open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
David Aldous

**David John Aldous** FRS (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Yuli, 1952) ƙwararren masanin lissafi ne ɗan Amurka wanda aka san shi da bincikensa kan ka'idar yiwuwa da aikace-aikacenta. Musamman ma, batutuwan nazarin bincikensa kamar musayar ra'ayi, rashin daidaituwar yanayi, lokutan haɗa sarkar Markov, bishiyar da ba a saba gani ba da kuma haɗin gwiwa. Ya shiga Kwalejin St John, Cambridge, a shekarar 1970 kuma ya sami digirin digirgir a Jami'ar Cambridge a shekarar 1977 a ƙarƙashin mai ba shi shawara, DJH Garling.  Aldous yana cikin malaman Jami'ar California, Berkeley daga 1979 har zuwa ritayarsa a 2018.   A halin yanzu farfesa ne a Jami'ar Washington kuma yana zaune kusa da Seattle. 

An ba shi kyautar Rollo Davidson a shekarar 1980, kyautar Loève a shekarar 1993,  kuma an zaɓe shi memba na Royal Society a shekarar 1994.  A shekarar 2004, an zaɓe Aldous a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka .  Daga 2004 zuwa 2010, Aldous ya kasance Farfesa na Farko na Andrew Dickson a Jami'ar Cornell .  Ya kasance mai jawabi da aka gayyata a Babban Taron Masana Lissafi na Duniya (ICM) a shekarar 1998 a Berlin  kuma mai jawabi gaba ɗaya a ICM a shekarar 2010 a Hyderabad.  A shekarar 2012 ya zama memba na American Lissafi Society .  Ya gano (ba tare da Andrei Broder ba ) wani tsari na samar da bishiyar da ta yi daidai da jadawalin da aka bayar.
 
## Littattafai da aka zaɓa

### Littattafai

*  

### A matsayin edita

*   (pbk reprint of 1995 original)
*   (pbk reprint of 1996 original)

### Takardu

* Aldous, David, "Tsarin da aka ƙayyade da kuma na stochastic don haɗin gwiwa (haɗuwa da haɗin gwiwa): bita na ka'idar matsakaicin filin ga masu yiwuwar yin amfani da su." Bernoulli 5 (1999) shafi na 1.&nbsp;3 &#x2013; 48.
* Aldous, David, "Musayar da batutuwa masu alaƙa". Bayanin Lakca a Lissafi., 1117 (1985) shafi na 1 &#x2013; 198. Springer, Berlin.

## Manazarta
John Aldrich (masanin kimiyyar siyasa)

**John Herbert Aldrich** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1947) masanin kimiyyar siyasa ne kuma marubuci ɗan Amurka, wanda aka san shi da bincike da rubuce-rubucensa kan siyasar Amurka, zaɓe, da jam'iyyun siyasa, da kuma kan ka'idar da aka saba amfani da ita a kimiyyar siyasa.

## Ilimi da aiki
Aldrich ya kammala karatunsa da digirin BA a fannin kimiyyar siyasa daga Kwalejin Allegheny a shekarar 1969. Ya yi karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Rochester, inda ya kammala karatun MA a shekarar 1971 sannan ya yi digirin PhD a shekarar 1975. Aldrich ya koyar a Jami'ar Jihar Michigan daga 1974 zuwa 1981 da kuma Jami'ar Minnesota daga 1981 zuwa 1987, lokacin da ya shiga jami'ar Duke a matsayin farfesa a fannin kimiyyar siyasa.

Aldrich ya lashe kyautar Heinz Eulau a shekarar 1990 don mafi kyawun labarin da aka buga a cikin mujallar American Political Science Review . Littafinsa Why Parties? (1995) ya sami kyautar Gladys Kammerer daga ƙungiyar American Political Science Association saboda mafi kyawun littafi kan siyasar ƙasa ta Amurka .

Aldrich ya kasance babban editan *mujallar kimiyyar siyasa ta Amurka* daga 1985 zuwa 1988 kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a 2001.  Ya kuma kasance shugaban ƙungiyar kimiyyar siyasa ta Kudu a 1998-99 da kuma ƙungiyar kimiyyar siyasa ta Midwest a 2005.

An zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa a shekarar 2024. 

## Zaɓi wallafe-wallafe

* *Kafin Taron: Dabaru da Zaɓuɓɓuka a Yaƙin Neman Zaɓen Shugaban Ƙasa* . 1980. Jami'ar Chicago Press . 
* *Bincike tare da Canji Mai Iyaka Mai Dogara: Tsarin Yiwuwar Layi, Logit, da Probit* . 1984. Sage . (tare da Forrest Nelson).
* "Harkokin Waje da Zaɓen Fitowa: Shin 'Yan Takarar Shugaban Ƙasa "Waltz Ne Kafin Masu Sauraron Makafi?" 1989. *Sharhin Kimiyyar Siyasar Amurka* 83(1): 123–141. (tare da John Sullivan da Eugene Borgida ).
* "Zaɓi Mai Ma'ana da Juyin Juya Hali." 1993. *Mujallar Kimiyyar Siyasa ta Amurka* 37(1): 246–278.
* *Gwamnatin Amurka: Mutane, Cibiyoyi da Manufofi, bugu na 3.* 1994. Houghton Mifflin. (tare da Paul Johnson da Gary Miller). ISBN&nbsp;
* *Me Yasa Jam'iyyu? Asalin da Sauyin Jam'iyyun Siyasa a Amurka* . 1995. Jami'ar Chicago Press . ISBN&nbsp;
* "Canjin Mulkin Republican a Majalisa: Tasirin Ka'idojin Siyasar Majalisa." 1997. *Kwata na Kimiyyar Siyasa* 112(4): 541–567. (tare da David Rohde ).
* *Sauyi da Ci gaba a Zaɓen 2004 da 2006.* 2007. CQ Press . (tare da Paul Abramson da David Rohde). ISBN&nbsp;
* *Canji Mai Kyau a Kimiyyar Siyasa: Gado na Rubuce-rubuce Mafi Tasiri na Richard D. McKelvey* . 2007. Jami'ar Michigan Press . (an gyara tare da James Alt da Arthur Lupia ).
* *Me Yasa Ake Bukukuwa? Kallo Na Biyu* . 2011. Jami'ar Chicago Press . ISBN&nbsp;
* *Dalilin da Yasa Jam'iyyu Ke Da Muhimmanci: Gasar Siyasa da Dimokuradiyya a Kudancin Amurka* . 2018. (tare da John D. Griffin).

## Manazarta
Richard W. Aldrich

Richard Warren Aldrich ƙwararren masanin kimiyyar jijiyoyi ne na Amurka wanda a halin yanzu shine Karl Folkers Shugaba na Binciken Likitanci Tsakanin Matsakaici da Farfesa a fannin Ilimin Jijiyoyi a Makarantar Kimiyyar Halittu a Jami'ar Texas .

## Rayuwa ta farko
Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Arizona da digirin BS a Kimiyyar Halittu (1975), Aldrich ya ci gaba da samun digirin Ph. D. a Kimiyyar Jiki daga Jami'ar Stanford (1980).  Bayan kammala karatun digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin halittar jiki a Jami'ar Yale a ƙarƙashin jagorancin W. Knox Chandler da Charles F. Stevens,  An ɗauki Aldrich aiki don koyarwa a Yale, yana koyarwa a Sashen Ilimin Halittar Jiki .  A shekarar 1985, Aldrich ya koma Stanford don koyar da ilimin halittar jiki da ilimin halittar jiki, daga ƙarshe ya zama Shugaban Sashen Ilimin Halittar Jiki da Kwayoyin Halitta daga 2001 zuwa 2004.  Ya kasance Mai Bincike a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Howard Hughes daga 1990 zuwa 2006.  Binciken Aldrich ya mayar da hankali kan "hanyoyin kwayoyin halitta na aikin tashar ion da rawar da suke takawa a siginar lantarki."  Aldrich ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ƙungiyar Masana Ilimin Jiki ta Janar  da Ƙungiyar Biophysical .  Aldrich ya zama memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa a 2008, kuma a 2011 an zaɓe shi zuwa Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka . 

## Manazarta
Ƙasarmu (Italiya)

**Our Land** (Italian: Terra Nostra), whose complete name is **Our Land – Italians with Giorgia Meloni**, is a conservative political committee led by Giorgia Meloni, leader also of Brothers of Italy (FdI). Practically speaking, Our Land is a parallel organisation to FdI and aims at enlarging FdI's popular base.

Manyan mutane da ke cikin ƙasarmu sun haɗa da Alberto Giorgetti (matsayin Forza Italia, wanda ya kasance memba na National Alliance), Giuseppe Cossiga (tsohon mataimakin Forza Italia kuma wanda ya kafa FdI) da Walter Rizzetto (tsohon Mataimakin Five Star Movement da Free Alternative).[1][2][3]

## Manazarta
Agusta 2025 Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a kan Ukraine

A ranar 18 ga watan Agusta, 2025, wani taron gaggawa na shugabannin Turai guda takwas sun taru a Fadar White House  don tattauna sakamakon taron Rasha da Amurka na 2025 a Alaska. Tabbacin tsaro mai ƙarfi ga Ukraine kamar Mataki na 5 na Yarjejeniyar Arewacin Atlantic sune babban batu a kan ajanda.

## Tarihi

### Taron koli na Rasha da Amurka
Kwanaki uku da suka gabata, taron koli na Rasha da Amurka tsakanin Shugaban Amurka Donald Trump da Shugaban Rasha Vladimir Putin ya faru. Babban batun tattaunawar shine yakin Russo-Ukrainian da ke gudana.

### Ganawa da Zelenskyy

Trump ya sadu da Shugaban Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy kafin ya sadu da wasu shugabannin Turai. A taron manema labarai nan da nan kafin taron Trump-Zelenskyy, Zelenskyy da kansa ya ba da wasika daga matarsa, Olena Zelenska, ga uwargidan shugaban Amurka Melania Trump, yana godiya da kokarin tabbatar da dawowar Yaran Ukraine da aka gudanar a Rasha.

Zelenskyy, ba kamar lokacin taron su na Fabrairu ba, ya yi magana a takaice, yana fuskantar tambayoyi kaɗan, ɗaya daga cikinsu ya shafi Zabe a Ukraine. Ya sake jaddada cewa gudanar da zabe a karkashin dokar soja ta lokacin yaƙi ba zai yiwu ba.

An tambayi Trump game da da'awar da ya yi a baya cewa Zelenskyy na iya kawo karshen yakin "nan da nan". Trump ya amsa cewa har yanzu ya yi imani da wannan, kuma akwai kyakkyawar damar samar da sulhu a lokacin taron hanyoyi uku na gaba tare da Rasha, Ukraine, da Amurka. Zelenskyy ya ce yana son irin wannan taron ya faru.

Trump ya ce Amurka za ta ba Ukraine kariya mai karfi amma ta bar a bude ko za a jagoranci NATO ko kuma ta dauki wani nau'i na shigar Amurka.

Trump ya sake jaddada cewa bai yi tunanin tsagaita wuta ba don yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya.[1][2] Wannan ya nuna canji mai ban mamaki daga matsayin Trump kafin ganawarsa da Putin a makon da ya gabata. Kafin taron koli na Rasha da Amurka, ya ce yana so a tsagaita wuta "da sauri" kuma ya yi barazanar Rasha da takunkumin tattalin arziki idan ba a amince da shi ba.[3]

Zelenskyy ya ce Ukraine na iya siyan makamai na Amurka tare da tallafi daga kasashen Turai da sauran shirye-shiryen kuɗi. Ya jaddada cewa karfafawa da sake makamai na sojojin kasar yana da mahimmanci.

Trump ya zargi wanda ya riga shi, tsohon shugaban Amurka Joe Biden, saboda rashin hana mamayewar Rasha ta 2022 a Ukraine,   kuma ya ci gaba da yin ikirarin cewa an "sata" zaben 2020 daga gare shi; ya kuma yi magana game da jefa kuri'a ta hanyar aikawa, 'yan wasa, da aikata laifuka a Washington, DC.

## Manazarta
274301 Wikipedia

**274301 Wikipedia**, sunan wucin gadi **2008 QH24**, wani tauraron dan adam ne na Vestian wanda ke kewaya a cikin yankin ciki na bel ɗin asteroid, kimanin  a diamita. Masana ilmin taurari sun gano shi a ranar 25 ga Agusta 2008 a Andrushivka Astronomical Observatory da ke arewacin Ukraine.  An sanya wa tauraron suna ne bayan kundin bayanai na yanar gizo na Wikipedia a watan Janairu&nbsp;2013. 

## Asalin Ma'anar
An buga shawarar Kwamitin Sunayen Ƙananan Jiki na sanya sunan "Wikipedia" ga tauraron asteroid a cikin Ƙananan Planet Circulars a ranar 27 ga Janairu 2013 (  ).  tauraron ya sami lambar 274301  Andriy Makukha, memba na kwamitin Wikimedia Ukraine ne ya gabatar da sunan. Mai gidan kallon, Yuri Ivashchenko, ne ya gabatar da shi ga Kwamitin.  Ya ce:

## Lura
Masana ilmin taurari daga Andrushivka Astronomical Observatory (   da ke Ukraine ne suka gano tauraron dan adam mai suna Wikipedia, wanda shi ne kawai mallakar kasar,  wanda ya gano taurari sama da 120 tun daga shekarar 2003.  An fara lura da shi ne a ranar 25 ga Agusta 2008 da karfe 22:47 na dare.&nbsp;UTC .  An kuma lura da shi a daren washegari kuma an ba shi lakabi na wucin gadi 2008 QH24.  Bayan ƙungiyar Andrushivka ta kuma lura da shi a ranar 6 ga Satumba, an ƙididdige kewayar tauraron daidai. An nuna cewa tauraron 2008 QH24 iri ɗaya ne da na 1997 RO4 da 2007 FK34 waɗanda masu lura da shi suka gani a baya Caussols - ODAS (Faransa), Mount Lemmon Survey da Steward Observatory (dukansu a Arizona, Amurka). 

## Halaye
Wikipedia memba ne na dangin Vesta ( 401 ), ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan iyalan asteroid a cikin bel ɗin asteroid . Tana kusa da 21791 Mattweegman, ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin iyalin. Asteroids na Vestian suna da tsari kamar tarin eucrites ( HED meteorites ). Ana tsammanin sun samo asali ne daga zurfin Vesta, wataƙila daga ramin Rheasilvia, babban ramin tasiri a yankin kudu wanda ya samo asali sakamakon karo mai haɗari. Wikipedia tana kewaya Rana a cikin bel ɗin asteroid na ciki a nesa na 2.0–2.7 astronomical units (300×106–400×106 km) sau ɗaya a kowace shekara 3 da watanni 8 (kwanaki 1,342; rabin babban axis na 2.38 AU). Zagayen tafiyarsa yana da bambancin 0.15 da karkata na 7 ° dangane da ecliptic . Zagayen kallon tauraron ya fara kusan shekaru 11 kafin a gano shi a hukumance, inda aka fara lura da shi 1997 RO4 ta hanyar binciken ODAS a watan Satumba na 1997.

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Yanayi na Ganowa: Ƙananan Taurari Masu Lambobi (270001)-(275000), Cibiyar Ƙananan Taurari
* ''Kamus na Ƙananan Sunayen Duniya'', Google Books
* 274301 Wikipedia  
* 274301 Wikipedia
Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Wiki

**Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Wiki** (wani lokacin ana kiranta **Wiki Education** ko **Wiki Edu** ) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta 501(c)(3) da ke Chico, California, Amurka.  Tana haɓaka haɗakar Wikipedia cikin kwasa-kwasan aiki ta hanyar masu ilimi a Amurka da Kanada. 

## Tarihi
Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta fara wani aikin gwaji a shekarar 2010, wanda a lokacin ake kira Shirin Manufofin Jama'a, don jawo hankalin ɗalibai da malamai daga jami'o'i a faɗin duniya wajen inganta labaran ilimi.   Aikin ya rikide ya zama nasa ƙungiyar agaji bayan shekaru uku. 

A shekarar 2016, Wiki Education ta zaɓi jigo na shekarar, wanda ya shafi inganta labaran kimiyya.   

## Daraktoci
A shekarar 2014, Frank Schulenburg, tsohon babban darektan shirye-shirye a Gidauniyar Wikimedia, ya zama babban darektan farko na kungiyar.   An nada Diana Strassmann a matsayin Shugabar kwamitin gudanarwa a shekarar 2013.  Robert Cummings, darektan Cibiyar Rubutu da Magana kuma farfesa a fannin Turanci a Jami'ar Mississippi,  da Adrianne Wadewitz sun yi aiki a hukumar   .  

## Shirye-shirye da tasiri
Gidauniyar tana ɗaukar ma'aikata kuma tana ba da taimakon fasaha ga farfesoshi don ƙirƙirar ko inganta shigarwar Wikipedia maimakon rubuta muƙala.   Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, binciken Wiki Education ya gano cewa yawancin malamai da suka shiga shirin sun ga ƙaruwa a cikin ilimin kafofin watsa labarai na ɗalibansu.  Binciken Piotr Konieczny na shekaru biyar na haɗa Wikipedia a cikin aji ya sami fa'idodi ga malamai, ɗalibai da sauran jama'a.  Ya ambaci nazarce-nazarce inda ɗalibai suka ga yana da lada cewa ana amfani da aikinsu mai wahala a duniya da kuma samun ƙwarewar karatu da rubutu ta dijital mai amfani kamar fahimtar yadda ayyukan bude tushen kamar Wikipedia ke aiki.  

Tun daga shekarar 2016, NIOSH ta yi aiki tare da farfesoshi ta amfani da dandalin Wiki Education don haɗa gyaran Wikipedia zuwa darussa 15 tsakanin lokacin da 2021, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin nassoshi 2000 da aka ƙara sama da labarai 205.

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* 
*  at Meta-Wiki
* Teach with Wikipedia, Diversifying Economic Quality, American Economic Association
Wiki rabbit hole

**Wiki rabbit hole Hoton zomo na wiki** (ko kuma **wiki black hole** ),  wanda kuma ake kira **wiki walking**, shine hanyar koyo da mai karatu ke bi ta hanyar kewayawa daga batu zuwa batu yayin da yake duba Wikipedia (ta hanyar haɗin yanar gizo a cikin labarai) da sauran wikis . Misalin ramin zomo ya fito ne daga littafin Lewis Carroll na 1865 mai suna *Alice's Adventures in Wonderland*, inda Alice ta fara kasada ta hanyar bin Farin Zomo cikin raminsa . Misalin ramin baƙi ya fito ne daga ra'ayin cewa mai karatu yana cikin ramin da ba zai iya tserewa ba.

Bayan sun koyi ko kuma sun yi karatu a wajen Wikipedia, mutane da yawa suna zuwa kundin bayanai na kan layi don ƙarin koyo game da wannan batu, sannan su ci gaba zuwa batutuwan da aka ci gaba da cirewa daga inda suka fara. Fina-finai da suka dogara da mutanen tarihi ko abubuwan da suka faru sau da yawa suna ƙarfafa masu kallo su bincika ramukan zomo na Wikipedia.

Nunin bayanai da ke nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin labaran Wikipedia yana nuna hanyoyin da masu karatu za su iya bi don kewaya daga batu zuwa batu.  Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta wallafa bincike kan yadda masu karatu ke shiga ramukan zomo.  Halayyar binciken ramukan zomo tana faruwa a harsuna daban-daban na Wikipedia. 

Masu amfani da Wikipedia sun raba abubuwan da suka faru a ramin zomo a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin Wikipedia da kuma a shafukan sada zumunta .   Wasu mutane suna zuwa Wikipedia don nishaɗin neman ramin zomo.   Binciken ramin zomo na iya zama wani ɓangare na wikiracing . 

## Nassoshi
Stephen Alexander (masanin taurari)

**Stephen Alexander** (Satumba 1, 1806 - Yuni 25, 1883) masanin ilmin taurari ne kuma malami ɗan Amurka.

## Shekarun farko
An haife shi a Schenectady, New York, a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1806.  Shi surukin Joseph Henry ne, sakataren farko na Smithsonian, kuma ya yi aiki tare da shi sosai.  Ya sami iliminsa a Kwalejin Union, inda ya kammala karatunsa a 1824, da kuma a Kwalejin Tauhidi ta Princeton, inda ya kammala karatunsa a 1832. 

## Sana'a
Ya zama malami a fannin lissafi a Jami'ar Princeton a shekarar 1832; daga baya ya zama farfesa a fannin ilmin taurari da lissafi kuma ya yi fafutukar gina wurin kallo na farko na Princeton.  Alexander ya dogara ne da taimakon wani mutum ɗan Afirka ɗan Amurka mai suna Alfred Scudder, wanda ya yi masa aiki a Princeton a shekarun 1850.   Saboda matsayinsa na mataimakin Alexander a harabar jami'a, Scudder ya sami laƙabin "Mataimakin Farfesa na Falsafar Halitta" daga ɗalibai.  

An zaɓi Alexander a matsayin memba na Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka  a shekara ta 1839 kuma Mataimakin Jami'in Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka  a shekara ta 1850. A shekara ta 1860, shi ne shugaban wani balaguro zuwa gabar tekun Labrador don ganin kusufin rana wanda ya faru a ranar 18 ga Yuli na wannan shekarar, sannan daga baya ya lura da na 1869. 

Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin membobin farko na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa a 1862, kuma memba ne na Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka, da Ƙungiyar Ci gaban Kimiyya ta Amurka . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban wannan ƙungiya ta ƙarshe a 1859. Manyan rubuce-rubucensa sune "Mai ba da shawara kan Hasken Rana", wanda aka karanta a gaban Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka a 1848; takarda kan "Ka'idojin Lissafi na Asali," wanda aka karanta a gaban Ƙungiyar Ci gaban Kimiyya ta Amurka a 1848; wani kuma kan "Asalin Siffofi da Yanayin Yanzu na wasu daga cikin Rukunin Taurari da wasu daga cikin Nebulae", wanda aka karanta a gaban Ƙungiyar Amurka a 1850; wasu kuma kan "Siffa da Diamita na Equatorial na Taurarin Asteroid" da "Haɗuwa a cikin Tsarin Tsarin Rana wanda da alama shine Tabbatar da Hasashe na Nebular na Laplace", wanda aka gabatar wa Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa; da kuma "Bayani da Bayyana Wasu Jituwa na Tsarin Rana", wanda Cibiyar Smithsonian ta buga a shekarar 1875.

## Ayyuka
Daga cikin takardu masu muhimmanci da ya buga game da ilmin taurari: 

* *Ka'idojin Asali na Lissafi*
* *Bayani da Bayyana Wasu Jituwa na Tsarin Rana*

## Manazarta

### Ambato
Francis Alger

**Francis Alger** (Maris 8, 1807 - Nuwamba 27, 1863) ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne kuma masanin tattalin arziki.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Alger a ranar 8 ga Maris, 1807, tsakanin Lucy Wills da Cyrus Alger . Ayyukansa sun fi mayar da hankali kan yankin Nova Scotia da New Jersey . Ya buga labarai da dama masu nasara kuma ya tara tarin ma'adanai masu zaman kansu.  

A lokacin jayayya tsakanin Jackson da Dokta William T. G. Morton game da ganowar anesthesia na ether, Alger ya shaida wa Jackson. Abokantakarsu ta kasance har zuwa mutuwar Alger. *Sanarwar Mutuwar Francis Alger na Boston* a kan *Ayyukan Boston Society of Natural History* (1864) Jackson ne ya rubuta shi.

Bai taɓa samun ilimi ba sai makarantar gama gari, amma ya sami digirin girmamawa na MA daga Harvard a 1849.   An zaɓi Alger a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a 1833.  Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa kuma suka kula da Ƙungiyar Tarihin Halitta ta Boston .     Ya kuma kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Kimiyya ta Amurka . 

Ya auri Mary Louisa Jones a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 1835. Suna da 'ya'ya 4: Herbert Alger (1836, ya mutu a wannan shekarar), Francis Alger (1838 - 1922), Marion Mott Alger (1840 - 1923), Alfred Andrews Alger (1841 - ya mutu a wannan shekarar). Daga baya sun sake, wataƙila bayan 1841, kuma Alger ta auri Lydia W Smith a ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 1858. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu, Lucy Alger (1859 - 1921) da Cyrus Willis Alger (1861 - 1942).

Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa a shekarar 1856, Alger ya karɓi ragamar shugabancin Kamfanin ƙarfe na South Boston. 

Ya mutu sakamakon kamuwa da cutar typhoid a Washington, DC, Amurka a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 1863.     An binne shi a makabartar Mount Auburn tare da iyalansa. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Rubuce-rubucen da aka zaɓa

* 
*  
*  

## Manazarta
WikiBhasha

**WikiBhasha** manhaja ce ta ƙirƙirar abun ciki mai harsuna da yawa don kundin adireshi na kan layi na Wikipedia .

## Bayani
WikiBhasha yana bawa masu ba da gudummawa ga Wikipedia damar nemo abubuwan da ke cikin labaran Wikipedia, fassara su zuwa wasu harsuna, sannan ko dai su rubuta sabbin labarai ko kuma su inganta labaran da ke akwai a cikin nau'ikan harsuna daban-daban na Wikipedia.  Kayan aikin yana aiki azaman layin mai sauƙin fahimta wanda ke kan labarin Wikipedia na harshen da ake nufi wanda ake ƙirƙira ko ingantawa a lokacin zaman mai amfani. A ƙarshen zaman, duk ƙarin abubuwa ko gyare-gyaren abubuwan da ke ciki ana miƙa su ga Wikipedia na harshen da ake nufi a cikin tsarin sabuntawa.

WikiBhasha tana tallafawa ƙirƙirar abun ciki a cikin harsuna sama da 30. Yana ba da damar ƙirƙirar abun ciki cikin sauƙi a cikin Wikipedias waɗanda ba na Turanci ba ta hanyar amfani da babban adadin abubuwan da ke cikin Wikipedia na Ingilishi a matsayin tushen bayanai. Da farko, Gidauniyar Wikimedia da Microsoft Research suna aiki tare da al'ummomin masu amfani da Wikipedia waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan ƙirƙirar abun ciki a cikin Larabci, Jamusanci, Hindi, Jafananci, Fotigal da Sifaniyanci . Kalmar Bhasha tana nufin harshe a cikin harsunan Arewacin Indiya da yawa, kuma tana da alaƙa da kalmar Bahasa ta Malaysia da Indonesia.

Manhajar tana kama da kayan aikin fassara na Google Translator da ake amfani da su wajen fassara labaran Wikipedia tun daga shekarar 2008. Babban bambanci tsakanin su biyun shine WikiBhasha yana aiki a matsayin mai rufewa a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta Wikipedia, yayin da kayan aikin Google ke aiki a wani wuri kuma yana buƙatar asusun Google.

## Samuwa
Tun daga shekarar 2010, WikiBhasha (Beta) yana samuwa kamar haka:

* , ƙarƙashin lasisin Apache 2.0 kuma wani ɓangare a ƙarƙashin GPL v2 ,
* Alamar alamar da za a iya shigarwa (da kuma rubutun Greasemonkey ga masu amfani da Firefox ) daga WikiBhasha  Archived   shafin yanar gizo.

## Jagorar mai amfani
Jagorar mai amfani da beta ta WikiBhasha Archived   yana ba da umarni don shigarwa da amfani.

## Nassoshi

## Ƙarin karatu

*
Bayanan da ake bukata

Editocin Wikipedia sun ƙara alamar " **[ana buƙatar ambato]** " (wanda aka tsara shi azaman " [ *ana buƙatar ambato* ] ") zuwa ga maganganun da ba a samo asali ba a cikin labaran da ke buƙatar a ƙara ambato .  Kalmar tana nuna manufofin tabbatarwa da bincike na asali akan Wikipedia kuma ta zama babban abin dariya na Intanet . 

## Amfani akan Wikipedia
An fara amfani da alamar a Wikipedia a shekarar 2006,  kuma mai amfani ya ƙirƙiri samfurin ta Ta bu shi da yu .  A bisa ga manufofin Wikipedia, editoci ya kamata su ƙara ambato don abun ciki, don tabbatar da daidaito da tsaka tsaki, da kuma guje wa bincike na asali .  Ana amfani da  akan alamar da ake buƙata don yiwa maganganun da ba su da irin waɗannan ambato.  Editocin Wikipedia na iya amfani da kayan aiki kamar Citation Hunt don magance waɗannan maganganun da ba a ambata ba.   , akwai shafuka sama da 604,000 a Wikipedia (ko kusan kashi 1% na dukkan shafuka) waɗanda ke ɗauke da aƙalla misali ɗaya na alamar.  Masu amfani da suka danna alamar za a tura su zuwa shafuka game da manufofin tabbatar da Wikipedia da aikace-aikacenta ta amfani da alamar. 

Ana amfani da barkwanci na alamar,   , don hotunan da suka ɓace a shafin Wikipedia na jerin cetaceans . 

## Amfani a wajen Wikipedia

A shekara ta 2008, Matt Mechtley ya ƙirƙiri sitika mai taken "[  on needed]", yana ƙarfafa mutane su manna su a kan tallace-tallace . 

A shekarar 2010, masu masaukin baki a talabijin na Amurka Jon Stewart da Stephen Colbert sun jagoranci gangamin dawo da hankali da/ko tsoro a National Mall da ke Washington, DC, inda wasu mahalarta suka rike alluna masu dauke da "[  on needed]". 

Randall Munroe ya sha amfani da alamun "[  on needed]" don yin sharhi mai ban dariya a cikin rubuce-rubucensa, ciki har da a cikin littafinsa na 2014 *What If?* .   

Shirin "Ambato Mai Bukata" shiri ne na sukar kafofin watsa labarai da Webby ya zaba , wanda 'yan jarida Nima Shirazi da Adam Johnson suka dauki nauyin shiryawa domin binciko hanyoyin da kafofin watsa labarai, hulda da jama'a, da kuma iko ke bi. 

Tom Scott, mai yin YouTube da The Technical Difficulties, sun yi amfani da "[citation needed]" a matsayin taken wani wasan kwaikwayo da aka yi a Wikipedia wanda ya gudana daga 2014 zuwa 2018. 

Wikipedian Molly White ta buga wata wasiƙa da ke ɗauke da bayanai game da masana'antar cryptocurrency da fasaha mai suna Citation Needed.

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* 
* Citation needed entry at Know Your Meme
* Citation Hunt
Saleemul Huq

**Saleemul Huq** OBE (2 Oktoba 1952 - 28 Oktoba 2023) masanin kimiyya ne dan asalin Bangladesh-Birtaniya kuma ya kasance Daraktan Cibiyar Canjin Yanayi ta Duniya (ICCCAD)  wanda ke zaune a Bangladesh, kuma Farfesa a Jami'ar Independent University, Bangladesh (IUB) . An zaɓe shi ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana kimiyya *10 na Nature* a 2022. 

Huq ƙwararre ne a fannin sauyin yanayi, muhalli da ci gaba. Ya yi aiki sosai a fannin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin rage sauyin yanayi, daidaitawa da ci gaba mai ɗorewa, daga mahangar ƙasashe masu tasowa, musamman a ƙasashe mafi ƙarancin ci gaba (LDCs). Shi ne babban marubucin babi kan daidaitawa da ci gaba mai ɗorewa a cikin Rahoton Kimantawa na Uku na Kwamitin Gudanarwa kan Sauyin Yanayi (IPCC), kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin marubuta biyu masu tsara 'Dangantaka tsakanin daidaitawa da ragewa' a cikin Rahoton Kimantawa na Huɗu na IPCC (2007).

Bugu da ƙari, ya ba da gudummawa ga Rahoton Kimantawa na Biyar na IPCC. Bayan ya kafa ƙungiyar bincike kan sauyin yanayi a Cibiyar Muhalli da Ci Gaba ta Duniya (IIED), wadda ke da hedikwata a Burtaniya, a shekara ta 2000, [1] daga baya ya zama babban jami'i, kuma ya kasance Babban Mai Ba da Shawara kan Daidaitawar Gida tare da Cibiyar Duniya kan Daidaitawa (GCA).

An nada Huq a matsayin Jami'in Order of the British Empire (OBE) a bikin karramawa na Sabuwar Shekara ta 2022 saboda ayyukan da suka shafi yaƙi da sauyin yanayi na duniya. 

### Ilimi
Huq ya yi karatunsa na farko a Jamus, Indonesia, da Kenya. Daga baya ya yi digirin farko a fannin ilmin tsirrai daga Kwalejin Imperial da ke Jami'ar London a Burtaniya a shekarar 1975, sannan ya yi digirin digirgir da kuma digirin digirgir a fannin ilmin tsirrai daga wannan jami'ar a shekarar 1978. 

### Sana'a
Kafin ya shiga IIED, Huq shine darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Ci Gaba ta Bangladesh, wadda ya kafa a shekarar 1984. Shi ne darektan kafa Cibiyar Canjin Yanayi ta Duniya da Ci Gaba a Jami'ar 'Yancin Kai, Bangladesh . Ya kasance yana cikin ayyukan Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Tsakanin Gwamnati kan Canjin Yanayi, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin babban marubuci kuma mai tsara jagora a cikin Rukunin Aiki na II, wanda ke mai da hankali kan tasirin, rauni da daidaitawa.

Huq ya buga rahotanni da kasidu kan sauyin yanayi, musamman kan daidaitawa da sauyin yanayi . Shi ne babban marubucin babi kan daidaitawa da ci gaba mai dorewa a cikin rahoton kimantawa na uku na Kwamitin gwamnatoci kan sauyin yanayi (IPCC).  Ya kasance Babban Jami'i a Kungiyar Canjin Yanayi a Cibiyar Muhalli da Ci Gaba ta Duniya (IIED) kuma darektan Cibiyar Canjin Yanayi da Ci Gaba ta Duniya 

### MANAZARTA
Richard Moll

**Charles Richard Moll** (Janairu 13, 1943 – Oktoba 26, 2023) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne ɗan Amurka wanda aka san shi da taka rawar Aristotle Nostradamus "Bull" Shannon, wani ma'aikacin kotu a shirin NBC na *Night Court* daga shekarar 1984 zuwa 1992.  Moll ya kuma yi wa Harvey Dent/Two-Face zarra a cikin shirin DC Animated Universe *Batman: The Animated Series* da *The New Batman Adventures* zarra, kuma ya sake maimaita rawar a cikin shirin *Batman: The Brave and the Bold* mai suna " Chill of the Night! ".

An haifi Charles Richard Moll a Pasadena, California, ɗan Violet Anita ( née Grill), ma'aikaciyar jinya, da kuma Harry Findley Moll, lauya. [1] Ya kasance dogo tun farkon rayuwarsa, yana da tsayin 6 feet (1.8 m) kafin ya kai shekara 12. Ya ci gaba da girma har sai da ya kai kimanin 6 ƙafa 8 a cikin (2.03) m) tsayi. Tun yana yaro, shi da iyalinsa sukan ziyarci Jackson Hole, Wyoming sau da yawa. [2] [3] Ya halarci Jami'ar California, Berkeley, kuma memba ne na ƙungiyar Kappa Alpha Order fraternity . A lokacin da yake a UC Berkeley, Moll ya yi wasan kwaikwayo na William Shakespeare .

## Sana'a
A cikin fim ɗin *Brigham* na 1977, Moll (wanda aka yaba da Charles Moll) ya fito a matsayin Joseph Smith, wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Latter Day Saint . Moll ya ci gaba da nuna halayen masu ƙarfi ko kuma masu tasiri saboda tsayinsa da kuma muryarsa mai zurfi. A shekarar 1979, Moll ya taka rawar Eugene, ɗan daba a shirin talabijin *mai suna Happy Days* a cikin shirin " Fonzie 's Funeral". A shekarar 1981, Moll ya taka rawa tare da Jan-Michael Vincent da Kim Basinger a cikin fim ɗin *Hard Country*, kuma ya kuma taka rawar Abominable Snowman a cikin fim ɗin barkwanci mai *suna Caveman* . A wannan shekarar, ya taka rawa kaɗan a cikin shirin *Mork &amp;amp; Mindy* mai suna "Alienation", inda ya fito tare da abokin aikinsa na gaba a cikin shirin *Night Court* mai suna John Larroquette . A shekarar 1982, ya taka rawar mayen Xusia a cikin *shirin The Sword and the Wircerer* . 

### MANAZARTA
Bill Kenwright

**William Kenwright** (4 ga Satumba 1945 – 23 ga Oktoba 2023) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma furodusan fina-finai na Ingila. Ya kuma kasance shugaban ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Everton tsawon kusan shekaru ashirin, daga 2004 har zuwa rasuwarsa a 2023.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Kenwright a Liverpool kuma ya yi karatun firamare a makarantar firamare ta Booker Avenue County,  sannan ya yi makarantar sakandare ta Liverpool Institute for Boys  (wanda ya riga shi LIPA ) daga 1957 zuwa 1964. Ya kasance ma'ajin ƙungiyar Christian Union a makaranta. 

Kenwright alkali ne a shirin talabijin na BBC One na 2007 mai suna *Any Dream Will Do.* 

## Gidan wasan kwaikwayo
A matsayinsa na furodusa a wasan kwaikwayo, Kenwright ya fi shahara da salon wakokin West End Brothers da suka daɗe suna yawo a Burtaniya, da kuma salon wakokin Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat . Sauran fina-finan sun haɗa da fina-finan West End na Whistle Down the Wind at the Palace Theatre, Festen a London, a yawon shakatawa na Burtaniya da kuma a Broadway, The Big Life, Elmina's Kitchen, Scrooge – The Musical, The Night of the Iguana, A Few Good Men, A Man For All Seasons tare da yawon shakatawa na Burtaniya na Jesus Christ Superstar, Tommy, Tell Me on a Sunday da This is Elvis . Ya shirya fim ɗin Cabaret na London a Lyric Theatre a watan Satumba na 2006, inda Anna Maxwell Martin, James Dreyfus da Sheila Hancock suka fito a ciki.

### MANAZARTA
Ida Applebroog

**Ida Applebroog** (11 ga Nuwamba, 1929 - 21 ga Oktoba, 2023) 'Yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka mai amfani da kafofin watsa labarai da yawa wacce aka fi sani da zane-zane da sassaka waɗanda ke bincika jigogi na jinsi, asalin jima'i, tashin hankali, da siyasa.  Applebroog ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa ciki har da MacArthur Fellowship "Genius Grant", College Art Association Distinguished Art Award for Lifetime Achievement, da kuma digirin girmamawa na Fine Arts daga New School for Social Research / Parsons School of Design .  Applebroog ta zauna a birnin New York kuma Hauser &amp;amp; Wirth ne ya wakilta ta. 

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Ida Applebroog a matsayin Ida Appelbaum  a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 1929, a Bronx, New York, cikin dangin Yahudawa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Orthodox .  'Yar uwarta ita ce Gloria Bornstein, wacce ita ma ta zama mai zane.  Daga 1948 zuwa 1950, ta halarci Cibiyar Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Jihar NY .  A Cibiyar, ta yi karatun zane-zane maimakon zane-zane masu kyau. Applebroog ta ce, "ba za ta iya yin zane-zane ba tare da samun kuɗi ba." Yayin da take karatu a Cibiyar Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Jihar NY, ta fara aiki a wata hukumar talla inda ita kaɗai ce mace. Applebroog daga baya ta ba da labarin, "A wancan lokacin cin zarafin jima'i abu ne na yau da kullun. Na yi aiki a hukumar talla na tsawon watanni shida, sannan na yi murabus." 

Bayan ta yi murabus daga hukumar talla, Applebroog ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai zane mai zaman kansa don littattafan yara da katunan gaisuwa. A shekarar 1950, ta auri Gideon Horowitz, masoyiyarta ta makarantar sakandare. [1] Ta sami aiki a sashen fasaha na ɗakin karatu na Jama'a na New York . Ta kuma fara ɗaukar darussan dare a Kwalejin City ta New York a wannan lokacin. A shekarar 1960, Applebroog ta haifi 'ya'ya huɗu kuma domin mijinta ya kammala karatun digirinsa na uku, Applebroog da iyalinta dole ne su ƙaura zuwa Chicago. Bayan ƙaura zuwa Chicago, Applebroog ta ɗauki darussa a Makarantar Fasaha ta Chicago kuma ta yi kayan ado a ginshiƙin gidan iyalinta waɗanda mijinta da 'ya'yanta za su sayar a bikin baje kolin fasaha.

### Littattafai

* *Galileo Works*, 1977, An Buga Kai
* *Aikin Dyspepsia*, 1979, An Buga Kai
* *Littattafan Shuɗi*, 1981, An Buga da Kai 

### Hotuna daga nune-nunen

* *dOCUMENTA (13)* Hotuna daga baje kolin

## Zaɓi tarin jama'a

* Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Corcoran
* Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Metropolitan 
* Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani 
* Gidan Tarihi na Guggenheim
* Gidan Tarihi na Whitney na Fasaha 

## Kyaututtuka da tallafi

* Ƙungiyar Mawakan, Kyauta ta Ƙasa don Fasaha, 1980 
* Shirin Masu Fasaha a Ayyukan Jama'a, Majalisar Jihar New York kan Fasaha, 1983 
* Ƙungiyar Mawakan, Kyauta ta Ƙasa don Fasaha, 1985 
* Guggenheim Fellowship, 1990 
* Shugaban Jami'a Mai Daraja a Milton Avery, Kwalejin Bard, 1991–92
* Kyautar Nasara ta Rayuwa, Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Kwaleji, 1995
* Digirin Digiri na girmamawa, Jami'ar New School/ Makarantar Zane ta Parsons, 1997
* Ƙungiyar MacArthur Foundation, 1998 
* Kyautar Nasarar Rayuwa ta Mata ta Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Mata, 2008
* Kyautar Was A Woman da Ba a San Ko Wanene Ba, 2009 

### MANAZARTA
Anna Maria Bernini

**Anna Maria Bernini** (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1965) 'yar siyasar Italiya ce, lauya, kuma farfesa a jami'a. An zabe ta a Majalisar Wakilai ta Italiya da Majalisar Dattijai ta Jamhuriyar, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Turai. A halin yanzu ita ce Ministan Jami'a da Bincike.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Bernini lauya ce ta farar hula da kuma gudanarwa kuma farfesa a fannin shari'ar jama'a a Jami'ar Bologna, inda daga baya ta koyar da Cibiyoyin Shari'ar Jama'a, da Dokar Kasuwanci ta Duniya da ta Cikin Gida da kuma madadin hanyoyin. Ta kammala karatunta na shari'a ta hanyar shiga cikin shirye-shiryen karatu da yawa a kasashen waje a Jami'ar Michigan, Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya (ICC) a Paris, Kotun Arbitration ta Duniya ta London (LCIA), Kwalejin Sarauniya Mary, Cibiyar Chartered Institute of Arbitrators ta London, Institut du Droit et des Pratiques des Affaires Internationales de la Chambre de Commerce Internationale da American Arbitration Association (AAA).

### Ayyukan siyasa
A shekara ta 2007, Bernini na ɗaya daga cikin masu gabatar da ƙungiyar FareFuturo da Gianfranco Fini ya kafa. Ta kuma shiga jam'iyyar Fini's National Alliance . 

An zabe ta a Majalisar Wakilai a Babban zaben Italiya na 2008 tare da The People of Freedom . A shekara ta 2010 ta kasance dan takara a Zaben yankin Emilia-Romagna, inda ta sha kashi a hannun Vasco Errani . A ranar 27 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2011 aka nada ta Ministan Harkokin Turai, biyo bayan murabus din Andrea Ronchi.

A cikin Babban zaben Italiya na 2013 an zabe ta a Majalisar Dattijai ta Jamhuriyar . Daga baya aka sake zabar ta a Babban zaben 2018 kuma kungiyar Northern League ta gabatar da ita a matsayin dan takara mai yiwuwa ga matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai, amma ta ki, ta zaɓi amincewa da abokin aikinta na jam'iyyar Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati .

A ranar 27 ga Maris 2018, an zabi Bernini a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Forza Italia a Majalisar Dattijai.

### Matsayi na siyasa
Ba tare da nuna rashin amincewa da mafi yawan jam'iyyarta ba, Bernini tana da cikakkiyar goyon baya ga amincewa da haɗin jinsi guda a Italiya da kuma tallafin ɗan lokaci.

### Iyali
Anna Maria Bernini 'yar Giorgio Bernini ce (1928-2020), wacce lauya ce ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma 'yar siyasa ta Forza Italia, ministan cinikayya ta waje a majalisar ministocin farko na Berlusconi.

Ta auri Luciano Bovicelli, mai shekaru 30 da haihuwa, sanannen likitan mata, wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 2011.

## Tarihin zabe

## Manazarta
Andrea Abodi

**Andrea Abodi** (an haife shi 7 Maris 1960) ɗan siyasan Italiya ne kuma mai gudanar da kasuwanci, tun daga 22 ga Oktoba 2022 ya kasance Ministan Wasanni da Matasa a Gwamnatin Meloni .

## Tarihin rayuwa
Ya kammala karatu daga LUISS a fannin tattalin arziki da kasuwanci, ya kware a cikin gudanar da wasanni na masana'antu da ci gaban ayyukan tallace-tallace na wasanni.

A shekara ta 1986, ya shiga cikin jerin masu tallatawa na Order of Journalists of Lazio (kungiyar 'yan jarida ta gida). 

### Ayyukan gudanarwa a duniyar wasanni
Ya fara aikinsa na gudanarwa a shekarar 1987, yana riƙe har zuwa 1994 matsayin darektan talla na reshen Italiya na IMG na kasa da kasa na Amurka, jagora a cikin shirya da gudanar da abubuwan da suka faru, haƙƙoƙi da ƙwarewar wasanni.

Daga 1990 zuwa 1994, shi ne kuma ke da alhakin Italiya na TWI - Trans World International (a yau IMG Media), kamfani da ke aiki a cikin samar da kasa da rarraba wasanni na audiovisual da abubuwan al'adu.

A shekara ta 1994 ya kafa kungiyar Media Partners Group, wani shugaban kasar Italiya a masana'antar wasanni, sannan Infront Group ta samu, inda ya rike mukamin Mataimakin Shugaban zartarwa har zuwa shekara ta 2002.

Tsakanin shekara ta 2003 zuwa 2006 ya rike mukamin Shugaban Azienda Strade Lazio SpA da Arcea Lazio Spa, kamfanonin da ke aiki a bangaren hanya da babbar hanya.

### Ayyukan gudanarwa
Daga 2002 zuwa 2008, ya kasance darektan CONI Servizi spa .  A shekara ta 2009 ya jagoranci, a matsayin mataimakin shugaban zartarwa da janar manajan, Kwamitin Shirye-shiryen wasan karshe na Gasar Baseball ta Duniya; sannan ya daidaita ayyukan talla don takarar Roma don Wasannin Olympics da Paralympic na 2004, kuma yana shiga cikin ayyukan Kwamitin Shirya na 2020 . 

Tare da dokar 26 ga Oktoba 2021 na Ministan Yawon Bude Ido, an sanya shi memba na Kwamitin Dindindin don inganta yawon bude ido a Italiya. Bugu da ƙari, tare da dokar 26 ga Janairun 2022 Ministan Yawon Bude Ido ya nada shi a matsayin memba na National Tourism Observatory na tsawon shekaru uku. A wannan lokacin ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Gudanar da Kudade na Musamman da kuma Darakta na Ƙungiyar Bankin Italiya, wanda ya shiga don wa'adin 2020-2022 kafin a sabunta shi don wani nadin shekaru biyu.

## Manazarta
Marina Elvira Calderone

**Marina Elvira Calderone** (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1965) 'yar siyasar Italiya ce. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, an nada ta Ministan Kwadago da Siyasa a cikin Ma'aikatar Meloni . 

## Tarihin rayuwa
Marina Calderone ta tabbatar da cewa ta sami digiri a fannin tattalin arzikin kasuwanci na kasa da kasa daga Jami'ar Cagliari, amma jami'ar ba ta tabbatar da wannan bayanin ba. A cewar wani rahoto daga Il Fatto Quotidiano, ta sami digiri daga Jami'ar Link Campus, inda mijinta shine shugaban. Ta ba da kuɗin wannan Jami'ar ta amfani da kasafin kuɗin ƙungiyar masu ba da shawara ga ma'aikata da ta gudanar. Il Fatto Quotidiano ya bayyana cewa Calderone ya sayi difloma.

Tare da mijinta Rosario De Luca, tana gudanar da kamfani wanda ke ba da sabis na ba da shawara game da aiki, tare da ofisoshi a Cagliari, Reggio Calabria, da Roma. 

A shekara ta 1994, ta shiga ƙungiyar masu ba da shawara na yankin kuma a shekara ta 2005 ta zama Shugaba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa ta Order of Labour Consultants . A shekara ta 2014, Gwamnatin Renzi ta nada ta a cikin kwamitin daraktocin Leonardo-Finmeccanica, matsayin da ta rike har zuwa 2020. Daga baya a cikin majalisar ministocin Conte I, an zabi ta a matsayin shugabancin Cibiyar Tsaro ta Kasa.

A ranar 21 ga Oktoba 2022, an zabi Marina Calderone a matsayin sabon Ministan Kwadago da Siyasa ta Jama'a ta Firayim Minista Meloni, kuma Shugaba Sergio Mattarella ya rantsar da shi a rana mai zuwa.

## Rashin jituwa na sha'awa
Binciken da Il Fatto Quotidiano ya yi ya yi magana game da wani abin kunya da ya shafi dangin Calderone da jami'ar mai zaman kanta ta Link, inda mijin Marina Calderone shine darektan. A cewar labarin, Marina Calderone, Ministan Kwadago na Italiya, ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Link kuma ta koyar a can, amma babban batun ya shafi gaskiyar cewa Jami'ar za a tallafawa da asusun masu ba da shawara wanda Maria Calderone ta kasance shugaban. Wannan ya haifar da damuwa game da yiwuwar rikice-rikice na sha'awa da kuma gudanar da kudade. Labarin ya kuma nuna cewa sayen jami'ar ta "Premiata Ditta" na iya danganta da wannan abin kunya. Gabaɗaya, abin kunya ya bayyana ya shafi yiwuwar hulɗa tsakanin abubuwan da ke cikin mutum da kudaden jama'a dangane da gudanar da Jami'ar Link. [1]

## Manazarta
Luca Ciriani

Luca Ciriani (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1967) ɗan siyasan Italiya ne wanda shine shugaban ƙungiyar 'yan uwan Italiya a Majalisar Dattijai ta Jamhuriyar . [1]

Ya gaji Federico D'Incà a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Majalisar Dokoki a cikin Ma'aikatar Meloni . 

Yayansa Alessandro Ciriani ya yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari na Pordenone kuma a matsayin memba na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin sanatocin Italiya na yanzu

## Manazarta
Babban Jami'in Gidauniyar Wikimedia

**Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa** shine babban jami'in gudanarwa a Gidauniyar Wikimedia . A da, wannan matsayin ana kiransa da **[[Babban]] Daraktan Gidauniyar Wikimedia** .      

## Daraktocin Gudanarwa na Gidauniyar Wikimedia

## Manyan Jami'an Gidauniyar Wikimedia

## Bayanan kula

## Nassoshi
Giancarlo Giorgetti

**Giancarlo Giorgetti** (pronunciation Italiyanci: [dʒaŋˈkarlo dʒorˈdʒetti]; an haife shi 16 Disamba 1966) ɗan siyasan Italiya ne kuma fitaccen memba na Ƙungiyar, wanda ya zama mataimakin sakatare a 2016. Tun daga watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, Giorgetti ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Tattalin Arziki da Kudi a gwamnati Giorgia Meloni . A baya, ya kasance Sakataren Majalisar Ministoci daga Yuni 2018 har zuwa Satumba 2019, a cikin gwamnati Giuseppe Conte kuma daga baya Ministan Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki daga Fabrairu 2021 har zuwa Oktoba 2022, a cikin gwamnatin Mario Draghi .

## Rayuwa ta farko da aiki
An haifi Giorgetti a shekarar 1966 a Cazzago Brabbia, wani karamin gari a Lardin Varese . Daga baya ya kammala karatu a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Bocconi, ya zama mai ba da shawara kan haraji da kuma mai binciken kudi.

A lokacin jami'a ya kasance kusa da Youth Front, ƙungiyar matasa ta ƙungiyar 'yan kasa ta Italiya Social Movement (MSI). [1] Koyaya, a farkon shekarun 1990s, ya shiga Lega Lombarda da Lega Nord, ƙungiyoyin masu rabuwa da Umberto Bossi ya kafa, kuma a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1995 an zabe shi magajin gari na garinsu, Cazzago Brabbia, matsayin da ya rike har zuwa 12 ga Yuni 2004.

## Ayyukan siyasa
An zabe shi a Majalisar Wakilai a karo na farko a Babban zaben Italiya na 1996, an sake zabarsa a 2001, 2006, 2008, 2013 da 2018. Daga 2001 zuwa 2006 kuma daga 2008 zuwa 2013, ya kasance shugaban Kwamitin Kasafin Kudi a cikin Majalisar. A cikin jam'iyyar, ya kasance sakataren kasa na Lega Lombarda daga 2002 zuwa 2012 kuma ya kasance mataimakin sakataren tarayya na Lega Nord tun 2016.

The New York Times ta bayyana Giorgetti a matsayin mai taimako mai ƙarfi ga Umberto Bossi,  wanda ya kafa kuma sakataren tarayya na Lega Nord daga 1991 zuwa 2012; kuma ta The Economist a matsayin "dauphin".  A shekara ta 2010, *[[The Guardian]]* ya bayyana shi a matsayin "memba mai tasiri na jam'iyyar Berlusconi ta Lega Nord",  inda Berlusconi ya tsaya da kuskure ga Bossi. A karkashin Matteo Salvini, abokin hamayyar Bossi kuma sabon sakataren tarayya na Lega Nord tun 2013, Giorgetti ya ci gaba da kasancewa daya daga cikin manyan mambobin jam'iyyar.

## Ra'ayoyin siyasa da jayayya
Giorgetti ɗan siyasa ne na tarayya kuma ɗan siyasa na yanki wanda ke goyon bayan rarraba mulki. Da yake magana a taron Communion and Liberation na 2018 a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 2018, ya yi magana game da hauhawar populism, yana mai cewa "Majalisar Italiya ba ta da mahimmanci saboda 'yan ƙasa ba su fahimta ba, waɗanda ke ganin shi a matsayin wurin da ba za a iya kawo ƙarshen siyasa ba". A shekara ta 2006, Giorgetti ya sami kansa a tsakiyar gardama saboda ya ki amincewa da cin hanci na Yuro 50-100,000 daga bankin Italiya Gianpiero Fiorani a shekara ta 2004.

## Tarihin zabe

## Manazarta
Melodians na Georgia

Georgia Melodians sun kasance ƙungiyar jazz ta farko wacce ke aiki a cikin shekarun 1920 kuma an rubuta su ga Edison. Sun fito ne daga Savannah, Georgia kuma shugabannin hadin gwiwa sune Ernie Intelhouse (cor) da Hill Hutchins (cl, ts, bsx). Bayan sun kasance tare na 'yan shekaru, sun yi aiki a gabashin gabar zuwa New York, inda suka isa a watan Fabrairun 1924. Bayan wasu canje-canje a cikin ma'aikata, suna wasa a gaban Paul Van Loan Orchestra a Cinderella Ballrom a 48th da Broadway. A wannan lokacin sun fara yin rikodin kuma a cikin 1924 sun yi bangarori 26 waɗanda aka saki a kan Edison Diamond Discs. Kungiyar ta rabu zuwa ƙarshen 1924 kuma ta bar wasan kwaikwayon su na yau da kullun a Strand Roof, amma sun dakatar da yin rikodin Edison a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 1926. Shirin su na karshe shi ne Sabuwar Shekara ta Hauwa'u a Otal Alamac . [1][2]

## Manazarta
Carlo Nordio

**Carlo Nordio** (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1947) ɗan siyasa Italiya ne, tsohon majistare kuma mai gabatar da kara, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Shari'a na Italiya tun daga ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2022, a gwamnati Giorgia Meloni . A cikin Zaben shugaban kasar Italiya na 2022 ya kasance dan takarar 'yan uwan Italiya don Shugaban Italiya.  A cikin Babban zaben Italiya na 2022 an zabe shi a Majalisar Wakilai. 

## Ayyukan sana'a
An haifi Carlo Nordio a Treviso, a yankin Veneto, a cikin 1947. Shi memba ne na iyalin Nordio. Ya zama majistare a shekara ta 1977, kuma daga baya aka nada shi mataimakin mai gabatar da kara na Venice. A cikin shekarun 1980s, ya jagoranci bincike kan Venetian Red Brigades . A farkon shekarun 1990s, Nordio na daga cikin masu gabatarwa na sanannen binciken *Mani Pulite*. 

A lokacin da ya yi aiki daga baya, ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Hukumar Majalisar Dokoki ta Ta'addanci kuma shugaban Hukumar Ministoci don sake fasalin dokar hukunci. Nordio ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin mai gabatar da kara na Venice har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2017, yana magance laifukan tattalin arziki, cin hanci da rashawa da alhakin kiwon lafiya. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya yi aiki tare da mujallu da jaridu da yawa ciki har da Il Tempo, Il Messaggero, da Il Gazzettino . Tun daga 5 ga Disamba 2018, ya kasance memba na kwamitin daraktocin Gidauniyar Luigi Einaudi Onlus . [1]

## Ayyukan siyasa

A ranar 24 ga watan Janairun 2022, shugaban 'yan uwan Italiya Giorgia Meloni ya gabatar da Nordio a matsayin dan takarar ta a Zaben shugaban kasar Italiya na 2022.[undefined] Nordio ya ki amincewa da takarar, yana mai nuna rashin kwarewar siyasa.[2] Koyaya, an tabbatar da shi a matsayin mai yiwuwa dan takarar hadin gwiwar tsakiya-dama a rana mai zuwa.[undefined] A ranar 29 ga watan Janairu, 'yan uwan Italiya sun zabe shi lokacin da duk sauran manyan jam'iyyun suka ba da shawarar sake zaben shugaban kasar Sergio Mattarella.[1][3][4]

A lokacin raba gardama na 2022 game da adalci, ya inganta dalilan da suka sa'a, ya shiga, a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu gabatar da shi, Kwamitin sa'a.

A farkon zaben siyasa na 25 ga Satumba 2022 ya kasance dan takara na Majalisar Wakilai a cikin mazabar Treviso mai mambobi guda ɗaya na tsakiya-dama kuma a matsayin shugaban 'yan uwan Italiya a cikin Veneto mai mambobi da yawa. An zabi Nordio a cikin uninominal tare da kashi 56.2%.

A ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2022, an nada Nordio a matsayin Ministan Shari'a a cikin gwamnatin da Giorgia Meloni ke jagoranta, wacce ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama Firayim Minista na Italiya.

## Matsayi na siyasa
Nordio ya ɗauki kansa mai sassaucin ra'ayi, masu goyon bayan Turai da Atlanticist, yayin da yake sha'awar Winston Churchill.[undefined] A shekara ta 1967 ya shiga Jam'iyyar Liberal ta Italiya, amma dole ne ya bar jam'iyyar bayan ya zama majistare.[2][undefined] Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya shiga sabuwar Jam'iyyar Liberal ta Italiya, wanda ya kasance memba na kwamitin masu ba da garantin har zuwa 2022.[1]

## Manazarta