Canjin yanayi a Thailand

Tun daga karni na 20, Canjin yanayi ya haifar da yawan zafin jiki a Thailand. An yi la'akari da Thailand mai matukar damuwa ga tasirin canjin yanayi. matsanancin zafi da hauhawar matakin teku suna barazana ga sassan Thailand, gami da babban birnin Bangkok. An dauki rushewar a matsayin babbar matsala saboda canjin yanayi a cikin kasar.

A matsayin mai sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Paris ta 2015, Gwamnatin Thailand ta ba da gudummawa ga kasa don rage fitar da iskar gas ta shekara-shekara da kashi 20-25% nan da 2030.

## Canjin zafin jiki
 
Masu bincike sun gano cewa yanayin zafi ya karu a Thailand a cikin rabin karni da ya gabata, kodayake akwai wasu bambance-bambance a cikin kimantawar su. Ma'aikatar Meteorology ta Thailand ta ba da rahoton cewa matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara a Thailand ya tashi da digiri daya na Celsius daga 1981 zuwa 2007.  : Wani binciken ya gano cewa matsakaicin yanayin zafi na shekara-shekara a Thailand ya karu da 0.95 ° C tsakanin 1955 da 2009, fiye da matsakaicin yawan zafin duniya na 0.69 ° C. Mafi girman zafin jiki na shekara-shekara ya karu da 0.86 ° C kuma mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki ya ragu da 1.45 ° C a cikin shekaru 55 da suka gabata.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Daga 1993 zuwa 2008, matakin teku a cikin Tekun Thailand ya karu da 3-5 mm a kowace shekara, idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin duniya na 1.7 mm a kowace tawen. Danny Marks, farfesa kuma mai ba da shawara kan yanayi ga Gidauniyar Rockefeller, ya yi gargadi cewa "Canjin yanayi ya saita ya shafi duniya sosai, kuma Thailand zai iya zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da suka fi shafa saboda yanayin ƙasa, tattalin arziki, da matakin ci gaba. "&nbsp;&nbsp;

Ya zuwa 2024, Thailand tana fama da mummunan zafi, wanda ke haifar da yanayin zafi a duk faɗin ƙasar. A watan Afrilu, gundumomi sama da goma sha uku sun ba da rahoton hauhawar da ba a taɓa gani ba, sun karya rikodin wasu daga cikinsu sun koma 1958. Mafi girman zafin jiki a wannan shekara an rubuta shi a Lampang a 44.2 ° C, kusa da rikodin ƙasa na 44.6 ° C. Har ila yau, zafi ya fitar da amfani da wutar lantarki zuwa mafi girma na 36,477.8 megawatts. A cikin 30 Afrilu 2024 20:56, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta ba da rahoton kusan mutuwar da ke da alaƙa da zafi 30 a duk fadin kasar saboda matsanancin yanayin zafi.

## Hawan matakin teku

Hawan matakin teku, wanda ya haifar da canjin yanayi, yana daya daga cikin manyan barazanar da canjin sauyin yanayi ke kawowa Thailand.

Ma'aikatar Marine da Coastal Resources (DMCR) ta Gwamnatin Thailand ta lissafa cewa rushewa ta sa kasar ta rasa kilomita 30 na ƙasar bakin teku a kowace shekara. Ofishin Thai na albarkatun kasa da manufofi da muhalli ya yi hasashen cewa matakin teku zai tashi mita daya a cikin shekaru 40 zuwa 100 masu zuwa, yana tasiri aƙalla 3,2 km2 na ƙasar bakin teku, a yiwuwar farashi ga Thailand na biliyan uku. 17% na yawan mutanen Thailand, sama da mutane miliyan 11, wannan zai shafa kai tsaye.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Ƙasa a ƙarƙashin Bangkok tana nutsewa kusan santimita uku a kowace shekara. Rashin ruwa, wanda ya haifar da wurin da birnin yake a kan wani fili na yumbu mai laushi, ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar yawan famfo na ruwa da kuma nauyin manyan gine-gine. A cewar Majalisar Gyara ta Kasa ta Thailand (NRC), ba tare da wani mataki na gaggawa ba, Bangkok na iya kasancewa a ƙarƙashin ruwa a shekara ta 2030 saboda haɗuwa da hauhawar matakin teku, hakar ruwa, da nauyin gine-ginen birni. Masu sukar suna jayayya cewa duk da gargadi daga masana cewa bakin tekun Thailand da Bangkok suna fuskantar bala'i da ambaliyar ruwa mai kama da Ambaliyar ruwa ta 2011 a Thailand, gwamnati har yanzu tana motsawa da sannu a hankali don magance tasirin canjin yanayi.

## Ayyukan gwamnati
Thailand ta gabatar da gudummawar da ta yi niyya ta kasa (INDC) ga Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi (UNFCCC) a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2015 .  Ya yi alkawarin rage yawan iskar gas zuwa 20% a cikin iskar gas din da za ta yi a shekara ta 2030. Thailand ta aika da wakilai 81, a farashin baht miliyan 20, zuwa Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2015 (COP 21 ko CMP 11) a Paris. Thailand ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Yanayi ta Paris a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2016 a bikin sanya hannu na hukuma, kuma ta tabbatar da bin yarjejeniyar a ranar 21 ga Satumba 2016.

Alkawuran kasa a Paris sun yi daidai da karuwar 3 ° C a yanayin zafi na duniya bisa ga masana kimiyya na yanayi. Masu sasantawa a Paris sun yi aiki don kawo wannan zuwa 2 ° C, amma har ma wannan ƙaramin adadi na iya zama "babban bala'i ga Bangkok," wanda ya tilasta watsi da birnin ta hanyar 2200 a ƙarshe kuma ta hanyar 2045-2070 a farkon. A cikin wata takarda da aka buga a ranar 1 ga Maris 2016, masu binciken yanayi James Hansen da Makiko Sato sun bayyana cewa, "Yankunan wurare masu zafi... a lokacin rani suna cikin haɗarin zama kusan ba za a iya zama ba a ƙarshen ƙarni idan har kasuwanci-kamar yadda aka saba fitar da man fetur na burbushin halittu ya ci gaba... "  A cikin 2015, Bangkok ya kai matsakaicin 29.6 ° C, 1.6 ° C sama da na al'ada. &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2019, Fundación Ecológica Universal (FEU), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta muhalli ta duniya da ke zaune a Buenos Aires, ta wallafa wani kimantawa game da alkawuran yanayi na kasa. Ya yanke hukunci game da gudummawar da aka ƙaddara a cikin ƙasa ta Thailand ta zama "maras isasshen". A Yarjejeniyar Paris, Thailand ta yi alkawarin rage hayakin carbon da kashi 20% a ƙasa da hasashen "kasuwanci kamar yadda ya saba" (BAU), ta amfani da hayakin 2005 a matsayin tushe, nan da 2030, tare da ƙarin raguwar kashi 5% dangane da karɓar taimako daga ƙasashe masu tasowa. Sabanin haka, FEU ta lissafa cewa raguwar kashi 20% na Thailand a cikin hayaki na GHG zuwa 2030 zai zama karuwar hayaki na 39% fiye da hayaki na 2013. Binciken FEU ya yanke hukunci cewa kowace alkawuran ASEAN ba su isa ba: Myanmar ba ta sanya manufa ta rage fitar da hayaki ba; Cambodia da Laos ba za su yi wani raguwa ba sai dai idan taimakon kasa da kasa ya zo; kuma Brunei da Philippines har yanzu, tun daga 2019, don bayyana INDCs. Rahoton FEU ya bambanta da labarin da Firayim Minista na Thailand da Shugaban ASEAN Prayut Chan-o-cha suka bayyana a taron koli na 2019 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a watan Satumbar 2019, inda ya yi iƙirarin cewa yankin ya rage amfani da makamashi da kashi 22% idan aka kwatanta da 2005. Wani binciken ya nuna cewa kokarin da Thailand da sauran kasashen ASEAN ke yi na hana hayaki har yanzu ba su dace da gudummawar da suka bayar a karkashin Yarjejeniyar Paris ba.

## Rashin ƙarfi da martani na gwamnati

Wasu yanayin halittu na wurare masu zafi suna lalacewa ta hanyar canjin yanayi da sauri fiye da yadda ake tsammani - murfin murjani misali ne - yayin da wasu wuraren zama na iya lalacewa a tsawon lokaci. Ana ɗaukar yanayin halittu na wurare masu zafi musamman masu rauni saboda yawancin nau'o'in wurare masu zafi sun samo asali ne a cikin takamaiman yanayin zafin jiki. Yayin da yanayin zafi ke tashi, bazai tsira ba. A cewar wani rahoto, Thailand za ta iya shafar Sakamakon canjin yanayi.

matsanancin zafi a Kudu maso gabashin Asiya a yau yana rage lokutan aiki da 15-2%, kuma wannan adadi na iya ninka sau biyu a shekarar 2050 yayin da canjin yanayi ke ci gaba, a cewar wata takarda da aka buga a cikin Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health. Takardar ta tsara asarar kashi shida cikin dari na GDP na Thailand a shekara ta 2030 saboda raguwar lokutan aiki da ya haifar da hauhawar zafin jiki. Wata takarda ta 2013 da aka buga a cikin Nature, ta Mora, da sauransu sun yi hasashen cewa abubuwa a cikin wurare masu zafi za su fara zuwa "haywire" a kusa da shekara ta 2020. Wasu masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa a shekara ta 2100, "...yawancin ƙananan da matsakaicin latitudes ba za a iya zama ba saboda damuwa game da zafi ko fari..."  Wani binciken da aka buga a cikin Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ya bincika yadda mafi munin yanayin CO2 zai shafi mazaunin ɗan adam: a ƙarshen ƙarni, matsakaicin ɗan adam zai fuskanci karuwar zafin jiki na 7.5 ° C lokacin da yanayin duniya ya karu da 3 ° C binciken ya annabta. A wannan matakin, kusan kashi 30% na yawan mutanen duniya za su rayu cikin matsanancin zafi, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin matsakaicin zafin jiki na 29 ° C. A cikin 2020, wannan zafin jiki yana da wuya a waje da sassan da suka fi zafi na hamadar Sahara. Thailand tana daga cikin wuraren da abin ya shafa, tare da hasashen Thais miliyan 62 da aka fallasa ga matsanancin zafi.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

NASA ta ba da rahoton cewa shekara ta 2016 za ta zama shekara mafi zafi da aka taɓa yin rikodin a cikin shekaru 136 na adana rikodin zamani. A cikin gida, Ma'aikatar Kula da Yanayi ta Thai ta ba da rahoton cewa zafin jiki a Lardin Mae Hong Son ya kai 44.6 ° C a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2016, ya karya rikodin "ranar da ta fi zafi" na Thailand. : 20 Afrilu a Thailand yawanci yana da zafi, amma yanayin 2016 ya kafa rikodin mafi tsawo a cikin akalla shekaru 65. A cikin Sanarwar WMO game da Yanayin Yanayi na Duniya a cikin 2016, Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya ta tabbatar da cewa 2016 ita ce shekarar da ta fi zafi a tarihin Thailand. &nbsp;

Kungiyar Tasirin Yanayi a Cibiyar Nazarin Sararin samaniya ta NASA ta nazarin bayanan yanayi don manyan birane a duk duniya. Ya gano cewa Bangkok a cikin 1960 yana da kwanaki 193 a ko sama da 32 ° C. A cikin 2018, Bangkok na iya tsammanin kwanaki 276 a ko sama da 32 ° C. Kungiyar ta yi hasashen hauhawar ta hanyar 2100 zuwa, a matsakaita, kwanaki 297 zuwa 344 a ko sama da 32 ° C. The State of the World's Fisheries and Aquaculture 2016 ta FAO ta ba da rahoton cewa binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya gano cewa canjin yanayi zai shafi tsaro na abinci a Asiya a tsakiyar karni na 21. Ya ƙidaya kamun kifi na Thailand a matsayin daga cikin mafi munin tasiri idan aka yi la'akari da duk mahalli - ruwa mai laushi, ruwa mai lawu, da kamun kifin ruwa. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Masu bincike a Jami'ar Stanford da Jami'ar California, suna nazarin tarihin tarihi game da yadda zafin jiki ke shafar tattalin arziki, sun yi hasashen cewa, idan aka ba da halin yanzu, kudin shiga na duniya zai zama kashi 23% ƙasa da ƙarshen karni fiye da yadda zai kasance ba tare da canjin yanayi ba. Ragewar samun kudin shiga ba a rarraba shi daidai ba, tare da yankuna masu zafi da suka fi fama da su. Binciken ya kiyasta cewa GDP na Thailand zai ragu da kashi 90% a cikin 2099 dangane da GDP a cikin 2016.  Ko da ƙananan bangarorin tattalin arziki na iya shafar: yawon shakatawa na coral reef a duk duniya - wanda ya kai dala biliyan 36 a cikin 2019 - na iya raguwa da kashi 90% a Thailand da sauran manyan wuraren yawon shakata guda huɗu ta hanyar 2100.

Rashin fitar da CO2 na Thailand ga kowane mutum ya tashi daga tan 0.14 a cikin 1960 zuwa tan 4.5 a cikin 2013, yayin da yawan jama'a ya tashi daga miliyan 27 zuwa miliyan 67 a wannan lokacin. Babban Shirin Canjin Yanayi na Gwamnatin Thailand, 2012-2050 ya ga cewa "Thailand na iya [] ci gaba da ci gaban tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da muhalli daidai da falsafar tattalin arzikin isasshen yanayi da kuma rage fitar da iskar gas a shekara ta 2050, ba tare da hana babban samfurin cikin gida (GDP) ko rage ci gaban ci gaban ci gaba da gasa ba.  Ayyukan Bangkok250 da Green Bangkok 2030 suna da niyyar yin babban birnin da tafiya, rage hayaki, da inganta ingancin iska. 

Ya zuwa 2025, ana sa ran Majalisar za ta zartar da Dokar Canjin Yanayi, wanda zai aiwatar da sa ido da rage fitar da hayaki.

## Manazarta