1956 Shari'ar Cin amana

**Shari'ar cin amana** ta kasance shari'a a Johannesburg inda aka kama mutane 156, ciki har da Nelson Mandela, a wani hari kuma aka zarge su da cin amana a Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1956.

Babban shari'ar ta ci gaba har zuwa 1961, lokacin da aka sami dukkan wadanda ake tuhuma ba su da laifi. A lokacin gwaji, Oliver Tambo ya bar kasar kuma an kore shi. Yayinda yake a wasu kasashen Turai da Afirka, ya fara wata kungiya wacce ta taimaka wajen kawo talla ga manufar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka a Afirka ta Kudu. Daga baya aka yanke wa wasu daga cikin wadanda ake tuhuma hukunci a Shari'ar Rivonia a shekarar 1964.Dole ne shari'ar cin amana ta kasance a matsayi na musamman a tarihin Afirka ta Kudu. Wannan mummunan hari kafin asuba, da gangan an lissafa shi don kai ta'addanci a cikin zukatan da suka yi jinkiri kuma ya burge wa dukan al'ummar ƙudurin ƙungiyar da ke mulki don murkushe duk 'yan adawa, ya sanya ɗari da hamsin da shida daga cikinmu, na dukkan kabilun ƙasarmu, cikin ƙungiyar waɗanda ake zargi da ke fuskantar ɗaya daga cikin manyan tuhume-tuwa a kowane tsarin shari'a.A ranar 5 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1956, Ofishin Tsaro na 'yan sanda na Afirka ta Kudu ya kai hari kuma ya kama mutane 140 daga ko'ina cikin kasar bisa zargin cin amana yayin da suke tilasta Dokar Kaddamar da Kwaminisanci. 1, 12 Wadanda ba sa zaune a Johannesburg an tashi a can a cikin jirgin soja kuma an tsare su har sai an saurare su a ranar 19 ga Disamba 1956. 12 Hare-haren sun biyo bayan wadanda aka gudanar a 1955 kuma sun hada da takardun bincike don neman takardu a kungiyoyi masu adawa da gwamnati 48.

## Tarihi
A ranar 19 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1956, an tura fursunoni 153 zuwa zauren Drill Hall na Johannesburg don sauraron farko don bincika shaidar jihar.: 18 Majalisa Frederick Wessels shine babban alƙali tare da JC van Niekerk a matsayin mai gabatar da kara na jihar. : 18 An dakatar da yunkurin da mai gabatar da kara ya yi na ci gaba da shari'ar sau uku yayin da hayaniya na baƙar fata 5,000 na Afirka ta Kudu, suna fatan halartar shari'ar, suka kewaye titunan Drill Hall kuma suka raira "Nkosi Sikeleli Afrika".: 18 Dole ne a dakatar da aikin.: 18 Jam'iyyar Labour a Burtaniya ta zargi Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu da tsoratar da wadanda ke adawa da wariyar launin fata, ta yi Allah wadai da shari'ar kuma ta kira Afirka ta Kudu Jihar 'yan sanda. : 18 

Da aka ci gaba a ranar 20 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1956, an sake katse sauraron lokacin da masu kare suka ki amincewa da abokan cinikin su a bayan shinge mai tsayi shida (1.8 . : 1, 9 Bayan jinkiri, bangarorin biyu sun amince da rage shi zuwa shingen ƙafa huɗu (1.2  tsawo.: 9 Mai gabatar da kara J.C. van Niekerk sannan ya gabatar da bayanin shaidarsa wanda ya koma 1953 na ayyukan yunkurin 'yanci amma ba da daɗewa ba aka katse shaidarsa lokacin da tashin hankali ya ɓarke a waje da kotun.: 9 Bayan 'yan sanda sun fara mayar da taron kusan 1,000 baƙar fata masu zanga-zangar, wani dan sanda ya ji rauni da dutse kuma sun mayar da martani ta hanyar harbe-harbe a cikin taron da motoci da shagunan da ke kewaye da su, inda suka ji wa mutane goma sha huɗu rauni. Mataimakin Kwamishinan 'yan sanda Colonel Piet Grobler ya sami damar sa mutanensa su dakatar da harbi kuma an dawo da tsari. : 1, 9 

Za a ci gaba da jarrabawar shari'ar a ranar 21 ga watan Disamba 1956 kuma mai gabatar da kara ya gabatar da shari'arsa ta hanyar bayyana cewa wadanda ake tuhuma sun kasance masu tayar da kayar baya, bayan sun halarci taron Majalisar Jama'a da aka yi kwanan nan a Kliptown inda jawabai suka inganta Kwaminisanci, kirkirar Yarjejeniyar 'Yanci, bukatar neman taimako a kasashen waje da sauran shaidu, da kuma bukatar tara kudi don sayen bindigogi.: 1, 4 Ba tare da tuhuma da aka gabatar wa kowane fursuna ba, an ba da belin kuma an kammala shari'ar har zuwa 9 ga Janairu 1957. : 4 Rikicin ya ɓarke a ƙarshen aikin ranar lokacin da 'yan sanda suka caje wani rukuni na masu zanga-zangar Afirka ta Kudu 400. : 4 

A kan ci gaba da sauraron farko da kuma nazarin shaidar jihar a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1957, an kara wasu wadanda ake tuhuma uku a cikin tuhumar da ta kawo adadin zuwa mutane 156.: 14 Tsaron zai yi jayayya cewa Yarjejeniyar 'Yanci ba cin amana ba ce, cewa ba ta kira ga tashin hankali ba, kuma tana jayayya da zaman lafiya da jituwa tsakanin launin fata ga kasar. : 14 

Har yanzu ana ci gaba da sauraron karar a watan Agustan shekara ta 1957, inda wadanda ake tuhuma ke ciyar da sa'o'i shida a kowace rana a kotu.: 17 Tare da sauraron da zai dauki wasu watanni, majistare yana da shafuka sama da 6,200 na shaida da 10,000 don bincikawa da yanke shawara ko ya zartar da hukuncin da kansa ko ya bar Babban Lauyan ya yanke shawara ko zai ci gaba da shari'a.: 17 Shari'ar ta dauki lokaci mai tsawo, fursunonin maza sun kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa. : 17 

A ranar 17 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1957, Babban Lauyan WJ McKenzie ya yanke shawarar sauke tuhuma a kan 61 kuma ya ci gaba da sauran wadanda ake tuhuma 95 a ranar 13 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1958. : 15 Albert Luthuli da baƙar fata 44, fari shida, Indiya huɗu, da masu launi shida aka saki. : 15 

An ci gaba da sauraron karar a ranar 13 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1958 tare da mai gabatar da kara ya sanar da kotun sunayen wadanda ake tuhuma 61 da aka wanke su daga karin tuhume-tuhumen.

An kammala sauraron ne a ranar 30 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1958 tare da Majalisa F.C. Wessels ta gano cewa akwai isasshen shaida don a gwada wadanda ake tuhuma a kan tuhumar cin amana.: 1, 3 An nemi wadanda ake tuhuma su nemi su yi kira, tare da duk sun nemi ba su da laifi an sake su a kan beli. Lauyoyin kare su sun nemi a yi shari'ar juriya, madadin shine shari'ar alƙalai biyu ko uku, buƙatar da jihar ta ƙi a cikin shari'ar cin amana.

An fara shari'ar cin amana a Pretoria a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta 1958 tare da mutane 91 a shari'a an tuhume su da babban cin amana.: 4 An ga baƙi 57, fararen fata 16, Indiyawa 16, da masu launi biyu da aka tuhuma da yunkurin hambarar da gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu tsakanin 1952 da 1956 tare da niyyar maye gurbin ta da tsarin kwaminisanci.: 4 Lauyoyin kare sun bude shari'ar ta hanyar gabatar da rashin amincewa ga biyu daga cikin alƙalai uku na shari'a. Sun yi kira ga Mai Shari'a Joseph Ludorf ya janye saboda sa hannu a matsayin lauya a wasu shari'o'i a kan wasu wadanda ake tuhuma yayin da Mai Shari'ar Frans Rumpff ya kamata ya janye kamar yadda ya nemi a nada tsohon a matsayin alƙali a shari'ar cin amana.: 4 An dakatar da shari'ar har zuwa Litinin mai zuwa. : 4 

Lokacin da aka ci gaba da shari'ar a ranar 12 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1958, babban lauyan kare Isra'ila A. Maisels ya ci gaba da kalubalantar tuhumar da ke magana game da tarin shaidu da ya yi iƙirarin ba zai yiwu a karanta su ba a cikin ƙasa da shekaru biyu, kuma cin zarafin tsarin kotu kuma cewa mai gabatar da kara bai san abin da shari'arsa take ba.

Bayan shari'ar ta rushe a watan Oktoba, an yanke shawarar a watan Nuwamba 1958 don ci gaba da shari'ar a ranar 19 ga Janairun 1959 tare da yanke shawara don sauke mutane 60 daga tuhumar.

A ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 1958, an sake tuhuma 30 daga cikin 91 tare da cajin yanzu an rage shi zuwa makirci don jefa jihar cikin haɗari da juyin mulki bisa ga taron Majalisar Jama'a ta 1955 da kuma karɓar Yarjejeniyar 'Yanci. : 27 Sauran 61 za a gurfanar da su a watan Afrilun 1959.  : 27 

An ci gaba da shari'ar a ranar 19 ga watan Janairun 1959 a Pretoria tare da masu karewa suna jayayya da cewa za a mayar da shari'an zuwa Johannesburg, saboda wahalar tafiya ga wadanda ake tuhuma, birni inda yawancin su ke zaune.: 8 An jinkirta shari'ar a rana ta farko har sai bayan abincin rana yayin da bas ɗin da ke ɗauke da wadanda ake tuhuma ya rushe.: 8 An sake fara shari'ar ne a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1959, tare da buƙatar canjin wurin kuma lauyoyin kare suna ci gaba da gardamarsu game da sabbin tuhume-tuhumen. : 8 

Tare da ci gaba da shari'ar a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1959 na sauran wadanda ake tuhuma 61, an kawo karshen lokacin da Alkalin Rumpff ya bayyana cewa shari'ar Crown ba za ta iya zargi wadanda ake tuhumar da makirci ba tare da bayyana yadda suka shiga cikin makircin ba kuma za su buƙaci sanin don kare shari'arsu.: 4 Wadanda ake tuhuma za su iya komawa gida kuma masu gabatar da kara za su yanke shawarar ko za su sake tuhumar su. : 4 

A ranar 29 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1961, har zuwa mutane 28 da ake tuhuma, an saki hukuncin shari'ar kuma dukansu ba su da laifi na cin amana kuma an sallame su.: 1 Alkalin Rumpff ya kammala cewa masu gabatar da kara ba za su iya nuna cewa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka (ANC) ta zama kungiya ta kwaminisanci sabili da haka ba za a iya tabbatar da cin amana ba ko kuma cewa za a yi amfani da wani tashin hankali don hambarar da jihar.: 1 Wadanda ake tuhuma sun sadu da su a waje da kotun ta danginsu kuma sun ga waƙar Nkosi Sikeleli Afrika . 

## Masu Kare Kansu

A watan Disamba 1956, wasu fitattun mambobin Kawancen Congress aka kama kuma aka tuhumar da su da laifin cin amanar kasa, ciki har da kusan dukkan shugabannin kwamitin gudanarwar ANC, da kuma SACP, SAIC, da COD. An kama Afirka 105, Indiyawa 21, Fararen fata 23 da shugabanni 7 'yan launin fata. Goma daga cikinsu mata ne. Da dama daga cikin wadanda aka kama, ciki har da Nelson Mandela, an tsare su a cikin dakunan hadin gwiwa a gidan yarin Johannesburg a Dutsen Kundin Tsari, wanda aka fi sani da Fort, lamarin da Mandela ya bayyana da cewa "taron da ba a haramta ba mafi girma da dadewa na Kawancen Congress cikin shekaru da dama." Amma dai, an ware maza da mata na fari da bakaken fata a sassa daban-daban na kurkukun.

A farko, mutane 156 aka tuhume su da laifin cin amanar kasa. Daga baya, adadin ya ragu zuwa 92. A watan Nuwamba 1957, masu gabatar da kara suka sake tsara tuhumar kuma suka ci gaba da shari'a daban da mutum 30. Shari'ar su ta fara ne a watan Agusta 1959. Sauran mutum 61 kuma aka yi musu shari'a a daban kafin a soke shari'ar a tsakiyar 1960.

### Wadanda ake tuhuma a shari'ar cin amanar kasa sun hada da

### Lauyoyi masu kare wadanda ake tuhuma
Lauyoyin da suka kare wadanda ake tuhuma sun hada da:
* Israel Maisels, wanda aka fi sani da Issy Maisels, jagoran tawagar kare wadanda ake tuhuma, tare da:
* Vernon Berrangé
* Bram Fischer
* Maurice Franks
* Harold Hanson
* Ruth Hayman
* Sydney Kentridge
* Shulamith Muller
* G. Nicholas
* Norman Rosenberg
* Rex Welsh

Baya ga haka,
* Nelson Mandela da Duma Nokwe sun jagoranci kare kansu yayin dokar ta-baci bayan Sharpeville Massacre, lokacin da wadanda ake tuhuma suka umarci lauyoyinsu da su janye na ɗan lokaci daga shari’ar.
* Joe Slovo ya kare kansa da kansa.

## Wasu muhimman mutane da suka taka rawa a shari'ar cin amanar ƙasa

Masu gabatar da ƙara sun haɗa da:

* J.C. Van Niekerk, babban mai gabatar da ƙara
* Oswald Pirow (daga watan Janairu 1958 zuwa gaba)
* Jacob de Vos, wanda ya maye gurbin Pirow bayan rasuwarsa a 1959

Alƙalai sun haɗa da:

* Mai shari'a F.L. Rumpff, shugaban alƙalai, wanda kuma ya kasance alƙali a shari'ar ƙin bin doka ta 1952
* Mai shari'a Kennedy
* Mai shari'a Joseph Ludorf, wanda ya janye bayan lauyoyin kariya sun ce yana da sabani da shari'ar
* Mai shari'a Simon Becker

Shaidu sun haɗa da:

* Farfesa Andrew Howson Murray, Sashen Falsafa, Jami’ar Cape Town, wanda masu ƙara suka gabatar da shi a matsayin masani kan komunanci.

## Asusun Kariya da Taimako

Bayan limamin ƙasar Birtaniya, Canon John Collins, ya ji labarin shari'ar da kuma kiran da ake yi na yanke hukuncin kisa, sai ya kafa Asusun Kariya da Taimako na Kudancin Afirka don biyan kuɗin lauya da kuma kula da iyalan waɗanda ake tuhuma. Wannan ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin misalai na farko na shiga tsakani daga ƙetare a kan wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma ya yi nasara ƙwarai, inda aka tara sama da fam £75,000 domin kare waɗanda ake tuhuma. Ana zargin Harry Oppenheimer da bayar da gudummawar fam £40,000 zuwa asusun.

A shekara ta 1957, Mary Benson ta shiga Asusun Kariya a matsayin sakatariyarta.

## Mahimmancin shari'ar

A hanyoyi da dama, shari'ar da kuma dogon lokaci na tsare mutane ya ƙarfafa da kuma haɗa dangantaka tsakanin mambobin Kungiyar Haɗin Gwiwa ta Congress Alliance da ke da launin fata daban-daban. Rusty Bernstein ya rubuta:  
Amincewa da haɗin kai tsakanin launuka daban-daban abu ne mai wahala a wajen da gurbataccen yanayi ke wanzuwa. Amma a nan cikin ginin, inda shugabanni daga kowane ɓangare na ƙungiyar ke tare suna bayyana shakku da damuwarsu cikin 'yanci, yana da sauƙi. Rayuwa tare a Drill Hall tana ƙarfafa da kuma sake gina dangantakarsu.

Shari'ar da kuma zaman da suka yi a tsare ya ba shugabannin ANC damar yin shawara kan hanyar da za su bi a fafutukar su da kuma yiwuwar ɗaukar matakin gwagwarmaya ta makami. Abin dariya ne, kotu ta tabbatar cewa ANC ba ta amfani da tashin hankali a daidai lokacin da ANC ke tambayar kanta ko wannan dabara tana aiki.

A kotu, duka mutum 156 da ake tuhuma sun zauna a tsari na harafi, suna bayyana yanayin haɗin kai tsakanin launuka daban-daban a fafutukar kawar da wariyar launin fata. Amma a gidan yari, an raba su ƙaƙa. Lokacin da suka ɗauki kansu don kare kansu yayin Dokar Ta-Baci, suka shawo kan hukuma ta ba su damar haduwa don tsara kariya, mata fararen fata, maza fararen fata da kuma mata bakake duk aka kawosu gidan yarin maza bakake. Amma duk da haka, jami'an gidan yari sun so a raba su da juna bisa jinsi da launi. Mandela ya bayyana matsalar da masu tsari na wariyar launin fata suka fuskanta:  
Jami'an suka saka ƙayyadadden ragar ƙarfe don raba Helen da Leon (a matsayin fararen fata) daga gare mu, sannan suka saka wani rabo na biyu don raba su da Lilian da Bertha (a matsayin mata bakake) ... Ko ƙwararren mai zane zai sha wahala wajen ƙirƙirar irin wannan tsarin.

## Lokutan shari'ar

* Disamba 1956: An kama shugabanni 156 da suka yi adawa da wariyar launin fata
* Disamba 1956 – Janairu 1958: Bincike a gaban kotun majistare don tantance ko akwai wadataccen shaida da zai sa a fara shari'a.
* Nuwamba 1957: Masu gabatar da kara sun sake rubuta karar kuma suka ci gaba da wata shari’a daban da mutum 30. Wadanda suka rage guda 61 za a yi musu shari’a daban kafin a soke karar da ke kansu a tsakiyar 1959.
* Agusta 1959: Shari’a da ke gaban mutum 30 ta ci gaba a Kotun Koli.
* 5 Maris 1960: Shaidar Cif Luthuli ta fara.
* 8 Afrilu 1960: An haramta ANC bayan dokar ta-baci da aka ayyana bayan kisan gillar Sharpeville. An tsare wadanda ake tuhuma har tsawon watanni biyar, sannan shari’ar ta ci gaba ba tare da lauyoyi ba tsawon watanni.
* Mayu 1960: Helen Joseph da mata 21 fararen fata masu ra’ayin hagu da aka tsare lokacin dokar ta-baci sun fara yajin yunwa na kwanaki takwas. Yara na wadanda aka tsare suna zanga-zanga a gaban Dakin Gwamnati na Johannesburg.
* 3 Agusta 1960: Shaidar Mandela ta fara.
* 7 Oktoba 1960: Lauyoyin kare kai sun gama gabatar da hujjoji.
* 23 Maris 1961: An dakatar da shari’ar na mako guda.
* 29 Maris 1961: An same su da rashin laifi.

## Manazarta

## Majiya

* 
* 
* 
* 
*