Matsalolin muhalli a Nepal

**Batutuwan muhalli a [[Nepal]]** sun hada da batutuwa da dama, kamar sare dazuzzuka, sauyin yanayi, makamashi da kiyaye nau'ikan halittu. Yawancin waɗannan batutuwan sun haɗu ta hanyar saurin masana'antu ba tare da manyan ƙa'idodin muhalli ba.

## Biodiversity
Agro-bidiversity na fuskantar barazana saboda amfani da iri masu yawan noman noma, lalata muhalli, kiwo, rarrabuwar kawuna, sayar da noma da fadada nau'in noma mai yawa na zamani, amfani da magungunan kashe qwari ba tare da nuna bambanci ba, haɓakar yawan jama'a da haɓaka birane, da canje-canjen fifikon manoma (MFSC, 2000).

More factors for loss of biodiversity include landslide and soil erosion, pollution, fire, overgrazing, illegal trade, hunting and smuggling.&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

Dazuzzukan da ba na katako ba suna fuskantar barazanar sare dazuzzuka, lalata wuraren zama da kuma girbi mara dorewa. Manyan barazana ga wasu wuraren da aka karewa sune kiwo duk shekara, farautar kayayyaki masu daraja, saren katako ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma yawon bude ido maras dorewa. Ƙasar daji na fama da matsanancin matsin lamba na kiwo kuma ana fuskantar barazanar ɗimbin ɗimbin dausayi ta hanyar mamaye wuraren zama mai dausayi, girbin albarkatun ƙasa mara kyau, gurɓacewar masana'antu, malalar noma, shigar da nau'ikan nau'ikan da ba su da kyau a cikin yanayin ƙasa mai dausayi, da kuma silta. Rarrabuwar halittun tsaunin yana shan wahala saboda raunin muhalli da rashin kwanciyar hankali na manyan tsaunuka, sare itatuwa, rashin kula da albarkatun kasa, da ayyukan noma da bai dace ba.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

## Ruwa da gurɓataccen iska

Lalacewa da zubar da dattin masana'antu sune fitattun hanyoyin gurɓatar ruwa, kuma kona itacen da ake yi don man fetur shine babban tushen gurɓacewar iska a cikin gida da matsalolin numfashi. Fitowar hayakin motoci da masana'antu na kara haifar da gurbacewar iska a birane.&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

=== Rashin gurɓata ruwa ===
A Nepal, zawo shine babban dalilin mutuwa na 4. Har yanzu akwai iyakantaccen sa ido na tsarin ruwa da ingancin ruwa. Kodayake kashi 48% na gidaje suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai aminci, kashi 38% har yanzu ba su da tsabta mai kyau, kuma kashi 14% suna yin amfani da tsabtace jiki ko kuma ba su da kayan tsabta. Saboda rashin kayan bayan gida, rashin isasshen tsabtace muhalli, da kuma zubar da sharar gida, yara suna fama da zawo da cututtukan da suka shafi vector.

=== Rashin gurɓata iska ===
Adadin wadanda suka mutu daga gurbacewar iska na cikin gida da waje shine 133.3 a cikin mutane 100,000 (2017) wanda shine adadin mutuwa na biyu mafi girma bayan cututtukan cututtukan zuciya a Nepal. Babu cikakken konewa lokacin da aka kona man kwal da man biomass. Suna barin wasu nau'ikan sinadarai da iskar gas a baya waɗanda galibi suna numfashi kuma ana iya haɗa su da cututtukan huhu na huhu na dogon lokaci, cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, da mummunan sakamakon haihuwa. Ƙungiyoyin da suka fi rauni su ne mata da yara a cikin gurɓataccen iska na gida.

Galibi a yankunan karkara da tsaunuka na kasar, inda galibi mutane ba sa samun iska a cikin gida saboda yanayin sanyi a waje, suna amfani da man fetur mai kauri da na halitta. Kusan kashi 64 cikin 100 na girkin cikin gida ana yin su ne da itace, kuma kashi 10 cikin 100 na gidaje suna kona takin shanu saboda rashin ingantacciyar murhu, iskar gas don girki, da samun iskar gas. Wannan babbar matsala ce don haifar da al'amurran kiwon lafiya na muhalli kamar conjunctivitis, hangula na numfashi na sama, da kamuwa da cututtukan numfashi. A Kathmandu, gurɓataccen yanayi saboda ayyukan gine-gine, yawan jama'a wanda ke haifar da karuwar yawan motoci, da kuma mummunan yanayin hanya yana haifar da gurɓataccen yanayi.

Kathmandu ta sami tsawaita hazo daga ƙura da hayaƙi a ƙarshen 2024, ba tare da wani gagarumin ruwan sama na tsawon watanni shida ba. A cikin Afrilu 2025, birnin yana da mafi munin iska a duniya, tare da matakan AQI sun wuce 400. Gurbacewar yanayi a Nepal ba ta iyakance ga Kathmandu ba; yankuna da dama na kudanci da gabashi suma abin ya shafa, inda gurbacewar iyakokin kasashen dake makwabtaka da ita ke kara ta’azzara matsalar. Gobarar dazuzzukan Nepal da Indiya da kuma kudu maso gabashin Asiya sun kasance babbar musiba, tare da busasshen yanayi da ke haifar da gobara. Duk da gargadin da gwamnati ta yi da kuma kokarinta, masu sukar lamirin sun yi iƙirarin cewa ana buƙatar ƙarin matakan haɗin kai da kuma faɗakarwa don yaƙar rikicin.

== Kashe daji ==
Sararin dazuzzuka da lalata filaye da alama suna shafar kaso mafi girma na jama'a kuma suna da mummunan sakamako ga ci gaban tattalin arziki da kuma rayuwar daidaikun mutane. Rashin gandun daji ya haifar da ambaliya, zaizayar kasa, da kuma rashin aikin gona. Alkaluma sun nuna cewa daga shekarar 1966 zuwa 2000 gandun daji ya ragu daga kashi 45 zuwa 29 cikin dari na yawan fadin kasar. Sau da yawa abubuwan da ke haifar da sare dazuzzuka sun haɗa da haɓakar yawan jama'a, yawan amfani da itacen mai, ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa, da mayar da gandun daji zuwa kiwo- da filayen noma. Bisa kididdigar da gwamnati ta yi, an yi hasarar tan miliyan 1.5 na kayan abinci a kowace shekara, kuma a shekara ta 2002 kusan kashi 5 cikin 100 na kayayyakin noma sun zama marasa noma sakamakon zaizayar kasa da ambaliyar ruwa..<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

Ana danganta lalata ƙasa da haɓakar yawan jama'a, rashin amfani da sinadarai na noma, da yin amfani da filayen gonaki da yawa waɗanda ba su da yawa don samar da isasshen abinci ga yawancin gidaje. Tun daga ƙarshen 1980s, manufofin gwamnati sun yi ƙoƙarin magance waɗannan matsaloli masu yawa da masu alaƙa. Manufofin sau da yawa suna samun cikas saboda rashin kuɗi, rashin fahimtar yanayin yanayin tsaunuka na Nepal, rashin aikin hukuma, da kuma wani lokaci rigima tsakanin gwamnatin tsakiya da al'ummomin yankin.(MFSC, 2000) 

Nepal tana da 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index na 7.23/10, wanda ya sanya shi na 45 a duniya daga cikin kasashe 172. 

## Canjin yanayi

## Tasirin kiwon lafiya
Batun Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli ba manyan abubuwan haɗari bane ga Nauyin Cututtuka na Duniya. Abu na 3 da ke haddasa mace-mace a kasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaita shi ne COPD, na 5 na kan gaba shi ne cututtukan da ke haifar da karancin numfashi, na bakwai kuma cututtukan gudawa. A Nepal, COPD shine babban dalilin mutuwa na biyu bayan cututtukan zuciya na Ischemic. Diarrhea da ƙananan cututtuka na numfashi sune na 4th da 5th abubuwan da ke mutuwa bi da bi.

## Dubi kuma
 

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

* Ma'aikatar Muhalli  An adana 2005-10-25 a