Howard Hughes

**Howard Robard Hughes Jr.** (Disamba 24, 1905 - Afrilu 5, 1976) injiniyan sararin samaniya ne na Amurka, hamshakin ɗan kasuwa, mai shirya fina-finai, kuma mai saka hannun jari .  Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mutane mafi arziki da tasiri a duniya a lokacin rayuwarsa. Ya fara shahara a matsayin mai shirya fina-finai, sannan kuma a matsayin wani muhimmin mutum a masana'antar sufurin jiragen sama. Daga baya a rayuwarsa, ya shahara da halayensa na musamman da salon rayuwarsa na kaɗaici - abubuwan da suka faru waɗanda wani ɓangare na rashin lafiyarsa mai tsanani (OCD), ciwon da ya yi fama da shi sakamakon hatsarin jirgin sama mai kusan mutuwa, da kuma ƙara jin kurma .

A matsayinsa na hamshakin attajiri, Hughes ya shahara a Hollywood tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1920, lokacin da ya shirya manyan fina-finai masu rahusa kuma waɗanda galibi ke kawo cece-kuce kamar *The Racket* (1928),  *Hell's Angels* (1930),  da *Scarface* (1932). Daga baya ya mallaki ɗakin fim na RKO Pictures a shekarar 1948, wanda a lokacin aka san shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan ɗakunan studio na Big Five a Hollywood, kodayake kamfanin shirya fina-finai ya yi fama da rashin nasara a ƙarƙashin ikonsa kuma daga ƙarshe ya daina aiki a shekarar 1957.

A shekarar 1932, Hughes ya kafa Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Hughes kuma ya shafe shekaru ashirin masu zuwa yana kafa tarihin saurin jiragen sama na duniya da yawa da kuma gina jiragen sama masu tarihi kamar Hughes H-1 Racer (1935) da H-4 Hercules ( Spruce Goose, 1947). [1] [2] : 163, 259 Jirgin H-4 shi ne jirgin ruwa mafi girma da ke tashi a tarihi, wanda ya fi kowanne jirgin sama tsayin fikafikai tun daga lokacin da aka gina shi har zuwa 2019. Ya sayi kuma ya faɗaɗa kamfanin jiragen sama na Trans World Airlines, daga baya ya sayi Air West, ya sake masa suna Hughes Airwest. Hughes ya lashe gasar Harmon Trophy sau biyu (1936 da 1938), gasar Collier Trophy (1938), da kuma lambar zinare ta Congressional Gold Medal (1939) duk saboda nasarorin da ya samu a fannin sufurin jiragen sama a tsawon shekarun 1930. An shigar da shi cikin National Aviation Hall of Fame a shekarar 1973, kuma an saka shi cikin jerin jarumai 51 na jiragen sama na mujallar Flying a shekarar 2013, wanda ke matsayi No. 25.

A cikin shekarunsa na ƙarshe, Hughes ya faɗaɗa daularsa ta kuɗi zuwa ga manyan kasuwanci da dama a Las Vegas, kamar gidaje, otal-otal, gidajen caca, da kafofin watsa labarai. An san shi a lokacin a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane a jihar Nevada, galibi ana yaba masa da mayar da Las Vegas birni mai kyau na duniya. Bayan shekaru da dama na koma bayan hankali da jiki, Hughes ya mutu sakamakon gazawar koda a shekarar 1976. Gadonsa yana nan a hannun Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Howard Hughes da Howard Hughes Holdings Inc.

## Rayuwar farko

Mahaifiyarsa Allene ta mutu a watan Maris na 1922 sakamakon matsalolin da suka shafi ciki a mahaifa . Howard Hughes Sr. ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya a shekarar 1924. Mutuwarsu ta zaburar da Hughes ya haɗa da kafa dakin gwaje-gwajen likitanci a cikin wasiyyar da ya sanya wa hannu a shekarar 1925 yana da shekaru 19. Ba a sabunta wasiyyar Howard Sr. ba tun bayan mutuwar Allene, kuma Hughes Jr. ya gaji kashi 75% na dukiyar iyalin.  A ranar haihuwarsa ta 19, an ayyana Hughes a matsayin ƙaramar yarinya 'yar shekara 19, wanda hakan ya ba shi damar sarrafa rayuwarsa gaba ɗaya. 

Sun ƙaura zuwa Otal ɗin Ambassador, kuma Hughes ya ci gaba da koyon tukin jirgin ruwa mai suna Waco, yayin da yake shirya fim ɗinsa na farko, *Swell Hogan* .  A shekara ta 1929, bayan shekaru huɗu na aure, Ella ta koma Houston ta shigar da ƙarar saki.

## Aikin kasuwanci
Ralph Graves ya shawo kan Hughes ya ba da kuɗin wani ɗan gajeren fim, *Swell Hogan*, wanda Graves ya rubuta kuma zai fito a ciki. Hughes da kansa ya shirya shi. Lokacin da ya nuna shi, ya yi tunanin bala'i ne. Bayan ya ɗauki hayar editan fim don ya yi ƙoƙarin ceto shi, a ƙarshe ya ba da umarnin a lalata shi.  Fina-finansa guda biyu na gaba, *Everybody's Acting* (1926) da *Two Arabian Knights* (1927), sun sami nasarar kuɗi; na biyu ya lashe lambar yabo ta farko ta Academy Award don Mafi Kyawun Daraktan Fim ɗin Barkwanci.  An kuma zaɓi  ' (1928) da  ' (1931) don kyaututtukan Academy Awards .

Hughes ya kashe dala $3.5&nbsp;miliyan don yin fim ɗin tashi mai suna  (1930).  An zaɓi *Hell's Angels* a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka lashe kyautar Academy Award don Best Cinematography .

An fara nuna *fim ɗin The Outlaw* a shekarar 1943, amma ba a fitar da shi a duk faɗin ƙasar ba sai a shekarar 1946. Fim ɗin ya ƙunshi Jane Russell, wadda ta sami kulawa sosai daga masu tace fina-finai a masana'antar, a wannan karon saboda kayan da take sakawa a jiki.  

#### RKO

Daga shekarun 1940 zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1950, Kamfanin Hughes Tool ya shiga masana'antar fina-finai lokacin da ya sami mallakar kamfanonin RKO kaɗan, waɗanda suka haɗa da RKO Pictures, RKO Studios, jerin gidajen sinima da aka sani da RKO Theatres da kuma hanyar sadarwa ta gidajen rediyo da aka sani da RKO Radio Network .

A shekarar 1948, Hughes ya sami ikon mallakar RKO, wani babban gidan talabijin na Hollywood mai fama da wahala, ta hanyar mallakar hannun jari 929,000 mallakar Floyd Odlum 's Atlas Corporation, akan dala $8,825,000 ($118,634,365 a shekarar 2025). Cikin makonni da sayen gidan talabijin, Hughes ya kori ma'aikata 700. Kamfanin ya ragu zuwa hotuna 9 a shekarar farko ta mulkin Hughes; a da RKO yana da matsakaicin maki 30 a kowace shekara.  

A wannan shekarar, 1948, ya sami damar shirya fina-finansa na baya tare da United Artists (UA), *The Outlaw*, *Mad Wednesday*, da *Vendetta* don a mayar da su ga RKO. A madadin cire ukun da aka kammala daga rarrabawar UA, Hughes da James da Theodore Nasser na General Service Studios za su samar da kuɗin fina-finai uku masu zaman kansu don rarrabawa ta UA. Dangane da tattaunawa kai tsaye da RKO, kamfanin ya amince ya cire shirya fim ɗin *Jet Pilot* daga David O. Selznick zuwa Hughes.  Hughes ya shirya fim ɗin a cikin shekarun 1949-1950 kuma ya mallaki RKO kuma daga baya ya rarraba fim ɗin. Duk da haka, ba a fitar da fim ɗin ba sai a shekarar 1957 ta Universal Pictures saboda wani ɓangare na abubuwan da suka faru a RKO Distribution, kuma galibi saboda ƙarin hotunan fina-finan sama da aka ɗauka tsawon shekaru bayan kammala fim ɗin a 1950. Hughes yana yin gyara na ƙarshe kafin fitowar 1957. 

Bayan ya sayi RKO, Hughes ya dakatar da aikin samar da fina-finai a ɗakin studio na tsawon watanni shida, a lokacin ne ya ba da umarnin gudanar da bincike kan sha'awar siyasa ta kowane ma'aikacin RKO da ya rage. Sai bayan ya tabbatar da cewa taurarin da ke ƙarƙashin kwangilar da aka yi wa RKO ba su da wata alaƙa da ake zargi, Hughes ya amince da a mayar da hotunan da aka kammala don a sake ɗaukar su. Wannan ya faru ne musamman ga matan da ke ƙarƙashin kwangilar da aka yi wa RKO a wancan lokacin. Idan Hughes ya ji cewa taurarinsa ba su wakilci ra'ayoyin siyasa da ya so ba ko kuma idan siyasar adawa da kwaminisanci ta fim ba ta bayyana sosai ba, sai ya dakatar da aikin. A shekarar 1952, wani cinikin da aka yi wa ƙungiyar mutane biyar da ke Chicago, wanda biyu daga cikinsu suka yi korafi game da harkokin kasuwancinsu kuma babu wanda ya taɓa yin irin wannan gogewa a masana'antar fina-finai, ya kawo cikas ga ayyukan ɗakin studio a RKO. 

A shekarar 1953, Hughes ya shiga cikin wani babban ƙara a matsayin wani ɓangare na sulhu tsakanin *Amurka da Paramount Pictures, Inc.* Shari'ar Antitrust . Sakamakon zaman sauraren ƙarar, yanayin RKO mai rauni ya fara bayyana. Ƙararraki masu yawa daga masu hannun jari na RKO sun ƙara zama abin haushi ga Hughes. Sun zarge shi da rashin bin ƙa'ida da kuma rashin kula da kamfanoni. Tunda Hughes yana son ya mayar da hankali kan kera jiragen sama da kuma mallakar TWA a lokacin Yaƙin Koriya na 1950 zuwa 1953, Hughes ya yi tayin siyan duk sauran masu hannun jari na RKO don ya kawar da abubuwan da ke raba hankalinsu. 

A ƙarshen shekarar 1954, Hughes ya sami kusan ikon mallakar RKO gaba ɗaya akan kusan dala $24.&nbsp;miliyan, wanda ya zama mallakin babban ɗakin studio na Hollywood tun zamanin fina-finan da ba a yi shiru ba . Watanni shida bayan haka, Hughes ya sayar da ɗakin studio ɗin ga Kamfanin General Tire and Rubber kan dala $25.&nbsp;miliyan. Hughes ya riƙe haƙƙin hotunan da ya shirya da kansa, gami da waɗanda aka yi a RKO. Ya kuma riƙe kwangilar Jane Russell. Ga Howard Hughes, wannan shine ƙarshen shekaru 25 da ya yi yana aiki a masana'antar fina-finai. Duk da haka, sunansa a matsayin mai sihirin kuɗi ya bayyana ba tare da wata matsala ba. A wannan lokacin, RKO ya zama sananne a matsayin gidan shirye-shiryen *fina-finai na noir* na gargajiya, godiya ga ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi da ake buƙata don yin irin waɗannan fina-finai a lokacin mulkin Hughes. An ruwaito cewa Hughes ya bar RKO bayan ya sami dala $6.5&nbsp;ribar mutum miliyan ɗaya.  A cewar Noah Dietrich, Hughes ya sami ribar dala miliyan 10 daga sayar da gidajen sinima kuma ya sami ribar dala miliyan 1 daga mallakarsa na shekaru 7 na RKO.  

### Gidaje
A cewar Noah Dietrich, "Filaye sun zama babban kadara ga daular Hughes". Hughes ya sayi eka 1200 a Culver City don Hughes Aircraft, ya sayi sassa 7 [eka 4,480] a Tucson don masana'antar makami mai linzami ta Falcon, sannan ya sayi eka 25,000 kusa da Las Vegas.  A shekarar 1968, Kamfanin Hughes Tool ya sayi tashar jiragen sama ta North Las Vegas.

Kamfanin Howard Hughes da aka fi sani da Summa Corporation, an kafa shi ne a shekarar 1972 lokacin da kasuwancin kayan aikin mai na Kamfanin Hughes Tool, mallakar Howard Hughes Jr. a lokacin, ya mamaye kasuwar hannayen jari ta New York a ƙarƙashin sunan "Hughes Tool". Wannan ya tilasta wa sauran kasuwancin "na asali" na Kayan aikin Hughes su ɗauki sabon sunan kamfani: "Summa". An karɓi sunan "Summa" — Latin don "mafi girma" — ba tare da amincewar Hughes da kansa ba, wanda ya fi son ya ci gaba da riƙe sunansa a cikin kasuwancin, kuma ya ba da shawarar "HRH Properties" (don Hughes Resorts and Hotels, da kuma haruffan sa na farko). A shekarar 1988, Summa ya sanar da shirye-shiryen Summerlin, wata al'umma da aka tsara musamman, wacce aka sanya wa suna don kakar uba ta Howard Hughes, Jean Amelia Summerlin. 

Da farko ya zauna a Desert Inn, Hughes ya ƙi barin ɗakinsa, sai ya yanke shawarar siyan otal ɗin gaba ɗaya. Hughes ya faɗaɗa daularsa ta kuɗi zuwa ga gidaje, otal-otal, da kafofin watsa labarai na Las Vegas, inda ya kashe kimanin dala miliyan 300, kuma ya yi amfani da ƙarfinsa mai yawa don mallakar otal-otal da yawa da aka sani, musamman wuraren da ke da alaƙa da laifukan da aka tsara . Nan da nan ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane a Las Vegas. Ya taka rawa wajen canza yanayin Las Vegas daga Wild West, kuma daga baya, Mafia / ta shirya tushen laifuka zuwa birni mai kyau na duniya.  Baya ga Desert Inn, Hughes daga ƙarshe zai mallaki Sands, Frontier, Silver Slipper, Castaways, da Landmark da Harold's Club a Reno. A cikin shekaru huɗu da ya yi a Las Vegas, Hughes ya zama babban ma'aikaci a Nevada. 

### Jiragen Sama da sararin samaniya

Wani ɓangare na sha'awar Hughes ta kasuwanci ya haɗa da jiragen sama, kamfanonin jiragen sama, da masana'antar sararin samaniya da tsaro. Hughes, wanda yake sha'awar jiragen sama da kuma matukin jirgi tsawon rayuwarsa, ya tsira daga hatsarin jiragen sama guda huɗu: ɗaya a cikin Thomas-Morse Scout yayin ɗaukar fim ɗin *Hell's Angels*, ɗaya yayin da yake kafa tarihin saurin jiragen sama a cikin Hughes Racer, ɗaya a Lake Mead a 1943, da kuma hatsarin da ya kusa kashewa na Hughes XF-11 a 1946. A Filin Jirgin Sama na Rogers da ke Los Angeles, ya koyi tashi daga majagaba na jiragen sama, ciki har da Moye Stephens da JB Alexander. Ya kafa tarihi da yawa a duniya kuma ya ba da umarnin gina jiragen sama na musamman don kansa yayin da yake jagorantar Hughes Aircraft a filin jirgin sama da ke Glendale, CA. Daga nan yake aiki, jirgin sama mafi mahimmanci a fannin fasaha da ya ba da izini shine Hughes H-1 Racer . A ranar 13 ga Satumba, 1935, Hughes, yana tashi da H-1, ya kafa tarihin saurin jiragen sama na  a kan gwajinsa kusa da Santa Ana, California ( Giuseppe Motta yana kaiwa 362&nbsp;A cikin 1929, George Stainforth ya kai 407.5 a cikin mph kuma ya kai 407.5 a cikin awa ɗaya.&nbsp;A cikin 1931, duka a cikin jiragen ruwa). Wannan ya zama karo na ƙarshe a tarihi da wani jirgin sama da wani mutum mai zaman kansa ya gina ya kafa tarihin saurin gudu a duniya. Shekara ɗaya da rabi bayan haka, a ranar 19 ga Janairu, 1937, yana tashi da H-1 Racer mai tsayin fikafikai, Hughes ya kafa sabon rikodin saurin gudu na duniya ta hanyar tashi ba tare da tsayawa ba daga Los Angeles zuwa Newark cikin awanni bakwai, mintuna 28, da daƙiƙa 25 (ya doke rikodin nasa na baya na awanni tara, mintuna 27). Matsakaicin saurin gudu a ƙasa a lokacin jirgin shine 322. Matsakaicin saurin gudu a ƙasa a lokacin jirgin shine  .   

#### Jirgin Sama na Hughes