open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
On2Ottawa

**On2Ottawa** kungiya ce mai fafutukar kare muhalli ta Kanada da aka kafa a watan Maris na shekara ta 2023. Membobinsu suna shiga cikin rashin biyayya ga jama'a don matsawa Gwamnatin Kanada don daukar mataki kan Canjin yanayi, sau da yawa har zuwa kamawa. Ayyukansu sun haɗa da hana zirga-zirga, rushewar al'adun al'adu, da lalata fasaha.

## Ra'ayoyi
Kungiyar ta samo asali ne daga koyarwar masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Burtaniya David King .  Suna da burin hada kan wasu kungiyoyin muhalli na Kanada don haɗuwa a Ottawa don zanga-zangar jama'a.

On2Ottawa ta yi kira ga kirkirar taron 'yan ƙasa mai bin doka don bunkasa Manufofin muhalli.

An yi kira ga aiwatar da aikin kashe gobara na kasa a Kanada ta 2023.

## Tarihin ayyukan
A ranar 1 ga Maris, 2023, 'yan gwagwarmayar On2Ottawa guda uku, ciki har da Laura Sullivan, sun shafa fenti mai ruwan hoda a kan nune-nunen a Gidan Tarihin Royal British Columbia a Victoria. Masu gwagwarmayar sun yi amfani da fenti mai wankewa ga samfurin Woolly mammoth. 'Yan sanda na Victoria sun kama masu fafutuka kuma sun zarge su da aikata laifi.

Makonni biyu bayan haka, mai fafutukar On2Ottawa Casey Hatherly ya katse mawaƙa Afrilu Lavigne yayin da yake gabatar da shi a kan mataki a lokacin Juno Awards na 2023. Tsirara daga wuyanta sama, Hatherly tana da "Land baya", "Save the green belt" kuma "Stop logging old growth now" an rubuta shi a jikinta. An zargi Hatherly da aikata laifi kuma an tsare shi da dare a Edmonton_Remand_Centre" id="mwPw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Edmonton Remand Centre">Cibiyar Bukatar Edmonton kafin ya bayyana a kotun Edmonton

A ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 2023, Hatherly ya zubar da fenti mai ruwan hoda a kusa da ƙofar Ofishin Firayim Minista. Hatherly ta tsaya tare da alamar da ta bayyana "Demand yanayin yanayi yanzu!"  kafin ta ɗaure kanta zuwa ginin.  'Yan sanda sun tsare mambobi biyu na On2Ottawa bayan masu kashe gobara sun yanke sarkar da ke haɗe da Hatherly zuwa ginin.

A ranar 8 ga watan Agusta, 2023, Sullivan ta kaddamar da bama-bamai masu hayaki mai ruwan hoda kuma ta yayyafa fenti mai ruwan hoya a kan Alamar Toronto a Toronto, kafin ta manne kanta zuwa tushe.

Daga Agusta 20 zuwa Satumba 9, 2023, membobin On2Ottawa sun shiga cikin toshe zirga-zirga na lokaci-lokaci a ko'ina cikin babban birnin da kuma makwabcin Gatineau, wanda ya haifar da kamawa da yawa.

A ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, 2023, Kaleb Suedfeld, memba na On2Ottawa, ya jefa fenti mai ruwan hoda a kan *Kogin Arewa* Tom Thomson a National Gallery of Canada .  Suedfeld ya manne wa kansa a ƙasa kuma ya karanta wata sanarwa kafin a kama shi kuma a tuhume shi da mugunta. Hoton, wanda aka kare shi da gilashin gilashi, bai lalace ba. An mayar da shi a kan nuni a ranar 30 ga watan Agusta.

## Manazarta
Kathleen Murray

**Caroline Kathleen Murray** (9 ga watan Agusta 1892 - 9 ga watan Fabrairu 1984) manomiya ce ta fitar da kaya, mai ba da taimako kuma mai fafutukar Black Sash na Elgin, Afirka ta Kudu.

## Tarihi
An haifi Kathleen Murray a Kenilworth, Cape Town. Ita ce ƙaramar 'yar Dr Charles Murray, Likitan sojan ruwa na Irish, da Caroline Molteno, ɗan takarar farko na Cape Colony. Ta halarci makarantar Bedales.  Tun tana yarinya ta yanke shawarar shiga noma maimakon yin aure. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata marasa aure na farko a yankin. Ta fara da kiwon kuɗan zuma da ƙananan kayan lambu. A ƙarshen rayuwarta ta gudanar da wani babban kasuwancin noma na noma kuma amfanin gonakinta ya sami kyautuka a duniya. A Elgin ta jagoranci ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar noma kuma tana kula da makarantu na marasa galihu da sauran ayyukan gida. Ta kasance mai ƙwazo a cikin ƙungiyar gwagwarmayar mata masu zaman kansu ta Black Sash tun daga shekarun 1950 zuwa gaba.

## Manazarta
Hakkin binciken muhalli

**Hakkin binciken muhalli**, ko damar bin cikan muhalli a cikin doka muhalli ta Amurka, dama ce ta shaida da aka kirkira a karkashin dokar jihar. Hakkin yana kare sakamakon binciken muhalli na cikin gida na kamfanoni daga bayyanawa a gwaji, ko a binciken da aka yi kafin a yi shari'a.

Hakkin binciken muhalli ana nufin ya karfafa kamfanoni don kimanta nasu bin ka'idojin muhalli. Masu goyon bayan irin waɗannan dokoki sun ci gaba da jayayya cewa ya zama dole a ƙarfafa irin wannan kimantawa, saboda hukumomin da ke kula da su ba su da albarkatun 'yan sanda ga duk masu gurbatawa a cikin ikonsu.

Majalisar Musanya Dokokin Amurka mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ta haɓaka ƙa'idodin gata na duba muhalli, wacce ke rarraba ƙa'idar ƙirar da aka fi sani da "Dokar Gatar Muhalli na Jiha Uniform".  Koyaya, yawancin dokokin gata muhalli na jaha ba iri ɗaya ba ne, kuma sun bambanta sosai a cikin iyawarsu, keɓantawa da tasirin su..

Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA)ya kasance mai shakka game da dokokin gata na duba muhalli na jiha, kuma gabaɗaya yana buƙatar jihohi su iyakance tasirin gata don kada su tsoma baki tare da binciken tarayya.  Wadannan damuwar sun kara dagulewa da tambayar ko wadannan dokokin za su shafi hukumomin gwamnatin jihar da EPA ta wakilta a karkashin dokar tarayya.  Saboda haka, a baya, EPA ta yi amfani da ikonta na doka a cikin tawagar ikon tilasta wa EPA don hana jihohi yin amfani da dokokin gata na duba muhalli mai ƙarfi..

Wasu jihohi ba su amince da damar binciken muhalli ba, amma suna ba da kariya daga hukuncin farar hula don sakamakon binciken bin doka na ciki. Wadannan jihohin sun hada da Minnesota, New Jersey, da Rhode Island.

## Manazarta
Sakatariyar Afirka ta Yamma

**Sakatariyar Ƙasa ta Afirka ta Yamma** ( *WANS* ) ƙungiya ce ta Pan-Africanist da ke Biritaniya.

An kafa shi ne a cikin Disamba 1945 ta Bankole Awoonor-Renner (zaɓaɓɓen shugaban kasa), Kwame Nkrumah (zaɓaɓɓen Sakatare-Janar), ITA Wallace-Johnson (wanda aka zaɓa a matsayin shugaban ƙasa), Bankole Akpata da Kojo Botsio, nan da nan ya biyo bayan taron Manchester Pan-African Congress . Da yawa daga cikin membobin farko na WANS su ma mambobin kungiyar daliban Afirka ta Yamma (WASU).

WANS na da nufin gina haɗin kai a ko'ina cikin Yammacin Afirka don samun 'yancin kai, a kan dandalin adawa da mulkin mallaka . Ra'ayinta game da yammacin Afirka ya kasance mai faɗi, kuma yana da nufin haɗa ƙasashe masu nisa kamar Kenya da Sudan . An shirya wani babban taro, amma ba a samu nasara ba.

A cikin WANS, Nkrumah ya shirya wata ƙungiya mai fafutukar neman sauyi na gurguzu, wadda aka fi sani da "The Circle". Wannan rukunin ya yi aiki tare da Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Burtaniya.

A cikin 1946, WANS ta buga batutuwa biyar na wata jarida ta wata-wata, *The New African*, dauke da labarai a cikin Turanci, Faransanci da Belgian, game da al'amurran Yammacin Afirka, amma kuma sun hada da labaru daga *Moscow New Times* . A cikin Satumba 1946, WANS ta gudanar da taron haɗin gwiwa tare da WASU, wanda Nkrumah ya shawo kan Léopold Sédar Senghor da Sourou Migan Apithy su halarta.

WANS ya yi rauni sosai bayan Nkrumah ya koma Afirka a 1947, kuma da alama ya narke a shekara mai zuwa.

## Nassoshi
Kudin yanayi a Trinidad da Tobago

**Kudin yanayi a Trinidad da Tobago** sun haɗa da cakuda kudade na cikin gida da na duniya don daidaita Canjin yanayi, ragewa da juriya.

## Gudummawar da aka ƙayyade a ƙasa
Trinidad da Tobago jam'iyya ce ga Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi (UNFCCC) kuma ta sanya hannu kuma ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Paris . Gudummawar da kasar ta ƙuduri aniyar bayarwa ita ce guje wa tan miliyan 103 na CO2e na hayaki a farashin da aka tsara na dala biliyan 2.

## Babban tallafin kuɗi
Tsakanin 2010 da 2020, manyan kuɗaɗen yanayi na Gwamnatin Trinidad da Tobago sun fito ne daga kasafin kuɗi na ƙasa, Shirin Muhalli na Tarayyar Turai, Cibiyar Muhalli ta Duniya, Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da Asusun Kula da Yanayi na Green .  Mafi girman jarin guda ɗaya ya ƙunshi TT$ 500 (kimanin dalar Amurka miliyan 72)  a cikin iskar gas da aka matsa (CNG) a matsayin maye gurbin man fetur da dizal a matsayin man sufuri.  

## Bukatar kudade na gwamnati
Dangane da rahoton sabuntawa na farko (BUR) da aka gabatar ga UNFCCC a cikin 2021, mahimman bukatun kudade sun haɗa da US $ 2,000,000 don gina Atlas na iska ga ƙasar (don tantance yiwuwar wutar lantarki ta ƙasar), US $ 930,000 don ci gaba da tattara bayanan fitar da iskar gas, US $ 500,000 don gano shafuka don kamawa da adanawa, da US $ 450,000 don kafa sa ido, rahoto da tabbatarwa da ingantaccen Tsarin Bayyanawa a cikin gwamnati. : 175 

## Matsayin da ba na gwamnati ba
Kudin daga masu ba da gudummawa na duniya gabaɗaya yana gudana ta hanyar gwamnatin Trinidad da Tobago, yana mai da wuya ga ƙungiyoyin ƙauyuka su sami damar shiga. Mai kula da muhalli Omar Mohammed na Gidauniyar Cropper ya bayyana tsarin samun kudade ta hanyar gwamnati a matsayin "mai rikitarwa sosai", yayin da Akilah Jaramogi na Fondes Amandes Community Reafforestation Project ya jaddada muhimmancin samar da tallafi, ba rance ba, ga kungiyoyin farar hula, waɗanda ba su da ikon biyan rance.

Bankin Kasuwanci na ANSA, Gidauniyar Cropper da Ƙungiyar Kasuwancin Netherlands sun kafa Cibiyar Babban Birnin Caribbean a cikin 2022 don samar da rance da tallafi ga ƙananan kamfanoni da matsakaici a cikin Caribbean da kuma tallafawa dorewar muhalli da rage sauyin yanayi.  

## Amsoshin
Masanin tattalin arziki na Trinidad da Tobago Jwala Rambarran ya nuna rashin daidaito da ke tattare da biyan kuɗi don daidaita canjin yanayi da ragewa ta hanyar "rashin rance mai tsada daga ƙasashe masu arziki" wanda ke ci gaba da ba da gudummawa ga nauyin bashin ƙasashen Caribbean. Duk da yin alkawura don ba da gudummawar dala biliyan 100 a kowace shekara, Rambarran ya ce "kasashe masu arziki da ke da masana'antu ba su cika alkawarinsu na yanayi ba".

Trinidad da Tobago 0.09% na hayaki na duniya, kuma sauran yankin suna ba da gudummawa kaɗan. Wannan, a cewar Rambarran, ya haifar da halin da ake ciki inda "kasashen Caribbean ke fama da matsalar sauyin yanayi wanda ba su haifar da shi ba".

## Manazarta
Ayyukan 'Yancin Muhalli

**Ayyukan Kare Hakkin Muhalli** (**ERA**), wani lokacin ana kiransa Abokan Duniya Na Najeriya, kungiya ce mai ba da shawara ta Najeriya, tare da mai da hankali kan batutuwan kare Hakkin ɗan adam na muhalli a Najeriya da kare yanayin halittu. Kungiyar da aka kafa a 1993,  ita ce reshen Najeriya na Friends of the Earth International . Manufofin kungiyar shine taimakawa wajen inganta gwamnati da al'ummomi masu alhakin muhalli a Najeriya. Manyan wuraren da suka fi dacewa ga kungiyar sun hada da bayar da shawarwari ga sharar gida da manufofi da ka'idoji, gina hadin gwiwa da karfafa kawance, bayar da shawarwarin yanki da na kasa da kasa don fallasa keta doka da ke da alaƙa da kamfanonin shuka masana'antu, wadanda su ne direbobi na asarar halittu a duk matakan aiki.

## Kamfen da Shirin
Ayyukan Kare Hakkin Muhalli sun daidaita kuma sun dauki bakuncin Oilwatch International, Ƙungiyar Kula da Taba ta Afirka (ATCRI), Ƙungiyar Kula Da Taba ta Najeriya (NTCA). Bugu da kari, kungiyar tana da hannu a Green Alliance Nigeria (GAN).

## Kyaututtuka da karbuwa
ERA sun sami kyaututtuka da karbuwa masu zuwa: 

* 2009 Bloomberg Awards don Kula da Taba na Duniya
* 1998 Kyautar Sophie don kyakkyawan aiki da ƙarfin hali a cikin gwagwarmayar adalci na muhalli

## Dubi kuma

* *Abokan Duniya, Inc. v. Laidlaw Ayyukan Muhalli, Inc.*
* Jerin kungiyoyin muhalli
* Abokan Duniya (HK) 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don 'Yancin Baƙi

Ƙungiyar yarjejeniyar  Kare kakkin bakin haure ta Ƙasa,  ƙungiya ce da ke ba da Yayata matsayin doka  Dan gane da duk  baƙi da ma'aikatan dasuka shigo kasar Amurka ba bisa Ka'ida ba,  har zuwa lokacin sai an sabunta da cikakken gyare-gyaren dokoki akan Bakin haure. 

An kafa ta ne a wani taron da aka gudanar a Birnin Chicago a ranar 11 zuwa 13 ga watan Agusta, 2006, wanda kusan mutane 700 suka halarta, mafi yawansu sun shiga cikin Babban Boycott na Amurka a farkon shekara ta 2006. 

## Tarihi
Kafin Babban Gangamin neman  fashewar Amurka a shekara ta 2006, akwai zanga-zangar da yawa da ke da niyyar ai wayar dangane da dokar azabtarwa da Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka ta amince a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2005. Wannan kudirin  dokar ya ba wa baƙo ba bisa ƙaida ba laƙabin zama tamkar   "masu tsananin laifi". Wannan kudirin  yasa baƙi zama miyagun masu laifi  kuma ya lalata baƙi marasa takardun izini. Wannan ya haifar da yaduwar yunkurin kare hakkin baƙi wanda ya biyo bayan zanga-zangar Maris a shekara ta 2006. Wadannan masu zanga-zangar sun bukaci adalci ga ma'aikatan baƙi da ke aiki a cikin matakai masu tsanani kuma sun goyi bayan dokokin da ke baiwa baƙi marasa takardun damar yanke matsayin su na shige da fice.

Babban Yunkurin Amurka ya zama zanga-zangar nuna rashin amincewa da ke kira ga baƙi da magoya baya su zauna a gida don nuna rashin amincewar da kasuwancin a duk faɗin Amurka a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2006. Ya zama daya daga cikin manyan zanga-zangar Amurka a tarihi game da dokokin ƙaura da aka karfafa. Yawancin waɗannan masu zanga-zangar baƙi ne na Latino, baƙi da aka rubuta da ba a rubuta su ba, yara da ma'aikatan gona. Wannan ya zama Babban Kashewar Amurka na shekara ta 2006. Friedman, marubucin littafin Consumer Boycotts  ya bayyana motsin zuciyarsa game da Boycott na Amurka. Manufar gaske ta "Great American Boycott" ba don matsa tattalin arzikin Amurka ba, Friedman ya ce, amma "da gaske rana ce don jawo hankali ga ... wasu daga cikin damuwar da baƙi suka samu a cikin shekaru".

Har ila yau, Salon daga muryar   wani abu ne da ake buƙatar la'akari da shi yayin jagorantar wannan tafiyar zamantakewa. Salon daga sauti shine ikon  aiki na hadin gwiwa don daga sauti ko kira wadanda ake harin su saurara, wanda shine muhimmin dabarar da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa suke haɗuwa a kanta duk lokacin da ba sa son a gane suna da ra'ayoyin da ba a so. Irene Bloemraad, Fabiana Silva, da Kim Voss (2016) sun bayyana tare a taron gangami kan shige da fice na 2006, suna cewa, "Hakika, abokan adawar taron shige da fice na 2006 sun nemi nuna masu zanga-zangar a matsayin masu adawa da Amurka, suna sukar nuna tutar "baƙi" ta masu zanga-zanga da kuma jaddada banbancin kasa da ke da mu / su". 

Kalmar da aka bada shawarar maye gurbi da ita  don zanga-zangar ta gaba na iya haɗawa da haƙƙin ɗan adam, alal misali, saboda wannan yana ba da madadin tsari, yana kawo ƙa'idojin ɗabi'a maimakon bayyana "mai adawa da Amurka".

## Manazarta
Folashade Ijamilusi

**Folashade Florence Ijamilusi** (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Mayu shekara ta shekarar 2001) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Najeriya wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai gaba a kulob din Liaoning Baiye na kasar Sin da kuma kungiyar mata ta Najeriya . Ta zira kwallaye a Gasar cin kofin Afirka ta Mata ta shekarar 2024 da Morocco, wanda Najeriya ta lashe.

## Ayyuka
Folashade Ijamilusi ya  fara buga kwallon kafa yana da shekaru 6,  kafin ya shiga Springsoca Academy .  Daga can, ta shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Najeriya (NWFL) , Robo Queens, inda ta ' lashe kyautar Young Player of the Season a shekarar 2019. Ta gama a matsayin Babban Mai zira kwallaye a kakar shekarar 2023-24 ta NWFL.

On 5 February shekarar 2025, Ijamilusi joined Chinese Women's Super League side, Liaoning Baiye. On 9 March shekarar 2025, she made her debut, grabbing an assist in  a 3-0 win over defending champions, Wuhan Jianghan.

## Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Ijamilusi ta buga wa tawagar matasa ta Najeriya wasa a matakin U17 da U20, tsakanin 2016 da shekarar 2019, inda ta fito a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-17 ta shekarar 2016 da kuma wasannin Afirka na shekarar 2019  gasar mata wacce Najeriya ta lashe.

A cikin shekarar 2019, ta sami kira ta na farko zuwa babban  dan kasa, yayin da kocin Thomas Dennerby ya kira 'yan wasa 30 na gida a shirye-shiryen gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta shekarar 2019.  Ba ta shiga tawagar karshe ta gasar ba.

A ranar 30 ga Oktoba shekarar 2024, ta fara buga wasan farko na tawagar kwallon kafa ta kasa,  inda ta zira kwallaye a kan Algeria a wasan sada zumunci.

An kira shekarar ta zuwa tawagar Najeriya don Gasar cin kofin Afirka ta Mata ta 2024. A ranar 18 ga watan Yulin 2025, ta zira kwallaye na farko a government gasar da ta yi da Zambia, a wasan karshe na kwata.

A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekarar ta 2025, Ijamilusi ya zira kwallaye a wasan da Najeriya ta yi da Morocco a wasan government karshe, yayin da suka shawo kan rashi na kwallaye 2 don  lashe lambar yabo ta 10.

## Daraja
**Sarauniyar Edo**

* 2024_CAF_Women's_Champions_League" id="mwVw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="2024 CAF Women's Champions League">WAFU B: 2024

**Najeriya**

* Kofin Kasashen Afirka na Mata: 2024

**Mutumin da ya fi so**

* Yarinyar Firimiya ta Mata ta Najeriya ta Shekara: 2019
* Babban mai zira kwallaye a Gasar Firimiya ta Mata ta Najeriya: 2024

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Paola Bonato

**Paola Bonato** (an haife ta a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1961) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Italiya wacce ta taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon kafa ta mata ta ƙasar Italiya . Ta samu kwallo  71 tsakanin shekarar ta 1983 da shekarar ta 1991, kuma ta kasance cikin tawagar a wasanni hudu na gasar zakarun mata ta UEFA  da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta shekarar 1991.  A cikin shekaru 19 da ta yi a matakin kulob din ta lashe lambobin yabo na Jerin A guda bakwai government da lambobin yabo guda uku na Coppa Italia, yayin da take wasa ga Trani, Lazio da Reggiana.

## Ayyukan kulob din
Bonato ta fara buga wa Verona wasa lokacin  da take 'yar shekara 14. Ta ci gaba da rayuwa da aiki a Mozzecane bayan ta koma Trani a shekarar ta 1982,  inda ta lashe Serie A sau uku da Coppa Italia sau ɗaya. Ta kuma lashe Serie A a kakar wasa ta farko bayan ta koma Lazio, sannan ta lashe wasu sunayen Serie A guda uku da kuma Coppa Italias guda biyu tare da Reggiana . Ta gama aikinta bayan ta kwashe kakar wasa daya tare  da sabuwar kungiyar Serie A Lugo . 

## Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Bonato ta fara fitowa a tawagar kasa a ranar 24 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1983, a gasar cin kofin Turai ta mata ta shekarar 1984 ta lashe gasar cin kofiyar mata a kan Faransa a Stadio Romeo Menti a Vicenza .  Farkonta na 71 kuma na karshe shi ne 3-2 (bayan karin lokaci) shekarar 1991 FIFA Women's World Cup quarter final defeat by Norway a Jiangmen Stadium .  A tsakanin ta taka leda a wasan kusa da na karshe na shekarar ta 1984, 1987, 1989 da shekarar 1991 na gasar zakarun mata ta UEFA . 

Wataƙila Bonato ta tattara fiye   da wasanni 71 na shekarar ƙungiyar ƙasa, amma ma'aikatarta - Ma'aikatar Mozzecane - ta ki ba ta ƙarin lokaci.

## Hanyar wasa
Dizionario del Calcio Italiano ya bayyana Bonato  a matsayin mai tsananin gaske da gaske ƙuduri, wanda ba shi da kyau alama yana da wuyar wucewa. Ta kasance mai iya yin wasa a kowane matsayi na tsaro. A watan Mayu shekarar ta 2020 Antonella Carta ta bayyana Bonato a matsayin abokin hamayyar da ta fuskanta fuskanta.

## Kididdigar aiki

## Daraja
**Trani**

* Jerin A: 1984, 1985, 1985-86
* Kofin Italiya: 1983

**Lazio**

* Jerin A: 1987-88

**Reggiana**

* Jerin A: 1989-90, 1990-91, 1992-93
* Kofin Italiya: 1991-92, 1992-93

**Italiya**

* Duniya: 1984, 1986

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

*
Zhong Honglian

**Zhong Honglian** (Sinanci: 钟红莲, an haife ta 27 ga watan Oktoba shekarar ta  1967) 'yar wasan kwallon kafa ce ta ƙasar Sin wacce ta fafata a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar ta 1996.

A shekara ta 1996 ta lashe lambar azurfa tare da tawagar kasar Sin. Ita ce mai tsaron gida a bayan klub din Gao Hong .

## Haɗin waje
Chen Xia

**Chen Xia** (an haife ta ' a ranar 26  ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1969) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kasar Sin wacce ta taka leda a  matsayin mai tsaron gida ga Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta kasar Sin . Ta kasance daga cikin tawagar a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta shekarar ta 1991. A matakin kulob din, ta buga wa tawagar "Guangdong" a kasar Sin. 

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

*
Ma Li (mai wasan ƙwallon ƙafa)

**Ma Li** (Sinanci: 马莉; an haife ta ' a ranar 3 ga watan  na shekara ta 1969) tsohuwar 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Sin wacce ' ta buga wa tawagar ƙwallon ƙwallon mata ta ƙasar Sin.

## Ayyukan ƙasa da ƙasa
A gasar cin Kofin Duniya na Mata na FIFA ta shekarar ta 1991, Mai tsaron gida Ma ya  buga cikakken minti 80 a dukkan wasannin hudu na kasar Sin. Masu masaukin baki sun kai wasan kusa da na karshe kafin su rasa 1-0 ga Sweden. Ma ta zira kwallaye na farko a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA bayan minti  ashirin da biyu 22 na wasan buɗewa; nasarar da kasar Sin ta samu 4-0 a kan 'yan wasan karshe na Norway a ranar 16 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1991. Ta jagoranci Wu Weiying kyauta daga gefen dama ta wuce mai tsaron gidan Norway Reidun Seth . 

## Manufofin kasa da kasa

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Ma daga baya ta yi hijira zuwa kasar  Brazil, inda tun daga watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2016 tana aiki a matsayin 'yar kasuwa.

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje
Li Xiufu

**Li Xiufu** (an haife ta a ranar 28 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1965) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta  kasar Sin wacce ta taka leda a matsayin 'yar wasan tsakiya a ƙungiyar ƙwallon  mata ta kasar Sin . Ta kasance daga cikin tawagar a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta shekarar ta 1991 a matsayin kyaftin din tawagar. A matakin kulob din, ta buga wa klub dn Prima Ham FC a kasar Japan.

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

*
Zhou Yang (mai wasan ƙwallon ƙafa)

**Zhou Yang** (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1971) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kasar Sin China wacce ta ' taka leda a matsayin 'yar wasan tsakiya a tawagar ƙwallon ƙwallon mata ta kasar Sin . Ta kasance daga cikin tawagar a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta shekarar ta 1991 da kuma gasar cin kocin duniya ta mata na FIFA ta shekarar ta 1995.

## Manufofin kasa da kasa

## Bayanan da aka ambata


## Haɗin waje

*
Tsaron ci gaba

A cikin dokar kasa da kasa, **kariya** ta ci gaba ko kariya kawai ita ce ƙuntatawa ga Ci gaban tattalin arziki don kare al'ummomi daga tashin hankali na ci gaba.

A cikin Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi (UNFCCC), an yi niyyar kariya don kare 'Yan asalin ƙasar da sauran al'ummomin yankin tare da ilimin gargajiya na kula da albarkatun ƙasa a cikin ƙoƙarin rage hayaki daga sare daji da lalata gandun daji.

Tare da matakai na UNFCC, kariya ta zama abin damuwa a Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2010. 

## Manazarta
Jaridar 'Yancin Dan Adam

***Jaridar '[[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|'Yancin ɗan adam]]*** wata mujallar ilimi ce ta kwata-kwata da ake nazari da ita wacce ke rufe nazarin' yancin dan adam da ayyuka, da kuma' 'Yancin halitta da na shari'a'a a cikin tsarin doka ta kasa da kasa, da kuma alakar kasa da kasa. Routledge ne ya buga shi kuma a halin yanzu yana zaune a Jami'ar Connecticut, Storrs tare da Shareen Hertel a matsayin Babban edita. An kafa mujallar ne a shekara ta 2001 ta hanyar kafa babban edita Thomas Cushman (Wellesley College). 

## Taƙaita bayanan ma'ajiyar alamomi
An cire mujallar kuma an jera ta:

* Abubuwan da ke ciki a yanzu / Kimiyya ta zamantakewa da halayyar 
* bayanai na EBSCO
* Littattafan Duniya na Kimiyya ta Jama'a
* Asusun Bayanai na Ƙungiyar Harshen zamani
* Bayanan na ProQuest
* Scopus
* Kimiyyar Jama'a
A cewar Jaridar Citation Reports, mujallar tana da tasirin  2020 na 0.694. 

## References
Rayuwa

**Rayuwa** na iya nufin:lokacin rayuwa

* Lokacin tsakanin haihuwar mutum da mutuwa
* Rayuwa, tsawon lokacin da ake sa ran mutum ya kasance da rai. 

## ⁵Fasaha, nishaɗi, da kafofin watsa labarai

### Waƙoƙi

* Lifetime (band), ƙungiyar daga New Jersey
* Life Time (Rollins Band album), ta Rollins Band
* Life Time (Tony Williams album), ta dan wasan jazz na Amurka Tony Williams
* Lifetime (Lifetime album), wani kundi na 2007 na ƙungiyar Lifetime
*  (Album na Rayuwa ta Gaskiya) , 1990
*  (Klein album) , 2019
* Rayuwa (Erika de Casier album) , 2025
* LifeTimes, wani kundi na 1979 na Diana Hubbard
* "Lifetime" (Waƙar Katharine McPhee) , waƙar 2010 daga Unbroken*Ba a Rarraba ba*
* "Lifetime" (Noah da waƙar Whale) 
* "Lifetime" (Waƙar Maxwell) , waƙar 2002 ta mawaƙin R&B na Amurka Maxwell
* "Lifetime" (waƙar Mafia ta gidan Sweden) 
* "Lifetime" (Waƙar Alheri ta Kwanaki Uku) 
* "Lifetime" (Waƙar Tobiah) 
* "Lifetime" (Waƙar da ta fi amfani) 
* "Lifetimes" (waƙar) , waƙar 2024 ta Katy Perry daga *143*
* "Lifetime", waƙar 2009 ta *Kris Allen* daga Kris Allen
* "Lifetime", waƙar 2021 ta Justin Bieber daga JusticeAdalci
* "Lifetimes", waƙar 2001 ta Slam
* "Lifetimes", waƙar 2005 ta Sheryl Crow daga Wildflower*Furen daji*

### Talabijin

* [./Life_Time_(&#x3C;i&#x20;id= M*A*S*H)" id="mwRA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Life Time (M*A*S*H)">"Lokacin Rayuwa" (*M*A*S*H*)] , wani labari ne na 1979 na jerin shirye-shiryen TV M*A* S*H
* Lifetime (Stage TV na Kudu maso gabashin Asiya), tashar talabijin ta Asiya mallakar A + E Networks Asia
* Lifetime (cibiyar sadarwa ta talabijin), cibiyar shirye-shiryen talabijin ta kebul da aka tsara don mata Lifetime (channel na talabijin na Kanada), sigar Kanada ta tashar talabijin mai suna
** Lifetime (channel TV na Kanada), sigar Kanada ta tashar TV mai suna
* Lifetime (Tarihin talabijin na Burtaniya da Irish), tashar talabijin ta nishaɗin Burtaniya
* Lifetime Entertainment Services (LES), kamfanin nishaɗi na Amurka
* LMN, tsohon Lifetime Movie Network da Lifetime Movies, cibiyar sadarwar talabijin ta dijital da tauraron dan adam ta Amurka

### Sauran amfani a cikin zane-zane, nishaɗi, da kafofin watsa labarai

* Lifetimes, wani madadin taken harshen Ingilishi don fim din kasar Sin na 1994, wanda aka fi sani da To Live*Rayuwa*
* Rayuwa: Gaskiya Asusun Reincarnation (1979), littafin Frederick Lenz
* Lifetimes, madadin taken Ingilishi don fim din kasar Sin na 1994 To Live*Rayuwa*

## Tsawon lokaci ko tsawon lokaci

* Matsakaicin rayuwar, wani adadi wanda ke nuna raguwar ("rugujewa") na taron barbashi marasa daidaituwa
* Rayuwar abu, a cikin shirye-shiryen da aka tsara, lokacin tsakanin halittar abu har sai ba a sake amfani da abu ba
* Rayuwar samfur, rayuwar da ake tsammani
* Rayuwar sabis, lokacin da ake sa ran amfani da samfurin tsakanin wurin sayarwa da wurin watsar

## Kamfanoni da kungiyoyi

* Lifetimes, Gidan kayan gargajiya na Croydon, Ingila (1995-2004), yanzu an san shi da Gidan Tarihi na Croydon
* Kayayyakin Rayuwa, mai ƙera tebur, kujeru, ɗakunan waje, masu amfani, da kayan wasan kwando na zama

## Dubi kuma

* "A Lifetime", waƙar 2001 ta Better Than Ezra
* Tsawon rayuwa (disambiguation)
Geoengineering (disambiguation)

Geoengineering (injiniya na yanayi) shine ƙaddamar da manyan matakan shiga tsakani a cikin tsarin yanayi na Duniya.

Geoengineering na iya nufin:

Injiniyan ƙasa, horo mai haɗuwa wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa na injiniyan farar hula, injiniyan hakar ma'adinai, injiniyan man fetur, da kimiyyar ƙasa.Injiniyan ƙasa, horo mai haɗuwa wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa na injiniyan farar hula, injiniyan hakar ma'adinai, injiniyan man fetur, da kimiyyar ƙasa.

## Dubi kuma

* Injiniyan muhalli
* Ayyukan ƙasa
* Ginin da aka yi
Hakkin jin

Kalmar **haƙƙin ji** tana nufin abubuwa kamar haka:

* audio alteram partem, ƙa'idar doka cewa babu wanda ya kamata a yi masa shari'a ba tare da sauraron adalci ba
* shiga yara a cikin shari'ar da ta shafi su.

## Dubi kuma

* dama ga shari'a mai adalci
Hist

**Hist** na iya nufin:Ra ayi

* Tarihi
* Cibiyar Tarihin Kwalejin
* Kwalejin Jami'ar Sør-Trøndelag (Norwegian: Høgskolen i Sør-Trolyndelag, HiST) 
* USS Hist (1895)
* hIST, wani sashi mai mahimmanci a cikin tsarin fayil ɗin hoto na PNG
* Tarihi - Dubi "Tarihi"

## Dubi kuma

* Tarihi (disambiguation)
Akoubounou

**Akoubounou**, ko *Akabinu* a yaren Tin Sert, ƙauye ne da ke yammacin garin Abalak, a Yankin Tahoua a ƙasar Nijar.

## Yanayin ƙasa
Akoubounou tana cikin yankin arewacin Sahel. Gundumar da ke makwabtaka da ita ita ce Tabalak daga arewa, Kao daga gabas, Azeye a kudu maso gabas. Yankin karamar hukumar ya kasu kashi 17 na gudanarwa, ƙauyuka 18 na gargajiya, ƙauyuka tara da sansani uku. Babban ƙauye a ƙauyen karkarar shine ƙauyen gudanarwa na Akoubounou.  Ƙabilar Tuareg Ait-Awari suma suna zaune a ƙauyen.

## Tarihi
Al'ummar karkara ta Akoubounou sun fito ne a matsayin wani ɓangare na yankin da ba shi da gari a lokacin sake fasalin gudanarwa na kasa a shekara ta 2002.

A ƙidayar shekara ta 2001, Akoubounou na da mazauna 10,348.  A alkaluma ƙidayar shekarar 2012, yawan jama'a ya kai 47,961.

## Al'adu
Bayan duk shekaru biyu, ana gudanar da bikin raƙumi da ake kira *Shiriken* a Akoubounou, wanda ke nuni da bikin murna, kiɗa, al'ada da al'adun Mutanen Tuareg.

## Tattalin arziki da ababen more rayuwa
Garin yana kan hanyar Agropastoralism daga Kudu da kuma yankin tattalin arzikin makiyaya daga yankin arewaci. A Akoubounou  titin ko hanyar babban titin kasa; National Road 25 ya haɗa ƙauyen ta hanyar Abalak zuwa babban birnin yankin Agadez haka-zalika ta hanyar Tabalak zuwa babban birnin yankin watau Tahoua.

## Manazarta
Sashen Abala

**Abala** wani sashe ne a Yankin Tillabéri na ƙasar Nijar. Sashen yana daga kudu maso yammacin ƙasar kuma yana akan iyakar ƙasar da maƙobciyar ta Mali. Gidan gudanarwa na sassan sashen gaba-ɗaya ya na birnin Abala. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, sashen yana da yawan jama'a 144,287. 

## Tarihi
Sashen ya koma ofishin gudanarwa (poste administratif) na Abala, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1964. A shekara ta 2011, an raba mukamin gudanarwa daga sashen Filingué kuma an sauya shi daga karkashin ikon  gudanarwa na Filingué zuwa sashen Abala. A sakamakon rikici a arewacin Mali, gwamnatin Nijar ta ayyana dokar ta baci a sashen Abala da karin wasu sassan shida na daban a watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, wanda daga baya aka tsawaita-(karin adadin kwanakin dokar ta ɓacin) sau da yawa.

## Manyan hukumomi
Ma'aikatar Abala ta kasu kashi biyu, an tsara hakan na kashi biyu la'akari da yawan jama'a daga alkaluman ƙididdiga na shekara ta 2012:

* Abala (75,821) 
* Sanam (68,466)

## Manazarta
Tabalak

**Tabalak** ƙauye ne a Nijar. Ƙauyen na a ƙarƙashin ikon gudanarwar Abalak da ke a yankin Tahoua, Nijar.

## Manazarta
Ajiyyayyen yanayi

Ajiyayyen biosphere shine tsarin muhalli tare da tsirrai da dabbobi masu ban sha'awa na kimiyya da dabi'a. Lakabi ne da UNESCO ta bayar don taimakawa kare wuraren. Shirin shine don haɓaka gudanarwa, bincike da ilimi a cikin kiyaye muhalli. Wannan ya hada da 'dorewa amfani da albarkatun kasa'. Idan, alal misali, ana ɗaukar kifi ko bishiyu don amfanin ɗan adam, ana yin hakan ta hanyoyin da ba su cutar da yanayin muhalli ba.

Tsarin biosphere ya ƙunshi yankuna uku:

i) Yanki mai mahimmanci: Babu wani aikin ɗan adam da aka yarda a wannan yanki.

ii) Yankin Buffer: Yana kewaye da babban yanki, inda iyakance iyaka yana ba da izini ga mutanen gida don tattara albarkatu.

iii) Yankuna masu 'yanci: Shi ne yanki mafi girma, wanda ke buɗewa ga matsugunan mutane da tattara albarkatu.

Hukumar UNESCO ta Man and Biosphere Program ce ke tafiyar da shirin. Ya fara cibiyar sadarwa ta Duniya na Reserves Biosphere. Shirin MAB ya gina hanyar sadarwa ta Duniya ta Biosphere Reserves tun 1971. Biosphere reserves, musayar ilimi da gogewa kan sabbin dabaru don ci gaba mai dorewa. Su ne wuraren da ake amfani da su don haɓaka sababbin hanyoyin yin abubuwa, gwada waɗannan hanyoyin da raba sakamakon. Manufar ita ce samun daidaito tsakanin dan Adam da yanayi. Biosphere yana da matukar muhimmanci ga mutane.

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da Dimokuradiyya ta Tibet

**Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da Dimokuradiyya ta Tibet** (**TCHRD**) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Tibet

## manazarta
TCHRD tana bincike da bayar da rahoto game da batutuwan kare hakkin dan adam a Tibet da kuma tsakanin 'marasa rinjaye na Tibet a duk faɗin kasar Sin. Ita ce kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta farko da ba ta gwamnati ba da aka kafa a gudun hijira a Indiya. TCHRD tana buga labarai game da tantancewa da nuna bambanci da Tibetans ke fuskanta a Tibet; tana riƙe da bayanan bayanai game da fursunonin siyasa na Tibet a China, Tibetans waɗanda suka ƙone kansu, da Tibetans waɗanda sun mutu a tsare; kuma tana buga rahotanni da sabuntawa na shekara-shekara na haƙƙin ɗan adam. TCHRD ta jaddada cewa "babban tushen tallafi ga mutanen Tibet ya fito ne daga al'ummar kasar Sin daga ciki da waje da kasar Sin".

Lobsang Nyandak, Shugaban Asusun Tibet kuma tsohon wakilin Amurka na Dalai Lama, Shi ne daraktan zartarwa na farko.

## Dubi kuma

* Tashin hankali na Tibet na shekarar 1959
* Rikicin Tibet na 1987–1989
* Rikicin Tibet na 2008
* Panchen Lama
* Palden Gyatso
* Yan Tibet da ke gudun hijira
* Yancin ɗan Adam a Tibet
* Yancin dan Adam a China
* Tsarin shari’ar Laogai, gajartaccen suna na Láodòng Gǎizào (劳动改造), wanda ke nufin gyaran hali ta hanyar aiki da ɗaurin kurkuku da gonakin fursunoni
* Sansanonin aikin tilas a Tibet
* Drapchi Prison
* Human Rights Watch - China and Tibet
* Rikicin Tibet na 1987–1989
* Tashin hankali a Lhasa na 2008
* Zanga-zangar yaren Tibet na 2010
* Martanin ƙasashen duniya game da zanga-zangar Tibet na 2008
* Jerin gidajen yari a cikin Yankin Tibet mai cin gashin kansa (Tibet Autonomous Region)
* Harbin da ya faru a Nangpa La
* Zanga-zanga da tashe-tashen hankula a Tibet tun daga shekarar 1950
* Sinicization na Tibet (shigar da al'adun Sinawa cikin Tibet da canza al'adunsu)
* Muƙabala kan ikon mallakar Tibet (muƙabala kan ikon mulki da cin gashin kanta)
* Satar bayanan imel na Dalai Lama ya kai ga gano leƙen asirin ofisoshin jakadanci a faɗin duniya da gwamnatin China ke yi, wanda 'yan Kanada suka bankado

## Reference
Auren Kuɗi

**Auren kudi** yana nufin auren da yarinya, yawanci, an aurar da shi ga namiji don biyan bashin iyayenta. Ana kiran mace a matsayin **matar kudi** . Auren kudi dai ya zama ruwan dare a garin Becheve da ke kudancin Najeriya a jihar Kuros Riba, inda ‘yan mata ‘yan kasa da shekaru uku ke yin aure irin wannan.

An ce har yanzu ana yin wannan al'ada duk da cewa ta sabawa doka a Najeriya.

## Nassoshi

# Auren Kudi Wani shiri ne na Emeka Chkwuleta, wanda Schucks media ya shirya, 2019.
# https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-45514154h Matan Kudi, Yara da aka sayar don biyan basussuka bbc hausa africa.
# Wannan al'ada mai ban mamaki yana ba wa mata damar sayar da su zuwa aure don biyan bashi | Thepulse.ng
Wilbär

**Wil** (10 Disamba 2007 - Nuwamba 2024) wani Beyar polar ne wanda aka haife shi a cikin bauta a gidan zoo na Wilhelma a Stuttgart, Jamus .  Wilbär ya fara fitowa a fili a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 2008, yana iyo tare da mahaifiyarsa. Sunansa ya fito ne daga hada sunan gidan zoo tare da kalmar Jamusanci don bear (Bär). Jami'an gidan zoo sun yi rajistar sunan a matsayin alamar kasuwanci.

## Sweden
A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009, Wilbär ya bar gidan zoo na Wilhelma kuma an tura shi zuwa wurin shakatawa na Orsa Grönklitt a Sweden. A can ya haɗu da Ewa, daga Zoo na Rotterdam, kuma ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa daga Jamus a ranar haihuwarsa. A cikin bazara na shekara ta 2011, jami'an gidan zoo sun yi tunanin Ewa na iya zama mai ciki. An haifi jariri na farko na Wilbär, Miki, a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013. An haifi 'ya'yan tagwaye biyu, Noori da Nanook, a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2021.

## Netherlands
A ranar 12 ga Maris, 2022, an tura Wilbär zuwa Gidan namun daji na Dierenrijk a Nuenen, Netherlands. Ya mutu a can a tsakiyar Nuwamba 2024. 

## Manazarta
Jeanne Lanternier

Jeanne Lanternier (an haife shi a watan Nuwamba 20, 1820, a Chatley, [ Faransa - 1855, Marrakesh) kuyanga ce kuma sannan ɗaya daga cikin matan Sultan Muhammad IV na Maroko (r. 1859-1873). 
## Tarihin Rayuwa
Asalin asalin Val-d'Amour, iyayenta sune Sophie da Jean Lanternier, mahaifinta ya kasance mai kula da hemp. A cikin 1832, tana da shekaru 12, ta yi hijira tare da iyayenta zuwa Aljeriya,  dangin Lanternier suna cikin majagaba waɗanda suka zauna a ƙauyen farko da Faransa ta ƙirƙira, Dély Ibrahim.

## Shekaru hudu bayan dawowa daga gonaki,
Jeanne tare da iyayenta da dan uwanta Déziré, 'yan fashin Hadjoutes sun kama su, wadanda suka mika dangin a matsayin garkuwa ga sarki Abdelkader. Ya bayar da yarinyar a matsayin bawa ga abokinsa sarkin Morocco Abd al-Rahman bin Hisham. Shi kuma ya mika ta ga dansa Muhammad bin Abdurrahman. ta musulunta da sunan Dagia kuma ta shiga Alawi harem a matsayin kuyangar Yarima Muhammad A shekara ta 1837, Muhammad ya zaɓi ya aure ta.

Jim kadan bayan kayar da Sidi Muhammad da Marshal Bugeaud ya yi, a lokacin yakin Isly a ranar 14 ga Agustan 1844, Jeanne ta haifi da namiji  Muhammad bin Abdurrahman ya ba ta damar kulla alaka da iyalanta, An ba ta izinin ziyartar Faransa a kan bikin Exposition Universelle (1855). Ta yi amfani da ziyarar wajen yin tuntuɓar ƙauyen da aka haife ta a Faransa, sannan kuma ta yi aikin hajji a Chissey.

Bayan komawarta Morrocco a wannan shekarar, duk da haka, wani rikici ya faru a cikin harem, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwarta da 'ya'yanta biyu ta hanyar amfani da guba.[

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Latin Amurka da Caribbean

**Ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta Latin Amurka da Caribbean** (Spanish **Asociación Independiente de Latinoamérica y el Caribe**,  **AILAC** ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe daga Latin Amurka da Caribbean waɗanda ke ba da haɗin kai kan wasu batutuwa a matsayin ƙungiya a cikin shawarwarin yanayi na duniya.   An kafa kungiyar ne a birnin Doha na kasar Qatar a taron jam'iyyu karo na 18 da Colombia da Costa Rica da Chile da Peru da Guatemala da Panama suka yi da Jamhuriyar Dominican Jamhuriyar Dominican da ke goyon bayan kungiyar ta 77  kan wasu batutuwa musamman matakin alkawurra ga kasashe masu tasowa. Kungiyar ta gabatar da kanta a matsayin "hanyar ta uku" a Arewa-Kudu, rarrabuwar kawuna-malauta a tattaunawar canjin yanayi. 

Rukunin ba su da alaƙa da juna kuma wasu mambobi suna shiga cikin da / ko tare da ƙungiyoyin tattaunawa da yawa kamar Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), Tsakiyar Amurka ta Tsakiya (SICA a cikin Mutanen Espanya), Coalition for Rainforest Nations, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC), da kuma Climate Vulnerable Forum. AILAC ta kuma rubuta hadin gwiwa tare da Mexico.

## Kasashen membobin AILAC
 

## AILAC a UNFCCC
AILAC kuma tana magana a madadin kasashe membobinta, idan sun sami matsayi na kowa a tarurrukan gwamnati na UNFCCC.

## Manazarta
Karin girgizar ƙasa

Piora Oscillations lokuta ne biyu na sanyi a cikin tarihin yanayi na Alpine na Holocene Epoch . Rashin zamanta ya bambanta tsakanin marubutan kuma babu wata hanyar zamani a halin yanzu. Matsayin sararin samaniya na canjin ba a bayyane yake ba; Bugu da ƙari, ba ya bayyana a matsayin babban, ko ma mai ganewa, taron a cikin sake fasalin zafin jiki.

## Binciken farko
An sanya sunan abin da ya faru ne bayan Val Piora ko Piora Valley a Switzerland, inda aka fara gano shi; wasu daga cikin shaidu masu ban mamaki na Piora Oscillation sun fito ne daga yankin Alps.

## Dubi kuma

* Abubuwan da suka faru
* Taron shekara ta 4.2
* Bølling-Allerød dumama
* Lokacin zafi na Afirka
* Tsohon Peron

## Bayani

## Manazarta

* 
*  
* 
* 
*  
* 
*  
*
Ƙungiyan Muhalli

Organization & Environment (*O&E*) wata mujallar ilimi ce da Aka sake dubawa wacce keda  fannonin "management, kungiyoyi, da dorewar muhalli".  Babban Editoci na yanzu shine Minna Halme (Jami'ar Aalto) da Stefan Schaltegger (Jami'ar Leuphana ta Lüneburg).  A baya shi ne Michael Russo (Jami'ar Oregon). An kafa mujallar ne a shekarar 1987 kuma SAGE Publications ne suka buga ta; tana da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Bincike kan Ƙungiyoyi da Muhalli na Halitta (GRONEN). 

## Abstracting da indexing
Ƙungiyan Muhalli an taƙaita shi kuma an ƙididdige su a cikin Scopus da Indexididdigar Cigaban Kimiyyar Jama'a.  Sakamakon tasirin mujallar na shekarar 2024 ya kasance 7.3..

## Tarihi
A karkashin editan mai kafa John M. Jermier da kuma wasu editoci, mujallar ta dauki jagorancin hadin gwiwa, tana ba da gudummawa ga ra'ayoyi daban-daban ciki har da ka'idar ƙungiya mai mahimmanci da kuma ilimin muhalli mai zurfi. Haɗin gwiwar tsakanin membobin sashen Ƙungiyar da Muhalli na Halitta na Kwalejin Gudanarwa da Sashen Muhalli da Fasaha na Ƙungiyar Jama'a ta Amirka sun kasance a zuciyar tsarin mujallar. A wannan lokacin *O&E* ya zama sanannen hanyar sadarwa don ilimin zamantakewar muhalli, yana buga labarai daga masu tunani na muhalli da kuma matasa malaman da daga baya za su zama shugabannin ilimin zamantakewarmu. Jaridar ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kara tasirin ilimin zamantakewar muhalli a cikin horo mafi girma.

### Editoci
Wadannan mutane sun kasance (co-) editocin mujallar:

* Paul Shrivastava (mai kafa co-editor, Jami'ar Concordia) 
* John M. Jermier (mai kafa co-editor, Jami'ar Kudancin Florida), 1997-2012  
* John Bellamy Foster (Jami'ar Oregon), 1996-2001 
* Richard York (Jami'ar Oregon), 2006-2012 
* J. Alberto Aragon-Correa (Jami'ar Granada), 2012-2016
* Mark Starik (Jami'ar Jihar San Francisco), 2012-2016
* Maurizio Zollo (Jami'arocconi), 2016-2019
* Mike Russo (Jami'ar Oregon), 2020-2025 
* Minna Halme (Jami'ar Aalto), 2025-yanzu 
* Stefan Schaltegger (Jami'ar Leuphana ta Lüneburg), 2025-yanzu 

## Canjin edita
A ranar 1 ga Disamba, 2012, Alberto Aragon-Correa da Mark Starik sun zama masu gyara na Ƙungiya & Muhalli.  Manufar bincike na mujallar a halin yanzu ita ce buga "bincike mai tsauri da tasiri a tsaka-tsakin gudanarwa, kungiyoyi, da dorewar muhalli".[1]  Sakamakon tasiri tun lokacin da wannan batu ya tashi, ƙaddamarwa ya karu, kuma mujallar ta zama mafi zaɓi.. 

### Rashin amincewa
Canjin edita na Disamba 2012 ya soki (yanzu tsoffin) mambobin Kwamitin edita na Organization & Environment a matsayin "juyin mulki na edita" a bangaren Sage da GRONEN .  A cewar wani asusun, Sage ya yanke shawarar sauyawar edita kuma ya aiwatar da ita ba tare da edita ba, ba tare da sanin su ko karɓa ba. A cikin wata sanarwa da aka buga a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012, mambobi 25 na kwamitin edita na *O&E* sun yi murabus don nuna rashin amincewa da sauyawa.
Polar Bear (kayan gida)

***'Polar bear***' (a cikin asalin Faransanci Ours Polaire) sofa ne da kuma kujera wanda mai zanen Faransa Jean Royère ya tsara a ƙarshen shekarun 1940. An tsara zane tsakanin 1947 da 1967.

Sunan da aka ba wa yanki shine saboda kwatantawa da gashin Beyar polar saboda fararen velvet.

## Tsarin
Wani labarin 2019 a cikin mujallar Town and Country ya bayyana ƙirar sofa a matsayin "Kyakkyawan zagaye da ba a iya kwatanta da shi ba" kuma an yi shi ne daga "mai laushi mai laushi wanda ke tunatar da kayan wasa". Mujallar ta danganta nasarar da Royère ya samu ga ikon yin "ƙananan abubuwa sun yi kama da kusan tsari-ƙasa, gaba ɗaya suna rufe kwarangwal - waɗanda aka kirkira ta amfani da dabarun gargajiya na katako - a cikin yadudduka na kumfa". Dillalin Paris Patrick Seguin ya bayyana ɓangarorin a matsayin "alamu na ruhun Royère na ƙwarewar kyauta kuma yana nuna kyakkyawan gaske ba tare da wani nau'in nunawa ba".

## Tarihi
Sofa ya fito ne daga zane-zane na Biomorphic wanda Royère ya kirkira don kayan gida don gidan mahaifiyarsa a kan Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré a Paris. Da farko an sadu da sofa na Polar Bear tare da iyakantaccen nasara amma ya zama sananne a cikin shekarun 1950. An fara nuna shi a fili a baje kolin Art et Industrie "La Résidence Française".

Abubuwan sun karu da shahara a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kuma ana sayar da sofas guda ɗaya a sama da $ 500,000. A cikin 2016, an kafa rikodin aikin na sofa na Polar Bear lokacin da aka sayar da daya don $ 754,000 a Phillips a New York. Dillalin Paris Patrick Seguin ya sayar da saiti na sofa na Polar Bear da kujeru biyu na dala miliyan 1 a cikin shekarun 2010. Ba a taɓa ba da izinin sake bugawa na sofa na Polar Bear ba. Abokan ciniki na asali na iya ba da izinin ƙera sofa na Polar Bear ko kujerun hannu guda biyu, tare da ɓangarori uku kuma suna samuwa a matsayin saiti. An ƙera saiti 150 kawai tsakanin 1947 da 1967, tare da ƙarin sofas 150 da nau'ikan kujeru 150.

Bayan bayyanar sassan, Shah na Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi ya sayi kujeru da yawa ga gidan 'yarsa Princess Shahnaz na Tehran, Ministan Harkokin Waje na Faransa ya ba da umarnin kujeru biyu ga ofishinsa a Helsinki.

Shahararrun masu mallakar sun hada da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Jennifer Aniston, mai wasan kwaikwayo Ellen DeGeneres, da kuma dillalin fasaha Larry Gagosian. Mai kiɗa Kanye West ya bayyana sofa dinsa na Polar Bear a matsayin "abin da muka fi so na mallakarmu". West ya sayar da motarsa ta Maybach don sayen sofa.

## Manazarta
Rubuce-rubuce

**CPEIR** ( **Kashe Kuɗi na Jama'a da Binciken Cibiyoyi)** kayan aiki ne don dubawa da tantance kashe kuɗin jama'a da canjin yanayi. CPEIR kuma tana kimanta hukumomin jama'a, abokan ci gaba da CSOs waɗanda ke da hannu a cikin kuɗin canjin yanayi.

An fara gabatar da CPEIR a Nepal a cikin 2011  tare da tallafi daga UNDP . Daga nan ne aka kaddamar da shi a kasashe da dama a yankin Asiya da tekun Pasifik, sai kuma Afirka da Latin Amurka . Ya zuwa watan Yuni 2015, akwai kasashen Asiya 19 a Asiya, kasashen Afirka tara da kasashen Latin Amurka shida da ke amfani da CPEIRs. 

Sauran abokan ci gaba (misali Bankin Duniya ) su ma sun goyi bayan waɗannan tsare-tsare. A yawancin ƙasashe an yi CPEIR a matakin kasafin jihohi / tarayya. Koyaya, wasu ƙasashe sun yi amfani da CPEIR a matakin ƙasa (misali Pakistan ). 

Kasashen CPEIR, tun daga watan Yuni 2015. 

Hanyar CPEIR gabaɗaya ta dogara ne akan aikin Bankin Duniya na Bitar Kuɗi na Jama'a (PER). Koyaya, ba kamar PERs ba, tsarin CPEIR yana kuma yin nazarin tsarin cibiyoyin kuɗin jama'a na canjin yanayi. Wannan ƙari ga daidaitaccen tsari na PER yana faruwa ne saboda ƙetare yanayin kuɗaɗen canjin yanayi.

Wannan yanayin ƙetare kuma yana tasiri tsarin bita. A cikin PER na yau da kullun, bayanan kashe kuɗin jama'a gabaɗaya yana da sauƙin samuwa, yana buƙatar ƙaramin ƙoƙari don samun cikakkun bayanan kuɗin da ake buƙata akan kashe kuɗin da aka tsara da kuma ainihin kashe kuɗin gwamnati. Duk da haka, tsarin kididdiga na gwamnati ba a rubuta abubuwan kashe kuɗin canjin yanayi a sarari (kamar rabe-raben GFS).

Ya bambanta da PER, hanyoyin CPEIR suna kashe mafi yawan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce akan tattarawa da daidaita bayanan kuɗi akan abubuwan da aka kashe na canjin yanayi. Wannan ƙarin matakin yana ba da bayanan da gwamnatoci ba su mallaki kansu ba, duk da cewa CPEIRs galibi suna amfani da ɗanyen bayanan gwamnati kan kasafin kuɗi.

Duk da mahimmancin ƙimar CPEIR ga ilimin abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da canjin yanayi, ƙalubalen tattara bayanai yana kawo ƙarin hasara. CPEIRs ba su ba da hankali sosai ga inganci da inganci na kashe kuɗin jama'a idan aka kwatanta da PERs. Wannan ba sifofi ba ne na CPEIRs amma ƙalubalen juyin halitta/matsayi na CPEIRs wanda zai iya canzawa cikin lokaci.

Mafi aminci da tsari na bayanai akan CPEIRs an tattara su ta UNDP Asia-Pacific Regional Center (UNDP Bangkok Regional Hub) kuma an buga ta kan layi.  Hakanan ana samun bayanan bayanai akan CPEIRs akan layi. 

UNDP ta kuma gudanar da nazarin darussan tsarin CPEIR da aka koya a watan Nuwamba 2012.. 

## Manazarta
Ma'aikatar albarkatun kasa da canjin yanayi (Malawi)

**Ma'aikatar albarkatun kasa da sauyin yanayi** ma'aikatar majalisar ministoci ce a gwamnatin Malawi .  Ita ce ke da alhakin kula da kiyaye albarkatun kasa mai dorewa da samar da dabarun tunkarar kalubalen sauyin yanayi. Hedkwatar ma'aikatar tana cikin Lilongwe, Malawi . Yana kula da sassa daban-daban, ciki har da Sashen Canjin Yanayi da Sabis na yanayi da Sashen Kula da Muhalli.

## Tarihi
An kafa ma'aikatar a cikin shekarun 1960. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da kare albarkatun ƙasa: ruwa, ma'adanai, da gandun daji. Har ila yau, yana da alhakin kariya da maido da muhalli. Ra'ayinta shine "don dawo da yanayin halitta ga mutanen Malawi da kuma yin aiki don haɗa albarkatun kasa da muhalli a cikin ajanda na kasa na Gwamnati kamar yadda waɗannan ke samar da tushen ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.

Ya zuwa Disamba 2024, Yusuf Mkungula ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Sakatare na Ma'aikatar albarkatun kasa da Canjin yanayi. Michael Usi, wanda a baya ya rike mukamin Ministan albarkatun kasa da canjin yanayi, an nada shi Mataimakin Shugaban Malawi a watan Yunin 2024. 

## Sashen da hukumomi
Ma'aikatar tana kula da manyan hukumomi ciki har da:

* Ma'aikatar Canjin Yanayi da Ayyukan Yanayi (DCCMS): Yana da alhakin saka idanu kan canjin yanayi, bayar da hasashen ruwan sama na yanayi, da samar da tsarin gargadi na farko da ke da mahimmanci ga noma da shirye-shiryen bala'i.
* Ma'aikatar Harkokin Muhalli (EAD): Tana mai da hankali kan kare muhalli, aiwatar da manufofi, da kuma kula da tasirin muhalli.

### Gudanarwa

* Ofishin Ministan
* Ofishin Sakatare na Dindindin

## Manazarta