Edith Marion Patch

**Edith Marion Patch** (27 ga Yulin 1876 - 28 ga Satumba 1954) masanin ilimin halittu ce kuma marubuciya. An haife ta a Worcester, Massachusetts, ta sami digiri daga Jami'ar Minnesota a 1901 kuma da farko ta fara aiki a matsayin malamin Ingilishi kafin ta sami damar shirya sashen ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta a Jami'ar Maine. Ta zama shugabar sashen ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin 1904, kuma, duk da shakku daga abokan aiki maza da yawa game da samun shugaban sashen mata, ta kasance a wannan mukamin har sai da ta yi ritaya a cikin 1937.  An san Patch a matsayin mace ta farko da ta yi nasara sosai a Amurka.

Patch ta sami digiri na biyu daga jami'ar Maine a 1910 da Ph.D. daga Jami'ar Cornell da ke Ithaca, New York a 1911. A lokacin aikinta, an san ta a matsayin gwani kan aphids kuma ta buga Food Plant Catalogue of the Aphids a 1938. An zabe ta a matsayin shugabar Ƙungiyar Nazarin Yanayi ta Amirka kuma a cikin 1930 ta zama shugabar mace ta farko ta kungiyar Entomological Society of America . Gidan Patch a Tsohon Birni, Maine, an kara shi a cikin National Register of Historic Places a shekara ta 2001.

## Rayuwa ta farko
Edith Marion Patch ita ce ƙarama cikin yara shida na William Whipple Patch Jr. da Salome Jenks .  Bayan yakin basasar Amurka, iyalin suka koma New Vinton, Iowa amma suka koma Worcester a 1872. Sha'awarta ga tarihin halitta ta bayyana tun tana ƙarama kuma tana yawan yawo kusa da gidanta, tana nazarin dabbobi, furanni da tsire-tsire da ta gani a can. Iyalin sun koma Minneapolis, Minnesota a 1881, lokacin da take 'yar shekara takwas sannan kuma ta sake shiga cikin ƙauyuka bayan shekaru biyu, lokacin da ta sami damar ci gaba da sha'awarta a tarihin halitta. Ta kasance mai isasshen ilimi yayin da take makaranta don rubuta wata kasida game da malamin sarki wanda ya ba ta lambar yabo a gasar. Ta saka hannun jari na $ 25 a cikin kwafin littafin John Henry Comstock na "Manual for the Study of Insects" tare da zane-zane na Anna Botsford Comstock. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Kudu ta Minneapolis a shekara ta 1896,  Patch ya tafi Jami'ar Minnesota, ya kammala karatu tare da BSc a shekara ta 1901.  Da farko ba ta iya samun aiki mai dacewa a matsayin masanin ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta ba kuma ta yi shekaru biyu tana koyar da Turanci a makarantar sakandare, amma ta sami damar lokacin da Dokta Charles D. Woods ya ba ta matsayi mara biyan kuɗi. Aikin ya kasance a Jami'ar Maine a cikin Maine Agricultural Experiment Station don fara sashen ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta. Woods ta yanke shawarar nada bisa ga cancanta ba jinsi ba lokacin da aka ba ta aiki na cikakken lokaci a shekara mai zuwa.  

## Ayyuka

Patch koyaushe yana damuwa da aikace-aikacen ƙwayoyin cuta kuma ya rubuta labarai game da cututtukan noma da kayan lambu na Maine da itatuwan gandun daji. Kwarewarta ita ce Iyalin aphid tare da tarihin rayuwarsu mai rikitarwa, ikon su na watsa ƙwayoyin cuta da tsire-tsire masu maye gurbin su. Wataƙila an rinjaye ta a wannan zaɓin ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa ta yi aiki tare da Farfesa Oestlund, gwani a kan aphids, a Minnesota kafin ta je Jami'ar. Ta kasance a Jami'ar Maine a duk lokacin da ta yi aiki, ta sami digiri na biyu a 1911 da kuma digirin digirin digirinta daga Jami'ar Cornell shekara guda bayan haka. Yayinda take a Cornell, ta zama abokiyar iyalin Comstock. Ta wallafa kimanin takardun kimiyya tamanin game da aphids, ganewarsu, ilmin halitta da rawar da suka taka a cikin muhalli. Ta yi muhimmiyar binciken cewa ƙwai na melon aphid sun kasance a kan ciyawa, (*Sedum purpureum*), kuma cire wannan ciyawa daga kusa da shi ya rage yaduwar amfanin gona a shekara mai zuwa. A cikin 1938, ta wallafa wani muhimmin littafi, Food Plant Catalogue of the Aphids, wanda ya lissafa abubuwan da ta gano a kan tsire-tsire masu karɓar bakuncin da nau'ikan aphids daban-daban ke amfani da su.

Ta kuma wallafa labarai a cikin *Maine Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin* kuma ta rubuta wasu ga jama'a a cikin mujallu na lambu da Atlantic Monthly Magazine, Maine naturalist da Scientific Monthly Magazine. Ta fahimci yadda kwari masu amfani zasu iya zama a cikin sarrafa kwari kuma ba ta amince da aikace-aikacen magungunan kashe kwari ba tare da nuna bambanci ba. A cikin wannan, ra'ayoyinta sun riga sun wuce Rachel Carson da Silent Spring ta shekaru arba'in. Patch ya yi tarin tarin Aphididae wanda aka kiyaye shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Canadian National Collection a Ottawa. Ya ƙunshi nau'ikan fuka-fuki da marasa fuka-fuka na kowane nau'in kuma masu bincike sun yi amfani da shi sosai. An dauke ta a matsayin iko a duniya a kan aphids kuma tana da nau'o'i biyu, nau'o-nau'i biyar da nau'in jinsin guda daya da aka sanya mata suna. Ita kanta ita ce marubuciyar sababbin nau'o'in da aka bayyana.

A shekara ta 1924, Patch ta zama mace ta farko da ta jagoranci Maine Agricultural Experiment Station .  A shekara ta 1926, an sanya mata suna a cikin Kwamitin Nomenclature na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Tattalin Arziki ta Amirka, daga baya ta zama Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru ta Amurka.

An zabi Patch a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Nazarin Yanayi ta Amurka a shekarar 1930. A wannan shekarar, ta kuma zama mace ta farko da ta zama shugabar kungiyar Entomological Society of America a lokacin da wannan al'umma mai rinjaye maza ta yarda da mata kaɗan. Zuwa ƙarshen aikinta, Jami'ar Maine ta ba ta digirin digirin girmamawa a 1937, kuma a cikin 1940 an shigar da ita cikin ƙungiyar kimiyya mai daraja Sigma Delta Epsilon .

## Ayyukan rubuce-rubuce

Bayan samun digirinta na PhD, Patch ta fara rubuta littattafai da mujallu game da tarihin halitta ga yara, an tsara su don motsa sha'awar su da sha'awar duniyar halitta. Kamfanin Pine Cone Publishing Company ne ya buga su da farko a Orono, wanda da alama ita ce kamfaninta. A cikin 1913, Patch ya buga *Dame Bug da jaririnta*, tarin labaru 18 game da uwaye kwari da yaransu. Wannan ya haifar da sha'awar Patch don ci gaba da ilimantar da matasa game da yanayi ta hanyar rubuce-rubucenta. Wani ƙarin bugawa, Little Gateways to Science, ya ba da labarin tsuntsaye 12 da tasirin da aikin ɗan adam zai iya samu a duniyar halitta. Daga baya, bayan da aka kafa sunanta a matsayin marubucin tarihin halitta ga yara, sanannun Macmillan Publishers ne suka dauke ta. Tare da su ta samar da *Jerin hutu*, a kan namun daji da tsire-tsire da aka samu a wurare daban-daban, *Jerin Makwabta*, tare da bayani game da dabbobi na daji a cikin saitunan su na halitta, da *Masu Karatun Kimiyya* don makarantu, suna rufe batutuwan kimiyya ga yara har zuwa aji na takwas.

## Gidan Patch
A cikin 1913, Patch ta sayi tsohuwar gidan gona tare da kadada hamsin na ƙasa a Tsohon Birni, Maine kuma ta zauna a can har tsawon rayuwarta. Ta kira gidan "Braeside" amma daga baya ya zama sananne da "Patch House". An gina shi a cikin shekarun 1840, "*brae*" ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Scottish brae ma'anar banki, wanda ke nufin wurin da yake kusa da Kogin Stillwater. Ginin ya kunshi kadada 50 na lambun daji, gida ga al'ummomin kwari inda Patch ta shafe mafi yawan lokacinta na kyauta tana karatu da rubutu game da duniyar halitta. Ya wuce mallakar Jami'ar Maine bayan mutuwarta kuma an yi amfani da shi don masaukin ɗalibai. A cikin shekarun 1990 an yi la'akari da cewa ya saba wa ka'idojin tsaro daban-daban kuma an ƙaddara shi don rushewa, kuma an yi tsari don ba da izinin ƙone shi a matsayin horo ga masu kashe gobara. A shekara ta 1997, 'yan kwanaki kafin ya tashi cikin wuta, masu gwagwarmaya sun sami nasarar kara shi a cikin jerin Maine na mafi yawan kadarorin da ke cikin haɗari kuma an adana shi don zuriya. A shekara ta 2001 an kara shi a cikin National Register of Historic Places . 

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin lokaci na mata a kimiyya

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Library resources a cikin ɗakin karatuda kumaa wasu ɗakunan karatuby Edith Marion Patch
* Works by or about Edith Marion Patcha cikinTarihin Intanet
* Jagoran tattarawa zuwa Patch, (Edith M.) takardu (1900-1991) wanda Raymond H. Folger Library Special Collections na Jami'ar Maine ya gudanar