open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Hacı Abdürrahim Efendi

**Hacı Abdürrahim Efendi** ko **Hoca Abdürrahim Efendi** masanin Ottoman ne na ƙarni na goma sha bakwai kuma Shaykh al-Islām . 

An haifi Abdürrahim a Adana, ɗan Mehmed Efendi na Adana . Ya yi karatu a karkashin Hüseyin Halhalî, Ahmed Münceli, da Sadreddinzâde Mehmed Emin Şirvânî .  [2][3]

Daga baya, Abdürrahim ya shiga tsarin https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hocazade%20Abdulaziz%20Efendi" rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" title="tr:Hocazade Abdulaziz Efendi">Hocazade Abdulaziz Efendi kuma ya zama mataimakinsa (mülâzım). Tsakanin 1620 da 1624, ya kasance Müderris a Madrasas na Siyavuş Paşa, Hâfız Paşa, Mustafa Paşa, Sahn-ı Seman, Ayasofya, Süleymaniye, da Istanbul" id="mwHw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Blue Mosque, Istanbul">Sultan Ahmed. A shekara ta 1634 an nada shi qadi na Yenişehir kuma a cikin 1638-39 qadi na Istanbul . Ya auri Saliha Hanım, jikokin Hoca Sâdeddin Efendi. Ya horar da dalibai da yawa, ciki har da Çatalcalı Ali Efendi, Mehmed Bahâî, Mustafa Bolevî, da Yahya Minkarizade .  [2]][4]

Bayan kama Baghdad a shekara ta 1638, Murad IV ya kawo masanin Molla Çelebi el-Âmidî zuwa Istanbul, inda Âmidî ya tambayi "tambayoyi tara masu wahala" don gwada malaman birnin. Tambayoyin sun haifar da muhawara mai zafi tsakanin malaman. Abdürrahim na daga cikin 'yan kalilan waɗanda aka ɗauka a rubuce-rubucen su.

A shekara ta 1641 an nada shi kazasker na Anatolia . Ya kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci qadi na Adana sannan a cikin 1645 aka nada shi kazasker na Rumeriya . 

An sanya Abdürrahim Shaykh al-Islām na Daular Ottoman a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1647. A cewar wani labarin, Sultan Ibrahim ya yi imanin cewa Grand Vizier Salih Pasha, Kösem Sultan, da Abdürrahim suna makirci don hambarar da shi don haka a watan Satumba na shekara ta 1647 aka kashe Salih Paş.[2]

Ayyukan Abdürrahim mafi muhimmanci a matsayin Shaykh al-Islām shine ya ba da fatwa don kawar da Ibrahim sannan kuma fatwa don kashe shi a watan Agustan shekara ta 1648. Yana da goyon bayan shugabannin Janissary da malaman addini a cikin wannan aikin. Koyaya, Abdürrahim ya jawo hankalin mutanen Istanbul saboda rayuwar alatu da shi da ɗansa (Mehmed Efendi, qadi na Istanbul) suka rayu. Babban Vizier Kara Murat Pasha ya sallami Abdürrahim a watan Yulin 1649 kuma ya tura shi Makka.[2]

Bayan Hajji, an sanya Abdürrahim qadi na Urushalima. Daga ƙarshe ta hanyar tasirin shugabannin Janissary, ya koma Istanbul kuma an sanya shi qadi na Üsküdar . A lokacin tawaye na 1651 a kan shugabannin Janissary (*Ağalar Vak'ası*), an tura shi zuwa Belgrade. Ya mutu a can a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 1656, kuma an binne shi (a watan Mayu, 1656, bisa ga wasu kafofin) a bayan mihrab na Masallacin Imaret .  [2]

## Manazarta
Medeni Mehmet Nuri Efendi

**Seyyid Medeni Mehmed Nuri Efendi** (24 Nuwamba 1859 - 29 Yuli 1927)  Masanin addinin Musulunci ne, qadi (alƙali), kuma Sheikh al-Islam na ƙarshe na Daular Ottoman.[3][4]

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Medeni Mehmed Nuri a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 1859, a unguwar Sultantepe ta gundumar Üsküdar, Istanbul . Mahaifinsa shi ne el-Hajji es-Seyyid Tarsusizade Osman Kamil Efendi na Istanbul kuma ya zauna a cikin birni tsakanin 1821 da 1896.  Ya kasance shugaban "Tetkikat-ı Shar'iyye Council" lokacin da ya mutu kuma yana da matsayi na soja a Anatolia da Anatolia. [2] Mahaifiy Mehmed Nuri ita ce Fındıkzade (Fındıkgil) Sherife Hatija Hanım . Nuri Efendi ya girma a gundumar Vefa ta IstaVefa, ya fara karatun firamare tare da mahaifinsa, ya kammala karatu daga madrasas na Madrasas Fatih Masallacin da "Mekteb-i Nüvvab", kuma ya zama farfesa a Istanbul.  [3] Ya tashi lokaci kuma ya sami matsayin Mahreç.[4]

A lokacin da yake da shekaru 22, ya fara aiki tare da albashi na ru'us kuma a hankali ya tashi a cibiyoyi daban-daban na tsarin shari'ar Ottoman ya zama qadi (alƙali) na Masar a 1912. Tsakanin Maris 1912 da Agusta 1915, ya zauna a Alkahira kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin alƙali na Masar. Daga baya aka nada shi a matsayin babban qadi na lardin Adana . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Evkaf .  [2][3]

An nada Nuri Efendi a matsayin Shaykh al-Islam a ranar 26 ga Satumba, 1920, lokacin da gwamnati ta yi murabus, kuma an sake nada shi a matsayin Sheik al-Islam ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 1920, lokacin leken asirin Ottoman na karshe. Ya yi tsayayya da rarraba ofishin KHalifa kuma ya nace cewa ofishin ba kawai ya wakilci Ottomans ba amma na dukkan Musulmai a duniya. Lokacin da Babban Majalisar Tarayyar Turkiyya An soke Sultanate a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1922, ya yi murabus tare da gwamnatin Ottoman ta ƙarshe kuma ofishin Shaykh al-Islam ya ƙare a cikin tsarin Ottoman. Wannan mukamin ya ci gaba a matsayin shugaban Diyanet (Directorate of Religious Affairs)  a sabuwar Jamhuriyar Turkiyya. Ba a ƙidaya shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mutane 150 da ba a yarda da su ba na Turkiyya, amma ba a biya fansho ba saboda ya kasance a cikin majalisar Damat Ferit Pasha.

Shi ne mahaifin 'ya'ya mata uku da ɗa tare da matarsa Şerife Hatice Fehime Hanım . Medeni Mehmet Nuri Efendi ya mutu a ranar 29 ga Yuli 1927 a Ihsaniye, Üsküdar, Istanbul.[2][3]

## Manazarta
Hocazade Esad Efendi

**Hocazade Esad Efendi** (Ottoman Turkish; 14 Yuni 1570 - 22 Mayu 1625) ya kasance Şeyhülislam (Ministan Harkokin Musulunci) na Daular Ottoman daga 1615 zuwa 1622, kuma a cikin 1623 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1625.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Hocazade Esad Efendi a Istanbul, a ranar 14 ga Yuni 1570. Shi ne ɗan na biyu na Hoca Sadeddin Efendi .  Yana da 'yan'uwa hudu, Mehmed Efendi (ya mutu 1615), Mesud Efendi "ya mutu 1597), Abdülaziz Efendi" (ya mutu 1818), Salih Efendi. Mahaifinsa kuma sanannen masanin Molla Tevfik Gialni ne ya ilimantar da shi.

## Ayyuka
Da farko ya halarci wurin a matsayin jami'in koyo (Mülazım), daga baya a cikin 1588, ya ɗauki matsayin haseki kuma ya zama mai tsaron Sultan. A shekara ta 1590, an sanya shi a Makarantar Süleymaniye kuma a watan Yulin, 1593 Darulhadise (ofishin bayanai). 

Daga baya, ya zama kadi (alƙali na Islama) na Edirne a lokacin Yakin Eğri a shekara ta 1596.

An inganta shi a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, ta hanyar tasirin mahaifinsa a cikin Fadar kuma an sanya shi zuwa matsayin Kazasker (babban alƙalin soja).  Bayan mahaifinsa ya zama Şeyhülislam, ya zama kadi na Istanbul . 

Yemişçi Hasan Pasha abokin Esad Efendi ne da ɗan'uwansa Mehmed.[1] Duk da haka, a cikin Janairu 1603 an kore shi daga mukamin bayan tawayen Celali.[1]

A ranar 2 ga Yulin 1615, ya maye gurbin ɗan'uwansa Mehmed Efendi bayan mutuwarsa, kuma ya zama Şeyhülislam, ministan lamurran Musulunci.[1] A ranar 21 ga Mayu 1622, ya yi murabus daga mukamin. Amma a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1623 aka sake nada shi kan mukamin har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekara ta 1625[1].

## Iyali
Esad Efendi ya auri 'yar Bostanzâde Mehmed Efendi (ya mutu a shekara ta 1598), wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mufti a karkashin Sultan Murad III, da ɗansa Sultan Mehmed III. Yana da 'ya'ya maza uku mai suna Ebusaid Mehmed Efendi (1593-94 - 1662), wanda kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Şeyhülislam,  Arif Mehmed E fendi (ya mutu 1622), [2] da 'yar mai suna Akile Akile Hatun ya auri Sultan Osman II a watan Maris na shekara ta 1622, kuma na biyu ga Ganizade Nadiri Efendi a shekara ta 1627.[3][4]

## Mutuwa
Esad Efendi ya mutu a ranar 22 ga Mayu 1625, kuma an binne shi kusa da mahaifinsa a Kabari na Eyüp, Istanbul.

## A cikin al'adun gargajiya
A cikin 2015 jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na kayan ado na Turkiyya Muhteşem Yüzyıl: Kösem, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Turkiyya Halil Kumova ne ya nuna Esad Efendi . 

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin Sheikh-ul-Islams na Daular Ottoman

## Manazarta

## Tushen

*  
*  

## Haɗin waje

*
Hüsamzade Abdurrahman Efendi

**Hüsamzade Abdurrahman Efendi**, wanda aka fi sani da **Kocahüsamzade Abdurrahman Efendi** ko Tulumcuzade Ab Durrahman E fendi, masanin Ottoman ne kuma marubuci na karni na 17 kuma ya kasance a takaice Shaykh al-Islām .

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Abdurrahman a Istanbul a cikin shekara ta 1594-95. Shi ɗan Tulumcu Koca Hüsam Efendi ne, qadi na Istanbul . Bayan kammala karatunsa na madrasa, ya zama mataimakin (mülâzım) na Shaykh al-Islām Hocazâde Mehmed Efendi . Daga baya, ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin malamai daban-daban a Misira, Urushalima, da Madina. A wani lokaci, ya zama masanin Taliq calligrapher da archer.

## Ayyuka
Lokacin da Abdurrahman ya koma Anatolia, ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a madrasas daban-daban, kamar Sahn-ı Semân, Ayasofya, da Süleymaniye . Tsakanin 1640 da 1645, ya yi aiki a matsayin qadi a Aleppo, Damascus, da Istanbul . A shekara ta 1649, an nada shi kazasker na Anatolia, amma an kore shi a shekara mai zuwa. A shekara ta 1652, an nada shi kazasker na Rumeriya, amma an sake sallame shi ba da daɗewa ba.[2]

Bayan korar Ebûsaid Mehmed Efendi na uku daga mukamin Shaykh al-Islām, an nada Abdurrahman, a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1655. A lokacin Abin da ya faru a Çınar na shekara ta 1656, Abdurrahman ya ba da shawarar a kan taron Sultan Mehmed IV da 'yan tawaye don haka an kore shi daga mukaminsa (ko ya nemi a kore shi) a watan Maris na shekara ta 1666. 

Bayan korar shi, ya nemi kuma an ba shi matsayin qadi na Urushalima. Ya kuma zauna a Damascus na ɗan lokaci. Daga baya, an sanya shi qadi na Aintab sannan kuma qadi na Giza. Ya mutu a Misira a watan Satumba na shekara ta 1670. 

## Manazarta
Muhammad Birgivi

**Muhammad Birgivi** (1523-1573), cikakken suna **Taqī al-Dīn Muhammad ibn Pīr ʿAlī al-Birgivi** kuma an san shi da **Imam Birgivi**, masanin shari'a ne kuma masanin addinin Hanafi wanda ya rayu a lokacin mulkin Daular Ottoman a Anatolia . 

## Rayuwa
An haifi Imam Birgivi a shekara ta 1523 a Balıkesir, amma ya koyi kuma ya yi nazarin addininsa a Istanbul. Ya kuma zama memba na Bayrami order of Sufism  .[3][4]

Imam Birgivi da almajiransa sun kasance masu sukar murya game da lalacewa a cikin Daular Ottoman, musamman suna sukar karkatar da koyarwar Islama don amfanin masu arziki. A wani lokaci Birgivi ya yi tafiya zuwa babban birnin Daular kuma da kansa ya dauki Firayim Minista don aiki. Ministan ya dauki wannan tsawata, wanda ya tuntube shi kan yadda za a warkar da lalacewar da ke shafar dabi'un Islama. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan magoya bayansa a kotun Ottoman shine Sokollu Mehmed Pasha . 

Ya zauna a İzIzmir yana aiki a matsayin malamin addini, har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1573.[1] binne shi a cikin makabartar masu zaman kansu da ake kira bayan shi, İma*İmam-î Birgivi Hazretleri Kabri* ke kusa da makarantar addini da ake kira da shi.[2]

## Ra'ayoyi
Imam Birgivi ya kasance Maturidi a cikin imani, kuma Hanafi a cikin shari'arsa da koyarwarsa.[2] [./Muhammad_Birgivi#cite_note-:0-1 [1] Ra'ayoyin Birgivi game da Sufism sun rinjayi Ibn TaymiyIbn Taymiyyah-rubucensa sun kuma rinjayi ƙungiyar KadizadeliKadizadeli da Sufism. [5]

Birgivi ya kasance mai sukar Ibn Arabi kuma ya karyata shi a kan ra'ayoyin tauhidi, gami da bangaskiyar Fir'auna na Fitowa.

## Ayyuka
Birgivi sananne ne ga *eṭ-Ṭarîḳatü' l-Muḥammediyye*, littafin da ke bayyana ra'ayoyinsa game da Sufism, sababbin abubuwa, ƙungiyoyin Islama da al'adun Annabi, ta hanyar ra'ayoyi na makarantar Hanafi da addinin Maturidi. Wasu daga cikin ra'ayoyinsa a cikin littafin sun samo asali ne daga Ibn Taymiyyah . 

Baya ga *eṭ-Ṭarîḳatü' l-Muḥammediyye*, Birgivi ya kuma rubuta littattafai kan harshe, ƙamus, da ladabi yayin ziyartar kaburbura.

## Dubi kuma

* Kadızade Mehmed
* Jerin Hanafis
* Jerin Maturidis

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Tarihin Imam Birgivi mai zurfi
Ibn Hadiyya al-Tilimsani

**Ibn Hadiyya al-Tilimsani** ya kasance lauyan Maliki, alƙali, mai magana, kuma marubuci daga Tlemcen . Rubuce-rubucen da suka ambaci shi sun bayyana cewa an gano zuriyarsa zuwa Uqba ibn Nafi . 

Ya sami karatunsa a Tlemcen, inda daga baya ya rike matsayin qadi (alƙali). Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin marubuci da mai ba da shawara ga sarakunan farko na Daular Zayyanid, gami da Abu Zayyan I, wanda a ƙarƙashinsa ya rike matsayi na gudanarwa. Bugu da ƙari, ya koma tare da mahaifinsa zuwa Marinid Fez don daidaitawa saboda dalilan da ya fi so kada ya bayyana. Bayan mutuwarsa, Sultan Abu Tashfin I ya halarci jana'izarsa. Yawancin ayyukan Ibn Hadiyya sun ɓace.

## Dubi kuma

* Ibn Khamis

## Manazarta

### Bayani
 

### Bayanan littattafai
Ali Çelebi

****Kınalızade Ali** Çelebi** (1510/11?-1572), wanda aka fi sani da Sunan Musulunci Mullah Ala al-Din Ali Kınal ৰাজâde ko kuma kawai Kınal visaade Ali, babban lauya ne kuma marubuci na Ottoman.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Ali Çelebi a Isparta, Anatolia a cikin shekara ta Islama ta 916, wanda ya dace da 1510 ko 1511, memba na sanannen iyali. Shi dan *Kadı* (alƙali) Emrullah Mehmed (d.1559) ne kuma jikan Abd' al-Kadir Hamidi. A matsayinsa na mahaifinsa, ya zama alƙali kuma ya yi aiki a wurare da yawa a cikin Daular: Damascus, Bursa, Alkahira, da Edirne . A watan Oktoba na watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1570 ya zauna a Constantinople . An nada Ali a matsayin Kadi'asker na Anatolia a farkon lokacin rani na shekara ta 1571. Ya mutu a ranar 22 ko 23 ga Janairu, 1572, a lokacin watan Ramadan Mai Tsarki. Ali ya bar 'ya'ya maza biyu, dukansu sanannun mawaƙa na lokacin. Mehmet Fehmı Efendi (ya mutu Mayu 1596), wanda aka fi sani da Fehmî, da Hasan, wanda aka fi saninsa da Kınalızâde Hasan Çelebi . Kodayake dukansu sun bar sunansu a cikin wallafe-wallafen Ottoman, a cewar masanin tarihi Mustafa Ali wanda ya san dangin, babu wani daga cikinsu da ya tashi a matakin mahaifinsu.

Baya ga kasancewa alƙali, Ali marubuci ne mai ƙwazo sosai, yana samar da ƙamus da sharhi da yawa game da ayyukan tauhidin Islama. Ayyukansa masu ban sha'awa shine *Akhlak-ı Ala'i* wanda aka rubuta a 1564 kuma aka sadaukar da shi ga beylerbey na Siriya, Ali Pasha . Babban binciken ne kan ka'idoji. An adana rubutun asali a cikin "Rhagib Pasha Library" a Istanbul. An buga shi a watan Fabrairun 1833 a Bulaq, an buga shi a shekara ta 1974, kuma ɗan Venetian Giovanni Medun ne ya fara fassara shi. Wani aiki mai mahimmanci shine tarin wasikunsa, an ɗabi'a shi cikin sassan biyar. Ya ƙunshi manyan kayan kwalliya na nau'ikan wallafe-wallafen fina-finai daban-daban.

## Manazarta
Shams al-Din al-Fanari

**Mulla Shams ad-Din Muhammad ibn Hamzah al-Fanari** (Arabic, Turkish: Molla Şemseddin Mehmed Fenari), 1350-1431,  wanda aka fi sani da **Molla Fenari** masanin ilimin Ottoman ne, masanin tauhidin Islama, masanin shari'ar Islama, kuma masanin falsafa na makarantar Ibn ʿArabī .

## Tarihin rayuwa
Ba a san tarihin iyalin Fanari da wurin haihuwarsa sosai ba. An bayyana *nasab* dinsa, 'Fanari', a hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin tushe. An danganta shi da wani gari a Transoxiana, zuwa wani gari kusa da Bursa a Anatolia da kuma aikin mahaifinsa a matsayin mai yin fitila. Ya yi karatu a karkashin Mevlânâ Alâuddîn Esved, Cemâleddîn Aksarâyî, Hamîduddîn-i Kayserî . Ya yi tafiya zuwa MiMisira a lokacin yake ƙarƙashin mulkin Mamluk SuSultan, don nazarin shari'ar Hanafi a ƙarƙashin Ekmeleddîn el-Bâberti . Ottoman Sultan BaBayezid I baya ya nada Fanari alƙali (qa*qadi* Bursa a cikin 1390. Mutuwar Bayezid I ta haifar da yakin basasa, wanda ya sa Fanari ya bar kasar, bayan haka ya ba da lacca a Misira da HeHejaz ɓangare na Saudi Arabia na yanzu). Daga baya ya nemi aiki a kotun mai mulkin Karamanoğlu Beylik, inda ya rubuta rubutun sa kan ka'idar shari'a. A cikin 1421, Murad II ya hau gadon sarauta a matsayin Sultan Ottoman na shida kuma ya tuno da Fanari zuwa kotun a Bursa. A cikin 1424 Murad ya nada shi a matsayin qādī na soja, matsayin da zai samo asali a cikin karni na gaba zuwa ShSheikh ul-Islam [2 ya rike wannan mukamin ban da sauran mukamansa a matsayin farfesa da alƙali. Ya riƙe dukkan mukamai uku har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa a Bursa a cikin 1431.[3]

## Ayyuka
A lokacin aikinsa, ya ƙware a cikin tunani da shari'a. Ayyukansa a kan tunani sun shahara a duk faɗin duniyar Islama. Wasu daga cikin manyan rubuce-rubucensa sune:

* *Sarh al-Isaguji* ko *Al-Feva'id al-Fenariyye*: Bayani game da shahararren *Isāghūjī fi al-Manṭiq* na Athīr al-Dīn al-Abharī .
* *Miṣbāḥ al-Uns*: Bayani game da Miftāḥ al'Ghayb na Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi .
* *Fuṣūl al-Badāʼiʻ fī uṣūl a-Sharāʼi*: Aiki a cikin Uṣūl au-fiqh (Ka'idodin shari'ar Musulunci). 
* *Risāle der Tasavvuf*: Wani ɗan gajeren rubutu game da Sufism a Farisa

*Unmudhaj al-Ulum*, wanda a wasu tushe an danganta shi ga Muhammad ibn Hamzah al-Fanari, a zahiri ɗansa Muhammad Shah al-Fanaari ne ya rubuta shi.

## Dubi kuma
* Ibn Arabi
* Akmal al-Din al-Babarti
* Mehmed mai cin nasara
* Khidr Bey
* Ibn Kemal
* Ebussuud Efendi
* Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari
* Muhammed Hamdi Yazır
* Jerin Sufis
* Jerin Hanafis
* Jerin Ash'aris da Maturidis
* Jerin masu ilimin tauhidin Musulmi
* Sayyid Husayn Ahlati

## Manazarta
Mehmet Cemaleddin Efendi

Şeyhülislâm Halidefendizâde Mehmet Cemaleddin Efendi (1848-1917) (Ottoman_Turkish_language" id="mwDw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ottoman Turkish language" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Ottoman Turkish) ya kasance alƙali ne na Ottoman wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin *Sheikh al-Islam* ga Sultan Abdul Hamid II tsakanin 1891 da 1909.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Mahaifinsa, Sheikh Yusufzâde Hâlid Efendi,  ya kasance memba na shari'a mai daraja kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin KaKazasker minista. Mahaifiyarsa memba ce ta dangin Kevabibiye kuma 'yar Mehmed Said Efendi ce. 

Mehmet Cemaleddin ya yi karatu a cikin dokar Ottoman da Islama, kuma ya yi aiki a cikin shari'ar Ottoman a matsayin Ka'ida (Babban Alkalin) na Constantinople a 1884. An nada shi Babban Alkalin Anatolia (Anadolu Kazaskeri) a cikin 1888 da Babban Alkal na Rumeriya, sassan Turai na Daular Ottoman a cikin Balkans, a cikin 1890. A ranar 4 ga Satumba 1891, yana da shekaru 43, an nada shi Şeyhülislam, Ministan majalisar ministoci wanda ke kula da al'amuran addini da shari'a. Ya kasance a wannan mukamin na tsawon shekaru 16 da watanni 11. Daga baya aka sake nada shi a wasu lokuta uku na gajeren lokaci, yana riƙe da wannan mukamin kusan kusan shekaru 18 kuma ya zama na biyu mafi tsawo a tarihin Ottoman bayan Zembilli Ali Efendi . Matarsa ita ce Fatma Zehra Hanim, kuma surukinsa shine babban likitan Turkiyya kuma magajin garin Constantinople, Farfesa Cemil Topuzlu, wanda aka fi sani da Cemil Pasha, wanda aka sanya masa suna babban titin a cikin Istanbul na zamani "Cemil Topuzla Caddesi" da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gari Cemil Topuzlu Harbiye Amphitheatre. Yaron ɗan'uwan Mehmet Cemaleddin, Ibrahim Sami Bey, memba ne na Majalisar Gwamnatin Ottoman, wanda jikansa Erol Gelenbe ya rike kujerar Dennis Gabor (2003-2019) a Kwalejin Imperial, London.

Wani abokin adawar jam'iyyar Union and Progress Party mai goyon bayan Jamus da kuma yaki, an tura Mehmed Cemalettin Efendi gudun hijira zuwa Masar a 1913 kuma ya mutu a wani wuri da ake kira Ramleh kusa da Menouf a Misira a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 1917 yana da shekaru 70. Lokacin da aka kawo jikinsa zuwa Constantinople, ya kwanta a cikin jihar a Fadar Topkapı, kuma yanzu an binne shi a Kabarin Martyr na Edirnekapı (Turkish: Edirnekpı Şehitliği). An fara buga tarihinsa a Constantinople a cikin 1920, sannan Selim Kutsan ya gyara shi kuma ya sake buga shi a cikin Turkiyya ta zamani a ƙarƙashin taken *Siyasi Hatiralarim* (Memoirs na Siyasa) ta mai bugawa Nehir Yayinlari (Istanbul) a cikin 1990.

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

* Cemaleddin Efendi "*Siyasi Hatiralarim*" daga asalin Ottoman Turkiyya, "*Hatirat-i Siyasisi*", Istanbul 1920, Selim Kutsan (ed.), Mai bugawa, Nehir Yayinlari: 43, Hatiralarla Yakin Tarih Dizisi: 4, Istanbul, 1990.
* Yıldız, E., "XIX. 2010.

## Bayani da manazarta
Sunizade Seyit Mehmet Emin Efendi

**Sunizade Seyit Mehmet Emin Efendi** masanin Ottoman ne na ƙarni na goma sha bakwai kuma mai rubutun kalmomi kuma a takaice Shaykh al-Islam .

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Mehmet Emin a shekara ta 1614. Shi dan Sun'ullah Efendi ne, qadi na Aleppo, wanda aka fi sani da Kara Sun'î, don haka sunan Mehmet Emin Sunizade, "ɗan Suni". An ce Mehmet Emin ya fito ne daga zuriyar Emir Sultan a gefen mahaifiyarsa; don haka taken sa na seyit. Mehmed Emin ya kammala karatunsa a Istanbul, musamman a karkashin Azmîzâde Efendi . Ya zama novice ko mataimakin () ga Osman Hânî Ömer Efendi . [2]

## Ayyuka
A shekara ta 1627, Mehmet Emin ya fara ne a matsayin Müderris a Nişancı Mehmed Paşa (Nişancı Paşay-ı Atîk) Madrasa . A cikin 1630, an nada shi zuwa Yahya Efendi Madrasa, a cikin 1632 zuwa Murad Paşa (Murad Paşay-ı Cedîd) Madrasa, A cikin 1634 zuwa Sahn-ı Semân Madrasa,a cikin 1637 zuwa Şâh Sultan Madrasa,

An nada shi qadi na Salonica a shekara ta 1641, amma an kore shi a shekara ta 1693. An nada shi qadi na Aleppo a shekara ta 1646 da na Alkahira a shekara ta 1647, amma an kore shi daga Alkahira cikin kasa da shekara guda. An nada shi qadi na Istanbul a shekara ta 1649, amma an kore shi a shekara ta 1650. An nada shi kazasker na Anatolia a shekara ta 1654, amma ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1965. Duk da haka, an nada shi kazasker na Rumeriya a shekara ta 1657. An sallame shi a shekara ta 1658 kuma ya yi ritaya a cikin ɓoye (inziva). Koyaya, an sanya shi kazasker na Rumelia a karo na biyu a cikin 1660 . 

A lokacin da yake kazasker, a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1662, an nada shi Shaykh al-Islam . A cewar majiyoyin wannan lokacin, Mehmed Emin ya kasance "mutum ne mai ban sha'awa" wanda ba zai iya kula da mutuncin ofishinsa ba, don haka an kore shi saboda tsufa a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1662. Ƙarin dalilan da aka bayar sun haɗa da "rashin harkokin kasashen waje" (umûr-ı hâriciyyesinin iren) da kuma karɓar cin hanci. Wasu kafofin sun kuma ambaci bayar da fatwa don kisan qutb na Melamiye Sufi order Sütçü Beşir Ağa da murids dinsa.

An ce Mehmed Emin yana da ƙwarewa a rubuce-rubucen Taliq, wanda ya koya daga Derviş Abdî-i Mevlevi . 

## Mutuwa da binnewa
Mehmed Emin ya mutu a cikin Yaly a Beşiktaş a watan Yulin shekara ta 1665. An binne shi kusa da Aziz Mahmud Hüdâyî Dergâh a Üsküdar . An yi wa kabarinsa alama da babban turban (**). Saboda gyare-gyare da faɗaɗa bayan Girgizar ƙasa ta 1894, kabarin Mehmed Emin na iya kasancewa a ƙarƙashin masallacin Derga.

## Manazarta
Taşköprüzade

**Taşköprüzade** ko Taşkö Prülüzade Ahmet (Arabic language" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Arabic language" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Arabic), Sunan da ba a sani ba na Aḥmad ibn Muṣṭafá ibn Khalīl Ṭāshku: Linʹzādah (Arabic: أحمد بن مصطفى بن خليل طاشكبري; Bursa, 3 Disamba 1495 - Istanbul, 16 Afrilu 1561), masanin tarihin Turkiyya ne kuma marubucin tarihin Ottoman wanda ke zaune a lokacin mulkin Suleiman the Magnificent, wanda ya shahara al-Arabic: Al-Sāāāā (Arabic).

## Rayuwa
An san iyalin da suna *Taşköprülüler* saboda kakan Ahmet ya kasance farfesa a Muzafferiye *[[Makarantar Islamiyya|madrassa]]* na Hayreddin Halil a Taşköprü, Kastamonu .  Taşköprülüzade ya sami ilimin farko daga mahaifinsa, Muṣliḥ al-Dīn Muṣṭafā, da kawunsa, Kemaleddin Kasım, a Ankara da Bursa, kuma ya kammala karatunsa a Istanbul. An nada shi zuwa Oruç Pasha Madrasah a Dimetoka a 1525, sannan zuwa Hacı Hüseyinzade Madrasah da ke Istanbul . Daga baya, ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a *madrassa* daban-daban a Skopje da Edirne . An nada shi Alƙali (*qāḍī*) na Bursa a shekara ta 1545, kuma na Istanbul a shekara ta 1551. Matsalar gani ta haifar da ritaya da wuri daga aikin gwamnati a shekara ta 1554, amma ya ci gaba da aiki a kan buga rubuce-rubucensa.

## Ayyuka

* *Al-Shaqāʾiq al-Nuʿmāniyya fī ʿUlamāʾ al-Dawla al-ʿUthmāniyya* (Arabic) 'The Anemones, on the Scholars of the Ottoman Era' ), wani encyclopedia na rayuwa game da rayuwar da ayyukan 552 malamai da sheikhs daga mai mulkin Ottoman na farko, OsOsman I Sule the Magnificent, kuma shine tushen tushen tushen tushen masanan Mehman II.
* *Şaka'ikü'n-Nu'maniye fi-Ulemai'd-Devletü'l-Osmaniye* (Turkish ed.), ko *Şakaik-ı Nu'maniye ve zeyilleri* (Turkese ed.). 
* *Maɓallin Farin Ciki da Hasken Ubangiji* (Larabci: هەفتاح السshamshamshamsham دێمۆکراتی،  ; encyclopedia a Larabci. Babban encyclopedia na littattafai *Kashf al-Zunun* na Kâtip Çelebi ya fadada a kan Miftāḥ al-Saʿāda, kuma daga bisani ya zama tushen fassarorin Larabci-Latin da Faransanci ta hanyar masu ilimin Gabas ta Turai Gustav Leberecht Flügel da Barthélemy d'Herbelot, wanda aka buga a cikin kundin da yawa tare da taken Bibliographical da Encyclopaedic Lexicon da Bibliothèque Orientale bi da bi.
* Miftâhü's-Sa'âde (Arabic), ko *Misbâh-üs-Siyâde fî Mevduât-ul-Ulûm,* (Arabic); rubutun kimiyya na lokacin, da ayyukan da marubutan kowane reshe.
* *Mevzuat ül-Ulum*, ko *Mevḍuʿât-ül-Ulûm* (Turkish ed.), 'Fields of Science';  (Turkese ed.); Fassara ta dansa, Kemâleddîn Mehmed Efendi.
* *Al-Risālah fī al-Qaḍāʼ wa-al-Qadar* () (Tattaunawa game da dokar Allah da kuma hukuntawa) 
* *Osmanlı bilginleri* (Istanbul, 2007);  Tarihin Sufi.
* *Nawādir al-Akhbār fī Manāqib al-Akhyār*

## Dubi kuma

* Iyalin Taşköprü

## Manazarta
Chen Kai

Chen You (Xiao'erjing: چٌ يَوْ) ya kasance Musulmi Hui janar na Daular Ming .

## Taimako
A cikin shekara ta 1447, Janar na Musulmi Hui Chen You ya ba da kuɗin maido da Masallacin Dong Si ('Yaduwar Masallacin Haske'). 

## Manazarta
Helen Bevington

Helen E. Bevington ( née Smith ; 1906 – 16 ga Maris, 2001) mawakiya ce 'yar Amurka, marubuciya, kuma mai ilimi. Littafinta mafi shahara, Charley Smith's Girl (1965), "an hana shi a ɗakin karatu a ƙaramin garin Worcester, NY, inda ta girma, saboda littafin ya ba da labarin cewa mahaifinta ya sake ta saboda mahaifiyarta saboda al'amuran da yake yi da ƙananan 'yan cocin mata."

## Rayuwa da ayyuka
An haifi Helen E. Smith  a Afton, New York,  Bevington an haife ta ne a Worcester, New York, inda mahaifinta ya kasance limamin Methodist. Ta halarci Jami'ar Chicago kuma ta sami digiri a fannin falsafa .  Ta ci gaba da rubuta takardar digiri game da Thoreau, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a Turanci daga Jami'ar Columbia .  A ranar 1 ga Yuni, 1928, ta auri Merle M. Bevington, ɗan reverend MW Bevington. Ma'auratan sun yi tafiya zuwa ƙasashen waje, suka dawo a shekarar 1929 sakamakon faduwar kasuwar hannun jari ta 1929.   Bevingtons duka sun koyar da Turanci a Jami'ar Duke tun daga shekarun 1940, Helen ta yi ritaya a 1976.  Suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu:  babban, David Bevington, ƙwararren malamin Shakespeare ne har zuwa mutuwarsa a 2019; ɗa na biyu, Philip, ya mutu a shekarun 1980. 

Baya ga littattafanta 12 na waƙoƙi da kasidu,  Ayyukan Bevington sun bayyana a cikin *Jaridar New York Times Book Review*, *The Atlantic Monthly*, *The New Yorker*  da *The American Scholar* . Bevington mawaƙiya ce, mai rubuta littattafai, kuma mai rubuta kasidu . Ta kuma lashe kyautar Roanoke-Chowan Award for Poetry (1956) da kuma Mayflower Cup (1974) wanda ƙungiyar adabi da tarihi ta North Carolina ta bayar;  da kuma kyautar adabi ta North Carolina (1973).  *Charley Smith's Girl* (1965) ta zo ta biyu a kyautar Pulitzer . 

Helen Bevington ta mutu a ranar 16 ga Maris, 2001, a Chicago . 

## Littattafan tarihi

* *Ruwan Ruwa na Dr. Johnson, da Sauran Waƙoƙi* . Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1946
* *Giwaye Miliyan Goma Sha Tara, da Sauran Waƙoƙi* . Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1950
* *Canjin Sama, da Sauran Waƙoƙi* . Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1956
* *Idan aka same ku, ku yi Aya ta* . New York: Simon da Schuster, 1961
* *Yarinyar Charley Smith: Abin Tunawa* . New York: Simon da Schuster, 1965 
* *Littafi da Al'amarin Soyayya* . New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968 
* *Gidan Ya Yi Shiru Kuma Duniya Ta Kwantar Da Hankali* . New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971
* *Kyawawan Mutane Masu Kyau* . New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1974
* *Along Get the Witch: Journal in the 1960s* . New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976.
* *Tafiya Komai Ce: Mujallar Shekaru Saba'in* . Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1983
* *Duniya da Bishiyar Bo* . Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1991
* *Hanya ta Uku kuma Ita Kadai: Tunani kan Ci Gaba da Rayuwa* . Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1996 

## Manazarta
Shaban Veli

Shaban-i Veli (Turkiyya: Şaban-ı Veli) kuma an rubuta shi da sunan Sha’ban Wali (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 976 H/1569 miladiyya), shi ne waliyyin Sufi na Daular Usmaniyya daga Kastamonu, kuma ya kafa reshen Shabaniyya na tsarin Khalwatiyya[1]. An horar da shi kuma ya kasance murid (almajirin) Hayreddin Tokadi na Bolu.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife shi a gundumar Taşköprü ta Kastamonu . Wani muhimmin bangare na bayanin game da rayuwarsa ya dogara ne akan aikin Ömer Fuâdî, sheikh na biyar na Şaban-ı Velî Dergah, mai suna *Menâk Tib-ı Şerîf-i Pir-i Halveti Hazret-i Sā'bân-ı Veli* . Ömer Fuadi bai ba da bayani game da ranar haihuwarsa ba. A cikin bayanan kwanan nan, an ambaci shekaru 902 (1497)  da 905 (1499-1500)  don haihuwarsa. An yi iƙirarin cewa an haife shi a cikin 886 AH (1481 AD) bisa ga rikodin a cikin lasisin Shabani na baya-bayan nan (*[[Ijazah|icâzetnâme]]*), kuma an bayyana cewa an ba da wannan kwanan wata a cikin jerin da aka samu a Gidan Tarihi na Şaban-ı Velî .  Shaban-i Veli ya rasa mahaifiyarsa da mahaifinsa tun yana ƙarami kuma wani sissy (*hanım ev ya*). Bayan kammala karatunsa na firamare a Taşköprü, ya yi karatun tafsir da hadith kuma ya sami lasisinsa daga Hodja Veli ɗan Osman, wanda aka binne a Kabarin Masallacin Abdürrezzak a Kastamonu . Daga baya, ya tafi Istanbul don karatunsa kuma ya zauna a daya daga cikin Madrasas a gundumar Fatih (Constantinople).  Bayanan da ke akwai suna nuna wannan makarantar ta kasance Karadeniz Bashkirsunlu Madrasa, inda ya yi karatun kimiyya mai tsarki kamar Alkur'ani, tafsir da hadisi na tsawon shekaru tara, kuma an nada shi a matsayin sheikh da malami a Masallacin Eyüp. Wannan bayanin ba a haɗa shi a cikin tsoffin tushe ba.

Tare da Ömer Fuâdî, ɗaya daga cikin sheikhs na Shabani, Ibrahim ya rubuta wani menâk Tibnâme [tr] game da Shaban-i Velî, wanda ya kira *Tezkiretü'l-Has* .  Sheikh na karshe na Shabân-ı Veli Dergah, Mehmed Ataullah Efendi (Armay), ya rubuta wani kari ga Ömer Fuâdî's *Menâk Tibname* . Kamar yadda Halvetiyye shine tsari mafi girma, tsari na Shabaniyya a ciki shine tsari mafi yawanci tare da rassa da yawa. Shabaniyya ta kasance a cikin ƙasa mai faɗi daga Anatolia, Balkans, Iraki, Siriya da Hejaz zuwa cikin Indiya da Afirka.

## Yankuna huɗu na Anatolia
Shaban-i Veli an yarda da shi a matsayin daya daga cikin sanduna huɗu (*aqtab*) na Anatolia ta dukkan da'irorin tariqa, sauran su ne Mawlana Rumi, Haji Bektash Veli, da Haji Bayram Veli. 

## Manazarta
Yekçeşm Hüseyin Efendi

**Yekçeşm Hüseyin Efendi** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1704) masanin Ottoman ne wanda ya kasance Shaykh al-Islām a takaice. 

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
Mahaifin Hüseyin wani mutum ne mai suna Ahmed daga Hamid Sanjak . Tun da *Yekçeşm* yana nufin "ido ɗaya," Hüseyin mai yiwuwa yana da ido da ya ɓace ko ido tare da wasu manyan matsaloli. A wani lokaci, ya koma Istanbul kuma ya haɗu da *asitan* na Shaykh al-Islām Minkârizâde Yahya Efendi . 

## Ayyuka
An nada Hüseyin a matsayin Müderris a cibiyoyin ilimi daban-daban a tsawon shekaru:

* Halil Pasha Madrasa, 1681
* Kepenekçi Sinan Madrasa, 1685
* Madrasa ta Damad Efendi, 1687
* Hacı Hasanzâde Dârülifâdesi, 1688
* Gazanfer Ağa Madrasa, 1688
* Sahn-ı Semân Madrasa, 1689 

Ta hanyar tasirin Grand Vizier Köprülüzâde Mustafa Pasha, an nada Hüseyin a matsayin qadi na Sojojin Ottoman (Ordûy-u Hümâyûn) a cikin 1689 don haka ya shiga cikin sake kama Nish da Belgrade a cikin 1690. A shekara ta 1691, an nada shi qadi zuwa daya daga cikin wuraren da ake kira Yenişehir, amma an kore shi a shekara ta 1692. A shekara ta 1697, an sanya shi qadi a duka Edirne da Damascus, amma a bayyane aka sallame shi a shekara ta 1698.

A lokacin Edirne Incident na 1703, Hüseyin ya halarci wani majalisa a watan Yuli a gidan Shaykh al-Islām a Edirne don tattauna labarai game da tashin hankali a Istanbul. A cikin rikice-rikice, Sultan Mustafa II ya nada Hüseyin Shaykh al-Islām na Daular Ottoman a ranar 19 ga watan Agusta ko 20. A wani lokaci, an tura Hüseyin zuwa layin gaba a waje da Edirne don ba da umarni ga Janissaries waɗanda ke zaune a can; duk da haka, Janissaries sun shiga cikin tawaye. An kori Mustafa a ranar 22 ga watan Agusta kuma Ahmed III ya maye gurbinsa, wanda ya nada sabon Shaykh al-Islām. Tushen ya bambanta akan tsawon lokacin Hüseyin a ofis, daga kwana ɗaya zuwa uku.

## Fitarwa da mutuwa
An tura Hüseyin gudun hijira zuwa Cyprus a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, 1703. Ya mutu a can a watan Fabrairun 1704, kuma an binne shi kusa da ɗaya daga cikin Masallatai da ake kira Hagia Sophia . 

## Manazarta
Lin Nu

**Lin Nu** (, Xiao'erjing) ɗan kasuwa ne kuma masanin kasar Sin a farkon Daular Ming . Shi ne kakannin marigayi masanin falsafar Ming Li Zhi .  Iyalinsa asalin Han ne kuma reshen da ya kasance mai gaskiya ga al'adun Han ya yanke reshen Lin Nu don auren baƙo da juyawa zuwa wani addini.

Mahaifinsa shi ne Lin Lü. A kusa da shekara ta 1376 Lin Nu mai shekaru 30 ya ziyarci Ormuz a Farisa, ya tuba zuwa Islama, kuma ya auri yarinyar Semu ("娶色目女") (watakila Farisa ko Larabawa) kuma ya dawo da ita Quanzhou a Fujian. An rubuta wannan a cikin asalin Lin da Li.

An yi imanin cewa auren yarinyar Hormuzian Farisa ga Lin Nu wanda ya kasance tare da juyowa zuwa Islama shine abin da ya sa ɗayan reshe na iyali ya canza sunansu wanda shine dalilin da ya sa wannan iyali ke amfani da sunaye biyu, Lin da Li, tunda sun yi adawa da juyowa ga addinan kasashen waje da aure ga wasu kabilun a cikin yanayi bayan Daular Yuan ta rushe da kuma nuna bambanci mai tsanani (tsarin huɗu) da sarakunan Yuan suka yi wa Kudancin Han na kasar Sin. Tarihin Lin Nu ya ce ya auri yarinya Semu kuma ya tuba zuwa Islama a wani masallaci a Hormuz a 1384 kafin ya koma China. Li Guangqi ya ce auren kawunsa Lin Nu ga yarinyar baƙo da juyowa zuwa addininsa ya sa reshen danginsa ya ware zuriyar kawunsa daga asalin saboda suna bin addinin Islama kuma suna canza sunan mahaifiyarsa na danginsa zuwa Li don raba su daga sunan mahaifiyar Lin. Li Guangqi ya kai farmaki ga addini da al'adun Semu ciki har da Islama da sauran addinan kasashen waje yana cewa ba su dace da al'adar Sinanci / Confucian ba kuma harshensu ya yi kama da kukan kwari kuma rubutun su yayi kama da tsutsotsi. Ya ambaci tsoffin matani na kasar Sin game da barbarians kuma ya ce kawunsa ya "yaudarar" al'adun Semu "baƙon abu da baƙon abu" kuma ya ce ya haɗa wannan hari kan addinan Semu a cikin asalin iyali don tabbatar da cewa babu wanda daga cikin iyali zai sake maimaita abin da kawunansu ya yi ta hanyar auren yarinya baƙo da kuma canza addinin baƙo. Wannan ya wakilci halin xenophobic gabaɗaya  Tarihin asalin yana nufin tawaye na Ispah da zalunci da sojojin Semu suka yi. An murkushe Semu na Farisa a cikin Tawayen Ispah kuma Yuan ya ci nasara kuma Sinawa sun kashe Semu da aka ci nasara. Tsoron wariyar launin fata da fushi da Lin Nu da danginsa Han suka yi game da auren yarinyar Farisa da juyawa zuwa Islama sun samo asali ne daga wannan.

## Dubi kuma

* 'Yan Iran a kasar Sin
* Liu Chang (Kudancin Han) 
* Li Shunxian
* Wang Zongyan

## Manazarta
Wang Jinghong

Wang Jinghong (Sinanci: 王景弘; pinyin: Wáng Jǐnghóng; Wade–Giles: Wang Ching-hung; ya mutu a shekara ta 1434) wani ma'aikacin ruwa ne na daular Ming na kasar Sin, mai bincike, jami'in diflomasiyya da kuma manyan jiragen ruwa, wanda ya kasance mataimakin Zheng He a balaguron balaguronsa, daga Gabas zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, da Asiya ta kudu zuwa Asiya. 1433. Ya jagoranci tafiya ta takwas zuwa Sumatra amma an ce ya mutu a cikin jirgin ruwa a hanya.[1][2]. An binne shi a Semarang a Java yana da shekaru 78.[3]

## Manazarta
Gheni Batur

**Gheni Batur** (Uighur_Cyrillic_alphabet" id="mwBw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Uyghur Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic Uyghur: Ғени Батур; 1902 - 29 Yuni 1981) jarumi ne na ƙasar Uyghur wanda ya kasance daga cikin mahayan dawakai 20 na farko da suka fara tayar da kayar baya a yankin Nilka na Kwarin Ili na Xinjiang a watan Satumbar 1944 a kan gwamnatin lardin Kuomintang Xinjiang, wanda daga ƙarshe ya haifar da kafa Jamhuriyar Turkestan ta Gabas ta Biyu a arewacin Xinjiang (Jungaria). Bayan kafa Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, ya gudu zuwa Tarayyar Soviet. An binne shi a Almaty.

## Bayanan littattafai

* Zordun Sabir, Anayurt, Almaty: Nash Mir (2006) 
* Ziya Asabar, Gheni mai ƙarfin zuciya, Ghéni Batur (1902-1981)
Timur Beg

**Timur Beg**, wanda aka fi sani da **Timur Sijan** (janar na rukuni), ya kasance shugaban soja na 'yan tawaye na Uyghur a Xinjiang a 1933. Ya shiga cikin yakin Kashgar na 1933 kuma ya shiga cikin Turpan Rebellion (1932). Ya haɗu da Jam'iyyar Young Kashgar ta Turkiyya kuma ya nada kansa a matsayin "Timur Shah". Shi da sauran Uyghurs kamar 'yan uwan Bughra sun so su rabu da kasar Sin. A watan Agustan shekara ta 1933 sojojinsa sun kai hari daga kungiyar Musulmi na kasar Sin ta 36th Division of the National Revolutionary Army karkashin Janar Ma Zhancang . An harbe Timur kuma an kashe shi a Kashgar.

## Manazarta
Emin Khoja

**Emin Khoja** (Uyghur, Sinanci), wanda aka fassara shi a matsayin **Amīn Khoja** da **Emin Khwaja**, shugaba ne na Uighur daga Turpan wanda ya tayar da Dzungar Khanate a cikin 1720, yayin da Daular Qing ke kai wa Dzungar-Qing hari a cikin Dzungar. Emin Khoja ya miƙa wuya ga daular Qing. Musulmai Uighur kamar Emin Khoja daga Turfan sun tayar da sarakunan Buddha na Dzungar kuma sun yi alkawarin biyayya ga daular Qing don ceto su daga mulkin Buddha na Dzhungar. Daga karshe Qing ta kawar da Dzungars a cikin Kisan kare dangi na Dzungar. Emin Khoja ya kasance "mai yiwuwa mafi shahararren abokin haɗin gwiwar Musulmi a cikin fadada daular Qing zuwa Asiya ta Tsakiya".

Emin Khoja ya haɗu da daular Qing a kan Dzungars daga 1755, yana ba da gudummawar sojoji 300 ga yakin Qing a kan dzungars a yankin Ili.

Emin Khoja ya kuma haɗa kai da Qing don murkushe juyin juya halin Altishahr Khojas karkashin jagorancin Burhan-ud-din da Khan Khoja, kuma ya kore su zuwa Badakhshan. Sojojin Qing sun kai nesa da Asiya ta Tsakiya kuma sun zo a gefen Tashkent yayin da sarakunan Kazakh suka mika wuya a matsayin magoya baya ga daular Qing.

Emin Khoja ya sami lakabin sarauta na kasar Sin na *Fuguo gong* (輔國公, "Duke Wanda ke taimakawa Jiha").  An bar shi a matsayin mai mulkin mallaka na Turpan kuma daga baya aka nada shi a matsayin masarautar Yarkand a cikin sabuwar lardin Nan-lu (Kudancin Hanyar) a cikin shekara ta 1760.

Ɗansa kuma magajinsa Suleiman ne ya gina Emin Minaret a cikin 1777 don tunawa da mahaifinsa. Ita ce mafi tsayi a kasar Sin.
Fayil:Turpan-minarete-emir-d07.jpg|Minaret of Turpan ruler Emin Khoja, built by his son and successor Suleiman in 1777 in the memory of his father (tallest minaret in China)
Fayil:E_Min_Tower.JPG|Emin Minaret
Fayil:Сражение_при_Ешилькуле,_1759,_уйгуры-кашкарцыvsманьчжуро-монголы-ханьцы.jpg|Emin Khoja fought alongside the Qing (right) in the repression of the Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas


## Manazarta
Furqat

**Zokirjon Xolmuhammad o'g'li** (Uzbek: Zokirjo Xolmuhamad o'gʻli, Зокиржон Ҳolmu Muhammadu ўғли) (1859-1909), wanda aka fi sani da sunansa **Furqat**, marubuci ne na Uzbek, mawaƙi, kuma mai fafutukar siyasa. Ya kasance babban tasiri a kan ci gaban wallafe-wallafen Uzbek na zamani. Ya rubuta daya daga cikin Littattafai na farko da kuma labaran satirical a Uzbek.

Furqat, kamar sauran marubutan zamanin mulkin mallaka, an tilasta masa yabon Daular Rasha da al'adunta a cikin aikinsa. Lokacin da ya fara rubuta waƙoƙi waɗanda suka soki zaluncin mulkin Rasha, an tura shi gudun hijira zuwa Turkestan na kasar Sin.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Zokirjon Xolmuhammad o'g'li a shekara ta 1859 a Kokand . An tura shi madrasa yana da shekaru goma sha huɗu. A madrasa, Xolmuhammad o'g'li ya koyi Larabci da Farisa kuma ya zama mai sha'awar wallafe-wallafen Gabas. A shekara ta 1876, ya koma Margilan don yin aiki ga kawunsa wanda ke da shago. A cikin 1880, Xolmuhammad o'g'li ya koma Kokand kuma ya yi aure. A shekara ta 1889, ya koma Tashkent.

Farawa daga 1891, Xolmuhammad o'g'li ya yi tafiya sosai zuwa ƙasashe da yawa, gami da Azerbaijan, Turkiyya, Saudi Arabia, Masar, Girka, Bulgaria, da Indiya. An tura shi gudun Misira zuwa Turkestan na kasar Sin bayan ya fara sukar zalunci na mulkin Rasha a cikin ayyukansa. Ya isa Yarkant a 1893 kuma ya zauna a can har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1909.

## Ayyuka
Zokirjon Xolmuhammad o'g'li ya fara rubuta waka tun yana ƙarami a ƙarƙashin sunan alkalami "Furqat" wanda ke nufin "rabuwa". Ya kuma rubuta a ƙarƙashin sunan alkalami "Farhat" wanda ke nufin "farin ciki". A cikin ayyukansa, Furqat ya yaba da mutuncin ɗan adam kuma ya kasance abokin adawar addini da asceticism.

A shekara ta 1891, ya rubuta littafin tarihin kansa *Sarguzashtnoma* (The Adventure Book). Wannan littafin kuma ana kiransa *Furqatnoma* . Sauran ayyukan Furqat sun haɗa da *Gimnaziya* (*Makarantar Gymnasium*), *Ilm xosiyati* (Amfanin Ilimi), *Vistavka xususida* (About Exhibitions), Akt majlisi xususida ("About the Session on Statements), *Nag'ma bazmi xususida* "About a Music Party), *Adashganman* (*Ya Yi Kuskure*), *Fasli navbahor o'ldi...*...  (*Spring ya mutu*), Sayding qo'ya ber, sayyod...  (Ku bar Wasanku, Hunter), *Kelinchak* (The *Bride*), *Sabog'a xitob* (An Appeal to the Morning Breeze), *Bormasmiz* (*Ba za mu tafi ba*) da sauransu da yawa. Wasu daga cikin ayyukan Furqat, kamar *Devon* (*Diwan*), *Hammomi xayol* (The Bathhouse of Thoughts), *Chor darvesh* (Four Dervishes), *No'h manzar* (Nine Aspects), ba su tsira ba.

## Manazarta
Ann Birstein

Ann Judith Birstein (27 ga Mayu, 1927 - 24 ga Mayu, 2017) ta kasance ƙwararren masanin Fulbright na Amurka, marubuciya, mai rubuta tarihin rayuwa, mai rubutun makala, mai sukar fina-finai, mai rubutun ra'ayin kanka a yanar gizo, kuma farfesa.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife ta ne a unguwar Hell's Kitchen da ke birnin New York kuma 'yar fitaccen malamin addinin Kirista Bernard Birstein ne na Haikalin 'Yan Wasan Kwaikwayo.  Ta halarci Kwalejin Queens  kuma ta buga littafinta na farko, *Star of Glass*, a shekarar 1950 tana da shekaru ashirin da uku. Ta yi aure kuma daga baya ta rabu da mai sukar adabi Alfred Kazin, wanda ta haifa masa 'ya mace, Cathrael Kazin. Birstein ita ma uwar miji ce ga farfesa kuma marubuci Michael Kazin . Ta kasance tsohuwar farfesa a Kwalejin Barnard . 

Ta rasu a gida a birnin New York a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 2017, bayan doguwar rashin lafiya. 

## Labarai

* *Tauraron Gilashi* (1950)
* *Mai Rikici*
* *Tsuntsayen Gorham Masu Zaki*
* *Yanayin Lokacin Bazara*
* *Jerin Dickie*
* *Yara 'Yan Amurka*
* *Rabbi a kan titin Forty-seventh* (tarihin mahaifinta, Rabbi Bernard Birstein)
* *Ƙarshen Muminai na Gaskiya*
* *Abin da na gani a bikin baje kolin* (tarihin rayuwar mutum)
* *Vanity Fare* (2009) 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Ann Birstein : Tarihin Rayuwa da ya shafi Jaridun Ann Birstein na Kwalejin Queens .
Khojis

**Khojis** (Uighur_language" id="mwFw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Uyghur language" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Uyghur, Manchu, Sinanci; : , ya mutu a shekara ta 1781) ya kasance Musulmi Uyghur Emir, ko , na Uqturpan (kuma Us-Turfan, Sinancin: , *Wushi*) a Xinjiang a cikin karni na 18.

Khojis ya haɗu da sojojin Qing a cikin 1755-1757 Dzungar-Qing War, lokacin da ya kama shugaban Dzungar Khanate Dawachi yayin da ya gudu zuwa cikin duwatsu a arewacin Aksu, kuma ya ba da shi ga Qing.

Khojis ya sake yin hadin gwiwa tare da Qing a cikin tawaye na Amursana (1757-1759) da kuma murkushe tawaye na Musulmi na Altishahr Khojas (1757-1709).  Khojis ya bayyana a cikin sanannen Kamfen na Daular Qing don Zaman Lafiya na Ili Muslim Rebellion: Shugaban Uqturpan ya mika birnin (平定伊́回部戰圖冊·烏什́長獻城降), yana shirya mika birnin Uqturpan ga sojojin Qing na kasar Sin a cikin 1758.

Sarkin sarakuna na Qianlong ya ba Khojis lada da taken *Qinwang* (prince, "Prince"), kuma ya zauna a Beijing.

## Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

Fayil:Muslim_Emir_Khojis_surrenders_Uqturpan_to_Qing_forces_in_1758.png|Muslim Emir Khojis arranges the surrender of Uqturpan to Qing forces in 1758 (detail)
Fayil:清人画平定伊犁回部战图册-8.png|The Emir of Uqturpan surrendering the city of Uqturpan during the suppression of the Muslim Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas. (平定伊犁回部戰圖冊·烏什酋長獻城降, 1764).
Fayil:Khojis_portrait_by_Ignatius_Sichelbart.jpg|Portrait (detail, 1775), by Ignatius Sichelbart
Fayil:万国来朝图_(Uqturpan_delegates_in_Peking_in_1761).jpg|Uqturpan delegates (bottom group, flag "烏什") in Peking in 1761. *Ten Thousand Nations Coming to Pay Tribute* (萬國來朝圖)


## Manazarta

## Tushen

*  
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Ma Guoliang

**Ma Guoliang** (Sinanci mai sauƙi: 马国良; Sinanci na gargajiya: 馬國良; : ; : , Xiao'erjing: مَا قُوَلِیَان) ya kasance jami'in soja Musulmi na kasar Sin a Daular Qing, ɗan Janar Ma Zhanao kuma ƙaramin ɗan'uwan Janar Ma Anliang kuma ɗan'uwan Ma Suiliang (Ma Sui-liang) 馬遂. Ya taimaka wajen murkushe 'yan tawaye Musulmai a cikin tawaye na Dungan (1895-1896) tare da ɗan'uwansa Ma Anliang, ya hana su a Jishi wucewa. 'Ya'yansa maza sune Ma Tingbin (Ma T'ing-pin) da Ma Jieqin.

A cikin 1917 Ma Anliang ya umarci Ma Guoliang da ya murkushe tawaye na Tibetans a Xunhua waɗanda suka yi tawaye saboda haraji mai yawa da Ma Anliag ya ɗora musu. Ma Anliang bai kai rahoto ga gwamnatin tsakiya a Beijing ba kuma an tsawata masa saboda shi, kuma gwamnati ta tura Ma Qi don bincika lamarin da kuma murkushe tawaye.

Dan Ma Guoliang Ma Quanqin daga baya ya sauya sheka zuwa ga 'yan Kwaminisanci a 1949 kuma ya zama memba na jam'iyyar Kwaminisancin.

## Dubi kuma

* Ƙungiyar ta

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* My Clique (a cikin Sinanci)
Buluan na

Ma **Buluan na**(1905-1969) (Sinanci na gargajiya; ; : ; : , Xiao'erjing: مَا بُوْ لُوًا) ya kasance Janar Ma a cikin Sojojin Juyin Juya Halin Kasa, kuma dangi ne na Ma Bufang, gwamnan Qinghai . Ya yi yaƙi a Yaƙin Sin da Japan na Biyu da kuma Yaƙin basasar Sin .

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife shi a cikin Linxia County na zamani, Gansu . Ya shiga rundunar sojojin Ma kuma ya shiga cikin matakin farko na yakin basasar kasar Sin da na biyu na kasar Sin da Japan. Lokacin da yakin basasar kasar Sin ya sake barkewa, ya shiga cikin Yakin Heshui, Yakin Meridian Ridge, da kuma Yakin Ningxia. Tare da shan kashi na Kuomintang a yakin basasar kasar Sin, ya tafi Taiwan ta hanyar Guangzhou, sannan daga baya ya koma Masar. Ya mutu a Misira a shekarar 1969.

## Manazarta
Wang Jingzhai

**Wang Jingzhai** (Sinanci na gargajiya: 王靜齋; : 王静斋; : ; 1879 - 1949) sanannen masanin musulmi ne a Lokacin Jamhuriyar Sin. Shi ne mutum na farko ko kuma na biyu da ya fassara dukan Alkur'ani zuwa Sinanci, a ko dai 1927  ko 1932.  Ya fara fassarar ne saboda bukatar da dan masanin musulmi na kasar Sin Ding Yunhui ya yi. Yunhui ya rubuta *Omudai*, wani ɓangare na fassarar Alkur'ani wanda ya watsar da duk wani nassoshi game da shari'ar jima'i ta Islama saboda yawan damuwa a masallatai na mata a kasar Sin a lokacin.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Wang Jingzhai ya fito ne daga dangin masu ilimi daga Tianjin. Tun yana ƙarami, mahaifin Wang ya fara koya masa game da ilimin Islama da Confucian. A tsakiyar shekarunsa na ashirin, Wang ya yi aiki a matsayin imam a masallatai da yawa a arewa maso gabashin China. Daga baya, Wang ya yi Hajji sannan ya halarci Jami'ar Al-Azhar, inda ya sami ƙwarewa a Larabci. Da zarar ya dawo kasar Sin, Wang ya samar da sanannen fassarar Alkur'ani na kasar Sin. A lokacin Jamhuriyar Republican, Wang ya kafa jaridu da yawa na addini da ke ba da shawara ga Musulmai na kasar Sin su shiga cikin ginin da kiyaye al'ummar.

## Manazarta
Ma Linyi

Ma Linyi Musulmi ne na kasar Sin wanda aka haife shi a lardin Hunan a lokacin Daular Qing .

An haife shi a shekara ta 1864 kuma ya mutu a 1938.

A shekara ta 1912, ya zama Ministan Ilimi na lardin Gansu, wanda gwamnatin Kuomintang ta Jamhuriyar Sin ta nada.

Ya kafa Kungiyar don Inganta Koyarwar Musulunci a 1918 a babban birnin lardin Gansu . 

Shi, tare da Janar Ma Fuxiang, sun dauki nauyin Imam Wang Jingzhai lokacin da ya tafi hajji zuwa Makka a shekarar 1921. 

## Manazarta
Ma Yonglin

**Ma Yonglin** (Xiao'erjing) ya kasance shugaban Hui_people" id="mwCg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hui people">Musulmi na kasar Sin na Masallacin Multicoloured wanda ya shiga cikin tawayen Dungan da tawayen Musulmi na 1895 a kan Daular Qing. Ya yi tsayayya da taron jama'a na Hui, Dongxiang, Baoan, da Salars don hambarar da daular Qing a Xunhua, Qinghai. Brigadier Janar Tang Yanhe ya aika da sojoji don kayar da 'yan tawaye. Ya kasance na ƙungiyar Khafiya Sufi . Ma Yonglin ya jagoranci hare-hare kan sojojin Qing. Musulmai masu biyayya na kasar Sin kamar Dong Fuxiang, da Ma Anliang sun kayar da sojojin Musulmai masu tayar da kayar baya na Ma Yonglin. Jami'an Musulmi na kasar Sin kamar Ma Fulu na Ma Fuxiang na yi tsayayya da Musulmai masu tawaye, kuma sun ci su a yaƙi.

## Manazarta