Daular Portuguese

**Daular Portuguese** ( Portuguese   ), wacce kuma aka fi sani da **ƙetaren Portuguese**  ( *Ultramar Português* ) ko **Masarautar Mulkin Mallaka ta Portugal** ( *Império Colonial Português* ), ta ƙunshi yankunan ƙasashen waje, masana'antu, da kuma yankuna na ketare da Portugal ke mulki. Ita ce daya daga cikin dauloli mafi tsufa a tarihin Turai, wacce ta kwashe tsawon karni shida tun bayan da aka mamaye Ceuta a Arewacin Afirka, a 1415, zuwa mika mulkin Macau zuwa kasar Sin a shekarar 1999. Daular ta fara ne a cikin karni na 15, kuma daga farkon karni na 16 ta bazu ko'ina a duniya, tana da rassa a Afirka, Arewacin Amurka, da Kudancin Amurka, da yankuna daban-daban na Asiya da Oceania.   

Daular Fotigal ta samo asali ne a farkon zamanin Binciko wurare, sannan kuma iko da mulkin Masarautar Portugal a ƙarshe ta faɗaɗa ko'ina a fadin duniya. Bayan farfadowar Reconquista, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Portugal sun fara binciken gabar tekun Afirka da tsibirin Atlantic a cikin shekarun alif 1418-1419, ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin zamani wajen ratsa teku, zanen taswirori, da fasahar ruwa irin su caravel, tare da manufar gano hanyar teku zuwa teku da kuma tushen kasuwa kayan yaji don kasuwanci. A cikin 1488, Bartolomeu Dias ya zagaye Cape of Good Hope, kuma a cikin 1498 Vasco da Gama ya isa Indiya. A cikin 1500, ko dai ta hanyar kadara ko kuma ta hanyar ikon ubangiji Pedro Alvares Cabral ya binciko wajen da zai zama Brazil a yau.

A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Portugal sun ci gaba da binciken bakin teku da tsibiran Gabashin Asiya, suna kafa garuruwa da masana'antu yayin da suke tafiya. A shekara ta 1571, jiragen ruwa sun haɗa Lisbon zuwa Nagasaki tare da bakin tekun Afirka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Indiya, da Kudancin Asiya. Wannan cibiyar sadarwa ta kasuwanci da cinikayyar mulkin mallaka ta yi tasiri mai kyau ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin Portugal (1500-1800) lokacin da ta kai kusan kashi biyar na kudin shiga na kowane mutum na Portugal.

A lokacin da Sarki Philip II na Spaniya (Philip I na Portugal) ya kwace kambin sarautar Portugal a 1580 an fara haɗin kai na tsawon shekaru 60 tsakanin Spaniya da Portugal wanda aka sani da tarihance daIberian Union. Sarakunan sun ci gaba da samun gwamnatoci daban-daban. Yayin da Sarkin Spaniya ya kasance kuma Sarkin Portugal, yankunan mulkin mallaka na Portugal sun zamo wuraren hare-hare daga wasu kasashen Turai uku masu adawa da Spaniya: Jamhuriyar Holland, Ingila da Faransa. Tare da ƙarancin jama'arta, Portugal ta kasa kare yankunan kasuwancinta masu nisa, kuma daular ta fara raguwa a hankali. Daga ƙarshe, Brazil ta zama ƙasa mafi daraja a zamanin daular ta biyu (1663-1825), har zuwa lokacin da, a matsayin wani ɓangare na guguwar yunƙurin 'yancin kai da ya mamaye nahiyar Amurka a farkon karni na 19, ta balle a 1822.

Zamani na uku na daular ya mamaye mataki a karshe na mulkin mallaka na Portugal bayan samun 'yancin kai na Brazil a shekarun 1820. A lokacin, an rage dukiyar mulkin mallaka zuwa garuruwa da gonaki a bakin tekun Afirka (wanda aka fadada ƙasarsu a lokacin rarrabewar Afirka a ƙarshen karni na 19), Timor na Portuguese, da ƙauyuka a Indiya ( Indiya ta Portuguese ) da Sin ( Macau ta Portuguese ). Ultimatum na Burtaniya na 1890 ya haifar da raguwar burin Portuguese a Afirka.

A karkashin António Salazar (a ofishin 1932 – 1968), mulkin kama-karya na  ya yi wasu yunƙuri marasa kyau don rike sauran yankunan da suka rage. A karkashin akidar pluricontinentalism, gwamnatin ta sake sanya wa yankunanta suna "lardunan ketare " yayin da suke rike da tsarin  tilastawa ayyuka, wanda manyan mutane 'yan asali ne kawai aka kebe. A cikin watan Agustan 1961, Dahomey sun haɗa sansanin São João Baptista de Ajudá, kuma a cikin Disamba na wannan shekarar Indiya ta mamaye Goa, Daman, da Diu. Yaƙin Turawan Mulkin Mallaka na Portugal a Afirka ya wanzu tun daga 1961 har zuwa ƙarshen hambarar da gwamnatin *Estado Novo* a 1974. Juyin Juyin Halitta na Afrilun 1974 a Lisbon ya haifar da rushewar mulkin mallaka kasar Fotigal a Afurka cikin sauri da kuma maye 1975 na Timor na Portuguese da Indonesiya. Rushewar mulkin mallakar ya haifar da gudun hijira ga kusa dukkanin mutanen Portugal da sauran turawa daga yankunan. Portugal ta mayar da mulkin Macau zuwa China a 1999. Kasashen da suka rage a ƙarƙashin mulkin Portuguese, sune Azores da Madeira, dukansu suna dauke da jama'ar Portugal da dama, kuma Lisbon daga baya sun canza matsayinsu na tsarin mulki daga " lardunan ketare " zuwa " yankuna masu cin gashin kansu". Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Masu Magana ta Fotigal (CPLP) sune magada al'adu na Masarautar, mai kama da Commonwealth of Nations ga ƙasashen da ke cikin Daular Biritaniya.

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