Anthony Appleyard

**Anthony Appleyard** ( c. 1943 - 28 ga Fabrairu 2022) ya yi aiki a Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jami'ar Manchester, kuma an san shi da wani malami na Tolkien wanda ya ƙware a harsunan da aka gina na Tolkien . Bayaninsa na harshen Elvish a shekarar 1995, Quenya ita ce ta farko da ta yi amfani da bayanan da aka buga a cikin Tarihin Tsakiyar Duniya . Wannan masanin Tolkien, Carl F. Hostetter, ya soki wannan da cewa yana ƙoƙarin gina harshe ɗaya mai daidaito maimakon yarda cewa Quenya ya canza akan lokaci, duka a cikin ainihin duniya yayin da Tolkien ya ci gaba da ƙirƙirar tsarin harshe, da kuma a cikin tarihin almara na Tsakiyar Duniya yayin da harsunan Elvish suka canza kuma suka wargaje.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Appleyard ya yi aiki a Jami'ar Manchester Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha .  Ya kasance Editan Wikipedia daga 2004 har zuwa mutuwarsa. Ya kasance mai gudanarwa na encyclopedia na duniya, kuma memba ne na Aikin nutsewa a karkashin ruwa. Ya mutu a Manchester a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu 2022.

## Masanin Tolkien

### Harshe na Quenya
Masanin harshe, marubuci, kuma masanin Tolkien Helge Fauskanger ya rubuta cewa duk da kulawar da aka ba wa yarukan Tolkien, bayanan da aka ba da yanar gizo kafin Fauskangers ya gina gidan yanar gizon *Ardalambion* yafi talauci, ban da "aikin Anthony Appleyard  - mai da hankali sosai da fasaha, mai kyau ga waɗanda suka riga sun shiga cikin waɗannan abubuwa, amma mai yiwuwa yana da wahala ga masu farawa. "

Masanin Tolkien Carl F. Hostetter ya rubuta cewa Appleyard ne, a watan Fabrairun 1992, wanda ya yi "ƙoƙarin farko na cikakke ... don tsara tsarin Quenya bisa ga sabon bayanin da aka buga a cikin *Tarihin Tsakiyar Duniya*, musamman The Etymologies, a cikin labarinsa 'Quenya Grammar Reexamined'.  Hostetter ya bayyana cewa binciken da aka tattara tare da abin da aka sani game da ƙamus na Quenya, kuma shirya tsarin ƙididdigar da aka yi amfani da su "kamar da su a wasu lokuta na Tolkien' wanda ba ya haɗa su ba don ƙaddamar da su ba don waɗannan nau's ba su ba tare da aka ɗauka ba. Ya bayyana shi kamar haka: 

# neman yiwa lakabi da kuma bayyana wani aiki na musamman ga kowane "canza nahawu", kamar abin da ake kira " yanayin da ya dace " 
# neman "cika gibin" da masanin harsunan Ingilishi ko Latin zai iya tsammani 
# neman gujewa "(wanda ake tsammani) 'rikici' da 'shakka'" 
# kasancewa a shirye "ƙin ko ma danganta kuskuren marubuta" nahawu waɗanda ba su dace ba a 
# neman kammala ko faɗaɗa harsunan ta hanyar ƙirƙirar sabbin siffofi 
# kasancewa a shirye don bayyana kalmomin farko ko siffofin Tolkien "sun tsufa" idan siffofin daga baya suka yi kama da suna da ma'anoni iri ɗaya 
# kasancewa a shirye don haɗa siffofi daga matakai daban-daban na Tolkien lokacin da waɗannan suka yi kama da "masu amfani" 

Appleyard ya kira shari'ar Quenya, shari'ar ilimin lissafi don sunaye a cikin harshen Elvish da Tolkien ya gina na Quenya; masanin harshe Paul Strack ya bayyana siffofin ilimin lissafi da shawarar Appleyard, yana mai cewa "Babu wata shaida kai tsaye da ke tallafawa wannan ka'idar amfani da ita, duk da haka" 

### Sauran harsuna
Appleyard ya rubuta game da halin labarin Tolkien Aelfwine na Ingila, tare da nazarin amfani da Tolkien na Tsohon Turanci .  An rubuta Appleyard a matsayin lura cewa kalmar *nazg* (" zobe ") a cikin harshen da aka gina a fili Baƙar Magana - a cikin almara, wanda Dark Lord Sauron ya gina, a zahiri ta Tolkien - ya bayyana an aro ta ne daga kalmar *chanana kad*, ma'ana " zobe na halaka" a cikin harshen da Tolkien ya gina na Valarin .  A cikin 1995 ya buga "Kamus na Tsakiyar Duniya" mai shafuka 19, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙananan harsunan "Danian, Old Beorian, Telerin, Ilkorin, Khuzdul, Old Noldorin, da Valarin." 

### Fasahar Tsakiya
Appleyard ya rubuta, ma, a kan batun "Tolkien da Space Travel", yana mai lura da cewa Tolkien da abokinsa CS Lewis sun amince da rubuta labaran fiction na kimiyya, Lewis yana samun tafiye-Tafiya ta sararin samaniya kuma Tolkien yana samun tafiyar lokaci; Appleyard yayi ba da shawarar cewa Tolkien ya sauke alamomi da yawa cewa fasahar ci gaba (mai fashewa da Orcs suka yi amfani da shi a Helm's Deep, dodanni na ƙarfe da aka yi amfani da su don kai farmaki Gondolin) an haɓaka Arda. Ya rubuta cewa Tolkien ya bayyana jirgin Eärendil wanda ke tafiya a fadin sararin samaniya wanda aka gina "'na Mithril da na gilashin elven / tare da gashin gashi mai haske: babu askewa / ko jirgin da ta ɗora a kan masta na azurfa', kuma ya ambaci babu itace a cikin gininsa. Wannan hakika yana da sautin da ake zargi kamar hoton mutane na jirgin sama. "

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Tushen
* Shafin yanar gizon Appleyard tare da kayan aiki a kan fiction kimiyya, fantasy, da scuba diving
* Binciken Helge Fauskanger game da ''Waƙar Firiel'' , yana tattauna wasu shawarwarin harshe na Appleyard