Yekatit 12

**Yekatit 12** (Habasha;የካቲት ፲፪|Yekatīt 12), wanda aka fi sani a Italiya da **Kisan ƙare dangin Addis Ababa** (Italiyanci;Strage di Addis Ababa), rana ce a kalanda Ge'ez da ke nuni da kisan gillar da tsare 'yan ƙasar Habasha da dakarun mamayar Italiya suka yi bayan yunkurin kashe Marshal Rodolfo Graziani, mataimakin sarkin mulkin Gabashin Afirka na Italiya, a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu 1937. Graziani ne ya jagoranci dakarun Italiya wajen samun nasara a kan Habasha a Yaƙin Italiya da Habasha na biyu kuma ya kasance babban gwamnan mulkin Italiya a Gabashin Afirka. An bayyana wannan a matsayin mafi muni a cikin tarihin kisan gillar a Habasha.

Kimanin ya bambanta akan yawan mutanen da aka kashe a cikin kwanaki uku da suka biyo bayan yunkurin kashe Graziani. Tushen Habasha sun yi iƙirarin cewa Italiyanci sun kashe mutane 30,000, yayin da wasu ƙididdigar yawanci suna tsakanin mutuwar 1,400 da 6,000;  wani binciken 2017 na kisan kiyashi ya bayyana cewa an kashe kimanin mutane 19,200, kashi 20 cikin dari na yawan Addis Ababa.  A cikin mako mai zuwa, an tattara 'yan Habasha da yawa da ake zargi da adawa da mulkin Italiya kuma an kashe su, gami da mambobin Black Lions da sauran mambobin aristocracy. Sarkin sarakuna Haile Selassie ya aika da mutane 125 zuwa kasashen waje don samun ilimin koleji, amma an kashe mafi yawansu. An daure wasu da yawa, har ma da abokan aiki kamar  Gebre Haywot, ɗan *Ras* Mika'el na Wollo, Brehane Markos, da Ayale Gebre, waɗanda suka taimaka wa Italiyanci su gano maza biyu da suka yi ƙoƙari su kashe Graziani.

Bayan kisan kiyashi, Benito Mussolini ya kori Graziani kuma ya maye gurbinsa da Yarima Amedeo, Duke na Aosta . 

## Tarihi
Bayan cin nasarar sojojin Habasha a karkashin umurninsa a Yaƙin Maychew a ranar 31 ga Maris 1936, Sarkin sarakuna Haile Selassie ya bar Habasha don yin jawabi ga Kungiyar Al'ummai don neman taimakon su a kan Italiya. Ya sanya babban abokinsa kuma dan uwansa *Ras* Imru Haile Selassie a matsayin mai mulki a lokacin da ba ya nan, wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya kafa Gwamnatin wucin gadi a Gore, a yankin kudu maso yammacin ƙasar. Gore, duk da haka, yana cikin zurfin ƙasar Mutanen Oromo, waɗanda suka yi tsayayya da yunkurinsa na kula da mulkin mallaka; wasu sun kai ga kusantar Birtaniya don gane yunkurin su na ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar Galla ta Yamma. Lokacin da Italiyanci suka ci gaba a Nekemte a ranar 24 ga Oktoba, *Ras* Imru ya sami matsayinsa ba zai yiwu ba kuma ya yi tafiya a kudu don neman mafi kyawun mahalli. Abokan adawa biyu sun yi tafiya a kudu maso yammacin Habasha, Italiyanci suna bin Habashawa, a cikin watan Nuwamba har sai an kama *Ras* Imru a bakin Kogin Gojeb, inda bayan mummunan fada *Ras* Imru ya mika wuya a ranar 18 ga Disamba. 

A halin yanzu, masu goyon baya sun yi ƙoƙari mara kyau don sake kwace Addis Ababa a ranar 28 ga Yuli 1936. Kungiyoyin Habashawa daban-daban masu dauke da makamai sun kai hari kan matsayin Italiya a babban birnin, inda suka kama masu karewa da mamaki; 'yan Italiya na farko da suka haɗu da su sun kasance ƙungiyar da ke aiki a kan rijiyar. Koyaya, Janar Gariboldi ya yi tsammanin hari a kan babban birnin, kuma ya shirya don wannan yiwuwar. Kodayake ƙungiyar da ke ƙarƙashin Abebe Aragai kusan ta shiga Little Gebbi, inda Graziani ke aiki, an kori Habashawa a kowane bangare. Duk da taron karshe da Abune Petros ya yi a ranar karshe ta yakin, wanda ya jagoranci ci gaba na karshe a St George's Square, yunkurin da aka yi a birnin ya gaza.

A ƙarshe, sauran sojojin Habasha a kudu maso gabas suna raguwa. *Ras* Desta Damtew da *Dejazmach* Beyene Merid sun kasance suna kula da manyan biranen lardinsu a Irgalem da Goba har zuwa Nuwamba. A ranar 23 ga watan Nuwamba wani bangare mai motsi a karkashin Kyaftin Tucci ya shiga cikin yankin, ya haifar da tawaye daga Mutanen Sidama na yankin; Irgalem ya fadi ga Italiyanci a ranar 1 ga watan Disamba, kuma *Ras* Desta da *Dejazmach* Beyene Merid sun koma cikin tsaunuka na Lardin Bale. Wasan cat-and-mouse ya biyo baya, har sai da 'yan dubban sojoji na ƙarshe a ƙarƙashin umurnin su suka kusurwa kusa da Tafkin Shala kuma suka hallaka su da manyan lambobin Italiyanci a Yaƙin Gogetti 18 Fabrairu 1937. *Ras* Desta ya tsere daga fagen yaƙi shi kaɗai, amma an farautarsa kuma an kashe shi bayan 'yan kwanaki. Tare da mutuwar *Ras* Desta Damtew, duk wani shiri na tsayayya da Habasha ga Italiyanci ya kashe.

## Harin da aka kai wa Graziani

Duk da cewa yana da iko mara shakka a kan sabuwar Gabashin Afirka ta Italiya a farkon Fabrairu 1937, Graziani har yanzu bai amince da mazaunanta ba. A cikin shekarar da ta gabata, bayan da mutanensa suka kama Jijiga, yana bincika cocin Orthodox na Habasha lokacin da ya fadi ta hanyar ɓoyayyen rami a ƙasa, wanda ya gamsu cewa an shirya shi azaman mantrap a gare shi. "Daga wannan lamarin, "in ji Anthony Mockler, "yana yiwuwa a nuna ƙiyayya da tuhumar da yake da shi ga malamai na Coptic. "  Duk da haka, don bikin haihuwar Yarima na Naples, Graziani ya sanar da cewa zai rarraba sadaka ga matalauta a ranar Jumma'a, 19 ga Fabrairu, a Fadar Genete Leul (wanda aka fi sani da Little Gebbi).

A cikin taron da aka kafa a wannan Jumma'a da safe akwai matasa biyu 'Yan Eritrea da ke zaune a Habasha mai suna Abraha Deboch da Mogus Asgedom. Ganin cewa dukiyarsu ta iyakance a mulkin mallaka na Italiya, sun zo Habasha don yin rajista a Makarantar Menelik II, inda abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan suka mamaye su. A bayyane yake ya yarda da kansa ga sabuwar gwamnatin, Abraha ya sami aiki tare da Ofishin Siyasa na Fascist, inda asalinsa na Eritrea, ilimin Italiyanci, da kuma saba da birnin ya sa ya zama da amfani. Koyaya, a cewar Richard Pankhurst, Abraha Deboch ya yi tsayayya da Italiyanci, musamman ayyukan wariyar launin fata. Kafin su bar gidansu, Abraha ya sanya tutar Italiya a kan bene na katako, ya kori bayonet ta ciki, sannan ya ɗaure tutar Habasha zuwa bayonet.

An fara bikin ne kamar yadda ake tsammani. Graziani ya yi jawabi, wasu fitattun Habasha sun miƙa wuya ga masu nasara, jiragen Italiya sun tashi sama da birnin, kuma a karfe 11 na safe jami'ai sun fara rarraba sadaka da aka yi alkawari ga firistoci da matalauta.

Abraha da Mogus sun sami nasarar shiga cikin taron zuwa kasan matakai zuwa Little Gebbi, sannan suka fara jefa grenades. A cewar wani asusun, sun sami nasarar buga 10 daga cikinsu kafin su tsere cikin rikice-rikice. A cewar Richard Pankhurst wani mai makirci na uku, direban taksi mai suna Simeyon Adefres ya kore su daga wurin. Pankhurst ya kuma yaba masa da samar da grenades da Abraha da Mogus suka jefa. An ce Adefres ya sami nasarar samun grenades daga wani soja na adawar Habasha ga mulkin mallaka na Italiya wanda ya yi abokantaka, kuma wannan soja, mai bindiga, ya koya wa Abraha da Mogus yadda za a yi amfani da grenades.

Bayan su, matattu sun hada da mai ɗaukar laima na *Abuna* Qerellos. Wadanda suka ji rauni sun hada da *Abuna* da kansa, Mataimakin Gwamna Janar Armando Petretti, Janar Aurelio Liotta na Sojojin Sama, da Mataimakin Sarkin da kansa; grenade daya ya fashe kusa da shi, ya aika da raguwa 365 a jikinsa. An kai Graziani zuwa asibitin Italiya inda aka yi masa aiki nan da nan, kuma an cece shi. Janar Liotta ya rasa kafa a harin.

Abraha da Mogus sun ɓoye a tsohuwar gidan ibada na Debre Lebanon amma nan da nan suka ci gaba, suna neman mafaka a Sudan na Anglo-Masar. A wani wuri a cikin Gojjam mazauna yankin, koyaushe suna zargin baƙi, sun kashe su. Adefris ya koma Addis Ababa bayan ya kori Abraha da Mogus zuwa gidan ibada, inda suka fara zuwa, inda ya kasance tare da su na mako guda; duk da haka, ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya dawo babban birnin hukumomin Fascist suka kama shi kuma suka azabtar da shi har ya mutu.

## Ramuka
Martanin Italiya ya kasance nan da nan. A cewar Mockler, *carabinieri* na Italiya sun harba cikin taron masu bara da matalauta da suka taru don karbar sadaka; kuma an ce Sakataren Tarayya, Guido Cortese, ma ya harba bindigarsa cikin taron manyan jami'an Habasha da ke tsaye a kusa da shi. A cikin sa'o'i kaɗan, Cortese ya bayar da umurnin kisa:

Yunkurin kisan ya ba wa Italiyawa hujja don aiwatar da umurnin Mussolini, wanda aka bayar tun ranar 3 Mayu 1936, don kashe "Matasa 'Yan Habasha," wata ƙungiya kaɗan ta masu ilimi da suka yi karatu a makarantu na Amurka da Turai. A wannan rana da aka yi yunkurin kisan, an kafa kotun soja, kuma kafin dare, an yi shari'ar 'yan Habasha 62 kuma aka harbe su a kurkukun Alem Bekagn a Addis Ababa. "Kisan gillar Graziani ya nuna kusan gamawar sashen masu ilimi na Ƙungiyar Gwaji," in ji Bahru Zewde.

Ranar nan da ta biyo baya, daga Juma'a zuwa Lahadi, 'yan Italiya sun kashe 'yan Habasha da wukake da sanduna suna ihu "Duce! Duce!" da "Civiltà Italiana!" Sun cinna wa gidajen 'yan asalin wuta bayan sun jika su da fetur. Sun kutsa gidajen 'yan Girkas da Armeniyawa kuma suka kashe bayin su. Wasu ma sun tsaya kan gawarwakin don a dauke su hoto. A cikin kwanaki uku, Italiyawa sun kashe tsakanin mutane 1,400 zuwa 30,000 a Addis Ababa kadai. Ana tunawa da wannan rana a matsayin "Yekatit 12" (19 ga Fabrairu na Habasha) har zuwa yau.

Dubban 'yan Habasha daga kowane matsayi an tura su sansanonin tsarewa a Danan cikin Ogaden da Nokra a tsibirin Dahlak. Halin rayuwa a Danan ba shi da kyau, kuma Graziani ya bayar da umurnin cewa a bai wa fursunoni abinci da ruwa kadan kadai. A cewar Sbacchi, "Lalatattun wurare, har da bandaki, yanayi mai danshi, maleriya, cututtukan ciki, da cututtukan jima'i sun kashe mutane da yawa, musamman waɗanda aka tilasta yin aikin rami ko aikin gonar ayaba da rake." Kashi goma cikin ɗari zuwa rabin fursunonin sun mutu a Danan.

A Nokra ma har ya fi muni fiye da Danan, a cewar Sbacchi. Wadanda aka tura can sun haɗu da fursunoni 500 da ke da hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai saboda laifukan siyasa masu tsanani, inda adadin fursunonin ya karu zuwa 1,500. Ba su da ruwan sha mai tsafta, suna fama da bugun rana, zazzabin marsh, da amai mai jini.

Ramuka na ƙarshe ya faru a Mayu. Masu bincike sun gano cewa Abraha da Mogus sun zauna na ɗan lokaci a Debra Libanos, kuma akwai shaidun da ba su da ƙarfi da ke nuna cewa monks sun san da shirin. Graziani, da yake tunanin abin da ya faru a Jijiga, ya yi imanin suna da hannu a lamarin kuma a ranar 19 Mayu, ya aika saƙo ga kwamandan yankin: "Don haka a kashe duk monks ba tare da bambanci ba har da Mataimakin Shugaban monastery." Ranar da ta biyo bayan haka, ranar bikin tsarkinsu Tekle Haymanot, a cewar tarihin fascists na Italiya, monks 297 da mutane 23 marasa aikin addini aka harbe su, duk mutanen monastery; wasu majiyoyi sun kiyasta adadin mamatan ya kai tsakanin 1,500 zuwa 2,000.

### Asarar Rayuka
Kiyasta adadin mutanen da aka kashe a kisan gillar ya bambanta. Majiyoyin Habasha sun ce an kashe mutane 30,000, yayin da jaridun Faransa da Amurka suka bayar da kiyasta tsakanin mutane 1,400 da 6,000. Tarihin Angelo Del Boca da marubucin Ingilishi Anthony Mockler sun kiyasta mutane 3,000. Tarihin da Ian L. Campbell ya rubuta a shekarar 2017 ya kiyasta cewa an kashe mutane 19,200.

## Tunawa
Ethiopia na yin tunawa da waɗanda suka mutu a kisan kiyashi a duk shekara. A ranar 22 ga Fabrairu 2023, domin dacewa da bikin cikar shekaru 86 da kisan kiyashi na Yekatit 12, Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka da ke Addis Ababa ya gudanar da bikin sake bude ginin "American Gibbi" da aka gyara, inda Chargé d'Affaires na Amurka Cornelius Van H. Engert ya ba da mafaka ga ’yan Ethiopia 700 da ke tserewa tashin hankali, wanda hakan ya ceci rayukansu. A ƙasar Italiya, a watan Oktoba 2006, an ba da shawarar ranar tunawa ga waɗanda suka mutu a Afrika, amma ba a kafa ta ba bayan rushewar Gwamnatin Prodi II.

## Manazarta

## Ƙara karatu

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