open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Rukuni Ta Duniya

**Kungiyar Kare Hakkin** **Rukuni na Duniya** (MRG), ƙungiya ce ta kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya da aka kafa tare da manufar yin aiki don tabbatar da haƙƙoƙin ƙabilu, ƙasa, addini da yare da kuma andan asalin duniya. Babban ofishinsu yana London, tare da ofisoshi a Budapest da Kampala. MRG tana da Majalisar zartarwa ta duniya wacce ke yin taro sau biyu a shekara. MRG tana da matsayin tuntuba tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki (ECOSOC) da matsayin mai sanya ido tare da Kwamitin Kula da Hakkokin Dan Adam da na Afirka da wasu ƙasashen.

Wasu gungun masu fafutuka da malamai ne suka kafa kungiyar a shekarata 1969 "wadanda kejin damuwa ta musamman cewa ana tauye hakkin tsiraru don kiyayewa da bunkasa mutuncinsu na al'adu a kasashe da dama. an kafa MRG ne dan kare hakkoki na 'yan tsiraru su kasance tare da manyan mutane, ta hanyar nazari mai ma'ana da kuma bayyana yadda al'umman duniya suke take hakkin dan adam kamar yadda Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana .  Babban daraktanta shine David Astor, edita kuma mai mallakar jaridar The Observer a lokacin da suke sanya ido.

MRG tana tara kuɗi don aikinta daga mutane, amintattu na asali da kuma tushe, gwamnatoci, da kungiyoyi Tarayyar Turai. Duk abubuwan da MRG suka wallafa , fina-finai da rumbunan adana bayanai ana samunsu kyauta daga gidan yanar gizo amma kungiyar tana karfafa gwiwar duk wani mai amfani da su don bayar da gudummawa  don tallafawa aikin kungiyar don bincike na gaba, neman tallafi da tallafi ga abokan hulda.

## Buga kwanan nan

* Yan tsiraru da al'adun gargajiya na 2020: mayar da hankali kan fasaha  (Oktoba shekarata 2020)
* Rashin daidaito da tasirin Covid-19: Ta yaya nuna bambanci ke tsara abubuwan ƙanana da ƙananan yan ƙasa yayin annobar  (Satumba shekarata 2020)
* Da sunan tsaro - take hakkin dan adam a karkashin dokokin tsaron kasar Iran (Yuni shekarata 2020)
* Jama'a A Cikin Barazana 2020  (Yuni shekarata 2020)
* Tunisie: Rapport d'analyse des cas de nuna bambanci a cikin Rukunin Rarraba intsancin Bambanci  (Mayu shekarata 2020)
* Kayan aikin Kamfen - Yin amfani da yanar gizo game da Roma  (Fabrairu shekarata 2020)
* Mosul bayan Yaƙin: Sanarwa don cutar da farar hula da makomar Ninewa  (Janairu shekarata 2020)
* Tsarin tushen haƙƙoƙi don ƙananan harsuna na asali a Afirka: Daga haɗari zuwa farfaɗowa  (Nuwamba shekarata 2019)
* Rashin tsaro a Gida, Mai aminci a roadasashen waje: Hakkokin Jiha ga 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Masu Neman Mafaka a Sri Lanka (Nuwamba shekarata 2019)
* Minan Turkawa inan Turkawa a Yammacin Thrace: Gwagwarmayar Gwagwarmaya da Yanci (Oktoba shekarata 2019)

## Duba kuma

* Kisan kiyashi
* Kare hakkin Dan-Adam na Duniya
* Ungiyar marasa rinjaye
* 'Yan tsiraru
* Jerin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam

## Manazarta
 

* Barzilai, Gad. *Unitiesungiyoyi da Dokar: Siyasa da Al'adu na Shaidun Shari'a* (Ann Arbor: Jami'ar Michigan Press, 2003). 

## Majiyoyi

* Rightsungiyar Kare Rightsan Rukuni na Kasa da Kasa - Gidan yanar gizon hukuma
* Littafin Adireshin Kan Layi na'san tsiraru da Indan Asalin Duniya
* Al’ummomin da ke Cikin Barazana
* Rufe Hijira
* Labarun marasa rinjaye
Kungiyar Taimakawa Masu Daukaka Kara

* A cikin shari'ar aikata laifi, aikin jinkirta aiwatar da hukunci, musamman hukuncin kisa, don ba da damar ɗaukaka ƙara; a Kuma duba Yafiya  Abubuwan da suka dace ga wa'inda aka zartar masu da hukunci mao tsauri
* Hukuncin kisa tare da jinkiri, hukuncin laifi wanda aka zartar a madadin hukuncin kisa a dokar ƙasar China domin amfani da hukuncin
* Sake dawowa (ƙungiya), ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyi masu aiki da hukuncin kisa
*  (kundin waƙoƙi), kundin waƙoƙi na shekarata 2006 daga Ani DiFranco masu nazari
* *The Reprieve*, littafin na shekarata 1947 na Jean-Paul Sartre da ake nazari akan su
*  (fim na shekarar 1913), fim ɗin melodrama na kasar Australiya
*  (fim na shekarar 1961), fim din Mutanen ƙasar sifaniyag

madangana
Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan'adam

**Redress**, ko **The Redress Trust,** kungiya ce ta kare hakkin dan'adam da ke Landan, Ingila,wacce ta ke taimaka wa wadanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa don samun adalci da biya, ta hanyar biyan diyya, gyarawa, amincewa da hukuma kan kuskure da kuma neman gafara. Bugu da kari *redress* na neman hisabi ga wadanda aka azabtar.

## Tallafi
Redress tana ba da tallafi na doka da alaƙa don samun ramuwar doka, inganta haƙƙin waɗanda suka tsira a kotunan ƙasa da ƙasa da kotuna da kuma inganta haƙƙin waɗanda suka tsira a cikin manufofin ƙasa da al'adu a cikin Unitedasar Ingila.

A cikin shekara ta 2008 *Redress* tana magana ne game da azabtarwa da laifuka masu alaƙa a cikin fiye da ƙasashe 50 a duk yankuna ko duniya kuma tana da fayiloli sama da 50 masu aiki waɗanda suka shafi sama da 957 waɗanda suka tsira. 

## Tarihi

An kafa *Redress* a shekara ta 1992 ta Keith Carmichael, wani ɗan Burtaniya da ya tsira daga azabtarwa wanda ya nemi adalci game da yadda aka bi da shi yayin fursuna a Saudi Arabia daga Nuwamba 1981 har zuwa Maris na shekarar 1984. Bayan an sake shi, *Carmichael* ya gano cewa yayin da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke yanzu suke bayar da shawarar a saki fursunoni, da ba da kulawar likita, da kuma gudanar da mafaka, babu wanda Kuma ya nemi fansa a karkashin dokar duniya. An kafa gyara ne don cike wannan tazarar. 

## Goyon baya
*Redress* tana samun tallafi daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Hukumar Turai, Oxfam, Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust, Sashen Burtaniya na Bunkasa kasa da kasa DFID, Bromley Trust, John D. da Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Oak Foundation, City Parochial Foundation.

## Bayani
 

* Charity Commission - Registered Charity Number 1015787 - The Redress Trust Limited
* Board of Trustees Report and Financial Statement 2007

## Hanyoyin haɗin waje

* Tashar yanar gizo
Hakkin Neman Mafaka

Hakkin *mafaka*, wani lokacin ana kiransa haƙƙin mafaka na siyasa (asylum daga Tsohon Girkanci () 'santuary'),  ra'ayi ne na shari'a, wanda a ƙarƙashinsa mutanen da sarakunan su ke tsanantawa za su iya kare su da wani iko mai iko, kamar ƙasa ta biyu ko wani abu wanda a zamanin da zai iya ba da . Tsohon Masarawa, Helenawa, da Ibraniyawa sun amince da wannan haƙƙin, daga cikinsu an karbe shi cikin al'adar Yamma. René Descartes ya gudu zuwa Netherlands, Voltaire zuwa Ingila, da Thomas Hobbes zuwa Faransa, saboda kowace jiha ta ba da kariya ga 'yan kasashen waje da aka tsananta. Hakkin mafaka na zamani an kafa shi ne a kan Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya.

## Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya
Hakkin mafaka ya kasance ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin Mataki na 14 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights na 1948:
 
Hakkin mafaka yana tallafawa ta Yarjejeniyar 1951 da ta shafi Matsayin 'yan gudun hijira  da Yarjejeniyar 1967 da ta shafi Yanayin' Yan Gudun Hijiri.  Kafin a ba da mafaka, ana iya gane mai neman mafaka a matsayin ɗan gudun hijira bisa ga Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira, wanda ke bayyana ɗan gudun hijirar a matsayin mutum "wanda ba zai iya ko ba ya son komawa ƙasarsu ta asali saboda tsoron da ake yi masa na tsanantawa saboda dalilai na launin fata, addini, ƙasa, memba na wani rukuni na zamantakewa, ko ra'ayi na siyasa".

## Gidan mafaka na siyasa na zamani

Duk da yake ana ganin Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya kanta a matsayin ba ta da iyaka,   haƙƙin mafaka kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin sanarwar' yancin dan adam na duniya an ambaci shi a cikin Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira, wanda yawancin ƙasashe jam'iyyun ne.  A halin yanzu, a kasashe daban-daban akwai matsayi daban-daban na shari'a da ma'anar doka don haƙƙin mafaka da 'yan gudun hijira. Ana ganin mafaka a matsayin nau'i na ɗan lokaci na 'yan gudun hijira. Za'a iya rage hankali saboda rashin tabbas game da amincin da'awar a cikin aikace-aikacen mafaka tare da ka'idojin gida masu daidaituwa. 

Lokacin da aka ki amincewa da ikirarin mafaka, rashin mayar da hankali ya shafi Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira Mataki na 33, wanda ya hana fitar da masu neman mafaka zuwa kowace ƙasa inda "rayuwa ko' yanci za a yi barazana saboda launin fata, addini, ƙasa, zama memba na wani rukuni na zamantakewa ko ra'ayin siyasa" tare da banbanci saboda tsaro da laifi. Ka'idar da ba ta sake farfadowa ba ana ganinta ne a matsayin dokar al'ada ta duniya.

Ana iya amfani da shari'o'i daban-daban don fassara haƙƙin mafaka, gami da nazarin shari'a mai mahimmanci  da Tsarin Mulki. 

Bayan dakatar da haƙƙin mafaka, kamar lokacin da yanayin ƙasar asalin ya canza cewa babu haɗarin tsanantawa, fitar da son rai bisa ga rashin mayar da hankali  ko kuma a tarihi a wasu lokuta fitarwa nan da nan  na iya biyo baya.

## Manazarta
Yancin Yin Zanga-Zanga

Hakkin yin zanga-zanga na iya zama bayyanar haƙƙin 'yancin taro, haƙƙin' 'yancin tarayya, da haƙƙin'yancin magana. Bugu da ƙari, zanga-zangar da ƙuntatawa kan zanga-zambe sun kasance muddin gwamnatoci sun kasance.

## A cikin dokar kasa da kasa
Yawancin yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa suna dauke da bayyane game da haƙƙin yin zanga-zanga. Irin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyi sun haɗa da Yarjejeniyar Turai ta 1950 kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, musamman Mataki na 9 zuwa 11; da kuma Yarjejeniyar Duniya ta 1966 kan' Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa, musamman Matakai na 18 zuwa 22. Mataki na 9 ya bayyana "dama ga 'yancin tunani, lamiri, da addini".  Mataki na 10 ya bayyana "yancin' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki".  Matakin 11 ya bayyana "wancin 'yancin yin tarayya tare da wasu, gami da' yancin kafa da shiga kungiyoyin kwadago don kare bukatun sa".  Koyaya, a cikin waɗannan da sauran yarjejeniyoyi haƙƙin' yancin taro, 'yancin tarayya, da' yanci na magana suna ƙarƙashin wasu iyakoki.

Misali, Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa ta ƙunshi haramtacciyar kan "farfaganda na yaki" da kuma bayar da shawarwari game da "ƙiyayya ta ƙasa, launin fata ko addini"; kuma yana ba da damar ƙuntata' yancin taruwa idan ya zama dole "a cikin al'umma ta dimokuradiyya don amfanin tsaron ƙasa ko tsaron jama'a, tsarin jama'a ko kariya ga haƙƙoƙi da 'yancin wasu. " (Mataki na 20 da 21)  Wuraren daban-daban sun ba da nasu bayani game da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin.

Yin zanga-zanga, duk da haka, ba lallai ba ne tashin hankali ko barazana ga bukatun tsaron kasa ko tsaron jama'a. Kuma ba lallai bane rashin biyayya ga jama'a, lokacin da zanga-zangar ba ta haɗa da keta dokokin jihar ba. zanga-zangar, har ma da kamfen na juriya mara ƙarfi, ko juriya ta farar hula, sau da yawa na iya samun halayyar (banda amfani da hanyoyin da ba na tashin hankali ba) na tallafawa tsarin dimokuradiyya da tsarin mulki. Wannan na iya faruwa, alal misali, lokacin da irin wannan juriya ta taso ne don mayar da martani ga juyin mulki soja;  ko kuma a cikin irin wannan yanayin na kin amincewar shugabancin jihar don mika mulki bayan cin nasara a zaben.at; 

## A cibiyoyin masu zaman kansu

Yawancin ma'aikata, cibiyoyin ilimi,  da ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru  suna kula da manufofin zanga-zangar da ke iyakance haƙƙin membobinsu don yin zanga-zanga, misali ta hanyar ƙuntata su zuwa Yankunan 'yancin magana. A Amurka, shari'ar Tinker v. Des Moines ta Kotun Koli ta 1969 ta kafa haƙƙin ɗalibai na yin zanga-zanga muddin ba ta haifar da "babban rikici".

## Manazarta
Maha Laziri

**Maha Laziri** (an haife ta a shekarar alif ɗari tara da tamanin da tara 1989) yar gwagwarmayar neman ilimi ce ta kasar Maroko,  wanda itace ta kafa kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ta (Teach4Morocco). A cikin kuma shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha huɗu 2014, *Kasuwancin Larabawa sun sanya* ta a cikin sha bakwai  17 a cikin jerin sunayen su guda ɗari 100 na Larabawa mafiya karfi.

## Manazarta
Helen Foot Buell

**Helen Foot Buell** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1902-ta mutu a shekara ta 1995) wata Ba'amurkiya ce mai ilimin tsirrai,  masanin yanayin kasa, kuma edita CE.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Helen Buell da Murray Buell galibi suna aiki tare a matsayin ƙungiya.  Sun kasance abokan ilimin muhalli kuma galibi suna yin wallafe-wallafe tare. Ko bayan mutuwarsu, gadonsu yana nan ta hanyar Murray da Helen Buell Scholarship   a cikin Ilimin Lafiya a Jami'ar Rutgers, New Jersey, Amurka. 

## Digiri

* Doctor na Falsafa a cikin ilimin halittu, Jami'ar Minnesota, a shekara ta 1938 

## Littattafai

* Mamayar Bishiyoyi a Matsayi na Biyu akan Piedmont na New Jersey - MF Buell, HF Buell, J. Small, Geography, 1 Maris 1971
* Yunkurin mamaye Aspen - MF Buell, HF Buell, Kimiyyar Muhalli, 1 ga Yulin shekarar 1959
* Radial Mat Girma akan Cedar Creek Bog, Minnesota - MF Buell, HF Buell, W. Reiners, Biology, 1 Nuwamba 1968
* Wuta a cikin Tarihin Woods na Mettler - MF Buell, HF Buell, J. Small, Geography, 1 Mayu 1954
* Moat Bogs a cikin Yankin Itasca Park, Minnesota - MF Buell, HF Buell, Geography, 1975
* Tasirin Fari a kan Girman Radial na Bishiyoyi a cikin Dajin Tunawa da William L. Hutcheson - MF Buell, HF Buell, J. Small, C. Monk, Biology, 1 Mayu 1961
* Closterium gracile Hutu. (Desmidiaceae): Sabon Fassara - HF Buell, Biology, 1 Satumba 1968
* Karatun shimfidar wuri - HF Buell, MT Watts, Geography, 1 Nuwamba 1957

## Duba kuma

* Jami'ar Rutgers
* Jami'ar Minnesota
* Murray Fife Buell

## Manazarta
'Yanci Daga nuna Wariya

**'Ƴanci Daga Nuna Wariya;** an amince dashi a matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam kuma ya tanadi ka'idar daidaito. An amince da 'yancin 'yanci daga nuna bambanci a cikin Yarjejeniya ta Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam kuma an sanya shi a cikin dokokin 'yancin ɗan adam ta duniya ta hanyar shigar dashi a cikin Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa akan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa akan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziƙi, Jama'a da kuma Al'adu.

Ƴancin 'yanci daga nuna bambanci yana da muhimmanci musamman ga ƙungiyoyin da aka yi musu wariya a tarihi da kuma "masu rauni." A game da haka, an yi Karin haske game da 'yancin walwala a cikin yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan kawar da wariyar launin fata, da yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na wariya ga mata, da yarjejeniyar 'yancin ɗan adam Nakasa.

## Haƙƙin Dan Adam:-
Ma'anar 'yancin samun 'yanci daga wariya ita ce manufar haƙƙin ɗan adam, kamar yadda haƙƙin ɗan adam haƙƙin kowane ɗan adam ne. Yarjejeniyar Kare Haƙƙoƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya (UDHR), wacce aka amince da ita a cikin shekarar 1948, ta fara da kalmomin "Duk da cewa amincewa shine tushen 'yanci, adalci da zaman lafiya a duniya." 

Mataki na 1 na UDHR yana cewa:“Dukkan ‘yan Adam an haife su ne 'yantattu kuma dai-dai suke a mutunci da hakki. An ba su hankali da lamiri, kuma su yi aiki da juna cikin 'yan uwantaka.” Mataki na 2 na UDHR yana cewa:“Kowane mutum yana da Haƙƙin ya sami duk wani hakki da ‘yancin da aka bayyana a cikin wannan sanarwar, ba tare da banbance ko wace iri ba, kamar launin fata, launin fata, jinsi, yare, addini, siyasa ko wani ra'ayi, asalin kasa ko zamantakewa, dukiya, haihuwa ko wani matsayi. Haka kuma, ba za a bayyani ba bisa la’akari da matsayin kasa ko yankin da mutum yake da shi a siyasance ko na shari’a ko na kasa da kasa, ko ya kasance mai cin gashin kansa, ko amana, ba mai cin gashin kansa ba ko kuma a karkashin duk wani abin da ya hana shi ikon mallakar ƙasa”. 

## Duba wasu abubuwan

* Wariya
* Daidaito (rashin fahimta)
* Haƙƙin rukuni
* Haƙƙin mutum ɗaya
* Wariyar launin fata
* Jima'i
* Homophobia

## Manazarta
Lada

**Lada** shine albashi ko wani biyan diyya wanda aka bayar domin musanyan *aiyukan* ma'aikaci (kar a rude shi da bayarwa (kyauta), ko bayarwa, ko aikin bayarwa).  Yawancin fa'idodi masu kari ban da biya suna da karancin tsarin biyan albashi. albashin ne daya bangaren na lada management . Kuma a cikin Burtaniya kuma tana iya komawa zuwa rarrabaccen kasar na ribar da aka danganta ga membobi a cikin gungiyar Kawancen Iya Dogara (LLP).

## Iri
Albashi zai iya hadawa da:

* Hukumar
* Hanyoyin diyya a cikin tallan kan layi da tallan intanet
* Fa'idodin ma'aikata
* Mallakar hannun jari na ma'aikata
* Kudin zartarwa
** Biyan diyya
* Albashi
** Abubuwan da ke da alaqa da ayyukan aiki
* Albashi

## Amurka
Don dalilan hana albashi a karkashin dokar harajin kudin shiga na Amurka, kalmar "albashi" na nufin albashi (tare da wasu kebantattu) don haka ayyukan da ma'aikaci ya yi wa mai aiki. 

A karkashin koyarwar bawa mara imani, koyarwa a karkashin dokokin wasu jihohi a Amurka, kuma musamman dokar jihar New York, ma'aikacin da ya aikata rashin aminci ga mai aikinsa dole ne ya rasa duk wata lada da aka samu a lokacin rashin aminci.     

## Kuskuren
Kalmar "remuneration" wani lokaci ana kuskure rubuta shi "sake sakewa", wanda ke nufin kirgawa ko sake kirgawa.

## Manazarta
 

## Hanyoyin haɗin waje

* 
*
Rusizi National Reserve

**Rukunin Yankin Rusizi** wani yanki ne na ajiyar yanayi a cikin Burundi, kusa da Kogin Rusizi. Tana da nisan kilomita 15 arewa da garin Bujumbura kuma gida ne na hippopotamuses da sitatungas. Gustave, kada dangin Nile da aka yayata cewa ya kashe mutane 300 yana zaune a nan.

## Manazarta
Yancin Samun Ingataccen Tsarin Rayuwa

**Yancin samun ingantaccen tsarin rayuwa,** hakki ne na ɗan adam. Yana daga cikin Sanarwar Majalissar Dinkin Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam, wanda Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya karba a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1948. 
 
Bugu da ƙari kuma, an rubuta shi a cikin labarin 11, na Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa ta Duniya game da Tattalin Arziƙin, Tsarin Al'adu da Al'adu.

Wanda ya gabaci wannan ƴancin, *<nowiki/>' Yanci daga So*, yana ɗaya daga cikin *Yanci Hudu* da Shugaban Amurka (Franklin D). Roosevelt yayi magana a Jiharsa ta tarayyar Janairu 6, a shekarata 11941. A cewar Roosevelt hakki ne ga duk wani ɗan adam a duk inda kuma yake a duniya ya kamata ya samu. A cikin jawabin nasa Roosevelt ya bayyana haƙƙinsa na uku kamar haka:  

## Duba sauran wasu abubuwan

* 'Yancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu
* 'Yancin mutum na ruwa da tsafta

## Bayani
Dutsen Manengouba

**Dutsen Muanenguba** (wanda aka rubuta shi da Manenguba ko Mwanenguba) dutsen mai fitar da wuta ne a lardin Kudu maso Yammacin Kamaru. Manenguba yana da hankali da ƙwayoyin tsire-tsire. Yankin ya fito a shirin shirin fim *The Mists of Mwanenguba* with botanist Martin Cheek.

## Hotuna

File:Mont-Manengouba 03.jpg|Dutsen Manengouba
File:Mont-Manengouba 15.jpg|Dutsen Manengouba
File:Mont-Manengouba 10.jpg|Dutsen Manengouba
File:Mont-Manengouba 13.jpg|Dutsen Manengouba
File:Mont-Manengouba 11.jpg|Dutsen Manengouba
File:Mont Manengouba - Nkongsamba.jpg|Dutsen Manengouba daga Nkongsamba


## Manazarta
Jorginho

**Jorge Fernando Barbosa Intima** (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Satumba 1995), wanda aka fi sani da **Jorginho**, ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Bissau-Guinean wanda ke taka leda a matsayin winger na kulob din Ekstraklasa Wisła Płock, a kan aro daga Ludogorets Razgrad, da kuma tawagar ƙasar Guinea-Bissau.

## Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya
An haife shi a Bissau, Guinea-Bissau, Jorginho ya zo ta hanyar matasa a Manchester City bayan ya sanya hannu yana da shekaru 17.   Bayan ya amince da tsawaita kwantiragin shekara guda a ranar 7 ga watan Yuli 2015,  an iyakance shi don ajiye wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. 

A cikin minti na ƙarshe na 2016 lokacin canja wurin lokacin hunturu, Jorginho ya koma Portugal kuma ya shiga FC Arouca a kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku da rabi.  Ya buga wasansa na farko na Primeira Liga a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, yana zuwa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin minti na 78 a wasan da suka doke FC Porto da ci 2-1. 

Jorginho ya yi hat-trick a wasan da suka yi waje da Moreirense FC a ranar 17 ga Disamba 2016.  A cikin taga canja wuri mai zuwa an canza shi zuwa AS Saint-Étienne na Faransa Ligue 1,  wanda ya ba shi aro watanni shida bayan haka zuwa GD Chaves a cikin wani yanayi na tsawon lokaci bayan ya same shi na dindindin. 

A ranar 19 ga watan Yuni 2018, Jorginho ya sanya hannu tare da kulob din Bulgarian PFC CSKA Sofia a kan aro har zuwa karshen yakin.  Bayan shekara guda, ya amince da kwangilar dindindin a PFC Ludogorets Razgrad na wannan ƙasa. 

Jorginho ya koma Wadi Degla SC na gasar Premier ta Masar a karshen watan Nuwamba 2020, a matsayin aro tare da zabin siye.

## Ayyukan kasa
Jorginho ya wakilci Portugal a matakin matasa. Ya kasance wani ɓangare na tawagar a 2014 UEFA European Under-19 Championship, ya bayyana a cikin wasanni uku-ciki har da minti takwas a wasan karshe da Jamus  a masu nasara na ƙarshe.

A ranar 22 ga Maris 2018, Jorginho ya fara buga wa kasarsa ta Guinea-Bissau wasa a wasan sada zumunci da Burkina Faso da ci 2-0.   Yana cikin tawagar 'yan wasan da suka fito a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika na 2019. 

### Kwallayensa na  kasa
 *Guinea-Bissau score listed first, score column indicates score after each Jorginho goal.*

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Jorginho at ForaDeJogo 
* Portuguese League profile  
* Portugal national team data 
* 
* 
* Jorginho at WorldFootball.net
* Jorginho at 90minut.pl (in Polish)
Angel Hsu

(
**Angel Hsu** (an haife ta ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar alif dari tara da tamanin da uku miladiyya 1983). Masaniyar kimiyar yanayi ce 'yar Kasar Amurka.

Hsu tana da digiri na farko a ilmin halitta da kimiyyar siyasa daga Jami'ar Wake Forest, da digiri na biyu a kan manufofin muhalli daga Jami'ar Cambridge, da digirin digirgir a fannin gandun daji da nazarin muhalli daga Jami'ar Yale. 

Hsu ta auri Carlin Rosengarten tun a ranar 29 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2016.

## Aiki
Binciken Hsu ya shafi yanke shawara game da muhalli. 

Hsu itace wanda ta kafa kuma babban mai bincike  na Data-Driven EnviroLab (Data-Driven Lab), wani bangare ne kuma kungiyar masu binciken kasa da kasa da ke aiki don karfafa manufofin muhalli,  aka kafa a shekara ta 2015. 

Ta yi aiki a Kwalejin Yale-NUS  kafin ta zama mataimakiyar farfesa kan Manufofin Jama'a da Tsarin Muhalli, Ilimin Lafiyar Qasa da Makamashi (E3P) a Jami'ar North Carolina da ke Chapel Hill. 

Hsu ta kasance marubucin binciken ne a cikin shekara ta 2020 na wani binciken da ta binciki bambancin launin fata a cikin tsibirin tsibirin mai zafi, kuma wanda hakan ya ta'azzara ta hanyar sake fasalin da kuma rashin adalci a cikin tsara birane wanda ke haifar da mafi mahalli mafi kusa da gidaje mafi yawan wadanda ke kasa da yanayin tattalin arziki da mutane masu launi . 

Hsu tana daya daga cikin marubutan babi na biyar kan rawar da ba 'yan kasa da Kananan actorsan wasa ke takawa ba a cikin Kungiyar Gudanar da Gwamnati a kan Rahoton Canjin Canjin Yanayi na shekara ta 2018.

## Zababbun wallafe-wallafe

* Angel Hsu, Andrew S. Moffat, Amy J. Weinfurter da Jason D. Schwartz: *Zuwa Sabuwar diflomasiyyar Yanayi.* A cikin: *Canjin Yanayi na Yanayi .* Band 5, 2015, S. 501-503, 
* Angel Hsu, Yaping Cheng, Amy J. Weinfurter, Kaiyang Xu und Cameron Yick: *Bi sawun alkawuran yanayi na birane da kamfanoni.* A cikin: *Yanayi .* 53ungiyar 532, Nr. 7599, 2016, S. 303-306, 
* Angel Hsu, Amy J. Weinfurter und Kaiyang Xu: Daidaita *ayyukan yanayi na kasa don sabon tsarin canjin yanayin bayan-Paris.* A cikin: *Canjin Yanayi .* Ungiyar 142, Nr. 3, 2017, S. 419-432, 

## Manazarta
 

## Hanyoyin hadin waje

*   
* EnviroLab ɗin da aka kaddara bayanan bayanai
Elwira Żmudzka

**Elwira Żmudzka** ƙwararriyar masaniyar yanayin ƙasar Poland ce. Ita ce kuma shugabar ƙungiyar masana kimiyyar yanayi ta kasar Poland.

Ta wani bincike da koyarwa 'yan'uwanmu a University of Warsaw.  

## Manazarta
Helga Weisz

**Helga Weisz** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1961 a Villach )  wani Austria masana'antu ecologist, sauyin yanayi masanin kimiyya, da kuma farfesa a masana'antu da lafiyar qasa da kuma canjin yanayi a Cibiyar Social Sciences a Humboldt Jami'ar Berlin. Ita ce ke jagorantar FutureLab "Tasirin Zamani" a Cibiyar Nazarin Tasirin Yanayi na Potsdam (PIK).

## Rayuwa
Weisz ta kammala karatun ta daga Jami'ar Vienna tare da digiri na biyu a kan microbiology a shekara ta 1995. Ta karɓi digirgir a fannin nazarin al'adu daga HU Berlin a shekara ta 2002. A shekara ta  2006, ta kammala karatu a Alpen-Adria University tare da wani Venia Docendi ( Habilitation ) a socioecology. Daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta 2009 ta rike mukamai daban-daban na kimiyya a Faculty for Interdisciplinary Research da Ci gaba da Ilimi a Vienna. Ta kasance bako farfesa a Jami'ar St. Gallen da Yale School of Forestry &amp;amp; Environmental Studies. Daga shekara ta 2009 zuwa shekara ta 2012 ta kasance mataimakiyar shugabar PIK bincike yankin II: Tasirin yanayi da raunin yanayi, kuma daga shekara ta 2012 zuwa shekara ta 2018 na yankin bincike don dabaru da dabaru daban-daban.  

## Aiki
Weisz ta gudanar da bincike mayar da hankali a kan harkar alhakin samar da albarkatun kasa da makamashi, da hira da albarkatun kasa a cikin dukiya da kuma ayyuka, da kuma yin amfani da zubar a cikin yanayi a matsayin sharar gida, watsi da zafi, wanda tare dokoki zamantakewa metabolism.

Weisz tana aiki a cikin muhawarar jama'a game da hanyoyin magance matsalar yanayi. Lokacin da ta buga nata binciken kan rage sawun gurbataccen haya a birane a shekara ta 2017, ta ce: "Dole ne a karfafa garuruwa a duniya don sa ido kan ilahirin fitowar hayakinsu - na cikin gida da sama. Kuma don bin ƙa'idar digiri 2 da za a farga. " 

## Zaɓaɓɓun wallafe-wallafe

* Tare da Peter-Paul Pichler, Timm Zwickel, Abel Chavez, Tino Kretschmer, Jessica Seddon: *Rage sawun sawun gas na cikin gari* . A cikin: *Rahotannin Kimiyya*, 7, 2017, p.&nbsp;14659.
* Tare da Fridolin Krausmann, Christof Amann, Nina Eisenmenger, Karl-Heinz Erb, Klaus Hubacek, Marina Fischer-Kowalski : *Tattalin Arziki na zahiri na Tarayyar Turai: -ididdigar ƙetare ƙasa da masu ƙayyade abubuwan amfani* . A cikin: *Tattalin Arziki*, 58 (4), shafi.&nbsp;676-698.
* Tare da Sangwon Suh, TE Graedel: *Ilimin Ilimin Masana'antu: Matsayin samar da jari a cikin ci gaba* . A cikin: *Ci gaba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa*, 112 (20), 2015, pp.&nbsp;6260-6264.

## Manazarta
Haƙƙin Ci Gaba

Hakkin ci gaba Hakkin ɗan adam ne wanda ke fahimtar kowane haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa don inganta lafiyar jiki. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya a shekarar 1986.

## Tarihi
An yi muhawara game da haƙƙin ci gaba shekaru da yawa kafin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta karbe shi a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya a 1986.  : 58-59 Bambance-bambance na ra'ayi sun shafi matsayi na siyasa na Cold War. : 59 Hakkin ci gaba yanzu an haɗa shi a cikin umarnin cibiyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ofisoshi da yawa.

Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kasance ta hanyar Sanarwar 1974 game da Kafa Sabon Tattalin Arziki na Duniya kuma a cikin 1977 ta hanyar ƙuduri na Hukumar Majalisar Dinkinobho kan 'Yancin Dan Adam.

An fara amincewa da haƙƙin ci gaba a cikin 1981 a cikin Mataki na 22 na Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a a matsayin haƙƙin mutum da na rukuni. Mataki na 22 (122) ya ba da cewa: "Dukan mutane za su sami damar ci gaban tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu tare da la'akari da 'yancinsu da ainihi da kuma jin daɗin al'adun bil'adama."

### Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da 'Yancin Ci Gaban
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ayyana haƙƙin ci gaba a cikin 1986 a cikin "Sanarwa kan Hakkin Ci gaba," wanda Majalisar Dinkinobho ta amince da shi ta ƙudurin 41/128 .  An gudanar da zaben ne a ranar 4 ga watan Disamba 1986. Jimillar Jihohi 146 sun kada kuri'a don ƙudurin tare da masu kada kuri'u 8 (Denmark, Finland, Tarayyar Jamus, Iceland, Isra'ila, Japan, Sweden da United Kingdom of Great Britain da Northern Ireland).  Jiha daya tilo da ta kada kuri'a a kan sanarwar ita ce Amurka. : 59 : 59 

Rubutun sanarwar ya kasance sakamakon manyan sulhu. : 59 Ya ƙunshi gajerun labarai goma da kalmomi masu rikitarwa. : 59 : 59 

Gabatarwa na Sanarwar kan 'Yancin Ci Gaban ya bayyana cewa "ci gaba tsari ne na tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, al'adu da siyasa, wanda ke da niyyar inganta lafiyar dukan jama'a da dukkan mutane bisa ga aikin su, kyauta da ma'ana a ci gaba da kuma rarraba fa'idodi da suka haifar daga gare su. "

### Sanarwar Rio
Sanarwar Rio ta 1992 kan Muhalli da Ci gaba, wanda aka fi sani da Sanarwar Riyo ko G.R.E.G, ta amince da haƙƙin ci gaba a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙa'idodinta 27. Ka'idar 3 ta sanarwar ta bayyana cewa "Dalilin ci gaba" dole ne a cika shi don biyan bukatun ci gaba da muhalli na al'ummomi na yanzu da na gaba. "

## Ma'anar
Hakkin ci gaba an san shi sosai a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya. Kamar yadda aka amince da shi ta hanyar Mataki na 1 na Sanarwar 1986, duka haƙƙin rukuni ne na mutane da Hakkin mutum. Mataki na 1 ya ce, "Hakkin ci gaba haƙƙin ɗan adam ne wanda ba za a iya cire shi ba wanda ta hanyar kowane ɗan adam da dukan mutane suna da damar shiga ciki, ba da gudummawa, da jin daɗin ci gaban tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, al'adu da siyasa, wanda duk haƙƙin ɗan Adam da 'yanci na asali za a iya cika su. " : 59-60: 59–60 

## Manazarta
Jane Long

**Jane CS Long ƙwararriyar** masaniyar Amurka ce mai ilimin makamashi da yanayi . Ta kasance Mataimakiyar Darakta a Labarin Kasa na Lawrence Livermore kuma memba ce a  Kungiyar (asar Amirka don Ci gaban Kimiyya. 

Long itace Babban Masanin Kimiyyar bada Gudummawa na Kravis, da kuma Asusun Tsaron Muhalli.

## Rayuwa
Long ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin kimiyyavdaga Makarantar Injiniya ta Jami'ar Brown da masanan da digirgir daga jami'ar California, Berkeley.

Daga shekara ta 1997 zuwa shekara ta 2003 Long tayi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Makarantar Mackay na Kimiyyar Duniya da Injiniya a Jami'ar Nevada, Reno . 

A halin yanzu tana aiki azaman mai tsara yanayi a Majalisar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta California .

## Manazarta
Saida Menebhi

**Saida Menebhi** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1952, Marrakesh - ta mutu a ranar 11 ga watan  Disamban shekara ta 1977, Casablanca ) mawaki 'yar Maroko ce kuma 'yar gwagwarmaya na  kawo sauyi ta Markisanci Ila al-Amam. A shekara ta 1975, ita, tare da wasu membobin kungiyar biyar, an yanke mata hukuncin daurin shekaru bakwai a kurkuku saboda ayyukan kin jinin kasa. A gidan yari a Casablanca, ta shiga yajin cin abinci kuma ta mutu a rana ta 34 ta yajin aikin. 

Wakokinta, waɗanda aka tattara kuma aka buga su a cikin shekara ta 2000, kuma ana ɗaukarsu babban misali ne na adabin juyin juya hali na Kasar Moroccan da adabin mata. Ta rubuta da Faransanci.

## Sace mutane
A ranar 16 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1976, aka sace Saida Menebhi aka tsare shi - tare da wasu mata masu fafutuka 3 - a kurkukun Moulay Sherif da ke Casablanca, wanda yanzu aka sani da babbar cibiyar azabtarwa a zamanin Sarki Hassan II.  A can, sun sha azaba iri daban-daban na azabtarwa ta zahiri da ta jiki kafin a kai su gidan yarin farar hula a Casablanca.  Menebhi da abokan aikinta Fatima Okasha da Rabiaa al-Futooh an yanke musu hukunci na har abada tsare shi a kurkukun farar hula na Casablanca.

## Manazarta
Tsibirin Barlavento

**Tsibirin Barlavento** (Fotigal: Ilhas de Barlavento, a zahiri, Tsibirin Windward) shi ne rukunin arewacin tsibirin Cape Verde. Yana gabatarwa azaman ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu:

* a yamma: Santo Antão, São Vicente, São Nicolau, Santa Luzia da tsibirin Branco da Raso tsaunuka ne masu ɗan karen gaske amma duk da haka suna da ƙarfin tallafawa noman rani.
* a gabas: Sal da Boa Vista suna da ɗan tudu mai sauƙi, tsibirai na hamada waɗanda tattalin arziƙinsu ya dogara da kuma gishiri kuma sun dogara da kamun kifi da yawon shakatawa, suna da kamanceceniya da tsibirin Sotavento Maio.

Jimlar ƙasar ta kai 2,239 km2 (864 sq mi). Saukewa daga Longitude -22.67 zuwa -25.36 (wanda ke nuna yammacin Firayim Ministan Meridian), rukunin yana zaune a cikin Iskokin Ciniki, musamman a zaɓin kudu ko zaɓi na jirgin ruwan Turai da ake kira maɓallin Volta do Mar. Tsibiran suna yamma da Cap-Vert a -17.31 yamma, bi da bi kuma gefen yamma na Afirka a gefen Dakar (babban birnin Senegal).

## Manazarta


## Kara karantawa
* Barlavento Islands article at Britannica Online, accessed on 1 January 2010
Nana Klutse

**Nana Ama Browne Klutse** tana nazarin canjin yanayi na Afirka ta Yamma. Aikinta yana mai da hankali ne kan kimiyyar yanayi da ci gaba musamman kan Damuwar kasashen Afirka. Ita ce babbar malama a Sashin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, Jami'ar Ghana. A baya, tana kula da Cibiyar hangen nesa da yanayi. Dokta Klutse masanin Kimiyyar Yanayi ce ta cibiyar Nazarin Lissafi ta Afirka kuma babban marubuciya CE dake ba da gudummawa ga Rahoton Bincike na shida na IPCC (AR6). Ta kuma karfafa gwiwa ga 'yan mata a kasar Ghana don yin la'akari da ayyukan kimiyya da kuma tallafawa ci gaban ilimin kimiyya a kasar.

## Kwarewar sana'a

Dokta Klutse ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Kimiyyar Sararin Samaniya da Fasaha ta Ghana na Hukumar Kula da Makamashin Atom a matsayin babban masanin kimiyyar bincike daga shekara ta 2016 zuwa shekara ta 2018. Kafin wannan, ta kasance bakon malama a Cibiyar Bayar da Ilimin Kimiyyar Yammacin Afirka kan Yanayi da Ingantaccen Amfani da Kasa (WASCAL) da ke Akure, Kasar Najeriya.

## Siyasa

Dokta Klutse kuma tana aiki a cikin siyasa a matsayin memba na National Democratic Congress.

## Manazarta
Praia de Santa Mónica

**Praia de Santa Mónica** (Harshen Fotigal ma'ana "bakin gabar Saint Monica") rairayin bakin teku ne a kudu maso yammacin tsibirin Boa Vista a Cape Verde. Villageauye mafi kusa shine Povoação Velha, kilomita 5 daga arewa. Yankin rairayin bakin teku yana kuma dab da yankin da aka kiyaye *Morro de Areia Nature Reserve*, wanda yake da mahimmanci ga tsuntsaye masu yawan gaske da kunkuru. Praia de Santa Mónica wani ɓangare ne na yankin haɓaka yawon shakatawa.

## Hotuna

File:Boa_Vista_(_Spiaggia_Lacacao_)_-_panoramio.jpg|Yankin 
File:Boa_Vista_(_Spiaggia_Curral_Vehlo_)_-_panoramio.jpg|Rairayin


## Manazarta
Elaine Bullard

**Elaine Rebecca Bullard** MBE (an haife ta a shekara ta 1915 - mutuwa a shekara ta 2011) ya Birtaniya botanist wanda ta jagoranci yin rikodi na Flora na Kirkwall Islands da Caithness a Birtaniya domin fiye da shekaru 50 da kuma tashe sani na kare da na halitta mazauninsu daga cikin tsibiran. A cikin shekara ta 1959 ta kasance mamba ce ta ƙungiyar Club Orkney kuma ta kasance Shugaban ta daga shekara ta 1993 har zuwa mutuwarta.

## Aikin kimiyya
Ta bincika wurare daban-daban na tsibirai guda  39 na Orkney don yin rikodin furenta, duka furanni, da tsire-tsire marasa fure kamar ferns. Akwai kusan shuke-shuke na asali na 500 kuma an gabatar da ƙarin guda 200.  Ta rubuta ba wai kawai nau'ikan halittu ba amma har da wadanda suka hadu a ciki kuma sama da rabin karni suka gina ilimin da ba za a iya kwatanta shi ba da kuma rikodin rayuwar tsirrai na Orcadian. A wasu lokuta ta kan yi tafiya a cikin keken Robin Reliant mai taya uku wanda ta gyara shi domin ya zama kamar tanti.  Ta kuma yi rubuce-rubuce a filin a kusa da yankin babban yankin Caithness don kwatanta tsibiri da babban yankin. Rikodin nata, sake ziyartar wannan shafin a cikin shekaru da yawa sun ba da bayanan don tantance tasirin canje-canje a cikin sarrafa ƙasa da yanayi. Har ila yau, ta yi yakin neman wani wurin ajiyar bayanan halittun Orkney, kuma ta samu gagarumar nasara, lokacin da aka kafa Cibiyar Rikodi ta Rukunan Orkney.  Aikinta ya jawo hankalin masu ilimi, ɗalibai da malamai a cikin shekaru da yawa. 

Ita ce Rikoda ta Orkney na Botanical Society of the British Isles na shekaru 46 (daga shekara ta 1963 zuwa shekara ta 2009), ta yi murabus daga wannan rawar lokacin da take da shekaru 93.  Littattafan nata na kimiyya na takardu, rubututtukan litattafai da kuma surorin litattafai sun hada da aiki a kan yankin Scotland na farko ( *Primula scotica* ), wanda yake da cutar da Orkney da kuma arewacin Scotland Lissafinta na shuke-shuke da ferns na Orkney, wanda aka buga a shekara ta 1972 kuma daga baya ta zama kwanan wata, shine mahimmancin tunani game da tsibirin tsibirin. 

## Rayuwar mutum
Daga shekara 10, Elaine Bullard ta kasance mai sha'awar gano tsirrai. Koyaya, ta kasance gabaɗaya mai koyar da ilimin tsirrai. Ta koma Orkney a cikin shekara ta 1946 a matsayin mai rikodin madara wanda Hukumar Kula da Milk ke aiki . A cikin kuma shekara ta 1960 ta bar wannan aikin don mayar da hankali kan rikodin tsire-tsire na Orkney. 

## Zaɓaɓɓun wallafe-wallafe

* Elaine R Bullard, Gudun daji na Orkney: sabon lissafi a shekarar (1995) , 9780951607114 44pp
* Alan H. Bremner, Elaine R. Bullard, Bishiyoyi da Shrubs a Orkney (1990) Mawallafin Southgate , 9780951607206 36pp
* N. Dennis, Elaine R. Bullard, Jethro Tinker (1788-1871): Masana Ilimin Halitta, Nora Fisher McMillan
* Elaine R Bullard, HDH Shearer, JD Day, da RMM Crawford., "Tsira da *furannin Primula scotica* Hook." Jaridar Lafiyar Qasa, Vol 85 (1987) shafi na 589 - 602
* Elaine R Bullard, Orkney; Lissafin Tsirrai na Jijiyoyi; Furannin Furanni da Ferns (1972, 1979) WR Rendall ASIN: B00M1WU8YI

## Manazarta
Nina Nikolova

**Nina Vankova Nikolova** ƙwararriyar masaniyar yanayin ƙasar Bulgaria ce, kuma farfesa ce a Jami’ar Sofia.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Nikolova ta kammala karatu a jami'ar Sofia a cikin shekara ta 1991 tare da digiri a fannin ilimin kasa. Ta kare karatun digirin digirgir a fannin "Canje-canje a yanayin zafin a yankin tsaunuka na Bulgaria"  a ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1991.   

Daga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1999 zuwa watan Janairun shekara ta 2000, ta kasance kwararriya a Cibiyar Nazarin Hasashen yanayi a Tsukuba, Japan, inda ta gudanar da bincike kan sauyin yanayi na duniya da na yanki. Tun a shekara ta 2001 aka nada ta a matsayin mataimakiya, sannan kuma a matsayin babbar mataimakiya a sashen nazarin yanayi, ilimin kimiyyar halittu da na ruwa a fannin Kimiyyar kasa da kasa a Jami’ar Sofia.   

A shekara ta 2001 aka nada ta a matsayin kwararriyar ilimin kasa a Cibiyar Nazarin Hasashen yanayi da Hydrology a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Bulgaria. Sannan tun daga watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2008 ta kasance mai nuna isa, kuma a cikin shekara ta 2018 ta zama farfesa.

Ita edita ce ta mujallu na duniya Geographica Pannonica, Forum Geografie, Acta Hydrologica Slovaca, Bulletin of the Serbian Geographical Society, da Geographic Society of the Republic of Srpska. Ita memba ce ta Kungiyar Kasashen Duniya na Yanayi na andasashe da Kungiyar Kasashen Duniya na omasa a Bulgaria.   

Ita ce marubuciya ko kuma marubuciya a cikin rubutun guda 70, nazarin, rahotanni, da littattafan karatu.   

## Manazarta


### Bayanan kula

## Hanyoyin haɗin waje

* Nina Nikolova a kamfanin ResearchGate
* Littattafan Nina Nikolova a Google masani
Deserto de Viana

**Deserto de Viana** hamada ce ta rairayi a arewa maso yammacin tsibirin Boa Vista, Cape Verde. Tana can gabas daga garuruwan Rabil da Sal Rei, da yamma da Bofarreira. Hamada kanta ba yanki ne mai kariya ba, to amma yana kusa da mahalli na Boa Esperança, wanda ya haɗa da Lagoa do Rabil da Praia de Atalanta.

## Manazarta
Khadija Ryadi

**Khadija Ryadi** (    ; an haife ta a shekara ta 1960 a Taroudant )  'yar kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam ce ta ƙasar Maroko, 'yar  gwagwarmayar mata kuma tsohuwar  shugaban Kungiyar Maroko ta 'Yancin Dan Adam (AMDH).  A watan Disamban shekara ta 2013, ta sami lambar yabo ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a fannin Hakkin Dan-Adam.

Ryadi ta kammala karatun sa a matsayin injiniyan lissafi kuma tayi aiki a Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki da Kudi. Ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar siyasa ta Annahj Addimocrati.

## Duba wasu abubuwan

* Ali Lmrabet
* Aboubakr Jamaï
* Abdellatif Zeroual
* Ali Anouzla

## Manazarta
Serra Malagueta

**Serra Malagueta,** wani yanki ne na tsauni dake arewacin tsibirin Santiago, Cape Verde. A tsawan m 1064, shi ne mafi girman arewacin Santiago. An kiyaye kewayon tsaunin kamar **Serra Malagueta Natural Park** (*Parque Natural de Serra Malagueta*), wanda aka kafa a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2005 kuma ya mamaye kadada 774. Gidan shakatawa na halitta yana cikin gundumomin Tarrafal, São Miguel da Santa Catarina. Taron yana a São Miguel, kudu da kwarin Ribeira Principal. Tsarin Serra Malagueta ya samo asali ne daga tsaunuka, kuma an kirkireshi tsakanin shekaru miliyan 2.9 zuwa 2.4 da suka shude.

## Flora

Gandun dajin ya kunshi nau'ikan shuke-shuke kimanin 124, wanda 28 daga cikinsu nau'ikan kewayawa ne ko kuma wadanda ke karkashinsu. Tsire-tsire masu haɗari suna fuskantar haɗari daga nau'ikan haɗari daga wajen wurin shakatawa ciki har da *Lantana camara* (lantana) da *Furcraea foetida* (katuwar cabuya). *Limonium lobinii* (carqueja de Santiago) kawai ana samunsa a wannan wurin shakatawa.

## Fauna
A cikin wurin shakatawa akwai nau'ikan tsuntsaye guda 19, wadanda takwas daga cikinsu suna da cutar. Yawancin waɗannan suna cikin haɗari, gami da *Ardea purpurea bournei* (maraƙin Bourne), *Acrocephalus brevipennis* (Cape Verde warbler) da ungulu Cape Verde (*Buteo bannermani*). An samo nau'ikan dabbobi hudu masu shayarwa, ciki har da nau'in biri guda. An samo nau'ikan dabbobi shida masu rarrafe (guda hudu masu bala'i ne) da kuma nau'ikan halittun amphibian masu yawa. Invertebrates kamar butterflies ana samunsu ciki har da *Acherontia atropos* da *Papilio demodocus*; ƙwaro ɗaya yana cikin haɗari: *Diplognatha gagates*.

## Manazarta


## Hanyoyin haɗin waje
* Eco Serra Malagueta/Serra Malagueta Natural Park
* Wildlife of Serra Malagueta
* Serra Malagueta  at the IUCN page
Praia de Chaves

**Praia de Chaves** (kuma: *Praia da Chave*) bakin teku ne a yammacin tsibirin Boa Vista a Cape Verde, kusa da garin Rabil. Yana da kusan kilomita 5.

A arewacin rairayin bakin teku, kusa da Rabil, an bunkasa wuraren shakatawa. Yankin kudu yana cikin Morro de Areia Nature Reserve.
## Hotuna

File:Praia_de_Chaves_-_panoramio_(1).jpg| Hamadar
File:Praia_de_Chavez_PC120046_08.jpg  |Yankin


## Manazarta
Hukumar Sadarwa ta Kasa

**Hukumar Sadarwa ta Kasa** ( **NCC**;Chinese), Ta kasan ce wata  hukuma ce mai zaman kanta ta Yuan mai zartarwa ta Jamhuriyar China ( Taiwan ) wacce ke da alhakin tsara ci gaban masana'antar sadarwa da watsa labarai, inganta gasa da kariyar mabukata, da tsara lasisi, mitar rediyo da bakan gizo, abun cikin shirye-shirye, mizanan sadarwa da bayanai dalla-dalla a Taiwan . Shugaban yanzu shine Chan Ting-I .

## Tarihi
NCC Wata hukuma ce mai zaman kanta wacce aka kirkira a ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2006 don tsara masana'antar bayanai, sadarwa da watsa labarai a Taiwan. 

NCC an kuma ɗora mata alhakin tabbatar da daidaiton filin wasa a cikin gasa a cikin masana'antar sadarwa, kariyar mabukaci, haƙƙin sirri, da haɓakar sabis na duniya ga yankuna masu nisa da na karkara. Hakanan yana haɓaka sabbin ƙa'idodi don sabbin fasahohi masu tasowa waɗanda zasu haɓaka samun dama, ƙananan farashi da sadar da ayyuka zuwa yankuna masu nisa. 

## Tsarin kungiya

* Ma'aikatar Tsare-tsare
* Ma'aikatar Sadarwa ta Sadarwa
* Ma'aikatar Talabijin da Gudanar da Rediyo
* Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Kasa da Fasaha
* Ma'aikatar Abubuwan Hulɗa
* Ma'aikatar Harkokin Shari'a
* Sashen Tsarin Mulki na Yankin Arewa
* Sashen Kula da Yanki na Yanki
* Sashen Kula da Yankin Kudancin
* Sakatariya
* Ofishin Ma'aikata
* Kasafin Kudi, Accounting da Statistics
* Ofishin Da'a na Ma'aikatan

## Shugabanni

* Su Yeong-chin (22 ga watan Fabrairu 2006 - 31 Yuli 2008)
* Bonnie Peng (1 ga watan Agusta 2008 - 31 Yuli 2010)
* Herng Su (1 ga watan Agusta 2010 - 31 Yuli 2012)
* Howard SH Shyr (1 ga watan Agusta 2012 - 31 Yuli 2016) 
* Chan Ting-I (1 ga watan Agusta 2016 - 3 Afrilu 2019)
* Chen Yaw-shyang (陳耀祥) (4 ga watan Afrilu 2019 -) (aiki)

## Duba kuma

* Yuan mai zartarwa
* Jerin 'Yancin' Yan Jarida
* Takunkumi a Taiwan
* Media na Taiwan

## Hanyoyin haɗin waje

* Hukumar Sadarwa ta Kasa, ROC 
* Buga Ayyuka Amincewa da Taiwan don 315&nbsp;MHz; 433&nbsp;MHz; 2,4&nbsp;GHz; 24&nbsp;GHz; 77&nbsp;GHz; GSM; UMTS; LTE; Wi-Fi na'urorin; Na'urorin Bluetooth; Na'urorin Zigbee; WiMAX na'urorin; RFID

## Manazarta
Kaga-Bandoro

**Kaga-Bandoro** gari ne na kasuwa kuma babban birni na lardin Nana-Grébizi na Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya. Tana wakiltar kujerar Katolika ta Katolika ta Kaga – Bandoro.

## Tarihi

A ranar 25 ga Disambar 2012 ‘yan tawaye daga kawancen Séléka suka karbe ikon Kaga-Bandoro. A ranar 14 ga Disambar 2015 ‘yan tawaye suka sanar da samun‘ yancin Jamhuriyar Logone a Kaga-Bandoro. A watan Satumbar 2016 Kaga-Bandoro aka ruwaito yana karkashin ikon hadin gwiwa na kungiyoyin MPC da FPRC masu dauke da makamai. A cikin watan Disambar 2019 wasu kungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai sun kasance a Kaga-Bandoro: MPC, FPRC, Anti-balaka da UPC.

A ranar 10 ga Afrilu 2021, FACA da kawayensu na Rasha suka shiga garin Kaga-Bandoro. Wannan ya haifar da tserewar sojojin tawayen da suka mamaye garin a baya zuwa arewa zuwa Kabo da Batangafo.

## Yanayi
Tsarin rarraba yanayin Köppen-Geiger ya rarraba yanayinsa a matsayin ruwa mai zafi da bushe (Aw).

## Manazarta
Abin tunawan Livingstone–Stanley

**Abin tunawan Livingstone–Stanley** a Mugere ya nuna wuri inda mai bincike kuma mishan Dr David Livingstone da ɗan jarida da mai bincike Henry Morton Stanley suka ziyarta kuma suka kwana biyu a ranakun 25-27 na Nuwamba 1871 a Burundi. Tana da nisan kilomita 12 kudu da birni mafi girma kuma tsohon babban birni Bujumbura, yana kallon Tafkin Tanganyika. A cikin yaren Faransanci, ana kiranta La Pierre de Livingstone et Stanley. Wasu 'yan Burundi suna ikirarin wurin ne inda sanannen haduwar farko ta Livingstone da Stanley suka kasance, a inda na biyun ya furta shahararrun kalmomin *"Dr Livingstone, I presume?".*

## Taro
Koyaya, wannan taron ya faru a zahiri a Ujiji a cikin ƙasar Tanzania a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 1871 kamar yadda a bayyane yake a cikin littafin Stanley, "Yaya Na Sami Rayuwa". Jaridar David Livingstone ita ma ta tabbatar da Ujiji a matsayin wurin, tare da shigar ranar washegarin taron ana karanta "Da gari ya waye, a tashi a tafi Ujiji", garin da ya sani sarai. Daga nan sai Livingstone ya yi bayani game da ganawa da Larabawa da dama da ke Ujiji ciki har da wanda ya kamata ya kiyaye kayansa daga ziyarar da ya gabata, kafin yin rikodin isowar Stanley.

## Karin bayani
Daga rubuce-rubucen su, ziyarar zuwa Mugere itace ta kasance a ranar 25-27 ga watan Nuwamba wanda Livingstone da Stanley suka bayyana a matsayin ɗayan mafi karimcin da suka ji daɗi. Kwanan wata 25 Nuwamba Nuwamba 1871 ana iya ganin dutsen akan dutse. Sun huta a Ujiji na tsawon kwanaki shida, sannan suka tashi ta kwale kwale zuwa arewa maso gabashin gabas tafkin don binciken koguna da zasu iya malala daga Tafkin Tanganyika. A Kogin Mugere sun sami ƙauyen Cif Mukamba wanda ya tarbe su kuma ya ba su bukka inda za su huta. Sun zauna dare biyu, kuma Stanley ya rubuta cewa bawan Livingstone Susi ya bugu sosai a karimcin Shugaban. Kamar yadda Bature na farko da ya ziyarci yankin, zuwansu abin tunawa ne, kuma dole ne a wani lokaci daga baya lamarin ya rikice a zukatan wasu mutane a matsayin haduwa ta farko tsakanin Livingstone da Stanley. Yawancin rukunin yanar gizo sunyi wannan da'awar ba daidai ba.

## Manazarta
Ajiyar Fajal na Dja

**Ajiyar Fajal na Dja** (**Réserve de faune du Dja**, wanda aka fi sani da **Réserve de Biosphère Dja**), wanda ke kudu maso gabashin Kamaru, wurin tarihi ne na (UNESCO) da aka rubuta a cikin shekarar 1987. Dalilan rubutun sun hada da bambancin nau'ikan halittu da ke wurin shakatawar, kasancewar nau'ika-nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa guda biyar masu barazanar, da kuma rashin damuwa a wurin shakatawar. Sabis ɗin Dja Conservation Services (DCS) ne ke gudanar da shi, wanda mai kula da mahalli ke jagoranta. Reserve ta sami gagarumin tallafi don gudanar da ita daga ayyuka da yawa da kawancen kasa da kasa da masu goyon bayan kiyayewa a Kamaru suka bayar.

## Ilimin ƙasar Yanki
Kogin Dja kusan ya kewaye wurin ajiyar kuma ya samar da kan iyakokin ƙasa wanda ya ƙunshi 560,000ha.

## Tarihi

Ajiyar Fajal na Dja an ƙirƙira shi a cikin 1950 kuma ya zama Gidan Tarihi na Duniya a cikin 1987 kuma ya zama babban ɓangare na gandun dazuzzukan ruwan sama masu yawa waɗanda ke Kogin Konngo. Ita ce ɗayan mafi girma kuma mafi kariya a cikin yankuna dazuzzuka na Afirka tare da kusan 90% na yankunanta da suka rage babu damuwa. Ajiyar Fajal na Dja sanannen sananne ne game da bambancin nau'ikan halittar da take karewa ciki har da mangabey mai hade da farin, mandrill, rawar soja, gorilla ta lowland da chimpanzee. Tana makwabtaka da yankin Kongo na Odzala-Kokoua National Park da kuma Gabonese Minkébé National Park don kafa TRIDOMarea, yanki mai mahimmanci don kare gandun dajin Afirka na Kongo.

## Fauna
Akwai fiye da sanannun nau'ikan tsirrai a cikin ajiyar, sama da dabbobi masu shayarwa 107 (gami da giwayen daji, baƙon dawa na Afirka da damisa) da fiye da nau'in tsuntsaye 320. Har ila yau, akwai yawan mutanen pygmies na Baka waɗanda ke rayuwa cikin wata al'ada ta gargajiya a cikin iyakokin wurin ajiyar. Suna ba da ƙimar al'adun da aka sani ga shafin kuma an ba su izinin farauta ta amfani da hanyoyin gargajiya, kodayake an haramta noma da farauta ƙwararru.

## Manazarta