Margarita Robles na Mendoza

Margarita Robles de Mendoza (1896-1954) yar kasar Mexico ce kuma mai neman zabe. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan masu ba da goyon baya ga ikon mallakar matan Mexica a cikin shekarun 1930 da 1940 kuma galibi ana ganinta a matsayin rigima. Ta yi aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida kuma ta rubuta littattafai game da zama ɗan ƙasa na mata kuma ta yi amfani da matsayinta na zamantakewa wajen rubuta wasiƙu ga jami'an gwamnati. Ta kafa Unión de Mujeres Americanas (UMA) (Union of American Women) don inganta daidaiton zamantakewa da siyasa na mata a duk faɗin Amurka. Ta jagoranci Bangaren Mata na Jam'iyyar Juyin Juya Hali ta Kasa (PNRSF), ta yi aiki a matsayin wakiliyar Mexico a Hukumar Mata ta Amurka tsakanin 1930-1940, kuma ta yi aiki a ofishin ofishin jakadancin a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Mexico daga 1941 har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi **Margarita Robles Díaz** a ranar 28 ga Satumba 1896 a Mexico City, Mexico zuwa Pedro Robles da Elisa Díaz. A lokacin juyin juya halin Mexico, Robles, kamar yawancin mata matasa, sun rarraba farfaganda. Ta halarci almarar mahaifinta, Makarantar Al'ada ta Methodist na Puebla, kuma ta sami takardar shaidar koyarwa. Sannan a cikin 1921 ta sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Pomona a Claremont, California tare da digiri a matsayin masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam, kuma ta fara koyarwa a California.  A farkon 1922 lokacin da ta buga ƙasida mai suna "Haƙƙin Siyasa na Matan Mexiko", Robles ya shiga cikin yaƙin neman zaɓe.  Ta auri lauya Salvador Mendoza kuma a 1924 ta haifi ɗa, Guillermo Mendoza. Tun daga lokacin daurin aurenta ta riki sunan mijinta. 

A cikin ƙarshen 1920s, Robles ya zauna a New York yana aiki da Sakataren Ilimi na Mexico kuma ya roki shugaban Emilio Portes Gil don biyan kuɗin aikinta na yaƙi, ba tare da nasara ba. A cikin 1928, an tura ta zuwa kudu maso yammacin Amurka kuma ta yi aiki a tsakanin Texas da California don inganta makarantu ga Mexicans.  A cikin 1930, an zaɓi ta a matsayin wakiliyar Mexico ga Hukumar Mata ta Amurka (CIM).  A farkon shekarun 1930, ta dawo New York kuma tana rubuta labarai don jaridu da mujallu. Ta buga littattafai guda uku: *La evolución de la mujer en México* (1931), tarin laccocinta; *Ciudadanía de la mujer mexicana* (1932), taswirar zama ɗan ƙasa na mata na Mexica; kuma a waccan shekarar *Silabario de la ciudadanía de la mujer mexicana*, syllabary na 'yancin zama ɗan ƙasa na matan Mexico.  Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƴan matan Mexico da suka fi fice a wannan lokacin  kuma ta yi amfani da matsayin danginta na zamantakewa  don musayar wasiku da jami'an gwamnati. A cikin Maris 1932 ta rubuta wasiƙar  zuwa *Jefe Máximo* Plutarco Elías Calles "Ma'anar Zaɓen Mata a Meziko"  yana jayayya don goyon bayan daidaiton jama'a. A cikin 1933 ta halarci taron Pan-American a Montevideo kuma ta tambayi dalilin da yasa aure ke ƙarƙashin mata ga maza, har ma da yin rajistar ɗakin otal don ita da mijinta a cikin sunanta, kuma a cikin 1935 ta koka ga Shugaba Lázaro Cárdenas cewa kariyar aiki ga mata sun haɗa da harshe game da uwa-uba tilasta su shiga cikin matsayi na ƙasa. 

A cikin 1934, ta kafa Unión de Mujeres Americanas (UMA) (Union of American Women) don yin gwagwarmaya don 'yancin ɗan adam da na siyasa na mata a duk faɗin Amurka da inganta yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arzikin mata. Ta yi aiki a matsayin kujera ta farko tare da kwamitin kasa da kasa wanda da farko yana da wakilai daga Cuba, Jamhuriyar Dominican, Peru da Venezuela kuma nan da nan ya bazu zuwa dukkan kasashen Latin Amurka. Robles ya shiga jam'iyyar National Revolutionary Party a shekara ta 1936, yayin da jam'iyyar ta yi alkawarin yin kwaskwarima ga sashi na 34 na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar tare da baiwa mata kuri'a.  A wannan lokacin, ta zauna na ɗan lokaci a New York,  da ɗan lokaci a birnin Mexico inda ta ajiye ofis  daga inda ta gudanar da yakin neman ilmantar da mata game da yancinsu na siyasa  kuma ta shiga cikin tarurruka suna ba da jawabi game da zaben.  Robles ya kasance memba mai aiki na Frente Unico Para los Derechos de Mujer (Sole Front for Women's Rights)  kuma a cikin 1937 ta kawo wakilan Jam'iyyar Mata ta Amurka a kan yawon shakatawa ta Mexico, wanda ya ƙare a wani taro a Mexico City tare da 25 mambobi na FUPDM.  A shekara ta 1938, ta kasance shugabar sashin mata na Jam'iyyar Juyin Juya Hali ta Kasa (PNRSF). 

A cikin 1939, an zartar da gyara ga Mataki na 34 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Mexiko wanda ke ba da ikon mallakar mata, amma jihohi 28 sun buƙaci amincewa.  A cikin 1940, Robles ya gargaɗi gwamnatin Shugaba Cárdenas saboda gazawarta don tabbatarwa kuma ya bukace shi da ya kafa dokar.  A cikin 1940, Amalia González Caballero de Castillo Ledón ya maye gurbin Robles a matsayin wakilin Mexico ga CIM  kuma Robles ya zama shugaba na uku na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Mexico,  yana aiki a Ofishin Jakadancin Mexico a New York.  A cikin 1946, an ƙara mata girma zuwa shugabar gwamnati ta biyu kuma aka ƙaura zuwa Detroit, Michigan.  Robles ya kasance wani siffa mai ban sha'awa. Yawancin takwarorinta na Mexico suna ganin ƙoƙarinta a matsayin ajanda na mulkin mallaka - turawa tare da hangen nesa na Amurka. A gefe guda, shugabanni daga Amurka, kamar Doris Stevens, wanda ya jagoranci CIM ya yi tambaya ko ta sadaukar da "dalilin" ko kuma tana son sanin mutum. 

Ta yi ritaya zuwa birnin Mexico kuma ta yi amfani da lokacinta na rubuce-rubuce har zuwa mutuwarta a 1954. 

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

* *La evolución de la mujer en México* México: Imp. Gala (1931)
* *Silabario de la ciudadanía de la mujer mexicana* Jalapa-Enriquez: Talleres Tip. del Gobierno (1932)
* *Ciudadanía de la mujer mexicana* Morelia, Mexico: A. Obregon (1932)

## Manazarta