Lúcio Lara

**Lúcio Rodrigo Leite Barreto de Lara** (9 Afrilu 1929 - 27 Fabrairu 2016), wanda kuma aka sani da pseudonym **Tchiweka**, ɗan juyin juya hali ne na Angola, masanin kimiyyar lissafi, ɗan siyasa, masanin akidar adawa da mulkin mallaka kuma ɗaya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa Angola (kuma shugaba) na Popular Movement for the Liberation. Ya taɓa zama babban sakataren jam'iyyar MPLA a lokacin yakin 'yancin kai na Angola da yakin basasar Angola.  Lara, wanda ya kafa MPLA, ya jagoranci membobin MPLA na farko zuwa Luanda a ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamba 1974. Ya rantsar da Agostinho Neto a matsayin shugaban ƙasar  na farko.

Ya kasance shugaban ƙasar Angola na riƙo na tsawon kwanaki goma, daga 10 ga Satumba 1979 zuwa 20 ga Satumba 1979, a takaice ya jagoranci ƙasar tsakanin mutuwar Agostinho Neto da rantsar da José Eduardo dos Santos.Ya kasance memba na majalisar dokokin Angola daga 'yancin kai har zuwa shekara ta 2003. &#x5D; **' &#x5B;</sup>  

Shi ne babban masanin akida kuma mai tunani kan [[Ƙaddamar da kai|yancin kai]] na Angola, da kuma wani muhimmin masanin ka'idar Markisanci,   yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan sunaye a ƙasar a ƙarni na 20.  

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Lúcio Lara a birnin Caála, a lardin Huambo, a ranar 9 ga watan Afrilu 1929. Mahaifinsa ɗan kasuwa ne, mahaifiyarsa kuwa gimbiya ce ta masarautar Bailundo.  

Tsakanin shekarun 1949 zuwa 1952, ya yi karatun digiri a fannin lissafi a Jami'ar Lisbon.  A wannan lokacin, ya zama mazaunin gidan Ɗalibai na Daular, ƙungiyar ɗalibai da ta zama cibiyar tattaunawa ta adawa da mulkin mallaka a [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]].  A cikin wannan cibiyar tattaunawa ne suka zama abokai da António Agostinho Neto (shugaban Angola na gaba). Su biyun za su kasance da alhakin samar da jigon akida na Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA). Bayan kammala karatunsa a fannin lissafi, ya fara aiki a matsayin malami a Lisbon. 

Ya shiga Jami'ar Coimbra a shekarar 1954 don yin karatun digiri a kan ilimin kimiyyar jiki, ya yi watsi da karatunsa a shekarar 1958 ba tare da ya kammala ba.

Yayin da yake shiga cikin ayyukan jam'iyyun siyasa a Lisbon, ya haɗu da Ruth Pflüger, wata matashiya Bayahudiya haifaffiyar Lisbon haifaffen ƙasar Jamus wanda ya aura a shekarar 1955. 

== Aikin siyasa ==
Ya kafa, tare da ɗalibai da ma'aikata masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, Clube Marítimo Africano a Lisbon, ƙungiyar nishaɗi da wasanni waɗanda kuma ta zama cibiyar muhawara game da mulkin mallaka. Clube yana da mahimmanci don kaucewa ayyukan leken asirin Portugal da sabis na bayanai da kuma hana shiga cikin wasiku. 

A shekara ta 1955, ya shiga jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Angolan (PCA), yayin da yake shiga cikin ayyukan jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Portugal (PCP). A shekarar 1957, ya shiga jam'iyyar MPLA (wanda aka kafa shekarar da ta gabata), ya zama babban mai akidarta, har ma ana alakanta shi da fayyace akidar Markisanci ta jam'iyyar, wacce za ta zama mafi rinjaye a halin yanzu. 

Ayyukan siyasarsa sun kai shi PIDE ('yan sandan siyasa na Portugal) sun bi shi. An tilasta masa ya tsere daga Lisbon tare da matarsa Ruth a cikin watan Maris 1959 zuwa [[Yammacin Jamus|Jamus ta Yamma]] sannan kuma zuwa Jamus ta Gabas. A cikin wannan shekarar, ya sake gudu zuwa [[Italiya]], lokacin da ya gano cewa akwai jami'an Portuguese da suka kutsa cikin Jamus ta Gabas don kashe shi. A Italiya, masanin falsafa [[Frantz Fanon]] ya sami mafaka ga ma'auratan a [[Tunisiya]] kuma daga baya a [[Moroko|Maroko]]. A [[Rabat|birnin Rabat]] na ƙasar Maroko, ta rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da jam'iyyar African Party for Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) don kafa ofishin MPLA na farko na ƙasa da ƙasa a [[Conakry|birnin Conakry]] na ƙasar Guinea. Ya zauna na wani lokaci a [[Gini|Guinea]] yana aiki a matsayin farfesa a fannin sinadarai. 

An zaɓe shi a taron farko na jam'iyyar MPLA, a watan Disamba na shekarar 1962, a matsayin sakataren kungiyar da 'yan kadarori kuma a matsayin memba na kwamitin tsakiya na MPLA.   A cikin shekarar 1963, tare da fitar da ita daga Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango/Zaire, da kuma jirgin da ta yi ta haye kogin zuwa Kongo-Brazzaville, MPLA ta faɗa cikin wani yanayi na ruɗani kuma mai yiwuwa ta daina wanzuwa idan har hazikan kungiyar Lara da dabarun siyasa ba su cece ta ba. 

Bayan an zaɓe shi a matsayin babban sakatare na jam'iyyar, ya koma na dindindin tare da iyalinsa zuwa [[Brazzaville]] (a cikin shekarar 1964), wanda aka ɗauke shi a matsayin kujerar wucin gadi na MPLA a lokacin yakin neman 'yancin kai na Angola. A wannan birni, ya yi aiki a matsayin malamin ilmin lissafi da sinadarai a makarantun jam’iyyar kuma ya tsara sashen ilimi da al’adun jam’iyyar MPLA, da alhakin shirya malamai da kuma kula da babban dakin karatu. 

A ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamba 1974 Lara aka naɗa shi shugaban tawagar diflomasiyya ta MPLA don ziyarar aiki ta farko a [[Luanda]]. Daruruwan magoya bayansa ne suka tarɓe shi zuwan nasa, inda suka bi ta shingen tsare-tsare, suka mamaye titin jirgin saman Luanda a lokacin da jirgin tawagar ya sauka. Tawagar Lara ta yi aiki don shirya ziyarar Agostinho Neto zuwa Luanda, ziyarar farko ta shugaban jam'iyyar bayan juyin juya halin Carnation. Neto ya sauka a babban birnin ƙasar a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun 1975, wanda ma fi yawan magoya bayansa suka karɓe shi. 

A ranar da Angola ta sami 'yancin kai, an zaɓi Lara a matsayin shugabar Majalisar Zartarwa. Ya kafa tsarin mulkin Angola a ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamba 1975. Bugu da ƙari, ya gudanar da zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na farko a Angola (kai tsaye), wanda Agostinho Neto ya lashe. A wannan rana, Lara ya rantsar da Neto a matsayin shugaban Angola na farko. Lara ya kasance shugaban majalisa har zuwa shekara ta 1977. 

A cikin kawar da Fractionism tsakanin watan Yuni 1977 zuwa tsakiyar 1979, wanda Agostinho Neto ya ba da umarnin, an kashe "mutane da ba a bayyana adadinsu ba, wasu lokuta ana kiyasin suna cikin dubun dubatar".   Ko da yake aikin kamawa, ɗaurin kurkuku, azabtarwa da kashe ƴan adawa, na ainihi ko tunanin, Neto ne ya ba da umarnin, kuma an yi shi ta hanyar ƙananan  jami'ai, an yarda da cewa [[Ludy Kissassunda|Lara]], Ministan Tsaro Iko Carreira ne ya jagoranci aikin.

A ranar 10 ga watan Disamba 1977, duk da mummunan sakamakon tsarkakewa, an sake zaɓar Lara a cikin kwamitin tsakiya na MPLA, wanda ya sanya shi zama memba na biyu mafi mahimmanci a ofishin siyasa (bayan Neto kawai) kuma mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar, wanda ke da alhakin kungiyar da kuma ɓangaren akida. 

== Shugabancin Angola da kuma ƙarshen aikin siyasa ==
A ranar da Agostinho Neto ya mutu, Lara ya kasance mamba mafi girma a ofishin siyasa kuma mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar MPLA. Da wannan ne ya zaci ayyukan shugaban jam'iyyar na rikon kwarya, da kuma shugaban jam'iyyar jama'ar Angola.Ya kira babban taron MPLA na 2 a cikin gaggawa a ranar 11 Satumba 1979, yana aiki tukuru don zaɓen José Eduardo dos Santos, wanda ya faru a <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D; **' &#x5B; watan Satumba na wannan shekarar. Ya yi watsi da duk shawarwarin da aka yi masa na karɓar ragamar shugabancin ƙasar yadda ya kamata.    

A cikin shekarar 1980 an sake zaɓe shi mamba a kwamitin tsakiya na MPLA, ofishin siyasa da sakataren ƙungiya. Bugu da ƙari, an zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban majalissar gudanarwa ta kamfanin dillancin labarai na Pan-African Pan-African News Agency (PanaPress), muƙamin da ya riƙe tsawon shekaru 5. A wannan shekarar, an zaɓe shi mataimakin wakilin lardin Moxico. Yayin da yake cikin wannan wa'adin, shi ne ke da alhakin kwamitin majalisar dokoki na musamman kan samar da kofi da kuma hukumar lafiya ta majalisar din-din-din. 

A shekara ta 1985, shugaban Angola José Eduardo dos Santos ya tsige shi daga ofishin siyasa na MPLA, wanda ya rage kawai a cikin kwamitin tsakiya na jam'iyyar, a wani abu da ake kira kawar da siyasar cikin gida ta Edwardian kan abokan adawa. A cikin watan Maris 1986, ya karbi aikin sakatare na 1 na Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa , wanda ya kasance har zuwa shekara ta 1992. 

Haka kuma, a cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990, Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Amurka (CIA) ta sanya shi a matsayin babban abin da aka sa a gaba wajen kawar da shi tare da hambarar da shi a yakin neman zaɓen cikin gida na jam'iyyar. 

Ya yanke shawarar barin rayuwar jama'a saboda dalilai na kiwon lafiya a cikin watan Nuwamba 2003, lokacin da ya yi murabus daga wa'adin majalisar da ya riƙe tun 1975.  Ma'aikatar tsaron Angola ta yi masa ritaya a matsayin Janar na soja a shekara ta 2004, amma ya ki yin amfani da wannan muƙamin saboda bai ɗauki kansa a matsayin kwararren soja ba. 

## Ritaya da mutuwa
Bayan ya bar aikin siyasa, Lara ya sadaukar da kansa don tsara tarihin tarihinsa da takardun shaida game da tsarin 'yancin kai da kuma samuwar Angola, yana samar da Ƙungiyar Takardun Tchiweka (ATD).  A cikin shekarar 1996 ya fito da abin tunawa "Don faɗuwar motsi…", tare da gabatarwar matarsa Ruth. 

Ya rasu a babban birnin Angola a ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu 2016 yana da shekaru 86. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Matarsa ɗaya tilo ita ce malamar Jamus-Angola Ruth Manuela Pflüger Rosemberg Lara, wacce take da yara uku: Paulo, Wanda da Bruno. Ruth ta mutu don dalilai na halitta a shekara ta 2000. Tare da Ruth, a cikin shekarar 1960s, ta ɗauki ɗan Brazzaville-Congo, Jean-Michel Mabeko Tali. 

## Manazarta