Yaƙin Wadai(Yaƙin Ouaddai)

Yaƙin **Wadai** (wanda aka fi sani da "Yaƙin Ouaddai") Kasar Faransa da kawayenta na Afirka suka yi yaƙi da Daular Wadai da ƙawayenta daga shekara ta 1906 zuwa shekara ta 1912. Wadda take cikin abin da zai kasance gabashin Chadi da yammacin Sudan a yau, Wadai ta yi tsayayya da mamayar Faransa. Ba tare da la'akari ba, yawancin Wadai gami da babban birninta Abéché ya fada hannun maharan a cikin shekara ta 1909, wanda ya tilasta mai mulkin masarautar Dud Murra ci gaba da adawarsa daga lardunan da ke kusa da jihohin da ke tare da ita. Ya sami nasarar samun goyon bayan masarautar Musamman ta yankin Darfur da Dar Masalit, kuma ya yi amfani da wadannan yankuna a matsayin sansanonin baya yayin yunkurin korar Faransawan. Yin haka, ya more ɗan nasara, kuma ya haifar da nasara da yawa ga sojojin da Faransa ke jagoranta. Don halatta shigarsu, Faransawa suka sanya dangin Dud Murra Adam Asil a matsayin mai mulkin yar tsana a Wadai. Bayan rasa galibin sojojinsa da abokansa, an tilasta Dud Murra ya mika wuya a cikin shekara ta 1911. Ba tare da la'akari ba, tashin hankali da farko ya ci gaba: wata babbar tawaye ga Faransawa ta ɓarke jim kaɗan bayan kayen da Dud Murra ya sha, kuma an yi zargin cewa an shirya makircin adawa da Turai tare da goyon bayan Adam Asil. Karshen gwagwarmaya ta ƙarshe ta adawa da Faransa a Wadai an murƙushe ta a shekara ta 1912 kuma yankin ya kasance ɓangare na daular mulkin mallaka ta Faransa har zuwa shekara ta 1960.

## Bayan Fage

Mutanen Tunjur ne suka kafa shi a karni na 16  kuma yake a gabashin Basin Chadi, tattalin arzikin Wadai ya dogara ne da kiwon shanu da fataucin bayi. Dangane da haka, ta haɓaka ƙwararrun sojoji waɗanda babban dalilinsu shine mamaye wasu yankuna don bayi.    Duk da cewa addinin Islama ya kasance a matsayin addinin ƙasa, al'adun gargajiya sun kasance gama gari a tsakanin jama'ar Wadai.  Ba tare da la'akari ba, an yi amfani da addini don ba da hujjar farmakin bayi ga mutanen da ba Musulmi ba a kudu.  A cikin karni na 19, Wadai ya kara samun karfi *sakamakon gogewar* sarakuna da suka cancanta (kolak), duk da yake-yake na basasa lokaci-lokaci.   Daga karshe jihar ta kulla kawance da babban umarnin Senussi wanda ya kasance a hamada zuwa arewa kuma yake sarrafa mahimman hanyoyin kasuwanci na Saharar  ya zama mafi rinjaye a gabashin yankin Basin.  Wadai ya sami ci gaba a karkashin tsayayyun sarakunan Ali bin Muhammad Sharif (r. 1858-1874) da Yusuf ibn Muhammad Sharif (r. 1874-1898).  Caravans sun ƙara son yin tafiya ta cikin Wadai, suna ganin ya fi aminci, kuma sun kawo wa yankin wadata mai yawa. Dogaro da tattalin arzikinta da ke bunkasa da kuma bindigogin da aka shigo da su daga Senussi, Wadai ya fadada tare da fatattakar wasu batutuwan da dama kamar su Bornu  da Sultanate na Bagirmi, yana tilasta musu yin haraji   da kuma sace ƙwararrun masu fasaha don wadatar da daular. . 

A lokaci guda, Scramble na Afirka ya haifar da mulkin mallaka na Sahel cikin sauri. Gabashin Wadai, Turawan ingila sun fatattaki Mahdin Sudan kuma suka sake kafa Masarautar Darfur a matsayin kasar kare kai. Mai mulkin yankin Darfur, Ali Dinar, ya tabbatar da kasancewarsa masarauta mai tasiri da cin gashin kai.  A yamma, sojojin mulkin mallaka na Kasar Faransa sun fara fadada cikin Tekun Chadi, inda suka shiga rikici da wasu kananan hukumomi, kabilu, da motsi ciki har da umarnin Senussi.   Sakamakon tattaunawar a shekara ta 1898–99, gwamnatocin Birtaniyya da Faransa sun amince su raba Kogin Chadi a tsakaninsu. Sun yanke shawarar sanya Wadai zuwa Kasar Faransa, yayin da Darfur a hukumance aka sanya shi cikin yankin turawan ingila. Har yanzu dai rashin tabbas ya kasance, yayin da ake takaddama kan iyakar tsakanin Wadai da Darfur kuma a kai a kai ana kan karatowa. Lokacin da Ali Dinar na Darfur ya sami labarin Yarjejeniyar Turai, sai ya kuduri aniyar fadada yankinsa cikin sauri zuwa yamma don hana Faransawa mamaye wasu yankunan da ya yi imanin mallakinsa ne.  Ya ƙara ba da haɗin kai ga Senussi saboda dalilai na soji da na tattalin arziki, don haka ya zama sannu a hankali ya shiga cikin gwagwarmayar adawa da Kasar Faransa gaba zuwa yamma. 

A cikin shekara ta 1898, *Kolak* Yusuf na Wadai ya mutu, wanda ya haifar da gwagwarmayar maye gurbin a yayin da Ahmad al-Ghazali, wanda Ali Dinar ya goyi bayansa, ya sami kursiyin.   Bayan shekaru biyu, Faransawa suka rusa daular Rabih az-Zubayr suka kafa Chadi ta Faransa, kai tsaye take iyaka da Wadai. Sakamakon haka Faransanci ya fara tsoma baki a gwagwarmayar maye gurbin Wadai.  A cikin shekara ta 1901, Muhammad Salih, wanda aka fi sani da "Dud Murra" (Zakin Murra) wanda ya sami goyon bayan umarnin Senussi ya hambarar da Ahmad al-Ghazali.   Don saka wa abokan aikinsa na Senussi, Dud Murra ya ba su damar yin kasuwanci da yardar kaina a masarautarsa. A sakamakon haka, Dud Murra da Senussi sun kulla kawance.  Duk da hawansa, mulkin Dud Murra ya ci gaba da fuskantar kalubale daga abokan hamayya. Dan uwan nasa Adam Asil  yi yunkurin juyin mulki, amma bai yi nasara ba ya gudu don gudun makanta. Adam Asil ya sami mafaka tare da Faransawan da suka fara tallafawa da'awar sa ta gadon sarauta.  Sun yi niyyar nada shi a matsayin 'yar tsana mai mulkin Wadai. 

## Dakarun adawa

### Wadai
Wadai tana da haziki kuma gogaggen soja,    wanda ya kware sosai game da gwagwarmayar tafi da gidanka da kuma kai hare-hare wanda yake nuna yakin gargajiya a yankin. Babban jigon sojojinta sune fitattun sojojin doki, da yawa daga cikinsu na fada ne. Zuwa shekara ta 1900, Wadai ta sami damar tara 7,000 zuwa 11,000 daga cikin wadannan sojoji da aka hau. Manyan sojoji sun sami ƙarin sojoji, waɗanda yawancinsu bayi ne.  Sarakunan Wadai sun kasance masu son zamanantar da sojojinsu, kuma sun fara shigo da bindigogin zamani daga Arewacin Afirka a farkon karni na 19.  An haramtawa fararen hula mallakar bindigogi,  yayin da cinikin bindiga don fadada rumbun ajiyar kayan aikin Wadai ya karu yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba. A mafi yawan lokuta ana musayar bindigogin ne ga bayi.  Musamman, Dud Murra ya fadada kayan Wadai sosai, kuma ya tara bindigogi guda 10,000, tun daga tsofaffin manyan duwatsu masu inganci zuwa Martini – Henry, Remington, Gras, da Winchester bindigogi, har ma da jakuna .  A mafi yawan lokuta, dole ne a shigo da bindigogin zamani zuwa Wadai ta hanyar umarnin Senussi, kamar yadda Turawan mulkin mallaka na Turai da Daular Usmaniyya gaba ɗaya suka hana sayar da su a yankin Sahara.  Sakamakon haka, shigo da bindigogi ya kasance yana da matukar tsada ga jihohin Saharar da suka hada da Wadai. Wani matafiyi ya bayyana a shekara ta 1881 cewa darajar makamin Kasar Italiya na zamani zai ninka har sau goma a lokacin da ya isa kudu da hamada.  Isar da kayayyakin gyara da alburusai na bindigogin zamani ya kasance matsala, kuma da yawa mayaƙan Saharar a kan haka sun ci gaba da fifita ƙanƙantar duwatsu waɗanda ke fama da ƙarancin wadata. 

### Faransanci
Sojojin Kasar Faransa na yau da kullun daga Turai waɗanda ke aiki a cikin Chadi ba su da isassun kayan aiki da rauni a adadi. A sakamakon haka, Faransawa sun dogara ga sojojin Afirka a yakin da suke yi a yankin, wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu aka dauke su daga sojojin manyan hafsoshi da sarakuna.  Yawancin sojojin da Faransa ta jagoranta wadanda suka yi yaki da Wadai a zahiri tsoffin sojoji ne na rusasshiyar rundunar Rabih az-Zubayr wadanda suka koma ga Turawan. 

## Yaƙin

Tare da goyon bayan Faransawa Adam Asil, a fili rikici tsakanin Turawan mulkin mallaka na Turai da Wadai ya barke a shekara ta 1906.  Sannu a hankali Faransawa suka ci gaba zuwa gabas, suna gina kagaggun mukamai don tallafa wa yakinsu,  kuma suka kai hari kan garuruwa masu karfi na Senussi *Zawiya* a cikin Hamada wanda ya rage karfin ikon Musulunci da karfin tattalin arziki.  Zuwa shekara ta 1907, sojojin Faransa sun kasance a tsakanin  na Abéché.  A halin yanzu, Adam Asil ya fara kaddamar da samame akai-akai zuwa cikin yankin Wadai daga yankunan da Faransa ta yiwa mulkin mallaka. Waɗannan hare-haren ba su da izinin shugabannin Turai, waɗanda ke haifar da rikici. Faransawa ma sun yi watsi da shi na ɗan lokaci a cikin shekara ta 1908, amma ba da daɗewa ba sun ci gaba da goyon bayansu ga aikinsa.  Duk da matsalolin da suka dabaibaye Adam Asil, Faransawa sun ci gaba da samun ci gaba. Wani rukuni na sojoji guda 200 karkashin jagorancin Kyaftin Jérusalemy ya yi mummunan rauni a kan sojojin Wadai a Dokotchi a ranar 29 ga Mayun shekara ta 1908 da Djoua a ranar 16 ga Yuni. Faransawa sun kashe gwamnonin lardin Wadai na Mahamid da Debaba yayin yakin na baya. Godiya ga nasarar da aka samu a Djoua, wani rukunin Faransa na 180 karkashin Kyaftin Jean-Joseph Fiegenschuh ya sami damar mamaye Abéché  a ranar 2  ko 12 ga Yunin shekara ta 1909. Wadai ya zama wani ɓangare na daular mulkin mallaka ta Faransa, kuma an saka Adam Asil kamar yadda sabon *kolak* . 

Dud Murra ya ƙi miƙa wuya, duk da haka, kuma ya ci gaba da aiki azaman “inuwa”  .   Ya koma arewa zuwa yankunan da  kuma ya yi tawaye ga Faransawan da ikon Wadai ya kasance mai tsananin wahala.   Kamar yadda Faransawa suka yi ikirarin duk yankunan da sarakunan Wadai suka mallaka a baya, su ma sun yi rikici da Darfur.  Ali Dinar ya dauki ci gaban su zuwa yankin iyakar Wadai-Darfur da ake takaddama a kansa a matsayin cin zarafi,  kuma ya fara goyon bayan manufar Dud Murra. A halin yanzu, Captain Fiegenschuh aka aiko bayan da ɗan gudun hijira *kolak* wanda aka tushen a cikin ƙasa na Sultan Taj ad-Din, mai mulkin Dar Masalit. Sojojin Wadaian sun kashe Fiegenschuh da rundunarsa gaba ɗaya a Wadi Kadja a ranar 4 ga Janairun shekara ta 1910.  Nan da nan aka tara wata rundunar ta Faransa. Idan aka kirga sojoji guda 300, wannan rukunin ya kasance karkashin jagorancin kwamandan Yankin Chadi Joseph Édouard Maillard, kuma ya gamu da sojoji na 'yan asalin yankin guda 5,000 karkashin jagorancin Dud Murra da Sultan Taj ad-Din a Dorothe a ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 1910. Sojojin Afirka sun yi nasarar kewaye Faransawan, kuma ya shafe su cikin yaƙin da aka yi. Dukkanin bangarorin sun yi asara mai yawa, gami da Maillard da Sultan Taj ad-Din. Gabaɗaya, Yaƙin Dorothe babbar nasara ce ga Dud Murra, kuma ya dawo da ikonsa na ɗan lokaci. 

Fahimtar munin halin da ake ciki, shugabanin Faransa sun shirya wani harin. A wannan karon, an sanya tsohon sojan mulkin mallaka Victor Emmanuel Largeau cikin kwamandan Yakin Wadai. Ya ƙaddamar da kamfen na yaƙar tawaye,  wanda ya sami nasarar tilasta Dud Murra ya miƙa wuya a watan Oktoban shekara ta 1911.  *Kolak da* ya sha kaye an tsare shi a Fort-Lamy, kodayake har yanzu ana ci gaba da rikici.  Jim kaɗan bayan mika wuya na Dud Murra, wani babban tawaye ya ɓarke a Wadai. Bayan an murkushe wannan tawayen, Faransawa sun tabbatar da ikonsu a kan yankin. Shi ma ɗan tsana na Wadai ya riga ya fa'ida daga amfaninsa. Adam Asil ya kori Faransawa a cikin shekara ta 1911, wanda ake zargi da tallafawa wata makarkashiyar Turai.  Faransawa sun mamaye Wadai gaba daya a shekara ta 1912. 

## Bayan haka
Yaƙin Wadai ya haifar da asarar rayuka a ɓangarorin biyu,  kuma ya lalata tattalin arzikin yankin. Yunwa da annoba sun zama gama gari a cikin Chadi, kuma yawan mutanen Wadai ya faɗi daga mutum guda 700,000 a  shekara ta 1912 zuwa mutum guda 400,000 a shekara ta 1914.  Chadi, haɗe da Wadai, sun kasance da wahalar sarrafawa, kuma wasu sarakuna na gari sun ci gaba da tabbatar *da* 'Yancin kai tsaye har zuwa shekara ta 1917.  A waccan shekarar, wani kwamandan Faransa ya kuma ba da umarnin kisan wasu mashahuran Wadai sama da mutum guda 100 a cikin abin da ake kira " Kashe-kashe kisan kiyashi ". Tsohon daular ta ilimi ta amsa ta gudu *sun mayar* zuwa Darfur da kuma Misira. Kiyayya ga gwamnatin Kasar Faransa ta karu,  kuma adawa ta karu da Faransa a cikin Chadi ta ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 1920. 

## Manazarta