open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kungiyar Masu Gine-gine na zamani na Morocco

**Ruƙunin Masu Gine-ginen Zamani na Moroccan** (French: Groupe des Architectes Modernes Marocains) ko kuma **GAMMA** gungun masana gine-ginen zamani ne da ke aiki a Maroko. An fara ne a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Michel Écochard, darektan tsare-tsare na birane a Maroko a shekarun baya bayan nan na lokacin 'yan mulkin mallaka na Faransa, kuma Elie Azagury ne ya jagorance shi bayan samun 'yancin kai.

## Tarihi
GAMMA da farko ya haɗa da gine-ginen George Candillis, Alexis Josic da Shadrach Woods. A farkon 1950s, Écochard ya ba GAMMA umarni don tsara gidaje wanda ya ba da "takamaiman nama mai rai na al'ada"  ga ma'aikata da ƙaura daga karkara.  Sémiramis,  (Honeycomb), da Carrières Centrales wasu daga cikin misalan farko na wannan salon da ya zo da ake kira zamani zamani(vernacular modernism).  Misalin mita 8x8 na Ecochard, wanda aka ƙera don magance matsalolin Casablanca tare da yawan jama'a da ƙauracewa ƙauyuka, ya kasance majagaba a cikin gine-ginen gidaje na gama gari.   Wannan shi ne karo na farko da Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Faransa ta gina gidaje ga masu mulkin mallaka maimakon masu mulkin mallaka, kuma ta yi haka don murkushe Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa ta Moroccan, musamman bayan zanga-zangar 1952 bayan kisan gillar da aka yi wa Farhat Hached, wanda ya kasance a cikin bidonville na Carrières Centrales (yanzu Hay Mohammadi). 

A wannan lokacin, Elie Azagury shine kawai "ɗan asalin" masanin Moroccan a GAMMA.   Shi da Candilis sun tura Écochard don haɓaka haɓakar haɓakawa a Carrières Centrales.  Azagury ya yi la'akari da ƙaddamarwa "wajibi ne na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa," kuma ya yi la'akari da Écochard da ra'ayinsa cewa Moroccans za su iya rayuwa a cikin manyan tudu, suna la'akari da shi "kayan aiki mai aiki na 'yan mulkin mallaka na Faransa." 

Azagury ya jagoranci GAMMA bayan samun 'yancin kai a Maroko a shekarar 1956.  Ya ji tsoro a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa cewa 'yancin kai zai zo tare da komawa ga gine-gine na harshe maimakon zamani, amma ya sami kwanciyar hankali cewa ba haka lamarin yake ba. 

Sauran gine-ginen da ke da alaƙa da GAMMA sun haɗa da Jean-François Zevaco, Abdeslam Faraoui, Patrice de Mazières, da Mourad Ben Embarek.

## Manazarta
Tcharmil

**Tcharmil** (wani lokacin Tcharmile ko mesharmil a Faransanci ko Mutanen Espanya) magana ce a cikin yaren Maroko da al'ada tana nuna kewayon dandano mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗi don abincin nama wanda ya haɗa da tafarnuwa, Man zaitun da parsley. Har ila yau, wani nau'i ne na al'adun matasa, wanda ya sami ƙarfi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan tsakanin matasa na Maroko marasa farin ciki.

Kwanan nan ƙungiyar matasa daga ƙauyuka na ƙasar sun karɓi sunan.

Modus operandi shine yada matsanancin tsoro ta hanyar sanya hotunan bidiyo na membobinta suna sauya laifuka na matsanancin tashin hankali a kafofin sada zumunta. Yawancin masu aikata laifuka da suka aikata Tcharmil suna da tashin hankali, kuma yawanci suna sokewa ko barin raunuka a fuskar wanda aka azabtar duk da karɓar abin da suke bi (wayoyin hannu, walat, da dai sauransu...). Tcharmil yana nuna salon gashi na musamman kuma yana neman yin koyi da ƙungiyoyin titin Hispanic na Amurka kamar Sarakunan Latin. Makaman da suka fi so su ne Yanke nama da wuka.

Harin farko ya faru ne a cikin salon gashi mai kyau a gundumar Ma'arif a Casablanca a watan Maris na shekara ta 2014. Matasa maza uku sun shiga wuka sun haifar da rikici ta hanyar amfani da machetes. Abokan ciniki sun gudu cikin tsoro. Wani yunkuri na aikata laifuka ya biyo baya wanda ya haifar da mummunar hare-hare wanda ya haifar le mummunan rauni a jiki da mutuwar tashin hankali.

Tcharmil ko da yake an fara shi a Casablanca, da sauri ya bazu zuwa Fes, Meknes, Agadir, Rabat, Temara Marrakesh kuma yana bayyana a wasu biranen Maroko.

Don yaki da wannan sabon abu, Sarki Mohammed VI na Maroko a ranar 7 ga Afrilu 2014 ya kaddamar da babban kamfen na 'yan sanda na kasa wanda ya haifar da kama mutane da yawa.

Adadin hare-haren da aka yi kwanan nan ya karu a duk biranen Maroko;  Wannan yafi yawa saboda rashin rundunar 'yan sanda a unguwanni matalauta da rashin hukunci mai tsanani. Yawancin "mcharmline" (masu aikata laifuka), yawanci suna karɓar hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku mai sauƙi wanda ya bambanta tsakanin watanni shida zuwa shekara ɗaya a kurkuku idan an kama su, yana ba su damar samun ƙarin amincewa don aikata laifukan tashin hankali bayan sun fita daga kurkuku.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Cin hanci da rashawa a Maroko

**Cin hanci da rashawa a [[Moroko|Maroko]]**, ƙananan da manyan, matsala ce mai girma a cikin al'ummar. Wani rahoto da wani jami'in diflomasiyyar Amurka ya ɓoye ya bayyana a cikin 2009 cewa cin hanci da rashawa ya zama mafi girma a ƙarƙashin Sarki Mohammed VI, kuma dangin sarauta suna amfani da cibiyoyin jama'a don tilastawa da neman cin hanci.

A kan Transparency International's 2024 Corruption Perceptions Index, Morocco ta zira kwallaye 37 a sikelin daga 0 ("mai cin hanci da rashawa") zuwa 100 ("mai tsabta sosai"). Lokacin da aka tsara ta hanyar ci, Morocco ta kasance ta 99 a cikin kasashe 180 a cikin Index, inda ake ganin ƙasar da ta kasance ta farko tana da bangaren jama'a mafi gaskiya. Don kwatanta da ƙididdigar yanki, matsakaicin ƙididdiga tsakanin ƙasashen Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka  ya kasance 39. Mafi kyawun sakamako tsakanin kasashen Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka ya kasance 68 kuma mafi munin sakamako ya kasance 12. Don kwatanta da ƙididdigar duniya, matsakaicin ƙimar ya kasance 43, mafi kyawun ƙimar ya zama 90 (ranked 1), kuma mafi munin ƙimar ya kai 8 (ranked 180). 

Har ila yau, kamfanoni sun gano cin hanci da rashawa a matsayin babban cikas ga saka hannun jari a Maroko. Sayar da jama'a yanki ne tare da babban matakin cin hanci da rashawa, kuma ana ba da kwangilar gwamnati ga kamfanoni masu alaƙa da juna. Cin hanci da rashawa da mutane masu tasiri sosai suka aikata ba a yawan gurfanar da shi ba.

## Bayani
Jerin Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya a Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya

Wannan maƙala ce da ta ƙunsa jerin  Kwalejin Kimiyya da fasaha na tarayya a Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya. Wannan jerin na waɗanda Gwamnatin tarayya ne ta mallaka, banda na  gwamnatin jihohi, da masu zaman kansu da sauran cibiyoyin fasaha.

Kudu Maso Gabashin Najeriya, ya ƙunshi jihohin Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, da Imo, na da manyan makarantun gwamnatin tarayya. Waɗannan makarantun suna ba da ilimin fasaha da na sana'a kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban tattalin arziki da masana'antu a yankin. Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayyar Najeriya ce ke kula da makarantun Polytechnic da kwalejoji, ta hukumar kula da ilimin fasaha ta kasa (NBTE).Sanannen yaren da ake amfani dashi a waɗannan makarantu shine turanci .

## Makarantu

## Kwasa-kwasai da akeyi a makarantun
Makarantun fasaha na tarayya a yankin Kudu maso Gabas suna ba da kwasa-kwasai iri-iri da aka tsara don baiwa ɗalibai ƙwarewa da ilimi  gama-gari na karatu sun haɗa amma ba'a iyakance ga masu zuwa ba:
* Civil Engineering
* Electrical/Electronic Engineering
* Mechanical Engineering
* Computer Science
* Computer Engineering
* Accountancy
* Business Administration
* Mass Communication
* Environmental Studies
* Food Science Technology
* Science Laboratory Technology
* Hospitality Management and Tourism

## Duba kuma
* Jerin Sunayen Makarantun Kimiyyar Kere-Kere a Najeriya

## Manazarta
Pauline Dempers

**Pauline Frannzisca Dempers** (an haife ta a ranar 28 ga watan Afrilu 1962 a Aranos, yankin Hardap) 'yar fafutukar kare hakkin ɗan adam ta Namibiya ce kuma 'yar siyasa. A cikin shekarar 1996, Dempers ta zama mai gudanarwa na ƙasa don karya bangon shiru(Breaking the Wall of Silence)  (BWS), ƙungiyar da ke fafutukar kare haƙƙin waɗanda SWAPO ke tsare dasu a lokacin Yaƙin neman 'Yancin Namibiya. Dempers tayi aiki tare da Congress of Democrats.

## Aiki
Dempers ta kasance fitacciyar mai fafutukar yaki da wariyar launin fata a kudancin Namibiya kafin ta gudu zuwa gudun hijira a shekarar 1983 don shiga SWAPO. Kungiyar SWAPO ta kama ta a shekarar 1986 yayin da take zaune a sansanin ‘yan gudun hijira da ke kusa da Lubango a kudancin Angola. Tare da ɗaruruwan sauran 'yan gudun hijirar Namibiya, an zargi Dempers da kin amincewa da yunkurin 'yanci, da kuma leken asiri a madadin azzalumai. An azabtar da su kuma aka tsare su a cikin 'kukuku' na Lubango a cikin shekaru na ƙarshe na Yaƙin 'Yancin Namibiya.  An sake ta a cikin watan Maris 1989 kuma ta koma Namibiya bayan yunkurin samun 'yancin kai wanda ya ƙare a cikin watan Maris 1990. 

Dempers ta zama mai gudanarwa na ƙasa a Breaking Wall of Silence (BWS) a cikin shekarar 1999, shekaru uku bayan kafa shi.  BWS kungiya ce mai zaman kanta mai suna bayan littafin Siegfried Groth *Namibiya.* *Katangar shiru* da ta fallasa ta'asar da aka yi a Lubango.  A lokacin ta bar SWAPO ta koma jam'iyyar adawa ta Congress of Democrats (CoD).e A cikin shekarar 2007, Dempers ta kasance wani ɓangare na jayayya a matsayin memba na kwamitin tsakiya na CoD. Wani ɓangare na jam'iyyar ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ben Ulenga ya kori ita da sauran mambobin kwamitin. Ta haɗa kai da ɓangaren da Ignatius Shixwameni ke jagoranta inda suka kafa 'komitin riko na ƙasa'. 

A cikin watan Maris 2008, abokina kuma ɗan'uwan da ake tsare da shi Kalla Gertze ya mutu sakamakon harin asma.   A nasa jawabin Gertze, Dempers ya yi kira ga 'yan majalisar dokokin ƙasar  da su buɗe muhawara kan fursunonin Lubango.

### Adabi

*  

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
* Interview with Pauline Dempers, BWS national coordinator Advocacy Net, 28 July 2009

* Tattaunawa tare da Pauline Dempers, mai gudanarwa na BWS Advocacy Net, 28 Yuli 2009 

## Manazarta
Theophilus Hamutumbangela

Reverend **Theophilus Hingashikuka Hamutumbangela** (6 Fabrairu 1917 - 28 Nuwamba 1990) ya kasance mai fafutukar yaki da wariyar launin fata na Namibiya, limamin coci, kuma jagoran mai fafutukar neman 'yancin kai na Namibiya, yana aiki tare da mai fafutukar yaki da wariyar launin fata na Burtaniya Reverend Michael Scott. 

## Rayuwa da aiki
Hamutumbangela ɗan uwa ne ga Mandume Ya Ndemufayo, sarkin mutanen Ovambo. An haife shi a ranar da kawunsa ya rasu. Hamutumbangela mutum ne dogo kuma mai ƙarfi sosai. Hamutumbangela was a tall and strongly-built man.

A lokacin da yake da shekaru 17, Hamutumbangela ya tafi ofishin St. Mary a Odibo: na farko a matsayin ɗalibi, sannan kuma a matsayin malami. Sannan ya karanci ilimin tauhidi a St. Bedes, Umtata, kuma an naɗa shi a matsayin diacon a shekarar 1946, kuma a matsayin limamin coci a shekarar 1947. Ya yi aiki a parishes a Etale, Windhoek, da Omboloka. 

Hamutumbangela ya yi magana kan wariyar launin fata da rashin adalci na gwamnatin wariyar launin fata tare da kokawa Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya sau da yawa game da 'yancin kai Namibiya. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa kungiyar Ovamboland People's Organisation kuma jigo a cikin Tsohuwar Location Uprising.

An kama Hamutumbangela a shekara ta 1966, kuma ana zargin hukumomin Afirka ta Kudu sun sanya masa guba.  Guba ta gurgunta tsarin jin daɗinsa, kuma ya kasance naƙasasshe a jiki da tunani har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar 1990.

## Karramawa
A cikin shekarar 2012, Rev. Theofilus Hamutumbangela tashar a Oshikango aka kafa da kuma suna a cikin girmamawa. 

Tare da Hosea Kutako da Hendrik Samuel Witbooi Avenues, akwai wani mutum-mutumi na tagulla na Hamutumbangela a cikin Lambunan Majalisa a Windhoek.

## Manazarta
Michael Hishikushitja

**Michael Ndapamapedu Hishikushitja** (22 Nuwamba 1953 - 27 Satumba 2001) ɗan majalisar Namibia ne.

An haifi Hishikushitja kuma ya girma a Onamunama, kusa da iyakar Angola a yankin Ohangwena na Namibiya. A shekarun 1970 ya halarci makaranta a St Mary Mission School da ke Odibo, inda daga baya kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin malami har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe ta a shekarar 1979. Ya yi leken asiri ga rundunar 'yantar da jama'ar Namibiya, reshen SWAPO da ke ɗauke da makamai, kuma ya taimaka wa mutanen da ke son tsallaka kan iyaka zuwa Angola. 

A cikin shekarar 1979 ya ɗauki matsayi a matsayin malamin Ingilishi a Engela na Majalisar Coci a Namibiya. Lokacin da gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta san shigarsa siyasa, an tilasta masa ƙaura zuwa Windhoek. Cocin Anglican ta tura shi gudun hijira a Burtaniya inda ya kammala digiri na biyu a fannin ilimi. 

Bayan da Namibiya ta samu 'yancin kai an zaɓi Michael Hishikushitja kansila a mazaɓar Oshikango, muƙamin da ya riƙe har ya rasu. Lokacin da aka kafa Majalisar Namibiya a shekarar 1993, yana ɗaya daga cikin Kansilolin Yanki da aka zaɓa don yin aiki. Ya kasance mataimakin shugaban majalisar ƙasa ta farko, da kuma babban mai shari’a na SWAPO na biyu. Ya kuma kasance memba na kungiyar 'yan majalisar dokoki ta Commonwealth, kuma shugaban zaunannen kwamitin kan tsarin mulki da shari'a.  

Hishikushitja ya yi aure da ’ya’ya mata biyu. Ya rasu ne sakamakon bugun zuciya jim kaɗan kafin cikar sa shekaru 48 da haihuwa. Sam Nujoma, shugaban Jamhuriyar Namibiya a lokacin, ya yi jawabi a wurin jana'izar sa, inda ya kira shi "ɗaya daga cikin [Namibiya] mafi tsayayye da ƙwazo a majalisar dokoki."

## Manazarta
Markus Kooper

Reverend **Markus Kooper** (12 Satumba 1918 - 9 Disamba 2005) ɗan gwagwarmayar Namibiya ne, malami kuma ɗan addini. Daga Hoachanas a yankin Hardap, Kooper yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan Namibiya na farko da suka je Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya domin neman 'yancin ƙasarsa daga mulkin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. An binne shi a makabartar tunawa da Heroes Acre a wajen Windhoek. 

Kooper yayi karatu tare da ƙungiyar mishan ta Rhenish kuma ya sami horon malamai a Okahandja daga shekarun 1939 zuwa 1942. Daga nan ya koyar a makarantun mishan a Stampriet, Gochas da Hoachanas har zuwa shekara ta 1946 kuma ya zama shugaban makaranta a Hoachanas a shekarar 1949. Ya kuma halarci horon hidima tare da Cocin Methodist Episcopal Church kuma an naɗa shi a matsayin diacon. Kooper ya zama shugaban ruhaniya na al'ummarsa kuma an naɗa shi a Cocin Pastoral na Hoachanas a shekarar 1955. 

A cikin shekarar 1956, Kooper ya yi magana a gaban Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya game da batun Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka tare da Reverend Michael Scott, Mburumba Kerina, Hans Beukes, Fanuel Kozonguizi, Sam Nujoma, Ismael Fortune, Jacob Kuhangua da Hosea Kutako. 

Al'ummar Boere na Hoachanas sun nuna rashin jin daɗinsu da kasancewar mazauna Nama 400 da ba su da yawa kuma suka yi ta koƙarin korar su. A cikin shekarar 1959 sun sami odar korar da babbar kotu a Windhoek ta tabbatar. A ranar 29 ga watan Janairun 1959, Kooper da iyalinsa aka sake tsugunar da su da karfi zuwa Itsawisis, ƙauye  arewa da Keetmanshoop,  kusan  nesa da mazauninsa. A watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar ne al’ummarsa suka dawo da shi. 

Markus Kooper ya tafi gudun hijira a shekara ta 1960 don sake shigar da ƙara a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, a wannan karon a matsayin wakilin kungiyar 'yancin kai na Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma (SWAUNIO). Ya dawo ne kawai a cikin shekarar 1976 kuma ya kafa makaranta mai zaman kanta a Hoachanas amma ya ci gaba da yin siyasa. Al'ummarsa sun yi tir da duk wani yunƙurin sake tsugunar da su a tsawon zamanin mulkin wariyar launin fata. 

Daga baya Kooper ya shiga SWAPO kuma ya zama memba na Majalisar Dattawanta. A cikin watan Maris 2000 an ba shi lambar yabo mafi girma na Namibiya. 

## Manazarta
Greenwell Matongo

**Greenwell Simasiku Matongo** (1945-1979) ɗan gwagwarmayar neman ƴancin ƙasar Namibiya ne kuma kwamishinan siyasa a cikin Sojojin Yantar da Jama'ar Namibiya (PLAN), reshen soja na SWAPO.  Matongo ya shiga SWAPO a gudun hijira a lokacin gwagwarmayar Namibiya ta neman ‘yancin kai daga mulkin ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu a tsakiyar shekarun 1960. Ya ɗauki lokaci a ƙasar Tanzaniya kuma ya horar da sabbin ma'aikatan PLAN a sansanin soja na SWAPO a Kongwa. Matongo ya tashi ne a matsayin PLAN kuma ya zama kwamandan da ake girmamawa sosai. An kashe shi a faɗa a ranar 15 ga watan Yunin 1979 a lokacin wani fafatawa tsakanin UNITA da sojojin Afrika ta Kudu a Ondjiva, ƙasar Angola. 

Don girmama gudunmawar da ya bayar ga gwagwarmayar 'yantar da ƙasar Namibiya, alamu da dama suna ɗauke da sunansa. Yankin Greenwell Matongo a yankin Goreangab na Windhoek an sanya masa sunansa. Bugu da ƙari, makarantar firamare ta Greenwell Matongo a Katima Mulilo tana aiki a matsayin shaida ga gadonsa, yana ba da ilimi ga al'ummar yankin. 

Abubuwan da Matongo ya gada na ci gaba da zaburar da al’ummar Namibiya, yana mai tunatar da jama’a irin sadaukarwar da aka yi don ‘yancin ƙasar da kuma ayyukan da ake yi na gina makoma mai kyau. Don girmama gudummawar da ya bayar, shugabannin yankin na Zambezi sun yi kira ga gwamnati da ta maido da gawar Matongo daga wani kabari da ba a sani ba a Ondjiva, Angola, tare da sake binne shi a Heroes' Acre. 

## Manazarta
Hukumar Ilimin Ƙere-ƙere da Fasaha ta Ƙasa

**Hukumar kula da ilimin fasaha ta ƙasa**, wacce aka fi sani da NBTE, hukumar ilimi ce ta Najeriya wacce ke sa ido, tsarawa da kuma kula da shirye-shiryen ilimi da cibiyoyin fasaha ke bayarwa a matakin sakandare, polytechnic da monotechnic ta hanyar aiwatar da izini.   Dokar No 9 ta 11 ga Yuli 1977 ta kafa ta da nufin "samar da ingantaccen tsarin koyarwa don Ilimin Fasaha da Sana'a da Horarwa". 

Hukumar kula da ilimin fasaha ta ƙasa (NBTE) ta ba da izini ga Federal Polytechnic, Ede, don fara Buɗewa da Sauƙaƙe E-Learning . 

## Duba Kuma

* Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta tarayyar Najeriya
* Ilimi a Najeriya

## Manazarta
Kerry McNamara

**Kerry McNamara** (Agusta 1940 a Kuruman - 16 ga Janairu 2017 a Swakopmund) babban masanin gine-ginen Namibiya ne kuma mai fafutukar yaki da wariyar launin fata.

An haifi McNamara a watan Agusta 1940 a Kuruman a yankin Arewacin Cape na Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin shekarar 1965 ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Cape Town kuma ya koma Afirka ta Kudu-maso-Yamma jim kaɗan bayan haka. Aikin gine-gine na farko shi ne Makarantar Fasaha a Ongwediva,  daga baya aka sake masa suna zuwa Kwalejin Koyarwa Ongwediva.  Ya kafa *Kerry McNamara da Associates* a cikin shekarar 1977, kamfani a cikin shekarar 1988 mai suna *Kerry McNamara Architects*.

A lokacin aikinsa McNamara ya ba da gudummawar kusan 1,170 zane-zane na gine-gine,  wanda aka fi sani da su shine Oshakati Open Market, gine-gine a harabar Injiniya ' Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Namibia, nunin Meteorite na Hoba kusa da Grootfontein, da Cibiyar Ilimin Adult Rössing Foundation a Windhoek.  Ya sami karɓuwa game da "saɓanin ƙirarsa na wuraren jama'a",  kuma a matsayin "madaidaicin madaidaicin wuri akan shimfiɗar gine-ginen Namibiya".   Abokin aikinsa Natanael Araseb ya bayyana shi a matsayin "magani mai hangen nesa wanda ya yi aikin tsara birane tun kafin a yi tunanin".  A cikin shekarar 2010 ya sami lambar yabo ta "Lifetime Achievement Award" daga Namibia Chamber of Architects. 

Kerry McNamara sanannen mai fafutukar yaki da wariyar launin fata ne. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu ruguza *shirin zaman lafiya na Namibia 435*, wata kungiya mai fafutukar neman ganin an aiwatar da kuduri mai lamba 435 na Kwamitin Sulhu na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya wanda ya yi kira ga neman 'yancin kai na Namibiya da kuma kawar da mulkin farar fata marasa rinjaye.  Ofisoshin The Namibia, wata jarida mai sukar mamayar Afirka ta Kudu ta Kudu-maso-Yamma da kuma goyon bayan jam'iyyar SWAPO da ake zalunta a lokacin, an ba shi hayarsa, duk da hare-haren bama-bamai da ya ɓarke da hawaye da 'yan tawaye masu goyon bayan wariyar launin fata suka yi.  McNamara kuma ya haɗa  hannu da Niko Bessinger, wani baƙar fata mai zane-zane kuma sanannen shugaban SWAPO,  sanin cewa wannan haɗin gwiwar zai ba shi kwangila da yawa daga jihar da kuma daga masu zaman kansu. 

McNamara ya mutu daga cutar kansa a ranar 16 ga watan Janairu 2017 a gidansa mai ritaya a Swakopmund. Ya auri Shelagh McNamara; ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya maza uku da mace ɗaya.  

## Manazarta
Michael Scott (firist)

**Guthrie Michael Scott** (30 ga Yuli, 1907&nbsp;- 14 Satumba 1983) wani limamin cocin Anglican ne kuma mai fafutukar yaki da wariyar launin fata, wanda ya shiga cikin rashin amincewa da tsarin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu a cikin shekarar 1940s - dogon gwagwarmayar tabbatar da adalci ga zamantakewa a ƙasar.  Ya kuma kasance farkon mai fafutukar kawar da makaman nukiliya.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Scott a Sussex a ranar 30 ga watan Yuli 1907 kuma ya yi karatu a Kwalejin King, Taunton, Kwalejin tauhidin Chichester da Kwalejin St Paul, Grahamstown. George Bell ne ya naɗa  shi a cikin shekarar 1932 kuma ya fara aikinsa tare da masu bincike a Slaugham da Kensington.  

Ya kasance malamin cikin gida ga Bishop na Bombay daga shekarun 1935 zuwa 1937; sannan yayi hidima a St Paul's Cathedral, Calcutta.

A cikin shekarar 1943 ya koma Johannesburg inda ya kasance Chaplain zuwa Ofishin St Alban. Yayin da yake can ya zama Bature na farko da aka ɗaure saboda kin bin dokokin launin fata na ƙasar.  A cikin shekarar 1952, ya kafa Ofishin Afirka, "kungiyar don ba da shawara da tallafawa 'yan Afirka waɗanda ke son yin adawa ta hanyar tsarin mulki, yanke shawara na siyasa da ke shafar rayuwarsu da makomarsu da gwamnatocin ƙasashen waje suka sanya."  Ya kasance babban mai ba da yancin kai na Namibiya tare da Cif Hosea Kutako da Kyaftin Hendrik Samuel Witbooi. Domin koƙarin da ya yi a yakin neman 'yancin kai na Namibiya, yana da fitaccen titi mai suna Windhoek.

Tare da Bertrand Russell, ya kasance wanda ya kafa kwamitin 100 a shekarar 1960. Ya haɗu da Martin Luther King Jr. a lokacin bikin samun 'yancin kai na Ghana. 

A rayuwa ta gaba, Scott abokin masanin falsafa Bertrand Russell ne. Ya mutu ranar 14 ga watan Satumba, 1983.  Akwai taga abin tunawa gare shi a St Pancras Church, Kingston kusa da Lewes. 

Tare da abokinsa masanin falsafa Bertrand Russell, Scott na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar kiran babban taro don rubuta kundin tsarin mulkin duniya.   A sakamakon haka, a karon farko a tarihin ɗan adam, Majalisar Tsarin Mulki ta Duniya ta yi taro don tsara da kuma amince da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Tarayyar Duniya. 

## Ayyuka
Scott ya rubuta tarihin rayuwa *A Time to Speak*, wanda Faber da Faber suka buga a shekarar 1958.

## Manazarta
Juuso Shikongo

**Rev. Juuso Niilonga Shikongo** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1917 a Iihongo, a mazabar Onyaanya) malami ne na Namibiya, limami, ɗan gwagwarmaya, kuma fitaccen ma'aikacin gwamnati, ya shahara da yin kasada da rayuwarsa a lokuta da dama saboda jin daɗin al'ummarsa da neman 'yancin kai na ƙasar Namibiya. 

Rev. Juuso Shikongo Secondary School an kafa shi kuma aka sanya masa sunansa saboda girmama shi. 

## Manazarta
Hawulti

**Hawulti** (Tigrinya: ሓወልቲ) wani obelisk ne na pre-Aksumite wanda ke cikin Eritrea" id="mwIg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Matara, Eritrea">Matara, Eritrea . abin tunawa yana ɗauke da misali mafi tsufa da aka sani na Rubutun Geʽez na dā. 

## Bayyanawa

Abin tunawa na Hawulti yana da mita 5.5 (18  a tsawo, tare da faifai da crescent a saman; Edward Ullendorff ya yi imanin cewa waɗannan alamomin "babu shakka ana nufin sanya dutsen a ƙarƙashin kariya ga alloli, mai yiwuwa na Šams, allahiyar Rana, da na Sin, allahn Wata". Wadannan alamomin kafin Kirista, da kuma halaye na paleographical kamar rashin alamun wasali a cikin Rubutun Geʽez, sun shawo kan Ullendorff cewa abin tunawa ya kasance "a farkon karni na huɗu AD" 

Ullendorff ya fassara rubutun kamar haka:

: Wannan shi ne obelisk wanda aka yi (saboda)  
: 'Agaz ga iyayensa waɗanda suke da
: ya ɗauki matasan 'W'
: 'LF da kuma SBL.

Fassararsa ta bambanta da Enno Littmann a wurare da yawa. Na farko, Littmann ya yi imanin cewa layin na uku da ake magana a kai game da tono hanyoyin ruwa da ke kusa (fassararsa, "zog die Kannaele von ♡) duk da rashin alamun hanyoyin ruwa ko ramuka a yankin; Ullendorff ya yi jayayya cewa aikatau *s-h-b* a cikin rubutun ya kamata a fassara shi a matsayin "don ja tare, don kamawa". Na biyu, ya yi imanin sunayen - *<nowiki/>'W*', *<nowiki/>'LF*, da *SBL* - sunaye ne na wurare, kuma bisa ga tattaunawa tare da masu ba da labari na gida Ullendorff ya gano su da al'ummomin da ke kusa: sunan farko na Baraknaha, shafin yanar gizon coci karni na 12 mai nisan kilomita 17 daga Matara, an yi amfani da shi, kuma sanannen cocin Orthodox a Gunda Gunde, mai nisan kilometers 22 daga Matara.  An taɓa saninsa da Awwa 'ilfi.

## Tarihin zamani
Lokacin da Littmann, shugaban Deutsche Aksum-Expedition, ya sami Hawulti, an tura shi kuma ya karye a rabi a cikin nesa da suka gabata. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Italiya ta gyara abin tunawa da ya fashe tare da sandunan ƙarfe guda biyu kuma an saita shi tsaye a cikin abin da aka yi tunanin cewa shi ne matsayinsa na da ya dace, amma bai kasance daidai ba.

Sojojin Habasha sun rushe Hawulti kuma sun lalace  a cikin gajeren mamaye kudancin Eritrea a lokacin Yaƙin Eritrea da Habasha . Tun daga wannan lokacin ne Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Eritrea ya gyara shi.

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

* AFP: Eritrea ta sake gina ginshiƙi na dutse na alama na ƙasar
Dutsen Ezana

**Dutse Ezana** tsohuwar dutse ce har yanzu tana tsaye a Axum na zamani a Habasha, cibiyar tsohuwar Masarautar Aksum. Wannan abin tunawa na dutse, wanda mai yiwuwa ya kasance daga karni na 4 na zamanin Kirista, ya rubuta juyowa na Sarki Ezana zuwa Kiristanci da cin nasarar da ya yi a yankuna makwabta daban-daban, gami da Meroë.

Daga AD 330 zuwa 356, Sarki Ezana ya mallaki tsohuwar Masarautar Aksum da ke tsakiyar Ƙarƙashin Afirka. Ya yi yaƙi da Nubians, kuma ya tuna da nasarorin da ya samu a kan allunan dutse don yabon Allah. Wadannan rubutun liturgical an rubuta su a cikin harsuna daban-daban na dā, gami da Habasha Semitic Ge'ez, Kudancin Larabawa Sabaic, da Girkanci. Hotunan sarki a cikin dutse sun ba da abin tunawa na harsuna uku a cikin harsuna daban-daban, kamar Dutsen Rosetta.

Cocin Orthodox na Habasha na Tewahedo ya fara ne a wannan lokacin. Tarihin Ikilisiya na Rufinus ya ba da labarin cewa Saint Frumentius, bawa da aka 'yantar da shi kuma mai koyar da saurayi Sarki, ya tuba da shi zuwa Kiristanci. Zuwa ƙarshen mulkinsa, Sarki Ezana ya kaddamar da kamfen akan Kushites a kusa da 350 wanda ya kawo mulkin Kush. An sami rubuce-rubucen dutse daban-daban da aka rubuta a Ge'ez (ta amfani da Rubutun Geʽez) a Meroë, tsakiyar birnin Kushites.

## Rubutun

### Fassarar Helenanci

## Bayanan da aka ambata


## Haɗin waje

* Labarin Yanayi na Kasa
* Harden, J. M., "An gabatar da Littattafan Kirista na Habasha" (1926) Babi na II, "Barin Tarihi na Kasar da Ikilisiya", ya ƙunshi tattaunawar wannan rubutun
Stele na Sarki Ezana

**Stele na Sarki Ezana** wani obelisk ne na karni na 4 a cikin tsohon birnin Axum, a Yankin Tigray na Habasha . abin tunawa yana tsaye a tsakiyar Arewacin stelae Park, wanda ya ƙunshi daruruwan ƙananan stelae da ba a yi musu ado ba. Wannan dutse mai yiwuwa shine na ƙarshe da aka gina kuma mafi girma daga cikin waɗanda ba a karya su ba. Sarki Ezana na Stele na Axum yana da tsayi   , karami fiye da wanda ya rushe    Babban Stele da kuma sanannen    "Obelisk na Axum" (wanda aka sake tattarawa kuma aka bayyana a ranar 4 ga Satumba 2008). An yi masa ado da ƙofar ƙarya a gindinta da kuma buɗewa masu kama da windows a kowane bangare.

## Tarihi

Wannan abin tunawa, wanda ake kira da kyau stele ( **' ko **' a cikin yarukan Afroasiatic na gida  ) an sassaƙa shi da gina shi a cikin karni na 4 ta al'ummomin Masarautar Aksum, tsohuwar wayewar da aka mayar da hankali a cikin tsaunukan Habasha da Eritriya . Ana tunanin selae a matsayin "alamomi" don ɗakunan da aka binne a ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Manyan alamomin kaburbura sun kasance na ɗakunan jana'izar sarki kuma an ƙawata su da tagogi na ƙarya da ƙofofin ƙarya; mai martaba zai sami ƙanƙanta, ƙarancin ado na stelae. Mai yiwuwa Stele na Sarki Ezana ya zama misali na ƙarshe na wannan al'ada, wanda aka yi watsi da shi bayan da Axumites suka karɓi Kiristanci a ƙarƙashin Sarki Ezana . Ezana shine sarki na farko na Axum wanda ya rungumi bangaskiya, yana bin koyarwa da misalan malaminsa na yara, Frumentius . Sarki Ezana's Stele kuma shi ne kawai ɗaya daga cikin manyan obeliks uku na "sarauta" (wasu kuma babban Stele da Obelisk na Axum ) wanda ba a taɓa karye ba.

A cikin 2007-2008, yayin sake tattara Obelisk na Axum, wanda aka kai Italiya a 1937 kuma ya koma Habasha a cikin 2005, Ƙungiyar injiniyoyi ta Sarki Ezana ta karfafa ta hanyar tsari wanda Giorgio Croci, Farfesa na Matsalolin Tsarin Tarihi da Gine-gine na Tarihi a Jami'ar Sapienza ta Roma.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Yeha

***'' ***'' (Ge'ez)  wani gari ne a arewacin Yankin Tsakiya, Tigray a Habasha . Wataƙila ya zama babban birnin mulkin Dʿmt na pre-Aksumite.

## Archaeology
Tsarin da ya fi tsufa a Habasha, Haikali na Yeha, yana cikin yankin Tigray. Wannan hasumiya ce da aka gina a cikin salon Sabaean, kuma an tsara ta hanyar kwatanta da tsoffin gine-gine a Kudancin Arabiya zuwa kusan 700 KZ. Kodayake ba a yi gwajin kwanan wata na radiocarbon a kan samfurori daga shafin ba, wannan kwanan wata don Babban Hasumiyar tana tallafawa ta rubutun gida. David Phillipson ya danganta "kyakkyawan adanawa" ga dalilai biyu, "tsaron da masu gininsa na asali suka tabbatar da tushe na matakin, wanda aka sanya shi sosai a kan dutse mara kyau; da kuma sake keɓe shi - watakila tun farkon karni na shida AD - don amfani da shi a matsayin cocin Kirista. " Sauran wuraren binciken archaeological guda biyu a Yeha sun haɗa da Grat Beal Gebri, wani rushewa mai faɗin mita 10 da kuma saiti biyu na ginshiƙai na murabba'i, da aka bincika da yawa da aka fara da aka fara amfani da su a cikin kaburbura na farko a cikin 1960 da aka yi. Wani iko ya yi hasashen cewa daya daga cikin wadannan kaburbura yana dauke da jana'izar sarauta. Wani ya yi imanin cewa tsohuwar yankin zama mai yiwuwa kilomita daya ne zuwa gabashin ƙauyen zamani

Bugu da ƙari, Yeha shine wurin da ake zama gidan ibada na Ikilisiyar Orthodox na Tewahedo na Habasha. Abba Aftse, ɗaya daga cikin tsarkaka tara ne ya kafa shi bisa ga al'ada. A cikin labarinsa na Habasha, Francisco Álvares ya ambaci ziyartar wannan garin a cikin 1520 (wanda ya kira "Abbafaçem"), kuma ya ba da bayanin tsohuwar hasumiya, gidan ibada, da cocin yankin. Wannan cocin ko dai babban haikalin ne da aka sake keɓewa, ko kuma ginin da aka rushe yanzu wanda Deutsche Aksum-Expedition ya bayyana a farkon karni na 20. (Tsarin yanzu yana nuna siffofin gine-ginen Aksumite kuma an gina shi tsakanin 1948 da 1949.)

Hukumar Kididdiga ta Tsakiya ba ta buga kimantawa ga yawan mutanen wannan ƙauyen na 2005 ba.

An bincika shi a takaice a watan Fabrairun 1893 ta hanyar masanin tarihin Burtaniya Theodore Bent da matarsa Mabel,  Yeha ya kasance shafin yanar gizon binciken archaeological da yawa, wanda ya fara a 1952 ta Cibiyar Nazarin Archaeology ta Habasha. Kodayake Derg ta katse shi, ƙungiyar masu binciken archaeological ta Faransa ta ci gaba da tonowa a 1993.

## Bayani
Operation Royal Amethyst

**Operation Royal Amethyst** wani aiki ne na soji da Bataliyar Guinen ta Portugal ta gudanar da shi a ranar 8 ga watan Mayun 1973 a lokacin yakin mulkin mallaka a Guinea-Bissau, wanda ke da manufar "rusa ko a kalla wargaza kungiyar 'yan tawaye a yankin Guidaje-Bigene".

## Tarihi
Aikin ya raba bataliyar gida uku:

* "Ruƙunin Romeu" -Kamfani na farko na Commandos- *Kyaftin António Ramos*
* "Ruƙunin Bombox" -Kamfani na biyu na Commandos- *Captain Matos Gomes*
* "Ruƙunin Centauro" -Kamfani na uku na Commandos- *Kyaftin Raul Folques*

Bayan hawan Bataliya ta Commandos kan wata babbar sana'a ta Landing Craft (LDG), wanda daga bisani LFD guda biyu suka raka sashin ya sauka a Ganturé kuma ya halarci wani taron tattaunawa a Bigene.

## Aiki
An fara aikin ne da karfe 11:50pm arewa. Ruƙunin Bombox ne ya fara tuntuɓar sojojin na PAIGC bayan tashin bam na farko da jirgin saman Fiat G.91 ya yi.

Karfe 5:30a ranar 19 ga watan Mayu, shugaban ginshiƙi ya isa hanyar da ke tallafawa tushen Cumbamori, babban makasudin aikin. Ruƙunin Bombox sun wuce arewacin titin, ruƙunin Centauro sun mamaye matsayi zuwa kudu kuma an shigar da Ruƙunin Romeu a baya, a cikin ƙaramin gari.

Karfe 8:00karfe 8:00 na safeDa yamma, an kai hare-hare ta sama da mayakan Fiat G.91 da bama-bamai suka yi, inda suka lalata matsugunan sansanin, kuma an yi ta luguden wuta na 'yan ta'addan na wani lokaci.

Da karfe 9:05N Rukunin Bombox sun yi harin farko, wanda ya haifar da tuntuɓar farko da sojojin PAIGC. Wannan faɗan ya faru ne daga ranakun 14 da 10, lokacin da kwamandan rundunar ya umarci kungiyar Centauro da ta goyi bayan wargaza hulɗa tsakanin dakarunta da na PAIGC. Aiki ne mai matukar wahala, domin mayakan na ɓangarorin biyu suna kusa da juna sosai. An ji wa kwamandan ruƙunin Centaur rauni.

Karfe 14:30, rundunar Commando Battalion ta fara motsawa zuwa sansanin tattarawa, kuma da karfe 6:20 na safe.pm abubuwanta na farko sun isa Guidaje. A ranar 20 ga watan Mayu, bataliya ta bar Guidaje zuwa Sinta, da kafa, inda suka bar wurin da suka samu raunuka da kuma sojojin da ba su da sharadi na ci gaba da tattakin. A Sinta, bataliya ta hau LDG domin komawa Bissau.

## Bayan haka
A yayin farmakin dai, Bataliya ta yi sanadin mutuwar dakaru goma, sannan dakaru ashirin da biyu sun samu munanan raunuka, sannan dakaru uku da suka bata, wadanda aka kiyasta sun yi sanadin mutuwar mutane sittin da bakwai, daga cikin bayanan da aka samu daga baya a ƙasar Senegal, wani likitan Cuba da likitan fiɗa da kuma ‘yan ƙasar Mauritaniya huɗu.

## Manazarta
Alex Hepple

**Alexander Hepple** (28 Agusta 1904 - 16 Nuwamba 1983) ɗan ƙungiyar ƙwadago ne, ɗan siyasa, mai fafutukar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata kuma marubuci. Shi ne shugaban jam'iyyar Labour ta Afirka ta Kudu na karshe.

An haifi Hepple a La Rochelle, wani yanki na Johannesburg ga Thomas da Alice Hepple, waɗanda suka kafa jam'iyyar Labour ta Afirka ta Kudu. Mahaifinsa, wanda ya yi hijira zuwa Afirka ta Kudu daga Sunderland a arewa-maso-gabashin Ingila, ma'aikacin shago ne na kungiyar Injiniya ta Amalgamated Society kuma jagora yayin yajin aikinta a shekarar 1913. 

Alex Hepple ɗan gurguzu ne mai ra'ayin gurguzu kuma mai adawa da mulkin fasistiyanci ne tun yana ƙarami. An zaɓe shi a majalisar lardin Transvaal a shekara ta 1943 a matsayin ɗan majalisar wakilai na jam'iyyar Labour sannan kuma a matsayin ɗan majalisa mai wakiltar Rosettenville a majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Kudu a babban zaɓukan 1948 da 1953. 

Hepple shi ne shugaban jam'iyyar Labour ta Afirka ta Kudu daga shekarun 1953 zuwa 1958 kuma ya matsar da ita zuwa manufofin sassaucin ra'ayi kan launin fata na adawa da gwamnatin jam'iyyar National Party ta wariyar launin fata. Ya kuma kafa asusun kare ha’inci na yaki da wariyar launin fata daga shekarun 1956 zuwa 1961 sannan ya jagoranci Asusun Tsaro da Agaji na Afirka ta Kudu daga shekarun 1960 zuwa 1964. Duk da haka, masu jefa ƙuri'a na farar fata masu aiki waɗanda suka goyi bayan Jam'iyyar Labour da yawa sun yi watsi da manufofin Hepple. A zaɓen 1958 jam'iyyar Labour ta rasa dukkan kujerunta guda biyar kuma an rusa jim kaɗan bayan zaɓen. 

Ya ci gaba da fafutukarsa bayan ya rasa kujerarsa ta majalisa. A cikin shekarar 1962, shi da matarsa, Josephine, sun sake kafa jaridar, *Forward* wacce gwamnati ta cece ta kuma rufe ta a shekara ta 1964. Daga nan ne kungiyar ta Hepples ta koma Ingila inda ta kafa sashen yaɗa labarai na tsaro da agaji na ƙasa da ƙasa, kungiyar da ke bayar da rahoto kan danniya da tsare gwamnatin wariyar launin fata. 

A cikin shekarar 1967, Hepple ya rubuta *Verwoerd*, tarihin rayuwar Firayim Minista Hendrik Verwoerd na Afirka ta Kudu wanda aka yi la'akari da shi masanin wariyar launin fata. Ya kuma rubuta *Afirka ta Kudu: tarihin siyasa da tattalin arziki* a shekarar 1966 da kasidu da ƙasidu kan siyasar Afirka ta Kudu. 

Hepple ya mutu a shekara ta 1983 a gudun hijira a Canterbury, Ingila kuma Majalisar Wakilan Afirka ta ƙasa  ta yi bikin wanda babban sakatarensa Alfred Nzo, ya rubuta cewa Hepple "ya kasance sananne kuma yana ƙauna ga mutanen da aka zalunta na Afirka ta Kudu saboda adawa da manufofin wariyar launin fata na gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu." 

Ɗansa, Bob Hepple, ɗan Afirka ta Kudu ne kuma ɗan Burtaniya malami kuma lauya wanda ya kasance "Mai ba da shawara kan shari'a Nelson Mandela ta hanyar shari'ar da ya yi a shekarar 1962".  "Har ila yau, Hepple yana ɗaya daga cikin ainihin shari'ar Rivonia da ake zargi".  Bob Hepple ya kasance "wanda aka kashe a shekarar 2004."  "An ba shi lambar yabo ta Afirka ta Kudu na Luthuli (Gold) a cikin shekarar 2014". 

## Manazarta
Operation Mars

**Operation Mars** wani aikin soji ne a yakin neman 'yancin kai na ƙasar Mozambique. Harin ya kunshi harin da aka kai sansanin Gungunhana na lardin Niassa, wanda aka kai a watan Afrilun shekarar alif 1968, daga Kamfanin na huɗu (4) na Commandos.

Wannan aiki ya samo asali ne daga wani aiki da aka yi a baya, Operation Corvo III, inda aka samu bayanai kan wurin da sansanin yake, da kuma taron da za a yi a can tare da shugabannin sojojin Frelimo a Niassa. A cikin sirri, an shirya Operation Mars wanda manufarsa ita ce ta ba wa waɗannan shugabanni mamaki.

Gaba ɗaya rundunar ta kai harin dai ta kunshi rukunoni uku na kwamandojin mutane 19 da kuma wasu gungun ‘yan bindiga masu ɗauke da mutane ashirin da shida 26. Waɗannan mutanen sun biyo bayan iska zuwa New Coimbra, sun isa ranar ashirin da bakwai 27 ga watan Maris. Washegari suka tafi, da ƙafa, suka isa ranar 1 ga watan Afrilu kusa da Gungun Lardin Gungunhana; A wannan rana, jiragen biyu, daya Do 27 da ɗaya T-6, sun tashi daga Vila Cabral, don jefa bam a sansanin. Bayan cin nasarar manufar, da kuma kwace kayan yaki iri-iri, kwamandojin sun koma sansanin, a ranar 10 ga watan Afrilu. Dangane da waɗanda harin ya rutsa da su, an kashe ‘yan daba 22; A ɓangaren Portuguese an kashe soja ɗaya, wani jami'in da wata ma'adana ta kashe.

### Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Yaƙin Mulkin Mallaka 1961-1974 

## Manazarta
Dungur

**Dungur** (ko **Dungur 'Addi Kilte**) shine rushewa wani babban gida a Aksum, Habasha, tsohon babban birnin Masarautar Aksum . Rushewar tana cikin yammacin Aksum, a fadin hanya daga filin Gudit stelae.

## Bayyanawa

Ragowar gidan da ginin da ke da alaƙa da shi an iyakance su ga ƙananan matakan da kuma dandalin, wanda ya rufe kusan murabba'in mita 3,250. A lokacin da yake da kyau, matakala biyu sun kai ga ƙofar ginin, wanda ya buɗe cikin ɗaya daga cikin farfajiyar da ke kewaye da tsarin tsakiya.

A cikin gine-ginen da ke da alaƙa an dawo da matakai da yawa na dutse, "watakila don tallafawa ginshiƙan katako ko bene", da kuma tubali wanda zai iya zama shaida na hypocaust. Koyaya, manufar waɗannan gine-ginen ba a bayyane take ba. Stuart Munro-Hay ya lura, "'Gidajen' tare da matakai na dutse ba su da ƙofofi, kuma matakai suna da alaƙa, amma rarrabuwa na lokaci-lokaci a wannan matakin suna da ƙofofin, yana nuna cewa ba duk matakin ƙasa ba ne kawai a matsayin matsayi don matakin bene mafi girma. Wataƙila an shigar da wasu ɗakuna daga ciki ta hanyar tsani. "

## Archaeology

S. Puglisi ya yi Bincike archaeological na farko a wannan yanki, yana tono binciken mita 3 x 5 tare da niyyar bayyana sashi. Francis Anfray ne ya gudanar da binciken da ya biyo baya a wannan yanki a shekarar 1966-1968, wanda ya gano wani gida mai nisan mita 250 a yammacin rami na Puglisi wanda ya bayyana a matsayin "Gidan sarauta", wanda daya daga cikin manyan mutanen garin ke zaune. Dangane da shaidar daga waɗannan tono, Butzer ya sanya gidan Anfray zuwa ƙarni na bakwai; ya nuna cewa masonry yayi kama da tushe na cocin St Mary na Sihiyona (wanda yake wani ɓangare na asalin tsarin da ya kasance daga zamanin Axumite), yayin da tsarin bene yayi kama da shimfidar tsakiya na fadar Ta'akha Maryam . 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Operation Abanadela

**Operation Abanadela** wani aikin soji ne da sojojin Portugal suka kaddamar a Mozambique a lokacin neman yakin ‘yancin kai na Mozambique da ‘yan tawayen FRELIMO a watan Yulin 1970.  ya naɗa jerin sintiri da aka gudanar a kogin Zambezi a Mozambique tsakanin ranakun 20 zuwa 30 ga watan Yulin 1970 domin kare gina madatsar ruwa ta Cahora Bassa daga hare-haren da 'yan tawayen FRELIMO suka kai a kudancin ƙasar zuwa Tete. Wasu ƙananan gungun sojoji ne suka gudanar da sintiri na ‘yan ƙasar Portugal daga rundunar sojojin ruwan Portugal. 

## Manazarta
Alcora Exercise

**Alcora Exercise** ko kuma a sauƙaƙe **Alcora**  ƙawancen asirce ne na soja na Portugal, Rhodesia da Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ke aiki a ƙa'ida tsakanin shekarun 1970 da 1974. Sunan lambar "Alcora" kasancewar gajarta ce ga " **Al** iança **Co** ntra as **R** ebeliões em **A** frica" (furcin Portuguese yana nufin: "Alliance da 'yan tawaye a Afirka"). 

Manufar aikin Alcora a hukumance ita ce yin bincike kan matakai da hanyoyin da haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙasashen uku za su iya fuskantar barazanar juna ga yankunansu na Kudancin Afirka. Manufar nan da nan ita ce fuskantar ƙungiyoyin juyin juya hali na Afirka waɗanda suka yi yaƙin  da hukumomin Portugal a Angola da Mozambique, don iyakance yaɗuwar ayyukan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi a Rhodesia da Afirka ta Kudu maso yammacin Afirka da kuma shirya tsaron yankunan Portuguese, Rhodesian da Afirka ta Kudu a kan wani hari na al'ada na soji daga gwamnatocin maƙiyan ƙasashen Afirka. 

Alcora ita ce tsara yarjejeniyoyin da ba na yau da kullum ba game da haɗin gwiwar soja tsakanin Portuguese na gida, Rhodesian da umarnin soja na Afirka ta Kudu waɗanda ke aiki tun tsakiyar shekarun 1960. Alcora aka kiyaye sirri da kuma ake magana a kai a matsayin 'motsa jiki' (ba wani kawance ko yarjejeniya), yafi saboda da matsa lamba na gwamnatin Portuguese, cewa tsõron waje da na ciki siyasa al'amurran da suka shafi da za a taso idan ya bayyana da za a haɗe da 'yan tsiraru mulkin a Rhodesia da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata na Afirka ta Kudu, a saɓa wa hukuma Portuguese koyaswar na wanzuwar launin fata da kuma Mozambique. 

Ƙarƙashin Alcora, Portugal, Rhodesia da Afirka ta Kudu sun yi haɗin gwiwa a yakin neman 'yancin kai na Angolan, yakin neman 'yancin kai na Mozambique, yakin Bush na Rhodesian da yakin iyakar Afirka ta Kudu. 

Ƙungiyar Alcora ta rushe saboda juyin juya halin Carnation na Portugal na 25 Afrilu 1974 da kuma 'yancin kai na Angola da Mozambique wanda ya biyo baya.  

## Manazarta
Ramin ƙafa na Siqurto

**Ramin ƙafa na Siqurto** ya haye a ƙarƙashin tudun Imba Tsiyon, wanda ya samar da rarraba ruwa tsakanin tafkin Giba da Weri'i. Dutsen yana daga cikin Dutsen Mugulat, Tigray, Habasha, 

## Zane da gini
An haƙa ramin a cikin dutsen Adigrat Sandstone a wannan lokacin lokacin lokacin da aka gina majami'u na dutse a Tigray . A lokacin da Italiyanci suka mamaye Habasha, mutanen yankin sun rufe kuma sun ɓoye ramin, suna tilasta sojojin Italiya da masu gudanarwa su yi tafiya mai nisa.

## Wurin da yake
Hanyoyin rami 

* Nebelet da May Zerqu'it a yamma

tare da

* Ga'ibien da Adigrat a gabas.

Amfani da ramin yana ba da damar rage nisan tafiye-tafiye a ƙafa tsakanin Nebelet da Adigrat da kilomita 8.

## Amfani da shi
Manoma na yankin suna amfani da ramin a kowace rana, tare da jaki, alfadarai da shanu.

## Ayyukan ingantawa
An ƙarfafa ƙasan tare da matakai da shimfiɗa.

## Bayani
Asibitin Ayder

Asibitin Ayder Comprehensive Specialized shine asibiti mafi girma a Mekele a Yankin Tigray kuma asibiti na biyu mafi girma a Habasha.

## Bayyanawa da tarihi

Tana cikin Mekele,  asibitin koyarwa shine asibiti mafi girma a yankin Tigray  kuma asibiti na biyu mafi girma a Habasha.  Yana daya daga cikin asibitoci kalilan da ke cikin Habasha.

Asibitin ya buɗe a shekara ta 2008 kuma yana ba da sabis ga yawan mutane sama da miliyan 8. Ayyukan asibitin sun haɗa da: kula da jarirai,  dialysis, da kula da ciwon daji.  Ita ce kawai a yankin Tigray tare da wuraren tiyata  kuma, a cikin 2015, ta zama asibiti kawai tare da wuraren daukar hoto na magnetic.

A cikin 2022, asibitin yana da kimanin ma'aikata 3,600  tare da Kibrom Gebreselassie a matsayin Babban Darakta. 

A cikin 2020, a lokacin Yaƙin Tigray, ma'aikatan asibitin sun yi gwagwarmaya don ci gaba da kwararar marasa lafiya kuma suna raguwa a cikin kayan aikin tiyata. A cikin 2022, sama da marasa lafiya 60 da ke fama da Cutar koda sun mutu saboda rashin kayan kiwon lafiya kuma marasa lafiya 81 sun mutu saboda karancin iskar oxygen. Asibitin ya kasance ba shi da kayan kiwon lafiya a watan Janairun 2023, bayan yakin ya ƙare.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Beta Samati

**Beta Samati** (ko **Betä Sämaʿti**, ma'ana 'gidan masu sauraro' a Tigrinya) wani wurin binciken kayan tarihi ne kusa da Yeha, Yankin Tigray, arewacin Habasha . Ginin Aksumite ne wanda aka mamaye daga kusan 750 BC har zuwa karni na 7 AD.

## Bincike
A cikin shekara ta 2009, Kudancin Tarihin Archaeological na Tekun Red (SRSAH), wanda kuma ya bincika wuraren tarihi daban-daban sama da 80 daga 2009 zuwa 2016,  ya gano shafin yanar gizon garin da ke ƙarƙashin tudu kusa da ƙauyen Edaga Rabu (Tigrinya: ዕዳጋ ሮቡዕ), wanda ke da nisan kilomita 6.5 a arewa maso gabashin Yeha, Habasha. &nbsp;

## Abubuwan da aka tono
A cikin shekara ta 2015, Cibiyar Nazarin Archaeological ta Amurka ce ta ba da kuɗin binciken shafin. A cikin 2016, National Geographic Society ta ba da kuɗin tonowa a shafin Beta Samati.

Abubuwan da aka gano a wurin binciken archaeological sun haɗa da Basilica wanda ya fara daga karni na 4 AD, zoben zinariya da aka zana tare da kan bijimi, dutse, bucranium, hatimi, Masu ƙone turare, siffofin shanu, da tsabar kudi da ke nuna Sarakuna Armah da Ezana.  Basilica na iya zama farkon ginin Kirista da aka sani a yankin Sahara na Afirka.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Air India Flight 182

Jirgin Air India Flight 182 jirgin fasinja ne da ke aiki a kan hanyar Montreal-Landan-Delhi-Mumbai wanda, a ranar 23 ga Yuni 1985, ya rushe a kan Tekun Atlantika sakamakon fashewa daga bam din da 'yan ta'adda Sikh na Kanada suka dasa.* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*  An yi amfani da shi ta amfani da Boeing 747-237B mai rajista *VT-EFO*. Lamarin ya faru ne a kan hanyar daga Montreal zuwa London a tsawo na ƙafa 31,000 (9,400 . Ragowar jirgin ya fadi cikin teku kimanin kilomita 190 (mil 120) daga bakin tekun Ireland, inda ya kashe dukkan mutane 329 da ke cikin jirgin, ciki har da 'yan ƙasar Kanada 268,' yan Burtaniya 27, da' yan Indiya 22. Harin bam na Air India Flight 182 shine mafi munin harin ta'addanci a tarihin Kanada kuma shine mafi munya mummunan aikin ta'addancin jirgin sama a duniya har zuwa harin 11 ga Satumba a shekara ta 2001. Ya kasance mafi munin abin da ya faru a cikin jirgin sama a tarihin Air India.   An yi imanin cewa masu kula da fashewar bam din Inderjit Singh Reyat ne, dan kasar Burtaniya da Kanada, wanda ya yi ikirarin laifi a shekara ta 2003,   da Talwinder Singh Parmar, shugaban 'yan Sikh na Kanada, wanda yake daya daga cikin manyan mutane da ke da alaƙa da kungiyar ta'addanci Babbar Khalsa. 

Kashe shirin ya haifar da sakamako na kasa da kasa kuma ya shafi 'yan ƙasa da gwamnatoci daga jihohi biyar. Babbar Khalsa, wani dan ta'addan Sikh da kungiyar 'yan tawaye ta Khalistani, an shigar da shi amma ba a tabbatar da shi ba ne ke da alhakin fashewar bam din. Kodayake an kama mutane da yawa kuma an yi musu shari'a don Kashewa bam din Air India, mutumin da aka yanke masa hukunci shi ne Inderjit Singh Reyat, wanda ya yi ikirarin laifi a shekara ta 2003 don kisan kai. An yanke masa hukuncin shekaru goma sha biyar a kurkuku saboda tattara bama-bamai da suka fashe a cikin jirgin Air India Flight 182 da kuma Narita .  

Binciken da ya biyo baya da gurfanar da shi ya kai kusan shekaru ashirin. Wannan shine gwajin da ya fi tsada a tarihin Kanada, wanda ya kai kusan dala miliyan 130. &nbsp;Wadanda ake tuhuma biyu, Ripudaman Singh Malik da Ajaib Singh Bagri, dukansu ba su da laifi.

Gwamna Janar-in-Council a shekara ta 2006 ya nada tsohon Alkalin Kotun Koli John C. Major don gudanar da kwamiti na bincike. Rahotonsa, wanda aka kammala kuma aka saki a ranar 17 ga Yuni 2010, ya kammala cewa "jerin kurakurai" na Gwamnatin Kanada, Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), da Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) sun ba da izinin kai hari.
## Manazarta