Tsibirin Mascarene

**Tsibirin Mascarene** (Turanci: /mæskəˈriːn/, Faransanci: ) ko **Mascarenes** ko **Mascarenhas Archipelago** rukuni ne na tsibirai a Tekun Indiya a gabashin Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar wanda ya ƙunshi tsibirai na Jamhuriyar Mauritius da kuma sashen Réunion na Faransa. Sunan su ya samo asali ne daga mai ba da hanya na Portugal Pedro Mascarenhas, wanda ya fara ziyartar su a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1512. Tsibirin suna da asalin ilimin ƙasa na yau da kullun a ƙarƙashin Mascarene Plateau da aka sani da Mauritia microcontinent wanda ya kasance Precambrian microcontinent da ke tsakanin Indiya da Madagascar har zuwa rabuwa da su kimanin shekaru miliyan 70 da suka gabata. Sun samar da wani yanki na musamman Taron da bambancin halittu na musamman da kuma endemism na flora da fauna.

## Yanayin ƙasa
Tsibirin ya ƙunshi manyan tsibirai uku, Mauritius, Réunion, da Rodrigues, Taron da wasu ragowar dutsen wuta a cikin wurare masu zafi na kudu maso yammacin Tekun Indiya, gabaɗaya tsakanin kilomita 700 da 1,500 a gabashin Madagascar. Yankin ya haɗa da nau'o'in reefs, atolls, da ƙananan tsibirai. Suna gabatar da yankuna daban-daban na ƙasa da ƙasa. A kan tsibirai mafi girma waɗannan sun haifar da endemism da bambancin halittu masu ban mamaki. Yanayin yanayi na teku ne da na wurare masu zafi.

Mauritius tana da nisan kilomita 900 a gabashin Madagascar. Yana da yanki na 1,865 km2. Matsayi mafi girma shine mita 828 sama da matakin teku. Mauritius ita ce mafi yawan jama'a a cikin Tsibirin Mascarene,  tare da yawan mutane 1,252,964.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Réunion tana da nisan kilomita 150 kudu maso yammacin Mauritius. Ita ce mafi girma daga cikin tsibirai, tare da yanki na 2,512 km2. Piton des Neiges (3,069 m), wani dutsen wuta ne wanda ya ƙare, shine mafi girman tudu a Réunion da tsibirin. Piton de la Fournaise dutsen wuta ne mai aiki a Réunion wanda ke fashewa akai-akai.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Rodrigues tana da nisan kilomita 574 a gabashin Mauritius . Yana da yanki na 108 km2, kuma ya kai mita 393 tsawo.&nbsp;&nbsp;

St. Brandon, wanda kuma aka sani da Cargados Carajos shoals, rukuni ne na murjani na murjani wanda ya ƙunshi shinge mai shinge, shoals, da ƙananan tsibirai.  Rago ne na tsibiran tsibirai ɗaya ko fiye da ke zaune a kan Mauritia (ƙananan nahiyar) waɗanda igiyar ruwa ta nutsar da su.  A yau, tsibirai talatin ko fiye da suka ƙunshi St Brandon sun zama wani yanki na Jamhuriyar Mauritius.  Kusan goma sha bakwai na tsibiran da ba a zaune ba ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar 'Kamfanonin Ci gaban Tsibirin Mauritius' na Mauritius (haɗin da Firayim Minista na Mauritius ke gudanarwa ta ofishin Firayim Minista) yayin da sauran tsibiran goma sha uku na St Brandon ke kula da Kamfanin Raphael Fishing Company daga sansanonin tsibiri na dindindin na Ile Raphael, L'îs Island, L'î'Sîle.  da L'Île Coco.  Kamfanin Kamun Kifi na Raphael ya sami waɗannan tsibiran goma sha uku na St. Brandon a ƙarƙashin wata yarjejeniya ta dindindin ta 1901 (hayar shekara ta 999) waɗanda aka yanke hukunci a matsayin Bayar da Dindindin ta hanyar ƙudirin Majalisar Masu Zaman Kansu (United Kingdom) a cikin 2008.[1][2]  Wadannan tsibiran goma sha uku na St. Brandon akan Grant Dindindin sune L'île du Sud (South Island, l'île Boisée), Petit Fou, l'Avocaire, l'île aux Fous, L'île du Gouvernement, Petit Mapou, Grand Mapou, La Baleine, L'Île Coco, Île a Bois' da Baleel'  Duwatsu.

Akwai bankunan da yawa da ke cikin ruwa:

* Bankin Saya de Malha babban banki ne mai nutsewa. Prehistorically wani rukuni ne na tsibirai na dutsen wuta kuma an umurce shi zuwa Babban Bankin Chagos har sai da yaduwar nahiyar ta tura su.
* Bankunan Sudan rukuni ne na bankunan da ke ƙasa a kan Mascarene Plateau .
* Bankin Nazarat yana kusa da arewacin Cargados Carajos, kuma a zamanin da suka kasance fasalin yanayin ƙasa guda ɗaya. A yau babban bankin kamun kifi ne.
* Bankin Hawkins yana kan arewacin Mascarene Plateau .

Tsibirin suna da asalin dutsen wuta; Saya na Malha (35 ) shine na farko daga cikin tsibirin Mascarene da ya tashi daga Tekun Indiya saboda hotspot na Réunion, sannan Bankin Nazarat (kimanin 2 mya daga baya), Bankin Sudan da Cargados Carajos. Ƙananan tsibirai da suka samo asali sune Mauritius (7-10 mya), mafi tsufa daga cikin tsibirai na yanzu, waɗanda aka kirkira tare da tudun Rodrigues na karkashin ruwa. An halicci tsibirin Rodrigues da Réunion a cikin shekaru miliyan biyu da suka gabata. Réunion ita ce mafi girma daga cikin tsibirai (2,500 km2), sannan Mauritius (1,900 km2) da Rodrigues (110 km2). A ƙarshe, Saya de Malha, Nazarat da Sudan sun nutse gaba ɗaya, Cargados Carajos sun kasance a matsayin tsibirin murjani. Yankin Réunion ya fara sanyaya kuma Rodrigues ya fito a matsayin karamin tsibiri.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Réunion ita ce gida ga mafi girman tsaunuka a cikin Mascarenes, garkuwar dutsen wuta Piton des Neiges (3,069 m) da Piton de la Fournaise (2,525 m). Piton de la Fournaise, a kusurwar kudu maso gabashin Réunion, yana daya daga cikin tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta a duniya, wanda ya fashe na karshe a watan Disamba 2021. Piton de la Petite Rivière Noire (828 m) shine mafi girman tudu a Mauritius, kuma tuddai masu laushi na Rodrigues sun tashi zuwa 390 m kawai.

Plateau Mascarene tudun ruwa ne na karkashin teku wanda ya kai kusan kilomita 2000, daga Seychelles zuwa Réunion.  Dutsen ya rufe yanki sama da 115,000 km2 na ruwa mara zurfi, tare da zurfin da ya kai daga mita 8 zuwa 150, yana gangarowa zuwa 4000 m zuwa filin rafi a gefensa.  Yankin kudancin ƙasar, wanda ya haɗa da Bankin Saya de Malha, Bankin Nazareth, Bankin Soudan da Cargados Carajos Shoals (Saint Brandon) (sa'an nan babban tsibiri), an kafa shi ta wurin hotspot na Réunion.  Waɗannan tsibiran a dā ne masu aman wuta, kamar Mauritius da Réunion, waɗanda a yanzu sun nutse ko kuma sun ragu zuwa ƙasa da matakin teku ko kuma, a yanayin Cargados Carajos, zuwa ƙananan tsibiran murjani.  Bankin Saya de Malha ya kafa shekaru miliyan 35 da suka wuce, kuma Bankin Nazareth da Cargados Carajos sun tashi bayan haka.  Bankunan dutsen da aka samu a kan tuddai su ne ragowar murjani reefs, wanda ke nuna cewa tudun dutsen tsibiri ne.  Wasu daga cikin bankunan na iya kasancewa tsibirai a baya-bayan nan kamar shekaru 18,000-6,000 da suka gabata, lokacin da matakan teku suka yi ƙasa da mita 130 a lokacin ƙanƙara na baya-bayan nan.&nbsp;&nbsp;

## Tarihi

Tarihin mulkin mallaka na farko na tsibirin, kamar na Caribbean, ya nuna jerin abubuwan da suka faru tsakanin masu adawa: Portuguese, Dutch, Faransanci da Birtaniya duk sun mallaki wasu ko duk tsibirai.

A kusa da 1507, mai binciken Diogo Fernandes Pereira ya gano rukunin tsibirin. Yankin ya kasance a ƙarƙashin mulkin Portuguese har sai Étienne de Flacourt ya isa tare da rundunar sojan ruwa ta Faransa kuma ya mallaki shi a shekara ta 1649. Daga 4 ga Yuni 1735 zuwa 23 ga Maris 1746, tsibirin Mascarene na Faransa guda ɗaya ya mallaki mulkin mallaka a ƙarƙashin gwamnan janar (*Gwamna Janar*) ya ƙunshi Isle de France (yanzu Mauritius), Île Bourbon (Réunion) da Séchelles (Seychelles). A ranar 14 ga Yulin 1767 wannan ya zama mulkin mallaka na Faransa, har yanzu a karkashin gwamnan janar daya. Daga 3 ga Fabrairu 1803 har zuwa 2 ga Satumba 1810 mulkin mallaka na Faransa na Indes-Orientales, a karkashin *Kyaftin Janar* (kapitan janar), ya haɗa da Réunion da (a cikin suna) Seychelles.

An ƙaddara shi daga sigogi na kewayawa, kamar Cantino planisphere na 1502,  cewa ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Larabawa sun fara gano Mauritius a kusa da 975, suna kiransa Dina Arobi (*tsibirin da aka watsar*).   Binciken farko da aka tabbatar a rubuce-rubuce ya kasance a cikin 1507 ta ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Portugal. 

Yaren mutanen Holland sun mallaki jiki a cikin shekara ta 1598, suna kafa jerin ƙauyuka na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin kimanin shekaru 120, kafin su watsar da ƙoƙarin su a cikin shekara de 1710. Faransa ta karɓi iko a cikin 1715, ta sake masa suna Isle de France . A cikin 1810, Ƙasar Ingila ta mamaye tsibirin don kare jiragen ruwa na Gabashin Indiya da ke zuwa kusa da Cape of Good Hope daga 'yan fashi na Faransa. Shekaru hudu bayan haka, a Yarjejeniyar Paris, Faransa ta ba da Mauritius da yankunanta ga Ƙasar Ingila. A karkashin Birtaniya Mauritius (1810-1968), tsibirin ya sami nasarar bunkasa a matsayin tattalin arzikin shuka sukari da kuma mulkin mallaka har zuwa samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1968.

### Rodrigues
Rodrigues was first discovered by the Arabs but named after Portuguese navigator Diogo Rodrigues. It was under Dutch control in 1601 and settled by the French in 1691. Britain took possession of Rodrigues in 1809. When Mauritius gained independence in 1968, Rodrigues was forcefully joined to it.[discuss] Rodrigues remains an autonomous region of Mauritius.&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

=== Taron ===
Larabawa ne suka fara gano Réunion sannan Portuguese, wadanda suka kira shi Santa Apolónia . Daga nan sai Faransanci suka mamaye shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Mauritius. 'Yan tawayen Faransa ne suka fara zama a tsibirin tsakanin 1646 da 1669.  An ba shi sunan yanzu a cikin shekara ta 1793. Daga 1810 zuwa 1815 Birtaniya ce ta gudanar da shi, kafin a mayar da shi Faransa. Réunion ta zama sashen kasashen waje na Faransa a shekara ta 1946. 

== Yanayi ==
Yanayin tsibirin yana da zafi. A ƙananan tsaunuka yanayin zafi na lokacin rani (Disamba zuwa Afrilu) matsakaicin 30 ° C. Yanayin hunturu (Mayu zuwa Nuwamba) yawanci ya fi sanyi, a kusa da 25 ° C. Yanayin zafi ya fi sanyi a cikin duwatsu, matsakaicin 18 ° C. A lokacin hunturu dusar ƙanƙara mai ɗan gajeren lokaci na iya faɗuwa a kan tsaunuka masu tsawo na Réunion.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Iska ta kudu maso gabas tana busawa a duk shekara. Ruwan sama yana da yawa a gefen iska na tsibirin. A kan Mauritius matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a cikin ƙasƙanci ya bambanta daga 1905 mm a kan iyakar kudu maso gabas zuwa 890 mm a gefen leeward. Ruwan sama a cikin duwatsu ya fi girma, ya bambanta daga 2540 mm zuwa 4445 mm a kowace shekara. Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi tana faruwa a wasu lokuta, tana kawo ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da iska mai ƙarfi, kuma tana haifar da rushewa da rushewar ƙasa.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;


Gidajen Macarenes sun bambanta da girman tsibirin, yanayin ƙasa, shekaru, da kusanci da Madagascar, mafi girman ƙasa. Kamar yadda ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin tsibirai masu nisa, dabbobin Mascarene da tsire-tsire suna nuna babban matsayi na endemism; sun haɗa da fiye da nau'in dubu wanda ɗaruruwan su ne na musamman. Tsibirin Mascarene sun samar da wani yanki na musamman da aka sani da gandun daji na Mascarene .  Har sai Turawa suka fara zama a tsibirin a karni na sha shida ba a san Mascarenes da cewa suna da yawan mutane ba, kuma namun daji na tsibirin har yanzu suna bunƙasa a farkon kwanakin zama. A yau yawancin tsire-tsire na halitta sun tafi, kuma akwai nau'o'in da aka gabatar da su da yawa a tsibirin.

A zamanin da aka riga aka gina tsibirin an rufe su da gandun daji masu laushi na wurare masu zafi. Al'ummomin shuke-shuke ba daidai ba ne, kuma sun ƙunshi aƙalla yankuna biyar na tsire-tsire daban-daban waɗanda ke nuna bambancin tsawo da kuma tsarin danshi. Wadannan sun hada da gandun daji masu bushewa, gandun daji mai bushewa, da gandun dajin ruwa mai laushi, da gandu dajin girgije, da tsaunuka masu tsawo a Réunion.

Gidajen bakin teku sun haɗa da ciyayi na rairayin bakin teku, wuraren da ke bakin teku, da gandun daji na ruwa, suna shiga cikin gandun daji mai ruwan sama a gefen iska na tsibirin da gandun dajin da ke ƙasa zuwa leeward.

Ana samun gandun daji masu bushewa a gefen leeward na tsibirin, daga matakin teku zuwa mita 200 a yankunan da ke da ƙasa da 1000 mm na matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara. Itacen dabino sune itatuwan da suka fi rinjaye, gami da nau'ikan ''Latania'' da Dictyosperma album, tare da dabino-kamar screw-pines (''Pandanus'' spp.). &nbsp;

Ana samun [[Gandun Daji|gandun daji]] masu bushewa tsakanin bakin teku da tsawo na mita 360 a kan Mauritius da Rodrigues, kuma daga mita 200 zuwa 750 a kan gangaren yammacin Réunion, inda ƙananan ƙananan irin wannan gandun daji yanzu suka rage. Matsakaicin Ruwace sama na shekara-shekara a cikin gandun daji mai bushewa ya kasance daga 1000 zuwa 1500 mm. Nau'ikan bishiyoyi da iyalai da aka wakilta sosai a cikin gandu daji masu bushewa sun haɗa da nau'in ebony a cikin jinsin ''Diospyros'' (Ebenaceae), ''Pleurostylia'' (Celastraceae), ''Foetidia'' (Lecythidaceae), [[Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata|''cuspidata'']]" id="mwAUs" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata">''Olea europaea'' subsp.  cuspidata (Oleaceae), ''[[Cossinia pinnata]]'' (Sapindaceae) ''Dombeya'' (Malvaceae), Terminalia bentzoe (Combretaceae), da Sideroxylon boutonianum, Sideroxyleon borbonicum, da nau'ikan ''Mimusops'' daban-daban a cikin iyalin Sapotaceae. Shrubs a cikin gandun daji masu bushe sun haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan ''Hibiscus'' (Malvaceae), ''Zanthoxylum'' (Rutaceae), ''[[Obetia ficifolia]]'' (Urticaceae), da ''[[Scolopia heterophylla]]'' (Flacourtiaceae). &nbsp;

Gidan da ke cikin ƙasa yana da gandun daji masu yawa, waɗanda suka ƙunshi nau'o'i daban-daban waɗanda ke haifar da murfin mita 30 ko fiye a tsawo. Ana samun su a gabashin ƙasashen Mauritius daga bakin teku zuwa mita 800-900, kuma sama da mita 360 a kan gangaren yamma. A kan gandun daji na ruwan sama na Réunion ana samun su tsakanin 750 da 1100 m. Suna faruwa a yankunan da ke da matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na 1500 zuwa 6000 mm. Bishiyoyi masu ban sha'awa sun haɗa da nau'in ''Mimusops'' da Labourdonnaisia (Sapotaceae), ''Hernandia mascarenensis'' (Hernandiaceae), ''Calophyllum'' (Clusiaceae), da nau'ikan ''Syzygium'', ''Eugenia'', ''Sideroxylon'', da ''Monimiastrum'' (Myrtaceae). Shrubs na musamman sun haɗa da nau'in ''Gaertnera'', ''Chassalia'', ''Bertiera'', da Coffea a cikin iyalin Rubiaceae. Sauran tsire-tsire sun haɗa da Bamboo kamar ''[[Nastus borbonicus]]'', nau'ikan orchid da yawa (misali, ''Angraecum'', ''Bulbophyllum'') da ferns misali, ''Asplenium'', ''Hymenophyllum'', Trichomanes, ''Elaphoglossum'', da ''Marattia fraxinea'' . &nbsp;

Dazuzzukan gajimare su ne dazuzzukan dazuzzukan ruwan sama da ake samu a kan gangaren tsaunuka tare da ruwan sama mai yawa.  Suna faruwa a Réunion tsakanin tsayin mita 800 zuwa 1900 a kan gangaren gabas tare da matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na 2000-10,000 mm, kuma tsakanin mita 1100 zuwa 2000 akan gangaren yamma tare da matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na 2000-3000 mm.  A shekara ta 2005, dazuzzukan girgije har yanzu sun rufe kusan hata 44,000 akan Réunion.  A Mauritius an iyakance su zuwa wani ɗan ƙaramin yanki na Montagne Cocotte a tsibirin kudu maso yamma, sama da tsayin mita 750 kuma tare da matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na 4500-5500 mm.  Bishiyoyi suna yin kambi mai tsayi mai tsayin mita 6 zuwa 10.  Yawan itatuwan alfarwa sun haɗa da nau'in Dombeya akan Réunion, da nau'in Monimia da Tambourissa (Monimiaceae) a duka tsibiran.  Akwai ƙananan bishiyoyi da shrubs ciki har da nau'in Psiadia (Asteraceae) da Melicope (Rutaceae).  Dazuzzukan suna da wadata a cikin epiphytes (orchids, ferns, mosses, lichens), ferns bishiya (jinin Cyathea), da kuma, asali dabino Acanthophoenix rubra, amma farauta ya shafe dabino a wurare da yawa na Réunion.  Hakanan ana samun al'ummomin tsire-tsire guda uku a cikin dazuzzukan gajimare - dazuzzukan Acacia heterophylla (Fabaceae) a matsayin bishiyar alfarwa, waɗanda suke kama da dazuzzukan Acacia koa a cikin Hawaii, kurmin da Erica reunionensis (Ericaceae) ke mamayewa, da dazuzzukan dazuzzuka na screw-pinenta (Pandanus moto).. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Subalpine shrub yana faruwa a kan tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta a kan Réunion, sama da bishiyoyi a 1800 zuwa 2000 mita tsawo. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana daga 2000 zuwa 6000 mm, kuma sanyi yana faruwa akai-akai a cikin hunturu. Shrubs na musamman sun hada da ''Erica reunionensis'' da ''Erica galioides'' (Ericaceae), ''[[Stoebe passerinoides]]'' da nau'in ''Hubertia'' da ''Psiadia'' (Asteraceae), da ''[[Phylica nitida]]'' (Rhamnaceae). Nau'o'in da ke cikin herbaceous sun haɗa da ''Heterochaenia rivalsii'' (Campanulaceae), ''Eriotrix commersonii'' (Asteraceae), da ''[[Cynoglossum borbonicum]]'' (Boraginaceae). &nbsp;&nbsp;

Abubuwan da aka adana a baya-bayan nan a kan taron kolin dutsen wuta na Réunion an rufe su da wuraren ciyawa masu wadata da ciyawa, gami da ''[[Festuca borbonica]]'', ''[[Agrostis salaziensis]]'', da ''[[Cenchrus afer|Cencrus afer]]''. tare da orchid kamar Disa borbonica . Ana samun bishiyoyi na Ericoid da bishiyoyi na ƙananan itace ''[[Sophora denudata]]'' (Fabaceae) a kan substrates na dutsen wuta.

Yawancin 'yan asalin Mascarene flora da fauna ana zaton sun fito ne daga asalin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] da [[Afirka]].

Iyalan hudu mafi girma da ke cikin tsibirin Mascarene sune Myrtaceae, Rubiaceae, Orchidaceae, da Euphorbiaceae, waɗanda suka ƙunshi tsakanin nau'in 193 da 223 kowannensu, don jimlar nau'in 831, ko 26.9% na tsire-tsire masu fure. Sauran iyalai bakwai suna dauke da nau'o'i 80 ko fiye kowannensu: Poaceae, Apocynaceae, Cyperaceae, Cunoniaceae, Rutaceae, Araliaceae, da Sapotaceae, suna wakiltar ƙarin ca. Nau'in 660 a cikin duka, 21.3% na tsire-tsire na angiosperm. Ferns sune manyan abubuwan da ke cikin tsibirin, musamman a cikin gandun daji. Yawancin ferns suna warwatse cikin sauƙi ta hanyar [[Watsewar iri|ornithochory]] na spores, suna ba da damar mulkin mallaka akai-akai daga Madagascar da musayar tsakanin tsibirin Mascarene.

Mascarenes gida ne ga nau'ikan nau'ikan Dombeyoideae da yawa, jinsin ''Psiloxylon'' (''Psiloxylon mauritianum''), da membobin iyalin Monimiaceae (nau'in Monimia da ''Trochetia'', da nau'in Tambourissa) da Escalloniaceae. Bishiyoyi na asali sun haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan ''Ocotea, Erythrina, Sideroxylon'', da ''Foetidia'' .  Nau'in dabino ''Latania'', ''Hyophorbe'', ''Acanthophoenix'', ''Dictyosperma'', da ''Tectiphiala'' duk suna cikin tsibirin Mascarene. Sauran nau'ikan da ke cikin yankin sun hada da ''Berenice, Heterochaenia, Nesocodon, Ruizia'', da ''Astiria''.

Akwai nau'ikan bishiyoyi 24 da shrubs a cikin Mascarenes daga subfamily Dombeyoideae, 23 daga cikinsu suna cikin tsibirin. Nau'in Macarenes na musamman sune polyphyletic kuma sun kasu kashi tara. ''Trochetia'' ya bayyana monophyletic kuma yana da alaƙa da ''Eriolaena'' da ''Helmiopsis'' fiye da ''Dombeya''. Dukkanin ''Dombeya'' taxa an haɗa su a cikin wani clade tare da ''Ruizia'' da ''Astiria'', wannan yana nufin cewa ''Dombeya'' yana da paraphyletic. Dangane da tsarin kiwo, Dombeyoideae na Madagascar sune hermaphroditic, yayin da waɗanda ke cikin Mascarenes ana ɗaukar su dioecious. polyphyly na Mascarene Dombeyoideae yana nuna cewa an samo dioecy sau da yawa. Akalla abubuwan mulkin mallaka guda biyar daga Madagascar zuwa tsibirin Mascarene sun faru. Tarihin juyin halitta na zuriya biyu na Mascarene Domeyoideae da alama yana da alaƙa da daidaitawa da wuraren zama na xeric.

Furen tsibiran sun haɗu tare da fauna na musamman na tsibirin sama da miliyoyin shekaru.  Bacewar da dan Adam ya haifar da da yawa daga cikin dabbobin kasar Mascarenes, da kuma shigar da dabbobi masu ban sha'awa a tsibiran da mutane suka yi, ya kawo cikas ga haifuwa da ci gaban tsibiran tsibiri daban-daban.  Alal misali, itacen Tambalacoque (Sideroxylon grandiflorum), wanda aka fi sani da itacen dodo, ba ya samar da ƙananan bishiyoyi kuma yana barazanar lalacewa.  Dodo da bace, Cylindraspis kunkuru, da faffadan aku, tare da jemagu na 'ya'yan itace, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tarwatsa tsaba.  Wucewa ta hanyar narkewar abinci na dabbobi yana taimakawa wajen tsirowar iri.  Duk da haka raguwar bishiyoyin na iya kasancewa galibi saboda gabatar da macaques masu cin kagu (Macaca fascicularis) yana lalata iri da ba a bayyana ba.

Much of the Mascarenes' native fauna has become endangered or extinct since the human settlement of the islands in the 17th century. Settlers cleared most of the forests for agriculture and grazing, and introduced many exotic species, including [[Aladu|pigs]], [[Ɓera|rats]], [[Kyanwa|cats]], [[Biri|monkeys]], and mongooses.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

Yawancin tsuntsayen Mascarene sun samo asali ne a cikin siffofin da ba su da tashi, wanda ya fi shahara shi ne kurciya marar tashi, dodo na Mauritius. Ƙarin nau'ikan tsuntsaye goma sha uku sun ƙare, gami da Réunion flyless ibis, parrot mai faɗin baki, jan dogo, Rodrigues rail, da Rodrigues solitaire.

Contemporary sources state that the dodo used gizzard stones and could swallow *Ocotea* fruits. Seed distribution of at least some *Ocotea* species is performed by frugivorous birds and there exist a few reports of "solitaires" from the Mascarenes without mention of which island these came from, and the term was also used for other species with "solitary" habits, such as the Réunion blue swamphen and the Réunion sacred ibis. At one point it was even believed that Réunion was the home of not only a white dodo, but also a white solitaire. In 1786, sub-fossil bones were discovered in a cave which confirmed Leguat's descriptions, but at this time no living residents of Rodrigues remembered having seen living birds. The star constellation Turdus Solitarius was named after this bird.&#x5B;**&#x5D;

A yau nau'ikan tsuntsaye 17 da ke cikin tsibirin suna rayuwa. Dabbobi biyu - Mascarene paradise flycatcher (*Terpsiphone bourbonnensis*) da Mascarene swiftlet (Aerodramus francicus) - suna zaune a Mauritius da Réunion. Nau'o'i takwas suna cikin Mauritius - launin toka mai launin fari, (*Zosterops mauritianus*), Mauritius cuckooshrike (Lalage typica), Mauritius kestrel (*Falco punctatus*), Mauritius fody (*Foudia rubra*), Mauritius bulbul (*Hypsipetes olivaceus*), Mauritian parakeet (*Psittacula eques*), Mauritius farin ido mai launin ruwan kasa (*Zosterops chloronothos*), da pink pigeon (Neso mayenas). Farin ido mai launin toka na Réunion (*Zosterops borbonicus*), Réunion cuckooshrike (*Lalage newtoni*), Réunion stonechat (*Saxicola tectes*), Réunion olive white-eye (*Zosterops olivaceus*), da Réunion bulbul (*Hypsipetes borbonicus*) suna cikin Réunion. Rodrigues warbler (*Acrocephalus rodericanus*) da Rodrigues fody (*Foudia flavicans*) ana samun su ne kawai a kan Rodrigues.

### Dabbobi masu rarrafe
Mauritius, Réunion, da Rodrigues sun kasance sau ɗaya kowannensu gida ne ga nau'in manyan tururuwa guda ɗaya ko fiye, wanda yanzu ya ƙare, wanda ya ƙunshi nau'in *Cylindraspis*. Akwai nau'o'in dabbobi masu rarrafe 13 masu rai, gami da nau'o-nau'in geckoes na rana (genus *Phelsuma*). 

### Dabbobi masu shayarwa
Dabbobi masu shayarwa kawai na tsibirin sune jemagu, gami da fox din Mauritian (*Pteropus niger*), wanda ke da alaƙa da Mauritius da Réunion, da kuma Rodrigues flying fox (*Pteropus rodricensis*) wanda aka samo kawai a Rodrigues. Ƙananan Mascarene flying fox (*Pteropus subniger*) ya ƙare.

## Ruwa mai laushi
Tsibirin uku mafi girma suna da raƙuman ruwa masu yawa waɗanda ke saukowa daga duwatsu zuwa teku. Yankin da ke sama, musamman a kan Réunion, suna gudana da sauri kuma suna da tsawo tare da magudanan ruwa da yawa. Tamarin Falls ko Sept Cascades (293 m) a kan Mauritius shine mafi girman ruwa a kan Maur Mauritius, yayin da Cascade Trou de Fer (725 m, matsayi na 23 a duk duniya) a kan Réunion shine mafi girma daga cikin Mascarenes.

Grand River South East (kilomita 34) ita ce kogi mafi tsawo a Mauritius, sannan Rivière du Poste (kilomiti 23), Grand River North West (kilomitara 22), Rivière La Chaux (kilomitha 22), da Rivière des Créoles (kilominta 20). Mauritius tana da tabkuna biyu na halitta, Grand Bassin da Bassin Blanc . &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Akwai kimanin nau'ikan kifi ashirin waɗanda ke ciyar da akalla wani ɓangare na rayuwarsu a cikin ruwa mai laushi. Tsibirin suna da nau'ikan kifi guda biyar na ruwa mai laushi, duk gobies (Gobiiformes) - *Hypseleotris cyprinoides, [[Cotylopus acutipinnis]]*Glossogobius kokius, Gobius commersonii, da *Oxyurichthys guibei*. Cotylopus acutipinnis, wanda ke cikin Réunion, yana fitowa a cikin teku kafin ya yi ƙaura zuwa kogunan gandun daji inda yake rayuwa.

## Ruwa
Tsibirin Mascarene suna kewaye da kusan murabba'in kilomita 750 na murabba'i. Rodrigues yana da kusan ci gaba da ci gaba da kewaye da babban tafki, 7 zuwa 20 km a fadin, tare da tashoshi masu zurfi. Mauritius kuma tana kewaye da wani kogi. Sabanin haka, Réunion tana da gajeren lokaci na ƙanƙanin ƙanƙara a gefen yamma da kudu maso yamma kawai. Tsibirin Cargados Carajos Shoals, waɗanda ke da ƙarancin halittu na ƙasa saboda kasancewa da ƙasa da ruwa a lokacin guguwa, an ɗaure su zuwa gabas ta hanyar babban bakan da ke gefen reefs, wanda ke da asusun ~30% na reefs na Tsibirin Mascarene. Kogin Lagoon da reef flats sun mamaye corals na scleractinian kamar reshe da tabular *Acropora*, *Porites* massives, foliaceous *Montipora* da *Pavona*, da yashi da aka karfafa tare da gadaje na seagrass irin su *Halophila* (Hydrocharitaceae). Daga cikin kifin coral reef, wrasses (Labridae), damselfish (Pomacentridae), carnivorous groupers (Serranidae), da surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae) suna da nau'o'i da yawa.&nbsp;

## Dabbobin daji, barazanar, da kiyayewa

Mauritius tana daya daga cikin mafi girman yawan jama'a a duniya.  Duk tsibiran sun sami asarar wuraren zama.  Yawancin nau'o'in halittu masu rai har yanzu suna fuskantar barazanar bacewa kuma ba su da kariya kaɗan.  Kasa da kashi 40 na Réunion yana cike da ciyayi na halitta, kusan kashi 5 cikin ɗari na Mauritius, kuma kusan babu ɗaya daga cikin Rodrigues.  A Réunion, an share gandun daji don noma sannan kuma tsire-tsire da aka gabatar sun mamaye su.  An mayar da Mauritius da yawa zuwa rake, shayi, da gonakin conifer.  A kan Rodrigues, noman canji ya haifar da lalacewa

### Farawa na Saint Brandon Conservation Trust
A ranar 8 ga Mayu 2024, Saint Brandon Conservation Trust, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Mauritian, an kaddamar da ita a duniya a Majalisar Kamfanoni kan Afirka a Dallas, Texas,  don kare St. Brandon daga gurɓataccen yanayi da kuma kare tsire-tsire da dabbobi da suka tsira a cikin Cargados Carajos. 

## Yankunan da aka kare
Protected areas constitute 40.6% of the Mascarene Islands' land area. Terrestrial protected areas on Mauritius include Black River Gorges National Park, Bras d'Eau National Park, Perrier Nature Reserve, Corps de Garde Nature Reserve, Le Pouce Nature Reserve, Cabinet Nature Reserve, Gouly Pere Nature Reserve, and Bois Sec Nature Reserve. There are 32 designated protected areas on Réunion, including Réunion National Park (1055.15&nbsp;km2), which cover 63.13% of the island.