Yaren Tyap

**Tyap** babban yare ne mai mahimmanci na yanki na harsunan Plateau a cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Najeriya, mai suna bayan yarensa mai daraja . Haka kuma ana kiranta da *[[Harshen Hausa|kalmar]]* katab ko Kataf.   Hakanan ana saninta da sunayen nau'ikan yarenta da suka haɗa da Sholyio, Fantswam, Gworok, Takad, "Mabatado" (Tyap 'daidai'), Tyeca̱rak da Tyuku (Tuku). Duk da an jera su daban da gungu na Tyap, rabuwar Jju, a cewar Blench RM (2018), da alama yana ƙara ƙabilanci maimakon gaskiyar harshe. 

## Rarrabawa
An fi samun masu jin harshen Tyap a kananan hukumomin Jema’a da Kaura da Zangon Kataf, duk da cewa ana samun aljihun masu magana a Kachia da Kauru da ke kudancin Jihar Kaduna, da Riyom (musamman masu Takad  ) a Jihar Filato. Najeriya . Haka kuma aƙwai manya-manyan al’umma masu magana a ƙananan hukumomin Kaduna ta Kudu da Chikun na jihar.  Skoggard (2014) ya gabatar da rabon mutanen Atyap (Katab) a Najeriya da suka hada da: Niger, Nasarawa, Kaduna jahohin da FCT . 

## Rabewa da yaruka
Meek (1931:2) ya ba da shawarar cewa Katab (Atyap), Morwa (Asholyio), Ataka (Atakad) da Kagoro (Agworok) suna magana da harshe gama gari kuma ana iya ɗaukarsu ɗaya; daga baya kuma, McKinney (1983:290) ya yi tsokaci cewa, Kaje ( Bajju ) su ma a haɗa su da abin da ke sama, saboda kamanceceniyar harshe da al’adu da su ke yi.   Murdock (1959) ya rarraba *Kagoro* (Gworok) da sauran yarukan da suka ƙunshi rukunin harshen Tyap na yanzu a matsayin "Plateau Nigerian",  a cikin "Semi-Bantu" reshensa na "Bantoid subfamily" na "Negritic Stock".   Greenberg (1963) ne ya sanya Tyap da Jju a ƙarƙashin reshen "Plateau II" na dangin harshen Benue-Congo. Daga baya, Gerhardt (1974) ya sake gina reshen, inda ya sanya shi a matsayin "proto-Plateau". Har ila yau a cikin 1989, Gerhardt ya sanya Tyap da Jju a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar Kudu-Ta Tsakiya, Ƙungiyar Tsakiya, Plateau reshen Platoid, yanki na harsunan Benue-Congo.     Achi (2005) ya bayyana cewa Atyap suna magana da yare a cikin rukunin Kwa na dangin harshen Benue-Congo .  Koyaya, bisa ga Bitiyong, YI, a cikin Achi et al. (2019:44), Kungiyar Kataf (tsohuwar rarrabuwa) wacce harshen Tyap ya kasance, memba ne na Gabashin Filato. Ya ci gaba da ba da shawarar cewa ta hanyar amfani da ma'auni na lokacin glotochronological da aka kafa don harsunan Yarbawa da Edo da maƙwabtansu, raba ƙungiyar Kataf zuwa yarukan da za a iya bambanta da yare zai buƙaci dubban shekaru. An kuma ambata cewa,

tare da lura da cewa hakan na nuni da hakan

Bayan haka ya taƙaita cewa abin da ake nufi da Tyap shine cewa ya ɗauki dubban shekaru don rabuwa, a cikin wannan yanki na gabaɗaya daga yarukansa kusan shida masu alaƙa kuma ya bayyana cewa a matsayin yanki, sun buƙaci mai yiwuwa fiye da dubban shekaru a baya. su rabu da sauran 'yan kungiyar "Kataf" kamar Gyong, Hyam, Duya da Ashe (Koro) wadanda ba su da hankali. An amince da zaman lafiyar harshe da sauran halayen al'adu a wannan yanki na Najeriya .  

### Yaruka

## Fassarar sauti
Haruffan Tyap ( *Zwunzwuo A̱lyem Tyap ji* ) yana da haruffa 39, kamar yadda Kwamitin Karatun Tyap (TLC) ya tsara a farkon 1990s:  

Koyaya, ci gaba na yanzu kamar na 2018, yana da Taswirar Haruffa ta Tyap ta rage zuwa 24, kamar haka:

Harafin "ch" daga yanzu za a wakilta shi da alamar "c", ba tare da "h". Duk sauran sun kasance iri ɗaya.

### Wasula

Wasula bakwai na Tyap na iya zama gajere ko dogayen sauti na monophthong . Harshen yana da diphthongs biyar (ko shida):  .   

### Consonants
Harshen yana da fiye da 80 monoographic da digraph waɗanda aka ƙirƙira da sautin baƙaƙe, an rarraba su zuwa gyare-gyare na fortis da lenis .   Tebu mai zuwa ya ƙunshi ainihin ainihin sautunan baƙar fata na Tyap:

 

## Daidaitawa
Tyap yana da nau'in tsari na SVO  kamar yadda aka kwatanta a ƙasa a misalin farko da aka bayar:
   

## Kalmomi

### Affixes da concord
Alamun-aji na Tyap suna bayyana bayan kalmar sa ta tushe. Waɗannan maƙallan sun ƙunshi prefixes, yawanci a haɗe zuwa tushen kalmar don jam'i. Misali: *a̱som* (hare) — *a̱yaasom* (hares), *bwak* (hannu) — *mbwak* (hannu), *a̱kwon* (itace)— *a̱ka̱kwon* (bishiyoyi), da sauransu. yawanci ana fassara su azaman kalmomi dabam dabam a cikin rubutun. Alal misali, *a̱som wu* (kure), *a̱yaasom ba* (hars), *bwak hu* (hannu) — *mbwak na* (hannu), *a̱kwon ka* (bishiyar)— *a̱ka̱kwon na* (bishiyoyi), da sauransu. na'urar affixes da concord na Tyap. 

### Maimaituwa
Maimaita suna yana faruwa ne don yawan jama'a. Yawancin lokaci, kalmar tushen farko tana samun kwafi. Misali, *tyan* (wuri) — *tityan* (wuri), *a̱nyung* (haƙori) *—a̱nyunyung* (hakora), *a̱kwon* (itace)— *a̱ka̱kwon* (bishiyoyi), da sauransu 

## Kalmomi masu alaƙa da haruffa

## Kalmomin gama gari da jimloli

## Kwatanta yaruka
Idan aka kwatanta kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari tsakanin Kaje (Jju), Katab ("Mabatado" Tyap) da Kagoro (Gworok) akan jerin kalmomi na Swadesh wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa 118 na ainihin ƙamus, Wurm (1971), a cikin jawabinsa ya bayyana cewa, ƙididdigan ƙididdiga sun nuna. cewa kabilun uku suna magana da yarukan yare daya..

Kashi na cognates akan jerin kalmomin Swadesh: Wurm (1971).

Tare da ƙarin kwatancen kalmomin danginsu, McKinney (1983:291), bayan kwatanta shigarwar 174 tsakanin waɗannan ukun da ke sama sun sami takwas kawai ba su da tushe. 

Kashi na 100 na sharuddan sarauta: McKinney (1983:291).

 A ƙasa akwai kwatancen da Akau (2020) ya yi tsakanin manyan yarukan Tyap guda bakwai da Jju.

## Lambobi

* 0:  /  / 
* 1:  (  )
* 2:  (kuma  )
* 3:  (  )
* 4:  (  )
* 5:  (kuma  )
* 6: 
* 7: 
* 8:  (ko  )
* 9: 

### 10 zuwa 100
An ƙirƙiri lambobi 11 zuwa 19 ta ƙara 1-9 zuwa 10 tare da  na tsakiya (sau da yawa ana gajarta cikin lafazin  da na gaba a̱, misali a cikin  , yin shiru) zuwa lambar da ke kusa, amma yawanci kowace kalma ana rubuta su cikakke: misali  (15).

* 10: 
* 11: 
* 12: 
* 13: 
* 14: 
* 15: 
* 16: 
* 17: 
* 18: 
* 19: 

Lambobin 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, da 90 an ƙirƙira su ta hanyar maye gurbin prefix 2 zuwa 5, wanda aka liƙa zuwa "  . "(goma) tare da *n-*, tare da  kanta tana ɗaukar prefix *n-* duk:

* 20: 
* 30: 
* 40: 
* 50: 
* 60: 
* 70: 
* 80:  (ko  )
* 90: 

Ana samun wasu lambobi ta ƙara 1-9, kama da matasa:

* 91: 
* 92: 
* 93: 
* 94: 
* 95: 
* 96: 
* 97: 
* 98: 
* 99: 

### Daruruwa
Lura cewa abin da za a iya kira da tsarin kirga na "tsohuwar" da aka yi amfani da shi don 1-5 yawanci ana amfani dashi daga 100 har zuwa rashin iyaka. 1 ya zama jhyiung, kuma ba a̱nyiung ba. Haka abin da 2,3,4 da 5 sanya nan da nan bayan cyi, kalmar ɗari .

* 100: *Cyi jhyung*
* 200: *Ciki sweang*
* 300: *Ci tsat*
* 400: *Cyi nyaai*
* 500: *Cyi tswuon*
* 600: *Cyi a̱taa*
* 700: *Cyi a̱natat*
* 800: *Cyi a̱ni̱nai* (ko *a̱ri̱nai* )
* 900: *Cyi a̱kubunyiung*
* 479: *Cyi nyaai ma̱ng nswak a̱natat ma̱ng a̱kubunyiung.*

### Dubban
Hayab (2016:66-67) a cikin binciken da ya yi kan Hyam, wani harshe da ke da alaƙa da Tyap ya gano cewa ainihin kalmar lamba 10 ita ce “kop”/ *kwp*, kuma kalmar da ake amfani da ita a yanzu ta *goma* ita ce kalmar de facto da aka yi amfani da ita. *goma sha biyu* ko *dozin* shine "shwak" (a cikin Hyam ) ko *swak* (a cikin Tyap). Saboda karuwar tasirin Hausa/Ingilishi, babu shakka kafin 1920 (saboda Thomas (1920:59) ya buga misali da *Kagoro* (Gworok) wanda ba kamar makwabtansa Nungu, Ninzam, S. Mada da Mama ba su yi amfani da su tun lokacin., tsarin duodecimal  ), tsarin kidayar ya dauki siffa ta Hausa/English salon decimal kuma kalmar “kop/kwop” ta kusa bacewa, yayin da “swak” ya dauki wurinsa ya bata ma’anarsa ta asali, wanda hakan ya sa kalmar “kop/kwop” ta kusa karewa. *goma sha biyu*, yanzu yana nufin *goma* . Da wannan a zuciya, idan mutum yayi la'akari da lambar "1,000" ko *cyi kop jhyiung* ("cyi kop" an rubuta kalma ɗaya), mutum zai iya cewa tana nufin "ɗari goma ɗaya" ko "100 X 10 X 1".

A ƙasa akwai salon ƙidayar Tyap na zamani cikin dubbai:

* 1,000: *Cyikup jhyiung*
* 2,000: *Cyikup sweang*
* 3,000: *Cyikup tsat*
* 4,000: *Cyikup nyaai*
* 5,000: *Cyikwop tswuon*
* 6,000: *Cyikwop a̱taa*
* 7,000: *Cyikwop a̱natat*
* 8,000: *Cyikwop a̱ni̱nai*
* 9,000: *Cyikwop a̱kubunyiung*
* 2,018: *Cyikwop sweang ma̱ng nswak ma̱ng a̱ni̱nai*
* 10,000: *Cyikup swak*
* 100,000: *Cyikup cyi jhyiung*

### Lambobi masu girma

* 1,000,000: *Milyon* ko *cyikop cyikop jhyiung* ko kawai *Cyikwop a̱ka̱feang jhyiung*
* 1,000,000,000: *Bilyon* ko *Cyikup cyikop cyikop* ko kuma kawai *Cyikwop a̱ka̱tat jhyiung*
* 1,000,000,000,000: *Trilyon* ko *cyikop cyikop cyikop cyikop* ko kawai *Cyikwop a̱ka̱naai jhyiung* . 

### Concord
Tyap yana da hanyoyi uku na rubutun raka'a 1-5. Wannan saboda concord a cikin Tyap an saukar da shi zuwa ƙananan lambobi kawai da ƴan sifofi. Nau'in yarjejeniyar 'direct-copy' ko 'echo' wanda lambar ke da prefix iri ɗaya da sunan da yake cikin yarjejeniya da shi, ana bin shi anan.   Alal misali, *a̱ka̱sa* (gidaje) *—* *a̱ka̱sa na* *(* gidaje) — *a̱ka̱sa* *a̱feang* *(* gidaje biyu)— *nkyang nfeang na* (abu biyu), da *nywán* (fowls) - *nywán ji* (tsuntsaye) - *nywán sweang* (tsuntsaye biyu) - *nywán sweang ji* ( tsuntsaye biyu). Ga misali na biyu, ana ƙara “n-” prefix zuwa ƙananan raka’a idan aka yi amfani da ita da jam’i suna ɗauke da “hu” guda ɗaya kamar *kyang* (abu).

## Sunaye don wasu harsuna
Wasu sunayen Tyap na maƙwabta da sauran languaɡes sune kamar haka:

. 

## Harsuna masu alaƙa
Jerin bincike da ake kira "Jerin Kalmomi 100 na Swadesh" wanda Shimizu ya gabatar (1975:414) ya nuna cewa Tyap ( ***Katab*** ) yana raba kaso masu zuwa tare da harsunan Plateau da Jukun tun daga mafi girma zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci: 72% tare da Izere ( Izarek), 66% tare da Rigwe, 50% tare da Chara, 49% tare da Berom, 42% tare da Tarok, 41% tare da Pyem, 41% tare da Ninzam, 39% tare da Kuche, 39% tare da Eggon, 38% tare da Ibunu, 37% tare da Rindre da 34% tare da Jukun . 

## Matsayi mai hatsari
Bincike ya nuna cewa an rarraba harshen Tyap a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin harsunan da ke cikin haɗari ga halaka. 
 
Wani bincike da Ayuba (2014) ya yi ya nuna cewa Tyap na cikin hatsari, kuma harshen Hausa da rashin watsa Tyap da tsofaffin mutanen Atyap suka yi ga matasa ya haifar da hatsarin Tyap.

Binciken ya ba da shawarar, a cikin wasu matakai, cewa ya kamata **kungiyar ci gaban al'umma ta Atyap (ACDA)** ta kafa kwamiti don wayar da kan jama'a game da bukatar Atyap ta tashi da adana yarensu da kuma wani aiki don kafa makarantun hutu inda manya za su samar da su. kula da yara kafin makaranta inda za a iya nutsar da yaran Tyap cikin harshen. 

## Duba kuma

* Harshen Kuteb

## Nassoshi

## Kara karantawa

; Littattafai da rubuce-rubuce 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
(an riga an yarda)

* Sholio (Tyap) ComparaLex
* Littafin Luka a cikin Takad
* Jerin Kalmomi Tyap (Gworok)
* 4 dokoki (a cikin Tyap)
* Rubuta: Harshen Katab (Network Recordings Network)
* Shirye-shirye a cikin Tyap (Network Recordings Network)
* Duniyar Atlas na Tsarin Harshe Kan layi (Gworok)