Martin Delany

**Martin Robison Delany** (Mayu 6, 1812 - Janairu 24, 1885) ɗan Amurka ne mai kawar da kai, ɗan jarida, likita, jami'in soja kuma marubuci wanda tabbas shine farkon mai ba da goyon baya ga kishin ƙasa. Delany an ladafta shi da taken Pan-African na "Afirka don 'yan Afirka." An haife shi a matsayin mai kyauta mai launi a Charles Town, Virginia, yanzu West Virginia (ba Charleston, West Virginia), kuma ya girma a Chambersburg da Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Delany ya horar da shi a matsayin mataimakin likita. A lokacin barkewar cutar kwalara na 1833 da 1854 a Pittsburgh, Delany ya yi jinyar marasa lafiya, duk da cewa likitoci da mazauna da yawa sun gudu daga birnin saboda fargabar kamuwa da cutar. A wannan lokacin, mutane ba su san yadda ake kamuwa da cutar ba.

Delany ya yi tafiya a Kudu a cikin 1839 don lura da bautar da kansa. Tun daga 1847, ya yi aiki tare da Frederick Douglass a Rochester, New York don buga tauraruwar Arewa. A cikin 1850, Delany yana ɗaya daga cikin baƙar fata uku na farko da aka shigar da su Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard, amma duk an kore su bayan ƴan makonni saboda zanga-zangar da ɗaliban farar fata suka yi. Wadannan abubuwan sun tabbatar wa Delany cewa bakar fata ba su da makoma a Amurka, wanda ya kai shi ga yiwuwar zaunar da su a Afirka. Ya ziyarci Laberiya, wata kasar da Amurka ta yi wa mulkin mallaka, wadda kungiyar ‘yan mulkin mallaka ta Amurka ta kafa, kuma ya zauna a kasar Canada tsawon shekaru da dama, amma da yakin basasar Amurka ya fara, ya koma Amurka. Lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri Sojojin Launi na Amurka a cikin 1863, ya ɗauke su aiki. An ba da izini a matsayin babba a cikin Fabrairu 1865, Delany ya zama jami'in digiri na farko na Ba'amurke a cikin Sojojin Amurka.

Bayan yakin basasa, Delany ya tafi Kudu, ya zauna a South Carolina. A can ya yi aiki da Ofishin Freedmen kuma ya zama mai fafutuka a siyasance, ciki har da Ƙungiyar Taro mai launi. Delany ya yi takara bai yi nasara ba ga Laftanar Gwamna a matsayin dan Republican mai zaman kansa. An nada shi a matsayin alkali mai shari’a, amma an cire shi bayan wata badakala. Daga baya Delany ya sauya sheka daga jam’iyyarsa. Ya yi aiki don yakin neman zaben Democrat Wade Hampton III, wanda ya lashe zaben gwamna na 1876 a cikin lokacin da aka nuna tashin hankali na masu jefa kuri'a na jam'iyyar Republican ta Red Shirts da zamba a cikin jefa kuri'a.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Delany kyauta a Charlestown, Virginia (Charles Town na yanzu, West Virginia, ba Charleston, West Virginia) ga Pati da Samuel Delany. Ko da yake mahaifinsa ya kasance bawa, mahaifiyarsa mace ce mai 'yanci. A ƙarƙashin dokokin bawan Virginia, ana ɗaukar yara a cikin yanayin zamantakewar uwayensu (partus sequitur ventrem). Duk kakannin Delany an haife su a Afirka. Kakanninsa na ƙabilar Gola ne (daga Laberiya ta zamani), waɗanda aka yi garkuwa da su a lokacin yaƙi kuma aka kawo su a matsayin bayi ga mulkin mallaka na Virginia. Tarihin baka na iyali ya ce kakan wani jigo ne, wanda ya tsere zuwa Kanada na ɗan lokaci, kuma ya mutu yana tsayayya da cin zarafin bayi.

Mahaifiyar mahaifiyarsa Pati an haife ta ne a kwarin Niger da ke yammacin Afirka, kuma 'yan kabilar Mandinka ne. An ce mahaifinta basarake ne  mai suna Shango, an kama shi tare da amininsa Graci aka kawo shi Amurka a matsayin bayi. Bayan wani lokaci, maigidansu ya ba su ’yancinsu a Virginia, watakila bisa ga haihuwarsu mai daraja. Shango ya koma Afirka. Graci ya zauna a yankin tare da 'yarsu tilo mai suna Pati. Sa’ad da Delany yake ɗan shekara kaɗan, an yi ƙoƙari a bautar da shi da ɗan’uwa. Mahaifiyarsu Pati ta ɗauki ƙanananta biyu mil mil 20 zuwa harabar kotu a Winchester don yin nasara cikin nasara kan 'yancin danginta, bisa ga haihuwarta ta kyauta.

Yayin da yake girma, Delany da 'yan uwansa sun koyi karatu da rubutu ta amfani da Littafin Farko da Rubuce-rubuce na New York, wanda wani ɗan kasuwa ya ba su. Virginia ta haramta ilimin baƙar fata. Lokacin da aka gano littafin a cikin Satumba 1822, Pati ta ƙaura tare da 'ya'yanta zuwa Chambersburg da ke kusa a cikin jihar Pennsylvania ta kyauta don tabbatar da ci gaba da 'yanci. Dole ne su bar mahaifinsu Samuel, amma bayan shekara guda an ba shi izinin siyan 'yancinsa kuma ya koma cikin iyalinsa a Chambersburg.

A Chambersburg, matashi Martin ya ci gaba da koyo. Wani lokaci yakan bar makaranta don yin aiki lokacin da iyalinsa ba za su iya samun damar yin karatu ba. A Pennsylvania, yara baƙar fata suna karatun digiri ne kawai ta hanyar digiri, don haka Delany ya koyar da kansa ta hanyar karatu. A cikin 1831, yana ɗan shekara 19, ya yi tafiya zuwa yamma zuwa birni mai girma na Pittsburgh, inda ya halarci Makarantar Cellar na Cocin Methodist Episcopal na Afirka. Ya koye da wani Baturen likita.

Daga baya Delany da wasu samari bakaken fata guda uku an yarda da su zuwa Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard, amma an tilasta musu barin bayan daliban farar fata sun yi zanga-zangar. An bayar da rahoton cewa turawan sun shigar da kara a makarantar don a cire masu neman kalar kala.

## Aure da iyali
Yayin da yake zaune a Pittsburgh, a cikin 1843 Delany ya sadu kuma ya auri Catherine A. Richards. Ita diyar mai ba da abinci ce mai nasara, wanda aka ce tana daga cikin iyalai mafi arziki a cikin birni. Ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya goma sha daya, bakwai daga cikinsu sun tsira har sun girma. Iyayen sun jaddada ilimi, kuma wasu daga cikin 'ya'yansu sun kammala karatun jami'a.

## Pittsburgh
Delany ya shiga cikin Triniti A.M.E. Church a kan Wylie Avenue, wanda ke da azuzuwan ga manya. Cocin ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar baƙar fata ta farko mai cin gashin kanta a Amurka, wacce aka kafa a farkon karni na 19 a Philadelphia. Ba da daɗewa ba, ya koyi litattafai, Latin da Girkanci tare da Molliston M. Clark, wanda ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Jefferson. A lokacin annobar kwalara ta kasa a shekara ta 1832, Delany ya zama almajiri ga Dokta Andrew N. McDowell, inda ya koyi fasahohin zamani na kashe wuta da leeching, sannan ya yi la'akari da dabarun farko don magance yawancin cututtuka. Ya ci gaba da karatun likitanci a karkashin jagorancin Dr. McDowell da sauran likitocin abolitionist, kamar Dr. F. Julius LeMoyne da Dr. Joseph P. Gazzam na Pittsburgh.

Jinkiri ya zama mai himma a harkokin siyasa. A cikin 1835, ya halarci taron Negro na farko na ƙasa, wanda ake gudanarwa kowace shekara a Philadelphia tun 1831. An yi masa wahayi ne don yin shirin kafa 'Bakar Isra'ila' a gabar tekun gabashin Afirka.

A cikin Pittsburgh, Delany ya fara rubutu akan al'amuran jama'a. A cikin 1843, ya fara buga The Mystery, jaridar da Baƙar fata ke sarrafawa. Sau da yawa ana sake buga labaransa da sauran rubuce-rubucen a wasu wuraren, kamar a cikin littafin The Liberator na William Lloyd Garrison na soke.[14] Yabo da Delany ya gabatar ga Rev. Fayette Davis a cikin 1847 an sake rarraba shi sosai. Ayyukansa sun haifar da cece-kuce a cikin 1846, lokacin da "Fiddler" Johnson ya kai kararsa don cin zarafi, wani Bakar fata da ya zarge shi a cikin The Mystery na kasancewa mai kama bayi. An yanke wa Delany hukunci kuma an ci tarar $650 - adadi mai yawa a lokacin. Magoya bayansa farar fata a harkar jarida sun biya shi tarar.

## Manazarta