Yaƙi na musamman

Yaƙin tsari gasa ce tsakanin irin wannan amma ba daidai ba ne na fasaha waɗanda ke gasa don kasuwa ɗaya, kamar na'urorin adana bayanai da tsarin rikodin Kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki. Sau da yawa ana nuna shi ta hanyar tasirin siyasa da na kudi a kan masu wallafa abun ciki ta hanyar masu haɓaka fasahar. Kamfanoni masu tasowa za a iya nuna su a matsayin shiga cikin yakin basasa idan sun yi tsayayya da ko kauce wa ka'idojin fasaha na masana'antu don tallafawa nasu.￼

Za'a iya bayyana fitowar yakin basasa saboda kowane mai siyarwa yana ƙoƙarin amfani da tasirin cibiyar sadarwa a cikin kasuwar bangarori biyu. Har ila yau, akwai ƙarfin zamantakewa don dakatar da yakin basasa: lokacin da ɗaya daga cikinsu ya ci nasara a matsayin ma'auni na zahiri, yana warware Matsalar daidaitawa  ga masu amfani da tsarin. [dubious - tattauna] &#x5B;*&#x20;&#x2013; discuss*&#x5D;

## Karni na 19

## Shekaru na 1900

* Pianos mai kunnawa: Ya bambanta da kusan kowane matsakaici na nishaɗi na karni na 20 da kuma bayan haka, an kauce wa yakin da ya shafi kiɗa na takarda don pianos mai kunna kansa lokacin da shugabannin masana'antu suka amince da tsarin gama gari a Yarjejeniyar Buffalo da aka gudanar a Buffalo, New York a cikin 1908. Tsarin da aka amince da shi shine juzu'i na 11.25 inci (286  a fadin. Wannan ya ba da damar yin amfani da kowane kiɗa a cikin kowane Mai kunna piano, ba tare da la'akari da wanda ya ƙera shi ba. Yayin da aka buga kiɗa, takarda tana juyawa a kan ƙananan juzu'i daga saman juzu'in, wanda ke nufin duk wani rubutu ko waƙoƙin da aka buga a kan juzu'ikan ana karanta su daga ƙasa zuwa saman.

## Shekaru na 1910

* Tsarin kafofin watsa labarai na farko: rikodin cylinder da rikodin faifai. A cikin 1877 Thomas Edison ya kirkiro rikodin sauti da haifuwa ta amfani da tinfoil da aka lullube a kusa da wani silinda da aka riga aka yi, kuma a cikin 1888 ya gabatar da wax "Edison cylinder" a matsayin daidaitattun tsarin rikodin. A cikin shekarun 1890 Emile Berliner ya fara tallata rikodin faifai da 'yan wasa. A ƙarshen shekarun 1890 cylinders da diski suna cikin gasa. Cylinders sun fi tsada don ƙerawa kuma albasa yana da rauni, amma yawancin 'yan wasan cylinder na iya yin rikodin. Discs sun adana sarari kuma sun fi rahusa kuma sun fi tsayi, amma saboda saurin kusurwa (CAV) na juyawa, ingancin sauti ya bambanta sosai daga rami kusa da gefen waje zuwa ɓangaren ciki mafi kusa da tsakiya; kuma 'yan wasan rikodin diski ba za su iya yin rikodin ba.

## Shekaru na 1920

* Tsarin rikodin Gramophone: gefen da kuma tsaye "dutse-da-da-dutse" yankan. Lokacin da Edison ya gabatar da rikodin "Diamond Disc" (wanda aka buga tare da lu'u-lu'u maimakon allurar ƙarfe) a cikin 1912, an yanke shi "dutse-da-da-dutse", ma'ana cewa an daidaita rami tare da madaidaiciyar axis, kamar yadda ya kasance a kan dukkan cylinders - ba kamar sauran masana'antun diski ba, wanda aka yanke a gefe, ma'ana gore ramificinsu yana da zurfin gaske kuma an daidaita shi tare da madaidaicin axis. Injinan da aka tsara don kunna faifan da aka yanke a gefe ba za su iya kunna waɗanda aka yanke a tsaye ba kuma akasin haka. Pathé Records kuma sun karɓi tsarin tudun-da-da-daya don faifan su, wanda aka fara bayarwa a cikin 1906, amma sun yi amfani da fadi sosai, mai zurfi, wanda aka buga tare da ƙaramin ball na sapphire, wanda bai dace da samfuran Edison ba. A cikin 1929 Thomas Edison ya bar masana'antar rikodin, ya dakatar da duk samar da duka diski da cylinders. Pathé ya kasance yana yin canji zuwa tsarin gefe a cikin shekarun 1920 kuma a cikin 1932 ya watsar da tsarin tsaye. Babu daidaitattun saurin ga duk rikodin faifai har sai an daidaita 78 rpm a ƙarshen rabin shekarun 1920, kodayake saboda ana iya daidaita mafi yawan masu juyawa don gudana a cikin saurin sauri wanda ba ya zama yakin basasa. Wasu diski na Berliner Gramophone sun buga a kusan 60 rpm. Wasu daga cikin manyan diski na Pathé, waɗanda suka kasance 50 cm (kusan inci 20) a diamita, an buga su a 120 rpm. Diamond Discs sun kasance 80 rpm. Wadanda suka yi a gefe, saurin a tsakiyar 70s sun fi dacewa.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

: Bugu da kari, akwai wasu ƙananan "yaƙe-yaƙe" tsakanin nau'ikan daban-daban ta amfani da saurin daban-daban daga 72 zuwa 96 rpm, da kuma allura ko stylus radii ya bambanta daga 0.0018 zuwa 0.004 inci (0.046 zuwa 0.102  - na yanzu   radius needle ko stylus sulhu ne kamar yadda babu kamfani da ya yi amfani da wannan girman. Mafi yawan girman sun kasance 0.0028 inci (0.071 , wanda Columbia ta yi amfani da shi, da 0.0032 inci (0.081 , wanda HMV / Victor ta yi amfani dashi.

## Shekaru na 1930

* Layin 405 da watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin na 405. A cikin 1936, Ofishin Talabijin na BBC ya fara watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin daga Fadar Alexandra a Arewacin London. Sun fara ne ta hanyar amfani da ka'idojin talabijin daban-daban guda biyu a cikin makonni daban-daban. An watsa tsarin tsarin Baird na layi 240 ta amfani da na'urar binciken inji. A cikin makonni masu zuwa, EMI-Marconi ta watsa shirye-shirye a cikin layi 405 ta amfani da kyamarori na lantarki. Saiti na farko dole ne su goyi bayan tsarin biyu, suna ƙarawa ga rikitarwa. Manufar BBC ce ta gudanar da tsarin biyu gefe da gefe don gwaji na watanni shida don sanin wanda za a karɓa a ƙarshe. BBC da sauri ta gano cewa cikakken tsarin EMI na lantarki yana da ingancin hoto mafi girma kuma ba shi da haske, kuma kayan aikin kyamara sun fi motsawa da jigilar kaya (ofutunan fim na Baird dole ne a ɗaure su zuwa bene na studio yayin da suke buƙatar samar da Ruwa da magudanar ruwa). An kammala gwajin bayan watanni uku kawai bayan ɗakunan Baird sun rasa mafi yawan kayan aikin su a cikin wuta.

## Shekaru na 1940

* Rubuce-rubucen Vinyl: Columbia Records 'Long Play (LP) 331⁄3 rpm rikodin microgroove (an gabatar da shi a 1948) da RCA Victor's   45 rpm rikodi, daga 1949 (gabatarwa na ƙarshe) zuwa c. 1951. Yaƙin ya ƙare saboda kowane tsari ya sami wani nau'i na tallace-tallace daban (LP don rikodin kiɗa na gargajiya, 45 don kasuwar "masu zaman kansu") kuma yawancin sabbin 'yan wasa rikodin suna iya kunna nau'ikan biyu.&nbsp;&nbsp;
* An kafa Kwamitin Tsarin Talabijin na Kasa (NTSC) don daidaita tsarin da ke tsakanin tsarin RCA na asali na 441 da tsarin da DuMont Television Network da Philco suka tsara. A watan Maris na shekara ta 1941 kwamitin ya ba da shirinsa na abin da yanzu ake kira NTSC, wanda ya kasance ma'auni don siginar talabijin a Amurka da yawancin ƙasashen da Amurka ta rinjayi har zuwa karɓar tsarin talabijin na dijital da HD tare da karɓar hukuma na ATSC a ranar 12 ga Yuni, 2009.

## Shekaru na 1950

* Kwamitin Tsarin Talabijin na Kasa (NTSC) ya sake haɗuwa a watan Janairun 1950 don yanke shawarar sake fasalin su na asali don ba da damar watsa shirye-shiryen launi. Akwai zaɓuɓɓukan tsarin gasa da Columbia Broadcasting System ya bayar waɗanda ba su dace da tsarin NTSC na yanzu ba.
* A farkon shekarun 1950, an gabatar da tsarin lantarki na 12 volt ga motoci a kokarin samar da karin wutar lantarki ga manyan injuna waɗanda ke samun shahara a lokacin; yayin da suke rage halin yanzu. Tsarin volt guda shida har yanzu suna da mashahuri tun lokacin da suka kasance na kowa kafin shekaru goma. Koyaya, tsarin 12 volt ya zama ma'auni na zahiri.

## Shekaru na 1960

* Tsarin sauti mai sauƙi: 8-track da 4-track cartridges vs. Compact Cassette, vs mafi ƙarancin sanannun DC-International tape cassette (wanda Grundig ya gabatar). Duk da yake ya yi nasara a tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen 1970s, waƙoƙin 8 sun ɓace saboda iyakokin fasaha, gami da ingancin sauti mai canzawa da rashin iya sakewa. Hakazalika ƙananan tsarin microcassette, wanda Olympus ya haɓaka, da minicassette, waɗanda Sony ya haɓaka, an ƙera su ne don aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar ƙananan aminci na sauti kamar ƙididdiga da na'urorin amsa tarho.
* Tsarin watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo na FM: Tsarin Crosby da tsarin GE / Zenith. Tsarin Crosby ya fi dacewa da fasaha, musamman a cikin watsa siginar sitiriyo mai haske, saboda amfani da mai ɗaukar FM don sauti na sitiriyo maimakon mai ɗaukar AM da GE / Zenith ke amfani da shi. Yawancin rediyo da aka gina a wannan lokacin sun ba mai amfani damar zaɓar hanyoyin sauraron Crosby ko GE / Zenith. Koyaya tsarin Crosby bai dace da ayyukan SCA masu fa'ida ba kamar watsa shirye-shiryen cikin shagon da kiɗa na baya. Masu mallakar tashar FM sun sami nasarar yin kira ga FCC don karɓar tsarin GE / Zenith a 1961, wanda ya dace da SCA.

## Shekaru na 1970

* Hanyoyin ƙididdigar Quadraphonic: CD-4, SQ, QS-Matrix, da sauransu. Kudin (da matsalolin sanya mai magana) na quadraphonic, haɗe da tsarin gasa da ke buƙatar masu rarraba da decodulators daban-daban, ya haifar da mutuwar quadraphonian da wuri, kodayake tef na 8-waƙa ya sami haɓaka na wucin gadi daga gabatarwar nau'in Q8 na 8-wacks cartridge. Sauti na Quadraphonic ya dawo a cikin shekarun 1990s an sabunta shi sosai a matsayin sauti na kewaye, amma bai dace da tsoffin kayan aiki ba.
* Tsarin bidiyo na analog: VHS vs. Betamax vs. Video 2000. Gasar ta fara ne a shekara ta 1976 kuma a shekara ta 1980, VHS ta mallaki kashi 70% na kasuwar Arewacin Amurka. Babban fa'idar VHS ita ce lokacin rikodin da ya fi tsayi. Daga hangen nesa na mabukaci, kafofin watsa labarai na VHS sun dauki karin sa'o'i sabili da haka ba su da tsada.
* Tsarin bidiyo na Reel-to-reel: Ƙananan na'urorin rikodin bidiyo na farko sun kasance masu rikodin EIAJ-1 masu buɗewa, mafi yawansu sun zo tare da Masu sautin talabijin don yin rikodin watsa shirye-shiryen TV. Wadannan ba su taɓa kamawa a kasuwar mabukaci ba amma sun sami hanyar shiga cikin talabijin na ilimi kuma sun kasance manyan tashoshin talabijin ne na farko. Daidaitawar tsarin EIAJ-1 shine sakamakon yakin basasa tsakanin Sony da Panasonic, kowannensu yana da niyyar wannan kasuwa. Kasancewar Kungiyar Masana'antu ta Lantarki ta Japan (EIAJ) ita ce amsar masana'antar lantarki ta Japan ga wasu yaƙe-yaƙe masu yuwuwa.
* Tsarin bidiyo na analog: Capacitance Electronic Disc (CED) vs. LaserDisc (LD) vs. VHD (Video High-Density). Dukkanin sun kasa samun karbuwa sosai, kodayake LD ta sami babbar kasuwar bidiyo wacce ta yaba da hotonta mai inganci, zabin babi da gabatarwar allo. LaserDisc ya kasance yana samuwa har sai DVD ya iso. Masu amfani da yawa sun fi son bidiyon da za a iya rikodin su don kama talabijin da aka watsa da yin fina-finai na gida, kuma sun sanya VHS tsarin bidiyo na yau da kullun kusan shekaru 20 (kimanin 1982 zuwa 2002).