open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
David fis

**David Fig** (An haife shi a Jacana ), masanin ilimin zamantakewar muhalli ne na Afirka ta Kudu, masanin tattalin arziki, kuma mai fafutuka .  Yana da digirin digirgir daga Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London, tare da ƙasidarsa mai taken, " Tattalin Arzikin Siyasa na dangantakar Kudu da Kudu: Al'amarin Afirka ta Kudu da Latin Amurka ,"  kuma ya ƙware a kan tambayoyin makamashi, kasuwanci, bambancin halittu, da alhakin kamfanoni. Littattafansa na baya-bayan nan sun haɗa da: *Tsayar da Da'awarsu: Alhaki na Jama'a da Muhalli a Afirka ta Kudu* (UKZN Press, 2007), da *Uranium Road: Tambayar Hanyar Nukiliya ta Afirka ta Kudu* (Jacana, 2005), wanda aka mayar da shi fim na tsawon mintuna 53 a cikin shekarar 2007.
Fig shi ne shugaban kwamitin Biowatch na Afirka ta Kudu, mai kula da samar da abinci da noma mai ɗorewa, kuma yana aiki kafaɗa da kafaɗa da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na tabbatar da kare muhalli . A baya ya taɓa zama babban darektan ƙungiyar sa ido kan muhalli a Johannesburg, babban malami a fannin zamantakewar al'umma a jami'ar Witwatersrand, kuma mamba a hukumar gandun daji ta Afirka ta Kudu .

## Aiki
Shi ne shugaban hukumar Biowatch Afirka ta Kudu, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta da ta mayar da hankali kan aikin noma, 'yancin kai na abinci, da kare lafiyar halittu. A baya, ya riƙe matsayin jagoranci a LEAD Kudancin Afirka, Kwamitin Bincike na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru na Afirka. Ya rubuta wallafe-wallafe da yawa, ciki har da litattafi guda ɗaya, surori na littattafai, da labaran mujallu, waɗanda aka buga a cikin yaren Faransanci, Fotigal, Mutanen Espanya, da Jamusanci . Ya kuma ba da koyarwa a Jami'o'in UCT da Wits kuma ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen ilimi a cikin ƙasashe da yawa a Kudancin Afirka.

## Duba kuma

* Motsin hana makaman nukiliya

## Manazarta
Adabin Efik

**Efik Literature** ( Efik   ) adabi ne da ake magana ko rubutu a cikin yaren Efik, musamman na mutanen Efik ko masu magana da harshen Efik. Ana iya rarraba adabin Efik na gargajiya kamar haka; Ase (  ), Uto (  ), Mbụk (wanda ya ƙunshi tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi da labarun tarihi), Ñke (wanda ya ƙunshi kacici-kacici, karin magana da masu murza harshe) da kuma Ikwọ (wanda ya ƙunshi waƙoƙin dalilai daban-daban kamar dalilai na addini da dalilai na izgili).   Sauran bangarorin adabin Efik sun hada da karin magana da wasan kwaikwayo (Mbre).

Kafin zuwan masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje a shekara ta 1846, yawancin abin da ya ƙunshi littattafan Efik littattafai ne na baka.  A ƙarshen 1840s, wallafe-wallafen Efik a hankali ya canza zuwa rubutu. Mishaneri sun taimaka a wannan sauyi. Waɗannan mishan na Kirista sun taimaka wajen kafa makarantu a cikin Old Calabar.  A waɗannan makarantu, an nuna Efik yadda ake rubutu da yaren Efik ta amfani da haruffan latin.  Siffofin farko na wallafe-wallafen Efik sun kasance na nau'in Littafi Mai-Tsarki kuma farkon masu mishan na cocin Scotland suka haɓaka su.  A cikin shekarar 1920s, adabin Efik a hankali ya canza zuwa wasu rubuce-rubuce da nau'ikan da ba na Littafi Mai-Tsarki ba kamar su karara, wasan kwaikwayo da wakoki. Tsakanin shekarun 1920s zuwa 1970s ya ga babban girma a cikin adabin Efik.

A halin yanzu, adabin Efik wani muhimmin al'amari ne na koyon harshen Efik a makarantun da ke cikin karamar hukumar Kuros Riba kuma wani muhimmin bangare ne na rubuta jarabawar Efik a cikin zawarcin Majalisar Jarrabawar Afirka ta Yamma (WAEC).  Ana ba da shawarar ɗalibai su yi nazarin ayyukan adabin Efik da yawa don taimaka musu wajen cin jarabawar. Daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan adabi sun haɗa da jerin Edikot Ñwed Mbuk, Mutanda oyom Namondo, Ansa Udɔ Enañ, Sidibe da sauran su. 
## Manazarta
Peter Sinkamba

**Peter Sinkamba,** (an haife shi ranar 7 ga watan Agusta, 1964)  ɗan kasuwan Zambia ne kuma ɗan siyasa . Ya kasance ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Green Party ta Zambia a zaben shugaban kasa na shekarar 2015 da 2016 .

## Sana'ar kasuwanci
Sinkamba ya zama mai arziki yana fitar da masara zuwa Zaire .

## Harkar muhalli
Sinkamba ya kafa Jama'a don Kyakkyawan Muhalli a cikin shekarar 1997   saboda haɗarin zamantakewa da muhalli na hakar tagulla ba tare da ka'ida ba, musamman ga mutanen da ke zaune kusa da ma'adinai.

Ya taimaka wajen yaƙi da sake tsugunar da al'ummomin da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai a Copperbelt ya shafa. Wannan ya haɗa da ƙaura na al'ummomin Ming'omba da Kawama ta Konkola Copper Mines (KCM) a Chililabombwe. An yi wannan ƙaura tsakanin shekarar 2000 zuwa 2003 kuma an haɗa da gidaje sama da 100. Ya kuma taimaka wajen sake tsugunar da gidaje sama da 100 a garin Mufulira sakamakon fasa-ƙwaurin gidaje saboda ayyukan haƙar ma’adinai na tarihi.

Ya kuma taimaka wajen kafa wani asusun kare muhalli na miliyoyin daloli ga fannin haƙar ma'adinai a ƙasar Zambiya wanda wajibi ne kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai su ba da gudummawarsu don biyan buƙatunsu na muhalli. Maƙasudin asusun shi ne tabbatar da cewa kamfanonin haƙar ma'adinai sun sami isassun kayan aiki don aiwatar da tsare-tsaren kula da muhalli, da kuma baiwa gwamnati tabbacin ba za ta yi amfani da kuɗaɗen jama'a ba idan kamfanin haƙar ma'adinan ya kasa gyara wurinsa.

Lokacin da Anglo American Corporation ya janye Zambia a shekarar 2002, Sinkamba, ta hanyar abin da ya kira "Copperbelt Manifesto" ya haɗu da ƙungiyoyin jama'a a duk faɗin duniya don matsawa Anglo ci gaba da rage nauyin muhalli da zamantakewa a kan Copperbelt. Wannan yunƙurin ya haifar da Anglo ta kafa gidauniyar ci gaban Copperbelt tare da ba da gudummawar sama da kashi 40% na hannun jari a KCM ga gidauniyar.

Ya kuma yi shawarwari, a madadin gwamnati, tallafin Bankin Duniya don magance matsalolin muhalli da zamantakewa na tarihi a kan Copperbelt da kuma matsalar gubar gubar a Kabwe . Tsakanin shekarar 2002 da ta  2017 Bankin Duniya da sauran sun sadaukar da sama da dala miliyan 100 don magance matsalolin muhalli da zamantakewa na tarihi a kan Copperbelt da Kabwe.

## Sana'ar siyasa
Sinkamba ya fara siyasa ne a fagen siyasa a shekarar 1990 a matsayin matashi mai fafutuka a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD). A shekarar 1991, ya zama mataimakin babban sakataren jam'iyyar National Democratic Alliance (NADA) sannan ya zama babban sakataren jam'iyyar Conservative Party (NCP). Ya yi aiki a kwamitin nazarin tsarin mulki na Mwanakatwe don tsara kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar daga shekarar 1993 zuwa 1994. Daga baya ya kafa Green Party a shekarar 2013. A matsayin ɗan takarar sabuwar jam'iyyar Green Party ta Zambia da aka kafa (2013) a zaben shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2015, Sinkamba ya samu kuri'u 1,410. Daga baya ya tsaya takarar shugaban kasa a shekarar 2016 inda ya samu 4,515 2016 babban zaɓen Zambiya #Shugaba .

## Matsayin siyasa
Sinkamba ta ba da shawarar cewa Zambiya ta halasta tabar wiwi domin samun bambancin tattalin arziƙinta.

## Manazarta
Tekun Apollo

Tekun MV Apollo, wani jirgin ruwa ne mallakar ƙasar Sin, mai rijistar Panama wanda ya nutse kusa da Cape Town a cikin watan Yunin 1994. Fitar mai daga jirgin ruwan da ya nutse ya kuma haifar da wani babban bala'i ga muhalli wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar manyan tsuntsayen teku, ciki har da penguins na Afirka da ke cikin haɗari.  Dukkanin ma'aikatan jirgin su 36, sun mutu a nutsewar, wanda da alama ya faru da sauri ta yadda ba a ba da alamun damuwa ba.  Alamun farko da ke nuni da cewar jirgin ya nutse shi ne kamannin penguin da aka lulluɓe da mai. Tun da farko an yi imanin tushen slick shi ne tarkacen babban jirgin ruwa wannan ƙa'idar ta karyata kuma a maimakon haka an gano slick zuwa tarkacen *Tekun Apollo* . An lodin jirgin da man fetur mai nauyin ton 2,400, (cubic meter 2,700),a lokacin da ta bar tashar jiragen ruwa sa'o'i huɗu kafin ya nutse.  Daga baya an bayyana cewa an aika da sigina mai sarrafa kansa kai tsaye ga masu su ta hanyar tauraron ɗan Adam daga kusan wurin da man ya malala, kuma masu su sun amince da asarar jirgin tare da karɓar alhakin malalar.  

## Tasirin muhalli.
Guguwar iska mai ƙarfin gaske ta kawo cikas ga yunƙurin kare Cape Town daga ɓullar mai, kuma gaf da tekun birnin ya cika da mai. Man ya shafi wuraren kiwo na penguin na Afirka da ke cikin haɗari a tsibirin Dassen . An yi ƙoƙarin kwashe penguin zuwa cikin ƙasa, amma ƙoƙarin ya ci tura saboda tsananin yanayi.  An tattara penguins 10,000, kuma an tsaftace su. A cikin waɗannan, kusan 5,000, sun tsira.

Bayan shekaru shida, an yi barazana ga ƴan gudun hijirar rooke na yankin da makamancin haka; malalar mai MV  .

## Duba kuma.

* Jerin zubewar mai.

## Nassoshi.
Emperor Shaka the Great

***Sarkin sarakuna Shaka mai girma*** waka ce ta al'ada da ta dogara da al'adar baka ta Zulu, wanda aka harhada cikin Zulu sannan mawakin Afirka ta Kudu Mazisi Kunene ya fassara. Waƙar ta biyo bayan rayuwar Shaka Zulu, inda ta rubuta abubuwan da ya yi a matsayinsa na sarkin Zulu, wanda ya samar da ci gaba mai yawa a tsarin Jiha da fasahar soja na Zulu. Wasu masu sukar lamirin sun bayyana damuwarsu kan yadda aka sake bayyana tarihin. Duk da haka, rungumar da Kunene ya yi game da ra'ayin Afirka game da mulkin Shaka yana nuna ƙoƙari na fahimtar abubuwan ban tsoro da Turawa suka gani a tarihin Shaka.

## Al'adar baka
Ko da yake Zulu sun yi waƙar baka da yawa tun a farkon tarihi, ba a cika haɓakar almara na Zulu ba har sai lokacin mulkin Shaka.  Wannan waƙar tana wakiltar al'adar ƙasa ta rikodin mulkin Shaka ta hanyar masana tarihi da yawa na hukuma waɗanda suka kware a wani yanki na tarihin Shaka.  A al’adar Zulu, mawaka ( *izimbongi* ) su ne ma’anar ma’anar zamantakewar al’umma da kuma murnar al’umma da nasarorin da ta samu.  Wani masani, da yake tsokaci game da aikin Kunene, ya ce “al’adun zulunci waɗannan ba labaran da aka haddace ba ne. . . Waɗannan su ne sake-halitta, sake-halitta dangane da halin yanzu. Kunene ya ƙware a wannan.”  Sashen Al'adu na UNESCO ya sanya wa littafin takunkumi a matsayin wakilin fassarar adabin Zulu. 

## Manazarta
ChatGPT Plus

**ChatGPT Plus** Ya kasance wata sabis ne na biyan kuɗi don ChatGPT kuma mallakar OpenAI. Biyan kuɗi yana ba da dama ga samfurin GPT-4 na OpenAI..

## Fage
An fara ƙaddamar da ChatGPT azaman samfoti na bincike tare da manufar gano ƙarfi da raunin tsarin, da kuma tattara ra'ayoyin masu amfani domin ƙarin haɓakawa. 

Bayan ƙaddamar da shi, miliyoyin masu amfani sun ba da amsa, wanda ke haifar da sabuntawa masu yawa.  An yi amfani da dandalin a fannonin ƙwararru daban-daban, kamar tsara abubuwan da ke ciki da gyarawa, ƙirƙirar ra'ayi, taimakon shirye-shirye, da Kuma binciken batutuwa.

## Sabis
Sabis ɗin yana ba masu biyan kuɗi daidaitaccen dama yayin amfani da shi, kuma yana da sauri wajen amsawa, da bada damar fifiko ga sabbin abubuwa, gami da GPT-4 da plugins na ChatGPT masu zuwa.

Kudinsa $20 a wata.

## samuwa
Da farko, an ƙaddamar da shi a cikin Amurka kawai.  A cikin Maris 2023, an ƙaddamar da shi a Indiya.

## Manazarta
Shakmagia

***Shakmagia*** (Akwatin kayan ado a hausance) littafin ban dariya ne na Masar.   Ana iya fassara taken a matsayin "akwatin Kayan Adon", kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin misali mai tasowa na 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a Masar. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin littattafan ban dariya na mata
* Hoton mata a cikin ban dariya

## Manazarta
Amincewa da auren jinsi a Afirka

An tafka muhawara a duk faɗin Afirka game da shawarwari don halatta auren jinsi guda da kuma auren jama'a.

A halin yanzu, Afirka ta Kudu ita ce kadai kasar Afirka da ta amince da auren jinsi guda. Bugu da kari, yankunan Mutanen Espanya na Tsibirin Canary, Ceuta da Melilla, da kuma yankin Portuguese na Madeira, yankunan Faransa na Mayotte da Réunion da kuma yankin Burtaniya na St. Helena, Ascension da Tristan da Cunha sun gane kuma sun yi auren jinsi ɗaya.￼

Har ila yau, an amince da haɗin gwiwar jama'a ko ƙungiyoyi a Afirka ta Kudu, da yankunan Faransa, Mutanen Espanya da Portuguese.

## Yanayin yanzu

### Matsayin ƙasa

### Ƙasashen da aka sani da kuma wadanda ba a san su ba

### Matsayi na ƙasa

*

## Ra'ayin jama'a
 
&nbsp;&nbsp;Indicates that same-sex marriage is legal in certain parts of the country
&nbsp;&nbsp;Indicates that the country has civil unions or registered partnerships
&nbsp;&nbsp;Indicates that same-sex sexual activity is illegal

## Dubi kuma

* Hakkin LGBT a Afirka
* Sanar da haɗin jinsi ɗaya a Amurka
* Amincewa da haɗin jinsi guda a Asiya
* Amincewa da haɗin jinsi guda a Turai
* Sanar da haɗin jinsi ɗaya a Oceania

## Bayani
Gidauniyar Sindika Dokolo

**Gidauniyar Sindika Dokolo** gidauniyar al'adu ce mai hedikwata a Luanda, Angola. Dan kasuwa Sindika Dokolo, shugaban kungiyar ne ke goyon bayansa, kuma mataimakin shugaban kungiyar, Fernando Alvim ne ke kula da shi. Simon Njami shi ne mashawarcin kungiyar.

Gidauniyar tana aiki ne don adanawa, haɓakawa da haɓaka tarin fasahar Sindika Dokolo da bikin Triennial na Luanda. Shi ne ya dauki nauyin nunin Check List Luanda Pop, wani aikin gefe na Venice Biennale a 2007.

## Tarin
Tarin ya samo asali ne daga siyan tarin Hans Bogatzke. Fernando Alvim ne ke da alhakin tattarawa da siyan sabbin ayyukan fasaha, galibi na matasa masu fasaha, da bidiyo da shigarwa.

Tarin zane an yi shi ne da ayyukan fasaha tare da mai da hankali na musamman ga masu fasahar Afirka da ƴan Afirka na waje, ɗaya daga cikin ƴan tarin  fasaha da ke Afirka. An ayyana shi azaman tarin fasaha na zamani na Afirka ta mai kula da shi, Fernando Alvim. Tarin yana jaddada matsayin Afirka a kan ƙasashe na musamman masu fasaha. Ayyukan tarin suna nunawa a Triennial na Luanda da kuma nunin kasa da kasa irin su SD Observatorio, Africa Screams, Beyond Desire, Chéri Samba, Horizons, Voices da kuma Neman Hanyoyi biyu.

Ya haɗa da ayyuka daga masu fasaha masu zuwa: 
 Fanizani Akuda
Ghada Amer

El Anatsui

Tyrone Appollis

Miquel Barceló

Bili Bidjocka

Tiago Borges

Willem Boshoff

Zoulikha Bouabdellah

Jimoh Buraimoh

Dj Spooky

Jean Dubuffet

Abrie Fourie

Kendell Geers

Tapfuma Gutsa

Romuald Hazoumé

Alfredo Jaar

Seidou Keita

Amal Kenawy

William Kentridge

Abdoulaye Konaté

Goddy Leye

George Lilanga

George Ebrin Adingra

Michèle Magema

Valente Malangatana

Joram Mariga

Santu Mofokeng

Moké

Zwelethu Mthethwa

John Muafangejo

Henry Munyaradzi

Ingrid Mwangi

Chris Ofili

Olu Oguibe

Pili Pili

Tracey Rose

Ruth Sacks

Chéri Samba

Berni Searle

Yinka Shonibare

John Takawira

Pascale Marthine Tayou

Cyprien Tokoudagba

Minnette Vári

Andy Warhol

Sue Williamson

Yonamine

Gavin Young

## Nassoshi
Afropop Worldwide

***Afroop Worldwide*** shiri ne na rediyo da ke gabatar da kade-kade na Afirka da na African diaspora. Sean Barlow ne ya shirya shirin da Kayayyakin Kiɗa na Duniya a Brooklyn, Birnin New York, New York. Goggon gidan rediyon Kamaru Georges Collinet ne ya shirya shi, wanda a baya ya yi fice saboda aikinsa da Muryar Amurka.  

An ƙaddamar da *Afropop Worldwide* a cikin shekarar ta 1988 a matsayin *Afroop*, jerin shirye-shiryen rediyo na jama'a na mako-mako, don mayar da martani ga yawan sha'awar kiɗan pop na duniya. Irinsa na farko, daga baya ya faɗaɗa har ya haɗa da kiɗa da al'adun dukan mazaunan Afirka. Jama'a Rediyo Exchange (PRX) ne ke rarraba shirin zuwa gidajen rediyo sama da ɗari a Amurka. Ana kuma jin shi a Turai da Afirka.

A cikin shekarar 2014, an ba da kyautar lambar yabo ta Peabody na hukuma don "rawarta ta farko a cikin motsin kiɗan duniya". 

Furodusosin sun bayyana manufar shirin:Burinmu shi ne mu kara martabar wakokin Afirka da na Afirka a duk duniya, kuma mu ga cewa fa’ida ta koma ga masu fasaha, kwararrun masana’antar waka, da kasashen da ke samar da wakokin. Bayanan bayanan Afropop shine tsakiyar dabarun mu yayin da yake amfani da ikon abin da muka yi, kuma yana ba mu damar haɗa ayyukan da suka gabata tare da sabon bincike don tallafawa sabbin ayyuka. Muna aiki tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da kiɗan Calabash don taimakawa mawaƙa daga Afirka, Caribbean da Latin Amurka su yi tsalle kan shingen kasuwancin kiɗa na al'ada da kuma cin gajiyar kasuwancin dijital da ke fitowa don kiɗan duniya. 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Gidan yanar gizon hukuma
* ''Afropop Shafin Duniya'' a PRI
* Shahararriyar Kiɗan Afirka: Juyin Halitta da Bambance-bambance
* Afroop Watsa shirye-shirye na Duniya
Hippocrates na Chios

**Hippocrates na Chios** ( Girkanci; c. 470 &#x2013; c. 410 BC) ya kasance tsohon masanin lissafin Girka ne, geometer, kuma masanin ilimin taurari.

An haife shi a tsibirin Chios, asalinsa ya kasance ɗan kasuwa ne. Bayan wasu al'amurra marasa dadi (ya masa fashi, ko dai barayi ko kuma gurbatattun ma'akatan kostam) ya zarce zuwa Athens, watakila don shari'a, inda ya zama babban masanin lissafi.

A garin Chios, watakila Hippocrates ya kasance dalibin masanin lissafi kuma masanin ilimin taurari wato Oenopides na Chios. A cikin aikinsa na ilmin lissafi akwai yiwuwar ya koya wajen Pythagorean ma, watakila ta hanyar sadarwa tsakanin Chios da tsibirin Samos da ke makwabtaka da su, cibiyar tunanin Pythagorean: An kwatanta Hippocrates a matsayin 'para-Pythagorean', masanin falsafa' 'abokin tafiya'. Hujjoji na "Rage" kamar su *reductio ad absurdum* gardama (ko hujja ta sabani) an samo su zuwa gare shi, kamar yadda yake amfani da iko don nuna sikwaya na layi.

## Lissafi

Babban abin da Hippocrates ya cim ma shi ne cewa shi ne farkon wanda ya fara rubuta littafin koyarwa na geometry da aka tsara, wanda ake kira *Elements* (Στοιχεῖα, *Stoicheia* ), wato, ainihin theorems, ko tubalan ginin ka'idar lissafi. Tun daga wannan lokacin, masu ilimin lissafi daga ko'ina cikin duniyar da, aƙalla bisa ƙa'ida, za su iya gina tsarin gama gari da salon, hanyoyi, da ka'idoji, waɗanda suka ƙarfafa ci gaban kimiyyar lissafi.

## Littattafai
* Ivor Bulmer-Thomas, 'Hippocrates of Chios', in: *Dictionary of Scientific Biography*, Charles Coulston Gillispie, ed. (18 Volumes, New York 1970&ndash;1990) pp.&nbsp;410&ndash;418.
* [Axel Anthon] Björnbo, 'Hippokrates', in: Paulys Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft, G. Wissowa, ed. (51 Volumes; 1894&ndash;1980) Vol. 8 (1913) col. 1780&ndash;1801.
## Manazarta
Dar Mim (publishing house)

**Dar Mim** (est. 2007) gidan buga littattafai ne na Larabci da ke Algiers, Aljeriya. Yawancin ayyukan da ta wallafa sun ci gaba da samun yabo a duniya.

An kafa Dar Mim a cikin shekarar 2007 ta Assia Ali Moussa.  Baya ga litattafai, tana buga wakoki, wasan kwaikwayo, da sukar adabi da falsafa da bincike.  Wasu litattafai da Dar Mim suka buga sun ci gaba da samun nasara kuma aka ba su lambar yabo ta adabi na duniya. 

Da farko tana mai da hankali kan ayyukan matasa marubutan Arabophone na Aljeriya kamar su Djamila Morani, Ismail Yabrir, Malika Rafa, Samia Ben Dris, Saliha Laradji, Sofiane Mokhenache, da Abdelouahab Aissaoui. 

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa
Dar Mim yana bugawa da Larabci.

* *Lā yatrak fi mutanāwal alatfāl* ("Keep it Beyond the Reach of Children," novel) by Sofiane Mokhenache (2012)
* *Mukhāḍ al-sulḥafā* ("Haihuwar Kunkuru," novel) na Sofiane Mokhenache (2016)
* *Tāj al-khaṭīʾa* ( "Zunubi na Crown") na Djamila Morani (2017)
* *Al-duwa'ir wa al-ʾabwāb* ("The Circles and Doors," novel) by Abdelouahab Aissaou (2017)
* *Al-dīwan al-ʾasbart* ("The Spartan Court, novel) na Abdelouahab Aissaou (2017; wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Larabci ta 2020 (IPAF) ) 
* *anā wa ḥāyīm* ("Me and Haim," novel) by Habib Sayah (wanda aka dade ana yi wa IPAF in 2019)  
* *ʿAin ḥamūrābi* ("Idon Hammurabi," labari) na Abdulatif Ould Abdullah (2020; wanda aka zaba don 2021 IPAF) 

## Manazarta
Dakar Biennale

**Dakar Biennale**, ko **Dak'Art - Biennale de l'Art Africain Contemporain**, babban baje kolin fasaha ne na zamani wanda ke gudana sau ɗaya a kowace shekara biyu a Dakar, Senegal. Dak'Art yana mayar da hankali kan fasahar zamani na Afirka tun a shekarar 1996.

## Tarihi
An fara gudanar da Dakar Biennale a cikin shekarar 1989 a matsayin musanya tsakanin adabi da fasaha. Buga na farko a cikin shekarar 1990 ya mai da hankali kan adabi kuma a cikin shekarar 1992 akan fasahar gani. A cikin shekarar 1993 an canza tsarin biennale kuma Dak'Art 1996 ya zama nunin da aka keɓe musamman ga fasahar zamani na Afirka. A shekara ta 1998 aka gina tsarin kuma a shekara ta 2000 an samu gagarumin sauyi: An zabi Abdoulaye Wade shugaban kasar Senegal watanni kadan kafin bude taron. Sabon shugaban ya tabbatar da goyon bayan gwamnatin Senegal kan taron kuma tun shekara ta 2000, Dak'Art ke gudana a kowace shekara. Dak'Art 2002 ya kasance da sababbin ma'aikata da sababbin abokan tarayya. Dak'Art 2004 ya kuma sami ƙarin baƙi na ƙasa da ƙasa da faɗaɗa ɗaukar hoto; a lokacin bude taron shugaban ya bayyana aniyarsa ta shirya wani sabon bugu na bikin baƙar fata na duniya. A karon farko an nada wani darektan fasaha don Dak'Art 2006 kuma an shirya taron tare da halartar masu fasaha da yawa da kuma tsarin kasafin kuɗi. A shekara ta 2008, an yi watsi da biennale. An gudanar da taron a kan ƙaramin kasafin kuɗi kuma an shirya shi a cikin minti na ƙarshe. A cikin shekarar 2010 Hukumar Tarayyar Turai babban abokin tarayya na kudi  bai goyi bayan taron ba. A watan Disamba aka shirya wallafa ta uku na bikin baƙar fata na duniya a Dakar. Abdelkader Damani, Elise Atangana da Ugochukwu-Smooth Nzewi ne suka shirya bugu na 2014.  Simon Njami ne ya shirya bugu na 2016 da 2018. 

Dak'Art shine babban taron fasaha mafi dadewa a nahiyar Afirka. A cikin shekarar 2014, an bude shi ga wadanda ba 'yan Afirka ba a karon farko, tare da baje kolin 'Cultural Diversity' a gidan tarihi na IFAN Theodore Monod gami da 'yan kasashen duniya da aka gayyata. 

## Wallafawa/Bugawa

* 1990 Dakar Biennale 1990 . Bugu na farko ya mayar da hankali kan adabi .
* 1992  . Buga na farko ya mayar da hankali kan fasahar gani.
* 1996  . Buga na farko ya mayar da hankali kan fasahar zamani na Afirka .
* 1998  . Bugu na uku.
* 2000  . Bugu na hudu.
* 2002  . Bugu na biyar.
* 2004  . Bugu na shida.
* 2006  . Buga na bakwai da bugu na farko tare da daraktan fasaha.
* 2008  . Bugu na takwas.
* 2010  . Buga na tara da cika shekaru ashirin.
* 2012  . Buga na goma.
* 2014 Dak'Art 2014 . Buga na sha ɗaya. 
* 2016 Dak'Art 2016 . Bugu na goma sha biyu. 
* 2018 Dak'Art 2018 . Bugu na goma sha uku. 

## Manazarta
Laburare na Duniya na Kiɗan Afirka

Laburare na Duniya na Kiɗan Afirka (ILAM) kungiya ce da aka sadaukar don kiyayewa da nazarin kiɗan Afirka. Tana zaune a Grahamstown, Afirka ta Kudu, ILAM tana haɗe da Sashen Kiɗa a Jami'ar Rhodes kuma tana daidaita Shirin Ethnomusicology wanda ke ba da digiri na farko da na gaba da digiri a cikin ilimin kiɗan  da ya haɗa da horarwa kan wasan kwaikwayon kiɗan Afirka.    ILAM, a matsayin babbar ma'ajiyar kidan 'yan asalin Afirka,  an san ta musamman don nazarin lamellophone mbira na Zimbabwe da Mozambique, da kuma Timbila na mutanen Chopi, bambancin marimba daga kudancin Mozambique.

## Labarai da rikodi

* *Jarida na Laburare na Ƙasashen Duniya na Albums ɗin kiɗan Afirka* suna samuwa don zazzagewar dijital a gidan yanar gizon Smithsonian Folkways Recordings. 
* A matsayin wani ɓangare na goyon bayan Jami'ar Rhodes don Buɗaɗɗen Samun damar gudanar da bincike da kayan bincike na farko, mujallar *African Music*  ana samun damar shiga yanar gizo kyauta, tare da takunkumin shekaru biyu kan sabbin batutuwa.

## Tarihi
Masanin ilimin ƙabila Hugh Tracey ne ya kafa ILAM a cikin shekarar 1954, wanda ya sami damar ta hanyar tallafin da aka samu daga Gidauniyar Nuffield da Sashen Ilimi na Afirka ta Kudu.  

ILAM ta buga *[http://journal.ru.ac.za/index.php/africanmusic/issue/archive mujallar African Music Society Journal]* wadda yanzu ake kira . ILAM ta kasance a farko a Msaho (kusa da Roodepoort, Gauteng). Lokacin da Hugh Tracey ya mutu a shekarar 1977, dansa Andrew ya zama darekta. Kudade masu zaman kansu sun bushe, amma Jami'ar Rhodes ta amince da karbar ILAM, kuma ILAM da AMI sun koma Grahamstown a shekarar 1978. Andrew Tracey ya yi aiki a matsayin darekta har zuwa 2005, bayan haka Diane Thram ya zama darekta.  Darakta na yanzu shine Dr. Lee Watkins.

## Sanannun collections
Ana samun tarin tarin masu zuwa akan layi:

* Hugh Tracey Audio Collections  
* Jaco Kruger collections 

## Manazarta
La Renaissance

"****" (Sango    ) ita ce waƙar ƙasa ta Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya.  An karbe ta ne a ranar 25 ga watan Mayun 1960, jim kadan kafin jamhuriyar ta samu 'yancin kai a ranar 13 ga watan Agustan wannan shekarar. Firayim Minista Barthélémy Boganda ne ya rubuta kalmomin. Mawaƙin Faransa Herbert Pepper ne ya shirya waƙar, wanda kuma ya tsara taken ƙasar Senegal, ""  Waƙar kuma ita ce waƙar ƙasa a lokacin daular Afirka ta Tsakiya (1976-1979).

## Waƙoƙi
Waƙar tana da waƙoƙin hukuma a cikin Faransanci da harshen Sango na ƙasa.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya: "La Renaissance" - Audio na waƙoƙin ƙasa na Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, tare da bayanai da waƙoƙi
Makarantar yan sandan Najeriya ta Wudil

**Makarantar ƴan sandan Najeriya ta Wudil** wata cibiya ce mallakin gwamnatin tarayya da aka kafa a shekarar 1988 domin horar da ƴan sanda a Najeriya . Tana cikin garin Wudil Kano, Najeriya, kuma tana ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na farko da na biyu a fannin tabbatar da doka da makamantansu.

Hukumar kula da jami’o’i ta ƙasa (NUC) ce ta karrama makarantar kuma an amince da ita a matsayin cibiyar bayar da digiri. 

## Darussa
Makarantar tana ba da shirye-shirye iri-iri da suka haɗa da digiri na digirgir na shekaru huɗu (B.Sc) a fannoni daban-daban kamar: 

* B.Sc. in Accounting
* B.Sc. a Biology
* B.Sc. in Chemistry
* B.Sc. a Kimiyyar Kwamfuta
* B.Sc. a fannin Tattalin Arziki
* B.Sc. a cikin Lissafi
* B.Sc. a Physics
* B.Sc. a Kimiyyar Siyasa
* B.Sc. a Psychology
* B.Sc. a cikin ilimin zamantakewa

Makarantar horar da ƴan sandan Najeriya ta kuma yi fice da tsauraran shirye-shiryen horar da jami’an ƴan sanda, waɗanda aka tsara su domin ba su kwarewa da kwarewa don gudanar da ayyukansu yadda ya kamata. Makarantar ta yi kaurin suna wajen samar da kwararrun ƴan sanda da kwararrun ‘yan sanda wadanda suka ci gaba da gudanar da ayyuka daban-daban a cikin rundunar ƴan sandan Najeriya .

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* 
* List of police academies in Nigeria
La Tchadienne

"****" ( English:   lit.  "The Chad (Waƙa)" &#x27; ita ce waƙar ƙasar Chadi. Louis Gidrol da kungiyar dalibansa ne suka rubuta kuma Paul Villard ya tsara ta, ita ce wakar ƙasar Chadi tun lokacin da ta sami 'yancin kai daga Faransa a watan Janairun shekarar 1960.

## Tarihi

An rubuta waƙar, bayan gasar, mahaifin Jesuit Louis Gidrol da ƙungiyar ɗalibansa daga Makarantar kwana ta Saint Paul a Fort-Archambault (birni na Sarh na yanzu). Wani uban Jesuit Paul Villard ne ya shirya waƙar.       An karbe ta a matsayin waƙar gwamnatin Chadi bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Faransa a cikin watan Janairu 1960.    

## Waƙoƙi
Waƙar ta ƙunshi ƙungiyar mawaƙa da ayoyi huɗu. Ƙaƙwalwar mawaƙa da aya ta farko ne kaɗai ke zama taken ƙasa na hukuma.  Sauran ayoyi guda uku ba a san su ba a tsakanin matasan Chadi. 

## Manazarta
Zokela

**Zokela** ƙungiya ce ta kiɗa daga Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, ɗaya daga cikin mafi tasiri a ƙasar. Ƙungiya ce ke da alhakin salon kiɗan Afirka mai suna iri ɗaya wanda ya fito a farkon shekarun 1980.  Ƙungiya mai tushen Bangui tana da katatan guitar mai ɗauke lantarki da ganguna tare da kuma "ƙarfafa sauti mai mahimmanci na bukukuwa da raye-rayen jana'izar Lobaye". 

## Manazarta
Kiɗan Chad

Chadi kasa ce da ke da bambancin kabila a Afirka ta Tsakiya. Kowane yanki nasa yana da nau'ikan kiɗa da raye-raye na musamman. Mutanen Fulani, alal misali, suna amfani da sarewa mai raɗaɗi ɗaya, yayin da tsohuwar al'adar griot ta yi amfani da kaho iri-iri biyar, kuma yankin Tibesti na amfani da gwangwani. An yi amfani da tarin kade-kade na kakaki da kakaki irin su dogayen ƙahon sarauta da aka fi sani da "waza" ko "kakaki" wajen naɗaɗɗen sarauta da sauran bukukuwan manyan mutane a duk faɗin Chadi da Sudan.

Waƙar ƙasar Chadi ita ce "La Tchadienne," wanda Paul Villard da Louis Gidrol suka rubuta a cikin shekarar 1960 tare da taimakon ƙungiyar ɗaliban Gidrol.

## Shahararrun kiɗan
Bayan samun 'yancin kai, Chadi, kamar sauran kasashen Afirka, cikin sauri ta fara samar da wasu shahararrun kade-kade, musamman a cikin salo irin na kade -kade na Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo.  Salon shahararriyar kade-kaden kasar Chadi sun hada da sai, wanda ke amfani da kade-kade daga kudancin kasar Chadi—wannan salon ya shahara da wata kungiya mai suna Tibesti. Sauran mawakan sun hada da Challal na Duniya na Sahel da Melody na Afirka, yayin da mawakan sun hada da mawaƙin Sudan mai tasirin kiɗa Ahmed Pecos da mawaƙin Chadi-Faransa Clément Masdongar. 

## Kidan jama'a

### Teda music
Teda yana zaune a yankin da ke kusa da tsaunin Tibesti. Kaɗe-kaɗensu na jama'a sun ta'allaka ne da kayan kidan maza da kidan murya na mata. Ana amfani da kayan kida irin na keleli don "magana" maza masu yin wasan kwaikwayo, tun da ana ganin bai dace ba namiji ya yi waƙa a gaban babbar mace. 

### Kayan aiki
Kayan kaɗe-kaɗe na gargajiya na Chadi sun haɗa da hu hu (kayan kirtani mai lasifika na kalabash), kakaki (ƙahon gwano), maracas, lute, kinde (garaya baka) da ƙaho iri-iri.  Sauran kayan kaɗe-kaɗe sun haɗa da kiɗan sarewa da kaɗe-kaɗe na Kanembu da kaɗe-kaɗe da kaɗe-kaɗe da kaɗe-kaɗe da kaɗe -kaɗe da kaɗe-kaɗe na mutanen Sara, yayin da ƴan Baguirmi suka shahara da kaɗe-kaɗe da kaɗe-kaɗe da kaɗe-kaɗe da raye-rayen gargajiya da ake gudanar da yaƙin izgili. tsakanin ’yan raye-raye masu manyan ’yan wasa. 

## Manazarta
Asibitin Murtala

**Asibitin Murtala Muhammad**, Wanda ke Kano, Jihar Kano, Najeriya, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a kasar. Cibiyar kiwon lafiya ce ta gwamnati wacce ke ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya na musamman ga marasa lafiya a yankin. An kafa shi a shekara ta 1953, asibitin ya girma ya zama babban mai ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya mai inganci a yankin. An sanya masa suna ne bayan tsohon Shugaban Kasar Najeriya, Janar Murtala Muhammad, asibitin ya himmatu ga samar da sabis na kiwon lafiya mai araha da sauƙi ga marasa lafiya. Asibitin mallakar Gwamnatin Jihar Kano ce kuma tana sarrafa shi, kuma yana daya daga cikin manyan wuraren kiwon lafiya a jihar. Asibitin yana da sassa da yawa, gami da Obstetrics da Gynecology, Pediatrics, Surgery, Internal Medicine, Radiology, da Laboratory Services. Har ila yau, yana da cikakken kayan aiki na Sashen Gaggawa(Emergency) wanda ke aiki 24 hours a rana, kwana bakwai a mako.

## Sassa
Asibitin Murtala Muhammad, Kano yana da sassan asibiti masu yawa. Ga jerin wasu manyan sassa a asibitin:

* Cardiology Department
* Dermatology Department
* Endocrinology Department
* Gastroenterology Department
* Hematology Department
* Infectious Diseases Department
* Internal Medicine Department
* Nephrology Department
* Neurology Department
* Obstetrics and Gynecology Department
* Oncology Department
* Ophthalmology Department
* Orthopedics Department
* Pediatrics Department
* Psychiatry Department
* Pulmonology Department
* Radiology Department
* Rehabilitation Medicine Department
* Rheumatology Department
* Surgery Department

## Bayani
Kinshasa Symphony

***Kinshasa Symphony***  fim ne game da abinda ya faru a zahiri na Jamus na shekarar 2010.

## Takaitaccen bayani
Kinshasa, babban birnin, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, shi ne birni na uku mafi girma a Afirka da ke da mutane miliyan 10. Fim ɗin ya nuna yadda wasu mutanen da ke zaune a wurin suka yi nasarar ƙirƙira ɗaya daga cikin mafi sarƙaƙƙiyar tsarin haɗin gwiwar ɗan adam da aka taɓa ƙirƙira: ƙungiyar mawaƙa (Orchester Symphonique Kimbanguiste) tana da  mawaƙa irin su Handel, Verdi, Beethoven. "Kinshasa Symphony" yana nuna Kinshasa a cikin dukkan bambancinta, saurinta, launi, kuzari da kuzari. Fim ne game da Kongo, game da mutanen Kinshasa da kuma,na kiɗa.  

## Kyaututtuka
* New York City 2010
* Vancouver 2010
* Rhode Island 2010

## Duba kuma

* *Kongo a cikin Ayyukan Hudu*, wani fim ɗin tarihin anthology wanda ke nuna kiɗa daga Kinshasa Symphony

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* 
*
Libanga

A cikin shahararrun kiɗan Kongo, kalmar libanga (Lingala; daga *kobwaka libanga*, lit.  yana nufin yadda yaro zai iya ƙoƙarin jawo hankali  ) yana nufin wani nau'i na goyon bayan da mawaƙa ke yi ko yabon masu hannu da shuni a bainar jama'a a matsayin wani ɓangare na wasan kwaikwayonsu. Yawanci ana shigar da *libanga* cikin waƙa ta hanyar jera sunayen ɗaiɗaikun tsakanin baitoci ko tsakanin baituka da mawaƙa. Ana iya rera su, magana, ko ihu dangane da mahallin.  Wani lokaci ana haɗa su don dalilai na musamman, ko haɗa su cikin rikodi.

A cewar Bob White, ya zama wani ɓangare na "aikin waƙar yabo na kasuwanci" wanda ya fito a Zaire a cikin shekarar 1970s kuma ya girma cikin mahimmanci a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Ya bayyana cewa, "Al'amarin *Libanga* ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na shahararriyar kade-kade na zamani a Kinshasa, kuma hakan yana nuna ba wai bukatar kudi na gaggawa ga mawakan ba har ma da al'adun siyasar gwamnatin Mobutu, wanda ta hanyar tsarin kida na zamani *siyasa mai raye-raye*, a al'adance ana ba da albarkatun kuɗi da na siyasa don musanyawa ga jama'a na lalata da aminci". 

Taimako ya kasance tsakiyar masana'antar kiɗa a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, kuma yana da wahala a yi waƙar kasuwanci ba tare da ita ba.  *Masanin Tattalin Arziki* ya lura cewa “ba a yin libanga saboda akida” kuma ya lura cewa wata waƙa ta mawaƙin Werrason ta ambaci mutane 110 “da yawa daga cikinsu za su biya kuɗin wannan dama”. 

## Manazarta
Debout Congolais

"**** (Kongo; "arise, Kongo") waƙar ƙasa ce ta Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. An samo asalin ta ne a cikin shekarar 1960 bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Belgium amma an maye gurbinta da "La Zaïroise" lokacin da Kongo ta canza suna zuwa Zaire a shekarar 1971. A ƙarshe an sake dawo da ita lokacin da aka sake tsara Kongo a cikin shekarar 1997. Masanin tarihi kuma farfesa Joseph Lutumba ne ya rubuta waƙoƙin, kuma mahaifin Jesuit  ne ya shirya waƙar.,  wanda kuma ya rubuta kuma ya tsara "La Zaïroise". 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo: "Debout Congolais" - Audio na waƙoƙin ƙasa na Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, tare da bayanai da waƙoƙi
Radio Congo Belge

**Radio Congo Belge** ( French, "Belgian Kong Radio") ya kasance mai watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo ta zamani) wacce ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a farkon ci gaba da kuma yada kidan rumba na Kongo a fadin Afirka bayan da Yakin Duniya na Biyu.

An kafa Rediyo Kongo Belge a Léopoldville (Kinshasa ta zamani) a matsayin hanyar watsa labarai da farfaganda ga farar fata na Kongo da Belgium da Jamus ta mamaye a Yakin Duniya na II. Ya watsa shirye-shirye a karon farko a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1940. Duk da haka, wannan rawar da Radiodiffusion nationale belge (RNB) ta dauki nauyin a cikin watan Mayun shekarar 1943 wanda kuma watsa shirye-shirye daga Léopoldville da Rediyo Kongo Belge ya fi mayar da hankali kan watsa shirye-shirye a cikin mulkin mallaka. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samarwa mawakan Kongo damar samun tasirin kidan na waje. Ya kasance mai tasiri musamman wajen gabatar da kiɗan Afro-Cuba a cikin Kongo ta kungiyoyi irin su Septeto Habanero da Trio Matamoros.

A cewar masanin tarihi Gary Stewart, Radio Congo Belge, tare da Rediyo Brazzaville da Kongo, "sun ba da gudummawa ga maɗaukakiyar kide-kide na kide-kide a kan bankunan kogin Kongo".  An kuma bayyana tashar a matsayin "mahimmin kanti na talla don kiɗan gida" wanda ya ba da damar ƙungiyoyin Kongo da ɗakunan rikodin rikodi su fito. 

Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Kongo-Léopoldville a shekara ta 1960, an canza wa tashar suna Radiodiffusion Congolaise ("Watsa shirye-shiryen Rediyon Kongo"). Sauran ayyukan rediyo na lokacin sun haɗa da OTC da Radio Léopoldville.

## Manazarta
Kakaki

**Kakaki** ƙaho ne na ƙarfe mai tsayin mita uku zuwa huɗu da ake amfani da shi wajen rera waƙar gargajiyar Hausawa. *Kakaki* shine sunan da ake amfani dashi a Chadi, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Benin Niger, da Najeriya.

An kuma san kayan aikin da *malakat* a Habasha.  

Wani tsohon kayan aiki, kakaki ya kasance babba a cikin a kan Songhai.  Sautinsa yana da alaƙa da sarauta kuma ana yinsa ne kawai a abubuwan da ake yi a fadar sarki ko sarki a cikin al'ummar Hausawa. Ana amfani da shi azaman ɓangare na *sara*, sanarwa na mako-mako na iko da iko. Kakaki maza ne ke  wasa dashi.

## Duba kuma

* Wakar Hausa
* fanfare
* Wazza

## Manazarta
Theaetetus (masanin lissafi)

**Theaetetus na Athens**  / ; Girka : Θεαίτητος _ _ _ _ _  ; c. 417 – ku.&nbsp;369 BC),  watakila ɗa na ga Euphronius na Athens deme Sunium, ya kasance masanin lissafin Girka. Babban gudunmawarsa sun kasance a kan *[[:en:Irrational_number|irrational]] lengths*, wanda aka haɗa cikin Littafin X na  Euclid Elements da kuma tabbatar da cewa akwai regular convex polyhedra guda biyar.  Abokin Socrates da Plato ne, shi ne babban jigo a cikin tattaunawar eponymous Socratic dialogue.  na Plato.

Theaetetus, kamar Plato, ɗalibi ne ga masanin lissafin Girka Theodorus na Cyrene . Cyrene wata ƙasa ce mai albarka ta Girka a bakin tekun Arewacin Afirka, a cikin ƙasar Libiya a yau, a gabashin ƙarshen Tekun Sidra. Theodorus ya binciko ka'idar da ba za ta iya misaltuwa ba, kuma Theaetetus ya ci gaba da waɗancan karatun da ƙwazo; musamman, ya rarraba nau'ikan lambobi daban-daban bisa ga yadda aka bayyana su a matsayin tushen murabba'i. An gabatar da wannan ka'idar dalla-dalla a cikin Littafin X na *Abubuwan* Euclid.

Theaetetus ɗaya ne daga cikin ƴan tsirarun masana lissafin Girka waɗanda a zahiri asalin 'yan kasar Athens ne. Yawancin malaman lissafi na Girka na zamanin da sun fito ne daga garuruwan Girka daban daban a kusa da gabar tekun Ionian, Bahar Bahar Rum da kuma daukakin bakin tekun Bahar Rum.

Babu shakka ya yi kama da Socrates ta hancinsa da kumburewar idanunsa. Wannan da kuma mafi yawan abin da aka sani game da shi ya fito ne daga Plato, wanda ya sanyawa wani labarinsa sunansa, *Theaetetus*. Da alama ya mutu daga raunuka da ciwon daji a hanyarsa ta komawa gida bayan yaƙi a yaƙin Atina a Koranti, yanzu ana zaton yakin ya faru a shekara ta 369 BC; wasu malaman suna jayayya akan 391 BC a matsayin ranar mutuwarsa, ranar yaƙin farko a Koranti. 

Akwai wani rami Theaetetus on the Moon da aka sanya wa sunansa.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin masu magana a cikin tattaunawar Plato

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Tattaunawar Gudunmawar Theaetetus ga ''Abubuwan'' Euclid
*
Rashin Haihuwa

**Rashin haihuwa** shine rashin iyawar mutum, dabba ko tsiro don haifuwa ta hanyar halitta. Yawanci ba yanayin lafiya bane ga wanda ya   balaga, sai dai musamman tsakanin wasu nau'ikan eusocial (mafi yawa haplodiploid kwari). Y yanayine al'ada na ɗan adam ko wasu 'ya'ya masu tasowa, saboda ba su yi  balaga ba, wanda shine farkon mataki na iya haifuwa .  

## Manazarta
Guinea-Bissauan cuisine

Guinea-Bissauan cuisine al'adun abinci ne na Guinea-Bissau, al'ummar da ke bakin tekun yammacin Afirka tare da Tekun Atlantika. Shinkafa ita ce abinci mai mahimmanci a cikin abincin mazauna kusa da bakin teku kuma gero wani abu ne mai mahimmanci a ciki. Mafi yawan shinkafar ana shigo da su ne daga kasashen waje kuma matsalar karancin abinci ta kasance matsala  a galibi saboda juyin mulki, rashawa da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki.  Ana noman cashews don fitarwa. Hakanan ana noman kwakwa, da dabino, da zaitun. 

Kifi, shellfish, 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari ana yawan cin su tare da hatsi, madara, curd da whey. Portuguese sun ƙarfafa samar da gyada. Har ila yau ana noman *Vigna subterranea* (Bambara gyada) da kuma *[[Kwaruru|macrotyloma geocarpum]]* (Gyadar Hausa). Peas mai baƙar fata shima yana cikin abincin. Ana girbe man dabino.

Abincin yau da kullun sun haɗa da miya da stews. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su sun haɗa da dawa, dankalin turawa, rogo, albasa, tumatir da plantain. Ana amfani da kayan yaji, barkono da barkono a dafa abinci, gami da tsaban *Aframomum melegueta* (barkonon Guinea).

## Biki
A watan satumba 12 ne ranar haihuwar Amilcar Cabral, bikin da ya hada da cin , kaza da aka shirya da mustard, citrus da albasa. Sauran bukukuwa da bukukuwa sun haɗa da Carnival a watan Fabrairu, Ranar Shahada ta Mulki a ranar 3 ga watan Agusta, Ranar Juya Juya a Nuwamba, Ranar 'Yancin Kai a ranar 24 ga watan Satumba, Ranar Mocidade a watan Disamba 1 da Ranar Sabuwar Shekara.

Ana yin bukukuwan iyali don tunawa da haihuwa, kaciya, aure, da mutuwa da giyar dabino ko rum. Ana kuma yin hadayar dabbobi. 

## Dishes
* Gero couscous
* Busasshen kifi
* Koren shayi
* 
* Cafriela de frango (gasashen kaji mai yaji)

## Manazarta
Taskar Tarihi ta Kasar Benin

**Gidan adana kayan tarihi na kasar Benin** yana a babban birnin Porto-Novo, Benin. An kafa rumbun adana bayanan ne a ranar 3 ga watan Maris, 1914, bisa umarnin Gwamna William Ponty. 

## Hidima
Rukunin Tarihi yana ba da sabis na farko masu zuwa: 

* Studio mai ɗaure littattafai tare da kayan aiki don maido da takarda
* Reprography, wanda aka ba wa masu bincike ta hanyar sabis ɗin sadarwar sa, gami da na'urorin kwafin 2
* Sabis na bayanai don shigar da kayan aikin bincike da kuma gudanar da abubuwan tunowa na sirri, darussa, da fihirisar katin jarida. Akwai mai karanta microfilm.

## Ayyuka
A ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamba, 2014, wani taron horarwa ya yi bikin cika shekaru ɗari na Archives. Taken shine ɗaukar ƙa'idodin ISAD (G) da ISAAR (CPF) don bayanin bayanan ajiya da kuma amfani da software na sarrafa kayan tarihin buɗaɗɗen tushe. 

A ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu, 2020, Médrique Awangonou ya buga wani littafi kan ma'ajiyar tarihin Dahomey (yanzu Jamhuriyar Benin) daga 1914 zuwa 2014 kan batun Kimiyyar Dan Adam.

Taskokin sun adana ayyukan maza da mata waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga tarihin kasar. Hukumar mulkin mallaka ta ƙirƙira sabis don adana kayan tarihin don kiyaye takaddun gudanarwa. 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
* Archives nationales du Bénin:  website
Zangbeto

**Zangbeto** su ne masu kula da voodoo na gargajiya na dare a cikin mutanen Ogu (ko Egun) na Benin, Togo da Najeriya. Jami’an ‘yan sanda da jami’an tsaro na gargajiya, kungiyar asiri ta Zangbeto ana tuhumar su da tabbatar da doka da oda, da kuma tabbatar da tsaro  a tsakanin al’ummar Ogu.  Ana girmama su sosai kuma suna aiki a matsayin ’yan sanda da ba na hukuma ba suna sintiri a tituna, musamman cikin dare, suna lura da mutane da dukiyoyinsu, da bin diddigin masu aikata laifuka tare da gabatar da su ga al’umma don hukunta su. Tun asali an kirkiresu ne domin a tsoratar da makiya, Zangbeto zasu na  yawo akan tituna domin gano barayi da matsafa, da kare doka da oda. 

## Bayani
Dangane da muhimmiyar rawar da suke takawa a al'adu a cikin taka tsantsan cikin gida da aikin 'yan sanda a cikin al'ummomin Ogu, Zangbeto kalma ce a cikin harshen Gun wanda ke nufin "Maza dare" ko "masu gadin dare". 

Zangbeto suna ɗaukar wani sutura da aka yi daga ƙaƙƙarfan ɗigon ɗigon ciyawa, raffia ko wasu abubuwa masu kama da zaren, waɗanda wani lokaci ana rina su da launuka masu launi.  Suna iya fadawa cikin hayyacinsu wanda bisa ga al'ada, yana ba wa jikinsu damar zama ruhohin da ke da ilimi na musamman na ayyukan mutane. Duk da haka, almara na Ogu ya nuna cewa babu mutane a ƙarƙashin tufafi, kawai ruhohin dare. 

A al'adar Ogu, 'yan Zangbeto sune jami'an tsaro na gargajiya ko 'yan sanda na al'ummarsu. An ce suna kafa wata ƙungiya ta sirri wacce Zangbeto ko masu bautar voodoo kawai za su iya halarta. Ana ganin Zangbeto suna da iya sihiri da tsafi, kamar hadiye tsage-tsalle na gilashi ba tare da lahani ba kuma yana tsoratar da ko da mayu.  A cikin hayyacinsa, an ce Zangbeto suna haifar da wani iko da ya mamaye duniya tun kafin bayyanar mutum kuma ya samar da tushen hikima da ci gaba ga mutanen Ogu.

Ana gudanar da bukukuwan  da aka gina a kewayen Zangbeto akai-akai a cikin al'ummomin Ogu daban-daban a yammacin Afirka. Shahararrun wadanda ke rike da su a Porto-Novo, Jamhuriyar Benin da kuma a Ajido, Legas, Najeriya.    Waɗannan bukukuwan sun ƙunshi zane-zane masu ban sha'awa, wasan kwaikwayo masu haskakawa, da sihiri.

## Manazarta
Kafofin yaɗa labarai na Guinea-Bissau

**Kafofin watsa labarai a [[Gine-Bisau|Guinea-Bissau]]** sun hada da print, rediyo, talabijin, Intanet, da sauransu "Conselho Nacional de Comunicação Social take tsara aikin jarida."  Gidan rediyon kasa na Guinea-Bissau da gwamnati ke gudanarwa ya fara a shekarar 1973 kuma Gidan Talabijin na Guinea-Bissau ya fara a shekarar 1987.

## Rediyo

* Gine-Bissau National Radio
* Radio Bafata 
* Radio Bombolom 
* Radio Jovem 
* Radio Mavegro 
* Radio Nacional 
* Radio Pindjiguiti 
* Radio Sintcha Oco 
* Radio Sol Mansi 

## Talabijin

* Gidan Talabijin na Guinea-Bissau (TGB) 
* RTP Afirka 
* TV Klélé (est. 2013) 

## Wallafe-wallafe
Bugawa da wallafe-wallafen kan layi sun haɗa da:

* *Banobaro* 
* *Bissau Digital* 
* **
* *Comdev Negocios* 
* *Correio-Bissau* 
* *Diario de Bissau* 
* *Expresso de Bisau* 
* *Fraskera* 
* *Gazeta de Noticias* 
* *Kansare* 
* *Nô Pintcha* 
* *Ultima Hora* 
* *Voz de Bisau* 
* *Wanda* 

## Manazarta
Yarukan Balanta

**Balanta** (ko **Balant** ) Rukuni ne na harsunan Bak guda biyu masu alaƙa na yammacin Afirka waɗanda mutanen Balanta ke magana da su.

## Bayani
Balanta gabaɗaya an raba su zuwa yaruka daban-daban: Balanta-Kentohe da Balanta-Ganja.  

## Balanta-Kentohe
Yaren Balanta-Kentohe ( *Kəntɔhɛ* )  kusan mutane 423,000 ke magana da kuma yaren a arewa ta tsakiya da tsakiyar gabar tekun Guinea-Bissau (inda a shekara ta 2006 kusan mutane 397,000 ke magana, da yaren yawancin su ana iya samun su a yankin Oio  ) haka nan a Gambia. An shirya fina-finai da sassan Littafi Mai Tsarki a Balanta-Kentohe.

Yaren *Kəntɔhɛ* ana yi a arewa, sai yaren *Fora* a kudanci. 

Ethnologue ya lissafa madadin sunayen Balanta-Kentohe a matsayin Alante, Balanda, Balant, Balanta, Balante, Ballante, Belante, Brassa, Bulanda, Frase, Fora, Kantohe (Kentohe, Queuthoe), Naga da Mane. Yaren Naga, Mane da Kantohe na iya zama yaruka daban-daban.

## Balanta-Ganja
Balanta-Ganja mutane 86,000 ne ke magana da yaren (tun daga 2006) a kusurwar kudu maso yamma da kudancin Senegal. Ilimin karatu bai kai kashi 1% na Balanta-Ganja ba.   A watan Satumba na 2000, Balanta-Ganja ya sami matsayin yaren ƙasa a Senegal, kuma tun daga lokacin ana iya koyar da shi a makarantar firamare.

Ethnologue ya lissafa madadin sunayen Balanta-Ganja a matsayin Alante, Balanda, Balant, Balante, Ballante, Belante, Brassa, Bulanda, Fjaa, Fraase (Fraasɛ). Yarukansa sune Fganja (Ganja) da Fjaalib (Blip).

## Nahawu
Balanta suna da prefixes da ƙari da aka fassara a matsayin takamaiman labarin da ya dogara da ajin suna.  

## Fassarar sauti.
Wadannan su ne wayoyin (phonemes) na yarukan Balanta.    

### Consonants

Sautuna marasa murya  ana jin su ne kawai a yaren Guinea Bissau.

### Wasula

## Rubutu
A Senegal, Dokar No. 2005-979 ta tanadi rubutun Balanta kamar haka:  

## Manazarta