Marie Koopmans-de Wet

Maria Margaretha Koopmans-de Wet (locally /ˈkʊərpmʌnz də ˈvɛt/ KOORP-munz də VET,[1] af; née de Wet; 18 March 1834 – 2 August 1906) was a campaigner for Afrikaner rights, cultural leader, patriotic benefactor, renowned Cape hostess, patron of the arts and South African philanthropist.[2]

Ita 'yar Johannes de Wet da Adriana Horak ce kuma ta auri Johan Christoffel Koopmans . Ta kasance memba mai tasiri na ƙwararrun Cape Dutch a Cape Town . Gidan ta cibiyar manyan al'ummomin mulkin mallaka ne, wanda gwamnan Burtaniya ke yawan zuwa.

An san ta da mai fafutuka don kare Harshen Afrikaans da al'adu a lokacin Daular Burtaniya a Afirka ta Kudu.

A lokacin Yaƙin Boer na Biyu, ta yi aiki don inganta yanayin matan Boer da yara waɗanda Burtaniya ta tsare su. Ta ja hankalin Sarauniya Victoria ga batun, kuma an sanya ta a tsare a gida saboda hakan.

Gidan ta ya zama Gidan Tarihi na Koopmans-de Wet House .

## Rayuwa ta farko
Ita da 'yar'uwarta, Margaretha Jacoba, sun sami kyakkyawan ilimi tun suna yara daga mahaifinsu, adv. Johannes de Wet . Ya kuma girma a cikin gidan da aka fi sani da shi a 23 Strand Street, wanda ake kira Koopmans-de Wet House . An ba da ƙasar da gidan yake tsaye ga Reynier Smedinga a lokacin Willem Adriaan van der Stel kuma an gina gidan a cikin 1701. Bisa ga al'ada, kyaftin din jirgin ruwa ne wanda ya gina gidan kuma ya kawo kayan gini tare da shi a tafiyarsa ta ƙarshe daga Turai. Babu wata shaida a cikin tushen da ke akwai cewa sanannen masanin gine-gine Louis Thibault ko masanin zane-zane Anton Anreith ya gina gaban gidan a halin yanzu a kusa da shekara ta 1795. Duk da haka misali ne mai ban sha'awa na tsananin salon gargajiya wanda ya dace da al'adar Dutch. Bayan mutuwar Hendrik Justinus de Wet (kakanta), gwauruwarsa ta sayi wannan gidan a cikin 1809. Babbar 'ya'yanta maza uku, Johannes, daga baya ta zama lauya. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Cape na tsawon shekaru 15 bayan ya sami digiri na biyu a cikin dokar Roman da Faransanci a Jami'ar Leiden kuma yana aiki a ilimi, siyasa da sauran fannoni da yawa na rayuwar jama'a a Cape, kamar gwagwarmaya don 'yancin' yan jarida da kafa Zuid-Afrikaansch Athenaeum . Daga cikin manyan baƙi da yawa zuwa 23 Strand Street akwai mutane kamar Dr. Ibrahim Faure (daga 1822 zuwa 1867 fasto na ikilisiyar NG a Cape Town), Andries Stockenström (Mataimakin gwamnan Lardin Gabas), John Fairbairn (kamfen don 'yancin' yan jarida, malami, mai ba da kuɗi da siyasa) da William Porter (mai shari'a-janar na Cape Colony) daga 1839 zuwa 1866, wanda aka sanya sunan Porterville). 'Yar'uwar Adv. De Wet ta auri Sir John Truter, babban alƙali na farko na Cape Colony kuma wanda ya kafa yankin NG Wynberg. Mahaifiyarta ita ce Adriana Horak, jikokin Martin Melck, kakan dangin Melck a Afirka ta Kudu. Yayinda take yarinya, ta ga kakarta Melck tana ɗauke da yarinta zuwa gaban Cocin Lutheran, kuma a Strandstraat, kuma dukan ikilisiya suna tsaye yayin da 'yar Martin Melck ta yi tafiya mai girma zuwa matsayinta na girmamawa a cikin cocin, wanda wani bawa ya riga ya ɗauke da zane na ƙafa kuma ya bi wani wanda ya kawo littattafan cocin ta. Marie ta gaji wannan matsayi mai kyau daga kakarta kuma yana daya daga cikin halayenta masu dorewa, kodayake kyaututtuka na tunani sun kasance na musamman. Har ila yau, tana da kyakkyawar niyya da ƙuduri na aiki. Hukuncin ta ya kasance a bayyane kuma koyaushe tana da zuciya mai dumi ga al'amuran mutane.

Bayan ta, tun tana 'yar shekara bakwai, ta halarci makarantar Johannes Spijker ta Dutch kuma an koyar da ita a gida na wani lokaci, a cikin shekara ta 13 Marie ta tafi makarantar masu zaman kansu ta Turanci ta Mrs. Midgley ta tafi titin Bree kuma an koyar ta a can kusan shekara daya da rabi, galibi tare da manufar koyon Turanci. Mahaifinta ya ba da darajar sosai ga ilimin harsunan kasashen waje kuma daga baya wani mai koyarwa mai zaman kansa ya koya mata da 'yar'uwarta Jamusanci da Faransanci a gida. Daga bisani ta kuma koyi Italiyanci. A lokacin da ta tsufa ta taɓa fassara wani labarin zuwa yaren Dutch wanda ya bayyana a cikin wata jaridar labarai ta Italiya game da shugaban kasar Paul Kruger . An buga shi a cikin jaridar Ons Land (bisa ga tushen da aka tuntuba, amma mai yiwuwa yana nufin De Zuid-Afrikaan ya haɗa kai da Ons Land). Duk waɗannan harsuna sun yi mata hidima sosai a lokacin ziyararta biyu zuwa Turai. Ta kuma sami koyarwa a cikin kiɗa, zane da zane-zane, ƙwarewar da ke cikin sha'awa a lokacin a matsayin wani ɓangare na ilimin budurwa. Yayinda take yarinya tana da kyau kuma tana da kyau sosai kuma hotunan sun nuna cewa tana da kyakkyawar fahimta game da salon lokacin. Amma kyakkyawa ta ciki, wanda ya fito daga idanunta masu launin shudi da murmushi mai kyau, ya ba da shaida ga yanayin da take da shi.

Anti-Bandit Movement ya kasance babban abin da ya faru tun tana yarinya. Wannan zanga-zangar ba zato ba tsammani ce a cikin 1849 game da niyyar gwamnatin Burtaniya ta yi amfani da Cape a matsayin mulkin mallaka na masu aikata laifuka, waɗanda za a sake su bayan sun yi musu hukunci. Mai ba da labari da abokinta, Sanata F.S. Malan, ya rubuta cewa wannan motsi don ceton Cape daga makomar mulkin mallaka "watakila ya ba da gudummawa fiye da wani abu ga farka da jin kishin kasa a cikin zuciyar Marie". Tun tana ƙarama ta bi jagorancin mahaifinta a duk ayyukansa, alal misali motsi don samun kundin tsarin mulki na Cape Colony. Wannan ya kasance musamman saboda mazauninsu shine cibiyar tarurruka da yawa kan muhimman al'amuran ƙasa. Ta kuma bi da sha'awa game da wadatar Voortrekkers da kuma amincewa da 'yancin kai na Transvaal Boers a 1852 da Orange Free State a 1854. Wannan ya haifar da wayar da kan jama'a a cikin tunanin yarinyar da ke da hali mai ƙarfi kuma a cikin lokaci ta zama sananne ga fahimtar kishin kasa mai ƙarfi. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa za ta sadaukar da lafiyarta ga aikin jinƙai da ta ɗora wa kanta don sakewa da aikawa da kyaututtuka da ta'aziyya da suka zubo cikin ƙasar don amfanin mata da yara a sansanonin taro a lokacin Yaƙin Anglo-Boer da kuma fursunonin yaƙi a St. Helena, Ceylon da sauran wurare, lokacin da Marie ta riga ta tsufa.

## Aure
 
A ranar 15 ga Maris 1864 ta auri Johan Christoffel Koopmans, dan Holland ne ta hanyar haihuwa kuma da farko jami'in Birtaniya-Jamus Legion a karkashin umurnin Stutterheim" id="mwTg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Richard von Stutterheim">Baron Richard von Stutterheim (wanda aka sanya masa suna garin Stutterhe na Gabashin Cape) a kan iyakar gabashin mulkin mallaka. Ya zo da wasika ta shawarwari daga aboki na adv. De Wet a Holland ya isa gidan bene a titin Strand. Yana da halaye masu banƙyama, halin hulɗa da ƙwarewar aiki. Gwamnan, Sir George Grey, ya ba shi matsayin magatakarda na kasashen waje a babban ofishin gidan waya saboda yana da iya magana da harsuna shida na Turanci, kuma matasan ma'aurata sun tafi zama a Waal Street, amma lokacin da aka yanke matsayin Koopmans a matsayin matakai na tsauraran matakai a lokacin da aka soke matsalar 1867, sun koma gidan iyayenta. Har ila yau, saboda ba su da yara kuma lafiyar mahaifiyar Marie ta fara raguwa. Bayan watanni takwas, duk da haka, an nada shi a matsayin mai tsaron hukuma (Carrier of the Black Rod) a Majalisar Dokokin Cape. Ba da daɗewa ba, mahaifiyar Marie ta mutu, bayan haka kula da gidan ya wuce ga Margaretha marar aure; kuma a ranar 15 ga Yuni 1875 ma mahaifinta. Shekaru hudu bayan haka, a cikin 1879, ƙaunataccen mijinta ma ya mutu (na cutar koda), mummunan rauni da ba ta taɓa wucewa ba, kamar yadda gaskiyar cewa ba ta sake cire tufafin makoki ba. Ita da 'yar'uwarta sun ci gaba da zama a gidan iyayensu a Strand Street kuma, kodayake ba masu arziki ba ne, sun sami damar kula da matsayinsu na zamantakewa. A shekara ta 1881, sun yi tafiya zuwa ƙasashe da yawa na Turai kuma sun san dangin marigayi mijinta, daga cikinsu akwai editan Die Volkstem dr. Frans Engelenburg . A wannan tafiya ta koma cikin manyan wurare har ma an karbe ta a kotun Sarki Willem III na Netherlands. Lokacin da ya mutu bayan 'yan shekaru, ta rubuta wasika ta ta'aziyya ga Sarauniya Emma kuma ta aika da kyakkyawan kambi. Tafiyarsu zuwa Turai ta kawo babban sabuntawa na ciki ga 'yan'uwa mata, saboda a lokacin da suka dawo Cape,' yan'uwa mata biyu sun daidaita hanyar rayuwarsu da karimci. Bayan ziyarar ta biyu zuwa Turai, ya zama a bayyane a gare su cewa dole ne su kawo karshen rayuwarsu ta ware kuma sake, kamar a zamanin da, maraba da baƙi zuwa gidansu. Da shigewar lokaci, gidansu ya zama sananne da saloon na titin Strand saboda kyawawan halaye da ƙwarewar tunani na mai masaukin baki. Ta tattara abubuwa na fasaha kuma tana da niyyar girmama al'adun Cape Dutch a hanya mai daraja. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ta karbi baƙi, musamman ma 'yan Ingilishi, don bayyana cewa karimci shine halayyar mutanenta. A fannin al'adu, ta kirkiro dama a gidansu ga matasa na asalin Ingilishi da Dutch don shirya jerin wasan kwaikwayo na ɗakin tare da kiɗa.

## Abokai da aka sani
 
A gidan iyayenta, tana ci gaba da hulɗa da fitattun mutane na Cape, kamar Sir John Truter, kawunta. Louis-Napoléon, Yarima Imperial, ɗan Napoleon III da Empress Eugenie, ya zauna tare da Marie a lokacin gajeren ziyararsa a Cape a kan hanyarsa zuwa Zululand. Lokacin da ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani, Marie ta aika da wasika mai ban sha'awa ga sarauniyar a madadin mata da uwaye na Cape don nuna ta'aziyya. A fagen siyasa, ta san 'yan siyasa kamar Sir Henry Bartle Frere da Cecil John Rhodes . Wannan na karshe ya ce game da ita: "Ina tsorata fiye da dukan Afrikanerbond". Koyaya, abubuwan da suka faru a Transvaal a lokacin mamayar Jameson sun kawo ƙarshen ziyarar Rhodes zuwa gidan Koopmans-de Wet. Ta hanyar abokai ya yi ƙoƙari ya ba ta labarin mamayewar, amma ta amsa, "Bari Mista Rhodes ya yi asusun da yake so ya ba ni a dandalin jama'a. " Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr aboki ne na 'yan'uwa mata, kamar yadda shugabannin Boer Johannes Brand, F.W. Reitz, Paul Kruger da M.T. Steyn suka kasance. Daga baya ma ya zo. F.S. Malan, mai ba da labari game da Marie, a lokacin. A cikin lokaci, an kira gidanta a matsayin ɗakin kwana na Afrikanerbond . Ta kuma ba da shawarar kafa kungiyar mata ta Kirista ta Afrikaans (A.C.V.V.), amma daga baya ta janye daga ciki saboda burinta cewa duk mata su shiga, gami da matan Roman Katolika, ba a yarda da ita ba. Matsayinta ya ba da shaida ga karimci: "Kiristanci ba ya warewa, amma ya haɗa da. Ko da wane irin nisa muka wuce ta hanyar tsari ko bayanin ɗan adam, a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki mun sake haɗuwa. "

## Tsaro
Marie ta yi abubuwa da yawa don adana kayan tarihi na Afirka ta Kudu da gine-ginen tarihi kuma ta gudanar da aiki iri ɗaya da Hukumar Tarihin Tarihi da Majalisar Tarihin Kasa suka gudanar daga baya. Ta yi kamfen don mallakar jama'a, ta karfafa dasa bishiyoyi kuma ta karfafa kare tsire-tsire na asali da adana kayan tarihi da takardun tarihi. Lokacin da aka yi barazanar rushewa da Castle of Good Hope a 1886 kuma tare da keta doka a 1888, sai ta shiga cikin rushewa saboda shi. Marie da sauransu nan da nan sun nuna rashin amincewa da tsohon makircin kuma har ma ta tuntubi abokai masu tasiri a Ingila kuma ta nemi taimakon su. An ƙaddamar da shirin na ƙarshe don ingantawa da kyautata Gidan sarauta. Cecil John Rhodes, wanda ya kasance Firayim Minista a lokacin, ya aika da kwafin makircin ga Marie don samun ra'ayinta game da batun. A cikin amsar ta bayyana ba tare da wata shakka ba cewa kyawawan abubuwa za su rushe Gidan. Wani lokaci Rhodes yana gab da kusantar ta a kan Castle, lokacin da hukumomi ke so su cire wani batu saboda hanyar motar lantarki. Ya aika sakatarensa zuwa gare ta kuma ita (sakataren) ta sami amsar da ke biyowa, "Ka gaya wa Mista Rhodes hanci nasa ma kawai ƙarshen fuskarsa ne. Bari ya yanke shi sannan ya dubi madubi. "Wannan amsar tana da tasirin da ake so.

## Inganta harshen Dutch
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da take so shi ne inganta harshen Dutch wanda, bayan an rufe shi daga rayuwar jama'a kusan rabin karni godiya ga manufofin Gwamna Lord Charles Somerset, an sake ba da izini tare da Turanci a cikin muhawara na majalisa a 1882. A shekara ta 1883 ta ba da kyautar littafi ga Dutch a Kwalejin Afirka ta Kudu da kuma 'yan takara masu cin nasara a cikin harshen bondexams. Tare da kafa haɗin yaren Zuid-Afrikaansche a cikin 1890, ta zama memba na kwamitin zartarwa. Kafin a kaddamar da Tarihin Harshe a Burgersdorp a cikin 1893, ta yi wa ado a kan wata alama kalmomin "Long live our language" kuma ta aika da lambar zinare tare da kalmomin "De Hollandsche taal in Zuid-Afrika, 1806-1893. Ik worstel maar bezwijk niet". A shekara ta 1903 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa mujallar De Goede Hoop ta kowane wata, wanda ta fito da sunan. Har ila yau, tana da zuciya mai karimci ga ilimi kuma tare da 'yar'uwarta sun kafa De Wetfonds don ilimin alloli biyu da kuma wani don horar da 'yan mata, koyaushe don su ba da kansu ga cikakken ilimin Yaren mutanen Holland. Har ila yau, akwai gudummawar De Wet wanda Stellenbosch" id="mwgA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Victoria College, Stellenbosch">Kwalejin Victoria a Stellenbosch da Kwalejin Afirka ta Kudu a Cape Town za su amfana.

## Yaƙin Anglo-Boer
Ayyukan Koopmans-de Wet mafi girma kuma mafi mahimmanci sun kasance don amfanin mata da yara a sansanonin Anglo-Boer War da kuma a madadin Jamhuriyar Boer gaba ɗaya. Ta kasance mai ci gaba da kasancewa a kan al'amuran da suka shafi Jamhuriyar Republican kuma a lokacin ta kasance mataimakin Shugaba Paul Kruger kuma ta karbi Janar Piet Joubert a gidanta a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Ingila. Lokacin da Olive Schreiner ta buga takarda tare da roƙon neman adalci da zaman lafiya, Marie ta aika da kwafinsa ga aboki a Landan tare da buƙatar ta aika shi ga Sarauniya Victoria. Deep ta fusata ne lokacin da ta fahimci cewa ministan da ke da alhakin ne kawai zai iya kawo wallafe-wallafen siyasa ga hankalin sarauniya. Bayan wannan, Marie ta jagoranci zanga-zangar nuna rashin amincewa game da yanayin da ke cikin jamhuriyar Boer da kuma game da fursunonin yaki na Boer. Ta gabatar da takardar neman zaman lafiya tare da sa hannu 16,750 da za a gabatar wa Sarauniya Victoria, tana neman a sami mafita ta zaman lafiya tsakanin Burtaniya da Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek. A cikin 1900, an gudanar da manyan tarurruka biyu na mata don nuna rashin amincewa da konewar gidajen Boer da sauran lalacewar da aka haifar a lokacin yakin. Har ila yau, tana da takardun da aka sanya hannu don neman cewa ba za a kori fursunonin Boer War ba, amma ba tare da nasara ba. A wannan lokacin, kwamitoci a duk faɗin Turai sun fara aiki don aika tufafi da abinci ga mata da fursunonin yaƙi. Har zuwa 1904, fiye da akwatuna dubu biyu na kayayyaki daga kowane bangare galibi sun isa Koopmans-de Wet House. Ita da 'yar'uwarta sun karbi duk waɗannan gudummawar zuwa gidansu na gaba, sun buɗe su sannan suka aika da abubuwan da ke ciki zuwa sansani daban-daban. Babban adadin kuɗin da Marie ta karɓa, ta gudanar da kuma kula da kanta. Ta kuma gudanar da wasikun da suka shafi wannan aikin da kanta. A wannan lokacin, an ƙuntata 'yancin motsi, amma daga baya an sake ɗaga haramcin, wanda ya kai ga kama gida. A kowane hali, tana da matukar aiki har ba ta lura da ita ba. Amma lafiyarta, wacce ba ta kasance mafi kyau ba, ta raunana a ƙarƙashin waɗannan ayyukan da yawa kuma ta mutu a watan Agusta 1906. Margaretha, 'yar'uwarta, ta mutu a shekara ta 1911.

## Mutuwa
A ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 1905, kamar yadda ta riga ta fahimci cewa mutuwarta ta kusa, ta nemi a biya ba da kyauta a kabarinta kuma a sanya furanni ko kambi a kabarinta. "Allah ya yi magana game da mutuwarsa, inda farfesa Adriaan Moorrees ya ba da jawabin, an kawo ta zuwa cocin Wynberg inda aka binne ta kusa da iyayenta da mijinta. jana'izarta wani abu ne na musamman. Tsohon Shugaban kasa M.T. Steyn ya gabatar da jawabin yabo a hidimar jana'izar, wanda Farfesa Adriaan Moorrees ya jagoranta daga Seminary a Stellenbosch, yayin da Farfesa J.I. Marais ya gabatar da jawabin a kabarin. F.S. Malan ya kira ta "Vorstin haar volks". Olive Schreiner ta bayyana ta a matsayin "mace mai basira ta musamman, wanda bai san tsoro ko damuwa ba, har ma a lokacin da ake fama da zalunci na yaki. Za a tuna da ita yanzu da nan gaba ta dukkan kungiyoyin siyasa da dukkan kabilu saboda halinta mara tsoro. Janar Louis Botha ya girmama ta "don ayyukanta, wanda ya ba da agaji da kishin kasa suna magana da dumi da zurfi", kuma Janar Jan Smuts ya sakewa a matsayin "wani ad ad ad addan dan uwanta a cikin had haduwa, dan Adam, dan Adam Adam, dan Afrika".

## Manazarta