Daniel Ellsberg

**Daniel Ellsberg** (7 ga Afrilu, 1931 - 16 ga Yuni, 2023) ɗan gwagwarmayar siyasa ne na Amurka, masanin tattalin arziki, kuma masanin soja na Amurka. Yayinda yake aiki da Kamfanin RAND, ya haifar da rikice-rikicen siyasa na kasa a 1971 lokacin da ya saki Pentagon Papers, babban binciken sirri na Pentagon game da yanke shawara na Gwamnatin Amurka dangane da Yaƙin Vietnam, ga The New York Times, The Washington Post, da sauran jaridu.

A watan Janairun 1973, an tuhumi Ellsberg a karkashin Dokar leken asiri ta 1917 tare da wasu zarge-zargen sata da makirci, yana ɗauke da matsakaicin hukuncin shekaru 115. Saboda mummunar hali na gwamnati da tattara shaidu ba bisa ka'ida ba (wanda mutanen da suka shiga cikin Abin kunya na Watergate suka aikata), da kuma kare shi da Leonard Boudin da farfesa na Harvard Law School Charles Nesson, Alkalin William Matthew Byrne Jr. ya watsar da duk tuhumar da aka yi wa Ellsberg a watan Mayu 1973.

Ellsberg ta sami lambar yabo ta Right Livelihood a shekara ta 2006. An kuma san shi da samar da muhimmiyar misali a cikin Ka'idar yanke shawara, Ellsberg paradox; don nazarin da ya yi game da makaman nukiliya da Manufofin nukiliya; da kuma nuna goyon baya ga WikiLeaks, Chelsea Manning, da Edward Snowden. Ellsberg an ba shi lambar yabo ta Olof Palme ta 2018 saboda "kyakkyawan bil'adama da ƙarfin hali na musamman". Ya kasance memba na kafa kungiyar Veteran Intelligence Professionals for Sanity .

## Rayuwa ta farko da aiki
An haifi Ellsberg a Birnin Chicago, Illinois, a ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 1931, ɗan Harry da Adele (Charsky) Ellsberg. Iyayensa Yahudawa ne na Ashkenazi waɗanda suka tuba zuwa Kimiyya ta Kirista, kuma an haife shi a matsayin Masanin Kimiyya na Kirista. A shekara ta 2008, Ellsberg ya gaya wa wani ɗan jarida cewa iyayensa sun ɗauki iyalin Yahudawa, "amma ba a cikin addini ba".

Ellsberg ya girma a Detroit kuma ya halarci Makarantar Cranbrook da ke kusa da Bloomfield Hills . Mahaifiyarsa tana son ya zama dan wasan piano, amma ya daina wasa a watan Yulin 1948, shekaru biyu bayan an kashe mahaifiyarsa da 'yar'uwarsa lokacin da mahaifinsa ya yi barci a kan motar kuma ya fadi motar iyali a cikin gada.

Ellsberg ya shiga Kwalejin Harvard a kan tallafin karatu, ya kammala *summa cum laude* tare da A.B. a cikin tattalin arziki a 1952. Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin King, Cambridge, na shekara guda ta hanyar kudade daga Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation, da farko don difloma a fannin tattalin arziki sannan ya canza lambobin yabo zuwa PhD a cikin batun, kafin ya koma Harvard. A shekara ta 1954, ya shiga cikin Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka kuma ya sami kwamiti. Ya yi aiki a matsayin jagora da kwamandan kamfanin a cikin 2nd Marine Division, kuma an sallame shi a 1957 a matsayin mataimakin farko. Ellsberg ya koma Harvard a matsayin Junior Fellow a cikin Society of Fellows na tsawon shekaru biyu.

## Kamfanin RAND da PhD
Ellsberg ya kammala digirin digirgir a fannin tattalin arziki daga Harvard a shekarar 1962. Rubutun nasa game da Ka'idar yanke shawara ya dogara ne akan saitin gwaje-gwaje na tunani wanda ya nuna cewa yanke shawara a ƙarƙashin yanayin Rashin tabbas ko rashin tabbas gabaɗaya bazai dace da ƙayyadaddun yiwuwar ra'ayi ba. Yanzu an san shi da Ellsberg paradox,  ya zama tushen babban wallafe-wallafen da ya bunkasa tun daga shekarun 1980, gami da hanyoyin da suka hada da amfani da Choquet da ka'idar yanke shawara. 

Ellsberg ya yi aiki a Pentagon daga watan Agustan 1964  a karkashin Sakataren Tsaro Robert McNamara a matsayin mataimakin Sakataren tsaro na Harkokin Tsaro na Duniya John McNaughton . Daga nan sai ya tafi Kudancin Vietnam na tsawon shekaru biyu, yana aiki ga Janar Edward Lansdale mai ritaya a matsayin memba na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje.

Lokacin da ya dawo daga Kudancin Vietnam, Ellsberg ya ci gaba da aiki a RAND. A shekara ta 1967, ya ba da gudummawa tare da wasu masu sharhi 33 ga binciken sirri na 47 na takardun da aka rarraba game da gudanar da Yakin Vietnam, wanda Sakataren Tsaro McNamara ya ba da umarni kuma Leslie H. Gelb da Morton Halperin suka kula da shi. Wadannan shafuka 7,000 na takardu, an kammala su a ƙarshen 1968 kuma an gabatar da su ga McNamara da Clark Clifford a farkon shekara mai zuwa, daga baya sun zama sanannun "Pentagon Papers".  

## Rashin jin daɗi da Yaƙin Vietnam
A shekara ta 1969, Ellsberg ya fara halartar abubuwan da suka faru na yaki yayin da yake cikin matsayinsa a RAND. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1968, Ellsberg ya halarci taron Jami'ar Princeton kan "Revolution in a Changing World", inda ya sadu da mai fafutukar zaman lafiya na Gandhian Janaki Natarajan Tschannerl daga Gandiya, wanda ke da tasiri sosai a kansa, da kuma Eqbal Ahmed, ɗan Pakistan a Cibiyar Adlai Stevenson daga baya za a tuhume shi da Rev. Philip Berrigan don fafutukar yaki. Ellsberg musamman ya tuna Tschannerl yana cewa "A duniyar ta, babu abokan gaba", kuma cewa "ta ba ni wahayi, a matsayin Gandhian, na wata hanya daban ta rayuwa da juriya, na yin amfani da iko ba tare da tashin hankali ba".