Edwin Chadwick

**Sir Edwin Chadwick** KCB (24 ga watan Janairun 1800 - 6 ga watan Yulin 1890) ya kasance mai gyara zamantakewar Ingilishi wanda aka sani da jagorancinsa wajen sake fasalin Dokokin Talakawa a Ingila da kuma kafa manyan gyare-gyare a cikin tsabtace birane da lafiyar jama'a. Almajirin masanin falsafa na Utilitarian Jeremy Bentham, ya kasance mai aiki tsakanin 1832 da 1854; bayan haka ya rike ƙananan mukamai, kuma an yi watsi da ra'ayoyinsa. Chadwick ya fara amfani da binciken kimiyya don gano dukkan matakai na matsala mai rikitarwa ta zamantakewa, kuma ya fara amfani le shirye-shiryen dubawa na dogon lokaci don tabbatar da cewa sauye-sauyen suna aiki kamar yadda aka tsara.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Edwin Chadwick a ranar 24 ga watan Janairun 1800 a Longsight, Manchester, Lancashire  Mahaifiyarsa, Teresa,  ta mutu lokacin da yake yaro, duk da haka ba a ambaci sunansa ba. Mahaifinsa, James Chadwick, ya koya wa masanin kimiyya John Dalton a cikin kiɗa da botany  kuma an dauke shi a matsayin dan siyasa mai sassaucin ra'ayi, don haka ya fallasa saurayi Edwin ga ra'ayoyin siyasa da zamantakewa. Kakansa, Andrew Chadwick, ya kasance babban aboki na masanin tauhidin Methodist John Wesley . 

Ya fara karatunsa a wata karamar makaranta Landan kuma a makarantar kwana a Stockport, inda ya yi karatu har sai ya kai shekara 10. Lokacin da iyalinsa suka koma London a 1810, Chadwick ya ci gaba da karatunsa tare da taimakon masu koyarwa masu zaman kansu, mahaifinsa da kuma koyar da kansa.

Mahaifinsa ya sake yin aure a farkon shekarun 1820; ɗan'uwan Edwin ƙarami shi ne mashahurin wasan baseball Henry Chadwick, wanda aka haifa a shekara ta 1824.

A shekara ta 18, Chadwick ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a fannin shari'a kuma ya fara koyo tare da lauya. A shekara ta 1823, ya shiga makarantar shari'a a Haikali a Landan. A ranar 26 ga Nuwamba 1830 an kira shi zuwa mashaya, ya zama lauya.

An kira shi zuwa kotun ba tare da wata hanya mai zaman kanta ba, ya nemi ya tallafa wa kansa ta hanyar aikin wallafe-wallafen kamar aikinsa a kan 'Kimiyyar Kimiyya da Matsayinta a cikin Dimokuradiyya', da kuma rubutun sa a cikin Westminster Review, galibi akan hanyoyi daban-daban na amfani da ilimin kimiyya ga aikin gwamnati. Ya zama abokantaka da manyan masana falsafa biyu na lokacin, John Stuart Mill da Jeremy Bentham . Bentham ya sanya shi a matsayin mataimakin wallafe-wallafen kuma ya bar masa babban gado. Ya kuma saba da Thomas Southwood Smith, Neil Arnott da James Kay-Shuttleworth, duk likitoci.

Daga bayyanarsa ga sake fasalin zamantakewa da kuma ƙarƙashin tasirin abokansa, ya fara ba da ƙoƙarinsa ga sake fashewar tsabta. A cikin 1832, Chadwick ya fara kan hanyarsa don inganta yanayin tsabta da kiwon lafiya.

## Mai gyarawa

A cikin 1832, Royal Commission da aka nada ya yi masa aiki don bincika aikin Dokar Talakawa, kuma a cikin 1833, an sanya shi cikakken memba na wannan kwamiti. Chadwick da Nassau William Senior sun rubuta sanannen rahoto na 1834, suna ba da shawarar sake fasalin tsohuwar doka. A karkashin tsarin 1834, an kafa majami'u daban-daban a cikin Kungiyoyin Shari'a na Talakawa, kuma kowane Kungiyar Shari'a ta Talakawa za ta sami gidan aiki na ƙungiyar. Chadwick ya fi son tsarin gudanarwa na tsakiya fiye da wanda aka karɓa, kuma ya ji cewa ya kamata sake fasalin Dokar Talakawa na 1834 ya samar da gudanar da taimakon matalauta ta hanyar jami'an da aka biya da ke sarrafawa daga kwamitin tsakiya, tare da allon masu kula da aiki kawai a matsayin masu dubawa.

A shekara ta 1834, an nada shi sakatare ga kwamishinonin dokar matalauta. Ba ya son gudanar da wani aiki wanda shi ne marubucinsa a kowace hanya sai dai kamar yadda ya yi tunanin mafi kyau, ya sami wahalar yin hulɗa da manyansa. Rashin jituwa, da sauransu, ya ba da gudummawa ga rushewar Hukumar Kula da Talakawa a 1847. Babban gudummawarsa ga jayayya ta siyasa shine imaninsa na ba da wasu sassan harkokin gida ga masu horar da su da zaɓaɓɓun masana maimakon ga wakilan, waɗanda aka zaba bisa ka'idar mulkin mallaka.

### Tsabtace Yanayi
Bayan mummunar barkewar cutar typhus a 1838, Chadwick ya shawo kan Hukumar Kula da Talakawa cewa ana buƙatar bincike, kuma abokan likitansa Arnot da Southwood Smith ne suka fara aiwatar da wannan, tare da taimakon wani likita daga Manchester, James Kay Shuttleworth. Wannan shi ne karo na farko a tarihin Burtaniya da aka yi amfani da likitoci don duba yanayin da zai iya taimakawa ga rashin lafiya a cikin jama'a. Chadwick ya aika da tambayoyi ga kowane Kungiyar Shari'a ta Talakawa, kuma ya yi magana da masu binciken, masu ginin, gwamnonin kurkuku, jami'an 'yan sanda da masu binciken masana'antu don samun ƙarin bayanai game da rayuwar matalauta. Ya shirya bayanin da kansa, kuma ya shirya shi don bugawa. Rahotonsa game da Yanayin Sanitary na Jama'ar Laburaren Burtaniya,   wanda aka fara a 1839 kuma aka buga shi a 1842,  an bincika shi kuma an buga shi a kan kuɗin kansa, kuma ya zama littafin da aka fi sayar da shi wanda Ofishin Jakadancin ya samar har zuwa yau. An kuma buga ƙarin rahoto a cikin 1843. 

Ya yi amfani da John Roe, mai binciken gundumar Holborn da Finsbury wanda ya kirkiro mai kama da kwai, don gudanar da gwaje-gwaje a kan hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa don gina magudanar ruwa, sakamakon da aka sanya su cikin rahoton, kuma taƙaitaccen ya haɗa da maki takwas, gami da cikakkiyar buƙatar samar da ruwa mafi kyau da tsarin magudanar don cire sharar gida, a matsayin hanyoyin rage mutuwar da ba ta dace ba. Shaidar da Dr Dyce Guthrie ya bayar ta shawo kan Chadwick cewa kowane gida ya kamata ya sami wadatar ruwa ta dindindin, maimakon wadatar da aka samu daga bututun da ake bayarwa sau da yawa. Rahoton ya kama tunanin jama'a, kuma gwamnati ta kafa Hukumar Sarauta kan Lafiya ta Garuruwa don yin la'akari da batutuwan da kuma ba da shawarar doka. Shugabanta shine Duke na Buccleuch, kuma akwai mambobi goma sha uku, gami da injiniyoyi Robert Stephenson da William Cubitt. Chadwick ya yi aiki a matsayin sakatare ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma da alama ya mamaye aikin.

Hukumar ta dauki shaida daga Robert Thom, wanda ya tsara tsarin samar da ruwa ga Greenock, Thomas Wicksteed, wanda shine injiniya na Kamfanin Ruwa na Gabashin London, da Thomas Hawksley daga Trent Waterworks, Nottingham. Wadannan sun tabbatar da ra'ayoyinsa game da samar da ruwa na yau da kullun, kuma ya kirkiro samfurin da ya kira "tsarin jijiyoyi da jijiyoyi". Kowane gida zai sami samar da ruwa akai-akai, kuma ruwa-closets zai tabbatar da cewa an fitar da ƙasa a cikin kwai-shaped seals, don a ɗauke shi kuma ya bazu a ƙasa a matsayin turare, yana hana koguna gurɓata. Bayan wallafa rahoton hukumar, an kafa Kungiyar Lafiya ta Garuruwa kuma an kirkiro rassa daban-daban na birni. Chadwick daga baya ya taimaka wajen tabbatar da cewa Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa ta 1847 ta zama doka, don iyakance ribar da kamfanonin samar da ruwa zasu iya samu zuwa kashi 10, kuma suna buƙatar su bi buƙatun ruwa masu ma'ana. Wannan ya haɗa da wadataccen ruwa mai kyau ga gidaje, da wadata don tsaftace magudanar ruwa da tituna masu ban ruwa.

Chadwick yana so ya ga an aiwatar da ra'ayoyinsa a wani yanki mai faɗi, kuma ya fara kafa kamfani don samar da ruwa ga garuruwa, don tabbatar da zubar da ruwa da tsaftacewa, da kuma amfani da sharar don samar da aikin gona. Ya kasance yana da babban taken "The British, Colonial and Foreign Drainage, Water Supply and Towns Improvement Company", tare da babban birnin farko na £ 1 miliyan, amma lokaci ne na Railway Mania, kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya tara kuɗi game da irin wannan gasa. Kamfanin lokacin da aka yi rajista ya zama Kamfanin Ingantawa na Towns. Railways ya ci gaba da mamaye kasuwar kuɗi, kuma kamfanin ya lalace bayan shekaru uku kawai. Chadwick ya fahimci cewa duka samar da ruwa da magudanar ruwa suna da mahimmanci, tunda maye gurbin shinge na ƙasa da ɗakunan ajiya na ruwa ya haifar da zubar da ruwa da kuma sanya yanayin tsabta mafi muni, sai dai idan akwai magudanar shara don ɗaukar sharar gida. Wannan ya haifar da rikici tsakanin shi da Hawksley, wanda da farko ya yi aiki tare da shi amma daga baya ya ɗauki ayyukan samar da ruwa wanda bai haɗa da wani abin da ake buƙata don magudanar ruwa ba

## Manazarta