Tsohon Kabari na Yahudawa, Česká Lípa

Tsohuwar makabartar Yahudawa a Česká Lípa (Czech: Starý židovský hřbitov v České Lípě, Hebrew: בית קברות עתיק לאיפה, Jamusanci: Alter jüdischer Friedhof im Böhmisch Leipa) na ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin makabarta a Jamhuriyar Czech. Yana a arewa maso yammacin garin kusa da wurin shakatawa na garin.

## Tarihi
An rubuta Yahudawa a Česká Lípa tun lokacin da Berka na Dubá da Gidan Wartenberg [de; cs]. Tabbas Yahudawa sun zauna a yankin tsawon tsararraki da dama kafin Yaƙin White Mountain. Gidan Wartenberg, Neuschloss (Lambuna) a wancan lokacin yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙauyukan Renaissance mafi kyau na manyan Czech a wannan yankin. Rijistar ƙarni na 19 ta bayyana cewa wasu daga cikin mamatan sun ce su iyalan sarakunan lambu ne - "Neuschlosserherrschaft-Familiant". Bayan Yaƙin White Mountain, gidajen yankin sun kasance mallakar Albrecht na Wallenstein na ɗan lokaci, kuma bayan kisan gillarsa a 1634 sun ratsa ta hanyar zuriyar iyali ta hanyar bazawarsa Isabel na Harrach da kuma 'yarsa Maria Elisabeth ta Frýdlant daga baya zuwa cikin dangin Kounice, waɗanda suka riƙe Lípa har zuwa lokacin da aka kawar da bauta a 1848.

## Tarihi
Rubutun farko da ya tabbatar da kasancewar Yahudawa a Česká Lípa ya zo ne bisa ga bayanai a cikin Gold daga 1570, kuma farkon shaidar da aka adana ta jiki game da wanzuwar yankin Yahudawa, majami'a da makabarta daga 1699, a cikin rahoto game da kasancewar Bayahude a garin. A cewar Gold, Jan na Wartenberg ya ba da kyautar ƙasar tsohuwar makabartar ga Yahudawa a ƙarshen karni na 16. Mutanen garin Lípa sun ji sun lalace kuma sun sha wahala, har ma an shigar da kara game da lamarin, yayin da garin ya dauki duk ƙasar da ke kusa da abin da ake kira Ziegelteich a matsayin dukiyarsu.

An kafa Tsohon Kabari na Yahudawa a Česká Lípa kafin 1575 bayan ganuwar garin (wasu ra'ayoyi suna da'awar cewa an kafa makabartar tun farkon 1479). An faɗaɗa shi a cikin 1758 kuma an yi amfani da shi har zuwa 1905. A wannan shekarar, an kafa Sabon Kabari na Yahudawa a gefen arewa maso gabas, kusa da makabartar birni, amma an lalata wannan makabartar kuma an lalata ta gaba ɗaya tsakanin shekarun 1940 da 1980. Nazis sun lalata tsohuwar makabarta a 1938, kuma an cire wasu daga cikin kaburbura kuma an yi amfani da su don cika kogin Ploučnice.

### Karni na 18
Abokin hulɗa na Gold Rabbi Bernard Wolf, wanda ya tattara taken "Leipe", ya kuma lissafa iyalai daga 1724, inda ya ambaci mutane 358 da kuma gaskiyar cewa a lokacin kashi biyu bisa uku na Yahudawa na Leipzig tsoffin iyalai ne na gida, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku a lokacin Yahudawa sun fito ne daga ko'ina cikin yankin da sauran ƙasashe, yawancin sunayensu ana iya samun su a kan kaburbura a cikin makabartar.

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1744, an yi kisan kiyashi a kan Yahudawa da 'yan Prussian pandurs na Major (Lieutenant) Schimpsen a Česká Lípa . Rikicin ya kasance daga misalin karfe 10 na safe zuwa karfe 4 na yamma, kuma ya bar mutane 30 da suka mutu da 40 da suka ji rauni. Kudin da kayayyakin da aka kwace sun kai kimanin zinariya 30,000. Yahudawa na yankin sun gudu daga garin don ɓoyewa a cikin dazuzzuka. Wasu daga cikin wadanda suka ji rauni da wadanda suka mutu ba a same su ba har sai makonni da yawa bayan lamarin, bisa ga bayanan lokaci. A cikin makabartar har yanzu akwai abin tunawa (No. 062) wanda  na gida ya gina a ranar tunawa da wannan taron. Abin tunawa yanzu ya lalace sosai. Akwai duwatsu uku kawai a cikin makabartar da ta fara ne a shekara ta 1744.  (Nos. 021, 023 da 052), amma waɗannan duwatsun kabarin mutanen da suka mutu kafin ranar kisan.

### Karni na 19
A cikin 1850, guguwar kwalara da cututtukan hanji sun mamaye Česká Lípa. Dangane da rajista, wannan shekarar ta nuna yiwuwar mafi yawan mutuwar. Idan aka ba da ba kawai mafi girman kashi na ƙauyen Yahudawa ba, amma musamman dalilin mutuwar.

 na cikin gida yana da ƙanƙanta sosai har masana suka yi imanin - saboda yankin makabartar ta fi sauran ƙasar girma - cewa akwai binnewa a cikin yadudduka - duk da haka, wannan zato ne kawai idan ba zai yiwu ba. Idan aka yi jana'iza a Česká Lípa, a cikin shekarun 1920 makabartar dole ne ta yi kama da tsohuwar makabartar Prague. Al'ummar Yahudawa tare da aiki , , , da  (mace reshe na Chevra Kadisa) za su sami wahalar ba da izinin tsofaffin  su kasance a rufe su da ƙasa kuma kada a dasa su a farfajiya. Bayan haka, tsofaffin duwatsun kabarin da aka binne su za su sa ƙarin binnewa ya fi wuya. A gefe guda, an rubuta cewa tsohuwar makabartar ta rushe ta Nazis a lokacin yakin. An cire wasu duwatsun kabarin da karfi kuma an yi amfani da su don cika hannun Ploučnice.

An gudanar da jana'izar karshe a cikin makabartar a cikin 1905,  kuma Yahudawa sun kafa sabon wurin binnewa. Daga kimanin 1903 zuwa 1905, har yanzu akwai wani nau'in sashen Yahudawa a makabartar jama'a. Sabon makabartar tare da ginin bikin a cikin salon Moorish ya tsira daga yakin, amma an kashe shi, an sayar da shi kuma an sace shi a cikin shekarun daidaitawa a kusa da 1983.

A cikin shekarun 1990s, an sake gina makabartar sosai. An kammala gyare-gyare, gyare-gine da sake farfado da tsohuwar makabartar a shekarar 1999. Bayan gyare-gyare, rabin makabartar ta zama dutse.

## Ranar yanzu
Kimanin duwatsun kabari 140 an adana su har zuwa yau, mafi tsufa daga cikinsu ya kasance daga shekara ta 1682. Yawancin duwatsun kabarin sun kasance daga ƙarni na 17 da 18 kuma manyan dutse ne. An yi jana'izar a wurare da yawa a cikin makabartar, saboda ci gaba da fadadawa a shafin da ke akwai ba zai yiwu ba, kamar makabartar Tsohon Yahudawa a Prague.￼

Ɗaya daga cikin kaburbura yana da alamar dutse mai laushi a cikin siffar baƙar fata, wanda ke tunawa da malamin al'umma da sauran mutane 31 da aka kashe daga wani kisan gilla daga shekara ta 1745. An gano tsohuwar dutsen kabarin daga shekara ta 1682 yayin binciken da Gidan Tarihin Yahudawa na Jihar ya gudanar a Prague. Saboda bangaskiyar Yahudawa ba ta ba da izinin sarrafa kaburbura ba, ba za a iya rubuta kasancewar tsofaffin kaburbura a cikin ƙananan ba. Tsohon dutsen kabarin an fanshe shi da gaskiyar cewa duk rubutun suna da ɗan gajeren lokaci, suna ƙunshe da bayanan asali kawai. An sace rabbi.

Yanzu an kare makabarta a matsayin abin tunawa na al'adu na Jamhuriyar Czech, an shigar da shi a cikin rajistar ƙasa a ƙarƙashin lamba 24003/5-2778.  An kewaye shi da bango kuma an kulle shi.

## Manazarta