open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Amincewa da namun daji ga Birmingham da Black Country

**Asusun Kula da Namun Daji na Birmingham da Ƙasar Baƙar fata (Black Country)** wani asusun kula da namun daji ne da ya shafi Birmingham da Ƙasar Baƙar fata a Yammacin Midlands na Ingila .  Ya ƙunshi gundumomi biyar daga cikin bakwai na gundumar West Midlands: Birmingham, Dudley, Sandwell, Walsall da Wolverhampton.

## Tarihi
An ƙirƙiro ta a shekarar 1980, ta hannun Chris Baines da wasu, kuma a da an san ta da *Urban Wildlife Group*,  sannan kuma *Urban Wildlife Trust*, ƙungiyar kare namun daji ta farko a Burtaniya . Ita ce ke da alhakin taron farko na Ranar Mawakan Duniya na Dawn, wanda aka gudanar a Moseley Bog a shekarar 1984. A tsakiyar shekarun 1980 ta kafa Plants Brook Nature Reserve a Birmingham.

Asusun shine asusun kula da namun daji na Burtaniya na farko da ya zama memba na shirin Turai na Countdown 2010 don dakatar da raguwar bambancin halittu nan da shekarar 2010.

Tsarin Zama na Ƙasashen Baƙar fata  babban shiri ne na Amintacciyar Amintacciyar da ke da nufin zama farkon aikace-aikacen ƙa'idodin kiyaye yanayin ƙasa a yankin birane.

A shekarar 2012, Asusun ya gina haɗin gwiwa wanda ya yi nasara wajen ayyana Birmingham da Black Country a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ɓangarorin farko na Burtaniya na Ayyukan Inganta Yanayi .  

## Bayani
Ƙungiyar tana da wurin ajiyar hekta 40 a Park Hall kusa da Minworth amma duk da adawar da aka yi, HS2 ta kwace wannan a ƙarƙashin ikon da Dokar Babban Jirgin Ƙasa (London - West Midlands) ta bayar a 2017.  Sauran wuraren ajiyar yanayi sun haɗa da Portway Hill, Deer's Leap Wood, Peascroft Wood, Richmond Garden a Soho, Birmingham da Hill Hook Local Nature Reserve . Ƙungiyar kuma tana kula da Moseley Bog kuma tana da hannu sosai a cikin wuraren ajiyar kamar Moorcroft Wood Local Nature Reserve . Ƙungiyar tana gudanar da cibiyoyin muhalli da dama ciki har da Cibiyar Duniya da Birmingham EcoPark . 

Cikakken memba ne na Royal Society of Wildlife Trusts, (ɗaya daga cikin 46 da suka shafi dukkan Burtaniya), kuma ita ce Asusun Kula da Namun Daji na farko a birane kuma tana da membobi sama da 11,000.

Ƙungiyar agajin tana gudanar da ayyuka iri-iri don nuna rashin amincewa da haɓaka bambancin halittu da kuma hulɗa da mutanen yankin da ayyukan kiyaye yanayi daban-daban, al'umma da ilimi. Suna gudanar da bincike, bincike da kamfen. Kowace shekara tana shirya Ranar Waƙoƙin Al'ajabi ta Duniya .

Majalisar amintattu da aka ɗauko daga membobinta ne ke kula da Asusun. Asusun yana da ma'aikata kusan ashirin na cikakken lokaci, na ɗan lokaci da na kwangila da kuma masu aikin sa kai da yawa. Suna samar da mujallar da aka saba, Wildlife Focus, wacce ke ba da labarin ayyukansu da kuma batutuwan da suka shafi namun daji a birane.

## Manazarta
Hugh Morgan (mai kasuwanci)

**Hugh Matheson Morgan** (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 1940), ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan ƙasar Australiya kuma tsohon shugaban kamfanin Western Mining Corporation (1990 zuwa 2003). Ya kasance Shugaban Majalisar Kasuwanci ta Australiya daga 2003 zuwa 2005. Gwamnatin Howard ta naɗa shi a kwamitin gudanarwa na Bankin Reserve na Australiya a 1996,  inda ya ci gaba da zama har zuwa 2007. Shi ne kuma Shugaban Kafa na Ƙungiyar Asiya ta Australiya.

## Sana'a
Morgan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Geelong Grammar da Jami'ar Melbourne, inda ya karanci shari'a da kasuwanci. Ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin lauya ga Arthur Robinson & Co. (kamfanin lauyoyi na Western Mining Corporation) sannan ya zama darektan kuɗi a North Broken Hill (wanda daga baya ya zama North Limited). 

### Kamfanin Ma'adinai na Yammacin Turai
Hugh ɗa ne ga tsohon shugaban kamfanin WMC, Bill Morgan. Bayan mutuwar Bill a shekarun 1970, Sir Arvi Parbo ya ɗauki Hugh a matsayin mataimakinsa kuma a shekarar 1976 ya mai da shi ƙaramin darektan zartarwa a Ostiraliya. Yana da shekaru 36 a lokacin.

A shekarar 1996, Morgan ta yanke shawarar kashe dala $1.25.&nbsp;biliyan biliyan na faɗaɗa ma'adinan Olympic da ke arewa mai nisa da Kudancin Ostiraliya.

Ya kasance Shugaba na WMC daga 1990 har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a 2003. 

### Bankin Reserve na Ostiraliya
An fara naɗa Morgan a Babban Bankin Reserve na Australiya a shekarar 1981, amma ba a sake naɗa shi ba bayan da wani jawabi da aka yi a shekarar 1984 ya jawo suka kan yadda yake nuna halayen 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya. An sake naɗa shi a shekarar 1996 kuma ya riƙe wannan muƙamin har zuwa 2007.

## Tasiri kan manufofin jama'a
Morgan memba ne mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a na jam'iyyar Liberal Party of Australia [1] kuma memba ne na Kwalejin Fasaha, Kimiyya da Injiniya ta Australiya (ATSE).[2] A shekarar 1993, Patricia Howard daga Jaridar Canberra Times ta bayyana Morgan a matsayin "mai kare manufofin 'yan dama masu tsauri" kuma marubuciya mai rubuta wasiƙu ga editocin jaridu daban-daban. Ta yi iƙirarin cewa ya kasance "mai bayar da gudummawa" wajen kafa HR Nicholls Society (ƙungiyar hana sasantawa) da kuma ba da kuɗaɗen Cibiyar Nazarin Masu Zaman Kansu da "sauran ƙungiyoyin tunani na 'yan dama". [3]

A lokacin da ya bar WMC Resources, an bayyana Morgan a cikin *jaridar The Sydney Morning Herald* a matsayin "babban kwamitin kasuwanci mai tasiri ga Gwamnatin Tarayya". Tsohon Firayim Ministan Victoria Jeff Kennett ya dauke shi a matsayin daya daga cikin mutanen da suka fi tasiri a Ostiraliya. Kennett ya bayyana Morgan a matsayin wanda ke da "tasiri mai zurfi" a muhawarar manufofin Ostiraliya ta hanyar "ta hanyar shiru amma mai inganci". Ya yi tasiri ga manufofin jama'a kan batutuwan kasuwanci, haraji, hayakin hayakin da ke gurbata muhalli da kuma ikon mallakar asali, kuma a lokacin gwamnatin Howard ya kasance bako na Firayim Minista akai-akai.

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Makamashi

**Cibiyar Makamashi (EI)** ƙungiya ce ta ƙwararru ga injiniyoyi da sauran ƙwararru a fannoni masu alaƙa da makamashi. An kafa EI a shekarar 2003 ta hanyar haɗakar Cibiyar Man Fetur (tun daga 1913) da Cibiyar Makamashi (tun daga 1925). Tana da membobin ƙasashen duniya kusan mutane 20,000 da kamfanoni 200. Babban ofishinta yana a 61 New Cavendish Street, London. EI ƙungiya ce ta agaji mai rijista tare da Yarjejeniyar Sarauta. 

A Burtaniya, EI tana da ikon kafa rijistar ƙwararru don taken Injiniyan da aka ba da izini, Injiniyan da aka haɗa, da Injiniyan Injiniya, a matsayin wata cibiya mai lasisi ta Majalisar Injiniya .  Haka kuma Ƙungiyar Muhalli ta ba ta lasisi don ba da matsayin Mai Kula da Muhalli Mai Haƙƙin mallaka . 

## Tsarin aiki
A shekara ta 2003, Cibiyar Man Fetur da Cibiyar Makamashi suka haɗu suka kafa Cibiyar Makamashi. Ofisoshin Cibiyar Man Fetur sun zama ofisoshin ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa, kuma an rufe ofisoshin Cibiyar Makamashi da ke Landan. 

### Tarihin Cibiyar Man Fetur
An kafa Cibiyar Man Fetur a shekarar 1913 a matsayin Cibiyar Masana Fasaha ta Man Fetur (IPT). Shugaban farko shine Boverton Redwood, shugaban na biyu kuma shine John Cadman ; IPT ta sanya wa wannan lambar yabo ta Cadman don girmama shi. A shekarar 1938, ƙungiyar ta faɗaɗa don rufe masana'antar mai da iskar gas kuma aka sake masa suna Cibiyar Man Fetur (IP). 

### Tarihin Cibiyar Makamashi
An kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arzikin Man Fetur a shekarar 1925, sannan Cibiyar Nazarin Fasahar Man Fetur a shekarar 1926. Su biyun sun haɗu a shekarar 1927 a matsayin Cibiyar Nazarin Man Fetur (IoF). Shugaban farko bayan haɗewar shine Alfred Mond . IoF ta ba wa Melchett Award lambar yabo don girmama shi. A shekarar 1979 ƙungiyar ta zama Cibiyar Nazarin Makamashi (IoE). 

## Tsarin gini
Ƙungiyar agaji ta EI wata ƙungiya ce mai rijista, wadda aka kafa don haɓaka kimiyyar makamashi da mai a duk aikace-aikacen don amfanin jama'a.  Majalisarta ce ke mulkinta, wadda ke da shugaba da mataimakan shugabanni. Juliet Davenport, wacce ta kafa kuma tsohuwar shugabar kamfanin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa Good Energy, an naɗa ta a matsayin shugabar gwamnati na tsawon shekaru uku a watan Yulin 2022. 

EI yana da nau'ikan membobin ƙungiya daban-daban daga ɗalibi zuwa ɗalibi, kuma yana da membobin kamfanoni. Ana buƙatar zama memba domin a bi hanyoyin lasisin ƙwararru da ƙungiyar ke kulawa. 

## Littattafai
Mujallar EI ta hukuma ita ce *Mujallar Cibiyar Makamashi*  wadda Elsevier ya buga.  EI kuma tana buga mujallu biyu na membobinta, *Energy World* da *Petroleum Review* . 

## Manazarta
Ayyuka Makarantar sararin samaniya ta Scotland

**Makarantar Sararin Samaniya ta Careers Scotland**, wacce aka fi sani da **Makarantar Sararin Samaniya ta Scotland**, ƙungiya ce da Careers Scotland ta kafa kuma Gwamnatin Scotland ke ɗaukar nauyinta. Wannan shiri ne na gwamnati, wanda aka shirya a matsayin wani shiri na haɗin gwiwa tare da NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), don ƙarfafa matasa su sami sha'awar darussan *STEM*, Kimiyya, Fasaha, Injiniyanci da Lissafi. 

## Shirye-shiryen
Shirin yana ba da tallafi ga kayan koyarwa kuma ya haɗa da tanadi ga ɗalibai 120 don halartar makarantar bazara, wacce ta mai da hankali kan kimiyyar lantarki da rayuwa, a Jami'ar Strathclyde . Akwai kuma jerin ziyara ga makarantu daga 'yan sama jannati da masana kimiyya na NASA . Misali, a watan Yunin 2007 ma'aikata daga NASA sun halarci wani baje koli a Nairn .  A shekarar 2007, tana amfani da tsari mai kama da gasa, tare da babban kyautar (ga ɗalibai 52) tafiya ta kwanaki 12 zuwa Cibiyar Sararin Samaniya ta Johnson, a Houston, Texas . 

## Amincewa da Shirin
A watan Maris na 2007, Nick Patrick, don nuna goyon bayansa ga Makarantar Sararin Samaniya,   ya koma Edinburgh, yana ɗauke da tutar saltire wadda take tare da shi a aikin sa na farko na sararin samaniya na NASA, tare da wani ɗalibi wanda ke shiga Makarantar Sararin Samaniya. 

*Ɗan Scotland* ya bayyana shirin a matsayin "shiri mai jagoranci a duniya".  Alex Blackwood, wanda ya kafa shirin, ya lashe kyautar Sir Arthur Clarke Award ta 2006 *a fannin Ilimi* .   Mai gabatarwa da aka gayyata a makarantar shine masanin kimiyyar Cyborg Kevin Warwick .

## Manazarta
Mizan Zainal Abidin na Terengganu

**Al-Wathiqu Billah Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin ibni Almarhum Sultan Mahmud Al-Muktafi Billah Shah** ( Jawi   العابدين ; an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Janairu 1962) shine Sarkin Terengganu, yana mulki tun daga 1998. Ya taɓa yin sarauta a matsayin Sarkin Malaysia, daga 2006 zuwa 2011.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Mizan Zainal Abidin a Istana Al-Muktafi da ke Kuala Terengganu, babban dan Sultan Mahmud da matarsa ta biyu, Fatimah Sharifah Nong Alsagoff binti Abdillah. Iyalin Sharifah zuriyar Larabawa ne, daga Sayid Omar Aljunied (kakanta na wajen uwa), daya daga cikin majagaba na zamani na Singapore. 

Mizan Zainal Abidin yayi karatu a Sekolah Kebangsaan Sultan Sulaiman da Sekolah Menengah Sultan Sulaiman, Kuala Terengganu. Ya tafi kasashen waje don yin karatu a Makarantar Grammar Geelong da ke Geelong, Australia. A cikin 1988, ya kammala karatunsa na farko a Jami'ar Duniya ta Amurka-Turai (yanzu ana kiranta Jami'ar Alliant International University ) da ke Landan, inda ya sami digiri na BA a fannin Hulda da Kasa da Kasa.

Mizan ya shiga kwas ɗin soja na PRE SMC (E) 33 a Makarantar Harsuna ta Sojoji daga 1982 zuwa 1983. Daga nan ya shiga kwas ɗin soja na SMC 33 a Royal Military Academy Sandhurst da ke Ingila, inda ya kammala kwas ɗin a matsayin jami'in kadet a ranar 9 ga Disamba 1983.

## Farkon aikina
A ranar 15 ga Satumba, 1981, an naɗa Tengku Mizan a matsayin Mataimakin Mai Tara Haraji a Filaye, yana aiki na tsawon shekara guda a Ofishin Gunduma da Filaye da ke Kuala Terengganu, kafin ya tafi ƙasashen waje don halartar kwas ɗin soja a Ingila. Naɗin Mizan na gaba a shekarar 1988 ya kasance Jami'in Gudanarwa na Jiha a Sashen Tsare-tsaren Tattalin Arziki na Jiha (UPEN) da ke Wisma Darul Iman, Kuala Terengganu. Bayan yin aiki a UPEN, an kuma naɗa Mizan a matsayin Mataimakin Jami'in Filaye na Gunduma a Ofishin Gundumar Kuala Terengganu da Ofishin Filaye.

## Yarima Mai Jiran Gado na Terengganu
An nada Mizan Yang di-Pertuan Muda (Yarima mai jiran gado) na Terengganu a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 1979. A ranar 20 ga Oktoba 1990, aka nada shi Mai Martaba Sarkin Terengganu har zuwa 8 ga Nuwamba 1990.

Daga shekarar 1990 zuwa 1995, Mizan ya kasance Shugaban Majalisar Musulunci da Al'adun Malay ta Terengganu.

## Sultan na Terengganu
Mizan ya zama mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin sarakunan ƙasar Malesiya lokacin da ya karɓi sarautar Sarkin Terengganu a ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1998 bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa Mahmud . An naɗa Mizan a matsayin Sarkin Terengganu na 17 a ranar 4 ga Maris, 1999. 

## Yang di-Pertuan Agong

## Manazarta
 

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Hukumar Nama da Dabbobi

Gwamnatin Burtaniya ce ta kafa **Hukumar Nama da Dabbobi** ( **MLC** ) a ƙarƙashin Dokar Noma ta 1967 tare da kuɗin gwamnati tare da kuɗin tallafi don haɓaka sayar da nama ja . A da, MLC ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta gwamnati wacce ba ta da ma'aikata, amma daga ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2008 Hukumar Raya Noma da Noma ta maye gurbinta. 

## Tallafin Kuɗi
Kudaden shiga na MLC sun samo asali ne daga harajin da ake biya kan kowace gawa da aka yanka tare da ƙarin kuɗi kai tsaye daga gwamnati.   tana da kasafin kuɗi na shekara-shekara na fam miliyan 42 don tallatawa da tallatawa  don tallata nama ga al'ummar Birtaniya . 

## Tallafawa nama
Aikin MLC shine *"yin aiki tare da [[Meat and livestock industry|masana'antar nama da dabbobi]] ta Burtaniya (shanu, tumaki da aladu) don inganta ingancinsu da matsayinsu na gasa"* da kuma *"kiyayewa da kuma ƙarfafa kasuwannin naman Birtaniya a gida da waje, tare da la'akari da buƙatun masu amfani."* 

A shekarar 2000 kaɗai, MLC da gwamnati sun haɗu sun ba da kuɗin kamfen na talla na fam miliyan 4.6 don tallata naman alade na Burtaniya. 

## Ce-ce-ku-ce
A shekara ta 2006, ƙungiyar Burtaniya ta People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) ta bayyana wani fosta  da ke haɗa cin nama da cin zarafin yara.  MLC ta sanya fosta ɗin a *matsayin "mara alhaki"* . Duk da haka, Hukumar Kula da Ka'idojin Talla (ASA) ta amince cewa PETA za ta iya ci gaba da sanya tallace-tallace da ke bayyana wannan ra'ayi,  tana mai cewa *"Duk da cewa mun fahimci cewa wasu masu kallo za su ga rubutun da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin tallan bai dace ba, mun fahimci cewa PETA ta yi niyyar isar da cewa, a ra'ayinsu, ciyar da yara nama, da kuma fallasa su ga tasirin da ka iya cutarwa, daidai yake da cin zarafi."* 

## Manazarta
Adrian Monger

**Adrian Calero Monger** (6 ga Disamba 1932 – 10 ga Yuli 2016) ɗan tseren kwale-kwale ne na Australiya. Ya lashe kambun ƙasa sau biyu a ƙasar Australiya kuma ya fafata a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1956 inda ya lashe lambar tagulla a gasar maza takwas.

## Kulab da kwale-kwale na jiha
Monger ya yi karatu a Makarantar Grammar Geelong inda ya fara koyon tukin kwale-kwale. A matsayinsa na mazaunin Kwalejin Trinity a Jami'ar Melbourne, ya shiga ƙungiyar jiragen ruwa ta Jami'ar Melbourne. Daga baya ya yi tukin kwale-kwale daga ƙungiyar jiragen ruwa ta Mercantile da ke Melbourne.

Ya fara zaɓen jiha a Victoria a shekarar 1954 a gasar maza ta takwas da suka fafata a gasar King's Cup a gasar Australian Interstate Regatta ta shekara-shekara. Ya sake yin tseren kwale-kwale a gasar Victorian King's Cup a shekarar 1955 da 1956, kuma waɗannan ma'aikatan sun yi nasara a 1954 da 1956.

## Wakilan kwale-kwale na ƙasashen duniya
A shekarar 1956, a gasar Olympics ta Melbourne, an zaɓi 'yan wasan Victorian takwas da suka lashe gasar Kings Cup a matsayin 'yan wasa takwas na maza na Australiya, banda 'yan wasa uku - Benfield daga New South Wales. Monger ya yi tuƙi a kan kujeru bakwai a wasan ƙarshe mai ban sha'awa inda 'yan wasan Australiya takwas suka kai shi ga ma'aikatan jirgin Amurka da Kanada kuma suka zo da lambar tagulla.[1]

## Manazarta
Robert A. Alberty

**Robert Arnold Alberty** (1921–2014) ƙwararren masanin kimiyyar sinadarai ne na Amurka, farfesa mai ritaya a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts, kuma memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa .

Alberty ya sami digirin farko da na biyu daga Jami'ar Nebraska a shekarar 1943 da 1944, bi da bi, sannan ya sami digirin digirgir daga Jami'ar Wisconsin–Madison a shekarar 1947. Saboda aikinsa a fannin kimiyyar sinadarai masu rai, an zaɓe Alberty zuwa Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa a shekarar 1965. A shekarar 1968 an zaɓe shi a matsayin Fellow na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka .  Ya kasance shugaban Makarantar Kimiyya ta MIT tsakanin 1967-1982.

Alberty kuma sananne ne saboda litattafansa kan ilmin sunadarai na zahiri, waɗanda suka yi fice a bugu da yawa. Na farko, *Physical Chemistry*, tare da Farrington Daniels, an buga shi a shekarar 1957. An yi wa littattafan kwanan nan masu wannan taken tare da Robert J. Silbey da Moungi G. Bawendi (2004). Sauran ayyukan sun haɗa da *Thermodynamics of Biochemical Reactions* (2003) da *Biochemical Thermodynamics: Applications of Mathematica (Methods of Biochemical Analysis)* (2006).

Ya rasu a Cambridge, Massachusetts, yana da shekaru 92 a ranar 18 ga Janairu, 2014.  A ƙarshen rayuwarsa, ya rubuta ɗan gajeren bayani game da rayuwarsa da aikinsa na kimiyya. 

## Bincike
A farkon aikinsa, Alberty ya yi aiki musamman kan fannoni na electrophoresis a fannin sunadarai na furotin .  Bayan shekaru 20 daga binciken ilimi, lokacin da yake da alhakin gudanarwa a MIT, tare da aiki a masana'antar mai,  ya koma binciken sinadarai na halitta.

Ya ƙara damuwa da tsarin motsi da hanyoyin halayen enzyme-catalysed,   da farko yana nazarin fumarase musamman.  Yana cikin waɗanda suka fara la'akari da tsarin motsi na halayen tare da substrate fiye da ɗaya,  kuma a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya babu wani ɓangare na tsarin motsi na enzyme da bai taɓa ba, aikinsa ya haɗa da, misali, nazarin pH,  daidaitattun ƙimar da aka haɗa,  halayen da za a iya juyawa,  tasirin zafin jiki,  tasirin masu hanawa da masu hanawa,  da sauransu.

Sha'awar farko ta Alberty game da ionization na adenosine phosphate da kuma fannoni na thermodynamic na halayen sinadarai ta zama babban abin da ya fi sha'awarsa, kuma a shekarunsa na ƙarshe ya sami wallafe-wallafe da yawa kan wannan batu, kamar tattara halayen ATP da mahaɗan da suka shafi hakan. Ya yi aiki tare da IUPAC kan shawarwari don gabatar da bayanai don thermodynamics na sinadarai.

Duk da cewa ya fi damuwa da halayen da aka samar da enzyme guda ɗaya, Alberty ya kuma yi wasu ayyuka tare da tsarin enzyme fiye da ɗaya, kamar zagayowar urea. 

## Duba kuma
Kenneth Burton

## Manazarta
Arthur McKenzie

**William Arthur McKenzie** (25 Disamba 1879 - 18 Yuli 1916) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Australiya wanda ya buga wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Geelong wasa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Victorian . Daga baya ya koma Afirka ta Kudu, kuma aka kashe shi a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya.

## Iyali
Ɗan William Kenneth McKenzie (1850–1920), [1] da Elizabeth Ann McKenzie (1854–1929), ɗan shekara Stoker, [2] An haifi William Arthur McKenzie a Sandhurst, Victoria (wanda aka sani da Bendigo tun 1891) a ranar 25 ga Disamba 1879.[3]

## Ilimi
Ya halarci Makarantar Grammar Geelong a shekarar 1898. Ba wai kawai ƙwararren ɗan wasan kurket da ƙwallon ƙafa ba ne, har ma ɗan wasa ne mai hazaka.

A bikin wasanni na Makarantar Grammar ta Geelong a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 1898, ya kasance zakaran ɗan wasa na makarantar, kuma an ba shi Kofin Zakarun Gasar Makarantar saboda rawar da ya taka. Ya lashe tseren dogon da ci 14.  kimanin 37cm), tsalle ƙafa 18. 11  (kimanin mita 5.78), nisan yadi 100 ("McKenzie ... ya yi nasara cikin sauƙi"), nisan mil kwata ("McLaurin [wanda ya gama na biyu] ya jagoranci har zuwa yadi 50 daga gida, lokacin da McKenzie ya yi karo da gaba, ya yi nasara da yadi da yawa"), nisan mil ("Belcher [wanda ya gama na biyu] yana kan gaba har zuwa kusan yadi 40 daga famfon, amma McKenzie ya yi karo da gaba, ya yi nasara da yadi biyu ko uku"), kuma ya zo na uku a cikin filin wasa na sandar sanda . 

## Kwallon kafa
Ya buga wa Geelong wasa a VFL a wasanni huɗu na ƙarshe na kakar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta 1898.

## Aikin soja

### Yaƙin Boer
Ya yi aiki a ƙasashen waje a cikin bindigogin Victorian na 2 a Yaƙin Boer na Biyu (1899–1902) . 

### Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya
Yana zaune a Afirka ta Kudu har abada, ya shiga rundunar sojojin Afirka ta Kudu, kuma ya yi aiki a ƙasashen waje a cikin rundunar sojojin Afirka ta Kudu ta 1.

## Mutuwa
An kashe shi a lokacin da ake fafatawa a Delville Wood, a Faransa, a ranar 18 ga Yuli, 1916.  Ba shi da wani kabari da aka sani, kuma ana tunawa da shi a wurin *tunawa da Thiepval zuwa ga Missing of the Somme* kusa da Thiepval, a arewacin Faransa.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin 'yan wasan gasar kwallon kafa ta Victorian da suka mutu a lokacin da suke aikin soja

* Holmesby, Russell & Main, Jim (2007). *Littafin Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers. Bugu na 7.* Melbourne: Buga Bas.
* Main, J. & Allen, D., "McKenzie, W. Arthur", shafi na 10.&nbsp;129–131 a cikin Main, J. & Allen, D., *Fallen - Jarumai Mafi Kyau: 'Yan Wasan Kwallo Waɗanda Ba Su Dawo Daga Yaƙi Ba*, Abubuwan da ke Cikin Crown, (Melbourne), 2002. ISBN&nbsp;
* Littafin Tunawa: William Arthur McKenzie Mai Zaman Kansa (4493), ''Tunawa da Yaƙin Ostiraliya'' .

## Manazarta
Edward Fancourt Mitchell

**Sir Edward Fancourt Mitchell** KCMG KC (21 Yuli 1855 - 7 Mayu 1941) lauya ne ɗan ƙasar Ostiraliya wanda yake ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙwararru a fannin dokokin kundin tsarin mulki na Ostiraliya a farkon ƙarni na 20.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Mitchell a Richmond, Surrey, Ingila, ɗan William Henry Fancourt Mitchell kuma tsohuwar Christina Templeton. Mahaifinsa, wanda ya daɗe yana aiki a Majalisar Dokokin Victoria, ya isa Ostiraliya a 1833; an haife shi ne a wani dogon ziyara da ya kai gida. Mitchell ya halarci Makarantar Grammar Geelong da Makarantar Grammar Melbourne, sannan aka tura shi Ingila don halartar Trinity Hall, Cambridge. An kira shi zuwa mashaya a Inner Temple a 1881, amma ya koma Ostiraliya a wannan shekarar kuma aka shigar da shi cikin Lauyan Victorian. Ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru a matsayin ƙarami a James Purves. 

## Aikin shari'a

Daga ƙarshe Mitchell ya kafa nasa ofishin, inda ya saba bayyana a gaban Kotun Ƙoli ta Victoria . Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Goldsbrough Mort &amp;amp; Co. daga 1893 zuwa 1896. Bayan Tarayya a 1901, Mitchell ya riƙa bayyana a gaban Babbar Kotun da kuma lokaci-lokaci a gaban Kwamitin Shari'a na Majalisar Sirri da ke Landan. An naɗa shi Lauyan Sarki a 1904 kuma ya zama Kwamandan Knight na Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) a 1918. 

## Sauran abubuwan sha'awa
Mitchell kwararren ɗan wasa ne mai sha'awar wasanni. Ya buga wasan tennis na yankin Victoria a shekarun 1886 da 1887, kuma memba ne na ƙungiyar Royal Melbourne Golf Club. Ya kuma wakilci Victoria a Hukumar Cricket ta Australiya, kuma ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar Cricket ta Melbourne daga 1933 zuwa 1941.

Mitchell ɗan addinin Anglican ne mai ibada, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban cocin Anglican Diocese na Melbourne daga 1910 har zuwa mutuwarsa. Ya kasance mai goyon bayan Jam'iyyar Nationalist, kuma a 1918 ya tsaya takarar zaɓen ɗan majalisar dokoki na Flinders. Stanley Bruce, wanda zai zama firayim minista na gaba, ya kayar da shi, kuma da alama bai ji daɗin jawabinsa na rashin kyau a bainar jama'a ba. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Mitchell ya auri Eliza Fraser Morrison a ranar 16 ga Disamba, 1886. Shi da matarsa suna da 'ya'ya mata huɗu. 'Yarsa ta uku ita ce makauniyar marubuciya, Isabel Mary Mitchell. Surukinsa shine masanin ilimi Alexander Morrison, shugaban Kwalejin Scotch. 

## Manazarta
Yankin Kudancin Tekun Atlantika

**Tsarin Atlantic Meridional Transect** (wanda aka takaita a matsayin **AMT** ) shiri ne na nazarin teku mai tsawon shekaru goma wanda ke gudanar da bincike kan halittu, sinadarai da kuma na zahiri a lokacin tafiye-tafiye na shekara-shekara tsakanin Burtaniya da kuma inda za a je a Kudancin Atlantika. An fara shirin AMT mai gudana a shekarar 1995 don tantance hanyoyin halittu a Tekun Atlantika daga mesoscale zuwa sikelin kwarin . Aikin farko na shirin shine daidaita ma'auni da samfuran da na'urar firikwensin tauraron dan adam ta SeaWiFS (1997-2010) ta samar don samar da chlorophyll na teku.

Shirin AMT yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin Dakin Gwaji na Plymouth Marine, tare da tallafi daga Cibiyar Nazarin Teku ta Ƙasa . A halin yanzu Majalisar Binciken Muhalli ta Halitta (NERC) ce ke ba da kuɗaɗen gudanar da shi. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a shekarar 1995, shirin ya gudanar da rangadin bincike guda 26 tare da masana kimiyya 256 da aka ɗauko daga ƙasashe 22.  Shirin AMT ya samar da bayanai ga wallafe-wallafe sama da 300 da aka yi wa hukunci,  da kuma rubuce-rubucen PhD guda 75. 

Tsarin dawowar jirgin ruwa na shirin AMT yana aiki tsakanin Burtaniya a Arewacin Atlantika da Tsibirin Falkland, Chile ko Afirka ta Kudu a yankin kudu, kuma jimlar nisansa zai iya kaiwa  .  Hanyar ta ratsa larduna da dama na biogeochemical, ciki har da tsarin haɓɓaka yanayi mai kyau da kuma yanayin ƙasa mai kyau, da kuma gyres na arewa da kudancin tekun Atlantika na oligotrophic . A cikin ɗaukar samfurin wannan nau'ikan halittu masu ban sha'awa na planktonic, tafiye-tafiyen shirin AMT suna samar da bayanai masu daidaito a kan faɗin sikelin sararin samaniya, kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fahimtar zagayowar carbon na teku.

## Manazarta
Yankin Kula da namun daji na Creston Valley

**Yankin Kula da Namun Daji na Creston Valley yanki** ne na kula da namun daji da kuma yankin kula da namun daji na kogin Kanada kusa da Creston a kudu maso tsakiyar British Columbia, a kan ambaliyar ruwan Kogin Kootenay a ƙarshen kudu na Tafkin Kootenay . Mafi yawansu suna da dausayi, an sanya su a matsayin ƙasa mai dausayi mai mahimmanci ga ƙasashen duniya a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1994,  kuma muhimmin yanki ne na Tsuntsaye a duniya.  Yana ɗaya daga cikin "ƙananan yankunan noma masu mahimmanci na lardin",  kuma yana cikin Montane Cordillera . Yana miƙe arewa tare da Tafkin Kootenay na tsawon kimanin kilomita 20.&nbsp;km, kuma kudu zuwa iyakar Amurka . Ita ce kawai wurin kiwon tern na Forster  kuma ita ce kawai wurin da kwaɗin damisa ke taruwa a lardin,  da kuma ɗaya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun mazauna Kanada ga Coeur D'Alene salamander . Kwarin Creston yana ba da wuraren ajiyewa da kuma yin gidaje ga tsuntsayen da ke ƙaura a kan hanyar Pacific Flyway . 

Ya ƙunshi yanki na kusan 69.0&nbsp;kilomita 2 na ƙasar Crown ta lardin. Yankin dausayi kuma ya ƙunshi 15&nbsp;kilomita 2 Tafkin Duck da fadama 17. A gabas akwai tsaunukan Purcell, a yamma kuma akwai tsaunukan Selkirk .

Yankin Creston Valley ne ke kula da yankin domin hana nau'ikan halittu masu mamaye yankin samun damar shiga cikin dausayi, musamman ma a kan ciyawar dawaki ko ciyawar canary . Ana yin hakan ne ta hanyar rage yawan ruwan dausayi a yankin lokaci-lokaci. A cewar Brian Stushnoff, manajan yankin, akwai wata dabarar "gyara yankunan da ciyayi suka shake su, a busar da su sannan a noma ƙasa don kawar da wurin da ake noma iri da ke tsirowa a kan lokaci."  Wannan kuma yana tabbatar da bambancin halittu ta hanyar hana nau'in shuka ɗaya mamaye yankin.

## Cibiyar Fassarar Namun Daji
Cibiyar Fassarar Namun Daji tana da nisan kilomita 11 a yamma da Creston daga Hwy 3 kuma tana buɗewa daga watan Mayu zuwa Oktoba. Cibiyar tana da nunin kayan tarihi na halitta, dakin gwaje-gwaje na kimiyya, hasumiyai na kallo da kuma shagon bayar da kyaututtuka. Ana bayar da shirye-shiryen ilimi da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli ga makarantu, ƙungiyoyi da baƙi, gami da tafiye-tafiyen da aka shirya da kuma rangadin kwale-kwale.

## Tarihi
An kafa Yankin Kula da Namun Daji na Creston Valley a shekarar 1968, kuma ta sami izininta ta hanyar Dokar Namun Daji ta Creston Valley. Wannan ya biyo bayan kusan shekaru 26 na juriya daga masu kare muhalli, masana ilmin halittu da mazauna kusa waɗanda ke son kare Tafkin Duck da wuraren da ke kewaye da shi. Daga baya, tare da taimakon BC Hydro da Ducks Unlimited, an gina tsarin dykes da sauran tsare-tsare na sarrafawa don sarrafa matakan ruwa a Tafkin Duck, don haka yankunan da ke da danshi, wanda ya rage tasirin fari da ambaliyar ruwa na shekara-shekara. 

Shaidun kayan tarihi sun nuna cewa ƙasashen farko sun rayu a yankin tsawon dubban shekaru. Yankin shine yankin gargajiya na mutanen Ktunaxa .

## Manazarta
Balnaguard Glen

**Balnaguard Glen** wani wurin ajiyar namun daji ne na Scotland kusa da ƙauyen Balnaguard, Perthshire . Yana da kyau saboda dajin juniper, wanda yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma a Perthshire.

## Bayani
Wurin ajiyar ya ƙunshi fadin hekta 55, inda Balnagurad Burn ke ratsawa ta ciki. Kogin yana da tsayi, kuma a da yana da hanyar tafiya, kodayake hanyoyin ƙasa sun sa tsohuwar hanyar ta zama mai haɗari da rashin wucewa. Akwai magudanan ruwa da yawa. Gabashin kogin yana da itacen birch, kuma a yamma akwai yankuna da yawa na dazuzzukan juniper. 

## Flora
A da, wurin yana da dazuzzuka sosai, kuma an dasa bishiyoyi kwanan nan kusa da itacen birch don bambance nau'ikan tsirrai da dabbobi. Dajin juniper, wanda galibi yake yammacin wurin ajiyar, yana buƙatar a kula da shi ta hanyar cire bishiyoyin bracken masu girma da sauri, waɗanda in ba haka ba za su fadama itacen juniper mai girma a hankali. Gabanin yamma, bayan itacen juniper, akwai wani yanki na ciyawa .

## Fauna
Akwai nau'ikan halittu da yawa da za a iya gani a wurin ajiyar, kamar barewa ja, zomo na dutse, kestrels da kuma martens na pine .

## Samun dama
Akwai ƙaramin wurin ajiye motoci a ƙasan wurin ajiyar motoci, a wajen ƙauyen. Akwai wata hanya mai alamar hanya, amma tana da tsayi da kuma tsauri, kuma tana da wahalar wucewa a lokacin damina. Yana da haɗari a yi ƙoƙarin shiga cikin kwarin, domin ƙasar da ke wurin ba ta da kwanciyar hankali kuma tana da saurin zaftarewar ƙasa .

## Manazarta
Andreas Albrecht (masanin kimiyyar)

Andreas Christoph Albrecht (3 ga Yuni 1927 - 26 ga Satumba 2002) ƙwararren masanin kimiyyar lissafi ne na Amurka.

An haifi Andreas Christoph Albrecht a California kuma ya girma a Washington, DC, Baton Rouge da Vienna . Mahaifinsa masanin ilmin ɗan adam ne na Jamus.  Ya yi karatun sinadarai a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ya haɗu da Genia Solomon, wacce daga baya ta zama matarsa. Ya kammala karatunsa a 1950. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa jihar Washington don kammala karatun digiri na biyu. Dukansu sun sami digiri na uku a 1954 daga Jami'ar Washington, nasa a fannin sinadarai a ƙarƙashin WT Simpson da nata a fannin biochemistry. Daga baya, Andreas da Genia sun ƙaura zuwa Cambridge, Massachusetts don yin aiki a matsayin masu bincike na digiri na uku . Mai kula da karatun digiri na uku shi ne Walter H. Stockmayer a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts . Genia ta yi aiki a Jami'ar Harvard .  

A shekarar 1956 suka ƙaura zuwa Ithaca, New York domin ya zama malami a Jami'ar Cornell . Daga baya aka ƙara masa matsayi zuwa Mataimakin Farfesa (1957), Mataimakin Farfesa (1962) da kuma cikakken Farfesa (1965) na kimiyyar sinadarai . Genia ta dakatar da bincikenta na kimiyya don renon yara huɗu. A shekarun 1980 ta ci gaba da aikinta kuma ta zama Babbar Malama a fannin Biochemistry a Cornell inda aka karrama ta saboda gudummawar da ta bayar wajen koyarwa.  

## Bincike
Albrecht ya fi shahara saboda aikinsa kan ka'idar resonance Raman scattering intensities.    Ya ƙirƙiro hanyoyi guda biyu na manyan hanyoyin nazarin tsarin haɓaka Raman. Na farko daga cikinsu shine hanyar sum-over-states, wacce aka haɓaka a shekarun 1960. Bayan haɓaka hanyar wavepacket mai dogaro da lokaci ta Lee da Heller, ƙungiyar Albrecht ta ƙirƙiro ka'idar canji ta resonance Raman enhancement.  

Wasu ci gaban bincike masu mahimmanci da binciken ƙungiyarsa ya gudanar sun haɗa da nazarin ruwan tabarau na thermal,  da kuma ra'ayin yanayin girgizar ƙwayoyin halitta na gida.  

## Lambobin yabo da nasarori
Andreas Albrecht ya samu nasarori da yawa kuma ya kasance cikin ƙungiyoyin kimiyya da yawa. Ya kuma sami mukamai da dama na farfesa. A shekarar 1986 aka ba shi lambar yabo ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta New York Polychrome Corporation a fannin Photochemistry, a shekarar 1988 aka ba shi lambar yabo ta Lippincott -Medal, sannan a shekarar 1990 aka ba shi lambar yabo ta Earle K. Plyler daga Ƙungiyar Jiki ta Amurka . A shekarar 1992 ya shiga Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka .  An keɓe masa wata mujalla ta musamman ta *Mujallar Sinadarin Jiki A* bayan mutuwarsa. 

## Manazarta
Ali McGregor

**Ali McGregor** mawakiya ce ta ƙasar Ostiraliya, 'yar wasan opera, kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo ta cabaret. Ta yi wasan opera a Burtaniya, Ostiraliya da kuma New Zealand. An ga wasannin cabaret ɗinta a bukukuwa a Burtaniya, Ireland da Ostiraliya.

## Sana'a
McGregor, wacce aka haifa a Melbourne, ta karanci kiɗa a Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Australiya kafin ta kammala digirinta na farko a fannin kiɗa a Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Royal Northern da ke Manchester, Ingila a matsayinta na Malamin Peter Moores. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup> Matsayinta na farko shine yin Polly Peachum a cikin shirin Jonathan Miller na ''The Beggar's Opera'' a Wilton's Music Hall da ke Landan. Ta ci gaba da gabatar da ''La Traviata – Kai Tsaye daga Paris'' don Channel 4 tare da Howard Goodall a shekara ta 2000. 

Daga nan Simone Young ta jawo McGregor zuwa Ostiraliya don zama ɗaya daga cikin matasan mawakan ta na farko a Opera Australia . Ta zama babbar mai waƙar soprano tare da Opera Australia daga 2000 zuwa 2005. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D; Ta taka rawa daban-daban, ciki har da Zerlina a cikin *Don Giovanni*, Papagena a cikin *The Magic Flute*, Marzellina a cikin *Fidelio*, Yum Yum a cikin *The Mikado*, Adele a cikin *Die Fledermaus*, Ninetta a cikin *The Love for Three Oranges*, The Claintiff in *Trial by Jury* da Clorinda a cikin *La Cenerentola* wanda ta lashe kyautar Green Room Award a 2003. Ta kuma yi wa Zerlina wasa a New Zealand Opera a 2005. 

A shekarar 2018, McGregor ya ƙirƙiro wani wasan opera mai suna *Lorelei* bisa tatsuniyar sirens a kan wani dutse a saman Rhine wanda ya jawo hankalin matuƙan jirgin ruwa zuwa mutuwa. Shirin wanda ya ƙunshi McGregor, Dimity Shepherd da Antoinette Halloran, ya buɗe a Victorian Opera (Melbourne) kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa Opera Queensland a shekarar 2020. 

### Burlesque na Opera
A shekara ta 2005, McGregor ta ƙirƙiri shirin "The Opera Burlesque" don gabatar da mutane da yawa ga wasan opera. An haɗu da ita da mezzo-soprano Dimity Shepherd da Antoinette Halloran masu wayo. An fara nuna wannan wasan a cikin The Famous Spiegeltent da ke Melbourne sannan daga baya a Adelaide Fringe Festival . Daga nan ta ɗauki shirin zuwa Edinburgh Festival Fringe a shekara ta 2006 tare da Catherine Friel masu wayo da mezzo-soprano Jacqueline Tate. Sun yi wasan a Spiegeltent sannan daga baya a Gilded Balloon a shekara ta 2007. [1] Sun kuma yi wasan a Lost Vgueness a Hackney Empire da Glastonbury Festival da Waterford Festival a Ireland.

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli da Ilimi ta Birane

**Cibiyar Bincike da Ilimi Kan Muhalli ta Birane (CUERE)** tana Jami'ar Maryland, Gundumar Baltimore (UMBC) a Catonsville, Maryland . Babban abin da cibiyar ta fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne dangantakar da ke tsakanin hanyoyin halitta da tattalin arziki da ke faruwa a cikin birane.

## Kayan aiki
An kafa Cibiyar Bincike da Ilimi Kan Muhalli ta Birane a shekara ta 2001 tare da tallafi daga Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka da Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ci Gaban Birane ta Amurka .  Cibiyar tana cikin Cibiyar Binciken Fasaha a harabar UMBC, wanda ke ba da damar yin bincike mai yawa a yankin babban birnin Baltimore - Washington . Manufar CUERE ita ce "haɓaka fahimtar illolin muhalli, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na sauyin yanayin birni ta hanyar bincike, tarurruka da taron karawa juna sani, tallafawa shirye-shiryen koyar da jami'a da taimako ga ilimin K-12." 

CUERE tana ba da albarkatu iri-iri don dalilan bincike. Cibiyar Binciken Fasaha da ke kan titin Linden a yankin kudu maso gabashin harabar UMBC tana ba da dakin gwaje-gwaje na Tsarin Bayanai na Kasa, da dakin gwaje-gwajen binciken muhalli. Dakin gwaje-gwajen binciken muhalli ya ƙware a fannin ilmin sunadarai na ruwa da nazarin inganci, nazarin halayen ƙasa, nazarin halayen sinadarai na ƙasa, da sarrafa samfurin ƙasa don nazarin waje. 

Baya ga abubuwan more rayuwa da ke Cibiyar Binciken Fasaha, Yankin Bincike da Kare Muhalli (CERA) yana ba wa masu bincike, malamai, da ɗalibai wurin da za a iya lura da kuma gwaji a harabar jami'a. CERA ta ƙunshi eka 45 na harabar jami'ar UMBC ta kudu. 

## Masu haɗin gwiwa
Ƙungiyoyin da ke aiki a kan ayyukan bincike tare da CUERE sun haɗa da:

* Cibiyar Nazarin Tsarin Halittu ta Cary, Millbrook, New York
* Sabis na Daji na Amurka, Tashar Filin Baltimore
* Binciken Ƙasa na Amurka, Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center (Catonsville, MD). 

## Ayyukan bincike
CUERE ta fara *nazarin tsarin muhalli na Baltimore* a shekarar 1998, inda ta mai da hankali kan ruwan saman ƙasa da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a yankin Baltimore. Cibiyar Cary ce ta jagoranci wannan aikin kuma Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa ce ta ba da kuɗaɗen gudanar da shi.   Aikin ya tattara kuma ya yi nazarin bayanan ruwa sama da shekaru 20, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan farko da aka yi don nazarin yanayin halittu na birane, maimakon yankunan halitta. 

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Shari'ar Muhalli ta Quebec

**Cibiyar Dokar Muhalli ta Quebec** ( **QELC** ; French  , CQDE)  ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta muhalli wadda manufarta ita ce tabbatar da aiwatar da dokokin muhalli da haƙƙin 'yan ƙasa a cikin al'amuran muhalli a Quebec da Kanada .

An kafa QELC a shekarar 1989 ta hannun ƙungiyar lauyoyi masu sha'awar dokokin muhalli. Yanzu haka ƙungiyar tana sake tattara manyan lauyoyi da ƙwararrun masana muhalli waɗanda ke shiga cikin muhimman muhawara kan muhalli.

## Manazarta
Ian McIntosh (Officer na Royal Navy)

Mataimakin Admiral **Sir Ian Stewart McIntosh**, KBE, CB, DSO, DSC (11 Oktoba 1919 &#x2013; 31 Yuli 2003) jami'in rundunar sojojin ruwa ne wanda ya zama Mataimakin Babban Hafsan Tsaro (Bukatun Aiki) .

## Bayani

An haifi McIntosh a Melbourne, Ostiraliya a shekarar 1919.  Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Grammar Geelong.

## Aikin sojan ruwa
McIntosh ya shiga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal a shekarar 1938 kuma ya yi aiki a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. A ƙarshen shekarar 1940 an ɗaukaka shi zuwa ƙaramin laftanar kuma ya yi aikin sa kai a cikin jiragen ruwa na ƙarƙashin ruwa.

A watan Maris na shekarar 1941, ya shiga jirgin fasinja  a Liverpool, inda zai yi aiki da First Submarine Flotilla da ke Alexandria, Masar. Da safiyar ranar 25 ga Maris, *Britannia* ta nutse sakamakon harbin bindiga daga wani maharbi na Jamus mai *suna Thor,* kimanin mil 700 a yammacin Freetown, Sierra Leone. McIntosh ya karɓi ragamar jirgin ruwa mai lamba 7 tare da waɗanda suka tsira 82 - fiye da yadda aka ƙiyasta jirgin - kuma ya yi nasarar tafiya mil 1,500 cikin kwanaki 23 zuwa Brazil mai tsaka-tsaki. Saboda wannan gagarumin aiki, an ba shi lambar yabo ta MBE ta soja, wacce aka saba keɓewa ga manyan mukamai. 

Ya yi aiki a cikin jiragen ruwa na HMS Porpoise da HMS Thrasher, inda ya sami Distinguished Service Cross saboda aikinsa a ƙarshen shekarar 1942. A matsayinsa na kwamandan jirgin ruwa na HMS Sceptre, ya nutsar da kusan tan 15,000 na jiragen ruwan abokan gaba kuma ya shiga cikin Operation Source, hare-haren da aka kai wa manyan jiragen ruwan yaƙi na Jamus a cikin ruwan Norway ta hanyar jiragen ruwa na Towed Midget.[1] [2] Ya jagoranci jirgin ruwa na HMS Alderney daga 1946, jirgin ruwa na HMS Aeneas daga 1950 sannan kuma ya jagoranci jirgin ruwa HMS Victorious a shekarun 1960.[2] Ya zama Darakta Janar na Makamai (Rundunar Sojan Ruwa) a Ma'aikatar Tsaro a 1969 kuma Mataimakin Babban Hafsan Tsaro (Bukatun Aiki) a 1970 tare da karin girma zuwa mataimakin Admiral a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 1970, [3] kafin ya yi ritaya a 1973.[4]

Bayan ya yi ritaya ya zama mai ba da shawara kan bincike na manyan jami'ai tare da Alexander Hughes & Associates. 

## Rayuwar mutum da mutuwa
A shekarar 1943, ya auri Elizabeth Rosemary Rasmussen; suna da 'ya'ya maza uku da 'ya mace ɗaya (wadda ta mutu). 

McIntosh ya mutu a Asibitin Sarauniya Alexandra da ke Portsmouth a ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2003. 

## Manazarta
Mari Kvien Brunvoll

**Mari Kvien Brunvoll** (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1984 a Molde, Norway) mawaƙiya ce ta mutanen Norway da jazz wacce ta ja hankalin mutane a bukukuwan duniya tare da ra'ayinta na solo, inda muryar ta cika da ƙananan kayan lantarki da sauti a cikin sauti da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare ta da jazz, pop da kiɗa na gargajiya.

## Ayyuka

Brunvoll is a 2010 graduate of the Grieg Academy in Bergen. She won the Vital Award at the Nattjazz, Bergen 2009. Her first appearance at Moldejazz was in 2010 with her solo project. Brunvoll is known for her amazing solo project, which has received critical acclaim through concerts at Nattjazz, Moldejazz, and a number of jazz clubs around Europe.

A matsayinta na daliba a cikin shirin jazz a Kwalejin Grieg ta kasance wakilin Norway a bikin 12 Points na Duniya a Stavanger a cikin 2010. Taron kwana huɗu na masu fasaha da ƙungiyoyi daga ƙasashe goma sha biyu sun nuna bambancin da ikon matasa masu ba da kide-kide na Turai na yau. An rubuta aikin Brunvoll a cikin kundi na farko mai taken kansa daga shekarar 2012. 

Bugge Wesseltoft ya zaɓi "mai basira sosai" Brunvoll a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mawaƙa uku masu alƙawari don gabatarwa a Bylarm 2010. Ya buga wasan kwaikwayo biyu tare da ita a Amsterdam 2009.

Brunvoll tun daga shekara ta 2000 ya yi aiki sosai a bukukuwa a Norway da kuma ko'ina cikin Turai. Gudummawar da ta bayar a Nattjazz (ta lashe kyautar baiwa a Nattyazz a shekara ta 2009), Moldejazz da Øyafestivalen a Oslo shine kawai saman jerin. Ta sami lambar yabo ta Vozzajazz a shekara ta 2011, ta taka leda a bikin fasaha na Kilkenny a wannan shekarar [1] kuma ta ba da hadin kai a duo tare da Stein Urheim, wanda kuma ya sami lambar yabo na Vossajazz a cikin 2010 don aikinsa daban-daban a fagen jazz na Norway. [2][3]

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Ita 'yar lauya ce Knut Anker Brunvoll (an haife ta a shekara ta 1945) kuma mawaƙan jazz kuma pianist Inger Johanne Brunvoll (wanda aka haife ta Kvien a shekara ta 1945), kuma ƙaramar 'yar'uwar marubucin waƙa, guitarist da vocalist Ane Brun (an haifu ta a shekara de 1976) da kuma mai daukar hoto Bjørn Brunvoll (ya haifu ta 1973). 

## Manazarta
Masu Kula da Muhalli

**Eco-Agents** ( ƙasar Norway) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta muhalli ga yara.  Wani reshe na Ƙungiyar Kula da Yanayi ta ƙasar Norway,  yana da membobi 3000.  Batutuwa uku da aka mayar da hankali a kansu su ne kiyaye yanayi, ɗumamar yanayi da kuma amfani da shi. 

An kafa ƙungiyar a shekarar 1992 a matsayin *Blekkulfs venner*, daga baya *Blekkulfts miljødetektiver* . A shekarar 2006, ta canza zuwa sunan da ake amfani da shi a yanzu, kuma ta daina haɗin gwiwa da *[[Blekkulf]]*, wani dorinar ruwa mai ban mamaki. Dalilin hakan ya samo asali ne daga tattaunawa da yara manya, kuma wani ɓangare saboda ƙungiyar tana da matsalolin ba da kuɗin lasisi ga waɗanda suka ƙirƙiri haruffan almara. 

A shekarar 2015, Ma'aikatan Muhalli ne suka fara Kwamitin Yanayi na Yara. 

Kowace shekara, Jami'an Muhalli suna shirya gasar makaranta ta Batterijakten  da Beintøft. 

## Manazarta
Charles R. Alcock

**Charles Roger Alcock** (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Yuni 1951) masanin ilmin taurari ne na Birtaniya da New Zealand. Ya kasance darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Astrophysics | Harvard &amp;amp; Smithsonian a Cambridge, Massachusetts daga 2004 zuwa 2022.

## Sana'a
An haifi Alcock a Windsor, Berkshire, Ingila, kuma ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Westlake Boys da ke North Shore na Auckland daga 1965 zuwa 1968. Alcock ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin ilmin taurari da kimiyyar lissafi daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta California a 1977. Ya fara aikinsa na dogon lokaci a Cibiyar Nazarin Ci Gaba da ke Princeton, New Jersey (1977–1981). Ya kasance mataimakin farfesa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (1981–1986) kafin ya shiga Dakin Gwaji na Kasa na Lawrence Livermore (1986–2000), inda ya jagoranci Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa da Kimiyyar Fiziki ta Duniya.

Alcock a da shi ne Farfesa na Reese W. Flower na ilmin taurari a Jami'ar Pennsylvania . Babban abin da ya fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne manyan ƙananan abubuwa masu kama da halo, taurari masu wutsiya da taurari masu kama da taurari . Shi ne babban mai bincike na Taiwan American Occultation Survey, wani aiki da aka yi niyya don ƙididdige yawan abubuwan Kuiper Belt (abubuwan da ke bayan kewayar Neptune ) na Tsarin Rana .

A shekara ta 2001, an zaɓe Alcock a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa ta Amurka . Ya sami kyautar Beatrice M. Tinsley ta 2000 daga Ƙungiyar Astronomical Society ta Amurka da kuma kyautar EO Lawrence ta 1996 a fannin kimiyyar lissafi.  Duk kyaututtukan sun amince da aikinsa na farko a matsayin babban mai bincike kan babban aikin Amurka na neman manyan abubuwan halo masu ƙanƙanta da kuma kimanta gudummawar da suka bayar ga ɓangaren duhu na halo ɗin galactic na Milky Way . An zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekara ta 2006. 

Alcock ya shiga Cibiyar Nazarin Astrophysics a watan Agusta na 2004 kuma ya kasance darakta har zuwa Janairun 2022. A matsayinsa na darekta, ya kula da kasafin kuɗin tarayya na shekara-shekara na dala miliyan 111, da kuma ma'aikata kimanin ma'aikatan Smithsonian 540 (da kuma baƙi, abokan aiki da ɗalibai) da kuma malamai 130 na Harvard, ma'aikata, masana kimiyya masu ziyara da ɗaliban digiri.

## Manazarta
Berni Alder

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Alder a Duisburg, Prussia, a watan Satumba na 1925, ga iyayen Yahudawa, masanin sinadarai kuma mai kula da gida.  Bayan da 'yan Nazi suka hau mulki, iyalan sun ƙaura zuwa Zurich, Switzerland. Saboda tsoron mamayewar Jamus ta Nazi bayan barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, iyalin sun nemi biza zuwa Amurka, wanda aka ba su izini a 1941.  Sun tafi ta jirgin ƙasa mai rufewa daga Switzerland mai tsaka-tsaki zuwa Spain (ba mai tsaka-tsaki ba) sannan suka tafi Portugal, inda suka hau jirgin ruwa zuwa Amurka.  Bayan ya yi aiki a Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka bayan shigar Amurka cikin yaƙin, ya sami digiri na farko a fannin sinadarai daga Jami'ar California da ke Berkeley da digiri na biyu a fannin injiniyan sinadarai daga wannan cibiyar a 1947. Ya je Cibiyar Fasaha ta California  don yin karatu a ƙarƙashin John Gamble Kirkwood don digirinsa na uku a 1948 kuma ya yi aiki don binciken canjin yanayi a cikin iskar gas mai ƙarfi tare da Stan Frankel, inda ya sami ra'ayin amfani da hanyar Monte Carlo .

Bayan ya kammala karatunsa a Caltech a shekarar 1952, Alder ya tafi Berkeley ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a Berkeley don koyar da sinadarai da kuma ɗan lokaci a matsayin mai ba da shawara a ƙarƙashin shawarar Edward Teller a cikin shirin makaman nukiliya na dakin gwaje-gwaje na ƙasa na Lawrence Livermore don taimakawa tare da daidaiton yanayi. Tare da haɗin gwiwar Thomas Everett Wainwright, da Mary Ann Mansigh, ya ƙirƙiro dabarun kwaikwayon yanayin ƙwayoyin halitta a tsakiyar shekarun 1950,  gami da canjin yanayin ruwa-solid don yanayin hard sphere  da kuma saurin daidaitawa yana aiki da lalata a cikin ruwa.  

Alder, tare da Teller, suna ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Sashen Kimiyyar Aiwatarwa a 1963. [1] Farfesa ne a fannin kimiyyar aikace-aikace a Jami'ar California da ke Davis, daga baya kuma farfesa ne mai ritaya.

Alder ya mutu a ranar 7 ga Satumba, 2020, sakamakon bugun zuciya . 

## Daraja
A shekara ta 2001, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Boltzmann saboda ƙirƙiro dabarar kwaikwayon yanayin ƙwayoyin halitta. An zaɓi Alder a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekara ta 2008.  A shekara ta 2009, an ba shi lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta Kimiyya .  Alder ɗan Guggenheim ne. Shi ne editan jerin littattafai Methods in Computer Physics kuma wanda ya kafa mujallar Computing.

## Manazarta