Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam a Norway

**Haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam a [[Norway]]** suna kare ainihin haƙƙoƙin kowane mutum a cikin Mulkin Norway . Ana kiyaye waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ta Babi na E na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Norway ko *Kongeriket Norges Grunnlov*, da kuma amincewa da wasu yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta sauƙaƙe . Ƙasar tana da sadaukar da kai ga haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma ita ce ƙasa ta biyu da ta amince da yarjejeniyar Turai kan haƙƙin ɗan adam . 

IKo da yake ana kallon Norway a matsayin mai taka-tsan-tsan a harkokin haƙƙin ɗan adam, inda take matsayi na farko a cikin kididdigar ci gaban ɗan adam ta shirin raya ƙasa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekaru 12 cikin shekaru 15 da suka wuce, har yanzu batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan adam suna tasowa.  Batun da ya fi yaduwa a cikin tarihin baya-bayan nan shi ne gwagwarmayar neman yancin kasa ta ' yan asalin Sami, a karkashin barazanar gwamnatin Norway da ke amfani da yankin Sápmi don albarkatun kasa.

## Tushen kare haƙƙin ɗan adam

### Tsarin Mulki na Norway
 
Sashi na E. na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Yaren mutanen Norway ya shafi musamman kula da haƙƙin ɗan adam na dukan mutanen da ke cikin jihar Norway. Ana ba da haƙƙoƙin ɗaya daga cikin labarai daban-daban, musamman:

* **Mataki na 92** ya tabbatar wa hukumomi mutuntawa da tabbatar da hakkin dan Adam da suka dace da tsarin mulkin kasa
* **Mataki na ashirin da 93** ya ba da garantin ' yancin rayuwa, da 'yanci daga hukuncin kisa da azabtarwa
* **Mataki na 95** ya bayyana ' yancin yin shari'a na gaskiya, kuma yana sanya alkalai da kotuna masu zaman kansu
* **Mataki na 98** ya bayyana duk mutane a matsayin daidai
* **Mataki na 108** ya ba da garantin kiyaye harshen Sami, al'adu, da salon rayuwa
* **Mataki na 109** ya tabbatar da hakkin samun ilimi 

### Sanarwar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya (1948)

Bayan barna na Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, an gina sanarwar ƙasa da ƙasa don tabbatar da haƙƙin ƴan adam a duniya. Sabuwar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da ta yi shela, a babban taron da aka yi a birnin Paris a ranar 10 ga Disambar shekara ta, 1948, sanarwar ta sanya hannu kan muhimman haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam guda 30 waɗanda ya kamata a bai wa kowane ɗan adam gabaɗaya.  Kodayake sanarwar ba ta dawwama a cikin kanta, yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da suka biyo baya, gyare-gyare ga kundin tsarin mulki, da yarjejeniyar tattalin arziki sun tabbatar da sanarwar.

Ana ganin Yarjejeniya ta Duniya ta Hakkokin Dan Adam (UDHR) a matsayin mafari ga Dokar Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Duniya, wadda ta ƙunshi UDHR, da kuma Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Bil Adama da Siyasa (ICCPR, 1966) da Yarjejeniyar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Duniya., Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR, 1996). Wannan tsawaita UDHR ya ba da dalili na shari'a ga jihohi don tabbatar da kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam, 

### Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya
Kazalika UDHR, da Bill of Human Rights, Norway ta amince da wasu yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da dama da suka mayar da hankali kan kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam: waɗanda suka haɗa da: 

* Yarjejeniya ta Rigakafi da Hukuncin Laifukan Kisan Kisan kiyashi (1948)
* Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira (1951)
* Yarjejeniya kan 'Yancin Siyasa na Mata (1952)
* Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi Matsayin Mutanen da ba su da Jiha (1954)
* Ƙarin Yarjejeniya kan Kawar da Bauta (1956)
* Yarjejeniya kan Ƙasar Matan Aure (1957)
* Yarjejeniyar Rage Rashin Jiha (1961)
* Yarjejeniya kan Yarda da Aure, Mafi ƙarancin shekarun Aure da Rajista (1962)
* Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa Kan Kawar da Duk Wani nau'i na Wariyar launin fata (1965)
* Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya Kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu (1966)
* Yarjejeniya ta Duniya akan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (1966)
* Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Farko zuwa Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya Kan Haƙƙin Bil Adama da Siyasa (1967)
* Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata (1979)

## Haƙƙoƙin jama'a da na siyasa
Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Norway ya ba da waɗannan 'yanci kamar haka;

### Haƙƙoƙin shari'a
Ana tabbatar da haƙƙin shari'a iri-iri a ƙarƙashin sashe na D da E na kundin tsarin mulkin Norway.  Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya haramta kama mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma yana goyon bayan wanda ake tsare da shi idan ya so ya kalubalanci halalcin kamawa . Duk mutanen da ke cikin jihar Norway sun cancanci yin shari'a na gaskiya da na jama'a, inda aka tabbatar da samun tallafin jama'a ga lauyan lauyan da suka zaɓa. Ana buƙatar shari'a mai zaman kanta da mara son kai a ƙarƙashin dokar Norway.  

### Hukuncin kisa
Tun daga shekara ta 1948, ba a taɓa samun hukuncin kisa ba a Norway. An soke duk wani nau'i na hukuncin kisa a tsarin mulki a shekara ta 2014.  Hukuncin kisa ya ƙare a lokacin zaman lafiya a cikin shekara ta 1905, tare da aiwatar da kisa na ƙarshe a cikin 1876. Hukuncin kisa na baya-bayan nan shi ne na wani abokin aikin Nazi a cikin 1948. Ba wai kawai tsarin mulkin Norway ya kiyaye matsayin Norway game da hukuncin kisa ba, amma kuma an amince da shi ta hanyar yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa (1972) da yarjejeniya ta zabi ta biyu (1991). 

### Yanayin gidan yari

An yaba da tsarin gidan yarin na Norway a matsayin na musamman samfuri tare da ƙananan ƙimar sake-sake laifi .  A Yaren mutanen Norway model aka mayar da hankali a kan gyarawa, maimakon fansa, inda da fursunoni jami'an 'babban rawa ne ga jagoranci, ba azabtar. A cikin gidan yarin Norwegian, ana ba da tabbacin haƙƙin ɗan adam ga fursunoni, tare da garantin abinci mai kyau, motsa jiki, da daidaitaccen yanayin rayuwa. Masu gadi da fursunoni suna mamaye wurare iri ɗaya, suna cin abinci iri ɗaya, kuma suna shiga cikin ayyuka tare, suna ba da damar haɗin kai don haɓaka haɓakar fursunonin. Ana kiran wannan dabara da 'tsaro mai ƙarfi'. 

Are Hodiel, Gwamnan gidan yarin Halden, gidan yari mafi girma na biyu a Norway, ya bayyana cewa "A Norway, hukuncin shine a kwace 'yancin wani. Sauran haƙƙoƙin sun tsaya.”  Wani wuri a kurkukun Halden yana kashe kusan £ 98,000 ga kowane fursuna a shekara. Wannan yana da tsada idan aka kwatanta da Ƙasar Ingila, inda wurare ke tsada tsakanin £40,000 da £59,000. 

### 'Yancin addini
Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Yaren mutanen Norway ya ce "Dabi'unmu za su kasance gatanmu na Kirista da ɗan adam", kuma "Sarki zai kasance yana da'awar addinin Ikklesiya-Lutheran a kowane lokaci". Duk da haka Norway tana da cikakken 'yancin yin addini ga duk mazauna. Har ila yau, wannan hakki yana cikin kundin tsarin mulkin Norway, wanda ya ce "Duk mazaunan daular za su sami 'yancin yin amfani da addininsu na 'yanci."

Jihar tana da, kuma tana ci gaba da goyan bayan Cocin Norway, wanda Ikklisiya ce ta Ikklisiya-Lutheran da ke bin addinin da Sarkin Norway ya furta. Al'ummar addini na Norway da farko na cikin Cocin Norway ne, amma duk da haka akwai sauran ƙananan musulmai da Katolika . Ƙungiyar addini ta biyu mafi girma a Norway ba ta da alaƙa . 

Kazalika tallafin da Coci na Norway, gwamnatin Yaren mutanen Norway tana ba da tallafi ga ƙungiyoyin addinai sama da 800, a ƙoƙarin kiyaye bambancin addini da rage wariyar addini. Ana hukunta zaluncin addini bisa doka, ta hanyar tara tara mai yawa da kuma hukuncin dauri na tsawon watanni 6. A cikin Norway, Ombudsman Equality and Anti-discrimination Ombudsman (LDO) ne ke kula da korafe-korafen nuna bambanci na addini, wanda gwamnati ta zaɓa don yin wa'adin shekaru shida.  Ko da yake gwamnatin Norway ce ke ba da kuɗin ofishin, amma yana kula da yancin kansa da 'yancin kai.

### Kare 'yan gudun hijira

Dokar Norway ta sauƙaƙe izinin mafaka da mafaka ga mutanen da aka kora daga ƙasashensu na asali. Yayin da ake duba matsayinsu na neman gudun hijira, ana ba masu neman mafaka damar nema da samun aiki, idan sun cika manyan sharudda uku. Waɗannan sharuɗɗan sune cewa masu neman mafaka dole ne su sami shaidar asalinsu; suna da takarda da ke nuna cewa za su iya samun mafaka; kuma ku kasance cikin shirin "haɗin kai".  Norway ta amince da dokar Dublin III ta EU, wacce ta ba da izinin mika masu neman mafaka zuwa wasu kasashen Turai wadanda ke da alhakin yanke hukunci .

".

## Haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu

### Haƙƙoƙin mata

Doka ta kiyaye haramcin nuna wariya ga mata. Hukunce-hukuncen na iya tsawaita har zuwa shekaru 21 a gidan yari saboda laifuka kamar fyade . Batutuwa da suka hada da tashin hankalin gida da cin zarafi na jima'i na ci gaba da zama matsala a cikin al'ummar Norway. 27% na mata suna fuskantar tashin hankali ta jiki da/ko ta jima'i daga abokin tarayya a cikin rayuwarsu, kuma 6% a cikin watanni 12 na ƙarshe.  Adadin hukuncin da aka yanke na tashin hankalin cikin gida yana zaune a kashi 10%, yana haifar da suka daga cibiyoyi irin su Cibiyar Rikicin Oslo cewa gwamnati ba ta yin abin da ya dace don rage yawan cin zarafin mata . 

An qaddamar da Sashen Haɗin kai na waɗanda aka yi wa fataucin Bil Adama (KOM) don rage yawan matan da ke fuskantar fataucin jima'i a cikin ƙasar Norway, a wani yunƙuri da gwamnatin Norway ta yi na magance karuwar yawan masu safarar jima'i. Duk da yunƙurin maraba da Norway da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta yi, adadin waɗanda ke fama da fataucin jima'i a Norway na ci gaba da karuwa, wanda ya karu daga 203 zuwa 292 da abin ya shafa daga 2007 zuwa 2009.

Gwamnatin Norway ta ƙaddamar da wani shiri a cikin shekara ta 2016 don rage cin zarafin mata, wanda ake kira Shirin Ayyuka don 'Yancin Mata da Daidaita Jinsi a Harkokin Waje da Ci Gaban 2016-2020.  Shirin yana da manyan manufofi guda biyar wadanda Norway ke da burin ingantawa don rage wariya da cin zarafin mata. Manufofin guda biyar sune kamar haka:

# Ingantaccen ingantaccen ilimi mai inganci ga dukkan 'yan mata da maza
# Daidaiton shigar mata cikin harkokin siyasa
# Cikakkun haƙƙin tattalin arziki ga mata da daidaitattun damammaki ga mata don shiga cikin kasuwar aiki
# Kawar da cin zarafi da munanan ayyuka ga 'yan mata da mata
# Lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa da haƙƙin 'yan mata da mata 

Bugu da kari, an aiwatar da shirye-shiryen gwamnati don rage yawan tashe-tashen hankula a cikin gida, gami da nada mai kula da rikicin cikin gida mai kwazo a dukkan gundumomin ‘yan sanda. Hakanan akwai sama da matsuguni guda 47 da jama'a ke bayarwa, da layukan waya na sa'o'i 5, 24 da gwamnatin Norway ke gudanarwa. 

### Haƙƙoƙin yara
Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙoƙin Yara tana ba da kariya ga yaran Norway. Ombudsman na Yara a Norway ne ke binciken batutuwan cin zarafin yara da cin zarafi.  Ana ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasa a cikin Norway ta hanyar iyaye; Yaran da aka haifa a Norway ba sa zama ɗan ƙasa kai tsaye.  Rahoton na Amnesty International na baya-bayan nan ya nuna damuwa kan yadda yara kanana da suka isa kasar Norway ana kai su kananan cibiyoyin da ba su tare da su ba wadanda ke da yanayin rayuwa da bai yi daidai da ka'idojin kare hakkin dan Adam ba. 

Cin zarafi akan yara cikin hukunci a karkashin dokar Norway, duk da haka a shekara ta 2017 ya ƙare tare da fiye da 48,000 lokuta na cin zarafin yara.  Wani binciken Norwegian ya yi rajista cewa tsakanin 5 - 10% na yara a Norway sun fuskanci wani nau'i na tashin hankali na jiki da / ko jima'i a rayuwarsu".

### Haƙƙoƙin ‘yan qasar

Al'ummar Sami mazauna yankunan arewacin Norway, da Finland, da Sweden, da yankin Kola na Rasha.  Duk da iyakokin da ke tsakanin jihohin hudu, mutanen Sami na ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukansu a matsayin kungiya daya, ta hanyar alakar al'adu da harshe.  Duk da cewa akwai sama da mutane 50,000 da ke zaune kuma suna bayyana a matsayin Sami, babu wata hukuma a hukumance da ta bayyana Sami a matsayin 'yan asalin ƙasar Norway.

An samar da wasu dokoki daban-daban don kare al'adu da harshe na al'ummar Sami. Dokar Sami ta Norwegian (1987) ta ba da ma'anar doka da tabbatacciyar ma'anar Sami, a matsayin wanda ke da Sami a matsayin yaren farko, ko mahaifinsa ko mahaifiyarsa ko ɗaya daga cikin kakanninsa yana da ko Sami a matsayin harshen farko, kuma wanda yayi la'akari. su kansu Sami ne".  a shekara ta 1980 aka kafa hukumar Sami, wadda aka kafa ta don magance matsalolin tattalin arziki da siyasa na mutanen Sami. Wannan ne ya haifar da ƙirƙirar Sameting, wanda kuma aka sani da Majalisar Sami ta Norwegian. Wannan hukumar galibi tana aiki ne don tabbatar da haƙƙin mutanen Sami, 

. .

### Hakkin LGBT+
Akwai dokar da aka ƙera don hana wariya dangane da yanayin jima'i da asalin jinsi, a cikin faffadan gidaje, aikin yi, zama ɗan ƙasa, da samun damar ayyukan da gwamnati ke bayarwa. Duk da wannan, tashin hankalin da aka yi niyya ga mutanen transgender har yanzu ba a la'akari da laifin ƙiyayya a cikin dokokin Norway. Ƙungiyoyin jinsi na Norwegian ta ba da rahoton damuwa game da rashin bayyana yanayin jima'i a matsayin dalilin laifukan ƙiyayya. Gwamnati na ƙoƙarin magance waɗannan matsalolin ta hanyar ingantaccen horo da horo da ilimi ga 'yan sanda kan wariyar LGBT+. 

### Haƙƙin nakasa
Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta ba da rahoton cewa akwai ingantaccen aiwatar da dokokin da suka hana nuna bambanci ga nakasassu a cikin ƙasar Norway. 

### Anti-Semitism
Akwai ƙananan Yahudawa kaɗan a cikin Norway, kusan guda 1400, rabinsu na ikilisiyoyin Yahudawa ne. A kokarin rage kyamar kyamar baki, gwamnatin kasar Norway ta kaddamar da wani shiri mai suna 'Action Plan against Antisemitism *2016 - 2020* ', wanda manyan batutuwa huɗu su ne kamar haka:

# Yaƙi da ƙiyayya yana riƙe da nau'in laifuka daban-daban na ƙiyayya a cikin kididdigar 'yan sanda
# Ilimi game da anti-Semitism an haɗa shi cikin duk makarantu
# Ƙarin kuɗi don gidajen tarihi na Yahudawa da cibiyoyin al'adu
# Ana kuma ba da kuɗin bincike kan kyamar Yahudawa da rayuwar Yahudawa

## Cin zarafin ɗan adam

### Sukar na yanzu
Binciken lokaci-lokaci na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya bayyana matsayin al'amuran haƙƙin ɗan adam a Norway.  A cikin shekara ta 2015, Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam na Majalisar Turai ya ba da shawarar don ƙarin manufofin inganta ƙarfin mutanen da ke da nakasa da cikakken haɗar Roma .  Majalisar dokokin Norway ta ki sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kare hakkin nakasassu ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, kuma akwai rahotanni da dama na kare haƙƙin bil adama na ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na nakasassu. https://www.handikapnytt.no/mer-fn-kritikk-til-norge-for-brudd-pa-menneskerettighetene/  An soki Norway saboda rashin ayyana fyaɗe a shari'a bisa rashin yarda.  [ yana buƙatar sabuntawa ] 

### Haƙƙoƙin ƙasa  na mutanen Sami
Ƙaruwar buƙatun albarkatun ƙasa a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan ya haifar da rikici tsakanin al'ummar Sami da al'ummomin yankunan Norway. Gine-ginen ababen more rayuwa kamar gine-gine, tituna, ma'adanai, da madatsun ruwa, duk suna gudanar da aikin ne a yankunan da mutanen Sami suke zaune. Wannan ya haifar da cece-kuce tsakanin ‘yancin mallakar kasa na mutanen Sami, da samar da ayyukan yi da ci gaban da za a samu daga wadannan ayyuka ga al’ummomin yankin. 

Haƙƙoƙin mallakar ƙasa na gargajiya da aka bai wa mutanen Sami a ƙarƙashin dokokin Norway sun ba da izinin ƙin amincewa da shawarwarin ci gaba idan ya hana su ikon yin rayuwarsu ta gargajiya. Kazalika da kundin tsarin mulkin Norway, wannan haƙƙin yana da tabbacin ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa daban-daban, gami da Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan kawar da duk wani nau'i na wariyar launin fata, yarjejeniya ta ƙasa da ƙasa kan 'yancin ɗan adam da siyasa, da sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar. 

Dangane da rikicin haƙƙin ƙasa a Arewacin Norway, gwamnatin Norway ta buga Dokar Finnmark ta 2005, wacce ta ba da kariya ta wani yanki na Sami a ƙasar Finnmark . Dokar ta bayyana cewa za a canza mallakar filaye da albarkatun ƙasa daga mallakar jiha zuwa mallakar gida, ma'ana Finnmark Estate ta mallaki nata filaye. Wakilin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na musamman ya bayar da rahoto inda ya yaba da yadda Norway ke mayar da martani game da matsalar haƙƙin mallakar filaye.  

## Manazarta