Farashin carbon a Ostiraliya

Gwamnatin 'yan tsiraru ta Gillard Labor ta gabatar da **Tsarin farashi na carbon a Ostiraliya** a cikin 2011 a matsayin *Dokar Tsabtace Makamashi ta 2011* wacce ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Yulin 2012. Rashin fitarwa daga kamfanonin da ke ƙarƙashin makircin ya ragu da kashi 7% a lokacin da aka gabatar da shi. A sakamakon kasancewa a wurin na irin wannan ɗan gajeren lokaci, kuma saboda shugaban adawa na lokacin Tony Abbott ya nuna cewa yana da niyyar soke " harajin carbon", ƙungiyoyin da aka tsara sun amsa da rauni, tare da ƙananan saka hannun jari a rage fitar da hayaki. An soke shirin ne a ranar 17 ga Yulin 2014, wanda ya koma ranar 1 ga Yulin 2014. A matsayinta Gwamnatin Abbott ta kafa Asusun Rage Rage Rashin Rashin Rage Rayo a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014. Daga baya fitarwa ta ci gaba da bunkasa a bayyane kafin harajin.

Farashin carbon ya kasance wani ɓangare na babban kunshin sake fasalin makamashi da ake kira Clean Energy Futures Plan, wanda ke da niyyar rage hayakin gas a Ostiraliya da kashi 5% a ƙasa da matakan 2000 ta 2020 da 80% a ƙasa da matakin 2000 ta 2050. Kodayake Ostiraliya ba ta karɓar farashin carbon kai tsaye,  shirin da aka tsara don cimma waɗannan manufofi ta hanyar ƙarfafa manyan masu fitarwa na Ostiraliya don haɓaka ingancin makamashi da saka hannun jari a cikin Makamashi mai ɗorewa. Mai kula da Makamashi mai tsabta ne ke gudanar da shirin. Biyan kuɗi ga masana'antu da gidaje an tallafawa ta hanyar kudaden shiga da aka samu daga cajin. Shirin ya buƙaci ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke fitar da fiye da tan 25,000 na iskar gas mai guba a kowace shekara, kuma waɗanda ba su cikin fannonin sufuri ko aikin gona ba, don samun izinin fitarwa, wanda ake kira raka'a na carbon. An sayi raka'a na carbon daga gwamnati ko kuma an bayar da su kyauta a matsayin wani ɓangare na matakan taimakon masana'antu. A matsayin wani ɓangare na makircin, an rage harajin samun kudin shiga ga waɗanda ke samun ƙasa da A $ 80,000 a kowace shekara kuma an kara ƙofar haraji daga A $ 6,000 zuwa A $ 18,200. Da farko an daidaita farashin izini na tan daya na carbon a A $ 23 don shekarar kudi ta 2012-13, tare da izini mara iyaka daga gwamnati. Farashin da aka ƙayyade ya tashi zuwa A $ 24.15 don 2013-14.

Gwamnati ta sanar da cewa shirin ya kasance wani ɓangare na sauyawa zuwa tsarin cinikin hayaki a cikin 2014-15, inda izinin da ke akwai zai iyakance daidai da ƙimar gurɓataccen yanayi. Shirin da farko ya shafi janareto na lantarki da bangarorin masana'antu. Ba ta shafi sufuri da noma ba. Ma'aikatar Canjin Yanayi da Ingancin Makamashi ta bayyana cewa a watan Yunin 2013 ƙungiyoyi 260 ne kawai ke ƙarƙashin makircin,  daga cikinsu kimanin 185 suna da alhakin biyan kuɗin raka'a na carbon. Jirgin sama na cikin gida bai fuskanci tsarin farashin carbon ba, amma yana ƙarƙashin ƙarin harajin man fetur na kusan 6 cents a kowace lita.

A watan Fabrairun 2012, jaridar *Sydney Morning Herald* ta ba da rahoton cewa shirin farashin carbon mai tsabta na makamashi na gaba bai hana sabon saka hannun jari a masana'antar kwal ba, yayin da kashe kudi a binciken ya karu da kashi 62% a cikin 2010-2011, fiye da kowane kayan ma'adinai. Hukumar gwamnati ta Geoscience Australia ta ba da rahoton cewa saka hannun jari a binciken kwal ya kai dala miliyan 520 a cikin 2010-2011. An lura da faduwar hayaki na carbon bayan aiwatar da wannan manufofin. An lura cewa hayaki daga bangarorin da ke ƙarƙashin tsarin farashi sun kasance 1.0% ƙasa  kuma watanni tara bayan gabatar da tsarin farashi, hayaki na carbon dioxide na Ostiraliya daga samar da wutar lantarki ya faɗi zuwa ƙasa da shekaru 10, tare da ƙarni na kwal zuwa 11% daga 2008 zuwa 2009. Koyaya, an yi jayayya game da danganta waɗannan abubuwan ga farashin carbon, tare da Tattalin Arziki na Yankin da ke da'awar abubuwan da ba su da alaƙa da harajin carbon. Bukatar wutar lantarki tana faduwa kuma a cikin 2012 ya kasance a matakin mafi ƙasƙanci da aka gani tun 2006 a Kasuwar Lantarki ta Kasa.

## Tarihi
 A shekara ta 2003, gwamnatin Howard ta kusa samar da tsarin ciniki na hayaki, amma sha'anin kasuwanci ya sa gwamnati ta daina la'akari da shi a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar. A watan Oktoban 2006 an fitar da wani rahoto na Stern Review kan tasirin sauyin yanayi kan tattalin arzikin duniya ga gwamnatin Burtaniya. Wannan rahoto ya ba da shawarar matakan da yawa da suka haɗa da ecotaxes don magance gazawar kasuwa da canjin yanayi ke wakilta tare da ƙarancin lalacewar tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Dangane da wannan rahoto da kuma matsin lamba daga Kim Beazley ya jagoranci 'yan adawar Labour, a cikin Disamba 2006 gwamnatin Howard ta kafa kungiyar Taskungiyoyin Firayim Minista kan Kasuwancin Haɓaka, wanda Peter Shergold ya jagoranta, don ba da shawara kan aiwatar da tsarin ciniki na hayaki (ETS) a Ostiraliya. A bangaren adawa, Kevin Rudd ya yi kira da a rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli da kashi 60 cikin 100 kafin shekarar 2050. Dukkanin gwamnatin Howard mai ci da kuma 'yan adawar Rudd Labour sun yi alkawarin aiwatar da tsarin ciniki na fitar da hayaki (ETS) kafin zaben tarayya na 2007. Bayan fitar da rahoton Shergold na ƙarshe, gwamnatin Howard ta himmatu don gabatar da ETS a watan Yuni 2007.

Da yake shiga cikin zaben tarayya na 2007, jam'iyyar adawa ta Labour ta gabatar da kanta a matsayin madadin "mai kare yanayi" ga Gwamnati, tare da Kevin Rudd, wanda a lokacin ya kori Beazley a matsayin jagora, wanda ya shahara ya kwatanta canjin yanayi a matsayin "babban ƙalubalen ɗabi'a na ƙarni namu". Kungiyar kwadago ta bambanta kanta daga gwamnati ta hanyar yin alkawarin ETS tare da ranar farawa ta 2010 maimakon lokacin 2012 da Howard ya ba da shawara. Har ila yau, ya yi alkawarin tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Kyoto, saka hannun jari a cikin kwal mai tsabta da makamashi mai sabuntawa, da kuma dan kadan mafi girman manufofi don makamashi masu sabuntawa.

Kungiyar kwadago ta lashe zaben a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 2007, kuma a ranar 3 ga Disamba 2007 Gwamnatin Rudd ta sanya hannu kan tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Kyoto a Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2007. Ta hanyar tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Kyoto, Ostiraliya ta himmatu ga kiyaye hayaki zuwa ba fiye da 108% na matakin hayaki na 1990 ba ta zuwa 2012. Tabbatarwar Ostiraliya ta fara aiki a ranar 11 ga Maris 2008. 

Gwamnatin Rudd ta fara tattaunawa game da wucewar ETS ta hanyar majalisar. Jam'iyyar adawa karkashin jagorancin Brendan Nelson ta yi kira da a jinkirta jefa kuri'a kan ETS na gwamnati har sai bayan taron koli na canjin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Copenhagen a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2009. Firayim Minista Rudd ya ce a mayar da martani cewa zai zama "aikin cikakken tsoro na siyasa, cikakkiyar gazawar jagoranci ba don yin aiki a kan canjin yanayi ba har sai wasu kasashe sun yi haka" kuma gwamnati ta bi gabatarwar Shirin da wuri.

## Manazarta