Rashin daidaito na muhalli a Ƙasar Ingila

**Rashin daidaito na muhalli a Ƙasar Ingila** shine hanyar da ingancin muhalli ya bambanta tsakanin al'ummomi daban-daban a Burtaniya. Ana jin waɗannan bambance-bambance a fannoni da yawa na muhalli, gami da gurɓataccen iska, samun damar sararin samaniya da kuma fuskantar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa.

## Ma'anar 'rashin daidaito na muhalli'

### Ma'anar
Hukumar Kula da Muhalli, wata kungiya ce ta Burtaniya da ba ta sashen ba ta Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Abinci da Harkokin Karkara (DEFRA), ta bayyana 'rashin daidaito na muhalli' kamar haka: 'Don lura ko da'awar rashin daidaito na cikin muhalli shine nuna cewa wani bangare na muhallar an rarraba shi ba daidai ba tsakanin kungiyoyin zamantakewa daban-daban (wanda ya bambanta da zamantakewar zamantakewa, kabilanci, jinsi, jinsi, shekaru, wuri, da sauransu).

Cibiyar Nazarin Ci Gaban Ci gaba (SDRN) ta bayyana rashin daidaito na muhalli kamar haka: 'Rashin daidaito na Muhalli yana nufin rarraba haɗarin muhalli da haɗari da samun damar kayan muhalli. '

Gordon Walker (Sashen Geography, Cibiyar Muhalli ta Lancaster, Jami'ar Lancaster da Malcolm Eames (Jami'ar Cardiff) sun bayyana 'rashin daidaito na muhalli' a matsayin 'rufe tambayoyi masu yawa na bambanci ko rashin daidaito, gami da:

* Wanene ke da inganci mai kyau da kuma yanayi mai aminci don zama a ciki, wanda ke fuskantar gurɓataccen yanayi, haɗari da haɗari kuma wanda ke nesa ko karewa daga irin waɗannan tasirin?
* Wanene ke samun dama da cinye albarkatun muhalli kuma wanene ba zai iya yin hakan ba, ko kuma yana iyakance matakin samun dama da amfani?
* Wanene zai iya tsara yanke shawara na muhalli kuma wanene ba haka ba? Wanene aka haɗa wanda aka cire? '

Masanin ilimin zamantakewa Liam Downey (2005) ya rarrabe hanyoyi daban-daban guda biyar na bayyana rashin daidaito na muhalli:

i) Ma'anar wariyar launin fata da gangan: Bisa ga wannan ma'anar, rashin daidaito na muhalli yana tasowa lokacin da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suka sanya haɗarin muhalli da gangan a cikin unguwanni marasa rinjaye.

ii) Ma'anar bayyanar da ba ta dace ba: Bisa ga wannan ma'anar, rashin daidaito na muhalli ya taso 'lokacin da membobin takamaiman ƙungiyar zamantakewa suka fi fuskantar wasu abubuwan gurɓata muhalli fiye da yadda za mu yi tsammani idan an rarraba membobin ƙungiyar a duk faɗin sararin zama'.

iii) Ma'anar tasirin kiwon lafiya daban-daban: Bisa ga wannan ma'anar, rashin daidaito na muhalli ya taso 'lokacin da mummunan tasirin kiwon lafiyar kusanci da zama ko fallasa haɗarin muhalli an rarraba shi ba tare da daidaito ba a cikin kungiyoyin zamantakewa.

iv) Ma'anar tasirin zamantakewa daban-daban: Bisa ga wannan ma'anar, rashin daidaito na muhalli ya taso 'lokacin da membobin takamaiman ƙungiyar zamantakewa suka fi zama a cikin unguwanni masu haɗari da muhalli fiye da yadda za mu yi tsammani idan an rarraba membobin ƙungiyar a bazuwar wuri na zama.'

v) Rarraba nauyin nauyi da ma'anar fa'idodi: Bisa ga wannan ma'anar, rashin daidaito na muhalli yana tasowa lokacin da kungiyoyin da ke samun fa'idori mafi girma daga dangantakar zamantakewar jari-hujja (bisa ga masu goyon bayan wannan ma'aunin, wannan yana nufin fararen fata da matsakaicin aji) ba su da nauyi daga gurɓataccen masana'antu fiye da kungiyoyin waɗanda ke samun fa-fajiyar fa'iddiga daga dangantakar jama'ar jari-hu'a (bisa ga magoya bayan wannan ma-hujja, wannan ma'idar, wannan ma-halin yana nufin mutane masu launi da ma'aikata). 

### Tarihi
Ma'anar rashin daidaito na muhalli ya fito ne a cikin mahallin motsi na Adalci na muhalli. Yunkurin Adalci na Muhalli ya samo asali ne a Amurka a cikin shekarun 1980  don mayar da martani ga damuwa game da al'ummomi daga yanayin kabilanci matalauta, baƙar fata da ƙananan da ke fama da batutuwan muhalli kuma an cire su daga yanke shawara na muhalli. 

An sami ci gaba sosai a kan inganta tsarin shari'ar muhalli a Burtaniya a Scotland, wanda ya fara da jawabin da Jack McConnell, Ministan farko na Zartarwa na Scotland ya yi a 2002. McConnell ya ce: '... gaskiyar ita ce mutanen da ke da damuwa game da muhalli na gaggawa a Scotland su ne waɗanda ke fuskantar sakamakon rayuwa mara kyau a kowace rana, kuma suna rayuwa a cikin yanayin da ya lalace - kusa da gurɓataccen masana'antu, wanda ke fama da hayakin motoci, tituna da ke cike da datti da ganuwar da aka rufe da rubutu. Wannan gaskiya ne ga Scotland da kuma gaskiya a wasu wurare a duniya. Waɗannan yanayin da ba za su dace da al'ummominmu ba, kuma waɗanda dole ne su jimre wa irin waɗannan mahalli inda za su kawo iyali, ko kuma su girma da kansu.

Bayan wannan jawabin, kuma a cikin hasken yakin neman zaɓe na Adalci na Muhalli ta Abokan Duniya Scotland,  an yi nassoshi ga Adalci na Muhalli a cikin takardun manufofin Scotland da yawa (misali Scottish Executive 2002c, 2003, 2003a (Yarjejeniyar Haɗin gwiwa); Sashen Zartarwa na Scotland, 2001, 2003, 2004, da 2005). Babban Jami'in Scotland, a cikin shekara ta 2005, ya ba da umarnin bincike kan hanyoyin da za a iya samun bayanai game da muhalli ga jama'a, kuma kwanan nan ya ba da umurni ga binciken da ke binciken tasirin ambaliyar ruwa.

## Mutanen da abin ya shafa
Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta bayyana cewa 'Mutanen da ke fama da talauci a cikin al'umma da tattalin arziki galibi suna rayuwa a cikin mafi munin yanayi. Misali, waɗanda ke zaune a cikin mafi yawan yankunan Ingila suna fuskantar mafi munin ingancin iska kuma suna da karancin damar samun sararin samaniya da isasshen gidaje. Wadannan matsalolin na iya shafar lafiyar mutane da jin daɗi kuma suna iya ƙarawa ga nauyin rashin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Hakanan suna iya iyakance damar da mutane ke da ita don inganta rayuwarsu da kuma lalata ƙoƙarin sabunta unguwanni. Wadanda abin ya shafa sun kasance mafi rauni kuma an ware su a cikin al'umma. '

Har ila yau, akwai shaidar cewa mutane daga asalin BME (baƙar fata da ƙabilu) suna fama da mafi munin yanayin muhalli, kuma an cire su daga yanke shawara na muhalli. UK NGO da tunani-tank Capacity Global, a cikin 'BMEs - Tackling Social and Environmental Justice', suna jayayya cewa akwai shingen da yawa, wanda ke hana ayyukan al'ummomin BAME kan magance matsalolin muhalli.

## Misalan

### Samun damar zuwa wuraren shakatawa, wuraren kore da yanayin halitta
Mafi yawan masu arziki kashi 20 cikin 100 na unguwanni na majalisa suna da sau biyar na adadin wuraren shakatawa ko sararin samaniya (ba tare da lambuna ba) ga kowane mutum fiye da mafi yawan marasa galihu kashi 10 cikin 100 na gidaje. Wuraren da ke da yawan jama'a da ƙasa da kashi 2% na baƙar fata da mazauna kabilanci suna da sau shida fiye da wuraren shakatawa da sau goma sha ɗaya fiye da sararin samaniya na jama'a kamar yadda wards ke da fiye da kashi 40 cikin dari na yawan jama'ar mutane ne daga baƙar fata kuma 'yan tsiraru.

Dangane da White Paper na DEFRA na 2011 a kan Muhalli na Halitta, mutane a yankunan da ba su da yawa kusan sau shida fiye da waɗanda ke cikin masu arziki don bayyana yankinsu a matsayin 'kore', kuma 'waɗanda ke zaune a yankunan marasa galihu, al'ummomin kabilanci, tsofaffi da waɗanda ke da nakasa suna da ƙarancin damar yin amfani da su ko kuma suna amfani da su ƙasa ƙasa ƙasa. Wannan takarda ta haɗa da abubuwan da ke rayuwa (ƙungiyoyin da ke da ke da yawa na rayuwa ciki har da dabbobi masu rai, koguna masu tasowa, yankunan da yankunan da ƙasƙantar da ƙasƙanci, yankunan BME), yankunan da ƙauyuka masu tasowa). 

### Manazarta