open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Mahmood Mamdani.

Mahmood Mamdani, FBA (an haife shi 23 Afrilu 1946) ɗan Indiya ne ɗan ilimi ɗan Ugandan ilimi, marubuci, kuma mai sharhin siyasa, wanda ke zaune a birnin New Mamdani, Mahmood (1996).  Shi ne Herbert Lehman Farfesa na Gwamnati kuma Farfesa na Anthropology, Kimiyyar Siyasa da Nazarin Afirka a Jami'ar Columbia,  kuma a baya ya kasance darektan Cibiyar Nazarin zamantakewa ta Makerere (MISR) daga 2010 har zuwa Fabrairu 20223 Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban jami'ar Kampala International University, Uganda.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Mamdani dan nda ne daga zuriyar Indiya. An haife shi a Mumbai kuma ya girma a Kampala. Dukan iyayensa an haife su ne a yankin Tanganyika makwabta (Tanzaniya a yanzu). Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Firamare ta Gwamnati da ke Dar es Salaam, Makarantar Firamare ta Gwamnati da ke Masaka, K.S.I. Makarantar Firamare a Kampala, Shimoni da Nakivubo Makarantun Firamare na Gwamnati a Kampala, da tsohuwar Makarantar Sakandare ta Kampala.

Ya sami tallafin karatu tare da wasu ɗalibai 26 na Uganda don yin karatu a Amurka. Ya kasance cikin rukunin 1963 na Kennedy Airlift, shirin tallafin karatu wanda ya kawo ɗaruruwan mutanen Gabashin Afirka zuwa jami'o'i a Amurka da Kanada tsakanin 1959 zuwa 1963. Wadannan guraben karo ilimi wani bangare ne na kyautar 'yancin kai da sabuwar al'ummar ta samu. Mamdani ya shiga Jami'ar Pittsburgh a 1963 kuma ya kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar siyasa a 1967.
 

## Sana'a
Mamdani ya koma Uganda ne a farkon shekarar 1972 ya shiga jami'ar Makerere a matsayin mataimaki na koyarwa a lokaci guda yana gudanar da bincikensa na digiri na uku; sai dai a wannan shekarar Idi Amin ya kore shi saboda kabilarsa. A farkon watan Nuwamba ne ya bar Uganda zuwa wani sansanin ‘yan gudun hijira da ke Birtaniya a daidai lokacin da wa’adin watanni uku ke gabatowa ga al’ummar yankin Asiya na barin kasar.

Ya bar Ingila a tsakiyar 1973 bayan an dauke shi aiki zuwa Jami'ar Dar es Salaam da ke Tanzaniya. A Dar es Salaam, ya kammala rubuta karatunsa kuma yana aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin anti-Amin. A cikin 1979, ya halarci taron Moshi a matsayin dan kallo kuma ya koma Uganda bayan an hambarar da Amin bayan yakin Uganda da Tanzaniya.  

## Manazarta
Mike Jocktane

Mike Jocktane faston Furotesta ne na Gabon kuma ɗan siyasa (an haife shi 3 Yuli 1972) a Paris. Shi ne bishop na farko na Pentikostal da da'irar kwarjini a Gabon

## Tarihin Rayuwa
### Iyali
Mike Jocktane shine na biyu a cikin yara hudu. A ranar 30 ga Yuli, 1994, ya auri Nadia Jasmine Ogowan, wadda yake da 'ya'ya mata biyu da maza biyu. 

### Karatu
Mike Jocktane ya fara karatunsa ne a Port-Gentil a Gabon kafin ya zama dalibi a makarantar sakandare ta Saint-Aspais da ke Melu inda ya kammala a shekarar 1991.

Daga nan ya karanci ilmin tattalin arziki a jami'ar Panthéon-Assas har zuwa shekarar 1992. A wannan lokacin ne ya ji kiran Allah kuma ya shiga kasar Amurka don bin koyarwar Almasihu na Cibiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke Dallas inda ya samu takardar shaidar jagoranci. Ya ci gaba da horar da ilimin tauhidi a Tulsa ta hanyar kammala digiri na Arts a Tiyoloji a Jami'ar Oral Roberts a 1996.
 

## Manazarta
Mogoeng Mogoeng

**Mogoeng Thomas Reetsang Mogoeng** (an haife shi 14 Janairu 1961) masanin shari'a ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Mai Shari'a na Afirka ta Kudu daga 8 Satumba 2011 har zuwa ritayarsa a kan 11 Oktoba 2021.  
Oxtoby, Chris (2013).  
## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Mogoeng a ranar 14 ga Janairu 1961 a kauyen Goo-Mokgatha (Koffiekraal) kusa da Zeerust a lardin Arewa maso Yamma.Mahaifinsa mai hakar ma'adinai ne, mahaifiyarsa kuma ma'aikaciyar gida ce. Mogoeng ya zama mai siyasa a makarantar sakandare, inda aka dakatar da shi na ɗan lokaci saboda shirya abin tunawa ga waɗanda rikicin Soweto ya shafa.Vegter, Ivo (4 September 2011). "Mogoeng: Lock up your daughters". The Daily Maverick. Retrieved 25 July 2014.Nregew

Mogoeng ya sami B.Juris a 1983 daga Jami'ar Zululand da Bachelor of Laws a 1985 daga Jami'ar Natal.A can ya kasance mai fafutuka a cikin Harkar Daliban Azaniya a lokacin da SADF ta danne shi. Daga 1985 ya yi aiki da gwamnatin Bophuthatswana a matsayin babban mai gabatar da kara a Mahikeng;ko da yake yana aiki da Bantustan an wulakanta shi, Mogoeng ya zama tilas ya yi haka na tsawon shekaru biyar don ya biya bashin gwamnatinsa. sami digirin digirgir ta hanyar wasiku daga Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu a 1989 

## Aikin shari'a
A cikin 1997, Mogoeng ya karɓi alƙawari zuwa Babban Kotun Arewa maso Yamma, ko da yake tun farko ya ji cewa bai da kwarewa da za a iya ba shi alkali. Ya zama alkali na Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Ma’aikata a shekarar 2000 da kuma Alkalin Babbar Kotun Arewa maso Yamma a shekarar 2002. A watan Oktoban 2009, a karon farko na nadin mukamai na shugaba Jacob Zuma, Mogoeng ya kasance babbar kotu a Afirka ta Kudu, kotun tsarin mulki.An nada shi lokaci guda tare da Chris Jafta, Sisi Khampepe da Johan Froneman. / 

## Manazarta
Okello Oculi

**Okello Oculi** (An haife shi ranar 1 ga watan Janairu, 1942 – 26 ga watan Yuli, 2025) marubuci ɗan Uganda ne, mawaƙi, kuma marubucin rayuwar ƙauyen Afirka. A halin yanzu, shi mai ba da shawara ne na siyasa da zamantakewa mai zaman kansa a Abuja, Najeriya. Kafin nan, ya taba zama Farfesa a fannin nazarin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya a Najeriya

## Farkon rayuwa da Karatu
An haife shi a shekara ta 1942, a gundumar Dokolo, a Arewacin Uganda, a baya lokacin da gundumar ke cikin gundumar Lira.

### Karatu
Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Soroti, da ke Soroti, da St. Peter's College Tororo, dukkansu a Gabashin Uganda. Daga nan ya halarci Kwalejin St. Mary's Kisubi don karatunsa na A-Level (S5 -S6). Ya shiga jami'ar Makerere, babbar jami'a a Uganda, inda ya karanta kimiyyar siyasa, inda ya kammala a shekarar 1967, inda ya samu digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar siyasa. A lokacin da yake karatun digiri na farko a Makerere, ya shafe shekara guda, daga 1964 zuwa 1965, a matsayin dalibin musayar kudi a Jami'ar Stanford da ke Palo Alto, California, Amurka. A cikin 1968, ya sami digiri na Master of Arts (MA), daga Jami'ar Essex, a Burtaniya. Likitansa na Falsafa (PhD), an samu shi a cikin 1972, daga Jami'ar Wisconsin, a Madison, Wisconsin, Amurka

## Aiki/Sana'a
Rubutunsa na cike da ingantattun zance, karin magana, da hikimar jama'a. Wakarsa, irin ta Okot p'Bitek da Joseph Buruga, na neman sake tabbatar da al'adun Afirka tare da sukar tasirin kasashen waje a gabashin Afirka.

## Manazarta
Tashar jirgin kasa ta Nicolás Bravo-Konhunlich

**[[Nicolás Bravo, Quintana Roo|Nicolás Bravo]]-Konhunlich** tashar jirgin ƙasa ce da ke kusa da Nicolás Bravo a cikin garin Othón P. Blanco, Quintana Roo, Mexico . 

## Tarihi
Andrés Manuel López Obrador ya sanar da aikin Tren Maya a yaƙin neman zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2018. A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2018, ya sanar da cikakkiyar hanyar, wanda ya haɗa da tashar Felipe Carrillo Puerto a sashin da ke Quintana Roo . 

Har zuwa watan Yulin 2024, an kusan kammala ginin tashar,  yayin da ake gyara hanyar zuwa tashar don adana tsarin pre-Hispanic. 

A ranar 15 ga Disamba, na shekarar 2024, an buɗe tashar, kuma an kammala sassan karshe na Tren Maya.

## Manazarta
Asuquo Ekpenyong

**Asuquo Ekpenyong** (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1985) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne kuma masanin ilimin kuɗi. Shi ne tsohon Kwamishinan Kuɗi na Jihar Cross River kuma a halin yanzu shi ne sanata wanda ke wakiltar Gundumar sanata ta Cross River ta kudu kuma sanata mafi ƙanƙanta a Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya.

## Tarihi da ilimi
An haifi Asuquo Ekpenyong Jr a cikin dangin Cif Dr. Asuquo Ek penyong da Dr. Mrs. Iquo Ekpenyon . Ya yi karatun sakandare a Kwalejin Corona, Legas kuma ya ci gaba da samun digiri a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Reading a Shekarar 2007 da kuma digiri na biyu a Bankin Duniya da Ayyukan Kuɗi a shekarar 2008. 

## Ayyuka
Asuquo Ekpenyong ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sharhi kan kuɗi a jihar Legas sannan ya koma Cross River inda ya yi aiki na shekaru biyu a matsayin malami a Sashen Bankin da Kuɗi na Jami'ar Calabar. Ya kafa Iquasu Ventures Limited, kamfani ne na jigilar kaya da kayan aiki, a cikin Shekarar 2010 kuma daga baya ya zama Manajan Darakta na Babban Bankin Najeriya (CBN) mai lasisi Chamley Bureau de Change Limited. Daga baya aka naɗa Asuquo a matsayin Babban Darakta na Kuɗi a Pearland Energy, kamfanin man fetur da gas na asali, kuma memba ne na kwamitin daraktoci a Bankin Ekondo Microfinance Limited . 

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2015 Gwamna Benedict Ayade ya naɗa Asuquo a matsayin Kwamishinan Jihar Cross River na kuɗi yana da shekaru 29, wanda ya sanya shi kwamishinan mafi ƙanƙanta a Najeriya. Shi ne kwamishinan kuɗi mafi tsawo a Jihar Cross River . 

A shekarar 2018 an naɗa Asuquo kwamishinan sufuri da ayyukan ruwa biyo bayan murabus ɗin Mista Savior Nyong don yin takara a zaɓen shekarar 2019. 

Asuquo ya yi murabus a matsayin Kwamishinan Kuɗi kuma ya shiga tseren gwamna na Jihar Cross River a Zaben gwamna na Jihar Cross River na 2023 kuma ya kasance babban mai neman har zuwa fitowar Sanata Bassey Otu a matsayin ɗan takarar yarjejeniya na jam'iyyar All Progressive Congress (APC) a jihar.

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2022, Asuquo Ekpenyong ya lashe zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC) tare da kuri'u 347 daga cikin masu jefa kuri'a 351. A halin yanzu yana takarar Sanata wanda ke wakiltar Gundumar Sanata ta Kudu ta Cross River . 

An naɗa shi shugaban, kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai a kan NDDC na majalisar dattijai ta 10 a ranar 8 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2023. 

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Asuquo Ekpenyong ya auri Netanela Duke Ekpenyong, 'yar ta biyu ta tsohon gwamnan Donald Duke a cikin Shekarar 2018, kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyu tare.

## Manazarta
Picul

**picul** /ˈpɪkəl/,  **dan**  ko **tam**,  wani nau'i  sanda ne  na gargajiya na Asiya, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "kamar yadda mutum zai iya ɗauka a kan kafada". A tarihi, an bayyana shi daidai da 100 ko 120 catties, dangane da lokaci da yankin. Ana amfani da *picul* a kudancin China da Maritime Southeast Asia.

## Tarihi
Rukunin ya samo asali ne a kasar Sin a lokacin Daular Qin (221-206 BC), inda aka san *shi* da shi (石 "dutse"). A lokacin Daular Han, dutse ɗaya ya yi daidai da catties 120. An biya jami'an gwamnati da hatsi, an ƙidaya su da duwatsu, tare da biyan manyan ministocin da aka biya 2000 duwatsu.

A matsayin ma'auni, ana iya kiran kalmar *shi* (石) *dan*. Don kauce wa rikicewa, ana canza halayen zuwa 擔 (*dàn*), ma'ana "nauyi" ko "nauyi". Hakazalika, a cikin Cantonese ana kiran kalmar *sek* (石) ko *daam* (擔), kuma a cikin Hakka ana kiran ta *tam* (擔).

Kalmar *picul* ta bayyana tun farkon tsakiyar karni na 9 a cikin Javanese. A cikin Malay na zamani, *pikul* kuma kalma ce da ke nufin 'don ɗaukar kafada'.

In the early days of Hong Kong as a British colony, the stone (石, with a Cantonese pronunciation given as *shik*) was used as a measurement of weight equal to 120 catties or , alongside the picul of 100 catties. It was made obsolete by subsequent overriding legislation in 1885, which included the picul but not the stone, to avoid confusion with European-origin measures that are similarly called stone.

Bayan Mutanen Espanya, Portuguese, Birtaniya kuma musamman Kasuwancin teku na mulkin mallaka na Dutch, kalmar *picul* ta kasance mai dacewa, da kuma ɗayan harshen da wasu Austronesians suka fahimta kuma suka yi amfani da shi (a Malaysia da Philippines na zamani) da kuma dangantakar kasuwancin su da suka gabata tare da Indiyawa, Sinanci da Larabawa. Ya kasance mai dacewa ga yawancin mujallu na kasuwanci a karni na 19. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai shine Hunts Merchant Magazine na 1859 wanda ke ba da cikakken teburin farashin da ake tsammani na kayayyaki daban-daban, kamar kofi, misali ana iya sa ran sayen kofi na Javanese daga dala 8 zuwa 8.50 na Mutanen Espanya a Batavia da Singapore.

## Ma'anar

Amma ga kowane ma'auni na gargajiya, ainihin ma'anar picul ya bambanta a tarihi da yanki.A cikin daular kasar Sin da kuma daga baya, an yi amfani da naúrar don ma'auni daidai da catties 100.

A cikin 1831, hukumomin Dutch East Indies sun amince da bambance-bambance na gida a cikin ma'anar pikul.A Hong Kong, an bayyana picul ɗaya a cikin *Dokar No. 22 na 1844* a matsayin 133+1⁄3 avoirdupois pounds.  Ma'anar zamani daidai ne 60.478982 kilo.An yi amfani da ma'auni kuma ya kasance a wasu lokuta a Taiwan inda aka bayyana shi a matsayin 60 kg. &nbsp;na ƙarshe, ma'auni na shinkafa, ya kasance 20 picul, ko 1,200 kg.&nbsp;&nbsp;

## Dubi kuma

* Dan (ƙididdiga) 

## manazarta
Bauta A Afirka

Bauta a tarihi ya yaɗu a Afirka. Tsarin bauta da bauta sun taɓa zama ruwan dare a sassan Afirka, kamar yadda suke a yawancin sauran duniya na da da na da.  Lokacin da cinikin bayi a cikin Sahara, cinikin bayi na Bahar Maliya, cinikin bayi a Tekun Indiya, da cinikin bayi na Atlantic (wanda ya fara a cikin ƙarni na 16) ya fara, ne mafi yawancin tsarin bautar bayi na Afirka da suka rigaya sun fara ba da fursunoni don kasuwannin bayi a wajen Afirka.   Bautar da ake yi a Afirka ta zamani har yanzu tana nan a wasu yankuna duk da cewa haramun ne.

A cikin wallafe-wallafen da suka dace ana rarraba bautar Afirka zuwa cikin bautar ƴan asalin ƙasa da bautar da ake fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje, dangane da ko an sayar da bayi ko a'a bayan nahiyar.  An yi bauta a Afirka ta tarihi ta nau'i-nau'i daban-daban: bautar bashi, bautar fursunoni na yaki, bautar soja, bautar karuwanci, bautar da masu laifi duk an yi su a sassa daban-daban na Afirka.  Bautar gida da kotu ta yaɗu a duk faɗin Afirka. Har ila yau, bautar shuka ta faru, musamman a gabashin gabar tekun Afirka da kuma wasu sassan Afirka ta Yamma. Muhimmancin bautar shukar cikin gida ya karu a cikin ƙarni na 19, saboda kawar da cinikin bayi na Atlantic. Yawancin ƙasashen Afirka da suka dogara da cinikin bayi na ƙasa da ƙasa sun sake daidaita tattalin arzikinsu zuwa halaltacciyar kasuwanci ta aikin bayi.

## Siffofi
Yawancin nau'o'in bauta da bauta sun wanzu a cikin tarihin Afirka, kuma an tsara su ta hanyar ayyukan 'yan asali na bauta da kuma tsarin bautar da Romawa (da kuma ra'ayoyin Kirista na baya game da bautar), cibiyoyin Musulunci na bauta ta hanyar cinikin bayi na musulmi, kuma a ƙarshe cinikin bayi na Atlantic.  Bauta wani ɓangare ne na tsarin tattalin arzikin al'ummomin Afirka tsawon shekaru aru-aru, kodayake girman ya bambanta.  Ibn Battuta, wanda ya ziyarci tsohuwar daular Mali a tsakiyar ƙarni na 14, ya ba da labarin cewa mazauna yankin sun yi gwagwarmaya da juna a yawan bayi da bayi da suke da su, kuma an ba da kansa wani bawa a matsayin "kyautar baƙi."  A yankin kudu da hamadar sahara, dangantakar bawa ta kasance sau da yawa mai sarkakiya, tare da hakki da yanci da aka baiwa mutanen da ake bautar da su da kuma hana sayarwa da kula da iyayengijinsu.  Yawancin al'ummomi suna da matsayi tsakanin nau'ikan bayi daban-daban: misali, banbance tsakanin waɗanda aka haife su cikin bauta da waɗanda aka kama ta hanyar yaƙi. 

Hanyoyin bautar da ake yi a Afirka suna da alaƙa da tsarin dangi. A yawancin al'ummomin Afirka, inda ba za a iya mallakar ƙasa ba, an yi amfani da bautar mutane a matsayin wata hanya don ƙara tasirin da mutum yake da shi da kuma faɗaɗa haɗin gwiwa.  Wannan ya sa bayi su zama sashe na dindindin na zuriyar ubangiji, kuma ’ya’yan bayi za su iya ƙulla dangantaka ta kud da kud da dangin dangi.  'Ya'yan bayi da aka haifa a cikin iyalai za su iya shiga cikin ƙungiyar dangin maigidan kuma su kai ga manyan muƙamai a cikin al'umma, har zuwa matakin shugaban a wasu lokuta.  Duk da haka, sau da yawa ana cin mutunci kuma za a iya samun rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin bayi na ƙungiyar dangi da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ubangijin gida.

## Manazarta
Dokar Kawar da Bauta ta 1833

**Dokar Kawar da Bauta ta 1833** ( 3 &amp;amp; 4 Will. 4 . c. 73) wani aiki ne na Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya, wacce ta soke bauta a cikin Daular Biritaniya ta hanyar samun yanci. Firayim Minista Charles Gray na 2nd Earl Gray ne ya kafa dokar ta hanyar ba da umarni ga gwamnatin Burtaniya da ta sayi 'yancin duk bayi a cikin daular Burtaniya, tare da haramta ci gaba da bautar da bayi a cikin daular Burtaniya. An soke dokar a cikin shekarar 1998 a matsayin wani yanki na sake fasalin dokar Ingilishi, kodayake har yanzu bautar da aka soke tana aiki. 

## Tarihi

A cikin watan Mayu 1772, hukuncin Lord Mansfield a shari'ar *Somerset* ya 'yantar da wani bawa da aka kawo Ingila daga Boston a lardin Massachusetts Bay, don haka ya taimaka wajen kaddamar da yunkurin kawar da bauta a duk daular Burtaniya.   Shari'ar ta yanke hukuncin cewa bautar da bayi ba ta da matsayin doka a Ingila saboda ba ta da wata doka ko ka'ida, don haka wani ba zai iya zama bawa a Ingila bisa doka ba.  Duk da haka, yawancin masu fafutuka, ciki har da Granville Sharp, sun ɗauki ra'ayi cewa *rabon yanke hukunci* na shari'ar *Somerset* yana nufin cewa doka ba ta da goyon bayan bautar da bayi a cikin Ingila kuma ba za a iya mallakar  ba a kan bayi masu shiga Turai ko Ƙasar Scotland.   Ignatius Sancho, wanda a shekara ta 1774 ya zama sanannen mutum na farko ɗan asalin Afirka da ya kaɗa kuri’a a babban zaɓen Birtaniya a shekara ta 1778, wanda ya buɗe wasiƙar yabon Biritaniya saboda ‘yancinta, da kuma albarkar da nake samu a cikinta, kafin ya soki ƴan uwansa bakaken fata a sassan daular irin su yammacin Indiya.

## Manazarta
Garin Puerto Morelos

** Puerto Morelos** na ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi goma sha ɗaya na jihar Quintana Roo ta Mexico, a kan Yucatán Peninsula . An kafa shi a cikin shekara ta 2016 daga yankunan Puerto Morelos, Leona Vicario da Central Vallarta waɗanda a baya ke cikin garin Benito Juárez. A cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta shekara ta 2010, waɗannan yankuna uku sun rubuta jimlar mazauna 15,725. 

Gidan birni shine garin Puerto Morelos, wanda ke da nisan kilomita 13 (8.1  kudu maso yammacin Cancún a  bakin gaɓar Tekun Caribbean kuma shine gurin zama mafi gabashin birni a Mexico.

Joaquín Zetina Gasca na ɗaya daga cikin al'ummomin da ke cikin gari da kuma gurin ofisoshin birni.
Ignacio Sánchez Cordero, wanda ya nemi takara MORENA da PVEM don magajin gari, an kashe shi a ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairu, na shekarar 2021.

## Shugabannin birni
* Leonel Medina Mendoza, 2016-2019
* Laura Fernández Piña, 2019-2021
* Ana Luisa Betancourt Canul (Interim), starting March 8, 202

## Manazarta
Kabaka (mai kiɗa)

**Godwin Opara**, wanda aka fi sani da **Kabaka** ya kasance ɗan wasan Igbo na ƙasar Najeriya, mai ba da guitar, kuma ɗaya daga cikin mambobi na asali da waɗanda suka kafa Oriental Brothers International Band . 

An haife shi a Yankin Imerienwe, Ngor-Okpala, Jihar Imo, Kabaka yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Oriental Brothers International Band a Shekarar 1973. 

A shekara ta 1976, ya fara aikinsa na solo kuma ya fitar da jimlar kundin studio 14 a lokacin da yake aiki.

## Rayuwa ta farko
Kabaka ya samo asali ne daga Umuawara, Umuoye, Imerienwe, a Ngor Okpala, Jihar Imo . An haife shi a cikin babban iyali, shi ne ɗa na biyu. Ya fara karatunsa ne a makarantar firamare ta Baptist, Imerienwe .  Ya fara Tafiyarsa ta kiɗa da wuri, Yana wasa da ƙaho a matsayin ɗalibin makarantar firamare. Bayan karatunsa na firamare, ya shiga Garin Onitsha don makarantar sakandare. Daga baya, ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta kasuwanci a Garin Enugu, inda sha'awarsa ga kiɗa ta bunƙasa da gaske.

## Ayyuka
Kabaka ya koma Jihar Legas a farkon shekaru saba'in, bayan yaƙin basasa ya tafi Jihar Legas inda ya yi wasa tare da ƙungiyar kiɗa mallakar Mista Ikediala. Daga baya, a Otal ɗin Easygoing, ya kafa Oriental Brothers International Band, inda ya saki kundi da yawa. Kabaka ya fara aikinsa na solo a shekara ta 1976, lokacin da ya kafa The Kabaka International Guitar Band . Ya ci gaba da yin waƙoƙin Highlife masu inganci, ya saki kundi goma sha huɗu kuma ya samar da nasarori kamar 'Mangala Special'.  Ya kuma yi gwaji tare da  na Ezebongo don nuna ƙwarewarsa da basira. Daga baya, ya yi aiki tare da The Imo City Band, ya tabbatar da gadonsa a matsayin Highlife.

Ya dawo a watan Satumbar Shekarar 2023 yayin da ya bayyana kundin sa The Return Of Kabaka wanda ya sami masu sauraro sama da miliyan ɗaya kuma ya kasance a cikin manyan kundin duniya.

## Mutuwa
Kabaka ya mutu a ranar 21 ga Maris, na shekarar 2024, yana da shekara 77.

## Bayanan da aka yi

### ALBUMS

### Mai suna Mam Ka Nma (1980)

* *Egbula Nwa Onye Ozo*
* *Dokta Agwu Nwaukpa (Ohaozara na Musamman) *
* *Mai suna Mam Ka Nma*

### Ezi Nwanne (1989)

* *Ezi Nwanne*
* *Uwa Awu Wannan*
* *Osinach*

### Izu Kanma Na Nneji (2014)

* *Izu Kanma Na Nneji*
* *Chukwu Kere Mmadu*
* *Allah Wetuo Ekwensu*
* *Mangala na Musamman*
* *Ichere Chi Amaghi Onye Iwu*
* *Ajam Ashi-Mi*

### Abialam (2023)

* Abialam
* Ada Owerri
* Onwu Eme Enyi
* Aikin A'a
* Ada Ure
* Onwu Eme Enyi (bayarwa) 

## Manazarta
Hukumar Nazari da Bunkasa Shawarwari Taimako ga Dokar Afrika-Amurka

**Hukumar Nazari da Bunkasa Shawarwari Taimako ga Dokar Afrika-Amurka**, Dokar Majalisa ce a Amurka wanda ɗan majalisa John Conyers ya gabatar a shekarar 1989. Dokar tana da nufin ƙirƙirar wani kwamiti don bincika cancantar gabatar da diyya ga Amurkawa-Afirkawa da aka bautar dasu a Amurka. Wanda ya ɗauki nauyin wannan aiki na baya-bayan nan shine Rep. Ayanna Pressley, a ranar 3 ga watan Janairu, 2025, zuwa Majalisa ta 119.  A baya Sheila Jackson Lee ta gabatar da lissafin a watan Janairu 2023 kafin mutuwarta a 2024. 

## Tarihi
Conyers ne ya gabatar da dokar a cikin shekarar 1989, kuma ya gabatar da ita a cikin kowace majalisa har sai da ya yi ritaya kusan shekaru 30 daga baya.

A ranar 16 ga watan Yunin 2019 ne kwamitin da ke kula da harkokin shari’a na majalisar wakilai kan kundin tsarin mulki, ‘yancin jama’a, da ‘yancin walwalar jama’a, ya gudanar da wani zaman sauraren ra’ayi kan wannan batu, a wani zama mai cike da tarihi, idan aka yi la’akari da batun ramuwar gayya da aka yi a wancan wuri a shekarar 2007, “shekara ɗaya kafin zaɓen shugaban ƙasar bakar fata na farko”. 

Conyers ya mutu ne a watan Oktobar 2019, bayan da ya ɗauki nauyin wannan doka a kowane zaman majalisa daga shekarun 1989 zuwa 2017. Lambar "40" tana nufin "alƙawarin da ba a cika ba" Amurka "yi don 'yantar bayi: cewa bayan yakin basasa, za su sami kaɗaɗa arba'in da alfadara". 

Cory Booker ne ke ɗaukar nauyin kudirin doka a Majalisar Dattawa. Kakakin Majalisar Demokraɗiyya Nancy Pelosi ta nuna goyon baya ga HR 40.  Da dama daga cikin 'yan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar Democrat na shekarar 2020 sun bayyana goyon bayansu. 

A cikin watan Afrilun 2021, kudurin dokar ya share kwamitin a karon farko a tarihinsa, inda ya nufi zauren majalisar domin kaɗa kuri'a.

## Manazarta
Bashin 'yancin kai na Haiti

**Bashin 'yancin kai na Haiti** ya ƙunshi yarjejeniyar 1825 tsakanin Haiti da Faransa wanda ya haɗa da Faransa na buƙatar biyan kuɗi na francs miliyan 150 a cikin biyan kuɗi biyar na shekara-shekara na miliyan 30 da Haiti za ta biya a cikin iƙirarin kadarorin da Haiti ta yi hasarar ta hanyar juyin juya halin Haiti don samun amincewar diflomasiyya. An tilasta wa Haiti karɓar lamuni na miliyan 30 na farko,  kuma a cikin shekarar 1838 Faransa ta amince da rage sauran bashin zuwa miliyan 60 da za a biya sama da shekaru 30, tare da biyan ƙarshe na biya a shekarar 1883.    Duk da haka, *[[New York Times|Jaridar New York Times]]* ta kiyasta cewa saboda wasu lamunin da aka karɓa don biyan wannan lamuni, biyan bashin na ƙarshe ga masu bashi ya kasance a cikin shekarar 1947. Sun kiyasta cewa a cikin jimlar 112 francs an biya diyya, wanda idan aka daidaita don hauhawar farashin kayayyaki zai zama dala miliyan 560 a cikin shekarar 2022, amma idan aka yi la’akari da cewa idan an saka hannun jari a tattalin arzikin Haiti a maimakon haka, za a iya kimanta shi da dala biliyan 115.    A cikin shekarar 2025, Faransa ta kafa kwamiti don nazarin tasirin bashin da Faransa ta sanyawa Haiti. 

Maido da buƙatar Faransa ta biya domin amincewa da 'yancin kai na Haiti, jiragen ruwan yakin Faransa da dama ne suka isar wa kasar a shekara ta 1825, shekaru ashirin da ɗaya bayan ayyana 'yancin kai a shekarar 1804.   Duk da juyin juya hali da yawa a Faransa bayan wannan kwanan wata (July Juyin Juyin Halitta, juyin juya halin Faransa na 1848, Paris Commune), gwamnatocin da suka biyo baya, walau na sarakuna, sarakuna ko na jamhuriya, sun ci gaba da aiwatar da bashin tare da tilastawa Haiti ta biya.  Haiti dole ne ta karɓi lamunin a cikin shekarar 1875 don biyan kashi na ƙarshe na rancen asali, kuma bankin da ya fi cin gajiyar wannan shine Crédit Industriel et Commercial.  Ko da bayan an biya diyya, Haiti ta ci gaba da biyan sauran lamunin, kuma gwamnatin Amurka ta ba da kuɗin sayen baitul malin Haiti a shekarar 1911,  da kuma a cikin shekarar 1922, sauran bashin Haiti ya koma don biya ga masu zuba jari na Amurka.  *Jaridar New York Times* ta bayyana cewa ya ɗauki har zuwa shekara ta 1947 don Haiti ta ƙarshe ta biya duk abin da ke da alaƙa ga Babban Bankin City na New York (yanzu Citibank).  A cikin shekarar 2016, Majalisar Faransa ta soke dokar Charles X na 1825, kodayake Faransa ba ta biya diyya ba. *The New York Times* states that it took until 1947 for Haiti to finally pay off all the associated interest to the National City Bank of New York (now Citibank).  Wasu masana tarihi da masu fafutuka sun yi Allah wadai da waɗannan basussuka a matsayin alhakin talaucin Haiti a yau da kuma shari'ar bashi mai banƙyama.

## Manazarta
Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya

**Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya** gidan tarihi ne na jama'a wanda aka keɓe don tarihin ɗan adam, fasaha da al'adun da ke cikin yankin Bloomsbury na London. Tarin dindindin na ayyukan miliyan takwas shine mafi girma a duniya.  Yana tattara tarihin al'adun ɗan adam tun daga farkonsa har zuwa yau.  An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1753, Gidan kayan Tarihi na Biritaniya shine gidan kayan gargajiya na farko na jama'a na ƙasa.  A cikin shekarar 2023, gidan kayan gargajiya ya karɓi baƙi 5,820,860, 42% fiye da na bara. Aƙalla ƙungiya ɗaya ta ƙididdige ta mafi shaharar jan hankali a Burtaniya. 

A farkonsa, gidan kayan gargajiya ya dogara ne akan tarin likitan Anglo-Irish da masanin kimiyya Sir Hans Sloane.  Ya buɗe wa jama'a a cikin shekarar 1759, a cikin Gidan Montagu, akan wurin ginin na yanzu. Faɗaɗa gidan kayan gargajiya a cikin shekaru 250 da suka biyo baya ya samo asali ne daga mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya kuma ya haifar da ƙirƙirar cibiyoyin reshe da yawa, ko kuma masu zaman kansu, na farko shine Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi a shekarar 1881. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani da su, irin su Girkanci Elgin Marbles da Dutsen Rosetta na Masar, suna fuskantar takaddama na dogon lokaci da da'awar komawa gida.  

A cikin shekarar 1973, Dokar Laburare ta Biritaniya ta 1972  ta ware sashen ɗakin karatu daga Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya, amma ta ci gaba da karɓar bakuncin ɗakin karatu na Biritaniya wanda yanzu ya rabu a ɗakin Karatu ɗaya da ginin gidan kayan gargajiya har zuwa shekara ta 1997. Gidan kayan gargajiya ƙungiya ce ta jama'a da ba na sashe ba wanda Sashen Al'adu, Watsa Labarai da Wasanni ke ɗaukar nauyinsa. Kamar duk gidajen tarihi na Burtaniya, ba ta cajin kuɗin shiga sai dai nunin lamuni. 

## Tarihi

### Sir Hans Sloane

Kodayake a yau galibi gidan kayan gargajiya ne na kayan fasaha na al'adu da kayan tarihi, an kafa gidan kayan gargajiya na Burtaniya a matsayin "gidan kayan gargajiya na duniya". Tushenta ya kasance a cikin nufin likita Anglo-Irish kuma masanin halitta Sir Hans Sloane (1660-1753), likita da masanin kimiyya na London daga Ulster. A lokacin rayuwarsa, kuma musamman bayan ya auri gwauruwar wani manomi mai arziki na Jamaica,  Sloane ya tattara babban tarin abubuwan ban sha'awa, kuma ba ya son ganin tarin sa ya fashe bayan mutuwarsa, ya ba da shi ga Sarki George II, ga al'ummar, don adadin £ 20,000 (daidai da £ 3,846,793 a 2023) don a biya wa magada shi ta Majalisar  - da gangan ƙasa da ƙididdigar ƙimar kayan tarihi, a yanzu an kiyasta a £ 50,000 (da £ 386,33) ,39, da wasu

A wancan lokacin, tarin Sloane ya ƙunshi abubuwa kusan 71,000 na kowane nau'i  ciki har da wasu littattafai 40,000 da aka buga, rubuce-rubucen 7,000, samfurori masu yawa na tarihin halitta ciki har da 337 na busassun shuke-shuke, kwafi da zane-zane ciki har da waɗanda Albrecht Dürer ya yi da kuma zane-zane daga Albrecht Dürer da kuma tsohuwar  Sudan, Masar da Gabas ta Gabas da kuma tsohuwar  Sudan  Amurka. 

## Manazarta
Black Lives Matter

**Black Lives Matter** ( **BLM** ) wani yunkuri ne na siyasa da zamantakewar da ba a san shi ba   wanda ke da nufin nuna wariyar launin fata, wariya da rashin daidaiton launin fata da bakar fata ke fuskanta, da kuma inganta kyamar wariyar launin fata. Babban abin da ke damun ta shi ne zaluncin 'yan sanda da cin zarafi na ƙabilu a kan bakaken fata.      Motsin ya fara ne don mayar da martani ga kashe Trayvon Martin, Michael Brown, Eric Garner, da Rekia Boyd, da sauransu. BLM da ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa galibi suna ba da shawarar sauye-sauyen manufofin daban-daban waɗanda suka shafi 'yantar da baƙar fata  da sake fasalin shari'ar laifuka. Duk da yake akwai ƙayyadaddun ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke yiwa kansu laƙabi da "Black Lives Matter", irin su Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation, gabaɗayan motsi cibiyar sadarwa ce da ba ta da tushe ba tare da wani matsayi na yau da kullum ba.   , akwai kusan babi 40 a Amurka da Kanada.  Taken "Black Lives Matter" ita kanta babu wata kungiya da tayi alamar kasuwanci. 

A cikin shekarar 2013, masu fafutuka da abokai Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors, da Ayɔ Tometi sun samo asali maudu'in #BlackLivesMatter akan kafofin watsa labarun bayan da aka wanke George Zimmerman a cikin harbin mutuwar matashin Ba'amurke Trayvon Martin. Black Lives Matter ta zama sananniya a cikin ƙasa don zanga-zangar tituna biyo bayan mutuwar 2014 na wasu Ba-Amurkawa biyu, Michael Brown- sakamakon zanga-zangar da tashin hankali a Ferguson, Missouri da Eric Garner a birnin New York.   Tun bayan zanga-zangar Ferguson, mahalarta taron sun yi zanga-zangar nuna adawa da mutuwar wasu Ba’amurkawa da dama ta hanyar ‘yan sanda ko kuma a hannun ‘yan sanda. A lokacin rani na 2015, masu fafutuka na Black Lives Matter sun shiga cikin zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2016 na Amurka. 

Kungiyar ta ɗauki hankalin duniya yayin zanga-zangar duniya a shekarar 2020 bayan kisan George Floyd da ɗan sandan Minneapolis Derek Chauvin ya yi.   Kimanin mutane miliyan 15 zuwa 26 ne suka shiga zanga-zangar Black Lives Matter a Amurka, lamarin da ya sa ta kasance cikin zanga-zangar mafi girma a tarihin ƙasar.  Duk da kasancewar 'yan adawar suna nuna tashin hankali, yawancin zanga-zangar BLM sun kasance cikin lumana. 

Black Lives Matter ta canza a tsawon lokaci, galibi saboda sauye-sauyen ra'ayi tsakanin fararen Amurkawa. A cikin shekarar 2020, kashi 67% na manya a Amurka sun nuna goyon baya ga motsin, sun ragu zuwa kashi 51% na manya na Amurka a cikin shekarar 2023. Taimako tsakanin mutane masu launin fata, duk da haka, ya kasance mai ƙarfi, tare da 81% na 'yan Afirka na Amirka, 61% na' yan Hispanic da 63% na' ya' yan Asiya na Asiya suna nuna goyon baya ga Black Lives Matter tun daga shekarar 2023.

## Manazarta
Isithembu

**Isithembu** yana nufin auren mata fiye da daya kuma har yanzu al'ada ce a yawancin sassan ƙasashen Afirka . Isithembu (wanda ake kira Sethepu) al'adar Afirka ce ta mutum ya iya auren mace fiye da ɗaya a lokaci guda.  Akwai kuma yanayi da yawa da ke ba da damar mutum ya sami ƙarin mata. Mutum na iya sake yin aure idan matarsa ta yanzu ko matansa ba za su iya haihuwa ba. Ya riƙe matarsa ko matansa na yanzu kamar yadda ba a yarda da saki ba.  Ta zama babbar mace, matsayi na girmamawa. Namiji na iya sake yin aure idan matarsa ta yanzu ko matansa ba su haifi ’ya’ya maza ba. Zai iya ƙara aure idan mace ba ta son yara. A wasu wuraren, idan mutum ya mutu, matarsa ko matansa suna auren ɗan’uwansa.  Ta haka ake kula da iyalinsa. Al’adar Swazi ta ce mutum ya auri mata da yawa. Auren fiye da ɗaya (Isithembu) al'ada ce ga maza.  Ya kamata mace ta haifi ƴaƴa, wanda shine al'ada a gare su.

## Sauƙaƙan auren mata fiye da ɗaya

* Wasu kabilun Afirka suna yin nau'i mai sauƙi na auren mata fiye da ɗaya. Idan mutum ya auri mata daya bayan daya ba su da matsayi kuma su ne kawai mace ta daya, lamba biyu, da sauransu. Sauƙaƙan auren mata fiye da ɗaya shine namiji ɗaya (misali) ya auri mata biyu ko fiye. 

## Hadadden auren mata fiye da daya

* Isithembu kamar yadda mutanen Xhosa ke yi wani hadadden nau'i ne na auren mata fiye da daya.  A wannan tsarin, matan mutum duk suna da matsayi a cikin iyali. Inda mutum ya ke da mata biyu an raba iyali zuwa rassa biyu da ake kira " estates ". Gidan (mata, 'ya'yanta, danginta da bayi) na matarsa ta farko ana kiransa " babban gida " (indlunkulu).  Gidan matarsa na gaba ana kiransa "Gidan Dama" (ukunene).  Idan ya ɗauki mata ta uku, ita da 'ya'yanta suna da alaƙa da babban gida. Ana kiran nata "gidan tallafi" (iqadi).  A wasu lokuta mace ta uku ta yi hidimar matar farko a matsayin bawa kafin ta yi aure. Idan aka samu mace ta hudu ita da mutanen gidanta su ma limanci ne kuma suna da alaka da gidan dama.

* Mutanen Zulu suma suna da sarkakkiyar hanyar auren mace fiye da daya. Matan mutum sun gina babban gida (indlunkulu), gidan dama (iqadi), da gidan hagu (ikhohlwa). Idan gidan na hudu ne ko na iqadi, to ba ta da haqqi irin na sauran ukun. 

## Magana

## Sauran gidajen yanar gizo

* Yaya Zulus yayi bayanin auren mace fiye da daya?
* Wata rana kawai a Mzansi
* Auren mace fiye da daya, Afirka ta Kudu
Cocin Baƙaƙe

**Cocin baƙar fata** majami'ar kiristoci ce wadda galibin ikilisiyar ta zuriyar Afirka ce. Akwai da yawa a cikin Amurka kuma akwai kuma ƙara girma a cikin United Kingdom .

A cikin Amurka, majami'u baƙar fata sun haɗa da Cocin Methodist Episcopal Church da Cocin Allah cikin Kristi . Bakar fata ’yantattu ne suka fara da yawa waɗanda ba a maraba da su a majami’un farar fata. A Burtaniya galibi baƙi ne daga Afirka ta Yamma suka fara su. Salon ibadarsu ta fito ne daga al'adun ruhaniya na Afirka, kamar kira da amsawa .  Yawancin majami'u baƙar fata ne masu zanga-zangar, amma wasu Katolika ne . 

## Tarihi

### Bauta
A lokacin bauta a Amurka, masu bayi da yawa sun koyar da addinin Kirista ga bayinsu. Duk da haka, kawai sun koyar da ɓangarorin Kiristanci waɗanda suke tunanin suna goyon bayan bauta. Alal misali, sun ba wa bayi wani Littafi Mai Tsarki da suka canja wanda ya yi daidai da abin da masu bawan suke tunani game da bauta. Labarun irin su Fitowa, wanda ke game da tserewa daga bauta, an cire su. 

Amma, wasu Kiristoci, alal misali a cocin Baptist da Methodist, sun yi wa bayi wa’azi cewa sun yi daidai da farare. A cikin waɗannan majami'u, an ƙyale baƙar fata su zama shugabannin addini. Sun kuma ba da izinin bauta irin na Afirka, wanda ya haɗa da yawan waƙoƙi da raye-raye. 

### Bayan bauta
Bayan yakin basasar Amurka ya ƙare, bauta ta zama doka a Amurka. Baƙar fata majami'u sai girma sosai da sauri. Alal misali, shekara ɗaya kacal bayan ƙarshen yaƙin, Cocin Methodist Episcopal Church na Amirka ya sami sababbin mambobi 50,000. Dokokin Jim Crow na nufin cewa har yanzu ba a yi wa baƙar fata daidai da farar fata. Duk da haka, ikilisiyoyi baƙar fata sun taimaka wajen kyautata rayuwa ga baƙar fata. Misali, cocin bakar fata ya gina kuma ya biya kudin makarantun farko na bakar fata.

### Hakkokin jama'a
Ikklisiya baƙar fata suna da mahimmanci a cikin ƙungiyoyin yancin ɗan adam . Waɗannan majami'u ba don addini kawai ba ne: sun kuma kasance na al'umma. A cikin al'ummomin coci, masu fafutuka sun shirya zanga-zangar kuma sun yi ƙoƙarin kawo ƙarshen wariyar launin fata . Wasu fastoci irin su Martin Luther King Jr. su ma manyan shugabannin kare hakkin jama'a ne. 

## Zamani na zamani
Rarraba yanzu haramun ne a Amurka, amma har yanzu majami'u bakar fata suna da matukar muhimmanci. Har yanzu akwai rashin daidaito tsakanin bakar fata da fararen fata a Amurka. Sau da yawa, baƙar fata suna zama a wuraren da ke da mafi munin kiwon lafiya da aikin ɗan sanda fiye da fararen fata.  Duk da haka, shugabannin Ikklisiya baƙar fata za su iya taimakawa da waɗannan matsalolin, ta hanyar gaya wa ikilisiyoyinsu yadda za su sami lafiya.  Suna kuma daina aikata laifuka, saboda suna haifar da al'umma kuma suna ƙarfafa mutane su magance matsalolin cikin lumana. 

## Magana
Dutsen Rosetta

**Dutsen Rosetta dutse** ne da aka sassaƙa rubutu a ciki. Akwai nau'ikan rubutu guda 3 akan dutsen Rosetta; Girkanci, Masarawa, da wani nau'i na rubutun Masarawa. Sojojin Faransa sun gano shi a Masar a cikin 1799. Ya taimaka wa mutane su fahimci tsarin rubuce-rubucen tsohuwar Masar da ake kira hieroglyphs . Gano shi ya haifar da fassarar rubuce-rubucen Tsohon Masarawa. Sunan dutsen bayan birnin da aka samo shi, Rosetta (wanda ake kira Rashid). Dutsen yanzu yana cikin gidan kayan tarihi na Burtaniya da ke Landan.

Yana da rubuce-rubuce guda uku waɗanda suka faɗi magana iri ɗaya cikin harsuna biyu daban-daban . An rubuta guda biyu na rubuce-rubuce a cikin Tsohon Masarautar, amma a cikin rubutun daban-daban guda biyu: Demotic da hieroglyphs . Rubutun na uku an rubuta shi da Hellenanci na dā .

Masana tarihi sun riga sun karanta Hellenanci. Ta yin amfani da wannan ilimin sun sami damar tsara yadda ake karanta rubutun Masarawa.

Cikakken rubutun Helenanci, a cikin Ingilishi,  yana da tsayin kalmomi 1600-1700. Nassin dokar sarauta ce daga zamanin Hellenistic game da haraji na firistoci na haikali. Yana ba su gatan harajin da suke da shi a baya. Wasu malaman sun yi imanin cewa kwafi da yawa na Dutsen Rosetta na iya wanzuwa, saboda dole ne an yi wannan shelar a haikali da yawa.

## Gano dutsen
Sojojin da suka gano dutsen wani bangare ne na yakin Napoleon Bonaparte na 1798 a Masar. An ba da ita ga Birtaniya a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirye-shiryen mika wuya lokacin da sojojin Faransa suka kama a Iskandariyya ta yakin kogin Nilu da kuma babban dakarun Birtaniya da Ottoman . Mika wuya da yarjejeniya ana kiransa Capitulation of Alexandria . A karkashin yarjejeniyar, Faransawa dole ne su mika binciken binciken kayan tarihi ga Birtaniya, wanda ya hada da Dutsen Rosetta. 

Yankin da aka gano na dutsen yana da santimita 114.4 (45 in) tsayi a mafi tsayinsa, 72.3 centimeters (28.5 in) fadi, da 27.9 centimeters (11 in) kauri.

## Bangaren rubutun
Waɗannan su ne wasu kalmomin da aka fassara akan dutsen:

## Magana

## Sauran gidajen yanar gizo

* Gidan yanar gizon Rosetta Stone
* Rosetta Stone -Citizendium
Yaƙin Elmina (1625)

**Yakin Elmina** soja ne na yakin Dutch-Portuguese, wanda aka yi yaƙi a kusa da katangar São Jorge da Mina (Elmina Castle)   a cikin Gold Coast na Portuguese a 1625. An gwabza tsakanin sojoji 1,200 na Kamfanin Dutch West India (wasu jiragen ruwa 15 ne suka yi jigilar su) waɗanda suka sauka tare da kai farmaki ga sojojin Portugal na katangar. Kawayen Afirka 200 ne suka ƙarfafa sansanin da aka yi wa Gwamna Sottomayor hidima ta wurin caciques na gida. 

'Yan kasar Holland sun bude yakin ta hanyar jefa bama-bamai a gidan. Daga nan ne ‘yan kasar Holland suka fara tattaki zuwa katafaren gidan, amma Turawan Portugal da abokansu na Afirka sun yi musu kwanton bauna daga wuraren boye kuma an yi musu kisan kiyashi. Daga cikin wadanda suka mutu har da babban kwamanda da dukkan jami’ansa. Mutanen Fotigal ba su da rauni sosai kuma sun ɗauki tutoci 15, ganguna 15, da musket sama da 1,000, pike, pistol, da riguna.

Jiragen ruwan Holland sun harba bindigogi sama da 2,000 a gidan sarauta kafin su janye.

## Magana

## Littafi Mai Tsarki

* Glete, Jan, *Yaƙi a Teku, 1500-1650: Rikicin teku da canjin Turai* (2000).
* Rodriguez, Junius P., *The Historical Encyclopedia of World bauta, Volume 1* (1997).
* Boxer, CR, *Fidalgos a Gabas Mai Nisa* (1948).
* Dei-Anang, Michael, *Ghana Resurgent* (1964).
* Taylor, Gerard, *Capoeira: Jogo de Angola daga Luanda zuwa sararin samaniya, Juzu'i na 1* (2005).
* Graham Dann, AV Seatton, *Bauta, Gasar Gasa, da Thanatourism* (2001).
* Johannes Postma, V. Enthoven, *Riches daga Kasuwancin Atlantic: Kasuwancin transatlantic na Dutch da jigilar kaya, 1585-1817* (2003).
* Lewis H. Gann, Peter Duignan, *Afirka da Duniya: gabatarwa ga tarihin yankin Saharar Afirka* (1999).
Tawayen Oujda na 1953

**Tawayen Oujda na 1953** (Arabic  انتفاضة 16 غشت 1953, French La tuerie d'Oujda) wani tawaye ne na adawa da mulkin mallaka ga Faransa, a cikin yanayin juyin juya halin sarki da jama'a, wanda ya faru a Oujda a ranar  16 ga watan Agusta, 1953.     An yi tashe tashen hankula na biyu a Tafoughalt a washegari. 

Ya zo kwanaki goma bayan "tafiye-tafiye na zaɓe" na Thami El Glaoui, wanda ke kamfen don hambarar da Sultan Muhammad V.

## Bayan haka
Waɗanda suka mutu sun haɗa da ‘yan kungiyar‘  na Turai", Moroccans da aka sani don tallafawa Thami El Glaoui, da masu zanga-zangar.  An gurfanar da ’yan Morocco 96 a gaban kuliya saboda da hannunsu a lamarin. 

## Manazarta
Duchess Sophie Adelheid a Bavaria

**Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da Duchess Sophie a Bavaria** (Jamusanci: ; 22 Fabrairu 1875 a Possenhofen, Bavaria - 4 Satumba 1957 a Kreuth, Jamus ta Yamma). 

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Iyali

Iyayenta sune Karl Theodor, Duke a Bavaria, shugaban reshe na cadet na dangin sarauta na Bavarian, kuma likitan ido mai suna, da matarsa ta biyu, Infanta Maria José na Braganza, 'yar ta uku ta Sarki Miguel I, masarautar Portugal. Kakan mahaifinta ita ce Sarauniya Elisabeth ta Austria (*Sissi*). Ta kuma kasance 'yar'uwar Sarauniya Elisabeth na Belgium, matar Albert I da Marie Gabrielle, matar yarima ta karshe ta Bavaria, Rupprecht, daga baya shugaban Gidan Wittelsbach .  An sanya mata suna ne bayan matar mahaifinta ta farko, Princess Sophie na Saxony, mahaifiyar 'yar uwarta Amalie.

### Aure da fitowa
A ranar 26 ga Yulin 1898 a babban birnin Bavaria, Munich, Sophie Adelheid ta auri Count Hans Veit na Toerring-Jettenbach (Augsburg, 7 ga Afrilu 1862 - Munich, 29 ga Oktoba 1929), ɗan Count Clemens Maria Anton zu Toerring -Jettenbach (1826-1891) da matarsa, Countess Franziska von Paumgarten (1834-1894). Ya kasance shugaban Gidan Toerring-Jettenbach. Suna da 'ya'ya uku, jikoki tara, jikoki goma sha uku da jikoki gomashekara goma sha takwas: 

* Count Carl Theodor na Toerring-Jettenbach (22 Satumba 1900 - 14 Mayu 1967) ya auri Gimbiya Elizabeth ta Girka da Denmark a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1934. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu, jikoki shida da jikoki goma sha shida.  

## Tsofaffi

## Manazarta

### Bayanai

### Bayanan littattafai
* 

## Haɗin waje

*
Rundunar Afirka

**Rundunar Sojin Ruwa ta Afrika** wani bangare ne na Sojojin ruwa na Amurka da suka yi aiki daga 1819 zuwa 1861 a Toshewar Afirka don dakile cinikin bayi a gabar tekun Afirka ta Yamma. Koyaya, galibi ana danganta kalmar gabaɗaya ga ayyukan yaƙi da bauta a lokacin da ya kai ga yakin basasar Amurka .

Tawagar ta fito ne daga yarjejeniyar 1819 tsakanin Amurka da Burtaniya wacce ta kasance farkon matakin dakatar da cinikin, kuma yarjejeniyar Webster-Ashburton ta 1842 ta kara bayyana. Ko da yake an haɗa su ta hanyar fasaha tare da Squadron na Yammacin Afirka na Burtaniya da ke Saliyo, a aikace tawagar Amurka ta yi aiki da kanta.

Matthew Perry shi ne kwamandan farko na tawagar, kuma ya kafa kansa a cikin Portuguese Cape Verde .

Gabaɗaya rundunar ba ta da tasiri, tunda jiragen sun yi kaɗan, kuma tun da yawancin ayyukan ciniki sun koma yankin Kogin Neja ( Nijeriya a halin yanzu), wanda ba a rufe shi. A cikin shekaru biyu na shugabancin Perry, bawa daya ne kawai aka ruwaito cewa an kama shi, kuma kotun New Orleans ta wanke wannan jirgin daga baya. A cikin shekaru 16 na aikin squadron, ma'aikatan jiragen ruwa 19 ne kawai suka je kotu. An wanke waɗannan bayin ko kuma an ci tarar su kaɗan. Sauran kwamandojin, duk da haka, sun fi samun nasara.

## 'Yan sintiri na cinikin bayi na Afirka
Yankin tafiye-tafiye na Squadron na Afirka ya kasance daga Cape Frio zuwa kudu (kimanin digiri 18 a kudu), zuwa Madeira a arewa. Duk da haka, ma'ajiyar kayan aikin rundunar tana cikin tsibiran Cape Verde, kimanin  daga tsakiyar arewacin cibiyar cinikin bayi a yankin Biafra da kuma kudu. Sashen sojan ruwa bai motsa wurin da aka ajiye wurin ba sai a shekarar 1859, lokacin da aka kafa shi a São Paulo de Luanda, a cikin Angola ta Fotigal, kusan digiri takwas daga latitude kudu. A lokaci guda kuma sashen ya fitar da Madeira daga kan iyaka ga tawagar.

Mafi akasarin tafiye-tafiyen da tawagar ta yi a cikin shekaru goma na farko sun kasance a gabar tekun yammacin Afirka, tare da kula da muradun Laberiya . A cikin shekarun 1850 da yawa daga cikin cinikin bayi a wannan yanki Turawan mulkin mallaka sun kawar da su a cikin kasar Saliyo, da kuma 'yan Laberiya.

Wannan duk da haka, bai dakatar da kwamitin daraktocin American Colonization Society daga rubuta wa Shugaban Amurka don karfafa "dutse" na Squadron na Afirka a cikin 1855 daidai da Yarjejeniyar Webster-Ashburton a cikin ƙoƙari na hana masu aikin jirgin ruwa da masu bautar amfani da wasikun teku don da'awar asalin Amurka a ƙoƙarin su na ci gaba da cinikin bayi a bakin tekun Afirka.

## An kama jiragen ruwa

### Afrika Squadron

Source: Canney, DL, *Afirka Squadron*, Littattafan Potomac, 2006, pp.&nbsp;233-234

## Manazarta
Afro-Asians a Kudancin Asiya

**Afro-Asiya** (ko **Asiyawa na Afirka**) al'ummomin Afirka ne waɗanda ke rayuwa a cikin yankin Indiya tsawon ƙarni kuma suka zauna a ƙasashe kamar Indiya, Pakistan, da Sri Lanka.

Wannan ya haɗa da Siddis (waɗanda suke zaune a Indiya da Pakistan sama da shekaru dubu) da Kaffirs a Sri Lanka.

## Kasuwancin bayi na Afirka ta Gabas
Kasuwancin bayi a Asiya ya kasance kafin cinikin bayi na Atlantic. 'Yan kasuwa Larabawa sun kawo Siddis na farko a matsayin bayi zuwa Indiya a cikin shekarar 628 AD a tashar  Bharuch. 

Siddis kuma an kawo su a matsayin bayi ta Deccan Sultanates. Tsofaffin bayi da dama sun samu matsayi mai girma a aikin soja da gudanarwa, wanda ya fi fice a cikinsu shi ne Malik Ambar.

Wasu 'yan ƙabilar Bantu daga Kudu maso Gabashin Afirka kuma an shigo da su zuwa yankin Indiya a ƙarni na 16 a matsayin bayi na gida ta Portuguese. Yawancin waɗannan 'yan Afirka sun tsere daga ikon Portuguese, suna zaɓar su zama musulmi maimakon komawa Katolika, kamar yadda aka haramta Musulunci a yankunan Portuguese. Wasu tsiraru daga cikin bayin da suka tsere sun karɓi addinin Hindu saboda yawancin al'ummar Hindu Nizam na Hyderabad kuma sun ɗauki masu gadi da sojoji na asalin Afirka.

A cikin ƙarni na 17, gwagwarmayar mulkin mallaka ta samo asali a tsakanin Birtaniya, Faransa, da Dutch. Faransawa da Dutch sun dogara da aikin bawa don noma da noma, bi da bi, yayin da Birtaniyya suka dogara ga bayi don sojojin ruwa, yadudduka na ruwa, da kuma masu yin caulkers a Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya. Wannan gasa ta neman rinjaye a yankin ta kai ga samun sarautar Birtaniyya, wadda ta ɗaure har zuwa ƙarni na 19.

## Yanayi ga bayi na Afirka da Asiya
Duk da cewa bautar da ake yi a Indiya zalunci ne da rashin tausayi, inda sau da yawa ake yi wa bayi bulala da tilasta musu aiki a cikin mawuyacin hali tare da ƙarancin abinci, wasu mutane sun sami damar samun dukiya da tasiri musamman a zamanin musulmi. 

A matsayin bayi, an ba Sheedi damar wani mataki na motsi na zamantakewa wanda ya ba su damar hawa manyan muƙamai a cikin sojoji da hukumomin gwamnati.  Haka nan an ba wa bayi musulmi damar samun ilimi, aure, zama masu ba da shawara kan harkokin siyasa, da kuma ɗaukar wasu bayi ta hanyoyi kamar saye, jan hankali, ko kamawa.

## Kawar da bauta
A ƙarni na 19, turawan ingila sun kawar da cinikin bayi amma kokarin da turawan ingila a yankin India da sauran turawan turai suka yi ya kaucewa wannan.  Duk da haka, a cikin kowane zamani, an sami ci gaba da buƙatu na bayi na kai waɗanda ke aiki azaman mataimakan gida. An ɗauke su a matsayin alamomin matsayi na zamantakewa.  Halin tattalin arziki na mutane ya ƙayyade buƙatar bayi kuma shine tushen tushen yanayin bautar da ya ci gaba a cikin Ƙasar Indiya.

A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Biritaniya da sauran Turawa da mulkin mallaka, mutanen Afro-Asiya sun ƙara zama saniyar ware yayin da masu mulkin mallaka suka kawo ɗabi'a game da launin fata a cikin tsarin zamantakewa mai rikitarwa. Yawancin Afro-Asiya an raba su bisa tsari zuwa ƙauyuka ta yadda ba za su iya yin siyasa ba. Maimakon haka, an ƙarfafa su su haɗa kai.

## Manazarta