Jules Ferry

**Jules François Camille Ferry** (; 5 ga Afrilu 1832 - 17 ga Maris 1893) ɗan siyasan Faransa ne kuma masanin falsafar jamhuriya. Ya kasance daya daga cikin shugabannin Moderate Republicans kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Faransa daga 1880 zuwa 1881 da 1883 zuwa 1885. Ya kasance mai gabatar da laicism da fadada mulkin mallaka. A karkashin Jamhuriyar Na Uku, Ferry ya sanya ilimin firamare kyauta kuma ya zama tilas ta hanyar sabbin dokoki da yawa.   Koyaya, an tilasta masa ya yi murabus bayan Yaƙin Sino-Faransa a 1885 saboda rashin shahara da ra'ayin jama'a game da yaƙin.

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Rayuwa ta farko da iyali
An haifi Ferry a Faransa, a cikin Sashen Vosges, ga Charles-Édouard Ferry, lauya daga dangin da suka kafa kansu a Saint-Dié a matsayin masu kararrawa,  da Adélaïde Jamelet.  Kakan mahaifinsa, François-Joseph Ferry, ya kasance magajin gari na Saint-Dié ta hanyar Ofishin Jakadancin da Daular Farko. Ya yi karatun shari'a, kuma an kira shi zuwa kotun a Paris a 1854,  amma nan da nan ya shiga siyasa, yana ba da gudummawa ga jaridu daban-daban, musamman ga  . Ya kai hari kan Daular Faransa ta Biyu tare da babban tashin hankali, yana jagorantar adawarsa musamman ga Baron Haussmann, prefect na Sashen Seine. Daga baya aka sake buga jerin labaransa a cikin  a matsayin The Fantastic Tales of Haussmann (1868). 

### Tashin siyasa
An zabe shi mataimakin jam'iyyar Republican na Paris a 1869, ya nuna rashin amincewa da ayyana yaƙi da Jamus, kuma a ranar 6 ga Satumba 1870 Gwamnatin Tsaro ta Kasa ta nada shi prefect na Seine.

A cikin wannan matsayi, yana da aiki mai wahala na gudanar da Paris a lokacin kewaye, kuma bayan da aka tilasta wa Paris Commune ya yi murabus (5 Yuni 1871). Daga 1872 zuwa 1873 Adolphe Thiers ya tura shi a matsayin minista zuwa Athens, amma ya koma majalisar a matsayin mataimakin Vosges, kuma ya zama daya daga cikin shugabannin 'yan Republican. Lokacin da aka kafa ma'aikatar jamhuriya ta farko a karkashin W. H. Waddington a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 1879, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin membobinta, kuma ya ci gaba a cikin ma'aikatu har zuwa 30 ga Maris 1885, ban da gajeren katsewa biyu (daga 10 ga Nuwamba 1881 zuwa 30 ga Janairu 1882, kuma daga 29 ga Yuli 1882 zuwa 21 ga Fabrairun 1883), na farko a matsayin ministan ilimi sannan kuma a matsayin minista na harkokin waje. Shugaba ne na jam'iyyar Opportunist Republicans, ya kasance firaminista sau biyu (1880-1881 da 1883-1885).  Ya kasance mai aiki na Freemason wanda aka fara a ranar 8 ga Yuli 1875, a cikin gidan "La Clémente Amitiée" a Paris a wannan rana kamar Emile Littré. Ya zama memba na "Alsace-Lorraine" Lodge da aka kafa a Paris a shekara ta 1782. 

### Canjin makaranta
Ayyuka biyu masu muhimmanci suna da alaƙa da gwamnatinsa: ƙungiyar da ba ta malamai ba ta ilimi na jama'a, da kuma babban fadada mulkin mallaka na Faransa.

Ferry ya yi imanin cewa hanyar zuwa Faransa mai tasowa da wadata ta kasance a cikin nasarar dalili akan addini. Sauye-sauyen makaranta sun kasance wani muhimmin bangare na shirinsa.

Bayan shirin jamhuriya, ya ba da shawarar lalata tasirin malamai a jami'o'i kuma ya sami tsarin kansa na makarantar jamhuriya. Ya sake tsara kwamitin ilimin jama'a (doka ta 27 ga Fabrairu 1880) kuma ya ba da shawarar ka'idoji don ba da digiri na jami'a, wanda, duk da cewa an ƙi shi, ya haifar da rikice-rikice saboda labarin na 7 ya cire daga umarnin addini marasa izini haƙƙin koyarwa. Daga bisani ya yi nasarar zartar da dokokinsa na 16 Yuni 1881 da 28 Maris 1882, wanda ya sanya ilimin firamare a Faransa kyauta, wadanda ba malamai ba ne (laïque) kuma wajibi ne. A cikin ilimi mafi girma, yawan farfesa da ake kira "Jamhuriyar baƙar fata" (Faransa: hussards noirs de la République) saboda goyon bayan Jamhuriyar Republican, ya ninka sau biyu a ƙarƙashin hidimarsa.[1]

Bayan cin nasarar da Prussia ta yi wa Faransa a 1870, Ferry ya kafa ra'ayin samun babban daular mulkin mallaka, musamman don amfani da tattalin arziki. A shekara ta 1882, a matsayinsa na Ministan Ilimi na Jama'a, ya yanke shawarar kirkirar manufa don bincika Regency na Tunisia. Masanin ilimin shuke-shuke Ernest Cosson ne ya jagoranci balaguron kuma ya haɗa da masanin ilimin shuka Napoléon Doumet-Adanson da sauran masu ilimin halitta. A cikin 1884 an kara wani sashi na ilimin ƙasa a ƙarƙashin Georges Rolland a cikin Ofishin Binciken Kimiyya na Tunisia. Philippe Thomas ya taimaka wa Rolland daga 1885 da Georges Le Mesle a 1887.

## Dubi kuma

* Dokokin Jules Ferry
* 'Yan Jamhuriyar Republican
* Vergonha
* Makarantun Nursery na Faransa

#### Manazarta