Alberto Alesina

**Alberto Francesco Alesina** (29 Afrilu 1957 - 23 Mayu 2020) masanin tattalin arziki ne ɗan ƙasar Italiya wanda Farfesa Nathaniel Ropes ne na Tattalin Arzikin Siyasa a Jami'ar Harvard daga 2003 har zuwa rasuwarsa a 2020.   An san shi da farko a matsayin masanin tattalin arziki na siyasa da al'adu, kuma ya shahara da amfani da kayan aikin tattalin arziki don nazarin al'amuran zamantakewa da siyasa.   An bayyana shi a matsayin wanda "kusan shi kaɗai" ya kafa fagen tattalin arzikin siyasa na zamani, kuma a matsayin mai yuwuwar zama mai fafatawa don Kyautar Tunawa da Nobel a Kimiyyar Tattalin Arziki .   

## Bayani da rayuwar ƙwararru
An haifi Alberto Alesina a Broni a shekarar 1957.  Mahaifinsa injiniya ne kuma manajan masana'antu, kuma mahaifiyarsa malamar makaranta ce.  Ya halarci makarantar koyon aikin likitanci ta gargajiya a Milan, kafin ya yi rajista a Jami'ar Bocconi don yin karatun tattalin arziki da kimiyyar zamantakewa, inda ya sami lambar yabo a shekarar 1981.   Daga nan ya ci gaba da karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Harvard, inda ya sami digiri na uku a fannin tattalin arziki a shekarar 1986.  Mai ba shi shawara kan harkokin digiri na uku a Harvard shi ne Jeffrey Sachs . 

Daga 1986 zuwa 1987, Alesina ya kasance ƙwararren digiri na uku a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon .  Ya shiga jami'ar Harvard a 1987, inda ya kasance mataimakin farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki da gwamnati tsakanin 1987 da 1993, Paul Sack Mataimakin Farfesa a fannin Tattalin Arzikin Siyasa daga 1991 zuwa 1993, cikakken farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki da gwamnati daga 1993 zuwa 2003, da kuma Nathaniel Ropes Farfesa a fannin Tattalin Arzikin Siyasa daga 2003 har zuwa rasuwarsa a 2020.  Ya shugabanci Sashen Tattalin Arziki a Harvard tsakanin 2003 da 2006. 

Alesina ta zama mataimakiyar bincike a NBER a shekarar 1993, kuma ta kafa Shirin Tattalin Arzikin Siyasa a shekarar 2006.  Ya kasance editan hadin gwiwa na *Mujallar Tattalin Arziki ta Kwata-kwata* tsakanin 1998 da 2004.  An zabe shi a matsayin Fellow of the Econometric Society a shekarar 2002, kuma an zabe shi a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekarar 2006.  

Ayyukan Alesina sun shafi batutuwa daban-daban a mahaɗar siyasa, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki, ciki har da:

* Siyasar zagayowar kasuwanci
* Tattalin arzikin siyasa na gibin kasafin kuɗi da gibin kasafin kuɗi
* Tsarin haɗin kan Turai
* Manufofin daidaito a ƙasashen da ke fama da hauhawar farashin kaya
* Tattalin arzikin siyasa na shige da fice
* Ƙungiyoyin kuɗi
* Manufofin siyasa da tattalin arziki na sake rarraba manufofi
* Bambance-bambance a cikin yanayin jin daɗin jama'a a Amurka da Turai
* Bambance-bambance a tsarin tattalin arziki a Amurka da Turai
* Tasirin madadin tsarin zaɓe akan manufofin tattalin arziki
* Tabbatar da zaɓin tsarin zaɓe daban-daban

A lokacin Babban koma bayan tattalin arziki a Turai, Alesina ta tayar da ce-ce-ku-ce a matsayin mai fafutukar rage kasafin kuɗi .   Ya yi jayayya cewa matsin lamba na iya zama faɗaɗawa, a cikin yanayi inda rage kashe kuɗi na gwamnati ke raguwa ta hanyar ƙaruwar buƙata (ciniki na masu zaman kansu, saka hannun jari na masu zaman kansu da fitar da kaya).  Haɗin kuɗi mai inganci zai rage rashin tabbas na masu zaman kansu kuma ya rage ƙimar haɗarin. Idan aka yi la'akari da cewa daidaiton Ricardian da kuma hasashen samun kuɗi na dindindin suna da shi, dukiyar da ake tsammanin 'yan wasan za su samu a nan gaba za ta ƙaru kuma ta sa su ci fiye da haka.  A watan Oktoba na 2009, Alesina da Silvia Ardagna sun buga "Babban Canje-canje a Manufofin Kuɗi: Haraji da Kuɗi",  wata takarda ta ilimi da aka ambata da yawa da nufin nuna cewa matakan tsuke bakin aljihu ba su cutar da tattalin arziki ba, kuma a zahiri sun taimaka wajen murmurewarsu.

Paul Krugman, wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel, ya soki lamirin Alesina game da fafutukar neman 'yanci, wanda ya buga "How the Case for Austerity Has Crumbled" a cikin New York Review of Books a watan Yunin 2013, inda ya lura da tasirin kasidun goyon bayan 'yanci da Alesina da magoya bayansa suka rubuta, kuma ya bayyana aikin "Bocconi Boys" a matsayin "cikakken hari kan shawarar Keynesian cewa rage kashe kuɗi a cikin tattalin arziki mai rauni yana haifar da ƙarin rauni". 

Kwanan nan, binciken da IMF da wasu suka yi ya nuna shakku kan tushen hanyoyin da aikin Alesina ya ginu a kai, kuma ya kammala da cewa shaidar ta fi nuna tasirin raguwar haɗin kan kuɗi. Duk da haka, Alesina tare da Francesco Giavazzi da Carlo Favero sun buga hujjojin da ke nuna cewa wasu shirye-shiryen tsuke bakin aljihu (kamar wanda aka yi a Burtaniya ) sun samar da ci gaban tattalin arziki sama da matsakaicin matsakaici da kuma ƙarfin tattalin arziki fiye da yadda IMF ta annabta, kuma sun yi jayayya cewa rage kashe kuɗi hanya ce mafi inganci don rage rabon bashi-da-GDP fiye da ƙaruwar haraji.

A ranar 23 ga Mayu 2020, yayin da yake tafiya a kan dutse tare da matarsa, Susan, Alesina ya mutu; an gano cewa musabbabin ya faru ne sakamakon bugun zuciya.  A shekarar 2021, Jami'ar Harvard ta sake sunan taron karawa juna sani kan tattalin arzikin siyasa don girmama Alesina. 

## Littattafai da aka zaɓa

### Littattafai

* 1995. *Siyasar Bangaren 'Yan Bangare, Gwamnati Mai Rarraba da Tattalin Arziki* (tare da Howard Rosenthal ). Cambridge. Bayani & TOC da samfoti.
* 1997a. *Zagaye-zagaye na Siyasa da Tattalin Arzikin Macro* (tare da Nouriel Roubini & Gerald D. Cohen). MIT Press. Bayani da hanyoyin haɗin babi-gabatarwa.
* 1997b. *Tsarin Manufofin Tattalin Arziki na Musamman ga Turai* (tare da Olivier Blanchard et al.), CEPR, London.
* 2003. *Girman Ƙasashe* (tare da Enrico Spolaore). MIT Press. Bayani da hanyoyin haɗin babi-gabatarwa.
* 2004. *Yaƙi da Talauci a Amurka da Turai: Duniyar Bambanci* (tare da Edward Glaeser ). Oxford. Bayani, da taƙaitaccen bayani game da "slide-slide", da hanyoyin haɗin babi ta hanyar danna "zaɓi".
* 2006. *Makomar Turai: Gyara ko Ragewa* (tare da Francesco Giavazzi ), MIT Press. Bayani, Gabatarwa , samfoti .

### Labarai

: Danna **+** don faɗaɗa ƙananan hanyoyin haɗin rubutu a ƙasa.

* 1987. "Manufar Tattalin Arziki ta Macro a Tsarin Jam'iyyu Biyu a Matsayin Wasan Maimaitawa," *Mujallar Tattalin Arziki ta Kwata*, 102(3), shafi na 651–678.
* 1993. "'Yancin Babban Bankin Tarayya da Ayyukan Tattalin Arziki na Babban Kasa: Wasu Shaida Mai Kwatantawa" (tare da Lawrence H. Summers ), *Mujallar Kudi, Bashi da Banki*, 25(2), shafi na 151–162 .
* 1994. "Siyasa Mai Rarrabawa da Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki" (tare da Dani Rodrik), *Mujallar Tattalin Arziki ta Kwata-kwata*, 109(2), shafi na 465–490.
* 1995. "Tsarin Tattalin Arzikin Siyasa na Rage Kasafin Kuɗi" (tare da Roberto Perotti), *Takardun Ma'aikatan* IMF, 42(1), shafi na 1-31.
* 1997. "Game da Adadin Ƙasashe da Girmansu" (tare da Enrico Spolaore), *Mujallar Tattalin Arziki ta Kwata-kwata*, 112(4), shafi na 1027 –1056.
* 1999. "Kayayyakin Jama'a da Rarraba Kabilai" (tare da Reza Baqir & William Easterly ), *Jaridar Tattalin Arziki ta Kwata-kwata*, 114(4), shafi na 1243–1284. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;
* 2000. "Wa ke ba wa wa agajin ƙasashen waje kuma me yasa?" (tare da David Dollar), *Mujallar Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki*, 5(1), shafi na 33-63.
* 2003. "Rarraba Kasuwa" (tare da Arnaud Devleeschauwer *et al.* ), *Mujallar Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki*, 8(2), shafi na 155–194.
* 2004. "Rashin daidaito da Farin Ciki: Shin Turawa da Amurkawa Sun Bambanta?" (tare da Rafael Di Tellab da Robert MacCulloch), *Mujallar Tattalin Arzikin Jama'a*, 88(9–10), shafi na 2009–2042 (rufe shafin Alamomin shafi).
* 2005. "Bambancin Kabilanci da Ayyukan Tattalin Arziki" (tare da Eliana La Ferrara), *Mujallar Adabin Tattalin Arziki*, 43(3), shafi na 762–800.
* 2013. "Game da Asalin Matsayin Jinsi: Mata da Garma" (tare da Paola Giuliano da Nathan Nunn), Mujallar Tattalin Arziki ta Kwata-kwata. 2013; 128 (2) : 469–530.
* 2016. "Bambancin Wurin Haihuwa da Wadatar Tattalin Arziki" (tare da Johann Harnoss da Hillel Rapoport), *Mujallar Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki*, vol. 21(2), shafuka 101-138   

## Manazarta