Dutch Mauritius

**Mauritius** wani yanki ne na hukuma na Kamfanin Dutch East India a tsibirin Mauritius tsakanin shekarun 1638 da 1710, kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman tashar shakatawa don jigilar jiragen ruwa. Tuni jiragen ruwa na Holland suka yi tafiya daga shekarun 1598 zuwa gaba, amma kawai ya zauna a shekarar 1638, don hana Faransa da Ingilishi zama a tsibirin. 

## Tarihi
An yi ta hasashen cewa Larabawa ne suka fara gano Mauritius, waɗanda suka sanya wa tsibirin suna Dina Arobi. Shaidar tarihi ta farko ta wanzuwar tsibiri a yanzu da ake kira Mauritius tana kan taswirar da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Italiya Alberto Cantino ya samar a shekarar 1502.  Gaskiya ne cewa Portuguese ta ziyarci Mauritius tsakanin shekarun 1507 zuwa 1513. Portuguese ɗin ba su da sha'awar wannan tsibiri mai keɓe, duk da haka. Babban sansanin su na Afirka yana cikin Mozambique, don haka ma'aikatan jiragen ruwa na Portuguese sun fi son amfani da tashar Mozambique don zuwa Indiya. A matsayin tsayawa, a Comoros a arewa sun tabbatar da bayar da gajeriyar hanya mafi aminci akan hanyar Larabawa da Indiya. Don haka ba a kafa wani yanki na dindindin ba a tsibirin ta Fotigal.

### Ma'aikatan jirgin ruwan Holland (1598-1637)

A cikin shekarar 1598, wani balaguro na ƙasar Holland wanda ya ƙunshi jiragen ruwa takwas sun tashi daga tashar jiragen ruwa na Texel (Netherland) ƙarƙashin umarnin admirals Jacob Cornelisz van Neck da Wybrand van Warwijck zuwa yankin Indiya. Jiragen guda takwas sun shiga cikin mummunan yanayi bayan sun wuce Cape of Good Hope kuma sun rabu. Uku sun sami hanyar zuwa arewa maso gabashin Madagascar yayin da sauran biyar suka sake haɗuwa suka yi tafiya ta hanyar kudu maso gabas. A ranar 17 ga watan Satumba, jiragen ruwa biyar a ƙarƙashin umarnin Admiral Van Warwyck sun shigo cikin ra'ayin tsibirin.

A ranar 20 ga watan Satumba, sun shiga wani wurin mafaka wanda suka ba da sunan "Port de Warwick" (sunan yanzu shine "Grand Port"). Sun sauka kuma sun yanke shawarar suna tsibirin "Prins Maurits van Nassaueiland", bayan Yarima Maurits (sigar Latin: Mauritius) na gidan Nassau, mai kula da lardunan Jamhuriyar Holland ban da Friesland, amma kuma bayan babban jirgin ruwan da ake kira "Mauritius". Tun daga waɗannan kwanaki, sunan Mauritius kawai ya rage. A ranar 2 ga watan Oktoba, jiragen ruwa sun sake komawa teku zuwa Bantam.

Tun daga wannan lokacin, 'Port de Warwick' na tsibirin 'yan ƙasar Holland sun yi amfani da shi a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa bayan tsawon watanni a cikin teku. A cikin shekarar 1606, balaguro biyu sun zo a karon farko zuwa abin da zai zama Port-Louis a arewa maso yammacin tsibirin. Tafiyar mai ɗauke da jiragen ruwa goma sha ɗaya da kuma mutane 1,357 ƙarƙashin jagorancin Admiral Neck sun shigo bakin tekun, wanda suka sanyawa suna "Rade des Tortues" (ma'ana "Harbor of the Tortoises") saboda yawan kunkuru na ƙasa da suka samu a wurin. 

Daga wannan ranar, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Holland sun canza zaɓi zuwa "Rade des Tortues" a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa. A cikin shekarar 1615, rushewar jirgin ruwa da mutuwar gwamna Pieter Duka, wanda ke dawowa daga Indiya tare da jiragen ruwa huɗu masu kayatarwa a bakin teku, ya sa ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Holland sun yi la'akari da hanyar a matsayin tsinuwa kuma sun yi ƙoƙari su guje wa shi sosai. Ana cikin haka ne turawan Ingila da Danewa suka fara kutsawa cikin tekun Indiya. Waɗanda suka sauka a tsibirin da yardar rai suka yanke suka tafi da itacen  dabino mai tamani na itatuwan ebony, sa'an nan suka sami yalwar ko'ina a tsibirin.

### Mulkin mallaka na Holland (1638-1710)

Mulkin Holland ya fara ne a cikin shekarar 1638 kuma ya ƙare a cikin shekarar 1710, tare da ɗan gajeren katse tsakanin shekarun 1658 zuwa 1666. An naɗa gwamnoni da yawa, amma ci gaba da wahalhalu irin su guguwa, fari, kamuwa da kwari, rashin abinci da cututtuka a ƙarshe sun yi sanadiyar mutuwarsu, kuma an yi watsi da tsibirin a cikin shekarar 1710.

Ba a zaunar da tsibirin na dindindin ba tsawon shekaru arba'in bayan da Dutch ɗin suka gano shi, amma a cikin shekarar 1638 Cornelius Gooyer ya kafa mazaunin Dutch na farko na dindindin a Mauritius tare da garrison na ashirin da biyar. Ta haka ya zama gwamna na farko a tsibirin. A cikin shekarar 1639, ƙarin maza talatin sun zo don ƙarfafa mulkin mallaka na Holland. An umurci Gooyer da ya bunƙasa kasuwancin tsibirin, amma bai yi wani abu ba, don haka an tuna da shi.

### Bautar da Bayi a Madagascar
Magajin Gooyer shine Adriaan van der Stel wanda ya fara ci gaba da gaske, yana haɓaka fitar da itacen ebony. Don manufar, Van der Stel ya kawo bayi 105 Malagasy  zuwa tsibirin. A cikin makon farko, bayi kusan sittin sun iya gudu zuwa cikin dazuzzuka; kusan ashirin ne kawai za a sake kama su.

A shekara ta 1644, mazauna tsibirin sun fuskanci wahalhalu na watanni masu yawa, saboda jinkirin jigilar kayayyaki, rashin girbi da guguwa. A cikin waɗannan watanni, masu mulkin mallaka suna iya dogaro da kansu kawai ta hanyar kamun kifi da farauta. Duk da haka, Van der Stel ya tabbatar da jigilar wasu bayi 95 daga Madagascar, kafin a kai shi Ceylon. Wanda ya maye gurbinsa shine Jacob van der Meersch. A cikin shekarar 1645, na ƙarshe ya kawo ƙarin bayi 108 na Malagasy. Van der Meersch ya bar Mauritius a watan Satumba 1648 kuma Reinier Por ya maye gurbinsa.

A cikin shekarar 1652, ƙarin wahalhalu sun sami 'yan mulkin mallaka, iyayengiji da bayi iri ɗaya. Yawan jama'a a lokacin ya kai kusan mutane ɗari. Ci gaba da wahalhalu ya shafi yuwuwar kasuwanci na tsibirin kuma an ba da umarnin janyewa a cikin shekarar 1657. A ranar 16 ga watan Yulin 1658, kusan dukkan mazaunan sun bar tsibirin, in ban da yaron jirgin ruwa da bayi biyu da suka sami mafaka a cikin dazuzzuka.  Don haka yunkurin farko na mulkin mallaka na Holland ya ƙare da kyau.

### Ƙarin yunkurin mulkin mallaka na Dutch
A shekara ta 1664, an yi ƙoƙari na biyu, amma wannan kuma ya ƙare da muni sa’ad da mutanen da aka zaɓa don aikin suka yi watsi da kwamandan su, Van Niewland, marar lafiya, ba tare da magani mai kyau ba, kuma ya mutu.

Daga shekarun 1666 zuwa 1669, Dirk Jansz Smient ya gudanar da sabon mulkin mallaka a Grand Port, tare da sarewa da fitar da bishiyoyin Ebony a matsayin babban aiki. Lokacin da Dirk Jansz Smient ya bar, George Frederik Wreden ya maye gurbinsa. Na ƙarshen ya mutu a shekara ta 1672, ya nutse tare da wasu 'yan mulkin mallaka guda biyar a lokacin wani balaguron bincike. Wanda zai maye gurbinsa shine Hubert Hugo. Daga baya ya kasance mai hangen nesa kuma yana so ya mai da tsibirin ya zama mulkin mallaka na noma. Shugabanni ba su yi tarayya da hangen nesa ba, kuma a ƙarshe ya ƙasa haɓaka hangen nesa.

Issac Johannes Lamotius ya zama sabon gwamna lokacin da Hugo ya bar mulki a shekara ta 1677. Lamotius ya yi mulki har zuwa shekara ta 1692, lokacin da aka kai shi Batavia don yanke masa hukunci saboda tsananta wa wani ɗan mulkin mallaka wanda matarsa ta ƙi zawarcinsa. Don haka a cikin shekarar 1692 aka naɗa sabon gwamna Roelof Deodati. A cikin shekarar 1693 Deodati ya kori Furotesta na Faransa François Leguat da biyar daga cikin mabiyansa na tsawon shekaru biyu akan Ile aux Fouquets bayan ƙungiyar Leguat ta isa Mauritius daga Rodrigues.  Ko da ya yi ƙoƙari ya haɓaka tsibirin, Deodati ya fuskanci matsaloli da yawa, kamar guguwa, kamuwa da kwari, cututtuka na shanu da fari. Da sanyin gwiwa, Deodati ƙarshe ya daina kuma maye gurbinsa zai zama Abraham Momber Van de Velde. Na ƙarshe bai yi kyau ba kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama gwamnan Holland na ƙarshe na tsibirin na wannan lokacin. Don haka tabbas mutanen Holland sun yi watsi da tsibirin a cikin shekarar 1710.

## Martaba
Holland sun ba da sunan ƙasar da yankuna da yawa a duk tsibirin. Wasu misalai sun haɗa da dutsen "Pieter Both", yankin "Vandermeersh" kusa da Rose-Hill da sauran sunaye. Sun kuma gabatar da tsire-tsire masu sukari daga Java. Ba abin sha'awa ba shi ne raguwar dodo na gida da manyan kunkuru don abinci, wanda kuma ya taimaka ta hanyar gabatar da nau'ikan gasa da kwari. An yanke manyan wuraren daji don yin amfani da haushin ebony.

A cikin shekarar 1948 an gina wani abin tarihi da almara a Ferney, Vieux Grand Port don tunawa da saukowar Dutch na farko wanda ya faru shekaru 350 da suka gabata.  Abin tunawa yana kusa da gine-ginen da aka yi watsi da su waɗanda mazauna suka gina ta amfani da tubalan dutsen granite.  Kwanan nan an sami wani ɓangare na maido da kango kuma an maido da sunan Fort Frederik Hendrik zuwa wurin.  A ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba, 2010, Ad Koekkoek, jakadan Netherlands a Tanzaniya, da Mookhesswur Choonee, Ministan Al'adu na Mauritius, sun buɗe gidan tarihin Frederik Hendrik.

## Duba kuma

* Opperhoofd na Mauritius

## Manazarta