Alice Eagly

**Alice H. Eagly** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1938)  ita ce James Padilla Chair of Arts and Sciences Emerita kuma farfesa mai suna emerita na ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Northwestern .  Har ila yau, ita ma aboki ce a Cibiyar Nazarin Manufofin a Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma. Babban binciken da ta mayar da hankali shine ilimin halayyar jama'a, da kuma ilimin halayya na mutum da ilimin halayye na masana'antu. An zabe ta a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa a shekarar 2022.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Eagly a 1938, a Los Angeles, ga Harold da Josara Hendrickson .  Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a Jami'ar Harvard a Harkokin Jama'a a shekarar 1960. Ta sami MA a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam da Ph.D. a fannin halayyar jama'a daga Jami'ar Michigan .  Har ila yau, tana da digiri na girmamawa guda biyu: daga Jami'ar Bern (Bern, Switzerland)  da kuma daga Jami'an Erasmus (Rotterdam, Netherlands). 

A shekara ta 1962, ta auri Robert Eagly, wanda ta sadu da shi yayin da take karatu a Norway. Kodayake biyun ba su shirya juyar da matsayi na zamantakewa ba, wannan ya zama salon rayuwarsu bayan Eagly ta ci gaba da samun nasara a cikin aikinta kuma sun kammala cewa Robert zai zama iyaye a gida. Wannan canjin salon rayuwa ya nuna nazarin rawar zamantakewa wanda Eagly ya shiga sosai.

## Ayyuka
Eagly ta rike mukamai na koyarwa a jami'o'i da yawa ciki har da Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma, Jami'ar Jihar Michigan, Jami'an Massachusetts, da Jami'an Purdue,  da kuma ziyarar mukamai a Jami'ar Illinois, Jami'a Harvard, Jami'in Tübingen, Jami'iyyar Amsterdam, da Jami'ar Kudancin California. Ta rubuta ko kuma ta ba da gudummawa ga littattafai 7 da kuma labarai na mujallu sama da 100.

## Bincike
 

### Ka'idar rawar zamantakewa
Eagly ta haɓaka Ka'idar rawar zamantakewa wanda ke danganta bambance-bambance na jima'i na yanzu ga rarraba aiki tsakanin maza da mata. Yayinda yake gudanar da bincike game da ka'idar Matsayin Jama'a, Eagly memba ne na ƙungiyar lura da ke bincika abubuwan da ke cikin stereotype. Don fara wannan binciken, sun tattara bayanai game da ci gaban ra'ayoyi ta hanyar lura da bincike na farko game da imanin mahalarta. Wadannan imani an kwatanta su da mambobi daban-daban na kungiyoyin zamantakewa.

A cikin wannan ka'idar, Eagly ya kwatanta bambancin jinsi da ra'ayoyi, waɗanda ke da damar haifar da nuna bambanci. Ana samun nuna bambanci lokacin da mutane ke riƙe da ra'ayoyi game da ƙungiyar zamantakewa waɗanda ba su yarda da halayen da ake ɗauka kamar yadda ake buƙata don samun nasara a wasu matsayi na zamantakewa ba. Eagly tana amfani da yawancin bincikenta don nuna cewa nuna bambanci yana faruwa ne lokacin da mutum ya shiga waje da tsarin da aka ba su da aka ba wa ƙungiyarsu. Wannan shine tushen yawancin bincikenta game da nuna bambancin jinsi da ra'ayoyi.

A cewar Eagly, ana yin halin kimantawa, halin mutum, da kuma halin mutum. Bincike ya ƙunshi dukkan fannoni na amsawa a ciki ko waje da kuma amsawa bisa ga abin da aka yi imani da shi ko motsin rai. Wani abu ne na hali duk wani abu ne wanda zai iya haifar da martani a cikin mutum. An kafa dabi'a ta hanyar abubuwan da suka gabata. Kowane mutum yana da nasa halin da ya danganci waɗannan abubuwa uku waɗanda ke da alaƙa da halayen wasu don samar da irin wannan tsarin tunani da ra'ayi.

Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman gudummawar da ta bayar a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam shine ka'idarta game da rawar da ta taka, imanin cewa nuna bambanci yana tasowa lokacin da wani nau'in kungiyoyin zamantakewa ya saba da nasarar da suka samu a wasu Matsayi na zamantakewa, musamman tsakanin maza da mata. Wato, al'umma tana kallon rawar da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa ke takawa don zama na musamman ga wannan rukuni, kuma cewa yin amfani da shi a waje da wannan ba zai iya zama ƙoƙari mai nasara ba, don haka haifar da halin nuna bambanci. Eagly ta binciki wannan ra'ayin a cikin bincikenta don nuna cewa halayen da aka danganta ga ƙungiyar ba lallai bane su zama marasa kyau, amma kawai sun bambanta da abin da ake ɗauka na ƙungiyar.

Wani nau'in da Eagly ya yi amfani da shi wajen karatu shine kyakkyawa ta jiki da matakan jan hankali. Wannan nau'in ya ƙunshi kyawawan jiki, abun ciki na kafofin watsa labarai, da kuma kulawar jama'a da aka ba waɗanda ke da wasu halaye na waje. Saboda gaskiyar cewa an ga al'umma gaba ɗaya ta hanyar karatu a matsayin karɓar mutane masu kyau a jiki, ra'ayin ya kafa cewa suna da halaye da halayen da ke da kyau da kuma fa'ida.

Eagly ta ba da gudummawa ga sanannun karatu da yawa ga ƙungiyar bincike kan bambancin jima'i. Misali, aikinta a fannin son abokin aure ya nuna cewa maza da mata waɗanda ke da ra'ayoyin jinsi na gargajiya sun fi son halayen jinsi a cikin abokin tarayya. Mata da suka fi dacewa da halayen gargajiya suna neman tsofaffin ma'aurata yayin da maza da suka fi gargajiya suka nemi matasan ma'aurita idan aka kwatanta da maza da mata waɗanda suka ba da rahoton ra'ayoyin jinsi na gargajiya. A cikin wani ƙarin binciken, Eagly ya gano cewa za'a iya canza zaɓin abokin tarayya ta hanyar tambayar su su ga kansu a cikin matsayi daban-daban na aure. Lokacin da aka umurce shi da ya yi la'akari da kansa a cikin rawar mai ba da sabis, mahalarta sun ba da fifiko ga ƙwarewar mai kula da gida kuma shekarun da aka fi so ga abokin ya ragu. Ta kuma gano, duk da haka, cewa canza rawar da ake tsammani na aure ba zai iya kawar da bambancin jinsi ba a fifita don samun damar samun dama; mata koyaushe suna neman damar samun dama a cikin aboki idan aka kwatanta da maza.

Sauran binciken da Eagly ta shiga cikin kallon mata masu ilimi sosai da kuma rawar da suke tsammani. Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa wadannan mata suna tsammanin rashin daidaito a fannoni kamar sa'o'in aiki, albashi, aikin gida da kula da yara idan aka kwatanta da yawan aikin da suke sa ran mazajensu su yi. Ci gaba da bincike a cikin wannan binciken ya kuma nuna cewa matan da suka yi tsammanin damar samun aiki mafi girma sun nuna raguwar yawan jinsi, amma kuma sun ji cewa dangantakarsu da iyalansu da jin daɗin motsin rai za su shafi mummunan rauni.

Wannan ka'idar tana jaddada bangaren zamantakewa na bambancin jima'i. Yana aiki ne a kan ra'ayin ƙaddamar da takaddama, wanda shine halin da ake ciki na nuna halin mutum ga ita ko halinsa ko mutuntakarsa da kuma rage girman abin da abubuwan da suka haifar da halin. Eagly ya nuna cewa an tilasta wa maza da mata wasu matsayi a cikin ma'aikata sannan kuma suka ɗauka don nuna halayen halayyar waɗancan matsayi ba tare da banda ba.

Ana iya rarraba mata da maza ta hanyar halaye daban-daban. Wadannan halaye ana rarraba su a matsayin tarayya ko hukuma. Ana gano halaye na al'umma kamar yadda suka damu da wasu, abokantaka, rashin son kai da kuma nuna motsin rai; waɗannan halaye na jama'a galibi suna da alaƙa da mata. Ana gano halaye masu mahimmanci a matsayin masu rinjaye, masu gasa, da kuma tabbatarwa, kuma suna da alaƙa da maza.

### Mata
Dangane da binciken Eagly, tana nufin bambance-bambance da aka samu a cikin jinsi da aka bayyana a matsayin namiji ko mace saboda daidaitattun XX ko XY chromosomes da ke akwai. Lokacin aiki tare da ka'idar mata, Eagly ta gabatar da ka'idodin zamantakewar halittu wanda ke ɗaukar rarraba aiki a matsayin ƙa'idar mahimmanci. Ta kuma yi imanin cewa lokacin da ake la'akari da mata da kimiyya babu ra'ayoyin da suka dace da juna da ke nuna daidaito yayin la'akari le bambancin halittu tsakanin maza da mata. Eagly yana tsaye ne don daidaito da fassarar bayanan kimiyya don a yi amfani da shi yayin yin waɗannan kwatance-kwatance.

Idan ya zo ga jagoranci yayin la'akari da mata, babu maza ko mata da ke da fa'idar gado idan ya zo ga salon ko tasiri. Akwai halaye da yawa da ke da alaƙa da kasancewa shugaba mai kyau wanda za'a iya rarraba shi azaman halaye na mata kamar alheri da damuwa ga wasu. Duk da yake waɗannan halaye na iya bayyana halin mata tare da zurfi, suna iya zama gazawar. Eagly ta bayyana cewa mata dole ne su sami waɗannan halaye masu kulawa yayin da suke shirye su nuna amincewa da tabbatarwa, wanda mutane da yawa suka ga ba su dace ba.

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] *Ilimin halayyar mutum*. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich .
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] (2004). Ilimin zamantakewar jama'a na asalin rukuni da rikice-rikicen zamantakewa: Ka'ida, aikace-aikace, da aiki. Washington, DC: Littattafan APA.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] (2004). *Ilimin halayyar jinsi (2nd ed.) *. New York: Guilford Press.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] *Ta hanyar labyrinth: Gaskiya game da yadda mata ke zama shugabanni*. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da shi. (2019). *Matsayin jinsi a nan gaba? Tushen ka'idoji da hanyoyin bincike na gaba*. Yankin kafofin watsa labarai.

## Daraja da kyaututtuka

* Kyautar Kyautar Kyautattun Kimiyya daga Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halitta ta Amirka 
* Medal na zinariya don Nasarar Rayuwa a Kimiyya ta Kimiyyar Jama'a daga Gidauniyar Kimiyyar Kimiyyu ta Amurka 
* Kyautar Raymond A. Katzell daga Society for Industrial and Organization Psychology 
* 2011 Kyautar Berlin daga Kwalejin Amurka a Berlin 

## Manazarta