open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Smart Africa Alliance

**Haɗin gwiwar Smart Africa** haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin ƙasashen Afirka   masu bin ƙa'idar Smart Africa Manifesto. Manufarta ita ce haɓaka ci gaban tattalin arziki mai dorewa a nahiyar Afirka  ta hanyar amfani da Fasaha da Fasahar Sadarwa (ICTs) da kuma ta hanyar samun damar yin amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa . Sauran abokan haɗin gwiwar Smart Africa Alliance sun haɗa da Tarayyar Afirka, ITU, Bankin Duniya, Bankin Raya Afirka, Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Afirka, GSMA, ICANN da kamfanoni.  Shugaba Paul Kagame  ne ke jagorantar kwamitin Smart Africa Alliance kuma sakatariyar tana karkashin jagorancin babban darakta Lacina Koné tun Maris 2019. 

## Sauya taron kolin Afirka
Smart Africa na karbar bakuncin taron ICT da Fasaha na shekara-shekara wanda ake kira taron koli na Afirka na Sauya.  Wannan shine babban aikin Smart Africa wanda ke shiga bugu na 6. Taron ya karbi bakuncin shugabannin kasashen duniya, ministocin ICT, [2] shugabannin kasuwanci da masu tsara manufofi.

A cikin 2023 an gudanar da taron shekara-shekara na Rwanda a Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe. Yana da'awar hannu na 37 al'ummai ciki har da kwanan nan Bugu da kari na Eswatini. Wakilai 4,000 daga kasashe kusan dari da kasancewar shugabannin kasashe biyar.  Kwamishinonin da shugabannin daga hukumar Broadband sun hada da Amani Abou-Zeid, Paul Kagame, Doreen Bogdan-Martin na ITU, Co-Mataimakin Shugaban Hukumar Broadband, Lacina Koné, Darakta-Janar na Smart Africa, Paula Ingabire, Ministan Harkokin Watsa Labarai da Fasahar Sadarwa da Innovation na Ruwanda, Aurélie Adam-Soule Zoumaro, Ministan Sadarwar Dijital na Jamhuriyar Esu, da Ministan Harkokin Watsa Labarai na Jamhuriyar Esu Owusu-Ekuful, Ministan Sadarwa da Digitalization na Ghana da Bocar Ba, Babban Jami'in Hukumar Sadarwar Samena. 

## Magana
Kofi Baako

**Kofi Baako** (1926-1984) ɗan wasan Ghana ne, malami kuma ɗan siyasa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Tsaro a Gwamnatin Nkrumah a lokacin Jamhuriyar Ghana ta farko har sai da aka hamɓarar da ita a shekarar 1966. An kuma gudanar da shi wasu ma'aikatu daban-daban a duk lokacin mulkin Jam'iyyar Jama'a ta (CPP)

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
Mahaifin Kofi Baako malami ne. Ya sa Kofi Baako ya fara makaranta lokacin da yake ɗan shekara uku kawai. Bayan kammala karatunsa na firamare a Makarantar Roman Katolika a asalinsa Saltpond, ya ci gaba da karatun sakandare a Kwalejin St. Augustine, Cape Coast. 

## Ayyuka da siyasa
Baako ya zama malami kuma daga baya ma'aikacin gwamnati. Jawabin Kwame Nkrumah da ke ba da shawara ga 'yancin kai ga Ghana ne ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi. Wannan ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ya rubuta wani labarin, "Kiyayya da Imperialism" wanda ya haifar da korarsa daga aikinsa. Daga baya ya sadu da Nkrumah wanda ya sanya shi babban editan jaridar Cape Coast Daily Mail lokacin da yake da shekaru ashirin kawai. Wani labarin da ya rubuta daga baya yayin da yake tare da Daily Mail shine "Muna Kira ga 'Yanci. " Wannan ya sa gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta ɗaure shi. Nkrumah da wasu shugabannin Jam'iyyar Jama'a sun kasance a kurkuku tare da shi. Daga baya lokacin da Nkrumah ya lashe zaben kuma ya kafa gwamnati, wasu daga cikin wadannan mutanen da ke kurkuku tare da shi sun zama ministoci a gwamnatin Nkrumah.

An zabi Kofi Baako a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar Saltpond a yankin tsakiyar kasar Ghana. Kwame Nkrumah ya nada shi karamin minista a gwamnatinsa ta mulkin mallaka kafin samun ‘yancin kai. Ya ci gaba da ayyuka daban-daban a tsawon lokacin mulkin Nkrumah. A cikin shekarun farko na gwamnati, da farko ya kasance Minista ba tare da fayil ba kafin a nada shi Ministan Yaɗa Labarai da Watsa Labarai a watan Agustan 1957, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama minista mafi karancin shekaru ba kawai a Ghana  ba, har ma a cikin kasashen Commonwealth na Burtaniya baki ɗaya. An naɗa shi muƙamin ne tun yana ɗan shekara 29 kacal. 

Baako ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Tsaro tsakanin watan Satumba 1961 da ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairu 1966.

## Sauran ayyukan
An san shi da kasancewa mai kyau a wasanni kuma yana aiki a kwallon kafa, wasan kurket kuma ya kasance zakaran wasan tennis na ƙasa. Abubuwan da yake sha'awa sun haɗa da karatu da ɗaukar hoto.

## Iyali
Baako tana da 'ya'ya hudu. Ɗaya daga cikinsu, Kweku Baako Jnr ɗan jarida ne kuma editan jaridar New Crusading Guide .
Ashie Nikoi

**Gershon Ashie Nikoi** ɗan siyasan Ghana ne, ɗan gwagwarmayar Pan-Afirka, kuma manomi. Ya kasance memba na jam'iyyar Convention People's Party (CPP) kuma ya kafa kungiyar manoma ta Ghana. 

## Rayuwar farko da siyasa
Nikoi ɗan asalin Labadi ne, Accra. Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare ya koma Huileries du Congo Belge a kasar Belgian Kongo, inda ya gudanar da aikin noman da kamfanin ya mallaka.  Daga baya ya dawo gabar tekun Zinariya a shekarar 1929, don fara noman koko a yankin Akim, kuma shi ne wanda ya kafa kwamitin manoma na Birtaniya ta yammacin Afirka. A cikin shekarar 1945, Ya jagoranci tawagar manoman koko na yammacin Afirka da suka halarci taron Pan-African Congress a Manchester, United Kingdom.   Yayin da yake Biritaniya, Kobina Sekyi ya buƙace shi da ya wakilci kungiyar kare hakkin Aborigines na Gold Coast a taron kuma ya gabatar da koke ga House of Commons a madadin al'umma. 

Ya tsunduma cikin harkokin siyasar ƙasar Gold Coast bayan ya dawo daga majalisa. Ya yi magana game da 'yan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya kuma ana ganinsa a yawancin ayyukan siyasa a cikin 'yan  mulkin mallaka. Lokacin da Kwame Nkrumah ya kafa jam'iyyar Convention Peoples Party a ranar 12 ga watan Yunin 1949, ya shiga jam'iyyar kuma ya kasance memba na kwamitin aiki na farko na babban taron. Ya jagoranci taron farko na kwamitin kuma ya ba da shawarar a yi amfani da jar zakara—alamar Labadi, garinsu—a matsayin alamar sabuwar jam’iyyar siyasa.

A watan Disamba na 1949, ya kafa Majalisar Manoman Ghana tare da John Ayew. Kungiyar ta yi aiki a matsayin reshen manoma na CPP kuma an yi amfani da ita wajen tara kuɗaɗe don tallafawa ayyukan jam’iyyar. Ya tsaya takarar kujerar Akim Abuakwa Central a shekarar 1951 babban zaɓe na Gold Coast amma ya sha kaye a hannun JB Danquah na United Gold Coast Convention. Nkrumah ya naɗa Nikoi a matsayin mamba a hukumar sayar da koko ta koko amma ya yi murabus saboda rashin jituwar da aka samu kan kafa wani kamfani na sayen koko. Wannan rashin jituwa ya sa aka kore shi daga CPP. 

Lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri Ga Shifimo Kpee don kare muradun mutanen Ga, an zaɓi Nikoi, da Dzenzle Dzewu don jagorantar sabon motsi. A cikin shekarar 1952, Nikoi tare da wasu jam'iyyun adawa suka kafa jam'iyyar Ghana Congress Party, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kofi Abrefa Busia.  Ya tsaya takara a zaɓen shekarar 1954 na Gold Coast na sabuwar mazaɓar Akim Abuakwa East, amma ya sha kaye a hannun Kwaku Amoah-Awuah na CPP 

## Tsarewa da mutuwa
Nikoi ya shafe lokaci a tsare saboda harkokin siyasa. A cikin shekarar 1950, an tsare shi tare da wasu jiga-jigan 'yan jam'iyyar CPP a hannun 'yan mulkin mallaka saboda shigarsu a cikin yakin neman aiki mai kyau, wanda Nkrumah ya jagoranta. Nkrumah ya sake kama shi kuma ya ɗaure shi a ƙarƙashin dokar hana tsarewa a shekarar 1960.  Bayan shekara ɗaya a tsare aka sake shi saboda rashin lafiyarsa. Ya gudu zuwa Najeriya don gudun kada a sake tsare shi.

Ya rasu a shekara ta 1963 yana gudun hijira.   

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Nazarin Sahara da Sahel

**Yankin Sahara da Sahel** ( French  , OSS) ƙungiya ce ta gwamnatocin Afirka da aka kafa a 1992 kuma tana da tushe a Tunis, Tunisiya . Manufarta ita ce kare muhalli a cikin Sahara da Sahel, sa ido kan yadda ake amfani da albarkatun kasa a yankin, da kuma shiga cikin yarjejeniyar muhalli, musamman wadanda suka shafi kwararowar hamada da sauyin yanayi . Membobin kungiyar sun hada da kasashen Afirka 22, kasashe biyar a wajen Afirka (Kanada, Faransa, Jamus, Italiya, Switzerland), kungiyoyin kasa da kasa goma (ciki har da wakilai na yankuna biyar daga Yamma, Gabas da Arewacin Afirka ) da kuma wata kungiya mai zaman kanta . Ƙungiyar ta haɓaka € 17&nbsp;miliyan tsakanin 2006 da 2011.  A watan Afrilun 2016, an zabi Masarautar Morocco a wa'adin shekaru hudu na shugabancin kungiyar. 

Wasu daga cikin ayyukan OSS sun haɗa da Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Dogon Zamani ( French , ROSELT), wanda ya ƙunshi wuraren lura 25 a cikin ƙasashe 12; tsarin gargadin fari na fari a Maghreb ; da kula da ruwan karkashin kasa da ke kan iyaka a Algeria, Libya da Tunisia.

## Magana

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*
Edward Akufo-Addo

**Edward Akufo-Addo** JSC (26 Yuni Sheka ta 1906 - 17 Yuli 1979)   ɗan siyasan Ghana ne kuma lauya. Ya kasance memba na shugabannin "Big Six" na United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) kuma ɗaya daga cikin iyayen da suka kafa Ghana waɗanda suka yi gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin Ghana.  Ya zama Alkalin Alkalai (1966–70), sannan daga baya shugaban biki (1970–72), na Jamhuriyar Ghana.  Shi ne mahaifin tsohon shugaban ƙasar Ghana, Nana Addo Akufo-Addo. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Akufo-Addo a ranar 26 ga watan Yuni 1906 a Dodowa a cikin Babban yankin Accra ɗa ne ga William Martin Addo-Danquah da Theodora Amuafi. Dukan iyayensa sun fito ne daga garin Akropung da ke kudancin Ghana.  Ya yi karatun firamare a Presbyterian Primary and Middle School a Akropong. Ya ci gaba da zuwa Kwalejin Horar da Presbyterian, Akropong da Kwalejin Koyar da Tauhidi na Abetifi. A cikin shekarar 1929, ya shiga Kwalejin Achimota, inda ya sami gurbin karatu a St Peter's College, Oxford. Ya karanci ilmin lissafi, Siyasa da Falsafa, ya kuma ci gaba da samun digiri a fannin falsafa da siyasa a shekara ta 1933.

## Kafin aikin siyasa
An kira Akufo-Addo zuwa Cibiyar Haikali ta Tsakiya, London, UK, a cikin shekarar 1940  kuma ya koma abin da yake a lokacin Gold Coast don fara aikin shari'a na sirri bayan shekara guda a Accra. 

## Farkon aikin siyasa
A shekarar 1947, ya zama memba na kafa United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) kuma yana daya daga cikin "Big Six" (sauran sune Ebenezer Ako-Adjei, Joseph Boakye Danquah, Kwame Nkrumah, Emmanuel Obetsebi-Lamptey da William Ofori Atta) da aka tsare bayan tashin hankali a Accra a  Daga shekarun 1949 zuwa 1950, ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Gold Coast da Hukumar Tsarin Mulki ta Coussey. 

## Bayan samun yancin kai
Bayan samun ‘yancin kai (1962 – 64), Akufo-Addo ya kasance Alkalin Kotun Koli, ɗaya daga cikin alkalai uku da suka zauna kan shari’ar cin amanar ƙasa da ta shafi Tawia Adamafio, Ako Adjei da wasu mutane uku bayan harin bam na Kulungugu kan Shugaba Kwame Nkrumah kuma saboda yin haka an kori shi da sauran alkalai saboda samun wasu daga cikin waɗanda ake tuhuma ba su da laifi. 

Daga shekarun 1966 zuwa 1970, an naɗa Akufo-Addo a matsayin Alkalin Alkalai ta gwamnatin NLC, da kuma Shugaban Hukumar Tsarin Mulki (wanda ya tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Republican na 1969 na biyu).  Ya kuma kasance shugaban hukumar siyasa ta NLC a wannan lokaci. 

Daga ranar 31 ga watan Agustan 1970 har zuwa lokacin da aka hambarar da shi ta hanyar juyin mulki a ranar 13 ga watan Janairun 1972, Akufo-Addo ya kasance shugaban ƙasar Ghana a jamhuriya ta biyu. Iko na gaske ya rataya ne a hannun Firayim Minista, Dr Kofi Abrefa Busia. A ranar 17 ga watan Yuli 1979, Akufo-Addo ya mutu saboda dalilai na halitta.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Adeline Yeboakwa Akufo-Addo ita ce matar Edward Akufo-Addo  kuma suna da yara huɗu.

## Kyaututtuka da karramawa

* Doctorate na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Oxford a 1971.

## Duba kuma

* Manyan Shida
* Jerin sunayen alkalan kotun kolin Ghana
* Alkalin Alkalan Ghana
* Shugabannin kasashen Ghana

## Manazarta
Xenia Rubinos

Xenia Rubinos (an Haife shi a watan Yuli 24, 1985) mawaƙiyar Amurka ce-mawaƙiya kuma ƴan kayan aiki da yawa.

## Farkon rayuwa
An haifi Xenia Rubinos a Hartford, Connecticut a cikin 1985 zuwa mahaifiyar Puerto Rican kuma mahaifin Cuban. Ta yi karatun rubutun jazz a Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Berklee. Ta shafe yawancin shekarunta 20 tana aiki a matsayin babban mai ba da kulawa ga mahaifinta yayin da yake fama da rashin lafiya, wanda ya ƙarfafa waƙar ta "Black Stars."  Ta zauna a Brooklyn.

## Aiki
Kundin nata Black Terry Cat an fitar da shi zuwa babban yabo kuma NPR ta sanya masa suna mafi kyawun kundi na 11 na 2016.

## Waka
Tasirin kiɗan farko na Rubinos ya haɗa da mawaƙa kamar Prokofiev da Ravel,  kamar yadda mahaifinta ya kasance mai son kiɗan gargajiya da opera. Salsa, rumba da merengue, gami da fitar da Fania Records, sun shahara a gidanta yayin girma. Daga baya, ta sami sha'awar hip-hop, R&B da Miles Davis musamman, wanda ya kai ta karatun jazz a Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Berklee.

Abubuwan al'adunta na Latin Amurka da ayyukan Santería sun ƙarfafa ta. Har ila yau, ta sami wahayi daga motsi na Black Lives Matter,  kuma ta tattauna abubuwan da ta samu a matsayin mace mai launi a cikin waƙoƙinta, amma tana ganin waƙar ta ta fi girman nau'in kiɗan zanga-zangar.

Ba a rarraba kiɗan Rubinos cikin sauƙi, saboda ta ketare nau'o'i da yawa a cikin waƙoƙinta da sautinta.

## Manazarta
Aïcha Bogoreh Darrar

**Aïcha Bogoreh Darrar** (1928– Agusta 5, 2001) ta kasance 'yar Jabuti 'yar gwagwarmayar samun 'yancin kai kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata. Ita ce uwargidan shugaban ƙasar Djibouti ta farko.

An haifi Aïcha Bogoreh Darrar a cikin dangin ma'aikatan jirgin ƙasa a shekarar 1928 a Dikhil, a lokacin wani yanki na Somaliland Somaliland*,* ta auri Hassan Gouled Aptidon, ma'aikacin jinya kuma shugaban ƙasar Djibouti na gaba. Ta shirya mata don kaɗa kuri'a a madadin 'yancin kai da kuma aikinsa na siyasa. Ta zama uwargidan shugaban ƙasa lokacin da mijinta ya zama shugaban ƙasar Djibouti mai cin gashin kanta.

Ta shugabanci kungiyar matan Djibouti ta farko (UNFD) daga shekarun 1977 zuwa 1999. Kungiyar ta bayar da azuzuwan karatu da karatu da sana’o’i ga mata. Ta kuma kafa cibiyar uwa da yara ta Aïcha Bogoreh na marayu. 

Aïcha Bogoreh Darrar ya mutu a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta 2001 a Addis Ababa, Habasha. 

## Manazarta
Tony parisi

Tony Parisi, ɗaya daga cikin majagaba na farko a zahirin gaskiya da ƙima, ɗan kasuwa ne, mai ƙirƙira kuma mai haɓaka software na kwamfuta na 3D. Wanda ya kirkiro Harshen Haƙiƙan Gaskiya Mai Kyau (VRML), ya rubuta  littattafai da takardu kan makomar fasaha. Yana aiki akan WebGL da WebVR kuma ya rubuta littattafai guda biyu akan tsohon, da kuma littafin gabatarwa akan shirye-shiryen gaskiya na gaskiya. Shi ne babban jami’in dabaru a Lamina1. Har ila yau, Parisi mawaƙi ne, mawaki kuma mai samarwa da ke aiki akan ayyuka da yawa.

## Aiki
Paris ta ƙirƙira da haɓaka ƙa'idodi na 3D na duniya da yawa. Parisi ya yi aiki tare da Mark Pesce don haɓaka VRML, wanda Pesce ya gabatar wa duniya a cikin 1994. Manufar VRML shine don ba da izinin ƙirƙirar yanayin 3-D a cikin Yanar Gizon Yanar Gizo na Duniya, samun dama ta hanyar yanar gizo. Parisi ya yi aiki tare da irin waɗannan kamfanoni kamar Microsoft, Netscape, Silicon Graphics, Sun Microsystems da Sony don samun karɓuwar masana'antu na sabuwar yarjejeniya a matsayin ma'auni na gaskiyar tebur. A farkon aikinsa Parisi ya yi aiki a matsayin injiniyan software a Cambridge, MA. Daga 1987 zuwa 1990 Parisi ya kasance a Bolt, Beranek da Newman, yana haɓaka software na bincike na kimiyya da ƙididdiga da sarrafa ayyukan zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa samfuran farko zuwa tsarin mu'amalar mai amfani na farko.

Daga 1990 zuwa 1991 Parisi babban injiniyan software ne a majagaba na Lotus Development Corporation, inda ya yi aiki akan nau'ikan X, Windows da Macintosh na Lotus 1-2-3.[13]. A cikin 1991 ya kafa Belmont Research tare da tsofaffin ɗaliban BBN, inda ya ƙirƙira kayan aikin software na kimiyya da ƙididdiga kuma ya rubuta na'ura mai haɗawa da zane-zane na lokaci-lokaci da ɗakunan karatu na masu amfani don BTL, takamaiman yare na kamfani don haɓaka aikace-aikacen. Parisi ya kasance memba na kafa Web3D Consortium, ƙungiyar da ke mayar da hankali kan ƙarfafa ci gaba da aiwatar da buɗaɗɗen ka'idoji don abun ciki da ayyuka masu girma uku.[14]. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu tsarawa na asali da masu gyara ƙayyadaddun bayanai na X3D, haɓakawa zuwa VRML wanda ya tsawaita fasalulluka da ƙara ƙirar tsari a cikin XML, matsawa binary da JSON.

## Manazarta
Chibesa Kankasa

**Chibesa Chibesakunda Kankasa**, wanda aka fi sani da **Mama Kankasa** (1936-2018) 'yar gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci ce kuma 'yar siyasa ta Zambiya.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Chibesa Chibesakunda Kankasa a ranar 23 ga watan Maris 1936 a Ofishin Jakadancin Lubwa a Chinsali. Ita ce 'ya ta shida ga Yotam Chibesakunda, kafinta, da Chilufya Mununga Mutale Chibwe. Ta na da 'yan'uwa 10, ciki har da Jackson Ng'ona Chibesakunda, Jericho Ng'ona Chibesakunda, Smart Yasa Ng'ona Chibesakunda, Margaret Chibesakunda, Chanda Chibesakunda, Kunda Chibesakunda da Friday Ng'ona Chibesakunda. A cikin shekarar 1941 iyayenta sun ƙaura zuwa Chalimbana, daga baya kuma zuwa Kitwe. Ta halarci makarantar kwana ta 'yan mata ta Mingo, daga baya kuma ta yi karatu don zama ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa, ta kware a shari'o'in laifuffuka na aure da na yara. Ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa daga shekarun 1951 zuwa 1961. 

Ta auri Timothy Kansasa a shekarar 1952.  Kamar yadda daga baya ta tuna:

Kansasa ta zama shugabar Ƙungiyar Mata a cikin Jam'iyyar Independence Party ta United National Independence Party (UNIP). A shekarar 1972 aka naɗa ta a kwamitin tsakiya na UNIP.  Ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama mamba a kwamitin tsakiya.

Mai himma wajen neman yancin mata, a zamaninta Betty Chilunga ta yaba mata bisa gabatar da hutun haihuwa ga iyaye mata masu aiki, da kuma tursasawa gwamnatin Zambia ta fara bikin ranar mata ta duniya. 

Kansasa ita ce Babbar Kwamishiniya a Zambiya na farko a Kenya.  Ta kasance a wannan muƙami a shekarar 1991, lokacin da aka hambarar da UNIP daga mulki. An tuno da ita bayan wata shida, kuma ta yi ritaya daga siyasa.

A cikin shekarar 2002 Kankasa an ba ta lambar yabo ta Eagle of Zambia, Division na biyu.  Ta rasu a Asibitin Avrwyp da ke Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu a ranar 29 ga watan Oktoba 2018.  Shugaba Edgar Lungu ya ba ta jana'izar ƙasa, kuma ya ayyana ranar Asabar 3 ga watan Nuwamba a matsayin ranar makoki na ƙasa.

## Manazarta
W.E.B Du Bois Cibiyar Tunawa da Al'adun Afirka

**WEB Du Bois Memorial Center for Pan-African Culture** wuri ne na tunawa, wurin bincike da jan hankali a yankin Cantonments na Accra, Ghana, wanda aka buɗe wa jama'a a cikin 1985. An ba shi suna don sadaukarwa ga WEB Du Bois, ɗan tarihi Ba-Amurke ɗan Afirka kuma ɗan Afirka wanda ya zama ɗan ƙasar Ghana a farkon 1960s.  Ya zauna a can a cikin ƴan shekarunsa na ƙarshe bisa gayyatar da shugaba Kwame Nkrumah ya yi masa, a lokacin da yake haɗa *littafin Encyclopedia Africana .*  A cikin 2023 gwamnatin Ghana ta ba da sanarwar yarjejeniya ta dogon lokaci tare da WEB Du Bois Museum Foundation don maido, sake ginawa, da faɗaɗa wurin zuwa wani babban rukunin tarihi, ilimi, da al'adu na Pan-Afrika.

## Tarihi
Cibiyar Du Bois tana a No. 22 First Circular Road, a Cantonments, Accra, Ghana, tsohon gidan WEB Du Bois. Ya mutu a can a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta 1963. 
An buɗe shi ga jama'a a ranar 22 ga Yuni 1985 kuma an kira shi abin tunawa na kasa a watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar.:156

Cibiyar tana da ƙaramin gidan kayan gargajiya tare da ɓangaren ɗakin karatu na Du Bois da tarin ayyukansa, waɗanda aka ba wa masu bincike damar. Wani wurin ibada da ke kusa da kabarinsa ya tanadi kabarinsa da tokar matarsa ta biyu, Shirley Graham Du Bois .    

A cikin 2023 gwamnatin Ghana ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna tare da Gidauniyar WEB Du Bois don haɓakawa, sakewa, aiki da sarrafa Cibiyar zuwa wani babban sabon rukunin ilimi don adanawa da ci gaba da gadon Du Bois.  A cikin 2024, Gidauniyar Mellon ta ba da sanarwar tallafin dala miliyan 5 na Amurka don samar da kuɗaɗen jagoranci na tsawon shekaru huɗu a cikin Mataki na 1 na ci gaban sabon rukunin.

## Magana

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*  (archived 7 July 2019)
* W. E. B. Du Bois Centre in Accra, Ghana Tourism
* W E B Du Bois Memorial Centre, Time Out
Jam'iyyar Juyin Juya Halin Jama'ar Afirka

**Jam'iyyar All-African People's Revolutionary Party** ( **A-APRP** ) jam'iyyar siyasa ce ta gurguzu wacce Kwame Nkrumah     ya kafa kuma ta shirya a Conakry, Guinea a 1968. Jam'iyyar ta fadada zuwa Amurka a 1972 kuma ta yi ikirarin daukar mambobi daga kasashe 33.     A cewar jam'iyyar, kasancewar duniya a cikin jam'iyyar yana cikin "daruruwa". 

Manufar Nkrumah wajen kafa jam'iyyar ita ce samar da da sarrafa yanayin tattalin arziki na siyasa da ya wajaba don bullar Sojojin Juyin Juyin Juya Hali na Afirka baki daya da za ta jagoranci gwagwarmayar soji da " 'yan mulkin mallaka na Sahayoniya, mulkin mallaka na zamani, mulkin mallaka da duk wani nau'i na zalunci da cin zarafi na jari hujja ."    

## Concept da falsafa
Kamar yadda Dave Blevins da sauran malamai kamar Carole Boyce Davies suka bayyana, "Akidar A-APRP ita ce Nkrumahism - Toureism, wanda ya karbi sunansa daga wanda ya kafa, kuma abokin aikinsa na farko a makamai, Shugaba Ahmed Sekou Toure ."   Tun daga wannan lokacin, jam'iyyar ta canza akidar ta a hukumance zuwa Nkrumahism-Touréism-Cabralism. 

Kwame Nkrumah, wanda ya kafa, ya gabatar da ra'ayi da falsafar jam'iyyar a cikin littafinsa, *Handbook of Revolutionary Warfare* - wanda Panaf Books ya fitar a cikin 1968.

Wasu mahimman ra'ayoyin sun haɗa da:

# inganta hadin kan Afirka 
# rungumar bukatu da halaye na wayewa da akidar Afirka 
# aiki don ci gaban tattalin arziki da fasaha 

Jam'iyyar ta goyi bayan:

# Pan-Africanism - "Jimlar 'yanci da haɗin kai na Afirka a ƙarƙashin Socialism na Kimiyya"  
# Ƙarfin Baƙar fata - "imani cewa ainihin 'yancin baƙar fata zai zo ne kawai lokacin da Afirka ta kasance da haɗin kai a siyasance" 
# Socialism na Kimiyya - "ra'ayin cewa fasahar zamani za a iya daidaitawa tare da dabi'un ɗan adam, inda aka samu ci gaban fasaha na al'umma ba tare da tashin hankali na zamantakewa da kuma zurfin schisms da ke faruwa a cikin al'ummomin masana'antu na jari-hujja "  

A wani yunƙuri na fayyace yadda ya kamata al'amuran da ke fuskantar mutanen Afirka da kuma matan Afirka, A-APRP ta kuma shigar da siyasar jinsi a cikin akidunta da tsarin ƙungiyoyinta. Wannan ya haifar da kafa kungiyar juyin juya halin mata ta Afirka baki daya a shekarar 1980. Wannan reshen mata na jam'iyyar ya fito ne musamman don magance matsalolin da ke tattare da cin zarafin jinsi tare da wariyar launin fata da bangaranci .

## Babi
Ginin A-APRP ya fara samuwa ne a cikin 1968 tare da ƙirƙirar "Da'irar Nazarin Aiki na A-APRP na farko a Guinea a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kwame -Ture", daga baya kuma a Amurka, Kanada, Caribbean, Ingila, Faransa, da ƙasashe masu yawa a Afirka . Tun 1968, A-APRP "ta dauki 'yan Afirka da aka haifa a fiye da kasashe 33." 

## Magana
Kazinovka

Kazinovka (Rashanci: Казиновка) ƙauyen ƙauye ne (matsala) a cikin Rostashevskoye Rural Settlement, gundumar Paninsky, yankin Voronezh, Rasha. Yawan jama'a ya kai 83 tun daga shekarar 2010. Akwai tituna guda 3.

## Manazarta
Gladys Adda

**Gladys Adda** (1921 - 1995) 'yar kwaminisanci ce 'yar Tunisiya kuma mai fafutukar neman 'yancin kai da 'yancin mata.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Adda a Gabes a ranar 2 ga watan Yuni shekara ta1921 a cikin dangin Yahudawa.  Saɓanin yadda aka saba gani ta fara karatun ta da 'yan mata musulmai sannan ta haɗa kai. Duk da cewa ta halarci azuzuwan firamare tare da ’yan matan Musulmi, Yahudawa, da Turawa, duk malamanta Faransawa ne ko Turawa; nuna wariyar launin fata da ba a ɓoyewa daga malaman Turai ta farkar da Adda game da mulkin mallaka na Turai. Al'ummarta yahudawa sun fuskanci wariyar launin fata daga 'yan tafarkin kin jinin Yahudu, amma al'ummar musulmi sun sami kariya. Tana da shekara goma sha biyar ta auri wani mutum mai shekara bakwai kuma ta zauna da shi shekara bakwai har ta sake shi. A lokacin Tunusiya tana cikin daular Faransa sai dai lokacin yakin duniya na biyu lokacin da Jamus da Nazi ta mamaye ta. Adda ta tsunduma cikin fafutukar siyasa ta hanyar rarraba takardun adawa da Nazi da na mulkin mallaka a ɓoye a kan sojojin mamaya na Jamus a Vichy Tunisia.

A shekarar 1944 ta haɗu kuma ta auri mijinta na biyu, Georges Adda, kuma sun haifi tagwaye. Ɗansu Serge Adda ya zama ɗan kasuwa na Faransa mai nasara.  A wannan shekarar ita, Neila Haddad da Gilda khiari sun kasance masu kafa kungiyar Tarayyar Mata ta Tunisia (UFT).  Wannan kungiya ce mai alaka da jam'iyyar gurguzu ta cikin gida kuma Nabiha Ben Miled wacce musulma ce ke jagoranta. Ta shiga cikin shirya ɗakunan shan magani kyauta ga mata da madadin makarantun yara da manya. A lokacin an hana samun ilimi a makarantun mulkin mallaka sakamakon neman 'yancin kai na Tunisiya. Ana ganin Addas a matsayin haɗari kuma an tsare Georges a cikin shekarar 1950s. 

Ita da UFT na da hannu wajen shigar da ƙara ga mahukuntan Faransa a madadin fursunonin Tunisiya. Tunusiya ta sami 'yancin kai a shekara ta 1956 kuma ba kamar da yawa ita da mijinta sun yanke shawarar ci gaba da zama a Tunisiya ba, ita da UFT ba su wargaje ba kuma sun ba da goyon bayansu ga masu fafutuka a Aljeriya da ke kokarin samun 'yancin kai daga Faransa. Adda da kawarta, sun shiga cikin fara rarraba jaridun Tunisiya kuma a sakamakon haka ta ba da laccoci a Tunis. 

Gwauruwa Georges ta mutu a shekara ta 2009.

## Manazarta
Artur Kukk

**Artur Kukk** (22 Yuni 1889 - 19 Afrilu 1958) ɗan kokawa ne na Estoniya, ɗan tseren tsere, ɗan dambe da ɗan wasa. Ya yi gasa a wasan na Greco-Roman mai nauyi a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1920.

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Marubutan Pan Afirka

**Ƙungiyar Marubuta ta Afirka ta Pan** ( **PAWA** ), wadda aka kafa a watan Nuwamba 1989, wata cibiyar al'adu ce ta kasar Ghana "wanda aka haifa a cikin mafi girma na Pan Africanism" wanda wata ƙungiya ce ta ƙungiyoyin marubuta a nahiyar Afirka da kuma kasashen waje .  Manufar PAWA, wadda aka amince da ita gaba ɗaya a babban taronta na farko a watan Nuwamba 1989, a Accra, ita ce "ƙarfafa dangantakar al'adu da tattalin arziki tsakanin al'ummomin nahiyar Afirka a kan tushen da nahiyar ta amince da bambancin al'adu, siyasa da tattalin arziki." 

Babban abin da ke cikin kalandar PAWA shine lacca na shekara-shekara, wanda fitattun marubutan Afirka suka bayar.  

## Tarihi
An gudanar da babban taron jam'iyyar PAWA a Kwame Nkrumah Conference Centre, Accra, Ghana, daga ranar 7 zuwa 11 ga Nuwamba, 1989 a karkashin taken: "Haɗin kai na Afirka; 'Yancin Hankali". Wakilai daga kasashe fiye da 36 sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniya da Tsarin Mulki  wanda ya kai ga kafa PAWA.  PAWA yanzu ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin marubuta 52 na ƙasa a nahiyar Afirka. 

Farfesa Atukwei Okai ya rike mukamin Sakatare Janar na PAWA daga 1989 har zuwa rasuwarsa a 2018.  

A cikin 1992, Sakatariyar PAWA, wacce ke a unguwar Roman Ridge na Accra,  ta sami cikakken matsayin diflomasiya daga gwamnatin Ghana. 

### Ranar Marubuta Afirka ta Duniya, 7 ga Nuwamba
A cikin 1991, taron ministocin ilimi da al'adu na Afirka, wanda aka yi a Cotonou, Benin, ya yanke shawarar kafa ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, ranar da aka kafa PAWA, a matsayin ranar marubuta ta Afirka ta duniya, wadda yanzu ake bikin a duk faɗin nahiyar. 

A watan Nuwamban shekarar 2015, sama da marubuta da masana 300 ne suka taru don tunawa da ranar marubutan Afirka ta duniya karo na 22 a wani taro na kwanaki uku da aka gudanar a birnin Accra, wanda ya dauki taken "Bikin rayuwar da ayyukan Chinua Achebe : Zuwan Zamanin Adabin Afirka?", tare da gabatar da jawabi daga Margaret Bupe da wasu daga cikin wadanda suka gabatar a cikin shirin na Henriby da Currey . na Achebe. 

A shekara ta 2017, shugaba Nana Addo Akufo-Addo ne ya ba da jawabi mai mahimmanci a taron tattaunawa na bikin ranar marubutan Afirka ta duniya karo na 24.  

## Ayyuka
PAWA ta tsunduma cikin ayyukan da suka haɗa da taro, karatu, laccoci, wasan kwaikwayo, ziyarta, gasar rubuce-rubuce da horarwa, da kuma girmama marubutan Afirka.  Yawancin manyan masana da marubuta na Afirka sun taka rawar gani a ayyukan PAWA, ciki har da Nobel Laureates Wole Soyinka  da Nadine Gordimer,   Emeritus Farfesa JH Kwabena Nketia,  Farfesa Femi Osofisan,  Farfesa Ali Mazrui, da sauransu. 

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Pan African Writers' Association on Facebook
* Kofi Akpabli, "PAWA House - The writer's Haven", *Graphic Online*, 16 Satumba 2016.
Cibiyar Goree

**Cibiyar Goree**, a hukumance **Cibiyar Goree, Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya, Ci gaba da Al'adu a Afirka** ( French   ), ƙungiya ce ta Pan African da ke tsibirin Gorée a Dakar, Senegal.

## Tarihi
Cibiyar, wadda aka haife ta daga ra'ayin da shugaban Senegal Abdou Diouf ya tsara, an kafa shi ne a ranar 25 ga Yuni 1992.An kafa ta ne bayan wani taron 1987 a Dakar, tsakanin shugabannin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Afirka ta Kudu da gungun 'yan Afirka ta Kudu masu sassaucin ra'ayi,  galibin Afrikaners, daga duniyar kasuwanci, ƙungiyoyin jama'a, siyasa, addini da ilimi. Daga baya aka fi sani da " Taron Dakar ", taron na daya daga cikin mutane da dama da suka bude hanyar shawarwarin kawo karshen mulkin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu . Breyten Breytenbach ya kasance memba na gidauniya, tsohon darektan zartarwa, daga baya memba na hukumar (akalla har zuwa ranar haihuwarsa ta 80th). 

Tsarin tsarin mulki da na shari'a wanda Cibiyar ta fara aiki tun daga wannan lokacin ya yiwu ne ta hanyar ka'idar da gwamnatin Senegal ta ba da ita a cikin 1991, a matsayin nuna alƙawarin ba da damar Cibiyar Goree ta yi aiki a cikin ƙalubale amma mai 'yanci na "sararin dimokuradiyya" na ƙungiyar kare hakkin jama'a ta Pan-Afrika.
## Buri da ayyuka
Manufarta ita ce "ba da gudummawa ga kafa al'ummomi masu zaman lafiya, masu adalci da dogaro da kai a Afirka, don karfafa tattaunawar siyasa don warware rikice-rikice cikin lumana, ba da gudummawa ga karfafa tsarin dimokuradiyya da cibiyoyi, da karfafa kirkire-kirkire na fasaha, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki" a duk fadin Afirka. ɗan ƙasa, ƙasa, harsuna, iyakoki, da mulkin mallaka, da kuma batun satar dukiyar mulkin mallaka. 

Tare da ayyukanta na bincike, horarwa da gudanarwa, cibiyar ta kafa wani sashe na musamman wanda ke da alhakin gudanar da tarukan koli, masu bincike da masu fasaha wanda a cikin aikinsu ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban manufofin cibiyar. Wannan sashe, The Teral, yana ba da taro da wuraren hutu akan Gorée.

Babban daraktan shine  Doudou Dia, da Ayo Obe ne  shugaban kwamitin amintattu.
## Magana

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*
Amurka ta Latin Afirka

**Amurka ta Latin Afirka** ( Faransanci : *États-Unis de l'Afrique latine*, Portuguese : *Estados Unidos da África Latina*, Sipaniya : *Estados Unidos de África Latina* ) ita ce ƙungiyar da aka tsara na ƙasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya masu magana da harshen Romance wanda ɗan siyasar Afirka ta Tsakiya Barthélémy ya zayyana. Boganda ya fara kiransa ne a watan Mayu 1957. 

Kasashen da za su kasance cikin wannan babban tsarin tarayya su ne Angola, Burundi, Kamarun Faransa, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Chadi, Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kongo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Jamhuriyar Kongo, da Ruwanda . An takaita aiwatar da ra'ayin ne sakamakon mutuwar Boganda a hadarin jirgin sama a ranar 29 ga Maris 1959.  Boganda ya kalli wannan mahallin a matsayin mai kiba ga ƙungiyar kudancin Afirka ta Kudu da Biritaniya ta yi tasiri da Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland . 

Richard Wright ya soki ra'ayin Amurka ta Latin Afirka a cikin gabatarwa ta musamman ga masu karanta Faransanci na fassarar littafinsa *White Man, Listen!* , a kan cewa Afirka ta Kudu na nufin Afirka Katolika ne, kuma ana zargin cewa za ta haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna ga Afirka masu amfani da Ingilishi, wanda ya kira Afirka ta Protestant . A cewar Wright, waɗannan ra'ayoyin suna nuni ne kawai da halayen waɗanda 'yan Afirka suka yi karatu a Faransa ko Biritaniya, manyan ƙasashen Turai na wancan lokacin. A maimakon haka, ya yi kira da a samar da wata hanya ta kasashen Afirka . 

## Tuta
Barthélemy Boganda ne ya tsara tutar Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, wanda zai zama shugabanta na farko. Tun asali an yi niyya ta zama tutar Amurka ta Latin Afirka, wanda ya ba da shawara a cikin 1957. Majalisar dokokin Ubangi-Shari ta karbe tutar a ranar 1 ga Disamba 1958. A lokacin da aka gabatar da shi, Boganda ya bayyana a Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa cewa "Launuka, wanda ke wakiltar yankuna hudu da suka kunshi Faransanci Equatorial Africa amma kuma yankin jagoranmu, Babban Birnin Faransa, ya fito daga zuciyata. Jajayen da ya ratsa launuka hudu shine alamar jininmu. Kamar yadda muka yi lokacin da Faransa ta kasance cikin hadari, za mu kare Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya da kuma Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya.

Shugaba Jean-Bédel Bokassa ya yi la'akari da maye gurbin tuta a shekara ta 1976, bayan da ya musulunta a karkashin jagorancin shugaban Libya Muammar Gaddafi . Shawarar ita ce a canza tutar gaba ɗaya domin a nuna jinjirin wata da tauraro. Duk da haka, shawarar ba ta daɗe ba, domin bayan watanni da yawa an ƙirƙiri daular Afirka ta Tsakiya a ƙarƙashin Bokassa, kamar yadda Sarkin sarakuna Bokassa I. A ranar 4 ga Disamba na waccan shekarar, tsarin mulki ya bayyana duka tambarin sarki na kansa da kuma tutar da ake da ita ta sake amfani da ita a matsayin daular. Ma'auni na sirri na Sarkin sarakuna ya kasance launin kore mai haske, tare da gaggafa mai launin zinari a tsakiya wanda aka yi masa sama da tauraro mai nuna zinare 20,  ya yi wahayi zuwa ga mikiya akan mizanin sarauta na Napoleon I. 

Tutar ta ci gaba da kasancewa bayan faduwar daular Afirka ta tsakiya.

## Magana
Ranar Nasarar Adwa

**Ranar Nasara Adwa**  Amharic  ) biki ne na kasa a Habasha wanda ake yi a ranar 2 ga Maris don tunawa da nasarar da Habasha ta samu a kan kokarin da Italiya ta yi wa mulkin mallaka a yakin Adwa a 1896. Bikin yabo ga sojojin Habasha, bikin ya ƙunshi fareti da wasannin ban mamaki da na fasaha waɗanda ke nuna al'adun Habasha .   

Ranar Nasara ta Adwa tana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da alamar Pan-Africanism da buri ga baƙar fata .   

## Biki
Bikin ya ƙunshi fareti a wurare da yawa da kuma al'adu a duk inda mutane suka taru. Hakanan ana gabatar da wasannin fasaha da ban mamaki, kamar kererto, shilela da fukera.  An rufe dukkan makarantu, bankuna, ofisoshin waya da ofisoshin gwamnati, ban da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya. Wasu sabis na tasi da sufuri na jama'a sun zaɓi kada su yi aiki a wannan rana, kuma shagunan galibi suna buɗewa amma sun fi kusa da wuri fiye da yadda aka saba.  A Addis Ababa babban birnin kasar, jami'an gwamnati, 'yan kishin kasa, jami'an diflomasiyyar kasashen waje da kuma jama'a sun hallara a dandalin Menelik yayin da kungiyar 'yan sandan Habasha ke rera wakokin kishin kasa. 

Maza masu wasan kwaikwayo sukan sanya jodhpurs da nau'ikan riga iri-iri; suna dauke da tutar Habasha da tutoci daban-daban na kishin kasa da alluna, da garkuwa da takuba na gargajiya na Habasha da ake kira harbil . 'Yan wasan mata suna sanya tufafin gargajiya da ake kira habesha kemis, wasu kuma sun sanya bakar riga, yayin da wasu wurare suka sanya rawanin sarauta a kawunansu don wakiltar Sarauniya Taytu . An gudanar da bikin ba a Addis Ababa kadai ba, har ma da wasu garuruwa irin su Bahir Dar, Debre Markos da kuma ita kanta Adwa . Kade-kade na kishin kasa ma suna taka rawar gani, misali Gigi ballad da aka sadaukar domin yakin Adwa da na Teddy Afro na " Tikur Sew " a lokacin bikin. 

A yayin bikin 2023, an yi arangama tsakanin jami’an tsaro da jama’a da suka hada da tarwatsa hayaki mai sa hawaye. 'Yan sanda sun dakile hanyar da ta kai ga wuraren biyu.  A cocin St George's Cathedral, 'yan sanda sun harba barkonon tsohuwa ga jama'a da limaman coci yayin gudanar da bukin Saint George na shekara-shekara. Mutum daya mai suna Mekuanent Wodaj ya mutu tare da jikkata da dama sakamakon turmutsutsu. Firayim Minista Abiy Ahmed ya zargi "abubuwan da ba a bayyana ba a kan abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin bikin Adwa Nasara a Addis Ababa." 

## Magana
Gasar Tattaunawa ta Jami'o'in Pan Afirka

**Gasar muhawara ta Jami'o'in Pan-Afrika** (PAUDC) ita ce babbar gasar muhawara tsakanin jami'o'i a Afirka, wacce Jami'ar Botswana Debate Masters Association ta kafa a cikin 2008. Ana gudanar da PAUDC a tsarin mahawara ta Majalisar Biritaniya (wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi huɗu na mutane biyu a kowace muhawara).   

Buga na 2021 na PAUDC shine bugu na 2 da za a gudanar kusan sakamakon hana tafiye-tafiye da sauran batutuwan da cutar ta COVID-19 ta haifar. Jami'ar Botswana Debate Masters Association a Botswana ce ta dauki nauyin gasar a karkashin taken "Channeling Tushen Muhawarar Afirka."   

Zakaran PAUDC na yanzu sune Menzimuhle Ncube da Providence Nhongo na Jami'ar Cape Town.

Buga na 2025 da bugu na 17 na wannan gasa, za a shirya shi a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu a Jami'ar Witwatersrand  kuma an tsara shi don 1st - 8th na Disamba 2025.

## Tarihi
Ofishin Yanki na Afirka na OSI da Shirin Matasa sun ha]a hannu da kwamitin shirya gasar Muhawara ta Jami'o'in Pan-African (PAUDC) da Jami'ar Botswana don shirya gasar muhawara ta jami'o'in Pan Afrika karo na farko a 2008 don baiwa ɗalibai daga jami'o'in Afirka daban-daban damar yin tambayoyi game da batutuwan da suka shafi Afirka da ma duniya baki ɗaya.  

## Tsarin
Ana gudanar da gasar ne a cikin kwanaki takwas. Yawanci yana faruwa a cikin makonni biyu na farkon watan Disamba kuma ana gudanar da shi a wata ƙasa daban kowace shekara

Tsarin PAUDC shine Majalisar Dokokin Biritaniya (BP), wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi huɗu na biyu, tare da ƙungiyoyi biyu masu goyan bayan motsi, ƙungiyoyi biyu suna adawa. Ƙungiyoyin muhawara masu zaman kansu ne kuma suna gasa da juna.

Gasar dai ta kunshi zagayen share fage guda tara, wadanda za su zama “mai karfin iko” yayin da gasar ke ci gaba da yin daidai da kungiyoyi masu karfi da juna. Tsarin zira kwallaye da kuma haɗa waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ana kiran su "tabbing". Alkalai ne ke yin zira kwallaye a kungiyoyin, wadanda akasarinsu dalibai ne ko kuma tsoffin daliban makarantun da suka fafata, sannan su mayar da “katin zabe” da makinsu ga kungiyar masu yanke hukunci, karkashin jagorancin Babban Alkali wanda daya ko fiye da haka ya taimaka.

A karshen muhawarar, an sanya kungiyoyi daga na 1 zuwa na 4.

Sunayen tawagar sune kamar haka. Bude Gwamnati (OG), wanda ya kunshi Firayim Minista da Mataimakin Firayim Minista; Masu Budaddiyar Adawa (OO), wanda ya kunshi Shugaban 'yan adawa da Mataimakin Shugaban 'yan adawa; Gwamnatin Rufewa (CG), wanda ya ƙunshi memba na gwamnati da mai kare gwamnati; da Rufe Hamayya (CO), wanda ya kunshi dan adawa da kuma bulala na adawa .

Umurnin na magana shi ne Firayim Minista, Shugaban 'yan adawa, Mataimakin Firayim Minista, Mataimakin Shugaban 'yan adawa, da dai sauransu. 

## Jerin gasa

## Nassoshi
Daniel Doron silverman

Daniel Doron Silverman (an haife shi a shekara ta 1963) ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne kuma masanin ilimin harshe kuma mataimakin farfesa a fannin ilimin harshe a Jami'ar Jihar San José. An san shi da ayyukansa a kan sauti da sauti.

## Manazarta
Yankin Neman Ƴancin Azawad

The **Azawad Liberation Front** (a cikin Abzinawa : ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵉⵜ ⵢⵏ ⵢⵙⵢⵍⵢⵍⵓ ⴰⵣⴰⵓⴰⴷ; cikin Larabci : جبهة تحرير); in French : Front de liberation de l'Azawad) ko **FLA** kungiya ce ta siyasa da soja a arewacin Mali da aka kafa a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2024. An kafa kungiyar ne bayan wargaza tsarin kare al'ummar Azawad, kuma ta hada da National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA), High Council for the Unity of Azawad (HCUA), da wani bangare na Arab Movement of Azawad (MAA) da Imghad Tuareg Self-Defense Group and Allies (GATI). An kafa kungiyar ne bisa bukatunta na neman ‘yancin kai ko cin gashin kai na Azawad .

## Tarihi
An sanar da kafa kungiyar ‘yantar da jama’a ta Azawad a cikin wata sanarwa da aka fitar, biyo bayan wani taro da jami’ai kusan 180 da mambobin kungiyar Strategic Framework for Defence of the People of Azawad (CSP-DPA) suka gudanar tsakanin ranakun 26 zuwa 30 ga watan Nuwamba. Kungiyar ta bayyana manufarta ita ce "'yantar da Azawad baki daya da kuma kafa hukumar Azawad".  Ta dauki sabuwar tuta kuma ta yi kira ga "tashin kai" na Azawad.  

An kafa kungiyar ne daga hadewar kungiyoyi hudu na CSP zuwa kungiya daya - National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA), High Council for the Unity of Azawad (HCUA), wani bangare na Arab Movement of Azawad (MAA) da Imghad Tuareg Self-Defense Group and Allies (GATIA).

Washegarin da aka kafa rundunar ta FLA, an kashe jagororinta bakwai zuwa takwas a wani harin da jirgin yaki mara matuki na Bayraktar TB2 kusa da Tinzaouaten, ciki har da Fahad Ag Almahmoud, shugaban ‘yan tawayen GATIA, da Choguibe Ag Attaher, wani amenukal na kabilar Abzinawa ta Idnanes.   

## Magana
Kwamitin Tsaro na Ambazonia

**Ambazonia Self Defence Council** (ASC), wanda kuma aka sani da **Ambazonia Military Council** (AMC), **Ambazonia Military Forces** (AMF),  da **Ambazonia Restoration Forces** (ARF),  wata ƙungiya ce da ta ƙunshi mayaƙa da dama waɗanda ke gwagwarmaya don samun 'yancin kai na Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Ambazonia, ciki har da Red Dragons of Ambazonia, Manya-manyan Tijjani, Tijjani Kargonia, da yawa Ghost Warriors, The Ambazonia Restoration Army,  Rundunar Tsaron Kudancin Kamaru,  Bui Warriors,  Rundunar Janar No Pity,  da sauran su.  A dunkule, wadannan mayakan na iya yiwuwa sun zarce sojojin tsaron Ambazonia da SOCADEF . 

## Tarihi
Gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Ambazonia ce ta kirkiro ASC a cikin Maris 2018. Gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta yi fatan hada dukkan mayakan 'yan aware, ciki har da ADF; duk da haka, ADF ta ƙi shiga, ta zaɓi haɗin gwiwa maimakon haɗin kai.  Babu tabbas ko ASC tana da tsarin umarni na tsakiya, kodayake idan aka yi la'akari da yanayin yankin na mayakan sa, wannan ba zai yuwu ba. 

A cikin Maris 2019, an ƙirƙiri Majalisar 'Yancin Kudancin Kamaru (SCLC). Kwanaki bayan haka, ta ayyana kawo karshen kulle-kullen a Fako, wanda gwamnatin wucin gadi ta ayyana a baya. Kodayake ASC tana biyayya ga Gwamnatin Riko, kuma Gwamnatin Riko tana cikin SCLC, ASC ta ƙi kawo ƙarshen kulle-kullen. [1] A cikin kin bin umarnin, ASC ta yi nuni da rashin tuntubar SCLC.

A shekara ta 2021, ASC ya zama sananne da sunan "Rundunar Mayar da Madowa na Ambazonia" (ARF).   

A cikin Janairu 2022, ARF ya fara karaya yayin da rikici ya barke a tsakanin mambobinta. Yawancin kwamandojin ƙungiyar, ciki har da Janar No Pity da Janar Mad Dog, sun kafa Bui Unity Warriors a adawa da "Field Marshal" Insobu's Bui Warriors,   wata ƙungiya a cikin ARF.  Rikicin cikin gida ya kara kamari a watan Fabrairun 2022, yayin da gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta balle lokacin da aka tsige shugabanta Samuel Ikome Sako . Janar Mad Dog ya fara kai hari ga sojojin ARF babban kwamandan Lekeaka Oliver,  da sojojin Janar No Pity sun kashe Insobu a cikin Afrilu 2022.  An kashe Oliver a watan Yuli, ko dai ta hanyar dakarun gwamnati ko kuma 'yan tawayen da ke gaba da juna. 

A cikin watan Agustan 2022, fiye da kwamandojin ARF 50 sun yi taro don amincewa da ƙarin tsari na haɗin kai na ARF tare da nisantar da kansu daga jagorancin ƙaura na tawaye. A wajen taron, an zabi "Janar Bitter Collar" da "Kwamandan Mota Makamai" a matsayin Sakatarorin Sadarwa na Hadakar 'Yan bindiga. 

## Magana
Mu Ne Ziyarar Pirates

Yawon shakatawa Mu Ne Pirates  yawon shakatawa ne na kide kide na rukunin rock na Amurka Blink-182 don tallafawa kundin studio na bakwai na ƙungiyar, California (2016). Ya ƙunshi kwanakin biki da wasan amphitheater kuma ya gudana tsakanin Mayu 14 da Yuli 10, 2016, a Arewacin Amurka. Ayyukan tallafi sun haɗa da Duk Lokaci Ƙananan, Hawthorne Heights, Tsarin Sauƙi, da Amfani akan zaɓaɓɓun kwanakin. Baya ga 'yan wasan kulob din da kuma bikin Musink a cikin 2015, yawon shakatawa na Mu ne Pirates shine na farko tare da guitarist da mawaƙa Matt Skiba kuma na farko ba tare da kafa memba Tom DeLonge ba.

## Fage
Bayan yawon shakatawa da fitar da kundi na shida na ƙungiyar Neighborhoods (2011), ya zama da wahala ga Blink-182 don yin rikodin sabbin abubuwa, saboda ayyukan guitarist Tom DeLonge. Bayan rashin jituwa, sauran membobin kungiyar - mai suna / bassist Mark Hoppus da Travis Barker - sun nemi rabuwa daga DeLonge kuma sun dauki ma'aikacin guitar Matt Skiba, wanda aka fi sani da dan wasan rock Alkaline Trio, a wurinsa. Blink-182 ya yi wasan kwaikwayo na kulob biyu da ramin a taron Musink Tattoo & Music Festival a cikin Maris 2015 tare da Skiba "cika" don DeLonge. Bayan haka, sun sake tattarawa suka yi rikodin kundin California tare da furodusa John Feldmann.

Kafin babban balaguron kanun labarai na California, ƙungiyar ta fara Ziyarar Mu Ne Pirates Tour. Sun yi a bukukuwa da yawa, ciki har da X Games Austin 2016,  Firefly Music Festival,  Big Field Day, Amnesia Rockfest,  da Kerfuffle 2016. Hoppus da Skiba kuma sun yi wasan kwaikwayo da yawa a Ingila a watan Yuni 2016, ciki har da na BBC Radio 1's Rock All Dayer  da Radio X. Sun kuma ƙara kwanan wata huɗu a Kanada a farkon Yuli, wanda Tsarin Sauƙaƙan da aka yi amfani da shi yana goyan bayan.

## Manazarta
Shneur Odze

**Shneur Zalman Odze** (an haife shi ranar 3 ga watan Maris, 1981) malamin addinin Yahudawa ne na Orthodox kuma ɗan siyasa na Burtaniya (UKIP).

## Aikin siyasa
An zabi Odze a matsayin dan majalisar Conservative Party na gundumar New River a kan Hackney London Borough Council a 2002. Ya yi murabus daga majalisa a 2004 lokacin da ya koma Salford. Ya kasance dan takarar Conservative a zaben majalisa na Bury a 2004 da 2006 (Sedgley ward) sannan a zaben majalisar karamar hukumar Salford a 2007, a gundumar Kersal wanda har zuwa lokacin ya kasance sashin lafiya na Labour tare da Conservatives na uku mai nisa, inda ya sha kashi da kuri'u 34 (1.35%), 20108 kuma ya tsaya na UK 2. 2014 Zaɓen Majalisar Birnin Salford.

Odze ya kasance dan takarar UKIP na yankin Arewa maso yammacin Ingila a zaben Turai na 2014. A lokacin yakin neman zabe, ya ki yin musabaha da mata masu kada kuri’a saboda imaninsa na addini, wadanda suka haramta haduwa da kowace mace ba matarsa ​​ba. Daya daga cikin masu shirya jam’iyyar na yankin ya yi murabus saboda zanga-zangar.

A cikin 2014 ya shirya gungun mutane ciki har da wasu Isra'ilawa don tafiya Bradford don nuna rashin amincewa bayan George Galloway ya ayyana birnin a matsayin "yankin da ba shi da Isra'ila".

Odze ya taimaka wajen kafa "Friends of Israel in UKIP", wanda tambarin wanda ya ƙunshi alamar fam (tambarin UKIP a lokacin) a tsakiyar tauraron Dauda. Lokacin da aka nuna cewa haɗa Yahudawa da kuɗi yana da ma'ana mara kyau, Odze ya ce wannan ya fi sa ido fiye da makirci. Ya yi Allah-wadai da manufofin jam’iyyar kan yankan kosher da cewa “ba daidai ba ne”[.

Ya nemi takarar UKIP don zaben magajin garin Landan na 2016, amma bai yi nasara ba. Shi ne dan takarar UKIP a zaben magajin garin Greater Manchester na 2017, inda ya zo na shida da kashi 1.9% na kuri'un. A wani hustings na Manchester ya sha suka daga Jane Brophy, dan takarar jam'iyyar Liberal Democrat saboda ya ki girgiza hannunta kamar yadda addininsa ya tanada. Ta ce ya kamata ya yi wa mata da maza daidai.

A cikin 2017 Odze ya kona Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci-Turanci na Kirista wanda aka sanya a cikin majami'a ba tare da izini ba a jajibirin Idin Ƙetarewa. Da farko Odze ya musanta cewa wannan taron ya faru. Daga baya Odze ya nemi afuwar sakamakon labarin da Daily Mail ya wallafa wanda ke nuna wani sakon Twitter da ya yi wanda ya hada da hoton littafin yana cin wuta.

An ce shi makusanci ne ga Nigel Farage da Paul Nuttall.

## Rayuwar sirri
Mahaifiyar Odze ta fito ne daga Maroko, kuma kakansa na mahaifinsa, wanda ya yi yaƙi a Janar Anders' Polish II Corps a Monte Cassino, inda sojojin kawance 55,000 suka mutu, daga Poland ne. An haife shi kuma ya girma a Hackney. Yana da aure da ‘ya’ya mata hudu da namiji .

## Manazarta
Yasin Haji Osman Sharmarke

**Yasin Haji Osman Sharmarke**  ɗan siyasan Somaliya ne kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Sharmarke ga ƙabilar Osman Mahamoud na babban Majeerteen. Shi ne jagora kuma wanda ya kafa kungiyar matasan Somaliya (SYL, wanda aka kafa 1943), jam'iyyar siyasa ta farko ta Somalia. Da yake kuma sun taka rawa wajen samar da kungiyar, Sharmarke da sauran ’yan kishin ƙasa na farko na SYL sun sami tasiri sosai daga Darawiish na Diiriye Guure da Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan (“Mad Mullah”), Sarkin Diiriye Guure.  Sharmarke ya rasu a watan Yuni 1947. 

## Duba kuma

* Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf
* Kungiyar matasan Somaliya
* Mohammed Abdullahi Hassan

## Manazarta