Kaskaskia

**Kaskaskia** na ɗaya daga cikin 'Yan asalin  kabilan Arewa maso gabashin Woodlands . Sun kasance ɗaya dangi cikin kusan kabilun da suka kafa Ƙungiyar Illiniwek, wanda kuma ake kira Ƙungiyar Illinois. Ƙasarsu ta dogon lokaci tana cikin yankin Great Lakes. Saduwarsu ta farko da Turawa an ruwaito ta faru ne a kusa da Green Bay na yanzu, Wisconsin, a cikin 1667 a tashar mishan na Jesuit.

## Tarihin bayan tuntuɓar

### Masu binciken Turai

A shekara ta 1673, Uba Jacques Marquette na Jesuit da mai binciken Faransa-Kanada Louis Jolliet sun zama Turawa na farko da aka sani sun sauko da Kogin Mississippi. Rubuce-rubucen tafiyarsu shine farkon, mafi kyawun rikodin hulɗa tsakanin Turawa da Indiyawa na Illinois. Marquette da Jolliet, tare da wasu maza biyar, sun bar aikin St. Ignace a Michilimackinac a cikin jiragen ruwa biyu a ranar 17 ga Mayu. Don isa Kogin Mississippi, sun yi tafiya a fadin Tafkin Michigan zuwa Green Bay, sama da Kogin Fox da kuma saukar da Kogin Wisconsin. Da yake saukowa da Mississippi, a watan Yuni, sun sadu da ƙungiyar Peoria da Moingwena na Illinois a Haas / Hagerman Site kusa da bakin Kogin Des Moines a Clark County, arewa maso gabashin Missouri. Sun sadu da wata ƙungiyar Illinois, Michigamea, lokacin da suka isa Arkansas ta yanzu.

Sun fara tafiyar dawowarsu daga ƙauyen Michigamea game da Yuli 17, suna bin Kogin Illinois zuwa gabas zuwa Tafkin Michigan maimakon ɗaukar hanyar arewacin tare da Kogin Wisconsin. Kusa da Utica ta zamani a cikin LaSalle County, Illinois, a fadin Starved Rock, sun sadu da Kaskaskia a Grand Village na Illinois (yanzu Tarihin Tarihi na Jiha, wanda aka fi sani da shafin Zimmerman). Ƙasar da ke ƙarƙashin ikon ƙungiyoyin Illinois masu haɗin gwiwa ta faɗaɗa zuwa arewa daga Arkansas na zamani, ta Gabashin Missouri da mafi yawan Illinois, da yamma zuwa Iowa, inda aka sanya sunan Des Moines bayan Moingwena . 

### Sabon manufofi na Faransa
A cikin 1703, Faransanci sun kafa manufa ta dindindin, sulhu da kuma sansani (Fort Kaskaskia State Historic Site) a Kaskaskia, Illinois, wani ɓangare na mulkin mallaka na New France na Arewacin Amurka.,  wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na Ƙasar Illinois ta Faransa, daga baya ya zama wani ɓangare na Louisiana ta Faransa (New France).

Mazauna Faransa sun koma gona da kuma amfani da ma'adanai a gefen Missouri na kogi. Kaskaskia ya zama babban birnin Upper Louisiana, kuma an gina babban Fort de Chartres a cikin 1718, kusa da Arewa kusa da Prairie du Rocher . A cikin wannan shekarar, Faransanci sun shigo da bayi na Afirka daga Saint-Domingue (Santo Domingo) don yin aiki a cikin ma'adinan gubar. Tun daga farkonta, Kaskaskia wani yanki ne na Faransa / 'yan asalin Amurka, wanda ya kunshi wasu mazajen Faransa da Kaskaskia da sauran Indiyawa na Illinois.

A cikin 1707, an kiyasta yawan jama'ar al'umma a 2,200, mafi yawansu Indiyawa ne na Illinois waɗanda suka zauna a nesa. Wani baƙo, yana rubuce-rubuce game da Kaskaskia game da 1715, ya ce ƙauyen ya kunshi maza 400 na Illinois, "mutane masu kyau," mishaneri biyu na Jesuit, da "kimanin *Matafiya* ashirin na Faransa waɗanda suka zauna a can kuma suka auri mata Indiya".  Daga cikin yara 21 waɗanda aka rubuta haife su da baftisma a Kaskaskia kafin 1714, uwaye 18 Indiya ne kuma ubanni 20 Faransanci ne. Zuriyar waɗannan auren da aka haɗu na iya zama ko dai Faransanci ko Indiya. Saboda al'ummomin Indiya sun fi girma kuma sun fi cikakke, ana kiwon su tare da mahaifiyarsu da mutanensu da al'adunsu. Wata mace mai bin addinin Roman Katolika mai cikakken jini ta musanta ɗanta na rabin jinsi don rayuwa "tsakanin kasashe masu banƙyama. "  Ginin Kaskaskia yana da yawan mutanen da suka haɗu da asalin Faransa da 'yan asalin ƙasar, da yawa daga cikinsu sun yi aiki ga kamfanonin fata da ke zaune daga St. Louis, Missouri (birni da aka kirkira daga baya, a cikin 1764, ta 'yan kasuwa da mazauna Faransa da suka zo daga New Orleans). 

### Yaƙin Faransa da Indiya
 
Zuriyar maza na Faransanci, Indiyawa, da jini a Kaskaskia sun zama *Matafiya* da masu tsere na bois waɗanda za su bincika da kuma amfani da ƙasar Kogin Missouri. Faransanci suna so su yi ciniki tare da dukkan kabilun da ke cikin filayen, da kuma bayan haka tare da mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya a New Mexico; Mutanen Espanya sun firgita da isa ga kasuwanci. Manufofin Faransa sun motsa balaguron Claude Charles Du Tisne don kafa alaƙar kasuwanci tare da Indiyawa a cikin shekara ta 1719. Makomar Kaskaskia, da sauran Illiniwek / Illinois, an haɗa su da na Faransa. Har zuwa rushewarsu a Faransa, Jesuits na Faransa sun gina missions kuma sun yi hidima ga Kaskaskia. A shekara ta 1763 da ƙarshen Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai a Arewacin Amurka (wanda ake kira Yaƙin Faransanci da Indiya a Amurka), Kaskaskia da sauran kabilun Illinois sun ragu sosai. Masu binciken Faransanci na farko sun kiyasta yawan mutanen su na asali daga 6,000 zuwa sama da 20,000. A ƙarshen yaƙin, lambobin su sun kasance kaɗan daga wannan. Masana tarihi na zamani sun yi imanin cewa mafi yawan mutuwar a wannan lokacin saboda sabbin Cututtukan cututtuka ne, wadanda 'yan asalin Amurka ba su da rigakafi.

## Raguwa
Dalilan raguwa suna da yawa kuma sun bambanta. Illinois ta yi yaƙi da abokansu na Faransa a kan manyan ƙasashe na asali: a gabas, Iroquois; a arewa maso yamma, Sioux da Fox; a kudu, Quapaw, Chickasaw da Cherokee; a yamma, Osage Nation. An kara da asarar yaki da manyan asarar saboda annobar cututtukan Turai. A shekara ta 1769, wani jarumi na Peoria ya kashe Pontiac, wanda ya kawo fushin kabilun Great Lakes a kan Kaskaskia da sauran kabilun Illinois.  (Wasu masana tarihi sun yi tambaya game da wannan ramuwar gayya; duba labarin a kan Pontiac.) Ottawa, Sauk, Fox, Miami, Kickapoo da Potawatomi sun lalata Illiniwek kuma sun mamaye tsoffin kabilansu tare da Kogin Illinois.

A shekara ta 1766, 'yan Burtaniya sun isa kuma sun kafa karamin sashi daga Fort de Chartres a Kaskaskia . Daga 1766 zuwa 1772, wannan rukunin mai juyawa ya kasance kusan mutane 25 a ƙarƙashin ƙaramin jami'in, wanda aka raba daga Fort de Chartres. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1772, lokacin da Birtaniya ta watsar da Fort de Chartres, 18th (Royal Irish) Regiment of Foot, ta bar karamin runduna na jami'ai hudu da mutane 50 a Kaskaskia a matsayin ƙoƙari na riƙe ikon Burtaniya a kan ƙasar Illinois. Kyaftin Hugh Lord, na 18th Foot, shi ne kwamandan Burtaniya na karshe a Illinois. An ba da umarnin raba 18th Foot zuwa Detroit a watan Mayu 1776 kuma ba su sake komawa Illinois ba. Rukunin Ubangiji sun kasance a cikin tsohon gidan Jesuit a Kaskaskia. An kira mukamin Fort Gage ne kawai bayan an watsar da Fort de Chartres a shekara ta 1772. 

A ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1778, a lokacin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka, George Rogers Clark ya kama garin da Fort Gage . 

A ƙarshen Afrilu 1824, Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, jarumin Faransa na Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka, ya ziyarci Kaskaskia a lokacin babban yawon shakatawa na Amurka, bayan ya ziyarci Saint Louis (Missouri) (Ziyara na Marquis de lafayette zuwa Amurka), a matsayin gaisuwa ga garuruwa biyu waɗanda suka kasance wani ɓangare na tsohon Louisiana na Faransa wanda Amurka ta samu a 1803.

## Magana
Sunan 'Kaskaskia' ya samo asali ne daga tsohuwar kalmar Miami-Illinois don katydid, phonetically  . Wannan sunan daga baya ya bayyana a cikin yarukan Peoria da Miami na zamani a matsayin  .  An riga an ga wannan a cikin ƙamus na Illinois na Gravier na farkon ƙarni na 18, inda don kalmar "caskaskia", ya ba da "cigale. abu na ƙasar Ilinoise, les Kaskaskias".

## A yau
Zuriyar Kaskaskia, tare da Wea da Piankeshaw, sun shiga cikin kabilar Peoria na Indiyawa na Oklahoma, wata kabila da aka amince da ita a Oklahoma.

## Sunayen sunaye
Sunan da kalmar "Kaskaskia" suna ci gaba a Illinois:

* Kogin Kaskaskia, wanda asalinsa yana kusa da Champaign a tsakiyar Illinois, kuma bakinsa yana kusa da Ellis Grove, Illinois, an sanya masa suna ne don asalin ƙasar da ta taɓa zama a duk faɗin bakin kogin.
* Kwalejin Kaskaskia tana kusa da Centralia, Illinois, a cikin karkara na Clinton County.
* Birnin DuQuoin, Illinois, yana ɗauke da sunan Jean Baptiste DuQuoen (wani lokacin DuQuoigne), sanannen shugaban Kaskaskia na tarihin su na baya.
* Kaskaskia, Illinois, ita ce babban birnin farko na Illinois.
* Kungiyar Kaskaskia Baptist, da ke Patoka, Illinois, tana amfani da sunansu.
* USS  tana ɗauke da sunan.

## Dubi kuma

* Ƙungiyar Illinois
* Jacques Gravier, marubucin ƙamus
* Pierre Menard, gwamnan Illinois na biyu

## Manazarta