Makarantar horar da gandun daji ta Yale (YSE)

**Makarantar Yale ta Muhalli** (YSE) ƙwararriyar makarantar ce ta Jami'ar Yale. An kafa ta ne don horar da gandun daji, kuma yanzu tana horar da shugabannin muhalli ta hanyar shirye-shiryen digiri na hudu na shekaru 2 ( Mai Jagora na Gudanar da Muhalli, Jagora na Kimiyyar Muhalli, Jagora na Forestry, da Jagora na Kimiyyar daji) da kuma shirye-shiryen tsakiyar watanni 10 na tsakiyar aiki. YSE yayi ƙoƙari don ƙirƙirar sabon ilimin da zai ci gaba da dawo da lafiyar biosphere kuma ya jaddada yiwuwar haifar da sake farfadowa a tsakanin mutane da rayuwar da ba na ɗan adam ba da sauran duniya ta halitta. Kuma har yanzu tana ba da koyarwar gandun daji, makarantar tana da mafi tsufa shirin karatun gandun daji a Amurka.

Makarantar ta canza suna zuwa Makarantar Yale na Muhalli a cikin Yuli  q shekarata 2020. Ya kasance a baya **Makarantar Yale na Gandun daji & Nazarin Muhalli** .

## Tarihi

An kafa makarantar a cikin  shekarar 1900 a matsayin **Makarantar Yale Forest**, don ba da horon gandun daji na matakin da ya dace da yanayin Amurka. A roƙon Yale alumnus Gifford Pinchot, iyayensa sun ba da shirin karatun digiri na shekaru biyu. A lokacin Pinchot yana aiki a matsayin magajin Bernhard Fernow a matsayin shugaban sashen gandun daji (wanda ya gabace ma'aikatar gandun daji ta Amurka, USFS). Pinchot ya fito da gandun daji guda biyu daga sashin don fara makarantar: abokin karatun Yale Henry Solon Graves da James Toumey .  Graves ya zama shugaban makarantar na farko kuma Toumey na biyu.

Lokacin da aka buɗe makarantar, wasu wurare a Amurka sun ba da horon gandun daji, amma babu wanda ya sami shirin kammala karatun digiri. (Dukkanin Pinchot da Graves sun tafi Turai don nazarin gandun daji bayan kammala karatunsu daga Yale. )  A cikin kaka na shekarata 1900, New York State College of Forestry a Cornell yana da dalibai 24, Biltmore Forest School 9, da Yale 7.  Duk da ƙananan girmansa, tun daga farkonsa makarantar ta yi tasiri ga gandun daji na Amurka. Shugabannin biyu na farko na USFS sune Pinchot da Graves; ukun da suka biyo baya sun kammala shekaru goma na farko na makarantar. Aldo Leopold mai ba da shawara kan kiyaye daji da ƙasa ya kammala karatun digiri a cikin aji na shekarar 1908.

A cikin shekarata 1915, shugaban makarantar Yale na Forestry na biyu, James Toumey,  ya zama ɗaya daga cikin "mambobin yarjejeniya", tare da William L. Bray na Kwalejin gandun daji na Jihar New York, sannan aka sake kafa su a Jami'ar Syracuse, da Raphael Zon ., na Ƙungiyar Muhalli ta Amirka .  A cikin shekarata 1950, "reshe mai fafutuka" na wannan al'umma ya kafa The Nature Conservancy . 

Bayan dazuzzuka na makarantar, Yale ya yi amfani da wasu wurare da dama a gabashin Amurka don ilimin fage tsawon shekaru. Daga shekarar 1904 zuwa 1926, an gudanar da zaman bazara wanda ya kai ga digiri na biyu a fannin gandun daji a Grey Towers and Forester's Hall a Milford, Pennsylvania .  Tun daga shekarata 1912, azuzuwan Yale sun ɗauki balaguron balaguro na lokaci-lokaci zuwa ƙasar Kamfanin Crossett Lumber a Arkansas . Tsawon shekaru 20 daga 1946 zuwa 1966, kamfanin ya samar wa makarantar "sansanin," ciki har da ɗakunan gidaje da ɗakin dakuna, da aka yi amfani da su a lokacin aikin bazara a kan kula da gandun daji da samar da kayan itace.  Daliban Yale kuma sun yi amfani da sansanin filin a Great Mountain Forest a arewa maso yammacin Connecticut tun shekarar 1941. 

Dangane da faɗaɗa nau'ikan buƙatun muhalli, makarantar ta canza suna zuwa **Makarantar Yale na Gandun daji & Nazarin Muhalli** a cikin shekarar 1972. A yau, YSE ita ce jagora a dorewar duniya, tana karbar bakuncin taron Dorewar Muhalli na Yale na shekara biyu don tara shugabannin tunani daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Shugaban makarantar na 16 da na yanzu shine Ingrid "Indy" Burke, wanda ya maye gurbin Sir Peter Crane a watan Oktoba, shekarata 2016.  Makarantar ta canza sunanta zuwa **Makarantar Yale na Muhalli** a cikin Yuli 2020 kuma, a cikin makarantar, ta ƙirƙiri wata takamaiman **Makarantar daji** tare da kwazo da digiri.  Hakanan tana koyar da darussan karatun digiri na Kwalejin Yale da ake buƙata don manyan Nazarin Muhalli.

## Gine-ginen makaranta

Makarantar tana ba da darussa a Kroon Hall, Sage Hall, Greeley Labs, Marsh Hall, Cibiyar Kimiyyar Muhalli, da kuma gidajen da ke 301 Prospect St. da 380 Edwards St. Kroon Hall, babban ginin makarantar, mai suna Richard Kroon mai ba da taimako. (Yale Class na 1964). Ginin yana    sarari. Yana da "baje kolin sabbin abubuwan da suka faru a fasahar gine-ginen kore, yanayi mai lafiya da tallafi don aiki da karatu, da kyakkyawan ginin da ke haɗa kai da ɗalibai, malamai, ma'aikata, da baƙi tare da duniyar halitta."  Ginin ya sami ƙimar Platinum a ƙarƙashin tsarin takaddun shaida na LEED .  Hopkins Architects na London ne ya tsara shi tare da Architect of Record Centerbrook Architects &amp;amp; Planners . Goodfellow Inc daga Delson, Quebec, ya ba da tsarin rufin glulam don wannan aikin.

## Cibiyoyi da shirye-shirye

* Cibiyar Yale don Nazarin Biospheric
* Cibiyar Kasuwanci da Muhalli a Yale
* Cibiyar Dokokin Muhalli da Siyasa
* Cibiyar Chemistry Green & Injiniya ta Green a Yale
* Cibiyar Masana'antu Ecology
* Cibiyar Duniya ta Dorewar Gandun Daji
* Cibiyar Hixon don Nazarin Halittar Birane
* Cibiyar Albarkatun Ruwa na Tropical
* Shirin Yale akan Sadarwar Yanayi
* Ƙaddamar da Albarkatun Birane
* Tattaunawar Dazuzzuka
* Ƙaddamar da Mulki, Muhalli da Kasuwanni
* Ƙaddamar da Kulawa ta Babban Plains (UCROSS)
* Jagorancin Muhalli da Ƙaddamar da Horarwa
* Yale Haɗin Yanayi

## Dajin makaranta
Makarantar ta mallaki kuma tana sarrafa    na gandun daji a cikin Connecticut, New Hampshire, da Vermont . Dajin Yale Myers, a cikin Union, Connecticut, wanda aka ba da gudummawa ga Yale a cikin 1930 ta tsohuwar tsohuwar George Hewitt Myers, makarantar tana sarrafa shi azaman gandun daji mai amfani da yawa. Yale-Toumey Forest, kusa da Keene, New Hampshire, James W. Toumey (tsohon shugaban makarantar) ne ya kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1913. Sauran gandun daji na Yale sun hada da Goss Woods, dajin Crowell, Cross Woods, Bowen Forest, da Crowell Ravine.  Wata gobara mai ƙararrawa uku ta kona gine-gine da dama a cikin sansanin dajin Yale Myers a ranar 28 ga Mayu, shekarata 2016.  An sake gina gine-ginen sansanin da aka lalata da kuma sabuwar cibiyar bincike a cikin shekarar 2017. 

## Rayuwar dalibi

Makarantar tana da al'ada mai aiki na shigar ɗalibi a cikin ilimi da rayuwar ƙarin manhaja. Dalibai da yawa suna shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin sha'awar ɗalibi, waɗanda ke tsara abubuwan da suka faru game da batutuwan muhalli masu sha'awa. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin suna da sha'awa daga Kuɗi na Kare da Ci gaban Ƙasashen Duniya, zuwa Gina Muhalli da "Fresh & Salty: Society for Marine and Coastal Systems". Haka kuma akwai kungiyoyin jin dadin jama’a da na nishadi, kamar kungiyar daji, wacce a duk ranar Juma’a ta kan shirya masu taken “TGIF” (“Na gode wa Allah-I’m-a-Forester”) na sa’o’i na farin ciki da bukukuwan makaranta; kulob din Polar Bear, wanda ke iyo kowane wata a Long Island Sound a karkashin cikakken wata (shekara-shekara); Abincin Abincin Veggie, wanda shine kulob din cin ganyayyaki na mako-mako; Loggerrhythms, ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta cappella; da BYO Café na dalibi a Kroon Hall ya buɗe a shekarata 2010.  Sananniyar al'adar YSE ita ce ƙawancin ƙawancin muhalli na ado na iya karatun digiri a shirye-shiryen farawa. 

## Fitattun daliban da suka kammala karatun digiri

* Frances Beinecke '71 BA, '74 MFS, Shugaba, Majalisar Tsaron Albarkatun Kasa ; memba, Hukumar Kula da Mai na BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling (2010)
* Richard M. Brett, ma'aikacin kiyayewa
* Ian Cheney '02 BA, '03 MEM, Emmy-wanda aka zaba
* William Wallace Covington, '76 PhD Regents' Farfesa, Jami'ar Arewacin Arizona
* Alphonse "Buddy" Fletcher Jr., '04 MEM 
* Emanuel Fritz, farfesa da aka sani da "Mr. Redwood"
* Carmen R. Guerrero Pérez '10 MEM, darektan Sashen Kare Muhalli na Caribbean na Hukumar Kare Muhalli
* William B. Greeley, Shugaban, Sabis na gandun daji na Amurka, 1920–1928
* Christopher T. Hanson '96 MEM/MAR Shugaban, Hukumar Kula da Nukiliya, 2021-
* Stuart L. Hart '76 MFS, ilimi na magance talauci da ci gaban tattalin arzikin duniya, farfesa Emeritus a Jami'ar Cornell
* Phillip Hoose '77 MFS, marubuci
* Ralph Hosmer, majagaba mai gandun daji na Hawaii
* Edward M. Kennedy Jr. '91 MES, lauya kuma Sanatan jihar Connecticut
* Aldo Leopold '08, masanin kiyayewa kuma marubucin *A Sand County Almanac*
* HR MacMillan, gandun daji da masana'antu
* John R. McGuire, Babban Jami'in Kula da Dajin Amurka, 1972–1979
* Thornton T. Munger, majagaba mai binciken Sabis na gandun daji na Amurka; Mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a wanda ya taimaka ƙirƙirar Portland, Oregon 's Forest Park
* Mark Plotkin '81 MFS, ethnobotanist, mai bincike, kuma mai fafutuka
* Robert Michael Pyle '76 PhD, likitan lepidopterist da John-Burroughs-Medal - wanda ya lashe kyautar marubucin, batun The Dark Divide
* Samuel J. Record, masanin ilimin halittu
* Ferdinand A. Silcox, Babban Jami'in Kula da Dajin ƙasar Amurka, 1933-1939
* David Martyn Smith, masanin gandun daji da malami, marubucin *The Practice of Silviculture*
* Robert Y. Stuart, Babban Jami'in Kula da Dajin Amurka, 1928-1933
* Dorceta E. Taylor '85 MFS, '91 PhD, masanin zamantakewar muhalli da manyan malamai a fagen shari'ar muhalli, Jami'ar Yale
* Rae Wynn-Grant '10 MESc, babban masanin ilimin dabbobi kuma abokin tarayya tare da National Geographic Society .
* Mirei Edara de Heras '94 MES, jami'in gwamnatin Panama kuma memba na hukumar Fundación Smithsonian
* Eleanor J. Sterling '93 PhD, masanin kimiyyar kiyayewa, Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Amurka

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje