Allurar rigakafin Rotavirus

**Alurar rigakafin rotavirus** Ta kasance wata allurar rigakafi ce da ake amfani da ita don karewa daga kamuwa da cutar rotavirus, wadanda ke haifar da mummunar gudawa a tsakanin kananan yara.  Alurar rigakafin ya hana kashi 15 &#x2013; 34% na zawo mai tsanani a kasashe masu tasowa da kuma kashi 37 &#x2013; 96% na hadarin mutuwa tsakanin kananan yara saboda tsananin gudawa.  Yin rigakafi ga jarirai yana rage yawan cututtuka a tsakanin tsofaffi da waɗanda ba a yi musu rigakafi ba. 

Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ba da shawarar a saka allurar rigakafin rotavirus a cikin shirye-shiryen rigakafin yau da kullun na kasa, musamman a wuraren da cutar ta zama ruwan dare.  Wannan ya kamata a yi tare da inganta shayarwa, wanke hannu, ruwa mai tsabta, da tsafta mai kyau.  Ana ba da shi ta baki kuma yana buƙatar allurai biyu ko uku.  Magungunan suna da lafiya.  Wannan ya haɗa da amfani da su a cikin masu fama da cutar HIV/AIDS .  Ana yin rigakafin ne daga raunin rotavirus . 

An fara samun rigakafin a Amurka a cikin 2006.  Yana cikin jerin Mahimman Magunguna na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya .  Ana samun rigakafin a ƙasashe da yawa. 

## Amfanin likita

### Tasiri
Gwajin aminci da inganci a Afirka da Asiya sun gano cewa alluran rigakafin sun rage mugunyar cututtuka a tsakanin jarirai a ƙasashe masu tasowa, inda akasarin mace-mace masu alaƙa da rotavirus ke faruwa.   Wani bita na tsarin Cochrane na 2021 ya kammala cewa Rotavac, Rotateq, da Rotarix alluran rigakafi ba su da lafiya kuma suna da tasiri wajen hana gudawa da ke da alaƙa da kamuwa da cutar rotavirus. 

Ana ba da lasisin allurar rigakafin rotavirus a cikin ƙasashe sama da 100, kuma sama da ƙasashe 80 sun ƙaddamar da allurar rigakafin rotavirus na yau da kullun.  Yawan kamuwa da cutar rotavirus ya ragu sosai a cikin ƙasashen da suka aiwatar da shawarar gabatar da rigakafin rotavirus.  A kasar Mexico, wadda a shekarar 2006 ta kasance cikin kasashe na farko a duniya da suka bullo da allurar rigakafin cutar rotavirus, yawan mace-macen cutar gudawa daga rotavirus ya ragu da fiye da kashi 65 cikin 100 na yara masu shekaru biyu da kasa da haka a lokacin rotavirus na shekarar 2009.  A Nicaragua, wanda a cikin 2006 ya zama ƙasa ta farko mai tasowa don gabatar da rigakafin rotavirus, masu bincike sun yi tasiri mai yawa, tare da rigakafin rotavirus yana hana 60% na lokuta a kan rotavirus mai tsanani da yanke ziyarar gaggawa a cikin rabin.  A Amurka, allurar rigakafi ya rage yawan asibitocin da ke da alaƙa da rotavirus da kusan kashi 86 cikin ɗari tun daga 2006. A cikin watan Afrilun 2016, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta fitar da kididdiga na tsawon shekarun 2000-2013, wanda ya nuna kasashe masu tasowa da suka bullo da allurar rigakafin cutar rotavirus sun sami raguwa sosai a cikin mace-mace da asibitoci daga cutar gudawa ta rotavirus bayan gabatarwa.  

Bugu da ƙari, alluran rigakafin kuma na iya hana rashin lafiya a cikin yaran da ba a yi musu allurar ba ta hanyar ƙayyadaddun kamuwa da cutar ta hanyar adadin cututtukan da ke yawo.  Binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2014 na bayanan gwaji na asibiti daga ƙasashe da ke amfani da allurar rigakafin rotavirus akai-akai a cikin shirye-shiryen rigakafin su na ƙasa ya gano cewa allurar rigakafin rotavirus sun rage asibitocin rotavirus da kashi 49-92% kuma duk abin da ke haifar da cutar zawo da kashi 17-55%. 

### Jadawalin
Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ba da shawarar ba da kashi na farko na rigakafin nan da nan bayan makonni shida da haihuwa. 

## Nau'ukan

### Rotarix

Rotarix wani maganin alurar riga kafi ne, ɗan adam, mai rai wanda ya ƙunshi nau'in rotavirus na G1P[8]. Ana nuna Rotarix don rigakafin rotavirus gastroenteritis wanda G1 da nau'in G1 ba (G3, G4, da G9) ke haifarwa lokacin da aka gudanar da shi azaman jerin kashi 2 a jarirai da yara.  An amince da shi a cikin Tarayyar Turai a cikin 2006, kuma ta Amurka FDA a cikin Afrilu 2008.   Ana dauka da baki .  

### Rotateq
Rotateq rigakafi ne mai rai, na baka wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan rotavirus guda biyar da aka samar ta hanyar sakewa. An keɓance nau'ikan iyaye na reassortants daga rundunonin mutane da na dabbobi. Rotaviruses guda huɗu sun bayyana ɗaya daga cikin capsid na waje, VP7, sunadaran (serotypes G1, G2, G3, ko G4) daga nau'in mahaifa na rotavirus ɗan adam da furotin da aka makala VP4 (nau'in P7) daga ƙwayar &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup> .Kwayar cutar reassortant ta biyar tana bayyana furotin na VP4, (nau'in P1A), daga nau'in mahaifa <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">**' &#x5D; &#x5B; adam da furotin capsid na waje VP7 (serotype G6) daga mahaifa rotavirus mahaifa. A cikin Fabrairu 2006, Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna &#x5B; &#x5D; ** FDA) ta amince da Rotateq don amfani a cikin Amurka.   A cikin Agusta 2006, Lafiya Kanada ta amince da Rotateq don amfani a Kanada. Merck ya yi aiki tare da abokan hulɗa da yawa ciki har da ƙungiyoyin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu don haɓakawa da aiwatar da hanyoyin samar da damar yin amfani da wannan rigakafin a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa,  ƙoƙarin da aka yi niyyar kawo ƙarshen 2020. 

### Rotavac
An ba Rotavac lasisi don amfani a Indiya a cikin 2014, kuma Bharat Biotech International Limited ne ke ƙera shi. Yana da rayayye mai rai, maganin alurar riga kafi mai ɗauke da nau'in G9P[11] na ɗan adam wanda ya keɓe daga ɗan Indiya.  Ana ba da shi ta baki a cikin jerin allurai uku, tsakanin makonni hudu, farawa daga makonni shida da haihuwa har zuwa watanni takwas. 

### Rotavin-M1
Rotavin-M1 an ba shi lasisi don amfani a Vietnam a cikin 2007, kuma Cibiyar Bincike da Samar da alluran rigakafi ce ke ƙerawa. Alurar rigakafin ta ƙunshi nau'in rotavirus ɗan adam G1P[8].

### Lanzhou rago
An ba da lasisin yin amfani da maganin rigakafin rotavirus na Lanzhou a China a shekara ta 2000, kuma Cibiyar Kayayyakin Halittu ta Lanzhou ce ke kera ta. Ya ƙunshi nau'in rotavirus ɗan rago G10P[12].

### Rotasiil
Rotasiil allurar pentavalent ce ta lyophilized da aka ba da lasisi don amfani a Indiya a cikin 2018. Ya ƙunshi nau'ikan nau'ikan rotavirus serotypes G1, G2, G3, G4 da G9. Wannan shi ne rigakafin zafin jiki na farko a duniya wanda za'a iya adana shi ba tare da firiji ba ko ƙasa da 25&nbsp;°C. Cibiyar Serum ta Indiya ce ke ƙera Rotasiil.  

## Tarihi
A cikin 1998, an ba da lasisin amfani da maganin rotavirus (RotaShield, ta Wyeth ) don amfani a Amurka. Gwaje-gwaje na asibiti a Amurka, Finland, da Venezuela sun gano cewa yana da tasiri 80 zuwa 100% wajen hana zawo mai tsanani ta hanyar rotavirus.A, kuma masu bincike ba su gano wani tasiri mai mahimmanci na ƙididdiga ba. Duk da haka binciken bayan lasisi da Trudy Murphy da abokan aikinta suka gudanar a Amurka a Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin (CDC) da Kramarz et al., sun gano cewa jariran da suka karɓi maganin sun kasance sau 30 sun fi kamuwa da wani nau'i mai tsanani. na toshewar hanji, wanda ake kira intussusception, a cikin kwanaki 3 zuwa 7 bayan kashi na farko fiye da jarirai marasa alurar riga kafi.   An kiyasta haɗarin da ya wuce kima tsakanin shari'a ɗaya a cikin alluran rigakafi 5,000 zuwa 10,000. Dangane da waɗannan bayanan, Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari kan Ayyukan rigakafi (ACIP) ya janye shawarar yin amfani da maganin,  kuma mai yin maganin ya janye shi daga kasuwa a cikin 1999. Daga nan sai ya biyo bayan shekaru takwas na jinkiri har sai masana'antun masu hamayya sun iya gabatar da sababbin maganin rigakafi da aka nuna sun fi aminci da tasiri a cikin yara: Rotarix ta GlaxoSmithKline  da Rotateq ta Merck .  Dukansu ana shan su da baki kuma suna ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta masu rai na naƙasassu. 

Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ba da shawarar cewa a saka allurar rigakafin cutar rotavirus a cikin dukkan jadawalin rigakafi na kasa saboda hadarin kamuwa da kamuwa da cutar bayan allurar rigakafin rotavirus ya ragu sosai idan aka kwatanta da fa'idar rigakafin kamuwa da cutar gudawa mai tsanani. 

## Al'umma da al'adu

### Ilimin tattalin arziki
Wani bita na 2009 ya kiyasta cewa allurar rigakafin rotavirus zai hana kusan kashi 45% na mace-mace saboda rotavirus gastroenteritis, ko kuma kusan mutuwar 228,000 a duk duniya. A dalar Amurka 5 a kowace kashi, kiyasin farashin kowane rai da aka ceto shine $3,015, $9,951 da $11,296 a cikin ƙananan ƙasashe, ƙananan matsakai-, da manyan masu shiga tsakani, bi da bi. 

Fiye da ƙasashe 80 sun gabatar da allurar rigakafin rotavirus na yau da kullun, kusan rabin tare da tallafin Gavi, Ƙungiyar Alurar riga kafi .

### Dakatarwar ɗan lokaci a Amurka
A cikin Maris 2010, gano DNA daga nau'in circovirus nau'in 1 da 2 a cikin Rotateq da Rotarix ya sa FDA ta dakatar da yin amfani da maganin rigakafi na rotavirus yayin gudanar da bincike kan gano DNA daga porcine circovirus-1 (PCV1) a cikin maganin tare da haɗin gwiwar. tare da mambobi 12 na Kwamitin Ba da Shawarar Magunguna da Magungunan Halittu (VRBPAC).  A ranar 6 ga Mayu 2010, FDA ta ba da sanarwar yanke shawarar soke dakatarwar, inda ta bayyana cewa nau'in circovirus nau'in 1 da 2 ba su da haɗarin aminci a cikin ɗan adam kuma ta kammala cewa haɗarin lafiyar da ke tattare da shi bai lalata fa'idodin rigakafin ba.  A cikin watan Mayun 2010 an ɗage dakatarwar da aka yi wa allurar Rotarix. 

## Bincike
Doctors Without Borders (MSF) sun ƙirƙira wani sigar daidaita zafi mai suna BRV-PV. An kammala mataki na 3 na gwajin asibiti a Nijar ranar 31 ga Disamba 2020.

An danganta maganin rigakafin tare da ƙananan nau'in ciwon sukari na 1 .

## Kara karantawa
 
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## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

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* Rotavirus Vaccines at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

## Manazarta