Cibiyar tsare matasa

In the US criminal justice system, a **youth detention center** (**YDC**) may also be referred to as a **juvenile detention center** (**JDC**), **juvenile detention**, **juvenile jail**, **juvenile hall**, **observation home** and a **remand home**. Colloquially it is often referred to as "**juvie**". A YDC or JDC is a prison for youth offenders under the age of 18, also legally referred to as minors or under the age of majority. Juvenile offenders are tried in juvenile court, which is a separate system for youth offenders. After arrest as well as depending upon many factors, such as the frequency and nature of their crimes, juveniles either await trial or placement in a long-term care program, with the goal of rehabilitation.

Wasu yara ana sake su kai tsaye a cikin al'umma kuma dole ne su shiga shirye-shiryen farfadowa na al'umma. Wadanda suka aikata laifuka wadanda suka haifar da babbar barazana ga al'umma da kansu ana yanke musu hukuncin kisa a cibiyar tsare yara ta cikakken lokaci. Idan kotuna ta tura matashi zuwa cibiyar tsare yara, akwai nau'ikan wurare guda biyu: tsare-tsare mai aminci da tsare-tsaren tsaro.

Tsaro na tsaro yana nufin cewa ana gudanar da yara na ɗan gajeren lokaci a wurare don jiran sauraron shari'ar yanzu da ƙarin yanke shawara. Ta hanyar riƙe yara a cikin tsare-tsare, yana tabbatar da bayyanarsu a kotu kuma yana kiyaye al'umma lafiya. Irin wannan kayan aiki galibi ana kiransa "gidan yara" ("matasa"), wanda shine cibiyar riƙewa ga masu laifi. A gefe guda, tsare-tsare mai aminci yana nuna cewa kotun ta aikata yarinyar a cikin kulawar wani wurin gyara yara mai aminci na tsawon lokacin takamaiman shirin, wanda zai iya ɗaukar daga 'yan watanni zuwa shekaru da yawa.

Ba a yi niyyar tsare yara don zama hukunci ba. Manufar tabbatar da kulawa ita ce samar da masu laifi da kulawa daidai da koyarwar *parens patriae*, ko "jiha a matsayin iyaye". Jiha ko yanki yawanci suna da alhakin samar da ilimi, nishaɗi, kiwon lafiya, kimantawa, ba da shawara da sauran ayyukan shiga tsakani tare da niyyar kiyaye lafiyar matashi yayin zamansa a tsare.

Generally speaking, secure detention is reserved for juveniles considered to be a threat to public safety or the court process, though in many cases, youths are held for violating a court order. Status offenders, i.e., juveniles charged with running away from home, alcohol possession, and other offenses that are not crimes if committed by adults, may only be held for 24 hours or less, while initial case investigation is completed, and other alternatives are arranged.&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

A halin yanzu babu daidaitattun ma'anar ma'anar shirye-shiryen kula da yara. A cikin nau'ikan tsare-tsare masu aminci da tsare-tsaren tsaro ga yara, babban sunan waɗannan wuraren shine "shirye-shiryen zama". Nau'ikan shirye-shiryen zama guda biyar inda za'a iya sanya matashi yayin da yake cikin kulawar kotu sune:  Ofishin Shari'a da Rigakafin Laifi ya sami nau'ikan shirye'ikan zama guda biyar don matasa su zama masu yawa, wanda ya haɗa da tsare-tsare, gyare-gyare, sansanin, tushen al'umma, da maganin zama. Bambancin da ke cikin zaɓuɓɓukan sanya yara saboda rashin ma'anar ma'anar waɗannan shirye-shiryen kula da zama. Ba tare da ma'anar tarayya ba, wannan yana haifar da rashin daidaito a duk jihohi 50 da sunaye daban-daban kuma sau da yawa suna rikitarwa ga cibiyoyin "tsaron tsaro" da "tsaron lafiya" ga masu laifi. 

== Ayyukan da aka bayar ga matasa ==
Ya kamata a ba da sabis da yawa ga matasa a duka cibiyoyin tsare-tsare da wuraren tsare-tsaren. Ayyuka sun bambanta daga kayan aiki zuwa kayan aiki, amma gabaɗaya shirye-shirye da ayyukan da aka ba matasa suna daidaitawa don bukatun yara. A cikin mahimmanci, wuraren matasa suna aiki a matsayin cibiyoyin farfadowa ga matasa. Mutane da yawa suna ganin ilimi a matsayin sabis na farfadowa na farko wanda dole ne a ba da shi ga matasa da aka tsare. Makarantu masu inganci sosai a cikin wuraren matasa suna ba da tsarin karatun sakandare, damar yin shiri na Janar Equivalency Diploma (GED), sabis na ilimi na musamman, malamai masu takardar shaidar, ƙaramin ɗalibi ga malami, haɗin kai tare da iyalai, da kuma damar [[Vocational training|Horar da sana'a]]. Duk da bukatun jihohi da na tarayya, akwai matsaloli da yawa tare da tsarin ilimi a cibiyoyin tsare yara. Cibiyoyi da yawa ba sa ba da sabis na ilimi na asali, kuma a wasu, yara suna karɓar ɗan gajeren lokacin koyarwa na jihar, kuma ɗalibai ba su dogara da tsarin karatun da ya dace ba.  (Katherine Twomey, Hakkin Ilimi a Tsayar da Yara a karkashin Tsarin Mulki na Jiha, shafi na 766). Wasu wurare ba su da ɗakunan ajiya, ɗakunan karatu, ko ma littattafai, kuma malamai galibi ba su da horo sosai, kuma ba a horar da su yadda za su magance bukatun musamman na yara da ke tsare ba.  (Id. a 767.) Duk da waɗannan gazawar, akwai sakamako kaɗan ga jihohi don keta bukatun Dokar No Child Left Behind, (Id. at 779.); sabili da haka, jihohi ba su da babban abin motsawa don inganta ƙa'idodi don cimma daidaito.&nbsp;

=== Lafiyar kwakwalwa ===
Akwai dangantaka mai tsawo da aka samu a cikin bincike tsakanin matasa da ke aikata laifuka da damuwa game da lafiyar kwakwalwa. Yawan yara masu yawa suna gabatar da mummunar rashin lafiya a cikin wuraren yara. Tun da wuraren tsare yara ke aiki a kan tushe na farfado da matasa, ana ba da shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya daban-daban ta hanyar wurare don taimakawa matasa farfadowa. Ana sa ran cewa cibiyoyin tsare yara da cibiyoyin yara suna ba da sabis na kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa ga mazaunansu. Matasan da ke kurkuku suna buƙatar shiga tsakani da tsari, wanda dole ne wuraren su samar.

Akwai dabaru daban-daban na maganin lafiyar kwakwalwa ga yara. Hakki ne na gudanar da shari'a don yanke shawarar irin dabarun shiga tsakani da ke aiki mafi kyau ga kowane matashi a cikin shirin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa. Ayyukan kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa waɗanda za a iya bayarwa ga matasa sun haɗa da, shawarwarin mutum, shawarwarin rukuni, shawarwarin rikice-rikice, shiga cikin iyali, gudanar da magunguna, da kuma shirin sauyawa.

=== Ilimi ===
Mutane da yawa suna ganin ilimi a matsayin tushe na farfado da matasa. Yawancin shari'o'in kotu, kamar shari'ar ''Green v. Johnson'' ta 1981, sun ba da damar ga yara da ke karɓar haƙƙin iliminsu yayin da suke cikin kurkuku. ''Green v. Johnson'' (1981) ya yanke hukuncin cewa daliban da aka tsare ba dole ba ne su ba da hakkinsu ga ilimi yayin da suke cikin kurkuku.

Duk da bincike da ke nuna bukatar shirye-shiryen ilimi masu karfi a wuraren tsare yara, babu daidaitattun daidaito don ilimi a wuraren yara kamar yadda saitunan ilimi a wuraren matasa suka bambanta sosai a duk faɗin ƙasar. Mai kula da makarantar a cikin cibiyar yara ya bambanta daga jiha zuwa jiha. Wasu makarantu a cikin wuraren tsare yara an rarraba su, wasu suna da tsakiya kuma gundumomin makaranta ne ke gudanar da su, wasu kuma hukumar ilimi ta Jiha ce ke kula da su.

==== Ilimi na musamman ====
Akwai babban kashi na yara da aka tsare waɗanda aka gano su a matsayin ɗalibai masu buƙatu na musamman. A karkashin Dokar Ilimi ta Mutum da ke da nakasa (IDEA), matasa masu nakasa a wuraren gyarawa suna da damar samun ilimi na musamman da kuma ayyukan da suka danganci ba tare da la'akari da matsayin ɗaurin kurkuku ba. Ofishin Shirye-shiryen Ilimi na Musamman (OSEP) yana buƙatar Hukumomin Ilimi na Jiha don tabbatar da cewa ana ba da sabis na ilimi na musamman a wuraren yara.

Kasancewa cewa akwai iri-iri iri-iri na ɗan gajeren lokaci ko zama na dogon lokaci.

Akwai mummunar kasancewar yara waɗanda aka rarraba su a matsayin matasa masu nakasa. Naƙasassun da suka fi yawa a cikin yara da ke kurkuku sun haɗa da nakasa ta hankali, nakasa na ilmantarwa, da rikice-rikicen motsin rai. Bincike da bincike sun gano cewa yawancin matasa da ke kurkuku suna fama da nakasa ta motsin rai ba tare da matasa a makarantun jama'a ba. Ko da tare da manyan yanke shawara da ayyukan kotu, an gano cewa yawancin yara da aka gudanar a duka cibiyoyin tsare-tsare da wuraren tsare-tsaren ba a ba su sabis na ilimi na musamman da ya kamata doka ta bayar. An gano cewa yawancin cibiyoyin tsare-tsare na yara suna fama da shirye-shiryen ilimi na musamman, musamman ga waɗancan cibiyoyin da ke tsare matasa na ɗan gajeren lokaci.

==== Manufofin Zero Tolerance a Makarantun Kotun Yara ====
 
Makarantun Kotun Yara suna ba da ilimin jama'a ga matasa waɗanda ke tsare a wuraren da ma'aikatun gwaji na gundumomi ke gudanarwa. Waɗannan makarantu suna cikin dakunan yara, gidajen yara, wuraren kwana, wuraren kiwon dabbobi, sansani, da wuraren koyar da matasa na yanki kuma hukumar kula da ilimin gundumar ke tafiyar da su. Ko da yake makarantun kotuna suna da tsarin karatun makaranta iri ɗaya, galibi sun fi tsauri a horo wanda ya fi ladabtarwa fiye da cikakke. Ɗalibai mafi ƙasƙanci da "masu damuwa" suna cike makarantu a cikin tsarin shari'a na yara. Wadannan dalibai galibi suna gaba a baya a cikin kiredit kuma suna da matsaloli na sirri da na tsari fiye da takwarorinsu a makarantun gargajiya. Yawancin waɗannan matasa suna kokawa da nakasar koyon karatu, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da matsalolin ɗabi'a, kuma suna fuskantar matsalolin tunani da tunani a gida. Manufofin rashin haƙuri ga alama sun fi tsauri a tsarin shari'a na yara fiye da sauran makarantun gargajiya. A makarantar kotun yara, lokacin da ɗalibi ya keta dokar rashin haƙuri ta atomatik za su iya fuskantar dakatarwa kuma a ƙarshe su koma wurin da ake tsare da su saboda keta haddi. Sabanin haka, ɗalibi daga makarantar gargajiya yana da yuwuwar samun dama ta biyu don cin zarafin ta. Ana aiwatar da manufofin rashin haƙuri ta hanya mafi girma a makarantun kotunan yara fiye da sauran makarantun gargajiya. [ana yanayi hujja]

Dokokin a Makarantun Kotun Yara suna da tsauri kuma sun dogara ne akan manufofin haƙuri mara kyau. Manufofin Zero Tolerance na iya zama mafi mahimmanci don "kusa ɗalibai daga makaranta zuwa cikin bututun makaranta zuwa kurkuku fiye da sake shiga su". Ana azabtar da dalibai sosai saboda ƙananan abubuwan da suka faru waɗanda ya kamata a gyara su ba tare da haifar da mummunar sakamako ba. Manufofin haƙuri na Zero sun ɗauki matsayin ilimi. An bayyana ma'anar Manufofin Zero Tolerance a cikin labarin, Nazarin Manufofin Zero tolerance a Makarantu: Tsarin Tsarin da aka haɗa da yawa don Inganta Sakamakon Matasa, kamar yadda "...a yaduwar aikace-aikace ga ƙananan laifuka za a iya danganta shi da ka'idar "Frosen Windows" na aikata laifuka. Wannan ka'idar tana kwatanta yaduwar aikata laifukan zuwa wasu windows da ba a gyara su ba kuma saboda haka suna jan hankalin masu yawo waɗanda ba tare da daɗewa ba su zama masu zaman kansu ba. "

Stephen Hoffman a cikin labarinsa, "Zero Benefit: Kimanin Tasirin Manufofin Shari'a na Zero Tolerance akan Rashin bambancin launin fata a cikin Dokokin Makaranta" ya bayyana cewa, "... manufofin horo na rashin haƙuri suna da alaƙa da yanayin makaranta mafi ƙarancin nasarorin ɗalibai, ƙimar barin karatu mafi girma..."  A Makarantun Kotun Yara, ana sa ran ɗalibai su bi saitin dokoki. Dokokin a Makarantun Kotun sun bambanta da waɗanda ke makarantun gargajiya; sun fi azabtarwa.

== Damuwa da zargi ==
An gabatar da manyan damuwa guda biyu game da cibiyoyin tsare yara da wuraren tsare-tsare na dogon lokaci: yawan jama'a da rashin tasiri. Kamar yadda yawan shari'ar yara ya karu a cikin shekaru 15 da suka gabata, haka kuma yawan yara da ke ciyar da lokaci a cikin wurare masu aminci da tsare-tsare. A sakamakon haka, tsarin ya cika, sau da yawa yana haifar da karancin gadaje.

Yawan jama'a ya wanzu a wurare da yawa don yara,  kuma a cikin cibiyoyin tsare yara da ke cike da mutane da wuraren gyarawa ana iya samun tashin hankali.  Bugu da ƙari, yawan jama'a na iya haifar da karancin shirye-shirye da ayyuka da ake buƙata da kuma alkawari a cikin kayan aikin. Rashin kudade ga wurin da ya cika da mutane na iya haifar da karancin ayyuka ga matasa, kamar ilimi da sabis na kiwon lafiya.

Baya ga yawan jama'a, an yi tambaya game da ingancin ingancin wuraren tsaro na matasa a rayuwar matasa. Babban yawan aikata laifuka na matasa ya sa masu sukar da yawa suyi tambaya game da ingancin cibiyoyin tsare-tsare da wuraren tsare-tsaren.

Wasu Cibiyoyin Kula da Matasa sun sami kalmar titi da aka sani da "Gladiator Schools" ta unguwanni da aka tsare a can. David Reeve ya rubuta tarihin baki na labaru daga cikin Hukumar Matasa ta California (2017-2024). "Gladiator School: Stories from Inside YTS (Tarihin baki daga waɗanda aka ɗaure a cikin Hukumar Matasa ta California) ". 

== Tsarin ==


=== Amurka ===
Akwai jimlar yara 45,567 a wuraren tsare-tsare a cikin 2016. Yara 32,301 sun kasance a cikin kayan aikin jama'a. 13,266 sun kasance a cikin wani wuri mai zaman kansa.

==== Connecticut ====
A cikin 1870, an gina Makarantar Long Lane akan filin bayar da gudummawa a Middletown.[1] [mafi kyawun tushe ana buƙatu] Koyaya, ya zama Makarantar Koyar da Yara ta Connecticut (CJTS) a cikin 2003.[2] CJTS wani wurin magani ne da aka keɓe ga maza masu laifi daga shekaru 12-17.[3] An yi ta cece-kuce da badakalar da ke da alaka da CJTS tsakanin 1998 da 2005.[4] A cikin 2005, Gwamna Jodi Rell ya yi ƙoƙarin rufe wurin, amma a maimakon haka an sake gyara shi a cikin 2008 ta Sashen Yara & Iyalai.[5] Sabuwar CJTS ta ƙunshi samfurin warkewa wanda aka haɓaka tare da taimako daga Ƙungiyoyin Samari & Yan Mata na Amurka.[3] An rufe makarantar ba tare da maye gurbinsa ba a cikin 2018.[6].

==== Gundumar Columbia ====
Ma'aikatar Sabunta Matasa (DYRS) ita ce babbar hukumar shari'ar matasa ta [[Washington, D.C.|Gundumar Columbia]] kuma tana da alhakin sanya matasa na al'ummar DC waɗanda ke cikin kula da su a tsare, sadaukarwa, da shirye-shiryen kulawa.

DYRS tana ba da sabis da kuma aiki da yawa ga matasa masu kwazo. Cibiyoyin tsaro da DYRS ke aiki sune Cibiyar Kula da Matasa (YSC) da Cibiyar Ci gaban Matasa ta Sabon Farawa. YSC ita ce cibiyar tsare-tsare ta gundumar. Cibiyar Ci gaban Matasa ta Sabon Farawa cibiyar tsare-tsare ce mai aminci ga matasa masu himma na Gundumar.

YSC tana aiki ne daga DYRS a matsayin cibiyar tsare yara ta Gundumar Columbia, wacce aka buɗe a shekara ta 2004.  Gidan gado ne na 88 ga matasa maza da mata da aka tsare (ba a yi musu alhakin aikata laifuka ba kuma suna jiran sauraron kotu. YSC ta cika bukatun da ake buƙata na matasa da take hidima. Ayyukan ilimi a YSC ana ba da su ne daga Makarantun Jama'a na Gundumar Columbia (DCPS), wanda ke ba da sabis da yawa ga mazauna. Har ila yau, cibiyar tana ba da shirye-shirye da ayyuka don biyan bukatun lafiyar hankali, motsin rai, jiki, da zamantakewar matasa. YSC tana ba da yanayi mai aminci da na bil'adama kuma tana daidaita dukkan tarurrukan kotu da tarurrukan ƙungiya ga matasa. Fiye da komai, YSC ta tabbatar da cewa ana kiyaye kariya ga haƙƙin shari'a na yara.

Cibiyar Ci gaban Matasa ta Sabon Farawa wani aiki ne mai aminci na DYRS. Cibiyar tana da gadaje 60, cibiyar tsaro ta maza don manyan matasa masu laifi na DC. An buɗe kayan aikin dala miliyan 46 a cikin 2009 a cikin Anne Arundel County, Maryland, kusa da Laurel. New Beginnings ya maye gurbin Cibiyar Matasa ta Oak Hill,  wanda ke da nisan kilomita 0.80,  a cikin yankin Anne Arundel County.

Babban burin Sabon Farawa shine samar da mazauna da sa'o'i 24 da kuma shirye-shirye da ayyuka waɗanda ke ba da damar samun nasarar komawa cikin al'ummar DC. Ayyukan da aka bayar sun haɗa da ilimi, nishaɗi, kiwon lafiya, haƙori, da shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya. DYRS ta kirkiro haɗin gwiwa tare da Gidauniyar See Forever don samar da ayyukan ilimi na Kwalejin Maya Angelou ga mazauna. Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na halayyar suna kula da shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa. Ginin shine shirin watanni 9-12, wanda aka tsara shi bayan nasarar Missouri Model.

An kafa Kwalejin Maya Angelou a cikin 2008, na farko a Cibiyar Matasa ta Oak Hill, kuma yanzu shine shirin ilimi da ke ba da gudummawa ga matasa na DYRS a Cibiyar Ci gaban Matasa ta Sabon Farawa.  Kwalejin Maya Angelou na daga cikin Cibiyar Nazarin Yarjejeniyar Maya Angelou a yankin DC. Kwalejin tana ba da aminci, tsari, da kuma yanayin ilmantarwa mai zurfi ga matasa da take aiki a Cibiyar Ci gaban Matasa ta Sabon Farawa. 

==== Pennsylvania ====
PA Child Care cibiyar tsare-tsare ce a Pennsylvania, Amurka. Ya kasance wani ɓangare na Kids for cash scandal inda aka ba alƙalai cin hanci don musayar tsauraran hukunci ga matasa masu laifi don cibiyoyin tsare-tsare su sami kasuwanci.

== Dubi kuma ==

* sansanin jirgin ruwa
* Borstal
* Laifin yara
* Makarantar Gyara
* [[Tsayawa kadai|Gidan da aka tsare shi kaɗai #Yaveniles]]
* Matashi mai laifi
* Ayyukan matasa

**Takamaiman al'umma:'''

* Ostiraliya Hukunce-hukunce a Yankin Arewacin Ostiraliya Kurkuku na Yara a Yankin arewa
** Hukunce-hukunce a Ostiraliya
** Yankin Arewa tsare yara a Yankin Arewa
*** Kurkuku na yara a Yankin Arewa
* Amurka Laifin yara a Amurka Kurkuku na matasa a Amurka
** Laifin yara a Amurka
** Kurkuku na matasa a Amurka
* Kungiyar Matasa Masu Cin Hanci
** Yara a kurkuku a Philippines
* Yara na Indonesiya a cikin kurkuku na Australia
* Shari'ar matasa a New Zealand
** Adalci na matasa a New Zealand

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* "Yaran da ke bayan bariki" - Lokaci