Mai Neman Mafaka

**Mai neman mafaka** shine mutumin da ya bar ƙasar da yake zaune, ya shiga wata ƙasa, kuma ya yi a cikin wannan ƙasar aikace-aikacen doka don haƙƙin mafaka bisa ga Universal Declaration of Human Rights Mataki na 14. Mutum yana riƙe da matsayin mai neman mafaka har sai an kammala haƙƙin neman mafaka.

Hukumomin shige da fice masu dacewa na ƙasar mafaka sun ƙayyade ko za a ba mai neman mafaka damar kariya ko kuma za a ƙi mafaka kuma mai neman mafaki ya zama Baƙo ba bisa ka'ida ba wanda za a iya tambayarsa ya bar ƙasar kuma ana iya fitar da shi daidai da rashin mayar da hankali. Wadanda suka sanya hannu kan sanarwar kare hakkin dan adam ta duniya  sun kirkiro nasu manufofi don tantance matsayin kariya na masu neman mafaka, kuma yawan masu neman mafakar da aka karɓa ko aka ƙi ya bambanta kowace shekara daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa.

Mai neman mafaka za a iya gane shi a lokaci guda a Matsayin 'yan gudun hijira  kuma a bashi matsayin ɗan gudun gudun hijira idan yanayinsu ya fada cikin ma'anar ɗan gudun hijirar bisa ga Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi Matsayin 'yan gudun hijira  ko dokokin' yan gudun hijira masu amfani da yankin - kamar Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, idan a cikin Tarayyar Turai.

Kalmomin *Mai neman mafaka*, *<nowiki/>'yan gudun hijira* da *Baƙo ba bisa ka'ida ba* sau da yawa suna rikicewa. A cikin Turanci na Arewacin Amurka, ana amfani da kalmar **asylee** don mai neman mafaka, kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama, da kuma mutumin da aka ba shi damar mafaka.

## Gidan mafaka da kariya
Hakkin mafaka bisa ga Mataki na 14 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

Masu neman mafaka waɗanda suka aikata laifuka game da zaman lafiya, laifukan yaki ko laifuka akan bil'adama, ko wasu laifuka marasa siyasa, ko kuma ayyukansu sun saba wa manufofi da ka'idodin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, an cire su daga kariya ta duniya. Wannan haƙƙin mafaka an haɗa shi a cikin Yarjejeniyar shekarar 1951 da ta shafi Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira  da Yarjejeniyar 1967 da ta shafi Yanayin' Yan Gudun Hijiri.  Ya zuwa 1 ga Watan Yulin Shekarar 2013, akwai jam'iyyun 145 zuwa Yarjejeniyar 'yan gudun hijira ta shekarar 1951 da 146 zuwa Yarjejeniya ta shekarar 1967. Wadannan jihohin suna da alhakin a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa don ba da mafaka ga mutanen da suka fada cikin ma'anar Yarjejeniya da Yarjejeniya. Mutanen da ba su fada cikin wannan ma'anar ba har yanzu ana iya ba su 'yan gudun hijira bisa ga ma'anar 'yan gudun gudun hijira na Yarjejeniyar 1951 da ke da alaƙa da matsayin' yan gudun hijira  da kuma mutanen da suka fada cikin wannan bayanin ana kiransu 'yan gudun bude ido na Yarjejeniya kuma ana kiransu matsayin' yancin Yarjejeniya. Hanyoyin kariya sun wanzu dangane da ƙasar idan mutumin ya fada cikin wasu ma'anar 'yan gudun hijira.

Tabbatar da ko mutum ya sami damar mafaka ko a'a galibi ana barin shi ga wasu Hukumomin gwamnati a cikin ƙasar da ke karɓar bakuncin. A wasu ƙasashe UNHCR.org/refugee-status-determination.html" id="mwbg" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">ƙudurin matsayin 'yan gudun hijira (RSD)  ana yin sa ne ta hanyar UNHCR. Nauyin tabbatar da da'awar mafaka ya ta'allaka ne ga mai nema, wanda dole ne ya tabbatar da cewa sun cancanci kariya.

A kasashe da yawa, jami'an ƙaura suna amfani da bayanan asalin ƙasar a matsayin wani ɓangare na kimanta da'awar mafaka, kuma gwamnatoci suna ba da bincike game da daidaito na rahotannin ƙasarsu. Wasu ƙasashe sun yi nazarin ƙin yarda da jami'an ƙaura da ke yanke shawara, suna gano cewa mutane sun ƙi masu neman fiye da wasu da ke tantance irin waɗannan shari'o'in - kuma ana buƙatar jami'an ƙura su daidaita dalilan karɓar ko ƙin da'awar, don haka shawarar mai yanke hukunci ɗaya ya dace da abin da abokan aikinsu suka yanke shawara.

### Matsayi na kariya
Kariya ta ta tallafi kariya ce ta kasa da kasa ga mutanen da ke neman mafaka waɗanda ba su cancanci zama 'yan gudun hijira ba. Wani zaɓi ne don samun mafaka ga waɗanda ba su da tsoratar da tsanantawa (wanda ake buƙata don matsayin 'yan gudun hijira bisa ga Yarjejeniyar shekarar 1951), amma da gaske suna da haɗari mai yawa don a azabtar da su ko kuma mummunar lahani idan aka mayar da su ƙasarsu ta asali, saboda dalilai da suka haɗa da yaƙi, tashin hankali, rikici da cin zarafin haƙƙin ɗan adam. Sanarwar Universal Declaration of Human Rights da dokar Tarayyar Turai suna da ma'anar wanda ya cancanci samun mafaka.

### Visa na kariya na wucin gadi
Ana amfani da Visa na kariya na wucin gadi ga mutanen da ke Ostiraliya waɗanda suka nemi matsayin 'yan gudun hijira bayan sun isa ba tare da izini ba. Wannan shine babban nau'in biza da aka bayar ga 'yan gudun hijira lokacin da aka sake su daga wuraren tsare shige da fice na Australiya kuma ana buƙatar su sake yin amfani da shi kowane shekaru uku.

## Kididdigar yanke shawara na mafaka
A cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata yawan mutanen da ke neman mafaka a kowace shekara ya bambanta tsakanin miliyan 0.6 da 2.8.  Sakamakon aikace-aikacen mafaka 2000-2023 bisa ga UNHCR: 

kashi na mata tsakanin masu neman mafaka zuwa Turai daga shekarar ta 2008 zuwa shekarar 2018 ya kasance 31%, wanda za'a iya bayyana shi ta hanyar dalilai ciki har da Rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi a asalin ƙasar da kuma karfafa tattalin arziki.

## Hanyoyin ƙaddamar da matsayi
 

### Ƙaddamar da rukuni
Ana iya ba masu neman mafaka matsayin 'yan gudun hijira a kan rukuni. 'Yan gudun hijira da suka shiga cikin ƙaddamar da matsayin rukuni ana kiransu' yan gudun hijira na farko. Ana yin wannan a cikin yanayi lokacin da dalilan neman matsayin 'yan gudun hijira gabaɗaya sanannu ne kuma kimantawar mutum zai mamaye ikon masu tantancewa. Ana iya yin ƙuduri na rukuni a cikin jihohin da ba wai kawai sun yarda da ma'anar 'yan gudun hijira na Yarjejeniyar shekarar 1951 ba, har ma suna amfani da ma'aunin' yan gudun hijira wanda ya haɗa da mutanen da ke tserewa ba tare da nuna bambanci ba ko tashin hankali, waɗanda ba a rufe su a Yarjejeniyar shekarar 1951. 

### Binciken mutum
Ga mutanen da ba su shigo kasar a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban rukuni ba, ana gudanar da tambayoyin mafaka don tabbatar da ko mutumin yana da isasshen dalilai na neman mafaka. A halin yanzu, adadi mai yawa na masu neman mafaka suna buƙatar gwamnatoci don samar da tsarin ilmantarwa na inji don taimakawa masu neman mafakar da jami'an shige da fice wajen yin kimantawa mai kyau da adalci.

A kasashe da yawa, masu neman mafaka na iya kalubalantar kin amincewa ta hanyar kaluballaki shawarar a kotun ko kwamitin sake dubawa na ƙaura. A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, fiye da ɗaya daga cikin yanke shawara huɗu don ƙin kariya ga masu neman mafaka alƙalai ne suka karkatar da su.

## Hakkin masu neman mafaka
Whilst waiting for a decision asylum seekers have limited rights in the country of asylum. In most countries they are not allowed to work and in some countries not even to volunteer. In some countries they are not allowed to move freely within the country.&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup> Even access to health care is limited. In the European Union, those who have yet to be granted official status as [[Ƴan gudun hijira|refugees]] and are still within the asylum process have some restricted rights to healthcare access. This includes access to medical and psychological care. However, these may vary depending on the host country.  For instance, under the Asylum Seekers Benefits Act (''Asylbewerberleistungsgesetz'') in Germany, asylum seekers are outside [[Kulawa na farko|primary care]] and are limited to emergency health care, vaccinations, pregnancy and childbirth with limitations on specialty care.  Asylum seekers have greater chance of experiencing unmet health needs as compared to the general German population. Asylum seekers also have greater odds of hospital admissions and at least one visit to a psychotherapist relative to the German general population.

== Damuwa a cikin hanyoyin neman mafaka ==
Bincike ya nuna cewa hadin gwiwar bangarori yana da mahimmanci don taimakawa 'yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka su sake zama da kuma shiga cikin al'ummomin karɓar, wuraren aiki da makarantu.

Kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba da ke damuwa da 'Yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka sun nuna matsaloli ga mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu don neman mafaka a kasashe masu masana'antu. Kamar yadda Manufofin shige da fice a kasashe da yawa galibi suna mai da hankali kan yaki da shige da shige a kan doka da kuma karfafa kula da kan iyaka, yana hana mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu daga shiga yankin da za su iya gabatar da ikirarin mafaka. Rashin damar samun damar shiga hanyoyin mafaka bisa doka na iya tilasta wa mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu su yi ƙoƙari masu tsada da haɗari a shigar da su ba bisa ka'ida ba.

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, jama'a da masu tsara manufofi na ƙasashe da yawa suna mai da hankali kan' yan gudun hijira da suka isa ta hanyar sake zama na ƙasashe na uku kuma suna ba da hankali ga masu neman mafaka da waɗanda aka riga aka ba su matsayin 'yan gudun hijira amma ba su zo ta hanyar sake komawa ba. Har ma an kira masu neman mafaka 'masu tsalle-tsalle', saboda ba su jira damar da za a sake su ba.

Ana ba da masu fassara na shari'a don taimakawa masu neman mafaka a duk lokacin tambayoyin da kuma shari'ar kotu. Wadannan masu fassara na shari'a suna nuna horar da suka samu a cikin shirin horar da aka tabbatar da su. Daidaitawar fassarar shari'a na iya bambanta dangane da horar da aka karɓa daga mai fassara da kuma yiwuwar son zuciya da suke ɗauka suna zuwa cikin zaman fassara. Rashin horo a cikin saitunan mafaka na iya rinjayar zaman fassara.

Ingancin rayuwa masu neman mafaka da 'yan gudun hijira yana da alaƙa sosai da yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Kasancewar cututtukan kwakwalwa kamar baƙin ciki ko PTSD galibi saboda tilasta ƙaura da sake zama a cikin ƙasashe masu karɓar bakuncin.

=== Kalubale a cikin Sanya Trauma da Kwarewa ===
Masu neman mafaka suna fuskantar manyan kalubale wajen isar da [[Raunin kwakwalwa|Abubuwan da suka faru]] a lokacin aikace-aikacen neman mafaka. Wani cikakken binciken da Sarah C. Bishop ta yi, yana nazarin sadarwa ba tare da magana ba a cikin tambayoyin mafaka da sauraron Amurka, ya nuna abubuwa masu mahimmanci da yawa da ke tasiri ga ikon masu neman mafaka don bayyana labarinsu.

Binciken ya jaddada rikitarwa na labaran masu neman mafaka, sau da yawa ana tsara su ta hanyar damuwa da kuma buƙatar ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin tsananin lokaci. Wannan matsin yana ba da gudummawa ga rarraba labarin. Wannan shari'ar tana haifar da matsaloli wajen gabatar da labarin abubuwan da suka faru.

Shingen harshe ya kara kara tsananta waɗannan ƙalubalen. Bambancin harshe na masu neman mafaka da damuwa yayin tambayoyin sun hana ikon su bayyana abubuwan da suka faru daidai. Rashin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da ke haifar da damuwa yana ba da gudummawa da ba cikakke ba ko ba a bi da labari ba, yana shafar inganci da daidaituwa na labarun su.

Bugu da ƙari, binciken ya shiga cikin rikice-rikice na sadarwa, musamman game da hulɗar ido da amintacce a cikin sauraron mafaka. Bambance-bambance na al'adu a cikin hulɗar ido suna tasiri ga kimantawa, wanda zai iya haifar da kuskuren fassarar ma'aikatan shige da fice. Bambancin tsammanin al'adu yana tasiri ga kimantawar amincin masu neman mafaka, wanda zai iya shafar sakamakon da'awar su.

=== Kashewa ===
Because asylum seekers often have to wait for months or years for the results of their asylum applications and because they are usually not allowed to work and only receive minimal or no financial support, destitution is a considerable risk.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

Masu neman mafaka yawanci suna samun wani irin tallafi daga gwamnatoci yayin da ake aiwatar da aikace-aikacen su. Koyaya, a wasu ƙasashe wannan tallafin ya ƙare nan da nan da zarar an ba su matsayin 'yan gudun hijira. Amma gaskiyar cewa an ba su matsayin 'yan gudun hijira ba yana nufin cewa an riga an ba su duk takardun da suke bukata don fara sabon rayuwarsu ba. Lokaci mai tsawo na jira yana rage yiwuwar samun aiki da haɗin gwiwar 'yan gudun hijira.

### Hutu
Masu neman mafaka da ke hutu a ƙasarsu an yi jayayya a matsayin dalilin ƙin mafaka.

### Bayyanawa
Rashin takardun shaida ko rikice-rikice na ainihi na iya sa nuna tsanantawa don haƙƙin mafaka ya fi rikitarwa.

## Ƙin mafaka
Sau da yawa yakan faru cewa kasar ba ta amince da Matsayin 'yan gudun hijira na masu neman mafaka ba kuma ba ta gan su a matsayin' yan gudun hijira ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ta haka ne ta bi da su a matsayin baƙi ba bisa ka-ida ba. Idan an ki amincewa da ikirarin mafaka, an ce mai neman mafaka ya ki amincewa kuma ya kira mai neman mafaki wanda ya gaza. Wasu masu neman mafaka da suka kasa Komawa gida da son rai. Dangane da ƙasar, ana ba da izinin masu neman mafaka da suka gaza su kasance na ɗan lokaci ko kuma a tilasta su dawo da su  daidai da rashin mayar da su.  Sau da yawa ana sanya su a tsare shige da fice kafin a kore su.

## Dokar mafaka da 'yan gudun hijira ta hanyar iko

## Dubi kuma

* Gidan mafaka na coci
* Dokar Wutar, Dokar Gudanar da Gudanar da Ƙasar Netherlands
* Rashin fitarwa
* Mutumin da ya rasa muhallinsa a cikin gida
* Gudun da aka tilasta a cikin al'adun gargajiya
* Haɗin baƙi
* Ayyukan 'yan gudun hijira
* Takardar shaidar 'yan gudun hijira
* Ruwanda na 'yan gudun hijira
* Birnin Wuri Mai Tsarki
* Rashin kasa
* Masu neman mafaka na transgender

### Ƙungiyoyin da suka danganci

* Kungiyar 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Shige da Fice 
* Amnesty International
* Kwamitin Red Cross na Duniya
* Cibiyar Tsaro ta Duniya
* Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yan Gudun Hijira

## Manazarta

### Bayani

## Ƙarin karantawa

* Hatton, Timothy J. 2020. "Migration na mafaka zuwa Kasashen da suka Ci gaba: Tsanantawa, Ƙarfafawa, da Manufofin". Journal of Economic Perspectives 34 (1):75-93.