Kayan Abinci na Abinci

The Food Chemicals Codex (FCC) tarin ka'idojin da aka amince da su a duniya ne don tsabtar da kuma asalin sinadaran abinci. 

## Yankin da ake ciki
FCC tana da siffofi sama da 1,250, gami da sunadarai masu mahimmanci, kayan aiki, abinci (kamar mai na kayan lambu, fructose, whey, da Amino acid), wakilai masu ɗanɗano, bitamin, da sinadaran abinci mai aiki (kamar lycopene, olestra, da gajeren sarkar fructooligosaccharides). Har ila yau, FCC ya ƙunshi sinadaran, kamar su sucrose da mai mai mahimmanci, waɗanda ba a samun su akai-akai a wasu albarkatun abinci masu mahimmanci.

FCC tana ba da mahimman ka'idoji da hanyoyin nazari don tabbatarwa da ƙayyade ingancin sinadaran abinci. Ana amfani da ƙa'idodin FCC a matsayin ƙa'idodin da aka amince da su tsakanin masu samarwa da masana'antun a cikin ci gaba da sayarwa da yanke shawara da ma'amaloli. 

FCC tana da sassa biyu na farko: monographs da kari. An lissafa litattafai a cikin haruffa kuma yawanci suna rufe sinadarin guda ɗaya. Littattafai, inda ya dace, suna ba da bayani game da kowane sinadarin, kamar: 

* Tsarin sinadarai
* Tsarin sinadarai
* Nauyin kwayar halitta
* INS Adadin
* Lambar rajista ta CAS
* Ayyuka
* Ma'anar
* Kunshin
* Adanawa
* Bukatar lakabi
* IR spectrum

Har ila yau, akwai litattafai da yawa na "iyali", waɗanda ke rufe ƙungiyoyin abubuwa. Wadannan sun hada da "Enzyme Preparations," "Food Starch," da "Spice Oleoresins. " Bugu da ƙari, an haɗa ƙayyadaddun bayanai, wanda ya ƙunshi jerin gwaje-gwaje, hanyoyin gwaje-gaje, da ka'idojin karɓa. Monographs na iya ba da cikakken bayani game da USP Reference Standards da / ko wasu kayan da ake buƙata don aikin gwaji. Abubuwan da aka kara na FCC sun ƙunshi jagora na mataki-mataki don gwajin jiki da na sunadarai gaba ɗaya, da amfani da na'ura, da kuma bayanai masu amfani gabaɗaya, kamar kayan abinci masu kyau.

An kafa ka'idodin FCC, an kimanta su, kuma an sake su tare da tsananin kimiyya a cikin tsari mai buɗewa, na hadin gwiwa wanda ya shafi masana kimiyya na USP, wakilan gwamnati, ƙwararrun masu sa kai, da shigar jama'a. Kwamitin Kwararru ya amince da ka'idoji wanda ya haɗa da shugabannin fasaha masu ilimi daga masana'antu, ilimi, da hukumomin sarrafawa daga ko'ina cikin duniya.

## Tarihi
Kafin shekarun 1960, kodayake Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Tarayya (FDA) ta hanyar ka'idoji da maganganu na al'ada da aka bayyana a cikin sharuddan inganci na gabaɗaya don sunadarai na abinci da aka gane a matsayin aminci (GRAS), ba a buga waɗannan buƙatun a cikin ka'idojin hukuma ba ko kuma an tsara su don su zama cikakke, saboda haka an ƙuntata amfani da su don jagorar gabaɗaya. Saboda wadannan da sauran dalilai, Kwamitin Kare Abinci na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa-Kwamitin Bincike na Kasa ya karɓi buƙatun a cikin 1958 daga Kwamitin Hulɗa na Masana'antu da sauran tushe don aiwatar da aikin da aka tsara don samar da Codex na Chemicals na Abinci wanda ya dace da shi a fannoni da yawa ga Farmacopia na Amurka (USP) da Tsarin Kasa (NF). Dangane da waɗannan buƙatun, an nemi shawara daga kwamitoci na musamman waɗanda suka ƙunshi wakilan masana'antu, hukumomin gwamnati, da sauransu da suka ƙware a cikin aikin USP da NF. A sakamakon haka, a cikin 1966, Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya (IOM) ta buga wannan fitowar farko ta FCC don FDA.

USP ta sami FCC a shekara ta 2006. USP ta fara sigar kan layi ta FCC tun 2008. Ana buga FCC a kowace shekara biyu a cikin bugawa da tsarin kan layi kuma ana miƙa shi azaman biyan kuɗi wanda ya haɗa da babban bugu da ƙarin abubuwan shiga tsakani. Dukkanin ka'idojin da aka gabatar da su da sake dubawa ga FCC an fara buga su ne a cikin kyauta, dandalin FCC na kan layi don lokacin sharhi na jama'a na kwanaki 90. Ya zuwa Mayu 2021, an sake buga FCC sau goma sha biyu.

## Littattafai
FCC 12 yana da sabbin littattafai sama da 80 idan aka kwatanta da FCC 11.

Fiye da litattafai 1,250 ciki har da:

* Probiotics & prebiotics
* Fasahar
* Masu Tsaro
* Masu daɗi
* Fats da mai
* Abinci
* Duniyoyi
* Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su a jarirai

18 kari, samar da bayyane, mataki-mataki jagora don fiye da 150 gwaje-gwaje da gwaje-gaje ciki har da:

* Gwajin iyakar gubar
* Rarraba Cin Hanyoyin Abinci Jagora
* Jagora kan Ci gaba da Tabbatar da Gwajin da ba a yi niyya ba 

### Buga na farko
Kwamitin Kare Abinci ya fara ne a cikin 1961 don samar da ƙa'idodin inganci na inganci don sunadarai masu inganci. An buga wasu sassan fitowar farko a cikin nau'i-shafi tsakanin 1963 da 1966.

Yankin fitowar farko yana iyakance ga abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da halayen sunadarai ko daidaitawar halittu waɗanda aka kara kai tsaye ga abinci don yin wasu ayyukan da ake so. An zaɓi irin waɗannan abubuwa daga kayan abinci da aka sani gabaɗaya da aminci, waɗanda aka amince da su ta hanyar takunkumi na baya, da waɗanda ƙa'idodin FDA suka kafa haƙuri na amfani na musamman.

### Buga na biyu
Wannan fitowar, dan kadan ya fi na farko girma, ya ƙunshi littattafai 639.

### Buga na uku
Bayanan da ke cikin wannan fitowar FCC an amince da su a hukumance ba kawai ta FDA ba har ma, a wasu yanayi, ta hukumomin Kanada, Australia, New Zealand da Burtaniya. Wannan fitowar ta nuna bambance-bambance masu yawa a cikin tsari daga wanda ya riga shi mai shekaru 9, gami da manyan shafuka da shimfidar shafi biyu. Ƙara sabbin littattafai 113 sun kawo jimlar zuwa 776, wanda ya rufe abubuwa sama da 800. A karo na farko waɗannan sun haɗa da kayan kamar dextrose da fructose, waɗanda aka fi ɗauka a matsayin abinci fiye da kayan karawa. An share littafi guda ɗaya kawai, don maganin sulphate na aluminum, saboda ba a sake amfani da shi a cikin abinci ba.

Sashe na rubutun da aka yi a baya mai taken 'Specifications' an canza shi zuwa 'Bukatun', kuma wannan ya haɗa da duk wani gwajin ganewa wanda a baya ya bayyana a ƙarƙashin sashin 'Description'.

Sauran canje-canje a cikin wannan fitowar sune hadawa a karo na farko na jagororin Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) don sunadarai na abinci, da kuma watsar da manufofin da suka gabata inda aka yi amfani da ƙayyadaddun abubuwa na mutum don haɗuwa da ainihin abu tare da ƙarin abubuwa kamar magungunan anticaking, Antioxidants da emulsifiers.

### Buga na huɗu
An kara sabbin litattafai hamsin da biyu a cikin bugu na uku, suna yin jimlar litattafan 967.

A cikin fitowar guda huɗu, an faɗaɗa FCC don haɗawa ba kawai kayan abinci ba, har ma da abubuwan da suka haɗu da abinci da abubuwan da ke abinci (misali fructose da dextrose). Koyaya, an share littattafai uku da suka gabata yanzu (watau carrageenan, cinnamyl antranilate da methyl formate) saboda yanayin da ya canza kuma yanzu an ba da fifiko na musamman kan rage gurbataccen abu, musamman gubar.

### Buga na shida
Wannan fitowar ita ce ta farko a karkashin jagorancin USP. Wannan fitowar ta ƙunshi fiye da 1,000 monograph standards da gwaje-gwaje don tabbatar da ainihi, inganci da tsabtar sinadaran abinci.

### Buga na takwas
Wannan fitowar ta ba da izini:

* Fiye da 1,100 monographs, wanda ya haɗa da tsarin sunadarai da tsari, nauyin sunadarai, aiki, ma'anar, marufi da ajiya, buƙatun lakabi, hanyoyin gwaji da ƙari.
* Abubuwan da suka shafi goma sha huɗu, waɗanda ke ba da cikakken bayani game da gwaje-gwaje da gwaje'o'i sama da 150, tare da jagora na mataki-mataki don nazarin enzymes, ƙazanta kamar ƙarfe da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta da alamomi don gwaji gaskiya, da sauransu.
* Bayani na gaba ɗaya, wanda ya haɗa da bayanai masu dacewa game da batutuwa daban-daban ciki har da Jagororin GMP don Kayan Abinci, teburin kwatankwacin abinci da magunguna GMPs, tebur na ambaton inda aka haɗa FCC ta hanyar ambato a cikin Dokar Tarayyar Amurka, AOAC International / International Organization for Standardization (ISO) / International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) jagororin tabbatarwa, da gabatarwa masu taimako a cikin hanyoyin bincike daban-daban.

Wannan fitowar kuma tana nuna a karo na farko cikakken abubuwan da ke cikin USP mai zuwa Food Fraud Database. Bayanan bayanan yana da shigarwa sama da 1,300 a kan masu lalata da aka ruwaito don takamaiman sinadaran da kuma hanyar ganowa ta nazari. Dangane da rubuce-rubucen ilimi da labaran kafofin watsa labarai daga 1980-2010, yana aiki ne a matsayin tushen batutuwan zamba kuma yana iya zama kayan aiki mai amfani don sarrafa haɗari ga masana'antu, masu sarrafawa da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki.

### Buga na tara
Buga na tara ya haɗa da sabbin bayanai game da ainihi da tsabtar kusan sinadaran abinci 1,200, gami da hanyoyin gwaji da mahimman jagora kan batutuwa masu mahimmanci.

Among the new monographs in the FCC is spirulina, a food ingredient that was just recently approved as a natural source of blue colour for candy and chewing gum by the US FDA. Formulators also use spirulina in specialty food bars, powdered nutritional drinks, among other products due to its non-animal protein content.

Wani littafi da aka haɗa a cikin wannan fitowar FCC shine baƙar fata PN mai haske, launi na abinci na roba da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin samfuran da ke buƙatar launi baƙar fata a cikin tsari (james, cakulan syrup da alewa misalai ne na yau da kullun). Kodayake FDA ba ta amince da PN baƙar fata mai haske a matsayin launi na abinci a Amurka ba, a halin yanzu an amince da amfani da shi a cikin abinci a wasu ƙasashe da yawa.

### Buga na goma sha huɗu
Ya zuwa tsakiyar 2024, sabon fitowar ita ce ta 14.

## Aikace-aikacen

An ambaci FCC sama da sau 200 a cikin Dokar Dokokin Tarayya ta Amurka kuma hukumomin da ke kewaye da duniya sun amince da ita ciki har da Amurka, Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Kanada, Isra'ila, New Zealand, Paraguay, da Uruguay.

## Dangantaka

### JECFA
Ana amfani da FCC da ka'idoji daga Kwamitin Kwararru na FAO / WHO kan Additives na Abinci (JEFCA) a duk faɗin duniya. FCC ya fi cikakkiyar tarin kuma ya haɗa da sinadaran da JECFA ba ta la'akari da su ba. Fiye da haka, FCC wani tarin ne ga duk sinadaran abinci, yayin da JECFA ke la'akari da "abin da aka kara abinci" kawai don a haɗa shi a cikin tarin. Misalan abubuwan da aka haɗa a cikin FCC, amma ba a cikin ƙa'idodin JECFA ba, su ne man soya, sucrose, fructose, da sodium chloride - abubuwan da JECFA ta ɗauka su zama abinci ko sinadaran abinci, amma ba "ƙarin abinci ba". Bugu da ƙari, FCC ta yi la'akari da haɗa mai mai mahimmanci, sinadaran abinci masu aiki, da sinadaran GRAS-Notified da GRAS-da suka ƙayyade kansu. Yawancin sinadaran da FCC ke kunshe da su suna samar da tarin ga masana'antar abinci wanda galibi ana ɗaukarsa cikakke kuma mafi amfani. 

### Girma
A matsayin jerin abubuwan abinci da ba sa buƙatar sake dubawa ta FDA don tabbatar da amincinsu, FDA ce ke tsara jerin GRAS kai tsaye kuma tana sabunta su. A shekara ta 1997 FDA ta kammala cewa ba za ta iya ba da albarkatu masu yawa ga tsarin takardar shaidar GRAS ba. A sakamakon haka, FDA ta ƙaddamar da Shirin Sanarwar GRAS don sabunta jerin. Ana nazarin ka'idodin FCC kuma masana masu zaman kansu ne suka amince da su. Dukkanin ka'idojin da aka gabatar da su da sake dubawa ga FCC an fara buga su ne a cikin kyauta, dandalin FCC na kan layi don lokacin sharhi na jama'a na kwanaki 90.

## Dubi kuma

* *Codex Alimentarius*
* Abincin abinci
* Dokar Abinci, Magunguna, da Kayan shafawa ta Tarayya
* Abinci Additives Amendment na 1958
* Dokar Kula da Tsaro ta Abinci ta FDA
* An san shi da aminci
* Kwamitin Kwararru na FAO / WHO kan Abinci

## Manazarta