Harshen Tumbuka

**Harshen Tumbuka yaren** Bantu ne wanda ake magana da shi a Malawi, Zambia, da Tanzaniya .   kuma ya san shi kuma ya rubuta  - *chi-* prefix da ke gaban *Tumbuka* yana nufin *"a cikin yanayin"*, kuma a wannan yanayin ana fahimtar ma'anar "harshen mutanen Tumbuka ". Tumbuka yana cikin rukunin yare ɗaya ( Guthrie Zone N ) da Chewa . 

Almanac na Duniya shekarar alif daya da dari tara da casa'in da takwas(1998) ya kiyasta cewa akwai kusan masu magana da Tumbuka miliyan biyu da dubu tamanin 2,080,000 a cikin shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da takwas 1998, kodayake wasu majiyoyin sun ƙididdige adadin mafi ƙanƙanta. An ce yawancin masu magana da harshen Tumbuka suna zaune a Malawi.  Tumbuka ita ce mafi yawan yarukan Arewacin Malawi, musamman a yankunan Rumphi, Mzuzu, Mzimba da Karonga . 

Akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin nau'in Tumbuka da ake magana a cikin biranen Malawi (wanda ke aron wasu kalmomi daga Swahili da Chewa ) da "kauye" ko "zurfin" Tumbuka da ake magana a ƙauyuka. Bambancin Rumphi galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mafi “tsabtar harshe”, kuma wani lokaci ana kiransa “tumbuka na gaske”.  Yaren Mzimba ya sami tasiri sosai daga Zulu (chiNgoni),  har zuwa samun danna kalmomi kamar  [ ʇʰitʰa ] "urinate", wanda ba ya faruwa a wasu yarukan.

A cikin tarihin Malawi, Tumbuka da Chewa ne kawai suka kasance a wani lokaci ko kuma wani harshe na farko da jami'an gwamnati ke amfani da su. Duk da haka, harshen Tumbuka ya sha wahala sosai a lokacin mulkin Shugaba Hastings Kamuzu Banda, tun a shekara ta alif 1968 sakamakon manufofinsa na kasa daya, harshe daya ya rasa matsayinsa na harshen hukuma a Malawi. Hakan ya sa aka cire Tumbuka daga tsarin karatun makaranta, gidan rediyon kasa, da kuma kafafen yada labarai.  Da zuwan dimokradiyyar jam’iyyu da yawa a 1994, an sake fara shirye-shiryen Tumbuka a rediyo, amma adadin littattafai da sauran littattafai a Tumbuka ya ragu. 

## Rubuce-rubuce

Ana amfani da tsarin rubutu guda biyu na Tumbuka: rubutun gargajiya (an yi amfani da shi misali a cikin sigar Chitumbuka na Wikipedia da kuma a jaridar  . ), a cikin waɗanne kalmomi irin su  'mutane' da  An rubuta 'shekara' da 'b' da 'ch', da kuma sabon rubutun kalmomi (amfani da misali a cikin ƙamus na Citumbuka wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Harshe ta buga akan layi da kuma a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na kan layi), wanda a ciki an rubuta kalmomi iri ɗaya da su. 'ŵ' da 'c', misali *ŵanthu* da *caka* . (Sautin 'ŵ' shine mai zagaye kusa da [w] wanda ake furtawa da harshe a wurin kusa-i.  Akwai rashin tabbas kan inda za a rubuta 'r' da kuma inda 'l', misali  (Kamus) ko  (Bible) 'abinci'. (A gaskiya [l] da [r] allphone na sauti iri ɗaya ne. ) Akwai kuma shakku tsakanin kalmomin 'sk' da 'sy' (duka  da  ('bamboo') ana samunsu a cikin ƙamus na Citumbuka). 

## Fassarar sauti

### Wasula
Wasalan guda ɗaya  ,  ,  ,  ,  da syllabic  Ana samun su a Tumbuka kamar yadda a cikin yaren makwabta Chewa . 

### Consonants
Har ila yau, baƙaƙen Tumbuka suna kama da na Chewa maƙwabta, amma tare da wasu bambance-bambance. Ci gaba da sauti  ,  da  , waɗanda ba su nan ko kaɗan a Chewa, sun zama ruwan dare a Tumbuka. Har ila yau, na kowa shine sautunan da ba su da kyau  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  , da  . A Tumbuka babu 'yan kasuwa kamar Chichewa  ,  ,  ,  . Sauti  da  ba a taba nasalised a Tumbuka, don haka Chewa  ('fifi') = Tumbuka  . Sautin  ana samunsa ne kawai a cikin kalmomin waje kamar  ('shirt') dan  ('sukari'). Tumbuka  wani lokacin yakan yi daidai da Chewa  , misali Chewa  'to be rashin lafiya' = Tumbuka  , Chewa  'cin abinci' = Tumbuka  . Lafazin "sk" da "zg" sun bambanta bisa ga yare.

Baƙaƙen Tumbuka akai-akai ko dai an lanƙwasa su (watau biye da /y/) ko kuma zagaye (watau /w/ bi.) Wasu daga cikinsu kuma ana iya gaba da su da hanci mai ɗaci (/n/, /ng'/ ko /m/) . Ana nuna yuwuwar haɗe-haɗe a cikin tebur da ke ƙasa:

### Sautin
Babban bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin Chewa da Tumbuka shi ne cewa Chewa harshe ne na tonal, yayin da a Tumbuka ba a bambance sautin tsakanin kalma ɗaya da wata.

Tumbuka yana da lafazin tonal amma ta hanya mai iyaka, ta yadda kowace kalma, da aka yi magana a keɓe, tana da sautin faɗuwa iri ɗaya akan ma'anar kalmar (wanda kuma ya zo daidai da damuwa).  Don haka ba zai yiwu ba a Tumbuka a bambanta kalmomi guda biyu daban-daban ko mabanbanta lokaci biyu, kamar yadda ake yi a Chichewa da sauran harsunan Bantu. Koyaya, wannan sautin faɗuwar juzu'i yana faruwa ba akan kowace kalma ba, amma akan kalmar ƙarshe ta jimlar sautin kawai; misali a cikin jimla mai zuwa, kalma ta biyu ce kawai tana da sautin sauti, ta farko mara sauti: 

*  'we are cooking porridge'

Ana samun nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan tonal a cikin ra'ayoyin (kalmomin bayyanannu) na Tumbuka; misali Low (  'watse cikin kananan guda'), High (  'swooping low (na tsuntsaye)'), High-Low (  'sautin abu ya fashe'), da Low-High (  'bacewar kwatsam'), da sauransu 

Hakanan ana amfani da sautunan intonational a Tumbuka; alal misali, a eh–babu tambayoyi sau da yawa akan sami faɗuwar ƙasa mai girma akan harafin ƙarshe na tambayar: 

*  'are you also weeding the maize?'

Da alama babu daidaito, alaƙa kai tsaye tsakanin sautin a Tumbuka da mai da hankali . 

## Sunaye

### Darasi na suna
Kamar yadda aka saba a cikin harsunan Bantu, ana harhada sunayen Tumbuka zuwa nau'o'in sunaye daban-daban bisa ga prefixes guda ɗaya da jam'i. Kowane nau'in suna yana da nasa sifa, karin magana, da yarjejeniyar fi'ili, wanda aka sani da 'concords'. Inda yarjejeniyoyin suka saba da prefix, yarjejeniyoyin suna kan gaba wajen yanke shawarar nau'in suna. Misali, sunan  'mallaka', duk da kasancewar prefix *ka-*, an sanya shi a cikin aji 1, tunda wani ya ce  'Wadannan kadarorin' ta amfani da aji 1 mai nuna  . Malawi da kansu (misali a cikin ƙamus Citumbuka na Jami'ar Malawi) suna nufin azuzuwan suna ta sunayen gargajiya kamar "Mu-Ŵa-"; Kwararrun Bantu, duk da haka, suna komawa zuwa azuzuwan ta lambobi (1/2 da sauransu) daidai da azuzuwan suna na sauran harsunan Bantu. Wani lokaci sunaye ba su dace da azuzuwan da ke ƙasa ba, misali  'shugaba' (class 9) ba bisa ka'ida ba yana da jam'i *mafumu* a aji 6.

**Darasi na 1/2 (Mu-Ŵa-)**

Wasu sunaye a cikin wannan ajin basu da prefix Mu-:

*  pl.  = person
*  pl.  = foreigner, white man
*  pl.  = child
*  pl.  = donkey
*  pl.  = maternal uncle
*  (no pl.) = goods, possessions

**Darasi na 3/4 (Mu-Mi-)**

*  pl.  = head
*  pl.  = fig-tree
*  pl.  = life
*  pl.  = heart

**Darasi na 5/6 (Li-Ma-)**

*  pl.  = breast
*  pl.  = government, district
*  pl.  = bottle
*  pl.  = tribe, nation
*  pl.  = eye
*  (no singular) = water
*  pl.  = hill
*  pl.  = problem, trouble
*  pl.  = hand

**Darasi na 7/8 (Ci-Vi-)**

*  pl.  = year
*  pl.  = country, land
*  pl.  = farm animal
*  pl.  = drunkard
*  pl.  = whip

**Darasi na 9/10 (Yi-Zi-)**

*  pl.  = plate
*  pl.  = money
*  pl.  = brick
*  pl.  = chicken
*  pl.  = fish

**Darasi na 11 (Lu-)**

Wasu masu magana suna ɗaukar kalmomi a cikin wannan ajin kamar suna cikin aji 5/6. 

*  = side
*  = fame
*  = tongue

**Darasi na 12/13 (Ka-Tu-)**

*  pl.  = small thing
*  pl.  = baby
*  pl.  = bird
*  (no singular) = sleep

**Darasi na 14/6 (U-Ma-)**

Waɗannan sunaye akai-akai kuma ba su da jam'i.

*  = night
*  = farming
*  pl.  = bridge
*  pl.  = bow

**Class 15 (Ku-) Infinitive**

*  = to buy, buying
*  = to steal, stealing

**Azuzuwan 16, 17, 18 (Pa-, Ku-, Mu-) Wuri**

*  = underneath
*  = in front, before
*  = inside

### Concords
Kalmomi, dalla-dalla, lambobi, masu mallaka, da karin magana a cikin Tumbuka dole ne su yarda da sunan da ake magana akai. Ana yin haka ta hanyar prefixes, infixes, ko suffixes da ake kira 'concords' waɗanda suka bambanta bisa ga ajin suna. Class 1 yana da mafi girma iri-iri na concords, daban-daban don karin magana, prefix topic, infix abu, lambobi, adjectives, da masu mallaka:   

*  = this child
*  = one child
*  = that child
*  = the whole child
*  = every child
*  = the child saw him
*  = the small child
*  = Khumbo's child
*  = my child
*  = the child has seen

Sauran nau'o'in suna suna da ƙananan nau'ikan concords, kamar yadda ake iya gani daga teburin da ke ƙasa:

## Misalin jumla da rubutu
Mai zuwa shine jerin jimlolin da za a iya amfani da su lokacin da mutum ya ziyarci yanki wanda babban yarensa shine Tumbuka:

## Kalmomi

### Gaban jigo
Dole ne dukkan kalmomin aiki su kasance suna da prefix na jigo, wanda ya yarda da jigon suna.  Misali, kalmar  'Mafarauci' aji na 7 ne, don haka idan abin magana ne, fi'ili yana da prefix *ci-* :

:  = 'the hunter killed a lion'

Hakanan yana yiwuwa batun ya zama suna na wuri (azuzuwan 16, 17, 18), a cikin haka kalmar fi'ili tana da prefix na wuri: 

:  = 'on the mat there sat down a child'

Har ila yau ana amfani da prefix *ku-* (aji na 17) ba da kansa ba lokacin da ake tattaunawa game da yanayin: 

:  = 'it's cold these days'

Lokacin da jigon karin magana ne na sirri, jigon jigon suna kamar haka (ana iya barin karin magana da kanta, amma ba prefix na batun ba):

:  = 'I bought' (*nkha-* stands for *ni-ka-*)
:  = 'you bought' (informal, singular)
:  = 'he, she bought'
:  = 'we bought'
:  = 'you bought' (plural or respectful)
:  = 'they bought', 'he/she bought' (plural or respectful)

A cikin madaidaicin lokaci, an taƙaita waɗannan zuwa  , misali  'mun saya'.

A cikin yare na Karonga, a cikin mutum na 3 mai maɗaukaki *a-* ana samun a maimakon *wa-*, jam’i na 3 kuwa shi ne *wa-* maimakon *ŵa-*, sai dai a daidai lokacin da ake amfani da *wa-* da *ŵa-* . 

### Alamar abu
Don nuna abu, ana iya ƙara infix a cikin fi'ili nan da nan kafin tushen fi'ili. Gabaɗaya magana, alamar abu na zaɓi ne: 

:  = 'Pokani has bought a car' (class 9)
:  = 'Changa carried the luggage' (class 1)

Alamar abu ta yarda da ajin abun, kamar yadda aka nuna akan tebur na concords a sama.

Alamar abu kuma na iya zama wuri (azuzuwan 16, 17, ko 18): 

:  = 'Kondwani has climbed on top of the house'

Alamar wuri don karin magana na sirri sune kamar haka: 

:  = 'he has seen me'
:  = 'he has seen you'
:  = 'he has seen him/her'
:  = 'he has seen us'
:  = 'he has seen you' (plural or respectful)
:  = 'he has seen them'

### Tashin hankali
Ana yin abubuwan jin daɗi a cikin Tumbuka ta hanyar ƙara infixes, da kuma wani ɓangare ta kari. Ba kamar Chichewa ba, sautuna ba su haifar da wani ɓangare na banbance tsakanin ɗaki ɗaya da wani ba.

A baya an bambanta tsakanin lokutan hodiernal (yana nufin abubuwan da ke faruwa a yau) da kuma abubuwan da suka faru na nesa (yana nufin abubuwan da suka faru jiya ko wani lokaci da suka gabata). Koyaya, iyaka tsakanin kwanan nan da na nesa ba daidai bane. 

Ana yin wani bambanci tsakanin lokutan da suka gabata da cikakke. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da cikakken lokaci yana ɗaukar ma'anar cewa yanayin da ya haifar har yanzu yana wanzu a lokacin magana, misali: 'kabewa sun yada (  . ) bisa gonar'.  Hakanan ana iya amfani da cikakke na yanzu a cikin kalmomi masu bayyana halin yanzu kamar  'Ina zaune' ko  'Na ji daɗi'. Ana amfani da kamiltaccen nesa don abubuwan da suka faru a wani lokaci da suka wuce amma wanda har yanzu tasirinsa yana aiki a yau, kamar  'dutsen ya fado' ko  'ya (ya mutu)'. 

Abubuwan da ke gaba suna bambanta kusa da abubuwan da suka faru na nesa. Wasu lokuta suna nuna cewa taron zai faru a wani wuri, misali  'Zan je in ziyarta'. 

Hakanan ana samun abubuwan haɗin gwiwa a Tumbuka, kamar  'ya yi barci',  "ya tafi" da  'zai saida'. 

Wasu lokuta na gaba Vail (1972) da sauransu ne suka bayar. 

A cikin mutum na farko, *ni-ku-* da *ni-ka-* an taƙaita su zuwa *nkhu-* da *nkha-* :  'Zan tafi', 'Zan tafi',  'Na kasance ina tafiya'. 

### Maganganu marasa kyau
Don yin mummunan aiki a Tumbuka, kalmar  ya  an ƙara a ko kusa da ƙarshen jumlar. Da alama  matasa masu magana sun fi son: 

: 
: 'he is not writing a letter'

: 
: 'we will not work tomorrow'

Tare da madaidaicin halin yanzu, duk da haka, akwai wani nau'i daban, ƙara *-nda-* kuma yana ƙarewa a *-e* : 

: 
: 'yes, I have met him'

: 
: 'no, I haven't met him'

## Tasirin Ngoni akan Tumbuka
**Kalmomin asalin Ngoni (Zulu/Ndwandwe) da aka samo a Tumbuka:**

Harshen Ngoni ya shafi dukkan yarukan Tumbuka, musamman a gundumar Mzimba na Malawi. Ngoni yare ne da ya samo asali daga mutanen Ndwandwe waɗanda suke makwabtaka da zuluwar Zulu kafin a ci su a hannun Zulu kuma aka haɗa su da asalin Zulu. Harshen da Ndwandwe ke magana da shi ya kusan zama iri ɗaya na Zulu. A ƙasa akwai wasu misalan kalmomin da aka samo a cikin chitumbuka waɗanda asalin Zulu/Ndwandwe ne, kodayake yawancinsu suna da ainihin kalmomin takwarorinsu na Tumbuka waɗanda za a iya amfani da su ta musanyawa a wurin masu magana, (ban da 'munwe/minwe' ma'ana' yatsa/yatsu' don misali, wanda da alama ba shi da takwaransa na asali ko kuma kalmar asalin ta ɓace).

## Misalin Tumbuka
**Watanni a Tumbuka:**

Misalin tatsuniya da aka fassara zuwa Tumbuka da sauran harsunan Arewacin Malawi an bayar da su a cikin Taswirar Taswirar Harshe na Arewacin Malawi wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Harshe ta Jami'ar Malawi ta gudanar.  Sigar tatsuniyar Tumbuka ta tafi kamar haka:

: 
: 

: 

: 

: (Fassarar)
: KUNUNI DA KUNGIYOYI
: Kunkuru ya je ya roki mutane abinci. Don ɗaukar jakarsa, sai ya ɗaure ta da doguwar igiya ya sa a wuyansa. Yana cikin tafiya sai ga jakar ta bishi.

:

: Watarana da kurege yana tafiya, Kunkuru ya same shi ya ce, "Ga shi, wutsina!" Kurege ya ce, "Ai banza, wannan wutsiyata ce, Kunkuru." Kunkuru ya ki yarda da wannan, ya ce, "Abin da na samu nawa ne." Sun je kotu domin ta yanke hukunci. A waccan Kotun, shari’ar ta tafi a hannun Tortoise. Suka yanke wutsiyar Kurege suka ba Kunkuru.

## Wasu ƙamus

### Kalmomi masu taimako

*     =  Yes
*     =  No
*    =  Thank you
*  = We are thankful
*  = I want some food !
*  = could you give me some food?
*  = I do not speak chiTumbuka!
*  = Travel well.
*  = I would like water to drink.

### Gaisuwa

*  =  Good morning.  (How did you wake up?)
*  =  Fine.  And you? (I woke up well.  I don't know about you?)
*  = How are you?
*  = I am fine, how are you?
*   = Good afternoon. (How did you spend the day?)
*  = Good afternoon.  How are you? (I spent the day well.  I don't know about you?)
*  = somewhat more formal than "Hi". Perhaps best translated as "Greetings".
*  = We shall meet again.

### Mutane
Ana amfani da jam'i ba- (ŵa-) sau da yawa don ladabi yayin magana ga dattawa:

*  = boy
*  = boys
*  = girl
*  = girls
*  = young ladies
*  = a woman with babies
*  = mother
*  = dad
*  = grandmother
*  = grandmother, also used when addressing old female persons
*  = grandfather
*  = paternal aunt
*  = maternal aunt usually your mother's younger/older sister
*  = maternal uncle
*  = paternal uncle usually your father's younger/older brother
*  = my brother/ sister (for addressing a sibling of the opposite sex)
*  = my young brother / sister (for addressing a sibling of the same sex)
*  = my elder brother / sister (for addressing a sibling of the same sex)

### Kalmomi

*  = to play
*  = to laugh
*  = to eat
*  = to sleep
*  = to walk
*  = to run
*  = to write
*  = to do laundry
*  = to bath
*  = to cook
*  = to dig / cultivate
*  = to plant
*  = to dance
*  = to sing

### Dabbobi

*  = tortoise
*  = hare
*  = hippo
*  = hyena
*  = snake
*  = pig
*  = cow
*  = dog
*  = cat
*  = sheep
*  = lion
*  = goat
*  = chicken

## Duba kuma

## Sanannen Mutanen Tumbuka

* Sheperd Bushiri (mai wa'azi na Kirista)
* Mwai Kumwenda (dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa)
* Bridget Kumwenda (dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa)
* Chakufwa Chihana (dan rajin kare hakkin dan adam kuma dan siyasa)
* Enoch Chihana (dan majalisa)

## Manazarta

## Littafi Mai Tsarki
 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Takaitaccen rahoto kan harshen Tumbuka. 
* Binciken Taswirar Harshe don Arewacin Malawi  . Jami'ar Malawi Cibiyar Nazarin Harshe, 2006.
* Taswirar Harshe na Arewacin Malawi 
* Wasu ƙarin ƙamus na chiTumbuka.
* PanAfrican L10n shafi akan Tumbuka
* Kamus na harshe ɗaya na Citumbuka