Siyasa ta Sudan

A halin yanzu, siyasar Sudan tana faruwa ne a cikin tsarin Gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Tarayya. A baya,  ya kasance shugaban kasa, shugaban gwamnati, da kuma Babban kwamandan Sojojin Sudan a cikin Tsarin jam'iyyun da yawa. An ba da ikon tafiyar da dokoki a hukumance a cikin gwamnati da kuma a cikin majalisun biyu, Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa (ƙananan) da Majalisar Jihohi (mafi girma), na Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa. shari'a tana da 'yanci kuma Kotun Tsarin Mulki ce ta samu. Koyaya, biyo bayan mafi munin yakin basasa da kuma kisan kare dangi da ke gudana a Darfur, an san Sudan a matsayin ƙasa mai mulkin kama karya inda Shugaba Omar al-Bashir da Jam'iyyar National Congress Party (NCP) suka mallaki duk ikon siyasa mai tasiri. Koyaya, an kori al-Bashir da NCP a juyin mulkin soja wanda ya faru a ranar 11 ga Afrilu shekara ta dubu biyu da sha tara 2019.   Gwamnatin Sudan ta kasance karkashin jagorancin Majalisar Sojojin Canji ko TMC.    A ranar 20 ga watan Agustan shekara ta dubu biyu da sha tara 2019, TMC ta rushe ta ba da ikonta ga Majalisar Mulki ta Sudan, wacce aka shirya ta yi mulki na watanni 39 har zuwa 2022, a cikin tsarin sauyawa zuwa dimokuradiyya. Koyaya, an rushe Majalisar Mulki da gwamnatin Sudan a watan Oktoba  shekara ta dubu biyu da shirin 2021.

## Tarihi
An sake fasalin tsarin siyasa na Sudan sosai bayan juyin mulkin soja a ranar 30 ga Yuni  shekara ta 1989, lokacin da Omar Al-Bashir, a lokacin birgediya ne a cikin Sojojin Sudan, ya jagoranci ƙungiyar jami'ai kuma ya kori gwamnatin Firayim Minista Sadiq al-Mahdi. A karkashin jagorancin Al-Bashir, sabuwar gwamnatin soja ta dakatar da jam'iyyun siyasa kuma ta gabatar da dokar Islama a matakin kasa. Daga nan sai ya zama Shugaban Kwamitin Juyin Juya Halin (Revolution) don Ceto na Kasa (sabuwar kungiya da aka kafa tare da ikon majalisa da zartarwa don abin da aka bayyana a matsayin lokacin canji), kuma ya ɗauki mukamin shugaban kasa, Firayim Minista, shugaban sojoji, da Ministan tsaro. Bugu da ƙari, bayan kafa dokar Shari'a a Arewacin ƙasar Sudan tare da Hassan Al-Turabi, Al-Bashir ya ba da tsaftacewa da kisa a cikin manyan mukamai na sojoji, haramta ƙungiyoyi, jam'iyyun siyasa, da jaridu masu zaman kansu da kamu da kuma ɗaure manyan 'yan siyasa da suka gabata da' yan jarida. A shekara ta alif dari taya da casain da uku 1993, Sudan ta canza zuwa wata jam'iyya daya ta Musulunci yayin da Al-Bashir ya soke Majalisar Kwamandan Juyin Juya Halin kuma ya kirkiro Jam'iyyar Musulunci ta Kasa (NIF) tare da sabon majalisa da gwamnati da mambobin NIF suka samu kawai, kuma ya ayyana kansa Shugaban Sudan. A sakamakon haka, Yaƙin basasar Sudan na Biyu tare da Sojojin 'Yanci na Jama'ar Sudan (SPLA) zai karu ne kawai a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.  

Daga shekarar alif dari tara da tamanin da uku 1983 zuwa shekara alif dari tara da casain da bakwai 1997, an raba ƙasar zuwa yankuna biyar a Arewa da uku a kudu, kowannensu yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin gwamnan soja. Bayan juyin mulkin soja a shekarar alif dari tara da tamanin da tara 1989, an dakatar da tarurrukan yanki. Tare da Kwamitin Juyin Juya Halin don Ceto na Kasa da aka soke a 1993 da kuma Jam'iyyar National Islamic Front (NIF) mai mulki ta kafa Jam'iyyar Congress Party (NCP), sabuwar jam'iyyar ta haɗa da wasu mambobin da ba Musulmai ba, galibi 'yan siyasa na Kudancin Sudan, wasu daga cikinsu an nada su ne a matsayin ministoci ko gwamnonin jihohi.

A shekara ta alif dari tara da casain da bakwai 1997, an maye gurbin tsarin gudanarwar yanki ta hanyar kirkirar jihohi ashirin da shida. Shugabannin, majalisun, da manyan jami'an jihohi ne shugaban kasa ke nada su, kuma iyakantaccen kasafin kudin su ana ƙayyade su kuma ana rarraba su daga Khartoum. Jihohin, a sakamakon haka, sun kasance suna dogara da tattalin arziki ga gwamnatin tsakiya. Jihar Khartoum, wacce ta ƙunshi babban birnin da gundumomi masu kewaye, gwamna ne ke gudanar da ita.

Bayan sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya (CPA) a shekara ta dubu biyu da biyar 2005 tsakanin gwamnatin Omar Al-Bashir da "Sudan People's Liberation Movement / Army (SPLM / A)", an kafa Gwamnatin Haɗin Kai ta Kasa a Sudan daidai da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na wucin gadi inda aka kirkiro matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa wanda ke wakiltar kudu ban da mataimakin shugaban arewacin Sudan. Wannan ya ba da damar Arewa da kudu su raba ajiyar mai daidai,  amma kuma ya bar sojojin arewa da na kudu a wurin.

Bayan Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Darfur, ofishin babban mai ba da shawara ga shugaban kasa, matsayi na huɗu mafi girma na tsarin mulki, an ba da shi ga Minni Minnawi, Zaghawa na Sojojin 'Yancin Sudan (SLA) da ke Darfur. An raba mukamai na zartarwa tsakanin Jam'iyyar National Congress Party (NCP), Sudan People's Liberation Movement / Army (SPLM / A) , Gabashin Gabas da ƙungiyoyin Jam'iyyar Umma da Jam'iyyar Democratic Unionist Party (DUP). Wannan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tare da SPLM / A ta ba da ikon cin gashin kanta na Kudancin Sudan na tsawon shekaru shida, wanda za a bi ta da raba gardama game da 'yancin kai a shekara ta dubu biyu da sha daya 2011. Dangane da sabon kundin tsarin mulki na shekara ta dubu biyu da biyar 2005, majalisa Dokokin Kasa ta Bicameral ita ce majalisar dokokin kasar Sudan ta hukuma, kuma an raba ta tsakanin majalisa biyu; Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, ƙaramin gida tare da kujeru 450, da Majalisar Jihohi, babban gida tare da kujera 50. Don haka majalisar ta kunshi mambobi 500 da aka nada gaba ɗaya, inda dukkansu ke zabar su ta hanyar kai tsaye ta majalisun jihohi don yin wa'adin shekaru shida.

Duk da takardar shaidarsa ta kasa da kasa, an sake zaban Omar Al-Bashir a zaben shugaban kasa na kasar Sudan na shekara ta dubu biyu da goma 2010, zaben dimokuradiyya na farko tare da jam'iyyun siyasa da yawa da suka shiga cikin shekaru tara. Abokin hamayyarsa na siyasa shine Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Salva Kiir Mayardit, shugaban SPLA na yanzu.

A watan Disamba na shekara ta alif dari tara da casain da tara 1999, gwagwarmayar iko ta kai ga ƙarshe tsakanin Shugaba Omar Al-Bashir da Hassan Al-Turabi, wanda ya kafa NIF, masanin akidar Islama kuma mai magana da yawun majalisa. An cire Al-Turabi daga mukaminsa a jam'iyyar da ke mulki da gwamnati, an rushe majalisa, an dakatar da kundin tsarin mulki, kuma an ayyana dokar ta baci ta hanyar dokar shugaban kasa. Majalisar ta ci gaba a watan Fabrairun shekara ta dubu biyu da daya 2001 bayan zaben shugaban kasa da na majalisar dokoki na watan Disamba na shekara ta dubu biyu 2000, amma dokokin gaggawa na kasa sun kasance suna aiki. Kusan a lokaci guda an buga "Black Book", wani rubutun da 'yan Yammacin Turai masu adawa suka yi wanda ke ba da cikakken bayani game da mamayar mutanen arewa. An kama Al-Turabi a watan Fabrairun shekara ta dubu biyu da daya 2001, kuma an tuhume shi da zama barazana ga tsaron kasa da tsarin mulki don sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimta tare da SPLM / A. An sanya shi a kurkuku mai tsaron gida har sai an sake shi a shekara ta dubu biyu da biyar 2005.

A matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar da ta kawo karshen Yaƙin basasar Sudan na Biyu, an rantsar da mambobi tara na SPLM / A da mambobi 16 na gwamnati a matsayin Ministoci a ranar 22 ga Satumba shekara ta dubu biyu da biyar 2005, suna kafa gwamnatin farko ta bayan yakin na hadin kan kasa. An jinkirta rantsar da shi saboda jayayya game da wanda zai sami fayiloli daban-daban kuma sakamakon mutuwar Mataimakin Shugaban kasa John Garang. Jam'iyyar National Congress Party ta ci gaba da kula da mahimman makamashi, tsaro, ciki gida da wuraren kudi, yayin da wanda aka nada na "SPLM" ya zama Ministan kasashen waje. Mataimakin Shugaban kasa mai suna Salva Kiir an ruwaito cewa ya goyi bayan gardamar kan wanda zai mallaki muhimmiyar Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ma'adinai, wacce ke kula da fitar da filayen mai na Sudan.

A ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta dubu biyu da sha tara 2019, an hambarar da al-Bashir da gwamnatinsa a juyin mulkin soja karkashin jagorancin mataimakin shugabansa na farko da ministan tsaro, wanda daga bisani ya kafa gwamnatin soja mai mulki a yanzu   Kashegari Auf ya ba da iko ga Laftanar Janar Abdel Fattah Abdelrahman Burhan.   

Majalisar Sarautar kasar Sudan, rundunar soja da farar hula wacce ita ce mafi girman iko a cikin gwamnatin rikon kwarya, ta mallaki Sudan tun bayan faduwar Omar Al-Bashir. Firayim Minista Abdalla Hamdok shine shugaban farar hular majalisar ministoci.

A watan Oktoba shekara ta dubu boyu da ashirin 2020, kasar Sudan ta yi yarjejeniya don daidaita dangantakar diflomasiyya da Isra'ila, a matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar Amurka ta cire Sudan daga jerin Amurka na masu tallafawa ta'addanci.

Ya zuwa watan Agustan shekara dubu biyu da ashirin da daya 2021, shugaban Majalisar Mulki, Abdul Fattah Al-Burhan, da Firayim Minista Abdallah Hamdok ne suka jagoranci kasar.

A ranar 25 ga Oktoba shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin da daya 2021, Majalisar Mulki da gwamnatin kasar Sudan sun rushe sosai bayan an hambarar da su a Juyin mulkin Sudan na 2021.

## Jam'iyyun siyasa da zabe
 

## Fadada bincike

* Cin hanci da rashawa a Sudan
* 'Yancin Dan Adam a Sudan
* Tsarin zaman lafiya na Sudan
* zanga-zangar 2011-13 a Sudan
* Canjin Sudan zuwa dimokuradiyya na 2019
* Majalisar Sarautar Sudan (disambiguation) 
* Juyin mulkin Sudan

## Manazarta