Mara Beller

**Mara Beller** (Hebrew: מרה בלר; an haife ta Mara Baruch; ranar 14 ga Agusta, 1945 – ranar 30 ga Oktoba, 2004) ita ce mai tarihi da falsafar kimiyya ta Yahudawa, wadda ta fi shahara saboda bincikenta kan tarihi da falsafar kimiyyar quantum mechanics. Ta ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga fahimtar ci gaban quantum mechanics, musamman yadda ta bayyana tsarin kimiyya a matsayin sakamakon tattaunawa, rashin yarda, da kuma rashin tabbas, tare da sukar yadda Niels Bohr ya yi amfani da iko don mamaye tattaunawar kimiyya. Ta kuma rubuta wasan kwaikwayo game da soyayyar kirkira tsakanin Marina Tsvetaeva da Albert Einstein, wanda aka yi shi a Jami'ar Hebrew a 2005 bayan mutuwarta.

## Rayuwar farko
Mara Beller an haife ta a ranar 14 ga Agusta, 1945, a Tarayyar Soviet, a matsayin Mara Baruch. Ta ƙaura zuwa Isra'ila yana da shekaru 19 a 1964, inda ta girma a cikin yanayi mai goyon bayan ilimi da al'adu. Sha'awarta ga kimiyya da tarihi ta samo asali daga ƙuruciyarta, wanda ya haifar da zaɓinta na fannin tarihi da falsafar kimiyya.

## Ilimi
Beller ta sami digiri na M.Sc. a tarihi da falsafar kimiyya daga Jami'ar Hebrew a Urushalima a 1976. Ta ci gaba da karatunta a Amurka, inda ta sami digiri na PhD a tarihi daga Jami'ar Maryland a 1983, tare da lissafin ta mai suna "The Genesis and Interpretation of Quantum Physics, 1925-1927". A lokacin karatunta, ta mai da hankali kan yadda kimiyyar quantum mechanics ta ci gaba, tare da nazarin tattaunawar kimiyya tsakanin masana kimiyya kamar Niels Bohr, Albert Einstein, da Werner Heisenberg.

## Ayyuka
Mara Beller ta zama farfesa a Jami'ar Hebrew a Urushalima, inda ta kasance Barbara Druss Dibner Professor na Tarihi da Falsafar Kimiyya. Bincikenta ya ji daɗin fahimtar yadda quantum mechanics ya samo asali, musamman yadda ta bayyana tsarin kimiyya a matsayin sakamakon tattaunawa da rashin yarda fiye da yadda aka yi amfani da iko don mamaye ra'ayoyi. Ta sukar yadda mazhabar Copenhagen ta Niels Bohr ta yi amfani da "monological narrative" don kashe ra'ayoyi na daban, tare da nuna yadda kimiyya ta dogara da tattaunawa tsakanin masana.

Ta kuma shiga cikin batun Sokal affair, inda ta rubuta labari game da "Sokal Hoax" a mujallar Physics Today, tare da sukar yadda aka yi amfani da kimiyya don manufofin siyasa da al'adu. A cikin littafinta *Quantum Dialogue: The Making of a Revolution*, Beller ta bayyana yadda rashin yarda tsakanin masana kimiyya ya haifar da ka’idodin quantum, tare da nuna yadda Bohr ya yi amfani da ikon sa don mamaye tattaunawar.

Ta kuma rubuta wasan kwaikwayo mai suna game da soyayyar kirkira tsakanin yar adabi Marina Tsvetaeva da Albert Einstein, wanda aka yi shi a Jami'ar Hebrew a 2005 bayan mutuwarta, yana nuna sha'awarta ga haɗa adabi da kimiyya. Ta ba da gudummawa ga mujallu kamar Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, Foundations of Physics, da Osiris, inda ta rubuta labarai game da batutuwa kamar complementarity na Bohr, probabilistic interpretation na Born, da kuma conceptual history na quantum mechanics.

Beller ta shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin tarihi na kimiyya da falsafa, inda ta gabatar da laccoci a tarurruka na duniya game da tarihi na kimiyya da tasirinsa a zamani. Ayyukanta sun taimaka wajen sake nazarin tarihi na quantum mechanics, tare da nuna mahimmancin tattaunawa da al'adu a ci gaban kimiyya.

## Ayyukanta
* *The Genesis of Interpretations of Quantum Physics: 1925-1927* (1998)
* *Quantum Dialogue: The Making of a Revolution* (1999)
* *Einstein in Context: A Special Issue of Science in Context* (1993, editan)
* "The Sokal Hoax: At Whom Are We Laughing?" (1998)
* "Born's probabilistic interpretation: A case study of 'concepts in flux'" (1990)
* "The Word with a Loophole and the Word with a Sideward Glance: Dialogical Approach in Science and Literature" (2003)
* "Jocular Commemorations: The Copenhagen Spirit" (1999)
* "The Birth of Bohr's Complementarity: The Context and the Dialogues" (1992)
* "The Conceptual and the Anecdotal History of Quantum Mechanics" (1996)

## Kyaututtuka
* Zeitlin-Ver Brugge Prize (1986) don labarinta "Matrix Theory before Schrödinger"
* Morris D. Forkosch Prize (1999) don littafinta *Quantum Dialogue: The Making of a Revolution*

## Rayuwar sirri
Mara Beller ta ƙaura daga Tarayyar Soviet zuwa Isra'ila a 1964, inda ta zauna har mutuwarta. Ta kasance mai sha'awar adabi, wanda ya bayyana a cikin rubutunta da ke haɗa kimiyya da adabi, kamar wasan kwaikwayonta game da Tsvetaeva da Einstein.

## Manazarta

## Ƙarin karatu
* Buchwald, D. K. (2007). "In Memory of Mara Beller (1945–2004)". *Iyyun: The Jerusalem Philosophical Quarterly*. 56: 5–8. .
* Beller, Mara (1996). "The Conceptual and the Anecdotal History of Quantum Mechanics". *Foundations of Physics*. 26 (4): 545–557. .