Esther Eillam

Esther Eillam (a mata-linkid="49" href="./Hebrew_language" id="mwCA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hebrew language">Ibrananci; 12 ga Yuli, 1939 - 29 ga Yuli, 2023) ta kasance muhimmiyar mace a Isra'ila tun daga farkonta. Ayyukan Eillam da rubuce-rubucenta game da mata da adalci na zamantakewa sun sami kyaututtuka da karbuwa, gami da digirin girmamawa daga Jami'ar Ibrananci ta Urushalima .

Eillam ta kasance mai farawa kuma ta kafa The Feminist Movement a Tel Aviv (1971), kuma daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa Cibiyar Taimako ta Isra'ila ga Wadanda aka azabtar da Harin Jima'i, kuma ɗaya daga cikinsu sun kafa kungiyar mata ta Mizrahi, Ahoti - don Mata a Isra'ila (Ahoti / Achoti = 'yar'uwata).[my] Ta kasance mai aiki a fannoni daban-daban a cikin mata na Isra'ila, gami da siyasa, al'adu, da ilimi. Ita ce mai shirya manyan abubuwan da suka faru a Isra'ila game da cin zarafin jima'i da jima'i, kuma tana aiki sosai wajen kawo zaman lafiya.

## Tarihi
An haifi Esther Saporta a ranar 12 ga Yuli, shekara ta alif dari tara da talatin da tara 1939, a Tel Aviv, ga iyayen asalin Sephardic daga Saloniki, Girka. Ita ce ta biyu cikin 'ya'ya hudu na Miriam (née De-Mayo) da Leon Saporta . 'Yan uwanta sune Yaacov (1938-2014), Rachel (an haife ta a shekara ta alif dari tara da arba'in 1940), da Aliza (an haife ta a shekara ta alif dari tara da arba'in da takwas 1948). A shekara ta 1964, ta auri abokin karatunta, Zohar Eillam, likita na ilimin halayyar dan adam, mai kirkiro, marubuci, kuma mai shirya al'umma. Ta kammala karatun ta na BA a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam da falsafar a Jami'ar Tel Aviv a shekarar 1972. 

A shekara ta 1980, Eillam ta yi aiki a kan rubutun ta na biyu a fannin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Tel Aviv, tana binciken jinsi. Kafin wannan, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike ga farfesa Dafna Isra'ila, tana nazarin "Mata Shugabannin Zamanin Yishuv". Ta kuma kasance mai bincike a kan aikin ilimi, "Birane na Ci Gaban a cikin karkashin Isra'ila" (1978). A shekara ta 2002, ta kammala MA a fannin falsafar, tare da rubutun da ke binciken yiwuwar "Creating Feminist Science: Feminist Philosophy of Science in Light of the 'Public-Private' Distinction".

A cewar Eillam, ta riga ta zama uwa ta biyu lokacin da ta fahimci, a cikin 1970, yadda kowane bangare na rayuwarta ya shafi gaskiyar cewa ita mace ce a cikin al'umma mai zaman kanta. Bayan wannan fahimtar, ta fara aiki don canji game da matsayin jinsi a cikin al'umma da cibiyoyinta, kuma ta ci gaba da inganta wannan burin a matsayin mai fafutuka, tana aiki tare da ƙungiyoyi da kungiyoyi daban-daban, da kuma a cikin Academia.

## Yunkurin Mata

Eillam na daya daga cikin "mahaifiyar da ta kafa" mata a Isra'ila. A shekara ta 1972, ta kafa kungiyar mata ta farko a Tel Aviv, The Women's Liberation Group, wanda bayan shekaru uku ya zama kungiyar ba da riba, "The Feminist Movement in Israel". Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar kungiyar har zuwa shekara ta 1992. Ayyukanta a cikin kungiyar sun hada da ƙirƙirar da jagorantar kungiyoyin haɓaka hankali, jagorantar shirye-shiryen ilimi, da PR. Bugu da kari, Eillam ta rubuta kuma ta shirya jaridar kungiyar, kuma ta wakilci kungiyar a matsayin mai magana da yawun a kafofin watsa labarai da kuma ziyarar wasu kungiyoyi da al'ummomi. Ta raba lokacinta tsakanin aikin ilimi - wanda ya haɗa da laccoci da horar da ɗaliban makarantar sakandare da kwaleji - da kuma aiki don fadada jawabin mata da sanya shi a kan ajanda na jama'a. Daga cikin ayyukan siyasa da Eillam ya jagoranci sun kasance kamfen don gyara dokokin zubar da ciki da kuma karɓar Dokar Tushen kan Hakkin Daidaitawa ga Mata.

A shekara ta 1975, Firayim Minista Yitzhak Rabin ya nada Eillam a Hukumar Namir kan Matsayin Mata a Isra'ila . Ta shiga cikin kungiyoyin "Mata a Siyasa" da "Mata a Ilimi". Rahoton karshe da hukumar ta fitar an gabatar da shi ga Firayim Minista Menachem Begin a shekarar 1977, kuma ya hada da binciken Eillam game da jinsi a cikin litattafan makarantar firamare, wanda ta shirya tare da Michal Beller.

A shekara ta 1977, Eillam na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Cibiyar Taimako ga Wadanda aka azabtar da Harin Jima'i. Ta kasance mai kula da cibiyar a cikin shekaru hudu na farko na wanzuwar cibiyar, kuma ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai sa kai a cibiyar a duk shekarun 1980, tana aiki a kan hotline, horar da wasu masu sa kai, tana ba da lacca game da tashin hankali na jima'i, a matsayin mai magana da yawun, da kuma taimako / haɗin kai ga wadanda abin ya shafa. Eillam ya shiga cikin rubuce-rubuce na tarihin cibiyar, wanda ya kasance kawai ɗaya daga cikin irin sa a Isra'ila, kuma ɗaya daga cikin kaɗan a duniya. Daga baya, Eillam kuma na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa hotline don maza da ke fama da cin zarafin jima'i.

A cikin shekarun 1980s, Eillam ta ci gaba da kafawa da shiga cikin mata da sauran shirye-shiryen adalci na zamantakewa. Daga 1979 zuwa 1986, ta kasance memba na kwamitin daraktocin jam'iyyar siyasa ta Meretz, karkashin jagorancin Shulamit Aloni . A farkon shekaru goma, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da al'umma a unguwar Neve Ofer ta kudancin Tel Aviv, kuma shekaru da yawa ta kasance a kwamitin jagora na kungiyar Shatil na Asusun Sabon Isra'ila. Tsakanin 1982 da 1987, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa da masu shirya ƙungiyar Mata da ke Yaki da Tashin Jiki da Mata, wanda ke aiki don kawar da batsa, kuma ya fara ayyukan filin kamar "Take Back the Night" a matsayin wani ɓangare na yunkurin mata na duniya game da tashin hankali da kuma yaƙin neman zaɓe ga Mata, wanda ya inganta aminci ga mata a cikin sufuri. A shekara ta 1985 ta shirya zanga-zangar farko a Isra'ila game da fyade, da kuma zanga-zambe ta farko da ta faru a gaban kotun Tel Aviv game da hukuncin da aka yanke a cikin shari'ar fyade a Kibbutz Shomrat . Ɗaya daga cikin nasarorin Eillam a wannan lokacin shine kafa cibiyar ba da shawara ga mata, tare da rassa a Urushalima da Ramat Gan, cibiyar farko ta irin wannan a Isra'ila, tana ba da maganin halayyar mata.

Eillam memba ne na Yarjejeniyar Cibiyar Mata ta Isra'ila, ƙungiyar da ba ta da jam'iyya wacce ke aiki don inganta matsayin mata a Isra'ila ta hanyar inganta daidaito ta hanyar ayyuka da hanyoyin da yawa. Ta kasance memba mai kafawa kuma memba na kwamitin kungiyar mata tsakanin 1984 da 1989, kuma ta kafa kungiyar tsaron mata, kungiyar kare kai ga mata da ke zaune a arewacin Tel Aviv a 1985, a lokacin da sanannen "mai fyade na Arewacin Tel Aviv" ke aiki a yankin. Eillam ta zama mai fafutukar zaman lafiya bayan ta shiga taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Mata a Nairobi a shekarar 1985, tana wakiltar kungiyar mata ta Isra'ila da Cibiyar Mata. A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, Eillam ta kasance mai aiki a cikin Mata a cikin Baƙar fata kuma daga wannan lokacin har zuwa mutuwarta ta kasance mai ƙarfi a cikin shirye-shiryen zaman lafiya da tattaunawa daban-daban, musamman tare da matan Palasdinawa.

A cikin 1990, Eillam ta fara kuma ta shiga cikin Operation Witnesses, wanda kungiyoyin mata da yawa suka gudanar wadanda suka tattara shaidu daga wadanda aka yi wa tashin hankali. A wannan shekarar, Eillam ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar Isra'ila ta farko don Sadarwa ba tare da tashin hankali ba, bisa ga hanyar Marshall Rosenberg, da kuma darussan sulhu da tarurruka na hadin gwiwa waɗanda suka haɗu da Yahudawa da Palasdinawa. Daga cikin sauran ayyukanta a wannan lokacin, Eillam na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa da masu fafutuka na Coalition Against Trafficking in Women  da kuma kungiyar Tamar don mata a cikin karuwanci.  A farkon shekarun 1990s, Eilam da wani Ma'aikacin jima'i mai aiki tare sun kafa kungiyar "We Are Worthy," wanda ke aiki don taimakawa karuwanci, da kuma haifar da canji a halin jama'a game da ma'aikatan jima'i. Kungiyar ta gudanar da tafiye-tafiye, tarurruka, da sauran ayyukan ilimi, ta buga wata takarda, kuma ta ba da gudummawa ga bincike da labarai a kan batun. Eillam kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Makarantar Al'umma ta Mata, wacce ke da al'adu da yawa, kuma ta shirya litattafan adabi na mata a cikin Ibrananci da Ingilishi don ma'aikatar, da kuma tsarin karatu don darasi game da tashin hankali ga mata.

A shekara ta 2000, tare da wasu masu gwagwarmayar mata, daga cikinsu Henriette Dahan Kalev, Vicki Shiran, Neta Amar da Shula Keshet, Eillam na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar "Ahoti - don Mata a Isra'ila" (Ahoti / Achoti = 'yar'uwata), suna mai da hankali kan inganta tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, siyasa da al'adu, da kuma inganta haƙƙoƙi da matsayin mata daga kungiyoyin da ba na addini ba a Isra'a.[my] Eillam ta kasance memba na kwamitin zartarwa na kungiyar kuma ta yi aiki a kwamitocin jagorantar ayyukan daban-daban a cikin motsi, kamar "Mata Gina Al'adun Zaman Lafiya," "Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki na Mata," "Curaren Jagorancin Mata,"" "A kan Cinikin Mata," 'Mata Rubuta Zaman Lafiya", "Jarkin Gidauniyar Mata," da sauransu. Tana wakiltar Ahoti a cikin dandamali daban-daban na mata, da kuma a cikin Knesset da kuma a wasu tsarin kare hakkin bil'adama da na bil'adarai. A farkon zuwa tsakiyar 2000s, aikin Eillam na rigakafin cin zarafin jima'i an yi aiki a cikin tsarin karatun makaranta, shirin da aka aiwatar a makarantu ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Ilimi halayyar Ma'aikatun Ilimi.

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2013, Eilam ta shiga cikin shirin "Mata a cikin Yellow", ƙungiyar mata da ke sintiri a titunan Kudancin Tel Aviv don tabbatar da lafiyar mata a cikin waɗannan unguwanni masu haɗari. Ortal Ben Dayan, mai fafutukar Mizrahi, ne ya kafa wannan shirin, a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin ayyukan da aka tsara don kare mata daga tashin hankali, gami da rarraba fure. A cikin 2018 Eillam ta kasance mai aiki a cikin Mizrachi Men and Women Against Expulsion, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu magana a babban zanga-zangar da gwamnatin Isra'ila ta yi a Kudancin Tel Aviv game da fitar da 'yan gudun hijirar Afirka, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2018.

## Siyasa
Tsakanin shekara ta 2008 zuwa shekara ta 2014, Eillam ya kasance memba na jam'iyyar siyasa ta gari Ir Lekulanu (Birni ga dukkanmu).

A watan Satumbar 2018, Eillam ya shiga jerin sunayen Anachnu HaIr (Mu ne birni) a zaben birni. Jam'iyyar ta sami kujeru 5 a majalisar birni, kodayake Eillam ba ta cikin su ba.

## Bincike da Rubuce-rubuce
Dukkanin ayyukan Eillam, a ciki da waje da cibiyoyin ilimi, sun haɗa da abubuwa na rubuce-rubucen mata da bincike. Batutuwa sun haɗa da siyasa, hanyar bincike, nazarin matani daga fannoni daban-daban daga hangen nesa na mata, tashin hankali na jima'i, al'adu, da sauransu. Eillam tana sukar maganganun mata masu rinjaye, wanda aka shigo da shi zuwa Isra'ila daga Amurka a cikin mahallin mulkin mallaka na al'adu, kuma wanda ta yi iƙirarin ci gaba da rarraba aji tsakanin mata. Wani muhimmin ka'idar mata ga Eillam, da kuma Mizrahi Feminism, shine fahimtar cewa ba kawai shugabanci da cibiyoyinsa ne ke sanya maza a matsayin masu riƙe da ikon dangi a kan mata ba, amma kuma akwai bambance-bambance na dangi a cikin ikon da mata ke riƙe da kuma samun damar albarkatu, bisa ga kabilanci, aji, da sauran haɗuwa da ainihi da matsayi na zamantakewa.

A cikin ayyukanta na ilimi, Eillam ta yi aiki don gabatar da mata ga cibiyoyin, ta san ɗalibai da furofesoshi da horo. Koyaya, ta soki "ƙwarewa" na maganganun mata, wanda bisa ga bincikenta ya dace da mata daga fagen, kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga yin shiru ga mata waɗanda ke cikin ƙungiyoyi masu banƙyama waɗanda ba a jin muryoyin su sosai ba, kodayake gwagwarmayarsu yawanci shine inda mata ke tasowa.

## Mutuwa
Esther Eillam ta mutu a ranar 29 ga Yuli, 2023, tana da shekaru 84. 

## Littafan da aka wallafa

### Littattafai

* *Mata da aka yi wa fyade, fyade, da Hukumomi a Isra'ila*; Cibiyar Nazarin Isra'ila ta Urushalima, 1995.  (An yi ƙaulin a cikin hukuncin Kotun Koli ta marigayi Mai Shari'a Mishal Heshin) 
** 

### Babi a cikin Littattafai

* [Hasiya] Hotunan batsa na Holocaust - Abin da ya faru da darussan, a cikin nama da jini, batsa da karuwanci a Isra'ila. Eds., Herzog, Esther da Shadmi, Ariela. Ina da mashaya. Tel Aviv, shafuffuka na 127-140.&nbsp;
* Eillam, Esther. 2011. Ritzpa Bat Aya - Tunanin a kan Jarumiyar Mace, A cikin: A-Mythical - Adalci na Jama'a da Jima'i a cikin Tushen Yahudawa. Eds., Henriette Dahan Kalev, Dafna Horev-Betzalel, Eli Bareket, Avigdor Shinan. Miskal - Littattafan Yedioth Aharonoth da Littattafan Chemed, Tel Aviv, Isra'ila, shafuffuka na 157-64.&nbsp;
* Eillam, Esther. 2007. **Amfani da Harshe tsakanin Mata da Tasirinta na Siyasa**, A cikin Shlomith Lir, Ed., Ga 'yar uwata, Mizrahi Feminist Siyasa, Bavel pub., Tel Aviv, Isra'ila, shafuffuka na 197-205.&nbsp;
* Eillam, Esther. 2002. **Esperanza'<nowiki/>'', wani ɗan gajeren labari. '' ''A cikin:'' Azut-Metzah: Mizrahi Feminism**[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Tzah, Dalibai Babi na Adalci na Jama'a, Winter, 2002. shafi na 92-98.&nbsp;
* Eillam, Esther. 1994. Wadanda suka tsira daga fyade da fyade a cikin kungiyoyi na musamman a Isra'ila: Bincike da Kwatanta. A cikin: Eds: Wozner, Y., Golan, M., Hovav, Laifi da Ayyukan Jama'a: Ilimi da Shiga baki. Mista Ramot mashaya, Jami'ar Tel Aviv. shafi na 124-40.&nbsp;
* Eillam, Esther. 1991. "Rape and Rape Survivors in Israel," wanda Sharon Ne'eman ya fassara, A cikin: Eds: Barbara Swirksi da Marilyn P. Safir, *Kira Daidaitawa Bluff: Mata a Isra'ila*. New York: Pergamon Press, shafi na 312-18.&nbsp;
* Eillam Esther, **Rahoton Farko game da Isra'ila**. A cikin: Gail Peterson (edita), Margo St. James (Foreword) Bayyanawa na 'Yancin karuwai, Seattle, Washington, Seal Press, 1989, shafuffuka 277-280.&nbsp;

### Rahotanni da Labarai

* 
*: ("A cikin hidimar Cibiyar", Noga (Jaridar) 
* 
*: ("Gender Stereotypes in Elementary School Textbooks", wani rahoto da aka kirkira tare da Michal Beller, don Hukumar kan Matsayin Mata a Isra'ila, kamar yadda gwamnatin Isra'ila ta nada
* 
*: ("Sakamako masu lalacewa na Haɗakar da Kalmar 'Jima'i' tare da 'Mata' da 'Jima" - Ƙungiyar Isra'ila don Nazarin Mata da Jima'i) 
* 
*: ("A Feminist in Academe in the 1970s" - Migdar: A Journal of Gender and Feminism) 
* 
*: ("The Era Beyond 'The Quarters System': Mataki na gaba ga Mata na Isra'ila a cikin Gwagwarmayar Daidaitawa" - HaKeshet) 
* 
*: ("A cikin Gaskiyar Mata Babu Bukatar Tsaro" - Ha'Oketz Magazine) 
* 
*: ("Binciken Mutum a Shekaru arba'in na Cibiyar Rikicin Jima'i" - 1202.org) 
* 
*: ("Racism - za a iya kawar da shi?" - The Coalition Against Racism Israel) 

## Kyaututtuka da karbuwa

* 1995: Kyautar girmamawa ta **Cibiyar Mata ta Isra'ila**
* 2000: Mai Girma Mai Girma ta 'Ha-ir', jaridar mako-mako ta gida
* 2001: **Kyautar 'Dor-Shalom**' ga masu sa kai.
* 2002: **Ph.D. mai daraja** daga Jami'ar Ibrananci ta Urushalima
* 2004: Kyautar hadin gwiwa ta shekara-shekara don aikin sa kai tare da Cibiyar Rikicin Jima'i 
* 2006: **Dan takarar da aka ba da shawarar ga shugabancin Isra'ila** a matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfen don zabar mace shugaban kasa a Isra'ila
* 2010: Babban Dan kasa na Karamar Hukumar Tel Aviv-Yafo, saboda aikinta na rayuwar mata 
* 2011: **Daraja ta musamman don gudummawa ga al'adun Mizrahi** - 'Zuciyata tana Gabas' hadin gwiwa
* 2014: Kyautar Rappaport don Mace mai ban sha'awa a cikin al'ummar Isra'ila**Kyautar Rappaport don Mace mai Girma a cikin Ƙungiyar Isra'ila**

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* 
*: ("Tsohon Mata masu fushi" - Tattaunawa da Esther Eillam, Tal Dekel da Ora Reuven" - Erev Rav, ta Hava Raucher) 
*