Raunin kashin baya

**Raunin kashin baya** ( **SCI** ) shine lalacewa ga kashin baya wanda ke haifar da canje-canje na wucin gadi ko na dindindin a cikin aikinsa. Alamun na iya haɗawa da asarar aikin tsoka, jin dadi, ko aikin kai tsaye a cikin sassan jikin da ke aiki da kashin baya a ƙasa da matakin rauni.  Raunin zai iya faruwa a kowane mataki na kashin baya kuma zai iya zama *cikakke*, tare da asarar jin dadi da aikin tsoka a ƙananan sassan sacral, ko kuma *bai cika ba*, ma'ana wasu siginonin jin tsoro suna iya tafiya a bayan yankin da aka ji rauni na igiya har zuwa Sacral S4-5 sassan kashin baya. Dangane da wurin da tsananin lalacewa, alamomin sun bambanta, daga rashin ƙarfi zuwa gurgunta, gami da rashin daidaituwar hanji ko mafitsara. Sakamakon dogon lokaci kuma yana da yawa, daga cikakkiyar farfadowa zuwa tetraplegia na dindindin (wanda ake kira quadriplegia) ko paraplegia. Matsalolin na iya haɗawa da atrophy na tsoka, asarar sarrafa motsi na son rai, spasticity, ciwon matsa lamba, cututtuka, da matsalolin numfashi. 

A mafi yawan lokuta lalacewa yana haifar da rauni na jiki kamar haɗarin mota, raunin harbin bindiga, faɗuwa, ko raunin wasanni, amma kuma yana iya haifar da cututtuka marasa rauni kamar kamuwa da cuta, rashin isasshen jini, da ciwace-ciwacen daji. Kusan fiye da rabin raunin da ya faru yana shafar kashin mahaifa, yayin da 15% ke faruwa a Kowani ɗayan kashin baya na thoracic, iyaka tsakanin thoracic da lumbar kashin baya, da kuma lumbar Kassim baya kadai. Ganewa yawanci ta dogara ne akan alamomi da hoton likita.

## Rarrabewa

Raunin igiyar mara igiyar ciki na iya zama rauni ko maras hankali, [4] Kuma ana iya rarrabe shi cikin nau'ikan guda uku
dangane da dalili: daga rashin jini (daga rashin jini). [5] Hakanan za'a iya raba lalacewa zuwa rauni na farko da na biyu:
mutuwar tantanin halitta da ke faruwa nan
da nan a cikin asalin raunin da ya faru, da bangarorin biochemical wadanda aka fara
ta hanyar zagi na asali kuma suna haifar da
karin lalacewa.[6]. Wadannan hanyoyin rauni na biyu sun hada da cascade na
ischemic, kumburi, kumburi, kashe kansa, da rashin daidaituwa na neurotransmitter.
[6] Suna iya faruwa na mintuna ko makonni bayan raunin.[7]
Akowane mataki na ginshikin kashin baya, jijiyoyi na kashin baya suna reshe daga
kowane gefe na kashin baya kuma su fita
tsakanin biyu na kashin baya, don shigar da wani yanki na jiki. Yankin fata da wani
takamaiman jijiyar kashin baya ke shiga shi
ake kira dermatome, kuma rukunin tsokoki da jijiyar kashin baya daya ke shiga ita ake
kira myotome. Sashin kashin baya wanda ya lalace yayi daidai da jijiyoyi na kashin baya a wannan matakin da kasa. Raunin zai iya zama 1-8 (C1-C8), thoracic 1-12 (T1-
T12), lumbar 1-5 (L1-L5), [8] ko sacral (51- S5). [9] An bayyana matakin raunin mutum a matsayin matakin mafi kankanta na cikakken jin dadi da aiki. Paraplegia yana faruwa ne lokacin da lalacewar kashin
baya ya shafa kafafu (a cikin rauni na
thoracic, lumbar, ko sacral), kuma tetraplegia yana faruwa lokacin da
dukkanin gabobi hudu suka shafi (lalacewar mahaifa).

### Cikakkun raunuka da raunuka da basu cika ba

Acikin "cikakkiyar rauni" na kashin baya, duk ayyukan da ke kasa da wurin da aka ji
rauni sun bace, ko an yanke
kashin baya ko a'a. [9] Raunin kashin bava "bai cika ba" va
kunshi adana mota ko aiki na hankali kasa
da matakin rauni a cikin kashin baya.[18] Don a kidaya su a matsayin wanda bai cika
ba, dole ne a sami dan adana abin ji ko motsi a cikin wuraren da S4 zuwa S5 ya
hada, [19] misali. Kunkarar kankara ta dubura na son rai.[18] Jijiyoyin da ke
wannan yanki suna da alaka da yanki mafi kaskanci na kashin baya, kuma rike jin dadi
da aiki a wadannan sassan jiki yana
nuna cewa kashin baya ya lalace kawai. Raunin da bai cika ba ta ma'anar va hada da wani
sabon abu da aka sani da sacral sparing: an kiyaye w a s matakan jin dadi a cikin sacral
dermatomes, kodayake jin dadi na iya zama
mafi rauni a cikin wasu, mafi girma dermatomes kasa da matakin rauni. [20].
Sacral sparing an dangana ga gaskiyar cewa sacral hanyoyi na kashin baya ba su da yuwuwar kamar sauran hanyoyin kashin
baya don zama matsawa bayan rauni saboda lamination na fibers a cikin kashin
baya.[20]

### Raunin kashin baya ba tare da ƙarancin radiyo ba

Raunin kashin baya ba tare da lahani na rediyo ba yana wanzuwa lokacin da SCI ke nan amma babu wata shaida na raunin ginshiƙan kashin baya akan radiyo.[21] Raunin ginshiƙi na kashin baya shine rauni wanda ke haifar da karyewar kashi ko rashin kwanciyar hankali na ligaments a cikin kashin baya; wannan yana iya zama tare ko kuma ya haifar da rauni ga kashin baya, amma kowane rauni yana iya faruwa ba tare da ɗayan ba[22]. Abubuwan da ba su da kyau na iya nunawa akan hoton maganadisu na maganadisu (MRI), amma an ƙirƙira kalmar kafin MRI ya kasance cikin amfani da kowa.[23]

### Ciwon igiya na tsakiya

Ciwon igiya na tsakiya, kusan ko da yaushe yana haifar da lalacewa ga igiyar mahaifa, yana da rauni a cikin hannaye tare da kare ƙafafu na dangi, da keɓancewa a cikin yankuna da sassan sacral ke aiki.[24] Akwai asarar jin zafi, zafin jiki, taɓa haske, da matsa lamba ƙasa da matakin rauni.[25] Hanyoyin kashin baya da ke hidima ga makamai sun fi shafa saboda wurin da suke a tsakiya a cikin kashin baya, yayin da ƙwayoyin corticospinal da aka ƙaddara don ƙafafu suna kare saboda wurin da suke waje.[25]. Mafi yawan cututtukan SCI marasa cikakke, ciwo na tsakiya yakan haifar da hawan wuyan wuyansa a cikin tsofaffi masu ciwon kashin baya. A cikin matasa, yawanci yana haifar da jujjuyawar wuya [26]. Mafi yawan abubuwan da ke haifar da faɗuwa da haɗarin abin hawa; duk da haka wasu abubuwan da za su iya haifar da su sun haɗa da ƙwanƙwasa na kashin baya da kuma tashewa a kan kashin baya ta hanyar ƙari ko diski na intervertebral.[27].

### Ciwon jijiya na baya

Ciwon jijiya na baya wanda kuma aka sani da ciwon kashin baya na baya, saboda lalacewar sashin gaba na kashin baya ko raguwar samar da jini daga jijiya na baya, na iya haifar da karaya ko tarwatsewar kashin baya ko faifan diski. A ƙasa da matakin rauni, aikin motsa jiki, jin zafi, da zafin jiki sun ɓace, yayin da ma'anar taɓawa da haɓaka (ma'anar matsayi a sararin samaniya) ya kasance cikakke. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen sun kasance saboda wuraren dangi na sassan kashin baya da ke da alhakin kowane nau'in aiki.

## Alamomi

Alamun (likitan clinic ya lura da shi) da alamun bayyanar cututtuka (kwarewa ta mai haƙuri) sun bambanta dangane da inda kashin baya ya ji rauni da kuma girman rauni. Wani sashe na fata da ke shiga ta wani yanki na kashin baya ana kiransa dermatome, kuma rauni ga wannan sashin na kashin baya na iya haifar da ciwo, jin dadi, ko asarar jin dadi a cikin wuraren da ke da alaƙa. Paraesthesia, ƙwanƙwasawa ko ƙonewa a wuraren da fata ta shafa, wata alama ce.[39] Mutumin da ya ragu da hankali yana iya nuna martani ga wani raɗaɗi mai zafi sama da wani wuri amma ba ƙasa da shi ba.[40] Ƙungiyar tsokoki da aka shiga ta wani ɓangaren kashin baya ana kiransa myotome, kuma rauni ga wannan ɓangaren na kashin baya na iya haifar da matsala tare da motsin da ke tattare da waɗannan tsokoki. Tsokoki na iya yin kwangila ba tare da katsewa ba (rauni), su zama masu rauni, ko kuma su kasance gabaɗaya. Girgizar kashin baya, asarar ayyukan jijiyoyi ciki har da reflexes ƙasa da matakin rauni, yana faruwa ba da daɗewa ba bayan raunin kuma yawanci yakan tafi cikin kwana ɗaya.[41] Priapism, tasowar azzakari na iya zama alamar rauni mai tsanani na kashin baya.[42]
Ƙayyadaddun sassan jikin da ke fama da hasara na aiki an ƙayyade ta matakin rauni. Wasu alamu, kamar rashin aikin hanji da mafitsara na iya faruwa a kowane mataki. Mafitsara na Neurogenic ya ƙunshi ikon da ba daidai ba don komai da mafitsara kuma alama ce ta gama gari na rauni na kashin baya. Wannan yana haifar da hawan jini a mafitsara wanda zai iya lalata koda[43].

### Lumbosacral
Sakamakon raunin da ya faru a ko sama da yankunan lumbar ko sacral na kashin baya (ƙananan baya da ƙashin ƙugu) sun haɗa da raguwar kula da ƙafafu da kwatangwalo, tsarin genitourinary, da dubura. Mutanen da suka ji rauni a ƙasa da matakin L2 na iya har yanzu suna amfani da jujjuyawar kwatangwalo da tsokoki na gwiwa.[44] Ana sarrafa aikin hanji da mafitsara ta yankin sacral. Ya zama ruwan dare a fuskanci tabarbarewar jima'i bayan rauni, da kuma rashin aiki na hanji da mafitsara, gami da rashin nagartaccen fitsari da fitsari.[9]

### Thoracic

Bugu da ƙari, matsalolin da aka samu a cikin ƙananan raunin da ya faru, thoracic (tsawon kirji) raunuka na kashin baya na iya rinjayar tsokoki a cikin akwati. Rauni a matakin T1 zuwa T8 yana haifar da rashin iya sarrafa tsokoki na ciki. Ana iya shafar kwanciyar hankali na gangar jikin; har ma fiye da raunin da ya fi girma.[45] Ƙananan matakin rauni, ƙarancin tasirin sa. Raunin daga T9 zuwa T12 yana haifar da asarar juzu'i na gangar jikin da sarrafa tsoka na ciki. Raunin kashin baya na thoracic yana haifar da paraplegia, amma aikin hannaye, hannaye, da wuyansa ba su da tasiri.[46] 
Ɗayan yanayin da ke faruwa yawanci a cikin raunuka sama da matakin T6 shine autonomic dysreflexia (AD), wanda hawan jini ya karu zuwa matakan haɗari, wanda ya isa ya haifar da yiwuwar bugun jini.[8][47]. Yana haifar da wuce gona da iri na tsarin zuwa wani abin motsa jiki kamar zafi a ƙasa da matakin rauni, saboda siginar hanawa daga kwakwalwa ba za su iya wuce raunin ba don rage amsawar tsarin juyayi mai ban sha'awa.[5]. Alamomi da alamomin AD sun hada da tashin hankali, ciwon kai, tashin zuciya, ringin kunnuwa, duhun gani, jajayen fata, da cunkoson hanci[5]. Yana iya faruwa ba da daɗewa ba bayan raunin ko a'a har sai bayan shekaru.[5]. 
Hakanan ana iya rushe wasu ayyuka masu zaman kansu. Misali, matsaloli tare da daidaita yanayin zafin jiki galibi suna faruwa a cikin rauni a T8 da sama.[44] Wani mawuyacin hali wanda zai iya haifar da raunuka a sama da T6 shine damuwa na neurogenic, wanda ke haifar da katsewar fitarwa daga tsarin juyayi mai tausayi wanda ke da alhakin kiyaye sautin tsoka a cikin jini.[5][47]. Ba tare da shigarwar tausayi ba, tasoshin suna shakatawa kuma suna fadada.[5][47] Neurogenic shock yana gabatar da ƙarancin hawan jini mai haɗari, ƙarancin zuciya, da haɗuwar jini a cikin gaɓoɓi-wanda ke haifar da rashin isasshen jini zuwa ga kashin baya kuma yana iya ƙara lalata shi.[48]

### Ciwon mahaifa

Raunin kashin baya a matakin mahaifa (wuyansa) yana haifar da cikakkiyar tetraplegia (wanda ake kira quadriplegia).[24] Dangane da takamaiman wuri da tsananin rauni, ana iya riƙe iyakataccen aiki. Ƙarin alamun raunin mahaifa sun haɗa da ƙananan bugun zuciya, ƙarancin jini, matsalolin daidaita yanayin jiki, da rashin aikin numfashi.[49] Idan raunin da ya samu ya yi yawa a cikin wuyansa don lalata tsokoki da ke cikin numfashi, mutum ba zai iya yin numfashi ba tare da taimakon bututun endotracheal da injin iska ba.[9]

### Matsaloli

Abubuwan da ke haifar da raunin kashin baya sun haɗa da edema na huhu, gazawar numfashi, damuwa neurogenic, da kuma gurguwa a ƙasa da wurin rauni. A cikin dogon lokaci, asarar aikin tsoka na iya samun ƙarin tasiri daga rashin amfani, ciki har da atrophy na tsoka. Rashin motsi na iya haifar da ciwon matsewa, musamman a wuraren kashi, yana buƙatar kiyayewa kamar ƙarin kwantar da hankali da kuma juya kan gado kowane sa'o'i biyu (a cikin matsanancin yanayi) don rage matsi.[51]. 
A cikin dogon lokaci, mutanen da ke cikin keken guragu dole ne su motsa lokaci-lokaci don rage matsi.[52] Wani mawuyacin hali shine ciwo, ciki har da ciwon nociceptive (alamar yiwuwar yiwuwar ko ainihin lalacewar nama) da kuma ciwon neuropathic, lokacin da jijiyoyi da lalacewa suka shafa suna isar da siginar ciwo na kuskure ba tare da rashin motsa jiki ba.[53] Spasticity, rashin kula da tsokoki da ke ƙasa da matakin rauni, yana faruwa a cikin 65-78% na SCI na kullum.[54] Yana haifar da rashin shigarwa daga kwakwalwa wanda ke kwantar da martanin tsoka don mikewa.[55] Ana iya magance ta da magunguna da kuma maganin jiki[55]. Spasticity yana ƙara haɗarin kwangila (gajerewar tsokoki, tendons, ko ligaments waɗanda ke haifar da rashin amfani da wata gabar jiki); Ana iya kiyaye wannan matsala ta hanyar motsa jiki ta hanyar cikakken motsinsa sau da yawa a rana.[56] Wata matsalar rashin motsi da ke iya haifarwa ita ce asarar yawan kashi da canje-canjen tsarin kashi[57][58]. Rasa yawan kashi (kashe kashi), wanda ake tunanin saboda rashin shigar da tsokoki masu rauni ko gurguwa, na iya ƙara haɗarin karaya.[59] Sabanin haka, wani abin da ba a fahimta ba shi ne girman naman kashi a wurare masu laushi, wanda ake kira heterotopic ossification.[60] Yana faruwa a ƙasa da matakin rauni, maiyuwa ne sakamakon kumburi, kuma yana faruwa zuwa ga mahimmin matsayi a cikin 27% na mutane.[60]

## Dalilai

Mafi yawan raunin kashin kashin baya yana faruwa ne sakamakon raunin jiki. Ƙarfin da ke da hannu zai iya zama hyperflexion (motsi na gaba na kai); hauhawar jini (motsi na baya); damuwa na gefe (motsi na gefe); jujjuyawar kai; matsawa (ƙarfi tare da axis na kashin baya zuwa ƙasa daga kai ko sama daga ƙashin ƙugu); ko shagaltuwa (janye daga kashin baya). SCI mai rauni na iya haifar da juzu'i, matsawa, ko rauni mai shimfiɗa. Yana da babban haɗari na nau'ikan karaya na kashin baya da yawa. Maganin asymptomatic na haihuwa da aka rigaya ya kasance na iya haifar da manyan raunin jijiya, irin su hemiparesis, don haifar da ƙananan rauni.

A kasar Amurka, hadurran ababen hawa sune mafi yawan sanadin SCI; na biyu fadowa ne, sannan tashin hankali kamar raunin harbin bindiga, sannan raunin wasanni[71]. Wani bincike daga Asiya, ya gano cewa mafi yawan sanadin SCI shine faduwar (31.70%) daga shafuka daban-daban kamar fadowa daga saman rufin (9.75%), sandar lantarki (7.31%), fadowa daga bishiya (7.31%) da dai sauransu. Yayin da hadurran zirga-zirgar ababen hawa ke ƙidaya kashi 19.51%, raunin bindigogi (12.19%), zamewar ƙafa (7.31%) da raunin wasanni (4.87%). Sakamakon raunin da ya faru, 26.82% [72] A wasu ƙasashe faɗuwar ruwa ya fi yawa, har ma fiye da haɗarin abin hawa a matsayin babban dalilin SCI.[73] Adadin SCI masu alaƙa da tashin hankali sun dogara sosai akan wuri da lokaci.[73] Daga cikin dukkanin SCI masu alaka da wasanni, nutsewar ruwa mara zurfi shine mafi yawan sanadi; wasanni na hunturu da wasanni na ruwa suna karuwa a matsayin dalilai yayin da ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa da raunin trampoline ke raguwa.[74] Rataye na iya haifar da rauni ga kashin mahaifa, kamar yadda zai iya faruwa a yunƙurin kashe kansa.[75] Rikicin soji wani dalili ne, kuma idan sun faru ana danganta su da karuwar adadin SCI[76]. Wani abin da zai iya haifar da SCI shine rauni na iatrogenic, wanda aka haifar da shi ta hanyar aikin likita da ba daidai ba kamar allura a cikin kashin baya.[77]
SCI kuma na iya zama na asali mara rauni. Raunukan da ba su da rauni suna haifar da ko'ina daga 30 zuwa 80% na duk SCI;[78] kashi ya bambanta ta wurin gida, yana tasiri ta ƙoƙarin hana rauni.[79] Kasashen da suka ci gaba suna da kashi mafi girma na SCI saboda yanayin lalacewa da ciwace-ciwacen daji fiye da kasashe masu tasowa.[80] A cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba, mafi yawan abin da ke haifar da SCI marasa rauni shine cututtuka masu lalacewa, sannan kuma ciwace-ciwace; a yawancin ƙasashe masu tasowa babban abin da ke haifar da kamuwa da cuta kamar HIV da tarin fuka.[81] SCI na iya faruwa a cikin cututtukan diski na intervertebral, da cututtukan jijiyoyin jijiyoyin kashin baya.[82] Zubar da jini na kwatsam na iya faruwa a ciki ko a waje na ɓangarorin kariya waɗanda ke layi akan igiya, kuma fayafai na intervertebral na iya fitowa.[11] Lalacewa na iya faruwa ta hanyar rashin aiki na hanyoyin jini, kamar yadda yake a cikin nakasar arteriovenous, ko kuma lokacin da gudan jini ya shiga cikin magudanar jini kuma ya yanke isar da jini zuwa igiyar.[83] Lokacin da hawan jini na tsari ya ragu, jini zuwa kashin baya na iya raguwa, wanda zai iya haifar da asarar jin dadi da motsi na son rai a cikin wuraren da abin ya shafa na kashin baya.[84] Halin da aka haifa da ciwace-ciwacen da ke danne igiya kuma na iya haifar da SCI, kamar yadda za su iya haifar da spondylosis na vertebral da ischemia.[4] Multiple sclerosis cuta ce da ke iya lalata kashin baya, kamar yadda zai iya kamuwa da cututtuka ko kumburi kamar tarin fuka, ciwon huhu ko herpes simplex, meningitis, myelitis, da syphilis.[11]

## Rigakafi

Ana hana SCI da ke da alaƙa da abin hawa tare da matakan da suka haɗa da ƙoƙarin jama'a da na daidaikun mutane don rage tuki a ƙarƙashin tasirin kwayoyi ko barasa, tuki mai karkata, da tuki mai bacci[85]. Sauran ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce sun haɗa da haɓaka amincin hanya (kamar sanya alamar haɗari da ƙara haske) da amincin abin hawa, duka don hana haɗari (kamar kiyayewa na yau da kullun da birki na kullewa) da kuma rage lalacewar hatsarori (kamar kamun kai, jakunkunan iska, bel ɗin kujera. , da kujerun kare lafiyar yara).[85] Ana iya hana faɗuwa ta hanyar yin sauye-sauye ga muhalli, kamar kayan da ba za a ɗora ba, da sanduna a cikin baho da shawa, dogo don matakala, yara da ƙofofin tsaro don tagogi.[86] Ana iya hana raunin da ya shafi bindiga tare da horar da magance rikice-rikice, yaƙin neman ilimi na kare lafiyar bindiga, da sauye-sauyen fasahar bindigogi (kamar makullin jawo) don inganta lafiyarsu.[86] Ana iya hana raunin wasanni tare da sauye-sauye ga dokokin wasanni da kayan aiki don ƙara tsaro, da kuma yakin neman ilimi don rage ayyuka masu haɗari kamar nutsewa cikin ruwa wanda ba a san zurfin da ba a sani ba ko tunkarar farko a cikin ƙwallon ƙafa [87].

## Bincike

A duk duniya, adadin sabbin cututtukan tun daga 1995 na SCI ya tashi daga mutane 10.4 zuwa 83 a kowace shekara.[105] Wannan faffadan lambobi mai yiwuwa wani bangare ne saboda bambance-bambance a tsakanin yankuna dangane da ko kuma yadda aka samu raunuka.[105] A Arewacin Amurka, kusan mutane 39 a cikin kowane miliyan suna haifar da SCI cikin rauni kowace shekara, kuma a Yammacin Turai, abin da ya faru shine 16 a kowace miliyan.[137][138] A {asar Amirka, an yi kiyasin yawan raunin kashin baya da ya kai kusan 40 a cikin mutane miliyan 1 a kowace shekara, ko kuma kusan 12,000 a kowace shekara.[139] A kasar Sin, lamarin ya kai kusan 60,000 a kowace shekara.[140] Adadin mutanen da ke zaune tare da SCI a duniya ya kai daga 236 zuwa 4187 a kowace miliyan.[105]. Ƙididdiga sun bambanta sosai saboda bambance-bambancen yadda ake tattara bayanai da kuma irin dabarun da ake amfani da su don fitar da adadi.[141] Ana samun bayanai kaɗan daga Asiya, har ma kaɗan daga Afirka da Amurka ta Kudu.[105] A Yammacin Turai kiyasin yaduwa ya kai mutane miliyan 300 kuma a Arewacin Amurka ya kai 853 a kowace miliyan.[138] An kiyasta cewa a Iran miliyan 440, 526 a kowace miliyan a Iceland, da kuma 681 a kowace miliyan a Australia.[141] A cikin Amurka akwai mutane tsakanin 225,000 da 296,000 da ke zaune tare da raunin kashin baya, [142] kuma bincike daban-daban sun kiyasta yawansu daga 525 zuwa 906 a kowace miliyan.[141].
SCI yana cikin kusan kashi 2% na duk lokuta na rauni mai ƙarfi.[99] Duk wanda ya sami karfin da ya isa ya haifar da rauni na kashin baya to yana cikin hadari ga wasu raunuka kuma.[101] A cikin 44% na lokuta na SCI, ana samun wasu raunuka masu tsanani a lokaci guda; 14% na marasa lafiya na SCI kuma suna da ciwon kai ko raunin fuska.[21] Sauran raunukan da ake dangantawa da su sun hada da ciwon kirji, ciwon ciki, karaya, da karaya mai tsawo.[93] 
Maza suna lissafin hudu cikin biyar na raunin kashin baya.[24] Yawancin wadannan raunuka suna faruwa ne a cikin maza da ba su wuce shekaru 30 ba.[9] Matsakaicin shekarun lokacin rauni ya karu a hankali daga kimanin shekaru 29 a cikin 1970s zuwa 41.[24]. A Pakistan, raunin kashin baya ya fi yawa a cikin maza (92.68%) idan aka kwatanta da mata a cikin shekaru 20-30 masu shekaru masu tsaka-tsakin shekaru 40, kodayake mutane daga 12-70 shekaru sun sha wahala daga raunin kashin baya. [72] Yawan raunin rauni ya kasance mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin yara, a mafi girman su a ƙarshen matasa zuwa farkon ishirin, sa'an nan kuma suna raguwa a hankali a cikin ƙungiyoyi masu girma; duk da haka adadin na iya karuwa a cikin tsofaffi.[143] A Sweden tsakanin 50 da 70% na duk lokuta na SCI suna faruwa a cikin mutane a ƙarƙashin 30, kuma 25% yana faruwa a cikin waɗanda suka wuce 50.[73]. Yayin da ƙimar SCI ta fi girma a tsakanin mutane masu shekaru 15-20, [144] ƙasa da 3% na SCI yana faruwa a cikin mutane a ƙarƙashin 15.[145]. Neonatal SCI yana faruwa a cikin ɗaya cikin 60,000 haihuwa, misali. daga haihuwa ko raunin da aka samu ta hanyar karfi[146]. Bambanci a cikin rates tsakanin jima'i yana raguwa a cikin raunin da ya faru a shekaru 3 da ƙananan; Haka adadin ‘yan matan da ake ji wa rauni a matsayin maza, ko kuma ta yiwu fiye da haka[147]. Wani abin da ke haifar da raunin yara shi ne cin zarafin yara kamar su girgiza jarirai.[146] Ga yara, mafi yawan abin da ke haifar da SCI (56%) shine hadurran abin hawa.[148] Yawan raunin da ya faru na matasa yana da alaƙa a babban ɓangare ga haɗarin motoci da raunin wasanni.[149] Ga mutanen da suka haura shekaru 65, faɗuwa shine mafi yawan sanadin cutar SCI mai rauni.[4]

## Tarihi
An san SCI don zama mai lalacewa ga millennia; Tsohon dan Masar Edwin Smith Papyrus daga shekara ta 2500 BC, sanannen bayanin raunin da ya faru na farko, ya ce “ba za a yi magani ba”[151]. Rubutun Hindu tun daga shekara ta 1800 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa kuma sun ambaci SCI kuma sun bayyana dabarun da za su daidaita kashin baya.[151] Likitan Girka Hippocrates, wanda aka haife shi a karni na biyar BC, ya kwatanta SCI a cikin Hippocratic Corpus kuma ya ƙirƙira na'urori masu juyayi don daidaita kashin baya.[152]. Amma sai da Aulus Cornelius Celsus, wanda aka haife shi a shekara ta 30 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, ya lura cewa raunin da ya faru a cikin mahaifa ya haifar da mutuwa da sauri cewa kashin baya da kansa yana cikin yanayin.[151]. A karni na biyu miladiyya likitan nan dan kasar Girka Galen ya yi gwaji kan birai kuma ya ba da rahoton cewa yankewar da aka yi a kwance ta kashin baya ya sa su rasa duk wani motsi da ke kasa da matakin yanke.[153]. Likitan Girka na ƙarni na bakwai Paul na Aegina ya bayyana dabarun tiyata don magance karyewar kashin baya ta hanyar cire gutsuttsuran kashi, da kuma tiyata don rage matsi a kashin baya[151]. An sami ƙananan ci gaba na likita a lokacin tsakiyar zamanai a Turai; Sai a zamanin Renaissance ne aka kwatanta kashin baya da jijiyoyi daidai a cikin zanen jikin mutum na Leonardo da Vinci da Andreas Vesalius.[153]
A 1762 wani likitan fiɗa mai suna Andre Louis ya cire harsashi daga kashin baya na mara lafiya, wanda ya sake samun motsi a ƙafafu.[153] A cikin 1829 likita mai fiɗa Gilpin Smith ya yi nasara a laminectomy wanda ya inganta jin daɗin majiyyaci.[154] Duk da haka, ra'ayin cewa SCI ba shi da magani ya kasance mafi rinjaye har zuwa farkon karni na 20.[155]. A cikin 1934, yawan mace-mace a cikin shekaru biyu na farko bayan rauni ya wuce 80%, galibi saboda cututtukan urinary tract da ciwon matsa lamba, [156] wanda aka yi imani da ƙarshen su yana da mahimmanci ga SCI maimakon sakamakon ci gaba da ci gaba. kwanciya.[157] Sai da rabi na biyu na karni aka samu ci gaba ta fuskar hoto, tiyata, kula da lafiya, da magungunan gyaran jiki sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga ingantaccen kulawar SCI.[155] Abubuwan da suka faru na dangi na rashin cikawa idan aka kwatanta da cikakkun raunin da ya faru sun inganta tun tsakiyar karni na 20, saboda yawanci don girmamawa ga sauri da kuma kulawa na farko da kuma tabbatar da lafiyar marasa lafiya na kashin baya.[158]. Ƙirƙirar sabis na kiwon lafiya na gaggawa don jigilar mutane zuwa asibiti an ba shi wani ɗan ƙima don ingantaccen sakamako tun daga shekarun 1970.[159] Abubuwan haɓakawa a cikin kulawa sun kasance tare da haɓaka tsawon rayuwa na mutanen da ke da SCI; Zaman rayuwa ya inganta da kusan 2000% tun 1940.[160] A cikin 2015/2016 kashi 23% na mutanen da ke cibiyoyi tara na raunin kashin baya a Ingila an jinkirta sallamarsu saboda takaddama kan wanda ya kamata ya biya kudin kayan aikin da suke bukata.[161]

## Manazarta