Tsohon Javanese

**Tsohon Javanese** ko **Kawi** yare ne na Austronesian kuma shine mafi tsufa da aka tabbatar da Harshen Javanese. An samo asali ne a tsakiyar da gabashin tsibirin Java, abin da ke yanzu Tsakiyar Java, Yogyakarta da lardunan Gabashin Java, Indonesia. A matsayin harshe na wallafe-wallafen, an yi amfani da Kawi a duk faɗin Java da tsibirin Madura, Bali, da Lombok.

## Tarihi
Misali mafi tsufa da aka rubuta gaba ɗaya a Tsohon Javanese, wanda ake kira rubutun Sukabumi, an rubuta shi ne a ranar 25 ga Maris 804 AD. Wannan rubutun, wanda ke cikin gundumar Kepung a cikin Kediri Regency na Gabashin Java, kwafin asalin ne, wanda aka rubuta kimanin shekaru 120 da suka gabata (an adana wannan kwafin ne kawai). Abubuwan da ke ciki sun shafi gina madatsar ruwa don tashar ban ruwa kusa da kogin Śrī Hariñjing (yanzu an taƙaita shi zuwa Srinjing). Wannan rubutun shine na karshe na irin sa da za a rubuta ta amfani da Rubutun Pallava; duk misalai na Tsohon Javanese an rubuta su ta amfani da rubutawar Kawi.

### Ci gaba
Tsohon Javanese ba ya tsayawa, kuma amfani da shi ya rufe kimanin shekaru 800 - daga mulkin Kalingga har zuwa kafa Daular Majapahit a cikin 1292. Harshen Javanese wanda aka yi magana da rubuce-rubuce a zamanin Majapahit ya riga ya sami wasu canje-canje sabili da haka ya riga ya fi kusa da harshen Javanese na zamani.

#### Asalin Austronesian
Mafi mahimmancin ƙarfin siffar a Tsohon Javanese shine al'adun Austronesian a cikin ƙamus, tsarin jumla, da ƙamus wanda ya raba tare da yaren 'yar'uwarsa a kudu maso gabashin Asiya.

#### Tasirin Sanskrit
Tasirin harshe na Indiya a cikin Tsohon Javanese kusan tasirin Sanskrit ne kawai (kimanin 25%-40%). Babu wata shaida game da abubuwan harshe na Indiya a Tsohon Javanese ban da Sanskrit. Wannan ya bambanta da, alal misali, tasirin ilimin harshe na Indiya a cikin harshen (Tsohon) Malay.

Sanskrit yana da tasiri mai zurfi da na dindindin a kan ƙamus na yaren Javanese. Tsohon Javanese-English Dictionary, wanda Farfesa P.J. Zoetmulder ya rubuta a 1982, ya ƙunshi kusan shigarwa 25,500, ba kasa da 12,500 daga cikinsu an aro su daga Sanskrit. Wannan adadi mai yawa ba alamar amfani ba ce, amma alama ce cewa Tsohon Javanese sun san kuma sun yi amfani da waɗannan kalmomin Sanskrit a cikin ayyukansu na wallafe-wallafen. A cikin kowane aikin wallafe-wallafen Tsohon Javanese, kusan kashi 25% na ƙamus sun samo asali ne daga Sanskrit.

##### Fasahar sauti
Sanskrit kuma ya rinjayi duka phonology da ƙamus na Tsohon Javanese. Tsohon Javanese kuma ya ƙunshi ƙayyadaddun retroflex, wanda watakila an samo shi daga Sanskrit. Masana ilimin harsuna da yawa suna jayayya da hakan, waɗanda ke riƙe da ra'ayin cewa yana yiwuwa cewa faruwar waɗannan ƙididdigar retroflex ci gaba ne mai zaman kansa a cikin iyalin yaren Austronesian.

##### Kalmomin kalmomi
Tambaya mai alaƙa ita ce hanyar da aka ba da kalmomin Sanskrit a Tsohon Javanese. Kalmomin Sanskrit da aka aro a Tsohon Javanese kusan ba tare da sunaye da adjectives ba a cikin nau'ikan su (Sanskrit *lingga*). Tsohon matani na Javanese sun ƙunshi ƙarin haruffa da yawa tare da irin waɗannan ƙimar phonology don wakiltar sautuna daban-daban da consonants a cikin Sanskrit kamar kalmomin aro da ba a daidaita su ba. Duk inda wadannan diacritics suka faru a cikin Tsohon Javanese matani, ana watsi da su a cikin furtawa: *bhaṭāra* daidai yake da *baṭara* (hasarar sautin wasali da burin kuma Elu Prakrit, kakannin Sinhala ya raba shi). Kuma ba su rinjayi tsari na kalmomi a cikin ƙamus ba: bambance-bambance s, ṣ, da ś, alal misali, duk ana bi da su kamar s.
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