Norah Elam

**Norah Elam**, wanda kuma aka sani da **Norah Dacre Fox** (née **Norah Doherty**, 5 Maris 1878 - 2 Maris 1961), ɗan gwagwarmayar gwagwarmaya ne haifaffen Irish, mai adawa da vivisectionist, mata kuma mai fasikanci a Burtaniya.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Norah Doherty a ranar 5 Maris 1878 a 13 Waltham Terrace a Blackrock, Dublin zuwa John Doherty, abokin tarayya a cikin injin takarda, da Charlotte Isabel Clarke. Ta koma Ingila tare da danginta kuma ta 1891 tana zaune a London. Norah ya auri Charles Richard Dacre Fox a 1909.

## Ayyukan siyasa
Norah Dacre Fox ta kasance fitacciyar memba na Ƙungiyar Mata ta zamantakewa da Siyasa kuma, a shekar alif dari tara da goma sha uku 1913, ta zama babban sakatare. Dacre Fox ƙwararren mai yada farfaganda ne, yana gabatar da jawabai masu tada hankali a tarurrukan mako-mako na WSPU kuma ya rubuta yawancin jawaban Christabel Pankhurst . 

A cikin watan Mayu 1914 Flora Drummond da Norah Dacre Fox sun kewaye gidajen Edward Carson da Lord Lansdowne, manyan 'yan siyasar Ulster Unionist wadanda suka tunzura 'yan bindiga a Ulster a kan Dokar Dokokin Gida sannan suka shiga Majalisa. Drummond da Dacre Fox dukkansu an ba su sammaci da su bayyana a gaban alkalai saboda 'yin jawabai masu tunzura' da kuma karfafa mata gwiwa zuwa ga tsageru. Martanin da suka bayar ga ‘yan jaridan da suka yi hira da su shi ne, suna ganin ya kamata su fake da Carson da Lansdowne wadanda su ma suka rika yin jawabai da karfafa gwiwar tsageru a Ireland, amma da alama sun kaurace wa tsoma baki daga hukumomi kan yin hakan. Dukansu matan sun bayyana a gaban alkali, an yanke musu hukuncin dauri kuma aka kai su gidan yarin Holloway inda nan take suka fara yajin yunwa da kishirwa tare da jure ciyar da karfi .  Daga Mayu zuwa Yuli 1914 an daure ta sau uku  a cikin Holloway saboda "ayyukan ta'addanci"; ta sami lambar yabo ta WSPU Hunger Strike Medal tare da sanduna uku. 

A cikin babban zaɓe na 1918 United Kingdom ta tsaya a matsayin ɗan takara mai zaman kanta a Richmond (Surrey) ; ta samu kashi 20% na kuri'un amma ba a zabe ta ba.  A wannan shekarar ne ta yi kamfen don shigar da baki abokan gaba tare da haɗin gwiwar Tarayyar Daular Burtaniya da Jam'iyyar National Party .  Norah Elam ta bayyana a cikin *jaridar The Times* cewa ba ta taba zama memba a Kungiyar 'Yancin Mata ba (sabanin wasu rahotanni).

Elam ya kasance memba na London da Provincial Anti-Vivisection Society (LPAVS).  A cikin 1916 da 1917, Elam ta sami aiki a matsayin mai kula da wurin buga rubutu a Majalisar Binciken Kiwon Lafiya (MRC), samun bayanan da za ta yi amfani da ita a cikin labaran da aka buga a ƙarƙashin inuwar LPAVS a lokacin 1934 da 1935. A cikin Maris 1921, Elam ya yi tallace-tallace a cikin *The Times* kuma ya jagoranci taron jama'a na LPAVS a Aeolian Hall a London don tattauna 'Dokar Dog' (takardar da za ta hana farfaɗo da karnuka) da ake muhawara a majalisa a lokacin.  A cikin 1932, MRC ta samar da takarda mai suna "Vitamins, Survey of Present Knowledge". Amsar Elam ta 1934 tana da taken "Binciken Vitamin, Amsa" kuma ya kasance muhimmin kimanta wannan binciken da sakamakonsa. Wannan ya biyo baya a cikin 1935 ta "Majalisar Bincike ta Likita, Abin da yake da kuma yadda yake aiki" bisa ga muhawara iri ɗaya game da ayyukan bincike na MRC da ƙaddamarwa a matsayin takarda na farko, amma an yi watsi da gardama da hankali a kan gaba mafi girma. Hujjar Elam ita ce, 'masu ƙarfi masu ƙarfi' sun yi nasarar 'tsara' kansu a cikin 'binciken da gwamnati ta taimaka', kuma sun yi nasarar sanya kansu ba za su iya ba. Waɗannan takaddun an rarraba su sosai kuma ana iya samun kwafi a cikin ɗakunan karatu a duk faɗin Burtaniya.

A cikin 1930s, ta rabu da mijinta, kuma tana zaune tare da Edward Descou Dudley Vallance Elam wanda sunan sunansa gabaɗaya ta ɗauka. Sun zauna a Sussex inda suke aiki a Jam'iyyar Conservative Party . Duk da haka sun koma Oswald Mosley ta British Union of Fascists (BUF) jim kadan bayan ƙirƙirar ta a 1932 kuma ta yi fice a sashin mata. A wannan lokacin, ta ci karo da Wilfred Risdon, Daraktan Farfaganda 1933–4, wanda daga baya abokin aiki ne a cikin LPAVS. Ta kasance mai ba da gudummawa akai-akai ga manema labarai na fasikanci kuma a cikin Nuwamba 1936 an gabatar da shi a matsayin ɗan takarar majalisar dokoki na BUF na mazabar Northampton, [1] amma ba a gudanar da babban zaɓe a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Mosley ta yi amfani da zaɓen da ta yi a baya don tinkarar sukar da ake yi cewa Social Socialism na adawa da mata tana mai cewa takararta ta "kashe har abada shawarar da National Socialism ta gabatar da mayar da matan Burtaniya a gida".

A cikin Mayu 1940 Norah da Dudley Elam an tsare su a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsaro ta 18B kuma an tsare ta a kurkukun Holloway tare da wasu mata masu fasikanci da yawa ciki har da Diana Mosley .  Bayan an sake ta, Norah da Dudley Elam sun raka Unity Mitford don ganin Diana da Oswald Mosley a Holloway akan 18 Maris 1943.

## Iyali
Elam yana da ɗa ɗaya, Evelyn (an haife shi 1922). Jikanta, Angela McPherson, ta bayyana a cikin shirin 2010 na BBC Radio 4, *Mother Was a Blackshirt*, cewa ba ta da masaniya har sai 2002 na rawar da Elam ya taka a cikin motsi na fascist. McPherson ya san cewa Elam ya kasance ɗan takara wanda ya yi iƙirarin ya kasance kusa da Pankhursts; yanke shawarar neman bayanai akan layi akan Norah Elam ta fara jefar da bayanan da ba ta sani ba. McPherson ta ji cewa a cikin hankali ta toshe tunanin abubuwan da kakarta ta gaya mata tun tana karama, wadanda za su shafi danginta. Ta kwatanta Elam a matsayin "mai ban tsoro mai wariyar launin fata" wanda ya cutar da danta a zuciya, ta mai da shi "mai zalunci" kamar mahaifin Norah.  Biography, *Mosley's Old Suffragette*, wanda Susan McPherson da Angela McPherson suka rubuta, an buga shi a cikin 2011. 

## Manazarta