Ruwa mai gishiri

**Ruwa Mai gishiri,** shine tsari na kwararar gishiri dake gurɓata yanayin ruwa, wanda zai Iya cutar da nau'in ruwa a wasu Adadi kuma yana lalata ruwan sha  Sau da yawa ana auna shi ta hanyar ƙara yawan adadin ma'adanai da aka narkar da fiye da abin da aka yi la'akari da shi na al'ada don yankin da ake kallo. 

Ana kiran *salinization* na halitta a matsayin salinization na farko; wannan ya hada da ruwan sama, yanayin dutse, kutsawar ruwan teku, da ma'adinan iska.  Salinization da ɗan adam ya haifar ana kiransa salinization na biyu, tare da yin amfani da gishirin hanya mai ƙazantawa a matsayin mafi yawan nau'in zubar da ruwa. Kimanin kusan kashi 37% na magudanar ruwa a Amurka an yi su ne ta hanyar salinization a cikin ƙarni da suka gabata.  EPA ta ayyana kofa biyu don ingantaccen matakan salinity a cikin muhallin ruwan ruwa: 230&nbsp;mg/L Cl - don matsakaicin matakan salinity da 860&nbsp;mg/L Cl - don shigarwar gaggawa. 

## Salinization na farko
Salinity plays a major role in a freshwater organism's attempts to maintain an osmotic balance between ion concentration and their internal fluids. Salinization increases osmotic pressure, thus negatively affecting the chance of an organism's fitness and survival. Higher levels of salinity present in freshwater environments can lead to declining species richness in general observations, though toxicity varies among freshwater species and the identity of the ions that are causing the salinization. Excluding an organism's death, excess salinity may also lead to a decrease in both individual and population fitness via stunted growth during adolescence, decreased feeding ability, oxidative stress, and overall bodily disfigurement.

Yawan ruwan gishiri mai yawa a wuraren da ruwa mai dadi kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa akan ma'auni masu yawan jama'a; za su iya canza mu'amala mai zafi a cikin yanayin halittu  kuma su canza zagayowar sinadarai na zamani zuwa 'sababbin' ta hanyar canza kwararar hanyar fili. Haɓaka yanayin muhalli na iya sauƙaƙe kutsawa na nau'ikan ɓarna waɗanda ke da ikon sarrafa yanayin ruwan gishiri da gishiri 

### Tasiri kan lafiyar dan adam
Yawancin ruwan da mutane ke amfani da su da kuma cinye su a kullum suna samo asali ne daga tushen ruwa mai kyau.  Yawan gishiri mai yawa a cikin wuraren ruwan sha na iya haifar da illoli da yawa ga lafiyar ɗan adam.  Wani bincike da aka yi kan wasu kauyuka biyu da ke gabar teku a Bangladesh ya nuna cewa idan aka sha ruwa mai gurbataccen ruwa mai yawan gishiri, yana iya haifar da al’amuran lafiya kamar su zubar gashi, cututtukan fata, matsalolin ciki, gudawa, da hawan jini.  Yawan gishiri mai yawa a cikin ruwan sha kuma an gano yana da alaƙa da cututtukan zuciya irin su (CVD).  Ruwan ruwan da ke da alkaline da gishiri kuma na iya tattarawa da sakin nau'ikan sinadarai da ke tafiya tare a cikin magudanar ruwa, suna gurɓata tushen ruwan ɗan adam, kuma suna iya haifar da lahani iri-iri ga lafiyar ɗan adam idan an sha.  Wadannan sinadarai masu guba, galibi suna kunshe da karafa da nitrogen mai dauke da mahadi, ko dai an tilasta musu fitar da su daga cikin kasa mai rafi da ions gishiri,  ko kuma gishirin da ke cikin ruwa ya lalata bututu ta hanyar wucewa, yana sakin sinadarai zuwa tushen ruwa.  Misalin abin da ya faru shine a Flint, Michigan . Saboda yawan gishirin da ake samu a kogin Flint daga magudanar ruwan gishirin da ke kusa da titin, ruwan da ke ratsa bututun mazauna ya taimaka wajen lalata da kuma sakin gubar a cikin ruwan sha. 

## Salinization na biyu

Haɗin gwiwar ɗan adam yana haɓaka ƙimar salinization na farko. Ci gaban ƙasa, kamar gine-gine da hakar ma'adinai, yana haifar da abubuwan da aka samu a cikin gadon gado don sakin su daga wuraren da suke da ƙarfi su zo saman, wanda daga nan sai a fallasa su ga haɓakar yanayin yanayi, a ƙarshe yana haifar da leaching ions a cikin hanyoyin ruwa na kusa. Har ila yau, sannan ayyukan noma suna haifar da ban ruwa mai gishiri wanda zai iya shiga cikin ruwa mai tsabta ta hanyar shigar da magungunan kashe qwari iri-iri ko zubar da ruwa mai alaka da kiwo, kuma a dabi'a za a iya kawo ruwan gishiri a fili ta hanyar share ƙasa . 

Chloride a cikin nau'i na chlorine an gane shi a matsayin mafi yawan nau'in gishirin ɗan adam da aka fallasa ga muhalli.  A cikin ayyukan noma, chlorine yana haɗe tare da wasu mahadi don samar da kaushi na ƙwayoyin cuta da ake amfani da su don magance ruwa. Wannan ruwan da aka yi da shi yana motsawa daga filayen zuwa magudanar ruwa inda zai iya wanzuwa na dogon lokaci gaba daya. Tarin chlorine yana yaɗu musamman inda rashin ban ruwa ya faru. Haɓaka matakan chloride na iya haifar da acidification, motsi na mahadi na metalloid ta hanyar musayar ion tare da gadon rafi, ɓata jadawalin hada tafki, ƙoramai da gyare-gyaren alaƙar biotic na ruwa. 

### Tasiri akan kwayoyin ruwa mai dadi
Saboda raɗaɗin jiki, salinity na yanayin ruwa na kwayoyin halitta zai iya yin tasiri mai yawa akan kwanciyar hankali ta salula.  Halittu da ke zaune a cikin yanayin yanayin ruwa mai daɗi suna buƙatar kiyaye ma'aunin osmotic tsakanin ruwan jikinsu da yawan ion a cikin ƙwayoyin su.  Canje-canje a cikin matsa lamba osmotic yana buƙatar makamashi mai yawa kuma zai iya haifar da lalacewar salula da mutuwar salula a cikin kwayoyin halitta.  Canje-canje a cikin matakan salinity yana shafar kwayoyin halitta a cikin yanayin muhallin ruwa kai tsaye da kuma a kaikaice.  Matakan mai guba na ions gishiri na iya haifar da sauye-sauyen ilimin lissafi a cikin nau'in halitta wanda zai iya haifar da illa ga ba kawai mutum ba, har ma da yawan nau'in.  Daban-daban tasirin akan waɗannan kwayoyin halitta na iya yin tasiri a kaikaice gabaɗayan yanayin yanayin ruwan ruwa ta hanyar gyara tsarin al'ummar ruwa da ayyukansu.  Yayin da salinity ke ƙaruwa a cikin yanayin yanayin ruwa mai daɗi, galibi wannan yana haifar da raguwar bambance-bambancen biota da wadata.  Adadin bacewa ga kwayoyin ruwa mai tsafta yana daga cikin mafi girma a cikin duniya,  kuma yayin da matakan gishiri a cikin waɗannan halittun ruwa ke ci gaba da karuwa, ƙarin nau'ikan da mahallin su za su zama barazana da Illa.

Salin salin ruwan daɗaɗɗen ruwa na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga wadatar nau'ikan, bambance-bambance, da abun da ke tattare da al'umma a cikin matakan trophic da yawa. Haɗin gwiwar gasa tsakanin zooplankton na iya canzawa yayin da salinity ke ƙaruwa, manyan nau'ikan  *Simocephalus vetulus* sun ƙetare mafi rinjayen *Daphnia galeata* a ƙarƙashin manyan jiyya na salinity.  Wadatar nau'ikan invertebrate suna raguwa yayin da gishiri ya karu.  Mayflies, stoneflies, da caddisflies, waɗanda ake la'akari da su zama alamomi masu kyau na lafiyar rafi, sun nuna raguwa musamman saboda karuwar salinity.  Wasu nau'in kifi suna yin mummunan tasiri ta hanyar salinization. A cikin ƙananan kogin Pecos, 13 daga cikin nau'in kifi na asali 44 sun bace a wuraren da ake yawan gishiri.  Koyaya, wasu kifin suna nuna raguwa ne kawai lokacin da gishiri ya kai matsananciyar matakan. 

Wani bincike da aka yi a Baltimore ya nuna cewa, a cikin ƙananan matakan chloride, ƙara yawan matakan chloride yana hana tsarin cirewa a cikin tafkuna, wanda ke da mahimmanci don cire nitrate, sakamakon ammoniya daga kifi da sauran kwayoyin ruwa. Ma'aunin Chloride a Arewa maso Gabashin Amurka yana karuwa akan lokaci zuwa kusan giram 5 a kowace lita daga gishirin titi da ake amfani da su a lokacin sanyi. Dukkanin Wannan ɓarkewar yana sa al'ummomin ruwan da ke kusa da birane su sami raguwar bambance-bambancen halittu dama kuma yanayin zafi. 

### Biomodification na gishiri mai guba
Saboda yawan damuwa da ke faruwa a cikin al'ummomin ruwa, ƙara yawan matakan salinization na iya samun tasirin da ba a zata ba ta hanyar hulɗa tare da wasu mahadi. Ciwon salinization na ruwa (FSS) an ambaci shi ya zama sanannen barazana ga ruwan ruwan da ke Arewacin Amurka da Turai .  Haɗin kai tsakanin gishiri da pH, abubuwan gina jiki, karafa, da cations tushe ba a san su sosai ba, kodayake na iya ƙara tsananta al'amuran da ke akwai don yin mummunan tasiri ga ingancin ruwa, ƙididdigar carbon dioxide, da bambancin halittu . Matsakaicin ion na guba na gishiri na iya canza matakin sake kunnawa wani nau'in zai amsa da shi. Don samun damar gane da kyau wasan kwaikwayon barazanar salinity yana buƙatar daidaitattun adadin kowane ion da ake ciki don a lissafta su. Hankali kuma ya bambanta tsakanin jinsuna. Nazarin da ke mayar da hankali kan hulɗar abiotic tare da kwayoyin ruwa mai tsabta sun gano cewa salinity yana da tasiri mai tasiri akan mahadi masu lahani da ake lura da su a mafi yawan lokuta, to amma ba koyaushe ba, wanda ke sa tsarin tsinkaya ya zama mai wahala ga masana kimiyya. 

An haɗu da salinization da alkalization ta hanyar nazarin yankuna masu bushewa a duk faɗin Arewacin Amurka kuma sun yi mummunan tasiri kimanin  37% da 90% na wuraren magudanar ruwa, bi da bi. An fi lura da hulɗar su ta matakan haɓaka pH a cikin rafuka da koguna da aka auna a cikin 232 USGS shafukan a 2018. Daga cikin waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon, 66% sun nuna babban haɓakar pH, sannan Kuma a  yankin da aka fi fama da shi shine birni mai yawan gaske a gabas da tsakiyar yamma. Tare da masu laifin salinization na yau da kullun na kwararar ruwa da kankara na hanya, lemun tsami da siminti suna saurin saukowa don ba da gudummawar ions da gishiri cikin rafukan ruwa. Sanann alamun FSS sun haɗa da tabarbarewar ababen more rayuwa, raguwar rabe-raben halittu, da ƙara yawan gurɓata yanayi a cikin tsarin ruwa. Tare da haɗin gwiwar kwayoyin halitta na photoynthetic, matakan asali na pH na iya shigar da madaidaicin ra'ayi ta hanyar rashi na narkar da carbons a cikin ruwa dangane da adadin da aka narkar da carbon dioxide, don haka ya kara tsananta FSS. 

### Rigakafi da gyarawa
Gyara na iya faruwa ta hanyar ƙirƙirar daidaitaccen tushen bayanai na ƙasa inda ƙananan hukumomi da kamfanoni za su iya ba da rahoton adadi da yawan sinadarai na gishirin hanyar da aka fitar don dalilai na cire ƙanƙara.  Wannan zai taimaka wajen daidaitawa da lura da ions da ake fitarwa zuwa cikin muhalli don haka za'a iya sa ido kan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa na kusa don fallasa a hankali.  Hakanan akwai buƙatar samun daidaitaccen bayanin da ƙwararrun masana kimiyya suka haɓaka wanda ke nuna menene matsakaicin matsakaicin matakan ion gishiri don yanayin yanayin ruwa na yau da kullun.  Wani bincike na Kanada ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da tsire-tsire na halophyte don taimakawa wajen daidaita yanayin gishiri a cikin ƙasa da kuma hana shigar da shi cikin ruwan ƙasa.  Halophytes tsire-tsire ne da ke da juriya ga gishiri, kuma makasudin binciken shine don ganin ko za a iya dasa su a kusa da wuraren da ake amfani da gishiri mai yawa a hanya don hana kutsawa cikin ruwa.  Sakamakon ya nuna cewa lokacin da aka gwada ƙasan da ke kewaye, 11% na Cl ions da 87% na Na ions an kiyaye su a cikin saman ƙasan ƙasa lokacin da halophytes ke nan.  Wannan yana nuna yuwuwar rigakafin kwararar gishirin hanya daga samun ruwa mai kyau. Idan akwai yuwuwar dasa halophytes a kusa da tushen ruwa mai yiwuwa ions gishiri ba zai yi yuwuwar zubewa zuwa tushen ruwan ba kuma ana iya iyakance ko hana salinity. Dangane da wasu halaye masu cutarwa na ɗan adam kamar hakar ma'adinai, masu kiyayewa da masu sa kai suna dasa nau'ikan itatuwan Appalachian na asali da tsare-tsare a wuraren da ake amfani da su a baya don ayyukan hakar ma'adinai. Sake dasa waɗannan tsire-tsire na asali zai yi fatan gyara ƙasar da ayyukan haƙar ma'adinai na saman dutse suka lalata da kuma haɓaka nau'ikan halittu a Appalachia.  Jan spruce wani nau'i ne na asali wanda aka sake dawo dashi saboda mahimmancin ikonsa na tacewa da kama ruwa daga zurfin kwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙasan da ke kewaye.  90% na jajayen bishiyar spruce da aka shuka sun tsira,  wanda ke nuna alƙawarin ƙoƙarin gyarawa ta hanyar amfani da nau'in asali ko na zahiri.

## Manazarta