Kungiyar tarayyar africa dake kula da layin dogo

Ƙungiyar **Tarayyar Afirka** ƙungiya ce da ke ƙarƙashin sabuwar kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ke hulda da layin dogo. Yana kama da Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Railways (UIC).

## Dubawa
Layukan dogo na ƙasashen Afirka sun rabu kuma sun katse. AUR na fatan gyara abubuwa. A cikin shekarata 2012, da alama akwai adadi mai yawa na ayyukan layin dogo da ke shirin sauka daga kan jirgin, wasu daga cikinsu za su haɗu da tsarin layin dogo a ƙasashe daban-daban. Ƙarin haɗin kai, ƙarin buƙatar ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi.

### Matsayi

#### Ma'auni
AUR tana ganin cewa jujjuyawa zuwa ma'aunin gama gari yana da wahala da tsada sosai saboda lakan ma'aunin, amma bisa ga rahotanni daga Bankin Duniya, yana ganin ma'auni masu zuwa kamar yadda aka fi so a cikin yankuna masu zuwa:

* Arewa - 1,435 mm 

Yawancin layin dogo irin su ƙasashen,  Senegal, Guinea da Tanzaniya sun yi magana game da sauya sheka zuwa ma'auni, ko da yake ya rage a gani idan magana ta ci gaba da aiki. Guinea ta gina sabon reshe guda ɗaya a matsayin ma'aunin ma'auni duk da cewa ana buƙatar ma'aunin mita don ɗaukar ma'adinan zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa. Najeriya ta gina guntun reshe ɗaya mai ɗauke da ma'aunin ma'auni masu barci, kuma cibiyar sadarwa da ke da niyyar hidimar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Warri ita ma ma'auni ne. Ana shirin tsawaita daga Tanzaniya zuwa Ruwanda a matsayin ma'aunin ma'auni, kodayake yana farawa daga tashar da ta riga ta kasance tashar busasshiyar jigilar kwantena . Layukan dogo na hakar ma'adinai waɗanda ke ɗaukar manyan tonnes (>&nbsp;metric tonnes 10,000 a kowace shekara) gabaɗaya daidaitattun ma'auni ne.

Duk da haka, m ta rashin su, shi ne yiwuwar dual ma'auni, kwantena, m ma'auni axles, Bogie musayar, piggy baya aiki har ma da sau uku ma'auni .

Sai dai kuma ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka a halin yanzu tana goyon bayan shirin na tsawon shekaru 50 na gina hanyar jirgin ƙasa mai saurin tafiya a ƙasashen Afirka .

### Tsarin lokaci

#### 2014
An fara gina daidaitattun layukan ma'auni a ciki

* Habasha da Eritrea
* Kenya
* Tashoshin jirgin kasa a Tanzaniya
* Najeriya

### Karyewar ma'auni
Saboda manyan layukan ƙasashe daban-daban na ma'auni daban-daban ba su cika haɗuwa ba, in banda Kidatu, karya ma'aunin ba shi da matsala a halin yanzu.

#### Haɗin kai
Abubuwan haɗin gwiwar da ake amfani da su sun haɗa da:

* Ƙwararren salon Turai da sarkar ma'aurata, tazara da kuma tsawo na buffers daban-daban tare da ma'auni;
* Yaren mutanen Norway chopper couplings iri-iri iri-iri, waɗanda ba su da ƙarfi da ƙarfi.
* AAR coupler - nau'in nau'in atomatik da ake amfani da shi a ko'ina a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta Kudancin Afirka.
* SA3 coupler - nau'in atomatik da ake amfani dashi a tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet.
* Fiye da ɗaya na sama, kamar buffers da AAR coupler.
* Akwai wasu nau'o'in nau'ikan da ba a saba gani ba da kuma waɗanda ba su da amfani, kamar waɗanda ake amfani da su a Benin .

Na'urar AAR ta Amurka ita ce mafi yawan amfani da nau'ikan zamani, sannan kuma ana iya amfani da ita tare da manyan jiragen ƙasa mafi nauyi na  akai-akai. .

Duk fa'idodin SA3 na zamani, ba a amfani da shi sosai kamar AAR kuma yana cikin ƴan tsiraru. An kuma yi amfani da ma'aunin SA3 a cikin jirgin ƙasa mai nauyin , don haka ko dai dacewa ko ya zarce ƙarfin haɗin AAR.

Kekunan matches na iya shawo kan rashin jituwa a farashin ƙarin mataccen nauyi. Hakazalika tare da adaftan haɗakarwa.

Nau'in haɗakarwa ba shi da mahimmanci lokacin da jiragen kasa ke tafiya cikin ƙayyadaddun kayan aikin toshe.

Kekunan zamani galibi ana gina su ne da kayan zane da aka ƙera don sauƙin juyawa zuwa wani nau'in haɗin gwiwa na tsakiya kamar AAR ko SA3.

#### Birki
Birki na iska na Westinghouse da vacuum birki (ko babu ci gaba da birki kwata-kwata) yawanci ana haɗa su. Birki biyu ko bututu kawai zai iya shawo kan rashin jituwa. Ana ɗaukar birki na Vacuum kuma a matsayin wanda aka daina amfani da shi. An fara sanya birki na pneumatic ta hanyar lantarki (ECP) akan jiragen ƙasa masu nauyi da sauri don ƙarin aiki, kuma tsarin ECP guda biyu sun dace. Ya kamata a fifita birki na iska zuwa vacuum birki saboda girman ƙarfinsu.

#### Wutar lantarki
Yawancin layin dogo a Afirka suna amfani da dizal, amma wutar lantarki a inda yake yawanci ya dace da daidaitattun zamani na 25 kV AC, tare da wasu tsarin da ba a gama ba suna amfani da tsofaffin 3 kV DC . Trams a cikin birane yawanci ƙananan ƙarfin lantarki ne kamar 750 VDC . Dual da Multi voltage locomotives da lantarki mahara raka'a (EMUs) an tabbatar da fasaha. Nahiyar Afirka na da babban ƙarfin wutar lantarki da za ta iya tafiyar da jiragen kasa masu amfani da wutar lantarki da su, ko da yake hakan ba zai faru cikin dare daya ba.

#### Ma'aunin lodi
Ma'aunin lodi ya bambanta sosai, kuma ta hanyar jiragen ƙasa za a tilastawa yin amfani da ma'aunin ɗaukar nauyi mafi ƙanƙanta akan hanyarsa. Ma'aunin tsarin tunnels da gadoji yana buƙatar zama kusan  tsayi don ba da izinin aikin piggy baya na jiragen ƙasa na ma'auni ɗaya akan kekunan wani ma'aunin.

Faɗin ma'aunin lodi don sabbin ma'auni na daidaitattun layin dogo a Habasha da Kenya yana bin  daidaitattun layukan saurin gudu wanda Shinkansen suka yi a Japan, sannan Koriya ta Kudu da China suka biyo baya. Za a kuma iya biye da Tanzania da Najeriya .

Ya kamata a daidaita tsayin dandali da karusai, da kuma rata tsakanin dandamali da karusai.

#### Axle lodi
Nauyin axle ya bambanta sosai, ya danganta da ƙarfin waƙar, musamman ma nauyin layin dogo waɗanda gabaɗaya suka yi nauyi ga zirga-zirgar zamani. Matsakaicin mafi ƙarancin nauyin jirgin ƙasa shine , ko da yake   za a fi so don amfani mai nauyi.

#### Tsawon jirgin kasa da tsallaka tsayin madauki
Tsallake madaukai ya kamata ya kasance muddin jirgin kasa mafi tsayi, wanda aka yi la'akari da shi a duniya. Kuma wasu ma'auni na UIC sune .

Saboda hatsarori da namun daji irin su zakuna ke haifarwa, sarrafa madaukai da hannu ba lallai ba ne kyakkyawan ra'ayi ba ne, kuma wani mataki na sarrafa kansa na waɗannan fitowar, da kuma shinge, yana da kyawawa.

#### Mafi ƙarancin radius
Yana iyakance saurin gudu, kodayake saurin ba su da mahimmanci akan ƙananan layin reshe. Mafi ƙarancin radius shima yana shafar manyan jiragen ƙasa masu nauyi, saboda ɗabi'ar cire kekunan daga layin dogo da karkatar da su.

#### Harshe
Rudani har ma da hatsarori na iya faruwa idan an yi amfani da yare fiye da ɗaya (ko lafazin) don sarrafa hanyar jirgin ƙasa. Sauƙaƙan harshe kamar ƙwanƙolin teku zai yi amfani don rage irin waɗannan matsalolin.

* Jirgin dogo na Pécrot tare da rudani na masu magana da harshen Holland da Faransanci.
* Za'a iya sauƙaƙa rikitattun kalmomi ta hanyar amfani da lambobi na waya.
** Lambobin telegraphic Great Railway Western
** Lambobin layin dogo na Australiya
** Lambar toshe layin dogo
** Lambar kasuwanci
* Ana iya fitar da kalmomi a kan layukan hayaniya ta amfani da kuma faɗin haruffan sauti na NATO .
* Ya kamata a bambanta sunayen tashoshi da juna. Hakanan ma gidan waya ba ya son garuruwan da ake magana ko rubuta iri ɗaya.
** Don haka ƙauyen Perth yana samun saƙon da aka yi niyya don Perth, Scotland da Perth, Western Australia, don haka aka sake masa suna Perthville .
** Don haka Makutopora da Makutupora yankuna ne daban-daban.

### Namibiya
Ya zuwa shekarata 2007, layin dogo Namibia ya gina kusan  na layi tare da Angola. Namibiya ta kasance tana amfani da Tubular Modular Track . Tubular Modular Track yana kiyaye juriyar waƙarsa har ma a cikin mafi tsananin yashi na hamada. Transnet Freight Rail a Nahiyar Afirka ta Kudu yana amfani da Tubular Modular Track a cikin babban filin Ermelo akan ton miliyan 70 a kowace shekara. Ci gaba da tallafawa da Tubular Modular Track ke bayarwa yana haɓaka rayuwar dogo da fitowar mutane da ninki biyu da rayuwar walda da kashi goma (idan aka kwatanta da na al'ada da slabtrack suna ba da takamaiman tallafi don dogo). Hukumar Kula da Jirgin Ƙasa ta Afirka ta Kudu (PRASA) tana amfani da Tubular Modular Track a cikin tashoshi don tabbatar da daidaitacce a tsaye tsakanin dandamali da jiragen kasa.

### Najeriya
Shirye-shiryen da Najeriya ke yi na canza musu 1,067 mm    layukan ma'auni zuwa 1,435 mm 

### Libya
Libya ta fara gina sabbin 1,435 a cikin shekarar 2007 mm 

### Tanzania, Kenya da Uganda
Tanzaniya, Kenya da Uganda sun kasance maza marasa kyau a cikin 1,067 mm    shiyyar Kudu & Gabas kamar yadda suke amfani 1,000 mm 

Tsare-tsare na baya-bayan nan na fadada layin dogo tare da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa zuwa ƙasashen da ke maƙwabtaka da su shine gina sabbin layukan cikin ma'aunin ma'auni da yuwuwar haɓakawa da canza layukan ma'aunin mitoci da ake da su zuwa ma'auni mai faɗi iri ɗaya.

### Zambiya

*  Mchinji - connects to Malawi Railways
*  Chipata () - railhead - opened 2010

### Titin dogo na ƙarfe
Layukan dogo na ƙarfe masu nauyi a Afirka suna ɗaukar zirga-zirga fiye da na yau da kullun don haka kusan koyaushe suna ɗaukar daidaitattun ma'auni don amfani da kuma ingantattun fasahar shiryayye. Sabbin irin wadannan layukan na kara kunno kai a kasashen Kamaru da Senegal da Guinea. Gabon ta riga ta zama 1,435 mm 

### Layi Mai Girma
Layin Babban Gudu ( AIHSRN )

## Taro

* https://web.archive.org/web/20060410194658/http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Conferences/Past/2006/April/SA/Apr10/Documents/AU-EXP-RT-3_I_-Rail%20Development.pdf - taron da aka gudanar a Brazzaville akan 10-14 Afrilun shekarar 2006.
* Babban Taro na 35
* 2006

## Tsarin lokaci

### 2010

* Dakar-Port Sudan Railway

### 2007

* **Hanyar Railway a cikin Nahiyar da za a Haɗawa** - UAR an tsara shi don tsara hanyoyin da za a haɗa dukkan hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a nahiyar. 

## Ƙungiyoyi masu dangantaka

* Northern Corridor Transit and Transport Coordination Authority
* Ƙungiyar Railway ta Kudancin Afirka
* Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ciniki da Ci gaba (UNCTAD) 
* Ƙungiyar Railway ta Kudancin Afirka 
* ECOWAS dogo

## Makamantan kungiyoyi

* Ƙungiyar Railroads na Amurka (AAR)
* Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Railways (UIC)
* OSShD

## Duba  wasu abubuwan
  
## Manazarta