Yanayin yanayi na Qatar

**Qatar** is a peninsula in the east of Arabia, bordering the Persian Gulf and Saudi Arabia in a strategic location near major petroleum and natural gas deposits. The State of Qatar occupies  on a peninsula that extends about  north into the Persian Gulf from the Arabian Peninsula.

Ya bambanta a faɗin tsakanin 55 da 90  , ƙasar galibi tana da faɗi (mafi girman batu shine   ) kuma dutse. Abubuwan da aka fi sani da su sun haɗa da wuraren gishiri na bakin teku, tsaunuka masu tsawo (Dukhan anticline) tare da gabar yammacin da ke ƙarƙashin Filin mai na Dukhan, da manyan yashi da ke kewaye da Khor Al Adaid, ƙofar Tekun Farisa a kudu maso gabas da aka sani da masu magana da Ingilishi na gida kamar Tekun Inland . 

## Yankin da iyakoki
Qatar tana da Saudi Arabia border">iyakar ƙasa guda ɗaya. Kasar tana da iyaka da Saudi Arabia zuwa kudu. An kafa iyakar da Saudi Arabia a shekarar 1965 amma ba a taɓa rarraba ta ba. Wannan bangaren ƙasa ya shimfiɗa daga kan Gulf of Salwah a Abu Samra zuwa Khor Al Adaid,  wanda ke da nisan layi na kusan kilomita 87 (54 . 

Qatar ta gabatar da ita a matsayin tsibirin da ke kewaye da ruwan da ke cikin Tekun Farisa a gabashin da arewacin gabashinsa. Yankin yammacin ya bayyana ta hanyar Gulf of Salwah, wani tsari mai laushi wanda ya dace da haɗin ƙasar Qatar da bakin tekun Al-Ahsa da Bahrain.

Yankin arewa maso yammacin Qatar bai kai  ba (19  daga manyan tsibirai na Bahrain,  yayin da ƙananan Tsibirin Hawar na Bahrain suna da kilomita 1.9 kawai (1.2  daga bakin tekun.  Babban tsibirin tsibirin Hawar yana da nisan kilomita 5 (3.1  daga yankin Qatari. Yankin arewacin tsibirin shine Ras Rakan . 

### Da'awar teku
Qatar's maritime boundaries include a contiguous zone of , an exclusive economic zone of  as determined by bilateral agreements, and  of territorial sea. Maritime boundaries were ratified in April 1992 with Decree No. 40. The exclusive economic zone was declared in 1974.

Da yake a gefen yammacin Tekun Farisa, yankin Qatari ya shimfiɗa a cikin ruwa, yana ba shi matsayi mai mahimmanci don tsayar da iskõki masu ruwan sama da kuma tsara hanyoyin teku a kudu maso yammacin Tekunin Farisa. Yankin bakin teku mai tsawo yana sauƙaƙa amfani da bankunan lu'u-lu'u da albarkatun kifi yayin da yake ba da damar yin amfani da man fetur mai zurfi. Baya ga karbar bakuncin adadi mai yawa na gadajen lu'u-lu'u da ke samar da lu'u'u-ulu'u masu inganci,  ruwan Qatari kuma yana karbar bakadin 48% na coral reefs a cikin Tekun Farisa. 

Yankin bakin tekun Qatari ya kara rarrabewa ta hanyar indentations masu yawa, wanda ya ƙunshi duka convex protrusions na ƙasa cikin teku, kamar Ras Laffan, da kuma concave incursions na ruwa a cikin ƙasa taro. Bugu da ƙari, bakin tekun yana aiki a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa na halitta da kuma wurin wucewa ga jiragen ruwa da yawa da ke tafiya a cikin ruwan Tekun Farisa. 

### Tsibirin
Daga cikin tsibirai na Qatar, Halul shine mafi mahimmanci. Yana kwance kusan kilomita  (56  a gabashin Doha, yana aiki ne a matsayin wurin ajiya da tashar loda mai daga filayen da ke kewaye da shi. Hawar da tsibirai da ke kusa da shi nan da nan a gabar yamma sune batun rikici tsakanin Qatar da Bahrain.

## Yanayi

The long summer (June through September) is characterized by intense heat and alternating dryness and humidity, with temperatures exceeding . Temperatures are moderate from November to March, ranging from as high as  in April to as low as  in January. Rainfall averages  per year, confined to the winter months, and falling in brief storms which are occasionally heavy enough to flood the small ravines and the usually dry wadis.

Ba zato ba tsammani, guguwar ƙura mai ƙarfi a wasu lokuta tana sauka a kan tsibirin, tana rufe rana, tana haifar da lalacewar iska, da kuma rushe sufuri da sauran ayyuka na ɗan lokaci.

Rashin ruwan sama da iyakancewar ruwan karkashin kasa, mafi yawansu suna da ma'adanai masu yawa da ba su dace da sha ko ban ruwa ba, sun ƙuntata yawan jama'a da kuma girman ci gaban noma da masana'antu da kasar za ta iya tallafawa har sai an fara ayyukan cire gishiri. Kodayake ana ci gaba da samar da ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugar ƙasa, ana samun mafi yawa ta hanyar cire ruwan teku.

## Yanayin ƙasa da yankuna na halitta

Tsibirin Qatar yana da kasa-kasa.  Siffar ta ita ce siffa ta fuskar Qatar Arch, [1] da aka kafa a lokacin rikicin Precambrian Amar kimanin shekaru miliyan 640 zuwa 620 da suka gabata.  An lulluɓe shi da yashi maras kyau da tsakuwa da suka karye daga dutsen farar ƙasa da ke fita.  Ana samun filaye masu laushi da ƙura mai laushi ta lulluɓe a gabas, yayin da yankin kudu da kudu maso yamma na yankin ya ƙunshi dunƙulewar yashi da filayen gishiri (wanda aka fi sani da sabkhas), musamman kusa da Mesaieed da Khor Al Adaid[3].  Hakanan ana iya samun Sakbah a yammacin Qatar, kusa da Dukhan da Sawda Natheel.  Ana iya samun jeri (jebels) a yammacin Qatar kusa da Dukhan da Jebel Fuwayrit a gabar tekun arewa maso gabas.[5]  Don dalilai na rarrabuwa, an raba ƙasar zuwa manyan yankuna biyar: filin bakin teku, fili na ciki, bel na tsakiya, yankin Dukhan, da hamada ta kudu..

### Filin bakin teku
Yankin bakin tekun Qatar, wanda ya kai kimanin kilomita 650 (400  daga Abu Samra zuwa Khor Al Adaid ta hanyar Ar Ru'ays, yana fitowa kuma yana da alamun tsarin ilimin ƙasa na baya-bayan nan. Yankin yammacin gabar daga Abu Samra zuwa Ras Dukhan yana da madaidaiciya, yayin da arewa zuwa Ar Ru'ays yana da maɓallin ruwa mai tsawo. Gabashin gabar teku ya fi faɗi, tare da tsaunuka da ke ƙaruwa zuwa gabas daga Dohah Al Husain .  Yawancin tsibirai masu laushi, masu ƙasƙanci suna kusa da bakin teku kuma suna tare da coral reefs. A sakamakon ruwan gishiri da ke shiga cikin hulɗa da ƙasa mai ƙasƙanci, yawancin filayen gishiri (wanda aka sani a cikin gida kamar Sabkhas) sun kafa kusa da bakin teku.

### Filin ciki

An fara shi ne a gefen gabar tekun, wannan yanki yana da iyaka a arewa ta hanyar layin Al Mafjar-Abu Dhalouf.  Ya faɗaɗa kudu sosai, tare da sashin arewa mai nisan kilomita 18.5 (mi 11.5) tsakanin Al-ʽAdhbah da Ar Rakiyat, yayin da sansaninta na kudu tsakanin Umm Al Qahab da Al Suwaihliya ya kai kilomita 46.5 (28.9 mi).  Filayen yana cike da rufaffiyar kwanduna goma sha ɗaya.  Bangaren arewa yana da ɗan lebur, yayin da sashin tsakiya, tsakanin Fuwayrit da Rawdat Al Faras, ke baje kolin rikiɗar yanayin yanayi tare da tsayin daka daga mita 11 (36 ft) zuwa 

### Belin tsakiya
Wannan yanki ya dace da babban yankin arewa maso kudu na Qatar. An rarrabe shi ta hanyar bambancin yanayin ƙasa, tare da tsaunuka daga mita 31 (102  zuwa mita 49 (161  sama da matakin teku. Yankin ba daidai ba ne, tare da tsaunuka masu zagaye ko rectangular tare da iyakokin yamma da suka kai tsawo na mita 41 (135  zuwa mita 49 (161 . Gidajen da aka rufe goma sha huɗu sun warwatse a ko'ina, karami a gabas a cikin Rus Formation kuma ya fi girma a yamma a cikin Dammam Formation. Ana samun maki mafi girma a cikin tuddai na kudu maso gabashin Al Jemailiya da yammacin hanyar Al Jemailia-Ash-Shahaniyah.

### Yankin Dukhan

Ya mamaye mafi girman bangaren yammacin Qatar, wannan yanki ya shimfida nisan kilomita 87 (54 mi) daga Ras Abrouq a arewa zuwa An Nakhsh a kudu.&amp;nbsp; Yana da ƙayyadaddun raka'a na tsari, tare da tsayin da ya kai mita 92 (302 ft) a Khashm An-Nakhsh da baƙin ciki mai ƙasa da mita -5 (-16 ft) ƙasa da matakin teku a Dukhan Sabkha.&amp;nbsp; (28 sq mi), kuma yana ɗaukar mafi ƙanƙanta wurin Qatar a mita -6 (-20 ft) ƙasa da matakin teku.&amp;nbsp; Jebel Nakhsh, sanannen dutsen dutsen kudu da Dukhan, yana ƙunshe da tarin gypsum..

Wannan yankin ya mamaye kashi 34.7% na jimlar yankin Qatar, kudu da latitude na Doha. Yana da kamanceceniya da wuraren hamada na Abu Dhabi, Saudi Arabia, da Bahrain, tare da dunes na yashi da ke cike da dutsen hamada. An raba shi zuwa yankuna huɗu:

# Al Urayq: Yankin triangular a cikin iyakar yamma, tare da samansa a Abu Samra . Yankin arewacinsa ya yi daidai da iyakar kudancin hanyar Doha-Abu Samra, kuma gefen kudu ya bi layin iyaka daga Abu Samra zuwa kudu maso gabas.
# Miocene-Tiwar: An nuna shi da tsaunuka masu nisa a cikin filin dutse. Duwatsun sun kai matsakaicin mita 103 (338  kuma sun haɗa da mafi girman matsayi na Qatar, Qurayn Abu al Bawl . Wannan yanki yana mai da hankali ne a yankin kudu maso yammacin yankin Qatar, gami da yankuna kamar Mukaynis, Al Kharrara, da Wadi Jallal . 
# Yankunan dutse: Ya ƙunshi faɗin dutse mai zurfi, sau da yawa ana yin saurin shimfidar wuri, filayen dutse da aka sani da shimfidar hamada. Ana iya rufe farfajiyar da mosaic na duwatsu da raguwar dutse, ko kuma a wasu wurare ta hanyar ƙananan ma'adanai masu ma'adinai da ke samar da ɓarna mai wuya. Wannan yanki ya kasu kashi biyu: ɗayan ya yi kama da trapezoid wanda bututun ruwa ya ratsa ta Abu Nakhla zuwa Mesaieed, kuma ɗayan ya shimfiɗa daga Umm Jawlaq kudu maso gabas ta hanyar Al Khubayb, Al Fulayhah, da Umm Al Hayran zuwa Khor Al Adaid . 
# Sand dunes: Yana mamaye 1.6% na yankin Qatar, tare da dunes da ke kaiwa tsawo na mita 38 (125  zuwa mita 67 (220 . Tsakanin dunes akwai tafkuna masu yawa da aka rufe tare da benaye daban-daban a tsawo daga mita 19 (62  zuwa mita 34 (112  sama da matakin teku, wanda ya haifar da yanayin da ke motsawa. Yankin arewacin wannan yanki ya yi daidai da latitude na Umm Owaina . 

Ƙasar ta shahara saboda sabkhas ɗinta, ko gidajen gishiri, waɗanda nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan guda biyu ne na bakin teku da na cikin gida.  Sabkhas na bakin teku, wanda ya fi yawa akan jirgin ruwan gabas, ya ƙunshi yanki kusan murabba'in kilomita 75 (29 sq mi).  Wadannan sifofi na bakin teku ba safai suka wuce tsayin mita 1 (3 ft 3 in) zuwa mita 2 (6 ft 7 in) sama da matakin teku, tare da wasu sassa suna kwance a ƙarƙashin ruwan.  Saboda haka, a lokacin babban igiyoyin ruwa na musamman, sau da yawa da tsananin iska mai ƙarfi na gabas, ruwan teku na iya mamaye waɗannan ƙananan wurare.

Sabkhas na cikin gida, yayin da ba su da yawa, suna da mahimmancin sha'awar yanayin ƙasa.  Babban misali, Dukhan Sabkha, yana tazarar kilomita 3 gabas da Jebel Dukhan da kudu da Bay na Zekreet.  Wannan bakin ciki, wanda ya kai murabba'in kilomita 73 (28 sq mi), galibi yana ƙasa da matakin teku kuma yana ƙunshe da mafi ƙasƙanci a Qatar a mita -6 (-20 ft) ƙasa da saman teku.[1]  Tana da nisan kilomita 24 daga arewa zuwa kudu da kilomita 6 (3.7 mi) daga gabas zuwa yamma.  Wani sanannen hadadden sabkha na cikin gida na biyu ya ratsa kan iyakokin Qatar, Saudi Arabia, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa.  Wannan tsari ya ƙunshi yankuna masu hankali guda uku: Sawda Natheel a kudu, Jawa Salama a yamma, da Al Khufus a gabas.  Waɗannan sabkhas, galibin teku a cikin tudu, tare da faɗin yanki na murabba'in kilomita 25 (9.7 sq mi)..

Yankin tsibirin Qatar yana cike da ƙananan ɓarkewa da yawa, waɗanda ake kira *rawda* ko jam'i *Riyaad*. Wadannan tsari suna nan a matsayin wuraren da aka rufe, sai dai ga waɗanda ke yankin kudu maso tsakiya wanda zai iya buɗewa a gefe ɗaya ko fiye. Yanayin waɗannan ɓacin rai ya bambanta, daga zagaye zuwa siffofi masu tsawo, tare da wasu da ke nuna dandamali marasa daidaituwa. Girman waɗannan raunin ma ya bambanta sosai. Mafi girma, kamar Almajdah Depression, ya kai kilomita da yawa, yayin da mafi ƙanƙanta ya kai mita goma. Halittawarsu da farko an danganta ta da rushewar dutse mai laushi ta hanyar ruwan sama, tsari wanda ya kasance mai aiki a fadin tsibirin.

### Kwarin
Kyakkyawan kwari, wanda aka sani da wadis, an nuna su sosai a yankin arewacin Qatar da kusa da Jebel Dukhan. Ana nuna su ta hanyar tsarin magudanar ruwa na ciki, wanda ya ƙare a cikin raguwa mai zurfi wanda ba ya wuce mita 2 zuwa 3 a zurfin. Duk da yake suna iya tsawo har zuwa kilomita da yawa a tsawon, suna kula da ƙanƙanin bayanin martaba, tare da faɗin ƙasa da mita 100.

### Tuddan da ke zaune

Yankin yana da ƙananan tuddai da yawa da suka warwatse a duk yankunan yamma da kudancinsa. Shahararren daga cikin waɗannan shine Jebel Dukhan, jerin tuddai masu laushi da ke da nisan kilomita 80 (50  arewa maso kudu tare da gabar yamma. Yankin tsibirin kuma yana da tsaunuka masu tsawo, waɗanda aka kafa ta hanyar shimfidar wuri da aka rufe da dutse mai wuya. Wadannan tsari suna nuna tsaunuka masu tsawo, sau da yawa suna da tsaunuka ko tsaunuka, waɗanda aka tsara ta hanyar digiri daban-daban na juriya na dutse.

Abubuwan da ke tattare da su sun fito ne daga ƙananan tuddai - inda dutsen da ke da tsayayya ya lalace - zuwa mafi girman tsari. Hawan ya bambanta sosai; a cikin Zekreet Peninsula da kusa da Al Khor, tuddai suna da mita 10 (33  zuwa mita 15 (49  sama da matakin teku. Duwatsun kudancin sun fi tsayi, tare da mafi girman matsayi na Qatar, Qurayn Abu al Bawl (wanda aka fi sani da Tuwayyir Al Hamir) yana sama da mita 100 (330  sama da matakin teku.

### Tsire-tsire

Kodayake mafi yawan ƙasar sun ƙunshi hamada, wani karamin ɓangare na ƙasar yana da yankuna daban-daban na ciyayi, inda bishiyoyi, kara da shrubs kamar tamarind, phragmites, da mace zasu iya girma. Wadannan yankuna galibi suna gabas, kusa da bakin teku. Abinda ke iyakance ci gaban ciyayi shine wadatar ruwa. Wasu siffofi na ƙasa suna rage wannan ƙarancin ruwa, kamar rawdas, waɗanda manyan ɓarkewa ne da aka samu a saman ƙasa kuma waɗanda ke taimakawa sake caji aquifers. Kamar yadda waɗannan shafuka suka zama mafi sauƙin samun ruwa mai zurfi, suna kuma daga cikin yankunan da suka fi yawa a cikin ciyayi na daji.

A kudu, inda ruwan kasa yake da yawa, ciyayi na iya samuwa yana girma a wadis (kwari mai bushe) wanda ake ciyarwa ta hanyar gudana daga tuddai da ke kusa da kuma rawdas. Sabkhas wani mazaunin da aka sani yana dauke da nau'ikan shuke-shuke daban-daban. Shuke-shuke a cikin sabkhas suna da alaƙa da gishiri da wadatar danshi. Sabkhas na cikin gida yawanci suna da tsiro kaɗan saboda matsanancin gishiri da bushewa. Dabbobi da ke ci gaba a ƙarƙashin waɗannan yanayi sun haɗa da Zygophyllum qatarense, *Anabasis setifera*, wanda ke faruwa tare da gefen sabkha, da kuma ciyawa halophytic Aeluropus lagopoides. Sabanin haka, sabkhas na bakin teku da ke bayan yankunan mangrove galibi suna da ciyayi, sau da yawa suna tallafawa tsinkaye masu tsayi na tsire-tsire masu tsayi. Halitta na al'ada sun haɗa da Arthrocnemum, Halocnemum, Halopeplis, da Limonium. Halopeplis da Limonium galibi ana samun su a ƙasa mai ɗanɗano, ƙasa mai bushe, yayin da Arthrocnemum da Halocnemum sun fi yawa a wuraren da ke ƙasa, wuraren da ke riƙe da danshi.

### Dabbobi

Akwai nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa 21 da aka rubuta a Qatar. Manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa na ƙasa kamar su Arabian oryx da Arabian gazelle dabbobi ne masu kariya kuma ana gudanar da su a cikin wuraren ajiyar yanayi. Gazelle na Larabawa shine kawai nau'in gazelle na asali a Qatar kuma ana kiransa 'rheem' a cikin gida.

Ruwa na yankin Qatar a cikin Tekun Farisa yana da wadataccen rayuwar ruwa. Turtles na teku suna gidaje a kan iyakar bakin teku daga Fuwayrit zuwa Ras Laffan. Ma'aikatar Muhalli (MME) tana gudanar da sintiri na yau da kullun na wuraren nesting don tabbatar da kiyaye su. An san Dugongs da taruwa a bakin tekun kasar. A yayin binciken da aka gudanar a cikin 1986 da 1999 a kan Tekun Farisa, an yi mafi girman ganin rukuni na fiye da mutane 600 a yammacin Qatar.

## Geology da ma'adanai

Yawancin yankin Qatar suna kan Cenozoic strata. Wadannan sassan suna da albarkatun ma'adinai da yawa, mafi yawansu ba a riga an yi amfani da su ba, kamar dutse da yumɓu. Tsarin Upper Dammam a cikin lokacin Eocene na Tsakiya shine mafi yawan farfajiyar. An kafa shi da dutse mai laushi da Dolomite. Yankin arewacin Qatar, wanda ya ƙunshi mafi mahimmancin tushen ruwa mai laushi a cikin tsibirin, da farko ya jawo ruwansa daga Tsarin Umm Err Radhuma da Tsarin Rus wanda ya kasance a zamanin Paleocene da Lower Eocene, bi da bi. Yankunan Mesozoic sune mafi mahimmancin yadudduka saboda suna dauke da man fetur. An gano babban ajiyar mai a cikin 1940 a lokacin Jurassic Arab Formation . 

## Albarkatarwa da amfani da ƙasa

Based on 2011 estimates, 5.6% of the land is agricultural. Arable land comprises 1.1%, permanent crops 0.2% and permanent pasture 4.6%.[Doesn't add to 5.6%.] 94.4% of the land was used for other uses. In 2003,  of land was irrigated.

## Yanayin siyasa da na ɗan adam

Babban birnin, Doha, yana kan gabar tekun gabas ta tsakiya a kan tashar jiragen ruwa mai zurfi (idan ba ta da zurfi). Sauran tashoshin jiragen ruwa sun hada da Umm Said, Al Khawr, da Al Wakrah . Doha da Umm Said ne kawai ke iya sarrafa jigilar kayayyaki, kodayake an shirya babban tashar jiragen ruwa da tashar don ɗora iskar gas a Ras Laffan Industrial City, arewacin Al Khawr .  Coral reefs da ruwa mai zurfi na bakin teku suna sa kewayawa ya zama da wahala a wuraren da ba a haƙa tashoshi ba.

Doha ita ce babban birnin kasar kuma babbar cibiyar gudanarwa, kasuwanci, da yawan jama'a. A cikin 1993 an haɗa shi da wasu garuruwa da wuraren ci gaba ta hanyar tsarin kusan kilomita  (620  na hanyoyin da aka shimfiɗa. Filin jirgin saman kasa da kasa na Doha yana da kusan  m (14,800  babban titin jirgin sama, wanda zai iya karɓar kowane nau'in jirgin sama.

A tarihi, rarraba sulhu a Qatar yafi dacewa da kasancewar ruwan sha mai laushi. Rawdas, waɗanda ke da raunin ruwa mai zurfi, yawanci sun kasance wuraren da suka fi shahara a duk faɗin tsibirin. A kudancin Qatar, inda ruwan kasa yake da wuyar samu, yawancin zaman zama ya iyakance ga wadis (kwari na kogi mai bushe) wanda aka ciyar da shi ta hanyar kwarara daga tuddai da ke kusa da rawdas.

## Yarjejeniyar muhalli