open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Abbie Noel Campbell

**Abbie Noel Campbell** (Disamba 21, 1918 - Yuli 2, 2007) jami'ar Ba'amurke Ba'amurke ce a cikin Rundunar Sojojin Mata (WAC) a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Ta yi aiki a matsayin jami'ar zartarwa ta 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion, wanda aka fi sani da "Six Triple Eight," wanda shine kawai rundunar baƙar fata, mata duka da aka aika zuwa ƙasashen waje a lokacin yaƙin. A shekarar 2022, Campbell tare da sauran memba na rundunar an ba ta lambar zinare ta Majalisa don girmama aikinta.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Abbie a ranar 21 ga Disamba, 1918, a Tuskegee, Alabama, kuma ita ce ƙarama a cikin 'ya'ya biyar ga Thomas Monroe Campbell da Anna Ayers, waɗanda dukkansu suka kammala karatunsu a Cibiyar Tuskegee . Mahaifinta ƙwararren malamin noma ne, kuma mahaifiyarta mai kula da gida ce. Da yake iyayenta sun ƙarfafa ta ta ci gaba da karatu, Campbell ta kammala karatunta daga Cibiyar Tuskegee a shekarar 1940 kuma ta koyar a wata makarantar sakandare a Cartersville, Georgia, kafin ta shiga Ƙungiyar Mata Masu Taimakon Sojoji (WAAC) a shekarar 1942. 

## Aikin soja
Campbell ta shiga shirin WAAC a ranar 16 ga Yuli, 1942, kuma tana cikin mata 'yan Afirka ta farko da aka naɗa a matsayin jami'ai. Ta kammala karatunta da ajin farko na 'yan takarar WAC a watan Agusta 1942 sannan ta ci gaba da jagorantar rundunar WAC a Camp Breckinridge, Kentucky . 

A shekarar 1945, an naɗa Campbell a matsayin babban jami'in gudanarwa na 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion, wanda ke aiki a ƙarƙashin Major Charity Adams .    An ɗora wa rundunar alhakin share tarin wasiƙun da aka yi niyya ga sojojin Amurka a Turai. Suna aiki a cikin yanayi mai ƙalubale, rundunar tana aiki dare da rana a cikin rumbunan ajiya marasa zafi, suna sarrafa matsakaicin wasiƙun 65,000 a kowane aiki. Ƙoƙarinsu ya ƙara wa sojoji kwarin gwiwa sosai ta hanyar tabbatar da isar da wasiƙu cikin lokaci. 

A shekarar 2022, an ba da lambar zinare ta Majalisar Wakilai ga lambar yabo ta 6888 domin girmama gudummawar da membobinta suka bayar.  

**Rayuwa Bayan Yaƙi**

Bayan yaƙin, Campbell ta koma Alabama ta auri Arthur Abraham Mitchell a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 1951, a Tuskegee. Ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu, Andrew da Philip. Ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai himma a cikin al'ummarta har zuwa rasuwarta a ranar 2 ga Yuli, 2007, a Tuskegee, gundumar Macon, Alabama. Campbell ta ba da gawarta ga kimiyyar likitanci, wanda ke nuna jajircewarta ga ilimi da hidima a tsawon rayuwarta.

## Ra'ayin kafofin watsa labarai da kuma tarihi
Gudummawar Campbell, tare da ta sauran membobinta na 6888, sun sami karɓuwa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan saboda muhimmiyar rawar da suka taka a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu da kuma ƙoƙarinsu na haɗakar launin fata da jinsi a cikin sojojin Amurka. 

* Fim ɗin tarihin rayuwa mai suna *The Six Triple Eight* an fitar da shi ne a shekarar 2024 ta Netflix kuma Tyler Perry ne ya ƙirƙira shi. Fim ɗin ya fito a matsayin Campbell tare da Kerry Washington a matsayin Major Charity Adams .  

## Manazarta
Andrea R. Canaan

**Andrea R. Canaan** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1950) marubuciya ce ' yar asalin ƙasar Amurka, mai jawabi, mai tsara al'umma, mawaƙiya kuma mai fafutuka.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Canaan a New Orleans, Louisiana a shekarar 1950. An rene ta a cikin wata mai fafutukar kare hakkin addini da kuma al'umma mai tsarki. Tana da shekaru goma sha biyu, wani limamin cocin Methodist ya yi wa Canaan fyade, inda ta fuskanci cin zarafi daga wata mai ba da shawara kan sansanin coci. Canaan ta kuma bayyana cewa mahaifiyarta ta san da wannan cin zarafi kuma ba ta yi komai don taimaka wa ɗanta ba. Canaan ta ambaci wannan cin zarafi a cikin aikinta ta hanyar yin magana kan batutuwan cin zarafin iko na addini da rashin da'a na malamai.

Canaan yana da digiri na MSW daga Jami'ar Tulane da kuma digiri na MFA a fannin almara daga Jami'ar San Francisco . 

A shekarar 2018, ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin almara daga Kwalejin Goddard da ke Vermont. 

A shekarun 1980, Canaan ta yi aiki a matsayin Daraktan Mata da Aiki wanda ke taimakawa wajen sanya mata a cikin ayyukan da ba na gargajiya ba.

## Aiki
Sha'awar ƙirƙirar Canaan ita ce cikakkiyar mutum, canza kunya zuwa jarumtaka ga kanta da kuma rayuwar sauran mata baƙaƙe.  Aikinta ya bincika jigogi na mace baƙaƙe, cin zarafin jima'i, lakabin asali, da abota tsakanin mata baƙaƙe .   

## Littattafan tarihi

* *Wannan Gada Ta Kira Baya Na* 
* *Gidan Akwatin Gishiri akan Bayou Black* (TBA)

### Surorin littafi

*  
*  

## Manazarta
Valerie Capers

**Valerie Capers** (an haife ta a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 1935) ƙwararriyar mai buga piano ce kuma mawaƙiya 'yar Amurka wacce aka fi sani da gudummawarta a waƙar jazz . 

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Capers a birnin New York ga wani dangin kiɗa waɗanda suka gabatar da ita ga kiɗan gargajiya da na jazz.  Mahaifinta ƙwararren mai buga piano ne na jazz wanda abokin Fats Waller ne, kuma ɗan'uwanta Bobby daga baya ya buga tenor sax da sarewa tare da ƙungiyar mawakan Afro-Cuban ta Mongo Santamaria . 

Capers makauniya ce tun tana da shekaru shida, lokacin da wata rashin lafiya ta hana ta ganinta. Karatunta na farko ya gudana ne a Cibiyar Ilimi ta Makafi ta New York, inda ta yi karatun piano na gargajiya tare da Elizabeth Thode.  Thode ta koya wa Capers karanta rubutun waƙoƙin Braille ; Capers dole ne ta koyi dukkan waƙoƙinta ta hanyar haddace su da Braille kafin ta buga su.  Tare da ƙarfafa gwiwar Thorpe, Capers ta ci gaba da karatu a Makarantar Kiɗa ta Juilliard, inda ta sami digiri na farko da na biyu.  Ita ce makauniya ta farko da ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Juilliard. 

## Sana'a
Bayan kammala karatunta daga Juilliard a shekarar 1960, ɗan'uwanta Bobby ya ƙarfafa Capers ta yi karatun jazz.  Bobby shi ma ya kasance abin ƙarfafa wa Capers gwiwa ta fara rubuta waƙa, domin ya roƙe ta ta rubuta waƙa ga ƙungiyar mawakansa.  Capers ta ɗauki hutu daga buga waƙoƙin gargajiya a farkon shekarun 1960 domin ta koyi jazz.  Capers ta kafa ƙungiyarta uku kuma a shekarar 1966 ta yi rikodin kundin waƙoƙinta na farko na jazz, *Portrait in Soul.*

Capers ta gamu da wahala wajen samun ayyukan koyarwa a shekarun 1960 saboda cibiyoyi da yawa ba sa son ɗaukar makaho aiki. Daga ƙarshe an ɗauke ta aiki a Makarantar Kiɗa ta Bronx da Makarantar Kiɗa ta Brooklyn. Daga 1968 zuwa 1975 ta yi aiki a Makarantar Kiɗa ta Manhattan, inda ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga ɗaliban makafi kuma ta haɓaka manhajar jazz. Capers ta kasance shugabar sashen kiɗa na Kwalejin Al'umma ta Bronx daga 1987 zuwa 1995.

Bayan mutuwar ɗan'uwanta Bobby a shekarar 1974, Capers ta rubuta waƙar Kirsimeti ta sa'o'i biyu *mai suna Sing About Love*, wadda ba ta bin wani nau'in waƙa ba, amma ta haɗa da abubuwan da suka shafi jazz, gospel, blues, da classical.  Sauran manyan ayyukan Capers sun haɗa da *Song of the Seasons*, wani zagayen waƙa da aka tsara a cikin karin magana ta gargajiya, da kuma *Sojourner*, wani "operatorio" (haɗin opera da oratorio, kalmar da Capers ya ƙirƙira) game da rayuwar Sojourner Truth . 

A shekara ta 2000, Oxford University Press (OUP) ta buga wani littafi na waƙoƙin piano na jazz na Capers mai suna *Portraits in Jazz.*  Capers ya tsara waɗannan waƙoƙin ne domin ɗaliban piano waɗanda aka horar da su a fannin gargajiya su fuskanci jazz. 

## Kundin Waƙoƙi

## Manazarta
Andreas Kaplan

**Andreas Kaplan** (an haife shi a ranar 5 Oktoba 1977) masani ne ɗan Jamus da ya kware a fannin sauyin fasahar dijital, kafofin sada zumunta, da basirar wucin gadi. Shi farfesa ne a Jami’ar Kühne Logistics University, inda ya rike mukamin shugaban jami’ar tun daga shekarar 2023.
## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
Kaplan ya tashi a birnin Munich na ƙasar Jamus. Ya samu horon ilimi a fannin kasuwanci da gudanarwa, inda ya kammala digirin digirgir da na bayan-digir a harkar tallace-tallace da fannoni masu alaƙa. Ya kammala habilitation dinsa a Sorbonne, sannan ya samu digirin PhD ta wani shirin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Jami’ar Cologne, HEC Paris, da INSEAD.
Yana da digirin Master of Public Administration daga École nationale d’administration (ENA), digirin MSc daga ESCP Business School, kuma ya yi karatun farko a Jami’ar Munich.
## Aikin koyarwa
Kaplan ya fara aikinsa na ilimi a matsayin farfesa a ESSEC Business School da Sciences Po. Daga bisani ya shiga ESCP Business School, inda ya rike mukamai da dama na jagoranci, ciki har da Dean na Shirye-shirye, Dean na ESCP Berlin, da Dean na ESCP Paris.
A shekarar 2023, an naɗa shi shugaban jami’ar Kühne Logistics University.
## Bincike da gudummawa
Binciken Kaplan ya ta’allaka ne kan kafofin sada zumunta, sauyin fasahar dijital, da basirar wucin gadi, tare da mayar da hankali kan tasirinsu ga ƙungiyoyi da al’umma.
Ya fi shahara saboda haɗa rubuta, tare da Michael Haenlein, takardar binciken shekarar 2010 mai taken “Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media.” Wannan takarda ta gabatar da tsarin rarrabe kafofin sada zumunta kuma ana yawan ambatonta a wallafe-wallafen ilimi.
A cewar wani matsayi (ranking) da mujallar PLoS ta wallafa, an saka sunan Kaplan cikin manyan kashi 2% na masana kimiyya a duniya.
## Littattafai
* Kaplan, Andreas & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business Horizons.
* Kaplan, Andreas (2026) The Virtual Universe – Unlocking the Possibilities of the Metaverse, Columbia University Press, New York. 
* Kaplan, Andreas (2023) Business Schools Post-Covid-19: A Blueprint for Survival, Taylor & Francis, UK. 
* Kaplan, Andreas (2022) Artificial Intelligence, Business, and Civilization: Our Fate Made in Machines, Routledge, UK. 
* Kaplan, Andreas (2022) Digital Transformation and Disruption of Higher Education, Cambridge University Press.
* Kaplan, Andreas, Michael Haenlein (2020) Rulers of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of artificial intelligence, BUSINESS HORIZONS, 63(1), 37-50. 
*Haenlein, Michael, Andreas Kaplan (2019) A brief history of AI: On the past, present, and future of artificial intelligence, California Management Review, 61(4), 5-14.
## Duba kuma
* Kirkirar Basira
* Dandalin Sada Zumunta
## Manazarta
June Carryl

**June Carryl** 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka  wacce ta yi fitowa a talabijin da dama kamar *Mindhunter* .

## Sana'a
Carryel, wanda wani lokacin ake dangantawa da **June Lomena**, ta fito a fina-finai da talabijin, galibi a cikin rawar da take takawa a cikin hali . Ta fito a fina-finai kamar *What Dreams May Come*, *Sweet November*, da *Back Roads* . &#x5B; ** &#x5D; Ta yi fitowa sau da yawa a talabijin kamar *Parenthood*, *Law &amp;amp; Order: LA*, *Criminal Minds*, *The Bold and the Beautiful*, da kuma *Without a Trace*  Ta taka rawa sosai a shirin Netflix na *Mindhunter* da kuma shirin Hulu *Helstrom* a matsayin Louise Hastings. 

Ayyukan Carryel a kan dandamali sun haɗa da yin wasa tare da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na B Street da ke Sacramento, California, [1] da kuma bikin Oxford Shakespeare da ke Oregon.

Wasannin kwaikwayo da Carryel ya rubuta sun haɗa da *The Girl Who Made the Milky Way* . 

## Fim ɗin fim

### Fim

### Talabijin

## Manazarta
Mildred Hemmons Carter

**Mildred Louise Hemmons Carter** (1921–2011) ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka sami lasisin tuƙi ta hanyar Shirin Horar da Matukin Jirgin Sama na Farar Hula, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama mace baƙar fata ta farko da ta fara tuƙi a Alabama . Duk da cewa an hana ta shiga Tuskegee Airmen da Women Air Force Service Pilots, an ayyana ta a matsayin memba a hukumance a cikin duka biyun a rayuwa.

## Yarinta
An haifi Carter Mildred Louise Hemmons a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1921 ga Mamie da Luther Hemmons.  Mahaifiyarta ita ce mai kula da gidan waya na garin, yayin da mahaifinta shi ne shugaban injin yanka katako. An haife ta a Benson, Alabama, ta zauna a Tuskegee na ɗan lokaci kafin iyalinta su koma Enfield, North Carolina .   A can, mahaifinta ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan kasuwanci na Kwalejin Bricks Junior mai launin baƙi.  Bayan an rufe makarantar a lokacin Babban Mawuyacin Halin Kunci, dangin Hemmons sun ƙaura zuwa Holly Springs, Mississippi . Carter ya kammala makarantar sakandare a Holly Springs yana da shekaru goma sha biyar. 

## Aiki da aure

### Ilimi da horon matukan jirgi
Bayan iyalinta suka koma Tuskegee, Carter ta yi rajista a Jami'ar Tuskegee, inda ta yi karatun digiri a fannin kasuwanci.  Ta yi aiki a wani ofishi da ke sarrafa aikace-aikacen neman shiga Jami'ar Tuskegee na Shirin Horar da Matukin Jirgi na Farar Hula (CPTP) .  Carter ta nemi shiga shirin da kanta, amma da farko an ƙi ta saboda ba ta cika shekara goma sha takwas ba.  A shekara mai zuwa, ta sake neman shiga kuma aka karɓe ta. 

Carter ta kammala karatunta da ajin farko na Tuskegee na horar da CPTP.  A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1941, ta sami takardar shaidar matukin jirginta na sirri, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama mace ta farko bakar fata matukin jirgi a Alabama.  Ta fara tuka jirgin Piper J-3 Cub da ta yi haya a makarantar.  

Watan bayan ta sami takardar shaidarta, Carter ta haɗu da Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa Eleanor Roosevelt, wacce ke ziyartar Tuskegee don nuna goyon baya ga matukan jirgin.  Carter ya tuna cewa "Mrs. Roosevelt tana da kirki sosai; na yi magana da mutane." 

### Hulɗa da Herbert Carter
Mildred ta fara haɗuwa da Herbert Carter a shekarar 1939 lokacin da suka haɗu a harabar Tuskegee.  Daga baya Herbert ya ce nan take ya yi sha'awarta, amma ba shi da kwarin gwiwar tambayarta ranar da za ta yi soyayya.  Daga ƙarshe ya nemi ta yi rawa a harabar jami'a bayan ya ji cewa, kamar shi, an yi mata rajista a CPTP. 

Ba a bar Herbert, ɗan kadet a aji 42-F na Tuskegee Airmen, [1] ya bar sansanin sojojin sama ko kuma ya yi soyayya da wasu ɗaliban Tuskegee a lokacin horonsa ba. [2] A ƙarshen mako, zai shirya ya hau jirgin sama don "duba jirgin sama" ya kuma haɗu da Mildred, tana tashi da jirginta da ta yi haya, a kan Tafkin Martin. [2] Ma'auratan za su yi ta hannu da sumba yayin da suke wucewa ta gaban juna. [3] Bayan Herbert ya kammala horonsa na ɗan kadet, an yi aure a ranar 21 ga Agusta, 1942 a cocin Sojojin Sama na Tuskegee . [3]

## Manazarta
Gidan kayan tarihi na Kimiyyar Dan Adam na Zimbabwe

Gidan Tarihi na Kimiyya na Mutum na Zimbabwe (tsohon Gidan Tarihin Sarauniya Victoria) gidan kayan gargajiya ne na kasa a Harare, Zimbabwe . An kafa shi a 1903 kuma an sake masa suna bayan samun 'yancin kai a 1980, yana mai da hankali kan ilimin kimiyyar archaeology da anthropology.

A cewar Ofishin Jakadancin Zimbabwe, gidan kayan gargajiya yana da ɗakin karatu, wuraren baje kolin, da ƙauyen Shona, ban da kayan tarihi da kayan tarihi. Ana kuma nuna nune-nunen namun daji a cikin wuraren baje kolin jama'a.

Gidan kayan gargajiya ya ƙunshi kayan tarihi na Lemba mai shekaru ɗari bakwai Ngoma Lungundu, wanda shine abu mafi tsufa da aka taɓa samu a yankin Sahara na Afirka.

Gidan kayan gargajiya yana cikin Cibiyar Harare, a kusurwar Rotten Row da Samora Machel Avenue (P.O. Box CY 33, Causeway), Harare, Zimbabwe.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Alberta Jeannette Cassell

**Alberta Jeannette Cassell** (22 ga Nuwamba, 1926 - 24 ga Oktoba, 2007), ƙwararren mai zane ne ɗan asalin Afirka wanda ya yi aiki a Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka, kuma marubuciyar littattafan yara.  An kuma san ta da suna **Alberta Jeannette Cassell Butler** .

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Alberta Jeannette Charolette Cassell a Gundumar Columbia, 'yar mai zane Albert Cassell da malamarta Martha Ann Mason.  Ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta James Monroe, Sakandare ta Bannecker, da Makarantar Sakandare ta Dunbar, inda ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1944. Mahaifinta ya ƙuduri aniyar cewa dukkan 'ya'yansa za su zama masu zane-zane kamar shi, kuma za su halarci makarantarsa ta ƙarshe, Jami'ar Cornell . 

Cassell ta cika burin mahaifinta ta kuma tafi Jami'ar Cornell. A shekarar 1948, ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata 'yan Afirka ta farko biyu da suka kammala karatunsu daga makarantar gine-gine (ɗayan kuma 'yar uwarta ce Martha Cassell Thompson ).  A shekarar 1947, ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar gine-gine ta Cornell wacce ta lashe lambar yabo, a gasar ƙasa da Cibiyar Masu Zane-zane ta Amurka ta dauki nauyinta. 

## Sana'a
Shekaru biyu, Cassell ta yi aiki a kamfanin gine-gine na mahaifinta, amma ta bar aiki lokacin da ya shiga harkar gina gidaje. A watan Mayu 1951, ta fara aiki a matsayin injiniyan gine-gine na dakin gwaje-gwajen binciken jiragen ruwa, har zuwa watan Mayu 1961, lokacin da ta fara aiki a matsayin mai zana injiniya tare da Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Soja. Bayan haka, ta zama mai zane-zanen jiragen ruwa tare da Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Amurka tsakanin 1971 da 1982. Ta kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Masu Zane-zanen Mata (wanda Henrietta May Steinmesch ta kafa), babi na Alpha Alpha Kappa.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
A shekarar 1950, Casell ta auri Francis Butler, injiniyan injiniya wanda aka horar a Jami'ar Howard ; suna da 'ya'ya biyu, Karl (an haife shi a shekarar 1951) da Mira (an haife shi a shekarar 1953).  Ta yi ritaya saboda nakasa a shekarar 1982, kuma a lokacin da ta yi ritaya, ta fara rubuta labaran yara tare da sadaukar da lokacinta ga daukar hoto.  Ta zama bazawara a shekarar 2004,  kuma ta mutu a shekarar 2007, tana da shekaru 80.  An buga littafin 'ya'yanta, *The Little White Butterflies* bayan mutuwarta, a shekarar 2012. 

## Duba kuma

* Masu gine-ginen Baƙar fata

## Manazarta
Etosha Cave

Etosha R. Cave injiniyar injiniya ce 'yar Amurka da ke zaune a Berkeley, California . Ita ce ta kafa kuma babbar jami'ar kimiyya ta Twelve, wani kamfani da ke sake amfani da iskar carbon dioxide .

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Cave ta girma a Houston, Texas, inda ta fara sha'awar sake amfani da mai da iskar gas. A lokacin makarantar sakandare ta shiga Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyi Baƙaƙe ta Ƙasa (NSBE).  Ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Olin, kuma tana shekarar farko ta kammala karatun digiri a 2006.   Ta sami tallafin karatu na NSBE . Bayan kammala karatun, ta yi aiki a Tashar McMurdo, inda ta yi hidima ga tsarin HVAC kuma ta gwada na'urar hangen nesa ta laser diode mai buɗewa don aikin NASA Rover na gaba.  Daga ƙarshe Cave ta koma karatunta, ta fara shirin digiri na uku a Jami'ar Stanford tana aiki a ƙarƙashin kulawar Thomas F. Jaramillo .  A lokacin karatunta na PhD, ta yi aiki kan hanyoyin lantarki waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don canza carbon dioxide da ruwa zuwa robobi masu amfani da kuma masu tsaftace gida.  Ta gina tsarin nazarin iskar gas wanda zai iya tantance abubuwan da ke tattare da halayen lantarki a ainihin lokaci kuma ta sami digiri na uku a 2015.

## Bincike da aiki
A lokacin da yake Jami'ar Stanford, Cave ta haɗu ta kafa Twelve, wani kamfani da ke amfani da ƙarfe mai ƙarfafawa don sake amfani da carbon dioxide.    Da farko, Twelve ta yi fama da tara kuɗi daga masu zuba jari a Silicon Valley .  A yau Twelve tana zaune a Dakin Gwaji na Ƙasa na Lawrence Berkeley, kuma ta sami haɗin gwiwa da dama na ilimi, ciki har da kuɗaɗe daga Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa da shirin I-Corps . 

A ƙarshe Cave tana fatan za su iya yin man dizal daga carbon dioxide da aka sake yin amfani da shi da ruwa.    Cave ta tattauna wannan ra'ayi a TED x Stanford, inda ta bayyana cewa carbon dioxide da aka sake yin amfani da shi zai iya rage sawun carbon ɗinmu da kuma tallafawa tafiye-tafiyen sararin samaniya nan gaba.  An ba Twelve kyautar mujallar Forbes Change World Award kuma an zaɓe ta don shirin Advanced Manufacturing Office Cyclotron Road a 2016.    Ta kasance ta ƙarshe a gasar Carbon Xprize a 2018. 

### Lambobin yabo da girmamawa
Lambobin yabo da girmamawa da ta samu sun haɗa da;

* 2016 Echoing Green Fellow 
* Masu Ƙirƙira na Yankin Bay *Mai Zafi na 20* na 7x7 
* Masu Kirkire-kirkire na Cibiyar Smithsonian ta 2017 da za a Kalla 
* 2018 Grist Top 508 
* Bikin Baje Kolin Vanity na 2018 Mata 26 Masu Faɗin Launi Masu Bambancin Launi a Silicon Valley, Media, da kuma Bayansa  

Ta yi jawabi a bikin Aspen Ideas kuma ta kasance wani ɓangare na Science Foo Camp .  Ita memba ce a Cibiyar Injiniyoyi Masu Sinadarai ta Amurka .  Cave memba ce a kwamitin ba da shawara na Berkeley Startup Cluster . 

## Manazarta
Sherita Ceasar

Sherita T. Ceasar ita ce Babbar Mataimakiyar Shugabar Muhalli da Dabaru ta Fasaha ta Comcast Communications kuma ta yi aiki a masana'antar sadarwa tun daga 1988. Ita ce shugabar farko 'yar Afirka 'yar Amurka ta ƙungiyar Injiniyoyi mata, mukamin da ta riƙe daga shekarar 1999 zuwa 2000.

## Ilimi
Sherita Ceasar ta girma a kudancin Chicago, inda ta halarci makarantar shirye-shiryen kwalejin fasaha.  Ta sami digirin farko a fannin kimiyya a shekarar 1981 sannan ta sami digirin digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyya a shekarar 1984, duka a fannin Injiniyan Injiniya daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Illinois da ke Chicago, Illinois . 

## Sana'a
Ceasar ta fara aikinta a sashen tsaro a Northrop Grumman . Daga nan ta koma aiki a Motorola daga 1988 zuwa 1996, tana aiki a fannin ƙira kayan aiki, kera kayayyaki, inganci, da kuma gyaran fuska.  A matsayinta na Daraktan Masana'antu, Ceasar ita ce babbar injiniyar baƙar fata mace a ƙungiyar Paging Products ta Motorola, wadda ke da ma'aikata sama da 10,000 a duk duniya.  A shekarar 1996 ta fara aiki a Scientific-Atlanta a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugabar Inganci, inda ta kasance Ba'amurke Ba'amurke mafi girma a duniya.  Ceasar ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaba kuma babban manaja na reshen Yarjejeniyar Sadarwa ta Georgia, kafin ta fara aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugabar Injiniyan Samfura, dandamalin dandamali da ayyukan injiniya na Comcast a 2007. Ta zama Mataimakiyar Shugabar Injiniyan Daukar Bidiyo ta Ƙasa don Comcast a 2011, inda ta jagoranci haɓaka ayyuka kamar na'urar X1 ta nesa, na'urar DVR ta girgije, da kuma gina kayayyakin more rayuwa na girgije. 

## Kyaututtuka
A shekarar 1994, Ceasar ta lashe kyautar girmamawa ta musamman ga Injiniyan Baƙar fata na Shekara. A shekarar 1997, ta lashe ƙyautar Fasaha ta Mata Masu Launi, wadda Ƙungiyar Sadarwa ta Career Communications Group ta dauki nauyinta a lokacin bikin cika shekaru biyu na Baltimore . Ta kuma sami kyautar Sabuwar Injiniya ta Shekara ta Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyi Mata Masu Kyau, da kuma kyautar Julia Beveridge saboda goyon bayan da ta samu daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Illinois.  An shigar da ita cikin Zauren Shahararrun Mata Masu Fasaha a shekarar 1999.  Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyi Mata daga 1999 zuwa 2000, inda ta zama Ba’amurke Ba’amurke ɗan Afirka na farko da ya riƙe wannan matsayi.  A shekarar 2003, Ceasar ta lashe kyautar TAMI ta Ƙungiyar Sadarwa ta Cable & Telecommunications Association for Marketing (CTAM) saboda ƙaddamar da manyan darussa kan ayyukan dijital na zamani.  A shekarar 2014, ta lashe kyautar Mata Masu Fasaha. 

## Manazarta
Zoë Charlton

**Zoë Charlton** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1973) mawaƙiya ce ta Amurka kuma daraktan Makarantar Fasaha kuma farfesa ce ta Fasaha a Jami'ar George Mason .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Charlton a sansanin sojojin sama na Eglin, Florida a shekarar 1973.  Ta sami digirin farko na fasaha a fannin zane da zane daga Jami'ar Jihar Florida kuma ta sami digiri na biyu na Master of Arts daga Jami'ar Texas da ke Austin .  Ta halarci zama a Ucross Foundation (WY, 2019), Artpace (TX, 2018), Makarantar Zane da Zane ta Skowhegan (ME, 2001), Creative Alliance a Baltimore|The Patterson Residency for the Creative Alliance (MD, 2003). Charlton ta kuma halarci shirin Kallon Cibiyar Zane (NY) daga 2001 zuwa 2003.

Daga shekarar 2003-2022, Charlton ta koyar cikakken lokaci a Jami'ar Amurka (DC) kuma ta sami aiki a 2009. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Sashen Fasaha daga 2015-2018 kuma ita ce Farfesa Ba'amurke Ba'amurke ta farko da ta yi aiki a Sashen. A halin yanzu ita ce Farfesa Mai Cikakken Aiki a Fannin Fasaha kuma Darakta a Makarantar Fasaha a Jami'ar George Mason . 

Ayyukan Charlton sun kasance a cikin nunin rukuni waɗanda suka haɗa da Zacheta National Gallery of Art (Warsaw, Poland), Haas & Fischer Gallery (Zurich, Switzerland), Contemporary Arts Museum Houston, Studio Museum a Harlem (NYC, NY), Clementine Gallery (NYC, NY), Wendy Cooper Gallery (Chicago, IL),   Delaware Contemporary (DE), Harvey B. Gantt Center (NC), Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art (AR), Studio Museum of Harlem (NY), da Contemporary Art Museum (TX).

An haɗa ta a cikin rukunin farko na Ƙungiyar Haɗin Gwiwa don Masu Fasaha da Masu Koyarwa a Morgan Conservatory da ke Cleveland. 

## Tarin abubuwa
Ayyukan Charlton suna cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Crystal Bridges na Fasaha ta Amurka,  Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Herbert F. Johnson,  Tarin Phillips,  Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Rose  da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Birmingham . 

## Kyaututtuka

* Pollock-Krasner Grant (2012) 
* Rubys Artist Grant (2014), don tallafawa jerin zane-zanen siffofi da ake kira *Cultural Currency: Tourists, Trophies, and Tokens* 

## Manazarta
La Chat

**Chastity Darnestine Daniels**  (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga Maris, 1978), wacce aka fi sani da **La Chat**, ƙwararriyar mawakiyar rap ce 'yar Amurka daga Memphis, Tennessee . An fi saninta da alaƙarta da kamfanin wakokin Hypnotize Minds da kuma ƙungiyar Three 6 Mafia da ke Memphis.

## Sana'a
A shekara ta 2000, La Chat ta fito a matsayin bako a cikin wakar Project Pat mai suna " Chickenhead ", wadda ta taimaka mata ta samu karbuwa sosai. 

La Chat ta bar Hypnotize Minds wani lokaci bayan fitowar kundin wakokinta na farko, Murder She Speake (2001). Ta ci gaba da fitar da wasu kundin wakoki da kaset-kaset na waƙoƙi daban-daban a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.

A shekarar 2010, La Chat ta lashe kyautar Mawakiyar Rap ta Shekara ta Mata a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Knocdown-SCM. 

Wasan kwaikwayo na haɗin gwiwa na La Chat da Gangsta Boo  ya fito a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2014.  

## Kundin Waƙoƙi

### Kundin waƙoƙin studio

### Marasa aure

#### A matsayin jagoran zane

#### Kamar yadda aka nuna mai zane

## Manazarta
Beni (music)

**Beni**, wanda aka rubuta **Mbeni**,  wani nau'in kiɗan tagulla ne na asalin Gabashin Afirka.  Kalmar *beni* ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Ingilishi "ƙungiyar mawaƙa."  Beni ya sanya alamun ikon mulkin mallaka a matsayin atisayen soja, kayan aiki, da kuma manyan tsare-tsare. 

*Beni ngoma* wani nau'in rawa ne mai gasa wanda aka gina shi bisa ga atisayen soja da aka yi wa waƙoƙin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta tagulla. An ƙirƙiri rawar Beni mai dacewa a lokacin mulkin mallaka, kuma ta kwaikwayi al'adun soja da na mulkin mallaka tare da kiɗan Afirka da motsi na masu rawa.   An ɗauki Beni a matsayin juyin halittar Taarab, wani nau'in kiɗan Swahili na gargajiya. 

Wannan nau'in rawa zuwa waƙa ta tagulla ya haɗa da waƙoƙin Swahili .   Shahararren nau'in nishaɗin aure ne wanda ke mai da hankali sosai kan rawa da rawa, da kuma halartar masu sauraro.

## Tarihi
Beni ta samo asali ne daga al'ummomin Swahili na birane a gabar tekun Kenya a shekarun 1890,  inda ta zama wani ɓangare na al'adun ƙungiyoyin gasa.  An yi waƙar ƙungiyar Brass ga masu sauraron Burtaniya a Gabashin Afirka. Masu wa'azin bishara sun yi amfani da waƙar ƙungiyar Brass don gabatar da al'adun Turai ga matasa a Zanzibar .  A lokaci guda kuma, a ƙarshen zamanin mulkin mallaka, Beni hanya ce da matasa ke nuna 'yancin kansu.  

A kusan shekarar 1914, salon ya bazu zuwa Tanga da Dar es Salaam . Labarin farko na Beni a Nyasaland ya kasance a kusan shekarar 1918. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, sojojin Askari sun yi wa Beni rawa.  Fursunoni na yaƙi sun yi rawa a sansanin tsare mutane da ke Zomba a Malawi, da kuma ta hanyar rundunonin KAR na 2 lokacin da suka dawo Nairobi .  Masu rawa *na Beni* suma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sadarwa mai tsari a lokacin yajin aikin Copperbelt na 1935 a Arewacin Rhodesia.  

Lokacin da Beni ya zama ɗan asalin ƙasar, wani lokacin ana musayar kayan kida na yamma da kayan kida na gida, kuma ana maye gurbin lokacin march da bugun cross beats na Afirka da kuma yawan rhythm . A Kenya, misali, ana maye gurbin ƙaho na katako da nau'ikan tagulla na gargajiya na kayan kida na yamma.

A Zanzibar, an yi wasan Beni a matsayin faretin titi da kuma rawa ta aure . 

## Duba kuma

* Waƙar Tanzaniya
* Waƙar Ngoma

## Manazarta
Guérewol

Gasar **Guérewol** (var. **Guerewol**, **Gerewol** ) gasa ce ta shekara-shekara tsakanin mutanen Wodaabe Fula na Nijar . Matasa sanye da kayan ado masu kyau da kuma zane-zanen fuska na gargajiya suna taruwa a layi don rawa da waƙa, suna fafutukar neman hankalin 'yan mata matasa masu son aure. Gasar Guérewol tana faruwa kowace shekara yayin da makiyayan Wodaabe na gargajiya ke taruwa a gefen kudu na Sahara kafin su watse kudu a kan wuraren kiwo na lokacin rani.

Shahararren wurin taruwa shine In-Gall da ke arewa maso yammacin Nijar, inda ake gudanar da babban biki, kasuwa da jerin tarurrukan ƙabila ga mutanen Wodaabe da kuma mutanen Tuareg na makiyaya. Ana kiran wannan taron rawa da *Yaake*, yayin da wasu abubuwa da ba a san su ba - musanya kan sadaki, gasa ko tseren raƙumi tsakanin masu neman aure - suka zama Guérewol na tsawon mako guda.  Ana samun Guérewol a duk inda Wodaabe suka taru: daga Niamey, zuwa wasu wurare Wodaabe suna tafiya a cikin zagayowar su ta canza ɗan adam, har zuwa arewacin Kamaru da Najeriya . 

## Taron shekara-shekara
A ƙarshen lokacin damina a watan Satumba, Wodaabe za ta yi tafiya zuwa In-Gall don tattara gishiri da kuma halartar bikin Cure Salée, taron ƙungiyoyin makiyaya da dama. A nan samarin Wodaabe, da kayan kwalliya masu kyau, gashin fuka-fukai da sauran kayan ado, suna yin rawa da waƙoƙi don burge mata. Kyakkyawar kyawun maza na Wodaabe tana jaddada tsayi, fararen idanu da haƙora; mazan sukan juya idanunsu su nuna haƙoransu don jaddada waɗannan halaye. Daga nan dangin Wodaabe za su shiga bikin Guérewol na tsawon mako guda, gasa inda 'yan mata matasa ke tantance kyawun samarin. 

## Kiɗa da rawa
Kiɗa da rawa ta layi sun zama ruwan dare a al'adun Fula, waɗanda kuma suka ɓace a tsakanin ɗimbin al'ummar Fula da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu masu ilimi ne, Musulmai, kuma mazauna birane. Wannan yana da alaƙa da waƙoƙin rukuni, tare da tafi, tattaka da ƙararrawa. Bikin Wodaabe Guérewol yana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun misalan wannan salon gargajiya na maimaitawa, shaye-shaye, da kuma rawa mai kaɗawa, tare da rawa mai rawa, inda mazan ke haɗa hannu su tashi su faɗi a kan yatsun ƙafa.

Gasar Guérewol ta ƙunshi samari masu ado suna rawa da Yaake a layi, suna fuskantar wata budurwa mai son aure, wani lokacin kuma suna maimaitawa na tsawon kwanaki bakwai, kuma na tsawon sa'o'i a ƙarshen rana. Masu neman aure suna zuwa sansanin matar don nuna sha'awarsu, ƙarfinsu, da kuma kyawunsu. Mahalarta galibi suna shan wani abu mai tsami na haushi don ba su damar yin rawa na dogon lokaci, wanda aka ce yana da tasirin mafarki.

## Yawon Bude Ido
Al'adar Guérewol ta zama abin jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido na ƙasashen waje tun lokacin da aka fara nuna fina-finan ƙasashen yamma, kuma mujallu kamar *National Geographic* sun nuna hotunan wasan kwaikwayo mai salo. 

## Duba kuma

* *Makiyayan Sun*, fim ɗin shirin gaskiya na 1989 na Werner Herzog .

## Manazarta
Assiko

Rawar **Assiko** shahararriya ce daga Kudancin Kamaru .

Asalin wannan rawa mai ƙarfi ta samo asali ne daga ƙasar Bassa, kuma an samo sunanta ne daga kalmomi biyu: ISI, wanda aka canza zuwa ASSI, wanda ke nufin ƙasa ko ƙasa; da kuma KOO wanda ke nufin ƙafa.

Ana rawa Assiko sanye da riga mai sauƙi da siket mai cikakken tsayi tare da tsayin kugu mai ƙarfi wanda ke jaddada motsin kugu.

Ayyukan waƙoƙin Assiko suna amfani da tafiya mai kusurwa da dama, ƙananan tafiya kusa da juna a jere waɗanda masu rawa ke yi a tsayi daban-daban, suna tsaye ko suna durƙusa, wanda ke sa ka ji suna shawagi a kan dandamali. Akwai kuma nunin jin daidaito, juyawa da ƙarfin jiki wanda ke kira ga farin ciki na rawa ko rawar jiki.

Assiko kuma salon kiɗa ne. Yawancin lokaci ƙungiyar mawaƙa tana da waƙoƙin da ke ɗauke da guitar, da kuma mai buga bugun Assiko da wuƙaƙen ƙarfe da cokali mai yatsu a kan kwalbar da babu komai. Sau biyu na bass, ganguna da wasu tagulla za su iya kammala wannan tushe. Leds Jean Biko "Aladin shine wanda ya ƙirƙiri wannan waƙar, ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun mawakan assiko na Kamaru."
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## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Kalli bidiyon wakokin Assiko
The Fox and the Mask

**Littafin Fox and the Mask** yana ɗaya daga cikin Tatsuniyoyi na Aesop, wanda akwai nau'ikan Girkanci da Latin. An lasafta shi a lamba 27 a cikin Ma'aunin Perry . 

## Tatsuniya ga marasa kai

Tatsuniya koyaushe ana faɗinta a taƙaice kuma galibi ita ce hanyar da ake amfani da ita wajen sukar kyawawan mutane amma marasa hankali a manyan mutane. Dila ya ci karo da abin rufe fuska da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ke amfani da shi a da; bayan an yi masa bincike, sai ya ce, 'Cike da kyau, babu kwakwalwa!' Sigar Latin ta wannan, wacce aka taƙaita ta zuwa *caput vacuum cerebro*, sai ta zama abin karin magana. Erasmus ya rubuta ta a cikin littafinsa *Adagia*, tare da ma'anarsa ta Girka (Ὦ οἷα κεφαλὴ, καὶ ἐγκέφαλον ούκ ἔχει), tare da bayanin cewa ta samo asali ne daga tatsuniyar Aesop. 

Akwai nau'ikan labarin daban-daban, wani lokacin yana da alaƙa da kerkeci yana tunanin kan mutum-mutumin da ya karye.  Farkon bayyanarsa ta Turanci tana cikin tarin tatsuniyoyi na William Caxton (1484), a ƙarƙashin taken "Kwilf da hede mutumin dede", a matsayin misali na shawarar cewa 'Mutane da yawa suna da girmamawa ga bauta da ɗaukaka amma ba hankali ba'.  Amma Andrea Alciato, wanda ya kafa littafin alama mai tasiri na Italiya, gabaɗaya yana nuna dila yana tunanin abin rufe fuska. Waƙar Latin mai layi shida da ke tare da ita ta bayyana cewa hankali ne, ba siffar waje ba, shine mafi mahimmanci ( *Mentem, nonformam, da pollere* ).  Wannan sigar ta kuma bayyana a cikin waƙar Neo-Latin ta Gabriele Faerno . 

An ba da labarin sigar La Fontaine's Fables game da dila da ƙirji (IV.14). Duk da haka, tatsuniya kawai an yi nuni da ita a cikin waƙarsa, wanda ya fi yin bimbini kan kamanni da sharhi a ƙarshe cewa furucin dila "ga mutane da yawa yana aiki da ubangiji". Lokacin da mai zane-zane JJ Grandville ya kwatanta Tatsuniyoyi a 1838, ya sabunta sharhin zamantakewa, yana amfani da dabbobi maimakon mutane. A wani baje kolin Kwalejin, dila ya kalli gefe yana kallon wani babban gindi mai hoto wanda jaki ke duba shi da kyau, tare da siffofin agwagwa mai kayan aiki da kuma ɗan wasan mujiya a baya.

Masanin falsafa na Jamus Gothold Ephraim Lessing shi ma ya sake fassara tatsuniya a shekarar 1759, inda ya gano masu magana a matsayin abin da zai yi niyya.  A Ingila yara ƙanana ne suka yi watsi da karatunsu waɗanda Richard Scrafton Sharpe ya yi amfani da tatsuniyar "The Fox and the Mask" a cikin *tsoffin abokansa cikin sabuwar riga: tatsuniyoyi da aka saba da su a cikin baiti* (London, 1807).  Daga baya a cikin ƙarni, WS Gilbert ya sake duba bambancin da ke tsakanin gaskiya da wakilci a cikin waƙar barkwanci mai suna "The Pantomime 'Super' to His Mask".  A can, ɗan wasan ya la'anci abin rufe fuska a matsayin rashin kwakwalwa kuma ya dogara da shi don nasarar tarihi na motsin zuciyar da ke bayyana. Abin rufe fuska ya amsa cewa idan ɗan wasan ya duba ciki zai sami daidaito tsakanin abin da yake aiwatarwa da halayensa na gaske.

## Manazarta
The Fox and the Woodman

Labarin The Fox and the Woodman Tatsuniya ce mai gargaɗi game da munafunci da aka haɗa a cikin Tatsuniyoyin Aesop kuma yana lamba 22 a cikin Perry Index . Duk da cewa labarin iri ɗaya ne, nau'ikan daban-daban sun haɗa da mahalarta daban-daban.

## Tarihin tatsuniya

Akwai tushen Helenanci da Latin na tatsuniyar. Suna ba da labarin dabbar da aka farauta da ta nemi mutum ya ɓoye ta. Lokacin da mafarauta suka tambaya ko ya ga wurin haƙa  su, sai ya ce bai ga wurin ɓuya ba sai dai ya nuna wurin ɓuya ta hanyar nuna shi ko kuma kallonsa. Amma mafarauta suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin wanda ya yi amfani da shi, sai su tafi. Lokacin da dabbar ta fito, tana sukar mutumin saboda yadda yake mu'amala da mutane biyu. Yawancin labaran Girkanci suna sanya dabbar dila ce wadda take jan hankalin mai katako. A cikin waƙar Latin ta Phaedrus, dabbar da aka farauta ita ce zomo ( *lepus* ) wacce ke jan hankalin makiyayi. Sigar Latin daga baya ta yi kuskuren sunan kuma ta mai da dabbar kerkeci ( *lupus* ).  Saboda haka, an ba da labarin kerkeci a cikin tarin tatsuniyoyin Aesop da aka buga a ƙarni na 15.

Wani nau'in tatsuniya daban-daban an danganta shi da Aesop ta hanyar masanin falsafa na ƙarni na 2 Maximus na Tyre a cikin littafinsa na Dissertations. Zaki yana bin barewa yana tambayar makiyayi ko ya gan ta. Mutumin ya ce bai ganta ba sai ya nuna inda barewa ke ɓuya, inda zaki ya kashe ta. Sai dila ya yi Allah wadai da mutumin a matsayin matsoraci.  Maximus ya yi amfani da labarin wajen ɗaukar matsayin falsafa masu karo da juna, amma marubuta daga baya sun gan shi a matsayin misali na ɗabi'ar munafunci. Mawakan Neo-Latin na ƙarni na 16 , Hieronymus Osius  da Pantaleon Candidus  duk sun yi magana game da sigar dila ta tatsuniya kuma sun yi tsokaci game da ɗabi'ar rashin jituwa ta faɗin abu ɗaya da yin wani abu. Johannes Posthius, yana rubutu a cikin al'adar littattafan alamu, ya fito da *Aesopi Fabulae* (1566) wanda aka gabatar da wani babi na Jamusanci game da tatsuniyoyi ta hanyar wata gajeriyar waka a cikin Latin wanda ke taƙaita jigon ɗabi'ar kowannensu. Labarin Tatsuniya 127 ya yi magana game da Fox da Woodman ( *Vulpes et lignator* ) kuma ya bayyana cewa, idan kuna son suna mai aminci, magana da hannu ya kamata su yarda. 

An kuma haɗa tatsuniyar a cikin tarin labaran barkwanci na Poggio, *Facetiae*, wanda aka rubuta a shekarun 1450.  Shi ma ya gan ta a matsayin misali na ɗabi'ar munafunci, yayin da Roger L'Estrange, ɗaya daga cikin 'yan kaɗan da suka rubuta tatsuniya a Turanci bayan William Caxton, ya yi tsokaci cewa 'Lamiri yana da alhakin Yatsunsa kamar yadda yake da alhakin Harshe'. 

## Manazarta
Zaouli

**Zaouli** ko **Zawli** rawa ce ta gargajiya ta mutanen Guro (waɗanda ke magana da yaren Guro ) na tsakiyar gabar tekun Ivory Coast . An ƙirƙiri abin rufe fuska na Zaouli, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin rawar, a shekarun 1950, wanda aka ruwaito cewa wata yarinya mai suna "Djela Lou Zaouli" (ma'ana "Zaouli, 'yar Djela") ta yi wahayi zuwa gare shi.   da haka, labarai kan asalin abin rufe fuska sun bambanta, kuma kowane abin rufe fuska yana iya samun tarihinsa na alama. [2] UNESCO ta rubuta shi a cikin 2017 a cikin Jerin Wakilan Gadon Al'adu na Bil Adama .  Zaouli kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin raye-raye mafi wahala a duniya saboda matakansa na musamman da wahala.  

Kowace ƙauyen Guro tana da ɗan rawa na Zaouli (koyaushe namiji ne), yana yin rawa a lokacin jana'iza da bukukuwa. Ana kyautata zaton rawan tana ƙara yawan amfanin ƙauyen da ake yi kuma ana ganinta a matsayin kayan haɗin kai ga al'ummar Guro, da kuma a faɗin ƙasar.

## A cikin al'adun jama'a
Mawakiyar mawakiyar Burtaniya da Sri Lanka mai suna MIA ta haɗa da wani faifan bidiyo na wata 'yar rawa Zaouli a cikin bidiyon waƙarta ta "Warriors", wadda aka fitar a matsayin wani ɓangare na bidiyon Matahdatah Scroll 01: Broader Than A Border a shekarar 2015.

Wani bidiyo mai shahara wanda ya haɗa da waƙar "Bungee Jump" ta mawakan kiɗan lantarki Captain Hook & Astrix ya yi amfani da hotunan masu rawa na Zaouli.

A shekarar 2022, ƙungiyar 'yan matan K-pop Nature ta fitar da wani bidiyon waƙa don waƙar "Rica Rica", wadda ke nuna rawar Zaouli. Wasu masu amfani da intanet sun soki wannan amfani da shi a matsayin wanda bai dace ba. 

Gajerun bidiyo na raye-rayen gargajiya na Zaouli suma suna yawo a Intanet, wanda aka maye gurbin sautin waƙoƙin da saurin da kuma dacewa na kiɗan psytrance .

Wani ɗan rawa na Zaouli ya bayyana a cikin taron mutane a matsayin wani ɓangare na wani shirin kiɗa mai ban mamaki a cikin fim ɗin Sinners na 2025 .

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Zaouli de Manfla
* MIA - Matahdatah Gungura 01 "Faɗi fiye da Iyaka"
* NATURE (네이처) - 'RICA RICA' MV
* (Respect zaouli) - 'Respect zaouli
Tufo (dance)

**Tufo** rawa ce ta gargajiya a Arewacin Mozambique .  Rawar mata ce ke yin ta kuma ana samunta a Maputo, lardunan Cabo Delgado da Nampula da kuma Tsibirin Mozambique .   Asalin Larabawa, ana yin rawar ne don murnar bukukuwan Musulunci da bukukuwa.   Rawar ta al'ada ce ta masu rawa suna motsa rabin jikinsu kawai tare da waƙoƙi da ganguna masu kama da tambourine .

## Tarihi
Asalin tufo ba a san asalinsa ba,  kodayake a Tsibirin Mozambique, tatsuniya ta nuna cewa rawa ta fara ne a lokacin da annabin Musulunci Muhammad ya yi ƙaura zuwa Madina .  Mabiyansa sun yi masa maraba da waƙoƙi da rawa suna yabon Allah, tare da tamburai. Tun lokacin da Muhammadu ya amince da waɗannan rawa, an ci gaba da yin su a bukukuwan addini.  Tufo wataƙila ya isa Mozambique a shekarun 1930, wanda wani ɗan kasuwa daga Kilwa mai suna Yussuf ya kawo.   Sunan wataƙila ya samo asali ne daga sunan Larabci don tamburai da ake amfani da su a cikin rawa, *ad-duff* .  Wannan kalmar ta zama *adufe* ko *adufo* a cikin harshen Portugal, sannan *tufo* . 

Rawar ta kuma sami tasiri sosai daga al'adar Makhuwa ta ma'aurata . Duk da asalinta na Musulunci, tufo ta bazu fiye da al'ummomi da mahallin Musulunci. Duk da cewa har yanzu ana yin ta a bukukuwan addini, waƙoƙin tufo na iya ƙunsar jigogi na zamantakewa ko siyasa. 

## Aiki
A tarihi, masu rawa maza da mata ne ke yin tufo, amma yanzu maza yawanci suna yin rawa ne kawai a lokutan da ba a saba gani ba.  Ƙungiyoyin rawa na Tufo sun ƙunshi mata 15-20 kuma suna tare da maza ko mata huɗu a kan ganguna masu kama da tambourine.  Duk masu rawa suna waƙa duk da cewa galibi akwai manyan mawaƙa.  A al'ada, masu rawa na Tufo suna rawa yayin da suke durƙusawa, suna motsa rabin jikinsu cikin tsari.   Kwanan nan, salon rawa na Tufo ya samo asali, irin waɗannan masu rawa na iya tsayawa su motsa dukkan jikinsu. 

Ana watsa waƙoƙin Tufo ta baki kuma ɗaya daga cikin masu rawa ko mawaƙin ƙungiyar na iya yin su.  Yawanci suna cikin yaren Emakhuwa amma kuma suna iya kasancewa cikin Larabci ko Fotigal.  Dole ne masu rawa su sanya mayafai da capulanas masu dacewa, waɗanda nau'in sarong ne da aka yi da zane mai launi mai haske.  Kowace rawa tana buƙatar a saka sabuwar capulana.  

## Manazarta
Taskiwin

**Taskiwin** ( Berber languages  , Arabic   ) rawa ce ta gargajiya ta Morocco wadda UNESCO ta amince da ita a matsayin Gadon Al'adu na Ba a Tantance Ba . Rawar yaƙi ce da ta kebanta da tsaunukan High Atlas na yammacin Morocco a tsakiyar ƙasar. Rawar ta samo asali ne daga ƙaho mai kyau da kowanne mai rawa ke ɗauke da shi, wanda aka sani da Tiskt. Rawar ta ƙunshi fasahar girgiza kafadu zuwa ga sautin tamburai da sarewa, da kuma tattaka ƙafafu.  An ce wannan aikin yana haɓaka haɗin kai da jituwa tsakanin al'umma kuma yana ba da jin daɗin asali da ci gaba ga al'ummomin da ke yin ta. 

Taskiwin yana ɗaya daga cikin salon rawa na gargajiya na Morocco.  Ana kuma ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani nau'in rawa na Ahwash . 

## Tarihi da Asali
Ana kyautata zaton ya samo asali ne daga tsaunukan High Atlas, inda mutanen Amazigh, waɗanda aka fi sani da Berbers, suka yi ta. Rawar ta samo asali ne daga maza, waɗanda ke ɗauke da ƙaho mai ado da ake kira Tiskt yayin rawa. Tiskt muhimmin ɓangare ne na rawa, domin ana amfani da ita ne don ƙirƙirar bugun da ke tare da motsin masu rawa. Da farko an yi rawar ne a matsayin wasan yaƙi, kuma mutanen Amazigh sun yi amfani da ita a matsayin hanyar horar da yaƙi, da kuma murnar nasarorin da aka samu a yaƙi.

## Kayan kida
Taskiwin ya ƙunshi kayan kida da dama kamar:

* Agwal: ƙaramin ganga mai yumbu ko ganga mai siffar gilashi 
* Tal'wwatt: sarewa
* Tallunt: ganga mai siffar firam
* Tiskt: ƙaho mai ƙarfi, wanda bayan haka aka sanya wa rawa suna, tare da ƙaramin ƙararrawa a haɗe da shi.  Kalmar "tiskt" a yaren Berber kawai tana nufin "ƙaho", kuma nau'in jam'insa shine "taskiwin".   

## Matsayin da ake ciki yanzu
Saboda wulakanta al'adu da matasa ke yi a yau, Taskiwin na cikin haɗarin ɓacewa, inda ƙauyuka kaɗan ne kawai ke yin hakan, kuma masu aikin ba sa samun waɗanda za su gaje shi.  Tun daga shekarar 1993, an ƙirƙiri ƙungiyoyi da dama na gida don ƙoƙarin kiyaye wannan al'ada. 

## Manazarta
Mapouka

**Mapouka** (ko ***macouka***, "la danse du fessier", ko "rawan baya"), wanda kuma aka sani da **Chura**, ko **Baikoko** a Kudancin Afirka, wani nau'in rawa ne na zamani daga yankin Dabou na kudu maso gabashin Côte d'Ivoire wanda ya samo asali daga mutanen Ahizi, Alladian, Dida da Avikam ; kuma yana da farin jini musamman a Tanzaniya .  Mapouka ya shiga fagen kiɗa a shekarar 1991 bayan ƙirƙirar waƙoƙin zouglou na shekarun 1990 da shigo da nau'ikan waƙoƙin ƙasashen waje kamar dancehall da hip hop, kuma ya shahara sosai, musamman a tsakanin matasa. 

Mata ne suka fi yin rawar,  suna girgiza bayansu gefe da gefe, suna kallon masu kallonsu, sau da yawa yayin da suke durƙusawa. Wasu 'yan Ivory Coast sun soki Mapouka da zargin "ƙasƙantar da al'adun ƙasar" da kuma haɓaka lalata. 

A watan Maris na shekarar 1998, bayan korafe-korafe daga 'yan ƙasa da ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin mata,  gwamnatin Côte d'Ivoire ta haramta Mapouka daga jama'a da talabijin saboda kasancewarsa "mai lalata da mata, mai lalata da kuma mai lalata".   Duk da haka, an kawo ƙarshen haramcin a shekarar 1999 bayan da Robert Guéï ya hambarar da Shugaba Henri Konan Bédié a wani juyin mulkin soja. Bayan haramcin Mapouka a Côte d'Ivoire, rawa ta sami karbuwa a duk faɗin duniya a wasu wurare a Yammacin Afirka da Tsakiyar Afirka, inda ta fuskanci irin wannan ce-ce-ku-ce kuma hukumomi a Togo, Burkina Faso, Nijar, Benin a yammacin Afirka da Kamaru a tsakiyar Afirka suka haramta ta ko kuma suka kore ta.  

Rawar tana kama da abin da ake kira rawa ta ciki da "shimmies". Babban bambancin shine a rawa ta ciki ana yin ta ne a tsaye da kuma fuskantar masu kallo, yayin da ake yin Mapouka sau da yawa yayin da ake lanƙwasawa da kuma fuskantar masu kallo. Duk da haka, motsin kugu iri ɗaya ne.

## Duba kuma

* Kwassa kwassa
* Logobi
* Tweetking
* M'alayah
* Zouglou

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Youle sabina via YouTube
* Nigui Saff K rawa - Dr Pitté ta YouTube

## Manazarta
Malipenga

***Malipenga*** wata waƙar rawa ce ta Afirka ta mutanen Tonga na Malawi .  Rawar ta samo asali ne daga kwaikwayon atisayen soja  lokacin da suka yi yaƙi tare da Sojojin Burtaniya a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya . 

Malipenga ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan tsakiya da arewacin Malawi, kamar yadda yake a Tanzania, Mozambique, da Zambia tare da ɗan gyare-gyare kaɗan.  Kowace shekara a watan Agusta ana gudanar da babban bikin *Malipenga* a Arewacin Malawi a wani gari daban kowace shekara. 

## Tarihi

An yi labaran farko game da rawar Malipenga bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya. Asalinsa yana da alaƙa da tsarin faretin sojoji da jami'an Burtaniya na bindigogin Sarki na Afirka suka gabatar waɗanda suka yi yaƙi da Jamusawa.

Nazarce-nazarce da dama sun yi la'akari da cewa *malipenga* wani nau'in *beni* ne, kamar *kalela* da *mganda* . A Malawi, *mganda* da *malipenga* sunaye ne da ake amfani da su a musayar ra'ayi.  A shekarar 1927, an dauki mawakan *malipenga* a matsayin "masu yawa" a cikin Lardin Arewa. Masu gudun hijira na Nyasa sun kai rawansu zuwa ma'adanai na Arewacin Rhodesia, Kudancin Rhodesia, Katanga, da Tanganyika a ƙarƙashin sunan *mganda* . 

Bayan ƙarshen yaƙin, tsoffin sojoji da suka dawo gida sun yi amfani da kalmomin soja da na gwamnati na Birtaniya kuma suka kafa "gwamnatoci" da ake kira "bomas" a cikin salon rawar Malipenga, tare da tasirin faretin sojoji da ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa. 

Malipenga a cikin Chitumbuka, Chitonga, da Cinyanja yana nufin " ƙaho ". 

Wurin da ake yin rawa ana kiransa "boma". 

## Duba kuma

* Rawar Afirka
* Kiɗan Afirka
* Waƙar Bantu

## Manazarta