Pinus ponderosa

***Pinus ponderosa***, wanda aka fi sani da ponderosa Pine,  **bull pine**, **Blackjack pine**,  **yammacin rawaya-pine**,  ko filipinus pine,  babban nau'in itace ne na bambancin mazaunin da ke cikin yankunan tsaunuka na yammacin Arewacin Amurka. Ita ce mafi yawan nau'ikan pine da aka rarraba a Arewacin Amurka.

*Pinus ponderosa* yana girma a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban daga British Columbia zuwa kudu da gabas ta jihohin yammacin Amurka 16 kuma an gabatar da shi a yankuna masu matsakaici na Turai da New Zealand. An fara rubuta shi a kimiyyar zamani a cikin 1826 a gabashin Washington kusa da Spokane na yanzu (wanda ita ce itacen birni na hukuma).  A wannan lokacin, David Douglas ya yi kuskuren gane shi a matsayin *Pinus resinosa* (ja pine). A cikin 1829, Douglas ya kammala cewa yana da sabon Pine a cikin samfurori kuma ya kirkiro sunan *Pinus ponderosa*  don katako mai nauyi. A cikin 1836, Charles Lawson, mai kula da yara na Scotland ne ya ba shi suna kuma ya bayyana shi. An karbe shi a matsayin itacen hukuma na Montana  a cikin 1949. 

## Bayyanawa

*Pine ponderosa* babban itace ne mai laushi. Yankin yana taimakawa wajen rarrabe shi daga wasu nau'o'in. Mutanen da suka manyanta zuwa manya suna da launin rawaya zuwa orange-ja a cikin farantin da ke da faɗin baki. Ƙananan itatuwa suna da launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa,  wanda ake kira "blackjacks" ta masu katako na farko. ƙananan nau'o'i'ikan Ponderosa pine guda biyar, kamar yadda wasu masu ilimin shuke-shuke suka rarraba, ana iya gano su ta hanyar allurar su mai haske-kore (wanda ya bambanta da allurar shuɗi-kore da ke rarrabe Jeffrey pine). Ƙananan nau'ikan Pacific suna da mafi tsawo - 7 + 3⁄4  - kuma mafi yawan allurai masu sassauƙa a cikin fascicles masu kama da fuka-fuki na uku. Farin Columbia ponderosa yana da tsawo - 4 + 3⁄4-8   - kuma yana da ɗan sauƙi a cikin fascicles na uku. Ƙananan nau'ikan Rocky Mountains suna da gajeren  -   - da kuma ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta da ke girma a cikin scopulate (bushy, tuft-like) fascicles na biyu ko uku. Yankin kudu maso yamma yana da -ignore="true">--ignore="true">4+1⁄2-  , allura mai tsayi a cikin fascicles na uku (a matsakaici - ). Tsakiyar High Plains tana da ƙananan allurai (1.4 a kowace juzu'i, a matsakaici); tsayi, rassan tsaye a kusurwoyi masu tsayi daga kututture; da kuma dogon allurai mai kore - 5 + 3⁄4-7 a (14.8-17.9  - wanda ya fi nisa tare da reshe, yana kama da wutsiya. Needles sun fi faɗi, mafi tsayi, kuma mafi ƙanƙanta (a matsakaici -ignore="true">2+1⁄4-  ) ga jinsin.

Kwayoyin da ke da siffar kwai, waɗanda galibi ana samun su da yawa a ƙarƙashin bishiyoyi, suna da 3-5 in (8-13  tsawo. Suna da launin ruwan kasa lokacin da squirrels suka fara cinye su, amma sun zama launin ruwan kasa da kuma ƙwallo yayin da suka bushe. Kowane sikelin yana da ma'ana mai kaifi.

Tushen ya bambanta akan ƙanshin *P. ponderosa*. Wasu sun bayyana cewa bark yana da ƙanshin turpentine, wanda zai iya nuna rinjaye na terpenes (alpha- da beta-pinenes, da kuma delta-3-carene).  Wasu sun ce ba shi da ƙanshi na musamman, yayin da wasu suka ce ɓawon burodi yana ƙanshin vanilla idan an samo shi daga rami. Tushen sun yarda cewa furen Jeffrey ya fi ƙanshi fiye da furen ponderosa. Lokacin da aka sassaƙa su, ƙwayoyin da ke cike da farar suna fitar da ƙanshin sabo.

### Girma

The National Register of Big Trees ya lissafa wani ponderosa pine wanda ke da tsayi   da    a kewayon. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2011, an auna wani Pine na Pacific ponderosa a cikin Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest a Oregon tare da laser don zama   in (81.79  tsawo. Michael Taylor da Mario Vaden ne suka yi ma'auni, ƙwararren masanin ilimin bishiyoyi daga Oregon. An hau itacen ne a ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 2011, ta hanyar Ascending The Giants (kamfanin hawa bishiyoyi a Portland, Oregon) kuma an auna shi kai tsaye tare da layin tef a  ft  (81.77  tsawo. &nbsp;Ya zuwa shekara ta 2015, an auna samfurin *Pinus lambertiana* a    in (83.45 ,  wanda ya wuce Pine ponderosa wanda a baya aka dauke shi itacen Pine mafi tsayi a duniya.     

## Tarihin lissafi
Binciken gandun daji na zamani ya gano nau'o'i daban-daban guda biyar na *P. ponderosa*, tare da bambancin haruffa da kuma daidaitawa ga yanayin yanayi daban-daban. Hudu daga cikin wadannan an kira su "tseren ƙasa" a cikin wallafe-wallafen gandun daji. Wasu masu ilimin shuke-shuke a tarihi sun bi da wasu kabilu a matsayin jinsuna daban-daban. A cikin amfani da tsire-tsire na zamani, sun fi dacewa da matsayi na nau'ikan jinsuna kuma an buga su a hukumance.
 
### Ƙananan nau'o'i da iri-iri

* *Pinus ponderosa* subsp. *brachyptera* Engelm. - kudancin yammacin ponderosa pine 

:: Yankin sauyawa na kusurwa huɗu, gami da kudancin Colorado, kudancin Utah, arewa da tsakiyar New Mexico da Arizona, yammacin Texas, da kuma yawan jama'a guda ɗaya a arewa maso yammacin Oklahoma panhandle. Gila Wilderness ya ƙunshi ɗayan manyan gandun daji da lafiya a duniya. Hot tare da ruwan sama na bimodal; hunturu mai laushi da lokacin rani sun bambanta da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da faduwa; hunturu masu sauƙi.

* *Pinus ponderosa* subsp. *critchfieldiana* Robert Z. Callaham subsp. Sabuwar - Pine mai laushi na Pacific

:: Yammacin yankunan bakin teku na Jihar Washington; Oregon yammacin Cascade Range ban da yankin Umpqua-Tahoe mai faɗakarwa zuwa kudu; California ban da wannan yankin canji da yankin Transverse-Tehahchapi Mountains Transition a kudancin California da Critchfield ta Kudancin California Race. Lokacin zafi na Bahar Rum, lokacin rani mai bushe a California; hunturu mai laushi tare da dusar ƙanƙara mai nauyi a cikin duwatsu.

* *Pinus ponderosa* var. pacifica J.R. Haller & Vivrette - Pacific ponderosa pine

:: 100-2,700   a kan gangaren bakin teku na manyan tsaunuka a California, da kuma kudu maso yammacin Oregon, Washington.

* *Pinus ponderosa* subsp. ponderosa Douglas tsohon C. Lawson - Columbia ponderosa pine, North plateau ponderosa pine 

:: Kudu maso gabashin British Columbia, gabashin Jihar Washington da Oregon gabashin Cascade Range, 1,200-1,900   a arewa maso gabashin California, arewa maso yammacin Nevada, Idaho da yammacin Helena, Montana, yankin canji. Lokacin sanyi, lokacin rani mai laushi; sanyi sosai, hunturu mai dusar ƙanƙara (sai dai a lokacin zafi da bushe sosai na tsakiyar Oregon, musamman kusa da Bend, wanda kuma yana da sanyi sosai kuma gabaɗaya hunturu bushe).

* *Pinus ponderosa* subsp. Robert Z. Callaham subsp. Novo - tsakiya High Plains ponderosa pine

:: Kudancin Dakota ta Kudu da arewacin Nebraska da gabashin Colorado, amma ba arewa da kudancin High Plains ko Black Hills ba, waɗanda ke cikin P. p. scopulorum. Lokacin zafi, bushe, lokacin rani mai iska sosai; sanyi na nahiyar, hunturu mai laushi.

* *Pinus ponderosa* var. *scopulorum* (Engelm. a cikin S.Watson) E. Murray, Kalmia 12:23, 1982 - Rocky Mountains ponderosa pine 

:: Gabashin Helena, Montana, yankin canji, Arewa da Dakota ta Kudu, amma ba tsakiya ba, Wyoming, Nebraska, arewa da tsakiyar Colorado da Utah, da gabashin Nevada. Lokacin zafi, lokacin rani mai bushewa; sanyi sosai, hunturu mai bushewa.

*  var.   (H. Mason & Stockw.) J.R. Haller & Vivrette - Washoe pine 

:: Mafi yawa a arewa maso gabashin California, da kuma cikin Nevada da Oregon, a 2,000-3,000 m (6,600-9,800 , sama da aka gauraya-conifer zuwa ƙananan wuraren zama na subalpine.

Ana nuna rarraba nau'ikan a Amurka a cikin inuwa a taswirar. Rarraba bishiyar ponderosa daga Critchfield da Little ne. Pine na Arizona mai ma'ana biyar (*Pinus arizonica*) yana da alaƙa da kudu zuwa Mexico.

Before the distinctions between the North Plateau and Pacific races were fully documented, most botanists assumed that ponderosa pines in both areas were the same. In 1948, when a botanist and a geneticist from California found a distinct tree on Mt. Rose in western Nevada with some marked differences from the ponderosa pine they knew in California, they described it as a new species, Washoe pine *Pinus washoensis*. Subsequent research determined this to be one of the southernmost outliers of the typical North Plateau race of ponderosa pine. Its current classification is *Pinus ponderosa* var. *washoensis*.

Wani ƙarin iri-iri, wanda ake kira P. p. var.  , wanda aka samo a cikin Kwarin Willamette a yammacin Oregon, yana da wuya. Wannan mai yiwuwa ne kawai daya daga cikin tsibirai da yawa na Pacific subspecies na ponderosa pine da ke faruwa a cikin Willamette Valley kuma ya kai arewa zuwa kudu maso gabashin Puget Sound a Washington.

### Bambance-bambance na nau'o'i
Ana iya rarrabe nau'ikan *P. ponderosa* ta hanyar ma'auni tare da girma da yawa: : 23-24 : 17

Sunayen taxa da yankuna masu sauyawa suna kan taswirar.An samo lambobi a cikin ginshiƙai daga ma'auni da yawa na samfurori da aka ɗauka daga bishiyoyi 10 (ba sau da yawa ba) a kan adadi daban-daban na yankuna da aka warwatsa.Lambobin a cikin kowane tantanin halitta suna nuna ƙididdigar ma'auni ± kuskuren daidaituwa da yawan mãkirci.

## Rarraba

*Pinus ponderosa* itace mai rinjaye ne a cikin ƙungiyar shuke-shuke ta Kuchler, dajin shrub na ponderosa . Kamar yawancin bishiyoyi na yamma, ponderosa gabaɗaya tana da alaƙa da yanayin tsaunuka. Koyaya, ana samunsa a bakin Kogin Niobrara a Nebraska. Tsayawa da aka warwatsa suna faruwa a cikin Kwarin Willamette na Oregon da kuma a cikin kwararar Okanagan da yankunan Puget Sound na Washington. Tsayawa yana faruwa a ko'ina cikin kwari masu ƙasƙanci a British Columbia har zuwa arewacin Thompson, Fraser da Columbia. A cikin iyakokinta na Arewa, yana girma ne kawai a ƙasa da ƙafa 4,300 (1,300  tsawo, amma ya fi yawa a ƙasa da  . Ponderosa ta rufe kadada miliyan  (4,000 , ko 80%,  na Black Hills na Dakota ta Kudu. Ana samunsa a kan tuddai da tsaunuka na tsakiya na arewa, tsakiya, da kudancin Dutsen Rocky, a cikin Cascade Range, a cikin Sierra Nevada, da kuma a cikin tasirin teku na Coast Range. A , ya fi yawa a kan Mogollon Rim kuma ya warwatse a kan Mogolon Plateau da kuma a kan tsaunuka masu tsayi ( m) a Arizona da New Mexico. Arizona pine (*P. arizonica*), wanda aka samo da farko a cikin duwatsu na kudu maso yammacin New Mexico, kudu maso gabashin Arizona, da arewacin Mexico kuma wani lokacin ana rarraba shi azaman nau'ikan ponderosa pine iri-iri, a halin yanzu an gane shi azaman jinsin daban. Ana kuma samun itacen pine na Ponderosa a cikin tsaunukan Chisos, Davis, da Guadalupe na Texas, a tsaunuka tsakanin  . 

## Muhalli
Tsarin wuta na ponderosa pine shine shekaru 5 zuwa 10, wanda ƙonewar halitta ke haifar da wuta mai ƙarancin ƙarfi. Low, sau ɗaya a cikin shekaru goma gobara an san su da taimaka wa samfurori rayuwa na rabin shekara dubu ko fiye. Itacen yana da kauri mai kauri, kuma buds dinsa suna karewa da allura, yana ba da damar wasu matasa su tsira daga wuta mai rauni. Baya ga daidaitawa da wuraren da suka bushe, wuraren da wuta ta shafa, nau'in sau da yawa yana bayyana a gefen hamada saboda yana da tsayayya da fari, wani bangare saboda ikon rufe ƙuƙwalwar ganye. Hakanan yana iya jawo wasu ruwansa daga ƙasa mai yashi. Duk da kasancewa a yadu a Yammacin Amurka, ba ya haƙuri da inuwa.

*Pinus ponderosa* needles ne kawai sanannen abinci na caterpillars na Gelachiid asu *Chionodes retiniella* .  Blue stain fungus, *Grosmannia clavigera*, an gabatar da shi a cikin sapwood na *P. ponderosa* daga tashoshin dukkan nau'o'in jinsin *Dendroctonus* (mountain pine beetle), wanda ya haifar da lalacewa mai yawa. Ana iya samun furen Yamma da sauran kwari suna cinye bark. Squirrels, chipmunks, quail, grouse, da Clark's nutcracker suna cinye tsaba, yayin da mule deer ke bincika shuke-shuke. Baƙar fata na Amurka na iya hawa har zuwa ƙafa 12 har zuwa ponderosa.

Dabbobi daban-daban suna da gida a cikin bishiyoyin ponderosa, kamar su Pilared woodpecker . 

### Cututtuka
*Pinus ponderosa* ya shafi *Armillaria*, *Phaeolus schweinitzii*, *Fomes pini*, Atropellis canker, dwarf mistletoe, *[[Polyporus anceps]]*, *[[Verticicladiella]]*, *Elytroderma* needle cast, da kuma yammacin gall rust.

### A matsayin nau'in da ke mamayewa
An sanya *Pinus ponderosa* a matsayin "fur na daji" kuma yana yaduwa a matsayin nau'in mamayewa a duk faɗin ƙasar New Zealand, inda yake fara karɓar iko, yana sa nau'ikan tsire-tsire na asali ba za su iya girma a waɗancan wurare ba. An kuma dauke shi "albasa" a wasu sassan Ostiraliya.

## Amfani da shi
'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka sun cinye tsaba da ƙanƙara na ciki. Sun cinye busassun filin, wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman mafita. Sun yi amfani da gaɓoɓin da rassan a matsayin itace da kayan gini, kuma an sassaƙa bututun cikin jirgin ruwa. An sanya allurai da tushen a cikin kwando. An kuma tafasa allurar a cikin mafita don magance tari da zazzabi.

A cikin ƙarni na 19 da 20, mazauna sun yi amfani da itatuwan tsofaffi a matsayin katako, gami da hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa. Ƙananan itatuwa ba su da inganci ga katako saboda halin warp.

### Shuka

An shuka su azaman Bonsai, ana amfani da ponderosas saboda tsananin su, gogewa, goge gogewa mai laushi, gaɓoɓin da ke da sassauci, da kuma mummunan itace. Ana iya zana samfurori da aka tattara ta hanyar mahallinsu, wanda ke haifar da kyawawan kututture, gaɓoɓin da kuma katako. A cikin duwatsu ana iya samun su suna girma a cikin aljihu a cikin dutse, suna hana ci gaban su. Babban ƙalubale ga wannan nau'in a cikin noman bonsai shine tsawon allurar sa, wanda ke ɗaukar shekaru na horo da kulawa don ragewa.

This species is grown as an ornamental plant in parks and large gardens.

### A gwajin nukiliya
A lokacin Operation Upshot-Knothole a shekara ta 1953, an yi gwajin nukiliya inda Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka ta Amurka ta yanke bishiyoyi 145 kuma ta kai su Yankin 5 na Gidan gwajin Nevada, inda aka dasa su a ƙasa kuma aka fallasa su ga fashewar nukiliya don ganin abin da fashewar za ta yi wa gandun daji. An ƙone wasu bishiyoyi kuma an hura su.

## Al'adu

## Dubi kuma

* Kudancin rawaya pine

## manazarta

## Bayanan gaba ɗaya

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## Haɗin waje

* USDA Shuke-shuke Bayanan martaba don ''Pinus'' ponderosa (ponderosa pine) 
* Gidan yanar gizon Gymnosperm: ''Pinus ponderosa''
* Calflora Database: ''Pinus ponderosa'' (ponderosa pine, yammacin rawaya pine)
* Jepson Manual eFlora (TJM2) magani na ''Pinus ponderosa''
* Pinus ponderosaa cikinCalPhotosBayanan hoto,Jami'ar California, Berkeley