Gravesend, Brooklyn

**Gravesend** unguwa ce da ke yankin kudu maso tsakiyar gundumar birnin New York ta Brooklyn, a gefen kudu maso yammacin Long Island a jihar New York ta Amurka . Tana da iyaka da Belt Parkway a kudu, Bay Parkway a yamma, Avenue P a arewa, da Ocean Parkway a gabas.

Gravesend yana ɗaya daga cikin garuruwan asali a yankin New Netherland na ƙasar Holland. Bayan da Turawan Ingila suka karɓe shi, yana ɗaya daga cikin garuruwa shida na asali na Kings County a yankin mulkin mallaka na New York . Gravesend shine kawai garin da Ingila ta yi hayar a cikin abin da ya zama Kings County kuma sananne ne a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin garuruwan farko da wata mata, Lady Deborah Moody, ta kafa. Garin Gravesend ya ƙunshi 7,000 acres (2,800 ha) a kudancin Kings County, gami da dukkan yankin tsibirin Coney, kuma birnin Brooklyn ya haɗa shi a shekarar 1894.

Unguwar zamani wani ɓangare ne na Hukumar Al'umma ta Brooklyn 11, Hukumar Al'umma ta Brooklyn 13 da Hukumar Al'umma ta Brooklyn 15. Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, Gravesend tana da yawan jama'a 30,587. 

## Suna

Hukumomin ƙasar New Amsterdam ne suka bai wa yankin sunan "Gravesend". Majiyoyin yankin sun yi imanin cewa sunan wataƙila ya fito ne daga kalmomin ƙasar Holland, waɗanda idan aka haɗa su za su iya nufin "ƙarshen groves" ko "bakin teku na Count". [1]

Majiyoyin tarihi, waɗanda aka rubuta da Yaren mutanen Holland, sun nuna cewa gwamnan ƙasar Holland Willem Kieft ne ya sanya masa suna don matsugunin *<nowiki/>'s'Gravesande* (wanda yanzu ake kira 's-Gravenzande ) na ƙasar Holland a Netherlands, wanda ke nufin "Count's Beach" ko "Count's Sand".   Taswirar Nova Belgica ta 1656 ta tabbatar da hakan, ta hanyar ambaton sunayen garuruwan ƙasar Holland kamar Vlissingen (Flushing), Breukelen (Brooklyn), Amersfoort (Flatlands), Heemstee (Hempstead, Heemstede wanda ke nufin gida) da Gravesant ('s-Gravenzande).

Saboda alaƙar da ke tsakaninta da Lady Moody, wasu suna hasashen cewa an sanya mata suna ne bayan tashar jiragen ruwa ta Gravesend ta Ingila, Kent . 

## Yanayin ƙasa
Unguwar zamani ta Gravesend tana tsakanin titin Gabas ta 12 ko Titin Coney Island a gabas, Stillwell Avenue a yamma, Avenue P a arewa, da Coney Island Creek da Shore Parkway a kudu. Gabashin Gravesend akwai Homecrest da Sheepshead Bay, zuwa arewa maso gabashin Midwood, zuwa arewa maso yammacin Bensonhurst, da kuma yamma da Bath Beach . A kudu, a fadin Coney Island Creek, akwai unguwar Coney Island, kuma a fadin Shore Parkway akwai Brighton Beach .

Calvert Vaux Park, wanda a da ake kira Dreier Offerman Park, yana kudu maso yammacin unguwar. 

### Farin Yashi
Kudancin Shore Parkway da kuma arewacin Coney Island Creek, wani lokacin ana kiransa **White Sands** . Asali, White Sands ya ƙunshi hanyoyi da dama masu gajeru, marasa matuƙa, ba tare da hanyoyin shiga cikin unguwa ba. A halin yanzu, ya ƙunshi gidaje biyu da kuma wurin Home Depot . 
 
Sunan White Sands ya samo asali ne daga farin yashi wanda a da ya mamaye bakin tekun Coney Island Creek. Gidaje na farko da aka gina a unguwar bungalows ne da aka gina a kan sandunan da ke saman yashi, amma yayin da ci gaba ke ci gaba a hankali, an cire yawancin yashi aka maye gurbinsa da wurin zubar da shara. A shekarar 1993, Home Depot ta fara sha'awar White Sands a matsayin wurin da za a gina sabon shago saboda wurin da yake kusa da hanyar Cropsey da Shore Parkway da aka fi amfani da ita sosai. Zuwa shekarar 2000, Home Depot ta mallaki kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na kadarorin da ke White Sands, kuma zuwa shekarar 2002, an lalata kadarorin da aka samu aka maye gurbinsu da sabon wurin Home Depot.  

## Tarihi

### Tarihin farko
 
Da farko dai, ƙungiyar Lenape, wata ƙabila mai magana da Algonquian ce ta mamaye yankin tsibirin da kewaye, kuma ta cikin yankunan bakin teku ta hanyar New Jersey ta yanzu har zuwa Delaware, ta fara zama a tsibirin.  Bature na farko da aka sani da ya sanya ƙafarsa a yankin da zai zama Gravesend shine Henry Hudson, wanda jirginsa, *Half Moon*, ya sauka a Coney Island a kaka ta 1609. 'Yan Holland sun yi iƙirarin cewa wannan ƙasar wani ɓangare ne na Mallakarsu ta New Netherland . 

Gravesend sananne ne a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin garuruwan mulkin mallaka kaɗan da wata mata ta kafa, Lady Deborah Moody  ( Jeanne Mance ita ce wata mace da ta kafa ta). A shekara ta 1643, gwamna janar Willem Kieft ya ba ta da wasu gungun mazauna Ingila haƙƙin mallakar filaye a ranar 19 ga Disamba, 1645. Moody, tare da John Tilton da matarsa Mary Pearsall Tilton, sun zo Gravesend bayan sun zaɓi korar jama'a, bayan tsanantar addini a Lynn, Massachusetts . An yi wa Moody da Mary Tilton shari'a saboda imaninsu na Anabaptist, ana zarginsu da yaɗa rashin amincewa da addini a yankin Puritan.  Kieft yana ɗaukar mazauna don tabbatar da wannan ƙasar da sojojinsa suka kwace daga Lenape. Wasu rikice-rikice sun ci gaba, kuma ba a kammala ƙungiyar garin ba sai a shekara ta 1645. Yarjejeniyar garin da aka sanya wa hannu da tallafin ita ce ɗaya daga cikin na farko da aka taɓa bai wa wata mace a Sabuwar Duniya.  John Tilton ya zama magatakardar garin Gravesend na farko kuma ya mallaki wani ɓangare na abin da daga baya zai zama Tsibirin Coney. An san Moody, Tiltons, da sauran fararen mazauna Ingila sun biya Lenape kuɗin ƙasarsu.  Wani fitaccen mazaunin farko shi ne Anthony Janszoon van Salee .

Garin Gravesend ya ƙunshi  a kudancin Kings County, gami da dukkan tsibirin Coney Island . An fara amfani da wannan a matsayin filayen gama gari na garin a Tekun Atlantika . An raba shi, kamar yadda aka raba garin da kansa, zuwa filaye 41 ga waɗanda suka mallaki haƙƙin mallaka na asali. Lokacin da aka fara shimfida garin, kusan rabin yankin ya ƙunshi dausayin gishiri da tuddai a bakin tekun Gravesend Bay. Yana ɗaya daga cikin al'ummomin da aka tsara a Amurka na farko. Ya ƙunshi  murabba'i kewaye da wani katafaren katako mai tsawon ƙafa 20. An raba garin da manyan hanyoyi guda biyu, Titin Gravesend (wanda yanzu ake kira McDonald Avenue ) wanda ke gudana daga arewa zuwa kudu, da Titin Gravesend Neck,   wanda ke gudana daga gabas zuwa yamma. Waɗannan hanyoyin sun raba garin zuwa sassa huɗu, waɗanda aka raba su zuwa filaye goma kowanne. Ana iya ganin wannan layin garin na asali a taswira da hotunan sama na yankin. A tsakiyar garin, inda manyan hanyoyi biyu suka haɗu, an gina zauren gari inda ake gudanar da tarurrukan gari sau ɗaya a wata.  

Cibiyar unguwar har yanzu tana da tubalan guda huɗu da ke kewaye da Village Road South, Village Road East, Village Road North, da Van Sicklen Street, inda aka gina Moody House da Van Sicklen makabartar iyali. Kusa da, kuma a layi ɗaya da van Sicklen Family Makabartar akwai Old Gravesend Makabartar, inda aka ce an yi jana'izar Lady Moody. Baƙi 'yan ƙasar Masar Mohammad Ben Misoud, wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na wani abin jan hankali na ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 a wurin shakatawa na Coney Island, an yi masa jana'iza ta Musulmi bayan rasuwarsa a watan Agusta na 1896 kuma an binne shi a makabartar Old Gravesend. 

'Yancin addini na farkon Gravesend ya sanya ya zama wurin da ƙungiyoyi masu wariya ko masu jayayya, *waɗanda ba sa bin ƙa'ida* ko *masu adawa da addini* kamar Quakers, waɗanda suka zauna a garin na ɗan lokaci kafin babban daraktan New Netherland Peter Stuyvesant ya kore su, wanda ya zo a shekara ta 1647. Ya yi taka-tsantsan da yadda Gravesend ya amince da ƙungiyoyin "bidi'a". 

A shekara ta 1654, mutanen Gravesend sun sayi Coney Island daga ƙungiyar Lenape ta gida kan harsashin teku, bindigogi, da kuma foda mai darajar kimanin dala $15. 

A watan Agusta na shekarar 1776 a lokacin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka, Gravesend Bay ita ce wurin saukar dubban sojojin Birtaniya da sojojin haya na Jamus daga yankin da suka shirya a Tsibirin Staten, wanda ya kai ga Yaƙin Long Island (wanda kuma shi ne *Yaƙin Brooklyn* ). Sojojin ba su fuskanci wata turjiya daga sojojin da ke gaba a ƙarƙashin Janar George Washington wanda ke da hedikwata a birnin New York ba (a lokacin yana iyaka da ƙarshen Tsibirin Manhattan). Yaƙin, ban da kasancewa na farko, zai zama mafi girma da aka yi a cikin yaƙin. 
 

### Shahara da nasara
A cikin ƙarni na 17 da 18, Gravesend ya kasance yanki mai cike da barci. Tare da buɗe manyan wuraren tsere guda uku ( Sheeshead Bay Race Track, Gravesend Race Track, da Brighton Beach Race Course ) a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, da kuma bunƙasar Tsibirin Coney zuwa sanannen wurin hutu, an haɓaka garin a matsayin al'umma mai nasara a wurin shakatawa . An yaba wa John Y. McKane da wannan. Ya kasance kafinta kuma ɗan kwangila na Sheepshead Bay, ya sami mukamai daban-daban da aka zaɓa da naɗawa: a matsayin mai kula da garin Gravesend, babban jami'in 'yan sanda, babban jami'in bincike, kwamishinan kashe gobara, kwamishinan makarantu, kwamishinan filaye na jama'a, babban jami'in Cocin Methodist na Sheepshead Bay, babban mawaƙa na coci, da Santa Claus a bikin Kirsimeti na shekara-shekara na makarantar Asabar. Daga shekarun 1870 zuwa 1890, McKane ya noma Tsibirin Coney, wanda a lokacin yana cikin garin Gravesend, a matsayin wurin nishaɗi. Ya shiga cikin ci gaban siyasa da na zahiri.

A matsayinsa na ɗan sanda na gari, McKane ya faɗaɗa rundunar 'yan sandan Gravesend sosai kuma da kansa ya yi sintiri a bakin teku. McKane ya zama mai cin hanci da rashawa, yana amfani da damar mallakar gari don karɓar haraji daga kowace kasuwanci, babba ko ƙarami, a Tsibirin Coney. Da yake gabatar da kansa a matsayin mai kare doka da oda, ya ɓatar da kuɗi mai yawa daga gidajen karuwai da gidajen caca da yawa da ke bunƙasa a cikin gidan bailiwick ɗinsa. A zamanin mulkin McKane, mutane da yawa sun san Tsibirin Coney da "Sodom by the Sea". &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>


McKane ya zama shugaban jam'iyyar Democrat kuma yana da ƙa'idodi marasa tushe game da wanda aka ba izinin yin zaɓe: baƙi, matattu, ma'aikatan baƙi na yanayi, da masu laifi. Bayanan zaɓe sun nuna mutane da yawa da suka shiga cikin wannan lamari. A jajibirin zaɓen 1893, William Gaynor, lauya mai tsayawa takarar Alkalin Kotun Koli ta Brooklyn, ya yanke shawarar gwada hanyoyin McKane ta hanyar tura masu sa ido sama da 20 na jam'iyyar Republican don bincika rajistar masu zaɓe na Gravesend da kuma kula da zaɓen a dukkan gundumomi shida na garin, kamar yadda doka ta tanada. Duk da haka, lokacin da masu sa ido suka isa zauren garin Gravesend da asuba a ranar zaɓe, McKane, tare da babban ƙungiyar 'yan sanda da abokansa, sun yi musu ihu. Lokacin da masu sa ido suka yi watsi da umarnin Kotun Koli ta Brooklyn, an yi zargin cewa McKane ya ayyana "umarnin ba sa zuwa nan" kuma ya umarci mutanen su tafi. Rikici ya biyo baya kuma an doke biyar daga cikin masu sa ido aka kama su. Wannan lamarin ya tayar da hankali sosai.  A farkon shekara mai zuwa, an yi wa McKane shari'a, an yanke masa hukunci, kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru shida a Sing Sing saboda irin wannan cin hanci da rashawa. An sake shi kusa da ƙarshen ƙarni kuma ya mutu sakamakon bugun jini a gidansa da ke Sheepshead Bay a shekarar 1899. 

Bayan faduwar McKane daga mulki, birnin Brooklyn ya haɗa Gravesend da Tsibirin Coney a shekarar 1894, wanda hakan ya zama wani ɓangare na Birnin New York a shekarar 1898.  George C. Tilyou ya ƙirƙiri ɗaya daga cikin wuraren shakatawa na farko na Tsibirin Coney, Steeplechase Park, wanda buɗewar ta haifar da zamanin zinare na Tsibirin Coney.

A kusan lokaci guda, Gravesend ita ce wurin gwajin Layin Jirgin Ƙasa na Boynton Keke, wanda shine farkon wanda ya fara aiki a kan layin dogo .  BBR ya ƙunshi injin mai ƙafa ɗaya wanda ke jan motocin fasinja guda biyu masu bene biyu a kan hanya ɗaya; layin dogo na biyu a saman jirgin, wanda aka tallafa da baka na katako, ya hana shi faɗuwa. Injin da motocin suna da faɗin ƙafa huɗu kuma suna da saurin gudu fiye da jiragen ƙasa masu girma. A shekara ta 1889, BBR ta fara bin wata hanya mai ɗan gajeren hanya tsakanin tasha ta Gravesend ta Layin Jirgin Ƙasa na Sea Beach (kusa da mahadar titunan 86th da West Seventh Streets) da Brighton Beach a Tsibirin Coney, nisan mil ɗaya kacal. Duk da tafiya mai sauƙi da sauri, BBR ta gaza kuma hanyar gwaji ta lalace, haka ma jirgin Boynton da rumfarsa. 

=== Shekarun da suka biyo baya ===

Duk da cewa Tsibirin Coney ya ci gaba da zama babban wurin yawon bude ido a duk faɗin ƙarni na 20, rufe manyan wuraren tseren Gravesend a cikin shekaru goma na farko na ƙarni ya haifar da ɓacewar sauran tsohon garin zuwa duhu. Yawancinsa an gina shi a matsayin unguwa mai aiki da matsakaicin matsayi a Brooklyn. A cikin shekarun 1920, an gina gidaje da yawa na iyali ɗaya a Gravesend, waɗanda daga baya aka mayar da su gidaje na iyali biyu a lokacin [[Great Depression|Babban Mawuyacin Halin Kunci]] . 

A shekarun 1950, birnin ya gina gidaje 28 na Marlboro Houses, gidajen jama'a da Hukumar Gidajen Birnin New York ke gudanarwa, waɗanda ke tsakanin Avenues V da X daga Stillwell Avenue zuwa filayen jirgin ƙasa na Gravesend. A hankali wannan gidan ya zama mallakin 'yan Afirka-Amurkawa.  A gefe guda kuma, yankin da ke arewa maso gabashin Gravesend, wanda ke da iyaka da McDonald Avenue, Kings Highway, Ocean Parkway, da Avenue U, ya ga kwararar Yahudawan Sephardi masu arziki (galibi Yahudawan Siriya ) a shekarun 1970.  Waɗannan mazauna sun gina manyan gidaje irin na Turawan mulkin mallaka na Spain,  kuma suna da nasu 'yan sanda. 

A shekarar 1982, wani ma'aikacin sufuri na Ba'amurke ɗan asalin Afirka mai suna [[Willie Turks]] ya mutu a Gravesend ta hanyar wasu matasa fararen fata.  Alaƙar da ke tsakanin yawancin mutanen da suka fi baƙar fata da matalauta a gidajen Marlboro da kuma unguwannin da ke kewaye da su waɗanda suka fi baƙar fata ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin tashin hankali a cikin mafi yawan shekarun 1980.  Zuwa shekarar 1986, laifuka sun yi ƙasa a Gravesend, sai dai gidajen Marlboro, inda miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba suka taimaka wajen haifar da yawan laifuka fiye da sauran unguwannin.  A ranar 25 ga Disamba, 1987, matasan fararen fata sun yi wa maza biyu baƙar fata duka a unguwar a wani "hari ba tare da wani dalili ba."  A watan Janairun 1988, don nuna rashin amincewa da harin da kuma yanayin tashin hankalin launin fata gabaɗaya, Reverend Al Sharpton ya jagoranci masu zanga-zanga 450 tsakanin gidajen Marlboro da ofishin 'yan sanda, kuma an gamu da su da waƙoƙin "komawa Afirka" da kuma waƙoƙin launin fata daban-daban daga taron jama'a fararen fata. 

Tun daga shekarun 1990, an sake gina sashen arewa maso gabas na unguwar tare da manyan gidaje masu tsada na iyali ɗaya, waɗanda farashinsu ya kai dala miliyan 1. Wannan ya canza yanayin ɓangaren unguwar sosai.  Bugu da ƙari, an mayar da wasu gidaje na iyali biyu zuwa gidaje na iyali ɗaya. Duk da yawan satar motoci, yawan laifukan Gravesend ya kasance ƙasa kaɗan. 

== Manazarta ==
**Bayanan kula'''