Juyin Halitta na Tekun

Juyin halitta na bakin teku tsari ne na halitta wanda ke karuwa a bakin tekun inda teku, tafki, ko ruwan kogi ke lalata ƙasar. Yankin rairayin bakin teku suna samuwa yayin da yashi ke tarawa tsawon ƙarni ta hanyar matakai masu maimaitawa waɗanda ke lalata dutse da kayan da ke cikin yashi. Kogin Deltas yana ba da gudummawa ta hanyar saka silt da aka ɗauka daga kogin, yana ƙaruwa a tashar kogin don faɗaɗa tafkin ko bakin teku. Abubuwan bala'i kamar tsunami, guguwa, da guguwa suna hanzarta juyin halitta na rairayin bakin teku.

 

## Haɗuwa da rushewa

### Matakai masu sauri da sauri

#### Tsunamis da guguwar guguwa

Tsunami na iya haifar da mummunar lalacewa da kuma motsi na laka. Za su iya cire shekaru masu yawa na yashi daga rairayin bakin teku da lalata ciyayi na bakin teku. Wadannan raƙuman ruwa masu ƙarfi na iya ambaliya yankunan da ke cikin ƙasa da nisa fiye da alamar hawan ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, saurin ruwa da ke da alaƙa da tsunami na iya rushewa gidaje da sauran gine-ginen bakin teku.

Hawan guguwa shine ruwa mai zurfi wanda ke da alaƙa da tsarin yanayin matsin lamba. Hadarin guguwa na iya haifar da karuwar rairayin bakin teku da rushewa. Tarihin guguwar guguwa ya faru a lokacin Ambaliyar Tekun Arewa ta 1953, Guguwar Katrina, da Guguwar Bhola ta 1970.

#### Volcanism da girgizar ƙasa da suka shafi canjin matakin teku
Dukkanin abubuwan da suka faru na yanayin ƙasa da yanayi na iya canzawa (a hankali ko ba zato ba tsammani) tsawo na dangi na farfajiyar duniya zuwa Matsayin teku. Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru ko matakai suna ci gaba da canza bakin teku.

Ayyukan dutsen wuta na iya haifar da sabbin tsibirai. Misali, tsibirin Surtsey a Iceland wanda ke da diamita na mita 800 (2,600 ft), an halicce shi tsakanin Nuwamba 1963 da Yuni 1967. Tsibirin ya fito ne daga hanyoyin da ke karkashin ruwa waɗanda suke wani ɓangare na Tsarin dutsen wuta na Vestmannaeyjar. Kodayake tsibirin ya lalace tun daga lokacin, amma ana sa ran zai dauki shekaru 100.&nbsp;

Wasu girgizar ƙasa na iya haifar da bambance-bambance na kwatsam na matakin ƙasa kuma su canza bakin teku sosai. Yankunan da ke karkashin kulawar tsari sun hada da yankin San Andreas Fault a California da kuma belin Bahar Rum (daga Gibraltar zuwa Girka).

Bayar Pozzuoli, a Pozzuoli Italiya ta fuskanci daruruwan girgizar ƙasa tsakanin Agusta 1982 da Disamba 1984. Girgizar kasa, wacce ta kai kololuwa a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 1983, ta lalata gine-gine 8,000 a tsakiyar gari kuma ta ɗaga kasan teku da kusan mita 2 (6.6 . Wannan ya sa Bay of Pozzuoli ya yi zurfi sosai don manyan jiragen ruwa kuma ya buƙaci sake gina tashar jiragen ruwa tare da sabbin tashar jiragen kasa. Hoton da ke sama dama yana nuna tashar jiragen ruwa kafin tashi yayin da wanda ke ƙasa dama ke nuna sabon tashar jiragen kasa.

### Matakai a hankali
Ci gaban rairayin bakin teku sau da yawa yana fitowa ne daga hulɗar doguwar teku, tsari mai motsawa wanda ke motsawa tare da bakin rairayin teku, da sauran hanyoyin rushewa ko haɓaka, kamar koguna da ke kusa.

#### Deltas
Deltas suna ciyar da su ta hanyar tsarin alluvial kuma suna tara yashi da laka, suna girma inda yashi ke gudana daga ƙasa ya isa ya guje wa cikakken cirewa ta hanyar raƙuman ruwa, raƙuman raƙuman teku, ko raƙuman.

Yawancin deltas na zamani an kafa su ne a cikin shekaru dubu biyar da suka gabata, bayan an sami matsayi mai girma a matakin teku na yanzu. Koyaya, ba duk wani laka ba ne ya kasance har abada a wurin: a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci (shekaru zuwa ƙarni), ambaliyar kogi na musamman, guguwa ko wasu abubuwan da suka faru na kuzari na iya cire ɓangarori masu mahimmanci na laka na delta ko canza rarrabawar lobe (tsarin da aka ajiye laka a fadin Delta, suna samar da bambanci, tsarin siffar lobe) kuma, a kan ma'aunin lokaci mai tsawo, sauyewar matakin teku yana haifar da lalacewar siffofin deltaic.

#### Canje-canje na matakin teku da ke tattare da raguwa da hauhawa
Subsidence shine motsi na farfajiyar duniya zuwa ƙasa dangane da matakin teku saboda abubuwan da ke haifar da yanayin ƙasa na ciki, Yana iya faruwa ta halitta ko saboda ayyukan ɗan adam. Sabanin raguwa shine ɗagawa, wanda ke ƙara tsawo.

Venice tabbas shine sanannen misali na wuri mai Laguna. An gina shi a kan wani tafki na bakin teku, yana fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa na lokaci-lokaci lokacin da matsanancin raƙuman ruwa ko raƙuman raƙuman sama suka zo; An Gidan St Mark's Square kawai 55 centimeters sama da matakin teku. Wannan sabon abu ya samo asali ne daga tarwatsawar ƙananan ƙasa a yankin Po River delta, wanda aka faɗaɗa ta hanyar ruwa da iskar gas. Ayyukan da mutum suka yi don warware wannan nutsewar ci gaba ba su yi nasara ba.

Mälaren, tafkin na uku mafi girma a Sweden, misali ne na hauhawar dusar ƙanƙara. Ya taɓa zama bayin da jiragen ruwa suka taɓa iya tafiya zuwa cikin ƙasar, amma daga ƙarshe ya zama tafki. Hawansa ya haifar da deglaciation: cire nauyin kankara-lokacin kankara ya haifar da saurin hawan ƙasar da  damuwa. Shekaru 2,000 yayin da aka sauke kankara, haɓakawa ya ci gaba a kusan  in) /shekara. Da zarar an kammala deglaciation, hauhawar ta ragu zuwa kusan  in) a kowace shekara, kuma ya ragu sosai bayan haka. A yau, yawan haɓaka na shekara-shekara shine  in) ko ƙasa da haka, kuma binciken ya nuna cewa sake dawowa zai ci gaba har kusan wasu shekaru 10,000. Jimlar hauhawa daga ƙarshen deglaciation na iya zama har zuwa mita 400 (1,300 .

## Gudanar da rairayin bakin teku

Gudanar da yankin bakin teku yana rage tasirin ɗan adam mara kyau a kan bakin teku, yana inganta tsaron bakin teku, ya rage haɗarin da ke tattare da hauhawar matakin teku da sauran haɗarin halitta.

Rushewar rairayin bakin teku wani nau'i ne na rushewar halittu wanda ke canza Yanayin bakin teku ta hanyar yanayin rairayin rairayin kan teku. Akwai abubuwan da suka faru da yawa na koma bayan rairayin bakin teku na zamani, galibi saboda yaduwar bakin teku da Hadarin ci gaban bakin teku da ke da alaƙa da ayyukan ɗan adam.

Magancewa sun kasance daga "yi komai" zuwa "Move beach seaward" hanyar da ke amfani da abubuwa na injiniya mai wuya da mai laushi. Hanyoyin shiga tsakani, irin su "Move beach seaward", sun haɗu da hanyoyin injiniya masu wuya kamar gina gine-gine (accropods) tare da hanyoyin injiniyoyi masu laushi kamar daidaitawar yashi. Wadannan shiga tsakani an yi su ne don hana yaduwar rairayin bakin teku da ke haifar da yaduwar teku da Hadarin ci gaban bakin teku, da kuma sauƙaƙe juyin halitta da fadadawa rairayin rairayin kan teku.

### Hanyoyin tsara bakin teku
 

Hanyoyi biyar na tsarawa da ke cikin tsaron bakin teku sune: 

* **Barin bakin teku**: kada ku yi komai, bari tsarin halitta ya karbe shi.
* **[[Gudanar da ja da baya|Gudanar da koma baya]]**, wanda kuma ake kira sake daidaitawa.
* **Ku riƙe bakin teku**: ta hanyar amfani da dabarun karfafa bakin teku don ƙirƙirar gine-gine na dindindin da dutse irin su groynes.
* Ka motsa bakin teku zuwa ga teku: ta hanyar amfani da dabarun shiga tsakani masu wuya da taushi yawanci a yankunan da ke da muhimmancin tattalin arziki.
* **Ƙayyadadden shiga tsakani**: yawanci a yankunan da ba su da mahimmanci na tattalin arziki, sau da yawa sun haɗa da jerin haloers, gami da gishiri da yashi.

### Injiniyan bakin teku
Za'a iya rarraba dabarun injiniyan bakin teku zuwa kashi biyu: hanyoyin injiniya masu wuya da hanyoyin injiniya mai laushi

#### Hanyoyin injiniya masu wuya
Hanyoyin Injiniya mai wuya ana kiransu "Hanyoyin Tsarin". "Mayar zuwa teku" rairayin bakin teku za a iya sauƙaƙe ta hanyar manyan nau'ikan gine-ginen injiniya guda huɗu, wato seawall, revetment, groyne ko breakwater. Mafi yawan tsarin da aka fi amfani da shi shine shinge na teku da jerin "headland groyne" (ruwa da aka haɗa da bakin teku tare da groyne).

##### Babban nau'ikan gine-gine
Manyan nau'ikan gine-gine guda huɗu ko accropodes sune seawalls, groynes, breakwater da revetments. Headland groynes haɗuwa ne na breakwater da groyne.

###### Ganuwar Ruwa
Seawalls sake jagorantar mafi yawan makamashi da ya faru a cikin nau'ikan karkatacciyar murabba'i, wanda ke haifar da raƙuman ruwa da raguwar rikice-rikice. Zane-zane suna amfani da zane-zane na dutse ko abubuwa na kankare kamar Tetrapods ko Xblocs tare da tashi na matakai don samun damar rairayin bakin teku. Seawall a rairayin bakin teku na Cronulla, NSW,  alal misali, yana amfani da bango na kankare. Ana gina ganuwar teku ko gine-gine don ƙirƙirar reefs na karkashin ruwa don rage ƙarfin raƙuman ruwa da rushewar rairayin bakin teku.
Fayil:Oosterscheldekering,_Netherlands.JPG| Sea wall in the Netherlands that does allow the tide and organisms through, but brakes wave energy.
Fayil:Porto2_eurosion.jpg| Stone Seawall with cemented walkway, mud revetment stabilized with grass, and gravel riprap armament at the base.


###### Groynes da Headland groyne
Groynes sune ganuwar da ke tsaye zuwa bakin tekun. Ana sanya Groynes gabaɗaya a cikin jerin kuma yankunan da ke tsakanin ƙungiyoyin groynes ana kiransu filayen groyne. Don jagorantar yashi zuwa gabar da aka yi niyya don tara yashi, an tura wani ɗan gajeren groyne dan kadan zuwa gefen rairayin bakin teku a ƙarshen rairayin kan teku, an tura groyne mai tsawo a ƙarshen raƙuman ruwa, an tura jerin groyne tsakanin iyakar biyu. Sau da yawa ana yin Groynes da gabion, greenharts, kankare, dutse ko itace. Abubuwan suna ginawa a gefen da ke ƙasa, inda yaduwar bakin teku ta fi yawa a gefe ɗaya, suna haifar da rairayin bakin teku mai faɗi da yawa. Groynes suna da tsada sosai, suna buƙatar kulawa kaɗan kuma suna ɗaya daga cikin tsaron da aka fi sani.

; **Headland groyne** ko Bulkhead breakwater**Ruwan ruwa na katako**
: Lokacin da aka gina groyne don haɗa ruwa mai raguwa zuwa bakin teku, ana kiran tsarin T-samarwa "headland breakwater", "headland groyne", "bulkhead groyne" ko "bulkheed breakwater". Amfani da groynes da headland groyne, yana tara yashi a fadin rairayin bakin teku amma yana lalata yashi da sauri daga ƙarshen rairayin kan teku. Ana iya rage wannan kuma ana iya tara yashi a ƙarshen rairayin bakin teku. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar samun "groyne" mai tsawo ko "headland groyne" a ƙarshen gefen rairayin bakin teku. Don haɓaka tarin yashi, wannan "headland groyne" na iya samun wani jerin ƙananan "headland Groyne" da ke fitowa daga ciki yana nunawa zuwa ƙarshen rairayin bakin teku ta hanyar da ƙaramin "headlandgroyne" ya kasance daidai da bakin teku kuma yana tsaye da babban "headland ground". Wannan zai sauƙaƙa ƙirƙirar halitta na ayre (yashi ko rairayin bakin teku). Idan akwai tsibirin da ke kusa da bakin teku kusa da ƙarshen rairayin bakin teku da kuma "headland groyne", to ana iya juya wannan zuwa wani yanki mai zurfi tare da amfani da halitta mai zurfi na ayre (rairayin bakin rairayin kankara). Babban "headland groyne" a ƙarshen downdrift za a iya kara daidaita shi ta hanyar kwandon tsare-tsare mai ƙarfi da kuma gishiri mai laushi. Za'a iya ƙirƙirar gishiri tare da amfani da tsarin injiniya mai laushi, kamar rasa sills na dutse, yayin da yake barin duka a cikin sill don tashar ruwan teku. Tashar ruwan teku na iya zama tashar budewa mai siminti ko bututu da aka binne a ƙarƙashin rairayin bakin teku. Ana iya tsara wannan marsh don taƙaita cikin rairayin bakin teku mai yashi mai wuya. Samun ruwan gishiri a cikin ƙasa tsakanin rairayin bakin teku da ƙasa zai rage farashin ta hanyar kawar da buƙatar cika yankin marshy da yashi, kuma mangrove da ciyawa a cikin marsh za su sauƙaƙa gina sannu a hankali.

Fayil:Poland4_eurosion.jpg| Series of cost effective groynes made of wood.
Fayil:Poland3_eurosion.jpg| "Headland groyne" with wood log breakwater and stone filled wooden groyne, an easy to build cost effective option made of cheap and native materials.
Fayil:Groyne_at_Mundesley,_Norfolk.JPG| Groyne at Mundesley, Norfolk, UK.
Fayil:East_Coast_Park,_Mar_06.JPG| "Headland groyne" at East Coast Beach in Singapore consists of breakwater parallel to shore and connected to shore by a vertical groyne. Higher mainland is fortified with a low rise mud seawall which has been further stabilized by planting grass and trees.


###### Ruwa mai banƙyama
Breakwater, wanda kuma ake kira "offshore breakwater", tsari ne na bakin teku wanda aka gina a layi daya da bakin teku don canza jagorancin raƙuman ruwa da ƙarfin ruwa. Raƙuman ruwa sun ci gaba da raguwa a bakin teku sabili da haka sun rasa ikon rushewa. Wannan yana haifar da samar da rairayin bakin teku masu faɗi, waɗanda ke ƙara ɗaukar ƙarfin raƙuman ruwa. Sau da yawa ana tura jerin masu hana ruwa a fadin bakin rairayin bakin teku.

###### Rufewa
Revetments suna karkata ko madaidaiciya toshewa, an gina su a layi daya da bakin teku, yawanci zuwa bayan rairayin bakin teku don kare yankin da ke bayan. Mafi mahimman abubuwan da aka Rufewa sun ƙunshi katako na katako tare da yiwuwar cika dutse. Raƙuman ruwa sun rushe a kan murfin, wanda ke watsar da kuma shan makamashi. Yankin bakin teku yana karewa da kayan rairayin bakin teku da aka gudanar a bayan shingen, yayin da murfin ya kama wasu kayan. Sai dai idan an yi amfani da wasu hanyoyin a hade, hawan igiyar ruwa yana ci gaba da lalacewa kuma yana lalata rufin da ke buƙatar ci gaba da kulawa.

##### Sauran nau'ikan gine-gine

###### Riprap / Rock makamai
Rock armour, wanda kuma ake kira **riprap**, shine ginshiki da aka sanya a gefen teku ta amfani da kayan gida. Wannan na iya zama ƙafar da ke fitowa na ganuwar teku ko murfin don rage kula da waɗannan. Ba a hana yunkurin dogon lokaci ba.

###### Tsayawa da dutse
Za'a iya aiwatar da daidaitawa ta hanyar zubar da ruwan sama mai yawa ta hanyar terracing, shuka da waya don riƙe dutsen a wurin.

###### Ruwan ruwa
Ruwan ruwa yana hana lalacewa daga guguwar guguwa ko kowane irin bala'i na halitta wanda zai iya cutar da yankin da suke karewa. Suna buɗewa a al'ada kuma suna ba da izinin wucewa kyauta, amma suna rufewa a ƙarƙashin barazanar guguwa. Shingen Thames misali ne na irin wannan tsari.

##### Abubuwan gini
Wadannan abubuwan gini za a iya haɗa su a cikin kowane ɗayan tsarin da ke sama, ko dai a matsayin ainihin ma'anar ko kuma a matsayin ƙarin ma'anar don haɓaka don rage farashi da kiyaye manyan abubuwan tsarin.

## Manazarta