William Modisane

William Modisane (28 ga watan Agustan 1923 - 1 ga watan Maris 1986), wanda aka fi sani da Bloke Modisane, marubucin Afirka ta Kudu ne, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma ɗan jarida.

## Tarihin rayuwa
William "Bloke" Modisane, ɗan fari na Joseph da Ma-Willie Modisane,  ya girma a Sophiatown, wani yanki mai launin fata a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu. An kashe mahaifinsa kuma 'yar'uwarsa ta mutu daga Rashin abinci mai gina jiki. Don samun kudin biyan bukata, mahaifiyarsa ta yi amfani da shebeen. Kamar yadda Modisane zai rubuta a cikin tarihin kansa: "Mahaifiyata na son rayuwa mafi kyau ga 'ya'yanta, wani nau'in inshora game da talauci ta hanyar ƙoƙarin ba ni sana'a mai daraja, kuma idan ya cancanta za ta je kurkuku yayin da take yin hakan. "

Ya shiga mujallar *Drum* a matsayin ɗan jarida kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin "*Drum* Boys" a lokacin halcyon kwanakin *Drum* a cikin shekarun 1950, tare da Henry Nxumalo, Can Themba, Es'kia Mphahlele da Lewis Nkosi .  Modisane kuma ita ce mai sukar jazz a littafin 'yar'uwar *Drum*', tabloid na mako-mako *Golden City Post* . 

Sunan laƙabi na "Bloke" ya samo asali ne daga wani hali a cikin litattafan Leslie Charteris da ke nuna "The Saint".

Modisane ta yi ƙoƙari ta sauƙaƙa ci gaban da ba na launin fata ba a cikin zane-zane ta hanyar yin kide-kide da gidan wasan kwaikwayo ga masu sauraron baki kuma ta yi ƙoƙari su ci gaba da ƙoƙarin Ƙungiyar Fasaha da Ƙungiyar Masu Fasaha ta Afirka ta Kudu, dukansu ba na launin fatar ba ne.

Ya rubuta wasu gajerun labaru da aka buga a cikin *Drum* . Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan labarin, "The Situation", ya samo asali ne daga Tsotsitaal (slang) ga masu ilimi baƙi waɗanda suka tashi sama da tashar su (watau sama da tashinsu) amma ba su dace da sabon yanayin su ba.  (Don Mattera ya ambaci wannan lokacin da yake kwatanta 'yan jarida: "Akwai wani rarrabuwar aji. Muna kan tituna, kuma suna cikin tebur. Kuma muna kiran irin waɗannan mutane *yanayi*.") 

Modisane ta sami hanyar yin wasan kwaikwayo. Ya shiga Cibiyar Nazarin Wasanni ta Afirka kuma ya taka leda a farkon samar da Athol Fugard's No-Good Friday (1958). 

Ya raba rubuce-rubucen rubuce-finai a kan Come Back, Afirka, fim na 1959 da aka yi fim a Sophiatown .

Da yake ya yi takaici da halin da ake ciki na siyasa da zalunci a karkashin mulkin wariyar launin fata, Modisane ya koma Ingila a shekarar 1959, inda a shekarar 1963 aka buga tarihin kansa, Blame Me on History. Wannan ya ba da cikakken bayani game da fidda rai a lokacin da aka yi wa Sophiatown (yana kama da ɗan gajeren labarin Can Themba "Requiem for Sophiatowns") da kuma takaici da fushinsa game da wariyar launin fata. A sakamakon haka, an dakatar da littafin a Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1966.

Modisane ta ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma tana da babban matsayi a wasan kwaikwayon Jean Genet mai suna The Blacks a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal Court a Landan. Ya bayyana a cikin rawar da ba a san shi ba a fim din 1964 Guns at Batasi, wanda ya fito da Richard Attenborough, John Leyton, da Mia Farrow . A cikin aikin gargajiya na 1968 Dark of the Sun, Modisane tana da karamin rawar goyon baya amma abin tunawa a matsayin Corporal Kataki, soja mai hankali da ya shiga cikin fushi da tsoro na yakin basasar Kongo na 1960. Wannan fim din ya fito da Rod Taylor, Kenneth More, da Yvette Mimieux. Babban nasarar akwatin ne lokacin da aka fara fitar da shi.

A farkon shekarun 1960 Modisane ya zauna a Dortmund, Jamus ta Yamma,  inda ya mutu a 1986 yana da shekaru 63. 

## Littattafai

* *Ka zarge ni da Tarihi*, Ad.  Donker, 1986,   
* De Wet ba kome ba ne, Van Loghum Slaterus, 1965 (fassarar Dutch na Blame Me on History) 

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin marubutan Afirka ta Kudu

## Ƙarin karantawa

* Mike Nicol, Kyakkyawan Kyakkyawar Kyakkyawa: Duniya na Drum - Jazz da Gangsters, Fata da Rashin amincewa a cikin Townships na Afirka ta Kudu, London: Secker &amp;amp; Warburg, 1991,   
* Anthony Adams & Ken Durham (eds), *Rubuce-rubuce daga Afirka ta Kudu*, Cambridge University Press, 1995,   - ya ƙunshi "The Dignity of Begging" na William Bloke Modisane, 
* 1963 Mujallar Time labarin "Where God is Black" yana da samfurin aikin Modisane.

## Manazarta