open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Makamashi a Najeriya

A cikin 2018, amfani da makamashi na farko na Najeriya ya kai kimanin 155 Mtoe. Yawancin makamashi sun fito ne daga kayan gargajiya da sharar gida, wanda ya kai kashi 73.5% na jimlar amfani da farko a cikin 2018. Sauran sun fito ne daga man fetur (26.4%) da wutar lantarki.

Coal, tanadin Man fetur, iska gas, peat, hydroelectricity, hasken rana da iska sune manyan albarkatun makamashi a Najeriya  kuma kasar ta kasance babbar mai samar da mai da iskar gas a Afirka. Fitar da shi a cikin 2022 ya kai kimanin ganga miliyan 1.2 na mai a kowace rana (bopd),  da ganga 300 a kowace rana, yana mai da shi mafi girma mai samar da mai a nahiyar. Najeriya tana da tanadin mai kusan ganga biliyan 37 da tanadin gas na kimanin 206 Tcf, matsayi na 10 da 8 a duniya, bi da bi, kuma yana ba shi isasshen wuri don ci gaba da bunkasa masana'antar hydrocarbons. Koyaya, Najeriya kuma memba ce ta Ƙungiyar Kasashen Fitar da Man Fetur (OPEC)  kuma tana ƙarƙashin ƙididdigar samarwa akai-akai.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya

## Man fetur

An tono rijiyar mai ta farko a Najeriya a 1958 a Oloibiri  wanda shine Jihar Bayelsa ta yanzu. Wannan ya yi aiki a matsayin muhimmiyar mahimmanci don samar da mai da iskar gas a Najeriya da kuma fitowar kasar a matsayin babban mai samar da mai & iskar gas na duniya. A cikin 2022, Najeriya har yanzu ita ce babbar mai samar da mai a Afirka kuma ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma a duniya.

Kamfanonin Man Fetur na Duniya (IOCs) kamar Shell, TotalEnergies, ExxonMobil, Chevron Corporation, Eni, da Equinor, sun saka hannun jari a Najeriya shekaru da yawa kuma sun kasance manyan kamfanonin samarwa a kasar, musamman a waje. Koyaya, ƙalubalen tsaro mai tsanani a cikin Neja Delta tare da ci gaba da sata a kan tsarin bututun mai a kan iyaka sun ci gaba da tura IOCs daga yankunan da ke kan iyaka, suna barin wuri ga masu zaman kansu na Najeriya don karɓar mahimman kadarorin mai da iskar gas.

## Manazarta
Richard J. Sullivan (mai kula da muhalli)

**Richard J. Sullivan** masanin injiniya ne na Amurka, wanda aka nada shi a siyasa, kuma mai kula da muhalli wanda shine Kwamishinan farko na Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli ta New Jersey .

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Sullivan a Jersey City, New Jersey ga Dennis da Mary Sullivan . Bayan ya yi aiki a cikin Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka daga 1945 zuwa 1946, ya sami digiri na farko na kimiyya a Injiniyan Injiniya daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Stevens, digiri na masters na zane-zane a Turanci daga Jami'ar Seton Hall, da kuma digiri na mashahuri a Lafiya ta Jama'a daga Jami'a.

## Ayyukan farko na aikin gwamnati
A cikin 1950, Sullivan ya shiga gwamnatin jihar New Jersey a matsayin injiniyan kiwon lafiya na jama'a. Ya kasance majagaba a farkon kokarin inganta yanayin New Jersey kuma an nada shi Darakta na sabon Sashen Tsabtace Ruwa da Ruwa, a cikin Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta NJ, a shekarar 1966.

## Kwamishinan Kare Muhalli na New Jersey

## Ayyukansa na baya da mutuwarsa
Bayan aikinsa a gwamnatin jihar, Sullivan ya yi aiki a fannoni a Jami'ar Princeton da Cibiyar Stevens, yana koyar da nazarin muhalli.

Bayan matsayinsa na jami'a, Sullivan ya ci gaba da goyon bayansa mai karfi game da abubuwan muhalli. Ya kafa New Jersey First, kamfanin kula da muhalli wanda ya kasance shugaban har zuwa 1999. 

Ya kuma zauna a kan allon da kwamitoci da yawa, ciki har da zama shugaban Hukumar Pinelands (wanda gwamnoni uku suka nada shi don wa'adin da suka biyo baya) da kuma shugaban Asusun New Jersey.

Sullivan ya mutu a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 2013 a gidansa a Wall Township, New Jersey .

## Kyauta
Tun daga shekara ta 2000, Kyautar Kyautar Muhalli ta Gwamnan New Jersey ta kasance shirin bayar da kyaututtuka na muhalli na New Jersey tun daga shekara ta 2000. A cikin waɗannan kyaututtuka, lambar yabo ta Richard J. Sullivan ta amince da mutanen da suka nuna jagoranci na musamman da gagarumin nasara wajen kare lafiyar jama'a, karewa da inganta albarkatun kasa daban-daban na New Jersey da ƙirƙirar al'ummomi masu ƙarfi, masu ɗorewa waɗanda ke ba da damar tattalin arziki ga kowa,  ko kuma sun taimaka wajen kare dokar adalci ta muhalli.

## Manazarta
Manomi da Mai Ba da Gida

Jaridar ***The Farmer & Settler*** jarida ce mai watsa shirye-shirye a harshen Turanci da ake bugawa a Sydney, New South Wales, Ostiraliya, tsakanin 1906 da 1957. An fi buga ta a kowane mako.

An yi wa tutar fitowar farko ta Manomi da Settler taken "Jaridar Hukuma ta Ƙungiyar Manoma da Settlers ta New South Wales", sannan daga Juzu'i na II mai lamba 1 na 8 ga Fabrairu 1907, taken "Ƙungiyar Manoma da Settlers ta NSW", wanda a watan Yuli 1910 ya zama "Muryar Duniyar Karkara",[1] daga 22 ga Maris 1918 "da Mujallar Masu Kiwo da Dabbobi"; daga 30 ga Janairu 1932 "An Gudanar da shi ta Uncle Wiseman"; [lower-alpha 1] sannan daga 29 ga Yuli 1937 "Shekarar 32 ta Bugawa" (ana sabunta ta kowace Fabrairu).

## Tarihi

An buga fitowar farko a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 1906 a matsayin jaridar hukuma ta Ƙungiyar Manoma da Mazauna New South Wales ". Editan farko na jaridar shine sakataren (a lokacin) na Ƙungiyar F&S, TI Campbell, tare da Charles White mataimakin edita.   Har yanzu White yana aiki haka a watan Disamba, 1909, a mafi yawan lokacin a ƙarƙashin "babban ƙaramin edita" Harry J. Stephens. 

A watan Yulin 1907, an yi wa wani sabon kamfani **mai suna Farmers' and Settlers' Publishers Limited**, wanda ke da kadarorin £20,000 a cikin £1, don kwace kadarorin jaridar.  Ƙungiyar Manoma da Settlers' Association ba za ta iya dogara da jaridar don ta zama muryarta ba, kuma a watan Janairun 1911, Ƙungiyar ta ƙaddamar da wata sabuwar takarda, *The Land* in competition.

A watan Agusta na shekarar 1911, jaridar ta fara bugawa sau biyu a mako, kuma hakan ya ci gaba har zuwa jim kaɗan bayan fara Yaƙin Duniya na 1. Daga ranar Litinin 7 ga Satumba, 1914, ana buga jaridar kowace rana don bayar da rahoto game da "yaƙin daga rana zuwa rana". A shekarar 1916, jaridar ta ba wa Jean Williamson aikinta na farko. Ita ce ke gudanar da sashin mata na jaridar. 

## Canzawa ta hanyar dijital
An mayar da wannan takarda ta hanyar dijital a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Dijital na Jaridun Australiya na Laburaren Ƙasa na Australiya. 

## Manazarta
2026 FIFA World Cup

**Kofin Duniya na FIFA 26** 2026, wanda aka tallata a matsayin Kofin Duniya ya FIFA 26,  zai zama Kofin Duniya nke FIFA na 23, gasar kwallon kafa ta maza ta kasa da kasa da Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa na kungiyoyin membobin FIFA suka fafata. Gasar za ta gudana daga Yuni 11 zuwa Yuli 19, 2026.  Za a shirya shi tare da birane goma sha shida - goma sha ɗaya a Amurka, uku a Mexico, da biyu a Kanada. Gasar za ta kasance ta farko da kasashe uku za su shirya.

## Tsarin da fadadawa
Babban ra'ayin fadada gasar an ba da shawarar tun farkon 2013 daga shugaban UEFA na lokacin Michel Platini,   kuma a cikin 2016 daga shugaban FIFA Gianni Infantino.  Masu adawa da shawarar sun yi jayayya cewa yawan wasannin da aka buga sun riga sun kasance a matakin da ba a yarda da shi ba,  cewa fadada za ta narkar da ingancin wasannin,   kuma cewa yanke shawara ta haifar da siyasa maimakon damuwa game da wasanni, suna zargin Infantino da amfani da alkawarin kawo karin ƙasashe zuwa gasar cin kofin duniya don lashe zabensa.

Farawa da wannan fitowar, gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta fadada zuwa kungiyoyi 48, karuwar kungiyoyi 16 idan aka kwatanta da wasanni bakwai da suka gabata. Za a raba kungiyoyin zuwa rukuni goma sha biyu na ƙungiyoyi huɗu, tare da manyan ƙungiyoyi biyu a kowane rukuni da ƙungiyoyi takwas mafi kyau na uku da ke ci gaba zuwa sabon zagaye na 32, kamar yadda Majalisar FIFA ta amince a ranar 14 ga Maris, 2023. Wannan an saita shi don zama fadadawa ta farko da canjin tsari tun 1998.

### Tsarin fadada da ya gabata
An riga an amince da fadada zuwa kungiyoyi 48 a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 2017, lokacin da aka yanke shawarar cewa gasar za ta hada da kungiyoyi 16 na kungiyoyi 3, da wasanni 80 gabaɗaya, tare da manyan kungiyoyi biyu na kowanerukuni suna ci gaba zuwa zagaye na 32.  A karkashin wannan tsarin da aka fi sani da shi daga baya, matsakaicin adadin wasannin kowace kungiya zai kasance a bakwai, amma kowace kungiya za ta buga wasan rukuni daya fiye da baya. Har yanzu za a kammala gasar a cikin kwanaki 32. An zaɓi tsarin da aka maye gurbin daga baya a kan wasu shawarwari uku, daga ƙungiyoyi 40 zuwa 48, daga wasanni 76 zuwa 88, kuma daga ɗaya zuwa mafi ƙarancin wasanni huɗu a kowace ƙungiya.

Masu suka kan tsarin da aka maye gurbinsa daga baya sun yi jayayya cewa amfani da ƙungiyoyi uku masu ƙungiyoyi biyu waɗanda ke ci gaba da samun nasara ya ƙara haɗarin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙungiyoyi.  Wannan ya sa FIFA ta ba da shawarar cewa ana iya amfani da bugun fenariti don hana yin kunnen doki a matakin rukuni,  kodayake ko da a lokacin akwai haɗarin haɗin gwiwa, kuma akwai yiwuwar ƙungiyoyi su sha kashi da gangan don kawar da abokin hamayya.  Don magance waɗannan damuwar, FIFA ta ci gaba da la'akari da wasu tsare-tsare  - wani tsari da ya ƙare da sanarwar 2023 cewa tsarin zai kasance ƙungiyoyi 12 na ƙungiyoyi 4.

## Manazarta
Yankin Yankin Yammacin Eyre

Jaridar ***Eyre Peninsula Tribune*** jarida ce ta mako-mako da ake bugawa a Cleve, Kudancin Ostiraliya, wacce aka kafa a ƙarshen 1910 kuma aka buga ta daga Maris 1911 zuwa Afrilu 9, 2020. Daga 1911 zuwa 1950 an yi mata lakabi da ***Eyre's Peninsula Tribune***, wanda ke nuna lokacin da ake kiran yankunan Kudancin Ostiraliya da amfani da abubuwan mallaka (misali  ). Daga baya aka sayar da ita ga Rural Press, mallakar Fairfax Media a da, amma yanzu kamfanin watsa labarai na Ostiraliya ne ke siyar da ita a matsayin Australian Community Media.

## Tarihi
An kafa ***jaridar Eyre's Peninsula Tribune*** a watan Disamba na shekarar 1910, inda aka fitar da fitowar farko a ranar 10 ga Maris 1911. Charles Wallace ne ya kafa jaridar a Cowell, kuma bayan rasuwarsa a shekarar 1912 George Wallace ne ke kula da ita, kuma a shekarar 1920 aka sayar da ita ga ER Main.  A shekarar 1941, a lokacin rabon kayan yaƙi, ta maye gurbin ***Kimba Dispatch*** (2 ga Satumba 1927 - 9 ga Mayu 1941), wanda Main ta kafa a matsayin reshe.  A ranar Alhamis 15 ga Mayu 1941, an ƙara wani ƙaramin rubutu ( *wanda aka haɗa da Kimba "Dispatch."* )  amma a watan Janairu 1951, an sauƙaƙe taken zuwa ***Eyre Peninsula Tribune*** .

Bayan rasuwar Main a shekarar 1959, jaridar Port Lincoln Times ta karɓe Tribune, wacce ita ma ta mallaki Areas Express (1959-1960), inda ta haɗa su biyun a ƙarƙashin taken Tribune . [1] A shekarar 1963, RC Braund na Port Lincoln Times ya karɓi ragamar jaridar, kuma a shekarar 1982 Northern Newspapers Pty Ltd ta karɓe ta (ta lashe kyautar Ampol Award don mafi kyawun jaridar ƙasa a Ostiraliya, tare da rarrabawa ƙasa da 5,000 a wannan shekarar).[1] A shekarar 1991, Rural Press da ke New South Wales ta zama mallakarta, wadda a da take ɓangare na Fairfax Media.[1]

## Rarrabawa
Yaɗuwar ta sun haɗa da Cleve, Arno Bay, Butler, Cowell, Darke Peak, Elbow Hill, Kimba, Koppoio, Lock, Midgee, Port Neil, Rudall, Tumby Bay, Ungarra, Verrar, Wharminda, Yallunda Flat, kuma ita ce jarida mafi tsufa da ake bugawa a yankin Eyre Peninsula. 

## Tsarin dijital
Laburaren Ƙasa na Australiya yana ɗauke da hotuna da nau'ikan rubutu na jaridar daga 1911 zuwa 1950, ana iya samun su ta amfani da Trove, sabis na dawo da jaridu ta yanar gizo, ƙarƙashin rubutun *Eyre's Peninsula Tribune*.

## Manazarta
Krampus

**Krampus** ( []) mutum ne mai ƙaho wanda, a cikin al'adun gargajiya na Alpine na Tsakiya da Gabas, an ce yana tare da Saint Nicholas a ziyarar yara a cikin dare na 5 ga Disamba (*Krampusnacht*; "Krampus Night"), nan da nan kafin Bikin St. Nicholas a ranar 6 ga Disamba. A cikin wannan al'adar, Saint Nicholas yana ba da lada ga yara masu kyau tare da ƙananan kyauta, yayin da Krampus ke azabtar da waɗanda ke da mummunar hali tare da sandunan birch.

## Asalin

Krampus yawanci ana nuna shi a matsayin mutum mai ƙaho tare da ƙafar mutum ɗaya da ƙafar awaki ɗaya. Yawanci an rufe shi da baƙar gashi kuma yana da dogon maciji ko harshe mai kama da dragon. Wadannan halaye sun kara sanya Krampus hali ga kayan ado da fina-finai masu ban tsoro.

A cikin karni na 17 Krampus ya haɗu da St. Nicholas a matsayin mataimakin. Saboda Nicholas mai tsarki ne, ba daidai ba ne ko kuma an dauke shi da hali mai tsarki ga Nicholas don isar da horo. Saboda haka an sanya mataimakin ga St Nicholas; kamar su Farmhand Rupert, Schmutzli, Père Fouettard, ko Zwarte Piet, wanda zai sauka a cikin bututun wuta ko kuma ya azabtar da yara marasa kyau. Krampus ya yi aiki da St Nicholas a cikin wannan rawar.

## Tarihin zamani
Bayan zaben 1932 a Austria, gwamnatin Dollfuss ta haramta al'adar Krampus  a karkashin jagorancin Fascist Fatherland Front () da kuma Jam'iyyar Social ta Kirista.

A cikin shekarun 1950, Gwamnatin Austria ta rarraba litattafai masu taken "Krampus Mutum ne Mai Mugunta" saboda tsoron cewa haɗuwa da Krampus na iya lalata lafiyar tunanin yara. Zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni, shahararren sake farfado da bukukuwan Krampus ya faru kuma ya ci gaba a yau.

Ana farfado da al'adar Krampus a Bavaria, tare da al'adun fasaha na gida na abin rufe fuska na katako.

## Bayyanawa

Kodayake Krampus ya bayyana a cikin bambance-bambance da yawa, yawancin suna da wasu halaye na jiki. Yana da gashi, ƙaho, yawanci launin ruwan kasa ko baƙar fata, kuma yana da ƙafar ƙafafu ɗaya tare da ƙafar awaki. Harshensa mai tsawo, mai kaifi yana fitowa,  kuma yana da hakora. 

Krampus yana ɗauke da sarƙoƙi, ana tunanin alama ce ta ɗaure Iblis ta Ikilisiyar Kirista. Ya buga sarƙoƙi don sakamako mai ban mamaki. Ana haɗa sarƙoƙi a wasu lokuta tare da karrarawa masu girma daban-daban. Krampus zai ɗauki tarin rassan birch wanda a wasu lokuta yake shayar da yara. Ana maye gurbin rassan birch da bulala a wasu wakilci. A ranar da ta gabata kafin ranar St. Nicholas (6 ga Disamba), Krampus yana tafiya tare da St. Nicholas tare da jaka ko kwando da aka ɗaure a bayansa; wannan shine don fitar da mugun yara don nutsar, cin abinci, ko jigilar zuwa Jahannama. Wasu daga cikin tsofaffin sassan sun ambaci yara marasa kyau da ake sakawa a cikin jaka kuma a ɗauke su. Ana iya samun wannan ingancin a wasu abokai na Saint Nicholas kamar Zwarte Piet. 

## Manazarta
Mai ba da shawara na Forbes

***Jaridar Forbes Advocate*** wata jarida ce ta Turanci da ake bugawa a Forbes, New South Wales, Ostiraliya .

## Tarihi
An fara buga mujallar *Forbes Advocate* a ranar 1 ga Disamba 1911 ta GW Brownhill  kuma har zuwa yau.

Mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a ya kafa jaridar Forbes Times a ranar 31 ga Maris, 1920. A lokacin da yake siyan jaridar Forbes Times, Brownhill ya kawar da wani mai fafatawa da shi kuma ya rage kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa wajen gudanar da jaridar, saboda ƙarancin da farashin takarda ya ƙaru sosai a yanayin bayan yaƙin basasar Ostiraliya.

A cewar Cibiyar Kafafen Yada Labarai ta Al'umma ta Australiya wadda Fairfax Media ke gudanarwa, "Ƙarfin Forbes Advocate ya ta'allaka ne a kan jajircewarsa na ɗaukar nauyin watsa labaran ayyukan gida daga gwamnatin ƙananan hukumomi zuwa ƙungiyoyin al'umma, abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa da wasanni da kuma magance matsalolin da suka shafi hakan." 

## Tsarin dijital
An mayar da *Mai Ba da Shawara na Forbes* zuwa wani ɓangare na Shirin Digitization na Jaridun Australiya na Laburaren Ƙasa na Australiya.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin jaridu a New South Wales

## Manazarta
Irere Claudette

**Irere Claudette** ƙwararren ƙwararren ɗan fasaha ne kuma ɗan siyasa na ƙasar Rwanda, wanda Shugaba Paul Kagame ya nada shi Ministan Jiha mai kula da ICT da Ilimi da Horarwa na Fasaha a watan Fabrairun 2020. An sake dawo da wannan matsayi yayin da Gwamnati ke motsawa don daidaitawa da ƙarfafa Ilimi na TVET da haɗin ICT a cikin koyarwa da ilmantarwa.

## Tarihi da ilimi
Minista Claudette ta sami takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare daga FAWE Girls' School, Rwanda . Ta ci gaba da karatunta kuma ta sami digiri na farko a Kimiyya da Tsarin Kwamfuta a 2012 daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Rwanda . Bayan haka a cikin 2013, ta sami tallafin karatu don nazarin Shirin Masters kuma ta sami digiri na biyu na kimiyya da injiniya a Injiniyan kwamfuta daga Jami'ar Kirista ta Oklahoma a Amurka.

## Ayyukansa kafin siyasa
Kafin ta shiga Ma'aikatar, Irere Claudette ta kasance daga cikin matan Rwanda da ke jagorantar ci gaban IT na Rwanda kuma Tana jagorantar KLab inda kwararru na dijital a babban birnin Kigali ke aiki tare akan sababbin sababbin abubuwa. Kafin wannan, ita ce co-kafa kuma manajan darakta na Fabrication Laboratory na farko da ake kira FabLab Rwanda. FabLab reshe ne na fadada lab na ilimi da ake kira KLab. FabLab Rwanda ita ce dakin gwaje-gwaje na farko na ƙirar dijital na Kigali wanda aka samo daga ra'ayin FabLabs na duniya na Cibiyar MIT don Bits da Atoms (CBA). Fab labs suna ba da dama ga hanyoyin zamani don ƙirƙirar kuma a Rwanda, FabLab shine na farko na irin sa yana ba da kayan aikin samfurin 3D da sarari ga al'umma don samun ƙwarewar fasaha zamani. Irere, wanda ya kafa FabLab Rwanda kuma ya taɓa aiki a matsayin janar manajanta, a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan aikin a PSF-ICT Chamber, janar manaja a Klab, da kuma manajan ayyukan ICT a Transform Africa .  Irere Claudette ta kasance memba na Girls in ICT Rwanda, ƙungiyar ƙwararrun mata a cikin Fasaha waɗanda ke ƙoƙari su ƙarfafa da ƙarfafa 'yan mata su shiga hanyoyin Kimiyya, Fasaha, Injiniya da Lissafi (STEM) tun da wuri.

A ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 2018, an nada Irere a matsayin Sakatariyar Dindindin (PS) a Ma'aikatar ICT da Innovation yayin da ta shiga majalisar ministocin da aka sake fasalin shugaban kasar Paul Kagame wanda ya rage mambobin majalisar daga 31 zuwa 26. Ma'aikatar ta kasance kashi 50 cikin dari na mata; wanda ke sanya Rwanda, da Habasha, kasashe biyu na Afirka da ke da daidaito tsakanin jinsi a cikin gwamnatocinsu. Ta kasance daya daga cikin 'yan majalisar ministoci mafi ƙanƙanta waɗanda suka yi aiki a matsayin Sakatariyar Dindindin a Ma'aikatar ICT da Innovation har zuwa 2020 lokacin da aka ɗaukaka ta daga matsayin Sakatare na Dindindin na Ma'aikatu da Innovation zuwa matsayin Ministan Jiha mai kula da Ilimi da Horarwa (TVET) a Ma'Aikatar Ilimi. Irere Claudette ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar mai kula da Innovation da Ci gaban Kasuwanci a Ma'aikatar Fasahar Bayanai da Sadarwa (MiTEC), Gwamnatin Rwanda 

## Manazarta
Labarin Flinders

***Jaridar Flinders News*** jarida ce ta mako-mako da ake bugawa a Port Pirie, Kudancin Ostiraliya, wacce aka kafa daga hadewar tarihi na wallafe-wallafen Mid-North da yawa kuma tana wakiltar jikokin tsoffin wallafe-wallafe 12. An fara buga jaridarta ta farko, *Northern Mail*, a ranar 30 ga Yuni 1876, kuma an buga jaridar a ƙarƙashin taken ta na yanzu tun 1989. Daga baya aka sayar da ita ga Rural Press, mallakar Fairfax Media a da, amma yanzu kamfanin watsa labarai na Ostiraliya ne ke siyar da ita a matsayin Australian Community Media.

## Tarihi
Jaridar Flinders News ta samo asali ne daga haɗakar jaridun tsakiyar arewa da dama da suka fuskanci ƙalubale a shekarun 1948, 1970, da 1977:[1]

### Sharhin Arewa
An ƙirƙiro *Jaridar Northern Review* a shekarar 1948 ta hanyar haɗakar:

## Rarrabawa
Ana rarraba *Jaridar Flinders News* a ko'ina cikin yankin tsakiyar arewa na Kudancin Ostiraliya, arewacin Yorke Peninsula, Far North, Port Pirie, da Port Augusta, kuma tana da masu karatu 24,000.  Kamar sauran wallafe-wallafen Rural Press, jaridar kuma tana samuwa ta yanar gizo. 

## Kyaututtuka
Kwanan nan, *Flinders News* ta lashe kyautar a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Fairfax Regional Media Awards na ƙasa baki ɗaya don mafi kyawun haɗin gwiwa da kuma matsayi na biyu a cikin ƙungiyar mafi kyawun 'yan wasa da tallace-tallace ta shekara. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Canzawa ta hanyar dijital
Laburaren Ƙasa na Australiya suna ɗauke da hotuna da nau'ikan rubutu na jaridar daga 1911 zuwa 1950, ana iya samun su ta amfani da Trove, sabis ɗin dawo da jaridu ta yanar gizo.

## Manazarta
Mona Demaidi

**Mona Nabil Demaidi** (Arabic) 'yar kasuwa ce kuma mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin mata. An haife ta a ranar 14 ga Disamba, 1988, a Nablus, Falasdinu . Ta sami digirinta na PhD a cikin Injiniyan Software da Injiniyan Injiniya da MSc tare da bambanci a cikin Injin Software da Gudanar da Bayanai daga Jami'ar Manchester, Burtaniya. Demaidi ta shiga Jami'ar Kasa ta An-Najah a cikin 2016, ta zama mace mafi ƙanƙanta tare da takardar shaidar PhD a Kwalejin Injiniya da Fasahar Bayanai a Falasdinu. A shekara ta 2014, ta zama memba na kwamitin Mata a Injiniya da Mata Larabawa a Kwamfuta. A watan Satumbar 2024, Dokta Demaidi ya zama Dean na Faculty of Digital Sciences da Darakta na Harkokin Kasashen Duniya a Jami'ar Larabawa ta Amurka tsakanin Satumba 1, 2024 - Agusta 1, 2025. Farawa daga watan Agustan shekara ta 2025 ta zama mataimakiyar shugaban Artificial Intelligence da Daraktan Harkokin Kasashen Duniya a Jami'ar Larabawa ta Amurka.

## Tarihin rayuwa
A shekara ta 1993, Demaidi ta koma tare da iyalinta zuwa Dundee, Burtaniya, kuma ta tafi makarantar firamare a Makarantar Hawkhill da Makarantar Park Place. Ta kammala makarantar sakandare a Falasdinu. Mona Demaidi ta sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya (BSc) a cikin Injiniyan Kwamfuta a Jami'ar An-Najah da ke Nablus, Falasdinu . Bayan ta sami digiri na Master of Science a cikin Advanced Software Engineering da Data Management a cikin 2010/11 a Jami'ar Manchester, ta sami digirin digirinta na PhD a cikin Artificial Intelligence.

## Kwarewa
Mona Demaidi ita ce ta kafa STEMpire wanda PALMEC International ke ba da wutar lantarki. STEMpire yana ba da ƙarfi ga masu kirkiro na gaba ta hanyar ilimin STEM, bootcamps, da hackathons. Bugu da kari, Dokta Mona ita ce shugabar kuma memba na kwamitin ba da shawara na Intersect Innovation Hub wanda Bankin Falasdinu ke ba da wutar lantarki. Har ila yau, Demaidi tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin IEEE Palestine Subsection a matsayin shugabar,  Mai ba da shawara ga reshen dalibai kuma alƙali na baya a ƙarshen 2019. Baya ga wannan, ta kasance ko a halin yanzu alƙali ce a cikin tushe da yawa ciki har da Hult Prize Foundation, mai hanzarin gudu da Code Your Future . Mona kuma co-kafa VTech Road  kuma Co-managing darakta ga Girls in Tech, Inc. Demaidi ita ce shugabar Cibiyar Injiniyoyin Lantarki da Injiniyoyin Injiniya a Falasdinu kuma ita ce mace ta farko da aka ba da lambar yabo daga Cibiyar Injin Lantarki da Lantarki (babban memba). Ta kuma zama babban darakta na Girls in Tech a Falasdinu . Demaidi kuma mai bincike ce yayin da ta bayar da takardu shida na mujallu da littafin Terminological Ontology Evaluator in eLearning kan gina dandamali na ilmantarwa ta kan layi ta amfani da ilmantarwa na inji. Mona Demaidi ta haɓaka dabarun leken asiri na kasa don Falasdinu a cikin 2022.

## Manazarta
Batutuwan muhalli a Iraki

**Batutuwan muhalli a [[Iraƙi|Iraki]]** suna da alaƙa da gwamnati, siyasa, da yankin. Iraki ita ce ƙasa ta biyar mafi rauni ga tasirin canjin yanayi, dangane da zubar da mai, gurɓataccen ƙasa, da kuma rashin kula da hanyoyin ruwa.

## Tambayoyi

### Ruwan mai
Rashin ruwa da yawa ya haifar da lalacewar kayan aikin mai na Iraki, kuma rashin wuraren tsabtace ruwa a masana'antun Iraki ya haifar da gurɓata daga waɗancan shigarwa. Wadannan abubuwan bala'in muhalli sun haifar da lalacewar muhalli wanda ya shafi mutanen Iraki. Ci gaban samar da mai na baya-bayan nan a yankin Kurdistan na Iraki ya shafi ingancin ƙasa da ruwa, musamman a cikin Gwamnatin Duhok. Rashin haɗari ya haifar da fashewar bututun mai da rarraba irin waɗannan kayayyakin mai a yankin.

### Tsabtace Yanayi
Saboda lalacewar ababen more rayuwa, manyan sassa na yawan jama'a ba su da isasshen ruwa ko tsarin tsabta. Yankunan karkara sun fi shafar. Yara suna iya shan ruwan da ba a kula da shi ba sau biyu a yankunan karkara fiye da birane.

### Makamai da ba a fashe su ba
Ayyukan soja a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe uku (Yaƙin Iraki-Irak, Yakin Gulf, da Yakin Iraki) sun bar bindigogi da ba a fashe ba da kuma ma'adanai a cikin wuraren da aka fallasa, kashe ko raunata kimanin mutane 100,000 a farkon 2000s. Ana ɗaukar kayan aiki haɗarin muhalli saboda yawan ƙarfe masu guba.

### Rashin gurɓataccen yanayi
Wuraren da aka tara sharar gida da na kiwon lafiya suna dauke da hadarin annobar cututtuka. Rushewar kayan aikin soja da masana'antu a lokacin yaƙi ya saki ƙarfe mai nauyi da sauran abubuwa masu haɗari cikin iska, ƙasa, da ruwa na ƙasa. Wannan aikin kuma yana haifar da yashi ya rushe zuwa ƙurar ƙura wanda hakan ke haifar da mummunar tasiri ga yawancin biranen Iraki a cikin nau'in guguwar ƙura.

A watan Yunin shekara ta 2003, gobara a Jihar Al-Mishraq tana gudanar da masana'antar sulfur kusa da Mosul ta ƙone makonni 3 kuma ita ce mafi girman fitowar sulfur dioxide da mutum ya taɓa yin rikodin.

## Manazarta
Idris Olorunnimbe

**Idris Olorunnimbe** lauya ne na Najeriya, ɗan kasuwa, babban jami'in masana'antu da kuma mai kula da jama'a. Shugaba Bola Tinubu ne ya nada shi a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Hukumar Sadarwa ta Najeriya (NCC) a watan Agustan 2025.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
Olorunnimbe ya yi karatun shari'a a Jami'ar Legas kuma ya halarci Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya, bayan haka ya fara aikinsa a matsayin lauya.

## Ayyuka
Olorunnimbe ya kafa Kamfanin Gudanar da Haikali (TMC), wata hukuma da ke da hannu wajen gudanar da basira da ayyukan a duk faɗin nishaɗi, kafofin watsa labarai da wasanni a Afirka. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman kan Civic Engagement ga Gwamnan Jihar Legas, Akinwunmi Ambode, inda ya inganta shiga cikin jama'a da karfafa matasa. Ya kuma kasance memba na kwamitin Asusun Amincewa da Ayyuka na Jihar Legas (LSETF), inda ya jagoranci Kwamitin Masu Hadin Gida da Gwamnati.

## Naɗa shi a matsayin Shugaban NCC
A watan Agustan 2025, Shugaba Bola Tinubu ya nada Olorunnimbe a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Hukumar Sadarwa ta Najeriya, biyo bayan janyewar nadin da ya gabata a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Ilimi ta Duniya (UBEC). A matsayinsa na Shugaban Kwamitin NCC, yana aiki tare da Dokta Aminu Maida, Mataimakin Shugaban zartarwa da Babban Jami'in, a kula da ka'idojin sashen sadarwa na Najeriya tare da mai da hankali kan fadada bandwidth, hada dijital da kariya ga masu amfani.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Olorunnimbe ta yi aure tare da yara. An san shi da sa hannu a cikin shirye-shiryen shiga cikin jama'a, ci gaban matasa da ayyukan al'adu.

## Manazarta
Fremantle Herald

An yi amfani da ***Fremantle Herald*** da wasu sunaye makamantansu ga jaridu uku daban-daban da ke hidimar Fremantle, Yammacin Ostiraliya : *The Herald* (1867–1886), *Fremantle Herald* (1913–1919) da kuma wata mujalla ta yanzu, wacce aka kafa a 1989.

## ''Jaridar'' Mulkin Mallaka
James Pearce ya kafa jaridar Herald ta asali a watan Fabrairun 1867, yana bugawa a mako-mako.[1] An gabatar da ita ga masu sauraro masu aiki fiye da takwarorinsu a Perth a lokacin, kuma ta ƙunshi baitoci, gajerun labarai da jerin shirye-shirye . An haɗu da Pearce da masu hannun jari biyu, William Beresford da James Elphinstone Roe, waɗanda dukkansu, kamar Pearce, tsoffin waɗanda aka yanke wa hukunci ne.Jaridar Herald ta goyi bayan gyaran zamantakewa kuma ta yi adawa da tsarin masu laifi. Beresford ya rubuta wani shafi na mako-mako, "Chips by a Sandalwood Cutter", wanda ya yi amfani da wani hali na almara don ƙalubalantar ɗabi'un manyan mutane.

A shekarar 2013,  Ƙungiyar Tarihin Gida ta Fremantle ta ba da kuɗaɗen yin amfani da fasahar dijital ga dukkan tarin da ke akwai na *Herald* na 1867–1886. Laburaren Ƙasa na Ostiraliya ne suka gudanar da wannan fasahar dijital, kuma an samar da kayan tarihin da aka bincika ta hanyar injin binciken Trove.

## Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya
A shekarar 1913 aka kafa sabuwar jaridar mako-mako ta ma'aikata, inda William Carpenter ya yi aiki a matsayin edita. Bai wuce shekara guda ba, daga baya jaridar ta zama "mara kyau" ga ƙungiyar ma'aikata  .

Wannan jarida ta ci gaba har zuwa shekarar 1919,  kuma a watan Mayu na 1921 aka haɗa shi (tare da *Fremantle Times* ) cikin *Fremantle Advertiser*. 

## Manazarta
Forbes Times (jarida)

Jaridar ***Forbes Times*** jarida ce ta Turanci da aka buga a Forbes, New South Wales, Ostiraliya .

## Tarihi
An fara buga *jaridar Forbes Times* a ranar 3 ga Satumba 1870 ta hannun Mr. J. Felt kuma ta ci gaba har zuwa 31 ga Maris 1920 lokacin da aka haɗa ta cikin *Jaridar Forbes Advocate*. 

Jaridar Forbes Advocate ce ta "karɓe" jaridar, wadda GW Brownhill ke jagoranta. Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jaridu ta Ƙasa ta New South Wales ta daɗe tana fafutukar haɗa jaridun ƙasa inda akwai fiye da ɗaya a yankunan karkara. Da jaridu uku na gida a Forbes, ƙarancin takardu da tsadar su ya haifar da rashin tabbas a kasuwa. An ɗauki shawarar Brownhill na haɗa Forbes Times cikin Jaridar Forbes Advocate a matsayin ba wai kawai dole ba, har ma a matsayin wani mataki na kasuwanci mai wayo ta hanyar rage yawan kuɗin samarwa da kuma kawar da mai fafatawa.[1]

## Canzawa ta hanyar dijital
An mayar da *Jaridar Forbes Times* ta hanyar dijital a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Digitization na Jaridun Australiya na Laburaren Ƙasa na Australiya.

## Manazarta
Mai Talla da Geelong

Jaridar ***Geelong Advertiser*** jarida ce ta yau da kullun da ke yawo a Geelong, Victoria, Ostiraliya, Bellarine Peninsula, da yankunan da ke kewaye. An fara buga *Geelong Advertiser* a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 1840, kuma ita ce jaridar da ta fi tsufa a Victoria kuma ta biyu mafi tsufa a Ostiraliya.   Jaridar a halin yanzu mallakar News Corp ce. Ita ce ƙungiyar masu buga jaridu ta yankin Pacific Area Newspapers Association of the Year (yawan yawo tsakanin 25,000 zuwa 90,000). 

## Tarihi
James Harrison, wani ɗan ƙasar Scotland, ne ya fara shirya *littafin Geelong Advertiser*, wanda ya isa Sydney a shekarar 1837 don kafa injin buga littattafai ga kamfanin Tegg & Co na Ingila.

Da ya koma Melbourne a shekarar 1839, ya sami aiki tare da John Pascoe Fawkner, a matsayin mawallafi, kuma daga baya editan Fawkner's Port Phillip Patriot. Lokacin da Fawkner ya sami sabuwar jarida, Harrison ya ba shi £30 don buga jaridar asali, kuma ya fara buga jaridar Geelong ta farko. An buga bugu na farko na Geelong Advertiser, wanda aka fara fitowa a kowane mako, a ranar Asabar 21 ga Nuwamba 1840, wanda 'James Harrison' ya shirya kuma William Watkins ya buga kuma ya buga wa John Pascoe Fawkner (mai shi kaɗai) ...' [1]

Zuwa watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1842, Harrison ya zama shi kaɗai mai wannan takarda. A cikin shekaru bakwai na farko, an buga ta a girman demi-folio kafin a canza ta zuwa broadsheet . A shekarar 1858, jaridar ta yi ritaya daga injin buga katako na asali, ta rungumi sabon salon rubutu, kuma aka buga ta da injin buga tururi. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

Daga 1845 zuwa 1847, an sanya wa jaridar suna 'Geelong Advertiser, and Squatters Advocate'. Bugun farko a ƙarƙashin wannan taken an buga shi a ranar 28 ga Mayu 1845. 

## Manazarta
Michael Oppenheimer

**Michael Oppenheimer** (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, 1946) shi ne Albert G. Milbank Farfesa na Geosciences da Harkokin Kasa da Kasa a Makarantar Princeton ta Harkokin Jama'a da na Duniya, Sashen Geosciences, da Cibiyar Muhalli ta High Meadows a Jami'ar Princeton. Shi ne darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Manufofin kan Makamashi da Muhalli (C-PREE) a Makarantar Harkokin Jama'a da na Duniya ta Princeton da kuma Ma'aikatar Ma'auratan Shirin Kimiyya na Yanayi da Tekun da Cibiyar Nazari ta Duniya da na Yankin Princeton.

An haifi Oppenheimer a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, 1946, a Birnin New York .

Ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin ilmin sunadarai daga MIT, Ph.D. a fannin kimiyyar sunadarai manipud Jami'ar Chicago, kuma ya bi bincike na post-doctoral a Cibiyar Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian.

Ya shiga bangaren Princeton bayan sama da shekaru ashirin tare da Asusun Tsaro na Muhalli (EDF), kungiya mai zaman kanta, ta muhalli, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin babban masanin kimiyya da manajan Shirin Yanayi da Air. Kafin matsayinsa a Asusun Tsaro na Muhalli, Oppenheimer ya yi aiki a matsayin masanin kimiyyar atomatik da kwayoyin halitta a Cibiyar Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian kuma malami a kan ilimin taurari a Jami'ar Harvard.

Ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan kimiyya ga EDF.

Oppenheimer ya lashe lambar yabo ta Heinz ta 2010 a cikin Muhalli kuma memba ne na Ƙungiyar Amurka don Ci gaban Kimiyya.

## Bincike
Abubuwan da yake so sun haɗa da kimiyya da manufofin yanayi, musamman canjin yanayi da tasirinsa. Yawancin bincikensa suna da niyyar fahimtar yiwuwar sakamako "mai haɗari" na karuwar matakan iskar gas ta hanyar bincika tasirin dumamar yanayi a kan kan kankara da matakin teku, da kuma a kan alamu na ƙaurawar ɗan adam. Ya kimanta alaƙa tsakanin canjin yanayi, amfanin gona da ƙaura ta kan iyaka ta Mexico-Amurka. Oppenheimer yana nazarin tsarin ilmantarwa na kimiyya da kimantawar kimiyya da rawar da suke takawa wajen rinjayar manufofin jama'a don amsawa ga canjin duniya.

## Matsayi a cikin manufofin kimiyya na duniya
Oppenheimer ya kasance mai halartar dogon lokaci a cikin Kwamitin Intergovernmental kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya a shekara ta 2007, yana aiki kwanan nan a matsayin Mawallafin Gudanarwa na Rahoton Musamman kan Tekun da Cryosphere a cikin Yanayi Mai Canji. A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, Dokta Oppenheimer da wasu masana kimiyya sun shirya bita biyu a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wanda ya taimaka wajen hanzarta tattaunawar da ta haifar da Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkinobho kan Canjin Yanayi (wanda aka sanya hannu a Taron Duniya na 1992) da Yarjejeniya ta Kyoto . A wannan lokacin, ya kafa Cibiyar Ayyukan Yanayi. Binciken da ya yi da aikin bayar da shawarwari game da ruwan sama na acid ya ba da gudummawa ga aiwatar da gyare-gyaren 1990 ga Dokar Tsabtace Air kuma ya rinjayi ci gaban Yarjejeniyar Kyoto.

## Manazarta
Kudin Kasuwanci

**Cascade Funding**, wanda aka fi sani da Tallafin Kudi ga Kasashe na Uku (**FSTP**), tsari ne na Hukumar Tarayyar Turai don rarraba kudaden jama'a don taimakawa masu cin gajiyar, kamar farawa, sikelin, SME da / ko tsakiyar-caps, a cikin ɗaukar ko ci gaban kirkire-kirkire na dijital.

## Manufar da aka yi niyya
Wannan hanyar tallafi tana da niyyar sauƙaƙe hanyoyin gudanarwa, ƙirƙirar tsarin aikace-aikacen SME mai sauƙi, ta hanyar ba da damar wasu ayyukan da EU ke tallafawa na iya bayarwa, bi da bi, kira don ƙarin tallafi. Wannan makircin ya dogara ne akan samfurin ɗaliban Erasmus  kuma Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ce ta fara gabatar da shi a Horizon 2020, Shirin Tsarin Bincike da Innovation (2014-2020).

## Shirye-shiryen da suka gabata da bambance-bambance
Kudin Cascade a cikin Horizon 2020 da farko ya yi aiki a matsayin matukin jirgi don sauƙaƙe samun damar samun kudade na EU, yana mai da hankali kan ICT da ƙirar dijital ta hanyar ƙarami, tallafin ɓangare na uku. A cikin Horizon Turai, wannan tsarin ya fi dacewa a cikin tsari a cikin ɗakunan da yawa, wato Cluster 4 (Digital, Masana'antu da Space), kuma ana amfani da shi da dabarun da za a kara kirkirar kirkire-kirkire, isa ga sabbin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo (musamman SMEs da farawa), da kuma daidaita hanyoyin gudanarwa. Horizon Turai kuma ta gabatar da tsarin da ya fi bayyanawa da kuma amfani da jigogi don kudade fiye da bangarorin dijital.

Koyaya, hanyar samar da tallafin kuɗi ga wasu mutane a ƙarƙashin Horizon 2020 ya bambanta sosai  fiye da waɗannan abubuwan, inda wasu suka zama masu cin gajiyar aikin da aka zaɓa kuma suka shiga kwangila tare da Hukumar Tarayyar Turai. Maimakon haka, bangarorin uku da ke karɓar tallafin cascade a ƙarƙashin Horizon 2020 suna da kwangila tare da ƙungiyar aikin da EU ke tallafawa wanda suka zama ɓangare na uku. Wannan yana nufin cewa wannan ƙungiyar tana da alhakin ga Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ga ɓangarorin uku waɗanda take ba da tallafin kuɗi kuma, saboda haka, babu tabbacin doka da na kuɗi da ake buƙata ga waɗannan ɓangarorin na uku, wanda ke sa sa sauri / sauƙi ga ayyukan su sami kira a cikin ayyukan su.

## Kira a buɗe
Wadannan kira masu budewa  daga ayyukan da EU ke tallafawa yawanci suna da gasa, suna da girman Turai kuma suna da manufofi a:

* zabar farawa na fasaha ko sikelin don hanzari ko dalilai na shayarwa (yawanci kyauta),
* tallafawa matukan jirgi, zanga-zangar da / ko gwaje-gwaje a kan takamaiman fasaha ko tsarin (yawanci tare da shiga farawa ko SME), ko
* haɗa ƙarin mahalarta zuwa aikin don fadada ikonsa ko magance takamaiman ayyuka.

Tallafin da aka bayar ta hanyar waɗannan kira masu buɗewa, yawanci ya ƙunshi kudade (yawanci a cikin kewayon € 50,000 zuwa € 150,000 ) amma kuma yana iya zama takaddun shaida don ayyukan tallafi ko samun dama kyauta da tallafi don amfani da wuraren gwaji.

## Manazarta
Rigakafin gurɓata a Amurka

**Rigakafin gurɓataccen yanayi** (**P2**) wata dabara ce don rage yawan sharar da aka kirkira kuma aka saki cikin muhalli, musamman ta masana'antu, noma, ko masu amfani. Yawancin manyan kamfanoni suna kallon P2 a matsayin hanyar inganta inganci da riba na hanyoyin samarwa ta hanyar rage sharar gida da ci gaban fasaha. Kungiyoyin majalisa sun kafa matakan P2, kamar Dokar Rigakafin Pollution ta 1990 da Gyaran Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa na 1990 a Majalisa ta Amurka.

Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, yayin da tattalin arzikin duniya ya farfado, man fetur da masana'antun da ke da alaƙa da sunadarai sun karu da sauri, amma halayen sunadarai da / ko hanyoyin samar da suka yi amfani da su sau da yawa sun samar ko kuma sun saki adadi mai yawa na kayan sharar gida waɗanda suke da guba da / ko sun haifar da gurɓata. A cikin shekarun 1960, jama'a sun mayar da martani game da karuwar sharar gida da / ko gurɓataccen yanayi, kuma yunkurin muhalli na zamani ya karu da sauri. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960 da farkon shekarun 1970 kasashe da yawa sun fara ba da "command da sarrafawa" ka'idojin muhalli waɗanda suka ba da umarni ga takamaiman iyakokin fitarwa da / ko hanyoyin "ƙarshen bututun ruwa" don sarrafa sharar da aka riga aka kirkira.

### Ma'anar
Rigakafin gurɓataccen abu shine duk wani mataki da ke rage yawan gurɓatawar da aka saki cikin muhalli. Aiwatar da irin waɗannan matakai yana rage tsananin da / ko yawan haɗarin da aka kawo wa lafiyar jama'a da muhalli. Rigakafin gurɓataccen yanayi yana adana albarkatun kasa kuma yana iya samun fa'idodi masu mahimmanci na kuɗi a cikin manyan matakai. Idan kamfanoni suna samar da karancin sharar gida, ba lallai bane su damu da yadda aka zubar da su ba. Don haka, P2 kuma wani mataki ne na gaba don rage farashin zubar da sharar gida da kawar da shi.

### Tushen

Tashoshin jiragen ruwa sune babbar hanyar gurɓata saboda yawan zirga-zirgar kayayyaki da waɗannan yankuna ke karɓa. Tasirin waɗannan jiragen ruwa ya yadu sosai, yana shafar al'ummomin bakin teku da yanayin halittu a duk faɗin duniya. Yawancin manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa suna kusa da wuraren da ke da alaƙa da muhalli. Wadannan yankuna suna da tasiri musamman ta hanyar manyan matakan fitar da diesel, kwayoyin halitta, nitrogen oxides, ozone, da sulfur oxides. Maganin rage gurɓataccen tashar jiragen ruwa yana da nau'o'i da yawa, wanda ya haɗa da hanyoyin da za a iya cimma da kuma burin ragewa na dogon lokaci. Misalan matakai masu sauƙi sun haɗa da ƙuntatawa akan injin injin don jiragen ruwa a tashar jiragen ruwa da kuma amfani da man fetur mai tsabta. Ana iya ɗaukar wasu matakai masu tsada don rage gurɓataccen jiragen ruwa. Canja wurin tsofaffin jiragen ruwa tare da jiragen ruwa da ke dauke da sabbin injuna yana ba da damar jiragen ruwa su hadu da ka'idojin fitarwa na zamani. Hakanan za'a iya sake fasalin tsarin fitarwa don rage fitarwa. Da yake kallon gaba zuwa nan gaba, akwai wasu fasahohi da ake bunkasa. Misali, toshe jiragen ruwa a cikin tushen wutar lantarki na "gefen bakin teku" na iya kawar da buƙatar injuna masu aiki. Bugu da ƙari, ana haɓaka tushen madadin man fetur daban-daban, mafi mahimmanci shine na'urar sel mai.

## Manazarta
Dave Bronconnier

**David Thomas Bronconnier** (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 1962) ɗan siyasan Kanada ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari na 35 na Calgary, Alberta .

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Wani Calgarian na ƙarni na huɗu (an haifi kakarsa a Calgary a shekara ta 1895), ya girma a yankin kudu maso yammacin Glenbrook kuma ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Viscount Bennett . Bronconnier ya shiga Jami'ar Calgary amma ya bar bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci don neman damar aiki. Ya yi aiki ga City of Calgary Electric System da kuma Alberta Government Telephones sannan a 1983, ya fara wani karamin kamfani na gini. A shekara ta 1987, Bronconnier da abokin kasuwancinsa sun kafa First General Services, kamfani wanda ke ƙwarewa a cikin nau'ikan gyaran inshora daban-daban a cikin gine-gine. Kamfanin ya girma sosai tun daga lokacin. Dave ya auri Cindy Bronconnier, tare da ita yana da 'ya'ya hudu; Adam, Weston, Leslie da Grant.

## Ayyukan siyasa
Bronconnier ya yi aiki a majalisar birni ta Calgary a matsayin alderman na Ward 6 na tsawon shekaru tara. An fara zabarsa a shekarar 1992 sannan ya yi wa'adi 3 kafin ya yanke shawarar tsayawa takarar magajin gari. A shekara ta 1997, Bronconnier ya tsaya takara a zaben tarayya a matsayin dan takarar Liberal na Calgary West . Bronconnier ya ci nasara a wannan zaben da dan takarar Jam'iyyar Reform Party Rob Anders ya yi. Al Duerr, mai shekaru da yawa kuma sanannen magajin gari, yana ritaya yana barin matsayin a buɗe. Bronconnier ya kayar da Bev Longstaff, wanda Duerr ya kare, inda ya lashe tseren magajin gari na shekara ta 2001. Ya zama Magajin gari na 35 na Calgary.

## Mafi Girma

### Jagorancin muhalli
Karin zargi na kasa da kasa, na cikin gida, da kuma shahararrun mutane na kayan aikin Fasahar kore na Alberta ya sa tsohon Firayim Minista Ed Stelmach ya ba da CAD biliyan 4 ga shirin ayyukan babban birnin kore a lardin a cikin shekara ta 2009.

A cikin 2009 an ba da kyautar Bronconnier da Cibiyar Pembina a taron "UN Climate Change Summit" tare da 'Reaching Out to Global Energy Award' don haɗin gwiwar fasaha da injiniya tare da shirin Calgary na 'Greening the Grid'.  birni ya tuntubi Pembina don shawarar fasaha. Masanan Pembina sun tattara Zaɓuɓɓuka don Rage Rashin GHG a Calgary  don ba da shawara ga birni kan yadda za a aiwatar da ayyukan ababen more rayuwa don kare muhalli. Birnin ya yi aiki a kan waɗannan shawarwari ta hanyar kamfanin mallakar birni Enmax ya yanke shawarar kan jerin wuraren aiki na jama'a kamar 'Shepard Energy Center', da kuma gonar iska mai turbine 12 wanda ke samar da wutar lantarki ga jiragen C na Calgary Transit, da Cibiyar Makamashi ta Gundumar, tashar samar da wutar jiki da makamashi ga tsakiyar gari. Littafin birni na 'Greening the Grid' ya kasance mai taken 'Calgary Climate Change Action Plan: Target (ƙasa) 50' (Target Minus 50) 

## Manazarta
Muhalli Amurka

**Muhalli Amurka** ƙungiya ce ta ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli na jihohi a Amurka. Kungiyar tana bincike da kuma ba da shawara ga manufofin muhalli ta hanyar lobbying, shari'a,  da kuma tattara tallafin jama'a.  Muhalli Amurka tana ba da shawarar sabbin dokoki da manufofi don magance canjin yanayi,  gurɓataccen iska  da gurɓatawar ruwa,  kuma mai ba da shawara ne ga makamashi mai tsabta,  yayin da yake adawa da hakowa a bakin teku.

## Tarihi
A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, 2007, Muhalli Amurka ta rabu da Ƙungiyoyin Binciken Jama'a (PIRG), tare da shi da shirin kare muhalli na kasa. Tarayyar ta haɗu da ƙananan ƙungiyoyin bayar da shawarwari da suka riga sun rabu da PIRGs. A sakamakon rabuwa da kungiyoyin, an bayyana aikin PIRGs a matsayin mabukaci, kiwon lafiya, da batutuwan tsaro yayin da Muhalli Amurka ta zama alhakin aikin muhalli na baya. Doug Phelps, wanda ya taimaka wajen gina cibiyar sadarwa ta PIRG ta jihar, ya zama sabon shugaban kungiyar.

## Manufofin da ayyukan
Muhalli Amurka tana aiki don yadawa da samun tallafi don warware matsalolin muhalli a Amurka. Yankunan da yake sha'awa sun haɗa da amfani da hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa,  canjin yanayi, gurɓataccen iska, dogaro da man fetur,  kiyaye muhalli,  da hako bakin teku. Kungiyar ta fitar da rahotanni kan batutuwa kamar manufofin makamashi na iska,  makamashi,  dumamar duniya,  gurɓataccen mercury,  bin ka'idojin tsabtace ruwa, gine-ginen da ke da makamashi mai tsauri, matsanancin yanayi a Amurka, motocin da ke da amfani da man fetur, da matakan cututtukan cututtukar cututtuka a cikin hanyoyin ruwa.

Muhalli Amurka ta yi aiki a kan manufofi daban-daban na muhalli, gami da tallafawa Dokar Tsabtace Makamashi da Tsaro ta Amurka  da Shirin Tsabtace Wutar  don rage gurɓataccen yanayi; Dokar Tsabtar Ruwa don haɗawa da rafi da filayen ruwa a cikin kariya ta Dokar Tsabtawan Ruwa;  da kuma shawarar EPA don sake fasalin lakabin tattalin arzikin mai.

## Rarrabawar
A cikin 1 ga Disamba, 2019, kimantawa na Muhalli Amurka, Charity Navigator ya ba kungiyar taurari biyu daga cikin taurari huɗu, tare da taurari biyu don "kudi" da taurari uku don "daidaitawa da nuna gaskiya". Game da ƙarshen, Charity Navigator ya nuna damuwa da yawa: FY 2018 Form 990 da aka bincika kudi bai bayyana a shirya shi ta hanyar mai lissafi mai zaman kansa ba, kuma shafin yanar gizon hkungiyar ba shi da manufofin sirri masu sauƙin isa da kuma binciken kudi.

## Manazarta
Kungiyar Elion

**Elion Group** wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1988, kamfani ne na kasar Sin a cikin gandun daji da sake dawo da hamada da wuraren da ba su da ruwa, kuma hedkwatar ta ce a cikin Kubuqi Desert.

Kamfanin yana da "Green Land Plan", shirin kula da ƙasa a cikin Kubuqi Desert, inda manoma da makiyaya a cikin hamada sune masu cin gajiyar da aka bayyana. Shirin ya dawo da 6,000 km2 na hamada kuma ya juya shi zuwa "ƙasa mai kore" mai ɗorewa, kuma saboda haka ya samar da kusan dala biliyan 5.1 na Gross Ecosystem Production (GEP). Har ila yau, tana gudanar da shirin tallafi, "Greening the Silk Road Partnership Programme", wanda aka fara tare da UNEP da UNCCD, kuma burinta da aka bayyana shine dasa bishiyoyi biliyan 1.3 a cikin shekaru goma.

## Dan kasuwa
**Wang Wenbiao** ( Chinese     ) an haife shi a Kubuqi, Inner Mongolia,  shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban Elion Group. Shi memba ne na CPC kuma babban masanin tattalin arziki wanda ke da digiri na biyu. 

### Matsayi na yanzu da lakabi na jama'a

* Yin aiki a matsayin Sakataren Jam'iyya da Shugaban Elion Resources Group
* A shekara ta 2005, an zabe shi a matsayin 'Mataimakin Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Kasuwanci ta kasar Sin'.
* A shekara ta 2007, ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙungiyar Masana'antu da Kasuwanci ta China 
* A cikin 2013, ya zama 'Memba na 12th CPPCC' 

### Kyaututtuka masu daraja a cikin 'yan shekarun nan

* 2013 - Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta fara bayar da "Gwarzon Duniya na Bushewar Ƙasa" ga mutanen da suka himmatu wajen hana kwararowar hamada a faɗin duniya kuma waɗanda suka sami ci gaba mai kyau a shekarar 2013. A matsayinsa na shugaban Elion Group, ta hanyar jagorantar kamfaninsa don cimma dazuzzukan da ke yankunan hamada a China, an ba Wang Wenbiao kyautar a lokacin taron jam'iyyun UNCCD na sha ɗaya. 
* 2012 - An ba wa Mr. Wang Wenbiao kyautar 'Kyautar Ci Gaban Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya' a taron kolin Rio na sama da shekaru 20 da aka gudanar a Brazil' 
* 2008 - An ba wa Mr. Wang Wenbiao kyautar 'Kyautar Jinƙai ta China' 
* 2006 - An 'ba wa Mr. Wang Wenbiao lakabin Manyan 'Yan Kasuwa 10 da Mutane Suka Fi Girmamawa' 

## Shirin Green Silk Road
A cikin 2014, a 6th World Park Congress, Elion Group da UNCCD sun ayyana 'abokan hulɗa don yaki da lalacewar ƙasa da canjin yanayi". An kira wannan haɗin gwiwar 'Green Silk Road'.

A cewarsa, haɗin gwiwar zai gina 'itace biliyan 1.3 tare da Silk Road' kuma zai mai da hankali kan inganta 'rashin lalacewar ƙasa' da 'yin canjin yanayi don zaman lafiya da tsaro na duniya'.  A ranar 9 ga watan Maris, 2015, an kaddamar da asusun ajiya na farko na Green Silk Road a Beijing, wanda za a yi amfani da shi a cikin 'ginin bangon hasken rana na muhalli, makamashi mai tsabta da gyaran muhalli a kasar Sin da sauran ƙasashe'. Kamfanoni da yawa na kasar Sin sun ba da gudummawar asusun, gami da Elion Group.

* Shafin yanar gizon Sinanci na Elion Group http://www.elion.com.cn/  An adana shi 2015-11-17 a 
* Gidan yanar gizon Ingilishi na Elion Group  An adana shi 2015-11-17 a http://www.elion.com.cn/en/English-vision.shtml 

## Manazarta