Dunwich

**Dunwich** (/ˈdʌnɪtʃ/) ƙauye ne da kuma Ikklisiya a Suffolk, Ingila . Yana cikin Suffolk &amp;amp; Essex Coast &amp;amp; Heaths National Landscape a kusa da kilomita 92 (148  arewa maso gabashin London, kilomita 9 (14  kudu da Southwold da kilomita 7 (11  arewacin Leiston, a bakin Tekun Arewa.

A zamanin Anglo-Saxon, Dunwich ita ce babban birnin Masarautar Gabashin Angles, amma tashar jiragen ruwa da mafi yawan garin sun ɓace saboda lalacewar bakin teku. A lokacin da yake da tsawo tashar jiragen ruwa ce ta kasa da kasa mai kama da girman London ta karni na 14. Raguwar ta fara ne a shekara ta 1286 lokacin da guguwar guguwa ta mamaye gabar tekun Gabashin Anglian, sannan manyan guguwa biyu a watan Fabrairu da Disamba na shekara ta 1287, har sai da ta ragu zuwa ƙauyen da take a yau. Dunwich mai yiwuwa yana da alaƙa da sunan wuri na Anglo-Saxon da ya ɓace *Dommoc* . Sunan yana nufin garin Dune-wich, a cikin tsohuwar Turanci.

Yawan jama'ar cocin a ƙidayar shekara ta 2001 ya kai 84,  wanda ya karu zuwa 183 bisa ga ƙidayar 2011,  kodayake yankin da Ofishin Kididdiga na Kasa ya yi amfani da shi na 2011 ya haɗa da wani ɓangare na cocin farar hula na Westleton. Babu majalisa; a maimakon haka akwai taron majami'a.

## Tarihi

Tun daga karni na 15, an gano Dunwich akai-akai tare da Dommoc - asalin wurin zama na bishops na Anglo-Saxon na Masarautar Gabashin Anglia wanda Sigeberht na Gabashin Anglia ya kafa don Saint Felix a cikin c. 629-31. Dommoc ita ce wurin zama na bishops na Dommoc har zuwa kusan 870, lokacin da masarautar East Anglian ta karbe ta farko ta arna Danes. Shekaru bayan haka, masu binciken kayan tarihi za su bayyana Dunwich a matsayin "tsohuwar babban birnin Gabashin Anglia". Koyaya, masana tarihi da yawa yanzu sun fi son gano Dommoc a Walton Castle, wanda shine shafin yanar gizon Saxon Shore (abin rikitarwa waɗannan gine-ginen Roman ne). 

Littafin Domesday na 1086 ya bayyana shi kamar yana da majami'u uku. A wannan lokacin yana da kimanin mutane 3,000.

A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1286, guguwar guguwa ta kai gabar gabashin garin kuma ta lalata gine-gine. Kafin wannan, mafi yawan lalacewar da aka yi wa Dunwich shine asarar ƙasa da lalacewar tashar jiragen ruwa.

Wannan ya biyo bayan karin hauhawar ruwa biyu a shekara mai zuwa, Ambaliyar ruwa ta Kudu Ingila ta Fabrairu 1287 da ambaliyar St Lucia a watan Disamba. Akwai guguwa mai tsanani a cikin 1328. Wani babban guguwa a cikin 1347 ya kwashe gidaje 400 cikin teku. Grote Mandrenke a kusa da 16 Janairu 1362 a ƙarshe ya lalata yawancin sauran garin.

Yawancin gine-ginen da ke cikin karni na 13 sun ɓace, gami da dukkan majami'u takwas, kuma Dunwich yanzu ƙaramin ƙauye ne na bakin teku. Har yanzu ana iya ganin ragowar wani gidan Franciscan na ƙarni na 13 (Greyfriars) da Asibitin Kuturta na St James. Wani sanannen labari na yankin ya ce a wasu raƙuman ruwa har yanzu ana iya jin kararrawar coci daga ƙarƙashin raƙuman.

Bayyana makomar garin a matsayin asarar " tashar jiragen ruwa mai aiki zuwa ... guguwar ƙarni na 14 da ta mamaye dukan majami'u cikin teku"  ba daidai ba ne. Ya bayyana  cewa tashar jiragen ruwa ta bunkasa a matsayin tashar jiragen kasa inda Kogin Dunwich ya shiga Tekun Arewa. Hanyoyin bakin teku ciki har da guguwa sun sa kogin ya sauya bakinsa 2.5 mil (4  arewa zuwa Walberswick, a kan Kogin Blyth. Garin Dunwich ya rasa *Dalilin zama* kuma an watsar da shi sosai. Ba a kiyaye tsaron teku ba kuma lalacewar bakin teku ta ci gaba da lalata garin.&nbsp;

A matsayin gado na muhimmancin da ya gabata, mazabar majalisa ta Dunwich ta riƙe haƙƙin aika mambobi biyu zuwa majalisa har zuwa Dokar Gyara ta 1832, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin sanannun yankuna masu lalacewa na Burtaniya. Gidan zauren gari ya ɓace cikin teku, kuma kamfanin ya koma wani gida, wanda ya tsira a matsayin Tsohon Gidan Gida

A tsakiyar karni na 19, yawan jama'a ya ragu zuwa mazauna 237 kuma an bayyana Dunwich a cikin 1844 a matsayin "ƙauye mai lalacewa da rashin izini". An gina sabon coci, St James's, a cikin 1832 bayan an watsar da na karshe daga cikin tsoffin majami'u, All Saints', wanda ba shi da shugaban tun 1755. All Saints' Church ya fada cikin teku tsakanin 1904 da 1919, babban bangare na karshe na hasumiyar ya fadi a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 1919.  A shekara ta 2005, masanin tarihi Stuart Bacon ya bayyana cewa raguwar ruwa ta baya-bayan nan ta nuna cewa an riga an fara gina jirgi a garin.

## Archaeology na ruwa

Aikin Dunwich na 2008 wanda Ingilishi Heritage da Gidauniyar Esmée Fairbairn suka tallafawa an yi niyyar tattara duk bayanan tarihi masu aminci akan wannan tsarin daidaitawa kuma su haɗa wannan tare da daukar hoto na sama da binciken karkashin ruwa.   Farfesa David Sear na Jami'ar Southampton, masanin binciken ruwa Stuart Bacon da Cibiyar Geodata sun samar da sabbin taswirar dijital. Binciken ya kuma yi amfani da sonar da yawa da gefe don tsara taswirar teku a duk yankin garin. Wadannan binciken sun gano jerin rushewar da aka tabbatar da su ta hanyar masu nutsewa waɗanda suka dawo da duwatsu tare da laka har yanzu suna haɗe. Gilashin lemun tsami ya yi daidai da dutsen da ke cikin majami'u a bakin tekun. A cikin 2009 Wessex Archaeology, yana aiki tare da Farfesa Sear, ya kama mafi girman ƙuduri na bangarorin garin ciki har da rushewar da aka samu a cikin 2008. Ƙarin aiki a cikin 2010 tare da BBC Oceans da BBC One Show sun yi amfani da kyamarori masu daukar hoto (sonar na ganewa na mita biyu - DIDSON) don yin fim da rushewar ta hanyar ruwa mai duhu. Wadannan a bayyane sun nuna rikice-rikice na tubalan da aka rushe da kuma dutse mai aiki wanda ke da alaƙa da cocin zamani da wuraren ɗakin sujada. Babban bincike da sabunta bayanan da aka tsara ta hanyar Ingilishi Heritage a cikin 2011 kuma ta ruwaito a cikin 2012. Wannan ya tattara duk bayanan binciken da suka gabata kuma ya inganta taswirar tarihi da sigogi na bakin teku don shafin. Sakamakon ya samar da cikakken bincike game da shafin garin Dunwich - mafi girman shafin karkashin ruwa na zamani a Turai. Bayanai daga waɗannan binciken ciki har da taswira da hotuna da ke bayanin fasahohi daban-daban ana nuna su a Gidan Tarihi na Dunwich wanda Majalisar Gidan Tarihin Gida ta amince da shi. Bayani game da yakin Dunwich na shekaru 800 don karewa daga rushewar bakin teku kuma ana sa ran za a yi ƙarin aiki a nan gaba. Bayanan bayanai game da Dunwich "wanda aka tsara don taimakawa masu bincike na ilimi, masana tarihi na iyali da ɗalibai" suna samuwa a kan layi.

A watan Yunin 2011, a gayyatar Farfesa David Sear da Dunwich Town Trust, Anglo-Saxon da ilimin kimiyyar tarihi na Dunwich shine batun wani labari na shirin talabijin na archaeological Time Team . 

Ƙarin aiki don bincika sabbin shafuka ta amfani da DIDSON da binciken da aka yi amfani da shi kuma an shirya kamfen na ilimin kimiyyar ƙasa don 2013-15 wanda "Touching the Tide" Heritage Lottery Fund Landscape Partnership Scheme ya tallafa. Wannan aikin yana fatan tabbatar da ranar da ramin gari da hanyoyi suka kasance kuma ya binciki rikodin canjin muhalli a cikin marsh. Gabaɗaya wannan aikin ya gano rushewar majami'u na St Peter da St Nicholas, ɗakin sujada mai yiwuwa na St Katherine, da rushewar da ke da alaƙa da Blackfriars friary da zaunan gari. An san wurin Knight's Templar Church da All Saints' Church daga taswirar dijital amma sun kasance an binne su a ƙarƙashin yashi na ciki. An binne garin na farko a ƙarƙashin tsakanin mita 1 da 3 (9.8 na yashi zuwa gabashin rushewar da Bacon ya samu da waɗannan binciken da suka biyo baya. A sakamakon haka, an gano cewa Dunwich ya kasance tashar jiragen ruwa mai mahimmanci a zamanin Saxon.

## Ikklisiyoyi da sauran sanannun gine-gine

Kodayake yawancin gine-ginen addini na tsohuwar tashar jiragen ruwa sun ragu a hankali tare da ci gaban teku, sun tsira har zuwa yau ta hanyar rushewar , tsohon gidan Franciscan. Asalin da aka kafa a wani shafin da ke kusa da teku, an tura shi zuwa matsayinsa na yanzu bayan guguwar Sabuwar Shekara ta 1286, yana bunƙasa a can har zuwa Rushewar Masallatai a 1539. An kewaye filin da bango na dutse, wanda yawancin ya kasance, kodayake sau da yawa ana gyara shi. Mafi kyawun gine-gine har yanzu suna tsaye suna daga cikin wurin cin abinci da ƙofar ƙarni na 14, wanda zai kasance babban ƙofar gine-ginen masallatai.

Daga cikin sauran tushen addini na birnin waɗanda tun lokacin da suka ɓace sune:

* **St Bartholomew's** da **St Michael's**: duka ɗakuna biyu na sauƙi waɗanda aka gina a ƙarshen ƙarni na 11. 
* **St Leonard's**: cocin Ikklisiya wanda ya fadi cikin teku a karni na 14. 
* **St Nicholas's**: cocin Ikklisiya tare da ginin giciye a kudancin birnin. Ya ɓace zuwa teku ba da daɗewa ba bayan Black Death . 
* **St Martin's**: cocin Ikklisiya da aka gina kafin 1175, an rasa shi cikin teku tsakanin 1335 da 1408. 
* St Francis Chapel: kusa da Kogin Dunwich, ya ɓace a karni na 16.
* St Katherine's Chapel: a cikin Ikklisiya na St John, ya ɓace a karni na 16.
* **St John the Baptist's**: cocin Ikklisiya na gicciye, wanda aka rushe a cikin 1540s.
* Preceptory of the Knights Templar: ana zaton an kafa shi a kusa da 1189 kuma gini ne mai kama da sanannen Ikilisiyar Haikali a London. Sheriff na Suffolk da Norfolk ya ba da rahoton a cikin asusunsa na 1309 cewa ya sami adadin £ 111, 14 shillings da sixpence farthing (£ 111-14s-61⁄4d) da ke cikin jaka huɗu - babban adadin da aka ajiye tare da Templars don kiyayewa lafiya ta Robert na Seffeld, fasfo na Brampton. A cikin 1322, bisa umarnin Edward II da ke aiwatar da bijimin papal *Ad providam*, duk ƙasar Templars ta wuce ga Knights Hospitallers. Bayan murkushewar masu asibiti a lokacin Rushewar Masallatai a karkashin Henry na takwas, a cikin 1562 an rushe Haikali. Tushen ya wanke a lokacin mulkin Charles I.
* **St Peter's**: cocin Ikklisiya mai kama da tsawon cocin da ke kusa da Blythburgh. An cire shi da wani abu mai daraja yayin da gefen dutsen ya kusanci. Gabashin gable ya fadi a shekara ta 1688 kuma sauran ginin sun biyo baya a shekara ta 1697. Rubuce-rubucen Ikklisiya ya tsira kuma yanzu yana cikin Laburaren Burtaniya.
* **Blackfriars**: Masallacin Dominican a kudu maso gabashin birnin. An kafa shi a lokacin Henry III ta hanyar Roger Holish . A shekara ta 1385 an yi shirye-shirye don Dominicans su koma Blythburgh da ke kusa da su yayin da bakin teku ya fi kusa, kodayake ba tare da lokaci ba, yayin da Priory ya kasance mai aiki kuma sama da matakin teku har zuwa aƙalla Rushewar Masallatai a ƙarƙashin Henry na takwas. Ginin karshe ya fadi cikin teku a shekara ta 1717 . 
* All Saints' Church: cocin Ikklisiya, na karshe daga cikin tsoffin majami'u na Dunwich da aka rasa cikin teku. An watsar da shi a cikin shekarun 1750 bayan da dutsensa da tsarin dutse ya lalace kuma ana yin bikin ayyukan jama'a ne kawai mako biyu sannan kuma kowane wata. Daga nan aka yanke shawarar cewa parishioners ba za su iya biyan kuɗin kulawa ba, kodayake binnewar ta faru a cikin cocin har zuwa shekarun 1820. Za'a iya samun matakai na lalacewar ginin a cikin bugawa ta 1776 ta W. Watts,  bugawa ta hannu ta 1813 ta J. P. Neale  da kuma zanen mai na 1904 ta Thomas Lingwood (1859-1924).  Baya ga waɗannan darussan taswirar, an zana ƙarin ra'ayoyin fasaha a ƙarni na ƙarshe na ginin. J. M. W. Turner's watercolour na kimanin 1827 an saita shi a matakin rairayin bakin teku, tare da ƙungiyar ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da ke gwagwarmaya don kaddamar da jirgin ruwa ta cikin raƙuman ruwa. A kan tudu a cikin rabi na sama ana iya ganin rushewar All Saints, tare da na Greyfriars a baya. Hoton ruwa na John Nash daga baya ya fito ne daga 1919 kuma yana kallon tsaunuka masu lalacewa zuwa nesa. Masu wanka suna cikin gaba tare da, sama da su, hasumiyar cocin. Da yake juyar da hangen nesa a wannan shekarar, Edward Vulliamy (1876-1962) yana kallon ƙasa ta hanyar ƙofar da ke cikin hasumiyar zuwa inda aka jefa inuwa a kan rairayin bakin teku a ƙasa, inda ragowarsa ta ƙarshe ba da daɗewa ba za ta shiga shingle.

Yankin dutsen ya kai All Saints a 1904 kuma hasumiyar (a ƙarshen yamma) ta fadi a 1922.  Ɗaya daga cikin hasumiyoyin hasumiya an ceto shi kuma yanzu yana tsaye a cikin Ikilisiyar St James ta Victorian ta yanzu. Ɗaya daga cikin sauran kaburbura na ƙarshe, don tunawa da John Brinkley Easey, ya faɗi a kan dutsen a farkon shekarun 1990. Har yanzu ana iya ganin babban dutse a gefen ruwa a lokacin da ruwa ya ragu a shekarar 1971. A cikin 2022, dutse guda ɗaya ne kawai (don tunawa da Jacob Forster wanda ya mutu a ƙarshen karni na 18) ya kasance, kimanin ƙafa 15 (4.6  daga gefen dutsen.

## Dunwich a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu
Ya zauna a Dunwich Heath a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, *RAF Dunwich* na ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin Chain Home Low wanda ya ba da ƙaramin matakin radar ga gabar tekun Gabashin Anglian. Sojoji sun yi amfani da wannan shimfiɗa don kwaikwayon saukowar Normandy na 1944 a cikin abin da ake kira Operation Kruschen shekara guda da ta gabata. Har ila yau, mai zane-zane na yaki Edward Bawden ne, wanda ya yi zane-zane masu launi na aikin. Yankin ya burge shi, ya dawo a 1948 don yin ƙarin zane-zane.

## Labaran gargajiya
The Dark Heart of Dunwich wani yanki ne na al'adun Suffolk, wanda asalinsa ya bayyana a cikin karni na goma sha biyu. Labarin ya ba da labarin yadda Eva, budurwa ta Dunwich da za ta auri ɗan mai mallakar ƙasa, ta fada maimakon haka ga wani kyakkyawan ɗan ƙasa na gida, wanda ya tafi tare da ita sannan ya bar ta, ya gudu zuwa teku. Bayan ta jira a banza don ƙaunar da ta rasa ta dawo, sai ta yanke zuciyarta ta jefa ta cikin teku. Koyaya, bisa ga labarin, ba ta iya mutuwa ba, kuma har yanzu tana damun yankin, musamman a kusa da rairayin bakin teku (wanda ke canzawa koyaushe), inda ƙasar ta haɗu da teku. Zuciya kanta, an ce tana kama da bayyanar zuciya ta katako, an yi imanin cewa tana wankewa lokaci-lokaci kuma tana kawo babban masifa ga duk wanda ya karbe shi kuma ya kiyaye shi.

## Bayanan al'adu

### Waƙoƙi
Magana ta farko game da Dunwich tana cikin tarihin Jordan Fantosme, wanda aka rubuta a cikin Norman Faransanci a karni na goma sha biyu. Wannan ya bayyana rashin nasarar kewaye birnin a cikin 1173 da Robert de Beaumont, 3rd Earl of Leicester, a matsayin wani ɓangare na tawaye da Henry II. Daga baya, an bayyana yakin teku mafi nasara a cikin wata sananniyar waƙa kamar yadda aka kalli daga "Dunwich Hill". Wannan shi ne Yaƙin Solebay tsakanin jiragen ruwa na Ingila da Dutch a cikin shekara ta 1672, a lokacin yakin Anglo-Dutch na uku.

Bayan mummunar lalacewar birni mai ban sha'awa, Dunwich ya zama, a cikin kalmomin wata jarida, "wurin masu yawon bude ido waɗanda suka zo ba don ganin abin da yake ba sai dai don yin tunani game da abin da ya kasance". Halin da aka saba da shi shine na James Bird (1788-1839), wanda 4-canto "Dunwich: A Tale of the Splendid City" ya buɗe da kuka::There stood the City in its pride - ’tis gone –
:Mocked at by crumbling pile, and mouldering stone,
:And shapeless masses, which the reckless power
:Of time hath hurled from ruined arch and tower!
:O'er the lone spot, where shrines and pillared walls
:Once gorgeous shone, the clammy lizard crawls;
:O'er the lone spot where yawned the guarded fosse,
:Creeps the wild bramble and the spreading moss.Irin wannan tunani game da wucewa tsakanin rushewarta ya biyo baya a cikin Bernard Barton's "Dunwich", daga tarin Napoleon and Other Poems (1822),  kuma a cikin sassan bakwai na Algernon Charles Swinburne's By the North Sea, yana nuna ra'ayi a can kamar yadda ya kunshi "Ƙasar da ta fi lalacewa, / Tekun da baƙo fiye da mutuwa". Sashe na shida na waka ya nuna lalacewar Ikilisiyar All Saints da rushewar makabarta cikin teku, don ɗaukar bayyani na agnostic game da tsoffin tabbacin Kirista.  Henry Dell's "Dunwich in Suffolk" kuma ya zana hotuna na shafin a cikin waɗannan kalmomi.

A cikin karni na 20, mawaƙa sun sanya jigogi na lalacewar jiki da na mutum a matsayin wani ɓangare na amsar su. Sun hada da Ethel Wynne Candwell's "Dunwich" (1928), Anthony Thwaite's "At Dunwich", da kuma Wendy Mulford's avant-garde documentary, The East Anglia Sequence (1998), wanda ya dogara da Salthouse, Norfolk, da Dunwich.

Littattafai biyu na tarihi sun nuna yankin Dunwich. A cikin William De Morgan's An Affair of Dishonour (1910), ana kallon yakin Solebay daga bakin teku ta hanyar haruffa da ke zaune a gidan da aka ce yana da nisa "tun lokacin da teku ta haɗiye garin da ke kewaye da shi". Littafin *Red Eve* (1911) na H. Rider Haggard yana da al'amuran da yawa da aka kafa a cikin karni na sha huɗu. Halin taken, Eve Clavering, memba ne na dangin Dunwich wanda teku ta lalata dukiyarsa. A cikin litattafai biyu na baya yankin da aka ɓace ya saita yanayin ga P. D. James's Unnatural Causes (1967)  kuma marubucin na biyu ya ziyarta a yayin yawon shakatawa na Suffolk a cikin littafin W. G. Sebald na 1995 The Rings of Saturn . 

Har ila yau, an yi yunkurin kiɗa don sake farfado da jin daɗin nostalgia da lalacewa da shafin ya haifar, kamar a cikin waƙar ƙarshe a cikin kundin Brian Eno na 1982 Ambient 4: On Land, wanda ya haɗu da yadudduka na sauti don gina yanayin *Dunwich Beach, Autumn, 1960*.  Da yake yin sharhi game da wannan daga baya, Adam Harper ya bayyana dukkan kundin a matsayin "ba kiɗa da yawa ba don bango kamar kiɗa na bango, kwarewar wuri a gefen kulawa da kuma yadda yake matsakaici ko sake tura tunani".

A wasu layi na waƙarsa ta 2007 "The Coldest Winter in Memory", Al Stewart yana nufin al'adun yankin da aka riga aka ambata.:By the lost town of Dunwich the shore was washed away
:They say you hear the church bells still as they toll beneath the wavesKimanin a lokaci guda, ƙungiyar British Progressive Rock The Future Kings of England ta nuna asalin su na Suffolk a wasu sunayensu, gami da sauti na *Dunwich* daga kundin su na 2007 The Fate of Old Mother Orvis . 

## Manazarta