Operation Écouvillon

**Operation Écouvillon**, wanda kuma aka fi sani da **Operation Ouragan** ko **Operation Teide**, wani farmakin sojan haɗin gwiwa ne da Faransa da Spain suka gudanar a kan Sojojin Moroko na 'yantar da su a lokacin yakin Ifni. An gudanar da aikin ne daga ranar 10 zuwa 24 ga watan Fabrairun 1958 a yankin arewacin Sahara, wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon Spain. Babban manufarsa ita ce murkushe juriyar Sahara da kuma tabbatar da mamayar Spaniya akan yankin.

An tsara shi cikin sirri, Operation Écouvillon yana da mahimmanci wajen fahimtar faffaɗan mahallin yammacin Sahara. Hakan ya faru ne a cikin wani yanayi mai sarkakkiya na geopolitical, yayin da aikin ya gudana a cikin wani yanki mai mahimmanci da Spain ta yi iƙirari da ƙungiyoyin ƴancin kai daban-daban waɗanda ke da sarƙaƙiya dangantaka da sabuwar ƙasar Maroko mai cin gashin kanta a lokacin. Hanyoyin kawar da 'yan mulkin mallaka a Aljeriya da Mauritania sun ƙara dagula al'amuran siyasa. Bugu da ƙari, da yawa daga cikin 'yan tada ƙayar baya daga Sojojin Moroko na 'Yanci sun samu tallafi daga 'yan ƙabilar Berber da ƙabilun yankin Sahel.

Aikin Franco-Spanish an yi la'akari da nasara, tare da Spain ta ci gaba da iko da Saharar Spain. Faransa ta sami damar cimma muradunta a yankin kuma ta sami goyon bayan 'yan ƙabilar Reguibat na wani ɗan lokaci. Wani sakamakon aikin shi ne yadda Spain ta mayar da Tarfaya zuwa Maroko. Bayan aikin, Maroko ta karɓi koyaswar Babbar Maroko, tare da wasu shawarwari masu mahimmanci. Har ila yau, aikin ya taka rawar gani wajen miƙa ikon soji a lokacin da Mauritania ta samu 'yancin kai.

## Tarihi

### 'Yancin Maroko da yanke mulkin mallaka
A shekara ta 1956, Maroko ta sami ‘yancin kai, amma wasu yankuna a yankin yammacin Sahara a yanzu, ciki har da Ifni, sun kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Spain. Mamaya na Sipaniya na Ifni ya haifar da mummunan artabu tsakanin sojojin Spain da mayakan sa kai na Sahara wanda ya fara a ranar 10 ga watan Afrilu 1957. A lokaci guda kuma, adawa da mulkin mallaka na Faransa ya kunno kai a ɓangaren Mauritaniya, ƙarƙashin jagorancin 'yan ƙabilar Berber na Mauritaniya na Reguibat, tare da goyon bayan sojojin Moroko kusan 1,200 daga Rundunar 'Yancin Moroko (AL). Daga baya wannan ƙungiya ta haɗa kai ta sake sunan kanta da sunan sojojin 'yantar da Mauritaniya. 

Wannan lamari dai ya haifar da rashin jituwa tsakanin Sarkin Maroko, wanda ya yi shakkar ba da himma ga kwato waɗannan yankuna, da kuma wasu mayaka daga rundunar sojojin Maroko (AL), waɗanda ba su yarda su shiga cikin sojojin masarautar ba. Wannan ɓangaren masu adawa ya yi imanin cewa ya kamata a 'yantar da waɗannan yankuna. Maimakon su shiga cikin Rundunar Sojin Sarauta, ’yan adawar sun bi sahun mayaka masu gwagwarmayar Sahrawi waɗanda ke fafatawa da sojojin Spain.  Duk da waɗannan ra'ayoyi mabambanta, adawar Sahrawi, da farko da 'yan adawa ke jagoranta tare da goyon bayan ƙabilun gida, sun sami wani yanki na kuɗaɗe daga masarautar Moroccan, wanda ke kallon gwagwarmayar da 'yan mamaya na Spain da kyau. Tsarin rundunar 'yantar da Maroko ya kasance mai sarkakiya; Camille Evrard ta bayyana ta a matsayin rundunar ‘multiform’ wadda ta hada da ‘yan adawa daga rundunar ‘yantar da ƙasa da suka ki shiga rundunar sojan sarki, da kuma ‘yan ƙabilar sahara da suka fito daga yankin Saharar Spain da kuma ƙasar Mauritania a yanzu, wacce a lokacin tana yankin yammacin Afirka ta Faransa. 

A ƙarshen watan Agustan 1957, an tilastawa sojojin Spain janyewa daga garuruwa da dama a yankin, ciki har da Smara,  wanda ya fada karkashin ikon Morocco.  Daga baya Spain ta nemi taimako daga sojojin Faransa, wanda ya kai ga tura Operation Ecouvillon. An gudanar da wannan aiki ne a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyoyin sirri, ko da yake aiwatar da shi yana buƙatar wani dalili na tsoma bakin Faransa.  An gudanar da aikin ne a cikin mafi girman mahallin da aka raba Arewacin Afirka, al'amarin da mai yiwuwa ya yi tasiri ga shawarar manyan 'yan wasan da abin ya shafa.

### Geography

An gudanar da aikin ne musamman a yankin Rio de Oro, wanda ya kai Bir Moghreïn a ƙasar Mauritania. Muhimman wurare da ke cikin aikin sun haɗa da garuruwan Es-Semara, Saguia el-Hamra, Laâyoune, Ifni, da Tarfaya. Yankin yana da yanayin yanayi na hamada, wanda ke da ciyayi marasa ciyayi tare da ɓacin rai na lokaci-lokaci da kuma rayuwar tsire-tsire masu girma. Mummunan yanayin muhallin hamada ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara dabaru da sakamakon aikin soja. 

## Manazarta