Madrasa ta Amir Sunqur Sa'di

**Makarantar Islamiyya ta Amir Sunqur Sa'di** (Arabic), wanda aka fi sani da **Mausoleum na (Sheikh) Hasan Sadaqa**, tsari ne na madrasa na zamanin Mamluk da kuma mausoleum a Alkahira, Misira . An gina shi ne tsakanin 1315 da 1321 AZ ta hanyar amir Sunqur Sa'di . An tilasta wa Sunqur barin Masar a rayuwarsa kuma ba a taɓa binne shi a can ba, amma daga baya an binne wani sheikh da ake kira Hasan Sadaqa a ciki sabili da haka ana yawan sanin ginin da sunansa. Daga karni na 17 zuwa gaba an canza ginin zuwa gidan Mevlevi Sufi (wani *takiyya*, ko kuma musamman *mawlawiyya*) kuma yana buɗewa a yau a matsayin Gidan Tarihi na Mawlawiyya ko Museo Mevlevi.

## Tarihi

### Tushen da gini a zamanin Mamluk

Amir Sunqur Sa'di shi ne kwamandan "Mamluk na sarauta" a karkashin Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad, kuma sakataren sojoji (*na'ib al-jaysh*). Sarautar Al-Nasir ta nuna mafi girman wadatar Alkahira a zamanin da, kuma an gina gine-gine da yawa a wannan lokacin. Yankin arewa maso yammacin Citadel, musamman, wani yanki ne da ba a taɓa zama ba wanda aka haɓaka ya zama yanki na sarauta tare da manyan gidaje da masallatai da yawa waɗanda aka gina, ko don, manyan amirs (kwamanda Mamluk ko jami'an jihar).  

Tsakanin 1315 da 1321 AZ (715-721 AH), Sunqur Sa'di ya gina madrasa (watakila an yi niyya a matsayin Khanqah), gidan ibada (Ribat) ga mata, da kuma mausoleum ga kansa. Koyaya, daga baya ya shiga cikin jayayya tare da ɗaya daga cikin manyan amirs na lokacinsa, Amir Qawsun, wanda babban fadarsa, wanda aka gina tsakanin 1330 da 1337, yana kusa da shafin madrasa na Sunqur. Qawsun ya tilasta masa barin Masar ya gudu zuwa Tripoli (Lebanon)  a cikin 1323 kuma, a sakamakon haka, ba a taɓa binne shi a cikin kabarinsa ba. An binne wani sheikh na zamani mai suna Hasan Sadaqa a can a maimakon haka.

Koyaya, akwai wasu rashin tabbas game da ko an yi niyyar keɓe kabarin ga kabarin Hasan Sadaqa tun daga farko. cenotaph a kan kabarin Hasan Sadaqa ya ambaci Sunqur a matsayin wanda ya kafa ginin, amma ya bayyana cewa ginin shine wuri mai tsarki (*Darih*) na Hasan Sadaq da kansa. Wannan zai nuna cewa Sunqur ya keɓe ginin ga Hasan Sadaqa, amma wannan zai zama abin mamaki a Tarihin gine-ginen Mamluk kuma da alama ba zai yiwu ba cewa babban Mamluk amir zai gina irin wannan mausoleum mai ban sha'awa da addini ba tare da niyyar amfani da shi ga kansa ba. A wani wuri, an bayyana Hasan Sadaqa a cikin tarihin tarihi a matsayin mai arziki sananne, mai yiwuwa dan kasuwa, wanda ya dauki nauyin ginin, yayin da kansa cenotaph ya bayyana shi a matsayin Sheikh na Sufi (Musulmi).  Don ƙarawa ga rikice-rikice, an rubuta cenotaph ɗin zuwa 1315, tun kafin Sunqur ya tsere daga Masar (1323) kuma kafin a kammala mausoleum ɗin (1321), yayin da wasu kafofin suka ba da ranar mutuwarsa a matsayin 1345, bayan Sunqur ya tafi. Ɗaya daga cikin fassarar da za a iya yi shi ne cewa Hasan Sadaqa shi ne Sheikh na Sufi mai wadata sosai wanda ya tallafa wa tushe da gina ginin Sunqur, don haka a wani lokaci an ba shi damar raba mausoleum tare da Sunqur. Idan haka ne, wannan tsari zai kasance mai ban mamaki a cikin al'adun gine-ginen Mamluk, amma tambayar ba a warware ta ba.

### Tarihi na baya da amfani a matsayin gidan sufi na Mevlevi

Tsarin Mevlevi Sufi (mabiyan Jalal al-Din Rumi, wanda aka sani a Yammacin duniya kawai a matsayin "Rumi"), wanda ya samo asali ne a Turkiyya, mai yiwuwa ya isa Alkahira godiya ga haɗin Masar cikin Daular Ottoman bayan 1517. A cikin 1607 an ba da filin madrasa da wani ɓangare na rushewar fadar Qawsun ga tsarin Mevlevi Sufi a matsayin kyauta daga wani Pasha na Ottoman na Yemen da ake kira Yusuf Sinan .  Ya kasance wani ɓangare na babban gudummawa wanda ya haɗa da wasu filaye uku a Alkahira da kuma wasu wurare a yankin Nilu Delta. Mevlevis sun daidaita shafin don amfani da shi azaman masauki (a *takiyya* ko *mawlawiyya*) don umarnin su. Kyautar asali ta Yusuf Sinan tana da rubuce-rubuce sosai har ma ta ƙunshi umarni ga ma'aikatan ma'aikata da albashinsu: waɗannan sun haɗa da imam, muezzin, da mutane 38 da ake buƙata don yin sama' (dervish mai juyawa), tare da ma'aikatan kulawa. An gina gidan wasan kwaikwayo ko zauren bikin don wasan kwaikwayon *Sama*' a cikin 1810 a saman tsohon farfajiyar madrasa ta asali, tare da zane-zane da aka yi a 1857.  An kara sabbin kaburbura ga Sheikhs na Sufi a cikin ko kusa da asalin mausoleum a tsawon lokaci.

Mevlevis sun kasance a nan har zuwa 1945, amma ba a amfani da ginin a matsayin gidan sufi a yau. An fara tonowa da sabuntawa a shafin a cikin shekarun 1970s, karkashin jagorancin ƙungiyar Italiya. Wannan ya haifar da sake buɗe ginin a watan Yulin 1988 a matsayin ƙaramin gidan kayan gargajiya da aka sani da Mawlawiyya (ko Mevlevi) Museum, ko Museo Mevlevi, wanda ke nuna ragowar tarihi da kuma gidan Mevlevi da aka dawo da shi.

## Bayyanawa
Tsarin madrasa da kansa ya kasance a wani bangare ne kawai a yau, yayin da Tsarin Mevlevi ya gina kayan aikin su a samansa. Mausoleum da zauren bikin *Sama*' suna cikin mafi kyawun yanayi kuma an mayar da su a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan.

### Tsarin zamanin Mamluk

Ƙofar ginin daga titin ta hanyar ƙofar da ke ƙarƙashin rufin kayan ado na dutse, gami da . A gefen hagu shine mausoleum da tsohon madrasa, wanda aka yi alama da dome da Minaret a kusurwar ginin. Yankin waje na mausoleum dome, da kuma waje na minaret, an rufe su da kayan ado masu kyau waɗanda aka zana waɗanda ba a saba gani ba a cikin gine-ginen Mamluk. Tsarin minaret gabaɗaya ya dace da zamanin Bahri Mamluk, tare da murabba'in murabba'i da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa tare da bayanin kewaye (kamar minaret na Mausoleum na Salar da Sanjar al-Jawli). 

A ciki, ragowar madrasa tana ƙarƙashin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Sufi na ƙarni na 19. Ganuwar madrasa an yi ta da dutse mai launi biyu, a kusa da farfajiyar tsakiya (*sahn*) wanda ke kewaye da manyan Iwans (gidan da ke buɗewa a gefe ɗaya) da ƙananan ɗakuna da yawa. Sai kawai arewa maso yammacin iwan ya kasance a yau, kusa da ɗakin mausoleum. A cikin farfajiyar tsakiya akwai ragowar maɓuɓɓugar ruwa tare da bayanin martaba, wanda aka tono a lokacin sabuntawa na zamani, wanda ya samo asali ne daga zamanin Tulunid a karni na 9. A wani kusurwa, an kuma gano wani rijiyar da ta fi tsufa (tun kafin 850 AZ).

Gidan mausoleum yana ƙarƙashin dome na arewa maso yamma (wanda ake gani daga titi), a kusurwar arewacin tsarin, kuma yana dauke da cenotaph na Hasan Sadaqa. Yana da mita 7.8 da 8.4, ma'ana ba murabba'i ba ne, kuma dome da ke sama dan kadan ne a sakamakon haka. squinches (yanki na canji tsakanin zagaye da ɗakin murabba'i) sun hada da pendentives tare da siffofin *muqarnas*, tare da windows masu launi a tsakanin. In ba haka ba kayan ado na ɗakin ya ƙunshi sassan stucco da aka sassaƙa waɗanda ke ɗauke da rubutun Rubutun Larabci, a kan bayanan arabesque, suna gudana tare da ganuwar. Ɗaya daga cikin siffofi na musamman na wannan mausoleum shine gaskiyar cewa waɗannan dogon rubutun ba daga Alkur'ani ko wani rubutun addini ba ne. Maimakon haka, sun fito ne daga *Maqamat al-Hariri*, tarin labaru na mawaki al-Haruri wanda ke bayyana abubuwan da suka faru na mai yawo da yaudara, Abu Zayd, wanda ke tafiya kuma ya dogara da basirarsa da magana don ya tsira. Kodayake *Maqamat al-Hariri* yana da daraja a matsayin aikin wallafe-wallafen Larabci kuma ya bayyana ya shahara tare da Mamluks na Masar na zamanin Sunqur, yanke shawara don haɗa wannan nau'in rubutu maimakon ayoyin Alkur'ani ko wasu zaɓin addini ana ɗaukarsa mai ƙarfin zuciya da ban mamaki. Wataƙila Sunqur masanin wallafe-wallafen ne, ko kuma kawai yana da halaye masu ban sha'awa, waɗanda suka bayyana a nan. Rubutun Kur'ani kawai a cikin mausoleum shine ɗan gajeren rubutun zagaye na ayar kursiyin a saman dome.

Gidajen gidan mata (ribat) wanda Sunqur Sa'di ya gina yanzu ofisoshi ne na Cibiyar Maidowa da Archaeology ta Italiya da Masar, wanda ya dawo da ginin kuma ya buɗe gidan kayan gargajiya. Har ila yau, filin ya haɗa da lambu wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na fadar Qawsun ta kusa amma Mevlevis sun haɗa shi cikin yankin.

### Gidan zama na Mevlevi na ƙarni na 19
Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Sufi, wanda aka fi sani da sama'khana (Arabic, "Gidan Sauraro") ko semahane (Turkiyanci), an yi shi da itace, a cikin salon gine-gine wanda ya tunatar da marigayi Ottoman Baroque. An gina shi sama da farfajiyar tsohon madrasa. Gidan yana da murabba'i (girma: mita 15 da 15) amma yana tsakiya a kusa da bene mai faɗi (diamita: mita 10.65), a ƙarƙashin wani dome mai faɗi, inda aka yi rawa mai juyawa (Sama') . An kewaye bene a kowane bangare da tashar hawa biyu, kodayake tsohuwar iwan ta arewa maso yamma har yanzu tana samuwa a gefe ɗaya. An gina tsarin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na yanzu a cikin 1810 yayin da kayan ado ya kasance daga 1857.  Kayan ado sun haɗa da wuraren shimfidar wuri, lambuna, da tsuntsaye da aka fentin a ƙarƙashin dome, tare da rubutun Larabci na zagaye a saman dome.

## Bayanan da aka ambata