Rawar ƙasa

**Rawar ƙauye** tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan raye-rayen zamantakewa na wani nau'in da ya samo asali daga Ingila a Tsibirin Burtaniya; aiwatar da jerin siffofi ne da aka riga aka tsara, waɗanda aka tsara su da kyau don dacewa da tsawon kiɗa, wanda gungun mutane suka yi, yawanci a cikin ma'aurata, a cikin saiti ɗaya ko fiye. Hotunan sun haɗa da hulɗa tsakanin abokan tarayya da sauran masu rawa, yawanci tare da ci gaba ta yadda kowane mahalarci zai yi rawa tare da kowa a cikin saitin. Yana da yawa a zamanin yau a sami "mai kira" wanda ke koyar da rawa sannan ya kira siffofin yayin rawa. Ana yin raye-rayen ƙauye ta hanyoyi daban-daban. 

A matsayin nau'in kiɗa da aka rubuta a cikin 2 4 ko 6 Sau 6, Beethoven da Mozart sun yi amfani da contredanse. 6 Ecosaises na Beethoven WoO83 an rubuta su ne a shekarar 1806.  6 Ländlerische Tänze na Mozart, K.606 an rubuta su ne a shekarar 1791. 

Wakokin ƙasar da 'yan gudun hijira daga Faransa suka gabatar a Kudancin Amurka, suna da tasiri sosai kan waƙoƙin Latin Amurka a matsayin abubuwan da suka saba wa juna .

*Anglais* (daga kalmar Faransanci ma'ana 'Turanci') ko *Angloise* wani kalma ne na rawa ta ƙasar Ingila.   Ana iya kiran rawa ta ƙasar Scotland  Rawar 'yan Irish ma tana da alaƙa.

## Halaye

*Saiti* wani tsari ne na masu rawa  . Tsarin da aka fi sani shine *dogayen hanyoyi ga duk wanda zai so*, wato ma'aurata a layukan dogaye, da *murabba'ai*, waɗanda suka ƙunshi ma'aurata huɗu. Tsarin dogayen hanyoyi yana faruwa a cikin fiye da raye-rayen contra na zamani 12,000;  kuma shine tsarin da ya fi shahara a cikin duk wallafe-wallafen rawa na ƙarni na 18 da farkon ƙarni na 19.  A cikin 2003, Burleson's Square Dancer's Encyclopedia  ya lissafa kira ko siffofi 5125  . Da'ira da saitin dogayen hanyoyi masu tsayi suma sun zama ruwan dare, amma yiwuwar tsarin yana iyakance ne kawai ta tunanin mai tsara rawa.

Thomas Wilson, a shekarar 1808, ya rubuta, "Rawar Ƙasa ta ƙunshi mutane marasa iyaka, ba ƙasa da shida ba, amma fiye da haka kamar yadda ake yi a cikin rubutun, amma shida sun isa su nuna kowace irin mutum a cikin rubutun."  Wilson yana rubutu game da lokacinsa. A gaskiya ma, akwai rawa da yawa ga ma'aurata biyu, da kuma wasu da yawa ga masu rawa uku ko biyar.

*Siffa* wani tsari ne da masu rawa ke bi a ƙasa, waɗanda ba su da sauƙi kamar Circle Left suna da sauƙin fahimta kuma ana iya rawa ba tare da wani ilimi ba, yayin da ake buƙatar koyar da abubuwa masu rikitarwa kamar Strip willow . Tsarin rawa da salonta ya bambanta da yanki da kuma lokaci.

Wilson a shekarar 1820 ya rubuta, "Hotunan Rawar Ƙasa wasu Motsi ne ko Alƙawura da aka samar a cikin Zagaye, Rabin Zagaye, Serpentine, Kusurwa, Layuka Madaidaiciya, da sauransu. An zana su zuwa Tsawon Tsawo daban-daban, waɗanda aka daidaita su da *nau'ikan* Waƙoƙin Rawar Ƙasa." .  Kuma, za a iya iyakance alkaluman da za a iya samu ne kawai ta tunanin mai tsara waƙoƙi. Misalan wasu alkaluman an bayar da su a cikin Kalmomin Rawar Ƙasa .

Waƙar da aka fi dangantawa da rawa ta ƙauye ita ce waƙar gargajiya/ƙasa/gargajiya/ta tarihi, duk da haka, ƙungiyoyin zamani suna gwada wasu nau'ikan waƙoƙi marasa adadi.

Duk da cewa wasu raye-rayen sun samo asali ne daga bishiyoyin ƙauye,  yawancinsu ƙwararrun masu rawa da masu tsara rawa ne suka rubuta su, kuma har yanzu haka suke.

Kowace rawa tana ƙunshe da jerin siffofi, da fatan an haɗa su cikin sauƙi, an tsara su don su dace da waƙar da aka zaɓa. Sigar kiɗa da aka fi sani ita ce jigs ko reels na bar 32, amma ana iya amfani da duk wani kiɗa da ya dace da rawa. A yawancin rawa, masu rawa za su ci gaba zuwa sabon matsayi don haka a lokaci na gaba ta hanyar waƙar za su yi rawa tare da mutane daban-daban.

Duk da cewa ƙungiyoyin rawa na gargajiya na Ingila  gabaɗaya suna rungumar duk nau'ikan rawa na ƙauye, ƙungiyoyin rawa na ƙauye na Amurka na Ingila  suna ware rawa na zamani da rawa na murabba'i .

An yi niyya ga rawa ta ƙauye don halartar jama'a gabaɗaya, ba kamar rawa ta ƙauye ba kamar clogging, waɗanda galibi rawa ce ta kade-kade, da kuma rawa ta ɗakin rawa inda masu rawa ke rawa tare da abokan hulɗarsu ba tare da wasu ba. Rawar ƙauye masu haske, masu tsari da sauƙi suna da kyau a matsayin ƙarshen ƙarshe mai wartsakewa ga maraice na rawa masu kyau kamar minuet . 

A tarihi, kalmar *contra dance* wani suna ne na rawa ta ƙasa. Howe, a shekara ta 1858, ya rubuta cewa "Kalmar 'Ƙasar Rawa' ita ce wadda ake amfani da ita a duk littattafan rawa da aka buga a Ingila a cikin ƙarni uku da suka gabata, yayin da duk ayyukan da aka bayar a Faransa a cikin wannan lokacin suna amfani da kalmar Contra Dance, ko kuma a cikin Faransanci "Contre Danse". Ganin cewa hukuma tana da kyau a duka biyun, saboda haka kowace kalma daidai ce. Rawar Ƙasa ko Contra ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun nishaɗi a Tsibiran Burtaniya, Faransa, da sauran ƙasashen nahiyar tun daga tarihi".  Duk da haka, "contra dance" ana amfani da ita a yau don nufin wani nau'in Amurka da ake kira contra dance.

## Tarihi

Rawar ƙauye ta fara tasiri ga rawa a kotu a ƙarni na 15  kuma ta shahara musamman a fadar Elizabeth ta 1 ta Ingila . Yawancin ambato game da rawa a ƙasa da taken da aka raba tare da sanannun raye-rayen ƙarni na 17 sun bayyana tun daga wannan lokacin, kodayake kaɗan ne daga cikin waɗannan za a iya nuna suna nufin rawa a ƙasar Ingila. Duk da cewa wasu siffofi na farko sun yi kama da rawa a Morris da sauran salon farko, ana iya ganin tasirin rawa a kotun Turai ta Nahiyar Turai, musamman na Renaissance Italiya, kuma yana yiwuwa waɗannan rawa a ƙasar Ingila sun shafi su tun da farko.  Ba a san kaɗan game da waɗannan rawa ba kafin tsakiyar ƙarni na 17. 

Littafin John Playford mai suna *The English Dancing Master* (1651) ya lissafa waƙoƙi sama da ɗari, kowannensu yana da nasa siffofi. Wannan ya shahara sosai, an sake buga shi akai-akai tsawon shekaru 80 kuma ya faɗaɗa sosai. Playford da magajinsa suna da ikon mallakar littattafan rawa har zuwa 1711, kuma sun daina bugawa a kusan 1728. A wannan lokacin, raye-rayen ƙasashen Ingila sun ɗauki nau'ikan waƙoƙi iri-iri, ciki har da jerin waƙoƙin da aka iyakance ga ma'aurata biyu, uku da huɗu, da kuma da'ira da murabba'ai.

An gabatar da rawa ta ƙauye a kotun Louis XIV na Faransa, inda aka san ta da *contredanse*, daga baya kuma aka san ta da Jamus da Italiya. André Lorin, wanda ya ziyarci kotun Ingila a ƙarshen ƙarni na 17, ya gabatar wa Louis XIV wani rubutun rawa a Turanci lokacin da ya dawo Faransa. A shekara ta 1706 Raoul Auger Feuillet ya buga littafinsa na *Recüeil de Contredances*, tarin " *contredanses anglaises* " wanda aka gabatar a cikin wani nau'i mai sauƙi na bayanin Beauchamp-Feuillet kuma ya haɗa da wasu rawa da marubucin ya ƙirƙira da kuma ingantattun rawa na Ingilishi. Daga baya John Essex ya fassara wannan zuwa Turanci kuma aka buga a Ingila a matsayin *For the Further Improvement of Dancing* . 

A shekarun 1720, kalmar *contradanse* ta fara nufin saitin Longways da aka raba zuwa ƙungiyoyi na ma'aurata uku ko biyu, waɗanda za su ci gaba da kasancewa na yau da kullun har sai lokacin da rawa ta ƙasar Ingila ta yi kusufi.  Ayyukan Faransa na farko suna kiran tsarin Longways kawai da *contradanse*,  wanda ya ba da damar asalin ƙarya na "rawar da layuka ke rawa a gaban juna".  Nau'in saitin murabba'i shima yana da salon sa a Faransa kuma ya bazu zuwa yawancin Turai, Rasha da Arewacin Amurka a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 a matsayin quadrille  da cotillion . Waɗannan galibi suna buƙatar ƙungiyar mutane takwas, ma'aurata a kowane gefe. " Les Lanciers ", zuriyar *quadrille*, da "Eightsome Reel" misalai ne na irin wannan rawa. Rawa a cikin saitin murabba'i har yanzu yana wanzuwa a Ireland, a ƙarƙashin sunan "sautin rawa" ko "dancing adadi".

Na wani lokaci, mawallafan Ingilishi suna fitar da tarin waɗannan raye-rayen na shekara-shekara a cikin shahararrun littattafan aljihu. Jane Austen, Charles Dickens da Thomas Hardy duk suna son raye-rayen ƙauye kuma suna ba da cikakkun bayanai a cikin littattafansu. Amma salon waltz da quadrille ya kori raye-rayen ƙauye daga ɗakunan rawa na Ingila a farkon ƙarni na 19, kodayake raye-rayen ƙauye na Scotland sun ci gaba da shahara.  

## Tasiri

Rawar ƙasar Ingila da kuma ta Faransa, waɗanda suka isa yankunan mulkin mallaka na Amurka daban-daban, sun zama rawa ta New England contra, wadda ta sake bunƙasa a tsakiyar ƙarni na 20. Rawar ƙasa ta rikide zuwa rawa ta murabba'i a Amurka yayin da a Ireland ta ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban rawa ta Irish ta zamani. Rawar ƙasar Ingila a Scotland ta haɓaka dandanonta kuma ta zama rawa ta ƙasar Scotland daban. Céilidh na Ingilishi misali ne na musamman, kasancewar haɗuwar nau'ikan Ingilishi, Irish da Scotland. Bugu da ƙari, wasu rawa ta ƙasar Ingila sun tsira da kansu a cikin shahararrun waƙoƙin. Ɗaya daga cikinsu shine Virginia Reel, wanda kusan iri ɗaya ne da "Sir Roger de Coverley".

*Contradanza*, sigar Sifaniyanci da Sifaniyanci-Amurka ta *contradanse* ta Faransa, ta zama salon kiɗa da rawa da ya shahara a duniya a ƙarni na 18. *Contradanza* ya shahara a Spain kuma ya bazu ko'ina cikin Amurka ta Sifaniyanci a ƙarni na 18, inda ya ɗauki nau'ikan gargajiya waɗanda har yanzu suke wanzuwa a Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Panama da Ecuador. A Cuba a ƙarni na 19, *contradanza* ya zama muhimmin nau'i, kakan danzon, mambo da cha cha cha . 'Yan Haiti da suka tsere daga Juyin Juya Halin Haiti na 1791 sun kawo wa sigar Cuban tasirin Creole da sabon haɗin gwiwa.  

*Engelska* (Yaren mutanen Sweden don "Turanci") ko kuma Danish *Engelsk* rawa ce ta gargajiya ta Scandinavia mai mashaya 16 a cikin 2 4.  Sunansa ya fito ne daga yadda aka rungumi rawa da raye-rayen ƙabilanci na Ingila a Scandinavia a farkon ƙarni na 19. A Denmark, an yi amfani da bayanin "Engelsk" don rawa ta layi da ta murabba'i ta asalin Ingilishi. 

## Farfaɗowa

Sai dai saboda ƙoƙarin Cecil Sharp, Mary Neal da ƙungiyar Rawar Jama'a ta Ingila da Waƙoƙi a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20 ne aka fara farfaɗowa, ta yadda na ɗan lokaci ana koya wa yara 'yan makaranta rawa ta ƙauye. A farkon ƙarni na 20, an fara farfaɗo da raye-rayen gargajiya da na tarihi a Ingila. Neal, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara yin hakan, an fi saninta da aikinta a cikin raye-rayen al'ada, amma Cecil Sharp, a cikin kundin littattafai shida na *Littafin Rawar Ƙasa*, wanda aka buga tsakanin 1909 da 1922, ya yi ƙoƙarin sake gina raye-rayen ƙauye na Ingila kamar yadda aka yi a lokacin Playford, yana amfani da raye-rayen ƙauye na gargajiya na Ingilishi da suka rage a matsayin jagora, kamar yadda littattafan ba su bayyana kusan babu ɗaya daga cikin alkaluman da aka bayyana ba. Duk da haka, Sharp da ɗalibansa kusan sun damu da raye-rayen ƙauye na Ingila kamar yadda aka samu a cikin littattafan rawa na farko:  Sharp ya buga raye-raye 160 daga littattafan Playford da raye-rayen ƙauye na gargajiya 16. Sharp ya yi imanin cewa raye-rayen Playford, musamman waɗanda ke da siffofi marasa tsari, suna wakiltar ainihin salon "al'ada" na rawar ƙasar Ingila kuma duk canje-canjen da suka faru daga baya a cikin dogon tarihin rawar cin hanci ne. 

An buga tarin waƙoƙin gargajiya na Ingila na zamani tun daga shekarun 1820, *Maggot Pie*, a shekarar 1932, kodayake a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 ne kawai aka fara karɓar waƙoƙin zamani.  An ci gaba da sake gina raye-rayen tarihi da sabbin waƙoƙi. Masu fassara da mawaƙa na ƙarni na 20 sun haɗa da Douglas da Helen Kennedy, Pat Shaw, Tom Cook, Ken Sheffield, Charles Bolton, Michael Barraclough, Colin Hume, Gary Roodman, da Andrew Shaw.

Al'ummar rawa ta ƙauye ta Ingila ta zamani a Amurka ta ƙunshi ƙwararrun fararen fata masu sassaucin ra'ayi. 

## Duba kuma

* Rawar ƙasa-yamma
* Rawar Baroque
* Rawar gargajiya ta duniya
* Maypole
* Stave rawa
* Troyl, taron Masarawa mai kama da céilidh
* Twmpath, taron Welsh mai kama da céilidh
* Schottische

## Manazarta