Yanayin Arkansas

Yanayin Arkansas ya bambanta sosai. Jiha ta cika da duwatsu, kwarin kogi, gandun daji, tabkuna, da bayous ban da biranen Arkansas. Hot Springs National Park yana da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai zafi, wanda aka nema a duk faɗin ƙasar don abubuwan warkarwa. Crowley's Ridge wani abu ne na yanayin ƙasa wanda ke tasowa sama da ƙasashen da ke kewaye da shi na Mississippi embayment.

Kogin Buffalo National, yayin da yake gudana ta hanyar Ozarks zuwa White River, sanannen jan hankalin yawon bude ido ne. An sanya shi kogin farko na kasa a cikin shekarar  1972 bayan shekaru na kokarin kiyayewa a adawa da shirin Injiniyoyin Sojojin Amurka don dam kogin. Kogin Arkansas ya shiga jihar kusa da Van Buren kuma yana gudana daga kudu maso gabas ta Little Rock don ya kwarara cikin Kogin Mississippi kusa da Arkansas Post. Yawancin kogin yana aiki da zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa zuwa Tulsa, Oklahoma, a matsayin McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System .  Ta hanyar kudancin Arkansas, Kogin Ouachita da Kogin Saline suna gudana kusan daidai da Arkansas, kuma manyan koguna a arewa maso gabashin Arkansas sune White River da St. Francis River. Kogin Red yana gudana ta kusurwar kudu maso yammacin jihar.

Arkansas tana da tabkuna da yawa da mutum ya yi a fadin jihar, da yawa sune tushen wuraren shakatawa na jihar, wuraren kula da namun daji, ko wasu nishaɗi. Bull Shoals Lake, DeGray Lake, Lake Dardanelle, Lake Ouachita duk suna da wuraren shakatawa na jihar a bakin tekunsu, kuma Beaver Lake, Table Rock Lake, Greers Ferry Lake, Lake Hamilton da Lake Catherine suma manyan tabkuna ne na nishaɗi a jihar.

Ozarks kalma ce mai zurfi ga yankuna masu tsaunuka da yawa a arewa maso yammacin Arkansas. Wannan yankin yawanci ana kiransa Ozarks saboda kalmar Arewa maso Yammacin Arkansas shine sunan da ake amfani da shi don Yankin Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, gami da yankunan Benton, Madison, Washington a Arkansas da McDonald County, Missouri. Ozark, duk da haka, ya kai daga Kogin Arkansas a kudu ta arewacin tsakiyar Arkansas. Yankin tsaunuka na Boston ya ƙunshi mafi girman tsaunuka a cikin Ozarks.

## Wurin da girmansa

Arkansas tana cikin kudu maso gabashin Amurka, a cikin Yammacin Kudancin Tsakiyar Ofishin Ƙididdigar Ƙasa. Arkansas ta mamaye yanki na murabba'in kilomita 53,179 (137,733 km2) kuma tana cikin matsayi na 29 mafi girma. Jihar tana da iyaka da Jihohin Amurka guda shida: Missouri zuwa arewa, Tennessee da Mississippi a fadin Kogin Mississippi zuwa gabas, Louisiana zuwa kudu, Oklahoma zuwa yamma, da Texas zuwa kudu maso yamma.&nbsp;

Da farko an ƙara zuwa Amurka ta Amurka a matsayin wani ɓangare na Yankin Louisiana na Siyayyar Louisiana a cikin 1803, Arkansas daga baya ya zama wani ɓangare na Yankin Missouri a kan kafa shi a shekara ta 1812.  Wannan sabon yanki kuma ya haɗa da mafi yawan Oklahoma na yau har zuwa samun iyakokinta na yanzu a cikin 1840s.  Dan kadan a cikin iyakar yammacin Arkansas ya haifar da rikici da Choctaw Nation a 1824. Choctaws sun bukaci iyakar yammacin Arkansas ta fara 100 taki gabas da Fort Smith kuma ta yi kudu zuwa kogin Red River, suna da'awar ƙasar tana da ƙananan katako da ƙasa mara kyau.  Duk da zanga-zangar daga Henry Conway, Shugaba James Monroe ya sanya hannu kan dokar a ranar 20 ga watan Janairu, 1825. 
 
An bayyana yankunan Arkansas ta amfani da ka'idoji daban-daban. Yankunan halitta daban-daban na Arkansas sun hada da Ozarks, Dutsen Ouachita, kwarin Arkansas, Gulf Coastal Plain, Crowley's Ridge, Arkansas Delta, Arkansas Timberlands, da Tsakiyar Arkansas. Arkansans yawanci suna nunawa daga ɗayan yankuna biyar: arewa maso yamma, kudu maso yamma, arewa maso gabas, kudu maso gabas ko tsakiyar Arkansas. Wadannan yankuna masu jagora ba a bayyana su musamman ta gundumar ba.

#### Arewa maso Yammacin Arkansas

Arewa maso yammacin Arkansas ya ƙunshi rabin kudancin Ozarks, gami da tsaunukan Boston da kuma mafi tausayi Springfield Plateau. Wadannan duwatsu suna da gandun daji sosai ta hanyar yanayin halittu na itacen oak-hickory kuma an share ƙasa da kashi 25% don noma. Gidan daji na Ozark, wanda Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka ta Kasa ke gudanarwa, yana adana kadada 1,200,000 (490,000  na ƙasa a arewa maso yammacin Arkansas, gami da mafi girman matsayi na Arkansas, Mount Magazine a Mount Magazine State Park. Har ila yau a cikin arewa maso yammacin Arkansas shine kwarin Arkansas River ciki har da yankin yawon bude ido na Dutsen Nebo, Dutsen Magazine, Dutsen Petit Jean, da Tafkin Dardanelle. Yankunan kariya na Tarayya da na jihohi kamar su Kogin Buffalo, Buffalo National River Wilderness, Bull Shoals-White River State Park, da Hobbs State Park - Yankin Karewa suna kiyaye arewa maso yammacin Arkansas Ozarks a cikin yanayin su.

Yawan jama'a ya rataye ta Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers Metropolitan Area da Fort Smith metropolitan area, tare da ƙananan yankunan tsaunuka da ke bayyana sauran yankin. Al'adun Ozark, irin su Ozark Folk Festival da ake gudanarwa a kowace shekara a Mountain View, ya bayyana yawancin yankunan karkara na arewa maso yammacin Arkansas. Cibiyar Ozark Folk a Mountain View an sadaukar da ita don adana al'adun gargajiya na arewa maso yammacin Arkansas. Sauran cibiyoyin al'adu sune Bentonville, gidan Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art, da Fayetteville, gidan Jami'ar Arkansas da Cibiyar Fasaha ta Walton.

#### Arewa maso gabashin Arkansas

Arewa maso gabashin Arkansas galibi ana nuna shi a matsayin yankin gabashin Dutsen Ozark da arewacin Interstate 40. Ƙasar tana kusa da Kogin Mississippi kuma gabaɗaya tana da faɗi, mai ni'ima, ƙasashe masu santsi wani lokacin ana kiransu Arkansas delta. Sai dai Crowley's Ridge, wani geological remnant daga zamanin Pleistocene wanda ya tashi a kusa da   sama da kewaye da delta lowlands. Crowley's Ridge ya fi yawan jama'a fiye da ƙananan jama'a, gami da manyan biranen Jonesboro, Paragould, Forrest City, da Wynne. Hanyoyin ruwa na farko a yankin sun hada da Kogin Cache, Kogin St. Francis, da Kogin Black. Yankunan da aka kare na arewa maso gabashin Arkansas sun hada da Cache River National Wildlife Refuge, Bald Knob National Wildlife Refuge, Wapanocca National Wildlife Rescue, Lake Charles State Park, da Lake Poinsett State Park.

Masu yawon bude ido za su iya gano wasu al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka a wurin Nodena, Parkin Archaeological State Park, da Hampson Museum State Park.  Bayan sasantawa, yawancin yankin sun dogara da auduga a matsayin amfanin gona na farko, kuma ya kasance gida ga masu mallakar shuka masu ƙarfi da yawa a lokacin antebellum.  Bayan yakin basasa, noma ya kasance bisa ga rabo da kuma noman haya, wanda ya baiwa masu shukar damar sanya ma'aikatansu cikin talauci kuma su ci gaba da mulkin siyasa.  Yawancin wannan tarihin yana raye a yau a gidajen tarihi kamar Kudancin Tenant Farmers Union Museum a Tyronza.  Rafukan sun kasance a matsayin manyan hanyoyin kasuwanci da sadarwa a farkon zamanin, kuma an maido da garuruwan kwale-kwale na kwanakin da suka gabata don baƙi su ji daɗi, ciki har da Park Park na Jahar Jacksonport da Powhatan Historic State Park tare da Black River.  Davidsonville Historic State Park yana adana ɗayan wuraren farko na jihar a matsayin garin kan iyaka, kuma yana kan Black River.  Babban cibiyar yawan jama'ar yankin shine yankin Jonesboro, tare da Jonesboro yana aiki a matsayin babban birni.

#### Kudu maso gabashin Arkansas

Kudu maso gabas Arkansas gabaɗaya ana siffanta shi azaman yankin gabas da Little Rock da kudancin Interstate 40. Ƙasar tana kusa da Kogin Mississippi kuma gabaɗaya ƙasa mai faɗi, ƙasa mai albarka, da fadama wani lokaci ana kiranta Arkansas delta.  Wannan yanki ba shi da yawan jama'a, tare da tattalin arzikin da aka fi sani da noma.  Yankin yammacin kudu maso gabashin Arkansas ya hada da Piney Woods, yankin da aka sani da gandun daji na cypress.  Silviculture da noma sun yi fice a wannan sashe na yankin.  Cibiyoyin yawan jama'a sun haɗa da Pine Bluff, Stuttgart, Monticello, Warren da Crossett.  Hanyoyin ruwa na farko a yankin sun hada da Kogin Arkansas, Bayou Bartholomew, Kogin Mississippi da kogin Fari.  Yankunan da aka kariya na kudu maso gabashin Arkansas sun hada da Cane Creek State Park, Delta Heritage Trail State Park, Felsenthal National Wildlife Refuge, Lake Chicot State Park, Mississippi River State Park, Refuge National Wild Refuge da White River National Refuge Refuge.

Yanayin shimfidar wuri da ƙasa mai albarka na kudu maso gabashin Arkansas sun kasance masu mahimmanci ga yankin a tsawon tarihinsa, na farko ga Ba'amurke da ke zaune a yankin.  Ana samun wannan tarihin a yau a gidajen tarihi kamar Pine Bluff/Jefferson County Historical Museum.  Yankin yana ɗaya daga cikin na farko da aka bincika kuma ya zauna a Arkansas;  ciki har da babban birni a Arkansas Post.  Bayan da aka yi matsuguni, akasarin yankin an sanya shi cikin noman auduga saboda kasa mai albarka da yankin ke da shi.  Babban darajar kasuwa mai mahimmanci ya sa yawancin masu shukar suka yi arziki a lokacin antebellum;  wannan tarihin yana samuwa ga baƙi a gidajen tarihi irin su Lakeport Plantation.  Bayan yakin basasa, noma ya kasance bisa ga rabo da kuma noman haya, wanda ya baiwa masu shukar damar sanya ma'aikatansu cikin talauci da kiyaye ikonsu na siyasa da rinjayen zamantakewa.  A cikin shekarun 1950, injiniyoyi sun rage bukatar ma'aikata a gona, inda suka kori yawancin al'ummar yankin a wasu wurare domin samun ayyukan yi.  A cikin yawancin kudu maso gabashin Arkansas, yawan jama'a ya ci gaba da raguwa kuma tattalin arzikin ya ci gaba da raguwa tun daga lokacin.  Babban cibiyar yawan jama'a na yankin shine yankin Pine Bluff, tare da Pine Bluff yana aiki a matsayin babban birni.

Kudu maso yammacin Arkansas an rufe shi da babban itace, hickory, da kuma gandun daji na oak da aka sani da Pine Woods, tare da adana yawancin ƙasar a cikin Ouachita National Forest. Tafkunan da aka yi da mutum sun mamaye yankin, gami da Tafkin Ouachita, Tafkin Hamilton, Tafkin Millwood, da Tafkin DeGray. Cibiyoyin jama'a sun haɗa da Hot Springs, sanannen wurin yawon bude ido da aka sani da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai zafi da aka kare a cikin Hot Springs National Park, wurin shakatawa na Oaklawn Park, da gine-ginen tarihi; da Texarkana, wanda ke kan layin jihar Texas a kusurwar kudu maso yammacin Arkansas. Yawancin Kudu maso Yammacin Arkansas ba su da yawan jama'a, tare da ƙananan garuruwa da aka raba ta hanyar hanyoyi masu tsawo ta hanyar itatuwan pine.
 

Arkansas gabaɗaya tana da Yanayin zafi mai zafi (**'Cf**' a cikin rarraba yanayin Köppen). Dukkanin watanni matsakaici sama da daskarewa kuma akalla wata daya matsakaici saman 22 ° C (71.6 ° F). Dangane da Rarrabawar yanayi na Trewartha yawancin jihar suna da zafi mai zafi (Cf), yayin da yankunan da ke da watanni bakwai kawai sama da 50 ° F (10 ° C) (yawanci yankunan arewa da kuma a cikin Dutsen Boston) sune teku (Do.) 

Duk da yake ba ya iyaka da Tekun Mexico, Arkansas har yanzu yana kusa da dumi, babban ruwa don ya rinjayi yanayin a jihar. Gabaɗaya, Arkansas tana da zafi, lokacin rani mai zafi da ɗan bushewa, mai sauƙi zuwa sanyi. A Little Rock, yanayin zafi na yau da kullun yana kusa da  ° F (34 ° C) tare da raguwa a kusa da  ° F (23 ° C) a watan Yuli. A watan Janairu matsakaicin matsakaicin kusan  ° F (11 ° C) kuma ya sauka a kusa da  ° F (0 ° C). A Siloam Springs a arewa maso yammacin jihar, matsakaicin yanayin zafi da ƙananan a watan Yuli shine 89 da 67 ° F (32 da 19 ° C) kuma a watan Janairu matsakaicin saman da ƙananan shine 44  ° F (7 da -5 ° C).

Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a ko'ina cikin jihar yana tsakanin kimanin inci 40 zuwa 60 (1,000 da 1,500 ; yana da ɗan rigar a kudu kuma ya bushe a arewacin jihar. Snowfall ba ya yawa amma ya fi yawa a arewacin rabin jihar. Rabin jihar a kudancin Little Rock ya dace da ganin guguwar kankara. Babban rikodin Arkansas shine  ° F (49 ° C) a Ozark a ranar 10 ga Agusta, 1936; ƙananan rikodin shine -29 ° F (−34 ° C) na Gravette, a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 1905.

Arkansas is known for extreme weather and frequent storms. A typical year brings thunderstorms, tornadoes, hail, snow and ice storms. Between both the Great Plains and the Gulf States, Arkansas, receives around 60 days of thunderstorms. Arkansas is located in Tornado Alley, and as a result, a few of the most destructive tornadoes in U.S. history have struck the state. While sufficiently far from the coast to avoid a direct hit from a hurricane, Arkansas can often get the remnants of a tropical system, which dumps tremendous amounts of rain in a short time and often spawns smaller tornadoes.&#x5B;**&#x5D;


Fayil:Clinton_Presidential_Park_Bridge_Little_Rock_AR_2013-06-07_009.jpg|Arkansas Riverat Little Rock
Fayil:Greenvillebridges.jpg|Mississippi Riverat Lake Village
Fayil:AR_Ouachita_National_Forest.jpg|Ouachita River in theOuachita National Forest
Fayil:Red_River_near_Lewisville,_AR.jpg|Red Riverat Lewisville
Fayil:St_Francis_River_Parkin_AR_2012-05-27_008.jpg|St. Francis Riverat Parkin
Fayil:The_White_River.jpg|White Riverat Buffalo City


## Ilimin ruwa
Hukumar Kula da albarkatun kasa ta lura cewa yawan ruwan sama a Arkansas ana nuna shi ta hanyar bambance-bambance masu yawa tare da layin raba arewa maso gabas / kudu maso yamma. Arewa maso gabas ana nuna shi a matsayin yanayin busasshiyar yanayi, kuma kudu maso yamma a matsayin yanayin zafi mai zafi da ke da tasirin Gulf. Yankin da ke karɓar ruwan sama mafi yawa a cikin jihar shine yankin kudu da Dutsen Ouachita, wanda ke samar da tasirin orographic (wanda aka fi sani da Inuwa mai ruwan sama) lokacin da hadari ke motsawa arewa daga Gulf.

Ma'aikatar Ingancin Muhalli ta Arkansas (ADEQ) ta bayyana albarkatun ruwa na Arkansas ta hanyar amfani da yankuna shida. Daga cikin shida, Dutsen Boston, Dutsen Ouachita da yankunan Ozark Highlands gabaɗaya suna ƙunshe da hanyoyin ruwa tare da "ruwa mai inganci", gami da yawancin ruwan albarkatun jihar (ERWs). Yankunan Kogin Arkansas, Yankin Tekun Gulf da Delta sun ga mummunan tasirin ingancin ruwa daga noma da silviculture amma gabaɗaya sun dace da burin Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa.

### Ruwa na sama
Arkansas ya ƙunshi kusan kadada 515,000 (208,000  na ruwa, gami da mil 28,408 (45,718  na raƙuman ruwa da mil 87,618 (141,008  na jimlar raƙuman. ADEQ tana amfani da koguna shida masu karɓa don raba jihar zuwa manyan ruwa: Kogin Arkansas, Kogin Mississippi, Kogin Ouachita, Kogin Red, Kogin St. Francis, da Kogin White. Wadannan kwari shida suna tattara ruwa daga sama da 1600 ƙananan ruwa a duk fadin jihar ta hanyar rafi, kamar yadda aka bayyana a ƙasa.

* Kogin Arkansas: yana gudana daga kudu maso kudu maso gabas, kusan ya raba jihar. Manyan masu ba da gudummawa sun haɗa da Bayou Meto, Cadron Creek, Fourche LaFave River, Petit Jean River, Poteau River, da Illinois River.
* Kogin Mississippi: yana gudana a kudu kuma yana samar da yawancin iyakar gabashin jihar a kan hanyarsa zuwa Tekun Mexico. Manyan masu ba da gudummawa sun haɗa da Arkansas, St. Francis, da White.
* Kogin Ouachita: yana gudana daga kudu maso gabas zuwa Louisiana. Manyan masu ba da gudummawa sun haɗa da Kogin Antoine, Kogin Boeuf, Bayou Bartholomew, Kogin Little Missouri, da Kogin Saline.
* Red River: yana cikin kudu maso yammacin Arkansas, yana gudana daga kudu maso gabas zuwa Louisiana. Manyan masu ba da gudummawa sun haɗa da: Dorcheat Bayou, Bodcau Bayou, Lower Middle Red River, Lower Red River, Sulphur River, McKinney Bayou, Little River, da Mountain ForkDutsen Fork
* Kogin St. Francis: yana arewa maso gabashin Arkansas, yana gudana gabas zuwa Kogin Mississippi. Manyan masu ba da gudummawa sun haɗa da Kogin L'Anguille da Little River .
* White River: yana gudana daga arewa maso yamma zuwa kudu maso gabashin Arkansas, gami da ɗan gajeren juyawa zuwa Missouri. Manyan masu ba da gudummawa sun haɗa da Bayou De View, Bayou des Arc, Black River, Buffalo River, Cache River, Eleven Point River, Kings River, Little Red River, Spring River, Strawberry River, Village Creek, Wattensaw Bayou.

### Ruwa na kasa
Ruwan ƙasa yana da asusun sama da kashi 60% na amfani da ruwa a Arkansas, kuma ana iya samun ruwa mai zurfi wanda ke ba da ruwa mai inganci a duk fadin jihar. A yankuna da yawa na Arkansas, ruwan sama yana hulɗa da ruwan ƙasa ta hanyar karst topography na Ozarks da Ouachitas. Ana rarraba sa ido kan ruwa a cikin ƙasa zuwa yankuna goma sha biyu. Daga cikin goma sha biyu, Athens Plateau (Hempstead County), Frontal Ouachita, Hardy, Omaha, Ouachita، Arewa ta Tsakiya, da wuraren sa ido na Pine Bluff suna da ingancin ruwa da aka bayyana a matsayin "mai kyau".

## Yankunan da aka kare

Arkansas tana da yankuna masu kariya da yawa waɗanda kungiyoyi daban-daban ke gudanarwa. An raba gandun daji na Dutsen Ozark zuwa cikin gandun daji ta Ozark, da gandun daji ya St. Francis, da kuma gandun daji mai suna Ouachita, wanda Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka ta Amurka ke kula da shi. Har ila yau, Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka tana kula da Black Fork Mountain Wilderness, Blanchard Springs Caverns, da sauran wuraren shakatawa da yawa a cikin gandun daji.

Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Kasa (NPS) ce ke gudanar da shi, Hot Springs National Park ita ce wurin shakatawa na farko na kasa. Gidan shakatawa ya haɗa da gine-gine daga lokacin da yake wurin shakatawa mai tasowa: Bathhouse Row wata hanya ce ta gine-ginen Gilded Age; kowannensu ya jawo ruwan bazara na shafin tare da da'awar warkar da cututtuka da yawa. Har ila yau, akwai filin tsere da wurin shakatawa da ke kusa.

NPS kuma tana kula da Wuraren Tarihi na Kasa guda uku a Arkansas: Fort Smith National Historic Site, Little Rock Central High School, da kuma wurin haihuwar Shugaba Clinton. Gidan shakatawa na soja na Pea Ridge shine kawai Gidan shakata na Sojoji na Kasa, kuma Arkansas Post National Memorial shine kawai Gidauniyar Kasa a cikin jihar.

Ma'aikatar Parks da Yawon Bude Ido ta Arkansas tana kula da wuraren shakatawa 52 a Arkansas da kuma gandun daji na Jihar Poison Springs .  Gidajen shakatawa sun fito ne daga manyan wuraren daji don masu sha'awar tafiya, zuwa tabkuna da koguna don wasanni na ruwa, don fassara wuraren tarihi, zuwa makabarta da ke murna da tarihin Arkansans. Wasu daga cikin wuraren shakatawa da aka fi ziyarta sun hada da Mount Magazine State Park, DeGray Lake Resort State Park, Crater of Diamonds State Park, Pinnacle Mountain State Park, Petit Jean State Park, Devil's Den State Park, Crowley's Ridge State Park, da Lake Ouachita State Park.