Ƙananan

Miniaturization (Br.Eng.: miniaturisation) shine yanayin ƙera **Ƙananan** kayan aiki, na gani, da na'urorin lantarki. Misalan sun haɗa da *karamin* wayoyin hannu, kwamfutoci da rage girman motar motar. A cikin lantarki, ƙididdigar ƙira da ƙarancin silicon MOSFETs (MOS transistors)    yana haifar da yawan transistors a kan guntu mai haɗa da kewayon sau biyu a kowace shekara biyu,   wani lura da aka sani da Dokar Moore. [4] [5] Wannan yana haifar da hadadden da'irori na MOS kamar microprocessors da kwakwalwan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da ake ginawa tare da karuwar yawan transistor, saurin aiki, da ƙananan Amfani da wutar lantarki, yana ba da damar ƙaramin Na'urorin lantarki.  

## Hanyoyin lantarki
Tarihin karamin abu yana da alaƙa da tarihin fasahar bayanai bisa ga maye gurbin na'urorin sauyawa, kowannensu karami, sauri, kuma mai rahusa fiye da wanda ya riga shi. A lokacin da ake kira Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu na Biyu (c. 1870-1914), an ƙuntata ƙarami zuwa da'irorin lantarki guda biyu da aka yi amfani da su don sarrafa bayanai. An nuna wannan daidaitawa a cikin amfani da bututun iska a cikin kwamfutocin farko na gaba ɗaya. Fasahar ta ba da damar ci gaban transistors a cikin shekarun 1950 sannan kuma tsarin hadin gwiwa (IC) wanda ya biyo baya.

An kirkiro MOSFET a Bell Labs tsakanin 1955 da 1960. Shi ne na farko da gaske compact transistor cewa za a iya miniaturized da kuma taro-samar da shi don da dama amfani, saboda high scalability da kuma low power consumption, wanda ke haifar da kara transistor density. Wannan ya ba da damar gina kwakwalwan IC masu yawa,  tare da rage farashi-da-transistor yayin da yawan transistor ya karu.

A shekara ta 2004, kamfanonin lantarki suna samar da kwakwalwan silicon IC tare da sauya MOSFETs waɗanda ke da girman fasalin kamar 130 nanometers (nm) kuma ci gaba yana gudana don kwakwalwan 'yan nanometers a cikin girman ta hanyar shirin nanotechnology. Manufar ita ce yin abubuwan da suka fi karami don ƙara yawan da za a iya haɗa su cikin wafer guda ɗaya kuma wannan yana buƙatar sababbin abubuwa masu mahimmanci, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙara girman wafer, ci gaban haɗin ƙarfe mai ƙwarewa tsakanin da'irorin guntu, da ingantawa a cikin polymers da aka yi amfani da su don abin rufe fuska (photoresists) a cikin hanyoyin photolithography. Wadannan biyu na ƙarshe sune yankunan da karamin ya koma cikin kewayon nanometer.

## Sauran fannoni
Ƙananan ya zama abin da ya faru a cikin shekaru hamsin da suka gabata kuma ya zo ya rufe ba kawai na'urorin lantarki ba har ma da na'urori.[1] Tsarin don ƙaramin na'urorin inji ya fi rikitarwa saboda yadda kaddarorin tsarin sassan inji ke canzawa yayin da aka rage su a sikelin.[1] An ce abin da ake kira Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu na Uku (1969 - c. 2015) ya dogara ne akan fasahar tattalin arziki wanda zai iya rage abubuwa masu girma uku.[2]   

A cikin Fasahar kiwon lafiya, injiniyoyi da masu zanen kaya suna bincika ƙarami don rage kayan aiki zuwa kewayon micro da nanometer. Ƙananan na'urori na iya samun ƙarancin farashi, a sanya su da sauƙi (misali: don ambulances), kuma suna ba da damar hanyoyin kiwon lafiya masu sauƙi da ƙarancin mamayewa.

## Dubi kuma

* Fasahar Microtechnology
* Nanotechnology

## Manazarta