open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Ferny Grove

**Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Ferny Grove** makarantar sakandare ce ta gwamnati da ke yankin Ferny Grove, a Brisbane, Ostiraliya.

Makarantar tana da jimillar ɗalibai sama da 1900 da suka yi rajista, inda aka ƙididdige ɗalibai 1961 a hukumance a shekarar 2023. A shekarar 2007, makarantar ta lashe kyautar shirin kiɗa mafi ƙirƙira a Queensland. Ferny Grove ita ma ta lashe kyautar makarantar mafi tsafta tsawon shekaru 8, inda aka lashe sabuwar kyautar Makarantun Kore da Lafiya a shekarar 2010. 

## Tarihi
An buɗe makarantar a shekarar 1980 a wurin da take a yanzu a titin McGinn, Ferny Grove, kusa da tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Ferny Grove da makarantar firamare; makarantar firamare tana cikin titin Finvoy.

### Shugabannin makarantu

* Keith Tabulo (1980–1982)
* Tony Marsland (1982–1985)
* Ralph Took (1985–2000)
* Russell Burguez (Fitaccen ɗan wasa) (2000)
* Chris Rider (2000–2007)
* Kaye Gardner (2007–2010)
* David Sutton (Mai wasan kwaikwayo) (2010)
* Mark Breckenridge (2010–2017)
* John Schuh (2018–2021)
* Joseba Larrazabal (Mai aiki) (2021)
* Janelle Amos (Mai wasan kwaikwayo) (2021)
* Kiah Lanham (Jarumi) (2022–yanzu)

### Malamai
Manyan malamai a makarantar sun haɗa da John Howard Amundsen wanda ya koyar da darussan fasaha, kafofin watsa labarai da kasuwanci.[1] [2] Amundsen ya shahara a watan Mayu na 2006, bayan da aka gano tarin abubuwan fashewa da abubuwan fashewa a gidansa wanda ya sa aka kwashe makarantar aka bincike ta.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] A ranar 10 ga Mayu na 2006, an rufe makarantar tsawon mafi yawan safe yayin da 'yan sanda da karnukan hayaki ke duba azuzuwan, kafin su ayyana cewa babu matsala ga ɗalibai da ma'aikata su ci gaba da darussa. [2] A wata kotu a Brisbane a ranar 11 ga Mayu na 2006, an tuhume shi da laifin yin zamba wajen samun 53 kg na sinadarin Powergel mai fashewa.[5] An tuhume shi da shirya wani aikin ta'addanci, da kuma tuhume-tuhume guda biyu na yin barazana da yin barazanar bogi.[5] A watan Fabrairun 2007, an janye tuhume-tuhumen ta'addanci da yin barazanar bogi amma an maye gurbinsu da sabbin tuhume-tuhume na mallakar na'urori masu ƙonewa da kuma mallakar kayayyaki masu haɗari a cikin abin hawa.[6] [7]

## Manazarta
Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Everton Park

**Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Everton Park** wata makarantar sakandare ce mai zaman kanta ta gwamnati wacce ke cikin unguwar Brisbane da ke Everton Park, Queensland, Ostiraliya.  Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Queensland ce ke gudanar da ita, tare da ɗalibai 496 da ma'aikatan koyarwa 58, tun daga shekarar 2023. Makarantar tana hidimar ɗalibai daga Aji 7 zuwa Aji 12,   kuma Cibiyar Albarkatun Kiɗa ta Yankin Metropolitan tana tare da makarantar. 

## Tarihi
Sanarwar gwamnatin Queensland ta ranar 22 ga Satumba, 1960 ta sanar da cewa za a buɗe makarantar a farkon 1961, amma za a sanya mata suna Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Stafford.  An sake mata suna zuwa sunan da take da shi a yanzu a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 1960 kuma aka buɗe ta a ranar 23 ga Janairu, 1961. 

Duk da ci gaban yankin Everton Park, Gwamnatin Queensland ta bayyana shirin rufe makarantar, tare da wasu takwas a shekarar 2013. Duk da haka, a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar, an bayyana cewa ba za a rufe makarantar ba, wanda hakan ya zama abin jin daɗi ga al'ummar makarantar.

## Alƙaluma
A shekarar 2023, makarantar ta sami ɗaliban da suka yi rajista guda 496, tare da malamai 58 (masu cikakken lokaci 53.5) da kuma ma'aikata 38 waɗanda ba sa koyarwa (masu cikakken lokaci 23.9). Waɗanda suka yi rajistar mata sun ƙunshi ɗalibai 237, kuma maza sun yi rajistar ɗalibai 259; waɗanda suka yi rajistar 'yan asalin ƙasar sun kai jimillar kashi 8%, kuma kashi 18% na ɗaliban suna da asalin yare banda Turanci.[1]

## Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai

* Adrian Lam, kocin ƙwallon ƙafa na gasar rugby ta Australiya kuma tsohon ɗan wasan ƙasa da ƙasa 
* Michelle da Rodney Martin, ƙwararrun 'yan wasan squash 
* Geoffrey Rush, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya lashe kyautar Academy (1964–1968) 
* Glenn Wheatley, manajan baiwa kuma mawaƙi (1961–1963) 

## Duba kuma

* Ilimi a Queensland
* Jerin makarantu a Babban Brisbane

## Manazarta
Priscilla Morris

Priscilla Morris marubuciya ce kuma malamar makaranta 'yar Birtaniya wacce littafinta na farko, Black Butterflies, aka zaɓa domin samun kyaututtuka da dama, ciki har da kyautar mata ta almara .

## Farko da rayuwar mutum
Mahaifiyar Morris 'yar Sarajevo ce, Bosnia kuma mahaifinta daga Ingila ne.  Tun tana ƙarama, ta yi lokacin bazara a Sarajevo. 

A shekarar 1993, 'yan uwanta da suka tsere daga kewayen Sarajevo sun zauna a gidan iyalinta da ke Landan .  Mahaifinta ya yi amfani da takardar izinin manema labarai *ta Times* don tafiya zuwa Sarajevo da kuma ceto surukansa .  Kakanta, mai zane Dobrivoje Beljkašić, shi ma ya tsere daga kewayen Sarajevo.  

Morris ta fara jami'a a shekarar 1993.  Tana da digirin PhD a fannin rubuce-rubuce masu ƙirƙira daga Jami'ar East Anglia kuma tana aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta. 

## Aikin rubutu
Littafin Morris na farko, *[[Black Butterflies (novel)|Black Butterflies]]*, an shirya shi ne a lokacin da aka kewaye Sarajevo kuma ya samu kwarin gwiwa daga abubuwan da Morris da iyalinta suka fuskanta.  A shekarar 2023, an sanya shi cikin jerin sunayen waɗanda za su fafata a gasar kyautar mata don almara, kyautar Ondaatje da kyautar mafi kyawun labari na farko ta ƙungiyar marubuta .    A shekarar 2025, ta zo ta biyu a gasar kyautar zaman lafiya ta adabi ta Dayton don almara.  Ta sayar da kwafi 5,979 kafin ranar 3 ga Yuni, 2023. 

## Manazarta
Eleanora Louisa Hervey

Eleanora Louisa Montagu Hervey (16 Nuwamba 1811 - 27 Oktoba 1903) mawakiyar Birtaniya ce, marubuciya, kuma marubuciyar tafiye-tafiye.

An haifi Eleanora Louisa Hervey a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 1811 a Liverpool, 'yar George Conway Courtenay Montagu, ɗan masanin tsuntsaye George Montagu, da Margaret Green Wilkson. A shekara ta 1843, ta auri mawaƙi kuma edita Thomas Kibble Hervey .  

Tun daga shekarun 1830 ta zama mai ba da gudummawa akai-akai ga waƙoƙi ga mujallu da suka haɗa da *[[Churchman's Family Magazine]], Chambers's, Athenaeum, Once a Week, [[Ladies' Companion]] ,* da *Illustrated London News ,* Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mawaƙa da yawa da aka ambata a cikin littafin Leigh Hunt mai suna "  ".  Tarin labaranta masu alaƙa, *The Feasts of Camelot, tare da Tales that were Told There* (1863), yana ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin ayyukan almara na asali waɗanda suka dogara da tatsuniyoyi na Arthurian waɗanda mace ta rubuta. 

Eleanora Louisa Hervey ta mutu a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 1903. 

## Littattafan tarihi

* *Bard of the Sea Sarakunan, Tatsuniya ta Kingley-Vale, da sauran Waƙoƙi* . London, 1833. 
* *Edith na Greystock: Waƙa.* London: Henry Lindsell, 1833. 
* *Kabari Mai Lambu: Wasan Kwaikwayo a cikin Ayyuka Biyar* .&nbsp;Landan: Smith, Elder, & Co., 1839. 
* *Hanyar Mangwaro* . Landan, 1852. 
* *Kasada a Tartary, China, da Kashmir*, London, 1853, juzu'i 3. 
* *Bukukuwan Camelot, tare da Tatsuniyoyi da aka Faɗa a can* .&nbsp;1 vol.&nbsp;London: Bell da Daldy, 1863. 
* *Snooded Jessaline: ko kuma, Darajar Gida* .&nbsp;3 vol.&nbsp;Landan: Saunders da Otley, 1865. 
* *Sabbin Labarai da Tsoffin Tatsuniyoyi* . Zane. London, 1868 
* *Tatsuniyoyinmu da Rayuwarmu: Kyauta ga Duk Yanayi*, London, 1869 
* *Hasken Dutse: ko, Dole ne Kalmar Kallonmu ta zama dole* .&nbsp;1 vol.&nbsp;Landan: Frederick Warne, 1871. 
* *Hutu a kan Gicciye* . Landan, 1877. 
* *Yaran Lambun Pear da Labarunsu* .&nbsp;1 vol.&nbsp;Landan: Frederick Warne, 1878. 
* *Labarun Uwar Allahna daga Ƙasashe Da Yawa* .&nbsp;1 vol.&nbsp;Landan: R. Washbourne, 1877. 

## Manazarta
Kwalejin Sakandare ta Jihar Fortitude Valley

**Kwalejin Sakandare ta Jihar Fortitude Valley** ( **FVSSC** ) makarantar sakandare ce ta Queensland da ke da ilimi tare da ɗalibai, wacce ke cikin Fortitude Valley, Brisbane.

## Tarihi
A shekarar 2014, saboda karuwar masu shiga Kwalejin Jihar Kelvin Grove da ke kewaye, Ministan Ilimi na Queensland , John-Paul Langbroek, ya sanar da cewa zai gina sabuwar kwalejin sakandare a harabar Makarantar Jihar Fortitude Valley wadda ta rufe a shekarar 2013 saboda karancin dalibai, duk da dogon yakin da iyaye da dalibai suka yi na ci gaba da bude ta. Babban ginin Makarantar Jihar Fortuitude Valley da ta gabata an mayar da shi tubalin kiɗa kuma an yi amfani da oval a matsayin sarari don gina ginin farko na biyu mai hawa shida, mai tsayi a tsaye tare da kammala ginin a tsakiyar shekarar 2019. An bude FVSSC a ranar 28 ga Janairu 2020 ga dalibai 137 na ajin 2025 (Shekara ta 7 a lokacin), tare da kara sabon matakin aji kowace shekara har sai makarantar ta kai ga kammala aiki a shekarar 2025. 

## Ce-ce-ku-ce
A watan Disamba na shekarar 2019, wata guda kafin buɗe makarantar, Ma'aikatar Ilimi (Queensland) ta tabbatar da cewa za a sanya wa makarantar ɗakunan yara masu zaman kansu waɗanda ba sa nuna bambancin jinsi da kuma wuraren da ke kewaye da wurin. Wannan shawarar ta haifar da fushi tsakanin iyaye da membobin al'ummar yankin, inda mai magana da yawun 'yan adawa na Ilimi, Jarrod Bleijie, ya bayyana a bainar jama'a cewa, "Ina tsammanin yara maza da mata suna buƙatar kuma sun cancanci sirrinsu a makaranta."  Wata guda bayan haka, Firayim Minista Annastacia Palaszczuk ta soke wannan shawarar bayan ta nuna damuwa cewa yara maza da mata ya kamata su sami kayan bayan gida nasu.

## Gidajen Wasanni
Kwalejin Sakandare ta Jihar Fortude Valley tana da gidajen wasanni guda shida kowannensu wanda ke wakiltar launi daban-daban kuma an sanya mata suna bayan manyan ra'ayoyin ' yan asalin ƙasar Australiya inda ake ba ɗalibai da kuma wakilci a lokacin wasannin motsa jiki na makaranta. [1] Gidajen da launukansu sun haɗa da: Muree (Ja), Mirri (Orange), Bidla-Bidla (Ruwan Rawaya), Gargarra (Kore), Boobanggan (Shudi) da Gulambarum (Toka).

## Manazarta
Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Gap

**Makarantar Sakandare ta Gap State** tana cikin unguwar The Gap da ke Brisbane, Queensland, Ostiraliya, tare da ɗalibai 1,692 a shekarar 2024.https://thegapshs.eq.edu.au/supportandresources/formsanddocuments/annualreports/annual-report-2024.pdf Makarantar Sakandare ta Gap State Makarantar Sakandare ce ta Ilimi ta Queensland.

## Tarihi
An buɗe Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Gap a ranar 25 ga Janairu 1960. 

A shekarar 2009, makarantar ta jawo hankalin manema labarai bayan zargin daba wa wani ɗalibi wuka. 

A farkon shekarar 2018, makarantar ta jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai yayin da aka tsare wasu ɗalibai saboda sanya takalman da ba su bi ƙa'idodin kayan makaranta ba. 

A shekarar 2023 an ga wani maciji mai launin ruwan kasa na gabas a harabar makarantar wanda ya haifar da kulle makarantu gaba daya.

A ranar 30 ga Oktoba, 2024, gobara ta lalata ginin masana'antar saboda an bar laser a kunne.  Sakamakon haka, an kwashe makarantar daga makarantar kuma an soke ayyukan da ake yi a wurin.

## Harabar jami'a
An buɗe Cibiyar Horar da Shugabanci ta Makarantar Sakandare ta Gap State a watan Agusta na 2002 kuma tana da darussa 22 na kasada ciki har da hawa dutse a cikin gida da bangon dutse da ake amfani da su don haɓaka ƙwarewar jagoranci da sadarwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam na Applied Positive, wanda ya zama dole ga dukkan ɗalibai su haɓaka lafiyar kwakwalwa mai kyau da kuma rage damar kashe kai na ɗalibai. Cibiyar Horar da Shugabanci a buɗe take ga sauran makarantu da al'umma, kuma ƙwararrun 'yan wasa da Sojojin Ostiraliya sun yi amfani da ita don horar da 'yan kadet. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup> Malaman da ke aiki a cibiyar sun sami horo ne daga wani ɗalibi na makarantar sakandare ta Gap State. 

Cibiyar wasan kwaikwayo tana da ɗakin taro wanda zai iya ɗaukar ɗalibai har 150. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

Kayan wasanni sun haɗa da raga biyu na wasan kurket, filayen ƙwallon ƙafa guda biyu masu girma, filayen ƙwallon kwando guda huɗu, da kuma ɗakin wasanni wanda ke ɗauke da filayen wasan ƙwallon raga guda huɗu/filayen ƙwallon kwando guda uku tare da alamun dijital ga kowace filin wasa da iPad ke sarrafawa. An buɗe wannan wurin wasanni a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 2014 ta hannun Firimiyan Campbell Newman . [ ana buƙatar ambato ]

## Manazarta
Yanayin nakasassu

**Yanayin nakasa**  reshe ne mai fannoni da yawa na Yanayin ɗan adam wanda ke nazarin abubuwan da suka faru na mutanen da ke da nakasassu da kuma yadda nakasassu a cikin jama'a za su iya rinjayar wurin da yake. Abubuwan da za a iya amfani da su a cikin nazarin ƙasa sun haɗa da muhalli, siyasa, abubuwan da suka faru da ƙarin tallafi, da kuma yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na yankin da ake bincikawa. Wannan filin ya zama da mahimmanci yayin da masu tsara manufofi suka fahimci bukatar tabbatar da daidaito ga albarkatun al'umma ga dukkan mutane, ba tare da la'akari da kalubalen motsi ba.

A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, kusan kashi 15 cikin 100 na yawan mutanen duniya suna rayuwa tare da wasu nau'ikan nakasa; kashi biyu zuwa hudu suna da matsaloli masu yawa wajen aiki. Rahoton WHO ya nuna cewa talauci, saka hannun jari na gwamnati a cikin ayyukan kiwon lafiya, da kuma samun damar mutum ga lafiyar kiwon lafiya yana da tasiri ga yawan nakasassu a yankuna masu tasowa. An kuma yi bambanci tsakanin nakasa da nakasa.

## Tarihi
Binciken da ke kewaye da nakasa ya ta'allaka ne a kan tsarin kiwon lafiya, saboda akwai abin da ake zaton "jiki mai iyawa" ga mafi yawan jama'a. Tare da wannan rarrabuwa, nakasa ta fahimta ta kasance mai banƙyama; misali ɗaya shine hysteria. Wannan hangen nesa ya rage jaddada muhimmancin *mutum* da ke kula da shi, maimakon ganewar asali ko yanayin da suke da shi.

A ƙarshen karni na 20, masu ilimin ƙasa da masu ilimin zamantakewa sun fara daidaita fahimtar filin game da nakasa daga ra'ayi na likita zuwa ga abin da ke tattare da zamantakewar sararin samaniya. A cikin 1972, Union of the Physically Impaired Against Segregation an kafa ta ne ta hanyar mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin nakasassu na Lancastrian Paul Hunt da marubucin Afirka ta Kudu kuma mai fafutuka Vic Finkelstein a yayin da suke gwagwarmaya don kasancewa manya masu zaman kansu yayin da suke dogaro da shirye-shiryen zamantakewa don samar da muhimman ayyukan kiwon lafiya.

## Misalai na nakasa
Misali na kiwon lafiya yana ɗaukar nakasa matsala ce ta jiki: rashin iyawar mutumin da ke da nakasa don yin ayyukan rayuwar yau da kullun kamar mutumin da ba shi da nakasa. Wannan samfurin yana mai da hankali kan sauƙaƙe rashin jin daɗi da inganta kwarewar yau da kullun na mutumin da ke da nakasa, kamar na'urorin taimako na ci gaba ko kayan taimako na motsi kamar keken guragu ga mutanen da ke zaune da kansu.

## Manazarta
Anna Metcalfe

**Anna Metcalfe** marubuciya ce 'yar Birtaniya. An haife ta a Jamus kuma ta yi karatun adabi a Jami'ar York . Ta ci gaba da karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar East Anglia, inda ta sami digiri na uku a fannin rubutu mai zurfi da kirkire-kirkire. Yanzu tana koyar da rubuce-rubuce masu kirkire-kirkire a Jami'ar Birmingham .

Metcalfe ta rubuta labarai na almara. An yi ta rubuta gajerun labaranta sosai. Kundin farko na Blind Water Pass (2016) ya haɗa da labarin "Lambar Uku", wanda aka zaɓa don lambar yabo ta Sunday Times Short Story Award . Littafinta na farko Chrysalis an buga shi a shekarar 2023.

A shekarar 2023, mujallar Granta ta nada Metcalfe a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun marubuta matasa a Birtaniya.  

## Manazarta
Yanayin abinci

**yanayin abinci** wani bangare ne na Yanayin ɗan adam. Yana mai da hankali kan alamu na Samar da abinci da amfani a cikin gida zuwa duniya. Binciken waɗannan alamu masu rikitarwa yana taimaka wa masu ilimin ƙasa su fahimci dangantakar da ba daidai ba tsakanin Kasashe masu tasowa da masu tasowa dangane da kirkire-kirkire, samarwa, sufuri, siyarwa da amfani da abinci. Har ila yau, batun ne wanda ke ƙara caji a idon jama'a. Motsi don sake haɗa 'space' da 'place' a cikin Tsarin abinci yana girma, wanda binciken masu ilimin ƙasa ke jagoranta.

## Tarihi

## Yankunan da suka haɗu
Abinci ya sami kulawa daga kimiyyar jiki da kimiyyar zamantakewa saboda gada ce tsakanin duniyar halitta da zamantakewa. Wasu daga cikin bayanan lambobi na farko game da samar da abinci sun fito ne daga tushen bureaucratic da ke da alaƙa da wayewar tsohuwar Misira da Daular Roma. 'Yan kasuwa sun kuma kasance masu tasiri wajen rubuta hanyoyin sadarwar abinci. 'Yan kasuwa da' yan kasuwa na Indiya na farko sun tsara wurin wuraren kasuwanci da ke da alaƙa da wuraren samar da abinci.

## Samar da abinci
Samar da abinci shine kashi na farko na abinci don karɓar kulawa mai yawa daga masu ilimin ƙasa a fagen ilimin al'adu, musamman a cikin ilimin noma.

A duniya, samar da abinci ba daidai ba ne. Wannan shi ne saboda akwai manyan abubuwa guda biyu da ke cikin samar da abinci wanda kuma ana rarraba su ba bisa ka'ida ba. Wadannan bangarorin sune ikon muhalli na yankin, da kuma ikon mutum. Ikon muhalli shine ikonsa 'don karɓar wani aiki ko ƙimar wani aiki ba tare da tasirin da ba a yarda da shi ba'. Yanayi, nau'ikan ƙasa, da wadatar ruwa suna shafar shi. Ikon ɗan adam, dangane da samar da abinci, shine girman yawan jama'a da adadin ƙwarewar noma a cikin wannan yawan. Lokacin da waɗannan biyun suna da matakai masu kyau kuma suna haɗin gwiwa tare da babban kuɗin kuɗi, ƙirƙirar kayan aikin gona mai ƙarfi yana yiwuwa, kamar yadda Green Revolution ya nuna a sarari.

## Amfani da abinci
Rashin amincewa da Tsarin abinci na masana'antu game da rashin iya samar da abinci mai gina jiki, mai kyau, mai adalci ga yawan mutanen duniya ya karu a cikin tarihin baya-bayan nan. Tsarin da a halin yanzu ke cikin wuri yana mai da hankali kan samar da Abinci mai arha ga miliyoyin mutane, amma sau da yawa yana biyan duniya dangane da lalacewar ruwa da ƙasa, Rashin tsaro na abinci na gida, jin daɗin dabbobi, karuwar kiba da matsalolin da suka shafi kiwon lafiya, da raguwar al'ummomin karkara. Bambance-bambance a cikin abinci da ayyukan amfani a kan ma'auni na duniya da na yanki sun zama abin da masu ilimin ƙasa da masana tattalin arziki suka fi mayar da hankali ga yawan jama'a da kuma yaduwar yunwa na shekarun 1960, da kuma tashin hankali na abinci na 2007-2008 a kasashe 60 daban-daban. Saboda wani bangare na waɗannan abubuwan, an kiyasta bambance-bambance a cikin abincin abinci da kuma abun da ke cikin matsakaicin abinci kuma an tsara shi ga ƙasashe da yawa tun daga shekarun 1960.

## Manazarta
Jean Medawar

Jean Shinglewood Medawar, Lady Medawar (wanda aka haifa a Taylor ; 7 ga Fabrairu 1913 - 3 ga Mayu 2005) marubuciya ce 'yar Birtaniya kuma tsohuwar shugabar ƙungiyar tsara iyali . Medawar matar Sir Peter Medawar ce.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Jean Shinglewood Taylor a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 1913 a Landan ga Charles Henry Shinglewood Taylor, likita da Katherine Leslie Taylor ( *née* Paton).    An haifi mahaifiyar Medawar a St Louis, Missouri ga dangin Birtaniya da Amurka.   Medawar tagwaye ce da ta tsira, kuma babbar 'ya'ya mata uku. 

Medawar ta halarci Makarantar Benenden, kuma an ba ta tallafin karatu don yin karatu a Kwalejin Somerville, Oxford .  A shekarar 1935, Medawar ta sami digirin farko a fannin ilmin dabbobi .  

## Sana'a

### Bincike
A lokacin da take Oxford Medawar ta shiga sashen cututtuka a ƙarƙashin Howard Florey inda ta gudanar da bincike kan asali da haɓakar ƙwayoyin lymphocytes ta amfani da dabarun al'adar nama.   

### Tsarin iyali
A shekarar 1954, ta haɗu da Margaret Pyke, Shugabar Ƙungiyar Tsara Iyali, kuma ta shiga ƙungiyar. Ta zama memba na zartarwarta a shekarar 1960.  A shekarar 1959 ta zama Babban Editan Mujallar *Tsara Iyali* (wanda aka ci gaba da *kiranta da Tsarin Iyali a Yau* ) tare da David Pyke, ɗan Pyke, kuma ta ci gaba da aiki har zuwa 1979.  Ta kuma yi aiki da Hukumar Ba da Shawara ga Jama'a, Majalisar Jagorancin Aure ta Ƙasa da kuma tare da matasa masu laifi a HM Prison Holloway da ke Hampstead. An naɗa ta shugabar FPA a shekarar 1966, saboda rasuwar Margaret Pyke, kuma ta riƙe muƙamin har zuwa 1970. Ta haɗu da kafa Cibiyar Karatu da Horarwa kan Tsarin Iyali ta Margaret Pyke da kuma Asusun Tunawa da Margaret Pyke a shekarar 1968,  ta zama Darakta a shekarar 1976 har zuwa rasuwarta. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Medawar ta haɗu da Peter Medawar lokacin da take karatun digiri na farko a Oxford.  Iyalinta ba sa son ta aure shi saboda Peter Medawar ɗan asalin ƙasar Lebanon ne kuma ba shi da kuɗi. Mahaifiyarta ta tambaye ta, "Me za ki yi idan kina da 'ya'ya baƙaƙe?" Goggonta ta bayyana Medawar a matsayin 'ba ta da asali, ba ta da kuɗi', kuma daga ƙarshe ta kore ta daga gadonta.  Sun yi aure a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 1937. Sun haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu, Charles da Alexander, da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Caroline da Louise. A shekarun 1930, Medawar da Peter Medawar sun shiga Jam'iyyar Labour, wadda ta yi adawa da sulhu da Nazi Jamus . 

Ta hanyar auren 'yarta Caroline da mai zane-zanen siyasa Nicholas Garland, jikan ta shine darakta kuma marubuci Alex Garland .

Bayan mutuwarta, ta raba kabarin mijinta a makabartar Cocin St Andrew da ke Alfriston a Gabashin Sussex. 

## Ayyuka

*   [with David Pyke]
*   [With Peter Brian Medawar]
*  
*   [With Peter Brian Medawar]
*  
*   [with David Pyke]

## Manazarta
Dorothy Middleton

**Dorothy Middleton** (9 ga Nuwamba 1909 &#x2013; 3 ga Fabrairu 1999) marubuciya ce kuma mai ilimin ƙasa wadda ta riƙe mukamai da dama a Royal Geographical Society . Aikinta da ta fi shahara shi ne *Victorian Lady Travellers* (1965).    

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Dorothy Butler a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 1909 ga Sir Montagu Sherard Dawes Butler da Anne Gertrude Smith, a Lahore, Birtaniya Indiya, inda mahaifinta ya kasance Mataimakin Kwamishina.  Daga baya iyalan suka koma Cambridge, lokacin da mahaifinta mai ritaya ya zama babban digiri a Kwalejin Pembroke . A ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 1938, ta auri Laurence Henry Neave Middleton, lauya, kuma Middletons suka zauna a Chelsea, London . 

A shekarun 1950, John Murray ya gabatar da Middleton ga wasu wasiƙu da Isabella Bird ta rubuta. Daga wannan ne, sha'awar Middleton ga mata matafiya ta ƙaru, wanda ya haifar da littafin Victorian Lady Travellers (1965) tare da gudummawar da ya bayar ga Dictionary of National Biography da laccoci a Birtaniya. Ta buga Lugard in Africa tare da AA Thomson (1959), kuma ta gyara wani sabon bugun littafin The Art of Travel na Francis Galton (1971).

Middleton ta riƙe mukamai da dama a Royal Geographical Society, a lokacin da wannan har yanzu maza ne ke kula da ita.  Ta kasance mataimakiyar edita a Jaridar The Geographical tsawon shekaru ashirin, ta zama Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa a 1971 da kuma Mataimakin Shugaba na Girmamawa a 1987. 

Dorothy Middleton ta mutu a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, 1999 a Chelsea.    

## Ayyuka

* *Bonnie Prince Charlie* (1948). ta yi rubutu tare da Clemence Dane, London: Convoy Publications. - Charles Edward Stuart
*  - Samuel Baker
*  - Frederick Lugard
*  - Isabella Bird, Marianne North, Fanny Workman, May French Sheldon, Annie Taylor, Kate Marsden da Mary Kingsley
* *Littafin Diary na AJ Mounteney Jephson* (1969). editan, Cambridge University Press. - Arthur Jephson
* 

## Manazarta
Yanayin Halloween

Halloween wani biki ne da ake kiyayewa a ranar 31 ga Oktoba, ranar da za a yi bikin All Hallows, wanda aka fi sani da Hallowmas ko All Saints' Day . Bukukuwan da bukukuwan wannan rana suna faruwa da farko a yankunan Yammacin duniya, kodayake tare da wasu hadisai da suka bambanta sosai tsakanin yankuna.

## Asalin
Halloween shine maraice na farkawa kafin bikin Kirista na Yammacin All Hallows (ko All Saints) wanda ake kiyayewa a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba. Wannan rana ta fara triduum na Hallowtide, wanda ya ƙare da All Souls' Day. A cikin Zamanin Tsakiya, Kiristoci da yawa suna da imani da al'umma cewa All Hallows' Eve shine "dare inda mayafin tsakanin duniya ta zahiri da rayuwa bayan mutuwa ya kasance a bayyane".

## Amurka
### Kanada
Shige da fice na Scotland, da farko zuwa Kanada kafin 1870 da kuma Amurka bayan haka, ya kawo fasalin Scottish na hutun zuwa kowace ƙasa. Magana ta farko da aka sani game da addu'a a kan Halloween a cikin Turanci da ke magana da Arewacin Amurka ta faru ne a cikin 1911 lokacin da wata jarida a Kingston, Ontario ta ba da rahoton cewa al'ada ce ga ƙananan yara su je tituna "guising" a kan Halloween tsakanin 6 da 7 na yamma, ziyartar shaguna, kuma maƙwabta don a ba su lada da kwayoyi da sukari don waƙoƙinsu. Mutanen Kanada suna ciyar da karin kayan zaki a Halloween fiye da kowane lokaci ban da Kirsimeti. Halloween kuma lokaci ne na gudummawar sadaka. Har zuwa shekara ta 2006 lokacin da UNICEF ta koma tsarin bayar da gudummawa ta kan layi, tattara ƙananan canji wani bangare ne na dabarun Kanada ko magani. Quebec tana ba da yawon shakatawa na sassa na tsohuwar birni da makabarta na tarihi a yankin. A cikin 2014 ƙauyen Arviat, Nunavut ya motsa bukukuwan Halloween zuwa zauren al'umma, ya soke aikin "ƙwarewa ko magani" daga ƙofa zuwa ƙofa, saboda haɗarin yawo da bears. A British Columbia al'ada ce a kashe wuta a Halloween.

### Amurka

A Amurka, Halloween bai zama hutu ba har zuwa karni na 19. Shige da fice na kusan Irish miliyan biyu bayan Babban Yunwa na Irish (1845-1849)  ya kawo hutun zuwa Amurka.

## Manazarta
Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Suzanne Roberts

**Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Suzanne Roberts** gidan wasan kwaikwayo ne da ke kan titin Philadelphia 's Avenue of the Arts . An buɗe gidan wasan kwaikwayo a watan Oktoba na 2007 kuma shine gidan Kamfanin Gidan Wasan kwaikwayo na Philadelphia .  KieranTimberlake ne ya tsara gidan wasan kwaikwayon, ta amfani da ƙa'idodin ƙira na duniya baki ɗaya . House Industries da ke Wilmington, Delaware ne suka tsara fuskar bangon gidan wasan kwaikwayon kuma Zahner a Kansas City, Missouri ne ya shirya shi. 

An sanya mata suna ne bayan Suzanne Roberts (an haife ta Suzanne Fleisher a shekarar 1921, ta mutu a shekarar 2020),   tsohuwar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo, kuma darakta wacce ta kasance mai masaukin baki a shirin talabijin, *Seeking Solutions tare da Suzanne*,   wanda a da ake watsawa a The Comcast Network da HLN . Mijinta, Ralph J. Roberts ya kafa Comcast kuma ɗanta, Brian L. Roberts shine Shugaba na Comcast na yanzu.

Daga shekarar 1982 har zuwa lokacin da aka fara kakar wasa ta 2007/2008 a sabon wurin, Kamfanin Wasan Kwaikwayo na Philadelphia ya kasance mai yin wasan kwaikwayo a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Plays and Players .

## Siffofi
Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Suzanne Roberts yana da siffofi masu zuwa:

* Ofishin tikiti mai hanyar shiga titi
* Dakin taro na gargajiya na proscenium mai kujeru 360 da kuma mezzanine
* Zaure mai hawa biyu da kuma wurin karɓar baƙi a matakin mezzanine
* Kayan aiki na haske da sauti don samarwa, bita, karatu, da shirye-shiryen ilimi

## Manazarta
Yanayin kendo

Kendo ya samo asali ne a Japan, amma a yau ana yin sa a duk duniya.

Girman da zurfin ƙwarewar kendo ya bambanta sosai daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Wasu ƙasashe suna da 'yan wasan kendo kaɗan, yayin da Japan ke da miliyoyin mutane.

## Kungiyoyin kasa da kasa
Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa masu zuwa suna gudanarwa, sarrafawa, ingantawa, ko suna da sha'awar ci gaban kendo.

* Ƙungiyar Kendo ta Duniya (FIK) ita ce ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa ta yawancin ƙungiyoyin kendo na ƙasa da na yanki. An kafa FIK a cikin 1970 don samar da hanyar haɗi tsakanin All Japan Kendo Federation da ci gaban al'ummar kendo ta duniya. Kungiyoyi goma sha bakwai na kasa ko na yanki sune masu haɗin gwiwa. Adadin kungiyoyi masu alaƙa da kuma sanannun sun karu a tsawon shekaru zuwa 57 (kamar Mayu 2015). 

: Kungiyoyin kendo na kasa da na yanki da ke da alaƙa da FIK an jera su a shafin yanar gizon FIK.

: FIK ta gudanar da Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya, a kowace shekara uku tun lokacin da aka kafa ta. Gasar ta kasa da kasa tana fafatawa da wakilan mutum da na ƙungiyoyi na ƙungiyar FIK.

* An kafa Dai Nippon Butoku Kai (DNBK) a Kyoto, Japan, a cikin 1953.  A yau, sabon axiom na DNBK yana jaddada adana al'adun gargajiya na gargajiya da kuma inganta ilimi da sabis na al'umma ta hanyar horar da zane-zane.
* An kafa Ƙungiyar Martial Arts ta Duniya (IMAF) a Kyoto, Japan, a cikin 1952. Daga cikin manufofin IMAF sune fadada sha'awar zane-zane na Japan, kafa sadarwa, abota, fahimta da jituwa tsakanin surori na mambobi, ci gaban zukatan da jikin mambobi, da inganta fahimtar duniya da ci gaban mutum.
* Zen Nihon Sōgō-Budō Renmei (ZNSBR) Kungiyar da aka sani da Zen Nihon sōgō - Budō Renme (Duk Japan [Comprehensive] Budō Federation ko SōBuRen) tana da manufarta ta adana dukkan fasahar yaƙi ta Japan. Wannan ya hada da (kafin Meiji) Nihon koryū bujutsu / bugei da (bayan Meiji) gendai budō . Muna aiki a karkashin kariya na Gidan Daular Japan a matsayin wani bangare wanda ke kare al'adun Japan. Suzuki Masafumi-kanchō ne ya kirkiro kungiyar a shekarar 1969. Bayan rasuwar wanda ya kafa shi, Ishikawa Takashi-kanchō, Toyama-ryū iaidō hanshi 9th dan da jūkendo hanshi 9st dan, ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin Shugaban Zen Nihon Sōgō-Budō Renmei .

## Kungiyoyin kasa da na yanki
Yawancin kungiyoyin kasa da na yanki suna sarrafawa da inganta kendo, wasu suna da alaƙa da kungiyoyin kendo na duniya, yayin da wasu kungiyoyi ke da 'yanci daga kungiyoyin kendo ta duniya.

## Manazarta
Abby McDonald

**Abby McDonald** marubuciya ce 'yar Birtaniya kuma marubuciyar fina-finai da ta shahara a jaridar New York Times,  wacce kuma take rubutu a ƙarƙashin sunan alkalami **Abigail Haas** .   

## Rayuwar farko
An haife ta a Ingila kuma ta girma a Sussex, ta ci gaba da karatun Siyasa, Falsafa &amp;amp; Tattalin Arziki a Jami'ar Oxford .    A kwaleji, ta zama editan kiɗa na *The Oxford Student* kuma ta kammala littafinta na farko.

## Sana'a
Ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar jaridar kiɗa kuma mai sukar nishaɗi. Rubuce-rubucenta sun fito a cikin New Musical Express, mujallar Plan B, CosmoGIRL! da sauransu.

Ta rubuta littattafai goma sha biyu.  

Baya ga rubuce-rubuce a ƙarƙashin *Abby McDonald* da *Abigail Haas*, ta rubuta a matsayin *Melody Grace*, tana buga kanta a shirinta na Beachwood Bay. Shirin ya zama jerin fina-finai na duniya da aka fi sayarwa a yau da kuma na duniya kafin ta bayyana cewa ita ce marubucin.    Ita ma marubuciya ce a shirin Netflix Bridgerton . 

## Ayyukan da aka buga
(majiyoyi:   ) Littattafan Matasan Matasa:

* *Sophomore Switch* ( Candlewick Press - 2009) (wanda aka buga a matsayin *Life Swap* a Burtaniya) 
* *Yara Maza, Bears & Takalma Masu Tafiya Mai Tsanani* (Candlewick Press - 2010)
* *Ƙungiyar Anti-Prom* (Candlewick Press - 2011)
* *Ci Gaba da Garrett Delaney* (Candlewick Press - 2012)
* *Jane Austen Ta Tafi Hollywood* (Candlewick Press - 2013)
* *<nowiki/>'Yan Mata Masu Haɗari* ( Simon &amp;amp; Schuster UK - 2014) (a matsayin Abigail Haas)
* *<nowiki/>'Yan Mata Masu Haɗari* ( Simon Pulse - 2013) (a matsayin Abigail Haas) (an sake buga shi a matsayin 'Ba zan taɓa faɗi ba' a 2019)
* *Sannan Ya Sumbace Ni: wani littafi* (Avon - 2013)

Littattafan manya:

* *Dokokin Shahararru* ( Gida Mai Zaman Kanta - 2009) 
* *<nowiki/>'Yantar da Alice Love* ( Gidan Random - 2010)

## Talabijin

* Bridgerton Kashi na 1 - Marubucin Ma'aikata

:: 104 'Abin da ya shafi girmamawa' (wanda aka rubuta)
:: 107 'Oceans Apart' (an rubuta tare da Jay Ross)

* Kashi na 2 na Bridgerton - Babban Editan Labarai

:: 205 'Ƙaddara Mai Ban Mamaki' (wanda aka rubuta)

## Fina-finai

* Jingle Bell Heist . A watan Disamba na 2023, an sanar da cewa rubutun McDonald na asali mai suna 'Jingle Bell Heist' ya fara aiki a Landan, inda Olivia Holt da Connor Swindells suka fito a ciki. ACE Entertainment ce ta shirya fim ɗin, kuma Michael Fimognari ne ya ba da umarni.  An fitar da shi a Netflix a watan Nuwamba na 2025. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
A shekarar 2009, tana zaune a Sussex da Montreal . Tana zaune a Landan . A halin yanzu tana zaune a Los Angeles . &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Manazarta
Gage Park, Hamilton

**Gage Park** babban wurin shakatawa ne na al'umma da lambuna na jama'a a Hamilton, Ontario, Kanada. Yana nan a mahadar Main Street da Gage Avenue a Gabashin Hamilton.

Wurin shakatawa ya fi shahara wajen karbar bakuncin taron Bikin Abokan Ciniki na shekara-shekara a makon farko na watan Agusta. Wurin shakatawa kuma shine wurin da Gidan Tarihin Yara na Hamilton yake. 

## Tarihi
Ƙungiyar Bowling ta Roselawn tana cikin wurin shakatawa. An gina ta a shekarar 1925, ta karɓi baƙuncin taron farko na Wasannin Daular Burtaniya (wanda yanzu ake kira Wasannin Commonwealth) a Wasannin Daular Burtaniya na 1930. 

Wurin shakatawa ya haɗa da wani katafaren fili, marmaro da kuma gidan kore da aka gina a ƙarshen 2020.  Yana cikin manyan wuraren shakatawa guda uku a Hamilton dangane da wuraren shakatawa na birane.

## Bukukuwa
Tun daga shekarar 1976, Gage Park ta kasance wurin bikin Friends, ɗaya daga cikin manyan bukukuwan shekara-shekara kyauta a Kanada. Daga 1976-2010, sannan kuma daga 2017-yanzu, taron ya ga mahalarta sama da 250,000 suna ziyartar kowace ƙarshen mako na watan Agusta. Mawakan da suka gabata da suka buga Gage Park a matsayin wani ɓangare na taron sun haɗa da:

* Gord Downie, babban mawaƙin The Tragically Hip, yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa mafi nasara a Kanada. 
* Tanya Tucker, fitacciyar mawaƙin ƙasar kuma wacce ta lashe kyautar Grammy sau da yawa, ta fi shahara saboda rikodin waƙar " Delta Dawn ."
* Tom Cochrane, fitaccen mawakin rock na ƙasar Kanada, ya shahara saboda waƙarsa mai suna " Life Is A Highway ".
* Tatsuniyoyin 'Yan Kauye, shahararrun waƙoƙin disco, waɗanda suka shahara da manyan waƙoƙin su "YMCA" da " In The Navy ." 
* Fozzy, fitaccen jarumin fina-finan Rock and Roll mai suna Chris Jericho . 
* Spoons, wata ƙungiyar mawaƙa mai farin jini daga Burlington, Ontario, Kanada . 

Gage Park tana karbar bakuncin bikin FrancoFest, bikin ku ne, ranar alfaharin Pagan, da kuma wani ƙaramin taron motocin abinci. Abubuwan da suka faru a baya a wurin shakatawa sun haɗa da jakar ku ce, Hamilton Gay Pride, da kuma Fina-finan Dare a wurin shakatawa.  

## Manazarta
Laura McGloughlin

**Laura McGloughlin** mai fassara adabin Catalan da Sifaniyanci ce zuwa Turanci. Ayyukanta da aka fassara sun haɗa da *Stone in a Landslide* ta Maria Barbal, *The Summer of Dead Toys* da *The Good Suicides* ta , *Tsibirin Gaskiya ta Ƙarshe* ta Kamfanin Flavia, da kuma *Rashin Gashi: Karya Mummunan Da'irar Cire Gashi, Mika Wuya, da Ƙiyayyar Kai* ta Bel Olid .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
McGloughlin ɗalibi ne na Kwalejin Jami'a Cork .  Ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu a fannin fassarar adabi daga Jami'ar Gabashin Anglia .  Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai tantancewa a shirin Turanci PEN Translates da kuma manajan kasuwanci na Waterstones Booksellers.  McGloughlin yana zaune a Landan. 

## Fassarori
Fassarar McGloughlin sun haɗa da wasan kwaikwayo na Lluïsa Cunillé mai suna *The Sale* (Parthian, 2008),  *Stone in a Landslide* ta Maria Barbal (Peirene, 2010),  littattafan laifuka *The Summer of Dead Toys*  *da The Good Suicides*  ta , *Tsibirin Gaskiya ta Ƙarshe* ta Kamfanin Flavia,  da kuma *Wilder Winds*  da kuma *Gashi Marasa Gashi: Karya Mummunan Da'irar Cire Gashi, Mika Wuya, da Ƙiyayyar Kai* ta Bel Olid . 

A cikin sharhinsa na The Summer of Dead Toys, Barry Forshaw na The Independent ya lura cewa fassarar "mai ban sha'awa" ta nuna "harshen da ke jan hankali da yanayi" na ainihin aikin. A cikin sharhin The Island of Last Truth for the Literary Review, Kate Munning ta rubuta cewa "ƙwarewar fassarar McGloughlin mai kyau tana da cikakken tasiri a ko'ina, tun daga kalmomin Prendel masu ban sha'awa, marasa amfani, har zuwa waƙoƙinsa masu ban sha'awa."

## Daraja da kyaututtuka

* Cibiyar Nazarin Adabi ta Burtaniya ta 2011, Jagorancin Fassarar Catalan-Turanci 
* Jerin sunayen 'yan wasa na shekarar 2018, aikin BookTrust In Other Words, don fassarar *Fim ɗin Rayuwarmu* ta Maite Carranza 
* Mai Fassara a 2022 a Zama a Cibiyar Fassarar Adabi ta Burtaniya 

## Manazarta
Filin wasa na Birnin Barcelos

**Estádio Cidade de Barcelos** filin wasa ne mai amfani da yawa a Barcelos, Portugal . Ana amfani da shi galibi don wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa . Gida ne na gefen Primeira Liga Gil Vicente .

Filin wasan yana da filin wasa na UEFA Category 3, wanda ke ba da damar buga wasannin Turai da na ƙasashen waje a can.

## Tarihi
Tsohon filin wasa, Estádio Adelino Ribeiro Novo, ya kasance gidan Gil Vicente tsawon shekaru 70, inda suka buga wasanninsu a matsayin baƙi kuma inda wasu daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi ban mamaki a tarihin wannan sanannen kulob suka faru.

Gaskiyar magana ita ce, sharuɗɗan da filin wasan Adelino Ribeiro Novo ya bayar sun yi iyaka kuma a bayyane yake ba su yi daidai da buƙatun ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararru ba, haka nan kuma burin Gil Vicente ko kuma hoton birnin Barcelos. 

Saboda haka, hukumar yankin ta yanke shawarar gina sabon rukunin wasanni wanda ya haɗa da filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na zamani.  Don haka, an gina filin wasa na Cidade de Barcelos a cikin cocin Vila Boa a cikin gundumar Barcelos, a arewacin birnin, kan kuɗi kusan Yuro miliyan 22, gami da kayan aiki na waje da siyan filin.  

An buɗe filin wasan a hukumance a ranar 30 ga Mayu 2004, a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na sada zumunci tsakanin Gil Vicente da Nacional Montevideo daga Uruguay, zaɓi na biyu bayan Santos daga Brazil, inda aka doke Gilistas da ci 2-1 a gaban mutane 4,984.  Duk da haka, Majalisar Birnin Barcelos ta yanke shawarar gudanar da 'bikin rantsar da' 'na biyu', tare da yin wasan kide-kide na Julio Iglesias a ranar 2 ga Yuli 2004, wanda ya zama gazawa, tare da halartar da ba su kai abin da ake tsammani ba. 

Ta gudanar da wasanni biyu na Gasar Cin Kofin Kwallon Kafa ta Turai ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 ta UEFA ta 2006 : Serbia da Montenegro 0-1 Jamus da Portugal 0-2 Serbia da Montenegro .

## Wasannin ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Portugal
Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Portugal ta buga wasa ɗaya a wannan filin wasa.

## Manazarta
Gidan Tarihin Hirayama Ikuo Silk Road

**Gidan Tarihi na Titin Hirayama Ikuo Silk** wani gidan tarihi ne na Japan wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan mai zane da mai tattarawa Ikuo Hirayama .  

An buɗe gidan tarihin a shekarar 2004 a yankin Yamanashi na Japan.  Yana ɗaya daga cikin gidajen tarihi kaɗan masu mahimmanci game da Titin Silk, wanda ke wajen China. 

An baje kolin kayayyaki da yawa a China a tsakanin 2018-2019. 
Fayil:Artifacts_Collected_on_Silk_Road_Travels_-_40524625903.jpg|alt=Stone palette| Paletin dutse
Fayil:Artifacts_Collected_on_Silk_Road_Travels_-_47437677812.jpg|alt=Bactrian statuette| Mutum-mutumin Bactrian
Fayil:Artifacts_Collected_on_Silk_Road_Travels-_Greek_Gods_&_Goddess.jpg|alt=Greek gods| Allolin Girka
Fayil:Atlas,_2nd-3rd_Cent._AD.jpg| Gandhara Atlas, 2nd-3rd cent. CE
Fayil:Vajrapani_or_Heracles,_3rd-4th_Cent._AD.jpg| Vajrapani, Gandhara, 3rd-4th cent. CE
Fayil:Buddha,_2nd-3rd_Cent._AD_-_46766754354.jpg|alt=Buddha, 2nd-3rd cent. CE| Buddha, ƙarni na 2-3. AZ
Fayil:Buddha_&_Heavenly_Kings,_2nd-3rd_Cent._AD.jpg|alt=The Buddha and Heavenly kings, 2nd-3rd cent. CE| Buddha da sarakunan Sama, ƙarni na 2-3. AZ
Fayil:Buddha's_First_Sermon,_2nd-3rd_Cent._AD.jpg|alt=The Buddha's First Sermon, 2nd-3rd cent. CE| Huɗubar Buddha ta Farko, ƙarni na 2-3. AZ


## Manazarta
Asibitin Alejalil

**Asibitin Alejalil** babban asibiti ne kuma asibiti ɗaya tilo da ke Aq Qala, Iran, wanda Haj Aghi Alejalil, wani mai taimakon jama'a ɗan ƙasar Iran ya kafa a shekarar 2005.    

## Manazarta
Elaine Matthews

{{databox]]
**Elaine Matthews** BA BPhil (19 ga Agusta 1942 - 26 Yuni 2011)  ƙwararriyar masaniyar gargajiya ce ta Birtaniya a Jami'ar Oxford kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga Kamus na Sunayen Girka.

## Ilimi da aiki
Matthews ɗalibi ce ta farko a Kwalejin St Hilda, Oxford, inda ta yi digiri na farko a fannin Literae Humaniores (1960–64) kuma ɗalibar Barbara Levick ce. Ta ci gaba da karatun MPhil (a lokacin BPhil ) a Tarihin Ancient History, tana aiki a kan Lucian .  Bayan hutun renon 'ya'yanta mata biyu, Matthews ta fara aikin bincike a fannin anatomics na Girka a Jami'ar Oxford . A shekarar 2010, bayan ta yi ritaya, ta kasance mai sadaukar da kai ga Festschrift akan sunayen mutanen Girka na Ancient Greek don girmama sana'arta mai ban sha'awa, wanda ya ƙunshi tarin kasidu na ilimi kan anatomics na Girka amma tare da godiya ga Matthews a matsayin malami na Alan Bowman a matsayin babi na farko. 

Ta kasance ma'aikaciyar jami'a a Kwalejin St Hilda, Oxford, daga 1996 kuma ta kasance sakatare mai daraja na Ƙungiyar Inganta Nazarin Romawa, wacce ita ma ta kasance amintacce, [1] tsawon shekaru ashirin da ɗaya.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Matthews a Netherton, Yorkshire, amma ta girma a Birmingham. Mahaifinta jami'in 'yan sanda ne. Ta mutu sakamakon cutar kansa, tana da shekaru 68, a shekarar 2011. 

## Littattafai da aka zaɓa

* Ƙamus na Sunayen Kai na Girka I-IV (tare da Simon Hornblower ). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987–2005.
* Sunayen Kai na Girka: Darajarsu a Matsayin Shaida (tare da Simon Hornblower). Takardun Kwalejin Burtaniya 104. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
* Tsofaffi da Sabbin Duniya a cikin Onomastics na Girka. Elaine Matthews ne ya gyara. Takardun Kwalejin Burtaniya 148. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Kamus na Sunayen Kai na Girka (Shafin Kwalejin Oxford Classics)  Archived  
* Kamus na Sunayen Kai na Girka (shafin yanar gizo na aikin)

## Manazarta
Mesoamerica Gulf-Caribbean mangroves

Yankin **mangroves na Mesoamerican Gulf-Caribbean** (WWF ID: NT1403) ya ƙunshi jerin wuraren da mangroves suka rabu a gefen gabashin gabar tekun Amurka ta Tsakiya . Waɗannan wuraren dausayi na ruwan gishiri suna samuwa a cikin koguna deltas, lagoons, da yankunan ƙasa da ke fuskantar Tekun Mexico da Tekun Caribbean, daga Tampico, Mexico zuwa tsakiyar Panama .    Mangroves yankuna ne da ke da yawan bambancin halittu da kuma yanayinsu. Yawancin wuraren suna da kariya a matsayin wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa ko wuraren ajiyar yanayi (fiye da rabin jimlar yankin ƙasa).

## Wuri da bayanin
Yankin arewa mafi nisa na yankin yana Tampico a jihar Tamaulipas ta Mexico, inda Kogin Pánuco ya haɗu da Tekun Mexico. Ya mamaye mafi yawan yankunan bakin teku a kudu ta hanyar Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, da Panama, tare da yankin kudu mafi kusa da Tekun Guna Yala a Panama.  Wannan ya kai 2,500&nbsp;km, daga digiri 22.2 na latitude a arewa zuwa digiri 9.5 na latitude a kudu.

**Kogin Deltas** . Yawancin waɗannan mangwaro ana samun su a wuraren da manyan koguna ke shiga: Kogin Pánuco, Kogin Papaloapan, da Kogin Coatzacoalcos a Mexico, da kuma Kogin Coco da ke kan iyakar Honduras da Nicaragua.

**Tafkuna** . Tafkuna galibi suna shiga teku. Manyan wuraren da ke cikin yanayin muhalli sune Mexico ( Tamiahua Lake, Laguna de Términos, tafkin da ke Yum Balam ; a Tafkin Lu'u-lu'u na Nicaragua, da kuma Tafkin Chiriquí na Panama. 

**Tsibirai** . Misalai sun haɗa da Isla Contoy   da Isla Mujeres a gefen arewa maso gabashin yankin Yucatan; da kuma Turneffe Atoll a gefen Belize.

## Yanayi
Yanayin yanayin shine *yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi - hunturu mai bushewa* ( Rarraba yanayi na Köppen (Aw) ). Wannan yanayi yana da yanayin zafi mai daidaito a duk shekara, da kuma lokacin rani mai ƙarfi. Watan da ya fi bushewa yana da ƙasa da digiri 60.&nbsp;mm na ruwan sama, kuma ya fi bushewa fiye da matsakaicin wata.  

## Flora da fauna
Nau'in bishiyoyin mangrove da aka fi sani da su a yankin muhalli sune farin mangrove (*Laguncularia racemosa* ; galibi suna kusa da teku), jan mangrove (

*Rhizophora mangle*), da black mangrove ( *Avicennia germinans*) (mafi nisa a cikin ƙasa ko tudu). Sauran shuke-shuken da suka haɗa da (*Pterocarpus officinalis*), provision tree ( *Pachira aquatica*) da swamp fern (*Acrostichum aureum*). 

## Manazarta
Kyautar Camogie All Stars

Ana ba da kyautar **Camogie All Star Awards** kowace shekara ga 'yan wasan ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ireland, waɗanda aka zaɓa a matsayi 15 na gargajiya a filin wasa: wato mai tsaron gida, 'yan wasan baya uku, 'yan wasan baya uku, 'yan wasan tsakiya biyu, 'yan wasan gaba uku da kuma 'yan wasan gaba uku. 

Tsarin ya samo asali ne a matsayin wani shiri mai zaman kansa wanda wata ƙungiyar otal ta ɗauki nauyinsa, kuma an yi waɗannan zaɓen a shekarar 2003. Ƙungiyar Camogie ta shiga cikin lamarin a shekarar 2004.  O'Neill's su ne masu ɗaukar nauyin kyaututtukan a yanzu.

Wanda ya lashe kyautar shine Gemma O'Connor na Cork da kyaututtuka goma sha ɗaya. Haka kuma ana bayar da kyautar Manaja na Shekara a matsayin wani ɓangare na kyaututtukan Camogie All Stars. Manaja na Shekarar 2024 wanda ke kan gaba shine Ger Manley na Cork, wanda ya jagoranci tawagarsa zuwa Gasar Zakarun Turai ta All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship ta 2024.

## Wadanda suka yi nasara a baya

### Shekarun 2000

#### 2004
Aoife Murray ( Cork ), Suzanne Kelly ( Tipperary ), Una O'Dwyer (Tipperary), Áine Codd ( Wexford ), Mary Leacy (Wexford), Ciara Gaynor (Tipperary), Therese Brophy (Tipperary), Kate Kelly (Wexford), Gemma O'Connor (Cork), Jennifer O'Leary (Cork), Maureen McAleenan ( Down ), Clare Grogan (Tipperary), Anne-Marie Hayes ( Galway ), Deirdre Hughes (Tipperary), Sinéad Millea ( Kilkenny ) 

#### 2008
Aoife Murray ( Cork ), Catríona Foley (Cork), Catríona O'Loughlin ( Wexford ), Trish O'Halloran ( Tipperary ), Michaela Morgan ( Offaly ), Sinéad Cahalan ( Galway ), Gemma O'Connor (Cork), Briege Corkery (Cork), Orla Cossicarway (Girse) Aoife Neary ( Kilkenny ), Sile Burns (Cork), Rachel Maloney (Cork), Jane Adams ( Antrim ) 

#### 2009
Aoife Murray ( Cork ), Regina McGlynn ( Galway ), Catríona Foley (Cork), Jacqui Frisby ( Kilkenny ), Anne-Marie Hayes (Galway), Mary O'Connor (Cork), Elaine Aylward (Kilkenny), Briege Corkery (Conrk), Ann Dalton (Kilkenny), Power (Kilkenny) (Cork), Therese Maher (Galway), Aoife Neary (Kilkenny), Gráinne McGoldrick ( Derry ), Rachel Maloney (Cork) 

## Manazarta
Rimoi National Reserve

**Rimoi National Reserve** wani wurin adana dabbobi ne da ke gundumar Elgeyo Marakwet, Kenya . Wannan ƙaramin wurin ajiyar dabbobi ne, wanda ya ƙunshi gidaje 66.&nbsp;km 2, kuma Hukumar Kula da Namun Daji ta Kenya ce ke kare shi. Yana kusa da Tafkin Kamnarock wanda ya bushe kwanan nan kuma yana cikin yankin kiyayewa wanda ya fi girmansa girma biyar. 

## Namun daji
A al'ada, manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa guda ɗaya tilo a Rimoi da Kamnarok su ne giwaye, waɗanda ke yawo a cikin kwarin da kuma hawa da sauka idan sun ga dama, bisa ga samuwar ruwa da abinci. Giwayen suna ciyarwa galibi da daddare. Ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa sun haɗa da dikdik, impala, alade mai ciyawa, warthog, birai, civet, genet, da pangolin. Dabbobin da ke rarrafe sun haɗa da; kada, Agama da sauran ƙadangare, kunkuru da macizai da yawa. A halin yanzu ana shinge wurin ajiyar (tare da barin hanyar shiga ga giwaye). Gwamnonin Elgeyo Marakwet da Baringo sun saki damisa talatin a cikin wurin ajiyar a cikin 2016 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin da Gwamnatin Gundumar Elgeyo Marakwet ta yi don sake gina wurin ajiyar. 

## Maidowa
An yi watsi da wurin ajiyar namun daji tsawon shekaru da yawa, har zuwa watan Afrilun 2015 lokacin da Gwamnatin gundumar Elgeyo Marakwet da Hukumar Kula da Namun Daji ta Kenya suka yi haɗin gwiwa wajen gyara wurin ajiyar namun daji. 

## Manazarta