open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
CieloBuio

**CieloBuio-coordinamento per la protezione del cielo notturno** ( *Haɗin gwiwa don kare sararin samaniyar dare* ) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke aiki a Italiya don kare sararin samaniyar dare ta hanyar haɓaka al'adar hasken wuta mai kyau ga muhalli da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da abin da ke haifar da gurɓatar haske .

An ƙirƙiri CieloBuio a Lombardy a shekarar 1997 bisa ga jerin sunayen mutanen da ke sha'awar batun gurɓatar haske, yanzu haka ya haɗa ƙwararrun masana ilmin taurari da na masu son muhalli, injiniyoyin hasken wuta, da kuma mutane masu sha'awar a duk faɗin Italiya. Shugaban ƙasar na yanzu shine Fabio Arcidiacono.

A yaƙinta da gurɓataccen haske, CieloBuio tana da tsarin tunani don tallafawa da haɓaka dokar yankin Lombardy n. 17/2000, a cikin dukkan siffofi da faɗaɗa ta. Wannan doka ta dogara ne akan ma'aunin *sifili gurɓatawa*, wanda, ban da kaɗan, babu fitilar titi da za ta iya aika haske sama da saman kwance. 

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, CieloBuio ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen amincewa da wasu dokokin yanki da tsarin Lombard ya yi wahayi zuwa gare su, daga cikinsu mun ambaci waɗanda ke aiki a yankunan Emilia-Romagna (LR 19/03), Marche (LR 10/02), Abruzzo (LR 12/05), Apulia (LR 15/05), Umbria (LR 20/05), Friuli-Venezia Giulia (LR 15/07) da Veneto (LR 17/09). Bugu da ƙari, dokar da aka zartar a Lombardy ta kuma yi wahayi zuwa ga tsara dokoki a Jamhuriyar Czech (ƙasa ta farko a duniya da ta zartar da doka kan gurɓataccen haske, wanda ya shafi a duk faɗin ƙasar) da kuma a Slovenia . 

CieloBuio tana aiki tare da sashen Italiya na Ƙungiyar Duhun Sama ta Duniya da ƙungiyoyin kimiyya daban-daban don haɓaka dokar ƙasa da ke kare muhallin dare a duk faɗin Italiya.

## Manazarta
Alex na Dā

**Alexander Charles Antić** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1974) ɗan siyasan Australiya ne wanda ya kasance Sanata na Kudancin Australia tun daga shekara ta 2019 yana wakiltar Jam'iyyar Liberal .

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Antic a Adelaide a shekara ta 1974, ɗan Vicki Anderson da Ratomir Antic. A cikin jawabinsa na farko ga majalisa ya bayyana imaninsa cewa shi ne sanata na farko na Australiya na zuriyar Serbian. Mahaifinsa ya isa Ostiraliya daga Yugoslavia a shekara ta 1957 kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama darektan maganin kirji a Asibitin Royal Adelaide . 

Antic tana da digiri na zane-zane da shari'a daga Jami'ar Adelaide .  Kafin ya shiga siyasa ya kasance babban abokin tarayya tare da lauyoyin Tindall Gask Bentley. Ya yi aiki a Majalisar Birnin Adelaide daga 2014 zuwa 2018, yana wakiltar yankin kudu. A wannan rawar, ya yi jayayya cewa kananan hukumomi dole ne su mai da hankali kan isar da ayyuka, maimakon "a yi amfani da su azaman abin hawa don siyasa ta ainihi". Ya kuma yi amfani da matsayinsa a majalisar don matsawa don adana Ranar Ostiraliya.

## Majalisar dokoki
An zaɓi Antic a Majalisar Dattijai ta Australiya a Zaɓen tarayya na 2019, ya hau mulki a ranar 1 ga Yulin 2019. A cikin tsarin zaben Liberal, ya fice daga sanata mai zaman kanta Lucy Gichuhi, memba na jam'iyyar mai ra'ayin mazan jiya.

A watan Satumbar shekarar 2023, Antic ta shiga tawagar jam'iyyun 'yan majalisa na Australiya zuwa Washington, DC, don yin kira ga Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta watsar da yunkurin fitar da mai wallafa Australiya Julian Assange daga Ingila. Sauran mambobin sun kasance Barnaby Joyce, Monique Ryan, David Shoebridge, Peter Whish-Wilson da Tony Zappia. 

## Ra'ayoyin siyasa
Antic tana da alaƙa da ƙungiyar dama a cikin 'yan Liberals na Kudancin Australia,  kuma, a lokacin Gwamnatin Morrison, an gano ta da ƙungiyar 'yan dama ta Jam'iyyar Liberal.  Ya bayyana a kai a kai a Sky News Australia  kuma ya kasance baƙo a shirye-shiryen dama, gami da kwasfan fayiloli na Steve Bannon. An saita shi ya zama MC don yawon shakatawa na Donald Trump Jr. kafin a soke shi, kuma ya kasance baƙo a wani taro tare da tsohon mai wa'azin Hillsong Pat Mesiti.

## Manazarta
BirdWatch Ireland

**BirdWatch Ireland** (BWI) ƙungiya ce ta kare tsuntsayen daji da kuma ƙungiyar agaji mai rijista da aka keɓe don kiyayewa da kare tsuntsayen daji da gidajensu a Ireland . A da an san ta da Irish Wildbird Conservancy (IWC).    An kafa Irish Wildbird Conservancy a shekarar 1968, tare da wasu daga cikinsu ta hannun Manjo Robert (Robin) Ruttledge, wani masanin tsuntsayen daji ɗan ƙasar Ireland wanda ya zama shugabanta na farko. 

BWI tana da mambobi da magoya baya sama da 15,000 masu aiki, da kuma hanyar sadarwa ta rassa 30 da ke fafutukar inganta muhimmancin tsuntsaye da muhalli, da kuma batutuwan kiyayewa gaba ɗaya. Tana buga mujallar *Irish Birds* ta shekara-shekara da mujallar *Wings* ta kwata-kwata. Tana kula da wasu wuraren ajiyar yanayi da dama, ciki har da Little Skellig . 

BirdWatch Ireland memba ne na Cibiyar Sadarwar Muhalli ta Irish, Cibiyar Sadarwar Ruwa Mai Dorewa (SWAN), Ƙungiyoyin NGO na Muhalli (Ecological) Core Funding Ltd (EENGO), Aiki da Ilimi don Bambancin Halittu (WEB) da kuma Cibiyar Irish Uplands (IUF). Suna kuma aiki tare da Cibiyar Bayanai ta Ƙasa ta Irish don samar da bayanai game da sa ido kan namun daji.

## Takaddama
Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jinkai ta bayar da rahoto a watan Nuwamba na 2022 cewa an yi amfani da kuɗaɗen da ba daidai ba da kuma rashin isassun iko na cikin gida.  Wannan ya biyo bayan fallasa cewa ƙungiyar ta yi kuskuren kashe kuɗaɗen da aka ware don takamaiman ayyuka kan kashe kuɗi na gabaɗaya, gami da gyara motar matar babban jami'in gudanarwa. 

## Ayyuka da shirye-shirye

### Tsuntsaye BirdTrack
BirdTrack gidan yanar gizo ne na kimiyyar ɗan ƙasa ta yanar gizo, wanda British Trust for Ornithology (BTO) ke gudanarwa a madadin haɗin gwiwar BTO, RSPB, BirdWatch Ireland, Scottish Ornithologists' Club da Welsh Ornithological Society ( Welsh   ).  

### Rahoton kan raguwar yawan tsuntsayen Ireland
Ƙungiyar ta fitar da *Binciken Tsuntsayen Dausayi na Ireland* a shekarun 1990, lokacin da akwai tsuntsayen ruwa miliyan 1.2 da ke yin hunturu a Ireland. Wani bincike da aka yi kwanan nan a watan Afrilun 2019 ya nuna cewa adadin ya kai 760,000. 

## Manazarta
Ruwa mai kariya daga wuta

**Ruwan kariya daga gobara** ruwa ne da ke aiki kamar ruwa, yana kama da ruwa, kuma yana gudana kamar ruwa, amma baya jike abubuwa kamar ruwa. Idan aka fitar da shi daga na'ura, yana canzawa zuwa iskar gas, saboda halayen thermodynamic ɗinsa kuma yana kashe wuta idan aka yi amfani da shi a yawan kashe wutar don cire zafi. Sau da yawa ana amfani da shi don kashe gobara a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin kashe gobara ta atomatik, musamman a wuraren da ke ɗauke da kayan lantarki kuma ba zai lalata kayan lantarki ta yadda ruwa zai lalata su ba. 

**Ruwan kariya daga gobara** ruwa ne da ke aiki kamar ruwa, yana kama da ruwa, kuma yana gudana kamar ruwa, amma baya jike abubuwa kamar ruwa. Idan aka fitar da shi daga na'ura, yana canzawa zuwa iskar gas, saboda halayen thermodynamic ɗinsa kuma yana kashe wuta idan aka yi amfani da shi a yawan kashe wutar don cire zafi. Sau da yawa ana amfani da shi don kashe gobara a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin kashe gobara ta atomatik, musamman a wuraren da ke ɗauke da kayan lantarki kuma ba zai lalata kayan lantarki ta yadda ruwa zai lalata su ba. 

## Nassoshi
Maganin harshen wuta

**Maganin harshen wuta** shine amfani da harshen wuta mai iskar gas a saman wani abu don inganta mannewa .  

Polyolefins, musamman polyethylene da polypropylene ba su da kyau, saboda sun ƙunshi dogayen ƙwayoyin halitta marasa polar . Ba tare da magani na musamman ba, ba za a iya shafa manne, tawada, da sauran abubuwan rufewa ga waɗannan kayan ba. Ta hanyar shafa zafi mai tsanani a saman, sarƙoƙin ƙwayoyin halitta suna karyewa kuma ana ƙara ƙungiyoyin aiki na polar. Maganin harshen wuta kuma yana ƙone ƙura, zare, mai, da sauran gurɓatattun abubuwa a saman.

## Tsarin aiki

Maganin harshen wuta hanya ce da ke haifar da halayen iskar oxygen da iskar gas mai ƙarfi, waɗanda ke haifar da ƙwayoyin halitta masu ƙarfi da ƙwayoyin halitta, kamar su atom oxygen (O), hydroxyl (OH), imidogen (NH), Nitric oxide (NO), da cyanide (CN). Iskar gas da aka fi amfani da su a maganin harshen wuta sune propane ( C3 H8 ), iskar gas ko methane ( CH4 ), da butane ( C4 H10 ). Waɗannan iskar gas suna ƙonewa da iskar oxygen ta yanayi, suna samar da ruwa da carbon dioxide. 

Wutar tana da yankuna uku; yankin da ke gaban konewa (mazubin waje mai shuɗi), babban yankin amsawa (mazubin tsakiya mai shuɗi mai duhu), da yankin da ke bayan konewa (mazubin ciki mai shuɗi mai haske). Yankin da ke gaban konewa shine ɓangaren da ya fi sanyi na harshen wuta saboda yawan kuzarin da aka saki (zafi) yana da ƙasa. Ana amfani da babban yankin amsawa don maganin saman saboda wannan yanki yana da mafi girman zafin jiki da adadin sinadaran oxidizing . Harshen wuta yana kaiwa mafi girman zafinsa (1900–2000°C) lokacin da duk propane ya yi aiki da iska. Yawan sinadaran oxidizing ya kai matsakaicin zafin jiki kafin yankin bayan konewa. 

Domin a yi wa saman magani cikin sauri da daidaito, ana yin layukan iskar gas da yawa, irin waɗanda ke hannun dama, a kan dogon layi a kan wuta ɗaya. Ana aika kayan da ake yi wa magani da sauri kai tsaye a gaban ko a ƙarƙashin mazuraran ciki. Fuskar tana taɓa harshen wuta na ƙasa da daƙiƙa ɗaya. Ana yi wa saman magani da sauri, ba tare da lokaci ba don kayan su narke.

Nau'in sinadarai masu amsawa a cikin harshen wuta na iskar gas suna karya ƙwayoyin dogon sarka a cikin kayan filastik, kuma suna manne kansu zuwa wuraren fashewa, wanda ke haifar da cajin maki na polar a saman. A kan sikelin microscopic, saman kuma yana zama mai kauri. 

## Duba kuma

* Sinadarin manne masu saurin kamuwa da matsin lamba
* Kunna jini
* Maganin Corona
* Fuskar polymer
* Dutse mai harshen wuta
* Kammalawa a saman

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Kwatanta Maganin Wuta, Jini, da Corona An  Archived
Cika ma'auni (hoton hoto)

**Ma'aunin cikawa** na jerin firikwensin hoto shine rabon yankin haske na pixel zuwa ga jimlar yankinsa. Ga pixels marasa microlenses, ma'aunin cikawa shine rabon yankin photodiode zuwa jimlar yankin pixel,  amma amfani da microlenses yana ƙara *ingantaccen ma'aunin cikawa*, sau da yawa zuwa kusan 100%, ta hanyar haɗa haske daga dukkan yankin pixel zuwa photodiode. 

Wani lamari kuma da ke rage yawan cika hoto shine ƙara ƙarin ƙwaƙwalwa kusa da kowane pixel, don cimma rufewa ta duniya akan na'urori masu auna CMOS. 

## Nassoshi
Lynn Arnold

**Lynn Maurice Ferguson Arnold** (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1949) firist ne na Anglican na Australiya kuma tsohon dan siyasa wanda ya wakilci reshen Kudancin Australiya na Jam'iyyar Labor Party (ALP). Ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Kudancin Australia daga 1992 zuwa 1993 kuma a matsayin Shugaban Jam'iyyar adawa daga 1993 zuwa 1994.

## Rayuwa ta farko da gwagwarmaya
An haifi Lynn Maurice Ferguson Arnold a ranar 27 ga watan Janairun 1949 a Durban, Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu .  Ya ci gaba da sha'awar Siyasa tun yana da shekaru shida yana da burin zama Firayim Minista kuma, a matsayin matashi, yana sha'awar daren zabe, yana lissafin sakamakon da hannu kafin a yi amfani da kwamfutoci. Lokacin da yake da shekaru goma sha biyu, ya halarci makarantun firamare takwas kuma ya zauna a kasashe daban-daban guda huɗu, wanda ya buƙaci shi da 'yar'uwarsa su ci gaba da daidaitawa da sabon mahalli. Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta Adelaide Boys, Arnold ya zama mai aiki a siyasa a lokacin shekararsa ta ƙarshe a shekarar 1965, lokacin da ya shiga cikin Yunkurin yaki da Vietnam. Rahotanni na talabijin na dare game da rikici a Indochina sun rinjaye shi sosai, ya ɗauki yakin a matsayin ba daidai ba kuma ya yi tsayayya da sa hannun Australia, ra'ayi da ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar rashin amincewa da gabatarwar gwamnati game da aikin soja.

## Ayyukan siyasa

### Gwamnatin Bannon (1979-1992)

Arnold ya yi aiki a makarantar sakandare kuma tare da Society of Friends kafin ya shiga Majalisar dokokin Kudancin Australia a matsayin memba na Jam'iyyar Labor Party (ALP) ta Australia  a ranar 15 ga Satumba 1979,  yana da shekaru 30. Saboda imanin Kirista, ya rantse da aminci ga kambin maimakon rantsuwar Littafi Mai-Tsarki ta al'ada, yana mai bayyana cewa maganarsa ta isa. Arnold ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Ilimi daga 10 ga Nuwamba 1982 zuwa 18 ga Disamba 1985, a lokaci guda yana aiki a matsayin Ministar Fasaha daga 10 ga Nowamba 1982 zuwa 28 ga Agusta 1986 a gwamnatin John Bannon. An nada shi Ministan Ayyukan Yara daga 6 ga Yuni 1985 zuwa 18 ga Disamba 1985, Ministan Ayyuka da Ministan Mataimakin Ministan Ci Gaban Jiha daga 16 ga Yuli 1985 zuwa 18 Ga Disamba 1985. Bayan soke mazabarsa daga baya a wannan shekarar, a ranar 6 ga Disamba, ya wakilci Ramsay a rana mai zuwa.

## Manazarta
Tom Arden

**David Rain** (2 ga Mayu 1961 - 15 ga Disamba 2015), wanda aka fi sani da sunansa **Tom Arden**, marubucin almara ne na kimiyya da kuma fantasy na Burtaniya. An haife shi a Ostiraliya.

Babban aikinsa shine *Orokon* saga guda biyar, da kuma litattafan Shadow Black, The Translation of Bastian Test da Doctor Who novel Nightdreamers .

An haifi Arden a shekara ta 1961 kuma ya girma a Dutsen Gambier, Kudancin Australia . Ya rubutun littafinsa na farko da ba a buga ba, Moon Escape yana da shekaru bakwai kuma daga baya ya yi karatun Turanci a Jami'ar Adelaide, ya kammala karatu tare da girmamawa na farko. Arden ya kammala jarabawarsa ta PhD a kan *[[Clarissa; or, The History of a Young Lady|Clarissa]]*, labari mai ban sha'awa na marubucin littafi na ƙarni na 18 Samuel Richardson . 

A shekara ta 1990, ya koma Ingila, yana zaune a Arewacin Ireland da Ingila. Ya koyar da Turanci a Jami'ar Sarauniya ta Belfast na tsawon shekaru bakwai. Tun daga shekara ta 2003, ya ba da lacca ga rubuce-rubuce masu kirkiro a Jami'ar Middlesex, London.

## Mutuwa
Arden ya mutu daga ciwon daji a ranar 15 ga Disamba 2015 a London, Ingila.

## Bayanan littattafai

### Orokon

# Harlequin's Dance (1997) 
# *Sarkin da Sarauniyar takobi* (1998) 
# *Sultan na Wata da Taurari* (1999) 
# Sisterhood of the Blue Storm (2000) 
# *Sarauniyar Mafarki marar Ƙarshe* (2001) 

### Sauran litattafai

# Shadow Black (2002) - asiri na Gothic
# *Fassarar gwajin Bastian* (2005) - fiction kimiyya
# Kamar yadda David Rain: The Heat of the Sun (2012) 
# Kamar yadda David Rain: Volcano Street (2014) 

### Sauran rubuce-rubuce

# Nightdreamers (novella na asali) bisa ga jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin Doctor Who .
# Gajerun labaru don littafin Burtaniya *Interzone*: "The Indigenes" (IZ 136), "The Volvax Immersion" (IZ 143).
# An buga labarai a cikin mujallar British Fantasy Society *Prism.*

## Manazarta
Tashar Fibre akan IP

**Tashar Fiber ta kan IP** ( **FCIP** ko **FC/IP**, wanda kuma aka sani da **hanyar tunneling ta Fibre Channel** ko **hanyar tunneling** ) wata yarjejeniya ce da Hukumar Ayyukan Injiniyan Intanet (IETF) ta ƙirƙira don fasahar ajiya.

Wani abu na FCIP yana lulluɓe firam ɗin Fibre Channel ta amfani da sassan TCP sannan ya tura su ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa ta IP zuwa wani abu na FCIP wanda ke raba su kuma yana dawo da firam ɗin FC na asali. Daga mahangar tari na IP, FCIP yana gudana a cikin layin aikace-aikacen . Daga mahangar tari na FC, FCIP tana ba da sabis na Tsarin Tashar Fibre Channel da Tsarin Gudanar da Gudawa (FC-2).

Fasahar FCIP ta shawo kan iyakokin nisan da ke tsakanin tashoshin Fibre Channel na asali, wanda ke ba da damar haɗa hanyoyin sadarwa na yanki da aka rarraba ta hanyar amfani da kayayyakin more rayuwa na IP, yayin da ake ci gaba da kiyaye ayyukan masana'anta. Fabric ɗin Fibre Channel da na'urorinsa ba su san da kasancewar hanyoyin sadarwa na IP ba. 

## Makamantan yarjejeniyoyi
Ana kiran wata fasaha mai gogayya da FCIP da iFCP . Tana amfani da hanyar sadarwa maimakon hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar rami don ba da damar haɗa hanyoyin sadarwa na Fibre Channel ta hanyar IP.

## Duba kuma

* IP akan Tashar Fiber (IPFC)
* Yarjejeniyar Tashar Fiber ta Intanet (iFCP)
* SCSI na Intanet (iSCSI)
* Tashar Fiber ta hanyar Ethernet

## Nassoshi
Bindiga mai fitar da hayaki a fili

**Bindiga mai fitar da hayaki daga filin** ( **FEG** ) nau'in bindiga ce ta lantarki wadda ke da nau'in Müller mai kaifi mai kaifi  mai fitar da bayanai  : 87–128 Ana riƙe shi a ƙarfin kololuwa da yawa na kilovolts idan aka kwatanta da wani lantarki da ke kusa, don haka akwai isasshen juzu'i mai yuwuwa a saman mai fitarwa don haifar da fitar da wutar lantarki ta filin . Masu fitar da wutar lantarki ko dai nau'in sanyi-cathode ne, yawanci ana yin su ne da tungsten mai lu'ulu'u ɗaya wanda aka kaifi zuwa radius na ƙarshen kusan 100&nbsp;nm, ko na nau'in Schottky,  : 1–28 inda ake ƙara yawan fitar da hayakin thermionic ta hanyar rage shinge a gaban babban filin lantarki . Ana yin masu fitar da iskar Schottky ta hanyar shafa saman tungsten da wani Layer na zirconium oxide ( ZrO2 ) wanda ke rage aikin gefen da kimanin 2.7 eV . 

A cikin na'urorin microscope na lantarki, ana amfani da bindigar fitar da hayaki mai ƙarfi don samar da hasken lantarki wanda ya fi ƙanƙanta a diamita, ya fi daidaituwa kuma yana da har zuwa matakai uku na girma mafi girma ko haske fiye da yadda za a iya samu ta hanyar na'urorin fitar da zafi na yau da kullun kamar tungsten ko lanthanum hexaboride ( LaB6 ) zare masu tips . Sakamakon duka na'urar daukar hoto da kuma na'urar daukar hoto ta lantarki ta watsawa ya inganta sosai rabon sigina zuwa hayaniya da kuma ƙudurin sarari, da kuma ƙara yawan rai da amincin mai fitar da iska idan aka kwatanta da na'urorin thermionic.

## Nassoshi
Howard Frederick Hobbs

**Howard Frederick Hobbs** (21 Satumba 1902 - 15 Disamba 1982)  ya kasance mai kirkiro na Kudancin Australia, mai gabatarwa na watsawa ta atomatik don motoci. A shekara ta 1932 ya koma Ingila, inda ya kwashe sauran rayuwarsa yana haɓaka akwatunan kayan aiki na atomatik waɗanda suka kasa samun kasuwa.

## Tarihi
An haifi Hobbs a Adelaide ɗan J (ohn) Harris Hobbs da Mary Eliza Hobbs, née Pitt, na Payneham kuma ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Prince Alfred, inda ya ci nasara a ilimi da kuma wasanni. 'Yan uwansa Norman Theodore Hobbs da ?? sun yi karatu a wannan makaranta. Ya bar makaranta yana da shekaru 15,  don yin aiki a gonar mahaifinsa da lambun kasuwa. 

A lokacin hutu, ya yi aiki a kan jerin abubuwan kirkirar inji. Bai taba samun ilimi mafi girma ba kuma ilimin injiniya da iyawarsa gaba ɗaya sun koyar da kansa.

Ya auri Phyllis Dorothy Reid a 1927; suna da 'yar Barbara a ranar 5 ga Mayu 1927. Sun zauna a Aljanna, wani yanki na Adelaide, inda ya shafe shekaru bakwai yana aiki a kan akwatin sa mai canzawa ta atomatik har sai da yake da samfurin aiki wanda ke aiki a cikin motar "yaro Austin". Abubuwan da ya kirkira sun sami goyon bayan farfesa R. W. Chapman da Kerr Grant na Jami'ar Adelaide. Za'a iya kallon raguwar sassa a nan.

An kafa kamfani, Hobbs Gearless Drive Limited, a watan Yunin 1931 tare da babban birnin £ 12,250 a cikin hannun jari na £ 1, don amfani da kirkirar. Sidney Crawford na Adelaide Motors, L. M. Anderson, R. Deaves (injiniya) na St. Peters, H. F. Hobbs (mai kirkiro), da mahaifinsa J. H. Hobbs sune daraktoci. J. H. Hobbs ya kasance shugaban kamfanin. Sauran masu saka hannun jari sune G. H. Scott (wakilin masana'anta na New Zealand na Austin Motor Car Company, Limited. Wellington), W. G. T. Goodman (injiniya), da Adelaide Motors Limited. Dukansu Hobbs da R. Deaves sun saka hannun jari a kamfanin.

Hobbs ya tashi zuwa Ingila tare da iyalinsa don nuna kirkirar ga injiniyoyi a Coventry. Hobbs sun Dauda a Leamington Spa, kuma suna da wasu yara biyu: John a ranar 1 ga Yulin 1933 kuma a ranar 9 ga Yuni 1939, an haifi ɗa David. David Hobbs zai ci gaba da yin tseren motoci na kasa da kasa da ya hada da tuki Sports Cars a Le Mans da kuma a gasar zakarun wasanni ta duniya, da kuma tsere a 7 Formula One Grands Prix. David kuma ya zama sanannen mai sharhi da mai sharhi game da tseren talabijin, yawanci yana aiki daga Amurka tare da cibiyoyin sadarwa kamar CBS, ESPN, Speed da NBCSN, yana aiki tare da masu kira kamar Ken Squier, Chris Economaki, Bob Varsha, John Bisignano, Ned Jarrett da Jackie Stewart.

## Manazarta
Jack Barbalet

**Jack Barbalet** masanin ilimin zamantakewa ne na Australiya. Tun daga shekara ta 2017 ya kasance farfesa a fannin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Katolika ta Australia . Ya kasance a baya Shugaban Farfesa kuma Shugaban Sashen Ilimin Jama'a a Jami'ar Baptist ta Hong Kong. Ya rike alƙawura a Jami'ar Papua New Guinea, Jami'ar Adelaide, da Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia. Ya kasance farfesa a fannin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Leicester, inda ya kasance shugaban sashen, kuma daga baya ya zama farfesa a Cibiyar Citizenship da Manufofin Jama'a a Jami'an Western Sydney.

## Ilimi
Barbalet ya kammala karatun digiri na farko a Jami'ar Flinders ta Kudancin Australia kuma Jami'ar Adelaide ta ba shi digiri na farko, inda ya kammala PhD.

## Bincike
Binciken Barbalet ya haɗa da Ka'idar zamantakewa, ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziki da nazarin kasar Sin. Ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa na farko ga Nazarin zama ɗan ƙasa. Barbalet ya kasance jagora a ci gaban ilimin zamantakewa na motsin rai, ba kawai a hankali ba har ma da tsari ta hanyar kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Sociology of Emotions na Ƙungiyar Harkokin Jama'a ta Turai.

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

* Jack Barbalet Ka'idar Guanxi da al'ummar kasar Sin . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.
* Jack Barbalet Confucianism da Sinanci: sake nazarin Weber's China . London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.
* Jack Barbalet, Adam Possamai da Bryan Turner (masu gyara). *Addini da Jiha: Ilimin zamantakewa*. [Hasiya]
* Jack Barbalet *Weber, Passion and Profits: 'The Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism' a cikin Yanayi*. Cambridge: Jami'ar Cambridge Press, 2008/2011.
* Jack Barbalet (edita). *Motsin rai da zamantakewa*. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing (Sociological Review Monograph Series), 2002.
* Jack Barbalet *Motsin rai, Ka'idar Jama'a, da Tsarin Jama'a: Hanyar Macrosociological*. Cambridge: Jami'ar Cambridge Press, 2001.
* Jack Barbalet Dan kasa: Hakki, Gwagwarmaya da Rashin daidaito. London: Open University Press, 1988.
* Jack Barbalet *Ginin Marx na Ka'idar Jama'a.*

## Manazarta
Femto-photography

**Femto-photography** wata dabara ce ta yin rikodin yaɗuwar bugun haske mai ɗan gajeren lokaci ta hanyar wani abu a cikin babban gudu (har zuwa firam 10 13 a kowace daƙiƙa). Femto-photograph daidai yake da amsawar motsin gani na wani abu kuma an nuna shi da kalmomi kamar rikodin haske a cikin jirgin sama  ko hoto na ɗan lokaci.   An fara nuna Femto-photography na abubuwa macroscopic ta amfani da tsarin holographic a cikin shekarun 1970 ta Nils Abramsson a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Royal ( Sweden ).  Wata ƙungiyar bincike a MIT Media Lab karkashin jagorancin Ramesh Raskar, tare da masu ba da gudummawa daga Graphics and Imaging Lab a Jami'ar Zaragoza, Spain, kwanan nan sun sami babban ƙaruwa a ingancin hoto ta amfani da kyamarar layi da aka daidaita zuwa laser mai pulsed kuma an gyara don samun hotuna 2D maimakon layin scanning guda ɗaya kawai.  

A cikin wallafe-wallafen su, ƙungiyar Raskar ta yi iƙirarin cewa tana iya ɗaukar hotunan da suka yi gajeru sosai har haske ya ratsa 0.6 kawai.&nbsp;mm (daidai da 2&nbsp;picoseconds, ko daƙiƙa 2 ×   ) a lokacin fallasa,  adadi wanda ya yi daidai da ƙudurin da aka ƙayyade na samfurin kyamarar Hamamatsu C5680,   wanda tsarin gwajinsu ya dogara da shi.  Rikodin da aka ɗauka ta amfani da saitin sun kai ga yaɗuwa mai yawa a cikin manyan kafofin watsa labarai, gami da gabatarwar Raskar a TEDGlobal 2012.  Bugu da ƙari, ƙungiyar ta sami damar nuna sake gina abubuwan da ba a sani ba "a kusa da kusurwoyi," watau, a wajen layin ganin tushen haske da kyamara, daga hotunan femto-photographs. 

A shekarar 2013, masu bincike a Jami'ar British Columbia sun nuna wata dabarar lissafi wadda ke ba da damar cire hotuna na wucin gadi daga bayanan firikwensin lokacin tashi ba tare da buƙatar tushen haske ko na'urorin gano abubuwa masu sauri ba. 

## Sauran amfani da kalmar
Kafin aikin da aka ambata a sama, an yi amfani da kalmar "femto-photography" don wasu hanyoyin da aka tsara a fannin kimiyyar nukiliya na gwaji. 

## Nassoshi
Amanda Banton

**Amanda Kim Banton** (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1970) lauya ce ta Australiya wacce ta kware a shari'ar kamfanoni, musamman al'amuran da suka shafi kayan aiki masu rikitarwa da rikice-rikice na rashin biyan kuɗi. Har zuwa Maris 2020 ta kasance abokin tarayya a ofishin Sydney na kamfanin lauyoyin kasuwanci na duniya Squire Patton Boggs. Banton a halin yanzu ita ce Manajan Abokin Hulɗa na Banton Group, kamfani da ta kafa a cikin 2020. Kungiyar Banton ta ƙware a cikin manyan warware rikice-rikice kasuwanci, ayyukan aji, sake fasalin da shari'ar rashin biyan kuɗi da batutuwan ba da shawara.

Banton an fi saninsa da nasarar wakiltar kungiyoyin addini, kungiyoyin agaji da hukumomin kananan hukumomi da ke neman gyarawa saboda asarar da suka sha bayan sun sayi kayayyakin kudi "mai guba" da cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi daban-daban suka kirkira kuma suka sayar da su, gami da Lehman Brothers da ABN Amro. Ita ce kuma lauya ta farko kuma kawai da ta samu nasarar lashe hukunci a kan wata hukumar tantancewa (Standard & Poor's) don ɓata irin waɗannan samfuran kamar AAA.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Banton ya kammala digiri na farko a Kasuwanci da Shari'a a Jami'ar Adelaide a shekara ta 2002.  (B.Comm, LLB).

Banton ta fara aikinta na lauya a Piper Alderman a shekara ta 2002 inda ta yi aiki a cikin shari'ar kamfanoni da sake fasalin & rashin biyan kuɗi. An nada ta a matsayin Aboki a shekara ta 2007. A cikin 2015 Banton da ƙungiyar lauyoyi 11 tare da ma'aikatan tallafi sun bar kamfanin kuma sun shiga Squire Patton Boggs.

An yarda da Banton don yin aiki a Kotun Koli ta New South Wales, Kotun Koli ta Queensland da Babban Kotun Australia.

A cikin 2000 Banton ya yi aiki a KPMG Consulting (Later BearingPoint ) a cikin Ƙungiyar Ba da Shawara ta Jama'a.  Ta ba da shawara kan ayyuka da yawa ciki har da sake fasalin tsari, gudanar da canji da inganta aikin da rahoto.

## Manazarta
Nuni na fiber-optic

**Nunin fiber-optic** nuni ne mai fitar da haske wanda ke amfani da fiber optics don nuna hotuna ko rubutu. Nunin fiber-optic na iya zama ko dai a tsaye ko kuma a tsaye, tare da tushen hasken da aka saba samu shine kwararan fitilar halogen .

## A tsaye nunin fiber na gani
An saba amfani da nunin fiber optic don wasu nau'ikan siginar zirga-zirga . Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ake amfani da su don nunin fiber optic shine fitilun sarrafa layi, waɗanda ke nuna ko dai kibiya mai nuna kore zuwa ƙasa ko ja X don nuna yanayin buɗe/rufe na hanyoyin hanya.

## Nunin fiber na gani mai ƙarfi
Allon fiber optic mai canzawa yawanci yana nuna rubutu na haruffa, kuma yana amfani da rufewa na lantarki don buɗe ko rufe ƙarshen zaren fiber don nuna pixel na haruffa. Waɗannan nau'ikan nunin galibi ana amfani da su azaman alamun saƙonni masu canzawa akan manyan hanyoyi. Idan aka kwatanta da nunin eggcrate, nunin fiber optic mai canzawa suna ba da ƙarancin amfani da kuzari saboda buƙatar ƙananan kwararan fitila, kuma suna ba da ingantaccen karantawa da daddare. Don iya karantawa da rana, wani lokacin ana haɗa su da nunin faifai mai juyawa don su kasance masu haske a cikin hasken rana da kuma fitar da daddare.

## Manazarta
Margaret Barbalet

**Margaret Evelyn Barbalet** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1949) marubuciya ce ta Australiya, masanin tarihi kuma diflomasiyya.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife ta Margaret Evelyn Hardy a Adelaide, Kudancin Australia, Barbalet ta girma a Tasmania. Ta kammala digiri na Master of Arts a tarihi a Jami'ar Adelaide a shekarar 1973. 

An ba ta umurni ta rubuta tarihin asibitin yara na Adelaide don bikin cika shekaru dari. Geoffrey Dutton ne ya ƙaddamar da littafin a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1975.  Littafinta na biyu, Far from a Low Gutter Girl, ya dogara ne a wani bangare a kan wasiƙu daga tsoffin unguwanni na Jiha game da korafe-korafen su da tsarin.

Barbalet daga nan ya juya zuwa fiction, buga litattafai da littattafan yara tare da gajerun labaru, uku daga cikinsu an haɗa su a cikin Canberra Tales: Stories, wanda aka buga a shekarar 1988.

Baya ga rubuce-rubuce, ta bi aiki daban-daban, tana aiki a matsayin malamin tarihi da ma'aikacin gwamnati. Daga 1990 zuwa 2008 ta yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje da Kasuwanci, ciki har da Kuala Lumpur a matsayin sakatare na biyu a Babban Kwamitin Australiya a 1996. An nada ta a matsayin sakatariyar farko a Ofishin Jakadancin Australiya a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa daga 2005 zuwa 2008.

## Ayyuka

### Ba tatsuniyoyi ba

* *Asibitin Yara na Adelaide 1876-1976: Tarihi*, 1975
* Da nisa daga Low Gutter Girl: Duniya da aka manta da ita ta unguwanni, Kudancin Australia, 1887-1940, 1983

### Littattafai

* *Jinin a cikin Ruwan Sama*, 1986
* Gidan Karfe, 1988
* *Lady, Baby, Gypsy, Sarauniya*, 1992
* *Kasancewar Mala'iku*, 2001

### Littattafan hotuna

* *Wolf*, wanda Jane Tanner ya kwatanta, 1991
* *Reggie: Sarauniyar titin*, wanda Andrew McLean ya kwatanta, 2003

## Manazarta
Kuskurena (fasahar)

A fannin injiniyanci, **matsala** matsala ce ko matsala a cikin tsarin da ke sa shi ya gaza ko kuma ya yi aiki ba daidai ba. Misalin wannan shine allon kuskuren Windows, wanda aka fi sani da Blue Screen of Death (BSoD) . Tsarin yana sa ido sosai kan abubuwan da ke cikin yanayin kernel. Idan tsarin ya tabbatar da cewa aikin tsarin lafiya ya lalace, tsarin zai tsaya don rage ƙarin lalacewa. 

Takardar ISO 10303-226 ta bayyana *matsala* a matsayin yanayi mara kyau ko lahani a matakin kayan aiki, kayan aiki, ko ƙananan tsarin wanda zai iya haifar da gazawa .

Kamus ɗin Yarjejeniyar Sadarwa ta Amurka ya bayyana *laifin* sadarwa a matsayin:

# Wani yanayi na bazata wanda ke sa na'urar aiki ta kasa yin aikin da ake buƙata. Duba § Laifi bazuwar . https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/reference/glossary_f.html
# Lalacewa da ke haifar da matsala mai sake haifuwa ko bala'i. Ana ɗaukar matsala mai sake haifuwa a matsayin mai sake haifuwa idan ta faru akai-akai a ƙarƙashin yanayi iri ɗaya. Duba § Laifi na tsari .
# A cikin tsarin wutar lantarki, da'irar gajeriyar hanya da ba a yi niyya ba, ko kuma da'irar gajeriyar hanya, tsakanin masu jagoranci masu ƙarfi ko tsakanin mai jagoranci mai ƙarfi da ƙasa . Ana iya bambanta tsakanin kurakurai masu daidaitawa da marasa daidaituwa. Duba Kuskure (injiniyar wutar lantarki) .

## Laifi na bazata
**Lalacewa ta bazata** tana faruwa ne sakamakon lalacewa ko wasu lalacewa.

Tunda lalacewar ta ci gaba da faruwa ba zato ba tsammani, ba zai yiwu a yi hasashen lokacin da wani takamaiman na'ura zai haifar da matsala ba. Duk da haka, sau da yawa ana iya hasashen saurin da wani takamaiman matsala ke faruwa a tsakanin adadi mai yawa na na'urori da cikakken daidaito. 

Masana'antun galibi suna ɗaukar kurakurai bazuwar a matsayin haɗari idan damar ba ta da yawa.

Lalacewa na iya faruwa a kusan kowace abu ko kayan aiki, galibi a fannin lantarki da injina.

Misali, na'urar wasan bidiyo ta Xbox 360 za ta lalace bayan wani lokaci saboda tarin ƙura a cikin magoya baya . Wannan zai sa Xbox ya yi zafi sosai, ya fara matsalar, ko kuma kuskuren, sannan ya rufe na'urar wasan bidiyo.

## Laifi na tsari
**Lalacewar tsari** yana faruwa ne sakamakon kuskuren tsari wanda ya sa kowace kwafi tana da irin wannan matsalar. Wani lokaci matsalar tsari tana ci gaba da wanzuwa na dogon lokaci ba tare da an gano ta ba ko da ana amfani da kwafi da yawa. Lalacewar na iya faruwa ne lokacin da yanayi ya canza kuma yana iya lalacewa a cikin kowace kwafi a lokaci guda.

Software na iya samun kurakurai, wanda kuma ake kira da kurakurai . Lokacin da ake bayyana kurakurai na software na ɗan gajeren lokaci, ana kiran waɗannan da kurakurai . Amma tunda software ba zai iya lalacewa ba, duk kurakurai suna da tsari. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Duba kuma

* Lalacewar samfur
* Injiniyan dogaro
* Kwatsam na manhaja
* Lalacewa (ba daidai ba)
* Laifi (ba daidai ba)

## Nassoshi
Richard Beasley (marubuci)

**Richard Beasley** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1964) lauya ne na Australiya, marubuci kuma marubucin da ba na almara ba.

## Rayuwa ta farko da aikin lauya
An haifi Richard Beasley SC a Sydney, amma ya girma a Adelaide, Kudancin Australia. Ya kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Adelaide kuma ya yi aiki a Duncan Groom da Hannon wanda kamfani ne na lauya da ke da alaƙa da ALP. Ya koma Sydney a shekarar 1992, inda ya kammala karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Sydney . Ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya har zuwa shekara ta 1997. An shigar da shi a matsayin lauya a NSW Bar a shekarar 1997, kuma an sanya shi 'Silk' a shekarar 2011. Daga Janairun 2018 zuwa Fabrairu 2019, ya kasance Babban Mai ba da shawara wanda ke taimakawa Hukumar Royal ta Murray Darling Basin, kuma a cikin 2020 ya kasance Babban Mashawarci wanda ke taimakawa Kwamitin Bincike na Musamman na Ruby Princess. Tun daga shekara ta 2016, ya kasance Shugaban memba na Kwamitin Kira na New South Wales Racing.

## Ayyukan rubuce-rubuce
Beasley kuma marubucin litattafai biyar ne da littafi daya wanda ba na almara ba. Biyu na farko sune Hell Has Harbour Views (2001) da The *Ambulance Chaser* (2004).  Littattafan an saita su ne a Sydney, kuma suna game da kamfanonin lauyoyi na duniya da kamfanonin inshora bi da bi. Hell Has Harbour Views an daidaita shi azaman fim na talabijin, kuma an fara watsa shi a gidan talabijin na ABC TV Australia a shekara ta 2005. Ta fito da Lisa McCune da Matt Day, kuma Peter Duncan (Rake) ne ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni. Hell Has Harbour Views an sake buga shi sau da yawa, kwanan nan a watan Janairun 2019 (Simon & Schuster).

## Manazarta
Georgia Beaton

**Georgia Beaton** (an haife ta a ranar 22 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1990) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Australiya wacce ta buga wa Adelaide Thunderbirds wasa a gasar zakarun ANZ, a Kudancin Kudancin Australia, a Team Northumbria a cikin Netball Superleague da kuma Contax a cikin Netball Kudancin Australia Premier League . Ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar Thunderbirds wacce ta lashe gasar zakarun ANZ ta 2010 da kuma ƙungiyar Southern Force wacce ta lashe lambar yabo ta ANL ta 2012.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
Beaton ta halarci Makarantar 'yan mata ta St Peter, ta kammala a shekara ta 2007. A cikin 2017 St Peter's ya fara shirya wasan ƙalubalen shekara-shekara tsakanin tsofaffi da manyan ɗalibai. Wadanda suka lashe wasan za a ba su kyautar Kofin Georgia Beaton. Tsakanin 2008 da 2013 Beaton ta halarci Jami'ar Adelaide inda ta sami digiri na farko a Kasuwanci a cikin Lissafi da kuma digiri na farko na Dokoki. Tsakanin 2014 da 2015 ta sami difloma na digiri a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia. Ta kuma kasance mai riƙe da tallafin karatu a Cibiyar Wasanni ta Kudancin Australia.

## Ayyukan wasa

### Adelaide Thunderbirds
Tsakanin 2008 da 2011, Beaton ya buga wa Adelaide Thunderbirds wasa a gasar zakarun ANZ . Tana da shekaru 17 lokacin da ta fara zama babban jami'in farko. Ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar Thunderbirds wacce ta lashe gasar zakarun ANZ ta 2010 

### Ƙarfin Kudancin
Tsakanin shekara ta 2008 zuwa 2016, Beaton ya buga wa Kudancin Kudancin a cikin Kungiyar Netball ta Australia . Ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar Southern Force wacce ta lashe lambar yabo ta ANL ta 2012. An kuma haɗa ta a cikin tawagar Sojojin Kudancin 2014 da 2016.

### Kungiyar Northumbria
Beaton ya buga wa Team Northumbria wasa a lokacin kakar 2014 Netball Superleague.

## Manazarta
Facebook Bluetooth Beacon

**Shafin Bluetooth na Facebook** wani abu ne da Facebook ya fitar a shekarar 2015. Shafin yana amfani da haɗin Bluetooth don sadarwa da manhajar Facebook a wayar salula ta mai amfani, yana sanar da ita wurin da wayar take.  Fasahar tana ba da damar tura tallan da aka yi niyya ga takamaiman wuri zuwa shafin Facebook na mai amfani. 

A watan Yunin 2015, Facebook ya ba da kyaututtuka kyauta ga wasu 'yan kasuwa a Amurka. 

## Duba kuma

* Na'urar Bluetooth mai ƙarancin kuzari
* Eddystone

## Nassoshi
Kashewa da sauri

A fannin injiniyan gine-gine da kimiyyar kayan aiki, **karyewar sauri** wani abu ne da ke faruwa inda lahani (kamar tsagewa) a cikin wani abu ke faɗaɗa da sauri, kuma yana haifar da mummunan lalacewar kayan. Yana tafiya cikin sauri kuma yana buƙatar ƙaramin adadin kuzarin da aka tara, wanda hakan ke sa shi yanayin gazawa mai haɗari. 

## Aibi
Damuwa da ke aiki a kan abu idan ya karye da sauri ya yi ƙasa da matsin da kayan ke samu . Misali mai kyau na wannan shine abin da ke faruwa lokacin da aka huda balan-balan da aka hura da allura, wato, karyewar kayan balan-balan cikin sauri. Ƙarfin da ke cikin balan-balan ya fito ne daga iskar gas da aka matse a ciki da kuma kuzarin da aka adana a cikin membrane na roba.  Gabatar da lahani, wanda a wannan yanayin shine tsinken fil, zai haifar da fashewa yayin da membrane ya gaza ta hanyar karyewar sauri.  Duk da haka, idan aka shigar da wannan lahani ga balan-balan mai ƙarancin kuzari - kamar yadda yake a yanayin balan-balan da aka hura da wani ɓangare - karyewar sauri ba za ta faru ba, sai dai idan balan-balan ɗin ya huda a hankali don ya kai matsin lamba mai mahimmanci inda karyewar sauri ta faru. 

Faruwar karyewar sauri na iya dogara ne akan kayan. Misali, yana faruwa ne a yanayin kayan da suka karye waɗanda ba su da ƙarfin nakasa koda kuwa lahani ya shafi ƙananan lahani ne kawai da tsarin ƙera ya haifar. 

## Duba kuma

* Inganta (injiniya)

## Nassoshi
Hermann Homburg

**Hermann Robert Homburg** (17 Maris 1874 - 12 Disamba 1964) ɗan siyasan Kudancin Australia ne kuma lauya.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Homburg a Norwood kuma ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Prince Alfred da Jami'ar Adelaide . Bayan shigar da shi cikin kotun a shekara ta 1897, ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya a kamfanin lauya na mahaifinsa, Homburg & Melrose . Mahaifin Homburg wanda aka haifa a Jamus, Robert Homburg, shi ma sanannen ɗan siyasa ne kuma lauya na Kudancin Australia. Robert Homburg ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Lauyan Kudancin Australia a lokuta uku daban-daban, kuma, daga baya, a matsayin mai shari'a na Kotun Koli na Kudancin Ostiraliya, baƙo na farko da ba na Birtaniya ba da aka nada shi a irin wannan matsayi a Ostiraliya.

Homburg ya goyi bayan shiga wasanni fiye da kallon shi. Ya kasance memba kuma kyaftin din Glen Osmond Cricket Club kuma shugaban kungiyar Arewacin Adelaide Cycling Club. 

## Kafin Yaƙin Duniya na I
Da yake wakiltar tsohon mazabar mahaifinsa, Hermann Homburg ya yi aiki a matsayin memba wanda ba na jam'iyyar Labour ba ga Murray a Majalisar daga 1906 zuwa 1915. Ya zama Babban Lauyan a karkashin Firayim Minista Archibald Peake a 1909 kuma Ministan Masana'antu daga 1912 zuwa 1915. 

Farkawar Yaƙin Duniya na I a shekara ta 1914 ya haifar da rashin amincewa da tsanantawa ga 'yan Jamus da Australiya. A shekara ta 1914, yayin da yake Babban Lauyan, sojoji suka kai hari ofishin gwamnatin Homburg a Adelaide tare da bindigogi. Ba da daɗewa ba ya sha wahala daga ra'ayi na adawa da Jamusanci kuma ya yi murabus a farkon 1915 don kauce wa kunyatar da gwamnati a zaben da ke zuwa. Homburg ya rubuta game da "kamfen na ƙarya da tsegumi a kaina... saboda ni ba na zuriyar Burtaniya ba ne".

## Tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe
A shekara ta 1927, Homburg ya sake yin hamayya da Murray kuma ya koma majalisa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Lauyan da Ministan Masana'antu a ma'aikatar R. L. Butler daga 1927 har zuwa lokacin da ya rasa kujerarsa a 1930. Daga 1933 zuwa 1941 ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokoki.  Ya kuma kasance jagora na al'ummar Jamus ta Adelaide a lokacin yakin basasa.

Duk da shekaru da yawa na hidimar jama'a, an sake yin tambaya game da amincin Homburg bayan zuwan yakin duniya na biyu. An bincika gidansa da ofishinsa mai zaman kansa kuma an tsare shi a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 1940 amma an sake shi bayan daukaka kara a ranar 21 ga Disamba, a karkashin budewa na yanayi, daya daga cikin sharuddan shi ne cewa ya koma tsakanin jihohi. A watan Janairun 1941 ya koma Melbourne sannan ya koma Ballarat inda ya yi ritaya daga majalisa. Alƙalai a daukaka kara ta Homburg sun kammala, "a bayyane yake cewa ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin mutanen da ke bayar da rahoto na iya samun ƙiyayya ga mai ƙin yarda Homburg kuma a ƙarƙashin alkawarin ɓoye su kasance a shirye su yi ƙarya don haifar masa da wahala da matsala".[1]

## Bayan siyasa
Homburg ya koma Adelaide a 1942 kuma ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin lauya har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1964. Ya rubuta game da abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe biyu a cikin Lutherans na Kudancin Australia da War-Time Rumours (1947). 

## Manazarta
Joan Beaumont

**Joan Errington Beaumont**, AM, FASSA (an haife ta 25 ga Oktoba 1948) masaniyar tarihin Australiya ce kuma masaniyar kimiyya, wadda ta kware a manufofin kasashen waje da kwarewar Australiya ta yaki. Ita farfesa ce mai daraja a Cibiyar Nazarin Dabarun da Tsaro a Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia .

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Beaumont Joan Errington Magor a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 1948 a Adelaide, Kudancin Australia, ga Clifford James Magor da matarsa Edna Jean (née Errington). Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta Unley, ta kammala digiri na farko na Arts tare da girmamawa a Jami'ar Adelaide a shekarar 1970. A shekarunta na ƙarshe, an nada Beaumont a matsayin malami a tarihin Turai na zamani a jami'ar. A shekara ta 1971, an ba ta kyautar tallafin karatu na Commonwealth na Burtaniya don gudanar da karatun digiri a Kwalejin King ta London. A karkashin jagorancin M. L. Dockrill, Beaumont ya kammala karatu a 1975 tare da rubutun da ake kira "Great Britain and the Soviet Union: The Supply of Munitions, 1941-1945". A lokacin da take Landan, Beaumont ta auri Oliver James Beaumont a 1973. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya mata uku, kafin auren ya ƙare da saki.

## Ayyukan ilimi
Lokacin da ta dawo Ostiraliya, Beaumont ta yi aiki a matsayin edita ga Melbourne University Press . A shekara ta 1976, ta sami matsayi na koyarwa a tarihin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a Jami'ar La Trobe, kafin a nada ta a matsayin malami a Jami'an Deakin a shekara mai zuwa. An inganta shi zuwa Babban malami, an buga rubutun digiri na Beaumont a 1980 a matsayin littafinta na farko: Comrades in Arms: British Aid to Russia, 1941-1945. A shekara ta 1985, an nada ta Malami a Tarihin Burtaniya da Australiya a Jami'ar Monash . Bayan shekaru uku a cikin mukamin, ta koma Deakin a matsayin babban malami a shekarar 1988; littafinta na biyu, Gull Force: Survival and Leadership in Captivity, 1941-1945, Allen & Unwin ne suka buga shi a wannan shekarar. Binciken da ta yi ya bincika kwarewar fursunonin yaki na Australiya da Jafananci suka kama a Ambon a shekarar 1942.  An inganta Beaumont zuwa mai karatu a shekarar 1990.

*

## Manazarta
Janareta mai amfani da wutar lantarki mai fashewa

**Injin janareta na ferroelectric mai sarrafa fashewa** ( **EDFEG**, **janareta na ferroelectric mai fashewa**, **EPFEG**, ko **FEG** ) ƙaramin injin janareta ne mai ƙarfin pulsed, na'urar da ake amfani da ita don samar da bugun wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin lantarki mai sauri. Ƙarfin da ake da shi yana da ƙasa sosai, a cikin kewayon joules guda ɗaya, ƙarfin wutar lantarki yana tsakanin goma na kilovolts zuwa sama da 100 kV, kuma ƙarfin wutar lantarki yana tsakanin ɗaruruwan kilowatts zuwa megawatts.  https://web.archive.org/web/20100613104259/http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/post_prints/PulseChargingOfCapacitorBankByExplosive-Drive_09007dcc805e1b8e.html Sun dace da isar da bugun wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi zuwa manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin ƙarfi kuma suna iya tuƙa da'irori masu haskakawa kai tsaye.

ECFEGs suna aiki ta hanyar sakin cajin wutar lantarki da aka adana a cikin tsarin lu'ulu'u mai siffar pole na wani abu mai dacewa da ferroelectric, misali PZT, ta hanyar girgizar injiniya mai ƙarfi. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4530693 Su wani nau'in janareto ne na canjin lokaci .

Tsarin EDFEG gabaɗaya tubalan wani abu ne mai ƙarfi wanda ke hanzarta faranti na ƙarfe zuwa abin da aka yi da kayan ferroelectric. https://web.archive.org/web/20100222021640/http://www.lokiconsult.com/products.html

FEGs suna samun amfani da yawa saboda ƙarancin halayensu; bankunan caji na capacitors, fara samar da jerin fashewar slapper a cikin makaman nukiliya da sauran na'urori, tuƙi halayen haɗakar nukiliya, samar da wutar lantarki ga janareton neutron, tushen wutar lantarki don masu samar da wutar lantarki masu ƙarfi (misali EPFCGs ), janareton bugun lantarki, makaman lantarki, janareton juyawar vector, da sauransu.

Injin janareta na HERF mai ƙarfin megawatt 2.4 (EDFEG mai hanyar sadarwa ta samar da bugun jini wanda ke tuƙa eriya ta dipole kai tsaye) tare da matsakaicin mitar fitarwa a 21.4&nbsp;An nuna MHz. http://przyrbwn.icm.edu.pl/APP/PDF/115/a115z630.pdf

## Duba kuma

* Injin samar da matsi mai fashewa mai fashewa
* Janareta mai fashewa mai amfani da ferromagnetic

## Adireshin Waje
* Ƙarfin bugun fashewa: fasaha mai ba da damar aiki

## Manazarta
Gishiri garkuwar

**Garkuwar gogewa**, **garkuwar gogewa**, ko **garkuwar gogewa**  sirara ce samfuri ko abin rufe fuska da ake amfani da shi don sarrafa tasirin gogewa, yawanci akan takarda da mai zane, mai rubutu, mai zane, ko mai buga rubutu ke amfani da shi.   An yi kayan aikin ne da sirara, mai sassauƙa kamar filastik mai haske, ko kuma bakin karfe mai sheƙi don dorewa.  An fitar da wasu kunkuntar hanyoyi, madaidaiciya ko masu lanƙwasa daga garkuwar, kamar samfurin zane ko stencil na zane. Buɗewar suna ba wa gogewa damar aiki ta hanyar da aka tsara, yayin da suke kare wuraren da aka rufe a cikin takardar daga gogewa ko shafa.   

Ana iya amfani da garkuwar gogewa don zana layukan da aka yi da lanƙwasa daidai gwargwado, ko kuma a matsayin stencil mai sauƙi.  

Garkuwar gogewa kayan haɗi ne da ake amfani da su wajen na'urar rubutu don sauƙaƙe gyaran kurakurai, musamman akan kwafin carbon, waɗanda ke da sauƙin shafawa idan ba a goge su da kyau ba. Ba a amfani da na'urorin rubutu sosai a yau, amma masu fasaha suna ci gaba da amfani da na'urorin gogewa lokacin da suke aiki kai tsaye akan kayan aikin takarda da za a iya gogewa, kamar zane-zanen fensir, zane-zanen gawayi, ko pastel . 

## Nassoshi
Raymond Begg

**Percival Raymond Begg** AO (10 ga Oktoba 1898 - 18 ga Janairu 1983) ya kasance farfesa a Jami'ar Adelaide School of Dentistry kuma sanannen masanin ilimin hakora, sananne ne don bunkasa "hanyar Begg".   Ana iya samun nune-nunen dindindin da aka keɓe ga fasahar Begg a Cibiyar Smithsonian a Washington DC, Laburaren Ƙungiyar Dental ta Amurka a Birnin Chicago, da Gidan Tarihi na PR Begg a Jami'ar Adelaide.

## Ilimi
An haifi Begg a Coolgardie, Ostiraliya . Mahaifinsa masanin lissafi ne kuma mahaifiyarsa manajan kasuwanci ce. Ya girma yana aiki a gonar shanu da tumaki a Kudancin Australia. Shi da iyalinsa sun koma Adelaide a cikin 1900, inda ya shiga makarantar Pulteney Grammar School . Ya halarci Kwalejin St. Peter inda ya kasance abokin aji na Howard Florey . Ya sami digiri na kimiyya daga Jami'ar Melbourne a 1923.

Kafin ya tafi Amurka, Begg a wani lokaci ya zana zane-zane na 'yan asalin Australia kuma ya lura cewa incisors ɗin su sun lalace gaba ɗaya. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa da ya lura shi ne cewa waɗannan 'yan asalin ba su da caries ko cututtukan periodontal a cikin hakora.

## Yin amfani da fasaha
Hanyar Begg ta ƙunshi matakai uku. Na farko ya haɗa da matakai da yawa kamar buɗe ƙwanƙwasawa ta baya, rufe sarari na baya, kawar da ƙwanƙawa ta baya, gyara juyawa, da kuma gyarawa da alaƙar mesio-distal na sassan buccal. Wannan dabarar tana amfani da ƙuƙwalwar buɗewa kamar ƙuƙwalwa ko ƙuƙwasawa tare da amfani da ƙwanƙwasawa na aji na II. Ƙarƙashin buɗewa zai haifar da intrusion na incisors na gaba ko dai ta hanyar motsi na fassara ko juyawa (tipping). Motsi na juyawa yana haifar da flaring na hakora a matsayin sakamako na gefe, wanda za'a iya sarrafa shi ta hanyar Class II elastics wanda ke hana flaring na manyan hakora na baya.

Mataki na biyu ya haɗa da rufe wuraren cirewa. Begg ya ambaci cewa yana da mahimmanci a kula da gyare-gyaren da aka samu a Mataki na I yayin aiki a Mataki ya II. Mataki na uku na fasahar Begg ya haɗa da gyaran tushen a cikin jagorancin labio-harshe ko jagorancin mesio-distal.

## Mutuwa
Dokta Begg ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1980. A ranar 18 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1983 ya mutu a Glen Osmond kuma an ƙone shi.

## Kyaututtuka da yabo

* Ya zama Jami'in Order of Australia a 1981
* Australiya ta farko da za a shigar da ita cikin Hall of Fame a Kwalejin Pierre Fauchard da ke Paris
* Wanda ya kafa kungiyar Australian Society of Orthodontists a 1927
* Albert H. Ketcham Memorial Award Mai karɓar kyautar AAO a 1977
* Fellow na Royal Australian College of Dental SurgeonsKwalejin Likitocin hakora ta Royal Australian

Akwai takarda don girmama shi a kan Jubilee 150 Walkway, a asibitin hakora na Adelaide.

## Dubi kuma

* Magungunan hakora
* Kwalejin Kula da Hakki ta Melbourne
* Fasahar Orthodontic

## Manazarta