Kathleen Lonsdale

**Dame Kathleen Lonsdale** DBE FRS (née **Yardley**; 28 ga watan Janairun 1903 - 1 ga watan Afrilu 1971) ta kasance mai rubutun kirista na Irish, mai zaman lafiya, kuma mai fafutukar sake fasalin kurkuku. Ta tabbatar, a cikin 1929, cewa zoben benzene yana da faɗi ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin rarraba X-ray don bayyana tsarin hexamethylbenzene. Ita ce ta farko da ta yi amfani da hanyoyin Fourier yayin warware tsarin hexachlorobenzene a 1931. A lokacin aikinta ta sami nasarori da yawa ga masana kimiyya mata, ciki har da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu na farko da aka zaba Fellow na Royal Society (FRS) a 1945  (tare da Marjory Stephenson), farfesa mace ta farko a Kwalejin Jami'ar London, mace ta farko shugabar Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Crystallography, kuma mace ta farko shugaban Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don Ci gaban Kimiyya.      

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haife ta Kathleen Yardley a Newbridge, County Kildare, Ireland .  An haife ta ne ga ɗan Ingila Harry Yardley, Mai kula da gidan waya na gari, da Jessie Cameron, Baptist na zuriyar Scotland. 

Ita ce ƙarama cikin yara goma, hudu daga cikinsu sun mutu tun suna jariri. A lokacin da take zaune a Newbridge ta halarci Makarantar St. Patrick's National School,   kuma tunaninta na farko ya kasance na Ikilisiyar Ireland da makarantar Lahadi ta Methodist. 

Mahaifin Kathleen yana da matsala da barasa, wanda ke nufin iyalinta galibi ba su da kuɗi. Yayin da tashin hankali na siyasa a Ireland ya zama mafi tsanani, mahaifiyar Kathleen ta rabu da mahaifinta kuma ta dauki sauran dangin zuwa Ingila a shekara ta 1908. 

Iyalinta sun koma Sarakuna Bakwai, Essex, Ingila, lokacin da take 'yar shekara biyar. Matsalar kudi ta iyali ta nufin yara huɗu da suka fi girma sun bar makaranta da wuri don tallafa wa iyali. Saboda wannan dalili, ɗan'uwanta Fred bai iya ɗaukar tallafin ilimi ba, kodayake daga baya ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu ba da waya na farko.

Kathleen ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Downshall daga 1908 zuwa 1914. Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta Ilford County don 'yan mata, sannan ta koma makarantar sakandare ce ta Ilford county don nazarin lissafi da kimiyya, saboda makarantar' yan mata ba ta ba da waɗannan batutuwa ba. Kathleen ta sami mafi girman maki a fannin kimiyyar lissafi wanda kowane dalibi a Jami'ar London ya taɓa samu. Ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko na Kimiyya (BSc) daga Kwalejin Bedford don Mata a 1922, da kuma digiri na biyu na Kimiyya na Kimiyya a fannin kimiyyar lissafi daga Kwaleji ta Jami'ar London a 1924.

## Ayyuka da bincike
A shekara ta 1924 ta shiga ƙungiyar bincike ta crystallography karkashin jagorancin William Henry Bragg a Royal Institution . Bayan aurenta a 1927, ta koma Jami'ar Leeds, amma ta ci gaba da rubutu da Bragg.

Yayinda take Leeds tsakanin 1927 zuwa 1932, ta fara iyali amma kuma ta kafa kayan aikin X-ray ta amfani da tallafi daga Royal Society. Ta daidaita aikinta a kan ƙudurin ƙungiyoyin sararin samaniya tare da aikin kula da 'ya'yanta. Yayinda take Leeds Farfesa na Chemistry, Christopher Ingold ta ba da shawarar cewa ta bincika tsarin lu'ulu'u na benzene" id="mwqg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hexamethylbenzene">hexamethylbenzene da hexachlorobenzene. A lokuta biyu ta nuna cewa kwayoyin suna da tsari mai laushi, tsarin hexagonal wanda ke warware jayayya mai tsawo game da tsarin benzene. Mijinta Thomas Lonsdale masanin kimiyyar masana'antu ne wanda ya goyi bayan binciken matarsa. Ya ƙarfafa matarsa ta yi aiki daga gida kuma ta koma aiki lokacin da aka ba shi. Ya yi aiki a Cibiyar Binciken Silk a Leeds bayan sun yi aure.

A cikin 1934, Lonsdale ya koma aiki tare da Bragg a Royal Institution a matsayin mai bincike. An ba ta DSc daga Jami'ar London a 1936 yayin da take Royal Institution . Ta kasance majagaba a cikin amfani da X-rays don nazarin lu'ulu'u. Lonsdale na ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu na farko da aka zaba Fellow na Royal Society (FRS) a 1945 (sauran shine masanin kimiyyar halittu Marjory Stephenson).

Lonsdale ya koma Kwalejin Jami'ar London (UCL) a 1946 tare da matsayi na mai karatu. A shekara ta 1949, an nada ta Farfesa a fannin ilmin sunadarai kuma shugabar Sashen Crystallography a UCL .  Ita ce mace ta farko da aka sanya farfesa a UCL,  alƙawari da ta rike har zuwa 1968 lokacin da aka nada ta farfesa emeritus.

A matsayinta na mai son wasan tennis, Lonsdale ta yi amfani da kwallaye na ping pong don nuna tsarin kwayoyin ga ɗalibanta. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan samfurin - na Ƙungiyar silicate  - yana cikin tarin Gidan Tarihin Kimiyya  

A lokacin da ta yi aiki daga baya, ta zama mai sha'awar duwatsu da ma'adanai da aka samar a jikin mutum misali duwatsun koda ko duwatsun gall. Wasu daga cikin samfuran crystallographic suna cikin tarin Gidan Tarihin Kimiyya a Landan.

## Manazarta