Mireya Moscoso

Mireya Elisa Moscoso Rodríguez (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1946) 'yar siyasar Panama ce wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Panama daga 1999 zuwa shekara ta 2004.[lower-alpha 1] Ita ce shugabar kasa ta farko kuma har zuwa yau ita ce shugaban mata kawai.[1]

An haife shi a cikin dangin karkara, Moscoso ya zama mai aiki a yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na 1968 na shugaban kasa Arnulfo Arias sau uku, ya biyo baya kuma ya auri shi lokacin da ya tafi gudun hijira bayan juyin mulkin soja. Bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1988, ta mallaki kasuwancin kofi kuma daga baya jam'iyyarsa ta siyasa, Jam'iyyar Arnulfista (PA). A lokacin babban zaben shugaban kasa na shekara ta 1994, ta sha kashi a hannun dan takarar Jam'iyyar Democrat Revolutionary Party (PRD) Ernesto Pérez Balladares da kashi 4% na kuri'un. A cikin Babban zaben 1999, ta kayar da dan takarar PRD Martín Torrijos da kashi 7% don zama shugabar mata ta farko a Panama.

A lokacin da take mulki, ta jagoranci mika Canal na Panama daga Amurka zuwa Panama da kuma matsalar tattalin arziki da ta haifar da asarar ma'aikatan Amurka. Da yake ta hanyar sabbin takunkumin kashe kudi da Majalisar dokoki mai sarrafawa ta zartar, da kuma cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnatinta, tana da wahalar wucewa da shirye-shiryen majalisa. Shahararta ta ragu, kuma dan takarar jam'iyyarta José Miguel Alemán ya sha kashi a hannun Torrijos na PRD a Babban Zabe da ya biyo baya don ya gaji ta.

## Tarihi
An haifi Moscoso a ranar 1 ga Yulin 1946 a cikin iyali matalauta a Pedasí, Panama, a matsayin ƙarami cikin yara shida. Mahaifinta malamin makaranta ya mutu lokacin da take 'yar shekara goma, kuma Moscoso ta fara aiki a matsayin sakatariya bayan kammala karatun sakandare. Ta shiga yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na 1968 na Arnulfo Arias;  Arias ya riga ya yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin shugaban kasa, a lokuta biyu Sojojin Panama sun tsige shi. Ya lashe shugabancin amma sojoji sun sake sauke shi, a wannan lokacin bayan kwanaki goma sha ɗaya kawai a ofis.

Arias ya tafi gudun hijira a Miami, Florida, a Amurka, kuma Moscoso ya biyo baya, ya auri shi a shekara mai zuwa.[1] Tana da shekaru 23, kuma yana da shekaru 67.[1] A wannan lokacin, Moscoso ya yi karatun zane na ciki a Kwalejin Jama'a ta Miami-Dade . [2] Bayan rasuwar Arias a shekarar 1988, ta gaji kasuwancin kofi.[3] A ranar 29 ga Satumba 1991, kusan shekaru biyu bayan mamayar Amurka a Panama wanda ya hambarar da Manuel Noriega, ta zama shugabar jam'iyyar Arnulfista ta marigayi mijinta. [4]

Har ila yau a cikin 1991, Moscoso ya auri ɗan kasuwa Richard Gruber . Ma'auratan sun karbi ɗa, Ricardo (an haife shi a shekara ta 1992). Moscoso da Gruber sun sake aure a shekarar 1997. 

## Yaƙin neman zaɓe na shugaban kasa
A shekara ta 1994, Moscoso ta yi takara a matsayin dan takarar shugaban kasa na Jam'iyyar Arnulfista Party (PA) ta marigayi mijinta a babban zabe, tana neman cin nasarar shugaban PA Guillermo Endara . Babban abokan hamayyarta sun kasance dan takarar Jam'iyyar Democrat Revolutionary Party (PRD) Ernesto Pérez Balladares da mawaƙin salsa Rubén Blades, wanda a lokacin shi ne shugaban jam'iyyar Papa Egoro . [1] Moscoso da Blades sun nemi jaddada alaƙar Pérez Balladares da mai mulkin soja Manuel Noriega, suna watsa hotunan su biyu tare, [1] yayin da Pérez Balladaares ya yi aiki don sanya kansa a matsayin magajin mai mulkin soja Omar Torrijos, wanda aka dauka a matsayin jarumi na kasa. [2] Yaƙin neman zaɓe na Moscoso, a halin yanzu, ya sami cikas saboda rashin gamsuwa da jama'a game da rashin cancanta da cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnatin Endara.[2] Pérez Balladares ya lashe zaben tare da kashi 33% na kuri'un, tare da Moscoso ya sami kashi 29% kuma Blades ya sami kashi 17% .[3]

An sake kiran Moscoso dan takarar PA a babban zaben 2 ga Mayu 1999. Babban abokin hamayyarta a wannan lokacin shine Martín Torrijos, ɗan Omar Torrijos, wanda aka nada shi ya wakilci PRD bayan gazawar raba gardama na kundin tsarin mulki wanda zai ba Pérez Balladares damar yin takara a karo na biyu. An zaɓi Torrijos a wani bangare don ƙoƙarin dawo da masu jefa kuri'a masu goyon bayan hagu bayan keɓancewa da ƙuntatawa na ƙungiyar da Pérez Balladares ya kafa. Moscoso ta gudu a kan wani dandamali na jama'a, ta fara yawancin jawabinta da kalmar Latin "Vox populi, vox Dei" ("muryar mutane ita ce muryar Allah"), wanda Arias ya yi amfani da shi a baya don fara jawabinsa. Ta yi alkawarin tallafawa ilimi, rage talauci, da kuma jinkirta saurin mallakar. Duk da yake Torrijos ya gudu da yawa a kan ƙwaƙwalwar mahaifinsa - gami da amfani da taken kamfen ɗin "Omar yana rayuwa"  - Moscoso ya tunatar da mijinta da ya mutu, wanda ya jagoranci 'yan Panama su yi ba'a cewa zaben tseren ne tsakanin "gawarwaki biyu".  Har ila yau, abokan tarayya na Torrijos sun soki Moscoso saboda rashin kwarewar gwamnati ko digiri na kwaleji. Koyaya, ba kamar a cikin 1994, yanzu PRD ce ta sami cikas daga abin kunya na gwamnatin da ta gabata ba, kuma Moscoso ya ci Torrijos da kashi 45% na kuri'un zuwa 37%.

## Shugabancin (1999-2004)

Moscoso ya hau mulki a ranar 1 ga Satumba 1999.  Saboda an sake ta lokacin da ta hau gadon shugaban kasa, 'yar'uwarta Ruby Moscoso na Young ta yi aiki a matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban kasa.

Yayinda take fuskantar Majalisar dokoki da ke karkashin ikon PRD, Moscoso ta iyakance ikon yin sabon manufofi. Har ila yau, an hana ta da tsauraran sabbin takunkumi Pérez Balladares ya wuce kan kashe kuɗin jama'a a kwanakin ƙarshe na wa'adinsa, wanda aka yi niyya musamman ga gwamnatinta.

A ranar 31 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1999, Moscoso ya kula da mika Canal na Panama daga Amurka zuwa Panama a karkashin Yarjejeniyar Torrijos-Carter . [1] Gwamnatinta ta fuskanci ƙalubalen tsaftace matsalolin muhalli a Yankin Canal, inda Sojojin Amurka suka daɗe suna gwada bama-bamai, wakilai masu guba, da makamai masu guba. Sauran batutuwan sun haɗa da gurɓataccen gubar, makamai da ba a fashe ba, da kuma ajiyar uranium da ya ɓace.[1] Kodayake Moscoso ya kori duk nadin Pérez Balladares daga Hukumar Canal ta Panama kuma ya nada dan kasuwa (kuma shugaban nan gaba) Ricardo Martinelli a matsayin shugabanta, [2] Hukumar ta riƙe ikon cin gashin kanta daga gwamnatinta.[3] A lokaci guda, tattalin arzikin Panama ya fara gwagwarmaya saboda asarar kudin shiga daga ma'aikatan tashar Amurka.[4]

Moscoso ya yi aiki don kawo karshen rawar da Panama ke takawa a cikin aikata laifuka na kasa da kasa, ya zartar da sabbin dokoki game da karkatar da kudi da kuma tallafawa nuna gaskiya ga haraji. Dokar ta ba da izinin cire Panama daga jerin sunayen wuraren haraji na duniya. A halin yanzu, aikata laifuka na tashin hankali ya karu sosai a lokacin mulkin Moscoso. A watan Satumbar 2000, a karkashin matsin lamba daga Amurka da wasu gwamnatocin Latin Amurka, gwamnatin Moscoso ta ba da mafaka ta wucin gadi ga tsohon shugaban leken asiri na Peru Vladimiro Montesinos, wanda ya tsere daga Peru bayan an ɗauke shi bidiyo yana cin hanci da rashawa ga memba na majalisarsa.

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2000, an gano gawar mutum a wani sansanin tsaron kasa na Panama, wanda ba daidai ba ne aka yi imanin cewa na Jesús Héctor Gallego Herrera ne, firist da aka kashe a lokacin mulkin kama-karya na Omar Torrijos. Moscoso ya nada kwamiti na gaskiya don bincika shafin da waɗanda ke wasu tushe.[1] Hukumar ta fuskanci adawa daga Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa da ke karkashin ikon PRD, wanda ya rage kudadensa, da kuma shugaban PRD Balbina Herrera, wanda ya yi barazanar neman matakin shari'a a kan shugaban don kirkirarsa. Daga ƙarshe ya ba da rahoton 110 daga cikin shari'o'i 148 da ya bincika, daga cikinsu 40 sun ɓace kuma an san 70 da aka kashe. Rahoton ya kammala cewa gwamnatin Noriega ta shiga cikin " azabtarwa zalunci, rashin mutunci, da kuma wulakanci", kuma ta ba da shawarar ci gaba da tonowa da bincike.[and][1]

A lokacin da take mulki, ana yawan zargi Moscoso da nepotism don nadin gudanarwa  kuma ta fuskanci cin hanci da rashawa da yawa, kamar kyautar da ba a bayyana ba na US $ 146,000 a cikin agogo ga mambobin Majalisar Dokoki.  A shekara ta 2001, shekara ta biyu a ofis, ƙimar amincewar Moscoso ta faɗi zuwa 23%, saboda cin hanci da rashawa da damuwa da tattalin arziki. A wannan shekarar, ta yi ƙoƙari ta zartar da kunshin sake fasalin haraji ta hanyar Majalisar Dokoki, amma duka kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ma'aikata sun yi adawa da wannan shawarar. A shekara ta 2003, jakadan Amurka ya soki Moscoso a bainar jama'a saboda ci gaban cin hanci da rashawa a lokacin wa'adin ta. A ƙarshen wa'adin ta, an "ƙaryata shugabancinta kamar yadda ya cika da cin hanci da rashawa da rashin iyawa"  kuma "an dauke shi da rauni da rashin tasiri". 

## Girmamawa

### Darajar kasashen waje

* Gidan sarauta na Bourbon-Sicilies Biyu: Knight Grand Cross na Sicilian Royal Military Constantinian Order of Saint George, Special Class [1]
** Knight Grand Cross na Sicilian Royal Sojoji Mai Tsarki na Constantine Order of Saint George, Special Class 
* : 
** Knight Grand Cross na Order of Saint-Charles  

* : Babban Cordon na Order of Brilliant Jade
** Babban Cordon na Order of Brilliant JadeUmurnin Mai Girma Jade

## Manazarta