open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Abin sha na Phenethyl

**Barasa na Phenethyl**, ko **2-phenylethanol**, wani sinadari ne na halitta wanda ke da tsarin sinadarai  . Ruwa ne mara launi mai ƙamshi mai daɗi na furanni. Yana faruwa a yanayi sosai, ana samunsa a cikin nau'ikan mai masu mahimmanci . Yana narkewa kaɗan a cikin ruwa (2 ml a cikin 100 ml na  ), amma ana iya mirgine shi da yawancin sinadaran sinadarai na halitta . Molecule na barasar phenethyl ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar phenethyl (  ) an haɗa shi da rukunin hydroxyl (  ).

## Tsarin
Ana shirya Phenethyl alcohol ta hanyar kasuwanci ta hanyoyi biyu. Mafi yawan lokuta shine amsawar Friedel-Crafts tsakanin benzene da ethylene oxide a gaban aluminum trichloride .

:  

Wannan amsawar tana samar da sinadarin aluminum alkoxide wanda daga baya ake samar da shi zuwa ga samfurin da ake so. Babban sinadarin da ke cikinsa shine diphenylethane, wanda za a iya guje masa ta hanyar amfani da sinadarin benzene mai yawa. Haɓaka sinadarin styrene oxide shima yana samar da sinadarin phenethyl alcohol. 

### Hanyoyin dakin gwaje-gwaje
Ana iya shirya Phenethyl alcohol ta hanyar amsawar phenylmagnesium bromide da ethylene oxide :

:  
:  

Ana iya samar da Phenethyl barasa ta hanyar biotransformation daga L - phenylalanine ta amfani da yisti mai hana motsi *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* .  Haka kuma yana yiwuwa a samar da phenethyl barasa ta hanyar rage phenylacetic acid ta amfani da sodium borohydride da iodine a cikin THF . 

## Abubuwan da suka faru da kuma amfaninsu
Ana samun Phenethyl alcohol a cikin ruwan fure, carnation, hyacinth, Aleppo Pine, furen lemu, ylang-ylang, geranium, neroli, da champaca . Hakanan maganin rigakafi ne wanda fungi *Candida albicans* ke samarwa. 

Alcohols na fusel kamar phenethyl alcohol sune samfuran fermentation na hatsi, saboda haka akwai ɗan ƙaramin adadin phenethyl alcohol a cikin abubuwan sha da yawa na giya .

Saboda haka, sinadari ne da aka saba amfani da shi a cikin dandano da turare, musamman idan ana son ƙamshin fure.  Ana amfani da shi azaman ƙari a cikin sigari . Haka kuma ana amfani da shi azaman abin kiyayewa a cikin sabulu saboda kwanciyar hankali a cikin yanayi na asali . Yana da ban sha'awa saboda kaddarorinsa na rigakafi .

## Duba kuma

* 1-Phenylethanol
* Congener
* Sinadaran ruwan inabi
* Phenethylamine

## Manazarta
Amanda Hopkinson

**Amanda Hopkinson** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1948) masanin Burtaniya ce kuma mai fassara.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife ta ne a Landan, Ingila, ga ɗan jaridar Burtaniya kuma editan mujallar Sir Tom Hopkinson da mai ɗaukar hoto Gerti Deutsch .  Ta sami BA daga Jami'ar Warwick a shekarar 1970. 

A lokacin aikinta na ilimi, Hopkinson ta koyar a Jami'ar City, Jami'ar Manchester, Jami'an East Anglia, Jami'in East London, Jami'a ta Westminster da Jami'ar Cardiff. A matsayinta na mai fassara, an fi saninta da fassarar Turanci na wallafe-wallafen Latin Amurka na zamani. Ta kuma fassara ayyukan da yawa daga marubucin aikata laifuka na Faransa Dominique Manotti . A cikin wannan aikin, tana aiki tare da 'yan uwanta masu fassara Ros Schwartz da mijinta Nick Caistor, tare da ita tana zaune a Norwich.

Hopkinson kuma marubuci ne kan daukar hoto. Ta wallafa littattafai game da Julia Margaret Cameron, Martin Chambi da Manuel Alvarez Bravo, kuma ta ci gaba da rubuta ko gyara littattafai da yawa game da daukar hoto da aikin jarida. Hopkinson ya kuma rubuta bayanan mutuwar masu daukar hoto da yawa don jaridar *[[The Guardian]]* . 

## Fassarar da aka zaɓa

* Carmen Posadas: *Wasan Yara*
* Claribel Alegría: *Album na Iyali*
* Diamela Eltit: Mai Tsarki Cow*Wata saniya mai tsarki*
* Dolores Payas: *Lokacin shan giya!* *: A cikin Kamfanin Patrick Leigh Fermor*
* Elena Poniatowska: *Leonora*
* Isabel Allende: Ƙaunar Jafananci*Mai son Jafananci*
* Jose Saramago: *Tafiya zuwa Portugal*
* Jose Saramago: Littafin rubutu*Littafin Bayani*
* Paulo Coelho: *Iblis da Miss Prym*
* Ricardo Piglia: *Kuɗi don ƙonewa*
* Sergio Bizzio: *Fushi*
* *Masu Ƙauna da Abokan: Waƙoƙin Tsayayyar Mata daga Amurka ta Tsakiya*
* Dominique Manotti: *Harkokin Jiha*
* Dominique Manotti: *Matattu Horsheat*
* Dominique Manotti: *Tserewa*
* Dominique Manotti: *Haɗin Lorraine*

## Ayyuka a kan daukar hoto

* *Shekaru 150 na Jarida ta Hotuna*
* *Manuel Alvarez Bravo*
* *Martin Chambi*
* *Julia Margaret Cameron*
* *Tsakanin Mu: Hotunan Mari Mahr*
* *Masu daukar hoto na zamani*
* *Sha'awace-sha'awace da Disguises: Mata masu daukar hoto na Latin Amurka*
* *Masu gabatarwa biyar na daukar hoto*
* *Bayyanar da aka ɓoye: Hotuna na Bahia, Brazil*
* *Hotunan Gerti Deutsch 1908-1979*
* *Rehearsal: Hotunan Dance*
* *Shekaru sittin London: Hotuna na Dorothy Bohm*

## Manazarta
Norman Macgeorge

**Norman Macgeorge** (8 ga Yulin 1872 - 2 ga Satumba 1952) ya kasance mai zane-zane kuma mai sukar fasaha a cikin mulkin mallaka da Jihar Victoria.

## Tarihi
Norman Macgeorge, mai zane da mai tarawa, ɗan Rachel Elizabeth Macgeorge ne, née Luxmoore da Alexander Macgeorge.

Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin St Peter, Adelaide kuma ya yi karatun fasaha a Makarantar Zane a Adelaide a ƙarƙashin H. P. Gill, kuma tsakanin shekarun 1891 da 1895 ya koyar da darussan fasaha a Glenelg Grammar, Kwalejin Sarauniya, da Kwalejin Hahndorf, sannan ya koma Melbourne don ci gaba da karatunsa a Makarantar National Gallery. Bayan ya kasa samun tallafin karatu a shekara ta 1899, ya yi hanyarsa zuwa Burtaniya da Turai, inda ya ziyarci manyan cibiyoyin fasaha.

Ya koyar da zane-zane a Kwalejin Wesley, Melbourne, Kwalejin Malamai ta Melbourne, da Makarantar Grammar ta Cocin Ingila ta Melbourne. Ya yi aure a shekara ta 1911 kuma ya yi wa Harold Desbrowe-Annear aiki don gina, a cikin bushland a mahaɗar Darebin Creek da Kogin Yarra, a 25 Riverside Road, Ivanhoe, gidan zama "Ballangeich" wanda ya kasance gidansu na dindindin da kuma sanannen wurin taruwa ga masu fasaha. Yanzu an san shi da "Macgeorge House",[1] Jami'ar Melbourne ce ke amfani da shi don karɓar bakuncin masu zane-zane masu ziyara.

Norman ya kasance fitaccen memba na Australian Art Association kuma shugabanta na biyu, kuma a cikin 1938 ya taimaka wajen kafa Contemporary Art Society. Ya rubuta a kai a kai a kan zane-zane don Melbourne Herald.

## Kyauta
Ba tare da haihuwa ba, Norman ya mutu a 1952 kuma matarsa a 1970, ya bar dukiyarsu ga Jami'ar Melbourne, inda ya ci gaba da tallafawa Norman Macgeorge Scholarship wanda ...

## Manazarta
Kogin Mimika

**Kogin Mimika** kogi ne a Yammacin New Guinea, Indonesia,  musamman a Mimika Regency, Central Papua . Sunansa ya samo asali ne daga *Mimi* (ruwa) da *Aika* (na yanzu).  Ana magana da yaren Mimika a yankin.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin magudanan ruwa na Indonesiya
* Jerin kogunan Yammacin New Guinea
* Harshen Mimika

## Manazarta
William Johnson (bishop)

**William Herbert Johnson** (12 ga Mayu 1889-15 ga Yuli 1960) shi ne Bishop na Anglican na 5 na Ballarat a Ostiraliya. 

An hAIF Johnson a Brighton, Kudancin Australia,[1] a ranar 12 ga Mayu 1889. Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin St Peter, Adelaide, Jami'ar Adelaide da Kwalejin tauhidin St John, Melbourne.[2] An naɗa shi a shekara ta 1914 kuma matsayin hidimarsa na farko ya kasance a matsayin curate a Triniti Mai Tsarki, Kew, a Melbourne. Bayan yakin duniya na aiki a matsayin malamin AIF ya kasance shugaban St Cuthbert's Prospect, Kudancin Australia, inda ya kasance har sai An nada shi a matsayin Dean na Newcastle.[3] A shekara ta 1936 an naɗa shi bishopate kuma yana cikin mukamin bayan mutuwarsa a ranar 15 ga Yuli 1960.[4]

## Manazarta
Riley Knight

**Riley Knight** (an haife shi 27 Maris 1995) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Australiya wanda ya buga wa Adelaide Football Club a cikin Australian Football League (AFL). An tsara Knight tare da zaɓar 46 na Draft na Kasa na 2013.

## Ayyukan AFL
Knight bai taka leda a shekarar 2014, amma ya buga dukkan wasanni 18 na Kungiyar SANFL ta Adelaide. Ya burge shi a farkon kakar wasa ta 2015 kuma an yi la'akari da shi don farawa a zagaye na farko kafin raunin idon kafa ya hana shi na watanni uku. Lokacin da ya dawo ya nuna karfi a cikin SANFL kuma an ba shi lada tare da kira zuwa gefe don yin wasa da Geelong, amma an soke wasan saboda mutuwar kocin Phil Walsh. Ya fara bugawa mako mai zuwa, a kan West Coast, kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu daga 13 disposals. Knight ya rike matsayinsa a gefe don sauran kakar, ya fito a nasarar karshe ta Adelaide a kan Western Bulldogs tare da kwallaye biyu daga 15 disposals.

Knight ya buga wasa daya kawai a shekarar 2016, a kan Richmond a zagaye na 3, ya rasa mafi yawan kakar ta hanyar raunin idon sa kafin ya buga wasanni shida na karshe a kungiyar SANFL ta Adelaide. Ya nuna niyyarsa ta shiga cikin rawar da ta taka a kai a kai a cikin 2017, inda ya lashe gwajin kulob din na kilomita 2 a watan Nuwamba.

Knight ya koma kungiyar AFL a zagaye na 1 na 2017 lokacin da kyaftin din Crows Taylor Walker ya ji rauni kuma Knight ya maye gurbinsa a cikin tawagar, ya zira kwallaye 2.[undefined] A cikin Showdown da aka yi da Port Adelaide a zagaye na 3, ya sami bugawa a wutsiyar daga dan wasan Port Adelaide Paddy Ryder a cikin kwata na karshe na wasan kuma dole ne ya gama wasan a kan benci na musayar, amma lamarin bai ji masa rauni ba kuma ya koma horo a wannan makon.[undefined] Dan wasan Essendon Conor McKenna ya sake buga shi a mako mai zuwa.[2] A zagaye na 5, Knight, tare da ɗan wasan Adelaide Daniel Talia, sun sami rauni a ƙashinsa, na takwas na shekara ga Crows.[3] A zagaye na 16 an ba shi aikin sanya wa dan wasan Western Bulldogs kuma 2016 Norm Smith Medallist Jason Johannisen. Ya ci gaba da Johannisen zuwa sau 16 kuma Crows sun ci nasara da maki 59.[4] A ƙarshen kakar ya taka leda a wasan karshe na AFL na 2017 a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Crows da ta rasa.[1] An cire Knight a ƙarshen kakar AFL ta 2020.[5]

## Manazarta
Essington Lewis

**Essington Lewis** (13 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1881 - 2 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1961) masanin masana'antu ne na Australiya. Ya kasance Darakta Janar na Ma'aikatar Makamai a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.

## Tarihin rayuwa

An haifi Essington Lewis a Burra, Kudancin Australia a ranar 13 ga Janairun 1881. Mahaifinsa shi ne makiyaya kuma ɗan siyasa John Lewis (1844-1923), wanda ya kafa Bagot, Shakes & Lewis . An sanya masa suna ne bayan Port Essington, inda mahaifinsa ya mallaki dukiyar shanu. Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin St Peter, Adelaide da Makarantar Ma'adinai ta Kudancin Australia.

### Ayyuka
Bayan ya shiga BHP a 1904, ya tashi ta hanyar kamfanin ya zama manajan darektan a 1926 kuma shugaban a 1950, matsayin da ya rike har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1961. A duk lokacin da yake MD, yana da kyakkyawar dangantaka ta aiki da abota da Shugaban Daraktoci Harold Gordon Darling (1885-1950). [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

A lokacin tafiye-tafiyensa zuwa Jamus da Japan a cikin shekarun 1930, ya fahimci barazanar waɗannan ƙasashe ga Ostiraliya. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Dangane da haka, ya taimaka wajen kafa Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Commonwealth da wuraren makamai da yawa wanda ke nufin Ostiraliya ta fi shirya don masana'antu lokacin da yaƙin ya fara a 1939. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar na Ma'aikatar Makamai. Ya goyi bayan kafa masana'antar mota a Ostiraliya a cikin 1948, ana ba shi lada ta hanyar samun damar siyan Holden na farko da aka samar da kasuwanci 48-215. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

An nada shi memba na Order of the Companions of Honour a ranar 24 ga Satumba 1943 don aikinsa a matsayin Darakta - Munitions & Aircraft Production a WW2.

Wani jirgin kasa na Kudancin Australia mai suna 520-class steam locomotive - No. 523 - an kira shi "Essington Lewis". Ya shiga aiki a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta 1944.

### Rayuwa ta mutum
A shekara ta 1910, ya auri Gladys Rosalind Cowan, OBE, 'yar James Cowan kawai. Iyalinsu sun kunshi yara biyar - 'ya'ya maza James Essington Lewis da Robert Brook Lewis AM, da' ya'ya mata Helen Clarke, Mary Munckton OAM da Jane Nevile. 'Ya'yansa maza sun yi karatu a makarantar Geelong Grammar kuma' ya'yansa mata a Makarantar Clyde. Yara biyu sun mutu tun suna jariri - David da Janet. Iyalin sun zauna a Malvern, Victoria kuma suna da mallakar ƙasar da ake kira "Landscape" kusa da Tallarook a tsakiyar Victoria. Robert Brook (1918-2009) sananne ne a matsayin Jagora na Kwalejin St Mark, Jami'ar Adelaide daga 1957 zuwa 1968 da Jagora na Kolejin Menzies, Jami'an La Trobe daga 1968 zuwa 1970.[1] [undefined] [2][3]

### Mutuwa
Ya mutu yayin da yake hawa doki a kan dukiyarsa "Landscape" kusa da Tallarook a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 1961, yana da shekaru 80. Jaridu na ranar sun yi iƙirarin cewa ya kamu da ciwon zuciya. Cocin Anglican na St John, Toorak, ya cika don jana'izarsa; an ƙone shi.

### Kyauta

### Manazarta
James Macgeorge

**James Macgeorge** (1832 - 9 Disamba 1918) ya kasance masanin gine-gine ne wanda aka haifa a Kudancin Australia . Ana tunawa da shi saboda gina Layin telegraph na farko na Kudancin Australia.

## Tarihi
An haifi James Macgeorge a Scotland, ɗan na biyar na mai sa tufafi Robert Forsyth Macgeorge (1795-1860) da matarsa Elizabeth M. Macgeorge, née Duncan (1801-), wanda tare da danginsu suka yi hijira zuwa Kudancin Australia a cikin *Ariadne*, sun isa ranar 13 ga Agusta 1839. Sun haɓaka dukiyar da suka kira "Urr brae", yanzu unguwar da aka sani da Urrbrae.

James ya yi karatu a Makarantar Kwalejin Cocin Ingila (wanda ya riga ya kasance Kwalejin St Peter), inda ya kasance fitaccen ɗalibi.[1] Ya fara aiki a matsayin masanin gine-gine a shekara ta 1855 kuma a wannan shekarar ya amsa sanarwa a cikin Gazette na 25 ga Janairu yana tallata gasa don tsara tsarin sake fasalin ruwa don Adelaide, sannan ya nemi bincike lokacin da ba a ba da kyauta ba.[2] A wannan shekarar ya fara gudanar da layin telegraph tsakanin birnin da Port Adelaide.[3] Tun a farkon shekara ta 1853 Gwamnati ta jefa kuri'a don samar da irin wannan layin amma ba ta sami ci gaba ba; duk da haka lokacin da Macgeorge ya nemi izinin tsarawa an ƙi shi bisa la'akari da kwafin da ba dole ba.[4] Macgeorge ya shawo kan waɗannan cikas ta hanyar guje wa hanyar jirgin ƙasa (mai sarrafawa) da manyan hanyoyi, kuma a ranar 1 ga Disamba 1855 layin ya fara aiki, kuma ya yi daidai. Kasa da watanni biyu bayan haka, Charles Todd, tare da mafi girman balaguro, ya kammala layin Gwamnati, mafi kai tsaye, mafi girma, kuma ya fi tsada.[5] Bayan shekara guda, Gwamnati ta sayi layin Macgeorge kuma ta janye shi. Zaɓin Macgeorge na Green's Exchange ya zama mafi dacewa ga jama'a fiye da na Todd kuma an karbe shi a matsayin ofishin telegraph na gwamnati.[6]

Tsakanin 1853 da 1857 shi da surukinsa John Turner sun gudanar da hukumar sufuri, tare da ofis na farko a Bank Street, sannan daga Afrilu 1856, a Currie Street. Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa a cikin jirgin ruwa a 1860, James ya tsara kuma ya gina gidan "St Andrews" don kansa da mahaifiyarsa, a Arewacin Adelaide.

Ya kasance memba na tushe na Kudancin Australia Society of Arts kuma sakatarensa na farko (1855-1856). A kusa da shekara ta 1861 ya fara yin hasashe a cikin hakar ma'adinai da hannun jari na makiyaya kuma a cikin 1863, bayan faduwar tattalin arziki an tilasta masa ya bayyana kansa ba shi da kuɗi. Ɗan'uwansa Ebenezer, wanda ya kasance mai binciken ƙasa a Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a, ya haɗu da shi a 1864 kuma a matsayin haɗin gwiwa yana da aikin gine-gine mai nasara.

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1880 James Macgeorge ya bar Adelaide zuwa Ingila. Ya mutu a Ashford, Kent a ranar 9 ga Disamba 1918.

## Ayyuka

## Manazarta
Oscar McGuinness

**Oscar McGuinness** (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1999) dan wasan Australia ne mai tsere mai nauyi. Ya wakilci a manyan gasar zakarun duniya.

## Kungiyar da kuma motsa jiki na jihar
McGuinness ya girma ne a Adelaide kuma ya yi karatu a Kwalejin St Peter, Adelaide inda ya fara motsa jiki. Shi ne ɗan tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Australiya Tony McGuinness da mai gabatar da labarai na Adelaide Georgina McGuinness.

Babban aikin jirgin ruwa na Oscar ya fito ne daga The Blackmore Club da Adelaide Rowing Club. Ya fara yin zabin jihar ga Kudancin Australia a cikin matasa takwas na maza na 2017 wanda ya fafata da Noel Wilkinson Trophy a Interstate Regatta a cikin Gasar Rowing ta Australia. Ya yi karo na biyu na matasa na Kudancin Australia takwas a shekarar 2018.

## Gudun ruwa na kasa da kasa
A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022 an zabi McGuinness a cikin manyan tawagar horar da 'yan wasa ta Australiya don shirya don kakar wasa ta kasa da kasa ta 2022 da kuma Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2022. Ya yi gasa a matsayin dan wasa mai sauƙi na maza a gasar cin kofin duniya a watan Yunin da Yulin 2022. Farkon gasar cin kofin duniya ya kasance a gasar zakarun duniya ta 2022 a Racize, inda ya yi amfani da wakilin Australia mai sauƙi sau biyu tare da Redmond Matthews. Sun yi wasan karshe na C wanda suka kammala na biyar, don matsayi na goma sha bakwai a regatta.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2023 an sake zabar McGuinness a matsayin sculler a cikin tawagar maza na Australiya don kakar wasa ta duniya ta 2023.[1] A gasar cin Kofin Duniya na Rowing II a Varese, Italiya McGuinness ya yi tsere a matsayin mai shiga MLW2X na Australia tare da Sean Murphy . Sun shiga wasan karshe na B kuma sun gama a matsayi na bakwai gaba ɗaya.[2] A 2023 ta RWC III a Lucerne, McGuinness da Murphy sun sake tseren MLW2X. An doke su daga matsayi na 2 a cikin maimaitawa ta hanyar 9/100 na na biyu, sun yi wasan karshe na C wanda suka ci nasara don matsayi na 13 a cikin regatta.[2] An zaɓi Murphy da McGuinness don tseren Australia sau biyu a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2023 a Belgrade, Serbia. Sun sanya na huɗu a cikin zafin su, suna ci gaba zuwa kashi huɗu na karshe.[2] Sun kammala na huɗu a wasan karshe na C don matsayi na 16 a regatta.[2]

## Manazarta
Vijitha Ranaweera

Vijitha Ranaweera 'yar siyasar Sri Lanka ce kuma tsohuwar mamba a Majalisar dokokin Sri Lanka . [1]

## Manazarta
Gino Lucetti

**Gino Lucetti** (31 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1900 - 17 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1943) ɗan ƙasar Italiya ne kuma mai adawa da Fascist wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe mai mulkin kama karya Benito Mussolini a shekara ta 1926.

Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na I ya shiga cikin rikice-rikice da rikice-rikicen siyasa da yawa a lokacin Biennio Rosso . Ya ci gaba da adawa da 'yan Fascist na cikin gida kuma a ranar 26 ga Satumba 1925, bayan wata gardama, ya ji rauni da bindiga ga' yan Fascist kuma ɗan ƙasa Alessandro Perfetti. Abokinsa, Antonio Vatteroni, ya harbe shi, ya ji wa Lucetti rauni a wuyansa da kunne yayin da yake gudu. Duk da raunin, ya tsere ya shiga jirgin ruwa zuwa Marseille. Ya koma Italiya a karkashin sunan Ermete Giovannini, tare da niyyar kai farmaki ga rayuwar Mussolini, biyo bayan wani shirin da ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya bunkasa shi kaɗai.[1]

A ranar 11 ga Satumba 1926, ranar shari'ar harbi na shekarar da ta gabata, a gaban Porta Pia a Roma, Lucetti ya kaddamar da bam a kan Lancia Lambda na Mussolini a kan hanyar da aka saba da ita daga Villa Torlonia, gidansa, zuwa ofishinsa a Palazzo Chigi. Bam din ya fashe a ƙasa, ya ɗan ji wa mutane takwas rauni amma ya bar wanda aka yi niyya ba tare da rauni ba. Lokacin da 'yan sanda suka kama shi ya ce, "Ban zo da tarin furanni ga Mussolini ba. Amma kuma na yarda in yi amfani da bindigar idan ban cimma burina da bam din ba". An yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 30 a kurkuku amma an sake shi ko ya tsere a 1943 lokacin da aka saki Napoli. A ranar 17 ga Satumba 1943, ya mutu a tsibirin Ischia saboda wani bama-bamai daga Jamus.

An sanya wa brigade na anarchist "*Battaglione Lucetti*" na Resistance na Italiya a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu suna bayan shi.

## Manazarta
Kartal Demirağ

Kartal Demirağ ɗan Turkiyya ne wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe Firayim Ministan Turkiyya na lokacin Turgut Özal a ranar 18 ga Yuni, 1988. Özal ya ji rauni da harsashi daya amma bai sami mummunan rauni ba.

An kama Demirağ kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai. Bayan Özal ya zama Shugaban Turkiyya, an saki Demirağ a kan parole bayan ya yi shekaru 4.  A ƙarshen shekara ta 2008, bayan Demirağ ya karya sallarsa, an sake gurfanar da shi a gaban Babban Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta Ankara ta 1 kuma an sake yanke masa hukunci game da yunkurin kisan kai. An yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 20 a kurkuku.

## Manazarta
Viktor Ilyin

(Russian; an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1947) tsohon jami'in Sojojin Soviet ne wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe shugaban Soviet, Leonid Brezhnev, a ranar 22 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1969 a Moscow .

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Ilyin a Leningrad a ranar 26 ga watan Disamba 1947. Bai kai shekara biyu ba lokacin da aka ɗauke shi daga iyayensa masu shaye-shaye kuma ya girma a cikin iyali mai kula da shi.

Ya shiga makarantar fasaha ta taswirar ƙasa kuma yana so ya zama masanin ilimin ƙasa. Koyaya, bayan ya yi tafiya zuwa yankuna daban-daban, an bar masa "mahimmanci mai raɗaɗi" na "talauci, maye, lalacewa" - ya bambanta da abin da talabijin na Soviet ya nuna. A sakamakon haka, ya tsara shirin sake fasalin wanda ya haɗa da biyan kowane ɗan ƙasa daga tallace-tallace na albarkatun ƙasa, wanda ya aika zuwa Kremlin, amma bai sami amsa ba. Ya ce wannan lokacin ne ya yanke shawarar kashe Brezhnev don kowa ya san ra'ayoyinsa, inda ya shirya yin magana game da shirinsa a kotu. Ya shafe kusan shekara guda yana shirin kashe shi kuma ya shiga soja bayan kammala karatunsa don samun damar samun makamai. 

Lokacin da Ilyin ke aiki, ya sace bindigogin Makarov guda biyu da mujallu huɗu daga sansanin sojojinsa kuma ya tafi Moscow. Ya tafi Kremlin, kuma ya nemi kyakkyawan matsayi na harbi, ya zaɓi wurin da ke kusa da ƙofar shiga. Lokacin da motar ta shiga ƙofofin Hasumiyar Borovitskaya, dauke da cosmonauts da manyan shugabannin Soviet, Ilyin ya harbe bindigoginsa a motar ta biyu da ya yi tunanin tana dauke da Leonid Brezhnev. Masu amfani da sararin samaniya Georgy Beregovoy, Alexei Leonov, Andrian Nikolaev, da Valentina Tereshkova ne suka mamaye motar. Wani harsashi ya kashe direban limousine Ilya Zharkov wanda ke tuki a matsayin mai maye gurbinsa a ranar karshe kafin ya yi ritaya. Beregovoy ya ji rauni, [1] kuma Vasiliy Zatsipilin, wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na tsaron babur, shi ma an buge shi, amma ya sami damar yin amfani da babur dinsa a Ilyin, ya kawo shi ƙasa. [2] Masu gadi sun kama Ilyin.

Yuri Andropov, shugaban KGB, da kansa ya tambayi Ilyin. A lokacin da aka yi masa tambayoyi, wanda aka samo rikodin a cikin Tarihin Gwamnatin Rasha bayan 1991, Ilyin ya gaya wa Andropov cewa dalilin da ya sa ya kashe Brezhnev shi ne a maye gurbinsa da Sakatarensa na biyu kuma Masanin Jam'iyyar Mikhail Suslov (wanda Ilyin ya kira "mutumin da ya fi dacewa a cikin jam'iyyar a halin yanzu"). Ko wannan gaskiya ne ko kuma idan kawai yana ƙoƙarin tayar da rikice-rikice a cikin Politburo ya kasance ba a sani ba. Yana fuskantar hukuncin kisa, amma bayan bincike, an dauke shi mahaukaci kuma an sanya shi a cikin psikhushka na tsawon shekaru 20. A shekara ta 1990, an sake shi.

## Dubi kuma

* Yunkurin kisan Leonid Brezhnev

## Manazarta
Chen Yi-hsiung

Chen Yi-hsiung[1] (ya mutu a ranar 29 ga Maris 2004) shi ne babban wanda ake zargi da hannu a harin bindigar ranar 19 ga Maris, wani yunƙuri na rashin nasara na kashe shugaban Taiwan Chen Shui-bian, kuma wataƙila mataimakiyar shugaba Annette Lu, a ranar 19 ga Maris 2004, kwana ɗaya kafin zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2004. Chen ba shi da aikin yi kuma ya ɗora wa shugaban alhakin matsalolin tattalin arzikinsa.

## Neman Chen Yi-hsiung
Yin aiki da alamomi daga bidiyon da aka harbe a kusa da harin, hukumomi sun kwashe watanni suna bin diddigin harsasai da aka yi amfani da su a yunkurin kisan kai ga mai yin bindiga ba bisa ka'ida ba. Bayan sun tambayi mutumin, masu bincike sun sami damar bin sayan ga Chen Yi-hsiung, wanda aka same shi ya nitse a tashar jiragen ruwa a Tainan kwanaki 10 bayan harin.[1]

Tare da shari'ar da aka rufe a hukumance, kuma babban wanda ake zargi Chen Yi-hsiung ya mutu, 'yan sanda sun sami matsala wajen tabbatar da ka'idar su. An yi la'akari da mutuwar Chen Yi-hsiung a hukumance a matsayin kashe kansa, kuma bayanan kashe kansa (wanda ake zaton iyalinsa ne suka ƙone shi) da bidiyon matarsa tana neman gafara saboda laifin mijinta ya bayyana ya tabbatar da ka'idar 'yan sanda, amma abokan adawar Shugaba Chen ba su yarda da wannan ƙaddamarwa ba. Abokan Shugaba Chen sun yi iƙirarin cewa an shirya yunkurin kisan ne don samun kuri'un tausayi; Shugaba Chen ya lashe zaben da kuri'u sama da 29,500 bayan yunkurin kashe.

## Manazarta
Rachel Hewitt

**Rachel Hewitt** marubuciya ce ta Burtaniya mai kirkirar rubuce-rubuce, kuma ta kasance malami a rubuce-buce masu kirkirar a Jami'ar Newcastle har zuwa 2023. 

## Ilimi
Hewitt ta halarci Jami'ar Oxford, inda ta yi karatun wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi a Kwalejin Corpus Christi don BA da M.St. Ta kammala PhD a 2007 a cikin wallafe-walfinai na Ingilishi a Jami'ar Sarauniya Mary, London, tare da rubutun kan soyayya da taswirar da ake kira Dreaming o'er the Map of Things: The Ordnance Survey and Literature of the British Isles, 1747-1842. A shekara ta 2009, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Leverhulme Early Career Fellowship, ga Sashen Turanci da Wasan kwaikwayo a Sarauniya Maryamu . 

## Ayyukan rubuce-rubuce
Littafin farko na Hewitt Map of a Nation: A Biography of the Ordnance Survey an buga shi a cikin 2010 ta Granta,  kuma an gina shi a kan aikin jarabawar PhD. Hewitt an ba shi lambar yabo ta Royal Society of Literature Jerwood Award don ba fiction ba don wannan aikin.  A cikin 2011, an sanar da Hewitt a matsayin daya daga cikin goma BBC Radio 3 AHRC New Generation Thinkers. 

Littafinta na biyu A Revolution of Feeling: The Decade that Forged the Modern Mind an buga shi ne ta Granta a cikin 2017,  kuma yana bincika shekaru goma na 1790s ta hanyar tarihin mutane biyar: mawaki Samuel Taylor Coleridge, masana falsafa Mary Wollstonecraft da William Godwin, likita Thomas Beddoes, da mai daukar hoto Thomas Wedgwood.  An zabe ta Fellow na Royal Society of Literature a shekarar 2018.

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2023, ta wallafa In Her Nature: How Women Break Boundaries in the Great Outdoors, wani littafi wanda ke bincika tarihin shiga mata a wasanni da 'babban waje', wanda aka haɗa shi da tarihin mutum game da asarar. Hewitt an ba shi lambar yabo ta Eccles British Library Writer's Award a cikin 2018 don wannan aikin.

### Littattafai

* *Taswirar Al'umma: Tarihin Binciken Ordnance* (Littattafai na Granta, 2010);  
* A Revolution of Feeling: Shekaru goma da suka kirkiro tunanin zamani (Granta Books, 2017);  
* *A cikin Yanayinta: Yadda Mata suka Kashe iyakoki a cikin Babban waje* (Chatto & Windus, 2023);  

### Kyaututtuka & Fellowships

* Leverhulme Farkon Fellowship a cikin 2009 
* Royal Society of Literature Jerwood Award don wadanda ba fiction ba a cikin 2010 
* Kyautar marubucin Laburaren Burtaniya na Eccles a cikin 2018 
* Fellowship na Royal Society of Literature a cikin 2018 . 

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Hewitt yana da 'ya'ya mata uku, kuma yana zaune a Yorkshire . Ta auri Pete Newbon, malami a fannin wallafe-wallafen Romantic da Victorian a Jami'ar Northumbria da ke Newcastle, wanda ya mutu a watan Janairun 2022. Ita mai tsere ce kuma tana gudana tun daga tsakiyar shekarunta na 20.

## Manazarta
Kathleen Hewitt

**Kathleen Hewitt** (an haife ta a Darjeeling, 11 ga Nuwamba 1893 - ta mutu a London, 12 ga Yuni 1980) marubuciya ce kuma marubuciya a Burtaniya. Ta rubuta litattafai sama da 20 a lokacin rayuwarta. Ta kuma rubuta akalla littafi daya a karkashin sunan **Dorothea Martin**,  kuma ta shirya rubuce-rubucen 'yar jaridar Afirka ta Yamma Marjorie Mensah.  Hewitt yafi rubuta litattafai masu ban mamaki da ban tsoro, tare da salon da za a iya kwatanta da Agatha Christie. Ta auri mai zane-zane na ruwa Neville Sotheby Pitcher, wanda daga baya ta sake shi. Hewitt ya kuma ba da gudummawa akai-akai ga mujallar *Lilliput* .  Ayyukanta sun haɗa da The Man Who Meant Well da African Shadows .*Inuwa ta Afirka.*

Kathleen Hewitt na daga cikin zane-zane na shekarun 1930 a London wanda ya hada da Meum Stewart, Jacob Epstein da Dylan Thomas . Ta kasance abokiyar mawaki Roy Campbell da matarsa Mary Campbell, mai zane, kuma ta keɓe littafinta Decoration a gare su.[1] Ta zauna a lokuta daban-daban a Afirka ta Kudu da Najeriya, a Reading, Berks, da Brighton, Sussex . A Landan ta zauna a Edgware Road da kuma 2 Coningsby Road, South Ealing .

## Littattafai

* *Talata* (1932) 
* *Tsarin da ke cikin rawaya* (1932) 
* Fetish (1933) 
* *Mu Mata: Daga rubuce-rubucen Marjorie Mensah* (1933), ed. Kathleen Hewitt
* Black Sunshine (1933), a ƙarƙashin sunan Dorothea Martin
* Ceto Mai ban mamaki (1934) 
* *Mai wasan kwaikwayo* (1934) 
* Decoration (1935), wani satire na zamani
* *Komawa cikin Kogin* (1936) 
* *Ka Yi Neman Inuwa* (1937) 
* *Gidan da ke kusa da Canal* (1938) 
* The Golden Milestone (1939) 
* Babu Lokaci don Wasanni (1939) 
* *Tsaya don Hadari* (1940) 
* Lady Gone Astray (1941) 
* Mice Ba a Amfani da su (1942) 
* *Da yawa a ƙarƙashin Counter* (1943). An sake buga shi ta Gidan Tarihin Yaƙi na Imperial, 2019 
* Aljanna kawai (1945), tarihin rayuwa
* *Godiya ga Apple* (1947) 
* *Kisan kai a cikin Gidan Gida* (1948) 
* *Har yanzu Duniya Matashi ce* (1951) 
* *Rainbows Uku* (1952) 
* *Mace Ɗaya ta Mutum* (1954) 
* Harmony a cikin kaka (1955) 

Kisan kai a cikin Ballroom an daidaita shi don mataki ta Eddie Lewisohn.

## Manazarta
William Ashley Magarey

**William Ashley Magarey** (30 ga Janairu 1868 - 18 ga Oktoba 1929) lauya ne, ɗan wasa kuma mai kula da wasanni. Ya kasance shugaban farko na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kudancin Australia (SAFA) (daga baya aka kira Kudancin Kudancin Australian National Football League (SANFL), kuma dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Kudancin Australiya, amma an fi saninsa da fitowa da ra'ayin Magarey Medal.

An haifi Magarey a Arewacin Adelaide, kuma ya yi karatu a Kwalejin St Peter da Jami'ar Adelaide, daga inda ya kammala a 1884 don zama lauya mai aiki. Daga kimanin 1890 ya kasance abokin tarayya tare da George Murray a cikin kamfanin lauya Murray & Magarey, kamfanin da ke ci gaba a yau, bayan haɗuwa da yawa da canje-canje na suna, a matsayin Finlaysons Lawyers. Ya zama mai sha'awar gudanar da kwallon kafa, kuma a 1897 an nada shi shugaban kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Kudancin Australia. Magarey, wanda ake kira 'Beautiful Bill', ya yi ƙoƙari ya shafe yawancin wasan da aka yi daga gasar ta hanyar kafa lambar yabo wacce za a ba wa dan wasan da ya fi dacewa da basira a kowane kakar. Daga lambar yabo ta Magarey ta farko a shekara ta 1898, shi da kansa ya gabatar da kyautar ga masu nasara, har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1929.

Duk da gudummawar da ya bayar ga kwallon kafa na Australiya, Magarey ya fi dacewa a wasan kurket a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa. Ya bayyana a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na farko na Kudancin Australia da New South Wales a Adelaide Oval a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1890, kuma dan wasan gwajin Australiya Percie Charlton ya buga shi don duck a wasansa na farko. An saukar da shi zuwa lamba goma a cikin tsari na batting na biyu, inda wani dan wasan Test crick, Sydney Callaway, ya kore shi na bakwai. New South Wales ta ci gaba da lashe wasan ta hanyar wickets shida.[1]

## Na Mutum
A ranar 5 ga Maris 1910 William Magarey ya auri Gulielma Hack (17 ga Oktoba 1867 - 2 ga Agusta 1951). Ba su da yara. Gulielma, wanda aka fi sani da Guli Hack, sanannen soprano ne, pianist kuma malamin waka wanda ke da alaƙa da Elder Conservatorium,  kuma jikokin John Barton Hack. A cikin 1901, William Magarey ya shiga cikin karatun waka a Elder Conservatorium; Guli Hack shine malaminsa.

## Manazarta
Gillon McLachlan

**Gillon McLachlan** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1973 ) tsohon mai kula da wasanni ne na Australiya kuma yanzu Shugaba ne na babban kamfanin caca. Shi ne tsohon babban jami'in zartarwa na Australian Football League (AFL). An nada shi a matsayin a shekarar 2014, wanda ya gaji Andrew Demetriou, bayan ya kasance mataimakinsa a baya,  kuma ya gama kwangilarsa a ƙarshen kakar 2023, ya ba da izini ga Andrew Dillon. McLachlan a halin yanzu shine Shugaba na Tabcorp.

## Rayuwa ta farko
McLachlan ya girma a gonar iyalinsa, "Rosebank", wanda ke Mount Pleasant, Kudancin Australia. Iyayensa sune Angus, tsohon dan wasan cricket na farko, da Sylvia. Shi ne babba a cikin 'yan'uwa hudu: Hamish, Will da Banjo .  Kakansa, Ian McLachlan, ya kasance Ministan Tsaro na Gwamnatin Australiya, kuma ya kasance shugaban dogon lokaci (har zuwa 2014) na Kungiyar Cricket ta Kudancin Australia.

## Makaranta
Bayan kammala makarantar sakandare a matsayin mai shiga a Kwalejin St Peter, Adelaide,  McLachlan ya sami digiri na farko na Kasuwanci a Jami'ar Adelaide a 1995 da kuma digiri na farko a Jami'an Melbourne a 1996, inda ya kasance mazaunin Kwalejin Triniti. Daga baya ya kammala Babban Shirin Zartarwa a Jami'ar Stanford.

## Ayyukan wasanni
McLachlan ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na Australiya a gasar Hills Football League don kulob din Pleasant Valley da ba a san shi ba. Bayan ya koma Melbourne, ya taka leda tare da Melbourne University Blues a cikin Victorian Amateur Football Association (VAFA). Baya ga yin wasa a matsayin ruckman na kulob din (1994-2003), ya kasance kyaftin din (2000-2002), an ba shi kyautar C. W. McLeod Trophy don mafi kyawun (2000), memba na kwamitin kuma ya zama memba na rayuwa (2003). 

McLachlan ya kasance wakilin VAFA na yau da kullun, ciki har da a matsayin kyaftin, kuma ya kasance a cikin jerin sunayen Carlton Football Club daga 1996 zuwa 1997. McLachlan ya wakilci Victoria a polo kuma ya kasance mai zabar kasa.

## Ayyukan kasuwanci
Bayan barin jami'a, McLachlan ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan gudanarwa tare da Accenture.[1] A shekara ta 2000, Shugaba Wayne Jackson ya yi masa aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan dabarun AFL.[1] Ya ci gaba da motsawa ta hanyar manyan mukamai na gudanarwa a gasar. A shekara ta 2003, an nada shi babban manajan ayyukan kasuwanci. A shekara ta 2008, an nada shi babban jami'in aiki.[2]

## Manazarta
Angus McLachlan

**Angus Alexander McLachlan** (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1944) ɗan Australiya ne kuma tsohon Mai wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na farko.

## Ayyukan wasan cricket
Kamar ɗan'uwansa Ian a gabansa, McLachlan ya yi karatu a Adelaide" id="mwEQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="St Peter's College, Adelaide">Kwalejin St. Peter, Adelaide, da Kwalejin Yesu, Cambridge.

Ya fara buga wasan kurket na farko a Jami'ar Cambridge a shekarar farko, 1964, inda ya dauki 4 ga 41 tare da "kyakkyawan wasan kwallo"  a kan Northamptonshire.  Wasanni biyu daga baya ya dauki 4 don 36 da 1 don 36 a cikin nasarar da ya samu a kan Combined Services. Ya ci gaba da zama a cikin tawagar har zuwa sauran kakar, yana wasa a wasan shekara-shekara da Jami'ar Oxford a Lord's. Ya gama kakar wasa tare da wickets 18 a 33.55.

Kodayake wasan bowling dinsa "ba ya kai ga tsammanin" kuma "sau da yawa yana da tsada" a shekarar 1965, [undefined] McLachlan ya buga mafi yawan wasannin Cambridge kuma ya sake bayyana a kan Oxford a Lord's. Mafi kyawun adadi ya kasance 4 ga 101 a kan Yorkshire. Ya gama 1965 tare da wickets 14 a 42.42. A cikin kakar 1966, kyaftin din Cambridge, Deryck Murray, ya ki ba da damar 'yan wasa su yi wasa kwata-kwata idan ba su ba da kansu ga dukan kakar ba, kuma bayan sun ba da kansa ga karatunsa a farkon makonni na kakar, ba a zaɓi McLachlan don kowane wasa ba.[1]

## Ayyukan fastoci
A shekara ta 1971, yana da shekaru 26, McLachlan ya ɗauki nauyin gidan tumaki na iyali, Rosebank, a yankin Mount Pleasant na Adelaide Hills a Kudancin Australia. Ya kuma mallaki Tashar tumaki ta Victorian Liewah, kusa da Swan Hill, har zuwa shekara ta 2008.

Rosebank sanannen doki ne na Merino .  Har ila yau, yana samar da shanu, kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta Meat Standards Australia don mai samar da Kudancin Australia na shekara ta 2014-15 don shanu masu cin ganyayyaki.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
McLachlan da matarsa Sylvia suna da 'ya'ya maza hudu. Gillon (an haife shi a shekara ta 1973) ya kasance babban jami'in zartarwa na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Australiya daga shekara ta 2014 zuwa 2023; Hamish (an haifee shi a shekara de 1975) mai watsa shirye-shiryen wasanni ne kuma mai karɓar bakuncin Wasanni Bakwai.

## Manazarta
Andrew McKay (ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Australiya)

**Andrew Ian McKay** (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1970) tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na Australiya wanda ya buga wa Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Carlton a gasar kwallon kafa ta Australiya (AFL) da Glenelg Football Club a Kudancin Australiya (SANFL).

## Ayyukan wasa
McKay ya girma a kudu maso gabashin Kudancin Australia, kuma ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Lucindale a cikin Kowree Naracoorte Football League . Kungiyar Glenelg ta Kudancin Australia (SANFL) ce ta dauki shi, McKay ya koma Adelaide a 1991 kuma ya buga wasanni 40 ga Glenelg a matsayin dan wasan da ke kusa da baya, ya kammala na biyu a Medal na Magarey a 1992 a bayan Nathan Buckley na Port Adelaide.

### Carlton
Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Carlton ta ɗauki McKay aiki tare da zaɓen zagaye na farko a zaɓen AFL na 1992 (lambar 13 gaba ɗaya), kodayake daga baya an ci shi tarar dala $10,000 lokacin da ya bayyana cewa ya tuntuɓi ƙungiyoyi huɗu na AFL masu fama da matsaloli ( Sydney, Brisbane Bears, Richmond da Fitzroy ) kuma ya yi musu gargaɗi cewa zai ci gaba da zama a Kudancin Ostiraliya idan ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ta zaɓe shi - wanda hakan ya saɓa wa ƙa'idodin yin katsalandan a daftarin AFL.  Duk da haka ya kasance mai cancantar bugawa Carlton wasa, kuma ya fara bugawa a zagaye na 1, 1993, nan da nan ya nuna ƙwarewar tsaron da ya nuna a Glenelg. A kakar wasa ta farko ta AFL, an naɗa McKay a ɓangaren rabin baya a ƙungiyar All-Australian. Ya kuma wakilci Kudancin Ostiraliya a State of Origin a wannan kakar, abin da ya maimaita a 1994 da 1995. A shekarar 1995, McKay ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar Premier ta Carlton, wacce ita ce kawai ta farko a tarihin rayuwarsa ta gaba.  McKay ya buga wasanni 15 daga cikin 24 da Carlton ya buga a kakar wasa ta AFL ta 1996.

Bayan ya ci gaba da zama a Carlton, McKay ya buga wasanni biyu a South Australia, kuma shi ne ya lashe kyautar Fos Williams Medal kafin ƙarshen ƙwallon ƙafa ta State of Origin a 1999. Ya shiga ƙungiyar All-Australian a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya sau uku a jere a 1999, 2000 da 2001, wanda ya kawo jimillar aikinsa zuwa huɗu. A shekarar 2003, kakar wasa ta ƙarshe ta McKay, ya ɗauki matsayin kyaftin na Carlton bayan ritayar Brett Ratten a tsakiyar kakar wasa, kuma ya lashe kyautar mafi kyau da adalci ta Carlton a karon farko a aikinsa kuma McKay ya sanar da yin ritaya daga aikinsa na wasa a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2003.[1] [2]

McKay ya buga jimillar wasanni 244 kuma ya zura kwallaye 28 a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Carlton daga 1993 har zuwa 2003. Ya kuma kasance memba na ƙungiyar farko ta Carlton a 1995.

McKay memba ne na rayuwa kuma wanda aka naɗa a matsayin wanda ya yi fice a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Carlton.  A shekara ta 2007, an shigar da shi cikin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kudu ta Australiya.

## Manazarta
ENVI-met

**ENVI-met** ƙirar software ce mai girman uku don kwaikwayon yanayin birane mai rikitarwa bisa ka'idojin injiniyan ruwa (ƙididdigar zafin jiki) da kuma kimiyyar yanayi gaba ɗaya (alal misali, tsinkaya ta turbulence).  Ba kamar samfuran da ke mai da hankali kan bangarorin mutum ba kamar matsakaicin zafin jiki ko iska da kuma tashin hankali, ENVI-met shine software na farko na irin sa don kwaikwayon duk hulɗar tsakanin gine-gine da ƙasa, tsire-tsire da iska. Yankunan aikace-aikacen da aka saba amfani da su sune gine-gine, gine-ginen shimfidar wuri da Tsarin birane.

## A cikin kimiyya
A fannin kimiyya, ana amfani da ENVI-met ta hanyoyi daban-daban don bincika tasirin ci gaban birane - misali saboda rufe ƙasa, kayan saman da aka yi amfani da su da kuma canza yanayin birane - akan ƙananan yanayin birni da lafiyar ɗan adam, da kuma ba da damar tsara tsare-tsare masu dacewa da yanayi. [1] [2]

## Kafawar kamfanin
ENVI-metAn ci gaba da haɓaka samfurin software tun daga 1994 ta hanyar masanin ilimin ƙasa da masanin yanayin yanayi na Jamus Michael Bruse. A cikin 2014, Michael Bruse da Daniela Bruse sun kafa ENVI-met GmbH . Tun daga shekara ta 2018, masanin ilimin ƙasa kuma marubucin software Helge Simon ya kasance abokin tarayya a kamfanin. Bugu da kari, Tim Sinsel ya zama mai ba da gudummawa ga software na ENVI-met. A cikin 2024, kamfanin Finnish One Click LCA ya sayi ENVI-met kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na fayil ɗin software.

## Dubi kuma

* Yanayin birni
* Canjin yanayi
* Tsibirin zafi na birni
* Ginin birane
* Nazarin Birane

## Manazarta


## Haɗin waje

* Shafin yanar gizon hukuma
Peter Meakin

**Peter Jeremy Meakin** (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Oktoba 1942) ɗan jaridar Australiya ne na Ingila wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan labarai / harkokin yanzu ga dukkan cibiyoyin talabijin na kasuwanci na Australiya (Nine Network, Seven Network da Network Ten).

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Meakin a Castleford, West Yorkshire, Ingila a shekarar 1942. Iyalansa sun yi ƙaura zuwa Ostiraliya inda ya halarci Kwalejin St Peter, Adelaide. 

## Sana'a
Meakin ya shiga Nine Network a shekarar 1973, inda ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru talatin, daga ƙarshe ya zama darektan harkokin yau da kullum a shekarar 1987 kuma shugaban labarai da harkokin yau da kullum a shekarar 1993;  an yaba masa da nasarorin da shirye-shirye suka samu, ciki har da *Lahadi*, *Minti 60* da *A Current Affair.* An ba shi kyautar Walkley Award saboda jagoranci a aikin jarida a shekarar 2002. 

A watan Afrilun 2003, Meakin ya bar Nine Network cikin rashin amincewa ya shiga ƙungiyar Seven Network mai hamayya, inda tsohon manajan daraktan Nine David Leckie ya karɓi ragamar mulki.  A can, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ɗaga darajar labarai na Seven a gabashin gabar teku, kuma zuwa 2007, *Seven News* ta zama babbar tashar labarai a kowace manyan biranen Ostiraliya guda biyar. 

A watan Nuwamba na 2012, Meakin ya yi murabus daga mukamin daraktan labarai da harkokin yau da kullum na Seven Network bayan shekaru tara a matsayinsa, inda aka naɗa Rob Raschke a matsayin magajinsa. Meakin ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da cibiyar sadarwa a matsayin mai ba da shawara na ɗan lokaci. 

A watan Fabrairun 2014, Network Ten ta kwace Meakin daga hannunta don ya zama Babban Daraktan Labarai da Harkokin Yanzu. Ya riƙe wannan muƙamin har zuwa 2016, lokacin da ya zama mai ba da shawara kan harkokin labarai, yana ba da shawara kan Labarai da ƙarfe 5 na yamma da kuma *The Project*. Kamar yadda ya bayyana a watan Fabrairun 2018, ya dawo kan kula da labarai da harkokin yau da kullum na Network Ten.

## Takaddama
Shawarar Meakin na fallasa sirrin rayuwar wani ministan gwamnatin New South Wales, David Campbell, a cikin Seven Network ta tayar da hankalin jama'a da dalilai masu rikitarwa na "fitar da shi" don amfanin jama'a. 

### Tukin shan giya
An yi ta sukar Meakin a kafafen yada labarai bayan manyan laifuka uku da ya aikata a shekarar 2006 da 2007, wanda ya haifar da dakatar da lasisin shekaru takwas.[undefined] [2] [3] Duk da cewa ya sha kaye a daukaka karar da Kotun Gundumar ta yi masa kan hukuncin da aka yanke masa na uku saboda tukin mota mai hatsari, an rage masa hukuncin daurin watanni 14 na karshen mako zuwa sa'o'i 250 na hidimar al'umma.[1]

## Manazarta
John Moyes (bishop)

**John Stoward Moyes** CMG  (25 ga Yulin 1884 - 29 ga Janairun 1972) ya kasance bishop na Anglican  kuma marubucin. 

## Tarihi
An haifi Moyes a Koolunga, ɗan John Moyes (ya mutu a shekara ta 1927), shugaban makarantun sakandare na Port Pirie da Thebarton, da matarsa Ellen Jane Moyes, wacce aka haifa a shekara ta 1898. Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin St Peter's, Adelaide da Jami'ar Adelaide. An naɗa shi a shekara ta 1908  ya fara aikinsa da koyarwa a St.&nbsp;Paul's, Port Pirie da St.Mary's, Lewisham. Na gaba ya riƙe muƙamai a St Cuthbert's Prospect da St Bartholomew's Norwood a lokacin da ya zama Archdeacon na Adelaide. A shekara ta 1929 aka naɗa shi Bishop na Armidale,  mukamin da ya riƙe na tsawon shekaru 35. 

## Matsalolin zamantakewa
Moyes ya kasance mai goyon bayan bisharar zamantakewa, saboda lura da yadda yake yi game da tsananin wadata da talauci a lokacin da yake aiki a Lewisham ya rinjayi shi.

Moyes fitaccen mai adawa ne da Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ta 1950 da kuma kuri'ar raba gardama ta 1951 don haramta Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Ostiraliya. Da yake kare shari'ar "babu", Moyes ya ce:

## Iyali
Moyes ya auri Helen Margaret Butler (1882–1970) a shekarar 1909. Ita 'yar Richard Butler ce, Firimiyan Kudancin Ostiraliya.

Matarsa ta rasu a shekarar 1970 kuma a shekara mai zuwa ya sake yin aure da Mary Scott Pentreath ( née da Holland). Ɗan'uwansa, Morton Henry Moyes, memba ne na ƙungiyar Douglas Mawson ta Antarctic da kuma ceto Shackleton; wani ɗan'uwansa, Johnny Moyes, ɗan wasan kurket ne na ƙasa da ƙasa kuma ɗan jarida.

## Manazarta
Metocean

A cikin aikin injiniya nA bakin teku da na bakin teku, **Metocean** yana nufin taƙaitaccen syllabic na meteorology da (na jiki) oceanography.

## Nazarin Metocean
A matakai daban-daban na aikin injiniya na bakin teku ko na bakin teku za a gudanar da binciken metocean. Wannan, don kimanta yanayin muhalli na tasiri kai tsaye akan zaɓin da za a yi a lokacin aikin da ke hannun, da kuma isa ga ingantaccen mafita ga matsalolin / manufofi da aka bayyana. A cikin matakai na gaba na aikin, ana iya buƙatar ƙarin bayani da cikakken binciken metocean, dangane da ko akwai ƙarin riba da ake tsammani dangane da nasarar da inganci na aikin.

## Yanayin Metocean
**[[Climate|yanayi]] Metocean** yana nufin haɗuwa da iska, raƙuman ruwa da yanayin yanayi (da sauransu) kamar yadda aka samu a wani wuri. Sau da yawa ana gabatar da su azaman kididdiga, gami da bambancin yanayi, teburin warwatsewa, fure na iska da yiwuwar wucewa. Yanayin metocean na iya haɗawa, dangane da aikin da wurinsa, kididdiga akan:

; Yanayin yanayi
:

* saurin iska, shugabanci, guguwa, tashi da iskabakan iska
* Yanayin iska
* danshi
* faruwar da ƙarfin guguwa, guguwa da (sauran) guguwa

; Ilimin teku na zahiri

* canjin matakin ruwa na tarihi, sa ran da na yanayi canjin matakin teku guguwa guguwa tsunami seiches iska raƙuman ruwa - iska seas da swells - halaye da kididdiga kamar: muhimman raƙuman raƙuman ƙasa da lokutan, yaduwar jagororin da (a kan hanya) spectra
** canjin tarihi, da ake tsammani da na yanayi
** guguwar guguwa
** hawan ruwa
** tsunami
** Seiches
** raƙuman ruwa na iska - tekuna na iska da kumbura - wanda ke nunawa ta hanyar kididdiga kamar: tsayin raƙuman raƙuman ƙasa da lokutan, hanyoyin yaduwa da (daidai) bakan gizo
* bathymetry
* salinity, zafin jiki da sauran abubuwan da suka dace
* stratification, yawanci-driven currents da ciki raƙumanRaƙuman ruwa na ciki
* faruwar kankara, girman, kauri, ƙarfi da zurfin tekuGudun ruwa a ƙarƙashin teku

## Bayanan Metocean

Yanayin metocean ya fi dacewa ya dogara da **Bayanan Metocean**, wanda zai iya fitowa daga kayan auna da aka tura a cikin ko kusa da yankin aikin, samfuran duniya (sake nazari) da kuma nesa mai nisa (sau da yawa ta hanyar tauraron dan adam). Don kimanta yiwuwar wucewa - don adadi mai mahimmanci na jiki - ana buƙatar bayanai na abubuwan da suka faru a cikin fiye da shekara guda.

Ta hanyar amfani da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, ana iya fadada wadatar bayanan metocean. Misali, la'akari da yanayin wani wuri na bakin teku inda babu ma'aunin raƙuman ruwa. Idan akwai bayanan raƙuman ruwa na dogon lokaci a cikin wani wuri na kusa da bakin teku (misali daga tauraron dan adam), ana iya amfani da samfurin raƙuman iska don canza ƙididdigar raƙuman raƙuman ƙasa zuwa wurin kusa da bakin tekun (idan an san bathymetry).

Sau da yawa, ma'auni na dogon lokaci na yanayin raƙuman ruwa saboda matsanancin abubuwan da suka faru (misali guguwa) sun ɓace. Ta hanyar amfani da kimantawa don filayen iska a lokacin abubuwan da suka gabata masu tsanani, ana iya lissafin yanayin raƙuman ruwa ta hanyar hindcasts na raƙuman raƙuman.

## Bayani

## Manazarta