Galileo Galilei

**Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei** (15 Fabrairu 1564&nbsp;- 8 Janairun shekarar 1642) masanin taurari dan Italiya ne, masanin kimiyyar lissafi kuma injiniya, wani lokacin ana kwatanta shi azaman polymath. Wanda aka fi sani da **Galileo**, kiran sunansa /ˌɡælɪ ˈleɪ.oʊˌælɪ ˈleɪ.iˌ/(GAL-ih-LAY-oh GAL-ih-LAY-ee, Italian: [ɡaliˈlɛːo ɡaliˈlɛi] ). An haife shi a birnin Pisa, sannan wani yanki na Duchy na Florence.  Galileo an kira shi "father" of observational astronomy,  kimiyyar lissafi na zamani,   hanyar kimiyya,  da kimiyyar zamani.

## Karatu
Galileo yayi karatun speed and velocity, gravity and free fall,  the principle relativity , inertia, projectile motion kuma ya yi aiki a cikin ilimin kimiyya da fasaha, yana kwatanta kaddarorin pendulums da " ma'aunin hydrostatic". Ya kuma ƙirƙira ma'aunin zafi da sanyio da kamfas ɗin soja daban-daban, kuma ya yi amfani da na'urar hangen nesa don nazarin kimiyyar abubuwan sararin samaniya. Gudunmawar da ya bayar ga ilimin taurarin kallo sun haɗa da tabbatarwa ta telescopic matakan Venus, kallon manyan tauraron dan adam guda huɗu na Jupiter, duban zoben Saturn, dakuma  kuma nazarin ramukan wata da wuraren rana.

Gasar Galileo na Copernican heliocentrism (Duniya tana jujjuya kowace rana da kewaya rana) ya gamu da adawa daga cikin Cocin Katolika da kuma wasu masana ilmin taurari. Ƙwararrun  Ƙwararru ta Roma ta binciki lamarin a shekara ta 1615, wadda ta kammala cewa heliocentrism wauta ce, wauta, da bidi’a tun da ya ci karo da Nassi Mai Tsarki.   

Galileo daga baya ya kare ra'ayinsa a cikin *Tattaunawa Game da Manyan Tsarin Duniya na Biyu a shekara ta* (1632), wanda ya bayyana ya kai hari ga Paparoma Urban na VIII kuma ta haka ya nisanta duka Paparoma da Jesuits, wadanda suka goyi bayan Galileo har zuwa wannan lokacin.  An gwada shi ta hanyar Inquisition, aka same shi "wanda ake zargi da bidi'a sosai", kuma aka tilasta masa ya daina. Ya yi sauran rayuwarsa a tsare.   A wannan lokacin, ya rubuta *Sabbin Kimiyya biyu* (1638), musamman game da kinematics da strength of material, yana taƙaita ayyukan da ya yi kusan shekaru arba'in da suka gabata. 

## Ƙuruciya da iyali
An haifi Galileo a Pisa (sa'an nan kuma wani ɓangare na Duchy na Florence), Italiya, a ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairu 1564,  na farko cikin yara shida na Vincenzo Galilei, ɗan lutenist, mawaki, kuma masanin kade-kade, da Giulia Ammannati, wanda ya yi aure. a shekara ta 1562. Galileo ya zama ƙwararren lutenist da kansa kuma da ya koya da wuri daga mahaifinsa wani shakku ga kafaffen iko. 

Uku daga cikin ’yan’uwan Galileo biyar sun tsira daga ƙuruciya. Karamin, Michelangelo (ko Michelagnolo), kuma ya zama lutenist kuma mawaki wanda ya kara wa Galileo nauyin kudi na sauran rayuwarsa.  Michelangelo ya kasa ba da gudummawar kaso mai kyau na sadakin da mahaifinsu ya yi alkawari ga surukansu, wanda daga baya za su yi ƙoƙarin neman hanyoyin biyan kuɗi. Michelangelo shima lokaci-lokaci yakan sami rancen kuɗi daga Galileo don tallafawa ƙoƙarin kiɗan sa da balaguron balaguro. Wataƙila waɗannan nauyin kuɗi sun sa Galileo ya fara sha’awar ƙirƙirar abubuwan da za su kawo masa ƙarin kuɗi. 

Lokacin da Galileo Galilei yana da shekaru takwas, danginsa sun ƙaura zuwa Florence, amma an bar shi ƙarƙashin kulawar Muzio Tedaldi na tsawon shekaru biyu. Sa’ad da Galileo ya kai shekaru goma, ya bar Pisa ya shiga iyalinsa a Florence kuma a can yana ƙarƙashin kulawar Jacopo Borghini.  Ya sami ilimi, musamman a cikin dabaru, daga 1575 zuwa 1578 a Vallombrosa Abbey, kusan 30.&nbsp;km kudu maso gabashin Florence.  

### Suna
Galileo ya kasance yana nufin kansa kawai da sunan da aka ba shi. A lokacin, sunayen sunaye na zaɓi ne a Italiya, kuma sunansa da aka ba shi yana da asali iri ɗaya da sunan danginsa na wani lokaci, Galilei. Dukansu sunansa da danginsa sun samo asali ne daga kakanni, Galileo Bonaiuti, wani muhimmin likita, farfesa, kuma ɗan siyasa a Florence a cikin karni na 15.   Galileo Bonaiuti an binne shi a cikin coci guda, Basilica na Santa Croce a Florence, inda bayan shekaru 200 kuma aka binne Galileo Galilei. 

Lokacin da ya ambaci kansa da suna sama da ɗaya, wani lokaci ya zama Galileo Galilei Linceo, yana nuni da kasancewarsa memba na Accademia dei Lincei, ƙungiyar ƙwararrun masana kimiyya a Italiya. Ya zama ruwan dare ga dangin Tuscan na tsakiyar karni na goma sha shida su sanya sunan babban ɗan bayan sunan mahaifi.  Saboda haka, Galileo Galilei ba lallai ne a sanya masa sunan kakansa Galileo Bonaiuti ba. Namijin Italiyanci da aka ba suna "Galileo" (sannan kuma sunan sunan "Galilei") ya samo asali ne daga Latin "Galileus", ma'ana "na Galili ", yanki mai mahimmanci na Littafi Mai-Tsarki a Arewacin Isra'ila.   Saboda wannan yanki, *sifa galilaios* (Greek Γαλιλαῖος, Latin *Galilaeus*, Italiyanci *Galileo*), wanda ke nufin "Galilean", an yi amfani dashi a zamanin da (musamman ta sarki Julian) don nufin Kristi da mabiyansa. 

## Manazarta

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**Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei** (an haifeshi a ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairu shekarata alif 1564&nbsp;-zuwa ranar 8 ga watan Janairu shekarata alif 1642) masanin taurari dan Italiya ne, masanin kimiyyar lissafi kuma injiniya, wani lokacin ana kwatanta shi azaman polymath . 

Ya ƙirƙiro na'urar tantance ma'aunin zafi da sanyin jiki da na'urorin soji daban-daban, ya kuma yi amfani da na'urar hangen nesa don duba kimiyyar abubuwan sararin samaniya 

Gasar Galileo na Copernican heliocentrism (Duniya tana jujjuya kowace rana da kewaya rana) ya gamu da adawa daga cikin Cocin Katolika da kuma wasu masana ilmin taurari.

## Early life and family

An haife shi a Galileo a Pisa (a lokacin wani ɓangare na Duchy na Florence) a ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairu shekarata alif 1564,  ta farko cikin 'ya'ya shida na Vincenzo Galilei, babban mawaƙi, kuma Masanin ilimin kiɗa, da Giulia Ammannati, 'yar wani fitaccen ɗan kasuwa, wanda ya yi aure shekaru biyu da suka gabata a shekarar alif 1562, lokacin da yake da shekaru 42, kuma tana da shekara 24. Galileo ya zama ƙwararren ɗan lute da kansa kuma zai koyi tun da wuri daga mahaifinsa shakku game da ikon da aka kafa.

Uku daga cikin 'yan uwan Galileo guda biyar sun tsira daga jariri. Michelangelo bai iya bada gudummawar rabon da ya dace na sadakar da mahaifinsu ya yi wa surukansu alkawari ba, wanda daga baya ya yi ƙoƙari ya nemi magungunan shari'a don biyan kuɗi. Michelangelo kuma a wasu lokuta dole ne ya ranta kuɗi daga Galileo don tallafawa ƙoƙarinsa na kiɗa da tafiye-tafiye. Wadannan nauyin kudi na iya bada gudummawa ga sha'awar farko ta Galileo don haɓaka abubuwan kirkirar da za su kawo masa ƙarin kuɗin shiga.

Ya yi karatu, musamman a cikin tunani, daga shekarar alif 1575 zuwa shekarata alif 1578 a cikin Vallombrosa Abbey, kimanin kilomita 30 kudu maso gabashin Florence.&nbsp;