Yaƙe-yaƙe na Xhosa

**Yaƙe-yaƙe na Xhosa** (wanda aka fi sani da **Cape Frontier Wars** ko **Kaffir Wars**  ) jerin yaƙe-yaƙe ne (daga shekarun 1779 zuwa 1879) tsakanin Masarautar Xhosa da Daular Biritaniya da kuma Trekboers a cikin abin da yanzu ke Gabashin Cape a Afirka ta Kudu. Waɗannan al'amura sune tsayin daka na soji mafi daɗewa akan Turawan mulkin mallaka a Afirka.  

Gaskiyar rikice-rikicen da ke tsakanin Turawa da Xhosa ya ƙunshi daidaituwar tashin hankali. A wasu lokuta, ana samun takun saka tsakanin Turawa daban-daban a yankin Cape, da rashin jituwa tsakanin gwamnatin Masarautar da gwamnatocin ‘yan mulkin mallaka, da tashe-tashen hankula a cikin masarautar Xhosa, misali sarakunan da ke adawa da juna, wanda yakan kai ga Turawa su yi amfani da wannan al’amari su tsoma baki cikin harkokin siyasar Xhosa. Cikakken misali na wannan shine lamarin sarki Ngqika da kawunsa, sarki Ndlambe.

Rikicin da ke tsakanin Xhosa da Birtaniyya an rufe shi sosai a cikin jaridun Birtaniyya na birni, wanda ya haifar da ƙaruwar buƙatar jama'ar Burtaniya don samun bayanai game da rikice-rikicen mulkin mallaka na ƙasarsu. 

## Tarihi

Turawan mulkin mallaka na farko a Afirka ta Kudu ta zamani shine ƙaramin tashar samar da kayayyaki da Kamfanin Dutch East India Company ya kafa a shekarar 1652 a halin yanzu Cape Town a matsayin wurin da jiragen ruwan kasuwancinsu ke jigilar kayayyaki *zuwa* Gabashin Indiya da Japan. Da sauri faɗaɗawa sakamakon ƙaruwar ƴan ƙaura na Dutch, Jamusawa, da Huguenot baƙi, ba da daɗewa ba tashar samar da kayayyaki ta faɗaɗa zuwa ƙauyen ƙauyen da ke tasowa. Faɗaɗa mulkin mallaka daga Cape zuwa kwaruruka ya haifar da yakin Khoikhoi – Yaren Dutch tsakanin *masu tada kayar* baya da Khoekhoe.

A rabin na biyu na ƙarni na 18, ’yan mulkin mallaka na Turai sannu a hankali sun faɗaɗa gabas zuwa gaɓar teku kuma suka ci karo da Xhosa a yankin Babban Kogin Kifi. An riga an kafa Xhosa a yankin tare da kiwon shanu, wanda ya haifar da rikici tsakanin su da 'yan mulkin mallaka; waɗannan tashe-tashen hankula sune dalilin farko na yakin Cape Frontier. Kamfanin Dutch Gabashin Indiya ya keɓance Babban Kogin Kifi a matsayin iyakar gabas na mulkin mallaka a cikin shekarar 1779, kodayake yawancin mazauna sun yi watsi da hakan, wanda ya haifar da Yaƙin Cape Frontier na Farko.  

## Rikicin farko

### Yakin Farko (1779-1781)
Yakin Farko na Farko ya ɓarke a cikin shekarar 1779 tsakanin Boer frontiersmen da amaXhosa. A cikin watan Disamba 1779, an yi artabu da makamai, sakamakon zargin satar shanu da mutanen Xhosa suka yi.  A cikin watan Nuwamba 1780, gwamnan Cape, Baron van Plettenberg ya bayyana cewa iyakar gabas na yankin Cape shine tsayin babban kogin Kifi duk da yawancin amaXhosa da aka riga aka kafa a yammacin kogin, kuma babu wata tattaunawa da ta shafi wannan shawarar da aka yi da su tukuna.  Van Plettenberg ya naɗa Adreaan Van Jaarsveld ya jagoranci kwamandojin don tilastawa Xhosa matsawa gabas da kogin, idan ba su amsa buƙatun yin hakan ba. Wannan ya haifar da hare-hare da yawa daga kwamandojin don kawar da siyasar Xhosa da karfi daga yankin. Lokacin da imiDange ya ƙi motsawa, Van Jaarsveld da kwamandojinsa sun sa shugabansu, Jalamba, ya amince da wani taro don tattaunawa. A yayin taron ya watsar da taɓa da yawa kuma ya bar Xhosa ya samu. Yayin da wasu suka shagaltu da karɓar taba, Van Jaarsveld da ‘yan bindigarsa sun ci gaba da harbe su wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 100 zuwa 200 ciki har da Jalamba.   Ba da daɗewa ba bayan wannan, kwamandojin Van Jaarsveld suka fara kai hari tare da kwashe shanun wasu masarautu da yawa a cikin Zuurveld waɗanda suka haɗa da amaGwali, amaNtinde, da amaMbalu. Yawancin mutanen Xhosa da ke yammacin kogin sun watse, kuma Van Jaarsveld ya wargaza kwamandojinsa a ranar 19 ga watan Yuli, 1781, yana jin ya cika aikinsa na korar Xhosa ko da yake da yawa daga cikinsu sun sami damar komawa yankin ba da daɗewa ba.

### Yakin na biyu (1789-1793)
Yaƙin na biyu ya ƙunshi yanki mafi girma. Ya fara ne lokacin da dangin Gqunukhwebe na Xhosa suka fara kutsawa zuwa cikin Zuurveld, gundumar tsakanin Babban kogin Kifi da Kogin Lahadi. Wasu masu kan iyaka, a ƙarƙashin Barend Lindeque, sun haɗa kansu da Ndlambe (sarkin Yammacin Xhosas) don korar Gqunukhwebe. Firgici ya tashi aka bar gonaki.

### Yaki na uku (1799-1803)
Yaƙi na uku ya fara ne a cikin watan Janairu 1799 tare da tawayen Xhosa wanda Janar TP Vandeleur ya murkushe. Khoikhoi wanda bai gamsu ba sai ya yi tawaye, ya shiga tare da Xhosa a Zuurveld, ya fara kai hari, ya kai hari gonakin da Turawa da Dutch mazauna suka mamaye, ya isa Oudtshoorn a watan Yuli 1799. Commandos daga Graaf-Reinet da Swellendam daga nan ne suka fara fafatawa a jere. Daga nan sai gwamnati ta yi sulhu da Xhosa kuma ta ba su izinin zama a Zuurveld. A cikin shekarar 1801, wani tawaye na Graaff-Reinet ya fara tilasta ƙarin tserewar Khoi da barin gonaki. Kwamandojin ba za su iya samun sakamako ba, don haka a cikin watan Fabrairu 1803 an shirya zaman lafiya, wanda ya bar Xhosas har yanzu a cikin babban Zuurveld.  

## Manazarta