Yanayin Transnistria

Tana cikin Gabashin Turai, Moldova tana da iyaka a yamma da kudu maso yammacin Romania da arewa, kudu, da gabas da Ukraine. Yawancin yankinta suna cikin yankin Bessarabiya, tsakanin manyan koguna biyu na yankin, Nistru da Prut. Nistru ya zama karamin ɓangare na iyakar Moldova da Ukraine a arewa maso gabas da kudu maso gabas, amma galibi yana gudana ta gabashin ƙasar, yana raba Bessarabia da Transnistria. Kogin Prut ya samar da dukkan iyakar yammacin Moldova tare da Romania. Kogin Danube ya taɓa iyakar Moldova a gefen kudu, kuma ya zama iyaka na mita 200 (656 .

## Bayanai na asali

## Yanayi
Kusa da Moldova da Tekun Baƙi ya ba shi yanayi mai laushi da rana.

yanayi Moldova yana da matsakaici na nahiyar: lokacin rani yana da dumi kuma yana da tsawo, tare da yanayin zafi kusan  ° C (68 ° F), kuma hunturu yana da sauƙi kuma ya bushe, tare da yawan zafin Janairu yana da matsakaicin -2 ° C (28 ° F). Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara, wanda ya kasance daga kimanin millimeters 600 (24 in) a arewa zuwa millimeters 400 (16 in) a kudu, na iya bambanta sosai; dogon bushewar bushewa ba sabon abu ba ne. Ruwan sama mafi girma yana faruwa a farkon lokacin rani kuma a watan Oktoba; ruwan sama mai tsanani da tsawa sun zama ruwan dare. Saboda yanayin da ba daidai ba, ruwan sama mai yawa na lokacin rani sau da yawa yana haifar da rushewa da kuma kogin kogin.

Rubuce-rubucen yanayi: Mafi girman zafin jiki da aka taɓa yin rikodin shine  ° C (108.3 ° F) a Fălești a ranar 7 ga Agusta 2012.  Mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki da aka taɓa yin rikodin shine -35.5 ° C (-31.9 ° F) a ranar 20 ga Janairu, 1963, a Brătușeni . 

Yanayin Chișinău.  (Tsakiyar Moldova) 

## Yanayin ƙasa
Yawancin yankin Moldova tsaunuka ne masu matsakaici da koguna da koguna suka yanke sosai. A fannin ilimin ƙasa, Moldova ta kasance da farko a kan dutse mai zurfi wanda ke ba da hanya ga ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙarfi kawai a arewa. Duwatsun Moldova suna daga cikin manyan tsaunuka na Moldavian.

Yanayin arewacin Moldova yana da jujjuyawa a hankali (har zuwa mita 300 (984 ft), a cikin tsayi) tare da ƙananan filayen fili a cikin kwaruruka na raƙuman ruwa masu yawa (a tsayin mita 150 (492 ft).  Waɗannan tsaunuka, waɗanda ke da matsakaicin tsayin mita 240 (787 ft) da tsayin tsayin mita 320 (1,050 ft), an raba su zuwa Arewacin Moldovan Plateau da Dniester Plateau, kuma suna ci gaba da mamaye arewacin yankin Chernivtsi a Ukraine.  Gandun Gabas na Dniester Ridge (matsakaicin mita 250 (820 ft), max 347 mita (1,138 ft)), ya zama babban bankin dama na Kogin Dniester.

A kudu akwai  Bălți da filin Prut na Tsakiya, tare da matsakaicin mita 200 (656  da matsakaitan tsawo na mita 250 (820 . Asalin gandun dajin ne, an sare shi sosai don noma a cikin ƙarni na 19 da 20. Ya bambanta da yankin da ke arewa da kudu, wanda ya fi karkata, ana kiran wannan yanki a matsayin fili, kodayake yana da sauƙin da ya bambanta da na filayen, da kuma ciyayi daban da na tsaunuka.

Duwatsun tsakiyar Moldova sun kasu kashi biyu cikin tsaunukan Ciulucuri da *codri* Plateau, a matsakaicin tsawo na kimanin 350 zuwa 400  , tuddai ne da ke da zurfi, kwari, kwari da kuma raguwar da ke da alaƙa. Tuddan da ke da gandun daji suna da yawa a cikin ƙasa, inda itatuwan da aka fi sani da su sune hornbeam, oak, linden, maple, pear daji, da cherry na daji. Kalmar codri tana nufin gandun daji gabaɗaya, duk da haka tun da yake a Moldova an adana mafi yawansu a tsakiyar, Codri wani lokacin na iya komawa ga sauran gandun daji a cikin tuddai a yamma da arewacin Chișinău. Dutsen Dniester yana da iyaka da Dutsen Ciulucuri zuwa arewa tare da kogin Răut .

Matsayi mafi girma na ƙasar, Bălănești Hill, wanda ya kai 1,407 ko 1,410  , dangane da tushen, yana cikin tsaunukan Corneşti, yammacin ɓangaren Codri Plateau. Arewa maso yammacin shi ne Ciulucului Hills (a matsakaita mita 250 ko ƙafa 820, matsakaicin mita 388 ko ƙafa 1,273). A kudu, tuddai na Tigheci (a matsakaita mita 200 ko ƙafa 656, matsakaicin mita 301 ko ƙafa 988) tsawo ne, kuma suna gudana zuwa kudu daidai da Lower Prut Valley.

A kudu-maso-gabas, yankin kudancin Codri Plateau, wanda ya kai mita 150-200 (492-656 ft), max 250 mita (820 ft), kuma yana da kwazazzabo da kwaruruka masu yawa, sannu a hankali ya shiga cikin Kudancin Moldovan Plain, wanda ke ci gaba a cikin Ukraine ta hanyar Budjak Plain.  Yawancin Gagauzia suna zaune a filin Ialpug.

Transnistria (bankin hagu na Dniester) yana da fa'idar Podolian Plateau (Romania: Podişul Podoliei, Ukrainian: Volyno-Podil's'ka vysochyna), (matsakaicin mita 180 (591 ft), max 275 mita (902 ft)), waɗanda kogin Dnie ke yanke zuwa cikin su.  Rabin kudancin Transnistria, Ƙarshen Dniester Plain, ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin ƙarshen ƙarshen Eurasian na yamma, kuma yana da matsakaicin tsayi na mita 100 (328 ft), tare da matsakaicin mita 170 (558 ft).  Babban bankin dama da ƙananan bankin Dniester sun bambanta sosai a nan, inda gandun daji ba ya hana ganuwa.

Kimanin kashi 75 cikin dari na Moldova an rufe shi da nau'in ƙasa da ake kira chernozem" id="mw7g" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Chernozem">baƙar fata ko chernozem. A cikin tsaunuka na arewa, ana samun ƙarin ƙasa mai laushi; a kudu, ƙasa mai ja ta fi yawa. Ƙasa ta zama ƙasa da kyau zuwa kudu amma har yanzu tana iya tallafawa inabi da samar da sunflower. Duwatsun suna da ƙasa mai gandun daji, yayin da karamin yanki a kudancin Moldova yana cikin yankin hamada, kodayake yawancin wuraren hamada a yau ana noma su. Ƙananan koguna na Prut da Dniester da kwarin kogi na kudancin sune marshes na saline.

Rashin ruwa a Moldova yana kudu, zuwa ƙasashen Tekun Baƙi, kuma a ƙarshe zuwa Tekun Baƙar, amma koguna takwas da koguna ne kawai suka kai fiye da kilomita 100 ( miles). Babban kogin Moldova, Dniester, yana iya tafiya a ko'ina cikin kusan ƙasar, kuma a cikin hunturu mai zafi ba ya daskarewa. Kogin Prut ya haɗu da Danube, wanda ya haɗu a gefen kudu maso yammacin ƙasar. Fiye da kashi 95% na ruwa a Moldova yana gudana cikin ɗayan koguna biyu - Prut ko Dniester. Daga cikin cibiyar sadarwa mai ci gaba ta Moldova ta kusan koguna 3,000 da rafi, duk suna gudana daga kudu zuwa Tekun Baƙi, kawai 246 sun wuce 6   a tsawon, kuma kawai 8 sun wuce   .

Ruwa na karkashin kasa, wanda aka yi amfani da shi sosai don samar da ruwa a kasar, ya haɗa da kusan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa 2,200. Yankin yana da fa'ida ga gina tafkuna masu girma daban-daban.

### Abubuwa masu tsanani

* Matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci: Wani wuri da ba a san shi ba a bakin Kogin Dniester    
* Matsayi mafi girma: Dealul Bălănești    
* Arewacin arewa: Naslavcea
* Kudancin kudu: Giurgiulești
* Yammacin Yamma: Criva
* Gabas mai zurfi: Palanca

## Gidauniyar halitta

Gidan halitta na Moldova yana da yanayin gandun daji, nau'in mazaunin yanayi mai matsakaici wanda ya ƙunshi ciyawa da ke cike da wuraren gandun daji ko gandun daji. Yankin gandun daji ya tsallaka Eurasia daga gabashin Turai zuwa Gabashin Siberia, yana samar da canji tsakanin gandun daji masu tsayi da gandun daji da kuma wuraren ciyawa masu tsayi. A cikin karni na 19, Moldova ta ga raguwa sosai a cikin gandun daji, wanda aka sadaukar da shi don noma saboda ƙasa mai wadata.

## Muhalli

### Bayanan tarihi

* A cikin karni na 5 BC, Herodotus ya ziyarci karkarar da ke tsakanin kogin Dnister da Prut kuma ya kwatanta wurin a matsayin "launi mai zurfin baƙar fata, mai cike da ciyawa da ban ruwa".  Yarima Jogaila na Lithuania ya yi magana game da Moldavia a matsayin "ƙasa mai wadata da albarkatu".   Bisa ga shaidar Venetian Mateus de Murano, "ƙasar tana da kyau sosai, tana kaiwa da shanu da kowane irin 'ya'yan itace, wuraren kiwo suna da kyau".   Wadatar albarkatun kasa na Moldavia suna jan hankalin makiyaya koyaushe.&amp;nbsp; Da suke guje wa mummunan kutse, mazauna Moldavia sun bar wuraren da ba a san su ba kuma suka buya a cikin dazuzzuka.&amp;nbsp; Bafaranshen Bafaranshe Guillebert de Lannoy, wanda ya ziyarci waɗannan wurare a shekara ta 1421, ya ambaci yawan mutanen yankin da ba su da ƙima: “Mun ƙaura ta cikin manyan hamada”.   Mashawarcin Sarkin Hungarian George Reihersdorf (tsakiyar karni na 16) yana korafin tafiye-tafiye ta "ƙasasshe marasa zamanai".&amp;nbsp; A cikin 1541, ya samar da taswirar farko na geographical (an kiyaye shi har yau) na Mulkin Moldavia, tare da kogunan Dnister da Prut da aka nuna, da birane da sauran yankuna, amma kuma ya nuna manyan ciyayi.   Jami'in diflomasiyar Jamus Sigismund von Herberstein ne ya zana taswirar Moldavia.&amp;nbsp; A kan taswirarsa ana iya ganin wuraren da babu itace - Bălți Steppe a arewa, da Bugeac Steppe a kudu.   A cikin karni na 17, mahajjata Pavel Aleppskii (shugabannin Siriya) da Ioan Lukianov (na limamin Rasha) sun yi tafiya a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa kasa mai tsarki ta Moldavia.&amp;nbsp; Wadannan matafiya biyu sun fuskanci bala'i na ƙasar da a da ta yi fure: "Da kyau kada a lalace, kamar yadda ba a iya samun irin wannan, yana iya haifar da kowane iri".   Matafiyi dan Ingila John Bell, wanda shi ma ya ziyarci Moldavia, kuma ya yi rubutu game da kasa mai cike da ban sha'awa da "kananan kyawawan garuruwa" da ke kusa da Răut.   Masanin labarin kasa na Rasha K. Laksman ya kwatanta Bălți steppe a farkon karni na 19: "A arewa akwai wani tudu da kusan babu bishiya.   Masanin kimiyya K. Arseniev ya ambata cewa arewacin Bessarabia shine "gaɗin gaske na ciyayi maras sosashe tare da mafi yawan wuraren kiwo, da ciyayi masu wadata, da lambuna".   Matafiya da masana sun yi mamakin bambanci tsakanin albarkatun ƙasa na Moldavia/Bălți steppe da ƙarancin al'ummarta a yaƙin ƙarni na 18, yanayin noma mai ban tausayi, da kuma talaucin al'ummar yankin.   "Hamada, sharar gida, tsirara tsirara ... Matsalolin da ba a iya ba da iyaka na Bălți steppe bai faru ba "bisa ga ma'ana ba, amma "a kan" shi. Rayuwar kakannin Bălțiers mai nisa yana cike da matsaloli da ƙetare, amma sun yi tsayayya."nbsp; [abubuwan da ake bukata]   "Filayen Moldavia, kamar yadda marubuta na da da na zamani suka bayyana, suna da girma a cikin haifuwarsu, ta hanyar wuce gona da iri na tsaunuka" (Dimitrie Cantemir, Descriptio Moldaviae)   "Shin wani zai iya kwatanta ciyawar Bessarabian, hakika, sun cancanci kwatanci. Amma saboda wannan, mutum yana buƙatar hazakar Gogol da ba za a manta da shi ba, wanda ya nuna mana ƙawancen ƙasarsa.&amp;nbsp; (Constantin Stamati-Ciurea))

### Batutuwan yanzu
Kyautar muhalli ta zamanin kwaminisanci ta Moldova, kamar na sauran tsoffin jamhuriyoyin Soviet, tana ɗaya daga cikin lalacewar muhalli. Ayyukan noma kamar yawan amfani da magungunan kashe kwari da taki na wucin gadi an yi niyya ne don kara yawan Aikin gona a kowane fanni, ba tare da la'akari da sakamakon ba. A sakamakon haka, ƙasa da ruwan ƙasa na Moldova sun gurɓata ta hanyar sunadarai masu tsawo, wasu daga cikinsu (ciki har da DDT) an haramta su a Yamma.

Irin waɗannan ayyukan suna ci gaba a Moldova har zuwa yau. A farkon shekarun 1990s, amfani da magungunan kashe kwari a Moldova ya kai kusan sau ashirin na sauran tsoffin jamhuriyoyin Soviet da kasashen Yamma. Har ila yau, hanyoyin noma marasa kyau, kamar lalata gandun daji don shuka gonakin inabi, sun ba da gudummawa ga rushewar ƙasa mai yawa wanda yanayin ƙasa mai tsawo ya riga ya kasance mai saurin kamuwa.

## Yarjejeniyar muhalli ta kasa da kasa
*jam'iyya zuwa:* Rashin Ruwan iska, Rashin Ruwar iska-Rashin Ruwan Organic, Biodiversity, Canjin yanayi, Canjin yanayi-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Dabbobi masu haɗari, Rashin haɗari, Kare Yankin Ozone, Rashin Jirgin, Rashin Ruwa, RuwaYankunan ruwa

*sanya hannu, amma ba a tabbatar da shi ba:* babu wani daga cikin yarjejeniyoyin da aka zaɓa

## Manazarta