open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Garin da ke Black Creek

Ƙauyen da ke Black Creek, a baya Black Creek Pioneer Village, kuma kafin wancan Park Pioneer Park, wani gida ne na kayan gargajiya  na buɗe ido a Toronto, Ontario, Kanada.  Ƙauyen yana cikin gundumar Arewacin York na Toronto, a yamma da Jami'ar York da kudu maso gabashin hanyar Jane da Steeles.  Yana kallon Black Creek, wani yanki na Kogin Humber.  Ƙauyen nishaɗi ne na rayuwa a cikin Ontario na ƙarni na 19 kuma yana ba da ra'ayi yadda ƙauyen Ontario zai yi kama da farkon karni na 19.  Ƙauyen wuri ne na yau da kullun don balaguron balaguro daga ƴan makaranta daga Babban Yankin Toronto.  An buɗe shi a cikin 1960 kuma Hukumar Kula da Karewar Toronto da Yanki ke sarrafa ta            

Napier Simpson, masanin gine-gine a Ontario ya ba da rayuwarsa ta sana'a don wayar da kan jama'a game da muhimmancin kiyaye al'adun da suka hada da aikin Black Creek Pioneer Village . 

## Tarin

Garin majagaba ya ƙunshi gine-gine sama da arba'in na karni na 19, waɗanda aka yi wa ado a cikin salon shekarun 1860 tare da kayan ado na zamani. Masu fassara na tarihi da masu sana'a da ke cikin gine-ginen da aka dawo da su ne ke sarrafa shi. Shafin kuma yana nuna sake nuna tarihi da masu sana'a masu ziyara, tare da baje kolin Mennonite na shekara-shekara. Gine-gine sun haɗa da Dalziel Barn, gidaje na zamani, gine-ginen gona na asali na Stong, injin ruwa mai amfani da ruwa, babban kantin sayar da kayan aiki tare da wasu gine-ginan kasuwanci sama da goma, otal, coci, da kuma makarantar ɗaki ɗaya. Babban gine-ginen da iyalin Stong suka gina suna kan shafukan su na asali, yayin da wasu suka koma ciki daga Kudancin Ontario.

Yawancin gine-ginen an motsa su daga wuraren da suka samo asali (musamman babban Halfway House da Mennonite Meeting House), kuma wasu an sake gina su a wuraren da suke yanzu. An gina allon da shagon ma'aikacin ƙarfe a cikin shekarun 1850 a Nobleton. An gina shagon makamai a Bolton, kuma an gina ginin Taylor Cooperage a cikin shekarun 1850 a Paris. Shagon mai saƙa yana cikin abin da ya kasance asalin Temperance Hall wanda aka gina a Kettleby a cikin 1850 ta Sons of Temperance .  An sake komawa Roblin Mill daga Ameliasburgh.

## Haɗin kai
Gidan kayan gargajiya yana da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Gidajen Tarihi ta Kanada, Cibiyar Bayanai ta Tarihi ta Canada, da Gidan Tarihi na Kanada.

## Makomar nan gaba
Firayim Ministan Ontario Doug Ford ya ce a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta, 2019, cewa gwamnatin Ontario ba ta da wani shiri na rufe ƙauyen, duk da umarnin gwamnati ga Hukumomin kiyayewa a Ontario don dakatar da ayyukan da ba su da alaƙa da kare ruwa da ruwan sha ko hana ambaliyar ruwa.

A watan Satumbar 2023, Black Creek Pioneer Village ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a sake masa suna Village a Black Creek a farkon kwata na 2024. Hukumar Kula da Kula da Kulawa ta Toronto da Yankin (TRCA) ce ta yanke shawarar. Har ila yau, wurin zai fadada gidan kayan gargajiya da cibiyar baƙi.
Fatima Chohan

**Fatima Ismail Chohan** (wacce aka fi sani da **Fatima Chohan-Kota**  ) 'yar siyasa ce kuma mai fafutuka a ƙasar Afrika ta kudu a halin yanzu mataimakiyar shugabar hukumar kare hakkin ɗan adam ta ƙasar Afrika ta kudu.  Mamba na jam'iyyar African National Congress (ANC), Chohan ta kasance memba a Majalisar Dokokin Afirka ta Kudu, inda ta yi aiki daga shekarun 1996 zuwa 2019.  

Daga shekarun 2010 zuwa 2019, Chohan ta zama mataimakiyar ministan harkokin cikin gida a ƙarƙashin shugaba Jacob Zuma. Wata musulma 'yar Afirka ta Kudu, Chohan tsohuwar memba ce a kwamitin zartarwa na ƙungiyar ɗalibai musulmi. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Chohan ta kammala karatunta a Laudium, Gauteng. Ta halarci Jami'ar Witwatersrand, inda ta karɓi B.Proc. digiri. A matsayinta na ɗaliba, Chohan ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar ɗalibai baƙar fata daga shekarun 1987 zuwa 1990 kuma ta zama memba na kwamitin zartarwa na ƙungiyar ɗalibai musulmi.

## Aikin shari'a
A cikin shekarar 1998, an shigar da Chohan a Side Bar. Chohan ta kasance mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari'a ga majalisar dokokin Gauteng kuma shugabar kwamitin lardin Western Cape kan hukumar shari'a. Daga baya ta zama mataimakiyar shugabar ayyukan shari'a ta Metro a Greater Johannesburg. 

## Aikin siyasa
A cikin shekarar 1996, Chohan ta zama memba na Majalisar Dokokin Afirka ta Kudu.  A lokacin shugabancin Thabo Mbeki, an ɗauki Chohan a matsayin "tauraruwa mai tasowa" a cikin jam'iyyar ANC mai mulki. 

An naɗa Chohan Mataimakiyar Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida a watan Nuwamba 2010 kuma an sake naɗa ta  a watan Mayu 2014, tana aiki a matsayin har zuwa watan Mayu 2019.  A cikin wannan matsayin, Chohan ta kasance mai goyon bayan manufofin 'yan gudun hijirar masu sassaucin ra'ayi.  A babban zaɓen Afirka ta Kudu na shekarar 2019, Chohan ta kasance mataimakiya ga ƙungiyar ANC ta wayar da kan al'ummomin musulmi.  Sai dai sakamakon jam'iyyar da ta samu raguwar rinjaye a zaɓen, Chohan ta rasa kujerarta a majalisar dokoki. 

### Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Ɗan Adam na Afirka ta Kudu (SAHRC)
A cikin shekarar 2021, an ba da shawarar Chohan a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban hukumar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Afirka ta Kudu (SAHRC) ta kwamitin majalisar kan adalci da ayyukan gyara.  Tun lokacin da ta hau kan ƙaragar mulki, Chohan ta ba da shawarar ƙarin kuɗaɗe ga SAHRC, tana mai cewa matsalolin kasafin kuɗi na hana ayyukan hukumar. 

## Duba kuma

* Hukumar Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Afirka
* Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu
* Tarihin Majalisar Wakilan Afirka
* Siyasa a Afirka ta Kudu
* Hukumomin lardunan Afirka ta Kudu

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Fatima Ismail Chohan, Ms

## Manazarta
Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Manitoba

**Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Manitoba** (**MHRC**) Hukuma ce da ke aiki kamar kotu a wasu lokuta, amma tana da 'yancin cin gashin kanta daga sauran hukumomin  ta Gwamnatin Manitoba wacce ke da alhakin tabbatar da Dokar Kare Hakkin dan Adam (Manitoba). 

Shugaban mukaddashin Kwamitin Kwamishinoni shine John Burchill, wanda shine shugaban ma'aikata ta Winnipeg Police Service. 

## Kwamitin Kwamishinoni
Ya zuwa Disamba , Kwamitin Kwamishinoni ya hada da: 

* John Burchill (Shugaban rikon kwarya) - shugaban ma'aikata Ofishin 'yan sanda na Winnipeg.
* Loretta Ross - lauya kuma Kwamishinan Yarjejeniyar Manitoba .
* Jeannette Acheson - jami'in salula na Ma'aikatar Kula da Yanayi ta Kanada, Mataimakin Shugaban Hukumar 'Yan Sanda ta Manitoba, kuma mai kula da Gidan Tarihi na Kanada don 'Yancin Dan Adam.
* Michael Reader - Darakta na Gudanar da Babban Birni na Hukumar Lafiya ta Arewa.
* Ian Grant - tsohon shugaban 'yan sanda tare da Ofishin' yan sanda na Birnin Brandon-Brandon, mai ba da shawara na musamman ga shirye-shiryen Tsaron Jama'a a Kwalejin Al'umma ta Assiniboine.
* Tracy Leipsic - mai horar da wasan motsa jiki tare da River Heights Speed Skating Club, da Mataimakin Shugaban kasa (Finance) na Manitoba Speed Skating Association.
* Darcy Strutinsky - memba ne na Kwamitin Ma'aikata na Manitoba da Kwamitin Gudanar da Ma'aikata, kuma tare da Gidauniyar Asibitin Yara ta Manitoba.

## Bayanan baya
Wani rahoto na 2020 daga Manitoba Ombudsman ya bayyana cewa lokutan jira don aiki ga mai bincike ya karu daga watanni 4 a 2012 zuwa watanni 23 a 2017. Ya zuwa Maris 2025, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Manitoba ta ba da rahoton lokacin jira a halin yanzu watanni 22.

## References
Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi da Muhalli ta Duniya

**Cibiyar CICERO don [[Climatology|Binciken yanayi]] na Duniya** (abbreviated CICERO; Norwegian: CICERO Senter for klimaforskning) cibiyar bincike ce ta fannoni daban-daban don binciken yanayi da kimiyyar muhalli / Nazarin muhalli a Oslo. Gwamnatin Norway ce ta kafa CICERO a cikin 1990. An shirya shi a matsayin tushe mai zaman kansa kuma yana da alaƙa da Jami'ar Oslo . Darakta na yanzu shine Kristin Halvorsen, tsohon Ministan Kudi. 

## Daraktoci

* Ted Hanisch (1990-1993) 
* Helga Hernes (1993-1996) 
* Knut H. Alfsen (1997-2002) 
*   (2002-2012) [no]
* Cecilie Mauritzen (2012-2013) 
* Kristin Halvorsen (2014-) 

## Haɗin gwiwar Arctic
CICERO memba ne mai aiki a Jami'ar Arctic .  UArctic cibiyar sadarwa ce ta hadin gwiwa ta kasa da kasa da ke yankin Circumpolar Arctic, wacce ta kunshi jami'o'i sama da 200, kwalejoji, da sauran kungiyoyi masu sha'awar inganta ilimi da bincike a yankin Arctic.

## Manazarta
Nelson da Bear

***Nelson da Bear*** zane ne na 1809 da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na kasar Burtaniya Richard Westall ya zana. Ya nuna wani abin da ya faru a shekara ta 1773 wanda ya shafi Horatio Nelson, sannan dan shekara goma sha biyar da ke tafiya tare da balaguron polar don kokarin gano Hanyar Arewa maso Yamma. Nelson da aboki a wani lokaci wani Beyar polar ta kai musu hari. Miskar Nelson ba ta yi amfani da ita ba kuma ya juya shi don ƙoƙarin doke bear tare da ƙarshen ƙafar. Wataƙila an ceci ransa lokacin da kankara ta rabu kashi biyu ta raba shi da dabba. A bango shine Jirgin bam din  wanda Nelson ya kasance memba. Ɗaya daga cikin bindigogin jirgin yana harbi a cikin ƙoƙari na tsoratar da bear. Ya watsar da kasancewar abokin aikin Nelson, yana nuna shi da tabbaci yana tsaye ga bear shi kaɗai.

John McArthur ne ya ba da izinin zanen kuma John Landseer ne ya zana shi. Daga nan aka haɗa shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin zane-zane a cikin littafin biyu mai suna The Life of Lord Nelson (1809), ɗaya daga cikin tarihin farko na Lord Horatio Nelson, wanda McArthur ya rubuta tare da James Stanier Clarke .  Hoton yana cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Kasa a Greenwich . 

## Manazarta
Rushewar gadar Glanrhyd

A ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1987, wani jirgin kasa a kan layin Heart of Wales ya fadi kuma ya fada cikin Kogin Towy saboda rushewar Glanrhyd Bridge kusa da Llandeilo, Carmarthenshire . Mutane hudu sun mutu sakamakon bala'in; direban da uku daga cikin fasinjoji sun nitse.

## Bayyanawa
An gudanar da taron da wuri a ranar Litinin 19 ga Oktoba 1987. Kwanaki da yawa da suka gabata, Babban Guguwa na 1987 ya faru, wanda ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga ababen more rayuwa a duk faɗin Burtaniya. A ranar Lahadi da yamma, wani direban da ke halartar aikin injiniya a Llandrindod Wells ya ba da rahoton ambaliyar ruwa a kan layin. Manajan zirga-zirga mai alhakin, bayan bincike da wasu shawarwari, ya yanke shawarar tafiya tare da jirgin farko a ranar Litinin: 05:27 daga Swansea zuwa Shrewsbury.

05:27, wanda ya kunshi mota biyu Class  DMU, ya fada cikin Kogin Towy kusa da Llandeilo a kusan 07:15. Hadarin ya faru ne saboda gadar Glanrhyd da kogin ya kwashe. Jirgin yana motsawa a kawai 10 (16 km / h), wanda shine iyakar saurin al'ada ga wannan gadar.

Carwyn Davies, wani manomi da ke kusa (kuma mai son wasan rugby na Llanelli),  ya jira har zuwa karfe 07:00 don hasken rana don ya iya bincika ambaliyar a gonarsa. Yana da yadudduka 400 (370  daga gadar a cikin filin ambaliyar ruwa lokacin da ya ga cewa wani sashi na tsakiya na gadar jirgin kasa ya ɓace. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya koma gidansa don kiran gargadi, amma bai isa can ba lokacin da ya ji jirgin kasa yana gabatowa kuma ya ga karusar farko "ta tashi" daga gadar. Davies daga baya ya taimaka wa masu ceto su isa gadar ta amfani da ma'anarsa.

A cikin mutane goma da ke cikin jirgin, fasinjoji uku da ma'aikatan jirgin Burtaniya uku ne suka yi nasarar tserewa amma direban da fasinjoji uku suka nutse.  Ma’aikatan da ke cikin jirgin sun hada da Manajan kula da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa da Injiniya da ke raka jirgin domin duba hanyar bayan da aka samu rahoton ambaliyar ruwa da barnar da aka samu a ranar da ta gabata.  Jirgin ya bar hanyoyin kuma ya fada cikin kogin da ke kumbura a gadar Glanrhyd, kodayake jigilar baya ta kasance wani bangare a kan dogo da sama da ruwa. Yayin da fasinjoji da ma’aikatan ke tafiya cikin natsuwa zuwa motar baya, motar ta gaba ta watse kuma aka bi ta cikin kogin tare da direban da fasinjoji uku (wasu ma’aurata da wani matashi dan makaranta) suna ciki.  

Sakamakon abin da ya faru shi ne cewa an karfafa hanyoyin binciken gadar jirgin kasa. Babu wani hadari na jirgin kasa a Wales wanda ya haifar da mutuwar fasinja tun daga wannan lokacin har zuwa hadari na 21 ga Oktoba 2024 kusa da Talerddig. 

## Manazarta
Kungiyar Lauyoyin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta kasar Sin

**China Human Rights Lawyers Concern Group (CHRLCG)** ƙungiya ce mara riba da manufarta ita ce kare haƙƙin lauyoyin da ke fafutukar kare human rights da masu kare haƙƙin shari’a a ƙasar Sin. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar **20 ga Janairu, 2007** ta wasu lauyoyi, ‘yan majalisa da malamai daga Hong Kong, ciki har da Albert Ho**.** 

A ranar **21 ga Satumba, 2021**, ƙungiyar ta sanar da cewa tana cikin tsarin rushe kanta kafin ƙarshen watan, a matsayin martani ga buƙatar bayanai daga ‘yan sanda da aka yi a ranar **25 ga Agusta**. **Albert Ho** ya yi murabus daga ƙungiyar a ranar **13 ga Satumba**.

## References


## External links

* 
* HRIC Action Bulletin: Mai fafutuka Hu Jia Yana aiki 3 1⁄2 shekara Kurkuku hukuncin (Sabuntawa Yuli 14, 2008)
* An ambaci shi a Rediyon Ostiraliya
Tchima Illa Issoufou

**Tchima Illa Issoufou** 'yar jaridar Najeriya ce kuma wakilin BBC Hausa, wacce aka sani da rahotonta game da tsaro, shugabanci, da kuma jama'a a Nijar. A shekara ta 2024, ta tsere daga kasar bayan da ta fuskanci barazanar da tsoratar da gwamnati ta yi da alaƙa da aikin jarida, musamman bayan da ta rufe tashin hankali a Yankin Tillabéri da kuma yin hira da mai fafutukar farar hula Ali Tera. Shari'arta ta ja hankalin duniya ga lalacewar 'yancin' yan jarida a Nijar a karkashin mulkin soja.

## Ayyuka
Illa Issoufou ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto da wakilin BBC Hausa, yana rufe abubuwan da suka faru na siyasa, barazanar tsaro ta yanki, da tashin hankali a Nijar da Yankin Sahel. Rahotonta ya haɗa da zurfin ɗaukar hoto game da martani na gwamnati ga tashin hankali na jihadi, yanayin da ke cikin yankunan da ke fama da rikici kamar Tillabéri, da kuma tasirin rashin kwanciyar hankali a kan fararen hula.

## Barazanar da gudun hijira
A farkon 2024, Illa Issoufou ya fuskanci barazanar bayan ya buga rahotanni game da kalubalen tsaro a Tillabéri, gami da wani yanki da ke nuna sharhi daga mai fafutuka Ali Tera. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan an gabatar da hira, hukumomin Najeriya sun kama Tera, kuma an ruwaito cewa ma'aikatan tsaro sun tambayi Illa Issoufou kuma sun tsoratar da shi. Kungiyoyin 'yancin yada labarai sun yi gargadi cewa ana niyya da ita saboda rahotonta. Tsoron tsaronta, ta bar Nijar a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024 kuma tun daga lokacin tana zaune a gudun hijira. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun nuna shari'arta a matsayin alama ce ta zalunci da 'yan jarida ke fuskanta a Nijar a karkashin gwamnatin da ta zo mulki a juyin mulkin Yuli 2023.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Sashen 'Yancin Dan Adam na Jihar New York

**Sashen 'Yancin Dan Adam na [[New York (jiha)|Jihar New York]]** hukuma ce ta Jihar Nework da aka kirkira don aiwatar da Dokar'Yancin Dan adam ta jihar. Sashen wani bangare ne na Ma'aikatar Zartarwa ta Jihar New York a karkashin Dokar Zartarwa na New York sashi na 293.  Shugaban sashen shine Kwamishinan, wanda Gwamnan New York ya nada.

An kirkiro Sashen ne a shekarar 1968, tare da alhakin aiwatar da Dokar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Jihar New York,  wanda aka tsara a sassan Dokar Zartarwa ta New York 290-301.  Daga 1945 zuwa 1968, an kira Sashen Hukumar Jiha kan Nuna Bambanci kuma an kira Dokar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam Dokar Daidaita Bambanci. 

Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta haramta nuna bambanci a samar da gidaje, aiki, bashi, da kuma samun dama ga wasu wuraren jama'a bisa ga ƙayyadaddun halaye masu kariya, waɗanda suka haɗa da shekaru, launin fata, jinsi, jima'i, da nakasa. Sashen yana da alhakin bincike, gurfanar da shi, da kuma yanke hukunci kan korafe-korafe na nuna bambanci da aka kawo a karkashin Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta New York. 

## Dubi kuma
Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Birnin New York

## References
Canyu

**Canyu** (Sinanci na gargajiya: 參與; : 參與, : ), wanda aka fi sani da   ko "Ƙungiyar Shiga Tsari,  kariya ce ta haƙƙin mallaka  da kuma shafin yanar gizon Dimokuradiyya,  yana mai da hankali kan ƙungiyar dimokuradiyar kasar Sin,  halin da ake ciki na haƙƙin ɗan adam,  da kuma sharhi game da Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin.

An ƙaddamar da **Canyu.org** a cikin 2005  kuma China Free Press ce ke kula da shi.  Saboda matsayin shafin yanar gizon, ya sami Hare-haren yanar gizo da yawa da masu satar bayanai suka yi.  A watan Janairun 2014, Canyu ya fitar da wata sanarwa da ke nuna cewa gidan yanar gizon ya sami tallafin National Endowment for Democracy daga 2005 zuwa 30 ga Satumba, 2012. 

## An kutsa
A watan Janairun 2010, Hare-haren DDoS sun kai wa Canyu hari, wanda ya hana shiga shafin yanar gizon kuma ya haifar da keta doka da lalata bayanan baya. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2016, hare-haren DDoS sun sake kwace canyu.org.

## References
Georg Kippels

**Georg Kippels** (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1959) lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasan Jamusanci na Ƙungiyar Demokradiyyar Kirista (CDU) wanda ke aiki a matsayin memba na Bundestag daga jihar North Rhine-Westphalia tun 2013.

Baya ga aikinsa a majalisa, Kippels yana aiki a matsayin Sakataren Majalisar Dokoki a Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Jamus a gwamnati Shugaba Friedrich Merz tun 2025. 

## Ayyukan siyasa
Kippels ya fara zama memba na Bundestag a Zaɓen tarayya na Jamus na 2013. Daga 2013 zuwa 2025, ya yi aiki a Kwamitin Lafiya kan Lafiya da Kwamitin Haɗin Kai da Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki. A cikin 2018, ya kuma shiga sabuwar Kwamitin Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya.

Baya ga ayyukan kwamitin sa, Kippels yana aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ƙungiyar q 'yan majalisa ta Jamus da Mexico.

## Sauran ayyukan

* Cibiyar sadarwa ta Jamus game da Cututtukan Tropical da aka yi watsi da su (DNTDs), memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Majalisar (tun daga shekara ta 2018) 
* Jamusanci na Kiwon Lafiya (GHP), memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara (tun daga 2017) 
* "End Polio Now", Shugaban Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Majalisar (2018-2022)
* Gidauniyar Jamusanci don Jama'ar Duniya (DSW), memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Majalisar Dokoki
* Jar Jaridar Jamus (DRK), memba
* Lions Clubs International, memba

## Matsayi na siyasa
A watan Yunin 2017, Kippels ya kada kuri'a a kan gabatarwar auren jinsi guda a Jamus.

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Shafin yanar gizon hukuma (a cikin Jamusanci) 
* Tarihin Bundestag (a Turanci)
Sanarwar Duniya ta 'Yancin Al'umma (1976)

An amince da sanarwar Universal Declaration of the Rights of Peoples (wanda aka fi sani da **Yarjejeniyar [[Aljir|Algiers]]**) a Algiers, 4 ga Yuli, 1976 a kan shirin Lelio Basso .  Wannan ya kasance a ƙarshen taron kasa da kasa na lauyoyi, 'yan siyasa, masu ilimin zamantakewa, da masana tattalin arziki, taron daga 1 ga Yuli zuwa 4 ga Yuli a Palais des Nations a Algiers. Sun shirya, tattauna, kuma sun amince da wata sanarwa wacce "tabbatar da haƙƙin Ƙaddamar da kai, na kare muhalli, na kula da albarkatun ƙasa, da na kare 'yan tsiraru. "  Ya kasance matsayin takarda ginshiƙi ga" ga Kotun Mutanen Dindindin.

## Abun ciki
Haƙƙin Rayuwa, Haƙƙin Ƙuduri da Cin Gashin Kai na Siyasa, Haƙƙin Tattalin Arzikin Al'umma, Haƙƙin Al'adu, Haƙƙin Muhalli da Albarkatun Gaba ɗaya, Haƙƙin Ƙananan Ƙabilu, da Tabbatarwa da Hukunce-hukuncen Ladabtarwa.

## References
Taron Carbon na kasar Sin

**China Carbon Forum (CCF) ** kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke da niyyar sauƙaƙe tattaunawar Mai ruwa da tsaki a bangaren Canjin yanayi a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (PRC), gami da Manufofin muhalli da sabuntawa, fasaha mai tsabta da Kasuwancin Ci Gaban Tsabtacce (CDM).

CCF tana shirya abubuwan da suka faru, gami da masu magana / abubuwan da suka shafi cibiyar sadarwa, shawarwari na masu ruwa da tsaki, da tarurruka tare da VIPs, don tattauna batutuwan canjin yanayi na yanzu da ke shafar kasar Sin. Sabon jerin abubuwan da suka faru sune jerin China Low Carbon Leadership Network, wanda aka shirya tare da GIZ.

Kungiyar tana zaune ne a Beijing, China.

## Tarihi
China Carbon Forum an kafa ta ne a cikin 2007 ta ƙungiyar ƙwararru daga al'ummar diflomasiyya, gwamnatin kasar Sin da masana'antu da ke aiki a bangaren canjin yanayi a kasar Sin, waɗanda ke son haɓaka musayar bayanai, mafi kyawun ayyuka da kuma shiga tare da wasu 'yan wasa a bangaren.

## Kwamitin
Kwamitin Zartarwa da ba da shawara na CCF an samo shi ne daga masu sana'a a cikin al'ummar diflomasiyya, gwamnatin kasar Sin, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, dokokin kasashen waje da kamfanonin ba da shawara da kamfanonin makamashi mai tsabta na kasashen waje da na cikin gida. Shugaban kwamitin shine Dokta Anton Smitsendonk, tsohon Jakadan Netherlands a kasar Sin. 

## Manazarta
Harin mamayewar jama'a na Rasha na 2019

A watan Fabrairun 2019, tsibirin Rasha na Novaya Zemlya a cikin Tekun Arctic ya sami mamayewar bears. An ga yawancin bears suna ƙoƙarin shiga gidaje, gine-ginen jama'a, da wuraren zama. Hukumomin Arkhangelsk Oblast sun ayyana dokar ta baci a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2019 . 

A cewar hukumar bayar da rahoto ta cikin gida, akalla bears 52 sun shiga yankin kusa da Belushya Guba, babban wurin zama a tsibirin. Hoton ya nuna bears na polar suna neman abinci a cikin sharar gida a wani zubar da gida. Polar bears ba za su iya cin abinci mai guba ba saboda rashin isasshen furotin da kitse.

Mai kula da yankin Alexander Minayev ya ce akalla tsakanin bears 6 zuwa 10 sun shiga yankin. Mutane sun firgita kuma ba sa so su bar gidajensu, don haka an dakatar da ayyukan yau da kullun da suka shirya. "Iyayye suna jin tsoron barin yara su je makaranta ko makarantar sakandare, in ji Minayev. Ya kuma ce bears "a zahiri sun kori mutane a yankin".  Zhigansha Musin, shugaban karamar hukuma, ya ce, "Ba a taɓa samun bears da yawa a wannan yanki ba tun 1983". 

Dokar ta haramta farautar bears da harbe su a Rasha,  kuma masu sintiri da karnuka ba su yi nasara wajen hana su ba.  An aika da ƙungiyar masana zuwa Yankin Arctic don cire bears da ke zuwa yankin da aka zauna da kewayenta.

## Tasirin canjin yanayi
Asusun Kula da Lafiya na Duniya na Rasha ya ce "A yau, bears na polar suna shiga yankunan mutane akai-akai fiye da baya kuma Canjin yanayi shine dalilin. Rashin zafi na duniya yana rage kankara na teku kuma wannan sabon abu yana tilasta bears na Arctic su zo ƙasa don neman sabbin hanyoyin abinci". Liz Greengrass, darakta a kungiyar kare dabbobi ta Burtaniya Born Free Foundation ta gaya wa CNN cewa hatimi shine mafi kyawun abinci ga bears, amma dumamar duniya tana rage mahallinsu, don haka bears dole ne su canza tsarin abincin su.

Dangane da binciken 2013 a cikin mujallar Nature, dumamar duniya tana ƙara shafar duniyar fiye da baya. Shawarwarin samfurin sun ce kankara na teku na Arctic yana raguwa da kashi 13 cikin dari a kowace shekara goma. Masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa wannan canjin yanayi shine babban dalilin halayyar tashin hankali na bears.

## Sakamakon haka
Hukumomin yankin sun dauki matakai da yawa na tsaro, kamar farautar beyar da aka tsara, tabbatar da makarantar gida tare da shinge da aika ma'aikatan soja zuwa wuraren aikinsu ta hanyar "motoci na musamman". 

## Manazarta
West Coast offensive

Yunkurin  Yammacin Kudancin Kudanci hadin gwiwa ne da gwamnonin California, Oregon, da Washington suka kirkira don kare mutane daga wasu jihohin da ke neman zubar da ciki, da kuma kare masu ba da kiwon lafiya na kula da haihuwa. An sanar da shi a cikin tweet & bidiyo daga gwamnan Gavin Newsom a safiyar 24 ga Yuni, 2022.

Yakin Yammacin Yamma ya yi alkawarin fadada damar zubar da ciki kuma ya ki fitar da mutane zuwa wasu jihohin da ke karɓar ko taimakawa a ayyukan zubar da cikin ciki. Har ila yau, hadin gwiwar tana neman karewa daga hadin gwiwarsa na shari'a da na gida tare da bincike na waje, bincike da kamawa game da masu samar da zubar da ciki, marasa lafiya da sauran mutanen da ke taimakawa wajen samun zubar da cikin ciki ko ayyukan kiwon lafiya na haihuwa.

## Dubi kuma

* Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
* zanga-zangar kare hakkin zubar da ciki ta 2022 a Amurka

## References
Johannes Singhammer

**Johannes Singhanmer** (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Mayu 1953), ɗan siyasan Jamus ne na Ƙungiyar Jama'a ta Kirista (CSU). Tsakanin 2013 da 2017, ya kasance daya daga cikin Bundestag. 

## Harkokin siyasa
Singhammer has been a member of the Christian Social Union since 1972. He was first elected to the German Bundestag in the 1994 federal elections, as representative of the Munich North constituency. He initially served on the Committee on Labour and Social Affairs as well as on the Committee on Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth.

A cikin tattaunawar don kafa gwamnatin hadin gwiwa bayan Zaben tarayya na 2013, Singhammer ya kasance daga cikin tawagar CDU / CSU a cikin ƙungiyar aiki kan manufofin kiwon lafiya, karkashin jagorancin Jens Spahn da Karl Lauterbach.

A watan Yulin 2016, Singhammer ya ba da sanarwar cewa ba zai tsaya a Zaben tarayya na 2017 ba amma a maimakon haka ya yi murabus daga siyasa mai aiki a ƙarshen wa'adin majalisar dokoki.

A ƙarshen 2017, Singhammer ya ba da cikakken rahoto game da haƙƙin Poland don neman diyya daga Jamus don Yaƙin Duniya na II. Masana shari'a na majalisa na Jamus daga baya sun gano duk wani da'awar da ya shafi laifukan Jamus ya zama ba zai yiwu ba a ƙarshe a cikin 1990 lokacin da Gabas da Yammacin Jamus, Faransa, Tarayyar Soviet, Ingila, da Amurka suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya kafin sake hadewar Jamus.

## Sauran ayyukan

### Kungiyoyin sarrafawa

* Hukumar Kula da Cibiyar sadarwa ta Tarayya, memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara (2005-2009) 
* Hukumar Kula da Sadarwa da Sadarwar Sadarwa (RegTP), Shugaban Kwamitin Ba da Shawara (2002-2005) 

### Rashin riba

* Gidauniyar Hanns Seidel, memba 
* Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Max Planck, memba na Kwamitin Amintattun
* Gidan kayan gargajiya na Deutsches, memba na Kwamitin Amintattun
* Jamusanci-Mozambican Society, memba na kwamitin ba da shawara
* Haus der Geschichte, memba na Kwamitin Amintattun (1998-2002)

## Manazarta
Rashin ruwa da samfur

A cikin Injiniyan yanayi, ana amfani da raguwa zuwa samfur (RPR) don lissafin yawan Ragowar amfanin gona da ba a amfani da shi ba za a iya barin bayan girbi wani amfanin gona. Har ila yau ana kiranta raguwar amfanin gona ko rabo na kara / hatsi, daidaitattun yana ɗaukar nauyin raguwar da aka raba ta hanyar yawan amfanin gona da aka samar, kuma sakamakon ba shi da girma.

Ana iya amfani da RPR don tsara farashin da fa'idodi na ayyukan bio-energy, kuma yana da mahimmanci wajen tantance dorewar kudi. RPR yana da mahimmanci don kimanta samar da biochar, shigar da kayan gona mai amfani da aka samu daga raguwar amfanin gona ta hanyar pyrolysis. Koyaya, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa ƙididdigar RPR ƙididdigari ne da aka ɗauka daga ƙididdigaren samarwa mai yawa, kuma yana iya bambanta sosai dangane da nau'ikan amfanin gona, yanayi, sarrafawa, da sauran abubuwan da ke cikin danshi.

## Manazarta
Kwamishinan Bayanai na Scotland

**Kwamishinan Bayanai na Scotland** (Scottish Gaelic) yana da alhakin ingantawa da aiwatar da Dokar 'Yancin Bayanai (Scotland) 2002 (FOISA) da Dokokin Bayanai na Muhalli (Scotlands) 2004 (Scottic EIRs). Kwamishinan Bayanai na Scotland na yanzu shine David Hamilton wanda ya hau mulki a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2023.

## Tarihi
Wannan dokar ta haifar da dubban buƙatun ga hukumomin gwamnati na Scotland don bayanai. Sau da yawa waɗannan sun haɗa da manyan batutuwa, masu rikitarwa ko batutuwa masu mahimmanci, waɗanda dole ne a warware su lokacin da aka yi kira ga Kwamishinan. Kwamishinan yana daukar ma'aikata 21 a St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, don taimaka masa yayi bincike da yanke shawara kan shari'o'i, samar da bayanai ga jama'a game da hakkinsu, da kuma tantance ko hukumomin jama'a na Scotland suna bin kyakkyawan aiki.
Yanci yan (Jamus)

Ƴancin  kungiya ce da take da  kashe kashen , Masarauta da Kare Gida (Jamusanci: ) jam'iyyar siyasa ce ta dama a Jamus.

## Tarihi
Jam'iyyar ta samo asali ne a shekarar 2012 ta hanyar Neo-Nazi Christian Worch, tare da mambobi da yawa na Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Jamus (DVU) don nuna rashin amincewa da hadewar jam'iyyarsu cikin Jam'iyyar National Democratic Party (NPD). Sunan jam'iyyar ya samo asali ne daga Die Linke (Hagu), jam'iyyar siyasa ta hagu. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2012 an shirya kafa sabuwar jam'iyya a gasar tare da NPD. A watan Yunin 2012, an tura labaran haɗin gwiwa da shirin jam'iyyar ga Jami'in Komawa na Tarayya don jarrabawa. A ranar 13 ga Oktoba 2012 taron tarayya na biyu na The Right ya faru a Ludwigshafen a kan Rhine .

A cikin Janairu 2013, Ofishin Mai gabatar da kara na Jama'a a Dortmund ya kammala cewa kafuwar Kungiyar Jiha ta Arewa Rhine-Westphalian bai isa ba don yin bincike na farko.  Ya bincika cin zarafi a watan Agusta 2012 na haramcin ƙungiyar don Resistance Dortmund (Nationaler Widerstand Dortmund, NWDO).  "Hard core" na NWDO (Dennis Giemsch, Michael Brück da Siegfried Borchardt) sun ƙirƙiri wata ƙungiya a ranar 15 ga Satumba 2012. 

A ranar 5 ga Yuli, 2014, An gudanar da Babban Taron Jam'iyyar Tarayya na 5 a Hamm (NRW), inda aka sake zaben Christian Worch Shugaban Tarayya.  Ingeborg Lobocki ya yi murabus a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa kuma ma'aji saboda dalilai na kiwon lafiya, wanda Tatjana Berner ya maye gurbinsa.

A ranar 13 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2016, an ba da sanarwar cewa an share shafukan yanar gizon jam'iyyar daga hanyar sadarwar Facebook saboda keta ka'idojin sabis na kamfanin. 

A ranar 28 ga Oktoba 2017, an tabbatar da Worch a matsayin shugaban taron jam'iyyar tarayya tare da kashi 78.4% na kuri'un. Daga baya, duk da haka, Ƙungiyar Jihar Thuringian ta bukaci jam'iyyar tarayya ta yanke shawarar "cewa jam'iyyar ta cika da haƙƙin al'ummar ƙasar Jamus". Worch ya gudanar da jawabi kuma ya ƙi buƙatar saboda dalilai na shari'a da siyasa. Yawancin mambobin sun bi ƙungiyar jihar Thuringian ba Worch ba. Daga nan sai Worch ya yi murabus kuma ya bar jam'iyyar. 

Dutch Neo-Nazi da Hitler mai kama da Stefan Wijkamp[nl] tsohon memba ne na kwamitin jam'iyyar. 

Wanda ya gaji Worch shi ne ƙungiyar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun 'yan Nazi ta Dortmund Christoph Drewer .  A ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2018, an zabi Bruck da Sascha Krolzig a matsayin hadin gwiwar shugabanni na tarayya a taron jam'iyyar tarayya; A lokaci guda, jam'iyyar ta kara da sunanta kalmar "Party for Referendum, Sovereignty and Homeland Protection".

Don zaɓen Turai a cikin 2019, The Right ya zaɓi wanda aka ɗaure, wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa mai shekaru 90 mai suna Ursula Haverbeck a matsayin babban dan takararsa.

A cikin 2023, sashin Dortmund, wanda ke da masu ba da shawara da yawa, sun shiga The Homeland, wanda ya raunana Die Rechte. Jam'iyyar ta Ƙasar da rushewarta a shekarar 2025. 

## Sakamakon zaben

### Majalisar Tarayya (''Bundestag'')

### Majalisar Tarayyar Turai

## Manazarta
Linda Mbeki

**Linda Thokozile Mbeki** (1941 - 17 Maris 2003)  'yar gwagwarmayar siyasa ce ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma memba na fitaccen gidan Mbeki. Ita ce babbar 'yar masu adawa da nuna wariyar launin fata Govan Mbeki da Epainette Mbeki.  Ita ce kuma kanwar tsohon shugaban Afirka ta Kudu Thabo Mbeki

## Rayuwar farko da mai kulawa
An haifi Linda Mbeki a shekara ta 1941  a ƙauyen Mbewuleni a ƙauyen Gabashin Cape. Ita ce ’yar fari a cikin iyali da ke da tushe a cikin juriya na siyasa. Mahaifinta, Govan, ya kasance jigo a jam'iyyar African National Congress (ANC) da jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Afirka ta Kudu, kuma an ɗaure shi a tsibirin Robben bayan shari'ar Rivonia. Mahaifiyarta, Epainette, ta kasance majagaba mai fafutuka a cikin al'umma kuma ɗaya daga cikin mata baƙar fata na farko a Afirka ta Kudu ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa.

A cikin shekarar 1974, Linda ta yi aiki da Bankin Standard, ta zama mace baƙar fata ta farko da ta yi aiki a banki. Ta fuskanci cikin wurin aiki, ta bar bankin ba da daɗewa ba. 

A cikin shekarar 1976, 'yan sandan nuna wariyar launin fata sun kama ta kuma suka tsare ta tsawon watanni 10 ba tare da shari'a ba a Pretoria da Thornhill, da ake zargi da yunkurin kifar da gwamnati.

Ko da yake ba ta da jama'a fiye da fitattun 'yan uwanta, ta shiga cikin ci gaban al'umma kuma ta yi shiru tana goyon bayan gwagwarmayar yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata. Ta yi aiki kafaɗa da kafaɗa da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban kuma an santa da jajircewarta wajen tabbatar da adalci da daidaito tsakanin jinsi.

## Mutuwa
Mbeki ta rasu a shekara ta 2003. Jana'izar ta ya samu halartar fitattun jagororin siyasa da masu fafutuka irin su Mosiuoa Lekota, Manto Tshabalala-Msimang, Mluleki George, Raymond Mhlaba kuma an yaba mata saboda tawali'u, sadaukar da kai ga gwagwarmaya da kuma rawar da ta taka wajen tallafawa danginta a lokutan siyasa masu wahala. Kaninta Moeletsi Mbeki ya shaidawa masu zaman makoki cewa 'yar uwarsa tana da kyauta.

## Duba kuma

* Iyalin Mbeki
* Linda Mbeki Hospice
* Jama Mbeki

## Manazarta
Agogon sauyin yanayi

Agogon sauyin Yanayi hoto ne don nuna yadda duniya ke saurin da kusantar 1.5 °C na dumamar yanayi, idan aka yi la'akari da yanayin fitar da hayaki na yanzu.  Hakanan yana nuna adadin CO2 da aka riga aka fitar, da ɗumamar yanayi zuwa yau

An ƙaddamar da PP Climate Clock a cikin 2 don samar da ma'auni wanda masu kallo zasu iya bin diddigin ci gaban sauyin yanayi. Ranar da aka nuna lokacin da bil'adama ta kai 1.5 °C za ta matsa kusa yayin da hayaki ke ƙaruwa, kuma ta ci gaba yayin da hayakin ke raguwa. Wani ra'ayi na madadin yana nuna lokacin da ya rage zuwa 2.0 °C na dumama. Ana sabunta agogo a kowace shekara don nuna sabon yanayin fitar da CO2 na duniya da kuma yawan dumamar yanayi. A ranar 20 ga Satumba, 2021, an jinkirta agogo zuwa 28 ga Yuli, 2028, mai yiwuwa saboda Taron COP26 da kariya ta ƙasa ta 'yan asalin ƙasar. Ya zuwa ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2025, agogo ya ƙidaya zuwa ranar 21 ga Yuli, 2029 a karfe 12:00 na yamma.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Human Impact Lab ne ke shirya agogo, kanta wani bangare ne na Jami'ar Concordia .  Kungiyoyin da ke tallafawa agogon yanayi sun hada da Jami'ar Concordia, Gidauniyar David Suzuki, Duniya ta gaba, da kuma Shirin Gaskiyar Yanayi.

As of July 17, 2025, the current climate temperature is 1.325&nbsp;°C.&#x5B;**&#x5D;

## Muhimmancinsa
1.5 °C muhimmiyar ƙofar ce ga tasirin yanayi da yawa, kamar yadda Rahoton Musamman kan Warming na Duniya na 1.5 °C ya nuna. Kowane karuwa zuwa zafin jiki na duniya ana sa ran zai kara matsanancin yanayi, kamar raƙuman zafi da abubuwan da suka faru na hazo. Har ila yau, akwai haɗarin asarar kankara wanda ba za a iya juyawa ba. Sakamakon hauhawar matakin teku yana ƙaruwa sosai a kusa da 1.75 ° C, kuma kusan dukkanin murjani za a iya shafe su a 2 ° C dumama.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

## Sauyin yanayi na New York
A ƙarshen Satumba 2020, masu zane-zane da masu gwagwarmaya, Gan Golan, Katie Peyton Hofstadter, Adrian Carpenter da Andrew Boyd sun sake amfani da *Metronome* a Union Square a Birnin New York don nuna agogo Yanayi. Tana kan titin Gabas ta 14 sama da Best Buy. Manufar ita ce "tunanin duniya kowace rana yadda muke kusa da iyakar. " Wannan yana cikin juxtaposition zuwa Doomsday Clock, wanda ke auna dalilai da yawa waɗanda zasu iya haifar da "hallaka duniya" ta amfani da "fasahar haɗari ta aikinmu, " tare da Canjin yanayi yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan dalilai. Ana sa ran wannan takamaiman shigarwa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin da yawa a cikin birane a duniya. A lokacin shigarwa, agogo yana karanta shekaru 7 da kwanaki 102. Greta Thunberg, mai fafutukar kare muhalli ta Sweden, ta shiga cikin aikin tun da wuri, kuma an ruwaito ta karɓi sigar hannu ta agogon yanayi.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Tun lokacin da aka fara shi, New York Climate Clock ya kara saiti na biyu na lambobi don kashi na amfani da makamashi na duniya wanda ya fito daga hanyoyin samar da makamashe.

## Dubi kuma

* Mai bin diddigin Yanayi
* Ranar Ƙarshe
* Yarjejeniyar Paris: tana iyakance dumamar duniya zuwa 2 °C, tana bin 1.5 °C&nbsp;&nbsp;
* Tasirin dumamar duniya wanda ke kara kara yawan hayakin CO2: gobarar daji, sakin methane na arctic, ...
Doudou Thiam

**Doudou Thiam** (3 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar ta 1926  - 6 ga watan Yulin shekarar ta 1999 ) ya kasance jami'in diflomasiyyar Senegal, ɗan siyasa kuma lauya. Thiam shine ministan harkokin waje na farko na Senegal mai zaman kanta shekarar (1960-1962) kuma na uku shekaran (1962-1968).  Daga 1970 har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar ta 1999, Thiam ya kasance memba na Hukumar Shari'a ta Duniya. 

A cikin kusan shekaru talatin na hidimarsa a Hukumar, Thiam ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na musamman a daya daga cikin manyan ayyukan Hukumar, Dokar Laifuka da ke adawa da Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro na Dan Adam. Hukumar ta ci gaba da la'akari da wannan batun, bisa buƙatar Babban Taron a karkashin Resolution 13/106 na 10 Disamba 1981. An nada shi a wannan mukamin a shekarar ta 1982 kuma ya yi aiki a wannan mukaman tsakanin shekarar ta 1983 da shekarar ta 1995. Gudummawarsa ta haɗa da shirye-shiryen rahotanni 13 ga Hukumar da ke dauke da cikakken bincike, matani da sharhi har sai an kammala Dokar da ke dauke leifuka 20 a cikin shekarar ta 1996. Ya kuma rike ofisoshi da yawa a Hukumar, gami da mukamin Shugaban Hukumar.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Jerin siffofin jama'a na mutane da ke da alaƙa da cinikin bayi na Atlantic

Wannan **jerin gumakan jama'a ne na mutanen da ke da alaƙa da cinikin bayi na Atlantic** .

## Ƙasar Ingila

### Hukumar Kula da Bambance-bambance a Daular Jama'a
A watan Yuni 2020 Magajin garin London Sadiq Khan, ya kafa Hukumar Kula da Banbance-banbance a cikin Jama'a don "bita da inganta bambance-bambance a fadin jama'a na London don tabbatar da alamun babban birnin da ya dace da nuna nasarorin London da bambancin". Khan ya ce "Idan kuka kalli wuraren jama'a - sunayen titina, filayen tituna, bangon bango - ba wai kawai akwai wasu bayin da nake ganin ya kamata a sauke ba, kuma hukumar za ta ba mu shawara a kan hakan, amma a zahiri ba mu da isasshen wakilci na mutane masu launi, baƙar fata, mata, na al'ummar LGBT." 

Khan ya kuma ba da sanarwar yin alƙawarin ƙirƙirar gidan tarihi na bautar ƙasa ko abin tunawa.

## Tsibirin Channel

## Nassoshi

## Ƙara karatu
* 
* 

## Mahaɗa
https://www.thetimes.com/uk/society/article/84-of-black-britons-reject-toppling-statues-w2v5hf9f8
Ƙungiyar Kirista ta Afirka

**Kungiyar Kiristoci ta Afirka** kungiya ce da Joseph Booth ya gabatar a Natal a cikin 1896 don kafa ayyukan masana'antu wadanda aka yi niyya su zama farkon babban shirin ci gaban Afirka, wanda 'yan Afirka ke gudanarwa. Shugabannin Zulu sun tattauna da gaske game da shawarar, amma a ƙarshe sun ƙi.

## Nassoshi
Johan D. van der Vyver

**Johan David van der Vyver** (21 Fabrairu 1934 - 22 Mayu 2023) lauya ɗan Afirka ta Kudu ne kuma malami wanda shi ne Farfesa IT Cohen na Dokokin Duniya da Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Emory a Atlanta, Jojiya.

## Rayuwa da aiki
Van der Vyver ya halarci Jami'ar Potchefstroom don neman Ilimin Kiristanci, inda ya kasance abokan karatunsa tare da FW de Klerk. Ya sami Doctor Legum, daga Jami'ar Pretoria a  shekarar 1974 da Diploma na International and Comparative Law of Human Rights na International Institute of Human Rights a Strasbourg, Faransa a shekarar 1986. Ya kuma sami digiri na girmamawa na Doctor Legum daga Jami'ar Zululand da Jami'ar Potchefstroom. 

Ya taka rawa sosai wajen inganta yancin ɗan adam a Afirka ta Kudu, yana ba da shawarar kawo ƙarshen nuna mulkin wariyar launin fata, yayin da Farfesa a Jami'ar Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.

Van der Vyver ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan'uwa a cikin Shirin 'Yancin Ɗan Adam a Cibiyar Carter daga shekarun 1995 zuwa watan Maris 1998 kafin ya zama farfesa a fannin shari'a a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Emory. 

Ya kasance babban ɗan'uwa a Cibiyar Nazarin Shari'a da Addini ta Emory.

Van der Vyver shi ne marubucin labarai na bitar dokoki da yawa da ƙari, gami da *ɗabi'a, 'yancin ɗan adam, da tushe na Doka*, *Kotun Laifukan Duniya da Tunanin Mens Rea a cikin Dokar Laifukan Duniya*.

A watan Oktoban 2006, van der Vyver ya yi jawabi ga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka kan ko za a yi *sanarwar kawar da duk wani nau'i na rashin haƙuri da wariya bisa Addini ko Imani* babban taro. Ya ƙara da cewa kamata ya yi gwamnati ta matsa kaimi wajen ganin an cimma matsaya ta “gaskiya” a tsakanin ƙasa da ƙasa, maimakon “yarjejeniya mai ‘ɗumi” kan juriya da addini. 

Van der Vyver ya mutu a Pretoria a ranar 22 ga watan Mayu 2023, yana da shekaru 89. 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* https://web.archive.org/web/20090925200526/http://cslr.law.emory.edu/people/person/name/van-der-vyver/
Hukumar Musulmai ta Afirka

**Hukumar Musulman Afirka** ( **AMA** ) kungiyar agaji ce ta Musulunci. An kafa ta ne a shekara ta 1981, kuma tana samun tallafi ne ta hanyar taimakon Kuwaiti da kuma gudummawar dawah daga musulmi. 

Mahomed Farid Choonara ne ya fara ofishin Cape Town a cikin 1987, kuma a karkashin jagorancinsa hukumar ta girma ta zama daya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyin agaji a Afirka.  MF Choonara (an haife shi 3 Nuwamba shekara ta 1949) ya mutu 9 Afrilu shekara ta 2011), kuma ɗansa, Imraan Choonara ya gaje shi a matsayin darekta. 

AMA ta bayyana kanta a matsayin ƙungiyar agaji, ci gaba da kuma ƙungiyar Dawah da ke Kuwait mai ofisoshi a faɗin Afirka. Hukumar ta kafa kanta a yawancin kasashen Afirka da suka hada da Saliyo da Mali da Mozambique da Madagascar da Zimbabwe da Angola da Gambiya da musamman Afirka ta Kudu.  Manufar hukumar ita ce karfafa addinin muslunci ta hanyar yada koyarwar kur'ani, da kuma gina asibitoci da makarantu da masallatai. 

A cikin shekara ta 2010, Ofishin Kwadago na Duniya ya lura cewa AMA ta mai da hankali kan taimakon kai tsaye, gami da gina rijiyoyi don tsaftataccen ruwan sha. 

jamhuriyar Nijar, kungiyar AMA ta taka rawar gani wajen ci gaba tun daga shekarar 1985. Manufofinta da dabarunta sun canza matuka tun bayan kafa ta.

A cikin shekara ta 1998, an ba shi matsayin shawara a Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Zamantake ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.  A cikin shekara  ta 2007, 'yan sanda sun sanya ido a kan shugabanninta kuma sun yi musu tambayoyi. 

## Duba kuma

* Musulunci a Afirka

## Nassoshi
Bude

***'Budewa***' ko OPEN na iya nufin:bude

## Waƙoƙi

* Open (band), Australian pop / rock band
* The Open (band), ƙungiyar indie rock ta Turanci
*  (Blues Image album) , 1970
*  (Gerd Dudek, Buschi Niebergall, da kuma Edward Vesala album) , 1979
*  (Gotthard album) , 1999
* Open (Cowboy Junkies album), 2001
* Bude (YFriday album), 2001
*  (Shaznay Lewis album) , 2004
*  (Jon Anderson EP) , 2011
* Open (Stick Men album), 2012
* Bude (The Necks album), 2013
* Budewa (Kwon Eun-bi EP) , 2021
* Open, kundin 1967 na Julie Driscoll, Brian Auger da Triniti
* Open, wani kundi na 1979 na Steve Hillage
* "Open" (Waƙar Sarauniya) 
* "Open" (Waƙar Mýa) 
* "Open", waƙar farko a kan kundin Cure Wish*Bukatar*

## Littattafai

* Open (Mexican magazine) , salon rayuwa Mexican publication
* Open (mujallar Indiya) , mujallar harshen Ingilishi ta Indiya ta mako-mako da ke nuna al'amuran yanzu
* OPEN (mujallar North Dakota) , mujallar da ba a buga ba wacce aka buga a Fargo, yankin North Dakota na Amurka.
* Bude: Tarihin kansa, ɗan wasan tennis Andre Agassi na 2009

## Computing and mathematics

* Bude (tsarin) , mai gabatar da shirin da aka kira daga layin umarni a cikin NeXTSTEP ko Mac OS X
* Bude (kira na tsarin), kira na tsarin daidaitawa don buɗe fayiloli
* Bude saiti, a cikin lissafi
* Lokaci mai budewa, a cikin lissafi
* Sashe na layin budewa, a cikin lissafi
* Taswirar budewa, a cikin lissafi

## Fim da talabijin

* Open (fim na 2011), fim na 2011
* Open (fim na 2019), fim na 2019
* Open TV, tashar talabijin a Girka

## Sauran amfani

* Bude (wasan) , gasa inda shigarwa ke buɗewa ga masu cancanta ba tare da la'akari da matsayin mai son ko ƙwararru ba
* Bude.... , sabis na talabijin na asali a kan BSkyBs Sky Digital dandamali
* Dokar Karewa da Tilasta Kasuwancin Dijital ta Intanet, lissafi a Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka don yaki da satar yanar gizo
* Kungiyar 'yan kasuwa na Pakistan na Arewacin Amurka, kungiya mai zaman kanta
* Ethernet guda ɗaya, ƙayyadaddun Open Alliance SIG
* Open Cycle, mai kera keke

## Dubi kuma

* All pages with titles beginning with Open
* Budewa (disambiguation) 
* Budewa (disambiguation) 
* Open-source software, wani nau'in software na kwamfuta
* OpenEd, kundin yanar gizo na kafofin watsa labarai na ilimi
* Budewa, ra'ayi ko falsafar da ke nunawa ta hanyar jaddada gaskiya da haɗin gwiwa
Like That

**Kamar Wannan** na iya nufin:kamar wannan

## Waƙoƙi

* "Kamar Wannan" (Doja Cat song) , 2020
* "Kamar Wannan" (Waƙar da ta fi dacewa)  ko "Kamar Kamar Wannan", 2005
* "Kamar Wannan" (Kris Wu song) , 2018
* "Kamar Wannan" (Future, Metro Boomin da Kendrick Lamar song) , 2024
* "Kamar That", waƙar BabyMonster daga *BabyMons7er*, 2024
* "Kamar Wannan", waƙar Bea Miller daga *Babi na Biyu: Red*, 2017
* "Kamar That", waƙar Black Eyed Peas daga Monkey Business, 2005
* "Kamar That", waƙar Chase & Status daga Brand New Machine, 2013
* "Kamar That", waƙar CLC daga Black Dress, 2018
* "Kamar That", waƙar da Fleur East ya yi daga Love, Sax da Flashbacks, 2015
* "Kamar That", waƙar JoJo daga The High Road, 2006
* "Kamar That", waƙar Lil Durk daga Love Songs 4 the Streets 2, 2019
* "Kamar That", waƙar da Now United ta yi, 2019
* "Kamar Wannan", waƙar Memphis Bleek daga *534*, 2005
* "Kamar Wannan", waƙar *Victoria Beckham* daga Victoria Beckham, 2001
* "Kamar Wannan", waƙar da Webbie ya yi daga Savage Life, 2005
* "Kamar That", waƙar Yo Gotti daga Untrapped, 2020
Kamfanin Masana'antu na Negro

**Kamfanin Negro Factories Corporation** na Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Negro ta Duniya da Ƙungiyar Al'ummomin Afirka, ita ce "hannun kuɗi",  da aka ba da shi don dala miliyan 1,  yana ba da hannun jari, a $ 5 kowanne,  don 'yan Afirka na Amurka su saya,  don ba da lamuni don kafa kasuwancin baƙar fata. 

The Negro Factories Corporation an yi niyya don "gina da sarrafa masana'antu a manyan cibiyoyin masana'antu na Amurka, Amurka ta tsakiya, Indiyawan Yamma da Afirka don kera kowane kayayyaki mai kasuwa." Ƙoƙari ne na bunƙasa tattalin arziki tsakanin al'ummomin da suka fito daga Afirka. Kasuwancin sun haɗa da jerin kantin sayar da kayan abinci, gidan abinci, wanki mai tururi, kantin tela da kantin sayar da sutura, kantin kayan marmari da gidan buga littattafai. UNIA tana da wahalar ci gaba da kasuwancin, kuma a tsakiyar 1920s, da yawa sun rufe.

A cikin 1921, Negro Factories Corporation ya zama rashin ƙarfi .  "Garvey ya nada mutanen da ba su da kwarewa don tafiyar da kungiyoyi saboda ya daraja aminci fiye da kwarewa". "Lalacewar kuɗin kuɗin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ya sa aka tuhume shi game da zamba a cikin wasiku a 1922. An yanke masa hukunci kuma aka yanke masa hukumcin kurkukun tarayya na Atlanta a 1925." 

## Nassoshi
Sauyin Yanayin Gibraltar

**Sauyin yanayin [[Gibraltar]]** shine Bahar Rum / Subtropical tare da hunturu mai sauƙi da lokacin rani mai dumi. Gibraltar tana da manyan iskõki guda biyu, wanda ke gabas da aka sani da Levante yana fitowa daga Sahara a Afirka wanda ke kawo yanayin zafi da ruwan teku mai zafi kuma ɗayan kuma kamar Poniente wanda ke yamma kuma yana kawo iska mai sanyi da teku mai sanyi. Yankin ya kunshi tsaunuka masu tsawo 430-mita (1,411   da tsaunuka na Gibraltar da kuma karamin bakin teku da ke kewaye da shi. Ruwan sama yana faruwa galibi a cikin hunturu; lokacin rani yawanci ya bushe.

Matsakaicin zafi na safe: 82%, zafi na yamma: 64%. Sa'o'in hasken rana sun kai 2,778 a kowace shekara, daga 150 a watan Nuwamba (~ 5 hours of sunshine a kowace rana) zuwa 341 a watan Yuli (~ 11 hours of sunlight a kowace rana). 

## Yanayin zafi
Matsakaicin zafinsa na shekara shine 18.8 °C (65.8 °F): 21.7 °C (71.1 °F) da kuma rana da 15.8 °C (60.4 °F) da dare.  A cikin watan mafi sanyi - Janairu - yanayin zafi na yau da kullun yana fitowa daga 11-18 ° C (52-64 ° F) a rana da 9-14 ° C (48-57 °F) da dare (wani lokaci sama da ƙasa waɗannan yanayin zafi).  Matsakaicin zafin teku shine 15-16 °C (59–61 °F).  A cikin watan mafi zafi - Agusta - yanayin zafi na yau da kullun daga 25-31 °C (77-88 °F) a rana, kuma yana kaiwa 21.2 °C (70.2 °F) da dare, kuma matsakaicin zafin teku shine 22 °C (72 °F).  Matsakaicin adadin kwanakin sama da 21 °C (70 °F) shine 181, matsakaicin adadin kwanakin sama da 32 °C (90 °F) shine 5–6 (2 a watan Yuli, 3 ga Agusta).  Mafi girman zafin jiki da aka yi rikodin shine 40.6 °C (105.1 °F) a ranar 5 ga Yuli 1994 yayin da mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki da aka taɓa samu shine 0.0 °C (32.0 °F) a ranar 13 ga Janairu 1978.