Roberta Achtenberg

**Roberta Achtenberg** (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga Yuli, 1950) lauya ce kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a ta Amurka wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin kwamishina a Hukumar Haƙƙoƙin Bil'adama ta Amurka .  A da ta kasance mataimakiyar sakatare a Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ci Gaban Birane ta Amurka, ta zama jami'ar gwamnati ta farko da ta fito fili ta 'yan madigo ko 'yan luwaɗi a Amurka wacce Majalisar Dattawan Amurka ta tabbatar da naɗinta a matsayin shugabar gwamnati.  Wannan zaman tabbatarwa ya jawo yabo, adawa, da goyon baya sosai.  

Achtenberg ta yi makaranta a rassan Jami'ar California daban-daban sannan daga baya ta halarci Jami'ar Utah.  Kafin aikinta na siyasa, ta yi aiki a matsayin lauya, darakta, malami, da kuma kafa ƙungiyoyi.    Achtenberg tana da aure da ɗa, kuma an karrama ta da kyaututtuka da yawa a cikin gida da ƙasa kuma ta yi wallafe-wallafe da yawa a tsawon aikinta.  

## Rayuwa ta sirri

### Rayuwar farko
Achtenberg's father was Jewish and immigrated to the United States from the Soviet Union, while her mother was from Quebec. Both parents had minimal formal education. They owned a grocery store in Los Angeles and raised Roberta and her three siblings in California.

### Ilimi
Bayan kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Morningside da ke Inglewood, California, Achtenberg ta halarci Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, sannan ta koma Jami'ar California, Berkeley, kuma ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1972 da digirin farko na Fasaha a Tarihi.   A Berkeley, ta kammala karatunta na Phi Beta Kappa .  Achtenberg ta kuma haɗu da tsohon mijinta, David Chavkin a Berkeley.   Ta fara karatun lauya a Jami'ar California, Kwalejin Shari'a ta Hastings, kafin daga bisani ta karɓi Likitan Shari'a daga Jami'ar Utah a shekarar 1975.  

### Rayuwa ta sirri
Roberta Achtenberg ta rabu da David Chavkin cikin ladabi a shekarar 1977, kuma ba da daɗewa ba ta fito fili ta bayyana wa iyalinta a matsayin 'yar madigo.  Bayan da Achtenberg ta fito fili, ta sami goyon baya da adawa daga ƙasa.  Mutanen LGBTQ+ da abokan hulɗarta sun yi zanga-zanga don goyon bayanta, kuma ƙungiyoyin addini da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun yi mata zanga-zanga. 

Achtenberg ta haɗu da tsohuwar abokiyar zamanta, Mary Morgan, alkali a Kotun Gundumar San Francisco, a shekarar 1979, kuma ta zama abokan hulɗa a shekarar 1982.   A shekarar 1985, Achtenberg da Morgan sun haifi ɗa mai suna Benjamin.   Achtenberg da Morgan suna ɗaya daga cikin ma'auratan 'yan madigo da aka fi sani da suna da ɗa a lokacin da Achtenberg ke siyasa.  A lokacin faretin alfahari tsakanin 'yan madigo da 'yan madigo na San Francisco, Achtenberg da Mary Morgan sun rungumi juna suka sumbaci juna yayin da suke hawa kan ruwa tare da ɗansu, wanda hakan ya haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce a lokacin shigarta harkar siyasa ta tarayya.  A shekarar 1995, Achtenberg ta yi jawabi a bikin Maris na San Francisco Dyke da kuma taron Pride na 'yan madigo. 

In 2015, she spoke at the University of Utah's S.J Quinney College of Law's Commencement ceremony.

## Sana'a
Kafin ya zama jami'in gwamnati, Achtenberg ya yi aiki fiye da shekaru 15 a matsayin lauya mai kare haƙƙin jama'a, mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a, darektan ƙungiyar agaji, da kuma mai koyar da harkokin shari'a.

Tsakanin 1975 da 1976, ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar koyarwa a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Stanford .    A shekarar 1976, Achtenberg ta zama Shugabar Makarantar Shari'a ta Sabuwar Kwalejin California .    Achtenberg ta goyi bayan al'ummar LGBTQ a farkon aikinta na siyasa. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da kafa Cibiyar Haƙƙin 'Yan Madigo ta Ƙasa a 1977, tare da Donna Hitchens .   Cibiyar tana aiki ne ga mutanen LGBTQ+, kuma tana ba su ayyukan shari'a da shawarwari, shawarwari, da ayyukan ilimi. 

Bugu da ƙari, a shekarar 1978, Achtenberg ta wakilci haƙƙin LGBTQ a lokacin da take cikin Kwamitin Yaƙi da Jinsi na Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Ƙasa .   Yayin da take aiki a ƙungiyar, ta gyara *Harkokin Jima'i da Dokar* (1985).  Wata matsala da wannan aikin ya nuna ita ce samar da jagora kan yadda za a bai wa 'yan madigo da 'yan luwaɗi wakilci mai dacewa.  Takardar ta fayyace yadda za a wakilci matasa 'yan LGBTQ+ yadda ya kamata, yadda za a magance matsalolin Kwaskwarima ta Farko game da mutanen LGBTQ+ ko magana, da ƙari.  

Achtenberg ta taɓa yin aiki a Bankin Ba da Lamuni na Gidaje na Tarayya na San Francisco a Hukumar Daraktoci daga 1997 zuwa 2002 inda ta jagoranci Kwamitin Gidaje Masu Sauƙi, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Lauya Ma'aikaci ga Shirin Haƙƙoƙin 'Yan Madigo na Masu Faɗaɗa Haƙƙoƙin 'Yan Madigo.   A shekara ta 2000, ta zama Darakta Andrew J. Wong, Inc., kuma ta yi aiki a can tun daga lokacin.   A shekara ta 2018 an naɗa ta cikin ƙungiyar Canjin Manufofin Magajin Garin San Francisco, London Breed, don taimakawa wajen magance matsaloli daban-daban, ciki har da manufofin LBGTQ. 

Ita ce wadda ta kafa kuma abokiyar hulɗa da ABK City Advisors, kuma tana aiki a matsayin babbar mai ba da shawara a Lennar Corporation, kuma ita ce Mataimakiyar Shugabar Hukumar Daraktocin Bankin San Francisco.    ****

## Aikin siyasa
Achtenberg bai yi nasara ba don tsayawa takara a zaben musamman na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California na 1988 don maye gurbin Art Agnos, ya sha kashi a hannun John Burton. An zabe ta a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Masu Kula da San Francisco a cikin 1990, karo na farko da 'yan mata biyu (tare da Carole Migden) suka lashe kujeru a cikin kwamitin. A lokacin da take kan Kwamitin Masu Kula da San Francisco, ta yi aiki a kan batutuwa daga haƙƙin mutane zuwa ƙananan kasuwanni zuwa yin mafaka na tashin hankali na cikin gida. Yayinda yake aiki a Kwamitin Masu Kula a shekarar 1992, an nada Achtenberg a kwamitin da ke tsara dandalin Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Kasa.

A shekarar 1993, Shugaba Bill Clinton ya naɗa ta Mataimakin Sakatare a Ofishin Gidaje Masu Adalci da Daidaito, inda ta zama mutum na farko da aka naɗa kuma aka tabbatar da shi a matsayin memba a cikin majalisar ministoci. A matsayinta na Mataimakiyar Sakatare, Achtenberg ta yi nasarar haɗa wani gari da a da fari ne a Vidor, Texas.   Akwai adawa da Ku Klux Klan ga wannan haɗin gwiwar gidaje na jama'a.   Bugu da ƙari, ta yi aiki don taimakawa wajen nemo gidaje ga iyalai da suka rasa matsuguni sakamakon guguwa a 1994, kuma ta yi aiki don inganta adalci a tsarin gidaje.  Ƙungiyarta kuma an ba ta lambar yabo ta Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa Gore's Hammer Award .  Daga 1995 zuwa 1997, an naɗa ta a matsayin babbar mai ba da shawara ga Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ci Gaban Birane ta Amurka .   Achtenberg ta bar mukamin a shekarar 1995 don tsayawa takarar magajin garin San Francisco, kuma ta zo ta uku a bayan Frank Jordan da Willie Brown (waɗanda za su yi nasara a zagaye na biyu).  Daga 1998 zuwa 2004, Achtenberg ta taimaka wajen ƙirƙiro manufofi na Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta San Francisco da Cibiyar Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki ta San Francisco.   Ta yi aiki a matsayin Babbar Mataimakiyar Shugaba kan Manufofin Jama'a a Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta San Francisco har zuwa Janairu 2005.  A shekarar 2004, a lokacin da take Babbar Mataimakiyar Shugaba, ta taimaka wa ma'aurata masu jinsi ɗaya, Phyllis Ann Lyon da Del Martin, samun lasisin aure na farko da San Francisco ta bayar ga ma'aurata masu jinsi ɗaya.  

A shekara ta 2000, Gwamna Gray Davis ya naɗa ta a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Amintattu na Jami'ar Jihar California, inda ta zama shugabar kwamitin a watan Mayu na 2006, tana aiki a Kwamitin Amintattu na CSU har zuwa 2015.  Achtenberg ta yi shekaru 16 a Kwamitin Amintattu na Jami'ar Jihar California, inda ta yi shekaru biyu a matsayin shugaba, inda ta ƙirƙiro Tsarin Samun Kyakkyawar Aiki.  Achtenberg kuma ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa Cibiyar Kula da Lafiyar Marasa Lafiya ta CSU, kuma memba ce a Hukumar Ba da Shawara ta Ƙasa ta Kula da Marasa Lafiya.  Saboda aikinta mai yawa da Jami'ar Jihar California, an ba ta digirin digirgir na Wasikun Jinƙai . 

Achtenberg ita ce ke kula da Ƙungiyar Bita ta Hukumar Kula da Gidaje da Bunkasa Birane ta Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Bunkasa Birane wadda ta taimaka wa gwamnatin Obama a lokacin da ta fara aiki a shekarar 2008.  A ranar 26 ga Janairu, 2011, Shugaba Barack Obama ya naɗa Achtenberg a matsayin Kwamishina na Hukumar Kula da Haƙƙoƙin Bil Adama ta Amurka .  Ta yi aiki har zuwa shekarar 2016. 

### Mataimakin Sakataren Gidaje Masu Daidaito da kuma Sauraren Zaɓe da kuma Sauraron Tabbatarwa
Bayan muhawarar da ta ɗauki tsawon kwanaki uku, ciki har da awanni tara da rabi na zaɓen 'yan takara a ranakun 19 da 20 ga Mayu, Majalisar Dattawa ta 103 ta tabbatar da Achtenberg a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 1993, inda ta sami ƙuri'u 58 na YEAs, yayin da 31 NAYs suka kaɗa ƙuri'a, inda 1 ya kaɗa ƙuri'a a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara, 10 kuma ba su kaɗa ƙuri'a ba.  Roberta Achtenberg ita ce mutum ta farko da ta bayyana a fili cewa tana da LGBTQ+ da ta shiga cikin tsarin tabbatar da majalisar dattawa, kuma daga baya ta kasance mutum ta farko da ta riƙe mukamin tarayya.

A lokacin zaman sauraron ƙarar, Sanatoci da yawa sun yi wa Achtenberg tambayoyi, ciki har da Sanatoci Faircloth, Boxer, da Bond .  A duk tsawon lokacin, Sanata Jesse Helms ya yi mata suka da ƙarfi, wanda ya kira ta "mace 'yar madigo" cewa Majalisar Dattawa ya kamata ta ƙi amincewa da wannan matsayi.    Achtenberg ta kuma sami adawa daga Christian Action Network, saboda fafutukar da take yi wa 'yan madigo masu tsattsauran ra'ayi.    Achtenberg ta sami goyon baya daga ƙungiyoyi da mutane da yawa, kamar National Fair Housing Alliance, San Francisco Bar Association, National Association of Human Rights Workers, Sanata Feinstein, da kuma 'yar majalisar dokoki Pelosi . 

She also expressed her own viewpoints and goals related to the position. Achtenberg stated that, in the role of Assistant Secretary, she would strive to eradicate housing discrimination and allow people to make free and fair choices surrounding their housing.

## Kyaututtuka

* Advocate Article, a gay and lesbian magazine, named Achtenberg the Advocate's "Woman of the Year" in 1993.
* Awarded the Visibility Award in 1994 from GLAAD Media Awards
* Recognized five times as one of the "50 Most Influential Businesswomen" in the Bay Area by the San Francisco Business Times
* Awarded the Founders Award from the National Center for Lesbian Rights
* Awarded the Award of Excellence by the National Community Reinvestment Coalition
* Awarded "Woman of the Year" by the California State Senate for the Third District
* Declared Management Volunteer of the Year by the United Way, Bay Area
* Received the Southern California Women for Understanding Achievement Award
* Received the Women of Achievement Award from the National Organization for Women
* Received an honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters at California State University and California State University San Marcos
* In 2012, she was named by Equality Forum as one of their 31 Icons of LGBT History Month.
* In 2021, she was named a Pride Honoree by the California Legislature's LGBTQ Caucus in recognition of her pioneering  advocacy work and for being the first openly LGBTQ person to hold a federal position.
* Was inducted into the LGBTQ Victory Institute's Hall of Fame as part of the Founding Class in 2021
* Recognized as #WomenWhoBuiltHUD by the Department of Housing and Urban Development in 2022 during Women's History Month

## Littattafai

* "Gyaran Ɗabi'a: Iyakokin Shari'a kan Hanyoyi da Manufofi", 50 *Notre Dame Lawyer* 230 (1975) 
* *Tsarin Jima'i da Dokar*, ta Roberta Achtenberg (edita) (1985) 
* "Shari'ar Fa'idodin Abokan Hulɗa: Faɗaɗa Ma'anar Iyali", Matthew bender *Dokar Iyali ta Wata-wata* (Mayu 1987) 
* *Iyayen 'Yan Luwaɗi da 'Yan Madigo da Masu Ɗauki da Masu Renon Yara,* a cikin Iyayen 'Yan Luwaɗi da 'Yan Madigo, Bozett, Ed., Praeger Press (1987) 
* *Sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Nicaragua: Rahoton Watan Agusta na 1986 Wakilan Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Ƙasa zuwa Nicaragua* (Mayu 1987)
* *Cutar Kanjamau da Kula da Yara: Jagora ga Tallafawa*, Cibiyar Haƙƙoƙin 'Yan Madigo ta Ƙasa (1989) 
* *Littafin Soyayya da Aure na 'Yan Madigo da 'Yan Luwadi: Ƙirƙirar Labarun Rayuwarmu*, na Paula Martinac, Roberta Achtenberg (mai ba da gudummawa) (1998) 
* *Kiyayewa da Kare Iyalan 'Yan Madigo da Maza 'Yan Luwadi*, Cibiyar Kare Hakkokin 'Yan Madigo ta Ƙasa (1986, 1990) 
* *Littafin Shari'ar Iyayen Madigo*, Bugu na Biyu, Cibiyar 'Yancin Madigo ta Ƙasa, tare da Donna Hitchens (1990) 
* *Kare Iyalan 'Yan Madigo* a Haƙƙinmu na Soyayya, Vida, Ed, (1990) 
* *Taimaka wa Matasan 'Yan Luwadi da 'Yan Madigo: Sabbin Manufofi, Sabbin Shirye-shirye, Sabbin Ayyuka*, na Teresa Decrescenzo (edita), Roberta Achtenberg (mai ba da gudummawa) (1994) 

## Manazarta