John D. Arnold

**John Douglas Arnold** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1974  ) hamshakin attajiri ne na Amurka. A shekara ta 2007, Arnold ya zama ƙaramin attajiri a Amurka  Kamfaninsa, Centaurus Advisors, LLC, wani asusun hedge ne da ke Houston wanda ya ƙware a cinikin kayayyakin makamashi wanda aka rufe a shekara ta 2012.       Yanzu yana mai da hankali kan ayyukan agaji ta hanyar Arnold Ventures LLC. Arnold memba ne na kwamitin gudanarwa na Breakthrough Energy kuma tun daga watan Fabrairun 2024, memba ne na kwamitin gudanarwa na Meta . 

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Arnold a Dallas, Texas, kuma shi ne ƙaramin 'ya'ya maza biyu. Mahaifiyarsa malamar makaranta ce kuma daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin akawu a Centaurus.   Mahaifinsa lauya ne na kamfani kuma ya mutu lokacin da Arnold yake da shekaru 18.   Yana da shekaru 14, ya fara kamfaninsa na farko da ke sayar da katunan wasanni masu tarin yawa da ake kira Blue Chip Cards.  Ya kammala makarantar sakandare a Makarantar Sakandare ta Hillcrest a shekarar 1992. 

Ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Vanderbilt a shekarar 1995, kuma ya kammala digiri a fannin lissafi da tattalin arziki cikin shekaru uku.  Shi memba ne na Lambda Chi Alpha . 

## Sana'a
Bayan kammala karatunsa na jami'a, ya fara aikinsa a Enron a matsayin mai nazarin mai.  A shekarar 1996, kasa da shekara guda da fara aiki a Enron,  ya koma kula da harkokin cinikin iskar gas.  Littafin cinikinsa an yaba masa da samun dala miliyan 750 ga Enron a shekarar 2001 kuma an ba shi lada mafi girma a tarihin Enron, kimanin dala miliyan 8.   Tsoffin abokan aikinsa sun yi masa lakabi da "sarkin iskar gas."   An sauke Arnold daga mukaminsa a watan Mayun 2005 ta hannun Antara Resources game da yiwuwar yin amfani da bayanan da aka yi amfani da su don lissafin farashin iskar gas.   

Daga nan ya kafa Centaurus, wani asusun ajiya, tare da kyaututtukan da ya samu a shekarar da ta gabata da kuma wasu masu zuba jari biyu a shekarar 2002. Hukumar gwamnati ta ambace shi sosai saboda ra'ayoyinsa kan masana'antar.  &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

A lokacin rugujewar Amaranth Advisors, ana yaba wa Centaurus a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa a ɗayan gefen matsayinsu, inda suka dawo da kusan kashi 150% a shekarar 2005.  A ranar Agusta 2008, Centaurus ya sami kusan kashi 10% na hannun jarin National Coal Corporation (NCOC).  

A shekara ta 2009, Arnold ya yi jawabi a bainar jama'a ga Hukumar Ciniki ta Kayayyaki ta Amurka (CFTC), inda ya yi adawa da iyakoki kan matsayin ciniki mai daidaito a fannin kuɗi amma ya goyi bayan iyakoki a cikin makomar makamashi ta zahiri yayin da suke gab da ƙarewa.   Arnold ya sanar da yin ritaya daga gudanar da asusun shinge a ranar 2 ga Mayu, 2012.      Centaurus yana da matsakaicin ribar shekara-shekara fiye da kashi 100% a cikin wannan shekaru 10.  <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

### Sauran abubuwan sha'awa
A shekarar 2019, Arnold ya zama shugaban takarar Houston ta neman shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekarar 2026. 

## Taimakon jama'a
 
Arnold ya fara bayar da gudummawa ga Shirin Ilimi Is Power (KIPP) a shekarar 2004 da kyautar dala 30,000 wanda a lokacin yake a Houston, kuma bayan shekaru biyu shi da matarsa sun yi alkawarin dala miliyan 10 don taimakawa KIPP ta faɗaɗa zuwa wasu birane.  Sauran kyaututtukan miliyoyin sun biyo baya ga wasu shirye-shiryen ilimi, misali ga makarantun birnin Washington, DC don biyan kuɗin cancanta, don Koyarwa ga Amurka, da kuma ga StudentsFirst .  Arnold ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga The City Fund, wata ƙungiya da ta mai da hankali kan ƙara yawan makarantun haya a Amurka, da kuma ɓangaren siyasa, na Jami'ar Gwamnati. 

Gidauniyar Laura da John Arnold gidauniya ce mai zaman kanta wadda Arnold da matarsa Laura suka kafa.   An kafa kungiyar a shekarar 2008.  A shekarar 2010, Arnolds sun kasance sa hannu a kan Alƙawarin Ba da Gudummawa,  alƙawarin da wasu mutane masu daraja suka yi na bayar da mafi yawan kuɗin shigarsu ga ayyukan agaji a rayuwarsu.  Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Arnolds sun shiga cikin aikin rashin laifi wanda ya haifar da sha'awarsu ga gyaran laifuka.  Gidauniyar ta mayar da hankali kan bayar da shaida don canji mai tsari.  

A shekarar 2013, ƙungiyar Arnolds ta ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 10 a matsayin gudummawar sirri ga Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Masu Farawa bayan rufewar gwamnatin tarayya ta Amurka na 2013 ya rufe shirye-shiryen Hawan Jini na pre-K. 

A watan Oktoban 2018, an ruwaito cewa Arnold ya kashe sama da dala miliyan 100 a cikin tallafin da ya shafi kiwon lafiya tun daga shekarar 2014, tare da mai da hankali kan rage farashin magungunan magunguna.  Arnold yana ba da kuɗaɗen Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya da Tattalin Arziki (ICER), wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ta ƙirƙiri dabarar farashin magunguna. Waɗanda ke goyon bayan dabarar ICER sun yi imanin cewa za ta iya rage farashi yayin da masu suka ke jayayya cewa dabarar tana nuna wariya ga tsofaffi da waɗanda ke da nakasa ko cututtuka marasa galihu.  Arnold kuma ya kasance mai tasiri ga ƙoƙarin 'yan Democrat na zartar da dokar gyaran farashin magunguna. 

A shekarar 2019, an mayar da ƙungiyar zuwa wani kamfani mai ɗaukar nauyi mai iyaka wanda ya ƙunshi tsohuwar gidauniya, asusun da masu ba da shawara kan bayar da gudummawa, da kuma ƙungiyar bayar da shawarwari ta Action Now Initiative, inda suka haɗa ayyukan agaji, bincike, manufofi, da kuma bayar da shawarwari yadda ya kamata. [1] An san sabuwar ƙungiyar da suna Arnold Ventures LLC tare da yarjejeniyar "don kawar da shinge tsakanin bayanai da yanke shawara, suna aiki cikin sauri a cikin tsarin canjin manufofi."

A shekarar 2019, Arnold ya yi Allah wadai da asusun da masu ba da shawara kan bayar da tallafi (DAF), yana sukar su kan jinkirin bayar da agaji da kuma tallata bayarwa ga cibiyoyin da ba sa buƙatar kuɗin.  Ya ba da shawarar cewa gidauniyoyi da DAFs ya kamata su kashe aƙalla kashi 7% a kowace shekara, wanda zai haifar da ƙarin biliyoyin daloli ga ƙungiyoyin agaji,  kuma ya kamata a riƙe DAFs bisa doka zuwa mafi ƙarancin rarrabawa kowace shekara. 

## Takaddama
Kamfanin Arnold Ventures LLC ya jawo suka saboda shigarsa cikin fannoni da dama masu cike da ce-ce-ku-ce. Sun amince da wasu daga cikin sukar kuma sun mai da hankali kan haɗin gwiwa da ƙungiyoyi don haɓaka tasirinsu ba tare da tasirin da ya wuce gona da iri ba.  An shigar da tsohuwar gidauniyar a gaban kotu kan kayan aikin yanar gizo kafin a fara shari'a ta dangin wanda aka kashe, amma Kotun Gundumar da Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara ta Amurka sun yi watsi da ƙarar.  

Tallafin Arnold Ventures na shekarar 2020 don gwada kayan aikin sa ido ta sama da Sashen ' Yan Sanda na Baltimore ya fuskanta ya fuskanci ƙalubalen shari'a amma a watan Nuwamba na 2020, kotun ɗaukaka ƙara ta tarayya ta yanke hukuncin cewa shirin ya kasance na kundin tsarin mulki kuma bai keta haƙƙoƙi da sirrin mazauna birnin ba. 

Gidauniyar Arnold, Arnold Ventures, ta ƙirƙiri wani Kimanta Tsaron Jama'a wanda ya ba wa mutanen da aka kama kwanan nan maki don tantance haɗarin tashi da kuma yiwuwar belinsu. Hukumar NAACP da ACLU sun soki Arnold PSA saboda sun yi imanin cewa kayan aikin tantance haɗari sun ƙara yawan fursunoni a ƙarƙashin fakewar gyaran shari'a. 

John ya sami kyautar dala miliyan 8 daga Enron jim kaɗan kafin kamfanin ya shigar da ƙarar fatarar kuɗi. Wannan ita ce babbar kyautar kuɗi da kamfanin ya taɓa rabawa. An bayyana Arnold a matsayin "mai rashin haƙuri" saboda nasarar da ya samu a kwanakin ƙarshe na Enron. Ba a tuhumi Arnold da aikata wani laifi ba a Enron, amma an ambaci sunansa a cikin ƙarar fatarar kuɗi da wasu ma'aikatan Enron suka shigar.

An zargi Arnold da yin matsin lamba kan gyaran fansho don mayar da martani ga wata ƙara da tsarin fansho na jihar California, CalPERS, ya shigar a kan Enron .  Ta hanyar gidauniyarsa, Arnold ya ƙarfafa gyaran fansho a jihar California bisa ga wani bincike da gidauniyarsa ta yi da Pew wanda ya kasa ambaton cewa Enron ko kuma matsalar kuɗi gaba ɗaya sun taimaka wajen rage gibin. 

John Arnold da ɗan'uwansa Matthew  sun rushe gidajen tarihi a unguwar River Oaks da ke Houston, wanda hakan ya haifar da suka daga masu rajin kare muhalli. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Arnold yana auren Laura Elena (Muñoz) Arnold, wacce ta kammala karatun digiri a Yale wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin lauya mai kare haƙƙin mallaka kuma ta kafa kamfanin binciken mai tare a Houston .  Suna da 'ya'ya uku. 

## Manazarta