Piper cubeba

***''Piper'' '''cubeb*****, cubeb ko furen wutsiyar shuka ce a cikin nau'in Piper, wanda aka shuka don [['ya'yan itace|'Ya'yan itace]] da mai mahimmanci. Yawancin lokaci ana shuka shi a [[Java]] da [[Sumatra]], saboda haka wani lokacin ana kiransa Java pepper. Ana tattara [['ya'yan itace]] kafin su nuna, kuma a bushe su sosai. Cubeb na kasuwanci ya ƙunshi busassun [['ya'yan itace]], mai kama da baƙar fata, amma tare da ƙwayoyin da aka haɗe - "tsuntsaye" a cikin "tsuntsu mai wutsiya". Yankin da aka bushe yana da ƙuƙwalwa, kuma launi yana daga launin ruwan kasa zuwa baƙar fata. iri yana da wuya, fari kuma yana da mai. An bayyana ƙanshin cubeb a matsayin mai gamsarwa da ƙanshi kuma ɗanɗano a matsayin mai ƙanshi, mai ƙamshi, ɗan ɗanɗano kuma mai ɗorewa. An bayyana shi azaman ɗanɗano kamar allspice, ko kuma kamar giciye tsakanin allspice da baƙar fata.

Cubeb ya zo Turai ta hanyar [[Indiya]] ta hanyar kasuwanci tare da Larabawa. Sunan ''cubeb'' ya fito ne daga [[Larabci]] **' ()  ta hanyar Tsohon Faransanci *Quibibes* .  An ambaci Cubeb a cikin rubuce-rubucen alchemical da sunansa na Larabci. A cikin littafinsa Theatrum Botanicum, John Parkinson ya gaya wa cewa sarkin Portugal (Wataƙila ko dai Philip IV na Spain ko John IV na Portugal, kamar yadda wannan shekarar ta kasance alama ce ta farkon Yakin Maidowa na Portugal) ya haramta sayar da cubeb don inganta baƙar fata (*Piper nigrum*) a kusa da shekara ta 1640. Ya sami ɗan gajeren farfadowa a cikin karni na 19 na Turai don amfani da magani, amma kusan ya ɓace daga kasuwar Turai tun lokacin. Ana ci gaba da amfani da shi azaman wakili mai ɗanɗano don gins da sigari a Yamma, kuma azaman kayan yaji don abinci a Indonesia.

## Tarihi

A cikin karni na huɗu KZ, Theophrastus ya ambaci *komakon*, ciki har da shi tare da cinnamon da cassia a matsayin sinadaran a cikin kayan ƙanshi. Guillaume Budé da Claudius Salmasius sun gano *komakon* tare da cubeb, mai yiwuwa saboda kamanceceniyar da kalmar ke ɗauke da sunan Javanese na cubeb. Ana ganin wannan a matsayin shaida mai ban sha'awa game da cinikin Girka tare da Java a wani lokaci kafin na Theophrastus .  Ba zai yiwu ba Helenawa sun samo su daga wani wuri, tunda masu shuka na Javanese sun kare ikon cinikin su ta hanyar lalata 'ya'yan itace ta hanyar ƙonewa, tabbatar da cewa ba za a iya noma inabi a wasu wurare ba.

Littafin Dubu Ɗaya da Ɗaya, wanda aka tattara a ƙarni na 9, ya ambaci cubeb a matsayin magani ga rashin haihuwa, yana nuna cewa Larabawa sun riga sun yi amfani da shi don dalilai na magani. An gabatar da Cubeb ga Abincin Larabci a cikin karni na 10.  The Travels of Marco Polo, wanda aka rubuta a ƙarshen karni na 13, ya bayyana Java a matsayin mai samar da cubeb, tare da wasu kayan yaji masu mahimmanci.

A cikin karni na 14, an shigo da cubeb zuwa Turai daga Grain Coast, a ƙarƙashin sunan albasa, ta 'yan kasuwa na Rouen da Lippe. Daga bisani mutanen Turai sun yi la'akari da Cubeb a matsayin abin ƙyama ga aljanu. Ludovico Maria Sinistrari, Firist na Roman Katolika wanda ya rubuta game da hanyoyin fitar da aljanu a ƙarshen karni na 17, ya haɗa da cubeb a matsayin sinadarin turare don kare wani incubus.

Bayan haramta sayar da shi a Portugal a cikin 1640, amfani da cubeb ya ragu sosai a Turai, kuma kawai aikace-aikacen magani ya ci gaba har zuwa karni na 19. A farkon karni na 20, ana tura cubeb a kai a kai daga Indonesia zuwa Turai da Amurka. Cinikin ya ragu a hankali zuwa ma 135 tonnes (133 long tons; 149 short tons) t ton mai tsawo gajeren ton) a kowace shekara, kuma kusan ya ƙare bayan 1940.

## Sanyen sunadarai

Kashewar 'ya'yan itacen cubeb suna dauke da mai mai mahimmanci wanda ya ƙunshi monoterpenes (Sabinene 50%, α-thujene, da carene) da sesquiterpenes (caryophyllene, Copasene, α- da β-cubebene, δ-cadinene, germacrene), oxides 1,4- da 1,8-cinemaole da cubebol na barasa.

Kimanin kashi 15% na mai mai mai narkewa ana samunsa ta hanyar narkar da cubeb tare da ruwa. Cubebene, ɓangaren ruwa, yana da tsari  C15 kuma ya zo a cikin nau'i biyu, α- da β-. Sun bambanta ne kawai a matsayin ɓangaren alkene, tare da haɗin biyu yana da endocyclic (wani ɓangare na zobe mai mambobi biyar) a cikin α-cubebene, kamar yadda aka nuna, amma exocyclic a cikin β-cube bene. Ruwa ne mai laushi mai laushi tare da katako mai dumi, ɗan ƙanshin camphoraceous. Bayan gyare-gyare tare da ruwa, ko a kan adanawa, wannan yana adana lu'ulu'u na rhombic na camphor na cubeb.

Cubebin (C20) wani fili ne na kwayoyin halitta wanda aka ware daga cubeb oilcake, kuma ana iya hada shi da sinadarai daga cubebene. Eugène Soubeiran da Hyacinthe Capitaine ne suka gano shi a cikin 1839, kuma yana fusata membranes.

## Amfani da shi

### Tarihi a cikin maganin gargajiya
A cikin Victorian da Edwardian Ingila, cubeb magani ne na maganin gonorrhea. William Wyatt Squire ya rubuta a cikin 1908 cewa 'ya'yan itacen cubeb "suna aiki musamman a kan membrane mucous na genitourinary. (An) ba su a duk matakai na gonorrhea"  kuma *The National Botanic Pharmacopoeia* da aka buga a cikin 1921 ya bayyana cewa cubeb shine "kyakkyawan magani ga albus ko fararen gari".  Wani sinadarin ya bayyana a cikin British Pharmacopoeia, kuma gum tare da 1% *cubeb*, kusan daidai da hatsi 30-60 na 'ya'yan itace, ya zama daidaitacce a matsayin magani, wanda ake kira cubeb.

### Abincin abinci
A Turai, cubeb yana daya daga cikin kayan yaji masu mahimmanci a lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya. An niƙa shi azaman kayan yaji don nama ko kuma an yi amfani da shi a cikin sauces. Kayan girke-girke na zamani ya haɗa da cubeb a cikin yin sarcenes na sauce, wanda ya ƙunshi madarar almond da kayan yaji da yawa. A matsayin kayan ƙanshi mai ƙamshi, sau da yawa ana cin cubeb kuma ana cinye shi gaba ɗaya. Ocet Kubebowy, ruwan inabi da aka saka da cubeb, cumin da tafarnuwa, an yi amfani da shi don marinades na nama a Poland a cikin karni na 14 (, shafi na . Ana iya amfani da Cubeb don inganta dandano na miya mai ɗanɗano.

Cubeb ya isa Afirka ta hanyar Larabawa. A cikin Abincin Maroko, ana amfani da cubeb a cikin jita-jita masu ɗanɗano da kuma a cikin kek kamar macrouts, ƙananan lu'u-lu'u na semolina tare da zuma da kwanakin. Har ila yau, yana bayyana a wasu lokuta a cikin jerin sinadaran sanannen cakuda kayan yaji *[[Ras el hanout]]* . A cikin Abincin Indonesiya, musamman a cikin gulés (curries)  na Indonesiya, ana amfani da cubeb akai-akai.

### Sigari da ruhohi

Cubeb, haɗe da stramonium, eucalyptus, da sauran abubuwan tsire-tsire, an yi amfani da su sau ɗaya, tun daga farkon shekarun 1880, ana amfani da su akai-akai a cikin nau'in sigari don asma, pharyngitis mai tsanani, da hay fever.   Edgar Rice Burroughs, yana son shan sigari, ya ce da ban dariya cewa idan bai taba shan sigari da yawa ba, wataƙila ba za a taɓa samun *Tarzan* ba. Marshall's Prepared Cubeb Cigarettes sanannen alama ce, tare da isasshen tallace-tallace da za a yi a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.

A shekara ta 2000, an haɗa man cubeb a cikin jerin sinadaran da aka samu a cikin sigari, wanda Sashen Rigakafin Taba sigari da Kulawa na Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Arewacin Carolina ta buga.

Bombay Sapphire gin yana da ɗanɗano tare da botanicals ciki har da cubeb da hatsi na aljanna. An ƙaddamar da alamar a cikin 1987, amma mai kiranta ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya dogara ne akan girke-girke na sirri wanda ya fara ne a shekara ta 1761. horilka" Pertsivka, wani duhu launin ruwan kasa na Ukrainian mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗana mai ɗanɗanana tare da ɗanɗano na ƙonewa, an shirya shi ta hanyar shayarwa tare da cubeb da chiles.

### Sauran

Ana amfani da Cubeb a wasu lokuta don lalata man fetur mai mahimmanci na patchouli, wanda ke buƙatar taka tsantsan ga masu amfani da patchouli. Hakanan, *[[Piper baccatum]]* (wanda aka fi sani da "hawan dutse na Java") da *[[Piper caninum]]* sun lalata cubeb.

## Dubi kuma

* Tsire-tsire da dabbobi na gida na Austronesia

## Manazarta

### Bayani