Adire (ƙwarewar zane-zane)

Yadi **na Adire** ( Yoruba : Àdìrè) wani nau'in yadi ne da aka rina da aka saba yi da matan Yarabawa, ta amfani da dabarun rina iri-iri.   Kalmar 'Adire' ta samo asali ne daga kalmomin Yarabawa 'adi' wanda ke nufin ɗaurewa da kuma 're' ma'anar rina.  Wani abu ne da aka tsara da hanyoyin hana kakin zuma waɗanda ke samar da zane-zane masu tsari a cikin launuka masu ban sha'awa. Ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin mutanen Egba na Jihar Ogun . Masu sana'ar Adire sun shahara da ƙwarewarsu a rina kayan gargajiya na Yarabawa, inda suke ƙirƙirar ƙira na musamman da rikitarwa akan yadi ta hanyar rina su. Suna canza yadi na yau da kullun zuwa zane mai ban sha'awa da mahimmanci a al'ada wanda galibi ya ƙunshi Alamomin Adire masu ma'ana.

## Tarihi
Da farko ana samar da yadi na adire a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, ana yin sa ne a yankin arewacin Afirka ta hanyar 'yan kasuwa da iyalan 'yan kasuwa na Yarbawa. Wasu iyalai da suka zaɓi yin ƙaura zuwa arewa sun fara ƙirƙirar yadi na adire don tallata wa wasu mata.  Saboda yawanci mata ne ke yin sa, alamu da jigogi na Adire ana raba su ne daga uwa zuwa 'ya mace a cikin iyalai. Duk da haka, wasu siffofi na iya dogara ne akan iyawar mai zane da ƙwarewarsa, da kuma ƙwarewar da aka koya daga tsofaffin tsararraki. Tsarin Adire galibi wakilci ne na shuke-shuke, dabbobi, kayan aiki, da jigogi na ra'ayi. Jigogi na gargajiya ana rarraba su zuwa nau'ikan siffofi na geometric, siffa, skewmorphic, haruffa, da celestiomorphic. 

Kayan farko na wannan nau'in wataƙila ƙira ne masu sauƙi da aka ɗaure a kan auduga, waɗanda aka yi wa ado da hannu kuma aka saka a cikin gida (kamar waɗanda har yanzu ake samarwa a Mali ). A farkon shekarun ƙarni na 20, an sami sabbin damar samun adadi mai yawa na kayan riguna da aka shigo da su ta hanyar yaɗuwar 'yan kasuwar yadi na Turai a Abeokuta da sauran garuruwan Yarbawa waɗanda suka haifar da bunƙasa a cikin waɗannan ƙoƙarin mata na kasuwanci da fasaha, wanda ya sa adire ta zama babban sana'a a Abeokuta da Ibadan wanda ya jawo hankalin masu siye daga ko'ina cikin Yammacin Afirka . Ana ɗaukar Abeokuta a matsayin babban birnin yin adire a Najeriya;  duk da haka, wasu suna ba da shawarar cewa manyan biranen Ibadan da Osogbo (ƙasar Yarabawa) sun fi mahimmanci wajen yin adire saboda rini na adire ya fara ne a Abeokuta lokacin da matan Egba daga Ibadan suka dawo da wannan ilimin.  Siffar asali ta yadin ta zama ta kayan riguna guda biyu da aka ɗinka tare don ƙirƙirar yadin nade na mace.  An haɓaka sabbin dabarun rini na juriya .

Al'adar rini ta indigo ta samo asali ne tun ƙarni da yawa a Yammacin Afirka. Misalin da aka fi sani shine hula daga masarautar Dogon a Mali tun ƙarni na 11, wanda aka rina a salon *oniko* . 

Duk da haka, a ƙarshen shekarun 1930, yaɗuwar indigo na roba, soda mai tsami, da kuma kwararar sabbin masu ƙarancin ƙwarewa sun haifar da matsaloli masu inganci da kuma rugujewar da ake buƙata a yanzu. Duk da cewa an ci gaba da samar da ƙira masu rikitarwa da kyau na juriyar sitaci har zuwa farkon shekarun 1970, kuma duk da farfaɗowar da ma'aikatan Peace Corps na Amurka suka yi a shekarun 1960, ba su sake samun shaharar su ba a baya. A halin yanzu, ana samar da ƙira masu sauƙi da wasu ƙira masu inganci na oniko da alabere, amma ɗanɗanon gida yana fifita "kampala" (zane masu launuka da yawa na kakin zuma, wanda wani lokacin ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin adire). Duk da haka, an sake farfaɗo da fasahar Adire kwanan nan ta ƙwararrun 'yan Najeriya a ƙasashen waje kamar Dr Toyosi Craig, ƙwararriyar mai ƙirƙira da makamashi, da kuma masu fasaha na Najeriya kamar Nike Davies-Okundaye,  waɗanda ke zaburar da ƙananan masu ƙira kamar Amaka Osakwe (tare da lakabinta Maki-Oh). Manyan 'yan siyasa da fitattun mutane kamar Michelle Obama da Lupita Nyong'o sun sanya tufafi masu kayatarwa kwanan nan. Haka kuma, Bamidele Abiodun, matar gwamnan jihar Ogun, ta ƙaddamar da Makon Kasuwar Adire  a shekarar 2022 a matsayin wani shiri da aka yi niyya don tallata ado da kuma kare masana'antun masaku na gida. 

## Dabaru

A yau, akwai manyan dabarun hana amfani da su a Najeriya guda uku:

* **Oniko** : wannan tsari ya ƙunshi ɗaura raffia a kusa da ɗaruruwan ƙwayoyin masara ko duwatsu daban-daban don samar da ƙananan da'irori fari a kan bango mai shuɗi. Haka kuma ana iya murɗa masakar a ɗaure ta a kanta ko a naɗe ta a layi-layi.
* **Alabere** : Ana dinka raffia a kan masakar a cikin tsari kafin a rina ta. Ana cire tafin hannun raffia, sannan a dinka kashin baya a cikin masakar. Bayan an rina raffia yawanci ana yage shi, kodayake wasu suna barin sa a ciki kuma a bar shi ya lalace a kan tufafin a hankali yana bayyana ƙirar.
* **Eleko** : Ba a yarda a rina shi da man rogo da aka fenti a kan masakar ba. A al'adance ana yin sa da gashin kaza masu girma daban-daban, ana kuma amfani da calabash da aka sassaka a cikin ƙira daban-daban, kamar yadda ake yi da bulo . Tun daga farkon ƙarni na ashirin, ana amfani da stencils na ƙarfe da aka yanke daga zanen tin da aka lulluɓe da akwatunan shayi.  

An sanya wa yawancin zane-zane suna, waɗanda suka shahara sun haɗa da tsarin jubili (wanda aka fara yi don bikin jubili na azurfa na George V da Sarauniya Mary a 1935), Olokun ("allahiyar teku"),  Sunbebe ("ɗaga duwatsu")  da Ibadandun ("Ibadan yana da daɗi"). 

Najeriya kuma ta shahara da zane-zanen indigo masu launuka biyu, waɗanda aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar rini akai-akai na zane da aka fenti da tushen rogo don ƙirƙirar shuɗi mai zurfi; sannan a wanke manna sannan a rina masa zane a karo na ƙarshe. Ana rina masa zane mai inganci sau 25 ko fiye don ƙirƙirar launin shuɗi mai zurfi da baƙi kafin a wanke manna. Akwai ƙarin nau'ikan rini na indigo-resistant-rediers a wasu sassan Yammacin Afirka; misali, Bamana na Mali suna amfani da laka mai ƙarfi, yayin da masu rini na Senegal suna amfani da manna shinkafa maimakon tushen rogo, kuma Ndop na Kamaru suna amfani da duka 

## Nassoshi