Manufofin muhalli na Amurka

**Manufofin muhalli na [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]** mataki ne na tarayya don tsara ayyukan da ke da tasirin muhalli a Amurka. Manufar manufofin muhalli ita ce kare muhalli ga tsararraki masu zuwa yayin da suke tsoma baki kadan tare da ingancin kasuwanci ko 'yancin mutane da kuma iyakance rashin daidaito ga wanda ke da nauyin muhalli. Tsarin batutuwan muhalli sau da yawa yana tasiri ga yadda ake bunkasa manufofi, musamman lokacin da ake amfani da damuwa game da tattalin arziki ko tsaron kasa don ko dai tabbatarwa ko kalubalantar ayyukan. A matsayin aikinsa na farko da ya kawo a cikin shekarun 1970, Shugaba Richard Nixon ya sanya hannu kan Dokar Manufofin Muhalli ta Amurka (NEPA) a cikin doka a ranar Sabuwar Shekara, 1970. Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Amurka ta fara bikin Ranar Duniya, wanda aka kira "babban fashewar siyasar muhalli ta Amurka, ta kaddamar da kasar a kan hanyar ilmantarwa ta zamantakewa game da gudanar da muhalli da ba a taɓa samu ba ko kuma ta yi ƙoƙari a kowane al'umma. "  NEPA ta kafa cikakkiyar manufofin muhalli na Amurka kuma ta kirkiro abin da ake buƙata don shirya sanarwa don tasirin muhalli don "manyan ayyukan tarayya da ke shafar ingancin muhalli".  Mawallafin muhalli Charles H. Eccleston ya kira NEPA "Magna Carta na muhalli"

Manyan kayan aikin manufofi guda biyu don kare muhalli sune dokoki da abubuwan da ke haifar da su. Amurka ta zaɓi yin amfani da dokoki, da farko ta hanyar tsari. Irin waɗannan ƙa'idodi na iya zuwa ta hanyar ƙa'idodin ƙira da ƙa'idodin aiki. Ka'idodin aiki suna ƙayyade matakan fitarwa kuma bari waɗanda ka'idojin suka rufe su yanke shawarar yadda za a cika waɗannan matakan. Ka'idodin ƙira suna ƙayyade ainihin yadda za a cika ka'idodin aiki. Koyaya, ana sukar ƙa'idodin ƙira a wasu lokuta saboda tsadarsu mai yawa wanda ke jinkirta aikin muhalli, musamman a masana'antun makamashi. A gefe guda, ka'idodin aiki galibi suna ba da sassauci ga kasuwanci - ƙarfafawa don neman sababbin hanyoyi don cimma burin shirin tare da ƙananan sharar gida da farashi kamar yadda zai yiwu.

## Wakilin iko da ikon siyasa

### Ofishin zartarwa
Ikon gwamnati kan Batutuwan muhalli a Amurka ya ragu sosai a matakin kasa, jihohi da na gida. Duk da yake EPA ita ce mafi girman hukumar muhalli, ikonta a kan waɗannan batutuwa ba cikakke ba ne. Kusan dukkanin sassan zartarwa na tarayya suna da wani yanki na ikon muhalli. Wannan rarraba tsarin wani lokacin yana haifar da tilasta aiki ba daidai ba saboda matakan gwamnati daban-daban, dangane da damuwar tattalin arziki na gida da na yanki, na iya ba da fifiko ga ka'idojin muhalli daban. Misali, jihohin da suka dogara sosai da masana'antun man fetur na iya fara amfani da manufofi masu sauƙi fiye da jihohin da ke da tattalin arziki daban-daban.

### Sashen majalisa
Rarraba a cikin reshen zartarwa an sake shi a Majalisa da kuma cikin jihohi. Majalisa tana taka muhimmiyar rawa ta hanyar sauraron majalisa da sa ido. Hakanan yana rinjayar manufofi ta hanyar buga karatu da rahotanni. Kowane memba yawanci yana ɗaukar matsayi na sanarwar kuma wasu suna sanya muhalli ɗaya daga cikin ƙwarewarsu. EPA ita ce damuwa ga fiye da rabin kwamitocin majalisa. Wasu kwamitoci saba'in da ƙananan kwamitoci suna kula da manufofin ingancin ruwa, alal misali. Irin wannan rarrabuwa yana haifar da dama da matsaloli. Duk da yake irin waɗannan kwamitoci iri-iri suna ba da babbar dama ga masu kula da muhalli da ƙungiyoyin masana'antu don yin lobby, rarraba ayyukan yana nufin cewa babu kwamitin ko hukuma da ke kallon matsalolin muhalli gaba ɗaya. Gina yarjejeniyar manufofi a Majalisa ba ta da sauƙi saboda bambancin abubuwan da ke sha'awa da membobin da ke buƙatar biyan damuwarsu.

## Manazarta