open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Mary Spio

**Mary Spio** kwararren injiniya ce mai zurfi, mai kirkira fasaha kuma yar kasuwa. Ita ce Shugaba kuma ta kafa CEEK Virtual Reality.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Spio ta girma ne a Ghana. Tana da karatun sakandare a Makarantar Sakandaren Holy Child a Cape Coast. Lokacin da ta kai shekaru 16, ta koma ta ci gaba da zama a Syracuse, New York a Amurka. Ta halarci Jami'ar Syracuse, tana karatun digiri na uku a fannin injiniyan lantarki a 1998. Daga baya ta ci gaba da karatun digiri na biyu a injiniyan lantarki da kimiyyar kwamfuta daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Georgia.

## Aiki

Spio ta yi aiki a rundunar Sojan Amurka na tsawon shekaru 6 a matsayin mai fasahar sadarwa da fasahar sadarwa ta tauraron dan adam. Bayan hidimarta a cikin rundunar iska sai ta koma aiki tare da wani kamfanin sadarwa na tauraron dan adam kuma tana da damar tsarawa da kuma harba tauraron dan adam zuwa sararin samaniya a kan aikin NASA. Daga baya ta zama shugabar tsarin sadarwa ta tauraron dan adam na Kamfanin Boeing.

### CEEK VR

A shekarar 2015, Spio ta kafa dandalin CEEK Virtual Reality, wanda a halin yanzu ke gudana azaman sabis na gudana don abubuwan da suka faru na yau da kullun wanda ke ba da damar abubuwan da ke faruwa da kuma taimaka wa masu kirkirar abun ciki don isa ga magoya bayansu da masu amfani ta hanyar hanyoyin kwalliya ciki har da kawunan kawunan gaskiya, caca consoles, wayoyin hannu, Allunan, kwamfutoci, kwamfyutocin kwamfyutoci da Smart TVs. An fadada dandalin CEEK VR zuwa cikin CEEK VR App da gidan yanar gizon CEEK.

## Marubuciya

Spio ita marubuciya ta *It's Not Rocket Science: 7 Game-Changing Traits for Uncommon Success*, littafin taimako na kai wanda aka buga a cikin 2015, da kuma A Song for Carmine, labari mai ƙauna-soyayya. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga Chicken Soup for the Soul a baya.

## Manazarta
Kwamitin zabar muhalli da abinci.

Kwamitin Zaɓar Muhalli, Abinci da Ƙauye  wani zaɓaɓɓen **kwamiti** ne na *Majalisar Wakilai a Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya*. Aikin  kwamitin shine yayi nazari akan kashe kudi, gudanarwa da manufofin Sashen Muhalli, Abinci da Karkara da kuma hukumomin jama'a masu alaka.

## Memba

### 2020 don gabatarwa
A ranar 28 ga Janairu shekarata, 2020, an tabbatar da Neil Parish a matsayin zababben Shugaban Kwamitin.  A ranar 2 ga Maris, shekarata 2020, an nada membobi masu zuwa: 

### 2017 zuwa 2019
A ranar 12 ga Yuli shekarata 2017, an zaɓi Neil Parish a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin.  A ranar 7 ga Satumba, shekarata 2017, an nada membobi masu zuwa: 

### Canje-canje
Lokaci-lokaci, Majalisar Wakilai ta ba da umarnin a yi canje-canje dangane da zama membobin zaɓaɓɓun kwamitocin, kamar yadda kwamitin zaɓi ya gabatar. Ana nuna irin waɗannan canje-canje a ƙasa.

## Duba wasu abubuwan

* Kwamitocin majalisar dokokin Burtaniya
* Sashen Muhalli, Abinci da Karkara

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Kwamitin Muhalli, Abinci da Karkara
* Ana gudanar da bayanan wannan kwamiti a Taskokin Majalisa
Kudin muhalli na biyar

**Kundin Muhalli na biyar** shi ne na biyar a jerin kundi na "Muhalli" na Future Sound na London, wanda aka saki a ranar 8 ga Satumba shekarata 2014 akan CD, akan vinyl kuma azaman zazzagewa. Bisa ga gidan yanar gizon ƙungiyar, kundin yana da sabbin abubuwa kawai.

## Waƙa da jeri
# "Maganar Tashi" (6:28)
# "Tsarin rashin tabbas" (1:53)
# "Hoton da ya gabata" (4:29)
# "Halliyoyin Haske" (2:54)
# "A Ke kaɗaici Mu Ne Mafi Kāriya" (8:05)
# "An Duba Daga Ƙasar Sama" (3:14)
# "Masu yawa" (1:10)
# "Mutuwa yayin da ake riƙe" (2:53)
# "Machines of the Subconscious" (2:56)
# "Ruwan Duhu da Kadaikai" (2:11)
# "Somatosensory" (5:19)
# "Kura ta zauna" (4:16)
# "Lokacin Warewa" (7:00)

Pre-saki da ƙayyadaddun sayan sayan bayan-saki ya zo tare da zazzagewar waƙoƙin dijital na waƙa guda uku

# "Haguwar Kwakwalwa Wutar Lantarki" (3:40)
# "Numfashin Ciki Na Ƙarshe" (5:09)
# "Bayan nan" (6:11)

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

## Manazarta
Dokar tsarin muhalli ta 1978

Dokar Tasirin ***Muhalli 1978*** doka ce ta yanzu wacce aka zartar a cikin jihar Victoria ta Ostiraliya. Yana buƙatar wasu ayyukan jama'a don aiwatarwa da kimanta tasirin muhalli kafin a ci gaba.  An gyara shi ta Dokar Tasirin Muhalli (gyara) Dokar a shekarata 2005.

An bayyana shi a matsayin maras kyau tunda ya baiwa Ministan Tsare-tsare damar gindaya sharuddan tantancewar da kuma yin watsi da binciken saboda dalilai na zamantakewa ko tattalin arziki. 

## Duba wasu abubuwan

* Muhalli na Ostiraliya

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Rubutun Dokar
Nana Afua Frema

**Nana Afua Frema Busia** ita ce uwar Sarauniyar Wenchi, da Uwargidan Shugaban Ghana daga 7 ga Agusta 1970 zuwa 31 ga Agusta 1970. Ta kasance kanwa ga Kofi Abrefa Busia, tsohon Firayim Minista na Ghana.
 

## Manazarta
Mildred Christina Akosiwor Fugar

**Mildred Christina Akosiwor Fugar** wacce aka fi sani da **Mildred Ankrah** (12 Yuni 1938 - 9 ga Yuni 2005) matar Shugaban Ghana ce kuma matar Joseph Arthur Ankrah. An girma ta a ƙasar Belgian Kongo da kuma Gold Coast, kuma bayan da mijinta ya zama shugaban ƙasar Ghana, ta yi aikin zamantakewa da na addini.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife ta ranar 12 ga Yuni 1938 a Luluabourg, Kongo Belgian (yanzu Kananga, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo); ga Mista Benoni Kwaku Fugar, 'yar Ghana da Mrs Pauline Isombe Edembe Fugar, 'yar kasar Kongo. Ita ce ta hudu a cikin yara bakwai. Fugar ta fara makaranta a Keta Roman Catholic Convent a Gold Coast (yanzu Ghana), inda ta kuma kammala makarantar sakandare a 1957 sannan ta ci gaba da zuwa Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Universal, Somanya. Mildred ta fara aiki a Central Revenue Department, yanzu ma’aikatar Harajin Cikin Gida ta Ghana, bayan da ta kammala kwas din ta a Universal Commercial College.

Ta hadu da Janar Joseph Arthur Ankrah a karon farko a shekara ta 1962 bayan 'yar uwarta Florence ta tafi Burma Camp domin shiga tawagar taimakon sojojin Ghana. Florence ta ga manyan hafsoshin soja guda biyu kuma ta umarce su da su kai ta wurin “shugaban sojojin” don ta gabatar da bukatarta. Ankrah ta d'auka har gida ya maida ta gidan danginta, inda ya had'u da Fugar. Sun yi aure a shekarar 1965 kuma daga baya suka yi aure.

Bayan sauyin gwamnati a shekarar 1966, da hawan Ankrah kan karagar mulkin Ghana, Fugar ta zama uwargidan shugaban kasar Ghana. Ta yi aiki sosai a ayyukan zamantakewa da na addini.

## Mutuwa
Mildred ta rasu a ranar 9 ga watan Yunin 2005 kuma an binne ta a ranar 29 ga watan Yuni na wannan shekarar a makabartar Osu dake birnin Accra.

## Manazarta
Fulera Limann

**Fulera Limann** (an haife ta 8 Nuwamba 1945) matar shugaban ƙasa ce a jamhuriya ta uku ta Ghana a matsayin matar Hilla Limann.

## Manazarta
Regina Ansah

**Regina Ansah** (an haife ta 23 ga Agusta 1974) ƴar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Ghana wadda ta taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Ghana. Ta kasance cikin tawagar a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 1999. A matakin kulob ta buga wa Bluna Ladies a Ghana.
 

## Manazarta
Abena Durowaa Mensah

**Abena Durowaa Mensah** (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga Yuni 1977) yar siyasan Ghana ce kuma memba ce a jam'iyyar New Patriotic Party. Ita ce ‘yar majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Assin ta Arewa.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Mensah a ranar 21 ga watan Yunin 1977 a Assin Kushea, yankin tsakiyar kasar. Tana da Difloma a fannin Inshora daga Kwalejin Inshora ta Ghana, ƙwararriyar Certificate in Marketing (CIM - UK), sannan ta yi digirin farko a fannin tallace-tallace daga Kwalejin na Jami'ar Christian Service.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Mensah tayi aure da ‘ya’ya biyu. Ta bayyana a matsayin Kirista.

## Manazarta
Patricia Poku-Diaby

**Patricia Poku-Diaby** 'yar kasuwa ce 'yar Ghana, mai sayar da koko kuma Shugabar Kamfanin Plot Enterprise Ghana Limited. A shekarar 2015, an bayyana ta a matsayin mace ta takwas mafi arziki a Ghana kuma mace mafi arziki a Ghana, inda ta mallaki dala miliyan 720.

Ita ce ta kafa kuma Shugabar kamfanin Plot Enterprise Group, kamfanin sarrafa koko a Ghana. 

## Rayuwar farko
Kafin lokacin da Patricia Poku-Diaby ta fara Plot Enterprise Group, ta shiga cikin kasuwancin danginta (ciniki da sufuri) kafin ta kafa Rukunin Kasuwancin Plot a Ivory Coast, daga kamfaninta na majagaba na Ghana.

## Kyauta da karramawa
A cikin 2015, Patricia Poku-Diaby ta kasance ta takwas mafi arziki a Ghana a cikin 80 'yan kasuwa da 'yan kasuwa na Ghana tare da dukiyar da ta kai dala miliyan 720 a cikin jerin sunayen da Goodman AMC, wani kamfanin gudanarwa da shawarwari, da kuma 'The Ghana Wealth Report' ya tattara.

## Manazarta
Mercy Adoma Owusu-Nimoh

**Mercy Adoma Owusu-Nimoh** (6 Fabrairu 1936 &#x2013; 14 Fabrairu 2011) marubuciya ce ta yaran Ghana, ƙwararriyar ilimi kuma ƴar siyasa. Ta kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta,Noma a cikin 1980 don *The Walking Calabash*. 

Mercy Adoma Owusu Nimoh marubuciya ce 'yar kasar Ghana kuma ita ce wacce ta kafa Ama Nipaa Memorial Preparatory da karamar Sakandare a Kade, Ghana. A zaben 'yan majalisa na 1996 ta tsaya a matsayin 'yar takarar jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress (NDC) a Kade, inda ta zo na biyu da kashi 37.9% na kuri'un. 

## Ayyuka

* *Rivers of Ghana*, 1979
* *Kofizee Goes to School*, 1978
* *The Walking Calabash and Other Stories*, 1977
* *Mosquito Town*, 1966

## Manazarta
Joyce Bawah Mogtari

**Joyce Bawah Mogtari** wata lauya ce 'yar kasar Ghana kuma 'yar siyasa wacce ta taba rike mukamin mataimakiyar ministar sufuri ta Ghana. A halin yanzu ita ce mataimakiya ta musamman ga tsohon shugaban kasar Ghana John Dramani Mahama kuma mai rike da tutar jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress (NDC) don zaben Ghana na shekara r, 2020. Gogaggiya mai shiga tsakani kuma ta yi hakan a lokuta da dama a cikin gida da waje.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Mogtari ta halarci babbar makarantar mata ta Wesley don karatun sakandarenta. Ta wuce Kwalejin Holborn, Jami'ar Landan inda ta kammala karatun digiri na farko (LL.B) a shekarar, 1997. Ta kuma yi digiri na biyu a fannin shari'ar Maritime (LLM) daga Hukumar Kula da Maritime ta Duniya (IMO) International Maritime Law. Cibiyar, (IMLI) Malta, inda ta kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta IMO Legal Committee's Award for Best Overall Performance in International Transport Law. Ta kuma yi digiri na biyu a fannin warware rikice-rikice da sasantawa daga cibiyar kiyaye zaman lafiya ta duniya ta Kofi Annan- Ghana.

## Aiki

An kira Mogtari bisa hukuma zuwa mashaya a shekara ta, 2000 kuma ta fara aiki da kamfanin lauyoyi Sey & Co. Daga baya, ta zama mai ba da shawara ga KPMG da Venture Capital Trust Fund. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Sashen Shari’a kuma Sakatariyar Lauya ta Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Ruwa ta Ghana, kuma ta kasance shugabar Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Ruwa ta Ghana daga shekara ta, 2007 zuwa 2013.

## Siyasa
Mogtari memba ce ta National Democratic Congress. Ta yi aiki a kungiyoyin yakin neman zabe da kwamitoci a cikin jam’iyyar tsawon shekaru, ciki har da zama memba a kungiyar lauyoyin jam’iyyar National Democratic Party. Ta kasance mai magana da yawun yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa John Dramani Mahama a babban zaben shekara ta, 2016. Bayan zaben Mahama ya nada ta a matsayin mataimakiyarsa ta musamman kuma mai magana da yawunsa.

### Mataimakin Ministan Sufuri

A watan Maris na shekarar, 2013, John Dramani Mahama ya nada Mogtari a matsayin mataimakin ministan sufuri. Ta yi aiki a wannan matsayi har zuwa watan Janairu shekara ta, 2017. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun yakin neman zaben John Dramani Mahama na shekara ta, 2016.

## Ƙungiyoyin sana'a
Mogtari memba ce a kungiyar lauyoyin Ghana kuma memba ce a kungiyar lauyoyin mata ta Afirka. Ita ma 'yar'uwar Amurka - Shirin Jagorancin Baƙi na Duniya.

## Rayuwa ta sirri

Mogtari tana da aure kuma tana da ɗaya. Joyce kanwar tsohuwar ministar jinsi, yara da kare zamantakewa, Otiko Afisa Djaba ce.

## Manazarta
Charmaine Pereira

**Charmaine Pereira** marubuciya ce kuma ƙwararriyar mace a jahar Abuja wato binnin taraiyya, dake Najeriya. Ayyukan ta sun shafi tunanin mata, jima'i, ilimin jinsi, da ƙungiyoyin jama'a da jiha. Pereira kuma ita ce mai gudanarwa na Initiative for Women’s Studies a Najeriya. Ita mamba ce ta Tapestry Consulting, kungiyar da ke neman samar da daidaiton jinsi a wuraren aiki a Afirka.

## Tarihin rayuwa
A cikin shekara ta 1991, Pereira ta sami Ph.D. a Psychology of Education daga The Open University.

A cikin 2004, Charmaine Pereira ta haɗa *Jacketed Women: Qualitative Research Methodologies on Sexualities and Gender in Africa*a tare da Jane Bennett.

Pereira a halin yanzu tana koyarwa a sashin ilimin zamantakewa a jami'ar Ahmadu Bello. Ayyukanta na bincika ƙalubalen da mai bincike ke fuskanta lokacin yin tambayoyi tsakanin al'adu, jinsi, jima'i, doka, da addini.

## Wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa

* Pereira, Charmaine. *Gender in the Making of the Nigerian University System*. James Currey, 2007.
* Pereira, Charmaine, editor. *Changing Narratives of Sexuality: Contestations, Compliance and Women’s Empowerment*. London, New York: Zed Books, 2014.
* Bennett, Jane, and Charmaine Pereira, editors. *Jacketed Women: Qualitative Research Methodologies on Sexualities and Gender in Africa*. Tokyo, New York, Paris: United Nations University Press, 2013.
* Pereira, Charmaine. “Domesticating Women? Gender, Religion and the State in Nigeria Under Colonial and Military Rule.” *African Identities* 3.1 (2005): 69-94.

## Manazarta
Jessica Opare-Saforo

**Jessica Opare Saforo** (an haife ta 29 ga Afrilu 1981) mutuniyar kafofin watsa labarai ce ta Ghana, mai watsa shirye-shiryen TV da rediyo kuma 'yar kasuwa. Har ila yau, ita ce mai masaukin baki don *Transformation with Jess*, shirin talabijin na gaskiya na farkon asarar nauyi a Ghana. Ita ce mai kamfanin The Voice Ova, kasuwancin da ya ƙware wajen sarrafa basirar murya.

## Ilimi
Saforo ta yi karatun sakandire ne a makarantar Akosombo International School kuma ta yi digirin farko a fannin fasaha a jami’ar Ghana da ke Legon inda ta karanci fannin tattalin arziki da ilimin halin dan Adam.

## Aiki
Saforo ta yi aiki a gidan rediyo na kusan shekaru 20 kuma ta yi aiki a TV na tsawon shekaru kusan 16 don haka tana daya daga cikin masu gabatar da shirye-shirye da suka dade a fagen wasan Ghana. Ta fara aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da rediyo a 2000 a Vibe FM sannan a 2004 ta koma Choice FM. Daga baya ta koma Citi FM a shekarar 2005 inda ta zama mai masaukin baki *Citi Drive* sannan daga baya, *Brunch in The Citi* sannan kuma, *The Traffic Avenue*. Ta kasance abokin haɗin gwiwa na Celebrity Fanzone akan GH One TV, wani mashahurin wanda ya sami lambar yabo da salon salon rayuwa amma yanzu yana karbar bakuncin Sister Sister, tattaunawar dangantakar mata duka. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Shirye-shirye na Citi 97.3 FM da Citi TV, tashoshi biyu masu tasiri a Ghana.

GhanaWeekend ta ruwaito cewa Jessica ta yi murabus daga Citi FM da Citi TV a ranar 28 ga Janairu, 2022. Ta shirya shirye-shirye da dama a kafafen yada labarai; ‘Brunch in the Citi’, ‘Sex in the Citi’, ‘Sister Sister’, ‘Upside Down’ da ‘Traffic Avenue’ (tsohon ‘Citi Drive’) wanda shi ne shirin citi FM na yammacin rana.

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Dokar Kifi

Cibiyar **Dokar Kifi** (FLC) cibiyar bincike mai zaman kanta a Vancouver, British Columbia, Kanada. Kodayake FLC tana cikin Kanada, isar da saƙon sa na duniya ne tare da masu bincike waɗanda ke cikin ƙasashe da yawa a duniya. FLC na nufin tabbatar da damar masunta na iyali samun adalci, don kare muhallin ruwa, don taimakawa al'ummomin bakin teku su zama masu juriya, da kuma taimaka wa masu amfani da su don samun amintaccen abincin teku mai ɗorewa ta hanyar bincike, ilimi, da wakilcin doka.

Binciken FLC ya fi mayar da hankali ne kan dokar kamun kifi, wato, nazarin shari'a na tsare-tsaren kula da kifi , dokokin cin abincin teku, da dokokin kiwo. Ayyukan binciken su akan tsare-tsaren sarrafa kamun kifi suna nazarin kama hannun jari (misali Ƙididdigar Canja wurin Mutum ɗaya ); Kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba, ba a ba da rahoto ba kuma ba a daidaita shi ba . RFMOs, TURFs, da MPAs. Nazarin abincin tekun su yana mai da hankali kan ingantaccen abincin teku, tsare-tsaren takaddun shaida mai dorewa da haɓakawa, buƙatun laƙabi, ganowa, da lamuran ƙa'ida. Nazarin kiwo nasu da farko yana mai da hankali kan ƙa'idojin ciyar da kifi. FLC tana buga sabuntawa kwata-kwata kan ci gaban shari'a a cikin dokar kamun kifi kuma tana gudanar da ɗaya daga cikin bulogi na dokar kamun kifi.

Baya ga gudanar da bincike, FLC tana ba da horon horo da damar sa kai don masu fafutukar kare kamun kifi . Waɗannan ƙwararrun mata da masunta a cikin yankunan bakin teku suna ba da laccoci da tarurrukan bita.  Bugu da ƙari, FLC tana ba da ci gaba da darussan ilimin shari'a (CLE) a duk Arewacin Amurka. FLC ƙwararren ɗan takara ne a cikin al'ummar kamun kifi a taro da makarantun shari'a a duniya.  Adam Soliman shi ne darektan FLC kuma ɗaya daga cikin malamai ƙalilan da ke mayar da hankali kan dokar kamun kifi.  Adam Soliman is the director of FLC and one of very few scholars that focus on fisheries law.

## Duba kuma

* Kasuwannin kifi
* Dokar kamun kifi
* Gudanar da kifin kifi
* Kimiyyar kifi
* Kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba, ba a ba da rahoto ba kuma ba a ka'ida ba
* Fiye da kifaye
* Abincin teku mai dorewa

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Blog 
* Sabunta Dokar Kamun Kifi
Gotytom Gebreslase

**Gotytom Gebreslase** (an haife ta 15 Janairu 1995) ƴar tseren nesa ce ta Habasha. Ta lashe gasar mata a gasar Marathon Berlin na 2021 a Berlin, Jamus. Wannan kuma shi ne karon farko da ta yi tseren gudun fanfalaki kuma shi ne karo na takwas mafi sauri na mata a tarihin tseren. Gebreslase ta yi gudun hijira na Tokyo Marathon na 2022 kuma ya zo na uku a cikin 2:18:18.

Ta lashe lambar zinare a gasar tseren mita 3000 na 'yan mata a gasar matasa ta duniya a wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle na shekarar 2011 da aka gudanar a Lille Métropole, Faransa. Ta kuma lashe lambar tagulla a gasar tseren mita 5000 na mata a gasar wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta Afirka ta 2012 da aka gudanar a birnin Porto Novo na kasar Benin.

A shekarar 2013, ta fafata a gasar kananan yara ta mata a gasar IAAF ta duniya ta 2013 da aka gudanar a Bydgoszcz, Poland. A shekarar 2015, ta zo matsayi na 4 a gasar tseren mita 5000 na mata a gasar Afrika ta 2015 da aka gudanar a birnin Brazzaville na Jamhuriyar Congo.

## Manazarta
Mujallar muhalli

***Muhallin Kimiyya da Manufofi don Cigaba mai Dorewa***, wanda aka fi sani da Mujallar *Muhalli*, ana buga shi a kowane wata a Philadelphia ta Taylor &amp;amp; Francis . *Muhalli* wani gauraye ne, wanda aka bita, sanannen ɗaba'ar kimiyyar muhalli da gidan yanar gizo, wanda ke da nufin faɗuwar jama'a, "masu wayo, amma marasa fahimta".  Editocinsa na zartarwa sune Susan L. Cutter ( Jami'ar South Carolina ), Ralph Hamann, Myanna Lahsen, Alan H. McGowan ( Sabuwar Makaranta ), Tim O'Riordan ( Jami'ar Gabashin Anglia ), da Linxiu Zhang.
## Tarihi
An kafa *muhalli* a ƙarshen shekarata 1950s azaman *Bayanin Nukiliya*, wasiƙar mimeographed wanda Barry Commoner ya buga a Cibiyar Nazarin Halittar Halitta, a Jami'ar Washington, a St. Louis, Missouri .  An sake masa suna *Scientist and Citizen* daga shekarar 1964-1968. Daga 1973 Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyyar Kimiyya ta Jama'a (SIPI) ta buga ta Margaret Mead, kuma daga baya ta hanyar ƙaramin mawallafin kasuwanci.
Cikakken takensa, *Muhalli: Kimiyya da Siyasa don Ci gaba mai dorewa* yana taimakawa wajen bambanta shi daga wasu mujallu ciki har da *Muhalli* da MDPI ta buga da kuma *Muhalli* da Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management (CIWEM) ta buga.

## Sanin ilimi
Mujallar tana da alamar Scopus citescore na 0.89 a cikin shekarata 2016,  tana ba ta matsayi na 99 daga cikin mujallolin 183 da aka jera a cikin rukunin 'Kimiyyar Ruwa da Fasaha' da 76/128 a cikin 'Sabuwar Makamashi, Dorewa da Muhalli'. Waɗannan ƙananan ƙananan ne saboda Scopus yana ƙididdige labaran labarai a cikin mujallar a cikin adabin ilimi a cikin shekaru uku da suka gabata, kuma wannan mujalla ba cikakkiyar bugu ba ce ta ilimi. Har ila yau, ba ya samuwa Buɗe Samun damar .

A cikin Yanar Gizo na Kimiyya, Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga mafi zaɓaɓɓu kuma bisa ga bayanan shekaru uku da suka gabata, yana da maki 1.852 don a shekarata 2016, yana sanya shi 46/105 a cikin nau'in 'karatuttukan muhalli' da 112/229 a cikin 'Kimiyyar Muhalli' . 
Manyan labaran da aka ambata a kowace shekara sun haɗa da:
* Nisbet, MC shekarar 2009. Sadar da Canjin Yanayi Me yasa Frames ke da mahimmanci don Haɗin Jama'a. *Muhalli* 51 (2): 12-23.
* Gardner, GT da Stern, PC2008. Gajeren jeri - Mafi kyawun ayyuka da gidajen Amurka za su iya ɗauka don dakile canjin yanayi. *Muhalli* 50 (5): 12-24.
* Dunlap, RE da McCright, AM shekarar 2008. Wani gibi mai girma - Ra'ayoyin Republican da Democrat game da sauyin yanayi. *Muhalli* 50 (5): 26-35.

## Manazarta
Rita Akosua Dickson

**Rita Akosua Dickson** (an haife ta 1 ga Agustan shekarar alif dari tara da saba'in 1970) yar Ghana ce kwararren phytochem kuma mace ta farko mataimakiyar shugabar Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Monica da ke Mampong-Ashanti inda ta yi karatunta na jarrabawar matakin farko na GCE sannan ta yi karatun sakandaren 'yan mata ta Wesley da ke Cape-Coast, don jarrabawar ta na GCE Advanced Level. Ta kammala karatunta a Jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah inda ta yi digiri na farko a fannin hada magunguna a shekarar 1994, ta kuma samu digiri na MPharm a wannan jami’a a fannin hada magunguna a shekarar 1999. Ta samu PHD a fannin hada magunguna daga King’s College London a shekarar 2007.

## Aiki
Dickson ta fara aiki a matsayin malami a jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah a shekara ta 2000. Bayan ta tashi ne don ci gaba da karatu a kasar Birtaniya, ta koma Ghana a shekarar 2007 ta ci gaba da koyarwa a jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah. A shekarar 2009 ta samu karin girma zuwa babbar jami’a sannan kuma ta kara zama mataimakin farfesa a shekarar 2014. A watan Satumba na shekarar 2018 ne aka nada ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama mace ta farko da ta hau wannan matsayi. Kafin nada ta a matsayin pro mataimakiyar shugabar gwamnati, ta kasance shugabar tsangayar hada magunguna da kimiyyar harhada magunguna. A halin yanzu Dickson tana aiki a matsayin mamba na Hukumar Kula da Magunguna ta Ghana. A ranar 25 ga Yuni, 2020 Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah ta sanar da nadin ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar jami'ar mace ta farko daga 1 ga Agusta 2020. wa'adin shekaru hudu.

Ayyukanta a matsayin likitan phytochemist ya kunshi sassan samfuran halitta na bioactive a cikin kula da cututtuka masu yaduwa da marasa yaduwa.

## Bincike
Binciken Dickson ya kasance game da samfuran da aka samo daga tsire-tsire na Ghana, tare da kulawa ta musamman ga wadanda ke da maganin rigakafi, warkar da raunuka, maganin kumburi, anti-pyretic da antidiabetic Properties, dangane da amfanin ethnopharmacological.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Ta auri Nana Dickson tana da ‘ya’ya hudu. Ita Kirista ce kuma tana tarayya da Grace Baptist Church, Amakom a Kumasi.

## Kyauta
Dickson ta sami lambar yabo ta Commonwealth don neman digiri a Kwalejin Kings, Jami'ar London, UK a 2003.

## Manazarta
Charlotte Higgins

**Charlotte Higgins**, FSA (an haife ta 6 Satumban shekarar 1972) marubuciya ce kuma ɗan jarida ɗan Biritaniya.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Higgins a Stoke-on-Trent, 'yar likita kuma ma'aikaciyar jinya, kuma ta sami karatun sakandare a wata makaranta mai zaman kanta. Wani hutu na iyali a Crete da wani malamin makaranta mai tasiri ya tada sha'awarta ga harsunan gargajiya da al'adu, kuma ta yi karatun Classics a Kwalejin Balliol, Oxford.

## Aiki
Higgins ita ce babbar marubuciyar al'adu ta *The Guardian* kuma memba a kwamitin edita. Tsohuwar wakiliyar fasaha ta takarda kuma editan kiɗan gargajiya, tana da sha'awa ta musamman ga kiɗan zamani. Ta fara aikin jarida a *Vogue*.

Ta wallafa littattafai guda huɗu, waɗanda uku daga cikinsu sun mai da hankali kan tsohuwar duniya. Littafinta na farko ya shafi Ovid, kuma yana da taken *Latin Love Lessons* (2009). Littafinta na biyu shi ne  *It's All Greek To Me* (2010), kuma littafinta na uku shine *Under Another Sky* (2013), wanda ke game da tafiye-tafiye a Biritaniya ta Roman. *This New Noise: The Extraordinary Birth and Troubled Life of the BBC*, tarihin BBC, an buga shi a cikin shekara ta 2015. Littafinta *Red Thread: On Mazes and Labyrinths* Penguin ce ta buga a cikin 2018, kuma shine Littafin mako na BBC Radio 4 a watan Agusta 2018.

Higgins ta yi aiki a matsayin alkali don Kyautar Asusun Gidajen Tarihi, lambar yabo ta Art Society, da lambobin yabo na Royal Philharmonic Society. Ta kasance mai yawan ba da gudummawa ga Rediyo 3 da 4 akan BBC, kuma ta yi rubutu ga *The New Yorker*, *the New Statesman* da *Prospect*.

## Girmamawa
A cikin shekarar 2010, ta kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru. Littafin nata *Under Another Sky* (2013) an zaɓe shi don Kyautar Samuel Johnson, Kyautar Hessell-Tiltman, Kyautar Wainwright da Kyautar Mafi kyawun Littattafan Balaguro na Dolman.

A cikin 2016, an ba ta lambar girmamawa ta Doctorate of Arts daga Jami'ar Staffordshire don karramawar da ta yi fice a matsayinta na 'yar jarida kuma marubuciya. A ranar 8 ga Disamba 2016, an zabe ta a matsayin Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London (FSA).

Higgins ita ce mai karɓar lambar yabo ta 2019 Arnold Bennett don littafinta na *Red Thread: On Mazes and Labyrinths* (2018).

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar nazarin kimiyar muhalli

**kƙngiyar Nazarin kimiyyar Muhalli ** Gama gari, wanda kuma aka sani da **nazarin ƙungiyar mahalli** (wanda aka **gayyata EWAS** ), Kuma wani nau'in binciken cututtuka ne mai kwatankwacin binciken ƙungiyar genome-fadi ko GWAS. EWAS a tsari yana bincika alaƙa tsakanin cuta mai rikitarwa da abubuwan muhalli da yawa na mutum, sarrafawa don gwajin hasashe da yawa. 

## Manazarta.
Leticia Adelaide Appiah

**Leticia Adelaide Appiah** wata likita ce ’yar Ghana kuma Babbar Jami’ar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama’a, Ita ce babbar mai bada umarni a hukumar kula da yawan jama’a ta kasa (NPC). Ta halarci Achimota Senior High.

## Manazarta
Svyatoslav Lunyov

**Sviatoslav Ihorovych Lunyov** (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1964 a Kyiv ), mawaki ne ɗan ƙasar Yukren. Shi ne marubucin sautin symphonic, chamber, choral, piano da electroacoustic music. Daga cikin ayyukansa akwai operas ("Moscow - Cockerels", "Waƙoƙin da ba su da kyau") da kiɗan fina-finai. A cikin shekarar 2017, ya karɓi kyautar Cannes na Bronze Lion, for *Witness.* Shi memba ne na National Union of Composers na Ukraine. 

Ya kammala karatunsa daga Kyiv Conservatory inda ya yi karatu tare da Lev Kolodub. Tun 2000, ya kasance malami a Kyiv Conservatory.  

Bikin Kiɗa na Zamani na shekarar 2020 na Ukrainian, ya nuna aikinsa *na Rawar New Russia.* 

## Manazarta


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* https://www.lunyov.com/
Bohdan Sehin

**Bohdan Dariiovych Sehin** (An haife shi a shekara ta 1976, a Borshchiv) mawaƙi ne na ƙasar Yukren,  kuma mai shirya wakoki.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife shi a shekara ta 1976, a Borshchiv, Ternopil Oblast. A shekara ta 1999, ya kammal karatunsa daga Lviv Conservatory (aji na Prof. M. Skoryk). Ana jin waƙar mawaƙin koyaushe a cikin Ukraine da kuma ƙasashen waje. Ya kasance wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwar kiɗa tare da Cibiyar Yaren mutanen Poland a Kyiv, Cibiyar Goethe-Institut, da Dandalin Al'adun Austrian. A lokaci guda, a cikin shekarar 2012, Bohdan Sehin ya fara aiki a matsayin Daraktan Kasuwanci don Haɓaka Kiɗa na Zamani na Lviv Regional Philharmonic da Babban Darakta na Bikin Duniya na Music na Zamani " Bambance-bambance ."

## Nasarori

* Laureate na Prize mai suna bayan L. Revutsky (2004).
* Mahalarta lokaci biyu a cikin shirin tallafin karatu na Ministan Al'adu da Al'adun gargajiya na Poland "Gaude Polonia"
* Fellow of the Warsaw Autumn Friends Foundation (2003).
* An karɓi tallafi daga shirin Gulliver Connect (2008).
* Karɓi tallafi daga Shugaban Ukraine wanda aka aiwatar a cikin shekara ta (2008-2010).
* Winner da dama abun da ke ciki gasa a Ukraine.
* Memba na National Union of Composers na Ukraine.

## Mai shirya wakoki

* Bambance-bambance, 1998 zuwa 2006, Lviv
* Labulen Velvet, 2006, Lviv
* Kyiv Music Fest, 2009, Kyiv
* Dandalin kiɗan matasa na ƙasa da ƙasa 2009 da 2011–2012, Kyiv
* Ensemble Nostri Temporis, 2009-present
* Kyiv International Master Classes of New Music COURSE, 2012–present
* Ukrainian Biennale na Sabon Kiɗa, Maris 2013, Kyiv da Lviv

## Duba kuma

* Kontrasty
* Haɗa Nostri Temporis
* Mawakan Symphony na Ilimi na Lviv Philharmonic

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* www.dw.com
* pen.org.ua 
* rana.kyiv.ua
* Jaridar Nazarin Ilimi
Khrystyna Soloviy

**Khrystyna Ivanivna Soloviy** ( yaren Ukraine   ; An haife ta ranar 17 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 1993) a Drohobych, Lviv Oblast, Ukraine. Ƴar ƙasar Ukraine ne - Lemko   mawaƙin jama'a.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Soloviy a ranar 17 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1993 a Drohobych a cikin dangin  mawaƙa amshi.

Ta koma tare da danginta zuwa Lviv kuma shekaru uku suna rera waƙoƙin jama'ar su na Lemko a cikin mawaƙa "Lemkovyna". Khrystyna kwata ne Lemko ta asali. Ta sauke karatu daga philological baiwa na Ivan Franko National University of Lviv . 

## Aikin kiɗa

### 2013: Holos Krayiny
A 2013 Khrystyna ta shiga wasan Ukraine na samfurin The Voice - Holos Krayiny. An ba ta tawagar Svyatoslav Vakarchuk kuma ta kai mataki kusa da na karshe a gasar. Yayin halartan taron, ta rera mafi yawan waƙoƙin jama'a na Ukraine. 

### 2015: ''Zama Voda''
A cikin 2015 Soloviy ta fito da kundi na farko "Zhyva voda" (Ukrainian: Жива вода; Ruwan rai) wanda ya haɗa da waƙoƙi 12 (waƙoƙin gargajiya guda goma na asalin Lemko da na Ukraine kuma biyu ta rubuta da kanta).  

### 2018-yanzu: ''Liubyi druh''

A watan Oktoba, 24 Khrystyna ta fitar da kundi na biyu na studiyo "Liubyi druh" (Ukrainian: Любий друг; Abokina).

## Hotuna

### Wakoki na Studiyo

* 2015&nbsp;- Zhyva voda (Жива вода)
* 2018&nbsp;– Liubyi druh (Любий друг)
* 2021 - Rosa Ventorum I
* 2021&nbsp;- Rosa Ventorum II

## Bidiyoyin waka

## Manazarta
Kwalejin koyar da shari’ar Musulunci ta Aminu Kano

**Kwalejin koyar da shari’ar Musulunci ta Aminu Kano** babbar makarantar koyar da ilimin shari’a ce ta gwamnatin jaha da ke jihar Kano a Najeriya . Shugaban makarantar na shine yanzu Balarabe A. Jakada.

## Darussa
Cibiyar tana ba da darussa kamar haka; 

* Turanci
* Karatun Ilimin Firamare
* Geography
* Larabci
* Tarihi
* Nazarin zamantakewa
* Hausa
* Ilimin Jiki Da Lafiya
* Ilimin Kula da Yara na Farko
* Ilimi na Musamman
* Karatun Musulunci
* Ilimin tattalin arziki
* Kimiyyar Siyasa
* Kimiyyan na'urar kwamfuta
* Ilimin Kasuwanci

## Magana
Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli

**Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli,** suna da tasiri na aiyukan dan adam akan yanayin halitta, mafi yawan abin dake haifar da lalacewar muhalli. Kare muhalli al'ada ce ta kare yanayin a kan daidaikun mutane, kungiyoyi ko gwamnati, dan amfanin muhalli akan mutane. Muhalli, cigaban  zaman takewa da muhalli, yana magance matsalolin muhalli ta hanyar ba da shawara, ilimin dokoki da gwagwarmaya.

Lalacewar muhalli da mutane ke haifarwa matsala ce ta duniya mai gudana. Yawancin masana kuma suna tunanin cewa aikin ya kuma kai kololuwar yawan jama'ar duniya tsakanin mutane biliyan 9-10, zai iya rayuwa mai ɗorewa a cikin halittun duniya idan al'ummar bil'adama ta yi aiki don rayuwa mai ɗorewa a cikin iyakokin duniya.  Mafi yawan tasirin muhalli na faruwa ne sakamakon mafi yawan attajirai a duniya suna cin kayayyaki masana'antu da yawa. Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, a cikin rahotonsu na "Samar da Zaman Lafiya Tare da Yanayi" a cikin 2021, an gano yana magance manyan rikice-rikice na duniya, kamar gurbatar yanayi, canjin yanayi da asarar rayayyun halittu, idan ɓangarorin suka yi aiki don magance Manufofin Cigaba mai dorewa.

## Nau'ukan.
Manyan batutuwan muhalli na yanzu na iya hadawa da sauyin yanayi, gurbataccen yanayi, lalata muhalli, da karancin albarkatu. Kungiyoyin kiyayewa dan kariya ga nau'ikan da ke cikin hadari da kariya ga kowane yanki mai kima na muhalli, ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki da dumamar yanayi. Tsare-tsaren kasa da kasa kan batutuwan muhalli sun mayar da hankali kan muhimman batutuwa guda uku (3) a matsayin "rikicin duniya sau uku": sauyin yanayi, gurbatar yanayi da asarar rayayyun halittu.

## Tasiri.

### Rikici

## Abin da ya jawo

## Mataki

### Adalci

### Kungiyoyi.
Kungiyoyin gwamnati suna magance matsalolin muhalli a matakin yanki, na kasa ko na duniya.

Babbar hukumar kasa da kasa, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1972, ita ce Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar dinkin Duniya. Kungiyar kare dabi'a ta kasa da kasa ta hada jihohi 83, hukumomin gwamnati 108, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu 766, da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa 81, da kwararru kusan 10,000, masana kimiyya daga kasashen duniya. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasa da kasa sun hada da Greenpeace, Abokan Duniya da Asusun Duniya na yanayi. Gwamnatoci suna kafa manufofin muhalli da aiwatar da dokar muhalli kuma ana yin hakan zuwa digiri daban-daban a duniya.

## Fim da talabiji.
Ana samun karuwar fina-finan da ake shiryawa kan batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli, musamman kan sauyin yanayi da dumamar yanayi. Fim din Al Gore na shekarar 2006. *[[Gaskiya mai Rashin Dacewa (Fim)|Gaskiya mara dadi]]* ya sami nasarar kasuwanci da babban bayanan watsa labarai.

## Manazarta.
Hukumar muhalli da albarkatu (ERA)

Hukumar **Muhalli da Albarkatu** (**ERA**, Maltese) ita ce hukumar dake da alhakin duba yanayin a Malta. An kata ne daga ƙaddamar da Hukumar Kula da Muhalli da Tsare-tsare ta Malta a cikin shekarata 2016, wanda kuma ya haifar da ƙirƙirar Hukumar Tsare-tsare.  

## Manazarta
Ma'aikatar muhalli da yaƙi da canjin yanayi

**Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Yaki da Canjin Yanayi** (a cikin Faransanci  **Ministère de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques** ko MELCC) ne ke da alhakin manufofin muhalli da cigaban ƙasa a lardin Quebec. Kuma Har ila yau, ma'aikatar ita ce ke da alhakin aiwatar da shirin gwamnatin lardin na ci gaba mai dorewa, Kuma wanda dukkanin hukumomin lardin da kungiyoyi na jam'iyya ne

## Bayanan kula da nassoshi


## Manazarta

* Gidan yanar gizon hukuma
Yarda da muhalli

Yarda da **muhalli** yana nufin bin dokokin muhalli, ƙa'idodi, da sauran buƙatu kamar izinin rukunin yanar gizo don aiki. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, sannan kuma matsalolin muhalli sun haifar da karuwa mai yawa a cikin adadi da iyakokin abubuwan da suka dace a duk wuraren da aka tsara na duniya. Sannan Kuma Kasancewa da kusanci, abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli da ayyukan bin doka suna ƙara daidaitawa tare da manufofin ayyukan kamfanoni  kuma ana haɗa su zuwa wani matsayi don guje wa rikice-rikice, ɓarna mai ɓarna, dagibi.

Yarda da abubuwan da ke sama da wajibai, yana buƙatar saduwa da wasu sharuɗɗa. Yawanci, waɗannan sun haɗa da:

* Gudanar da shirye-shirye ko jadawalin sa ido, tabbatar da cewa an yi sa ido da ake buƙata a cikin izinin, a wuraren da suka dace, don madaidaitan sigogi, kuma a daidai mitar dai-dai.
* Gabatar da aiwatarwa, yin ƙididdiga da tabbatar da bayanai don bin kowane matakin faɗakarwa ko rahoto
* Samar da rahotannin yarda na yau da kullun ga hukumomi.

Gudanar da abubuwan da ke sama na iya zama mai sarƙaƙƙiya kuma mai ɗaukar lokaci, yana haifar da haɓaka haɓakar tsarin software da aka tsara don sarrafa ƙa'idodin muhalli. Kuma Ana kiran waɗannan sau da yawa a matsayin 'Tsarin Gudanar da Bayanan Muhalli' (EDMS). Dole ne a yi la'akari da ma'auni yayin zabar software na yarda da muhalli: ingantaccen iyawa, babban aiki, bayyananne, sarrafa bayanan ganowa, injin ƙididdigewa mai ƙarfi, Kuma sarrafa abubuwan ci gaba, haɗin kai mai sauƙi, ayyukan aiki mai sarrafa kansa da QA, da sassauƙan rahoto da hakar bayanai.

## Manazarta
Kulawa da muhalli

***Kulawa da Muhalli,*** Wanda aka fara bugawa a cikin shekarata (1981), shine mako-mako, bitar takwarorinsu, mujallar kimiyya ta Springer ta buga. Editan gudanarwa shine GB Wiersma ( Jami'ar Maine ).  

## Manufa da iyaka.

### Binciken bayanai
Manufar wannan mujalla ita ce sakamakon tantance bayanan da suka shafi tantancewa da kuma lura da hadurran da ka iya shafar muhalli da dan Adam. Kuma Ana kuma haɗa binciken tare da nau'ikan bayanan lafiya daban-daban. Bayanan da aka tattara daga nazarin cututtuka a cikin yawan mutane (abubuwan haɗari da magunguna), da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi toxicological da aka samu daga bayanan bayanan an buga su. Rufewa ya haɗa da, matakai da tsarin tantance haɗari daga fallasa zuwa gurɓatawa.  

### Kulawa da tsarin.
Rufewa ya haɗa da tsarin kula da muhalli daga tunani zuwa tsari, aiwatarwa, da gudanarwa. Kuma An tsara waɗannan tsarin sa ido dan tattara bayanai da suka shafi mutane da jama'a. 

### Faɗin ɗaukar hoto.
Gabaɗaya, kula da muhalli, ilimin halittu, ilimin kimiyyar muhalli, gyaran gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi, tare da kulawa da muhalli da bincike suna da alaƙa da batutuwa. 

## Abstracting da indexing.
An yi lissafin wannan mujalla a cikin bayanan bayanai masu zuwa.   

* Farashin AGRICOLA.
* Fihirisar Maganar Kimiyya ta Faɗaɗa.
* Abubuwan da ke cikin Yanzu / Noma, Biology & Kimiyyar Muhalli.
* Rikodin Zoological.
* BIOSIS Previews.
* Sabis na Abstracts na Chemical.
* Scopus.
* Ma'anar Medicus.
* MEDLINE.
* PubMed.
* Abubuwan da aka bayar na CAB Abstracts.
* Lafiyar Duniya.
* CAB International.
* Geobase.
* Compendex.
* Littattafan Littafi Mai Tsarki na Duniya na Zamani.
* Bayanan Kimiyya da Fasaha na Abinci.

## Duba wasu abubuwan.

* Radiation saka idanu.
* Kula da muhalli.
* Dabarun Ƙimar Muhalli.
* Cibiyar Muhalli da Dorewa.

## Manazarta.
Ciwon daji na Endometrioid

**Ciwon daji na Endometrioid** wani nau'in ƙari ne wanda ke da kamanni da endometrium / carcinoma na endometrial, kuma sama da kashi uku na lokuta suna da bambancin squamous.

## Ovary

Sun kasance wani ɓangare na saman epithelial tumor rukuni na ovarian neoplasms (10-20% wanda shine nau'in endometrioid). Bambance -bambancen da ba su da kyau da kan iyakoki ba safai ba ne, saboda yawancin suna da muni . Akwai haɗin gwiwa tare da endometriosis da kuma carcinoma na farko na endometrial (ciwon daji na endometrial ).

A kan babban binciken ilimin cututtuka, ƙwayar cuta tana da cystic kuma yana iya zama mai ƙarfi kuma wasu suna tasowa a cikin cystic endometriosis. A cikin kashi 40% na lokuta, ciwace-ciwacen endometrioid ana samun su a gefe guda.

## Endometrium
Ciwon daji na endometrioid kuma na iya tasowa a cikin endometrium.

Ana ɗaukar maki 1 da 2 "nau'in 1" ciwon daji na endometrial, yayin da aji 3 ana ɗaukarsa "nau'in 2".
File:Pie chart of relative incidences of endometrial carcinoma.png|Abubuwan da suka shafi ciwon daji na endometrial ta hanyar histopathology, kasancewar endometrioid a yawancin lokuta. 


## Haske microscope
Hasken microscopy yana nuna glandan tubular, kama da endometrium.

## Halittar kwayoyin halitta

### CTNNB1 da PTEN maye gurbi
Ovarian da endometrial endometrioid carcinomas suna da CTNNB1 daban-daban da bayanan bayanan maye gurbi na PTEN . Sauye-sauyen PTEN sun fi yawa a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin endometrioid carcinomas (67%) idan aka kwatanta da ƙananan ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta (17%). Sabanin haka, maye gurbi na CTNNB1 ya bambanta sosai a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na ovarian endometrioid carcinomas (53%) idan aka kwatanta da ƙananan ƙwayoyin endometrioid carcinomas (28%). Wannan bambance-bambance a cikin mitar maye gurbi na CTNNB1 na iya zama mai nuna alamun ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta; Kwayoyin epithelial da ke rufe wani cyst na endometriotic a cikin ovary an fallasa su zuwa wani yanayi mai oxidative wanda ke inganta ƙwayar cuta.

## Manazarta
Obaapa Christy

**Obaapa Christy** (née *Christiana Twene*) tsohuwar **Christiana Love** mawaƙin Linjila ce ta Ghana. Mawaƙin *Meti Ase* wanda ya yi fice ya kasance wanda ya karɓi Gwarzon Mawaƙin Bishara da Kyautar Kyautar Waƙar Waƙoƙin Shekara yayin bugu na 2007 na Kyautar Kiɗa na Ghana. A cikin 2008, John Kufuor ya ba ta lambar yabo ta ƙasa.

## Rayuwar farko
An haife ta a Kumasi a yankin Ashanti na Ghana, a cikin iyali na 'yan'uwa 9.

## Aiki
Ta fito da wani sabon Single mai suna, *The Glory* in 2021.

## Manazarta
Dokar rigakafin guba ta 1990

**Dokar Rigakafin Guba ta 1990** ( **PPA** ) wata doka ce ta tarayya ta Amurka wacce ta ƙirƙiri manufofin ƙasa don haɓaka rigakafin gurɓatawa ko raguwa a wuraren gurɓatawa a duk inda zai yiwu. Dokar ta kuma fadada Inventory Release Inventory (TRI), shirin ba da rahoton sharar gida wanda Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ke gudanarwa.

Dokar Rigakafin Guba ta mayar da hankali kan masana'antu, gwamnati, da kuma hankalin jama'a kan rage yawan gurbatar yanayi ta hanyar sauye-sauye masu tsada a samarwa, aiki, da amfani da albarkatun kasa. Sau da yawa ba an samun damar rage tushen ba saboda yawancin ƙa'idodin muhalli da ake da su suna mayar da hankali kan sharar gida da zubarwa. Sannan Kuma Sakamakon haka an mayar da hankali kan albarkatun masana'antu don biyan buƙatun jiyya da zubar da su. 

## Aiwatarwa.
Ƙoƙarin EPA don haɓaka ayyukan rigakafin sun haɗa da hanyoyin ba da izinin sharar gida, bita kan ƙa'idodi, taimakon fasaha ga masana'antu da hukumomin gwamnati, da tilastawa.  Kuma Hukumar ta kuma yi kokarin danganta rigakafin gurbatar yanayi da bayanan jama'a game da sinadarai, kamar a cikin shirin TRI.

## Duba wasu abubuwan.

* Green sunadarai.
* Gurbacewa a Amurka.

## Manazarta.

## Ci gaba da karatu
Gyara tsarin gurɓatar muhalli (PPR)

**Gyaran farashin gurɓatawa** (PPR) shine tsarin daidaita farashin kasuwa dan haɗawa da tasirin muhalli kai tsaye akan ma'auni, misali ƙura da iskar gas daga injinan konewa musamman a cunkoson ababen hawa.   Wannan dabarar ta bambanta da tsare-tsaren haraji na muhalli na gabaɗaya, kuma inda ba a samun ma'aunin tasirin akan ɗan gajeren lokaci ko kwatancen zaɓin harajin da ya shafa don saka hannun jari ko aiki.

Wani waje (nau'in gazawar kasuwa) yana wanzuwa inda farashin kasuwa ya keɓe haɓakar gurɓatawa da ƙauna. Duk A irin wannan yanayi, yanke shawara na kudi ko na daidaikun mutane na hankali (na son kai) na iya haifar da cutar da muhalli, da kuma tabarbarewar tattalin arziki da gazawa. 

## Shirye-shiryen haraji da aka gyara gurɓatawa.
Gyaran farashin muhalli zai iya zama faɗin tattalin arziki, ko kuma mai da hankali sosai (misali musamman ga wani yanki (kamar samar da wutar lantarki ko zirga-zirga) ko wani batun muhalli (kamar sauyin yanayi). "Kayan aikin da aka dogara da kasuwa" ko "kayan aikin tattalin arziki don kariyar muhalli" ana iya keɓance su gwargwadon tasirin ƙazanta da za a iya aunawa a matsayin tserewa ga dindindin na sakaci na tasirin yanayi ta hanyar fasahohin gurɓata yanayi. Misalai Kamar sun haɗa da canjin harajin kore (ecotaxation), izinin gurɓatawa mai ciniki, ko ƙirƙirar kasuwanni don fasahar muhalli.

Gabaɗaya akwai nau'ikan zaɓuɓɓuka guda uku da ake da su:

* ƙarin haraji akan nau'ikan mai tare da yawanci mafi girma na ƙura ko gurɓataccen iskar gas. 
* haraji na shekara-shekara kan nau'ikan injin tare da yawanci mafi girma na ƙura ko gurɓataccen iskar gas bayan da ke haifar da ƙonewa. 
* ƙuntatawa na yau da kullun na zahiri bisa ga ƙididdige matakan gurɓatawa. 

## Adabi.

* Bhola R. Gurjar (Edita), Luisa T. Molina (Edita), CSP Ojha (Edita) Gurbacewar iska: Lafiya da Tasirin Muhalli  1st Edition. Latsa CRC. Shekarata 2010.
* Zev Levin (Edita), William R. Cotton (Edita). Tasirin Gurbacewar Aerosol akan Hazo: Binciken Kimiyya . Nuwamba 17, shekarata 2008.
* Colin Beavan. Babu Wani Tasirin Mutum: Kasadar Wani Mutum Mai Laifi Wanda Yayi Ƙoƙarin Ceci Duniya, da Ganowar Da Ya Yi Game da Kansa Da Hanyar Rayuwar Mu A Cikin Tsarin. 25, ga Mayu, shekarata 2010.

## Manazarta.
Bayyanannen Tantanin Halitta

Adenocarcinoma, mai **bayyanannen tantanin halitta,** nau'in adenocarcinoma ne wanda ke nuna bayyanannun sell.

Nau'o'in sun haɗa da:

* Bayyanar-cell adenocarcinoma na farji
* Bayyanar-cell ovarian carcinoma
* Uterine clear-cell carcinoma
* Bayyanar-sel adenocarcinoma na huhu (wanda shine nau'in kwayar cutar sankarar huhu )

## Duba kuma

* Sarcoma bayyananne

## Manazarta
Ciwon daji Brenner

Ciwon daji na **Brenner wani nau'in ciwon sukari** ne na saman epithelial-stromal tumor na ovarian neoplasms . Yawancin su ba su da kyau, to amma wasu na iya zama m .

An fi samun su ba zato ba tsammani a kan gwajin ƙashin ƙugu ko a laparotomy . Ciwon daji na Brenner da wuya na iya faruwa a wasu wurare, gami da gwanaye .

## Gabatarwa
A kan babban gwajin cututtukan cututtukan fata, suna da ƙarfi, ƙayyadaddun kaifi da launin rawaya-tan launin rawaya. Kashi 90% na gefe ɗaya ne (yana tasowa a cikin ovary ɗaya, ɗayan kuma ba shi da tasiri). Ciwon daji na iya bambanta da girman daga ƙasa da  zuwa  . Ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen daji na Brenner na iya yiwuwa amma kowannensu yana da wuya.

## Bincike

A tarihin tarihi, akwai gidaje na sel epithelial na wucin gadi ( urothelial ) tare da tsagi na nukiliya na tsayi ( kofi wake nuclei) suna kwance a cikin stroma mai fibrous.

Har ila yau, tuna cewa "kofi wake nuclei" su ne makaman nukiliya grooves kwarai pathognomonic zuwa jima'i igiyar stromal ƙari, da ovarian granulosa cell ƙari, tare da ruwa-cika sarari Call-Exner jikin tsakanin granulosa Kwayoyin.

## Irin wannan yanayi
Carcinoma cell transitional wani abu ne mai wuya ko da ba a iya gani ba, wanda neoplastic na tsaka-tsakin epithelial sel masu kama da carcinoma cell carcinoma na mafitsara ana ganin su a cikin kwai, ba tare da sifar stromal / epithelial na ƙwayar cuta ta Brenner ba.

Histologically, Leydig cell ciwace-ciwacen daji na testes da ovarian stromal Leydig cell ciwace-ciwacen daji (ovarian hyperandrogenism da virilization) duka suna da halayyar Reinke lu'ulu'u . Hakanan an lura da lu'ulu'u iri ɗaya a ƙarƙashin babban ikon gani a cikin ciwace-ciwacen Brenner. https://www.med-ed.virginia.edu/courses/path/gyn/ovary3.cfm

## Eponym
An ba shi suna don Fritz Brenner (1877 &#x2013; 1969), wani likitan fiɗa na Jamus wanda ya kwatanta shi a cikin 1907. Kalmar "Brenner tumor" ta fara amfani da Robert Meyer, a cikin 1932.

## Ƙarin hotuna

File:Walthard cell rest - very high mag.jpg|Micrograph na wani gidan Walthard cell, mahallin Brenner ciwace-ciwacen daji ana tunanin tasowa daga. H&E tabo .


## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* 
* Histology at University of Utah
Akosua Adoma Perbi

**Akosua Adoma Perbi** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1952) marubuciya ce ’yar Ghana kuma farfesa a tarihi a Jami’ar Ghana.

Perbi ita ce marubuciyar *A History of Indigenous Slavery in Ghana from the 15th to the 19th Century* kuma ta rubuta labarai sama da ashirin da babi na littafai. Perbi tana aiki a matsayin wakilin Ghana na dindindin a Kwamitin Kimiyya da Fasaha na Duniya na UNESCO kan aikin hanyar bayi. Ita ma 'yar majalisa ce kuma ma'ajin kungiyar Tarihi ta Ghana.

Tana da gogewar koyarwa sama da shekaru 30.

## Ilimi
Perbi ta yi karatun sakandare a Achimota Senior High a Ghana. Tsohuwar tsohuwar jami'ar Ghana ce inda ta yi digiri na farko, Masters da PhD a tarihi.

## Aiki
Ta fara aikin koyarwa ne a shekarar 1974, inda ta koyar a babbar makarantar ‘yan mata ta Aburi a matsayin ma’aikaciyar bautar kasa.

Ta kuma yi aiki tare da National Archives na Ghana a matsayin Mataimakiyar Archivist na tsawon shekaru biyu (1977 – 79) da ƙarin shekaru biyu tare da Cibiyar Ilimin Manya a matsayin Kocin zama (1979-1981).

A 1981, ta fara koyarwa a Jami'ar Ghana har zuwa yau.

## Labarai

* “Enslavement, Rebellion and Emancipation in Africa: The Ghanaian Experience”, in A.R. Highfield & G.F. Tyson (eds): Negotiating Enslavement- Perspectives on Slavery in the Danish West Indies, Antilles Press, St. Croix, 2009, , pages 15–29.
* *A History of Indigenous Slavery in Ghana from the 15th to the 19th Century*

## Manazarta