Walter Mischel

**Walter Mischel** (  ; 22 ga Fabrairu, 1930&nbsp;– Satumba 12, 2018) ƙwararren masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ne ɗan ƙasar Austria wanda ya ƙware a fannin ka'idar ɗabi'a da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. Shi ne Farfesa Robert Johnston Niven na Humane Letters a Sashen Ilimin Halayyar ɗan adam a Jami'ar Columbia . *Binciken Nazarin Ilimin Halayyar ɗan adam na Janar*, wanda aka buga a shekara ta 2002, ya sanya Mischel a matsayin masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na 25 da aka fi ambato a ƙarni na 20. 

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Mischel a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 1930  a Vienna, Austria, ga Salomon Mischel da tsohuwar Lola Leah Schreck. Shi ɗan'uwan Theodore Mischel ne, wanda ya zama masanin falsafar Amurka.    Lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 8, iyalansa Yahudawa suka gudu tare da shi zuwa Amurka bayan mamayar Nazi a 1938.   Ya girma a Brooklyn, New York City inda ya halarci Jami'ar New York kuma ya sami digirinsa na farko (1951) da digiri na biyu (1953).  Ya ci gaba da karatunsa a ƙarƙashin George Kelly da Julian Rotter a Jami'ar Jihar Ohio, inda ya sami digirinsa na uku a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a 1956. Ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa yana nazarin jinkirin gamsuwa da sakamakon rayuwa na waɗanda suka sami damar kula da kansu lokacin da aka yi karatu.

## Sana'ar ƙwararru
Mischel ta koyar a Jami'ar Colorado daga 1956 zuwa 1958, a Jami'ar Harvard daga 1958 zuwa 1962, da kuma a Jami'ar Stanford daga 1962 zuwa 1983. Tun daga 1983, Mischel tana cikin Sashen Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam a Jami'ar Columbia .

An zaɓe Mischel a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa a shekara ta 2004 da kuma Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekara ta 1991. A shekara ta 2007, an zaɓe Mischel a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar Kimiyyar Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam . Sauran kyaututtukan da Mischel ya samu sun haɗa da lambar yabo ta Musamman ta Kimiyyar Zamani daga Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka, lambar yabo ta Musamman ta Ƙungiyar Masana Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Gwaji, lambar yabo ta Musamman ga lambar yabo ta Mutum na Ƙungiyar Masana Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Zamani da Halayyar Dan Adam, da kuma lambar yabo ta Musamman ta Masana Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka. Shi ne editan *Psychological Review* kuma shi ne shugaban ƙungiyar Masana Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka Sashen Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam da Halayyar Dan Adam da kuma ƙungiyar Bincike a Halayyar Dan Adam .

Mischel ya sami kyautar Jami'ar Louisville Grawemeyer ta 2011 a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam saboda karatunsa kan kame kai. 

## Gudummawa ga ka'idar halaye
A shekarar 1968, Mischel ta buga littafin da ke cike da ce-ce-ku-ce, *Halayyar Mutum da Kimantawa*,  wanda ya haifar da rikicin yanayin tunani a cikin ilimin halayyar mutum. Littafin ya tabo matsalar da ke cikin kimanta halaye wanda Gordon Allport ya fara gano a shekarar 1937. Mischel ta gano cewa nazarin gwaji sau da yawa ya kasa tallafawa ainihin zato na gargajiya na ka'idar halayyar mutum, cewa halayen mutum dangane da tsarin halayen da aka yi nazari a kai (misali lamiri; zamantakewa) ya kasance daidai gwargwado a cikin yanayi daban-daban. Madadin haka, Mischel ta yi gargaɗin cewa halayen mutum ya dogara sosai kan alamun yanayi, maimakon a bayyana su akai-akai a cikin yanayi daban-daban waɗanda suka bambanta a ma'ana. Mischel ta dage cewa ɗabi'a galibi tana da alaƙa da buƙatun wani yanayi kuma cewa ra'ayin cewa mutane suna aiki ta hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin yanayi daban-daban, suna nuna tasirin halayen halayen da ke ƙarƙashinsu, tatsuniya ce.