Jarabawar maƙaryaci a farkon zamani na Scotland

A farkon Scotland na zamani, a tsakanin farkon karni na 16 da tsakiyar karni na 18, shari'ar shari'a da ta shafi laifukan maita (Scottish Gaelic: buidseachd) ta faru ne a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin gwaje-gwajen maita a farkon zamani na Turai. A cikin Late Middle Ages, akwai wasu gurfanar da aka yi ta hanyar maita, amma wucewar Dokar Maƙaryaci ta 1563 ta sanya maita, ko tuntuɓar maƙaryaci, manyan laifuka. Babban batun farko na gwaji a karkashin sabon aikin shine Gwajin maƙaryaci na Arewacin Berwick, wanda ya fara a shekara ta 1590, inda Sarki James VI ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin "wanda aka azabtar" da mai bincike. Ya zama mai sha'awar maita kuma ya buga kariya ga farautar maita a cikin *Daemonology* a cikin 1597, amma ya bayyana ya zama mai shakka kuma a ƙarshe ya ɗauki matakai don iyakance gurfanar.

An kiyasta mutane 4,000 zuwa 6,000, galibi daga Lowlands na Scotland, an gwada su don maita a wannan lokacin, mafi girma fiye da makwabciyar Ingila. Akwai manyan jerin gwaje-gwaje guda biyar a cikin 1590-91, 1597, 1628-31, 1649-50 da 1661-62. Kashi saba'in da biyar na wadanda ake tuhuma mata ne. Kimanin zamani ya nuna cewa an kashe mutane sama da 1,500; an maƙure mafi yawansu sannan aka ƙone su. Yin farauta ya ragu a ƙarƙashin mulkin Ingila bayan yaƙe-yaƙe na basasa a lokacin Commonwealth wanda Oliver Cromwell ya jagoranta a cikin 1650s, amma ya dawo bayan Maidowa a cikin 1660, ya haifar da ƙararrawa kuma ya haifar da Majalisar Privy ta Scotland da ke iyakance kamawa, gurfanar da azabtarwa. Har ila yau, akwai karuwar shakku a ƙarshen karni na goma sha bakwai, yayin da wasu abubuwan da zasu iya ba da gudummawa ga gwaje-gwaje, kamar matsalar tattalin arziki, sun ragu. Kodayake akwai barkewar farautar maƙaryaci a wasu lokuta, hukuncin kisa na ƙarshe da aka rubuta a cikin 1706 kuma shari'ar ƙarshe a cikin 1727. Majalisar dokokin Scotland da Ingila sun haɗu a cikin 1707, kuma majalisar dokokin Burtaniya ta soke dokar 1563 a cikin 1736.

An ba da shawarar dalilai da yawa don farauta, gami da matsalar tattalin arziki, canza halayen ga mata, tasowa na "jiha mai tsarki",  tsarin shari'ar Scotland, yaduwar amfani da azabtar da shari'a, rawar da kirk na gida, adalci mai rarraba da kuma yaduwar ra'ayin Yarjejeniyar shaidan. Yaduwar wasu bayanai game da farautar maƙaryaci ya haifar da wasu masana tarihi don gabatar da manufar "yanayin da ke da alaƙa", maimakon wani muhimmin dalili.

## Asalin

### Asalin Shari'a

Ga ƙarshen Scotland na zamani akwai shaidar hukunta mutane a wasu lokuta don haifar da lahani ta hanyar maita. Babban shari'o'in siyasa sun haɗa da matakin da aka yi wa John Stewart, Earl of Mar saboda zargin yin amfani da maita a kan ɗan'uwansa Sarki James III a cikin 1479. Shaidar waɗannan shari'o'in siyasa sun nuna cewa suna zama da wuya a farkon rabin karni na sha shida duk da haka. Shahararren imani game da sihiri ya yadu a Zamanin Tsakiya, amma masu ilimin tauhidi sun kasance masu shakku gabaɗaya, kuma lauyoyi suna sha'awar gurfanar da shari'o'in da aka gani daga sihiri a bayyane. An tsare mata uku daga Edinburgh da Dunfermline da ake zargi da maita a St Andrews Castle kuma an kashe su ta hanyar konewa a ranar 10 ga Oktoba 1542. An zarge su da duba da mugunta, ta amfani da sihiri mai cutarwa.

Daga ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha shida halayen sun fara canzawa, kuma ana ganin maƙaryaci suna samun iko daga shaidan, tare da sakamakon cewa ana ganin maita a matsayin nau'in ridda. Wadannan ra'ayoyin sun yarda da Katolika da Furotesta a karni na sha shida. Bayan sasantawar gyare-gyare na farko na 1560, Majalisar ta zartar da Dokar Maƙaryaci ta 1563, ɗaya daga cikin jerin dokoki da ke tallafawa dokokin Littafi Mai-Tsarki  kuma kama da wanda ya zartar a Ingila shekara guda da ta gabata, wanda ya sanya aikin maita kanta, da kuma tuntuɓar mayu, manyan laifuka. 

Binciken maƙaryaci na farko a ƙarƙashin aikin ya kasance a gabashin ƙasar a cikin 1568-69 a Angus da Mearns,  inda aka yi ƙoƙari mara nasara don gabatar da abubuwa na Yarjejeniyar shaidan kuma farautar ta rushe.  Argyll" id="mwbg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Colin Campbell, 6th Earl of Argyll">Earl na Argyll ya ci gaba a Lorne, Argyll, da Cowal a watan Yulin 1574 yana gudanar da kotuna da kuma kashe maza da mata da aka yanke musu hukunci na "maƙaryaci na yau da kullun".

### Matsayin James VI
Ziyarar James VI zuwa Denmark a shekara ta 1589, inda farautar mayu ta riga ta zama ruwan dare, na iya karfafa sha'awar nazarin maita, kuma ya zo ya ga guguwar da ya haɗu da ita a tafiyarsa sakamakon sihiri. Bayan ya dawo Scotland, ya halarci Gwajin maƙaryaci na Arewacin Berwick, babban tsanantawa na farko na maƙaryaciya a Scotland a karkashin Dokar 1563 kuma na farko da aka sani don samun nasarar shiga yarjejeniyar shaidan. Mutane da yawa, musamman Agnes Sampson da malamin makaranta John Fian, an same su da laifin yin amfani da maita don aika guguwa a kan jirgin James. James ya damu da barazanar da maƙaryaci suka kawo. Daga baya ya yi imanin cewa dan uwansa, mai daraja Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell, maƙaryaci ne, kuma bayan da ya gudu saboda tsoron rayuwarsa, an haramta shi a matsayin mai cin amana. Stewart ya kasance abokin hamayya na James saboda akwai rikice-rikice da yawa game da halattacciyar kursiyin Scotland da Ingila, musamman bayan kisan Maryamu, Sarauniya ta Scots (mahaifiyar James da kawun Stewart), wanda ya sa James ya hukunta Stewart saboda makirci da yawa a kansa. Daga baya sarki ya kafa kwamitocin sarauta don farautar mayu a cikin mulkinsa, yana ba da shawarar azabtarwa wajen magance wadanda ake zargi. An san James da kansa ya kula da azabtar da mata da ake zargi da zama maƙaryaci. An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar sa hannu, a cikin 1597 ya rubuta *Daemonology*, wata takarda da ke adawa da aikin maita kuma wanda ya ba da kayan baya ga Shakespeare's Tragedy of Macbeth, wanda ya ƙunshi mai yiwuwa sanannen kwatancin wallafe-wallafen Scotland.

James ya shigo da bayanin nahiyar game da maita. A ra'ayin Thomas Lolis, burin James I shine ya karkatar da tuhuma daga mazajen maza tsakanin fitattun mutane, da kuma mayar da hankali ga tsoro ga al'ummomin mata da manyan tarurruka na mata. Ya yi tunanin sun yi barazanar ikonsa na siyasa don haka ya kafa harsashin maita da manufofin sihiri, musamman a Scotland. Ma'anar ita ce cewa yaduwar imani da makircin mayu da Asabar mayu tare da shaidan sun hana mata tasirin siyasa. Ikon sihiri ya kasance ana zaton dabi'ar mace ce saboda mata sun fi rauni kuma sun fi saukin kamuwa da shaidan. Koyaya, bayan da aka buga Daemonology ra'ayinsa ya zama mafi shakku, kuma a cikin wannan shekarar ya soke kwamitocin da ke tsaye kan maita, yana iyakance gurfanar da kotuna ta tsakiya.￼

## Yanayin gwaje-gwaje
Kodayake Scotland tana da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na yawan mutanen Ingila, tana da sau uku na yawan tuhumar maita, a kimanin 4,000 zuwa 6,000 a duk lokacin. Wannan ya kasance kusan sau hudu na matsakaicin Turai. Mafi rinjaye sun kasance a cikin Lowlands,  inda Kirk ke da iko, duk da shaidar cewa imani na sihiri na asali ya yadu sosai a cikin Highlands.  Tsanantawar maita a Orkney ya bambanta da ƙasar tare da yawancin gwaji da ke faruwa kafin shekara ta 1650.  Babban jerin gwaje-gwaje sun haɗa da waɗanda ke cikin 1590-91 da Babban Hunt na Scotland na 1597, wanda ya faru a duk faɗin Scotland daga Maris zuwa Oktoba. Akalla mutane 400 ne aka gurfanar da su a gaban shari'a saboda nau'o'in diabolism. Ba a san adadin wadanda aka kashe a sakamakon wadannan gwaje-gwaje ba, amma an yi imanin sun kai kimanin 200. Daga baya manyan gwaje-gwaje sun haɗa da farauta a cikin 1628-31 da 1649-50. Wataƙila mafi tsananin farautar maƙaryaci ya kasance a cikin 1661-62, wanda ya haɗa da wasu maƙaryaciya 664 da ake kira a cikin yankuna huɗu.

Yawancin wadanda ake tuhuma, kimanin kashi 75%, mata ne, kodayake an kashe wasu maza a matsayin mayu ko kuma a matsayin warlocks. Kimanin zamani ya nuna cewa an kashe mutane sama da 1,500. Yawancin waɗannan tsofaffin mata ne, tare da wasu samari mata da maza da ake zargi saboda suna da alaƙa da maƙaryaci da ake zarge-zarge, yawanci a matsayin 'ya'ya mata da maza. An zargi wasu maza da cewa su masu warkarwa ne wadanda aka ji sun yi amfani da ikonsu ba daidai ba, kodayake ba a yi niyya da masu warkar da mutane a matsayin rukuni ba. Yawancin su ba masu yawo ba ne ko masu bara, amma sun zauna a cikin al'ummominsu. Yawancin sun gina suna don maita tsawon shekaru, wanda ya haifar da gurfanar da shi lokacin da "wanda aka azabtar" ya sha wahala, musamman bayan an ba da la'ana. Amfani da la'ana ta wasu mata a matsayin hanyar samun ikon zamantakewa na iya sa wannan tsari ya fi dacewa ya faru.

## Manazarta