Cin gayayyaki domin muhalli

**Cin ganyayyaki domin muhalli** shi ne aikin cin ganyayyaki lokacin da sha'awar ƙirƙirar cin abinci mai ɗorewa wanda ke guje wa mummunan tasirin muhalli na samar da nama. Dabbobi gaba ɗaya an ƙiyasta su ke da alhakin kusan kashi 18% na hayaƙin da ake fitarwa a duniya.   Sakamakon haka, an ba da shawarar rage yawan amfani da nama, a tsakanin sauran, Kwamitin Tsare-tsare kan Canjin Yanayi a cikin rahotonsu na musamman na shekarata 2019  kuma a matsayin wani ɓangare na Gargadin Masana Kimiyya na Duniya na shekarata 2017.

Ban da sauyin yanayi, damuwar muhalli game da samar da kayayyakin dabbobi na iya danganta da asarar rabe-raben halittu, gurbatar yanayi, sare itatuwa, rashin dorewa da amfani da ruwa da ƙasa.    

## Tasirin muhalli na samfuran dabbobi
Kashi hudu cikin biyar na kayayyakin noma yana fitowa ne daga bangaren kiwo. 

A cewar rahoton shekarar 2006 Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) rahoton *Dabbobin Dogon Inuwa*, noma na dabba yana ba da gudummawar "madaidaicin ma'auni" ga dumamar yanayi, gurɓataccen iska, lalata ƙasa, amfani da makamashi, sare gandun daji, da raguwar rayayyun halittu .  Rahoton na FAO ya yi kiyasin cewa sashen kiwon dabbobi (ciki har da kiwon kaji) (wanda ke ba da daftarin ikon dabbobi, fata, ulu, madara, kwai, taki, magunguna, da sauransu, baya ga nama) ya ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 18 cikin 100 na hayakin GHG a duniya da aka bayyana a matsayin 100. -shekara CO  daidai.  Wannan ƙididdiga ta dogara ne akan nazarin sake zagayowar rayuwa, ciki har da samar da abinci, sauye-sauyen amfani da ƙasa, da dai sauransu, kuma sun yi amfani da GWP ( yuwuwar dumamar yanayi ) na 23 don methane da 296 don nitrous oxide, don canza fitar da waɗannan abubuwa. iskar gas zuwa shekaru 100 CO 2 daidai. Rahoton na FAO ya kammala da cewa "bangaren kiwo ya fito a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan kasashe biyu ko uku da suka fi bayar da gudunmawa ga matsalolin muhalli mafi tsanani, a kowane ma'auni daga gida zuwa duniya".  Rahoton ya nuna cewa gudunmawar da dabbobi ke bayarwa wajen fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli ya fi na bangaren sufurin duniya; An soki wannan ƙaddamarwa a cikishekarata n 2010 ta Frank Mitloehner na Jami'ar California, Davis, wanda ya lura cewa marubutan ba su yi irin wannan binciken na rayuwa ba don sufuri, yana haifar da gudunmawar dangi na noma na dabba. 

Wani bincike da Cibiyar Worldwatch ta gudanar a shekara ta 2009 ya bayar da hujjar cewa rahoton na FAO ya Kuma yi watsi da tasirin methane, amfani da kasa da numfashi, inda ya sanya dabbobi zuwa kashi 51% na jimillar hayakin da ake fitarwa a duniya. 

A cewar wata takarda ta shekarar 2002:Tsarin aikin noma na masana'antu yana cinye mai, ruwa, da ƙasa a cikin ƙimar da ba za ta dore ba. Yana ba da gudummawa ga nau'o'i masu yawa na lalata muhalli, ciki har da gurɓataccen iska da ruwa, raguwar ƙasa, rage bambance-bambancen halittu, da kuma kashe kifi. Noman nama yana ba da gudummawar da bai dace ba ga waɗannan matsalolin, a wani ɓangare saboda ciyar da hatsi ga dabbobi don samar da nama - maimakon ciyar da shi kai tsaye ga ɗan adam - yana haifar da asarar makamashi mai yawa, yana sa aikin noman dabbobi ya fi ƙarfin albarkatun fiye da sauran nau'ikan samar da abinci. . . . Wani aiki na sirri wanda zai iya yin tasiri mai zurfi akan waɗannan batutuwa shine rage cin nama . Don samar da fam 1 na naman sa abinci yana buƙatar kusan galan a ƙalla 2,400 na ruwa da fam 7 na hatsi (42). Idan aka yi la'akari da cewa matsakaicin Amurkawa na cinye kilo 97 na naman sa (da kuma fam 273 na nama a duk shekara) a kowace shekara, ko da rage girman nama a cikin irin wannan al'ada zai rage nauyi a kan albarkatunmu. Tasirin muhalli na samar da dabbobi ya bambanta da hanyar samarwa, kodayake "tasirin [gaba ɗaya] na samfuran dabbobi mafi ƙanƙanta ya wuce na kayan maye". 

### Matsakaicin fitar da iskar gas a kowane abinci

### Methane
Wani bincike na shekarata 2017 da aka buga a cikin mujallar *Carbon Balance and Management* ya gano hayakin methane na noma na dabbobi a duniya ya kai kashi 11% sama da kiyasin da aka yi a baya, bisa bayanai daga Kwamitin Tsare-tsare kan Sauyin Yanayi . 

### Amfani da magungunan kashe qwari
A cewar wani rahoto na shekarar 2022 daga Kariyar Dabbobi ta Duniya da Cibiyar Bambancin Halittu kusan fam miliyan 235 na magungunan kashe qwari ana amfani da su a kowace shekara don ciyar da dabbobi a cikin Amurka kaɗai, wanda ke barazana ga dubban nau'ikan ciyayi da dabbobi da ke cikin haɗari. Rahoton ya yi nuni da cewa, ya kamata masu amfani da su su rage cin kayayyakin da suke amfani da su na dabbobi, su kuma canza zuwa tsarin abinci mai gina jiki domin dakile ci gaban noman masana'antu da kare nau'in namun daji da ke cikin hadari. 

### Amfanin ƙasa

Wani takarda na shekarar 2003 da aka buga a cikinJarida na Amurka na Masana abinci bayan da aka ƙididdige tasirin makamashi, ƙasa, da amfani da ruwa, ya kammala cewa abincin da ake amfani da nama yana buƙatar ƙarin albarkatu kuma ba su da dorewa fiye da abincin cin ganyayyaki na lacto-ovo. "Ruwan da ake buƙata don cin nama ya ninka sau biyu don cin ganyayyaki na lita 2,000 a rana". 

A cewar masana kimiyya na Jami'ar Cornell : "Dogara mai nauyi akan makamashin burbushin halittu yana nuna cewa tsarin abinci na Amurka, ko nama ne ko tushen shuka, ba ya dorewa".  Koyaya, sun kuma rubuta: “Tsarin abinci na tushen nama yana buƙatar ƙarin kuzari, ƙasa, da albarkatun ruwa fiye da abincin lactoovogetarian. A cikin wannan ƙayyadadden ma'anar, abincin lactoovogetarian ya fi ɗorewa fiye da matsakaicin abincin naman Amurka."  Daya daga cikin wadannan masana kimiyya na Cornell "ya kwatanta noman dabbobin da ake ciyar da hatsi a matsayin hanya mai tsada kuma mara dorewa don samar da furotin na dabba", amma Kuma "bambance-bambancen samar da nama daga kiwo da kiwo, ya kira kiwo da kiwo a matsayin mafi ma'ana ta amfani da fili." . 

Yin amfani da filaye mai yawa don noman nama da kiwo maimakon tsire-tsire da hatsi don abincin ɗan adam, a cewar masanin zamantakewa David Nibert, "babban sanadin rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yunwa, da yunwa a duniya." 

### Lalacewar ƙasa
Wani tasirin noma kuma shi ne kan gurɓacewar ƙasa. Shanu sun kasance sanannen sanadin zaizayar ƙasa ta hanyar tattake ƙasa da kiwo .  Yawancin amfanin gonakin duniya ana amfani da su wajen ciyar da dabbobi.  Tare da kusan kashi 30 na ƙasar duniya da aka keɓe don kiwon dabbobi,  ana buƙatar babban raguwa don ci gaba da haɓakar yawan jama'a. Kuma Ana sa ran neman nama zai ninka nan da shekarar 2050;  a kasar Sin, alal misali, inda abinci na kayan lambu ya kasance da al'ada, buƙatar nama zai ci gaba da kasancewa mai girma a cikin cikakkiyar ma'auni, ko da yake ci gaban buƙatar zai ragu.  Yayin da kasashe ke tasowa, samun kudin shiga na karuwa, kuma cin kayayyakin dabbobi yana da alaƙa da wadata. Wannan buƙatu mai girma ba ta dawwama. 

Ƙarfin ƙasa don sha ruwa ta hanyar kutsawa yana da mahimmanci don rage zubar da ruwa da zaizayar ƙasa. Kuma Masu bincike a Iowa sun ba da rahoton cewa ƙasa da ke ƙarƙashin ciyawar kiwo na shekara-shekara da dabbobi ke kiwo ta iya shan ruwa fiye da irin ƙasa a ƙarƙashin amfanin gona guda biyu na shekara: masara da waken soya.  

### Asarar rayayyun halittu
Rahoton kimantawa na duniya na shekara ta 2019 IBES *akan Ayyukan Halittar Halittu da Muhalli ya* gano cewa babban abin da ke haifar da hasarar rayayyun halittu shine amfani da ƙasa na ɗan adam, wanda ke hana sauran nau'ikan filayen da ake buƙata don rayuwa, tare da masana'antar nama suna taka rawa sosai a cikin wannan tsari. Ana amfani da kusan kashi 25% na ƙasar da ba ta da ƙanƙara don kiwon shanu.  Sauran nazarin sun kuma yi gargadin cewa cin nama na kara bazuwar jama'a a duniya.    Wani bincike na shekarata 2017 da Asusun Kula da namun daji na Duniya ya danganta kashi 60% na asarar rayayyun halittu ga ƙasar da ake buƙata don kiwon dubun dubatar dabbobin noma. 

Wani bincike da aka gudanar a watan Mayun shekarar 2018 ya bayyana cewa, yayin da namun daji ke raguwa tun farkon wayewar dan Adam, inda dabbobi masu shayarwa ke raguwa da kashi 83 cikin 100, yawan dabbobin da mutane ke kiwon su don ci sun karu.  Dabbobi sune kashi 60% na halittu masu shayarwa a duniya, sannan mutane (36%) sai namomin daji (4%).  Dangane da tsuntsaye kuwa, kashi 70 cikin 100 na gida ne, kamar kaji, yayin da kashi 30 ne kawai na daji.  

### Ruwa
Samar da dabba yana da babban tasiri akan gurɓataccen ruwa da amfani. A cewar Gidauniyar Ilimin Ruwa, tana daukar lita 2,464 na ruwa don samar da fam guda na naman sa a California, yayin da ake daukar galan na ruwa 25 kawai don samar da fam guda na alkama.  Kiwon dabbobi masu yawa yana haifar da taki da fitsari mai yawa, wanda zai iya gurɓata albarkatun ƙasa ta hanyar canza pH na ruwa, yana gurɓata iska, da fitar da iskar gas mai yawa wanda ke shafar dumamar yanayi kai tsaye. Yayin da ake kiwon yawancin dabbobi a cikin ƙananan wurare don rage farashi, wannan yana ƙara matsalar yawan sharar gida. Dabbobi a Amurka suna samar da fam tiriliyan 2.7 na taki a kowace shekara,Kuma duk wanda ya ninka fiye da abin da al'ummar Amurka ke samarwa har sau goma. Akwai batutuwan da suka shafi yadda ake zubar da sharar dabbobi, yayin da wasu ake amfani da su a matsayin taki yayin da wasu manoma ke yin takin ruwa da ke ajiye miliyoyin galan na sharar dabbobi wanda ke da matukar hadari da kuma illa ga muhalli. 

## Dangantaka da wasu gardama
Ko da yake motsa jiki akai-akai kan zoba, masu cin ganyayyaki na muhalli da masu cin ganyayyaki za a iya bambanta su da waɗanda suka fi dacewa da damuwa game da jindadin dabbobi (nau'in cin ganyayyaki iri ɗaya), lafiya, ko kuma waɗanda ke guje wa nama don ceton kuɗi ko don larura ( cin abinci na tattalin arziki ).   Wasu kuma sun yi imanin cin ganyayyaki zai inganta samar da abinci a duniya, ko kuma magance yunwa .

### Lafiya
Wani bincike a *kan Canjin yanayi* ya kammala "idan matsakaicin abinci tsakanin manya na Burtaniya ya bi shawarwarin WHO, za a rage fitar da hayakin GHG da kashi 17%. Ana iya samun ƙarin raguwar hayaƙin GHG na kusan kashi 40% ta hanyar yin gyare-gyare na gaskiya ga abubuwan abinci don su ƙunshi ƴan samfuran dabbobi da kayan abinci da aka sarrafa da ƙarin 'ya'yan itace, kayan lambu da hatsi."  Wani bincike a cikin *The Lancet* ya kiyasta cewa "raguwar kashi 30 cikin 100 na noman dabbobi" nan da shekara 2030 da ake bukata don saduwa da kwamitin kula da harkokin noma na Burtaniya zai haifar da raguwar kusan kashi 15% na cututtukan zuciya na ischemic . 

Wani rahoto na shekarata 2018 da aka buga a *PNAS* ya tabbatar da cewa manoma a Amurka za su iya ciyar da mutane fiye da ninki biyu fiye da yadda suke yi a halin yanzu idan suka yi watsi da kiwon dabbobin noma don amfanin ɗan adam, maimakon haka su mai da hankali kan shuka tsire-tsire. 

Ga ƙasashen da suka ci gaba, rahoton CAST ya ƙiyasta matsakaicin kilo 2.6 na abincin hatsi a kowace fam na naman naman sa da ake samarwa. Ga ƙasashe masu tasowa, ƙididdigewa shine 0.3 fam kowace fam. (Ana ganin wasu alkaluman da ba su da kamanceceniya a wasu lokuta; Rahoton CAST ya tattauna hanyoyin gama gari na kurakurai da kuma sabani a tsakanin irin wadannan alkaluma.  A cikin shekarata 2007, cin naman sa kowane mutum US shine fam 62.2 a kowace shekara, kuma Amurka kowane nama (jajayen nama da kifi da kaji) yawan amfani da shi ya kai fam 200.7 (tushen nauyi mara ƙashi). 

## Taimako
Zamantakewar duniya da zamani ya haifar da al'adun mabukaci na Yamma suna yaduwa zuwa ƙasashe kamar China da Indiya, gami da abinci mai yawan nama waɗanda ke maye gurbin abincin gargajiya na tushen tsire-tsire . Kusan 166 zuwa fiye da biliyan 200 na filaye da dabbobin ruwa ne al'ummar duniya sama da biliyan 7 ke cinyewa a duk shekara, Duk wanda masanin falsafa kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin dabbobi Steven Best ya ce "ba shi da tabbas".   Wani bincike da aka yi a shekarar 2018 da aka buga a *Kimiyya* ya bayyana cewa, cin naman nama zai karu da kusan kashi 76 cikin 100 nan da shekara ta 2050 sakamakon karuwar yawan jama'a da karuwar wadata, wanda hakan zai kara fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli da kuma kara rage yawan halittu . 

Wani rahoto na shekarata 2018 a cikin *yanayi* ya gano cewa raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin cin nama yana da mahimmanci don rage sauyin yanayi, musamman yayin da yawan jama'a ya haura zuwa biliyan 10 a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.  A cewar wani rahoto na shekarar 2019 a cikin *The Lancet*, ana buƙatar rage cin naman duniya da kashi 50 cikin ɗari don magance sauyin yanayi. 

A cikin Nuwamba shekarata 2017, 15,364 masana kimiyya na duniya sun sanya hannu kan Gargaɗi ga Bil'adama suna kira, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, da rage yawan cin naman kowane mutum. 

Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2010 daga Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP) ta kasa da kasa na kwamitin kula da albarkatun mai dorewa ya bayyana cewa:Ana sa ran tasirin aikin gona zai karu sosai saboda karuwar yawan jama'a da karuwar amfani da kayayyakin dabbobi. Ba kamar burbushin mai ba, yana da wahala a nemi mafita: dole ne mutane su ci abinci. Matsakaicin raguwar tasirin zai yiwu ne kawai tare da gagarumin canjin abinci na duniya, nesa da samfuran dabbobi.  *Rahoton kimantawa na duniya da aka ambata a baya kan bambancin halittu da ayyukan muhalli* ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa za a buƙaci rage yawan cin nama don taimakawa wajen kiyaye bambancin halittu. 

Dangane da rahoton Yuli na shekarar 2019 na Cibiyar Albarkatun Duniya, yawan al'ummar duniya zai karu zuwa kusan biliyan 10 a tsakiyar karni, tare da bukatar naman nama ya karu da kashi 88%. Rahoton ya nuna cewa Amurkawa da Turawa za su bukaci rage cin naman sa da kashi 40% da 22% bi da bi domin ciyar da mutane da yawa a lokaci guda kuma don gujewa bala'in muhalli. 

A watan Nuwamba na shekarata 2019, gargadi kan "gaggawa yanayi" daga masana kimiyya sama da 11,000 daga kasashe sama da 100 sun ce "cin abinci galibi na tushen shuka tare da rage yawan amfani da kayayyakin dabbobi a duniya, musamman ma naman dabbobi, na iya inganta lafiyar dan Adam da rage GHG sosai. fitar da hayaki (ciki har da methane a cikin "Mataki na Gudun Gudawa")." Gargadin ya kuma ce hakan zai 'yantar da filayen noma don noman shukar da mutane ke bukata maimakon abincin dabbobi, kuma tare da sakin wasu filayen kiwo don tallafawa hanyoyin magance yanayi.  

Wani bincike na shekarar 2020 da masu bincike daga Jami'ar Michigan da Tulane suka gudanar, wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu ta ba da izini, ya tabbatar da cewa idan Amurka ta rage yawan naman da take ci da rabi, zai iya haifar da raguwar hayakin GHG mai alaƙa da abinci da kashi 35%, raguwar tan biliyan 1.6. 

## Suka
Bill Mollison ya yi gardama a cikin Course ɗinsa na Ƙira cewa cin ganyayyaki yana ƙara ƙarar ƙasa. To Domin cire tsiron daga gona yana kawar da duk wani sinadari da yake samu a cikin kasa, yayin da cire dabba ya bar gonar. A ƙasar noma ta Amurka, ƙarancin zaizayar ƙasa yana da alaƙa da filin kiwo da ake amfani da shi don kiwo fiye da ƙasar da ake amfani da ita don noman amfanin gona.  Har ila yau Robert Hart ya haɓaka aikin lambun daji, wanda tun daga lokacin an karɓi shi azaman nau'in ƙirar permaculture gama gari, azaman tsarin samar da abinci mai ɗorewa. 

A cewar wani binciken da aka buga a PNAS, hayakin GHG na Amurka zai ragu da kashi 2.6% (ko kashi 28% na hayakin GHG na noma) idan an cire dabbobi gaba daya daga noma da abinci na Amurka.  Zato na wannan binciken duk da haka an yi suka sosai.    A cikin wasiƙar da ta biyo baya marubutan sun mayar da martani ga sukar da kuma kare aikinsu. 

Hakanan ana ba da shawarar mafi daidaiton abinci ta ƙungiyoyi da yawa a matsayin madadin da ba shi da lahani ga muhalli ba tare da barin nama gaba ɗaya ba. Wannan yana nuna haɗin kai tsakanin ma'auni na abincin jagorar abinci na dala da dorewar muhalli sosai.

## Duba wasu abubuwan

## Bayanin bayani

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Eco-Cin: Cin abinci kamar Duniya yana da mahimmanci (yana yi! ) Cikakken tushe tare *da* nau'o'i da hanyoyin haɗi da yawa.
* Cin Nama da Dumamar Duniya jerin labaran da ke yin alaƙa mai mahimmanci tsakanin nama da sauyin yanayi
* Kalkuletattarar sawun muhalli Fage biyu abubuwan abinci ne.
* Dokta Ruth Fairchild na rahoton UWIC game da cin ganyayyaki da CO <sub>2</sub> -wai
* The Vegetarian Society UK - bayanai portal
* DuniyaAjiye 
* Vegan Society - Muhalli
* Tashi na eco-veganism . Labaran NBC . Yuli 4, 2019.
* Masu fafutuka na yanayi waɗanda ke watsi da cin nama ba daidai ba ne . *Sabuwar Jamhuriyya*, Agusta 31, 2020