutumin da ke Neman Duniya a cikin 1966 yayin koyarwa a California. Da yake mai da hankali kan Geoffrey Chaucer, Howard ya kasance editan bugu na 1969 mai suna The Canterbury Tales: A Selection.Don littattafansa guda biyu a cikin 1976, Howard ya sake duba Tales ɗin Canterbury kafin ya ci gaba zuwa Troilus da Criseyde da sauran waƙar Chaucer. Shekaru hudu bayan haka, Howard ya fitar da wani mabiyi ga Ra'ayin Tatsuniyoyi na Canterbury mai taken Marubuta da Mahajjata: Labarin Aikin Hajji na Tsakiya da Zuriyarsu.A matsayin marubucin tarihin rayuwa, Howard ya fara rubutu game da Chaucer a ƙarshen 1970s. Don tarihin rayuwarsa, Howard ya fara rubuta game da dabarun rubuce-rubucen Chaucer kafin ya mai da hankali kan tsarin rubutun The House of Fame, Trolius da Crisyede da The Canterbury Tales a lokacin rayuwar Chaucer.Kafin mutuwarsa, an gaya wa Howard cewa ɗalibai za su taimaka wajen kammala rubutaccen tarihin rayuwar Chaucer da ya ƙare yayin da yake asibiti.Tarihin Howard, Chaucer: Rayuwarsa, Ayyukansa, Duniyarsa, an buga shi a cikin Oktoba 1987.Baya ga ayyukansa na Chaucer, Howard ya kasance editan Sir Gawain da Green Knight a 1968. Ya kuma sake fitar da littafin Paparoma Innocent III a shekara ta 1976 kuma ya hada kai kan wani aiki na 1979 game da kyawawan halaye da munanan dabi'u da aka rubuta da Latin. A matsayin marubuci, Howard ya rubuta game da Dylan Thomas da William Shakespeare.

## Rayuwar sirri
A lokacin aikinsa, Howard ya sami haɗin gwiwa daga Shirin Fulbright don gudanar da bincike a Italiya tsakanin 1959 da 1960. Howard ya gudanar da ƙarin bincike tare da tallafin Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru ta Amirka a cikin shekarun 1960.Yayin da yake ƙware a wallafe-wallafen na da, an ba Howard Fellowship na farko na Guggenheim a cikin 1969.A cikin 1970, Howard ya shiga Makarantar Medieval Academy of America.Daga Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Jama'a, Howard ya sami haɗin gwiwar bincike a cikin 1977 yayin da yake Stanford. Tare da Guggenheim Fellowship na biyu a cikin 1984, Howard ya gudanar da bincike don tarihin rayuwarsa akan Chaucer.A shekara mai zuwa, an nada Howard a matsayin Fellow of the Medieval Academy of America. Ƙungiyar Waƙa ta Amurka ta ba Howard lambar yabo ta 1977 Melville Cane Award don Ra'ayin Canterbury Tales. Bayan mutuwa, Howard ya lashe lambar yabo ta 1987 na National Book Critics Circle a cikin tarihin rayuwa / tarihin kansa don Chaucer: Rayuwarsa, Ayyukansa, Duniyarsa.Howard ya mutu a ranar 2 ga Maris, 1987, daga AIDS a San Francisco, California.

## Manazarta