Edith Clarke

**Edith Clarke** (10 ga Fabrairu, 1883 - Oktoba 29, 1959) ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara aiki da ƙwarewa a matsayin injiniyan lantarki a Amurkakuma mace ta farko farfesa a injiniyan lantarki a ƙasar.  Ita ce mace ta farko da ta ba da takarda a Cibiyar Injiniyoyi ta Amurka;  Injiniya mace ta farko wacce Tau Beta Pi ta amince da matsayinta na ƙwararru, tsohuwar ƙungiyar girmamawa ta injiniya kuma babbar ƙungiyar girmamawa ta biyu mafi girma a cikin Amurka;  da mace ta farko mai suna ‘Yar’uwar Cibiyar Injiniyoyin Lantarki ta Amurka.  Ta kware a cikin nazarin tsarin wutar lantarki  kuma ta rubuta Binciken Circuit na A-C Power Systems.  

## Rayuwar  Farko da Ilimi
Ɗaya daga cikin yara tara, an haifi Edith Clarke ga lauya John Ridgely Clarke da Susan Dorsey Owings a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 1883, a Ellicott City, Maryland.  Bayan ta zama marayu tana shekara 12, wata ’yar’uwa da ta girma ta rene ta.  Ta yi amfani da gadonta wajen yin karatun lissafi da ilmin taurari a Kwalejin Vassar, inda ta kammala a 1908.

Bayan kwaleji, Clarke ya koyar da ilimin lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi a wata makaranta mai zaman kanta a San Francisco da kuma a Kwalejin Marshall.  Daga nan sai ta dauki wani lokaci tana karatun injiniyan farar hula a Jami'ar Wisconsin – Madison, amma ta bar zama "kwamfuta" a AT&T a 1912. Ta lissafta wa George Campbell, wanda ya yi amfani da hanyoyin ilimin lissafi ga matsalolin isar da wutar lantarki mai nisa.  7]  Yayin da take AT&T, ta karanci injiniyan lantarki a Jami’ar Columbia da dare.

A cikin 1918, Clarke ta shiga Jami'ar Fasaha ta Massachusetts, kuma a shekara ta gaba ta zama mace ta farko da ta sami M.S.  a injiniyan lantarki daga MIT.  Arthur E. Kennelly ne ke kula da karatun ta a MIT kuma an yi masa lakabi da "Halayyar layin watsawa ta wucin gadi kamar yadda ake ƙara yawan mitar har abada." 

## Ayyuka
Ta kasa samun aiki a matsayin injiniya, Clarke ya tafi aiki da General Electric a matsayin mai kula da kwamfutoci a Sashen Injiniyan Turbine.  A wannan lokacin, ta ƙirƙiri kalkuleta na Clarke, farkon ƙididdiga mai zayyana, na'urar zane mai sauƙi wacce ta warware ma'auni masu alaƙa da wutar lantarki, ƙarfin lantarki da rashin ƙarfi a cikin layin watsa wutar lantarki.  Na'urar zata iya magance ma'auni na layi wanda ya haɗa da ayyukan hyperbolic sau goma cikin sauri fiye da hanyoyin da suka gabata.  Ta shigar da takardar shaidar ƙididdiga a cikin 1921 kuma an ba da ita a cikin 1925

A shekara ta 1921, Clarke ta ɗauki hutu daga GE don koyar da ilimin kimiyyar lissafi a Kwalejin Mata ta Constantinople da ke Turkiyya saboda ba a ba ta damar yin aikin injiniyan lantarki ba, ba ta samun albashi iri ɗaya kuma tana da ƙarancin ƙwararru kamar yadda maza suke yin aiki iri ɗaya.  
A shekara ta gaba, lokacin da ta dawo daga Turkiyya, GE ya ba ta aiki a matsayin injiniyan lantarki mai albashi a Ma'aikatar Injiniya ta Tsakiya - ƙwararriyar mace ta farko a Amurka.  Ta yi ritaya daga General Electric a 1945.

Iliminta a fannin lissafi ya taimaka mata ta yi suna a fagenta.  A ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 1926, a matsayin mace ta farko da ta ba da takarda a Cibiyar Nazarin Injiniyan Lantarki ta Amurka (AIEE), ta nuna yadda ake amfani da ayyukan hyperbolic don ƙididdige iyakar ƙarfin da layin zai iya ɗauka ba tare da rashin kwanciyar hankali ba.  Takardar ta kasance mai mahimmanci saboda layin watsawa yana da tsawo, yana haifar da nauyi mai yawa da ƙarin damar rashin daidaituwa na tsarin, kuma takardar Clarke ta ba da samfurin da ya shafi manyan tsarin..  Biyu daga cikin takardunta daga baya sun sami lambobin yabo daga AIEE: Kyautar Takarda Mafi Girma a cikin 1932 da Mafi kyawun Kyautar Takarda ta Ƙasa a 1941.

Ta kuma yi aikin kera da gina madatsun ruwa masu amfani da wutar lantarki a Yamma ciki har da Dam Hoover, inda ta ba da gudummawar fasaharta ta lantarki don haɓaka da shigar da injinan injin da ke samar da wutar lantarki a can har zuwa yau.

A cikin 1943, Clarke ta rubuta wani littafi mai tasiri a fagen aikin injiniyan wutar lantarki, Analysis na A-C Power Systems, bisa ga bayananta na laccoci ga injiniyoyin GE.  Wannan littafi mai juzu'i biyu yana koyarwa game da daidaitawarta na tsarin abubuwan haɗin kai, wanda ta sami sha'awar yayin aiki na biyu a GE.  Wannan tsarin hanya ce ta lissafi don injiniyoyi don yin nazari da magance matsalolin asarar tsarin wutar lantarki da aikin kayan lantarki.  Clarke ya karɓi wannan tsarin zuwa sassa uku masu tushe waɗanda ke tushen grid ɗin lantarki a Amurka.  An yi amfani da wannan littafi a matsayin tushen ilimi ga injiniyoyin lantarki tsawon shekaru da yawa.

A cikin 1947, ta shiga sashen koyar da injiniyan lantarki a Jami'ar Texas a Austin, inda ta zama farfesa mace ta farko a fannin injiniyan lantarki a ƙasar.  Ta yi koyarwa na tsawon shekaru 10 kuma ta yi ritaya a shekara ta 1957.

A cikin wata hira da jaridar The Daily Texan a ranar 14 ga Maris, 1948, Clarke ya ce: “Babu bukatar injiniyoyi mata, haka nan, akwai likitocin mata; amma a koyaushe ana bukatar duk wanda zai iya yin kyakkyawan aiki.  " 

## Girmamawa
Clarke ita ce injiniyar mace ta farko da ta samu ƙwararriyar matsayi a Tau Beta Pi. A cikin 1948, Clarke ta kasance mace ta farko a Cibiyar Injiniyoyi ta Amurka.  Ita ce mace ta farko da aka yarda da ita a matsayin cikakkiyar mamba a Cibiyar Injiniyoyi ta Amurka.  A cikin 1954, ta karɓi lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyin Mata (SWE),  wanda Evelyn Jetter, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa SWE kuma mai ƙirƙira transistor ƙonewa na kera, “saboda sanin asalinta da yawa.  gudummawa ga ka'idar kwanciyar hankali da nazarin da'ira." An zaɓi Clarke don haɗawa a cikin Mata na Nasara a cikin Tarihin Maryland a cikin 1998 da  Hakanan an haɗa shi cikin Tarihin Ƙasar Amurka da Fitattun Matan Amurka na Zamani na Zamani.

## Manazarta