Val Plumwood

**Val Plumwood** (11 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1939 - 29 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2008) masanin falsafa ne na Australiya kuma mai kula da muhalli wanda aka sani da aikinta a kan anthropocentrism . Daga shekarun 1970s, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaban yanayin halittu. Tana aiki galibi a matsayin malami mai zaman kanta, ta rike mukamai a Jami'ar Tasmania, Jami'ar Jihar North Carolina, Jami'an Montana, da Jami'ar Sydney, kuma a lokacin mutuwarta ta kasance Fellow na Kwamitin Bincike na Australia a Jami'an Kasa na Australia.  An haɗa ta a cikin Routledge's Fifty Key Thinkers on the Environment (2001). 

Plumwood ta shafe rayuwarta ta ilimi tana jayayya da "rarrabawar" mutane daga sauran yanayi da abin da ta kira "mahimmanci na iko"; dalili / dabi'a dualism wanda duniya ta halitta - gami da mata, 'yan asalin kasar, da wadanda ba mutane ba - suna karkashinsa.[1][2]

Tsakanin 1972 da 2012, ta rubuta ko kuma ta hada hannu da rubuce-rubuce hudu da takardu sama da 100 a kan tunani, metaphysics, muhalli, da ecofeminism.[1] An dauki ta Feminism da Mastery of Nature (1993) a matsayin classic, kuma an ce ta Environmental Culture: The Ecological Crisis of Reason (2002) ta sanya ta alama a matsayin "daya daga cikin masu tunani na muhalli na zamaninmu".[2] The Fight for the Forests (1973), wanda aka rubuta tare da masanin falsafa Richard Sylvan, mijin Plumwood na biyu, an bayyana shi a cikin 2014 a matsayin cikakkiyar bincike game da gandun daji na Australiya har zuwa yau.[3]

Plumwood ta buga bayan mutuwarta The Eye of the Crocodile (2012) ta fito ne daga rayuwarta daga harin giwa na ruwan gishiri a 1985, wanda aka fara bayyanawa a cikin rubutunta "Being Prey" (1996).  Kwarewar ta ba ta hangen nesa game da duniya "daga waje", "Heraclitean sararin samaniya" inda ta kasance abinci kamar kowane halitta. Duniya ce da ba ta damu da ita ba kuma za ta ci gaba ba tare da ita ba, inda "kasancewa a cikin jikinka shine - kamar samun karar daga dakin karatu, karar da ke karkashin tunatarwa ta wasu masu ba da bashi - wadanda suka sake rubuta dukan labarin lokacin da suka same shi".

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi

An haifi Plumwood a matsayin Val Morell ga iyayen da gidansu wani shago ne tare da ganuwar da aka yi da jakunkuna na Hessian da aka tsoma a cikin siminti. Bayan samun tallafin ƙasa, iyayenta sun kafa gida a cikin Terrey Hills, kusa da Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park, arewacin Sydney. Mahaifinta ya yi aiki da farko a matsayin mai ɗaukar kaya, sannan ya fara karamin gonar kaji. A cewar Martin Mulligan da Stuart Hill, kyawawan yankin sun kasance saboda rashin kayan wasa na Plumwood.

Gidan kiwo ya gaza, kuma lokacin da take 'yar shekara goma iyalin suka koma Collaroy, wani yanki na arewacin Sydney, inda mahaifinta ya sami aiki a aikin gwamnati. Sun sake komawa Kogarah a kudancin Sydney. Plumwood ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St George Girls a Kogarah, inda ta kasance dux na makarantar. An ba ta tallafin karatu na Commonwealth don halartar Jami'ar Sydney, sai ta ƙi shi don Kyautar Malami a maimakon haka, kuma a Sydney - iyayenta suna son ta yi wani abu mai amfani - kodayake nan da nan ta zama mai sha'awar falsafar.

An katse karatun Plumwood a shekara ta 1958 ta hanyar ɗan gajeren aurenta da ɗan ɗalibarta, John Macrae, lokacin da take da shekaru 18 kuma tana da ciki, auren da ya ƙare da saki a lokacin da Plumwood ke da shekaru 21.  Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu, dukansu biyu sun mutu da ƙuruciya. An haifi ɗansu, John Macrae, lokacin da Plumwood ke da shekaru 19 kuma ya mutu a shekarar 1988 bayan rashin lafiya. An kashe 'yarsu, Caitlin Macrae, wacce aka haifa a shekara ta 1960 kuma an ba ta tallafi lokacin da take da watanni 18, tun tana matashiya. Plumwood ta ci gaba da karatunta a Sydney a 1962, a wannan lokacin tare da tallafin karatu na Commonwealth don nazarin falsafar, kuma ta kammala karatu tare da girmamawa na farko a 1964. 

## Rayuwa da gwagwarmaya

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan fara karatun digiri na biyu a cikin Logic a UNE a Armidale, Plumwood ta auri masanin falsafa Richard Sylvan (wanda aka sani da Richard Routley), wanda ta sadu da shi yayin da take Sydney, kuma ta canza sunanta zuwa Val Routley . Sun shafe lokaci suna tafiya a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Burtaniya, wanda ya haɗa da zama kusa da gandun daji a Scotland na shekara guda. Komawa Ostiraliya, sun zama masu aiki a cikin ƙungiyoyi don adana bambancin halittu da dakatar da sare daji, kuma sun taimaka wajen kafa tsarin da aka sani da ilimin muhalli. An kira su Routley da Routley, daga 1973 zuwa 1982 sun hada hannu da wasu sanannun takardu a kan tunani da muhalli, sun zama manyan mutane a cikin muhawara game da anthropocentrism ko "human chauvinism". Tare suka rubuta littafi mai tasiri The Fight for the Forests (1973), wanda ya bincika manufofi masu lalacewa na masana'antar gandun daji a Ostiraliya. Bukatar littafin ta ga bugu uku da aka buga a cikin shekaru uku.

Farawa a shekara ta 1975 ma'auratan sun shafe shekaru da yawa suna gina gidansu kusa da Dutsen Plumwood a bakin tekun, kilomita 75 daga Canberra, gidan dutse mai tsayi takwas a kan kadada 120 a cikin gandun daji. &nbsp;Sun sake aure a 1981. Plumwood ta ci gaba da zama a cikin gidan kuma ta sake canza sunanta bayan kisan aure, a wannan lokacin tana kiran kanta bayan dutsen, wanda kuma ake kira bayan itacen Eucryphia moorei. Routley ya canza sunansa zuwa Sylvan ("na gandun daji") lokacin da ya sake yin aure a 1983; ya mutu a 1996. 

Plumwood ya rike mukamai a Jami'ar Tasmania, Jami'ar Jihar North Carolina, Jami'an Montana, da Jami'ar Sydney. A lokacin mutuwarta, ta kasance Fellow na Majalisar Bincike ta Australiya a Jami'ar Kasa ta Australiya . An same ta mutu a ranar 1 ga Maris 2008 a gidan da ta gina tare da Sylvan; an yi imanin cewa ta mutu a rana da ta gabata, bayan ta sha wahala daga bugun jini.

## Ra'ayoyi

### Dualism na ɗan adam / yanayi

Babban ayyukan Plumwood sune Feminism da Mastery of Nature (1993) da *Al'adun Muhalli: Rikicin Muhalli na Dalili* (2002).  Ta soki abin da ta kira "ma'anar iko", wani ra'ayi game da kai da alakarsa da ɗayan da ke da alaƙa da jima'i, wariyar launin fata, jari-hujja, mulkin mallaka, da mamayar yanayi. Wannan saitin ra'ayoyi, ta yi jayayya, ya haɗa da "ganin ɗayan a matsayin mai rabuwa da ƙasa, bango ga kai a matsayin gaba, a matsayin wanda wanzuwarsa ta biyu ce, mai samo asali ko mai banƙyama ga na kai ko cibiyar, kuma wanda aka hana ko rage shi. "

Ta gano dualism na mutum / yanayi a matsayin daya daga cikin jerin dualisms na jinsi, gami da "mutum / dabba, tunani / jiki ... namiji, dalili / motsin rai,  wayewa / na farko", kuma ta yi jayayya game da watsi da su, da kuma na ra'ayin Yammacin ra'ayi na tunani, hadin kai, Cartesian, don tallafawa ka'idar muhalli wanda ya dogara da tausayi ga ɗayan.[and] &nbsp;A yin haka, ta ki amincewa ba kawai da "rarrabawar kai" tsakanin kai da wasu ba, da kuma tsakanin bil'adama da yanayi, har ma da wasu hanyoyin zamani da suka danganci girmamawa ga cikakkiyar bambanci da zurfin hanyoyin muhalli bisa ga haɗuwa da kai da duniya. Maimakon haka, ta ba da shawarar ra'ayi wanda ya gane kuma ya ba da izini ga alhakin ɗabi'a a cikin ci gaba da rarrabuwa tsakanin batun da abu, da kuma tsakanin mutane da muhalli.

Plumwood mai cin ganyayyaki ce, tabbacin muhimmancin muhalli na farauta duk da haka, saboda rashin amincewarta da aikin gona. Ta ba da shawarar matsayin kayan lambu wanda ta lakafta Ecological Animalism, a adawa da dandalin Hakkin dabbobi na Carol J. Adams, wanda Plumwood ya kira veganism na ontological kuma wanda ta soki saboda amincewarsa da dualism na ɗan adam / yanayi.

In "Human vulnerability and the experience of being prey" (1995), Plumwood describes how she survived an attack by a saltwater crocodile on 19 February 1985, and the radical change this experience brought about in her view of the world, from what she called the "individual justice universe", where humans are always the predators, to the "Heraclitean universe", where we are just another part of the food chain. During a visit to Kakadu National Park, Plumwood had camped at the East Alligator ranger station and borrowed a four-metre-long fibreglass canoe from Greg Miles, the park ranger, to explore the East Alligator Lagoon.Lokacin da na ja jirgin ruwa na cikin ruwan sama zuwa wani dutse da ke fitowa daga cikin tafkin don cin abincin rana mai sauri, na sami jin daɗin kasancewa ana kallo. Da yake ban taɓa kasancewa ɗaya ba don jin kunya, a cikin falsafar ko a cikin rayuwa, na yanke shawarar, maimakon komawa cikin cin nasara ga motar da ta manne, don bincika hanya mai zurfi kusa da kogin da na yi tafiya a ranar da ta gabata. ... Ban tafi fiye da minti biyar ko goma ba a kan tashar lokacin da, ke zagaye, na ga a gaban ni a tsakiyar ruwa abin da ya yi kama da sandar da ke iyo - wanda ban tuna yana wucewa a kan hanyarsu ba. Yayin da halin yanzu ya motsa ni zuwa gare ta, sandar ta bayyana ta samar da idanu.
Crocodiles ba sa kai hari kan jiragen ruwa sau da yawa, amma wannan ya fara bugawa da wutsiyarsa. Plumwood ta kama wasu rassan da ke sama, amma kafin ta iya jan kanta, giwa ta kama ta tsakanin kafafu kuma ta ja ta a ƙarƙashin ruwa, "centrifuge na whirling, tafasa baƙar fata, wanda ya yi kama da ya fashe gaɓoɓina daga jikina, yana fitar da ruwa zuwa cikin huhu mai fashewa". 

The crocodile briefly let her go, then seized her again, subjecting her to three such "death rolls" before she managed to escape up a steep mud bank. Despite severe injuries – her left leg was exposed to the bone, and she found later that she had contracted melioidosis – she began walking, then crawling, the three kilometres to the ranger station. The park ranger had gone searching for her when she failed to return by nightfall and heard her shout for help. She underwent a 13-hour trip to the hospital in Darwin, where she spent a month in intensive care followed by extensive skin grafts. The canoe is now in the National Museum of Australia.

Kwarewar ta ba Plumwood hangen nesa game da duniya "daga waje", duniyar da ba ta damu da ita ba kuma za ta ci gaba ba tare da ita ba: "wani tsari mai banƙyama" - "Kamar yadda labarin kaina da labarin da ya fi girma suka rabu, na ga duniyar da ba su da mahimmanci fiye da kowane abu mai cin abinci. Tunanin Wannan ba zai iya faruwa a gare ni ba, ni ɗan adam ne kawai. Ina da ɗan adam kawai ya zama abin da za a iya cinyewa, Yana da yawa.[Na]n sararin samaniya na adalci na mutum sararin samaniya yana kama da mutum-a matsayin-birni-birni mai bangon-birni. Yana cikin kewaye na yau da kullun kuma yana neman kiyaye jiki - wannan jiki da aka yi da abinci - daga wasu kuma ya riƙe shi don kanmu kadai. Tabbas mun san masallacin da aka yi da bango zai fadi a ƙarshe amma muna ƙoƙarin dakatar da kewaye muddin muna neman fasaha mafi kyau mai tsayayya da kewaye wanda zai ba mu damar kasancewa a rufe.A cikin sararin samaniya na mutum / adalci ka mallaki ƙarfin makamashi na jikinka gaba ɗaya kuma ka kashe yawancin wannan makamashi don kare shi da sauri daga duk masu zuwa. Duk wani yunkuri da wasu ke yi na rabawa ana daukar shi azaman fushi, rashin adalci, wanda dole ne a tsayayya da shi (yi la'akari da martani ga masu karɓar ƙofar da suka wuce gona da iri a bikinmu na babban aji - sauro, leeches, ticks. Wadannan suna fushi da tunaninmu na mallaka). A cikin ɗayan, sararin samaniya na Heraclitean, kasancewa a cikin jikinka ya fi kama da samun ƙarar daga ɗakin karatu, ƙarar da ke ƙarƙashin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalyar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta wasu masu ba da bashi - waɗanda suka sake rubuta dukan labarin lokacin da suka same shi.
Fayil:S5002083.jpg|Plumwood's burial, 30 March 2008
Fayil:S5002094.jpg|Her grave on Plumwood Mountain


## Jerin Labaran Tunawa da Val Plumwood a Ostiraliya
Jerin Laccoci na Tunawa da Val Plumwood jerin laccoci ne na shekaru biyu waɗanda ke nuna gudummawar Plumwood ga fagen nazarin dabbobi. Jerin laccocin ya kunshi masu magana masu zuwa: 

* Deborah Bird Rose (2009) 
* Freya Matthews (2011) 
* Kate Rigby (2013) 
* Anat Pick (2015) 
* Fiona Probyn-Rapsey (2017) 
* Patrice Jones (2019) 
* Richard Twine (2022) 
* Dokta Erika Cudworth (2024) 

Kungiyar Nazarin Dabbobi ta Austalasian ce ta shirya taron na 2024.

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

### Littattafai
 

### Labarai
 

## Dubi kuma

* Judith Wright

## Manazarta

### Bayani

### Bayani

## Ƙarin karantawa

* Alaimo, Stacy. "Feminism, Nature, and Discursive Ecologies" An adana shi a ranar  , Electronic Book Review, 1 ga watan Satumbar 1996 (bincike na Feminism da Mastery of Nature).
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] "Bincike: ''Al'adun Muhalli: Rikicin Muhalli na Dalili''"  An adana shi a ranar  , Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews, 3 ga Nuwamba 2002.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] "Biyu A cikin Bush: Falsafar Muhalli ta Val Routley / Plumwood da Richard Routley - Sylvan," Southerly, 69, 2009, shafuffuka 57-78.&nbsp;
* [Hasiya] "Halin Muhalli da Babban Batun: Amsa ga Janis Birkeland", The Trumpeter, 13 (4), 1996, shafi na 193-196 (Plumwood ta kare takardun shaida a matsayin mai kula da muhalli).&nbsp;
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] "Kariya ta Dutsen Plumwood," *Jaridar National Parks*, 41 (6) 1997, shafi na 17.&nbsp;

* "'Sashe na biki': Rayuwa da aikin Val Plumwood", Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Ostiraliya, 7 ga Mayu 2013.
* "Matsanancin Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawan Kayan Kankunan Kayan Kananan Kayan Kakan Kayan Kyan Kayan Kiman Kayan Kinan Kayan Kikin Kayan Kiran Kayan Kakin Kayan Kirin Kayan Kisan Kayan Kunan Kayan.
* Saunders, Alan. "Falsafa da Duniya ta Halitta - Val Plumwood", "The Philosophers Zone," ABC, 15 Maris 2008 (audio).
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] "Rayuwa biyu, kore da ma'ana", "The Philosophers Zone," ABC, 20 Afrilu 2014 (audio).