Fracking a Amurka

**Fracking a Amurka** ya fara ne a shekarar 1949. A cewar Ma'aikatar Makamashi (DOE), a shekara ta 2013 akalla rijiyoyin mai da iskar gas miliyan biyu a Amurka sun fashe da ruwa, kuma na sabbin rijiyoyin da ake hakowa, har zuwa 95% sun fashe. Sakamakon daga waɗannan rijiyoyin ya kai kashi 43% na samar da mai da kashi 67% na samar da iskar gas a Amurka. Tsaro na muhalli da damuwa game da fashewar ruwa sun fito ne a cikin shekarun 1980, kuma har yanzu ana muhawara a jihohi da matakan tarayya.

New York ta haramta fashewar ruwa mai yawa ta hanyar umarnin zartarwa a cikin 2010, don haka duk samar da iskar gas a cikin jihar daga rijiyoyin da aka hako kafin haramcin. Vermont, wanda ba shi da sanannun tanadin gas, ya haramta fashewa a cikin Mayu 2012. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, Maryland ta zama jiha ta biyu a Amurka tare da tabbatar da tanadin gas don zartar da dokar hana fashewa. A ranar 8 ga Mayu, 2019, Washington ta zama jiha ta huɗu da ta haramta fashewa lokacin da Gwamna Jay Inslee ya sanya hannu kan SB 5145 a cikin doka bayan ta wuce majalisar dattijai ta jihar da kuri'un 29-18 da kuma House 61-37. Washington ba mai da gas ba ce wacce ba ta da ayyukan fracking lokacin da aka zartar da lissafin.

Rashin daidaituwa a cikin wadatar buƙatun man fetur da iskar gas da aka samar ta hanyar fashewar ruwa a cikin Permian Basin na yammacin Texas ƙalubale ne mai ƙaruwa ga masana'antar cikin gida, da kuma tasirin da ke ƙaruwa ga muhalli. A cikin 2018, an samar da iskar gas mai yawa tare da mai cewa farashin ya zama mara kyau kuma ya karu zuwa rikodin cubic feet miliyan 400 a kowace rana. A Q3 na 2019, iskar gas da aka ɓata daga wannan yankin kadai kusan ya ninka zuwa cubic feet miliyan 750 a kowace rana, adadi fiye da iya samar da dukkan bukatun zama na jihar.

## Tarihi

### Rashin fashewar ruwa
Ragewa a matsayin hanyar da za a motsa maɓuɓɓugar mai mai zurfi, mai ƙarfi ya samo asali ne daga shekarun 1860. Masu samar da mai a Pennsylvania, New York, Kentucky, da West Virginia sun yi amfani da nitroglycerin (ruwa da farko, kuma daga baya mai ƙarfi) don karya tsarin mai. Daga baya aka yi amfani da hanyar ga rijiyoyin ruwa da iskar gas. An gabatar da ra'ayin yin amfani da acid a matsayin ruwa marar fashewa don motsawa a cikin shekarun 1930. Acid etching ya ci gaba da fashewa a buɗe kuma ya inganta yawan aiki. Injin ruwa da ciminti (injection of cement slurry) suna da irin wannan sakamako.

### Rijiyoyin mai da iskar gas
Floyd Farris na Stanolind Oil and Gas Corporation ya yi nazarin dangantakar da ke tsakanin aikin da ke tsakanin matsin lamba. Wannan binciken ya zama tushen gwajin fashewar ruwa na farko, wanda aka gudanar a 1947 a Filin iskar gas na Hugoton a Grant County na kudu maso yammacin Kansas ta Stanolind. Don maganin rijiyar     na man fetur da yashi daga Kogin Arkansas an yi amfani da shi a cikin samar da gas mai samar da dutse a  . Gwajin bai yi nasara sosai ba saboda ba a iya ba da rijiyar ba. J.B. Clark na Stanolind ya ci gaba da bayyana wannan tsari a cikin takarda da aka buga a shekarar 1948. An bayar da takardar shaidar kan wannan tsari a cikin 1949 kuma an ba da lasisi na musamman ga Kamfanin Halliburton Oil Well Cementing Company. A ranar 17 ga Maris, 1949, Halliburton ya yi magungunan fashewar ruwa na farko a Stephens County, Oklahoma, da Archer County, Texas. Wannan aikin ya fara da sauri, kuma a watan Yunin 1950, *Newsweek* ta ba da rahoton cewa an bi da rijiyoyin mai 300 tare da sabuwar dabara. A cikin 1965, wani littafin Ofishin Ma'adinai na Amurka ya rubuta game da fashewar ruwa: "Yana da yawa filayen a yau saboda waɗannan dabarun fashewa don, ba tare da su ba, yawancin abubuwan da ke samar da sararin samaniya za a wuce su a cikin shekaru 15 da suka gabata a matsayin ko dai marasa amfani ko marasa amfani na kasuwanci.

## Manazarta