Malcolm Fraser

**John Malcolm Fraser** / / ˈfreɪzər / ; 21 ga Mayu 1930 - 20 Maris 2015) wani manomi ne kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan ƙasar Ostiraliya wanda ya kasance firayim minista na 22 na ƙasar Ostiraliya, daga 1975 zuwa 1983. Ya riƙe muƙami a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar Liberal Party of Australia, kuma shi ne firayim minista na huɗu mafi daɗewa a tarihin Ostiraliya.

An haifi Fraser a sansanin tumakin mahaifinsa, kuma bayan ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Magdalen, Oxford, ya koma Ostiraliya don ya mallaki kadarorin iyalinsa a Gundumar Yammacin Victoria . Bayan shan kaye a karon farko a shekarar 1954, an zaɓe shi a Majalisar Wakilai ta Ostiraliya a zaɓen tarayya na 1955, a matsayin ɗan majalisa (MP) na yankin Wannon. Yana da shekaru 25 a lokacin, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙanƙanta mutane da aka taɓa zaɓa a majalisar. Shi ne Firayim Minista na baya-bayan nan a shekarar 2025 da ya wakilci mazabar karkara. Lokacin da Harold Holt ya zama Firayim Minista a 1966, an naɗa Fraser Ministan Sojoji. Bayan ɓacewar Holt kuma John Gorton ya maye gurbinsa, Fraser ya zama Ministan Ilimi da Kimiyya (1968–1969) sannan kuma Ministan Tsaro (1969–1971). A shekarar 1971, Fraser ya yi murabus daga majalisar ministoci kuma ya yi Allah wadai da Gorton a matsayin "bai cancanci ya riƙe babban mukamin Firayim Minista ba"; wannan ya haifar da maye gurbin Gorton da William McMahon. Daga baya ya koma tsohon fannin iliminsa da kimiyya.

Bayan da aka kayar da jam'iyyar Liberal-National Coalition a zaɓen 1972, Fraser bai yi nasara ba wajen tsayawa takarar shugabancin Liberal, inda ya sha kaye a hannun Billy Snedden . Lokacin da jam'iyyar ta sha kaye a zaɓen 1974, ya fara fafatawa da Snedden, daga ƙarshe ya fuskanci ƙalubale mai nasara a watan Maris na 1975. A matsayinsa na Shugaban 'Yan adawa, Fraser ya yi amfani da ikon da jam'iyyar ke da shi na Majalisar Dattawan Australiya don toshe hanyar da gwamnatin Whitlam ke samu, wanda hakan ya haifar da rikicin kundin tsarin mulki na Australiya na 1975. Wannan ya kai ga korar Gough Whitlam daga mukamin firayim minista ta hannun gwamna-janar Sir John Kerr, wani abu na musamman a tarihin Australiya. Daidaiton ayyukan Fraser a rikicin da kuma ainihin yadda ya taka rawa a shawarar Kerr ya kasance abin muhawara tun daga lokacin. Fraser ya kasance firayim ministan Australiya kaɗai da ya hau kan wannan matsayi bayan korar magajinsa.

Bayan korar Whitlam, an rantsar da Fraser a matsayin firayim minista bisa tsarin riƙon kwarya na farko. Ƙungiyar ta yi nasara mai yawa a zaɓen 1975, kuma an sake zaɓensa a 1977 da 1980. Fraser ya nuna sha'awar harkokin waje a matsayin firayim minista, kuma ya fi himma a fagen ƙasashen duniya fiye da sauran magabatansa. Ya kasance mai goyon bayan al'adu daban-daban, kuma a lokacin da yake kan mulki Ostiraliya ta karɓi baƙi da yawa waɗanda ba fararen fata ba (ciki har da 'yan Vietnam masu jirgin ruwa ) a karon farko, wanda hakan ya kawo ƙarshen manufofin White Australia. Gwamnatinsa ta kuma kafa Sabis na Watsa Labarai na Musamman (SBS). Musamman a shekarunsa na ƙarshe a kan mulki, Fraser ya shiga rikici da ɓangaren "bushewar" tattalin arziki da kuma masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na kuɗi na jam'iyyarsa. Gwamnatinsa ta yi wasu manyan canje-canje kaɗan ga manufofin tattalin arziki.

Bayan ya sha kaye a zaɓen 1983, Fraser ya yi ritaya daga siyasa. A lokacin aikinsa na bayan siyasa, ya riƙe muƙamai na ba da shawara a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (MDD) da kuma Commonwealth of Nations, kuma ya kasance shugaban hukumar agaji ta CARE daga 1990 zuwa 1995. Ya yi murabus daga jam'iyyar Liberal Party a 2009 bayan zaɓen Tony Abbott a matsayin shugaba, Fraser ya kasance mai suka ga manufofin 'yan Liberal tsawon shekaru da dama. An yi ta cece-kuce kan matsayin Firayim Minista na Fraser. Gabaɗaya ana yaba masa da dawo da zaman lafiya a ƙasar bayan jerin shugabanni na ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma an yaba masa saboda jajircewarsa ga al'adu daban-daban da kuma adawa da wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu, amma yanayin shigarsa ofis har yanzu yana ci gaba da zama abin cece-kuce kuma mutane da yawa sun ɗauki gwamnatinsa a matsayin wata dama da ta ɓace don gyaran tattalin arziki. Shi ne Firayim Minista na ƙarshe na Australiya wanda ya cancanci a yi masa salon " Right Honourable " a matsayin memba na Majalisar Sirri ta Burtaniya. Wa'adinsa na shekaru bakwai da rabi a matsayin firayim minista shi ne na huɗu mafi tsawo a tarihin Ostiraliya, sai dai Bob Hawke, John Howard da Robert Menzies sun wuce shi.

## Rayuwa ta farko

### Haihuwa da asalin iyali
An haifi John Malcolm Fraser  a Toorak, Melbourne, Victoria, a ranar 21 ga Mayu, 1930. Shi ne na biyu cikin 'ya'ya biyu da Una Arnold (née Woolf) da John Neville Fraser suka haifa; babbar 'yar'uwarsa Lorraine an haife ta a shekarar 1928. Shi da mahaifinsa an san su ne kawai da sunayensu na tsakiya. Kakansa na uba, Sir Simon Fraser, an haife shi a Nova Scotia, Kanada, kuma ya isa Ostiraliya a shekarar 1853. Ya sami dukiyarsa a matsayin mai kwangilar jirgin ƙasa, kuma daga baya ya sami manyan matsugunan kiwo, ya zama memba na " squattocracy ". Kakan Fraser na uwa, Louis Woolf, an haife shi a Dunedin, New Zealand, kuma ya isa Ostiraliya tun yana yaro. Asalinsa Bayahude ne, abin da jikansa bai koya ba har sai da ya girma. A matsayin akawu mai hayar kasuwanci, ya auri Amy Booth, wacce take da alaƙa da dangin Horordern masu arziki na Sydney kuma ɗan uwan farko ne na Sir Samuel Horordern. 

Fraser yana da tarihin siyasa a ɓangarorin biyu na iyalinsa. Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a Majalisar Wakool Shire, ciki har da shugaban ƙasa na tsawon shekaru biyu, kuma mai sha'awar Billy Hughes ne kuma abokin Richard Casey. Simon Fraser ya yi aiki a majalisun biyu na Majalisar Dokokin Victoria ta mulkin mallaka, kuma ya wakilci Victoria a wasu yarjejeniyoyi na kundin tsarin mulki na shekarun 1890. Daga ƙarshe ya zama ɗaya daga cikin membobin farko na sabuwar Majalisar Dattawan Tarayya, yana aiki daga 1901 zuwa 1913 a matsayin memba na jam'iyyun farko na masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. Louis Woolf ya kuma tsaya takarar Majalisar Dattawa a 1901, yana tsayawa a matsayin ' Yancin Kasuwanci a Yammacin Ostiraliya . Ya sami ƙuri'u 400 kacal a duk faɗin jihar, kuma bai sake zama ɗan takarar mukamai na gwamnati ba. 

## Mai tsaron baya

## Manazarta