open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Yankin Freiston

Freiston Shore wani yanki ne a cikin Borough na Boston, a Lincolnshire, Ingila . Yana cikin cocin farar hula na Freiston, kuma kusan kilomita 4 (6  gabas daga Boston.

## Tarihi
A ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 da farkon ƙarni na 19, an ƙirƙiri bakin teku mai yashi na Freiston a kan The Wash a matsayin wurin shakatawa na wanka na teku. A tsakiyar ƙarni na 19, an yi tseren dawaki da sauran abubuwan jan hankali a bakin teku. Duk da haka, tsarin tara dawaki a bakin teku ya haifar da wani dausayin gishiri, wanda ya bar otal-otal ba tare da abokan ciniki ba. Tun daga tsakiyar ƙarni na 20, an rufe ƙarin dausayi a bayan gaɓar teku don amfani da shi azaman ƙasar noma. [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed]

A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, an gina tsaro a kusa da Freiston Shore a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirye-shiryen yaki da mamayewar Burtaniya na yakin duniya na II . An gina akwatuna da yawa, wuraren bindiga da fitilun bakin teku. Ana iya ganin ragowar waɗannan ganuwar a yau ciki har da gidan bindiga na Ruck, na nau'in da ya taɓa yaduwa a Lincolnshire.

Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, sake farfado da ƙasa ya haifar da ƙauyen ya zama cikin ƙasa da kusan rabin mil. Har yanzu ana iya ganin asalin bankin teku, tare da akwatunansa da wasu hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa na Freiston. Hanyar kai tsaye daga ƙauyen zuwa marsh a kan Wash har yanzu tana nan.

### Manufofin Tsaro na Tekun
A shekara ta  an sake fasalin farfado da ƙasa lokacin da aka karya wani ɓangare na bakin teku da gangan, kuma ƙasar da ke baya ta buɗe ga raƙuman ruwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na manufofin sake daidaitawa. Wannan ya ɗauki matsin lamba daga sauran tsaron teku tare da manufar tsawaita rayuwarsu, yayin da aka sake kafa hekta 66 (0.7 ) na tafkin gishiri don taimakawa wajen tsoma ƙarfin ruwa, wannan yana aiki a matsayin ƙarin tsaron teku.

## Kare yanayi
Wannan sabon fadama, tare da wani, wanda aka tsara don a kula da shi a matsayin fadama mai launin ja tare da tafkuna, yanzu ya zama wurin ajiyar Freiston Shore RSPB. Freiston Shore gida ne ga avocets masu launin pied, redshanks na gama gari, plovers masu zagaye, wheattears na arewa da harriers na marsh a lokacin bazara da bazara. A lokacin kaka da hunturu, ana iya ganin waders masu ƙaura kamar redshanks na gama gari, ruddy turnstones, dunlins, da waterfowl kamar dark-bellied brent goose da Eurasian wigeon.[1]￼￼

## Manazarta


## Haɗin waje

*
Ƙungiyar Yanayi ta Jamus

Deutsches Klima-Konsortium e. V. (DKK; Jamusanci Climate Consortium) yana cikin Berlin, Jamus, kuma yana wakiltar manyan 'yan wasa na binciken yanayi da tasirin yanayi na Jamus wanda ya kunshi sanannun kungiyoyin bincike 26. Har ila yau, tarayyar tana da muhimmiyar abokin tarayya ta duniya da ke aiki a matsayin jagora, abokin tarayya, abokin aiki da kuma dillalin bayanai.￼

## Mambobin

# Cibiyar Alfred Wegener Cibiyar Helmholtz don Binciken Polar da Marine (AWI) 
# Berlin University Alliance (BUA) 
# Cibiyar Nazarin Tsarin Duniya da Ci gaba (CEN) a Jami'ar Hamburg
# Cluster of Excellence "The Future Ocean" a Christian-Albrechts-Jami'ar KielKirista-Albrechts-Jami'ar Kiel
# Hukumar Tarayya don Taswirar da Geodesy (BKG) 
# Cibiyar GEOMAR Helmholtz don Binciken Tekun Kiel
# Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi a Cibiyar Aerospace ta Jamus (DLR) 
# Cibiyar Kwamfuta ta Yanayi ta Jamus (DKRZ) 
# Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Jamus (UBA) 
# Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Jamus (DWD) 
# Cibiyar Helmholtz don Binciken Muhalli (UFZ) 
# Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Cibiyar Kayan aiki da Binciken Tekun (HZG) 
# Cibiyar Helmholtz Potsdam, Cibiyar Bincike ta Jamus don Geosciences (GFZ) 
# Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba (IASS) 
# Cibiyar Nazarin Makamashi da Yanayi a Cibiyar Bincike ta Jülich (FZ Jülich) 
# Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi da Yanayi a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Karlsruhe (KIT) 
# Cibiyar Leibniz don Binciken Tekun Baltic (IOW) 
# Cibiyar Leibniz don Binciken Tropospheric (TROPOS) 
# MARUM - Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Muhalli a Jami'ar Bremen
# Cibiyar Max Planck ta Biochemistry (MPI-BGC) 
# Cibiyar Max Planck ta ilmin sunadarai (MPI-C) 
# Cibiyar Max Planck ta Meteorology (MPI-M) 
# Cibiyar Nazarin Tasirin Yanayi ta Potsdam (PIK) 
# Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli (IUP) a Jami'ar Bremen
# Cibiyar Ilimin Kimiyya da Yanayi a Jami'ar Hohenheim (UHOH) 
# Cibiyar Heidelberg don Muhalli (HCE) a Jami'ar Heidelberg

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Shafin yanar gizon Deutsches Klima-Konsortium
Ƙalubalen Yanayi na Copenhagen

A lokacin Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2009 (COP15), akwai wani taron abokin hamayya a Copenhagen, Denmark, don masu musantawa, wanda ake kira Copenhagen Climate Challenge,  wanda kwamitin don gobe mai ginawa ya shirya.

Yayinda COP15 ta ja hankalin wakilai 33,200, mutane 60 ne suka halarci taron masu musantawa' (15 'yan jarida, masu magana 18, masu sauraro 27) [1] A cewar Lenore Taylor na The Australiya, masu halarta suna da matsakaicin shekaru "fiye da 60".[2] A rufe jawabinsa, Plimer ya bayyana cewa "Sun same mu da yawa, amma mun same su da bindiga, kuma hakan yana da gaskiya. " [1] Plimer kuma ya bayyana cewa ""An daskare a Perth kuma yana raguwa". Perth yana da ruwan sama na ƙasa a cikin 2009 kuma an yi hasashen yanayin zafi na 38 °C (100 °F) ° C (100 ° F) don 13 ga Disamba.[3]￼

## Dubi kuma

* Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2009

## Manazarta
Taron Jama'a na Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi

Taron Jama'a na Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi da 'Yancin Uwar Duniya wani taro ne na duniya na jama'a da gwamnatoci da gwamnatin Bolivia ta shirya a Tiquipaya, a waje da birnin Cochabamba a ranar 19-22 ga Afrilu 2010.

## Bayyanawa
Kimanin mutane 30,000 daga ƙasashe sama da 100 ne suka halarci taron,[1] kuma an watsa zaman taron kai tsaye ta intanet ta hanyar OneClimate da Global Campaign for Climate Action (GCCA).[2] An ɗauki taron a matsayin martani ga abin da wasu suka kira tattaunawar yanayi da ta gaza [3] a Copenhagen a lokacin taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 15 (COP15) na yanayi a watan Disamba na 2009. Akwai ikirari bayan kammala taron cewa akwai kurakurai a cikin ƙungiyarta kuma gwamnatin Venezuela ta ba da kuɗaɗen wani ɓangare.[4]￼￼

Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman manufofi  na taron shine samar da shawarwari don sabbin alkawura ga Yarjejeniyar Kyoto da ayyukan da ke jagorantar tattaunawar yanayi ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gaba da aka shirya a lokacin taron COP16 a Cancun, Mexico a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010.

Batutuwan taron sun haɗa da  Sanarwar Duniya kan 'Yancin Uwar Duniya (duba hanyoyin haɗi na waje a ƙasa), Rubuce-rubucen Jama'ar Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi, da kuma kafa Kotun Shari'ar Yanayi.

Taron Jama'ar Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi da 'Yancin Uwar Duniya ya haifar da Yarjejeniyar Jama'a.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin batutuwan muhalli

## Manazarta

## Ƙarin karantawa

* "Me ya sa Copenhagen ta kasa isar da yarjejeniyar yanayi?", "BBC", 22 ga Disamba 2009.
* Kope, Jerry. "Yanayin yanayi na 2010: Tattaunawa ta Musamman tare da Kumi Naidoo, Babban Darakta na Greenpeace" "Huffington Post", 31 Maris 2010.
* Daga John Vidal, Allegra Stratton da Suzanne Goldenberg. "Ƙananan manufofi, burin da aka sauke: Copenhagen ya ƙare cikin gazawar", "The Guardian", 19 Disamba 2009.
* "Information Guide", Taron Jama'ar Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi da Yanayin Yanayin Uwar Duniya. An samo shi a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2010.
* Yankunan Motsi? Tunanin daga Bolivia game da adalci na yanayi, ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da jihar, Building Bridges Collective. An samo shi a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta 2010.

## Haɗin waje

* WPCCC "Gidan yanar gizon hukuma"
* Yarjejeniyar Jama'a ta Cochabamba
* Takardun Taron Jama'ar Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi da 'Yancin Uwar Duniya
* Taron Yanayi na Bolivia yana motsawa don kafa sanarwar duniya game da 'Yancin Uwar Duniya, *Dimokuradiyya Yanzu!*
* Jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Bolivia a taron koli na duniya kan canjin yanayi - rahoton bidiyo game da *Dimokuradiyya Yanzu!*
Harshen Bana

**Bana** harshe ne na Afro-Asiya da ake magana da shi a arewacin Kamaru. Yaruka sun hada da Gamboura da Gili. 

Ana magana da Bana a yankin Guili, a arewacin gundumar Bourrha (sashen Mayo-Tsanaga, Yankin Arewa Mai Nisa). Masu iya magana suna kiran harshensu *koma kabana* 'harshen Bana'. 

## Fassarar sauti

Wasulan Bana sune /ɨ ə ɛ/, wanda zai iya faruwa tare da tsayi, faɗuwa, ƙasa, ko sautin tashi. 

## Manazarta
Taron Ayyukan Yanayi na Duniya

An gudanar da taron kolin duniya kan sauyin yanayi tsakanin 12-14 ga Satumba, 2018 a Cibiyar Taro ta Moscone da ke San Francisco, California.[1][2] Wanda gwamnan California kuma wanda ya kafa kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 2 da kuma Alkawarin Amurka, Jerry Brown, ya dauki nauyin shirya taron, an yi shi ne don magance sauyin yanayi ta hanyar hada kan wadanda ba 'yan kasa ba da kuma zababbun shugabanni a matakin jiha da na kananan hukumomi.[2][3] Haka kuma, an jagoranci taron tare da wakilin musamman na babban sakataren MDD kan sauyin yanayi, Michael Bloomberg; shugaban kungiyar Mahindra, Anand Mahindra; da kuma babban sakatare na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi, Patricia Espinosa.[4]￼￼

Shirye-shiryen taron sun fada cikin manyan fannoni biyar: tsarin makamashi mai kyau, ci gaban tattalin arziki mai ɗorewa, kula da ƙasa da teku, da saka hannun jari na yanayi. Abubuwan da suka faru sun kuma nuna shirye-shiryen yanayi da ci gaba mai ɗorewa a Yankin Bay.

Shugabannin yanayi da yawa sun halarci, ciki har da Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya António Guterres, tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka Al Gore, Jane Goodall, da fitattun masana kimiyya da masu bincike. Da yake magana a taron, Guterres ya ce, "Taron Ayyukan Yanayi na Duniya ya haɗu da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ke nuna babbar damar da aka ba da ta hanyar aikin yanayi. Suna yin fare a kan kore saboda sun fahimci cewa wannan ita ce hanyar samun wadata da zaman lafiya a duniyar da ke da lafiya. "  Har ila yau, sun kasance sanannun mutane kamar Alec Baldwin, Harrison Ford, da Dave Matthews. 

Taron yana da masu halarta sama da 4,000, da kuma dubban dubban da suka halarci abubuwan da suka faru na 300 da aka gudanar a kusa da San Francisco.

A taron, ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyi ashirin da tara sun ba da sanarwar sadaukar da dala biliyan 4 don yaki da canjin yanayi a cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa. Alkawarin shine mafi girman saka hannun jari na taimakon jama'a da aka yi don magance canjin yanayi har zuwa yau. Taron ya karfafa gwamnatoci da su kammala jagororin aiwatarwa na Yarjejeniyar Paris a Poland a watan Disamba na 2018 da kuma jagorantar su wajen shirya shirye-shiryen matakan yanayi na kasa a cikin 2020 tare da dabarun yanayi na gajeren lokaci da na dogon lokaci.

Har ila yau, taron ya kawo zanga-zangar, tare da dubban sun toshe ƙofar cibiyar taron don wayar da kan jama'a game da ci gaba da hako man fetur da iskar gas a California duk da matsayin ci gaban yanayi na Gwamna Brown.

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Shafin yanar gizon hukuma An adana shi 2018-11-14 a
Genevieve Guenther

Genevieve Juliette Guenther 'yar gwagwarmayar Canjin yanayi ce ta Amurka, mai ba da shawara, marubuci, kuma mai magana. Ita ce darakta mai kafa kungiyar kula da kafofin watsa labarai ta End Climate Silence, [1] kuma kwanan nan tana da alaƙa da bangaren Tishman Environment and Design Center a The New School . [1][8]￼

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
Guenther ta sami digiri na farko daga Jami'ar Columbia  da Ph.D. daga Jami'an California, Berkeley, a cikin 2004, a cikin wallafe-wallafen Renaissance. 

## Ayyuka

### Littattafai
Guenther ta fara aikinta a matsayin farfesa a Jami'ar Rochester .  Littafinta game da wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi, Magical Imaginations: Instrumental Aesthetics in the English Renaissance, ya bincika ayyukan Spenser, Marlowe, da Shakespeare.

### Ayyukan da suka shafi yanayi
Guenther ya rubuta labarai masu ilimi da kuma shahararrun labarai game da canjin yanayi da siyasa.

Ita ce darakta mai kafa kungiyar masu sa kai ta End Climate Silence, wacce ke ba da shawara don kara yawan ɗaukar hoto game da canjin yanayi a cikin kafofin watsa labarai,        Kwamitin ba da shawara na kungiyar shine Brad Johnson, Michael Mann, Peter Kalmus, da Margaret Klein Salamon.

Guenther has been noted for her media activism and for her book, *The Language of Climate Politics: Fossil Fuel Propaganda and How to Fight It*.&#x5B;**&#x5D;

Guenther ya kasance Kwararren Mai Bincike na Rahoton Bincike na shida na IPCC . 

### Bayyanar kafofin watsa labarai
A cikin 2018 ta bayyana a cikin shirin CNN mai suna Reliable Sources .  A cikin 2019 Brian Lehrer ya yi mata tambayoyi a kan "The Brian Lehrer Show," a gidan rediyo na jama'a na WNYC. A watan Oktoba na 2020 an bayyana aikinta a cikin The New Yorker .  A cikin 2021 an yi hira da Guenther a kan wani labari mai da hankali kan yanayi na The New York Times podcast, "The Argument. "

## Bayanan littattafai

### Littattafai

* Harshen Siyasa ta Yanayi: Fossil-Fuel Propaganda da Yadda za a Yaki da shi (2024)  
* Magical Imaginations: Kayan aiki a cikin Renaissance na Turanci (2012)  

### Rubuce-rubuce

* 

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Shafin yanar gizon hukuma
* EndClimateSilence.org
Tsarin CarbonFix

**Tsarin CarbonFix** (CFS) wani shiri ne don tabbatar da ayyukan gandun daji na yanayi don hana carbon daga yanayi. CarbonFix Standard ne ke gudanar da shi, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke zaune a Jamus. A cikin shekara ta 2012, an samo shi kuma an haɗa shi cikin Gold Standard . 

## Tarihi
An kafa kungiyar CarbonFix a cikin 1999. A cikin shekara ta 2007, ƙungiyar ta haɓaka sigar farko ta CarbonFix Standard, wanda aka gabatar a Taron Yanayi na Duniya a Bali, a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007. [1]￼

Matsayin ya ƙunshi ka'idojin aikin gandun daji dole ne ya hadu don a tabbatar da shi. Ana buƙatar Gudanar da dazuzzuka mai dorewa.

## Dubi kuma

* Tsarin Carbon na son rai
* Kudin Carbon
* SGS S.A.
* Lambobin Carbon na Woodland

## Manazarta


## Ƙarin karantawa

* Lopes, P. (2009), Binciken Ka'idodin Carbon na Forest (2009) - Ci gaban kayan aiki don ƙungiyoyi don gano mafi kyawun kuɗin carbon na gandun daji, Kwalejin Imperial ta London, Cibiyar Manufofin Muhalli.
* Haɗuwa, E. (2008), Kwatanta ka'idoji masu jagora a Kasuwar Carbon ta son rai da kuma Yanayin Ayyukan Kula da dazuzzuka, CarbonPositive.

## Haɗin waje

* https://www.goldstandard.org/
Jeffrey Kiehl

**Jeffrey Theodore Kiehl** (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Yuni, 1952) masanin kimiyyar yanayi ne na Amurka. Shi ne shugaban Sashen Binciken Canjin Yanayi a Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi ta Kasa da ke Boulder, Colorado. Ya kammala karatunsa na digiri na kimiyya a Jami'ar Albany, SUNY . 

An ba shi lambar yabo ta Sadarwar Yanayi ta 2012 daga Ƙungiyar Geophysical ta Amurka . 

Tare da Kevin E. Trenberth, ya shahara ne ga "Kayan Kasuwancin Duniya na Shekara-shekara" [1] da kuma zane mai alaƙa da ke nuna ma'aunin makamashi na Duniya wanda ke ƙunshe da AR4 WG I na IPCC [2]￼

## Dubi kuma

* James Hansen
* Gavin Schmidt
* Kevin E. Trenberth

## Manazarta
Calix Limited

Calix Limited kamfani ne na fasaha na Ostiraliya wanda fasaharsa ta asali "wuta" ce da aka gina a Bacchus Marsh wanda ke samar da "sabon zuma na ma'adinai". Fasahar Calix ta haɗa da aiki kan kama CO2 don magance ƙalubalen dorewar duniya a fannoni da dama, ciki har da maganin sharar gida, kiwon kamun kifi, adana makamashi mai zurfi da kuma samar da siminti/lemun tsami. [ana buƙatar ambato]

## Kayayyakin
Kayayyakin Calix sun hada da ACTI-Mag, BOOSTER-Mag da AQUA-Cal+.

* ACTI-Mag - Gudanar da Ruwa
* AQUA-Cal+ - Noma mai ɗorewa, tafkin & gyaran tafkin
* BOOSTER-Mag - Kare amfanin gona

## Tarihi
Asalin Calix ya fara ne a shekarar 2005, tare da aikin gyaran na'urar walƙiya. A shekarar 2007, an gina cibiyar gwajin na'urar farko don gwada abin da zai yiwu tare da cikakken kamfanin calciner na CFC 850 a Bacchus Marsh a shekarar 2011. A shekarar 2012, Calix ta sami wuraren haƙar ma'adinai a Myrtle Springs, Kudancin Ostiraliya. Tsakanin 2013 da 2017, Calix ta kafa masana'anta a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya kuma ta sami kyaututtuka da kuɗaɗe da dama don fasahohin da suka ɗorewa, gami da binciken Battery mai zurfi, da aikace-aikacen Noma. Calix ta shiga cikin kasuwar musayar kuɗi ta Australiya (ASX) a shekarar 2018 kuma tare da haɗin gwiwar aikin LEILAC (Ƙananan Fitar da Iskar Gas da Siminti) a Turai, ta fara gina masana'antar gwaji a Lixhe, Belgium. A shekarar 2019, Calix ta mallaki kamfanin Inland Empire Resources da ke Amurka. [ana buƙatar ci gaba]￼

## Shirin LEILAC
Calix babban abokin tarayya ne a, kuma yana ba da mahimmancin fasaha ga, Project LEILAC (Low Emissions Intensity Lime & Cement), a matsayin wani ɓangare na Horizon 2020, shirin da Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta kafa.

## Bayanan kudi
Calix Limited is a listed Australian public company, having listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) in 2018. Prior to its listing, Calix was backed by investors including Och-Ziff Capital Management Group and Washington H Soul Pattinson. Since its foundation in 2005, Calix Limited has to date committed more than $40 million to commercialising its technologies and processes.&#x5B;**&#x5D;

## Manazarta

*  
* http://www.&#x3C;i&#x20;id=Smithsonian.com/science-nature/Building-a-Better-World-With-Green-Cement.html" id="mwQQ" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Gina Duniya mafi kyau tare da Green Cement, By Michael Rosenwald. Smithsonian, Disamba 2011

## Haɗin waje

* 
* Shirin LEILAC
Harshen Rijal Alma

**Rijāl Alma’** magana iri-iri ne da ke da alaƙa da alaƙar jinsin halitta da ake magana da shi a yankin da kewayen ƙauyen wanda bayan haka aka sa masa suna, Rijāl Alma’ .  Daga cikin abubuwan da suka sa wannan magana ta bambanta sosai a yankin da ake magana da ita, akwai alamun da ake ganin an kiyaye su daga harsunan Sayhadic da kasantuwar labarin tabbataccen hanci mai kama da harshen Sayhadic na zamani Faifi da Razihi . Da alama ana katse nau'ikan maganganun a hankali a hankali saboda haɓaka haɗin harshe tare da nau'ikan Larabci maƙwabta, yana ƙara dagula lamura game da inda wannan nau'in magana ke cikin Semitic.  

## Masu magana
Masu magana da harshen Rijal Alma'a sun kasance na musamman a cikin Asir idan aka yi la'akari da ikon cin gashin kansu na tarihi na al'adu da siyasa, wanda ya haifar da dangantaka mai rikitarwa a tsakanin su da kasar Saudiyya. Abubuwan da suka shafi dokokin kabilanci da kuma al’ada, shugabannin kabilu ne da kansu suke tafiyar da su ba hukumomin Saudiyya ba, lamarin da ya sa wasu ke bayyana hakan a matsayin “ *kare kabilanci* ”.  Da alama ana yi wa masu magana da Rijal Alma' izgili saboda yadda suke magana don haka wannan yana haifar da canjin harshe tsakanin matasa masu magana, da sauran abubuwa. Rijal Alma’a a tarihi ya kasance mai cin gashin kansa ta fuskar tattalin arziki da siyasa daga yankunan da ke makwabtaka da shi, amma bayan gano man fetur da zamanantar da Saudiyya da ya rage a Rijal Alma’a ya zama al’amarin rashin samun dama.  ƙauyen Rijāl Almaʿ na zamani sanannen wurin yawon buɗe ido ne a Saudi Arabiya kuma wurin tarihi ne na UNESCO. 

## Rabewa
An fara bayyana nau'in maganganun Rijāl Alma'a a matsayin nau'in Larabci duk da cewa tun daga lokacin ana tambayar wannan rarrabuwa, tare da al-Jallad (2014:239) yana cewa:" *Yaren Riǧāl Almaʿ, alal misali, ya haifar da farin ciki da yawa saboda kasancewarsa kawai 'yaren Larabci' don adana yarjejeniya tsakanin jinsi da lamba a cikin dangin dangi. Amma idan aka yi la'akari da tattaunawarmu, a kan wane dalili ne mutum zai iya kira shi yare na Larabci? Jerin dangi na 'tsare' a haƙiƙa shine isoglos na Saba', nesa da Larabci 1 " daidai da ma'ana*  .Hakazalika da Razihi da Faifi nau'in magana na Rijāl Alma' yana da abubuwa daban-daban na lexical da na nahawu waɗanda ba a tabbatar da su a cikin yarukan Sayhadic na zamanin da ba amma an san suna nan a cikin harsunan Larabawa na Kudu na Zamani na Oman da Yemen. Bayanin Rijāl Alma'a matsayin yaren Larabci na iya zama ainihin zato da aka ba yankin da ake magana da shi, amma ainihin wurinsa a cikin Semitic ya kasance ba a sani ba ko da yake bayanin zai nuna dangantaka da harsunan Sayhadic. Shawara ta Jan Retsö za ta iya bayyana halin da ake ciki a Rijāl Alma’ mafi kyau:" *Baya ga Mehri da 'yan'uwanta mata akwai yiwuwar "yare" a Yemen wanda "Larabci" za a iya jayayya. Ta haka ne ƙarshe cewa misali kaškaša, k-cikakke da sauran siffofi a cikin yarukan Larabci na kudu maso yammacin kudu ba aro ba ne. Maimakon haka, duk sauran abubuwan da ke haɗa su da sauran yarukan Larabci sune aro.* " 

## Manazarta
Bahasha

Bahasha (fim) fim ne na Tanzaniya na 2018 game da wani jami'in gwamnati wanda ke neman fansa bayan ya karɓi cin hanci. Yana fama da batun cin hanci da rashawa a cikin al'ummarmu ta yanzu.[1][2][3]

An zabi fim din a lambar yabo ta Afirka Movie Academy don Mafi Kyawun Fim a cikin Harshen Afirka a cikin 2018. 

## Bayani game da shi
Kitasa ya daina mafarkinsa na zama ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa saboda rauni. Al'ummarsa sun zabe shi a matsayin jami'in gwamnati amma nan da nan ya shiga cikin cin hanci da rashawa wanda ya ba da kunya ga kansa da waɗanda ke kewaye da shi. Fim din ya nuna yadda yake hulɗa da sakamakon ayyukansa da gwagwarmayarsa don fansar kansa. Zai iya?

## Masu ba da labari

* Ayoub Bombwe a matsayin Kitasa
* Cathryn Credo a matsayin Hidaya
* Godliver Gordian a matsayin Zawadi
* Anita Abisai a matsayin Grace Pindi
* Andrew Ashima a matsayin Raphael
* Grace Essau a matsayin Paka
* MacDonald Haule a matsayin Butu
* Hassan Kazoa a matsayin Faraji
* Omary Khatibu a matsayin Maganga
* Lilian Matin a matsayin Shani
* Hamidu Mapitu a matsayin Faustin

## Manazarta
Yankin fitar da iska na Oxford

Yankin fitar da ƙarancin Oxford shine yankin fitar da ƙarar farko (ZEZ) a Ƙasar Ingila. An ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu 2022, shirin ya rufe tituna tara a tsakiyar birnin Oxford. Dukkanin motocin da ba na lantarki ba (ciki har da hybrids) da ke tuki a kan waɗannan hanyoyi tsakanin karfe 7 na safe zuwa karfe 7 da yamma suna ƙarƙashin kuɗin tsakanin £ 2 da £ 10, wanda ake sa ran ninka sau biyu a cikin 2025.&nbsp;&nbsp;

## Tarihi
A cikin 2017, an ƙaddamar da binciken hadin gwiwa na £ 30,000 ta Majalisar Gundumar Oxfordshire da Majalisar Birnin Oxford don tantance ko yankin fitar da iska zai zama hanya mai amfani don rage gurɓataccen iska a tsakiyar gari da kuma manyan hanyoyin sufuri.[1] Birnin ya riga ya kasance yanki mai ƙarancin fitarwa tun daga shekara ta 2014, wanda ya shafi bas, [1] tunda bas din sun kai har zuwa 80% na gurɓataccen yanayi a tsakiyar gari. [2] A lokacin binciken na asali, an shirya Oxford ta zama birni na biyu na Burtaniya LEZ bayan London ta gabatar da daya a cikin 2008.[2] Daga baya, an gabatar da yankunan iska mai tsabta a wasu birane da yawa, gami da Bath, Bristol da Tyneside. [3][4][5]￼

## Aiwatarwa
An gabatar da shawarwari a cikin 2020, tare da fatan ƙaddamar da ZEZ a watan Disamba. Saboda annobar COVID-19, an jinkirta wannan. Dukkanin majalisun sun amince da shirin a watan Maris na 2021,  kuma an kaddamar da shi a kan tituna tara a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu 2022 a matsayin shirin matukin jirgi.   ZEZ ta Oxford ita ce ta farko a irin ta a Burtaniya.

## Aiki
Ba kamar sauran shirye-shiryen fitarwa a Ƙasar Ingila ba, waɗanda ke aiki 24 / 7, Oxford ZEZ yana aiki daga karfe 7 na safe zuwa karfe 7 da yamma kowace rana, kuma ya shafi duk motocin da ba na lantarki ba, gami da hybrids. Kudin don man fetur, diesel da motocin hybrid sun kasance daga £ 2 zuwa £ 10, tare da motocin da suka fi gurɓataccen gurɓata da aka caji. Koyaya, tun daga 2024, waɗannan kudaden sun kasance ƙasa da kuɗin London na £ 12.50 Ultra Low Emissions.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Za'a iya bayyana shawarwarin farko daidai a matsayin "cajin cunkoso", kamar yadda kowane abin hawa zai iya shiga kan biyan cajin amma wannan zai canza a nan gaba. Manufar shirin ita ce za ta fadada a hankali don rufe mafi yawan Oxford nan da shekara ta 2035. Wannan shirin yana nufin cewa Oxford na iya zama birni na farko a duniya wanda ba shi da iskar carbon. Ana sa ran kudaden za su ninka sau biyu a watan Agustan shekara ta 2025.

## Manazarta

* Shafin yanar gizon hukuma
Kyakkyawan Masana'antu

Charm Industrial kamfani ne na Cire carbon dioxide wanda ke amfani da hydrolosis na raguwar amfanin gona don ƙirƙirar biooil wanda za'a iya zuba shi cikin ajiyar geological don cire carbon biomass na dogon lokaci da adanawa. Charm yana daya daga cikin kamfanonin da suka sami ci gaba da sadaukar da kasuwa daga Yanayin Yanayi.

A cikin 2023, sun sami sadaukarwar kasuwar Amurka miliyan 54 daga Frontier don kwace tan 112,000 na carbon dioxide. Har ila yau, ta sami dala miliyan 100 a cikin tallafin Series B. A watan Janairun 2025, ta kuma sami ƙarin kwangila daga Google, kwangilar cire carbon mafi girma da aka taɓa saya.

Kamfanin da farko yana amfani da sharar amfanin gona kamar masara a matsayin tushen sa don pyrolysis.[1] Da zarar an samar da man fetur, ana yin amfani da man fetututtuka a cikin rijiyoyin da ke da ajiyar ƙasa. Charm yana bincika amfani da biooil don wasu dalilai, kamar tsaftace ƙarfe.[2]￼

Kamfanin sananne ne ga hayar Ma'aikatan filin mai da iskar gas don kwace carbon.

## Manazarta
Global Change Biology (jarida)

Global Change Biology wata mujallar kimiyya ce da ake nazari a kowane mako biyu da ke rufe bincike kan dubawa tsakanin tsarin halittu da duk fannoni na Canjin muhalli wanda ke shafar wani bangare na duniya [1] gami da Canjin yanayi, dumama duniya, canjin amfani da ƙasa, nau'o'in mamayewa, birni, gobarar daji, da iskar gas. Tsohon Babban edita Stephen P. Long (Jami'ar Illinois da Jami'ar Lancaster) ne suka kafa mujallar.[2] An nada Danielle Way a matsayin Babban edita a shekarar 2025.￼

Jaridar tana da mujallu biyu: *GCB Bioenergy* da Global Change Biology Communications .

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

*
Harshen Doyayo

**Doyayo** (ethnonym: *Dowayo* ) harshe ne na reshen Duru na harsunan Adamawa da ake magana da shi a cikin Kamaru .

*Doyayo* (Dooya̰yɔyɔ 'baki na mutum'; a madadin haka Doowaaya̰yɔ 'bakiyar ɗan mutum') ƙungiyar kabilanci ce ta **Dowayo** (ko Doowaayɔ 'ɗan mutum').

## Sunaye
A cewar *ALCAM* (2012), Doayo, wanda ke da masu magana 18,000, shine babban harshen yankin arewacin Poli commune (a cikin sashen Faro, Arewacin Arewa). 

Ana magana da **Taara** a cikin tsaunukan yamma da Poli, da **Marka** a cikin filayen arewa maso yamma a cikin Tcheboa commune, sashen Bénoué . 

Kalmar *Namchi*, wanda ke nufin "yankasu" ko "waɗanda ke murkushe [gero mana]" a cikin Fulfulde, kalma ce ta rufewa ba kawai ga Doayo ba, har ma da makwabta Duupa da Dugun (na biyun biyun duka harsunan Dii ne ). 

Joseph Greenberg 's " *Sewe* "a zahiri iri-iri ne na yaren Doayo wanda Griaule ya rubuta. Sunan ya fito ne daga ƙauyen mai ba da labari, Sewe. 

## Yaruka
Yarukan Doyoyo sune: 

* Markɛ (ana magana a cikin filayen arewa maso yamma)
* Za mu kawo karshen Poli
* Southern Teese, (magana a cikin tsaunuka zuwa kudu)
* Sewe (Séwé)

(Ka lura cewa akwai yare guda biyu daban-daban.)

Blench (2004) ya ɗauki yaren Sewe a matsayin yare daban, wanda bai fi kusanci da Dowayo ba fiye da Koma da Vere.

## Manazarta
Yankin iska mai tsabta

Yankin Tsabtace Iska (CAZ) yanki ne a Burtaniya inda ake ɗaukar matakin da aka yi niyya don inganta ingancin iska.[1] CAZ na iya zama ba caji ko caji ba. [ana buƙatar ambato]￼

Ko ana cajin abin hawa yayin shiga ko motsawa ta hanyar CAZ ya dogara da nau'in abin hawa da kuma ma'aunin Yuro na abin hawa. Adadin da aka caje ya kai ga hukumomin yankin da ke da alhakin CAZ. Ba a caji motocin da ba su da iskar gas sosai lokacin da suke shiga ko motsawa ta hanyar Yankin Zuwa Mai Tsabtacewa.

## Darussan caji na Yankin Jirgin Sama Mai Tsarki

## Jerin Yankunan Zuwa Mai Tsabtacewa

### Aiki

### An shirya ko kuma an dakatar da shi

## Sauran wuraren fitarwa

* Babban London yana da Low Emission Zone da Ultra Low Emission Area, wanda ke rufe mafi yawan birni A tsakiyar London akwai Cunker Charge, wani nau'i daban na caji ga motoci
** A tsakiyar London akwai cajin Ciki, wani nau'i daban-daban na cajin motoci
* Oxford tana da Yankin Zero Emission a tsakiyar gari
* Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen da Dundee kowannensu yana da Low Emission Zone a cikin cibiyoyin su

## Bayani

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Nitrogen Dioxide Emissions - Yuro 6 vs Tsohon Yuro Standard Engines
* Carbon Monoxide Emissions - Yuro 6 vs Tsohon Yuro Standard Engines
City of Joy (fim na 2016)

City of Joy fim ne na 2016 wanda Madeleine Gavin ya shirin kuma ya rubuta. Ya biyo bayan aji na farko na dalibai a cibiyar jagoranci a gabashin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo . 

## Farko
Gabashin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo yanki ne wanda kasancewa mace yana da wahala tun lokacin da take fuskantar tashin hankali a yayin yakin shekaru 20, wanda mulkin mallaka ya haifar. A cikin fim ɗin, mata sun haɗu a cibiyar jagoranci don neman hanyar magance mummunar abubuwan da suka faru da su kuma su fito a wancan gefen don zama shugabannin da wahayi ga wasu mata a yankin.[1]

## Manazarta
Harshen abin sha

Bebil (*Gbïgbïl*) yare ne na Bantu na Kamaru . Yana da fahimtar juna tare da wasu yarukan Beti.

Akwai masu magana 6,000 (bisa ga Nguetse Mezatio Tsague a 2003) a yankin Gabas, a cikin yankunan Diang da Belabo a sashen Lom-et-Djerem . 

## Manazarta
Lost Boys of Sudan (fim)

Lost Boys of Sudan fim ne na Megan Mylan da Jon Shenk game da yara maza biyu na Dinka daga Sudan, [1] Santino Majok Chuor da Peter Nyarol Dut, waɗanda suka isa Amurka bayan sun tsere daga yakin basasa a ƙasarsu. [2] "An yi marayu a matsayin yara" a Yaƙin basasar Sudan na Biyu sun " tsira daga hare-haren zaki da harbin bindigogi na 'yan bindiga don isa sansanin 'yan gudun hijira a Kenya tare da dubban wasu yara. "[3][4]

Taken shirin "Lost Boys of Sudan" shine asalin sunan da aka ba wa ƙungiyar matasa ta Kudancin Sudan ta ma'aikatan agaji na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya waɗanda ke sa ido kan tashi daga Sudan.

## Makirci
Wata iyali a Sudan ta zama 'yan gudun hijira.

## Dubi kuma

* Yara da suka ɓace na Sudan
* Gudun da aka tilasta a cikin al'adun gargajiya
* *Ƙarya Mai Kyau*

## Manazarta
Shayar da Rhino

Milking the Rhino fim ne na shekara ta 2009, wanda Kartemquin Films ya samar, wanda ke nazarin dangantakar da ke tsakanin 'yan asalin Afirka, mazauna ƙauyen da ke zaune tsakanin wannan namun daji, da masu kiyaye muhalli waɗanda ke neman ci gaba da kudaden yawon bude ido da ke shigowa. Dukkanin Maasai na Kenya da Ovahimba na Namibia sun shafe ƙarni da yawa a matsayin manoman shanu. Tare da ƙasarsu ta zama wuraren ajiyar wasanni masu kariya, waɗannan kabilun tsohuwar sun juya zuwa yawon shakatawa a matsayin hanyar tsira.[1]

Duk da yake wasu masu kula da muhalli suna tunanin cewa kiyaye al'umma yana da kyau ga waɗannan ƙauyuka, haɗarin fari da yunwa na shanu sun kasance ainihin gaskiyar. Tsakanin tasirin Yammacin da ke ci gaba da girma wanda ke son Afirka ta kasance wuri ne don yawon shakatawa da al'adunsu na dā, Maasai da Himba suna kan hanyar canjin al'adu.[1]

Sashe na Kenya na fim din ya ƙunshi ganawa da Kinanjui Lesenderia, dattijo na Ndorobo Maasai a Il Ngwesi a Kenya, Ian Craig, tsohon rancher kuma wanda ya kafa Lewa Wildlife Conservancy, James Ole Kinyaga, Babban Mai Gida na Kenya na farko da ke mallakar kuma ke kula da muhalli, da Helen Gichohi, Shugaban Gidauniyar namun daji ta Afirka.

## Kyaututtuka
Kartemquin Films ne ya samar da shi kuma David E. Simpson ne ya ba da umarni, Milking the Rhino ya lashe kyaututtuka da yawa a bukukuwan fina-finai na kasa da kasa da yawa, gami da Mafi kyawun Takaddun shaida a bikin fina-fukkuna na Pan African da San Luis Obispo International Film Festival. 

A ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 2009, Milking the Rhino ya fara fitowa a talabijin a kan PBS's Independent Lens . 

Fim din ya lashe kyautar Cinematography mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . 

A shekara ta 2010, Milking the Rhino ya lashe lambar yabo ta masu sauraro (Mafi kyawun Bayani) a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Kansas City . 

## Manazarta
Harshen Luimbi

**Luimbi** (wanda aka fi sani da Lwimbi, Luimbe, Lwimbe ko Chiluimbi)  ƙaramin yaren Bantu ne da ake magana a tsakiyar Angola . Yana da alaƙa da Nkangala da Mbwela . <ref name="Encyclopedia2"

## Manazarta
Harshen Bolo

**Bolo**, wanda aka fi sani da **Ngoya** da **Kibala**, yare ne na Bantu na Angola wanda ke da alaƙa da Kimbundu .

## Sunan
Sunan kawai ga harshe gaba ɗaya, 'Ngoya', ya kasance mai banƙyama ne, kodayake yana ƙara karɓa. 'Kibala' shine sunan Umbundu na yaren tsakiya, *Ipala* . 'Bolo' yare ne na waje.

## Iri-iri
Harsunan wannan yaren sune Ipala, Hebó, Ucela, Mbwĩ, Bolo da Sende .

## Manazarta
Tarihin da aka yi

Tarihin Pate (ko Littafin Sarakunan Pate) tarihi ne na Tsibirin Pate da masu mulkinta daga Zamanin Tsakiya har zuwa farkon karni na 20 wanda ya tsira ne kawai a cikin raguwa da raguwa. Duk da haka, an dauke shi "mafi mahimmancin asalin asalin tarihin Swahili". Dukkanin fassarorin da suka tsira suna cikin Swahili da aka rubuta a Rubutun Larabci. Kodayake an ba da shawarar cewa asalin na iya zama Larabci, babu wani rubutu na Larabci da ya tsira.

## Abun ciki
*Tarihi* ya yi watsi da tushe na Pate kuma ya fara ne da isowar mambobin Daular Nabhani a cikin shekara ta 600 AH (wato, 1203-1204 AD).  Ya bayyana mulkin sarakuna 32 na Nabhani a cikin tsari na lokaci. Daular da ta gabata ana kiranta Batawiyyūn, wanda ke nufin kawai "waɗanda ke Pate". Sarkin Nabhani na farko na Pate shine Sulaymān ibn Sulaymān Ibn Muẓaffar al-Nabahānī, a baya sultan ne a Arabiya kuma wanda ya auri 'yar sarki na karshe na Batawiyyūn . 

Ana ɗaukar amincin *Tarihi* *Tarihi* a matsayin gauraye. Wasu daga cikin ikirarinsa an tabbatar da su ta hanyar ilimin kimiyyar archaeology, amma Neville Chittick ya yi iƙirarin cewa "da yawa ko mafi yawan abubuwan da aka bayyana a farkon ɓangaren ba su da wani *Tarihi*". Ba tarihi ne mai ma'ana ba amma an tsara shi don halatta da'awar daular da ke mulki. Wataƙila an yi niyya ne da farko a matsayin mai ba da taimako ga al'adar baki ko kuma a matsayin littafi, saboda tarin bayanai ba tare da nuna bambanci ba. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi ban sha'awa na Tarihi shine cewa Pate ya ci dukan bakin teku har zuwa Tsibirin Quirimbas. An bayyana Shungwaya a matsayin daya ga biranen da aka ci nasara amma in ba haka ba ba ta taka rawa a cikin Tarihi ba.

## Rubuce-rubuce
Wani rubutun da ya ɓace na asali wanda duk sassan da ke akwai suka sauko gabaɗaya ana ɗauka. Muhammad bin Furno 'Umar Nabahani, wanda ake kira Bwana Kitini, ya haddace rubutun kuma ya karanta shi ga Chauncey Hugh Stigand, amma bai yarda Stigand ya ga rubutun ba.[1] A cikin 1913, Stigand ya zama na farko da ya buga wani labari na Tarihi, fassarar Turanci. Ita ce mafi tsawo kuma mai yiwuwa mafi kusa da asali.[1] Dukkanin sassan da suka tsira sun koma ta wata hanya zuwa Bwana Kitini.[1] A cikin 1903, bisa umarnin liwali na Lamu, Bwana Kitini ya yi kwafin rubutun da yanzu ake kira Hollis manuscript. [1] Wannan rubutun yana cikin yaren Kiamu (Lamu) na Swahili.[1] Alice Werner ta yi fassarar Larabci da fassarar Turanci, wanda aka buga a shekara ta 1914.[1]

Alfred Voeltzkow ya yi taƙaitaccen Jamusanci game da *Tarihi* kafin Yaƙin Duniya na I, yayin da Wilhelm Wassmuss ya sami rubuce-rubuce guda biyu a Mombasa, waɗanda aka buga a cikin facsimile, fassarar da fassarar Jamusanci a 1928. Wadannan rubuce-rubucen sun kasance a cikin yarukan Kimvita (Mombasa) da Kiamu na Swahili.

Bugu da kari, ana samun kwafi a cikin rubuce-rubuce 177, 321, 344 da 35 na ɗakin karatu na Jami'ar Dar es Salaam, duk a cikin yaren Kiamu.

## Manazarta
Da kyau ne

Siku ezigbo littafi ne na Swahili wanda marubucin Kenya, Ken Walibora ya rubuta. An buga littafin a cikin 1996 kuma an rubuta shi a cikin mutum na farko. Littafin yana magana ne game da rayuwar wani saurayi, Msanifu Kombo (mai suna Kongowea Mswahili) wanda aka haife shi a Tanzania" id="mwCg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Tanga, Tanzania">Tanga, Tanzania kuma wanda ke fuskantar wahalar iyali tare da mahaifiyarsa, wacce ƙwararriyar mawaƙiya ce ta taarab. Kasancewa yaro da aka haifa ba tare da aure ba ya sauƙaƙa rayuwarsa, yayin da abokan makarantarsa suka tsawata masa a cikin al'adun da ke nuna rashin amincewa da yara marasa aure. Lokacin da mahaifiyar Kongowea (mai suna Zainabu) ta mutu, an bar shi ya kula da kansa yayin da ya fara tafiya zuwa Yammacin Kenya don neman mahaifinsa na zahiri

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya
A Tanzania, labarin ya fi mayar da hankali ne kan gwagwarmayar Kombo bayan mahaifiyarsa, Zainabu Makame ta mutu. Dole ne ya yi gwagwarmaya da makaranta yayin da yake rayuwa ta hanyar cin zarafin da kawunsa da mahaifiyarsa suka fuskanta. Duk da haka, basirarsa a rubuce-rubuce, ya ba shi mafita, kuma ya zama dalibi mai cin nasara, daga baya aka ba shi lakabi da Kongowea Mswahili, dangane da rubutun da ya lashe kyautar da ya rubuta.

Kongowea Mswahili, bayan wasu gwagwarmaya, ya sami damar ƙaura zuwa Kenya don neman mahaifinsa, wanda ya gan shi ne kawai a cikin hoton da aka ɗauka a gidansu. Rayuwa ba ta da sauƙi ga Kongowea Mswahili mai tawali'u. Sau da yawa, mutanen da ya sadu da su suna raina shi yayin neman mahaifinsa. Koyaya, tawali'unsa, alheri ya sa ya sami wuri a zukatan mutane. Kamar yadda labarin ya jaddada, ana iya biyan mummunar aiki ne kawai tare da kyakkyawan aiki. Bayan wasu sassan matsala, ya sami mahaifinsa wanda ya zama sanannen mawaki, Juma Mukosi, a ƙarƙashin sunan alkalami na Amuj Isokum, rubutun baya na ainihin sunansa. Duk da kasancewa sanannen mawaki, Amuj Isokum, wanda ke fama da rashin lafiya, yana rayuwa mai banƙyama kuma duk unguwar tana raina shi. Yana ɗaukar ɗan lokaci ga Kongowea don sanin game da mahaifinsa, kuma yana yin hakan ne kawai lokacin da mutumin ya riga ya mutu.

## Ƙarshen
Littafin ya ƙare tare da mai gabatarwa, Kongowea Mswahili, a gidansa, wanda ya gaji daga mahaifinsa Juma Mukosi, da sassafe a garin Kitale. Yana rubuta littafi, mai yiwuwa game da rayuwarsa, lokacin da matarsa Vumilia binti Abdalla, wacce abokiyar yarinta ce ta Kongowea, ta zo daga baya kuma ta rungume shi. Ta lura cewa ya makara kuma yana buƙatar hutawa da dare. Daga nan sai ya kalli ta taga kuma ya ga sararin samaniya na gabas yana ƙone ja, yana nuna cewa yana rubutu na dogon lokaci.

## Manazarta

* Ken Walibora: Ya faru ne a lokacin da ya faru. Longhorn Publ. , 1996.
Muhammed Said Abdulla

Muhammed Said Abdulla ko Abdullah (25 Afrilu 1918 - Maris 1991), [1] ya kasance marubuci litattafan Swahili na Tanzania wanda galibi ana yaba shi a matsayin majagaba na Shahararrun wallafe-wallafen Swahili.

## Rayuwa
Muhammed Said Abdulla was born in historic Makunduchi, Zanzibar to a Muslim family in modern day Kusini District of Unguja South Region. He received his secondary education at a missionary school, and after graduating in 1938, began working for the state Civil Health Department as an inspector. While there he served as editor for the Department of Agriculture's *Swahili Bulletin.* Abdulla went into journalism and in 1948, he became editor of the newspaper *Zanzibari*. He later became assistant editor of *Al-Falaq*, *Afrika Kwetu*, and *Al Mahda*. From 1958 to his retirement in 1968, he served as editor of the agricultural magazine *Mkulima*.

A shekara ta 1958, aikinsa na almara ya lashe lambar yabo ta farko a Gasar Rubuce-rubucen Swahili da Ofishin Rubuce'in Gabashin Afirka ya gudanar; a shekara ta 1960, an buga aikin a matsayin littafi. An lura da littafin ne saboda ya rabu da al'adun gargajiya waɗanda suka shahara a cikin wallafe-wallafen Swahili a lokacin.  An nuna bayyanar farko ta Bwana Msa, wani mai bincike wanda ke nunawa a mafi yawan ayyukansa na gaba. Makircin litattafan Abdulla na baya ya zama mai rikitarwa da ƙwarewa. Wadannan makircin yawanci sun haɗa da mai gabatarwa wanda dole ne yaƙi da jahilci da camfi don warware rikici.

## Ayyuka

* *Masallacin Kakanninmu* (Mzimu wa Watu wa Kale), 1960
* *Rijiyar Giningi* (Kisima cha Giningi), 1968
* A cikin Duniya Akwai Mutane (Duniani Kuna Watu), 1973
* *Asirin Zero* (Siri ya Sifuri), 1974
* *Matar Ɗaya, Maza Uku* (Mke Mmoja Waume Watatu), 1975
* *An kula da Yaron Iblis* (Mwana wa Yungi Hulewa), 1976
* *Kuskuren Bwana Msa* (Kosa la Bwana Msa), 1984

## Kyaututtuka

* Gasar rubuce-rubucen Labaran Swahili (1957-8) 

## Manazarta
May Balisidya

An haife shi ne a Dodoma kuma ta halarci makarantar firamare da sakandare a can. BA ta sami BA daga Jami'ar Gabashin Afirka a Dar es Salaam a shekarar 1970 da kuma MA a cikin wallafe-wallafen baki daga Jami'an Dar es Salaum a shekarar 1978. Ta sami digirinta na PhD a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka daga Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1987.[1][2]

Daga 1977 zuwa 1987, ta kasance malama a sashen Kiswahili na Jami'ar Dar es Salaam . 

A shekara ta 1971, an zabe ta a Majalisar Kasa ta Swahili ta Tanzania;  ta yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban majalisar. 

Balisidya ya mutu yana da shekaru 40 daga ciwon daji.

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa
Tushen: 

* *Shida* ("Hardships"), littafin
* *Ayyuka* ("Aiki"), wasa
* Tujifunze tex ("Bari mu koyi karatu"), littafin yara

## Manazarta
Dutse Chimera

Rocha Chimera ɗan Kenyan marubuci. Ya yi rubutu a Kiswahili [1] kuma malami ne mai ziyara a Jami'ar Kyambogo da ke Uganda . [1]

Ya sami lambar yabo ta Noma a shekara ta 2000 don *Ufundishaji wa Fasihi: Nadharia na Mbinu* .  Chimera tana da B.Ed. da MA daga Jami'ar Kenyatta, da Ph.D. daga Jami'an Ohio. Shi Farfesa ne na Swahili kuma tsohon shugaban Sashen Harsuna da Harsuna a Jami'ar Egerton. A halin yanzu, shi ne Dean, Makarantar Humanities da Social Sciences a kwalejin Jami'ar Pwani, Kilifi Kenya .

Ayyukansa da aka buga sun haɗa da *Kiswahili: Past, Present and Future Horizons* (  ) dan *Ufundishaji wa Fasihi: Nadharia na Mbinu* (  ) (wanda aka rubuta tare da Kimani Njogu ) da wasan kwaikwayo *Mnara wawaka moto!* *: halifu* (  ).

## Manazarta
Abdilatif Abdalla

Abdilatif Abdalla (an haife shi a shekara ta 1946 a Mombasa) marubuci ne kuma mai fafutukar siyasa a Kenya. An ɗaure shi saboda goyon bayansa ga Kungiyar Jama'ar Kenya, kuma ya fara rubuta waka a cikin kurkuku. An buga tarin waƙoƙi daga wannan lokacin a matsayin littafi mai taken Sauti ya Dhiki[lower-alpha 1] (1973), wanda aka ba shi Kyautar Jomo Kenyatta don wallafe-wallafen.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Abdilatif Abdalla a Mombasa, Kenya, a 1946, inda kakansa Ahmad Basheikh bin Hussein ya tashe shi. Abdalla ya halarci makaranta a Faza, kafin ya ci gaba da karatu a Kwalejin Koyarwa ta Burtaniya . Ya fara shiga siyasa bayan ya yi aiki ga Majalisar Birnin Mombasa a matsayin mataimakin mai lissafi, yana rubuta takarda *Kenya Twendapi?*  (Eng: Kenya, Where Are We Headed) don tallafawa Kungiyar Jama'ar Kenya a shekarar 1968.  

## Kurkuku na siyasa da rubutu
Lokacin da Gwamnatin Kenya ta Jomo Kenyatta ta gudanar da zalunci a kan masu gwagwarmayar KPU, an daure Abdalla saboda makirci tsakanin 1969 da 1972. Da farko an tsare shi a gidan yarin Kamiti, sannan daga baya a gidan yaren Shimo la Tewa, inda aka tsare shi a kurkuku. A lokacin da yake kurkuku ne ya rubuta waƙoƙin da za a tattara a cikin aikin 1973 *Sauti ya Dhiki*, wanda taken ya fassara zuwa "Muryar Wahala". Wadannan an rubuta su a cikin Mombasa version na yaren Swahili  kuma babban ɗan'uwansa Sheikh Abdilahi Nassir ne ya buga su. Daga baya ya bayyana cewa rubuta waƙoƙin a cikin kurkuku ya kiyaye shi lafiya.

Bayan an ba shi lambar yabo ta Jomo Kenyatta don wallafe-wallafen *Sauti ya Dhiki* a shekara ta 1974, ya koma gudun hijira zuwa Tanzania. Yayinda yake can ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mai bincike a kan Swahili a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam kuma ya haɗa kai wajen gyara ƙamus na Swahili. A shekara ta 1979, ya koma London kuma ya yi aiki a sashen BBC Swahili, daga baya ya shirya mujallar labarai ta Africa Events . An buga waka ta Harshen Ingilishi kawai ta Abdalla a cikin 1988, mai taken Peace, Love and Unity for Whom?. Wannan ya kasance ne don mayar da martani ga yunkurin da gwamnatin Daniel arap Moi ta yi na cin hanci ga Abdalla don kada ya sake aiki tare da Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o. Abdalla tun daga lokacin ya koyar da Swahili a Jami'ar Leipzig . 

## Manazarta
Euphrase Kezilahabi

**Euphrase Kezilahabi** (13 Afrilu 1944 - 9 Janairu 2020) marubuci ne, mawaƙi, kuma malami ɗan ƙasar Tanzaniya. An haife shi a Ukerewe, Tanganyika (yanzu a cikin gundumar Ukerewe ta yankin Mwanza a Tanzaniya), ya yi aiki a ƙarshe a Jami'ar Botswana, a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a Sashen Harsunan Afirka (yanzu Sashen Al'adu na Afirka).

Ya yi rubutu a harshen Swahili, kuma ya gabatar da jawabai kan batutuwa kamar 'Aesthetic Ambivalence in Modern Swahili' da 'The Concept of the Hero in African Fiction'.

## Ayyuka
* *Rosa Mistika* (fassarar turanci) - 2025 (Jay Boss Rubin ne ya Fassara, kalmar gaba ta Annmarie Drury) 
* *Batattun Gaskiya: Zaɓaɓɓun Waƙoƙin Euphrase Kezilahabi* (Annmarie Drury ta gyara kuma ta fassara) - 2015 
* Kasidu daban-daban da Cibiyar Fassara Waka ta buga (Katriina Ranne ta Fassara) 
* *Dhifa* (Tarin wakoki) - 2008
* *Mzingile* (labari) - 1991
* *Nagona* (labarai) - 1990
* *Karibu Ndani* (Tarin wakoki) - 1988
* *Falsafar Afirka da Matsalolin Fassarar Adabi* (Rubutun PhD) - 1985
* *Ma'anar Jarumi a cikin almara na Afirka* (MA rubutun) - 1982
* *Gamba la Nyoka* (novel) - 1979
* *Kaptula la Marx* (wasa) - 1978
* *Duniya Uwanja wa Fujo* (novel) - 1975
* *Kichwamaji* (labarai) - 1974
* *Kichomi* (Tarin wakoki) - 1974
* *Rosa Mistika* (labari) - 1971

## Tasiri

* Fadhy Mtanga
* Vincent R. Ogoti

## Manazarta
Pamela Kola

An haife shi a Garin Ng'iya, Kola ya halarci Jami'ar Leeds, inda ya sami digiri a fannin Ilimi. Kola ta gudanar da makarantar yara a Nairobi. Ta yi aiki tare da Gidan Buga na Gabashin Afirka a cikin shekarun 1960 don samar da layin littattafan yara.Kola ya mutu a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 2025, yana da shekaru 82.

## Ayyuka

* *Yadda Labarun Gabashin Afirka* (1966) 
* *Dalilin Labarun Gabashin Afirka* (1966) 
* *Gabashin Afirka Lokacin Labarai* (1968) 
* *Kunkuru Mai Wayo*
* *Yarinyar Mai Hankali*

## Manazarta
Dada Masiti

**Mana Sitti Habib Jamaladdin** ( Arabic   ) (  1810s - 15 Yuli 1919  ), wanda aka fi sani da **Dada Masiti** ("Sister Masiti"), mawaƙin Swahili ne, ƴan sufi kuma malamin Islama daga Somalia . Ta yi wakokinta a cikin yaren Bravanese da ake magana da shi a Barawa . 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Dada Masiti Mana Sitti Habib Jamaladdin a cikin shekarun 1810 a Tunda (An kuma rubuta shi a matsayin Chundwa ko Tchundwa), [1] wani gari da ke bakin teku a tsibirin Pate, Lamu . Dada Masiti ya bar Tunda zuwa Brava tun yana ƙarami kuma saboda haka ana zaton an haife shi a Brava. Iyalinta a bangarorin biyu sun fito ne daga dangin Mahadali Ashraf . Kakan mahaifiyarta kuma na Ali Naziri Ashraf ne, wanda ya ba da umarni mafi tasiri a yankin kuma shine mafi girma daga cikin ƙananan kabilu biyu. Ashraf sun fara zama a Barawa a farkon shekarun 1600, kuma daga ƙarshe sun gano zuriyarsu ga Annabi Muhammadu. Kamar da'awar sauran dangin Somaliya a wannan bangaren, wannan asalin da ake zargi ba shi da tarihi.[2]

Abin da aka sani game da farkon shekarun Dada Masiti an samo shi ne kawai daga al'adun baka daban-daban.  Bayanan da zuriyar danginta suka amince da ita sun nuna cewa an sace ta aka kai ta Zanzibar . Yayin da aka sace ta, an yi garkuwa da ita ne a lokacin da take karama kuma wani mai neman auren ya yi ta ne da yardarta cewa danginta sun ki amincewa a matsayin mijin aure. Su biyun sun yi aure kuma an yi aure a Pate . Dangantakarsu ta wargaje ba da dadewa ba, kuma an ce an tsare ta a wani yanayi da ke gabatowa bautar kusan shekaru goma. Daga karshe ta yi nasarar tserewa, kuma dan uwan mahaifiyarta Omar Qullatten, wanda a lokacin yake zaune a Zanzibar, ya kawo mata dauki. Dada Masiti da kanta da alama ta tabbatar da wannan sigar abubuwan da suka faru a cikin waƙarta tun lokacin da ta yi ishara da cewa ruɗin duniya ya kai ta, kuma ta nuna bacin rai da son yin kaffarar ayyukanta. Haka kuma wakokinta sun ambaci sunan Omar Qullatten, sannan ta yi ta roqon Allah ya jiqansa. Dada Masiti bai sake yin aure ba kuma ba ta haihu ba. 

Dada Masiti ta nutsar da kanta a cikin karatun addini karkashin Sheikh Mohammed Janna al-Bahluli. Mabiya Qadiriyya, wakokinta sun nuna cikakken fahimtar alqurani da sunnah . Wakar da ’yan zamaninta suka yi mata ya nuna cewa ana girmama ta sosai. Sheikh Qasim Muhyiddin al-Barawi ya yi mata nuni da cewa wata taska ce da za a kiyaye domin kishi. 

Shahararriyar wakar Dada Masiti ita ce “Bayan Rayuwa, Tazo Mutuwa: Idan Sheikh Ya Mutu, Babu Wanda Ya Kamata Yayi Kuka”, wanda ya yi wa kawarta, malamin Fikihu Sheikh Nureni Mohammed Sabir. Ta kuma shirya "Shaikhi Chifa isiloowa", wani yabo ga Sheikh Nurein Ahmed al-Sabir al-Hatimy.  Yawancin mutanen zamaninta sun himmatu wajen tunawa da wakokinta, musamman mata. Har yanzu ayar ta ta yi fice a tarihin waqoqin Barawa. 

Bayan rasuwarta, an binne Dada Masiti a wurin karamin gidanta da ke Barawa.  Ana yin *Ziyarar* Haraminta na shekara a garin. 

## Manazarta