Aikin noma a Sweden

kudancin Sweden shine mafi yawan amfanin gona. Sweden tana da gajeren lokutan girma a mafi yawan sassan kasar kuma hakan yana iyakance nau'in da yawan aikin gona. Kudancin yana da lokacin girma mafi tsawo, wanda a wasu sassan kudu ya wuce kwanaki 240. Alkama, rapeseed da sauran tsire-tsire masu mai, tare da sukari suna da yawa a kudancin Sweden, yayin da sha'ir da oat suka fi muhimmanci a arewa. Ana shuka sha'ir da oats galibi don ciyar da dabbobi, musamman ga aladu da kaji. Yankin tsakiya na Sweden shine cibiyar noma ta gargajiya a Sweden. A tarihi, noma ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan bangarorin Tattalin arzikin Sweden.

Ana samun kididdigar samar da aikin gona a kan layi. A cikin karni na 21 gwamnatin Sweden ta yi alkawarin tabbatar da kawar da hayakin carbon daga masana'antar noma nan da shekara ta 2030.

Samar da abinci da ke wakiltar kamun kifi da kiwon kifi ba su da mahimmanci a fannin tattalin arziki ga tattalin arzikin Sweden gaba ɗaya. Koyaya, waɗannan ayyukan suna da mahimmanci ga garuruwan bakin teku.

## Abubuwan da suka shafi ƙasa.
yanayin Sweden, ga yankunan tsakiya da kudanci, ya fi sauƙi kuma ya bushe fiye da wasu ƙasashe a kudu. Wannan jinƙai ya faru ne saboda iska mai yawa ta yamma da kuma tasirin Gulf Stream. Yanayi a Arewacin Sweden an rarraba shi sosai a matsayin sub-arctic ko tundra.

Kimanin kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na ƙasar Sweden ya ƙunshi Lapland. Norrland gabaɗaya ya kai kashi 60% na ƙasar amma ya ƙunshi kusan kashi 12% na yawan jama'a. Wadannan yankuna, wadanda ke dauke da tabkuna, duwatsu, gandun daji da tundra, sun mamaye gandun daji, katako da hakar ma'adinai. Yankunan arewacin kuma Mutanen Sámi ne ke zaune, wadanda ƙarfin kiwon dabbobi na gargajiya ya kasance kuma yana da alaƙa da kiwon reindeer.

Tsakiyar da kudancin Sweden suna samar da yankunan da ke da mahimmancin aikin gona. 

Tsibirin Gotland, a gabashin gabar teku, shine tsibirin mafi girma a Sweden kuma muhimmiyar cibiyar sarrafa abinci da noma ce.

## Takaitaccen Bayani na yanzu.

A cikin 2023, jimlar kudaden shiga na gona sun kasance SEK biliyan 9.1, suna kafa raguwar 50% idan aka kwatanta da shekarar da ta gabata. Wannan bambancin an danganta shi da faduwar farashin hatsi da kuma samar da kayan aiki. Duk da haka, yawan kuɗin da ake samu a gona yana kama da wanda ake amfani da shi a cikin 2019-2021.

Aikin Noma na madara shine mafi girma a fannin tattalin arziki, kuma yana da alhakin kashi 20 cikin 100 na darajar duk aikin gona na Sweden. Fitar da naman alade da kaji suma suna da yawa, yayin da samar da tumaki da ɗan rago suna da iyaka sosai. Masu samar da tumaki da raguna da samar da ulu ba su iya yin gasa da ƙasashe (kamar Australia da New Zealand) waɗanda ke da makiyaya na shekara-shekara ba.

Sashin aikin gona na Sweden (ba tare da gandun daji da masana'antar abinci ba) yana daukar ma'aikata 177,600, kusan kashi 1.5 cikin dari na ma'aikatan Sweden. Akwai gonaki 72,000 da sauran kasuwancin noma, tare suna wakiltar rabin shekarar 1970. Matsakaicin gonar yana da kadada 88 (36  na filaye.

## Manufofin.
Manufofin gwamnati suna karkashin ikon Hukumar Aikin Gona ta Sweden, wanda ke ba da bayanai ta kan layi game da manufofi da kididdiga. Shirye-shiryen noma na Sweden yana cikin mahallin Manufofin Aikin Gona na Tarayyar Turai. Shirin dabarun shekaru 5 na baya-bayan nan da Sweden ta gabatar ya fara ne daga 2023. Shirin ya kunshi gaskiyar cewa kashi 10% ne kawai na ƙasar da ake amfani da ita don noma, tare da kashi 70% ana amfani da su don gandun daji.

## Tarihi.

### Asalin.
Aikin noma da Kiwon dabbobi sun faru ne a yankin Sweden ta zamani a lokacin Stone Age .  Barley shine mafi mahimmancin amfanin gona, amma kuma an shuka alkama, millet da flax. Kiristanci na Sweden, a kusa da shekara ta 1000, ya haifar da ci gaba a aikin gona saboda kwararar ilimin hanyoyin noma masu ci gaba daga ƙasashen kudanci. A duk lokacin da aka saba, lambunan monastic sun yada ilimin tsire-tsire na kasashen waje da suka dace da noma, da kuma hanyoyin noma.

### Karni na 16 zuwa 19.
A cikin karni na 16 Gustaf Vasa ya ɗauki sha'awar kansa don inganta dukiyar sarauta, kuma mulkinsa ya ga aikin gona ya bunƙasa. Musamman, Sweden a kai a kai tana fitar da hatsi. Wannan ya ci gaba har zuwa mulkin Charles XII a farkon karni na 18, lokacin da yaƙe-yaƙe suka yi mummunan rauni a kan yawan jama'a kuma lardunan Baltic masu samar da hatsi sun ɓace.

A tsakiyar karni na 18 an fara sake fasalin ƙasa (*storskiftet*) ta hanyar da aka rarraba yankunan da aka warwatsa a kusa da ƙauyuka a hankali a cikin mallakar da aka haɗa. Wannan ya ba da damar yin amfani da ma'ana ga aikin gona. Masana kimiyya na Sweden sun kuma mai da hankali ga inganta aikin gona, tare da masanin ilimin shuke-shuke Carl Linnaeus da masanin kimiyyar noma Johan Gottschalk Wallerius a matsayin manyan wakilan wannan yanayin. Koyaya, ra'ayoyin mercantilist na zamanin sun jagoranci yawancin ayyukan gwamnati.

Kiwon dabbobi ya kara mayar da hankali daga baya a cikin karni. An sayi nau'ikan ƙasashen waje da aka zaɓa kuma an samar da su a tashoshin kiwo (1702-1864).

Dukkanin gonaki a Sweden an biya su haraji bisa ga ikon samar da su, wanda ya haifar da hauhawar ƙungiyar Manorial. Wannan tsarin zamantakewa ne da tattalin arziki wanda ya ba da damar manyan mutane su sarrafa ma'aikata yayin da suke samar da bukatun su. A farkon karni na 18, bisa ga bayanan mantel, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ƙasar mallakar aristocracy ne ta wannan hanyar. Saboda ƙungiyoyi biyu daban-daban, manorialism ya ɓace cikin sauri.

### Canje-canje a cikin karni na 19.
A cikin yakin Finnish na 1808-1809, ci gaban aikin gona ya sami babban sha'awa daga gwamnatin Sweden da kuma 'yan wasan kwaikwayo masu zaman kansu. Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture (wanda aka kafa a 1811) da kuma Tattalin Arziki da Al'ummomin Aikin Gona sun taka muhimmiyar rawa. An kafa irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi a yawancin yankunan Sweden a wannan lokacin. An tsara samar da abin sha, *brännvin*, kuma an ci gaba da sake fasalin ƙasa. An yi amfani da sabbin wurare, musamman wuraren da ke da ruwa, don noma, kuma an inganta hanyoyin noma. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga samar da abinci, wanda ya amfana daga noman tsire-tsire masu tsayar da nitrogen kamar su clover da alfalfa. An canza makiyaya da yawa zuwa amfanin gona, don haka ƙara yawan abincin da ake da shi. Inganta amfanin gona ya sami kulawa a farkon rabin karni na 19. Girbi da sauri ya zama fitarwa ta farko ta Sweden (maimakon zama shigowa). 

### Kudancin Sweden.
Jordmobilisering (tattara ƙasa) shine kalmar da aka ba da ita gaba ɗaya ga canje-canje a cikin karni na 19 a Scania" id="mwkg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Scania">Skåne (ko a cikin Turanci Scania) a kudancin Sweden inda amfani da ƙasa ya zama mai hankali da zurfi. Wannan ya haɗa da canje-canje ga amfani da ƙasa, magudanar ruwa da kuma amfani da manyan wuraren da suka kasance ta hanyar tafkuna gaba ɗaya da ake zubar da ruwa. Yawancin waɗannan manyan ayyukan sun faru, musamman a cikin shekarun 1860 na zubar da babban tafkin Näsbyholmssjön a yammacin Skurup. Sabbin dabarun noma sun haɓaka yawan aiki, kuma sabbin kayayyakin shuka sun kasance. Wadannan canje-canje sun haifar da karuwar samar da dankali, alkama da sukari. Ƙasa ta zama mai sauƙin sayarwa, kuma bankunan da ƙungiyoyin ajiya sun girma daidai. Aikin noma ya zama mafi mahimmanci a kasuwa kuma ana kasuwanci da shi. Wannan sabon wadata ya canza yanayin ƙauyen, inda aka gina sabbin gidaje masu ban sha'awa ga manoma da masu mallakar ƙasa. Sabanin haka, ma'aikatan da ke zaune a cikin ɗakunan gidaje masu kyau ko waɗanda suka warwatse a cikin ƙananan ƙauyuka da yawa na bakin teku sun ba da ma'aikata. Mafi yawan ma'aikata marasa ƙasa sun kai fiye da kowane nau'i na gidaje masu ƙasa, ma'ana cewa talauci ya sa mutane da yawa su ƙaura daga ƙauyuka ko su yi hijira zuwa ƙasashen waje ko su ɗauki aiki a garuruwa da birane.

### Ci gaban bangaren madara da masana'antu (1860-1960).

Daga ƙarshen shekarun 1860, samar da madara, kuma musamman samar da man shanu, ya zama tsakiya ga tattalin arzikin noma na Sweden. Wani yanki mai girma na gonar ya sadaukar da shi ga samar da abinci, kuma yankin noma ya karu har zuwa shekarun 1920. Kudin da ke da alaƙa da madara da madara shine mafi mahimmancin hanyar samun kudin shiga ga kasuwancin noma na Sweden a farkon karni na 20. An dakatar da fitar da hatsi na Sweden, don maye gurbinsa da shigo da hatsi don burodi. Sabanin haka, fitar da man shanu ya fara, sannan daga baya fitar da naman alade da alade masu rai. A cikin shekaru na farko na karni na 20, Sweden ta fitar da tan 16,000-20,000 na man shanu a shekara.

A ƙarshen shekarun 1940, injunan shayarwa sun maye gurbin shayarwa da hannu kuma tractors sun fara maye gurbin amfani da shanu ko dawakai. Alfa Laval ya zama sanannen masana'anta da kuma alamar injunan shayarwa. Ganin cewa a farkon karni na ashirin noma da dabbobi ke amfani da shi ya zama ruwan dare, a cikin shekarun 1950, manyan injuna sun faru ne saboda kayan man fetur masu arha. An rage ma'aikatan aikin gona na Sweden da kashi 60 cikin dari tsakanin 1945 da 1970, don haka ya 'yantar da ma'aikata don aiki a masana'antu.

### Rashin sarrafawa da sake tsarawa (1989-2000).
A shekara ta 1989, Sweden ta soke manufofin aikin gona kuma ta soke tallafi da yawa da kuma Kula da farashi da suka samo asali daga shekarun 1930 lokacin da aikin gona ya fuskanci matsalar tattalin arziki. A cikin 1995,  a kan Sweden ta shiga Tarayyar Turai, aikin gona na Sweden ya zama ƙarƙashin tsari ta hanyar Manufofin Aikin Gona na Al'ada.

### 2000, zuwa gaba.
A shekara ta 1998, Sweden ta sami cikakkiyar wadatar kanta ga mafi yawan kayayyakin dabbobi, kodayake kusan 80% na kayan abinci na wucin gadi sun dogara da shigo da kayayyaki. Kayan soya, galibi daga Brazil, wani muhimmin bangare ne a samarwa. Mai da hankali kan batutuwan muhalli da aka tayar da su ta hanyar aikin gona ya kasance daga farkon karni na 21 (duba ƙasa). A wannan lokacin, noma na kwayoyin halitta ya wakilci kusan 10% na ƙasar noma ta Sweden da ake amfani da ita don noma na kwayoyi.

Kungiyoyin noma na Sweden, musamman a bangarorin madara, nama da hatsi, a lokacin 1990, zuwa 2020, sun sami buƙatar babban canji ta hanyar kafa haɗuwa ko kawance don samar da manyan kasuwanni. An gano manyan hadin gwiwa a Sweden don nuna matakan gamsuwa tare da tsarin da aiki na ma'aikatar.

## Kididdigar samar da noma.

### Bayanan tattalin arziki don noma.
Hukumar Aikin Gona ta Sweden tana tattara, kuma tana ba da bayanai na kididdiga ga jama'a don tantance tasirin yanayin tattalin arziki a masana'antar noma. Binciken Tattalin Arziki na Aikin Gona (JEU) na tsawon shekara ta 2014 - 2021, yana ba da mahimman adadi da daidaitaccen kudaden shiga ga zaɓaɓɓun manyan fannoni na musamman na tattalin arzikin noma. A wannan lokacin, masana'antun da aka zaba sun kasance don madara, naman sa da kamfanonin alade. Zaɓin bayanai da bincike sun bambanta da kuma an tsara su don ƙara yawan abubuwan gargajiya da ke cikin rahoton kididdigar JO0202, Binciken Tattalin Arziki na Aikin Gona, wanda aka buga a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2023, (wanda ya danganta da bayanan 2021).  Wadannan bayanan suna da manufar nuna kudaden shiga da farashi a kowace shekara don bincike da nazarin riba. Ana watsa bayanai daga gonaki sama da dubu a kowace shekara a ƙarƙashin wajibai ga Babban Darakta na Aikin Gona da Ci gaban Karkara (DG AGRI) a Hukumar Tarayyar Turai don dalilai.

### Yankin noma.
Jimlar yankin da ake nomawa ya kai hekta 2,537,900 a shekarar 2022. Wannan ya kasance kusan iri ɗaya a cikin 2023. Akwai a cikin tsari na tattarawa da sabuntawa wani dogon lokaci jerin lissafin lissafi mai noma JO1901 rufe shekaru 1866 - 2020. Jerin ya nuna ci gaba daga karamin aikin gona zuwa mafi girma da kuma samar da kasuwanci na musamman. Yana nuna matsakaicin hekta miliyan 3.7 a ƙarƙashin noma a farkon shekarun 1950. Wannan ya ragu zuwa kimanin hekta miliyan 2.5 a cikin 2020.

An sami matsakaicin karuwar kusan 7% a farashin gonar noma a cikin lokacin 2021 - 2022. Farashin gonar noma da makiyaya ya ninka sau biyu a cikin shekaru 10 kuma a cikin 2022 wannan ya haifar da farashin kowace hekta na SEK 130,500 don noma da SEK 47,500 don makiyaya.

2021 jimlar samar da aikin gona ya kasance SEK biliyan 71.6 idan aka kwatanta da 2020 a SEK biliyar 64.7. Bambancin an danganta shi da karuwar 13% a cikin samar da kayan lambu. Wadannan adadi suna nuna karuwar farashin hatsi da mai. Karin darajar kicin da shuke-shuke (a 11%) ya bambanta da raguwar 20% a cikin ƙimar shuka 'ya'yan itace (saboda ƙananan farashi). 

A cikin 2022 jimlar yankin da ke cikin samar da kwayoyin halitta (gami da sauya ƙasa zuwa samar da kwayoyi) ya kai hekta 597,400. Wadannan wuraren samarwa a cikin 2022 sun wakilci kashi 77% na noma da kashi 23% na makiyaya. Gabaɗaya yankunan da aka noma sun nuna raguwar hekta 9,500 daga shekarar da ta gabata, kanta raguwa daga babban matsayi na samar da kwayoyin halitta a cikin 2019. Kimanin kashi 12% na hatsi a Sweden ana noma shi ne, don haka kusan kashi 25% na makiyaya da filayen niƙa.

### Samar da dabbobi
Gaskiyar adadi na 2020 da 2021 idan aka kwatanta game da darajar kayayyakin dabbobi ya nuna karuwar karuwa daga SEK biliyan 28.8 (2020) zuwa SEK biliyar 30.4 (2021). A cikin 2021, naman sa ya kai SEK biliyan 6.7; aladu na SEK biliyar 5.1; madara na SEK miliyan 11.9; ƙwai na SEK Biliyan 1.9 (ƙaruwar 7%); da kaji (ƙaruwa 15%) na SEK Biyan 2.6. Adadin farko na 2022-2023 ya nuna cewa 2022 shekara ce tare da kashi 1% mafi girma na samar da dabbobi fiye da 2023. Koyaya, waɗannan ƙididdigar tsinkaya a cikin shekaru 5 sun kasance matsakaicin kashi 24% daga ainihin ƙididdigaren da aka samu.

Samar da dabbobi na kwayoyin halitta ya ga raguwa kadan a cikin shekarun 2021 zuwa 2022. 2022 ta ga samar da tan 459,100 na madara ta kwayoyin halitta (ƙasa 5%); tan 18,100 na ƙwai na kwayoyin halitta (2% raguwa); ton 20,300 na yankan shanu na kwayoyin (2% raguwar); ton 850 na tumaki da raguna na kwayoyin (7% raguwa); tan 6,400 aladu (4% raguwa), da kuma ton 1,280 don masu cin abinci na kwayoyin (3% raguwa). 

## Tasirin muhalli na noma
Sweden a cikin karni na 21 ta himmatu ga kyakkyawan aikin muhalli a duk faɗin babban aikin. A cikin 1999 Majalisar dokokin Sweden ta amince da manufofi 15 na ingancin muhalli na kasa, kuma a cikin 2007 an kara wani. Wadannan mahimman manufofi da za a tallafawa ta hanyar doka, canje-canje na kudi da ilimi sun haɗa da: Yanayin Noma daban-daban, Zero Eutrophication, da Muhalli mara guba. A shekara ta 2007, an gano manyan tasirin damuwa da ke fitowa daga bangaren noma a matsayin eutrophication, dumama duniya da amfani da albarkatu. Bugu da kari, an hasara asarar halittu masu yawa saboda hanyoyin noma. Kwamitin Majalisar Dokoki kan Muhalli da Aikin Gona yana da alhakin bayar da rahoto ga Majalisar kan (cikin sauran abubuwa) noma, gandun daji da kamun kifi. Kula da manufofi (wanda aka auna ta hanyar lissafin majalisa don doka) wajen danganta aikin gona da bambancin halittu da batutuwan guba wasu sun yi la'akari da cewa ya dace da matsin lamba. Wani binciken da aka yi a Öland (2021) ya ba da shawarar cewa an samo tsarin kula da gwamnati daga sama zuwa ƙasa tare da imanin manoma cewa aikin gona bai ba da gudummawa ga yanayin ko matsalolin muhalli ba. Irin wannan haɗuwa an dauke shi da rashin dorewa.

Fossilfritt Sverige (Fossil-free Sweden) babban shirin ne na gwamnatin Sweden don cire burbushin burbushin daga tattalin arzikin Sweden. Ana ba da rahotanni ga gwamnati game da matsaloli da ci gaba wajen cimma burin da aka zaɓa. An gabatar da irin wannan rahoto a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022. Shirin yana mai da hankali kan masana'antu 22 kowannensu tare da taswirar hanya da saiti na manufofi, waɗanda ake saka idanu don ci gaba. Aikin noma yana daya daga cikin irin wannan masana'antu, inda burin ragewa zuwa sifili a shekara ta 2030 shine musamman don hayakin carbon, wanda a cikin 2019 ya kai tan miliyan 6.9 da 13% na hayakin ga duk tattalin arzikin Sweden. Bugu da ƙari, Tarayyar Manoma ta Sweden (LRF) ta samar da manufofi masu ɗorewa ga masana'antar dangane da wasu nau'ikan tasirin muhalli.

## Kifi da kiwon kifi

### Ma'aikatun da ke da alhakin da hukumomin gwamnati

Tsakanin 1948 da 2011 kamun kifi da kiwon kifi sun kasance karkashin kulawar Hukumar Kifi ta Kasa da ke aiki daga bakin tekun Gothenburg. Tun daga shekara ta 2011 waɗannan batutuwa sun kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Hukumar Kula da Ruwa da Ruwa ta Sweden (SwAM) .  Ma'aikatar Harkokin Karkara ce ke kula da kungiyar, wacce ke da alhakin aiwatar da Sweden na Common Fisheries Policy na Tarayyar Turai.

### Kifi

Tsawon bakin tekun Sweden da tabkuna 90,000 sun samar da damar kamun kifi a cikin gida da yamma. Yankin gabas yana kan iyaka da Tekun Baltic (wanda ke gabatar da eutrophication a matsayin shingen kamun kifi). Babban cibiyoyin kamun kifi a yammacin gabar teku. A cikin 2016, yawancin kasuwancin da ke cikin kamun kifi da bangarorin kiwon kifi a Sweden sun kasance ƙananan. Gudummawar da suka bayar ga tattalin arzikin Sweden a 0.10% ya iyakance amma ya kasance mai mahimmanci dangane da hanyoyin rayuwa da kuma bangaren yankunan bakin teku. Kamar yadda a shekarar 2017 akwai jiragen ruwa 1232 da aka yi rajista a Sweden da ke da hannu a kamun kifi, mafi yawansu (85%) sun kasance a kasa da tsawon 12m. A wannan shekarar da aka kama a teku ya kai kimanin tan 221800, yayin da wanda aka dauka daga tabkuna da ruwan cikin gida ya kai kimanin ton 10 800. A cikin 2018, gami da kifi, Sweden ta samar da ton miliyan 0.2 na kifi, mafi yawansu suna da alaƙa da kamun kifi (73%) sabanin kiwon kifi. Darajarta ta kasance dala 182.4 na Amurka.

### Kiwon Ruwa
Ya zuwa 2017, kiwon kifi yana da alhakin kusan 6% na jimlar samar da kifi na Sweden. Samar da kifi, mussels, oysters da crayfish yana buƙatar izinin amfani da ruwa da bin ka'idodin muhalli. Rainbow trout da blue mussels sune mahimman nau'ikan kifi a Sweden, kuma tsarin sake zagaya ruwa da ke da alaƙa da aikin gona na gargajiya ana ɗaukar su a matsayin ƙirƙirar kiwon kifi na Sweden mai ɗorewa. A cikin 2022 Sweden ta samar da tan 2300 na kifi don amfani da mutum (kimanin tan 9500). Wannan yana wakiltar raguwar kashi 20% a cikin samarwa idan aka kwatanta da 2021.

### Amfani da shi

Ya zuwa 2017, amfani da kifi da kayayyakin kifi ga kowane mutum ya kasance mai ɗorewa (25-33 kg) a duk lokacin tun 1987. A cikin 2017 akwai wadataccen kifi da kayayyakin kifi da aka shigo da su zuwa darajar dala biliyan 0.8 idan aka kwatanta da fitar da kayayyaki na Sweden.

## manazarta