open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Charles Button

**Charles Edward Button** (23 ga Agusta 1838 - 27 Disamba 1920) lauya ne, alkalin kotun koli, magajin garin Hokitika kuma daga baya Birkenhead, kuma dan majalisa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a New Zealand.An haife shi a Tasmania, ya zo New Zealand tare da matarsa ​​a 1863. Ya fara zama a Invercargill, sannan a Westland, kuma bayan ɗan lokaci a Christchurch, ya zauna a Auckland. Ya kasance dan majalisa na tsawon lokaci biyu, kuma lokacin da aka zabe shi a majalisa na farko, ya doke abokin aikinsa, abokinsa, abokin hamayyarsa na siyasa, daga bisani kuma Firimiya Richard Seddon; wannan shi ne kawai kayen da Seddon ya taɓa fuskanta a zaɓe.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Button a Launceston, Tasmania, a cikin 1838, ɗa na bakwai na Thomas Button.Mahaifinsa memba ne na majalisar karamar hukuma ta farko a Launceston, kuma kawunsa William Stammers Button shine Magajin garin Launceston na farko. Ya sami ilimi a Makarantar Sakandare ta Hobart sannan kuma an horar da shi a matsayin lauya a Douglas, Dawes da Miller a Launceston.Ya auri Louisa Cowell, 'yar Henry Cowell na Launceston, a cikin 1862.

## Ayyukan doka a New Zealand

## Manazarta
Ike Maphotho

**Isaac Lesiba Maphotho** (26 Fabrairu 1931 - 13 Yuli 2019) ɗan gwagwarmayar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata ne na Afirka ta Kudu, kuma jagoran juyin juya hali, jiga-jigan Congress National Congress (ANC) kuma tsohon soja Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK). Maphotho ya taɓa zama memba a majalisar dokokin lardin Limpopo.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Isaac Lesiba Maphotho a Ga-Makgato a lardin Transvaal na lokacin a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairun 1931. Ya kammala karatunsa na Standard 6 (Grade 8) a Makarantar Sakandare ta Uitkyk a 1952. Ba da daɗewa ba Maphotho ya ƙaura zuwa Pretoria daga baya a cikin wannan shekarar don neman aikin yi. Majalisar birnin Pretoria ce ta ɗauke shi aiki, yana aiki a Sashen Al'amuran 'Yan Asalin yanzu.

## Sana'a
Daga baya ya zama memba na ANC kuma sakamakon haka ya shirya jam'iyyar a yankunan Benoni da Atteridgeville. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka fara ɗaukar ma'aikata na kungiyar Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), wacce aka kafa a watan Disamba 1961. Maphotho ya shiga cikin ayyukan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na ANC kafin ya bar ƙasar don zuwa Dar es Salaam, Tanzania a ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairun 1961. ANC ta tura shi makarantar ƙasa da ƙasa ta Beirut a shekarar 1962. Ya koma Dar es Salaam a shekara ta 1963 kuma nan da nan aka tura shi horon soji a cikin Tarayyar Soviet da ta wargaje yanzu. 

Maphotho ta yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan rundunar Luthuli Detachment. Bayan kammala horo a shekarar 1965, an tura shi sansanin Kongwa a Tanzaniya, daga nan ya zama kwamanda har zuwa shekara ta 1967, kuma an ƙara masa girma zuwa muƙamin babban jami'in kula da sa ido na sashen. Jami'an tsaron Rhodesia sun kama shi a ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu 1968. An yanke masa hukuncin kisa a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta 1968 kuma an tsare shi a kurkukun Khami Maximum. Gwamnatin Firayim Minista Robert Mugabe ta sake shi a ranar 14 ga watan Mayu 1980. 

A shekarun 1980 ya yi balaguro zuwa ƙasashe daban-daban a lokacin da yake riƙe da muƙamin shugaban jam'iyyar ANC domin samun goyon bayan ƙasashen duniya ga jam'iyyar ANC kan gwamnatin wariyar launin fata. Maphotho ya koma Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1992. Ya yi aiki a gwamnatin lardin Limpopo kuma memba a majalisar dokokin lardin Limpopo. Ya taimaka ƙaddamar da Asusun Bursary na Limpopo Premier. Shugaba Thabo Mbeki ya ba shi lambar yabo ta Luthuli a cikin Azurfa a shekarar 2006.

## Mutuwa da martaba
Maphotho ya mutu ne saboda dalilai na halitta a farkon sa'o'in 13 ga watan Yuli 2019 a gidansa da ke Bendor, Polokwane. Kakakin jam'iyyar ANC na ƙasa, Pule Mabe, ya tabbatar da mutuwarsa. Ya rasu yana da shekaru 88 a duniya. Shugaba Cyril Ramaphosa ya bayyana a ranar 17 ga watan Yuli, 2019 cewa za a yi jana'izar Maphotho. An yi jana'izar sa a ranar 21 ga watan Yuli, 2019. Shugaba Ramaphosa ya gabatar da wannan yabo. Shi ne mutum na farko da aka yi jana’izarsa a sabon kafuwar sashen Heroes Acre na makabartar Silicon da ke Polokwane.     

Ana kiran reshen ANC Polokwane bayan Maphotho.

## Manazarta
Kinjikitile Ngwale

**Kinjikitile "Bokero" Ngwale,** wanda aka fi sani da Kinjeketile, (ya mutu a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta, 1905) ya kasance matsakaici na ruhaniya kuma shugaban tawayen Maji Maji na shekarar 1904-1905 da aka yi wa 'yan mulkin mallaka a Gabashin Afirka ta Jamus (Tanzania ta yanzu).

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Kinjikitile ɗan ƙabilar Matumbi ne, wanda ke zaune a yanzu gundumar Kilwa na yankin Lindi a Tanzaniya (sai Jamus ta Gabashin Afirka, daga baya Tanganyika). Matumbi sun yi addinin Musulunci na jama'a. A cikin shekarar 1904, Kinjikitile wanda ba a san shi ba a lokacin ya ɓace daga gidansa a Ngarambe. Ya dawo bayan ƴan kwanaki ya yi iƙirarin cewa wata matsafiya mai suna Hongo ce ta same shi, wanda aka yi imanin cewa yana kama da maciji.    Kinjikitile ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya yi magana da allahntakar Bokera ta wurin ruhun Hongo.  Ya ja hankalin mabiyansa da su yi watsi da bambance-bambancen ƙabilanci su haɗa kai da Jamusawa.  Sunan Kinjitkile ya ƙaru cikin sauri, inda ya jawo mabiya daga faɗin murabba'in kilomita 100,000 da yankin ya kewaye.  Ya gaya wa mabiyansa cewa kakanninsu sun umarce shi da ya jagoranci tawaye ga daular 'yan mulkin mallaka na Jamus.  Hakan ya taimaka wajen fara Tawayen Maji Maji.  Jagorancinsa ya yi nasara wajen haɗa kan al'ummomin ƙabilu daban-daban na Jamus ta Gabashin Afirka a wani yunkuri guda na adawa da mulkin mallaka, wanda ake ikirarin cewa shi ne magabaci na farko na asalin ƙasar Tanzaniya.  Kinjikitile ya bai wa mutanensa ‘ruwa mai tsarki’  wanda ya kunshi ruwa da aka gauraya da gero da man kasko  - da'awar cewa zai kare su daga harsashin Jamus.   Mabiyan nasa suna sanye da kututturen gero a goshinsu, kuma an sa musu kayan aiki da suka haɗa da bindigogin hula, mashi da kibau.  An yi la'akari da tawayen ya fara a ranar 20 ga watan Yuli 1905, tare da lalata alamar auduga da aka yi aiki tare da aikin tilastawa.  Bayan da gungun mutanen Matumbi suka kai hari gidan wani jami’in yankin a watan Yulin 1905, sojojin Jamus sun kama Kinjikitile. 

An rataye shi da laifin cin amanar ƙasa a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta, 1905.  Ɗan uwansa ya ci gaba da aikin Kinjikitile kuma tawayen ya ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 1907, inda aka kashe sama da 100,000  ko 200-300,000 na Afirka a cikin murkushe tawayen Jamus. His brother continued Kinjikitile's work and the rebellion continued until 1907, with over 100,000{{cite book | last = Boahen | first = A. Adu | title = Africa Under Colonial Domination, 1880-1935 | publisher = James Currey Publishers | year = 1990 | page = 80 | url =   'Yan Tanzaniya na yau suna ɗaukar tawayen da bai yi nasara ba shi ne farkon abin da ya haifar da kishin ƙasa, kuma Kinjikitile "Bokero" Ngwale jarumi ne na ƙasa. 

## liyafa
A cikin shekarar 1969, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo ɗan Tanzaniya Ebrahim Hussein ya rubuta wani shahararren wasan kwaikwayo a cikin harshen Swahili mai suna *Kinjeketile*, bisa ga Tawayen Maji Maji.

## Manazarta
Africanization

**Africanization** kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita wajen yin gangami na mayar da Afirka a ainihin yadda take tun kaka da kakanni musamman domin sake sunayen ƙasashe daga wanda turawan mulkin mallaka suka laƙaba mata.

## Sunayen Afirka
Afirka ta yi nuni da gyaran sunayen wurare da sunayen mutum don nuna asalin "Afirka". A wasu lokuta, canje-canje ba kawai na fassarar ba ne amma na sunan Turai.

A lokuta da yawa a lokacin mulkin mallaka, sunayen wuraren Afirka sun kasance Anglicized ko Francized.

### Sunayen wurare

#### Sunayen ƙasashe
Kasashe daban-daban na Afirka sun sami canje-canje a cikin karni na baya sakamakon karfafawa da rabuwa, yankuna da ke samun ikon mallaka, da canje-canje na mulki.

#### Sauran sunayen wurare

* Tsibirin Fernando Po ya canza zuwa Tsibirin Bioko
* Léopoldville ya canza zuwa Kinshasa
* Salisbury ya canza zuwa Harare
* Lourenço Marques ya canza zuwa Maputo
* Nova Lisboa ta canza zuwa Huambo
* Fort Lamy ya canza zuwa N'Djaména
* Tananarive ya canza zuwa Antananarivo
* Bathurst ya canza zuwa Banjul
* Santa Isabel / Port Clarence ya canza zuwa Malabo
* Élisabethville ta canza zuwa Lubumbashi
* Stanleyville ya canza zuwa Kisangani
* Luluabourg ya canza zuwa Kananga
* Ponthierville ya canza zuwa Ubundu
* Novo Redondo ya canza zuwa Sumbe
* Moçâmedes ya canza zuwa Namibe, amma ya canza zuwa Moçâmémedes a cikin 2016
* Abercorn ya canza zuwa MbalaMaɗaukaki
* Broken Hill ya canza zuwa Kabwe
* Fort Jameson ya canza zuwa Chipata
* Hartley ya canza zuwa Chegutu
* Fort Victoria ya canza zuwa Masvingo
* Yawancin wuraren da sunayensu sun samo asali ne daga Turai a Afirka ta Kudu sun sha wahala tun daga shekara ta 1994; duba Majalisar Sunayen Yankin Afirka ta Kudu.
* Port Elizabeth ya canza zuwa Gqeberha a cikin 2021.

### Sunayen mutum

* Joseph-Désiré Mobutu ya canza zuwa Mobutu Sese Seko
* François Tombalbaye ya canza zuwa N'N'Garta Tombalbaye
* Étienne Eyadéma ya canza zuwa Gnassingbé Eyadéma
* Francisco Macías Nguema ya canza zuwa Masie Nguema Biyogo Ñegue Ndong

Wani lokaci, ana iya amfani da canjin sunan don nuna canjin bangaskiya, wanda aka fi gani a cikin Islama.  (Dubi Sunan Musulunci.)  

Misalan:

* Albert-Bernard Bongo ya canza zuwa Omar Bongo
* Dawda Jawara ya canza zuwa David Jawara a 1953
* Jean-Bédel Bokassa ya canza zuwa Salah Eddine Ahmed Bokassa

## Afirka na ayyukan farar hula
A wasu ƙasashe bayan samun 'yancin kansu, "Africanisation" shine sunan da aka ba manufofin launin fata da kuma tabbatar da aiki, wanda aka yi niyyar kara yawan' yan asalin Afirka a cikin aikin gwamnati.

## Yanayi a cikin harsunan Afirka
An yi amfani da kalmar Africanization, wanda aka taƙaita a matsayin lambar "A12n," don tattaunawar duniya da haɓaka software da abun ciki a cikin Harsunan Afirka.
Johanna Mafuyana

**Johanna MaFuyana Nkomo** (Satumba 18 1927 – Yuni 3, 2003) 'yar ƙasar Zimbabwe ce a lokacin gwagwarmayar ‘yantar da ƙasar daga hannun ‘yan mulkin mallaka. Mutanen Zimbabwe ne suka yi mata laƙabi da Mama Mafayuna. 

## Rayuwar farko da ta sirri
An haifi MaFuyana a Matobo, Matebeleland South zuwa Paul Silwalume Fuyana da Maria Sithunzesibi Mbambo. An haife ta a gidan sarautar Nguni kuma ita ce babba ta biyu a cikin yara uku. Ta kammala karatun firamare a St. Joseph's Primary School. 

Ta yi aiki a matsayin matron a Dominican Sister's Convent a Bulawayo, inda ta haɗu da mai kishin ƙasa kuma marigayi mataimakin shugaban ƙasa Joshua Nkomo a shekarar 1949. Sun yi aure a cikin shekara guda. Ɗansu na fari ya rasu yana jariri. Sun haifi 'ya'ya huɗu.

## Gwagwarmaya
MaFuyana ta kasance mai biyayya ga mijinta kuma ta yi renon danginsu a lokacin da ya je yakin neman ‘yancin ƙasar, har ma a lokacin da ake tsare da shi. Ita ma MaFuyana ta shiga cikin turjiyar. 

MaFuyana ta kasance tana takurawa tsarin mulkin mallaka. An sha yi mata barazanar kama ta. Wani lokaci, ƴan makonni bayan ta haifi ƙaramin ɗanta, Sehlule, Reshe na Musamman na Rhodesian ya zo gidanta don kai farmaki. Ta jefa musu gwangwanin madarar madara a matsayin kare kai aka tsare ta.    An daure ta a wani sanannen Sansanin Ƙuntatawa na Gonakudzingwa. 

MaFuyana yai dauki ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwararru tare da isar da bayanai daga ƴan kishin ƙasa da aka ɗaure saboda turjiya. A watan Maris na shekarar 1977, bayanai sun zo cewa ‘yan mulkin mallaka, a karkashin marigayi Firayim Minista Ian Smith, na shirin yin garkuwa da ƙaramin yaronta a matsayin wani mataki na daukar fansa. An tilasta mata yin gudun hijira kuma ta zauna a Ingila da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Jamus na ɗan lokaci, waɗanda suka goyi bayan 'yancin kai na Zimbabwe. She was imprisoned at the notorious Gonakudzingwa Restriction Camp.

MaFuyana ta yi aiki tare da Gidauniyar Rayuwa da Ci gaban Yara har zuwa mutuwarta. Gidauniyar an shiryata ne domin tabbatar da jin daɗin yara marasa galihu a ƙasar ta Zimbabwe.

## Mutuwa
MaFuyana ta yi korafin ciwon ciki har sai da ta rasu ranar 3 ga watan Yunin 2003 a Bulawayo. Tana da shekaru 75 a duniya.  

An binne MaFuyana a Acre na Jarumi na ƙasa a Harare.  

## Manazarta
Jawabin Manufar N'sele

**Jawabin Manufar N'sele** (Faransanci: Manifeste de la N'sele) takarda ce ta siyasa da aka bayar a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (daga baya aka sake masa suna Zaire) a ranar 19  ko 20  Mayu 1967 wanda ya bayyana matsayin siyasa na Movement Popular of the Revolution (Mouvement Populaire de la Révolution, MPR), Jam'iyyar siyasa da Joseph-Désiré Mobutu ya kafa a 1966. An kirkiro wannan takardar ne a wani taron MPR a N'sele, Kinshasa inda aka kafa ta.

Manifesto na N'sele ya bayyana matsayin akidar MPR a matsayin haɗuwa da "Authenticité" da "Mobutism". Ya bayyana Mobutism a matsayin furcin kishin kasa na Kongo, kin amincewa da kabilanci da yanki, da kuma ra'ayi na "juyin juya hali".  Kasar da kuma tabbatar da 'yancin kai yana da mahimmanci ga takardar. Manifesto na N'sele ya kuma tsara manufar gwamnati wanda ya haɗa da fadada ikon gwamnatin ƙasa, shirin da aka himmatu ga inganta matsayin ma'aikata, kiyaye 'yancin kai na tattalin arziki, da kuma kirkirar "masu kishin kasa na ainihi".Ya ba da izinin kirkirar jam'iyya daya a cikin kasar a matsayin hanyar adawa da siyasa don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen siyasa da akidar da ta nuna Rikicin Kongo (1960-65).

Muhimmanci a cikin mahallin Yaƙin Cold, Manifesto na N'sele ya ki amincewa da Kwaminisanci da jari-hujja kamar yadda ba "ainihin" akidar Kongo ba. Ya yi kira ga manufofin "tsayayyar tsaka-tsaki" a cikin Manufofin kasashen waje.

## Bayanan da aka ambata

### Bayanan littattafai
*
*

## Haɗin waje
* 
*  (Illustrated edition.)
* Manifesto of N'sele (Only English Translation)
Yunkurin Adalci a Afirka

**Movement for Justice in Africa** (**MOJA**)  kungiya ce ta siyasa ta Afirka a Laberiya,  tare da surori a Ghana da Gambiya.Togba Nah Tipoteh ne ya kafa shi a shekara ta 1973, wanda a halin yanzu shi ne shugabanta.

## Laberiya
Mambobin farko sun Da. da Henry Boimah Fahnbulleh, Dew Tuan-Wreh Mason, da Amb. Conmany B. Wesseh Sr, wanda a halin yanzu sanata ne wanda ke wakiltar River Gee County.  Amos Sawyer, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Gwamnatin wucin gadi ta hadin kan kasa (IGNU) a cikin 1990-94, da kuma Kukoi Samba Sanyang, mai juyin juya halin Gambiya wanda ya kasance daya daga cikin shugabannin yunkurin juyin mulki a Banjul a cikin shekara ta 1981. 

MOJA ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a gwagwarmayar adalci da dimokuradiyya a Laberiya. Ayyukanta na wayar da kan jama'a a cikin shekarun 1970s sun ɗaga fahimtar siyasa ta ƙasa zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba, suna sa yawancin matalauta na birane da yankunan karkara da sassan soja. Haɓakar fahimtar siyasa da tashin hankali da ya haifar ya haifar da rushewar oligarchy wanda ya mallaki Laberiya a hanyar mulkin mallaka sama da ƙarni guda.

## Gambiya
Wani Tarihin zamani na Afirka a Gambiya ya bayyana cewa kungiyar Movement for Justice in Africa (Moja-G) [1] ta buga wata jarida ta karkashin kasa, The Voice of the Future . An gurfanar da kungiyar ne saboda buga jaridar karkashin kasa, amma shugabannin Moja-G sun tsere wa gurfanar. Ya sami goyon baya daga matasa marasa farin ciki a cikin garin Banjul-Serrekunda. Kungiyar ta kai hari ga Jam'iyyar People's Progressive Party (PPP) da kuma mulkin mallaka na kasar. Littafin Europa, Afirka ta Kudu ta Sahara 1989, ya kara bayyana cewa Moja-G yana da alaƙa da akidar da ke da wannan sunan a Laberiya, wanda ya yi aiki don hambarar da mulkin Tolbert a wannan ƙasar.

MOJA ya ragu sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan; amma a farkon 2007, an fara kokarin da aka yi don farfado da motsi. Kungiyar ta yi aiki a matsayin ƙungiyar Marxist mai son kanta, ta ƙi adawar majalisa a matsayin mara amfani kuma ta ba da shawarar matakan siyasa masu tsanani. A cikin Gambiya Pre-Crisis phase of political evolution (Fabrairu 18, 1965 - Oktoba 26, shekara ta 1980), bayan jam'iyyar siyasa ta PPP ta lashe zaben, Koro Sallah ne ya kafa Movement for Justice in Africa - Gambiya (MOJA-Gambiya) a cikin shekara ta 1979 a matsayin wani ɓangare na martani ga PPP.Koyaya, a lokacin Crisis Phase (Oktoba 27, 1980 - Fabrairu 8,shekara ta  1985), ƙungiyoyin adawa guda biyu, MOJA-Gambia da Gambia Socialist Revolutionary Party (GSRP) karkashin jagorancin Pingon Georges, Shugaba Jawara ya dakatar da su saboda shiga cikin tawaye a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, shekara ta 1980. Kungiyoyin masu adawa da Degenhardt's Revolutionary sun bayyana cewa hukumomi suna binciken kungiyar don ƙone jiragen ruwa a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Gambiya. Sun kuma bayyana cewa an kashe Koro Sallah, wanda ya kafa Moja-G, a wani yunkurin juyin mulki a watan Yulin shekara ta 1981.

MOJA ta shiga cikin zaɓe a ƙarƙashin sunan Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Laberiya. 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Sheba Tavarwisa

**Sheba Tavarwisa** (an haife shi 1 ga Agusta 1946  ) tsohuwar soja ce daga Zimbabwe. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan kwamandojin mata na farko a ɓangaren soja na kungiyar haɗin kan Afirka ta Zimbabwe (ZANLA), waɗanda suka jagoranci juyin juya hali a ƙasar kan 'yan mulkin mallaka. 

## Juyin Juya Hali
Tavarwisa ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar makarantar firamare har sai da ta tafi ta shiga kungiyar 'yantar da 'yancin kai ta Zimbabwe (ZANLA) domin fafutukar kwato ƙasar. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin jiga-jigan farko kuma mata na farko kwamandojin tafiyar.  Aikinta na farko shi ne ɗaukar makamai daga Zambiya zuwa Mozambique zuwa fagen daga a Zimbabwe (tsohuwar Rhodesia). Ita ce kuma ta ɗauki nauyin yaɗa harkar. Ta ba da haɗin kai musamman a tsakanin manoma don samun goyon bayansu.  Tavarwisa ta kuma tabbatar da cewa ba a cin zarafin mata da ke sansanin ba. 

Tavarwisa ta horar da membobi, ta gudanar da ayyuka kuma ta jagoranci tawaye a matsayin kwamanda yayin da take kula da 'ya'yanta. 

A shekarar 1978, Tavarwisa ta zama mataimakiyar sakataren ilimi na ZANU.  Ta samu matsayi ta zama mamba a jam'iyyar ZANU mai yanke shawara mai girma.   Ta shiga cikin dabarun tsarawa kuma ita ce mace tilo a cikin wasu 27. Baya ga kasancewarta mamba a sashen mata na ZANU, an zaɓe ta a matsayin ta zama a kwamitin tsakiya na kungiyar. 

Malami kuma ɗan siyasa Fay Chung, wanda shi ma ɗan jam'iyyar ZANU ne, ya yi tsokaci kan Tavarwasa cewa:  
 
"Ita kaɗai ce kwamandan sansani da na sani wacce ta ƙi yarda da wannan tsarin cin zarafin wasu matasan mata da suka shiga gwagwarmayar, da dama daga cikinsu saboda kyakkyawan niyya da sadaukarwa, ita ce Sheba Tavarwisa — babbar shugabar mata kuma ɗaya daga cikin farkon 'yan gwagwarmayar mata da aka fi girmamawa. Shugaba ce mai ƙwarewa da hikima, wacce ta samu damar kiyaye mutuncinta duk da cewa tana da cikakken amincewar Tongogara. Duk da haka, kullum tana ƙin yarda da buƙatunsa na neman mata. Josiah Tongogara ya girmama haɗakar nata ta 'yancin kai da aminci."
— Dr. Fay Chung

## Mutuwa
Tavarwisa ta mutu a ranar 3 ga watan Yuni 1994. 

An binne ta ne a gidansu na ƙauyen Gutu. Ba a amince da ita a matsayin jaruma ba,   wanda ya sa jami'in ZANU-PF na lardin Mapiye Wekwete ya yi wa marigayi mataimakin shugaban ƙasa Simon Muzenda tambayoyi game da sharuɗɗa na amincewa da tsoffin sojojin majagaba.

Abokan aiki maza da yawa waɗanda daga baya suka shiga gwagwarmaya har ma da waɗanda mata na farko suka horar da su kamar Tavarwisa an ba su matsayin gwaraza kuma an binne su a Acre na Jaruman ƙasa.

## Manazarta
Dokokin Abarkatun ruwa

Dokokin albarkatun ruwa (a wasu hukunce-hukuncen, an taƙaita su zuwa “dokar ruwa”) fanni ne na doka da ke da alaƙa da mallakar, sarrafawa, da amfani da ruwa a matsayin albarkatu. Yana da kusanci da dokar dukiya, kuma ya bambanta da dokokin da ke kula da ingancin ruw].

## Kaidojin tafiyar da ruwa
Ruwa yana ko'ina kuma baya mutunta iyakokin siyasa. Dokokin albarkatun ruwa na iya aiki ga kowane yanki na hydrosphere akan abin da za a iya yin da'awar don dacewa ko kula da ruwa don yin wata manufa. Irin waɗannan ruwan sun haɗa da, amma ba'a iyakance ga:

Ruwan saman-tafkuna, koguna, koguna, tekuna, da dausayi;

Ruwan da ke gudana a saman ƙasa—gaba ɗaya ruwan da ke ratsa ƙasar daga ruwan sama, ruwan ambaliya, da narkewar dusar ƙanƙara kafin ruwan ya kai ga magudanan ruwa, tabkuna, dausayi, ko teku;

Ruwan ƙasa-musamman ruwan da ke cikin magudanan ruwa.

## Tarihi
Tarihin dangantakar mutane da ruwa ya kwatanta hanyoyi daban-daban na sarrafa albarkatun ruwa. "Lipit Ishtar da Ur Nammu dukansu sun ƙunshi tanadin ruwa, kafin Hammurabi da aƙalla shekaru 250, kuma sun ba da ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi na yau da kullun waɗanda aka gina Code Hammurabi." Code of Hammurabi yana ɗaya daga cikin rubutaccen dokokin da aka rubuta don magance matsalolin ruwa, kuma wannan lambar ta haɗa da gudanar da amfani da ruwa. A lokacin da aka rubuta lambar a tsohuwar Mesopotamiya, wayewar da ke kewaye da ita ta dogara ga kogin Tigris da Furat don tsira. A sakamakon haka, shugabannin sun bukaci su samar da tsarin magudanar ruwa da na ban ruwa don biyan bukatunsu na ruwa. Sarki Hammurabi na Babila ya ƙirƙira wannan lambar kimanin shekaru 3,800 da suka wuce.

## Manazarta
Johnson Mlambo

**Johnson Phillip Mlambo** (22 Fabrairu 1940 - 9 Janairu 2021) ɗan siyasan Afirka ta Kudu ne ɗan gwagwarmaya  daga Johannesburg Afrika ta Kudu.

## Gwagwarmaya da aikin siyasa
Ya shiga jam'iyyar Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) a kafuwarta a shekarar 1959, ya zama shugaban reshe a Daveyton. A cikin shekarar 1962, shekaru biyu bayan dakatar da shi, ya tafi hedkwatar ƙarƙashin kasa a Maseru, inda ya kasance cikin shirye-shiryen abin da ake kira "Shekarar Kaddara" da ake shirin yi a shekarar 1963.

An kama shi a ranar 31 ga watan Maris 1963, tare da abokan aiki bakwai, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 20 a gidan yari, kuma aka kai shi tsibirin Robben. A tsibirin, ya fuskanci cin zarafi daga masu kula da kurkuku, ciki har da binne shi da rai har zuwa wuyansa, kuma ya yi fitsari. Wannan da sauran nau'ikan musgunawa an fallasa su ga al'ummomin duniya, sun zo gaban babban taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, kuma sun haifar da wasu gyare-gyare na yanayi. 

Bayan an sake shi a ranar 20 ga watan Yuni 1983, ya koma PAC, kuma ya shafe kusan kwanaki goma tare da iyalinsa kafin ya bar ƙasar ya shiga PAC a gudun hijira. An naɗa shi Sakataren Harkokin Waje kuma, bayan mutuwar John Nyathi Pokela, an naɗa shi shugaba da kwamandan rundunar sojojin 'yantar da jama'ar Azaniya (APLA), reshen soja na PAC, daga ranar 12 ga watan Agusta 1985 har zuwa shekara ta 1990.  Ya yi Mataimakin Shugaban Hukumar PAC daga shekarun 1990 zuwa 1994. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa
Shi ne kawun alkali Dunstan Mlambo. 

Ya mutu sakamakon COVID-19 yayin ɓarkewar cutar ta COVID-19 a Afirka ta Kudu, da safiyar ranar 9 ga watan Janairu, 2021, bayan an kwantar da shi a asibiti ranar da ta gabata.

## Kara karantawa

* Mlambo yayi magana a gaban kwamitin gaskiya da sulhu 

## Manazarta
Baƙar Tauraruwar Afirka

**Bakar Tauraron Afirka bakar** tauraro ce mai nuni biyar ( ★ ) wacce ke wakiltar Afirka gaba daya da Ghana musamman. Layin Black Star, wanda Marcus Garvey ya kafa a shekarar 1919 a matsayin wani bangare na yunkurin Back-to-Africa, ya tsara sunansa a kan layin White Star Line, yana canza launi daga fari zuwa baki don nuna alamar mallakar baƙar fata maimakon fararen fata. Baƙar fata tauraro ya zama alamar Pan-Africanism da anti-colonialism. An bayyana shi a matsayin "Lodestar of African Freedom", Theodosia Okoh yayi amfani da baƙar fata a cikin Shekara ta 1957 a cikin ƙirar Tutar Ghana. 

## Ghana
'Yan Ghana sun dauki Black Star a matsayin tambarin Ghana maimakon Afirka gaba daya.  Kazalika a kan tutar, tauraruwar ta bayyana a kan rigar makamai; a kofar Black Star da ke dandalin Black Star a babban birnin kasar Accra;  da kuma kan kujerar gwamnati a majalisa, wanda shugaban kasa ke zaune a kan bukukuwa. Ana yiwa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Ghana lakabi da "Black Stars". Tutar gidan tsohon jirgin ruwan Ghana, Black Star Line, shi ma ya nuna tauraro. 
Fayil:Flag_of_Ghana.svg|alt=Flag of Ghana| Tutar Ghana
Fayil:Coat_of_arms_of_Ghana.svg|alt=Coat of arms of Ghana| Jirgin ruwan Ghana
Fayil:Black_Star_Monument,_Accra,_Ghana.JPG| Black Star Gate, Accra
Fayil:Civil_Air_Ensign_of_Ghana.svg|alt=Civil air ensign of Ghana| Jirgin farar hula na Ghana
Fayil:Flag_of_Ghana_(1964–1966).svg|alt=Flag of Ghana (1964–66)| Tutar Ghana (1964–66)
Fayil:House_Flag_of_the_Black_Star_Line_(Ghana).svg|alt=House flag of Ghana's former national shipping carrier, the Black Star Line| Tutar gidan tsohon jirgin ruwa na Ghana, Black Star Line


## Wani wuri
Har ila yau, Black Star na cikin tutar jam'iyyar Afrika ta 'yancin cin gashin kai na Guinea da Cape Verde (PAIGC) wadda aka kafa tutar Guinea-Bissau da tsohuwar tutar Cape Verde . Tutar São Tomé da Principe ta ƙunshi launukan Pan-African Habasha tare da taurari baƙar fata guda biyu, ɗaya na São Tomé da Principe .  Tutar kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka na da tauraro bakar fata guda uku, daya ga kowace kasa memba. Black Star Industries, mai suna bayan Black Star Line, kasuwanci ne mai alaƙa da Jam'iyyar Socialist ta Jama'ar Afirka . 
Fayil:Flag_of_PAIGC.svg|alt=PAIGC flag| Farashin PAIGC
Fayil:Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg|alt=Flag of Guinea-Bissau| Tutar Guinea-Bissau
Fayil:Emblem_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg|alt=Emblem of Guinea-Bissau| Alamar Guinea-Bissau
Fayil:Roundel_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg|alt=Roundel of the Guinea-Bissau air force| Roundel na sojojin saman Guinea-Bissau
Fayil:Flag_of_Cape_Verde_(1975-1992).svg|alt=Flag of Cape Verde (1975–92)| Tutar Cape Verde (1975–92)
Fayil:Flag_of_São_Tomé_and_Príncipe.svg|alt=Flag of São Tomé and Príncipe| Tutar Sao Tomé and Principe
Fayil:Flag_of_Somaliland.svg|alt=Flag of Somaliland| Tutar Somaliland
Fayil:Flag_of_Suriname_(proposal_3).svg|alt=Flag of Suriname (proposal 3)| Tutar Suriname (shawara ta 3)
Fayil:Flag_of_the_Union_of_African_States_(1961-1962).svg|alt=Union of African States flag (1961–62)| Tutar Tarayyar Afirka (1961-62)
Fayil:Flag_of_the_UFEFCF.svg|alt=UFEFCF flag| Tutar UFEFC


## Magana
Brothers in the Saddle (fim)

**Brothers in the Saddle** fim ne na Yammacin Amurka a shekarar 1949 wanda Lesley Selander ya ba da umarni. Virginia Cox ta fara fitowa a fina-finai.

## Labarin
Tim Taylor wani mai sanya hular malfa (cowboy) ya na ƙoƙarin shawo kan ƙanensa, Steve, wanda ya kashe wani mutum a kokarin kare kansa, wanda hakan ya zama mai laifi dalilin kisan.

## Yan wasan shirin
* Tim Holt a matsayin Tim Taylor
* Steve Brodie a matsayin Steve Taylor
* Richard Martin a matsayin Chito Rafferty
* Virginia Cox kamar Nancy Austin
* Carol Forman

## Bita
An ruwaito kamfanin RKO wanda ya shirya fim ɗin ya yi asarar kuɗi kimanin dalar Amurika $35,000.

## Manazarta
Kaipkire

**Kaipkire** jarumar mace ce ta mutanen Herero na Kudancin Afirka a ƙarni na 18.

Kaipkire ta jagoranci dakarun adawa da 'yan kasuwa masu cikinikin  bayi na Burtaniya,  kuma ana yin bikin ne a tsakanin mutanen Herero.  An san ta a Namibia a matsayin "mace mai almara kuma mai adawa ko faɗa da masu cinikin bayi, 

## Manazarta
Elizabeth Strout

Elizabeth Strout (an Haife shi Janairu 6, 1956) marubuciya ce Ba’amurke kuma marubuci. An san ta da yawa don ayyukanta na almara na wallafe-wallafen da kuma yadda ta bayyana. An haife ta kuma ta girma a Portland, Maine, kuma abubuwan da ta samu a lokacin ƙuruciyarta sun zama abin ƙarfafawa ga litattafanta - almara "Shirley Falls, Maine" shine saitin litattafan litattafanta guda huɗu.

Littafin labari na farko na Strout, Amy and Isabelle (1998), ya gamu da yabo da yabo sosai, ya zama fitaccen mai siyar da kayayyaki na ƙasa, kuma an daidaita shi cikin fim ɗin da ke tauraro Elisabeth Shue. Littafin littafinta na biyu, Abide with Me (2006), ta sami yabo mai mahimmanci amma a ƙarshe an kasa gane ta har zuwa farkon littafinta na farko. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, Strout ya rubuta kuma ya buga Olive Kitteridge (2008), don cin nasara mai mahimmanci da kasuwanci, yana tara kusan dala miliyan 25 tare da kwafin sama da miliyan ɗaya da aka sayar har zuwa Mayu 2017. Littafin ya sami lambar yabo ta Pulitzer na 2009 don almara. An daidaita littafin zuwa cikin ƙaramin jerin lambobin yabo na Emmy Award kuma ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwar New York Times

Shekaru biyar bayan haka, ta buga The Burgess Boys (2013), wanda ya zama mafi kyawun siyar da ƙasa. Sunana Lucy Barton (2016) an sadu da yabo na duniya    [4] kuma ya mamaye jerin masu siyar da New York Times. Daga baya Lucy Barton ta zama babban jigo a cikin littafin Strout's 2017, Komai Zai yuwu, tarin labarun da aka danganta game da garin Lucy Barton ya fito, kodayake Lucy ta bayyana a taƙaice a cikin littafin. An buga wani mabiyi na Olive Kitteridge, mai suna Zaitun, Again, a cikin 2019. Oh, William! littafi na uku na Lucy Barton, an buga shi a watan Oktoba na 2021. Ta ci lambar yabo ta Siegfried Lenz a 2022. Ƙarin litattafai a cikin jerin Lucy Barton, Lucy by the Sea da Tell Me Komai, an buga su a cikin 2022 da 2024; na karshen kuma yana nuna zaitun da sauran haruffa daga litattafan da suka gabata na Strout.

## Manazarta
Kert campaign

Yakin Kert (Spanish) rikici ne a arewacin Morocco tsakanin Spain da Rif *harkas* mai tayar da kayar baya ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mohammed Ameziane, wanda ya yi kira ga *[[jihadi]]* a kan mamayar  Spaniya a gabashin Rif. Ya faru ne tsakanin shekarun 1911 da 1912.

## Tarihi
Yaƙin ya ga gabatarwar  ("sojoji na yau da kullum"), wanda Dámaso Berenguer ya ƙirƙira ranar 30 ga watan Yuni 1911.

Yaƙin  ya biyo bayan tawaye da Mohammed Ameziane, caïd na Segangan, ya fara, wanda ya yi kira ga *[[jihadi]]* kuma ya kai farmaki ga Spaniya da ƙabilun da ke da abokantaka da su.  Bayan wani hari kan wani ruƙuni na ma'aikatan soji na Spaniya da ke gudanar da ayyukan taswirar wuri a wani matsayi kusa da Ishafen (kusa da kogin Kert) yakin  na Spain ya fara ne a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta. Duk da haka an riga an harbe wani ɓangare na Spaniya a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni.

Bayan ziyarar Melilla, Ministan Yakin Spaniya Agustín Luque ya karɓi ragamar ayyukan a ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba, kuma gwagwarmayar ta haifar da asarar da yawa ga ɓangarorin biyu, mutuwar 64 da 204 da suka jikkata a ɓangaren Spain. A ranar 14 ga watan Oktoba 1911 Janar Salvador Díaz Ordóñez aka kashe a cikin aiki kuma wani shafi da  ya umarta. ya mutu 33 kuma 105 sun jikkata.

Sojojin Spain sun ɗauki matsayin Al Aaroui (*Monte Arruit*) a ranar 18 ga watan Janairu 1912. 

Spaniya sun ƙare yaƙin ne bayan kashe Ameziane da ƴan ƙasar suka yi a ranar 15 ga watan Mayu 1912. [Mohammed Sidi Baracca ya maye gurbinsa amma ba da jimawa ba ya miƙa wuya.  Asarar da Spaniya suka yi a wancan lokacin sun kai kusan 500 da aka kashe kuma 1,900 suka jikkata.  An shinfiɗa layin sarrafa Sipaniya zuwa kogin Kert kuma sabbin iyakoki na yankin da Spaniya suka mamaye sun haɗa da haɗa ɗakunan Berber na Ait Sidel da Ait Bu-Gafar. 

## Duba kuma

* Yaƙin Hispano-Maroko (1859-1860)
* Kamfen na farko na Melillan
* Kamfen na biyu na Melillan

### Manazarta

### Ƙara karantawa

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Tarihi na juriyar Jamus ga Nazism

Tattaunawar tarihi kan batun a kan Widerstand sau da yawa yana ba da muhawara mai tsanani game da yanayi, girman da tasirin juriya a cikin Mulki na Uku. Musamman, muhawara ta mayar da hankali kan abin da za a ayyana a matsayin Faɗakarwa (juriya).

## Nan da nan bayan yakin
A cikin Tarayyar Jamus da Jamhuriyar Demokaradiyyar Jamus, an yi amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar Widerstand bayan 1949 a matsayin hanyar ba da izini ga jihohin Jamus guda biyu masu hamayya. A Gabashin Jamus, an mayar da hankali ne ba tare da kunya ba game da bikin KPD, wanda aka wakilta a matsayin kawai mai adawa da Fascist a Jamus; An yi watsi da juriyar da ba na gurguzu ba ko kuma an rage ta. A Jamus ta Gabas, aikin tarihi kan abin da ya shafi Widerstand ya kasance da siyasa sosai kuma an bayyana membobin jam'iyyar KPD a matsayin jarumai. Gabaɗaya sautin aikin Gabashin Jamus akan wannan batu an taƙaita shi da gabatarwar littafin Die deutsche antifaschistische Widerstandsbewegung na 1974, wanda ya bayyana cewa: "Ƙungiyar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar fascist ta Jamus, musamman KPD da dakarun da ke da alaƙa da ita, sun ƙunshi layin ci gaba na manufofin Jamus. Mafi daidaituwar siyasa na siyasa, da tsarin mulkin KPD na farko, ya aiwatar da tsarin mulkin kama-karya na KPD na wannan rana. Centrally directed gwagwarmaya da daular mulkin ... Bayanin nasarar da masu adawa da mulkin Fascist suka yi bayan rushewar mulkin fasikanci da Tarayyar Soviet, da sauran jihohi na kawancen Anti-Hitler, da shan kashi na mulkin mallaka na Jamus shine wanzuwar GDR wanda gadon mafi kyawun al'ummar Jamus da suka ba da rayukansu a gwagwarmayar antifas ya tabbata.

## Manazarta
Efthimios Karamitsos

Efthimios Karamitsos (an haife shi 1 ga Agusta 1956 a Sykea, Girka) malamin karate ne na Jamus (Dan 8) kuma marubucin littattafan wasanni daban-daban.

Sana'a
Karamitsos ya fara karatun likitanci a 1975 a Italiya. A lokaci guda ya horar da Karate tare da Perlati da Hiroshi Shiri. A kasar Jamus ya karanci kimiyyar wasanni a Frankfurt am Main kuma ya ci gaba da horar da Hideo Ochi da Yasukasu Murai. Ya yi nasara a gasa. Manyan nasarorin da ya samu su ne a fagen kata misali; 1980 wuri na 3 a gasar cin kofin duniya a Bremen, Jamus.

Yana koyar da karate a dojo BudoCenter a Frankfurt am Main, Bornheim, kuma yana daukar nauyin horo na kasa da kasa.

## Manazarta
Tawayen Khaua-Mbandjeru

**Tawayen Khaua-Mbandjeru** wani tawaye ne na 'yan Afirka a Jamus ta Kudu maso yammacin Afirka wanda ya faru a shekara ta 1896. Tawayen ya kasance kafin kisan kare dangi na Herero da Namaqua, wanda ya fara a kusan 1904. 

A cikin 1894, an nada Theodor Leutwein a matsayin kwamishinan Jamus na Afirka ta Kudu. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukansa shi ne kafa ikon Jamus a ko'ina cikin mulkin mallaka. Wannan aikin ya tsoma baki tare da tsarin kabilanci na mutanen gida. Jim kadan kafin wannan, an sami wani ɗan kasuwa Bajamushe da aka kashe a yankin Khauas Nama da ke kusa da Naosanabis ( Leonardville na yau). Lokacin da Curt von François, magajin Leutwein, ya bukaci a mika mai kisan gilla ga hukumomin Jamus, shugaban Khaua, Andreas Lambert, ya ƙi. Bugu da ƙari, Khaua sun kai hari ga wata ƙungiyar ƙabila a Bechuanaland, wadda ke ƙarƙashin kariyar Jamus. Leutwein ya yanke shawarar yin misali na Khaua.

A cikin Fabrairu 1894 Leutwein ya jagoranci dakaru ɗari zuwa ƙasashen Khaua, sannan ya fara tattaunawa. A watan Maris, Andries Lambert da aka kama ya amince da sharuddan kuma ya amince da ikon Jamus, da kuma amincewa da mayar da shanu zuwa Bechuanaland da kuma mika makamai. Daga bisani, an sake Lambert, amma, maimakon mika makamai, ya yi ƙoƙari ya tsere tare da dukan kabilar. 

An kama Lambert kuma daga baya aka kashe shi. Ana ganin wannan shi ne karon farko da sojojin mulkin mallaka na Jamus suka yi wa wani shugaban gargajiya na Namibiya.  Littattafan tarihi sun nuna cewa Leutwein ya yi niyya don kafa misali ga ƙabilun da suka fi ƙarfin kada su tsaya a kan hanyarsa.  Bayan faruwar wannan lamari, Leutwein ya gana da sauran 'yan kabilar don kafa sharuddan yarjejeniyar "kariya". Tare da ɗan'uwan Lambert yana aiki a matsayin mai mulki, kabilar sun yarda da sharuɗɗan Leutwein. Yarjejeniyar ta hana su yin yaki ko satar shanu. Za a kwace makamansu kuma a rike har sai kabilar ta nuna "halayen natsuwa". Jamusawa ne suka sayi dawakansu da kuɗin da za a gabatar da magajin Lambert. An mayar da shanun da aka sace zuwa Bechuana wadanda za a bar su su zauna a yankunan da suka yi hayar a baya daga Khaua. 

Ba tare da wata al'adar kiwon shanu ba da kuma hana yiwuwar farauta da kai musu hari, Khaua ba ta da wata hanyar rayuwa ta tattalin arziki nan take. Canje-canjen kwatsam da tsattsauran ra'ayi da Leutwein ya aiwatar ya haifar da rugujewar ƙabilar a matsayin ƙungiyar zamantakewa mai haɗin kai. Membobinta "sun warwatse cikin fursunonin yaki da sansanonin tilastawa aiki kuma sun rasa dukkan yankunansu." 

## Tashe-tashen hankula na asali da sakamakonsu a zamanin Leutwein, 1896-1903

## Magana
William Duckett

William Duckett (1768-1841) ɗan jarida ne mai tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma ɗan ƙasar Irish ɗan United ne mai aiki a birnin Paris, wanda wasu a cikin jamhuriyar jama'a ke zarginsa da kasancewa ɗan leƙen asirin gwamnatin Burtaniya.

An haife shi a Killarney, County Kerry, an aika shi zuwa Kwalejin Irish a Paris, kuma ya sami malanta a Sainte-Barbe, sannan Abbé Badnel ya jagoranta. Bai karɓi umarni ba kuma ya bar kwalejin mako guda bayan guguwar Bastille (14 Yuli 1789) [1] wanda ɗan'uwan ɗan Irish James Bartholomew Blackwell ya san ya shiga.

A cikin 1794, lokacin da aka kama William Jackson, wakilin Kwamitin Tsaron Jama'a ga United Irishmen a Dublin, Duckett shine mai ɗaukar rayuka 14,000 zuwa babban birnin Irish daga kwamitin don kare shi.

A Ireland, Duckett ya ba da gudummawa ga takardar Belfast na ƙungiyar United, Tauraruwar Arewa, a ƙarƙashin sunan alkalami "Junius Redivivus". Waɗannan wasiƙun, bisa ga asusun nasa, sun sa ya zama mai hankali ya bar Ireland, kuma a cikin 1796 yana Paris. Tone, wanda shi ma yana birnin Paris, ya dauke shi a matsayin dan leƙen asiri, kuma ya koka da cewa ya yi masa katanga ne ta hanyar mika wa gwamnatin Faransa wasiƙun da dama game da ƙasar Ireland, cewa a kullum ya ke tsallaka hanyarsa a cikin gidan minista, ya yi ƙoƙarin tilasta masa zance, kuma ta hanyar yi masa magana da Ingilishi ya ci amanar rashin saninsa. Lokacin da, ƙari, Tone ya isa tare da Hoche a Brest, Duckett yana can, yana nufin ya bi su, amma ba a yarda ya hau ba. Masanin tarihi Richard Hayes ya danganta Tone's

## Manazarta
Tuan Muhamad Faim Bin Tuan Zainal Abidin

Tuan Muhamad Faim Bin Tuan Zainal Abidin (an haife shi a shekara ta 1991) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Malaysia wanda a halin yanzu wakili ne mai 'yanci. Shi mai tsaron gida ne wanda zai iya aiki a matsayin baya na dama.

## Aikikn kungiya
Kelantan FA

Faim ya fara buga wasan kwallon kafa a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Kelantan FA kafin daga bisani a kara masa girma zuwa babbar kungiyar a shekarar 2012.

MOF F.C.

A cikin Mayu 2016, Faim ya shiga ƙungiyar FAM League ta Malaysia MOF F.C. a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen kakar wasa.

Kididdigar kulob

Har zuwa 25 Satumba 2016.
Dutsen carp

Dutsen Carp (wanda kuma aka fi sani da Carp Ridge) ƙananan tsaunuka ne na tsaunuka tsakanin kwaruruka marasa zurfi na Kogin Carp da Constance Creek, gabaɗaya a cikin West Carleton-March Ward na babban birnin Kanada, Ottawa, Ontario. Yana gudana kusan daga Kinburn Side Road kudu maso gabas zuwa ƙauyen Carp da Dutsen Kudancin Maris a Titin Maris.

Tsaunukan suna rufe kusan hekta 4,000 (kadada 10,000)  kuma galibi ba a ci gaba ba. Dutsen shi ne tsawo na Garkuwar Kanada, tare da shimfidar wuri wanda ke da alaƙa da gaurayawan ciyayi na dutse, ciyawar ciyawa, marshes, tafkuna masu yawa mara zurfi, da facin dazuzzuka masu girma. An kwatanta yanayin ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan yanayinsa da filin shakatawa na Gatineau na kusa kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin "jauhari na muhalli".  

Ana amfani da Rijiyar Carp don yin tafiye-tafiye, farauta, ƙetare ƙetare, da kuma hawan dusar ƙanƙara.[5] Daga cikin 'yan hanyoyin tafiya da tafiya a kan tudu akwai hanyar Carp Barrens, hanya mai nisan kilomita 3 (1.9 mi) kudu da Thomas Dolan Parkway, hanyar Crazy Horse, hanyar madauki mai tsawon kilomita 6.2 (3.9 mi) wanda ya fara daga Maris Road, da kuma hanyoyi a Hidden Lake Park a ƙauyen Carp.

## Geology

Tsaunuka wani yanki ne na gadon gado na Precambrian, na musamman a cikin birnin Ottawa, wanda in ba haka ba yana da ɗan lebur. Ilimin yanayin kasa yana da sarkakiya, wanda ya ƙunshi gneiss, granite, da ma'adinan marmara, kuma yana tallafawa nau'ikan halittun ciyayi-ƙasa, kamar manyan dazuzzukan dazuzzuka da gauraye da gandun daji mai gauraye, waɗanda ba su da yawa a yankin da kudu maso gabashin Ontario. Yawanci ga Garkuwar Kanada, tana da ƙasa mai jujjuyawa tare da magudanar ruwa da ba ta dace ba da kuma bakin ƙasa mai bakin ciki tare da ciyayi mara kyau. Wani sashe na tuddai, Carp Barrens, wanda aka bazu tare da bangarorin biyu na Thomas Dolan Parkway, yana da alaƙa da "mafi girman, mafi kyawun bayyana hadaddun granite bedrock barrens", ba kawai a kan Rijiyar Carp ba, har ma a kudancin Ontario gabas na tsibiran Dubu - Frontenac Arch.

Yankin yammacin tuddai kuskure ne da aka fallasa, yana haifar da tudu wanda ke ba da kyawawan ra'ayoyi game da karkarar karkara. Gneiss a Carp Barrens ya ƙunshi mica, da ƙananan ma'adanai 2 sau ɗaya ana sarrafa su a wurin.

## Manazarta
Ranar Tunawa da Cinikin Bayi ta Duniya da Ƙaddamar da ita

Ranar Duniya don Tunawa da Cinikin Bauta da Abolition (Faransanci: Journée internationale du souvenir de la traite négrière et de son abolition) rana ce ta duniya da ake bikin 23 ga Agusta na kowace shekara, ranar da UNESCO ta tsara don tunawa da Cinikin bayi na Atlantic.

An zaɓi wannan ranar ta hanyar amincewa da ƙuduri na 29 C/40 ta Babban Taron Kungiyar a zamanta na 29. Circular CL/3494 na 29 ga Yulin 1998, daga Darakta Janar ya gayyaci Ministocin Al'adu don inganta ranar. Ranar tana da mahimmanci saboda, a cikin dare na 22 ga Agusta zuwa 23 ga Agusta 1791, a tsibirin Saint Domingue (wanda yanzu ake kira Haiti), an fara tashin hankali wanda ya haifar da abubuwan da suka kasance babban abin da ya haifar da kawar da Cinikin bayi na Atlantic.

Kasashen membobin UNESCO suna shirya abubuwan da suka faru a kowace shekara a wannan ranar, suna gayyatar shiga daga matasa, malamai, masu zane-zane da masu ilimi. A matsayin wani ɓangare na burin aikin UNESCO na al'adu, "The Slave Route", dama ce don karɓar jama'a da kuma mai da hankali kan "al'amuran tarihi, hanyoyin da sakamakon" na Bautar. Bugu da ƙari, ya kafa mataki don bincike da tattaunawa game da hulɗar da ta haifar da cinikayya ta transatlantic a cikin mutane tsakanin Afirka, Turai, Amurka da Caribbean

## Ayyuka a cikin kasashe daban-daban
An fara bikin Ranar Tunawa da Cinikin Bauta da kawar da ita a kasashe da yawa, musamman a Haiti a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta 1998, da Senegal a ranar 23 ta watan Agusta 1999. An shirya abubuwan al'adu da muhawara da yawa.

A shekara ta 2001 Gidan Tarihi na Buga (Musée de l'impression sur étoffes) a Mulhouse, Faransa, ya gudanar da bita mai taken "Indiennes de Traite" (wani nau'in Calico) wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman kuɗi a kasuwanci ga 'Yan Afirka.

### Ƙasar Ingila

#### Liverpool
Gidajen Tarihi na Kasa na Liverpool da baƙar fata a Liverpool sun gudanar da abubuwan da suka faru don tunawa da *Hanyar Tunawa* da Bautar tun daga 1999.  The Liverpool Slavery Remembrance Initiative - haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Gidan Tarihi na Liverpool, mutane daga al'ummar Liverpool Black, Liverpool City Council, Liverpool Culture Company da The Mersey Partnership - an kafa shi ne a shekara ta 2006 don jagorantar shirya taron. Gidan Tarihin Bautar Kasa da Kasa a Liverpool ya buɗe ƙofofinsa a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta 2007. The Walk of Remembrance ta cikin birni ya fara ne a cikin 2011, wanda Dr Gee Walker ya jagoranci tun 2013.  Hanyar ta wuce shafin Old Dock inda aka rataye jiragen bayi kuma aka gyara su, kuma ta ƙare a Ginin Dr Martin Luther King Jr inda aka rufe shi ta hanyar bikin Libation a Albert Dock . &nbsp;&nbsp;

#### Landan
Za a gudanar da bikin tunawa da bautar a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta 2016 a Trafalgar Square .  Gidan Tarihin Jirgin Ruwa na Kasa a Greenwich yana karbar bakuncin bikin tunawa na shekara-shekara a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta wanda ya rufe tare da bikin shiru a bakin kogin Thames.

## Manazarta
Ranar Kasa da Kasa ta Kawar da Bauta

**Ranar Duniya don Kawar da Bauta**  taron ne na shekara-shekara a ranar 2 ga Disamba, wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta shirya tun 1986.

Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya  ya amince da yarjejeniyar hana zirga-zirga a cikin mutane da kuma cin zarafin wasu  a ranar 2 ga Disamba, 1949. Ban da haka, ta kuduri mai lamba 57/195 na ranar 18 ga Disamba 2002, Majalisar ta shelanta shekarar 2004 ta shekarar duniya don tunawa da gwagwarmayar bauta da kuma kawar da ita .

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta jaddada yaki da bauta a matsayin wani bangare na sadaukarwarta na kare hakkin dan adam, tare da sanin cewa bautar ko wace iri ce babban take. Bautar zamani matsala ce ta duniya, tana shafar yara sama da miliyan ɗaya da ake fataucinsu a kowace shekara don yin aiki mai arha ko kuma lalata da su, suna ƙalubalantar ra'ayin Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Bil Adama ta Duniya na cewa "Babu wanda za a yi bauta ko bauta." Ranar yaki da bauta ta duniya ta zama abin tunatarwa da kira zuwa ga kawo karshen bauta ta kowace fuska.  

Ayyuka a wannan rana sun hada da buga kasidu, wakoki, da ra'ayoyin ra'ayi don tada tunani da tattaunawa, nazarin ajujuwa na tarihin cinikin bayi da juyin halittar zamani, da jawaban jama'a daga shugabannin siyasa na yin kira ga a dauki matakin kawar da bauta. Kafofin yada labarai sukan gabatar da labarai, muhawara, da taruka don kara bayyana lamarin, yayin da gangamin wayar da kan jama'a ke rarraba bayanai a jami'o'i da wuraren jama'a. 

## Duba kuma

* *Ranar Duniya don Kawar da Bauta*  daga DAG Scher Library 
* Ranar tunawa da cinikin bayi ta duniya da kuma kawar da ita

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Majalisar Dinkin Duniya: Ranar Duniya don kawar da bauta
John Dickson

John Dickson (an haife shi a shekara ta 1967) marubucin Australiya ne, malamin Anglican kuma ɗan tarihi na tsohuwar duniyar, wanda ya fi mai da hankali kan Kiristanci na farko da Yahudanci. Tun 2022, ya kasance malami a makarantar digiri na Kwalejin Wheaton a Amurka. Tun 2019 ya karbi bakuncin podcast na rashin fahimta.

## Rayuwar Farko
Dickson ya yi karatu a makarantar sakandare ta Mosman, Sydney, kuma ya girma a cikin abin da ya bayyana a matsayin "gidan Aussie na yau da kullun". Iyalinsa ba su da addini kuma da wuya su tattauna batutuwan ruhaniya. Dickson ya tuna cewa "bai taɓa shiga cikin coci ba kafin ya kai shekaru goma sha shida.

A ranar 12 ga Oktoba 1976, mahaifin Dickson ya mutu a cikin bala'in Jirgin Indiya 171 a filin jirgin saman Bombay] Kodayake tara ne kawai, taron ya tayar da tambayoyin falsafa, yana tambayar mahaifiyarsa "Me yasa Allah ya bar jirgin Dad ɗin ya yi hatsari?"   A makarantar sakandare, Dickson ya kasance "ƙananan wasan kwaikwayo" . Ya halarci ajin Nassi na Kirista (SRE) don neman "hanyar jin daɗi ta wuce rabin sa'a" da kuma "yi tambayoyi don sa masu aikin sa kai su zama wawaye". Tun yana ɗan shekara 15, bangaskiyar Kirista ta burge shi, musamman ta wurin wani malami wanda ya “gabatar da Yesu cikin fayyace, ban dariya da kuma hankali”.

Dickson ya zama mai tsananin sha'awar labaran tarihi na Yesu Kiristi, ya zama "masoyin Yesu, sa'an nan kuma a 16 mabiyin Yesu". Ya zama jagoran mawaƙin Kirista na rock band A cikin Silence daga ƙarshen 1980s zuwa farkon 90s, yana wasa har zuwa sho shida.yana nuna mako guda, yana yawan raba sabon imaninsa.

## Karatu
Dickson ya fara karatu a Kwalejin Moore a cikin 1993, inda daga baya ya kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin ilimin tauhidi. PhD a cikin tsohon tarihi daga Jami'ar Macquarie ya biyo baya, tare da jami'ar ta mai da shi ɗan'uwa mai daraja a Sashen Tarihin Tsohuwar . Ya kuma koyar da kwas a kan Yesu na Tarihi don Sashen Nazarin Yahudawa a Jami'ar Sydney. Daga baya Dickson ya zama malami mai ziyara na Faculty of Classics, Jami'ar Oxford,  kuma a cikin 2019 an nada shi a matsayin Babban Malami da Babban Malami a Kiristanci na Jama'a a Kwalejin Ridley a Melbourne. Bayan shekaru na yawon shakatawa da wasan kwaikwayon, aikin Dickson ya zama alama ta ma'aikatar makiyaya, kwasfan fayiloli, aikin ilimi da rubuce-rubuce.

## Manazarta