Royal Astronomical Society

**Royal Astronomical Society** (**RAS**) ƙungiya ce mai ilimi da sadaka wacce ke ƙarfafawa da inganta nazarin ilimin taurari, kimiyyar tsarin hasken rana, geophysics da rassan kimiyya masu alaƙa. Hedkwatar ta tana cikin Burlington House, a Piccadilly a Landan. Kungiyar tana da mambobi sama da 4,000, waɗanda aka sani da abokai, mafi yawansu masu bincike ne ko ɗaliban digiri. Kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na Fellows suna zaune a waje da Burtaniya.

Kungiyar tana gudanar da tarurrukan kimiyya na kowane wata a London, da kuma taron shekara-shekara na National Astronomy a wurare daban-daban a cikin Tsibirin Burtaniya. RAS tana buga mujallu na kimiyya Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Geophysical Journal International da RAS Techniques and Instruments, tare da Mujallar kasuwanci *Astronomy &amp;amp; Geophysics*.

RAS tana kula da ɗakin karatu na bincike taurari, tana shiga cikin fadakarwar jama'a kuma tana ba da shawara ga gwamnatin Burtaniya kan ilimin taurari. Kungiyar ta amince da nasarorin da ta samu a fannin ilimin taurari da ilimin ƙasa ta hanyar bayar da kyaututtuka da kyauttukan shekara-shekara, tare da lambar yabo mafi girma ita ce lambar yabo ta zinare ta Royal Astronomical Society. RAS kungiya ce ta Burtaniya da ke bin kungiyar Astronomical Union ta Duniya kuma memba ne na Majalisar Kimiyya ta Burtaniya.

## Tarihi

An kafa kungiyar ne a cikin 1820 a matsayin astronomical Society of London don tallafawa binciken astronomical. A wannan lokacin, yawancin mambobi 'masu ilimin taurari' ne maimakon masu sana'a. Ya zama Royal Astronomical Society a cikin 1831 bayan karɓar Yarjejeniyar Sarauta daga William IV.

A cikin 1846 RAS ta shawo kan Spitalfields Mathematical Society, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1717 amma yana fama da raguwar membobin da raguwar kuɗi. An ba da sauran mambobi goma sha tara na ƙungiyar lissafi kyauta ga membobin RAS; a musayar, an ba da gudummawar babban ɗakin karatu na al'ummarsu ga RAS.

Tsakanin 1835 da 1916 ba a yarda mata su zama abokai ba, amma Anne Sheepshanks, Lady Margaret Lindsay Huggins, Agnes Clerke, Annie Jump Cannon da Williamina Fleming sun zama mambobi masu daraja. A shekara ta 1886 Isis Pogson ita ce mace ta farko da ta yi ƙoƙari ta yi zabe a matsayin ɗan'uwan RAS, mahaifinta da wasu 'yan wasa biyu ne suka zaba ta (ba tare da nasara ba). Dukkanin 'yan wasa maza ne har zuwa wannan lokacin kuma an janye gabatarwa lokacin da lauyoyi suka yi iƙirarin cewa a karka*shi* tanadin sashin sarauta na al'umma, ana kiran' yan wasa ne kawai kamar shi kuma saboda haka dole ne su zama maza. Yarjejeniyar Ƙarin a cikin 1915 ta buɗe zumunci ga mata. A ranar 14 ga watan Janairun 1916, Mary Adela Blagg, Ella K Church, A Grace Cook, Irene Elizabeth Toye Warner da Fiammetta Wilson sune mata biyar na farko da aka zaba zuwa Fellowship.

## Littattafai
 
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan RAS shine buga mujallu. Yana buga mujallu uku na farko na bincike: Bayani na Watanni na Royal Astronomical Society don batutuwa a cikin ilimin taurari; Jaridar Geophysical International don batutuwa na geophysics (tare da haɗin Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft); da RAS Techniques & Instruments don hanyoyin bincike a cikin waɗannan fannoni. Har ila yau, ƙungiyar ta buga Mujallar kasuwanci ga membobin, *Astronomy &amp;amp; Geophysics* .

Tarihin mujallu da RAS ta buga (tare da raguwa da aka yi amfani da shi ta Astrophysics Data System ) shine:

* *Tarihin Royal Astronomical Society* (MmRAS): 1822-1977 
* Sanarwar Watanni na Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS): 1827-yanzu
* *Ƙarin Geophysical ga Sanarwar Watanni* (MNRAS): 1922-1957
* *Jaridar Geophysical* (GeoJ): 1958-1988
* Geophysical Journal International (GeoJI): 1989-yanzu (ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ta ci gaba daga GeoJ) 
* *Jaridar Quarterly ta Royal Astronomical Society* (QJRAS): 1960-1996
* *Astronomy &amp;amp; Geophysics* (A&G): 1997-yanzu (ƙididdigar ƙira ta ci gaba daga QJRAS) 
* RAS Techniques & Instruments (RASTI): 2021-yanzu 

## Kasancewa memba
 

### Abokan hulɗa
Cikakken membobin RAS ana kiransu Fellows, kuma suna iya amfani da haruffa FRAS. Fellowship yana buɗewa ga duk wanda ya wuce shekaru 18 wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin mai karɓa ga al'umma. A sakamakon kafuwar al'umma a cikin wani lokaci kafin akwai masu ilimin taurari da yawa, babu buƙatar cancanta na al'ada. Koyaya, kusan kashi uku cikin huɗu na abokai ƙwararrun masanan taurari ne ko masanan ilimin ƙasa. Yawancin sauran abokan hulɗa ɗalibai ne na digiri na biyu da ke karatun PhD a waɗancan fannoni, amma akwai kuma masu ilimin taurari masu ƙwarewa, masana tarihi na kimiyya waɗanda suka ƙware a cikin waɗannan fannoni, da sauran masu sana'a masu alaƙa. Kungiyar tana aiki ne a matsayin kwararru ga masu binciken taurari da masu ilimin ƙasa a Burtaniya kuma 'yan wasa na iya neman matsayin Masanin Kimiyya ta Majalisar Kimiyya ta hanyar al'umma. Abokan ya wuce 3,000 a shekara ta 2003.

### Abokai
A shekara ta 2009 an ƙaddamar da wani shiri ga waɗanda ke da sha'awar ilimin taurari da ilimin ƙasa amma ba tare da ƙwarewar ƙwararru ko ƙwarewar masaniyar batun ba. Irin waɗannan mutane na iya shiga Abokan RAS, wanda ke ba da shahararrun jawabai, ziyara da abubuwan zamantakewa.

## Taron da aka yi
Kungiyar ta shirya babban shirin tarurruka:

Babban taron RAS a kowace shekara shine Taron Astronomy na Kasa, babban taron kwararru masu ilimin taurari. Ana gudanar da shi sama da kwanaki 4-5 a kowane bazara ko farkon bazara, yawanci a harabar jami'a a Ingila. Daruruwan masu ilimin taurari suna halarta a kowace shekara.

Ƙananan tarurruka 'masu mahimmanci' suna nuna laccoci game da batutuwan bincike a cikin ilimin taurari da geophysics, galibi waɗanda suka lashe lambobin yabo na al'umma ke bayarwa. Ana gudanar da su ne a Gidan Burlington a Landan da yammacin Jumma'a ta biyu ta kowane wata daga Oktoba zuwa Mayu. An yi niyyar samun damar yin magana ga masu sauraro masu yawa na masanan taurari da masu ilimin ƙasa, kuma suna da 'yanci ga kowa ya halarta (ba kawai membobin al'umma ba). Ana buga rahotanni na al'ada game da tarurrukan a cikin mujallar The Observatory . 

Ana gudanar da tarurrukan tattaunawa na kwararru a rana ɗaya da kowane babban taro. Wadannan an yi niyya ne ga masana kimiyya masu sana'a a wani bangare na bincike, kuma suna bawa masu magana da yawa damar gabatar da sabbin sakamako ko sake dubawa na fannonin kimiyya. Yawancin lokaci tarurruka biyu na tattaunawa a kan batutuwa daban-daban (daya a cikin ilimin taurari da ɗaya a cikin ilimin ƙasa) suna faruwa a lokaci guda a wurare daban-daban a cikin gidan Burlington, kafin taron da ya fi dacewa a ranar. Suna da kyauta ga membobin al'umma, amma suna cajin karamin kuɗin shiga ga waɗanda ba membobin ba.

RAS tana gudanar da shirin yau da kullun na laccoci na jama'a da nufin janar, wanda ba kwararre ba, masu sauraro. Wadannan galibi ana gudanar da su a ranar Talata sau ɗaya a wata, tare da wannan jawabin da aka ba sau biyu: sau ɗaya a lokacin cin abincin rana kuma sau ɗaya a farkon maraice. Wuraren sun bambanta, amma yawanci suna cikin Burlington House ko wani wuri mai kusa a tsakiyar London. Laccocin kyauta ne, kodayake wasu shahararrun zaman suna buƙatar yin rajista a gaba.

A wasu lokuta al'umma tana karbar bakuncin ko tallafawa tarurruka a wasu sassan Burtaniya, sau da yawa tare da hadin gwiwar wasu al'ummomin kimiyya da jami'o'i.

## Laburaren karatu

Royal Astronomical Society tana da tarin littattafai da mujallu a cikin ilimin taurari da geophysics fiye da ɗakunan karatu na yawancin jami'o'i da cibiyoyin bincike. Laburaren yana karɓar wasu littattafai na yanzu 300 a cikin ilimin taurari da geophysics kuma yana ƙunshe da littattafai sama da 10,000 daga matakin da ya shahara zuwa ayyukan taron. Tarin littattafan da ba su da yawa na astronomical shine na biyu kawai bayan na Royal Observatory a Edinburgh a Burtaniya. Laburaren RAS babban hanya ne ba kawai ga al'umma ba har ma da al'umma mai zurfi na masanan taurari, masanan ilimin ƙasa, da masana tarihi.

## Ilimi
Kungiyar tana inganta ilimin taurari ga membobin jama'a ta hanyar shafukanta na fadakarwa ga ɗalibai, malamai, jama'a da masu binciken kafofin watsa labarai. RAS tana da rawar ba da shawara dangane da jarrabawar jama'a ta Burtaniya, kamar GCSEs da A Levels.

## Ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa
RAS tana tallafawa kungiyoyi masu mahimmanci, da yawa daga cikinsu a yankuna masu rikitarwa inda ƙungiyar ke tallafawa tare da wata ƙungiya mai ilimi ko ƙungiyar ƙwararru:

* Cibiyar Astrobiology ta Burtaniya (tare da Cibiyar Astobiology ta NASA) 
* Kungiyar Astroparticle Physics (tare da Cibiyar Physics) 
* Kungiyar Chemistry ta Astrophysical (tare da Royal Society of Chemistry) 
* Ƙungiyar Geophysical ta Burtaniya (tare da Ƙungiyar Geological ta London) 
* Ƙungiyar Magnetosphere Ionosphere da Solar-Terrestrial (wanda aka fi sani da acronym MIST) 
* Taron Duniya na Burtaniya
* Ƙungiyar Physics ta Hasken rana ta Burtaniya

## Shugabannin
 
Mutumin farko da ya rike taken Shugaban Royal Astronomical Society shi ne William Herschel, kodayake bai taba jagorantar taron ba, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin manyan masanan taurari da yawa sun rike mukamin. Matsayin gabaɗaya yana da wa'adin shekaru biyu, amma wasu masu riƙe sun yi murabus bayan shekara guda misali saboda rashin lafiya. An zabi Francis Baily da George Airy sau hudu kowannensu. Shekaru takwas na Baily a cikin rawar suna da rikodin (Airy ya yi aiki na bakwai). Tun daga shekara ta 1876 babu wanda ya yi aiki fiye da shekaru biyu.

Shugaban yanzu shine Mike Lockwood, wanda ya fara wa'adinsa a watan Mayu 2024 kuma zai yi aiki na shekaru biyu.

## Kyaututtuka da kyaututtuka

Kyautar da ta fi girma ta Royal Astronomical Society ita ce lambar yabo ta zinariya, wacce za a iya bayar da ita don kowane dalili amma galibi tana amincewa da nasarorin rayuwa na musamman. Daga cikin masu karɓar da aka fi sani da jama'a sune Albert Einstein a 1926, da Stephen Hawking a 1985.

Sauran kyaututtuka sune ga wasu batutuwa a cikin ilimin taurari ko binciken geophysics, wanda ya haɗa da lambar yabo ta Eddington, lambar yabo ta Herschel, lambar yabo da lambar yabo na Chapman da lambar yabo. Baya ga bincike, akwai takamaiman kyaututtuka don koyarwar makaranta (Patrick Moore Medal), fadakar da jama'a (Annie Maunder Medal), kayan aiki (Jackson-Gwilt Medal) da Tarihin kimiyya (Agnes Mary Clerke Medal). Darussan sun haɗa da Harold Jeffreys Lectureship a cikin ilimin ƙasa, George Darwin Lectureship in astronomy, da Gerald Whitrow Lectureship an cosmology. Kowace shekara, al'umma tana ba da ɗan membobin kyauta na rayuwa (wanda ake kira haɗin kai na girmamawa) ga fitattun masu bincike da ke zaune a waje da Burtaniya.

## Sauran ayyukan

Kungiyar tana zaune a Gidan Burlington, London, inda ɗakin karatu da ɗakunan taro ke samuwa ga abokai da sauran masu sha'awar. Al'umma tana wakiltar bukatun ilimin taurari da geophysics ga Burtaniya na ƙasa da na yanki, da kuma gwamnatin Turai da hukumomi masu alaƙa, kuma tana kula da ofishin manema labarai, ta hanyar da take sanar da kafofin watsa labarai da jama'a gaba ɗaya game da ci gaban waɗannan kimiyyar. Al'umma tana ba da tallafi ga dalilai masu cancanta a cikin ilimin taurari da geophysics, kuma tana taimakawa wajen gudanar da Paneth Trust.

## Dubi kuma

* Makon Astronomy na Kasa (NAW) 
* Jerin al'ummomin astronomical
* Jerin kungiyoyin kimiyyar ƙasa

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Royal Astronomical Society