Sadomasochism

Sadism (/ˈseɪdɪzəm/ i) da **Masochism** (//ˈ пропуəkɪzəm /), wanda aka sani gaba ɗaya a matsayin **sadomasochism** (/ˌseɪdoʊˈ пропуəkɾzəm/ I SAY-doh-MASS-ə-kiz-əm) ko **S&M**,  shine samo jin daɗi daga ayyukan haifar ko karɓar ciwo ko wulakanci.  An sanya sunan kalmar ne bayan Marquis de Sade, marubucin Faransa da aka sani da ayyukansa na tashin hankali da lalata da salon rayuwarsa, da Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, marubucin Austrian wanda ya bayyana halin masochistic a cikin ayyukansa. Kodayake halayen sadomasochism da sha'awa ba lallai bane a haɗa su da jima'i, sadomasocism kuma alama ce ta dangantaka ta BDSM.

Richard von Krafft-Ebing ne ya gabatar da Sadomasochism a cikin ilimin halayyar dan adam kuma daga baya Sigmund Freud ya bayyana shi. Fahimtar zamani ta bambanta ayyukan BDSM na yarjejeniya daga tashin hankali na jima'i ba tare da yarjejeniya ba, tare da DSM-5 da ICD-11 suna gane sadomasochism na yarjejeniya a matsayin wanda ba na cututtuka ba. S & M na iya haɗawa da matakai daban-daban na ciwo, rinjaye, da biyayya, waɗanda mutane na kowane jinsi ke yi, sau da yawa a cikin matsayi na sadist, masochist, ko sauyawa. Rarrabawar likitanci da likitanci suna mai da hankali kan yarda da lahani.

## Ma'anar asali da ma'anar

Kalmar *sado* ta samo asali ne daga kalmomin  da *Masochism*. Wadannan kalmomi sun samo asali ne daga sunayen marubuta biyu waɗanda ayyukansu suka bincika yanayin da mutane suka fuskanta ko suka haifar da ciwo ko wulakanci. An sanya sunan sadism ne bayan Marquis de Sade (1740-1814), wanda manyan ayyukansa sun haɗa da kwatancin ayyukan jima'i na tashin hankali, fyade, azabtarwa, da kisan kai, kuma halayensa galibi suna samun farin ciki daga haifar da ciwo ga wasu. Masochism an sanya masa suna ne bayan Leopold von Sacher-Masoch (1836-1895), wanda litattafansa suka binciki tunaninsa na masochistic na karɓar ciwo da ƙasƙanci,  musamman littafinsa *Venus im Pelz* ("Venus in Furs").

Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Jamus Richard von Krafft-Ebing (1840-1902) ya gabatar da kalmomin *sadism* da *Masochism* a cikin amfani da asibiti a cikin aikinsa *Neue Forschungen auf dem Gebiet der Psychopathia sexualis* ("Sabon bincike a yankin Psychopathology of Sex") a cikin 1890. 

A cikin 1905, Sigmund Freud ya bayyana sadism da masochism a cikin Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie ("Takardu uku akan Ka'idar Jima'i") kamar yadda ya samo asali ne daga ci gaban tunanin mutum tun daga ƙuruciya; Ra'ayoyin Freud na sadism da kuma masochism sun rinjayi Krafft-Ebing da kuma tsarinsa na hysteria.[undefined] Amfani na farko da kalmar a cikin Sado-Masochism (Loureiroian "Sado-Mosochismus") ta hanyar masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Viennese Isidor Isaak Sadger a cikin aikinsa Über den sado-masochistischen Komplex ("Game da hadaddun sadomasochistic") a cikin 1913.[2][1]

Nomenclature a cikin fitowar da ta gabata na DSM da ke nufin ilimin halayyar jima'i an soki su da rashin gaskiyar kimiyya. DSM-5 ya bambanta abubuwan da suka dace na jima'i, kamar BDSM, fetishes, da giciye-gufa, a matsayin "abin da ba a saba da shi ba," wanda ke ajiye bincike na cututtukan Paraphilic kawai don halayen da ba a yarda da su ba ko masu cutarwa.

## Manazarta