Satellite mai sarrafa yanayi

.Gyara yanayi shine aikin sarrafa ko canza yanayin da gangan. Mafi yawan nau'in gyare-gyaren yanayi shine shukar gajimare, wanda ke ƙara yawan ruwan sama ko dusar ƙanƙara, yawanci don haɓaka samar da ruwan gida.[1] Gyaran yanayi kuma na iya samun manufar hana lalacewar yanayi, kamar ƙanƙara ko guguwa, daga faruwa; ko kuma na haifar da mummunar yanayi a kan abokan gaba, a matsayin dabarar soja ko yakin tattalin arziki kamar Operation Popeye, inda aka shuka girgije don tsawaita damina a Vietnam. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta haramta gyare-gyaren yanayi a cikin yaki a karkashin yarjejeniyar gyara muhalli

## Tarihi
Wani sanannen imani a Arewacin Turai shi ne cewa harbi yana hana ƙanƙara, wanda hakan ya sa garuruwan noma da yawa su harba bindigogi ba tare da harsashi ba. Tsoffin soji na Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai, Yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon, da Yaƙin basasar Amurka sun ba da rahoton cewa ruwan sama ya faɗi bayan kowane babban yaƙi. Bayan an tattara labarun su a War and Weather, Ma'aikatar Yakin Amurka a ƙarshen karni na 19 ta sayi $ 9,000 na gunpowder da fashewa don rushe su a Texas, da fatan kwantar da tururin ruwa cikin ruwan sama. Sakamakon gwajin, wanda Robert Dyrenforth ya kula da shi, ba a kammala shi ba.

Wilhelm Reich ya yi gwaje-gwaje masu fashewa a cikin shekarun 1950, sakamakon su ne masu kawo rigima kuma ba a yarda da su ba ta hanyar kimiyya.

.A cikin Nuwamba 1954 Sarki Bhumibol Adulyadej ya kaddamar da aikin samar da ruwan sama na sarauta (Thai: โครงการฝนหลวง). Ya gano cewa yankuna da dama na fuskantar matsalar fari. Fiye da kashi 82 na ƙasar noma ta Thai sun dogara da ruwan sama. Manoman Thai ba su sami damar yin noma ba saboda rashin ruwa. An fara fara aikin samar da ruwan sama na sarauta a ranar 20 ga Yuli 1969 bisa ga umarninsa, lokacin da aka fara ƙoƙarin yin ruwan sama a Khao Yai National Park. Busassun busassun busassun kankara sun warwatse bisa gajimare. An bayar da rahoton cewa, an samu wasu ruwan sama. A cikin 1971, gwamnati ta kafa Cibiyar Bincike da Ci Gaban Ruwan Ruwa na Artificial a cikin Ma'aikatar Noma da Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Tailan.[1] [madauwar da'ira] &#x5B;**&#x5D;

A watan Janairun 2011, jaridu da mujallu da yawa, ciki har da Sunday Times na Burtaniya da Arabian Business, sun ba da rahoton cewa masana kimiyya da gwamnatin Abu Dhabi, babban birnin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, ta goyi bayan sun kirkiro sama da ruwan sama na wucin gadi 50 tsakanin Yuli da Agusta 2010 kusa da Al Ain, birni wanda ke kusa da iyakar kasar da Oman kuma shine birni na biyu mafi girma a Masarautar Abu Dhabi. An ce ruwan sama na wucin gadi wani lokacin ya haifar da ƙanƙara, guguwa da tsawa, yana rikitar da mazauna yankin.

A cikin gudu har zuwa Wasannin Olympics na Beijing na 2008, Gwamnatin kasar Sin ta ce za su iya sarrafa hazo har zuwa wani mataki kuma cewa wasannin ba za su sami cikas saboda mummunan yanayi ba. Don wannan dalili sun kafa ofishin gwamnati da ake kira Ofishin Gyaran Yanayi na Beijing, wanda ke ƙarƙashin ofishin kula da yanayi na ƙasa.

Shuka girgije wata dabara ce ta yau da kullun don inganta hazo. Shuka girgije ya haɗa da yayyafa ƙananan barbashi, kamar su iodide na azurfa, a kan girgije don ƙoƙarin shafar ci gaban su, yawanci tare da burin ƙara hazo. Shuka girgije yana aiki ne kawai har zuwa lokacin da akwai tururin ruwa a cikin iska. Masu sukar gabaɗaya suna jayayya cewa nasarorin da aka yi da'awar suna faruwa a cikin yanayin da zai haifar da ruwan sama. Ana amfani da shi a kasashe masu saurin fari, gami da Amurka, China, Indiya, da Rasha. A kasar Sin, akwai dogaro da shi a yankuna masu bushewa, kuma akwai tuhuma mai karfi ana amfani da shi don "wanke iska" a wuraren da suka bushe da gurbata sosai, kamar Beijing. A yankunan tsaunuka na Amurka kamar Rocky Mountains da Sierra Nevada, an yi amfani da shuka girgije tun daga shekarun 1950.

Shirin Cirrus wani yunkuri ne na Janar Electric don canza yanayin wanda ya gudana daga 1947-1952. A wannan lokacin, a karkashin kulawar Sojojin Sama na Amurka, an yi ƙoƙari don ƙirƙirar dusar ƙanƙara da guguwar iri ta amfani da iodide na azurfa. Duk da yake Janar Electric ya ba da rahoton sakamako mai kyau, sun kuma yarda cewa gwaje-gwajen su sun kasance masu kawo rigima.

Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta kasance tana shuka girgije tun daga shekarun 2000 kuma tana da niyyar kara ruwan sama da kashi 15-30% a kowace shekara. Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su sune potassium chloride, sodium chloride.

### Sakamakon

#### Jama'a
Rashin isasshen tsarin don magance canjin yanayi na iya haifar da mummunar sakamako. "A cikin birnin Jeddah a Yammacin Saudi Arabia ambaliyar ruwa ta lalata shi a cikin 2009 wanda aka ruwaito ya kashe fiye da mutane 100; yana haifar da tambayoyi game da dalilin da ya sa kasar ba ta da ingantaccen tsarin magudanar ruwa a wurin. "

#### Mutum
Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiya ta Amurka ta lura cewa iodide na azurfa ba shi da sanannun "matsalolin cuta" a kan mutane, kodayake "hannun mutane na iya kasancewa launin rawaya na makonni" bayan an fallasa shi.

## Rigakafin guguwa

Shirin Stormfury wani yunkuri ne na raunana Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi ta hanyar tashi jirgin sama cikin hadari da shuka ido tare da iodide na azurfa. Gwamnatin Amurka ce ta gudanar da aikin daga 1962 zuwa 1983. An gudanar da irin wannan aikin ta amfani da soot a 1958, tare da sakamakon da ba a kammala ba. An ba da shawarar hanyoyi daban-daban don rage tasirin guguwa. Moshe Alamaro na Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts  ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da jiragen ruwa tare da injunan jet masu nuna sama don haifar da ƙananan guguwa don rushe ci gaban guguwa mai shigowa; masu sukar suna shakkar cewa jiragen zasu kasance da iko sosai don yin wani bambanci mai ban mamaki.

Alexander Chorin na Jami'ar California, Berkeley, ya ba da shawarar zubar da mai mai mai mai kyau a kan teku don hana samar da droplet. Gwaje-gwaje da Kerry Emanuel  na MIT ya yi a shekara ta 2002 ya ba da shawarar cewa iskar guguwa za ta rushe man fetur, ta sa ya zama mara tasiri. Sauran masana kimiyya sun yi jayayya da gaskiyar tushen tsarin da aka ɗauka ta wannan hanyar.

Kamfanin Florida Dyn-O-Mat da Shugaba, Peter Cordani, sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da samfurin da ya haɓaka, wanda ake kira Dyn-O'Gel, don rage ƙarfin guguwa. Abinda yake polymer a cikin foda (wani Polyacrylic acid derivative) wanda aka ruwaito yana da ikon sha sau 1,500 nauyin kansa a cikin ruwa. Ka'idar ita ce ana jefa polymer cikin girgije don cire danshi kuma ya tilasta guguwar ta yi amfani da ƙarin makamashi don motsa ruwan da ya fi nauyi, don haka yana taimakawa wajen kawar da guguwar. Lokacin da gel ya kai saman teku, an ruwaito cewa an narke shi. Peter Cordani ya haɗu da Mark Daniels da Victor Miller, masu mallakar kamfanin kwangila na jirgin sama na gwamnati AeroGroup wanda ke aiki da tsohon jirgin sama na soja a kasuwanci. Yin amfani da babban tsawo na B-57 Bomber, AeroGroup ya gwada abu da ya sauke fam 9,000 daga babban tashar bam din jirgin B-57 kuma ya watsar da shi cikin babban tantanin tsawa a gabashin Florida. An rubuta gwaje-gwajen a fim kuma an yi labarai na kasa da kasa da ke nuna cewa an cire guguwar a kan radar na Doppler. A shekara ta 2003, an rufe shirin ne saboda matsin siyasa ta hanyar NOAA. Ƙididdigar ƙididdigar da NOAA ta yi ya nuna duk da haka cewa ba zai zama mafita mai amfani ga manyan tsarin kamar guguwa mai zafi ba.

Wasu manoma sun yi amfani da bindigogin ƙanƙara tun daga karni na 19 a cikin ƙoƙari na hail ƙanƙarar, amma babu tabbacin tabbacin kimiyya don tabbatar da tasirin su. Wata sabuwar fasahar rigakafin guguwa  wata hanya ce don rage ƙarfin lalacewar guguwa na wurare masu zafi - yin amfani da ruwan teku a cikin iska a kasan irin wannan guguwa ta wurare masu zafi a bangon idonsa.

## Canjin guguwa
NOAA ta buga shafin da ke magana game da ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da sarrafa guguwa ta wurare masu zafi.

A cikin 2007, "Yadda za a dakatar da guguwa"  ya bincika ra'ayoyi daban-daban kamar:

* Amfani da lasers don fitar da walƙiya a cikin guguwa wanda zai iya zama guguwa
* zuba ruwa nitrogen a cikin teku don hana guguwar wutar lantarki.
* Samar da hayaki don shawo kan hasken rana da canza zafin iska da kuma haifar da kwararar convection a bangon waje.

Masu bincike daga sashen binciken guguwa na NOAA sun magance ra'ayoyin da suka danganci kula da guguwa.

Daga baya ra'ayoyin (2017) sun haɗa da juyawa na laser tare da layi ɗaya kamar sanyaya na laser (wanda aka saba amfani dashi a yanayin zafi na cryogenic) amma an yi niyyar sanyaya saman 1mm na ruwa. Idan za a yi amfani da isasshen iko to yana iya isa, haɗe da ƙirar kwamfuta, don samar da tsarin tsangwama wanda zai iya hana guguwa ko rage ƙarfinta ta hanyar hana shi ƙarfin zafi.

Sauran shawarwari don gyaran guguwa sun haɗa da gina babban jerin turbines na iska a Gabashin Gabashin Amurka. Irin waɗannan turbines za su sami manufa biyu na samar da makamashi mai yawa yayin da kuma rage ikon guguwa masu zuwa kafin su sauka.

### Tsabtace ruwan teku mai zurfi don sanyaya farfajiyar
Tsabtace ruwan teku mai zurfi a gaban guguwa mai zafi don sanyaya zafin jiki na teku na iya zama dabara da aka yi amfani da ita don yaki da guguwa a cikin Tekun Atlantic kafin su zama Manyan guguwa.

Yana da hasashe kawai kuma yana da wahala a fahimta tunda sanya irin waɗannan famfo a cikin hanyar guguwa zai zama da wahala. Bugu da ƙari, duk wani irin wannan aikin zai buƙaci adadi mai yawa daga cikinsu don fitar da isasshen ruwa don sanyaya babban yankin teku don samun tasiri. Wannan ba tare da la'akari da yawan makamashi da ake buƙata don samar da wutar lantarki ga waɗancan famfo da tasirinsa akan rayuwar ruwa ba.

## A cikin soja
Operation Popeye wani aiki ne na sirri wanda sojojin Amurka suka gudanar daga 1967 zuwa 1972.  Manufar ita ce ta tsawaita ruwan sama a kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Babban hazo ya sami nasarar rushe dabarun sojojin Vietnam. An yi imanin Operation Popeye a matsayin aikin farko na nasarar fasahar gyaran yanayi a yaƙi. Bayan an bayyana shi, Yarjejeniyar Canjin Muhalli (ENMOD) ta haramta gyaran yanayi a yaƙi.

A cikin "Benign Weather Modification" da aka buga a watan Maris na shekara ta 1997, Air Force Major Barry B. Coble ya rubuta game da kasancewar kimiyyar gyaran yanayi inda ya gano abubuwan da suka faru, musamman, a hannun Pentagon da manyan abokan gaba na CIA.

* Ƙoƙarin farko da aka sarrafa da kuma saka idanu da aka sani da shi ta hanyar kimiyya wanda al'ummar meteorological suka gane a matsayin canjin yanayi ya faru ne a cikin 1948. Lokacin da Dokta Irving Langmuir ya fara gwaji tare da girgije na wucin gadi don samar da ruwan sama a New Mexico, gwaje-gwajensa sun nuna sakamako mai kyau - wanda ya haifar da babban sha'awa a filin kusan da dare.
* Kasashe da yawa a duk faɗin duniya suna yin gyaran yanayi. Mutanen Rasha sun daɗe suna da sha'awar amfani da gyaran yanayi a matsayin hanyar sarrafa ƙanƙara.

A cikin shekarun 1990s an bayar da umarni daga shugaban ma'aikatan Sojojin Sama Ronald R. Fogleman don bincika ra'ayoyin, iyawa, da fasahar da Amurka za ta buƙaci su kasance manyan rundunonin iska da sararin samaniya a nan gaba.

## A cikin doka

### Yarjejeniyar Amurka da Kanada
A shekara ta 1975, Amurka da Kanada sun shiga yarjejeniya a karkashin kulawar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don musayar bayanai game da aikin gyaran yanayi.

### 1977 Yarjejeniyar Canjin Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Canjin yanayi, musamman yakin basasa, an magance shi ta hanyar "Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 31/72, Yarjejeniyar TIAS 9614  kan haramtacciyar Soja ko Duk wani Amfani da Hadin Ganin Muhalli. " An sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar a Geneva a ranar 18 ga Mayu, 1977; ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1978; Shugaban Amurka Jimmy Carter ya tabbatar da shi a ranar 13 ga Disamba, 1979; kuma tabbatar da Amurka a New York a ranar 17 ga Janairu, 1980.

### Gudanar da Tekun Kasa da Yanayi na Amurka
A Amurka, Hukumar Kula da Tekun Kasa da Yanayi ta Tsakiya tana riƙe da rikodin ayyukan gyaran yanayi a madadin Sakataren Kasuwanci, a ƙarƙashin ikon Dokar Jama'a 92-205, 15 USC § 330B, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1971. 

### Dokar Amurka da aka gabatar
Dokar Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka 517  da Dokar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 2995  sun kasance takardun kudi guda biyu da aka gabatar a shekara ta 2005 waɗanda za su faɗaɗa gyaran yanayi na gwaji, don kafa Hukumar Ayyukan Gyaran Yanayi da Bincike, kuma su aiwatar da manufofin gyaran yanayi ta ƙasa. Babu wani abu da aka sanya shi doka.

Dokar Majalisar Dattijai 1807 da Dokar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 3445, takardun kudi iri ɗaya da aka gabatar a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2007, an ba da shawarar kafa Hukumar Ba da Shawara da Bincike don tallafawa binciken gyaran yanayi 

### Dokar Tennessee da ta wuce
An sanya hannu kan dokar Tennessee HB 2063/SB 2691 a matsayin doka a ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 2024. Wannan lissafin ya haramta "injection da gangan, saki, ko warwatse" na sunadarai a cikin Tennessee "tare da manufar shafar zafin jiki, yanayi, ko ƙarfin hasken rana".  

Rubutun lissafin bai ambaci ka'idar makircin chemtrail ba, amma mai tallafawa lissafin, Sanata Steve Southerland ya ce yana daya daga cikin manufofin da aka nufa na lissafin.

## A cikin addini da tatsuniyoyi

Ayyukan sihiri da na addini don sarrafa yanayi an tabbatar da su a al'adu daban-daban. A tsohuwar Indiya, an ce yajna ko al'adun Vedic na yin waka da hadayu an yi su ne ta hanyar Rishis don kawo ruwan sama na kwatsam a yankunan da ke fama da yunwa. Wasu 'yan asalin Amurka, kamar wasu Turawa, suna da bukukuwan da suka yi imanin zasu iya haifar da ruwan sama. 

A farkon zamanin zamani mutane sun lura cewa a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe harbe-harbe da sauran bindigogi sau da yawa sun fara hazo.

A cikin tatsuniyoyin Helenawa, an miƙa Homer)" id="mwAYM" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Achaeans (Homer)">Akaya" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Iphigenia">Iphigenia a matsayin Hadaya ta mutum don kwantar da fushin allahiya Artemis, wanda ya kwantar da rundunar jiragen ruwa ta Achaean a Aulis a farkon Yaƙin Trojan. A cikin *Odyssey* na Homer, Aeolus, mai kula da iskõki, ya ba Odysseus da ma'aikatansa kyautar iskõki huɗu a cikin jaka. Koyaya, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa sun buɗe jakar yayin da Odysseus ke barci, suna neman ganima (kudi), kuma a sakamakon haka, guguwar da ta haifar ta hura su. A tsohuwar Roma, *lapis manalis* dutse ne mai tsarki wanda aka ajiye a waje da ganuwar Roma a cikin haikalin Mars. Lokacin da Roma ta sha wahala daga fari, an ja dutsen cikin birni. An sami maƙaryacin Berwick na Scotland da laifin yin amfani da sihiri na baki don kiran guguwa don kashe Sarki James VI na Scotland ta hanyar neman nutse jirgin da ya yi tafiya. An yi zargin cewa mayu na Scandinavia suna sayar da iska a cikin jaka ko kuma an kulle su da sihiri a cikin sandunan katako; sun sayar da jaka ga ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa waɗanda za su iya sakin su lokacin da aka kwantar da su. A garuruwa daban-daban na Navarre, addu'o'i sun roki Saint Peter ya ba da ruwan sama a lokutan fari. Idan ruwan sama bai zo ba, an cire mutum-mutumi na St Peter daga cocin kuma an jefa shi cikin kogi.

A cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Ibrananci, an rubuta cewa Iliya a hanyar hukuntawa, ya gaya wa Sarki Ahab cewa babu raɓa ko ruwan sama ba zai faɗi ba har sai Iliya ta kira shi. An ci gaba da rubuta cewa fari da ya biyo baya ya dauki tsawon shekaru 3.5 a lokacin da Iliya ya kira ruwan sama ya sake dawowa kuma an dawo da ƙasar. Sabon Alkawari ya rubuta Yesu Kristi yana sarrafa guguwa ta hanyar magana da ita.

A cikin Islama, ana ɗaukar Salat Al-Istisqa" (Addu'ar ruwan sama) a matsayin mafita yayin neman ruwan sama daga Allah a lokacin fari.

## Ka'idodin makirci
Canjin yanayi, tare da aikin injiniya na yanayi, jigon maimaitawa ne a cikin Ka'idodin makirci. Ka'idar makircin chemtrail ta yi la'akari da cewa ana canza sinadarin jet don canza yanayin da sauran abubuwan da suka faru. Sauran ra'ayoyin suna ƙoƙari su haɗa kayan aikin kimiyya kamar High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP). 

## A cikin al'adun gargajiya
Jerin *Dune* na Frank Herbert yana nuna fasahar kula da yanayi, galibi a kan taurari biyu: Arrakis, inda Fremen ke amfani da fasahar don tabbatar da sirri daga kallo da ɓoye yawan jama'arsu na gaskiya da shirye-shiryen su don canza duniya daga Imperium; da kuma, Chapterhouse, inda Bene Gesserit ke da niyyar juya duniya zuwa hamada.

Ikon sarrafa yanayi ya zama babban iko na yau da kullun a cikin almara. Wani sanannen misali shine halin Marvel Comics Storm .

A cikin littafin yara Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs, garin Chewandswallow yana da yanayi wanda ke zubar da abinci maimakon ruwan sama ko dusar ƙanƙara, wanda ya zama mai tsanani ya tilasta wa 'yan ƙasa su koma wani gari daban. An daidaita wannan a cikin fim inda Flint Lockwood, wanda aka fitar da shi a garin kuma masanin kimiyya, ya kirkiro na'ura wanda ke canza ruwa daga girgije zuwa abinci.

A cikin ikon mallakar Star Trek, Ƙungiyar Duniyoyi ta Ƙasa tana da fasahar gyaran yanayi, ban da damar terraforming.

## Dubi kuma

* Shirin Hail na Alberta
* Ofishin Canjin Yanayi na Beijing
* Ka'idar makircin Chemtrail
* Injiniyan yanayi
* Shuka girgije
* Yarjejeniyar Canjin Muhalli (ENMOD) 
* Yanayi mai tsanani
* Binciken hazo da Yaduwa (FIDO) 
* Rashin dumamar yanayi
* Tasirin ƙasa akan yanayi
* Aikin Popeye
* Shirin Cumulus
* Shirin Stormfury
* Rashin ruwa
* Hasashen yanayi
* Canjin yanayi a Arewacin Amurka
* Jerin ayyukan gyaran yanayi a Amurka a cikin shekara ta 2025

## Manazarta