open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kogin Yewa

Kogin **Yewa wani kogi** ne mai wuce iyaka tsakanin jamhuriyar Benin da Najeriya, wanda ke gudana a gabar tekun Benin; a lokaci guda ta ketara iyakar kasashen biyu.  Sauran bambance-bambancen sunan sune **Yeoua**, **Yewa**, **Yéoua**, da **Yéwa**. Tsayinsa shine matakin teku.  Babban tushen Yewa shine kogin Atan da Ilaro. Yewa ya fantsama cikin Badagry Creek wanda ya mamaye, bi da bi, zuwa tashar jirgin ruwa ta Legas.

Kogin yana cikin yankin yanayi mai zafi na yammacin Afirka kuma muhimmin tushen kamun kifi ne ga mazauna yankin. Wani muhimmin al'amari na kamun kifi na gida shine kaguwa mai shuɗi (Callinectes amnicola). Baya ga kamun kifi, kogin na da muhimmin al'amari wajen aikin sare itatuwa da yashi. Wasu daga cikin tsire-tsire da ke zaune a cikin kogin da bankunan su ne sedges (irin su Cyperus articulatus, Cyperus papyrus, da Paspalum vaginatum) da dabino (irin su Pandanus candelabrum, Raphia hookeri, da Phoenix reclinata). Sunan ya fito ne daga gunkin Yarbawa, Yewa wanda shi ne allahn wannan kogin daidai kuma abin bautar mutuwa, kyakkyawa, asiri, kadaici, canji, tsabta da sihiri.

## Manazarta
Goni Modu Bura

**Goni Modu Zanna Bura** tsohon sanata ne daga Jihar Yobe a Najeriya. An zaɓe shi a matsayin Sanata mai wakiltar mazaɓar Yobe ta Gabas a jihar Yobe a Najeriya a farkon jamhuriya ta huɗu a Najeriya, inda kuma ya tsaya takara a karkashin jam'iyyar PDP. Ya fara aiki a ranar 29 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1999.  Bayan ya hau kan kujerar majalisar dattawa a watan Yunin shekarar 1999 aka naɗa shi a kwamitocin ɗa’a, muhalli, lafiya, jiha da na ƙananan hukumomi da harkokin gwamnati. Ya kasance ɗan takarar gwamnan jihar Yobe a jam'iyyar PDP a zaben shekarar 2003.

## Manazarta
Kogin Oramiriuka

**Kogin Oramiriukwa** rafi ne a jihar Imo, Najeriya mai tsayin  hanya don malalewa cikin kogin Otamiri. 

## Kara karantawa

Icthyofauna na Kogin Oramiriukwa a jihar Imo a Najeriya.

## Manazarta
Kogin Akwayafe

**Kogin Akwayafe** (wanda aka fi sani da Kogin Akpakorum) kogi ne a Afirka wanda ke kwarara zuwa Tekun Guinea. Kogin ya kasance wani yanki na iyakar kasa tsakanin Kamaru da Najeriya.

## Manazarta
Vladimir Putin

**Vladimir Putin** () shine shugaban ƙasar Rasha na yanzu.  An haifi Putin ne a *Leningrad*, indaa a yanzu ake kira *Saint Petersburg*, a ranar 7 ga Oktoba 1952. Ya kasance Firayim Ministan Rasha  daga 1999 zuwa 2000, sannan  Shugaban Rasha  daga Maris 2000 zuwa Mayu 2008, kuma Firayim Minista kuma daga 2008 zuwa 2012. Ya zama shugaban kasa. Kuma a cikin 2012. Tun da farko ya sami horo a matsayin lauya.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Putin ne a ranar 7 ga Oktoba 1952, a Leningrad, Taraiyar Sobiyat (yanzu Saint Petersburg Russia). Iyayensa su ne Vladimir Spiridonovich Putin (1911-1999) da Maria Ivanovna Putina (née Shelomova; 1911–1998). Spiridon Putin, kakan Vladimir Putin, ya kasance mai dafawa Vladimir Lenin da Joseph Stalin.

## Aiki

Daga 1985 zuwa 1990, Putin ya yi aiki da KGB, sabis ɗin leƙen asiri na Tarayyar Sobiyat. Putin ya yi aiki a Dresden, wanda wani yanki ne na tsohuwar Jamus ta Gabas.  Bayan Jamus ta Gabas ta ruguje a 1989, an gaya wa Putin ya dawo Tarayyar Soviet.  Ya zaɓi ya tafi Leningrad, inda ya tafi jami'a.  A cikin watan Yuni 1990, ya fara aiki a sashen harkokin kasa da kasa na Jami'ar Jihar Leningrad.  A watan Yuni 1991, an nada shi shugaban kwamitin kasa da kasa na ofishin magajin garin Saint Petersburg.  Aikinsa shi ne inganta dangantakar kasa da kasa da zuba jari a kasashen waje.[source?]

Putin ya bar muƙaminsa a KGB a ranar 20 ga Agusta, 1991, lokacin da ake gwabzawa da Shugaban Tarayyar Soviet Mikhail Gorbachev. A 1994, ya zama na farko mataimakin shugaban birnin Saint Petersburg. A watan Agustan 1996, ya zo Moscow, kuma ya yi aiki a manyan mukamai daban-daban a gwamnatin Boris Yeltsin. Ya zama shugaban FSB (sabis na leƙen asiri a cikin Rasha ɗan jari hujja na zamani) daga Yuli 1998 zuwa Agusta 1999, kuma ya kasance Sakataren Kwamitin Tsaro daga Maris zuwa Agusta 1999.

## Shugaban ƙasar Rasha

Putin ya zama Shugaban Rasha a watan mayu 2000. Putin shi ne shugaban jam'iyyar United Rasha mai mulki. Tun bayan faɗuwar Tarayyar Soviet ne dai wannan jam'iyyar ke lashe zaben kasar Rasha.

Masu sukar Putin sun ce ya ƙwace ƴancin jama’a, kuma ya kasa inganta ƙasar. Rasha tana samun kuɗi da yawa daga sayar da mai da iskar gas zuwa wasu ƙasashe, amma saboda  cin hanci da rashawa, ba a amfani da wannan kuɗin don inganta yanayin rayuwa.

A baya-bayan nan dai ƴan adawar Rasha sun gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna adawa da gwamnatin Putin, inda suka yi kamfen na nuna adawa da Putin ta yanar gizo, tare da buga rahotanni masu zaman kansu ga sauran jama'a.  Saboda sa baki a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, yana da matukar wahala a sami bayanai daban-daban ga jama'a.

Putin ya yi adawa da mamaye Libya a shekarar 2011. Yana kuma adawa da mamaye Syria da Iran.

A ranar 24 ga Maris, 2014, an dakatar da Putin da Rasha daga G8

## Rayuwa ta ƙashin kai
Mamba ne a cocin Orthodox, ya rabu da matar sa kuma yana da ƴaƴa biyi.

## Manazarta
Kogin Benin

**kogin Benin** kogi ne da ya ratsa ta kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. 

Kogin yana farawa da sunan " Ethiope" a kudu maso gabashin jihar Edo. Daga baya, ta bi ta garuruwa da kauyuka daban-daban, kamar Umutu, Owah Abbi, Obiaruku, Abraka, Igun Watershed, Masarautar Idjerhe, Sapele, Mosogar da Koko. Kusa da Sapele Habasha ta ci gaba da shiga cikin Benin. Daga nan kogin yana faɗaɗa zuwa wani ɗan ƙaramin yanki kuma yana kwarara zuwa Tekun Ginea.

Kasar Benin wani ɓangare ne na reshe na Nijar, kasancewar kogunan biyu suna haɗe ta wasu koguna.

## Manazarta
Kogin Brass

Kogin **Brass** na daya daga cikin reshen kogin Nun, wanda kuma reshe ne na kogin Neja, a yankin Neja Delta a Najeriya.  A cikin karni na 19 kogin ya kasance hanya mai mahimmanci ta kasuwanci, na farko ga bayi kuma daga baya na dabino. Danyen mai kogin Brass suna  don matatar mai a kan kogin.

## Suna
Sunan "Brass" Bature ne, wanda aka ce an yi wa ƙauyukan bakin tekun Nembe ne saboda ana sayar da kwanon tagulla da neptunes don yin amfani da su wajen tafasa gishiri. “Brass Ijo” duk ’yan kabilar Ijaw ne daga Cape Formosa zuwa kogin Santa Barbara. An yi amfani da sunan musamman don ƙauyen Twon a kan kogin Brass, hanyar zuwa babban birnin Nembe a ciki.  A cikin 1884 da 1886 yarjejeniyoyin "Brass" suna magana akan jihar Nembe.  Ana kuma kiran kogin Brass Rio Bento, ko kogin St. John. 

## Course
Kogin Brass reshe ne, ko rarrabawa, na kogin Nun, wanda ke gudana zuwa yamma.  Kogin Nun shi kansa ci gaban kogin Neja ne, wanda ya rabe zuwa kogin Nun da Forcados kimanin kilomita  kasa daga Aboh.  Brass yana barin gefen gabas na Nun a Yenagoa kuma yana gudana zuwa kudu don fitarwa zuwa Gulf of Guinea.  Wuraren magudanar ruwa na kogin suna da tsarin magudanar ruwa, tare da tsayi mafi girma a gefuna na filaye fiye da na tsakiya.  Fitarwa ya bambanta dangane da yanayi da yanayin ruwan: 

## Manazarta
Kogin Calabar

Kogin **Calabar da** ke jihar Cross River a Najeriya ya bi ta arewa daga birnin Calabar inda ya hade da babban kogin Cross River kimanin kilomita  zuwa kudu. Kogin Calabar yana samar da tashar jiragen ruwa na halitta mai zurfi sosai don tasoshin tare da daftarin  . 

Kogin Calabar ya kasance babban tushen bayi da ake saukowa daga ciki don jigilar su zuwa yamma a cinikin bayi na Atlantic. A shekarar 1860 ne aka dakile bautar, amma tashar jiragen ruwa ta Calabar ta kasance da muhimmanci wajen fitar da dabino da sauran kayayyaki, har sai da Fatakwal ta mamaye shi a shekarun 1920. Tare da ingantattun hanyoyin shiga cikin gida, Calabar ya dawo da mahimmanci a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa kuma yana girma cikin sauri. Dajin ruwan sama mai zafi da ke cikin rafin Calabar yana cikin sauri yana lalata, kuma gurbacewar yanayi na rage kifaye da kamun kifin da ake kamawa a gabar tekun. Wadanda aka kama suna da matakan gurɓata marasa lafiya.

## Wuri.
Kogin Calabar ya malala wani bangare na tsaunin Oban a dajin Cross River.  Ilimin kasa na rafin kogin ya hada da Massif Pre-Cambrian Oban Massif, Cretaceous sediments na gefen Calabar da kuma kwarin kwarjinin Neja Delta na baya-bayan nan.  fadi da  tsawo, tare da fadin  A wani lokaci dazuzzukan ruwan sama ya rufe shi gaba ɗaya.

Yankin yana da lokacin damina daga Afrilu zuwa Oktoba, inda kashi 80% na ruwan sama na shekara ke sauka, tare da kololuwa a watan Yuni da Satumba. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana kai . Matsakaicin yanayin zafi yana daga  a watan Agusta zuwa  a watan Fabrairu. Dangin zafi yana da girma, tsakanin 80% zuwa 100%.Basin  223 tare da jimlar tsawon  . Wannan ƙaramin lamba ne idan aka ba da girman kwandon. shi da kyau, don haka rafin yana fuskantar ambaliya, zaizayar ruwa da zabtarewar ƙasa.

A cikin 1862, Ƙungiyar Zoological ta London ta sami bayanin wani sabon kada mai suna *Crocodilus frontatus* wanda aka ɗauko daga tsohon kogin Calabar, tare da babban kai fiye da na *Crocodilus vulgaris*.  An kuma bayar da rahoton wani sabon jemage mai suna *[[Sphyrocephalus labrosus]].* 

## Manazarta.
Kogin Donga

**Kogin Donga** kogi ne a Najeriya da Kamaru. Kogin ya taso ne daga yankin Plateau na Mambilla da ke Gabashin Najeriya, wanda ya kasance wani yanki ne na kan iyakar kasa da kasa tsakanin Najeriya da Kamaru, kuma ya ratsa arewa maso yamma ya hade da kogin Benue a Najeriya. Kogin Donga yana  in area. A kololuwarsa, kusa da kogin Benue kogin ya  na ruwa a sakan daya.

A Jihar Taraba, Najeriya, akwai gandun daji guda uku, Baissa, Amboi da kogin Bissaula, a cikin kogin Donga. Suna kwance a kan gangara da kuma gindin Dutsen Mambilla, kudu maso yamma da gandun dajin Gashaka Gumti. 

## Gurbacewa
Bincike ya nuna cewa magungunan kashe ƙwari (pesticides) su ne manyan gurɓatattun sinadarai na halitta da aka fi samu a Kogin Donga.

## Yanayi
Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara yana kusan 33°C, sai dai ana samun tsananin sanyi a watan Janairu da ƙaruwa mai yawa ta ruwan sama a watan Agusta. Kason ruwan sama ya kai 40.35%, tare da danshin iska (relative humidity) na kashi 54.98%. A watan Maris, yanayi kan kasance mai tsananin zafi, inda zafin ke kaiwa 40.44°C, tare da matsakaicin gudun iska na kilomita 8.84 a awa guda.
## Manazarta
Kogin Ekulu

**Kogin Ekulu** yana da  kogi ne mai tsawo kuma mafi girman ruwa a cikin birnin Enugu a jihar Enugu dake kudu maso gabashin Najeriya, kuma ya samo asali ne daga gari daya kuma. 
 
## Manazarta
Kogin Erinle

**Kogin Erinle** kogi ne a jihar Osun, Najeriya, right ce ta kogin Osun, wanda yake shiga daga arewa kusa da Ede kusa da Dam din Ede. Wani tafki, sabon Dam Erinle, yana kwance sama da kogin. Ruwa daga madatsun ruwa guda biyu na samar da Osogbo, babban birnin jihar. Akwai muhimman batutuwan lafiya tare da ruwan da ba a kula da shi ba.

## Suna
A cikin al'adar Yarbawa, Erinle babban mafarauci ne wanda ya zama *Orisha*. An ce ya gudanar da Olobu na farko na Ilobu zuwa inda garin Ilobu yake, kuma ya kare mutanen garin daga mamayewar Fulani.  Yawancin lokaci ana siffanta shi da mafarauci amma wani lokacin ma'aikacin ciyawa ne ko manomi. An ce wata rana ya nutse a cikin kasa kusa da Ilobu ya zama kogi. An san shi a duk faɗin ƙasar Yorùbá.  Ana samun ibadar Erinle a cikin garuruwa a cikin tsohuwar Daular Oyo. Wurarensa suna ɗauke da santsi, duwatsu masu zagaye daga kogin Erinle.  Ana iya samun sunan daga *erin* (giwaye) da *ƙasa* (ƙasa), ko daga *erin* da *ile* (gida). 

## Course

Kogin Erinle ya taso kudu da Offa. Shi da Kogin Oba wanda ya haura kusan kilomita  arewa da Ogbomosho, su ne manyan magudanan ruwa na kogin Osun. Kogin Erinle yana da wuraren zama, kasuwanci da masana'antu a bangarorin biyu, wanda ya zuwa 2012 ya fitar da sharar da ba a kula da su ba a cikin kogin. Haka kuma an gurbata ta da wuce gona da iri da magungunan kashe qwari daga filayen noma.   madatsun ruwa a kogin suna samar da ruwa ga Osogbo, babban birnin jihar, wanda kuma ke amfani da rijiyoyin burtsatse da rijiyoyi don samun ruwa.  Cutar zazzabin cizon sauro da gudawa sun yi kamari a garin Osogbo, musamman a wuraren da jama’a ke da yawan jama’a inda jama’a ke dogaro da ruwan famfo. 

## Manazarta
Kogin Faro

**Kogin Faro** kogi ne mai tsawon kilomita 310 (mita 190) wanda ya ratsa kan iyakar Najeriya da Kamaru a Afirka. Tushensa yana kan Plateau Adamawa, wanda ke kudu maso gabashin Ngaoundéré. Wani rafi na kogin Benuwai, sun haɗu a kan iyaka.

## Duba kuma

* Ƙungiyoyin Kamaru

## Manazarta
Kogin Gadar Tamburawa

**Kogin Gadar Tamburawa** kogi ne a Najeriya, kudu da Kano.  Gada yana nufin gada a harshen Hausa, gadan tamburawa ta kasance a  gan gare  kwana dawaki a Kano .

## Manazarta
Babban Kogin Kwa

**Babban kogin Kwa,** (kuma ana kiransa *Kwa Ibo ko Kogin* Kwa) yana bi ta jihar Kuros Riba ta Najeriya, ya kwashe gabas da birnin Calabar. Yanayin kogin yana fuskantar barazana daga ayyukan mutane.

## Wuri
Kogin ya samo asali ne daga tsaunin Oban, a cikin dajin Kuros Riba, kuma ya bi ta kudu zuwa mashigin Cross River. 

Ƙarƙashinsa yana da ruwa, tare da faffadan laka. da kuma malala gabar gabashin birnin Calabar. 

## Ayyukan ɗan adam
Ayyukan ɗan adam a cikin Babban kogin Kwa ta al'ada an iyakance shi ga ƙananan noma, kiwo da kamun kifi, galibi don shrimp. Duk da haka, Calabar tana girma, saboda wani ɓangare na yankin ciniki na 'yanci na Calabar, wanda ya haifar da karuwar gidaje da masana'antu a cikin ruwa mai tsabta da mangrove na Babban Kwa.  Jami'ar Calabar ta rufe wani yanki  tsakanin Babban Kogin Kwa da Kogin Calabar. Jami'ar ta sami ƙarin filaye a duka bankunan Babban Kwa don ci gaban gaba. 

## Gurbacewa

Karamar Hukumar Calabar ba ta da wuraren kula da sharar, kuma ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya ya wanke sharar mutane da masana'antu a cikin kogin.  Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2008 kan kwayoyin cutar Vibrio a cikin kifi a cikin babban kogin Great Kwa ya nuna cewa ruwan yana gurbata najasa kullum, kuma kifin yana da yawan kamuwa da cuta. Wannan ya haifar da haɗarin lafiya ga mabukaci, gami da haɗarin cututtukan kwalara. 

## Manazarta
Kogin Taraba

Kogin **Taraba kogi** ne a jihar Taraba a Najeriya, mashigar kogin Benue. Ya hade da Binuwai akan floodplain 10&nbsp;km fadi da 50&nbsp;km fadin. 

Manyan garuruwan da ke gabar kogin Taraba su ne Sert-Baruwa, Sarki Ruwa, Karamti, Jamtari, Gangumi, Gayam da Bali LGA. Babban ayyukan tattalin arziki a kogin sune kamun kifi, noman shinkafa, dawa, gyada.

Manyan kabilun da ke zaune a kogin su ne Jibu da Chamba.

## Manazarta
Mayo Kebbi

**Mayo Kébbi** kogi ne a Afirka ta Tsakiya da Yammacin Afirka. Kogin ya tashi a Chadi, sannan ya gudu zuwa yamma zuwa kogin Bénoué. An sanya wa yankin Mayo-Kébbi suna a Chadi. Mayo Kébbi ita ce babbar hanyar tafkin Fianga, wanda ke tsakanin Kamaru da Chadi.

A da, Mayo Kébbi ta yi aiki a matsayin hanyar fita daga paleolake Mega-Chad.  Kasancewar manatees na Afirka a cikin kwararowar tafkin Chadi shaida ne kan hakan, tunda manatee in ba haka ba ne kawai a cikin kogunan da ke da alaƙa da Tekun Atlantika (watau ba zai yiwu ba cewa ya samo asali daban a cikin Basin Chad da ke kewaye). Babban sikelin kogin Mayo Kébbi shima shaida ne na ambaliya daga Mega-Chad a baya; abin da ke sama a yau ya yi ƙanƙanta da yawa don an haƙa babban tashar.

## Manazarta
David Hilbert

**David Hilbert** (/ˈhɪlbərt/;  German: [ˈdaːvɪt ˈhɪlbɐt]; 23 Janairu 1862-14 Fabrairu 1943) masanin lissafin Jamus ne, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masanan lissafi na ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20. Hilbert ya gano kuma ya haɓaka ɗimbin ra'ayoyi na asali a fagage da yawa, gami da ƙa'idar da ba ta bambanta ba, lissafin bambancin algebra, ƙa'idar lambar algebra, ƙa'idar lissafin lissafi, ƙa'idar bakan gizo na masu aiki da aikace-aikacen sa zuwa daidaitattun daidaito, ilimin lissafi, da kuma Tushen ilimin lissafi (musamman proof of theory).

Hilbert ya soma kuma ya kare ƙa'idar tsarin Georg Cantor da lambobi masu wucewa. A cikin 1900, ya gabatar da tarin matsalolin da suka kafa hanya don yawancin binciken ilimin lissafi na ƙarni na 20.  

Hilbert da ɗalibansa sun ba da gudummawa sosai don kafa ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfi da haɓaka mahimman kayan aikin da ake amfani da su a cikin ilimin lissafi na zamani. An san Hilbert a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙa'idar hujja da ilimin lissafi. 

## Rayuwa

### Ƙuruciya da ilimi
Hilbert, ɗan fari na yara biyu kuma ɗa ɗaya tilo na Otto da Maria Therese (Erdtmann) Hilbert, an haife shi a lardin Prussia, Masarautar Prussia, ko dai a Königsberg (bisa ga bayanin kansa Hilbert) ko kuma a cikin Wehlau (wanda aka sani tun shekarar 1946, kamar yadda aka sani tun shekarar 1946). Znamensk) kusa da Königsberg inda mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a lokacin haihuwarsa. 

A ƙarshen shekarar 1872, Hilbert ya shiga Friedrichskolleg Gymnasium (*Collegium fridericianum*, makarantar da Immanuel Kant ya halarta a shekaru 140 da suka gabata); amma, bayan wani lokaci mara dadi, ya koma (late 1879) kuma ya sauke karatu daga (farkon 1880) mafi ilimin kimiyyar Wilhelm Gymnasium.  Bayan kammala karatun, a cikin kaka ta shekarar 1880, Hilbert ya shiga Jami'ar Königsberg, "Albertina". A farkon shekarar 1882, Hermann Minkowski (shekaru biyu da Hilbert kuma ɗan asalin Königsberg ne amma ya tafi Berlin tsawon semesters uku),  ya koma Königsberg ya shiga jami'a. Hilbert ya haɓaka abota ta rayuwa tare da masu jin kunya, mai baiwa Minkowski.  

### Sana'a
 

A cikin 1884, Adolf Hurwitz ya zo daga Göttingen a matsayin Extraordinarius (watau abokin farfesa). An fara mu'amalar kimiyya mai tsanani da 'ya'ya tsakanin mutanen uku, kuma Minkowski da Hilbert musamman za su yi tasiri a kan junansu a lokuta daban-daban a cikin ayyukansu na kimiyya. Hilbert ya sami digirin digirgir a 1885, tare da takardar shaidar da aka rubuta a ƙarƙashin Ferdinand von Lindemann,  mai suna *Über invariante Eigenschaften spezieller binärer Formen, insbesondere der Kugelfunktionen* ("A kan invariant kaddarorin na musamman binary siffofin, musamman ma harmical" spherical.

Hilbert ya kasance a Jami'ar Königsberg a matsayin *Privatdozent* (babban malami) daga 1886 zuwa 1895. A cikin 1895, sakamakon tsoma baki a madadinsa da Felix Klein ya yi, ya sami matsayin Farfesa na Lissafi a Jami'ar Göttingen. A cikin shekarun Klein da Hilbert, Göttingen ta zama babbar cibiyar ilimin lissafi.  Ya zauna a wurin har tsawon rayuwarsa.

## Manazarta
Samaru

**Samaru**, Birni ne, da kuma ya na cikin ƙaramar hukumar Sabon Gari na. Jihar Kaduna, Nijeriya.  Garin wani yanki ne da ke cikin birni Zaria wanda babban harabar jami'ar Ahmadu Bello yake.  Samaru na daya daga cikin mafi shaharar garin,Zariya da ke da kabilu daban-daban suna zaune tare cikin lumana da lumana. Samaru gida ne ga kowa da kowa.

## Geography of Samaru
Samaru yana kan latitude 110' 25'N da Longitude 40' 26'E tare da yanayi guda biyu, wanda shine lokacin rani da damina.  Zamanin Samaru na baiwa manoma damar samar da kayan amfanin gona masu kyau a duk karshen kowace kakar. 

## Tarihi
Samaru yana karkashin Masarautar Zaria (Zazzau)ne amma ya samu ci gaba a shekarar 1924, lokacin da aka kafa Cibiyar Bincike da Koyar da Aikin Gona a Samaru. 

## Cibiyoyin Ilimi a Samaru
Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru. 

Sashen Kimiyyar Noma, Samaru

Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Noma, Samaru. 

Cibiyar Fasahar Fata da Kimiyya ta Najeriya Samaru, Zariya

Iya abubakar computer samaru zaria.

Ahmadu Bello University Distance Learning

## Manazarta
Majalisar Shari'a ta Ƙasa (Najeriya)

**Majalisar shari’a ta kasa** (NJC), ƙungiya ce ta zartaswa da gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta kafa bisa tanadin sashe na 153 na kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar na shekara ta 1999 da aka yi wa kwaskwarima domin kare ɓangaren shari’ar Najeriya daga son rai da son zuciya.

Shugaban Majalisar shine Alkalin Alkalan Najeriya, Hon. Olukayode Ariwoola, yayin da mataimakin shugaban shine Hon Justice Musa Dattijo Muhammad, alkalin kotun koli .  Sauran mambobin su ne: Shugaban Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara, Alkalan Kotun Koli hudu da suka yi ritaya, Shugaban Kotun ɗaukaka ƙara mai ritaya, Shugaban Kotun Masana’antu ta Kasa, Babban Alkalin Babban Kotun Tarayya, Babban Alkalin Babban Kotun FCT., Manyan Alkalan Babbar Kotun Jihohi hudu, Shugaban Kotun daukaka kara ta gargajiya, Grand Khadi na Kotun ɗaukaka karar Shari’a, Shugaban Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Najeriya, tsohon Shugaban Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Najeriya, mambobin ƙungiyar lauyoyin Najeriya uku, da kuma Ma'aikatan Gwamnati biyu da suka yi ritaya.  Sakataren Majalisar na yanzu Ahmed Gambo Saleh, Esq. 

## Ayyuka na doka
Hukumar ta NJC tana gudanar da ayyukan shari’a da dama kamar baiwa shugaban Najeriya shawara da gwamnoni kan al’amuran da suka shafi shari’a.    Suna kuma gudanar da ayyukan ladabtarwa tare da naɗawa da naɗa wakilan zartarwa a cikin shari'a.

## Duba kuma

* Kungiyar Benchers ta Najeriya

## Manazarta
Kwalejin Shari'a ta kasa

An **kafa Kwalejin Shari'a ta Kasa (NJC)** a cikin shekara ta 1963  a matsayin ƙungiya a cikin Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Amurka. NJC ta koma harabar Jami'ar Nevada, Reno a cikin shekara ta 1964  kuma ta zama cibiyar ba da riba ta Nevada (501) (c) (3) ƙungiyar ilimi a cikin shekara ta 1977.  Hukumar NJC tana ba da horon shari’a ga alƙllai daga sassan Amurka.

## Tarihi
Ƙungiyar lauyoyi ta Amirka ta haɗu tare da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Shari'a ta Amirka da Cibiyar Harkokin Shari'a don tsara Kwamitin Haɗin gwiwa don Gudanar da Harkokin Shari'a a shekara ta 1961.  Alkalin Kotun Koli Tom C. Clark ya kasance shugaban kwamitin. A cikin 1961, Mai shari'a Clark ya gudanar da zaman sauraren ra'ayoyin jama'a a duk faɗin Amurka don tattauna gyare-gyaren da za a iya yi wajen isar da sabis na shari'a da kuma gudanar da al'amuran shari'a.  A cikin shekara ta 1963, Mai Shari'a Clark da Kwamitinsa sun gabatar da rahoto na ƙarshe, wanda ya haɗa da shawarwari da yawa ciki har da wanda ke bayyana buƙatar ƙirƙirar wata ƙungiya don ba da ilimin shari'a.

Kwalejin Shari'a ta ƙasa (asali tana aiki da sunan National College of State Trial Judges) ta buɗe kofofinta ga alkalai a 1963 ta hanyar amfani da kuɗin da WK Kellogg Foundation ta bayar.  NJC ta kasance a harabar Jami'ar Colorado a Boulder.  Jihar Nevada ta ba da kuɗi don ƙaura NJC zuwa harabar Jami'ar Nevada, Reno a shekara ta 1964.  An gina ginin farko na NJC a harabar Reno a cikin shekara ta 1972 tare da kuɗi daga Gidauniyar Max C. Fleischmann.  NJC ta zama cibiyar ba da riba ta Nevada (501) (c) (3) ƙungiyar ilimi a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1977. 

## Donald W. Reynolds National Center for Courts & Media
NJC ta ha] a hannu da Makarantar Aikin Jarida ta Donald W. Reynolds a Jami'ar Nevada, Reno akan Cibiyar Kotuna da Media.  Manufar Cibiyar Kotu da Kafafen Yada Labarai ita ce samar da wuri na zahiri da yanayin da ya dace don muhawara da tattaunawa tsakanin 'yan jarida da alkalai kan alakar da ke tsakanin su.

## Jagoranci da mulki
Hukumar ta NJC tana da kwamitin amintattu mai mambobi 21 da ke tsara manufofi da bayar da jagoranci wajen cimma manufar NJC. Hukumar ta NJC ta mambobi 16 ne ke da alhakin inganta ilimin da NJC ke bayarwa. Majalisar Malamai ta NJC mai membobi 10 tana taimakawa wajen tabbatar da cewa an kiyaye ingantattun matakan koyarwa da kuma cewa manhajojin da aka bayar sun dace da mahalarta kwalejin. Shugaban NJC shine Benes Z. Aldana. 

## Manazarta

## Sources

* PBS - Tattaunawa - Kwalejin Shari'a ta Kasa
Cuku

**Cuku** samfuri ne da ake samu daga nono dabbobi wanda ake sarrafa suwa dandano iri-iri, sifa, da nau'i daga daskararren  madara ko nono . Ya ƙunshi sunadarai da kitse daga nono, yawanci madarar shanu, bijima, awaki, ko tumaki . A lokacin sarrafashi, akan sanya wa madarar sinadaran acid da enzymes don daskarar da madarar. Daga nan sai a raba daskararren nono  daga ruwan whey kuma a matse shi zuwa cuku.  Wasu cukun suna da ƙamshi dandano a kan fata, Fatar waje, ko duka.

## Manazarta
Nuha Hamd Abdul Karim

**Nuha Hamd Abd Al Karim**, marubuci ne, ɗan ƙasar Masar. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin koyarwa, kuma darektan Cibiyar Sabis ta Ilimi a Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi a Jami'ar Alkahira a Masar.  Ita ce marubucin litattafai da yawa, musamman "Shawarwari a Tsarin Ilimi" ƴan wasan kwaikwayo da injiniyoyi. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Likitan ijipt, marubuci kuma marubuciya, Nuha Hamd Abd Al Karim, an haife ta ne a ƙasar Masar, kuma a halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin koyar da tarbiyya, kuma darekta a Cibiyar Sabis ta Ilimi a Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi ta Jami'ar Alkahira ta Masar.  Ita ce marubucin litattafai da bincike da yawa, musamman "yanke shawara a cikin manufofin ilimi" 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da hanyoyin. Nuha Hamd Abd Al Karim yayi rubutu akan batutuwa da dama, musamman batutuwan ilimi. Ta na da takardar bincike mai suna "Yanke shawara a cikin manufofin ilimi" ƴan wasan kwaikwayo da hanyoyin, wanda ke da nufin nazarin yadda za a bunkasa tsarin tsara manufofin ilimi a Masar ta yadda zai faru bisa tsarin dimokiradiyya da kuma aiki bisa ga kwarewar da aka samu. Amurka a wannan fanni. 

## Littattafai

* Yanke shawara a cikin manufofin ilimi "'yan wasan kwaikwayo da hanyoyin".
* Lissafin ilimi a matsayin hanyar shiga don kimanta aikin ɗan malamin jami'a.
* Al'adun siyasar mata marasa ilimi da waɗanda ba su iya karatu ba: nazarin fage.
* Matsayin ilimi wajen fuskantar ta'addanci.
* Ilimin haƙƙin ɗan adam a jami'o'in Larabawa da dangantakarsa da haɓaka ɗan adam na ɗalibai.
* Ƙwarewar rayuwa da ake buƙata ga ƙwararrun xaliban a matakin bayan karatu.
* Kyakkyawan ga duka ko ƙwarewa ga ƙwararrun ɗalibai.
* Tsarin aiwatar da manufofin ilimi a cikin Amurka ta Amurka.
* Layi na shida tsakanin yanke shawarar soke da shawarar komawa.
* Haɗa ƙwararrun ƙwararrun a matsayin hanya don cimma kyakkyawan aiki ga kowa.
* Tsarin aiwatar da manufofin ilimi a Amurka da Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Masar: nazarin kwatance.

## Manazarta
Barikanchi Pidgin

**Barikanchi Pidgin**, **Barikanci**, ko **Bastard Hausa** pidgin ne na harshen Hausa  da ake magana da shi a Najeriya. Rundunar sojin Najeriya na amfani da Barikanci wajen tabbatar da ƙyaƙƙyawar alaƙa tsakanin jami’an sojan da ke da bambancin harshe.

A rundunar sojin Najeriya, yawancin mambobin sun fito ne daga yankin arewacin ƙasar. Wannan ya sa harshen Hausa ya zama harshen da ya share fagen pidgin Hausa, wanda aka fi sani da H*ausar bariki*. Harshen ya samo asali ne a barikin Sojojin Burtaniya da ke arewacin Najeriya a farkon ƙarni na (20) kuma anyi amfani da shi a matsayin yare a tsakanin 'ƴan Najeriya masu bambancin harshe. 

Kasancewarsa yaren soja, galibi ya sa ana magana da shi a barikin soja. Barikanci an samo shi ne daga kalmar bariki, ma'ana bariki.  

## Duba kuma

* Gibanawa, wani pidgin na Hausa.

## Manazarta
Pidgin

**pidgin** shine sauƙaƙaƙƙen harshe . Pidgins yawanci suna tasowa ne saboda ƙungiyoyi biyu na mutane suna buƙatar yin magana da juna amma ba sa magana da yare ɗaya.   Pidgins ba yawanci ba su da rikitarwa kamar sauran harsuna. 

Ba duk nau'ikan harshe masu sauƙi ko "karyayyen" ba ne pidgins. Pidgins suna da dokoki waɗanda dole ne mutum ya koyi magana da pidgin da kyau. 

Kasashen da ke amfani da yarukan pidgin a matsayin yarukan aikinsu sun hada da Papua New Guinea, Jamaica da wasu ƙasashen Caribbean da Amurka ta tsakiya .
 
## Nassoshi

* 
*
Hari a Jihar Borno, Satumba 2015

A yammacin ranar 20 ga watan Satumba, shekara ta 2015, an kai jerin hare-haren bama-bamai a Maiduguri da Monguno, a Najeriya, inda aka kashe akalla mutane 145.da kuma raunata akalla wasu su 97. Mafi yawan wadanda suka jikkata harin ya rutsa dasu ne a Maiduguri inda wasu ababen farfashewa ƙwara huɗu suka halaka aƙalla mutane 117.

## Hari
Hare-haren bama-baman sun faru ne bayan fiye da wata guda ba tare da samun wata matsala ba a birnin Maiduguri daga ƙungiyar tada ƙayar bayanan da dai ƙaurin suna, wato Boko Haram mai tsattsauran ra'ayi. Wani farmaki da sojojin Najeriya suka kai a watan Agusta, inda suka fatattaki ƴan Boko Haram daga sansanonin su a yankin, ya haifar da raguwar hare-hare. Tun da farko ranar 20 ga watan Satumba; shugaban ƙungiyar Boko Haram, Abubakar Shekau ya fitar da wani faifan bidiyo yana ƙaryata ikirarin da sojojin Najeriya suka yi na cewa an fatattaki Boko Haram. Kawo yanzu dai babu wata ƙungiya da ta ɗauki alhakin kai hare-haren, kodayake ana zargin ƙungiyar Boko Haram. Kakakin rundunar sojin Najeriya Sani Usman ya bayyana cewa, taron ya nuna irin halin da 'yan Boko Haram ke ciki. Abba Mohammed Bashir Shuwa, hadimin gwamnan jihar Borno, Kashim Shettima, ya bayyana cewa maharan sun yi amfani da damar da jama'a suka taru domin bukukuwan karamar Sallah.

## A Maiduguri
Misalin karfe 7:30;lokacin gida (18:30;UTC ) na ranar 20 ga watan Satumba;  An tayar da wasu bama-bamai guda huɗu a faɗin Maiduguri, babban birni a jihar Borno a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, a cikin shekaru 20, inda suka kashe aƙalla mutane 54.. Waɗannan ne hare-hare mafi girma da aka kai a birnin tun cikin watan Maris;7, 2015, lokacin da wasu jerin hare-haren kunar bakin wake da ake dangantawa da Boko Haram suka kashe mutane 58. 

Wani ɗan ƙuna baƙin wake ya tayar da bama -bamai, samfurin-(IED) a wani masallaci da ke Ajilari, ya kashe akalla mutane 43. Fashewar ta biyu (ta bom ɗin) ta faru a wata kasuwa da ke birnin bayan da ƴan ta’addar suka jefa bama-bamai a cikin wata cibiyar kallo (gidan kallon fina-fina, ko cinima), inda suka kashe aƙalla mutane 11 ko aƙalla su 15 da suka rasa rayukansu. Harin bam na huɗu ya faru ne a wata cibiyar wasanni (shagunan buga games na TV. Misali wasan kamfuta na Playsatatio). Mai magana da yawun ƴan sanda; Victor Isuku, ya bayyana cewa aƙalla mutane 97 ne suka jikkata. Wata ƙungiyar kare fararen hula ta bayar da rahoton cewa aƙalla mutane 80; aka kashe, mutane a cikin birnin kuma sun bayyana cewa ƴan sanda sun bayar da rahoton raguwar adaɗin saboda iyalai da ke binne mamatansu nan da nan. Mazauna yankin sun ce adaɗin ya zarta haka, ciki har da akalla 85 da suka mutu. A ranar 22, ga watan Satumba; asibitocin gida sun ba da rahoton cewa aƙalla mutane 117 an sanar da mutuwar su, daga cikin su, su 72 a Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami’ar Maiduguri da kuma 45 a asibitin kwararru na jihar Borno.

## A Monguno
Kimanin sa'o'i biyu bayan tashin bama-bamai a Maiduguri, an sake tayar da wasu bama-bamai biyu a wani shingen bincike a cikin kasuwar Monguno kimanin kilomita 135 daga birnin Maiduguri. Ya kashe akalla mutane 28.

## Duba kuma
* Harin kuna bakin wake a Maiduguri, 2015

## Manazarta
Atika (yanki)

**Attica** (      , [periˈferi.a atiˈcis] ) yanki ne na siyasa ne a Girka, wanda ya mamaye duk yankin manyan biranen Athens, babban birnin ƙasar kuma birni mafi girma. Yankin yana hade da tsohuwar gundumar Attica ta Tsakiyar Girka. Yankin ta ƙunshi yanki mafi girma fiye da yankin tarihi na Attica.

## Bayani
Attica na nan a gefen gabas ta tsakiyar Kasar Girka, tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 3,808. Bugu da ƙari, Athens, na ƙarkashin yankinta, biranen Elefsina, Megara, Laurium, da Marathon, da kuma wani karamin yanki na Peloponnese Peninsula da tsibiran Salamis, Aegina, Angistri, Poros, Hydra, Spetses, Kythira . da Antikythera . Kimanin mutane 3,800,000 ke zaune a yankin, wanda sama da kashi 95% mazauna yankin babban birnin Athens ne. A cikin shakara ta 2019, Attica tana da HDI na 0.912, mafi girma a Girka.

## Yankin Siyasa
An kafa yankin a yayin sake fasalin yankuna na 1987, kuma har zuwa 2010 yankin ta ƙunshi larduna 4 na Athens, Gabashin Attica, Piraeus da West Attica .

Tare da shirin Kallikratis na shekara ta 2010, an sake matsayin yankin da aka gaba daya sake fasalin da kuma mika. Tun daga 1 ga Janairu 2011, yankin yana wakiltar ƙaramar hukuma mataki na biyu. Duk da yake ana kula da shi daga Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Attica, yanzu ita ce hukuma mai zaman kanta mai cin gashin kanta tare da iko da kasafin kuɗi mai kama da tsoffin lardunan.

An raba yankin zuwa yankuna guda takwas: 

## Gundumomin zabe
Yankin Attica ta ƙunshi gundumomi takwas na zaɓe : Athens A, Athens B1, Athens B2, Athens B3, Piraeus A, Piraeus B, Attica Gabas da Yammacin Attica .

## Muhimman yankuna

* Acharnés (Αχαρνές) *ko* Menídi (  )
* Agía Paraskevi (ƙasa)
* Ágios Dimítrios (launi)
* Aigáleo (Αιγάλεω)
* Alimos (Άλιμος) *ko* Kalamaki (  )
* Athína (Αθήνα) (Municipality of Athens)
* Chalándri (ƙasa)
* Galatsi (Γαλάτσι)
* Glyfáda (Ƙara)
* Ílion (Ίλιον) (tsohon *Nea Liosia* )
* Ilioúpoli (ƙasa)
* Kallithéa (Καλλιθέα)
* Keratsíni (Keratsíni)
* Kifissia (ƙasa)
* Korydallós (ƙasa)
* Maroúsi (Μαρούσι) *ko* Amaroúsion (  )
* Néa Ionía (ƙasa)
* Néa Smýrni ( Νέα Σμύρνη )
* Nikaia (Νίκαια)
* Palaió Fáliro (Ƙaddamarwa)
* Peiraiás (Πειραιάς) (Piraeus a Turanci)
* Peristeri (ƙasa)
* Výronas (ƙasa)
* Zográfos (ƙasa)

## Hotuna

File:%CE%9B%CE%B5%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AC12.jpg|Wani tsauni a yankin 
File:Varkiza_Long_Distance_Windsurfing_Race_22-23_Oct_2011_(34608760375).jpg|Wani Teku a yankin 


## Manazarta
Jerin tsoffin biranen da ake ci gaba da zama acikisu

Wannan jerin birane ne na yau tare da tsawon lokacin da aka **ci gaba da zama** acikinsu a matsayin birane. Amma anyi jayayya akan tsawon shekarun da aka lissafo. Bambance-bambancen ra'ayi na iya haifar da ma'anoni daban-daban na " birni " da kuma "mazaunin ci gaba" kuma ana jayayya da shaidar tarihi sau da yawa. Ana kuma tattauna fa'idodi (da maɓuɓɓuka) ga ingancin kowane da'awar a cikin ginshiƙin "Notes".

## Afirka

### Yankunan Arewa

### Kudu-Sahara

## Manazarta
Harin bam a Najeriya, Fabrairu 2015

A watan Fabrairun 2015, an kai harin ƙuna baƙin wake a garuruwan Damaturu da Potiskum da kuma Kano da ke arewacin Najeriya.  

## Jihar Yobe
### Damaturu
A ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairun 2015, wata budurwa ƴar ƙuna baƙin wake ta tarwatsa kanta da karfe 1:00 na rana a wata tashar mota da ke da cunkoson jama’a a garin Damaturu, jihar Yobe, inda ta kashe akalla mutane 16 tare da raunata wasu 30.  Wannan dai shi ne harin ƙuna baƙin wake na farko a Damaturu. 

### Potiskum
A ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairun 2015, wata yarinya ‘yar ƙuna baƙin wake ta kashe mutane biyar ciki har da ita, tare da raunata wasu da dama a wani shingen binciken jami’an tsaro da ke wajen wata kasuwa a garin Potiskum na jihar Yobe. 

## Jihar Kano
### Birnin Kano
A ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairun 2015, wani ɗan ƙuna baƙin wake ya tayar da bam a lokacin da yake kokarin shiga motar bas a tashar motar Dan-Borno da ke Potiskum, inda ya kashe mutane 17, sama da 30 suka jikkata tare da lalata motar.  Bayan sa'o'i kaɗan a wannan rana, a birnin Kano wasu ƴan ƙuna baƙin wake biyu sun tayar da bam a tashar motar Kano Line, inda suka kashe mutane 10. 

## Manazarta
Spanish Inquisition

**Kotun Koli na Ofishi Mai Tsarki na Inquisition,** (Spanish), wanda aka fi sani da Spanish **Inquisition** (Spanish), an kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1478 ta Sarakunan Katolika, Sarki Ferdinand II na Aragon da Sarauniya Isabella I na Castile. Ya fara a kusan ƙarshen Reconquista kuma an yi niyya ne don ci gaba da bin ƙa'idodin Katolika a cikin masarautun su da maye gurbin Inquisition na Medieval, wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon Paparoma. Ya zama mafi mahimmanci daga cikin bayyananne daban-daban guda uku na babban binciken Katolika tare da binciken Roman da Inquisition na Portuguese. Ana iya bayyana "Inquisition na Sipaniya" a fili kamar yadda yake aiki a Spain da kuma a cikin dukkanin yankunan  Sipaniya da yankuna, wanda ya hada da Canary Islands, Masarautar Naples, da duk kayan Sifen a Arewa, Tsakiya, da Kudancin Amurka. Bisa kididdigar zamani, kusan mutane 150,000 ne aka gurfanar da su don laifuka daban-daban a cikin tsawon karni na uku na binciken Sipaniya wanda a tsakanin 3,000 zuwa 5,000 aka kashe (~ 2.7% na duk lokuta). 

Tun da farko an yi nufin Inquisition ne don gano masu heretics a cikin waɗanda suka tuba daga Yahudanci da Musulunci zuwa Katolika. An tsananta tsarin bangaskiyar sabbin mabiya darikar Katolika bayan da dokar sarauta da aka fitar a shekara ta 1492 da 1502 ta umurci Yahudawa da Musulmai su koma Katolika ko kuma su bar Castile, wanda ya haifar da dubban daruruwan tubalin tilastawa, da tsananta wa *conversos* da *moriscos*, da kuma yawan korar Yahudawa da Musulmai daga Spain.  An soke Inquisition a cikin shekarar 1834, lokacin mulkin Isabella II, bayan wani lokaci na raguwar tasiri a cikin ƙarnin da ya gabata.

## Previous Inquisitions

An ƙirƙiri Inquisition ta hanyar Paparoma *Ad Abolendam*, wanda Paparoma Lucius III ya bayar a ƙarshen karni na 12 don yaƙar bidi'a ta Albigensian a kudancin Faransa. Akwai manyan kotuna na binciken Paparoma a cikin masarautun Turai daban-daban a lokacin tsakiyar zamanai ta hanyoyi daban-daban na diflomasiyya da siyasa. A cikin Masarautar Aragon, an kafa wata kotu ta Papal Inquisition ta hanyar ka'idar *Excommunicamus* na Paparoma Gregory IX, a cikin shekarar 1232, a lokacin zamanin karkatacciyar koyarwar Albigensian, a matsayin yanayin zaman lafiya tare da Aragon. Inquisition din bai samu karbuwa daga Aragon ba, wanda ya haifar da haramta zagi ko kai hari a kansa. Roma ta damu musamman cewa ɗimbin al'ummar Musulmi da Yahudawa na yankin Iberian za su sami tasirin 'heretical' akan yawan Katolika. Roma ta matsa masarautu don karɓar Binciken Paparoma bayan Aragon. Navarra ya yarda a karni na 13 da Portugal a ƙarshen 14th, kodayake 'Inquisition Roman' ya shahara. Castile ya ki a hankali, yana dogara ga fitaccen matsayinsa a Turai da karfin soja don kiyaye tsoma bakin Paparoma. A karshen tsakiyar zamanai, Ingila, saboda nisa da yarda da son rai, da kuma Castile (bangaren Spain na gaba), saboda juriya da iko, sune kawai masarautun Yammacin Turai da suka sami nasarar tsayayya da kafa Inquisition a cikin daularsu.  
 
## Manazarta
Jami'ar Yammacin London

**Jami'ar Yammacin London** ( **UWL** ) jami'a ce ta bincike ta jama'a  dake kasae Burtaniya tare da cibiyoyin karatu waccha ta london a England a Ealing, Brentford, da kuma Birnin Reading Berkshire.

Jami'ar ta samo asali daga shekarar 1860, lokacin da aka kafa **Makarantar Lady Byron**, daga baya **Ealing College of Higher Education** . A cikin shekara ta 1992, **Polytechnic na Yammacin London** a lokacin ta zama jami'a a matsayin **Jami'ar Thames Valley**. Shekaru 18 bayan haka, bayan haɗe-haɗe da yawa, saye da kuma motsawar harabar, an sake masa suna zuwa sunanta na yanzu. 

Jami'ar Yammacin London ta ƙunshi sassan karatu guda tara: Makarantar Kasuwancin Claude Littner, Kwalejin Baƙi da Yawon shakatawa ta London Geller, Makarantar Komfuta da Injiniya, Kwalejin Kiɗa na London, Kwalejin Jinya, Ungonzoma da Kiwon Lafiya, Makarantar Shari'a, Makarantar Kimiyyar dan Adam da Zamantakewa, Makarantar Kimiyyar Kimiyyar Halittu da Makarantar Fim ta London, Media da Zane. 

Makarantar Takasance Akwai Kungiyoyin Dalibai Mabanbanta Irinsu na Yanayin Mu'amala Wanda kuma Wanda Zekara Wayar Musu kai.

## Tarihi

## Manazarta
Black Sea

**Tekun Black Sea** wani yanki ne na tsakiyar tekun Mediterranean na Tekun Atlantika wanda ke kwance tsakanin Turai da Asiya, gabas da Balkans, kudu da Filin Gabashin Turai, yammacin Caucasus, da arewacin Anatoliya. Yana da iyaka da Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Rasha, Turkiyya da Ukraine. Ana ba da Tekun Bahar Rum ta manyan koguna, musamman Danube, Dnieper, da Don. Sakamakon haka, yayin da kasashe shida ke da bakin teku a tekun, magudanar ruwa ta hada da sassan kasashe 24 na Turai. 

Tekun Black Sea ya ƙunshi    (ba tare da Tekun Azov ba), yana da matsakaicin zurfin ,  da juzu'i na  .  Yawancin iyakokinta suna hawa cikin sauri. Wadannan hawan su ne tsaunin Pontic da ke kudu, suna kan iyaka da kudu maso yamma da ke fuskantar gabar teku, da tsaunukan Caucasus a gabas, da kuma tsaunin Crimean zuwa tsakiyar arewa. A yamma, bakin tekun gabaɗaya ƙananan filayen ambaliya ne a ƙarƙashin tudu kamar Strandzha; Cape Emine, raguwar gabas na tsaunin Balkan; da kuma Dobruja Plateau mai nisa sosai a arewa. Gabas-yamma mafi tsayi shine kusan  .  Manyan biranen da ke bakin tekun sun haɗa da Odessa, Varna, Samsun, Sochi, Sevastopol, Constanța, Trabzon, Novorossiysk, Burgas, da Batumi.

Tekun Black Sea yana da ma'aunin ruwa mai kyau, tare da fitar da net ɗin shekara-shekara na    kowace shekara ta hanyar Bosporus da Dardanelles zuwa cikin Tekun Aegean.Yayin da raƙuman ruwa ta  Dardanelles (wanda aka sani tare da Turkiyya Straits) ya fita daga Bahar Black Sea, ruwa gabaɗaya yana gudana a cikin kwatance guda ɗaya: Denser, ƙarin ruwan saline daga Aegean yana gudana zuwa cikin Black Sea. Tekun da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa mai ƙanƙara, mafi ƙarancin ruwa wanda ke gudana daga cikin Bahar Maliya. Wannan yana haifar da ruwa mai mahimmanci da dindindin na ruwa mai zurfi wanda baya magudana ko haɗuwa kuma saboda haka yana da anoxic. Wannan nau'in anoxic ne ke da alhakin adana tsoffin jiragen ruwa da aka samu a cikin Bahar Maliya.

Bakin Black sea daga ƙarshe yana magudawa zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum, ta mashigin Turkiyya da Tekun Aegean. Mashigin Bosporus yana haɗa shi da ƙaramin Tekun Marmara wanda hakanan ya haɗa da Tekun Aegean ta mashigin Dardanelles. A arewa, Black sea tana da alaƙa da Tekun Azov ta hanyar Kerch Strait.

Matsayin ruwa ya bambanta sosai akan lokacin yanayin ƙasa. Saboda waɗannan bambance-bambance a cikin matakin ruwa a cikin kwandon, shimfidar wuri da ke kewaye da su sun kasance bushewar ƙasa. A wasu matakan ruwa masu mahimmanci, haɗin gwiwa tare da raƙuman ruwa da ke kewaye za a iya kafa su. Ta hanyar mafi yawan aiki na waɗannan hanyoyin haɗin kai, mashigin Turkiyya, Tekun Black Sea ya shiga cikin tekun duniya. A lokacin lokuttan yanayin ƙasa lokacin da wannan hanyar haɗin ruwa ba ta kasance ba, Black sea ta kasance ƙwanƙolin endorheic, yana aiki ba tare da tsarin tekun duniya ba (mai kama da Tekun Caspian a yau). A halin yanzu, matakin ruwan tekun Black Sea yana da tsayi sosai; don haka, ana musayar ruwa da tekun Bahar Rum. Kogin Black Sea wani ruwa ne na musamman na ruwan saline da ke gudana ta mashigin Bosporus da kuma bakin tekun Bahar Black Sea, wanda aka gano irinsa na farko.

## Manazarta
Niagara Falls

**Niagara Falls** (/naɪˈæɡərə/), rukuni ne na magudanan ruwa guda uku a ƙarshen  Niagara Gorge,wanda ya ke kan iyaka da tsakanin lardin Ontario na ƙasar Kanada da jihar New York ta Amurka. Mafi girma daga cikin ukun shine Horseshoe Falls, wanda ke kan iyakar kasa da kasa na kasashen biyu.  Ana kuma san shi da Kanad Falls. Karamin faɗuwar  ruwa na Amurka da faɗuwar Bridal Veil Falls na cikin Amurka. Bridal Veil Falls ya rabu da Horseshoe Falls ta tsibirin Goat da kuma Falls na Amurka ta tsibirin Luna, tare da tsibiran biyu na New York.

Kogin Niagara ne ya kafa shi, wanda ke malala a tafkin Erie zuwa tafkin Ontario, haɗuwar faɗuwar ruwa tana da mafi girman yawan magudanar ruwa a Arewacin Amurka wanda ke da digo a tsaye sama da  .  A lokacin mafi girman sa'o'in yawon bude ido na rana, sama da    na ruwa yana wucewa a kan kullum fadowa kowane minti daya.  Faduwar Horseshoe ita ce magudanar ruwa mafi ƙarfi a Arewacin Amurka, kamar yadda aka auna ta yawan kwararar ruwa.  Niagara Falls sananniya ce  saboda kyawunta kuma tana da mahimmancin tushen wutar lantarki. Daidaita abubuwan nishaɗi, kasuwanci, da amfanin masana'antu ta kasance ƙalubale ga masu kula da faɗuwar ruwa tun ƙarni na 19.

Niagara Falls yana da  arewa maso yamma na Buffalo, New York, da  kudu maso gabas na Toronto, tsakanin tagwayen biranen Niagara Falls, Ontario, da Niagara Falls, New York. An kafa Niagara Falls lokacin da dusar ƙanƙara ta koma ƙarshen glaciation na Wisconsin (shekarun ƙanƙara na ƙarshe), kuma ruwa daga sabbin manyan tafkunan da aka kafa ya zana wata hanya ta hanyar Niagara Escarpment akan hanyar zuwa Tekun Atlantika.

## Halaye

Horseshoe Falls yana da kusan  babba,  yayin da tsayin Falls na Amurka ya bambanta tsakanin  saboda kasancewar manyan duwatsu a gindinsa. Mafi girma Horseshoe Falls yana kusan  fadi, yayin da Falls na Amurka shine  fadi. Tazarar da ke tsakanin iyakar Amurka ta Niagara Falls da ta Kanada ita ce  . 

An yi rikodin ɗin kololuwar kwarara a kan Faduwar Horseshoe a    a cikin dakika guda.  Matsakaicin adadin kwararar shekara shine    a cikin dakika guda.  Tunda kwararar aiki ne kai tsaye na hawan kogin Erie, yawanci yakan yi girma a ƙarshen bazara ko farkon lokacin rani. A cikin watannin bazara, aƙalla    a cikin dakika daya na ruwa yana ratsa fadowar, wasu kashi 90% nasu sun wuce Horseshoe Falls, yayin da ake karkatar da ma'auni zuwa wuraren samar da wutar lantarki sannan kuma zuwa ga Falls na Amurka da Faduwar Bridal Veil Falls. Ana cim ma wannan ta hanyar yin amfani da madatsar ruwa ta kasa da kasa tare da ƙofofi masu motsi a sama daga Falls Horseshoe.

## Manazarta
Pacific Ocean

**Tekun Pasifik** shine mafi girma kuma mafi zurfi na sassan tekun duniya guda biyar. Ya tashi daga Tekun Arctic a arewa zuwa Tekun Kudancin (ko, dangane da ma'anarsa, zuwa Antarctica) a kudu, kuma yana da iyaka da nahiyoyi na Asiya da Oceania a yamma da Amurka a gabas.

A  a cikin yanki (kamar yadda aka ayyana tare da iyakar kudancin Antarctic), wannan yanki mafi girma na Tekun Duniya-kuma, bi da bi, hydrosphere  ya rufe kusan kashi (46%) na ruwan duniya da kusan kashi (32%) na ruwa. jimillar fadinsa, ya fi duk fadin duniya girma ya hade  .  Cibiyoyin biyu na Ruwa Hemisphere da Yammacin Hemisphere, da kuma igiyar ruwa na rashin isa ga tekun Pacific. Yawon shakatawa na teku (wanda sakamakon Coriolis ya haifar) ya raba shi  zuwa manyan juzu'i biyu na ruwa masu zaman kansu, waɗanda ke haɗuwa a equator: **Arewacin Tekun Pacific** da **Kudancin Tekun Pacific**. Tsibiran Galapagos da Gilbert, yayin da suke karkatar da equator, ana ɗaukarsu gaba ɗaya a cikin Kudancin Pacific. 

Ma'anar zurfinsa shine ( .  Challenger Deep a cikin Mariana Trench, wanda yake a yammacin arewacin Pacific, shine wurin da aka sani mafi zurfi a duniya, ya kai zurfin  .  Fasifik kuma ya ƙunshi mafi zurfi batu a Kudancin Hemisphere, Horizon Deep a cikin Tonga Trench, a  .  Matsayi na uku mafi zurfi a Duniya, Sirena Deep, kuma yana cikin Mariana Trench.

Yammacin tekun Pasifik yana da manyan tekuna da yawa da suka hada da amma ba'a iyakance ga Tekun Kudancin China ba, Tekun Gabashin China, Tekun Japan, Tekun Okhotsk, Tekun Philippine, Tekun Coral, Tekun Java da Tekun Tasman.

## Asalin kalma

A farkon karni na 16, dan kasar Spain mai binciken Vasco Núñez de Balboa ya tsallaka Isthmus na Panama a shekara ta 1513 kuma ya hango babban “Tekun Kudu” wanda ya kira . (a cikin  Sipaniya). Bayan haka, sunan teku a halin yanzu wani ɗan ƙasar Portugal mai bincike Ferdinand Magellan ne ya ƙirƙira shi a lokacin da ƙasar Sipaniya ta kewaya duniya a shekara ta 1521, yayin da ya ci karo da iskoki masu kyau a kan isa a tekun. Ya kira shi ****, wanda a cikin Portuguese da  Sipaniya yana nufin ' **teku mai zaman lafiya**'.  Madadin suna ta 'yan asalin tsibirin shine Te moana-nui a Kiwa.

## Manazarta
Tafiya

Zai  iya nufin:

* Go (kalmar) 
** Zuwa- a gaba, gini ne a cikin harshen Ingilishi
* Going (tseren doki) , yanayin tseren na doki.
* Going (sunan mahaifi) 
* "Going!", waƙar da KAT-TUN ta yi
* Hanyar tafiya, ambaton ingancin motsi a cikin tafiya na dokitafiyar doki
* Going am Wilden Kaiser, wani gari a Austriya
* Going (taxi ko babur), wani madadin kalmar "Okada", wani nau'in taksi na babur a Najeriya
* Gogoing, Gao Di-Ping (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 1997), dan wasan wasan China da ya yi ritaya na League of Legends

## Dubi kuma

* Maradamuwa
* Go (disambiguation)
* Gudun tafiya
* Gowin
Abbas Umar Masanawa

**Abbas Umar Masanawa** (An haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta, shekarar alif 1969) kuma ya fito daga jihar Katsina. Ya yi karatun Noma a fannin tattalin arziƙi a Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya a shekarar ta alif.1992. Shugaban ƙasa Muhammadu Buhari ya amince da naɗin Abbas Umar Masanawa a matsayin Manajan Daraktan Kamfanin Buga kuɗi da Haƙo Ma’adanai na Najeriya. Hakan ya biyo bayan shawarar da Gwamnan Babban Bankin Najeriya Godwin Emefiele ya bayar a wata takarda mai ɗauke da kwanan watan Agusta 28, ga shugaban ƙasar, inda aka amince da shi.

## Tarihi
An haifi Abbas Umar Masanawa Ranar 7 ga watan Agustan 1969, a cikin tsohuwar birnin Katsina a Unguwar Masanawa. Ya fara karatun firamare ne a makarantar firamare ta Sararin Kuka, daga nan kuma ya tafi makarantar jeka ka dawo ta Ƙofar ƴan ɗaka, daga nan kuma ya tafi Kwalejin Barewa Zariya inda ya yi karatun Sakandare.
Masanawa ya kammala karatunsa na digiri a babbar jami'ar Ahmadu Bello Zaria da digirin digirgir a fannin tattalin arziƙin noma sannan kuma ya yi karatun MBA a jami'ar Same kafin ya wuce jami'ar Havard.

## Aiki
Masanawa shi ne Manajan Darakta na Kamfanin Buga kuɗi da Haƙo Ma’adanai na Najeriya @NSPMC, wanda ya shafe sama da shekaru ashirin (20) yana gogewa a ɓangarori daban-daban, ya kasance Mataimakin Babban Manaja na Bankin Zenith Plc, mai ba Gwamnan Babban Bankin Najeriya shawara na musamman sannan kuma ya naɗa shi a matsayin Babban Daraktan Kudi da Dabaru a Kamfanin Buga kuɗi da Ma'adinai na tsaron Najeriya.

## Manazarta