Edith How-Martyn

**Edith How-Martyn** (née How; 17 Yuni 1875 - 2 Fabrairu 1954) ta kasance 'yar Burtaniya ce kuma memba ne na Kungiyar Mata da Siyasa (WSPU). An kama ta a 1906 saboda yunkurin yin jawabi a cikin House of Commons . Wannan yana daya daga cikin ayyukan farko na gwagwarmayar sufragist. Ta sadu da Margaret Sanger a 1915 kuma sun kirkiro taron a Geneva. How-Martyn ya zagaya Indiya yana magana game da hana haihuwa. Ba ta da yara kuma ta mutu a Ostiraliya.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Edith How a Landan a cikin 1875 ga Edwin da Ann How . Mahaifinta mai sayar da kayan masarufi ne kuma 'yar'uwarta ta zama lauya Florence Earengey . Edith ta halarci Makarantar Kwalejin Arewacin London . Ta tafi Kwalejin Jami'ar, Aberystwyth inda ta dauki Physics da Mathematics, ta sami digiri na waje daga Jami'ar London a 1903. [1]

Ta auri George Herbert Martyn a shekara ta 1899. Tana da ra'ayoyin siyasa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma ta kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Labour mai zaman kanta kafin ta zama memba na farko na WSPU a cikin 1905. A shekara mai zuwa an nada ta sakatariyar hadin gwiwa ta WSPU tare da Charlotte Despard kuma a watan Oktoba 1906 ne aka kama ta a cikin ɗakin kwana na House of Commons tana ƙoƙarin ba da jawabi. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin membobin WSPU na farko da suka je kurkuku lokacin da aka ba ta hukuncin watanni biyu.

However, the future direction of the WSPU under the Pankhursts was a matter of some concern to her, as it was to other members at this time. In 1907, together with Charlotte Despard, Alice Abadam, Theresa Billington-Greig, Marion Coates-Hansen, Irene Miller, Bessie Drysdale, Maude Fitzherbert)  were signatories to a letter to Emmeline Pankhurst explaining their disquiet on 14 September 1907. This group formed the Women's Freedom League (WFL), which abandoned the violent tactics of the WSPU group in favour of non-violent illegal acts to convey their message.How-Martyn was honorary secretary of the new group, whose motto was 'Dare to be Free' from 1907 to  

1911, lokacin da ta zama shugabar sashen Siyasa da Fashi. Koyaya, ta yi murabus a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1912, ta yi takaici da ci gaban WFL bayan shan kashi na Dokar sulhu. How-Martyn tare da Charlotte Despard da Emma Sproson sun yi wakilai ga Firayim Ministan Burtaniya. Ta kuma ki biyan haraji wanda maza ne kawai suka zabe.

Ayyukan siyasa na gaba na How-Martyn shine ya tsaya a matsayin dan takara mai zaman kansa a Hendon a cikin Babban zaben 1918, wani yunkuri wanda ba ta yi nasara ba. Ta rike mukamin gwamnati a karo na farko A 1919, lokacin da ta zama memba na Majalisar gundumar Middlesex, mukamin da ta rike har zuwa 1922. Tun daga wannan lokacin, abubuwan da take so sun fi mayar da hankali ga batun hana haihuwa. Ta sadu da jagoran tsara iyali na Amurka Margaret Sanger a 1915 kuma ra'ayinta ya burge ta, daga baya ta shirya taron jama'a na duniya na 1927 a Geneva tare da Sanger kuma ta zama darektan girmamawa na Cibiyar Bayanai ta Kasa da Kasa ta Kula da Haihuwa a London a 1930. 

Tsakanin Nuwamba 1934 da Maris 1935 How-Martyn ta yi tafiya ta hanyar Indiya tana kamfen don hana haihuwa, sannan ta bi Sanger a tafiyarta zuwa Asiya a shekara mai zuwa. How-Martyn ya koma yankin sau da yawa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa don ci gaba da aikin da aka fara a can a wannan lokacin.

Koyaya, ba a manta da kamfen ɗin da ta yi a baya don zaɓen mata ba: a cikin 1926 ta kuma kafa Ƙungiyar Suffragette Fellowship  wacce ta fara aiwatar da rubuce-rubuce na motsi. Ta ci gaba da wannan aikin a cikin shekaru masu zuwa ta hanyar reshe na gida a Ostiraliya wanda ta kafa bayan ta koma can tare da mijinta a lokacin barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Norman Haire, wanda ya koma Ostiraliya, ya sanar da Margaret Sanger cewa How-Martyn yana fatan 'haɗin gwiwa tare da shi' don yin wani abu don hana haihuwa duk da yakin. Haire ya sake rubuta wa Sanger a ranar 9 ga Satumba 1948, yana rokonta ta aika da kudi don tallafawa How-Martyn wanda ya tsufa, mara lafiya kuma matalauta. Ta yi bugun jini kuma ta mutu a gidan kula da tsofaffi na Australia

## Sanarwar bayan mutuwarsa
Sunan ta da hotonta (da na wasu magoya bayan mata 58) suna kan matattarar mutum-mutumi na Millicent Fawcett a filin majalisa, London, wanda aka bayyana a shekarar 2018.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin masu goyon bayan mata da mata

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Labarin Spartacus game da How-Martyn
* Margaret Sanger da Edith How-Martyn: Rubuce-rubuce na Tsakiya, Margaret Sanger Takardun Shirin Labarai # 5, Spring 1993
* Tarihin Edith How-Martyn a Laburaren Mata a Laburaren Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London