Yanayin yanayi na New Zealand

**Sauyin yanayin New Zealand** ya bambanta saboda yanayin ƙasa daban-daban. Yawancin yankuna na New Zealand suna cikin yankin da ke da yanayi na teku (Köppen climate classification: Cfb) wanda ke da yanayi daban-daban guda huɗu. Lokacin hunturu yana da sauƙi kuma lokacin rani yana da sanyi. Babban abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa sune Tekun Pacific da latitude, kodayake tsaunuka na iya haifar da bambancin yanayi a wurare da ke da nisan kilomita da yawa daga juna. Yanayi sun bambanta daga matsanancin rigar a Yammacin Yamma Tsibirin Kudancin zuwa kusan kusan busasshiyar busasshi a Tsakiyar Otago da subtropical a Northland . 

## Yanayi
The Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited (MetService), wanda aka kafa a apiri na jihar a cikin 1992, yana ba da Hasashen yanayi da gargadi na yanayi na hukuma.

### Ruwan sama
Yawancin biranen suna karɓar tsakanin   in (kamar yadda yake a Christchurch) da   in (Whangārei) na hazo a kowace shekara. Ana rarraba ruwan sama daidai a duk shekara a yawancin sassan kasar, musamman a Tsibirin Kudancin. Yankunan arewa da gabashin kasar, gami da Auckland, Christchurch da Wellington suna ganin ɗan ƙaramin hunturu wanda ya dace da Yanayin Bahar Rum. Ana iya samun mafi girman bazara da kaka a wurare da ke kusa da kudu maso yamma, kamar Invercargill da Milford Sound.

Yawan ruwan sama da wuri ke karɓa ya dogara sosai da yanayin ƙasa. Kudancin Alps, Arewacin tsibirin Volcanic Plateau da kewayen kewayon zasu iya haifar da babban bambanci a cikin ruwan sama a wurare da ke da nisan kilomita. Milford Sound yana karɓar sama da 6,700 mm (264 Inches) na ruwan sama a shekara a matsakaici yayin da kusan 100 km (62 Miles) daga nesa Alexandra a Otago" id="mwOA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Central Otago">Tsakiyar Otago tana karɓar dan kadan fiye da 300 mm a kowace shekara, yana ba shi yanayin iyaka na teku / tsaka-tsaki. Ana tura iska da ke cike da tururi daga teku daga yamma don mayar da martani ga juyawa na Duniya. Wannan yanayin yana zagayawa a kudancin tekuna ba tare da wani cikas ba har sai ya kai Kudancin Alps. Ana tilasta iska mai laushi daga yamma a kan duwatsu, a mafi sanyi ruwa ya taru kuma ya faɗi kamar dusar ƙanƙara ko ruwan sama. Wannan ruwan sama na orographic ya bayyana babban bambanci a cikin yanayin tsakanin ruwan yamma da busassun gabashin Tsibirin Kudancin. Iska mai bushewa da ke saukowa daga gangaren gabashin Kudancin Alps yana haifar da wani yanayi na musamman na gida, Nor'west arch, wanda ke bayyane a yawancin Canterbury da sassa na Otago.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

### Guguwa
Kowace shekara, akwai guguwa mai lalacewa 7-10 da ke sauka a New Zealand, wanda ke faruwa mafi yawa a yammacin gabar tsibirin biyu. Guguwa a New Zealand galibi suna samuwa ne daga layin guguwa a gaban guguwa mai sanyi, wanda ke da damar haifar da mesocyclones wanda zai iya yin tornadogenesis. Guguwa a cikin ƙasar yawanci gajere ne, kunkuntar, kuma mai rauni. Koyaya, Cibiyar Nazarin Ruwa da Yanayi ta Kasa (NIWA) ta tantance guguwar Frankton ta 1948 a matsayin EF3 a kan sikelin Enhanced Fujita, yana mai da shi guguwar da aka fi sani da New Zealand. Guguwar 1948 ita ce mafi tasiri, tare da gine-gine 200 da suka lalace, da kuma guguwa mai kisa a kasar, tare da mutuwar mutane uku.&nbsp;

### Ruwan dusar ƙanƙara

Snow ya fadi a Tsibirin Kudancin New Zealand kuma a mafi girma a Tsibirin Arewa. Yana da matukar wuya a matakin teku a Tsibirin Arewa. Snow ya fi zama ruwan dare a cikin manyan tsibirai biyu, kodayake dusar ƙanƙara zuwa matakin teku yana faruwa a matsakaita sau ɗaya ko sau biyu a kowace shekara a tsakiya da kudancin Tsibirin Kudancin.

### Yanayin zafi
Kamar yadda yake tare da tsibirai da yawa a duniya, tasirin teku yana rage duk wani matsananci a cikin zafin bakin teku. Ana samun mafi girman yanayin zafi a cikin yankunan Canterbury da Otago, musamman Tsakiyar Otago. Tsakiyar Otago da cikin gida na Canterbury's Mackenzie Basin suna da mafi kusanci New Zealand da ke da shi ga yanayin nahiyar, yawanci ya bushe (saboda wani bangare na iskar föhn) kuma ba a canza shi kai tsaye ta teku. Wadannan yankuna na iya fuskantar yanayin zafi na rani a cikin ƙananan 30s ° C (babban 80s / ƙananan 90s ° F) da dusar ƙanƙara da sanyi mai tsanani a cikin hunturu, ƙarshen ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar sanyi a cikin kwarin kogi da kwari.&nbsp;

#### Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara
matsakaicin yanayin zafi na shekara-shekara yana daga 10 °C (50 °F) a kudu zuwa 16 °C (61 °F) a arewa.[1]  Mafi yawan watanni shine Yuli kuma mafi zafi shine watan Janairu ko Fabrairu.  Gabaɗaya akwai ƙananan bambance-bambance tsakanin yanayin rani da hunturu.  Misalin wannan shine Auckland wanda ke da bambancin 9 °C ko 16 °F (-9 °C) tsakanin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin lokacin hunturu (14.7 °C (58.5 °F)) da matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin rana (23.7 °C (74.7 °F)).  Bambancin yanayin zafi a cikin yini shima kadan ne.  Banda wannan shine yankunan cikin ƙasa da kuma gabas na jeri tare da bambance-bambancen yau da kullun wanda zai iya wuce 25 °C da bambance-bambancen har zuwa 14 °C tsakanin matsakaita yanayin zafi da sanyi.  Hakanan yanayin zafi yana raguwa kusan 0.7 °C ko 1.3 °F (-17.1 °C) akan kowane 100 m (300 ft) na tsayi

Garuruwan Arewa irin su Auckland, Whangārei, da Tauranga gwaninta suna nufin iyakar 19-20 °C (66-68 °F) na shekara kuma yana nufin ƙaramar shekara ta kusan 11–12 °C (52-54 °F).  Biranen Gabashin Tsibirin Arewa kamar Gisborne, Napier, da Hastings suma suna da ma'ana tsakanin 19-20°C (66-68 °F) na shekara amma suna da ƙarancin ma'ana na shekara kusan 9-10 °C (48-50 °F).  Manyan biranen biyu mafi girma a Tsibirin Kudu, Christchurch da Dunedin, suna da matsakaicin matsakaicin 17.3 °C (63.1 °F) da 14.6 °C (58.3 °F) da ma’ana na shekara-shekara na 7.3 °C (45.1 °F) da 7.6 °C (45.7 °F) bi da bi.

#### Lokacin bazara
Matsakaicin yanayin zafi na yau da kullun yana cikin tsakiyar zuwa ƙananan 20s (° C) a kan mafi yawan ƙasar. Sun fi girma a arewa, gabas da kuma cikin gida na kasar; Hastings shine birni mafi dumi a matsakaici tare da 25.5 ° C sannan Gisborne tare da 24.9 ° C da Napier tare da 24.5 ° C. Yankunan gabas na Tsibirin Kudancin suna da saukin kamuwa da arewa maso yamma, Iska ta Fohn wacce za ta iya haifar da yanayin zafi da ke shiga cikin manyan 30s har ma da ƙananan 40s. Rangiora a Canterbury yana da rikodin rikodin 42.4 ° C da aka rubuta a 1973, tare da Christchurch rikodin 41.6 ° C a wannan shekarar. Kwanan nan, Timaru ya kai 41.3 °C a Ranar Waitangi a 2011. Saboda wadannan iskõki, biranen Kudancin tsibirin masu sanyi kamar Dunedin, Christchurch da Invercargill suna da yanayin zafi mafi girma fiye da wuraren da ke arewa kamar Wellington, Auckland da Whangārei.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

#### Lokacin hunturu

Yanayin hunturu ya fi sauƙi a cikin New Zealand idan aka kwatanta da sauran wurare na latitude iri ɗaya, ban da tsakiyar Otago da Mackenzie Basin da aka ambata a sama.  Maxima gabaɗaya yana da 10-15 °C (50-59 °F) a cikin Tsibirin Arewa, yana raguwa yayin da mutum ya wuce kudu ko cikin ƙasa.  Tsibirin Kudu yana da ɗan sanyaya, tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi a kusa da 7-12 °C (45–54 °F), ko da yake wani lokacin ƙasa.  Mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki da aka taɓa yin rikodin shine -25.6 °C (-14.1 °F) a Ranfurly a Otago a cikin 1903, tare da mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki na -21.6 °C (-6.9 °F) da aka yi rikodin a 1995 a cikin Ophir kusa.[1].

### Abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi
**Yuli 1863** guguwa da ambaliyar ruwa ta 1863 jerin bala'o'i ne na yau da kullun a Tsakiyar Otago a tsibirin Kudancin New Zealand. Daga Yuli zuwa Agusta 1863 filayen zinare na Otago sun sha wahala daga haɗuwa da ambaliyar ruwa, dusar ƙanƙara, da dusar ƙara wanda ya haifar da asarar rayuka tsakanin masu hakar zinariya. Akalla 40 sun mutu a lokacin ruwan sama na Yuli kuma fiye da 11 a cikin dusar ƙanƙara ta Agusta. Tushen da ke amfani da rahotanni na farko na asarar rayuka suna nuna yawan adadin wadanda suka mutu.

**1-6 Fabrairu 1868**: Babban guguwa na 1868 guguwa ce mai tsanani da ta mamaye yawancin New Zealand ta rushe jiragen ruwa 12 kuma ta haifar da ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa. Kimanin rayuka 40 an san sun rasa kuma a lokacin an kiyasta £ 500,000 zuwa £ 1 miliyan na lalacewa. A halin yanzu ana zaton guguwar ta kasance guguwa ce ta wurare masu zafi.

Guguwar ta 1897 guguwa ce mai tsanani da ta afkawa kasa zuwa tsakiyar tsibirin Arewacin New Zealand a ranar 16 ga Afrilun 1897. Ya yi sanadin fadowar jirgin ruwan Zuleika a kusa da Cape Palliser, tare da asarar rayuka 12, da ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani.  A Clive Ambaliyar ta yi sanadin asarar rayuka 12 sannan mutum daya ya nutse a kusa da Kapiti.  Akwai karin rahotanni guda 6 da ba a tabbatar da su ba na nutsewa, wanda ya kawo asarar rayuka kai tsaye da ke da alaka da guguwar zuwa tsakanin 25 zuwa 31. Dangane da kwatancin guguwar, musamman ta Kyaftin Marten na Waiapu, mai yiwuwa ya kasance guguwar da ta yi zafi.

2 Fabrairu 1936: Guguwar 1936 ita ce guguwa mafi muni a karni na 20 a New Zealand. 

**10 Afrilu 1968**: Guguwar Giselle ta haifar da guguwa mai yawa na 145 knots (270 km / h) kusa da Wellington, bayan haɗuwa da guguwar Antarctic da ke motsawa zuwa arewa. Giselle ya haifar da nutsewar jirgin ruwa na TEV Wahine, da kuma asarar rayuka 53. Jimlar lalacewar da guguwar ta haifar an kiyasta ta da dala miliyan 14.&nbsp;

20 Disamba 1976: Ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa da zabtarewar ƙasa a cikin Wellington City da Hutt Valley.  Kogin Hutt ya fashe bakin tsayawa [ana maganar hujja] [1] kuma ma'aikata a Petone sun fake kan rufin masana'anta yayin da aka dakatar da hanyoyin layin dogo tsakanin birnin Wellington da Hutt da ke daure dubban matafiya.  Zaftarewar kasa ta lalata gidaje sannan wata katangar da ta ruguje ta kashe wani yaro a lokacin da wani zame ya afkawa wani dakin taro a Crofton Downs.  Sama da milimita 350 na ruwan sama ya sauka a cikin sa'o'i 24.

**6-10 Maris 1988**: New Zealand ta sami Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi sau ɗaya a kowace shekara takwas zuwa tara. Cyclone Bola na ɗaya daga cikin guguwa mafi tsada a Tarihin New Zealand, wanda ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa a matsayin guguwa mai zafi lokacin da ya wuce kusa da ƙasar.

**4 ga Oktoba 1997**: Fiye da gidaje 60 sun ambaliya kuma an kwashe mazauna yankunan da ke gefen kogin Lower Hutt a lokacin ruwan sama. Mutane biyu sun mutu, kuma raguwar ƙasa ta rufe wasu hanyoyi na Wellington da sassa na babbar Hanyar Jihar 1.

**26 Yuni 1998**: Wani tsawa mai tsanani ya shafi Karori da Kelburn, tare da ruwan sama ya karya duk bayanan da suka gabata kuma ya fadi a cikin kudi tare da lokacin dawowa sama da shekaru 200. Ruwan sama a Kelburn ya kai 69.5 mm tsakanin 7.35pm da 9.10pm.&nbsp;

**13-27 Oktoba 1998**: Yankin arewa maso yammacin ya busa a ko'ina cikin Tsibirin Arewa. A ranar 18 ga Oktoba, an yi rikodin gusts na 183 km / h a Castlepoint. Iska ta fi tsanani a cikin kwanaki biyu masu zuwa, lokacin da aka rubuta guguwa ta 215 km / h a gonar Wairarapa. An karkatar da babbar mota, jiragen ruwa sun fashe daga tasharsu a Wellington, kuma wasu gidaje sun rasa rufin su.&nbsp;&nbsp;

10 Janairu 2002: Guguwa a kan Wellington ya haifar da ruwan sama mai yawa, kimanin 40 mm a cikin minti 30, da ambaliyar ruwa a tsakiyar gari. Irin wannan guguwa, wasu tare da ƙanƙara da ambaliyar ruwa sun faru a Whanganui, Manawatu, tsakiya da gabashin Arewacin tsibirin, Buller da Nelson. An kiyasta matsakaicin lokacin maimaitawar wannan ruwan sama sama sama da shekaru 100.&nbsp;

**14-16 Fabrairu 2004**: Guguwar Ranar soyayya ta bar daruruwan mutane ba tare da gida ba, kuma ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa sun mamaye yankuna masu yawa na gonaki. Koguna da yawa sun rushe bakin kogin su, gadoji sun lalace kuma ambaliyar ruwa ta kwashe kayan. An ayyana dokar ta baci a Whanganui, Manawatu da Rangitikei. Kimanin mazauna 500 na Lower Hutt an kwashe su saboda ambaliyar ruwa, kuma masu tafiya da yawa ba su iya shiga Wellington ba. Wannan taron ya haifar da guguwa ta kudu, tare da gusts na 230 km / h a cikin Tararua Range, da kumbura na 11m a cikin Cook Strait.&nbsp;

25 Yuli da 14 Agusta 2011 dusar ƙanƙara ta New Zealand: Guguwar hunturu ta farko ta kawo sanyi mafi sanyi a cikin shekaru goma sha biyar. A lokacin watan Agusta dusar ƙanƙara ta faɗi a kai a kai zuwa matakin teku a Wellington a karo na farko tun 1976,  kuma dusar ƙara har ma ta faɗi na ɗan gajeren lokaci a Auckland a karo na biyu cikin shekaru 80.

20-21 Yuni 2013 New Zealand guguwa: An fara jin wannan tsarin na wurare masu zafi a tsibirin Kudancin ta hanyar dusar ƙanƙara mai yawa a ranar 18 da 19 Yuni. A ƙarshen ranar 20 ga Yuni, guguwar ta tura arewa maso gabas zuwa Tsibirin Arewa, ta kawo iskõki masu ƙarfi har zuwa farkon 23 ga Yuni. An soke makarantu a cikin gajeren rana (21 Yuni), saboda mummunar lalacewa.

**12-16 Fabrairu 2023**: Ragowar Guguwar Gabrielle ta wuce tsibirin Arewa ta kawo ruwan sama mai tsanani da iska mai lalacewa wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani a yankuna da yawa. Mutane 11 sun rasa rayukansu kuma an yi lalacewar dala biliyan 13.5 wanda ya sa Gabrielle ta zama guguwa mafi muni tun lokacin da Giselle ya mamaye Bola a matsayin guguwa mai tsada a rubuce.

## Kididdiga

### Ta hanyar yanki

Shaidu sun gano cewa yanayin ya fi tasiri sosai sakamakon tasirin iska mai zafi a lokutan dumi da kuma yawan iska a cikin lokutan sanyi.  Nazarin kwanan nan (2010) da Jami'ar Victoria ta yi ya nuna cewa yanayin yankin da abin ya fi shafa sun kasance a Otago na bakin teku da Southland.  Babban tasirin zafin jiki a nan shi ne yanayin zafi na teku zuwa kudu na New Zealand a lokacin lokacin Dumi na Medieval (MWP).  Daga kimanin 1350 wannan yanki ya fi zafi amma sai ya yi sanyi da sauri daga 1450. Wannan sanyin na iya yin tasiri sosai ga yawan jama'a a waɗannan yankuna.  Iyakantaccen tarihin tarihi ya nuna cewa daga 1450 al'ummar New Zealand sun sami gagarumin sauyi na al'adu wanda zai iya samun alaƙa da sanyin yanayi da canje-canje masu ban mamaki a kayan abinci.

### Rubuce-rubuce

}Akitio

21 ga Mayu
|-
|2019
|Dajin Hanmer

31 ga Janairu
|Tafkin Tekapo

3 ga Yuni
|Kogin Cropp
|Clyde / Cromwell
|Cape Turnagain

15 ga Mayu
|-
|2020
|Gisborne

31 ga Janairu
|Tsakiyar Tsakiya

14 Yuni
|Kogin Cropp
|Kwarin Hakataramea
|Cape Turnagain

31 ga Janairu
|-
|2021
|Ashburton

26 ga Janairu
|Tara Hills

27 ga Mayu
|Kogin Cropp
|Alexandra
|Cape Turnagain

10 ga Satumba
|-
|2022
|Tafkin Karapiro

3 ga Janairu
|Filin jirgin saman Mount Cook

17 ga Yuli
|Kogin Cropp
|Roxburgh / MiddlemarchTsakiyar Tsakiya
|Cape Turnagain

14 Yuni
|-
|2023
|Tsakiyar Tsakiya

4 ga Fabrairu
|Tara Hills

10 Yuni
|Kogin Cropp
|Ranfurly
|Cape Turnagain

17 ga Satumba
|}

## Yanayin tarihi
Tarin bayanai don tantance yanayin New Zealand ya fara ne a ƙarshen karni na 19, kodayake masu bincike na Turai sun yi ingantaccen lura da alamun yanayi kamar glaciers da moraines a farkon wannan karni.  Nazarin kimiyya na farkon yanayin New Zealand kwanan nan ne kuma yana gudana.  Ya warware wasu daga cikin muhawarar game da alaƙa tsakanin Little Ice Age (LIA) a Arewacin Hemisphere da yanayi a New Zealand a lokaci guda.  Mahimman abubuwan da za su fito su ne cewa New Zealand ta fuskanci yanayi mai sanyi, amma a wani ɗan lokaci kaɗan fiye da na Arewacin Hemisphere   Farkon yanayin sanyi ya kasance kusan 1450 kuma ya kasance har zuwa 1850. Alamu sun nuna cewa yanayin zafi yana cikin kewayon digiri 1.5-2.0 na ma'aunin celcius ƙasa da na yanzu lokacin LIA na New Zealand.  Tun daga shekara ta 2000, binciken kimiyya daban-daban ya dubi halayen glaciers dangane da yanayi kuma sun gano cewa sun kasance mafi kyawun alamun yanayin zafi, musamman a lokacin rani.  Shaidar glacial na yanayi ta dace da shaidar bambance-bambancen girmar zoben bishiyar da nazarin asalin ƙanƙara da samfuran ruwan teku waɗanda ke nuna nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta (wasu suna bunƙasa cikin yanayin zafi, wasu a cikin yanayin sanyi) da ƙimar carbon dioxide na tarihi..