British Guinea

**British Guinea**,  ko **Mulkin mallaka na Bolama da kogin Bolama**,  ya kasance mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a Yammacin Afirka. Babban birninta yana cikin birnin Bolama.

An fara mulkin mallaka a cikin shekarar 1792, amma an haɗa shi, bayan sasantawa, a cikin Portuguese Guinea a cikin shekarar 1870. Ya ƙunshi tsibiran da ke kusa da tsibirin Bolama, a cikin tsibiran Bijagós, da ɓangarorin ƙasa a bakin kogin Buba. 

Yankunanta a halin yanzu sun kasance sassan ƙasar Guinea-Bissau mai cin gashin kanta.

## Tarihi
Tuni Turawan Portugal suka fara binciken Guinea a hankali daga shekarun 1490 a Cacheu, daga shekarun 1615 a Bafatá, daga shekarar1641 a Farim da daga shekarar 1697 a Bissau. A wannan lokacin, duk ƙasashen da ke arewacin kogin Geba sun riga Portugal  yin mulkin mallaka. Duk da haka, Portuguese kawai sun fara sha'awar tsibirin Bolama a cikin shekarar 1753, kuma duk da haka ba su fara mulkin mallaka ba. 

### Farkon mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya
Rashin sha'awar Portuguese a tsibirin Bolama da Bijagós Archipelago ya buɗe damar, a ranar 10 ga watan Mayu 1792, wasu jami'an sojan ruwa na Burtaniya guda biyu, Laftanar Philip Beaver da Henry Dalrymple, don neman izini a London don gano wani yanki na samfurin a tsibirin Bolama (da kyar ya zauna kuma a bayyane yake akwai matsugunin Turai).

Ƙungiyar Bulama, wata ƙungiyar agaji da kuɗi, ta yi fatan samar da mulkin mallaka wanda zai kawar da buƙatar aikin noman bayi a cikin Caribbean ta hanyar sake tsugunar da tsofaffin bayi na baƙaƙen fata daga Amurka a tsibirin.  Tafiyar, wacce ta ƙunshi jiragen ruwa biyu da 'yan mulkin mallaka ɗari biyu da saba'in da biyar, ta tashi daga Ingila a ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu 1792. Philip Beaver, shugaban majalisar al'ummar mulkin mallaka, shi ne kwamandan HMS *Hankey*; Richard Hancorn, mataimakin shugaban ƙasa, shi ne kwamandan HMS . Yawancin mazaunan sun mutu kuma waɗanda suka tsira sun yi watsi da mulkin mallaka a watan Nuwamba 1793. Hancorn ya mutu a tsibirin makonni bayan da sauran shugabannin suka yanke shawarar komawa gida, a ranar 21 ga watan Yuli 1792.

Bayan Darlymple ya daina, Philip Beaver, a ranar 27 ga watan Yuli 1792, ya sayi haƙƙin mallaka na ƙasar Bolama, ya samo su daga sarkin Canhabaque. Bayan da ya samu, ya kafa wani ƙauye mai yawan jama'ar Birtaniya 275, a yankin Ponta Oeste, ƙauyen Bolama de Baixo a halin yanzu, ya zama ɗan mulkin mallaka na farko a Ginin Burtaniya. A ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar shi da 'yan Burtaniya 275 sun bar ƙauyen. Bolama ta fara aiki a matsayin bakin tekun jiragen ruwa na Burtaniya da ke tafiya tsakanin Gambia da Saliyo. 

A shekara ta 1816 Joseph Scott ya yi wani balaguro don ƙoƙarin sake kafa ƙauyen Bolama, amma ya fuskanci turjiya daga mutanen Bijagós, waɗanda suka sake mamaye tsibirin. Kwamanda Scott ya daina yin mulkin mallaka a tsibirin kuma ya gwammace ya tafi Saliyo.

### Rikici don mallakar Bolama
A ranar 24 ga watan Yunin 1827 gwamnan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya na Saliyo Neil Campbell, a wani balaguro zuwa tsibirin Bolama da kogin Buba, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin tabbatar da mallakar Bolama tare da sarakunan Bolola da Guinala. Duk da haka, a adawa da Birtaniya, ƙasa da shekara guda, a ranar 12 ga watan Yuli 1828, Sarki Damião, na Masarautar Canhabaque, da jakadun Sarki Fabião, na Masarautar Beafadas, sun rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da ta ba da izinin mamaye Bolama da Portuguese. A ranar 9 ga watan Mayu 1830 Joaquim António de Mattos ya fara mamayar sojojin Portugal na Bolama, tsibirin na dindindin na farko. An gina masana'antar cinikin bayi a Bolama. Turawan mulkin mallaka na Portugal da cinikin bayi sun haifar da martani na diflomasiyya daga Burtaniya. 

Tsakanin shekarun 1838 zuwa 1859 Turawan Ingila sun kai hari Bolama, ofisoshin soja na Portugal da jiragen ruwa na jigilar bayi, inda suka fara Rikicin Bolama, na yanayin soja da diflomasiyya. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan hare-haren sun yi nasarar mamaye tsibirin a taƙaice, wasu lokuta suna 'yantar da bayi, wani lokacin kuma suna ɗaure sojojin Portuguese, a cikin rikici da ba a taɓa gani ba a cikin dangantaka tsakanin Portugal da Birtaniya, ya zarce a cikin sharuɗɗan diflomasiyya (amma ba a haɓakar soja ba) daga baya kawai ta hanyar rikici da aka sani da Taswirar Rose-Coloured Map.

A cikin watan Fabrairun 1859 Turawan Ingila sun kai hari na karshe kuma mafi muni a wurin Bolama, wanda ya sa Portuguese suka yi watsi da tsibirin. Don haka a ranar 10 ga watan Mayun 1860, gwamnan Saliyo mai mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya ya yi shelar maido da Ginin Burtaniya, amma a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka da kariyar Saliyo. A ranar 3 ga watan Disamba 1860 Stephen Hill, gwamnan Saliyo, ya ziyarci Bolama kuma ya kafa tawaga ta soja. A ranar 14 ga watan Disamba 1861 aka kaddamar da mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya a Bolama.

### Hukunci da sauyin mulki
A cikin shekarar 1868 gwamnatin Biritaniya ta amince ta gabatar da tambayar Bolama ga sasantawa ta ƙasa da ƙasa. A ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun 1870 aka warware takaddamar ta hanyar bayar da lambar yabo ta shugaban Amurka, Ulysses Grant, wanda ya ba Portugal nasara, ta yanke shawarar cewa Birtaniya ta janye daga yankin. Wakilin Portuguese a kotun sasantawa shine António José de Ávila wanda, bayan nasarar, an ba shi laƙabin Duke na Ávila da Bolama. 

A ranar 1 ga watan Oktoban 1870 aka yi bikin miƙa mulkin Bolama, tare da sauke tutar Birtaniya; sannan aka daga tutar ƙasar Portugal a Bolama, wanda ke nuni da kawo ƙarshen rikicin.

## Manazarta