Connie Morella

**Constance Morella** (; née **Albanese**; born February 12, 1931) is an American politician and diplomat. She represented  in the United States House of Representatives from 1987 to 2003. She served as Permanent Representative from the U.S. to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) from 2003 to 2007. She is on American University's faculty as an Ambassador in Residence for the Women & Politics Institute. She was appointed to the American Battle Monuments Commission (ABMC) by President Barack Obama in 2010.

## Rayuwar farko
An haife ta Constance Albanese a Somerville, Massachusetts . Bayan kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Somerville a cikin 1948, ta halarci Jami'ar Boston, inda ta sami Associate of Arts a 1950 da Bachelor of Arts a 1954. Ko da yake ta taso ne a cikin iyalin Democrats blue-collar, ta zama dan Republican bayan ganawa da Anthony C. Morella, wanda ya yi aiki ga 'yan Republican masu sassaucin ra'ayi John Lindsay, Nelson Rockefeller, Charles Mathias, da sauransu. Bayan sun yi aure, ma’auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Bethesda, Maryland . Bayan 'yar'uwar Connie Morella ta mutu da ciwon daji, Tony da Connie Morella sun dauki 'ya'yanta shida don shiga cikin nasu 'ya'yansu uku.

Morella ya zama malamin makarantar sakandare a Makarantun Jama'a na gundumar Montgomery a Maryland daga 1957 zuwa 1961. Ta sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Amurka da MA a 1967 kuma ta kasance mai koyarwa a can daga 1968 zuwa 1970, lokacin da ta zama farfesa a Kwalejin Montgomery a Rockville, Maryland . Ta ci gaba da koyarwa har zuwa 1985, lokacin da ta bar koyarwa don cikakken mai da hankali kan aikinta na siyasa.

## Fagen Siyasa
A cikin 1971 an nada Morella a matsayin memba mai kafa a Montgomery County Commission for Women, kungiyar shawara ta mata, kuma an zabe ta shugabar ta a 1973. Ta zama mai ƙwazo a ƙungiyar mata masu jefa ƙuri'a . A cikin 1974, ta yi takara don Wakilan Gidan Wakilai na Maryland daga Gundumar 16th (Bethesda), amma ba ta yi nasara ba. Ta sake tsayawa takara a shekarar 1978, inda ta lashe kujerar tare da samun kuri'u fiye da na masu rike da mukamai uku da suka gabata. An sake zaɓe ta don ƙarin wa'adi, kafin ta tsaya takarar Majalisar Dokokin Amurka .

### Majalisa
A cikin 1986, Morella ya yi takarar neman kujerar Majalisa a gundumar majalisa ta 8 ta Maryland . Dan jam'iyyar Democrat Michael Barnes, wanda ke neman tsayawa takarar jam'iyyar Democrat a majalisar dattijan Amurka ne ya fice daga gundumar. Abokin hamayyar Morella a babban zaben shi ne Sanata Stewart Bainum na jihar, hamshakin attajirin hamshakin attajirin nan wanda ya zarce ta a duk lokacin yakin neman zabe.

Babban juyi ya zo lokacin da Morella ba zato ba tsammani ya sami amincewa daga *Baltimore Sun* da *Washington Post* . Ita ce mace ta farko da ta rike wannan kujera. Ko da yake ita 'yar Republican ce a yankin da ya zama 'yar jam'iyyar Democrat, ta kasance mai farin jini sosai a tsakanin mazabarta kuma ta sake lashe zabe sau bakwai, tana aiki har zuwa 2002.

Morella na adawa da matsayin jam'iyyarta kan zubar da ciki, sarrafa bindiga, 'yancin 'yan luwadi, da kuma fafutukar kare muhalli, ta kada kuri'ar amincewa da tallafin gwamnati na maganin hana haihuwa da shirye-shiryen musayar allura ga masu shaye-shayen miyagun kwayoyi, tare da goyon bayan halatta tabar wiwi . Ta sami wasu tallafi daga ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata kuma ta yi adawa da rage haraji da yawa. Morella, duk da haka, ya kada kuri'a a kan kasafin kudin Shugaba Clinton na 1993, kamar yadda sauran 'yan Republican Republican suka yi.  Ta kada kuri'ar kin ayyana Turanci a matsayin harshen hukuma na Amurka  kuma, a cikin 1996, ta nuna adawa da wani kudirin doka da Majalisa ta amince da shi sosai kuma Shugaba Bill Clinton ya sanya hannu don yakar shige da fice ba bisa ka'ida ba.

A cikin 1996, Morella na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan Republican biyar kawai da suka kada kuri'ar adawa da Dokar 'Yanci da Dimokuradiyya ta Cuba. A cikin 1998, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan Republican uku kawai da suka kada kuri'ar kin canza sunan filin jirgin saman Washington National Airport na Ronald Reagan .  Morella shi ne dan jam'iyyar Republican daya tilo a cikin daukacin Majalisa da ya kada kuri'ar kin amincewa da amfani da karfin soji a Iraki a shekarar 1991 da kuma a shekara ta 2002. Ta kasance mai aiki a cikin 'yancin ɗan adam, lafiyar mata, da matsalolin gida a cikin Majalisa, kuma ta yi aiki a kan kwamitocin gyara na Kimiyya da Gwamnati.

Morella ya kasance wakilin Amurka a taron kasa da kasa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan yawan jama'a da ci gaba na shekarar 1994 a birnin Alkahira, kana kuma shugabar wakilan majalisar wakilai a taron MDD karo na hudu na mata a birnin Beijing na shekarar 1995 . Daga cikin dokokin da ta dauki nauyinsa akwai dokar ba da shaida ga mata a shekarar 1992, wadda ta tanadi kudade ga mata marasa galihu don daukar shedar kwararru a shari’o’in cin zarafi a cikin gida, da kuma dokar horas da shari’a, wacce ta ba da gudummawar shirye-shiryen ilimantar da alkalai game da cin zarafi a cikin gida, musamman a shari’o’in kula da yara.

Morella ta fuskanci matsin lamba bayan da jam'iyyarta ta karbe ikon majalisar a zaben 'yan majalisa na 1994. Ko da yake ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar da Amurka ta Newt Gingrich ta kirkiro, tana da rikodi mai gauraya wacce ke goyon bayan rinjayen Republican a Majalisa. Ba ta fito karara ta kalubalanci sabon shugabancin majalisar ba sai a shekarar 1997 lokacin da ta kada kuri'ar "halin yanzu" ga kakakin majalisar maimakon mai ci, Newt Gingrich . A cikin 1998, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan Republican huɗu, tare da Amo Houghton da Peter T. Sarkin New York da Chris Shays na Connecticut, don adawa da duk wasu batutuwa huɗu na tsige Clinton a lokacin abin kunya na Lewinsky .

A matsayinsa na ɗan Republican da ke wakiltar gundumar Demokraɗiyya arziƙi a cikin jihar Dimokuradiyya, Morella ya fuskanci jerin gwano na ƙaƙƙarfan ƙalubalen Demokraɗiyya. Yayin da ta yi nasarar kawar da su duka, har ma a cikin manyan shekarun Demokaradiyya na 1992, 1996, da 1998, ƙarancin farin jini na Majalisar Dattijai mai mulkin Republican ya rage mata hankali. Ta yi kokarin nuna kanta a matsayin ta bai wa gundumarta matsayi a teburin, amma bayan lokaci, 'yan adawar Democrat na Morella sun yi iƙirarin cewa kuri'ar da aka yi wa Morella wata kuri'a ce ta ci gaba da kasancewa Tom DeLay da sauran 'yan jam'iyyar Republican ba su da farin jini ga masu jefa kuri'a a gundumomi.

### Ƙalubalen zabe
Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai na Maryland Thomas V. "Mike" Miller ya bayyana cewa ya yi niyya don fitar da gundumar Morella daga ƙarƙashinta bayan sake zaɓenta na ɗan ƙaranci a 2000.  'Yan jam'iyyar Democrat ne ke iko da Majalisar Dokoki ta Jiha da Ofishin Gwamna a 2000, don haka suna sarrafa sake fasalin ƙidayar 2000 . Ma'aikata daga Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa Miller, Kakakin Majalisar Cas Taylor, da Gwamna Parris Glendening sun zana sabbin taswira don fitar da Morella da ɗan Republican Bob Ehrlich mai matsakaicin ra'ayi.  Wata shawara ta kai ga raba gundumar ta gida biyu, ta yadda ta ba da daya ga Sanata Chris Van Hollen na Jiha tare da tilasta Morella yin takara da mashahurin Delegate da dan siyasar Kennedy Mark Shriver .

Shirin sake rarrabawa na ƙarshe bai kasance mai ƙima ba amma har yanzu ya sanya gunduma ta 8 ta Demokraɗiyya ta fi dimokiraɗiyya. Ya maido da wani babban dimokuradiyya na gabashin Montgomery County da aka cire a cikin sake fasalin 1990 kuma ya kara yankuna tara a cikin gundumar Prince George daga gundumar Al Wynn ta 4th district Democratic Democratic.  Ko da yake hakan ya tilastawa Van Hollen da Shriver yin takara da juna a zaben fidda gwani mai tsada, Van Hollen ya doke Morella a shekara ta 2002 da kashi 52 cikin 100 na kuri'un da Morella ya samu kashi 47 cikin 100 (Morella zai sake lashe zabe a gundumar da ta gabata, a cewar zabe). dawo). Tabbatar da yadda Demokradiyyar wannan sabuwar gundumar ta kasance, 'yan Republican sun kafa masu kalubalantar kawai a cikin 8th tun lokacin da Morella ya sha kashi; Babu daya daga cikinsu da ya taba samun sama da kashi 40 na kuri'un da aka kada.

A cikin 2013, Morella ya sanya hannu a taƙaitaccen amicus curiae da aka gabatar wa Kotun Koli don tallafawa auren jinsi a lokacin shari'ar Hollingsworth v. Perry . 

Morella ya fito fili ya amince da tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasa Joe Biden, dan jam'iyyar Democrat, a zaben shugaban kasar Amurka na 2020, kan dan takarar Republican Donald Trump.

## Zaben Shugaban Kasa na 2020
UA ranar 24 ga Agusta, 2020, Morella yana ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin 'yan majalisar dokokin Republican 24 da suka goyi bayan ɗan takarar Demokraɗiyya Joe Biden a ranar buɗe babban taron jam'iyyar Democrat. 

## Ambasada
Shugaba George W. Bush ya nada wakilinta na din-din-din na Amurka a ƙungiyar hadin kan tattalin arziki da raya kasa (OECD) a ranar 11 ga Yuli, 2003.

Majalisar dattawan Amurka baki daya ta tabbatar da ita a ranar 31 ga watan Yuli, sannan kuma aka rantsar da ita a ranar 8 ga watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, inda ta zama tsohuwar ‘yar majalisa ta farko da ta zama jakadiyar kungiyar ta OECD. Ita mamba ce mai daraja ta Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Mata ta Amirka ta Italiya wadda ta ayyana Morella a matsayin *Feminina Excelente* .

Ta yi aiki a hukumance a matsayin Jakadiya daga Agusta 1, 2003 zuwa Agusta 6, 2007.  A cikin Nuwamba 2007, ta sami magajin Christopher Egan, ɗan Richard Egan .

## Kyaututtuka da karramawa
Morella ya sami digiri na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Amurka, 1988; Jami'ar Norwich, 1989; Kwalejin Dickinson, 1989; Kwalejin Mt. Vernon, 1995; Jami'ar Kwalejin Jami'ar Maryland, 1996; Jami'ar Maryland, 1997; Jami'ar Sabis na Uniformed na Kimiyyar Lafiya, 1997; Kwalejin Elizabethtown, 1999; Kwalejin Washington, 2000; da National Labor College, 2004.

Yawan lambobin yabo da karramawarta sun haɗa da shigar da su cikin Hall of Fame na Mata na Maryland,  lambar yabo ta Ron Brown Standards Leadership Award, da kyaututtukan sabis na jama'a daga Ƙungiyar Likitocin Amurka, Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Amurka, da Hubert H. Humphrey Kyautar Haƙƙin Bil'adama daga Taron Jagoranci akan 'Yancin Bil'adama "don sadaukar da kai da sadaukarwa a cikin hanyar daidaito." Jamhuriyar Italiya ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Legion of Merit. Ta sami lambar yabo ta farko ta Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya ta Kasa a 2008. 

A cikin 2013, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Knight Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany saboda sanya "makamashi da sha'awar haɓaka Ƙungiyar Nazarin Majalisa akan Jamus, wanda shine mafi tsufa kuma mafi yawan musayar 'yan majalisa da ya shafi Majalisa da majalisa. reshen wata kasa" a lokacin da take rike da mukamin shugabar kungiyar tsoffin 'yan majalisar dokokin Amurka . 

A cikin 2016, gwamnatin Japan ta ba ta kayan ado na Imperial. Don gudunmawar da ta bayar don zurfafa kawancen Amurka da Japan a Majalisar Dokokin Amurka, an ba ta lambar yabo da lambar yabo ta Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Star . 

A ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2018, reshen Laburaren Bethesda na tsarin Laburaren Jama'a na gundumar Montgomery an sake masa suna Connie Morella Library. 

## Tarihin zabe

 

## Duba kuma

* Victor Kamkin kantin sayar da littattafai - kantin sayar da littattafai na Rockville, Maryland wanda Morella ya nemi ceto daga fatara
* Mata a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Constance A. Morella takardu a Jami'ar Maryland Library
* Bayanan martaba na Jami'ar Amirka
* Appearances  

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