Alfred Winslow Jones

**Alfred Winslow Jones** (9 ga Satumba 1900 - 2 ga Yuni 1989) ɗan Amurka ne mai saka hannun jari, manajan asusun shinge, kuma masanin zamantakewa. Ana yaba masa da kafa asusun shinge na zamani na farko kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin "uban masana'antar asusun shinge." 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Jones a Melbourne, Ostiraliya, ɗan Arthur Winslow Jones (wani babban jami'in gudanarwa na General Electric ) da matarsa, Elizabeth Huntington. Ya ƙaura zuwa Amurka tare da iyalansa lokacin yana ɗan shekara 4, yana girma a Schenectady, New York.  Ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Harvard a 1923, kuma, bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da kaya a cikin wani jirgin ruwa mai tafiya a duniya, ya shiga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje . A farkon shekarun 1930, ya zama mataimakin jakada a ofishin jakadancin Amurka da ke Berlin a lokacin hawan Hitler kan mulki.  A 1932, na ƙasa da shekara guda ya auri Anna Luise Hauser, 'yar shekara ɗaya da ta gabata Block (1896–1982), 'yar mai zane-zanen Jamus Joseph Block kuma zuriyar mai banki na Jamus Joseph Mendelssohn .  A 1936, ya auri Mary Carter, wacce suka yi tafiya tare ta Spain a lokacin yakin basasar ƙasar, suna ba da rahoto game da agajin fararen hula ga Quakers . A shekarar 1941, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Columbia .  Sannan ya kammala karatun digirin digirgir, *Life, Liberty and Property*, wani bincike kan ra'ayoyi game da kadarori a Akron, Ohio . 

Sebastian Mallaby ya keɓe wani babi a cikin littafinsa na 2010 mai suna *More Money Than God: Hedge Funds and the Making of a New Elite*, wanda ya bayyana Jones a matsayin "ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, wani tsohon mai ra'ayin Marx wanda ya yi tattaki zuwa gaɓar Yaƙin Basasa na Spain tare da marubuciya Dorothy Parker—inda suka raba kwalban wiski na Scotch tare da Ernest Hemingway.”

## Aikin ilimi
A shekarun 1940, Jones ya yi aiki a mujallar Fortune kuma ya rubuta labarai kan batutuwa marasa kuɗi kamar su ayarin jiragen ruwa na Atlantic, ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa na gonaki, da makarantun shirya yara maza .  A watan Maris na 1949, Jones yana binciken hanyoyin fasaha na nazarin kasuwa don wani labarin mai taken "Kayan Hasashe", yana ba da rahoto kan sabon ajin masu lissafin kasuwar hannun jari da hanyoyin da suka yi amfani da su don kiran kasuwa. Ya yi nazarin wasu "masu fasaha" goma sha biyu, waɗanda hanyoyinsu suka kama daga rabon girma/farashi zuwa ƙididdiga masu ban mamaki zuwa sakamakon wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Harvard-Yale . 

A cikin "Fashions," Jones ya kimanta kowace hanya, wani lokacin da kakkausar murya kuma a wasu lokutan da kyau. Misali, Jones ya yi tsokaci kan wani bincike cewa "... yanayin kasuwa ya yi nasara sau 62.5 cikin ɗari kuma ya juya kansa sau 37.5. Yiwuwar samun irin wannan sakamako a cikin jerin jifa na dinari ba shi da iyaka." Jones yana neman hanyoyin da suka fi 'wasan adalci'. Ya lura cewa wasu hanyoyin suna buƙatar kasuwanni masu tasowa, wasu suna aiki a cikin yanayi mafi girma na canzawa, har yanzu wasu suna inganta kasuwannin bashi. Ya fara jin hanyarsa ta zuwa ga abin da a yau za a ɗauke shi a matsayin hanyar da ta dogara da dalilai na gina fayil. 

Bayanin Jones game da aikin Nicholas Molodovsky ya nuna cewa yana da matuƙar tunani a kai. A wani ɓangare game da Molodovsky ya ce, "Aikin gwaji mai kyau irin wannan yana da mahimmanci kuma yana iya zama daidai yayin da ake ƙara haɓaka hanyoyin." Ya yi nuni ga yadda hannun jarin mutum ɗaya ke ɗaukar haɗari, da kuma ƙididdige nisan da hannun jari ya bambanta da ƙimarsa ta asali.

Binciken ya ba shi shawarar gwada hannunsa wajen zuba jari. Watanni biyu kafin a buga labarin Fortune, Jones ya kafa wani kawancen zuba jari, AW Jones & Co., wanda zai yi amfani da wannan sabon salon zuba jari. Ya tara jimillar dala $100,000, wanda dala $40,000 daga ciki nasa ne. A shekarar farko da ya fara, ribar da kawancen ya samu a jarinsa ta kai kashi 17.3 cikin 100. 

## "Asusun shinge"
An yaba wa Jones da ƙirƙirar kalmar "asusun *shinge* "   kuma an yaba masa da ƙirƙirar tsarin asusun shinge na farko a 1949.  Jones ya ambaci asusunsa a matsayin "shinge", kalmar da aka saba amfani da ita a Wall Street don bayyana yadda ake sarrafa haɗarin saka hannun jari saboda canje-canje a kasuwannin kuɗi. 

Jones ya haɗa kayan aiki guda biyu na hasashe don ƙirƙirar abin da ya ɗauka a matsayin tsarin saka hannun jari mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. Ya yi amfani da damar saka hannun jari don siyan ƙarin hannun jari, kuma ya yi amfani da siyarwar ɗan gajeren lokaci don guje wa haɗarin kasuwa. Ya sayi hannun jari gwargwadon yadda ya sayar, don haka za a rage yawan motsi a kasuwa ko ƙasa a cikin fayil ɗin. Don haka, ƙimar fayil ɗin ba za ta dogara ne akan alkiblar kasuwa ba amma ko manajan ya zaɓi hannun jari da suka dace don siye da siyarwa. Asusun ya guji buƙatun Dokar Kamfanin Zuba Jari ta 1940 ta hanyar iyakance kansa ga masu zuba jari 99 a cikin haɗin gwiwa mai iyaka . Jones ya zaɓi ɗaukar kashi 20 cikin ɗari na ribar a matsayin diyya, yana kiran kyaftin ɗin jiragen ruwa na Phoenician waɗanda suka riƙe kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na ribar daga tafiye-tafiye masu nasara.  Da farko, bai karɓi kuɗi ba sai dai idan ya sami riba.  Daga baya Jones ya ƙara kashi 2% na kuɗin gudanarwa akan duk kadarori, ba tare da la'akari da aikin asusun ba.  Waɗannan abubuwa: tsarin haɗin gwiwa inda ake biyan kaso na riba a matsayin diyya ga babban abokin tarayya/manajan asusun, ƙaramin adadin abokan hulɗa masu iyaka a matsayin masu zuba jari, da kuma matsayi iri-iri na dogon lokaci da gajeru, su ne muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin asusun haɗin gwiwa a yau.  Tsarin kuɗin Jones na kuɗin gudanarwa na 2% da kuɗin 20% akan riba shi ma asusun haɗin gwiwa ya karɓe shi sosai kuma ya zama sananne a matsayin samfurin 2-da-20. 

Duk da cewa wasu 'yan masu zuba jari kaɗan, ciki har da Warren Buffett da Barton Biggs, sun rungumi tsarin da ya ƙirƙira, Jones da tsarinsa ba a san su sosai ba sai a shekarar 1966. A wannan shekarar Carol Loomis ta rubuta wani labari mai suna "The Jones Nobody Keep Up With." An buga a cikin Fortune, labarin Loomis ya burge Jones da tsarinsa. Layin farko na labarin ya taƙaita sakamakon a AW Jones & Co.: "Akwai dalilan da za a yi imani da cewa mafi kyawun manajan kuɗi na ƙwararrun masu zuba jari a kwanakin nan shine mutumin da ba a cika ɗaukar hoto da shi ba mai suna Alfred Winslow Jones."  Ta hanyar amfani da kalmar 'asusun shinge' don bayyana asusun Jones, ta nuna cewa asusun shingensa ya yi fice fiye da mafi kyawun asusun haɗin gwiwa a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata da kashi 44 cikin ɗari, duk da kuɗin ƙarfafa gwiwa na gudanarwa. A cikin shekaru 10, asusun shinge na Mr. Jones ya doke Babban Asusun Dreyfus da kashi 87 cikin ɗari. Wannan ya haifar da karuwar sha'awar asusun hedge kuma cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa an fara asusun hedge akalla 130, ciki har da Asusun Quantum na George Soros da kuma Steinhardt Partners na Michael Steinhardt . 

Masu zuba jari na Alfred Jones sun yi asarar kuɗi a cikin shekaru 3 kacal cikin shekaru 34 da suka gabata. A akasin haka, S&P500 ta sami raguwar shekaru 9 a cikin irin wannan lokacin. Shekarar da ta fi muni ta Jones ita ce shekarar kuɗi da ta ƙare a ranar 31 ga Mayu 1970, lokacin da ya rasa kashi 35.3% (S&P ta rasa kashi 23.4% a cikin wannan lokacin). Alex Porter, ɗaya daga cikin manajojin fayil na Jones, ya tabbatar da cewa fallasa su a kasuwa ta kasance mai tsauri, wataƙila har zuwa kashi 120%. A akasin haka, Jones ya yi kyau sosai a lokacin koma bayan kasuwa na 1973-1974 ta hanyar kasancewa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya.

A shekarar 1984, Jones ya mayar da asusunsa zuwa asusun kuɗi, yana zuba jari a wasu asusun tallafi masu fannoni daban-daban na ƙwarewa da salon saka hannun jari. A hankali ya janye kansa daga ofishinsa ya kuma ba da lokacinsa ga Peace Corps har ma ya yi ƙoƙarin kafa "Bayanan Aminci" inda masu karɓar taimako za su tura masu sa kai nasu zuwa Amurka don yin aiki tare da talakawa a wannan ƙasar, a matsayin "shinge" don hana ƙirƙirar al'adar ƙarancin daraja tsakanin ƙasashe masu tasowa.

## Gado da kyaututtuka
A shekarar 2008, an shigar da shi cikin Babban Manajan Asusun Hedge na Institutional Investors Alpha tare da Bruce Kovner, David Swensen, da sauransu. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Harvard
* Jerin ɗaliban Jami'ar Columbia

## Manazarta