Avtar Singh Jouhl

**Avtar Singh Jouhl** OBE (2 Nuwamba 1937 - 8 Oktoba 2022)   ya kasance mai fafutukar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata na Birtaniya, shugaban ƙasa na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Indiya (IWA), ma'aikacin masana'antu kuma malamin ƙungiyar ƙwadago . 

Aikinsa na fafutukar kawo ƙarshen wariyar launin fata a wuraren shan giya a Smethwick, West Midlands ya jawo hankalin Malcolm X wanda ya ziyarci garin, a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu 1965,   kuma aka kai shi wani mashaya daban, Blue Gates, tare da Jouhl da masu fafutukar Indiya don shaida inda aka tilasta wa abokan ciniki waɗanda ba fararen fata ba su sha giya a ɗakuna daban-daban.  

Jouhl ya yi aiki a Smethwick foundries a matsayin abokin aiki kafin ya zama mai kula da shago. Ya yi fushi da sanin cewa shi da sauran ma'aikatan Kudancin Asiya an biya su kasa da rabin takwarorinsu na fari don wannan haɗari, aiki mai zafi. Ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin jin dadin jama'a kuma ya ga bukatar aiki tare don kawo karshen mashaya mai launi da kuma kawo karshen amfani da bayan gida daban-daban ga ma'aikatan fari da wadanda ba fararen ba a cikin waɗannan masana'antun. Jouhl ya taka rawar gani a yajin aikin ma'adinai na 1984-1985 ta hanyar aika da masu horar da 'yan IWA shida zuwa layin zanga-zangar. Ya kuma yi yaƙi don a ba ma'aikatan da aka haifa a Indiya fasfo na Burtaniya don kada a kore su. Mai tayar da kayar baya da kwaminisanci, Jouhl ya shafe kusan shekaru talatin yana aiki tare da IWA a cikin foundries, yana yaƙi da wariyar launin fata da kuma yaƙi ga ma'aikata.

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Rayuwa ta farko da asali
An haifi Avtar Jouhl Singh a watan Nuwamba 1937 a Jandiala, ƙauyen da ake kira da itacen jand, a cikin Gundumar Jalandhar ta Indiya. Mazauna ƙauyen Jandiala sun tashi da ja flag na kwaminisanci kuma kafin rabuwa ƙauyen ya kasance ƙungiya ce mai bin addinai da yawa wanda ya haɗa da Sikhs, Hindu, Musulmai, da membobin al'ummar Dalit.  Jouhl ya fito ne daga dangin manoma waɗanda suka ba da gudummawar hatsi ga tarurruka don tallafawa ƙungiyar kwaminisanci. Jouhl yana da 'yan'uwa maza uku da wata 'yar'uwa wadanda duk suna aiki a gona amma shi kadai ne da za a tura zuwa makaranta, saboda tsadar halarta. A makarantar firamare, Jouhl ya koyi karatu da rubutu a matsayin wani ɓangare na ɗaliban yara 40, waɗanda za su zauna a waje a kan matsunan jute yayin da suke koyon Urdu.

A makarantar sakandare, Jouhl ya yi fushi game da karuwar kuɗin makaranta. Malamai sun buge Jouhl da sanda bayan ya yi tawaye da hukumomi wadanda za su tilasta wa a fitar da dalibai daga makaranta kuma su yi amfani da su ta hanyar sa su girbe ƙwai na fari a kusa don riba. Jouhl ya shirya dalibai su karɓi ƙwai kuma su sayar da su da kansu don kuɗin da aka samu ya tafi ilimin yara. Lokacin da suka ba da kuɗin da aka tara a taron makarantar, malamai ne suka karbe shi kuma an kori ɗaliban. Mahaifinsa ya kuma bula Jouhl saboda ayyukansa.

### Rayuwa ta mutum
An daure dan uwan Jouhl a shekara ta 1941 saboda shiga cikin yunkurin neman 'yancin kai na Indiya. Kafin a ɗaure shi kuma yayin da yake guje wa kama shi, 'yan sanda sun ci gaba da kai hari gidan dangin Jouhl don neman dan uwansa. Jouhl ya bayyana cewa tunaninta na ƙuruciya ya haɗa da iyayensa da sauran dangi ana kai su ofishin 'yan sanda inda za a yi musu tambayoyi kuma a yi musu duka.

Mahaifinsa ya mutu a shekara ta 1954, lokacin da Jouhl ke da shekaru 16. A wannan shekarar, ya yi aure da Manjeet (wanda ya yi alkawari lokacin da yake dan shekara tara ko 10). Sun ƙaunaci juna kuma Jouhl bai sake yin aure ba bayan Manjeet ya mutu a 1981 yana da shekaru 40.

## Ayyuka
Jouhl ya bar Indiya zuwa Burtaniya saboda damar tattalin arziki da ya yi imanin cewa yana wakiltar kuma saboda an shigar da shi a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London don haka zai iya cimma makomar da yake so a matsayin malamin tarihi. Ya isa Heathrow a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 1958,  tare da matarsa bayan shekaru uku. Jouhl ya sadu da babban ɗan'uwansa a gidan London da yake zaune a dare na farko kuma an kai shi Smethwick washegari. Manufarsa ita ce ta yi karatu amma wannan shawarar ta canza bayan isowarsa Smethwick.  Jouhl da 'yan gudun hijirar Indiya sun zauna a cikin mawuyacin hali tare da wasu lokuta masu haya 15-24 da ke zaune a cikin gidan guda. Ya lura da yadda bakin haure suka sha wahala daga wariyar launin fata a wurin aiki da kuma a kan titi kuma ya himmatu ga taimakawa manufar su.

Ya fara aiki a matsayin abokin aiki  a masana'antar Shotton Bros .  Ya kasance a kan ziyararsa ta farko zuwa wani mashaya mai rarrabe, Wagon da Horses a Smethwick  inda ya gano cewa ba a yarda da masu shan giya ba a cikin dakin taro duk da cewa Wagon da Doki suna da babban rami mai sha tare da ɗakunan hayaƙi guda biyu, mashaya ɗaya da mashaya biyu na jama'a.  Lokacin da aka matsa shi, hujja mai banƙyama da mai gidan mashaya ya bayar shi ne cewa saboda Indiyawa suna magana a Punjabi wanda fararen abokan ciniki za su koka game da shi saboda ba sa son jin kamar ana magana da su. Jouhl ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa an ba masu halartar mashaya tabarau daban-daban, waɗanda ke da hannayensu, ga takwarorinsu na fari don a iya rarrabe su a sarari, kuma a guje su.

## Manazarta