Sauyin yanayi na Oklahoma

Yanayin Oklahoma ya ƙunshi ƙasa da yanayin halittu daga filayen busasshiyar zuwa gandun daji da duwatsu masu zafi. Oklahoma ta ƙunshi yankuna 10 daban-daban na muhalli, fiye da kowane murabba'in mil fiye da kowane jiha ta hanyar iyaka mai faɗi. Tana cikin Great Plains da yankin US Interior Highlands kusa da cibiyar ƙasa na jihohi 48 da ke kusa. Yawancin lokaci ana ɗaukarsa wani ɓangare na Kudancin Tsakiyar Amurka, Oklahoma tana da iyaka a gabas ta Kansas" ">Arkansas da Missouri, a arewacin Kansas, a arewa maso yammacin Colorado, a yammacin New Mexico, kuma a kudu da kusa da yammacin Texas.

Jihar tana da manyan tsaunuka huɗu: Dutsen Arbuckle, Dutsen Wichita, Dutsen Ozark da Dutsen Ouachita .  Wani ɓangare na yankin Highlands na ciki na Amurka, Ozarks da Ouachitas sun zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan yankuna masu tsawo tsakanin Dutsen Rocky da Appalachians.

Wani yanki na Flint Hills ya shimfiɗa zuwa arewa ta tsakiya Oklahoma, kuma a kusurwar kudu maso gabashin jihar, Cavanal Hill ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin tudun mafi tsayi a duniya;  a ƙafa 1,999 (609 m), ya kasa ma'anar dutse da ƙafa ɗaya.[1]  Fiye da rafuka da koguna 500 da aka ambata sun haɗa da magudanan ruwa na Oklahoma, kuma tare da tafkuna 200 da madatsun ruwa suka ƙirƙira, yana riƙe da mafi girman adadin tafki a cikin al'umma.[1]  Oklahoma yana da fadin fili mai fadin murabba'in mil 69,898 (181,030 km2), tare da murabba'in mil 68,667 (177,850 km2) na fili da kuma murabba'in murabba'in mil 1,231 (3,190 km2) na ruwa, wanda ya mai da ita jiha ta 20 mafi girma a Amurka.[2]  Gabaɗaya, an raba shi zuwa yankuna bakwai na yanki: Ƙasar Green (Arewa maso Gabas Oklahoma), Ƙasar Choctaw (Kudu maso Gabas Oklahoma), Oklahoma ta Tsakiya (Ƙasashen Gabas ta Tsakiya), Oklahoma ta Tsakiya ta Tsakiya (Ƙasar Chickasaw), Kudu maso Yammacin Oklahoma (Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙasa), Arewa maso yammacin Oklahoma (Ƙasar Red Carpet), da Oklahoma Panhandle.

Tana tsakanin Great Plains da Ozark Plateau a cikin Gulf of Mexico watershed,  Oklahoma tana gangara sannu a hankali daga iyakokinta na yamma zuwa gabas.  Matsayinta mafi girma da mafi ƙasƙanci suna bin wannan yanayin, tare da mafi girman tsawo, Black Mesa, a ƙafa 4,368 (1,516 m) sama da matakin teku, wanda ke kusa da kusurwar arewa maso yammacin Oklahoma Panhandle. Matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci na jihar yana kan Little River kusa da iyakar kudu maso gabashinsa, wanda ke nutsewa zuwa 289 feet (88 m) sama da matakin teku.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Yawancin jihar suna cikin manyan wuraren ruwa guda biyu na kogin Red da Arkansas, kodayake kogin Lee da Little suma suna dauke da manyan wuraren ruwa. A cikin kusurwar arewa maso yamma jihar, tsaunuka masu tsawo suna da ƙananan gandun daji na halitta kuma suna juyawa zuwa shimfidar wuri tare da canyons da tsinkaye kamar Dutsen Gilashi. Yankunan da ƙananan tsaunuka suka katse kamar Antelope Hills da Wichita Mountains sun mamaye kudu maso yammacin Oklahoma, kuma filayen da gandun daji na wucin gadi sun rufe tsakiyar jihar. Dutsen Ozark da Ouachita (mai suna Oh-Wa-Sheet-ah) Dutsen suna tashi daga yamma zuwa gabas a kan kashi na uku na gabashin jihar, sannu a hankali suna ƙaruwa a tsawo a gefen gabas.

Oklahoma baka da tabkuna kaɗan. Wadanda suka wanzu ko dai tafkuna ne na oxbow ko playa. Oklahoma tana da tabkuna sittin da biyu na oxbow sama da kadada 10 (0.040 ) a girman. Mafi girma, kusa da Red River a cikin McCurtain County yana da kadada  (1.10 ). Tsawon fari wanda ya fara a 1930 kuma ya haifar da yanayin da ake kira "Dust Bowl", ya haifar da gina manyan tafkuna da yawa a duk fadin jihar. Yanzu, Oklahoma tana da mafi yawan tabkuna da madatsun ruwa suka kirkira a kowace jiha a Amurka, tare da fiye da .

## Tsire-tsire da dabbobi

dazuzzuka sun rufe kashi 24 cikin dari na Oklahoma,  da kuma wuraren ciyawa, wanda ya ƙunshi gajeren ciyawa, ciyawa mai gauraye, da tsaunuka masu tsawo, yanayin halittu masu tasowa a cikin tsakiya da yammacin jihar. Inda ruwan sama ya ragu a yankunan yammacin jihar, gajerun ciyawa da shrublands sune mafi mahimmancin yanayin halittu, kodayake pinyon Pine, junipers, da ponderosa pines suna girma kusa da koguna da gadajen rafi a cikin iyakar yammacin panhandle. Marshlands, gandun daji na cypress da cakuda na shortleaf pine, loblolly pine, sabal minor, da gandun daji masu laushi sun mamaye yankin kudu maso gabashin jihar, yayin da cakuda yawancin gandun daji da suka shafi Ozark a arewa maso gabashin Oklahoma. Yawancin nau'o'in da ba su da yawa kamar su sukari maple, bigtooth maple, kudancin oak mai rai, da nolina suna zaune a Kudu maso yammacin Oklahoma da Dutsen Wichita.   

Jihar tana da yawan mutanen da ke da farin wutsiya, coyotes, Bobcats, elk, da tsuntsaye kamar quail, kurciya, cardinals, bald eagles, red-ja-tailed hawks, da pheasants. A cikin yanayin halittu na tsaunuka, Bison na Amurka, manyan tsuntsaye, badgers, da Armadillo sun zama ruwan dare, kuma wasu daga cikin manyan garuruwan kare na tsaunukan ƙasar suna zaune a cikin tsaunuka masu gajeren ciyawa a cikin jihar. Cross Timbers, wani yanki da ke sauyawa daga filayen zuwa gandun daji a Tsakiyar Oklahoma, yana da nau'in dabbobi 351. Duwatsun Ouachita gida ne ga baƙar fata bear, ja fox, grey fox, da yawan kogin otter, waɗanda ke zaune tare da jimlar nau'in dabbobi 328 a kudu maso gabashin Oklahoma.

## Ƙasashe masu kariya

Oklahoma yana da wuraren shakatawa na jihohi 41, dazuzzuka biyu masu kariya na ƙasa ko filayen ciyawa, [] da hanyar sadarwa na kiyaye namun daji da wuraren kiyayewa.  Kashi shida na kadada miliyan 10 na jihar (40,000 km2) na gandun daji ƙasa ce ta jama'a, [2] gami da yammacin dajin Ouachita National Forest, mafi girma kuma mafi tsufa dajin ƙasa a kudancin Amurka.  ya ƙunshi kashi 10 cikin ɗari na tsohon filin ƙasarsa, sau ɗaya yana rufe jihohi 14.[] Bugu da ƙari, Black Kettle National Grassland yana rufe   na filin daji a kudu maso yammacin Oklahoma.[5]  Matsugunin namun daji na tsaunin Wichita shine mafi tsufa kuma mafi girma na mafakar namun daji na ƙasa tara a cikin jihar[6] kuma an kafa shi a cikin 1901, wanda ya ƙunshi  .[] Na Oklahoma ta wurin shakatawa na tarayya ko wuraren nishaɗi, Yankin Nishaɗin Kasa na Chickasaw shine mafi girma, tare da  .[] Sauran wuraren kariya na tarayya da wuraren tarihi na Santa Fe na ƙasa sun haɗa da hanyoyin Santa Fe.  Shafukan tarihi na filin yaƙi, da Tunawa da Tunawa da Jama'a na birnin Oklahoma.[9]

Oklahoma tana zaune a kan hanyoyi masu yawa tsakanin iska daban-daban guda uku: iska mai dumi, mai laushi daga Tekun Mexico; iska mai dumi zuwa mai zafi, iska mai bushe daga Mexico da Kudu maso Yammacin Amurka; da sanyi, iska mai busasshiyar daga Kanada. Musamman daga faduwa zuwa bazara, Oklahoma tana ganin sauye-sauyen iska akai-akai, wanda zai iya haifar da sauye-shiryen sauye-rikice a cikin zafin jiki da danshi. Yawancin jihar galibi suna fuskantar matsanancin zafin jiki, iska, fari, da ruwan sama. Yawancin jihar suna cikin wani yanki da aka sani da Tornado Alley wanda ke da alaƙa da sau da yawa tsakanin iska mai sanyi da mai dumi, wanda ke haifar da Yanayi mai tsanani, tare da watanni masu haɗari daga Afrilu zuwa Yuni. Matsakaicin guguwa 62 ya mamaye jihar a kowace shekara, yana mai da wannan ɗayan mafi girma a duniya. Saboda matsayinta tsakanin yankuna daban-daban na zafin jiki da iskõki, yanayin yanayi a cikin jihar na iya bambanta sosai tsakanin gajerun nesa. Ruwan sama yana faruwa a duk shekara, amma matsakaicin ruwan sama na kowane wata yana da ƙarancin gaske a cikin watanni na hunturu, yana tashi sosai zuwa mafi girma a watan Mayu (watan da ya fi ruwan sama a cikin jihar, saboda sau da yawa, kuma ba abin mamaki ba, aikin tsawa), kuma yana raguwa a tsakiyar lokacin rani, lokacin da dogon lokaci na zafi, yanayin bushe ya zama ruwan dare a cikin Yuli da Agusta shekaru da yawa. Tun da wuri zuwa tsakiyar fall (Satumba da Oktoba) sau da yawa yana ganin matsakaicin ruwan sama na biyu. Daga ƙarshen Oktoba zuwa Disamba, ruwan sama gabaɗaya yana raguwa.

Gabashin Oklahoma yana da Yanayin zafi mai zafi (Köppen ''Cfa'') wanda iska ta kudu ke kawo danshi daga Tekun Mexico kuma yana da zafi, lokacin zafi da hunturu mai sanyi gabaɗaya, amma tare da sanyi, tare da dusar ƙanƙara, dusar ƙara ko ruwan sama mai daskarewa. Wannan sauyawa a hankali zuwa yankin da ba shi da ruwa (Köppen *BSk*) a cikin filayen Panhandle, inda yanayin da ya bushe ya fi dacewa, tare da hunturu mai sanyi da irin wannan lokacin zafi amma ƙananan zafi. Sauran yankuna na tsakiya zuwa yammacin jihar, gami da Lawton da Enid a cikin yankin canji, suma ba su da tasiri daga danshi daga Tekun Mexico. Har ila yau, suna da bushewa fiye da yankunan gabashin Oklahoma. Ruwan sama da yanayin zafi suna fadowa daga gabas zuwa yamma daidai, tare da yankuna a kudu maso gabas da ke da matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara na 62 ° F (17 ° C) da ruwan sama na shekara-mako sama da 40 kuma sama da inci 56 (1,420 , yayin da yankunan panhandle ke da matsakaici 58 ° F (14 ° C), tare da ruwan sama ya shekara-sheko a ƙarƙashin inci 17 (430 .  Dukkanin jihar suna fuskantar yanayin zafi sama da 100 ° F (38 ° C), ko ƙasa da 0 ° F (-18 ° C) (ko da yake yanayin zafi na ƙasa da ƙasa yana da wuya a kudu maso gabashin Oklahoma),  kuma dusar ƙanƙara ta kasance daga matsakaicin ƙasa da inci 4 (10  a kudu maso kudu zuwa sama da inci 20 (51  a kan iyakar Colorado a cikin panhandle. Jihar ita ce gida ga Cibiyar Tsinkaya ta Guguwa ta Kasa ta Sabis ɗin Yanayi na Kasa da ke Norman .  Yanayin hunturu da bazara sau da yawa El Niño Southern Oscillation ne ke rinjayar su. Lokacin hunturu a lokacin El Niño ya fi sanyi fiye da matsakaici kuma ya fi ruwan sama a fadin yammacin jihar saboda karuwar kogin jet na kudanci. A lokacin La Niña, hanyar guguwa ta fi arewa, saboda haka hunturu ya fi zafi fiye da matsakaici kuma ya bushe a yammacin jihar.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;