Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1957

**Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1957** ita ce dokar 'yancin ɗan adam ta tarayya ta farko da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta zartar tun daga Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1875 . Majalisar dokokin Amurka ta 85 ce ta zartar da kudurin kuma shugaba Dwight D. Eisenhower ya sanya hannu kan dokar a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 1957.

Hukuncin da Kotun Koli ta yanke a shekara ta 1954 game da shari'ar *[[Brown v. Board of Education|Brown v. Hukumar Ilimi]]* ta kawo batun rarrabuwar kawuna ga jama'a, yayin da shugabannin jam'iyyar Demokradiyar Kudancin kasar suka fara wani gangami na " gaggarumin tsayin daka " kan wariya. A tsakiyar wannan kamfen, Shugaba Eisenhower ya ba da shawarar daftarin doka don ba da kariya ta tarayya ga 'yancin kada kuri'a na Ba'amurke Ba'amurke ; yawancin Ba-Amurke a Kudancin Amurka an hana su ta hanyar dokokin jihohi da na gida. Ko da yake lissafin ya wuce Majalisa, masu adawa da dokar sun iya, a cikin Majalisar Dattijai, don cire tsattsauran ra'ayi na kare kuri'a ta hanyar gyaran gyare-gyare na Anderson-Aiken da gyaran shari'ar O'Mahoney, wanda ya haifar da tasiri sosai. A yayin muhawarar kan dokar, Sanata Strom Thurmond ya gudanar da mafi dadewa na mutum daya a tarihin majalisar dattawa a lokacin . A karkashin jagorancin shugaban masu rinjaye na Majalisar Dattawa Lyndon B. Johnson na Texas, Majalisar Dattawa ta zartar da tsarin dokar Majalisar. 

## Fage
Bayan da Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci a *Brown*, wanda a ƙarshe ya haifar da haɗin gwiwar makarantun jama'a,  Turawan Kudu sun fara kamfen na " Massive Resistance ". Tashin hankalin bakar fata ya tashi; a Little Rock, Arkansas, Shugaba Dwight D. Eisenhower ya umarci sojojin Amurka na runduna ta 101 ta Airborne da su kare bakar fata matasa tara da ke shiga makarantar gwamnati, karo na farko da aka tura sojojin tarayya a Kudu don daidaita al'amuran kare hakkin jama'a tun zamanin Sake ginawa .  An ci gaba da kai hare-hare ta jiki kan wadanda ake zargin masu fafutuka ne da tashin bama-bamai a makarantu da majami'u a Kudu. A wani bangare na kokarin dakile kiraye-kirayen yin gyare-gyare mai nisa, shugaba Eisenhower ya ba da shawarar daftarin doka don kara kare hakkin kada kuri'a na Amurkawa. 

### Kashi na III Don Ƙarfafa Dokokin Haƙƙin Bil Adama, da kuma Wasu Manufofin
Sashe na III, Sashe na 121 ya gyara take 28, sashe na 1343 na kundin Amurka don haɗa harshe game da haƙƙin ɗan adam. Sashe na 122 ya soke Sashe na 1989 na 42 USC 1993.

### Kashi na V Don Samar da Shari'a ta Jury don Hukunce-hukuncen Hukunce-hukuncen Laifukan Kotu da suka taso Daga Laifukan 'Yancin Bil'adama da kuma Gyaran Kundin Shari'a dangane da cancantar alkalan tarayya.
Sashi na V ya kunshi sashe na 151, 152, da 161. Sashi na 151 ya bayyana matakan ladabtarwa da za a dauka idan aka samu mutum yana raina kwamitin. Sashe na 152 ya kafa cancantar tarayya don keɓancewa daga alkalai, waɗanda ke kasancewa: hukuncin wani laifi tare da kotun Jiha ko ta Tarayya tare da ɗaure sama da shekara 1; rashin iya karantawa, rubuta, magana, ko fahimtar harshen Ingilishi; ko rashin iya ta hanyar tawayar hankali ko ta jiki. Sashe na 161 ya tabbatar da cewa ana iya ɗaukar dokar a matsayin "Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1957".

Dokar ta kafa duka Hukumar Kula da Haƙƙin Bil Adama da ofishin Mataimakin Babban Lauyan Ƙasa kan Haƙƙin Bil Adama. Daga baya, a ranar 9 ga Disamba, 1957, an kafa Sashin Haƙƙin Bil Adama a cikin Ma'aikatar Shari'a bisa umarnin Babban Lauyan Amurka William P. Rogers, yana ba Mataimakin Babban Lauyan kare Haƙƙin Bil'adama wani yanki na musamman don yin umarni. A baya can, lauyoyin 'yancin ɗan adam sun aiwatar da dokokin yancin ɗan adam na zamanin Sake ginawa daga cikin Sashen Laifukan Sashen.  

## Ayyukan Manzanni na gaba
Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1960 ta yi magana game da wasu gazawar dokar ta 1957 ta hanyar faɗaɗa ikon alkalan tarayya don kare haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a da kuma buƙatar ƙananan hukumomi su kiyaye cikakkun bayanan zaɓe don gwamnati ta iya tantance ko akwai salon nuna wariya ga wasu jama'a. 

Kungiyar kare hakkin jama'a ta ci gaba da fadada, inda masu zanga-zangar ke jagorantar zanga-zangar da ba ta dace ba saboda manufarsu. Shugaba John F. Kennedy ya yi kira da a samar da wani sabon lissafin kudi a cikin jawabinsa na 'yancin jama'a da aka watsa ta ranar 11 ga Yuni, 1963,  yana neman doka "bawa duk Amurkawa 'yancin yin hidima a wuraren da ke buɗe wa jama'a - otal-otal, gidajen cin abinci, gidajen wasan kwaikwayo, shagunan sayar da kayayyaki, da makamantansu" da kuma "mafi girma kariya ga 'yancin yin zabe". Kennedy ya gabatar da jawabin bayan jerin zanga-zangar kare hakkin jama'a kamar yakin Birmingham, wanda aka kammala a watan Mayu 1963.

## Gado
Ko da yake saƙon dokar yana da alama yana nuna haɓakar himmar tarayya ga haƙƙin ɗan adam, tasirinta yana da iyaka. Canje-canjen da aka yi wa dokar ya sa dokar ta yi wahala a iya aiwatar da ita; Ya zuwa 1960, baƙar fata ya karu da kashi 3 kawai.  Nassinsa ya nuna nau'i daban-daban na yarda don tallafawa 'yancin ɗan adam. Dokar ta taƙaita kanta don kare shiga cikin zaɓen tarayya.

Martin Luther King Jr., a lokacin 28, ya kasance jagora mai tasowa a cikin Ƙungiyar kare hakkin Bil'adama kuma ya yi magana a kan masu ra'ayin farar fata . Masu rajin wariyar launin fata sun kona coci-coci na bakaken fata, wadanda cibiyoyin ilimi ne da kuma shirya rajistar masu zabe, tare da kai wa masu fafutuka bakar fata hari. King ya aika da sakon waya zuwa ga Eisenhower don yin jawabi ga Kudu kuma ya roke shi da ya yi amfani da "nauyin babban ofishin ku don nuna wa mutanen Kudu yanayin halin kirki na matsalar". Eisenhower ya amsa, "Ban san abin da wani jawabi zai yi game da abin ba a yanzu."

Cikin takaici, Sarki ya aike da wani sakon waya zuwa ga Eisenhower yana mai cewa kalaman shugaban “babban abin takaici ne ga miliyoyin Amurkawa na fatan alheri, arewa da kudu, wadanda ke neman ku da gaske don neman jagoranci da jagora a wannan lokaci na sauyin zamantakewar da babu makawa”. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya shirya ganawa da shugaban amma an ba shi ganawar sa'o'i biyu tare da mataimakin shugaban kasa Richard Nixon . An ruwaito cewa Nixon ya ji daɗin Sarki kuma ya gaya wa Eisenhower cewa zai ji daɗin saduwa da Sarki daga baya. 

## Manazarta