open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Yvonne Thompson

**Yvonne Thompson** shugabar kasuwanci ce ta Burtaniya, wacce ta kasance mamba ce ta kafa tashar rediyo ta Choice FM, editan kiɗa na mujallar Root, manajan darektan tallace-tallace da kamfanin PR ASAP Communications, shugaban Tarayyar Turai na Masu Kasuwancin Mata Masu Baƙi. Ayyukanta sun mai da hankali kan kasuwancin mata, da kuma bambancin jinsi da daidaiton jinsi a wurin aiki. Sau da yawa ana kiranta da "mace baƙar fata ta farko a Burtaniya mai kudi". A watan Fabrairun 2018, an sanar da nadin ta a matsayin shugabar Kwalejin Rediyo.

## Tarihi
An haife ta a Guyana, Kudancin Amurka, Yvonne Thompson ta yi hijira zuwa Burtaniya a 1961. Da farko tana so ta zama likita, sannan kuma ma'aikaciyar jinya, ta bar makaranta tana da shekaru 16 kuma ta dauki karatun jinya a Croydon Polytechnic - ta bayyana wannan canjin burin ta hanyar cewa: "[A] da na girma na fahimci ban ga likitoci da yawa wadanda ba fararen ba; dukansu maza ne kuma sun yi fari. "

Ayyukanta suna aiki a bankin NatWest kuma, a lokacin da take da shekaru 20, kasancewar PA ga manajan kwangila a Phonogram Records, wanda ya haifar da aiki a Warner Brothers da CBS, kodayake an wuce shi don ci gaba sau uku ya sa ta yi murabus. Ta ci gaba da kafa kamfaninta na hulɗa da jama'a a shekarar 1983, ASAP Communications, ta fara samar da ayyukan PR na musamman ga masu fasahar kiɗa baƙar fata.

Ta rubuta wa mujallar baƙar fata ta farko ta Burtaniya Root kuma ta zama memba mai kafa da darektan gidan rediyo na farko na Black music na Burtaniya Choice FM  (wanda aka fara a 1990 kuma daga ƙarshe aka sake masa suna Capital XTRA). 

Thompson daga baya ya kafa, a cikin 1996, Tarayyar Turai ta Masu Kasuwancin Mata Masu Baƙi (EFBWBO).

A shekara ta 2014, ta wallafa littafinta na farko, 7 Traits of Highly Successful Women on Boards,   inda ta ce tana "sanya ƙalubale ga al'umma, don samar da filin wasa na matakin don matasanmu da ke da damar zama shugabannin gaba, su iya zama 'yan ƙasa masu amincewa na Turai, gami da yiwuwar kasancewa a cikin Kwamitin Kamfanin ƙasa ko na Duniya, kuma ba a cire su kamar yadda mata da yawa na wannan tsara suke, kawai saboda jinsi ba.

Thompson ya yi aiki tare da hukumomin gwamnati da yawa kuma ya jagoranci ko ya yi aiki a kan allon kungiyoyi da yawa, gami da hukumomin gwamnatin. A watan Fabrairun 2018, an nada ta shugabar The Radio Academy .

## Kyaututtuka da karbuwa
Yvonne Thompson ta sami lambar yabo ta mata ta Turai a shekara ta 2001.

A cikin girmamawar ranar haihuwar Sarauniya ta 2003, an nada Thompson a matsayin Kwamandan Order of the British Empire (CBE) don Ayyuka ga Black da Ethnic Minority Business.

A shekara ta 2005, ta sami digiri na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Metropolitan ta London don hidimomi ga ƙananan kasuwanci, da sadarwa ta jama'a,  kuma an ba ta digiri na girmamaە daga Jami'an Plymouth.  Sauran girmamawa da aka ba ta sun hada da sanarwar da Magajin garin Houston, Texas, ya yi a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2004 a matsayin "Yvonne Thomson Day".

## Manazarta
Jacky Wright

**Jacky Wright** Babban Abokin Hulɗa ne kuma Babban Jami'in Fasaha da Dandalin McKinsey & Company . 

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Jacky Wright a Landan ga iyayen Jamaican kuma ya girma a can a Tottenham . Iyalinta sun koma Amurka lokacin da take matashiya kamar yadda mahaifinta, wanda ya yi aiki ga Royal Air Force a Burtaniya, ya yi imanin cewa Amurka ta ba da dama mafi kyau da kuma abin koyi ga baƙar fata a wannan lokacin. Ta shafe yawancin aikinta a Amurka.

Wright ta yi aiki a BP, General Electric, da Andersen Consulting kafin ta fara aikinta a Microsoft. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban kamfanoni na injiniyan dandamali a Microsoft kafin ta shiga HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC) a kan shirin "rashin bashi" na shekaru biyu a cikin 2017. Ta kasance Babban Jami'in Dijital da Bayanai a HMRC har zuwa Oktoba 2019, lokacin da ta koma Microsoft.

A lokacin aikinta ta ba da shawara don bambancin fasaha da kuma wurin aiki kuma ta ba da gudummawa ga shirye-shiryen ƙungiya akan wannan batun. Ta zauna a kan kwamitin Year Up, kungiyar da ke tallafawa matasa a cikin ƙwarewar ƙwarewa, da kuma Majalisar Sabuntawa ta Mata waɗanda ke da niyyar inganta sa hannun mata a cikin kimiyya da fasaha.

An lissafa Wright a lamba ta 6 a cikin Powerlist 2018 rankings na mafi rinjaye baƙar fata a Burtaniya,  kuma a lamba ta 4 a cikin Power List 2019 rankings da Powerlist 2020 rankings. 

A cikin 2021 shirin BBC Radio 4 n*A yau* ya zaba ta don zama ɗaya daga cikin masu gyara baƙi bakwai a lokacin Kirsimeti.

A cikin 2022, an kira Wright mutumin Black mafi rinjaye a Burtaniya, matsayi na 1 a cikin Powerlist na shekara-shekara.

White ya gaji Charlie Mayfield a matsayin Shugaban John Lewis Partnership a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 2020.  Matsayinta ya haɗa da kula da sake fasalin dabarun a lokacin ƙalubalen kuɗi ga mai siyarwa, gami da dakatar da kyaututtuka na ma'aikata da cirewa na wucin gadi na manufofin "Babu Sanarwa da Ba a Sayarwa ba". Ta sauka a watan Satumbar 2024, kafin yadda aka shirya da farko, biyo bayan nadin Jason Tarry a matsayin magajinta.

## Manazarta
Dauda da Siman Ruuben

**David Reuben** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1938) da **Simon Reuben** (an haife su a shekara ta 1941) 'yan kasuwa ne na Birtaniya. A shekara ta 2024, an sanya su a matsayin iyali na uku mafi arziki a Burtaniya ta hanyar *Sunday Times Rich List*, tare da dukiyar da ta kai £24.9.&nbsp;biliyan. 

## Rayuwar Farko da Tarihi
An haifi 'yan'uwan a Bombay, Birtaniya Indiya, 'ya'yan David Sassoon Reuben da Nancy Reuben,  dangin Baghdadi Bayahude .  Mahaifinsu ya tafi Bombay daga Iraki don neman aiki a masana'antar yadi.  Bayan rabuwar iyayensu, 'yan'uwan sun ƙaura zuwa London a shekarun 1950 tare da mahaifiyarsu, kuma saboda canjin yanayin kuɗi, 'yan'uwan sun halarci makarantun gwamnati kuma sun zauna a Islington, Arewacin London,  kuma Simon bai kammala karatunsa na yau da kullun ba. 

## Ayyuka
David ya shiga harkar ƙarafa yayin da Simon ya fara da kafet. Simon ya ci gaba da sayen kamfanin kafet mafi tsufa a Ingila daga masu karɓar kaya kuma ya sami isasshen kuɗi daga gare ta don fara saka hannun jari a kadarori, tare da saka hannun jari a Walton Street da King's Road a Chelsea .  'Yan'uwan sun ƙara arzikinsu a shekarun 1970 da 1980 a fannin ƙarafa da cinikin kadarori. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

### Kasuwancin karafa
A farkon shekarun 1990s, 'yan uwan sun saka hannun jari a kasuwar karafa ta Rasha. Lokacin da masu gyaran aluminum na Rasha suka gaza saboda bashin, kamfanin Reuben na Trans-World ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen biyan kuɗi tare da mashaya'antu inda suka biya kuma suka isar da albarkatun kasa don dawo da aluminum da aka gama, wanda daga nan ya sayar don riba. Kasuwancin kamfanin a Rasha ya kai dala biliyan 1.5 (£ 870 miliyan), tare da tallace-tallace na duniya a 1995 sama da dala biliyan 8. An zargi TransWorld da shiga cikin ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba, gami da kisan kai da yawa. 'Yan uwan sun shiga cikin mambobi da yawa na sabuwar oligarchy na kasar, ciki har da Roman Abramovich .  Sun warware takaddamar shari'a mai miliyoyin fam tare da Oleg Deripaska tare da biyan kuɗi ga Reuben Brothers.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

## manazarta
Jamie Reuben

**James Adam Reuben** (an haife shi a watan Mayu 1987), wanda aka fi sani da Jamie Reuben, ɗan kasuwa ne kuma ɗan Birtaniya.  Shi ɗan attajirin mai zuba jari David Reuben ne. 

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi James Adam Reuben a watan Mayun 1987,  ɗan attajirin David Reuben da ƙanensa ga hamshaƙin attajirin Amurka David Reuben Jr. Jamie ya yi karatu a Makarantar North Bridge House sannan daga baya ya yi karatun kasuwanci a Jami'ar Regent's London .  

## Ayyuka
Jamie tare da babban ɗan'uwansa suna aiki a matsayin shugabanni a Reuben Brothers Limited, ofishin saka hannun jari na iyali mai zaman kansa wanda mahaifinsa da kawunsa David da Simon Reuben suka kafa kuma ke gudanarwa.

A cikin 2011, Jamie Reuben, a madadin Reuben Brothers Limited kuma tare da mai ba da kuɗi Andrew Danenza, ya kafa kamfanin saka hannun jari Melbury Capital .  Ya zuwa 2025, Melbury Capital an dauke shi ƙaramin yanki tare da karuwar alhakin da kuma ƙarancin kuɗi.

A cikin zaben Magajin garin Landan na 2012, Jamie ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin yakin neman zabe na Boris Johnson. Ya ba da gudummawar £ 816,000 ga Jam'iyyar Conservative, kuma memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na jam'iyyar ga manyan masu ba da gudana.

A watan Mayu 2018, mahaifin Jamie da kawunsa, David da Simon Reuben, sun sayi kantin sayar da kayayyaki na Burlington Arcade kuma sun nada Jamie a matsayin manajan darektan.

A ranar 8 ga Oktoba 2018, aboki mafi kyau na Jamie Amit Bhatia, wanda ke aiki a matsayin shugaban Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta London Queen's Park Rangers, ya nada Jamie a matsayin memba na kwamitin kulob din.   Jamie ya sauka daga wannan rawar a watan Oktoba na 2020.

A watan Maris na 2021, an nada Jamie a matsayin co-shugaba a Hukumar Kula da Ayyuka ta Ruwa ta Cibiyar Kula da Ruwa.

A watan Oktoba na 2021, mahaifin Jamie da kawunsa, David da Simon Reuben sun zama masu mallakar 'yan tsiraru na Newcastle United Football Club bayan sun sami kashi 15% a cikin kulob din. Sun nada Jamie a matsayin memba na kwamitin.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Reuben yana zaune a Marylebone, London .  Ya kasance a baya yana da alaƙa da mai tsara kayan ado na Burtaniya Marissa Montgomery da kuma dan kasuwa na Amurka Kim Kardashian.

## Manazarta
Hermann Josef Wehrle

**Hermann Josef Wehrle** (26 ga Yulin 1899 - 14 ga Satumba 1944) ya kasance firist ne na Katolika na Jamus wanda aka kashe bayan makircin 20 ga Yuli. 

An rubuta Wehrle a cikin Sojojin Jamus a Yaƙin Duniya na I. A ranar 10 ga Disamba 1918 ya shiga makarantar firist ta Katolika a Fulda amma ya bar nan da nan kuma ya fara karatun Falsafa da falsafar Katolika a Frankfurt. Ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida kuma a ɗakin karatu na jama'a na Frankfurt . 

A cikin 1938 Wehrle ya yi aiki a makarantar jama'a ta Marktbreit, amma an tilasta masa ya yi murabus saboda rashin goyon baya ga Nazis. Daga nan sai ya fara karatun tauhidin Katolika a masallacin St. Ottilien . Bayan an rushe gidan ibada a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1941 Wehrle ya shiga makarantar firist ta Freising kuma an naɗa shi a ranar 6 ga Afrilu na shekarar 1942. [1] Ya yi aiki a ikilisiyoyin Katolika na Planegg da Heilig Blut (Munich - Bogenhausen) kuma yana hulɗa da Alfred Delp . [2]

A ranar 13 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1943 Ludwig Freiherr von Leonrod ya tambaye shi a karkashin hatimi na ikirari game da tabbatar da tauhidin kisan kai. Leonrod ya shiga cikin makircin 20 ga Yuli kuma ya gaya wa Gestapo game da ikirarinsa. An kama Wehrle a ranar 18 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1944 kuma an bincika shi a matsayin shaida a shari'ar da aka yi wa Leonrod.

An yanke masa hukuncin kisa a ranar 14 ga Satumba 1944 saboda sanin makircin kuma an kashe shi a wannan rana a gidan yarin Plötzensee kusa da Heinrich zu Dohna-Schlobitten, Nikolaus von Üxküll-Gyllenband da Michael von Matuschka . 

Wehrlestraße a Bogenhausen an sanya masa suna.

## Manazarta
Carl Wentzel

Carl Wentzel-Teutschenthal (9 Disamba 1876 - 20 Disamba 1944) manomi ne kuma ɗan kwangila ne na Jamus. An kashe shi a gidan yarin Plötzensee a Berlin bayan makircin 20 ga Yuli na kashe Adolf Hitler .

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin mambobin shirin 20 ga Yuli

## Haɗin waje

* Tarihin Cibiyar Tunawa da Tsayayyar Jamusanci
Sharon White, Baroness White na Tufnell Park

**Sharon Michele White, Baroness White na Tufnell Park**, DBE (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 1967) 'yar kasuwa ce ta Burtaniya, masanin tattalin arziki, kuma ma'aikaciyar gwamnati. Ita ce Babban Manajan Darakta na yanzu kuma Shugaban Harkokin Duniya a Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec (CDPQ) a London .  Ta kasance a baya Shugabar ta shida ta John Lewis Partnership da Babban Darakta na Ofcom . A watan Yulin 2025, an halicce ta a matsayin abokiyar rayuwa, tana zaune a cikin House of Lords a matsayin mai tsinkaye.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi White a gabashin London kuma ta girma a Leyton, inda ta halarci makarantar Connaught School for Girls na tsawon shekaru uku lokacin da makarantar tsakiya ce  sannan makarantar sakandare ta Leyton ta biyo baya.  Iyayenta sun yi ƙaura zuwa Burtaniya daga Jamaica a cikin shekarun 1950. Ta halarci Kwalejin Fitzwilliam, Cambridge, ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na BA a fannin tattalin arziki, sannan daga baya ta sami digiri na MSc a fannin kasuwanci daga Kwalejin Jami'ar London.

## Ayyuka
White ya shiga aikin gwamnati na Burtaniya a shekarar 1989 kuma ya rike mukamai a Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin, Ofishin Jakadancin Burtaniya a Washington, DC, Sashin Manufofin No.10 a karkashin Gwamnatin Blair, Bankin Duniya, kuma a matsayin Darakta Janar a Ma'aikatan Ci Gaban Duniya (2003-2009). Daga baya ta yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Shari'a da Ma'aikatu da Fensho . 

A HM Treasury, White ya kasance Darakta Janar na Kudin Jama'a (2012-2013) kuma ya zama Sakatare na Dindindin na Biyu a cikin 2013, yana kula da martani na gwamnati ga Rikicin kudi na 2008. Ita ce baƙar fata ta farko kuma mace ta biyu da ta rike mukamin.

### Ofcom (2015-2019)
A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, an nada White a matsayin Babban Darakta na Ofcom, wanda ya gaji Ed Richards. Ta jagoranci Ofcom daga 2015 zuwa 2019, tana kula da sauye-sauye a bangaren sadarwa da kafofin watsa labarai na Burtaniya.

### John Lewis Partnership (2020-2024)
White ya gaji Charlie Mayfield a matsayin Shugaban John Lewis Partnership a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 2020.  Matsayinta ya haɗa da kula da sake fasalin dabarun a lokacin ƙalubalen kuɗi ga mai siyarwa, gami da dakatar da kyaututtuka na ma'aikata da cirewa na wucin gadi na manufofin "Babu Sanarwa da Ba a Sayarwa ba". Ta sauka a watan Satumbar 2024, kafin yadda aka shirya da farko, biyo bayan nadin Jason Tarry a matsayin magajinta.

## manazarta
Makarantar Sakandare ta Seaton

**Makarantar Sakandare ta Seaton** makarantar sakandare ce ta gwamnati da ke Seaton, wani yanki na Birnin Charles Sturt a yammacin Adelaide, Kudancin Ostiraliya. Makarantar tana da ɗalibai sama da 900 a kowace shekara kuma tana da ma'aikata sama da 100.

Shugaban Makarantar Sakandare ta Seaton a yanzu shine Richard Abell.

A farkon shekarun 2020, makarantar ta fuskanci manyan gyare-gyare ta hanyar amfani da tallafin dala miliyan 20 ta hanyar Shirin Ingancin Makarantu na Sashen Ilimi. An kammala tsarin ci gaban kafin a gabatar da ƙungiyar Aji 7 a makarantar a shekarar 2022.

## Kayan aiki
Kayan aiki a Makarantar Sakandare ta Seaton sun haɗa da:

* Cibiyar STEM
* Cibiyar Horar da Ciniki
* Wuraren fasaha na musamman na gani da wasan kwaikwayo da kuma babban ɗakin multimedia
* Cibiyar Horar da Wasanni ta Dakin motsa jiki da Diamond
* Cibiyar Kasuwanci
* Cibiyar Bincike
* Cibiyar Jin Daɗi

## Manhaja ta Manhaja

### Shirye-shirye na musamman
Shirye-shiryen sha'awa na musamman da ake da su ga ɗalibai a Makarantar Sakandare ta Seaton sun haɗa da:

* Wasannin Lu'u-lu'u
* Fasaha Mai tasowa
* Ɗalibai Masu Babban Kwarewa a Fahimta (SHIP)
* Fasahar Kayayyaki da Ƙirƙira

## Manazarta
Kwalejin Sakandare ta Seaford

**Kwalejin Sakandare ta Seaford** (wanda a da aka fi sani da **Makarantar Seaford 6–12** har zuwa 2014) makarantar sakandare ce ta gwamnati mai zaman kanta wacce ke Seaford a Birnin Onkaparinga a Adelaide, Kudancin Ostiraliya. Ya zuwa shekarar 2021, makarantar ta ƙunshi ma'aikata 112, kuma Harry Stassinopoulos ne ke riƙe da matsayin Shugaban Makaranta. 

## Laburare
Kwalejin Sakandare ta Seaford ta ƙunshi ɗakin karatu na haɗin gwiwa, wanda ɗakunan karatu na Birnin Onkaparinga da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ke haɗin gwiwa da shi, kuma yana samuwa ga makarantar da kuma al'ummar yankin. An amince da ɗakin karatu a ƙasa da ƙasa a matsayin babban misali na ɗakunan karatu na haɗin gwiwa.[1]

## Gidajen wasanni
Kwalejin Sakandare ta Seaford ta ƙunshi waɗannan gidajen wasanni guda huɗu masu launuka daban-daban:

## Manazarta
Daisy Lafarge

**Daisy Lafarge** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1992) mawaƙiya ce kuma marubuciya a Glasgow .

## Sana'a
An haife ta a Hastings, East Sussex, Lafarge ta yi karatun Fasaha da Tarihin Fasaha a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Edinburgh .  Daga baya ta kammala digirin digirgir a fannin Rubutu na Kirkire-kirkire, Yanayin Kasa da Ilimin Cututtukan Kwayoyin Halitta a Jami'ar Glasgow a shekarar 2021.

Ta lashe kyautar Eric Gregory Award a shekarar 2017, kuma ta zo ta biyu a kyautar Edwin Morgan Poetry Award a shekarar 2018.  Littafinta na farko mai suna *Life Without Air* ( Granta, 2020), an zaɓe ta a matsayin wacce za ta shiga gasar TS Eliot Prize .  kuma an sanya masa suna Littafin Waƙoƙi na Shekara a cikin Kyautar Littattafai ta Ƙasa ta Scotland . 

Wani littafi mai suna *Paul*, ya sami kyautar Betty Trask Award kafin a buga shi a shekarar 2019, kuma daga baya Granta ta buga shi a shekarar 2021, inda *[[The Guardian|jaridar The Guardian]]*,  *[[New York Times|The New York Times]]*,  *The Atlantic*  da *The Irish Times* suka yaba masa sosai. 

Lafarge tana yin aiki tare da masu zane-zane akai-akai. A watan Yulin 2021, Grönland Records ta sanar da 'ERR', wani rubutun daukar hoto na David Sylvian, tare da rubutun Shinya Fujiwara da kuma wata waka ta asali da ba ta da suna ta Lafarge.

Kamfanin Peninsula Press ne ya buga littafin *Lovebug*, wani littafi na almara wanda ke binciko misalai na soyayya da kamuwa da cuta, a shekarar 2023. 

Lafarge kuma yana rubutu game da fasaha, muhalli da adabi ga wallafe-wallafe da ƙungiyoyi kamar *The New York Times*  da Wellcome Collection . 

## Manazarta
Peter Yorck von Wartenburg

**Peter Graf Yorck von Wartenburg** (13 Nuwamba 1904 - 8 Agusta 1944) ya kasance lauya Jamus kuma memba ne na Jamusanci Resistance da Nazism .  Ya yi karatun shari'a da siyasa a Bonn da Breslau daga 1923 zuwa 1926, ya sami digirin digirinsa a Breslau a 1927 kuma ya wuce jarrabawar shiga aikin gwamnati ga lauyoyi a Berlin a 1930. Ya auri Marion Winter a wannan shekarar.

## Ayyuka
Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya, mai ba da shawara kan shari'a ga shirin gwamnatin Osthilfe wanda ke rage bashin noma a Gabashin Prussia, da kuma gwamnatin birni a Breslau, Yorck ya yi aiki na Reich Price Commission a Berlin daga 1936 zuwa 1941 a matsayin shugaban sashen da ke da alhakin batutuwan da suka shafi muhimman batutuwa. Ya ki shiga NSDAP kuma saboda haka ba a kara shi ba daga 1938 zuwa gaba. Ya fara shiga cikin juriya a 1938, yana aiki tare da abokansa Fritz-Dietlof Graf von der Schulenburg da Ulrich-Wilhelm Graf von Schwerin von Schwanenfeld . Bayan Kisan kiyashi na Kristallnacht na 9-10 Nuwamba 1938, ya kafa ƙungiyar tattaunawa kan ka'idodin sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Reich.

An kira shi a matsayin jami'in ajiya a lokacin barkewar yaƙi, ya koma wani mukamin gudanarwa (Wirtschaftsstab Ost) wanda aka sanya shi ga Babban Kwamandan Sojoji a Berlin a 1942. A watan Janairun 1940, ya fara aiki tare da Helmuth James Graf von Moltke, tare da wanda ya fara kuma ya jagoranci tattaunawar Kreisau Circle, wanda ya hadu sau da yawa a gidan Yorck a Berlin-Lichterfelde. Yorck, wanda ya shiga cikin dukkan tarurruka uku na da'irar a Kreisau, ya goyi bayan yunkurin juyin mulki da za a kaddamar da shi tare da kisan kai, ba kamar abokinsa Moltke ba.

Lokacin da Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg ya fara hanzarta shirye-shiryen juyin mulki a Berlin a watan Satumbar 1943, shi da Yorck sun shiga cikin kusanci. An sanya shi a matsayin mataimakin sakataren jihar ga Shugaba na Reich na gaba, Yorck ya kasance a cikin mafi girman bangaren masu makirci har zuwa ƙarshe. Bayan yunkurin juyin mulki da bai yi nasara ba, an kama Yorck a Bendlerblock a Berlin a ƙarshen maraice na 20 ga Yuli 1944, Kotun Jama'a ta yanke masa hukuncin kisa a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1944, kuma an kashe shi a wannan rana a Berlin-Plötzensee.

## Bayani
"Yar da nake ƙauna a zuciyata, mai yiwuwa muna tsaye a ƙarshen rayuwarmu mai kyau da wadata tare. Domin gobe Kotun Jama'a tana da niyyar yin hukunci a kaina da sauransu. Ina jin cewa an kore mu daga sojoji. [1] Za su iya karɓar kayan aiki daga gare mu, amma ba ruhun da muka yi ba. Kuma a cikin wannan ina jin daɗi tare da iyayensu da 'yan uwanmu da' yan uwa. Gaskiyar cewa Allah ya naɗa abin da ya faru wani ɓangare ne na hukunce-hukuncensa marar uba, wanda na yarda da tawali. "[2]

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin mambobin shirin 20 ga Yuli

## Manazarta
Edward Sassoon

**Sir Edward Albert Sassoon, Baronet na 2** (20 ga Yuni 1856 - 24 ga Mayu 1912) ɗan kasuwa ne kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan Birtaniya.

## Rayuwar farko
An haife shi a ranar 20 ga Yuni, 1856 a Bombay, Indiya . Shi ɗan Hannah Moise ne da Albert Abdullah David Sassoon (1818–1896). Ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Landan . Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban jami'i a makarantar Middlesex Yeomanry (Duke na Cambridge's Hussars) .

## Ayyuka
An zabe shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Liberal Unionist (MP) na Hythe a watan Maris na shekara ta 1899. Mai aiki a harkokin al'ummar Yahudawa, ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban Kwalejin Yahudawa, London da Ƙungiyar Anglo-Jewish.

## Kudin telegraphy mara waya
A ranar 13 ga Yuli, 1910, Sassoon ta gabatar da kudiri a Majalisar Wakilai wanda zai tilasta sanya na'urar daukar hoto mara waya a jiragen ruwan fasinja.  Thomas Gibson Bowles ne ya jagoranci adawa da kudirin, wanda ya yi jayayya cewa kudin da ake kashewa wajen jigilar jiragen zai sa su zama marasa gasa kuma kudirin ya gaza.  Zai dauki shekaru biyu bayan nutsewar *[[Titanic]]* da kuma yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa ta 1914 don tsaron rayuwa a teku don tabbatar da shawarar Sassoon.

## manazarta
Gustav Heistermann von Ziehlberg

**Gustav Heistermann von Ziehlberg** (10 Disamba 1898 - 2 Fabrairu 1945) ya kasance mai aikata laifukan yaki kuma janar a cikin Wehrmacht a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu . Ya kasance mai karɓar Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross . An yanke masa hukunci dangane da makircin 20 ga Yuli, an yanke masa hukuncin kisa kuma An kashe shi ta hanyar harbi. Von Ziehlberg ya auri Anneliese von Tschischewitz, tare da ita yana da 'ya'ya mata hudu da maza biyu.

Yayinda yake umurni da rundunar sojan kasa ta 65 a Italiya, von Ziehlberg ya ba da umarnin kashe mutane hudu na SAS ba bisa ka'ida ba: Kyaftin Patrick Dudgeon, Sergeant William Foster, Corporal James Shortall, da Gunner Bernard Brunt, tsakanin Satumba da Oktoba 1943.  Ya yi garkuwa da fararen hula 34 na Italiya kuma ya nemi izini don kashe su a matsayin fansa ga zargin hare-haren 'yan tawaye. Erwin Rommel ya ki amincewa da bukatar. Von Ziehlberg ya yi yaƙi a Gabashin Gabas a cikin 1944 . 

A ranar 20 ga watan Yulin 1944, an umarci von Ziehlberg da ya kama jami'in ma'aikatansa na *Ia* Major Joachim Kuhn saboda sa hannu a cikin makircin 20 ga watan Yuli. Kuhn tare da abokinsa Lieutenant Albrecht von Hagen sun shirya fashewar da Helmuth Stieff ya kawo wa Claus von Stauffenberg. A ranar 21 ga watan Yulin ya bi Janar Henning von Tresckow zuwa gaba kusa da Królowy Most, inda Tresckow ya kashe kansa. Da yake fuskantar takardar shaidar, Kuhn ya musanta duk wani rikici. Maimakon kama shi, von Ziehlberg ya gaya wa Kuhn ya canja aikinsa na hukuma kuma ya ci gaba zuwa Berlin don share abubuwa. Kuhn ya yi amfani da wannan damar don tserewa zuwa ga sojojin Soviet 2nd Belorussian Front. An kama shi a kurkuku kuma hukumar leken asiri ta SMERSH ta yi masa tambayoyi.

An tuhumi Von Ziehlberg da rashin biyayya. A watan Satumbar 1944, Reichskriegsgericht ta yanke masa hukuncin watanni tara a kurkuku, amma an gafarta masa saboda hidimar da ya yi a baya. Ya koma ƙungiyarsa, amma an sake kiransa zuwa Berlin a ranar 30 ga Oktoba. Hitler, yana zarginsa da hadin gwiwa tare da Janar Ludwig Beck, ya soke hukuncinsa kuma ya sake kama von Ziehlberg don fuskantar wani shari'a. A ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamba ne Reichskriegsgericht ta yanke masa hukuncin kisa, an sallame shi ba tare da girmamawa ba, kuma an cire shi daga dukkan girmamawa, matsayi da lakabi. Alƙalai a bayyane sun bayyana cewa dole ne su bi umarnin Führer.

An kashe Ziehlberg a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1945 ta hanyar ƙungiyar harbi ta Wehrmacht a wani filin gwaji kusa da filin wasan Olympic a gundumar Charlottenburg (Westend ta yanzu) ta Berlin.

## Kyaututtuka

* Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross a ranar 27 ga Yuli 1944 a matsayin Janar da kwamandan 28. Jäger-Division 

## Bayani

### Bayanan littattafai

* Gustav Heistermann von Ziehlberg @ Ostdeutsche-Biographie.de
Alix Kilroy

**Dame Alix Hester Marie Kilroy, Lady Meynell**, DBE (1903–1999)  ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu na farko da suka shiga matakin gudanarwa na Ma'aikatar Gwamnati ta hanyar jarrabawa (a 1925).

An ba ta teburi a Hukumar Kasuwanci, inda ta hau matsayin Mataimakiyar Sakatare kuma inda ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 30 (banda ɗan gajeren lokacin da ta yi a sabuwar Hukumar Monopolies ). Ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1955. Ta yi bikin cika shekaru 95 da haihuwa ta hanyar buga sabon littafi: What Grandmother Said (wanda aka buga a watan Fabrairun 1998), shi ne na ƙarshe a cikin rubuce-rubucenta. Tarihin rayuwarta na 1988, Jami'in Gwamnati, Mace Mai Zaman Kanta, ya zana ci gabanta ta hanyar gwamnati.

## Shekarun farko
"AK" ko "Bay" kamar yadda abokai suka san ta, 'yar Kwamandan Surgeon Sojan Ruwa ce, wacce ta yi karatu a Kwalejin 'Yan Mata ta Malvern da kuma Kwalejin Somerville, Oxford, inda ta karanta Modern Greats . Dangantakarta ta daban (ba tare da fa'idar aure ba har zuwa 1946) da Francis Meynell, mawaƙi, mai tsara littattafai kuma wanda ya kafa *Nonesuch Press*, ba ta da ɗa, duk da cewa ta sadaukar da kanta ga babban dangin mijinta na 'yan'uwa maza da mata. Aure a shekarar 1946 an ba shi lakabin "Madaukaki", kodayake a zahiri, an ba shi wannan girmamawa ta DBE a shekarar 1949. 

A ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ma'auratan sun sami "Cobbold's Mill" tsakanin Lavenham da Hadleigh, Suffolk, kuma a can, fiye da shekaru 20, sun haɗu suna buɗe wa abokai da yawa gida, har zuwa lokacin ritaya, suna neman ayyukansu.  Ita da mijinta sun fara noma a can. Ta kuma kasance mai fafutukar yaƙi da Suez da kuma gurguzu na farko bayan yaƙi. Ta kasance shugabar Majalisar Ba da Shawara kan Iskar Gas ta Kudu maso Gabas daga 1956.  Daga baya, za ta zama memba na SDP, kuma a ƙarshen zaɓen 1997 ta ƙarfafa abokanta su zaɓi Lib-Dem maimakon Labour bisa dalilin cewa wannan zai iya kawo ƙarshen mulkin Conservative a Suffolk South ; duk da haka, ya yi akasin haka. 

## Manazarta
Wessel Freytag von Loringhoven

**Wessel Oskar Karl Johann Freiherr  Freytag von Loringhoven** (22 Nuwamba [ ]  - 26 Yuli 1944) ya kasance kwamandan Jamus na Baltic a cikin Babban Kwamandan Sojojin Jamus (OKW) kuma memba ne na Jamusanci Resistance (Widerstand) a kan Adolf Hitler . Loringhoven aboki ne na Claus von Stauffenberg, wanda shine shugaban 20 ga Yuli Plot don kashe Hitler a 1944.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Loringhoven ya fito ne daga dangin aristocratic Baltic German a Courland, Frydag, wanda ya fito ne frá Westphalia. An haife shi a cikin Groß Born Manor, Gwamnatin Courland (a yanzu Lielborne) amma ya girma a Adiamünde Manor (a yanzu Skulte) a Livonia. Bayan jarrabawarsa ta ƙarshe (*Abitur*), Loringhoven ya shiga Sojojin Baltic-Jamusanci (*Baltische Landeswehr*) a 1918, kuma tare da kafa Latvia mai zaman kanta ya zama jami'in 13th Infantry Regiment of Latvia kuma ya shiga cikin 'yancin Latgale. Bayan sake fasalin aikin gona na Latvia a cikin 1920 da kuma zama kasa na ƙasashen manor ya yanke shawarar barin Latvia a cikin 1922 don shiga Sojojin Weimar Jamus (*Reichswehr*).

Loringhoven da farko ya nuna tausayi ga shirin National Socialist na Jamus. Amma, a cikin 1934, Night of the Long Knives ya yi masa rashin farin ciki. Bayan ƙarin abubuwan da suka faru game da laifukan yaki a lokacin mamayar Jamus a Tarayyar Soviet (Operation Barbarossa), Loringhoven ya shiga cikin juriya da Nazi Jamus. A shekara ta 1943, tare da taimakon Admiral Wilhelm Canaris, an sake komawa Loringhoven zuwa Oberkommando der Wehrmacht">Babban Kwamandan Sojojin Jamus (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, ko OKW) a matsayin kwamandan.

### Shirin 20 ga Yuli

Loringhoven ya ba da cajin fashewa da fashewa don yunkurin kisan Hitler a ranar 20 ga Yuli 1944. Ya sami damar samun fashewar Burtaniya da aka kama daga bayanan leken asirin Jamus (Abwehr). An yi amfani da fashewar Burtaniya don yin wuya a gano wanda ya ba su, da kuma nuna cewa Burtaniya suna da hannu a cikin makircin, don haka karkatar da hankali daga ainihin masu makirci. Duk da haka, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Babban Ofishin Tsaro na Reich (Reichssicherheitshauptamt; RSHA), ya gano ayyukan Loringhoven. A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin 1944, nan da nan kafin Gestapo ta kama shi kuma ta san dabarun tambayoyi da suka yi amfani da su, Loringhoven ya kashe kansa a Mauerwald a Gabashin Prussia.

### Sakamakon haka
Bayan mutuwarsa, an daure matar Loringhoven tare da dangin sauran mambobin makircin. An raba 'ya'ya maza huɗu na Loringhoven daga mahaifiyarsu. Dukkanin sun sami 'yanci daga sojojin Allied.

Wani dan uwansa, Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven, ba a haɗa shi ba kawai saboda sa hannun Janar Heinz Guderian. Dan uwansa ya kasance mai zama a *Führerbunker* a Berlin zuwa ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II a Turai. Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven ya tsere daga Berlin, Birtaniya ta kama shi, kuma ya tsira daga yakin.

## Manazarta
Hans-Ulrich von Oertzen

Manjo Hans Ulrich von Oertzen (6 Maris 1915 - 21 Yuli 1944) ya kasance jami'in Jamus wanda ya yi aiki a Cibiyar Rundunar Sojoji ta Wehrmacht a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Ya shiga cikin makircin soja na 20 Yuli da aka yi wa Adolf Hitler kuma an buga wasiƙu da yawa ga matarsa [1] waɗanda ke ba da haske game da tunaninsa a wannan lokacin.

## Shirin 20 ga Yuli
A ranar 20 ga Yulin 1944 von Oertzen ya kasance jami'in hulɗa ga kwamandan ƙungiyar tsaro ta III (Berlin) kuma ya ba da umarnin Valkyrie na farko. Bayan gazawar yunkurin juyin mulki, Janar Joachim von Kortzfleisch da Janar Karl Freiherr von Thüngen sun kama shi kuma sun yi masa tambayoyi, wanda daga baya aka kashe shi a matsayin memba na makircin. Babu wata shaida ta hadin kai a cikin makircin har sai washegari lokacin da wani sakatare ya ba da rahoton ganin shi tare da Stauffenberg. Tare da isowar Gestapo ya kashe kansa ta hanyar fashewa da grenades biyu.

## Manazarta
Makarantar Sakandare ta Xavier, Albury

**Kwalejin Katolika ta Xavier, Albury** makaranta ce mai zaman kanta ta Katolika ta kwana biyu ga maza da mata, wacce ke Albury, New South Wales, Ostiraliya.

Kwalejin Xavier Katolika tana samun tallafi kuma tana samun tallafin wani ɓangare daga Ofishin Makarantar Katolika na Diocese na Wagga Wagga kuma tana ɗaukar kimanin ɗalibai 900 tsakanin Aji 7 da Aji 12.  Taken makarantar an ɗauko shi ne daga aya ta 8:32 ta Linjilar Yahaya, wadda ke cewa, "gaskiya za ta 'yantar da ku."

## Tarihi
A da makarantar sakandare ta Xavier ce, a farkon shekarar 2025, aka canza mata suna zuwa Kwalejin Katolika ta Xavier.

Makarantar Katolika a yankin Albury ta samo asali ne tun daga shekarar 1868, lokacin da ' Yan'uwa Mata Masu Jinƙai suka kafa Kwalejin St Brigid a kan wani ƙaramin fili mallakar St Patrick's Parish, a Kudancin Albury. A shekarar 1885, 'Yan'uwan Patrician sun buɗe makaranta ga yara maza a wani yanki da ke kusa da titin Olive, wanda shi ma mallakar St Patrick's Parish ne. An sake buɗe wannan makarantar ga yara maza ta hanyar Congregation of Christian Brothers a shekarar 1917, a wannan shekarar aka sake gina Kwalejin St Brigid kuma aka sake masa suna zuwa Kwalejin Mata ta St Joseph. Limaman Cocin ne suka gudanar da duk koyarwa.

A shekarar 1959, an kafa harabar Kwalejin Maza ta arewa a Titin Fallon, North Albury, mai suna Kwalejin Aquinas. A shekarar 1983, an haɗa makarantun maza da mata don ƙirƙirar Makarantar Sakandare ta Xavier ta yanzu, wacce aka sanya wa suna bayan Saint Francis Xavier. Harabar makarantar ta kasance daban har zuwa Janairu 2001 lokacin da makarantar ta koma Arewacin Harabar.  A yau, makarantar tana ɗaukar ma'aikatan koyarwa sama da 60.

## Wasanni da kuma wasannin waje
Kwalejin Xavier Catholic College tana cikin ayyukan wasanni da dama, ciki har da wasannin motsa jiki na makaranta, ninkaya da wasannin ketare da kuma wasannin motsa jiki na mutum ɗaya da na ƙungiya. Ayyukan waje sun haɗa da maraice na wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa, nune-nunen fasaha, samar da dandamali da kuma shiga cikin ayyukan yau da kullun na ANZAC.

## Manazarta
Kurt von Plettenberg

**Kurt Freiherr von Plettenberg** (31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1891 - 10 ga watan Maris shekara ta 1945) ya kasance dan kasar Jamus ne, jami'in sojan doki kuma memba ne na Jamusanci (Widerstand). Ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen makircin 20 ga Yuli, yunkurin kashe Adolf Hitler, Führer na Reich na Uku. Plettenberg ya kasance cikin ƙungiyar abokai na kusa waɗanda suka haɗa da Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg, Johannes Popitz, Ludwig Beck, Ulrich von Hassell, Carl-Hans Graf von Hardenberg da Fabian von Schlabrendorff .

## Iyali
An haifi Kurt a matsayin memba na tsohuwar gidan aristocratic na Plettenberg daga Westphalia a Jamus. Shi ɗan Baron Karl von Plettenberg ne (1852-1938) da matarsa, Countess Clara von Wedel-Jarlsberg (1865-1938). Ya auri Baroness Arianne von Maltzahn (an haife shi a shekara ta 1914), tare da ita yana da 'ya'ya mata biyu da ɗa.

## Rayuwa
An haife shi a Buckeburg, Kurt Freiherr von Plettenberg ya yi karatun shari'a da gandun daji a jami'o'in Kiel, Lausanne, Hannoversch Münden, Berlin, Munich da Eberswalde . Yaƙin Duniya na farko ya katse karatunsa na ɗan lokaci. Ya zama darektan gandun daji na yanki a Ofishin gandun daji ya Reich . A shekara ta 1937, ya yi murabus daga aikin gandun daji a kan bukatarsa saboda ka'idojin siyasa na gwamnatin National Socialist sun saba wa ra'ayoyinsa.

A matsayin mai kula da kotu, ya gudanar da dukiyar tsohon gidan sarauta na Schaumburg-Lippe. An tsara shi a 1939, ya bambanta kansa a cikin hidima a matsayin jagora na battalion da kwamandan wani karamin rukuni na Infantry Regiment 9 Potsdam . A ƙarshen 1941, ya zama mai ba da izini na tsohon dangin sarauta na Prussian. An kama Kurt von Plettenberg a farkon watan Maris na shekara ta 1945. Don kauce wa cin amanar abokansa a karkashin azabtarwa, ya jefa kansa daga taga na bene na uku na "gidan kurkuku" na Gestapo a 8 Prinz-Albrecht-Straße a Berlin.

## Bayanan littattafai

*  
* Axel Freiherr von dem Bussche-Streithorst: *Zur Erinnerung an Kurt Plettenberg*. Münster 1985
* Irmgard von der Lühe: *Lebenswege im Widerstand*. Lit, Münster/Hamburg 1993, .
* Hubert Hugo Hilf: *Dem Gedächtnis an Kurt Freiherr von Plettenberg (1891–1945)*. In: *Forstarchiv*. 30. Jahrgang, Heft 7/1959, S. 133–134
* August Winnig: *Aus zwanzig Jahren. Dem Gedächtnis der Freunde [[Max Habermann]], Ulrich von Oertzen, Kurt Freiherr von Plettenberg, [[Fritz-Dietlof Graf von der Schulenburg]]*. Wittig, Hamburg 1948
* Andreas Gautschi: *Der Reichsjägermeister. Fakten und Legenden um Hermann Göring* (3. Auflage). Nimrod, Hanstedt 2000,  (enthält auch biografische Details über von Plettenberg, hier besonders S. 65)
* Heinrich Rubner: *Deutsche Forstgeschichte 1933–1945. Forstwirtschaft, Jagd und Umwelt im NS-Staat*. 2., erweiterte Auflage. Scripta-Mercaturae-Verlag, St. Katharinen 1997,  (hier besonders S. 293)
* Hans-Jürgen Wegener: *Freiherr von Plettenberg – Ein Vorbild*. In: *Forst und Holz.* 49. Jahrgang, Heft 13/1994, S. 363, 
* Erwin Garvens: *Mitgliederverzeichnis der Société d’Étudiants Germania Lausanne*, Hamburg 1937

* Kurt von Plettenberg a Cibiyar Tunawa da Tsayayyar Jamusanci (Site na Turanci)
R. M. Lamming

**RM Lamming**, wanda aka fi sani da **Roberta Lamming** ko **Bobbie Lamming** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1948  ko 1949  ) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Birtaniya. Ta kuma rubuta gajerun labaran almara na kimiyya a ƙarƙashin sunan **Robin Douglas** . 

## Rayuwa
An haifi Lamming a Tsibirin Man, 'yar likitoci biyu, Olive Lamming da Bob Lamming. Ta yi karatu a Rydal Penrhos [3] da Kwalejin St Anne, Oxford . Littafinta na farko mai suna The Notebook of Gismondo Cavalletti ya lashe kyautar David Higham First Novel Award a shekarar 1983. Sauran taken nata sun hada da As In Eden da In the Dark .
 She was educated at Rydal Penrhos

## Ayyuka

* *Littafin rubutu na Gismondo Cavalletti*, 1983
* *A cikin duhu*, 1985
* *Kamar yadda yake a Adnin*, 2005

## Manazarta
Selva Selvaratnam

**Selva Selvaratnam** ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan ƙasar Birtaniya wanda aka haifa a Indiya .

An haifi Selvaratnam a Indiya, amma ya koma Birtaniya a farkon shekarun 1980.  Bayan ya sami digirin PhD a fannin lantarki daga Jami'ar Cardiff, ya kafa kamfaninsa, Panjia Technologies, a shekarar 1984/1985, wanda daga baya HID Global Corporation / Assa Abloy suka saya. 

Bayan sayen, Selvaratnam ya kasance mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na injiniya a HID Global Corporation. Daga baya ya zama babban jami'in fasaha kuma babban mataimakin shugaban kamfanin.  A cikin wannan matsayin, ya sami lambar yabo ta Gold Shield Award  wacce Global Security Industry Alliance ke bayarwa ga kwararru wadanda suka bayar da "gudummawa masu kyau a masana'antar tsaro ta duniya". 

Tun daga watan Afrilun 2015, Selvaratnam shine babban jami'in fasaha a De La Rue .  Daga 2015 zuwa 2019 an naɗa shi tare da De La Rue don kafa ƙungiya da dabarun samfura, fasaha da ayyuka don mayar da ƙungiyar zuwa wata ƙungiya da fasaha ke jagoranta. A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Shugaba na OpSec Security. &#x5B; **

## Manazarta
Eduard Rainer

**Eduard Rainer** (1909 - 21 ga Yulin 1936) ɗan ƙasar Austriya ne. Ya kasance daya daga cikin masu hawa huɗu da suka mutu a cikin bala'in hawa na arewacin Eiger na 1936, tare da Toni Kurz, Andreas Hinterstoisser da Willy Angerer . 

## Rayuwa ta farko
A farkon shekarun 1930, Rainer ya shiga Sturmabteilung, wanda aka dakatar da shi a Austria. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1933, an yanke masa hukuncin kwana 14 a kurkuku saboda yin aiki ga Jam'iyyar Nazi, amma daga baya ya tsere daga tsare. Rainer ya koma Jamus a cikin bazara na 1934. Ya sami 'yancin zama ɗan ƙasar Jamus kuma an yarda da shi a cikin Austrian Legion . Ya zauna na karshe a Hesse, daga inda ya fara tafiya zuwa Switzerland.

## Mai Bincike
'Yan Austriya biyu, Rainer da Angerer, kuma memba ne na SA, sun san cewa duo na Jamus, Max Sedlmayer da Karl Mehringer sun shafe lokaci mai tsawo a kan First Band a lokacin da suka yi ƙoƙari a shekarar 1935.  A ranar 6 ga Yulin 1936 Rainer da Angerer sun fita kuma sun yanke shawarar neman layin da zai kawo su zuwa Rote Fluh daga inda suka yi niyyar isa filin Ice na farko. Sun koma baya saboda yanayin sanyi mai laushi.

## Hawan fuskar arewacin Eiger
A ranar 18 ga Yulin 1936 Eduard Rainer da abokinsa Willy Angerer sun fara yunkurin su a gefen arewacin Eiger, wanda a lokacin yana daya daga cikin manyan fuskoki na arewacin Alpine da suka rage da za a ci nasara. Kusan a lokaci guda masu hawan dutse na Jamus, Toni Kurz da Andreas Hinterstoisser, suna yin wannan ƙoƙari.

Ma'aurata na Jamusanci sune na farko da suka kai wani sashi mai wahala wanda ke buƙatar aikin pendulum, wanda ake kira tashin hankali, don tsallake fuskar dutse mai tsayi. Hinterstoisser shine wanda ya shawo kan cikas wanda shine dalilin da ya sa yanzu aka sani da Hinterstoiser traverse. Lokacin da ma'aurata na Austriya suka zo sun yi mummunan kuskure. Sun ja igiyar ta hanyar barin yiwuwar juyawa hanyarsu.

A wannan matakin masu hawa huɗu sun haɗu cikin ƙungiya ɗaya kuma sun ci gaba da hawa zuwa "Death Bivouac", inda aka ga Sedlmayer da Mehringer na ƙarshe daga Kleine Scheidegg a shekarar da ta gabata.

A lokacin da suke zaune a cikin dare, yanayin ya zama mummunan kuma bango mai tsawo ya zama mai dusar ƙanƙara. Duk da yanayin, ƙungiyar ta ci gaba da hawa har sai da dutse ya buge Angerer a kai kuma sun yanke shawarar komawa baya. A yanzu Hinterstoisser ta rufe kuma ba tare da igiya a wurin don taimakawa koma baya ba babu wani zaɓi sai dai ya sauka daga cikin nakasassu ta hanyar Angerer. 

Yayinda suke tafiya, dutse da kankara sun buge kungiyar wanda ya ja Rainer a kan dutsen inda dutsen ya fashe kirjinsa.[1] Babu wani Angerer da Hinterstoisser da suka tsira daga belay'in da suka bar Toni Kurz kawai da rai.[2] Kashegari Kurz ya mutu kusan kusa da ƙungiyar ceto amma saboda rashin iyawarsa ya wuce igiyar abseil, wanda masu ceto suka sauke, ta hanyar Carabinier tare da yatsunsa masu daskarewa.[3]

## Kyauta
An tuna da hawan a cikin shirin wasan kwaikwayo na 2007 The Beckoning Silence wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar littafin mai hawa Joe Simpson mai suna  kuma a cikin fim din 2008 North Face wanda Philipp Stölzl ya jagoranta. 

## Manazarta
Maurice Baudier

**Maurice Camille Baudier** (22 ga Yulin 1897 - 21 ga Maris 1932), wani lokacin ba daidai ba ne a rubuta shi a matsayin **Maurice Beaudier**, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Faransa wanda ya taka leda a matsayin Mai tsaron gida ga CA Paris da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙasa ta Faransa a cikin 1920s.

Shi ne mahaifin Jacques Baudier, dan wasan da ya lashe lambar yabo a cikin rukunin tsofaffi, kuma alƙalin wasanni na duniya.

## Rayuwa ta farko

## Ayyukan kulob din

Bayan yakin ya ƙare a 1918, Baudier ya shiga cikin CA Paris, kuma duk da cewa yana da ƙanƙanta ga mai tsaron gida (mita 1.61), ya daidaita shi da ƙwarewarsa ta musamman da ƙwarewa mai kaifi, yana da tasiri musamman a kan ƙananan harbe-harbe kusa da ƙasa.

Tare da Marcel Vanco, Louis Mesnier, da Henri Bard, ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar CA Paris wacce ta ƙarshe Coupe de France a 1920, farawa a wasan kusa da na karshe da VGA Médoc a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 1920, inda ya ba abokan adawar damar daidaitawa bayan "karɓar kwallon da kyau" a cikin nasarar 2-1 . Le Havre A.C. joueront la finalequot;},quot;trans-titlequot;:{quot;wtquot;:quot;CA de Paris and Le Havre AC will play the finalquot;},quot;websitequot;:{quot;wtquot;:quot;gallica.bnf.frquot;},quot;publisherquot;:{quot;wtquot;:quot;quot;},quot;pagequot;:{quot;wtquot;:quot;2quot;},quot;datequot;:{quot;wtquot;:quot;12 April 1920quot;},quot;access-datequot;:{quot;wtquot;:quot;6 January 2025quot;}},quot;iquot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mw-Q\">nbsp; CA de Paris and Le Havre AC will play the final. . . 12 April 1920. p.nbsp;2 2025."}}" id="cite_ref-8" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[1] Wataƙila saboda wannan kuskuren ne bai fara wasan karshe da Le Havre a ranar 9 ga Mayu ba, wanda Ivan Dreyfus na Switzerland ya maye gurbinsa.[1]

## Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Baudier ya samu dukkan wasannin kasa da kasa guda uku da ya buga wa Faransa a cikin kwanaki 30, daga 8 ga Fabrairu zuwa 6 ga Maris 1921, a Wasannin sada zumunci da Ireland, Italiya, da Belgium, dukansu sun ƙare a cikin asarar tare da jimlar kwallaye 7 da aka ba da.

## Mutuwa
Da sannu a hankali matsalolin lafiyarsa sun same shi, kuma ya mutu a asibiti a cikin 6th arrondissement na Paris a ranar 21 ga Maris 1932, yana da shekaru 34.

## Daraja

## Bayani

## Manazarta
Averil Leimon

A fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, **Averil Leimon** marubuciya ce, kocin zartarwa,  masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam   kuma ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na farko da ke Burtaniya waɗanda suka cancanta a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam mai kyau .  Leimon ita ce editan haɗin gwiwa na *The Essential Coaching Series* daga mawallafin ilimi Routledge kuma ita ce marubuciyar *Essential Business Coaching*  da *Coaching Women to Lead* .  Ita ce kuma marubuciyar *Positive Psychology for Dummies*  da *Performance Coaching for Dummies*  kuma ita ce marubucin darussa 100 kan farin ciki cikin kalmomi 100 ko ƙasa da haka. 

Leimon kuma ita ce ta kafa kamfanin ba da shawara kan harkokin kasuwanci na White Water Group.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Leimon ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a Jami'ar Glasgow da kuma digiri na BA (Honours) a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a Jami'ar Strathclyde. Ita ce babbar mai ba da gudummawa a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a talabijin (BBC, CNN), rediyo   (BBC Radio 4 *Woman's Hour* ), jaridu  (FT, City AM)  da mujallu (Women in Business, Cosmopolitan). &nbsp;Ita ma memba ce a ƙungiyar British Psychological Society kuma mai magana da yawunta. 

## Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka

* *Koyar da Mata don Jagoranci*, Routledge (East Sussex, UK), 2011
* *Darussa 100 Kan Farin Ciki cikin kalmomi 100 ko ƙasa da haka*, Visual Aid Publishing Ltd (London, UK), 2011
* *Koyarwar Kasuwanci Mai Muhimmanci*, Routledge (East Sussex, UK), 2010
* *Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam Mai Kyau ga Dummies*, John Wiley &amp;amp; Sons (West Sussex, UK), 2009
* *Koyarwar Aiki ga Dummies*, John Wiley &amp;amp; Sons (West Sussex, UK), 2008

## Manazarta
Kwalejin St Mary MacKillop, Albury

**Kwalejin St Mary MacKillop** (wadda a da ake **kira Blessed Mary MacKillop Colleges Albury** ) makaranta ce mai zaman kanta, wacce ke Jindera, New South Wales, Ostiraliya. An kafa makarantar a shekarar 2009, tana ba da rajista don yin rajista a Kindergarten zuwa Aji na 12.

Duk da cewa makarantar ba ta da alaƙa da Daular Katolika ta Roman Katolika ta Wagga Wagga, tana da ƙaƙƙarfan ɗabi'ar Katolika tare da ilimin addini wanda ya dogara da Catechism na Cocin Katolika da kuma mai da hankali kan rayuwar waliyyai a matsayin abin koyi.

Taken makarantar shine *Verum, Pulchrum et Bonum* (Gaskiya, Kyau da Kyau).

A duk tsawon shekarar makaranta, ana gudanar da tarukan ibada da na addini na Katolika a makarantar, tun daga Mass of the Saints a watan Nuwamba zuwa ibadar Juma'a ta mako-mako a cocin "St Mary Help of Christians" da ke makwabtaka da ita.

A shekarar 2023, an yi rajistar mutane 201, inda aka gano 93 a matsayin maza, yayin da aka gano 108 a matsayin mata. Akwai ma'aikatan koyarwa 21 da ma'aikatan da ba malamai ba 8.

Makarantar ita ce makarantar sakandare mafi kyau a Gundumar Riverina a cikin tsarin gwajin NAPLAN na ƙasa baki ɗaya na 2022. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin makarantun da ba na gwamnati ba a New South Wales

## Manazarta
Eduard Wagnes

**Eduard Wagnes** (18 Maris 1863 a Graz, Austria - 27 Maris 1936 a Bad Gams, Austria) ya kasance mai gudanarwa a cikin Sojojin Austro-Hungary, kuma mawaki na tafiye-tafiye na soja. Mafi shahararren waƙarsa shine "Die Bosniaken Kommen", wanda aka rubuta a shekara ta 1895.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Wagnes a ranar 18 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1863 a Austria. Mahaifinsa, mawaƙi kuma mai ƙera kayan ƙarfe, ya koya masa yin kiɗa. An yarda da Wagnes a cikin makarantar kiɗa ta Styrian Music Association yana da shekaru 7 kuma ya koyi Ƙaho na Faransa; yana da shekaru 15, ya zama mai kunna ƙaho na farko a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Graz City . Daga baya ya kasance mai kunna ƙaho a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Eduard Strauss. Ya yi aiki a cikin Sojojin Austro-Hungary daga 1885 zuwa 1889. 

Daga baya aka nada Wagnes a matsayin mai kula da ƙungiyar sojan kasa ta biyu ta Bosnia, inda ya kirkiro matakai da yawa. Mafi sanannun waɗannan, "Die Bosniaken Kommen," an karbe shi a matsayin tafiyar da aka yi a cikin gwamnatoci kuma ya kasance sanannen abun da ke cikin Austrian.[1] Zai rubuta kusan abubuwa 300, da farko tafiye-tafiye amma kuma ya haɗa da waltzes, taro, da kuma operettas uku.[2]

Gustav Mahler ya yaba wa Wagnes, wanda yake so ya hayar shi a matsayin mai kunna ƙaho, da kuma Sarki Ludwig III. Ya sami Golden Cross of Merit tare da Crown, kuma an sanya masa suna a titin Graz.

Ya mutu 27 Maris 1936. 

## Abubuwan da aka tsara

* An kashe su a Bosniaken - 1895
* *Flitsch Marsch* - 1928
* *Felsenfest für's Vaterland* - 1932
* *Helden von Meletta* - 1932
* *Mai ba da labari Buam*
* *Daga cikin tsaunuka da tsaunuka*
* *Für Freiheit da Ehr*
* *Hannun hannu a hannu*
* *Heldenhaft Marsch*
* *Mit Eisener Kraft*
* *Ritterlich*
* *Zum Schutz da Trutz*

### Waƙoƙi masu ban sha'awa

* 1910 *Alt-Wien*, wasan kwaikwayo - littafin: Ferdinand Maierfeld-Enter
* 1911 Die *Klosterprinzessin*, wasan kwaikwayo - littafin: Hans Pflanzer

## Manazarta