Adele Diamond

**Adele Dorothy Diamond** FRSC farfesa ce a fannin kimiyyar kwakwalwa a Jami'ar British Columbia, inda a halin yanzu take Shugaban Bincike na Tier 1 na Kanada a Ci gaban Ci gaban Ciwon Ciki. Ɗaya daga cikin masu gabatarwa a fagen kimiyyar ƙwaƙwalwa ta ci gaba, Diamond yayi bincike kan yadda Ayyukan zartarwa ke shafar abubuwan halitta da muhalli, musamman a cikin yara. Binciken da ta yi ya inganta magani ga cututtuka irin su phenylketonuria da cututtukan rashin kulawa,    kuma sun shafi ilimin farko.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
Diamond ya girma a Brooklyn da Queens kuma ya halarci makarantun jama'a (PS 165, Parsons Junior High, da John Bowne High School).  Ta kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta John Bowne a matsayin Valedictorian . 

Ta halarci Kwalejin Swarthmore a kan shekaru hudu na Swarth More National Scholarship kuma ta kammala a 1975, tana karatun zamantakewa-al'umma da ilimin halayyar dan adam. Ta kammala karatun Phi Beta Kappa tare da mafi girman girmamawa a cikin shirin karatun.  Yayinda take a Swarthmore, a 1972, ta halarci Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London .

Diamond ta yi aikin digiri na PhD a Jami'ar Harvard (ta kammala karatu a 1983), tare da shekaru hudu na NSF Graduate Fellowship da shekaru uku na Danforth Graduate Fellwship . 

Kodayake a hukumance 'yar takarar PhD a cikin ilimin halayyar dan adam, ta shafe shekaru hudu na farko na makarantar digiri tana aiki da farko a cikin ilimin ɗan adam da zamantakewa. a lokacin sashen ya kasance a hukumance Sashen Psychology da Social Relations, wanda yayi ƙoƙari ya kula da alaƙar da ke tsakanin masu ilimin halayyar dan adam, masu ilimin zamantakewa, da masu ilimin ɗan adam. A wannan lokacin, Harvard tana da Shirin Horar da Pre-doctoral na NIMH a cikin Binciken Halitta na Al'adu kuma shirin ya ba da Diamond shekaru uku na kudade don karatun ta: shekara guda don shirya don shiga fagen, shekara guda don zuwa ko'ina a duniya don yin bincike (ta zaɓi Kudancin Pacific), da shekara guda don rubuta sakamakon. Taken jarabawarta shine "Shin bukatar zama mai kula da makomarku a zahiri ɗan adam ne ko kuma samfurin al'adun Yammacin Turai?"  Koyaya, ba ta yi tunanin tana zuwa da hanya mai kyau don nazarin shi kuma sanannun mutanen da ke ba ta shawara ba su da kyau. Sun yi kama da ba su damu ba,  suna cewa, "Kada ku damu. Kuna yi babban aiki. " Ba ku so ku je ku yi kimiyya mara kyau, Diamond ya watsar da batun kuma ya dawo da kuɗin don Shekaru 2 da 3.

Bayan ta ba da takardar jarabawarta ta farko, ta koma ga tambayar da Jerome Kagan ya yi a shekarar farko ta Diamond a makarantar digiri: "Idan jarirai a duk faɗin duniya sun nuna irin wannan canjin fahimta a kusan lokaci guda, waɗannan canje-canjen ba za su iya kasancewa gaba ɗaya ba saboda koyo ko gogewa, saboda abubuwan da suka faru sun bambanta sosai; dole ne a sami wani bangare na balaga; menene zai iya zama wannan bangare na girma?" Don amsa wannan tambayar, Diamond ya juya zuwa kimiyyar kwakwalwa.

Diamond ya yi la'akari da cewa canje-canje na balaga a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ya ba da damar ci gaba mai ban sha'awa da aka gani tsakanin watanni 6 zuwa 12. A wannan lokacin babu wanda ke nazarin prefrontal cortex ko wani batu a cikin kimiyyar kwakwalwa a cikin Sashen Harvard Psychology. Diamond ta koyi daga littattafai da kanta kuma an ba ta izinin ƙara Nelson Butters daga Boston VA (wanda ya buga ko'ina kan jikin mutum da ayyukan prefrontal cortex) zuwa kwamitin rubutun ta.

## Bincike
Diamond ya shirya wani taro, "The Development and Neural Basis of Higher Cognitive Functions," wanda ya haɗu da masu ilimin halayyar mutum, masu ilimin jijiyoyi, da masana kimiyya masu hankali waɗanda ke amfani da irin wannan halayyar halayyar amma ba su san wannan gaskiyar ba. Taron da kuma sakamakon littafin sun yi aiki don fara haɗin gwiwar bincike da yawa da kuma sabon filin ci gaban ilimin kimiyyar kwakwalwa.

Kungiyar Diamond ta gano raunin gani na dogon lokaci idan ba a fara yara da ke da phenylketonuria a kan abinci mai ƙarancin phenylalanine a cikin kwanaki na haihuwa ba (al'ada ita ce fara su cikin makonni biyu na haihuwa). 

Takardar da ta yi a shekara ta 2005 a kan bambance-bambance na neurobiological da na asibiti tsakanin nau'ikan ADHD da wadanda ba su da hankali da kuma nau'ikan ADH wanda ke da hyperactivity an kira shi "BADD (ADHD ba tare da hyperaactivity ba), rikice-rikice na neurobiologically da halayyar halayyar da suka bambanta daga ADHD (tare da hyperaactivité) ".

## Kyaututtuka da aka zaɓa
A shekara ta 2009, an zabi Diamond a matsayin Fellow na Royal Society of Canada,  kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta YWCA Woman of Distinction Award (wanda aka amince da shi a cikin ƙasa a matsayin muhimmiyar lambar yabo ga mata). 

A cikin shekara ta 2014, Diamond ta sami lambar yabo ta Urie Bronfenbrenner don gudummawar rayuwa ga ilimin halayyar ci gaba a cikin Sabis na Kimiyya da Al'umma daga Ƙungiyar Halitta ta Amirka,  kuma an san ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin masana kimiyyar kwakwalwa 15 da suka fi tasiri a yau. 

A cikin 2015, Jami'ar Ben-Gurion ta Negev ta ba da digiri na girmamawa (Doctor of Philosophy *honoris causa*) a kan Diamond . 

A cikin 2019, tasirin Diamond ya kasance a saman 0.01% na masana kimiyya.

A shekara ta 2024, ta sami lambar yabo ta Doctor of Science Degree *honoris causa* daga Jami'ar Cambridge a Burtaniya. 

Ta rike kujerar bincike ta Tier 1 Canada sama da shekaru goma.

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa
Diamond ta rubuta ko kuma ta hada hannu da rubuce-rubuce game da takardu ɗari a kan aikin bincikenta. Da ke ƙasa akwai wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa:
 

## Manazarta