Philip K. Dick

**Philip Kindred Dick** (Disamba 16, 1928 - Maris 2, 1982), wanda galibi ake kira PKD, marubucin almarar kimiyyar Amurka ne kuma Marubucin ne.Ya rubuta litattafai 44 da gajerun labarai kusan 121, yawancinsu sun fito a cikin mujallun almara na kimiyya a lokacin rayuwarsa.Almara nasa ya binciko tambayoyi daban-daban na falsafa da zamantakewa kamar yanayin gaskiya, hasashe, yanayin ɗan adam, da kuma ainihi, da kuma abubuwan da aka saba da su da ke gwagwarmaya da abubuwa kamar su zahirin gaskiya, mahalli na ruɗani, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, shan miyagun ƙwayoyi, gwamnatocin masu mulki, da kuma canjin yanayi na sani.Ana la'akari da shi ɗaya daga cikin mafi mahimmancin adadi a cikin almara na kimiyya na ƙarni na 20..

An haife shi a Chicago, Dick ya ƙaura zuwa yankin San Francisco Bay tare da danginsa tun yana ƙarami. Ya fara buga labarun almara na kimiyya a shekarar 1952, yana da shekaru 23. Ya sami ɗan nasara na kasuwanci har sai da madadin littafin tarihinsa The Man in the High Castle (1962) ya sami yabo, gami da lambar yabo ta Hugo don Mafi kyawun Novel, lokacin yana da shekaru 33.. Ya bi shi da litattafan almara na kimiyya irin su Do Androids Dream of Electric Tumaki? (1968) da Ubik (1969).Littafinsa na 1974 Flow My Tears, dan sanda ya ce ya lashe lambar yabo ta John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel.
Bayan shekaru na shan miyagun ƙwayoyi da jerin abubuwan da suka faru na sufanci a cikin 1974, aikin Dick ya fi dacewa da batutuwan tauhidi, metaphysics, da yanayin gaskiya, kamar yadda a cikin litattafan A Scanner Darkly (1977), VALIS (1981), da Canjin Timothawus Archer (1982). An buga tarin rubuce-rubucen da ba na almara ba a kan waɗannan jigogi bayan mutuwa kamar yadda The Exegesis of Philip K. Dick (2011). Ya mutu a shekara ta 1982 a Santa Ana, California, yana da shekaru 53, saboda rikitarwa daga bugun jini. Bayan mutuwarsa, ya zama "wanda aka fi sani da shi a matsayin ƙwararren ƙwararrun almara, almara a cikin jijiya Franz Kafka da Thomas Pynchon".

Tasirin Dick bayan mutuwa ya yadu sosai, wanda ya wuce da'irar adabi zuwa fina-finan Hollywood.[12] Shahararrun fina-finan da suka dogara da ayyukansa sun haɗa da Blade Runner (1982), Total Recall (wanda aka daidaita sau biyu: a cikin 1990 da 2012), Screamers (1995), Rahoton tsiraru (2002), Scanner Darkly (2006), Ofishin daidaitawa (2011), da Rediyo Free Albemuth (2012). Da farko a cikin 2015, Amazon Prime Video ya samar da daidaitawar talabijin na lokaci-lokaci mai yawa The Man in the High Castle, dangane da littafin Dick na 1962; kuma a cikin 2017 Channel 4 ya samar da jerin littattafan tarihin Electric Dreams, dangane da labarun Dick daban-daban.
Tasirin Dick bayan mutuwa ya yadu sosai, wanda ya wuce da'irar adabi zuwa fina-finan Hollywood.[12] Shahararrun fina-finan da suka dogara da ayyukansa sun haɗa da Blade Runner (1982), Total Recall (wanda aka daidaita sau biyu: a cikin 1990 da 2012), Screamers (1995), Rahoton tsiraru (2002), Scanner Darkly (2006), Ofishin daidaitawa (2011), da Rediyo Free Albemuth (2012). Da farko a cikin 2015, Amazon Prime Video ya samar da daidaitawar talabijin na lokaci-lokaci mai yawa The Man in the High Castle, dangane da littafin Dick na 1962; kuma a cikin 2017 Channel 4 ya samar da jerin littattafan tarihin Electric Dreams, dangane da labarun Dick daban-daban.

A cikin 2005, Time mai suna Ubik (1969) ɗaya daga cikin litattafai ɗari mafi girma na Turanci da aka buga tun 1923.[13] A cikin 2007, Dick ya zama marubucin almarar kimiyya na farko wanda aka haɗa cikin jerin Laburare na Amurka.

## Rayuwar farko
Philip K. Dick (1953, shekara 24)
Dick da 'yar uwarsa tagwaye, Jane Charlotte Dick, an haife su makonni shida da wuri a kan Disamba 16, 1928, a Chicago, Illinois, zuwa Dorothy (née Kindred; 1900-1978) da Joseph Edgar Dick (1899-1985), wanda ya yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka.[17][18] Kakanninsa na wajen mahaifinsa Irish ne.[19] Mutuwar Jane a ranar 26 ga Janairu, 1929, makonni shida bayan haifuwarsu, ta shafi rayuwar Filibus sosai, wanda hakan ya haifar da maimaita ma’anar “fatalwa tagwaye” a cikin littattafansa.[17]

Iyalin Dick daga baya sun koma yankin San Francisco Bay. Lokacin da yake ɗan shekara biyar, an canja mahaifinsa zuwa Reno, Nevada, kuma lokacin da Dorothy ya ƙi ƙaura, ita da Yusufu sun sake aure. Dukansu sun yi yaƙi don tsare Philip, wanda aka baiwa Dorothy. Da ta ƙudurta ta raino Philip shi kaɗai, sai ta ɗauki aiki a Washington, D.C., kuma ta ƙaura tare da ɗanta. An yi wa Philip rajista a Makarantar Elementary ta John Eaton (1936–1938), yana kammala digiri na biyu zuwa na huɗu. Majin mafi ƙanƙanta shi ne "C" a Rubuce-rubucen Rubuce-rubuce, kodayake malami ya ce "yana nuna sha'awa da iya ba da labari". Ya yi karatu a makarantun Quaker[20]. A cikin Yuni 1938, Dorothy da Philip sun koma California, kuma a wannan lokacin ne ya fara sha'awar almara ta kimiyya.[21] Dick ya bayyana cewa ya karanta mujallar almarar kimiyya ta farko, Stirring Science Stories, a cikin 1940.

## Sana'a
Rubutun farko

Dick's novelette "Masu Kare" shine labarin murfi na Janairu 1953 fitowar Galaxy Science Fiction, wanda Ed Emshwiller ya kwatanta.

Takaitaccen labari na Dick "Duniya Ta So" ya ɗauki murfin almara na Kimiyya na Kwata-kwata na Mayu 1953.

Littafin littafin Dick The Cosmic Puppets ya fito ne a cikin fitowar Disamba 1956 na Fiction na Kimiyyar Dan Adam a matsayin "Gilashin Duhu".
Dick ya sayar da labarinsa na farko, "Roog" - game da "kare wanda ya yi tunanin cewa masu sharar da suke zuwa kowace ranar Juma'a suna satar abinci mai mahimmanci wanda iyalin suka adana a hankali a cikin wani akwati mai tsaro" [24] - a cikin 1951, lokacin da yake 22. Daga nan ya rubuta cikakken lokaci. A cikin 1952, wallafe-wallafensa na farko na almara sun bayyana a cikin Yuli da Satumba lambobin Labaran Duniya, wanda Jack O'Sullivan ya shirya, kuma a cikin If da Mujallar Fantasy da Kimiyyar Kimiyya a waccan shekarar.[25] Littafinsa na farko, Solar Lottery, an buga shi a cikin 1955 a matsayin rabin Ace Double #D-103 tare da Babban Jump na Leigh Brackett.[25] Shekarun 1950 sun kasance lokaci mai wahala da talauci ga Dick, wanda ya taɓa yin baƙin ciki, "Ba za mu iya biyan kuɗin ƙarshen kan littafin ɗakin karatu ba." Ya buga kusan na musamman a cikin nau'in almara na kimiyya amma ya yi mafarkin yin aiki a cikin almara na yau da kullun.[26] A cikin shekarun 1950, ya samar da jerin litattafai marasa nau'i, ingantattun litattafai na al'ada.

## Manazarta