Niels Bohr

**Niels Henrik David Bohr** ( Danish: [ˈne̝ls ˈpoɐ̯ˀ] ; 7 Oktoba 1885&nbsp;- 18 Nuwamba 1962) masanin kimiyyar Danish ne wanda ya ba da gudummawar Foundational to understanding   atomic structure da ka'idar adadi, wanda ya sami lambar yabo ta Nobel a Physics a 1922. Bohr ya kasance masanin falsafa kuma mai tallata binciken kimiyya.

Bohr ya haɓaka Bohr model of the atom , wanda a cikinsa ya ba da shawarar cewa matakan makamashi na electrons suna da amfani kuma cewa electrons suna jujjuya su cikin kwanciyar hankali a kusa da  atomic nucleus amma suna iya tsalle daga matakin makamashi (ko orbit) zuwa wani. Kodayake samfurin Bohr an maye gurbinsu da wasu ƙira, ƙa'idodin sa na ci gaba da aiki. Ya yi la'akari da ƙa'idar complimentarity: cewa abubuwa za a iya yin nazari daban-daban cikin sharuddan kaddarorin da suka saba wa juna, kamar hali kamar wave or a stream of particles.  Ra'ayin complementarity ya mamaye tunanin Bohr a duka kimiyya da falsafa.

Bohr ya kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Kimiyya a Jami'ar Copenhagen, wanda yanzu ake kira Cibiyar Niels Bohr, wanda aka bude a 1920. Bohr ya ba da jagoranci kuma ya yi aiki tare da masana kimiyya ciki har da Hans Kramers, Oskar Klein, George de Hevesy, da Werner Heisenberg. Ya annabta wanzuwar wani sabon nau'i mai kama da zirconium, wanda ake kira hafnium, bayan sunan Latin na Copenhagen, inda aka gano shi. Daga baya, an sanya masa suna bohrium element.

A cikin shekarar 1930s, Bohr ya taimaka wa 'yan gudun hijira daga Nazism. Bayan da Jamusawa suka mamaye Denmark, ya yi sanannen ganawa da Heisenberg, wanda ya zama shugaban shirin kera makaman nukiliya na Jamus. A cikin watan Satumba 1943 labari ya isa ga Bohr cewa Jamusawa za su kama shi, don haka ya gudu zuwa Sweden. Daga nan ne aka kai shi Biritaniya, inda ya shiga aikin makamin nukiliya na Tube Alloys na Burtaniya, kuma yana cikin aikin Burtaniya na aikin Manhattan. Bayan yakin, Bohr ya bukaci hadin kan kasa da kasa kan makamashin nukiliya. Ya kasance tare da kafa CERN da Cibiyar Bincike ta Risø na Hukumar Makamashin Atomic ta Danish kuma ya zama shugaban farko na Cibiyar Nordic  Theoretical Physics a 1957.

## Shekarun farko
An haifi Niels Henrik David Bohr a Copenhagen, Denmark, a ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba 1885, na biyu na 'ya'ya uku na Christian Bohr,   farfesa a fannin ilimin lissafi a Jami'ar Copenhagen, da matarsa Ellen née Adler, wacce ta zo. daga dangin banki na Yahudawa masu arziki.  Yana da 'yar'uwa babba, Jenny, da ƙani Harald.  Jenny ya zama malami,  yayin da Harald ya zama masanin lissafi kuma ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa wanda ya taka leda a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Danish a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1908 a London. Niels ya kasance dan wasan kwallon kafa mai kishi, kuma 'yan'uwan biyu sun buga wasanni da yawa don Akademisk Boldklub na Copenhagen (Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Ilimi), tare da Niels a matsayin mai tsaron gida. 

Bohr ya yi karatu a Makarantar Latin ta Gammelholm, tun yana ɗan shekara bakwai.  A cikin shekarar 1903, Bohr ya yi rajista a matsayin dalibi a Jami'ar Copenhagen. Babban karatunsa shi ne ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, wanda ya karanta a karkashin Farfesa Christian Christiansen, malami tilo a fannin ilimin lissafi na jami'a a lokacin. Ya kuma karanci ilmin taurari da lissafi a karkashin Farfesa Thorvald Thiele, da falsafa a karkashin Farfesa Harald Høffding, abokin mahaifinsa.  

A cikin shekarar 1905 Cibiyar Kimiyya da Wasika ta Royal Danish Academy ta dauki nauyin gasar lambar zinare don bincika hanyar auna yanayin tashin hankali na ruwa wanda Lord Rayleigh ya gabatar a 1879. Wannan ya haɗa da auna mitar motsin radius na jet na ruwa. Bohr ya gudanar da gwaje-gwaje masu yawa ta amfani da dakin gwaje-gwajen mahaifinsa a jami'a; ita kanta jami'ar ba ta da dakin gwaje-gwaje na kimiyyar lissafi. Don kammala gwaje-gwajen nasa, dole ne ya yi nasa gilashin gilashi, yana samar da bututun gwaji tare da sassan giciye da ake buƙata. Ya wuce aikin na asali, ya haɗa gyare-gyare a cikin ka'idar Rayleigh da hanyarsa, ta hanyar yin la'akari da dankowar ruwa, da kuma aiki tare da ƙananan amplitudes maimakon kawai marasa iyaka. Rubutun nasa, wanda ya gabatar a minti na karshe, ya lashe kyautar. Daga baya ya gabatar da ingantaccen sigar takarda ga Royal Society a London don bugawa a cikin *Ma'amalar Falsafa na Royal Society*.    

Harald ya zama na farko daga cikin 'yan'uwan Bohr guda biyu don samun digiri na biyu, wanda ya samu a ilimin lissafi a cikin watan Afrilu 1909. Niels ya ɗauki wasu watanni tara don samun nasa akan ka'idar lantarki ta ƙarfe, batun da mai kula da shi, Christiansen ya ba shi. Daga baya Bohr ya fayyace karatun digirinsa a cikin babban littafinsa na Likitan Falsafa (Dr. Phil.). Ya bincika wallafe-wallafen kan batun, yana daidaitawa a kan samfurin da Paul Drude ya buga kuma Hendrik Lorentz ya ba da cikakken bayani, wanda aka yi la'akari da electrons a cikin karfe kamar gas. Bohr ya tsawaita samfurin Lorentz, amma har yanzu ya kasa yin la'akari da abubuwan mamaki kamar tasirin Hall, kuma ya kammala cewa ka'idar lantarki ba ta iya yin cikakken bayanin kaddarorin maganadisu na karafa. An karɓi karatun a cikin watan Afrilu 1911,  kuma Bohr ya gudanar da kariyar sa na yau da kullun a ranar 13 ga watan Mayu. Harald ya sami digirin digirgir a shekarar da ta gabata.  Rubutun Bohr ya kasance mai ban sha'awa, amma ya jawo hankali kaɗan a wajen Scandinavia saboda an rubuta shi cikin Danish, buƙatun Jami'ar Copenhagen a lokacin. A cikin shekarar 1921, masanin kimiyyar lissafi dan kasar Holland Hendrika Johanna van Leeuwen zai sami kansa da kansa a cikin ka'idar Bohr wanda aka fi sani da Bohr-Van Leeuwen theorem. 

A cikin shekarar 1910, Bohr ya hadu da Margrethe Nørlund, 'yar'uwar masanin lissafi Niels Erik Nørlund.  Bohr ya yi murabus daga zama membansa a Cocin Denmark a ranar 16 ga watan Afrilu 1912, kuma shi da Margrethe sun yi aure a wani bikin farar hula a zauren gari a Slagelse a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta. Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, ɗan’uwansa Harald ma ya bar cocin kafin ya yi aure.  Bohr da Margrethe suna da 'ya'ya maza shida.  Mafi tsufa, Kirista, ya mutu a wani hatsarin kwale-kwale a 1934,  da wani, Harald, yana da naƙasasshiyar tunani sosai. An sanya shi a wata cibiyar da ke nesa da gidan danginsa yana ɗan shekara huɗu kuma ya mutu daga cutar sankarau bayan shekaru shida.   Aage Bohr ya zama masanin kimiyyar lissafi mai nasara, kuma a cikin shekarar 1975 an ba shi kyautar Nobel a fannin kimiyyar lissafi, kamar mahaifinsa. Dan Aage, Vilhem A. Bohr, masanin kimiyya ne da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Copenhagen  da Cibiyar Kasa kan tsufa na Amurka.   ya zama likita; , injiniyan sinadarai; da Ernest, lauya.  Kamar kawunsa Harald, Ernest Bohr ya zama dan wasan Olympics, yana buga wasan hockey na Denmark a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1948 a London.      
 
## Manazarta