Banu Makhzum

**Banu Makhzum** ya kasance daya daga cikin ƙabilar Kuraishawa masu arziki.  Ana daukarsu a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan dangogi uku mafi karfi da tasiri a Makka kafin zuwan Musulunci, sauran biyun kuma su ne Banu Hashim (kabilar Annabin Musulunci Muhammad) da kuma Banu Umayya.

## Tarihi

### Lokacin kafin Musulunci
Banu Makhzum sun kasance manyan dangi na babbar ƙungiyar ƙabilar Quraysh wacce ta mamaye Makka. Kodayake a cikin al'adun asalin Larabawa, akwai rassa ashirin da suka fito daga kakan Umar ibn Makhzum, layin al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah ibn Umar ibn Makhizum ya fito ne a matsayin babban dangin Banu Makhzum.  A cewar masanin tarihi Martin Hinds, ba za a iya tabbatar da "tsawon iko da tasirin Makhzum a Makka a cikin karni na 6 AD ba". Bisa ga tushen gargajiya na Larabci, sun kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Ahlaf ("abokan hulɗa") na Quraysh tare da dangin Abd al-Dar, Banu Sahm, Banu Jumah da Banu Adi, a cikin kishiya ga dangin Banu Hashim da Banu Abd Shams .  Zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 6, wani ɗan Makhzum, Hisham ibn al-Mughira, ya girma zuwa irin wannan matsayi a Makka cewa Quraysh ya kafa tsarin soyayya wanda ya fara da mutuwarsa. Iyalinsa, Banu Hisham, daga nan gaba sun zama babban gidan layin Mughira na Makhzum .  A wannan lokacin, Hisham, 'yan uwansa al-Walid, Hashim da Abu Umayya da wasu' ya'yansu maza sun mamaye cinikin Makka da Yemen da Habasha.

### Farkon zamanin Musulunci
Banu Makhzum sun kasance daga cikin manyan abokan adawar annabin Musulunci Muhammadu a Makka a farkon karni na 7.  Ɗaya daga cikin shugabanninsu, Abu Jahl, ya jagoranci adawar Makka ga Musulmai kuma ya shirya kauracewa dangin Muhammadu, Banu Hashim, a cikin kusan 616-618. Musulmai sun sami fa'ida a Yaƙin Badr, suna haifar da asarar nauyi a kan Makhzum, tare da manyan mutane bakwai ko takwas daga layin al-Mughira da aka kashe da kuma kusan daidai da adadi daga wasu layin cadet na dangin. Rashin nasarar da Makhzum ya samu ya haifar da raunana matsayinsu a Makka kuma Banu Abd Shams ya ba da su a karkashin jagorancin Abu Sufyan. Akalla mambobi uku na Makhzum, duk daga rassan cadet, sun yi yaƙi tare da Muhammad a Badr, kuma a lokacin da ya fara cin nasarar Makka a watan Janairun 630, wasu da yawa sun sauya sheka zuwa gare shi, ciki har da daya daga cikin manyan kwamandojin soja, Khalid ibn al-Walid, jikan al-Mughira.  Duk da haka, daga cikin masu adawa da tattaunawa da Muhammad shine Ikrima, ɗan Abu Jahl kuma babban shugaban dangin. Khalid ya shiga cikin cin nasarar birnin kuma Ikrima daga baya ya gudu zuwa Yemen. Shugabannin da suka kasance, watau al-Harith ibn Hisham na layin al-Mughira da Sa'id ibn Yarbu na rassan cadet, sun sulhunta da Muhammad da Banu Makhzum sun zama wani ɓangare na tsarin Musulmi mai tasowa.

Muhammad ya mutu a shekara ta 632 kuma an gafarta wa Ikrima kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, tare da Khalid, a cikin murkushe kabilun Larabawa da suka fice daga jihar musulmi bayan mutuwar Muhammad a cikin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda (632-633).  Ikrima daga baya ya mutu yana yaƙi da sojojin Byzantine, watakila a Yaƙin Ajnadayn, yayin da wasu mambobin Makhzum, al-Muhajir ibn Abi Umayya da Abd Allah ibn Abi Rabi'a ibn al-Mughira suka yi aiki a lokuta daban-daban a matsayin gwamnoni na wani ɓangare ko duka Yemen a ƙarƙashin Khalifan Abu Bakr (r. 632-634) da Umar (r. 634-644).  Matsayin da ya fi dacewa da wani memba na Makhzum a wannan lokacin ya taka shi ne Khalid wanda ya ci nasara a kan Musaylima a cikin Yamama a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda da kuma Byzantines a lokacin mamayar Musulmi na Siriya (634-638).  An nada ɗansa Abd al-Rahman a matsayin gwamnan Homs da Jazira kuma ya yi yaƙi da Byzantines. Zuriyar maza arba'in ko haka na Khalid sun mutu a annoba a Siriya zuwa ƙarshen mulkin Umayyad.

## Shahararrun mambobi
*Fatimah bint Amr, paternal grandmother of Muhammad
*Amr ibn Hishām, better known as "Abu Jahl"
*Walid ibn al-Mughira
*Umm Salama Hind bint Abi Umayya, a wife of Muhammad
*Khalid ibn al-Walid, a companion of Muhammad
*Mughira ibn Abd-Allah
*Hisham ibn al-Mughirah
*Ibn Zaydún, Arab poet of Córdoba and Seville
*Ikrimah ibn Abi Jahl
*Al-Muhajir ibn Abi Umayya

## Duba kuma

* Ƙabilun Larabawa

## Manazarta

## Bayanan littattafai
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