Amazons

A cikin tatsuniyoyin Helenawa, **Amazons** (Girkanci na dā) mata ne mayaƙa da mafarauta, waɗanda aka sani da ƙwarewar jiki, ƙarfi, harbi, ƙwarewar hawa, da kuma fasahar yaƙi. An rufe al'ummarsu ga maza kuma sun tayar da 'ya'yansu mata ne kawai, suna mayar da' ya'yansu maza ga iyayensu waɗanda za su yi hulɗa da su ne kawai a takaice don haifuwa. An nuna su a cikin waƙoƙi da tatsuniyoyi da yawa na dā, kamar su Labours of Heracles, *Argonautica* da *Iliad* .

Masu ƙarfin zuciya da kuma masu cin gashin kansu, Amazons, karkashin umarnin sarauniyarsu, a kai a kai sun gudanar da manyan tafiye-tafiye na soja zuwa sassan duniya, daga Scythia zuwa Thrace, Asia Minor, da Tsibirin Aegean, har zuwa Arabiya da Masar. Baya ga hare-haren soja, Amazons suna da alaƙa da tushe na temples da kafa birane masu yawa na dā kamar Ephesus, Cyme, Smyrna, Sinope, Myrina, Magnesia, Pygela, da dai sauransu.

Rubutun tatsuniyoyin asali sun yi la'akari da asalin Amazons a gefen duniya da aka sani a lokacin. Da'awar da'awar da aka yi game da ainihin wurin ya fito ne daga larduna a Asiya Ƙananan (Lycia, Caria, da sauransu) zuwa tsaunuka da ke kewaye da Tekun Baƙi. Koyaya, marubutan galibi suna magana ne game da Pontus a arewacin Anatolia, a kan iyakar kudancin Tekun Baƙi, a matsayin masarautar Amazon mai zaman kanta inda sarauniyar Amazon ke zaune a babban birninta Themiscyra, a bakin kogin Thermodon . [1][2]

Shekaru da yawa na binciken archaeological na wuraren binnewar mayaƙan mata, gami da sarauta, a cikin Eurasian Steppes sun nuna cewa al'adun dawakai na mutanen Scythian, Sarmatian, da Hittite mai yiwuwa sun yi wahayi zuwa ga almara ta Amazon.[1][2] A cikin 2019, an sami kabari tare da tsararraki da yawa na mayaƙan Scythian, dauke da makamai kuma a cikin kawunan zinariya, a kusa da Voronezh a kudu maso yammacin Rasha.[3] A cikin 2017, an sami wani binciken a Armenia, inda kabarin wata mace da aka binne tare da kayan ado tun daga Zamanin ƙarfe ya nuna raunin da tsokoki na jarumi mai hawa doki wanda ke yawan zuwa yaƙi.[4]

## Sunan

### Magana

Asalin kalmar ba shi da tabbas. Ana iya samo shi daga wani sunan Iran **ha-mazan-* 'warriors', kalma da aka tabbatar ta hanyar kai tsaye ta hanyar samo asali, kalma ce mai mahimmanci a cikin Hesychius na Alexandria's gloss "Xahamaζακάραν· πομελεῖν. Πέρσαι" ("**': 'yi yaƙi' a Farisa"), inda ya bayyana tare da tushen Indo-Iranian ''*kar-'' 'yi' . 

Wataƙila kalma ce ta Helenanci da ta fito daga *ná-mngw-yō-nós 'marasa ''*mutumin-'', ba tare da maza ba' (alpha mai zaman kansa tare da samo asali daga *man- cognate tare da Proto-Balto-Slavic **', *Yarda* aka samo a cikin Czech da Kudancin Slavic) an gabatar da shi, bayanin da Hjalmar Frisk ya ɗauka "mar". Wani ƙarin bayani ya ba da shawarar Iran **ama-janah* 'kisan namiji' a matsayin tushen.

A cikin tsoffin Helenawa, kalmar *Amazon* ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Helenanci , **' ('marar nono'), daga - ''a'' ('ba tare da' ba) da kuma **', wani nau'in **' ('nono'),  yana da alaƙa da wata al'adar ilimin halittar jiki da Marcus Justinus ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yanke ko kuma [[Yin amfani da mama|an ƙone]] ƙirjin Amazons na dama.  Babu wata alama ta irin wannan al'ada a cikin tsoffin ayyukan fasaha,  inda ake wakiltar Amazons koyaushe da nonon biyu, kodayake ana rufe ɗaya akai-akai.  A cewar Philostratus, ba a ciyar da jarirai na Amazon da nonon dama kawai ba.  Marubuciya [[Adrienne Mayor]] ta ba da shawarar cewa asalin ƙarya ya haifar da tatsuniya.  

=== Madadin sharuɗɗa ===
Herodotus yayi amfani da kalmomin ''Androktones'' (  ) 'masu kashe maza' ko 'mazaje' da ''Androleteirai'' (  ) 'masu hallakar da mutane, masu kisan kai'. Ana kiran Amazons ''Antianeirai'' (  ) 'daidai yake da maza' kuma Aeschylus ya yi amfani da kalmar ''Styganor'' (  ) 'waɗanda ke ƙin dukkan mutane'. 

A cikin aikinsa ''Prometheus Bound'' da kuma a cikin ''Suppliants'', Aeschylus ya kira Amazons a matsayin 'marasa aure, Amazons masu cin nama' (  ). A cikin bala'i na Hippolytus, Phaedra ya kira Hippolytus, 'ɗan doki mai son Amazon' (  ). A cikin Dionysiaca, Nonnus ya kira Amazons na Dionysus ''Androphonus'' (  ) 'mutane suna kashe mutane'.   Herodotus ya bayyana cewa a cikin harshen Scythian, ana kiran 'yan Amazons ''Oiorpata'', wanda ya bayyana a matsayin daga ''oior'' 'mutum' da ''pata'' 'zuwa kashe mutane'.

== Tarihin Tarihi ==

Tsoffin Helenawa ba su taɓa yin shakkar cewa 'yan Amazons gaskiya ne, ko kuma sun kasance, ba. Ba wai kawai mutanen da mata masu kama da yaƙi ke yi wa sihiri ba, irin waɗannan labaran masu ban sha'awa sun fito ne daga tsohuwar Masar, Farisa, Indiya, da China. Jaruman Girka na dā sun haɗu da sarauniyar al'ummarsu ta yaƙi kuma sun yi yaƙi da su. Duk da haka, asalin gidansu ba a san shi ba, ana tsammanin yana cikin ƙasashen da ba a san su ba bayan [[Wayewa|wayewar duniya]] .  Sakamakon haka, masana da yawa na gargajiya suna ɗaukar Amazons a matsayin mutane ne na almara, waɗanda mazan Girka suka ƙirƙira don su zama "masu adawa da mata" ko kuma su wakilci Farisawa.  Wasu marubuta sun fi son kwatantawa da al'adun Asiya Ƙarama ko ma Minoan Crete . 'Yan takarar tarihi mafi bayyanannu sune Lycia da Scythia da Sarmatia bisa ga labarin Herodotus . A cikin littafinsa na Histories (ƙarni na 5 KZ) Herodotus ya yi iƙirarin cewa ''Sauromatae'' (magabata na Sarmatians ), waɗanda suka mallaki ƙasashen da ke tsakanin Tekun Caspian da Baƙar Teku, sun samo asali ne daga haɗin kan Scythians da Amazons. 

Herodotus ya kuma lura da al'adu marasa kyau a tsakanin 'yan Lycians na kudu maso yammacin Asiya Ƙarami. Babu shakka 'yan Lycians sun bi ƙa'idodin aure na asali, nagarta, da matsayi. Sun sanya wa kansu suna bisa ga zuriyarsu ta uwa kuma matsayin yaro ya dogara ne da suna na uwa. Wannan girmamawa mai girma ga mata da ƙa'idodin doka da suka dogara da zuriyar uwa, har yanzu yana aiki a ƙarni na 5 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa a yankunan Lycians da Herodotus ya yi tafiya zuwa, ya ba shi ra'ayin cewa waɗannan mutanen zuri'ar Amazons ne. 

Tarihin zamani ba ya dogara ne kawai akan kayan rubutu da fasaha ba, har ma da tarin shaidar kayan tarihi na kaburburan makiyaya sama da dubu daga yankunan steppe daga Bahar Maliya har zuwa Mongolia.  Gano kwarangwal na mata da aka binne da tabo a yaƙi da makamansu (bakuna da kibau, ƙwanƙwasa, da mashi) ya tabbatar da cewa jaruman mata ba wai kawai tunanin tunani ba ne, amma samfurin salon rayuwar Scythian da Sarmatian ne, duk da haka ba a san tabbas ko waɗannan mutanen su ne wahayi ga tatsuniyoyin Girkawa na Amazons ba.  

== Tatsuniyoyi ==

A bisa tatsuniya, Otrera, sarauniyar farko ta Amazon, ita ce 'ya'ya ta soyayya tsakanin Ares, allahn yaƙi da kuma ɗan nymph Harmonia na Akmonian Wood, da kuma wata baiwar allahiya.   

Bayanan farko sun yi nuni ga abubuwa biyu da suka faru a lokacin da Amazons suka bayyana kafin Yaƙin Trojan (kafin 1250 KZ). A cikin wannan yanayi [[Epic Poetry|mai ban mamaki]], Bellerophon, gwarzon Girka, kuma kakan 'yan'uwa da tsoffin sojojin Yaƙin Trojan ''Glaukos da Sarpedon'', ya fuskanci Amazons a lokacin da yake Lycia, lokacin da Sarki Iobates ya aika Bellerophon don ya yaƙi Amazons, yana fatan za su kashe shi, amma Bellerophon ya kashe su duka. Sarki Priam na [[Troy]] matashi ya yi yaƙi a gefen Phrygians, waɗanda Amazons suka kai musu hari a Kogin Sangarios . 

== Taswirori ==
A kan taswirar Borgia Velletri ta zamanin da, hoton mata masu baka da kibiya da mashi da garkuwa tare da bayanin ''ƙasar da ta kasance ta mata masu daraja'' a yankin Arewa (a ƙasa) a kan ''Edilus fluuius maximus'' (Volga).  

A zamanin da, taswirar Fra Mauro ƙasar Ancient Greek     an sanya shi a kan Tsakiyar Volga . 

== Ilimin kayan tarihi ==
Hasashe cewa ra'ayin Amazons, musamman Amazons da Girkawa suka sani, ya ƙunshi ainihin gaskiyar ya dogara ne akan binciken kayan tarihi a wuraren binne kurgan a cikin tsaunukan kudancin Ukraine da Rasha. Abubuwan tarihi daban-daban na makaman yaƙi da aka samu a cikin kaburburan mata masu manyan matsayi na Scythian da Sarmatian sun sa masana suka kammala da cewa tatsuniyar Amazon ta samo asali ne daga ainihin duniya: Kimanin kashi 20% na kaburburan mayaƙa a ƙananan Don da ƙananan Volga sun ƙunshi mata sanye da kayan yaƙi kamar yadda maza ke saka tufafi. Mata masu makamai sun kai har zuwa kashi 25% na binne sojojin Sarmatian.  Masanin ilmin kayan tarihi na Rasha [[Vera Kovalevskaya]] ya yi iƙirarin cewa lokacin da mazan Scythian ke yaƙi ko farauta a ƙasashen waje, mata za su iya kare kansu, dabbobinsu, da wuraren kiwonsu yadda ya kamata. 

A farkon karni na 20 na ilmin kayan tarihi na Minoan, an ɗauko wata ka'ida game da asalin Amazon a cikin wayewar Minoan a cikin wani muƙala ta Lewis Richard Farnell da John Myres . A cewar Myres, al'adar da aka fassara bisa ga shaidar da aka bayar da ake kyautata zaton cewa ƙungiyoyin asiri na Amazon sun yi kama da juna kuma wataƙila ma ta samo asali ne daga al'adun Minoan. 

== Gado na zamani ==


Birnin Samsun da ke lardin Samsun na yanzu, [[Turkiyya]] yana da gidan tarihi ''na ƙauyen Amazon'', don taimakawa wajen jawo hankali ga gadon Amazons da kuma haɓaka sha'awar ilimi da yawon buɗe ido. An ɗauki jaruman Amazon a matsayin alamar ƙarfafawa ga ƙungiyoyin mata. Gadon ya ƙarfafa kuma ya ƙarfafa wasu mata su gina ƙarfinsu da kuma tsayawa kan ƙa'idodin zamantakewa.  Sun zaburar da mata marasa adadi don tsayawa kan kansu da abin da suka yi imani da shi. Ana gudanar ''da bikin bikin Amazon'' na shekara-shekara a gundumar Terme .  

A lokacin mamayar Daular Usmaniyya da Masar a shekarar 1826, a yakin Diros, matan Mani suka ci sojojin Ottoman kuma saboda haka aka ba su suna 'Amazons na Diros'. 

Daga 1936 zuwa 1939, an gudanar da tarurrukan farfaganda na shekara-shekara, wanda aka kira Dare na Amazons ( ''Nacht der Amazonen'' ) a Jamus ta Nazi a Nymphenburg Palace Park da ke [[München|Munich]] .  An sanar da shi a matsayin abubuwan da suka fi daukar hankali a ''yammacin Makon Race-race na Duniya Munich-Riem'', 'yan matan SS-Cavalry masu kiba, mahalarta 2,500 da baƙi na ƙasashen waje sun yi wasan kwaikwayo a bikin buɗe ido. Waɗannan bita sun taimaka wajen haɓaka rawar da ake zargin mata sun sami 'yanci da kuma gwamnatin Nazi mai son ƙasashen waje. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

### A cikin adabi da kafofin watsa labarai

#### Adabi da barkwanci

* Sarauniyar Amazon Hippolyta ta fito a cikin wasan William Shakespeare mai suna *A Midsummer Night's Dream* da kuma a cikin *The Two Noble Kinsmen*, wanda Shakespeare ya rubuta tare da John Fletcher .
* Sarauniyar Amazon Penthesilea, da kuma sha'awarta ta jima'i, suna tsakiyar wasan kwaikwayo *na Penthesilea* na Heinrich von Kleist a 1808.
* Littafin Steven Pressfield na 2002 *na Ƙarshen Amazons* wani tatsuniyar rubuce -rubucen Plutarch ne, waɗanda suka kewaye sace Sarauniya Antiope da harin da 'yan Amazon suka kai wa Athens. Cikakken bayani game da duniyar Girka ta zamanin da, rayuwarta, mutanenta, makamanta da sauransu, an nuna su *kamar yadda sararin samaniya yake* . 
* William Moulton Marston, tare da matarsa Elizabeth Holloway da masoyinsu Olive Byrne, sun ƙirƙiri fassarar su ta tatsuniyoyi ta Amazons, waɗanda membobinsu suka haɗa da jarumar Wonder Woman, don DC Comics . An san Marston's Amazons ba wai kawai sun fi maza masu rai a zahiri ba, har ma sun fi kyau a fannin fasaha, suna iya ƙirƙirar haskoki masu warkarwa da jiragen sama marasa ganuwa waɗanda za a iya sarrafa su ta hanyar raƙuman kwakwalwa kawai, kodayake wannan ɓangaren al'ummar Amazon ana amfani da shi ba tare da wata matsala ba a cikin bayyanar da aka rubuta bayan mutuwar Marston. 
* A cikin fim ɗin Rick Riordan mai suna *The Heroes of Olympus*, Amazons sun bayyana a cikin *fim ɗin Son of Neptune* da *The Blood of Olympus .* Su ne waɗanda suka kafa kuma suka mallaki kamfanin Amazon .
* A cikin jerin fina-finan tarihi na Philip Armstrong, *The Chronicles of Tupiluliuma*, 'yan Amazon sun bayyana a matsayin Am'azzi.
* A cikin littafin Stieg Larsson mai suna *The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest*, Amazons sun bayyana a matsayin batutuwa masu canzawa tsakanin sassan littafin.
* Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo ya ƙirƙiri sarauniyar almara Calafia, wacce ta mulki masarautar mata baƙaƙe, waɗanda ke rayuwa cikin salon Amazons, a Tsibirin California na tatsuniya.
* *[[Amazon Gazonga]]* wani gajeren shirin barkwanci ne da *Waltrip brothers* suka ƙirƙira a shekarar 1995. Wannan barkwancin ya ta'allaka ne akan wani matashi mai suna Gazonga da ke zaune a cikin dazuzzukan Amazon .

## Manazarta