open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Babban Green Wall (Afirka)

**Babban Green Wall** ko **Babban Green Wall na Sahara da [[Sahel]]** (Faransa: Grande Muraille Verte pour le Sahara et le Sahel; Larabci: السور الأخضر العرية,  ) wani aikin ne da Tarayyar Afirka ta karɓa a cikin 2007, da farko an tsara shi azaman hanyar yaki da hamada a yankin Sahel da kuma hana fadada hamada Sahara, ta hanyar dasa bango na bishiyoyi da ke fadin Sahel daga Djibouti, Djiboute, Senegal. Girman asali na "bango" ya kasance 15 km (9 mi) fadi da 7,775 km (4,831 mi) tsawo, amma shirin ya fadada ya kunshi kasashe a arewa da yammacin Afirka. Manufar ta samo asali ne daga inganta dabarun girbi na ruwa, kariya ta kayan lambu da inganta dabarun amfani da ƙasa na asali, da nufin ƙirƙirar mosaic na kore da shimfidar wurare masu amfani a duk faɗin Arewacin Afirka. Daga baya ya karɓi ra'ayin cewa iyakokin hamada suna canzawa bisa ga bambancin ruwan sama.

## Tarihi
A shekarun 1950, wani mai bincike ɗan Birtaniya Richard St. Barbe Baker ya yi wani balaguro a Sahara. A lokacin tafiyar St. Barbe  balaguron ya gabatar da shawarar "Green Front" don yin aiki a matsayin  ma'ajiyar bishiyoyi don hana hamada mai faɗaɗawa.  Wannan ra'ayin ya sake bayyana a shekarar 2002, a taron koli na musamman da aka gudanar a N'Djamena, babban birnin Chadi, a lokacin bikin Ranar Yaƙi da Hamada da Fari ta Duniya . &#x5B; *<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2* Taron Shugabanni da Shugabannin Ƙasashe na Ƙungiyar Kasashen Sahel da Sahara ne ya amince da shi a lokacin zaman taronsu na bakwai na yau da kullun da aka gudanar a Ouagadougou, babban birnin Burkina Faso, a ranakun 1-2 ga Yuni 2005. Tarayyar Afirka ta amince da shi a shekarar 2007 a matsayin Babban Bangon Kore ga Sahara da Shirin Sahel (GGWSSI).

## Ci gaba
A watan Maris na shekara ta 2, an kammala kashi 15% na bango tare da gagarumin nasarorin da aka samu a Najeriya, Senegal da Habasha.  A Senegal, an dasa bishiyoyi sama da miliyan 11. Najeriya ta dawo da hekta miliyan 4.9 (12 miliyan acre; 49,000 km2) na ƙasar da ta lalace kuma Habasha ta dawo da ha miliyan 15 (37 miliyan acre) 150,000 km2). &nbsp;&nbsp;

A lokacin bikin cika shekaru goma sha biyar da aka ƙaddamar da shirin, Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Yaki da Yaki da Desertification (UNCCD) ta ba da rahoton kuma an buga shi a ranar 7 ga Satumba, 2020.  An ruwaito cewa Babban Green Wall ya rufe kashi 4% kawai na yankin da aka tsara, tare da hekta miliyan 4 kawai (acre miliyan 9.8) da aka dasa. Habasha ta sami nasara mafi girma tare da shuke-shuke biliyan 5.5 da aka shuka, amma Chadi ta shuka miliyan 1.1 kawai. An gabatar da shakku game da yawan tsira na bishiyoyi miliyan 12 da aka dasa a Senegal.

## Kulawa
An gudanar da ƙananan saka idanu da adana rikodin, har ma da inda ayyukan suka faru.

Rikicin Sudan da Sudan ta Kudu sun kara rikitarwa. Tsuntsaye sun lalata ayyukan da yawa.

## Manazarta
Kudin canjin yanayi a Brazil

**Kudin yanayi a Brazil** yana haifar da sauyawa zuwa tattalin arzikin carbon mai ƙarancin gaske, da kuma sauya sauyin yanayi da ragewa. Kasar tana karɓar albarkatu daga tushe daban-daban, kamar cibiyoyin ci gaban kasa da kasa da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.

Brazil ta mamaye babban bangare na nahiyar Kudancin Amurka kuma an dauke ta ƙasa mai yawa, tare da nau'o'in da suka bazu a fadin halittu shida na duniya da kuma yanayin halittu uku na ruwa. Kasar tana fuskantar tasirin yanayi mai yawa, kamar fari mai tsanani, ambaliyar ruwa, da gobarar daji. Wadannan canje-canje suna shafar kasuwancin gona da kuma yawan mutanen da ke fama da rauni, suna kara kalubalen zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Rashin iskar gas a cikin ƙasar ya fito ne da farko daga amfani da ƙasa (kimanin 44% daga konewar gandun daji) da aikin gona.

## Ma'anar

## Yanayin Brazil

### Rashin lafiyar yanayi

Brazil tana fuskantar manyan ƙalubalen muhalli waɗanda ke tabbatar da kudaden yanayi. Ruwan sama ya haifar da asarar da ta wuce R$55.5 biliyan tsakanin 2017 da 2022, ya lalata gidaje sama da 549,000, kuma ya shafi kusan mutane miliyan 28.9. A gefe guda, fari mai tsawo da raƙuman zafi sun rage yawan aikin gona da ruwa; an kiyasta cewa tsakanin 2013 da 2022, Brazil ta rasa dala biliyan 19.5 a cikin kudin shiga na shekara-shekara saboda yawan zafi (sa'o'i biliyan 6 na aikin da ya ɓace a kowace shekara).  Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru - wadanda suka hada da abubuwan da suka shafi ambaliyar Afrilu / Mayu 2024 a Kudu da fari a cikin Amazon - suna nuna matsalar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na kasar ga canjin yanayi. Nazarin da Cibiyar Nazarin sararin samaniya ta kasa da hukumomin kasa da kasa suka yi sun nuna cewa, ba tare da wani mataki ba, mummunan yanayi na iya kara rashin daidaito da kara farashin a fannoni kamar kiwon lafiya da aikin gona. Don haka, ana buƙatar kudaden yanayi ba kawai don rage hayaki ba, har ma da ƙarfafa daidaitawa da rage tasirin tattalin arziki mara kyau na gaba.

## Manazarta
Robert K. Dixon

**Robert K. Dixon** masanin makamashi ne, muhalli, da kuma tattalin arziki a Ofishin Harkokin Kasa da Kasa, hedkwatar Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka a Washington, DC, Amurka.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Dixon ɗan asalin Lee's Summit ne, Missouri . Ya kammala karatu daga Lee's Summit High School a 1973, kuma ya halarci Jami'ar Missouri, inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin kimiyya a shekarar 1977, Master of Science a shekarar 1979, da Ph.D. a shekarar 1982.

Da farko a rayuwarsa ta sana'a, ya kasance farfesa a Jami'ar Minnesota (1982 zuwa 1986) da Jami'ar Auburn (1987 zuwa 1989).

Dixon ya auri Anita L. Dixon, kuma yana da 'ya'ya biyu: Caitlin S. Dixon da Colin A. Dixon .

## Ayyuka
Ya kasance mataimakin kuma farfesa mai ziyara, malami mai ba da shawara, zartarwa a cikin zama, kuma memba na kwamitocin ba da shawara na jami'a a Jami'ar West Virginia (2010 zuwa 2012). A halin yanzu farfesa ne a Jami'ar Amurka da ke Washington, DC.

Ya jagoranci shirin bincike da ci gaban masana'antu wanda Allied Chemical Corporation ta tallafawa (1979 zuwa 1982) kuma ya hada hannu da takardar shaidar Amurka  don samar da taki da aikace-aikace (1988). Ya kasance babban mai ba da shawara na kimiyya ga, kuma mai saka hannun jari a, Mycorr Tech, Inc. (1986 zuwa 1989), wani kamfani na biotechnology wanda Plant Health Care, Inc. ya samu.

Dixon shine Babban edita na mujallar kimiyya ta duniya, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change tun daga shekara ta 1997.  Ya kasance Baƙon Edita na *Canjin yanayi*  da *Manufofin Makamashi*  kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki a kan Kwamitin Edita na Ci gaban Makamashi na CRC Press. Ya rubuta, ya hada hannu, ko ya shirya fiye da 125 labaran mujallu da littattafai da yawa kan makamashi da muhalli kimiyya da batutuwan manufofi, kamar Adapting to Climate Change: An International Perspective  , The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Activities Implemented Jointly (AIJ) Pilot: Experiences and Lessons Learned,  Energy Technology Perspectives, Scenarios and Strategies to 2050,  da sauransu.

## Manazarta
Atef Helmy

**Atef Helmy Nagib** (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1950) masanin sadarwa da fasaha ne na Masar kuma tsohon Ministan sadarwa da fasahar bayanai.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Atef Helmy a Alkahira a shekarar 1950. Yana da digiri na farko na Kimiyya a Sadarwa da Injiniyan Lantarki bayan ya kammala karatu tare da girmamawa daga Kwalejin Fasaha ta Soja a 1973. Ya kuma sami difloma a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta daga Kwalejin Injiniya, Jami'ar Ain Shams a 1979 da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin Fasahar Bayanai kuma daga Kwalecin Injiniya.

## Ayyuka
An nada Helmy a matsayin mataimakin malami a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Soja bayan kammala karatunsa a 1973 kuma nan da nan ya shiga yakin tare da Sojojin Masar a lokacin Yaƙin 1973. Ya ci gaba da aiki a cikin sojoji a fagen sadarwa da fasahar bayanai daga 1973 zuwa 1983.

A shekara ta 1983, Helmy ya yi murabus daga rundunar soji kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa Abu Dhabi, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa don shiga NCR kuma ya haɓaka aikinsa a cikin kamfanin har sai ya zama Janar Manajan NCR Dubai. Helmy ta koma Masar a 1996 don kafa Oracle Egypt kuma ta jagoranci ta a matsayin manajan darakta. A shekara ta 2005, ya ƙaddamar, a Alkahira, ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin tallafi na duniya na Oracle, wanda shine mahimmin bayani wanda ya nuna Masar a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun wurare don fitarwa da waje, wanda ya kawo jimlar ma'aikatan Oracle a Misira zuwa sama da masu sana'a 800. Ya yi ritaya daga Oracle a shekara ta 2006 kuma daga baya ya kafa Firayim Ministan Kasuwanci a shekara ta 2007. Helmy ta kuma dauki matsayi da yawa na jama'a a bangaren ICT, gami da shugaban Kamfanin Sadarwa da Fasahar Bayanai na Masar (CIT). 

## Ayyukan siyasa
Helmy ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Sadarwa da Fasahar Bayanai na Masar daga Janairun 2013 zuwa Maris 2015, da farko a matsayin daya daga cikin mambobi masu zaman kansu na majalisar ministocin Qandil, sannan daga baya ya yi aiki cikin ministocin Hazem El Biblawy  da Ibrahim Mahlab

A matsayinta na Ministan ICT, Helmy ta jagoranci Kwamitin Hukumar Kula da Sadarwa ta Kasa (NTRA), Hukumar Ci Gaban Masana'antar Fasahar Bayanai (ITIDA), da Cibiyar Sadarwa Ta Kasa (NTI). Ya kuma shugabanci Kwamitin Amintattun Cibiyar Fasahar Bayanai (ITI), Cibiyar Fasaha da Kasuwanci (TIEC), kuma ya kula da ci gaban ma'aikata na Egypt Post.

## Manazarta
Amincewa da gandun daji na Pacific

**Pacific Forest Trust** wata amincewa ce mai kula da gandun daji  wanda ba shi da riba wanda ke inganta kiyaye gandun daji da hanyoyin kulawa. Manufarta ita ce ta ci gaba da gandun daji na Amurka don amfanin jama'a na itace, ruwa, dabbobin daji, da jin daɗin mutane, tare da hadin gwiwar masu mallakar ƙasa da al'ummomi.

Pacific Forest Trust an kafa shi ne a cikin 1993 ta hanyar Laurie Wayburn da Constance Best don samar da ƙarfafawa da tallafi don ƙarfafawa da kuma ba da damar masu mallakar gandun daji su kiyaye dukiyarsu. Laurie Wayburn, masanin muhalli kuma Harvard Alumna,  'yar sanannen masanin mujalli Edgar Wayburn ce. Constance Best mai kiyayewa ce kuma 'yar kasuwa.

## Hanyar da za a bi
Manufar Amincewa ita ce ta sanya kiyayewa ta hanyar amfani da gandun daji da sauran ƙasashe masu alaƙa. Suna haɗin gwiwa tare da masu mallakar ƙasa masu zaman kansu don kiyaye gandun daji har abada, suna ba da fifiko ga lafiyar gandun daji na dogon lokaci da yawan aiki waɗanda ke amfanar jama'a, tare da kadada 82,484 a halin yanzu a ƙarƙashin ba da izinin kiyayewa. Suna inganta kiyaye gandun daji    saboda yana taimakawa wajen rage canjin yanayi,     yana kare albarkatun ruwa, [5] [6] [5] [6] yana aiki a matsayin wurin zama ga namun daji, kuma yana ba da damar nishaɗi ga waɗanda ke jin daɗin waje.

## Manufofin da shawarwari
Amincewa tana haɓaka shirye-shiryen manufofi da bincike don samar da sabbin abubuwan motsawa don - ko cire shingen - kula da gandun daji na dogon lokaci, inganta shirye-shirye da ka'idojin da ke tallafawa saka hannun jari na masu mallakar ƙasa a cikin maidowa da kiyaye ƙasarsu. Sun fara tsarawa da aiwatar da Ayyukan Kula da dazuzzuka,  wanda shine kayan kiyayewa "wanda aka tsara musamman don kare gandun daji masu aiki wanda ake ci gaba da girbi na katako da sauran kayayyakin gandun daji har abada tare da dabi'un kiyayewa masu alaƙa" kamar mazaunin namun daji, tushen ruwa, da shagunan carbon masu rage yanayi.

## Manazarta
Bankole Adeoye

**Bankole Adeoye** (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1959) jami'in diflomasiyyar Afirka ne daga Najeriya tare da kwarewar sama da shekaru talatin da rabi a manufofin kasashen waje da aikin diflomasiyya. A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Tarayyar Afirka (AU) na Harkokin Siyasa, Zaman Lafiya, da Tsaro, matsayin da ya ɗauka a watan Maris na 2021 bayan zabensa a taron koli na 34 na AU a watan Fabrairun 2021.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haife shi a Legas, Najeriya, Adeoye ya fito ne daga Jihar Ogun . Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin Kimiyya da Tarihi daga Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo (a baya Jami'ar Ife) a 1982 da kuma Jagora na Kimiyya a Kimiyya ta Siyasa daga Jami'an Legas a 1987. A shekara ta 1991, ya sami takardar shaidar digiri na biyu a Nazarin diflomasiyya tare da bambanci daga Jami'ar Oxford, Ingila, a matsayin Masanin Chevening na Commonwealth da Masanin Majalisar Burtaniya.

## Ayyuka
Ayyukan diflomasiyya na Adeoye sun haɗa da manyan mukamai da yawa:

* Wakilin dindindin na Najeriya a AU da UNECA; Jakada a Habasha da Djibouti (2017-2020): Ya jagoranci aikin Najeriya a Addis Ababa, yana shiga cikin hanyoyin AU da haɓaka hadin gwiwar biyu tare da Habasha daDjibouti.
* Shugaban Ma'aikata ga Shugaba da Darakta na Ayyukan Kamfanoni a Hukumar Shirye-shiryen NEPAD (2007-2015): A lokacin da yake aiki a NEPAD, ya daidaita haɗin gwiwa da alakar waje, yana ba da gudummawa ga ajanda na ci gaban Afirka.
* Darakta a Ma'aikatar Kungiyoyin Kasa da Kasa, Ma'aikatu ta Harkokin Waje ta Najeriya (2015-2017): Ya kula da ayyukan Najeriya da yawa a cikin tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, yana mai da hankali kan al'amuran kare hakkin dan adam, jin kai, zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da kudi.

A cikin aikinsa, an aika Adeoye zuwa ƙasashe daban-daban, gami da Masar, Brazil, Afirka ta Kudu, da Habasha, inganta dangantakar diflomasiyyar Najeriya da kuma ba da gudummawa ga shirye-shiryen nahiyar.

## Gudummawa da Gudanarwa
A matsayinsa na Kwamishinan Harkokin Siyasa, Zaman Lafiya, da Tsaro na AU, Adeoye yana ba da shawara ga canjin Afirka ta hanyar ingantaccen shugabanci, zaman lafiya mai ɗorewa, tsaro, da ci gaba mai ɗorewar. Ya jaddada alaƙar da ke tsakanin zaman lafiya, tsaro, da ci gaba, yana inganta aiwatar da Tsarin Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro na Afirka (APSA) da Tsarin Gwamnatin Afirka (AGA). Adeoye mai ba da shawara ne ga "Afirka Solutions to African Problems" kuma ya himmatu ga aiwatar da Agenda 2063 - "Afirika da muke so".

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Adeoye ta auri Gwendolyn Adeoye, kuma suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu.

## Manazarta
Tattalin arzikin ilimi

**Tattalin arzikin ilimi,** ko **Tattalin arzikin da ya dogara da ilimi**, tsarin tattalin arziki ne wanda samar da kayayyaki da aiyuka ke motsawa da farko ta hanyar ayyuka ilimi masu yawa waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban fasaha da kirkire-kirkire na kimiyya. Babban mahimmanci a cikin wannan tsarin ya ta'allaka ne da karuwar dogaro da dukiyar ɗan adam da dukiyar ilimi a matsayin tushen tushen sababbin ra'ayoyi, bayani, da ayyuka. Ana kiran kungiyoyi don amfani da wannan "sani" a cikin hanyoyin samar da su don motsawa da karfafa ci gaban kasuwanci su. Wannan tsarin yana nunawa ta hanyar rage dogaro da kayan aiki na zahiri da albarkatun halitta. An kafa tattalin arzikin da ke da tushe a kan muhimmiyar rawar da dukiyar da ba a gani ba a cikin kungiyoyi a matsayin mai ba da damar Ci gaban tattalin arziki na zamani.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya

### Bayyanawa
tattalin arziki ilimi yana nuna ƙwararrun ma'aikata a cikin yanayin tattalin arziki da tattalin arziki. Cibiyoyi da masana'antu suna haifar da damar samun aiki wanda ke buƙatar ƙwarewa ta musamman don gamsar da bukatun Kasuwar duniya. Ana kallon ilimi a matsayin ƙarin shigarwa ga aiki, da kuma babban birnin. Bisa ka'ida, babban birnin mutum ya ƙunshi ilimi, tare da ikon yin aiki da samar da darajar tattalin arziki.

A cikin tattalin arzikin ilimi, ayyukan ƙwarewa sosai suna buƙatar ƙwarewar fasaha mai kyau da ƙwarewar dangantaka  kamar warware matsalar, sassauci don yin hulɗa tare da yankuna masu yawa na horo da kuma ikon daidaitawa da canje-canje maimakon motsawa ko ƙera abubuwa na zahiri a cikin tattalin arzikashin masana'a na al'ada. Tattalin arzikin ilimi ya bambanta da tattalin arzikin gona, wanda aikin tattalin arziki na farko shine aikin gona wanda babban abin da ake buƙata shine aikin hannu  ko Tattalin arzikin masana'antu wanda ke nuna samar da taro wanda yawancin ma'aikata ba su da ƙwarewa.

### Tattalin arzikin da ke da tushe na ilimi da kuma asalin ɗan adam
A cikin tattalin arzikin ilimi, ilimin ɗan adam shine mahimmin injiniyar ci gaban tattalin arziki. Tattalin arziki ne inda membobin ke samun, ƙirƙirar, yadawa da amfani da ilimi don sauƙaƙe ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa.

Tsarin tattalin arziki wanda ba na ilimi ba ana ɗaukarsa ba zai yiwu ba. Ya bayyana tsarin amfani da ayyukan samarwa waɗanda suka gamsu daga aikace-aikacen ƙwarewar ma'aikata - babban birnin ilimi kuma yawanci yana wakiltar babban matakin ayyukan tattalin arziki na mutum a cikin tattalin arzikin da ya ci gaba na zamani ta hanyar gina tattalin arzikin duniya mai haɗin kai da ci gaba inda tushen ilimi sune masu ba da gudummawa.

## Manazarta
Mista Anwar Hashim

**M. Anwar Hashim** jami'in diflomasiyyar Bangladesh ne da ya yi ritaya kuma jakada.  Ya kasance Wakilin dindindin na Bangladesh a Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva. Ya kasance jakadan Bangladesh a Vatican.

## Ayyuka
Hashim ya kasance mai kula da harkokin kasuwanci na wucin gadi na Ofishin Jakadancin Bangladesh a kasar Sin a shekarar 1981.  Hashim ya kasance darektan janar na Sashen Harkokin Kudu maso gabashin Asiya da Pacific na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje. An nada shi jakadan Bangladesh a Bulgaria da Romania.

A ranar 22 ga Oktoba 1991, an nada Hashim a matsayin Babban Kwamishinan Bangladesh a Pakistan wanda ya maye gurbin C. M. Shafi Sami. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1993, Q. A. M. Rahim ya maye gurbinsa a Babban Kwamitin. Daga nan aka nada shi jakadan Bangladesh a Vatican. Disamba 1996, an nada Hashim a matsayin shugaban Kwalejin Kula da Harkokin Waje ta Bangladesh wanda ya maye gurbin Jakadan Humayun Kabir. Md.M. Touhid Hossain ya gaje shi a watan Janairun 1999. Daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin Wakilin dindindin na Bangladesh a Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva . 

Hashim ya yi kira ga manufofin kasashen waje bisa ga yarjejeniyar kasa tsakanin jam'iyyun siyasa a cikin 2010. Ya kasance shugaban Cibiyar Ci Gaban Ci gaba.

Hashim ta halarci ƙaddamar da littafin Begum Khaleda Zia: Rayuwarta, Labarinta na Mahfuz Ullah a cikin 2018. A kan ɗaurin tsohon Firayim Minista Khaleda Zia, ya ce, "Babu shakka wannan ɗaurin yana wadatar da Khaleda Sia. Hikimar siyasa tana samun ƙarfi. Jinƙai na mutane yana ƙaruwa ga shugaban BNP. Hakanan yana ƙara shahararta,".

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Hashim ta auri Ranju Hashim (ya mutu a 18 ga Oktoba 2023), jikokin Ranada Prasad Shaha. Suna buƙatar izini daga gwamnatin Pakistan don yin aure saboda sun fito ne daga addinai biyu daban-daban.

## Manazarta
Paulina Jaramillo

**Paulina Jaramillo** injiniya ce ta Colombia-Amurka wacce ita ce Farfesa a fannin Injiniya da Manufofin Jama'a a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon (CMU). Tana aiki a matsayin Darakta na Cibiyar Green Design. Binciken ta yana mai da hankali kan dorewar tsarin makamashi da Canjin yanayi. An zaba ta a matsayin Andrew Carnegie Fellow Archived 2022-05-16 a  a cikin 2020.

Jaramillo ya fito ne daga asalin Medellín, Colombia. Ta kasance dalibi a Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Florida, inda ta fi girma a fannin Injiniya da Injiniya na Muhalli. Ta kammala karatunta na digiri da digiri na biyu a fannin Injiniya da Injiniya a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, inda ta yi nazarin tsarin rayuwa na kwal da iskar gas don samar da wutar lantarki.

## Bincike da aiki
Binciken farko na Jaramillo ya mayar da hankali kan amfani da tsarin kimantawa na rayuwa (LCA) don kimanta tasirin yanayi na samar da kwal da iskar gas a Amurka. A shekara ta 2007, ta wallafa daya daga cikin takardu na farko don lissafin leakage na methane a cikin tasirin yanayin yanayin rayuwa na iskar gas. A shekara ta 2010, Jaramillo ya shiga bangaren koyarwa a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a matsayin Babban Darakta na aikin RenewElec,  wanda ya mayar da hankali kan bincike don fahimtar shingen da dama don haɗa albarkatun sabuntawa masu canji da lokaci-lokaci a cikin tsarin wutar lantarki na Amurka. Jaramillo ta lura cewa ta hanyar aikin RenewElec, ta koyi cewa matsalolin fasaha da tattalin arziki da ke aiki da tsarin wutar lantarki na iya zama manyan direbobi na tasirin muhalli na samar da wutar lantarki. A sakamakon haka, Jaramillo ya fara aiki a kan binciken LCA wanda ke haɗa tsarin tsarin wutar lantarki a cikin tsarin LCA. Yin amfani da wannan tsarin, Jaramillo da ƙungiyar bincikenta sun kimanta tasirin yanayi na motocin lantarki,   ikon iska,  ajiyar makamashi, har ma da wutar lantarki ta Amazon.

## Kyaututtuka da girmamawa

* 2019 Kwalejin Kwalejin Injiniya 
* 2019 Fenves Award for Systems Research 
* 2020 Andrew Carnegie Fellow 

## Manazarta
Yanayi mai kyau

**yanayi mai kyau** shine ra'ayi da burin dakatar da kuma juyar da asarar yanayi a shekara ta 2030, da kuma cimma cikakkiyar farfadowar yanayi a shekara de 2050.  A cewar Asusun Duniya na Yanayi, manufar ita ce cimma wannan ta hanyar "amfani mai ma'ana a cikin kiwon lafiya, yalwace, bambancin, da juriya na jinsuna, yanayin halittu, da matakai na halitta. "  Ci gaba zuwa wannan burin ana auna shi gabaɗaya daga tushen bambancin halittu na matakan 2020.

Manufar yanayi mai kyau ta dace da manufa ta 2030 da hangen nesa na 2050 na Tsarin Biodiversity na Duniya na Kunming-Montreal (GBF). Koyaya, GBF ba ta ambaci yanayi mai kyau a bayyane ba. An tsara burin ne don haɗuwa da Manufofin Ci Gaban Dinkin Duniya da Manufofin Yanayi na Yarjejeniyar Paris. Ya bambanta da sauran hanyoyin manufofi na dakatar da asarar halittu masu yawa, kamar "babu asarar net" ko "asirin tasiri mai kyau".

## Ma'anar

Halitta mai kyau ta bayyana ta hanyar Halitta Mai kyau a matsayin burin al'umma na duniya don "dakatar da sake asarar yanayi ta 2030 a kan tushen 2020, kuma cimma cikakkiyar farfadowa ta 2050. Wannan yana nufin cewa za a a auna ci gaba zuwa dakatar da asarar yanayi dangane da matakan bambancin halittu a cikin 2020. 

Hakazalika, a cikin takarda ta 2021, Locke et al. sun bayyana yanayi mai kyau a matsayin "dakatar da juyar da asarar yanayi ta 2030, wanda aka auna daga tushe na 2020. "  Wannan ma'anar tana amfani da ma'anar IPBES game da yanayi, tana nufin "duniya ta halitta, tare da jaddada abubuwan da ke rayuwa", bisa ga ma'anar.

Cibiyoyi da gwamnatoci sun yi amfani da ma'anoni masu yawa tun lokacin da aka gabatar da kalmar. Wannan ya haifar da zargi game da yanayi mai kyau kamar yadda ba a fahimta ba kuma yana buɗewa ga fassarar canji. An kuma nuna damuwa game da raunin yanayi mai kyau ga greenwashing, hanyar "net" ga bambancin halittu, da kuma "financialization na yanayi".

### Bambanci daga hanyoyin manufofi na yanzu
Halitta mai kyau ya bambanta da dabarun halittu masu yawa na baya, gami da manufofin "babu asarar net" (NNL) da kuma hanyoyin "net positive impact (NPI) ". Babu asarar net yana nufin manufofin bambancin halittu waɗanda ke da niyyar kawar da asarar bambancin halittukan halittu, dangane da yanayin da ya dace. Tasirin tasirin yanar gizo yana nufin burin sakamakon aikin, inda tasirin aikin akan bambancin halittu ya fi nauyin ayyukan ragewa, gyarawa, da kuma kawar da waɗannan tasirin. NNL da NPI sun bambanta saboda NNL tana mai da hankali kan hana asarar, yayin da NPI ke mai da hankali ga neman riba a cikin bambancin halittu. Ana buƙatar ma'auni don ƙididdige waɗannan asarar da nasarori.

## Mai sukar
An soki dabi'a mai kyau a matsayin mai rikitarwa kuma mai saukin kamuwa da Greenwashing. Wannan wani bangare ne saboda an yi amfani da ma'anoni daban-daban don bayyana kalmar a duk cibiyoyin tun lokacin da ta fito. Don daidaita ma'anar yanayi mai kyau da kuma tabbatar da amincin amfani da shi, an ƙaddamar da Tsarin Yanayi mai kyau a watan Satumbar 2023 kuma an buga ma'anar da aka yi amfani da ita a ko'ina.

## Manazarta
Peter Lehner

**Peter Lehner** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1958) lauya ne kuma mai kula da muhalli na Amurka. Yana jagorantar shirye-shiryen abinci da noma masu ɗorewa  a Earthjustice, haɓaka dabaru don rage tasirin cutarwa na samar da abinci akan yanayi, lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli, da kuma inganta tsarin aikin gona mai kyau.  A cikin 2022, ya rubuta Farming for Our Future, game da manufofi da sauye-sauyen shari'a da ake buƙata don aikin gona mai tsaka-tsaki a Amurka, tare da Nathan Rosenberg    Shi mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo ne akai-akai [1] kuma ya rubuta labaran shari'a masu yawa kuma ya kasance a kan kwasfan fayiloli da yawa.

## Ilimi
Lehner ya sami digiri na farko a fannin falsafa da lissafi daga Kwalejin Harvard kuma ya kammala karatu a makarantar Columbia Law School.

## Ayyuka
Daga 1985 zuwa 1994, Lehner ya yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Birnin New York kuma daga ƙarshe ya kirkiro kuma ya jagoranci sashin masu gabatar da muhalli. Shari'arsa ta kare ruwan sha na birnin ta kafa harsashin shirin kariya na yanzu na birnin. Daga baya, ya shiga NRDC a matsayin darektan shirin ruwa daga 1994 zuwa 1999, inda ya jawo hankali ga matsalar gurɓata ruwan sama.

## Kyaututtuka da girmamawa
An girmama Lehner tare da Kyautar Ayyukan Jama'a ta Ƙungiya ta Ƙungiyar Bar ta Birnin New York; Kyautar Gwamnatin Ranar Duniya ta Birnin Birnin Nework; Kyautar Jagorancin Muhalli ta Hudson Riverkeeper; Kyautar Ingancin Muhalli ta Yankin II ta Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka; Kyautar Shugabancin Muhalli da Masu ba da Muhalli; da Kyautar Samun Jama'a daga Gidauniyar Jama'a. A cikin 2015, an gabatar da Lehner tare da Kyautar Kyautar Kyauta ta Dama daga Apollo Alliance Project na Blue Green Alliance, don gagarumin ƙoƙari don inganta yanayin da tattalin arziki mai ɗorewa.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Lehner ta auri Fritz Beshar kuma tana da 'ya'ya mata uku: Nadine, Eliza da Marina .

## Dubi kuma

* Adalci na Duniya
* NRDC

## Manazarta
Muhalli na Melbourne

**Ilimin muhalli na Melbourne**, Victoria, tsari ne mai rikitarwa da ƙarfi wanda ke da tasiri daga wurin ƙasa na birnin, yanayi, da ayyukan ɗan adam. Yanayin halitta na Melbourne ta haɗa da tsarin halittu daban-daban daga tsaunuka masu zafi zuwa gandun daji masu ciyawa, gandun daji na riparian, da wuraren da ke da ruwa. Wadannan yanayin halittu suna tallafawa wadataccen tsire-tsire da Dabbobi, da yawa daga cikinsu na musamman ne ga yankin. Koyaya, birane, raguwar mazaunin, da gabatar da nau'o'in mamayewa sun canza ma'aunin muhalli na birnin sosai, wanda ya haifar da shirye-shiryen kiyayewa da sabuntawa daban-daban.

## Yanayi da yanayin ƙasa

### Yanayi
Melbourne tana fuskantar yanayin yanayi mai sanyi na teku (Köppen classification Cfb), wanda ke da lokacin zafi, kaka mai sauƙi, hunturu mai sanyi, da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa. Yanayin birni yana da mashahuriyar canji, galibi saboda wurin da yake tsakanin yankuna masu zafi da kuma Kudancin Tekun, wanda ke kawo sauye-sauye akai-akai a cikin iska. Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana kusa da 600 zuwa 650 mm, tare da mafi yawan hazo da ke faruwa a cikin watanni masu sanyi. Wannan yanayin yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara yanayin halittu na Melbourne, yana tasiri ga tsarin ciyayi, wadatar ruwa, da halayyar namun daji na yanayi.&nbsp;

#### Tsarin ruwan sama
Ruwan sama a Melbourne ba a rarraba shi daidai ba a duk shekara, tare da ruwan sama mafi girma wanda ke faruwa a cikin hunturu da bazara. Koyaya, birni yana fuskantar yanayin fari, musamman a lokacin abubuwan da suka faru na El Niño, wanda zai iya haifar da dogon lokaci. Wadannan bambance-bambance a cikin ruwan sama suna tasiri ga wadatar ruwa, suna tasiri ga yanayin halittu da ayyukan ɗan adam. Lokacin hunturu da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa suna tallafawa lafiyar wuraren da ke da ruwa da tsire-tsire, suna samar da yanayi mai kyau ga nau'in da ke dogara da ruwa kamar amphibians da tsuntsaye masu ƙaura. Sabanin haka, yanayin fari yana sanya damuwa a kan tsire-tsire da dabbobi na gida, tare da rage danshi na ƙasa yana tasiri ga ci gaban ciyayi da haɓaka gasa don albarkatun ruwa tsakanin namun daji. A cikin lokutan bushewa mai tsawo, karancin ruwa yana shafar yawan aikin gona da samar da ruwa a birane, yana jaddada muhimmancin gudanar da ruwa mai ɗorewa.

## Manazarta
David Robertson (ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an haife shi a shekara ta 1986)

David Robertson (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1986) tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na Scotland, wanda ya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya na Dundee United, St Johnstone, Greenock Morton, Livingston, Ayr United, Selkirk da Cowdenbeath . Ya lashe Kofin Scotland tare da Dundee United a shekarar 2010 kuma ya wakilci tawagar Scotland ta kasa da shekara 21. Robertson ya yi ritaya daga kwallon kafa a watan Janairun 2017 bayan an same shi a cikin shari'ar farar hula don yin fyade tare da ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa David Goodwillie .￼

### Dundee United
Robertson wanda aka haifa a Livingston ya shiga Dundee United a matsayin dan wasan matasa kuma ya kasance babban mai zira kwallaye a gasar SPL Youth League ta 2004-05, duk da wasa daga tsakiyar filin wasa. Robertson ya fara bugawa United wasa a watan Janairun shekara ta 2006, a wasan 1-1 da ya yi da Aberdeen, lokacin da ya sauka daga benci a cikin 'yan mintoci da suka gabata don maye gurbin dan wasan / manajan Craig Brewster wanda ya ji rauni yayin da yake bugawa na biyu. Robertson ya zira kwallaye na farko watanni uku bayan haka a wasan 3-1 da aka yi wa Livingston, kuma wanda ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai ya tura United zuwa zagaye na uku na gasar cin Kofin Scottish League a farkon kakar wasa mai zuwa. Ƙarin burin league ya zo ne a kan Inverness Caledonian Thistle (sau biyu) da Celtic, tare da buga kofin a kan St Mirren wanda ya tabbatar da cewa burin Robertson a 2006-07 bai gama a gefen da ya rasa ba. Lalle ne, tsarin Robertson ya gan shi ya sanya hannu kan sabon kwangilar shekaru biyu a watan Fabrairun wannan kakar.

## Manazarta
Umer Ahmed Shah

**Syed Umer Ahmed Shah** babban janar ne mai taurari biyu a cikin Sojojin Pakistan, a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar na Ƙungiyar Sadarwa ta Musamman (DG SCO).

## Ayyuka
Shah ya ba da izini a cikin 2 Signal Battalion ta hanyar PMA Short Course. An ɗaukaka shi zuwa matsayin Manjo Janar daga Brigadier a shekarar 2021.

A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar na Ƙungiyar Sadarwa ta Musamman (DG SCO), Rawalpindi. A karkashin jagorancin Shah, SCO ta ƙaddamar da sabon Cibiyar Freelancing a Haveli, AJ&K, yana nuna hangen nesa don karfafa matasa da inganta hada dijital. Shah ya kuma kaddamar da wani shiri don ƙaddamar da cibiyar kyauta ga mutanen da ke fama da ƙalubalen jiki. Ya kuma sadu da manyan jami'an farar hula don warware matsalolin haɗin kai na yankuna da yawa na Gilgit-Baltistan.

An ba shi lambar yabo ta Hilal-i-Imtiaz saboda hidimar da ya yi a cikin soja daga Shugaban Pakistan, Asif Ali Zardari.

## Manazarta
Eco Tycoon: Shirin Green

**Eco Tycoon**: Project Green wasa ne na kwaikwayon kasuwanci wanda ke mai da hankali kan sarrafa damuwa daban-daban na muhalli yayin kiyaye tattalin arzikin yankin. Virtual Playground ne ya haɓaka shi kuma ValuSoft ne ya buga shi a cikin 2009.

## Wasanni
Kowane wasa yana farawa a cikin shekara ta 2010, kuma mai kunnawa yana da shekaru 50 don rage hayakin carbon dioxide kamar yadda aka amince a "Taron Duniya", wanda ke faruwa kowane shekaru biyar tun daga 2015. Taron koli na duniya ya kuma tantance yadda ake rarraba taimako don inganta rage fitarwa. Mai kunnawa yana farawa da yankin da ke dauke da birane kawai inda yake gina gine-gine kamar ma'adinai, tashoshin wutar lantarki, da kasuwanci. Akwai wurare masu yawa inda za'a iya sanya gine-gine, suna buƙatar tsarawa sosai. Tare da rage hayaki, mai kunnawa dole ne ya daidaita samarwa da amfani da wutar lantarki, ruwa, abinci da shara yayin da yake kiyaye tattalin arziki.

Akwai yankuna bakwai da za a iya takawa a cikin wasan: Arewacin Amurka, Kudancin Amurka, Turai, Afirka, Arewacin Asiya, Kudanfin Asiya da Australasia.  Kowace yanki tana da ma'auni daban-daban na wadatar albarkatu, buƙata, da haɓaka yawan jama'a. Sauran yankuna shida suna sarrafawa ta 'yan wasan kwamfuta, kowannensu yana da manufa iri ɗaya kamar mai kunnawa na ɗan adam. Babu gasa tsakanin yankuna, kodayake ana iya siyar da albarkatun kuma a canja wurin kuɗi.

Ana iya kashe kuɗi don bincika sabbin fasahohin da ke rage Amfani da albarkatun da gurɓataccen yanayi, gami da hasken rana, cibiyoyin sake amfani da su da gonakin kwayoyin halitta.

Lokaci-lokaci, bala'o'i suna faruwa, ko dai a yankin mai kunnawa ko wani, wanda ke buƙatar yanke shawara game da ko ya kamata a aika tallafin kuɗi.

## Dubi kuma

* Canjin yanayi na duniya
* Ci gaba da dorewa
* EcoGeek

## Manazarta
Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙara

Teneu (ko Thenew (Latin: Theneva), Tannoch, Thaney, Thanea, Denw, da sauransu) wata babbar waliyya ce ta Kirista wadda aka girmama ta a zamanin da, Glasgow, Scotland. A al'ada, ita gimbiyar Britaniya ce ta ƙarni na shida ta tsohuwar masarautar Gododdin (a cikin abin da ya zama Lothian) kuma mahaifiyar Saint Mungo, manzo ga Turawan Birtaniya na Strathclyde kuma wanda ya kafa birnin Glas Ghu (Glasgow). Ana ɗaukarta da ɗanta a matsayin abokan hulɗar birnin, kuma ana zargin cewa Dandalin St Enoch na Glasgow yana nuna wurin da aka keɓe mata cocin zamanin da, wanda aka gina a kan ko kusa da kabarinta ("St. Enoch" a zahiri gurɓataccen "St. Teneu").[1] Ana bikin tunawa da ita kowace shekara a ranar 18 ga Yuli.￼

## Sunan
A cikin tarihin farko da aka rubuta game da ɗanta, an ba da sunanta a **Matsayi** **Thaney** .  *Vita Kentigerni* ("Life of Saint Mungo"),  wanda Bishop Jocelin na Glasgow ya ba da umarni kuma ya sake gyara shi daga baya (kimanin 1185) ta hanyar masanin addinin Jocelyn na Furness (wanda **Ka ƙi** iƙirarin ya sake rubuta shi daga wani labari na Glasgow da tsohuwar takardar Gaelic), ya ba ta sunanta **Taneu**; haka ne John Capgrave, wanda aka buga a shekara ta 1516. Bambance-bambance sun haɗa da **Thenewe**, wanda Aberdeen Breviary ya bayar; Thennow na Kalandar Adam King; kuma Welsh Bonedd y Saint ya kira ta Denyw (ko **Dwynwen**).  A shekara ta 1521, ta bayyana a cikin tarihin John Mair Historia Majoris Britanniae a matsayin Thametes, 'yar Sarki Lutu kuma 'yar'uwar Gawain. Wani lokaci ana ba da sunanta a matsayin **Thameta** ko Thenelis .

Alex Woolf ya ba da shawarar cewa halin Teneu na iya samo asali ne daga Danaë, mahaifiyar jarumin gargajiya Perseus a cikin Fabulae na Gaius Julius Hyginius . 

## Labari
An bayyana Saint Teneu a matsayin "Wanda aka yi wa fyade na farko a Scotland, mace da aka yi wa duka da mahaifiyar da ba ta da aure".[1] An haifi ɗanta lokacin da yarima na Welsh Owain mab Urien ya yi mata fyade. Owain ya yi kama da mace, kuma bayan ya yi wa yarima fyade, sai ya rikitar da ita ta hanyar cewa: "Ba kuka ba, 'yar'uwata, domin ban san ka ba kamar yadda mutum ya saba da sanin budurwa. Shin ba mace kamar kai ba ce?" Bayan ya gano tana da ciki, mahaifinta mai fushi Sarki Lleuddun ya yanke mata hukuncin kisa kuma an jefa ta daga Dokar Traprain.[2][3] Ta hanyar Mu'ujiza ta tsira daga faduwar; lokacin da aka gano ta da rai a gindin dutsen, an sa Teneu a cikin wani coracle kuma ta yi tafiya a fadin Firth na Forth zuwa Culross, inda aka ba ta mafaka a al'ummar Saint Serf. A can ta haifi kuma ta haifi ɗanta Kentigern, wanda Serf ya ba shi lakabi Mungo, "mai ƙauna sosai".￼

Har ila yau akwai tatsuniyoyin Welsh game da Teneu:

## Sauye-sauye na zamani
Ita ce batun littafin tarihi na Kathleen Herbert, Bride of the Spear, wani ɓangare na Dark Ages of Britain trilogy,  a matsayin **Taniu**, (1982, St Martin's Press), da kuma littafin tarihi na Nigel Tranter Druid Sacrifice (1993, Hodder & Stoughton), a matsayin **Thanea** .

## Dubi kuma

* Itacen soyayya

## Manazarta
Rikicin fyade na Scotland

Rape Crisis Scotland (RCS) ƙungiya ce mai ba da agaji wacce ke ba da Taimako rikicin fyade na ƙasa da tallafin imel ga duk wanda ya shafi tashin hankali na jima'i, ba tare da la'akari da lokacin ko yadda ya faru ba. Akwai cibiyoyin gida masu zaman kansu 17 a Scotland waɗanda membobin RCS ne.

## Ayyuka
Saduwa tare da cibiyoyin yawanci yana faruwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban, galibi ta wayar da rubutu. Rape Crisis Movement ya fara ne a cikin 1970s kuma akwai cibiyoyin Rape Crisin a Ingila da Wales. Kasancewar Cibiyoyin Rikicin Rape yana ba mata damar yin magana game da abubuwan da suka samu na cin zarafin jima'i.

Rikicin Rape Scotland yana ba da horo na Equally Safe in Higher Education (ESHE) Toolkit ga ma'aikata a kwalejoji da jami'o'i a duk faɗin Scotland tare da haɗin gwiwar Cibiyoyin Rikicin Rope na gida, da sauran kungiyoyin Rikicin Jender-Based.

## Tarihi
Cibiyoyin rikicin fyade guda biyu na farko a Scotland sun buɗe a Glasgow a 1976 da kuma a Edinburgh a 1978.  Cibiyar Glasgow ta yi iƙirarin kasancewa cibiyar gudana mafi tsawo a Burtaniya. Da farko sun dogara da masu sa kai, gudummawar sa kai ƙananan tallafi, amma yanzu suna jan hankalin wasu kudade daga Gwamnatin Scotland 

A cikin 2018-19, mutane 5750 sun sami tallafi da / ko bayanai daga cibiyoyin rikicin fyade 17 a Scotland - hauhawar sama da 13% daga shekarar da ta gabata  92% na masu amfani da sabis ɗin mata Ni ma suka tsira daga tashin hankali na jima'i. An bayar da rahoton karuwar yawan mata da ke bayar da rahoton cin zarafin jima'i a yayin da aka yi motsi na Me Too 

Rikicin Rape Scotland ya sami ƙarin tallafi kuma ya raba £ 4.5m na tallafin Gwamnatin Scotland tare da taimakon Mata na Scotland a cikin 2021 

## Yanayin ƙasa
Yanayin kasa yana da mahimmanci ga aikin cibiyoyin. Hukuncin shari'ar Scotland na 'ba a tabbatar da shi ba' da kuma buƙatu daban-daban don tabbatarwa ana zaton suna da tasiri sosai a kan fyade da cin zarafin jima'i, wanda ke haifar da raguwar tuhuma da yanke hukunci.[1][undefined] Rape Crisis Scotland yaƙin neman zaɓe don kawo ƙarshen hukuncin da ba a tabbatar da shi ba da kuma kawar da abin da ake buƙata. Rikicin Rape Scotland yana da hannu tare da Shirin Shari'o'in Mata na Scotland wanda ke kallon yadda hukunce-hukuncen shari'a zasu iya zama daban da alƙalin ya karɓi hangen nesa na mata. [3][4] Shirin Advocacy na Kasa yana tallafawa mutane da ke la'akari da bayar da rahoton cin zarafin jima'i ga 'yan sanda.[undefined][2]￼

## Manazarta
Jamieson v HM Lauyan

Jamieson v HM Advocate sanannen shari'ar shari'a ce wacce ta kafa misali a Scotland wanda ya tabbatar da cewa mutum ba ya yi fyade inda ya yi gaskiya, duk da cewa ba daidai ba, ya yi imanin cewa wanda aka azabtar ya yarda. Wannan shari'ar aikata laifuka ce da Babban Kotun Shari'a ta yanke a matsayin Kotun daukaka kara. An saurari karar daukaka kara a gaban kwamitin alƙalai uku tare da Lord Justice-General (Lord Hope) a matsayin shugaban kasa, tare da Lord Allanbridge da Lord Cowie. An bayar da rahoton lamarin a 1994 SLT 537 . 

Hukuncin ya dogara ne akan batun cewa a cikin Dokar Scots, aikin laifi ya ƙunshi abubuwa biyu, aikin da aka yi da kuma mens rea ko niyyar mai aikata laifin wajen aiwatar da wannan aikin. Laifin fyade ya kunshi, a wannan lokacin, na namiji da ke yin jima'i da mace ba tare da yardar ta ba, tare da laifin fyade da aka bayyana a cikin doka ta gari. Saboda haka, an gudanar da cewa ma'anar mens rea ita ce namiji ko dai ya yi imanin cewa mace ba ta yarda ba ko kuma "ba ta da hankali ko rashin kulawa da batun yarda". Dangane da haka, an gudanar da cewa idan mutumin ya yi imanin cewa matar ta yarda, ba ya aikata takamaiman laifin fyade. Wannan an kafa doka ta hanyar shari'o'in da aka ambata na Sweeney v. X 1982 S.C.R. 509 da Meek v. H.M. Lauyan 1983 S.L.T. 280.￼

A cikin Jamieson takamaiman batu shine ko wannan imani yana buƙatar ya dogara da dalilai masu ma'ana, ko kuma idan ya isa cewa wanda ake zargi da aikata wannan imani da gaske ko da yake wani mutum a cikin wannan yanayin bazai da imani iri ɗaya ba. Shawarwarin shi ne cewa imani na gaskiya shine kawai abin da ake buƙata, kodayake rashin dalilai masu ma'ana don riƙe irin wannan imani zai shafi ko juri zai yarda idan a matsayin gaskiyar ya yi imani da wannan da gaske.

Wannan abin da ya gabata ba zai yiwu a yi la'akari da shi ba har yanzu a matsayin 'dokar kirki' kamar yadda Dokar Laifukan Jima'i (Scotland) ta 2009 (wanda ya ba da ma'anar doka ta farko game da fyade da yardar rai) ya bayyana a S.1 (1) (b) cewa [mutum 'A' ya yi fyade a kan 'B'] " (b) ba tare da wata imani mai ma'ana cewa B ya yarda ba. "

## Manazarta
Tarihin Dungog

***Dungog Chronicle***, wanda aka fara bugawa a matsayin ***Durham Chronicle da Dungog & Williams River Advertiser***, jarida ce ta Turanci da ake bugawa sau biyu a mako a Dungog, New South Wales, Ostiraliya .

## Tarihi

Walter Bennett ne ya kafa wannan takarda, kuma a ƙarƙashin taken asali na Durham Chronicle an fara buga Dungog and Williams River Advertiser a ranar 12 ga Yuni 1888.[1] An ci gaba da buga ta a ƙarƙashin wannan taken har zuwa 28 ga Fabrairu 1893.[1] A ranar 7 ga Maris 1893, jaridar ta fara bayyana a ƙarƙashin sabon sunanta The Dungog Chronicle: Durham and Gloucester Advertiser. [2] Bugun farko na jaridar ya lura cewa ita ce "takarda ɗaya tilo da aka buga a zaɓen Durham".[3] A watan Yuni 2008, Dungog Chronicle ta yi bikin cika shekaru 120 tun lokacin da aka fara buga ta.[4] Ana isar da ita ta hanyar takarda da tsarin lantarki. [5]

A watan Satumba na 2024, Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Australia ya sanar da cewa zai rufe jaridar.  Duk da haka, har zuwa Maris na 2025, har yanzu ana buga ta sau shida a mako.

## Canzawa ta hanyar dijital
An mayar da wannan takarda ta hanyar dijital a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Dijital na Jaridun Australiya na Laburaren Ƙasa na Australiya.

## Manazarta
PlaNYC

**PlaNYC** wani shiri ne na dabarun da Magajin garin New York City Michael Bloomberg ya fitar a cikin 2007 don shirya birnin don ƙarin mazauna miliyan ɗaya, ƙarfafa tattalin arziki, yaki da canjin yanayi, da haɓaka ingancin rayuwa ga dukan New Yorkers. Shirin ya haɗu da hukumomin birni sama da 25 don yin aiki don hangen nesa na mafi girma, mafi girma New York kuma an sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci ga burin dogon lokaci a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.

PlaNYC musamman ya yi niyya da wurare goma na sha'awa: Gidaje da Makwabta; Gidaje-gwaje da wuraren jama'a; Brownfields; Hanyoyin Ruwa; Sayar Ruwa; Sufuri; Makamashi; Ingancin Ruwa; Rashin Ruwa; da Canjin yanayi.

### Farashin tarwatsawa
Ɗaya daga cikin al'amuran da suka fi rikitarwa game da shirin shine kiran magajin gari don farashin tarwatsawa, musamman ƙoƙari na karɓar kuɗin $ 8.00 a kan duk motocin da ke shiga tsakiyar Manhattan a lokacin sa'o'i masu yawa a ranakun mako, tare da 'yan kaɗan don ta hanyar zirga-zirga. An soke shawarar a cikin 2008 duk da goyon baya daga kungiyoyin muhalli da ofishin gwamnan saboda babban adawa daga mazauna Brooklyn da Queens (a Long Island), waɗanda za su biya kuɗin shiga da fita daga tsibirin.

### Rage canjin yanayi
A cikin shekara ta 2007, birnin ya yi niyyar rage hayakin gas da kashi 30 cikin 100 na matakan 2005 nan da shekara ta 2030. An rage fitarwa da kashi 13 cikin dari tsakanin 2007 da 2011. An danganta wannan ga raguwar kashi 26 cikin dari na ƙarfin carbon da ke cikin samar da wutar lantarki a cikin wannan lokacin sakamakon ingantaccen tashoshin wutar lantarki da karuwar amfani da makamashi mai sabuntawa. Con Edison kuma ya shiga don hana barazanar ɓarkewar sulfur hexafluoride a cikin tsarin watsa wutar lantarki da rarraba, wanda ya kara rage hayaki da kashi 3.

Kokarin ragewa ya haɗa da sauya tushen man fetur zuwa makamashi mai tsabta. Rage yawan buƙatun amfani da makamashi, sabbin dabarun sarrafa sharar gida, da kuma tsarin sufuri mai ɗorewa an tsara su don haifar da raguwar kashi 30 cikin dari na hayakin gas ga birnin.

## Taimako
PlaNYC ta sami goyon baya daga Kamfen don Makomar New York, hadin gwiwar jama'a, kasuwanci, muhalli, aiki, al'umma da kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya na jama'a.

## Tsarin Kula da Kayan Kayan Kamashi mai dorewa
Dangane da binciken da ofishin magajin gari ya yi, gine-ginen birni na gari sun kai kusan tan miliyan 3.8 na hayakin gas a kowace shekara  kuma sun yi amfani da kashi 6.5 cikin dari na makamashi na birnin.  Yawan amfani da makamashi na birnin a cikin gine-ginen birni na NYC ya kai kusan dala biliyan 1 a kowace shekara, kuma ya kai kusan kashi 64 cikin dari na hayakin gas na birni. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan manufofi na PlaNYC na Magajin garin Bloomberg shine rage hayakin gas da kashi 30 cikin dari nan da shekara ta 2030.

## Manazarta
Daular (jarida)

Jaridar The ***Empire*** jarida ce da aka buga a Sydney, New South Wales, a ƙasar Ostiraliya mai mulkin mallaka . An buga ta daga 28 ga Disamba, 1850 zuwa 14 ga Fabrairu, 1875, sai dai daga 28 ga Agusta, 1858 zuwa 23 ga Mayu, 1859, lokacin da aka dakatar da buga ta.  Daga baya jaridar *The Evening News* ta karɓe ta.

## Tarihi

Henry Parkes ya kafa *Daular* kuma shi ne editanta/mallakarta har sai da kasuwancin ya gaza a watan Agusta na 1858.  Ya sanya ta "jarida da aka ƙaddara ta zama babbar ƙungiyar sassaucin ra'ayi ta tsakiyar ƙarni kuma ta zama wurin haɗa kai da sulhu ga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da sassaucin ra'ayi na wannan lokacin".

Samuel Bennett da William Hanson ne suka sayi takardar kuma suka ci gaba da bugawa a watan Mayu na shekarar 1859 da alƙawarin cewa "Daular ... za ta ci gaba da aiki a ƙarƙashin sabuwar gwamnati don yin fafutukar kare manyan ƙa'idodi waɗanda har yanzu ake rarrabe ta". [1] A shekarar 1875, matsalolin aiki sun tilasta wa Bennett haɗa Daular da wata takardarsa, Evening News . [1] An ci gaba da buga Jaridar Evening News har zuwa 1931 a lokacin da Associated Newspapers Ltd, wacce ta mallaki mafi yawan jaridun Sydney a wancan lokacin, ta rufe ta.[2]

## Canzawa ta hanyar dijital
An mayar da wannan takarda ta hanyar dijital a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin Shirin Digitization na Jaridun Australiya na Laburaren Ƙasa na Australiya.  

## Manazarta
Tarihin Gabashin Riverina

Jaridar ***Eastern Riverina Chronicle***, wadda a da aka buga a matsayin *The Observer*, *The Henty Observer da Culcairn Shire Register da Shire's Observer,* the *Eastern Riverina Observer* da *Holbrook, Billabong & Upper Murray Chronicle*, jarida ce da ake bugawa a Henty, New South Wales,Ostiraliya.

## Tarihi
An fara buga jaridar Observer a shekarar 1906 ta amfani da kayan aiki da aka saya daga The Border Post, da kuma Wodonga Advertiser, wata jaridar Albury da ta daina aiki a shekarar 1902. [1] [2] An kuma sanya mata suna T the Henty observer da kuma Culcairn Shire register da kuma Shire's observer . [1] Jaridar ta yi ta yawo sau da yawa a Henty har sai bayan gobara ta lalata gininta a shekarar 1933, aka gina wani sabon gini. Takardar ta ci gaba da kasancewa a wannan ginin har zuwa 2008, lokacin da aka mayar da ita gidan tarihi. [2] [3] A shekarar 1981 ta canza suna zuwa Eastern Riverina Observer kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin wannan littafin har zuwa 2003.[4]

A shekara ta 2003, *Observer* ta haɗu da *Holbrook, Billabong & Upper Murray Chronicle* (wanda aka buga tun 1989) don kafa *Eastern Riverina Chronicle*. 

## Tsarin dijital
An mayar da wannan takarda ta hanyar dijital a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin Shirin Digitization na Jaridun Australiya na Laburaren Ƙasa na Australiya. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin jaridu a Ostiraliya
* Jerin jaridu a New South Wales

## Manazarta
Walter Bruce (Mai Gudanarwa na Kullum)

**Walter Bruce** (c.1605-1673) ministan Scotland ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin 'Mai Gudanarwa na Kullum' na Babban Taron Ikilisiyar Scotland daga 1662 har zuwa 1673, rawar da ta dace a tarihin Ikilisiyar Ireland.

## Rayuwa

An haife shi ɗan na huɗu na Sir John Bruce na Kincavil (d. 1607) da matarsa Jean Drummond . Ya yi karatun Allahntaka a Jami'ar St Andrews, ya kammala MA a shekara ta 1628.

A shekara ta 1641 ya gaji marigayi Robert Roche a matsayin ministan Inverkeithing, mai kula da shi shine Sarki Charles I. Inverkeathing a wannan lokacin yana daya daga cikin muhimman mukamai na coci. A shekara ta 1649 an dakatar da shi lokacin da aka gano cewa yana da wani ɓangare na mai mallakar jirgin ruwa, aikin da ba a ba da izinin dokokin coci ba. Bruce ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fara abin da ake kira Babban farautar maƙaryaci na Scotland na 1649-50, a lokacin da shi ne mutumin da ke da alhakin "kulle maƙaryacin" don yanke shawarar laifinta.

A ranar 14 ga Oktoba 1662 an zabe shi 'Mai Gudanarwa na Kullum'. Wannan ya kasance a lokacin da babu Babban Taron Ikilisiyar Scotland. Babu irin wannan rawar da ta gabata ko kuma tun daga lokacin. Koyaya, wannan rawar ta musamman tana nufin shi ne shugaban da ya fi dadewa a Ikilisiyar Scotland.

Ya mutu a Inverkeithing a watan Fabrairu ko Maris na shekara ta 1673.

## Iyali
A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1654 ya auri Jean Menzies (d.1691) 'yar Alexander Menzies na Rotwell kuma gwauruwar Rev John Liddell na Scone . Kodayake tana da 'ya'ya daga aurenta na baya (waɗanda suka girma) ba su da' ya'ya.

Yayansa Rev Robert Bruce (c. 1607-1667) ya kasance ministan Ikilisiyar Aberdour . 

## Manazarta