Edward Wilmot Blyden

Edward Wilmot Blyden (3 ga Agusta 1832 - 7 ga Fabrairu 1912) ɗan Americo-Liberian  malami ne, marubuci, jami'in diflomasiyya, kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya fi yin aiki a Afirka ta Yamma . An haife shi a cikin Danish West Indies, ya shiga cikin raƙuman baƙi baƙi daga Amurka waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa ƙasar. Blyden ya zama malami na tsawon shekaru biyar a kasar Saliyo ta yammacin Afirka da Birtaniya ta yi wa mulkin mallaka a farkon karni na ashirin.  Manyan rubuce -rubucen da ya yi sun kasance kan al'adun Afirka wanda daga baya ya zama mai tasiri a yammacin Afirka, wanda ya ja hankalin kasashe irin su Amurka . Ya yi imanin cewa sahyoniyanci abin koyi ne ga abin da ya kira Habashanci, kuma Amurkawa na Afirka za su iya komawa Afirka su taimaka wajen sake gina nahiyar. ￼

An gane Blyden a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa don basirarsa da kuma kullunsa; John Knox, wani Ba’amurke ministan Furotesta a Sankt Thomas ya ba shi ilimi kuma ya ba shi jagoranci wanda ya ƙarfafa shi ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Amurka. A cikin 1850 Blyden an ƙi shigar da shi zuwa makarantun tauhidin Arewa guda uku saboda tserensa.  Knox ya ƙarfafa shi ya je Laberiya, wani yanki ne da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Mulki ta Amirka ta kafa don mutane masu launi . Blyden ya yi hijira a cikin 1850 kuma ya yi aikinsa da rayuwarsa a can. Ya yi aure cikin fitattun dangi kuma nan da nan ya fara aikin jarida. Tunanin Blyden yana da tasiri har yau. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Blyden a ranar 3 ga Agusta 1832 a Saint Thomas, Danish West Indies (yanzu da ake kira American Virgin Islands ), don 'yantar da iyayen bakaken fata wadanda suka yi ikirarin zuriyar kabilar Igbo ta Najeriya a yau .   Iyalin sun rayu a cikin harshen Ingilishi, unguwar Yahudawa.  Tsakanin 1842 zuwa 1845 dangi sun zauna a Porto Bello, Venezuela, inda Blyden ya gano wurin yin harsuna, ya zama ƙwararren Mutanen Espanya . 

A cewar ɗan tarihi Hollis R. Lynch, a cikin 1845 Blyden ya sadu da Reverend John P. Knox, Ba’amurke Bature, wanda ya zama fasto na St. Thomas Protestant Dutch Reformed Church.  Blyden da iyalinsa suna zaune kusa da coci, kuma Knox ya ji daɗin ɗan ƙwazo, haziƙi. Knox ya zama mashawarcinsa, yana ƙarfafa ƙwarewar Blyden don magana da adabi. Musamman saboda kusancinsa da Knox, matashin Blyden ya yanke shawarar zama minista, wanda iyayensa suka ƙarfafa shi. 

A cikin Mayu 1850, Blyden, tare da matar Reverend Knox, sun tafi Amurka don yin rajista a Kwalejin tauhidin Rutgers, *almajirin Knox.* An hana shi shiga saboda launin fata. Kokarin shigar da shi a wasu kwalejojin tauhidi guda biyu ma ya ci tura. Knox ya ƙarfafa Blyden ya tafi Laberiya, mulkin mallaka da aka kafa a cikin 1830s ta Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Amirka (ACS) a Yammacin Afirka, inda ya yi tunanin Blyden zai iya amfani da basirarsa.  Daga baya a cikin 1850, Blyden ya tashi zuwa Laberiya. Bayan shekara guda, Blyden ya shiga makarantar sakandare ta Alexander a Monrovia, inda ya karanta tiyoloji, litattafan tarihi, labarin kasa, lissafi, da Ibrananci a cikin lokacinsa. Blyden kuma ya zama shugaban makarantar lokacin da ake buƙata, kuma a cikin 1858 ya zama shugaban makarantar sakandaren Alexander.  A wannan shekarar, an nada Blyden a matsayin ministan Presbyterian. 

Tun daga 1860, Blyden ya yi magana da William Ewart Gladstone, wanda daga baya zai zama babban jagoran Liberal kuma Firayim Minista na Burtaniya. Gladstone ya ba Blyden damar yin karatu a Ingila a cikin 1861, amma Blyden ya ƙi saboda wajibcinsa a Laberiya. 

## Aure, iyali da gado

Blyden ya auri Sarah Yates, Ba'amurke-Liberian daga fitattun dangin Yates.  Ita ce 'yar Hilary Yates da matarsa. Kawun mahaifinta, Beverly Page Yates, ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasar Laberiya daga 1856 zuwa 1860 a karkashin Shugaba Stephen Allen Benson . Blyden da Sarah suna da yara uku tare.

Daga baya, yayin da yake zama na shekaru da yawa a Freetown, Saliyo, Blyden yana da dangantaka mai tsawo da Anna Erskine, wata mace 'yar Laberiya daga Clay-Ashland wadda ta koma Freetown a 1877.  Ita ce jikanyar James Spriggs-Payne, wanda aka zabe shi sau biyu a matsayin shugaban kasar Laberiya . Blyden da Erskine suna da yara biyar tare. A cikin karni na 21, yawancin zuriyar Blyden da ke zaune a Saliyo sun bayyana a matsayin wani ɓangare na yawan mutanen Creole . Daga cikin waɗannan zuriyar akwai Sylvia Blyden, mawallafin *Times Awareness* .

Blyden ya mutu a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 1912 a Freetown, Saliyo, inda aka binne shi a makabartar Racecourse . Don girmama shi, ɗan Afirka na Pan-Afrika na ƙarni na 20 George Padmore ya sa wa 'yarsa Blyden. 

## Sana'a
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan hijirarsa zuwa Laberiya a 1850, Blyden ya fara aikin jarida.  Ya fara ne a matsayin wakilin *Liberiya Herald* (jarida daya tilo a Laberiya a lokacin) kuma an nada shi edita daga 1855 zuwa 1856, a lokacin kuma ya rubuta ƙasidarsa ta farko, “Murya Daga Bleeding Africa.”  Har ila yau, ya shafe lokaci a mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya a Afirka ta Yamma, musamman Najeriya da Saliyo, yana rubuta wa jaridu na farko a yankunan biyu. A Saliyo, shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma editan jaridar *The Negro* a farkon shekarun 1870.  Ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun *Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Afirka da Mujallar Mulki* .

A cikin 1861 Blyden ya zama farfesa na Girkanci da Latin a Kwalejin Laberiya . An zabe shi a matsayin shugaban kwalejin, yana aiki 1880-1884 a lokacin fadadawa.

A matsayin jami'in diflomasiyya Blyden ya yi aiki a matsayin jakadan Laberiya a Burtaniya da Faransa . Ya kuma yi tafiya zuwa Amurka inda ya zanta da manyan coci-cocin bakaken fata game da ayyukan da yake yi a Afirka. Blyden ya yi imanin cewa baƙar fata Amirkawa za su iya kawo ƙarshen wariyar launin fata ta hanyar komawa Afirka da kuma taimakawa wajen bunkasa shi. An soki shi daga Baƙin Amurkawa waɗanda ke son samun cikakken 'yancin ɗan adam a ƙasar haihuwarsu ta Amurka kuma ba su da alaƙa da Afirka. 

A cikin ba da shawarar rawar fansa ga 'yan Afirka na Amurka a Afirka ta hanyar abin da ya kira Habashawa, Blyden ya kwatanta wahalar da suke sha a kasashen waje da na Yahudawa ; ya goyi bayan aikin yahudawan sahyoniyawan da suka koma Palastinu a karni na 19.  A cikin littafinsu na *Israel in the Black American Perspective*, Robert G. Weisbord da Richard Kazarian sun rubuta cewa a cikin ɗan littafinsa *The Jewish Question* (wanda aka buga a shekara ta 1898, shekara bayan taron majalisar sahayoniya ta farko) Blyden ya bayyana cewa yayin da yake tafiya a Gabas ta Tsakiya a shekara ta 1866 yana so ya yi tafiya zuwa "gidan Yahudawa na asali - don ganin Urushalima da Dutsen Sihiyona, farin ciki na dukan duniya". Yayin da yake Urushalima ya ziyarci katangar Yamma. Blyden ya ba da shawara ga matsugunan Yahudawa na Falasdinu kuma ya caccaki Yahudawa saboda rashin cin gajiyar damar zama a ƙasarsu ta haihuwa. Blyden ya saba da Theodor Herzl da littafinsa *The Jewish State*, yana yaba shi don bayyana ra'ayoyin da "sun ba da irin wannan ƙarfafa ga ainihin aikin Yahudawa kamar yadda zai fada da babban tasiri a kan tarihin su na gaba". 

Daga baya a rayuwarsa Blyden ya shiga cikin Islama kuma ya yanke shawarar cewa addini ne na "Afrika" fiye da Kiristanci ga 'yan Afirka na Amurka da Americo-Liberia.

Kasancewa cikin ci gaban ƙasar, an nada Blyden a matsayin Sakataren Gwamnati na Laberiya (1862-64). Daga baya aka nada shi Sakataren Harkokin Cikin Gida (1880-82).  Blyden ya tsaya takara a zaben shugaban kasa na 1885 na jam'iyyar Republican, amma ya sha kaye a hannun mai ci Hilary RW Johnson .

Daga 1901 zuwa 1906, Blyden ya jagoranci karatun Musulman Saliyo a wata cibiya a Saliyo inda ya zauna a Freetown . Wannan shi ne lokacin da yake da dangantaka da Anna Erskine; sun haifi 'ya'ya biyar tare.  Ya zama mai kishin addinin Islama a wannan lokacin, yana ba da shawararsa ga 'yan Afirka na Amurka a matsayin babban addini mafi dacewa da tushensu na tarihi a Afirka. 

## Rubuce-rubuce

A matsayinsa na marubuci, wasu suna kallon Blyden a matsayin "mahaifin Pan-Africanism " kuma an lura da shi a matsayin daya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka bayyana ra'ayi na "Halin Afirka" da kuma bambancin "kabilanci na Afirka".  Tunaninsa sun rinjayi mutane da yawa na karni na ashirin ciki har da Marcus Garvey, George Padmore da Kwame Nkrumah .  Babban aikinsa, *Kiristanci, Islama da Negro Race* (1887), ya inganta ra'ayin cewa yin Musulunci ya fi haɗin kai da cikawa ga 'yan Afirka fiye da Kiristanci . Blyden ya yi imanin cewa yin kiristanci yana da tasiri mai raɗaɗi ga 'yan Afirka, ko da yake ya ci gaba da kasancewa Kirista. Ya yi tunanin Musulunci ya fi sahihancin Afirka, kamar yadda mutanen Arewacin Afirka suka kawo shi yankunan Kudu da Sahara .

Littafinsa da sauri ya zama mai jayayya. Da farko mutane da yawa ba su yarda cewa wani ɗan Afirka ne ya rubuta ba; an yi sabani wajen inganta addinin Musulunci. A cikin bugu na baya, Blyden ya haɗa hotonsa a matsayin gaba. 

Littafinsa ya hada da:Mu kawar da tunanin wariya launin fada .Bari mu kawar da halinmu na Afirka kuma mu ɓace, idan zai yiwu, a cikin wani tseren. Wannan yana da hikima ko kuma a matsayin falsafa kamar a ce, bari mu kawar da gravitation, da zafi da sanyi da rana da ruwan sama. Tabbas, tseren da waɗannan mutane za su shagaltu da shi ita ce mafi rinjaye, kafin su, a cikin ƙwaƙƙwaran mika wuya da jahilci suna kwance cikin sha'awa.Saboda imaninsa da Habashawa, a ƙarshen karni na 19 Blyden ya fito fili ya goyi bayan ƙirƙirar ƙasar Yahudawa a Isra'ila, yana yaba wa Theodor Herzl a matsayin mahaliccin "wannan gagarumin motsi da ake kira Zionism ". 

## Ayyuka

### Littattafai

*  , New York: John A. Grey, 1862.
* ''Kiristanci, Musulunci da Negro Race'', London, WB Whittingham & Co., 1887; Bugu na 2 1888; Jami'ar Edinburgh Press, bugu na uku, 1967; sake buga bugu na 1888, Baltimore, Maryland: Black Classic Press, 1994 (bugu akan Googlebooks).
*  , London: CM Phillips, 1908; sake buga Baltimore, Maryland: Black Classic Press, 1994.
*  , London: CM Phillips, 1905.

### Kasidu da jawabai

* "Afirka don 'Yan Afirka", *Ma'ajiyar Afirka da Jaridar Mulkin Mallaka*, Washington, DC: Janairu 1872.
* "Kira na bayarwa ga Zuriyar Afirka a Amurka", Jawabin da aka Gabatar ga ikilisiyoyi masu launi a cikin biranen New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Harrisburg, a lokacin bazara na 1862, a cikin *Bayar da Laberiya: Kasancewa Adireshi, Wa'azi, da dai sauransu.*, New York: John A. Grey, 1862.
* "Abubuwan Tasirin Dindindin", Jawabin da aka Gabatar a Cocin St. Presbyterian na 15, Washington, DC, Lahadi, 16 ga Fabrairu 1890, Washington, DC: RL Pendleton (wanda aka buga ta buƙatun), 1890 (wanda aka shirya a Gidan Tarihi na Virtual na Edward W. Blyden).
* "Liberiya A Matsayin Ma'ana, Ba Ƙarshe ba", Maganar 'Yancin Laberiya: 26 Yuli 1867; *Ma'ajiyar Afirka da Mujallar Mulkin Mallaka*, Washington, DC: Nuwamba 1867.
* "The Negro a cikin Tsohon Tarihi, Laberiya: Baya, Yanzu, da Gaba", *Methodist Review Quarterly Review*, Washington, DC: M'Gill & Witherow Printer.
* "Asalin Da Manufar Mulkin Afirka", Jawabin da Aka Gabatar a Bikin Cika Shekaru 66 na Ƙungiyar Mulkin Mallaka ta Amirka, Washington, DC, 14 ga Janairu 1883, Washington, 1883.
* EW Blyden MA, *Rahoto akan Balaguron Falaba 1872*, Jawabi ga Mai Girma Gwamna J. Paparoma Hennessy, CMG, Wanda hukuma ta buga Freetown, Saliyo. An buga a Ofishin Gwamnati, 1872.
* "Liberia a Ƙarni na Amirka", *Methodist Review Quarterly Review*, Yuli 1877.
* "Amurka a Afirka," *Christian Advocate* I, 28 Yuli 1898, II, 4 Agusta 1898.
* "The Negro in the United States", *AME Church Review*, Janairu 1900.

## Duba kuma
 
Pan-Africanism

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje