Masanin kimiyya na dakin gwaje-gwaje

**Masanin Kimiyya na Laboratory Medical (MLS) ko Masanin Kimiyya na Laboratory Clinical (CLS) ko Masanan Kimiyyar Kiwon Lafiya (MT)** ƙwararru ne waje Kiwon Lafiya  masu lasisi wanda ke yin gwajin gano ruwan jiki, jini da sauran nama.  Masanin fasaha na likitanci yana da alhakin sakin sakamakon marasa lafiya don taimakawa a cikin ƙarin magani.  Iyalin aikin masanin kimiyyar likitanci yana farawa da karɓar samfuran majiyyaci ko abokin ciniki kuma ya ƙare tare da isar da sakamakon gwaji ga likitoci da sauran masu ba da lafiya.  Amfanin gwajin gwaji na asibiti ya dogara sosai kan ingancin hanyoyin gwaji.] A karshen wannan, yawancin ayyukan da masana kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwaje na likitanci ke yi sun haɗa da tabbatar da ingancin samfurin, fassarar sakamakon gwajin, saƙon bayanai, samfuran sarrafa gwaji, yin calibration, tabbatarwa, tabbatarwa, da gyara matsala na kayan aiki da kuma yin ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙididdiga na ƙididdigewa da ƙididdige ƙididdigewa don tabbatar da ƙididdiga na ƙididdigewa.  ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya tare da zaɓin gwaji da tarin samfura kuma suna da alhakin isar da hanzari ta baki na sakamakon bincike mai mahimmanci.  Masana kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwaje na likita a cikin saitunan kiwon lafiya kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ganewar asibiti;  wasu ƙididdiga sun nuna cewa kusan kashi 70% na shawarwarin likita sun dogara ne akan sakamakon gwajin dakin gwaje-gwaje kuma gudummawar MLS tana shafar kashi 95% na farashin tsarin kiwon lafiya..

Mafi yawan gwaje-gwajen da masana kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwaje na likitanci suka yi sune cikakken ƙididdigar jini (CBC), cikakken panel na rayuwa (CMP), panel electrolyte, gwajin aikin hanta (LFT), gwaje-gwajen aikin koda (RFT), gwajin aikin thyroid (TFT), urinalysis, bayanin martaba na coagulation, bayanin martaba na lipid, nau'in jini, nazarin maniyyi (don haihuwa da nazarin ilimin jima'i na yau da kullum).  A wasu wuraren da ke da 'yan phlebotomists, ko babu, (kamar a yankunan karkara) masana kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwaje na likita na iya yin phlebotomy.  Saboda masana kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwaje na likita suna da ƙwarewar fasaha da yawa da za a iya canjawa wuri, aiki a wajen dakin gwaje-gwajen likita ya zama ruwan dare.  Yawancin masana kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwaje na likita suna aiki a cikin mukaman gwamnati kamar FDA, USDA, dakunan gwaje-gwajen masana'antu marasa magani, da masana'antu.

A cikin Burtaniya da Amurka, manyan masana kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwaje, wadanda galibi masana kimiyya ne bayan kammala karatun digiri, suna daukar nauyin da ya fi girma na asibiti a dakin gwaje-gwaje.  A cikin Amurka waɗannan masana kimiyya na iya yin aiki a matsayin daraktocin dakin gwaje-gwaje na asibiti, yayin da a cikin Burtaniya an san su da masana kimiyyar asibiti na masu ba da shawara.

Kodayake masana kimiyya na asibiti sun wanzu a cikin Hukumar Lafiya ta Burtaniya na ≈60 shekaru, gabatar da masana kimiyya na kiwon lafiya da aka horar da su da kuma amincewa da su sabo ne, kuma an gabatar da su a matsayin wani ɓangare na sabon tsarin Ayyukan Kimiyya na zamani wanda aka haɓaka a cikin 2008.

Ana sa ran masana kimiyya masu ba da shawara na asibiti za su samar da ƙwararren jagorancin kimiyya da na asibiti tare da kuma, a matakin ɗaya da, abokan aikin masu ba da shawarar likita. Duk da yake kwararru a kimiyyar kiwon lafiya za su bi ladabi, hanyoyin da jagororin asibiti, masu ba da shawara ga masana kimiyya na asibiti za su taimaka wajen tsara jagororin gaba da aiwatar da sabbin fasahohi masu tasowa don taimakawa ci gaba da kula da marasa lafiya.

Ana sa ran ƙwararrun masana kimiyya na asibiti za su samar da ƙwararrun jagoranci na kimiyya da na asibiti tare da, a matakin ɗaya da, abokan aikin mashawarcin likita.  Yayin da ƙwararrun masana kimiyyar kiwon lafiya za su bi ka'idoji, hanyoyin da jagororin asibiti, masu ba da shawara kan ilimin kimiyya za su taimaka wajen tsara jagororin gaba da aiwatar da sabbin fasahohi masu tasowa don taimakawa ci gaba da kulawa da haƙuri.

## Yankunan musamman
Yawancin Masanan Kimiyyar Kimiya na Likita ƙwararru ne, ƙwararru a yawancin wuraren dakin gwaje-gwaje na asibiti.  Koyaya, wasu ƙwararrun ƙwararru ne, waɗanda suka cancanci ta musamman ilimin digiri ko ƙarin horo don yin ƙarin hadaddun nazari fiye da yadda aka saba a cikin takamaiman filin.  Kwarewar sun haɗa da ilimin halittu na asibiti, ilimin halittar jini, coagulation, microbiology, bacteriology, toxicology, virology, parasitology, mycology, immunology, immunohematology (bankin jini), histopathology, histocompatibility, cytopathology, genetics, cytogenetics, electron microscopy, da IVF labs.  Kwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun likitocin likita na iya amfani da ƙarin takaddun shaida, kamar "SBB" (Kwararren Ƙwararrun Bankin Jini), "SM" (Masanin Ilimin Kwayoyin Halitta), "SC" (Masanin Chemistry), ko "SH" (Masanin Ilimin Jini) daga Ƙungiyar Amirka don Clinical Pathology (ASCP).  Ana iya haɗa waɗannan ƙarin bayanan bayanan zuwa tushe na asali, misali, "MLS(ASCP), SBB(ASCP)".  Ana iya samun ƙarin bayani a cikin Tsarin ASCP don Gwaji & Takaddun shaida.

Masanin kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwaje na Andrology, Masanin Kimiyya na Laboratory Embryology, da Takaddun shaida na Fasahar Kwayoyin Halitta na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Halitta ta Amirka;  Wadanda ke da takaddun an rarraba su azaman ALS (AAB), ELS (AAB), da MDxT (AAB) bi da bi.[1]  Certified Histocompatibility Associate, Certified Histocompatibility Technologist, Certified Histocompatibility Specialist, and Diplomate of ABHI sunayen sarauta ne da Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Amurka da Immunogenetics ta bayar bayan saduwa da ilimi da buƙatun gogewa da cin nasarar jarrabawar da ake buƙata;  Waɗancan mutanen za su riƙe shaidar CHA (ABHI), CHT (ABHI), CHS (AHBI), da D (ABHI) bayan cin jarabawar da ta dace.

A Amurka, za a iya tabbatar da Masana kimiyya na Laboratory na Kiwon Lafiya kuma a yi amfani da su wajen Kula da kamuwa da cuta. Wadannan kwararru suna sa ido da bayar da rahoton binciken cututtukan cututtuka don taimakawa wajen iyakance cututtuken iatrogenic da nosocomial. Hakanan suna iya ilimantar da wasu ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya game da irin waɗannan matsalolin da hanyoyin rage su.

A cikin Ƙasar Ingila yawan Masana Kimiyya na Asibiti a cikin ilimin cututtuka yawanci sun fi girma, inda ƙwararrun likitocin cututtukan da ba su da ƙwarewa a matsayin masu ba da shawara. Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Immunology da Genomic Medicine ƙwarewa ne tare da yalwar Masana Kimiyya na Burtaniya, kuma inda rawar ta kafu sosai. Ayyukan kamuwa da cuta a cikin Ƙasar Ingila galibi ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar ƙwararrun likitocin Microbiologists, waɗanda ƙila suna da alhakin ayyukan dakin gwaje-gwaje ban da nauyin rigakafin kamuwa da cututtuka da kula da cututtakafi, kuma ana iya buƙatar su ba da gudummawa ga zagaye na asibitoci da marasa lafiya. Sabili da haka, Royal College of Pathologists da Royal College of Physicians sun haɓaka Combined Infection Training  , cewa masu horar da likitoci suna samun ƙwarewar da aka mayar da hankali ga haƙuri, kuma suna gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na Likita ban da horar da Pathology.] Sakamakon wannan shi ne cewa yawancin likitocin yanki ba su ba da izinin likitocin su horar da Microbiology ko Virology a matsayin horo guda ɗaya, kuma a maimakon haka suna ba da shawarar ƙwarewa biyu kamar cututtukan cututtuka / microbiology ko cututtukani / virology  . A lokaci guda fadada manyan masana kimiyya masu horar da su a cikin microbiology yana nufin cewa yawancin gwaje-gwaje da nauyin kimiyya na likitoci na iya ɗaukar su ta hanyar Masana kimiyya na asibiti, kuma likitocin likitoci za a sa ran su yi rawar da ke fuskantar haƙuri. Abin da ya bambanta a cikin Microbiology shine sub-discipline na Virology, wanda ya dace da ƙwarewar masana kimiyya na asibiti saboda dogaro da hanyoyin kimiyya na gaba ɗaya, ƙara amfani da fasahar ƙwayoyin halitta ta musamman, da fahimtar fasaha game da ilmin halitta na ƙwayoyin cuta, tare da rage girmamawa akan kula da haƙuri idan aka kwatanta da Microbiology gaba ɗaya  .

## Bukatar ilimi
Bukatun ilimi da lasisi sun bambanta ta ƙasa saboda bambancin aiki da bambance-bambance na doka.

### Ostiraliya
A Ostiraliya, masana kimiyya na dakin gwaje-gwaje na likita sun kammala shirin digiri na shekaru hudu a kimiyyar kiwon lafiya, kimiyyar dakin gwaje'a na likita ko likitan dakin gwaje. Wadannan shirye-shiryen ya kamata Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiya da Masana Kimiyya ta Australiya (AIMS) ta amince da su. 

### Kanada
A Kanada, ana ba da shirye-shiryen kwaleji na shekaru uku ko makarantar fasaha waɗanda suka haɗa da watanni bakwai, biyu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da aikin horar da ba a biya su ba. Daliban sun kammala karatu kafin su dauki jarrabawar misali (kamar Canadian Society for Medical Laboratory Science, ko CSMLS, jarrabawar) don su cancanci zama masanin fasahar dakin gwaje-gwaje na likita. Yawancin MLTs suna ci gaba zuwa Kanada a halin yanzu suna fuskantar matsala mai yawa tare da karancin ma'aikata a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje na likita.

### New Zealand
A New Zealand, masanin kimiyya na dakin gwaje-gwaje na likita dole ne ya kammala digiri na farko a kimiyyar dakin gwaje'o'in likita ko kimiyyar sinadarai da Majalisar Kimiyya ta New Zealand ta amince da ita. A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan digiri dole ne su kammala sanya asibiti. Da zarar sun kammala karatu dole ne su yi aiki aƙalla watanni shida a ƙarƙashin kulawa, su yi rajista tare da Mai ba da shawara na Kimiyya na Kiwon Lafiya na New Zealand, kuma su riƙe takardar shaidar shekara-shekara ta yanzu.

### Ghana
Shirin karatun shirin ya haɗa da juyawa na horo, inda ɗalibai ke samun ƙwarewar hannu a kowane horo na dakin gwaje-gwaje kuma suna yin gwajin bincike a cikin dakin gwaje'a mai aiki a ƙarƙashin kulawa.

A Indiya, ilimin kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwaje na likitanci ya kasu kashi biyu, gaba da sakandare, karatun digiri, da na gaba.  Kwasa-kwasan ana gudanar da kwasa-kwasan daga kwasa-kwasan da yawa na jahohi na koyar da sana’o’i bayan sakandire, da hukumomin ilimin fasaha na Jiha, da jami’o’i daban-daban a ƙarƙashin UGC.  Wasu jami'o'i suna da digiri na sana'a wanda aka rage a matsayin Bachelor a ilimin sana'a (B.Voc MLT) da Masters a cikin ilimin sana'a (M.Voc MLT).  Likitan dakin gwaje-gwaje technologist da technician rajista ana yi a matakin jiha.] Za a kafa sabuwar hukumar mai suna National Commission for Allied and Healthcare Professions (NCAHP) don maye gurbin rijistar jiha da rejista na tsakiya da NCAHP ke aiwatarwa da sarrafawa.

* Bayan sakandare (10+), ana kiran ilimi DMLT; shekaru 2 ne da allon sana'a na jihohi suka bayar.
* Bayan karatun sakandare (12+), ana kiranta DMLT na shekaru 2 da allon sana'a na jihohin da suka dace suka bayar.
* Digirin digiri na farko a MLT shine shekaru 3 ko 4 da jami'o'i ke bayarwa.
* Kwamitocin ilimi na fasaha na jihohi (watau, MSBTE) suna ba da difloma mai zurfi na shekaru 2 daidai da PGDMLT (diploma na digiri a cikin fasahar dakin gwaje-gwaje na likita) wanda jami'o'i ke bayarwa.
* Digiri na digiri na biyu a MLS Shekaru 2 ne da jami'o'i ke bayarwa.

### Pakistan
A Pakistan, Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa (NIH) a Islamabad ita ce majagaba a cikin Kimiyyar Laboratory.  Kwalejin Fasaha Lab na Likita (CMLT) na NIH tana ba da digiri na F.Sc na shekaru biyu a Fasahar Lab ɗin Likita (MLT).  Shekaru biyu da suka gabata B.Sc.  a cikin MLT an dakatar da shi kuma an maye gurbin shi da Shirin Bachelor na shekaru hudu a Kimiyyar Lab na Likita (MLS).  Jami'ar Kimiyyar Kiwon Lafiya a Lahore kuma tana ba da shirin Bachelor na shekaru huɗu a cikin MLS ta hanyar kwalejoji da aka yarda.  Jami'ar Lahore, Jami'ar Faisalabad, Jami'ar Sargodha, da Jami'ar Babban Jami'a a Lahore duk suna ba da shirin Doctor na Kimiyyar Lab ɗin Likita (DMLS) na shekaru biyar.  Sharuɗɗan cancanta don B.Sc na shekaru huɗu.  a cikin MLS da Doctor na shekaru biyar na Kimiyyar Lab ɗin Likita (DMLS) shine F.Sc.  Pre-Likita. 

### Amurka

A Amurka, masanin kimiyya na dakin gwaje-gwaje na likita (MLS), masanin fasaha na likita (MT), ko masanin kimiyya ya dakin gwaje na asibiti (CLS) yawanci yana samun digiri na farko a kimiyyar dakin gwaje'a na likita, kimiyyar gwaje-gyare na asibiti, ko fasahar kiwon lafiya. Sauran hanyoyin sun haɗa da samun digiri a kimiyyar kiwon lafiya ko a cikin rayuwa / kimiyyar halitta (biology, biochemistry, microbiology, da dai sauransu). Dukkanin hanyoyin suna buƙatar MLS / MT / CLS don samun takaddun shaida daga kwamitin tabbatarwa na ƙasa (AAB, AMT, ko ASCP) yayin da yawancin dakunan gwaje-gwaje suka wuce mafi ƙarancin bukatun tarayya da aka kafa ta Kwaskwarimar Inganta Laboratory (CLIA).

An kafa shirye-shiryen digiri na masanin kimiyya na dakin gwaje-gwaje na likita a wasu hanyoyi daban-daban.

* A cikin shirye-shiryen 3 + 1, ɗalibin yana halartar darussan aji na tsawon shekaru uku kuma ya kammala juyawa na asibiti a shekarar karatun su ta ƙarshe.
* A cikin shirye-shiryen 2 + 2, ɗalibai sun riga sun kammala karatun su na ƙananan ƙungiyoyi kuma sun dawo don kammala karatunsu na shekaru biyu na ƙarshe a cikin shirin CLS.
* A cikin shirin 4 + 1, ɗaliban da suka riga sun kammala shirin digiri na farko sun dawo don kammala shekara guda na horo na dakin gwaje-gwaje. Ana kammala horo a wurin asibiti maimakon kwaleji.

Babban tsarin karatu a cikin fasahar kiwon lafiya gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi ƙididdiga 20 a cikin ilmin sunadarai na asibiti, ƙididdiga 20, da ƙididdiga 20.

A lokacin jujjuyawar asibiti, ɗalibin yana samun ƙwarewar koyo a kowane fanni na dakin gwaje-gwaje kuma yana yin gwajin gwaji a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje mai aiki ƙarƙashin kulawa.  Tare da iyakance ko babu ramuwa, ɗalibi a cikin lokacin horo na asibiti yawanci yana aiki awanni 40 a kowane mako na makonni 20 zuwa 52.  Wasu shirye-shirye a Amurka sun rage rabin lokacin da ɗalibai ke kashewa don kammala jujjuyawar asibiti saboda ƙarancin ma'aikata.  Misali, a cikin 2015, shirin MLS a Jami'ar Minnesota ya rage juzu'in jujjuyawar shirin daga makonni 22 zuwa makonni 12..

A cikin Amurka, shirin ilimi na shekaru biyu (digiri na abokin tarayya) ya cancanci wanda ya kammala karatun digiri ya yi aiki a matsayin injiniyan dakin gwaje-gwaje na likita (MLT).  MLTs suna samun horo na musamman a cikin kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwaje ba tare da ainihin aikin kwasa-kwasan kimiyya wanda shirye-shiryen MLS ke buƙata ba;  duk da haka, akwai shirye-shiryen horarwa na MLT da yawa waɗanda ke buƙatar ingantaccen aikin kwas ɗin kimiyya na didactic kafin shiga cikin aikin asibiti.  Kodayake aikin koyarwa na iya zama ƙasa da MLT, aikin asibiti, a yawancin lokuta, yayi kama da na ɗalibin MLS.  Wannan ya yi daidai da MLTs waɗanda ke da kayan aiki da kyau don shigar da aikin aiki tare da dacewa da aikace-aikacen aikace-aikacen ilimi.  Ƙananan lokacin horo na iya zama abin sha'awa ga ɗalibai da yawa, amma akwai rashin amfani ga wannan hanya.  MTs, MLSs da CLSs yawanci suna samun ƙarin albashi kuma suna da ƙarin nauyi fiye da MLTs.  A cikin 2018, masu fasahar dakin gwaje-gwaje na likitanci sun sami matsakaicin albashi na $51,219, yayin da masana kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwajen likita suka sami albashin $67,888.  Wani ƙarin hasara ga MLTs shine cewa wasu cibiyoyi za su yi amfani da MLS ne kawai, kodayake wannan aikin ya fara canzawa saboda ƙoƙarin rage farashi na kwanan nan, kuma saboda ƙarancin ma'aikata..

A aikace, kalmar likitan dakin gwaje-gwaje na likita na iya amfani da mutanen da aka horar da su don sarrafa kayan aiki da yin gwaje-gaje, yawanci a ƙarƙashin kulawar ƙwararren likitan likita ko masanin kimiyya na dakin gwaje. Dangane da jihar da aka ba da aiki, ayyukan aiki tsakanin MLSs da MLTs na iya zama ko a'a. Misali, a Florida, MLT na iya yin gwaji mai rikitarwa kawai yayin da yake ƙarƙashin kulawar kai tsaye na masanin fasahar dakin gwaje-gwaje na asibiti, mai kula da dakin gwaje'a na asibiti. Wannan na iya sa ya zama mara amfani ga MLT ya yi aiki a cikin bankin jini na Florida. California tana da irin wannan ƙuntatawa akan MLTs. Don karɓar ƙuntatawa na California, Ƙungiyar Amurka ta Bioanalysts (AAB) ta haɓaka jarrabawar takaddun shaida ta daban don lasisin California. Koyaya, wannan jarrabawar ba ta haɗa da kayan da ke rufe yankunan immunohematology ko microscopy ba. Kodayake buƙatun ilimi na matakin shigarwa na yawancin MLTs shine digiri na tarayya, shirin takardar shaidar bashi 60 ya wanzu ta hanyar shirye-shiryen horar da soja; kamar ƙwarewar soja ta 68K ta Sojojin Amurka.

Kamar yadda yake a wasu ƙasashe, ƙarancin ma'aikata ya zama babban matsala a dakunan gwaje-gwaje da yawa a Amurka. Saboda dalilai da yawa, gami da ritaya mai girma, da rashin isasshen daukar ma'aikata da kokarin riƙewa, ma'aikatan dakin gwaje-gwaje na likita suna raguwa. A cikin shekaru goma na 2010-2020, ana sa ran bukatun ma'aikata za su karu da kashi 13%. Wannan yana fassara zuwa kusan matsayi 11,300 a kowace shekara wanda zai buƙaci cikawa, tare da kusan sabbin masu digiri 5000 a kowace shekara da ke fitowa daga shirye-shirye daban-daban. Zuwa 2025, an kiyasta cewa karancin kwararru na dakin gwaje-gwaje na likita zai kai 98,700 a Amurka.

### Ƙasar Ingila
A cikin United Kingdom (Birtaniya) akwai nau'ikan masana kimiyyar kiwon lafiya masu rijista a asibitoci - Clinical Scientists da Biomedical Scientists (BMS).  Akwai tsauraran tsarin horar da karatun digiri na biyu don ayyukan biyu tare da rajista na doka ga kowane tare da Majalisar Kula da Lafiya da Kulawa ta Burtaniya (HCPC): don aminci da tabbacin abokan ciniki - marasa lafiya.  Sana'o'i iri ɗaya ne amma daban-daban tare da layi ɗaya amma hanyoyin horo daban-daban da buƙatun shiga daban-daban.

Matsayin Masana Kimiyya na Asibiti shine inganta kiwon lafiya da jin daɗin marasa lafiya da jama'a ta hanyar yin aiki tare da likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya, da sauran masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya a cikin isar da kiwon lafiya. Manufar su ita ce samar da shawarwarin kwararru na kimiyya da na asibiti ga abokan aikin likitoci, don taimakawa wajen ganowa, magani da gudanar da kula da marasa lafiya.

**Misalan irin aikin da suke yi sun hada da:**

* Ba da shawara, ganowa, fassara, da kuma kula da marasa lafiya.
* Ba da shawara ga masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya da kula da jama'a a cikin ganewar asali da kuma kula da marasa lafiya.
* Binciken kimiyya, fasaha, da aikin da aka yi amfani da shi a kiwon lafiya don kirkiro da inganta ayyuka.
* Zane, gini, da fasahar aiki don ganowa da kuma kula da marasa lafiya.
* Tabbatar da aminci da amintaccen gwaje-gwaje da kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da su a kiwon lafiya.

Ana tallata sakonnin Masanin Kimiyya na Asibiti a cikin ƙasa, yawanci tsakanin Nuwamba da Fabrairu a shafukan yanar gizo na Masana Kimiyya na asibiti inda za'a iya samun siffofin aikace-aikace kuma za'a mën a gabatar da aikace-aikacen lantarki. Wadannan mukamai sune don Shirin Horar da Pre-registration da aka amince da su, wanda aka tsara don shirya masu shiga don ƙwarewar ƙwararru mafi girma, ƙarin horo na asibiti da kuma alhakin mai ba da shawara.

Horar da Masanin Kimiyya na Asibiti ya haɗa da yin rajista na masu digiri (digiri na farko ko na biyu ko mafi kyau yana da mahimmanci saboda babban gasa don iyakokin wuraren horo) a cikin tsarin horo mai zurfi na shekaru uku wanda ke haifar da takaddun shaida da rajista na ƙarshe kafin fara tsarin aiki mafi girma. Kwarewar asali don zama likitancin likitancin, likitancin rigakafi ko likitancin microbiologist yana da digiri mai kyau a cikin batun da ya dace: don likitancin kimiyyar likitancin asibiti, wannan batun na iya zama likitan kimiyyar halittu ko likitanci (ko wani batun kimiyyar rayuwa wanda ya ƙunshi wani bangare na likitancin ilmin likitancin halitta); don likitanci na likitanci, wannan batun zai iya zama kowane digiri na kimiyyar halitta tare da wani bangare yawon lafiya; don ilimin likitancin Microbiology.

Ko da yake ba mahimmanci ba, wasu 'yan takara za su yi amfani da digiri mafi girma a ƙoƙari na inganta damar zaɓin su don horo kuma jami'o'i da yawa a halin yanzu suna ba da darussan MSc a Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology da Microbiology waɗanda ACB ko AHCS suka amince da su.  Ana samun kwasa-kwasan cikakken lokaci da 'sanwici', kuma ana iya samun ƙarin bayani daga shirye-shiryen mutum ɗaya, kodayake matakin tallafin kuɗi da aka bayar ya bambanta, kuma yakamata a fayyace shi yayin hira.  Wasu masu shiga wannan sana'a za su riga sun sami digiri na PhD, kuma horo da ƙwarewar bincike da wannan ke bayarwa yana da matukar amfani ga aikin Masanin Kimiyya na Clinical.  A cikin manyan Sassan, ana iya samun damar yin karatu don digiri na bincike bayan shigar da sana'a da samun rajista, amma tunda dole ne a haɗa wannan tare da wasu nauyi, yana iya ɗaukar wasu shekaru kafin a kammala.  Ya kamata a fahimci cewa babban aikin sana'a shine kulawa da haƙuri kuma bincike, gudanarwa da duk sauran abubuwan zasu zo ne a matsayin al'amurran da suka shafi gefe kuma ba su zama abin da ke kan gaba a cikin aikin ba.  Ayyukan Masana Kimiyyar Halittu da Masana Kimiyya na Clinical suna da tasiri akan ganewar asali da kuma kula da kusan kowane majiyyaci da aka shigar a asibitoci a cikin United Kingdom.

Ƙasar Ingila tana fuskantar ƙarancin ƙwararrun masana kimiyya na asibiti da na kiwon lafiya. Royal College of Pathologists da Royal College of Physicians sun nuna bukatar kara kudade na gwamnati don shirye-shiryen horar da likitoci don hana wuraren bincike da kayan aikin kiwon lafiya daga mamayewa. MSF ta yi iƙirarin cewa waɗannan ma'aikatan sun rasa kuɗi tun lokacin da ministan kiwon lafiya na lokacin Kenneth Clarke ya yanke shawarar cire su daga ƙungiyar sake dubawa a shekarar 1984.

### Najeriya
A Najeriya, Kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwajen likitanci babbar sana'a ce wacce Dokar 11 ta 2003 Dokokin Tarayyar Najeriya ke gudanarwa.  Cancancin farko da aka ba wa waɗanda suka kammala karatun shirin, kamar sauran shirye-shiryen likitanci, shine Mataimakin Cibiyar Nazarin Fasaha / Kimiyya (AIMLT/AIMLS) Majalisar Kimiyyar Lafiya ta Najeriya, wacce Dokar ta kafa.  2004 Cap 114 Dokokin Tarayyar Najeriya, sun tsara aikin Kimiyyar Laboratory Medical a Najeriya.  A Najeriya, shirin Kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwaje na likitanci shine Bachelor of Medical Laboratory Science (BMLS), wanda Hukumar Kula da Jami'o'i ta Kasa (NUC) ta tsara da kuma Majalisar Kimiyyar Lafiya ta Najeriya (MLSCN).  Dalibai a shekararsu ta farko (matakin 100) ana horar da su a ƙarƙashin Faculty of Science in Basic Sciences da Faculty of Arts, Management and Social Science in General Studies and Entrepreneurship.  A matakin 200, ana koya wa ɗalibai ilimin kimiyya na asali kuma an gabatar da su zuwa Kimiyyar Laboratory Medical.  Shekara ta uku na shirin shine farkon horon ƙwararru yayin da ɗalibai ke tsunduma cikin azuzuwa don laccoci da kuma dakin gwaje-gwaje na Asibiti don ƙwararrun ko horo.  A shekara ta huɗu, ana koya wa ɗalibai abubuwan yau da kullun a duk fannoni na musamman na Kimiyyar Laboratory Medical.  A ƙarshen shirin matakin 400, ana gabatar da ɗalibai masu nasara don jarrabawar ƙwararru ta Farko, wanda Cibiyar Kimiyyar Kimiyya ta Likita ta Najeriya za ta jagoranta A shekara ta biyar, ɗalibai sun shiga cikin 4 core ko na musamman na Kimiyyar Laboratory Medical, wato: medical microbiology/parasitology, chemical pathology/immunology, hematology/blood transfusion science and histopathology/cytopathology.  A ƙarshen shekara ta biyar, ana gabatar da ɗaliban da suka dace don jarrabawar ƙwararru ta ƙarshe ta Majalisar Kimiyyar Lafiya ta Najeriya.

## Takaddun shaida da lasisi
A halin yanzu akwai manyan hukumomin ba da takaddun shaida guda uku a cikin Amurka ta Amurka don masana kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwaje na asibiti.  Su kwararru (ASCP).  Shirye-shiryen Kimiyya na Laboratory Clinical suna da zaɓi don samun karbuwa ta Hukumar Ba da Lamuni ta Ƙasa don Kimiyyar Laboratory Clinical (NAACLS).  Amincewar NAACLS yana bawa ɗalibai damar zama don takaddun shaida a ƙarshen shirin su ban da kasancewa tambarin ingancin shirin.  Duk hukumomin ba da izini na ƙasa guda uku za su ba da shaidar masana kimiyya a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na asibiti a matsayin na gama-gari (Chemistry, Hematology, immunology, immunohematology/ bankin jini, da microbiology).  Takaddun Amurkawa na Amurka da Takaddun Kasuwancin Amurka suna ci gaba da amfani da ilimin kimiyyar kirkirar gargajiya na gargajiya (MT), yayin da al'umman Amurka suka karbi nau'ikan cututtukan masanin dakin gwaje-gwajen bincike na likita (MLS).  Ba tare da la'akari da kalmomi ba, waɗannan ƙwararrun mutane suna aiki a matsayin masana kimiyya a dakin gwaje-gwaje na asibiti.. 

Akwai wasu kungiyoyi biyu da suka ba da jarrabawar ƙwarewa ga masanin kimiyya na dakin gwaje-gwaje. Na farko, shine Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Amurka. Na biyu, shine Hukumar Tabbatar da Kasa don Ma'aikatan Laboratory (NCA). Kungiyar American Society for Clinical Pathology ta shawo kan NCA a cikin 2009 kuma nan da nan ta rushe.

In the United States, the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA '88) define the level of qualification required to perform tests of various complexity. Clinical Laboratory Scientists, Medical Technologists and Medical Laboratory Scientists are near the highest level of qualification among general testing personnel and are usually qualified to perform the most complex clinical testing including HLA testing (also known as tissue typing) and blood type reference testing. Provider Performed Microscopy, or PPM (doctorate or master's level health provider) and Cytology have additional requirements.

Baya ga takardar shaidar ƙasa, jihohi 11 (California, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Louisiana, Montana, Nevada, North Dakota, Rhode Island, West Virginia da New York) da Puerto Rico suma suna buƙatar lasisin jihar. Puerto Rico, don samar da lasisin jihar, yana buƙatar ko dai takardar shaidar hukumar gida tare da jarrabawar jihar, ko kowane ɗayan ASCP da NCA. Minnesota, Texas, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, Vermont, Washington, New Jersey, Iowa, Utah, Ohio, South Carolina, Wyoming, Pennsylvania, Virginia, South Dakota, Delaware, Missouri, da Alaska a halin yanzu suna ƙoƙarin samun lasisi. Duk jihohi suna buƙatar takardu daga hukumar takaddun shaida ta ƙwararru kafin bayar da takardar shaidar jihar. Mutumin da ke neman takardar shaidar jihar ana iya sa ran ya gabatar da yatsan yatsa, ilimi da bayanan horo, da takardar shaidayar ƙwarewa. Wasu jihohi kuma suna buƙatar kammala ƙayyadadden adadin sa'o'in tuntuɓar ilimi na ci gaba kafin bayarwa ko sabunta lasisi. Lasisi yana da ɗan rikici yayin da yake ƙara wani nau'i na bureaucratic a cikin filin da ke da ƙarancin ma'aikata. Kawai buƙatar ma'aikatan gwaji don samun da kula da takardar shaidarsu ta ƙasa zai taimaka wajen tabbatar da ƙwararrun ma'aikatan gwajin ba tare da ƙara farashin ga ma'aikatan gwadawa ba.

Wasu jihohi sun amince da lasisin wata jiha idan ya yi daidai ko ya fi tsananin, amma a halin yanzu California ba ta amince da wani lasisin jiha ba.

### Ƙasar Ingila
A cikin Ƙasar Ingila duk masana kimiyya na asibiti da masana kimiyya na kiwon lafiya dole ne a yi rajista tare da Majalisar Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiya da Kulawa (HCPC) don yin aiki ba tare da kulawa ba, don haɓaka ta hanyar digiri na sana'ar su da kuma amfani da sunayen sarauta na "Masanin Kimiyya na Kiwon Lafi" ko "Masanin Kiwon Lahi". HCPC ta yi rajistar kusan kwararru na kiwon lafiya 200,000  kuma yayin da nasarar da aka amince da ita a karatun digiri daga Jami'ar da aka amincewa ta isa ga duk sauran sana'o'i, duka masana kimiyya na asibiti da masana kimiyya na kiwon halitta suna da horo na digiri kuma babu darussan digiri da aka amince.[3] Binciken kai tsaye na masu neman a cikin waɗannan sana'o'i biyu tare da takaddun shaida na gaba don waɗanda suka ci nasara, ita ce kawai hanyar da aka amince da ita ta Burtaniya don yin rajista a gare su.

"Masanin Kimiyya na Asibiti", kamar yadda "Masancin Kimiyya na Kiwon Lafiya", lakabi ne mai kariya a ƙarƙashin doka (akwai tarar £ 5000 ga masu laifi waɗanda suka yi amfani da taken ba tare da yin rajista da jihar ba). HCPC na iya kori mutane daga rajista don rashin aiki daidai kamar yadda likitoci ke tare da Babban Kwamitin Kiwon Lafiya (GMC).

Wadanda ke aiki a cikin matsayi na "Trainee" a cikin sana'ar ana ba su izinin amfani da taken tare da gargadi mai dacewa, misali - "Pre-registration Clinical Scientist", Trainee Clinical Scientist, da dai sauransu. A madadin haka wasu na iya amfani da lakabi na musamman ga horo da suke horar da shi, kamar Trainee Clinic Biochemist", "Clinical Immunologist in Training" ko kuma "Pre-Registrant Clinical Microbiologist" wanda kuma ya dace sosai tun lokacin da yake ba ya dace da shi ba ya dace ba da sunan da cikakken cancanta ga Masanin kimiyya mai kula da shi ba.[4]

### Najeriya
A Najeriya, dalibi mai cin nasara a ƙarshen horo a cikin ƙididdigar ilimi da ƙwarewa game da buƙatun digiri ya sami takardar shaidar Jami'ar da ta dace, wanda Majalisar Kimiyya ta Laboratory ta Likita ta Najeriya ta shigar da lasisi bayan nasarar horo na shekara guda.

## Ƙarin ilimi
Kamar yadda yake a yawancin sana'o'in kiwon lafiya, Masanin kimiyya na Laboratory na Kiwon Lafiya na iya neman ilimi mafi girma don ci gaba ko ci gaba da ƙwarewa a cikin aikin su.

* Jagoran Kimiyya, Jagoran Gudanar da Kasuwanci, Jagoran Kula da Lafiya, Dokta na kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwaje na likita don ƙwarewa, ilimi da matsayi na gudanarwa.
* Dokta na Medicine ko Dokta na dakin gwaje-gwaje na asibiti Kimiyya - wannan shine matsayin da ya cancanci mutum ya kula ko jagorantar kusan dukkanin nau'ikan dakin gwaje'o'in asibiti. A karkashin dokokin CLIA na Amurka, dole ne a cika abin da ake buƙata na akalla shekara na kwarewar dakin gwaje-gwaje na asibiti (kowane MD) ko zama na cututtukan cututtuka.

A cikin Ƙasar Ingila Shirin Modernising Scientific Careers (MSC) ya tsara a karo na farko cikakken horo da tsarin aiki ga dukan ma'aikatan kimiyyar kiwon lafiya ciki har da fiye da ƙwarewar ƙwararru na kimiyya daban-daban 50. A cikin tunaninsa yana da niyyar samar da tsarin da ya dace wanda yake da sauƙin isa, mai araha kuma an tsara shi musamman don kama ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha da kuma samar da ingantaccen sakamako ga marasa lafiya, sabis da masu sana'a. Wani muhimmin bangare na tsarin tun daga farko shine tsara horo don bunkasa ƙwararrun masana kimiyya na asibiti don gudanar da shirye-shiryen horar da ƙwararren Masanin Kimiyya (HSST) don shirya su don matsayi a matsayin Masana kimiyya masu ba da shawara. An yi la'akari da cewa Masana kimiyya masu ba da shawara ga asibiti za su yi aiki tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da abokan aikinsu na kiwon lafiya da kuma cikin ƙungiyoyin likitoci masu yawa don tallafawa aikin kimiyya na asibiti da nufin inganta inganci, kirkire-kirkire da sakamakon duniya ga marasa lafiya. Wannan ƙwarewar kimiyya da jagoranci za su samar da fa'idodi masu mahimmanci da ƙarin ƙima ga marasa lafiya da sabis ɗin yayin da yake ci gaba a cikin karni na 21. Wannan zai kawo sakamako ga hangen nesa na kimiyya kuma ya fahimci yiwuwar ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha don duka fassarar da kuma magani na mutum.

Horowa ta Hanyar Horon ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun horo.  Domin ilimin kimiyyar rayuwa (Immunology, Microbiology, Virology, Hematology, Biochemistry) tsarin horo da jarrabawa na yau da kullun ana gudanar da su daga Kwalejin Royal na Pathologists.  Hanyar horar da ilimin kimiyyar rayuwa don Masanan Kimiyya na Clinical yana bin hanya makamancin haka zuwa wanda ƙwararrun masu yin rijistar likitanci a cikin ilimin cututtuka suka yi.  Don haka masana kimiyya na asibiti su ne kawai horo na ƙwararrun ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya waɗanda ba na likita ba da Kwalejin Royal ta Likita ta bincika.  Masana kimiyya na asibiti waɗanda suka sami takaddun shaida na gwaji na 1 da takaddun shaida na 2 ana ba su Fellowship of the Royal College of Pathologists (FRCPath) kuma ana tsammanin suna da ilimi da ƙwarewar da ake tsammanin ƙwararren masanin kimiyyar mai ba da shawara.  Masu ba da shawara na Kimiyyar Kimiyya na Clinical gabaɗaya suna buƙatar 'yan takara su kammala cancantar FRCPath don cancanta.

Dukkanin Masana kimiyya na asibiti ba tare da la'akari da matsayi ko ƙwarewa ba na iya samun wasu alhakin da suka haɗa da alƙawura na ilimi, alhakin a matsayin jagorar asibiti don sabis na cututtukan cututtuka, ko kuma suna da alhakin asibiti masu yawa kamar Darakta na Rigakafin Cututtuka da Kulawa, ko alhakin dabarun Bincike da Ci Gaban asibiti. Ƙananan masana kimiyya na asibiti na iya shiga cikin binciken ilimi, suna aiki don samun kyautar Ph.D. ko DClinSci

## Taken aiki

Gajartawar lakabin aiki na yau da kullun na iya zama tushen rudani.  A cikin Masanin Kimiyya na Laboratory Medical na Amurka (ASCP) da Masana Kimiyyar Kiwon Lafiya (AMT) ko (AAB) galibi ana kiran su "med techs" (dangane da zamanin da aka san su da "masu fasaha na likitanci"), amma sauran ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya ke raba wannan gajeriyar lokaci, gami da fasahar kantin magani, masu rediyo (wanda kuma aka sani da masu fasahar rediyo), da masu fasahar rediyo.

A Amurka akwai bambanci tsakanin MLT da MT / MLS. Sau da yawa, MT / MLS suna da aƙalla digiri na farko, yayin da MLT ke da digiri na tarayya. Koyaya, saboda ka'idojin kakanni da buƙatun takaddun shaida tsakanin allon rajista, wasu MT / MLS na iya samun digiri na tarayya kawai. Masana kimiyya da masu fasaha galibi suna samun kudin shiga mafi girma fiye da masu fasaha, suna da ƙarin nauyi, kuma suna da ƙarin damar ci gaba.

A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, akwai ƙayyadaddun hanyoyin horarwa waɗanda ke kaiwa ga yin rajistar ƙwararru azaman ko dai Masanin Kimiyya na Clinical, ko a matsayin Masanin Kimiyyar Halittu.  Bayanin rawar da waɗannan masana kimiyyar kiwon lafiya suka yi ya bambanta sosai, inda masana kimiyya gabaɗaya ke gudanar da bincike da haɓaka ba na yau da kullun ba, gami da haɓakawa da samar da sabis na asibiti ta amfani da ƙwarewar kimiyya.  Masana kimiyyar halittu a Burtaniya sun yi kama da rawar MLT da MT/CLS da aka bayyana a sama, kuma suna da irin wannan buƙatun tsari don ƙa'idodin ƙwararru.  Masana kimiyyar asibiti a Burtaniya na iya kokawa da rashin sanin sana'a.  Wannan wani bangare ne saboda dimbin lakabin aikin da aka yi amfani da su don bayyana su ciki har da Likitan Physiologists, Likitan Physicists, da Clinical Biochemists, wanda gabaɗaya yana nufin jama'a da sauran ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suna ɗaukan Masana kimiyyar Clinical a matsayin ƙwararrun likitocin likita, saboda yanayin yanayin aikin wani lokaci.

## Rashin ma'aikata
Cibiyoyin lafiya a duk faɗin Amurka sun kasance a hankali suna fuskantar ƙarancin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun likitocin.  Hasashen na yanzu na ma'aikatan dakin gwaje-gwaje na likita har zuwa 2030 bai isa ba don hidimar sabis na likita yadda ya kamata.  Dalilan karancin sun hada da kwararrun da suka yi ritaya a halin yanzu, karuwar zamani a masana kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwajen likitanci da bukatar kwararru, sauye-sauyen aikin da sabbin ci gaban fasaha ke haifarwa (wadanda ke bukatar horarwa don koyon amfani), da guraben aiki da kudin ritaya sun fi yawan wadanda suka kammala karatun dakin gwaje-gwajen likitanci.  Rashin kuɗi, ƙarancin albashi, rashin ingantaccen matakan sana'a, da rashin cikakkun buƙatun aiki ya sanya daukar ma'aikata da ma'aikata wahala..

Sabbin yunkurin daukar ma'aikata sun kara yawan masu sana'a a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, amma bai isa ya sadu da buƙatun da ke ƙaruwa ba. Wasu kungiyoyin asibiti sun ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a inganta shirye-shiryen ci gaban ƙwararru don fannonin kiwon lafiya masu alaƙa don haɓaka sha'awar ƙwararrun ƙwararru da ɗalibai. Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya tana aiki sosai kan sake duba sauye-sauyen manufofi da sabbin tsare-tsare da shawarwari don kara yawan masu sana'ar kiwon lafiya tsakanin matasa. Cutar COVID-19 ta nuna karancin dakin gwaje-gwaje na likita a fagen kiwon lafiya kuma kungiyoyi irin su American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science da American Society forclinical Pathology suna turawa ga sababbin hanyoyi don rage wannan karancin da biyan bukatun jama'a.

* Cibiyar Cibiyar Gidan Gidan Gida
* Tsarin bayanai na dakin gwaje-gwaje
* Fasahar kiwon lafiya
* Gidan gwaje-gwaje na likita
* Masanin motsa jiki
* Yanayin bincike don gwajin jini na yau da kullun
* Gwajin fitsari