María Rivera Urquieta

**María Rivera Urquieta** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1894) farfesa ce kuma mai fafutukar mata a Chile. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar Pro-Emancipation Movement of Chilean Women (Spanish: Movimiento Pro-Emancipación de las Mujeres de Chile (MEMCH)). Ta kasance malami ga Ƙungiyar Cibiyoyin Mata ta Chile kuma ta jagoranci ɗaya daga cikin tarurrukan taron a Primer Congreso Interamericano de Mujeres da aka gudanar a Guatemala City, Guatemala a 1947.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi María Mercedes Rivera Urquieta a ranar 12 ga Yuni 1894 a Vallenar, a cikin abin da ke cikin Lardin Atacama, Chile amma yanzu yana cikin Lardin Huasco, ga Tobias Rivera Iriarte da Petronila Urquieta Mondaca . 

Rivera na ɗaya daga cikin mambobi na farko na Pro-Emancipation Movement of Chilean Women (MEMCH) wanda Elena Caffarena ta fara a ranar 11 ga Mayu 1935, wacce ta gayyaci 'yan uwanta "masu haɗari" don shiga cikin manufofin mata. Baya ga Rivera, wanda aka lissafa a matsayin "doctora" sun kasance: lauya, Flora Heredia; Babban Sufeto da darektan mata ma'aikata, Clara Williams; 'yar jarida, Marta Vergara; furofesoshi, Aida Parada, Domitila Ulloa da Susana Depassier; masu shirya ƙungiyar kwadago, Eulogia Román da María Ramírez; Angelina Matte;  Graciela Mandujano;  Felisa Vergara;  Olga Poblete da.

A shekara ta 1946, tare da goyon bayan Tarayyar Cibiyoyin Mata ta Chile, MEMCH ta dauki nauyin jerin laccoci a Jami'ar Chile a kan batutuwa daban-daban ciki har da Tarihin Chile, Kundin Tsarin Mulki, Dimokuradiyya, Tattalin Arziki, Ilimi, Lafiya da Siyasa. Abokan hulɗa a cikin gabatarwa sune Rivera da Graciela Mandujano, Aída Parada, Olga Poblete, da Eulogia Román . Tattaunawar da aka yi ta biyo bayan kowane gabatarwa.[1]

Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu halartar Primer Congreso Interamericano de Mujeres da aka gudanar a Guatemala City, Guatemala a cikin 1947. Kowace daga cikin matan da suka halarci sun kasance wakilan kungiyoyin da suka kasance a cikin kasashensu. Rivera ta kasance wakilin kungiyoyi da yawa ciki har da Asociación Cristianas Femeninas, Círculo Pro Paz y de Cooperación Americana, Consejo Nacional de Mujeres da Federación Chilena Femenina (casilla 1214, Valparaíso). 

A lokacin taron, ta jagoranci tattaunawa game da makamashin nukiliya da kuma tasirin amfani da bam din nukiliya. Sun tattauna fannoni da yawa na barazanar makaman nukiliya  kuma sun bukaci a matsayin daya daga cikin shawarwarin da suka bayar 8 cewa a dauki dukkan matakai don tabbatar da cewa ba a sake amfani da makaman nukliya ba,  gami da lalata duk makaman da ke akwai da masana'antun masana'antu da suka samar da su. Bugu da kari, sun ba da shawarar shirin ilimi mai zurfi don duk membobin al'umma, gami da yara da tsofaffi su fahimci fa'idodi da haɗarin makamashin nukiliya. A ƙarshe, sun bukaci Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nada mata masu zaman lafiya a wurare don taimakawa wajen tsarawa da saka idanu kan dukkan fannoni na masana'antar nukiliya ciki har da kudi, samarwa da albarkatun kasa, a kokarin hana duk wani yakin nukiliya.

A ranar 8 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1949 lokacin da shugaban kasar Chile ya sanya hannu kan dokar da ta ba mata damar yin zabe, babu wani daga cikin mata da suka yi aiki don samun damar halartar bikin. Sun saurara a gida a rediyo yayin da aka karanta sunayen 'yan majalisa da' yan mata da suka yi yaƙi na tsawon shekaru 35..."Amanda Labarca, Elcira Vergara, Marta Correa, Maria de Hidalgo, Felisa Vergara, María de Arancibia Laso, Elena Caffarena, Raquel García, Flor Heredia, Aida Yavar, María Rivera, Magaly Negroni, Marta Ossa, María Aguirre, Marta Vergara, Graciela Lacoste, Graciele Mandujano ...".

## Manazarta