Taswirar Pink

The Pink Map (Portuguese: Mapa cor-de-rosa), wanda aka fi sani da Rose-Coloured Map,  taswirar da aka shirya a 1885 don wakiltar da'awar Masarautar Portugal na ikon mallakar ƙasa da ke haɗa yankunan Portugal na Angola da Mozambique a lokacin Scramble for Africa . Yankin da aka yi iƙirarin ya haɗa da mafi yawan Zimbabwe na zamani da manyan sassan Zambia da Malawi na zamani. 

A farkon rabin karni na 19, Portugal ta mallaki cikakken iko a kan ƙananan ƙauyuka na bakin teku a Angola da Mozambique. Har ila yau, Portuguese sun yi iƙirarin suzerainty a kan wasu garuruwa masu zaman kansu da kuma talakawan Portuguese a cikin kwarin Zambezi, amma ba za su iya aiwatar da da'awarsu ba; yawancin yankin yanzu a cikin Angola da Mozambique sun kasance cikakke masu zaman kansu daga ikon Portugal. Tsakanin 1840 da 1869, Portugal ta fadada yankin da take sarrafawa amma ta ji barazanar ayyukan sauran ikon mulkin mallaka na Turai a yankin.

Ƙasar Ingila ta ki amincewa da ikirarin Portugal a Afirka wanda ba ya dogara da tasiri, gami da tayin Portuguese a 1889 don watsar da da'awar su ga hanyar haɗi don musayar amincewar Burtaniya da wasu da'awar. Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Burtaniya na 1890 ya kawo ƙarshen da'awar Portuguese bisa ga koyarwar binciken da bincike na baya-bayan nan. Rashin jituwa ya lalata darajar mulkin mallaka na Portugal a tsakanin jama'ar Portugal, wanda da sauri ya juya zuwa jamhuriya.

## Dukiyar Fotigal 1800-1870

### A Angola
A farkon karni na 19, ingantaccen mulkin Portuguese a Afirka a kudancin ma'auni ya iyakance. Angola ta Portuguese ta kunshi yankuna da ke kusa da Luanda da Benguela, da kuma wasu garuruwa masu zaman kansu wadanda Portugal ta yi ikirarin suzerainty, mafi arewa shine Ambriz. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 da farkon ƙarni na 19, babban aikin Angola a cikin Daular Portugal shine samar da Brazil da bayi. Wannan ya sauƙaƙe da farko ta hanyar ci gaban gonakin kofi a kudancin Brazil daga shekarun 1790 zuwa gaba, kuma na biyu ta hanyar yarjejeniyar 1815 da 1817 tsakanin Ingila da Portugal da ke iyakance - aƙalla akan takarda - cinikin bayi na Portuguese zuwa yankunan kudancin ma'auni. Wannan cinikin ya ragu bayan samun 'yancin Brazil a cikin 1822 kuma ya fi biyo bayan yarjejeniyar 1830 tsakanin Burtaniya da Brazil wanda gwamnatin Brazil ta haramta shigo da bayi. Don samun mutane don fitarwa a matsayin bayi daga garuruwan Angola, 'yan kasuwa na Afro-Portuguese sun shiga cikin ƙasa kamar Katanga da Kazembe, amma in ba haka ba kaɗan ne suka koma cikin ƙasa kuma ba su yi ƙoƙari su kafa iko a can ba. Lokacin da cinikin bayi na Brazil ya ragu, Portuguese sun fara amfani da bayi don aikin gona a gonaki da ke cikin ƙasa daga Luanda tare da Kogin Cuanza, kuma zuwa ƙarami a kusa da Benguela. Bayan Portuguese sun kafa Moçâmedes, kudu da Benguela, a cikin 1840 kuma sun mamaye Ambriz a cikin 1855, Portugal ta mallaki ci gaba da bakin teku daga Ambriz zuwa Moçâmémedes, amma ƙananan yankin cikin gida. Kodayake Portugal ta yi iƙirarin Kogin Kongo, Burtaniya a mafi kyawun ta yarda da iyakantaccen haƙƙin kasuwanci na Fotigal a yankin Cabinda a arewacin kogin, kodayake waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ba su sanya yankin Cabinda na Fotigals ba.

### A Mozambique
Portugal ta mamaye wasu sassan bakin tekun Mozambique tun daga karni na 16, amma a farkon karni na 19 kasancewar Portuguese ta iyakance ga Tsibirin Mozambique, Ibo da Quelimane a arewacin Mozambique, sansanoni a Sena da Tete a kwarin Zambezi, Sofala zuwa kudancin Zambezi. Kodayake an dauki Delagoa Bay a matsayin yankin Portuguese, Lourenço Marques ba a zauna ba har zuwa 1781, kuma an watsar da shi na ɗan lokaci bayan wani hari na Faransa na 1796.  A ƙarshen karni na 18 yawancin mutanen da aka fitar da su a matsayin bayi ta hanyar ƙauyukan Portuguese a Mozambique an aika su zuwa Mauritius da Réunion, a wannan lokacin duka yankunan Faransa, amma Yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon sun rushe wannan cinikayya, kuma a Taron karni na 19 Portuguese sun aika da bayi na Mozambican zuwa Brazil. Kamar yadda ya faru da Angola, fitar da bayi ya ragu bayan 1830 kuma an maye gurbinsa da fitar da hauren giwa ta hanyar Lourenço Marques daga shekarun 1840 zuwa gaba.

Rashin wadatar Portuguese a Mozambique ya zo ne a cikin shekarun 1830 da 1840 lokacin da aka kori Lourenço Marques a 1833  da Sofala a 1835.  An watsar da Zumbo a cikin 1836 kuma Daular Gaza ta tilasta wa mazauna Afro-Portuguese kusa da Vila de Sena su biya haraji. Kodayake Portugal ta yi ikirarin ikon mallaka Angoche da wasu ƙananan garuruwan musulmai na bakin teku, waɗannan sun kasance kusan masu zaman kansu a farkon karni na 19. Koyaya, bayan Portugal ta yi watsi da cinikin bayi, waɗannan garuruwan sun ci gaba da aikin. Tsoron shiga tsakani na Birtaniya ko Faransa game da bautar, Portugal ta fara kawo wadannan garuruwan karkashin iko mai tsauri. Angoche ya yi tsayayya kuma ya yi yaƙi da jirgin yaƙi na Portugal da ke ƙoƙarin hana cinikin bayi a 1847. Ya ɗauki wani balaguron soja da zama a cikin 1860-1 don kawo ƙarshen cinikin bayi na Angoche.

Har ila yau, Portugal ta fara tsarin Prazo na manyan wuraren haya a ƙarƙashin mulkin Portuguese a kwarin Zambezi. A ƙarshen karni na 18, kwarin Zambezi da ƙananan Kogin Shire sun mallaki wasu iyalai waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin su 'yan Portugal ne amma kusan masu zaman kansu. Koyaya, tun daga 1840 gwamnatin Portugal ta fara jerin kamfen ɗin soja a cikin ƙoƙari na kawo prazos a ƙarƙashin ikonta. Sojojin Fotigal sun sha wahala da yawa kafin su tilasta wa ƙarshen lokaci don miƙa wuya a 1869. 

A wasu yankuna na cikin gida, babu ma da'awar ikon Portuguese. A cikin abin da ke kudu da tsakiyar Mozambique a yau, Mutanen Nguni waɗanda suka shiga yankin daga Afirka ta Kudu a ƙarƙashin shugabansu Soshangane sun kirkiro Daular Gaza a cikin shekarun 1830 kuma, har zuwa mutuwar Soshangane a 1856, sun mamaye kudancin Mozambique a waje da garuruwan Inhambane da Lourenço Marques. Lourenço Marques kawai ya kasance a hannun Portuguese a cikin shekarun 1840 da farkon shekarun 1850 saboda Mutanen Swazi sun yi gwagwarmaya da Gaza don iko. Bayan mutuwar Soshangane biyu daga cikin 'ya'yansa maza sun yi gwagwarmaya don maye gurbin, tare da mai nasara Mzila ya zo mulki tare da taimakon Portuguese a 1861. A karkashin Mzila cibiyar ikon Gaza ta koma arewa zuwa tsakiyar Mozambique kuma ta shiga rikici tare da masu mallakar lokaci waɗanda ke fadada kudu daga kwarin Zambezi.

Kamar yadda yake a Angola, a cikin karni na 18 'yan kasuwa na Afro-Portuguese da masu mallakar lokaci na Mozambican suka yi amfani da su sun shiga cikin ƙasa daga kwarin Zambezi har zuwa Kazembe don neman hauren giwa da jan ƙarfe. A cikin shekara ta 1798 Francisco de Lacerda, wani jami'in Portuguese da ke zaune a Mozambique, ya shirya wani balaguro daga Tete zuwa ciki yana fatan isa Kazembe, amma ya mutu a kan hanyar da ke yanzu Zambia. Antonio Gamitto ya yi ƙoƙari ya kafa alaƙar kasuwanci tare da mutanen Kazembe a saman kwarin Zambezi a cikin 1831 kuma ba tare da nasara ba. Baya ga balaguron Lacerda, babu wani daga cikin kasuwancin da ke cikin gida daga Angola ko Mozambique da ke da matsayi na hukuma kuma ba ƙoƙarin kawo yankin tsakanin Angola da Mozambique a ƙarƙashin ikon Portugal ba. Ko da tafiyar Lacerda ta kasance ta kasuwanci ne da manufa, kodayake daga baya kungiyar Lisbon Geographical Society ta ayyana cewa ta kafa da'awar yankin da ta rufe.

### A wasu wurare
Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Brazil da kuma asarar mafi yawan yankunan Asiya, fadada mulkin mallaka na Portugal ya mayar da hankali ga Afirka. A ƙarshen shekarun 1860 Lisbon ba ta da tasiri a yankin tsakanin Angola da Mozambique, kuma ba ta da yawa a yankuna da yawa da ke cikin iyakokin waɗannan ƙasashe na yanzu. A rabi na biyu na karni na 19, manyan kasashen Turai daban-daban sun bunkasa karuwar sha'awar Afirka. Kalubale na farko ga ikirarin yankin Portugal ya fito ne daga yankin da ke kusa da Delagoa Bay. Boers waɗanda suka kafa Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu sun damu da mamayewar Burtaniya a bakin tekun zai yi barazanar 'yancin kansu, kuma don hana wannan sun yi iƙirarin nasu hanyar zuwa Tekun Indiya a Delagoa Bay a 1868. Kodayake Portugal da Transvaal sun cimma yarjejeniya a 1869 a kan iyaka wanda duk Delagoa Bay ya kasance Portuguese, Burtaniya ta gabatar da da'awar ga kudancin bay. An ki amincewa da wannan da'awar a cikin 1875 bayan sasantawa da Shugaban Faransa MacMahon, wanda ya tabbatar da iyakokin 1869. 

Wani muhimmin batu ya tashi a yankunan kudu da yammacin Tafkin Nyasa (yanzu kuma an san shi da Tafkin Malawi), wanda David Livingstone ya kai a cikin shekarun 1850. A cikin shekarun 1860 da 1870 Anglicans da Presbyterians sun kafa manufofi da yawa a cikin Shire Highlands, gami da manufa da karamin kasuwancin da aka kafa a Blantyre a 1876. A cikin 1878 'yan kasuwa da ke da alaƙa da ayyukan Presbyterian sun kafa Kamfanin Lakes na Afirka, wanda ke da niyyar kafa kasuwancin kasuwanci wanda zai yi aiki tare da hadin gwiwa tare da manufofi don yaki da cinikin bayi ta hanyar gabatar da cinikin halatta da haɓaka tasirin Turai a yankin. Daga baya, wani kalubale ya zo ne daga kafa mulkin mallaka na Jamus a Angra Pequena (Lüderitz na yanzu) a Namibia a 1883. Kodayake babu kasancewar Portuguese a wannan kudu Portugal ta yi ikirarin bakin tekun Namibiya, kasancewar ita ce al'ummar Turai ta farko da ta ziyarta.

## Binciken Portuguese da yunkurin tattaunawa na farko
Kodayake tafiye-tafiyen Lacerda da Gamitto sun kasance mafi yawan kasuwanci, kashi na uku na karni na sha tara sun ga tafiye-tallace na Afirka na kimiyya. Gwamnatin Portugal ta yi shakkar binciken da wasu kasashen Turai suka yi, musamman wadanda masu hayarsu ke da matsayi na hukuma (sau da yawa na kwastomomi) kamar yadda Livingstone ke da shi, wanda ƙasashensu na iya amfani da shi don da'awar yankin da Portugal ta dauka a matsayin nata. Don hana wannan Lisbon Geographical Society da Hukumar Geographical ta Ma'aikatar Marine ta Portugal - a wannan lokacin da ke da alhakin yankunan kasashen waje da kuma rundunar sojan ruwa - sun kirkiro kwamiti na hadin gwiwa a 1875 don tsara tafiye-tafiye na kimiyya zuwa yankin tsakanin Angola da Mozambique.

Kodayake Ministan Harkokin Waje Andrade Corvo ya yi shakkar ikon Portugal na cimma daular bakin teku zuwa bakin teku, ya ba da izinin balaguro. Sojan Portugal kuma mai bincike Alexandre de Serpa Pinto ya jagoranci irin waɗannan tafiye-tafiye guda uku ta hanyar da Portugal za ta iya ƙoƙarin tabbatar da ikirarin yankin Afirka. Na farko ya kasance daga Mozambique zuwa gabashin Zambezi a 1869, na biyu zuwa Kogin Kongo da saman Zambezi daga Angola a 1876, kuma na ƙarshe a 1877-79 ƙetare Afirka daga Angola tare da niyyar da'awar yankin tsakanin Angola da Mozambique. A cikin 1877 masu binciken Portuguese Hermenegildo Capelo da Roberto Ivens sun jagoranci balaguro daga Luanda zuwa kwarin Kongo. Capelo ya yi tafiya ta biyu daga Angola zuwa Mozambique, galibi yana bin hanyoyin kasuwanci na yanzu, a cikin 1884-85. 

A lokacin da kuma bayan tafiye-tafiyen Serpa Pinto da Capelo, gwamnatin Portugal ta yi ƙoƙari ta tattauna tsakanin kasashen biyu da Burtaniya. A shekara ta 1879 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tattaunawa game da yarjejeniya game da 'yancin kewayawa a kan kogin Kongo da Zambezi da ci gaban kasuwanci a cikin waɗannan kogin, Portugal ta yi ikirarin yankin kudu da gabashin Kogin Ruo (yankin kudu maso gabashin Malawi na yanzu).  Ba a taɓa tabbatar da yarjejeniyar 1879 ba, kuma a cikin 1882 Portugal ta mamaye ƙananan kwarin Shire River har zuwa Ruo, bayan haka gwamnatinta ta sake tambayar Burtaniya ta yarda da wannan da'awar yankin, ba tare da nasara ba. Ƙarin tattaunawar da aka yi tsakanin kasashen biyu ya haifar da yarjejeniyar yarjejeniya a watan Fabrairun 1884, wanda zai haɗa da amincewar Burtaniya game da ikon mallakar Portugal a bakin Kongo don musayar 'yancin kewayawa a kan kogin Kongo da Zambezi, amma Taron Berlin na 1884-85 ya kawo ƙarshen waɗannan tattaunawar wanda zai iya haifar da amincewar Birtaniya da tasirin Portuguese da ke fadin nahiyar. Kokarin Portugal na kafa hanyar tasiri tsakanin Angola da Mozambique ba tare da samun cikakken iko na siyasa ba ya sami cikas ta hanyar daya daga cikin labaran da ke cikin Babban Dokar Taron Berlin wanda ke buƙatar ingantaccen zama na yankunan da aka yi da'awar maimakon dogaro da ikirarin tarihi bisa ga binciken farko ko da'awar kwanan nan da suka danganci bincike, kamar yadda Portugal ke so a yi amfani da su.

Don tabbatar da ikirarin Portuguese, an nada Serpa Pinto a matsayin wakilin Portuguese a Zanzibar a 1884 tare da manufar bincika yankin tsakanin Tafkin Nyasa da bakin teku daga Zambezi zuwa Kogin Ruvuma da kuma tabbatar da amincin shugabannin a wannan yankin. Tafiyarsa ta kai Tafkin Nyasa da Shire Highlands amma ta kasa yin yarjejeniyar kariya tare da sarakuna a yankunan yammacin tafkin. A arewa maso yammacin Lake Nyasa a kusa da Karonga Kamfanin Lakes na Afirka ya yi, ko kuma ya yi iƙirarin yin, yarjejeniyoyi tare da shugabannin yankin tsakanin 1884 da 1886. Manufarta ita ce ta zama kamfani mai hayar kuma ta mallaki hanyar daga tafkin tare da Kogin Shire. An ba da ƙarin burinta na sarrafa Shire Highlands a cikin 1886 biyo bayan zanga-zangar daga masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje na yankin cewa ba za ta iya yin 'yan sanda a wannan yanki yadda ya kamata ba.

## Taron Berlin
Babban Dokar Taron Berlin mai kwanan wata 26 ga Fabrairu 1885 ta gabatar da ka'idar ingantaccen aiki, wanda zai iya lalata ikirarin Portuguese, musamman a Mozambique inda wasu iko ke aiki. Mataki na 34 ya buƙaci al'umma da ke samun ƙasa a bakin tekun Afirka a waje da mallakarta ta baya don sanar da sauran masu sanya hannu kan Dokar don su iya nuna rashin amincewa da irin wannan ikirarin. Mataki na 35 na Dokar ya ba da cewa ana iya samun haƙƙoƙi ne kawai a kan ƙasashen da ba a mallake su ba a baya idan ikon da ke da'awar su ya kafa isasshen iko a can don kare haƙƙoƙin da ke akwai da cinikayya kyauta. Wannan ya nuna yin yarjejeniya tare da sarakunan gida, kafa mulkin mallaka, da kuma yin amfani da ikon 'yan sanda. Da farko Portugal ta yi iƙirarin Yarjejeniyar Berlin ba ta shafi yankunanta ba kuma ba a buƙatar Portugal ta ba da sanarwa ko kafa ingantaccen aiki ba, kamar yadda da'awar Portugal ga bakin tekun Mozambique ta kasance ba tare da kalubalantar ta ba tsawon ƙarni.

Jami'an Burtaniya ba su yarda da wannan fassarar ba kuma a watan Janairun 1884 Henry E. O'Neill, wakilin Burtaniya da ke zaune a tsibirin Mozambique, ya ce:Yin magana game da yankunan Portuguese a Gabashin Afirka shine yin magana game da fiction kawai - fiction mai ban sha'awa wanda ke da alaƙa da wasu ƙauyuka da ke bakin teku, bayan ƙarancin iyakarsu da yankuna ba su da wanzuwarsu."Don hana kayayyaki na Burtaniya a Mozambique da kuma cikin gida wanda O'Neill ya yi iƙirarin cewa Portugal ba ta mamaye ba, Portugal a cikin 1884 ta ba da umurni ga soja Joaquim Carlos Paiva de Andrada don kafa ingantaccen aiki. Ya kasance mai aiki a yankuna huɗu: na farko, a 1884 ya kafa garin Beira kuma ya mamaye Lardin Sofala. Har ila yau, a cikin 1884, ya sami izinin yanki a cikin radius mai nisan kilomita 180 (110 na Zumbo, yammacin inda iyalai na Afro-Portuguese suka yi ciniki kuma suka zauna tun daga shekarun 1860. Andrada kawai ya kafa mulkin mallaka a 1889, lokacin da ya kafa wani sansani bayan haɗuwar kogin Zambezi da Kafue da kuma gundumar gudanarwa da ke Zumbo . A shekara ta 1889 an ba Andrada wata izini a kan Manica, wanda ke rufe Lardin Manica na Mozambique da Lardin Manicaland na Zimbabwe. Andrada ya sami yarjejeniyoyi a kan yawancin wannan yanki kuma ya kafa wani tsari na yau da kullun kafin a kama shi kuma a kore shi a watan Nuwamba 1890 da 'yan sanda na Afirka ta Kudu (BSAP). A ƙarshe, a cikin 1889 Andrada ta haye arewacin Mashonaland (Lardin Mashonaland na Tsakiya na Zimbabwe na yanzu) don samun yarjejeniyoyi. Ya kasa sanar da gwamnatin Portugal game da wadannan yarjejeniyoyi, don haka ba a sanar da wasu iko ba game da ikirarin kamar yadda Yarjejeniyar Berlin ta buƙaci.

## Taswirar Pink

### Da'awar Portuguese ta transcontinental
Duk da sakamakon taron Berlin da kuma gazawar tattaunawar biyu da Birtaniya, Portugal ta ci gaba da bin yankin mulkin mallaka. A cikin 1885 Ministan Harkokin Waje na Portugal Barros Gomes ya buga abin da ake kira Pink ko Rose-Coloured Map, taswirar da ke wakiltar da'awar Portuguese na mulkin mallaka a kan yankin da ya kai daga Tekun Atlantika zuwa Tekun Indiya. Portugal ta yi ƙoƙari ta karfafa da'awar ta hanyar sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyi tare da Faransa da Jamus a 1886. Don samun yarjejeniyar Faransanci, Portugal ta bar da'awarta ga yankin da ke kusa da Kogin Casamance a Guinea don musayar amincewa da da'awar Portuguese ga wani yanki da ba a bayyana ba tsakanin Angola da Mozambique, tare da Taswirar Rose-Coloured da aka haɗe da yarjejeniyar don bayani. Don samun irin wannan yarjejeniya tare da Jamus, Portugal ta amince da iyakar kudancin Angola da iyakar arewacin Mozambique da ke da kyau ga Jamus. "Binciken" Faransa da Jamus game da ikirarin Portuguese bai kai ga karɓar ikirarin ba, kawai amincewa da cewa Portugal ta yi irin wannan ikirarin.

### Yunkurin Sulhu Bayan Taswirar Pink

Firayim Ministan Birtaniya, Lord Salisbury (Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, Marquess na uku na Salisbury), ya bayyana rashin amincewa da Taswirar Launin Fure, amma da farko bai yi ikirarin mallakar yankunan da taswirar ta nuna ba. A cikin watan Yuli na 1887, Salisbury ya bayyana cewa gwamnatin Birtaniya ba za ta yarda da kowanne ikirarin Portugal ba sai idan akwai isassun dakarun Portugal a wurin da ake ikirari domin tabbatar da tsaro da doka. Gwamnatin Portugal ta fahimci cewa wannan yana nufin Birtaniya za ta yarda da ikirari idan har Portugal na da cikakken iko a yankin da take nema.

A baya daga wannan shekara, ministan Birtaniya a Lisbon ya ba da shawarar a sanya Kogin Zambezi a matsayin iyakar arewa ta tasirin Birtaniya. Wannan zai bar mishanonin Scotland a Shire Highlands cikin yankin Portugal, kuma zai haifar da tudun da ke hada Angola da Mozambique, duk da cewa zai zama karami fiye da abin da Taswirar Launin Fure ta nuna, domin duk kasar Zimbabwe na yanzu za ta kasance karkashin ikon Birtaniya. Portugal ta yi watsi da wannan shawara saboda hanyar zuwa Shire Highlands da mishanonin Scotland tana wucewa ne ta bakin tekun Portugal, sannan kuma shawarar na nufin Portugal za ta saduda da rabin yankin da ta ke ikirari mai daraja wanda taswirar ta launin fure ta nuna, ba tare da wani alheri mai yawa a madadin ba.

A shekarar 1889, gwamnatin Portugal ta rasa kwarin gwiwa, kuma Ministan Harkokin Waje Barros Gomes ya shaida wa gwamnatin Birtaniya cewa Portugal na da niyyar janye ikirari a yankin da ke hada Angola da Mozambique idan za a amince da ikirarta na Shire Highlands. A wannan karon, gwamnatin Birtaniya ta yi watsi da tayin, saboda adawa mai karfi daga mishanonin Scotland, da kuma gano bakin kogin Chinde a watan Afrilu 1889. Wannan ya nuna cewa jiragen ruwa na teku yanzu za su iya shiga Kogin Zambezi da kuma rufaffiyar rafinsa, Shire River, wanda hakan ya sa hanyoyin ruwa suka zama na kasa da kasa da ke kaiwa zuwa Shire Highlands.

### Kokarin Biritaniya da Fotigal wajen samun tasiri a yankunan gida

Daga baya, ra'ayi a cikin Biritaniya ya nuna cewa Taswirar Launin Ruwan Hoda (Rose-Coloured Map) wata barazana ce kai tsaye ga hangen nesa na Cecil Rhodes na "Layin Ja daga Cape zuwa Cairo". Ra'ayin Cape zuwa Cairo ya fara fitowa daga Henry "Harry" Hamilton Johnston a cikin wani labarin jarida a watan Agustan 1888, shekaru uku bayan wallafa Taswirar Hoda, sannan daga baya Rhodes ya rungume ra'ayin. Kamfaninsa, British South Africa Company (BSAC), an kafa shi a watan Oktoban 1888, kuma ya samu izinin sarauta (royal charter) a watan Oktoban 1889 wanda ya ba shi damar yin ciniki da sarakunan gida; saye, siyarwa, da mallakar ƙasa; da kuma kafa rundunar 'yan sanda a Matabeleland da yankunan da ke kudu da Kogin Zambezi.

Tun daga lokacin da BSAC ta fara aiki, Rhodes da kamfaninsa sun nuna adawa da ikirarin Fotigal a kudu da Zambezi, kuma Rhodes bai boye niyyarsa ta kwace wani ɓangare na Mozambique domin samun hanya zuwa Tekun Indiya ba. A arewacin Zambezi, kamfanonin kasuwanci na African Lakes Company da mishanoni, waɗanda ra'ayin jama'a musamman a Scotland ke goyon baya, sun yi adawa da ikirarin Fotigal na mallakar Shire Highlands. Har zuwa shekara ta 1888, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Biritaniya ta ƙi bayar da kariya ga ƙaramin yankin Biritaniya da ke cikin Shire Highlands. Amma ba ta yarda da faɗaɗar ikon Fotigal ba a wannan yanki, don haka a 1889 ta naɗa Harry Johnston a matsayin jakadan Biritaniya zuwa Mozambique da ciki, inda aka umurce shi da ya binciki yawan Fotigal a cikin kwarin Zambezi da Shire. An kuma umurce shi da yin yarjeniyoyi na sharadi da sarakunan yankin da Fotigal ba ta da iko da su. Wadannan yarjeniyoyin ba su kafa kariya daga Biritaniya ba, amma sun hana sarakunan karɓar kariya daga wata ƙasa.

A shekarar 1888, wakilan gwamnatin Fotigal a Mozambique sun shirya wasu ayari guda biyu domin su kulla yarjeniyoyin kariya da sarakunan Yao da ke kudu maso gabashin Tafkin Nyasa da yankin Shire Highlands, domin tabbatar da ikirarin yankin Fotigal. Ayarin farko ƙarƙashin jagorancin António Cardoso, tsohon gwamnan Quelimane, ya tashi a watan Nuwamba 1888 zuwa Tafkin Nyasa. Ayari na biyu ƙarƙashin Serpa Pinto, wanda yanzu shi ne gwamnan Mozambique, ya nufi kwarin Shire. Wadannan ayari biyu sun haifar da fiye da yarjeniyoyi 20 da sarakuna a inda yanzu ake kira Malawi.

Ayarin Serpa Pinto ya tafi da makamai masu yawa, sakamakon roƙon ɗaya daga cikin mazauna Fotigal da ke neman taimako wajen warware rikicin da sarakunan Makololo suka haddasa a ƙasan Kogin Shire. David Livingstone ne ya kawo Makololo zuwa yankin lokacin balaguron Zambezi, kuma sun ci gaba da zama a yankin Shire arewa da yammacin Kogin Ruo bayan balaguron ya ƙare a 1864. Makololo sun ce ba su ƙarƙashin ikon Fotigal ba, kuma sun nemi taimakon Biritaniya domin su ci gaba da zama 'yantattu. A watan Agusta 1889, Serpa Pinto ya gana da jakadan Biritaniya Harry Johnston a gabashin Ruo, inda Johnston ya ba shi shawarar kada ya ketare kogin zuwa Shire Highlands.

Wasu 'yan Biritaniya da ke zaune a cikin Shire Highlands na iya ƙarfafa Makololo su kai hari kan Serpa Pinto, lamarin da ya jawo ƙaramin fada tsakanin dakarun Fotigal na Pinto da Makololo a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1889, kusa da Kogin Shire. Ko da yake Serpa Pinto ya kasance mai taka-tsantsan a da, daga baya ya ketare Kogin Ruo zuwa yankin da yanzu ke cikin Malawi. Lokacin da Pinto ya mamaye yawancin yankin Makololo, mataimakin Johnston, John Buchanan, ya zargi Fotigal da watsi da muradun Biritaniya a wannan yanki, kuma ya ayyana yankin Shire Highlands a matsayin ƙarƙashin kariyar Biritaniya a watan Disamba 1889, duk da umarni na akasin haka. Bayan wannan, Johnston ya ayyana wani kariya a yammacin Tafkin Nyasa, duk da cewa wannan ma ya saba da umarnin da aka ba shi, sai dai daga baya Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta amince da duka kariyoyin biyu.

Wadannan matakai ne suka zama tushen rikicin tsakanin Biritaniya da Fotigal wanda ƙin amincewar Biritaniya da sulhu ya biyo bayan shi, wanda ya kai ga "Ultimatum" na Biritaniya a 1890.

## Warware Matsala
### Gargadin 1890
Gargadin Birtaniya na shekarar 1890 wata wasika ce da Firayim Minista Lord Salisbury ya aika wa gwamnatin Portugal a ranar 11 ga Janairu, 1890, inda ya bukaci Portugal da ta janye dakarunta daga Mashonaland da Matabeleland (wanda yanzu ke Zimbabwe) da kuma daga yankin da ke tsakanin Kogin Shire arewacin Ruo da Tafkin Nyasa (ciki har da dukkan Shire Highlands), inda muradun Birtaniya da Portugal suka hadu. Wannan gargadi na nufin Birtaniya tana ikirarin mulki a yankuna da Portugal ta dade tana ikirari. Babu sabani game da iyakokin Angola, domin ba wata daga cikin kasashen biyu da ta mamaye sassan da ba su da yawan jama'a da ke tsakanin su.

Masana tarihi sun ce gwamnatin Lord Salisbury da ke cikin keɓantacciyar matsayi a diflomasiyya ta yi amfani da dabaru masu haɗari da ka iya jawo yaki, saboda tsoron kunyata idan Portugal ta yi nasara. Sarki Carlos I na Portugal ya amince da gargadin, wanda ya jawo zanga-zangar kin amincewa da Birtaniya a cikin Portugal. ‘Yan Republican na Portugal sun yi amfani da hakan don su soki gwamnati, tare da yunƙurin juyin mulki da ya ci tura a watan Janairu 1891 a Porto.

Ko da yake gargadin ya bukaci Portugal ta daina aikace-aikace a yankunan da ake sabani a kai, bai hana Birtaniya ci gaba da mamaya a wuraren ba. Tsakanin lokacin da Birtaniya ta fitar da gargadin da kuma rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar da aka kulla a Lisbon a ranar 11 ga Yuni, 1891, duka kasashen biyu sun yi ƙoƙarin kara mamaye yankunan sabanin da kuma tabbatar da ikon su. Ko da Portugal ta kafa karamin mulki a Manicaland tun 1884 kuma ta karfafa hakan a 1889 kafin BSAC ta iso yankin, a watan Nuwamba 1890, jami’an BSAP sun kama tare da kori jami’an Portugal domin su samu hanyar zuwa bakin teku, kuma an samu artabu tsakanin mutanen Rhodes da sojojin Portugal da ke Manicaland. Gwamnatin Birtaniya ta ki amincewa da mulkin Portugal da ke akwai; rikicin ya tsaya ne kawai bayan kamfanin Rhodes ya samu wani bangare na Manicaland. Buchanan ya kara tabbatar da ikon Birtaniya a Shire Highlands ta hanyar kashe wasu sojojin Afro-Portugal biyu (cipais), yana ikirarin suna cikin ikon Birtaniya.

### Yarjejeniyar Kasashen Biyu
Dokar Gabaɗaya ta Taron Berlin ta bukaci a bi hanyar sulhu a lokutan sabani. Bayan an fitar da gargadin, Portugal ta bukaci sulhu, amma saboda sulhun Delagoa Bay na 1875 ya amfana Portugal, Lord Salisbury ya ki yarda ya bukaci yarjejeniya ta kasashen biyu. Tattaunawa ta fara a Lisbon a watan Afrilu 1890, kuma a watan Mayu wakilan Portugal suka gabatar da shawarar gudanar da mulki tare a yankin da ake sabani. Gwamnatin Birtaniya ta ki amincewa, ta rubuta yarjejeniya da ta shimfiɗa iyakoki da ba su amfanar Portugal ba. Wannan ya jawo tarzoma da rushewar Majalisar Dokoki ta Portugal lokacin da aka wallafa kundin yarjejeniyar. Wannan yarjejeniyar ta bai wa Portugal damar gina layin dogo, hanya da layin waya a gefen arewa na Kogin Zambezi, wanda zai ba da damar daɗaɗɗen haɗin Angola da Mozambique.

Sabuwar Majalisar Portugal ta ki amincewa da yarjejeniyar a watan Agusta 1890, lamarin da ya sa aka sake shiga tattaunawa. Kundin yarjejeniyar na 1891 ya bai wa Portugal ƙarin yankuna a Kwarin Zambezi fiye da ta 1890, a madadin Portugal ta bar yankin Manicaland na yanzu da ke cikin Zimbabwe. Wannan yarjejeniya ta kuma shimfiɗa iyakokin Angola tare da tanadi na ‘yancin zirga-zirga a kan kogunan Zambezi da Shire. Birtaniya da Portugal sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar a Lisbon a ranar 11 ga Yuni, 1891. Sai dai ba ta bai wa Portugal wata damar musamman a bakin arewa na Kogin Zambezi ba, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen shirin Taswirar Launin Fure na Portugal gaba ɗaya.

## Manazarta

## Majiya
* F. Axelson (1967). *Portugal and the Scramble for Africa*, Johannesburg, Witwatersrand University Press.
* W. G. Clarence-Smith (1985). *The Third Portuguese Empire 1825–1975: A Study in Economic Imperialism*, Manchester University Press. 
* R. J. Hammond (1966). *Portugal and Africa 1815–1910: a Study in Uneconomic Imperialism*, Stanford University Press. .
* A. Keppel-Jones (1983) *Rhodes and Rhodesia: The White Conquest of Zimbabwe 1884–1902*, McGill-Queen's Press. .
* H. V. Livermore (1966). A New History of Portugal, Cambridge University Press.
* H. Livermore (1992). *Consul Crawfurd and the Anglo-Portuguese Crisis of 1890*, Portuguese Studies, Vol. 8.
* P. E. Lovejoy (2012). *Transformations in Slavery*, 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press, .
* J. McCraken (2012). *A History of Malawi, 1859–1966*, Woodbridge, James Currey. .
* M. Newitt (1969). "The Portuguese on the Zambezi: An Historical Interpretation of the Prazo system", *Journal of African History*, Vol. X, No. 1.
* M. Newitt (1995). *A History of Mozambique*, London, Hurst & Co. .
* C. E. Nowell (1947). "Portugal and the Partition of Africa", *The Journal of Modern History*, Vol. 19, No. 1.
* C. E. Nowell (1982). *The Rose-Coloured Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean*.
* J. C. Paiva de Andrada (1885). *Relatorio de uma viagem ás terras dos Landins*, at Project Gutenberg, https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34041/34041-h/34041-h.htm
* J. C. Paiva de Andrada (1886). *Relatorio de uma viagem ás terras do Changamira*, at Project Gutenberg, https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/34040/34040-h/34040-h.htm
* J. G. Pike (1969). *Malawi: A Political and Economic History*, London, Pall Mall Press.
* R. I. Rotberg (1965). *The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa: The Making of Malawi and Zambia, 1873–1964*, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press.
* R. I. Rotberg (1988). The Founder: Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power, Oxford University Press, .
* F. Tamburini (2014). *Il ruolo dell'Italia nella vertenza anglo-portoghese sui territori dell'Africa australe: dal mapa-cor-de-rosa al Barotseland (1886-1905)*, "Africana, rivista di studi extraeuropei".