Tomohiro Nishikado

Tomohiro Nishikado (西角 友宏, Nishikato Tomohiro; an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1944) ɗan wasan bidiyo ne kuma injiniya na Japan. Shi ne mahaliccin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Space Invaders, wanda Kamfanin Taito na Japan ya saki ga jama'a a shekarar 1978, sau da yawa ana ba da shi a matsayin na farko na wasan kwaikwayo  da kuma fara zamanin zinariya na wasannin bidiyo.  Kafin Space Invaders, ya kuma tsara wasu wasannin wasan kwaikwayo na Taito da suka gabata, gami da wasannin lantarki na *Sky Fighter* (1971) da *Sky Fighter II*, Wasan bidiyo na wasanni na TV Basketball a 1974, Wasan bidiyo na tseren gudu na tsaye Speed Race (wanda aka fi sani da Wheels) a 1974, Mai harbi mai yawa Western Gun (wanda aka sani da Gun Fight) a 1975, da kuma simulator na jirgin sama na mutum na farko Interceptor (1975).

## Rayuwa ta farko da aiki
An haifi Tomohiro Nishikado a shekara ta 1944. Ya fara gudanar da gwaje-gwaje kimiyya nasa tun yana ƙarami kuma, a makarantar sakandare, ya fara aiki tare da kayan lantarki ta hanyar gina rediyo da amplifiers. Ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na injiniya daga Jami'ar Tokyo Denki a shekarar 1967. Da farko ya shirya yin aiki ga Sony, amma ya kasa zagaye na karshe na tsarin gwajin kamfanin, don haka a maimakon haka ya shiga kamfanin injiniyan sauti da ake kira Takt a farkon 1967. Amma bayan kammala karatunsa a can ba a sanya shi a sashen ci gaba ba, don haka ya bar shekara guda bayan haka ya nemi sabon aiki, daga ƙarshe ya karɓi tayin aiki daga kamfanin sadarwa. Kafin ya fara aiki, ya sadu da wani tsohon abokin aiki a tashar jirgin kasa wanda ya gaya masa game da aikin da yake yi a Taito, wanda Nishikado ya sami ban sha'awa. Abokinsa ya gaya masa cewa Taito suna neman sabbin injiniyoyi, don haka Nishikado ya yanke shawarar shiga Taito maimakon kamfanin sadarwa.

Ya shiga Pacific Industries Ltd a shekarar 1968, wani reshe na Kamfanin Kasuwancin Taito. Ya fara aiki a kan wasannin lantarki na lantarki, yana haɓaka wasannin harbi na Sky Fighter (1971) da Sky Fighter II. Shugabanninsa a Taito sun yi imanin cewa fasahar transistor-transistor (TTL) za ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a masana'antar wasan kwaikwayo, don haka sun ba Nishikado aiki da binciken fasahar TTL saboda shi ne kawai ma'aikacin kamfanin wanda ya san yadda za a yi aiki tare da fasahar hadin gwiwa (IC), kuma daya daga cikin 'yan injiniyoyi a kowane kamfani na tsabar kudi na Japan tare da ƙwarewa a cikin Kayan lantarki masu ƙarfi.[1]

Ya fara aiki a kan ci gaban wasan bidiyo a shekarar 1972.  Yana da sha'awar ƙirƙirar wasannin bidiyo na arcade, don haka ya shafe watanni shida yana rarraba sashin wasan kwaikwayo na Atari da kuma koyon yadda aka haɗa da'irorin wasan, kuma ya fara gyara wasan. Ya haɓaka Ele*[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id=]Pong*" id="mwUg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Pong">Pong (kamar Pong), ɗaya daga cikin wasannin bidiyo na farko da aka samar a cikin gida a Japan, wanda aka saki a 1973. Ya samar da wasannin bidiyo sama da goma har zuwa 1977, kafin a saki Space Invaders a shekarar 1978.  

## Wasanni da aka fi sani da su

### ''Sky Fighter'' da ''Sky Fighter II''
Nishikado ya kirkiro *Sky Fighter*, wasan harbi na lantarki da aka fitar da shi ta hanyar Taito don nishaɗi a cikin shekara ta 1971. Wasan ya yi amfani da madubai don tsara hotuna na jiragen sama masu salo a gaban wani bango mai launin shudi mai motsi daga wani fim din fim a kan wani drum mai juyawa. Wasan ya kasance mai bugawa, amma ya yi yawa ga yawancin wurare, don haka an bi shi da ƙaramin sigar, *Sky Fighter II*, wanda ya sayar da dakunan wasan kwaikwayo 3,000.

### ''Kwallon ƙafa'' da ''Kofin Davis''
Wasannin bidiyo na farko na asali sune Wasannin bidiyo na wasanni na *[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Pong]*" id="mwdw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="*Pong*">*Pong*-style Soccer da Davis Cup,  tare da Soccer da aka fara  amma dukansu an sake su a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1973. Davis Cup wasa ne na bidiyo na wasanni, wasan tennis na biyu tare da irin wannan wasan kwallon-da-paddle zuwa Pong amma an buga shi a cikin biyu,  yana ba da damar 'yan wasa huɗu su yi gasa,  kamar Atari's Pong Doubles (1973) wanda aka saki a wannan shekarar.  ******Kwallon ƙafa****** kuma wasan bidiyo ne na wasanni, [1] wanda ya dogara da kwallon kafa. Kwallon ƙafa kuma wasa ne na kwallon kafa kamar Pong, amma tare da bango mai kore don kwaikwayon filin wasa, ya ba kowane mai kunnawa damar sarrafa gaba da Mai tsaron gida, kuma ya bar su daidaita girman 'yan wasan da aka wakilta a matsayin paddles a allon. Har ila yau, yana da burin a kowane gefe. Nishikado ya ɗauki Kwallon Kafa a matsayin wasan bidiyo na farko na asali na Japan,  idan aka kwatanta da clones na Japan Pong da aka saki a baya, gami da Sega's Pong Tron da Taito's *Elepong*. 

### ''Kwallon Kwando na Talabijin''
TV Basketball  wasa ne na bidiyo na wasan kwando wanda Taito ya fitar a watan Afrilun shekara ta 1974.  Tomohiro Nishikado ne ya tsara shi, wanda yake so ya wuce rectangles masu sauƙi zuwa zane-zane. Taito ya fitar da wasan a Turai a matsayin Kwando a shekara ta 1974. 

Wannan shine farkon amfani da halayen halayen don wakiltar halayen ɗan adam a wasan bidiyo. Wasan ya yi kama da wasannin kwallon da na baya, amma tare da haruffa masu kama da mutum maimakon rectangles masu sauƙi. Nishikado ya zo da ra'ayin ta hanyar ɗaukar "wasan wasan pong na al'ada" da sake tsara siffofin don su yi kama da abubuwa kamar Kwallon kwando. Har ila yau, shi ne wasan bidiyo na farko na kwando a cikin gidan caca, kuma wasan bidiyo na biyu na kwando gabaɗaya, bayan da aka saki kwando don na'urar wasan kwaikwayo ta Magnavox Odyssey a cikin 1973. 

## Manazarta