Kisan kiyashi na Hutus a lokacin Yaƙin Kongo na farko

A lokacin Yaƙin Kongo na farko, an farautar Hutu maza, mata, da yara a ƙauyuka da sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira kuma sun zama wadanda aka kashe a gabashin Zaire (wanda yanzu ake kira Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo). 

## Tarihi
A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1996, a lokacin Yaƙin Kongo na farko, sojojin Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo-Zaïre (AFDL) da ke goyon bayan Rwanda sun kai hari kan sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira a Gabashin DRC, gida ga' yan gudun hijirar Hutu 527,000 da 718,000 a Kivu ta Kudu da Arewa-Kivu bi da bi. Abubuwan AFDL da, fiye da haka, na Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA) sun harbe sansanoni da yawa kuma sun yi kisan gilla da makamai masu sauƙi. Wadannan hare-haren farko sun kashe 'yan gudun hijira 6,800-8,000 kuma sun tilasta dawo da' yan gudun hijira 500,000-700,000 zuwa Rwanda.

Yayin da wadanda suka tsira suka gudu zuwa yammacin DRC, rundunonin AFDL sun farautar su kuma sun kai hari kan sansanonin su na wucin gadi, inda suka kashe dubban mutane. Wadannan hare-hare da kashe-kashen sun ci gaba da karuwa yayin da 'yan gudun hijira suka koma yamma har zuwa kilomita 1,800 daga nesa. Rahoton Hukumar hadin gwiwa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ba da rahoton shafuka 134 inda aka aikata irin wannan mummunan aiki. A ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1997, mukaddashin Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam ya bayyana cewa "kimanin 'yan gudun hijirar Hutu 200,000 za a iya kashe su".

## Tsanantawa da zalunci
A cewar Roberto Garretón, mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da halin da ake ciki na haƙƙin ɗan adam a Kongo, "Hanyar [ta ƙunshi] kewaye sansanoni kafin a kai musu hari, [...] kiran mazaunan garuruwan Hutu zuwa tarurruka a makarantu ko majami'u, don su kashe su; yin kira ga tashoshin rediyo na hukuma suna roƙon duk waɗanda ke ɓoye a cikin gandun daji su fito don kula da abinci, don kashe su; da kuma hana su ayyukan jin kai a cikin sansanoni. "  Human Rights Watch da Médecins Sans Frontières sun ba da rahoton abubuwan da suka faru da yawa inda aka kashe kusan kawai da wuƙaƙe, machetes, hatchets ko bayonets don kauce wa tsoratar da wasu 'yan gudun hijira a gaba a kan hanya da kuma barin ƙananan alamun kisan kai.

### Mata da yara
An kashe yara tare da manya ba tare da nuna bambanci ba, wani lokacin a hanyoyi masu tsanani, tare da bugawa daga hatchets ko da kawunansu da aka murkushe a bango ko kututturen itace. An ruwaito wasu da aka ƙone su da rai a gidajensu, tare da iyalansu. Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na DRC Mapping Exercise Report ya lissafa abubuwan da suka faru na mata da aka yi wa fyade kafin a kashe su, misali a lokacin kisan gillar 'yan gudun hijira a Hombo a watan Disamba 1996. An kuma azabtar da mata kuma an yanke musu rauni, musamman jima'i, a lokacin wadannan kisan kiyashi.

### Taimako na jin kai - an hana shi kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman tarko
A lokuta da yawa, sojojin da ke kai hari sun sa ba zai yiwu a sami taimakon jin kai ga 'yan gudun hijira masu fama da yunwa ba, wadanda suka gaji da marasa lafiya, ko dai ta hanyar toshe su ko ta hanyar mayar da su daga isa ga taimako, don haka ya hana su albarkatun da ke da muhimmanci ga rayuwarsu. Sojoji sun yi amfani da hukumomin agaji akai-akai don gano 'yan gudun hijira ko kuma ya janye su daga cikin gandun daji don kawar da su.

"A cikin watanni uku na farko na shekara ta 1997, 'yan gudun hijira da yawa sun mutu daga gajiya da yunwa yayin tafiyarsu tsakanin Kigulube da Shabunda. A cikin haɗarin kashe su a kowane lokaci, waɗanda ke cikin waɗannan kungiyoyi, waɗanda ba su da masaniya game da kewaye da su kuma marasa abinci, ba su sami taimakon jin kai ba. Bayan sun toshe hukumomin agaji daga aiki a waje da radius na kilomita 30 na Bukavu, jami'an AFDL / APR sun kafa yanayin cewa dole ne su bi duk ayyukan su ga masu cin zarafin su kai tsaye ga sojojin da yawa, masu cin zarafi ga AFR masu rai.

### Shaidar da aka ɓoye
Kisan kiyashi na 'yan gudun hijira ya ci gaba tare da tsaftace wuraren kaburbura. A cewar binciken Majalisar Dinkin Duniya,  Human Rights Watch,  da Médecins Sans Frontières,  wadanda suka aikata kisan kiyashi na 'yan gudun hijira sun yi ƙoƙari su ɓoye shaidar ta hanyar tsaftace wuraren kisan kiyashin, ƙone gawawwakin da kashewa ko tsoratar da shaidu. "Ƙoƙarin da aka yi a cikin waɗannan yankuna biyu na tsaftacewa da tsoratarwa sun ƙaru tun watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1997, tare da karuwar zarge-zargen kisan kiyashi da isowa a yankin a lokuta huɗu na ƙungiyoyin bincike na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Matsi daga al'ummar duniya a kan gwamnatin Kongo don ba da hadin kai tare da ayyukan Majalisar Dinkin duniya na iya ba da gudummawa ga tsaftacewa sosai da tsoratar da ADFL da abokanta".

### Kisan kiyashi na Hutu na dukkan kasashe
Yawancin 'yan gudun hijirar Hutu na Burundi da ke zaune a Kivu ta Kudu sun raba makomar abokansu na Rwanda da Congo. An kashe mutane da yawa lokacin da aka kai hari kan sansanonin su ko kuma yayin da suke guduwa zuwa yamma tare da Rwandan. Wasu sun nitse lokacin da suka yi ƙoƙari su haye Tafkin Tanganyika don neman aminci kuma wasu sojojin Burundi sun kashe su lokacin da aka tilasta musu komawa Burundi, musamman a tashar iyakar Gatumba, amma kuma a wasu wurare tare da kogin Ruzizi, wanda suka yi ƙoƙari suka haye don isa lardunan Burundi na Bubanza da Cibitoke . 

An kuma zaɓi Hutu na ƙasar Kongo kuma an yi niyya. Misali shine na 30 ga Oktoba 1996 kashe 350 Hutu Congolese da AFDL raka'a tare da bugun guduma a kai a tsakiyar garin Rutshuru, kusa da gidan ANP. "A cikin kwanakin da suka kai ga kisan kiyashi, sojoji sun yi kira ga fararen hula da suka tsere daga ƙauyen Kiringa, kilomita daya daga Rutshuru, don komawa gida don halartar babban taron jama'a a ranar 30 ga Oktoba. Lokacin da suka koma ƙauyen, an kai mazaunan Kiringa zuwa tsakiyar garin Rutshuru kuma an rufe su a cikin gidan ANP. Da rana, sojoji suka fara tattara rajista kuma sun tambayi mutanen Nande asalin kabilanci su dawo gida. sannan suka raba maza da mata a kan filayen da aka ɗaure su don su don su

## Ayyukan da aka aikata game da Mataki na 2 na Yarjejeniyar Kisan kare dangi
A bayyane tsarin da yaduwar hare-hare sun nuna wasu abubuwa da suka nuna cewa sun kasance laifin kisan kare dangi. Rahotanni biyu daban-daban da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayar, a cikin 1997 da 1998, sun bincika ko an aikata laifuka na kisan kare dangi a kan Hutu da sauran 'yan gudun hijira a cikin DRC. A lokuta biyu, rahotanni sun kammala cewa akwai abubuwa da zasu iya nuna cewa an yi kisan kare dangi.

• "A lokacin abubuwan da suka faru da wannan rahoton ya rufe, yawan Hutu a Zaire, gami da 'yan gudun hijira daga Rwanda da Burundi, sun kafa kabilanci a cikin ma'anar Yarjejeniyar kan Rigakafi da Hukunce-hukunce na Laifin Kisan kare dangi na 1948" (OHCHR, 2010, shafi na 280). Girman laifukan da APR ta aikata a kan daruruwan dubban Hutu na dukkan kasashe [Rwandan, Congolese & Burundian] ciki har da Hutu da aka kafa a cikin shekaru da yawa na DRC sun tabbatar da cewa duk Hutu ne, saboda haka, wadanda aka yi niyya. "

• Amfani mai yawa da makamai masu tsayi (da farko hammer) da kuma tsarin kisan kiyashi na wadanda suka tsira (yara, mata, tsofaffi da marasa lafiya, marasa abinci mai gina jiki) bayan an dauki sansanonin ya nuna cewa ba za a iya danganta mutuwar da yawa ga haɗarin yaƙi ko ga lalacewar da aka yi ba. "Yawancin wadanda abin ya shafa yara ne, mata, tsofaffi da marasa lafiya, wadanda galibi ba su da abinci mai gina jiki kuma ba su haifar da wata barazana ga sojojin da ke kai farmaki ba. An kai hare-hare masu yawa kan lafiyar jiki ko tunanin mambobin kungiyar, tare da adadi mai yawa na Hutus da aka harbe, fyade, ƙone ko aka yi musu duka. " 

• Hare-haren sun faru ne a kowane yanki inda APR ta gano 'yan gudun hijirar Hutu a wani yanki mai girma na yankin Kongo daga Gabas zuwa Yamma kuma ci gaba da bin' yan gudun hijirar Хutu ya dauki watanni. Taimako na jin kai da aka nufa ga 'yan gudun hijirar Hutu da gangan sojojin Rwanda sun toshe shi, musamman a lardin Orientale, don haka ya hana su albarkatun da ke da muhimmanci ga rayuwarsu (OHCHR, 2010). Kisan kiyashi na 'yan gudun hijira a Kongo an yi niyya ne don kawar da babban ɓangare na kabilun Hutu kuma bisa ga Mataki na 2 na Yarjejeniyar Kisan kiyashin 1948, kuma ya cancanci zama laifin kisan kiyashi. Irin waɗannan laifuka suna buƙatar ƙarin bincike ta ƙwararru, mai zaman kanta kuma marar son kai don gabatar da shari'a ga waɗanda ke da alhakin keta doka.

### Rarrabuwar Hukunci na Doka
Ƙungiyar rahoton DRC Mapping Exercise ta lura da cewa "Tambayar ko muggan laifukan da aka aikata da yawa a kan ’yan Hutu (’yan gudun hijira da sauran su) na daga cikin laifukan kisan kare dangi ta janyo cece-kuce sosai, kuma har yanzu ba a warware ta ba. Rahoton ya jaddada sau da dama cewa wannan tambaya za a iya warware ta ne kawai ta hanyar hukuncin kotu bisa shaidun da suka wuce shakku. Duk da haka, "hare-haren da aka bayyana a cikin wannan rahoto a bayyane suke da tsari kuma sun yadu, suna nuna wasu abubuwa masu zargi da idan aka tabbatar da su a gaban kotu mai izini, za a iya daukar su a matsayin laifin kisan kare dangi." A cikin sakin layi na 518, rahoton ya ce, "Yana yiwuwa a fahimci cewa wasu kwamandojin AFDL/APR sun yi niyyar rusa wani bangare na ’yan Hutu a DRC, don haka su aikata laifin kisan kare dangi", sannan a sakin layi na 522, ƙungiyar ta ƙara da cewa, "yana da muhimmanci a gudanar da cikakken binciken shari’a don fayyace abubuwan da rahoton ya bayar dangane da abubuwan da suka faru" a cikin shekarun 1996–97. "Irin wannan bincike da hukuncin shari’a ne kaɗai za su iya warware ko abubuwan da suka faru sun kai matsayin laifin kisan kare dangi." Wasu abubuwa na iya sa kotu ta yi shakku wajen yanke hukunci cewa akwai wani shiri na kisan kare dangi, kamar yadda tun daga 15 ga Nuwamba 1996, dubban ’yan gudun hijira na Hutu daga Rwanda, da dama daga cikinsu sun tsira daga hare-hare na baya, an dawo da su gida da taimakon hukumomin AFDL/APR. Haka kuma, ɗaruruwan dubban ’yan gudun hijira na Hutu sun samu damar komawa Rwanda da yardar hukumomin kasar kafin a fara yakin farko. Duk da cewa kashe-kashen bai bar mata da yara ba, a wasu wurare a farkon yakin farko, mata da yara ’yan Hutu an ware su daga maza, kuma mazan ne kawai aka kashe daga baya.

### Shiga Jihar a Lamuran
A wata hira da *Washington Post* a ranar 9 ga Yuli 1997, shugaban kasar Rwanda Paul Kagame (wanda a lokacin shi ne Ministan Tsaro) ya amince cewa sojojin Rwanda sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa AFDL kuma sun shiga yakin da suka gudanar. A cewar Shugaba Paul Kagame, tsarin yakin ya ƙunshi abubuwa guda uku: a) rushe sansanonin ’yan gudun hijira; b) rushe tsoffin sojojin FAR da Interahamwe, waɗanda suke cikin da kewaye da sansanonin; da c) kifar da gwamnatin Mobutu. Bayan ta gudanar da bincike kan cikakken tarihin kisan kare dangi na Rwanda da laifukan da Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) ta aikata, ta hanyar tattaunawa da tsofaffin membobin RPF, sojoji da wadanda suka tsira daga abubuwan tashin hankali, da kuma takardun sirri da aka samu daga kotun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ICTR, Judi Rever, wata Baturkiyar ƙwararriyar ’yar jarida kuma marubuciya, ta zargi gwamnatin Rwanda da cewa "ita ce ke da alhakin kisan kimanin Hutu 200,000 daga Rwanda da Hutu daga Kongo a shekarun 1996–97 da kuma dubban Hutu da suka dawo Rwanda daga sansanonin ’yan gudun hijira tsakanin 1995 da 1998."

## Manazarta

### Mahaɗa

* 
* 

## Ƙara karatu

*