open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
John Griffin (mai kasuwanci)

**Sir John Patrick Griffin** (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1942) ɗan kasuwa ne na Burtaniya. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kamfanin taksi da aika saƙo Addison Lee .

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi John Patrick Griffin  a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta 1942  a Burtaniya ga mahaifin injiniyan injiniya. Ya girma ne a Kilburn daga shekara 9 yana halartar makarantar sakandaren Katolika ta Finchley . Koyaya, ya bar makaranta ba tare da cancanta ba bayan ya kamu da tarin fuka daga shan madarar saniya da ya shayar a ziyarar makaranta zuwa gona.

## Ayyuka
While Griffin was training as an accountant, his father's road and sewer building business got into financial difficulty. Griffin left accountancy training to help salvage the business, with some success. During this period, and wanting a flexible job to create extra income, Griffin started working as a minicab driver which turned into a full-time job.&#x5B;**&#x5D;

Griffin daga ƙarshe ya yanke shawarar ci gaba daga tuki minicabs, ya yanke shawarar cewa zai iya yin aiki mafi kyau na gudanar da kasuwancin minicab. Tare da wani direba, ya fara fara kamfani wanda a yau ake kira West One Cars. Koyaya, Griffin ya gamsu da ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da ma'aikacinsa na asali bayan an ninka albashinsa sau huɗu kuma daga baya ya yanke shawarar kafa kamfaninsa.

Griffin ya gamsu cewa sabon kamfaninsa yana buƙatar sunan da ya fara da "A" don ya bayyana da wuri a cikin jerin adiresoshin tarho. Wani abokin aiki wanda ke zaune a cikin wani yanki a Addison Gardens ya ce mutane suna tunanin wannan adireshin ne mai kyau, wanda Griffin ya kara da Lee. An kafa Addison Lee a 1975, tare da rabin kamfanin mallakar mai saka hannun jari Lenny Foster.

A shekara ta 1976, Griffin ya kafa Kungiyar Motar Hire Masu Ruwa don mayar da martani ga Dokar Karamar Hukumar (Miscellaneous Provisions) ta 1976. A matsayinsa na shugaban kungiyar, Griffin ya kasance mai murya a cikin muhawara wanda ya haifar da lasisi ga masu hayar masu zaman kansu a Burtaniya.

Ya bayyana a shirin talabijin, The Secret Millionaire a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2009.

Ya sauka a matsayin shugaban Addison Lee a shekarar 2014, jim kadan bayan kamfanin Carlyle Group ya sayi mafi yawan hannun jari a kamfanin a cikin yarjejeniyar da ta kai fam miliyan 300.

## Haɗin siyasa
Yana daya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawa 20 ga Jam'iyyar Conservative . 

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Yana zaune a Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, arewacin London, tare da abokin aikinsa, Rita .  Yana da 'ya'ya maza biyu, Liam da Kieran, dukansu suna aiki ga Addison Lee .  A watan Yunin 2023 ya fito a kan Channel 4's British's Most Expensive Houses yana ƙoƙarin sayar da gidansa da ke kallon Regent's Park na fam miliyan 29.

A cikin Girmamawar Sabuwar Shekara ta 2024 an nada Griffin a matsayin Knight Bachelor don hidimomi ga kasuwanci da sadaka. 

## Manazarta
2009 a Najeriya

Abubuwan da suka faru a shekara ta **2009 a [[Najeriya]]**.

## Wadanda ke aiki

### Gwamnatin Tarayya

* Shugaban: Umaru Musa Yar'Adua (PDP) 
* Mataimakin Shugaban kasa: Goodluck Jonathan (PDP) 
* Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa: David Mark (PDP) 
* Kakakin majalisar: Dimeji Bankole (PDP) 
* Babban Mai Shari'a: Idris Legbo Kutigi (har zuwa 30 ga Disamba), Aloysius Iyorgyer Katsina-Alu (farawa 30 ga Disemba) 

### Gwamnoni
* Abia State: Theodore Orji (PDP)
* Adamawa State: Murtala Nyako (PDP)
* Akwa Ibom State: Godswill Akpabio (PDP)
* Anambra State: Peter Obi (APGA)
* Bauchi State: Isa Yuguda (ANPP)
* Bayelsa State: Timipre Sylva (PDP)
* Benue State: Gabriel Suswam (PDP)
* Borno State: Ali Modu Sheriff (ANPP)
* Cross River State: Liyel Imoke (PDP)
* Delta State: Emmanuel Uduaghan (PDP)
* Ebonyi State: Martin Elechi (PDP)
* Edo State: Adams Aliyu Oshiomle (AC)
* Ekiti State: Olusegun Oni (PDP)
* Enugu State: Sullivan Chime (PDP)
* Gombe State: Mohammed Danjuma Goje (PDP)
* Imo State: Ikedi Ohakim (PDP)
* Jigawa State: Sule Lamido (PDP)
* Kaduna State: Namadi Sambo (PDP)
* Kano State: Ibrahim Shekarau (ANPP)
* Katsina State: Ibrahim Shema (PDP)
* Kebbi State: Usman Saidu Nasamu Dakingari (PDP)
* Kogi State: Ibrahim Idris (PDP)
* Kwara State: Bukola Saraki (AC)
* Lagos State: Babatunde Fashola (AC)
* Nasarawa State: Aliyu Doma (PDP)
* Niger State: Mu'azu Babangida Aliyu (PDP)
* Ogun State: Gbenga Daniel (PDP)
* Ondo State: Olusegun Agagu (PDP)
* Osun State: Olagunsoye Oyinlola (PDP)
* Oyo State: Christopher Alao-Akala (PDP)
* Plateau State: Jonah David Jang (PDP)
* Rivers State: Chibuike Amaechi (PDP)
* Sokoto State: Aliyu Magatakarda Wamakko (PDP)
* Taraba State: Danbaba Suntai (PDP)
* Yobe State: Ibrahim Gaidam (ANPP)
* Zamfara State: Mahmud Shinkafi (PDP)

## Abubuwan da suka faru

* Janairu - Farawar barkewar cutar meningitis a kasashe hudu na Yammacin Afirka, gami da Najeriya.
* 5 ga Mayu - An sanar da Olusegun Oni, Gwamnonin da ke kan mulki na Jihar Ekiti, cewa sun lashe Zaben gwamna.
* 26 zuwa 29 Yuli - Boko Haram, ƙungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ta Islama, ta kaddamar da tashin hankali a Jihar Bauchi kuma ta faɗaɗa a arewacin Najeriya.
* 1 ga Oktoba - Kafa jami'ar mai zaman kanta Afe Babalola University.
* Oktoba - Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Bellview, kamfanin jirgin sama na kasa da kasa wanda ke zaune a Jihar Legas, ya dakatar da ayyukansa.
* 24 ga Oktoba zuwa 15 ga Nuwamba - 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup an gudanar da shi a filayen wasa da yawa a fadin Najeriya.
* 25 Disamba - Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na Islama, ya yi ƙoƙari ya jefa bam a jirgin sama na Northwest Airlines Flight 253 yayin da yake tafiya daga Amsterdam zuwa Detroit.

## Mutuwa

* 14 Yuni - Abel Tador, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya (an haife shi a shekara ta 1984) 
* 30 Yuli - Boko Haram)">Mohammed Yusuf, wanda ya kafa Boko Haram (an haife shi a shekara ta 1970) 
* 20 Satumba - Bayo Ohu, ɗan jaridar Najeriya (an haife shi a shekara ta 1964) 

## Manazarta
J. R. Robertson

**James Robert Robertson** (1867 - 14 Janairu 1928) malami ne a Kudancin Australia, shugaban makarantar shirye-shiryen Kwalejin Prince Alfred.

## Tarihi
An haifi Robertson a Orkney, kuma iyayensa ne suka kawo shi Ostiraliya lokacin da yake yaro.

Ya halarci Makarantar Jama'a ta Port Adelaide a zamanin shugaban makarantar Allen Martin, kuma kamar abokin makarantarsa kuma abokinsa na dindindin W. R. Bayly, ya sami tallafin karatu a Kwalejin Prince Alfred, wanda ya shiga a matsayin dalibi a shekara ta 1881.

Ya shiga ma'aikatan Kwalejin Prince Alfred a 1884 kuma an nada shi shugaban makarantar shirye-shirye watakila a kusa da 1900. Ya yi murabus a 1919 don ba da gudummawarsa ga Freemasonry.

Duk da farkon shekarun da ya tafi Ostiraliya, kowa ya dauke shi a matsayin "mutumin Scotsman", musamman Andrew D. Young, Shugaban Caledonian Society. Ya mutu a gidansa a kan The Esplanade, Brighton bayan dogon rashin lafiya.

## Freemasonry
An fara Robertson ne a Leopold Lodge, Adelaide, a watan Agusta, 1895, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da kuma mai tsaron gida a wannan gidan. A shekara ta 1901 shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma ƙaramin mai kula da St. Peter's Lodge, wanda aka sanya shi mai bauta a shekara ta 1903. A shekara ta 1907 ya kasance memba na tushe kuma babban mai kula da gidan Yarima Alfred Collegians Lodge, kuma an sanya shi a matsayin Master a shekara mai zuwa. Ya kasance Babban Mai Kula da Grand Lodge a cikin 1904, Grand Standard Bearer a cikin 1909, sannan Babban Sufeto na Lodges na tsawon shekaru uku. A shekara ta 1910 ya zama memba na Kwamitin Janar a shekara ta 1910, kuma an nada shi Mataimakin Babban Sakatare a shekara ta 1917 An ɗaukaka shi a cikin Babi na Royal Arch na Kudancin Australia a cikin 1900, an sanya shi Babban Jami'in farko a cikin 1906, kuma ya kasance Aboki na tushe kuma Babban Jami'i na farko na Babi na United Collegians a cikin 1912. A shekara ta 1916 an sanya shi Grand H. na Babban Babi. Ya ci gaba a Adelaide Mark Lodge a watan Maris, 1911, kuma ya cika kowane ofis a wannan gidan, ya zama Mai Girma a 1919. Ya kasance organist na Adelaide Royal Ark Mariners' Lodge da ke haɗe da Adelaide Mark Lodge. Ya kuma rike mukamin a cikin Earl na Euston Knight Templar Preceptory, da kuma Earl na E Houston Rose Croix Chapter. Ya kasance Babban Shugaban na biyu na Babban Babban Royal Arch Chapter da Babban Sufeto na Babi, Ya kuma kasance Mataimakin Babban Sakatare na Grand Lodge na Mark Master Masons.[1]

Charles R. J. Glover (Babban Sakatare na Grand Lodge of Freemasons) ya ba da gudummawa ga hidimarsa ga sana'a:

## Manazarta
Paul Rofe (mai wasan cricket)

Paul Cameron Rofe (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Janairun 1981, Adelaide, Kudancin Australia) tsohon dan wasan cricket ne na farko wanda ya buga wa Kudancin Ostiraliya da Northamptonshire . Dan wasan kwallon kafa mai saurin hannun dama, Rofe ya dauki wickets na farko 181 a matsakaicin 29.66, tare da mafi kyawun 7/52. Ayyukansa na iyakance ba su da nasara, suna ɗaukar wickets 37 a 35.97. Ya fara buga wasan farko a shekara ta 2001 a kan Yammacin Ostiraliya bayan ya wakilci Australia a baya daga 1999 har zuwa 2000.

## Haɗin waje

* Paul Rofe aSunan rubutun ra'ayi
Robert Thomson Robinson

**Robert Thomson Robinson** (18 ga watan Janairun 1867 - 19 ga watan Satumbar 1926) lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasan Australiya wanda ya kasance memba na Majalisar dokoki Yammacin Australiya daga shekara ta 1914 zuwa 1921, yana wakiltar wurin zama na Canning. Ya yi aiki a matsayin minista a cikin gwamnatocin Frank Wilson, Henry Lefroy, Hal Colebatch, da James Mitchell.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Robinson a Ballybay, County Monaghan, Ireland, ga Margaret (née Thomson) da John Robinson. Iyalinsa sun koma Victoria a 1873, inda aka haifi ɗan'uwansa, Herbert Robinson, sannan zuwa Albany, Yammacin Australia, a watan Yunin 1878. Robinson da ɗan'uwansa an tura su zuwa Adelaide don su sami ilimi, suna halartar Kwalejin Prince Alfred. Da ya shiga aikin lauya, ya haɗu da Edward Hare na Albany da Septimus Burt na Perth, daga ƙarshe ya zama abokin Sir Alexander Onslow, Babban Alkalin Yammacin Australia. An kira shi zuwa mashaya a 1889, Robinson ya koma Albany a 1897 don shiga haɗin gwiwa tare da Samuel Johnson Haynes, tare da kamfaninsu ya zama sananne da Hayes, Robinson, da Cox. An sanya shi mai ba da shawara ga Sarki a shekara ta 1914.

## Siyasa
A cikin 1908, an zabi Robinson a cikin Hukumar Hanyar Perth (yanzu Birnin Stirling). Zai yi Aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara har zuwa mutuwarsa. A Zaben jihar na shekara ta 1914, Robinson ya tsaya takarar kujerar Canning a matsayin dan takarar Liberal, inda ya kayar da dan majalisa, Charles Lewis na Labor, da tsohon dan Swan, Arthur Gull. An ɗaga shi zuwa ma'aikatar a watan Yulin 1916, lokacin da Frank Wilson ya maye gurbin John Scaddan a matsayin Firayim Minista, kuma an nada shi Babban Lauyan da Ministan Ma'adinai. Lokacin da Gwamnatin Wilson ta fadi a watan Yunin 1917, Robinson ya riƙe matsayin lauya-janar a cikin sabon ma'aikatar da Henry Lefroy ke jagoranta, kuma an sanya shi Ministan Woods da Forests da Ministan Masana'antu, kodayake John Scaddan ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin Ministan Ma'adinai. Ya kuma sauya zuwa sabuwar jam'iyyar Nationalist Party.

Gwamnatin Lefroy ta fadi a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1919, tare da Robinson yana aiki a matsayin Babban Lauyan, Ministan dazuzzuka, da Ministan Ma'adinai a cikin ɗan gajeren ma'aikatar da Hal Colebatch ke jagoranta. Lokacin da hakan ya fadi wata daya bayan haka, ya riƙe gandun daji da ma'adinai a cikin sabuwar Gwamnatin Mitchell, amma Thomas Draper ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin Babban Lauyan. Robinson ya yi murabus daga ma'aikatar bayan wata daya, biyo bayan rashin jituwa da Mitchell.[1] Ya kasance a majalisa har zuwa lokacin da aka ci shi a zaben jihar 1921, inda ya rasa Canning ga Alec Clydesdale na Labor. A Zaben 1924, Robinson ya yi hamayya da kujerar Albany ba tare da nasara ba, wanda ɗan'uwansa ya riƙe shi a baya.[2]

## Manazarta
Richard Haythornthwaite

**Richard Neil** "**Rick**" **Haythornthwaite** (an haife shi a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1956) babban jami'in kasuwanci ne na Burtaniya. An san shi sosai da jagorantar kamfanoni da yawa ciki har da kasancewa shugaban MasterCard da Creative Industries Federation.

A baya, an kuma sanya shi shugaban mai zaman kansa wanda ba shugaban zartarwa ba na Ocado Group, ya maye gurbin shugaban Ocado Group Stuart Rose a lokacin taron shekara-shekara na Mayu 2021.

A halin yanzu, yana aiki a matsayin shugaban NatWest Group,  mukamin da ya rike tun 2024, wanda ba babban darakta na The AA ba,  kuma abokin ba da shawara a bankin saka hannun jari, Moelis &amp;amp; Co. 

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Richard Neil Haythornthwaite a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1956.  Ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Sarauniya, Oxford, inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimin ƙasa. Ya sami digiri na biyu daga Makarantar Gudanarwa ta MIT Sloan a matsayin Sloan Fellow . 

## Ayyuka
Haythornthwaite ta kasance zartarwa ga BP daga 1978 zuwa 1995. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Janar Manajan Filin mai na Magnus, wanda BP Exploration ke sarrafawa, kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayinsa na shugaban BP Venezuela.

Haythornthwaite ya yi aiki a matsayin babban zartarwa na Turai da Asiya da kuma babban zartuka na Blue Circle Industries daga 1997 zuwa 2001, yana shirya shi don sayarwa ga Lafarge don £ 3.1 biliyan a tsabar kudi. Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban jami'in Invensys daga 2001 zuwa 2005. Ya kasance abokin tarayya a Star Capital Partners daga 2006 zuwa 2008. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Network Rail .  

Haythornthwaite ya zama shugaban MasterCard a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2006  da kuma kungiyar Creative Industries Federation a shekara ta 2017.  Ya sauka a matsayin shugaban a Mastercard daga watan Janairun 2021, don ɗaukar matsayin shugaban mai zaman kansa wanda ba shugaban zartarwa ba na Ocado Group, bayan Ocado's AGM a watan Mayu 2021. Daga 2008 zuwa 2016, PetroSaudi International (UK) Ltd ta yi masa aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara.

Haythornthwaite ya yi aiki a kan allon daraktocin masana'antun sinadarai na Imperial, Lafarge, Firayim Minista Oil da Land Securities .  A ranar 6 ga Maris 2018, ya shiga bankin saka hannun jari mai zaman kansa na duniya, Moelis & Company, a matsayin abokin ba da shawara a Burtaniya. Ya kasance shugaban Centrica daga Janairu 2014 zuwa Fabrairu 2019.   

## Manazarta
Bernard Scrymgour

**Bernard Vincent Scrymgour** (31 ga Yulin 1864 - 16 ga Afrilu 1943) ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa kuma mai gudanarwa wanda ya buga wasan ƙwallaye na farko a Kudancin Australia daga 1891 zuwa 1897. 

Bernard Scrymgour ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Prince Alfred, Adelaide. Bayan ya yi wasa mai sauƙi a matakin jiha ya zama fitaccen mai gudanar da wasan kurket. Ya kasance memba na kwamitin Kungiyar Cricket ta Kudancin Australia kusan kusan shekaru 50, kuma shugaban kasa daga 1928 zuwa 1940. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai zabar jihar, kuma ya kasance shugaban kwamitin Cricket na Australiya na ɗan lokaci. Ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar Sturt Cricket Club, daya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyin Adelaide.

Ya kasance babban abokin tarayya a kamfanin buga littattafai da kayan aiki na Adelaide Scrymgour and Sons, kuma ya kasance fitaccen mai goyon bayan kungiyoyin agaji na gida. Shi da matarsa, wacce ta mutu kafin shi da shekara guda, suna da 'ya'ya maza uku da mata uku.[1]

A cikin ƙwaƙwalwarsa an gabatar da Scrymgour Club Championship Shield ga kulob din a gasar Adelaide tare da mafi girman maki don aji na farko, na biyu, na uku da na huɗu a ƙarshen ƙananan zagaye.

## Manazarta
Herbert Robinson (dan siyasa na Yammacin Australia)

**Herbert Robinson** (29 Disamba 1876 - 2 Mayu 1919) ɗan siyasan Australiya ne wanda ya kasance memba na Majalisar dokoki Yammacin Australiya daga 1917 har zuwa mutuwarsa, yana wakiltar wurin zama na Albany.

Robinson was born in Red Hill, Victoria, to Irish parents, Margaret (née Thomson) and John Robinson. His family moved to Albany, Western Australia, in June 1878, where he spent his early childhood. He and his older brother, Robert Thomson Robinson (also a future MP), were both sent to Adelaide to be educated, attending Prince Alfred College. After leaving school, Robinson returned to Albany to work for Drew Robinson & Co., his father's department store. He eventually became a junior partner in the store. In November 1912, Robinson was elected Mayor of Albany, serving until November 1915.[1] Joining the newly created Nationalist Party, he successfully stood for parliament at the 1917 state election, defeating a former premier, John Scaddan. He joined his brother, the member for Canning, as a member of parliament.[2] Robinson died in Perth in May 1919, aged only 42. He had moved there to aid his recovery from an ongoing illness, with his death having been preceded several months of declining health.[3]

## Manazarta
Alfred Edward Simpson

**Alfred Edward Simpson** (29 Yuni 1868 - 9 Satumba 1940) ya kasance masanin gine-gine a Kudancin Australia, na tsawon shekaru 18 a wannan Jihar.

## Tarihi
An haifi Simpson a Woodville, Kudancin Ostiraliya, ɗa kaɗai ne na Edward Robert Simpson (c. 1833 - 11 Yuli 1900) na Kamfanin Kudancin Australia da Jane Mossman "Jeanie" Simpson née Davie (c. Jeanie ta sake yin aure, ga William Gilbert MP a ranar 14 ga Afrilu 1904. 

Simpson ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Prince Alfred da Jami'ar Adelaide kafin a haɗa ta da D. Garlick & Son architects. An zabe shi Fellow na Cibiyar Gine-gine kuma a ranar 17 ga Maris 1890 ya shiga S.A. Ayyuka da Gine-gine a matsayin mai tsarawa, kuma an inganta shi zuwa Mataimakin Superintendent na Gine-gine na Jama'a a watan Nuwamba 1917 da Superintendente a shekarar 1920.[1]

An zabi Simpson a matsayin Fellow na Cibiyar Gine-gine ta Kudancin Australia a shekara ta 1914. Ya kuma kasance Fellow na Royal Australian Institute of Architects. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Imperial Service Order a watan Yunin 1936. 

Ya yi ritaya a watan Yunin 1938  kuma ya mutu bayan shekaru biyu.

## Ayyuka masu ban sha'awa

* Gidan majalisar dokoki da aka kammala, Adelaide, kuma an kara bangaren gabas 
* Ƙarin hawa biyu zuwa Kotun Majistare, Victoria Square 1921, kuma tsawo mai hawa uku 1933.
* Kwalejin Malamai ta Adelaide Kintore Avenue 1927 
* "Melrose Wing" fadada zuwa Art Gallery of South Australia 1936, kuma ya kara da bangon gargajiya da kuma ƙofar shiga.

## Iyali
Simpson ta auri Frances Isabella Kell (ta mutu 7 Nuwamba 1946 a vicarage, Arewacin Adelaide) a ranar 7 ga Satumba 1898.

* Brian Kell Simpson (1899-) ya auri Elsie Gwendoline Sandford Colquhoun (1901-) a 1927
* Dorothy Mary Kell "Mollie" Simpson (10 Maris 1903 - 19 Mayu 1970), ɗaya daga cikin likitocin farko na Kudancin Australia, ta auri Rev., daga baya Canon, Horace Percy Finnis (ya mutu 1960) a ranar 6 ga Janairun 1945.
* Bessie Hope Kell Simpson (1905-) ta auri Eric Alfred Burden (1903-1944) a 1935 John Edward Burden (an haife shi 27 Disamba 1935) Robert Michael Burden (ya haife shi 25 Mayu 1937) ya auri (1) Margaret Anne Leahy (1937-1996) da (2) Margaret Stewart-Jones a ranar 30 Yuni 2000 Michael John Burden (Michael Burden) (an haifi 14 Maris 1960) Alison Anne Burden (n. 4 Oktoba 1961) Catherine Mary Burden (yan haifi 27 Mayu 1942) 
** John Edward Burden (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga Disamba 1935) 
** Robert Michael Burden (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1937) ya yi aure (1) Margaret Anne Leahy (1937-1996) da (2) Margaret Stewart-Jones a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2000 Michael John Burden (Michael Burden) (an haifu shi a ranar 14 ga Maris 1960) Alison Anne Burden (ya haifu shi da 4 ga Oktoba 1961) 
*** Michael John Burden (Michael Burden) (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Maris 1960) 
*** Alison Anne Burden (an haife ta a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1961) 
** Catherine Mary Burden (an haife ta a ranar 27 ga Mayu 1942) 

Suna da gida a Watson Avenue, Toorak Gardens . Ba su da alaƙa da dangin masana'antu na Kudancin Australia.

## Manazarta
T. L. Burton

**T. L. Burton** (Thomas Lingen (Tom) Burton; an haife shi a shekara ta 1944) farfesa ne mai daraja a Jami'ar Adelaide kuma sanannen masanin wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi na zamani, harshe, da dialectics. Shi ne editan kundin biyu na *[[Sidrak and Bokkus|Sidrak da Bokkus]]*, wanda ya kasance daya daga cikin littattafan da suka fi shahara a Turanci na Tsakiya. Baya ga wallafe-wallafe da yawa a kan Turanci na Tsakiya, Burton ya kuma rubuta littattafai don masu sauraro. Shi ne darektan da ya kafa Chaucer Studio, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ke samar da rikodin a cikin furcin lokaci na matani na Turanci na Tsakiya kuma tana samun waɗannan a matsayin kayan taimako na koyarwa. Binciken Burton na yanzu yana cikin waƙoƙin William Barnes. Ya rubuta labarai da yawa a kan wannan batun, kuma a kai a kai yana shirya wasan kwaikwayo na shayari na Barnes a cikin yaren Dorset na asali na mawaki don bikin Adelaide Fringe.

Burton ya lashe manyan kyaututtuka da yawa saboda koyarwarsa.

## Littattafai

### Gyara

* Burton, Tom. 'Mistranslation ko Adaptation a cikin Manuscripts na Tsakiya: Za Mutum Zai iya Bayyana Bambanci? *'Lingua Humanitatis* 2.2 (Oktoba 2002): 129-41.
* Burton, Tom. *Sidrak da Bokkus: A Parallel-Text Edition daga Bodleian Library, MS Laud Misc. 559 da British Library, MS Lansdowne 793*. 2 Vols, Early English Text Society, Original Series 311 da 312. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1998-99.
* Burton, Tom. 'Masu magana, Kalmomi, da Kalmomin Misali daga Sidrak na Turanci'. Nazarin Tsakiyar Tsakiya 51 (1989): 329-54.
* Burton, Tom. 'Crocodile a matsayin Alamar Mugunta Mace: Fassarar Tsakiya na Dangantakar Crocodile-Trochilus'. *Parergon* 20 (1978): 25-33.
* Burton, Tom. 'Ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha biyar "Matsayi na Ƙungiya" a cikin MS Pepys 1047'. *Bayani da Tambayoyi* 223 (1978): 7-12.
* Burton, Tom. 'Sidrak a kan haifuwa da Ƙaunar Jima'i'. *Tarihin Kiwon Lafiya* 19 (1975): 286-302.

### Harshen Turanci na Tsakiya

* Burton, Tom. 'A halin yanzu na ilimin Turanci na Tsakiya'. Leeds Nazarin a Turanci NS 22 (1991): 167-208. [Tattaunawa game da Atlas na Harshe na Turanci na Ƙarshe, na Angus McIntosh, M.L. Samuels, da Michael Benskin (Aberdeen UP, 1986). ]

### William Barnes

* Burton, Tom. William Barnes's Dialect Poems: A Pronunciation Guide . Kamfanin Chaucer Studio Press. 2010.
* Burton, Tom. Sauti na Waƙoƙin Harshen William Barnes . Jami'ar Adelaide Press. 2013.
* Burton, Tom da K. K. Ruthven. *Cikakken Waƙoƙin William Barnes: Volume 1*. Jami'ar Oxford Press. 2013.

### Janar

* Burton, Tom. *Kalmomi, Kalmomi*. Rediyon Jami'ar 5UV, 1995
* Burton, Tom. *Kalmomi a cikin Kunnenka*. [Hasiya]
* Burton, Tom. Long Words Bother Me. Sutton Publishing, 2004. Wannan shi ne sake bugawa na Burtaniya, a cikin guda ɗaya, don ayyukan biyu da aka ambata a sama.

## Haɗin waje

## Manazarta
Mark Butler

**Mark Christopher Butler** (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1970) ɗan siyasan Australiya ne. Ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Labor Party (ALP) kuma ya yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai tun 2007. Ya kasance minista a cikin gwamnatocin Gillard da Rudd kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban kasa na ALP daga 2015 zuwa 2018.

Butler ta yi karatun zane-zane da shari'a a Jami'ar Adelaide da alaƙar kasa da kasa a Jami'an Deakin . Kafin ya shiga majalisa ya kasance Sakataren Kudancin Australia na Liquor, Hospitality and Miscellaneous Union (LHMU). An zabe shi a kujerar Port Adelaide a Zaben tarayya na 2007, daga baya ya sauya zuwa Hindmarsh a shekarar 2019. An sanya Butler Sakataren majalisa a shekara ta 2009, ya zama minista bayan Zaben 2010 kuma ya sami ci gaba zuwa majalisar ministoci a shekara mai zuwa. Daga baya ya rike mukamin Ministan Lafiya da Tsufa (2010-2013), Haɗin Jama'a (2011-2013), Gidaje da Rashin Gida (2013), Muhalli da Ruwa (2013), da Canjin yanayi (2013).

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Mark Christopher Butler a Canberra a ranar 8 ga Yulin 1970,  ɗan Lindsay Nicholson da David Butler. Mahaifiyarsa mai fafutukar zaman lafiya ce kuma mai adawa da nukiliya kuma ta yi kamfen don zabar gwamnatocin Hawke da Keating. Mahaifinsa, ma'aikacin gwamnati kuma ɗan yaƙi na Vietnam, shi ne jikan firaministan Australiya mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Richard Layton Butler kuma jikan firamarin Australiya mai rikon kwarya Richard Butler, amma bai kasance mai aiki a siyasa ba.

## Ayyukan ƙungiyar kwadago
A shekara ta 1992, Butler ya shiga kungiyar Liquor Hospitality and Miscellaneous Workers' Union (LHMU) a matsayin jami'in shari'a ta hanyar alakarsa da Conlon. Ya bayyana a gaban kotunan masana'antu, "yana tura masu tsaftacewa da ma'aikatan asibiti don samun albashi mafi kyau". A shekara ta 1996 an zabe shi sakataren jihar na LHMU, inda ya lashe kuri'a daya.

Butler ya haɓaka kyakkyawar dangantaka ta aiki tare da takwaransa na NSW Anthony Albanese. Daga baya zai zama manajan yakin neman zabe na Albanese a Zaben Oktoba 2013 na Shugabancin ALP na Tarayya. An kuma lura da shi saboda dangantakarsa mai kyau tare da ƙungiyar 'yancin aiki a Kudancin Ostiraliya, musamman sakataren Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association, Don Farrell.

## Manazarta
Jack Saunders (ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Australiya)

**Jack Saunders** ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Australiya wanda kwanan nan ya buga wa Hawthorn Football Club a cikin Australian Football League (AFL). An dauke shi daga Norwood a Kudancin Australia. Ya kuma buga wa Box Hill Hawks wasa a Gasar kwallon kafa ta Victoria.

## Rayuwa ta farko
Saunders ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a Walkerville da Unley jets, kafin ya koma Norwood a cikin SANFL. Ya halarci Kwalejin Prince Alfred.[1]

## Ayyukan AFL
Jack ya fara bugawa a zagaye na 23, inda Hawthorn ya buga wa Western Bulldogs a Launceston .

## Kididdiga
*Sabuntawa zuwa ƙarshen kakar 2022.*

## Manazarta
Juyin Halitta na Fasaha

Kalmar "**juyin halitta na fasaha**" tana ɗaukar bayani game da canjin fasaha wanda ke amfani da hanyoyin daga ilmin halitta na juyin halitta. An fara bayyana ilmin halitta na juyin halitta a cikin On the Origin of Species na Charles Darwin . A cikin salon wannan magana, ana iya amfani da juyin halitta na fasaha don bayyana asalin sabbin fasahohi.

Ka'idar haɗuwa ta canjin fasaha ta bayyana cewa kowane fasaha koyaushe yana kunshe da fasahar da ta fi sauƙi, kuma an yi sabon fasahar da aka riga aka samu. Ɗaya daga cikin ra'ayi na wannan ka'idar shine cewa wannan hulɗar fasahar tana haifar da cibiyar sadarwa. Dukkanin fasahohin da ke hulɗa don samar da sabuwar fasaha ana iya tunanin su a matsayin kari, kamar screwdriver da sikelin wanda ta hanyar hulɗar su ke haifar da tsarin sikelin sikelin.[1]

An bayyana hanyar canjin fasaha, "juyin halitta na haɗuwa". Wasu sun kira shi, "maidowar fasaha".

Brian Arthur ya yi bayani dalla-dalla game da yadda ka'idar ke da alaƙa da tsarin sake haɗuwa da kwayoyin halitta daga ilmin halitta na juyin halitta kuma a cikin waɗanne fannoni ya bambanta.

## Tarihin juyin halitta na fasaha
**Juyin Halitta na Fasaha** shine ka'idar canji mai mahimmanci na al'umma ta hanyar ci gaban fasaha. Wannan ka'idar ta samo asali ne daga masanin falsafar Czech Radovan Richta . 

## Dubi kuma

* Injinan da ke kwaikwayon kansu a cikin almara
* Juyin Halitta da Al'adu

## Manazarta
Ƙarfin fasaha

Halin fasaha shine ka'idar game da dangantakar da ke tsakanin fasaha da al'umma a tsawon lokaci. Kalmar, wacce ake la'akari da bambancin ƙayyadaddun fasaha na huɗu,  masanin tarihin fasaha Thomas P. Hughes ne ya kirkireshi. Manufar ita ce dangantakar da ke tsakanin fasaha da al'umma tana da ma'amala kuma tana dogara da lokaci don mutum bai ƙayyade canje-canje a cikin ɗayan ba amma dukansu suna tasiri ga juna.

## Ka'idar
Rubutun Hughes shine kira na samfuran daban-daban guda biyu don yadda fasaha da al'umma ke hulɗa. Ɗaya, *[[Ƙididdigar fasaha|ƙaddamar da fasaha]]*, ya yi iƙirarin cewa al'umma kanta an canza ta hanyar gabatar da sabuwar fasaha ta hanyar da ba za a iya juyawa ba kuma ba za a taɓa gyarawa ba - alal misali, gabatar da mota ya rinjayi hanyar da aka tsara biranen Amurka, canjin da za a iya gani a sarari yayin kwatanta biranen da suka gabata a Gabashin Gabas zuwa biranen da ba su ba bayan mota a Yammacin Gabas. Fasahar, a karkashin wannan samfurin, tana yada kanta - babu juyawa da zarar an yi tallafi, kuma kasancewar fasahar tana nufin cewa za ta ci gaba da wanzuwa a nan gaba.

Sauran samfurin, *ƙaddamar da zamantakewa*, ya yi iƙirarin cewa al'umma kanta tana sarrafa yadda ake amfani da fasaha da haɓaka - alal misali, ƙin fasahar makamashin nukiliya a Amurka a cikin tsoron jama'a bayan abin da ya faru a tsibirin Three Mile.

Ƙarfin fasaha yana ɗaukar samfuran biyu kuma yana ƙara lokaci a matsayin abin da ke haɗa kai. A cikin ka'idar Hughes, lokacin da fasaha ta kasance matashi, iko da gangan akan amfani da shi da kuma iyakarsa yana yiwuwa kuma al'umma ta kafa shi. Koyaya, yayin da fasaha ke girma, kuma yana ƙara shiga cikin al'umma inda aka halicce shi, ƙarfin kansa yana riƙewa, yana samun ƙarfin fasaha a cikin tsari. A cewar Hughes wannan inertia, wanda shine musamman ga manyan tsarin fasaha tare da abubuwan da suka shafi fasaha da zamantakewa, yana sa su da wahala su rinjaye su kuma su jagoranci yayin da suke fara tafiya a kan hanyarsu, suna ɗaukar halaye masu mahimmanci a cikin tsari.[1] A wasu kalmomi, Hughes ya ce dangantakar da ke tsakanin fasaha da al'umma koyaushe tana farawa da tsarin ƙaddamar da zamantakewa, amma tana canzawa zuwa wani nau'i na ƙaddamar da fasaha a tsawon lokaci kuma yayin da amfani da ita ya zama mafi yawa da mahimmanci.

Tun lokacin da Hughes ya gabatar da shi, wasu masana tarihi na fasaha sun yi amfani da manufar ci gaban fasaha. Misali, ana ɗaukarsa hanya ce mai tasiri don sulhunta ra'ayoyin da suka saba da ikon cin gashin kai na fasaha da kuma zamantakewa da siyasa a bayan zaɓin fasaha. Yana iya bayyana yadda cibiyoyin fasaha na zamantakewa da siyasa suka zama masu zaman kansu da masu cin gashin kansu a tsawon lokaci.

## Manazarta
Murray Buttrose

**Murray Buttrose** (31 ga Yulin 1903 - 8 ga Satumba 1987) ya kasance alƙali ne na mulkin mallaka na Australiya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Solicitor Janar na Singapore .

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Buttrose a ranar 31 ga Yuli 1903 a Ostiraliya ga William da Frances Buttrose, duka Burtaniya. Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin St Peter, Adelaide da Jami'ar Adelaide a Kudancin Australia. 

## Ayyuka
An shigar da Buttrose kuma ya yi rajista a matsayin lauya da lauya na Kotun Koli ta Kudancin Australia a 1927. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan reshe tare da Royal Air Force (1940-45). A shekara ta 1946, ya shiga aikin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a matsayin mai ba da shawara a Kotun Koli ta Singapore kuma ya tashi zuwa Babban mai ba da shawarar Crown a shekara ta 1949.  A lokacin Gwamnatin Sojojin Burtaniya, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin mai gabatar da kara a lokuta da yawa na hadin gwiwar Japan. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na wucin gadi a Majalisar Dokoki. A shekara ta 1955, an nada shi Solicitor Janar, Singapore kuma daga 1956 zuwa 1968, ya yi aiki a matsayin Alkalin Puisne kuma ya zauna a matsayin memba na Kotun daukaka kara ta Tarayya.

Buttrose ya jagoranci wasu manyan laifuka a Singapore. Jakadan Singapore a Faransa ya bayyana shi: "A matsayinsa na mai gabatar da kara ya kasance mai tsananin gaske kuma alƙali ne mai tsananun gaske, mai karfi sosai a kan tsari, mai tsananar da masu laifi, amma mai adalci", kuma manyan lauyoyi na cikin gida kamar haka: "Yana da kaifi sosai kuma yana son lauyoyi su gudanar da shari'arsu da sauri kuma ba su yi watsi da shi ba".

Biyu daga cikin shari'o'in da aka fi tunawa da shi da aka gudanar a gabansa sune Shari'ar Pulau Senang (1964) inda aka tuhumi fursunoni 60 na sasantawar kisa da tashin hankali, daga cikinsu an ba da 18 hukuncin kisa kuma an rataye su, da kuma Shari'ar Sunny Ang (1965) inda aka rataye wanda ake tuhuma saboda kisan-a-teku na budurwarsa  wanda ba a taɓa samun jikinta ba.

A shekara ta 1959, ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Bincike da aka kafa don bincika Chew Swee Kee, ɗan siyasan Singapore kuma Ministan Ilimi, wanda ake zargi da karɓar kudaden ƙasashen waje.

An shigar da Buttrose a matsayin lauya a Ingila a shekarar 1955. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai rikodin Kotun Crown daga 1972 zuwa 1974, kuma a matsayin Mataimakin Alkalin da'ira daga 1975 zuwa 1977. Ya yi ritaya zuwa Ostiraliya.

## Rayuwa da mutuwarsa
Buttrose ya auri Jean Marie Bowering a 1935 kuma suna da ɗa.

Buttrose ya mutu a ranar 8 ga Satumba 1987, yana da shekaru 84. 

## Manazarta
Greg Siegele

**Greg Siegele** ɗan kasuwa ne na Australiya. Ya kafa Ratbag Games Pty Ltd, Mai haɓaka wasan bidiyo na Australiya na irin waɗannan wasannin kamar Powerslide, The Dukes of Hazzard: Return of the General Lee da World of Outlaws: Sprint Cars 2002.

Greg ya haɓaka ƙaunarsa ga kwamfutoci, kuma musamman shirye-shirye da wasa wasannin kwamfuta, yayin da yake halartar makarantar masu zaman kansu ta Kudancin Australia Prince Alfred College. Kodayake ya bar makaranta tare da wahayin zama babban lauya, bayan ya kwashe shekaru biyu yana aiki a matsayin lauya ya yanke shawarar cewa yana son wasannin bidiyo mafi kyau.

An kafa wasannin Ratbag a 1993 a Adelaide, Kudancin Australia ta abokai Greg Siegele da Richard Harrison. Da farko an san shi da Wasannin Emergent, kamfanin ya ɗauki shekaru 3 don kammala samfurin don taken su na farko Powerslide. Bayan da Midway Games ta saye shi a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta 2005 an san kamfanin da Midway Studios Australia. An gaya wa ma'aikata a ɗakin studio a ranar 13 ga Disamba 2005 cewa kamfanin iyayensa zai rufe shi, kuma daga baya ya kasance kwana biyu bayan haka a ranar 15, ya bar ma'aikatan da ke aiki a can ba tare da aiki ba.[1]

## Manazarta
Taɓawa da sihiri

A Touch of Magic (1961) wani ɗan gajeren fim ne na al'ada na General Motors.

Fim din ya fara ne da mai zane a allon zane, yana mafarki game da ma'aurata na shekarun 1920 waɗanda ke tafiya zuwa Zamanin Tsakiya; Mutumin ya ceci Mace daga mai sihiri ("mummunan kyakkyawa") da dragon, sai kawai ya gano cewa duk suna yin aiki ga masu sauraro a cikin shekarun 1960. Fim din ya nuna ma'auratan suna soyayya a cikin sabbin motocin General Motors. Yanzu sun yi aure, Mutum da Mace na gaba sun bayyana a farkon shekarun 1960 na gidan zamani na gaba tare da kicin sihiri; suna karbar bakuncin bikin warming na gida wanda baƙi marasa ganuwa suka halarta. Mun ga ma'auratan suna rawa da mafarki a kan girgije.[1]

Fim din, wanda ya shiga Yankin jama'a, Victor D. Solow ne ya samar da shi kuma ya ba da umarni ta hanyar MPO Productions. Joseph Moncure Maris da Edward Eliscu sun rubuta rubutun da kalmomin; Sol Kaplan, kashi. Ya fito da masu rawa Tad Tadlock (sunan gaskiya Thelma Tadlock) da James Mitchell, tare da muryoyin waka na Anita Ellis da Ed Kenney.

Wannan yana daya daga cikin jerin fina-finai na Populuxe da abubuwan da Jama'a Motors ke tallafawa. Jerin ya fara ne tare da baje kolin Janar Motar Futurama a baje kolin duniya na 1939, wanda ya nuna hangen nesa na nan gaba wanda ya shafi Yaduwar birane da hanyoyin samun dama masu yawa. GM daga baya Motorama nune-nunen ya ci gaba da wannan taken a cikin shekarun 1960. A Touch of Magic shi ne fim na 1961 Motorama .

## Zaɓuɓɓukan ƙa'idodi

* Mutum - "Wannan gidan mafarki kai da ni za mu raba / Frigidaire ne ya shirya mana"
* Mutum da Mace - "Lanƙarar Aladdin ta sami kwanakinta/Wannan sihiri na zamani yana nan don zama"
* Mutum da Mace - "Shin sihiri kowace rana / Shin kyakkyawa ce da ke tafiya mai tsawo / Yana kiyaye ruhohinmu matasa da gay / Kuma sihiri koyaushe sabo ne / A cikin duniya cike da sihiri tare da ... "

## Dubi kuma

* Design for Dreaming, wani fim na GM a cikin wannan jerin, kuma Tad Tadlock ne ya fito

## Manazarta
Fasahar barci

fasaha somnambulism ra'ayi ne da ake amfani da shi yayin magana game da falsafar fasaha. Langdon Winner ya yi amfani da kalmar a cikin rubutunsa Fasaha a matsayin nau'ikan rayuwa. Wanda ya ci nasara ya gabatar da ra'ayin cewa muna cikin yanayin barci kawai a cikin matsakaiciyarmu tare da fasaha. Wannan tafiya ta bacci ta haifar da dalilai da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da shi shine yadda muke kallon fasaha a matsayin kayan aiki, wani abu da za'a iya sanyawa kuma a sake karɓa. Saboda wannan ra'ayi na abubuwa a matsayin wani abu za mu iya raba kanmu da sauƙi daga fasaha, don haka mun kasa duba tasirin dogon lokaci na amfani da wannan abu. Dalili na biyu shine rabuwa da waɗanda ke yin fasaha da waɗanda ke amfani da fasaha. Wannan rarrabuwa ta haifar da ƙarancin tunani da bincike da ke shiga cikin tasirin amfani / haɓaka wannan fasaha. Ra'ayi na uku kuma mafi mahimmanci shine hanyar da fasaha ke da alama ta haifar da sabbin duniyoyi inda muke rayuwa. Wadannan duniyoyi an halicce su ne ta hanyar sake fasalin abubuwan yau da kullun da ke kewaye da mu. A mafi yawan yanayi canje-canje suna faruwa ba tare da kulawa ko kulawa daga gare mu ba saboda muna mai da hankali kan al'amuran fasaha (Winner 105-107). 

Ana iya samun manufar a cikin aikin da Marshall McLuhan ya yi a baya, cf. Fahimtar Media, inda yake nufin wani sharhi da David Sarnoff ya yi yana nuna ra'ayi na zamantakewa game da fasahar "kyauta kyauta" wanda aka bayyana darajar ta hanyar amfani da ita kawai a matsayin wakilci, "...muryar somnambulism na yanzu".[1] Ganin cewa wannan yanki na McLuhan ya zama misali na karatu a cikin Ka'idar Media yana da ma'ana a yi zaton cewa Winner ya haɗu da ra'ayin a can ko a wasu wurare sannan ya ci gaba da bunkasa shi.[2][3][4]

## Dubi kuma
 

## Manazarta
Binciken Fasaha

**Binciken Fasaha** wani bangare ne na Gudanar da fasaha wanda

: (1) An gano fasahar da ke fitowa,
: (2) Bayanan da suka shafi fasaha ana tura su cikin ƙungiya, kuma
: (3) yana tallafawa sayen fasaha.

Yana da farawa na dogon lokaci da kuma daidaitaccen ma'amala tsakanin fasahar waje da bukatun ciki na ƙungiyar da ke akwai don dalilai na dabarun. Hakanan ana iya taimakawa wannan daidaituwa ta hanyar fasahar taswirar hanya. Har ila yau, an san binciken fasaha a matsayin wani ɓangare na leken asiri na gasa, wanda kamfanoni ke amfani da shi azaman kayan aiki na dabarun gasa. Hakanan ana iya ɗaukarsa azaman hanyar hasashen fasaha  ko kuma a cikin mahallin da ya fi girma kuma wani bangare na hangen nesa na kamfanoni.  Hakanan ana iya amfani da binciken fasaha a matsayin wani bangare na hanyar budewa.   Ana ganin binciken fasaha a matsayin muhimmin bangare na tsarin kula da fasaha na zamani.

Mai binciken fasaha ko dai ma'aikaci ne na kamfanin ko kuma mai ba da shawara na waje wanda ke shiga cikin hanyoyin da ke kewaye da iyakoki don shiga cikin sabon ilimin da kuma kewaye da iyakar ciki.[undefined] Ana iya sanya su na ɗan lokaci ko cikakken lokaci don aikin leken asiri. Halayen da ake so na mai binciken fasaha suna kama da halaye da ke da alaƙa da mai tsaron ƙofar fasaha. Wadannan halaye sun hada da kasancewa mai tunani na gefe, mai ilimi a kimiyya da fasaha, mai daraja a cikin kamfanin, mai daidaitawa da horo, da kuma halin tunani.[2] Masu binciken fasaha kuma sau da yawa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsarin hangen nesa na fasaha.[1]

## Nazarin shari'a
Nazarin shari'a da aka rubuta sun haɗa da:

## Dubi kuma

* Kayan aiki na gaba
* Foresight (bincike na gaba) 
* Bayani na gaba
* Binciken sararin samaniya
* Rashin kimiyya
* Hasashen dabarun
* Gudanar da Fasaha

## Manazarta
Stroma Buttrose

**Stroma Buttrose** (20 ga Oktoba 1929  - 26 ga Fabrairu 2020)  ta kasance masanin gine-gine na Australiya, wacce ta zama mataimakiyar tsarawa ta farko a Kudancin Australia, ta shiga Ofishin Masu Shirye-shiryen Birni a 1957 (daga baya ake kira Ofishin Shirye-sauyen Jiha).  An dauki Buttrose a matsayin mace ta farko a cikin gine-gine, saboda ita ce mace ta farko da ta kasance Kwamishinan Kwamitin Kira na Shirye-shiryen, tare da kasancewa marubucin wallafe-wallafen gine-gine da yawa, musamman City Planning a Ostiraliya a cikin 1975. 

Buttrose ya kula da binciken amfani da ƙasar Gawler, da kuma binciken amfani da ƙasa na Willunga, duka yankuna biyu suna rufe kusan kilomita 100 da 40. Ta kuma taimaka wajen samar da Shirin Ci Gaban Birnin Adelaide, wanda aka buga a 1963. A shekara ta 1973, Buttrose ita ce mace ta farko da aka nada Kwamishinan Hukumar daukaka kara ta Birnin / Kotun, wanda daga baya ya zama Kotun Muhalli, Albarkatarwa da Ci Gaban.

## Rayuwa ta farko
Sha'awar Buttrose game da Yanayin ƙasa, kuma daga baya Tsarin gari, ya fara ne a makaranta a Hopetoun, kuma daga bisani Woolands a Glenelg. A Jami'ar Adelaide, ta kammala difloma a fannin fasaha da ilimi. A shekara ta 21, Buttrose ta yi tafiya zuwa Turai tare da iyalinta kuma, bayan dawowarta, ta koyar da ilimin ƙasa yayin da ta kammala digiri na farko na Arts, tare da babban digiri a fannin ilimin ƙasa. An nada Buttrose a matsayin mataimakiyar mata ta wucin gadi ga mai tsara garin gwamnati a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1957. A cikin 1962 Buttrose ya kammala Digiri na Master of Town Planning a Jami'ar Adelaide tare da Farfesa Rolf Jensen (wani ɓangare na ), a cikin aji na ɗalibai goma kawai.

## Manazarta
Eric Smart

Sir **Eric Fleming Smart** OBE (12 ga Oktoba 1911 - 10 ga Yuni 1973) ya kasance manomi na alkama na Yammacin Australiya, makiyayi, kuma wakilin karamar hukuma. Sabon sa ya sami nasarar samun hatsi da ulu; ya kuma fara hanyoyin noma na zamani don taki da kula da kwari. An ba da Smart lambar yabo a shekarar 1966 don gagarumin sabis ga aikin gona.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Smart a Narridy, Kudancin Australia, a ranar 12 ga Oktoba 1911 ga manomi Percival Horace Smart da matarsa Lilian Louise, née Rogers . Shi ne ɗansu na uku. Smart ta halarci Makarantar Jama'a ta Washpool, da Kwalejin Prince Alfred ta Adelaide a matsayin mai shiga. Yayinda yake dan shekara 18 Smart yana da aikin gona, kuma yana da kasuwancin isar da gishiri.

## Aikin noma da kirkire-kirkire a Yammacin Ostiraliya
Tare da tanadi na £ 200, Smart ya koma Yammacin Ostiraliya a 1934 zuwa damar noma a Watheroo. Duk da mawuyacin yanayin tattalin arziki, ya haɓaka kasuwancinsa na noma a duk faɗin Wheatbelt. Smart ya koma Wongan Hills a 1940,  inda ya sayi tashar . Ya sayi kadada 25,000 (10,000  a Mingenew a 1946, daga baya ya kara girman zuwa kadada 80,000 (32,000  ta hanyar sayen ƙasar da ba a inganta ba. Smart kuma ya ba da hayar ƙarin kadada 7,000 (ha 2,800). 

Smart ya kara yawan amfanin ƙasa ta hanyar dasa lupin blue na Yammacin Australia, wanda zai bunƙasa a yanayin yashi idan an yi amfani da superphosphates. Lupin a baya an san shi da shuka shi a cikin jan ƙasa kusa da Geraldton da Gingin don ciyar da tumaki. Smart ya goyi bayan binciken kimiyya kuma ya ba da izinin yin gwaji a gidansa na Erregulla Springs. Ayyukan noma da aka haɓaka sun haɗa da gabatar da clovers bayan ƙaruwar haihuwa ta farko, don haɓaka yawan aiki; kula da ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar yayyafa kwari; da kuma amfani da nitrogen don shayar da hatsi.[1] Ya zuwa shekarun 2010, har yanzu ana amfani da waɗannan dabarun a aikin gona na zamani.[2]

Wakilan masana'antar alkama ta Amurka sun ziyarci Smart a 1963. A wannan lokacin shi ne mafi girman mai samar da hatsi a duniya. Smart ya yi tafiya zuwa jihohin gabashin Ostiraliya, ya ziyarci ayyukan noma, kwalejoji, da sauran abubuwan da suka faru na jama'a don yada nasarorin da ya samu da kuma damar Yammacin Ostiraliya.

An nada Smart a matsayin O.B.E. a shekarar 1955, kuma an ba shi lambar BAB.E. a shekarar 1966 saboda ayyukan da ya yi na musamman ga aikin gona. Smart ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1966 saboda rashin lafiya.

## Manazarta
Donald Steele

**Donald Macdonald Steele** (17 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1892 - 13 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1962) ya kasance dan wasan cricket wanda ya buga wasan cricket na farko a Kudancin Australia daga 1912 zuwa 1921. Daga baya ya zama fitaccen likita a Kudancin Australia.

## Iyali da rayuwar farko
Don Steele yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan'uwa shida. 'Yan uwansa David Macdonald Steele  da Ken Steele  sun kasance likitoci waɗanda suka yi aiki a matsayin jami'an kiwon lafiya a fagen a Yaƙin Duniya na I. Ken ya kuma buga wasan kurket na farko ga Kudancin Australia kafin yaƙin.

Don ya halarci Kwalejin Prince Alfred, Adelaide, inda ya taka leda a gasar XI ta farko na shekaru shida daga 1907 zuwa 1912, inda ya jagoranci tawagar a cikin shekaru uku da suka gabata. Daga nan ya yi karatun likitanci a Jami'ar Adelaide, ya cancanci zama likita a ƙarshen 1919. 

## Ayyukan wasan cricket
Steele ya buga wasan sa na farko a Kudancin Australia a watan Janairun 1912 yayin da yake makaranta. Ya zama dan wasa na yau da kullun a cikin tawagar jihar a 1912-13 kuma ya kasance mai aiki a gefe har zuwa ƙarshen kakar 1920-21, karatu da ayyukan sana'a sun ba da izini.

A wasansa na farko a kakar 1912-13 ya zira kwallaye 113 ba a cikin minti 175 a kan New South Wales a cikin nasara a Kudancin Australia. Ya zira kwallaye na biyu a shekara ta 1914-15 lokacin da ya zira kwallayen 100 a cikin minti 135, kuma a kan New South Wales.

Ya jagoranci Kudancin Australia a wasanni uku na karshe na kakar Sheffield Shield ta 1920-21, inda ya zira kwallaye 107 a wasan farko, a kan Victoria. Ya gama kakar a saman matsakaicin batting na Kudancin Australia, tare da gudu 280 a 56.00.

An zaba shi ya zama kyaftin din tawagar Australiya don yawon shakatawa a New Zealand a ƙarshen kakar.  Koyaya, bai iya zuwa yawon shakatawa ba, bayan ya shirya yin aiki a matsayin locum a Port Lincoln. Ayyukansa na sana'a sun hana shi yin wasa da kowane wasan kurket na farko.

## Rayuwa ta baya
Ya yi aiki a matsayin likita a Port Lincoln na wasu shekaru  kafin ya koma aiki a Adelaide, inda shi da matarsa suka zauna a Glenelg. 

Yayinda yake kallon Wasan gwaji a Adelaide Oval a 1925 an kira shi don kula da dan wasan Ingila mai suna Tich Freeman, wanda ya karya wuyansa yayin ƙoƙarin kamawa. Steele ya sanya wuyan hannu a cikin raguwa sannan ya kai Freeman asibiti.[1]

Ɗansa Ian shi ma likita ne.

## Manazarta
ATN Urdu

**ATN Urdu** tashar talabijin ce ta Kanada wacce ake biyan kuɗi a kanta mallakar Asian Television Network (ATN). Ita ce cibiyar sadarwa ta nishaɗi ta harshen Urdu, tana watsa shirye-shirye waɗanda ke jan hankalin dukkan iyali, gami da barkwanci, shirye-shiryen talabijin, shirye-shiryen tattaunawa, kiɗa, shirye-shiryen addini, da sauransu.

## Tarihi
A watan Nuwamba na 2000, Hukumar Kula da Talabijin da Sadarwa ta Kanada (CRTC) ta amince da ATN don ƙaddamar da tashar talabijin mai suna *Urdu Channel*, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin *"sabis na musamman na talabijin na ƙabilanci na 2 wanda ke mai da hankali kan al'ummar da ke magana da Urdu."* 

An ƙaddamar da tashar a ranar 8 ga Mayu, 2004 a matsayin *ATN ARY Digital* a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar lasisi da ARY Digital, wata cibiyar sadarwa ta talabijin daga Pakistan. 

A watan Disamba na 2012, an sake sanya wa tashar suna *ATN Urdu* saboda karewar yarjejeniyar shirye-shirye da ARY. Tun daga ranar 3 ga Janairu, 2013, ATN Urdu ba ta sake watsa wani shiri daga ARY Digital ba saboda yanzu wani mai watsa shirye-shirye daban ne ke riƙe da haƙƙin. 

A ranar 30 ga Agusta, 2013, CRTC ta amince da buƙatar Cibiyar Talabijin ta Asiya don sauya ATN Urdu daga sabis na musamman na Category B mai lasisi zuwa sabis na harshe na uku na Cat. B wanda aka keɓe. 

## Manazarta