open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Delmer Berg

**Einsley Delmer "Del" Berg** (20 ga Disamba, 1915 - 28 ga Fabrairu, 2016)   sojan Amurka ne kuma mai shirya ƙungiyar kwadago wanda ya ba da kansa don yin aiki tare da Brigade na Duniya na XV (mai suna Brigade na Ibrahim Lincoln) a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Spain . Shi ne tsohon soja na karshe da aka sani na Lincoln Brigade.

## Shekaru na farko
An haife shi a Anaheim, California, Berg ya girma a wani gona kusa da Manteca, sannan ya yi aiki a matsayin matashi a wani gona a Oregon. Daga baya ya ce talaucin iyalinsa ya taimaka masa ya zama mai tsattsauran ra'ayi. A shekara ta 21, ya shiga kungiyar Young Communist League, wacce ke daya daga cikin kungiyoyin da ke daukar ma'aikata masu sa kai don yakin basasar Spain. Ya yi horo na ɗan lokaci tare da tsaron ƙasa na Oregon kafin ya tafi Spain a 1937. A watan Agustan 1938, bayan watanni takwas na yaƙi, ya ji rauni a Valencia lokacin da jiragen fascism suka jefa bam a gidan ibada da yake zaune. Shrapnel daga fashewar ya shiga hanta. Yayinda yake warkewa a asibitin Valencia, Berg ya sadu da ƙungiyar Amurkawa waɗanda suka jagoranci shi ya shiga sabon reshe na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Amurka. Ya kasance mai sha'awar kuma mai aiki a cikin jam'iyyar har zuwa hira ta ƙarshe a shekarar 2014.   Ya yi aiki a cikin Sojojin Amurka a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II kuma an kafa shi a New Guinea da kuma Tsibirin Morotai.

## Ayyuka
Bayan da aka sake shi, Berg ya koma Modesto, California kuma ya sami aiki inda zai iya. Ya kasance ma'aikacin gona na tsawon shekaru 20. Ya haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu daga aure biyu daban-daban. Ya fara aiki a matsayin mai shirya ƙungiyar kwadago a cikin shekarun 1950, yana aiki tare da United Farm Workers .  Ya wakilci Kwamitin Shirye-shiryen Ma'aikatan Aikin Gona a Washington, DC a kan yanayin gona. Ya zama jami'in Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci gaban Mutanen Launi (NAACP) lokacin da aka zabe shi mataimakin shugaban reshen Stanislaus County. Ya taba gabatar da takarda ga sheriff mai wariyar launin fata na gundumar, yana neman murabus dinsa. A lokacin Red Scare na Biyu, Berg sau da yawa ana cin zarafinsa saboda fafutukar siyasa. A cikin wani bayanin martaba na 2007 a cikin Union Democrat, ya tuna matakan da ya dauka don kaucewa da kuma hana hankalin jami'an FBI.

A matsayin wanda ya tsira na karshe na Brigade na Ibrahim Lincoln, ana neman Berg akai-akai don ganawa. Shawararsa ta ba da gudummawa don yaƙi da fascism a wata ƙasa ta waje an nuna shi a matsayin mai ban sha'awa. A cikin wani labari na PBS show History Detectives da aka mayar da hankali kan wani kayan tarihi daga yakin basasar Spain, ya ba da asali game da kwarewar masu sa kai na Amurka.

A cikin shekaru goma na ƙarshe, Berg ya zauna a Columbia, California .  Ya zama mai shekaru ɗari a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2015.  Ya mutu watanni biyu bayan haka a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, 2016 . 

A ranar 25 ga Maris, 2016, kimanin wata daya bayan mutuwar Berg, Sanata na Amurka John McCain ya wallafa wani labari a cikin The New York Times yana gaishe da Berg da abokan aikinsa waɗanda suka yi yaƙi don dabi'un da suka yi imani da su, a Spain da Amurka lokacin da suka dawo gida.
 

## Manazarta
Frances Blascoer

**Frances Blascoer** ta kasance manajan kasuwanci na Amurka. Ita ce Babban Sakataren NAACP na farko. Ta yi aiki a 1910-1911. Frances Helen Blascoer (1873-1938) an haife ta ne ga Samuel da Julia Blascoers a Marshall, Wisconsin . Ta zauna a kasar Sin daga 1917 zuwa 1922 kuma daga baya ta kasance dillali na tsohuwar tarihi a New York. Ta shafe shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarta a cikin Creedmoor Division na Asibitin Jihar Brooklyn . 

## NAACP
Frances Blascoer ita ce Babban Sakataren NAACP na farko,  wanda ke aiki a watan Fabrairun 1910-Maris 1911, ya yi murabus bayan jayayya da W. E. B. Du Bois, sannan Darakta na Talla da Bincike na NAACP,  game da kudade don Crisis, mujallar NAACP ta kowane wata da ya shirya. 

## Ayyuka ban da NAACP
Frances Blascoer ma'aikaciya ce,  a cikin 1912 ta kasance mai bincike na musamman ga Kwamitin Amintattun Gidan Ka'iolani na Matasa Mata da 'Yan Mata,  kuma, a cikin 1915, ta kasance mai binciken na musamman ga kwamitin tsabtace yara na Makarantar Jama'a na Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta Birnin New York. 

## Mawallafin
Frances Blascoer ta rubuta littattafai da yawa:

* Ayyukan da ba na hukuma ba na Alliance na Ilimi, a cikin Ayyukan Taimako na Yahudawa, vol. III, No. 7, shafi na 159-161, Apr., 1904 (labari) &nbsp;
* *Yara masu launi a Makarantar New York[[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]]*
* *Yanayin Masana'antu na Mata da 'Yan Mata a [[Honolulu]]*

## Manazarta
Yanayin Little Rock, Arkansas

Little Rock yana da Yanayin zafi mai zafi (Köppen *Cfa*), tare da zafi, yawanci lokacin rani mai zafi, amma yana ƙarƙashin fari, da farko a ƙarshen lokacin rani. Dangane da tsarin rarraba yanayi na Trewartha, Little Rock yana da zafi saboda tara daga cikin watanni sun wuce 50 ° F (10 ° C) a matsakaicin zafin jiki. Lokacin bazara yawanci yana da zafi, wani lokaci yana da zafi sosai; hunturu yana da gajeren lokaci kuma yana da sanyi, amma tare da bambancin zafin jiki, kamar yadda yankin ke ƙarƙashin sauyawa na iska mai dumi, mai laushi daga Tekun Mexico (watakila samar da yanayin zafi na yau da kullun a cikin 70s ° F.) da sanyi, iska mai bushe daga Kanada (watakila yana samar da yanayin sanyi na yau da kullum a ƙarƙashin daskarewa, 32 ° F, har ma a cikin 20s ° F).

Yankin Little Rock yana da kusan inci 50 (1,300  na hazo a kowace shekara, a matsakaici. Little Rock yana fuskantar Lokacin rigar bazara mai tsawo, tare da ruwan sama mai yawa mai yiwuwa daga Maris zuwa Mayu, da kuma lokacin rigar na biyu wanda ya fi girma a watan Nuwamba da Disamba. A matsakaici, Agusta shine watan da ya fi bushewa, kuma Yuli zuwa Satumba shine lokacin da ya fi fari a shekara. Little Rock yana da ruwan sama fiye da matsakaicin ƙasa, amma kuma yana da matsakaitan kwanakin rana fiye da matsakaiciyar ƙasa.

Hadari na iya faruwa a kowane wata na shekara, amma yana da yawa kuma yana da tsanani a lokacin bazara, lokacin da ruwan sama mai yawa, iska mai lalata hadari, ƙanƙara, da guguwa duk manyan barazana ne; wani yanayi mai tsanani na biyu ya kai ga Nuwamba. Snow, dusar ƙanƙara da ruwan sama mai sanyi na iya faruwa a lokacin hunturu, lokacin da iska mai sanyi na Kanada a matakin ƙasa ya mamaye iska mai dumi, mai laushi daga Tekun Mexico. Sai dai idan an nuna in ba haka ba, duk bayanan al'ada da aka gabatar a ƙasa sun dogara ne akan bayanai a Filin jirgin saman Bill da Hillary Clinton na hukuma tashar ilimin yanayi ta Little Rock, daga lokacin al'ada na 1981-2010.

## Yanayin yanayi gaba ɗaya
Tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara na  ° F (-10 ° C), Little Rock yana cikin yankin tsayayyar tsire-tsire na USDA 8a, yana ba da damar noma wasu nau'o'in subtropical kamar Crape Myrtle da wasu dabino masu sanyi. 

## Manazarta
Roslyn Brock

**Roslyn McCallister Brock** (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 1965) shugabar kare hakkin bil'adama ce ta Afirka, mai kula da kiwon lafiya, kuma mai fafutukar kiwon lafiya. An zaba ta don ta gaji Julian Bond a matsayin shugabar Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci gaban Mutanen Launi a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2010, ta zama mace ta huɗu kuma ƙarama mafi ƙanƙanta da ta yi aiki a matsayin.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Brock a cikin 1965 a Fort Pierce, Florida . Ta sami digiri na farko daga Jami'ar Virginia Union, inda ta kammala *magna cum laude* a 1987. Ta kuma sami digiri na biyu: na farko a fannin kiwon lafiya daga Jami'ar George Washington a 1989, na biyu a harkokin kasuwanci daga Kellogg School of Management a Northwestern University a 1999, kuma na uku a allahntaka daga Samuel DeWitt Proctor a Jami'ar Virginia 

## Ayyuka
Brock ya yi aiki na shekaru goma a cikin kula da kiwon lafiya a Gidauniyar W. K. Kellogg a Battle Creek, Michigan . Ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban Advocacy da Government Relations for Bon Secours Health System a Marriottsville, Maryland . 

### Haɗin NAACP
Brock ta shiga NAACP a shekarar 1984 a matsayin sabon shiga Jami'ar Virginia Union, kuma an nada ta a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Matasa a shekara mai zuwa. Rubutun ta na 1989, a karkashin kulawar babban darektan NAACP Benjamin Hooks, mai taken "Ci gaba da Shirin Kula da Lafiya na NAACP don Ƙananan Hukumomi". Da farko a shekara ta 1991, ta fara taron kiwon lafiya a taron shekara-shekara na NAACP. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Lafiya na NAACP . An nada ta Shugabar Kwamitin Shirye-shiryen Yarjejeniya a shekarar 1999.

A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2001, tana da shekaru 35, an zabe ta Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Daraktocin Kasa na NAACP. Ita ce ƙaramar mutum da aka ba da suna a matsayin kuma mace ta farko da ta yi aiki.

Julian Bond, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban NAACP daga 1998, ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin mukamin har zuwa 2009 yayin da kungiyar ta yi bikin cika shekaru 100 da haihuwa. An zabi Brock a matsayin magajin Bond a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2010, yana da shekaru 44. Ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta da ta taɓa aiki a matsayin Shugaban NAACP . 

## Kasancewa memba
Brock memba ne na Kwamitin Amintattun Jami'ar George Washington, kuma tsohon shugaban Kwamitin Masu Ba da Shawara na Makarantar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Milken a Jami'ar Georges Washington, tare da kasancewa memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shaware na Duniya na Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Kellogg a Jami'a ta Arewa maso Yamma, da Cibiyar Kula da Addini don Hakkin Kasuwanci (ICCR), Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Amirka da Alpha sorority.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Brock ta auri Randall Eugene Brock, wanda ya mutu a shekarar 1995. A halin yanzu tana zaune a Elkridge, Maryland . 

## Manazarta
Kudin harsashi

**Kudin harsashi** cajin kuɗi ne da aka ɗora wa dangin fursunonin da aka kashe. An karɓi kuɗin harsashi a Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran,   Masarautar Yugoslavia,  da kuma Jamhuriwar Jama'ar Sin,   Habasha [4] da Nazi Jamus [4] akan iyalai na fursunonin da aka kashe.

## Dubi kuma

* Kashewa ta hanyar harbi
* Kashewa ta hanyar harbi
* Lin Zhao

## References
Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka ta Colorado

**[[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka]] ta Colorado** (Colorado AIM), wanda kuma ake kira AIM-International Confederation of Autonomous Chapters, ƙungiya ce mai rabuwa da Ƙungiyar Indiya ta Amurka.

An kafa shi da surori goma sha uku na AIM a 1993 a wani taro a Denver, Colorado. Kungiyar ta ba da sanarwar Edgewood, inda ta yi nuni da korafe-korafe na ƙungiyoyi da akidar aikata laifuka da wasu shugabannin kungiyar ta Minneapolis suka yi. Kungiyar surori masu cin gashin kansu ta yi jayayya cewa AIM koyaushe ana shirya shi azaman jerin surori masu zaman kansu, tare da jagorancin gida da ke da alhakin mazabar gida. Babi masu cin gashin kansu sun ki amincewa da ikirarin kulawar tsakiya ta ƙungiyar Minneapolis kamar yadda ya saba wa al'adun siyasa na asali da falsafar asali ta AIM.

Shahararrun masu fafutuka da ke da alaƙa da AIM na Colorado sun kasance Russell Means da Ward Churchill .

## Dalilin rabuwa
A cikin 1999, Russell Means, sanannen ɗan gwagwarmayar Indiya, wanda ya yi aiki a Majalisar Dattawa ta AIM, ya gudanar da taron manema labarai a Denver tare da Robert Pictou-Branscombe, dan uwan mahaifiyar Anna Mae Aquash, babbar mace ta AIM wacce aka kashe a watan Disamba 1975 a Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. Branscombe da Means sun zargi babban shugaban AIM Vernon Bellecourt na Minneapolis da ba da umarnin kisan Aquash, cikin kuskuren gaskatawa cewa ita mai ba da labari ne na Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI). Means ya kuma yi zargin cewa ɗan'uwan Vernon Clyde Bellecourt, wanda ya kafa AIM kuma mai ci gaba da jagora, shi ma yana da hannu a mutuwar Aquash. Branscombe da Means sun ce Arlo Looking Cloud, Theda Nelson Clarke da John Graham sun kasance kai tsaye a cikin satar da kisan Aquash. Tarihin Tarihi 

Vernon Bellecourt ya musanta duk wani shiga da shi ko ɗan'uwansa suka yi,  amma babban juri na tarayya ya gurfanar da Looking Cloud da Graham a shekara ta 2003, kuma an yanke musu hukunci kan kisan Aquash a shekara ta 2004 da 2010, bi da bi. Kowannensu yana yin hukuncin rai da rai. A lokacin tuhumar, ana kula da Theda Nelson Clarke a gidan tsofaffi kuma ba a tuhume shi ba.

## Hoton jama'a
Colorado AIM ta zo ga hankalin kasa a shekara ta 2005 saboda tallace-tallace da ke da alaƙa da ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin ta, Ward Churchill, wanda aka kore shi a wannan shekarar daga matsayinsa na farfesa a Jami'ar Colorado-Boulder bayan bincike game da mummunar hali na ilimi. Yana aiki a Majalisar Jagora ta AIM ta Colorado .

Kwanan nan gwagwarmayar AIM a Colorado ta mayar da hankali kan zanga-zangar adawa da zanga-zambe na Ranar Columbus, wanda ake gudanarwa a kowace shekara a Denver. A cikin shekara ta 2015, Denver ta amince da amincewa ta dindindin na Ranar 'yan asalin ƙasar.

## Manazarta
1978 Shirin California 7

California Shirin 7, ko Dokar Shari'ar Mutuwa, wani tsari ne na kuri'a da aka amince da shi a California ta hanyar jefa kuri'a a duk fadin jihar a ranar 7 ga watan  Nuwamba, shekara ta 1978. Shirin 7 ya kara hukuncin kisa na farko da kisan kai na biyu, ya fadada jerin yanayi na musamman da ke buƙatar hukuncin kisa ko ɗaurin rai da rai ba tare da yiwuwar sallamawa ba, kuma ya sake fasalin dokar da ke akwai game da ragewa ko kara tsanantawa.

## Tarihi
Dan siyasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya John V. Briggs ya dauki lauya Donald J. Heller don tsara shawarar. Taken kuri'a na hukuma da taƙaitaccen ma'auni na kuri'a da Babban Lauyan California ya shirya ya karanta:

: Kisan kai. Hukuncin. Dokar Ƙaddamarwa.
: Canje-canje da fadada nau'ikan kisan kai na farko wanda za'a iya sanya hukuncin kisa ko tsare-tsare ba tare da yiwuwar sallama ba. Canje-canje mafi ƙarancin hukunci don kisan kai na farko daga rayuwa zuwa shekaru 25 zuwa rayuwa. Yana ƙara hukuncin kisa na biyu. Ya haramta wa masu kisan kai da aka yanke musu hukunci kafin yin aiki na shekaru 25 ko 15, dangane da bashi na lokaci mai kyau. A lokacin azabtarwa na shari'o'in da aka ba da izinin hukuncin kisa: yana ba da izini ga la'akari da duk hukuncin da ake tuhuma; yana buƙatar kotu ta gabatar da sabon juri idan juri na farko bai iya kaiwa ga yanke hukunci ɗaya game da hukunci ba. Tasirin kudi: Ƙaruwar gaba marar iyaka a farashin jihar. "

## Sakamakon zaben

* Haka ne: 4,480,275 (71.1%)
* A'a: 1,818,357 (28.9%)

## Tasirin
Tun daga lokacin da aka kafa dokar har zuwa ƙarshen shekara ta 2011, an aiwatar da hukuncin kisa sau 13 kuma an kashe dala biliyan 4 daga harajin jama'a, a cewar wani bincike da Farfesa Paula Mitchell daga Loyola Law School ta taimaka wajen wallafawa. Mitchell da Alƙalin Kotun Ƙara ta 9 ta Tarayya, Arthur Alarcón, sun kiyasta cewa jihar California tana kashe dala miliyan 184 a kowace shekara wajen biyan lauyoyi, mashawarta na musamman, da kuma tsare gidan yari mai tsaro ga waɗanda ke kan layin kisa da aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar Kuri’ar Proposition 7. Ron Briggs, ɗan John Briggs, ya haɗu da Heller da wasu wajen neman soke Proposition 7, ciki har da Jeanne Woodford, tsohuwar shugabar gidan yari na San Quentin, da tsohon babban lauyan Los Angeles, Gil Garcetti. Muhimman hujjojin da ake bayarwa wajen neman sokewa sun ta'allaka ne kan tsadar kudin aiwatar da hukuncin da kuma batun da’a dangane da hukuncin kisa.

## References

## Hadin waje

* PDF of the November 7, 1978 ballot proposition voter guide
* Hastings California I&R database
Yanayin Salt Lake City

Salt Lake City tana cikin babban kwarin, kwarin Salt Lake, wanda gabashin Wasatch Mountains ya raba, wani yanki na Rocky Mountains, da Oquirrh Mountains zuwa yamma. Salt Lake City tana a 40°45'17" Arewa, 111°53'33" Yamma (40.754700, -111.892622). 

Dangane da Ofishin Ƙididdigar Amurka, birnin yana da jimlar yanki na 284.9 km2 (110.4 mi2). 282.5 km2 (109.1 mi2) na ƙasa ne kuma 3.3 km2 (1.3 mi2) na ruwa ne. Jimlar yankin shine 1.17% ruwa.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Kamar yawancin garuruwan da ke arewa da kudancin birnin Salt Lake (duba Ogden da Provo), ya ta'allaka ne a gindin tsaunin Wasatch, wanda a wasu wurare ya tashi sama da ƙafa 6,000 (m1,850) sama da benen kwari.  Wannan yankin metro an san shi da sunan Wasatch Front.  Galibin filin kwarin an gina shi ne, sai dai wasu filaye da gonaki da ke bacewa cikin hanzari a gefen kudu da yamma na kwarin.  Wasu sassa na benci suna da gina gidaje.  Ƙasar kwarin ita ce gadon tafkin tsohon tafkin Bonneville, wanda Babban Tafkin Gishiri ya ragu.  Ƙasar da ke cikin kwarin galibi yumbu ne da yashi, wanda ke fallasa gine-ginen birnin ga ɓarna mai yawa sakamakon ruwan ruwan da girgizar ƙasa ta haddasa.  Wasatch Fault yana gudana tare da benci na gabas na birnin, kuma masana kimiyyar ƙasa suna la'akari da hakan saboda babbar girgizar ƙasa.  A ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 2008 girgizar kasa mai karfin mita 6.2 ta afku a Gabashin Nevada mai nisan mil 42 yamma da Wendover, Utah kuma ana iya jin ta a arewacin Utah, gami da Salt Lake City (mil 200+ nesa).). 

Warm Springs Fault ya kai cikin garin Salt Lake City, yana gudana daga arewa zuwa kudu tare da W. Temple, kai tsaye kusa da Temple Square da cibiyar taron Salt Palace. Warm Springs Fault da East Bench Fault, duka rassan Wasatch Fault ne, an gano su a cikin 2021 don haɗawa a ƙarƙashin Salt Lake City. Binciken ya kara kimantawa game da haɗarin manyan lalacewar birni daga girgizar ƙasa.

Yankunan marshlands da mudflats a kudu da gabashin Great Salt Lake suna iyakance arewa maso yammacin birnin. Ruwan ruwa mai laushi ya shiga tafkin a nan, kuma ƙananan salinity ya haɗu da ƙasa mai laushi don haifar da girma mai yawa. A karkashin wasu yanayin yanayi, wanda ke faruwa kusan sau goma sha biyu a shekara, wasu daga cikin algae suna mutuwa kuma suna lalacewa, kuma iskar arewa maso yamma tana ɗauke da ƙanshin algae masu lalacewa a cikin birni. An san ƙanshin da "ƙanshin tafkin".
Ofishin 'Yancin Dan Adam

Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (**HRS**) tushe ne na Norway wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 2001.  An san kungiyar ne saboda sukar da take yi wa Islama da shige da fice,  kuma Rita Karlsen da Hege Storhaug ne ke gudanar da ita. 

## Ayyuka
HRS ta yi iƙirarin cewa an kafa ta ne don yin aiki don al'umma mai kabilanci da ke aiki sosai. Ta hanyar yada bayanai kungiyar tana da niyyar ba da gudummawa ga inganta hadin kan baƙi, da kuma hana keta haƙƙin ɗan adam. An san shi musamman saboda aikinsa game da auren tilasta, da kuma hadewa da zalunci na al'adu da addini ga mata. Har ila yau, kungiyar ta kasance mai sukar tasirin al'adu da tattalin arziki na babban shige da fice zuwa Norway.

HRS ta sami tallafin jama'a daga jihar Norway daga shekarata 2002 zuwa shekarar  2021, kuma daga  Shekara ta 2012 zuwa shekarar 2015 daga karamar hukumar Oslo. Bayan sabon majalisar birni ta Oslo ta ba da shawarar janye ƙarin tallafi a cikin shekara ta 2015, kungiyar ta yi iƙirarin cewa sun ga babban gudummawar masu zaman kansu. A cikin shekarata 2017, bayan adawa mai tsawo daga jam'iyyun hagu, jam'iyyu na siyasa na tsakiya na Liberal Party, Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Kirista, da wasu 'yan siyasa daga Jam'iyyar Conservative suma sun yi ƙoƙari su dakatar da ƙarin tallafin HRS, amma har yanzu suna samun NOK 1.835.000 a cikin tallafin jihar.   A watan Satumban shekarar 2021, bayan karuwar zargi da adawa da aikinta daga jam'iyyun siyasa da yawa,  an sanar da cewa jihar za ta dakatar da tallafawa HRS. 

Ayaan Hirsi Ali ya yaba da HRS .  Marubucin Amurka Bruce Bawer ya riga ya yi aiki ga kungiyar. An yi la'akari da shafin yanar gizon kungiyar don inganta ka'idar makircin Eurabia na Bat Ye'or .  A baya, tun daga shekara ta 2007, shafin ya kuma buga ayyukan da mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo mai adawa da jihadi Fjordman ya yi ta hanyar tsohon ma'aikacinsa Jens Tomas Anfindsen  wanda kuma ya halarci taron yaki da jihadi na  shekarar 2007 a Brussels.  HRS daga baya ta nisanta kanta daga Bat Ye'or, ka'idar makircin Eurabia da Fjordman. Duk da haka har yanzu ana ɗaukar kungiyar tana da halin adawa da jihadi, kodayake ta fi wasu hankali.

Kungiyar ta ga jayayya sakamakon zargi da mata baƙi da ke da alaƙa da kungiyar, gami da tsohon ma'aikaci Amal Aden da ke sukar wasu hanyoyin da ake zargi da aiki. Aden ya ba da korafi ga 'yan sanda,  amma daga baya' yan sanda suka watsar da karar saboda rashin isasshen iyawa. 

## manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Shafin yanar gizon hukuma
Tsarin hasken rana na yanayi

**Tsarin Haske rana na yanayi** (CBDM) wanda aka fi sani da *ma'aunin hasken rana mai ƙarfi* shine hanyar lissafi da aka fara haɓaka a ƙarshen shekarun 1990 don tantance ingancin hasken rana da yawa. injiniyoyi gine-gine da gine-gine suna amfani da shi don yin hasashen haske da / ko haske a cikin gine-gine ta amfani da daidaitattun bayanan yanayin rana da sama don wurin da aka ba shi. Yana da ma'auni daban-daban na zane zuwa Abubuwan hasken ranawanda kawai yayi la'akari da rabon matakin haske a cikin tsari zuwa matakin haske a waje da tsarin daga sararin sama.&amp;nbsp; Tare da CBDM, idan aka yi amfani da shi da kyau, za a iya inganta ƙirar facade na ginin don haɓaka hasken rana mai amfani yayin da ban da hasken rana mai yawa, wanda in ba haka ba na iya haifar da al'amura tare da haske, rashin jin daɗi na gani, da / ko samun hasken rana wanda zai iya haifar da al'amuran ta'aziyya na thermal.&amp;nbsp; A lokaci guda rage dogara da aiki na wucin gadi lighting.&amp;nbsp; Ana ƙididdige ƙididdige ƙididdiga na CBDM a cikin Gina kayan aikin ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙira na kowane sa'a na shekara, ko wani lokacin don ƙarami ƙari, wanda ke ba da damar bayanan bayanan yau da kullun da na yanayi don gwadawa da inganta su.

* Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Rana' (DA), adadin lokacin da za a iya sa ran wuri a cikin daki don cimma maƙasudin matakin haske daga hasken rana.  A al'ada ana bayyana azaman kashi don ƙimar haske mai amfani don saduwa ko wuce, misali 300 lux 'Mai cin gashin kan Hasken Rana' (sDA);  adadin lokacin da za a iya sa ran wani batu a kan jirgin sama mai aiki a cikin daki don cimma burin da ake bukata na haske daga hasken rana.  An kafa jirgin sama mai aiki don wakiltar tsayin aiki mai amfani a cikin sarari, kamar a matakin tebur.  sDA yawanci ana bayyana shi azaman maƙasudin kashi don ingantaccen matakin haske don manufa da aka bayar, misali;  50% na 300 lux DA manufa akan jirgin aiki (300/50%)
* 'Hasken Rana Mai Amfani' (UDI-a);  taƙaitaccen abin da ya faru na shekara-shekara na haske a kan jirgin sama mai aiki da kuma lokacin lokutan da aka mamaye don sararin samaniya.  Yawanci, manufa na iya kasancewa tsakanin 100 zuwa 3000 lux.  Duk wani sa'o'i na haske da ke ƙasa da lux 100 ana ayyana su azaman UDI-s, kuma yawanci yana buƙatar kunna fitilar wucin gadi.  Duk wani sa'o'i na haske sama da 3000 lux an bayyana shi azaman UDI-e, kuma yana nuna yawan hasken rana wanda zai iya haifar da rashin jin daɗi na gani da haske / bambance-bambance kuma yawanci yana buƙatar rufewa ko labule..
George W. Blackwell

**George W. Blackwell** lauya ne kuma dan majalisa a Illinois. 

An haifi Blackwell a Richmond, Virginia, ɗan James Blackwell da Annie Estelle Jordan .  Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Tuskegee da Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Howard . Ya koma Chicago kuma ya yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Illinois daga 1929 zuwa 1933. 

Ya kasance jagora a cikin NAACP. 

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin masu rike da mukamai na Afirka (1900-1959) 

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Kare Jama'a Masu Launi

An kafa kungiyar kare 'yan kasa masu launin fata (CCPL) a Falls Church, Virginia a 1915 don yin kira game da dokokin gari da aka tsara don ƙuntata wuraren da' yan Afirka na iya rayuwa. Ya ci gaba da zama reshe na farko na NAACP na karkara.

## Tarihi
An kafa shi a 1915 da Joseph Tinner, Edwin B. Henderson da sauran shugabannin al'ummar Afirka ta Amirka, an shirya kungiyar kare 'yan kasa masu launin fata don yaki da wariyar launin fata a Cocin Falls. Bayan dokar da majalisar dokokin Virginia ta zartar a shekarar 1912 wanda ya ba birane da garuruwa damar raba mazauna launin fata, Falls Church ta karɓi dokoki a 1915 da ke ƙuntata inda Ba'amurke na Afirka za su iya rayuwa da mallakar dukiya. An saita su zama masu tasiri a cikin 1916, yankunan da aka ƙuntata sun haɗa da wuraren da 'yan Afirka na Afirka suka riga sun zauna kuma suna da gidaje waɗanda zasu buƙaci wasu su sake komawa.

CCPL ta nuna rashin amincewa da dokar kuma ta gabatar da korafe-korafe da mazauna Afirka da fararen fata, masu kasuwanci da shugabannin coci suka sanya hannu. Sun kuma nemi taimako daga W.E.B. DuBois da NAACP, sannan kungiyar matasa. A ƙarshe CCPL ta shigar da kara amma ba su yi nasara ba. Sun ci gaba da kokarin su na jinkirta tilasta aiki har sai irin waɗannan dokoki sun zama ba bisa ka'ida ba saboda hukuncin Kotun Koli na 1917 a cikin shari'ar Buchanan v. Warley, jihohi masu mulki da kananan hukumomi ba za su iya ƙirƙirar gundumomi na wariyar launin fata ba.

A cikin 1918 CCPL ya zama reshe na farko na NAACP na karkara, tare da mambobi talatin da biyar. Tinner ya kasance Shugaban kasa kuma Sakataren Henderson.

A shekara ta 1937 kungiyar ta zama reshen Fairfax County na NAACP . 

Wani rubutu da aka rubuta da hannu daga taron kungiyar na 1915 ya wanzu  kuma alamar tarihi tana tunawa da tarihinta. 

## Manazarta
Darajar Duniya

Honor the Earth kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da aka sadaukar da ita ga Adalci na muhalli na asali. Manufar kungiyar ita ce kare hanyoyin rayuwa da ikon mallakar 'Yan asalin ƙasar a duniya.

Kungiyar ta sadaukar da kanta ga yaki don rushe mulkin mallaka, jari-hujja na launin fata, fifiko na fararen fata, da kuma mulkin mallaka ta hanyar taimaka wa al'ummominmu su tsayayya da cin zarafi, tsayayya le rikice-rikice, da kuma shirya tsararraki masu zuwa na jagoranci, a cewar shafin yanar gizon su. 

## Tarihi
Honor the Earth an kafa ta ne a Minnesota a cikin 1993 ta Indigo Girls Amy Ray da Emily Saliers bayan saduwa da Winona LaDuke, kuma bayan tuntuɓar membobin Cibiyar Muhalli ta 'Yan asalin ƙasar, Cibiyar Mata ta 'Yan ƙasa, da Asusun Zamani na Bakwai. LaDuke da sauran mambobin Honor the Earth sun kasance masu aiki a cikin zanga-zangar Dakota Access Pipeline . 

A ranar 30 ga Maris, 2023, Kotun Gundumar Becker County, Minnesota, ta umarci Honor the Earth da ta biya, tsohon ma'aikacin kwangila $ 750,000 a cikin lalacewa a cikin karar da ta samo asali daga zargi na cin zarafin jima'i a cikin 2015. 

Darajar Duniya ta sami sake fasalin ƙungiya bayan karar, wanda ya haɗa da yanke duk wata alaƙa da LaDuke. Har ila yau, kungiyar ta hayar da sabon kwamitin daraktoci wanda ya kunshi mata 'yan asalin ƙasar. Babban Darakta Krystal Two Bulls yanzu yana jagorantar kungiyar.

## Kamfen ɗin
Darajar Duniya tana tallafawa kamfen ɗin muhalli da yawa waɗanda suka samo asali ne daga tallafawa al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar da masu shirya ƙasa. Wadannan sun hada da Land Back, yunkurin siyasa na 'yan asalin ƙasar da ke neman ikon mallakar ƙasashe daga jihohin mulkin mallaka, da kuma No Green Colonialism, wanda ke adawa da ayyukan da ake kira muhalli waɗanda ke ci gaba da cire albarkatun ƙasa, kwace ƙasa, da kuma ƙaurawar' yan asalin ƙasar. 

## Manazarta
Esther Burgess

**Esther Julia Burgess** (1911 - 2004; née Taylor)  ta kasance mai fafutuka ba tare da tashin hankali ba a cikin ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama. Ita ce matar Reverend John Melville Burgess, bishop na farko na Black a cikin Ikilisiyar Episcopal ta Amurka.Cocin Episcopal.

## St. Augustine zaune a cikin zanga-zangar
A watan Maris na shekara ta 1964, Misis Burgess ta yi tafiya daga gidanta a Newton, Massachusetts, zuwa St. Augustine, Florida, a matsayin wani ɓangare na tawagar fararen da baƙar fata na cocin da Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. ya yi wahayi zuwa gare su. Ta shiga cikin zaman lafiya mai adawa da wariyar launin fata tare da wasu matan ministoci da yawa, ciki har da Mary Peabody, wacce ita ce matar Reverend Malcolm Peabody.  Mahaifiyar Endicott Peabody Dokta Robert B. Hayling, wani likitan hakora na baki wanda ya yi nazarin hanyoyin zanga-zangar da ba ta da tashin hankali kuma ya kasance jagora na gida a Kudancin Kudancin Kirista. Bayan ta zauna a gidan cin abinci a Ponce de Léon Motor Lodge, an kama Esther Burgess kuma ta tafi kurkuku tare da Dokta Hayling. Lokacin da Mary Peabody ta dawo washegari zuwa gidan cin abinci tare da wani rukuni, an kuma kama ta kuma ta kwashe dare biyu a kurkuku.

Tallafin da ya biyo baya ya jawo hankali ga rashin adalci na wariyar launin fata. zanga-zangar da ke gudana a St. Augustine sun kasance wani ɓangare na dogon lokaci zuwa ga sashi na ƙarshe watanni uku bayan Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
An haifi Esther Taylor a New Brunswick, Kanada, ɗaya daga cikin yara biyar. Mahaifin su manomi ne. Ta kammala karatu tare da girmamawa daga makarantar sakandare ta Fredericton kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai rubutun rubutu kafin ta bar Kanada a 1943 don halartar Kwalejin St. Augustine a Raleigh, North Carolina . 

## Manazarta
Alma Jean Billingslea

**Alma Jean Billingslea** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1946) masanin kimiyya ce kuma malama ce ta Amurka, kuma tsohuwar tsohuwar ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama.

An haifi Billingslea a Albany, Jojiya, amma ta girma a Orange, New Jersey, inda ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban Afirka na farko da suka raba tsarin makarantar jama'a ta Orange. Daga 1967 zuwa 1971, ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar ma'aikata na Kudancin Kudancin Kirista (SCLC), kungiyar da Martin Luther King, Jr. ya kafa. Ita farfesa ce kuma co-kafa shirin a Nazarin Afirka a Kwalejin Spelman da ke Atlanta, Jojiya.  Ta sami digiri na A.B. daga Jami'ar Rutgers, digiri na MA daga Jami'an Atlanta, da kuma PhD daga Jami'in Texas a Dallas.

Billingslea ita ce marubucin Crossing Borders ta hanyar Folklore: Fiction da Fasaha na Mata na Afirka ta Amirka (Jami'ar Missouri Press, 1999).

## Manazarta
Hugh M. Browne

**Hugh Mason Browne** (1851-1923) wani malami ne dan Amurka kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Cibiyar Matasa Launi (yanzu Jami'ar Cheyney ta Pennsylvania ) daga 1902 zuwa 1913. An haifi Browne kuma ya girma a Washington, DC, kuma ya halarci makarantun gwamnati kafin ya shiga Jami'ar Howard .  Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Howard, Browne ya halarci makarantar tauhidi ta Princeton, inda ya kammala a 1878. Browne daga baya ya koyar a Kwalejin Laberiya da Jami'ar Hampton .   Mashawarcin ilimin sana'a wanda ke aiki a cikin NAACP da falsafanci tare da Booker T. Washington, Browne ya kula da motsi na Cibiyar Nazarin Matasa masu launi daga birnin Philadelphia zuwa yankunan karkarar Cheyney kuma ya kafa makarantar horar da malamai a sabon wuri. Ya ƙirƙira wata na'urar da za ta hana ruwa gudu daga komawa cikin gidaje, inda ya karɓi takardar shaidar ƙirƙirar da ya yi a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 1890. 

## Manazarta
C. L. Bryant

**Cleon Lewis Bryant** (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1956) Ministan Baptist ne na Amurka kuma tsohon mai watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo da talabijin wanda ke zaune a Jensen Beach, Florida .

Shi babban jami'i ne a FreedomWorks, ƙungiyar masu ba da shawara mai ra'ayin mazan jiya.

## Tarihi
An haifi C.L. Bryant a ranar 28 ga Maris, 1956, ga Lewis C. Bryant, tsohon soja na yakin duniya na biyu, da Elnola Goode, ɗan asalin De Soto Parish.

Bryant ya halarci Jami'ar Jihar Louisiana a Shreveport, Kwalejin Bishop a Texas da Kwalejin Tampa a Tampa ; biyun na baya sun lalace. Ya sami digiri na biyu na tiyoloji daga Shreveport Bible College kuma Reverend E. Edward Jones ya nada shi hidima.

## Ayyuka
Bryant ya shafe kusan shekaru arba'in a cikin hidimar, gami da aikin mishan a sashin Amazon na Kudancin Amurka. Ya kuma yi aiki na shekaru ashirin da biyar a fannin kudi. Haɗin cocinsa na yanzu shine Ma'aikatar Allah a Shreveport tare da fasto James A. McMenis . 

Shirin rediyo na Bryant, The C. L. Bryant Show, an watsa shi daga 2015 zuwa 2017.

Bryant babban jami'i ne a FreedomWorks a Washington, DC, kuma memba ne na Jam'iyyar Republican, wanda ya kare shi daga zargin wariyar launin fata.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2012, Bryant ya soki Jesse Jackson da Al Sharpton saboda rawar da suka taka a zanga-zangar da ta samo asali daga kisan Trayvon Martin a Florida.

Bryant shine wanda ya kafa "One Nation Back to God". A cikin 2012, ya samar kuma ya fitar da shirin mai zaman kansa, Runaway Slave . Bryant ya yi sharhi cewa fim din "fim ne game da tseren don 'yantar da baƙar fata daga Bautar zalunci da manufofi masu ci gaba. "   A cikin 2010, Bryant ya rubuta littafin da ba na fiction ba, Lead Us to Temptation, Deliver Us to Evil . 

A ranar 19 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2016, Bryant ya amince da Sanata Ted Cruz na Texas don Zaben shugaban kasa na Jamhuriyar Republican. Daga nan sai ya amince da wanda aka zaba kuma ya lashe zaben, Shugaba Donald Trump kuma ya kare Trump daga zargin da masu sukar sa suka gabatar a shirin rediyo.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Bryant ta auri tsohuwar Jane Carline Pruitt . Suna zaune a Grand Cane, Louisiana. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya hudu da jikoki goma sha ɗaya.
 

## Manazarta
Curlee Brown Sr.

**Curlee Brown Sr.** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1909) ya kasance dan gwagwarmayar Afirka-Amurka wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban NAACP na Paducah. An san shi da ƙaddamar da shari'ar shari'a wacce ta haifar da haɗin gwiwar abin da zai zama Kwalejin Al'umma da Fasaha ta Yammacin Kentucky.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Curlee Brown Sr. a 1909 a Hollandale, Mississippi ga Dave da Dora Brown . Bayan iyayensa sun sake aure sai ya koma tare da mahaifinsa zuwa Helena, Arkansas sannan kuma Paducah, Kentucky, inda ya zauna har tsawon rayuwarsa. Brown Sr. ya ci gaba da halartar Kwalejin Masana'antu ta Yammacin Kentucky da Makarantar Kwarewar Yammacin Kent, inda ya yi karatun masassaƙa da yin majalisa.

## Yunkurin fafutuka
A shekara ta 1940 Brown Sr. ya zama shugaban Paducah NAACP, inda ya yi aiki daga 1940 har zuwa mutuwarsa. Curlee ya ba da darajar ilimi tare da daidaito. Ya kaddamar da karar da ta samu nasara a kan Kwalejin Al'umma da Fasaha ta Yammacin Kentucky, wanda aka fi sani da Kwalejin Paducah Junior, wanda ya haifar da hadewar makarantar. Brown ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi rajista a makarantar don shekarar 1951, sai kawai a ƙi shi saboda Dokar Rana, wanda aka gyara a 1950 kuma ya haramta rarrabe kowane nau'i a makarantu. Kotun Gundumar Amurka a Paducah ta yanke hukuncin cewa kwalejin dole ne ya ba da damar Brown da sauran masu neman baƙar fata su yi rajista kuma kwalejin ta yi ƙoƙari mara nasara don daukaka kara; a ƙarshe an haɗa makarantar. Ɗansa zai ci gaba da zama Ba'amurke na farko da ya kammala karatu daga kwalejin; 'yarsa za ta zama baƙar fata na biyu da ya kammala karatun ƙaramin kwalejin yankin.

A shekara ta 1957 ya yi tafiya zuwa Detroit, Michigan don jin Martin Luther King Jr. yana magana game da al'amuran kare hakkin bil'adama, inda ya sadu da shugaban Detroit NAACP Gloster Current wanda ya ƙarfafa shi ya ci gaba da fada.

## Rayuwa da gado na baya
Brown Sr. ya sami amincewar Paducah Sun Democrat saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga kawar da wariyar launin fata. Ya kuma sami kyaututtuka irin su takardar shaidar cancanta don aiki mai ban sha'awa da gudummawar kansa na lokaci da ƙoƙari ga al'umma.

Curlee Brown Sr., ya mutu a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 1976.

Don girmama gadonsa Kentucky NAACP ta kirkiro Curlee Brown Scholarship kuma reshen Paducah na NAACP ya kirkiro Curley Brown Award, wanda suke bayarwa ga mutanen da suka yi tasiri a fagen haƙƙin ɗan adam. A cikin 2010 an shigar da Brown Sr. cikin Gidan Shahararren Kare Hakkin Bil'adama na Kentucky. 

## Manazarta
Jam'iyyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam

**Jam'iyyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam** (**HRPP**, Samoan) jam'iyyar siyasa ce ta Samoa. An kafa shi a shekara ta 1979 kuma ya mamaye siyasar jam'iyyar Samoa shekaru da yawa bayan haka, yana jagorantar kowace gwamnati har zuwa nasarar da aka yi musu a shekarar 2021. Tsohon Firayim Minista Tuila'epa Sa'ilele Malielegaoi ya jagoranci jam'iyyar tun 1998.

## Tarihi
Va'ai Kolone da Tofilau Eti Alesana sun kafa jam'iyyar a watan Mayu 1979 a adawa da gwamnatin Tupuola Efi .  Ya mallaki kasar daga nasarar farko a shekarar  1982 zuwa 2021, ban da ɗan gajeren lokaci a shekara ta  1986 da shekarar 1987 lokacin da bambance-bambance na ciki suka tilasta shi cikin hadin gwiwa.

Wadanda suka kafa jam'iyyar ta farko, Kolone da Alesana, dukansu sun zama Firayim Ministocin Samoa.

Rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka na  shekarar 2010 (wanda aka buga a ranar 8 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 2011) ya bayyana cewa Jam'iyyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta kasance ita kadai ce jam'iyyar da aka amince da ita a hukumance a Majalisar Dokokin Samoa  (Fono) har zuwa wannan ranar.

Bayan babban Zaben Samoa na Afrilun shekarar 2021 HRPP ta ki ba da iko ga sabuwar gwamnatin da aka zaba, wanda ya haifar da Rikicin tsarin mulki na Samoa na 2021.  Kotun daukaka kara ta yanke hukunci a kan HRPP a ranar 23 ga Yulin 2021, ta ba da damar 'yan adawa su karɓi mulki.

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2022, 'yan majalisa Ale Vena Ale da Tuʻuʻu Anasiʻi Leota sun yi murabus daga HRPP don zama masu zaman kansu, suna mai cewa ba sa son kasancewa a cikin jam'iyyar da shugaba ke jagoranta da laifin raina kotu.

## Ka'idoji da manufofi
A watan Yunin shekarar  2017, Majalisar Dokoki ta zartar da lissafin don kara goyon baya ga Kristanci a cikin kundin tsarin mulki kasar, gami da ambaton Triniti a Mataki na 1. A cewar The Diplomat, "Abin da Samoa ta yi shi ne canza nassoshi ga Kristanci zuwa cikin tsarin mulki, yana ba da rubutun da za a iya amfani da shi a cikin hanyoyin shari'a. "  Gabatarwa ga tsarin mulki ya riga ya bayyana ƙasar a matsayin "jiha mai zaman kanta wanda ya dogara da ka'idodin Kirista da al'adun Samoan. "

## Tarihin zabe

### Zaben Majalisar Dokoki

## Manazarta
Mary Ellen Cable

**Mary Ellen Cable** malamar Amurka ce kuma mai fafutuka. Ta yi aiki a matsayin malama kuma shugabar Makarantun Jama'a na Indianapolis na 4, makarantar firamare ta farko ta Afirka ta Indianapolis da ke unguwar Ransom Place a lokacin wariyar launin fata. Ta kuma kafa babi na farko na Indianapolis na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci gaban Mutanen Launi (NAACP).

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Mary Ellen Cable (née Montgomery) a Leavenworth, Kansas a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 1861. A cikin shekarun 1870, ta sami digiri daga Makarantar Malami ta Leavenworth wanda ya ba ta damar koyar da daliban firamare a Fort Scott da Topeka, Kansas. Ta ci gaba da auren George Cable, malami, kuma tare suna da ɗa ɗaya, Dokta Theodore Cable   .

## Ayyuka
Cable da iyalinta sun koma Indianapolis, Indiana a shekara ta 1893. George ta yi aiki a matsayin malami da kuma ofishin gidan waya yayin da Cable ta fara aikinta na shekaru 35 a makarantun jama'a na Indianapolis (IPS). A can ta yi aiki a matsayin malama, darektan koyarwa, da kuma shugaban a IPS No. 19, 23, 40, 24, da 4. Daga 1903 zuwa 1905, Cable ya kula da lambun kayan lambu na al'umma a Makarantar 24, wanda ya samar da sabbin kayan lambu ga al'umma kuma ya sa mazauna su dasa lambunan kansu.

A cikin shekarun 1910, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yawan mutanen Afirka na Marion County suna fama da tarin fuka. A kusa da 1916, tare da hadin gwiwar Kungiyar Inganta Mata (WIC) ta Indianapolis da sauran kungiyoyin mata baƙar fata, Cable ta kafa ɗayan ɗakunan ajiya uku na farko "sabon iska" da ke ba da gudummawa ga ɗaliban baƙar fata a Indianapolis don kare su daga cutar.

A cikin shekaru 17 na Cable a matsayin darektan aikin koyarwa, malamai 61 na Afirka na Amurka sun sami takardar shaidar Hukumar Makarantar Indianapolis, 5 daga cikinsu sun ci gaba da zama shugabanni.

Cable za ta ci gaba da zama shugaban makarantar IPS na 4, makarantar firamare ta farko ta Afirka ta Indianapolis da ke unguwar Ransom Place daga 1922 har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a 1933   .

Cable ta kasance mai aiki a cikin ayyukan zamantakewa da na jama'a. A shekara ta 1912, Cable ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Kungiyar Civics ta Mata masu launi fata inda ta shirya kirkirar reshen NAACP na farko na Indianapolis kuma ta yi aiki ne a matsayin shugabanta na farko. A karkashin jagorancinta, reshen Indianapolis ya fadada a cikin adadin mambobi kuma ya jagoranci shirye-shirye a duk fadin jihar a kan Ku Klux Klan . 

Bugu da ƙari, ta kasance memba na Sigma Gamma Rho sorority, Bethel African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church, Browning Literary Society, da sauran kungiyoyi.

## Mutuwa da gado
Cable ya mutu yana da shekaru 82 a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 1944 bayan ya yi yaƙi da rashin lafiya na tsawon shekaru biyar.

A cikin 1952, an keɓe Makarantar IPS No. 4 kuma an ba ta suna Makarantar Firamare ta Mary E. Cable . IUPUI za ta ci gaba da sayen makarantar bayan IPS ta rufe ginin a 1980 tana kiranta Ginin Mary E. Cable don nuna godiya ga aikin Cable. A shekara ta 2006, sun rushe ginin saboda gurɓataccen asbestos. IUPUI daga baya ya ba da sunan sabon ɗakin zama na ɗalibai wanda aka gina a madadinsa "Cable House".   

## Manazarta
Kurkukun Ayalon

**[[Prison|kurkuku]] Ayalon** (Ibraniyawa: בית סוהר Anitaלון,  ), wanda aka fi sani da **Kurkukun [[Ramla]]**, kurkukun tsaro ne mai tsananin tsaro da ke Ramla, Isra'ila . Ofishin Jakadancin Isra'ila ne ke kula da shi.

An bude gidan yari a shekarar 1950, kuma an gina shi da salon Tegart forts daga zaman mulkin mallakar Birtaniya. Daya ne daga cikin manyan gidajen yari guda hudu masu tsauraran matakan tsaro da Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Yari ta Isra’ila ke gudanarwa. Gidan yari na Ayalon yana da ɗakunan kurkuku 625 da aka raba zuwa rassan 15, ciki har da wani reshe na ware wanda ke tsare da fursunoni cikin keɓantuwa. Gidan yarin yana da cibiyar ilimi mai ɗakunan karatu guda shida don ilimin firamare da kuma darussa na Turanci, kwamfuta da fasaha. Hakanan yana da wuraren yin bimbini (tafiya cikin tunani), wasanni, kula da iyali, da kuma jiyya ga masu fama da shan miyagun ƙwayoyi. Baya ga haka, akwai masana'antu guda takwas da ke ba fursunoni aiki, da kuma tashar rediyo da fursunoni da aka zaɓa kuma aka horas ke gudanarwa don yada shirye-shiryen gyaran hali da ilimi ga sauran gidajen yari a Isra’ila.

## Shahararrun fursunoni
Adolf Eichmann, jami'in Nazi na Jamus kuma babban mai shirya Holocaust a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu; an kashe shi a 1962 bayan jami'an Mossad sun kama shi a Argentina. Yana daya daga cikin mutane biyu kawai da aka kashe a Isra'ila tun lokacin da ta sami 'yancin kai. Wanda ya kashe shi shi ne mai tsaron Ramla Shalom Nagar . 

Meir Kahane, an daure shi a can a cikin 1980 na tsawon watanni shida saboda shirya hare-haren makamai kan Larabawa. A lokacin da yake can, ya rubuta littafinsa mafi kyawun sayarwa da mai rikitarwa, They Must Go

Meir Kahane, an daure shi a can a cikin 1980 na tsawon watanni shida saboda shirya hare-haren makamai kan Larabawa. A lokacin da yake can, ya rubuta littafinsa mafi kyawun sayarwa da mai rikitarwa, They Must Go

Yigal Amir, dan kasar Isra'ila mai tsattsauran ra'ayi wanda ya kashe Firayim Minista na biyar na Isra'ila, Yitzhak Rabin, a shekarar 1995.

Ben Zygier (ko Fursunoni X), tsohon sojan Australiya-Isra'ila na Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila kuma wanda ake zargi da wakilin Mossad; an ɗaure shi saboda laifuka da ba a bayyana ba kuma ya mutu ta hanyar kashe kansa yayin da yake  tsare a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010. 

Yishai Schlissel ya daba wa masu halartar bikin alfahari na Jerusalem wuka a lokuta daban-daban a shekarar 2005 da 2015.

Thiago Ávila, ɗan gwagwarmayar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam daga Brazil; Isra’ila ta kama shi a watan Yuni 2025 tare da wasu mutane 11 da ke cikin jirgin ruwan *Madleen*, wanda ya tashi domin karya takunkumin da Isra’ila ta kakaba wa Gaza. An kwashe shi zuwa keɓantaccen kurkuku na Ayalon na ɗan lokaci bayan ya fara yajin ƙishirwa.

## Reference
Yanayin yanayi na Burundi

**[[Climate|yanayi]] [[Burundi]]** yana da yanayin equatorial a cikin yanayi, kuma a kwii alama da yawan zafi na shekara-shekara, ƙananan zafin , da ruwan sama a duk shekara. Duk da wannan, har yanzu akwai bambancin yau da kullun a cikin zafin da ruwan sama a duk faɗin ƙasar, dangane da tsawo.

Burundi tana kan iyakar Albertine, yankin yammacin Gabashin Afirka.  Tsayin tsayi a cikin ƙasar ya bambanta tsakanin mita 775 (2,543 ft) a tafkin Tanganyika zuwa mita 2,684 (8,806 ft) a Dutsen Heha.] Tsawon tsayin daka na Burundi gabaɗaya yana samar da yanayin zafi mai sauƙi, tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki na 21 °C (70 °F) a duk shekara a tsakiyar tudu.  A ƙananan yankuna, kamar babban birnin kasar, Bujumbura, da tafkin Tanganyika, matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara yana ƙaruwa kaɗan, zuwa 23 °C (73 °F);  yayin da yake saman tsayi, yana raguwa zuwa 16 °C (61 °F).

Burundi tana fuskantar lokacin bushewa tsakanin Mayu da Agusta, tare da ɗan gajeren lokacin bushewa wanda ke faruwa tsakanin Janairu da Fabrairu. Lokacin ruwan sama yana faruwa tsakanin Fabrairu da Mayu, da Satumba zuwa Nuwamba. Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana tsakanin 1,500 da 1,800 millimeters (60 da 70 in) a wurare masu tsawo, kodayake yana sauka zuwa 1,000 millimeters ko 40 inci  tekun Tanganyika da kuma ɓacin rai daban-daban. Yankin ruwan sama mafi yawa na ƙasar shine arewa maso gabas; ruwan sama a wurare mafi girma na iya zama kusan ninki biyu na abin da ake samu a ƙasa mai ƙasƙanci.   A sakamakon ruwan sama, noma a Burundi - wanda ke daukar ma'aikata tsakanin 80% da 90% na ma'aikatan kasar - ya dogara sosai da samar da amfanin gona.

Yanayin yanayi mai sauƙi na Burundi da isasshen ruwan sama ya sa ya zama wuri mai dacewa don aikin noma mai zurfi, kodayake tasirin canjin yanayi yana sa ruwan sama ya zama ba zai yiwu ba. Burundi ta fuskanci sauye-sauye na yawan ruwan sama da karancin ruwan sama a kusan kowane shekaru goma tun daga shekarun 1950. Wannan ya haɗa da ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani a cikin 2006 da 2007, da fari daga 1999 zuwa 2000, kuma a cikin 2005. An gano Burundi a matsayin daya daga cikin kasashe shida na Afirka da aka dauka suna da matukar damuwa ga fari.
Kungiyar 'Yancin Indiya

**Kungiyar 'Yancin Indiya** (**IRA**) kungiya ce mai fafutukar zamantakewar al'umma da aka sadaukar da ita ga jin daɗi da al'adun' yan asalin ƙasar Amirka a Amurka. Wadanda ba Indiyawa ba ne suka kafa kungiyar a Philadelphia a shekarar 1882, kungiyar ta kasance mai tasiri sosai a cikin manufofin Indiyawan Amurka a cikin shekarun 1930 kuma ta kasance kungiya har zuwa shekarar 1994. Manufar farko ta kungiyar ita ce " kawo game da cikakken wayewar Indiyawa da kuma shigar da su cikin 'yan ƙasa".

Herbert Welsh da Henry Spackman Pancoast ne suka kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1883 bayan sun yi tafiya tare da aikin Episcopal zuwa Yankin Dakota a shekara ta 1882 kuma sun kwashe makonni hudu tare da hukumomin Sioux.  A shekara ta 1884 sun bude wani ƙarin ofis a Washington, DC, don aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da kara da kuma hulɗa tare da Kwamitin Kwamishinonin Indiya da Kwamitin Harkokin Indiya. IRA kuma ta bude ofishin farko a Boston, Massachusetts. Gudanar da shirye-shiryen kungiyar kare hakkin dan Indiya na farko ya fadi kusan gaba ɗaya ga maza biyar, dukansu suna da dogon aiki tare da IRA: Herbert Welsh, Matthew Sniffen, da Lawrence E. Lindley, masu aiki a Philadelphia; da Charles C. Painter da Samuel M. Brosius, wakilai da masu fafutuka a Washington, DC.

Baya ga kokarin ci gaban manufofi da lobbying na majalisa, Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Indiya ta sa ido kan ayyukan jami'an Ofishin Harkokin Indiya kuma ta lura da yanayin rayuwa na 'yan asalin Amurka da bukatun kiwon lafiya ta hanyar wasiƙa da tafiye-tafiye zuwa ajiya da ƙauyuka. Sun kuma dauki nauyin yawon shakatawa na magana ga masu gwagwarmaya da wakilan Indiya don sanar da jama'a game da batutuwan asali. Ministan Unitarian kuma ɗan jarida Jonathan Baxter Harrison ya kasance mai lura mai tasiri, yana buga littattafai da labarai da yawa da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da bincikensa a ƙarshen shekarun 1880.

## Kungiyar 'Yancin Indiya a British Columbia
A cikin shekarar 1909, an kafa wata ƙungiya daban mai suna a British Columbia, Kanada. Kungiyar 'Yancin Indiya a BC hadin gwiwa ce ta shugabannin' yan asalin da ke gwagwarmaya don kare lakabi na Aboriginal.

## Littattafai

* Harrison, Jonathan Baxter. *Nazarin da aka yi kwanan nan game da wuraren ajiyar Indiya*, Philadelphia: The Indian Rights Association 1887.
* Harrison, Jonathan Baxter. *Kwalejoji da Indiyawa, da Kungiyar 'Yancin Indiya*, Philadelphia: Kungiyar'Yancin Indiya ta 1888.
* Pancoast, Henry Spackman. The Indian Before the Law, Philadelphia: The Indian Rights Association 1884.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 7] Ayyukan Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida a tilasta wa 'yan Indiyawan Rock su ba da hayar ƙasashensu ga Kungiyoyin shanu, Philadelphia: Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Indiya 1902.

## Manazarta