Jirgin ruwa mai iska mai ƙarfi

**Jirgin ruwa mai tsayi** (**RIB**), kuma jirgin ruwa mai tsami mai tsayi ko jirgin ruwa mai saurin jiki (**RHIB**), jirgin ruwa ne mai sauƙi amma mai aiki sosai kuma mai iya aiki sosai wanda aka gina tare da bututun iska mai tsayi wanda aka haɗa shi da bututun ikuku na gefe wanda aka kumbura da iska zuwa matsin lamba mai girma don ba bangarorin tsayi mai tsayi tare da saman jirgin. Tsarin yana da kwanciyar hankali, haske, mai sauri kuma yana da kyau. Ƙarƙashin da aka kumbura yana aiki ne a matsayin jaket na ceto, yana tabbatar da cewa jirgin yana riƙe da tsalle-tsalle, koda kuwa jirgin yana shan ruwa. RIB ci gaba ne na juyin halitta na Jirgin ruwa mai kumbura tare da ƙasan roba wanda aka ƙarfafa tare da allon layi a cikin ƙwallo don samar da bene ko bene na jirgin.

## Tarihi

### Asalin a Wales
Ma'anar saita wani rigid hull kewaye da wani inflated, rarraba rarraba buoyancy tube daga gaba zuwa transom ya samo asali ne kuma ya samo asali daga matsalolin da suka addabi da ke akwai rubberized masana'anta low inflated motorboats: masana'anta lalacewa da kuma talauci teku kiyayewa saboda rashin nutsewa da nutsewa na tsarin tsarin. An nemi mafita tun daga Kwalejin Atlantic, ta farko daga cikin Kwalejin Duniya ta United 18, wacce ta buɗe a kudancin Wales a 1962, wanda Kurt Hahn, malamin Jamus wanda a baya ya samo asali ne daga Outward Bound a Aberdovey Scotland a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu don ba da 'resilience' da ƙarfin halin kirki ga matasa. 

Ci gaban RIB an fara shi ne ta hanyar dalibai da ma'aikata a karkashin jagorancin Admiral Desmond Hoare na Royal Navy mai ritaya, wanda ya jagoranci kwalejin 6th (babban sakandare).

Jerin mafita na gwaji da samfuri don haɗa nau'in nau'i mai wuyar gaske tare da matsi, roba mai cike da iska da aka saka nailan masana'anta (Hypalon) ya ɗauki sama da shekaru goma.  Sana'ar RHIB da aka haɓaka a Kwalejin Atlantic ta yi aiki a matsayin ingantaccen ayyukan tsaro na teku da jirgin ruwa na ceto ga rundunar jiragen ruwa na koleji a kan tashar Bristol mai ƙalubale, kuma kwalejin ta ci gaba da zama tashar jirgin ruwa ta Inshore don RNLI a cikin 1963, [1] tana aiwatar da ceto marasa adadi a cikin shekaru 50 masu zuwa. . &#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

Royal National Lifeboat Institution ya kasance yana aiki gaba ɗaya da ƙananan jiragen ruwa masu motsi don dawo da ceto kusa da bakin teku waɗanda aka iyakance su a cikin ƙarfin su, kewayon, jimiri, kiyaye teku, darajar teku da saurin gudu.

RNLI ta "B-Class Atlantic Inshore Lifeboat" (ciki har da Atlantic 21, Atlantic 75, da Atlantic 85) an sanya masa suna don girmama rawar da kwalejin ke takawa a ci gabanta. RNLI ta dakatar da tashar jirgin ruwa ta Atlantic College a cikin 2013. Bidiyo na RIB History a Kwalejin UWC Atlantic yana ba da taƙaitaccen tarihin gani.

A shekara ta 1964, Rear-Admiral Hoare da ɗalibansa a Kwalejin Atlantic sun maye gurbin fashewar ƙasan su na    aikin ceto jirgin ruwa mai iska tare da takardar katako da aka manne a cikin bututun iska. Wannan ya tabbatar da gyare-gyare mai nasara amma ba shi da kwanciyar hankali a saurin bakin teku, don haka an sake gina jikin tare da shigar da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa mai zurfi zuwa kusan sashi mai laushi. An sanya wa wannan jirgin suna ''Atlanta'' kuma daga baya a wannan shekarar an nuna RIB na Kwalejin Atlantic a London Boat Show . 

A shekara ta 1966 dalibai sun gina wasu jiragen ruwa guda biyar -    ''Aphrodite'' da    ''Triton'' don amfani da kwalejin, da  ft (5.9  ''X1'' da    ''X2'' waɗanda aka yi a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar ci gaba tare da Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) kuma Sarauniya Elizabeth II ta ƙaddamar da su a shekarar 1965. RNLI ta dauki su don gwaji a Gorleston (''X1'') da Great Yarmouth (''X2'') daga inda suka koma Kwalejin Atlantic a cikin bazara 1967. ''X3'' wani nau'i ne na gwaji wanda mai zaman kansa ya ba da kuɗin kuma bai yi nasara sosai ba.

A wannan lokacin Hoare ya kammala cewa ga yanayin da suke aiki da jirgin ruwa na kimanin    ya fi kyau wanda ya haifar da ''X4'' (an kaddamar da shi a 1966), ''X5'' da ''X6'' (an kaddar da shi a 1967), da kuma ''X7'' zuwa ''X8'' (an kaddir da shi a 1968). An yi amfani da waɗannan jiragen ruwa don tallafawa ayyukan jirgin ruwa na kwalejin da kuma cika alhakin kwalejin a matsayin tashar jirgin ruwa na RNLI - alhakin da ta cika har zuwa 2013. A lokaci guda, an fara aiki a kan ƙananan jerin jiragen ruwa masu tasowa,    -   ft tsawo, wanda aka sanya ''MX1''-''MX6'') don tallafawa masu tsaron rai a kan rairayin bakin teku na gida.&nbsp;

Dukkanin jiragen ruwa da ke sama an gina su ne daga katako. A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1968, dalibi Paul Jefferies ya tsara kuma ya gina wani kwalba (''X10'') daga fiberglass, wanda bai yi nasara ba saboda rashin ƙarfi. Koyaya, wannan ci gaban ya haifar da gina Psychedelic Surfer,  RIB mai ma'aurata   , wanda daliban koleji biyu (Willem de Vogel da Otto van Voorst, tare da taimakon Roy Thomson, masassaƙin kwaleji) don John Caulcutt, Graeme Dillon da Simon de"Ath don tseren a cikin 1969 Round Britain Powerboat Race, wanda ya gama 19th (daga cikin masu farawa 65) kuma ya zama mai ƙauna.

Tun daga wannan lokacin, RNLI ta canja ci gaba zuwa cibiyar bincikenta a Cowes, wanda ya ɗauki ƙirar Kwalejin Atlantic kuma ya haɓaka daga gare su    ''Atlantic 21'' class na jiragen ruwa na inshore wanda ya shiga aiki daga 1970 zuwa 2007.  Jirgin ceto na Atlantic na 21 yana ba da tarihin aji na wannan jirgin.

An gabatar da RIB na farko da za a iya siyarwa a shekarar 1967 ta hanyar Tony da Edward Lee-Elliott na Flatacraft,   kuma Admiral Desmond Hoare ya ba da izini a shekarar 1969 bayan bincike da ci gaba a Kwalejin Atlantic.

RIB na kasuwanci na farko an yi imanin cewa shine Avon Rubber Searider wanda aka ƙaddamar a watan Janairun 1969 London Boat Show .

An gabatar da lambar yabo ta 108 ta Injiniya ta Cibiyar Injiniyoyi ta Injiniyoyi ga Kwalejin UWC Atlantic a ranar 30 ga Yulin 2017 ta Carolyn Griffiths, Shugaban IMeche, don ci gaban X Alpha Rigid Inflatable Boat.

David Sutcliffe ne ya rubuta tarihin ci gaban RHIB, wanda ya gaji shugaban Kwalejin Atlantic bayan ritayar Desmond Hoare. 

A kan iyakar yammacin Kanada Strait of Juan de Fuca kusa da Race Rocks daliban 'yar'uwar Pacific College tare da digiri na sabis na ceto na Atlantic College a cikin 1974 gida ya gina RHIB na farko bisa ga hawan igiyar ruwa na Atlantic 21, bude fasalin a Arewacin Amurka da kuma na farko a cikin jirgi - na waje RHIB. Wadannan sana'o'in an ba da rancen su ga yankin Pacific Cdn Coast Guard (Sashen Sufuri) sabon sabis na jirgin ruwa na ceto don gwaji da kimantawa kafin CWLucas (yanzu Zodiac) Guguwa mai saurin guguwa da wannan sabis ɗin ke karɓa.

A tsakiyar 1970s Avon tubes na biyu 21-foot RHIBs aka ba da umarnin da 'yar'uwar da aka bude kwanan nan makarantar Atlantic College da aka kafa a yammacin gabar tekun Canada, da Lester B. Pearson United World College of Pacific, a Pedder Bay kusa da Race Rocks, British Columbia a cikin mashigar na Juan de Fuca.  Uku tsofaffin ɗaliban Kwalejin Atlantic sun gina jirgin farko a lokacin bazara na 1974. Wasu ƙarin masu digiri uku waɗanda kuma aka horar da su kamar yadda RNLI inshore lifeboat coxswains suka yi aiki a makarantar a lokacin farkon shekara kuma sun horar da wasu ɗaliban Jami'ar Pacific don ginawa da sarrafa jiragen ruwa guda biyu, waɗanda ake kira X-27, wanda ke motsa tagwaye daga injuna, injin jirgin ruwa na X-28.

A lokacin rani, kwalejin ta ba da rancen jirgin ceto mai sauri ga masu tsaron bakin teku na Kanada (CCG) a bakin tekun yamma, wanda ke gabatar da kayan aiki masu tsayi a cikin sabon aikin jirgin ceto na lokacin rani. A halin yanzu, an fara tashoshin ceto na CCG a kan Great Lakes ta amfani da mita 5.4 (18 ft) Avon Seariders a ƙarshen 1970s. Ma'aikatan jirgin ceto na CCG sun hada da daliban jami'a a lokacin rani, a wani bangare saboda nasarar da daliban ke gudanar da waɗannan ayyukan ceto a Kwalejin Atlantic da Pearson.&nbsp;

=== Gabatarwa ga kudancin kudancin ===
 
Na farko inflatable jirgin ruwa manufacturer a Kudancin Hemisphere ne Lancer Industries Ltd, na Auckland, New Zealand a 1971. Wanda ya kafa Chris Marks ya ziyarci Turai da kuma kawo manufar zuwa NZ.  Ya yi majagaba da yawa daga cikin na farko da aka fara gina kwale-kwale da hanyoyin kayan aiki.  Lancers suna ƙirƙira ƙira da tsarin injiniya don ƙirar ƙira har yanzu suna aiki kuma kamfanin yana riƙe da haƙƙin mallaka da yawa.  An lura da Lancer don kera manyan RIBs, a cikin 1987 ya ba da bututu don RIB na 17m sannan 19 Maɗaukaki na 1990 na New Zealand (Rayglass) na New Zealand ya gina jiragen ruwa na RIB na 20m guda biyu don gasar cin kofin Amurka waɗanda tubes ne ta Lancer.

A shekara ta 1976 Steve Schmidt ya gabatar da manufar RHIB ga New Zealand a karkashin alamar Naiad . Duk da yake yana da jinkirin karɓa a cikin 'yan shekarun farko, ya sami ƙarfi tare da' yan sanda, Ceto, manoma na ruwa da hukumomin gwamnati.

Naiad RHIB wanda Steve Schmidt ya kirkira ya bambanta da ƙirar RHIB ta yanzu ta hanyoyi biyu. Yana da fatar tagwaye, wanda ya haɗa da iska mai riƙewa na ciki da kuma ingantaccen waje mai sauyawa. Wadannan an gudanar da su a wuri ta hanyar waƙoƙi. Wannan tsarin ya ba da damar sauƙin cirewa na waje ko na ciki don gyara ko maye gurbin. Sauran fasalin shine mai zurfi mai zurfi na V hull tare da matsanancin juyawa zuwa chines a baya.

A shekara ta 1978 bukatar ta karu don ƙarin kariya a cikin nau'in ɗaki mai mahimmanci da rijiyar waje don kare ma'aikatan a cikin mummunan yanayi. Kodayake yana da mahimmanci don farawa tare da gidaje nan da nan ya zama mafi ƙwarewa. Naiad na ɗaya daga cikin masu gabatarwa na farko a cikin tsara RHIBs kuma samfuran suna daga 2.5m zuwa 23m.

A cikin 2010s, an sake tunanin RHIB na gargajiya ta amfani da High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) azaman kayan kwalliya.  HDPE, polymer injiniyan injiniya, yana da kaddarori da yawa waɗanda suka sa ya zama babban kayan gini na ruwa don RHIB's.  Bayanin kula, yana ɗaukar girgizar da ke kaiwa zuwa mafi nutsuwa, tafiya mai daɗi, tare da ƙarancin ɗaukar nauyi da aka tura zuwa masu aiki.  HDPE baya lalata, ko fama da electrolysis, rage farashin kulawa da haɓaka yawan aiki.  Rukunin PFG, na Hobart, Tasmania, ne suka gane kuma suka yi amfani da fa'idodin cikin ginin RHIB.  Tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da One2Three Naval Architects, Stuart Downham na PFG ya haɓaka kewayon ƙirar RHIB da ginawa waɗanda ke da kyawawan halaye masu mahimmanci a cikin ruwa wanda makomar RHIB da babban aikin ƙaramin jirgin ruwa za su koma HDPE azaman kayan kwalliyar da aka fi so.

A shekara ta 1979, Gemini Marine da ke Cape Town ta fara gina RIBs don kasuwar gida. Tun da farko sun haɗu da dakarun tare da NSRI kuma sun fara tsarawa da gina jiragen ceto ga Cibiyar Ceto ta Afirka ta Kudu.

== Halaye na gaba ɗaya ==


RIBs yawanci mita huɗu zuwa tara (13 zuwa 28 ft) tsawo, kodayake suna iya kasancewa a tsawon tsakanin mita 2.5 zuwa 18 (7.5 da 55 ft). RIB sau da yawa ana motsa shi ta hanyar ɗaya ko fiye da motoci na waje ko Motar cikin jirgi da ke juyawa jet na ruwa ko motar baya. Gabaɗaya, ƙarfin injuna yana cikin kewayon 5 zuwa 300 horsepower (4 zuwa 224 .&nbsp;&nbsp;

Ana amfani da RIBs azaman Jirgin ceto, Jiragen ruwa na tsaro don tafiya, jiragen ruwa ko masu siyarwa don manyan jiragen ruwa da jiragen ruwa. Rashin zurfin su, babban motsi, saurin da kuma rigakafin dangi ga lalacewa a cikin haɗari mai saurin gudu sune fa'idodi a cikin waɗannan aikace-aikacen.

RIBs har zuwa kimanin mita bakwai a tsawon za a iya jan su a kan motoci a kan hanya; wannan, haɗe da sauran kadarorinsu, yana sa su ƙara zama masu kyau a matsayin sana'a ta nishaɗi.

An tsarawa RIBs tare da shinge. Saboda ƙananan nauyin su, RIBs sau da yawa suna aiki fiye da wasu nau'ikan irin wannan girman da kuma jiragen ruwa masu ƙarfi.

RIBs kuma na iya jimrewa da teku mai tsayi, kodayake wannan na iya zama wani ɓangare saboda karuwar amincewa da sanin cewa RIB yana da wuyar nutsewa, da kuma ingantaccen shawo kan nauyi ta hanyar bututun mai sassauƙa, wanda sabili da haka ya sa teku mai nauyi ya zama mara kyau.

Matsakaicin saurin RIB ya dogara da nauyin nauyinsa, iko, tsawonsa da bayanin martaba, da yanayin teku. RIB na yau da kullun mai mita 6 (19  in), tare da fasinjoji shida,   injuna,  Beaufort force 2 yana iya samun saurin gudu na kusan  km / h). RIBs masu inganci na iya aiki tare da saurin tsakanin 40 da 70 knots (74 da 130 km / h), dangane da girman da nauyi.

== Amfani da shi ==
Amfani ya haɗa da jiragen ruwa na aiki (don tallafawa wuraren bakin teku ko manyan jiragen ruwa) a cikin kasuwancin da ke aiki a kan ruwa, kayan aikin soja, inda ake amfani da su a matsayin sintiri da kuma jigilar sojoji tsakanin jiragen ruwa ko bakin teku, da jiragen ruwa.


== Gine-gine ==

An yi ƙugiya da ƙarfe, itace, aluminum, ko fiye da haka, haɗin itace don tsari da filastik mai ƙarfafa gilashin (GRP) don siffa da santsi.  Wasu masana'antun kuma suna saka Kevlar a cikin zanen GRP don ƙarin ƙarfi.  An ƙera ɓangarorin RIB don ƙara aikin kwale-kwalen a cikin ruwa ta hanyar inganta halayensa na ruwa.  Rukunin "Deep-V" suna yanke ta cikin raƙuman ruwa cikin sauƙi amma suna buƙatar ƙarfin injin don fara tsarawa fiye da "shallow-V", wanda jirgin sama a ƙananan gudu amma tare da tafiya maras dadi.  Kamar yadda yake tare da zane na mafi yawan kwale-kwalen kwale-kwalen suna wakiltar daidaituwar halaye na ƙira daban-daban.  Rukunin RIB na zamani na "duk zagaye" sun haɗu da zurfin v hull a baka wanda ke baje kolin don gabatar da faffadan shirin shirin.  Wannan yanki ne mai lebur a bayan kwandon da aka ƙera don ba da damar jirgin ya sami kwanciyar hankali don tafiya..

=== Tubes ===
Ana yawan gina bututun sannan a raba su tare da ɗakuna daban-daban don rage tasirin puncture, kowannensu yana da bawul don ƙarawa ko cire iska kuma kwanan nan bawul ɗin sakin matsin lamba. Jiragen ruwa mafi girma (7m+) suna da ɗakuna shida ko fiye tare da bawul da sakin matsin lamba ga kowane ɗaki. Idan daya daga cikin wadannan ɗakunan ne kawai ya fashe, sauran ɗakunan za su ci gaba da samar da motsi, suna ba da redundancy. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ana sanya bututun tare da bawul ɗin biyu da bawul din sauƙaƙe matsin lamba. Yayin da zafin jiki ke ƙaruwa, iska a cikin bututun yana fadada, yana buɗe bawul ɗin sakin matsin lamba. Wannan yana hana bututun fashewa daga matsin lamba. Abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su don bututun sune Hypalon da PVC (Polyvinyl chloride), kodayake wasu masana'antun suna amfani da PU (Polyurethane). 

==== Hypalon ====
Tubes made of hypalon (csm/cr) are easy to manufacture and can be repaired with simple puncture repair kits. Hypalon (csm) is not airtight and so must be combined with neoprene (cr) when used to build tubes. Tubes made with Hypalon and Neoprene layers can last up to twice as long as PVC tubes and have been known to last over 20 years. Hypalon is probably the most popular material used for the construction of RIBs manufactured in the UK. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

#### Polyvinyl chloride
A matsayin kayan aiki don bututun gini, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) yana da rashin fa'ida na rashin sassauci. Don sa ya zama mai sauƙi, ana amfani da ƙari tare da polymer. Wannan ƙari yana narkewa yayin da kayan ke tsufa, yana sa PVC ya lalace kuma yana ba shi damar fashewa. Wani bututun PVC shine mafi arha kuma zai iya zama kusan shekaru 10-15.

PVC does have some advantages, it is cheap, it can be welded, and it is guaranteed for longer than hypalon. PVC RIBs are usually very well made and with welded seams they are less prone to blowouts and leaks.&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

A newer form of PVC has made its way into production. Known as valmex it is said to have a blackout layer on the inside to reduce UV damage to the adhesives usually used to fix tubes to the hulls and various other parts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

Tubes da aka yi da polyurethane (PU) suna da wuyar ƙerawa kuma saboda haka ba a amfani da su sau da yawa don gina RHIB. PU yana da fa'idar kasancewa mai ƙarfi sosai, ana iya sanya shi mai tsayayya da wuka ko mai tsayayyar harsashi. Tun da farko PU yana da rashin amfani na tsufa da sauri, amma sababbin nau'ikan sun fi tsayayya da lalacewa lokacin da aka fallasa su ga hasken ultraviolet. Batun tare da mafi yawan tsofaffin PU da aka gina RIBs shine hasken UV da zafi suna shiga cikin masana'anta kuma, kamar PVC, suna lalata haɗin manne. An ce masana'antun kwanan nan suna da layin rufewa don taimakawa wajen yaki da hasken UV.

Duk da yake an yi amfani da bututun PU na zafi, ana haɗa kayan aiki da haɗe-haɗe ta amfani da adhesives. Wani bututun da aka yi da PU mai inganci yana da tsawon shekaru 20. Sau da yawa ana samun bututun PU a kan RIBs na kasuwanci, a cikin aikace-aikace inda ake buƙatar ƙarfi da juriya. Canja wurin bututun lokacin da suka tsufa yawanci yana da kashi ɗaya bisa uku kamar yadda cikakken RIB yake.

### Gidan motar / ɗakuna

Manya-manyan RIBs na iya samun tudu mai wuya ko kuma wheelhouse da aka yi da GRP ko aluminum.  Gidajen keken hannu suna ba da kariya daga abubuwa ga duka ma'aikatan jirgin da fasinjoji - kuma suna iya kare kayan aiki kamar kujerun dakatarwa da kayan kewayawa.  Wasu masana'antun RIB, musamman waɗanda suka shahara a Ireland da Yammacin Kogin Yammacin Scotland suna ba da kayan kwalliya na zaɓi waɗanda ke samar da masana'anta da gidajen motsa jiki na perspex amma ana iya cire su cikin sauƙi a cikin yanayi mai kyau.  Ana ƙara samun RIBs tare da ƙananan gidaje (yawanci tare da masauki ga mutane biyu kuma a wasu lokuta bandakunan teku ko bandakunan sinadarai), suna faɗaɗa aikace-aikacen RIBs a matsayin sana'ar balaguro.

#### Tsarin Seafari
Ana saita jiragen ruwa na Seafari don karɓar masu yawon bude ido na ƙaramin lokaci. Kayan aiki na yau da kullun suna amfani da wurin zama na jockey don saukar da fasinjoji. Coding a Burtaniya da EU yawanci yana iyakance yawan fasinjoji zuwa 12 yayin da a wasu ƙasashe, kamar Poland, ana sanya ƙarin kujeru a cikin jirgin. Gudun tafiya na ban sha'awa ya zama ruwan dare tare da saurin gudu da juyawa da ke karawa ga yaudarar su.

Canjin bututu, wanda aka fi sani da maye gurbin wuyan, retubing, ko sake bututu, shine inda aka cire tsoffin bututu da suka lalace ko suka tsufa kuma an sanya sabbin bututu. Wannan al'ada ce kuma ana maye gurbin bututun da sabbin bututun hypalon, PVC ko polyurethane. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da maye gurbin hypalon sai dai idan jirgin yana da slide a kan tsarin luff na tube.

## Jirgin ruwa mai tsayi mai tsayi (FRIB)
Jirgin ruwa mai tsayi mai tsayi yana da sashi 3 mai tsayi. Sassan kwalliya suna da tabs da ramuka masu haɗuwa, waɗanda matsin lamba a cikin bututun ya riƙe tare. Da zarar an taru yana da wahala a gaya musu cewa sun ninka. Da zarar an kumbura, suna da cikakkiyar ƙarfi.

Jirgin ruwa mai tashi, ko FIB, RIB ne tare da fuka-fuki masu haske da iska. "FIB" ana amfani dashi azaman sunan samfurin ta Polaris Motor na Italiya don Polaris FIB.  

## Jirgin ruwa mai tsayi mai tsayi (RIB mai tsayi)

An tsara jirgin ruwa mai tsayi mai tsayi tare da tsarin motsa jiki guda huɗu wanda ya kunshi ƙafafun motoci, masu juyawa da masu sarrafawa. [Ba a buƙatar tushe na farko] &#x5B;**&#x5D;