open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Gidan shahararrun Mata na Kasa

**Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙasa** ( **NWHF** ) wata cibiya ce ta Amurka da aka kafa don girmama mata da kuma gane mata. An haɗa shi a cikin shekara ta 1969 a Seneca Falls, New York, kuma an fara ba da lambar yabo a cikin 1973.   Tun daga shekara ta 2024, zauren ya karrama 312 masu shiga.   

Jama'a ne ke zabar wadanda za a ba su, kuma kwamitin alkalai ne za su zaba bisa ga sauye-sauyen da aka danganta ga wanda aka karrama, wadanda suka shafi zamantakewa, tattalin arziki ko al'adu na al'umma; gagarumin tasiri na kasa ko na duniya; haka kuma, dawwamammen darajar nasarorin da suka samu.  Ana gudanar da bukukuwan ƙaddamarwa a kowace shekara mai ƙididdigewa a cikin fall, tare da sunayen matan da za a girmama a farkon lokacin bazara, yawanci a watan Maris, Watan Tarihin Mata .  

NWHF kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta 501(c)(3) mai zaman kanta wacce take samun tallafi ta hanyar taimakon jama'a, shiga, da sauran kudaden shiga.  A cikin Yulin shekarar 2021, an nada Jennifer Gabriel babban darekta. 

## Wuri
Kwalejin Eisenhower ta karbi bakuncin zauren mata na kasa har zuwa shekara ta 1979 da' shekarar 1980, lokacin da kungiyar ta yi hayar ginin banki mai tarihi a gundumar Tarihi ta Seneca Falls. An sake gyara bankin mai tarihi don baje kolin na dindindin na NWHF, kayan tarihi, da ofisoshi.  A watan Agustan shekarar 2020, Zauren Mata na Ƙasa ya buɗe ƙofarta zuwa na uku kuma na ƙarshe. Gida: Seneca Knitting Mill mai tarihi, wanda ke zaune a ko'ina cikin tashar Tarihi ta 'Yancin Mata ta Kasa  da Wesleyan Chapel inda taron 'yancin mata na shekara ta  1848 ya gudana, lamarin da ya fara yunkurin 'yancin mata a Amurka.   Wannan gyare-gyare da kuma motsawa cikin tarihin Seneca Knitting Mill ya ɗauki shekaru da yawa don cikawa.

A cikin shekara ta 2014, hukumar gudanarwar kungiyar ta gudanar da yakin neman zabe na dala miliyan 20 don tallafawa ci gaban Seneca Knitting Mill na 1844, wanda ke da alaƙa da motsin kawarwa da kuma wurin haifuwar yancin mata.  Yunkurin da kuma kammala mataki na 1 ya ninka girman babban zauren mata na kasa.   yakin neman mataki na 2: lif, karin matakala, da sauran gyare-gyare. Da zarar Gangamin dawowar Gida ya cika, Seneca Knitting Mill mai tarihi zai ninka sararin da ake da shi zuwa   , gami da nunin sarari, ofisoshi, da filin taro don taro, liyafar bikin aure, da abubuwan al'umma. 

## Manazarta
2016 California Shirin 61

**Shirin 61** wani tsari ne na California wanda ya bayyana a zaben 8 ga Nuwamba, 2016. Da ya hana jihar California sayen duk wani magani daga mai samar da magani a farashi a kan mafi ƙarancin farashi da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Tsohon Sojoji ta Amurka ta biya don maganin. Da ya cire shirye-shiryen kulawa da aka gudanar ta hanyar Medi-Cal. Dangane da bayanin tasirin kasafin kudi da Ofishin Mai Binciken Shari'a na California ya bayar, "mai yiwuwa ga tanadin jihar na adadin da ba a sani ba dangane da (1) yadda ake magance kalubalen aiwatar da ma'auni da (2) martani na masana'antun magunguna game da samarwa da farashi na magunguna".

Shirin 61 an ki amincewa da kuri'un 47 zuwa 53%.

## Ra'ayoyi & Bincike

### Magoya baya

#### Kowane mutum

* Bernie Sanders
* Mike Honda
* Robert Reich

#### Ƙungiyoyin

* Gidauniyar Kula da Lafiya ta AIDS
* California Nurses Association / National Nurses Organizing Committee

#### Jam'iyyun

* Jam'iyyar Zaman Lafiya da 'Yanci ta California
* 'Yan Democrat masu ci gaba na Amurka 

### Masu adawa

#### Ƙungiyoyin

* California NAACP
* Kungiyar Likitoci ta California
* Tsoffin Sojojin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Ƙasashen waje, Ma'aikatar California 
* Kungiyar Masu Haraji ta California

#### Jam'iyyun

* Jam'iyyar Republican ta California
* Jam'iyyar Libertarian ta California
* Alice B. Toklas LGBT Democratic Club

### Ra'ayi na Jama'a

.

## Manazarta
Dutsen Fork

Mountain Fork, wanda aka fi sani da Mountain Fork na Little River, yana da nisan kilomita 98 (kilomita 158)  mai gudana na Little River a yammacin Arkansas da kudu maso gabashin Oklahoma a Amurka. Ta hanyar Little da Red koguna, yana daga cikin ruwa na Kogin Mississippi. Kogin ya tashi a cikin Dutsen Ouachita . Broken Bow Lake tafki ne na wucin gadi tare da hanyar Mountain Fork . An san rafin ne don yin Jirgin ruwa, kayaking, da kifi na wasanni, gami da trout.

## Hanyar da ake ciki

Dutsen Fork ya tashi a cikin Dutsen Ouachita a cikin Le Flore County, Oklahoma, sannan ya gudana zuwa kudu maso gabas zuwa Polk County, Arkansas, sannan zuwa kudu maso yamma zuwa McCurtain County, Oklahoma. Ya haɗu da Little River a cikin McCurtain County,   kudu maso gabashin Broken Bow .

A samansa, kogin yana gudana ta wani ɓangare na gandun daji na Ouachita. A cikin McCurtain County, an yi madatsar ruwa a kogin don samar da tafkin Broken Bow . Nancy Branch wani yanki ne na kogi.

## Rashin fitarwa
A Eagletown, kogin yana da matsakaicin fitarwa na shekara-shekara na 1,430 cubic feet a kowace dakika (40 cubic mita a kowace dakika). 

## Nishaɗi da kiyayewa

Kogin Fork na Dutsen Dutse yana ba da nisan mil 31.7 (kilomita 51.0) na kwalekwale ko kayak daga kusa da Hatfield, Arkansas zuwa Tafkin Bow.  Wannan ɓangaren kogin yana da aji I da II rapids.  ruwa mai tsabta, kamun kifi don bass smallmouth da sauran nau'ikan, da kyawawan wurare tare da gandun daji na Pine wanda ke rufe tuddai da bluffs tare da hanyar kogin.  Matakan ruwa a cikin kogin gabaɗaya sun isa don yin kwale-kwale a duk shekara.  A saman babban yanki na Broken Bow Lake shine Yankin daji na McCurtain County, yanki mai girman eka 14,000 (ha) mallakar jihar Oklahoma wanda ya ƙunshi mafi girman ragowar budurwoyin itacen pine / dajin katako a cikin ƙasar.  An halatta farauta a yankin jeji.

A ƙasa da madatsar ruwan Broken Bow da tafkin, an bayyana kilomita 18.8 (kilomita 30.3) na Lower Mountain Fork a matsayin "mai gudana da  mafi kyawun rafin ruwa" a Oklahoma. Ana samun saurin Class I da II a saman wannan ɓangaren kuma masu tafiya dole ne su kewaya magudanan ruwa tare da faduwar ƙafa huɗu (1.2 mita). Itacen Cypress mai gashi yana layi kuma, a wasu wurare, suna girma a cikin kogi. Ruwa mai sanyi da ke fitowa a ƙasa da madatsar ruwan Broken Bow yana ba da mazaunin shekara-shekara da kamun kifi don bakan gizo da launin ruwan kasa waɗanda ake adanawa akai-akai a duk shekara. A shekara ta 2008, wani mai kifi ya kama trout mai launin ruwan kasa mai nauyin kilo 4-ounce (kilogram 7.8).

## Manazarta
Gidan shakatawa na Port Campbell

**Filin shakatawa na Port Campbell** filin shakatawa ne na kasa a gundumar kudu maso yammacin Victoria, Ostiraliya. Gidan shakatawa na kasa  yana da nisan  kudu maso yamma na Melbourne da kusan  gabas da Warrnambool . Wurin shakatawa yana kusa da Great Otway National Park da Bay of Islands Coastal Park .

## Tarihi
An sadaukar da filin shakatawa na Port Campbell a ranar ,  da farko tare da , don kare gine-ginen farar ƙasa a kusa da gabar tekun kusa da Babban Titin Tekun . A shekara ta  1981 wurin shakatawa ya girma zuwa  ; ya tashi daga gabashin Curdies Inlet a Peterborough zuwa Point Ronald a Princetown .  A cikin shekara ta  2002, Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Masunta na Port Campbell ba ta yi nasara ba don hana samar da wani filin shakatawa na ruwa da aka tsara a wurin manzanni goma sha biyu,  amma sun gamsu da shawarar da Gwamnatin Victoria ta yanke don ba da izinin bincike na Seismic a wuri guda ta Benaris Energy;  Yin imani zai cutar da rayuwar ruwa. 

## Siffofin
Filin shakatawa na Port Campbell yana da ɗimbin tsaunuka da ke kallon tsibiran teku, tulin dutse, kwazazzabai, baka, da ramuka.  A matsayin wani ɓangare na *Tekun Jirgin ruwa*,  yana ɗaukar wuraren shakatawa da yawa; ciki har da Manzanni goma sha biyu, gadar London, Loch Ard Gorge, Gibson Matakan, da The Grotto .

Wurin shakatawa yana ƙarƙashin iska mai cike da gishiri, kuma tsaunin dutsen yana fuskantar matsanancin yanayi musamman daga Tekun Kudu . Duk da haka, ƙananan ciyawa da ciyayi har yanzu suna iya haɓakawa, suna tallafawa nau'ikan tsire-tsire irin su orchid na rana da gizo-gizo orchid . A cikin wuraren da aka karewa, rayuwar shuka ta haɗa da gashin gemu, alayyafo na bower, daji na bakin teku, daisies da kuma kushion daji. Ƙasar daji ta ƙunshi nau'ikan itacen oak, dogwoods, correa, messmate, furannin Guinea-flower, itacen shayi na woolly da takarda mai ƙamshi. 

Dabbobin namun daji a wurin shakatawa sun fi ko'ina ; kuma ya haɗa da masu shayarwa zuma, kudancin emu da wrens na almara, harriers swamp, rufous bristlebird, peregrine falcons, pelicans, ducks, black swans da egrets. Penguins, terns da dotterels suna kusa da bakin tekun, tare da fuloti masu rufaffiyar gida a wuraren fallasa. Australasian gannets, albatrosses masu yawo da gajartawar ruwan wutsiya suna rayuwa a cikin teku. Dabbobin ƙasa a cikin wurin shakatawa sun haɗa da bandicoot launin ruwan kudu, swamp antechinuse da echidna. 

## Manazarta
Hukuncin kisa a Bulgaria

An soke **[[Hukuncin Kisa|Hukuncin kisa]] a [[Bulgeriya|Bulgaria]]** a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 1998 tare da kisa na ƙarshe, na yunkurin saboteur Georgi Alinski, wanda aka aiwatar a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 1989.  Majalisar dokokin Bulgaria ta gabatar da dakatarwar kisa a ranar 7 ga Yuli, 1990 kuma Yarjejeniyar 6 ta Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1999.

Wani bincike na 2016 ya gano cewa kashi 47% na mutanen Bulgaria sun yi adawa da hukuncin kisa, yayin da kashi 33% suka goyi bayan.

## Shahararrun kisa a karni na 20

### Masarautar Bulgaria

### Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Bulgaria

## Dubi kuma

* Dokokin Krum

## Manazarta
Yarjejeniyar Yuli

Yarjejeniya Ta Kasa ta Yuli ( Bengali   **,**   Sanarwa ce ta siyasa a Bangladesh bisa yarjejeniya tsakanin jam'iyyun siyasa 30 da gwamnatin rikon kwarya kan sauye-sauyen tsarin mulki da zabe da gudanarwa bayan juyin juya halin Yuli . An fitar da wani daftarin farko na yarjejeniyoyin a ranar 28 ga Yuli 2025, bayan jerin shawarwarin da suka shafi bangarorin. Kwamitin da babban mai ba da shawara Muhammad Yunus ya kafa don tsara wannan takarda ne ya taimaka wa wadannan tattaunawa. Bayan ci gaba da tattaunawa da bita, ana sa ran bangarorin za su rattaba hannu a hukumance tare da yin amfani da sigar karshe na yarjejeniyoyin. Yarjejeniyar ta ƙunshi maki 28.  

## Makasudai
Alkawuran Yarjejeniya sun haɗa da:  

# Tabbatar da cikakken aiwatar da shi bisa ga burin jama'a da sadaukarwa;
# Ƙaddamar da shawarwarin da suka shafi shugabanci, shari'a, zaɓe, gudanar da jama'a, tilasta doka, da kuma yaki da cin hanci da rashawa ta hanyar gyare-gyaren tsarin mulkin da ya dace, gyaran shari'a, ko sababbin dokoki;
# Kammala waɗannan gyare-gyare a cikin shekaru biyu da kafa gwamnatin da aka zaɓa bayan Yarjejeniya ta yau da kullun;
# Kafa kariyar doka da tsarin mulki a duk lokacin aiwatarwa;
# Bayar da cikakken kariya ta doka da tsarin mulki don abubuwan da ke cikin Yarjejeniya; kuma
# Gane bisa ƙa'ida, a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki, mahimmancin tarihi na 2024 mai fafutukar tabbatar da dimokuradiyya da tashe-tashen hankulan jama'a waɗanda suka haifar da Yarjejeniya ta.

### Ayyukan Kwanan nan
A ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2025, masu zanga-zangar sun ji rauni a lokacin boren Yuli-Agusta sun tare mahadar Shahbagh na Dhaka, suna neman a ayyana "Yarjejeniyar Yuli" da " Sanarwar Yuli ."  Muzaharar ta haifar da cikas ga zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, inda mahalarta taron suka sha alwashin ci gaba har sai an biya musu bukatunsu.  

## Martani
 
Jam’iyyar ‘yan kishin kasa ta Bangladesh (BNP) da wasu da dama sun kasance cikin tsaka mai wuya amma sun bayyana cewa hakan zai kara amfanar wasu jam’iyyu, lamarin da ke nuni da jam’iyyar National Citizen Party (NCP) da dalibai ke jagoranta.  Daga baya BNP ya yi adawa da ba da Yarjejeniya ta Yuli amincewar tsarin mulki. 

## Manazarta
Hukuncin kisa a Gibraltar

**Hukuncin kisa a [[Gibraltar]]** ya haɗa da kisa a cikin jama'a a ƙarni na sha tara har zuwa 1864. An yanke hukuncin kisa na karshe a shekarar 1952. A karkashin dokar Burtaniya, an kusan soke hukuncin kisa a shekarar 1965,  daidai da aikin Burtaniya. An soke shi gaba ɗaya a cikin 2002 tare da duk sauran Yankunan Ƙasashen Waje na Burtaniya.

## Tarihi
A cikin ƙarni na 18 da 19 ana iya samun gungume daga cikin ramin ƙarni na 16 a cikin Willis' Gallery a arewa maso gabashin Dutsen Gibraltar. Ƙofar da ta fi kusa da wannan ɓangaren tsarin ramin ita ce ta Batirin Gimbiya Anne. An gudanar da gungume da bulala a gaban sojojin Mutanen Espanya  wadanda suka yi aiki a kan Lines na Mutanen Espanya a fadin isthmus (daga baya aka rushe ganuwar Mutanen Espanya).

Kafin a kafa lambunan Alameda a cikin 1816, wurin da yake (Grand Parade, filin taro da ke kudu da garin, bayan Southport Gates) shine wurin kisan jama'a. A cikin karni na 19, an gudanar da ratayewa sojoji na jama'a a Grand Casemates Square,  tare da na karshe da aka gudanar a 1864. 

An rataye mutane da suka biyo baya a gidan yarin HM Moorish Castle .

An rataye Gibraltar na karshe don kisan kai a ranar 3 ga Yuli 1931 lokacin da Ernest Opisso mai shekaru 31 ya tafi gungumen azaba. An kashe shi saboda kisan ma'aikatarsa a cikin ɗakin da ke sama da shagon ta inda dukansu biyu suka yi aiki. Wannan ita ce kisa ta farko a Gibraltar tun daga shekara ta 1896. 

### Yaƙin Duniya na II
An ratayewa Mutanen Espanya biyu daga La Línea de la Concepción da hukumar leken asiri ta Jamus ta dauka, Abwehr, Luis López Cordón Cuenca mai shekaru 23 da José Martín Muñoz mai shekaru 19, a ranar 11 ga Janairun 1944  saboda laifuffukan da aka aikata a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Shahararren ɗan Burtaniya mai suna Albert Pierrepoint ne ya rataye su, wanda ya yi tafiya a ɓoye zuwa Gibraltar don aiwatar da hukuncin kisa.

## Bayan yakin
Baya ga bambance-bambance biyu, an kusan soke hukuncin kisa gaba ɗaya a Gibraltar a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 1965,  daidai da aikin Burtaniya. Koyaya, an yanke hukuncin kisa na ƙarshe a Gibraltar a shekarar 1952.

## Shekaru na 2000
A shekara ta 2001, Gibraltar har yanzu tana riƙe da hukuncin kisa don cin amana da fashi. Koyaya, an soke hukuncin kisa a shekara ta 2002, lokacin da aka haramta hukuncin kisa a duk yanayin a duk Yankunan Ƙasashen Waje na Burtaniya.

## Dubi kuma

* Tarihin Gibraltar

## Manazarta
Hukuncin kisa a Girka

Ana aiwatar da Hukuncin kisa a Girka ta zamani ta amfani da guillotine (har zuwa 1913) ko ta hanyar harbi. An yi amfani da shi na karshe a shekarar 1972 a lokacin gwamnatin soja. An soke hukuncin kisa a matakai tsakanin 1975 da 2005.

## Tarihi
An kashe mutane a lokacin yakin neman 'yancin Girka ta hanyar harbi, kodayake lokacin da mulkin mallaka ya gabatar da Dokar Shari'a a 1834, yanke kansa ta hanyar guillotine ya zama hanyar kisa kawai. A cikin 1847, matsaloli wajen samar da guillotine don kowane kisa  ya sa gwamnati ta kafa ƙungiyar harbi a matsayin madadin hanyar kisa. Dukansu za a yi amfani da su har sai an kafa ƙungiyar harbi a matsayin hanyar kisa kawai a 1929 (kisan karshe da guillotine ya faru a 1913). Fiye da mutane 3,000 ne aka kashe tsakanin 1946 da 1949 a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Girka. Kashe-kashen karshe ya faru ne a ranar 25 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1972, lokacin da aka harbe Vassilis Lymberis mai shekaru 27 da 'yan bindiga saboda kisan matarsa, surukinsa da yara biyu (ya ƙone su da rai a cikin gidansu) a tsibirin tsibirin tsibiri na tsibirin tsibirai . 

Shugabannin uku na gwamnatin Girka, Georgios Papadopoulos, Stylianos Pattakos, da Nikolaos Makarezos an yanke musu hukuncin kisa saboda tawaye a lokacin shari'ar Junta na Girka, amma gwamnatin Karamanlis ta sauya waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1975 ya soke hukuncin kisa ga Laifukan siyasa marasa rikitarwa a karkashin Mataki na 7, sakin layi na 3.

A cikin 1993, Dokar 2172 ta cire hukuncin kisa daga Dokar Laifuka. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, ana iya yanke wa masu laifi hukuncin kisa (alal misali, an yanke wa Kyriakos Papachronis hukuncin kisa sau biyu a shekara ta 1984) amma a aikace duk hukuncin kisa an sauya shi zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai. Shekaru hudu bayan haka, Girka ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Biyu ga Alkawarin Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa, da nufin kawar da hukuncin kisa; duk da haka, an yi ajiya don ba da izinin amfani da hukuncin kisa ga manyan laifuka, watau cin amana, da aka aikata a lokacin yaƙi. Yarjejeniya ta 6 ga Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam (ECHR), wanda ke ba da izinin kawar da hukuncin kisa a lokacin zaman lafiya, an tabbatar da ita a cikin 1998. Gyaran kundin tsarin mulki na Girka na 2001 ya gyara Mataki na 7, wanda ya soke hukuncin kisa *Sai dai a cikin shari'o'in da doka ta bayar don laifuka da aka aikata a lokacin yaƙi da kuma alaƙa da shi.*

A shekara ta 2004, Dokar 3289 kan Tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar No. 13 zuwa na ECHR, game da kawar da hukuncin kisa a kowane yanayi ya cire duk tanadi masu dacewa daga Dokar Shari'ar Soja da Dokar kan sabis na waje na sojoji (mataki na 17 game da aiwatar da kisa).  A shekara ta 2005, Girka ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar No. 13 ga ECHR, game da kawar da hukuncin kisa a kowane yanayi.

Jam'iyyar Golden Dawn ta yi kira a 2013 don maido da hukuncin kisa ga baƙi da aka yanke musu hukunci kan laifuka masu tsanani.

## Manazarta
Hukuncin kisa a Iceland

An yi **Hukuncin kisa a Iceland** har zuwa 1830,  tare da mutane 240 da aka kashe tsakanin 1551 da 1830. Hanyoyin kisa sun haɗa da yanke kansa, ratayewa, ƙonewa, da nutsewa. Dokokin Danish sun kasance masu tasiri, musamman bayan karɓar Lutheranism a karni na 17. Kashewa ta ƙarshe ta faru ne a 1830, kuma an soke hukuncin kisa a 1928. Kisan jarirai laifi ne na yau da kullun, sau da yawa mata ne ke aikata, kuma an yanke wa mutane da yawa hukuncin kisa, amma an sauyawa hukuncin su. Kashewa ta ƙarshe na wani Icelander ya faru a Denmark a 1913. An soke hukuncin kisa a hukumance a Iceland a 1928,  kuma an sake gabatar da shi ba bisa ka'ida ba tun lokacin da aka sake fasalin kundin tsarin mulki na 1995.

## Tarihi
Ƙungiyar Iceland ta zamani (930-1262), wanda ke nuna rashin ikon zartarwa na tsakiya, ya guje wa yin amfani da hukuncin kisa. Koyaya, Althing yana da ikon sanya mutum a matsayin "réttdræpur" ("daidai mai kisan kai"), don haka ya halatta kisan mutumin da ake tambaya. Wannan aikin ya ba da ikon kisa ga duk wanda ya zaɓi ya bi shi, maimakon sanya shi a matsayin aikin ga jami'an gwamnati.

Hukuncin kisa bai zama al'ada ba a Iceland har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 16, lokacin da Sarkin Danish Christian III ya sanya Lutheranism a kan Icelanders a cikin 1551. Kashe-kashen farko da aka rubuta bisa ga dokokin hukuma bai faru ba sai 1582 .  An tilasta wa 'yan Iceland su karɓi dokar dokar Danish, wacce ta ba da hukuncin kisa ga laifuka kamar kisan kai, kisan jarirai, sata, maita, da kuma haihuwar yara ba tare da aure ba. Tsakanin 1551 da 1830, an kashe kimanin mutane 240 a Iceland. Hanyoyin kisa sun haɗa da yanke kansa, ratayewa, ƙonewa a kan gungume, da nutsar da shi. Duk da yake maza galibi ana yanke musu kai ko rataye su, ana saukar da mata cikin kogi kusa da Law Rock kanta ta amfani da igiyoyi, ko dai yana haifar da daskarewa ko nutsewa.

Masanin ilimin kimiyyar Steinunn Kristjánsdóttir ya tabbatar da cewa nutsewa shine makomar mata da aka yanke musu hukuncin kisan jarirai, yayin da aka fille kawunan ma'aurata, aka fille kawunansu, an rataye ɓarayi, kuma waɗanda aka samu da laifin maita an ƙone su a kan gungume. An hana mutanen da aka kashe damar binnewa a makabarta na coci. Yawancin wadanda aka kashe su ne masu yawo, matalauta, ko mata da ake zargi da keta ka'idojin ɗabi'a.

## Kashewa ta ƙarshe
Kashi na baya-bayan nan na hukuncin kisa na Iceland ya faru ne a ranar 12 ga Janairu, 1830, lokacin da aka fille kan ma'aikatan gona Agnes Magnúsdóttir (33) da Friðrik Sigurdsson (19) a Vatnsdalshólar, Húnavatnssýsla . An zarge su da kisan manoma biyu, Natan Ketilsson daga Illugastaðir, da Pétur Jónsson daga Geitaskarð, a ranar 14 ga Maris, 1828. Bayan wani dogon shari'a da Kotun Koli ta jagoranta a Copenhagen, an yanke musu hukuncin kisa.

Wannan shari'ar tarihi ta zama wahayi ga Fim din Icelandic na 1995 *Agnes* wanda Egill Eðvarðsson ya jagoranta, da kuma littafin Burial Rites na 2013 wanda marubucin Australiya Hannah Kent ya rubuta.

Duk da yake an yanke hukuncin kisa na ƙarshe a 1913, daga baya aka sauya shi zuwa lokacin kurkuku.

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Dutsen Daisetsuzan

Daisetsuzan Volcanic Group  rukuni ne na dutsen tsaunuka wanda aka shirya kusan  wide Ohachi-Daira  caldera in Hokkaidō, Japan . A cikin yaren Ainu an san shi da *Nutapukaushipe* (wanda ke nufin "dutsen da ke saman kogin"),  *Nutaku Kamushupe*, ko *Optateske* .  Waɗannan kololuwa sune mafi girma a cikin Hokkaidō. Ƙungiyar ta ba da sunanta ga Daisetsuzan National Park wanda ƙungiyar volcanic ke samuwa.

## Geography
Ƙungiya mai aman wuta tana a arewacin ƙarshen Daisetsu-Tokachi graben  a kan Kurile arc na Zoben Wuta . Yankin volcanic yana yin kansa ta hanyar yawan fumaroles da maɓuɓɓugan zafi na yanayi.

## Jerin tsaunuka da tsayi
Kololuwa masu zuwa sune ƙungiyar volcanic:

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Ayyuka ta Ikklisiya kan Mata da Addini

’Yar tauhidin mata Elizabeth Farians ce ta kirkiro Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Mata **ta Ƙarfafa Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Mata a kan Mata da Addini** .  Ƙungiya ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin mata na Katolika a cikin 1960s da farkon 1970s kuma sun yi aiki don amincewa da Kwaskwarimar Daidaita Hakki . 

## Ƙirƙirar ma'aikata
An kafa kungiyar mata ta kasa a shekarar 1966, a wannan shekarar ne aka kafa ƙungiyar Ecumenical Task Force akan Mata da Addini.  Sanannen mata na Katolika ne ya kafa ta, Dr. Elizabeth Farians. Game da mata a coci, Farin ya shahara da cewa, "Babu laifi idan sun zo da biredi da hannu, amma idan sun zo da ra'ayi a cikin kawunansu."  A ƙarshen 1970s, Georgia Fuller ta yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar ɗawainiya. 

A farkon shekarun YANZU, an jaddada matsayin addini kamar yadda yawancin masu fafutuka aka gano a matsayin masu bin addinin mata.  Masana irin su Karen Bojar sun jaddada addini shine tushen kafuwar YANZU tunda yana da matukar muhimmanci ga Amurkawa gaba daya.  Rundunar ta ƙunshi ba kawai Katolika ba, amma Furotesta da matan Yahudawa kuma. 

## Taimako don Gyaran Haƙƙin Daidaitawa
Yawancin membobin kwamitin, ciki har da Farians, sun goyi bayan Gyaran Haƙƙin Daidaita . Tarihin siyasa na kwamitin aiki

Ƙungiyar ta kasance daga 1966 zuwa 1970s.  An ƙirƙiri surori da yawa na gida ciki har da ɗaya a Detroit a cikin 1970 da wani a Pensacola, Florida.  

Ana ajiye wuraren ajiyar kayan aikin a matsayin ɗakin karatu na Schlesinger a Kwalejin Harvard. 

## Taimakawa mata diakoni
Haɓaka damar jagoranci ga mata a cikin al'ummomin addini shine muhimmiyar manufa ga rundunar. Kungiyar ta amince da ’yancin mata na yin hidimar diacon a 1971.  Wannan shawarar ta zo ne sakamakon shawarar masana tauhidi 11. 

## Easter bonnet zanga-zangar
Ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun rubuce-rubucen ayyukan rundunar shine 1969 zanga-zangar adawa da buƙatun coci na cewa mata su sanya huluna yayin hidima.  A lokacin abin da Elizabeth Farians ke kira da "bayani na ƙasa", mata sun cire suturar kansu a wata coci a Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 

## Membobi

* Sister Elizabeth Candon 
* Valerie Elliott 
* Elizabeth Farin
* Jojiya Fuller
* Nancy Lee Head 
* Ruth Hoppin 
* Joyce Slayton Mitchell 

## Manazarta
Hukuncin kisa a Tsibirin Man

Akwai dogon tarihin hukuncin kisa a Isle of Man. Har zuwa karni na 17, an kashe fursunoni da yawa a Hango Hill.

An soke hukuncin kisa a Isle of Man a hukumance a 1993. Isle of Man wani yanki ne na mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, amma ba wani ɓangare na Ƙasar Ingila ba (wanda ya kawar da hukuncin kisa a shekarar 1965).

Mutumin karshe da aka rataye a Isle of Man shine John Kewish, a Castletown a 1872. Babu wani kisa da aka yi a tsibirin a cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata. Tynwald (majalisa ta tsibirin) ba ta soke Hukuncin kisa ba har zuwa 1993. An yanke wa mutane da yawa hukuncin kisa (don kisan kai da sauran laifuka daban-daban) a Isle of Man tsakanin 1873 da 1992, tare da shari'ar da aka yada a cikin 1972, na ma'aikacin abinci mai sauri ya doke shugabansa har ya mutu tare da mai kashe wuta, ya tilasta kotun yankin a Douglas ta ba da hukuncin kisa. Ƙarin shari'o'in kisan kai sun biyo baya a cikin 1982, shari'ar Kisan jarirai, kuma a cikin 1992 (Teare). Dokar shari'a ta tsibirin ta kuma ba da izinin birching bayan an soke shi a Burtaniya, kodayake ana sa ran kotuna za su guji yin hakan.

Mutumin karshe da aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa a Isle of Man (kuma a ko'ina a cikin Isles na Burtaniya) shine Anthony Robin Denys Teare, a Kotun Janar Gaol Delivery a Douglas, a shekarar 1992. An biya Teare £ 600 don kashe Corinne Bentley, wanda aka azabtar da shi a cikin iyali. Teare ya ja hankalin ta zuwa wani wuri mai nisa kuma ya yanke makogwaro da wuka mai salo. Teare ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana buƙatar kuɗin don biyan kuɗin banki. An ji karar ne a gaban Deemster na biyu na Isle of Man, Henry Callow . Deemster Callow ta haka ne ya zama alƙali na ƙarshe a cikin Tsibirin Burtaniya don zartar da hukuncin kisa (amma ya zaɓi kada ya sa baƙar fata yayin yin hakan). Bayan yanke hukunci, Teare ya yi amfani da sabon lauya, Louise Byrne, wanda nan da nan ya kai karar kotun daukaka kara, inda aka soke hukuncin. An ba da umarnin sake shari'a, kuma an yi bincike don sabon shaida.

A gwajin na biyu, Peter Thornton QC, mai ba da shawara na Ingila ne ya wakilci Teare. William Kelly, jami'in kiwon lafiya a kurkuku a gidan yarin Isle of Man, ya ba da shaida cewa Teare ya gaya masa a lokuta da yawa yadda ya kashe wanda aka azabtar, Corinne Bentley. A kan shaidarsa kadai ne aka yanke wa Teare hukuncin kisa a karo na biyu. Ya shiga littattafan tarihi a matsayin mutum na karshe a cikin tsibirin Burtaniya da aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa kuma na farko a Isle of Man da aka yanke wa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai (dukkanin hukuncin rai da ya gabata an sauya su daga hukuncin kisa). Alkalin ya lura da kwarewar Teare a matsayin (watakila) mutumin karshe da aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa a ƙarƙashin mulkin Burtaniya, da kuma rashin yiwuwar da za a gudanar da shi, a ƙarƙashin takamaiman hanyar da ake kira "rawan" na aikata laifuka, hukunci da sauyawa. An yanke wa ɗan'uwan Corinne hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru goma sha biyu a kurkuku yayin da Teare, ya durƙusa. An tura shi zuwa HMP Wakefield a Yorkshire .

## Manazarta
Dutsen Brindley

**Dutsen Brindley** (ko " **Brindlee Mountain** ") yanki ne keɓe na Plateau na Appalachian a arewacin Alabama. Ya mamaye manyan yankuna na Cullman, Morgan, da Marshall County kuma ya wuce zuwa yankunan Winston da Lawrence . An samar da tudun tudun ta hanyar dutsen dutsen yashi da ke saman farar ƙasa. Babban dutsen yana kudancin Lacey's Spring kuma yana gina al'ummomi kamar Union Hill da Morgan City da kuma sassan Union Grove kuma ya wuce zuwa Larabawa . Hanyar US 231 ta bi ta Brindley Mountain. Mafi girman wurin Brindley Mountain yana cikin Morgan City . Wani yanki mai nisan ƙafa 75-100 daga saman dutsen ya haifar da bluffs a kowane bangare na dutsen, haka kuma ya haifar da maye gurbin hanyoyin ya zama dole akan Union Hill Rd / James Frazier Rd da US Hwy 231 nan da nan a arewacin tsaunin Whitesburg. Ana iya ganin Layer Layer a saman dutsen da ke gefen titin Union Hill. Mai haxa siminti a gefen Union Hill Rd ya samo asali ne a cikin motar da ta lalace akan ainihin hanyar titin Union Hill Rd, wanda ake iya gani akan tsoffin taswirorin yanayi na USGS 1:24000.

Tashoshin rediyo da yawa suna da hasumiya na watsa shirye-shirye dake kan Dutsen Brindley. Waɗannan sun haɗa da WRSA, WTAK, WZZN, WAFN-FM, WRJL, da WRAB .

## Manazarta
Hukuncin kisa a Kuwait

**[[Hukuncin Kisa|Hukuncin kisa]]** a Kuwait doka ce. Ragewa ita ce hanyar da aka zaba don kashe farar hula. Koyaya, harbi wani nau'i ne na doka na kisa a wasu yanayi.

## Laifukan kisa
Tsawon jerin laifuka masu laifuka a karkashin dokar farar hula ta Kuwait sun hada da kisan kai, ta'addanci da ke ba da mutuwa (na tilas), rantsuwa da ke haifar da kisa ƙarya laifi, lalata gine-ginen gwamnati ko waɗanda aka sani da zama, fyade, satar mutane, fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi, da leken asiri.

A karkashin Dokar Sojojin Kuwait, ana iya hukunta laifukan soja masu zuwa da mutuwa: bayyana bayanan sirri, tsoro, ficewa, hadin gwiwa, tawaye, rashin biyayya, da tsoma baki cikin aiki a layin tsaro. Kazalika da wannan, ana iya kashe sojojin abokan gaba idan sun aikata Laifukan yaki ko leken asiri a kan sojojin Kuwait ko gwamnati.

## Mutanen da aka yi wa gafara
Wadannan masu laifi ba za su fuskanci hukuncin kisa ba idan aka same su da laifi na kisa:

* Mata masu juna biyu
* Mata tare da kananan yara
* Yara (a karkashin shekaru 18) a lokacin da aka aikata laifin

Wadannan masu laifi za a rage hukuncin su zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai. An cire marasa lafiya daga wannan jerin saboda ba za a iya ɗaukar su da alhakin tuhumar aikata laifuka a ƙarƙashin dokar Kuwait a kowane hali ba.

## Shari'a

### Binciken shari'a da roko
Bayan an yanke wa mutum hukuncin kisa a kotun Kuwait, Kotun daukaka kara ta sake duba shari'arsu ta atomatik, wanda ke la'akari da laifin, shaidar da kotun ta sake dubawa, hukuncin da aka yi wa wanda ake tuhuma da sauran dalilai. Idan kotun daukaka kara ta ki amincewa da wannan roko, to sai su je Kotun cassation (Kotu mafi girma) wanda shine mafi girman hukumar shari'a a kasar. Da zarar an sake dubawa, Sarkin Kuwait dole ne ya amince da hukuncin. Da zarar wannan ya faru, Babban Alkalin ya ba da umarnin kisa, yana ƙayyade kwanan wata, lokaci, wuri da hanyar (yawanci ratayewa) na kisa, wanda aka ba mai gabatar da kara.

### Kashewa
Kuwait ta kasance mai karewa ta Burtaniya kuma ta sami 'yanci a 1961.

Tun daga shekara ta 2002, ana kashe mutane a fadar Nayef. Ana tsare fursunoni a cikin kurkuku har ƙusa ranar da aka kashe su, inda aka kai su wurin kisa. A game da 08:00, fursunoni suna rufe da baƙar fata, ba kamar fararen salon Burtaniya ba kuma hannayensu da ƙafafunsu suna da ƙuƙwalwa (ƙuƙwalwa). An saka sabbin gungumen ƙarfe a farkon shekarun 2000 kuma an yi amfani da su don kisa tun daga lokacin. Ana sanya igiya a wuyan su tare da maɗaurin a ƙarƙashin kunne kuma an buɗe ƙofar. Ana ba su ma'auni don karya wuyansu, ci gaban hanyar da aka yi a Ingila. An ba da izinin manema labarai da jama'a su kalli gawawwakin bayan kisan. An ruwaito manema labarai su buga hotuna na gawawwakin a cikin jaridu don yin aiki a matsayin mai hanawa aikata laifuka.

Ana kashe wasu fursunoni a fili. Misali, a cikin 2013 an rataye 'yan kasar Masar da aka fi sani da Hawally monster, a fili. Wasu mutane, ciki har da wani dan gidan sarauta an kuma kashe su a fili. A cikin 2023, an kashe mutumin da ke bayan harin masallacin Kuwait na 2015 ta hanyar ratayewa. An rataye shi tare da ƙungiyar wasu masu laifi.

## Manazarta
Hukuncin kisa a Kazakhstan

An soke **hukuncin babban laifi a Kazakhstan** saboda duk laifuffuka a cikin 2021.  Har zuwa 2021, an soke shi saboda laifuka na yau da kullun amma har yanzu an ba da izini ga laifukan da ke faruwa a yanayi na musamman (kamar laifukan yaƙi).   Hanyar shari'a ta kisa a Kazakhstan ta kasance tana harbi, musamman harbi guda a bayan kai.

Kashe-kashen karshe da aka sani a Kazakhstan ya faru ne a shekara ta 2003, lokacin da aka kashe mutane 17 ta hanyar harbi tsakanin Mayu da Nuwamba.  A ranar 17 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2003, Shugaba Nursultan Nazarbayev ya gabatar da dakatarwar kisa, kuma daga baya ya sauya hukuncin kisa na wasu fursunoni 40 zuwa rai da rai a kurkuku. A shekara ta 2007, Kazakhstan ta yi gyare-gyare ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki, ta soke hukuncin kisa ga duk laifuka sai dai ayyukan ta'addanci da ke haifar da asarar rayukan ɗan adam da manyan laifuka da aka aikata a lokacin yaƙi.

A cikin 2014, Amnesty International ta sanya Kazakhstan a matsayin "Mai kawar da laifuffuka na yau da kullun".  Bugu da ƙari, ba za a iya yanke wa mata hukuncin kisa ba a ƙarƙashin dokar Kazakh.

Tun bayan da aka kafa dakatarwar an yanke wa mutane shida hukuncin kisa a Kazakhstan. Tuni dai aka sassauta hukuncin kisa ga dukkansu.

A cikin 2008 da 2016, Kazakhstan ta kada kuri'ar amincewa da dakatarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan hukuncin kisa.

A ranar 23 ga Satumba 2020, Shugaba Kassym-Jomart Tokayev ya ba da sanarwar cewa Kazakhstan ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Biyu ga Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa kuma ta tabbatar da ita a ranar 24 ga Maris 2022. Yarjejeniyar ta buƙaci duk masu sanya hannu su himmatu ga kawar da hukuncin kisa, tare da Tokayev ya kara da cewa Kazakhstan ta sanya hannu a ciki " cika ainihin haƙƙin rayuwa da mutuncin ɗan adam," tare da niyyar kawar da hukuncin mutuwa a cikin iyakokinta.[to]

## Shahararrun hukuncin kisa tun shekara ta 2003
A shekara ta 2006, an yanke wa tsohon jami'in 'yan sanda Rustam Ibragimov hukuncin kisa bisa laifin kitsa kisan gillar da aka yi wa fitaccen dan siyasa Altynbek Sarsenbayuly . A shekara ta 2014, an mayar da hukuncin kisa na Ibragimov zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai.  Har zuwa 2016, Ibragimov shine mutum na ƙarshe da aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa a Kazakhstan.

A watan Nuwamba 2016, wata kotu a Kazakhstan ta yanke hukuncin kisa kan mai kisan gilla Ruslan Kulikbayev saboda ta'addanci bayan da aka same shi da laifin kashe mutane goma (ciki har da 'yan sanda 8) a wani harin harbi da aka kai kan jami'an 'yan sanda a Almaty .  An mayar da hukuncin kisa na Kulikbayev zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai a cikin 2021 bayan Kazakhstan ta soke hukuncin kisa na duk laifuffuka.

## Manazarta
Hukuncin kisa a Mongolia

An soke **[[Hukuncin Kisa|Hukuncin kisa]]** a Mongolia tun 2016, biyo bayan dakatarwar shekaru takwas da suka gabata.

A lokacin kawar da shi, laifuka biyar a kan litattafan dokokin Mongoliya ana iya hukunta su da hukuncin kisa: "ayyukan ta'addanci da aka aikata don dalilai na siyasa; ayyukan ta'addancin da aka yi wa wakilan wata jiha ta waje don dalilai na politiki; sabuntawa; kisan da aka yi da mummunan yanayi; da kuma fyade tare da mummunan yanayi". Maza ne kawai masu shekaru 18-60 a lokacin aikata laifin za a iya kashe su; mata ba su da hukuncin kisa. Gwamnati tun daga lokacin ta soke hukuncin kisa ga dukkan laifuka.

A cewar Amnesty International, Mongolia, kamar China, Vietnam, Malaysia da Singapore, sun yi kisa a asirce. Ba za a sanar da dangin fursunonin ranar da aka kashe shi ba, ko kuma wurin binne shi. Akwai mutane 45 da aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa a shekara ta 2007, amma hukumomi ba su bayyana adadin wadanda aka kashe ba. An yi tunanin an kashe mutane biyar a shekara ta 2008.

## Rashin amincewa
A watan Yunin 2009, an zabi Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, mai adawa da abolitionist, a matsayin Shugaban Mongolia. Ya fara amfani da ikon gafartawa masa don hana aiwatar da hukuncin kisa.

A ranar 14 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, ya ba da sanarwar cewa daga nan gaba zai yi amfani da ikonsa don gafarta wa duk mutanen da aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa. Ya bayyana cewa Yawancin ƙasashe a duniya sun soke hukuncin kisa, kuma ya kamata Mongolia ta bi misalin su; ya ba da shawarar cewa a maye gurbinsa da hukuncin shekaru 30 a kurkuku. Shawarwarin ya kasance mai kawo rigima; lokacin da Elbegdorj ya sanar da shi a majalisar, yawancin wakilai sun zaɓi kada su ba da bulala ta al'ada bayan jawabin shugaban kasa.

Le Monde, duk da haka, ya lura cewa Shugaba Elbegdorj "yana iya samun ya fi wuya" a soke hukuncin kisa a cikin doka, ya kara da cewa ana iya sake amfani da shi idan Elbegdorz ya kasa sake zabarsa. Elbegdorj ya lashe Zaben shugaban kasa na 2013 a ranar 26 ga Yuni 2013   kuma ya kasance a ofis har sai Khaltmaagiin Battulga ya yi nasara a ranar 10 ga Yuli 2017, wanda ya nemi sake gabatar da hukuncin kisa ga Mongolia.

## Manazarta
Hanyan ruwan Tsugaru

Hanyan ruwan Tsugaru mashigar ruwa ce tsakanin Honshu da Hokkaido a arewacin Japan da ke haɗa Tekun Japan da Tekun Fasifik. An sanya masa suna a madadin yammacin yankin Aomori Prefecture. Ramin Seikan yana wucewa a ƙarƙashinsa a mafi ƙanƙantar hanyar sa mai zurfi mil 12.1 (19.5&nbsp;km) tsakanin Tappi Misaki a yankin Tsugaru Peninsula da yankin Aomori Prefecture, Honshu, da kuma Shirakami Misaki a kan Matsumae Peninsula a Hokkaido.

Taswirorin Turawa da aka yi kafin karni na 20 kuma suna kiran wannan hanyar ruwa da **Mashigin Sangar** . 

Yankin ruwan Japan ya kai mil uku na ruwa (5.6&nbsp;km) zuwa mashigar maimakon sha biyun da aka saba, an bayar da rahoton ba da damar jiragen ruwan yakin sojojin ruwa na Amurka masu dauke da makamin nukiliya da na karkashin ruwa su wuce mashigin ba tare da keta dokar kasar Japan ta hana makaman nukiliya a cikin kasarta ba.  Duk da haka, ɓangaren mashigin Tsugaru da ake la'akari da shi a cikin ruwa na duniya har yanzu yana cikin yankin tattalin arziki na musamman na Japan,  kuma ramin Seikan ya kasance gaba ɗaya ƙarƙashin ikon Jafananci duk da cewa wani ɓangare na shi yana wajen fasaha na yankin ruwa na Japan.

Mashigin Tsugaru yana da wuyoyin gabas da yamma, duka kusan 20&nbsp;km fadin tare da iyakar zurfin 200 m da 140 m bi da bi. 

Hakanan akwai sabis na jirgin ruwa da ke aiki a cikin mashigin, gami da Tsugaru Kaikyō Ferry da jirgin Seikan .

A ranar 26 ga Satumba, 1954, mutane 1,172 suka mutu lokacin da jirgin ruwan *Toya Maru* ya nutse a cikin mashigin. 

Thomas Blakiston, mai bincike dan Ingila kuma masanin halittu, ya lura cewa dabbobi a Hokkaido suna da alaƙa da nau'in Arewacin Asiya, yayin da waɗanda ke Honshu a kudu suna da alaƙa da waɗanda ke Kudancin Asiya. Don haka an kafa mashigin Tsugaru a matsayin babbar iyaka ta zoogeographical, kuma an san shi da *[[Blakiston's Line|Layin Blakiston]]* ko "Layin Blakiston".

## Manazarta
ERAmerica

**ERAmerica** haɗin gwiwa ne na ƙungiyoyin da ke fafutukar tabbatar da Kwaskwarima Daidaita Haƙƙin a cikin 1970s. Ƙungiyar ta kasance mai ban sha'awa kamar yadda Democrat Liz Carpenter da dan Republican Elly Peterson suka jagoranci kungiyar a matsayin masu haɗin gwiwa. 

 

## Asalin
An kafa ERAmerica a matsayin haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyi a cikin 1976 kuma ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi sama da 200.  Hedkwatar ta kasance ne a Washington, DC  Manufar ƙungiyar don neman amincewa da Kwaskwarima Daidaito (ERA). Ƙungiyar ba ta yi nasara ba bayan da ERA ta kasa a 1982. 

## Jagoranci
ERAmerica kungiya ce mai bangaranci. Liz Carpenter dan Democrat ne kuma Elly Peterson ya dade yana jam'iyyar Republican.  Dukansu mata sun kasance waɗanda suka kafa Ƙungiyar Siyasa ta Mata ta Ƙasa. 

A cikin 1976, Jane Wells ta yi aiki a matsayin darektan yakin neman zabe na ERAmerica.  A farkon shekarun 1980, Mary Hatwood Futrell ta zama shugabar kasa.  A cikin 1982, Kathleen Currie ta yi aiki a matsayin darektan hulda da jama'a. 

## Ƙungiyoyin membobi
Ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da ERAmerica sun haɗa da Dokar Katolika don ERA, Matan gida don ERA, Cause Common, Girl Scouts, da NAACP . 

## Rahoton ERAmerica
A farkon shekarun 1980, ERAmerica ta buga wata jarida da aka sani da Rahoton ERAmerica. A cikin bugu na Mayu 1981, sun lura ERA da zubar da ciki wasu batutuwa ne daban. 

## Tattaunawar kudade don dalilin

### 1977

A cikin 1977, ERAmerica ta tara $100,000 a taron shekarar mata ta duniya a Houston. 

### 1981
A cikin 1981, ERAmerica ta gudanar da wani abincin rana a Michigan inda Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa Helen Milliken ta yi magana.  Karen Street daga Birmingham ya halarci wannan taron kuma ya gaya wa manema labarai, "Wannan yana daya daga cikin mafi kyawun abubuwan da na taba yi. Ina matukar godiya ga matan da suka yi aiki don kuri'un da nake da su a yau. Wata rana, ina fatan mata za su yaba da abin da muke yi don ERA. Ina da lokacin da zan ba da wannan. Yawancin mata da suka fi bukata ba su da lokacin da nake yi. " 

## Gudunmawa ga 'yan takara
A cikin 1982, ERAmerica ta ba da gudummawar $38,650 ga 'yan takarar majalisa. 

## Duba kuma

* Liz kafinta 
* Billie Jean King
* Elly Maude Peterson 
* Helen Reddy 
* Jane Horton Wells 

## Manazarta
Hukuncin kisa a Mexico

An soke **Hukuncin kisa a [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]]** a hukumance a ranar 15 ga Maris 2005,  tun da ba a yi amfani da shi a shari'o'in farar hula ba tun 1957, kuma a shari'ar soja tun 1961. Mexico ita ce ƙasa mafi yawan jama'a a duniya da ta soke hukuncin kisa gaba ɗaya.

## Tarihi

Akwai muhimmiyar tarihin abolitionism a Mexico, wanda ya samo asali ne daga karni na 19. Bayan Shirin Ayutla, an tsara kundin Tsarin mulki na 1857, wanda musamman ya haramta hukuncin kisa don laifukan siyasa, kuma ya ba da izinin kawar da laifuka na yau da kullun a nan gaba. Gwamnatin Mexico a wannan lokacin ba ta da kwanciyar hankali, kuma kawar da laifukan siyasa na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da damuwa cewa 'yan majalisa da kansu na iya zama masu azabtarwa idan akwai tashin hankali. Kwarewar mutum ma na iya zama wani abu, kamar yadda yawancin mutanen Mexico suka fuskanci zalunci na siyasa. An yi la'akari da hukuncin kisa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, kuma yawancin masu karatu na Mexico sun saba da aikin Cesare, Marquis na Beccaria. Bayan mulkin Porfirio Díaz, an yi gyare-gyare ga hukuncin kisa a cikin sake fasalin da ya haifar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Mexico na yanzu.

Kashe-kashen karshe da ba na soja ba a Mexico ya kasance a cikin 1957 a Sonora, kuma kisan-kashen soja na ƙarshe (na soja da ake tuhuma da rashin biyayya da kisan kai) a cikin 1961,  don haka soke hukuncin kisa na soja a cikin 2005 da na hukuncin kisa na farar hula a cikin 1976 ya rage dakatarwar *de facto* da shekaru 44 da 19, bi da bi. 

Mexico ita ce mafi yawan ƙasar Roman Katolika, tare da kashi 88% na yawan jama'a da ke nuna kansu a matsayin masu bi. Vatican ta yi maganganu da yawa da ke sukar hukuncin kisa, kuma wannan na iya zama wani abu a cikin muhawara a Mexico.

A shekara ta 2003, Jihar Mexico ta kada kuri'a a cikin raba gardama mara iyaka game da hukuncin kisa. Kashi 82% na mutane 806,416 da suka kada kuri'a, sun kada kuri'ar Ee don hukuncin kisa kan laifukan kisan kai, satar yara da hare-haren tashin hankali.

A cikin muhawara a lokacin Babban zaben Mexico na 2018, dan takarar Jaime Rodríguez Calderón ya ba da shawarar sake dawo da hukuncin kisa ga Masu fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi, masu satar mutane, Kisan jarirai da Masu kisan gilla. 

### Yaƙin miyagun ƙwayoyi na Mexico

Yaƙin miyagun ƙwayoyi na Mexico ya haifar da karuwar laifuka masu tsanani kamar satar mutane da kisan kai, wanda ya haifar da sake fitowar hukuncin kisa a cikin maganganun siyasa. Jam'iyyar Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (PVEM), ta gudanar da kamfen don inganta maido da hukuncin kisa, gami da amfani da allon talla,  a matsayin wani ɓangare na inganta jam'iyyar don zaben 2009 don kujeru a Majalisa. An gabatar da shawarwari don gyara Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1917 don ba da izinin hukuncin kisa daga duka PVEM da Jam'iyyar Juyin Juya Halin (PRI), amma dukansu an ƙi su. Bincike a cikin 2009 ya ba da shawarar cewa har zuwa kashi 70% na yawan jama'a sun goyi bayan maido da hukuncin kisa, duk da haka ba zai yiwu a canza kundin tsarin mulki ba, saboda ƙungiyoyin addini da na haƙƙin ɗan adam sun yi tsayayya da maidowa.

## Manazarta
Hukuncin kisa a cikin Netherlands

An soke **Hukuncin kisa a cikin Netherlands** (Dutch: doodstraf a cikin Nederland) a cikin 1870 a cikin dokar aikata laifuka bayan da Janar na Jihohi ya amince da shi "mai zalunci da rashin wayewa". Ministan Shari'a mai sassaucin ra'ayi Franciscus van Lilaar ne ya gabatar da lissafin kuma ya yi muhawara a duka Majalisar Dattijai da Majalisar Wakilai na kwanaki bakwai kafin amincewa. Bayan kawar da hukuncin kisa, an sanya ɗaurin rai da rai a matsayin hukunci na hukuma a 1878.

Bayan 'yan shekaru bayan samun' yancin kai a 1815, Masarautar Netherlands ta yanke shawarar cewa za a iya aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ta hanyar yanke kansa.Tsakanin 1945 da 1952, masu aikata laifukan yaki 142 daga yakin duniya na biyu an yanke musu hukuncin kisa ta Bijzonder Gerechtshof saboda cin amanar Jihar Netherlands da kuma korar Yahudawa na Dutch. An aiwatar da mutum arba'in da biyu daga cikin hukuncin kisa. Mutanen karshe da aka kashe a karkashin dokar soja sune jami'an SS Andries Jan Pieters da Artur Albrecht a watan Maris na shekara ta 1952. Hukuncin kisa ya kasance zaɓi ne na soja har zuwa 1983 lokacin da aka haramta shi a bayyane a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Netherlands. A cikin 1991, an cire duk nassoshi game da hukuncin kisa daga dokar Dutch.

## Tsarin Mulki

* Mataki na 114 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki (Dutch: *Grondwet*) ya haramta yanke wa wani hukuncin kisa tun 1983. Daidaitaccen tanadi a cikin asalin Yaren mutanen Holland, De doodstraf kan niet worden op__ilo____ilo____ilo__, ya fassara zuwa "Ba za a iya sanya hukuncin kisa ba". Wannan yana nufin cewa a sakamakon haka, hukuncin kisa bai wanzu a cikin Netherlands ba. Har ila yau, yana nufin cewa ba za a iya ƙara hukuncin kisa a cikin sassan doka na gaba ko na yanzu ba.

## Hukuncin kisa a yau
Jam'iyyar Siyasa ta Reformed (Dutch: Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij, SGP), jam'iyyar Kirista ta dama, tana goyon bayan sake gabatar da hukuncin kisa a cikin Netherlands. Sun kafa wannan a kan Littafi Mai-Tsarki, musamman a kan Farawa 9:6, "Wanda ya zubar da jinin mutum, ta wurin mutum za a zubar da jini: domin a cikin siffar Allah ya sanya shi mutum," da kuma Fitowa 21:12, "Wanda wanda ya buge mutum, don ya mutu, tabbas za a kashe shi".

Kungiyar Jama'ar Holland (NVU) tana goyon bayan sake gabatar da hukuncin kisa a cikin Netherlands.

## Mutum da mace na karshe da aka kashe a Netherlands

## Dubi kuma

* 13 Mayu 1945 kisan gillar da aka yi wa 'yan gudun hijira a Jamus, ya faru ne a Netherlands amma hukumomin Jamus ne suka aiwatar da dokar Jamus a kan batutuwan Jamus

## Manazarta
Hukuncin kisa a yankin Gaza

Gwamnatoci da yawa, sojoji, da 'yan bindiga ba bisa ka'ida ba sun aiwatar da **Hukuncin kisa a yankin Gaza** a duk tarihin yankin. Yawancin kashe-kashen an haɗa su da rikice-rikicen tashin hankali. Yawancin hukuncin kisa an bayyana su a matsayin kisan kai ba tare da shari'a ba saboda hanyoyin kotu marasa cikakke ko marasa lissafi. 

Bisa ga dokar Falasdinawa, akwai laifuka 77 da za a hukunta ta hanyar hukuncin kisa. Daga 1994 zuwa 2022, an ba da kusan hukuncin kisa 260, kusan 230 a Gaza da 30 a Yammacin Kogin. Gabaɗaya, a wannan lokacin, an kashe mutane 41, tare da yawancin da ke faruwa a Gaza.

## Kotuna a yankin Gaza bayan 2007
Daga yakin Gaza (2007) har zuwa mamayewar Isra'ila a yankin Gaza, ƙungiyar Hamas tana da iko a cikin yankin Gaza a ƙasa, amma ba ta sarrafa sararin samaniya, iyakokin teku, ko iyakokin ƙasa ba. Tsarin shari'a guda biyu na Palasdinawa sun aiwatar da kisa a yankin Gaza, na farar hula da na soja. Shari'a ta Gwamnatin farar hula da Hamas ke jagoranta da Kotunan soja na Brigades na Ezzedeen al Qassam. Gwamnatocin Yammacin Kogin Gaza da Gaza suna aiki tare a kan batutuwa kamar kiwon lafiya, amma a kan wasu batutuwa hukumomin Gaza suna aiki da kansu. Dokar Palasdinawa tana buƙatar amincewa daga shugaban Hukumar Falasdinawa (a halin yanzu Mahmoud Abbas) don hukuncin kisa,  amma hukumomi a yankin Gaza sun yi watsi da wannan doka a lokuta da yawa. 

## Kashe-kashen da gwamnatin Gaza da sojoji suka yi (2007-2024)

### Kashe-kashen a lokacin yakin Gaza na 2014
A lokacin Yaƙin Gaza na 2014,   Hamas ta kashe Falasdinawa sama da 20 a yankin Gaza. 

A cewar wani rahoto na Amnesty International, Al-Qassam ya kashe Palasdinawa 23 a lokacin rikicin 2014, kuma 16 daga cikin mutanen nan sun kasance a kurkuku tun kafin yakin ya fara. Wasu suna fuskantar shari'a saboda leken asiri, amma ba zato ba tsammani an yanke waɗannan gwaje-gwajen. Daga cikin wadanda aka kashe, 'yan bindiga sun kashe 6 a waje da masallaci a gaban daruruwan masu kallo, gami da yara. Amnesty ta yi iƙirarin cewa Hamas ta yi amfani da murfin yaƙin, wanda ke da yawan mutuwar mutane,  don aiwatar da kisan gilla, don daidaita ƙididdigar abokan adawar a ƙarƙashin uzuri cewa suna da haɗin gwiwa tare da Isra'ila.   An kuma zarge su da azabtarwa.

## Manazarta