Lorraine Bahrick

**Lorraine E. Bahrick** masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam ne wanda aka sani da bincikenta game da fahimtar juna da kuma tasirin tasirin rikice-rikice a kan ilmantarwa a jariri da ƙuruciya. Ayyukanta a cikin waɗannan yankuna sun haɗa da bincika yadda haɗin bayanai daga hanyoyi daban-daban na ji, kamar hangen nesa, ji, da taɓawa, ke ba da gudummawa ga fahimta, fahimta, da ci gaban zamantakewa na jarirai da yara. Ta kuma bincika yadda redundancy ko overlap of ji information, tasiri wadannan ci gaba hanyoyin. Ita ce Farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Florida ta Duniya kuma Daraktan Ci gaban Yara. 

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Lorraine Bahrick a cikin dangin masu ilimin halayyar dan adam. Mahaifinta, Harry Bahrick, babban gwani ne a kan ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan adam, memba ne a sashen ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Ohio Wesleyan .  Mahaifiyarta, Phyllis Bahrick, ta yi aiki a matsayin masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Ohio Wesleyan kuma ta koyar da darussan a sashen ilimin halayya. Bahrick ta girma tare da burin bin sawun kwararru na iyayenta,  amma ta tsara hanya ta musamman ta hanyar mai da hankali kan ci gaban fahimta da fahimta a jariri da ƙuruciya, ta bambanta sosai daga aikin mahaifinta tare da manya.

Bahrick ta sami digiri na BA daga Kwalejin Hampshire a 1975. Ta halarci makarantar digiri a Jami'ar Cornell, inda ta sami Ph.D. a 1979 a cikin gwaji da ilimin halayyar mutum a karkashin kulawar Ulric Neisser da Eleanor Gibson .  Kodayake binciken Bahrick da farko ya mayar da hankali kan fahimta manya, abubuwan da take so sun koma jariri da ci gaban yara saboda ta yi imanin cewa yara sun ba da taga don fahimtar halayyar manya. A Cornell, ta gudanar da bincike kan ci gaban jarirai tare da Neisser da Gibson,  kuma ta yi nazarin motsawa a karkashin kulawar A. Wade Boykin.  Tare da Gibson da sauransu, ta buga takarda ta farko mai taken Detection of elasticity a matsayin kayan aiki na abubuwa ta kananan jarirai  , yana nuna farkon aikin bincikenta da nufin gano ka'idojin ci gaban fahimta jarirai. Binciken karatun ta na Ph.D. game da fahimtar jarirai game da daidaituwa ta lokaci a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na multimodal, ya ba da shawarar cewa fitowar fahimta ta intermodal ta dogara da gano alaƙar da ba ta canzawa a cikin abubuwan gani da na ji ba.

Bahrick ta kasance Postdoctoral Fellow a Jami'ar California, Berkeley daga 1979 zuwa 1980, inda ta yi aiki a karkashin jagorancin John S. Watson . [1] A lokacin postdoc, ta ci gaba da zurfafawa cikin fagen fahimtar jarirai. Takardar ta Detection of intermodal proprioceptive-visual contingency a matsayin yiwuwar tushen fahimtar kai a jariri ya ba da shawarar cewa daidaito da aka bayar ta hanyar gabatarwar jiki na mutum ana gane shi ta hanyar gano haɗin haɗin da ba ya canzawa tsakanin bayanin proprioceptive don motsi da nuni na gani na wannan motsi. Sanin waɗannan alaƙa yana da mahimmanci ga ci gaban jariri na fahimtar kai.

Daga 1981 zuwa 1983, Bahrick ya kasance Mataimakin Masanin Bincike na II a Jami'ar California, Berkeley . A shekara ta 1983, ta shiga bangaren koyarwa na Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Florida a matsayin Mataimakin Farfesa na Psychology a Kwalejin Fasaha, Kimiyya & Ilimi, kuma ta kasance a can a duk lokacin da take aiki. Ta kasance Masanin Ziyarar a Sashen Psychology, Jami'ar Stanford a cikin 2010. Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa  Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kasa,  da Autism Speaks  ne suka ba da kuɗin bincikenta kuma an buga shi a cikin manyan mujallu a cikin ilimin halayyar ci gaba.

## Bincike da tallafi
Binciken farko na Bahrick ya mayar da hankali kan gano ka'idojin gaba ɗaya na ci gaban fahimta na jarirai, da nufin fahimtar abubuwan da suka faru na ci gaba - yadda ƙwarewar kulawa ta asali a jariri ke aiki a matsayin tubalan gini don harshe da ci gaban zamantakewa daga baya, kuma bi da bi, shirye-shiryen makaranta (misali sarrafa kai da ƙwarewar kafin karatu da rubutu).  A daya daga cikin karatun farko, ta nuna cewa daidaituwa ta lokaci tsakanin murya da motsi na abu yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ilmantarwa na jariri. Daga baya, ta fara aiki tare da Robert Lickliter, masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam, a kan nazarin ci gaban fahimta mai yawa, kulawa mai zaɓaɓɓu, zamantakewa, da aiki na harshe a cikin jarirai, yara, da yara masu ci gaba da ci gaba. Sun ba da shawarar Intersensory Redundancy Hypothesis, cewa redundancy na bayanai a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban na ji yana tasiri ga yadda jarirai ke ba da hankali da kuma koyon abubuwan fahimta.   Duk da yake gabatarwar unimodal tana jawo hankali ga takamaiman fasalulluka, gabatarwar multimodal tana inganta ilmantarwa na rabawa, kaddarorin amodal. Peter Mundy ya zama mai sha'awar aikinsu kuma ya fara bincika sarrafawa da ci gaba da farko a cikin mahallin autism, yana ba da ƙarin shaidar cewa zaɓin hankali da ilmantarwa a cikin jariri ana jagorantar su ta hanyar rashin amfani.

Bahrick ta yi amfani da kwarewarta na bincike don bunkasa Yarjejeniyar Binciken Bincike na Multisensory, wanda ke auna mahimman ƙwarewar kulawa guda uku a cikin jarirai na preverbal: mai da hankali, saurin canza hankali, da ganowa tare. A matsayin sabon abu, wannan yarjejeniyar tana ba da damar tattara bayanan lokacin kallon bidiyo daga nesa. Ta kuma haɓaka Intersensory Processing Efficiency Protocol, gwajin da ya fi wuya wanda ke kimanta ingancin jarirai, yara, da manya wajen daidaita bayanan ji da na gani ta hanyar buƙatar su ɗaure rafi na bayanan ji zuwa wani takamaiman abin gani daga tsararru.  

Bahrick ya sami goyon baya mai yawa daga Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Kasa don nazarin ci gaban ƙwarewar kulawa da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan, wanda ya haɗa da jarirai daga watanni uku zuwa shekaru uku, ya bincika yadda jan hankali na jarirai ke tasiri tasirin amsawar uwa akan sakamakon harshe na farko. Tare da masu bincike Elizabeth V. Edgar James Todd, Shannon Pruden, da Bethany Reeb-Sutherland, Bahrick ya sami tallafi daga Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Yara da Ci gaban Dan Adam don bincika yadda sarrafawa a cikin jariri ke tasiri alaƙar tsakanin matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da ƙwaƙwalwar aiki a farkon ƙuruciya. Sauran aiki, wanda ya goyi bayan tallafi daga Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Kasa, ya bincika alaƙar da ke tsakanin ƙwaƙwalwar yara, damuwa, da aiki na tunanin mutum bayan Guguwar Andrew, haɓaka fahimtar yadda yara ke tunawa da jimrewa da Abubuwan da suka faru.

## Littattafan wakilci

* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Koyon Intermodal a jariri: Koyon bisa ga nau'ikan dangantaka guda biyu a cikin abubuwan da ake ji da kuma abubuwan da ake gani. *Ci gaban Yara, 59* (1), 197-209.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Intersensory redundancy yana jagorantar zaɓin hankali da ilmantarwa a jariri. Ilimin Halitta na Ci gaba, 36 (2), 190-201.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Intersensory redundancy yana jagorantar ci gaban kulawa ta zaɓaɓɓu, fahimta, da fahimta a jariri. *Jagoranci na yanzu a cikin Kimiyya ta Halitta, 13* (3), 99-102
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita. Haɗuwa da fuska da muryoyi a jariri yana hango sakamakon harshe a cikin yara ƙanana. Ilimin Halitta na Ci gaba, 58 (8), 1413-1428.
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci. Bambance-bambance na Mutum a cikin Kwarewar Kulawa ta Multisensory a cikin Yara da ke da rikicewar Autism Spectrum Tsinkaya Harshe da Alamun Alamar: Shaida daga Yarjejeniyar Binciken Kulawa ta Multi-sensory (MAAP). Jaridar Autism da Ciwon Ci gaba, 1-26.

## Manazarta