Rikicin Thala-Kasserine

**Rikicin Thala-Kasserine** ya kasance wani tashin hankali a watan Afrilun 1906 a yammacin Tunisiya, tashin hankali na farko a kan hukuma a karkashin ikon Faransa tun kafuwarta a 1881. An samu kwarin guiwar wani gungun ' yan ta'addar Aljeriya, 'yan tada kayar bayan sun kashe wasu Faransawa uku mazauna yankin Kasserine kafin wani harbin bindiga a Thala ya yi sanadin mutuwar kusan dozin daga cikinsu, sauran kuma suna tsare.

A lokacin wannan tawaye, Rundunar Spahis ta Aljeriya ta 3 ta tura dakaru daga Tebessa don tunkarar kabilar Fraich, wadanda suka mamaye yankin El Ma Labiodh . Fraichich, wanda aka sani da tsayin daka, sun tsunduma cikin fadace-fadace da fafatawa da sojojin mulkin mallaka da kuma kabilun da ke goyon bayansu (Brarchas, Allaouna na Nemencha da Ouled Sidi Yahia ben Taïeb) suna kokarin tabbatar da ikon yankin a birnin Tebessa tun a farkon harin 1853 da kyar shekaru 2 bayan mamayar Faransa da yankin Tebessa.     

## Fage

Nisan yankin da talaucin kasarsa ya dade da kare shi daga mallakar filaye daga Turawa. Don haka a cikin 1906, na hectare 933,000, ƙasa da 10,000 sun shiga ƙarƙashin ikon Turai.  Sai dai ko da wannan karamin sauyi ya dagula daidaiton rayuwa ga mutanen yankin, domin kasar da Turawa suka dauka ita ce mafi amfani. Ko a kasa mafi talauci, sabbin masu mallakar za su hana kabilun makiyaya wucewa ta cikinta sai dai idan sun biya kudin kiwon dabbobinsu. Bugu da ƙari, shekaru biyu kafin tashe-tashen hankulan an sami rashin girbi sosai kuma mutanen yankin suna nitsewa cikin wahala mai tsanani, don haka tsakanin 1904 zuwa 1906 kuɗin haraji ya ragu da rabi. Duk waɗannan yanayi sun haifar da yanayi na tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin mutanen yankin da ’yan mulkin mallaka. 

Babban lokacin sanyi na 1905-06 shine bambaro na ƙarshe. A Thala, dusar ƙanƙara ta faɗi ba tare da tsayawa ba daga 6-10 ga Fabrairu kuma an binne gidajen a cikin dusar ƙanƙara mai zurfin mita 2.5. Hakika, wasu gidaje sun rushe a karkashin nauyin dusar ƙanƙara. Kwanaki takwas aka yanke garin gaba daya daga duniya. Dubban dabbobi da dama, wadanda tuni suke cikin mawuyacin hali yayin da lokacin sanyi ya fara, sun fada cikin sanyi da rashin abinci. Makiyayan Fraichiche na yankin sun yi asarar tumaki 9,000 da wasu awaki 9,000 da suka yi fama da yunwa yayin da makiyaya ke cikin dusar kankara.  Wasu mutane sun tsira akan gwoza daji da dafaffen mallow.  Da yake fuskantar wannan baƙin ciki, hukumomi ba su yi wani abu ba don shirya taimako kuma sun ƙi neman iri.

A 'yan watanni da suka gabata, wani bagadi mai suna Amor Ben Othman daga Souk Ahras na kasar Aljeriya ya isa yankin,  Daya daga cikin makusantan shi shi ne Ali ben Mohammed ben Salah, wani shehi na yankin da hukumomin tsakiya suka kore shi saboda karkatar da kudade, wanda ya karfafa mutane su yi imani cewa Amor ben Othman yana da ikon allahntaka. Dangane da yanayin matsanancin yanayin hunturu, kasancewar Amor ben Othman ya zama abin da ke haifar da yanke kauna na gida. 

## Abubuwan da suka faru na 26-27 Afrilu

A ranar 26 ga Afrilu wasu da yawa na Fraichiche bedouin daga ƙabilar Ouled Néji, Gmata, Hnadra da Hrakta waɗanda suka yi sansani a filin Foussana, kusa da Kasserine, sun kai hari a gonar wani Bafaranshe mai suna Lucien Salle  wanda aka fi sani da tashin hankali, muguwar ƙazamin ƙazamin hali, kuma mai kwaɗayi.  Ba su san cewa Salle da kansa ba ya nan, kuma a lokacin da suka isa gonarsa suka tarar da ɗan'uwansa Henri, wanda aka kashe shi da sauri da harbi ɗaya. Lokacin da bawansa Domenico Mira yayi ƙoƙari ya taimake shi, an caka masa wuka kuma an kare rayuwarsa saboda ya karanta shahada . Mahaifiyar Salle ta yanke makogwaronta a lokacin da take kwance. An kama wani bawa mai suna Tournier, shi ma ya ceci ransa ta hanyar karanta shahada, inda aka yi masa kaciya da karfi. An wawashe gonakin, kuma ma’aikata uku, Graffaud, Martin da Sagnes, waɗanda ke zaune a kusa da wata gonar ingarma, an kama su a fursuna bayan sun karɓi musulunta ta tilas.

Yanzu haka dai maharan sun koma wata gona mallakin wani mazaunin mai suna Bertrand. Sabanin Salle, Bertrand ya yi aiki don kulla kyakkyawar dangantaka da maƙwabtan Fraichiche.  A wannan gona mutane uku da ke zaune duk sun tuba don gudun mutuwa amma wani dan Italiya mai suna Delrio ya ki yarda, don haka aka kashe shi aka kone gawarsa. Duk da haka ba a wawashe gonakin ba, sai makiyayin ya zarce zuwa ma'adinai a Jebel ech Chambi inda aka kira dukan Turawa su tuba. Dukkan fursunonin an sa su sa tufafin Tunisiya kuma an aika su zuwa marabout Amor ben Othman, wanda ya kasance a baya a sansanin. 

Washegari, da samun kwarin guiwar nasarar da suka samu, sai suka yanke shawarar kai hari ofishin farar hula na Faransa da ke Thala, a Tunisiya, alamar mulkin mallaka. Ben Othman ya gamsar da su cewa ba za su iya yin nasara ba, yana gaya musu cewa sandunan da suke ɗauke da su za su tofa wa kafirai wuta, kuma harsashin mazaunan zai narke kamar digon ruwa idan sun taɓa jikinsu. Sai dai a lokacin da suka isa birnin Thala, sai suka samu kansu suna fuskantar wani sansani mai karewa, inda ’yan kasar Faransa da dama dauke da makamai da kuma ma’aikatan Italiya suka yi ta harbe-harbe a kusa da su, inda tsakanin goma zuwa goma sha hudu daga cikinsu suka mutu. An fatattake su.

Amor Ben Othman da abokansa ba su yi tsayayya ba sa’ad da aka kama su, kuma an ‘yantar da dukan fursunonin nasu. 

## Shari'a da yanke hukunci

An gudanar da shari'ar Ben Othman da hamsin da takwas daga cikin abokansa a Sousse daga 21 ga Nuwamba-12 Disamba 1906. Biyu daga cikin wadanda ake tuhuma na nan a hannun su kuma an gurfanar da su a gaban kuliya. 

* An tuhumi mutane 44 da laifin yin fashi
* 1, Salah Ben Mohamed Ben Saad, wanda aka fi sani da El Ouagaf, an tuhume shi da laifin kisan gilla, le dénommé.
* An tuhumi 25 da kasancewa kayan haɗin gwiwar kisan Henri Salles
* An tuhumi 26 da kasancewa na'urorin kashe mahaifiyar Salles
* An tuhumi 26 da laifin yunkurin kashe Mira
* guda 26 ana tuhumar su da kisan Delrio
* An tuhumi 43 da laifin taimakawa wadanda ake tuhuma a sama
* An tuhumi 2 da laifin cin zarafi ga wani ma'aikacin Salles daga gonar ingarma
* An tuhumi 1 da laifin tashin hankali ga Miss Cécile Bertrand
* An tuhumi 3 da laifin tashin hankali ga Modolo
* An tuhumi 11 da laifin yunkurin satar dukiyar jama'a
* 3, Amor Ben Othman, mataimakinsa da mai masaukin baki, Ferhat Ben Mohamed Ben Salah, an tuhume su da hada baki wajen aikata dukkan laifukan da ke sama.

An shafe kwanaki 22 ana shari’ar kuma a yayin da ake ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan wadanda ake tuhumar sun kara bayyana. Shaidu da dama sun zargi Salah Ben Mohamed Ben Saad da bugun farko da Henri Salles, ta hanyar amfani da saber da aka samu a gidan. Har ila yau, yana da hannu a kisan Madame Salle, wanda Ahmed Ben Messaoud ya kashe, wanda ya mutu a harbin bindiga a Thala. Shaidu sun kuma ce ya bugi Delrio sau biyu da sabre.

An zargi Mohamed Ben Belgacem Ben Goaïed da kisan Delrio, wanda ya yi harbi a kusa da shi. An kuma gan shi yana harba makaminsa yana kururuwa 'Duba, Mohammed, yadda muke musuluntar Kirista!'. A gonar Salle, ya bi Domenico Mira, amma ya tsira da ransa lokacin da ya tuba.

An zargi Amor Ben Ali Ben Amor da kisan gillar Delrio, wanda kokon kansa ya farfasa da bugun da aka yi masa. Sannan ya shirya wutar da zai kona jikinsa.

Ana zargin Harrat Ben Belgacem Ben Ali da hannu a kisan Delrio ta hanyar daba masa wuka sau da yawa da wuka.

An zargi Ali Ben Mohamed Ben Salah da Amor Ben Othman da ingiza kisan gilla, amma Ben Othman ya ragu matuka sakamakon shaidar da likitocin da suka duba shi suka kuma danganta karancin hankalinsa ga hare-haren farfadiya na tarihi. Ainihin wanda ya tunzura shi ne Ali Ben Mohamed Ben Salah wanda ya yi amfani da zazzafar aura da maharan ya yi wajen haddasa hare-haren.

Ferhat, wanda ya bai wa Amor Ben Othman masauki, an kuma zarge shi da yin garkuwa da wanda ya shirya kisan, da halartar tarurrukan shirye-shirye da kuma tsare Faransawan da aka kama a fursuna.

A karshen sauraron karar, mai shigar da kara, Liautier, ya bukaci hukuncin kisa hudu da kuma hukuncin daurin rai da rai da yawa, tare da hukumci masu sauki ga wadanda suka aikata laifin.  An yanke hukuncin ne a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba. 

* Hukuncin kisa uku: Salah Ben Mohamed Ben Saad, wanda aka fi sani da El Ouagaf, Mohamed Ben Belgacem Ben Goaïed, da Amor Ben Ali Ben Amor da aka fi sani da Bouaida
* Hukunce-hukunce guda biyu zuwa ga aiki mai wuyar rayuwa: Ali Ben Mohamed Ben Salah da Harrat Ben Belgacem Ben Ali
* Hukunci tara zuwa shekaru ashirin na aikin tilas
* Hukunce-hukunce takwas, ciki har da Ben Othman, zuwa shekaru goma na aikin tilastawa
* Hukunce-hukunce hukunce-hukuncen shekara biyar na aikin tilastawa
* Hukuncin daurin shekaru goma a gidan yari uku
* Hukuncin daurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari hudu
* Hukunce-hukunce takwas zuwa daurin shekaru biyu a gidan yari
* Mutum goma sha shida da aka wanke

An wanke Ferhat bayan da ya yi ikirarin cewa ya ba Ben Othman mafaka ba tare da son ransa ba. An kuma yi la'akari da shekarunsa na girma (yana da shekaru 65). Harrat Ben Belgacem Ben Ali ya tsere daga hukuncin kisa saboda matashin sa (yana da shekaru 20).

## Martani
Rahotanni na farko daga kafafen yada labarai na Faransa sun jaddada cewa "darikar addini" ce ta haddasa rikicin. An kwatanta lamarin da abin da ya faru a Aïn Torki (Margueritte) a Aljeriya a 1901, inda wani malamin darika ya tilasta wa Turawa su musulunta ko kuma su mutu. Jaridu sun jaddada karancin mazauna Turawa a yankin, lamarin da suka ce yana nuni da cewa ba a kan kalubalantar ikon Faransa aka kai harin ba. Haka ra'ayin jami'in Faransa ma ya kasance. Wasu daga cikin manyan mazauna yankin sun dora laifin a kan gazawar manufofin mulkin mallaka da rashin tsaro da hukunci mai rauni a yankunan da ke nesa. Wadannan ra'ayoyi sun samu kwanciyar hankali da hukuncin da aka yanke bisa aikata laifukan da suka shafi aikata laifi, ba na siyasa ba.

Image:abdeljelil zaouche 2.jpg|thumb|Fuskar Abdeljelil Zaouche.
Sai dai kuma, wasu sun dora laifin a kan rashin ilimi a yankin Thala, suna danganta fitintinu da hakan. Abdeljelil Zaouche ya rubuta a cikin jaridar *Le Temps* a ranar 25 Disamba 1906 cewa: * 'Ranar da ilimin firamare ya zama dole a Arewacin Afirka, ba za mu sake ganin manoman Musulmi na bin maganganun wani Yacoub ba, kamar yadda ya faru a Margueritte, ko kuma su saurari kuruciyar wani Amor ben Othman kamar a Thala. Yanzu haka, Balaraben karkara ba shi da wata alaka da ilimin zamani; da zarar an wayar da shi, shi ne zai fara yi wa darikar da Musulmi masu ilimi ke kin amincewa da su dariya.' *

A hakikanin gaskiya, tun daga 1897 wasu gungun mazauna Faransa sun dage kan a dakatar da koyar da firamare ga yara Musulmi, wanda hakan ka iya haifar da rikicin Thala-Kasserine. A cikin *Nouveau dictionnaire de pédagogie et d’instruction primaire*, Benjamin Buisson, daraktan makarantar koyar da malamai a Tunis, ya rubuta cewa: * 'Abubuwan da suka faru a Kasserine da Thala, inda wani marabout daga Aljeriya ya ketare iyaka ya tasar wa talakawa masu jahilci da fanatism a kan Turawa da ke raye a kadaice, sun nuna irin hatsarin da ke tattare da hana al'ummar asali da matasa hulda da Turai. Makarantar Faransa, tare da malaminta wanda kuma sau da dama shi ne mai kula da wasiƙu, na daga cikin hanyoyin da suka fi karko da sauki wajen yaƙi da jahilci da fanatism.' *

Don haka aka yanke shawarar ci gaba da buɗe sabbin makarantu. Zuwa shekarar 1908, adadin ɗalibai a Tunisia ya koma yadda yake a shekarar 1897.

### Rahoton daga Myriam Harry
Image:Myriam Harry 1904.jpg|thumb|Myriam Harry kimanin shekara ta 1904
A ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 1907, marubuciya Myriam Harry, wadda ta halarci shari'ar, ta wallafa wani rahoto kan lamarin. Abin lura shi ne yadda ta nuna jinkai ga waɗanda ake tuhuma. A cewar masanin tarihi Charles-André Julien, * 'Rahoton da Myriam Harry ta bayar ya tada hankali a tsakanin al'ummar Faransa a Tunisia, ba don yadda ta gabatar da mazauna yankin ba, sai don yadda ta nuna tausayi ga marabout, tana ba da bayani ko hujja game da tarzoma.' * Shekara biyar bayan haka, a cikin aikinsa 'Yadda Faransa za ta rasa mulkinta', Henri Tridon ya bayyana cewa * 'A Tunisia muna da wani ɗaci a rai game da labarin Madame Myriam Harry dangane da Rikicin Kasserine saboda yadda ta sassauta hoto na marabout, wanda shi ne ya tayar da tarzomar da kisan kiyashin da ya biyo baya.' *

### Afuwa ga wadanda aka yanke wa hukunci
An ƙi ɗaukaka ƙarar waɗanda aka yanke wa hukunci a ranar 31 ga Janairu 1907. Daga bisani, an aike da neman gafara daga Ministirin Shari’a na Faransa, wanda Jami'in Faransa na gaba ɗaya Stephen Pichon ya goyi bayan sa, yana mai cewa an riga an hukunta kabilar, kuma samun zaman lafiya ya zama wajibi. Mambobi huɗu daga cikin alƙalai sun goyi bayan afuwar, kuma fitowar labarin Myriam Harry a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu ya ƙarfafa wannan ra'ayi. A ranar 23 ga Maris, an maye gurbin hukuncin kisa guda uku da daurin rai da rai tare da aiki tuƙuru, yayin da sauran guda shida da suka roƙi gafara ba su samu ba. An tura su zuwa sansanin gyaran hali na Guyane a Faransa.

## Gado
Rikicin Thala-Kasserine na iya daukar matsayin daya daga cikin abubuwan farko da suka tayar da hankalin da ya haifar da fara motsin gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai ta Tunisiya (wata daga cikin bayin Faransawa da aka kama ta shaida cewa ta ji masu tayar da hankali suna cewa suna shirin yin yawo zuwa El Kef da Tunis). Sai dai abin mamaki ne yadda gungun farko na kimanin mutane hamsin da suka tayar da bore ba su samu goyon bayan kowa daga makwabtansu ba. Baya ga haka, ko da yake akwai Turawa da dama a ma'adinan Ain Khemouda, wuri mai kusa da inda suka fara kashe-kashe da satar dukiya, sun yanke shawarar tafiya kilomita 12 don kai hari gonar Lucien Salle, wanda ake kyamar matuka. Bincike na baya-bayan nan ya kammala da cewa * 'rikicin Thala da ya tashi daga talauci da matsananciyar rayuwa ta yankin ya kasance na gaggawa ba tare da wata alaka da sauran wurare ba a cikin kasar, kuma bai da alaka da koke-koken motsin da ya shafi Tunis a wancan lokacin ba.' *

## Manazarta