open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
AnnMarie Wolpe

**AnnMarie Wolpe** (1 Disamba 1930 - 14 Fabrairu 2018, née **Kantor**) 'yar gwagwarmayar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata ne na Afirka ta Kudu, masanin zamantakewa, mai ƙare hakkin mata kuma marubuciya. Mijinta Harold Wolpe shi ma ɗan gwagwarmayar yaki da wariyar launin fata ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda aka ɗaure shi tare da Nelson Mandela. Ta tsere daga Afirka ta Kudu bayan kama ta da yi mata tambayoyi. Ta rubuta game da wahalar da ta sha kuma ta kasance cikin ruƙunin farko na edita na *Feminist Review* lokacin da aka kafa shi a shekarar 1979. 

## Rayuwar farko
AnnMarie Kantor an haife a ranar 1 ga watan Disamba 1930 a Johannesburg, 'yar Ibrahim da Pauline (née Braude) Kantor, baƙi Yahudawa daga Lithuania.  Ɗan uwanta shine James Kantor, wanda aka kama amma an wanke shi a cikin shari'ar Rivonia. 

Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Witwatersrand, kuma a can ta haɗu da Harold Wolpe (1926-1996); sun yi aure a watan Nuwamba 1955, kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya uku. 

## Afirka ta Kudu kafin gudun hijira
Wolpe ya yi aiki da ƙungiyar agajin likita ta masana'antar tufafi ta Transvaal, kuma daga baya ta gudanar da asusu na bursary ga ɗaliban Afirka. 

An kama Harold Wolpe a watan Yulin 1963 tare da Nelson Mandela da wasu masu fafutuka na ANC. A lokacin da take kurkuku AnnMarie ta shigar da fayiloli da wasu kayan aiki zuwa cikin kurkukun da aka ɓoye a cikin burodin burodi da gasasshen kaji, kuma ta sanar da ita ta bayanan sirri da ke ɓoye a cikin kwalawar rigar da aka ba ta damar kai gida don wankewa.  Ta tsere daga gidan yari a ranar 11 ga watan watan Agusta tare da wasu masu fafutuka uku, ta hanyar baiwa wani mai tsaron gidan cin hanci. Bayan ta tsere, an kama AnnMarie kuma an yi mata tambayoyi da daddare. Tsoron ƙara kama ta ta tashi zuwa Ingila, ta bar 'ya'yanta uku (shekaru shida, biyar da ƙasa da watanni shida, jaririn yana murmurewa daga mummunan ciwon huhu) tare da abokan iyali. Yara sun bi ta cikin makonni, kuma mijinta ya isa Ingila a watan Oktoba ta Swaziland. Daga baya ta rubuta littafi mai suna *The Long Way Home*, wanda ke kwatanta wannan ɓangare na rayuwarta. 

## Ingila 1963-1991
Wolpe da mijinta duka sun gina ayyukan ilimi a Ingila. Ta fara aiki a sashin nazarin Yugoslavia na Jami'ar Bradford.  Daga nan ta koma Jami'ar Middlesex ta gaba kuma ta kafa shirinta na Nazarin Mata, inda ta sami Ph.D. a can. 

Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin edita na farko don *Bita na Mata*, kuma ta haɗa aikin *Feminism da Materialism* tare da Annette Kuhn. 

## Komawa Afirka ta Kudu
A cikin shekarar 1991 Wolpes sun koma Afirka ta Kudu. Ta yi aiki a Jami'ar Western Cape, da farko a Cibiyar Adult da Ci gaba da Ilimi sannan a cikin Sashin manufofin Ilimi har ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1998.  Daga nan ta jagoranci kwamitin daidaita daidaiton jinsi na ma'aikatar ilimi tare da kafa Cibiyar daidaita daidaiton jinsi a Sashen Ilimi. 

Wolpe ta rasu ne a cikin barcinta a ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairu 2018, tana da shekaru 87, kuma ta bar ‘ya’ya uku da jikoki shida. 

## Wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa
* 
*
* 
* (Reprinted Routledge, 2014, )
*

## Manazarta
Jan Shoba

**Jan Shoba** jigo ne a Azaniya People's Liberation Army, reshen jam'iyyar Pan Africanist Congress (PAC). Ya kasance memba na Babban Kwamandan su. A ƙarshen shekarun 1980s an wargaza reshen soja (APLA) na PAC kuma hankalinsu ya zama batutuwan siyasa da zamantakewa.

An kama Jan Shoba a cikin shekarar 1984 kuma an sanya shi a kurkukun Robben Island. Ya yi nasarar sa hukumomin gidan yarin su amince a kai *jaridar Herald* ta Zimbabwe. Don haka ya sami damar ba da PAC a tsibirin Robben da bayanai masu mahimmanci game da ci gaban siyasa.

A cikin shekarar 1990, bayan shawarwarin Harare da aka yi shawarwari an sake shi daga kurkuku. An ɗora shi a kan harkokin tsaro na jam’iyyar, wanda watakila ya taka rawa wajen rasuwarsa.

A cikin rahoton Gaskiya da Sasantawa an bayyana cewa Jan Shoba ya horar da mambobin PAC kan amfani da bindigogi a watan Yunin 1991. A lokacin PAC ta haɓaka aikin "Great Storm", wanda aka tsara don sanya tsoro ga manoma. 

Yiwuwar shigar Jan Shoba a cikin "Great Storm" na iya zama dalilin mutuwarsa. An kashe shi ne a kofar gidansa a Atteridgeville - har yanzu ba a san waɗanda suka kashe shi ba.

A cikin watan Mayu 2012, Duncan Street a Pretoria an sake masa suna Jan Shoba. 

## Manazarta
Cape Malays

Cape Malays (a cikin Afrikaans: Kaapse Maleiers, da kuma کاپز ملیس a haruffan Larabci), waɗanda ake kuma kira Cape Muslims ko Malays, wata al’umma ce ta Musulmai ko kuma ƙabila a Afirka ta Kudu. Su ne zuriyar bayi da kuma ’yantattu Musulmai daga sassa daban-daban na duniya, musamman daga Indonesia (wanda a wancan lokacin ake kira Dutch East Indies) da wasu ƙasashen Asiya, waɗanda suka zauna a Cape a lokacin mulkin Holland da Birtaniya.
Ko da yake farkon mambobin wannan al’umma sun fito ne daga ƙasashen mallakar Holland na kudu maso gabashin Asiya, zuwa shekarun 1800 an fara amfani da kalmar “Malay” don kiran dukkan Musulman da ke Cape, ba tare da la’akari da asali ba. Tunda suna amfani da yaren Malay a matsayin yaren sadarwa da kuma koyar da addini, sai al’ummar ta zama sananniya da sunan “Malays.”
Yawancin Malays suna zaune ne a yankin Cape Town. Wannan al’umma ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin addinin Musulunci a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma al’adunsu na girke-girke sun zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na abincin gargajiya na ƙasar. Malays sun taimaka wajen haɓaka harshen Afrikaans a rubuce, inda a farko suka riƙa amfani da haruffan Larabci.
A zamanin mulkin wariyar launin fata (apartheid), an ware kalmar “Malay” a matsayin wani rukuni ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar masu launin fata (Coloured) ta doka.
## Tarihi
Karin bayani: Islam a Afirka ta Kudu § Lokacin VOC
Kamfanin Dutch East India (VOC) ya kafa wata mallaka a Cape of Good Hope (wanda ake kira Dutch Cape Colony) a matsayin wuri na sauka da cika kaya ga jiragen ruwa masu tafiya tsakanin Turai da Asiya, wanda daga baya ya zama birnin Cape Town. Har ila yau, Hollandawa sun mamaye Dutch East Indies (wanda a yau ake kira Indonesia), wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na daular Holland na tsawon ƙarni da dama, da kuma Dutch Malacca, wanda suka riƙe daga 1641 har zuwa 1824. Shuwagabannin Musulunci irin su Sheikh Yusuf, wani hamshakin ɗan mulkin Makassar kuma malami daga Sulawesi, wanda ya yi wa kamfanin turawan mulkin mallaka (VOC) tawaye a yankin kudu maso gabashin Asiya, an yi masa kora zuwa Afirka ta Kudu. Bayan sa kuma, bayi daga wasu sassan Asiya da Afirka suka biyo. Ko da yake ba a iya sanin ainihin asalin bayi da aka kawo Cape da cikakken tabbas ba, an kiyasta cewa kaso madaidaici ne aka kawo daga Malagasi, Indiyawa, Insulindiyawa (mutanen kudu maso gabashin Asiya), da kuma Afirikawa na nahiyar. Wasu rahotanni sun nuna cewa mafi yawan bayi sun fito ne daga Madagascar.
Yawan 'yan siyasar Musulmi da aka kira “Indiaanen” da “Mohammedaanen” daga kudu maso gabashin Asiya an tsare su a tsibirin Robben Island. Daga cikin su akwai Tuan Guru, babban limamin farko a Afirka ta Kudu. Sheikh Madura ma an kora shi a cikin shekarun 1740s kuma ya rasu a Robben Island; har yanzu maƙabar sa (kramat) na nan.

## Manazarta
Mark Thabo Weinberg

**Mark Thabo Weinberg** (5 Janairu 1974 - 28 Janairu 2025    ) ɗan gwagwarmayar gurguzu na Afirka ta Kudu ne wanda aka fi sani da rawar da ya taka wajen ƙirƙira da nasarar yaƙin neman zaɓe na Right2Know ("R2K"). Shi ɗa ne ga Sheila Weinberg, kuma jikan Eli  da Violet Weinberg,  duk fitattun masu fafutukar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata ne. Gudunmawar iyali ga gwagwarmayar tabbatar da adalci an girmama ta ta hanyar sanya sunan wurin shakatawa  a Johannesburg. A lokacin mutuwarsa, Weinberg ya kasance Babban Sakatare na Yetu Infotech Collective,  da kuma yin aiki a kan kwamitocin ƙungiyoyin jama'a irin su AIDC  da Cape Town TV.

## Yarantaka da kuruciya
Weinberg ya girma a matsayin ɗa tilo na iyayen kaɗaici  wanda ya sha wahala da tsangwama, kamar yadda iyayenta suka yi (wanda aka kora daga 1976 da 1977 bi da bi) da abokanta. Bayan shaida gwagwarmayar mahaifiyarsa (misali don samun damar ziyartar kakarsa da aka yi gudun hijira bayan mutuwar kakansa), ya shaida yadda ta shiga cikin muhimman lokuta a gwagwarmayar yaki da wariyar launin fata kamar 1983 da kaddamar da United Democratic Front da kuma 1985 na gwaji na Mosiuoa Lekota da Popo Molefe. Duk da haka, a ƙarshen shekarunsa an sami nasarorin farko a gwagwarmayar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata kamar sakin Nelson Mandela a shekarar 1991 da kuma haramta taron majalisar dokokin Afirka, da kuma a matakin kansa, dawowar kakarsa daga gudun hijira. A cikin shekarar 1994 an zaɓi mahaifiyarsa mamba a majalisar dokokin lardin Gauteng inda ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 10.

## Aiki da gwagwarmaya
Weinberg ya fara gwagwarmaya mai zaman kanta lokacin da ya shiga Jami'ar Witwatersrand. Kwarewarsa ta kafafen yaɗa labarai ta ɗalibai ta sa shi shiga kafafen yaɗa labarai bayan ya bar jami'a ba tare da ya kammala digiri ba. Daga nan sai ya zarce ta ƙungiyoyin farar hula daban-daban, inda ya samu gogewa wanda daga ƙarshe ya ba shi damar gudanar da ayyukan kafa a sabbin kungiyoyi.

R2K, wanda ya kasance mai gudanarwa na ƙasa  da kuma wanda ya kafa, ya kasance mai mahimmanci don tattarawa ba kawai masu fafutuka na asali ba, amma masu sana'a, malamai da "manufofin siyasa."  An kafa shi ne don mayar da martani ga Dokar Kare Bayanan Jiha, wanda ke neman rarraba bayanai da dama na jama'a.

Ana iya auna mahimmancin R2K daga gaskiyar cewa a ƙarƙashin Shugaba Jacob Zuma, Hukumar Tsaro ta Jihar ta yi niyya don kutsawa, don dalilai na sa ido da/ ko tada zaune tsaye,  kamar yadda Hukumar Zondo ta bayyana.

Aikin ƙarshe na Weinberg, Yetu Infotech Collective, yana nufin magance rarrabuwar dijital a cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri

Weinberg ya auri Celeste Fortuin; sun haifi 'ya'ya uku: Liam sai tagwaye Sasha da Luka. Mutuwar sa na bazata ta faru ne a gidansu na Harfield Village, Cape Town.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
http://www.theright2know.org/

https://web.archive.org/web/20200115121620/http://www.r2k.org.za/

https://web.archive.org/web/20250219170909/https://yetu.coop/
Jean Sindab

**Jean Sindab** (Oktoba 23, 1944 - Janairu 8, 1996) 'yar fafutuka ce na adawa da wariyar launin fata na duniya, masani, kuma mai fafutuka. Sindab ta kasance babbar darektar ofishin Washington kan Afirka daga shekarun 1980 zuwa 1986, ƙungiyar da ta yi aiki kan tasirin manufofin harkokin wajen Amurka kan Afirka ta Kudu da mulkin wariyar launin fata na Namibiya.  Har ila yau Sindab ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga Cibiyar King don Rashin Tashin hankali da kuma hukumomin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya guda biyu: Majalisar Namibiya da Cibiyar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da Yaki da Wariyar da nuna wariyar launin fata  A ƙarshen 1980s ta ƙaura zuwa Geneva, Switzerland kuma ta kasance babban sakatare kuma shugabar shirin yaƙi da wariyar launin fata na Majalisar Ikklisiya ta Duniya.

Ta koma Amurka a takaice a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Jesse Jackson da ƙungiyar Rainbow Coalition daga shekarun 1986 ta hanyar yakin neman zaben shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 1988 na Jackson.  Ta koma Amurka da kyau a cikin shekarar 1991 kuma ta ci gaba da aikinta tare da Majalisar Ikklisiya ta Kristi ta ƙasa.  

Sindab ta damu da haɗin kai kuma sau da yawa ta yi magana game da "dogara tsakanin nau'o'in zalunci daban-daban, musamman jinsi, jinsi, da aji." 

## Ilimi
Sindab ta yi karatun digiri na farko a Kwalejin Hunter. Ta yi digirin digirgir a fannin Kimiyyar Siyasa da huldar ƙasa da ƙasa a Jami'ar Yale, sannan ta kammala digirin digirgir a fannin kimiyyar siyasa da albarkatun bil'adama a can a shekarar 1984.  Kundin karatunta mai taken *Tasirin ’yan ƙasashen waje kan ci gaban Zambia*. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Sindab Nellie Jean Pitts a Cleveland, Ohio kuma ta girma a birnin New York, ɗaya daga cikin 'yan'uwa mata shida.  Ta mutu daga ciwon nono a shekarar 1996. Ana gudanar da takaddunta a Cibiyar Bincike a cikin Al'adun Baƙar fata na Schomburg a Laburaren Jama'a na New York. 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Takardun Jean Sindab a NYPL
Jean Middleton

**Jean Middleton** (30 Agusta 1928 - 14 Disamba 2010) 'yar gwagwarmayar wariyar launin fata ce a Afirka ta Kudu. An haife ta a Durban kuma ta sami horo a matsayin malama. Ta auri Harold Strachan. Middleton ta koma Johannesburg kuma ta zama mai fafutuka a cikin Congress of Democrats sannan Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Afirka ta Kudu. Ta taimaka wa Nelson Mandela ta hanyar barin shi ya yi amfani da gidanta. An ɗaure ta, an tsare ta a gidan yari, sannan kuma an hana ta yin aiki ko tarayya da wasu. Middleton ta koma Burtaniya kuma ta koyar da Ingilishi a Landan. A shekarar 1991 ta koma Afirka ta Kudu inda ta yi editan *Umsebenzi*.  A cikin shekarar 1998 an buga littafinta *mai suna Convictions: wata mace fursuna siyasa ta tuna*.  A ƙarshen rayuwarta ta yi fama da emphysema kuma ta koma Biritaniya. 

## Manazarta
Iranian Azerbaijanis

Ana samun su da farko aciki kuma 'yan asalin yankin Azerbaijan ta Iran ne ciki har da larduna na (Gabas ta Azerbaijan, Ardabil, Zanjan, Yammacin Azerbaijan)    kuma acikin ƙananan lambobi, a wasu larduna kamar Kurdistan, Qazvin, Hamadan, Gilan, Markazi da Kermanshah. Har ila yau, 'yan Azerbaijan na Iran sun kasance' yan tsiraru a Tehran, Karaj, da kuma sauran yankuna.

## Manazarta
Anton Lubowski

**Anton Theodor Eberhard August Lubowski** (3 Fabrairu 1952 &#x2013; 12 Satumba 1989) ya kasance mai fafutukar yaki da wariyar launin fata na Namibiya kuma mai ba da shawara. Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar mutanen Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma (SWAPO). A cikin shekarar 1989 ma'aikatan Ofishin Haɗin gwiwar Jama'a na Afirka ta Kudu ne suka kashe shi. A cikin shekarar 2015 an ayyana shi a matsayin Jarumi na ƙasa kuma an sake binne gawarsa a Acre na Heroes na ƙasa a wajen Windhoek.

## Ilimi da farkon rayuwa
An haifi Lubowski a Lüderitz, Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma,  mahaifinsa ɗan Jamus ne da mahaifiyar sa 'yarAfrikaner. A cikin shekarar 1960 dangin sun ƙaura zuwa gonarsu a Aus. Daga shekarar 1965 Lubowski ya halarci Paul Roos Gymnasium a Stellenbosch, Afirka ta Kudu.  Sannan ya yi horon aikin soji na shekara guda tare da rundunar tsaron Afirka ta Kudu a Pretoria, kafin ya halarci jami'ar Stellenbosch don samun digiri na biyu a jami'ar Cape Town da digirin digirgir (LLB). 

Ya auri Gabriele Schuster a shekarar 1976, ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu. A shekarar 1978 sun koma Windhoek inda Lubowski ya fara aiki a matsayin lauya. 

## Aikin siyasa
A matsayin mai ba da shawara ya kasance memba na Windhoek Bar. Ya kare fursunonin siyasa kuma ya shiga cikin ƙungiyar kwadago ta Namibia a matsayin sakataren kuɗi da gudanarwa na ƙungiyar ma'aikatan Namibiya ta ƙasa  (NUNW). Ya shiga SWAPO a hukumance a shekarar 1984.  Kafin 1989, ba shi da wani muƙami a hukumance a hukumance amma ya sha yin jawabai akai-akai a madadin SWAPO. Ya ƙaddamar da NAMLAW Project, ƙungiyar bincike ta shari'a don tsara dokoki ga Namibiya bayan samun 'yancin kai. Ya sami lambar yabo ta Bruno Kreisky na Austrian don ayyuka ga 'yancin ɗan adam. A matsayinsa na ɗan gwagwarmayar SWAPO hukumomin Afirka ta Kudu na tsare shi har sau shida. A shekarar 1989 ya zama mataimakin sakataren kuɗi da gudanarwa a hukumar zaɓe ta SWAPO. Jim kaɗan kafin rasuwarsa ya zama memba na kwamitin tsakiya na SWAPO.

## Kisa da tunawa
Da maraice na ranar 12 ga watan Satumba 1989, gungun maharan sun harbe Lubowski a gaban gidansa a titin Sanderburg a tsakiyar Windhoek. An same shi da harbe-harbe da dama daga bindiga kirar AK-47 kuma ya mutu sakamakon harbin da aka yi masa a kai.   Jami'an hukumar haɗin kan fararen hula ta Afirka ta Kudu na da hannu a harin. 

A ranar 26 ga watan Agusta 2015, Ranar Jaruman Namibiya, an sake binne Lubowski a Acre na Jarumi na Namibiya. 

An kwatanta rayuwar Lubowski a cikin littafin tarihin gwauruwar sa da ya buga *a kan Solid Ground*.  Kisan Lubowski wani ɓangare ne na tarihin baya a cikin littafin Bernhard Jaumann *The Hour of the Jackal*.  'Yar Lubowski Nadja ita ce ke jagorantar Anton Lubowski Educational Trust, kungiyar agaji don tunawa da shi. Jami'ar Stellenbosch tana gudanar da lacca na tunawa na shekara-shekara da sunansa. 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Anton Lubowski Educational Trust Yanar Gizo
* Yanar Gizo na Son Almo Lubowski www.almolubowski.com
Louise Asmal

**Louise Asmal** (4 ga Agusta 1938- [23 Nuwamba 2024) 'yar gwagwarmayar kare hakkin jama'a ce haifaffiyar Ingilishi, mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma marubuciya mai daraja kuma mai bincike. Ta kafa kungiyar yaki da wariyar launin fata ta Irish tare da mijinta Kader Asmal da aka haifa a Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1964 kuma ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kawo ƙarshen mulkin wariyar launin fata na Afirka ta Kudu.  

## Rayuwar Farko
An haifi Mary Louise Parkinson kusa da Birmingham, Ingila zuwa Roy da Phyllis Parkinson. Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Stover a Devon kafin ta kammala karatunta a Kwalejin Jami'ar London a shekarar 1956. Aikinta na farko shine sakatariyar gudanarwa na Majalisar 'Yancin Jama'a ta kasa a Landan. A farkon shekarun 1960 ta haɗu da mijinta Kader Asmal. Ya fito daga Afirka ta Kudu, amma ya koma Landan a shekarar 1959 don yin karatu. 

## Gwagwarmaya
Louise da Kader sun haɗu a wani taron tattara kuɗaɗe na yaki da wariyar launin fata a London kuma sun yi aure a shekarar 1961.  An hana su shiga mulkin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu a ƙarƙashin Dokar Hana Haɗin Aure na 1949 . Dokar, wacce ta haramtawa farar fata auren mutanen wasu jinsi, na ɗaya daga cikin dokoki na nuna wariya na farko da aka yi a zamanin mulkin wariyar launin fata. An yi wa dokar kwaskwarima a shekara ta 1968 don yin tanadin ta don lalata auren jinsi da aka yi yarjejeniya a wasu ƙasashe.

Ba da daɗewa ba suka ƙaura zuwa Dublin, inda za su zauna na shekaru 28. Tare da mijinta ta yi aiki tuƙuru don wayar da kan jama'a game da mulkin wariyar launin fata na Afirka ta Kudu, kuma hakan ya ba da gudummawa ga Ireland ta zama ƙasa ta farko ta yamma da ta hana shigo da kayayyaki daga Afirka ta Kudu.  

A cikin shekarar 1964 an kafa ƙungiyar Anti-Apartheid ta Irish tare da Louise da mijinta suna taka muhimmiyar rawa. Louise ta yi aiki a matsayin Sakatariyar Daraja daga shekarun 1965 zuwa 1990.  Gidan Asmal a Foxrock ya zama kullum aiki. Louise ta yi iƙirarin cewa an tsara Dokar Haƙƙin Afirka ta Kudu a cikin gidansu - tare da rubuce-rubucen Kader a cikin dafa abinci, Albie Sachs ta rubuta a ɗakin cin abinci, kuma Louise da kanta tana buga rubuce-rubucen su a cikin abin da zai zama ɗaya daga cikin takaddun seminal a cikin ci gaban Afirka ta Kudu, wanda daga baya aka shigar da shi cikin sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu. 

## Rayuwa ta baya
Bayan kawo karshen mulkin wariyar launin fata, Louise da Kader sun koma Cape Town inda ban da aikinta na marubuciya, mai bincike, mai gudanarwa da mai fafutuka, Louise ta zama memba na Cibiyar Shari'a da Sulhun Afirka ta Kudu. Mijinta ya zama Ministan Ilimi. 

Bayan rasuwarta a shekarar 2024 shugaban ƙasar Ireland Michael D. Higgins da shugaban ƙasar Afrika ta kudu Ramaphosa sun jinjinawa Louise saboda gudunmawar da ta bayar a wannan yunkuri.  

## Manazarta
Hanef Bhamjee

**Mohamed Hanef Bhamjee** (1 Disamba 1946 - 8 Janairu 2022), wanda aka fi sani da **Hanef** **Bhamjee**, ɗan Afirka ta Kudu-Biritaniya ne kuma mai shirya fafutuka a cikin Ƙungiyar Anti-Apartheid ta Biritaniya kuma Sakataren Ƙungiyar Anti-Apartheid ta Wales daga shekarun 1981 zuwa 1994.

## Rayuwar farko a Afirka ta Kudu
An haifi Bhamjee a ranar 1 ga watan Disamba 1946 a Wolmaransstad a tsohon lardin Transvaal na Afirka ta Kudu. Ɗan uwansa, Yusuf Bhamjee, shi ma ɗan gwagwarmaya ne kuma ɗan siyasa. Ya yi karatu a Pietermaritzburg, Bhamjee ya shiga cikin siyasar matasa masu adawa da wariyar launin fata da Majalisar Natal Indian Congress. A matsayinsa na ɗalibin Sakandare, an ɗauke shi aiki ya zama ɗan ƙaramin memba na kungiyar nazarin siyasa da ke Pietermaritzburg wanda har da Harry Gwala da sauran jiga-jigan jam'iyyar National Congress na Afirka. Ya tafi Burtaniya a shekarar 1965, yana da shekaru 18, don guje wa tsanantawa.

## Rayuwa a Biritaniya
Bhamjee ya zo Wales a shekarar 1972, inda kungiyar Anti-Apartheid ta riga ta fara aiki a Cardiff, Newport da Swansea.  An kafa kungiyar ta Wales Anti-apartheid Movement (WAAM) a cikin shekarar 1981 kuma Bhamjee shine Sakatare har zuwa rushewarta a shekarar 1994.  Ya yi nasarar haɓaka motsi zuwa cibiyar sadarwa na rassa 22 a faɗin Wales.  Gidan Bhamjee da ke Cardiff ya kasance ofishin masu motsi a Wales, duk da cewa an kai masa hari, inda aka lalata motarsa da Bhamjee da kansa wasu ‘yan daba suka yi masa duka.  Cibiyar sadarwa ta sami damar shirya zanga-zangar ɗaruruwan da yawa a takaice, don nuna adawa da rangadin ƙungiyoyin rugby na Afirka ta Kudu. 

An mayar da kadarorin WAAM zuwa Action for Southern Africa (ACTSA) Wales. Bhamjee ya zama Sakataren ACTSA Wales da Wales Anti-Racist Alliance.

An ba shi lambar yabo ta Daular Biritaniya a cikin girmamawar ranar haihuwa ta 2003, saboda "ayyukan da suka shafi dangantakar jinsi, kungiyar Wales Anti-Apartheid Movement da kuma ɓangaren sadaka da na sa kai".  A cikin shekarar 2009 Bhamjee ya koma Afirka ta Kudu don ba shi lambar yabo ta Mahatma Gandhi don yin sulhu da zaman lafiya.  

A cikin shekarar 2013, an umurci Bhamjee ya rubuta littafi game da rawar da Wales ta taka a yakin da ake yi da wariyar launin fata.  *WAAM: An buga Tarihin Ƙungiyar Anti-Apartheid ta Wales* a cikin shekarar 2016 ta Seren Books.

Bhamjee ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya a Cardiff. Ya mutu ranar 8 ga watan Janairu, 2022.

## Manazarta
Fassarar google

Google Translate sabis ne na fassarar injin jijiya na harsuna da yawa wanda Google ya haɓaka don fassara rubutu, takardu da gidajen yanar gizo daga wannan harshe zuwa wani. Yana ba da hanyar haɗin yanar gizo, aikace-aikacen wayar hannu don Android da iOS, da kuma API wanda ke taimaka wa masu haɓaka haɓaka haɓakar burauza da aikace-aikacen software.[3] Tun daga watan Yuni 2025, Google Translate yana tallafawa harsuna 249 da nau'ikan harshe a matakai daban-daban.[4][5] Ya yi hidima fiye da mutane miliyan 200 a kullum a cikin Mayu 2013, [6] da sama da masu amfani da miliyan 500 tun daga Afrilu 2016, [7] tare da fiye da kalmomi biliyan 100 da aka fassara kowace rana.

An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin Afrilu 2006 a matsayin sabis na fassarar injin ƙididdiga, tun asali ta yi amfani da takaddun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da na Majalisar Turai da kwafi don tattara bayanan harshe. Maimakon fassara harsuna kai tsaye, ya fara fassara rubutu zuwa Turanci sannan ya karkata zuwa ga harshen da aka yi niyya a yawancin harukan yaren da ya sanya a cikin grid ɗinsa,[8] tare da wasu keɓantawa ciki har da Catalan-Spanish.[9] A yayin fassarar, ta nemo alamu a cikin miliyoyin takardu don taimakawa wajen yanke shawarar waɗanne kalmomin da za a zaɓa da yadda za a tsara su cikin yaren da ake nufi. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ta yi amfani da tsarin ilmantarwa mai zurfi don ƙarfafa fassarorinsa. Daidaiton sa, wanda aka yi suka[da wane?] a lokuta da dama,[10] an auna shi ya bambanta sosai a cikin harsuna.[11] A cikin Nuwamba 2016, Google ya ba da sanarwar cewa Google Translate zai canza zuwa injin fassarar injin jijiya - Google Neural Machine Translation (GNMT) - [2]
Majalisar zartarwa ta Jiha (Nijeriya)

A cikin Tarayyar Najeriya, majalisun zartarwa na jihohi (wanda aka fi sani da "cabinets") sune mafi girman tsarin gwamnoni a cikin gwamnatocin jihohi da ke jagoranta.

## Ayyuka
Kwamitin zartarwa na majalisar yana da alhakin ba da shawara da taimakawa gwamnan wajen aiwatar da ayyukansu na hukuma. Kamar yadda duk mambobinta ban da mataimakin gwamna ke naɗawa, mutanen da aka naɗa su yi aiki a cikin majalisa na iya korar su ko sake naɗa su zuwa wasu muƙamai bisa ga ra'ayin gwamna. Haka nan za'a iya rushe dukkan Muƙaman Majalisar idan gwamnan yana so a sake fasalin gaba ɗaya ko kuma a ba da amincewa da gwamnan.

## Tsarin gaba ɗaya
Yawancin lokaci (dangane da jihar) ya ƙunshi gwamnan, Mataimakin Gwamna, Sakataren Gwamnatin Jiha, Shugaban Ma'aikata, shugaban Ma'aikatan Jiha, kwamishinonin da ke jagorantar sassan ministoci, tare da mataimaka na musamman da masu ba da shawara ga gwamnan da mataimakin su. Gwamna ya sanya ayyuka ga kwamishinoni, waɗanda aka ba su fayiloli a cikin yankunansu na alhakin.

## Jerin majalisun zartarwa
 

## Dubi kuma

* Kwamitin zartarwa (Afirka ta Kudu) 

## Manazarta
Abubuwan da mata suka fi maza ƙwarewa a kai

Abubuwa 10 da mata suka fi maza ƙwarewa a kai

Duk da cewa an daɗe ana kallon mata a matsayin masu rauni idan aka kwatanta su da maza, wasu bincike da aka yi suna nuna akwai abubuwa da matan suka fi maza.

Mata sun fi maza juriya wajen gudanar da aikace-aikace da dama a tare da isar da saƙo sama da maza. Sannan sun fi haƙuri da juriya.

Bayan haka, mata sun fi ƙwarewa wajen tsare-tsare da magance matsaloli da ma kula da na kusa da su.

Wannan ba ya nufin maza ba su da waɗannan siffofin, ko kuma maza ba sa nuna ƙwarewa

1. Haɗa ayyuka da dama a lokaci ɗaya

Wannan ba abin mamaki ba ne. Mata suna iya aiwatar da ayyuka da dama a lokaci ɗaya, musamman yadda suke gudanar da aikace-aikacen gida. Misali yadda suke iya haɗa girki a shayar da jariri Da share-share da kula da yara.

Jami'ar Glasgow ta fitar da samakamon wani bincike, wanda ya bayyana cewa mata sun fi maza wannan ƙoƙarin. Sun yi nazarin ne ta hanyar tambayar mutane su nemo wani makulli da ya ɓace a daidai lokacin da suke amsa waya

2: Koyon ilimi

Duk da cewa mata ba za su fi maza kaifin basira ba, bincike ya nuna sun fi mazan saurin koyon sabon abu, kamar yadda binciken Jami'ar Georgia da ta Columbia ya nuna.

Binciken ya nuna mata sun fi maza ƙwarewa wajen mayar da hankali da dagiya da sauƙin shiga sabon yanayin neman ilimi.

## 3: Saurin kammala makaranta
Wannan na yiwuwa ne saboda wasu abubuwa da dama. Mata sun fi iya haɗa ayyuka da dama da isar da saƙo sama da maza, wanda hakan zai taimaka musu wajen samun nasara a makaranta.

Haka kuma mata sun fi haƙuri, wanda shi ma zai taimaka musu wajen juriya da wahalhalun makaranta.

4: Juriya

5: Garkuwar jiki

6: Kwarewa wajen isar da saƙo

7: Tsawon Rayuwa

8:  Sauraron bayani

9: Magance Matsala

10: Jagoranci..

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Azule

An yi **yakin Azule** ne a ranar 6 ga Satumba 1886, tsakanin sojojin *Ras* Darge Sahle Selassie na Shewa da kuma rundunar Arsi Oromo . Yana daga cikin jerin kamfen na faɗaɗa da aka yi a ƙarƙashin Menelik II, *Negus* na Shewa, wanda wasu masana tarihi ke kira da Agar Maqnat. Yakin Azule yana da muhimmanci domin yana wakiltar murkushe manyan sojojin Arsi da daya karkashin Menelik ya yi; ya kuma nuna irin rawar da Shewawan da ke rike da bindigogi ke yakar Arsi masu rike da mashi wanda masana tarihi da dama ke son jaddadawa a lokacin da suke tattaunawa kan yadda Menelik ya fadada; Hakanan yana riƙe da mahimmancin alama da tarihi a cikin siyasa da fahimi na mutane da yawa.

## Fage

*Ras* Darge Sahle Selassie ya isa kasar Arsi tare da sojojin *Negus* Menelik II . Ko da yake Menelik II daga ƙarshe ya bar ƙasar Arsi, Darghe ya zauna ya kafa *Katama* (kusan: garrison / sansani) a Azule. *Katama* yana da yadudduka 3, kowanne an gina shi da bango. 

## Yaƙi
Ras Darge Sahle Selassie, ta hanyar amfani da masu ba da labari, ya san shirin Arsi na kai wa Katama hari a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1886. Saboda haka, ya shirya 'yan bindigarsa tare da bango na biyu na Katama . Darghe ya shiryawa ‘yan bindigar sa wuta har sai da Arsi suka samu nasarar shiga rukunin farko na Katama . Ta wannan hanyar, za su kasance cikin tarko lokacin da aka ba da umarnin fara harbe-harbe. Lokacin da 'yan kabilar Oromon Arsi suka kai hari, 'yan bindigar Darghe, ko dai sun tsorata ko kuma suka fara murna, suka bude wuta kafin umarnin Darghe . Sakamakon har yanzu ya kasance babban nasarar Shewan, amma yawancin majiyoyi sun ruwaito Darghe yana azabtar da kwamandojinsa, wadanda wasunsu 'ya'yansa ne. A cikin watannin da suka biyo bayan wannan nasara, Darge ya fatattaki Arsi amma bai matsa zuwa yankin kudancin Bale ba.

## ambato

## Magana

* 
*
Musiliudeen Akinremi

**Musiliudeen Olaide Akinremi** (yana yi rayuwa a tsakanin shekarun 1973-2024) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Wakilai na tsawon shekaru biyu wanda ke wakiltar mazaɓar Ibadan ta Arewa ta Jihar Oyo a ƙarƙashin inuwar jam'iyyar All Progressive Congress (APC). Ya mutu a cikin watan Yulin shekarar 2024 yana da shekaru 51.  

## Manazarta
Hamza Al-Mustapha

**Hamza Al-Mustapha** (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan Yulin shekarar 1960) Manjo ne na sojan Najeriya mai ritaya, jami’in leken asiri kuma dan siyasa wanda ya rike mukamin babban jami’in tsaro ga shugaban kasa Janar Sani Abacha daga 1993 har zuwa rasuwarsa a ranar 8 ga watan Yunin shekarar 1998.

## Rayuwar Farko
Hamza Al-Mustapha haifaffen gidan Hausa ne kuma yayi karatu a Nguru. Ya shiga makarantar horas da sojoji ta Najeriya da ke Kaduna sannan ya shiga aikin sojan Najeriya a shekarar 1983

## Aikin Soja
Aikin soja
Daga watan Agustan shekarar 1985 zuwa Agustan shekarar 1990, Al-Mustapha ya kasance Aide-de-camp (ADC) (amma kwanan nan ya fayyace a wata budaddiyar tattaunawa da gidan Talabijin na Channels Television Seun Okinbaloye cewa shi ba ADC bane cewa shine babban jami’in tsaro) ga babban hafsan sojin kasa, Janar Sani Abacha. Babban shugabansa da shugaban kasa, Janar Ibrahim Babangida, sun amince da iyawarsa, kuma sun ba shi iko na musamman, wanda ya zarce sauran hafsoshin da ke kan mukaminsa. Wannan ya kara nuna shi a matsayin mai karfi a matsayin soja.[1]

## Manazarta
Wataƙila

**Wataƙila** na nufin:

* Mai yiwuwa, damar cewa wani abu zai iya faruwa ko kuma zai iya kasance
* "Wataƙila" (South Park) , wani labari na jerin shirye-shiryen TV na South Park*Gidan shakatawa na Kudu*
* "Wataƙila" (waƙar) , waƙar da Fool's Garden ya yi
Sabeer Bhatia

**Sabeer Bhatia** (an haife shi ranar 30 ga watan Disamban shekarar 1968) ɗan kasuwa ɗan Indiya ne wanda ya kafa sabis ɗin imel na tushen yanar gizo kyauta na farko, Hotmail.com (yanzu Outlook.com) a cikin 1996.[4] A cikin 2021 ya haɗu da haɗin gwiwar ShowReel tare da Javed Yunus. ShowReel da farko ya shirya gajerun bidiyoyi don masu neman aiki da waɗanda suka kafa. Tun daga lokacin ya zama kwas ɗin kasuwanci na tushen AI.

## Manazarta
Ethel de Keyser

**Ethel de Keyser** OBE OLG (4 Nuwamba 1926 — 16 Yuli 2004) ƴar gwagwarmayar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata ce ƴar Afirka ta Kudu  wacce ke zaune a London, Ingila.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Ethel Tarshish a shekara ta 1926,  iyayenta Yahudawa ne da suka ƙaura zuwa Afirka ta Kudu jim kaɗan bayan an haife ta. (Wasu tarihin haihuwarta sun gano haihuwarta a Vilnius, wasu a Afirka ta Kudu.)   Mahaifinta ya mallaki masana'antar sutura a Afirka ta Kudu. Ta je jami'a a Ingila kuma ta zama 'yar Burtaniya. Ta koma Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1960 bayan kisan kiyashin da aka yi a Sharpeville da kuma tsare ɗan uwanta Jack Tarshish. 

## Aiki
Ta shiga aikinta na yaki da wariyar launin fata. Tana kan hanyarta ta komawa Ingila a shekarar 1963 lokacin da aka sake kama Jack a matsayin memba na Majalisar Tarayyar Afirka. Ta kasance a Afirka ta Kudu don shari'ar amma an kore ta daga baya, kuma an ɗaure Jack na shekaru goma sha biyu. A can Ingila, ta yi aiki da ƙungiyar Orchestra ta London yayin da take ba da agaji ga Ƙungiyar Anti-Apartheid (AAM), daga ƙarshe ta zama sakatariyar zartarwa.  Ta jagoranci wani kamfen don ci gaba da takunkumin takunkumin makamai na Burtaniya a kan Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma kin amincewa da gwamnatin Ian Smith a Rhodesia. Ta taimaka wajen tsara SATIS (Afirka ta Kudu The Prisoned Society), taro da kuma hanyar sadarwa ga waɗanda ke aiki don sakin fursunonin siyasa. 

Ta zama darektan Asusun Tsaro da Tallafi na Burtaniya na Kudancin Afirka (BDAF) a cikin shekarar 1981, kuma ta kafa amintaccen ilimi (Canon Collins Educational Trust for South Africa) kuma.  Antony Sher ta ce ita ce "Guruwar siyasarsa" a wannan lokacin.

Bayan shekara ta 1994, aikinta ya sauya daga mayar da hankali kan yaki da wariyar launin fata zuwa harkokin kiwon lafiya da ilimi a Afirka ta Kudu, ciki har da HIV/AIDS.   An ba ta lambar yabo ta OBE saboda aikin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a shekarar 2001.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Ethel Tarshish ta auri ɗan wasan kwaikwayo David de Keyser na tsawon shekaru goma (daga shekarun 1949 zuwa 1959), kuma tana da dangantaka mai tsawo da marubuci George Lamming.   

Ethel de Keyser ya mutu yana da shekaru 77 a ranar 16 ga watan Yuli 2004, bayan bugun zuciya.  Ta daɗe tana fatan samun digirin girmamawa a Jami'ar Western Cape a watan Satumba.  Amintattu na Canon Collins Educational Trust sun kafa guraben karatu a cikin sunanta a matsayin abin tunawa.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* "Ethel de Keyser", *Tarihin Afirka ta Kudu akan layi* (2011).
* Shirye-shiryen sauti guda biyu daga hira ta 2000 tare da de Keyser, a *Gaba ga 'Yanci: Tarihin Ƙungiyar Anti-Apartheid ta Burtaniya* AAM Archives.
* *Shin Kun Ji Daga Johannesburg?* (2010), jerin fina-finai na fina-finai guda bakwai game da motsi na yaki da wariyar launin fata na kasa da kasa, wanda Connie Field ya yi kuma ya jagoranci.
* "Takardu masu alaƙa da Ethel de Keyser", Bodleian Archives & Manuscripts.
National Coalition of Guinea for the Rights and Citizenship of Women

**Gamayyar ƙasa da ƙasa ta Guinea don 'yancin mata da zama 'yan kasa (CONAG-DCF)** ƙungiya ce ta kare hakkin mata a Guinea. CONAG-DCF hadin gwiwa ce ta ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ƙungiyoyin malamai da masu bincike daga ko'ina cikin Guinea. Yana tattara bayanan cin zarafin mata, taimakawa matan da ke kurkuku, da wayar da kan jama'a game da auren wuri da sauran batutuwan da suka shafi 'yancin 'yan mata.

A watan Mayun 2005 CONAG ta ba da rahoton yawaitar al'adar auren dole ko shirya aure a Guinea. Bayan zanga-zangar Guinea a shekara ta 2009, CONAG-DCF ta fitar da sanarwar hakki da zama 'yan kasa na matan Guinea.

Nanfadima Magassouba tsohon shugaban CONAG-DCF ne. Tun watan Fabrairun 2017, shugabar ƙungiyar ta kasance Binta Nabé.

## Manazarta
Mardhiyyah Johari

**Mardhiyyah binti Johari** yar siyasa ce a Malaysia. Ta kasance memba a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kedah (MLA) na Pengkalan Kundor tun daga Agusta 2023.[1][2] Ita mamba ce a Jam'iyyar Musulunci ta Malaysia (PAS), jam'iyyar jam'iyyar hadin gwiwa ta Perikatan Nasional (PN).  

## Manazarta
Shamsheer Vayalil

Shamsheer Vaalil Parambath (an haife shi 11 ga Janairu 1977) masanin rediyon Indiya ne kuma ɗan kasuwa. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban Burjeel Holdings.[2] Ta hanyar VPS Healthcare, ofishin danginsa, yana kula da babban fayil ɗin saka hannun jari wanda ya haɗa da Burjeel Holdings, RPM, LifePharma, Asibitin Lakeshore, Ziva, Keita, da Cibiyar Educare.[3] Tun daga Afrilu 2023, Vaalil yana da darajar dalar Amurka biliyan 2.4. [4]

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Vaalil a ranar 11 ga Janairu 1977 a Kozhikode, Kerala, Indiya.[5][6][7] Iyayensa su ne Hashim Pokkinari da Maryam Barakkool.[8]

Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya yi karatun MBBS a Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasturba, Manipal, sannan ya sami MD a fannin aikin rediyo daga Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Sri Ramachandra da Cibiyar Bincike, Chennai.[9]

## Sana'a
Vayalil ya kasance likitan rediyo na tsawon watanni 12 a Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, UAE. A cikin 2007, ya buɗe asibitinsa na farko - Asibitin LLH a Abu Dhabi. A cikin shekaru goma sha biyu masu zuwa, kamfaninsa na VPS Healthcare ya fara asibitoci 20 a cikin kasashe uku kuma yanzu yana da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya sama da 23 da kuma kusan ma'aikatan 13,000 a Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma Vaalil memba ne na Majalisar Likitocin UAE. Ya kasance memba na kwamitin ba da shawara na Jami'ar Sharjah College of Medicine. Yana cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na Kannur International Airport Ltd.[10]

## Tallafawa
Vaalil ya ba da gudummawar AED miliyan 5 ga kungiyar agaji ta Red Crescent ta Emirates don shiga ayyukan agaji na duniya don tallafawa wadanda bala'in girgizar kasa da ya afkawa Turkiyya da Siriya a 2023.[11]  Ba mazaunin Indiya 

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Bali

An yi **yakin Bali** a shekara ta 1532 tsakanin sojojin Adalite karkashin Vizier Addoli da sojojin Abyssiniya karkashin Addalih, Gwamnan Bali. 

## Gabatarwa
Bayan da Adawa suka mamaye yankin Dawaro suka musulunta a karkashin jagorancin Hussaini Al- Gaturi, Imam Ahmed Gurey ya aika da umarni ga Vizier Addoli, babban kwamandan yakin Dawaro na biyu da ya gangara zuwa Bali ya ci shi. Da isar Bali, sai ga gwamnan Bali, Addalih, ya yada zango a garin Zallah a bakin kogin Shebel, sai Addoli ya aika masa da sako yana umurce shi da ya mika wuya ya biya Jizya .  Addalih ya ki ya ce bai ji dadin kananan sojojin Addoli ba, ya kuma umurci mutanensa da su zo da iyalansu domin gudun gudun hijira.  Runduna biyu sun hadu a Zallah a ranar Dhul Hijjah 938 bayan hijira wanda ya yi daidai da Yuli ko Agusta 1532. 

## Yaƙi
Dakarun biyu sun gwabza kazamin fada da Adalih na sama da kasa har sai da wani sojan doki na Somaliya ya jefo Addalih daga kan dokinsa, sannan ya fille kansa. Ganin mutuwar kwamandansu sojojin Abyssiniya sun fasa suka gudu. [1]:382 Yayin da suke gudu Adaliwa sun kashe sojojin Abyssiniya da suka gudu ba adadi tare da kama duk wani abu nasu. Matan musulmi sun bi mazajensu a kan alfadarai kuma suka taimaka wajen kama fursunoni. A karshen yaƙin kowace mace za ta yi alfahari cewa sun kama sojojin Abyssiniya 5.

## Bayan haka
Marubucin tarihin musulmi ya lura cewa bayan yakin, filin ya cika da matattu kuma jini na kwarara kamar ruwa a kasa. An kashe sojojin sa-kai na Abyssiniya marasa adadi tare da mayaƙan doki 3,000, da Azmach 100 . An kuma kama Azmach 100 sannan kuma aka kashe su a takaice a hannun Adali masu nasara.  A bangaren musulmi duk da haka sojoji 2 ne kawai aka kashe. Addoli ya dauki matar Addalih a matsayin kuyanga kuma bisa umarnin Imam Ahmad ya rataye wata ridda mai suna Naqdiyah a wajen kofar Zallah. An rarraba matan Abyssiniya a cikin Adaliwa a matsayin ƙwaraƙwarai.  &#x3A;&#x200A;183&#x200A;Bayan yaƙin an kawo ƙarshen Bali gabaɗaya kuma dukan mazaunan suka musulunta.  A bisa al’adar baka, sojojin Ahmed bn Ibrahim sun mamaye garin Bali, sun ruguza majami’u, sun kashe kiristoci da dama, tare da tilasta wa wadanda suka tsere daga kisan kiyashi zuwa neman mafaka a cikin kogo da dazuzzuka. Gragn ya mamaye Bali daga yankin Galb, da sojojin Kirista karkashin Asmach Degelhan. 

## Nassoshi
Yaƙin Addi Qarro

**Yakin Addi Qarro** wanda kuma ake kira **Yakin Addi Ye'Qorro** (Gym Adi Yieቖro) yaki ne da ya gudana tsakanin dakarun Daular Habasha da dakarun Daular Usmaniyya a watan Disambar 1578 a lardin Tigray na daular Habasha.  Sojojin daular Habasha sun kasance karkashin jagorancin sarki Sarsa Dengel yayin da sojojin daular Usmaniyya ke karkashin jagorancin Ahmad pasha, beylerbey na habeş,  da sojojin Bahr Negus Yeshaq wanda ke tawaye ga sarki a lokacin.   Yakin ya biyo bayan nasarar da Habashan ta samu a baya kan Daular Usmaniyya a Enticaw a ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar wanda ya yi sanadin fatattakar sojojin da suka mamaye. 

## Yaƙi
Kafin yakin, Sarsa Dengel ya amsa wa Yeshaq yana cewa "zaka iya zuwa wurina tare da Turkawa, (amma) zan zo wurinka tare da Almasihu mai cetona" (Rossini, 1961-62:56). Ko ta yaya, mashi ya bugi Yeshaq har ya mutu, aka fille kan Ahmed Pasha (Rossini, 1961-62: 74-75). Nasarar ta hatimce maido da Debarwa daga mamayar Turkawa Ottoman (Rossini, 1961-62: 76; Gent, 1682: 175-176; Bruce, 1792:234; Orhonlu, 1974: 57). 

An gwabza fadan ne a garin Addi Qarro da ke lardin Tigray na daular Habasha. Sojojin Habasha na Sarkin sarakuna sun kai hari ga Ottoman a ginshiƙai biyu tare da Sarkin sarakuna a matsayin babban kwamandan. Rukunin dama Takla Gigorgis ne ya jagoranta yayin da Dahragot, gwamnan Tigray ke jagoranta na hagu. Kwamandojin biyu sun shiga cikin cibiyar Ottoman tare da yin nasarar karya ta, tare da kame gangunan yakin makiya. Yeshaq yayi yunƙurin ja da baya a wannan lokacin tare da rakiyar mahayan Ottoman 30, duk da haka, wani jarumin Habasha mai suna Takla Yohannes ya lura da shi wanda ya yi masa kwanton bauna ya raunata shi. Yeshaq ya yi nasarar komawa ga sojojinsa kuma ya mutu bayan 'yan sa'o'i.

Daular Usmaniyya sun yi nasarar kutsawa cikin sansanin daular daular da ‘yan kadan a wani lokaci, amma yayin da ake ci gaba da gwabzawa, sai suka samu kansu cikin rudani, suka kewaye ta ko’ina da dakarun sarkin suka ci gaba da harbe-harbe da soki su da sare su. Wani jarumi mai suna Yona'el ne ya soke mashi a nono Ahmad Pasha. 

An sha kashi kwatsam da murkushe Ottoman wadanda sojojinsu suka ruguje. An yi wa Ahmad Pasha da Yeshaq kawuna da aka yanke bisa umarnin Sarki.  

## Bayan haka
Bayan yakin, Sarsa Dengel tare da sojojinsa da suka ci nasara suka yi gaba zuwa sansanin Daular Usmaniyya da ke Debarwa, suka kwace tare da rusa katangar tare da masallacin da Daular Usmaniyya suka gina.  Tare da nasarorin da ya samu a wannan da kuma fadace-fadacen da suka biyo baya Sarsa Dengel ya kawo karshen barazanar da Turkiyya ke yi wa 'yancin kai na Daularsa tare da maido da babban matsayi na Sarkin Habasha a yankin. 

Wasu daga cikin Turkawa da aka kama sun tsunduma cikin sojojin Sarkin sarakuna bayan an musulunta Kiristanci. Sun kafa wani sashe na sojojin sarki da suka mamaye tsaunin tsaunukan Gushan 'yan tawayen Yahudawa. Zuriyarsu kuma za su zama wani sashe na musamman na sojojin Habasha waɗanda suka kasance a ƙarƙashin Kotun daular. 

## Magana
Ismail Vadi

**Ismail Vadi** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1960) ɗan siyasan Afirka ta Kudu ne wanda ya kasance Memba na Majalisar Zartarwa na Sufuri na Gauteng daga shekarun 2010 zuwa 2019. Kafin wannan lokacin, daga shekarun 1994 zuwa 2010, ya wakilci Majalisar Wakilan Afirka a Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa.

## Rayuwar farko da gwagwarmaya
An haifi Vadi a shekara ta 1960 a Kliptown a wajen Johannesburg a tsohon Transvaal, wanda yanzu yanki ne na lardin Gauteng.  An cire danginsa da karfi zuwa Lenasia, wani gari a cikin Transvaal da aka keɓe don Indiyawa a ƙarƙashin tsarin wariyar launin fata.  Ya yi digiri a cikin shekarar 1976 a Trinity Secondary School a Lenasia kuma ya shiga Jami'ar Wits, inda ya yi karatun digiri na biyu a tarihi. Ya koyar da tarihi da turanci a Lenasia daga shekarun 1982 zuwa 1991 sannan ya yi aiki a Wits a matsayin malamin ilimi na tsawon shekaru uku.  A wannan lokacin, ya kasance mai aiki a cikin gwagwarmayar yaki da wariyar launin fata ta hanyar Transvaal Indian Congress da United Democratic Front;  ya kuma kasance mataimakin shugaban ƙasa na kungiyar malaman dimokuraɗiyya ta Afirka ta Kudu daga shekarun 1990 zuwa 1994. 

## Aikin siyasa
A zaɓen demokraɗiyya na farko a Afirka ta Kudu a shekara ta 1994, an zaɓi Vadi a matsayin kujera a Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa, ɗan majalisa na sabuwar Majalisar Afirka ta Kudu.   A cikin shekarar 2010, jam'iyyarsa ta siyasa, African National Congress (ANC), " ta sake tura shi" daga majalisa zuwa majalisar dokokin lardin Gauteng;  kuma a ranar 2 ga watan Nuwamba 2010, Nomvula Mokonyane, sannan Firayim Ministan Gauteng, ya naɗa shi a Majalisar Zartarwa ta Gauteng a matsayin Memba na Majalisar Zartarwa (MEC) na Hanyoyi da Sufuri.   A babban zaɓen shekarar 2014, an sake zaɓen shi a kujerar majalisar dokoki, ya kasance na 14th a cikin jerin jam'iyyar ANC na lardin,  kuma a ranar 23 ga watan Mayu an sake naɗa shi a Majalisar Zartarwa ta Makin Mokonyane, David Makhura, a matsayin MEC na Sufuri. 

Ya ci gaba da zama MEC na sufuri har zuwa babban zaɓen shekarar 2019, lokacin da ya kasance na 42 a jerin jam'iyyar ANC kuma ya rasa kujerarsa a majalisar dokokin lardin.  Daga baya Vadi ya yi ritaya daga siyasa na gaba kuma ya shiga Jami'ar Johannesburg a matsayin abokin bincike.  Ya buga tarihinsa a matsayin *The Political Backbencher* a shekarar 2021.  

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Vadi Muslim Sufi ne. 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Mr Ismail Vadi at People's Assembly
Yaƙin Hubat

An gwabza **yakin Hubat** ne tsakanin dakarun masarautar Hubat karkashin jagorancin Sarkin Adal Ahmad bn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, da kuma sojojin Abyssiniya, karkashin Degelhan.  Wannan ita ce karo na farko da sojojin Ahmed suka yi da Abyssiniyawa. An san Ahmed da sunan sarki a wannan yakin saboda har yanzu ba a ba shi sunan Imam ba. 

## Yaƙi
Da jin cewa wani dan tawaye mai suna Ahmed Ibrahim na fama da rikicin mulki da shugabannin Adal, sai Sarkin Habasha Dawit II ya aika da Janar Degelhan don ya fuskanci shi. Yaƙin Abyssiniya da farko ya yi kama da nasara yayin da mata da yaran Adal suka kama Degelhan ciki har da mahaifiyar kwamandan Ahmed Abu Bakr Qatin . A halin da ake ciki sarki Ahmed ya dana tarko a Hubat, inda ya raba bangarensa gida uku, ya jira Abyssiniyawa su shigo yankin bayan sun kori Harar suka yi musu kwanton bauna. Sauran sojojin Abyssiniya da ba a kashe su ba sun gudu a firgice, don haka sojojin Ahmed suka yi nasara da gaske kuma suka sami nasarar kwato ganima.

## Bayan haka
A yayin da Adal ya mamaye kasar Habasha a baya, fahimtar Degelhan da ya samu daga wannan rikici ya sa ya sanar da sarki Dawit na biyu game da hadarin da sojojin Malassay ke fuskanta, yana mai jaddada cewa sojojin daular ba su da isasshen shiri don tunkarar su.

## Manazarta
Danyal bey Hallajov

**Danyal bey Hallajov** jami'in Tsarist Rasha ne da kuma Jamhuriyar Azerbaijan, mai shiga cikin Yaƙin Duniya na farko da kuma Ganja Uprising . Don jaruntakarsa a Yaƙin Duniya na farko, an bashi umarnin "St. Anna 2nd degree", "St. Stanislaus 2nd degree" da "St. Vladimir 4th degree". Ya kasance kwamandan 1st Artillery Brigade acikin Sojojin Jamhuriyar Azerbaijan . Ya shiga cikin tashin hankali na Ganja game da mamayar Afrilu inda aka kashe shi.
 

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Zeila (1410)

**Yaki na Zeila** a shekara ta 1410 wani gagarumin yaki ne inda sarki **Dawit** na Daular Habasha ya fatattaki daular Ifat Sultanate wanda ya kai ga rugujewarta da mutuwar Sultan Sa'ad addin II . Wannan taron ya share fagen hawan Adal Sultanate, bayan dawowar Sabr addin daga Yaman bayan tashinsa.

## Fage
A zamanin Sa'ad ad-Din na biyu, shi da ɗan'uwansa Haqq ad-Din na biyu suka yi wa sarkin Habasha tawaye, suka ƙaura zuwa birnin Adal da ke wajen yankin da Abyssiniya ke iko da shi a cikin tudun Harar. Pankhurst ya kara da cewa Sa'ad ad-Din ya kuma yi yaki da masarautar Hadiya da kuma wasu makiyaya da ake kira Zalan, wadanda dukkansu abokan kirista ne.  Duk da haka, kamar yadda Taddesse Tamrat ya lura, waɗannan nasarorin ba su daɗe ba, kuma don mayar da martani ga karuwar ikon musulmi a yankin Emperor Dawit I ya ƙarfafa kariyar Habasha a kan iyakar kuma ya kafa kotunsa a Tilq a Fatagar .

Duk da wadannan matakan, al'adar Sa'ad ad-Din na kai hare-hare cikin gaggawa zuwa cikin kasar Habasha ya zama kalubale mai wahala ga Sarkin Habasha, an yi ta gwabza fada tsakanin Abyssiniyawa da dama, kuma sai da aka bi Sarkin Musulmi a cikin yankin Ifat, sai da Habashawa za su tunkari shi a wani kazamin fada. Bayan wani fafatawa tsakanin Sa'ad ad-Din da Janar Barwa na Habasha, inda sojojin Ifat suka fatattaki "dattijai da ba su wuce 400 ba, kowannensu na dauke da sandar karfe a matsayin alamar ofishinsa" aka kashe Sa'ad ad-Din tare da sauran magoya bayansa har zuwa can can mafi kusa da birnin Zeila.

## Magana
Karol Świderski

**Karol Grzegorz Świderski** (an haife shi ranar 23 ga watan Janairu, 1997) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Poland wanda yake taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na kungiyar Panathinaikos ta Super League ta Girka da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasar Poland.

## Manazarta
Adrian Siemieniec

**Adrian Siemieniec** (an haife shi ranar 13 ga watan Janairu, 1992) shine kocin kwallon kafa na Poland kuma tsohon dan wasan dake kula da kungiyar Ekstraklasa Jagiellonia Białystok.

## Manazarta
Salma Yaqoob

Salma Yaqoob (an haife ta 15 ga Agusta 1971) [1] yar gwagwarmayar siyasa ce ta Biritaniya [2] kuma mai ilimin halin dan Adam [3] wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Jam’iyyar Mutunta daga 2005 har zuwa 2012, tana wakiltar jam’iyyar a Majalisar Birnigham.

Ta jagoranci Birmingham Stop the War Coalition kuma ita ce mai kula da Stop the War Conalition UK . Ta tsaya na tare da nasara ba don zama dan takarar Jam'iyyar Labour Party don magajin gari na West Midlands a Zaben magajin gari na 2021, ta kammala ta uku cikin 'yan takara uku.

Yaqoob ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga kafofin watsa labarai, ciki har da *HuffPost*,  *[[The Guardian]]*  da New Statesman. 

## Rayuwa ta farko
Iyayen Yaqoob, Mohammed da Gulzarda Yaqoob sun yi hijira zuwa Burtaniya daga Pakistan a farkon shekarun 1950, kuma mahaifinta ya yi aiki a cikin injin kafin ya shiga Royal Mail. An haifi Yaqoob a Bradford a ranar 15 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1971:  daga baya iyalin suka koma Birmingham, inda ta girma. Ta bayyana kanta a matsayin "yarinya mai cike da damuwa" wacce ta buga kwallon kafa a titunan Alum Rock.

Yaqoob ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi don ya zama mai aiki a siyasa bayan Hare-haren Satumba 11, yana da'awar an tofa shi a kan titunan Birmingham a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa.

## Ayyukan sana'a
Yaqoob tana gudanar da aikin maganin kwakwalwa na ɗan lokaci.

## Manazarta