Yaren Sikaiana

**Sikaiana** yare ne na Polynesia, wanda kusan mutane 730 ke magana a Sikaiana a Tsibirin Solomon .

## Gabatarwa

### Tarihi
A cewar labari, Tui Atafu ne ya kafa tsibirin, wanda ya kashe dukkan 'yan asalin kuma ya ayyana kansa shugaban. Wasu sun ce Tui Atafu ya fito ne daga tsibirin da ake kira Atafu a tsibirin Tokelau, yayin da wasu suka yi hasashen cewa ya fito ne Daga Tonga. Amma daga baya, Tongans sun mamaye Sikaiana, inda suka bar mutane da yawa da ke zaune a Sikaiana sun mutu. A ƙarshen shekarun 1920 an ƙone gidajen al'ada kuma masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje daga Ofishin Jakadancin Melanesia sun zo Sikaiana kuma sun tuba kusan kowa a tsibirin zuwa Kiristanci. Sun ƙone gidajen al'ada saboda sun yi imanin cewa mutane za su ci gaba da samun bangaskiya ga wasu addinai idan har yanzu suna nan. Mutanen suna da sha'awar koyon karatu da rubutu tun lokacin da ya ba da damar ilimi da aiki a tsibirin, wanda ya taimaka wajen taimakawa ga nasarar masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje (Donner, 2012).

### Yawan jama'a
Harshen Sikaiana yare ne na Polynesian wanda ake magana a Sikaiana a cikin Solomon na Tsakiya, kimanin kilomita casa'in a gabashin tsibirin Malaita a Polynesia . Akwai kimanin masu magana da wannan harshe 730 da suka rage a duniya, adadi mai ƙarancin gaske ga kowane harshe.

### Rarraba
Sikaiana yare ne na Austronesian a cikin iyalin Ellicean . Harshen 'yar uwarsa sun hada da Kapingamarangi, Nukumanu, Nukuoro, Nukuria, Ontong Java, Takuu, da Tuvaluan.

## Sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
Sikaiana yana amfani da ƙamus daban-daban guda tara waɗanda ke nuna harshen Proto-Polynesian. Harshen sun haɗa da /p/, /t/, /k/, /f~h/, /v/, /s/, /m/, /n/, da /l/. A mafi yawan yanayi, [h] da [f] suna cikin bambancin kyauta, amma a cikin kalmomi da yawa, ana iya amfani da [h] kawai (Donner 2012). Har ila yau, akwai bambancin tsawon ga consonants. Wannan wani lokacin yana faruwa ne sakamakon rashin furta wasali. Misali, *hahai* ya canza zuwa *hhai* saboda an cire /a/ na farko kawai. Hakanan ana iya amfani da ma'anar sau biyu a matsayin nau'i na sake maimaitawa, yana nuna yarjejeniya a cikin kalmomi tare da batutuwa masu yawa, ko don nuna ayyukan da aka maimaita (Mai ba da 2012).

### Sautin sautin
Akwai sautuna biyar a cikin Sikaiana wanda ya haɗa da /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, da /u/. Ana gane alamun /u/ da /i/ a matsayin glides [w] da [j] bi da bi, yawanci lokacin da suka riga /a/. Kamar consonants, sautin sautin duk suna nunawa ne daga harshen Proto-Polynesian. Tsawon sautin ya bambanta a cikin Sikaiana. Misali, kalmar don 'kayan aiki' ita ce *Aha*, yayin da kalmar don 'guguwa' ita ce naa. Irin wannan ɗan bambanci a cikin furcin na iya yin babban bambanci a ma'anar kalmar, kodayake wasu masu magana da aka haifa bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II ba su san ainihin siffofin kalmomin ba (Donner 1996).

## Harshen harshe

### Tsarin kalmomi na asali
Tsarin asali na Sikaiana shine tsari na kalma-kalma-abu. Kodayake tsari na iya bambanta, ana amfani da wannan tsari koyaushe don gajeren maganganu masu sauƙi. Ba a amfani da ma'anar ma'anar abu da ma'ana a cikin kowane harshe na teku, wanda ke nufin cewa ba za a yi amfani da shi a cikin Sikaiana ba (Lichtenberk, 2012). A cikin tsarin harshe na Sikaiana, jimloli da ke farawa da suna yawanci ba sa haifar da gabatarwar, amma ga jimloli masu suna waɗanda ke bin kalma, yana iya ko bazai haifar da gajeren lokaci ba (Mai ba da gudummawa, 2012). Amma ga sunaye da jimloli, dole ne koyaushe a sami labarin da ya gabata sai dai idan sunan wuri ne, sunaye, ko sunayen kyauta. Labara*n* *ka* yawanci ke gaba da suna shine ko dai te ko n Amfani da waɗannan labaran yana sa sunayen da za a iya rarrabe su daga wasu sassan magana (Mai ba da gudummawa, 2012).

### Yanayin Yanayi
Sikaiana yana amfani da yanayin da ya dace don canza kalmomi don bayyana kalmomi masu rikitarwa. Kamar sauran harsunan Polynesian da yawa, Sikaiana yana da nau'ikan alamun mallaka guda biyu. *a* alamar da za a iya cirewa wanda shine a, da kuma alamar da ba za a iya rabawa ba, *o*. Alamun mallaka na suna sun bambanta dan kadan. Alamar da za a iya ba da ita ga wakilin ita ce *Ana* *Ruwa* alamar mallakar da ba za a iya cirewa ba ita ce ona. Wakilan a cikin Sikaiana sun haɗa da mutum ɗaya, mutum na farko ya haɗa da shi, mutum na ɗaya, mutum ya biyu, da mutum na uku. Don sanya kalmomi a cikin Sikai*Ana*, an kara ma'anar ana zuwa aikatau don sanya shi. Har ila yau, akwai bambancin bambancin tsawon da aka yi amfani da shi. Misali, *taku* na nufin 'na', kuma *Takuu* na nufin 'axe'.

## Kalmomin kalmomi
Sikaiana yayi kama da harshen Proto-Polynesian, don haka kalmomi da yawa da ke cikin yarukan Polynesian suna cikin harshen Sikaiana. Misali, hale a cikin Sikaiana yana nufin gida, kuma wannan kalmar ita ce gida a cikin Hawaiian.

## Haɗari

### Rayuwa
Mutanen Sikaiana suna magana da harshen Sikaiana ko Central Solomon Pidgin English. Bayan WWII, mutane da yawa daga Sikaiana sun yi ƙaura zuwa Honiara, babban birnin Solomon Islands don neman ayyuka da ilimi (Donner, 2002). Wannan yana nufin cewa akwai raguwa a cikin amfani da harshe, tunda Sikaiana ba shine harshen da aka fi amfani dashi a wannan yanki ba. Rage fa'idodin amfani da harshen Sikaiana yana ƙara haɗarinsa.

### Kayan aiki
Kodayake akwai raguwa a cikin yawan masu magana da harshen Sikaiana, akwai ƙamus wanda Arthur Capell ya haɗa a cikin 1935 wanda ya rufe ƙamus, ƙamus, nau'ikan, da taƙaitaccen tarihin harshen Sikaian. Zai yiwu wani ya koyi yadda ake magana da Sikaiana idan sun karanta kuma sun yi nazarin dukan ƙamus. Wasu wasu tushe sune na William Donner, wanda ya ziyarci Sikaiana a cikin 1970s da 1980s, kuma ya rubuta abubuwa da yawa game da tarihi, canjin harshe, al'adu, da ƙaura na mutanen Sikaiana. Yawancin ayyukan Donner an buga su a cikin Journal Pacific Studies .

## Ƙarin karantawa

* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Lingua Franca da Vernacular: Amfani da Harshe da Canjin Harshe akan Sikaiana . A cikin Nazarin Pacific, Vol. 19, No.2
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Shinkafa da shayi, Kifi da Taro: Shigawar Sikaiana zuwa Honiara . A cikin Nazarin Pacific, Vol. 25.
* Donner, W. W. (2012). Sikaiana Dictionary. An samo shi daga sikaianaarchives.com: http://www.sikaianaarchives.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Sikdict.pdf

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

* Sashe na Littafin Addu'a ta Jama'a a Sikaiana, takardar liturgical ta Anglican ta 1932 a Sikaian.
* Te Kaitapu i Talatala o Sikaiana A Liturgy for Melanesia in the Language of Sikaiana (1984), wanda Richard Mammana ya tsara
* A Sikaiana dictionary wanda kuma ya hada da harshe na Sikaiana (2012) 
* Paradisec yana da tarin abubuwa biyu na kayan Arthur Cappell (AC1, AC2) waɗanda suka haɗa da kayan yaren Sikaiana.