Frantz Fanon

**Frantz Omar Fanon** (/ ˈfænən/,  US: /fæˈnɒ̃/; Faransanci: [fʁɑ̃ts fanɔ̃]; 20 Yuli 1925 - 6 Disamba 1961) ɗan Indiyawan Yamma ne  masanin ilimin hauka, masanin falsafar siyasa, da Marxday na Faransanci mai mulkin mallaka. Ayyukansa sun zama masu tasiri a fagen nazarin bayan mulkin mallaka, ka'idar mahimmanci, da kuma Marxism. Kazalika kasancewarsa haziƙi, Fanon ɗan siyasa ne mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, Pan-Africanist, kuma ɗan adam na Marxist wanda ya damu da ilimin halin ɗan adam na mulkin mallaka da sakamakon ɗan adam, zamantakewa, da al'adu na lalata mulkin mallaka.

A cikin aikinsa na likita da likitan kwakwalwa, Fanon ya goyi bayan yakin Aljeriya na samun 'yancin kai daga Faransa kuma ya kasance memba na Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Aljeriya. An bayyana Fanon a matsayin "mafi tasiri mai tunani a lokacin mulkin mallaka". Fiye da shekaru biyar, rayuwa da ayyukan Fanon sun ƙarfafa ƙungiyoyin 'yanci na ƙasa da sauran 'yanci da ƙungiyoyin siyasa a Palestine, Sri Lanka, Afirka ta Kudu, da Amurka.

Fanon ya tsara abin koyi don ilimin halayyar al'umma, yana imani da cewa yawancin majinyata masu tabin hankali za su sami ingantacciyar hasashen idan an haɗa su cikin danginsu da al'ummarsu maimakon a kula da su tare da kulawar hukuma. Har ila yau, ya taimaka wajen gano fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam yayin da yake aiki a Saint-Alban karkashin Francois Tosquelles da Jean Oury.

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Rayuwar farko
An haifi Frantz Omar Fanon a ranar 20 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1925 a Fort-de-Faransa, Martinique, wanda a lokacin yana cikin daular mulkin mallaka na Faransa. Mahaifinsa, Félix Casimir Fanon, ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in kwastam, yayin da mahaifiyar Fanon, Eléanore Médélice, wadda ta kasance 'yar Afro-Caribbean da Alsatian, ta kasance mai shago. Fanon shi ne na uku a cikin 'ya'ya hudu a cikin iyali mai yara takwas. Biyu daga cikin 'yan uwansa sun mutu suna ƙanana, ciki har da 'yar'uwar Fanon Gabrielle, wadda suke kusa da ita. Da yake suna tsakiyar aji, danginsa za su iya aika Fanon zuwa Lycée Victor Schœlcher, babbar makarantar sakandare a Martinique, inda Fanon ya zo ya yaba da ɗaya daga cikin malamansa, Aimé Césaire.

## Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu
Bayan yakin Faransa ya haifar da Jamhuriyya ta uku ta Faransa ta mamaye Jamus a cikin watan Yuli shekara ta 1940, Martinique ya shiga ƙarƙashin ikon sojojin ruwa na Faransa karkashin jagorancin Admiral Georges Robert waɗanda suka kasance masu biyayya ga gwamnatin Vichy na haɗin gwiwa. Rushewar shigo da kayayyaki daga Babban Birni na Faransa ya haifar da ƙarancin ƙarancin tsibiri, wanda ya ta'azzara saboda shingen shingen jiragen ruwa na Amurka da aka kakaba wa Martinique a cikin Afrilu 1943. Mulkin Robert Robert ya murkushe masu goyon bayan Allied na cikin gida, daruruwan waɗanda suka tsere zuwa tsibirin Caribbean na kusa. Daga baya Fanon ya bayyana tsarin mulkin Vichy a Martinique a matsayin cire abin rufe fuska da kuma nuna hali irin na “ingantattun wariyar launin fata”. A cikin Janairu 1943, ya gudu Martinique a lokacin daurin auren daya daga cikin 'yan'uwansa kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa Dominica mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya don yin dangantaka da sauran masu goyon bayan Allied.: 24

An hambarar da gwamnatin Robert a wani boren cikin gida a watan Yuni na waccan shekarar, wanda daga baya Fanon zai yi kira da "haihuwar [Martinican] proletariat" a matsayin karfin juyin juya hali. Bayan boren, Fanon "cikin sha'awa" ya koma Martinique, inda shugaban Faransa na Free Charles de Gaulle ya nada Henri Tourtet  a matsayin sabon gwamna na mulkin mallaka. Daga baya Tourtet ya haɓaka Battalion na Antillean Marching na 5 don yin hidima a Sojojin Faransa na Kyauta (FFL), kuma nan da nan Fanon ya shiga rukunin a Fort-de-Faransa. Ya yi horo na asali kafin ya hau jirgin soja da ya nufi Casablanca, Maroko a cikin Maris 1944. Bayan Fanon ya isa Maroko, ya yi mamakin gano girman wariyar launin fata a cikin FFL. Daga bisani an mayar da shi wani sansanin soja na Faransa na 'Yanci a Béjaïa, Aljeriya, inda Fanon ya shaida wa kansa kyamar kyamar Yahudawa da kyamar Islama na 'yan pied-noirs, wadanda yawancinsu sun goyi bayan dokokin wariyar launin fata da gwamnatin Vichy ta yi.

A watan Agustan 1944, ya tashi a wani jirgin ruwa daga Oran zuwa Faransa a matsayin wani bangare na Operation Dragoon, mamayewar Allied na Provence da Jamus ta mamaye. Bayan US VI Corps sun sami kan bakin teku, rukunin Fanon ya zo bakin teku a Saint-Tropez kuma ya ci gaba a cikin ƙasa. Ya halarci ayyuka da yawa a kusa da Montbéliard, Doubs kuma ya ji rauni sosai ta hanyar shrapnel, wanda ya sa aka kwantar da shi a asibiti tsawon watanni biyu. Kanar Raoul Salan ya ba Fanon lambar yabo ta Croix de Guerre saboda ayyukan da ya yi a yakin, kuma a farkon 1945 ya koma rundunarsa ya yi yakin Alsace.

## Manazarta