Deirdre Barrett

**Deirdre Barrett** marubuciya ce ta Amurka kuma masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam da aka sani da bincikenta kan mafarkai, hypnosis da hotuna, kuma ta rubuta kan ilimin halayin juyin halitta. Barrett malami ne a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard,  kuma tsohon shugaban kungiyar International Association for the Study of Dreams (IASD) da kuma kungiyar American Psychological Association's Div. 30, Society for Psychological Hypnosis. Ita ce babban edita na mujallar Dreaming: The Journal of the Association for the Study of Dreams kuma edita mai ba da shawara ga Imagination, Cognition, and Personality da The International Journal for Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis .

Ta rubuta littattafai biyar ga jama'a gaba ɗaya: Mutumin da ke da ciki da Sauran Kasuwanci Daga Couch na Hypnotherapist (1998), *Kwamitin Barci* (2001), *Waistland* (2007), Supernormal Stimuli (2010), da Pandemic Dreams (2020). Ita ce edita na littattafai huɗu na ilimi: Trauma da Mafarki (1996), *[[The New Science of Dreaming|Sabon Kimiyya na Mafarki]]* (2007), *[[Hypnosis and Hypnotherapy|Hypnosis da Hypnotherapy]]* (2010), da kuma The Encyclopedia of Sleep and Dreams (2012).

## Bincike
Barrett an fi saninta da aikinta a kan mafarkai da gudummawar da suka bayar ga kerawa da warware matsalar. Ta yi hira da masu zane-zane da masana kimiyya na zamani game da amfani da mafarkinsu, suna rubuta labarai masu ban mamaki ciki har da Kyautar Nobel da Gidauniyar MacArthur 'masu basira' waɗanda ra'ayoyinsu suka samo asali ne daga mafarkai. Ta kuma gudanar da bincike tana tambayar daliban koleji da su gabatar da amsoshi ga aikin gida na ainihi da sauran matsalolin da suke aiki a kai, ta gano cewa a cikin mako guda, rabin ya yi mafarki game da batun su kuma rabin wadanda suke da mafarki wanda ya ba da amsa. Barrett ya bayyana mafarki a matsayin kawai "tunani a cikin yanayi daban-daban na biochemical"  kuma ta yi imanin cewa muna ci gaba da aiki a kan dukkan matsalolin iri ɗaya - na sirri da na manufa - a wannan yanayin. Binciken ta ya kammala cewa yayin da wani abu - lissafi, abun da ke ciki na kiɗa, matsalolin kasuwanci - na iya warwarewa yayin mafarki, mafarkai biyu na musamman suna iya taimakawa shine 1) wani abu inda hangen nesa ke taimakawa ga mafita, ko a cikin zane-zane ko kirkirar na'urorin fasaha na 3-D da 2) duk wata matsala inda mafita ta kasance a cikin tunani a waje da akwatin - watau inda mutum ya makale saboda hikimar al'ada game da yadda za a kusanci matsalar ba daidai ba ce.

Barrett ya kuma gudanar da bincike kan mafarkai masu haske  da kuma taimaka wa mutanen da ke fama da PTSD don yin mafarki na iko don canza mafarkin su mai ban tsoro,   da kuma buga karatun da ke bin diddigin ci gaban mafarkai a lokacin rasuwar. Ta yi nazarin halaye na mafarkai a cikin cututtuka daban-daban ciki har da baƙin ciki  da cututtukan rarrabuwa.   A lokacin rani na shekara ta 2010 tallace-tallace game da fim din mafarki mai taken Inception, kafofin watsa labarai sun yi hira da Barrett ciki har da ABC,  NBC Today,  CNN,  The Wall Street Journal,  The New York Times,  da USA Today,  suna nuna cewa wasu fannoni na fim din, kamar mafarki mai haske, sarrafa mafarki na mutum, da mafarki sun kasance masu gaske yayin da ikon sarrafa mafarki wasu, lokaci yana raguwa a cikin mafarki, da kuma ba zai yiwuwar yin mafarki cewa kuna mutuwa duk wuraren da ba a cikin sabis na makircin ban mamaki.

Nazarin Barrett na hypnosis ta mayar da hankali kan nau'ikan nau'ikan hypnotizables daban-daban, yana samun rukuni biyu, wanda ta kira fantasizers da dissociaters. Masu zane-zane suna da tunanin da ke da kyau, suna da sauƙin toshe abubuwan da ke faruwa a duniya, suna ciyar da lokaci mai yawa suna mafarki, suna ba da rahoton abokan tunani tun suna yaro, kuma suna girma tare da iyaye waɗanda ke ƙarfafa wasan kwaikwayo. Masu rabuwa yawanci suna da tarihin cin zarafin yara ko wasu gagarumin rauni, sun koyi tserewa cikin rashin lafiya, da kuma manta da abubuwan da ba su da kyau. Haɗin su da "mafarki na yau da kullun" sau da yawa yana tafiya babu komai maimakon tunanin da aka tuna da shi. Dukansu suna da matsayi daidai a kan ma'auni na ƙarancin ƙwaƙwalwa.

Sauran binciken da Barrett ta yi ta mayar da hankali kan kamanceceniya da bambance-bambance tsakanin mafarkai na rana da mafarki na dare  da kuma muhimmancin tunanin farko kamar yadda yake nuna microcosm na ra'ayi na duniya na mutum.  Barrett yana da sha'awar fim kuma ya rubuta game da dabarun da fina-finai ke amfani da su don wakiltar mafarkai  da kuma mummunan ra'ayi na hypnosis a cikin fim. 

Kwanan nan, Barrett ta rubuta game da ilimin halayyar juyin halitta, musamman ma manufar motsawa ta musamman - ra'ayin cewa fasaha na iya ƙirƙirar wani abu na wucin gadi wanda ke jan hankali da karfi fiye da wanda ya samo asali. Maganar "mahimmanci mai girma" ta samo asali ne daga masanin kimiyya na Dutch Nikolaas Tinbergen a cikin shekarun 1930. Littafin Barrett na *Waistland* (2007)  ta binciki nauyin nauyi da matsalar lafiya dangane da motsa jiki na yau da kullun don abinci da hutawa.  Littafinta na baya-bayan nan, "Supernormal Stimuli: How Primal Urges Overran Their Evolutionary Purpose" (2010)  yayi nazarin tasirin motsa jiki na yau da kullun akan karkatar da motsin rai don kula da, jima'i, soyayya, yanki, yaƙi, da kuma satar masana'antar nishaɗi na zamantakewarmu.

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

### Littattafai

* Mutumin da ke cikin ciki: da Sauran shari'o'i daga Couch na Hypnotherapist (Times Books, 1998)   
* Trauma da Mafarki (Harvard University Press, 2001)   
* *Waistland: (R) Kimiyya ta Juyin Halitta Bayan Matsayinmu da Rikicin Fitness* (Norton, 2007)   
* *Sabon Kimiyya na Mafarki* [3 kundin] (Praeger, 2007)   
* *Hypnosis da Hypnotherapy* [2 kundin] (Praeger, 2009)   
* Kwamitin Barci: Yadda Masu zane-zane, Masana kimiyya, da 'Yan wasa ke Amfani da Mafarkin su don Magana Matsalar Halitta - da kuma Yadda Za Ka Iya Hakanan (Random House 2001; Oneiroi Press, 2010)   
* Supernormal Stimuli: Yadda Farko Farko Ya Fice Manufar Juyin Halitta (Norton, 2010)   
* *Encyclopedia of Sleep and Dreams: Juyin Halitta, Ayyuka, Yanayi, da Asirin Slumber*  (Greenwood, 2012)   

## Manazarta