Hanyoyin bincike a kimiyyar fahimta

**Kimiyya ta [[Cognition|fahimta]]** ita ce nazarin kimiyya na tunani da hanyoyinta. Yana nazarin yanayi, ayyuka, da ayyukan fahimta (a cikin ma'ana mai zurfi). Hanyoyin tunani na damuwa ga masana kimiyya masu fahimta sun haɗa da fahimta, ƙwaƙwalwa, hankali, tunani, harshe, da motsin rai. Don fahimtar waɗannan ƙwarewar, masana kimiyya masu fahimta suna karɓar bashi daga fannoni kamar ilimin halayyar mutum, tattalin arziki, hankali na wucin gadi, kimiyyar kwakwalwa, ilimin harshe, da ilimin ɗan adam. Binciken da aka saba da shi na kimiyyar fahimta ya kunshi matakai da yawa na tsari, daga ilmantarwa da yanke shawara zuwa tunani da tsarawa; daga tsarin jijiyoyi zuwa tsarin kwakwalwa. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman ra'ayoyin kimiyyar fahimta shine cewa "tunanin zai iya fahimta mafi kyau dangane da tsarin wakilci a cikin tunani da hanyoyin lissafi waɗanda ke aiki a kan waɗancan tsarin".

## Tarihi
Kimiyya ta fahimta ta fara ne a matsayin motsi na ilimi a cikin shekarun 1950, wanda ake kira juyin juya halin fahimta. Kimiyya ta fahimta tana da tarihin da za a iya ganowa zuwa matani na falsafar Girka na dā (duba Plato's *Meno* da Aristotle's ).

Za'a iya gano al'adun zamani na kimiyyar fahimta zuwa farkon masu ilimin cyberneticists a cikin shekarun 1930 da 1940, kamar Warren McCulloch da Walter Pitts, waɗanda suka nemi fahimtar ka'idodin tsara hankali. McCulloch da Pitts sun haɓaka bambance-bambance na farko na abin da yanzu aka sani da Cibiyoyin sadarwa na wucin gadi, samfuran lissafi waɗanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare su ta hanyar tsarin cibiyoyin sadarwar jijiyoyin halittu.

Wani mai gabatarwa shine farkon ci gaban ka'idar lissafi da Kwamfuta ta dijital a cikin 1940s da 1950s. Kurt Gödel, Alonzo Church, Alan Turing, da John von Neumann sun taimaka wajen wadannan ci gaba. Kwamfuta ta zamani, ko Na'urar Von Neumann, za ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a kimiyyar fahimta, a matsayin kwatanci ga hankali, kuma a matsayin kayan aiki don bincike.

Misalin farko na gwaje-gwajen kimiyyar fahimi da ake yi a wata cibiyar ilimi ya faru a Makarantar Gudanarwa ta MIT Sloan, wanda J.C.R. Licklider yana aiki a cikin sashen ilimin halin dan Adam da gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta azaman samfuri don fahimtar ɗan adam.[1][Madogararsa mai tushe?] A cikin 1959, Noam Chomsky ya buga wani sharhi mai ban mamaki na littafin Verbal Behavior na BF Skinner.[2] A lokacin, tsarin halayyar Skinner ya mamaye fagen ilimin halin dan Adam a cikin Amurka. Yawancin masana ilimin halayyar dan adam sun mayar da hankali kan alaƙar aiki tsakanin haɓakawa da amsawa, ba tare da gabatar da wakilci na ciki ba. Chomsky yayi jayayya cewa don bayyana harshe, muna buƙatar ka'idar kamar nahawu na haɓakawa, wanda ba wai kawai ya danganta wakilci na ciki ba amma yana nuna tsarin su.[ana yanayi hujja] [citation need]

Christopher Longuet-Higgins ne ya kirkiro kalmar kimiyyar fahimta a cikin sharhinsa na 1973 akan Rahoton Lighthill, wanda ya shafi halin yanzu na binciken hankali na wucin gadi. A cikin wannan shekaru goma, an kafa mujallar Cognitive Science da Cognitive Sciences Society. An gudanar da taron kafa Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kimiyya a Jami'ar California, San Diego a 1979, wanda ya haifar da kimiyyar fahimta ta zama kamfani mai ganuwa a duniya. A shekara ta 1972, Kwalejin Hampshire ta fara shirin farko na karatun digiri a Kimiyya ta Kimiyya, karkashin jagorancin Neil Stillings. A shekara ta 1982, tare da taimakon Farfesa Stillings, Kwalejin Vassar ta zama cibiyar farko a duniya don ba da digiri na farko a **'Kimiyya ta fahimta**'. A shekara ta 1986, an kafa Sashen Kimiyya na farko a duniya a Jami'ar California, San Diego . 

A cikin shekarun 1970s da farkon shekarun 1980, yayin da damar samun kwamfutoci ta karu, binciken fasaha na wucin gadi ya fadada. Masu bincike irin su Marvin Minsky za su rubuta shirye-shiryen kwamfuta a cikin harsuna kamar LISP don ƙoƙarin bayyana matakan da mutane suka bi, alal misali, a cikin yanke shawara da warware matsaloli, da fatan fahimtar tunani ɗan adam, da kuma fatan ƙirƙirar tunanin ɗan adam. Wannan hanyar an san ta da "AI na alama".

A ƙarshe iyakokin shirin bincike na AI na alama ya bayyana. Misali, ya zama kamar ba zai yiwu ba a lissafa cikakken ilimin ɗan adam a cikin hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita ta hanyar shirin kwamfuta na alama. A ƙarshen 80s da 90s sun ga haɓakar hanyoyin sadarwa na jijiyoyi da haɗin kai a matsayin tsarin bincike. A karkashin wannan ra'ayi, sau da yawa ana danganta shi ga James McClelland da David Rumelhart, ana iya kwatanta hankali a matsayin saiti na ƙungiyoyi masu rikitarwa, waɗanda aka wakilta a matsayin cibiyar sadarwa. Masu sukar suna jayayya cewa akwai wasu abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da alamomi, kuma cewa samfuran haɗin kai galibi suna da rikitarwa don samun ƙaramin ikon bayani. Kwanan nan an haɗa samfuran alama da haɗin kai, suna ba da damar amfani da nau'ikan bayani guda biyu. Duk da yake duka haɗin kai da hanyoyin alama sun tabbatar da amfani don gwada ra'ayoyi daban-daban da bincika hanyoyin fahimtar fannoni na fahimta da ƙananan ayyukan kwakwalwa, ba su da ma'ana kuma sabili da haka, dukansu suna fama da rashin gaskiyar kimiyyar kwakwalwa. Haɗin kai ya tabbatar da amfani don bincika yadda ƙididdigar ke fitowa a cikin ci gaba kuma yana faruwa a cikin kwakwalwar ɗan adam, kuma ya ba da madadin ga ƙayyadaddun yanki / tsarin yanki na gaba ɗaya. Misali, masana kimiyya kamar su Jeff Elman, Liz Bates, da Annette Karmiloff-Smith sun nuna cewa cibiyoyin sadarwa a cikin kwakwalwa sun fito ne daga hulɗar da ke tsakanin su da shigarwar muhalli.

Ci gaban da aka samu kwanan nan a cikin lissafin lissafi, gami da ikon gudanar da da'irori masu yawa a kan kwamfutocin lissafi irin su IBM Quantum Platform, ya hanzarta aiki ta amfani da abubuwa daga injiniyoyin lissafi a cikin samfuran fahimta.

## Ka'idoji

### Matakan bincike
Babban ka'idar kimiyyar fahimta ita ce ba za a iya samun cikakken fahimtar hankali / kwakwalwa ta hanyar nazarin matakin daya kawai ba. Misali zai zama matsalar tunawa da lambar waya da kuma tunawa da ita daga baya. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin fahimtar wannan tsari shine nazarin halayyar ta hanyar lura kai tsaye, ko lura da halitta. Za a iya gabatar da mutum da lambar waya kuma a nemi ya tuna da shi bayan ɗan jinkiri; to ana iya auna daidaito na amsa. Wata hanyar da za a auna ikon fahimta ita ce nazarin fitar da ƙwayoyin cuta yayin da mutum ke ƙoƙarin tunawa da lambar waya. Babu ɗayan waɗannan gwaje-gwajen da kansu da za su bayyana yadda tsarin tunawa da lambar waya ke aiki. Ko da fasahar tsara kowane neuron a cikin kwakwalwa a ainihin lokacin tana samuwa kuma an san lokacin da kowane neuron ya harba har yanzu ba zai yiwu a san yadda wani firing na neurons ke fassara cikin halin da aka lura ba. Don haka fahimtar yadda waɗannan matakan biyu ke da alaƙa da juna yana da mahimmanci. Francisco Varela, a cikin The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience, ya yi jayayya cewa "sabon kimiyyar hankali suna buƙatar fadada sararin samaniya don haɗawa da kwarewar ɗan adam da kuma yiwuwar canji da ke cikin kwarewar mutum". A kan ra'ayi na al'ada, ana iya samar da wannan ta hanyar asusun aiki na tsari. Nazarin wani abu daga matakai da yawa yana haifar da kyakkyawar fahimtar hanyoyin da ke faruwa a cikin kwakwalwa don haifar da wani hali. Marr  ya ba da sanannen bayanin matakai uku na bincike:

# *ka'idar lissafi*, tana ƙayyade burin lissafi;
# *Wakilin da algorithms*, yana ba da wakilci na shigarwa da fitarwa da algorithms wanda ke canza ɗayan zuwa ɗayan; da
# *Aiwatar da kayan aiki*, ko kuma yadda za'a iya fahimtar algorithm da wakilci a zahiri.

### Halitta ta fannoni
Kimiyya ta fahimta wani bangare ne na hadin gwiwa tare da masu ba da gudummawa daga fannoni daban-daban, gami da ilimin halayyar dan adam, kimiyyar kwakwalwa, ilimin harshe, falsafar tunani, kimiyyar kwamfuta, ilimin ɗan adam da ilmin halitta. Masana kimiyya masu hankali suna aiki tare da fatan fahimtar hankali da hulɗarta da duniyar da ke kewaye da ita kamar sauran kimiyyar. Yankin yana ɗaukar kansa a matsayin mai jituwa da kimiyyar jiki kuma yana amfani da Hanyar kimiyya da kuma kwaikwayon ko ƙira, sau da yawa yana kwatanta fitar da samfurin tare da fannoni na fahimtar ɗan adam. Hakazalika da fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam, akwai wasu shakku ko akwai kimiyyar fahimta, wanda ya haifar da wasu masu bincike su fi son 'kimiyya ta fahimta' a jam'i.

Mutane da yawa, amma ba duka ba, waɗanda ke ɗaukar kansu masana kimiyya masu fahimta suna da ra'ayi mai aiki game da hankali - ra'ayin cewa ya kamata a bayyana yanayin tunani da matakai ta hanyar aikinsu - abin da suke yi. Dangane da asusun da aka yi amfani da shi da yawa na aiki, har ma da tsarin da ba na ɗan adam ba kamar robots da kwamfutoci za a iya danganta su da suna da fahimta. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

=== Kimiyya ta fahimta, kalmar ===
Ana amfani da kalmar "cognitive" a cikin "kimiyya ta fahimta" don "kowane irin aikin tunani ko tsarin da za'a iya nazarin shi a cikin takamaiman kalmomi" (Lakoff da Johnson, 1999). Wannan ra'ayi yana da faɗi sosai, kuma bai kamata a rikita shi da yadda ake amfani da "cognitive" a wasu al'adun Falsafar nazari ba, inda "cognitif" ya shafi kawai da ka'idoji na al'ada da gaskiyar-yanayin gaskiya.

Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da kalmar "cognitive" a cikin OED suna ɗaukar shi yana nufin kusan ''"wanda ya shafi aikin ko tsarin sani"''. Rubutun farko, daga 1586, ya nuna cewa an yi amfani da kalmar a wani lokaci a cikin tattaunawar ka'idodin [[ilimi]] na Plato. Yawancin a cikin kimiyyar ''fahimta'', duk da haka, watakila ba su yi imani da filin su shine nazarin wani abu kamar yadda Plato ya nema ba.

== Yankin da ake ciki ==
Kimiyya ta fahimta babban filin ne, kuma yana rufe batutuwa masu yawa game da fahimta. Koyaya, ya kamata a gane cewa kimiyyar fahimta ba koyaushe take damuwa da kowane batu wanda zai iya ɗaukar dacewa da yanayin da aiki na hankali ba. Masu ilimin gargajiya sun fi mayar da hankali ko kauce wa abubuwan zamantakewa da al'adu, bayyanar, motsin rai, sani, Ilimin dabba, da kwatankwacin ilimin halayyar juyin halitta. Koyaya, tare da raguwar halayyar hali, jihohin ciki kamar su tasiri da motsin rai, da kuma wayar da kan jama'a da kuma ɓoye hankali sun sake zama masu kusanci. Misali, ra'ayoyin da aka tsara da kuma abubuwan da aka tsara suna la'akari da yanayin muhalli na yanzu da kuma rawar da jiki ke takawa a cikin fahimta. Tare da sabon jaddadawa kan sarrafa bayanai, halayyar da za a iya lura da ita ba alama ce ta ka'idar ilimin halayyar mutum ba, amma ƙira ko rikodin yanayin tunani. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

Da ke ƙasa akwai wasu daga cikin manyan batutuwa da kimiyyar fahimta ke damuwa da su; duba Jerin batutuwan kimiyyar hankali don ƙarin jerin.

### Ilimin ɗan adam
Ilimin Artificial (AI) ya haɗa da nazarin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin injuna. Ɗaya daga cikin manufofi masu amfani na AI shine aiwatar da fannoni na hankali na mutum a cikin kwamfutoci. Ana kuma amfani da kwamfutoci a ko'ina a matsayin kayan aiki don nazarin abubuwan da suka faru. Misali na kwamfuta yana amfani da simulations don nazarin yadda za'a iya tsara hankali na mutum.  (Dubi sashi na ƙididdigar ƙididdiga.) 

Akwai wasu muhawara a fagen game da ko an fi kallon hankali a matsayin babban jerin ƙananan abubuwa amma kowannensu mai rauni (watau neurons), ko kuma a matsayin tarin tsarin da ya fi girma kamar alamomi, tsare-tsare, tsare-shirye, da dokoki. Tsohon ra'ayi yana amfani da haɗin kai don nazarin tunani, yayin da ƙarshen ya jaddada hankali na wucin gadi na alama. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da za a kalli batun shine ko yana yiwuwa a kwaikwayon kwakwalwar mutum daidai a kan kwamfuta ba tare da kwaikwayon neurons da suka hada kwakwalwar ɗan adam ba.

### Kulawa
Kulawa shine zaɓin mahimman bayanai. Zuciyar ɗan adam tana da miliyoyin motsawa kuma dole ne ta sami hanyar yanke shawarar wane daga cikin wannan bayanin da za a sarrafa. Ana ganin hankali a wasu lokuta a matsayin hasken wuta, ma'ana mutum zai iya haskaka haske ne kawai a kan wani saiti na bayanai. Gwaje-gwaje da ke tallafawa wannan kwatanci sun haɗa da aikin sauraron dichotic (Cherry, 1957) da nazarin rashin kulawa (Mack da Rock, 1998). A cikin aikin sauraron dichotic, ana bombarded batutuwa da sakonni daban-daban guda biyu, daya a kowane kunne, kuma an gaya musu su mai da hankali kan daya daga cikin sakonnin. A ƙarshen gwajin, lokacin da aka tambaye su game da abinda ke cikin saƙon da ba a kula da shi ba, batutuwa ba za su iya bayar da rahoton ba.

Tsarin tunani na hankali wani lokaci ana rikitar da shi tare da manufar niyya saboda wani mataki na rashin tabbas a cikin ma'anar su. A farkon binciken gwaji game da hankali, Wilhelm Wundt ya bayyana wannan kalmar a matsayin "wannan tsari na tunani, wanda ke aiki a cikin kyakkyawar fahimta game da ƙarancin yankin abubuwan da ke cikin hankali. "  Gwaje-gwajensa sun nuna iyakokin hankali a sararin samaniya da lokaci, waɗanda suka kasance haruffa 3-6 yayin fallasa 1/10 s. Saboda wannan ra'ayi yana tasowa a cikin tsarin ma'anar asali a cikin shekaru ɗari na bincike, ma'anar hankali za ta nuna ma'anar lokacin da yake lissafin manyan fasalulluka da aka danganta da wannan kalmar - tsari ne na sarrafa tunani wanda ke ci gaba a tsawon lokaci. Duk da yake intentionality shine ikon tunani don kasancewa game da wani abu,  mai da hankali shine mai da hankali kan wasu abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin wani lokaci, wanda ya zama dole don ɗaga kyakkyawar fahimta game da ƙarancin yankin abubuwan da ke cikin sani kuma wanda zai yiwu a sarrafa wannan mai da hankali a zuciya.

Muhimmancin ilimi game da girman kulawa don nazarin fahimta shine cewa yana bayyana ayyukan ilimi na fahimta kamar tsoro, hukunci, tunani, da ƙwaƙwalwar aiki. Ci gaban fa'idar kulawa yana ƙara saitin ikon da ke da alhakin tunani ya dogara da yadda yake fahimta, tunawa, la'akari, da kimantawa wajen yanke shawara. Dalilin wannan sanarwa shine cewa ƙarin cikakkun bayanai (haɗe da wani taron) hankali na iya fahimtar kwatancen su, haɗin kai, da rarrabuwa, tsoro, hukunci, da tunani game da taron sun dace da gaskiyar. A cewar farfesa na Latvia Sandra Mihailova da farfesa Igor Val Danilov, ƙarin abubuwa na abin da ya faru (ko abubuwan da suka faru) hankali na iya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin hankali a lokaci guda, mafi yawan haɗuwa mai ma'ana a cikin wannan taron da zai iya cimma, yana haɓaka yiwuwar fahimtar siffofi mafi kyau da ƙayyadaddun abin da ya bayyana (al'amuran).  Misali, abubuwa uku a cikin maɓallin sani suna samar da haɗuwa guda shida (3 factorial) da abubuwa huɗu - 24 (4 factorial) haɗuwa. Adadin haɗuwa mai ma'ana ya zama mahimmanci idan aka kwatanta da ma'ana tare da abubuwa shida tare da haɗuwa mai yiwuwa 720 (6 factorial). 

### Hanyoyin jiki da suka danganci fahimta
Hanyoyin fahimta da aka tsara don kimiyyar fahimta suna jaddada rawar jiki da muhalli a cikin fahimta. Wannan ya haɗa da matakai na jijiyoyi da na jijiyoyi, da abubuwan da suka fito daga matakai na motsin rai da motsin rai,  zuwa matsayi, kula da motsi, proprioception, da kinaesthesis,  zuwa matakai masu cin gashin kansu waɗanda suka haɗa da bugun zuciya  da numfashi,  zuwa rawar da ciki microbiome ke takawa. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da asusun yadda jiki ke hulɗa da ko kuma yana da alaƙa da yanayin zamantakewa da na zahiri. 4E cognition   ya haɗa da ra'ayoyi masu yawa game da hulɗar kwakwalwa-jiki-muhalli, daga ƙaddamarwa zuwa da'awar da ta fi karfi game da yadda hankali ya faɗaɗa don haɗawa da kayan aiki da kayan aiki, da kuma rawar da hulɗan zamantakewa ke takawa, matakai masu aiki, da affordances. 4E ka'idoji sun fito ne daga wadanda ke kusa da ilimin fahimta na gargajiya (wanda ake kira "raunin" ilimin da aka ƙayyade ) zuwa mafi karfi  da kuma nau'ikan da ake kira wani lokacin kimiyya mai zurfi.  

Wani ra'ayi na haɗin gwiwar multimodal na gaba yana tallafawa hanyoyin fahimta da ke tattare da ra'ayoyi biyu masu gasa da masu ginawa game da fahimta da ci gaban motsin rai. Dangane da wannan ra'ayi da ke goyan bayan bayanan kwarewa, fahimta da ci gaban motsin rai sun fara ne ta hanyar haɗuwa da alamun motsin rai tare da motsawa da ke da alhakin haifar da hanyoyin neuronal na sauƙin tunani. Wannan haɗin gwiwar multimodal na iya cin nasara saboda haɗin neuronal a cikin dyads na uwa da yaro wanda ya fara daga ciki. Wadannan abubuwan da ke motsawa da motsin rai sun kara samar da tarurruka masu sauki na jijiyoyi, suna tsara tsarin jijiyoyi da motsin zuciyarmu a cikin ilmantarwa na kididdiga waɗanda ke ci gaba da alaƙa da hanyoyin jijiyoyin jijiyoyi.

### Ilimi da sarrafa harshe
 

Ikon koyon da fahimtar harshe tsari ne mai rikitarwa. Ana samun harshe a cikin 'yan shekarun farko na rayuwa, kuma duk mutane a cikin yanayi na al'ada suna iya samun harshe da kyau. Babban ƙarfin motsawa a cikin fannin ilimin harshe shine gano yanayin da harshe dole ne ya kasance a cikin abstract don a koyi shi a cikin irin wannan salon. Wasu daga cikin tambayoyin bincike na motsa jiki a cikin nazarin yadda kwakwalwa kanta ke sarrafa harshe sun haɗa da: (1) Har zuwa wane matakin ilimin harshe ya samo asali ko ya koya? , (2) Me ya sa ya fi wuya ga manya su sami yare na biyu fiye da yadda jarirai suka sami yarensu na farko? , kuma (3) Ta yaya mutane zasu iya fahimtar kalmomin da ba a sani ba?

The study of language processing ranges from the investigation of the sound patterns of speech to the meaning of words and whole sentences. Linguistics often divides language processing into orthography, phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Many aspects of language can be studied from each of these components and from their interaction. &#x5B;**&#x5D;

Nazarin sarrafa harshe a cikin kimiyyar fahimta yana da alaƙa da fannin ilimin harshe. An yi nazarin ilimin harshe a matsayin wani ɓangare na ilimin ɗan adam, gami da nazarin tarihi, fasaha da adabi. A cikin shekaru hamsin da suka gabata ko haka, masu bincike da yawa sun yi nazarin ilimi da amfani da harshe a matsayin sabon abu, manyan matsalolin shine yadda za'a iya samun ilimin harshe da amfani da shi, da kuma ainihin abin da ya kunshi. Masana ilimin harshe sun gano cewa, yayin da mutane ke samar da jumla a hanyoyin da ke da alaƙa da tsarin da ke da rikitarwa sosai, ba su da masaniya game da dokokin da ke sarrafa nasu magana. Don haka masu ilimin harshe dole ne su koma ga hanyoyin da ba a kai tsaye ba don sanin abin da waɗannan dokoki zasu iya zama, idan hakika dokoki kamar haka sun wanzu. A kowane hali, idan magana da gaske tana ƙarƙashin dokoki, suna da alama ba su da kyau ga kowane la'akari.

### Koyon karatu da ci gaba
Koyo da ci gaba sune hanyoyin da muke samun ilimi da bayanai a tsawon lokaci. An haifi jarirai da ƙarancin ilimi ko babu ilimi (dangane da yadda aka bayyana ilimi), duk da haka suna samun damar yin amfani da harshe, tafiya, da kuma gane mutane da abubuwa. Bincike a cikin ilmantarwa da ci gaba yana da niyyar bayyana hanyoyin da waɗannan matakai zasu iya faruwa.

Babban tambaya a cikin nazarin ci gaban fahimta shine yadda wasu ƙwarewa suka kasance ko kuma suka koya. Sau *ta yaya* ana tsara wannan dangane da yanayi da muhawara ta kulawa. Ra'ayi na nativist yana jaddada cewa wasu siffofi sun samo asali ne ga kwayar halitta kuma an ƙaddara su ta hanyar kwayar halitta. Ra'ayi mai kwarewa, a gefe guda, yana jaddada cewa ana koyon wasu ƙwarewa daga mahalli. Kodayake a bayyane yake ana buƙatar shigarwar kwayoyin halitta da muhalli don yaro ya bunkasa yadda ya kamata, muhawara mai yawa ta kasance game da yadda bayanan kwayoyin halitta zasu iya jagorantar ci gaban fahimta. A fannin Samun harshe, alal misali, wasu (kamar Steven Pinker)  sun yi jayayya cewa takamaiman bayanai da ke dauke da ka'idojin ilimin lissafi na duniya dole ne a ƙunshe su a cikin kwayoyin halitta, yayin da wasu (kamara Jeffrey Elman da abokan aiki a cikin Rethinking Innateness) sun yi jayyana cewa ikirarin Pinker ba gaskiya ba ne. Suna jayayya cewa kwayoyin halitta suna ƙayyade tsarin tsarin ilmantarwa, amma waɗannan takamaiman "gaskiya" game da yadda harshe ke aiki za a iya koyon su ne kawai sakamakon gogewa.

### Tunawa
 
Memory yana ba mu damar adana bayanai don dawowa daga baya. Ana tunanin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya sau da yawa kamar yadda ya kunshi kantin sayar da dogon lokaci da gajeren lokaci. Tunatarwa na dogon lokaci yana ba mu damar adana bayanai a tsawon lokaci (kwanaki, makonni, shekaru). Har yanzu ba mu san iyakar iyakar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta dogon lokaci ba. Memory na gajeren lokaci yana ba mu damar adana bayanai a kan gajeren lokaci (na biyu ko minti).

Ana kuma haɗa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a cikin siffofin bayyanawa da tsari. Memory declarative - wanda aka haɗa a cikin sassan nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya - yana nufin ƙwaƙwalwarsa don gaskiyar da takamaiman ilimi, takamaiman ma'ana, da takamaitan abubuwan da suka faru (misali "Shin abinci ne na apples?", ko "Me na ci abincin karin kumallo kwana huɗu da suka gabata?"). Memory na tsari yana ba mu damar tunawa da ayyuka da jerin motoci (misali yadda za a hau keke) kuma galibi ana kiransa ilimin da ba a bayyana ba ko ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.

Masana kimiyya masu hankali suna nazarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kamar yadda masu ilimin halayyar dan adam ke yi, amma suna mai da hankali kan yadda ƙwaƙwalwan ajiya ke ɗauke da Hanyoyin fahimta, da kuma alaƙar tsakanin fahimta da ƙwaƙwalwa. Misali daya na wannan zai iya zama, wane tsari ne na tunani mutum ke wucewa don dawo da ƙwaƙwalwar da ta ɓace tun da daɗewa? Ko, menene bambance-bambance tsakanin tsarin fahimta na ganewa (gona alamun wani abu kafin tunawa da shi, ko ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a cikin mahallin) da tunawa (sake dawo da ƙwaƙwalwa, kamar a cikin "cike-in-blank")?

### Fahimtar da aiki
 

Fahimtar ita ce ikon ɗaukar bayanai ta hanyar hankula, da kuma aiwatar da shi ta wata hanya. Ganin da ji sune manyan hanyoyi guda biyu da ke ba mu damar fahimtar mahalli. Wasu tambayoyi a cikin nazarin hangen nesa, alal misali, sun haɗa da: (1) Ta yaya muke iya gane abubuwa? , (2) Me ya sa muke fahimtar yanayin gani na ci gaba, duk da cewa muna ganin ƙananan ɓangarorin a kowane lokaci? Ɗaya daga cikin kayan aiki don nazarin fahimta na gani shine ta hanyar kallon yadda mutane ke aiwatar da mafarki na gani. Hoton da ke hannun dama na cube na Necker misali ne na hangen nesa, wato, ana iya fassara cube a matsayin wanda aka daidaita a wurare biyu daban-daban.

Nazarin haptic (tactile), odfactory, da gustatory stimuli suma sun fada cikin yankin fahimta.

Ana ɗaukar mataki don komawa ga fitarwa na tsarin. A cikin mutane, ana aiwatar da wannan ta hanyar amsawar motsi. Shirye-shiryen sararin samaniya da motsi, samar da magana, da motsi mai rikitarwa duk fannoni ne na aiki.

### Sanin kai

## Hanyoyin bincike
Ana amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban don nazarin kimiyyar fahimta. Kamar yadda filin yake da yawa, bincike sau da yawa yana yankewa a fannoni da yawa na binciken, yana amfani da hanyoyin bincike daga ilimin halayyar mutum, kimiyyar kwakwalwa, kimiyyar kwamfuta da ka'idar tsarin.

### Gwaje-gwaje na halayyar
Don samun bayanin abin da ke tattare da halayyar basira, dole ne mutum ya yi nazarin halayyar kansa. Wannan nau'in bincike yana da alaƙa da wannan a cikin ilimin halayyar mutum da ilimin halayya. Ta hanyar auna martani na halayyar ga matsin lamba daban-daban, mutum na iya fahimtar wani abu game da yadda ake aiwatar da waɗannan matsin lamba. Lewandowski & Strohmetz (2009) sun sake nazarin tarin sababbin amfani da ma'aunin halayyar a cikin ilimin halayyar dan adam ciki har da alamun halayyar, lura da halayyar halayyar. Alamun halayyar su ne shaidu da ke nuna halayyar da ta faru, amma mai wasan kwaikwayo ba ya nan (misali, datti a filin ajiye motoci ko karatu a kan mita na lantarki). Binciken halayyar ya haɗa da shaidar kai tsaye na mai wasan kwaikwayo da ke shiga cikin halayyar (misali, kallon yadda mutum ke zaune kusa da wani mutum). Zaɓuɓɓukan halayyar shine lokacin da mutum ya zaɓi tsakanin zaɓuɓɓuka biyu ko fiye (misali, halayyar jefa kuri'a, zaɓin azabtarwa ga wani mahalarta).

* *Lokacin amsawa.* Lokaci tsakanin gabatar da motsawa da amsa mai dacewa na iya nuna bambance-bambance tsakanin matakai biyu na fahimta, kuma yana iya nuna wasu abubuwa game da yanayin su. Misali, idan a cikin aikin bincike lokutan amsawa sun bambanta daidai da yawan abubuwa, to a bayyane yake cewa wannan tsarin fahimta na bincike ya haɗa da jerin maimakon aiki tare.
* *Amsawar kwakwalwa.* Gwaje-gwaje na psychophysical tsohuwar dabarar ilimin halayyar mutum ce, wacce ilimin halayya ya karɓa. Yawanci suna nufin yin hukunci na wasu dukiya ta zahiri, misali muryar sauti. Haɗin ma'auni na ra'ayi tsakanin mutane na iya nuna nuna nuna bambancin fahimta ko na ji idan aka kwatanta da ainihin ma'aunin jiki. Wasu misalai sun haɗa da: hukunce-hukuncen iri ɗaya don launuka, sautuna, rubutu, da dai sauransu. ƙofar bambance-bambance don launuka، sautuna، rubutu, da sauransu.
** Hukunce-hukunce iri ɗaya don launuka, sautuna, rubutu, da dai sauransu.
** ƙofar bambance-bambance don launuka, sautuna, rubutu, da dai sauransu.
* *Binciken ido.* Ana amfani da wannan hanyar don nazarin matakai daban-daban na fahimta, mafi mahimmanci fahimta ta gani da sarrafa harshe. Matsayin ido na idanu yana da alaƙa da mai da hankali ga mutum. Don haka, ta hanyar saka idanu, za mu iya nazarin abin da ake sarrafawa a wani lokaci. Binciken ido yana ba mu damar nazarin hanyoyin fahimta a kan gajeren lokaci. Motsawar ido tana nuna yanke shawara ta kan layi yayin aiki, kuma suna ba mu wasu fahimta game da hanyoyin da za a iya aiwatar da waɗannan yanke shawara.

### Hotunan kwakwalwa

Hotunan kwakwalwa sun haɗa da nazarin ayyukan da ke cikin kwakwalwa yayin yin ayyuka daban-daban. Wannan yana ba mu damar haɗa halayyar da aikin kwakwalwa don taimakawa wajen fahimtar yadda ake sarrafa bayanai. Hanyoyi daban-daban na hotunan hotuna sun bambanta a cikin ƙudurin su na lokaci (lokaci) da na sarari (wuri). Ana amfani da hotunan kwakwalwa sau da yawa a cikin kimiyyar kwakwalwa.

* *Fitar da fitowar hoto guda ɗaya* ya ƙididdige tomography da kuma fitowar positron. SPECT da PET suna amfani da isotopes na rediyo, waɗanda aka yi musu allurar a cikin jinin batun kuma kwakwalwa ta ɗauka. Ta hanyar lura da waɗanne sassan kwakwalwa ne ke ɗaukar isotope na rediyo, za mu iya ganin waɗanne sasancan sassan kwakwalwar da suka fi aiki fiye da sauran sassan. PET yana da irin wannan ƙuduri na sararin samaniya ga fMRI, amma yana da ƙuduri mara kyau na lokaci.
* *Electroencephalography*. EEG yana auna filayen lantarki da yawancin neurons ke samarwa a cikin cortex ta hanyar sanya jerin electrodes a kan gashin kai na batun. Wannan dabarar tana da ƙuduri na lokaci mai girma, amma ƙuduri mai ƙarancin sararin samaniya.
* *Hoton magnetic resonance na aiki*. fMRI tana auna adadin jini mai iskar oxygen da ke gudana zuwa sassa daban-daban na kwakwalwa. Ana zaton ƙarin jini mai iskar oxygen a wani yanki yana da alaƙa da karuwar aikin jijiyoyi a wannan ɓangaren kwakwalwa. Wannan yana ba mu damar gano wasu ayyuka a cikin yankuna daban-daban na kwakwalwa. fMRI yana da matsakaiciyar sararin samaniya da ƙuduri na lokaci.
* Hoton gani. Wannan dabarar tana amfani da masu watsawa da masu karɓa don auna adadin hasken haske ta jini kusa da sassa daban-daban na kwakwalwa. Tun da jini mai iskar oxygen da deoxygenated yana nuna haske ta hanyoyi daban-daban, zamu iya nazarin waɗanne yankuna ne suka fi aiki (watau, waɗanda ke da ƙarin jini mai isar oxygen). Hoton gani yana da matsakaiciyar ƙuduri na lokaci, amma ƙuduri mara kyau. Har ila yau, yana da fa'idar cewa yana da aminci sosai kuma ana iya amfani dashi don nazarin kwakwalwar jarirai.
* *Magnetoencephalography.* MEG yana auna filayen magnetic wanda ya haifar da aikin cortical. Yana kama da EEG, sai dai cewa ya inganta ƙudurin sararin samaniya tun lokacin da filayen magnetic da yake auna ba su da haske ko raguwa ta hanyar gashin kai, meninges da sauransu kamar yadda aikin lantarki da aka auna a cikin EEG. MEG yana amfani da na'urori masu auna sigina na SQUID don gano ƙananan filayen magnetic.

### Tsarin lissafi

Misalai na lissafi suna buƙatar wakilci na lissafi da ma'ana na matsala. Ana amfani da samfuran kwamfuta a cikin kwaikwayon da tabbatar da gwaji na takamaiman halaye daban-daban na hankali. Tsarin lissafi na iya taimaka mana mu fahimci tsarin aiki na wani abu mai mahimmanci. Za'a iya rarraba hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su a matsayin: (1) alama, a kan ayyukan tunani na hankali ta hanyar alamomi; (2) subsymbolic, a kan abubuwan da ke tattare da kwakwalwar mutum; da kuma (3) a fadin iyakar alama-subsymbolic.

* *Misali na alama* ya samo asali ne daga tsarin kimiyyar kwamfuta ta amfani da fasahar tsarin ilimi, da kuma hangen nesa na falsafa (misali "Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence" (GOFAI)). Masu binciken fahimta na farko ne suka kirkiresu kuma daga baya aka yi amfani da su a cikin Injiniyan bayanai don tsarin ƙwararru. Tun daga farkon shekarun 1990s an haɗa shi a cikin tsarin don binciken samfuran leken asiri na mutum, kamar personoids, kuma, a layi daya, ya bunkasa a matsayin yanayin SOAR. Kwanan nan, musamman a cikin mahallin yanke shawara na fahimta, an ba da ƙirar ƙwarewa ta alama ga tsarin zamantakewa da fahimta, gami da fahimtar zamantakewa da ƙungiya, wanda ke da alaƙa da wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa.
* Tsarin subsymbolic ya haɗa da tsarin haɗin kai / na cibiyar sadarwa. Haɗin kai ya dogara da ra'ayin cewa hankali / kwakwalwa ya ƙunshi ƙuƙwalwa masu sauƙi kuma ƙarfin warware matsalar ya samo asali ne daga haɗin tsakanin su. Neural networks ne darussan da aka aiwatar da wannan tsarin. Wasu masu sukar wannan tsarin suna jin cewa yayin da waɗannan samfuran ke kusantar gaskiyar halittu a matsayin wakilci na yadda tsarin ke aiki, waɗannan samfuran ba su da ikon bayani saboda, har ma a cikin tsarin da aka ba da ka'idojin haɗin kai masu sauƙi, ƙarancin rikitarwa yana sa su ba za a iya fassara su a matakin haɗin ba fiye da yadda suke a matakin macroscopic.
* Sauran hanyoyin da ke samun shahara sun haɗa da (1) ka'idar tsarin ƙarfi, (2) taswirar samfuran alama akan samfuran haɗin kai (haɗin kai na Neural-symbolic ko tsarin haɗin kai), da (3) da samfuran Bayesian, waɗanda galibi ana samo su daga ilmantarwa na inji.

Dukkanin hanyoyin da ke sama suna da alaƙa da nau'ikan ƙididdigar ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga / ƙididdiga (watau gine-ginen fahimta) don a yi amfani da su don bayani da inganta yanke shawara da tunani na mutum da zamantakewa / ƙungiya  ko kuma mayar da hankali kan shirye-shiryen kwaikwayon guda ɗaya (ko microtheories / "ka'idodin tsakiya") ƙididdigin ƙididdigal takamaiman ƙwarewar fahimta (misali hangen nesa, harshe, rarrabuwa da sauransu).

### Hanyoyin jijiyoyin jiki
Hanyoyin bincike da aka aro kai tsaye daga kimiyyar kwakwalwa da neuropsychology na iya taimaka mana mu fahimci fannoni na hankali. Wadannan hanyoyin suna ba mu damar fahimtar yadda ake aiwatar da halayyar basira a cikin tsarin jiki.

* Rubuce-rubuce guda ɗaya
* Motsawar kwakwalwa kai tsaye
* Misalai na dabbobi
* Nazarin bayan mutuwa

## Abubuwan da aka gano
Kimiyya ta fahimta ta haifar da samfuran son zuciya na ɗan adam da fahimtar haɗari, kuma ta kasance mai tasiri a ci gaban kuɗin halayyar, wani ɓangare na tattalin arziki. Har ila yau, ya haifar da sabon ka'idar falsafar lissafi (wanda ke da alaƙa da lissafin lissafi), da kuma ra'ayoyi da yawa na hankali na wucin gadi, rinjaye da tilasta. Ya sanya kasancewarsa sananne a cikin falsafar harshe da ilimin lissafi da kuma samar da babban reshe na ilimin harshe na zamani. Yankunan kimiyyar fahimta sun kasance masu tasiri wajen fahimtar tsarin aiki na kwakwalwa (da rashi na aiki) daga samar da magana zuwa sarrafawa da fahimta ta gani. Ya sami ci gaba wajen fahimtar yadda lalacewar wasu sassan kwakwalwa ke shafar fahimta, kuma ya taimaka wajen gano tushen abubuwan da ke haifar da takamaiman rashin aiki, kamar dyslexia, Anopsia, da sakaci na hemispatial.

## Shahararrun masu bincike

Wasu daga cikin sunayen da aka fi sani da su a kimiyyar fahimta yawanci sune mafi yawan jayayya ko kuma mafi yawan ambaton su. A cikin falsafar, wasu sanannun sunayen sun haɗa da Daniel Dennett, wanda ke rubutu daga hangen nesa na tsarin lissafi,  John Searle, wanda aka sani da gardamar ɗakin Sinanci mai rikitarwa,  da Jerry Fodor, wanda ke ba da shawarar aiki. 

Sauran sun hada da David Chalmers, wanda ke ba da shawara ga Dualism kuma an san shi da bayyana matsalar damuwa, da Douglas Hofstadter, sananne ne don rubuta *Gödel, Escher, Bach*, wanda ke tambayar yanayin kalmomi da tunani.

A fannin ilimin harshe, Noam Chomsky da George Lakoff sun kasance masu tasiri (duka biyu sun zama sanannun masu sharhi na siyasa). A cikin hankali na wucin gadi, Marvin Minsky, Herbert A. Simon, da Allen Newell sanannun ne.

Sunayen da suka shahara a cikin ilimin halayyar dan adam sun hada da George A. Miller, James McClelland, Philip Johnson-Laird, Lawrence Barsalou, Vittorio Guidano, Howard Gardner da Steven Pinker . Masana ilimin ɗan adam Dan Sperber, Edwin Hutchins, Bradd Shore, James Wertsch da Scott Atran, sun shiga cikin ayyukan haɗin gwiwa tare da masu ilimin halayyar dan adam da zamantakewa, masana kimiyya na siyasa da masu ilimin juyin halitta a ƙoƙarin haɓaka ka'idojin al'adu, addini, da ƙungiyar siyasa.

Har ila yau, David Rumelhart, James McClelland da Philip Johnson-Laird sun haɓaka ka'idojin lissafi (tare da samfuran da simulations).

## Abubuwan da suka faru
Epistemics kalma ce da Jami'ar Edinburgh ta kirkira a shekarar 1969 tare da kafa Makarantar Epistemics. Epistemics ya kamata a rarrabe shi daga epistemology a cikin cewa epistemology shine ka'idar falsafar ilimi, yayin da epistemics yana nuna nazarin kimiyya na ilimi.

Christopher Longuet-Higgins ya bayyana shi a matsayin "gina tsarin tsari na matakai (na fahimta, na ilimi, da na harshe) wanda ake samun ilimi da fahimta da kuma sadarwa. "  A cikin rubutunsa na 1978 "Epistemics: The Regulative Theory of Cognition",  Alvin I. Goldman ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya kirkiro kalmar "epistemics" don bayyana sake fasalin ilimin kimiyya. Goldman ya ci gaba da cewa ilimin sa yana ci gaba da ilimin gargajiya kuma sabon lokacin kawai don kauce wa adawa. Epistemics, a cikin Goldman's version, ya bambanta da ɗan gajeren ilimin gargajiya a cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da ilimin halayyar fahimta; epistemics yana jaddada cikakken nazarin hanyoyin tunani da hanyoyin sarrafa bayanai waɗanda ke haifar da ilimi ko imani.

A tsakiyar shekarun 1980s, an sake sunan Makarantar Epistemics a matsayin Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kimiyya (CCS). A shekara ta 1998, an kafa CCS a cikin Makarantar Bayanai ta Jami'ar Edinburgh. 

## Matsalar ɗaurewa a cikin kimiyyar fahimta
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan manufofi na kimiyyar fahimta shine cimma ka'idar haɗin kai na fahimta. Wannan yana buƙatar hanyoyin haɗin kai da ke bayyana yadda sarrafa bayanai wanda ke faruwa a lokaci guda a cikin yankunan da aka raba (sub-) cortical a cikin kwakwalwa ana daidaita su kuma an ɗaure su tare don haifar da wakilci na fahimta da alama. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin shine warware wannan "matsalar Haɗi"   (wato, matsalar wakiltar haɗin abubuwan bayanai, daga mafi mahimman wakilci na fahimta ("haɗin fasalin") zuwa mafi rikitarwa na wakilci, kamar tsarin alamomi ("haɗin canji")), ta hanyar hanyoyin daidaitawa. A wasu kalmomi, ɗayan hanyoyin daidaitawa ya bayyana a matsayin daidaitawa na lokaci (mataki) na aikin jijiyoyi wanda ya dogara da matakai masu tsara kai tsaye a cikin hanyoyin sadarwar jijiyoyi, wanda Binding-by-synchrony (BBS) ya bayyana daga neurophysiology. An haɓaka tsarin haɗin gwiwar ƙwaƙwalwa wanda ke amfani da hanyoyin haɗin kai don warware wannan matsala mai ɗaurewa a cikin fahimtar fahimta da fahimtar harshe. A cikin fahimtar fahimta matsalar ita ce ta bayyana yadda kayan abu na asali da alaƙar abu, kamar launi na abu ko nau'in abu, za a iya ɗaure su tare ko kuma a iya haɗa su da wakilcin wannan abu na fahimta ta hanyar hanyar hanyar daidaitawa ("haɗin fasalin", "haɗin fasalulluka"). A cikin ilimin harshe matsalar ita ce ta bayyana yadda za'a iya ɗaure ra'ayoyin ma'ana da matsayi na haɗin kai tare ko kuma a iya haɗa su da wakilci mai rikitarwa kamar tsarin alamomi da tsari ta hanyar tsarin daidaitawa ("mai canzawa") (duba kuma "Symbolism vs. muhawara na haɗin kai" a cikin haɗin kai).

Koyaya, duk da gagarumin ci gaba a fahimtar ka'idar haɗin kai (musamman matsalar Binding), muhawara kan wannan batun na farawa yana ci gaba. Daga ra'ayoyi daban-daban da aka ambata a sama, ana iya rage wannan matsala zuwa batun yadda kwayoyin halitta a matakin ci gaba mai sauƙi suka shawo kan ƙofar rikice-rikicen muhalli na motsa jiki: raƙuman lantarki, hulɗar sinadarai, da sauye-sauyen matsin lamba. Abin da ake kira Primary Data Entry (PDE) rubutun ya haifar da shakku game da ikon irin wannan kwayar halitta don shawo kan wannan ƙofar alama da kanta. Dangane da kayan aikin lissafi, rubutun PDE ya jaddada babban ƙofar da ba za a iya shawo kan cacophony na motsawar muhalli (sauti mai motsawa) ga ƙananan kwayoyin a farkon rayuwa. Yana jayayya cewa lokaci-lokaci (mataki) daidaitawa na aikin jijiyoyi bisa ga tsarin tsara kai tsaye a cikin hanyoyin sadarwar jijiyoyi, duk wani haɗin kai tare ko haɗin kai ga wakilcin abu mai fahimta ta hanyar hanyar hanyar daidaitawa ba zai iya taimakawa kwayoyin halitta wajen rarrabe alamun da suka dace ba (mai motsawa mai bayanai) don shawo kan wannan ƙofar amo.

## Dubi kuma

; Bayani

* Bayani na hankali na ɗan adam - itacen batun da ke gabatar da halaye, iyawa, samfuran, da fannonin bincike na hankali na mutum, da sauransu.
* Tsarin tunani - itacen batun da ke gano nau'ikan tunani da yawa, nau'ikan tunanin, fannoni na tunani, fannoni masu alaƙa, da sauransu.

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* 
* 
* Kayan ilmantarwa da suka danganciKimiyya ta fahimtaa Wikiversity
* "Kimiyyar fahimta" a kan Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*Stanford Encyclopedia na Falsafa*
* Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Tunanin
* Cognitive Science Movie Index: Jerin fina-finai da ke nuna jigogi a cikin Kimiyya ta Kimiyya An adana su 4 Satumba 2015 a 
* Jerin manyan masu tunani a kimiyyar fahimta