William L. Chameides

**William L. "Bill" Chameides** (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, 1949, a Birnin New York) masanin kimiyya ne na Amurka wanda ya kasance shugaban makarantar Nicholas School of the Environment ta Jami'ar Duke daga 2007 har zuwa 1 ga Yuli, 2014 . [1][2] Shi masanin binciken ISI ne da aka ambata sosai, da kuma memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa kuma ɗan'uwan Ƙungiyar Geophysical ta Amurka. [3][4] A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013, Chameides ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sauka daga matsayinsa a Duke a watan Yuni mai zuwa, yana mai cewa "yana jin dadi ya sauka yanzu saboda ya cika yawancin burinsa na farko. " Alan Townsend ya maye gurbinsa a ranar 1 ga Yuli, amma ya kasance memba na makarantar Nicholas. [5][6]

## Ilimi da aikin kimiyya
Chameides, ɗan asalin Birnin New York, da farko yana so ya zama lauya a lokacin da ya tafi kwaleji. Koyaya, daga baya ya canza babban aikinsa, na farko zuwa *Kimiyya* lissafi sannan zuwa kimiyyyar yanayi, sakamakon karatun digiri na farko. Ya sami digiri na farko daga Jami'ar Binghamton a shekarar 1970, digiri na biyu na falsafar daga Jami'an Yale a shekarar 1973, da kuma PhD a shekarar 1974, kuma daga Yale. Daga nan sai ya fara bincike na postdoctoral a Jami'ar Michigan, inda ya gudanar da bincike tare da Ralph J. Cicerone . Bayan kammala wannan binciken, ya shafe shekaru 25 a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Georgia, inda ya zama shugaban sashen kimiyyar yanayi. Yayinda yake mataimakin farfesa a can, ya kasance babban editan Jaridar Geophysical Research daga 1985 zuwa 1989,  kuma, shekaru biyar bayan haka, shi ne marubucin jagora a kan binciken da aka yi a Kimiyya wanda ya ba da rahoton cewa ozone daga hayaki na photochemical na iya rage samar da abinci a duniya. A cikin binciken, Chameides et al. sun rubuta cewa kusan kashi 60% na smog ana samar da shi a Arewacin Amurka, Turai, China, da Japan, wanda kuma ke samar da kusan kashi 60% nke abincin duniya. A shekara ta 1998, an zabi Chameides a cikin Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa, ya zama farfesa na biyu na Georgia Tech a tarihin jami'ar da za a girmama shi (na farko shine Mostafa El-Sayed a shekara ta 1980).  A shekara ta 2005, ya bar Georgia Tech ya zama babban masanin kimiyya a Asusun Tsaro na Muhalli, wani yanke shawara da Virginia Gewin ta kira "marasa kyau". Chameides ya ce ya yanke wannan shawarar saboda yana so "...yi ƙarin don ci gaba da inganta dalilin kula da muhalli. "  A shekara ta 2011, Chameides shine mataimakin shugaban rahoton da Majalisar Bincike ta Amurka ta bayar mai taken "Zaɓin Yanayi". 

## Tallafin jama'a
Chameides ya kasance mai aiki sosai wajen nuna haɗarin dumamar yanayi, kuma ya ba da shaida a gaban Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka kan *2" href="./Science_(journal)" id="mwfg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Science (journal)">Kimiyya*, Sararin samaniya da Fasaha a kan batun. A cikin shaidarsa, wanda aka gabatar a ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2013, ya ce dumamar duniya tana faruwa, aikin ɗan adam ne ya haifar da shi, kuma zai sami mummunar tasiri a Amurka, gami da, amma ba'a iyakance shi ba, "mafi tsananin raƙuman zafi masu yawa, haɗari ga al'ummomin bakin teku daga hauhawar matakin teku, mafi girma na busassun Kudu maso Yamma, da haɗarin lafiyar jama'a"  A halin yanzu yana gudanar da blog a kan Nicholas School of the Environment da ake kira "The Green Grok,  kuma ya yi rubutun raƙuman yanar gizo game da dumamar duniya da sauran batutuwan duniya da Post na muhalli  a kan Popular Science . Chameides ya kuma rubuta game da tattalin arzikin sauyin yanayi don Kimiyya  da kuma The Guardian.  Bugu da ƙari, bayan Joe Bastardi ya yi iƙirarin a kan Fox News Channel cewa carbon dioxide ba zai iya haifar da dumama na duniya ba saboda Dokar farko ta thermodynamics da Ka'idar Le Chatelier, Media Matters for America ta tuntubi Chameides ta hanyar imel, wanda ya ambaci ikirarin Bastardi a matsayin "mafi girman wauta".  Ya kuma, tare da Alan Leshner, ya soki shawarar gwamnatin Arewacin Carolina na dokar don mayar da martani ga rahoton da ke nuna cewa matakan teku da aka tsara su tashi game da inci 39 a cikin karni na gaba. A cikin wata kasida ga News & Observer, sun zargi magoya bayan dokar da ƙoƙarin "yin watsi da tsinkaye na hauhawar matakin teku" da ƙoƙarin " haramta canjin yanayi. "  Dokar, wacce za ta hana gwamnati yin amfani da bayanan matakin teku bisa ga komai sai dai "bayanan tarihi" na shekaru huɗu masu zuwa, an zartar da rashin amincewar Chameides.  Ya kuma soki shirin kudi don clunkers ta hanyar nuna cewa, yayin da daya daga cikin burinsa shine rage hayaki na CO2 ta hanyar inganta sayen motoci masu amfani da man fetur, samar da sabbin motoci sakamakon samar da carbon dioxide - ya sanya adadi a tsakanin tan 3 zuwa 12 a kowace mota. Ya kuma lissafa cewa ciniki a cikin clunker wanda ke samun 18 mpg don sabon mota wanda ke samun 22 mpg zai buƙaci shekaru 5 da rabi na tuki na yau da kullun don daidaita sawun carbon na mota. Chameides ya kuma rubuta game da wasu batutuwan muhalli, kamar sunadarai da aka yi amfani da su a wasu kayayyakin masu amfani. Misali, Lokaci na Taipei Times ta yi hira game da amincin masu haskakawa a cikin wanki, ya ce binciken kimiyya a kan batun ya kasance "marasa tabbas".

## Bayanan da aka ambata