Mark Spitznagel

**Mark Spitznagel** / / ˈspɪtsneɪɡəl / ; an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Maris, 1971) ɗan kasuwa ne kuma mai kula da asusun hedge . Shi ne wanda ya kafa, mamallaki, kuma babban jami'in saka hannun jari na Universa Investments, wani kamfanin kula da asusun hedge da ke Miami, Florida . 

An san shi a matsayin wanda ya fara harkar saka hannun jari a fannin " wutsiya - shinge "  ko kuma "baƙar fata" zuba jari, wata dabarar saka hannun jari da aka yi niyya don samar da "kariya irin ta inshora " daga faɗuwar kasuwar hannayen jari.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Spitznagel yana da digirin digiri na biyu a fannin lissafi daga Cibiyar Kimiyyar Lissafi ta Courant da ke Jami'ar New York da kuma digiri na farko a Kwalejin Kalamazoo . 

Lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 16, Spitznagel ya sami horo daga ƙwararren ɗan kasuwan masara da waken soya Everett Klipp mai shekaru 50.   Spitznagel ya zama ɗan kasuwa mai zaman kansa a Hukumar Kasuwanci ta Chicago sannan daga baya ya zama ɗan kasuwa mai zaman kansa a Morgan Stanley da ke New York . 

A shekarar 1999, Spitznagel da marubuci kuma masanin lissafi na kuɗi Nassim Nicholas Taleb (wanda farfesa ne na Spitznagel a NYU) suka kafa asusun "wutsiya-shinge" na Empirica Capital .  

## Sana'ar saka hannun jari
A shekara ta 2007, Spitznagel ya kafa asusun shinge na Universa Investments, inda shi ne Babban Jami'in Zuba Jari; Universa tana ba da nau'in inshora daga mummunan haɗarin kasuwa.  Taleb yana da alaƙa da Universa a matsayin mai ba da shawara tsawon kusan shekaru ashirin.  

A shekarar 2018, *Jaridar Wall Street Journal* ta ruwaito cewa "dabaru da ya ƙunshi matsayi na 3.3% kawai a Jami'ar Universa, sauran kuma da aka zuba jari a S&amp;amp;P 500, ya sami ribar kashi 12.3% a kowace shekara cikin shekaru 10 zuwa Fabrairu (2018), wanda ya fi S&P 500 kanta kyau" (da kuma fayilolin da ke da "kayan shinge na gargajiya"). 

Bugu da ƙari, "Universa tana cikin ƴan kuɗaɗen da suka sami babban riba" a lokacin rikicin kuɗi na 2008. 

A shekarar 2010, an yi zargin cewa babban ciniki da Spitznagel ya yi a mintuna kafin faduwar Flash Crash ta 2010 (lokacin da Dow Jones Industrial Average ta rasa sama da kashi 9% na darajarta a lokacin rana) yana daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka haifar da hakan. 

## Tsarin saka hannun jari
Tsarin saka hannun jari na Spitznagel wanda ya bayyana kansa ya mayar da hankali ne kan rage haɗari a cikin gina fayil ɗin ajiya, kuma an yi niyya ne don bai wa abokan cinikinsa damar ɗaukar ƙarin haɗari na tsari .  A gabaɗaya, yana yin hakan ta hanyar mallakar zaɓuɓɓukan saka hannun jari da suka wuce kuɗi . Ya kira "zuba jari Übermensch " taken Friedrich Nietzsche " *amor fati* " - ko ƙaunar ƙaddarar mutum - "sirrin saka hannun jari mai nasara". 

Spitznagel ya yi watsi da Ka'idar Fayilolin Zamani, musamman ma muhimmancinta kan alaƙa da bambancin ra'ayi ( ko rabon Sharpe ),   kuma yana shakkar hasashen kasuwa,  kodayake, a cewar wani labarin *New York Times*, ya yi hasashen hanyoyin kasuwa guda biyu a shekarun 2000, na farko a shekarar 2000 sannan a shekarar 2008,  da kuma " haɓakar kayayyaki a shekarun 2000 ". 

Ya bayyana abin da yake yi a matsayin rage abin da ya kira " harajin canzawa " da masu zuba jari ke biya—"harajin ɓoye akan fayil ɗin saka hannun jari wanda ke haifar da mummunan tasirin asarar jari mai yawa."  Ya yi cikakken bayani a cikin wasiƙar mai zuba jari yadda "a lissafi, babban asara ne mai wuya, ba ƙananan asara da ake yawan samu ba, wanda ya fi muhimmanci ga haɗakar da ke daɗe," kuma ya kira masanin lissafi da masanin kimiyyar lissafi na Switzerland Daniel Bernoulli " Waliyin Patron na Universa". 

Spitznagel ya rubuta wani littafi a shekarar 2013 mai taken *The Dao of Capital: Austrian Investing in a Distorted World* game da Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta Austria da kuma yadda ake amfani da ita wajen saka hannun jari.  Paul Tudor Jones ya ce game da littafin Spitznagel cewa "ya nuna yadda rashin da ke da wahala nan take ya zama mataki mai amfani na matsakaicin riba a nan gaba, don haka dalilin da ya sa dole ne mu zama 'masu haƙuri yanzu kuma mu yi haƙuri da dabarun daga baya'." 

## Ra'ayoyin siyasa da tattalin arziki
A matsayinsa na mai sassaucin ra'ayi kuma mai fafutukar kare tattalin arzikin Austria, Spitznagel ya yi suka sosai kan tsoma bakin harkokin kuɗi na babban bankin . Misali, ya rubuta rubuce-rubuce kan Ludwig von Mises  da kuma zargin da ake yi wa Fed na "ƙara rashin daidaiton dukiya",  wanda ya mayar da hankali kan karkacewar tattalin arziki da ake gani sakamakon ƙirƙirar kuɗi .

A cikin littafinsa da kuma a cikin wani edita na 2015, Spitznagel ya haɗa kowane babban matsayi a cikin rabon Q na Tobin tun daga 1900 da tsoma baki na kuɗi da asarar kasuwar hannun jari da ta biyo baya, wanda ya kira "abin da ake iya faɗi daidai, ta hanyar dabarun tattalin arziki kawai."

Tare da ɗan kasuwa Peter Thiel, Spitznagel babban mai goyon bayan yakin neman zaben shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar Republican na 2012 na ɗan Majalisar Wakilan Amurka Ron Paul, aboki kuma ɗan'uwansu mai sassaucin ra'ayi wanda "ya yi daidai da raini na Spitznagel ga Babban Bankin Tarayya"  da kuma sha'awarsa ta manufofin ƙasashen waje marasa tsoma baki .  Spitznagel shi ma babban mai ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki ne ga yakin neman zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na ɗan Ron, Sanata Rand Paul na Amurka a 2016. 

Spitznagel bai nuna kwarin gwiwa game da harajin da Shugaba Trump ya kafa ba, yana mai kiran faduwar farashin a watan Afrilun 2025, "tarko." 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Spitznagel yana cikin manyan jami'an kuɗi da manajojin asusun hedge da yawa waɗanda suka ƙaura da gidajensu da ayyukansu zuwa Florida .  A shekarar 2014, ya ƙaura da ofisoshin asusun hedge daga Los Angeles zuwa Miami, yana ambaton "yanayin kasuwanci da haraji mafi karimci" na Florida fiye da na California.  Babu harajin samun kuɗi ko harajin kadarori a jihar Florida. 

A cewar *Jaridar Wall Street Journal*, Spitznagel ya raba lokacinsa tsakanin ofishinsa na Miami da Michigan, inda iyalinsa ke zaune. 

Shi da matarsa sun gina, sun mallaki, kuma suna gudanar da Idyll Farms, wata gona a Michigan wadda ke kiwon awaki da kuma samar da chèvre na gargajiya . Wani labarin Bloomberg ya yi ikirarin cewa gonar tana yin "wasu daga cikin mafi kyawun cukuwar akuya a Amurka".

An ruwaito cewa Spitznagel yana tashi sama da jiragen sama kuma yana yin yoga na ashtanga . 

## Duba kuma

* Asusun Black Swan

## Manazarta