Morris B. Abram

**Morris Berthold Abram** (19 ga Yuni, 1918 - 16 ga Maris, 2000) lauya ne ɗan Amurka, mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a, kuma shugaban Jami'ar Brandeis na tsawon shekaru biyu. A shekarar 1953 ya yi nasarar neman takarar Democrat a Majalisar Wakilai daga Gundumar Biyar a Georgia, yana mai kira da a raba makarantu, amma ya sha kaye a zaɓen a shekarar 1954.

An fi tunawa da Abram a matsayin lauya mai kare hakkin jama'a wanda ya yi nasarar yin gwagwarmaya na tsawon shekaru goma sha huɗu, daga 1949 zuwa 1963, don kawo ƙarshen dokar zaɓen Georgia wadda ta bai wa fararen fata nauyi mai yawa a zaɓen fidda gwani wanda ya jawo wa baƙar fata asarar kuɗi. Ya yi wa Babban Lauya Robert Kennedy bayani, wanda ya yi nasarar jayayya kan dokar a gaban Kotun Ƙoli ta Amurka; an soke ta a 1963, inda kotun ta gano cewa "a cikin wani yanki da aka ware za a iya samun damar yin doka ɗaya tilo ta kundin tsarin mulki - mai zaɓe ɗaya, kuri'a ɗaya."

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Rayuwar farko da aiki
An haifi Abram a cikin dangin Yahudawa, ɗan Sam Abram, wani baƙo ɗan ƙasar Romania wanda ya zo Amurka a 1904. Mahaifiyarsa, Irene Cohen, an haife ta ne a cikin dangin Yahudawa 'yan Jamus waɗanda suka fara zama a Philadelphia a 1848.  Ya girma a ƙaramin garin Fitzgerald, Georgia kuma ya halarci Jami'ar Georgia, inda ya yi fice a fannin ilimi. A UGA, ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar adabi ta Phi Kappa kuma ya kammala karatunsa bisa ga wata majiya da ta nuna cewa yana da matsakaicin maki mafi girma a tarihin makarantar. Daga nan Abram ya sami digirin JD daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Chicago . Duk da cewa an tilasta masa jinkirta tallafin karatu na Rhodes saboda Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, daga baya ya sami digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Oxford .  

#### Sabis na lokacin yaƙi
Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Chicago, Abram ya yi aiki a matsayin Jami'in Hulɗa da Jama'a na Rundunar Sojojin Sama a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.

#### Yi aiki a shari'o'in Nuremberg da kuma tsara Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta Huɗu
A lokacin da yake Oxford, wani farfesa ya shirya Abram ya shiga cikin ma'aikatan masu gabatar da kara a Kotun Soja ta Duniya da ke Nuremberg. A kusan shekarar 1949, ya shiga cikin tsara Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta Huɗu, wata takarda da ta shafi kare hakkin bil'adama ga fararen hula a yankin yaƙi. Daga baya ya sami suka musamman daga wakilan Falasɗinawa saboda wata sanarwa da ya yi a wannan lokacin wadda ba ta mayar da hankali kan halin da Falasɗinawa da aka kora daga gidajensu suka shiga ba da kuma wanzuwar matsugunan Isra'ila a cikin abin da suka ɗauka a matsayin yankunan da aka mamaye a shekarar farko ta mulkin Isra'ila. 

#### Aiki don dalilan Yahudawa da aikin shari'a a madadin gidajen jinya
Kisan kare dangi ya shafe Abram sosai, daga baya kuma ya zama mai goyon bayan manufofin Yahudawa.

Kafin ya koma New York, kuma yayin da yake aiki a Georgia a lokacin aikinsa na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, ya yi shawarwari kan sakin Dr. Martin Luther King daga gidan yarin Fulton County Georgia. 

A shekarar 1975, Abram ya jagoranci Kwamitin Dokar Moreland da aka kafa don binciken cin hanci da rashawa a masana'antar gidajen kula da tsofaffi na New York. Shawarwarin kwamitin sun haifar da sauye-sauye da dama, daga cikinsu akwai rufe gidajen kula da tsofaffi 68 waɗanda suka kasa bin ƙa'idodin tsaron gobara da ake da su.

Ya kasance shugaban ƙasa na Kwamitin Yahudawa na Amurka daga 1963 zuwa 1968; shugaban taron ƙasa kan Yahudawan Soviet daga 1983 zuwa 1988; kuma shugaban taron shugabannin manyan ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa na Amurka daga 1986 zuwa 1989.

## Manyan mukamai da aka riƙe
A tsawon tsawon aikinsa na lauya mai daraja, Abram ya riƙe mukamai daban-daban na manyan mukamai. A shekarar 1961 Shugaba Kennedy ya naɗa shi babban lauya na Peace Corps . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin abokin tarayya a kamfanin lauyoyi na New York Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton &amp;amp; Garrison daga 1963 zuwa 1968. Daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Jami'ar Brandeis daga 1968 zuwa 1970.  A shekarar 1969, an zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka .  Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Kwamitin Shugaba Carter kan Nazarin Matsalolin Ɗabi'a a Magunguna da Binciken Halittu da Halayya. A New York, ya jagoranci Kwamitin Gwamna kan Ayyukan Gidaje na Jinya. 

A shekarar 1983, Ronald Reagan ya zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Bil'adama na Amurka. A lokacin, ya kasance mai adawa da akidar tabbatar da adalci da kuma rashin amincewa wanda hakan ya sa ya dace da Reagan, amma nan take ya zama abokin hamayya ga masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin bil'adama da yawa. 

Daga 1970 zuwa 1979 ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Asusun Kwalejin United Negro, wata ƙungiya da ke tara kuɗi galibi ga kwalejoji da jami'o'in Baƙar fata. 

### Wakilin Ofishin Tarayyar Turai na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, 1989–93
Shugaba George HW Bush ya naɗa Abram a matsayin wakilin Amurka a Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Turai kuma ya yi aiki a wannan ofishin daga 1989 zuwa 1993.  A shekarar 1990, ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Amurka a Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Bil Adama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . Ya ɗauki suka musamman saboda goyon bayan da Amurka ta yi wa Kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na ' Yancin Ci Gaban ƙasashe na 1986, lokacin da ya bayyana cewa 'yancin ci gaba "jirgin ruwa ne mara komai" kuma zai zama "abin tayar da hankali mai haɗari". Ƙoƙarin da Amurka ta yi na amincewa da kudurin na iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da yanayin shigarsu ta tattalin arziki, siyasa, da soja tare da ƙasashe masu tasowa musamman a Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya a lokacin gwamnatocin Reagan da George H. Bush.

### Wanda ya kafa UN Watch, 1993
Abram founded UN Watch in 1993 while serving as Honorary President of the American Jewish Committee; he was inspired in large part by what he considered to be consistent anti-Israel bias at the UN. UN Watch has been active in combating human rights abuses in Democratic Republic of the Congo and Darfur, and has been vocal against abuses in regimes such as China, Venezuela, Cuba and Russia. The group was praised by former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan, and the Director General of the UN Office in Geneva Sergei Ordzhonikidze noted "the valuable work of UN Watch in support of the just application of values and principles of the United Nations Charter and support for human rights for all."

A lokacin da yake aiki da UN Watch, Abram ya lura a shekarar 1996 cewa Isra'ila ita ce kawai ƙasa a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka cire daga zama memba a cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙasashe ko ƙungiyoyin ƙasa, wanda hakan ya sa ba ta cancanci yin aiki a Majalisar Tsaro, kwamitin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, da kuma wasu ƙungiyoyi da yawa ba. Waɗannan keɓancewa, Abrams ya yi imanin "sun sauƙaƙa wa maƙiyan Isra'ila su ƙi Isra'ila a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya." Abram ya yi kira ga Isra'ila ta shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin Yammacin Turai ko wasu ƙasashe a matsayin "hanya ɗaya tilo mai ma'ana don magance wannan wariya da ake ci gaba da yi wa Isra'ila". Abram ya damu a wannan lokacin akwai ƙudurori 19 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya waɗanda suka yi Allah wadai da Isra'ila.

## Rayuwa daga baya da kuma rashin lafiya da ta tsira
An gano cewa Abram yana da cutar sankarar bargo a shekarar 1973, wadda da farko aka yi tunanin cewa za ta iya kashe shi. Duk da haka, ya shawo kan cutar, kuma ya buga wani littafi a shekarar 1982, *The Day is Short* .  Duk da haka, har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 70, ya ci gaba da shan maganin chemotherapy mai raɗaɗi, magungunan rage radadi iri-iri, da allurar ƙwayoyin cutar sankarar bargo da aka yi wa magani. Ya rayu da cutar tsawon kusan shekaru talatin, har sai da ya mutu sakamakon kamuwa da cutar kwalara a ranar 15 ga Maris, 2000 a Geneva yana da shekaru 81.  

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Abram ya yi aure sau uku; matarsa ta farko, Jane, daga 1944 zuwa 1974, wacce ta haifi 'ya'ya biyar, Ruth, Annie, Morris, Adam, da Joshua, da kuma jikoki tara. Ya auri Carlyn Fisher daga 1975 zuwa 1987, kuma ya auri Bruna Molina har tsawon rayuwarsa.

## Manazarta