Clarence Makwetu

**Clarence Mlami Makwetu** (6 Disamba 1928 - 1 Afrilu 2016) ɗan gwagwarmayar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata ne, ɗan Afirka ta Kudu, ɗan siyasa, kuma shugaban jam'iyyar Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC) a lokacin zaɓen shekarar 1994 mai tarihi.  

## Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Clarence Mlami Makwetu a ranar 6 ga watan Disamba 1928 a Hoyita, Cofimvaba a cikin Bantustan na Transkei. Shi ne na biyu a cikin yara biyar na Minah da Gqongo Makwetu. Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Mishan ta Keilands a gundumar Stutterheim kuma ya yi karatu a Lovedale, kusa da Alice a Gabashin Cape.  Makwetu ya bar Transkei zuwa Cape Town inda ba a ba da izinin Afirka ba bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci a Port Elizabeth a matsayin ma'aikaci na yau da kullum a ƙarshen 1940s. A Cape Town ya sami karɓaɓɓen ɗan'uwan Chris Hani, wanda abokansa ne. Ya yi aiki a wata masana'anta da ke kera kayan wasan yara, amma ya bar aiki bayan wuce gona da iri da 'yan sanda suka yi. Ba da daɗewa ba Makwetu ya zama mai dogaro da kansa kuma ya sayar da kayayyaki daban-daban daga gidansa da ke Langa kafin ya shiga gwagwarmayar neman ’yanci a shekarar 1952. 

## Ayyukan Anti-Apartheid
Clarence Makwetu ya shiga cikin gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci lokacin da ya shiga yakin Defiance na shekarar 1952, yakin neman kafa dokokin wariyar launin fata wanda Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta shirya. A cikin shekara ta 1954, ya shiga ƙungiyar matasa ta ANC a matsayin mamba. Da yake cike da takaicin yadda jam'iyyar ANC ke fafutukar kwato 'yancin kai, Makwetu ya koma jam'iyyar Afirka ta Kudu Robert Sobukwe.  Wannan ruƙunin ya yi imani da cewa Afirka don Afirka wanda ke nufin cewa 'yan Afirka su yanke shawarar makomarsu. A ranar 6 ga watan Afrilun 1959, Makwetu da wasu 'yan Afirka irin su Potlako Leballo sun kafa jam'iyyar Pan Africanist Congress ƙarƙashin jagorancin Robert Sobukwe a zauren taron jama'a na Orlando a Soweto. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan dalilan da Makwetu ya bayar na tallafawa PAC shi ne jajircewar da ta yi na maido da wannan ƙasa ga al'ummar Afirka.  Makwetu ya zama sakataren PAC a Langa Flats. Yayin da Sobukwe ya jagoranci dubban mutane da suka ki amincewa da dokar a Sharpville a ranar 21 ga  watan Maris 1960, Makwetu na ɗaya daga cikin mutane 6000 da suka taru don yin maci zuwa ofishin 'yan sanda na Langa a rana guda. A ranar 30 ga watan Maris 1960, aka ayyana dokar ta-ɓaci kuma an tsare Makwetu daga watan Maris zuwa Satumba 1960. A wannan lokacin an dakatar da PAC. 

A watan Agustan 1961 an kama shi a Cape Town kuma aka kai shi Transkei inda aka kore shi. Bayan wata ɗaya aka sake tsare shi daga watan Satumba 1961 zuwa watan Fabrairu 1962. Bayan an sake shi, ya koma Cape Town, amma an sake kama shi kuma aka mayar da shi Cofimvaba. A cikin watan Afrilu 1963, an sake kama Makwetu kuma an tuhume shi da ci gaba da manufofin haramtacciyar kungiya, PAC. An gurfanar da shi a Ngcobo aka yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari. A kan hanyarsa ta zuwa tsibirin Robben an kai shi Stellenbosch don fuskantar tuhuma amma aka sallame shi.  A lokacin da yake a tsibirin Robben, ya zama abokin tsohon shugaban ƙasar Afrika ta Kudu Nelson Mandela wanda yake tare da shi a sashen B na gidan yari  Bayan ya shafe shekaru biyar, an sake Makwetu daga tsibirin Robben a shekarar 1968 kuma aka mayar da shi Transkei inda aka tsare shi na tsawon shekaru biyu har zuwa shekara ta 1970. Ba da daɗewa ba ya sami aikin yi kusa da Qamata, Transkei a matsayin magatakarda tare da kamfanin gini yana samun R39 a wata. Ya samu fili mai alaka da shirin ban ruwa ya fara noman noma. A watan Yunin 1976 a lokacin boren Soweto, an tsare shi kuma aka tsare shi har zuwa watan Mayun 1977 bisa zargin ayyukan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Haka kuma ‘yan sandan Transkei sun kama shi a watan Yulin 1979 kuma aka tsare shi har zuwa watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar. A cikin watan Disamba 1979, Kaiser Daliwonga Matanzima, a ƙarshe ya kore shi zuwa gundumar Libode na tsawon shekaru 5 har zuwa watan Oktoba 1984 lokacin da aka ba shi izinin komawa Cofimvaba. Amma kasancewarsa ya kasance barazana kuma an sake tsare shi a watan Agusta 1986 na tsawon watanni 4. A shekarar 1989 aka kaddamar da kungiyar Pan African Movement (PAM) aka zaɓi Makwetu a matsayin shugaba. A cikin shekara ta 1990, ba a dakatar da PAC ba kuma an zaɓi Makwetu a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar. 

## Aikin siyasa
A cikin watan Afrilu 1992, Makwetu ya bayyana a taron shekara-shekara na jam'iyyar siyasa cewa PAC a yanzu ba ta adawa da shiga cikin tattaunawar kawo ƙarshen mulkin wariyar launin fata, don haka an gudanar da tattaunawar a cikin "wuri na tsaka-tsaki a ƙarƙashin wani shugaba mai tsaka tsaki."  PAC ba ta yi nasara ba yayin tattaunawar Codesa cewa duk wani sulhu da ba a magance batun ƙasa ba yana da kurakurai, kuma wannan gazawar ta sa jam’iyyar ta rabu kan ko za ta shiga zaɓen 1994. Makwetu ya bayar da hujjar shiga, sannan ya umarci reshen soja na jam’iyyar, Apla, da ya kawo ƙarshen gwagwarmayar da ta ke yi, amma kasancewar jam’iyyar ba ta da cikakken goyon bayan yakin neman zaɓe, jam’iyyar ta lashe kujeru biyar ne kawai a zaɓen farko mai cike da tarihi wanda ba na ƙabilanci ba. A cikin shekarar 1994, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ƴan majalisa uku na PAC a Majalisar Demokraɗiyya ta farko ta Afirka ta Kudu.

A shekarar 1996 ne aka kwance Makwetu a matsayin shugaba, inda aka zarge shi da kawo wa jam’iyyar kunya, kuma ya yi ritaya.  Bayan fitarsa daga PAC a shekarar 1997, Makwetu ya ci gaba da kafa kungiyar Pan Africanist Movement (PAM). Ɗan uwan Makwetu, Mazwi, ya ce kawun nasa ya yi yunkurin neman filaye ne a garinsu na Cofimvaba a tsohuwar Transkei inda yake da gonaki da dabbobi da gonaki da dama. 

## Kyautattuka
A cikin shekarar 2004, Shugaba Thabo Mbeki ya ba Makwetu lambar yabo ta Luthuli a Silver saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga gwagwarmayar rashin ƙabilanci, rashin jinsi, adalci da Dimokuraɗiyyar Afirka ta Kudu.

## Mutuwa da martaba
Makwetu ya rasu ne a ranar 1 ga watan Afrilu 2016 yana da shekaru 88 kuma an binne shi a ranar 16 ga watan Afrilu 2016. Makwetu ya bar matarsa Mandisa da 'ya'ya maza biyu. 

An jiyo Ahmed Kathrada ɗan jam'iyyar ANC yana faɗin Makwetu.  “A fagen siyasa, ana tunawa da Makwetu da tarbiyyar sa. Ya kasance ana girmama shi sosai a duk ɓangarorin siyasa saboda tarbiyyarsa. Mutum ɗaya ne da zan iya magana da siyasa ba tare da tsoron zagi ba... Ya zo bayanmu a kurkuku (Robben Island) kuma duk mun yi mamakin halinsa. Kullum yana wa'azin haɗin kai, wanda ya saɓa wa abin da sauran mutanen PAC suke so.”

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Clarence Mlami Makwetu

## Manazarta