open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ka'idodin Jiha da Gwamnati a cikin Islama

***Ka'idodin Jiha da Gwamnati a cikin Islama*** littafi ne wanda Muhammad Asad ya rubuta. An buga shi ne a 1961 ta Jami'ar California Press, kuma an buga wani bita a 1980 ta Islamic Book Trust.

## Abinda ke ciki

* Tambayoyin da ke gabanmu
* Kalmomin da Tarihin Tarihi
* Gwamnati ta Yarjejeniya da Majalisar
* Dangantaka tsakanin Zartarwa da Majalisar Dokoki
* 'Yan ƙasa da Gwamnati
* Ƙarshen

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin lokaci na rayuwar Muhammad Asad
* Saƙon Alkur'ani
* Hanyar zuwa Makka
* Wannan Dokar Mu da Sauran Rubuce-rubucen

## Manazarta
Rubuce rubuce kan koyarwar islama

Falsafar Koyarwar Islama wata kasida ce game da Islama ta Ahmadiyya ta Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar addinin Ahmadiyya. An rubuta asali a cikin Urdu tare da taken Islami Usool ki Philosophy, don a karanta shi a Taron Babban Addinai da aka gudanar a Lahore a ranar 26-29, Disamba, 1896. A bayyane yake yana magana ne game da jigogi biyar masu zuwa tare da cikakkun bayanai da masu gudanarwa na taron suka kafa:

* yanayin jiki, ɗabi'a, da na ruhaniya na mutum;
* Menene yanayin mutum bayan mutuwa?
* abin da rayuwar mutum take da shi da kuma hanyar da za a cimma shi;
* aiki na ka'idojin doka a cikin wannan rayuwa da na gaba;
* tushen ilimin Allah

Batutuwan rai, sauye-sauye uku na mutum, menene halin kirki? Dalilin da ya sa aka haramta naman alade, ana kuma tattauna halayen Allah da sama a duniya.

A shekara ta 1896, a lokacin bukukuwan Kirsimeti wani Hindu mai suna Swami Sadhu Shugan Chandra ya shirya taron manyan addinai a Lahore. An nada kwamitin don kula da shirye-shiryen. An zabi mutane shida a matsayin masu gudanarwa ciki har da alƙalin Babban Kotun Punjab da tsohon gwamnan Jammu.

Kwamitin ya gayyaci wakilan addinin Hindu, Kirista da Musulmi don bayyana kyawawan addinan su. Babban manufar ita ce ta ba su damar shawo kan wasu game da gaskiyar addininsu ta hanyar jawabai. Kowane mai magana ana buƙatar ya magance jigogi biyar da masu gudanarwa suka kafa kuma ya iyakance jawabinsa ga nassoshi masu tsarki na addinan su. Daga cikin wadanda suka halarci taron akwai wakilan Hinduism, Freethought, Theosophical Society, Kiristanci, Islama da Sikhism da kuma malamai daban-daban, lauyoyi, farfesa, likitoci da karin mataimakan, wadanda suka kai tsakanin 7 da 8 dubu.

Jawabin da ke wakiltar Islama shine rubutun da Gulam Ahmad ya rubuta kuma kodayake bai iya halartar kansa ba saboda rashin lafiya, almajirinsa Mawlwi Abdul Karim ne ya karanta shi. Ba za a iya karanta shi a cikin lokacin da aka ba shi ba; saboda haka an tsawaita taron zuwa karin rana. *Rahoton Taron Babban Addinai* ya ce "An gabatar da rubutun a cikin sa'o'i huɗu kuma daga farko zuwa gama ya fi ban sha'awa kuma an yaba da shi sosai".

An buga shi ne da farko a cikin *Rahoton Taron Babban Addinai* kuma daga baya aka buga shi a cikin littafi kamar *Islami Usool Ki Falāsifi* . Daga baya aka fassara shi zuwa Turanci. Ya ga bugu da yawa kuma an fassara shi zuwa Faransanci, Yaren mutanen Holland, Jamusanci, Mutanen Espanya da sauran harsuna daban-daban.

## Manazarta
Yankin Arika

Arika Okrent /ˈɛrɪkə ˈoʊkrɛnt/  masanin harshe ne na Amurka kuma marubucin shahararrun ayyuka a kan batutuwan harshe.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Okrent a Birnin Chicago ga iyayen Polish da Transylvania. Ta yi sha'awar Harsuna da suka fara tun tana ƙarama, wanda shine abin da ya sa ta bi aiki a ilimin harshe.

Bayan kamMA karatunta daga Kwalejin Carleton a shekarar 1992,  ta tafi Hungary don koyarwa a can na shekara guda.  Ta sami MA a cikin ilimin harshe daga Jami'ar Gallaudet,  da Ph.D. a cikin ilimin halayyar harshe daga Jami'ar Chicago a shekara ta 2004. 

## Ayyuka
Okrent an san ta musamman saboda littafinta na 2009 In the Land of Invented Languages: Esperanto Rock Stars, Klingon Poets, Loglan Lovers, da Mad Dreamers Who Tried to Build A Perfect Language, sakamakon shekaru biyar na bincike kan batun Harsunan da aka gina. Littafin da ta samu da kyau a shekarar 2021, Highly Irregular, wanda aka rubuta tare da Sean O'Neill, ya bayyana yadda tarihin Ingilishi ya bayyana wasu abubuwan da ba su dace ba na zamani.

An nuna ta a cikin shirin Sam Green na Esperanto na 2011 The Universal Language . 

Ita ce mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun a kan ilimin harshe da batutuwan harshe ga mujallar kan layi Mental Floss . 

## Daraja da kyaututtuka
A shekara ta 2015 Okrent ya zama na biyu da ya lashe lambar yabo ta Linguistic Society of America's Linguistics Journalism Award . 

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Tana iya magana da Turanci, Hungarian, Harshen Kurame na Amurka da Klingon,  da kuma wasu Esperanto.

Ita ce 'yar'uwar marubuci kuma edita Daniel Okrent.

## Manazarta
Sake gina Tunanin Addini a Musulunci

The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam tarin laccoci ne da Muhammad Iqbal ya gabatar kan falsafar Islama wanda aka buga a 1930. Iqbal ne ya gabatar da waɗannan laccoci a Madras, Hyderabad, da Aligarh. Babi na ƙarshe, "Shin Addini Zai yiwu?", an kara shi a cikin littafin daga 1934 Oxford Edition zuwa gaba.

A cikin *Sake ginawa*, Iqbal ya yi kira ga sake nazarin tushen ilimi na falsafar Islama. Littafin babban aiki ne na tunanin Islama na zamani. Ya kasance babban tasiri ga masanin zamantakewar Iran Ali Shari'a da sauran masu gyara Musulmai na zamani, gami da Tariq Ramadan .

## Babi

* Ilimi da Kwarewar Addini
* Gwajin Falsafa na Wahayi na Kwarewar Addini
* Ra'ayi game da Allah da Ma'anar Addu'a
* Kai na Mutum - 'Yanci da Rashin Mutuwa
* Ruhun Al'adun Musulmi
* Ka'idar Motsi a cikin Tsarin Musulunci
* Shin Addini Zai yiwu?

## Bincike
D.S. Margoliouth, masanin gabas kuma farfesa na Larabci a Jami'ar Oxford, ya rubuta "Daga dokar Kur'ani game da gado wanda ya sa rabon namiji ya yi daidai da na mata biyu an ƙaddara fifiko na namiji akan mace; irin wannan zaton zai kasance, Sir M.Iqbal ya lura, ya zama mai rikitarwa ga ruhun Islama. Alkur'ani ya ce: Kuma ga mata haƙƙin addini ne akan waɗancan ilimin ɗan adam kamar na maza akan mata".  William Owen Carbalq ya shafi al'adun Musulmai da suka fi dacewa da Musulmai game da ilimin Musulmai na Musulmai. "  Edward Hulmes ya lura cewa "Daya daga cikin dalilan marubucin [Iqbal] shine ya ƙarfafa 'yan kasarsa su binciki asalin al'adunsu bayan shekaru na mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. Amma manufarsa ita ce ta wuce iyakantaccen iyakokin asalin ƙasa don 'gina gadoji' tsakanin mutane na al'adu daban-daban da al'adun addini. "

## Dubi kuma

* Lissafin labaran da suka shafi Muhammad Iqbal

## Manazarta
Tabyin Kadhib al-Muftari

**Tabyin Kadhib al-Muftari fima Nusba ila al-Imam Abi al-Hasan al-Ash'ari** (Arabic) (Arabic), wanda Shafi'i master ya rubuta shi (d. 324/935), wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shi ne mai suna Ibn Haf'i.

An rubuta littafin ne a zahiri don mayar da martani ga Abu 'Ali al-Ahwazi (d. 446/1055) wanda ya rubuta littafi wanda ke tattara zargi da rashin amincewa da al-Ash'ari. Saboda wannan dalili, Ibn 'Asakir ya rubuta littafin, don kare girmamawa da amincin al-Ash'ari, da kuma tabbatar da cewa al-Ash 'ari ya yarda da Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal (d. 241/855) bayan juyowa daga tauhidin Mu'tazilite zuwa koyarwar Sunni.

Marubucin ya ba da jerin wasu malaman Ash'ari saba'in da aka raba zuwa aji biyar (tabaqat), farawa da tarihin al-Ash'ari da kansa.

Littafin yana bugawa tun 1928 kuma ya kasance batun karatu da yawa.

## Abun ciki
Tabyin Kadhib al-Muftari labari ne na Imam Al-Ash'ari, yana ba da asalinsa, juyowa daga Mu'tazilism da kuma "matsayi na tsakiya" na gaba, watau Orthodox Sunni Islam .  A ciki, Ibn Asakir ya shimfiɗa "matsayi na tsakiya" na Ash'ari a cikin maki 13, yana nuna ra'ayoyi biyu masu tsayayya da matsananci a kowannensu kuma yana tattauna matsayin tsakiya da Ash'ari ya ɗauka. Misali, ya rubuta. 

## Karɓar baƙi
Al-Dhahabi ya ce: "Duk wanda ke neman haɓaka zurfin ilimi game da al-Ash'ari dole ne ya karanta *Kitab Tabyin Kadhib al-Muftari* na Hafiz Abu al-Qasim Ibn Asakir" 

Har ila yau, masanin Shafi'i Taj al-Din al-Subki (d. 771/1370) ya ba da shawarar littafin sosai kuma ya yaba da shi.

## Manazarta
Talkhis al-Adilla

**Talkhis al-Adilla li-Qawa'id al-Tawhid** ( Turkish   ;  Arabic       ; German   )   ita ce taswirar tauhidi Ahlus Sunna akan Tauhidin Hasashen Hanafiyya ( kalam ),    wanda malamin tauhidi Maturidi al-Saffar al-Bukhari (d. 534/1139) ya rubuta a matsayin kariya ga koyarwar Ahlus-Sunnah a kan ' yan bidi'a, kamar Karramiyya (Kariyyawa), kamar Karramiyya (Karramiyya). Qadarites (Qadariyya), da Jahmites (Jahmiyya).  

## Abun ciki
Al-Saffar ya bayyana batutuwa da yawa, musamman wadanda suka shafi wanzuwar Allah, hadin kai da halayen Allah, bisa ga Sunayen Allah sama da 175 (al-Asma' al-Husna).[2][3]
.
## Manazarta
Al-Muwahib al-Ladunniyyah

**Al-Muwahib al-ladunniyya bi al-minah al-Muhammadiyya** littafi ne na Masanin addinin Musulunci Al-Qastallani .  An yi sharhi game da littafin a cikin Sharh al-Mawahib al-Ladunniyyah (8 kundin) na Muhammad al-Zurqani.

Sheikh Yusuf ibn Ismail ibn Hasan ibn Nasir al-Nabahani al-Naqshbandi ne ya taƙaita shi (1350/1931)  

Fassarar Turanci na wani ɓangare na littafin shine babi na uku na "Mawlid: Halinsa; Bukatarsa: Gaskiyarsa", wanda as-Sunnah Foundation of America ya buga.

## Manazarta
Bahishti Zewar

***Bahishti Zewar*** (Urdu) wani nau'i ne na imani da ayyukan Deobandi da Ashraf Ali Thanwi da Ahmed Ali Fatehpuri suka rubuta.

## Kyauta
Littafin Barbara Daly Metcalf na 1992 Perfecting Women sharhi ne da tarihin *Bahishti Zewar* .  

## Dubi kuma

* Ashraf Ali Thanwi

## Manazarta
Fatawar Razawiyyah

**** ( Urdu     ) wani littafi ne na Musulunci na Sunni wanda ya ƙunshi  (hukunce-hukuncen shari'a) na  Hanafi (mazhabar tunani) wanda wani sanannen malamin Musulunci Ahmad Raza Khan ya rubuta. Littafin shari'a mai tasiri, aikin ya shahara a cikin Sufanci .

Arun Shourie ya tattauna  a cikin littafinsa, The World of Fatwas or the Sharia in Action  Ɗan'uwan Ahmed Raza Khan ne ya fara buga kundin sa 12 a Hasani press, kuma an buga kundin biyu kawai na Fatawa daban-daban a lokacin rayuwar marubucin.  Daga baya Raza Foundation Lahore ta buga shi a cikin kundin 30. Raza Academy ita ce ta farko da ta buga kundin ta daban-daban a shekarar 1985.   
..
## Littattafai da Jaridu
Ya ƙunshi littattafai da mujallu game da hukunce-hukuncen shari'a (fatawa) bisa ga tambayoyin da masana da jama'a suka yi a yankin Hanafi fiqh wanda ke rufe batutuwa da imani daban-daban.

Wasu daga cikin littattafai da mujallu da aka haɗa a cikin : 

### Littafin Addu'a
Wannan ɓangaren yana mai da hankali kan tsabta da tsarkakewa na al'ada a ƙarƙashin Hanafi fiqh kuma yana ƙunshe da kusan fatawa 239. Yana da kusan jaridu 29 wadanda sune:

### Littafin Addu'ar jana'iza
Wannan ɓangaren yana mai da hankali kan addu'a a ƙarƙashin Hanafi fiqh kuma ya ƙunshi kusan 1203 fatawa a cikin kusan mujallu 23:

# Littafin addu'a
# Lu'ulu'u na kambi, a cikin sanarwar addu'a kafin Tafiyar dare
# Shin an yarda ya ba da addu'o'i biyu tare
# Inganta idanu saboda sumbacewar yatsunsu
# Hukuncin yatsunsu a lokacin Icama
# Hukunce-hukunce game da hujja don kiran adhan a kan kabari bayan binnewa
# Tabbatar da madaidaiciyar hanyar Qiblah
# Bayani game da wurin da aka bayyana Ḍād
# Magana mai kyau na Ḍād
# An haramta yin addu'a a bayan masu ƙi taqlid
# Amsoshi Hudu
# Ga waɗanda suka yarda da Addu'ar ikilisiya ta biyu
# Imam daidai qiyam a cikin Mihrab
# Karkatar da fatawa game da Qanoot da Nazila
# Albarka ta Salat il Asrar, bincike na Salat ul Ghosia
# Hanyar Salat ul Ghosia
# Yin maimaita Bismillah mai albarka a Tarawih
# Gidan masallacin yana daga cikin masallacin
# Bincike idan ya ba da izini ga imam ya bar Minbar don gaishe da mai mulki
# Hukuncin dua tsakanin khutbah na Addu'ar Jumma'a
# Hukuncin Adhan na biyu don addu'ar Jumma'a
# Hukuncin dua bayan addu'o'i
# Tabbacin rungumar 'yan uwan musulmi bayan addu'o'i

Wannan ɓangaren yana mai da hankali kan addu'ar jana'izar Musulunci a ƙarƙashin Hanafi fiqh kuma ya ƙunshi kusan fatawa 273 a cikin kusan mujallu 13:

# Tattaunawa game da izinin rubuta addu'o'i a kan mayafin matattu

## Manazarta
Ginin Musulmi

**Ginin Musulmi** (kuma Ginin Musulmai; Larabci) littafi ne na addu'o'i da addu'o-rukunin (dua) wanda masanin addinin Musulunci na Saudiyya Sa'id bin Ali bin Wahf Al-Qahtani ya tattara a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1988.

Al-Qahtani ya sami digirin digirinsa daga Kwalejin Tushen Addini na Jami'ar Musulunci ta Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud a Riyadh, wanda ake la'akari da shi a matsayin cibiyar ilimi ta Wahhabi. Fortress shine littafin Al-Qahtani mafi shahara da mashahuri; an fassara shi cikin harsuna da yawa kuma masu bi suna amfani da shi ba tare da la'akari da ƙwarewarsu a Harshen Larabci ba. Kowane dua a cikin fassarar fassara ana bayar da shi a cikin Larabci kuma yana tare da fassara da jagorar furtawa don sauƙaƙa bin misalin Muhammadu a cikin amfani da dua akai-akai.

Ana rarraba addu'o'in a wasu lokuta kamar "dua don faɗi kafin abinci"; akwai 132 daga cikinsu. Tushen duk dua da Al-Qahtani ya haɗa a cikin littafinsa sune tarin hadisi daban-daban da Alkur'ani kanta. Al-Qahtani ya yi kokari sosai wajen gabatar da dua a cikin littafinsa a matsayin rikodin gaskiya da tsarki na Alkur'ani da kuma mafi yawan sauti na ahadith, wanda ya dace da marubutan Salafi.

*Ginin Ƙasa* da mashahuri sosai a tsakanin manyan Musulmai da Musulmai Salafi, duka masu tuba na baya-bayan nan da mutanen da aka haifa a cikin Ummah; suna ɗauke da shi tare da su kuma galibi suna ƙoƙarin haddacewa shafuka daga gare ta. Littafin Musulunci guda daya da ya sayar da Ginin a shekarar 2014 a Kazakhstan shine Alkur'ani. Akwai aikace-aikacen hannu da yawa tare da dua daga Ginin.

Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan wannan shahara shi ne cewa mutane suna ganin Ginin a matsayin tushen da ya dace don tallafawa ƙungiyar addinin Islama ta zamani wanda mabiyan su ke ba da gudummawa don inganta Islama kamar bugawa. Ta hanyar tallafawa rarraba Fortress, suna tabbatar da cewa masu bi suna karanta "daidai" dua kuma ba na al'ada ba, wanda zai iya haɗawa da neman ruhohin kakanninmu don taimako - aikin da masu zamani suka gani a matsayin zunubi. Har ila yau, mambobin ƙungiyar Kazakh neopagan   suna karanta sansanin.

Yana daya daga cikin litattafan Musulunci da aka haramta a Rasha a matsayin "littattafai masu tsattsauran ra'ayi", wanda, tare da yaduwarsa, ana amfani dashi don tsananta wa Crimean Tatars da sauran Musulmai da ke zaune a Rasha. Misali, a cikin 2016, an ci tarar wani ɗan ƙasar waje kuma an kore shi daga Rasha bayan 'yan sanda sun sami Fortress a cikin kayanta yayin bincike.

Ismael Ibraheem ya fassara littafin zuwa Turanci a matsayin Ƙarfafa Musulmi ta hanyar tunawa da addu'a daga Alkur'ani da Sunnah a cikin 1998.

## Manazarta
Lalla Aicha, mai mulki na Touggourt

Lalla Aicha (Larabci: للا عائشة) (wadda aka sani da Aichouche) (Larabci: عيشوش) ta kasance mai mulkin Touggourt a lokacin ƙaramin ɗanta Abd ar-Rahman daga 1833–1846.[1][2] Ta fito daga dangin Ben-Gana,[3] wanda Faransawa suka ba ta laƙabi 'cheikh el-Arab'.

## Rayuwa
Wasu kafofin sun ce ta auri Amer, Sultan na Touggourt (1822-1830),  yayin da wasu suka ce ita matar Ibrahim III ce, Sultan na Touggourt (r. 1830-1831).  Lalla Aicha ita ce mahaifiyar Sultan Abd ar-Rahman (r. 1840-1852).

Mijin Aicha Sultan Ibrahim ɗan'uwansa Ali ne ya kashe shi, wanda ya kwace iko a 1831. [1] Sakamakon haka, Aicha da wata kungiya ta ma'aikatan kotu sun yi tawaye da surukinta Sultan Ali (mahaifinulayman) kuma sun ci gaba da iko ta hanyar kashe wasu masu fafatawa, gami da jaririn Sulayman.[2]

Aicha ta umarci Ali ya yi masa guba wanda ya faru,  kafin ya karbi mulki a cikin sunan ɗanta Abd er-Rahman, wanda ke da shekaru takwas. Da yake ɗaukar taken *Khalifa*  (mataimakin sarki) ta ɗauki shugabancin gwamnati, tana gudanar da harkokin jihar tare da babban iko. Rahotanni sun ce ta hau doki, tana sanye da bindigogi a belinta har ma da shan sigari *tekrouri* (hemp). Ta mallaki jihar da kanta har sai ɗanta ya isa ya hau mulki.

A cewar wani asusun 1854 na Sulayman IV, na karshe na sarakunan Beni Djellab, lokacin mulkin Lalla Aicha ya kasance mai tsananin tashin hankali a cikin dangin mai mulki, kodayake wannan ba sabon abu ba ne.

## Manazarta
Souhila Bel Bahar

**Souhila Belbahar** (a madadin **Souhila Bel Bahar**;  17 Fabrairu 1934 - 23 Maris 2023) ta kasance mai zane-zane na Aljeriya. A shekara ta 2018, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Algeria ta National Order of Merit .

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Belbahar a Blida, Aljeriya, a cikin shekara ta 1934.   Mai zane-zane mai koyar da kansa,  ta gudanar da nune-nunen ta na farko a 1971, tana da shekaru 37.  Tun daga wannan lokacin, ta shiga cikin nune-nunen solo da na rukuni da yawa a Algiers .  Cibiyar Al'adu ta Aljeriya a Paris ta dauki bakuncin baje kolin ayyukan Belbahar a shekarar 1986. 

Belbahar ya nuna a Gidan Tarihi na Fine Arts na Algiers a shekarar 1984. [1] Gidan kayan gargajiya ya gudanar da nune-nunen ayyukanta a shekara ta 2008. [2] A cikin 2016, gidan kayan gargajiya ya buga Il pleut des jasmins sur Alger, tarihin rayuwar Belbahar wanda 'yarta, Dalila Hafiz ta rubuta.[3]

A cikin 2018, Belbahar ta sami lambar yabo ta National Order of Merit daga Ministan Al'adu na Aljeriya, Azzedine Mihoubi . 

Belbahar ya mutu a ranar 23 ga Maris 2023, yana da shekaru 89. 

## Manazarta
Ziza Massika

Ziza Massika (28 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1934 - 29 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1959) wata ma'aikaciyar jinya ce ta Aljeriya wacce ta mutu a lokacin Yaƙin Aljeriya . 

## Manazarta
Aldjia Noureddine Benalleg

Aldjia Noureddine Benallègue (1919-2015), Likitan yara ne na Aljeriya. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta yi a Aljeriya kuma farfesa a fannin ilimin yara bayan samun 'yancin kai na Aljeriya. 

## Manazarta
Chafia Boudraa

**Chafia Boudraa** (Arabic; 22 ga watan Agustan 1930 - 22 ga watan Mayu 2022) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Aljeriya. Bayan shekaru da yawa na yin fim da talabijin, gami da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na *El Hariq*, ta fito a matsayin uwa a fim din Rachid Bouchareb na 2010 Outside the Law, wanda ya bayyana a bikin fina-finai na Cannes na 2010.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Chafia Boudraa Atika Boudraa  a Constantine a ranar 22 ga watan Agusta 1930.  Mijinta Salah Boudraa soja ne na National Liberation Front wanda aka kashe a Yaƙin Aljeriya a Lardin Sahara .  A shekara ta 1964, ta ƙaura daga Constantine zuwa Algiers, inda ta yi aiki da yawa kafin ta fara aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo.

Boudraa ya yi aiki a masana'antar wasan kwaikwayo sama da shekaru hamsin.[1] Ta sami hutu na farko a cikin wasan kwaikwayo; matsayinta na mataki ya haɗa da gwauruwa a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasar Algeria Mahieddine Bachtarzi na The Taming of the Shrew . [2] A cikin shekarun 1970s, Boudraa ta sami kulawa ta ƙasa ta hanyar bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na El Hariq a matsayin Lala Aini; Ahmed Bedjaoui ya ce wannan rawar ta haifar da bincikenta. [3][4] Ta fito a cikin fina-finai kamar L'Évasion de Hassan Terro [fr] (1974), Leïla et les Autres [fr] (fr] (1977), Le Mariage de Moussa (1982), Une femme pour mon fils [fr] ("fasahar aljanna") (1992), Le Cri des hommes [fr] (1999).[3] Ɗaya daga cikin bayyanarta ta ƙarshe ita ce mahaifiyar a fim din Rachid Bouchareb na 2010 Outside the Law, wanda ya bayyana a bikin fina-finai na Cannes na 2010. [1]

  ya kira ta "doyenne na 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Algeria", yana mai lura da cewa "ta bar alamar ta a fina-finai da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Algeriya ta hanyar taka rawa a fina-fukki da yawa, jerin shirye-shirye da wasan kwaikwayo". Faransa Télévisions ta kira ta "babban mutum a cikin fina-finai da wasan kwaikwayo na Algeria". Ta kuma sami laƙabi "La mère des Algériens" (lit. Uwar Aljeriya). 

Boudraa ta mutu a ranar 22 ga Mayu 2022 a Algiers; tana da shekaru 92.  Firayim Minista Aymen Benabderrahmane ya ba da ta'aziyya game da mutuwarta, da kuma tauraruwarta Ahmed Benaissa (wanda ya mutu 'yan kwanaki da suka gabata). 

## Hotunan fina-finai

### Fim din

* Tserewa daga Hassan Terro (1974) 
* Leïla da Sauran (1977) 
* *Aure na Musa* (1982) 
* Wata mace ga ɗana (1982) 
* Wani vampire a cikin aljanna  (1992) 
* Kiran mutane  (1999) 
* *A waje da Dokar* (2010), uwa 

### Talabijin

* *El Hariq*, Lala Aini 

## Manazarta
Wassila Rédouane-Saïd-Guerni

**Wassila Rédouane-Saïd-Guerni** (an haife ta a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 1980) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Aljeriya .

Ta shiga cikin wasannin Olympics na 2000 da 2004, amma ta rasa wasan farko a lokuta biyu.

A watan Maris na 2001 ta auri Djabir Saïd-Guerni mai ritaya, mai tsere a tsakiyar zango. Ma'auratan sun haɗu a Gasar Olympics ta 2000 kuma suna zaune a Aubervilliers, Faransa.[1] Sun rabu tun daga lokacin, kuma Wassila Redouane a halin yanzu tana atisaye kuma tana fafatawa da Faransa. [ana buƙatar hujja]

## Manazarta
Marie Joussaye

Marie Joussaye (1864 a Belleville - 24 Maris 1949 a Vancouver) mawaki ce ta Kanada.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Marie Josie a kuma ta girma a Belleville Canada West . Ta kasance 'yar jarida a Toronto . A shekara ta 1893, ta kasance shugabar kungiyar 'yan mata masu aiki. Ta koma Dawson City, Yukon . A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1903, ta auri David Heatherington Fotheringham, Dan sanda na Arewa maso Yamma. Suna da matsalolin kudi. A shekara ta 1924, ta koma Mayo, Yukon . A shekara ta 1929, ta koma Vancouver, inda ta mutu a cikin wani gida a ranar 24 ga Maris 1949 .

## Ayyuka

* *Waƙoƙin da Quinte Sang* (1895) 
* *Zaɓuɓɓuka daga Waƙoƙin Anglo-Saxon* (1918) 

## Manazarta
Huria Aïchi

**Huria Aïchi** (an haife shi a Batna) mawaƙan Aljeriya ne na kiɗa na Chaoui .  Aïchi tana raira waƙoƙin da ta koya tun tana yarinya,  tare da bendir.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife shi a Aurès, Houria Aïchi ya tafi karatun ilimin halayyar dan adam a Paris a cikin shekarun 1970s. Yayinda take koyar da ilimin zamantakewa, ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a 1985, tana raira waƙoƙin gargajiya na yarinta (Lullabies, waƙoƙun soyayya), tare da kayan gargajiya (gasbâ, bendir), waƙoƙinta na farko da aka saki ba su buɗe kofofin ba.

Houria Aïchi ya kuma shiga cikin kiɗa don fim din The Sheltering Sky na Bernardo Bertolucci (1990). Kundin ta na uku, Khalwa (ma'ana A Mystical Retreat) haɗin gwiwa ne tare da Henri Agnel [fr] wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga waƙoƙi masu tsarki na Aljeriya, gami da na dhikr da Sufis.

Houria Aïchi ta yi duka a cikin 2008 da 2013 a bikin Au fil des voix (fr).  Ta yi aiki a kai a kai a Paris daga shekarun 1990. Bayan lokacin hunturu na 2017-18 a Faransa, an gayyaci Houria Aïchi zuwa "Festival Salam Orient" a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 2019, a Vienna. 

## Bayanan da aka yi

* *[[Chants De L'aurés|Waƙoƙin Hasken rana]]* (1990, Auvidis - Naïve) 
* *[[Hawa (album)|Hawa]]* (1996, Auvidis)  
* *Khalwa, waƙoƙi masu tsarki na Algeria* (2001, Virgin Classics) 

** Houria Aïchi da Henri Agnel.
* Chants Sacrés d'Algérie (Waƙoƙi Masu Tsarki daga Algeria) (2005, Angel Records) 
* *Waƙoƙin Aures* - Waƙoƙun Berber na Larabci na Houria Aichi (2006, NAIVE WORLD) 
* Renayate (2013, Harmonia Mundi) 
* Waƙoƙi na Mystiques na Algeria (2017 NAIVE WORLD) 

**Houria Aïchi da Hijâz'Car**

* Les Cavaliers de l'Aurès (Riders of the Aurès) (2008 yarjejeniya tare da Harmonia Mundi) 

**Tarin**

* The Rough Guide to the Music of North Africa (1997, World Music Network) 

## Manazarta
Mary Bluett

**Mary Bluett** (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1951) 'yar kungiyar kwadago ce ta Australiya kuma tsohuwar shugabar reshen Victoria na Kungiyar Ilimi ta Australiya (AEU). A shekara ta 1974, Bluett ya zama wakilin reshe na kungiyar malamai ta sakandare ta Victoria (VSTA). A shekara ta gaba, ta zama memba na kwamitin tsakiya na VSTA. A shekara ta 1982, ta zama mataimakiyar shugaban VSTA, kafin a zabe ta a matsayin shugaban VSTA a shekara ta 1994. VSTA ta haɗu da wasu ƙungiyoyin malamai biyu na Victoria don zama reshen Victoria na AEU. Bluett ya zama mataimakin shugaban Victoria AEU na farko. Ta zama shugabar reshen Victoria na AEU a shekarar 1998. 

A ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2012, Fair Work Australia ta ba wa AEU damar kaɗa ƙuri'a ga mataimakan malamai da sauran ma'aikatan tallafi ko za su shiga yajin aikin da aka shirya yi a watan Satumba na 2012 dangane da ikirarin albashi da gwamnatin Ted Baillieu ta yi. Bluett ya kira wannan shawara da tarihi, yana mai cewa "mun yi shawarwari kan batun malamai sama da watanni tara, kuma ba abin da ya dace ba ne a ɗauki matakin da aka tilasta mana".  An amince da ƙuri'ar da sama da kashi 97%, inda Bluett ya yi nuni da cewa "ma'aikatan tallafin ilimi su ne mafi ƙarancin albashi a makarantun Victoria kuma ba su sami ko kaɗan ba game da ƙwarewarsu, gogewarsu da kuma muhimmiyar rawar da suke takawa." 

An shirya yajin aikin ne a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 2012, inda Bluett ta ce tattaunawar da aka yi da gwamnatin Victoria ta wargaje a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, kuma ta kira karin albashi na kashi 2.5% abin kunya. Ta kuma ce shawarwarin gwamnati sun haɗa da ra'ayoyi masu tayar da hankali kamar korar kashi biyar cikin ɗari na malamai da kuma sanya malamai su sami ci gaban sana'a a lokacin hutun makaranta, da sauransu. [1] Kwanaki 6 bayan haka, Bluett ta sanar da niyyarta ta sauka daga mukaminta na shugabar AEU Victoria a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2012, ƙarshen wa'adinta, tana mai cewa "ƙungiyar kwadago ta ƙaru sosai, wanda wani abu ne da nake alfahari da shi sosai". [2]

## Manazarta
Christiane Benner

**Christiane Benner** (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1968 a Aachen) Masanin ilimin zamantakewa ne kuma jami'in Kungiyar kwadago. A cikin 2023, ta zama mace ta farko da ta rike mukamin Shugaban farko na babbar ƙungiyar masana'antu ta Turai, IG Metall (ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan ƙarfe ta Jamus). Bayan an zabe ta a matsayin shugabar kungiyar a shekarar 2015, ita ce mace ta farko da ta yi hakan a cikin tarihin kungiyar na shekaru 125 . 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Benner a garin Aachen na Yammacin Jamus kuma uwa ɗaya tilo ta rene ta.  Bayan kammala karatun sakandare a Bensheim a shekarar 1987, ta yi horo a matsayin sakatariyar harsunan waje a Carl Schenck AG (wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Dürr tun daga shekarar 2000), inda ta ci gaba da zama har zuwa 1993.

Daga nan Benner ta yi karatun ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Marburg da kuma Jami'ar Chicago da ke Arewacin Manchester, Indiana, inda ta sami digirin farko na Fasaha .  Ta kammala karatunta a Jami'ar Frankfurt da takardar shaidar difloma .  Gidauniyar Hans Böckler (ƙafafun ƙungiyar ƙwadago) ta tallafa wa karatunta da kuɗi. 

## Sana'a
Bayan ta yi aiki a IG Metall a ayyuka daban-daban tun daga shekarar 1997, an zaɓe Benner a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaba a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 2015, da kashi 91.9 cikin 100 na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa; ta yi aiki tare da shugaban ƙungiyar ƙwadago na farko Jörg Hofmann . [1] A wannan matsayin, ta zama mace ta farko da ta jagoranci ƙungiyar ƙwadago mafi girma a duniya bayan shekaru 125 da wanzuwarta. Jaridar Tagesspiegel ta ba da rahoto game da zaɓenta a ƙarƙashin taken "IG Metall ya dage da juyin juya halin". [2]

A shekarar 2022, Ministan Harkokin Dijital da Sufuri Volker Wissing ya naɗa Benner a kwamitin ba da shawara na gwamnatin Jamus kan dabarun dijital. 

A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2023, an zaɓi Benner a matsayin Shugabar IG Metall ta farko.  

## Manazarta
Jean Beadle

**Jean Beadle** (an haife ta **Jane Miller**; 1 ga Janairun 1868 - 22 ga Mayu 1942) ta kasance 'yar mata ce ta Australiya, ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa kuma memba na jam'iyyar Labor .

## Rayuwa
An haifi Jane Miller  a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1868 a Clunes, Victoria,  'yar George Darlington Miller, wani ma'aikacin hakar ma'adinai, da matarsa Jane Spencer. Ta bar makaranta da wuri don taimaka wa mahaifinta da mijinta ya mutu. Ta yi aiki a masana'antar tufafi ta Melbourne har zuwa aurenta da Henry Beadle (mai fafutuka kuma mai ƙera ƙarfe) a ranar 19 ga Mayu, 1888. 

Beadle ta shiga cikin ayyukan masana'antu, tana aiki tare da masu haƙar ma'adinai da iyalansu kuma ta kafa ƙungiyar ma'aikatan masana'antu mata. Ta shiga ƙungiyar mata ta 'Yancin Zaɓe kuma, tun daga shekarar 1898, ta shahara a yaƙin siyasa da zamantakewa na mata. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

A shekarar 1901, Beadles ta ƙaura zuwa Yammacin Ostiraliya ; Jean Beadle ta kafa ƙungiyar mata ta Labour a Fremantle a shekarar 1905, kuma lokacin da suka ƙaura zuwa filayen zinare a shekarar 1906, ta kafa ƙungiyar mata ta Eastern Goldfields Labour League. Bayan ta koma Perth a shekarar 1911, ta taka rawa sosai a ALP kuma ta kasance wakili a taron mata na farko na Labour a Perth a watan Oktoban 1912, kuma aka naɗa ta shugaba, matsayin da ta riƙe tsawon shekaru 30. Ta hanyar shigarta cikin jam'iyya, ta zama 'yar takarar zaɓen Majalisar Dattawa kafin zaɓen majalisar dattawa a shekarar 1931. [ ana buƙatar ambato ]

An yi wa Beadle alaƙa da Kotun Yara ta Perth tun daga shekarar 1915 kuma an naɗa shi majistare na musamman a shekarar 1919, kuma daga shekarar 1920 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka zama majistare da aka rantsar a Perth . 

Beadle ya mutu a gida a ranar 22 ga Mayu 1942  kuma an binne shi a sashen Methodist na Makabartar Karrakatta da ke Perth. 

An sanya wa Jeanette Place, da ke yankin Canberra na Gilmore, suna don girmama ta, "Jeanette" saboda sunan alkalaminta. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya
* Jerin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Australiya

## Manazarta
Maryamu ta matsa

Mary Winefride Bousted, Baroness Bousted (née Bleasdale; an haife ta a ranar 15 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1959), 'yar kungiyar kwadago ce ta Burtaniya, malama ce kuma abokiyar Rayuwa. Ta kasance babban sakatare na hadin gwiwa na Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta Kasa (NEU) daga 2017 zuwa 2023 kuma a baya babban sakataren Ƙungiyar Malamai da Malamai (ATL) daga 2003 zuwa 2017.

An haife ta ga malamai a Bolton, Bousted ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar Turanci a Landan. Bayan ta koma babbar jami'a, ta gudanar da shirye-shiryen horar da malamai a jami'o'i daban-daban. Ta zama sakatare-janar na ATL a 2003, kuma bayan hadewarta da Ƙungiyar Malamai ta Ƙasa don kafa NEU, daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin babban sakatare na haɗin gwiwa na NEU tare da Kevin Courtney . Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Ƙungiyar 'Yan Kasuwa daga 2016 zuwa 17. An naɗa Bousted a Majalisar Iyaye a matsayin abokiyar rayuwa ta Jam'iyyar Labour a 2025.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Bousted Mary Winefride Bleasdale a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 1959 a Bolton ga Edward da Winefride Bleasdale. Ita ce ta biyu a ƙarama cikin 'ya'ya takwas. Mahaifiyarta malamar makaranta ce, kuma tana goyon bayan Jam'iyyar Labour . Mahaifinta ya goyi bayan ' yan Liberal, kuma ya ƙuduri aniyar waɗanda ke makarantar firamare su ci jarabawar shekara goma sha ɗaya da haihuwa . Bousted ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta St Osmund's RC da ke Breightmet, inda mahaifinta yake shugaban makaranta. Daga nan ta halarci Makarantar Mount St Joseph, wata makarantar koyar da nahawu ta 'yan mata ta Roman Katolika.  

Bousted ta sami digirin farko na Fasaha (BA) a Turanci daga Jami'ar Hull, sannan ta sami takardar shaidar digiri na biyu a fannin Ilimi (PGCE) daga Jami'ar Durham ( Collingwood College ) a shekarar 1982.   Daga baya ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Fasaha (MA) daga Cibiyar Ilimi ta UCL, da kuma digiri na uku a Jami'ar York a shekarar 1999 tare da takardar digiri kan "binciken zamantakewa da siyasa game da akidar ci gaban mutum na koyarwar Turanci".  

## Sana'a

## Manazarta
Meghann Burke

**Meghann Kay Burke** (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 1980) lauya ce kuma babban darakta na Ƙungiyar 'Yan wasan Kwallon ƙafa na mata ta Kasa (NWSL), Kungiyar kwadago ta' yan wasa a cikin NWSL, babbar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata a Amurka. Burke ya jagoranci NWSLPA zuwa yarjejeniyar ciniki ta farko a cikin 2022.

Burke kuma 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce mai ritaya kuma koci. A matsayinta na 'yar wasa, Burke ta kasance mai tsaron gida ga ƙungiyoyi a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata (WPS), kuma kwanan nan ta kasance 'yar wasa kuma koci a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Asheville City SC .

## Aikin kwaleji
Burke ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Mehlville kuma an nada ta a matsayin Mai Tsaron Shekara ta Metro a 1998.  Ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 16 ta Amurka a 1996–97.  A cikin shekaru huɗu a Jami'ar Saint Louis, Burke ta kasance mai fara wasa a ƙungiyar farko kuma an sanya mata suna a cikin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban da aka zaɓa.  Ta kuma sami laƙabin "Mai Shiryawa"  kuma an ayyana ta a matsayin 'Yar Wasa ta Shekara Goma ta Jami'ar. 

## Aikin kulob

### Mai son sha'awa
Bayan shekara ta 2000, Burke ya buga wasa a ƙungiyoyin W-League da WPSL da dama.  

Ta buga wa Bristol Rovers wasa a 2004–05, inda ta taimaka wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila ta kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin mata ta FA . 

### Ƙwararren
Bayan kammala karatunta daga SLU, Carolina Courage ta WUSA ta ɗauki Burke aiki.  Ta koma matsayin ƙwararru a matsayin ƴar wasan ci gaba tare da Chicago Red Stars of Women's Professional Soccer (WPS) a 2010  kafin ta koma Sky Blue FC a matsayin ƴar wasa a watan Agusta na 2010. 

## Aikin shari'a
Burke ta karanci dokar aiki yayin da take wasa a WPS.  Ta kammala karatunta da *likitan shari'a* daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Northeastern . 

## Manazarta
Pat Cullen

**Patricia Yvonne Cullen** (née **McAleer**; An haife ta a ranar 2 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1965)   'yar siyasar Sinn Féin ce ta Irish, 'yar kungiyar kwadago kuma ma'aikaciyar jinya wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na majalisar (MP) na Fermanagh da Kudancin Tyrone tun 2024. Cullen ya kasance Babban Darakta kuma Babban Sakatare na Royal College of Nursing  daga Yuli 2021 zuwa Mayu 2024. 

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Cullen Patricia Yvonne McAleer a Carrickmore, County Tyrone, ƙarama cikin 'ya'ya bakwai da manomi Paddy McAleer da matarsa, Annie suka haifa. Shawarar babbar 'yar'uwarta, Birdie, ta zama ma'aikaciyar jinya ta zaburar da Pat ta bi wannan sana'ar. Ɗan'uwanta da 'yan'uwanta mata huɗu daga cikin biyar duk sun zama ma'aikatan jinya. Ɗaya 'yar'uwar Pat tana da nakasa ta koyo, wanda hakan ya sa Pat ta yi karatun aikin jinya a fannin lafiyar kwakwalwa. 

## Sana'a
Cullen ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a yankin yammacin Belfast a lokacin Matsalolin . A lokacin da take aikin jinya a Asibitin Holywell da ke Antrim tana da shekaru 18, Cullen ta rubuta wasiƙar koke ga shugabannin asibitoci game da manufar "tattalin arzikinsu", inda aka kwace muhimman kadarorin marasa lafiya masu tabin hankali a matsayin hukunci saboda ɗabi'u "masu wahala". Ta yi nasarar sanya asibitin ya sassauta manufar. Daga baya ta zama mai ba da shawara kan tabin hankali mai rijista.  Cullen ta ci gaba da riƙe mukamai a Hukumar Lafiyar Jama'a da Hukumar Kula da Lafiya da Jin Daɗi, kafin ta shiga Kwalejin Kula da Jinya ta Royal (RCN) a 2016.  A watan Mayu na 2019, ta zama darektan Hukumar Kula da Jinya ta Arewacin Ireland ta RCN.  Ta fara aiki a matsayin Sakatare Janar kuma Babban Jami'i a watan Afrilun 2021, kuma an naɗa ta a matsayin Sakatare Janar na wucin gadi kuma Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na RCN na Burtaniya a watan Yulin 2021. 

A ƙarshen shekarar 2022, ta jagoranci yajin aikin Hukumar Lafiya ta Ƙasa inda ma'aikatan jinya na Ingila da Wales suka shiga yajin aiki a karon farko a tarihin ƙungiyar ma'aikatan jinya na shekaru 106. [1] A watan Afrilun 2023, ƙungiyar ta sanar da yajin aikin a ƙarshen mako na hutun banki na watan Mayu (30 ga Afrilu zuwa 2 ga Mayu) bayan da membobin RCN suka ƙi tayin albashi. [2]

A shekarar 2023, *New Statesman* ya bayyana Cullen a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin fitattun shugabannin Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Burtaniya", inda aka sanya shi a matsayi na 15 a cikin jerin manyan mutane masu ƙarfin hagu na wannan shekarar, sama da 'yan siyasa da aka zaɓa da yawa. 

## Manazarta
Pancho Barnes

**Florence Lowe "Pancho" Barnes** (Yuli 22, 1901 - Maris 30, 1975) ta kasance mai jirgin sama na farko kuma ta kafa ƙungiyar masu tuka jirgin sama ta farko. A cikin 1930, ta karya rikodin saurin iska na Amelia Earhart. Barnes ta yi tsere a cikin Women's Air Derby kuma ta kasance memba na Ninety-Nines . A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, an san ta da mai mallakar Happy Bottom Riding Club, mashaya da gidan cin abinci a cikin Mojave Desert, Kudancin California, wanda ke ba da abinci ga mashahuran matukan gwajin da masu jirgin sama waɗanda ke aiki a kusa.

## Shekarun farko
An haife ta a matsayin **Florence Leontine Lowe** a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 1901, ga Thaddeus Lowe II (1870–1955) da matarsa ta farko, Florence May Dobbins, a Pasadena, California . An haife ta ne a cikin iyali mai arziki, tana girma a cikin babban gida a San Marino, California . A lokacin ƙuruciyarta, ta halarci mafi kyawun makarantu masu zaman kansu na yankin, kamar Makarantar Bishop .  Mahaifinta, ɗan wasa mai sha'awar wasanni, ya ƙarfafa ta ta yaba da kyawawan abubuwan da ke faruwa a waje, kuma Florence ta zama ƙwararren mai hawan dawaki.  Kakanta shine Thaddeus SC Lowe, wanda ya fara harkar jiragen sama ta Amurka tare da kafa rundunar sojojin sama ta farko ta ƙasar, rundunar sojojin Potomac a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka . Ya kai jikarsa zuwa wani wasan kwaikwayo na iska lokacin tana da shekaru 10. 

A shekarar 1919, Florence ta auri Reverend C. Rankin Barnes na Kudancin Pasadena, California, kuma sun haifi ɗa, William E. Barnes.  Mahaifiyarta ta mutu a shekarar 1924.

## Aikin tukin jirgin sama
Bayan ta shafe watanni huɗu a ƙasar waje a Mexico, ta fuskanci masu juyin juya hali kuma ta tsere wa hukumomin ƙasar, tana ɓoye kanta a matsayin namiji, ta fara amfani da laƙabin "Pancho" a wannan lokacin. [ yaushe? ] [1] Barnes ta koma San Marino, California, da gadon da aka ba ta bayan mutuwar iyayenta. A shekarar 1928, yayin da take tuƙa ɗan uwanta Dean Banks zuwa darasin tuƙi, ta yanke shawarar koyon tuƙi, kuma ta shawo kan malamin jirgin ɗan uwanta, Ben Catlin, tsohon soja a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, game da sha'awarta a wannan rana. [1] Ta yi ta kaɗaici bayan sa'o'i shida na koyarwa a hukumance. [2]

Barnes ta gudanar da wani wasan kwaikwayo na musamman na barnstorming kuma ta fafata a gasar tseren jiragen sama. Duk da faduwar da ta yi a gasar tseren jiragen sama ta mata ta 1929, ta dawo a shekarar 1930 karkashin tallafin kamfanin Union Oil Company don lashe gasar - kuma ta karya tarihin gudun mata na duniya na Amelia Earhart da gudun  . Barnes ya karya wannan tarihi a cikin Jirgin Ruwa Mai Ban Mamaki na Travel Air Type R.  

## Manazarta
Doris Crouse-Mays

**Doris Crouse-Mays** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1958) shugabar ma'aikata ce ta Amurka.

Crouse-Mays, 'yar asalin Rural Retreat, Virginia, ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai kula da shago ; ba da daɗewa ba ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar kwadago. Ta fara shiga Ma'aikatan Sadarwa na Amurka, daga baya ta yi aikin ƙungiya ga Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Tufafi ta Mata ta Duniya . Godiya ga iyawarta a wannan matsayi, ta zama darektan jiha na AFL-CIO na ƙasa a 1997, inda ta jawo hankalin sabbin membobi kuma ta faɗaɗa tasirin ƙungiyar a siyasance. A 2001 ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da shirye-shiryen siyasa na ƙungiyar a duk faɗin jihar; shekaru biyu bayan haka ta zama darektan siyasa. Ita memba ce a Kwamitin Gudanarwa da Tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Virginia, kuma an zaɓe ta a Kwamitin Democrat na Ƙasa a 2008; a 2013 ta yi aiki a kwamitin sauyi na zaɓen gwamna Terry McAuliffe . Ita memba ce ta kwamitin Emerge Virginia, wata ƙungiya da ke neman mata su tsaya takara a mukaman siyasa. [1]

Crouse-May ita ce mace ta farko da ta riƙe mukamin zartarwa a AFL-CIO na Virginia, inda aka zaɓe ta a matsayin sakatare-ma'ajin kuɗinta na tsawon shekaru huɗu tun daga shekarar 2006. A watan Agusta na 2010 ta zama mace ta farko da aka zaɓa a matsayin shugabar ta; a shekarar 2014 aka sake zaɓe ta zuwa wani wa'adi na shekaru huɗu a wannan matsayi. An naɗa Crouse-Mays a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Matan Virginia a Tarihi na Laburare na Virginia na 2017. 

## Manazarta
Erika Conrado

**Erika Conrado Arredondo** 'yar kungiyar kwadago ce ta Mutanen Espanya.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Conrado ya yi aiki a bangaren hadin gwiwa, wani ɓangare na tattalin arzikin hadin kai Catalonia. A ranar 7 ga Yulin 2022, an zabi Conrado a matsayin Babban Sakatare na kwamitin gida na CNT a Vallès Oriental, inda ya maye gurbin Cristian Carmona. Daga wannan mukamin, ta mayar da hankali ga kokarin shirya CNT a kan mata da Ma'aikata marasa lafiya a bangarorin masana'antu daban-daban na comarca. A ranar 27 ga watan Janairun 2024, taron koli na CNT ya zabi Conrado ya zama Babban Sakataren kungiyar ta kasa; daga baya aka tura hedkwatar CNT zuwa Granollers.

Bayan Kotun Koli ta Spain ta amince da hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku na Suiza Six, membobin CNT na Asturian waɗanda aka gurfanar da su saboda shirya ƙungiyar ƙwadago a Xixón, Conrado ya bayyana cewa: "Ba mu ji daɗin tsarin ba. Filinmu shine titi kuma abin da ba za mu iya yi ba shine mu yi watsi da shi. Wani ɓangare ne na DNA ɗinmu kuma shine abin da za mu ci gaba da yi. Abokan hulɗa ba za su kasance su kaɗai a kowane lokaci ba, kuma kodayake mun yi imanin cewa wannan hukuncin bam ne ga ƙungiyar ƙwadago, za mu ci gaba da kasancewa tare da ma'aikata."    Ta ƙara da cewa "ƙungiyar ƙwadago ba laifi ba ne, kodayake hukuncin Kotun Koli ya sanya wannan tambaya".  Ta nuna cewa ana tsammanin ƙungiyar ƙwadago za ta kasance a ƙarƙashin sashe na 28 na kundin tsarin mulkin Spain kuma ta yi alƙawarin ci gaba da kare masu fafutuka shida, koda kuwa yana nufin ɗaukaka ƙara zuwa Kotun Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Turai ko Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . 

Conrado ta tuntubi sauran ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago don neman taimakonsu. [1] Ta yi gargaɗin cewa, sakamakon hukuncin kotun, kowace ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta Spain za ta kasance cikin haɗarin sanya ta a matsayin mai laifi ga ayyukan masana'antu . [2] [3] [1] [4] Tare da wakilan CCOO, UGT da CGT, Conrado sun halarci wani gangami a Xixón don nuna goyon baya ga masu fafutukar CNT shida. [5] Daga ƙarshe ta haɗu da wasu manyan cibiyoyin ƙwadago na ƙasar don kare haƙƙin ƙwadago. [6]

## Manazarta
Gabrielle Carteris

**Gabrielle Carteris** ( / kɑːrˈtɛrɪs / kar - TERR - kar- ) ’yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka kuma shugabar ƙungiyar ƙwadago . An fi saninta da rawar da ta taka a matsayin Andrea Zuckerman a *Beverly Hills, 90210* .

A shekarar 2012, an zaɓe Carteris a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar zartarwa ta SAG-AFTRA (ƙungiyar Masu Shirya Fim - Ƙungiyar Masu Shirya Fim ta Talabijin da Rediyo ta Amurka), ƙungiyar ƙwadago da ke wakiltar ƙwararrun kafofin watsa labarai 170,000 a duk faɗin duniya. Ta hau kujerar mukaddashin shugaba bayan rasuwar tsohon shugaban ƙasar, Ken Howard, a ranar 23 ga Maris, 2016.  A ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 2016, an zaɓe Carteris a matsayin shugabar hukumar SAG-AFTRA ta ƙasa domin ta ci gaba da sauran wa'adin Howard.  An sake zaɓenta a matsayin shugabar hukumar a watan Agusta na 2017 da kuma watan Agusta na 2019 ta hanyar cikakken ƙuri'ar mamba. 

## Shekarun farko
An haifi Carteris a Scottsdale, Arizona,  ga Marlene, dillalin gidaje, da Ernest J. Carteris, mai gidan abinci. Tana da ɗan'uwa tagwaye, James.   Mahaifinta asalin Girka ne   yayin da mahaifiyarta Bayahudiya ce.  Iyayenta sun rabu watanni shida bayan haihuwarta. Mahaifiyar Carteris ta ƙaura tare da 'ya'yanta zuwa San Francisco, California, inda ta kafa shagon sayar da kayan yara. Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Redwood a Larkspur, California . 

## Sana'a
Bayan kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Sarah Lawrence, farkon aikinta na talabijin Carteris ya sa ta zama jarumai a lokacin ƙuruciya a cikin fina-finai kamar ABC Afterschool Specials, CBS Schoolbreak Special, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu mai suna Another World . Wannan yanayin yin wasan kwaikwayo na ƙananan haruffa ya ci gaba, lokacin da a shekarar 1990, aka sanya ta a cikin rawar da ta fi shahara a matsayin editan jaridar makaranta mai himma Andrea Zuckerman a Beverly Hills, 90210. Tana da shekaru 29, ita ce mamba mafi tsufa a cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ta nuna wata yarinya 'yar shekara 15, tana ƙarya game da shekarunta don samun rawar. [1] A shekarar 1993, yayin da take aiki a shirin, kamfaninta na GABCO Productions ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da Rysher TPE . [2]

A shekarar 1995, Carteris ta bar shirin ta zama mai gabatar da shirin tattaunawa na talabijin, *Gabrielle*, wanda ya ɗauki lokaci ɗaya kacal. Bayan haka, ta yi aiki akai-akai a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo da mai rera murya, inda ta tara adadi mai yawa na yabo a talabijin, fina-finai, da wasannin bidiyo bayan *90210.* Ta zama jigo a fina-finan talabijin, inda ta fito a kusan goma sha biyu daga cikinsu. Fim ɗinta na farko, *Seduced and Betrayed*, an fitar da shi a shekarar 1995. Ta zama mai yawan halarta a talabijin na hanyar sadarwa, tana fitowa a shirye-shiryen shirye-shirye kamar *Touched by an Angel*, *King of the Hill*, *NYPD Blue*, *JAG*, *Criminal Minds*, da *NCIS*, da sauransu. Ta fito a fina-finai da dama. Carteris kuma ta samar da muryar mataimakiyar Motorola mai hankali " Mya ."  

## Manazarta
Brooke Elby

**Brooke Kazuko Elby** (an haife ta a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 1993) tsohuwar 'yar wasan tsakiya /mai tsaron baya ce 'yar Amurka wacce ta buga wasa a ƙarshe a Chicago Red Stars a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta ƙasa (NWSL).  Ita ce babbar darekta ta biyu ta ƙungiyar 'yan wasan NWSL . 

## Aikin kulob
A baya ta buga wa Boston Breakers da Melbourne Victory of the Australian W-League wasa . Elby ta kasance memba na Boston Breakers lokacin da suka yi ritaya a watan Janairu, 2018. Utah Royals FC ta zaɓe ta a gasar Boston Breakers Dispersal Draft. [1] A ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2018, an sayar da Elby ga Chicago Red Stars . [2] [3] [4] ] [ [5] [6] [7] [8] A ranar 16 ga Disamba, 2019, Elby ta sanar da yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru. [9] [10]

## Ƙungiyar 'Yan Wasan NWSL
A shekarar 2019, an zabi Elby a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta ƙasa (NWSLPA), inda ta maye gurbin Yael Averbuch . Bayan ta yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru, Elby ta ɗauki matsayin darakta mai haɗin gwiwa a NWSLPA.   A watan Afrilun 2021, Meghann Burke ta maye gurbin Elby a matsayin babbar darakta ta NWSLPA. 

## Manazarta
Bea Duran

**Beatrice** **"Bea"** **Angela Duran** 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka kuma ƙwararriyar mai fafutukar koke-koke daga Las Vegas, Nevada, wacce ta kasance memba a Majalisar Nevada . 

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Duran a shekarar 1963 a Cheyenne, Wyoming . 

## Sana'a
A shekarar 1986, Duran, wacce a lokacin take hidimar abinci a Otal da Gidan Caca na Four Queens, ta fara aiki a Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Culinary, Local 226 na UNITE HERE da ke Las Vegas, kuma tana cikin ma'aikata yayin da ƙungiyar ta sami karɓuwa a can.  Tun daga shekarar 1999 ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar ƙungiyar Culinary Union, inda ta kasance ƙwararriyar mai kula da koke-koke tare da Sashen Kula da Koke-koke na Culinary. 

### Siyasa
A watan Disamba na 2018, Hukumar Gundumar Clark ta naɗa Duran a matsayin memba na jam'iyyar Democrat don wakiltar gundumar 11 (wasu sassan Las Vegas da North Las Vegas ) na Majalisar Nevada, don maye gurbin Olivia Diaz (wadda ta yi murabus daga kujerar Majalisar jim kaɗan bayan ta sake lashe zaɓe, don tsayawa takarar Majalisar Birnin Las Vegas). [1]

## Manazarta