Lynn Conway

**Lynn Ann Conway** (Janairu 2, 1938 - Yuni 9, 2024) 'yar Amurka ce, masaniyar kimiyyar kwamfuta, injiniyan lantarki, kuma mai fafutukar hakkin masu sauya jinsi. 

A cikin shekarun 1960s, yayin da take aiki a IBM, Conway ta ƙirƙiri na'urar sarrafa kasuwanci na gabaɗaya, babban ci gaba da aka yi amfani da shi wajen aiwatar da siyayya, wanda galibin na'urorin sarrafa kwamfuta na zamani ke amfani da su don bunkasa aiki. IBM ta kori Conway a shekarar 1968 bayan ta bayyana aniyar ta na sauya jinsi, wanda kamfanin ya nemi afuwar ta a shekarar 2020.

Bayan canza jinsin ta, Conway ta karɓi sabon suna da ainihi kuma ta sake aiki daga farko. Ta yi aiki a Xerox PARC daga 1973 zuwa 1983, inda ta jagoranci kungiyar "*LSI Systems*". Ta ƙaddamar da Mead–Conway VLSI, wani ingantaccen ƙirar microchip (VLSI), wanda ya sake fasalin filin ƙirar microchip a shekarun 1980s.

Conway ta shiga Jami'ar Michigan a matsayin farfesa a fannin injiniyancin lantarki da kimiyyar kwamfuta a 1985. Ta yi ritaya daga aiki koyarwa da bincike a 1998 a matsayin farfesa Emerita. Conway ta fara tattaunawa a bainar jama'a game da canjin jinsi a cikin shekarar 1999 kuma ta kasance mai fafutukar canza jinsi har mutuwarta a 2024.
## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Conway a Mount Vernon, New York, a ranar 2 ga Janairu, 1938 ga iyaye Christine Alice (née Burney) Savage (1904 – 1977) da Rufus Savage (1904 – 1966). An raine shi a matsayin yaro namiji, Conway ya girma a Hartsdale da White Plains, New York, a matsayin yaro mai kunya wanda ya kuma fuskanci matsalolin jinsi. Bayan iyayenta sun rabu a cikin 1945, Conway da ƙanenta, Blair Savage (1941-2022), mahaifiyarsu ta girma. Ilimin falaki ya burge Conway (gina na'urar hangen nesa mai nuni da girman inci 6 (150 mm) a lokacin rani ɗaya) kuma ya yi fice a fannin lissafi da kimiyya a makaranta.

Bayan kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta White Plains a 1955, Conway ta shiga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts kuma ta fara yunƙurin sauye-sauyen jinsi a 1957. Ta fuskanci rashin tallafin zamantakewa da na likitanci, ta janye daga MIT a 1959 kuma daga ƙarshe ta daina canzawa. Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fasaha na lantarki na shekaru da yawa, Conway ya ci gaba da karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da Kimiyya ta Jami'ar Columbia, yana samun BS. da M.S.E.E. digiri a 1962 da 1963.
## Binciken farko a IBM

IBM Research ta dauki Conway aiki a Yorktown Heights, New York, a cikin 1964, kuma nan da nan aka zaɓe shi don shiga ƙungiyar gine-ginen da ke zayyana babban kwamfuta, tare da John Cocke, Brian Randell, Herbert Schorr, Ed Sussenguth, Fran Allen da sauran masu bincike na IBM. a kan Advanced Computing Systems (ACS), ƙirƙira batutuwa masu yawa daga cikin tsari mai ƙarfi tsarawa yayin aiki a can. Gidan Tarihi na Kwamfuta ya bayyana cewa "Tsarin gine-gine na ACS ... ya bayyana ya kasance farkon zane na 'superscalar' ".
## Canjin jinsi
Bayan koyo game da binciken farko na Harry Benjamin a fannin kiwon lafiya ga mata masu jima'i, wanda ya haɗa da yuwuwar tiyatar sake fasalin jima'i, Conway ya nemi taimakonsa. Yin gwagwarmaya tare da matsanancin damuwa na asibiti saboda dysphoria na jinsi, ta tuntubi Dr. Benjamin, wanda ya yarda ya ba da shawara da kuma maganin maye gurbin hormone, wanda Conway ya sake komawa a cikin 1967.

Yayin da yake fama da rayuwa a matsayin namiji, Conway ya auri mace a 1963 kuma yana da 'ya'ya biyu. A ƙarƙashin ƙaƙƙarfan shari'a a lokacin, an hana ta zuwa ga 'ya'yansu bayan canja wuri.

Ko da yake ta yi fatan za a ba ta damar yin sauyi kan aikin, IBM ta kori Conway a shekarar 1968 bayan ta bayyana aniyarta ta sauya sheka. A cikin 2020, IBM a bainar jama'a ta nemi gafara ga Conway saboda harbe ta a wani taron jama'a tare da Diane Gherson, a lokacin babban mataimakiyar shugabar huldar dan Adam ta IBM. A wurin taron, an ba Conway lambar yabo ta IBM Lifetime Achievement Award saboda aikinta a IBM da kuma daga baya aiki.
## Sana'ar canji
Bayan kammala canjin jinsinta a cikin 1968, Conway ta ɗauki sabon suna da ainihi kuma ta sake fara aikinta a yanayin ɓoyewa a matsayin mai tsara shirye-shiryen kwangila a Computer Applications, Inc. Daga nan ta yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara tsarin dijital da injiniyan kwamfuta a Memorex daga 1969 zuwa 1972.

Conway ta shiga Xerox PARC a cikin 1973, inda ta jagoranci rukunin "LSI Systems" a ƙarƙashin Bert Sutherland. Lokacin yana cikin PARC, Conway ya kafa fasahar wafers multiproject (MPW). Haɗin kai tare da Ivan Sutherland da Carver Mead akan tsarin ƙira mai girma-girma (VLSI), ta haɗu da Gabatarwa ga Tsarin VLSI, wani aiki mai fa'ida wanda ba da daɗewa ba zai zama daidaitaccen littafin rubutu a ƙirar guntu, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a kusan jami'o'i 120 nan da 1983. Tare da sayar da kwafi sama da 70,000, da sabon haɗin kai na sabbin abubuwan MPC79/MOSIS, juyin juya halin Mead da Conway ya zama wani ɓangare na ƙirar VLSI.

A cikin 1978, Conway ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa mai ziyara a injiniyan lantarki da kimiyyar kwamfuta a MIT, yana koyar da sanannen kwas ɗin ƙira na VLSI dangane da daftarin rubutu na Mead-Conway. Kwas ɗin ya inganta sabbin hanyoyin ƙira da littafin karatu kuma ya kafa tsarin koyarwa da littafin jagora da ake amfani da shi a cikin darussa na gaba a duniya. Daga cikin gudummawar Conway akwai ƙirƙira ƙarancin ƙira, ƙa'idodin ƙira waɗanda ke sauƙaƙe ƙirar guntu da kayan aikin ƙira, da ƙirƙira wani sabon nau'i na tushen abubuwan more rayuwa na intanet don saurin samfuri da ƙirƙira gajere adadi mai yawa na ƙirar guntu.

Sun yi niyya don magance haɓakar sarƙaƙƙiyar ƙirar guntu, kamar yadda hanyoyin gargajiya ke gwagwarmaya don tafiya daidai da dokar Moore. An kafa sabon kayan aikin a matsayin tsarin Metal Oxide Semiconductor Implementation Service (MOSIS) a cikin 1981. Mead da Conway sun sami lambar yabo ta shekara-shekara na nasara a mujallar Electronics a 1981. Mai bincike na VLSI Charles Seitz yayi sharhi cewa "MOSIS ya wakilci lokaci na farko tun bayan aikin majagaba na Eckert da Mauchley akan ENIAC a ƙarshen 1940s cewa jami'o'i da ƙananan kamfanoni sun sami damar yin amfani da fasahar dijital ta zamani.".

Tasiri da hanyoyin bincike da ke haifar da ci gaban tsarin tsarin Mead-Conway VLSI da kuma samfurin MOSIS an yi cikakken bayani a cikin rahoton Xerox na 1981, da Euromicro Journal, da kuma tarihin tarihi da yawa na lissafi. Hanyoyin Mead-Conway suma sun zo ƙarƙashin binciken ƙabilanci a cikin 1980 daga masanin ilimin ɗan adam na PARC Lucy Suchman, wacce ta buga tambayoyinta da Conway a cikin 2021.

A cikin 1983, Conway ta bar Xerox don shiga DARPA, inda ta kasance mahimmin ƙirar ƙirar ƙira ta Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka. A cikin labarin USA Today na zamani game da shigar Conway DARPA, Mark Stefik, masanin kimiyyar Xerox wanda ya yi aiki tare da ita, ya ce "Lynn na son yin rayuwa biyar a cikin rayuwar daya". Douglas Fairbairn, tsohon abokin tarayya na Xerox, ya ce "Ta gano hanyar da kowa zai yi nasara." A cikin Tasirin Net, masanin ilimin zamantakewa Thomas Streeter ya rubuta cewa shawarar Conway ta shiga DARPA ya nuna rashin amincewa da 'yancin kai na antiwar.

Conway ya shiga Jami'ar Michigan a 1985 a matsayin farfesa a injiniyan lantarki da kimiyyar kwamfuta da kuma mataimakin shugaban injiniya. A can, ta ƙware a hanyoyin sadarwa na gani da ƙirƙira tsarin sarrafawa don haɗaɗɗun intanet da mu'amalar masu amfani da kebul na broadband. Ta yi ritaya daga koyarwa da bincike a cikin 1998 a matsayin farfesa Emerita a Michigan.
## Ilimin na'ura mai kwakwalwa
Juyin juya halin guntu na Mead-Conway VLSI ya bazu cikin sauri ta hanyar jami'o'in bincike da masana'antar kwamfuta a cikin 1980s. Ya haɓaka haɓakar masana'antar ƙirar ƙirar lantarki, ta kafa ƙirar ƙira don ƙirar guntu da masana'anta, kuma ta haifar da tasirin farawar fasaha a cikin 1980s da 1990s.

A cikin faɗuwar 2012, IEEE ta buga fitowa ta musamman na IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine wanda aka keɓe ga aikin Conway, gami da tarihin aikin Conway da sharhin takwarorinsu ta Chuck House, tsohon Daraktan Injiniya a HP, Carlo Séquin, da Kenneth L Shepard. James F. Gibbons ya bayyana a cikin harajin nasa cewa Conway, daga hangen nesa, "shi ne karfi guda daya bayan dukkanin ci gaban 'kafa' wanda ya samo asali." "Tun da ban #LookLikeanEngineer ba, mutane kaɗan sun kama abin da nake yi a cikin 70s da 80s," in ji Conway daga baya.

A cikin 2020, Shugaban Cibiyar Injiniya ta Kasa John L. Anderson ya bayyana cewa "Lynn Conway ba majagaba ne kawai na juyin juya hali a cikin tsara tsarin VLSI ba ... Amma kamar yadda yake da mahimmanci, Lynn ta kasance mai jajircewa wajen ba da labarinta, kuma ita Juriya ya kasance tunatarwa ga al'umma cewa kada ta kasance makantar da sabbin abubuwa na mata, mutane masu launi, ko wasu waɗanda ba su dace da zamani ba - amma abin takaici, dagewa - hasashe na yadda injiniya yake kama da shi."

Conway ta ba da sunan abin mamaki na mata da mutane masu launi da ba a kula da su a cikin asusun tarihi na sababbin abubuwa "Tasirin Conway."tarin fa’ida daga wadanda ake tsammanin za su yi sabon abu.

A cikin 2023, Lynn Conway ya haɗu tare da Jim Boulton don ƙirƙirar Layi a cikin Sand, ɗan gajeren littafin ban dariya wanda ke ba da labarin sabon VLSI. Taron ƙaddamarwa ya faru ne a Cibiyar Tarihin Lissafi a kan Nuwamba 23, 2023.
## Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa
Conway ya auri mace a shekara ta 1963, kuma suna da ’ya’ya mata biyu tare. Bayan kisan aurensu a shekara ta 1968, an hana Conway shiga 'ya'yansu.

A cikin 1987, Conway ta sadu da mijinta Charles "Charlie" Rogers, ƙwararren injiniya wanda ya raba sha'awarta a waje, gami da kwale-kwalen ruwan farin ruwa da tseren motocross. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fara zama tare suka sayi gida mai kadada 24 (haɗin 9.7) na makiyaya, marsh, da ciyayi a cikin karkarar Jackson, Michigan a cikin 1994.. Sun yi aure a ranar 13 ga Agusta, 2002. A cikin 2014, Mujallar tsofaffin ɗaliban Injiniya ta Jami'ar Michigan ta rubuta alaƙa tsakanin binciken injiniyan Conway da rayuwarta ta sirri.

Conway ta mutu sakamakon ciwon zuciya a gidanta a ranar 9 ga Yuni, 2024, tana da shekara 86.
## Manazarta