Sauyin yanayi na Arctic

**Yanayin Arctic** yana da tsayi, lokacin sanyi da gajere, lokacin zafi mai sanyi. Akwai babban adadin sauye-sauye a cikin yanayi a fadin Arctic, amma duk yankuna suna fuskantar matsanancin zafin rana a lokacin rani da hunturu. Wasu sassa na Arctic suna rufe da ƙanƙara (kankarar teku, kankara glacial, ko dusar ƙanƙara) duk shekara, kuma kusan dukkanin sassan Arctic suna fuskantar dogon lokaci tare da wani nau'i na kankara a saman.

Yankin Arctic ya ƙunshi tekun da ke kewaye da ƙasa. Don haka, ruwan teku yana daidaita yanayin yawancin Arctic, wanda ba zai taɓa samun zafin jiki ƙasa da -2 ° C (28 ° F). A lokacin hunturu, wannan ruwa mai dumin gaske, duk da cewa an rufe shi da kwandon kankara, yana hana Pole Arewa zama wuri mafi sanyi a Arewacin Hemisphere, kuma yana daga cikin dalilin da Antarctica ya fi Arctic sanyi. A lokacin rani, kasancewar ruwan da ke kusa yana hana yankunan bakin teku daga ɗumama kamar yadda za su iya.

## Bayanin Arctic
Babban labarin: Arctic

Akwai ma'anoni daban-daban na Arctic. Mafi yawan ma'anar da aka fi amfani da shi, yankin arewacin Arctic Circle, inda rana ba ta faɗuwa a ranar solstice na Yuni, ana amfani da ita a cikin ilimin taurari da wasu mahallin yanayi. Sai dai kuma ma’anoni biyu da aka fi amfani da su wajen yanayin yanayi su ne yankin arewacin layin bishiyar arewa, da kuma wurin da matsakaicin zafin lokacin rani bai kai 10 ° C (50 ° F) ba, wanda kusan ya yi daidai da mafi yawan yankunan ƙasa.

Ana iya ƙara wannan ma'anar Arctic zuwa yankuna huɗu daban-daban:

Basin na Arctic ya haɗa da Tekun Arctic a cikin matsakaicin matsakaicin iyakar ƙanƙara na teku.

Arctic Archipelago ya hada da manya da kanana tsibirai, ban da Greenland, a gefen Kanada na Arctic, da ruwan da ke tsakanin su.

Gaba dayan tsibirin Greenland, ko da yake takardar kankara da yankunan bakin teku marasa kankara suna da yanayi daban-daban.

Ruwan Arctic waɗanda ba ƙanƙara ba ne a ƙarshen rani, ciki har da Hudson Bay, Baffin Bay, Ungava Bay, Davis, Denmark, Hudson da Bering Straits, da Labrador, Norwegian, (ba tare da ƙanƙara duk shekara), Greenland, Baltic, Barents (ɓangaren kudu na kankara duk shekara), Kara, Laptev, Chukchi, Okhotsk, da Bering Seafort.

Komawa cikin ƙasa daga bakin tekun kan babban yankin Arewacin Amurka da Eurasia, tasirin daidaitawa na Tekun Arctic yana raguwa da sauri, kuma sauyin yanayi daga Arctic zuwa ƙasan ƙasa, gabaɗaya, a cikin ƙasa da kilomita 500 (310 mi), kuma sau da yawa akan ɗan gajeren nesa.

## Tarihin lura da yanayi na Arctic
Saboda rashin manyan cibiyoyin yawan jama'a a cikin Arctic, yanayin yanayi da yanayin yanayi daga yankin yakan kasance a sarari kuma na ɗan gajeren lokaci idan aka kwatanta da tsakiyar tsakiya da wurare masu zafi. Ko da yake Vikings sun binciki sassan Arctic fiye da shekaru dubu da suka wuce, kuma ƙananan mutane sun kasance suna zaune tare da bakin tekun Arctic na tsawon lokaci, ilimin kimiyya game da yankin ya yi jinkirin haɓakawa; manyan tsibiran Severnaya Zemlya, dake arewa da Taymyr Peninsula a kan babban yankin Rasha, ba a gano su ba sai a shekara ta 1913, kuma ba a tsara taswira ba sai farkon shekarun 1930.

## Binciken farko na Turai
Yawancin binciken tarihi a cikin Arctic ya samo asali ne ta hanyar neman hanyoyin Arewa maso Yamma da Arewa maso Gabas. Balaguro a ƙarni na 16 da na 17 'yan kasuwa ne suka yi ƙwazo don neman waɗannan gajerun hanyoyin tsakanin Tekun Atlantika da Pacific. Wadannan tafiye-tafiye zuwa cikin Arctic ba su yi nisa daga Arewacin Amurka da bakin tekun Eurasian ba, kuma ba su yi nasara ba wajen gano hanyar da za a bi ta kowace hanya.

Balaguron ƙasa da na kasuwanci ya ci gaba da faɗaɗa dalla-dalla kan taswirorin Arctic har zuwa ƙarni na 18, amma sun yi watsi da sauran abubuwan lura na kimiyya. Balaguro da balaguro daga shekarun 1760 zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19 suma an karkatar dasu ta hanyar yunƙurin tafiya arewa saboda imanin da mutane da yawa suka yi a lokacin cewa tekun da ke kewaye da Pole ta Arewa ba shi da ƙanƙara. Wadannan binciken farko sun ba da ma'anar yanayin kankara na teku a cikin Arctic da wasu lokuta wasu bayanan da suka shafi yanayi.

A farkon karni na 19, wasu balaguro sun kasance suna tattara ƙarin cikakkun bayanai game da yanayin yanayi, oceanographic, da yanayin yanayin geomagnetic, amma sun kasance na ɗan lokaci. Tun daga shekarun 1850 na yau da kullun na lura da yanayin yanayi ya zama ruwan dare a cikin ƙasashe da yawa, kuma sojojin ruwan Burtaniya sun aiwatar da tsarin lura sosai. A sakamakon haka, balaguro daga rabin na biyu na karni na 19 ya fara ba da hoto na yanayin Arctic.

## Manazarta