Muhalli, Lafiya da kariya

**Muhalli, kiwon lafiya, da Kariya da turanci kuma (Environmental Health and Safety),** kalma ce ta tsarin dake nazari da aiwatar da abubuwan da suka dace na kare muhalli da kiyaye lafiya da aminci aiki. A cikin saukakkiyar magana shi ne abin da kungiyoyin dole su yi don tabbatar da cewa ayyukan su ba su cutar da kowa ba. Yawancin lokaci, *inganci* - tabbacin inganci da kulawa mai kyau - an haɗa shi don ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar kamfanin da aka sani da (***HSQE)***

Daga ***maganar kariya***, ya haɗa da ƙirƙirar tsararren ƙoƙarin da matakai don gano hatsarin wuraren aiki da rage hatsari da haɗawa da halaye da abubuwa masu cutarwa. Hakan nan ya haɗa da horar da ma'aikata kan rigakafin haɗari, amsar haɗari, shirye-shiryen gaggawa, da yin amfani da rigar sanyi masu kariya da kayan aiki.

Ingantaccen **lafiya** a zuciya yakamata ya sami cigaba mai aminci, inganci, da kuma lamuran muhalli, ayyukan aiki da ayyukan tsari waɗanda ke hana ko rage hatsarin cutarwa ga mutane gaba ɗaya, masu aiki, ko marasa lafiya.

Daga ***mahanga ta muhalli***, ya haɗa da ƙirƙirar tsari na tsaro don bin ƙa'idodin na muhalli, kamar gudanar da sharar gida ko hayaƙin iska, duk hanyar taimakawa da ta shafi raage sawun ƙarancin kamfanin.

Abubuwan buƙatu, ƙa'ida suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin horo na Tsaftan muhalli kuma dole ne manajan EHS su gano da kuma fahimtar ƙa'idodin EHS masu dacewa, waɗanda kuma dole ne a sanar da abubuwan da ke tattare da su ga gudanarwar zartarwa don haka kamfanin zai iya aiwatar da matakan da suka dace. Ungiyoyi masu tushe a Amurka suna ƙarƙashin dokokin EHS a cikin Ka'idodin Dokokin Tarayya, musamman CFR 29, 40, da 49. Duk da haka, gudanar da EHS ba'a iyakance ga bin doka ba kuma yakamata a karfafa kamfanoni suyi fiye da yadda doka ta buƙata, idan ya dace. 

## Wasu sunaye.
Duk da mahimmancin halayen waɗannan al’amuran, cibiyoyi daban-daban da marubuta sun ba da alamar kalmomin daban. **Shirye-shiryen HSE masu** nasara sun haɗa da matakan magance kula da yanayin aiko, ingancin iska, da sauran fannoni na amincin wurin aiki waɗanda zasu iya shafar lafiyar da jin daɗin ma'aikata da sauran alumma. Wani mai binciken ya canza shi kamar **SHE** a 1996, yayin da yake bincika tunanin ingancin mutum dangane da matsayin rayuwa wanda dole ne ya biyo baya fiye da kiwon lafiya ..... [kamar yadda yake a cikin tsarin SHEQ, .... mahimmancin muhalli har zuwa 'lafiyar mutane a matsayin abin la'akari' '.  Dalilin shi ne saboda "Farkon Tsaro" an kira shi don ƙaddamar da sauya al'adun kiyaye zaman lafiya na ƙasashe.  Inganci shine "dacewa da manufa",  kuma in ba tare da wannan ba kowane ɗaya daga cikin  aiki zai iya zama banza.

Bayan ESH, SHE, HSE, SHEQ, ana amfani da wasu karin kalmomi kaman haka  .

## Hukumomin kula.
 

### Masarautar Ingila

* Lafiya da Tsaro Executive
* Hukumar Kula da Muhalli
* Authoritiesananan hukumomi

### Amurka

* Tarayya / duniya
** Kasuwancin Kasuwanci da Kula da Lafiya (OSHA)
** Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA)
** Hukumar Kula da Nukiliya (NRC)
** Ma'aikatar Tsaro da Kula da Lafiya (MSHA), da sauransu.
** Tarayyar Turai (Ka'idodin EU) - Lafiya da Tsaro A Dokar Aiki
** Ofishin Tsaro da Karfafa Muhalli (BSEE)
* Jiha
** Majalisar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Arewacin Carolina, Hukumar Kula da Nukiliya ta Massachusetts, da sauransu.
* Na gari
** Ma'aikatan kashe gobara na birni (binciken lambar gini)
** Hukumar Kula da Muhalli (EMA)

## Janar bangarori.
Ka'idodin Muhalli, lafiya da Kariya sun ƙunshi nau'ikan keɓaɓɓe ga kowane masana'antu da waɗanda ke gaba ɗaya ga yawancin sassan masana'antu. Misalan janar rukuni da ƙananan rukuni sune:

## Takamaiman rukunnai

## Tarihi.
Masana'antun sunadarai sun gabatar da tsarin gudanarwa na Muhalli, Lafiya da kariya na  farko a cikin 1985 a matsayin sakamako ga yawancin haɗarin haɗari (kamar bala'in Seveso na Yuli 1976 da bala'in Bhopal na Disamba 1984). Wannan yunƙurin na son rai a duk duniya, wanda ake kira " Kula da Hakki ", wanda Industryungiyar Masana'antu ta Kimiyyar Chemistry ta Kanada ta fara (a da can Canadianungiyar masu samar da sinadarai ta Kanada - CCPA), tana aiki a cikin ƙasashe kusan 50, tare da haɗin kai na tsakiya wanda Councilungiyar ofasashen Duniya na Chemicalungiyoyin Chemical (ICCA) suka samar. ). Ya ƙunshi fasali masu mahimmanci guda takwas waɗanda ke tabbatar da shuke-shuke da amincin samfura, lafiyar sana'a da kare muhalli, amma kuma suna ƙoƙarin nunawa ta hanyar kamfen- ƙirar hoto cewa masana'antar sunadarai suna aiki yadda ya kamata. Kasancewa wani yunƙuri na ICCA, an taƙaita shi zuwa masana'antar sinadarai.

Tun daga shekarar 1990s, hanyoyin gaba daya game da gudanar da EHS wanda zai iya dacewa da kowane irin ƙungiya sun bayyana a cikin ƙa'idodin ƙasashen duniya kamar: Ka'idodin Valdez,  waɗanda aka tsara don jagorantar da kimanta halayen kamfanoni game da yanayin.

* Tsarin Kula da Lafiya da Kulawa (EMAS), wanda Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta haɓaka a cikin 1993.
* ISO 14001, don kula da muhalli a cikin 1996
* ISO 45001, don kula da lafiyar ma'aikata da kiyaye lafiya a cikin 2018, wanda ya gabata daga OHSAS 18001 1999.

A shekara1998, Kamfanin Kasuwanci na Duniya ya kafa jagororin EHS.

## Misali.
misali, ayyukan kungiyar lafiya, aminci da muhalli (HSE) na iya mai da hankali kan: 

* musayar sani game da lafiya, aminci da kuma mahalli na kayan
* inganta kyawawan ayyuka na aiki, kamar tattara kayan bayan-amfani don sake amfani da su

## Littattafai.

* Gudanar da Aiki da Gudanar da Lafiya (Amurka) 
* Americanungiyar Injiniyan Tsaro ta Amurka
* Cibiyar Kanada don Kiwan lafiya da Tsaro na Aiki (CCOHS) 
* *EHS A Yau* 
* *Tsaro + Mujallar Lafiya* - Majalisar Tsaron Kasa 
* *Jagoran Muhalli* 
* EU-OSHA 
* *ISHN* 
* NIOSH 
* OH & S 

## Duba kuma.

* Aiki na lafiya da lafiya
* Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa
* Robert W. Campbell Award, Kyauta don Businesswarewar Kasuwanci ta hanyar Gudanar da EHS.
* Injiniyan lafiya

 

## Hanyoyin haɗin waje.

* NAEM, Firayim Minista don Gudanar da EHS: Menene EHS?
* Kamfanin Kuɗin Kuɗi na :asashen Duniya: Bankungiyar Bankin Duniya game da Mahalli, Kiwan lafiya, da Bayanin Tsaro 
* Cibiyar sadarwa ta Duniya don Gudanar da Muhalli
* Takardar shaidar tsaron aiki
## Manazarta.