Adobe

**** (/əˈdoʊbi/ i ə-DOH-bee;   []; ta hanyar Mutanen Espanya, daga   ) kayan gini ne da aka yi daga loam da kayan kwayoyin halitta. Adobe Mutanen Espanya ne don Mudbrick. A wasu yankuna masu magana da Ingilishi na al'adun Mutanen Espanya, kamar su Kudu maso yammacin Amurka, ana amfani da kalmar don komawa ga kowane irin ginin ƙasa, ko kuma nau'ikan gine-gine daban-daban kamar Pueblo Revival ko Territorial Revival. Yawancin gine-ginen ado suna kama da gine-ginan ƙasa da aka buga. Adobe yana daga cikin kayan gini na farko, kuma ana amfani dashi a duk faɗin duniya.

An tsara gine-ginen Adobe kafin 5,100 BP.

## Bayyanawa
A cikin yanayin bushe, gine-ginen ado suna da tsayi sosai, kuma suna da alaƙa da wasu tsofaffin gine-ggine a duniya. Gine-gine na Adobe suna ba da fa'idodi masu mahimmanci saboda yawan zafin su, amma an san su da saukin kamuwa da lalacewar girgizar ƙasa idan ba a ƙarfafa su ba.[undefined][1] Abubuwan da aka lalata gine-ginen ado a lokacin girgizar ƙasa sun haɗa da girgizar ƙasar Guatemala ta 1976, girgizar kasa ta Bam ta 2003, da girgiyar ƙasar Chile ta 2010.

## Rarraba
Gine-gine da aka yi da busassun ƙasa sun zama ruwan dare a duk faɗin duniya (Middle East, Western Asia, North Africa, West Africa, Southwest North America, Southwestern and Eastern Europe).  Adobe ya kasance ana amfani dashi da 'Yan asalin Amurka a Kudu maso Yammacin Amurka, Mesoamerica, da Andes na dubban shekaru. Mutanen Puebloan sun gina gine-ginen adobe tare da kyawawan ko kwando masu cike da adobe, har sai Mutanen Espanya sun gabatar da su don yin tubali. An yi amfani da tubalin Adobe a Spain daga Late Bronze da Iron Ages (karni na takwas KZ zuwa gaba).  Ana iya danganta amfani da shi sosai ga sauƙin ƙira da ƙerawa, da tattalin arziki.

## Magana

Kalmar **'adobe**' /əˈdoʊbiː/ ta wanzu kusan shekaru 4,000 tare da ɗan canji kaɗan a ko dai furci ko ma'ana. Ana iya gano kalmar daga Masar ta Tsakiya ( ) kalmar ḏbt "brick yumbu" (tare da wasula da ba a rubuta su ba). Tsakiyar Masar ta samo asali ne zuwa Late Egyptian kuma a ƙarshe zuwa Coptic (c. 600 BC), inda ya bayyana a matsayin ♡ *Tōbə* . An karɓi wannan a cikin Larabci a matsayin  *aṭ-ṭawbu* ko *aṭ-ṭūbu*, tare da takamaiman labarin *al-* da aka haɗe  zuwa tushen *tuba*. An haɗa wannan cikin Tsohon Mutanen  a matsayin adobe , mai yiwuwa ta hanyar Mozarabic. Turanci ya aro kalmar daga Mutanen Espanya a farkon karni na 18, har yanzu yana nufin ginin laka.

A cikin amfani da Ingilishi na zamani, kalmar *adobe* ta haɗa da salon gine-gine da ya shahara a yanayin hamada na Arewacin Amurka, musamman a New Mexico, ba tare da la'akari da hanyar gini ba.

## Rubuce-rubuce

Tubali na ado shine kayan da aka yi da ƙasa da aka gauraya da ruwa da kayan halitta kamar kara ko dung. Abubuwan da  ƙasa yawanci suna ƙunshe da yashi, yashi, da yumɓu. straw yana da amfani wajen ɗaure tubali tare da ba da damar tubali ya bushe daidai, don haka hana fashewa saboda ƙarancin ƙimar ta hanyar tubali;  dung yana ba da wannan fa'ida. Mafi kyawun yanayin ƙasa don samar da laka na ado shine 15% yumbu, 10-30% silt, da 55-75% yashi mai kyau. Wani tushe ya ambaci yumbu 15-25% da sauran yashi da ƙwayoyin cuta har zuwa 50 zuwa 250  in), ba tare da wani sakamako mai lahani ba. An daidaita adobe na zamani tare da ko dai asphalt mai laushi ko Portland siminti har zuwa 10% ta nauyi.

Ba fiye da rabin abun ciki na yumɓu ya kamata ya zama yumbu mai faɗaɗa ba, tare da sauran illite ko kaolinite marasa faɗaɗa. Yumbu mai yawa yana haifar da bushewa mara kyau a cikin tubali, wanda ke haifar da fashewa, yayin da kaolinite mai yawa zai zama tubali mai rauni. Yawanci ƙasa na Kudu maso Yammacin Amurka, inda aka yi amfani da irin wannan gini a ko'ina, isasshen abun da ke ciki ne.

## Abubuwan da aka adana

Baya ga kasancewa kayan da ba su da tsada tare da ƙananan kayan aiki, adobe na iya zama babban tafkin zafi saboda kaddarorin zafi da ke cikin manyan ganuwar da ke cikin ginin ado. A cikin yanayin da aka kwatanta da kwanakin zafi da dare mai sanyi, babban yanayin zafi na ado yana matsakaici da yanayin zafi na rana, yana daidaita yanayin zafi na sararin samaniya. Babban ganuwar yana buƙatar babban abu mai tsawo na zafi daga rana (radiation) da kuma iska da ke kewaye da su (convection) kafin su yi dumi zuwa ciki. Bayan faɗuwar rana da zafin jiki ya sauka, bango mai dumi zai ci gaba da canja wurin zafi zuwa ciki na sa'o'i da yawa saboda tasirin lokaci. Don haka, bango na ado da aka tsara da kyau na kauri mai dacewa yana da tasiri sosai wajen sarrafa zafin jiki a cikin jiki ta hanyar sauye-sauye na yau da kullun na yanayin hamada, wani abu wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga tsawon rayuwarsa a matsayin kayan gini.

## Manazarta