Harshen Wintu

Wintu (/wɪnˈtuː/ win-TOO) [1] yare ne na Wintuan wanda mutanen Wintu na California" id="mwFg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Northern California">Arewacin California ke magana a baya. Ita ce mafi arewacin dangin harsuna na Wintun. Ana magana da dangin Wintun a cikin Shasta County, Trinity County, Sacramento River Valley da kuma yankunan da ke kusa da Carquinez Strait na San Francisco Bay. Wintun reshe ne na harshen Penutian ko tarin harsuna na yammacin Arewacin Amurka, wanda ke da alaƙa da wasu iyalai huɗu na harsunan Penutian da ake magana a California: Maiduan, Miwokan, Yokuts, da Costanoan.[2]

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2011, Shugaban Marc Franco na Winnem Wintu yana aiki tare da Cibiyar Harshen 'yan asalin ƙasar kan sake farfado da harshen Winnem W intu.

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
Wintu yana da ƙwayoyin 28 (zuwa 30):

*  sune alamun da ba na asali ba waɗanda aka aro daga Turanci.
*  wani sauti ne mai ban sha'awa wanda ya faru, kalma ce kawai a ƙarshe, a cikin ɗaya daga cikin masu ba da labari na Pitkin (babban mai ba da shawara. A wasu masu magana, ya haɗu da  .
* Tsayar da hakora sune denti-alveolar: , , [ t̪h], [tʁʼ]. Matasa masu magana, duk da haka, suna amfani da (apico-) alveolar-stop articulations kamar a Turanci , , , .
*  na gefe yawanci fricative ne  amma wani lokaci wani africate tsakanin masu magana da McCloud yayin da masu magana da Triniti suna da africate kawai. Yana da interdental bayan sautunan gaba marasa ƙasƙanci , bayan haƙori bayan ƙananan , da retroflex bayan ba ƙananan baya .
* A cikin jawabin tsofaffi, postalveolar  shine retroflex  kusa da wasula na baya  .
* Velars  suna ci gaba kafin sautunan gaba marasa ƙasƙanci  kuma an janye su kafin sautuna marasa ƙasƙashi . A cikin hanyar magana, ana iya yin glottalized da post-velars kuma ba a yi amfani da su ba (ba tare da murya ba).
* Trill / Sadarwa shine retroflex na apico-postalveolar. Yana faruwa ne a matsayin flap tsakanin wasula.
* Tsayar da  yana da rauni sai dai lokacin da mai magana yake da gangan ko kuma mai da hankali. Kullum ana bayyana shi sosai a matsayin kalma ta ƙarshe.

### Sautin sautin
Wintu yana da wasula 10 (ko 11):

* Wintu yana da gajeren sautin da tsawo.
*  alama ce da ke faruwa ne kawai a cikin kalmomin Ingilishi da aka aro.
* Duk sautunan suna da ɗan nasa a gaban ƙarancin 
* Duk sautunan suna da murya da magana (sai dai ga allophones na hanci da aka ambata a sama).

### Tsarin sautin
Sautin sashi yana buƙatar sautin farawa guda ɗaya. Rhyme yawanci yana kunshe da ma'anar wasali na dogon ko gajeren wasali wanda za'a iya biye da ma'ana guda ɗaya. Canon syllabic shine

: CV (ː) (C).

Wasu misalai na tsarin syllable na yau da kullun sune:

:  =da, ko.
:  =itace
:  =pus
:  = abinci.

Ƙungiyoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin suna fitowa ne kawai daga ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden ƙayyadyadaddun. Misali, tarin ƙwayoyin suna faruwa lokacin da syllable da ya ƙare a cikin ƙwayoyin ya biyo baya a cikin kalma ɗaya da wani syllable. Wasu misalai na tarin sassan sune:

: CVC. CVC = itacen oak mai guba.
: CVC. CVːC = mahaifina.
: CVC. CVC = ka sanya shi.

Sautin na iya zama mai tsawo, amma jerin sautin ba sa faruwa.

### Damuwa
Matsalar kalma a cikin Wintu sune abubuwan da za a iya hangowa na haɗuwa biyu hyphen/- / da ƙari / + / . Akwai matakai huɗu na sauti da aka tsara ta girman su: Plus / + /, hyphen/- /, comma /, / da kuma lokaci / . /.

* Plus juncture shine tsakiya na tsakiya. A cikin Plus Juncture wurin farar da damuwa a cikin kalma mai mahimmanci an ƙayyade shi ta hanyar tsarin syllable da matsayinsa dangane da juncture.

Ana ƙayyade kalmomin ta wurin kasancewar ko rashin wasula da rabin wasula. Kalmomin haske suna dauke da gajerun wasula. Kalmomin da ke da nauyi suna dauke da gajerun wasula sannan kuma suna da rabin sautin. Ƙididdigar da ke da nauyi suna dauke da sautuna masu tsawo. Shahararren syllable na kalma mai suna koyaushe shine na farko, sai dai idan syllable ya fi nauyi, a wannan yanayin ana jaddada syllable ta biyu.

* **Matsayi na ƙarfi**

A cikin damuwa ta farko mafi girma shine girman haɗuwa da ta gabata, mafi girma shine tsananin damuwa. Matsalar ta biyu, a gefe guda, tana faruwa ne lokacin da sashi mai nauyi ya bi sanannen sashi kuma ya bambanta da ƙarfi. Matsalar da ta fi rauni tana faruwa ne lokacin da ba a jaddada syllable ba kuma yana biyo baya nan da nan bayan haɗuwa da sauti.

: Tsohon. Ƙarin sashi mai nauyi: ቦ́s= gida.
: Tsohon. Syllable tare da damuwa na biyu: ní= I.
: Tsohon. L**i** Syllable: Lilá = zargi.

* Hyphen Juncture yana faruwa ne tare da kalmomin phonemic kuma yana wakiltar haɗin kai na aiki tare da takamaiman kayan aikin phonetic waɗanda suka bambanta da sauran junctures.

Kamar ƙari juncture, hyphen juncture yana shafar wurin mafi girma da damuwa. Amma maimakon daidaita wurin sassan kamar ƙari juncture, hyphen yana canza farar da damuwa. Halin Hyphen shine haɗuwa tare da mafi ƙanƙanta, kasancewar shine kawai ke faruwa a cikin kalmomi (alal misali, bin wasu prefixes da kuma gaba da wasu mataimakan da enclitics).

: Tsohon. /+maʹtceki+/ kunne.
: Tsohon. /+ma'a-ceki-/ɗaya raba kunne.
: Tsohon. /+ʔelwine+/ tare da, tare da, biye da shi.
: Tsohon. /+ʔel-wine-/ don duba kai tsaye a idon.

* Halin da ya dace /,/

Yana da siffofi guda biyu: cikakkiyar tsayawa tare da ko kuma ya riga ya wuce ta hanyar tsagewa.

* **Lokaci Juncture** / . /

Yana da haɗuwa tare da mafi girma kuma yana da siffofi huɗu na sauti:

* Cikakken hutu
* Tsarin ƙwayoyin cuta da ke da alaƙa
* Magana ta gaba game da wurin da ba a iya tsammani ba
* Tsarin murya na ƙarshe wanda ke sauka sosai a matakin murya da murya

Lokaci na lokaci yana iyakance jimloli.

: Tsohon. Ba'a+ a bayyane, nis+λiya. Sun jefa ni duwatsu saboda ina cin abinci.
: Tsohon. Ya kamata a yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai suna "Lamaya". Sun jefa maka duwatsu saboda kuna cin abinci.

* **Magana ta Magana**

Ya ƙunshi babban farar hula da damuwa mai tsanani.

: Tsohon. Sukuyum+ mai tsabta. =Kwarina ba ta da lafiya.
: EX. Súk**U**+ mai tsabta. =Kwarina ba ta da lafiya.

### Hanyoyin sauti
Yawancin matakai na phonological suna faruwa a cikin harshen Wintu.

* Ana furta velars na glottalized tare da ɗan rikice-rikice na harshe lokacin da suke hulɗa da wasu wasula a wasu mahallin.

Misali,  ya zama prevlar kafin  da  amma yana da velar kafin  kuma yana goyon baya kafin  da . A cikin irin wannan hanyar, ana furta  tare da ƙarin friction a lokacin magana kamar /qʼx/ . Yana cikin matsayi na gaba kafin  da  kuma yana da goyon baya tare da duk sauran wasula.

* Daga cikin ma'anar tsayawa kawai , , da  sun faru a ƙarshe da kuma da farko.
* Labidental  wani nau'i ne mai ban mamaki kuma yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin nau'o'i biyu da aka aro /forizary / 'Fourth of July' da /frihozar lis / 'beans'.
* Tsofaffin masu magana suna furta  a matsayin , wani sashi na post-alveolar kafin ko bayan ,  da  yayin da matasa masu magana ke amfani da  ko'ina.
*  ya zama mai juyawa kafin ,  da , kamar yadda yake a cikin /hazarma/, don ci gaba da yawning.
*  murya ce amma lokacin da ta faru tsakanin wasula ta zama murya mai murya, kamar misali  hawaye (nau'i mai mahimmanci) da  hawaye.
*  wani gefen apical-alveolar, wani lokaci ana rikitar da  kamar yadda yake a cikin kalmar  abincin masara.

## Yanayin Yanayi
Wintu yana da ƙwarewar ƙwarewa tare da wasu halaye na polysynthetic. Haɗin morphemes dinsa a cikin kalmomi ya haɗa da matakai da yawa kamar su suffixation, prefixation, compounding, reduplication da consonant da ablaut na murya. Duk da haka, tsarin da aka fi sani da shi shine suffixation, wanda ke faruwa da farko a cikin kalmomi.

### Ablaut na wasula
Ablaut na wasali shine canji a cikin tsawo (mataki) na wasula masu tushe kuma yana shafar yawan wasula. A cikin Wintu, ablaut na wasali yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin maye gurbin wasu wasula na tushen kalma (wanda ake kira dissimilation), ko kuma a wasu ƙididdigar da aka samo asali (assimilation). Rashin daidaituwa na sautin yana da alaƙa da tsawo na sautin a cikin sashi mai zuwa, yayin da ƙaddamar da sautin sautin saiti ya kasance ta hanyar yawan sautin a farkon sautin. Misali na dissimilation yana faruwa ne lokacin da /e/ da /o/, wanda ke faruwa ne kawai a cikin sautin tushe, an ɗaga su a tsawo lokacin da aka riga su da sautin guda ɗaya kuma ya biyo bayan ƙananan wasula /a/ a cikin saurin na gaba.

Tsohon. lEla-/lila/ "don canzawa" da kuma lElu-/lelu/ "canji".

Misali na dissimilation yana faruwa ne lokacin da morphophoneme [V] ya daidaita gaba ɗaya da ingancin wasula wanda ya riga ya wuce a cikin syllable na baya.

Ex.cewVlVlVha=/ceweleleha/ "da yawa don buɗewa".

### Ablaut mai ma'ana
Ƙananan ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ma suna cikin Wintu, misali kafin haɗin kalma /cʼ/ da /b/ canji a cikin /p/.

### Sunaye
Ana sanya alamomi don al'amari da shari'a. Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan sunaye guda biyu: waɗanda aka kafa kai tsaye daga tushen (sunan suna, sunayen da ba su da alaƙa, kalmomin dangi) da waɗanda suka danganci siffofin rikitarwa daga tsattsauran ra'ayi da tsokoki (yawanci sunayen). Wakilan suna iya zama guda ɗaya, biyu, da jam'i. Suna da takamaiman ƙayyadaddun kalmomi (masu mallaka don ayyukan kayan aiki da kuma yin alama ga mutane masu yawa.) Hakanan suna da kama da aikatau. Sunaye suna da tushe iri-iri, suna da aji mai buɗewa, suna iya nuna lamba a cikin siffofi masu ban sha'awa kuma ba sa rarrabe kayan aiki daga ayyukan kayan aiki. Ana iya rarraba sunaye a cikin mallaka da ba mallaka ba. Sunan ya ƙunshi abubuwa biyu: tushe da ƙayyadaddun. Tushen yawanci tushen ne. Ƙididdigar suna ƙayyade lambobi, animateness, mutumci ko mutum. Wasu sunaye suna da ma'ana iri ɗaya amma suna da maɓallin daban-daban da kuma ma'ana ta musamman. Tsohon. /ku/ (bangare na musamman) ido; (bangare) fuska (s). Har ila yau, ƙididdigar sunayen na iya samun lokuta daban-daban: abu [um] (sedem-coyote), genitive[un] (seden), locative [in], kayan aiki [r], possessive[t], emphatic possessive (reduplication na syllable na ƙarshe).

### Kalmomin
Kalmomin sune mafi girman nau'in kalmomi a cikin Wintu. Har ila yau, sunaye da yawa sun samo asali ne daga aikatau. Rukunin aikatau yana da tsari mai zurfi. Pitkin (1964) ya gano nau'ikan tushe guda uku: mai nunawa, mai mahimmanci da kuma suna.

* Prefixes: zaɓi a cikin abubuwan da suka faru, lokacin da aka sanya shi kai tsaye ga tushen ana biye da haɗin hyphen.
* **Tushen**: mafi yawan bangarorin suna da ma'ana guda ɗaya kuma tare da siffar CVC ko CVC. Muhimman matakai guda biyu sune samo asali da sakewa.
* **Suffixes**
** Tushen da aka samo (tushen da ake karawa ga tushen): rarrabawa, maimaitawa, maimaitawar, mai wucewa, mai tsayawa, mai zaman kansa.
** Ƙididdigar ƙwayoyin cuta (an ƙara su a cikin nau'in ƙwayoyin):
** **Ƙaddamarwa mai mahimmanci**
** 1 matsayi aji aji aji = mai haƙuri, mai ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden, mai ƙaya
** Matsayi na 2 aji: mai tunani
** Matsayi na 3 aji: mai haifar da
** Matsayi na 4 aji: ma'ana, mai fa'ida
** 1 matsayi aji inflectional suffixes=gargadi, passive
** Matsayi na 2 aji. Juyawa = makomar da ba za a iya gujewa ba, yiwuwar lokaci guda, mai kyau, mai kyau
** 3 matsayi aji = mara kyau, dual hortative, wajibi ne na lokaci, tambaya mara kyau, lokaci ɗaya ko baya, abu na mutum
** **Bayyanawa ta Musamman**
** 1 matsayi inflectional suffixes: ba na gani ba hujja, ji hujja mai shaida, hujja mai ban sha'awa, hujja ta kwarewa, ƙaddamar da ƙayyadaddun abubuwan da suka faru, kusanci
** Matsayi na 2 inflectional suffixes: mutum na farko, mutum na biyu, mai shakka, mai rikitarwa, mai ƙasƙantarwa na lokaci guda, mai ƙasashen gaba ba zato ba tsammani

## Rubuce-rubuce
Tsarin kalmomi na asali a cikin Wintu yana da sauƙin sauyawa sosai. Kalmar morphological ita ce ainihin **sashi**. A wasu lokuta kalma ta morphological wacce ita ce kalma ɗaya na iya zama kalmomi biyu daban-daban. Kalmar morphological, na iya zama **clitic** ko **ba clitic ba**. Kalmar clitic, koyaushe tana dogara da wanda ba clitic ba. Kalmomin clitic na iya zama prolitic da postclitic dangane da matsayinsu. Wasu kalmomi na morphemic na iya zama duka clitics da cikakkun kalmomi. Misali: kalmar morphemic / ʔel/, a cikin, cikakkiyar kalma ce a cikin /qewelʔel/ , a cikin gidan, da kuma mai ba da labari a cikin /ʔel-qewel/, waɗanda ke da ma'ana iri ɗaya. Mafi girman sashi shine jumla. Ana ɗaukar kalmomi a matsayin jerin cikakkun kalmomi waɗanda aka ƙare ta hanyar lokaci / . /. Ana iya ɗaukar jumlar a matsayin sashi idan ta ƙunshi aikatau, jumlar idan ta ƙunshi sunaye. Kalmomi ba su taɓa ƙunshe da manyan aikatau ba. Kalmomi na iya dogara ko masu zaman kansu. Wannan ya dogara da nau'in ma'anar da ke samar da aikatau. Kalmomin da suka dace suna ɗaukar ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden mutum yayin da ƙayyadakkwar ƙayyadyadaddun suna nuna ƙayyadamuran ƙayyadamshi{r},{tan},{ʔa], {n},}{so}, da {ta}. A cikin jimloli ana nuna alaƙar haɗin **kai** tsakanin cikakkun kalmomi da ƙididdiga ta hanyar tsari na kalma da kuma ƙididdigar ƙididdiga da ƙididdigari. Ana iya rarrabe nau'ikan ayyuka guda huɗu don jimloli: kai, attributive, tauraron dan adam, da **Haɗin kai**. Shugaban yawanci suna ne kuma ba ya dogara da wasu siffofi kamar misali /winti / mutanen Wintu. Alamar ta riga ta wuce kuma ta canza shugaban kamar misali a cikin /winthún qewelin/ a cikin gidan Wintu. A gefe guda, tauraron dan adam yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin sassan. **Satellite** na iya zama ko dai batun ko abu na aikatau. Idan tauraron dan adam shine batun aikatau, yana gaba da aikatau, kamar misali /pó m yel-hura / ƙasar da aka lalata, amma idan tauraron dan Adam shine abu kuma yana cikin sashi mai dogaro ko kalma mai suna wanda ke dauke da ma'anar asali, ya biyo baya. Misali: /sedet ʔelew'kiyemtín/ coyote ba ya magana da hikima, ko /wayda meʹm hina/ ambaliyar ruwa ta arewa (zai zo).

## Dubi kuma

* Harsunan Wintuan
* Wintu

## Manazarta

## Bayanan littattafai

* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 1] *Harsunan Indiyawan California*. Berkeley: Jami'ar California Press. ISBN .&nbsp;

## Haɗin waje

* "Beedi Yalumina" (Kada Ka Ba da Kai!): Shirin Harshen Winnem Wintu
* Bayani game da yaren Wintu a Binciken California da Sauran Harsunan Indiya
* Harshe na Wintu a Nativeamerican.org
* Albarkatun OLAC a ciki da kuma game da harshen Wintu
* Shafin yanar gizon Wintu  (a cikin Jamusanci)