Hayagin 2024 na Indiya da Pakistan

2024 Indiya-Pakistan smog ya kasance mummunan yanayi na gurɓataccen iska wanda ya shafi Gabas da Arewacin Pakistan da Arewacin Indiya a cikin Nuwamba 2024, musamman a cikin garin Lahore na Pakistan da birnin Delhi na Indiya. Hayaki ya haifar da cikas ga tsarin kiwon lafiyar Pakistan saboda cututtukan numfashi da makogwaro da kuma haushin ido, wanda ya haifar da yaduwar rufe makarantu da hana ayyukan jama'a musamman a yankin Punjab na Pakistan.

## Tarihi
A Pakistan, gurɓataccen iska mai tsanani da haɗari yana fitowa kowace shekara a cikin watanni na hunturu. Abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa sun haɗa da ƙone sharar gona, hayaki daga wuraren da ke amfani da kwal, zirga-zirgar motoci, da yanayin yanayi na yanayi. A yankin Punjab, sanyi na hunturu, iska mai bushewa tana kama gurɓataccen abu kusa da ƙasa, ba kamar iska mai dumi ba wanda yawanci ke watsar da gurɓata zuwa sama. Gudanar da birni cikin sauri tare da rashin isasshen Tsarin muhalli ya kara gurɓataccen iska a lokacin watanni na hunturu.

## Smog
Gurɓatar iska da aka haifar a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024 a Indiya da Pakistan Masu binciken yanayi sun ɗauki shi a matsayin karuwar da ba a taɓa gani ba na sake zagayowar gurɓataccen shekara-shekara na yankin. Hotunan tauraron dan adam na NASA sun nuna ci gaba da girgije na smog wanda ya shimfiɗa a fadin mafi yawan gabashin da arewacin Pakistan, da kuma arewa maso yammacin Indiya.

### Pakistan
A Lahore, birni na biyu mafi girma a Pakistan, ƙididdigar ingancin iska (AQI) ya wuce 1,200 - sau hudu ƙofar da aka ɗauka mai haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam (300). Tana da mafi girman karatun AQI a duniya a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba. A ko'ina cikin Lardin Punjab, tare da yawan jama'arta na miliyan 127, alamun ingancin iska akai-akai sun wuce 1,000. A cikin Multan, matakan PM2.5, wanda masana kiwon lafiya suka ɗauka a matsayin mafi haɗari na gurɓataccen microscopic, ya kai maida hankali ga 947 μg a kowace cubic mita a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, kusan sau 190 na jagororin tsaro na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya. A wannan rana, Multan ya rubuta karatun AQI da ba a taɓa gani ba wanda ya kai 2,553.

### Indiya
Gurbacewar yanayi a Delhi ya kai matsananciyar matakan biyo bayan bukukuwan Diwali, lokacin da amfani da wutar lantarki ba bisa ka'ida ba ya tura matakan gurɓacewar birni na ɗan lokaci sama da na Lahore a safiyar ranar 8 ga Nuwamba. Wani asibitin kula da lafiyar al'umma ya ba da rahoton cewa kusan kashi 60% na marasa lafiya sun kamu da cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da gurɓatawa, tare da yara da tsofaffi musamman abin ya shafa.Delhi ya sake zama ɗaya daga cikin biranen da suka fi ƙazanta a duniya a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, wanda ya kai karatun AQI na 1,500.

## Tasirin
Hayaki ya haifar da mummunar illa ga lafiya a duk yankin. Yawan gurbatar yanayi ya mamaye tsarin kiwon lafiyar Pakistan, inda sama da marasa lafiya 30,000 ke neman maganin cututtukan numfashi a gundumomin da abin ya shafa. Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Pakistan ta ba da rahoton karuwar da ba a taba ganin irinta ba a lokuta na cututtukan huhu, allergies, da ciwon ido da makogwaro a gundumomi da yawa da suka hada da Faisalabad, Multan, da Gujranwala.  Ya zuwa ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, an kiyasta mutane miliyan 1.8 a lardin Punjab sun sha fama da lalurar numfashi ko ciwon ido sakamakon hayakin.

Yara sun kasance masu rauni musamman ga tattarawar kiwon lafiya yayin rikicin. UNICEF ta yi rahoton cewa sama da yara miliyan 11 ‘yan kasa da shekaru biyar ne suka fuskanci yanayi mai hatsarin gaske a yankunan da abin ya fi shafa. Kwararru a fannin kiwon lafiya sun jaddada girman kamuwa da yara saboda haɓakar gabobinsu da tsarin rigakafi, wanda zai iya haifar da lahani na dogon lokaci ga lafiya. Kungiyar Save the Children Pakistan ta lura cewa, bayan hadarin kiwon lafiya nan da nan, rikicin ya kawo cikas ga ilimi tare da kara saurin kamuwa da cututtuka.

Smog din ya yi tasiri sosai ga gidaje masu ƙarancin matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki saboda tsadar hana iska mai tsabtace da ake buƙata don rage gurɓataccen iska na cikin gida. Masanin tarihi Ammar Ali Jan ya yi magana game da tasirin hayaki a matsayin "wani nau'i na wariyar launin fata". Yawancin mazauna Lahore sun bayyana birnin a matsayin wanda ya zama "maras rayuwa" saboda mummunan hayaki. An yi la'akari da mutuwar mutum uku daga hatsarin mota ga hayaki a Faisalabad . 

## Amsa
A cikin Nuwamba 2024, gwamnatin Pakistan ta aiwatar da hane-hane da yawa don iyakance tasirin hayaki ga lafiyar farar hula. An rufe makarantu da ofisoshin gwamnati har zuwa 17 ga Nuwamba, yayin da wuraren shakatawa, wuraren shakatawa, gidajen tarihi, da wuraren tarihi a gundumomi 18 da abin ya shafa aka rufe na tsawon kwanaki 10. Bugu da kari, gwamnati ta aiwatar da takunkumi kan ayyukan waje da suka hada da wasannin motsa jiki da cin abinci a waje a gundumomi hudu, wadanda suka hada da Lahore, yayin da aka aiwatar da bukatu na farko na rufe kasuwanni da shaguna, ban da ayyukan da ake ganin suna da mahimmanci kamar gidajen mai, kantin magani, da wasu shagunan abinci da na likitanci. An dakatar da wasu na'urori masu yawan hayaki na ɗan lokaci, gami da barbecues marasa tacewa a gidajen abinci da rickshaws na motoci.

Smog din ya sa jami'an Punjab su yi ƙoƙari su fara tattaunawa da Gwamnatin Indiya game da mafita ta hadin gwiwa a cikin wasika. Babban Ministan Punjab Maryam Nawaz ya ba da shawarar "diplomasiyya ta smog" tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan, yana mai cewa "iska ba ta san iyakoki ba".

## Dubi kuma

* Rashin gurɓata iska a Delhi
* Rashin gurɓata iska a Lahore
* Rashin gurɓata iska a Indiya
* Masu fashewa a Indiya

### Sauran muhimman abubuwan da suka faru na smog

* 1930 Hawan kwarin Meuse
* 1939 St. Louis smog
* 1948 Smog din Donora
* 2013 Smog na Arewa maso gabashin China
* Babban Smog na London

## Bayanan da aka ambata