Brenda Milner

**Brenda Milner** (née **Langford**; *An haife ta* a ranar 15 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1918) Masanin ilimin kwakwalwa ne na Burtaniya da Kanada wanda ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga wallafe-wallafen bincike a kan batutuwa daban-daban a fagen ilimin kwakwalwa na asibiti .  Milner farfesa ne a Sashen Neurology da Neurosurgery a Jami'ar McGill kuma farfesa ne na Psychology a Cibiyar Neurological ta Montreal .  Ya zuwa 2020, tana da digiri na girmamawa sama da 25 kuma ta ci gaba da aiki a cikin shekaru casa'in. Ayyukanta sun rufe fannoni da yawa na neuropsychology ciki har da sha'awar rayuwarta ta dindindin game da shigar da lobes na lokaci a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar abubuwan da suka faru. Wani lokaci ana kiranta daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa ilimin neuropsychology   kuma tana da mahimmanci a ci gabanta. Ta sami lambar yabo ta Balzan don Cognitive Neuroscience a shekara ta 2009, da kuma Kyautar Kavli a Neuroscience, tare da John O'Keefe, da Marcus E. Raichle, a shekara ta 2014. Ta cika shekaru 100 a watan Yulin 2018.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Brenda Langford a ranar 15 ga Yuli 1918, a Manchester, Ingila. Mahaifinta Samuel Langford ya kasance mai sukar kiɗa, ɗan jarida, kuma malami, kuma mahaifiyarta (née Leslie Doig) tana ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibansa. Kodayake ita 'yar iyaye biyu ne masu basira a kiɗa, ba ta da sha'awar kiɗa. Mahaifinta ne ya koya mata ilimin lissafi da zane-zane har zuwa shekara 8. "  Ta halarci Makarantar 'yan mata ta Withington,  wanda ya kai ta ga halartar Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge,  don karatun lissafi, bayan ta sami tallafin karatu a 1936. [2] Koyaya, bayan ta fahimci cewa ba ta da isasshen " fahimta" ga lissafi, Milner ta canza fagen karatunta zuwa ilimin halayyar dan adam. A shekara ta 1939, Milner ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na BA a fannin ilimin halayyar gwaji,  wanda a wannan lokacin aka dauke shi kimiyya ce ta ɗabi'a. 

Ɗaya daga cikin masu kula da ita a Sashen Nazarin Jiki, Cambridge shine Oliver Zangwill kuma a gare shi ta ba da sha'awar farko ga aikin kwakwalwar ɗan adam,  da kuma darajar nazarin cututtukan kwakwalwa. 

Bayan kammala karatunta a kusa da lokacin yakin duniya na biyu Kwalejin Newnham ta ba ta kyautar Sarah Smithson Research Studentship, wanda ya ba ta damar halartar Newnham na shekaru biyu masu zuwa.[1] A sakamakon Yaƙin Duniya na II, aikin Cambridge Psychological Laboratory, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Bartlett, an karkatar da shi kusan da dare don yin amfani da bincike a cikin zaɓin ma'aikatan jirgin sama.[1] Matsayin Milner shine tsara ayyukan fahimta don amfani da gaba wajen zabar ma'aikatan jirgin sama. Fiye da haka, ta kasance a cikin ƙungiyar da ke sha'awar rarrabe matukan jirgin sama daga matukan jirgin bom ta amfani da Gwaje-gwaje na iyawa.[2][1][3] "Daga baya a cikin yakin, daga 1941 zuwa 1944, ta yi aiki a Malvern a matsayin Jami'in Gwadawa na Ma'aikatar Sayarwa, tana binciken hanyoyi daban-daban na nuni da sarrafawa da masu aikin radar za su yi amfani da su. "[4][1]

A shekara ta 1941 Brenda ta sadu da mijinta, Peter Milner .  Dukansu Brenda da mijinta suna aiki a kan binciken radar. Ya kasance injiniyan lantarki wanda aka kuma dauke shi don kokarin yaki. A shekara ta 1944, sun yi aure kuma suka tafi Kanada inda aka gayyaci Peter don yin aiki tare da masana kimiyyar lissafi kan binciken atomatik.   Sun yi tafiya zuwa Boston a cikin jirgin Sarauniya Elizabeth tare da "amarar yaƙi" waɗanda ke tafiya zuwa Amurka don zama tare da iyalan mazajensu a lokacin yakin. Bayan ta isa Kanada, ta fara koyar da ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Montreal, inda ta zauna na tsawon shekaru 7.

A shekara ta 1949, Brenda Milner ta kammala karatu tare da MA a fannin ilimin halayyar gwaji a Cambridge .  A Montreal, ta zama dan takarar Ph.D. a fannin ilimin halayyar jiki a Jami'ar McGill, a karkashin jagorancin Donald Olding Hebb. Yayinda suke aiki a kan Ph.D., Milner da Hebb sun gabatar da bincike kan mai haƙuri P.B. wanda ya sha wahala a cikin lobectomy na lokaci kuma yana da raunin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Wannan ya jawo hankalin Wilder Penfield. A cikin 1950, Hebb ya ba Milner damar yin karatu tare da shi a Cibiyar Nazarin Neurological ta Montreal .   A karkashin kulawar Penfield, ta yi nazarin halayyar matasa Marasa lafiya masu fama da farfajiya da aka yi musu magani tare da cirewa na kwakwalwa don magance fashewar da ba a sarrafa su ba.   A shekara ta 1952, Milner ta sami Ph.D. a cikin ilimin halayyar gwaji  tare da rubutun kan tasirin fahimta na lalacewar lobe a cikin mutum.  Milner an ba shi digiri na girmamawa da yawa ciki har da Sc na girmamawa. D daga Jami'ar Cambridge a shekara ta 2000.

## Ayyukan sana'a
A shekara ta 1954, Milner ya wallafa wata kasida a cikin McGill University Psychological Bulletin mai taken 'Intellectual Function of the Temporal Lobes'.  A cikin wannan littafin, ta gabatar da bayanai da suka nuna cewa lalacewar lobe na lokaci na iya haifar da canje-canje na motsin rai da na ilimi a cikin mutane da ƙananan primates. Binciken da ta yi game da binciken kimiyyar kwakwalwa da aka gudanar a cikin dabbobi ya hana likitocin kwakwalwa da yawa daga kammala tiyata a kan mutane wanda zai iya yin mummunar tasiri ga rayuwarsu. "Aikin farko na Milner a kan lobes na lokaci ya rinjayi sakamakon aikin ablation tare da ƙananan primates, kuma musamman ta hanyar binciken Mishkin da Pribram game da rawar da neocortex na inferotemporal ke takawa a cikin ilmantarwa na nuna bambanci na gani. "

Milner ya kasance majagaba a fagen neuropsychology da kuma nazarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da sauran ayyukan fahimta a cikin bil'adama. An gayyace ta zuwa Hartford don nazarin Henry Molaison, wanda aka fi sani da mai haƙuri H.M., wanda ya zama sanannen mai haƙuri a cikin kimiyyar kwakwalwa. Ya "yi fama da lobectomy na lokaci-lokaci wanda ya haɗa da cire manyan ɓangarorin hippocampus. "  Ta yi nazarin tasirin wannan lalacewar ga lobe na tsakiya a kan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kuma ta bayyana tsarin raunin fahimta da H.M. ke nunawa.

A farkon matakan aikinta tare da H.M., Milner ta so ta fahimci raunin ƙwaƙwalwarsa gaba ɗaya. Milner ya nuna cewa Cutar amnestic ta tsakiya tana nuna rashin iya samun sabbin abubuwan tunawa da rashin iya tunawa da aka kafa daga 'yan shekaru nan da nan kafin lalacewa, yayin da abubuwan tunawa daga baya da sauran iyawar fahimta, gami da harshe, fahimta da tunani sun kasance cikakke. Misali, Milner ya kwashe kwanaki uku tare da H.M. yayin da ya koyi sabon aikin motsi na motsi don sanin wane irin ilmantarwa da ƙwaƙwalwar da ke cikinsa. Wannan aikin ya haɗa da sake zana zane na tauraron ta hanyar kallon shi a cikin madubi. Ayyukansa sun inganta a cikin waɗannan kwanaki uku. Koyaya, daga baya bai riƙe komai game da duk wani abin da ya faru a cikin waɗannan kwanaki uku ba. Wannan ya sa Milner ya yi hasashen cewa akwai nau'ikan ilmantarwa da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya daban-daban, kowannensu ya dogara da tsarin kwakwalwa daban. Ta sami damar nuna tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya daban-daban guda biyu - ƙwaƙwalwan ajiya da ƙwaƙwalwalwar tsari.

Milner ya gano daga H.M. da sauran binciken shari'a cewa "rashin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalyar ƙwaƙwalwa na ƙarshe a cikin mutum yana haifar da ci gaba da raunin ƙwaƙwalwarsa ta baya-bayan nan duk lokacin da aka cire shi da nisa don lalata ɓangarorin hippocampus na baya da hippocampal gyrus".  Ta nuna cewa a cikin marasa lafiya tare da wannan ciwon ikon koyon wasu ƙwarewar mota ya kasance na al'ada. Wannan binciken ya gabatar da manufar tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da yawa a cikin kwakwalwa kuma ya motsa babban rukunin bincike. Milner ya bayyana a cikin wata hira da *McGill Journal of Medicine*, "Don ganin cewa H.M. ya koyi aikin daidai amma ba tare da sanin cewa ya yi shi ba a baya ya kasance mai ban mamaki. Idan kuna so ku san abin da yake lokacin farin ciki na rayuwata, wannan shine daya".

Ta ba da gudummawa sosai ga fahimtar rawar da jin" data-linkid="473" href="./Frontal_lobe" id="mwASU" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Frontal lobe">Lobes na gaba ke takawa a cikin sarrafa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, a fannin shirya bayanai. "Binciken Dr. Milner na asali ya samar da abubuwan da aka gano da yawa a cikin nazarin ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan adam da ƙwaƙwalwarsa ta kwakwalwa, waɗanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin martani na motsin rai, ji, ƙwaƙwalwa da magana. "

Ta nuna muhimmiyar rawar da dorsolateral frontal cortex ke takawa don tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na lokaci kuma aikinta ya nuna cewa akwai rabuwa da keɓaɓɓen ƙwaƙwalwan ƙwaƙwalwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa daga waɗanda ke shiga tsakani don tsari na lokaci. Ta bayyana rashin daidaituwa a cikin warware matsalar da yanzu aka gane shi a matsayin sakamakon raunin da ke faruwa a gaban. Wadannan gyare-gyare a cikin fahimtar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da fallasa yankunan kwakwalwa masu dacewa sun bayyana yanayin rarrabawar jiki na ayyukan fahimta masu rikitarwa a cikin kwakwalwa.

Milner ya taimaka wajen bayyana aikin da ke cikin kwakwalwar mutum kuma ya nuna yadda ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ƙwaƙwalwarsa na iya bambanta a cikin masu hannu hagu, masu hannun dama da masu amfani da hannu (duba hannu). Ta yi amfani da Gwajin Wada don nuna cewa ga kowane hannu, gefen hagu yana da rinjaye ga harshe a yawancin mutane. Wadannan nazarin dangantakar da ke tsakanin fifiko na hannu da kuma magana ta gefe sun haifar da fahimtar tasirin cututtukan kwakwalwa na farko akan tsarin tsarin kwakwalwa a lokacin balaga. Nazarinta ya kasance daga cikin na farko da ya nuna cewa lalacewar kwakwalwa na iya haifar da sake tsara aikin ban mamaki.

Yin amfani da mafi yawan kuɗin kyauta daga kyaututtuka masu yawa, Milner ta ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 1 ga Cibiyar Nazarin Neurological ta Montreal a cikin 2007, bayan ta kafa tushe a cikin sunanta.

## Manazarta