Kwaskwarima ta goma sha uku ga Tsarin Mulki na Amurka

**Kwaskwari na goma sha uku** ( **Kwaskwari na XIII** ) ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya soke bauta da bautar da bata son rai ba, har sai dai hukuncin wani laifi. Majalisar dattijai ta zartar da gyara a ranar 8 ga watan Afrilu, 1864, ta Majalisar Wakilai a ranar 31 ga watan Janairu, 1865, kuma ta amince da 27 da ake buƙata na jihohi 36 na wancan lokacin a ranar 6 ga watan Disamba, 1865, kuma aka sanar a ranar 18 ga watan Disamba. Shi ne farko na gyare-gyare uku na sake ginawa da aka karɓa bayan yakin basasar Amurka.

Shugaba Ibrahim Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, mai tasiri a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu, 1863, ya bayyana cewa bayi a yankunan da ake sarrafawa (kuma kusan dukkanin bayi) suna da 'yanci. Lokacin da suka tsere zuwa layin Union ko sojojin tarayya (ciki har da bayi-tsohon bayi) sun ci gaba zuwa kudu, an sami 'yanci ba tare da wani diyya ga tsoffin masu mallakar ba. Texas ita ce ƙasa ta ƙarshe ta ƙungiyar bayi, inda aka ba da sanarwar aiwatar da sanarwar a ranar 19 ga watan Yuni, 1865. A cikin wuraren mallakar bayi da sojojin Ƙungiyar ke iko a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu, 1863, an yi amfani da aikin gwamnati don kawar da bauta da bayi. Keɓancewar sun kasance Kentucky da Delaware, kuma zuwa ƙayyadaddun New Jersey, inda a ƙarshe aka kawo ƙarshen bautar chattel da bautar da aka yi ta hanyar Kwaskwarima ta goma sha uku a cikin watan Disamba 1865.

Saɓanin sauran gyare-gyare na sake ginawa, ba a cika yin nuni da gyare-gyare na goma sha uku ba idan aka kwatanta da shari'a, amma an yi amfani da ita don kashe peonage da wasu nuna wariyar launin fata a matsayin "lambobin bauta da abubuwan da suka faru na bauta". An kuma yi kira ga gyare-gyare na goma sha uku don ƙarfafa Majalisa don yin dokoki game da bautar zamani, kamar fatauci na jima'i.

Tun daga farkonsa a shekara ta 1776, an raba Amurka zuwa jihohin da suka ba da izinin bauta da kuma jihohin da suka haramta shi. Bauta da aka gane a fakaice a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na asali a cikin tanadi irin su Yarjejeniya ta uku cikin biyar (Mataki na 1, Sashe na 2, Sashe na 3), wanda ya tanadi cewa kashi uku cikin biyar na yawan bayi na kowace jiha ("wasu mutane") za a ƙara su zuwa yawan jama'arta masu 'yanci don dalilai na rarraba kujeru a cikin Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka, da yawan kuri'un da aka zaɓa  a cikin majalisar wakilai na Amurka. Maganar Bawan Gudu (Mataki na IV, Sashe na 2, Sashe na 3) ya tanadi cewa bayin da ake tsare da su a ƙarƙashin dokokin wata jiha da suka tsere zuwa wata jiha ba su zama ’yantattu ba, amma sun kasance bayi.

Ko da yake an 'yantar da bayi miliyan uku na Confederate saboda sakamakon sanarwar 'yantar da Lincoln, matsayinsu na baya-bayan nan bai tabbata ba. Don tabbatar da cewa soke ya wuce ƙalubale na shari'a, an tsara gyara ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki don haka. Ranar 8 ga watan Afrilu, 1864, Majalisar Dattijai ta zartar da gyara don kawar da bautar. Bayan kuri'ar da ba ta yi nasara ba da kuma aiwatar da doka da gwamnatin Lincoln ta yi, majalisar ta bi sahun ranar 31 ga watan Janairu, 1865. Kusan dukkan jihohin Arewa ne suka amince da matakin cikin gaggawa, tare da isassun jihohin kan iyaka har zuwa kisan gillar da aka yi wa Shugaba Lincoln. Duk da haka, amincewar ta zo ta hannun magajinsa, Shugaba Andrew Johnson, wanda ya karfafa "sake gina" jihohin Kudancin Alabama, North Carolina, da Georgia don amincewa, wanda ya kawo kirga zuwa jihohi 27, wanda ya kai ga amincewa da shi kafin karshen 1865.

Ko da yake Kwaskwarima ya kawar da bautar a duk faɗin Amurka, wasu baƙar fata Amirkawa, musamman a Kudu, an fuskanci wasu nau'o'in ayyukan da ba na son rai ba, kamar a ƙarƙashin Black Codes. Haka kuma sun kasance waɗanda ke fama da tashe-tashen hankula masu tsaurin ra'ayi, da aiwatar da dokoki, da sauran naƙasassu. Yawancin irin wannan cin zarafi an ba da su ta hanyar keɓanta ayyukan ƙwaƙƙwaran gyare-gyare.

## Manazarta