Ablaq

***Ablaq*** ( Arabic   ; m; a zahiri 'piebald'  ) fasaha ce ta gine-gine da ta haɗa da musanya ko jujjuya layuka na haske da dutse mai duhu.   Kalmar Larabci ce  da ke bayyana dabarar da ke da alaƙa da gine-ginen Musulunci a ƙasashen Larabawa .  Wataƙila ya samo asali ne a cikin gine-ginen Byzantine na farko a yankin, inda aka yi amfani da madaurin farar dutse da bulo na lemu wajen ginin.  Ana amfani da fasaha da farko don sakamako na ado.

Dabarar kayan ado *na ablaq* ana tsammanin zai iya kasancewa wani abu ne daga tsohuwar Daular Byzantine, wanda gine-ginen ya yi amfani da wasu matakai na daban na dutsen ashlar mai launin haske da bulo mai launin orange.  An gano farkon yin amfani da katangar *ablaq* a sarari a cikin gyaran bangon arewa na Babban Masallacin Damascus a shekara ta 1109. 

Wataƙila wannan dabarar ta samo asali ne daga Siriya, inda dutsen da aka samar a cikin gida zai iya ƙarfafa yin amfani da wasu darussa na haske da dutse mai duhu. A kudancin Siriya akwai yalwar baƙar fata da kuma farar farar dutse . Kayayyakin kowanne sun yi kusan daidai, don haka dabi'a ce aka yi amfani da dabarun masonry na ma'auni. 

## Amfani a cikin gine-gine na Musulunci

Dome na Dutsen a Urushalima, wanda aka gina shi a farkon karni na 7 a lokacin mulkin Umayyawa, yana da haske *ablaq* da duhun dutse a cikin baka na gandun daji na ciki.   Asalin jiyya na marmara *ablaq* a Dutsen Dutse yana da cece-kuce, inda wasu masana suka yi hasashen cewa daga ginin asali ne, wasu kuma suka ce ƙari ne daga baya (kuma sun bambanta sa'an nan game da kwanan wata da kuma asalin maginin).   Madarar ja da farar fata a cikin kwalabe na arches a Babban Masallacin Cordoba *-* wanda aka gina a ƙarshen karni na 8 kuma ya fadada har zuwa karni na 10 *-* wani misali ne na farko na irin wannan fasaha, wanda zai iya kasancewa da alaƙa da misalai na farko a Urushalima da Damascus waɗanda sarakunan Umayyawa na Kordoba suka saba da su.  Andrew Petersen, masanin fasahar fasahar Islama da ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi, ya bayyana cewa *ablaq* (masu canza dabi'ar farar farar farar farar dutse da baƙar fata) "wani sifa ce ta babban gini na Damascus." 

Masonry *Ablaq* ya bayyana a wasu gine-gine na karni na 12 da 13 a Diyarbakir da aka gina a karkashin Artuqids, da kuma wasu gine-ginen marigayi Ayyubid a Damascus.  Har ila yau, ya bayyana a tashoshin wasu abubuwan tarihi na Seljuk na ƙarni na 13 a Konya, kamar Masallacin Alaeddin Madrasa Karatay, mai yiyuwa ne saboda tasirin masu sana'ar Siriya. 

*Ablaq* ya zama sanannen fasalin gine-ginen Mamluk a Siriya, Masar da Falasdinu a ƙarni na 14 da 15. A wannan lokacin, ana amfani da dutse baki da fari da kuma jan bulo a cikin layuka masu maimaitawa, suna ba da gini mai launi uku.  *Ablaq* masonry ya kara da wasu fasahohin kayan ado kamar amfani da "joggled" voussoirs a cikin baka, inda aka yanke duwatsun masu canza launi zuwa siffofi masu juna. 

A cikin 1266 Sarkin Mamluk al-Zahir Baybars al-Bunduqdari ya gina wani fada a Damascus wanda aka fi sani da  ("Fadar *Ablaq* "), wanda aka gina shi tare da sauye-sauye na ginin haske da duhu. Wannan sunan yana nuna cewa kalmar *ablaq* ana amfani da ita akai-akai don irin wannan masonry a ƙarni na 13. 

Gine-gine tare da maɓalli na tubali da dutse ana yawan amfani da su a farkon gine-ginen Ottoman a yankin Anatoliya da Balkans, amma ya ɓace daga salon a cikin gine-ginen daular Ottoman .    An ci gaba da amfani da fasahar *ablaq* na gargajiya a yanki a cikin gine-ginen Ottoman Siriya (karni na 16 da bayansa).   Misalai a Damascus sun haɗa da Sulaymaniyya Takiyya (ƙarni na 16),  fadar Azm (ƙarni na 18),  da Khan As'ad Pasha (ƙarni na 18). 

## Manazarta