Karatu a Rayuwar Amurka

**Literacy in American Lives** (2001) littafi ne na Deborah Brandt wanda ke nuna yanayin ilmantarwa ga Amurkawa da aka haifa tsakanin 1895 da 1985. Brandt tana amfani da ra'ayin Sponsors of Literacy a matsayin tsarin bincike don kusanci, bayyanawa, da kuma nazarin bincikenta da bayanai. A cewar Brandt, masu tallafawa karatu da rubutu sune "duk wani wakili, na gida ko nesa, kankare ko abstract, wanda ke ba da damar, tallafawa, koyarwa, da kuma samfurin, da kuma daukar ma'aikata, tsarawa, hanawa, ko hana karatu da rubutu - kuma samun fa'ida ta hanyar ta wata hanya. "  Karatun karatu da rubutu a cikin Rayuwar Amurka yana amfani da tarihin karatu da rubutu na Amurkawa daga dukkan fannoni na rayuwa don nuna tasirin da sauya yanayin tattalin arziki, siyasa, da zamantakewa a cikin al'umma na Amurka ke da amfani da shi a cikin shekarun 1900.

## Babi na 1: Karatu, Dama, da Canjin Tattalin Arziki
A cewar Brandt, "ikon karatu da rubutu, ribar kamfanoni, da yawan aiki na kasa duk sun zama rikice-rikice. " Babi na farko na Deborah Brandt's Literacy in American Lives ya jaddada yadda sauya yanayin tattalin arziki da sake fasalin yanki ya shafi damar da mutane ke da shi don koyon karatu da rubutu. Brandt ya tattauna rayuwar mata biyu da suka sami karatu da rubutu a cikin tattalin arzikin iyali na noma a lokuta daban-daban don kwatanta yawancin waɗannan mahimman batutuwa. Dukkanin matan sun kammala makarantar sakandare amma daga 1903, Martha Day, ta zama 'ɗan jarida yayin da mace daga 1971, Barbara Hunt, ta zama mai caji a wani kantin sayar da kayan masarufi na gida. Wannan bambancin sana'a ya nuna yadda darajar iyawar "gidan noma" ta ragu sosai kuma ka'idojin karatu da rubutu a cikin al'umma Amurka sun tashi da sauri a wannan lokacin. Har ila yau, yana nuna tasirin sauye-sauyen zamantakewa da al'adu. Martha Day ta fito ne daga zamanin da aka haifi yara da yawa a gonaki amma Barbara Hunt ba ta kasance ba. Don haka, Day ta sami damar sauyawa cikin salon rayuwa da sana'a daban-daban saboda yadda ta girma ya fi yawa a cikin al'umma a wannan lokacin fiye da Hunt. A ƙarshe, asusun mata biyu sun nuna halin da ake ciki na tallafawa karatu da rubutu a Amurka. A farkon karni na ashirin, lokacin da Day ke neman aiki bayan makarantar sakandare, sanannun manema labarai suna fitowa a matsayin babban mai tallafawa karatu da rubutu don haka ta sami damar samun matsayi a matsayin 'yar jarida, wanda ya kara sauƙaƙa ci gaban ƙwarewarta ta karatu da rubutu. Koyaya, a rabi na biyu na karni na ashirin, tasirin shahararrun manema labarai a cikin tallafin karatu da rubutu yana raguwa don haka ba a sami damar ba ga Barbara Hunt lokacin da take neman aiki bayan kammala makarantar sakandare. Don haka, a cikin amfani da waɗannan labaran tarihin karatu da rubutu guda biyu, Brandt ya kwatanta yadda darajar ƙwarewar karatu da rubutu ta asali, ainihi da tasirin masu tallafawa tattalin arziki, da kuma damar aiki da ke akwai ga waɗanda ke da ilimin makarantar sakandare sun canza sosai a cikin Shekaru 1900.

## Babi na 2: Rubuce-rubuce da Rubuce a cikin Amurka
Babi na biyu na Deborah Brandt's Literacy in American Lives ya tattauna hanyoyin da tattalin arziki da siyasa a cikin al'ummar Amurka suka dogara da mutane da ke karatu da rubutu. Brandt ya rubuta, "Dangane da jahilci, masu karatu da rubutu suna jin daɗin ƙarin cin gashin kansu da kuma iko; a cikin ma'anar aiki, 'yanci sun fi dacewa. " Wannan, a babban bangare, saboda fannoni da yawa na dangantakar zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da siyasa da ake gudanarwa ta hanyar rubuce-rubuce. Wadanda ba su iya fahimta da shiga cikin waɗannan fannoni masu buƙatar karatu da rubutu na rayuwar zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da siyasa an sanya su cikin matsala ga waɗanda za su iya karantawa da fahimtar su. Wannan canjin zuwa al'umma mai tushe, ko kuma "al'umma mai kwangila mai ci gaba" kamar yadda marubucin Edward Stevens ya kira shi a cikin littafinsa, Literacy, Law, and Social Order (1988), da farko saboda saurin ci gaba da ci gaban kamfanoni. A cewar Brandt, "dangantaka ta kasuwa kai tsaye tsakanin mutane ta ba da damar aiki na kamfanoni - ci gaba a cikin tsarin mulki, dogaro da juna, tsarawa, ƙuntatawa kan kwararar bayanai, da sauran nau'ikan sarrafawa, duk sun dogara da rubuce-rubuce da sauran kayan aiki na alama. " bayani a cikin al'umma ya zama samuwa ne kawai ga masu karatu yayin da aka fara bayyana labarai da farko a cikin rubuce-aikacen rubuce kamar jaridu da mujallu. Har ila yau, darajar ƙwarewar mutum ya fara canzawa dangane da sauye-sauyen al'ummar Amurka. Sabbin masu tallafawa sun fito kuma sun yi aiki don sarrafa karatu da rubutu a hanyoyi da yawa a cikin wannan "ƙungiyar kwangila mai ci gaba".

Brandt yana ba da kuma nazarin nazarin lambobi biyu masu tsawo daga mutanen da ke zaune a cikin shekarun 1970 da 1980 don kwatanta tasirin tallafin karatu da rubutu a wannan lokacin. Ɗaya daga cikin mutane shine Dwayne Lowery, ma'aikacin mota wanda ya zama wakilin ƙungiyar, ɗayan kuma shine Johnny Ames, mai cin kasuwa wanda ya fara koyon karatu da rubutu a cikin shekaru 16 da ya yi a kurkuku mai tsaron gida. A cikin yanayin Lowery, buƙatun da yake buƙata a kan ƙwarewarsa ta karatu da rubutu sun karu da sauri a tsawon lokaci; na farko, lokacin da ya canza sana'o'i don zama wakilin ƙungiyar kwadago kuma yayin da ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata suka fara samun iko mai mahimmanci a cikin shekarun 1970. Misali, ikon kwarewarsa na karatu da rubutu ya ragu yayin da fahimta ta fara hayar lauyoyi masu ilimi sosai don Tattaunawar da shi kuma yayin da yarjejeniyar tsakanin bangarorin biyu ta fara canzawa daga magana zuwa rubuce-rubuce. Don ci gaba da tafiya tare da buƙatun ƙwarewarsa ta karatu da rubutu, Lowery ya halarci bita da yawa don inganta koyon yadda ake karatu da rubuta kwangila.

## Babi na 3: Tattara Karatu: Yadda Halitta Hudu na Iyali ɗaya na Amurka suka Koyi Rubuta
Babi na uku na Deborah Brandt's Literacy in American Lives yayi la'akari da tasirin sauye-sauye masu sauri a cikin ma'anar da hanyoyin karatu da rubutu ta amfani da tarihin karatu da rubutu na mambobi daga tsararraki daban-daban guda huɗu na dangin Amurka na Tsakiyar Yammacin Turai. Muhimman tasirin da aka bincika a duk Labarai dangin sun haɗa da al'adun gargajiya na ƙarni na noma sha tara a cikin yankunan karkara na Midwestern masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, canje-canje a aikin gona kafin da lokacin Babban Mawuyacin hali, Yaƙin Duniya na II da sha'awar fasaha da ƙwarewar sadarwa da ya kirkira, da kuma alaƙar da ke tsakanin makarantar ci gaba da tattalin arziki.

An haifi Genna May a shekara ta 1898 a wani gonar madara a tsakiyar Wisconsin kudi ta fara halartar makaranta a lokacin da ake buƙatar makaranta makonni 12 kawai a shekara. A waje da makaranta, karatu da rubutu ya taka karamin rawa a rayuwarta kuma bayan kammala karatun sakandare, ta shiga kwaleji na dogon lokaci don koyon buga da samun aiki tare da kamfani da ke kera disinfectants don ɗakunan madara. A lokacin Babban Mawuyacin hali, yanayin noma a Midwest ya canza sosai yayin da aka sayar da ƙananan gonakin iyali ga manyan masu rarraba aikin gona. Adadin mutanen da ke da hannu a aikin gona ya ragu sosai kuma manoma da yawa sun sami kansu suna yin aiki, kamar sufuri, tallace-tallace, da tallafin malamai, wanda ke buƙatar adana rikodin rikodin. Bukatar karatu da rubutu ta fara canzawa a wannan lokacin. Misali, Brandt ya lura, "Ganin cewa ana iya amfani da rubuce-rubucen gona don adana rikodin aikin iyali da ma'amala da kuɗi, adana rikodi - bayanan wasu mutane - yanzu ya zama aikin da kansa. " Wannan ya nuna hanyar da ilimin ya zama kai tsaye da aiki a karo na farko a tarihin dangin Genna May.

An haifi ɗan Genna May, Sam May, a shekara ta 1925 kudi idan aka kwatanta da yarinta na mahaifiyarsa, renon Sam ya haɗa da karatu da rubutu a ciki da waje da makaranta. Babban Mawuyacin ya kawo manyan iyalai daga biranen da ke kewaye da shi zuwa garinsu na karkara kuma yin wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo, da ayyukan wasan motsa jiki sune hanyoyin da yara ke gina ma'anar al'umma kuma zasu iya samun kuɗi ga iyalansu masu fim da tattalin arziki. Ci gaban fina-finai da shirye-shiryen rediyo sun kuma motsa yara su rubuta wa Tashoshin rediyo don neman Abubuwan gabatarwa don taimakawa wajen tallafawa iyalansu. Ta waɗannan hanyoyi, abubuwan tattalin arziki masu ƙarfi a lokacin Babban Mawuyacin hali sun shafi ilmantarwa ga Matasa. Daga baya, Sam May ya yi aiki a cikin sojoji a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, mai tallafawa karatu da rubutu wanda ya kawo canje-canje a cikin ayyukan karatu da rubutu ta hanyar neman ci gaban fasaha da sauri da samar da kudade da suka ba da damar tsoffin sojoji kamar Sam May su halarci kwaleji.

## Babi na 4: "Ikon Shi": Masu tallafawa Karatu a Rayuwar Afirka ta Amirka
Babi na huɗu na Deborah Brandt's Literacy in American Lives ya bayyana manyan masu tallafawa karatu da rubutu na 'Yan Afirka na Afirka a cikin shekarun 1900. Babi ya fara ne da tattaunawar cikas da 'yan Afirka suka fuskanta wajen samun karatu da rubutu saboda nuna bambanci da wariyar launin fata a cikin al'umma Amurka. A cewar Brandt, "A mafi yawan karni na ashirin, duk da haka, kaɗan daga cikin tashoshin da ake motsawa da kuma tallafawa sun kasance daidai a buɗe ga 'yan Afirka na Amirka. " Yawancin masu tallafawa tattalin arziki da ke akwai ga' yan Afirka na Amirka ba su samuwa ga' yan Amirka na Afirka ba saboda, kamar yadda Brandt ya bayyana, "Amurkawa na Afirka ba su ga ci gaban karatun su cikin bukatun al'ummar Amurka ba su da yawa a lokacin da suka bunkasa ko kuma ba su da ƙwarewar jama'ar Amurkawa ba. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun banbanci ga wannan shine Yaƙin Duniya na II .  Koyaya, Cocin Furotesta na Afirka ta Amirka, malamai, da ƙungiyoyin jama'a zuwa ga karatun jama'a sun tallafa wa karatun 'yan Afirka na Afirka ta hanyoyi da yawa.

## Manazarta