Elizabeth Cropper

**Marjorie Elizabeth Cropper** (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga Agusta 1944) ƙwararriyar masaniyar fasaha ce 'yar asalin Burtaniya wacce take da sha'awar Renaissance na Italiya da Faransa da kuma adabin fasaha da fasaha na Baroque. Shugabar Cibiyar Nazarin Ci Gaba a Fasaha ta Kasa (CASVA) daga Disamba 2000 zuwa Mayu 2020, ta taɓa riƙe muƙamai a matsayin Farfesa na Tarihin Fasaha a Jami'ar Johns Hopkins da kuma darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Italiyanci ta Charles S. Singleton ta jami'ar a Villa Spelman da ke Florence .

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haife ta a ranar 11 ga Agusta, 1944,  Cropper ta yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta Wakefield, inda ta sami gurbin karatu a Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge . Bayan ta karanci Tarihi (Sashe na I) da Gine-gine da Fasaha Mai Kyau (Sashe na II), ta kammala karatun digiri na BA (Hons), daga baya ta koma MA. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar Masu Magana da Turanci da kuma Fulbright Fellowship don karatun digiri na biyu a Kwalejin Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, inda, a shekarar 1972, ta kammala karatun digiri na uku a kan mai buga takardu da mai zana zane na Italiya Pietro Testa . 

## Sana'a
Bayan samun gurbin karatu na Leverhulme a Clare Hall, Cambridge, da kuma lakca mai ziyara a Kwalejin Franklin &amp;amp; Marshall, Cropper ta shiga Sashen Tarihin Fasaha a Jami'ar Temple, Makarantar Fasaha ta Tyler.  A lokacin da take aiki a Jami'ar Temple daga 1973 zuwa 1985, Cropper ta kasance malamar makaranta kuma mai ziyara a cibiyoyin bincike da dama, ciki har da Villa I Tatti na Harvard (1978–79, 1981), Villa Spelman na Johns Hopkins (1981), da kuma CASVA na National Gallery of Art a matsayin Samuel H. Kress Senior Fellow (1984–85). 

An buga littafinta na farko, *Littafin Rubutu na Düsseldorf na Pietro Testa* a shekarar 1984 ta Jami'ar Princeton . Wannan ya ci gaba da haɗa rubuce-rubucen zamani na farko da samarwa da karɓar ayyukan fasaha waɗanda suka haɗa da wani labari mai tasiri a cikin *Littafin Rubutu* na Fasaha kan manufar kyawun mace da salon yaren gargajiya a Renaissance Italiya. An ba ta kyautar Arthur Kingsley Porter don mafi kyawun labarin da wani ƙaramin malami ya rubuta, an haɗa wannan binciken a cikin Littafin Rubutu na 2011 na Art Bulletin na labaran da suka "yi mana bambanci a matsayinmu na masana tarihi na fasaha da kuma mutane." 

Bayan shekaru biyu a matsayin mataimakiyar mai ziyara (1983–85), Cropper ta shiga sashen tarihin fasaha a Jami'ar Johns Hopkins a matsayin farfesa a 1985, inda za ta jagoranci Cibiyar Nazarin Italiyanci ta Charles S. Singleton ta jami'ar daga 1987–2000. A lokacin da take Hopkins, Cropper ta gudanar da wasu mukamai na ziyara a cibiyoyi daban-daban na duniya, ciki har da direkta d'etudes a École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (1990–91, 1997), Farfesa Slade a Jami'ar Cambridge (1992–93),  da kuma farfesa mai ziyara a Collège de France (1996); da kuma zama memba mai ziyara a Cibiyar Nazarin Ci Gaba, Princeton (1989).  A shekarar 1994, an nada ta Farfesa Andrew W. Mellon na farko a Cibiyar Nazarin Ci Gaba a Fasahar Fasaha, National Gallery of Art. An kafa wannan naɗi na shekaru biyu ne tare da goyon bayan Gidauniyar Andrew W. Mellon don tunawa da cika shekaru hamsin na Gallery "don baiwa fitaccen masanin tarihin fasaha damar gudanar da wani aikin bincike na ilimi." 

A watan Disamba na shekarar 2000, bayan Henry A. Millon ya yi ritaya daga National Gallery of Art, an naɗa Cropper a matsayin shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Ci Gaba a Fasahar Kayayyaki.  Mayar da hankali kan jagorancin, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin wani shirin *Washington Post* na Afrilu 2010 a Cibiyar, shine don ƙarfafa faɗaɗa ilimi na CASVA zuwa wani wuri da ke ƙoƙarin nazarin "dukkan fasaha da al'adun gani, na kowane lokaci, ga duk duniya."  Ta bin misalin dean Millon, Cropper ta ba da gudummawa ga binciken CASVA ta hanyar yin wani aiki na dogon lokaci tare da ƙungiyar masana ta ƙasa da ƙasa da nufin samar da damar samun kayan bincike na farko don filin.  Aikin da ta zaɓa zai haifar da bugu mai mahimmanci da fassarar littafin Carlo Cesare Malvasia mai suna Felsina pittrice (Bologna, 1678), "tarihin zane a Bologna wanda ya kwaikwayi Rayuwar Giorgio Vasari (1550/1568)."   Juzu'i na Daya da na Goma Sha Uku, waɗanda aka sadaukar da su ga fasahar Bologna ta ƙarshen zamanin da da kuma rayuwar Domenichino da Francesco Gessi, bi da bi, an buga su a cikin 2012 da 2013. An buga a cikin 2017, Juzu'i na Biyu, Kashi na Biyu (a cikin juzu'i biyu), yana nuna rayuwar Marcantonio Raimondi amma kuma ya haɗa da kundin littattafai mafi cikakken bayani da aka buga a Turai kafin ƙarni na sha takwas. Kwanan nan, an buga rayuwar Guido Reni a cikin 2019 a matsayin Juzu'i na Tara. Yayin da yake jagorantar CASVA, Cropper ya kuma riƙe mukamai da dama na jagoranci a cikin al'ummar masana ilimi ta ƙasa da ƙasa. Wannan ya haɗa da aikin ƙwararru a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Ba da Shawara ga Max-Planck-Gesellschaft guda biyu, Biblioteca Hertziana, Rome da Kunsthistorisches Institut, Florence, (2001–11), Shugaban Renaissance Society of America (2010–12), da Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka (2016–19).  Ta yi ritaya a watan Mayu na 2020.  Ta yi aiki a kwamitocin zumunci da dama a wajen CASVA, ciki har da na kyautar nasarorin Gidauniyar Andrew W. Mellon da Cibiyar Cullman da ke Laburaren Jama'a na New York.

## Abubuwan da suka shafi ilimi
Cropper tana da sha'awar dangantakar ka'ida da aiki a farkon zamanin zamani, kuma ta himmatu wajen fahimtar rawar da masu fasaha ke takawa wajen karatu da rubutu, tana mai da hankali kan tunaninsu game da aikinsu. Horarwar da ta yi a Cambridge tare da Michael Jaffé da Francis Haskell ta kafa wata kyakkyawar fahimta game da muhimmancin nazarin tarihin tarihin fasaha: rubuce-rubucenta kan Mannerism, da kuma ayyukan da masu fasaha kamar Bronzino da Pontormo suka yi sun biyo bayan muhimmiyar damuwa game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin tarihi da suka.  Rubuce-rubuce kan kyau, maza da mata, sun faɗaɗa fassarar zane-zanen Renaissance da kuma hoton samfurin dangane da mai kallo. Muhimmancin tarihin rayuwa ga samar da fasaha shine babban abin da binciken Cropper ya mayar da hankali a kai, ko a cikin mawuyacin rayuwa da rashin tsari na Artemisia Gentileschi ko kuma juriyar Nicolas Poussin. Aikin Malvasia ya bayyana mahimmancin rubuce-rubucen rayuwar zamantakewa da samar da fasaha a ƙarni na 17 a Italiya.

Tambayoyin kwaikwayo da asali suna cikin zuciyar *The Domenichino Affair* (2005: Menzione speciale, Premio Salimbeni per la storia e la critica d'arte, 2006), inda aka yi nazarin yanayin sabon abu a matsayin wani abu mai ban mamaki na yanayin fasaha na zamani. Domenichino shine mai zane na farko da aka zarge shi da satar fasaha, zargin da a cikin kansa alama ce ta canjin fata na al'adu dangane da waƙoƙin kwaikwayo. Kamar yadda Cropper ya yi iƙirari, masu zane-zane a Italiya a ƙarni na 17 "sun fuskanci matsalar dangantakarsu da al'ada da iko kuma a karon farko an tilasta musu da'awar keɓancewarsu a cikin tarihi." 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Cropper ya auri Charles Dempsey, wanda tsohon shugaba ne kuma farfesa a fannin Tarihin Fasaha a Jami'ar Johns Hopkins, kuma wanda ya ƙware a fannin Renaissance na Italiya da fasahar Baroque. Cropper da Dempsey sun rubuta tare da Nicolas Poussin: Friendship and the Love of Painting, wanda ya lashe kyautar Jan Mitchell ta 1997 don Tarihin Fasaha [1] da kuma kyautar littattafai ta Charles Rufus Morey ta 1998 ta ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Kwalejin.

## Zaɓaɓɓun girmamawa

* La Càtedra, Museo Nacional del Prado (2016)
* Kyautar Mongan, Villa I Tatti (2011), “wanda aka bai wa fitaccen masanin fasaha ko ƙwararre a Renaissance wanda ke kawo wa sabuwar tsara halaye na ilimi mai zurfi, karimci na mutum ɗaya, da kuma sadaukarwa ga cibiyoyin tarihin fasaha waɗanda Agnes da Elizabeth Mongan suka nuna a zamaninsu.” 
* Zaɓaɓɓen Memba, Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka (1998) 
* Zaɓaɓɓen Ɗan Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka (1993)

## Littattafai da aka zaɓa

* —, edita. Felsina pittrice *na Carlo Cesare Malvasia* *(1678): Rayuwar Masu Zane-zanen Bolognese.* *Bugun Mahimmanci da Fassara Mai Bayani. Juzu'i na 9, Rayuwar Guido Reni.* Turnhout: Harvey Miller/Brepols, 2019.
* *La Pintura Boloñesa en el Museo del Prado: tras las huellas de Malvasia como crítico de la pintura* . Madrid: Museo Nacional del Prado da Editocin Abada, SL, 2017.
* —, edita. Felsina pittrice *na Carlo Cesare Malvasia* *(1678): Rayuwar Masu Zane-zanen Bolognese.* *Bugun Mahimmanci da Fassara Mai Bayani. Juzu'i na 2, sashi na 2, Rayuwar Marcantonio Raimondi da Katalogi Mai Mahimmanci na Bugawa ta ko bayan Masters na Bolognese.* Turnhout: Harvey Miller/Brepols, 2017.
* "I ritratti del Pontormo da del Rosso Fiorentino." A cikin *Pontormo e Rosso Fiorentino: Divergenti vie della 'maniera*, *<nowiki/>*' Carlo Falciani da Antonio Natali suka gyara, 119–125. Florence: Mandragora, 2014. (Bugu na Turanci: *Pontormo da Rosso Fiorentino: Hanyoyi masu Rarraba Mannerism.* Florence: Mandragora, 2014.)
* -, ed. *Carlo Cesare Malvasia's* Felsina pittrice *(1678): Rayuwar Ma'aikatan Bolognese* . Buga Mai Muhimmanci da Fassarar Fassara. Vol. 13, *Rayuwar Domenichino da Francesco Gessi* . Juya: Harvey Miller/Brepols, 2013.
* —, edita. Felsina pittrice *na Carlo Cesare Malvasia* *(1678): Rayuwar Masu Zane-zanen Bolognese* . Bugun Mahimmanci da Fassarar da Aka Yi Bayani a Kai. Vol. 1, *Zane-zanen Bolognese na Farko* . Turnhout: Harvey Miller/Brepols, 2012.
* "The *Fortuna sukar* Agnolo Bronzino". A cikin *Bronzino: Mawaƙi da Mawaƙi a Kotun Medici/Bronzino.* *Pittore e poeta alla corte dei Medici*, Carlo Falciani da Antonio Natali suka gyara, 23–33. Florence: Palazzo Strozzi, 2010. Catalog na nuni.
* "Karanta Hotunan Florentine na Bronzino". A cikin *Bronzino: Mawaƙi da Mawaƙi a Kotun Medici/Bronzino.* *Pittore e poeta alla corte dei Medici*, Carlo Falciani da Antonio Natali suka gyara, 245–255. Florence: Palazzo Strozzi, 2010. Catalog na nuni.
* *Al'amarin Domenichino: Sabon Abu, Kwaikwayo, da Sata a Roma ta ƙarni na sha bakwai* . New Haven da London: Yale University Press, 2005.
* "Pontormo da Bronzino: Hoton Zane Biyu". A cikin *Pontormo, Bronzino, da Medici: Canjin Hoton Zane na Renaissance*, wanda Carl Brandon Strehlke ya shirya, 1–34. Philadelphia: Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Philadelphia tare da haɗin gwiwar Penn State University Press, 2004. Kasidar Nunin.
* "Rayuwa a Gefen: Artemisia Gentileschi, Shahararriyar Mace Mai Zane". A cikin *Orazio da Artemisia Gentileschi*, wanda Keith Christiansen da Judith W. Mann suka shirya, 262–281. New York: Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Metropolitan, 2001. Kasidar Nunin.
* "Vivere sul filo del rasoio: Artemisia Gentileschi, pittrice famosa". A cikin *Orazio e Artemisia Gentileschi*, Keith Christiansen da Judith W. Mann suka gyara, 262–281. Milano: Skira editan, 2001.
* *Pontormo: Hoton Halberdier* . Los Angeles: Gidan kayan tarihi na J. Paul Getty, 1997.
* — da Charles Dempsey. *Nicolas Poussin: Abota da Soyayyar Zane* . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996.
* "Wurin Kyau a Babban Renaissance da Sauye-sauyensa a Tarihin Fasaha". A *Wurin da Sauye-sauyensa a Renaissance*, wanda A. Vos ya shirya, 159–205. Binghamton, NY: Cibiyar Nazarin Zamani da Farkon Renaissance, 1995.
* "Sabbin Takardu Don Rayuwar Artemisia Gentileschi a Florence". *Mujallar Burlington*, 136 (1993): 760–762.
* *Pietro Testa: 1612–1650* . Philadelphia: Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Philadelphia, 1988. Kasidar baje kolin.
* "Kyawun Mace: Matsaloli a cikin Jawabin Zane-zanen Renaissance". A cikin *Sake Rubuta Renaissance: Jawabin Bambancin Jima'i a Turai ta Farko ta Zamani*, wanda Margaret W. Ferguson, Maureen Quilligan, da Nancy Vickers suka shirya, 175–190. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1986.
* *Tsarin Zane: Littafin Rubutu na Düsseldorf na Pietro Testa* . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984.
* "Akan Kyawawan Mata, Parmigianino, *Petrarchismo*, da Salon Vernacular". *Bulletin Fasaha*, 58 (1976): 374–394.

## Manazarta