Morton I. Abramowitz

**Morton Isaac Abramowitz** (Janairu 20, 1933 - Nuwamba 29, 2024) jami'in diflomasiyyar Amurka ne kuma jami'in Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka. Ya fara aikinsa na ƙasashen waje a Taipei, Taiwan, bayan ya shiga aikin ƙasashen waje, ya yi aiki a matsayin Jakadan Amurka a Thailand da Turkiyya da kuma Mataimakin Sakataren Harkokin Waje kan Leken Asiri da Bincike . Ya yi ritaya daga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje tare da matsayin Jakadan Aiki. A rayuwarsa ta ƙarshe, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar Bipartisan Policy Center 's Turkey Initiative,  kuma ya kafa ƙungiyar International Crisis Group .

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Morton Isaac Abramowitz a Lakewood Township, New Jersey, a ranar 20 ga Janairu, 1933, ɗan Mendel da Dora (Smith) Abramowitz.  Iyayensa Yahudawa ne da suka yi ƙaura daga Lithuania.  Ya sami digirin BA daga Jami'ar Stanford (a fannin tarihi da tattalin arziki  ) a shekarar 1953.  Daga nan ya halarci Jami'ar Harvard, inda ya sami digirin MA a shekarar 1955. 

Abramowitz ya yi aiki a rundunar sojin Amurka da kuma asusun ajiyar sojojin Amurka daga 1958 zuwa 1961.

A shekarar 1956, Abramowitz ya shiga Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka a matsayin mai horar da ma'aikata, sannan kuma, a matsayin masanin tattalin arziki na ma'aikata daga 1957 zuwa 1958, yayin da yake jiran alƙawari a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje.

## Aiki a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje
A shekarar 1959, ya shiga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka . Ayyukansa guda biyu na farko sun kasance a matsayin jami'in hulda da tattalin arziki na ofishin jakadanci a Taipei (1960-1962) da kuma jami'in tattalin arziki a Hong Kong (1963-1966). An san shi da *Ai Mo-huei* ( ), sunansa na Mandarin a lokacin rangadin da ya yi a Taiwan . 

Abramowitz ya koma Washington DC a shekarar 1966, inda ya shafe shekaru bakwai a can a wurare daban-daban, ciki har da yin aiki a matsayin mataimaki na musamman ga Sakatare Elliot Richardson .

Daga 1973 zuwa 1978, Abramowitz ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan harkokin siyasa ga Babban Kwamandan Rundunar Pacific (1973–1974) sannan kuma mataimakin mataimakin sakataren tsaro kan harkokin kasa da kasa (1974–1978).

A shekarar 1978, Shugaban Amurka Jimmy Carter ya naɗa Abramowitz Jakadan Amurka a Thailand, kuma ya riƙe wannan muƙamin daga ranar 9 ga Agusta, 1978, har zuwa ranar 31 ga Yuli, 1981. 

A shekarar 1983, Shugaba Ronald Reagan ya naɗa Abramowitz a matsayin wakilin Amurka a tattaunawar rage ƙarfin soja da daidaito a Vienna, tare da matsayin jakada. 

A shekarar 1985, Shugaba Reagan ya naɗa Abramowitz a matsayin Daraktan Ofishin Leken Asiri da Bincike, kuma Abramowitz ya riƙe wannan ofishin daga ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1985, zuwa 19 ga Mayu, 1989 (an canza sunan ofishin zuwa Mataimakin Sakataren Harkokin Waje kan Leken Asiri da Bincike a shekarar 1986).

A shekarar 1989, Shugaba George HW Bush ya naɗa Abramowitz Jakadan Amurka a Turkiyya, mukamin da ya riƙe har zuwa 1991.

A shekarar 1990, an ba Abramowitz matsayin Jakadan Aiki . 

## Aikin bayan gwamnati
Abramowitz ya yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati a shekarar 1991 kuma ya hau kan kujerar shugaban Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . An zaɓe shi a matsayin Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences a shekarar 1995.  Ya yi ritaya daga wannan mukamin a shekarar 1997. Daga baya, ya zama Babban Fellow of The Century Foundation  kuma darakta na National Endowment for Democracy .

Abramowitz ya daɗe yana cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na Kwamitin Ceto na Duniya . 

Abramowitz ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin kafuwar International Crisis Group, kuma memba ne na kwamitin gudanarwa tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a shekarar 1995. 

Abramowitz ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru tara a hukumar National Endowment for Democracy, kuma bayan ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2007 an ba shi lambar yabo ta Dimokuradiyya.

## Rayuwar mutum da mutuwa
A shekarar 1959, Abramowitz ta auri Sheppie Glass, babbar 'yar'uwar mawaƙi Philip Glass .   Sheppie Abramowitz ta shafe aikinta tana fafutukar kare 'yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka a Kwamitin Ceto na Duniya da kuma KIND (Kids in Need of Defence). Ma'auratan sun yi aure har zuwa rasuwarta a watan Afrilun 2024, kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyu.  Ɗansu, Michael, ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida a *The Washington Post* kafin ya zama shugaban Freedom House a shekarar 2017, kuma ya jagoranci Kwamitin Lamiri na Gidan Tarihi na Tunawa da Holocaust na Amurka ;  'yarsu, Rachel, ta yi aiki mai kyau a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na nishaɗi ga Los Angeles Times kafin ta fara aiki na biyu a rubuce-rubucen allo tare da mijinta, Joshua Goldin ( *Worder World* ).

Abramowitz ya rasu a gidansa da ke Washington, DC, a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 2024, yana da shekaru 91. 

## Kyaututtuka

* Gudummawar Rayuwa ga Diflomasiyyar Amurka (2006), wanda Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Ƙasashen Waje ta Amurka ta bayar
* Lambar Yabo ta Sabis ta Dimokuradiyya (2007), wadda National Endowment for Democracy ta bayar 
* Kyautar Joseph C. Wilson don Hidima ta Ƙasa da Ƙasa daga Jami'ar Rochester
* Kofin Darakta Janar na Ayyukan Waje (1995)
* Jakadan Aiki (1990) 
* Lambar Yabo ta Ƙasa ta Leƙen Asiri (1989) 
* Kyautar Shugaban Ƙasa don Babban Aikin Farar Hula na Tarayya (1981, 1985, 1988) 

## Rubutu

* Amurkawa Suna Yin Watsi Da Rikicin Jin Kai Na Syria, Washington Post, Disamba 5, 2013
* Tare da Richard Harris Moorsteen,  Jami'ar Harvard Press. 1971. ISBN&nbsp; .
* *Motsa Kan Kankara: Cibiyar Nazarin Dabaru ta Duniya ta Koriya ta Kudu da Ƙasashen da ke da Ƙarfi*, 1971
* ' *Yan wasan kwaikwayo da batutuwa na Gabashin Asiya* (1991)
* *China: Za Mu Iya Samun Manufofi?* Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1997, 
* ed. *Sauyin Turkiyya da Manufofin Amurka*, Century Foundation Press, 2000, 
* tare da James T. Laney,  Majalisar Hulɗar Ƙasashen Waje. 2001. ISBN&nbsp; .
* ed. *Amurka da Turkiyya: abokan hulɗa da ke cikin buƙata*, Century Foundation Press, 2003, 
* tare da Stephen W. Bosworth, *Bibiyar Rana: Sake Tunani kan Manufar Gabashin Asiya Tun daga 1992* Century Foundation, 2006, 

## Manazarta