Gidaje a Turai

**Gidaje a Turai** sun haɗa da salon zamani da na gargajiya.

## Bayanai daga 2015
A cikin 2015, fiye da 4 daga cikin mutane 10 (42.0%) a cikin EU-28 sun zauna a cikin gidaje, kusa da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu (24.1%) a cikin gidajen da aka raba da kashi ɗaya bisa uku (33.3%) a cikin ɗakunan da aka raba. Adadin mutanen da ke zaune a cikin gidaje ya fi girma, a tsakanin membobin EU, a Spain (65.9%), Latvia (65.0%) da Estonia (62.6%), yayin da aka ruwaito mafi yawan mutanen da ke rayuwa a cikin gidajen da ba a raba su ba a cikin Netherlands, Ƙasar Ingila (duka 59.9%) da Ireland (51.6%);  Waɗannan su ne kawai Membobin ƙasashe inda fiye da rabin yawan jama'a ke zaune a cikin gida mai zaman kansa.  Rabon mutanen da ke zaune a gidajen keɓe ya kai kololuwa a cikin Croatia (73.4%), Slovenia (65.1%), Hungary (62.1%) da Romania (60.1%);  Serbia (66.1%) da Norway (61.2%) suma sun bayar da rahoton cewa fiye da 6 cikin kowane mutum 10 na al'ummarsu suna zaune ne a gidajen keɓe..

Tun daga shekara ta 2010, yawan wadanda ke zaune a gidaje masu zaman kansu a duk faɗin EU 27 ya kasance mai ɗorewa, tare da yawan wadanda ke rayuwa a gidaje da aka ware sun kasance a cikin kewayon 34.5% zuwa 35.8%. Yankin Turai guda daya da ke da bambancin yanayi shine ƙasashen Nordic, inda kashi na waɗanda ke zaune a cikin gidaje masu zaman kansu ke raguwa. Kashi na waɗanda ke zaune a cikin gidaje masu zaman kansu a Norway, Denmark, Sweden, da Iceland, sun fadi daga 63%, 59%, 48%, da 36% zuwa 58%, 54%, 44%, da 32% bi da bi. Kasar Nordic kawai da ke tsayayya da wannan yanayin ita ce Finland, inda kashi na waɗanda ke zaune a cikin gidaje masu zaman kansu ya kasance mai ɗorewa a cikin 47.6% zuwa 46.1% kewayon. 

A cikin shekarun 2010 zuwa 2018, kasar da ke cikin EU 27 tare da raguwar kashi mafi girma a cikin waɗanda ke zaune a cikin gidaje masu zaman kansu shine Luxembourg, tare da raguwa daga 43.3% zuwa 34.7%. Mafi girman karuwar kashi ya kasance a Romania, inda kashi na waɗanda ke zaune a cikin gidaje masu zaman kansu ya karu daga 60.8% zuwa 65.2%. 

## Rashin gidaje masu araha
A Turai, akwai kuma karancin saka hannun jari a cikin gidaje na zamantakewa da kuma bukatar gaggawa don gyara raka'a da ke akwai. Ana hasashen saka hannun jari na shekara-shekara a cikin gidaje a Yuro biliyan 57 don sabbin gine-gine da gyare-gyaren ingancin makamashi. Tsinkayen ba su haɗa da halin da ake ciki na 'yan gudun hijira ya haifar da mamayar Rasha a Ukraine ba.

### Kudin
A cikin Sweden da Poland, akwai karuwar buƙatun gidaje masu araha a cikin birane masu matsakaici. Sweden ita ce

gina dubban gidajen haya masu araha tare da amfani da makamashi kusa da sifili da mafi girman ƙa'idodin inganci, Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai ya amince da lamuni na kusan Yuro miliyan 300 a cikin Satumbar 2019 don tallafawa wannan aikin.  A cikin birnin Poznań na ƙasar Poland, yawancin mazauna ƙasar ba su cancanci samun gidaje masu araha ba saboda yawan kuɗin da suke samu amma ba sa iya siyan gida a kasuwannin yau da kullun saboda ƙarancin ƙima.  Birnin da wani kamfanin gidaje na gida sun fara aikin gina gidaje sama da 1,000 wadanda kuma ke da makarantar kindergarten, wurin kula da rana, filin wasa da wuraren ajiye motoci ga nakasassu.  Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai ya ba da rancen Yuro miliyan 34 don wannan aikin..

A Tallinn, cibiyar sadarwa da aka kafa kwanan nan ta al'ummomin Turai 19 suna da niyyar haɓaka yanayin rayuwa ga yawan su yayin rage Sawun muhalli. Birnin yana karɓar rancen Yuro miliyan 100 a matsayin tallafi daga Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai, don inganta wuraren jama'a, makarantu, gidaje na zamantakewa da matakan inganta makamashi.

A cikin 2022, bankin Poland BGK zai sami rancen Yuro miliyan 133 don taimakawa wajen tallafawa gidaje masu araha da masu araha a duk faɗin ƙasar. An shirya aikin ne don samar da sabbin gidaje 5,000 da 500 da aka dawo da su a duk faɗin Poland, tare da mafi rinjaye a yankuna masu haɗin kai.

EIB ta kuma shiga cikin yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu na Yuro miliyan 120 don ƙirƙirar gidaje sama da 500 masu araha a Ireland.

Daga 2015 zuwa 2023, farashin gidaje a Tarayyar Turai ya karu da kashi 48%, yayin da haya ya karu da 13%, yana mai da farashin gidaje babban nauyi, musamman a manyan biranen yanki da ƙananan birane.

An lura da karuwar farashin gidaje mafi girma a Hungary (196%), Lithuania (114%), da Czechia (112%), tare da mafi mahimmancin hauhawar haya da ke faruwa a Lithuania (68%), Estonia (59%), da Poland (58%).

A duk yankuna, kashi 45% na gidaje, kuma sama da kashi biyu bisa uku na kananan hukumomi a yankuna marasa ci gaba, suna nuna karancin saka hannun jari a cikin gidaje na zamantakewa, wanda ke kara kasuwannin gidaje da suka riga sun lalace.

### Jamus
Jamus tana ba da tallafin harajin kasuwanci da yawa ga kananan hukumomi a ci gaban gidaje. Wadannan abubuwan motsawa an tsara su ne don jawo hankalin masu saka hannun jari da inganta gina gidaje masu araha a cikin birane. Wasu daga cikinsu sune:

* Rage harajin kamfanoni: Gwamnatocin kananan hukumomi a Jamus na iya amfana daga rage harajin kamfanonin 15% don samun kudin shiga daga ayyukan ci gaban gidaje na haya. Wannan karfafa haraji ya dace da duk kudin shiga da aka samu daga aikin, gami da haya, riba, da ribar kuɗi.
* Rashin darajar: Gwamnatocin kananan hukumomi na iya amfana daga raguwar darajar gine-ginen da aka gina a karkashin aikin ci gaban gidaje. Ana iya da'awar wannan raguwa a tsawon shekaru 50, kuma ya dogara ne akan farashin gini da karamar hukuma ta samu.
* Capital Gains Exemption: Gwamnatocin kananan hukumomi na iya amfana daga harajin haraji idan sun sayar da gidajen da aka gina a karkashin aikin ci gaban gidaje, bayan wani lokaci. Lokacin ya bambanta daga jiha zuwa jiha, amma yawanci yana kusa da shekaru 10.

## Amfani da makamashi
Akwai karancin gidaje masu amfani da makamashi a Turai, lamarin ya yi muni musamman a birane da dama, inda kashi 70% na al'ummar EU ke rayuwa.  Kusan rabin dukkanin gine-ginen mazauna Turai an gina su kafin 1970, lokacin da ba a yi la'akari da amfani da makamashi a cikin kayan, ka'idoji da dabaru ba.  Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta gano cewa kashi 75% na gine-gine da gidaje na bukatar a samar da makamashi mai inganci don cimma burin yanayi.