open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Gladys Casely-Hayford

**Gladys May Casely-Hayford,** wanda ake wa lakabi da sunan  **Aquah Laluah,** (11 ga watan  Mayu shekara ta1904 - Oktoba 1950) marubuciya ce ta Gold Coast wacce aka haifa a Saliyo. An yaba mata a matsayin marubucin farko da ya rubuta a cikin harshen Krio.

## Rayuwar farko da aiki
Gladys an haife ta a cikin gidan Casey-Hayford na Axim, Gold Coast a ranar 11 ga watan Mayu 1904. Tun tana yarinya, wacce aka fi sani da Aquah LaLuah, ta kasance mai karatu mai kwazo, tana cinye *Heroes* na Charles Kingsley tun tana shekara bakwai. Tana iya raira waƙa, rawa, da rubuta waƙoƙi tun tana ƙarami. Saboda haɓakarta tana iya magana da Ingilishi ingantacce, Creole, da Fante (yaren mahaifinta). Tana da karatun firamare da sakandare a Gold Coast amma saboda dalilai na likita an kai ta Ingila, sannan aka sami ilimi a Turai, ciki har da Kwalejin Penrhos, Colwyn Bay, a Wales, sannan ta yi tafiya tare da kungiyar jazz ta Berlin a matsayin dan rawa. Ta yi tafiya a Amurka kuma. Lokacin da ta fara samun matsala a 1932 dole ne ta koma gida. Ta dawo gida a Afirka, ta koyar a Makarantar Koyon sana'a ta 'yan mata a Freetown, Saliyo, wacce mahaifiyarta, Adelaide Casely-Hayford ke jagoranta.

## Daga baya rayuwa da aiki
Acquah Laluah ta auri Arthur Hunter. A makarantar ta koyar da Folklore na Afirka da Littattafai. Sananne sosai game da asalin Afirka, ta yi bikin waƙoƙin baƙar fata da suka haɗa da "Rejoice" da "Nativity". Kodayake ba a buga yawancin wakokinta ba a lokacin rayuwarta, yawancin wakokinta sun kasance antholo a cikin shekarun 1960s. Waƙoƙi kamar "Nativity" (1927), "The Serving Girl" (1941) da "Creation" (1926), an yi tazarce sosai; marubutan daga Harlem Renaissance sun ƙaunaci aikinta.

## Mutuwa
Gladys May Casely-Hayford ta zauna a Freetown, Saliyo, tsawon rayuwarta. Ta ƙaura zuwa Accra, inda dangin mahaifinta ke zaune, kuma ta mutu a shekara ta 1950 saboda zazzabin ruwan baƙar fata.

## Ayyuka

* *Take'Um So*, 1948 (waka)

## Manazarta
Christine Afrifa

**Christine Afrifa** (née Christine Sussana Addaquay) wata Uwargidan Shugaban ƙasar Ghana ce kuma matar Akwasi Afrifa. Ta yi aiki a wannan ofishi ne daga watan Afrilun shekarar 1969 lokacin da mijinta ya hau kan mukamin shugabar kasar Ghana har zuwa watan Satumbar shekarar 1969 lokacin da aka shigo da mulkin farar hula sannan Kofi Abrefa Busia ya kuma zama Firayim Minista na Ghana. Ta auri Akwasi Afrifa a shekarar 1968. Bayan mutuwar mijinta a 1979, ta koma Ingila. An ba da wata hanya a Accra don girmamawa.

## Manazarta
Audrey Gadzekpo

Farfesa **Audrey Sitsofe Gadzekpo** wata ma'aikaciyar kafofin watsa labaru ce ta kasar Ghana kuma shugabar mata ta Makarantar Bayanai da Nazarin Sadarwa a Jami'ar Ghana. Ta kasance tsohuwar mai ba da shawara kan harkokin sadarwa da kuma malami wanda ya wakilci kungiyoyin mata. Ita ma memba ce a kwamitin ba da shawara na Webster Ghana.

## Ilimi
Ita kwararriyar farfesa ce a aikin Jarida da Nazarin Media. Ta halarci Jami'ar Birmingham a Biritaniya inda ta kammala karatun digirin digirgir a fannin ilimi a Cibiyar Nazarin Yammacin Afirka. Tana da M.A a cikin Sadarwa daga Jami'ar Brigham Young a Utah a Amurka da Bachelor of Arts a Turanci daga Jami'ar Ghana.

## Aiki
Ta fara aikinta a shekarar 1993. A watan Janairun 2017, Shugaba Nana Akufo-Addo ya nada ta a matsayin mamban kwamitin shirya bikin cika shekaru 60 na samun 'yancin kai na Ghana. 

A watan Yunin 2017, ta kasance cikin mambobin Hukumar Yada Labarai ta Kasa da aka kaddamar don taimakawa wajen tabbatar da dokar yada labarai da kuma hakkin yada labarai.

A cikin watan Yuni 2017, ta yi magana a cikin Maiden Edition of Women in PR Ghana Seminar tare da Dr. Ayokoe Anim-Wright, Cynthia E. Ofori-Dwumfuo da Gifty Bingley.

Binciken nata da farko ya shafi jinsi, kafofin watsa labarai da al'amurran mulki. 

A watan Fabrairun 2021, ta kasance cikin kwamitin mutane takwas don zabar sabon suna ga masana’antar Fim a Ghana. 

A halin yanzu ita ce Shugabar Makarantar Watsa Labarai da Nazarin Sadarwa a Jami'ar Ghana.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Tana da diya mai suna Nubuke wacce abokiyar aji na uku ne na shirin jagoranci na Afirka ta Yamma kuma memba a kungiyar Aspen Global Leadership Network. 

## Kyaututtuka da karramawa
Ta kasance malami mai ziyara a Jami'ar Northwestern da ke Chicago a Amurka a Shirin Nazarin Afirka daga Satumba zuwa Disamba 2005. 

Ta kasance Bako Mai Bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka ta Nordic a cikin Shirin Masu Bincike na Baƙi na Afirka a cikin 2012 (Cluster'Cluster'Conflict, Security and Democratic Change). 

A cikin Maris 2020, ta sami lambar yabo a cikin kyaututtuka na ƙwararrun mata na Ghana karo na 5 don rawar jagoranci. 

Anas Aremeyaw Anas ya karrama ta bisa rawar da ta taka a fagen aikin jarida na boye a Ghana. 

## Manazarta
Lyceum na Waƙa na Kyiv Mykola Lysenko

**Lyceum na Jihar Kyiv** mai suna Mykola Vitaliyovych Lysenko wani bangare ne na Kwalejin Waƙa na National Pyotr Tchaikovsky dake Ukraine.

Makarantar kwanan ta ƙware a fannin koyarda kaɗe-kaɗe a matakin sakandare a Kyiv.  kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin makarantu huɗu da ke da ma nufa iri ɗaya a Ukraine. Babban manufar makarantar ita ce horar da kwararrun mawaka.

Dalibanta suna samun ilimin waƙa na musamman tare da karatunsu na gabaɗaya.

## Manazarta
Ƴancin Haƙƙin halitta

**Yancin haƙƙin halitta**, wanda kuma aka sani da libertarianism ,  **yancin tushen libertarianism**, **falsafa libertarianism**  ko **yancin-theorist libertarianism**, shi ne ƙa'idar cewa duk mutane sun mallaki wasu haƙƙoƙin halitta ko ɗabi'a. Da farko dai dama na ikon mallaka kuma saboda haka game da qaddamar da karfi da zamba suna keta hakkin kai kuma hakan isa ya isa ya yi hamayya da waɗannan ayyukan. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin biyu da'a ra'ayi maki a cikin hakkin-libertarianism, da sauran kasancewa consequentialist libertarianism wanda kawai la'akari da sakamakon ayyuka da dokoki a lokacin da yin hukunci da su da kuma rike da cewa free kasuwanni da kuma karfi masu zaman kansu haƙƙin mallaka suna da kyakkyawan sakamako.  

Wasu ra'ayoyin 'yanci na deontological sun dogara ne akan ƙa'idar rashin cin zarafi wanda ke nuna cewa babu wani mahaluki da ke da hakkin fara karfi ko zamba ga mutum ko dukiyar wani mutum a kowane hali. Ana ɗaukar wannan ƙa'idar a matsayin asali, Kuma tana bayyana duk sauran ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a, ba kawai ka'idodin adalci ba. Wasu kuma sun dogara ne akan mallakar kansu, kuma sun damu ne kawai da ƙa'idodin adalci.

## Falsafar 'yanci na Deontological
Wasu masu 'yanci na deontological kamar Ayn Rand suna ba da shawarar karamar gwamnati don kare daidaikun mutane daga duk wani take hakkinsu da kuma gurfanar da wadanda suka tayar da karfi a kan wasu. Wasu irin su Murray Rothbard suna ba da shawarar soke jihar saboda suna ganin cewa jihar a matsayin kafa ce ta fara aiki da karfi saboda haraji. To Amman Ra'ayinsu game da haƙƙin halitta ya samo asali ne, kai tsaye ko a kaikaice, daga rubuce-rubucen St. Thomas Aquinas da John Locke . Hans-Hermann Hoppe ya ba da shawarar soke jihar bisa ka'idojin jayayya . 

## Jam'iyyun siyasa
Deontological libertarianism wani nau'i ne na 'yanci a hukumance wanda Jam'iyyar Libertarian ke goyan bayan a Amurka. Domin zama memba mai daukar kati, dole ne mutum ya sanya hannu kan wata rantsuwar adawa da fara aiki da ƙarfi don cimma manufofin siyasa ko zamantakewa. 

## Suka da martani
Wasu masu sassaucin ra'ayi suna jayayya cewa shakatawa na ka'idar rashin zalunci na iya kawo 'yanci mafi girma zuwa mafi girman adadi. Murray Rothbard ya mayar da martani ga wannan suka ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa hanyoyin bai kamata su taba sabawa karshe ba.  Masu 'yanci masu rinjaye suna tambaya "Wane iko mai iko ya ba ni, da kowane ɗan adam da ke raye, tare da haƙƙi da alhakin mallakar kansa? Ta yaya mutum zai iya tabbatarwa, tabbatarwa, ko tabbatar da wanzuwarsa?", Rothbard ya amsa ta hanyar yin kira ga tsarin kawar da shi wanda ya ƙare a cikin tabbatar da cewa mallakar kai shi ne kawai matsayi na ɗabi'a. 

Masanin Ilimin  falsafa Jonathan Wolff ya soki 'yancin kai na deontological a matsayin rashin daidaituwa, yana rubuta cewa ba shi da ikon bayyana dalilin da yasa cutarwar da masu hasara ke fuskanta a gasar tattalin arziƙi ba ta keta ka'idar ikon mallakar kanta ba kuma masu ba da shawararta dole ne su "yi fasa-kwauri cikin rashin gaskiya" a cikin dalilansu don tabbatar da hujja. cibiyar kasuwancin 'yanci . 

## Duba wasu abubuwan
Aa

## Manazarta
Ƴancin daidaiton jinsi da cigaban iyali

Ƴancin Daidaiton Jinsi **da Ci gaban Iyali** ( Malay : Jawatankuasa Pilihan Khas Kesaksamaan Gender dan Pembangunan Keluarga; Chinese ; Tamil : மலேசிய பாலின சமத்துவம் மற்றும் மற்றும் குடும்ப மேம்பாட்டு சிறப்பு சிறப்பு சிறப்பு சிறப்பு சிறப்பு சிறப்பு தவம் Majalisar Wakilan Malaysia da yawa. Yana daga cikin sabbin zababbun kwamitoci guda shida na ‘yan majalisar wakilai da shugaban majalisar wakilai, Mohamad Ariff Md Yusof, ya sanar a ranar 4 ga Disamba shekarata 2018 a ƙoƙarin inganta tsarin hukumomin. A baya an san shi da **Kwamitin Zaɓar Ƙwararrun 'Yancin Dan Adam da Daidaita Jinsi kafin a kafa kwamitin zaɓen** 'yancin ɗan adam da tsarin mulki a ranar 17 ga Oktoba shekarata 2019.

## Memba

### Majalisa ta 14
Tun daga watan Disamba na shekarar 2019, membobin kwamitin na yanzu sune kamar haka:

Tsoffin mambobin kwamitin sun hada da:

## Shugaban Kwamitin Zaban Daidaiton Jinsi da Ci gaban Iyali

## Duba wasu abubuwan

* Kwamitocin Majalisar Malesiya

## Manazarta
Makarantan Sekandare na kwana na Solomiya Krushelnytska Lviv

**Makarantan Sekandare na musamman na kwana na Solomiya Krushelnytska Lviv** makaranta ce na ilimi a Ukraine, inda dalibai suke koya ilimin Waƙa na musamman a matakin sakandare. An sanya wa makarantar suna  ne bayan a soprano Solomiya Kruchelnytska.

## Tarihi
Makarantan Sakandare na Solomiya Kruchelnytska Lviv na kwana ƙwararriyar makaranta ce ta Waƙa a Lviv. An kafa makarantar a shekara ta 1939,  a bisa shawaran mawaƙin Ukrain kuma ɗan wasan pian Vasyl Barvinsky. Kafin haka ana kiranta da Makarantar Empress Elisabeth kuma ta samo asalinta tun daga karni na sha takwas.  Daga shekarar 1944, ta fara wanzuwa azaman makarantar sakandare don ɗaliban kiɗa; daga shekarar 1959, an sake tsara shi zuwa makarantar kwana ta kiɗa na musamman. A shekarar 1963, makarantar da aka mai suna Solomiya Kruchelnytska. Halyna Levytska ( uk ) ita ce darekta na farko na makarantar. Daga shekarar 1972, zuwa 1997, darektan ya Volodymyr Antoniv. A shekarar 1997 B. Martynovsky aka nada darektan, sai D. Komonko a shekarar 2004. Tun shekarar  2009 Lev Myronovych Zakopets ya zama darektan. 

## Ilimi
Makarantar tana da sassan waƙa guda bakwai da ƙwararrun darussan waƙa sama da 20.  An kafa darussa ta hanyar ilimi na gaba ɗaya, kiɗa-ka'idar da zagayawa na musamman. Dalibai kuma suna nazarin wasu fannonin kiɗa, gami da: solfeggio, ka'idar kiɗa, jituwa, adabin kiɗa. Makarantar tana koyarwa da harshen Ukrainian.  Dalibai kuma suna koyon harsunan waje: Ingilishi, Faransanci, Jamusanci. Makarantar tana da ƙarin albarkatu na ɗakunan kide-kide guda biyu, gidan kayan gargajiya na Solomiya Krusheelnytska, ɗakin karatu tare da tarin littattafai da tarin kiɗa.  Leo Zakopets ya yi nazari kan salon koyarwa a makarantar da kuma muhimmancin waƙa wajen haɓaka yara. Dalibai daga makarantar an san su da nasara a gasar kiɗa na ƙasa da ƙasa. 

## Sanannun tsofaffin ɗalibai
Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibanta sun haɗa da:

* Daryna Bachynska (uk) - flautist. 
*Engelina Buriakovskaja (uk) - pianist. 
* Olena Haviuk-Sheremet (uk) - pianist. 
*Eva Rabchevska (uk) - violinist. 
* Vasyl Zatsikha (uk) - violinist. 
*Ustym Zhuk (uk) - violinist.

## Manazarta
Nestor Nyzhankivsky

**Nestor Nyzhankivsky** (*Nestor Ostapovych Nyzhankivsky)* ( ɗan Ukraine ne); Agusta 31, 1893 &#x2013; Afrilu 10,  1940) mawaƙi ne na Ukrainian, ɗan wasan piano kuma mai sukar kiɗa. Ya sami digiri na uku a tarihi daga Jami'ar Vienna kuma ya sauke karatu daga,Prague State Conservatory.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Nestor Nyzhankivsky 31 ga watan Agusta, 1893 a Berezhany  a cikin dangin mawaƙa, madugu, limamin Katolika na Girka Ostap Nyzhankivsky . Nyzhankivsky iyali koma Stryi a 1900, inda Nestor gama makaranta da kuma dakin motsa jiki. Sa'an nan ya yi karatu a Higher Music Institute Mykola Lysenko Lviv. 

A lokacin yaƙin duniya na farko Nyzhankivsky an sanya shi a cikin sojojin, sa'an nan kuma an ɗauke shi a matsayi fursuna, inda ya koma a 1918. Ya sami PhD a tarihi daga Jami'ar Vienna (1923) kuma ya sauke karatu daga Prague State Conservatory (1927) a cikin babban aji na Vítězslav Novák . 

Ya koma Galicia don koyar da fiyano da ƙa'idar a Lysenko Higher Institute of Music a Lviv (1931-39) kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa (kuma shugaban farko) na Union of Ukrainian Professional Musicians (SUPROM). 

Ya mutu matsayin ɗan gudun hijira Afrilu 10, 1940 a Lodz . An sake binne gawar Nestor Nyzhankivsky a maƙabartar birnin Stryi Nuwamba 1993, kusa da ƙabarin iyayensa.

## Mawaƙi da ayyukan kiɗa
Nestor Nyzhankivsky ya bar waƙoƙin fasaha na al'adun da dama. Abubuwan da ya yi don fortepiano sun haɗa da: "Prelude da Fugue akan Jigon Yukren a cikin Ƙananan C",  "Piano Trio a cikin Ƙananan E", "Little Suite", "Intermezzo a cikin Ƙananan Ƙananan", da "Babban Bambance-bambance" (kuma aka sani da "Bambance-bambance a kan Jigon Yukren a F Sharp Ƙananan". ) Art songs for murya da piano: "Ty liubchyku za horoliu" (My ƙaunataccen bayan Dutsen, rubutu da U. Kravchenko), "Zasumui trembito" (Trembita's Dirge, Rubutun R. Kupchynsky), "Naimyt" (The Hireling,). rubutu ta I. Franko) da sauransu.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Nestor Nyzhankivsky
* Nyzhankivsky, Nestor - Encyclopedia na Ukraine
Eunice Akoto Attakora-Manu

**Eunice Akoto Mansa Attakora-Manu** yar jaridar kasar Ghana ce mai watsa shirye-shirye, mai gabatar da labarai kuma furodusa wacce a halin yanzu take karbar bakuncin *Women Affairs* a gidan rediyon Pure FM. 

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Eunice a Kumasi ga Nana Attakorah Manu, Shugaban Brengo kusa da Asante Mampong da Madam Vida Mensah, dukansu sunmutu. Ta halarci Makarantar Firamare a Brengo, kuma ta ci gaba zuwa St Paul RC JSS, Mampong, sannan ta koma St Anne's Anglican JSS Kumasi kafin ta shiga St Monica's SHS Mampong. 

## Ilimi
Ta halarci Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration (GIMPA), inda ta sami takardar shedar ci gaban hulda da jama'a a shekarar 2008; An bi shi da takardar shaidar aikin jarida a 2006 a Cibiyar Jarida ta Ghana. Tana da takaddun shaida na gaba a cikin talla, sadarwa da hulɗar jama'a.

Tsakanin 1998 da 2000, ta kasance ƙwararren ɗalibi a Abura Printing Press Kumasi, Mawallafa na *The Pioneer*, Jarida ta farko mai zaman kanta ta Ghana. Za ta zama mai ba da rahoto na farko na cikakken lokaci.

Ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama mace ta farko da ta kasance mai gabatar da shirin a Daybreak Kapital, al'amuran yau da kullun da aka shirya a gidan rediyon Kapital - gidan rediyon Kumasi - wani wuri a 2001 da 2003 da kuma mace ta farko na yau da kullun akan Maakye). 

## Aiki
A da ita ce furodusa Kwame Adinkra, wacce ita ce mai masaukin baki *Abusua Nkommo* a gidan rediyon Abusua FM da ke Kumasi wanda ke zama reshen EIB Network. An yi ikirarin cewa hukumar ta sake mata aiki cikin kasa da shekaru 2 saboda wani "sake fasalin aikin". Mai masaukin baki wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Morning Show Kwame Adinkra ya bayyana tsohon Furodusansa, Akoto Mansa Attakora-Manu a matsayin na daya kuma mafi kyawun abin da ya taba faruwa da shi dangane da shirin.

A halin yanzu tana aiki a Pure FM, gidan rediyon Kumasi da kuma reshen Angel Broadcasting Network (ABN Ghana) wanda ke da Angel FM a matsayin mahaifiyar gidan rediyo. Ita ce furodusar Kwame Adinkra a gidan rediyo bayan ya koma Pure FM.  Saboda gogewarta a masana'antar, akwai yabo da yawa da abokan aiki na baya da na ruwa suka yi mata. Musamman wadanda suka tantance ta ne Kwame Adinkra, wanda ya bayyana lambarta ta daya kuma mafi kyawun abin da ya faru da shi tun lokacin wasan kwaikwayon.

## Tallafawa
Eunice ita ce Shugabar wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ake kira Vida Victoria Foundation. Sun ba da gudummawar cedi guda 11,000 don aikin tiyatar wata yarinya da ta kone tare da raunata jikinta a Wa a yankin Upper West. An yi ikirarin cewa an tara kudin ne ta shafinta na Facebook Gidauniyarta ta bayar da gudummawar kayayyaki ga fursunonin marasa lafiya na tsakiya da ke Bekwai-Amoafo a karamar hukumar Bekwai a yankin Ashanti.

Ita da abokan aikinta sun kuma gabatar da wasu kudade ga wata daliba don taimaka mata wajen samun tallafin karatu a kwalejin horar da malamai. 

## Manazarta
Valentin Bibik

**Valentin Savich Bibik**  ɗan Ukraine;    ; An haife shi 19 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1940 ya mutu a 7 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2003, ɗan ƙasar Ukraine kuma mawaki ne, malami kuma farfesa.

## Tarihin Rayuwa

A 1966, Valentin Bibik ya kammala karatun sa daga Kharkiv National Kotlyarevsky University of Arts, tare da Dmitri Klebanov. 

Daga 1966 zuwa 1994, ya koyar a Kharkiv National Kotlyarevsky University of Arts, daga 1971 ya yi aiki a can a matsayin babban malami, daga 1990 zuwa 1994 ya kasance wani farfesa da kuma shugaban sashen na abun da ke ciki da kuma kayan aiki.

Daga 1968 Bibik ya kasance memba na mawaƙan Tarayyar Soviet, kuma daga 1989 zuwa 1994 ya kasance shugaban kungiyar Kharkiv na Union of Composers na Ukraine.

Daga 1994 zuwa 1998, ya kasance farfesa, shugaban Sashen waƙoƙin  gargajiya a Jami'ar 'Yan Adam ta Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta St.

Tun 1998, Bibik ya kasance farfesa na abun da ke cikin Kwalejin Kiɗa na Jami'ar Tel Aviv.

Ya mutu a Tel Aviv a shekara ta 2003. 

## Nasarori
Ya tsara wasan opera bisa tsarin ''Flight'' (play) . Ya hada *Dies Irae, 39 Variations for piano.* Shi ya haɗa kiɗan *Trio for Clarinet, Cello and Piano.*  Gungun mawaƙa na New Juilliard Ensemble sun yi amfani da waƙoƙinsa guda biyu;  Cello Concerto No. 2 (2001)  da kuma Evening Music  (2002)  a wajen wani taro. Har wayau, Nextet sun yi amfani da sautukansa na 37 Preludes da Fugues a wani taron na daban. 

Valentin Bibik ya kasance Laureate na Gasar Mawaƙa ta Duniya ta Biyu mai suna Mariana da Ivanna Kots don aikin wasan kwaikwayo na "Crying and Prayer", wanda aka sadaukar don tunawa da wadanda aka kashe na Holodomor na 1930s ( Kyiv, 1992); Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta ACUM; Mawaƙin Shekara ( Isra'ila, 2001).

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Valentin Bibik (1940-2003)
Alexey Retinsky

**Alexey Retinsky** ( ukr . Oleksii Retynski) (an haife shi ranar 14 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1986) a Simferopol, Crimea. Shi mawaƙi ne ɗan ƙasar Austriya kuma ɗan asalin Russia-Ukraine.

## Tarihin Rayuwa

An haife shi daga dangin mawaƙa a Simferopol, abubuwan da suka faru na kiɗa na Retinsky na farko sun ƙunshi kayan aikin iska. Ya sauke karatu a Makarantar Waka, inda ya kware a fannin obo, saxophone da kaho. A layi daya, ya fara nazarin abun da ke ciki. Daga baya ya karanci abun da ke ciki da na'urar electroacoustic a Kwalejin Kiɗa na Kiev da kuma Jami'ar Fasaha ta Zurich ( Zürcher Hochschule der Künste ). An kammala karatunsa na PhD a Jami'ar Kiɗa da Yin Arts a Graz ta Beat Furrer. Tun shekarar 2014, ya rayu kuma ya yi aiki a Vienna. 

## Ci gaban waƙa
Retinsky's oeuvre yana da fadi; shi ne ya ƙirƙiri salon Waƙa na symphonic, chamber da waƙoƙin lantarki, da kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo, shigarwa da fasaha na wasan kwaikwayo. Ayyukan kiɗansa da ayyuka daban-daban an yi su a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Mariinsky,  National Philarmonic of Ukraine, Museums Quartier a Vienna, Museum Joaneum Graz,  Dresdner Zwinger,  Gaudeamus Muziekweek (NL), ta Festivals CIME / ICEM Denton (Amurka), MDR Muisiksommer Eisenach da sauran su. Dangane da ɗakin studio *Idee und Klang*, ya ƙirƙiri kiɗan electroacoustic don gidan kayan tarihi na Switzerland a Zurich, Gidan Tarihi na Yakin Imperial a London, Cibiyar Sarki Abdulaziz don Al'adun Duniya a Saudi Arabiya.

Baya ga aikinsa na rera sauti da waƙa, Rentisky yana zane kuma yana ɗaukar hoto na fim.

## Wasu ayyuka

### Kiɗa don Orchestra

* "Ultima Thule" (Lat.: Last Island) don kirtani 23, kuge da karrarawa (2009)
* Symphony "De profundis" don manyan mawakan symphonic (2009-2010)

### Kiɗa na ɗaki da tarin kiɗan

* Trio don violin, cello da piano (2007)
* "Lament" don violin da piano (2008)
* "Subito" don sarewa da piano (2008)
* "Shades of white" na biyu cellos da piano (2010)
* "Dreams of the bird" don violin da piano (2010-2011)
* Zauren Quartet "C-Dur" na violin biyu, viola da cello (2011)
* "Punctum Nulla" (Lat .: Ma'anar rashin dawowa) tef ɗin tashar takwas (2012)
* "Sleeping Music" tef ɗin sitiriyo (2012-2013)
* "... and the path was wide" don piano (2012-2013)
* "The world Without Me" Shigar Audiovisual (2013)
* "Hamlet_Babilon" kiɗan na bazata don muryoyin jama'a-mata 3, cellos biyu, sarewa da tef ɗin sitiriyo (2013)
* Shigar Hamlet. Sitiriyo tef (2013)
* "Two birds and one sky" don violin biyu (2014)

## Manazarta


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Gidan yanar gizon hukuma 
* Donemus Buga gidan kiɗan gargajiya na zamani
* Kiɗa akan Soundcloud
* Vimeo
Stefan Turchak

**Stefan Vasylovych Turchak** ( Ukraine; yayi rayuwa tsakanin Fabrairu 28, 1938 - Oktoba 23, 1988) ya kasance fitaccen jagorar Ukraine, ƙungiyar People's Artist na USSR (1977) kuma ya zama Laureate na Shevchenko National Prize.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife Stefan Turchak a ƙauyen Maćkowice, wanda a cikinsa yanzu akwai Subcarpathian Voivodeship a Poland. Ya girma a Dubliany .

A 1955 Stefan ya kammala karatun sa daga Filaret Kolessa Lviv Music da Pedagogical School. Bayan haka, ya yi aiki a matsayin malamin Waƙa kuma yana rera waƙa a Makarantar Pedagogical ta Sokal. Sannan ya shirya wata kungiyar mawaka, wacce ta shahara a yankin Sokal saboda yadda ake gudanar da wakokin jama'a, da kuma kungiyar 'yan mata, wanda a shekarar 1957 har ma ta taka rawar gani a wasan Kiev.

Daga 1957 Turchak ya yi karatu a **Lviv Conservatory** (mai gudanar da aji na Mykola Kolessa), wanda ya yi nasara a 1962.

Daga shekarar 1960 zuwa 1962 ya kasance shugaba na Solomiya Kruselnytska Lviv State Academic Theatre na Opera da Ballet.

Daga 1963 zuwa 1966 da 1973 zuwa 1977 ya kasance babban jagora na National Symphony Orchestra na Ukraine SSR, daga 1967 zuwa 1973 da kuma 1977 - na Kyiv Opera da Ballet Theater.

Tun daga 1966 Stefan Turchak ya zama shugaban kungiyar kade-kade da kuma shugaban Sashen Opera da Symphony Gudanar da Kyiv Conservatory (tun 1973 - Mataimakin Farfesa).

Ya zauna a Kyiv kuma ya mutu a ranar 23 ga watan Oktoban, 1988. An binne Stefan Turchak a makabartar Baikove . Marubucin dutsen kabarinsa shine mai sassaƙa Valentyn Znoba.

## Repertoire
Ayyukan kaɗe-kaɗen sa na gargajiya da na zamani sun yi fice a cikin mafi yawan repertore na S. Turchak. Har ila yau, ya ba da kulawa ta musamman ga mawaƙa da mawaƙa na Ukrainian kamar Levko Revutsky, Borys Lyatoshynsky, Heorhiy Maiboroda, Andriy Shtoharenko kuma ya zagaya kasashen waje.

Turchak shi ne darektan farko na wadannan operori:

"Zahybel eskadry [ *Rushewar Squadron* ]" (1967), "Mamai" (1970) na Vitaliy Hubarenko ;

"Yaroslav the Wise" na Heorhiy Maiboroda (1975);

"Masu tuta" na Oleksandr Bilash (1985).

Vitaliy Hubarenko na "Kaminnyi hospodar" (1969);

"Olha" (1982) da "Prometheus" (1986) na Yevhen Stankovych .

## Kyaututtuka
A 1973, Turchak aka bai wa ZP Paliashvili State Prize na SSR na Georgia. Daga baya ya kuma samu irin wannan lada kamar jama'ar Artist na USSR (1977), girmama Artist da kuma Order na Red Banner of Labor. 

A cikin 1980 ya sami lambar yabo ta Shevchenko National Prize saboda kwarewarsa na ban mamaki.

## Iyali
Matar Turchak, Hisela Tsypola, ta kasance mawaƙiyar opera (soprano) kuma mawaƙiyar solo na Opera na ƙasar Ukraine.

## Abubuwan da ya  bari
Tun 1994, ake gudanar da gasar Stepan Turchak na kasa da kasa a Kyiv a kowace shekara 4. Tun 2006 ake gudanar da wannan gasa a matakin kasa da kasa.

Akwai kuma makarantun fasaha na yara a Kyiv da Dublyany, mai suna Stepan Turchak.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Stefan Turchak Bio
Haƙƙin Samun Ƙasa

**Haƙƙin samun ƙasa** a cewar wasu masana shari'a haƙƙin ɗan adam ne na duniya, wanda ya samo asali ne daga Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya, gami da Mataki na 9. Tunanin ya samo asali ne a cikin ilimin fikihu na ƙasar Jamus kuma an gane shi a cikin dokokin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Jamus zuwa wani mataki. Fitattun masu goyon bayan ra'ayin sun haɗa da: malaman shari'a Kurl Rabl, Rudolf Laun, Otto Kimminich, Dieter Blumenwitz, Felix Ermacora da Alfred-Maurice de Zayas . Manufar ita ce ta dace da muhawara game da tsabtace ƙabilanci a Turai bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II (musamman na Jamusawa da Hungarian), kawar da ƙabilanci a Falasdinu, Cyprus da sauran yankuna.

## Duba kuma

* Sunan na asali
* Siyasar kasashen waje
* Tsarin tarayya na kabilanci
* Korar Chagosiyawa
* Ƙasar mahaifar Hawai
* Mulkin gida
* Ƙasar mahaifar Yahudawa
* Haƙƙin wanzuwa
* Jihar ƙasa

## Manazarta
Kamfanin ganin ƴancin makaɗa da mawaƙa na amurka

**RightsFlow** wani kamfani ne na Amurka wanda ke ba  ƙungiyoyi, makada, mawaƙa da daidaikun mutane tare da sabis na lasisin kiɗa da hanyoyin biyan kuɗi na sarauta.  An kafa shi a shekara ta 2007.

RightsFlow yana cikin birnin New York. Patrick Sullivan da Benjamin Cockerham ne suka kafa shi,  waɗanda har yanzu suna tare da kamfanin. Sullivan a halin yanzu shine shugaban kamfanin & Shugaba, kuma a halin yanzu Cockerham shine CFO kuma babban jami'in dabaru. Ƙarin mambobi na ƙungiyar zartarwa sun haɗa da Matt Irvin, babban mataimakin shugaban samfurin da kuma co-kafa,  Scott Sellwood, babban mataimakin shugaban kasa da kuma babban mashawarci,  Fred Beteille, babban mataimakin shugaban kasa, ayyuka da fasaha, Michael Kauffman, babban mataimakin shugaban cibiyar sadarwa da abun ciki,  Chris Lydle, mataimakin shugaban tallace-tallace da tallace-tallace, da kuma Alex Holz, mataimakin shugaban fasaha da abokan ciniki. 

Google ne ya mallaki kamfanin a ranar 9 ga Disamba, shekarata 2011,  tare da yarjejeniyar da aka sanar akan shafin yanar gizon YouTube. 

## Takaitaccen tarihin
An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin shekarar 2007, RightsFlow yanzu kuma yana da fiye da 16,000 abokan ciniki,  ciki har da YouTube,  Muzak, Wolfgang's Vault,  da Rhapsody,  da CDBaby, Disc Makers, Muna Buga Fayafai da Zynga .  An zaɓi RightsFlow A'a. 8 akan Crain's New York "Mafi kyawun Wuraren Yin Aiki a NYC" don shekarata 2011.  Kamfanin Google ne ya saye shi a watan Disambar shekarata 2011 kuma yanzu wani reshen YouTube ne. 

## Ayyuka
Rightsflow yana ba da sabis na kiɗa na kan layi, kamfanoni na rikodi, masu rarrabawa da masu fasaha ikon yin lasisin kiɗa da waƙoƙi yayin da kuma sarrafa biyan kuɗi don masu haƙƙin mallaka.  Ta hanyar sabis ɗin su na LimeLight, RightsFlow yana taimakawa amintaccen lasisin injina ga daidaikun mutane, masu fasaha da makada.  Ta hanyar sabis ɗin su na MySpark, kamfanin yana sauƙaƙe rajistar haƙƙin mallaka tare da Ofishin Haƙƙin mallaka na Amurka .

Limelight sabis ne na haƙƙin kan layi don amintaccen lasisin injina, ko haƙƙin yin rikodin sigar murfin waƙa. Limelight yana cajin ƙaramin kuɗi don ƙoƙarin amintaccen lasisi. 

MySpark wani kayan aiki ne na kan layi wanda ke sauƙaƙa rajistar haƙƙin mallaka don masu ƙirƙira da masu mallakar nau'ikan mallakar fasaha daban-daban gami da ayyukan adabi, fasahar gani, rikodin sauti, zane-zane, da software. 

## Manazarta
Haƙƙoƙin yin kwangila

**Hakkoki akan tayin nan gaba** ("RUFO") juzu'i ce da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin wasu kwangiloli, wanda ƙungiyar da ta amince da sharuɗɗan kwangila, ta sami wasu haƙƙoƙi idan wasu ɓangarori a gaba sun sami sharuɗɗan mafi kyau ko daban.Ana iya amfani da irin waɗannan sassan don jawo wata ƙungiya ta kasance da  kwangila, a cikin sanin cewa idan an ba da mafi kyawun sharuddan ga wani a nan gaba, to amman za a yi amfani da waɗannan ingantattun sharuddan a baya ga duk bangarorin da suke da su. haka nan. 

Misali na yiwuwar haɗari na irin waɗannan sassan, idan ba a yi la'akari da hankali ba, ya tashi a lokacin gyaran bashin Argentine na shekarata 2005-2014 . A wannan yanayin kashi 93% na masu hannun jari sun yarda da raguwar sasantawa yayin da kashi 7% suka ƙi kuma suka ci gaba da cin nasara a ƙarar da ta ba su damar yin sulhu. Argentina ta bayyana kanta ba za ta iya biya ko ɗaya ba, duk da samun kuɗin da za ta yi, tun lokacin da aka daidaita mafi kyawun tayin tare da ƙananan masu ba da bashi zai iya, yana jin tsoro, ya haifar da batun RUFO kuma ya sa sauran 93% su sami damar karɓar. biyansu gaba daya shima, wanda kasar ba zata iya biya ba.

## Duba wasu abubuwan

* *Pari passu*

## Manazarta
Haƙƙin nakasassu 2016 a India

**Haƙƙin nakasassu Dokar, 2016** ita ce dokar tawaya da Majalisar Indiya ta zartar don cika alhakinta ga Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Haƙƙin nakasassu, wanda Indiya ta amince da shi a cikin shekarar 2007.  Dokar ta maye gurbin data kasance Masu Nakasa (Dama Daidai, Kare Hakkoki da Cikakkun Shiga) Dokar, shekarata 1995 . 

## Tarihin majalisa
An gabatar da Dokar Haƙƙin Nakasassu, shekarata 2014 a cikin Majalisar a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu shekarar 2014 kuma Lok Sabha ta zartar a ranar 14 ga Disamba 2016. Rajya Sabha ne ya zartar da kudurin dokar a ranar 16 ga Disamba shekarata 2016 kuma ya sami amincewar shugaban kasa a ranar 27 ga Disamba 2016.  Dokar ta fara aiki a ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 2017. An sanar da Dokokin Gwamnatin Tsakiyar 2017 a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 100 na Dokar kuma sun fara aiki daga 15 Yuni shekarata 2017.

## Ka'idar shari'a
Ministan majalisar Uttar Pradesh shi ne na farko da aka yi rajista a karkashin wannan sabuwar doka  lokacin da mai fafutukar nakasa Satendra Singh (likita) ya shigar da kara a kansa kan wulakanta ma'aikaci nakasassu a bainar jama'a.  Ƙarin thalassaemia a matsayin sabuwar nakasa a ƙarƙashin wannan sabuwar doka ta ba wa yarinyar Chhattisgarh da wannan cuta damar samun kulawar likita bayan shigar da Kotun Koli. 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Rubutun dokoki
Haƙƙin amfani da hoto

**Haƙƙin Sarrafa**, ko hoto **RM**, a cikin daukar hoto da masana'antar hoto ta hannun jari, tana nufin lasisin haƙƙin mallaka wanda, idan mai amfani ya saya, yana ba da damar amfani da hoton lokaci ɗaya kamar yadda lasisin ya kayyade. Idan mai amfani yana son yin amfani da hoton don wasu amfanin ana buƙatar siyan ƙarin lasisi. Kuma Ana iya ba da lasisin RM bisa keɓantacce ko keɓantacce. To A cikin ɗaukar hoto RM ɗaya ne daga cikin nau'ikan lasisi na gama gari tare da marassa sarauta, biyan kuɗi da ɗaukar hoto na microstock kasancewar samfuran kasuwanci galibi suna rikice azaman nau'in lasisi daban (dukansu suna amfani da nau'in lasisin marassa sarauta ). 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Hoton Hannun jari - Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi
Ruwan famfo na Jaison a Indiya

Ruwan **Jaison Water Tap** ko **Jayson Water Tap** (wanda kuma aka sani da **Waste Ba Ruwa Tap** ) famfo ce ta rufewa da kanta  wacce JP Subramony Iyer ta kirkira a farkon karni na 20  a Travancore, Kudancin Indiya. Wadannan famfo sun kasance abin da aka saba gani a kan tituna a zamanin da Travancore, wani yanki na jihar Kerala na zamani a Kudancin Indiya . Kuma Suna da shahara sosai a ko'ina cikin yankin Indiya kuma har yanzu ana iya samun su a yawancin tashoshin jirgin ƙasa na gargajiya da Layin Jirgin Indiya ke sarrafawa.

Fam ɗin ruwan Jaison kyakkyawan misali ne na ƙirƙira tushen ciyawa na kasuwanci daga Indiya ta zamani, wanda ya wuce abin da ake kira Jugaad ko kuma hack life . Samuwarta wani aiki ne na tattalin arziki wanda ya samar da wadata kuma ya taimaka wajen magance matsalar barnatar da ruwa a cikin famfunan ruwan jama'a wanda hakan ya kawo fa'ida ga al'ummar ƙasar Indiya.

## Tarihi
JP Subramony Iyer, wanda ya ƙirƙira famfo, ya kasance mai ƙirƙira tushen ciyawa, jarumin farawa, ɗan kasuwan fasaha na duniya. Ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in inshora a cikin tsohuwar jihar Travancore-Cochin .  Da ya lura da barnatar ruwa daga famfunan ruwa na gefen hanya da aka bar su cikin sakaci a bude, sai ya fahimci bukatar samar da famfon rufewa ta atomatik. Tare da taimakon ƴan abokai da suka kasance injiniyoyi irin su Sri Rajangam (wanda shi ne Mataimakin Babban Injiniyan Injiniya na Kudancin Indiyan Railway aka SIR) da SLNarayanan, ya haɓaka irin wannan famfo.  Ya ba da izinin ƙirƙira, ya inganta shi kuma ya ba da izinin ingantaccen sigar fam ɗin ma. To Amman Kuma Duk da haka, ba a bayyana ko akwai irin wannan danyen ruwan famfo na rufe kansa ba kafin a kirkiro *famfunan ruwan Jaison* .

Domin sauƙaƙe samarwa da yawa, Subramony Iyer ya kafa masana'anta a Karamana .Dan haka  Sakamakon gwagwarmayar kungiyar kwadagon da ta mamaye yankin, masana'antar ta rufe shago ta koma Coimbatore . 

## Amfani na duniya
An yi amfani da Jayson Tap a ƙasashe da yawa kamar Nepal,  Sri Lanka   da Bhutan  musamman a yankunan karkara.

HydroPlan, Kamfanin Jamus, ya sayi haƙƙin samarwa, sayarwa da rarraba famfo a duniya sai dai a Indiya da Sri Lanka. Kuma  Daga baya, fam ɗin ya bazu zuwa Turai, Ingila da Japan . 

## turawa na yanzu
Abin ban mamaki, shahararren wannan famfo na ruwa ya yi ƙasa sosai a cikin birnin Trivandrum a yau. To Amman Manufofin ruwa na jama'a a kan tituna suna fuskantar bacewa a Kerala, saboda karuwar wadatar mutanen da ke kamuwa da ruwan kwalba.

Har yanzu layukan dogo na Indiya suna amfani da famfo ruwan Jaison yadda ya kamata kuma a ko'ina cikin Indiya,  duka a cikin jiragen kasa da kuma a tashoshin. Ana amfani da duka nau'ikan tushen ƙarfe da filastik.

## Duba wasu abubuwan

* Faucet ta atomatik

## Manazarta
Gudanar da muhalli

**Gudanar da muhalli** (ko **Gudanar da duniya**) yana nufin amfani da alhakin da kariya ga muhalli ta hanyar shiga cikin kokarin kiyayewa da ayyukan ɗorewa ta mutane, ƙananan kungiyoyi, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, hukumomin tarayya, da sauran hanyoyin sadarwar hadin gwiwa. Aldo Leopold (1887-1949) ya goyi bayan kula da muhalli a cikin ka'idojin ƙasa, yana bincika tasirin ka'idoji na "ma'amala da alaƙar mutum da ƙasa da dabbobi da tsire-tsire waɗanda ke girma a kanta".

## Gudanar da tsarin halittu na juriya
Gudanar da tsarin halittu na Resilience yana jaddada resilience a matsayin fasalin amsawa da hulɗa tare da muhalli a cikin juriya mai canzawa koyaushe. Resilience yana nufin ikon tsarin don murmurewa daga rikici kuma ya koma aikinsa na asali da tsarinsa. Misali, yanayin halittu ba ya aiki a matsayin albarkatu na musamman amma ya dogara da aiki wajen samar da jerin Ayyukan yanayin halittu. Bugu da ƙari, wannan nau'in kulawar ya gane Manajojin albarkatun da tsarin Gudanarwa a matsayin masu tasiri da masu ba da labari a cikin tsarin halitta waɗanda mutane ke aiki.

## Sakamakon kimiyyar zamantakewa
Nazarin ya binciki fa'idodin kula da muhalli a cikin mahallin daban-daban kamar kimantawa, ƙira, da haɗin kai cikin manufofi, gudanar da tsarin, da tsara birane. Ɗaya daga cikin binciken ya bincika yadda za'a iya amfani da halayen zamantakewa na kula da muhalli don sake daidaita ƙoƙarin kiyaye gida. Dangantakar zamantakewa da kula da muhalli an jaddada ta hanyar kokarin National Recreation and Park Association na sanya kula da mujalli a gaban ci gaban yara da kuma sanin matasa game da waje. An kuma ba da shawarar yin kula da muhalli a matsayin ingantaccen maganin lafiyar kwakwalwa da kuma maganin halitta.

## Misalan
Shirye-shiryen da yawa, haɗin gwiwa, da shirye-shiryen tallafi sun yi ƙoƙari su aiwatar da kula da muhalli a cikin ayyukan al'umma. Shirin Kula da Muhalli na Pesticide (PESP),  shirin haɗin gwiwa wanda Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka ke kula da shi, yana ba da shawarwari ga mai amfani da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta don rage amfani da sunadarai masu haɗari da kuma gano tasirin da waɗannan sunadarai zasu iya yi akan lafiyar zamantakewa da muhalli.

A shekara ta 2006, Ingila ta sanya kula da muhalli a tsakiyar tsarin karfafa aikin gona, tana ƙarfafa manoman shanu su inganta sarrafa ƙasarsu, amfanin gona, dabbobi, da amfani da kayan aiki. An kirkiro lambar yabo ta kula da muhalli a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan shirin don nuna alamun membobin da ayyukansu ke nuna daidaituwa tare da kula da mujalli.

## Manazarta
Hukumar Shari'a ta Duniya

**Hukumar Shari'a ta Duniya** (**ILC**) kungiya ce ta masana da ke da alhakin taimakawa wajen bunkasa da tsara dokar kasa da kasa. Ya ƙunshi mutane 34 da aka amince da su saboda ƙwarewarsu da cancanta a cikin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa, waɗanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNGA) ta zaba a kowace shekara biyar.

ILC tun daga lokacin ta gudanar da zaman shekara-shekara a Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva don tattauna da muhawara kan batutuwa daban-daban a cikin dokar kasa da kasa da kuma bunkasa ka'idodin shari'a na kasa da kasa daidai. Yana da alhakin ci gaba da yawa a cikin dokar kasa da kasa, gami da Yarjejeniyar Vienna kan Dokar Yarjejeniya, wanda ya kafa tsarin don kafawa da fassara yarjejeniyoyi, da Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya, kotun farko ta dindindin da aka ba da alhakinsa da yanke hukunci kan laifuka kamar kisan kare dangi da laifuka akan bil'adama.

## Asalin
An yi ƙoƙari da yawa a cikin tarihi don tsara dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa, musamman ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodin dokokin duniya na al'ada (dokar duniya da ba a rubuta ba wacce duk da haka ta haɗu da ƙasashe masu iko). An fara aikin da ya kai ga hukumar shari'a ta kasa da kasa a cikin kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na ranar 22 ga Satumbar 1924, wanda ya kafa kwamitin kwararru don ci gaba da shigar da dokokin kasa da kasa, wanda ya kunshi mambobi 17, da nufin ba da shawarwari game da batutuwan da ake bukata a magance su a cikin dokokin kasa da kasa da kuma matakan da ake son kawo karshen hakan. Aikin kwamitin ya kai ga Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙididdiga ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 1930, wanda ya shafi batutuwan dokokin kasa, yankunan ruwa da kuma alhakin jihar na lalacewa ga kasashen waje.

An karɓi ra'ayoyi da yawa na taron na 1930 a cikin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar da ta maye gurbin League. Mataki na 13, sakin layi na 1 ya ce:

Dangane da wannan tanadin, a ranar 11 ga Disamba, 1946, Babban Taron ya zartar da Resolution 94, wanda ya yi kira ga kafa kwamitin masana shari'a don ba da shawarwari ga Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan hanyoyin da Babban Taron zai iya ƙarfafa ci gaban dokar kasa da kasa da kuma tsara ta. Kwamitin masana ya kunshi mambobi 17 kuma ya taru daga Mayu 12 zuwa Yuni 17, 1947. Ya ba da shawarar kafa kwamiti na dindindin na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don inganta waɗannan manufofi.

A lokacin wannan zaman, rashin jituwa ya tashi tsakanin membobin game da ko hukumar ta na da damar hada wani batu a kan ajanda ba tare da yardar Babban Taron ba. A kan wannan batun, hukumar ta yanke shawarar cewa ta cancanci yin hakan, ta hanyar kuri'un 10 zuwa 3.

Game da kewayon batutuwan da za a haɗa su a cikin ajanda don tsara dokar kasa da kasa, hukumar ta yanke shawarar fara aiki a kan ƙananan batutuwa da farko. Saboda wannan dalili, an yanke shawarar cire batun dokokin yaki daga tattaunawar hukumar a lokacin. An ba da fifiko mafi girma ga batutuwan dokar yarjejeniyoyi, sasantawa, da mulkin teku, kuma an zabi masu ba da rahoto daidai da haka.
## Manazarta
Tara shara

**Tara shara,** wani bangare ne na tsarin sarrafa shara. Shine canja wurin dattin sharar gida daga wurin amfani da zubar da shi zuwa wurin jiyya ko zubar da ƙasa. Har ila yau, tarin sharar ya haɗa da tarin kayan da za a sake amfani da su waɗanda a zahiri ba sharar gida ba ne, a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin karkatar da shara na birni.

## Sharar gida
Sharar gida a cikin ƙasashe masu ci gaban tattalin arziki gaba ɗaya za a bar su a cikin kwantena na sharar gida ko kuma kwandon shara kafin tattarawa ta hanyar mai tattara shara ta amfani da abin hawan sharar . Ana amfani da jiragen ruwan sharar gida a wasu garuruwa, misali a Venice, Italiya.

Duk da haka, a yawancin ƙasashe masu tasowa, kamar irin su Mexico  da Masar,  sharar da aka bari a cikin kwanduna ko jakunkuna a gefen hanya ba za a cire ba sai dai idan mazauna yankin sun yi hulɗa da masu tara shara.

Mazauna birnin Mexico dole ne su kwashe sharar su zuwa motar tattara shara wacce ke tsayawa akai-akai a kowane unguwa. Masu tara shara za su nuna shirye-shiryensu ta hanyar buga kararrawa na musamman da yuwuwar ihu. Mazaunan sun yi layi suna mika kwandon shara ga mai tara shara. Ana iya sa ran tukwici a wasu unguwannin.  Masu tara shara masu zaman kansu na iya yawo a unguwanni guda kamar sau biyar a rana, sannan kuma suna tura katuka da kwandon shara, suna buga kararrawa da ihu don sanar da kasancewarsu. Waɗannan ƴan kwangilar masu zaman kansu ba a biyan su albashi, kuma suna rayuwa ne kawai akan tukwici da suka karɓa.  Daga baya, sun haɗu da motar tattara shara don ajiye sharar da suka tara.

Motar tattara sharar sau da yawa za ta ɗauki sharar zuwa tashar canja wuri inda za a loda ta a cikin babban abin hawa kuma a aika zuwa ko dai wurin zubar da shara ko kuma wurin sarrafa shara.

## Aminci da la'akarin farashi
La'akari da tattara sharar sharar gida daban-daban a lokacin sharar gida daban-daban da girman kwano, sanya kwandon shara, da sau nawa ya kamata a yi hidimar kwandon shara. Sannan kuma Cikakkun kwanonin suna haifar da faɗuwar tarkace yayin da ake tuƙawa. Shara mai haɗari kamar fakitin man fetur na iya haifar da gobara da ke kunna wasu sharar yayin da injin ɗin ke aiki. Ana iya kulle ko adana kwantena a wurare masu tsaro don gujewa samun waɗanda ba su biya ba suna sanya shara a cikin kwandon shara.  Farashin dattijon sharar kuma abin damuwa ne a tarin sharar gida a fadin duniya.  

## Aiki a matsayin mai shara
A cewar USNews .

## Duba wasu abubuwan

* Tarihin sarrafa sharar gida
* Tarin injina mai sarrafa kansa
* Mai tsabtace bakin teku
* Dempster Brothers (mai kera Dempster Dinosaur da Dempster Dumpmaster sharar motoci)
* Jerin gajerun hanyoyin sarrafa shara
* Mercedes-Benz Econic
* Sharar gida
* Sharar gida
* Rarraba sharar gida

## Manazarta
Sharar gida da ba'a so

**[[Shara|Sharar gida]]**, kayan da ba'a so ko mara amfani, ya bambanta da nau'i da yawa a cikin ƙasashe daban-daban.

## Kasashen da suka ci gaba
Ƙasashen da suka cigaba suna samar da ƙarin sharar gida ga kowane mutum saboda suna da ƙimar yawan amfani. Akwai mafi girman adadin robobi da karafa da takarda a cikin magudanar shara na birni kuma akwai tsadar aiki.   Yayin da ƙasashe ke cigaba da haɓakawa, ana samun raguwar datti da toka .  Samar da sharar kan kowa da kowa a cikin kasashen OECD ya karu da kashi 14% tun daga shekarar 1990, da kashi 35% tun daga shekarata 1980.  Haɓaka sharar gida gabaɗaya yana girma da ɗan ƙasa da GDP a waɗannan ƙasashe. Ƙasashen da suka ci gaba suna cinye fiye da kashi 60% na albarkatun masana'antu na duniya kuma sun ƙunshi kashi 22% na al'ummar duniya kawai.  A matsayin al'umma, ƙasar Amurkawa suna samar da sharar gida fiye da kowace al'umma a duniya tare  na garin dattin sharar gida (MSW) kowane mutum a rana, kashi hamsin da biyar na abin da aka bayar a matsayin sharar gida. 

## Kasashe masu tasowa
Kasashe masu tasowa suna samar da ƙananan matakan sharar gida ga kowane mutum tare da mafi girman adadin kayan halitta a cikin magudanar shara na birni. Idan an auna ta da nauyi, ragowar kwayoyin halitta (biodegradable) ya ƙunshi aƙalla kimanin kashi 50 na sharar gida a ƙasashe masu tasowa.  Kudin ma'aikata ba su da yawa amma sarrafa sharar gida gabaɗaya shine mafi girman kaso na kashe kuɗin birni. Kuma Yayin da ake ci gaba da ci gaba da zama birni, sharar gida ta ƙaru da sauri fiye da na birane saboda karuwar amfani da rage tsawon rayuwar samfur . 

## Abubuwan da ke kan iyaka tare da sharar gida
Ana jigilar sharar gida tsakanin ƙasashe don zubarwa kuma hakan na iya haifar da matsala a cikin ƙasar da aka yi niyya.

Sharar gida ana jigilar ta zuwa ƙasashe masu tasowa don sake amfani da su ko zubarwa. Yarjejeniyar Basel yarjejeniya ce ta Muhalli da yawa don hana matsalar zubar da shara a cikin ƙasashen da ke da raunin dokokin kare muhalli. Yarjejeniyar ba ta hana kafa kauyukan sharar gida ba .

## Sharar gida

* Sharar gida a New Zealand
* Sharar gida a Burtaniya
* Sharar gida a Amurka
* Gudanar da sharar gida a Indiya

## Duba wasu abubuwan

* Littattafai
* Tashi-tashi
* zubar da muhalli
* gurbacewar ruwa
* tarkacen ruwa
* Gudanar da sharar gida

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

## Manazarta

* Ƙarfafa sharar gida ta ƙasa
Adeline Akufo-Addo

**Adeline Sylvia Eugenia Ama Yeboakua Akufo-Addo** (née **Nana Yeboakua Ofori-Atta**; 17 ga watan Disamban a shekara ta 1917 - 21 Maris din shekarar 2004) matar shugaban kasa ce a jamhuriya ta biyu ta Ghana a matsayin matar Edward Akufo-Addo kuma mahaifiyar shugaban Ghana Nana Akufo- Addo .

Ta mutu a asibitin koyarwa na Korle-Bu da ke Accra a ranar 21 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2004, tana da shekara 86.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
An haife tane ga Nana Sir Ofori Atta I, Omanhene na Akyem Abuakwa, da Agnes Akosua Dodua na Abomosu, ita ce kuma Abontendomhene (sarauniyar gidan sarauta na Ofori Panin Fie na Kyebi). Don haka, an sanya mata salo a hukumance a matsayin **Nana Yeboakua Ofori-Atta**.

Yayarta ita ce Susan Ofori-Atta, likita mace ta farko daga Gold Coast. Babban ɗan'uwan Adeline Akufo-Addo shine William Ofori-Atta, ɗan siyasan Gold Coast kuma lauya, tsohon ministan harkokin waje kuma ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin da suka kafa United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) da kuma memba na "Manyan shida", Kungiyar masu fafutuka ta siyasa da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya ta tsare bayan tarzomar Accra a shekara ta 1948, inda suka fara fafutukar ganin Ghana ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1957. Wani dan uwanta shi ne Kofi Asante Ofori-Atta, ministan kananan hukumomi a jam'iyyar Convention People's Party (CPP) ta gwamnatin Kwame Nkrumah kuma daga bisani shugaban majalisar dokokin Ghana. 

## Manazarta
Peace Adzo Medie

**Peace Adzo Medie** ita 'yar asalin kasar Ghana sannan kuma marubuciya ce kuma mai almara da rashin fahimta.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haife Medie a Laberiya kuma ta koma Ghana tun tana ƙarami, inda ta yi karatu a makarantar sakandare ta OLA. Ta sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimin kasa daga Jami'ar Gana. Daga nan sai ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu a Amurka, inda ta sami digirin-digir. a cikin harkokin jama'a da na duniya daga Jami'ar Pittsburgh.

## Aiki

### Aikin ilimi
Medie ta yi aiki a matsayin abokiyar bincike a Jami'ar Gana da kuma wani jami'in bincike na gaba bayan kammala a Makarantar Woodrow Wilson na Jami'ar Princeton na Jama'a da Harkokin Kasa da Kasa. Yanzu ita babbar malama ce a fagen jinsi da siyasa ta kasa da kasa a Jami'ar Bristol a Burtaniya. An ba ta aikinta *African Affairs* lambar yabo ta Afirka ta 2012-2013.

Karatun karatun ta ya mayar da hankali ne kan jinsi, siyasa, da rikicin makami.

A cikin 2020, Medie ta buga littafinta na farko, aikin masana *Global Norms and Location Action: The Campaigns to End Violence Against Women in Africa*. Ta kuma tabo martanin da jihohin da ke fama da tashe-tashen hankula ke yi wa cin zarafin mata.

Tana cikin kwamitin editan mujallar *Politics & Gender* kuma tana gyara mujallar *African Affairs.* 

### Rubutun almara
Baya ga aikinta na ilimi, Medie ta samar da ayyuka da yawa na gajeren labari. A shekarar 2020, ta buga sabon littafinta na farko, *His Only Wife*. Ya yi magana game da gwagwarmayar aure na zamani a Ghana da rayuwar haɗin gwiwar mata uku, Afi, Evelyn, da Muna. An bayyana shi da "Labarin Cinderella wanda aka saita a Ghana" wanda *Kirkus* ya gabatar.

*His Only Wife* ta samu karbuwa sosai, tana fitowa a jerin mafi kyawun sabbin abubuwan da aka fitar, gami da Zabin Ma'aikatan *New York Times*. A cikin 2021, tashar labarai ta Ghana Citi TV ta ba ta suna "Mafi kyawun Marubuci" a lambar yabo ta Nishaɗi ta shekara-shekara.

Medie ta bayyana almararta kamar yadda bincikenta na ilimi ya yi tasiri a kan jinsi, tashin hankali, da siyasa.

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

*  *(non-fiction)*
* *(fiction)*

## Manazarta
Betty Acquah

**Betty Acquah** (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga watan Maris ɗin shekarar 1965) yar asalin mata ce ta kasar Ghana. Tana amfani da dabaru na ma'anar ma'ana, zanen mai da acrylic.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
'Yar asalin Cape Coast ce a Ghana, ta yi karatun sakandare a makarantar sakandare ta Wesley da Makarantar Holy Child. Daga nan sai ta kara gaba a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin zane. A Japan, ita ma ta kammala karatun koyon sana'a a Makarantar Koyon Aiki ta Tokyo.

## Aiki
Acquah ta shafe shekaru bakwai tana aikin zane-zanen zane-zane na Cibiyar Al'adu ta Kasa a Accra kuma tana gudanar da nune-nunen nune-nunen a dakin kallo na Berj Art Gallery daga shekarar 2002 zuwa 2005. Ita mamba ce ta kungiyar masu fasahar gani na Ghana. A watan Yunin shekarar 2019, ta ce a cikin wata hira da ta yi da Newsday BBC cewa tana fatan bude gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa a Ghana.

Acquah ta nuna a Ghana, Nigeria, United Kingdom, India, Jamus, Spain, Japan da Amurka.

Ayyukanta sun nuna matan Ghana da take gani a matsayin "jaruman jamhuriyar Ghana da ba a yi wa waka ba".

## Manazarta