Jimmie Durham

**Jimmie Bob Durham** ( Goma 10 ga watan Yuli, shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in 1940 - sha bakwai 17 ga watan  Nuwamba, shekarar dubu biyu da ashirin da daya 2021) ɗan asalin Amurka ne, marubuci kuma mawaki. Ya kasance mai aiki a Amurka a cikin ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na 'yan Afirka na Afirka da' yan asalin Amurka a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970, yana aiki a babban majalisa na Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka (AIM). Ya koma aiki a fannin fasaha yayin da yake zaune a Birnin New York. An nuna aikinsa sosai. Durham kuma ta sami Günther-Peill-Preis (2003),  Gidauniyar Harkokin Kasuwanci na Robert Rauschenberg Award (2017),  da kuma 58th Venice Biennale's Golden Lion don nasarorin rayuwa (2019). 

Ya daɗe yana da'awar cewa shi Cherokee ne amma wakilan kabilanci sun musanta wannan da'awar: "Durham ba ya shiga kuma bai cancanci zama ɗan ƙasa a cikin kowane ɗayan ƙabila uku da aka amince da su da kuma tarihin Cherokee: Gabashin Gabashin Indiyawan Cherokee, Ƙungiyar United Keetoowah ta Indiyawan Cherogee na Oklahoma, da Ƙasar Cherokee".  Ba shi da "ba da wata alaƙa da aka sani da kowane al'ummar Cherokee ba". 

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Jimmie Durham a ranar goma  10 ga watan Yuli, shekarar dubu daya da ɗari tara da arba'in  1940,  a Houston,  Harris County, Texas,  kodayake ya yi iƙirarin an haife shi a Nevada County, Arkansas,  ko Washington, Hempstead County, Ar Kansas. Iyayensa sune Jerry Loren Durham da Ethel Pauline Simmons Durham,  dukansu an haife su ne a Arkansas kuma an binne su a Texas.

A cikin 1960s Durham ya zama mai ƙwazo a gidan wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo da wallafe-wallafen da suka shafi yancin ɗan adam a cikin 1960s.  A cikin 1965 ya koma Austin, inda ya yi aiki a Jami'ar Texas a Austin kuma ya fara baje kolin aikinsa. Baje kolin solo na farko a Austin shine a cikin 1965.  A cikin 1969 Durham ya koma Geneva, Switzerland, inda ya yi karatu a L' École des Beaux-Arts .  

## Yunkurin fafutuka
A shekara ta 1973, Durham ya koma Amurka kuma ya shiga cikin Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka (AIM).  Daga 1973 har zuwa 1980 ya yi aiki a matsayin mai shirya siyasa tare da AIM, ya zama memba na Majalisar Tsakiya ta motsi kuma yana wakiltar kansa a matsayin 'yan asalin Amurka. Yawancin lokaci yana da'awar cewa shi Cherokee ne  kuma ya rubuta a madadin kungiyar. 

A shekara ta 1974, ya halarci taron Majalisar Yarjejeniyar Indiya ta Duniya (IITC) a Cibiyar Indiya ta Standing Rock .  Daga baya ya zama babban mai gudanarwa na IITC   kuma ya yi aiki ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya yana ba da matsayin IITC a matsayin "Mai sa ido na ƙungiya mai zaman kanta na II kuma mai ba da shawara a ƙarƙashin Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a. "  Durham ta yi abota da Winona LaDuke (White Earth Ojibwe) kuma ta karfafa gwagwarmayarta.  Paul Chaat Smith (Comanche) da Durham sun yi murabus daga IITC da AIM a 1979 saboda rashin jituwa game da goyon bayan AIM ga Cuba da sauran abokan Soviet.

Bayan ya koma Birnin New York, Durham ya mayar da hankali ga fasahar gani. Ya kirkiro siffofi waɗanda suka kalubalanci wakilcin al'ada na Indiyawan Arewacin Amurka. Ya nuna kuma ya buga rubutun akai-akai. Daga shekarar Alif dubu daya da ɗari tara da tamanin da daya 1981 zuwa shekarar Alif dubu daya da ɗari tara da tamanin da ukku 1983 ya jagoranci Gidauniyar Al'umma ta Masu Fasaha a New York .  A cikin 1983 West End Press ta buga Columbus Day, littafin waƙoƙinsa. An haɗa waƙoƙinsa a cikin *Harper's Anthology of 20th Century Native American Poetry* (1988). 

A cikin 1987, Durham ya koma Cuernavaca, Mexico.  A lokacin lokacinsa a Mexico, Durham ya nuna yadu, ciki har da a Whitney Biennial, documenta IX, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Zamani, London ; Fita Art, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani, Antwerp ; da Palais des Beaux-Arts, Brussels . Har ila yau, ya buga kasidu da dama a cikin lokaci-lokaci, ciki har da *Dandalin Fasaha*, *Art Journal (CAA)*, da *Rubutu na Uku* . A cikin 1993, Kala Press ya buga tarin kasidun nasa, *Wani Rashin Haɗin Kai.*

Bayan shekaru da  a Mexico, Durham ya koma Turai a 1994, da farko ya koma Berlin sannan Naples. Bayan haka, ya mayar da hankali kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin gine-gine, abubuwan tarihi, da labarun ƙasa. Hotunansa na anti-architectural, wasan kwaikwayo, da bidiyo suna neman 'yantar da kayan aikin gine-gine, dutse, daga alaƙar da ke tattare da shi tare da abin tunawa, kwanciyar hankali da dindindin. Nuni da ya yi a Turai sun haɗa da wuraren kamar , FRAC a Reims, Haus Wittgenstein a Vienna, Kunstverein München, da Venice Biennale, da sauransu da yawa.[de] Ya shiga cikin A Grain of Dust A Drop of Water: The 5th Gwangju Biennale a shekara ta 2004. A shekara ta 2005 Durham ya shirya tare da Richard William Hill The American West, wani hari kan cowboy da tatsuniyoyin Indiya, a Compton Verney, United Kingdom. A shekara ta 2006 ya kuma nuna ayyuka daban-daban a Gidauniyar Serralves, a Porto, Portugal. A shekara ta 2009, an shigar da wani zane-zane na dindindin na Durham, Serpentine rouge, a Indre, Faransa, tare da Kogin Loire. A cikin 2010 Durham ya gabatar da Rocks Encouraged a cikin zauren baje kolin Portikus a Frankfurt da Main, Jamus. A shekara ta 2016 an ba shi kyautar Goslarer Kaiserring . 

A cikin 1995 Phaidon Press ya buga *Jimmie Durham*, wani cikakken bincike game da fasaharsa, tare da gudummawar Laura Mulvey, Dirk Snauwaert, da Mark Alice Durant.

A cikin 2003, an sake nazarin aikinsa, mai suna *Daga Yammacin Pacific zuwa Gabashin Atlantic*, an nuna shi a MAC a Marseille, Faransa, da kuma GEM a Hague, Netherlands.

A cikin 2009, Durham yana da mai suna *Pierre Rejetées ...* a Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris a Paris, Faransa. 

A cikin 2012, wani sake dubawa, *Al'amarin Rayuwa da Mutuwa da Waƙa*, wanda Bart De Baere da Anders Kreuger suka yi, an nuna su a MuHKA a Antwerp, Belgium.

A cikin 2017 an buɗe *Jimmie Durham: A Cibiyar Duniya,* wanda Anne Ellegood ta tsara, a Gidan Tarihi na Hammer a Los Angeles kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa Cibiyar Fasaha ta Walker a Minneapolis, Gidan Tarihin Whitney na Fasaha ta Amurka a Birnin New York, da Remai Modern a Saskatoon .  Binciken ya sake haifar da muhawara game da ikirarin Durham game da kakannin Cherokee.

## Da'awar asalin Cherokee
Durham ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi Cherokee ne mai jini huɗu kuma ya girma a cikin al'ummar da ke magana da Cherokee. Ya girma ne a Texas, Louisiana, da Oklahoma, yayin da mahaifinsa ya yi tafiya neman aiki. A cewar lauyan Cherokee, farfesa na shari'a da shari'a Steve Russell, Durham na daga cikin "masu sana'a" waɗanda suka yi kama da Cherokee da 'Yan asalin Amurka don dalilai na ci Gidan aiki. An bayyana Durham a matsayin wanda "ya yi aiki na kasancewa Cherokee ba tare da wata alaƙa da aka sani da kowane al'umma na Cherokee, kodayake ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne Wolf Clan kuma an haife shi tare da Cherokee a matsayin yare na farko".

A watan Yunin 2017, wakilan kabilar Cherokee goma, masu zane-zane, da malamai sun buga wata wasika game da Durham, mai taken, "Ƙaunataccen Jama'a, Jimmie Durham Yana da Trickster - asalin asalin Jimmie Durhan koyaushe ƙirƙira ne kuma ya kasance ɗaya": Durham ba ta da rajista ko kuma ta cancanci zama ɗan ƙasa a cikin ƙabila uku na Cherokee da aka amince da su a tarayya da kuma tarihi: Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, United Keetoowah Band of Cherogee Indians of Oklahoma, da Cherokee Nation. Wadannan da'awar ƙarya suna da lahani yayin da suke nuna 'yan asalin ƙasar, suna lalata ikon mallakar kabilanci, kuma suna rage muhimmiyar aikin da masu zane-zane da shugabannin al'adu suka yi.Sun ci gaba da bayyana cewa ta hanyar da'awar nuna aikinsa a matsayin mutumin Cherokee, Durham ya saba wa Dokar Fasaha da Ayyuka ta Indiya.

Wasu cibiyoyin sun dauki bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru don tattauna waɗannan batutuwan, kamar Walker Art Center a Minneapolis  da Whitney Museum of American Art a Birnin New York. 

## Mutuwa
Durham ya mutu a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 2021, a Berlin, Jamus, yana da shekaru 81. 

## Bayanan littattafai

* Durham, Jimmie.  (1983) *Ranar Columbus*. Albuquerque, New Mexico: West End Press.
* Durham, Jimmie.  (1992) "Geronimo!", a cikin Partial Recall: Hotuna na 'yan asalin Arewacin Amirka. [Hasiya] New York: New Press. shafi na 55-58.&nbsp;
* Durham, Jimmie.  (1993) *Wani Rashin Haɗin Kai: Rubuce-rubuce kan Fasaha da Siyasa ta Al'adu*. Jean Fisher (ed.), London: Kala Press.
* Durham, Jimmie.  (1993) *Jimmie Durham: Littafin na, The East London Coelacanth* . London: ICA Book Works.
* Durham, Jimmie.  (1994) "Aboki na ya ce Art wani abu ne na Turai", a cikin Global Visions, Toward a New Internationalism in the Visual Arts, London: Kala Press.
* Durham, Jimmie.  (1994) "Jimmie Durham: Mark Gisbourne ya yi hira da shi", Art Monthly Fabrairu. 173. shafi na 7-11.&nbsp;
* Durham, Jimmie.  (1995) "Gara ga Kalmomi da Ƙasusuwa: Tattaunawa da Jean Fisher", Art da Design. tashi. 10, shafi na 7-8. 47-55.&nbsp;
* Durham, Jimmie.  (1996) *Eurasian Project, Mataki na Ɗaya: Ƙofar Turai (Les Bourgeois de Calais, La Leon d'Anatomie. A Progress Report) *. Champagne-Ardenne, Calais, Antwerp: Kolejin Editions, Galerie de l'Ancienne Poste, Galerie Micheline Szwajcer.
* Durham, Jimmie.  (1996) Der Verführer und der Steinerne Gast. Vienna: Springer Verlag.
* Durham, Jimmie.  (1998) *Jimmie Durham: Tsakanin Kayan Gida da Ginin (Tsakanin Dutse da Hard Place) *. Munich: Kunstverein München.
* Durham, Jimmie.  (1998) "Cibiyar Duniya tana da wurare da yawa (Sashe na I & II)." Tattaunawar Beverly Koski da Richard William Hill (Berlin, Fabrairu 1998). FUSE Magazine Vol. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 3] shafi na 24-33 da 46-53, bi da bi.&nbsp;
* Durham, Jimmie.  (2001) *Zuciya ta Dutse*. Kitakyushu, Japan: Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani, Kitakyushu .
* Durham, Jimmie.  (2001) "Bangaskiya a Turai", a cikin S. Hassan & I. Dadi (ed.). Rage Turai. Rotterdam: Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen/Nai Publishers, shafuffuka 290-293.&nbsp;
* Durham, Jimmie.  (2004) "Situations", a cikin C. Doherty (ed.). *Fasahar zamani: daga Studio zuwa Yanayi*. London: Black Dog Publishing, shafi na 177-183.&nbsp;
* Durham, Jimmie.  (2004) "Stones Rejected by the Builder", a cikin G. Di Pietrantonio, *da sauransu.* *Jimmie Durham* Milan: Charta, Fondazione Antonio Ratti, shafuffuka 117-130.&nbsp;
* Durham, Jimmie.  (2005) Ka*'Ka'idar Wave ta Biyu. * . Kamar yadda aka yi a kan Bankunan Kogin Wear, Dutsen Dutse daga S'Underland da Durham Cathedral. Sunderland, Burtaniya / Banff: Jami'ar Sunderland / Walter Phillips Gallery.
* Durham, Jimmie.  (2005) "Abubuwa daban-daban na Rayuwar Cowboy" & "Dangantaka da Cherokee-Amurka", a cikin *Yammacin Amurka*. Compton Verney, Warwickshire: Compton Verne House Trust. shafi na 9-22 da 51-59 bi da bi.&nbsp;
* Durham, Jimmie.  (2011) Amoxohtli/Littafin Hanya/Littafi na Hanya. Köln: Walther König.
* Durham, Jimmie.  (2012) *Waƙoƙin da ba sa tafiya tare*. Berlin, London: Wiens Verlag da Edition Hansjörg Mayer .
* Durham, Jimmie.  (2013) "Vandalismo", a cikin *[http://www.forumdoc.org.br/catalogos/catalogo_forumdoc_2013.pdf Forumdoc 2013].*
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## Manazarta