Cinikin mutane a Myanmar

Cinikin mutane babban lamari ne na al'umma a Myanmar, wanda shine tushen da makoma ga fataucin mutane. Dukkanin manyan nau'ikan fataucin mutane, wato tilasta aiki da tilasta karuwanci, sun zama ruwan dare a kasar, suna shafar maza, mata, da yara. Matsalolin siyasa da tattalin arziki na Myanmar sun sanya Mutanen Burma musamman masu saukin kamuwa da fataucin mutane. Maza, mata, da yara da suka yi ƙaura zuwa ƙasashen waje zuwa Thailand, Malaysia, China, Bangladesh, Indiya, da Koriya ta Kudu don aiki galibi ana fataucin su cikin yanayin tilasta ko aiki ko aiki ko Cin zarafin jima'i na kasuwanci. Yanayin tattalin arziki a cikin Myanmar ya haifar da karuwar ƙaura ta doka da ba bisa ka'ida ba na 'yan ƙasa a cikin yanki da na duniya, sau da yawa zuwa wurare masu nisa daga Myanmar kamar Gabas ta Tsakiya. Yankunan iyaka na Myanmar, gami da Shwe Kokko, sanannun wuraren fataucin mutane ne.

Ya zuwa watan Yulin , Myanmar ta kasance a kan mafi ƙasƙanci (Tier 3) na ƙasashe a cikin Rahoton Ciniki a cikin Mutane.

Myanmar ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar TIP ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 2000 a watan Maris na shekara ta 2004. 

A cikin 2023, Ƙididdigar Laifuka ta Ƙungiya ta ba Myanmar maki 8.5 daga cikin 10 don fataucin mutane, yana mai lura da cewa masu fataucin kaya sun yi niyya sosai.

## Nau'o'in fataucin mutane

### Cinikin ma'aikata
Maza suna fuskantar aikin tilas a cikin kamun kifi  da masana'antun gine-gine a kasashen waje. Amfani da sojoji da yawa da rashin lissafi a cikin aikin tilas da daukar ma'aikata na yara sojoji shine babban abin da ya haifar da babbar matsalar fataucin Myanmar a cikin shekara ta 2009. Mafi mahimmanci a yankin tilasta aiki, Gwamnatin Myanmar ba ta bin mafi ƙarancin ƙa'idodi don kawar da fataucin mutane.

#### An tilasta masa yin zamba
Myanmar wata manufa ce mai tasowa don fataucin ma'aikata na kasa da kasa, musamman a yankunan iyakarta. Wadanda abin ya shafa sun haɗa da 'yan ƙasa daga ko'ina cikin duniya, gami da China, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Taiwan, Thailand, Indiya, Philippines, ƙasashen Afirka da Brazil. Wadanda abin ya shafa suna jan hankalin su da alkawarin ƙarya na ayyukan da ke biyan kuɗi, kuma ana fataucin su ta manyan birane kamar Yangon da Bangkok, da wuraren wucewa kamar Mae Sot, Chiang Rai .  Daga nan sai aka tilasta musu yin aiki a Masana'antun zamba na masana'antu da ke cikin "yanki na tattalin arziki na musamman" tare da iyakokin ƙasar kamar Shwe Kokko .

A cikin 2023, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta cewa an fataucin mutane 120,000 zuwa kasar don yin aiki a cibiyoyin kiran zamba; a watan Maris na 2024, an mika wasu irin waɗannan ma'aikata 43,000 ga gwamnatin kasar Sin. Gwamnatin Uganda ta kuma mayar da 'yan ƙasa 23.

Wani bincike a cikin 2024 ya gano cewa an yi fataucin mutane 3,000 zuwa yankunan iyaka don yin aiki a gidajen caca; ƙasashe sun haɗa da Thai, Vietnamese, Malaysian, Cambodian da Habasha.

### Cinikin jima'i
Mata na Myanmar da suka yi ƙaura zuwa Thailand, China, da Malaysia don damar tattalin arziki ana tilasta su cikin karuwanci. Wasu wadanda ke fama da fataucin mutane suna wucewa ta Myanmar daga Bangladesh zuwa Malaysia da kuma daga China zuwa Thailand da kuma bayan haka.

Masu cin zarafin suna fataucin 'yan mata don manufar karuwanci, da kuma ' fataucin haihuwa', musamman ga iyalai na kasar Sin. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2018 da Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Johns Hopkins Bloomberg da Kungiyar Mata ta Kachin ta Thailand (KWAT) suka gano cewa an yi fataucin dubban mata da 'yan mata daga Myanmar zuwa China don tilasta musu yin aure da haihuwa.

Bugu da ƙari, saboda yawan mutanen da ke zaune a ƙasa da layin talauci na ƙasa, ana tilasta mata da yawa yin karuwanci ba bisa ka'ida ba. A wasu yankuna, musamman fataucin jima'i na duniya na mata da 'yan mata, Gwamnatin Myanmar tana yin gagarumin kokari.

### Yara sojoji
Sojojin Myanmar suna shiga cikin aikin soja ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma suna ci gaba da kasancewa babban mai aikata aikin tilas a cikin Myanmar. Tun lokacin da aka sami 'yancin kai daga Burtaniya a 1948, yanayin siyasar Myanmar bai kasance mai kwanciyar hankali ba kuma yana da hannu a cikin rikice-rikicen basasa, wanda ya haifar da karuwar daukar ma'aikatan soja. A shekara ta 2002, Human Rights Watch ta ruwaito a cikin "My Gun was as Tall as Me: Child Soldiers in Burma" cewa Myanmar ita ce babbar mai daukar yara a duniya. Ba wai kawai rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa ba, har ma da talauci na kasar yana goyon bayan daukar yara.

Amfani da gwamnati kai tsaye da na soja na tilas ko tilastawa aiki ya kasance batun da ya yadu kuma mai matsin lamba, musamman ma da'awar mambobin kabilun tsiraru, kamar Mutanen Shan. Jami'an soja da farar hula sun yi amfani da maza, mata, da yara don aiki na tilas don ci gaban ababen more rayuwa da ayyukan noma da kasuwanci na gwamnati, da kuma tilasta jigilar sojoji. Wadanda ke zaune a yankunan da ke da mafi girman kasancewar sojoji, gami da yankunan iyaka da ke da nisa da kabilun suka fi rinjaye, sun fi fuskantar haɗarin aikin tilas. Jami'an soja da farar hula suna tilasta wa maza, mata, da yara aiki. Maza da dubban yara maza da suka kai shekara 10 an tilasta su (saboda sau da yawa ya yi ficewa) don yin aiki a cikin Sojojin Kasa da kungiyoyin kabilanci ta hanyar tsoratarwa, tilasta, barazana, da tashin hankali. Yaran matalauta na birane suna cikin haɗari na yin rajista ba tare da son rai ba; Rahotanni na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun nuna cewa sojojin sun yi niyya ga marayu da yara a kan tituna da tashoshin jirgin ƙasa, da kuma matasa masu zaman kansu daga masallatai don daukar ma'aikata. Ana buga yara a kurkuku idan ba su yarda su shiga soja ba, kuma wani lokacin ana cin zarafin su. Ana tilasta wa yara aiki a shagunan shayi, masana'antun gida, da gonakin noma.

## Manazarta