open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Jerin kisan kiyashi a Yaƙin neman 'yancin kai na Eritiriya

**[[Yakin 'yancin kai na Eritriya|Yakin neman 'yancin kai na Eritiriya]]** an yi yaƙi ne a matsayin kamfen na manyan fagagen ‘yantar da ‘yancin kai na Eritiriya, na farko da ƙungiyar ‘yantar da ‘yancin kai ta Eritrea (ELF) sannan kuma bayan yakin basasa na Eritriya, da EPLF ta yi yaƙi da daular Habasha, daga baya kuma gwamnatin Marxist Dergi. Wannan kamfen da bai dace ba ga ikon Habasha ya bar sojojin Habasha cikin wahala don haka suka shiga manufar lalata ƙauyukan Eritrea.An ** &#x5B; &#x5D; zai hana 'yan aware ci gaba da kamfen ɗin nasu. A ƙasa akwai wasu manyan kashe-kashen fararen hula da daular Habasha da kuma Derg suka yi.

## Jerin

## Duba kuma

* Yakin 'Yancin Eritrea

## Manazarta
Hocine Zehouane

**Hocine Zehouane** (13 ga Agusta 1935 - 17 Maris 2025) ɗan siyasan Aljeriya ne kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. 

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Hocine Zehouane a Draâ Ben Khedda a Kabylia a Aljeriya. Ya shiga kungiyar Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties MTLD, a shekarar 1954, alhali yana makarantar sakandare. Daga nan aka kama shi aka ɗaure shi daga shekarun 1955 zuwa 1957. Lokacin da aka sake shi daga kurkuku, ya shiga maquis a Kabylia. Wilaya III jami'in (Kabylia). Ya shiga gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Jamhuriyar Aljeriya a cikin watan Maris 1960.

## Ƙungiyar Kare Hakkokin Ɗan Adam
A cikin shekarar 1985, ya shiga cikin kafa kungiyar Kare Hakkokin Ɗan Adam ta Aljeriya ta farko (LADH), kuma a cikin shekarar 2005 ya zama shugaban Kungiyar Kare Hakkokin Ɗan Adam ta Aljeriya.

## Bayan 'yanci
A matsayinsa na memba na Ofishin Siyasa na Ƙungiyar neman 'Yancin Ƙasa a cikin shekarar 1964, mai kula da sashen jagoranci, Hocine Zehouane ya halarci taron farko na yanki na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Aljeriya.  A wannan karon, ya bayyana cewa "Dole ne ma'aikatan Algeria su sami damar yin siyasa". 

Ya yi adawa da juyin mulkin ranar 19 ga watan Yunin 1965, da Houari Boumedienne ya yi, wanda ya kai shi gidan yari kafin a tsare shi a gidan yari a kudancin ƙasar daga shekarun 1965 zuwa 1971. Ya tafi gudun hijira a Faransa bayan shekarun 1973 kuma ya koma ƙasarsa bayan mutuwar shugaban Aljeriya Houari Boumédiène. 

Hocine ya mutu a ranar 17 ga watan Maris 2025, yana da shekaru 89.

## Manazarta
Mustapha Chareuf

**Mustapha Chareuf** (18 ga Mayu 1925 &#x2013; 18 ga Satumba 1957) ɗan wasan tseren keke ne na Aljeriya  kuma mai fafutukar  neman 'yanci na National Liberation Front (FLN) a lokacin Yaƙin Aljeriya na samun 'yancin kai.  A matsayin mai tuka keke ya hau a shekarar 1952 Tour de France.  

An haifi Mustapha Chareuf-Afghoul a ranar 18 ga watan Mayu, 1925 a Hammam Bou Hadjar, a ƙasar Faransa. Ya fara aikin keke a ƙasarsa ta haihuwa, inda ya samu sakamako mai kyau a tseren gida. 

A cikin shekarar 1952, ya yi hawan gwaninta a cikin ƙungiyar Terrot-Hutchinson ta Faransa. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, a watan Yuli, yana ɗaya daga cikin masu tseren keken  da aka zaɓa domin tawagar Arewacin Afirka don shiga gasar Tour de France. Duk da haka, bai sanya ƙayyadaddun lokaci ba a lokacin matakin farko. 

Ya rasu ne a yakin Algeria a Ain El Arbaa, a wani artabu da sojojin Faransa. Ko da yake an sanar da cewa ya mutu a ranar 18 ga watan Yuni, 1956,  yana iya yiwuwa ya mutu, bisa ga binne shi, ranar 18 ga watan Satumba, 1957. 

## Manazarta
Sid Ahmed Inal

**Sid Ahmed Inal** wanda kuma aka fi sani da sunan yaƙin **Djaâfar**, ɗan gwagwarmaya ne kuma malami ɗan Aljeriya. An haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairu, 1931, a Tlemcen. Ya rasu a ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba, 1956, a Ben Badis (Lardin Sidi Bel Abbès), bayan da sojojin Faransa suka kama shi tare da azabtar da shi a lokacin yakin Aljeriya.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Inal ya fara sana'ar sa a matsayin malami a yankin sa. Daga baya, ya ci gaba da karatun tarihi a Sorbonne da ke birnin Paris, inda ya zama shugaban kungiyar ɗaliban gurguzu ta Aljeriya. A nan ne ya bayar da gudunmawa wajen kafa kungiyar Ɗaliban Musulmin Aljeriya (UGEMA) a shekarar 1955. 

Bayan ya koma Aljeriya, Inal ya zama malami a Kwalejin Tlemcen da ke Slane (wanda ake kira Ibn Khaldoun a yanzu) kuma ya shiga rundunar 'yantar da ƙasa (ALN); ya zama hafsa kuma sakataren kwamandan wilaya (Oran) na biyar a maquis a Aljeriya.  Yayin da yake tare da wilaya maquis na biyar, ya ji rauni a yakin Tadjmout, kafin sojojin Faransa su kama shi. Sojojin Faransa sun azabtar da shi sannan suka kashe shi a ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba, 1956.

## Martaba
Gine-gine da wurare da yawa suna ɗauke da sunan Ahmed Inal don girmama basirarsa:

* Wata makarantar sakandare tana ɗauke da sunansa a Sidi Bel Abbes 
* Wata titin tana ɗauke da sunansa a Tlemcen 
* Wata makarantar tsakiya tana ɗauke da sunansa a Bouhanak Jadida, Mansourah, Tlemcen 
* Waƙar Anna Gréki, "Saboda Launi na Sama," an sadaukar da ita ga Inal 

## Manazarta
Mohamed Harbi

**Mohamed Harbi** (an haife shi a watan Yuni 16, 1933) masanin tarihi ne na Aljeriya wanda ya kasance memba na Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Ƙasa ta (Algeria) (FLN) a lokacin Yaƙin neman 'Yancin kai na ƙasar Aljeriya.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Mohamed Harbi a shekara ta 1933 a cikin iyali mai arziki a El Harrouch, Algeria. Yana da shekaru 15, ya shiga kungiyar Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties. A cikin tarihinsa, Harbi ya zauna a ƙarƙashin ƙasa a Faransa kuma ya tattara goyon bayan 'yancin kai na Aljeriya. Daga shekarun 1954 zuwa 1962 ya kasance a cikin babban matsayi a cikin FLN.

Bayan yakin 'yancin kai na Aljeriya, ya zama mai ba da shawara ga sabon shugaban ƙasa, Ahmed Ben Bella, sannan kuma ya zama memba a majalisar ministocinsa.  Marxism na Harbi ya sha kakkausar suka daga mayaƙan yaƙi da yawa, da kuma sojoji. A cewar tarihinsa, Harbi ya yi ƙoƙari ya bijirewa tsarin mulkin sabuwar gwamnati kuma ya buƙaci Ben Bella ya ba jama'a makamai don hana juyin mulkin soja. Ya yi imani, kamar da yawa Marxists a zamaninsa, cewa ana buƙatar shahararrun 'yan bindiga don kawo sauyi ga al'umma tare da tsayayya da juyin mulkin da ke gabatowa. Duk da haka, dagewar da ya yi kan akidar Markisanci ya taimaka wa jama’a da kuma adawar siyasa a gare shi, wanda ya kai ga juyin mulkin da ya ji tsoro.

A watan Yuni 1965 Houari Boumedienne ya kwace mulki kuma ya kama Ben Bella. Bayan wata biyu Harbi kuma aka ɗaure shi. A cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa an mayar da shi tsakanin gidan yari, ba tare da shari'a ba, har sai an tsare shi a gidan kurkuku a shekarar 1971.  A shekarar 1973 ya tsere zuwa Tunisiya da fasfo na Turkiyya na karya kuma daga nan ya koma Paris.

A Faransa Harbi ya fara koyar da kimiyyar siyasa a Jami'ar Paris.

A lokacin da aka kama shi a gidan, Harbi ya fara rubuta tarihin gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai kuma a cikin shekarar 1975 ya buga littafin *Tarihin FLN*. Ganinsa na ciki na tafiyar ba irin wanda FLN ke so ba kuma ya fara samun barazanar kisa daga ɓangarori uku; 'Yan sandan sirri na Aljeriya, 'yan gwagwarmayar Islama na Aljeriya da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Faransa.

A halin yanzu Harbi yana zaune a Paris, ya yi ritaya daga jami'a. An buga sashi na farko na tarihin rayuwarsa a shekara ta 2003.

## Littattafai

* *La guerre d'Aljeriya : de la mémoire à l'histoire* (2004), tare da Benjamin Stora.

## Manazarta
Malika Gaïd

**Malika Gaïd** (1933 – 1957) ma’aikaciyar jinya ce ’yar Algeria wadda ta shiga rundunar ‘yantar da ƙasa Aljeriya (ALN) don kula da waɗanda suka jikkata da kuma yakin neman ‘yancin kai daga Faransawa a lokacin yakin Aljeriya a shekarar 1955. A watan Yunin 1958, wani sojan Faransa ya harbe ta a lokacin da take kare waɗanda suka jikkata a wani kogo kusa da M'Chedallah. A yanzu dai ana tunawa da Gaid a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin jaruma kuma shahidan yakin neman'yancin kai na Aljeriya.   Tare da sauran shahidai, an gudanar da bikin tunawa da ita a jerin tambarin aikawasiku a shekarar 2019. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife ta a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta 1933 a gundumar Belcourt na Algiers, Malika Gaïd ita ce ƙarama a cikin yara bakwai a cikin dangi masu matsakaicin ilimi, mai sha'awar shiga fagen samun 'yancin kai. Mahaifinta, Mohand Amokrane, malamin makaranta ne.  Bayan ta kammala karatunta na makaranta, a cikin shekarar 1948 ta horar da aikin jinya a Sétif, inda ta sami difloma a shekarar 1951. Ta yi aiki a asibitocin Kherrata, Guenzet da kuma a ƙarshe Bougaâ inda ta zauna har shekara ta 1956. A wannan lokacin ta kasance tana kula da 'yan uwa Mujahid a asirce. 

A cikin watan Yuni 1955, Kanar Amirouche ya gayyace ta don shiga cikin sojojin National Liberation Army (ALN) a cikin Soummam Valley. A watan Agustan 1956, ta shiga a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya kuma mace ɗaya tilo a taron Soummam inda FLN ta yi shirin samun 'yancin kai. 

Ta ci gaba da yin hidima tare da Amirouche a matsayin ma’aikaciyar jinya da mayakiya har zuwa ranar 27 ga watan Yunin 1957 lokacin da wani sojan Faransa ya harbe ta a lokacin da take kula da waɗanda suka jikkata a wani kogo a tsaunin yammacin Bouïra. Sojojin Faransa sun shirya wani gagarumin hari a yankin domin shawo kan masu fafutukar kwato 'yancin kai. Bayan rasuwarta, Amirouche ta rubuta wa ’yan uwanta takarda, tana mai jaddada cewa, ba wai ta kula da mayakan Mujahidan ba ne, da kuma tada hankalinsu, amma ita kanta ta zama mayakoya na gaske. 

An bayar da tambarin sakon tunawa don girmama ta a shekarar 2019.  

## Manazarta
Ali Boumendjel

**Ali Boumendjel** (Mayu 24, 1919 - Maris 23, 1957) ɗan juyin juya halin Aljeriya ne kuma lauya.

## Tarihin Rayuwa

An haife shi a Relizane ga dangi mai ilimi daga yankin Beni Yeni, Boumendjel ya yi karatu a kwalejin Duveyrier da ke Blida, inda ya gana da sauran jigogin juyin juya halin Aljeriya a nan gaba, kamar Abane Ramdane, Benyoucef Benkhedda da Saad Dahlab. Daga nan ya karkata aikinsa zuwa ga doka, kuma ya zama ɗan jarida na jaridar *Egalité*, wanda masu haɗin gwiwar Ferhat Abbas ke sarrafawa. A lokacin juyin juya halin ya zama, tare da Jacques Verges, ɗaya daga cikin lauyoyi da yawa da ke aiki ga masu kishin ƙasa na Aljeriya. A shekara ta 1955, ya shiga jam'iyyar National Liberation Front (FLN) tare da tsohon abokinsa Abane Ramdane, bayan an sako Ramdane daga kurkuku.  Ramdane ya shawarci Boumendjel da ya canza salon sa na sana’a, don haka ya shiga sashen shari’a na kamfanin Shell, yayin da yake ci gaba da fafutukarsa a FLN.&#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

Ali ya yi karatun [[Doka|lauya]] kuma ya zama lauya. Farkawar siyasarsa ta faru ne a zamanin Popular Front. An yi bikin ne da kiran 'yantar da al'ummar Aljeriya da Messali Hadj ya kaddamar tare da kula da jajircewa da yunkurin gurguzu a cikin majalisar musulmi. Ya ƙi aikin soja a cikin Sojojin Faransa, wanda ya ba shi jerin abubuwan da ke adawa da Faransa kuma an ɗauke shi a matsayin [[Kishin ƙasa|mai kishin ƙasa]] mai haɗari.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

An kama Boumendjel ne a ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairu, 1957, kuma ya sha azaba sama da wata guda a hannun kwamanda Paul Aussaresses da mutanensa. A ranar 23 ga watan Maris, a El Biar, a wajen Algiers, an jefa shi daga bene na shida na wani gini; An kashe shi a matsayin kamar wanda ya kashe kansa.  Shekaru arba'in da uku bayan haka, a cikin shekarar 2000, Aussaresses ya yarda cewa an kashe Boumendjel.

Biyo bayan shawarwarin rahoton da masanin tarihi Benjamin Stora ya bayar kan tunawa da Aljeriya na Faransa, a ranar 2 ga watan Maris, 2021, Shugaban Faransa Emmanuel Macron ya gane cewa sojojin Faransa sun "azabtar da Ali Boumendjel kuma sun kashe shi. Shugaban ya amshi jikokin Ali Boumendjel guda huɗu don sanar da su amincewa da kisan gillar da aka yi masa a madadin Faransa. Sanarwar da manema labarai ta fitar ta kori ikirari na Paul Aussaresses na ba da umarnin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin sa ya mayar da kisan a matsayin kunar bakin wake. 

## Yabo
Wani titi da tashar metro suna ɗauke da sunansa a Algiers da kuma wani birni a cikin Relizane, mahaifarsa.&#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Manazarta
Binta Mansaray

**Binta Mansaray**, COR, mai kare hakkin dan Adam ne na Saliyo kuma mai gwagwarmaya, wanda Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya nada magatakarda na Kotun Musamman na Saliyo (SCSL) a watan Satumba na 2014.  Ta kasance Mukaddashin Magatakarda tun watan Yuni 2009 kuma a baya ta kasance Mataimakiyar Magatakarda na SCSL daga Yuli 2007.  A cikin 2012, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin matan da aka ba da fifikon jagorancin "tarihi" a jagorancin SCSL, "tare da dukkanin shugabanninta guda hudu mata - na farko a tarihin kotunan duniya."  A cikin 2022, ta kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta sulhu ta ƙasa, wanda ke girmama mutumin da ya ba da gudummawar gaske ga adalci na rikon kwarya ko yancin ɗan adam a Saliyo.

An haife shi a Saliyo,  Mansaray ya kammala karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Saliyo kuma yana da digiri na biyu a Faransanci daga Jami'ar Fordham da ke New York, haka kuma yana da digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanarwa da Manufofi daga Jami'ar Amurka da ke Washington, DC . 

## Daraja da karramawa
A cikin 2014, an nada Mansaray Kwamandan Order of the Rokel (COR), don jin daɗin hidimarta na musamman ga Kotun Musamman na Saliyo . 

A watan Yulin 2022, ta kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta sasantawa ta ƙasa, wani yunƙuri ne na Cibiyar Tunawa da Tunawa da Rarrabawa "fitaccen ɗan Saliyo wanda ya ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci, kuma ya tsaya tsayin daka a gwagwarmayar tabbatar da adalci na rikon kwarya, 'yancin ɗan adam, da sulhunta ƙasa a Saliyo na tsawon shekaru 10".

## Magana
Baya Hocine

**Baya Hocine**, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Baya Mamadi (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga watan Mayu 1940, a cikin Casbah na Algiers, ta mutu 1 ga watan Mayu 2000) 'yar gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai ta Aljeriya ce.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Hocine a watan Mayu 1940, yarinya ta uku da aka haifa a cikin iyalinta, wanda asalinta ta fito ne daga  , bayan 'yan'uwa biyu.

Tun tana matashiya ta shiga jam'iyyar National Liberation Front of Aljeriya. Ta ci gaba da zama mamba a cibiyar sadarwa ta Yanaf Saâdi 's Zone autonome d'Alger. A ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairun 1957, lokacin yakin Algiers, ta kai harin bam a Belouizdad da El Biar, inda ta kashe mutane 9 tare da raunata 45.

An kai ta fursuna bayan farmakin, kuma an tsare ta a gidan yarin Serkadji a ƙarshen wata. 'Yar shekaru 17 kacal, kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta Alger ta yanke mata hukuncin kisa. Kotun Sojoji ta Oran ta tabbatar da hukuncin kisa a watan Janairun 1959. Daga cikin matan da aka yankewa hukuncin kisa saboda ta'addanci a lokacin yakin 'yancin kai, ita ce mafi ƙarancin shekaru.  

Duk da haka, ba a kashe ta ba, ta kasance a gidan yari, kafin ƙarshen yakin a shekarar 1962. A cikin yarjejeniyar Évian, an yi mata afuwa.   

Bayan yakin, ta koma karatu, ta zama 'yar jarida. A zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokokin Aljeriya a shekara ta shekarar 1977, an zaɓe ta a majalisar dokokin ƙasar , ɗaya daga cikin mata 9 da aka zaɓa. Ta ci gaba da zama har zuwa shekara ta 1982.

## Manazarta
Amar Ouamrane

**Amar Ouamrane** (19 ga Janairu 1919 - 28 ga Yuli 1992), wanda ake yi wa lakabi da ***Bu qqaru***, ɗan juyin juya hali ne na Aljeriya kuma jami'in rundunar 'yantar da 'yanci ta ƙasa (ɓangaren sa kai na Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Ƙasa) a lokacin Yaƙin Aljeriya.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Ouamrane a ranar 19 ga watan Janairun 1919 a Frikat, Lardin Tizi Ouzou, a Aljeriya ta Faransa. Ouamrane ya shiga sahun sojojin Faransa. Bayan kammala karatun firamare sai ya shiga makarantar soji ta Cherchell inda ya samu horon aikin soja kuma ya samu muƙamin sajan.

An kama shi ne a ranar 28 ga watan Mayun 1945, bayan ya ki bin umarnin kisan gilla a Setif da Guelma da kuma gudun hijira, sannan aka kai shi babban birnin ƙasar, inda aka ɗaure shi, da azabtar da shi, da kuma yanke masa hukuncin kisa bisa zarginsa da shirin sarrafa bariki. Sannan, a cikin shekarar 1946, Janar Georges Catroux ya yi masa afuwa. Ya koma Kabylia kuma ya zama alhaki a cikin PPA-MTLD (Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Aljeriya - Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties) a matsayin mataimakin Krim Belkacem. Ayyukansa na siyasa a lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓe na shekarar 1946 na zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi ya sa aka kama shi aka sake yanke masa hukuncin kisa, amma ya sami nasarar tserewa kuma aka tilasta masa ya ɓoye har lokacin da yakin ya barke.

### Yakin Aljeriya
A ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamban 1954, a lokacin ɓarkewar yakin Aljeriya, Amar Ouamrane ya jagoranci ayyukan soji a Draâ Ben Khedda. Ouamrane ya halarci taron  a cikin watan Agusta 1956, a ƙarshen sa ya kai matsayin Kanal a cikin ALN.  A cikin shekarar 1957, an naɗa shi a cikin CNRA (Majalisar National Council of the Algerian Revolution) mai wakiltar Wilaya IV bayan kama Rabah Bitat . Daga 1960, an nada shi wakilin FLN a Lebanon sannan a Turkiyya.

## Manazarta
Yasir Arman

**Yasir Said Arman** ( Arabic   ; an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1962) ɗan siyasan Sudan ne kuma jigo a ƙungiyar SPLM ta Sudan . Ya kasance mataimakin babban sakataren kungiyar SPLM a bangaren arewa kuma kakakinta.  Da farko an gabatar da shi a matsayin dan takarar SPLM a zaben shugaban kasa na Afrilu 2010, amma daga baya jam'iyyar ta zabi kauracewa zaben shugaban kasa. Bayan da Sudan ta Kudu ta samu 'yancin kai a ranar 9 ga watan Yulin 2011, da kuma kafa wata jam'iyyar SPLM ta daban a Jamhuriyar Sudan (Sudan ta Arewa), Arman ya zama babban sakataren kungiyar SPLM-N.

Arman na daya daga cikin shugabannin da suka taimaka wajen rubutawa tare da sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Naivasha na cikakkiyar yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da ta kawo karshen yakin da aka yi tsakanin arewaci da kudancin Sudan a shekara ta 2005. Shi ne shugaban jam'iyyar SPLM ta bangaren majalisar dokoki.

## Yarantaka da kuruciya
Yasir Arman na Ja'alin ne, ƙabilar Larabawa ƴan asalin Sudan ta Arewa; An haife shi a garin Tabat da ke cikin jihar Al Jazirah . Ya shiga jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Sudan a matsayin dalibi a tsakiyar shekarun saba'in. 

An zargi Arman da hannu a kisan wasu dalibai biyu masu kishin Islama a reshen Khartoum na Jami'ar Alkahira ( Jami'ar Al-Neelain a yanzu), amma daga baya aka wanke shi daga tuhumar da ake masa a kotu. 

## SPLM mai gwagwarmaya
Arman ya bar jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Sudan ya koma SPLM a shekarar 1987. Ya kasance kusa da tsohon shugaba John Garang . An nada Arman a matsayin shugaban sojoji kuma kakakin. 

An kama Yasir Arman tare da wasu shugabanni a watan Disambar 2009 bayan yunkurin gudanar da zanga-zanga a Khartoum don nuna adawa da dokar da aka zartar a majalisar dokokin Sudan . 

### SPLM-N (al-Agar)
Bayan ballewar Sudan ta Kudu, Arman ya ci gaba da zama a kungiyar SPLM-N a Sudan.  A shekarar 2017 aka raba SPLM-N zuwa SPLM-N (Agar) da SPLM-N (al-Hilu),   Arman ya shiga kungiyar SPLM-N (Agar), inda ya zama mataimakinsa. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Yasir Arman yana auren diyar Sultan Deng Majok, daya daga cikin sarakunan Sudan ta Kudu, kuma yana da 'ya'ya hudu.

## Magana

* yasirarman.net
Hassiba Ben Bouali

**Hassiba Ben Bouali**  (18 Janairu 1938 - 9 Oktoba 1957) 'yar gwagwarmayar Aljeriya ne kuma 'yar juyin juya hali na Yaƙin Aljeriya.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Hassiba Ben Bouali  an haife ta ne a El-Asnam (A yau, Chlef), Algeria,  a cikin dangi na aristocratic. 

Iyayenta sun koma Algiers a shekarar 1947, inda ta yi karatu a Lycée Delacroix (makarantar sakandare). Ta shiga ƙungiyar Scout, kuma tafiye-tafiyen da ta yi ya sa ta fahimci halin da al'ummar Aljeriya ke ciki a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin 'yan mulkin mallaka. Wannan ne ya sa ta shiga *ƙungiyar générale des étudiants musulmans* algériens (General Union of Algerian Muslim Students) a shekara ta 1954, tana da shekara 16. Ta shiga gwagwarmayar kishin ƙasa  har zuwa rasuwarta. A yakin Algiers a shekara ta 1957, an kashe ta ita da wasu sahabbai uku ciki har da Ali Ammar (wanda aka fi sani da *Ali La Pointe*) a lokacin da sojojin Faransa suka yi ruwan bama-bamai a maɓoyarsu a Casbah.

An nuna Benbouali a cikin fim ɗin *[[Yaƙin Algiers|The Battle of Algiers]]* ta 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Fusia El Kader. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyi a Algiers da jami'ar Chlef an sanya mata suna.

## Manazarta
Belkacem Radjef

**Belkacem Radjef** (1909-1989) an haife shi a Fort-National (a yau Larbaâ Nath Irathen, Lardin Tizi Ouzou), Aljeriya kuma ya shafe shekaru 32 na rayuwarsa a yakin neman 'yancin Aljeriya daga Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa. Ya shiga cikin abokan El Ouma, ƙungiyar shugabannin gwagwarmaya ta farko ta neman 'yancin kai a shekarar 1930 bayan da aka rushe L'Etoile Nord Africaine a shekarar 1929. An sake gina shi a cikin watan Mayu 1933 a ƙarƙashin sunan Glorieuse Etoile Nord Africaine. An zaɓe shi ma'ajin tare da sakataren Amar Imache da Messali Hadj shugaba. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin laftanar da masu ba da shawara na Messali a cikin shekarun 1930s, 40's da farkon 50's.

An zaɓe shi a cikin mambobi 30 na kwamitin tsakiya na Etoile Nord-Africaine (ENA) kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa a wannan matsayi ta hanyar canza sunan kungiyar: Parti du Peuple Algerien a shekarar 1937 da Mouvement pour le Triomphe des Libertés Democratiques a shekarar 1946. Farkon Yaƙin 'Yancin Aljeriya a ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba, 1954, ya nuna haɗewar ƙungiyoyin soja, addini, da siyasa na 'yancin kai zuwa Front de Liberation nationale (FLN). Radjef ya zama mamba na dindindin na kwamitin tsakiya na wannan kungiya a shekara ta 1956 kuma ya kasance a haka har zuwa lokacin da Aljeriya ta samu ‘yancin kai a shekarar 1962.

Daga nan ya shiga sabuwar gwamnatin Aljeriya a matsayin mataimaki na musamman ga ministan kwadago da harkokin jama'a (Bachir Boumaza). A lokaci guda kuma ya kafa Le Secours National Algerien, wanda manufarsa ita ce ciyarwa, masauki, da ilmantar da matasa masu haskaka takalma na zamanin mulkin mallaka. Radjef Belkacem ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1978.

**Rayuwa ta sirri**  

Radjef yana da 'ya'ya uku tare da matarsa 'yar Faransa, Reine Bulot: Tarek, Yamina, da Patrick (né Amar).

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Masu Kare Hakkin Dan Adam a Afirka ta Tsakiya

***Réseau des Défenseurs des Droits Humains en Afrique Centrale*** ( **REDHAC** ) (A cikin Turanci, "Central Africa Human Rights Defenders Network") kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke mai da hankali kan hakki da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a Afirka ta Tsakiya .

## Membobi
Afirka ta tsakiya tana da ƙasashe 10, daga cikinsu REDHAC ta kunshi kasashe takwas da suka haɗa da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Kamaru, Chadi, Gabon, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar Congo, Equatorial Guinea da Sao Tome and Principe .  Kasashen Burundi da Rwanda sun shiga kungiyar ta Gabas da Kahon Afirka.

Maximilienne Ngo Mbe ya jagoranci Réseau de Défenseurs des Droits Humains de l'Afrique Centrale (REDHAC)  tun daga 2010.

## Manufa
Gabaɗaya manufa:

* Tabbatar da amincewa da matsayi da kariya ga masu kare hakkin bil adama.

takamaiman manufa:

* Taimakawa don ƙarfafa ƙarfin masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam don kare lafiyarsu da kariya a cikin aikinsu.
* Gudanar da ingantaccen shawarwari a madadin masu kare.
* Bincika da kuma nazarin halin da ake ciki na masu kare.
* Nemo albarkatun da ake buƙata don ayyukan REDHAC.

## Tsarin
Cibiyar sadarwa ta ƙunshi Babban Taro, Kwamitin Gudanarwa, wurare takwas a cikin ƙasashe daban-daban, waɗanda ke tafiyar da hanyar sadarwa da Sakatariyar Dindindin, wanda wurin zama a Douala, Kamaru. 

## Ayyuka
An ɗauki matakai da yawa don gudanar da shawarwari masu inganci ga masu Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam. REDHAC na aika sanarwar manema labarai a duk lokacin da mai Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ke cikin haɗari a Afirka ta Tsakiya. Cibiyar sadarwa tana tallafawa masu karewa da hanyoyin kuɗi da na doka. Mambobin kungiyar ta REDHAC a lokuta da dama sun halarci taruka da karawa juna sani a kasashen waje da Afirka ta Tsakiya da kuma shirye-shiryen talabijin da hirarrakin rediyo, inda suke magana da amsa tambayoyi da suka shafi kare hakkin bil'adama da masu kare hakkin bil'adama a Kamaru da Afirka ta Tsakiya.

## Magana

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* REDHAC  (Shafin Gida na hukuma)

### Sauran hanyoyin sadarwa na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na yanki

* Gabas & Kahon Afirka Shirin Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam (Shafin Gida na hukuma)
* Amintacciya Masu Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Kudancin Afirka  (Shafin Gida na hukuma)
* Kungiyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Yammacin Afirka (Shafin Gida na hukuma)
Abane Ramdane

**Abane Ramdane** (Yuni 10, 1920 - Disamba 26, 1957) ɗan gwagwarmayar siyasa ne na Aljeriya kuma mai neman sauyi kuma ɗan juyin juya hali. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shirya gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai a lokacin yakin Aljeriya. Tasirinsa ya yi yawa har ana kiransa da "maginin juyin juya hali". Shi ne kuma masanin ginin Majalisar Soummam a Bejaia a shekarar 1956 kuma yana kusa da Frantz Fanon.

A cikin bazara na shekara ta 1957, an samu ɓaraka tsakanin Ramdane da wasu manyan masu faɗa a ji a cikin National Liberation Front (FLN). A lokacin, an yi gwagwarmaya na cikin gida tsakanin sojoji da ƙungiyoyin farar hula a cikin FLN, kuma ana zargin Ramdane da ƙirƙirar "al'adar ɗabi'a".

A ranar 24 ga watan Disamba, 1957, an umurci Ramdane ya yi tafiya zuwa Tétouan, Morocco, tare da Krim Belkacem da Mahmoud Cherif don ganawa da Sarki Mohammed V. Sun isa ranar 26 ga watan Disamba. Da zarar a ƙasar, Abdelhafid Boussouf, memba na kungiyar Oujda, ya dauke su a cikin mota. Yayin da ba a san takamammiyar mutuwar Ramdane ba, kuma an bayar da labarai masu cin karo da juna daga waɗanda abin ya shafa, an kashe Ramdane.

Ramdane ya kasance "mai karfin siyasa", kuma kisan da ya yi ya damu da yawancin mambobin FLN ciki har da memba na Oujda Group, Houari Boumediene, wanda, a cewar littafin 1977 na Alistair Horne, A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954-1962, zai hana masu kisan kai daga gwamnatin Aljeriya lokacin da yake shugaban Aljeriya.

Abane Ramdane ya juya baya ga "na waje" kanarrun juyin juya halin Aljeriya, ciki har da Boumediene da Boussouf, a cikin yarjejeniya tare da Ben Bella sun shirya CNRA (majalisar ƙasa na juyin juya halin Aljeriya) wanda ke shirin mayar da nasarorin da aka samu na taron Soummam. Abane ya zarge su da kasancewa "masu kawo sauyi na fadar" nesa ba kusa ba daga fage da ma'aikatan cikin gida kuma sun shagaltu da mulki. A cikin watan Disambar 1957, bisa zargin neman taimakonsa don warware rikici a Maroko, ya shiga cikin tarko inda Boussouf da ma'aikatansa suka kashe shi.  

Bayan 'yan shekaru bayan samun 'yancin kai, an sake binne Ramdane a kyauyensa Azouza, a lardin Tizi Ouzou.

## Manazarta
Kewaye Mariupol

**Kewaye Mariupol** (Ukraniyan: Облога Мариуполя, Rashanci: Осада Мариуполя) wata uku ce ta kewaye birnin Mariupol da ke gabashin Ukraniya da sojojin Rasha suka yi daga ƙarshen Fabrairu zuwa ƙarshen Mayu 2022. Shirye-shiryen mamayewa ya fara a farkon lokacin bazara 2021. Ya kasance mafi girma da barna a Turai tun bayan yakin duniya na biyu.

## Tarihi

A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2022, Rasha ta fara luguden wuta a birnin ta hanyar amfani da bindigogi, jirage marasa matuka, jiragen sama, manyan makamai, da sojojin ruwa. Daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a wannan kawanya shi ne harin bam da sojojin Rasha suka yi na gidan wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo na Mariupol, wanda gininsa ya boye dubban fararen hula .

Aikin soja ya ƙare tare da lalata kusan kashi 90% na gine-gine: gine-gine 2,340, gidaje masu zaman kansu 61,200, asibitoci 7, asibitoci 4, makarantu 57, jami'o'i 7, kolejoji 70, asibitocin haihuwa 3. Mutuwar 'yan kasar Ukraniya 100,000 da kuma janye sojoji daga shukar Azovstal..

'Yan kasar Rasha sun yi amfani da rahotannin karya game da "'yan kasar suna gode wa wadanda suka 'yantar da su" don tabbatar da abin da suka aikata. Bugu da ƙari, babban laifin yaƙi shine ƙirƙirar sansanonin "tace" (Rashanci: Фильтрационные лагеря России на Украине), inda aka kashe mutane na kowane zamani da matsayi na zamantakewa. Rashawa sun kashe dukan iyalan Ukraniyan tare da kai 'ya'yansu zuwa Rasha.

An kusan lalata birnin gaba daya kuma yana karkashin mamayar sojoji tun daga karshen watan Mayun 2022. Kafin mamayewar Rasha, Mariupol na daya daga cikin birane 10 mafi yawan jama'a a jihar.

Sojojin Rasha har ma sun aiwatar da kisan gillar da aka yi wa 'yan kasar ta Ukraniya saboda suna da jarfa da ke nuna alamar tutar Ukraine. A cikin birnin a cikin bazara na 2022, Rasha ta haifar da bala'i na bil'adama: dubban gidaje da ababen more rayuwa sun lalace, kuma an tilasta wa 'yan Ukraniya dafa abinci ta hanyar bude wuta da tsayawa cikin dogon layi har ma da ruwa. A shekara ta 2014, da farkon mamayar da sojojin Rasha suka yi a Ukraniya, birnin ya kasance karkashin ikon Rasha na dan lokaci, amma sojojin Ukraniya sun 'yantar da shi. A cikin 2021, an sami ƙaramin rikici tsakanin sojojin Rasha da na Yukren .

A Rasha, a karkashin Putin, an daure mutane don yin sharhi a shafukan sada zumunta da ke dauke da kalmomin "yaki" ko "kai hari." A hukumance, Rasha ta musanta dukkan laifukan da ta aikata, kuma mamayar da aka yi wa Ukraniya ana kiranta aikin soji na musamman, tunda a lokacin wani aiki na musamman ne shugaban kasar ke da hakkin boye hasarar Rasha .

'Yan sanda sun murkushe dukkanin zanga-zangar adawa da yaki a Rasha musamman a watan Maris na 2022, lokacin da aka kama mutane 15,000 da suka halarci gangamin yaki da yaki.
## Manazarta
Ahmed Zabana

**Ahmed Zabana** (ainihin suna: **Ahmed Zahana** ; 1926 - 19 ga watan Yunin shekarar1956) wani mayaki ne ɗan ƙasar Aljeriya wanda ya halarci ɓarkewar yakin Aljeriya. Masu mulkin mallaka na Faransa sun kashe shi ta hanyar guillotine a ranar 19 ga watan Yuni 1956, a Algiers.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Zabana a cikin shekarar 1926 a Saint-Lucien (yanzu Zahana ).  Ƙarami a cikin yara tara, da iyayensa suka haifa shi memba ne na kungiyar Scout na Musulmin Aljeriya, wanda ya karfafa jin kishin ƙasa a cikinsa. Ya shiga kungiyar Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties a shekarar 1950.  Daga baya ya zama memba na reshen soji na wata Kungiyar asiri mai goyon bayan 'yancin kai, kuma ya shiga aikin aika wasiku a Oran a cikin shekarar 1950. Daga baya aka kama shi kuma ya shafe shekaru uku a gidan yari da kuma ƙarin shekaru uku a gudun hijira. 

## Matsayi a cikin shirye-shiryen juyin juya halin Musulunci
Bayan rusa kwamitin juyin juya hali na haɗin kai da aiki a ranar 5 ga watan Yulin 1954, Larbi Ben M'hidi ya ba wa Zabana umarnin shirya juyin juya hali ta hanyar samun makamai da ma'aikata. Ayyukan Zabana sune tsara dakarun juyin juya hali da horar da su, da kuma ziyartar wurare masu mahimmanci don zaɓar wuraren da za a iya zama cibiyar juyin juya hali. Zabana ya yi nasarar kafa 'yan gwagwarmayar juyin juya hali a Zahana, Oran, Aïn Témouchent, Hammam Bou Hadjar, Hassi El Ghella, da Chaabet El Ham. Daga nan sai ya umurci mutanen ’yan bangar da su tattara kuɗin sayen makamai da alburusai. Tare da Abdulmalek Ramadan, Zabana ya kula da horar da jami'an soji. A wani taro da aka yi a ranar 30 ga watan Oktoban 1954, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ben M'hidi, masu shirya juyin juya halin Musulunci sun kuduri aniyar cewa za a fara ne da jerin hare-hare a daren 1 ga watan Nuwamba. Washegari, 31 ga Oktoba, Zabana ya gana da ruƙuninsa kuma ya sanya takamaiman hari da kuma wani batu kan Jabal al-Qada.

## Matsayi a cikin juyin juya hali
A ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba 1954, Zabana ya jagoranci wani aiki mai nasara a Lamarda. Bayan gudanar da hare-haren ta'addanci a kan manufofin Faransa da aka amince da su, Zabana ya gana da shugabanni da mambobin ƙungiyoyin gudanarwa don tantance su tare da tsara abin da ya kamata a yi a matakai masu zuwa. An kama Zabana a yakin Gar Bouklida a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamban 1954, inda aka ji masa rauni. An kai shi asibiti sannan aka kai shi kurkuku.

## Kisa
A ranar 21 ga watan Afrilu, 1955, an gabatar da Zabana a kotun soja a Oran kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa. A ranar 3 ga watan Mayu 1955, an tura shi kurkukun Serkadji a Algiers. An kashe shi a ranar 19 ga watan Yuni 1956.  Wani lokaci ana kwatanta shi a matsayin shahidi na farko (French: Chahid)  ya zama guillotin a cikin yaƙi.

## Martaba
An sanya wa gidan tarihin Ahmed Zabana National Museum da Ahmed Zabana Stadium da ke Oran sunansa. A cikin shekarar 2012, darektan fina-finai na Aljeriya Saïd Ould-Khelifa ya ƙaddamar da wani fim na tarihin rayuwar *[[Zabana!]]* tare da jagoranci na Zabana wanda Imad Benchenni ya taka. 

## Manazarta
Pan Africanist Movement

**Pan Africanist Movement** wata ƙaramar jam'iyyar siyasa ce ta Afirka ta Kudu wadda Thami ka Plaatjie da wasu daga wani bangare a cikin Pan Africanist Congress suka kafa. Bayan shafe shekara guda ana gwabza fada tsakanin magoya bayan Ka Plaatjie da shugaban PAC Letlapa Mphahlele, babbar kotu ta yanke hukuncin cewa bangaren ka Plaatjie ba zai iya yin shiri da suna ko launin jam'iyyar Pan Africanist Congress ba, an kuma kafa wata sabuwar jam'iyya wadda za ta dauki nauyin bangaren Ka Plaatjie. 

An fatattaki jam’iyyar a zaben 2009 kuma Ka Plaatjie ya yi murabus a watan Disamba 2009, ya shiga jam’iyyar African National Congress a 2010. 

Jam'iyyar ta fafata a zaben 2014, rabon da suka samu na kuri'u ya ragu zuwa kashi 0.02%.

## Sakamakon zabe

### Zaben kasa

### Zaben kananan hukumomi

|-
! Election
! Votes
! %
|-
! 2016
| 1,736
| 0.00%
|-
|}

## Manazarta
Arkangelo Bari Wanji

**Arkangelo Barri Wanji** (21 Yuli 1936 - 15 Maris 2016) ɗan siyasan Sudan ta Kudu ne na ƙungiyar 'yantar da jama'ar Sudan. Ya kasance ɗan Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa  tun kafuwarta a shekarar 2011. A baya dai ya kasance memba a cibiyar magabata, Majalisar Dokokin Kudancin Sudan, inda aka zaɓe shi a babban zaɓen Sudan ta Kudu a shekarar 2010. 

Yayin yakin neman zaɓen raba gardama na 'yancin kai a Sudan ta Kudu a shekara ta 2011, Wanji ya buƙaci masu kaɗa kuri'a da su kaɗa kuri'ar neman 'yancin kai, yayin da suke zaman lafiya. 

Wanji ɗan kabilar Golo ne, kuma ya samo asali ne daga gundumar Wau, ta yammacin Bahr el Ghazal.  Ya rasu a Juba a ranar 15 ga watan Maris, 2016, yana da shekaru 80. 

## Manazarta
A luta continua

"**A luta continua**" (Portuguese don "gwagwarmaya ta ci gaba") taken ne da ƙungiyar FRELIMO ta yi amfani da ita a lokacin yaƙin neman 'yancin kai na Mozambique daga turawan mulkin mallaka na Portugal. Kalmomin, wanda shugaban farko na FRELIMO, Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane, ya yi, an yi amfani da shi ne don nuna goyon baya a yankunan da aka kwato na Mozambique.  Bayan kashe Mondlane a shekarar 1969, magajinsa, Samora Machel, ya ci gaba da yin amfani da taken don tara jama'a a zamanin bayan samun 'yancin kai. Machel, wanda ya zama shugaban Mozambique mai cin gashin kanta na farko a shekarar 1975, ya yi amfani da "A luta continua" a matsayin taken ƙasa da ba na hukuma ba. Taken ya ƙunshi hangen nesa na Mondlane: "Mun yi yaƙi tare, kuma tare mun sake ginawa da sake gina ƙasarmu, tare da samar da sabuwar gaskiya-New Mozambique, United and Freed." 

Kalmar ta kasance mai mahimmanci a al'adu a Mozambique, tare da fastoci masu ɗauke da taken har yanzu ana iya gani a Maputo, babban birnin ƙasar.  

## Amfani da ƙungiyoyi masu fafutuka
Ƙungiyoyin fafutuka daban-daban na duniya sun karɓi "A luta continua". A Uganda, masu fafutukar kare hakkin LGBT sun sanya T-shirts tare da jumlar a wurin jana'izar David Kato a shekarar 2011.   Shugaban 'yan adawar Uganda Bobi Wine kuma ya yi amfani da wannan furci. 

A Najeriya, ɗalibai da masu fafutuka ne suka rungumi taken. Taken kungiyar ɗaliban Najeriya ce ta ƙasa  kuma galibi ana takaita ta zuwa "Aluta." Cikakken sigar, "A luta continua; vitória é certa," ma'ana "Ana ci gaba da gwagwarmaya; nasara ta tabbata," ana amfani da ita a lokacin zanga-zangar da gangami.

A Portugal, kalmar har yanzu ana amfani da ita azaman taken siyasa, galibi ana danganta shi da juyin juya halin Carnation  da ƙungiyoyin hagu da ƙungiyoyi. 

Kalmar ta kuma yi fice a lokacin zanga-zangar #FeesMustFall ta Afirka ta Kudu ta 2016. Bugu da ƙari, masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama a Indonesia sun yi amfani da ita musamman a lokacin zanga-zangar 2019 da tarzoma, don neman ɗaukar matakin gwamnati kan take hakkin ɗan Adam da ba a warware ba.  

## Yi amfani a cikin shahararrun kafofin watsa labarai
Kalmar "A luta continua" ta bayyana a kafafen yaɗa labarai daban-daban.  Taken wani fim ne na 1971 game da gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai na Mozambique.  Mawakiyar Afirka ta Kudu Miriam Makeba ta shahara da waƙar da aka yi wa Mozambique mai suna "A Luta Continua," wacce 'yarta Bongi ta rubuta bayan halartar bikin 'yancin kai na Mozambique a shekarar 1975.   Daga baya an fitar da waƙar a kan kundi na 1989 na Makeba *Welela*.

Bugu da ƙari, darektan Amurka Jonathan Demme ya haɗa da kalmar a ƙarshen ƙididdiga a cikin fina-finansa guda huɗu: *Wani abu Wild* (1986), *Married to the Mob* (1988), *Silence of the Lambs* (1991), da *Philadelphia* (1993).

A cikin United Kingdom, kalmar ta bayyana akan wata alama a cikin bangon al'adun baƙar fata na Reading Central Club a cikin Karatu, Berkshire.

## Manazarta
Mbanna Kantako

**Mbanna Kantako** (an haife shi **Dewayne Readus** ) makaho ɗan gwagwarmayar 'yanci ne na Afirka wanda ke aiki a cikin watsa shirye-shiryen Low-power ( microwatt, watsa shirye-shiryen radiyo na pirate FM ) a cikin Amurka ta Amurka . Tarihinsa na watsa shirye-shiryen ba tare da lasisi ba a cikin sabis na zamantakewa da adalci na launin fata ya sanya shi "jarumi na farko na ƙungiyar watsa shirye-shirye." 

## Takaitaccen tarihin rayuwa

### Kit ɗin odar wasiku
A cikin 1980s, Mbanna Kantako ya kasance yana zaune a cikin aikin gidaje na jama'a a Springfield, Illinois . Tare da taimakon Mike Townsend, farfesa a aikin zamantakewa a ƙaramin kwaleji a Springfield, Mbanna Kantako ya sami kayan watsawa na watt 1 daga kundin odar wasiku.

### Ƙungiyar Masu Hayar Ma'aikata ta Gidaje
Bayan ya gina mai watsawa, Mbanna ya yi amfani da sadarwa tare da sauran mazauna baƙar fata a cikin aikin gidaje a ƙarƙashin haruffa kira WTRA ("Hadin gwiwar 'Yancin Ma'aikata"), wanda ya kasance memba. Wadannan watsa shirye-shiryen sun wuce ta hanyar ƙarin canje-canje na suna daga **Black Liberation Radio** zuwa African Liberation Radio.

### Lafiya
Mbanna Kantako ya samu kansa a karkashin bincike da FCC ta yi a lokacin da ya fadada watsa shirye-shiryensa na microwatt a duka tsawon lokaci da abun ciki ta hanyar nuna matasan da ke cikin matsala da 'yan sandan Housing Project. Sannan aka umarce shi da ya daina watsa shirye-shiryensa. Kamar da yawa daga cikin masu watsa shirye-shiryen radiyo na ƴan fashi a farko ya bi sa'an nan kuma ya dawo kan iska. Sai dai ya sanar da dawowar sa ta hanyar sanar da hukumar ta FCC aniyar sa ta hanyar sanar da jama'a ga manema labarai. Sakamakon sammacin ne ya bayyana a gaban kotu inda ya fuskanci tarar dala 750. Kantako ya yi ikirarin cewa ba zai iya samun lauyan da kotu ta ba shi ba don haka ya ki zuwa kotu a sakamakon haka aka yanke masa hukuncin da bai dace ba.

### Rashin hankali mai ban sha'awa
Taron manema labarai nasa ya zaburar da wasu suma su fara tashoshin microwatt a wasu garuruwa. Rediyon Free Detroit  ya dauki iska kuma nan take FCC ta kai masa farmaki. Amma a takaice sai Free Radio Berkeley ya biyo baya sannan kuma San Francisco Liberation Radio .

Kantako kuma ya dawo sama daga karfe 7 na dare zuwa tsakar dare a kowace rana. Dalilinsa daidai yake da Alan Weiner wanda ya fara Rediyon Newyork International bayan ya fara aiki da gidajen rediyon kasuwanci masu lasisi da marasa lasisi a ƙasa a yankin New York City . Kantako ya yi iƙirarin cewa a bar shi shi kaɗai saboda kawai yana amfani da sarari a kan bakan.

## Magana

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Bayanin Mbanna Kantako mai kwanan watan Fabrairu, bugu na 1996 na Metro Santa Cruz
* Foto Mbanna Kantako
* Mbanna Kantako - ra'ayin siyasa
* Mbanna Kantako da rediyo
* Taskar rikodin rikodi ya kasance har zuwa Yuni 1, 2020
* Duk tarihin abubuwan da ke wanzu akan diymedia.net/old/mbanna azaman zip har zuwa Yuni 1,2020 ~ 800mb
* Neman taimako na Rukunin Rukunin UIS - Mbanna Kantako taƙaitaccen doka kan dalilin da yasa dokokin FCC suka sabawa tsarin mulki, 1998
Daniel Chipenda

**Daniel Chipenda** (15 ga Mayu 1931, Lobito - 28 ga Fabrairu 1996) ɗan juyin juya hali ne na Angola  wanda ya yi yaƙi a Yaƙin samun 'yancin kai na Angolan, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan fage na ƙungiyar Jama'ar neman 'Yancin Angola (MPLA) a Gabashin Gabas kafin kafa da jagorantar Tawayen Gabas, ƙungiya ce ta MPLA. Daga baya ya shiga jam'iyyar National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA),  amma ya fita, ya koma MPLA, ya sake fita a watan Yuli 1992. 

Chipenda, a lokacin memba ne na MPLA, ya kafa ƙungiyar Eastern Front, wanda ya faɗaɗa karfin MPLA, a watan Mayu 1966. Lokacin da EF ta rushe, Chipenda da shugaban MPLA Agostinho Neto kowannensu ya zargi ɗaya daga cikin su. A shekara ta 1972 Tarayyar Soviet ta haɗa kai da ƙungiyar Chipenda, ta ba shi taimako. Bayan Juyin Juya Halin Carnation a Portugal a shekara ta 1974, Joaquim Pinto de Andrade, Shugaban MPLA, ya shirya taron MPLA a Lusaka. Neto da Chipenda sun halarci taron tare da wakilai 165 bi da bi kuma ƙungiyar Mário Pinto de Andrade ta Active Revolt tana da wakilai 70. Bayan kwanaki da yawa na tattaunawa ƙungiyar Neto ta bar majalisa, don haka MPLA ta kasance ta rabu zuwa ƙungiyoyi uku. Chipenda ya bar MPLA, kodayake ya bar ta kafin juyin mulkin a Portugal,  inda ya kafa Eastern Revolt tare da 1,500 tsoffin mabiyan MPLA.  Ya yi tsayayya da jagorancin MPLA wanda ya zarge shi da kasancewa "Creole" kuma yana da hankali ga Tarayyar Soviet, duk da goyon bayanta.

A cikin shekarar 1973 gwamnatin Tarayyar Soviet ta gayyaci Neto zuwa Moscow kuma ta gaya masa Chipenda yana shirin kashe shi. USSR ta dawo da taimako ga MPLA, Neto kuma mai ƙarfi a cikin shekarar 1974. A watan Satumba Chipenda ya sake shiga FNLA, kuma ya koma MPLA kawai bayan zaɓukan jam'iyyu da yawa na shekarar 1992.

## Manazarta
Abílio Duarte

**Abílio Augusto Monteiro Duarte** (16 Fabrairu 1931 - 20 Agusta 1996) ɗan kishin ƙasar Cape Verde ne kuma shugaban siyasa na farko a lokacin 'yancin kai.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife shi a Praia, a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Cape Verde. 

Ya yi karatu a Liceu Gil Eanes a Mindelo.

Ya shiga cikin tawaye ga 'yan mulkin mallaka tun daga shekarar 1953 kuma ya rubuta labaran da suka shafi kishin ƙasa ciki har da bita *Claridade*. A watan Fabrairun 1956, tare da wasu marubuta daga Angola da Mozambique, ya halarci taron farko na Marubuta bakar fata a birnin Paris. A cikin shekarar 1957, ya tafi Dakar, Senegal tare da masu fafutuka na taimaka musu 'yancin kai a Senegal, daga baya ya ziyarci Bissau tare da sauran masu kishin ƙasa. Ya yi aiki tare kuma daga baya ya auri Dulce Almada. 

Bayan da Cape Verde ta samu 'yancin kai, Duarte ya kasance shugaban  na majalisar dokokin ƙasar  daga shekarun 1975 zuwa 1991, kuma shi ne ministan harkokin waje na farko na sabuwar Cape Verde mai cin gashin kanta daga shekarun 1975 zuwa 1981, Silvino Manuel da Luz ya gaje shi. Ya kuma kasance Shugaban Majalisar Jama'a daga shekarun 1975 zuwa 1991, Amilcar Spencer Lopes ya gaje shi.

Ya mutu a watan Agusta 1996.

## Martaba
Ɗaya daga cikin titunan da ake kira a Cape Verde shine wanda ke kudancin Mindelo.

Ana kiran makarantar sakandare bayansa a Palmarejo a kudu maso yammacin Praia da ke kan Avenida Santo Antão, wanda aka buɗe a tsakiyar 1990s. Kusa da ita shine babban harabar Jami'ar Cape Verde.

## Kara karantawa

* Richard Andrew Lobban da Paul Khalil Saucier, *ƙamus na tarihi na Jamhuriyar Cape Verde*, Lanham, Md, Scarecrow Press, koll. *Kamus na Tarihi na Afirka*, 2007, ed na huɗu. , shafi na 306.ISBN&nbsp; , " Abilio Augusto Monteiro Duarte », p.&nbsp;87-88

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Abílio Augusto Monteiro Duarte a Majalisar Dokokin Cape Verde gidan yanar gizon  
* Takaitaccen tarihin rayuwa a rulers.org 

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Centane

**Yakin Centane**, da kuma **yakin Kentani** ko **na Quintana**, an yi shi ne a ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairun 1878 a kusa da Kentani ("Centane") a lardin Cape na Afirka ta Kudu a lokacin yakin Xhosa na tara tsakanin shekarun 1877 zuwa 1879. Dakarun Xhosa da suka haɗa da mayakan Gcalaka da Rharhabe, sun kai hari a wani sansani na Birtaniyya a tsaunukan Centane kuma sun sha kashi sosai.

## Yaƙi
Rikici ya faru ne 'yan makonni bayan da sojojin Birtaniya Janar Henry Bartle Frere ya jagoranci yakin nasara a kan sojojin Gcaleka, waɗanda suka shiga gwagwarmayar Xhosha a kan 'yan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya. Sojojin Bartle, ƙarƙashin kwamandan su Veldman Bikitsha, sun yi nasarar yin galaba a kan Gcaleka a ranar 13 ga watan Janairu (kusa da Nyumaxa). Sojojin Masarautar sun taimaka, amma sun gaji, ƙarancin abinci kuma sun ƙasa bin diddigin nasarar.

A safiyar ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairun 1878 haɗaɗɗiyar dakarun Gcalaka 1,500 da Rharhabe sun kai hari sansanin Birtaniya kusa da Centane (Kentani)  a kokarin tabbatar da abinci da harsasai. Sojojin Imperial da suka ƙunshi kimanin sojojin Birtaniya 400, galibi na 67th Regiment of Foot of the Durham Light Infantry, wanda Kyaftin Russell Upcher ya ba da umarni sun sami goyon bayan kimanin 560 Fengu warriors da kuma na gida Frontier Light Horse mayakan,  wanda ya yi yaƙi mafi yawan marasa doki, jagorancin F. Carrington.  Da kyar aka dakile wani harin da ya biyo baya, amma da yawa daga cikin 'yan Birtaniyya sun sami damar kare muƙaman nasu da rashin asara.

Kimanin mayakan Gcalaka 300 da Rharhabe ne aka kashe saboda asarar sojojin Burtaniya biyu kacal da mayakan Mfengu 8.

## Duba kuma

* Xhosa Wars

## Littattafai

*  
* 
* Philip Gon, *The Last Frontier War*. The South African Military History Society, Military History Journal, Vol. 5, No 6, December 1982. Online 

## Manazarta
Siege of Igueriben

**Sifen Igueriben** ya kasance wani rikici ne tsakanin ƙabilun Rif na Abd el-Krim da sojojin Spain, daga ranar 16 zuwa 21 ga watan Yuli, 1921, a sansanin Spain na Igueriben inda sojojin Abd el-Krim suka yi musu ƙawanya. Faɗan dai ya ƙare ne da samun nasarar dakarun Abd el-Krim. Sun shafe tawagar Spaniya.

## Tarihi
A lokacin yakin Rif, babban ɗan ƙasar Spain, Manuel Fernández Silvestre, yana aiki a yankin gabas na 'yan mulkin mallaka na Spain a Rif. Tsaunukan Rif da ƙabilun su ne suka mamaye yankin, wanda hakan ya kawo cikas ga dakarun Silvestre. Ranar 21 ga watan Janairu, 1921, Spaniya sun ɗauki Shekara-shekara a matsayin tushe. Ba duk ƙabilun Riffian ne suka miƙa wuya ga 'yan mulkin mallaka na Spain ba. Abd el-Krim da ɗan'uwansa sun ƙuduri niyyar dakatar da tsarin mulkin mallaka. 

A ƙarshen watan Mayu, sojojin Riffian sun kai hari a sansanin Abarrán, inda suka kama. Ƙaramin shan kashi zai biyo baya tare da ɓarna a kowace shekara.

## Siege

An kai hari sansanin na Spain na gaba a Igueriben a ranar 16 ga watan Yuli. Ya kasance mil uku daga Shekara-shekara inda aka kewaye shi da sauri kuma an yanke shi daga Shekara-shekara.  Kwamandan sansanin shi ne Manjo Julio Benitez. Kariyar ba ta da ƙarfi kuma ba ta cika ba, amma Manjo ya ƙi mika wuya, ya gwammace ya mutu maimakon haka. An aika da saƙon daga Janar Navarro, mai ba da umarni na biyu zuwa Silvestre, yana ƙarfafa yaƙin garrison. Mutanensa sun yi yaƙi sosai, amma ruwan ruwansu yana da nisa mil uku daga Shekara-shekara. A yayin da ake ci gaba da gwabza faɗa, da zafin da ya kama sojojin, an tilasta musu shan ruwan 'ya'yan itace da aka yi amfani da su na pimiento da tin tumatir, sai vinegar, cologne, da tawada, kuma a ƙarshe har da fitsari da sukari a ciki. A kowace shekara, sun aika da ginshiƙi na agaji wanda suka isa kusa da tushe inda dakarun suka gani. Duk da haka, hanyar samun tushe kawai ita ce ta wani kwazazzabo mai zurfi wanda Riffian ke kare shi sosai. Bindigogi da manyan bindigogi sun fatattake su,   kuma ginshiƙin agaji sun ja da baya bayan an kashe 152.  An kama Igueriben a ƙarshen, kuma an kashe Benitez tare da yawancin mutanensa.  Maza 25 ne kawai cikin 300 suka tsira wanda daga baya suka isa sansanin a kowace shekara.

## Manazarta

## Sources

* José E. Álvarez (2001), The Betrothed of Mutuwa, Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Waje ta Spain A Lokacin Rif Rebellion, 1920-1927. https://www.google.ae/books/edition/The_Betrothed_of_Death/YOPEEAAAQBAJ?hl=ar&gbpv=1&dq=Igueriben+1921&pg=PA42&printsec=frontcover
* Juan Carlos Lopez Sanz (2017), 1921 Lágrimas en los ojos del Rif. https://www.google.ae/books/edition/1921_L%C3%A1grimas_en_los_ojos_del_Rif/cIwxDwAAQBAJ?hl=ar&gbpv=1&dq=Igueriben+300+1921&pg=PA62&printsec=frontcover
* David S. Woolman (1968), 'Yan tawaye a cikin Rif: Abd El Krim da Rif Rebellion. https://www.google.ae/books/edition/Rebels_in_the_Rif/dqgmAQAAMAAJ?hl=ar&gbpv=0&bsq=chaouen%201924