Biyan bashin ƙasar Najeriya

Kudin kasa na Najeriya ko kuma kawai bashin kasa na Nigeria shine jimlar kuɗin da Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya ke bin masu bashi, na cikin gida da na waje. Bashin kasa ya kunshi manyan abubuwa guda biyu: bashin da jama'a ke riƙewa da bashin da asusun gwamnati ke riƙewa. Bishirin da jama'a ke riƙewa ya haɗa da kadarorin Baitulmalin da masu saka hannun jari ke riƙewa a waje da gwamnatin tarayya, kamar mutane, kamfanoni, Babban Bankin Najeriya, da gwamnatocin kasashen waje, jihohi da kananan hukumomi. Kudin da asusun gwamnati ke riƙewa ya haɗa da kadarorin Baitulmalin da ba za a iya tallatawa ba a cikin asusun shirye-shiryen da gwamnatin tarayya ke gudanarwa, kamar Asusun Amincewa na Inshora na Najeriya. Ana auna bashin ƙasa a matsayin darajar fuska na tsaron ajiyar kuɗi a wani lokaci.

Kudin kasa na Najeriya yana ƙarƙashin iyakar doka, wanda aka sani da Rufin bashin, wanda Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya ta ƙayyade. Rufin bashin shine matsakaicin adadin bashin da gwamnatin tarayya za ta iya samu. Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2023, an saita rufin bashin a kashi 40% na GDP.

Kudin kasa na Najeriya ya karu a tsawon lokaci saboda dalilai daban-daban, kamar kashe kudade na gwamnati, kudaden shiga, ci gaban tattalin arziki, hauhawar farashi, musayar kudi, da kudaden shiga. Ana amfani da rabo na bashin zuwa babban samfurin cikin gida (GDP) sau da yawa a matsayin mai nuna alamar dorewa da biyan bashin ƙasa. Rashin bashin zuwa GDP na Najeriya ya canza a cikin shekaru, ya kai kashi 75% a cikin 1991, biyo bayan Shirin Gyara Tsarin Najeriya, da kuma raguwar kashi 7.3% a cikin 2008, bayan sauya bashin Paris Club. Ya zuwa Nuwamba 2023, rabo na bashin zuwa GDP na Najeriya ya kasance 38.79%, wanda ya kasance ƙasa da matsakaicin 56.3% na Afirka ta Kudu.  

Kudin kasa na Najeriya yana da tasiri ga ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa na kasar, da kuma alakar da take da ita da wasu kasashe da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa. Gudanar da bashin kasa shine alhakin Ofishin Gudanar da Biyan (DMO), wanda aka kafa a cikin 2000 a matsayin hukuma mai cin gashin kanta a ƙarƙashin kulawar Ma'aikatar Kudi. Manufar DMO ita ce daidaita ayyukan bashi na gwamnati, ba da shawara kan manufofin bashi da dabarun, kula da amintaccen bayanan bashin ƙasa, da inganta ci gaban kasuwar bashin cikin gida.

## Tarihi

### Kafin samun 'yancin kai
Tarihin Najeriya na bashin jama'a ya samo asali ne daga zamanin mulkin mallaka, lokacin da kasar ke ƙarƙashin mulkin Burtaniya. Misali na farko da aka rubuta na rance na jama'a ta Najeriya ya kasance a cikin 1923-1924. Wannan tsari na kudi ya kai kimanin fam miliyan 5.7, yana ɗauke da riba ta shekara-shekara ta 2.5 bisa dari, kuma an tsara shi don biyan kuɗi a cikin shekaru 20.

A cikin 1927, Ma'aikatar Kare Najeriya ta ba da wani rancen fam miliyan 1 daga Bankin Ingila, a wannan lokacin don tallafawa gina hanyar jirgin kasa ta Legas-Port Harcourt. Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta tabbatar da rancen, kuma an biya shi a shekarar 1938.

Ci gaba zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1930, Najeriya ta sami ƙarin rancen fam miliyan 4.89 a ƙarshen 1936, wanda ya haifar da yawan bashin jama'a na ƙasar ya kai kusan fam miliyan 9.89. Daga baya, daga 1946 zuwa 1948, Najeriya ta sami ƙarin fam miliyan 5.74, ta kara daɗa jimlar bashin ƙasar zuwa fam miliyan 21.24 a ƙarshen shekara ta 1952.

A shekara ta 1958, Ma'aikatar Kare Najeriya ta ba da rancen fam miliyan 28 daga Bankin Duniya don sake ginawa da ci gaba (IBRD), wanda aka fi sani da Bankin Duniya. Kudin shine rancen farko na Bankin Duniya ga Najeriya, kuma an yi amfani da shi don tallafawa fadada madatsar ruwan Kainji da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ughelli. An biya rancen a shekarar 1978.

Yayin da mulkin mallaka ya zo kusa, jimlar bashin Najeriya ya tsaya kusan fam miliyan 17. Bayan samun 'yancin kai, duk da sauye-sauyen dabarun zuwa ga samar da kudade na ciki, Najeriya ta nemi tallafin kudi daga Paris Club of Creditors .  Wannan rancen da ya biyo baya ya kai kusan dala miliyan 31, yana ɗauke da riba na kashi 3.5 cikin dari a kowace shekara da kuma lokacin biyan kuɗi wanda ya kai shekaru ashirin.  

### Bayan samun 'yancin kai
Bayan Najeriya ta sami 'yancin kanta daga Burtaniya a shekarar 1960, kasar ta ci gaba da aro daga tushe daban-daban, na cikin gida da na waje, don tallafawa bukatun ci gabanta. Babban tushen rance na waje shine Bankin Duniya, Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Duniya (IDA), Asusun Kuɗi na Duniya (IMF), Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka (AfDB), Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Turai (EEC), da masu ba da bashi na biyu, kamar Amurka, Burtaniya, Faransa, Jamus, Japan, da China. Babban tushen rance na cikin gida shine Babban Bankin Najeriya, Bankin Ci gaban Masana'antu na Najeriya (NIDB), Bankin Aikin Gona da Haɗin Kai na Najeriya (NACB), da Bankin Kasuwanci da Masana'antar Najeriya (NBCI). 

Bashin kasa na Najeriya ya karu sosai a cikin shekarun 1970 da 1980, bashin kasashen waje na Najeriya kadai ya tashi zuwa dala biliyan 14.8, tare da kusan dala biliyan 6.3 da ake bin Paris Club of Creditors. Wannan kuma ya faru ne saboda dalilai da yawa, kamar Yaƙin basasar Najeriya (1967-1970), rikicin man fetur na 1973, Rikicin makamashi na 1979, girgizar farashin man fetur ta biyu, shirye-shiryen gyaran tsarin (SAPs), yawan man fetur a shekarun 1980, raguwar darajar Naira ta 1986, da faduwar farashin man fetura a ƙarshen shekarun 1980 da farkon shekarun 1990. Rashin bashin zuwa GDP na Najeriya ya tashi daga 5.6% a 1960 zuwa 75% a 1991, ya kai saman US $ 35.9 biliyan.

Lokacin tsakanin 1986 da 1993 ya ga karuwar bashin kasashen waje na Najeriya, wanda ke nuna farkon kalubalen da ke ci gaba a yau.

Masana tattalin arziki sun nuna 1985 a matsayin lokaci mai mahimmanci lokacin da jimlar bashin kasashen waje na Najeriya ya kai kusan dala biliyan 19.

Kudin kasa na Najeriya ya ragu a cikin shekarun 1990 da 2000, saboda dalilai daban-daban, kamar Dimokuradiyya na Najeriya a cikin 1999, shirin Kasashen Talakawa (HIPC), Shirin Taimako na Biyu Kasuwanci (MDRI), taimakon bashin Paris Club, Shirin Bayyanawa na Masana'antu (EITI), Hukumar Zuba Jari ta Najeriya (NSIA), da kuma Asusun Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci.

A ƙarshen shekara ta 2004, bashin waje na gwamnatin Najeriya ya karu zuwa kusan dala biliyan 36.

A shekara ta 2005, Najeriya ta fuskanci yanayin bashi mara dorewa, tare da jimlar kudaden shiga kusan dala biliyan 9 da kuma bashin bashin kusan dala biliya 36. Wani canji ya fito ne a ƙarshen shekara ta 2005 ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyi tare da Paris Club of Creditors da Landan, wanda ya ba Najeriya damar sayen kusan dala biliyan 30 na bashin waje na dala biliyan 32 ta hanyar biyan kuɗi na dala biliyar 12.

Olusegun Obasanjo, a cikin jawabinsa na kasafin kuɗi na shekara ta 2001, ya nuna nauyin bashin Najeriya, wanda, bayan shawarwari, ya haifar da biyan bashin dala biliyan daya na shekara ta 2001. Yarjejeniyar tarihi a karkashin Shugaba Obasanjo ta cire Najeriya daga jerin kasashe mafi talauci a duniya.

Duk da wannan yarjejeniya, bashin cikin gida, wanda aka kiyasta a kusa da tiriliyan N1.52 a wannan lokacin, bai ga raguwa sosai ba.

Rashin bashin zuwa GDP na Najeriya ya fadi daga 75% a 1991 zuwa 7.3% a 2008, ya kai kasa da dala biliyan 20.6.

Kudin kasa na Najeriya ya sake karuwa a cikin shekarun 2010 da 2020, saboda dalilai daban-daban, kamar su man fetur na 2010, annobar COVID-19, zanga-zangar End SARS, Rikicin tattalin arzikin Najeriya na 2021, haramcin Twitter na Najeriya na 2021, da kuma Babban zaben Najeriya na 2023.

Ya zuwa watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2011, bashin cikin gida na Najeriya ya karu zuwa N4.8 tiriliyan (kimanin dala biliyan 30).  Wannan bashin yana da abubuwa da yawa: Kudin Gwamnatin Tarayya (N3.06 tiriliyan), Kudin Baitulmalin Najeriya (N1.44 tiriliyan) da Kudin Baul (kimanin N372.9 biliyan). Sabanin haka, an kiyasta bashin waje ya kai kimanin dala biliyan 4.1.

A cikin 2018, an kiyasta yawan bashin gwamnatin Najeriya da GDP a yankin 24.1%.[1] Sa'an nan kuma ya tashi daga 7.3% a 2008 zuwa 38.4% a watan Yunin 2023.

Abubuwa da yawa sun ba da gudummawa ga karuwar bashin Najeriya, gami da dogaro da basussukan waje don tallafawa aikin, karuwar ma'aikatan gwamnati da ke haifar da kudaden albashi mafi girma, da saka hannun jari mara kyau saboda manufofin tattalin arziki marasa inganci. Nauyin bashin jama'a a Najeriya ya ƙunshi manyan tushe guda biyu: bashin cikin gida ko na cikin gida da bashin waje ko na waje. Ofishin Gudanar da Biyan Kuɗi (DMO), wanda Dokar Gudanar da Bawan Kuɗi (Gidauniyar) ta kafa, 2003, tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaitawa da sarrafa hannun jarin bashin ƙasar, na ciki da na waje.

## Rubuce-rubucen bashin
Biyan kasa na Najeriya ya kunshi manyan abubuwa guda biyu: bashin cikin gida da bashin waje. Biyan cikin gida shine bashin da gwamnatin tarayya ke bin masu ba da bashi a cikin ƙasar, kamar Babban Bankin Najeriya, bankunan kasuwanci, asusun fansho, kamfanonin inshora, da sauran cibiyoyin kuɗi. Bishirin waje shine bashin da gwamnatin tarayya ke bin masu ba da bashi a waje da kasar, kamar cibiyoyin da suka hada da juna, gwamnatocin biyu, da masu ba da rance masu zaman kansu.

Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2023, jimlar bashin kasa na Najeriya ya kai dala biliyan 113.4, daga cikinsu dala biliyan 70.3 (61.95%) bashin cikin gida ne kuma dala biliyan 43.2 (38.05%) bashin waje ne. Biyan cikin gida yafi kunshe da Bills na Baitulmalin Najeriya (NTBs), Bonds na Baul na Najeriya (N TBs), Federal Government of Nigeria Savings Bond (FGNSB), Sukuk Bond (Bundar Musulunci), da Green Bond (Bandalin muhalli). Bashin waje yafi kunshe da rance daga Bankin Duniya, IDA, IMF, AfDB, EEC, da masu ba da bashi na biyu.  

## Gudanar da bashin
Gudanar da bashin kasa na Najeriya alhakin Ofishin Gudanar da Biyanci (DMO), wanda aka kafa a cikin 2000 a matsayin hukuma mai cin gashin kanta a ƙarƙashin kulawar Ma'aikatar Kudi. Manufar DMO ita ce daidaita ayyukan bashi na gwamnati, ba da shawara kan manufofin bashi da dabarun, kula da amintaccen bayanan bashin ƙasa, da inganta ci gaban kasuwar bashin cikin gida.

DMO tana aiki ne a karkashin jagorancin Majalisar Tattalin Arziki ta Kasa (NEC), wanda shine mafi girman hukumar samar da manufofin tattalin arziki a kasar, wanda Mataimakin Shugaban Najeriya ke jagoranta. NEC ta amince da shirin bashi na shekara-shekara na gwamnatin tarayya, wanda ke ƙayyade adadin, tushe, sharuɗɗa, da manufofin bashi na kowace shekara ta kasafin kuɗi. NEC kuma ta amince da dabarun kula da bashin matsakaici (MTDS), wanda shine shirin shekaru hudu wanda ke tsara manufofi, manufofi da dabarun sarrafa bashin ƙasa.

DMO tana aiwatar da shirin bashi na shekara-shekara da MTDS daidai da Dokar Hakkin Kudi ta 2007, wanda ke ba da tsarin doka don gudanar da kasafin kudi da lissafi a kasar. Dokar ta tanadi cewa rance na gwamnatin tarayya zai kasance don kashe kuɗi da ci gaban ɗan adam kawai, kuma cewa rabo daga bashin zuwa GDP ba zai wuce 40%. Dokar ta kuma buƙaci DMO ta gabatar da rahotanni na kwata-kwata da na shekara-shekara game da bashin ƙasa ga Shugaban Najeriya, Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya, da jama'a.

DMO tana aiki tare da masu ruwa da tsaki daban-daban wajen gudanar da bashin kasa, kamar Ma'aikatar Kudi, Babban Bankin Najeriya, Ofishin Babban Mai Ba da Bayani na Tarayyar, Ofishin Mai Bincike-Janar na Tarayya (An ba da Gudanar da Haraji da Hukumar Haraji, Ofishin Kasafin Kudi na Tarayyar), Hukumar Shirye-shiryen Kasa, Ofishin Kididdiga na Kasa, Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar Kasuwancin Najeriya, da Kungiyar Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Nigeria

Har ila yau, DMO tana aiki tare da kungiyoyi da abokan hulɗa daban-daban na kasa da kasa wajen gudanar da bashin kasa, kamar Bankin Duniya, IDA, IMF, AfDB, EEC, Kungiyar hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki da ci gaba (OECD), Sakatariyar Commonwealth, Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ciniki da Ci gaba (UNCTAD), Cibiyar Kula da Tattalin Arziki da Tattarin Arziki ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (WAIFEM), da Cibiyar Afirka ta Yammacin Turai da Ci Gaban Afirka (AFRODAD).

## Tsayawa da bashin
Tsayawa da bashin kasa na Najeriya shine ikon kasar don biyan bashin da take da shi a yanzu da kuma nan gaba ba tare da lalata ci gaban tattalin arziki ba, ci gaban zamantakewa, da kare muhalli. Rashin dorewar bashin kasa ya dogara da dalilai daban-daban, kamar girman, tsari, da abun da ke cikin bashin, matakin da ci gaban GDP, ma'aunin kasafin kudi da tattara kudaden shiga, canjin musayar da hauhawar farashi, yawan riba da sabis na bashi, girgizar waje da na cikin gida, da kuma tsarin da kuma yanayin manufofi.

DMO tana gudanar da bincike na yau da kullun na ci gaba da bashi (DSA) don tantance ci gaba da bashin kasa da kuma gano haɗari da rauni. DMO tana amfani da kayan aiki da hanyoyin daban-daban don DSA, kamar Tsarin Gudanar da Biyan Kuɗi (DSF) don ƙasashe masu karamin kuɗi, waɗanda Bankin Duniya da IMF suka haɓaka, kayan aikin Binciken Gudanar da Kasuwanci (DeMPA), wanda Bankin Duniya ya haɓaka, da kuma Tsarin Gudanarwa na Tsakanin Lokaci (MTDS), wanda Banken Duniya da IMF ya haɓaka.

DMO ta buga sakamakon DSA a cikin rahotonta na shekara-shekara da kuma shafin yanar gizon. DMO kuma tana raba sakamakon DSA tare da hukumomi da masu ruwa da tsaki, kamar NEC, Ma'aikatar Kudi, Babban Bankin Najeriya, Majalisar Dokoki, da jama'a. DMO tana amfani da sakamakon DSA don sanar da dabarun gudanar da bashin ta da kuma ba da shawara ga gwamnati kan manufofin bashi da dabarun ta.

## Manazarta