Hukuncin Kisa a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo

**Hukuncin kisa a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]]** hukunci ne na doka; duk da haka, kasar ba ta aiwatar da wani kisan kai ba tun shekara ta 2003, ma'ana cewa kasar ta fuskanci dakatarwar kisan kai daga kisan gillar da suka yi a shekara ta 2003 har zuwa Maris 2024.

Ko da ba a aiwatar da kisa ba, kotuna suna ci gaba da yanke hukuncin kisa a kasar. A cikin 2019, jami'ai a majalisa dokokin kasar sun tattauna game da kawar da hukuncin kisa, amma a watan Maris na 2024, gwamnati ta sanar da niyyar su ci gaba da kashe-kashen a cikin ƙoƙari na yaki da tashin hankali a kasar.

## Hanyoyin kisa da dokar hukuncin kisa
Bisa ga dokar da aka zartar a shekara ta 1898, ana kashe mutanen da aka samu da laifin laifukan farar hula ta hanyar ratayewa, yayin da ake hukunta laifukan soja da kisa ta hanyar harbi. Dokar azabtarwa ta DRC ta ba da izini ga Shugaban kasa ya tsara hanyar kisa. A shekara ta 1936, an zartar da doka da ta hana daukar hoto na kisan kai; an haramta kisan kai na jama'a a kasar ba tare da amincewar Shugaban kasa ba.

## Tarihin mulkin mallaka
A cikin 1921, Simon Kimbangu, shugaban addinin Kongo, kotun soja ta yi masa shari'a don "ƙazantar da tsaron jama'a" da "taɓata zaman lafiya". Ba a ba shi shawara ta shari'a ba. An yanke masa hukunci kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa a ranar 3 ga Oktoba 1921, amma kafin a kashe shi, Sarki Albert I na Belgium ya sauya hukuncinsa zuwa rai da rai. Kimbangu ya mutu a kurkuku a Lubumbashi (wanda aka sani da Elizabethville a lokacin) a shekara ta 1951 bayan ya yi shekaru 30 na hukuncin rai da rai. 

## 1998-2001: Ci gaban Pre-moratorium
A ranar 28 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1998, jami'an Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun wallafa wani rahoto da ya nuna cewa an yi kisa 21 a Kinshasa, kisan kiyashi na farko tun lokacin da Shugaba Laurent-Désiré Kabila ya hau mulki. Kodayake wadanda aka yanke musu hukunci sun kunshi fararen hula da sojoji, kuma kodayake laifukan sun kasance laifukan farar hula kamar fashi da kisan kai, duk hukuncin kisa an aiwatar da su ne ta hanyar harbi. Bayan kisan, kotun soja wacce ta hukunta mutanen ta fitar da wata sanarwa da ta bayyana cewa ya kamata a kalli kisan "a matsayin gargadi ga duk wani mai laifi".

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1999, Amnesty International ta wallafa wani rahoto da ya nuna cewa DRC ta ga akalla mutane 46 da aka kashe tun watan Afrilun shekara ta 1999. Rahoton ya kuma gano cewa akwai fiye da 100 kisa a cikin DRC a cikin 1998 kadai kuma cewa, a cikin 1998, DRC ta kasance ta biyu ne kawai a China a cikin yawan sanannun kisa a wannan shekarar. An bayar da rahoton kisa 13 don laifuka daga fashi da makami zuwa kisan kai a Mbuji-Mayi, Kasaï-Oriental, a ranar 13 ga Afrilu 1999, da kuma kashe sojoji 20 a Lubumbashi a ranar 6 ga Mayu; an yanke wa sojoji hukuncin laifin aikata laifuka, gami da ficewar soja. Har ila yau, an tabbatar da kashe-kashen 15 a Kinshasa a ranar 13 ga Mayu, tare da duk wadanda aka yanke musu hukunci da laifuffuka na tashin hankali. Amnesty ta ba da rahoton cewa yawancin shari'o'in da suka gabata sun kasance marasa adalci, tare da yawancin waɗanda aka yanke musu hukunci ba su da damar samun lauyoyi, kuma ga waɗanda suka sami damar samun lauyoyin, yawancin lauyoyin su ba su da isasshen lokaci don shirya shari'ar ko bincika shaidar da aka yi wa abokan cinikin su. Wasu daga cikin kisan gilla sun faru ne a cikin 'yan kwanaki bayan ƙarshen shari'ar, wasu kuma sun faru ne cikin sa'o'i kadan bayan ƙarshen shariʼar, wanda ya haifar da shakku cewa Shugaba Kabila na lokacin yana da isasshen lokaci don yin la'akari da duk wani roko na gafara. Ɗaya daga cikin fursunoni da suka yi kira gafara, wani yaro soja mai shekaru 15, ya sami sauya hukuncin su daga Shugaba Kabila na lokacin. Amnesty ta kuma gano cewa ana amfani da kotunan soja da yawa kuma ba daidai ba a cikin shari'o'in farar hula don dalilan zalunci na siyasa, gami da zanga-zangar da ba ta da tashin hankali a kan gwamnatin DRC.

A cikin wani rahoto daga baya, Amnesty ta kuma gano cewa an kashe mutane 11 a fili a Mbuji-Mayi a ranar 28 ga Yuli 1999 duk da dokar da ta daɗe tana hana kashe jama'a. Wannan rahoton ya gano cewa an shirya a kashe mace daya, Charlotte Ngoy, kuma ta tsere wa hukuncin kisa minti daya kafin a shirya a kashe ta; An yanke wa Ngoy hukuncin kisa saboda ƙungiyar masu aikata laifuka saboda ta zauna tare da ɗan fashi mai dauke da makami.

A shekara ta 2001, an kashe sojoji shida na Kongo. Ba a bayyana sunayensu da laifukan da aka yanke musu hukunci ba. A watan Satumba na wannan shekarar, an yanke wa sojoji 13 hukunci kan makirci don hambarar da gwamnati kuma an yanke musu hukuncin kisa, amma babu wanda aka kashe, kuma Ministan 'Yancin Dan Adam, Ntumba Luaba, ya sanar da cewa za a sauya hukuncin kisa zuwa hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku.

## 2003-ya zuwa yanzu: Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan
Kashe-kashen karshe da aka yi a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo ya faru ne a watan Janairun shekara ta 2003.  An kashe mutane 15; Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Burtaniya ya ba da rahoton cewa takwas daga cikin wadanda aka kashe sun kasance ta kuskure.

Duk da yake har yanzu ana ba da hukuncin kisa a cikin al'umma, ana sauya su akai-akai zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai.

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010, an yanke wa sojoji biyu da farar hula hukuncin kisa saboda kisan Didace Namujimbo, wani dan jarida da ke aiki ga mai watsa shirye-shiryen Rediyon Okapi, a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2008.  An kira shari'o'in "trials," tare da lauyoyin maza uku da aka hukunta suna karɓar barazanar kisa, kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta hukunta shari'o-tafiye da hukuncin kisa.

A ranar 13 ga Mayu 2021, an kashe wani jami'in 'yan sanda a Kinshasa a lokacin tashin hankali bayan karshen Ramadan. An gurfanar da mutane arba'in da daya a gaban shari'a kwana daya bayan kisan. Shari'arsu ta dauki rana daya, kuma an yanke wa 29 daga cikinsu hukunci kan kisan kai kuma an yanke musu hukuncin kisa, tare da yanke hukuncin kisa a hukumance a wannan Asabar, 15 ga Mayu. Biyu sun sami hukuncin shekaru 5 a kurkuku. An gabatar da shari'ar a talabijin.

A ranar 12 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, wakilan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya guda biyu, Zaida Catalán na Sweden da Michael Sharp na Amurka, 'yan bindiga masu goyon bayan Kamwina Nsapu sun yi musu kwanton bauna yayin da suke binciken tashin hankali a Lardin Kasaï. Mutanen da ke dauke da makamai sun yi tafiya a cikin wani filin kuma sun kashe Catalán da Sharp; an gano jikinsu bayan kwana 16 bayan haka, a ranar 28 ga Maris, tare da yanke Catalán kai. Wani rahoto da aka ba Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bayyana cewa kwanton bauna "tsarin da aka shirya" ne don ɗaukar fansa a kan Majalisar Dinkinobho saboda rashin kare su daga Sojojin Kongo kuma cewa mambobin tsaron jihar na iya shiga, amma babu wanda aka yi la'akari da cewa ya ba da umarnin aikin ya taɓa zuwa shari'a. Duk da yanka ba a taɓa kama 22 daga cikin masu aikata laifin ba, duk mutane 54 da aka yi imanin cewa suna da hannu an yi musu shari'a a kotun soja a Kananga, Kasaï-Central; an tuhume su da laifuka da suka fara daga "ta'addanci" da "kisan kai," zuwa "sa hannu a cikin tayar da kayar baya" da kuma "aikin aikata laifukan yaki ta hanyar yankewa". Masu gabatar da kara sun bukaci hukuncin kisa a kan 51 daga cikin 54 a shari'ar, kuma duk 51 daga cikinsu sun sami hukuncin kisa a ranar 29 ga Janairu 2022; saboda haka sun sami hukuncin mutuwa. Biyu daga cikin wadanda suka je kotu, ciki har da wani ɗan jarida, an wanke su daga dukkan tuhume-tuhumen.

Kwanaki bayan yanke hukunci da hukuncin kisa, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nemi DRC ta ci gaba da dakatar da hukuncin kisa a kan, tana mai cewa, "Muna sake jaddada adawar Sakatare Janar game da amfani da hukuncin kisa. . . . Da yake lura da cewa akwai dakatarwar doka a kan aiwatar da hukuncin kisa da DRC, muna roƙon hukumomin DRC su ci gaba da jinkirin hukuncin kisa da yin la'akari da soke shi a cikin doka" 

### 2019-yanzu: Dokar kawarwa da sake dawowa
A ranar 21 ga watan Agustan 2019, dan majalisa na kasa André Mbata ya gabatar da lissafin memba mai zaman kansa don soke hukuncin kisa. An ba da aikin bincike na Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa don bincika lissafin. Kimanin watanni uku bayan haka, a ranar 12 ga Disamba 2019, mambobin Majalisar dokokin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo sun hadu don tattauna shirye-shiryen inganta kawar da hukuncin kisa.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2024, wata sanarwa daga Ministan Shari'a Rose Mutombo Kiese ta bayyana cewa nan da nan, za a sanya hukuncin kisa kuma a aiwatar da shi a lokuta na cin amana, Laifukan yaki, laifuka a kan bil'adama, leken asiri, tawaye da makircin laifi, tare da sauran laifuka. Hakanan za'a yi amfani da shi ga sojoji, ga waɗanda suka yi tawaye da umarni ko kuma suka yi fice kuma suka shiga cikin abokan gaba. Shawarwarin ya fuskanci zargi mai mahimmanci daga kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da masu gwagwarmaya, wadanda suka yi jayayya cewa hukuncin kisa ba zai magance tushen abubuwan da ke haifar da tashin hankali ba kuma zai iya haifar da cin zarafin bil'adama da kisa mara adalci. *ECPM*, wata kungiya ta Faransa, ta yi kira ga "ba kayan aiki" na hukuncin kisa kuma ta ce za a iya amfani da shi azaman kayan aiki na "matsi na siyasa". Gwamnati ta tabbatar da shawarar don cire "masu cin amana" daga sojoji da kuma hana "ta'addanci na birni". A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, kotun soja ta yanke wa sojoji 8 hukuncin kisa saboda tsoro da laifuka da suka shafi tserewa daga fagen fama. A ranar 6 ga watan Janairun 2025, kamfanin dillancin labarai na Associated Press ya ruwaito cewa gwamnatin Kongo ta kashe mutane 102 a cikin makon da ya gabata, a cikin wata sanarwa daga Ministan Shari'a. Sanarwar ta kuma ambaci cewa za a kashe wasu mutane saba'in. Gwamnati ta ce mutanen "masu fashi ne da makamai" da kuma "masu 'yan fashi na birni". An kashe su a gidan yarin Angenga a arewa maso yammacin Kongo. Wasu mazauna garin Goma sun yi maraba da shawarar.

## Rahoton bincike
A cikin 2020, wani rahoto na bincike da Prison Insider da World Coalition Against the Death Penalty suka yi ya bayyana cewa akwai akalla mutane 510 da aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa a cikin kasar, tare da wannan adadi ya ninka ƙididdigar kungiyar da ta gabata. Rahoton ya kunshi ganawa da fursunoni a duk fadin kasar wadanda suka bayar da rahoton cewa an yanke musu hukuncin kisa. Mutumin da aka yanke masa hukunci mafi ƙanƙanta da aka yi hira da shi yana da 20, yayin da mafi tsufa ya kasance 70, kuma matsakaicin shekarun fursunoni na gidan yari shine 40. Akalla an yi hira da mace daya, kodayake yawancin fursunoni da ke cikin gidan yari a cikin al'ummar maza ne. Kimanin kashi 44 cikin 100 na fursunonin da ke gefen mutuwa sun sami hukuncin kisa bayan 2015, yayin da kashi 16 cikin 100 na masu zaman kansu suka sami hukuncin kisa tsakanin 2000 da 2015. Rahoton ya kuma gano cewa akalla mutane biyar sun sami hukuncin kisa lokacin da ba su kai shekara 18 ba, duk da sake fasalin Dokar Shari'a ta Soja a 2002 da ta hana kashe mutanen da aka yanke musu hukunci kan laifukan da suka faru lokacin da suke kananan yara.

A baya, gwamnatin Kongo ta sanar da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam cewa an yanke wa mutane 26 kawai hukuncin kisa a cikin DRC tsakanin 2006 da 2017, amma waɗancan kungiyoyin sun gano cewa ainihin adadin hukuncin kisa a wannan lokacin ya kai kusan 268, kuma akwai kusan hukuncin kisa 156 da aka zartar tsakanin 2016 da 2019. Jami'an Kongo sun kuma bayyana cewa mafi yawan hukuncin kisa sun samo asali ne daga hukunce-hukuncen kisan kai, tawaye, laifuka a kan bil'adama, da laifukan yaki, yayin da sakamakon binciken ya nuna cewa an yanke wa kashi 48 cikin dari na mutane hukuncin kisa saboda ƙungiyar masu aikata laifuka, kashi 45 cikin dari an yanke musu hukuncin kisa saboda kisan kai da ba a shirya ba, kashi 29 cikin dari an hukunta su da fashi, kashi 12 cikin dari an same su da hannu kan shiga cikin dari don shiga cikin ƙungiyar masu tayar da kayar da kayatarwa, kuma kashi 9 cikin dari an yi musu hukuncin kisa.

Duk da yake kashi 66 cikin 100 na waɗanda aka yi hira da su suna da wani nau'i na wakilcin shari'a a shari'a, da yawa daga cikinsu sun bayyana cewa ba su sami isasshen taimakon shari'a ba, tare da yawancin lauyoyin da ba su da ƙwarewa da wasu suna barin su a tsakiyar shari'a saboda rashin diyya ta kuɗi daga abokan cinikin su; wasu sun sadu da abokan cinikinsu a ranar shari'ar ba tare da wata hanyar shirya ta gaba ba. Da yawa daga cikinsu ba a ba su masu fassara ba duk da shingen harshe yayin shari'ar kotu, kuma wasu sun ba da rahoton cewa mambobin tilasta wa su yi ikirari. Duk da dokar azabtarwa ta Kongo da ke tabbatar da wakilcin shari'a na duniya ga dukkan fursunoni, kashi 34 cikin 100 na waɗanda aka yi hira sun ce ba su iya samun lauya ba kuma ba a ba su ɗaya ba yayin gwajin su. Binciken ya kammala cewa "kudin da aka ware don taimakon shari'a gabaɗaya ba a samuwa a ofisoshin shawarwari na kyauta na Ƙungiyar Bar Association. Lauyoyi da masu ba da shawara saboda haka ba su da albarkatu don shirya fayiloli da shirya kare abokan cinikin su". 

## Bayanan da aka ambata