Yanayin ƙasa na Mato Grosso do Sul

Mato Grosso do Sul (  lit.   'Kudu maso gabashin Brazil') babban jiha  ce a cikin ƙungiyoyi 27 na Brazil, wanda ke da yankin Tsakiyar Yamma, yana iyaka da wasu Brazil biyar: Mato Grosso (a arewa), Goiás da Minas Gerais (arewa maso gabas), São Paulo (gabas) da Paraná);   da na kasa Amurka guda biyu: Paraguay (kudu da kudu maso yamma) da Bolivia (yamma).   An raba shi zuwa gundumomi 79 kuma da fadin kasa murabba'in kilomita 357,145.532, wanda ya kai girman kasar Jamus.   Tare da yawan nau'ikan 2,839,188 a cikin 2021, Mato Grosso do Sul ita ce jiha ta 21st mafi yawan jama'a a Brazil.

Campo Grande babban birni ne kuma birni mafi girma na Mato Grosso do Sul.  Tattalin arzikin jihar ya dogara ne akan noma da kiwo.  Ketare a kudu ta Tropic na Capricorn, Mato Grosso do Sul gabaɗaya yana da yanayi mai dumi, wani lokacin zafi, da ɗanɗano, kuma yawancin raƙuman ruwa na kogin Paraná ke haye su.  Jihar tana da kashi 1.3% na al'ummar Brazil kuma tana da alhakin kashi 1.5% na GDP na Brazil.  Mato Grosso do Sul kuma sananne ne da yanayin yanayi, kuma wuri ne na yawon shakatawa na cikin gida da na waje.  Ƙauyen Pantanal ya ƙunshi gundumomi 12 kuma yana ba da nau'ikan flora da fauna iri-iri, tare da gandun daji, bankunan yashi na halitta, savannas, wuraren kiwo, filaye da bushes.  Birnin Bonito, a cikin dutsen Bodoquena, yana da kogo na tarihi, koguna na halitta, koguna, wuraren shakatawa da kuma kogon Gruta do Lago Azul.

Sunan Mato Grosso do Sul Portuguese ne don "Bush mai kauri na Kudu";  An gaji sunan ne daga jihar Mato Grosso dake makwabciyarta ta arewa, wadda daga cikinta ta rabu a ranar 1 ga Janairun 1979. Har yanzu ana kiran jihar da "Mato Grosso" a cikin jawabai.  Sauran sunayen da aka ba da shawarar, a lokacin rabuwa da kuma bayan haka, sun haɗa da "Pantanal" (magana ga mafi kyawun yanayin yanayinsa) da "Maracaju" (wani nuni ga Dutsen Maracaju wanda ya ketare jihar daga arewa zuwa kudu).

## Yanayin ƙasa

### Yanayi

Mato Grosso do Sul yana da Yanayin zafi da na wurare masu zafi. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine 1471.1 mm. Janairu shine watan da ya fi zafi, tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin 34 ° C (93.2 ° F) da mafi ƙarancin 24 ° C (75.2 ° F) kuma mafi ƙaranci na ruwan sama; Yuli yana fuskantar yanayin sanyi, tare da Matsakaicin matsakaici na 25 ° C (77 ° F) na -2.0 ° C (28 ° F) le rana.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

### Shuke-shuke
Yanayin "cerrado" yana da nau'i mai yawa na savanna da ke haye ta dazuzzuka da kwaruruka.  Wannan muhallin ya ƙunshi nau'ikan ciyayi iri-iri.  Ana samun filayen ɗanshi da hanyoyin dabino "buriti" inda tebur ɗin ruwa ke kusa da saman.  Dazuzzukan masu tsayi suna faruwa ne a cikin tudu masu tsayi, kuma dazuzzukan mesophytic suna girma akan ƙasa mai albarka.  Bishiyoyin "cerrado" suna da kututtukan murɗaɗɗen kututtukan da aka lulluɓe cikin haushi mai kauri, kuma ganyen nasu yawanci fa'ida ne kuma mai ƙarfi.  Yawancin tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire suna da tushe mai yawa don adana ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki.  Tsire-tsire masu kauri da tushen bawon suna aiki azaman daidaitawa ga gobarar lokaci-lokaci da ke mamaye filin cerrado, yana kare su daga lalacewa da ba su damar sake toho bayan gobarar.

Jihar tana cikin yammacin Brazil, a cikin yankin da yawancin marshes na Pantanal ke zaune. Mafi girman tsawo shine 1,065 m tsawo Morro Grande.&nbsp;

## Tarihi
A cikin shekarun 1630, Jesuits sun kuma kafa gajeren aikin tsakanin Mutanen Guaraní a yankin Itatín na Mato Grosso do Sul na yanzu, Brazil. Bandeirantes ne suka hallaka su kuma 'yan asalin sun hallaka su.

Mutanen farko ko 'yan asalin Mato Grosso do Sul, musamman da ke zaune a yankin Nhande Ru Marangatu mai zafi, sune Guarani-Kaiowá, waɗanda ba' 'Yan asalin ƙasar ba suka tuntubi su a cikin 1800s.

A ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 1977, an kirkiro jihar ta hanyar raba jihar Mato Grosso . Matsayinta a matsayin jiha ya fara aiki sosai bayan shekaru biyu a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1979. Sabuwar jihar ta kuma haɗa da dukan tsohon yankin Ponta Porã.

## Yawan jama'a

A cewar IBGE na shekara ta 2, akwai mutane 2,372,000 da ke zaune a jihar. Yawan jama'a ya kasance mazauna 6.4 / km2.

Birane: 84.7% (2006); Girman jama'a: 1.7% (1991-2000); Gidaje: 689,000 (2006) 

Ƙididdigar PNAD (National Research for Sample of Domiciles) ta ƙarshe ta bayyana lambobi masu zuwa: 1,293,797 Brown (Multiracial) mutane (46.9%), 1,168,407 White mutane (42.4%), 179,101 Black mutane (6.5%), 96,029 Amerindian mutane (3.5%), 19,616 Asiya mutane (0.7%). 

A cikin yankunan Cerrado, galibi a kudu, tsakiya da gabas, akwai rinjaye na manoma na Kudancin Brazil na Mutanen Espanya, Jamusanci, Portuguese, Italiyanci da Slavic.

Dangane da binciken DNA na autosomal daga shekara ta 2008, abubuwan da suka faru na Mato Grosso do Sul sune 73,60% na Turai, 13,90% na Afirka da 12,40% na 'yan asalin Amurka. Bugu da ƙari, bisa ga binciken DNA daban-daban na 2013, abubuwan da suka faru na Mato Grosso do Sul sune: 58.8% na Turai, 25.9% na Amerindian da 15.3% na Afirka, bi da bi.

### Manyan birane
 

### Ilimi

Akwai jami'o'i sama da 44 a duk jihar Mato Grosso do Sul.

#### Cibiyoyin ilimi

* Jami'ar Tarayya ta Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) (Jami'ar Tarayyar Mato Grosson do Sul) 
* Cibiyar Ilimi, Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya ta Mato Grosso do Sul  (IFMS) (Cibiyar Ilimi, Fasaha da Fasaha na Tarayya ta Maato Grosso da Sul) 
* Kogin Paraguay a Mato Grosso do Sul Jami'ar Jihar Mato Grosson do Sul (UEMS) (Jami'ar Jihare ta Mato Grosse do Sul) 
* Jami'ar Tarayya da Grande Dourados (UFGD) (Jami'ar Tarayyar Yankin Dourados) 
* Jami'ar Katolika ta Dom Bosco (UCDB) (Jami'ar Katolika na Dom Bosco) 
* Jami'ar Ci Gaban Jiha da Yankin Pantanal  (Uniderp) (Jami'ar Ci gaban Jiha da Yanki na Pantanal) 

## Tattalin Arziki
sashen sabis shine mafi girman bangare na GDP a 46.1%, sannan bangaren masana'antu a 22.7%. Aikin noma yana wakiltar 31.2%, na GDP (2004). Mato Grosso do Sul fitarwa: soya 34.9%, alade da kaza 20.9%, naman sa 13.7%, ma'adinai 8%, fata 7.4%, katako 5.1% (2002).

### Aikin noma

Dangane da bayanai daga 2020, idan Mato Grosso do Sul ƙasa ce, za ta zama ta biyar mafi girma a duniya mai samar da tsaba. A cikin 2020, Mato Grosso do Sul ita ce ta 5th mafi girma mai samar da hatsi a kasar, tare da 7.9%. A cikin soya, ya samar da tan miliyan 10.5 a cikin 2020, ɗaya daga cikin manyan jihohin samarwa a Brazil, a kusa da matsayi na 5. Ita ce ta 4th mafi girma mai samar da sukari, tare da kusan tan miliyan 49 da aka girbe a cikin girbi na 2019/20.   A cikin 2019, Mato Grosso do Sul kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu samar da masara a ƙasar tare da tan miliyan 10.1. A cikin samar da maniyyi, Brazil ta samar da jimlar tan miliyan 17.6 a cikin 2018. Mato Grosso do Sul ita ce ta 6th mafi girma a kasar, tare da 721 dubu ton.

### Dabbobi
Jihar tana da garken shanu na 4 mafi girma a Brazil, tare da jimlar shanu miliyan 21.4.  Jiha babbar mai fitar da naman sa ce, amma kuma kaji da naman alade. A cikin kiwon kaji, jihar tana da, a cikin 2017, garken tsuntsaye miliyan 22. A cikin naman alade, a cikin 2019, Mato Grosso do Sul ya kashe fiye da dabbobi miliyan 2. Jihar tana da matsayi na 7 na Brazil a cikin kiwon alade, tana motsawa zuwa zama mai samar da alade na 4 a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.

### Ma'adinai
A cikin 2017, Mato Grosso do Sul yana da 0.71% na shiga cikin ma'adinai na kasa (matsayi na 6 a cikin ƙasar). Mato Grosso do Sul yana da samar da baƙin ƙarfe (ton miliyan 3.1 a darajar R $ 324 miliyan) da Manganese (ton dubu 648 a darajar dala miliyan 299). 

### Masana'antu

Mato Grosso do Sul yana da GDP na masana'antu na R $ 19.1 biliyan a cikin 2017, daidai da 1.6% na masana'antar ƙasa. Tana daukar ma'aikata 122,162 a cikin masana'antar. Manyan bangarorin masana'antu sune: Ayyukan Masana'antu na Jama'a, kamar Wutar Lantarki da Ruwa (23.2%), Gine-gine (20.8%), Abinci (15.8%), Pulp da Takarda (15.1%) da kuma Petroleum Derivatives da Biofuels (12.5%). Wadannan bangarori 5 sun fi mayar da hankali 87.4% na masana'antar jihar.

A cikin birnin Três Lagoas, samar da takarda da cellulose yana da yawa. Mato Grosso do Sul ya yi rikodin ci gaba sama da matsakaicin ƙasa a cikin samar da cellulose, ya kai alamar hekta miliyan 1 na shuka eucalyptus, ya faɗaɗa wurin shakatawa na masana'antu a cikin ɓangaren kuma ya karfafa kansa a matsayin mafi girman mai fitar da samfurin a cikin ƙasar a farkon kwata na 2020. Tsakanin 2010 da 2018, samarwa a kudancin Mato Grosso ya karu da kashi 308%, ya kai mita cubic miliyan 17 na itace mai zagaye don takarda da cellulose a cikin 2018. A cikin 2019, Mato Grosso do Sul ya kai jagorancin fitarwa a cikin samfurin a cikin ƙasar, tare da tan miliyan 9.7 da aka yi ciniki: 22.20% na jimlar fitar da kwayar Brazil a wannan shekarar.

## Infrastructure

A cikin 2022, Mato Grosso do Sul yana da, tsakanin birni, Mato Grosson do Sul da manyan hanyoyi na tarayya, kilomita 45,176.8 na manyan hanyoyi na gari, kilomita 15,084.0 na manyan hanyoyi da kuma kilomita 3,197.6 na manyan hanyoyi. A cikin 2022 akwai kimanin kilomita 8,000 na hanyoyi masu kyau (tsakanin manyan hanyoyi na jihohi da na tarayya).  A cikin BR-163 akwai kimanin kilomita 120 na manyan hanyoyi a cikin 2022, tare da shirin nan gaba don samun jimlar kilomita 847 na kwafin, ƙetare duk jihar. Sauran mahimman hanyoyi a cikin jihar sune BR-262, BR-060 da BR-267. Kamar yadda jihar ce da ta zama mafi yawan jama'a a cikin shekarun 1970s, hanyar sufuri tana cikin tsari mai kyau na juyin halitta, kuma tana ci gaba da kasancewa hanyar sadarwa mai ƙarancin jama'a.

Har ila yau, jihar tana da layin dogo guda biyu: Estrada de Ferro Noroeste do Brasil, wanda ke haɗa tsakiyar yammacin jihar São Paulo da birnin Corumbá, a Mato Grosso do Sul, a kan Kogin Paraguay, tare da kilomita 1,330 a tsawon; da Ferrovia Norte Brasil, wanda ya haɗa birnin Santa Fé do Sul da Rondonópolis tun 1989, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin don kwararar hatsi a yankin, tare da kilometres 755 suna haɗa arewa maso yammacin São Paulo da kudancin Mato Gros.

Jirgin ruwa na kogi, wanda ya sake zama mahimmanci, yana rasa matsayinsa. Hanyoyi biyu na kogi sun hada da jihar, dukansu suna cikin kwarin Río de la Plata. Kogin Paraguay ya haɗa jihar tare da ƙasashe makwabta Paraguay da Argentina, kuma tare da Mato Grosso ta hanyar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Cáceres. Babban kayayyakin da kogin ke jigilar su ne: ƙarfe da ma'adanai na manganese, siminti, itace, kayan man fetur da shanu. A cikin 1999, wannan hanyar ruwa ta fara jigilar sukari, ta tashi daga Porto Murtinho. Manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa sune Corumbá (Corumbá, Ladário da Porto Esperança) da Porto Murtinho . A ƙarshe, Hanyar Ruwa ta Paraná-Tieté ta ratsa Kogin Paraná . 

Game da Filin jirgin sama na kasa da kasa:

* Campo Grande - An raba aikin **Filin jirgin saman Campo Grande** tare da Cibiyar Jirgin Sama ta Campo Grande. Filin jirgin saman yana da hanyoyi biyu. Ginin Babban filin jirgin sama, wanda aka yi da siminti, ya fara ne a 1950 kuma an gama shi a 1953. An kammala tashar fasinja a shekara ta 1964, kuma a cikin 1967 an gina bangarorin kankare don jiragen soja da na farar hula. Yayinda bukatar jirgin sama ta kasuwanci ta karu, ya zama dole a fadada filin jirgin sama na farar hula, wanda aka kammala shekaru 12 bayan an gina shi. Infraero ne ke gudanar da filin jirgin sama tun 1975.

### Sauran filayen jirgin sama

* Filin jirgin saman yankin Dourados
* Filin jirgin saman Bonito

## Abubuwa daban-daban
Motoci: 835,259 (Yuni 2009); Wayar hannu: miliyan 2,407 (Yuli/2009); Wayara: 471,000 (Afrilu 2007); Birane: 78 (2007) 

## Yawon shakatawa

Babban birni na yawon bude ido a jihar shine Bonito, wanda ake la'akari da babban birnin yawon shakatawa a Brazil. Babban abubuwan jan hankali shine shimfidar wurare na halitta, da nutsewa a cikin koguna na ruwa mai haske, magudanan ruwa, koguna da sinkholes. Tare da Jardim, Guia Lopes da Laguna da Bodoquena, ita ce babbar karamar hukuma da ta haɗa da wuraren yawon bude ido na yankin.  Pantanal kuma yanki ne na ziyarar da yawa. 

Ponta Porã, Bela Vista da Porto Murtinho, kasancewar suna kan iyaka da Paraguay, suna karɓar baƙi da yawa, kuma tare da gina Bioceanic Corridor, Porto Murtinha za ta sami karuwa mai yawa a yawon shakatawa na kasuwanci.

## Fadar
Mauro Michael Munhoz ne ya tsara tutar Mato Grosso do Sul. Fararen layi ya raba kusurwar kore ta hagu na sama daga sararin samaniya na dama tare da tauraron rawaya. Farin yana nuna bege, kore yana nuni ne ga tsire-tsire masu arziki na jihar, shuɗi yana wakiltar sararin sama mai girma, yayin da tauraron rawaya ke ƙara daidaito, ƙarfi da kwanciyar hankali. Tauraron da ke kan tutar shine Alphard, tauraron da ya fi haske a cikin tauraron Hydra.