Binciken Microtox

**Microtox** tsarin gwaji ne na in vitro wanda ke amfani da kwayoyin cuta masu haske (*Allivibrio fischeri*, wanda aka fi sani da Vibrio fischeria) don gano abubuwa masu guba a cikin substrates daban-daban kamar ruwa, iska, ƙasa da turɓaya. *Allivibrio fischeri* ba cututtuka ba ne, na ruwa, ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke haskakawa a matsayin wani ɓangare na halitta na metabolism. Lokacin da aka fallasa shi ga wani abu mai guba, tsarin numfashi na kwayoyin cuta ya rushe, yana rage fitar da haske. *Allivibrio fischeri* sun nuna babban hankali a cikin abubuwa masu guba iri-iri. Ana lura da martani ga guba a matsayin canji a cikin luminescence, wanda shine samfurin numfashi na salula. Ana iya amfani da wannan canjin don lissafin kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na Allivibrio fischeri wanda ke da alaƙa kai tsaye da guba.

## Tarihi
Microtox ta samo asali ne daga Azur Environmental (tsohon Microbics Corporation) a cikin 1979 a matsayin madadin mai tsada ga gwaje-gwaje masu guba da ke akwai a lokacin. Kafin Microtox, yawancin gwaje-gwajen guba da ake samu don ruwa musamman sun mayar da hankali kan kifi da daphnids. Tun lokacin da aka fara, Microtox ya zama hanya ce ta yau da kullun don gwada guba na ruwa da sauran substrates kamar ƙasa da turɓaya.  

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan fasahar Microtox da sunan sun sha kashi daban-daban. A cikin 2011, Microtox da fasahar da suka danganci Modern Water sun samo asali ne daga Strategic Diagnostics Incorporated (SDIX) don kusan dala miliyan 4.5. Kafin SDIX, Microtox mallakar masu haɓaka Azur Environmental ne.

Microtox yana amfani da kwayar cuta mai haske (*Allivibrio fischeri*) don tantance guba na wani abu da / ko substratum. A lokacin metabolism na salula, waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta suna fitar da haske a matsayin wani ɓangare na numfashi na salula.  Lokacin da aka fallasa ga abubuwa masu guba, ana iya lura da raguwar luminescence kuma canjin kashi a cikin luminescance na iya danganta kai tsaye da guba. An zaɓi *Allivibrio fischeri* musamman, kamar yadda za'a iya adana waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar bushewa don ƙara rayuwar ajiya da amfani. Dukkanin matakai masu ƙarfi (ƙasa da laka) da gwajin guba mai tsanani (wanda aka bayyana a ƙasa) ana iya gudanar da su ta amfani da wannan fasahar.

## Kayan aiki

## Masu bincike
Microtox Model 500 ne na dakin gwaje-gwaje wanda ke auna gagarumin guba. Wannan mai nazarin shine tsarin sarrafa zafin jiki, tsarin auna biosensor mai daidaita kansa wanda ke amfani da bioluminescence na *Allivibrio fischeri* don tantance guba na ruwa mai gurbatawa, ko elutriates na gurbataccen ƙasa da laka.

Microtox Continuous Toxicity Monitor (CTM) wani shafin ne na musamman Microtoz analyzer wanda ke ci gaba da auna guba na tushen ruwa kuma yana ba da sakamako nan take. Wannan cikakken mai nazari na atomatik yana da kewayon ganowa mai zurfi wanda zai iya gano dubban gurɓataccen abu a lokaci guda ko akwai ilimin tushen gurɓatawar ko a'a. Wannan na'urar tana da ikon gudanarwa har zuwa makonni 4, kuma yana da sauƙin aiki da kiyayewa.

DeltaTox II kayan aiki ne wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don gudanar da gwajin guba mai tsanani da adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Har ila yau, an san shi da nau'in Microtox Model 500, wannan na'urar tana ba da gwaji mai sauƙi, yana amfani da ƙananan samfurori, kuma hanya ce mai tsada don nazarin samfuran ruwa. Wannan mai saurin gwaji yana da ikon gano gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma fiye da sunadarai daban-daban 2,700.

### Magana da mafita

#### Microtox model 500 da Microtow FX
Rayuwar ajiya don Acute Reagent shine shekaru biyu kuma don mafita shine shekaru uku lokacin da aka adana shi yadda ya kamata.

Microtox Acute Reagent al'ada ce mai daskarewa ta *Allivibrio fischeri* wanda aka sake gina shi kafin gwaji. An ba da shawarar cewa a yi amfani da reagent a cikin sa'o'i uku na sake ginawa. Halin mai saurin amsawa na iya canzawa bayan lokacin da aka ba da shawarar.

Microtox Osmotic Adjustment Solution (MOAS) wani bayani ne mai guba wanda ya kunshi kashi 22% sodium chloride (NaCl) da ruwa mai tsabta. An kara wannan mafita zuwa samfurin don daidaita matsin osmotic zuwa kusan 2% NaCl.

Maganin sake ginawa ya ƙunshi ruwa mai tsabta mai tsabta wanda ba mai guba ba.

Diluent wani bayani ne mai guba wanda ya kunshi 2% NaCl a cikin ruwa mai tsabta. Ana amfani da wannan mafita don narkar da samfurin da reagent, kuma yana ba da kariya ta osmotic wanda *Allivibrio fischeri* ke buƙata.

## Hanyoyi

### Shirya samfurori
Ana iya amfani da Microtox ga matrix iri-iri ciki har da ruwan sha, Ruwan guguwa, ruwan da ke kwarara, fitar da masana'antu, ƙasa da turɓaya. Yawancin samfurori ba sa buƙatar shiri na musamman kafin gwaji ban da daidaita salinity zuwa 2%. Koyaya, samfurori waɗanda ke da wasu halaye, kamar matakan turbidity, na iya buƙatar shiri na musamman. Idan samfurori suna buƙatar gyaran salinity don rage salinity, ana iya cim ma wannan ta hanyar ƙara adadin da ya dace na Microtox Osmotic Adjusting Solution don narkar da samfurin. Misali, ƙara 0.1 mL na MOAS zuwa 1 mL na samfurin zai haifar da narkewar 90.9% na asalin maida hankali. Idan ana buƙatar salinity mafi girma, ana iya cim ma wannan ta hanyar narkar da sodium chloride mai ƙarfi a cikin samfurin don cimma salinity na ƙarshe na 2% don kariya ga *Allivibrio fischeri*. Za a buƙaci samfurori masu ƙarancin ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke ƙunshe da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin don daidaitawa kafin a gudanar da gwajin. Abubuwan da ke cikin samfurin na iya tsoma baki tare da bioluminescence ta hanyar shan haske kuma ya ba da sakamakon gwajin yaudara. Har ila yau, tsangwama na luminescence na iya faruwa tare da samfurori waɗanda ke da launi sosai (musamman ja, launin ruwan kasa ko baki).  Yana iya zama dole a centrifuge samfurori don samun karɓaccen haske don gwajin. Idan samfurori suna dauke da chlorine, wannan na iya canza guba zuwa *Allivibrio fischeri* kuma yana ba da sakamako mai yaudara. Ana iya cire samfurori ta amfani da pH" id="mw4A" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Sodium thiosulpH">sodium thiosulpH da maganin ruwa na deionized wanda ba ya shafar sakamakon gwajin. Da kyau, pH na samfurori bai kamata a canza shi ba tunda ya fi dacewa a gwada kowane samfurin a matakin pH na asali. Koyaya, idan ya zama dole don daidaita pH ya kamata a yi wannan ta ƙara ko dai maganin sodium hydroxide ko hydrochloric acid zuwa samfurin.

Ba kamar samfurori na ruwa ba, samfurori masu laushi ba daidai ba ne. A sakamakon haka, yana da wahala a sami samfurori masu wakilci daga irin waɗannan matrices. Abubuwan guba na iya ɗaurewa ga kwayoyin halitta, kuma yadda kayan guba ke ɗaurewa ya dogara da abun da ke cikin barbashi. Misali, ƙananan barbashi kamar yumɓu suna da alaƙa da sunadarai, suna aiki kamar Resin musayar ion.   Gwaje-gwaje na Microtox don laka da ƙasa sun bambanta da yadda aka shirya matrix don hulɗa da *Allivibrio fischeri*. Don samun samfurin wakiltar ƙasa ko sediment, ya zama dole a gudanar da gwajin elutriate. Ana iya shirya sediment elutriates ta hanyar cirewa tare da ko dai ruwa mai narkewa, ruwan gishiri, ko mai narkewar kwayoyin kamar methylene chloride, ko hexane. Don gudanar da gwajin elutriate an haɗa samfurin ƙasa tare da mai cirewa na wani lokaci, sannan a ba da izinin daidaitawa kuma an ɗauki samfurin daga abin da aka cire. Idan kwayoyin halitta suna cikin samfurin da aka tattara, yana iya zama dole a centrifuge samfurin don cikakkiyar haske. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya tattara ruwan da ke cikin turɓaya ta hanyar centrifugation kuma a gwada shi ba tare da cirewa ba

## Manazarta