open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Zaben Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya na 2015 a Jihar Jigawa

An gudanar da zaben Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya na shekara ta  2015 a Jihar Jigawa a ranar 28 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2015, don zabar mambobin Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya don wakiltar Jihar Jigaswa. Abdullahi Abubakar Gumel wanda ke wakiltar Jigawa North West, Mohammed Sabo wanda ke wakilcin Jigawa South West da Muhammad Shitu wanda ke wakilci Jigawa Arewa maso Gabas duk sun ci nasara a dandalin All Progressives Congress (APC).  

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya

## Takaitaccen Bayani

## Sakamakon

### Jigawa Arewa maso Yamma
Dan takarar jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC)  Abdullahi Abubakar Gumel ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke dan takarar jamonoy People's Democratic Party Danladi Abdullahi Sankara da sauran 'yan takarar jamʼiyya.

### Jigawa Kudu maso Yamma
Dan takarar jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC) Mohammed Sabo ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke dan takarar jamono ta People's Democratic Party Abdulmumini Hassan da sauran 'yan takarar jamʼiyyar.

### Jigawa Arewa maso Gabas
Dan takarar jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress Muhammad Shitu ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke dan takarar jamono ta People's Democratic Party Adamu Ahmed da sauran 'yan takarar jamʼiyyar.

## Manazarta
Nyong Essien

**Nyong Essien Akpan Efio-Iwat Effembe Ebit Akpan Amaide Oku** (9 Nuwamba 1872 - 15 Oktoba 1976) basaraken gargajiya ne, malami, kuma ma'aikacin gwamnati mai ritaya a Najeriya.

Ya kasance wakilin farko na lardin Old Calabar a majalisar dokoki a Legas kuma shi ne shugaban majalisar sarakunan yankin gabas na farko a yankin Gabashin Najeriya. Shi ne kuma shugaban kungiyar Ibibio na farko da aka nada, wanda shine farkon wanda aka amince da shi a hukumance a Uyo, kuma farkon nsom na Uruan.

Cif Nyong Essien ya kasance daya daga cikin ginshikan kishin kasa a Najeriya. Ya kasance daya daga cikin jiga-jigan masu tsara gine-gine da sasantawa kan ‘yancin Najeriya. Ya yi fafutuka cikin hikima don inganta cibiyoyin gargajiya na mutanensa, kuma ya shahara da adawa da cin hanci da rashawa.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Cif Nyong Essien a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 1872, a cikin gidan sarautar Akpan Efiom-Iwat, Effembe Ebit Akpan Amaide Oku a kauyen Issiet Ekim, Kudancin Uruan a cikin dangin Uruan na Uyo Division, lardin Calabar na Gabashin Najeriya. Marigayi mahaifinsa, Obong Essien Akpan Effiom-Iwat sanannen hamshakin attajiri ne kuma hakimin kauyen Issiet Ekim. An shigar da Cif Nyong Essien a Makarantar Duke Town mallakar Cocin Scotland Mission a 1900 yana da shekaru 28. Ya wuce duk azuzuwan jarirai a shekara guda. Ya kasance a Standard IV a cikin 1904 kuma makarantar ta kafa jarrabawar gama gari ga duka makarantar (Standard I zuwa IV). Nasarar da ya samu a jarabawar ta sa ya zama babban prefect na makarantar gaba daya. Wannan aikin ya ba shi babbar lambar yabo ta DUX kuma an rubuta sunansa a cikin littafin karramawar tagulla na Makarantar a matsayin lamba 1. Har yanzu ana samun wannan shaida a bangon dakin aji na 10 a makarantar firamare ta Duke Town, Calabar, Jihar Kuros Riba.

## Manazarta
Zaben Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya na 2015 a Jihar Kaduna

An gudanar da zaben Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya na shekarar 2015 a Jihar Kaduna a ranar 28 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2015, don zabar mambobin Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya don wakiltar Jihar Kadun. Shehu Sani wanda ke wakiltar Kaduna ta Tsakiya da Suleiman Othman Hunkuyi wanda ke wakilcin Kaduna ta Arewa sun ci nasara a dandalin All Progressives Congress, yayin da Danjuma Laah wanda ke wakilci Kaduna ta Kudu ya ci nasara a kan dandalin Peoples Democratic Party . 

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya

## Takaitaccen Bayani

## Sakamakon

### Kaduna ta Tsakiya
Dan takarar jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress   Shehu Sani ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke dan takarar jamono ta People's Democratic Party Mohammed Aruwa da sauran 'yan takarar jamʼiyyar.

### Kaduna ta Arewa
Dan takarar jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress Suleiman Othman Hunkuyi ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke dan takarar jamono ta People's Democratic Party Ahmed Makarfi da sauran 'yan takarar jamʼiyya.

### Kaduna ta Kudu
Danjuma Laah dan takarar jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke dan takarar All Progressives Congress Ishaku Shekarau da sauran 'yan takarar jamono.

## Manazarta
Zaben Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya na 2015 a Jihar Kogi

An gudanar da zaben Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya na shekarar 2015 a Jihar Kogi a ranar 28 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2015, don zabar mambobin Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya don wakiltar Jihar Kog. Atai Aidoko wanda ke wakiltar Kogi East da Ogembe Ahmed wanda ke wakilcin Kogi Central sun ci nasara a dandalin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party, yayin da Dino Melaye wanda ke wakilci Kogi West ya ci nasara a kan dandalin All Progressives Congress . 

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya

## Takaitaccen Bayani

## Sakamakon

### Kogi Gabas
Dan takarar jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party Atai Aidoko ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke dan takarar All Progressives Congress Abdulrahman Abubakar da sauran 'yan takarar jamono.

### Kogi ta Tsakiya
Dan takarar jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party Ogembe Ahmed ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke dan takarar jamono na All Progressives Congress Mohammed Abdulsalami da sauran 'yan takarar jamʼiyya.

### Kogi Yamma
Dan takarar jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress Dino Melaye ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke dan takarar jamono ta Peoples Democratic Party Smart Adeyemi da sauran 'yan takarar jamʼiyya.

## Manazarta
Zartarwa

## Matsayi ko lakabi

** Zartarwa, babban matsayi na gudanarwa a cikin ƙungiya
*** Babban jami'in zartarwa (Shugaba), daya daga cikin manyan jami'an kamfanoni (masu zartarwa) ko masu gudanarwa
*** Babban darektan, lakabin aiki na shugaban zartarwa a yawancin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, gwamnati da na kasa da kasa; Har ila yau bayanin da ya bambanta da wanda ba babban darektan ba
*** Jami'in zartarwa, babban memba na ƙungiyar kamfanoni, gwamnati ko soja
*** Mai gudanar da kasuwanci, mutumin da ke da alhakin gudanar da kungiya
*** Mai gudanar da kiɗa ko mai gudanar da rikodin, mutumin da ke cikin lakabin rikodin wanda ke aiki a cikin manyan gudanarwa
*** Mai gudanarwa na studio, ma'aikacin gidan fina-finai
*** Babban mai gabatarwa, mutumin da ke kula da samar da samfurin nishaɗi
** Mai gudanar da lissafi, lakabin aiki da hukumomin tallace-tallace da yawa suka bayar (yawanci ga ma'aikatan da ke horo waɗanda ke ba da rahoto ga manajojin lissafi)
** Mai gudanarwa na aikin, rawar da ke da alhakin aikin gaba ɗaya, yawanci ana buƙata don manyan ko ayyukan da suka fi rikitarwa
** Ilimi na zartarwa, kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita don shirye-shirye a makarantun kasuwanci na digiri wanda ke da niyyar ilimantar da manajoji ko 'yan kasuwaExecutive, a senior management role in an organization

## Ayyuka

* Zartarwa (gwamnati) , reshe na gwamnati wanda ke da iko da alhakin gudanar da aikin gwamnati
* Ayyukan zartarwa ko tsarin zartarwa, tsarin fahimta a cikin ilimin halayyar dan adam wanda ke sarrafawa da sarrafa wasu hanyoyin fahimta

## Fasaha, nishaɗi, da kafofin watsa labarai

*  (mujallar) , kasuwancin Lebanon na kowane wata
* Zartarwa, rigar Ruwan sama ta almara a cikin shirin *Seinfeld* "The Raincoats"
* The Executive, (George Michael § The Executive) ƙungiyar kiɗa da ta haɗa da Andrew Ridgeley da George Michael kafin kafa Wham!

## Alamomi da kamfanoni

* Chrysler Executive, motar da aka bayar 1983-1986
* Sinclair Executive, mai lissafin lantarki da aka bayar a farkon shekarun 1970
Tsarin siyasa

A kimiyyar siyasa, tsarin siyasa yana nufin tsarin tsarin siyasa wanda al'umma ko jiha za a iya lura da su, gane ko kuma bayyana su.

Yana bayyana tsarin yanke shawarar gwamnati a hukumance. Yawanci ya haɗa da tsarin doka da tattalin arziki na gwamnati, tsarin zamantakewa da al'adu, da sauran takamaiman tsarin jihohi da na gwamnati. Duk da haka, wannan ra'ayi ne mai sauƙaƙan ra'ayi na tsari mai sarƙaƙƙiya da ya haɗa da tambayoyin wanene ya kamata ya sami iko da menene tasirin gwamnati a kan jama'arta da tattalin arzikinta.

Tare da rarrabuwa na asali na zamantakewa da zamantakewar ɗan adam, ana iya rarraba tsarin siyasa akan tsarin zamantakewar al'adu dangane da dabi'un sassaucin ra'ayi da ke cikin Yammacin duniya, inda ake wakilta bakan a matsayin ci gaba tsakanin tsarin siyasa da aka gane a matsayin dimokuradiyya, gwamnatocin kama-karya da, zama tsakanin wadannan biyun, gwamnatocin mulki, tare da gwamnatoci iri-iri na iya zama masu zaman kansu kuma  halitta ko a matsayin tsarin gauraye na manyan uku. ]

## Ma'anarsa
A cewar David Easton, "Za a iya sanya tsarin siyasa a matsayin hulɗar da aka ba da izini ga al'umma." Tsarin siyasa yana nuni da tsarin aiwatar da dokoki da ware dukiyar jama'a a cikin al'umma, da kuma alakar da ke tsakanin wadanda ke da ruwa da tsaki wajen yanke wannan hukunci.

## Rabewar asali
Masana ilimin zamantakewar al'umma gabaɗaya sun san nau'ikan tsarin siyasa da yawa, galibi suna bambanta tsakanin waɗanda suke ganin ba su da tushe da kuma waɗanda suke ɗauka a tsakiya.

## Tsarukan da ba a san su ba
### Band jama'a
Ƙananan rukunin iyali, waɗanda ba su fi girma fiye da dangi ko dangi ba; an ayyana shi da cewa bai wuce mutane 30 zuwa 50 ba.
Ƙungiya na iya daina wanzuwa idan ƙaramin rukuni kawai ya fita.
## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar siyasa

Ƙungiya ta siyasa wani nau'i ne na mahallin siyasa wanda ya ƙunshi, ko ƙirƙira daga ƙananan hukumomi ko tsarin da ya dace da wannan. Wadannan kananan hukumomi yawanci ana kiransu jihohin tarayya da tarayya a gwamnatin tarayya; ana kiran su larduna, yankuna, ko larduna a cikin yanayin gwamnatin tsakiya. Ana iya ƙirƙira wannan nau'i na gwamnati ta hanyar son rai da dainawa juna kuma membobinta da masu goyon bayanta suna bayyana shi a matsayin haɗin kai a wasu lokuta, yana iya tasowa daga haɗin kai na siyasa, wanda ke da alaƙa da tilastawa da mamayewa. Haɗin kai na ƙasashe dabam-dabam waɗanda a da, sun kasance tare sun zama ƙungiya ɗaya, ana kiranta da haɗuwa kamar ƙungiyar sirri ko ƙungiya ta gaske ba, ɗayan ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin na iya samun jujjuya madafun iko amma suna ƙarƙashin gwamnatin tsakiya ko haɗin gwiwa a wata ƙungiya. A tsarin tarayya, hukumomin mazabar galibi suna da ‘yancin cin gashin kai na cikin gida, misali wajen kafa sassan ‘yan sanda, da kuma raba madafun iko da gwamnatin tarayya, wacce aka kebe ikon waje, sojojin soja, da harkokin kasashen waje. An amince da ƙungiyar a duniya a matsayin ƙungiyar siyasa guda ɗaya. Ana iya kiran ƙungiyar siyasa ƙungiyar majalisu ko ƙungiyar jaha Ana iya aiwatar da ƙungiyar ta nau'i-nau'i da yawa, an rarraba su kamar:

Haɗa ƙungiyar
Haɗa haɗawa
Tarayyar tarayya
Ƙungiyar tarayya
Gauraye ƙungiyoyi

## Haɗa ƙungiyar
A cikin ƙungiyar haɗakarwa an ƙirƙiri sabuwar jiha, tsoffin jihohin gaba ɗaya an narkar da su cikin sabuwar jiha (ko da yake ana iya kiyaye wasu abubuwa; duba ƙasa).

Haɗa ƙungiyoyin sun kasance cikin mafi yawan tarihi, kamar lokacin:

Ƙungiyar Lublin tsakanin Grand Duchy na Lithuania da Masarautar Poland ta haifar da samar da Commonwealth na Poland-Lithuania, sarautar zaɓaɓɓen sarauta inda sarakunan Poland suka zaɓi sarki;
Ayyukan Ƙungiyar (1707), tsakanin Masarautar Scotland da Ingila sun haifar da Mulkin Birtaniya;
a cikin 1910 an haɗa yankunan Cape of Good Hope, Natal, Orange River Colony, da Transvaal a cikin Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu;
Bayan hawan daular Bourbon a kan karagar mulkin Masarautar Spain, sun fara maye gurbin tsarin haɗin kai na Crown of Castile, jihohin Crown of Castile
## Manazarta
Gwamnatin tsakiya

**gwamnatin tsakiya** ita ce gwamnatin da ke da iko a kan jihar da ke da haɗin kai. Wani bangare na siyasa mai banbanci amma mai iko shine Gwamnatin tarayya, wanda zai iya samun iko daban-daban a matakai daban-daban na gwamnati, wanda tarayyar ta ba shi izini ko kuma ta ba shi kyauta kuma kowace jiha ta tarayyar. 

Tsarin gwamnatocin tsakiya ya bambanta. Kasashe da yawa sun kirkiro yankuna masu cin gashin kansu ta hanyar ba da iko daga gwamnatin tsakiya ga gwamnatoci a matakin kasa, kamar yanki, jiha, lardin, gida da sauran lokuta. Dangane da ma'anar tsarin siyasa na asali, akwai matakai biyu ko fiye na gwamnati da ke cikin yankin da aka kafa da gwamnati ta hanyar cibiyoyin gama gari tare da haɗuwa ko ikon raba kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulki ko wata doka ta tsara.

Ayyukan yau da kullun na wannan matakin gwamnati waɗanda ba a ba su ga ƙananan matakan ba suna kula da tsaron ƙasa da yin amfani da diflomasiyya na duniya, gami da haƙƙin sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyoyi masu ɗaurewa. Ainihin, gwamnatin tsakiya tana da ikon yin dokoki ga duk ƙasar, sabanin kananan hukumomi.

.Bambancin da ke tsakanin gwamnatin tsakiya da gwamnatin tarayya shi ne kasancewar yankuna masu cin gashin kansu suna wanzuwa ta hanyar wahalhalun da gwamnatin tsakiya ke fuskanta[1] kuma galibi ana haifar da su ta hanyar tsarin mulki. Don haka ana iya soke su gaba ɗaya tare da sauƙaƙan canji a cikin doka. Misalin wannan an yi shi ne a cikin 1973 lokacin da Dokar Tsarin Mulki ta Arewacin Ireland ta 1973 ta soke gwamnatin Ireland ta Arewa wacce aka kirkira a karkashin Dokar Gwamnatin Ireland ta 1920. Ya zama ruwan dare ga gwamnatin tarayya ta hanyar yarjejeniya tsakanin wasu kasashe masu cin gashin kansu da yawa don haka ikonta na shafar matsayin daidaiton iko ya ragu sosai (kamar a Amurka). Wadannan gwamnatocin tarayya galibi ana kafa su ne bisa radin kansu daga kasa, yayin da mika mulki ke ba da mulkin kai daga sama

## Misalan
Akwai, kuma sun kasance, kasashe da yawa waɗanda ke da iko, wasu sun haɗa da:

### Ƙungiyoyin Tarayya
Gwamnatin tarayya ita ce gwamnati ta kowa ko ta kasa ta tarayyar. Ana ɗaukar Amurka a matsayin ƙungiya ta farko ta zamani. Bayan da ta ayyana 'yancin kai daga Burtaniya, Amurka ta amince da kundin tsarin mulkinta na farko, Dokokin Tarayya a cikin shekara ta 1781. Wannan shi ne mataki na farko zuwa ga tarayya ta hanyar kafa Majalisa ta tarayya. Koyaya, Majalisa ta iyakance game da ikonta na bin tattalin arziki, soja, da sake fasalin shari'a. A shekara ta 1787, Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Mulki ta tsara Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka a lokacin Yarjejeniyar Philadelphia . Bayan tabbatar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki ta jihohi tara a cikin shekara ta 1788, Amurka ta kasance ƙungiya ce a hukumance, ta sanya Amurka a matsayi na musamman inda gwamnatin tsakiya ta wanzu ta hanyar wahalar jihohi ɗaya maimakon baya. 

Sauran jihohi sun bi haka wajen kafa gwamnatocin tarayya: Switzerland (1848); Kanada (1867); Jamus (1871 da kuma 1949); Brazil (1891); Australia (1901); Rasha (1917); Austria (1920 da kuma 1945) da Indiya (1947 da kuma 1950).  Misalan sun hada da:
## Manazarta
Yarjejeniya

Yarjejeniya yarjejeniya ce ta hukuma, wacce ta daure bisa doka tsakanin kasashe masu iko da/ko kungiyoyin kasa da kasa wadanda dokokin kasa da kasa ke tafiyar da su.   Hakanan ana iya sanin yarjejeniya da yarjejeniya ta duniya, yarjejeniya, alkawari, yarjejeniya, yarjejeniya, ko musayar wasiƙa, tsakanin sauran sharuɗɗan; duk da haka, kawai takaddun da ke bin doka a kan bangarorin ana ɗaukar yarjejeniyoyin ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa. yarjejeniya na iya zama na bangarorin biyu (tsakanin kasashe biyu) ko na bangarori daban-daban (wanda ya shafi kasashe sama da biyu).

Yarjejeniyoyin suna daga cikin abubuwan farko na alakar kasa da kasa; Misali na farko da aka sani shi ne yarjejeniyar kan iyaka tsakanin jihohin Sumeria-jihohin Lagash da Umma a wajen 3100 BC.. An yi amfani da yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa ta wani nau'i ta mafi yawan manyan wayewa kuma sun zama gama gari kuma suna daɗaɗaɗaɗawa a lokacin farkon zamani A farkon karni na 19 ya ga ci gaba a harkokin diflomasiyya, manufofin kasashen waje, da dokokin kasa da kasa da aka nuna ta hanyar amfani da yarjejeniyoyin. Yarjejeniyar Vienna ta 1969 akan Dokar Yarjejeniya (VCLT) ta tsara waɗannan ayyuka tare da kafa ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodi don ƙirƙira, gyara, fassarar, da ƙare yarjejeniyoyin, da kuma warware husuma da ƙetaren zargi.

## Amfani da tsari na zamani

Rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Geneva a 1949. Sa hannun wata ƙasa, ta hanyar masu iko da "cikakken iko" don cimma yarjejeniya, sau da yawa ya isa ya nuna aniyar kulla yarjejeniya.
Yarjejeniyar hukuma ce, bayyananniyar yarjejeniya a rubuce wadda jihohi ke amfani da su don ɗaure kansu bisa doka. Har ila yau, haƙiƙanin sakamakon wani biki ne wanda ke amincewa da ɓangarori da ƙayyadaddun dangantakarsu. Babu wani abin da ake buƙata na ƙwarewar ilimi ko ƙwarewar mahallin da ake buƙata don buga yarjejeniya.

Koyaya, tun daga ƙarshen karni na 19, yawancin yarjejeniyoyin sun bi daidaitaccen tsari. Yarjejeniyar yawanci tana farawa ne da gabatarwar da ke bayyana "Ƙungiyoyin Kwangiloli masu Girma" da kuma manufofinsu na aiwatar da yarjejeniyar, da kuma taƙaita duk wani abin da ya faru (kamar sakamakon yaki a yanayin yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya). A wasu lokuta ana tsara preambles na zamani azaman jimla guda ɗaya mai tsayi da aka tsara zuwa sakin layi da yawa don karantawa, wanda kowanne cikin sakin layi yana farawa da gerund (buƙata, ganewa, samun, da sauransu.

## Manazarta
Yarjejeniyar Biyu

yarjejeniya bangarorin biyu (wanda kuma ake kira **Yarjejeniyar bangarori biyu**) yarjejeniya ce da ke tsakanin batutuwa biyu na dokar kasa da kasa ta jama'a, gabaɗaya ko dai Jihohi masu zaman kansu ko kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da yarjejeniyar ta kafa. Yarjejeniya ce da aka yi ta hanyar tattaunawa tsakanin bangarorin biyu, wanda aka kafa a rubuce kuma wakilan bangarorin suka sanya hannu. Yarjejeniyoyi na iya ɗaukar ma'ana da rikitarwa, game da batutuwa iri-iri, kamar iyakokin yanki, kasuwanci da kasuwanci, kawancen siyasa, da sauransu. Yarjejeniyar yawanci ana tabbatar da ita ta hanyar yin doka na kowace jam'iyya ko ƙungiya. Duk wata yarjejeniya tare da bangarori biyu yarjejeniya ce ta bangarori da yawa. Kamar kwangila, ana kuma kiranta yarjejeniyar kwangila. Kamar yadda yake tare da kowane yarjejeniya, yarjejeniya ce da aka rubuta wacce yawanci ta al'ada ce kuma tana da ɗaurewa a yanayi.

## Jam'iyyun da suka shafi
Wadannan jam’iyyun biyu na iya zama kasashe biyu, ko kungiyoyin kasa da kasa guda biyu, ko kasa daya kuma kungiya daya ta kasa da kasa. Mai yiyuwa ne yarjejeniya tsakanin bangarorin biyu ta shafi fiye da bangarori biyu; misali kowace yarjejeniyoyin da aka kulla tsakanin Switzerland da Tarayyar Turai (EU) na da bangarori goma sha bakwai. Jam'iyyun sun kasu kashi biyu, Swiss ("a bangare daya") da EU da kasashe mambobinta ("a daya bangaren"). Yarjejeniyar ta tabbatar da hakkoki da wajibai tsakanin kasashen Turai da kuma mambobi na yanzu - ba ya kafa duk wani hakkoki da wajibai a tsakani. [1]

Lokacin da bangarorin biyu a cikin yarjejeniyar kasashen biyu suka kasance kasashe biyu da aka ɗaure a cikin yarjejeniya ta kasa da kasa, galibi ana kiransu "bangarorin jihohi". Yanayin yarjejeniya tsakanin jam'iyyun jihohi biyu yana ƙarƙashin ka'idojin da Yarjejeniyar Vienna ta tsara akan Dokar Yarjejeniya. Yarjejeniya tsakanin jiha ko ƙungiya da ƙungiya ta ƙasa da ƙasa tana ƙarƙashin ka'idojin da Yarjejeniyar Vienna ta bayyana a kan Dokar Yarjejeniya magareng ga Jihohi da Ƙungiyoyin Duniya ko tsakanin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasashen Duniya.

## Tsarin Yarjejeniya da Yarjejeniya

### Shiga cikin Ƙarfi
Yarjejeniya tsakanin bangarori biyu na iya shiga aiki ta hanyoyi biyu. Na farko shi ne lokacin da bangarorin biyu suka hadu da takamaiman sharuɗɗa don shiga cikin yarjejeniyar. Hanyar ta biyu da yarjejeniya ta fara aiki ita ce lokacin da bangarorin biyu suka yanke shawarar kasancewa da juna ga yarjejeniyar a wani kwanan wata. Yarjejeniyar bangarorin biyu yawanci suna aiki kuma ana aiwatar da su ta hanyar zaɓi na biyu lokacin da bangarorin biyun suka amince da tabbatar da yarjejeniyar da ta fara a ranar da aka ƙaddara.

## Dubi kuma

* Yarjejeniyar saka hannun jari ta biyu
* Yarjejeniyar Abokantaka
* Dokar kasa da kasa
* Dokar yarjejeniyoyi
* Yarjejeniyar bangarori da yawa
* Switzerland da Tarayyar Turai

## Manazarta
Zaben Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya na 2015 a Jihar Katsina

An gudanar da zaben Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya na shekarar 2015 a Jihar Katsina a ranar 28 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2015, don zabar mambobin Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya don wakiltar Jihar Katsana. Mustapha Bukar wanda ke wakiltar Katsina North, Abu Ibrahim wanda ke wakilcin Katsina South da Kurfi Umaru wanda ke wakil da Katsina Central duk sun ci nasara a dandalin All Progressives Congress (APC) . 

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya

## Takaitaccen Bayani

## Sakamakon

### Katsina ta Arewa
Dan takarar jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC) Mustapha Bukar ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke dan takarar jamono ta People's Democratic Party Yau Umar Gojo da sauran 'yan takarar jamʼiyyar.

### Katsina ta Kudu
Dan takarar jam'iyyar Progressives Congress (APC) Abu Ibrahim ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke dan takarar jamono ta People's Democratic Party Abdulahi Faskari da sauran 'yan takarar jamʼiyyar.

### Katsina ta Tsakiya
Dan takarar jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress Kurfi Umaru ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke dan takarar jamono ta People's Democratic Party Lamis Shehu da sauran 'yan takarar jamʼiyyar.

## Manazarta
Yarjejeniyar Vienna kan Dokar Yarjejeniya

Yarjejeniyar Vienna akan Dokar Yarjejeniya (VCLT) yarjejeniya ce ta kasa da kasa wacce ke tsara yarjejeniyoyin tsakanin kasashe masu iko.

Wanda aka sani da "yarjejeniya kan yarjejeniyoyin", VCLT ta kafa cikakkun jagororin aiki, dokoki, da hanyoyin yadda ake tsara yarjejeniyoyin, fayyace, gyara, da fassara. Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa wata yarjejeniya ce ta rubuce-rubuce tsakanin kasashen da ke karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa wadda ta bayyana amincewarsu ga kirkirowa, ko gyara, ko soke hakkokinsu da wajibai, kamar yadda yarjejeniyar ta tanada.

An karɓi Yarjejeniyar Vienna akan Dokar Yarjejeniya kuma an buɗe shi don sanya hannu akan 23 ga Mayu 1969, ,  ya fara aiki a ranar 27 ga Janairu 1980,  kuma ƙasashe masu iko 116 sun amince da shi tun daga Janairu 2018. Ƙungiyoyin da ba su amince da su ba, irin su Amurka, sun amince da sassan VCLT a matsayin sake bayyana dokokin duniya na al'ada. A cikin dokar yarjejeniya, VCLT ita ce ikon warware takaddama game da fassarar yarjejeniya.
## Tarihi
Kwamitin shari'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (ILC) na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne ya tsara yarjejeniyar Vienna kan Dokar Yarjejeniya (VCLT), wacce ta fara aiki kan yarjejeniyar a 1949.. A cikin shekaru 20 na shirye-shiryen, wakilai na musamman na ILC sun shirya daftarin juzu'in taron da sharhi, waɗanda suka haɗa da fitattun malaman dokokin duniya James Brierly, Hersch Lauterpacht, Gerald Fitzmaurice, da Humphrey Waldock.

A cikin 1966, ILC ta karɓi daftarin labarai 75, waɗanda suka kafa tushen aikinta na ƙarshe. sama da zama biyu a 1968 da 1969, taron Vienna ya kammala taron, wanda aka amince da shi a ranar 22 ga Mayu, 1969 kuma aka buɗe don sanya hannu a rana mai zuwa.

## Abun ciki da tasiri
A cikin ayyukan dokokin kasa da kasa, Yarjejeniyar Vienna kan Dokokin Yarjejeniya ita ce ikon doka game da kulla yarjejeniya da tasirinta. Ƙasashen da ba sa hannu ba, kamar Amurka da Indiya sun amince da matsayin doka na VCLT, kamar yadda doka ta ta'allaka kan duk ƙasashe masu iko ] waɗanda suka amince da matsayin dokokin al'ada na Yarjejeniyar Vienna.

VCLT ta bayyana yarjejeniya a matsayin "yarjejeniya ta kasa da kasa da aka kulla tsakanin kasashe [sarauta] a rubuce kuma dokokin kasa da kasa ke tafiyar da su", kuma ta tabbatar da cewa "kowace kasa tana da ikon kulla yarjejeniya." Mataki na 1 na VCLT ya takaita aiwatar da yarjejeniyar zuwa rubutattun yarjejeniyoyin tsakanin jihohi, ban da yarjejeniyoyin da aka kulla tsakanin jihohi da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa ko tsakanin kungiyoyin kasa da kasa

## Manazarta
Yakin adamawa

Yakin Adamawa (1899 – 1907) tun farko ya kasance jerin balaguron soji da rikicin kan iyaka tsakanin Jamus Schutztruppe da ke Kamerun da fula sunna jahohin Musulmi da kabilu da suke cikin Daular Sakkwato (Khalifancin da aka kafa a lokacin Jihadin Fulani), musamman Masarautar Adamawa da ke yankin Arewa rabin yankin bayan da aka mamaye wadannan yankuna an ci gaba da tsayin daka tsawon shekaru kuma an yi tashe-tashen hankula da dama.

## Fage
Yankunan da ke arewacin yankin Kamerun da ke karkashin ikon Jamus kai tsaye, wani bangare ne na daulolin Sokoto ko Bornu, wadanda tare da Daular Usmaniyya su ne Halifanci na karshe a duniya. Yayin da ikon Bornu ya yi rauni bayan mamayar da sarkin yakin Sudan Rabih az-Zubayr ya yi na wucin gadi, Sokoto ta ci gaba da zama ba a taba gani ba. Sokoto daular Musulunci ce da ke rike da kananan masarautu masu cin gashin kansu, mafi girma ita ce Adamawa. A shekara ta 1890 Adamawa ta sami rauni sakamakon gwagwarmayar cikin gida, yayin da kasar Mahdist ta samu ci gaba a cikin Masarautar, kuma iyakokinta sun mamaye da'awar turawan mulkin mallaka na Jamus a yankin, duk da cewa ta ci gaba da bijirewa yankin.

## Balaguron Tibati
Yunkurin da sojoji suka yi na fadada Kamerun na Jamus a arewa zuwa yankin Sahel, a karkashin sunan kawo karshen cinikin bayi na Musulunci a yankin, ya fara ne da gaske a cikin watan Janairun 1899,   tare da Schutztruppe karkashin jagorancin Kyaftin Oltwig von Kamptz ya bar Douala zuwa arewa don yakar Tibati Sultanate a kudancin Adamawa. Tibati ya yi tsayin daka, sai kabilar Bulu da ke kan iyakar kudancin Adamawa ta tashi da tawaye, mayakan Bulu suka yi tattaki zuwa Kribi a bakin teku, suka lalata aikin Katolika a wurin.[7] Sai bayan da aka samu karuwar sojoji a yankin da kuma yakin da aka yi mai tsanani har zuwa shekara ta 1901 aka sulhunta yankin kuma aka kama Sarkin Tibati, aka mamaye fadarsa da hadari.

## Manazarta
Ofisoshin gidan waya na sojan Burtaniya a Afirka

**Ofishin gidan waya na Burtaniya a Afirka** tsarin ne na ofisoshin gidan waya da Burtaniya ta kafa don amfani da sojojinta na gabas ta tsakiya da sojojin gabashin Afirka a Afirka lokacin yakin duniya na biyu da bayan yakin duniya na biyu .

## Sojojin Gabas ta Tsakiya
An buga tambarin tambarin Birtaniyya "MEF" tun daga 1942. Ana samun su a Cyrenaica, Eritrea, Habasha, da Somalia, Tripolitania da kuma a tsibiran Dodecanese a cikin Aegean. A farkon shekarar 1943, ma’anar ma’anar canza launin su ma an yi su da yawa, kuma a shekarar 1947, tambarin 5-shilling da shilling 10 sun sami karbuwa. A cikin 1950, gwamnatin Biritaniya ta bayyana cewa sauran tambarin da aka yi sama da su suna da inganci don aikawa a duk faɗin Burtaniya, kuma da yawa daga cikin tambarin da suka tsira suna da Birtaniyya na cikin gida maimakon alamun wasiƙa na waje.

## Sojojin Gabashin Afirka
Sojojin Gabashin Afirka a Somaliyan Italiya suma sun sami tambarin Birtaniyya, amma aka buga "EAF" a maimakon haka, daga 15 ga Janairu 1943.

## Eritrea, Somalia da kuma Tripolitania
Daga 1948 zuwa gaba, gwamnatocin sojoji a Eritrea, Somalia, da Tripolitania sun yi amfani da nasu kwafin.

## Majiya

* Stanley Gibbons Ltd: kundin adireshi daban-daban
* AskPhil - ƙamus na Sharuɗɗan tattara Tambari
* Encyclopaedia na Tarihin Wasiƙa
* Stuart Rossiter & John Flower: *Tambarin Atlas*
* Scott katalogi

## Kara karantawa

* Sirotti, Luigi dan Nuccio Taroni. *Le Occupazioni Britanniche Delle Colonie Italiane 1941-1950: storia postale = Tarihin Wasika na Ma'aikatar Biritaniya ta Mallakan Italiya 1941-1950* . Roma: Sassone SRL, 2006 363p.
* Tregurtha, Alan R. *Mallakar Birtaniyya na Tsoffin Turawan Mulkin Italiya* . Bridgwater: The GB Overprint Society, 1987/8.
Dokar al'ada ta duniya

Dokar al'ada ta kasa da kasa ta ƙunshi wajibai na shari'a na kasa da kasa da suka samo asali daga ayyukan da aka kafa ko na al'ada na kasa da ƙasa, waɗanda ba su da tsammanin al'ada game da halayyar da ba a rubuta ba kamar yadda ya saba da yarjejeniyar rubuce-rubuce ko tarurruka. Gabaɗaya, dokar al'ada ta duniya ta shafi daidai ga dukkan jihohi. Tare da ka'idojin doka da yarjejeniyoyi, Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya, lauyoyi, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da kasashe membobinta suna la'akari da al'ada don kasancewa daga cikin manyan tushen dokar kasa da kasa. 

Gwamnatoci da yawa sun yarda da ka'idar wanzuwar dokar al'ada ta duniya, kodayake akwai ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da waɗanne dokoki ne ke ciki. Dokar ta zama doka ta al'ada ta duniya idan an cika buƙatu biyu: (1) Akwai aikin jihar wanda "ya yi kama da ya zama cikakke, wakilci da kuma daidaituwa" yana nuna cewa yawancin jihohi sun yi amfani da kuma dogaro da dokar da ake tambaya kuma yawancin jihohi ba su ƙi ra'ayin ba,   kuma (2) jihohi suna motsa su da imani cewa an tilasta su yarda da halattaccen mulkin da ake tambaya saboda dokar al'ada tana tilasta musu yin hakan ( ).

A cikin 1950, Hukumar Shari'a ta Duniya ta lissafa wadannan tushe a matsayin nau'ikan shaidar dokar al'ada ta duniya: yarjejeniyoyi, yanke shawara na kotuna na kasa da kasa, dokokin kasa, ra'ayoyin masu ba da shawara na shari'a na kasa, wasikun diflomasiyya, da kuma aikin kungiyoyin kasa da kasa. A cikin 2018, Hukumar ta karɓi Ƙarshen Bayyana Dokar Al'ada ta Duniya tare da sharhi. Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya yi maraba da ƙaddamarwar kuma ya ƙarfafa yaduwar su.

Dokar Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya ta bayyana dokar al'ada ta duniya a cikin Mataki na 38 (1) (b) a matsayin "aikin da aka yarda da shi a matsayin doka". Ana ƙayyade wannan ta hanyar dalilai biyu: al'ada ta jihohi, da kuma abin da jihohi suka yarda da shi a matsayin doka ().  Wannan yana nufin cewa jihohi da yawa suna buƙatar shiga cikin aikin (musamman, manyan iko) kuma jihohi suna shiga cikin aikin ne saboda ma'anar wajibin doka (maimakon al'ada ko al'ada)

Akwai nau'ikan dokokin al'ada na kasa da kasa da jihohi suka amince da su. Wasu dokoki na al'ada na kasa da kasa sun tashi zuwa matakin  (babu banda) ta hanyar karɓar al'ummomin duniya a matsayin haƙƙoƙin da ba za a iya sokewa ba, yayin da wasu dokokin al'ada ta kasa da kasa na iya bin ƙananan jihohi. Jihohi yawanci ana ɗaure su da dokar al'ada ta duniya, ba tare da la'akari da ko jihohin sun tsara waɗannan dokoki a cikin gida ko ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyi ba.

## Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya
Dokar Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya ta amince da wanzuwar dokar al'ada ta duniya a cikin Mataki na 38 (1) (b), wanda aka sanya shi cikin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Mataki na 92: "Kotu, wanda aikinsa shine yanke shawara bisa ga dokar kasa da kasa kamar jayayya da aka gabatar da ita, za ta yi amfani da ... al'adar kasa da kasa, a matsayin shaida ta al'ada da aka yarda da ita a matsayin doka. "&nbsp;
## Manazarta
Zaben Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya na 2015 a Jihar Kebbi

An gudanar da zaben Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya na shekarar 2015 a Jihar Kebbi a ranar 28 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2015, don zabar mambobin Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya don wakiltar Jihar Kebra. Yahaya Abubakar Abdullahi wanda ke wakiltar Kebbi North, Adamu Aliero wanda ke wakilcin Kebbi Central da Bala Na'Allah wanda ke wakil da Kebbi South duk sun ci nasara a dandalin All Progressives Congress (APC) . 

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya

## Takaitaccen Bayani

## Sakamakon

### Kebbi ta Arewa
Dan takarar jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC) Yahaya Abubakar Abdullahi ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke dan takarar jamonoy People's Democratic Party (PDP) Usman Saidu Nasamu Dakingari da sauran 'yan takarar jamʼiyyar.

### Kebbi ta Tsakiya
Dan takarar jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC) Adamu Aliero ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke dan takarar jamono ta People's Democratic Party Abubakar Malam da sauran 'yan takarar jamʼiyyar.

### Kebbi ta Kudu
Dan takarar jam'iyyar Progressives Congress (APC) Bala Na'Allah ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke dan takarar jamono ta People's Democratic Party (PDP) Abubakar Sadiq da sauran 'yan takarar jamʼiyyar.

## Manazarta
Sarraounia

**Sarraounia Mangou** babban limamin kungiyar Azna ne na Hausawa, wanda ya yi yaki da sojojin Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa na Voulet-Chanoine Mission a yakin Lougou (a Nijar ta yau) a 1899.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Sarraounia na nufin sarauniya ko shugabar mata a harshen Hausa. Ga al’ummar garin Lougou da ke kewaye da garuruwa da ƙauyuka na Hausa, waɗanda galibinsu masu ra’ayin ra’ayi ne, kalmar tana nufin zuriyar sarakunan mata waɗanda ke da ikon siyasa da na addini.

Sarraounia Mangou ita ce mafi shaharar Sarraounias, saboda juriyarta da sojojin Faransa na mulkin mallaka a yakin Lougou a 1899. Yayin da mafi yawan sarakuna a Nijar sun yi biyayya ga ikon Faransanci,  Mangou ta tattara mutanenta da albarkatunta don fuskantar sojojin Faransa na Voulet-Chanoine Mission, wanda ya kaddamar da babban hari na Lougou.

Da tsananin ƙarfin wuta na Faransa ya mamaye ta, ita da mayakanta sun ja da baya daga sansanin, kuma suka yi ta fama da maharan a cikin yaƙin da aka dade ana gwabzawa wanda a ƙarshe ya tilastawa Faransawa yin watsi da aikin da suke yi na murkushe ta.

## almara
Ita ce batun fim ɗin Sarraounia na 1986 da aka yi a kan novel Sarraounia, le drame de la reine magicienne, na marubuci ɗan Nijar Abdoulaye Mamani.

## Manazarta
Tashin Hankali na Ovambo

Rikicin Ovambo wani tawaye ne na adawa da Turawan mulkin mallaka na Portugal a yakin duniya na daya, wanda ya gudana daga kimanin ranar 18 ga Disamba 1914 zuwa 6 ga Fabrairun 1917 tare da mutuwar shugabansu, King Mandume yandemufayo, da sojojin Afirka ta Kudu suka yi a Namibiya. Yakin ya yi artabu da sojojin Portugal, wanda Janar António Júlio da Costa Pereira de Eça ya jagoranta, da sojojin Ovambo, wanda ya kunshi mayakan kabilar Oukwanyama.

## Fage
Kafin Scramble for Africa, yankin Kudancin Angola mallakar masarautar Kwanyama ne. Yarjejeniyar Berlin ta 1884 ta raba masarautar da kuma babbar kabilar Ovambo gaba dayanta tsakanin turawan mulkin mallaka guda biyu, ba tare da cewa wani daga cikin ‘yan asalin kasar Angola ba. Duk da haka, babu ɗayan iko biyun da zai yi ƙoƙarin yin aiki ko gudanarwa na aƙalla shekaru ashirin. Duk kokarin da Portuguese ke yi na murkushe Ovambo bai yi nasara ba har sai da aka ci Ombandja a 1907 da Evale a 1912 a lokacin yakin Portuguese akan Ovambo. Dalilin da ya sa Ovambo ke da wuya a yi nasara a kansa shi ne, suna da makamai da yawa kuma suna da karfin da ba za su iya yin nasara a kan wannan yanki na tattalin arziki ba, musamman kafin 1907. 

## Gabatarwa
Dangantakar Jamus da Kwanyama
Mandume ya ki amincewa da ra'ayin mulkin mallaka na Portugal kuma ya bukaci su kasance daidai da masu mulkin mallaka a manyan biranensu masu nisa. Mandume ya kuma nemi kusanci da Jamusawa duk da cewa sun mallaki rabin kudancin mulkinsa. Har ma ya kwatanta gwamnan Jamus ta Kudu maso yammacin Afirka, Theodor Seitz, a matsayin "ɗan'uwansa a Windhuk"

A cikin watan Agustan 1914, Gwamnan gundumar Outjo Hans Schultze-Jena ya ba da rahoton zargin ƙungiyoyin sojojin Burtaniya ko kuma aƙalla tasirin Birtaniyya a Angola ga Gwamna Seitz ta hanyar wayar tarho. Schultze-Jena ya shaidawa Seitz cewa akwai jita-jita da 'yan Portugal din ke kokarin mayar da Ovambo ga mulkin mallaka na Jamus. Duk da tabbatar da wadannan zarge-zargen, Seitz ya ci gaba da aika wasika zuwa ga mandume, yana mai shaida masa cewa sojojin Jamus za su mara masa baya idan Portuguese ta taba kai masa hari. Wasikar ta kuma yi alkawarin ba Mandume bindigogi 100 da alburusai wadanda ba a taba ba su ba. Wata mai zuwa Seitz ya aika da wata wasiƙa tare da wannan tayin a cikinta ƙarin ruwan inabi. Wasikar ta kuma yi magana game da manyan nasarorin da Jamus ta samu a Turai, inda ta tabbatar wa Mandume cewa idan ya tsaya “mai aminci ga Jamusawa ba lallai ne ka ji tsoron Fotigal ba, idan suka kawo maka hari, zan aika da sojojin Jamus su kore su. Ba za a kai bindigogi ba sai in Portuguese sun shiga Birtaniya suka mamaye Ovamboland.

## Manazarta
Godspower Ake

**Godspower Umejuru Ake MHA, MFR** (2 Fabrairu 1940 - 8 Agusta 2016) ɗan siyasa ne daga jihar Ribas, Najeriya. Ya kasance dan majalisar dokokin jihar Ribas kuma mataimakin kakakin majalisar. daga 1979 zuwa 1983, mai wakiltar mazabar Ahoada I na jam'iyyar Najeria ta kasa. Ya kasance mai ba Gwamna shawara na musamman kan filaye da gidaje Peter Odili, mukamin da ya rike daga 1999 zuwa 2007, har ma ya hada wannan aiki da mukamin mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar PDP na kasa daga 2004 zuwa 2007. Ya zama shugaban jam'iyyar PDP na jihar Rivers na uku a 2008 kuma ya yi murabus daga mukamin babbar jam'iyyar adawa ta PDP a shekara ta 2001.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Ake a Garin Erema da ke karamar hukumar Ogba–Egbema – Ndoni a Jihar Ribas. Shi ne ɗan fari na Robinson Ijeoma Ake da Margaret Nwanwinyioka Ake.

## Manazarta
Eren Kinali

**Eren Kinali** (an haife shi ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairu, 2000) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda yake taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya.
 

## Manazarta
Ahmadu Ribadu

**Ahmadu Ribadu** OON MBE (1925 – Mayu 2003) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne kuma jami’in diflomasiyya. A lokacin Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta farko, ya wakilci mazabar Adamawa ta Gabas a Majalisar Tarayya daga 1959 zuwa 1966 sannan ya rike mukamin karamin minista a ma’aikatar bunkasa tattalin arzikin tarayya. Shi ne mahaifin dan siyasa Nuhu Ribadu.

## Ayyuka
Ribadu ya fara aikin koyarwa ne a shekarar 1943 a karamar makarantar Yola. Ya yi shekaru goma masu zuwa yana koyarwa kuma a shekara ta 1958, an nada shi Manajan Makarantu na Hukumar Jihar Adamawa. An zabe shi a matsayin dan majalisar wakilai ta tarayya a shekarar 1959 a karkashin jam’iyyar NPC mai wakiltar mazabar Adamawa ta gabas. A shekarar 1965, bayan rasuwar Mahmud Ribadu, na kusa da shi kuma dan jam'iyyar NPC, firaministan kasar Tafawa Balewa ya yi wa majalisar ministocinsa, ya nada Ribadu karamin ministan raya tattalin arziki na tarayya. Ya rike mukamin har zuwa watan Janairun 1966, lokacin da aka kawo karshen jamhuriya ta farko ta hanyar juyin mulkin soja.

A lokacin mulkin soja na Birgediya Mohammed Jega, an nada Ribadu kwamishinan kudi da tsare-tsare a sabuwar jihar Gongola (1976-1979). A shekarar 1979 bai yi nasara ba ya tsaya takarar gwamnan jihar Gongola a karkashin jam’iyyar NPN, inda ya sha kaye a hannun Abubakar Barde na jam’iyyar Great Nigeria People’s Party (GNPP). Bayan juyin mulkin 1983, ya zama jakadan Najeriya a Nijar da Burkina Faso a karkashin gwamnatin mulkin soja ta Janar Muhammadu Buhari (1984-1985).

Ribadu ya rike sarautar gargajiya ta Dan Galadima na Adamawa kuma ya kasance memba na dindindin a Majalisar Masarautar Adamawa.

## Manazarta
Nathan Bishop

**Nathan James Bishop** (an haife shi ranar 15 ga watan Oktoba, 1999) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda yake taka leda a matsayin Mai tsaron gida na ƙungiyar  AFC Wimbledon. Ya taba taka leda a gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila a Southend United da Mansfield Town.

## Manazarta
James Montgomery (ɗan ƙwallo)

**James Hayden Montgomery** (an haife shi ranar 20 ga watan Afrilu, 1994) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila da yayi ritaya wanda yayi wasa a matsayin Mai tsaron gida.  

## Manazarta
Alexandria Naval Unknown Soldier Memorial

Gidan tunawa da Sojojin Ruwa na Alexandria a gundumar Manshaya an sadaukar da shi ga sojojin da ba a san su ba waɗanda suka rasa rayukansu a yaƙe-yaƙe na teku, yana nan a kan Corniche na Alexandria.  An gina shi a ƙarƙashin mulkin Muhammed Ali na Masar kamar yadda Alexandria ta kasance babban sansanin sojan ruwa ga ɗansa Ibrahim Pasha zuwa ƙasar Girka a lokacin Yakin Independence na ƙasar Girka, wanda ya ƙare a Yaƙin Navarino.

Asalin abin tunawa ga Khedive Ismail wanda mazauna garin Iskandariya ne na Italiya suka gina, an canza matsayinsa bayan juyin juya halin Masar a shekarar 1952 don tunawa da sojojin ruwa da suka mutu. 

## Duba kuma

* Tunawa da Soja da Ba a sani ba (Misira)

## Manazarta
Clement Ebri

**Clement David Ebri** (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Disamba 1952) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda aka zaɓa a kan dandalin NRC a matsayin Gwamnan Jihar Kuros Riba, Nijeriya tsakanin Janairu 1992 zuwa 17 ga Nuwamba, 1993 a lokacin Jamhuriyya ta Uku ta Najeriya, ya bar mulki bayan juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi wa Janar Sani Abacha. Ya kasance babban mai goyon bayan Janar Ibrahim Babangida, wanda ya kafa jamhuriya ta uku cikin kankanin lokaci.

## Rayuwar farko da Karatu
An haifi Ebri ne a ranar 11 ga watan Disamba 1952 a unguwar Mkpani da ke karamar hukumar Yakurr, jihar Cross River. Ya yi karatu a Sacred Heart College, Aba, Community Secondary School (COSGRAMS), Ugep, da Jami'ar Nigeria, Nsukka. Kafin shiga siyasa, Ebri ya kasance editan Nigerian Chronicle kuma Daraktan Bankin Mercantile na Najeriya, da Savannah Bank of Nigeria. Ya kasance Shugaban Kamfanin Brecon Associates, Inter-birane Contracting Services da Dimaron Nigeria Limited.

## Farkon sana'ar siyasa
An zabi Ebri a matsayin dan majalisar wakilai a shekarar 1989, kuma a shekarar 1991 aka zabe shi a matsayin gwamnan jihar Cross River a dandalin taron jam’iyyar Republican, wanda aka tilasta masa sauka daga mukaminsa lokacin da Janar Sani Abacha ya karbi mulki a matsayin shugaban kasa. Ya tsaya takara a zaben fidda gwani na jam’iyyar All People’s Party (APP) a shekarar 1998 don zama dan takararsu na gwamnan jihar Cross River a zaben 1999 bayan komawar mulkin dimokuradiyya, amma ya zo na biyu. Shi ne shugaban kwamitin nazarin tsarin mulkin shugaban kasa na shekarar 1999, wanda ya gabatar da rahotonsa a shekarar 2001. Daya daga cikin shawarwarin kwamitin da ba a amince da shi ba, shi ne a takaita wa’adin shugabancin kasa da na gwamna zuwa shekaru 5 guda daya.

## Manazarta
Akpan Isemin

An zabi **Obong Akpan Isemin** gwamnan jihar Akwa Ibom a Najeriya daga watan Janairun 1992 zuwa Nuwamba 1993 a lokacin jamhuriya ta uku ta Najeriya.

Ya kuma rike sarautar gargajiya ta Obong Ikpa Isong Ibibio, daya daga cikin lakabin gargajiya tsakanin al'ummar Ibibio.

## Fage
An haifi Isemin kimanin shekara ta 1939 a Mbioto, karamar hukumar Etinan a jihar Akwa Ibom, daga asalin Ibibio. Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Etinan, sannan Jami'ar Nigeria, Nsukka inda ya sami digiri na biyu. digiri a fannin tattalin arziki. Ya fara aiki da Agip da Esso Standard a masana'antar mai. A shekara ta 1969, ya shiga Avery Limited a matsayin mai gudanarwa na tallace-tallace, yana rike da wannan matsayi na tsawon shekaru 13 kuma ya tashi ya zama babban darakta kafin ya yi ritaya. Ya kuma rubuta shafi a cikin Business Times.

## Sana'ar siyasa da mutuwa
A ranar 14 ga watan Disambar 1991 ne aka zabi Isemin a matsayin dan takarar jam’iyyar Republican Convention (NRC) a matsayin gwamnan jihar Akwa Ibom, daga ranar 2 ga watan Janairun 1992 zuwa 18 ga watan Nuwamba, 1993, kuma ya rasa mukaminsa bayan juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi da Janar Sani Abacha. An san shi da falsafarsa ta “Ubom Nuhu” (Jigon Nuhu), wanda a cikinta ya kamata a ba wa dukan mutane zarafi ba tare da la’akari da ƙabila ba, kuma ya nuna hakan ta hanyar naɗa mutane masu asali dabam-dabam. Ya yi nasarar shawo kan gwamnatin tarayya ta kara yawan kudaden shigar man fetur daga Naira 350,000 a kowane wata zuwa Naira miliyan 11.2.

A farkon jamhuriya ta hudu ta Najeriya a shekarar 1999, Isemin ya sake neman zabe a matsayin gwamnan Akwa Ibom dake takara a jam'iyyar All People's Party (APP), amma Obong Victor Attah ya sha kaye. A shekarar 2003, bai yi nasara ba ya nemi zabe a matsayin Sanata a dandalin jam’iyyar All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP). Daga baya ya koma jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party (PDP).

## Mutuwa
Isemin ya rasu ne a ranar 23 ga watan Yunin 2009. An samu wata cece-kuce a kan rasuwarsa, inda matar da mijinta ya rasu ta dora laifin rashin kyautuka a asibitin koyarwa na Jami’ar Uyo, inda rashin wutar lantarki ya hana shi yin wankin wanki, da kuma asibitin da ke cewa ya ki karbar maganin da aka ba shi.

## Manazarta
Chris Tarka

**Christopher Tarka** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1958) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin shugaban ma’aikatan sakataren gwamnatin tarayya George Akume. Shi ɗan ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne na ƙarni na 20 Joseph Tarka.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Tarka a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 1958. Mahaifinsa, Joseph Tarka, ɗan siyasa ne kuma shugaban-janar na United Middle Belt Congress, babbar jam'iyyar siyasa a yankin Middle Belt a lokacin.

Domin karatunsa na farko, Tarka ya halarci makarantar St. John's College da Kaduna Capital School. Da farko ya shirya yin karatu a Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya, amma saboda yajin aikin da ya ke yi, ya yanke shawarar yin karatu a kasashen waje. Ya kammala karatunsa na A-Level a Kwalejin Tattalin Arziki ta London daga baya ya koma Nebraska don nazarin Nazarin Kasuwanci.[4] Babban ɗan'uwansa, Simeon, shi ma yana Nebraska a wannan lokacin, yana kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Nebraska-Lincoln.

## Fagen Siyasa
Bayan ya kammala karatunsa a Nebraska, Tarka ya zauna a Amurka na ɗan lokaci, yana gudanar da kasuwanci. Daga karshe ya dawo Najeriya sakamakon rashin iyayensa biyu. Dawowar tasa ta zo daidai da sauyi zuwa jamhuriya ta uku a lokacin mulkin soja na Ibrahim Babangida a farkon shekarun 1990. Wannan lokacin ya kasance mai tsananin siyasa kamar yadda ƙungiyoyin ƙasa daban-daban suka shirya don babban zaɓe na 1992.

## Manazarta
Sule Katagum

Alhaji **Sule Katagum** OFR CMG(1927 – 17 Disamba 2017) ma’aikacin gwamnati ne, ɗan siyasa kuma ɗan kasuwa a Najeriya. Shine Shugaban Hukumar Ma'aikatan Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya na farko. Ya kuma rike sarautar gargajiya ta Wazirin masarautar Katagum.

## Farkon rayuwa da Karatu
An haifi Sule Katagum a Katagum a cikin lardin Bauchi na Turawan mulkin mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya.

A farkon shekarun 1940 ya halarci makarantar Midil ta Bauchi, inda Aminu Kano da Abubakar Tafawa Balewa suka koyar da shi. A lokacin da ya ke can, ya jagoranci wata zanga-zangar nuna rashin amincewa da yadda ake cin zarafin dalibai, inda ya yi nuni da batutuwan da suka hada da kudin aljihu da rashin ingancin abinci. Zanga-zangar ta kara dagulewa daukacin daliban da suka ja hankalin Sarkin Bauchi. Bayan bincike, an sallami shugaban makarantar, aka maye gurbinsa da Balewa.: 85-86.

## Aiki da Siyasa
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Katagum ya samu shiga Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Zariya. Yayin da yake Zariya, ya kulla abota ta kud da kud da Isa Wali, kani ga Aminu Kano, wanda ya zama abokin zamansa.

A cikin shekarun 1950, Katagum ya fara aikinsa a aikin gwamnati a matsayin ma'aikacin gwamnati a karkashin hukumar 'yan asalin Katagum. A shekarar 1955 ya shiga jam’iyyar NPC ta Arewa kuma aka nada shi sakataren jam’iyyar reshen Katagum. A shekarar 1959, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, a lokacin Firimiyan Nijeriya, ya nada Katagum Shugaban Hukumar Ma’aikatan Gwamnatin Tarayya (FPSC).

Bayan juyin mulkin watan Janairun 1966 wanda ya kawo karshen Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta farko, Katagum ya ci gaba da rike mukaminsa na Shugaban Hukumar FPSC a karkashin Janar Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi. Bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi a wancan shekarar da kuma kashe Aguiyi-Ironsi, Katagum ya jagoranci tawagar ma’aikatan gwamnati don shawo kan Laftanar Kanar Murtala Muhammed da wasu manyan hafsoshin Arewa kan ballewa daga tarayyar Najeriya. don maye gurbin yankuna hudu da jihohi goma sha biyu a farkon 1967.:  205 

Katagum ya yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati bayan an maye gurbinsa a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar FPSC da Farfesa Okoronkwo Kesandu Ogan ta Murtala Muhammad, a lokacin Shugaban Najeriya.

A lokacin jamhuriya ta biyu ta Nijeriya (1979 – 1983), Katagum ya zama jigo a jam’iyyar ta kasa. Bayan da sojoji suka hambarar da gwamnatin farar hula a shekarar 1983, ya zama mai sukar gwamnatin da Janar Muhammadu Buhari ke jagoranta. Bayan wata hira da ya yi da New Nigerian inda ya yi kalaman sukar gwamnatin mulkin soja ta gwamnatin soja, an kama shi tare da Bukar Zarma, editan jaridar. An sake su duka a watan Agusta 1985 bayan juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a karkashin Janar Ibrahim Babangida.

Katagum ya rike sarautar gargajiya ta Wazirin masarautar Katagum.

## Mutuwa
Katagum ya rasu a ranar 17 ga Disamba 2017.

## Manazarta