Batutuwan muhalli a Singapore

**Batutuwan muhalli a Singapore** sun haɗa da gurɓataccen iska, gurɓatawar ruwa, da sare daji. Gwamnati ta kafa Shirin Green na Singapore a 1992 don taimakawa tare da batutuwan muhalli.

## Kashe daji
Tun lokacin da aka kafa Singapore a cikin 1819, an share fiye da kashi 95% na kimanin murabba'in kilomita 540 na ciyayi. Da farko don amfanin gona na gajeren lokaci kuma daga baya saboda birni da Masana'antu. 61 daga cikin nau'ikan tsuntsaye 91 na asali sun ɓace wanda ya haifar da tsire-tsire da yawa na gandun daji ba su iya haifuwa ba saboda asarar watsa iri da pollination.

Tun daga shekara ta 1980, ci gaba da karuwar matsin lamba don amfani da ƙasa ya haifar da Singapore ta rasa kashi 90% na gandun daji, kashi 67% na tsuntsunta, kashi 40% na dabbobi masu shayarwa da kashi 5% na dabbobi da dabbobi masu rarrafe. A cikin shekara ta 2011, ciyayi sun rufe kashi 56% na jimlar yankin Singapore, gami da kashi 29% na kai tsaye da kuma kashi 27% na gandun daji.

Singapore tana da 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index na 1.11/10, wanda ya sanya shi na 165 a duniya daga cikin kasashe 172.

Babban labarin sake farfado da ƙasa: Farfado da ƙasar a Singapore A sakamakon farfadowar ƙasar, tasirin muhalli ya wuce iyakarta. Yankin Singapore ya karu da kashi 22% tun lokacin da ya sami 'yancin kai kuma Singapore ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu shigo da yashi a duniya, shigo da tan miliyan 517 a cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata kadai. Yawancin wannan yashi an samo shi ne daga Indonesia da Malaysia har sai kasashen biyu sun sanya haramta saboda tasirin muhalli - Indonesia ta ga tsibirai 24 sun ɓace. Gudun yashi a Kambodiya ya kuma yi barazanar mahalli na bakin teku, nau'o'in da ke cikin haɗari da kuma rayuwar ƙauyukan kamun kifi.

## Rashin gurɓata iska
 

A shekara ta 1984, akwai damuwa haze da kiwon lafiya tare da yawan gonakin alade a Singapore. An yi la'akari da cewa sun ba da gudummawa ga gurɓata ƙasar, wato iska. An warware wannan matsala ta hanyar rage yawan irin waɗannan gonaki. An fitar da tan 65.8 (64.8 long ton; 72.5 short ton) na carbon dioxide a cikin kasar a cikin 1996, yana cikin mafi girman matakan fitarwa a duniya. Masu gurɓata iska a Singapore galibi, amma ba kawai ba, motoci ne don sufuri, duk da ƙa'idodi masu tsauri na ƙasar. Kasar ta cika da hazo na wani lokaci, wanda hayaki daga gobarar Indonesiya ya ba da gudummawa.

Singapore ƙasa ce da ke da iyakantaccen albarkatun ruwa, kuma yana da mahimmanci don a tsara ingancin ruwa a hankali. Ruwa a Singapore an gurɓata shi da kayan da ba a so waɗanda masana'antu suka ba da gudummawa, tare da mai daga jiragen kasuwanci masu shigowa da masu fita. Ana ɗaukar matakai na gyara, kuma ana ɗaukar ruwan da ya shafa don magani a cibiyoyin ƙwarewa. Shuke-shuke irin su NEWater suna kula da ruwan da ba a so a cikin ruwan sha. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ruwa a Singapore wanda aka gurɓata shi ne Kogin Singapore .  

## Ragewa
Don magance matsalolin muhalli na kasar, gwamnatin Singapore ta fara yin Shirin Green na Singapore a 1992 da sabon fitowarsa a 2012 don ci gaba da shi. Tun daga wannan lokacin ne shirin ya maye gurbin shirin Green Plan na Singapore 2030 a cikin 2021. Shirin yana da niyyar ci gaba da kula da yawan Dabbobi da tsire-tsire marasa daidaituwa, don sanya sabbin wuraren shakatawa na yanayi da kuma haɗa wuraren shakatawa da ke akwai. An sanar da shi a ranar 3 ga Yuni 2013 cewa gwamnati za ta fara yin rikodin adadin carbon da aka fitar a cikin kasar da kuma yawan abin da shuke-shuke na kasar ke sha. Kodayake wasu malamai sun kira Singapore "oasis na muhalli,"  wasu sun zarge shi da "Greenwashing, " suna mai da hankali ga al'ummar ga kyawawan kayan lambu da sawun carbon mai yawa. 

## Ilimi
Ana ganin ilimi a matsayin babban rawar da ke takawa wajen tsara halayen muhalli. A halin yanzu, Singapore ba ta da takardun manufofi don bayyana waɗanne batutuwan muhalli ya kamata a koyar da su a makarantun jama'a, ko kuma yadda ya kamata a haɗa ilimin muhalli a cikin tsarin karatun. Wasu sun yi jayayya cewa yayin da Tsarin ilimi na Singapore ke horar da dalibai don yin kyau a kan gwaje-gwaje masu daidaituwa, ya kasa koyar da dabi'un muhalli ga matasa. Wannan yana goyan bayan nazarin dabi'un muhalli da aka nuna a cikin litattafan tarihin makarantar sakandare ta Singapore, wanda ya gano cewa waɗannan litattafai "suna wakiltar ra'ayoyin amfani, masu ra'ayi, da masu cin gashin kansu game da kuma alaƙa da yanayin da ba na ɗan adam ba. A bambanci, hulɗar kyawawan halaye, da muhalli-kimiyya tare da yanayin da na ɗan adam ko dai ba a nuna su ba ko kuma ba a cikin labaran litattafin littafi ba"

## Tattaunawa
Ci gaban gaggawa na Singapore a cikin birane ya yi watsi da yanayin yanayi, a cewar wani rahoto da Jami'ar Kasa ta Singapore ta buga, wanda ya sanya kasar a matsayin "mafi munin mai aikata laifuka a cikin kasashe 179". Gwamnati ta kira matsayi ba daidai ba, tana mai da'awar cewa Singapore ta kasance ta musamman saboda "ƙayyadadden girman ƙasa" da kuma "babban amfani da ƙasa".

## Ƙarin karantawa

* Barnard, Timothy P. (edita). Yanayi Ya ƙunshi: Tarihin Muhalli na Singapore . [Hasiya]  .
* Schneider-Mayerson, Matthew (edita). Cin Chilli Crab a cikin Anthropocene: Halin Muhalli akan Rayuwa a Singapore . Littattafan Ethos, 2020. ISBN .&nbsp;

## Dubi kuma

* Canjin yanayi a Singapore

## Manazarta