open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Miss Universo Chile 2016

Miss Universo Chile 2016, karo na 53 na Miss Universo Chile, an gudanar da shi ne a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 2016. María Belén Jerez Spuler ta lashe Catalina Cáceres a karshen taron. Cáceres ya wakilci Chile a gasar Miss Universe 2016 .

## Sakamako na ƙarshe

## Wakilai
An zaɓi wakilai 15 na hukuma akan faifan wasan kwaikwayo da yawa. 

## Alƙalai

* Mai daukar hoto, mai zane da sharhi na nunin Chilean, Jordi Castell .
* 'Yar wasan Kanada/Chile kuma mawaƙa, Vesta Lugg.
* Samfurin Chilean kuma 'yar kasuwa, Carolina Parsons.
* Mai watsa shiri na TV na Venezuelan kuma mai sadarwar zamantakewa, Harry Levy.

## Bayanan kula

* Valentina Schnitzer ta lashe gasar Miss Supranational Chile 2015 kuma ta shiga cikin Reina Hispanoamericana 2017.
* Natividad Leiva ta lashe gasar Miss Earth Chile 2015 kuma ta ƙare a matsayin Top 8 a Miss Earth 2015 . Har ila yau, ta shiga cikin Miss United Continents 2016 pageant a Guayaquil, Ecuador .
* Natalia Lermanda ta lashe gasar Miss Earth Chile 2013 kuma ta ƙare a matsayin Top 16 a Miss Earth 2013 .
* Catalina Cáceres ta lashe gasar Miss Earth Chile 2014.
* Charlotte Molina ta janye daga gasar.

## Manazarta
Miss Universo Chile 2014

Miss Universo Chile 2014, gasar Miss Universo Chile ta 51st, an gudanar da ita a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2014. María Jesús Matthei ta lashe Hellen Toncio a matsayin magaji a karshen taron. Hellen za ta wakilci Chile a gasar Miss Universe 2014 da za a gudanar a Miami, Amurka.

## Wakilai
An zaɓi wakilai na hukuma 15 a ranar Oktoba 26.  

## Sakamako

### Wuraren Wuri

### Kyaututtuka na musamman

* **Miss Popularidad 2014** - Ivana Simunovic 

## Bayanan kula

* An gudanar da Miss Rapa Nui a ranar 12 ga Satumba a Otal din Hanga Roa, Rapa Nui . Alkalan su ne María Jesús Matthei, Marlen Olivari, Juan Sastre (Darektar kasa ta Miss Universo Chile), Manoa Frugé-Terorotua ( Miss Tahiti ) da Hetu'u Rapu ( Miss Universo Chile 1997), da sauransu. Wanda ya ci nasara ita ce Veri Irene Teave.  &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>
* Francisca Barrera da Tamara Bernales sun kasance 'yan wasan karshe a gasar Miss Earth Chile 2014. 
* An nada Jocelyn Talamilla rawanin "Miss Antofagasta 2014" a cikin Maris 2014, sannan ta wakilci Chile a Miss Sea World 2013, a Peru, inda ta zama ta biyu ta zo ta biyu.  
* María Belén Jerez da Francisca Barrera sun fice daga gasar. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;
* Valentina Schnitzer ta lashe gasar Miss Supranational Chile 2015.
* Natividad Leiva ta lashe gasar Miss Earth Chile 2015 kuma ta kammala Top 8 a Miss Earth 2015 sannan ta lashe gasar Miss Universo Chile 2017.
* An nada María Belén Jerez a matsayin Miss Universo Chile 2015. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Manazarta
Alisson Abarca

Alisson Abarca (an Haife ta 25 Janairu 1996) wani samfurin Salvadoran ne kuma mai taken kyakkyawa wanda ya sami kambin Miss Universe El Salvador 2017 . Ta wakilci El Salvador a Miss Universe 2017 pageant.

## Shafin shafi

### Miss Universe El Salvador 2017
Abarca ta samu kambin Miss Universe El Salvador 2017 a ranar 7 ga Yuli, 2017, kuma ta fafata a Miss Universe 2017 amma ba ta samu ba. Ta kasance batun wasu a El Salvador saboda yin wasu tiyatar filastik bayan nasarar da ta samu ta kasa da kuma kafin gasar Miss Universe.  

### Miss Universe 2017
A matsayin Miss Universe El Salvador, ta yi gasa a gasar Miss Universe 2017 .  Ta ba da duk hirar da ta yi da manema labarai a cikin Turanci, wanda ba a saba da shi ba ga wakilai na farko daga ƙasar. 

## Na sirri
Abarca ita ce ƙwararriyar ajin ta a makarantar sakandare kuma tana magana da Ingilishi sosai.   Abarca yana neman digiri na farko a Turanci kuma yana fatan zama malamin Ingilishi.  Abarca har yanzu dalibar jami'a ce lokacin da aka ba ta sarautar Miss Universe El Salvador a 2017. 

Ta sami duka biyun zargi da goyon baya don yin amfani da tiyata na kwaskwarima, gami da haɓaka nono,  don inganta bayyanarta a shirye-shiryen gasar Miss Universe.   Abarca ta ce ba ta da kunya.  

A lokacin gasar Miss Universe, Abarca ta yi ado da kayan ado na musamman kamar "Goddess of the River Lempa."   Duk da haka, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayon ta ta yi karo da yawa a kan jirgin ruwa na karya daga kayanta kuma ta kasa gamawa.    Ko da yake yana iya haifar da asarar ta, ta sami goyon baya daga magoya bayanta. 

Abarca tana jin daɗin ƙwallon ƙafa, ƙwallon ƙafa, waƙa da rawa ciki. Ta yi aikin sa kai a gidan marayu da kuma cocinta.   Tana da tsayin mita 1.65 (5'4"), kuma an zarge ta da cewa ta yi tsayin daka don kallon fina-finai.  

## Kara karantawa

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## Manazarta
Guguwar gishiri

**guguwar [[gishiri]]** girgije ne mai laushi na gishiri wanda ke tashi a kan manyan wurare, sakamakon iska da ke mamaye filayen gishiri. Guguwar gishiri yawanci tana faruwa a wuraren da ke da manyan wuraren gishiri, kamar waɗanda ke kewaye da Babban Tafkin Gishiri a Utah da Tekun Aral. Guguwar gishiri ma abu ne mai yawa a yankin Salar de Uyuni a Bolivia.

## Tasirin
Guguwar gishiri kusa da Tekun Aral tana haifar da mummunar haɗari ga lafiyar yankunan da ke kewaye. Gudun daga gonakin da ke kusa ya haifar da gurɓatawar Tekun Aral tare da guba kamar magungunan kashe kwari da taki. Yayin da teku ke narkewa, gurɓataccen mai guba a cikin ruwa yana narkewa tare da sauran ma'adanai don samar da gishiri. Lokacin da guba da ma'adanai daga filayen gishiri suka hura zuwa cikin iska ta waɗannan guguwa kuma suka sha, guba da hakora na iya haifar da ciwon daji na makogwaro da huhu, Mutuwar jarirai, raguwar tsammanin rayuwa da lahani na haihuwa.[1]

Guguwar gishiri na iya toshe ganuwa kuma ya haifar da lalacewar sinadarai ga tsarin da ke kewaye.

## Dubi kuma

* Tekun Aral
* Gishiri mai laushi

## Manazarta
Guguwar Radon

Hadari na radon wani lamari ne na tsawon rana na karuwar maida hankali ga radon na yanayi saboda motsi na iska. A Antarctica da Kudancin Tekun, sau da yawa suna faruwa ne saboda isowar iska ta nahiyar daga Kudancin Amurka da Afirka kuma an kirkiro manufar don bayyana karuwar radon kwatsam a can. A dabi'a, radon yana ƙaruwa a cikin maida hankali sau uku a cikin iska ta Antarctic a cikin watanni na rani na Disamba da Janairu.￼

## Manazarta
Carmen Elena Figueroa

Carmen Elena Figueroa Rodríguez 'yar siyasa ce ta Salvadoran kuma mai taken kyakkyawa wacce ta sami sarautar Miss El Salvador 1975 kuma ta wakilci El Salvador a Miss Universe 1975 inda ta sanya Top 12.

## Miss Universe 1975
Figueroa shi ne wakilin El Salvador ga Miss Universe Pageant a 1975 kuma ya sanya shi a cikin 12 na sama, karo na farko da aka sanya Salvadoran a cikin wasan kusa da na karshe tun Maribel Arrieta a 1955. 

## Majalisar dokoki
An zabe ta a majalisar dokokin kasar El Salvador a shekara ta 2006 inda a halin yanzu ita ce mataimakiyar jam'iyyar ARENA .  Figueroa ya yi aure kuma yana da 'ya'ya maza biyu. Mahaifinta, Carlos Humberto Figueroa, wani Kanar ne a cikin sojojin Salvadoran. Ta hanyarsa, ita 'yar Spain ce. 

## Manazarta
Marisela na Montecristo

Marisela de Montecristo (an Haife ta 25 Agusta 1992) ƙirar Haifaffiyar Salvadoran ce, mai gabatar da talabijin, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai taken kyakkyawa wanda aka naɗa Nuestra Belleza Latina 2013 da Miss El Salvador 2018 .

Bayan lashe Nuestra Belleza Latina 2013, de Montecristo ya yi bayyanuwa a kan shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa, ya kasance mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen baya a kan *Premios Juventud*, ya yi aiki a matsayin abin koyi akan *Sábado Gigante*, kuma ya fito da fitowar taho a cikin bidiyon kiɗan " Fun " na Pitbull . Kamar yadda Miss El Salvador 2018, ta wakilci El Salvador a Miss Universe 2018 amma ta kasa sanyawa a cikin Top 20.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi De Montecristo a ranar 25 ga Agusta 1992 a Olocuilta, La Paz .  Sa’ad da take ɗan shekara goma, dangin sun bar El Salvador suka zauna a Las Vegas, Nevada a Amurka.   Ta karanta fannin sadarwa a jami'a. 

## Shafin shafi
A cikin 2013, de Montecristo auditioned a Los Angeles don zama wani ɓangare na *Nuestra Belleza Latina 2013*, a Latina kyakkyawa pageant gaskiya show watsa shirye-shirye a kan Univision . A lokacin gasar, jagoranta shi ne dan kasar Venezuela Osmel Sousa .  A ƙarshe an zaɓe ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin goma sha biyu na ƙarshe, kuma tana ci gaba kowane mako har sai an bayyana ta a matsayin wadda ta yi nasara.  De Montecristo ta zama mace ta farko daga El Salvador da ta lashe gasar, ban da kasancewarta ta biyu ta Tsakiyar Amurka bayan Nastassja Bolívar na Nicaragua ya lashe *Nuestra Belleza Latina 2011* . Bayan nasarar da ta samu, an ba ta dalar Amurka 250,000, sabon Kia Forte, da talabijin na tsawon shekara guda da ke gabatar da kwangila tare da Univision. 

Bayan mulkinta a matsayin Nuestra Belleza Latina 2013, de Montecristo ya shirya shiga cikin gasar Nuestra Belleza El Salvador 2015 . Duk da haka, ta daina bin maganganun da ake yi wa 'yan gudun hijirar Mexico  Trump, wanda ya mallaki Miss Universe Organisation a lokacin, wanda mai nasara na Nuestra Belleza El Salvador ya ci gaba da yin gasa.   Ta ci nasara kuma ta sami kambi Miss El Salvador 2018. Ta ci gaba da wakiltar El Salvador a Miss Universe 2018, inda ba a saka ta ba.

## Manazarta
Patricia Murillo

Claudia Patricia Murillo (an Haife ta 1993) ƙirar Salvadoran ce kuma mai taken kyakkyawa. An naɗa ta Nuestra Belleza El Salvador 2014 kuma ta wakilci ƙasarta a gasar Miss Universe 2014 . An ce ita ita ce "Sarauniyar Mesoamerican" bisa ga fasalin halittarta na 'yar asalin Amurka, [1] da kuma kayanta na ƙasa inda ta nuna tatsuniyar Siguanaba . An haifi Patricia a garin Juayúa, wanda ke nufin "River of purple orchids", a cikin yaren Pipil na Amirka. Ko da yake Patricia ba ta shiga cikin Miss Universe ba, ta kasance mai sha'awar sha'awa, samun kulawar kafofin watsa labaru da yawa kuma ana daukarta ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan abin tunawa Miss El Salvador da Sarauniyar kyau na Amurka ta Tsakiya a cikin tarihin kwanan nan saboda kyawunta.

## Siffar jiki
Patricia tana da siffofi na ƴan asalin ƙasar Amurka.  Tana da tsayi, siriri, siffar mutum-mutumi, babban kunci, idanuwa masu duhun baka mai siffar almond, babban murmushi, fatar jan karfe, dogon gashi mai hankaka. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Manazarta
Yammacin Yammacin Wutar Wutar Wuta

Yammacin Yammacin Hemisphere Warm Pool (WHWP) yanki ne na Yanayin zafi na teku (SST) mai zafi fiye da 28.5 ° C wanda ke tasowa a yammacin Amurka ta tsakiya a cikin bazara, sannan ya fadada zuwa ruwan zafi zuwa gabas.&nbsp;

WHWP ya haɗa da Tekun Atlantika na wurare masu zafi (TNA) a gabashin Ƙananan Antilles, Tekun Caribbean, Tekun Mexico, da gabashin arewacin Tekun Pacific (ENP).

Tsarin dumama na WHWP yana farawa da dumi a gabashin Arewacin Pacific a cikin bazara. Tsarin dipole daga Amurka ta tsakiya ya bayyana saboda hauhawar iska mai sanyi, mai bushewa ta hanyar rata a Isthmus na Tehuantepec. A lokacin bazara, tafkuna masu dumi suna girma kuma suna haɗuwa. Zafin su da danshi suna ciyar da ruwan sama na Mexico. A lokacin rani, zafi yana yaduwa a fadin Gulf of Mexico da yankunan Caribbean.

## Dangantaka da guguwar Atlantic
Nazarin da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa ɓangaren Atlantic na WHWP (AWP) yana da alaƙa sosai da aikin guguwar Atlantic. Babban (ko karami) AWP yana rage (ko ƙaruwa) iska mai tsayi a cikin Babban yankin ci gaba don guguwar Atlantic kuma yana ƙarawa (ko ragewa) rashin kwanciyar hankali na troposphere, dukansu suna ni'ima (ko ba sa son) [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] karuwar guguwar wurare masu zafi zuwa manyan guguwa. 

## Dangantaka da El Niño
Nazarin rikodin yanayi ya nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin El Niño da Yammacin Yammacin Hemisphere Warm Pool (WHWP). A lokacin hunturu na yau da kullun na Arewacin Hemisphere, dumama na diabatic [yana buƙatar bayani] a kan Amazon yana fitar da sel na Hadley tare da iska mai saukowa a kan anticyclone arewacin 20 ° N a cikin subtropical Arewacin Atlantic da iskar kasuwanci ta arewa maso gabas tsakanin Afirka da Caribbean. Wani El Niño yana raunana tantanin halitta na Amazon, anticyclone da iskar kasuwanci ta gabas, wanda ke haifar da Arewacin Atlantic mai zafi fiye da yadda aka saba a cikin bazara. Kimanin rabin abubuwan da suka faru na El Niño sun ci gaba sosai a cikin watanni na bazara don tafkin mai dumi ya zama babba a lokacin rani. 

## Abubuwan da suka faru a yankin

* 800-900: Rushewar wayewar Maya ta gargajiya saboda fari. Yucatán Peninsula a cikin Mexico ta yanzu.

## Manazarta
Wurin Wutar Wutar Tropical

Tropical Warm Pool (**TWP**) ko Indo-Pacific Warm Pool tarin ruwan teku ne wanda ke yammacin Tekun Pacific da gabashin Tekun Indiya wanda ke nuna yanayin zafi mafi girma a saman duniya. Ƙarfinsa da girmansa sun bayyana suna juyawa a cikin wani lokaci da aka auna a cikin shekarun da suka gabata.

Tafkin ɗumi na Indo-Pacific yana ɗumama cikin sauri kuma yana faɗaɗawa a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, galibi daga sauyin yanayi sakamakon ƙarar hayaƙin carbon daga konewar mai.[1] Ruwan dumin ya kusan ninka girmansa, daga wani yanki mai nisan kilomita miliyan 22 a tsakanin shekarar 1900-1980, zuwa wani yanki mai girman kilomita 40 a lokacin 1981-2018;[2] duk da haka, bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa ana iya yin kima da kima.[3] Wannan fadada tafki mai dumi ya ba da damar ƙarin guguwa tare da canza yanayin ruwan sama na duniya da bambance-bambance ta hanyar canza yanayin rayuwar Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO), wanda shine mafi girman yanayin canjin yanayi da ya samo asali a cikin wurare masu zafi.

## Dubi kuma

* Kasashen Ruwa

## Manazarta
Sonia Cruz

Sonia Yesenia Cruz Ayala (an haife ta . 1990 ) mai suna Salvadoran kyakkyawa ce mai taken wacce ta sami kambin Nuestra Belleza El Salvador 2010 kuma ta wakilci ƙasarta a gasar Miss Universe ta 2010.

## Rayuwar farko
Wani mazaunin San Salvador, Cruz tana neman digiri na farko a harkokin kasuwanci a Universidad Centroamericana "José Simeón Cañas" kuma zai kammala karatunsa a 2012. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

Kafin shiga Nuestra Belleza El Salvador, an zaɓi Cruz sarauniyar ''Fiestas Agustinas'', bikin gargajiya na Salvadoran don tunawa da Juyin Yesu . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

## Nuestra Belleza El Salvador 2010
Cruz, wanda ke tsaye 1.73 m (5 ft 8 a) tsayi, ta yi takara a matsayin daya daga cikin 15 na karshe a gasar kyawun kasarta, Nuestra Belleza El Salvador, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 25 ga Yuni, 2010, a Telecorporación Salvadoreña Studios a San Salvador, inda ta zama mai nasara na karshe na take, samun 'yancin wakiltar El Salvador a Miss Universe . &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

== Miss Universe 2010 ==
A matsayinta na wakiliyar [[Salvador|kasarta]] zuwa 2010 Miss Universe pageant watsa shirye-shirye kai tsaye daga Aljanna, Nevada a kan Agusta 23, Cruz ya shiga a matsayin ɗaya  83 waɗanda suka nemi kambi na ƙarshe, Ximena Navarrete na [[Mexico]] .

== Miss Continente Americano 2010 ==
Bayan Miss Universe 2010, Cruz ya wakilci [[Salvador|El Salvador]] a Miss Continente Americano 2010, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2010, a Guayaquil, [[Ecuador]] . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

## Manazarta
Miss Universo Chile 2017

Miss Universo Chile 2017, gasar Miss Universo Chile ta 54th, an gudanar da gasar ne a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 2017. Catalina Cáceres ta lashe Natividad Leiva a matsayin magajinta a karshen taron. Leiva za ta wakilci Chile a Miss Universe 2017 pageant. Valentina Schnitzer ita ce ta zo ta daya kuma Ingrid Aceitón ta zo ta biyu.

## Sakamako

### Wuraren Wuta

## Wakilai
An zaɓi wakilai 15 a hukumance a kan simintin gyare-gyare biyu. 

## Alƙalai

* Marlen Olivarí
* Andrés Caniulef
* Pato Moreno

## Bayanan kula

* Valentina Schnitzer ta lashe gasar Miss Supranational Chile 2015 kuma ta shiga cikin Reina Hispanoamericana 2017.
* Natividad Leiva ta lashe gasar Miss Earth Chile 2015 kuma ta ƙare a matsayin Top 8 a Miss Earth 2015 . Har ila yau, ta shiga cikin Miss United Continents 2016 pageant a Guayaquil, Ecuador .
* Ingrid Aceitón ya kasance wakilin Miss World Chile 2012 pageant, kuma ya lashe taken Miss La Florida 2017.  &#x5B; ** &#x5D;
* Simone Mack dan wasan karshe ne a Elite Model Look Chile 2014. 
* Amelia Herrera ta kasance 'yar wasan karshe a Miss World Chile 2017.
* María José Besoain ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin wakilai na Miss Universo Chile 2012 .

## Manazarta
Tsinkaye na Arewacin Pacific

North Pacific Oscillation (**NPO**) tsari ne na Haɗin kai wanda Walker da Bliss suka fara bayyanawa  kuma ana nuna shi ta hanyar arewa maso kudu a matsin lamba a kan Tekun Arewacin Pacific. Rogers, ta amfani da yanayin zafi daga St. Paul, Alaska, da Edmonton, sun gano matakai biyu na NPO, wani Aleutian a ƙasa (AB) wanda ya dace da zurfi da gabas ya sauya Aleutian Low da Aleutian sama (AA) wanda shine akasin haka.

A lokacin da ya dace (AB), matsin lamba na teku yana ingantawa a kan babban yanki a cikin subtropics wanda ya kai ga pole zuwa 40N ° kuma ya rage a mafi girman latitudes, ana inganta yammacin yamma a kan tsakiyar Pacific kuma zafin hunturu yana da sauƙi a yawancin iyakar yammacin Arewacin Amurka amma ya fi sanyi fiye da yadda aka saba a Gabashin Siberia da Amurka Kudu maso Yamma, hazo ya fi na Alaska da Great Plains. Sakamakon NPO yana yaduwa cikin subtropics da tropics ta hanyar wani yanayin yanayi, yanayin Pacific Meridional . [1] North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO) shine bayyanar teku na NPO.[2]

## Dubi kuma

* Tsinkaye na shekaru goma na Pacific
* Yanayin Kudancin Pacific
* El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) 

## Manazarta

## Haɗin na waje

* Gidan yanar gizon NPGO / NPO
Cyclostratigraphy

**Cyclostratigraphy** wani bangare ne na stratigraphy wanda ke nazarin yanayin yanayi na tilasta a cikin jerin abubuwan da suka faru.

## Canje-canje na sararin samaniya
Tsarin taurari (wanda aka fi sani da Milankovitch cycles) bambance-bambance ne na yanayin duniya a kusa da Rana saboda hulɗar nauyi tare da wasu taro a cikin Tsarin Hasken rana.[1] Saboda wannan cyclicity, hasken rana ya bambanta ta hanyar lokaci a kan bangarori daban-daban kuma yanayin yanayi yana shafar. Wadannan bambance-bambance na insolation suna da tasiri a kan yanayin duniya da kuma a kan zubar da duwatsu.￼

Babban zagaye na orbital shine precession tare da manyan lokutan 19 da 23 kyr, obliquity tare da manyan lokuta na 41 kyr, da 1.2 Myr, da eccentricity tare da babban lokutan kusan 100 kyr, 405 kyr, da 2.4 Myr.  Precession yana tasiri ga yawan insolation da kowane hemisphere ke karɓa. Obliquity yana sarrafa tsananin yanayi. Abinda ke da alaƙa yana rinjayar yawan insolation da Duniya ke karɓa gaba ɗaya. Bambancin hasken rana kai tsaye yana tasiri ga yanayin duniya, kuma canje-canje a cikin hazo da yanayin yanayi an bayyana su a cikin rikodin sedimentary. Tsarin 405 kyr eccentricity yana taimakawa wajen gyara jerin lokuta a cikin duwatsu ko ƙwayoyin sedimentation lokacin da canji mai canzawa ya sa su da wuya a sanya su. Masu nuna alamun waɗannan sake zagayowar a cikin turɓaya sun haɗa da magnetism na dutse, geochemistry, abun da ke cikin halittu, da siffofin jiki kamar launi da canje-canje.

## Hanyoyin Dating da aikace-aikace
Don ƙayyade lokacin binciken cyclostratigraphic, ana tsara duwatsu ta amfani da kwanan wata na radiometric da sauran hanyoyin stratigraphic. Da zarar an daidaita lokacin, ana bincika duwatsu don siginar Milankovitch. Daga can, ana iya sanya shekaru zuwa yadudduka masu laushi bisa ga siginar astronomical da suke ƙunshe da su.

Nazarin cyclostratigraphic na rubuce-rubucen dutse na iya haifar da daidaitattun kwanan wata na abubuwan da suka faru a cikin ilimin ƙasa da suka gabata, don haɓaka fahimtar dalilin da sakamakon Tarihin Duniya (yanayi) , da kuma fahimtar mafi kyawun sarrafawa akan hanyoyin da aka ajiye na sediments da halayyar tsarin sedimentary. Cyclostratigraphy kuma yana taimakawa nazarin kimiyyar lissafi na duniya, saboda yana ba da bayani game da sake zagayowar taurari wanda ya wuce 50 Ma (model na taurari ba daidai ba ne bayan wannan).  Za'a iya amfani da kewayon lokaci ga waɗannan zagayen taurari don daidaita 40Ar / 39Ar dating.

## Ƙuntatawa
Har ila yau, rashin tabbas yana tasowa yayin amfani da cyclostratigraphy. Yin amfani da kwanan wata na radioisotope don saita sigogi don ma'auni na lokaci yana gabatar da matakin rashin tabbas. Har ila yau, akwai rashin tabbas na stratigraphic, rashin tabbas saboda tilasta yanayi, da rashin tabbas game da tasirin juyawa na Duniya akan precession. Har ila yau, akwai rashin tabbas a cikin bayanan da suka wuce 50 Ma saboda samfuran astronomical ba daidai ba ne fiye da 50 Ma saboda rikici da rashin tabbas na yanayin farko.

## Dubi kuma

* Rashin ruwa na cyclic
* Tsarin Milankovitch
* Rubuce-rubuce

## Manazarta
Pseudoproxy

A pseudoproxy ƙwararriyar hanya ce da ake anfani day dataset a cikin paleoclimatology don gwada hanyoyin sake gina duniya ko hemispherical sauyin yanayi daga zafin jiki rikodin, wanda aka haɓaka don sake gina rikodin zafin jiki na shekaru 1000 da suka gabatar ta amfani da wakilai na lokutan kafin kayan aikin zafin jiki. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2002 Michael E. Mann da Scott Rutherford sun buga wata takarda da ke gabatar da wannan hanyar ƙara hayaniya ta wucin gadi ga ainihin rikodin zafin jiki ko kuma samfurin samfurin yanayi don samar da abin da suka kira "pseudoproxies". Lokacin da aka yi amfani da algorithms na sake ginawa tare da waɗannan pseudoproxies, an kwatanta sakamakon da rikodin asali ko kwaikwayon don ganin yadda aka sake gina shi. Sun tattauna batun cewa hanyoyin koma baya na sake ginawa sun nuna rashin la'akari da girman bambancin.[1]

## Manazarta
Don Gishiri

Don Glaciation, wanda aka fi sani da **Donian Glaciation** da Donian Stage, shine babban glaciation na Gabashin Turai, shekaru 0.8-0.5 da suka gabata, a lokacin Cromerian Stage na Tsakiyar Pleistocene. Yana da alaƙa da Marine Isotope Stage 16 (**MIS 16**),  kimanin shekaru 650,000 da suka gabata, wanda a duniya ya ƙunshi ɗayan manyan ƙwayoyin glacial na Quaternary. 

## Don Gishiri
Don Glaciation yana nuna shaidar mafi girman kankara a Gabashin Turai, yana faɗaɗa cikin kwandon ruwa na tsakiyar da ƙananan Kogin Don a Rasha, yana kaiwa digiri 50 na arewacin latitude. Wannan glaciation ya faru ne kafin Muchkap interglacial da Oka da Dnieper glaciations na Gabashin Turai.  

## Marine Isotope Mataki na 16
MIS 16 babban matakin glacial ne da aka gano ta hanyar auna isotopes oxygene a cikin samfuran zurfin teku mai zurfi (matakin isotope na teku) na shekarun Cromerian, kimanin 676-621 ka da suka wuce.[1] Dangane da girman ƙanƙara na duniya, yana matsayi ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman glaciations biyu na Quaternary, daidai da MIS 12.[2][3] Duk da haka, dangane da yanayin ruwan teku yana da mafi ƙarancin glaciation, na irin ƙarfin yanayi mai kama da glaciations Cromerian MIS 14 da MIS 18.[2]. Matsakaicin yanayi na CO2 ya kasance ƙasa da 180 ppm don 3 ka yayin MIS 16, mafi ƙanƙanta na zagayowar glacial takwas na ƙarshe.[3]

## Haɗuwa
Don da MIS 16 yawanci suna da alaƙa da juna. Wannan ya dogara ne akan zaton cewa shaidar da ta fi yaduwa game da glaciation a cikin Cromerian ya kamata a haɗa shi da mafi girman glaciation akan yanayin duniya. Koyaya, ƙudurin lokaci na ƙudurin shekaru na yanzu bai isa ba don bambancin bayyane tsakanin MIS 14, MIS 16 da MIS 18 .   Ba a san dalilin da ya sa babban glaciation na MIS 16 ya bar wata hujja kaɗan a cikin bayanan ilimin ƙasa na Yammacin Turai ba. An yi imanin cewa MIS 16 ya dace da Pre-Illinoian D a Arewacin Amurka.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin lokaci na ƙanƙara

## Manazarta
Alkenone

**Alke''n*** sune methyl da ethyl n-ketons masu tsawo waɗanda wasu nau'ikan phytoplankton na ajin Prymnesiophyceae suka samar. Alkenones yawanci suna dauke da tsakanin 35 da 41 carbon atoms kuma tare da tsakanin biyu zuwa hudu biyu biyu bindings. Musamman ga biolipids, alkenones suna da sarari na ƙungiyoyin methylene guda biyar tsakanin haɗin biyu, waɗanda ke da Tsarin E na yau da kullun. Ayyukan halittu na alkenones ya kasance a cikin muhawara kodayake mai yiwuwa ne cewa su ne ajiyar lipids. An fara bayyana alkenones a cikin ruwan teku da aka dawo da su daga Walvis Ridge  sannan jim kadan bayan haka a cikin al'adun coccolithophore na ruwa *Gephyrocapsa huxleyi*.  Abubuwan da aka fi sani da alkenones sun kasance a lokacin Aptian shekaru miliyan 120 da suka gabata. Ana amfani da su a cikin ilimin kimiyyar halittu a matsayin [[Wakilin yanayi|wakili]] don zafin jiki na teku da ya gabata.

: 

Dabbobi masU samar da alK suna amsawa ga canje-canje a cikin mahallinsu - gami da canje-canje na zafin jiki na ruwa - ta hanyar canza daidaitattun dangi na alkenones daban-daban da suke samarwa. A yanayin zafi mafi girma ana samar da alkenones masu cike da daidaito. Wannan yana nufin cewa za'a iya amfani da matakin dangi na rashin cikawa na alkenones don kimanta zafin jiki na ruwa wanda kwayoyin da ke samar da alkenone suka girma.[1] Matsayin dangi na rashin cikawa kamar yadda aka fara bayyanawa (UK37) ya haɗa da tetra unsaturated C37 alkenone:￼

*U* = (C<sub>37</sub>:2 - C<sub>37:4</sub>) / (C37: 2 + C<sub>37:3</sub> + C<sub>37:4</sub>) &nbsp;&nbsp;

Koyaya, ƙididdigar ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarfi (*U* '<sub>37</sub>), gabaɗaya mafi amfani a cikin saitunan ruwa, ya dogara ne akan di- da tri- unsaturated C<sub>37</sub> alkenones kuma an bayyana shi kamar haka:

: *U* = C<sub>37</sub>:2/ (C<sub>37:2</sub> + C<sub>37:3</sub>) &nbsp;&nbsp;

Za'a iya amfani da B*U* '<sub>37</sub> don kimanta yawan zafin jiki na teku bisa ga dangantakar da aka ƙayyade daga daidaitawar saman. Tsarin da aka fi amfani dashi shine na Müller et al., 1998:

: *U* = 0.033*T'' [°C] + 0.044 

Müller et al. (1998) daidaitawa bai dace da duk mahalli ba kuma, musamman, ana buƙatar daidaitawa daban-daban don manyan latitudes da saitunan lacustrine.

## Manazarta

## Haɗin Na waje

*
Meiyu gaba

Gabatarwar meiyu, wanda aka fi sani da gaba na baiu, yanki ne mai saurin tsayawa a cikin ƙananan troposphere. Tana kan gabar gabashin China da Taiwan a ƙarshen yamma, da kuma kan Tekun Pacific a kudancin Japan a ƙarshen gabashin.

Kalmar *meiyu* (*mei-yu*) ita ce Sinanci don "ruwan sama", ana kiranta *baiu* (*bai-u*) a cikin  (Sinanci da Jafananci: 梅雨).

## Bayyanawa
A gaban *meiyu* ya shimfiɗa daga Tibetan Plateau zuwa Japan tare da rafin jet wanda ke raba yaduwar Arctic zuwa arewa daga yaduwar wurare masu zafi zuwa kudu. A lokacin tsakiyar bazara zuwa tsakiyar bazara, yaduwar sama yawanci yamma-gabas ne kuma gaba galibi tsaye ne.

Tare da wannan iyaka, Mesoscale convective complexes (MCCs) ko mesoscale conbective systems (MCSs) suna samarwa da yaduwa zuwa gabas, suna ba da jerin ruwan sama mai nauyi.

Tsarin yana cire danshi daga Tekun Kudancin China kuma wani lokacin Bay of Bengal. Jirgin saman mai laushi mai laushi yana ɗagawa ta hanyar jirgin sama mai laushi a gefen ma'auni na Yankin baroclinic. Motsi mai zurfi na tsaye wanda ke haifar da MCCs / MCSs da aka tsara yana da ƙarfi sosai lokacin da iska mai dumi mai sauƙi ya shiga yankin da ke ƙarƙashin yankin ƙofar jet a sama.[1] Ruwan sama a kan wannan iyaka yana da nauyi sosai a lokacin rani na bayan El Niño, kamar lokacin rani na 2016.[2]￼

## Dubi kuma

* Lokacin ruwan sama na Gabashin Asiya

## Manazarta
Sakamakon Dole

**Sakamakon Dole**, mai suna bayan Malcolm Dole, ya bayyana rashin daidaito a cikin rabo na isotope mai nauyi <sup>18</sup>" id="mwBg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Oxygen-18">18O (ma'auni" atom na oxygen tare da ƙarin Neutron guda biyu) zuwa mai sauƙi 16, wanda aka auna a cikin yanayi da ruwan teku. Wannan rabo yawanci ana nuna shi δ18O.

It was noticed in 1935 that air contained more 18O than seawater; this was quantified in 1975 to 23.5‰, but later refined as 23.88‰ in 2005. The imbalance arises mainly as a result of respiration in plants and in animals. Due to thermodynamics of isotope reactions, respiration removes the lighter—hence more reactive—16O in preference to 18O, increasing the relative amount of 18O in the atmosphere.

Rashin daidaito yana daidaitawa ta hanyar 2" href="./Photosynthesis" id="mwKw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis. Photosynthesis yana fitar da iskar oxygen tare da wannan isotopic abun da ke ciki (watau [./Δ&#x3C;sup&#x20;id= 18" id="mwLA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Δ18O">rabo tsakanin 18 da 16O]) kamar ruwa (H2O) da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin amsawa,  wanda ke da 'yanci daga rabo na yanayi. Don haka lokacin da matakan 18O na yanayi suka isa, photosynthesis zai yi aiki a matsayin abin ragewa. Koyaya, a matsayin abu mai rikitarwa, matakin raguwa (watau canji a cikin isotope ratio) wanda ke faruwa saboda photosynthesis ba ya dogara da ruwa da shuka ta zana, kamar yadda raguwa na iya faruwa ne sakamakon fifiko na H216O - ruwa mai ɗauke da isotopes masu sauƙi, da sauran ƙananan matakai masu mahimmanci.

## Amfani da tasirin Dole
Tun da evaporation yana haifar da ruwan teku da na ƙasa don samun rabo daban na 18 zuwa 16, tasirin Dole zai nuna muhimmancin da ya dace na photosynthesis na ƙasa da na ruwa. Cikakken cire yawan amfanin ƙasa zai haifar da canjin tasirin Dole na -2-3‰ daga darajar yanzu na 23.5‰. 

Tsayawa (zuwa cikin 0.5‰) na yanayin 18 zuwa 16 dangane da ruwan teku tun lokacin Interglacial na ƙarshe (shekaru 130,000 da suka gabata), kamar yadda aka samo daga ƙwayoyin kankara, yana nuna cewa yawan ƙasa da na ruwa sun bambanta tare a wannan lokacin.

Bambance-bambancen shekaru na tasirin Dole an gano suna da alaƙa da abubuwan da suka faru na canjin yanayi ba zato ba tsammani a yankin Arewacin Atlantic a cikin 60 kyr na ƙarshe (1kyr=1000years).[1] Babban alaƙa na tasirin Dole zuwa speleothem δ18O, mai nuni ga hazo damina, yana ba da shawarar cewa yana iya fuskantar canje-canje a ƙarancin ƙarancin latudu na ƙasa. Bambance-bambancen ma'auni na Orbital na tasirin Dole, wanda aka kwatanta da lokutan 20-100 kyr, suna mai da martani mai ƙarfi ga ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun kewayar sararin samaniya da gabaɗaya, amma ba ma'ana ba.[2]

Hakanan ana iya amfani da tasirin Dole a matsayin mai ganowa a cikin ruwan teku, tare da ƙananan bambance-bambance a cikin ilmin sunadarai ana amfani da su don bin diddigin "ƙananan" ruwa da ƙayyade shekarunsa.

## Dubi kuma

* Isotopes na iskar oxygen

## Manazarta
Nephanalysis

A **Nephanalysis** ko neph ginshiƙi wani nau'i ne na synoptic ginshiƙi shirya iri da adadin girgije da hazo. Nephanalyses na iya taswirar girgije, tsawo na girgije, ko rufin girgije, wanda ya haɗa bayanai daga farfajiya, iska, da kuma abubuwan lura da tauraron dan adam. Nephanalyses na farko sun dogara ne akan rahotanni na girgije daga tashoshin yanayi na sama kuma an yi amfani da su don nazarin tsarin Yanayin yanayi. Binciken tauraron dan adam ya fi maye gurbin abubuwan lura da ke sama don yawancin aikace-aikacen nephanalysis bayan 1960, kodayake rahotanni na sama sun kasance masu mahimmanci ga bayanan da suka shafi tushen girgije. Nephanalyses na farko na tauraron dan adam an zana su da hannu bisa ga fassarar masanin yanayi na hotunan da aka dauka da yawa a cikin haske mai ganuwa. Nephanalyses bisa ga Hotunan tauraron dan adam na infrared da bincike na atomatik daga baya sun fito ne yayin da tauraron dan Adam na yanayi ya zama da yawa.

Ana iya amfani da nephanalysis don kauce wa wuraren yanayi masu haɗari, ta jiragen ruwa da ke shirya hanyoyin tafiya, da kuma gano wuraren kamun kifi masu kyau.[1] Wannan dabarar ba a yi ta da yawa a cikin hasashen zamani, saboda yaduwar hotunan tauraron dan adam a duniya.[2]￼

## Manazarta
Advection na danshi

**Advection na [[danshi]]** shine jigilar tururi ta iska. Aunawa da ilimin tururin ruwa na yanayi, ko "ruwa", yana da mahimmanci a cikin tsinkaya na duk abubuwan yanayi, musamman girgije, hazo, zafin jiki, zafi, ƙididdigar ta'aziyya da hazo. Yankunan advection na danshi galibi suna tare da yankuna na advection mai dumi.

## Ma'anar
Yin amfani da ma'anar gargajiya na advection, an bayyana advection na danshi kamar haka:

: Adv(\rho_m)=-\mathbf{V}\cdot\nabla \rho_m \!

inda V shine iska mai laushi, kuma 

ρ 

m 

{\displaystyle \rho _{m}} 

shine yawan tururi na ruwa. Koyaya, yawanci ana auna abun cikin tururi na ruwa dangane da haɗuwa (ƙananan taro) a cikin satar-linkid="22" href="./Meteorological_reanalysis" id="mwGQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Meteorological reanalysis">sake nazarin ko raɓa (zafin jiki zuwa matsin matsin tururi, watau zafi na dangi zuwa 100%) a cikin hasashen aiki. Za'a iya tunanin advection na raɓa kanta a matsayin advection mai danshi:

: Adv(T_d)=-\mathbf{V}\cdot\nabla T_d \!

## Ruwa mai guba
Dangane da haɗuwa, ana iya wakiltar jigilar kaya / advection a kwance dangane da kwararar danshi:

: \mathbf{f}=q\mathbf{V}\!

inda q shine rabo na gauraya. Ana iya haɗa darajar a duk faɗin yanayi don jimlar jigilar danshi ta hanyar tsaye:

: \mathbf{F}=\int_0^\infty \! \rho \mathbf{f}\,dz \,=-\int_P^0 \! \frac{\mathbf{f}}{g}\,dp \,

inda 

ρ 

{\displaystyle \rho } 

shine yawan iska, kuma P shine matsin lamba a ƙasa. Don ma'anar dama mai nisa, mun yi amfani da kusanci na daidaitattun Hydrostatic.

Kuma bambancinsa (haɗuwa) yana nuna evapotranspiration (ruwa) kamar ƙarawa (cirewa) danshi daga shafi:

: P-E-\frac{\partial (\int_0^\infty \! \rho q\,dz \,)}{\partial t}=-\nabla \cdot \mathbf{F}\!

inda P, E, da cikakkiyar kalma sune - hazo, evapotranspiration, da kuma lokacin canjin ruwan sama, duk an wakilta su dangane da taro / (yanki * lokaci na raka'a). Mutum na iya canzawa zuwa wasu raka'a na yau da kullun a tsawon kamar mm ta hanyar ninka yawan ruwa mai ruwa da kuma ma'aunin juyawa na tsawon lokaci.

## Dubi kuma

* Haar (fog) 
* Tsarin ruwa
* Advection mai kyau

## Manazarta


## Haɗin na vwaje

* [Bayani na Ruwa Advection](http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/af/adv/madv.rxml)
* Amfani da Advection na Ruwa don Tsinkaya Yanayi
Yankin Arctic

Gabatarwar Arctic ita ce tsaka-tsaki, yanayin yanayi mai ci gaba tsakanin iska mai sanyi na Arctic da iska mai dumi na tantanin halitta. Hakanan ana iya bayyana shi azaman iyakar kudancin iska ta Arctic. Tsuntsaye masu tsayi da aka sani da ƙananan polar na iya samuwa tare da gaban arctic a yayin da guguwar extratropical ta kasance. Jirgin iska na Arctic a cikin farkawarsu ba shi da zurfi tare da zurfin iska mai ɗorewa sama da sanyi mai sanyi.

## Bayyanawa a cikin hotunan tauraron dan adam
Arctic Fronts sun samo asali ne a yankin Arctic, kuma suna motsawa zuwa kudu a cikin kudancin kudu. Lokacin da suka isa Arewacin Turai, yawanci suna tafiya a kan teku mai budewa, kuma girgije ya bunkasa. Bayyanar Arctic Cold Fronts shine, a zahiri, na Cold Front mai zurfi.￼

Arctic Cold Fronts yawanci suna da nisa a arewacin cewa hotunan Meteosat kadai ba su isa su gane su ba. Har ila yau, waɗannan samfuran ra'ayi na iya kama da Arctic Cold Fronts: polar Cold Front, Polar Low da Comma. Ana yin binciken karshe mafi kyau ta amfani da madauki na hotuna na AVHRR tare da taimakon filayen sigogi na lambobi.

## Nau'o'in ganuwar sanyi na Arctic
Arctic Cold Fronts za a iya rarraba su cikin nau'i biyu:

* **Gaban Baroclinic**

Wadannan bangarorin suna kama da bangarorin sanyi na polar, amma yawanci ba su da yawa. Ruwan da ke gaba ya zama mafi girma tare da lokaci.

* **Yankin kankara / teku**

Wadannan gaba suna samuwa a kan kan iyakar kankara / teku kuma suna motsawa zuwa kudu tare da kwararar asali. Akwai kawai Cold Front mai nisa. Sau da yawa wannan nau'in yana da zurfi kuma yana da rauni cewa ba za a iya gano shi a cikin hotunan tururi na ruwa na Meteosat ba.

## Dubi kuma

* Yanayin yanayi na polar

## Manazarta
Tsarin makamashi na Lorenz

**Tsarin [[makamashi]] na Lorenz** yana bayyana ƙarni, juyawa da ɓacewa makamashi a cikin yaduwar yanayi. An sanya masa suna ne bayan masanin yanayin yanayi Edward N. Lorenz wanda ya yi aiki a kan tsarin lissafi a cikin shekarun 1950. 

## Bayyanawa

### Gabatarwa
Duk wani tsarin yaduwar yanayi, ko ƙaramin tsarin yanayi ne ko P_winds" id="mwGg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Prevailing winds">tsarin iska mai girma, ana kiyaye shi ta hanyar samar da makamashi. Ci gaban irin wannan tsarin yana buƙatar ko dai sauyawar wasu nau'ikan makamashi zuwa makamashi mai motsi, ko kuma sauya makamashi na wani tsarin zuwa na tsarin ci gaba.[1] A kan sikelin duniya, zagayawar yanayi dole ne ta ɗauki makamashi zuwa tashar, saboda akwai samun makamashi a cikin wurare masu zafi ta hanyar hasken rana mai shigowa da asarar makamashi cikin manyan latitudes ta hanyar fitar da zafi. A ƙananan latitudes, inda Hadley cell ke samun siffar, ana yin jigilar makamashi ta hanyar matsakaicin yaduwar meridional. A tsakiyar latitudes ya bambanta, tasirin siffofin asymmetric, wanda ake kira eddies, ya mamaye matsakaicin gudana. Don bincike mai zurfi, yana da amfani a raba dukkan sigogi (misali P) a cikin ma'aunin yanki (wanda aka nuna ta hanyar layi, misali P) da kuma tashi daga ma'auni na yanki saboda orography, bambance-bambance na ƙasa, tsarin yanayi da duk wani fasalin da ya yi kama da eddy (wanda aka bayyana ta firam, misali P').￼

### Rashin tankuna na makamashi
Makamashi mai yuwuwa shine adadin makamashi mai iyawa a cikin yanayi wanda za'a iya canza shi zuwa makamashi na motsi. A cikin yanayi mai ɗorewa, ana kimanta ma'aunin makamashi na yanki kamar haka:

: P'=\frac{1}{2}\int_A \frac{\rho_0}{N^2}\overline{\left(\frac{\partial\Phi'}{\partial z^{*}}\right)^2}\,\mathrm{d}V

inda 

∫ 

A 

d 

V 

{\displaystyle \int _{A}\mathrm {d} V} 

shine cikakkiyar yanayin duniya, ρ0 shine matsakaicin iska, N shine mitar tashi, ma'auni na kwanciyar hankali, Φ shine geopotential kuma z * yana nuna ma'aunin matsin lamba.

Eddy da ake samu makamashi mai yuwuwa P' an kiyasta shi kamar haka:

: \overline{P}=\frac{1}{2}\int_A \frac{\rho_0}{N^2}\left(\frac{\partial\overline{\Phi}}{\partial z^{*}}\right)^2\,\mathrm{d}V

Zonal-mean K makamashi K an kimanta shi kamar haka:

: \overline{K}=\int_A\rho_0\frac{\overline{u}^2+\overline{v}^2}{2}\,\mathrm{d}V

inda u da v sune sassan yanki da sassan iska.

Eddy kinetic energy K' an kiyasta shi kamar haka:

: K ′    =    ∫    A      ρ    0           u    ′    2      ̄     +      v    ′    2      ̄      2      d    V     {\displaystyle K'=\int _{A}\rho _{0}{\frac }+{\overline{v'^{1}}}}{2}}\,\mathrm {d} V} 

### Tushen, sinks da jujjuyawar makamashi
Bayanan Lorenz Energy Cycle an kammala shi ta hanyar tsarin lissafi don samar da makamashi mai yuwuwa ta hanyar dumama ta diabatic, jujjuyawarsa zuwa makamashi ta hanyar motsi na iska da kuma watsar da makamashin motsi ta hanyar rikici. Juyawa na zonal-mean makamashi zuwa eddy makamashi da kuma akasin haka yana yiwuwa inda eddies ke hulɗa tare da matsakaicin kwarara kuma yana motsa iska mai dumi / sanyi.

## Manazarta
Winterline

Fayil:Winterline_view_from_Serkawn,_Lunglei,_Mizoram,_India.jpg|Winterline as visible from Mizoram
Fayil:Winterline_sunset_view_from_Serkawn,_Lunglei,_Mizoram.jpg|Winterline Sunset view from Serkawn, Lunglei, Mizoram.
Fayil:Winterline_with_Lunglei_town_foreground_Mizoram.jpg|Winterline view with Lunglei in frame.
Fayil:Winterline_Above_Dehradun_Valley_(5291469786).jpg|Winterline above the Doon Valley
Fayil:Winterline_Above_Mussoorie_(5290869225).jpg|Winterline as visible from Mussoorie
Fayil:Winterline.jpg|Winterline as visible from Landour near Mussoorie
Fayil:Winterline_Above_Mussoorie_(5290871907).jpg|Winterline and the hill station Mussoorie in the foreground
Layin hunturu ko lokacin hunturu shine kalmar da ake amfani da ita don kwatanta sararin samaniyar ƙarya da ke samuwa da yamma kuma ana iya gani daga wasu sassan duniya masu tsaunuka[1]. Dalilin samuwarsa ba a bayyana ba, amma an ruwaito cewa “masana” sun yi imanin cewa yana faruwa ne saboda raƙuman haske lokacin da ƙurar ƙura, damshi, da hayaƙi, suka tashi daga filayen ƙasa, suka haɗu da iska mai sanyin dutse, kuma aka samu ‘sarari na biyu’[1][2]. Ana iya gani daga wurare da yawa a ko'ina cikin Himalayas kuma ya shahara sosai daga Mizoram, da Mussoorie da Hilly na Uttarakhand da Nahan, Himachal Pradesh a Indiya tsakanin Oktoba da Fabrairu, kuma ana kiran bikin Carnival na Mussoorie Winterline na gida bayan al'amarin.[3][4][5] Baya ga Indiya, layin hunturu yana faruwa a cikin tsaunukan Swiss Alps.[2]￼

## Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

## Manazarta
Frontolysis

**Frontolysis** (wanda aka fi sani da lalacewar gaba) a cikin yanayin yanayi, shine rushewa ko raunanawar gaba na yanayi. Gabaɗaya an bayyana shi azaman raguwa a cikin Yanayin zafin  tsakanin haɗuwa da iska ko kuma ana iya haifar da shi ta hanyar canji a cikin yanayin iska.

Sabanin yankunan "Frontogenesis", yankunan da iska ta rabu ana kiransu yankunan frontolysis.￼

## Dubi kuma

* Farawa ta gaba
* Yankin fitarwa

## Manazarta
Ridge (meteorology)

A cikin ilimin yanayi, **tudun** ko **barometric ridge** yanki ne mai tsawo na matsin yanayi mai tsawo idan aka kwatanta da yanayin da ke kewaye da shi, ba tare da kasancewa mai rufewa ba. Yana da alaƙa da yanki na matsakaicin ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa na iska. Dutsen ya samo asali ne a tsakiyar anticyclonic kuma yana tsakanin yankuna biyu masu matsin lamba, kuma ana kiran maɓallin matsakaicin layin. Wannan sabon abu akasin rami ne.

## Bayyanawa
Ana iya wakiltar ridges ta hanyoyi biyu:

* A kan Taswirar yanayi na sama, isobars na matsin lamba suna samar da layi inda ake samun matsakaicin matsin lamba tare da axis na tudun.
* A cikin taswirar iska ta sama, isohypses na tsawo na geopotential suna samar da irin wannan siffar inda matsakaicin ya bayyana tudun.

## Yanayi mai alaƙa

Idan aka ba da jagorancin iskõki a kusa da yaduwar anticyclonic da kuma gaskiyar cewa tsarin yanayi yana motsawa daga yamma zuwa gabas: 

* a gaban wani saman-ridge, iska da ke fitowa daga yankunan polar kuma yana kawo iska mai sanyi.
* a bayan layin saman, kwararar da ke fitowa daga ma'auni kuma tana kawo iska mai laushi.

Yankunan saman, kamar highs, suna samar da yanayi mai kyau saboda suna tasowa a ƙarƙashin haɗuwa da iska a cikin mummunan yankin advection a gaban saman matakin. Motsi na iska a tsaye zuwa ƙasa yana ba da bambancin iskõki kusa da farfajiya. Rashin iska yana haifar da dumi a cikin shafi idan aka kwatanta da yanayin da ya gabata sabili da haka bushewa daga gare shi saboda yanayin dangi yana raguwa, wanda ke da tasirin share sama.

### Yankin da ke kusa da wurare masu zafi

Wani muhimmin tudun yanayi shine tudun subtropical. Jerin tuddai ne kusa da latitude na doki wanda yawancin iskõki masu natsuwa ke nunawa, waɗanda ke aiki don rage ingancin iska a ƙarƙashin axis ta hanyar haifar da hazo da dare, da hauka a lokacin hasken rana sakamakon yanayin da aka samu kusa da wurinsa. Iska da ke saukowa daga saman troposphere yana gudana daga tsakiya a matakin farfajiyar zuwa sama da ƙananan latitudes na kowane hemisphere, yana haifar da iskar kasuwanci da yamma. Yana taimakawa wajen jagorantar Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi da ruwan sama.

### Ridge toshewa
Block a cikin meteorology sune manyan alamu a cikin Matsin yanayi wanda ke kusan tsayawa, yadda ya kamata "kullewa" ko sake jagorantar guguwa ƙaura. Wadannan tubalan na iya kasancewa a wurin na kwanaki da yawa ko ma makonni, suna sa yankunan da suka shafa su sami irin wannan yanayi na dogon lokaci (misali hazo ga wasu yankuna, sararin sama mai tsabta ga wasu).  Sau da yawa ana danganta tsaunuka na sama da irin waɗannan tubalan, musamman a cikin tubalan Omega.

## Manazarta
Abin Tunawa ga Wadanda suka ceci Duniya

***Abin Tunawa ga Wadanda suka ceci Duniya*** (Ukrainian: Пам'ятник «Тим, хто врятував світ») wani abin tunawa ne a Chernobyl, Ukraine, ga ma'aikatan kashe gobara da suka mutu suna kashe wuta a tashar wutar lantarki ta Chernobyl a cikin 1986 bayan hadarin nukiliya a can. An kuma sadaukar da abin tunawa ga masu aikin ruwa na Chernobyl wadanda suka tsaftace bayan hadarin.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Anticyclogenesis

**AntiCyclogenesis** shine ci gaba ko karfafa yaduwar anticyclonic a cikin yanayi. Akasin anticyclolysis ne (rugujewa ko raunana anticyclone) kuma yana da kwatankwacin cyclonic da aka sani da cyclogenesis .  Ana kiran anticyclones a madadin Tsarin matsin lamba.

## Tsarin
Tsarin matsin lamba mai girma ya samo asali ne saboda motsi zuwa ƙasa ta hanyar troposphere, yanayi yanayi inda yanayi ke faruwa. Yankunan da aka fi so a cikin tsarin kwararar synoptic a matakan da suka fi girma na troposphere suna ƙarƙashin gefen yammacin troughs. A kan taswirar yanayi, waɗannan yankuna suna nuna iskõki masu haɗuwa (isotachs), wanda aka fi sani da haɗuwa, ko layin tsawo masu haɗuwa kusa ko sama da matakin da ba na bambanci ba, wanda ke kusa da matsin lamba na 500 hPa game da tsakiyar hanyar troposphere.[1][2] A kan taswirar yanayi, cibiyoyin matsin lamba suna da alaƙa da harafin H da aka sanya a cikin isobar tare da mafi girman darajar matsin lamba.[3] A kan sigogi na sama na matsin lamba, yana cikin mafi girman layin tsawo.[4]

## Dubi kuma

* Anticyclonic storm - Irin guguwa
* Cyclogenesis - Ci gaba ko karfafa yaduwar guguwa a cikin yanayi
* High-pressure area - Yankin da ke da matsin yanayi mafi girma

## Manazarta
Kwatanta hadurran nukiliya na Chernobyl da Fukushima

Har zuwa yau, Hadarin nukiliya a Chernobyl (1986) da Fukushima Daiichi (2011) tashoshin makamashin nukiliya ne kawai haɗarin nukiliyar INES na matakin 7. 

## Hadarin nukiliya na Chernobyl da Fukushima
Tebur mai zuwa a gasa ya kwatanta hatsarin nukiliya na Chernobyl da Fukushima.

## Rashin gurɓataccen rediyo

## Dubi kuma

* Kwatanta Chernobyl da sauran fitowar rediyo
* Mutuwa saboda bala'in Chernobyl
* Jerin hatsarori a wurin Mayak

## Bayani

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

* Yaya Man Fetur yake cikin Hadari a Fukushima?
* Hadarin Chernobyl. Ƙungiyar Nukiliya ta Duniya. An adana shi  
* Rikicin Nukiliya na Fukushima Unwrapped An adana shi 1 Fabrairu 2016 a 
* Hadarin Nukiliya na Fukushima. Labarin Sabuntawa na IAEA
* Labaran BBC: Fukushima da Chernobyl idan aka kwatanta
Chernobylite

**Chernobylite** wani ingantaccen bayani ne na fasaha wanda ya ƙunshi crystalline zirconium silicate da adadin uranium wanda ya kai 10% 

An gano shi a cikin corium (wani abu mai kama da gilashi) wanda aka kafa a lokacin narkewar nukiliya na Reactor 4 a cikin Bala'in Chernobyl .   Chernobylite yana da radiyo sosai saboda yawan abubuwan da ke cikin uranium da gurɓataccen kayan fission.

## Dubi kuma

* Triniti
* Ƙafar Gishiri

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Harsbacka mine

Härsbacka mine (Yaren mutanen Sweden: Härsbacka gruva) ma'adanin ma'adini ne da na feldspar. Ya kasance sau ɗaya farkon ma'adinin ma'adini na Sweden. An rufe ma'adinan a shekarar 1946. Ma'adini da feldspar da aka haƙa a Härsbacka sune babban abin da ke cikin babban dyke pegmatite. wannan pegmatite dyke yana tsoma kusan 60 zuwa 70 ° zuwa kudu maso gabas kuma yana da matsakaicin kauri na 37 m. Yayin da ma'adini da feldspar galibi suna gauraye, yankuna masu tsabta na ko dai suna faruwa. Yawancin feldspar ruwan hoda ne microclineperthite kuma mafi ƙarancin adadin farin oligoclase ne. Akwai ƙananan adadin biotite, garnet, molybdenite da fluorite. Kimanin tan 230,000 na quartz an hako su gaba daya daga ma'adinan Härsbacka.

A cikin 1947 Statens Vattenfallverk ne ya sayi ma'adinan don mayar da shi wurin ajiyar mai kuma yana aiki kamar haka har zuwa 1985 lokacin da aka kwashe shi. Tun daga 1997 ma'adinan ya cika cika da ruwan karkashin kasa.[1] A cikin 2021 an ba da aikin binciken Geological Survey na Sweden da bincikar gurɓatattun abubuwa a cikin ma'adinai.

## Bayanan da aka ambata