Eco-tarif

**Eco-tarif**, wanda kuma aka sani da **jadawalin muhalli** ko **kuɗin fito na Ismail**, shingen kasuwanci ne da aka kafa don manufar rage gurɓata yanayi da inganta muhalli. Waɗannan shingen kasuwanci na iya ɗaukar nau'in harajin shigo da kaya ko fitarwa akan samfuran da ke da babban sawun carbon ko kuma ana shigo da su daga ƙasashe masu ƙarancin ƙa'idodin muhalli. Ƙaddamar da Tsarin Daidaita Iyakar Carbon EU zai zama jadawalin kuɗin fito na carbon. 

## Ciniki na kasa da kasa da lalacewar muhalli
An yi muhawara kan rawar da karuwar cinikayyar kasa da kasa ta taka wajen kara gurbata muhalli.  Yayin da wasu  ci gaba da cewa yana ƙaruwa a cikin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi wanda ke haifar da lalacewar muhalli na gida da kuma *bala'in duniya na gama gari* suna da alaƙa da haɓakar kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa, wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa yayin da 'yan ƙasa ke samun wadata za su kuma ba da shawarar samar da yanayi mai tsabta. A cewar wata takarda ta bankin duniya :Tun da mafi kyawun ciniki yana haɓaka samun kudin shiga, yana ba da gudummawa kai tsaye don haɓaka matakan gurɓatawa ta hanyar sikelin. Duk da haka, ta haka ne ke haifar da tsarin (da) sakamakon fasaha na karuwar kudaden shiga, dukansu biyu suna rage yawan gurɓataccen yanayi. Masu goyon bayan aiwatar da harajin muhalli sun bayyana cewa, idan aka aiwatar da shi daidai, harajin zai iya kawo karshen dabi'ar manyan tsare-tsare na kasashen waje da kuma dawo da ingantacciyar manufofin tattalin arziki a cikin kasashen waje. Bugu da ƙari, za a daidaita ma'aunin muhalli tsakanin ƙasashen da ke kasuwanci a sakamakon jadawalin kuɗin muhalli. 

Daya daga cikin manyan batutuwan da ake tabowa yayin da ake tattaunawa kan farashin muhalli, shi ne batun rage ciniki. Hujjar da aka taso ita ce harajin kuɗin fito yana rage ciniki kuma ƙila a zahiri ba yana nufin ainihin tushen gurbatar yanayi ba. Suna masu cewa gurbacewar ba wai kawai ta samo asali ne daga kayan da ake shigowa da su daga kasashen waje ba, har ma da yawan gurbacewar da ake fama da su na faruwa ne a cikin iyakokin kasar, don haka ciniki zai illata kasuwanci ne kawai ba tare da magance tushen yadda ya kamata ba.

## Duba kuma

* Dokar Tsabtace Makamashi da Tsaro na Amurka
* Kudin carbon da rabo
* Harajin muhalli
* Harkokin tattalin arziki na muhalli
* Waje mai Tesoro - A cikin tattalin arziki, farashi ko fa'ida da aka sanya
* Koren siyasa
* Matsalar al’umma – Son kai yana haifar da raguwar albarkatun da aka raba

## Manazarta

## Bayanan kula
* *Ciniki na Duniya da Canjin Yanayi: Tattalin Arziki, Shari'a, da Ra'ayin Ma'aikata*, wallafe-wallafen Bankin Duniya, 2007,  , ,  ;
* Mani, Muthukumara S., 1966, *Ƙididdigar Muhalli akan Shigo da Gurɓatawa: Nazarin Ƙwarewa*, Muhalli & Tattalin Arziki, Ƙungiyar fitattun Ƙwararru na 4 (Yuni 1996), Pgs. 391–411;
* Jean-Marie, Grether & Mathys, Nicole A. & Jaime, de Melo, 2006, *Unraveling the World Wide Pollution Haven Effect*, Jami'ar Lausanne, Ecole des HEC, DEEP - Cahiers de Recherches Economiques du Département d'Econometrie et d' Siyasar Tattalin Arziki (DEEP);
* Robison, David H., 1988, *Gurbacewar Masana'antu: Tasiri kan Ma'auni na Trad*, Jaridar Kanada na Tattalin Arziki, Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kanada, Vol. 21, pg. 187–99, Fabrairu;
* Ghosh, S. & Yamarik, Steven 2006, *Shin Shirye-shiryen Ciniki na Yanki na cutar da Muhalli?: Binciken Kasashe 162 a 1990*, Tattalin Arziki da Ci gaban Ƙasashen Duniya, 2006 Vol. 6;
* Naghavi, Alireza, *Shin R&D-Inducing Green Tariffs Sauya Dokokin Muhalli na Duniya?* ; Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, 2006–92;
* Tobey, James A, 1990, *Tasirin Manufofin Muhalli na cikin gida akan Tsarin Kasuwancin Duniya: Gwajin Ƙwarewa*, Kyklos, Buga Blackwell, Vol. 43(2), shafi. 191–209;
* Baldwin, RE & Murray, Tracy, 1977, *MFN Rage Tariff da Haɓaka Fa'idodin Ciniki na Ƙasa a ƙarƙashin GSP*, Jaridar Tattalin Arziki, Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Royal, Vol. 87 (345), shafi na 30–46, Maris 1977
* Hazilla, Michael & Kopp, Raymond J, 1990, *Social Cost of Environmental Quality Regulations: A General Equilibrium Analysis*, Jaridar Tattalin Arzikin Siyasa, Jami'ar Chicago Press, Vol. 98 (4), shafi. 853–73, Agusta 1990;