Ruth Clement Bond

**Ruth Clement Bond** (22 ga Mayu, 1904 - 24 ga Oktoba, 2005) malamar Afirka-Amurka ce, shugabar al'umma kuma mai fasaha. A matsayinta na malamar makaranta, Bond ta koyar a jami'o'i a Haiti, Liberia da Malawi. Ta jagoranci ƙungiyar mata 'yan Afirka-Amurka kuma a lokacin aikinta tana fafutukar kare mata da yara a Amurka, Afghanistan, Ivory Coast, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo da Tunisia. A matsayinta na mai fasaha, Ruth ta shahara wajen ɗaga bargon mai amfani zuwa wani aikin sharhin zamantakewa na avant-garde. Irin waɗannan bargon guda uku sun kasance tun daga wannan lokacin ƙirƙira a shekarun 1930. An nuna waɗannan bargon a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha da Zane da ke New York da Gidan Tarihi na Jami'ar Jihar Michigan .

## Rayuwar farko da iyali
An haifi Ruth Elizabeth Clement a Louisville, Kentucky a ranar 22 ga Mayu, 1904, ga George Clinton Clement, bishop a Cocin African Methodist Episcopal Zion, da Emma Clarissa Williams Clement. Ita ce ta huɗu cikin 'ya'ya bakwai.  

A shekarar 1931, Clement ta auri Dr. J. Max Bond Sr wacce ta haifi 'ya'ya uku da ita: masanin tarihi Jane Bond Howard, mai zanen gidaje J. Max Bond Jr., da kuma masanin ilimin ɗan adam George Clement Bond . Ɗan uwansu shine Julian Bond, mai shirya SNCC .  

Bonds sun ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles jim kaɗan bayan aurensu. A shekarar 1934, suna zaune da aiki a yankunan karkara na Alabama. Bayan mijinta ya shiga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje a shekarar 1944 har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarta, Ruth ta yi tafiye-tafiye zuwa ƙasashe da yawa, musamman zuwa ƙasashen Afirka ko kuma waɗanda ke da tarihin Afirka. 

## Ilimi
Bond ta halarci Kwalejin Livingstone (wanda iyayenta duka suka kammala karatunsu), amma ta sami digirinta na farko da na biyu a Turanci daga Jami'ar Northwestern . A Kwalejin Livingstone, ta kasance memba mai rijista a Alpha Xi Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated, wanda aka kafa a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 1930. Ruth ta fara shirin digiri na uku a Los Angeles wanda ta bari bayan haihuwar ɗanta na farko. Ta yi niyyar kammala karatun digiri na uku bayan iyalan sun koma yankunan karkara na Alabama, amma babu jami'o'in gida da za su yi rajista.

## Sana'a
Daga 1930 zuwa 1932, Bond ta kasance shugabar sashen Turanci a Kwalejin Jihar Kentucky .  A cikin aikinta, Bond ta koyar a jami'o'i a Haiti, Liberia da Malawi.  Yayin da take zaune a Alabama don aikin mijinta, Bond ta taimaka wa tsoffin iyalai masu raba amfanin gona a ƙauyukan da aka ware da tattalin arziki da ci gaba.

Babban nasarar da Bond ta samu a fannin fasaha ita ce ƙirar jerin barguna a shekarun 1930. Daga 1934 zuwa 1938, J. Max Bond Sr. ya yi aiki a matsayin Daraktan Ma'aikata da Ilimi na Negro tare da Hukumar Kula da Kwarin Tennessee . A wannan lokacin, Ruth ta yi aiki da wani aikin ƙawata gida don ƙawata gidajen ma'aikatan gini baƙaƙe waɗanda ke aiki don gina Madatsar Ruwa ta Wheeler a Alabama . Ta tsara jerin tsare-tsare masu ban sha'awa don barguna na fasaha waɗanda matan ma'aikata suka yi.   Duk da cewa wannan shine karo na farko da ta fara shiga aikin barguna, ana tunawa da kyawawan tsare-tsarenta na zamani a matsayin wani muhimmin sabon abu a fannin fasahar barguna, wanda ya taimaka wajen motsa ƙirar barguna "daga amfani zuwa fagen fasaha."  Ta rabu da tsarin fure da na geometric da aka saba amfani da su a cikin ƙirar barguna, tana nuna sifofi na ma'aikatan Baƙaƙe, a cikin salon "mai kaifi amma mai kyau" wanda ya tuna da yanke takarda na Henri Matisse da zane-zanen Aaron Douglas . An kira barguna na farko "Ƙarfin Baƙi." A cikin kalmomin Ruth: "Wannan baƙar magana ce, ba shakka, TVA tana magana ne game da iko. Bargon farko ya nuna walƙiya mai nuna iko, wanda aka riƙe a hannun wani baƙar fata."  Gabaɗaya, Ruth da ƙungiyar mata masu gyaran barguna sun gina barguna shida, waɗanda aka sani da "bargon TVA," waɗanda uku daga cikinsu suka rage; an nuna su a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha da Zane da Gidan Tarihi na Jami'ar Jihar Michigan, da sauransu.  

A shekarar 1944, Max ya karɓi aiki a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Amurka, kuma Bonds sun yi tafiya zuwa Haiti, inda Ruth ta yi aiki a sashen L'Ecole Normale de Martissant. A shekarar 1950, aka tura su zuwa Liberia, inda Max zai yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Jami'ar Liberia, kuma Ruth ta jagoranci sashen Turanci na jami'ar. A shekarun 1950 da farkon shekarun 1960, an tura su Afghanistan, Tunisia, Sierra Leone, da Nyasaland . 

## Rayuwa daga baya
Bayan yin ritayar Max a shekarar 1966, Bonds sun koma Amurka suka zauna a Washington, DC, inda dukkansu suka shiga cikin al'amuran al'umma. A shekarun 1960, Ruth ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar mata 'yan Afirka-Amurka .  A shekarar 1978, ta yi aiki tare da wata tawagar bincike ta Majalisar Ƙasa ta Mata 'Yan Negro don yin nazarin rawar da mata ke takawa a Senegal, Togo, da Ivory Coast . Duk Bonds ɗin sun shiga cikin Cibiyar Afirka-Amurka, wadda ɗan'uwan Max Horace Mann Bond ya kafa.  A DC, Ruth tana cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Maza da Mata ta Washington, YMCA, da Red Cross, kuma memba ce mai himma a Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ayyukan Waje . 

Ruth ta rasu a ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 2005, tana da shekaru 101. 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Takardun Max J. da Ruth Clement Bond a Laburare na Littattafai da Rubuce-rubuce Masu Rare a Jami'ar Columbia
* Hoton dijital na "Lazy Man" Quilt

## Manazarta