Marie Baude

**Marie Baude** (a shekara ta 1703-?) 'yar ƙasar Senegambiya ce wadda ta auri Jean Pinet wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Duk da cewa babu wata hujja mai mahimmanci game da rayuwarta, labarin Baude ya ƙunshi rikitattun abubuwan da suka faru na zamanin cinikin bayi na transatlantic, daga hawanta a matsayin *alamar alama*, mai tasiri a cikin cinikin, zuwa abubuwan da suka shafi shari'ar mijinta da korar ta.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Marie Baude a cikin kimanin 1703  (1701 bisa ga shaidarta  ) a Joal, wani birni a yammacin gabar tekun Senegal. Ba a san mahaifiyarta ba kuma mahaifinta Bafaranshe ne wanda aka fi sani da 'Sieur Baude'. Takardu daga lokacin rayuwarta suna kiranta da ' mulaktresse '.  Ta auri Jean Pinet a shekara ta 1721, a cikin auren da mahaifinta ya shirya. Sun ƙaura zuwa *comptoirs* na Faransa, a kan Gorée, tsibiri a bakin teku.  Pinet shine kawai maƙerin bindiga a tsibirin wanda ke kaiwa ga arziki cikin sauri. Tare, sun mallaki bayi kuma sun yi rayuwa mai daɗi. Baude ya kasance *mai nuna alama* yana aiki tare da Faransanci a cikin cinikin bayi. 

### Kasuwancin bayi na Trans-Atlantic
Baude ya girma ne a lokacin girman cinikin bayi na transatlantic, wanda shine tsarin kasuwanci na uku tsakanin Turai, gabar yammacin Afirka, da Amurka. Hanya ta tsakiya ita ce musayar kayan Turai ga mutanen Afirka. Ƙungiyoyin Turai sun kafa wuraren kasuwanci, da ake kira *comptoirs*, a yammacin gabar tekun Afirka kuma sun sayar da zinariya, yadudduka, da makamai tare da masarautun Afirka a matsayin bayi. Hasashen kididdiga ya tabbatar da cewa an kwashe kusan mutane miliyan 13 aka sayar da su cikin bauta tsakanin 1501 zuwa 1866. Fiye da mutane miliyan 2 ne suka mutu yayin tafiya.  A cikin 1730s, Birtaniya sun kawo fiye da mutane dubu uku a kowace shekara daga Afirka zuwa Arewacin Amirka. 

### Alamomi
An dauke Baude a matsayin alama . Alamun sun kasance matan da suka auri mazan Turawa, wanda ya ba su matsayi fiye da waɗanda aka bautar. An zalunce matan Afirka ta musamman ta cinikin bayi na ƙetaren Atlantika—duk da haka, wasu sun yi amfani da fari da gata mai daraja don riƙe matsayi na sa hannu. Wannan matakin bai canza gaskiyar cewa har yanzu suna ƙarƙashin umarnin mazajensu ba. Alamu sun zama aji tsakanin bayi da bayi. Sassaukan al'adunsu ya ba su damar yin tafiya tsakanin hukumomin Turai da Afirka tare da tasiri. 

## Kisan Jean Pinet da shari'a
A watan Yuni na 1724, wasu ma'aikatan kamfanin Faransa da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa sun sha a gidan Pinet a Saint-Louis cikin dare. Bisa ga shaidar, Ya fara sauƙi da nishaɗi tare da yin wasanni. Hasalima daga ƙarshe ya fusata kuma tattaunawar ta yi zafi, yayin da LeGrain ya yi wani kalami na lalata da Jean Pinet cewa zai yi wa Marie da surukarsa fyade. Wannan ya haifar da yakin LeGrain da Pinet. A ƙarshe Pinet ya sami nasara kuma ya fara harba LeGrain kafin ya yi amfani da takobin da ke kwance a cikin ƙirƙira ya kashe LeGrain. A cewar sanarwar daga karar, Pinet ya bar shi ya mutu a bakin kofa yayin da ya tafi ya ci gaba da jam’iyyar a wani wuri. 

Jean Pinet, mijin Baude, ya shiga shari'a don kashe Pierre LeGrain kwana daya bayan haka. Ta tsaya a gaban magatakardar kotu, tsohon kuma na yanzu Kamfanin daraktocin Indies, da gwamnan Fort Saint-Louis du Sénégal. Baude ta ce ta kwanta kafin abin ya faru kuma ta yi barci ta hanyar kisan kai. Ba ta bayar da cikakken bayani game da lokacin da abubuwan suka faru da kuma yanayin tashin hankalin da ya faru ba. Ta yi ikirarin cewa ba ta san cewa mijinta ya kashe kowa ko wani abu ba game da raunin da ya samu. Ta ji zagi amma ta ce maganganun ba wani abu bane. Ta ci gaba da tabbatar da waɗannan ikirari a cikin tambayoyin. Ta kare mijinta ta hanyar ba shi laifi a cikin lamarin. 

Duk da wannan kariyar, Jean Pinet an yanke masa hukuncin kisa kuma Kamfanin Indies ya tura shi zuwa Nantes, Faransa inda aka daure shi. 

### Korar Pinet zuwa Louisiana
A cikin 1726, Kamfanin Indies ya sake korar Pinet.  A wannan lokacin, an aika shi daga Nantes zuwa Louisiana (sa'an nan Faransanci) don yin aiki a matsayin mai harbi. Bayan shekaru biyu, Baude zai biyo baya. Ta shiga jirgin *La Galathée* a 1728 a matsayin mace mai 'yanci da uku daga cikin bayinta.  Bayan isowarta, Baude ya sa jami'an Kamfanin Indies a New Orleans suka kwace bayin da ke tare da ita. Dalili kuwa shi ne, ba ta biya kudin shigo da kaya ba.  Wataƙila ta kasance macen Afirka da ke da dukiya, haɗin kai, da martaba a Senegambia, amma ta rasa sunanta da bayinta lokacin da ta ƙaura zuwa Louisiana. A cikin bayanan, an gano ta kawai a matsayin *la femme Pinet*, ko matar Pinet. 

## Rayuwa a New Orleans
Duk da yake babu ɗan ƙaramin rikodin rayuwar Baude da zarar ta isa New Orleans, sanya rayuwarta cikin yanayin tarihi yana ba da ra'ayi game da yadda zai kasance. Duk da cewa ba a bautar da kanta ba, fiye da rabin bayin da Faransawa suka kawo su Louisiana sun samo asali ne daga Senegambia. An kwatanta Senegambia a matsayin 'al'adu masu kama da juna da kuma salon tarihi na gama gari.'  Kaura daga gida da kuma asalinsa ba tare da wata hanyar dawo da shi ba kamar dai ba zai fi muni ba a cikin dogon lokaci.  A cikin 1732, bayi sun kai kusan kashi 29% na yawan jama'ar New Orleans. A wannan lokaci, ƙananan hukumomi sun gabatar da mulkin mallaka a matsayin al'ummar bayi. 

### Code Noir
Baude, da kuma dubban ɗaruruwan matan Afirka da ke zaune tare da Tekun Fasha a farkon ƙarni na 18, sun rayu ta hanyar rashin albarkatu, keɓewa, da sha'awar rayuwa a cikin yanayi mara kyau. An ci gaba da aiwatar da wannan ta hanyar doka daga 1685 ta Sarki Louis XIV wanda aka sani da *Code Noir* . Wannan ya ayyana yanayin bauta a cikin yankunan Faransa.  Daga cikin wadannan dokokin, an ci tarar mutum 300 ga mai wata baiwar da ta haihu da ‘ya’yan jinsin jinsi guda, da kuma uba idan ba shi ne mai shi ba. An kai matar da yaronta asibiti don haihu, kuma ba a sake su ba.  Wata doka kuma ita ce haraji da aka sanya wa masu 'yanci masu launin fata waɗanda ke ɓoye bayi da suka gudu. A Louisiana, waɗanda suka yi gudun hijirar bayi kuma waɗanda ba su iya biyan harajin da aka ce an sayar da su don ribar mulkin mallaka kuma an sake mayar da su bayi. 

### 'Mulatto'
Ana kiran Marie Baude a matsayin 'mulâtresse' a cikin bayanan mulkin mallaka.  Kalmar, wacce aka fi sani da 'mulatto' ( *wulakanci* ), ana amfani da ita don kwatanta wanda aka haifa ga iyaye masu gauraya. Musamman ma, wata kalma ce da ake amfani da ita don bata ‘ya’yan bayi da masu su mutunci. Matan 'Mulatto' za su daidaita layin tsakanin bautar da kai da kuma samun tasiri.  Matan 'Mulatto' waɗanda suke aiki a gidajen mazajensu suna da ayyuka na sirri. Duk da haka, amfani da kalmar, 'mulatto', ya faɗaɗa girman rarrabuwa tsakanin turawan mulkin mallaka da waɗanda ba fararen fata ba.

## Mutuwa da gado
Babu wani rikodin lokacin Baude a New Orleans ko rayuwarta gaba daga shekarun 1730.  A cewar Jessica Marie Johnson, lokaci na ƙarshe da ta bayyana a cikin kowane rikodin tarihin shine a cikin ƙidayar 1731. Wannan ƙidayar ta nuna cewa tana zaune tare da mijinta, mutane biyar da suka zama bayi a Afirka, da kuma wata farar fata bawa a New Orleans.  Godiya ga babban bincike da littafin Johnson, " *Muguwar Nama: Mata Baƙaƙe, Ƙaunar Ƙawancewa, da 'Yanci a Duniyar Atlantika* ." An kawo Marie Baude zuwa hankalin malamai kuma ana ci gaba da bincike don haɗa rayuwarta.

## Nassoshi