Dalilan Ciwon Daji

**Ciwon daji yana faruwa ne** ta hanyar canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta wanda ke haifar da hadakar kwayoyin cuta marasa tsari da samuwar kari.. Babban dalilin ciwon daji (wanda ba na iyali ba) shine lalacewar DNA da rashin zaman lafiya. Kadan daga cikin cututtukan daji na faruwa ne saboda maye gurbi na gado. Yawancin cututtukan daji suna da alaƙa da muhalli, salon rayuwa, ko fallasa ɗabi'a. Ciwon daji gabaɗaya baya yaɗuwa a cikin ɗan adam, kodayake ana iya haifar dashi ta hanyar oncoviruses da kwayoyin cutar kansa . Kalmar " muhalli ", kamar yadda masu binciken ciwon daji ke amfani da ita, tana nufin duk wani abu da ke waje da jiki wanda ke hulda da mutane.  Yanayin bai iyakance ga yanayin yanayin halitta ba (misali fallasa abubuwa kamar gurɓatacciyar iska ko hasken rana), to amma kuma ya haɗa da yanayin rayuwa da halayen dabi'a.

Fiye da kashi daya bisa uku na mutuwar ciwon daji a duk duniya (kuma kusan kashi 75-80 a cikin Amurka) ana kuma iya kaucewa ta hanyar rage fallasa ga abubuwan da aka sani. Abubuwan muhalli na yau da kullun wadanda ke ba da gudummawa ga mutuwar kansa sun hada da fallasa ga sinadarai daban-daban da wakilai na jiki (amfani da taba yana da lissafin 25-30% na mutuwar cutar kansa), gurbataccen muhalli, abinci da kiba (30-35%), cututtuka (15-20%), da kuma radiation (duka ionizing da rashin ionizing, har zuwa 10%). Wadannan abubuwan suna aiki, aqalla wani bangare, ta hanyar canza aikin kwayoyin halitta a cikin sel. Yawanci yawancin irin waɗannan canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta ana buƙatar kafin ciwon daji ya taso. An yi ta maimaita tsufa kuma akai-akai a matsayin muhimmin al'amari da za a yi la'akari da shi lokacin da ake kimanta abubuwan hadari don ci gaban ciwon daji na musamman. Yawancin canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta da na salula wadanda ke da hannu wajen hadaka ciwon daji suna taruwa yayin tsarin tsufa kuma a karshe suna bayyana kamar ciwon daji.

## Genetics

Ko da yake akwai fiye da 50 nau'in ciwon daji da za a iya gane su, ƙasa da 0.3% na yawan jama'a sune masu dauke da maye gurbi mai alaka da cutar kansa kuma wadannan ba su wuce 3-10% na duk cututtukan daji ba. Mafi yawan ciwon daji ba na gado bane ("ciwon daji na lokaci-lokaci"). Ciwon daji na gado yana haifar da asali ne ta hanyar lahani na gado. Ciwon daji ko ciwon daji na iyali cuta ce ta kwayoyin halitta wanda gadadden maye gurbi a cikin daya ko fiye da kwayoyin halitta ke sa wadanda abin ya shafa su kamu da cutar kansa kuma yana iya haifar da farkon farkon wadannan cututtukan. Ko da yake ciwon daji yana nuna hasarin ciwon daji, hadarin ya bambanta. Ga wasu daga cikin wadannan cututtuka, ciwon daji ba shine farkon sifa ba kuma ba kasafai ake samun sakamako ba.

Yawancin cututtukan ciwon daji suna haifar da maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin cuta masu hana ɗari wadanda ke daidaita hadakar kwayoyin cuta. Sauran maye gurbi na yau da kullun suna canza aikin kwayoyin halittar DNA, oncogenes da kwayoyin halittar da ke da hannu wajen samar da hanyoyin jini . Wasu maye gurbi da aka gada a cikin kwayoyin halittar *BRCA1* da *BRCA2* tare da fiye da kashi 75 cikin dari na hadarin kansar nono da kansar kwai . Wasu daga cikin cututtukan da aka gada wadanda ke haifar da ciwon daji na launin fata sun hada da familial adenomatous polyposis da na gado maras polyposis colon cancer ; duk da haka, wadannan suna wakiltar kasa da kashi 5% na cututtukan daji na hanji. A lokuta da yawa, ana iya amfani da gwajin kwayoyin halitta don gano maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta ko chromosomes da ke wucewa ta cikin tsararraki.

Halin maye gurbi ana rarraba su azaman *germline* ko *somatic* dangane da nau'in tantanin halitta inda suke bayyana ( kwayoyin kwayoyin cuta sun hada da kwai da maniyyi da kwayoyin somatic su ne wadanda ke samar da jiki). Ana kuma aiwatar da maye gurbin kwayoyin cuta ta cikin tsararraki kuma suna kara hadarin cutar kansa.

### Ciwon daji

* Ataxia telangiectasia
* Bloom ciwo
* BRCA1 & BRCA2
* Fanconi anemia
* Familial adenomatous polyposis
* Gadon nono da ciwon daji na kwai
* Gadon ciwon daji mara polyposis
* Li-Fraumeni ciwo
* Basal cell carcinoma ciwo
* Von Hippel-Lindau cuta
* Werner ciwo
* Xeroderma pigmentosum

## Ma'aikatan jiki da sunadarai
Musamman abubuwa, da aka sani da carcinogens, an danganta su da takamaiman nau'in ciwon daji. Misalai na yau da kullun na carcinogens marasa radiyo ana shakar asbestos, wasu dioxins, da hayakin taba. Ko da yake jama'a gabadaya suna danganta cutar sankarau da sinadarai na roba, yana iya yiwuwa ya taso a cikin abubuwan halitta da na roba. An kiyasta cewa kusan mutuwar cutar kansa 20,000 da sabbin cututtukan daji 40,000 kowace shekara a Amurka suna da alaqa da zama. A kowace shekara, aƙalla mutane 200,000 ne ke mutuwa a duniya sakamakon cutar kansa da ke da alaqa da wuraren aikinsu.  Miliyoyin ma'aikata suna fuskantar barazanar kamuwa da cutar kansa kamar su kansar huhu da mesothelioma daga shakar asbestos fibers da hayakin taba, ko cutar sankarar bargo daga kamuwa da benzene a wuraren aikinsu. An yi imanin ciwon daji da ke da alaƙa da sana'ar mutum yana wakiltar tsakanin 2-20% na duk lokuta. Yawancin mutuwar kansar da ke haifar da hadarin sana'a na faruwa a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba.  Damuwar aiki baya zama wani abu mai mahimmanci akalla a cikin huhu, launin fata, nono da kuma prostate cancer.  Shiga Operation Ranchhand a Vietnam a lokacin yakin Vietnam, ko zama kusa da filin wasan golf, ko zama a gona zai kara haɗarin ƙwayoyin lymphoma wadanda ba Hodgkins ba saboda fallasa ga sinadaran 2,4-D. Lokacin da aka haxa 2,4-D tare da wani magungunan kashe qwari ko herbicide, 2,4-T, a wani rabo na 50:50, an san su tare da Agent Orange.

### Shan taba

Shan taba yana da alaqa da nau'ikan ciwon daji da yawa, kuma yana haifar da 80% na kansar huhu . Shekaru da yawa na bincike ya nuna alakar da ke tsakanin shan taba da ciwon daji a cikin huhu, makogwaro, kai, wuya, ciki, mafitsara, koda, esophagus da pancreas. Akwai wasu shaidun da ke nuna ƙaramar hadarin kamuwa da cutar sankarar jini ta myeloid, squamous cell sinonasal cancer, ciwon hanta, ciwon daji, ciwon daji na gallbladder, glandar adrenal, kananan hanji, da cututtuka na yara daban-daban. Hayakin taba ya kunshi fiye da hamsin sanannun ƙwayoyin cuta, gami da nitrosamines da polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons .  Taba yana da alhakin kusan daya cikin uku na duk mutuwar ciwon daji a cikin kasashen da suka ci gaba, kuma kusan ɗaya cikin biyar a duniya. Yawan mutuwar cutar kansar huhu a Amurka ya yi kama da tsarin shan taba, tare da karuwar shan taba tare da karuwa mai ban mamaki a cikin adadin mutuwar cutar kansar huhu kuma, kwanan nan, raguwar yawan shan taba tun shekarun 1950 ya biyo bayan raguwar mutuwar cutar kansar huhu a cikin maza tun 1990. Duk da haka, adadin masu shan taba a duniya yana karuwa, wanda ya haifar da abin da wasu kungiyoyi suka bayyana a matsayin *cutar ta taba* .

Sigari na lantarki ko e-cigare na'urorin lantarki ne na hannu wadanda ke kwaikwayi jin shan taba. Yin amfani da dogon lokaci na yau da kullun na babban karfin lantarki (5.0V) sigari na lantarki na iya haifar da sinadarai masu kirkirar formaldehyde a mafi girman matakin fiye da shan taba, wanda aka kaddara zai zama haɗarin kansa na rayuwa na kusan sau 5 zuwa 15 fiye da shan taba. Koyaya, gabaɗayan aminci da tasirin lafiyar sigari na dogon lokaci har yanzu ba a tabbata ba.

### Kayayyaki

Wasu abubuwa suna haifar da ciwon daji da farko ta hanyar jiki, maimakon sinadarai, illa ga sel. Babban misali na wannan shine tsawaita bayyanar da asbestos, filayen ma'adinai da ke faruwa a zahiri wadanda sune babban dalilin mesothelioma, wanda shine ciwon daji na membrane serous, yawanci serous membrane kewaye da huhu. Sauran abubuwa a cikin wannan nau'in, ciki har da abubuwan da ke faruwa na halitta da kuma kayan aikin asbestos na roba kamar su wollastonite, attapulgite, gilashin ulu, da ulun dutse, an yi imanin suna da irin wannan tasiri. Abubuwan da ba su da fibrous wanda ke haifar da ciwon daji sun haɗa da cobalt na karfe da nickel, da silica crystalline ( quartz, cristobalite, da tridymite ). Yawancin lokaci, carcinogens na jiki dole ne su shiga cikin jiki (kamar ta hanyar shakar kananan guntu) kuma suna bukatar tsawon shekaru don hadaka ciwon daji. Kwayoyin cutar sankara na sana'a sun haɗa da:

* arsenic
* asbestos
* benzene
* beryllium
* cadmium
* chromium
* ethylene oxide
* nickel
* Plutonium

## salon rayuwa
Yawancin abubuwan rayuwa daban-daban suna ba da gudummawa ga hadaka hadarin kansa. Tare, abinci da kiba suna da alaqa da kusan 30-35% na mutuwar ciwon daji. Shawarwari na abinci don rigakafin ciwon daji yawanci sun hada da girmamawa ga kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itace, hatsi gabadaya, da kifi, da kuma nisantar nama da aka sarrafa, jan nama, kitsen dabba, da ingantaccen carbohydrates. Shaidar don tallafawa wadannan canje-canjen abinci ba tabbatacce ba ne.

### Barasa

Barasa misali ne na sinadari na carcinogen. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ware barasa a matsayin rukuni na 1 carcinogen . A Yammacin Turai kashi 10% na ciwon daji na maza da kashi 3% na ciwon daji na mata ana danganta su da barasa. A duk duniya, kashi 3.6% na duk cututtukan daji da kashi 3.5% na mutuwar ciwon daji ana danganta su da barasa. Musamman, an nuna amfani da barasa yana ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon daji na baki, esophagus, pharynx, larynx, ciki, hanta, ovaries, da hanji.  Babban tsarin ci gaban ciwon daji ya hada da kara yawan bayyanar da acetaldehyde, carcinogen da rushewar samfurin ethanol. An ba da shawarar wasu hanyoyin, ciki har da ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki da ke da alaƙa da barasa, canje-canje a cikin DNA methylation, da shigar da damuwa na oxidative a cikin kyallen takarda.

### Abinci
An danganta wasu takamaiman abinci da takamaiman cututtukan daji. Bincike ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke cin ja ko naman da aka sarrafa suna da hadarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono, ciwon prostate, da kansar pancreatic. Ana iya bayyana wannan a wani bangare ta kasancewar ƙwayoyin cuta na carcinogen a cikin abincin da aka dafa a yanayin zafi. Abubuwan haɗari da yawa don haɓakar ciwon daji na launi sun haɗa da yawan cin mai, barasa, ja da naman da aka sarrafa, kiba, da rashin motsa jiki. Abincin gishiri mai yawa yana da alaqa da ciwon daji na ciki. Aflatoxin B1, gurɓataccen abinci akai-akai, yana da alaƙa da ciwon hanta. An nuna taunan goro na haifar da ciwon daji na baki.

Dangantakar da ke tsakanin abinci da ci gaban wasu cututtukan daji na iya yin bayanin bambance-bambance a cikin kamuwa da cutar kansa a kasashe daban-daban. Misali, ciwon daji na ciki ya fi zama ruwan dare a Japan saboda yawan cin abinci mai yawan gishiri da kuma ciwon daji na hanji ya zama ruwan dare a Amurka saboda yawan cin naman da aka sarrafa da kuma jan nama. Al'ummomin bakin haure sun kasance suna hadaka yanayin haɗarin cutar kansa na sabuwar kasarsu, galibi a cikin tsararraki ɗaya zuwa biyu, suna ba da shawarar alaƙa mai mahimmanci tsakanin abinci da kansa.

### Kiba

A cikin Amurka, yawan nauyin jiki yana da alaqa da hadakar nau'in ciwon daji da yawa kuma shine kashi 14-20% na mutuwar ciwon daji.  Kowace shekara, kusan sabbin cututtukan daji 85,000 a Amurka suna da alaƙa da kiba. Mutanen da aka yi wa tiyatar bariatric don asarar nauyi sun rage kamuwa da cutar kansa da mace-mace.

Akwai dangantaka tsakanin kiba da ciwon hanji, ciwon nono bayan al'ada, ciwon daji na endometrial, ciwon koda, da ciwon daji na esophageal. An kuma danganta kiba da kamuwa da cutar sankarar hanta. Fahimtar yanzu game da tsarin ci gaban ciwon daji a cikin kiba yana da alaƙa da karancin matakan furotin na rayuwa (ciki har da abubuwan hadakar insulin-kamar abubuwan habakawa) da hormones na jima'i ( estrogens, androgens da progestogens ).  Nama na adipose kuma yana haifar da yanayi mai kumburi wanda zai iya taimakawa wajen bunkasa ciwon daji.

An yi imanin rashin aiki na jiki yana ba da gudummawa ga hadarin ciwon daji ba kawai ta hanyar tasirinsa akan nauyin jiki ba har ma ta hanyar mummunan tasiri akan tsarin rigakafi da tsarin endocrine .  Fiye da rabin sakamako daga abinci shine saboda rashin abinci mai gina jiki maimakon cin abinci mai kyau.

## Hormones

Wasu hormones suna taka rawa wajen haɓakar ciwon daji ta hanyar haɓaka yaduwar kwayar halitta . Abubuwan haɓaka masu kama da insulin da sunadaran da ke ɗaure su suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin haɓakar ƙwayoyin cutar kansa, bambance-bambance da apoptosis, suna nuna yiwuwar shiga cikin carcinogenesis.

Hormones sune mahimman abubuwa a cikin cututtukan daji masu alaƙa da jima'i kamar kansar nono, endometrium, prostate, ovary, da testis, da kuma ciwon daji na thyroid da kansar kashi . Misali, 'ya'yan mata masu fama da ciwon nono suna da adadin isrogen da progesterone da yawa fiye da 'yan matan mata masu ciwon nono. Wadannan matakan hormone masu girma na iya yin bayanin dalilin da yasa wadannan mata ke da hadarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono, ko da idan babu kwayar cutar kansar nono. Hakazalika, mazan zuriyar Afirka suna da matakan testosterone mafi girma fiye da mazan zuriyar Turai, kuma suna da daidai da matakin cutar kansar prostate . Maza na asalin Asiya, tare da kananan matakan testosterone-activating androstanediol glucuronide, suna da kananan matakan ciwon daji na prostate.

Sauran abubuwan kuma sun dace: mutane masu kiba suna da matakan girma na wasu hormones masu alaqa da ciwon daji da kuma mafi girman adadin wadannan cututtukan. Matan da suke shan maganin maye gurbin hormone suna da hadari mafi girma na tasowa ciwon daji da ke hade da waɗannan hormones. A gefe guda kuma, mutanen da ke motsa jiki fiye da matsakaici suna da ƙananan matakan wadannan hormones, kuma ƙananan haɗarin ciwon daji. Osteosarcoma na iya haɓaka ta hanyar hormones girma .

Wasu jiyya da hanyoyin rigakafin suna yin amfani da wannan dalili ta hanyar rage matakan hormone ta hanyar wucin gadi, kuma don haka yana hana cututtukan daji masu saurin kamuwa da hormone. Saboda hormones na steroids suna da karfi masu haifar da bayyanar cututtuka a cikin wasu kwayoyin cutar kansa, canza matakan ko aiki na wasu kwayoyin halitta na iya haifar da wasu ciwon daji su daina girma ko kuma su fuskanci mutuwar kwayar halitta. Watakila mafi yawan sanannun misali na maganin hormonal a cikin ilimin oncology shine amfani da zabi na estrogen-receptor modulator tamoxifen don maganin ciwon nono. Wani nau'i na ma'aikatan hormonal, masu hana aromatase, yanzu suna da rawar fadadawa a cikin maganin ciwon nono.

## Kamuwa da kumburi
A duk duniya, kusan kashi 18% na cututtukan daji suna da alaƙa da cututtuka masu yaduwa . Wannan rabo ya bambanta a yankuna daban-daban na duniya daga babban kashi 25% a Afirka zuwa kasa da 10% a cikin kasashen da suka ci gaba. Kwayoyin cuta sune cututtuka na yau da kullun waɗanda ke haifar da ciwon daji amma kwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta suma suna taimakawa. Kwayoyin cututtuka waɗanda ke ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji akai-akai sune tushen lalacewar DNA ko rashin zaman lafiyar kwayoyin halitta.

Kamuwa da cuta shine babban haɗari ga cutar sankarar mahaifa da hanta. Kwayar cutar da ke haifar da ciwon daji ana kiranta *oncovirus* . Wadannan sun hada da papillomavirus ɗan adam ( ciwon mahaifa ), cutar Epstein-Barr ( cututtukan lymphoproliferative B-cell da nasopharyngeal carcinoma ), Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus ( Kaposi's sarcoma da primary effusion lymphomas ), hepatitis B da hepatitis C ƙwayoyin cuta ( hepatocellular carcinoma ), da Human T. Kwayar cutar sankarar bargo-1 (T-cell leukemias).

A kasashen da suka ci gaba na Yamma, cutar papillomavirus (HPV) da cutar hanta ta B (HBV) da kuma cutar hanta ta C (HCV) su ne cutar kanjamau. A Amurka, HPV yana haifar da mafi yawan ciwon daji na mahaifa, da kuma wasu ciwon daji na farji, farji, azzakari, dubura, dubura, makogwaro, harshe da tonsils. Daga cikin kwayoyin cuta na HPV masu haɗari, HPV E6 da E7 oncoproteins suna hana ƙwayoyin kwayoyin cuta suppressor lokacin kamuwa da kwayoyin cuta. Bugu da ƙari, oncoproteins da kansa suna haifar da rashin zaman lafiyar kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayoyin halitta na al'ada, wanda ke haifar da haɗarin ci gaban ciwon daji. Mutanen da ke da ciwon hanta na ciwon hanta B sun fi sau 200 suna iya kamuwa da cutar kansar hanta fiye da waɗanda ba su kamu da cutar ba. Ciwon hanta, ko daga kamuwa da cutar ciwon hanta na kullum ko kuma cin zarafi na barasa, yana da alaƙa da kansa tare da ci gaban ciwon hanta, amma haɗuwa da cirrhosis da ciwon hanta na ƙwayar cuta yana nuna mafi girman hadarin ciwon hanta.

### Bacteria da parasites

Wasu cututtuka na kwayoyin cuta kuma suna ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin Helicobacter pylori wanda ya haifar da ciwon ciki . Hanyar da *H. pylori* ke haifar da ciwon daji na iya haɗawa da kumburi na yau da kullum ko aikin kai tsaye na wasu abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta . Kwayoyin cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da ciwon daji sun haɗa da *Schistosoma haematobium* ( squamous cell carcinoma na mafitsara ) da kuma hanta flukes, *Opisthorchis viverrini* da *Clonorchis sinensis* ( cholangiocarcinoma ). Kumburi da ƙwan tsutsa ke haifarwa ya bayyana shine hanyar da ke haifar da ciwon daji. Wasu cututtukan cututtuka na parasitic kuma na iya ƙara kasancewar mahadi na carcinogenic a cikin jiki, wanda ke haifar da haɓakar ciwon daji. Cutar tarin fuka, wanda mycobacterium *M. tarin fuka* ya haifar, an kuma danganta shi da ci gaban ciwon huhu.

### Kumburi
Akwai shaidar cewa kumburi kanta yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen hadakawa da ci gaban ciwon daji. Kumburi na yau da kullum zai iya haifar da lalacewar DNA a kan lokaci da kuma tarin sauye-sauye na kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayoyin cutar kansa. Kumburi na iya taimakawa wajen yaduwa, rayuwa, angiogensis da ƙaura na kwayoyin ciwon daji ta hanyar tasiri microenvironment tumor . Mutanen da ke da cututtukan hanji mai kumburi suna cikin hadarin hadaka cututtukan daji na launi.

## Radiation
Har zuwa kashi 10 cikin 100 na cututtukan daji masu barna suna da alaqa da fallasa hasken rana, gami da duka radiation marasa ionizing da radiation ionizing . Ba kamar abubuwan da ke haifar da sinadarai ko jiki don ciwon daji ba, ionizing radiation yana kaiwa ga kwayoyin halitta a cikin sel ba da gangan ba. Idan ya faru ya bugi chromosome, zai iya karya chromosome, ya haifar da adadi mara kyau na chromosomes, rashin kunna ɗaya ko fiye da kwayoyin halitta a cikin bangaren chromosome da ya buga, share sassan jerin DNA, haifar da fassarar chromosome, ko haifar da chromosomes. sauran nau'ikan rashin daidaituwa na chromosome . Babban lalacewa yakan haifar da mutuwar tantanin halitta, amma ƙananan lalacewa na iya barin barga, wani ɓangaren tantanin halitta mai aiki wanda zai iya yaduwa da haɓaka zuwa kansa, musamman idan kwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari sun lalace ta hanyar radiation. Matakai uku masu zaman kansu sun bayyana suna da hannu a cikin ƙirƙirar ciwon daji tare da radiation ionizing: sauye-sauyen yanayin halitta zuwa tantanin halitta, samun rashin mutuwa ta salula (rasa al'ada, tsarin tafiyar da rayuwa mai iyaka), da daidaitawa waɗanda ke ba da izinin samuwar kwayar cuta. Ko da kwayar cutar ba ta bugi DNA kai tsaye ba, yana haifar da martani daga sel waɗanda ke ƙara yuwuwar maye gurbi a kaikaice.

### Radiation marasa ionizing

Ba kowane nau'in radiation na lantarki ba ne carcinogenic. Rawanin makamashi mara karfi akan bakan na'urar lantarki da suka hada da rakuman radiyo, microwaves, infrared radiation da hasken da ake iya gani ba ana tsammanin ba saboda basu da isasshen kuzari don karya haɗin sinadarai . Rashin ionizing mitar rediyo daga wayar hannu, watsa wutar lantarki, da sauran makamantansu an bayyana su a matsayin yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar sankara ta Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya don Bincike kan Ciwon daji .   Koyaya, binciken bai sami daidaiton alaƙa tsakanin hasken wayar salula da haɗarin kansa ba.

Hasken makamashi mai ƙarfi, gami da hasken ultraviolet (wanda yake a cikin hasken rana), hasken x-ray, da radiation na gamma, gabaɗaya carcinogenic ne, idan an karɓa cikin isassun allurai. Tsawon tsawaitawa zuwa hasken ultraviolet daga rana zai iya haifar da melanoma da sauran cututtukan fata. Yawancin cututtukan da ba su da haɗari ba su ne cututtukan fata waɗanda ba melanoma ba waɗanda ba su haifar da radiation ultraviolet ba. Shaida bayyananniya ta kafa radiation ultraviolet, musamman ma matsakaicin raƙuman raguman ionizing UVB, a matsayin sanadin mafi yawan cututtukan cututtukan fata waɗanda ba melanoma ba, waɗanda sune mafi yawan nau'ikan ciwon daji a duniya.

### Ionizing radiation

Tushen ionizing radiation sun haɗa da hoton likita, da radon gas. Ionizing radiation ba mutagen mai karfi bane musamman. Amfani da likitanci na ionizing radiation shine tushen hadakar cututtukan daji da ke haifar da radiation. Ana iya amfani da radiation ionizing don magance wasu cututtuka, amma wannan yana iya, a wasu lokuta, haifar da nau'i na biyu na ciwon daji. Radiation na iya haifar da ciwon daji a mafi yawan sassan jiki, a cikin dukan dabbobi, da kuma kowane shekaru, duk da cewa radiation-induced tabarbarewar ciwace-ciwacen daji yakan dauki shekaru 10-15, kuma zai iya ɗaukar shekaru 40, ya bayyana a asibiti, kuma radiation-jawowa. cutar sankarar bargo yawanci yana buƙatar shekaru 2-10 don bayyana. Radiation-induced meningiomas wani baƙon abu ne mai rikitarwa na kumburin hanji. Wasu mutane, irin su waɗanda ke da ciwon basal cell carcinoma ko retinoblastoma, sun fi sauƙi fiye da matsakaici don bunkasa ciwon daji daga bayyanar radiation. Yara da matasa suna da yuwuwar haɓaka cutar sankarar bargo da ke haifar da radiation sau biyu kamar manya; Fitar da radiation kafin haihuwa yana da tasirin sau goma.

Hakanan ana amfani da ionizing radiation a wasu nau'ikan hoton likita . A cikin ƙasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu, hoton likitanci yana ba da gudummawar kusan adadin radiation ga jama'a kamar na baya-bayan nan. Dabarun magungunan nukiliya sun haɗa da allurar magungunan rediyo kai tsaye zuwa cikin jini. Maganin rediyo da gangan yana isar da allurai masu yawa na radiation zuwa ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen da ke kewaye da shi azaman nau'in maganin cuta. An kiyasta cewa 0.4% na ciwon daji a cikin 2007 a Amurka sun kasance saboda CTs da aka yi a baya kuma wannan na iya karuwa zuwa 1.5-2% tare da ƙimar amfani da CT a wannan lokaci guda.

Bayyanar mazaunin ga radon gas yana da irin wannan haɗarin kansa kamar shan taba . Ƙananan bayyanar cututtuka, kamar rayuwa kusa da tashar makamashin nukiliya, an yi imanin cewa ba su da wani tasiri ko kadan akan ci gaban ciwon daji. Radiation shine tushen ciwon daji mafi karfi idan aka haɗa shi da sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar kansa, irin su radon iskar gas tare da shan taba.

## Dalilan da ba kasafai ba

### Dashen gabobi

Ci gaban ciwace-ciwacen da ake samu daga masu ba da taimako daga dashen sassan jiki yana da wuyar gaske. Babban abin da ke haifar da ciwace-ciwacen gabobi da ke da alaƙa da alama yana da cutar melanoma, wanda ba a gano shi ba a lokacin girbi na gabbai. Haka kuma an sami rahotannin sarcoma na Kaposi na faruwa bayan dasawa saboda ficewar ƙwayoyin masu ba da taimako da kwayoyin cuta suka kamu da cutar.

### Tashin hankali
Raunin jiki da ke haifar da ciwon daji ba kasafai ba ne. Da'awar cewa karya kasusuwa ya haifar da ciwon daji na kashi, alal misali, ba a taɓa tabbatar da hakan ba. Hakazalika, ba a yarda da raunin jiki a matsayin sanadin cutar kansar mahaifa, ciwon nono, ko kansar kwakwalwa. Ɗaya daga cikin tushen da aka yarda shine akai-akai, aikace-aikacen dogon lokaci na abubuwa masu zafi zuwa jiki. Mai yiyuwa ne konewar da ake ta yi a wani bangare na jiki, irin wadanda ake samar da su daga kangare da na’urorin dumama na kairo (masu dumin hannun gawayi), na iya haifar da cutar kansar fata, musamman ma idan akwai sinadarai masu cutar kansa.

Yawan shan shayi mai zafi mai zafi na iya haifar da ciwon daji na esophageal. Gabaɗaya, an yi imanin cewa ciwon daji ya taso, ko kuma ana karfafa ciwon daji da ya rigaya ya kasance, a lokacin aikin gyaran raunin da ya faru, maimakon ciwon daji wanda ya haifar da ciwon kai tsaye. Koyaya, raunin raunin da aka samu ga kyallen takarda iri ɗaya na iya haɓaka haɓakar kwayoyin sel da yawa, wanda hakan zai iya ƙara yuwuwar maye gurbi.

### Watsawar uwa- tayi
A {asar Amirka, kusan mata masu juna biyu 3,500 suna fama da rashin lafiya a kowace shekara, kuma an lura da watsa cutar sankarar bargo mai tsanani, lymphoma, melanoma da carcinoma daga uwa zuwa tayin. Ban da cututtukan da ba kasafai ake yadawa ba da ke faruwa tare da masu juna biyu da masu ba da gudummawar gabbai kaɗan kawai, ciwon daji gabadaya ba cuta ce mai yaduwa ba . Babban dalilin wannan shine kin amincewa da ƙwayar nama wanda rashin daidaituwa na MHC ya haifar.  A cikin mutane da sauran kasusuwa, tsarin rigakafi yana amfani da antigens na MHC don bambanta tsakanin "kai" da "wadanda ba na kai ba" saboda wadannan antigens sun bambanta da mutum zuwa mutum. Lokacin da aka ci karo da antigens wadanda ba na kansu ba, tsarin rigakafi yana amsawa da tantanin halitta da ya dace. Irin wadannan halayen na iya karewa daga kwayar kwayar cuta ta hanyar kawar da kwayoyin da aka dasa.

## Manazarta