John Froines

**John Radford Froines** (/ ˈfroʊ.ɪnz/; Yuni 13, 1939 - Yuli 13, 2022) Ba'amurke masanin sunadarai ne kuma mai gwagwarmayar yaki, wanda aka sani a matsayin memba na Chicago Bakwai, ƙungiyar da aka zarge ta da hannu tare da tarzoma a Babban Taron Dimokuradiyya na 1968 a Chicago. Froines, wanda ya sami Ph.D. a cikin ilmin sinadarai daga Yale, an tuhumi shi da yin balaguro tsakanin jihohi don tada tarzoma da kuma yin na'urori masu tayar da hankali, amma an wanke shi. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Abubuwan Guba a Ma'aikatar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Tarayya sannan kuma darektan Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Ma'aikata ta UCLA. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin nazarin kimiyya na California kan gurbacewar iska mai guba na kusan shekaru 30 kafin ya yi murabus a cikin 2013 a cikin cece-kuce da da'awar rikice-rikice na sha'awa.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Froines a Oakland, California, ranar 13 ga Yuni, 1939.[1] Mahaifinsa, George, ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa kuma an kashe shi sa'ad da John yana ɗan shekara uku; Mahaifiyarsa, Katherine (Livingston), malami ne wanda ya rene John da ƙanensa Robert a matsayin iyaye ɗaya bayan mutuwar mijinta. Froines sun shiga aikin sojan sama bayan kammala makarantar sakandare. Daga nan ya sami digiri na abokin tarayya a Contra Costa Community College. Ya karanci ilmin sinadarai a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ya kammala karatun digiri na farko a cikin 1963.

Daga baya Froines ya yi karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Yale, inda ya sami Jagoran Kimiyya a 1964 kafin a ba shi Likitan Falsafa bayan shekaru uku. Aikin karatunsa ya yi a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Dr. Kenneth Wiberg, Farfesa Yale Emeritus. Ya ci nasarar haɗin gwiwa bayan kammala karatun digiri daga Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa don yin aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje na masanin kimiyyar da ya ci lambar yabo ta Nobel, Dokta George Porter, a Royal Institution of Great Britain a London daga 1966 zuwa 1968.

## Ƙarfafawa da gwajin makircin Chicago Bakwai
Yayin da yake Yale, Froines ya kasance yana aiki a cikin Ɗalibai don Ƙungiyar Dimokuradiyya (SDS) na shirya aikin a cikin unguwar Hill, kusa da tsakiyar New Haven. Ayyukan tsara al'umma wanda SDS ya yi wahayi, musamman, shugabanta na farko Tom Hayden, 'yancin jama'a da masu fafutukar yaki da talauci ne suka kaddamar da su a garuruwa daban-daban kamar Newark, Boston, Cleveland, Chicago, da Oakland. Kamar yadda ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a a Kudancin Amirka ke shirya don haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a da ikon siyasa ga Baƙar fata Amirkawa, ƙungiyar SDS ta arewa ta tallafa wa ƙungiyoyin jama'a a cikin birane don samun wani iko a kan manufofin da ke shafar rayuwarsu, musamman ma ƙayyadaddun gidaje da rashin isassun shirye-shiryen jin dadin jama'a.

An lura da shi a matsayin memba na Chicago Bakwai, [5] Froines an tuhumi shi tare da wasu bakwai ta Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka a ƙarƙashin Shugaba Nixon a cikin Maris 1969 don halartarsu da jagoranci a cikin abubuwan da suka faru a zanga-zangar zanga-zangar a lokacin Babban Taron Dimokuradiyya na 1968 a Chicago. Laifukan da ake tuhumar su biyun sun yi nuni da “makircin tafiya tsakanin jihohi don tada tarzoma,” da kuma tada tarzoma.

Bayan wani dogon shari'a da ya ja hankalin kafafen yada labaran kasar, an wanke biyu daga cikin wadanda ake tuhumar, Froines da Lee Weiner daga tuhumar da ake musu; sauran an same su da laifi a kan wani laifi. An yi watsi da raina sakamakon binciken kotu, wanda ya hada da wadanda ke adawa da Froines, gaba daya bayan daukaka kara. A cewar Gary Libman a jaridar The Los Angeles Times, "Froines' cin zarafi na kotuna sun kasance masu sassaucin ra'ayi," kuma sun hada da gaya wa alkalai cewa daya daga cikin wadanda ake tuhuma, shugaban Black Panther Bobby Seale, an yanke masa hukumcin shekaru hudu a gidan yari saboda raini yayin da alkalan ke wajen kotun. Seale dai ya yanke shari’ar tasa daga sauran wadanda ake tuhuma bayan da alkalin ya ki amincewa da hakkinsa na samun lauyan da ya zaba, kuma ya sa aka daure shi a cikin harabar kotun a kokarinsa na yi masa shiru. Bayan daukaka kara duk wani hukunci da aka yanke a cikin Kotun Maƙarƙashiyar Chicago ("Chicago Bakwai") an soke shi, tare da raina tuhumar da alkali Julius Hoffman ya yi a kan duk waɗanda ake tuhuma.

Yayin da har yanzu ake jiran a wanke shi a farkon 1970s, Froines ya shiga jami'a a Kwalejin Goddard da ke Vermont, inda ya koyar da ilmin sunadarai.

## Manazarta