Shirye-shiryen muhalli

**Shirye-shiryen muhalli** shine tsarin sauƙaƙe da yanke shawara don aiwatar da ci gaban ƙasa tare da la'akari da yanayin yanayi, zamantakewa, siyasa, tattalin arziki da mulki da kuma samar da cikakken tsari don cimma sakamako mai dorewa.  Babbar manufar tsara muhalli ita ce samar da al'ummomi masu dorewa, wadanda ke da nufin kiyayewa da kare filayen da ba a ci gaba ba.

## Abubuwa
 
Tsare-tsare muhalli yana damuwa da kansa game da matakan yanke shawara inda ake buƙata don gudanar da alaƙar da ke tsakanin tsarin halitta da tsarin ɗan adam.  Shirye-shiryen muhalli yana ƙoƙari don gudanar da waɗannan matakai cikin inganci, tsari, gaskiya da adalci don amfanin duk abubuwan da ke cikin irin wannan tsarin na yanzu da na gaba.  Ayyukan tsare-tsare muhalli na yau sune sakamakon ci gaba da gyare-gyare da fadada iyakokin irin waɗannan hanyoyin yanke shawara.  Wasu daga cikin manyan abubuwan tsare-tsaren muhalli na yau sune:

* Ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arzikiCi gaban tattalin arziki
* Ci gaban birane
* Ci gaban Yankin
* Gudanar da albarkatun kasa da kuma Amfani da ƙasa
* Tsarin ababen more rayuwa
* Tsarin mulki

Binciken tsara muhalli ya kunshi yankuna kamar amfani da ƙasa, zamantakewar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, sufuri, halaye na tattalin arziki da gidaje, gurɓataccen iska, gurɓatar hayaniya, wuraren da ke cikin haɗari, Yankunan ambaliyar ruwa, rushewa Yankunan bakin teku, da Nazarin gani da sauransu, kuma ana kiranta kimantawar tsara muhallu. Ikon nazarin batutuwan muhalli ne wanda zai sauƙaƙa yanke shawara mai mahimmanci.

Yawancin ayyukan tsara muhalli a halin yanzu suna kewaye da rage hayaki da sake amfani da kayan aiki, ba daidaitawa don rage tasirin Canjin yanayi na gaba ba. Ana ganin wannan akai-akai sakamakon wahalar hango hasashen tasirin canjin yanayi na dogon lokaci. Ayyukan yanayi suna da rikitarwa sosai a cikin yanayi kuma tsarin lokaci na rage fitar da hayaki ba shi da tabbas. Koyaya, a matsayin madadin guje wa daidaitawa, birane da yawa a Amurka sun ɗauki hanyar "gwamnatin tsayayya". Wannan hanyar tana da niyyar bincika rashin tabbas da ke kewaye da tasirin canjin yanayi na musamman ga al'ummominsu don haɗawa da daidaitawa a cikin shirin muhalli.

## Adalci na muhalli
Adalci na muhalli shine hadawa da adalci da kuma kula da dukkan 'yan adam a duk fannoni na tsara muhalli, da kuma aiwatar da dokokin muhalli. Ana karuwa da shi a matsayin muhimmin bangare na tsara muhalli. Sau da yawa ana yin gwagwarmaya da batutuwan adalci na muhalli a cikin al'ummomi don kafa unguwanni masu aminci da kuma yanayin rayuwa, da kuma inganta yanayin muhalli na gida. Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta bayyana cewa yana da mahimmanci cewa mazauna su taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sake fasalin unguwarsu. Matakan gwamnati da kungiyoyi na kasa da kasa sun yarda da bukatar gidaje da sufuri masu daidaito da ɗorewa, a matsayin manyan halaye na adalci na muhalli; waɗannan ana ɗaukar su a yau wani ɓangare na yaƙi da rikicin yanayi. Masu gwagwarmayar muhalli suna aiki ne a matsayin masu tsaro kan tallafin gwamnati don yaƙe-yaƙe na al'ummomin da ba su da wakilci game da haɗarin muhalli wanda ke barazana ga lafiyarsu ko hanyar rayuwa.

A cikin Amurka, akwai misalai da yawa na samar da adalci na muhalli a cikin al'ummomi da yawa. An lissafa wasu daga cikin irin waɗannan ayyukan:

* Al'ummar Phillips a Minneapolis, Minnesota: Al'ummar Phillips sun fara gangamin adawa da birnin Minneapolis na dakatar da ginin tashar jigilar shara a unguwarsu.  An ba da umarnin rusa gidaje ashirin da takwas na garin, tare da tara gonakin kadada goma;  Ba da daɗewa ba unguwar Phillips da aka ambata ta dakatar da wannan aikin.[1]  Mutanen Phillips sun kafa wata kungiya da aka fi sani da "Green Institute" daga baya domin sake gina wannan fili mai girman eka goma.  Cibiyar Green ta ha] a hannu da birnin Minneapolis don ƙirƙirar masana'antun kasuwanci masu ɗorewa don haɓaka kasuwancin aiki a ƙarshe tare da inganta yanayin Minneapolis ta hanyar rage sharar gida da haɓaka dabarun makamashi mai tsabta.[1]  Tare da tallafi daga gwamnatin birni na Minneapolis, Cibiyar Green ta kafa manyan ayyuka na birni kamar "Cibiyar Sake Amfani" da sabis na "DeConstruction".  Sabis ɗin Cibiyar Sake Amfani da shi yana ba da tsari don sake yin ɓarnatar kayan gini ta yadda sharar gini ta ragu;  sabis na DeConstruction yana taimaka wa waɗanda ke son tattara kayan gini da aka jefar daga rugujewar gini ko wuraren gini don dawo da su.  Tare da waɗannan ayyuka, an kiyasta cewa har zuwa kashi 75 na tsarin da ba a yi amfani da su ba za a iya sake yin amfani da su sannan a sayar da su don sababbin amfani.  Wannan ra'ayin na Cibiyar Green, wanda 'yan ƙasar Phillips suka fara yi, an haɗa shi cikin sauri a matsayin wani shiri na gwamnati wanda ke ba da shawarar tabbatar da adalci ga muhalli.

### Kanada
A Kanada, "Masu tsarawa suna kare lafiyar da jin daɗin birane da yankunan karkara, ta hanyar magance amfani da ƙasa, albarkatu, wurare da aiyuka tare da la'akari da ingancin jiki, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa" kamar yadda aka bayyana a shafin yanar gizon Cibiyar Shirye-shiryen Kanada.

Kananan hukumomi a kusa da Amurka suna aiwatar da Shirye-shiryen Ayyukan Yanayi (CAPs) yayin da yankunan birane ke girma.  Koyaya, matakin daki-daki yana canzawa;  wasu suna aiki a matsayin manufa mai ƙarfafawa yayin da wasu kuma ainihin shirin aiwatarwa ne.[1]  A {asar Amirka, ga kowane aiki, masu tsara muhalli suna hulɗa da cikakken ka'idojin muhalli tun daga tarayya zuwa jihohi da matakan birni, wanda Hukumar Kare Muhalli ke gudanarwa ta tarayya, dole ne a ɗauki tsauraran matakan muhalli don nazarin tasiri da yiwuwar rage kowane aikin gine-ginen ya dogara da sikelin da tasirin aikin, an san babban bita da aka sani da Tasirin Muhalli da Ƙasashen Muhalli (Ƙasashen Muhalli).  (EA).  Tsare-tsare suna bin ƙa'idodi daga Dokar Muhalli ta ƙasa (NEPA), Dokar Bitar Ingantattun Muhalli ta Jiha (SEQRA) da/ko Bitar Ingantattun Muhalli na Birni (CEQR), da sauran hukumomin tarayya ko na jihohi da suka shafi dokokin da aka buga.  Eccleston ya ƙirƙira wani tsari na kayan aiki da dabaru don magance NEPA da matsalolin tsara muhalli.  Wani bincike ya gano cewa mafi kyawun iya rage rashin daidaituwar bayanai da rashin daidaituwa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin da ke aiki don aiwatar da manufofin muhalli shine a mai da hankali kan abubuwan da suka shafi manyan wakilai don haka guje wa rikici da ba da damar samun ci gaba wajen magance matsalolin muhalli.i.

Kungiyar Kwararrun Kwararrun Muhalli (AEP) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masu sana'a ciki har da kimiyyar muhalli, gudanar da albarkatu, tsara muhalli da sauran sana'o'in da ke ba da gudummawa ga wannan fagen. AEP ita ce ƙungiya ta farko ta irin wannan a Amurka, kuma tasirin ta da kuma samfurin ta haifar da wasu ƙungiyoyin yanki da yawa a duk faɗin Amurka. Manufarta ita ce inganta ƙwarewar fasaha na membobin, kuma ƙungiyar ta sadaukar da ita ga "ƙwarewa, kiyayewa da kariya ga yanayin halitta da na ɗan adam". Tun daga farkon a tsakiyar shekarun 1970s an haɗa kungiyar da kula da Dokar Ingancin Muhalli ta California (CEQA), saboda California tana ɗaya daga cikin jihohi na farko da suka karɓi cikakken tsarin doka don sarrafa sake dubawa na muhalli na manufofin jama'a da sake dubawa.

Jagora a cikin Makamashi da Tsarin Muhalli (LEED) a cikin manyan tsarin cancanta don ginin kore. Tsarin takaddun shaida ne wanda Majalisar Green Building ta Amurka (USGBC)  ta kirkira kuma ana amfani dashi a duk duniya. Shirin ya haɗa da takaddun shaida don sababbin nau'ikan gine-gine da kuma gine-ginen da ke akwai waɗanda ke neman gyare-gyare. Tsarin ma'auni mai yawa yana ba da damar tabbatar da gine-gine fiye da ka'idojin gida, jihohi da tarayya. Ka'idodin LEED suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance tasirin muhalli na ginin, ƙarfafa ayyukan muhalli masu ɗorewa, da kuma aiki a matsayin haɗin tsakanin "abubuwa masu mahimmanci da ayyukan ɗan adam".

## Asiya
A cikin Philippines, Dokar Jamhuriyar 10587 tana sarrafa aikin Shirye-shiryen Muhalli. Dokar ta bayyana tsarin muhalli a matsayin "ƙwarewar fasaha da kimiyya masu yawa na nazarin, ƙayyadewa, bayyanawa, daidaitawa, sarrafawa, da kuma tsara amfani da ci gaban albarkatun ƙasa da ruwa dangane da kewayenta, don ci gaban al'ummomi masu ɗorewa da tsarin halittu. " Wani lokaci ana kiranta Tsarin birni da yanki, tsara birni, tsara gari da ƙasa, ko tsara ƙauyuka na ɗan adam.

Mai tsara muhalli mutum ne wanda aka yi rajista kuma an ba shi lasisi don yin aikin tsara muhallu a Philippines. Don zama mai tsara muhalli mai lasisi, dole ne mutum ya riƙe Takardar shaidar rajista mai inganci wanda Hukumar Kula da Kwararru (PRC) ta bayar. Don samun waɗannan takaddun shaida, dole ne 'yan takara su wuce jarrabawar Kwamitin Shirye-shiryen Muhalli.

A halin yanzu, akwai shawara don buƙatar digiri na Kimiyya a Tsarin Muhalli a matsayin abin da ake bukata don zama mai tsara muhalli mai lasisi, tare da canjin da ake sa ran zai fara aiki a cikin shekaru biyar.  Har zuwa wannan rubutun, Hukumar Kula da Ilimi mai zurfi (CHED) tana duba tsarin karatun shirin na BS na Tsare Tsare Tsaren Muhalli.

Cibiyar Masu Shirye-shiryen Muhalli ta Philippine (PIEP) ita ce ƙungiyar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun kawai da aka amince da ita don masu tsara muhalli a cikin Philippines.  PIEP tana aiki a matsayin hukuma ta hukuma don haɓaka sana'ar da kuma tabbatar da masu tsara muhalli suna bin ƙa'idodin ƙwararru.

## Ostiraliya
Shirye-shiryen a Ostiraliya ya sauya daga mai da hankali kan jin daɗi da amfani da albarkatu zuwa tsarin da ya fi dacewa. Ostiraliya ta haɗa la'akari da muhalli a cikin shirin amfani da ƙasa biyo bayan taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 1972 kan Muhalli na Mutum. Wannan daidaituwa tare da yanayin duniya ya nuna canji zuwa tsarin ci gaba wanda ke la'akari da tasirin muhalli.

### New South Wales
A NSW yunƙurin farko na haɗa kima da muhalli da kariya cikin dokar tsara ya fara ne a cikin 1974 tare da nada Hukumar Tsare-tsare da Muhalli don sake fasalin tsarin amfani da filaye na birane.  Bayan jinkiri daban-daban Dokar Tsare-tsaren Muhalli da Assessment 1979 (EP&A Act) ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Satumba 1980. Dokar EP&A ta kafa tsarin tantance tasirin muhalli da al'umma na shawarwarin ci gaba.  Yana buƙatar matakai daban-daban na kimantawa bisa mahimmanci, kuma yana la'akari da shigarwa daga hukumomi da jama'a.  An sabunta dokar don baiwa gwamnati ƙarin tasiri a cikin amincewa, tare da haɗawa

### Victoria
Dokar Tasirin Muhalli ta 1978 ita ce ta farko da aka tsara tsarin muhalli a Victoria, kuma ta tantance tasirin muhalli na muhimman ci gaba ta hanyar Sanarwar Tasirin Muhallin (EES). Koyaya wajibi ne don gabatar da EES ya kasance ba a bayyane yake ba kuma a ƙarshe yana cikin ikon Ministan Shirye-shiryen (Eccles da Bryant 2007). Dokar Shirye-shiryen da Muhalli ta 1987 ta haifar da tsarin tsarawa na jihar, Victoria Planning Provisions (VPP) wanda ke cikin manufofin jihar:"kariya ga albarkatun halitta da na mutum da kuma kula da hanyoyin muhalli da bambancin kwayoyin halitta" (PaE Act 1987, s4 (1)) Don cimma waɗannan manufofin, VPP ya haɗa da tsare-tsaren tsare-tsare masu yawa, gami da gano mahimman dabi'u da kaddarorin muhalli, kamar 'kare magudanar ruwa, hanyoyin ruwa da ruwan ƙasa', 'yankunan bakin teku' da 'Kiyaye flora da fauna na asali'.  A ƙasan wannan matakin, tsare-tsaren tsare-tsare na gida sun gano amfanin ƙasa ta hanyar zayyana yanki, da kuma gano ƙasar da wasu sharuɗɗa suka shafa, da ake kira 'overlays'.  Littattafai sun haɗa da sigogin muhalli kamar 'Muhimmancin Muhalli', 'Kariyar ciyayi', 'Gudanar da Zazzaɓi' da 'Gudanar da Wutar daji', amma har da batutuwan zamantakewa kamar 'Halin Unguwa'.  A ƙasa wannan kuma akwai ƙa'idodi daban-daban akan batutuwa na musamman, kamar cikakkun bayanai da suka shafi ƙa'ida na yankunan ciyayi na 'yan asalin DSE Victoria.

Gyara ya faru ga tsarin Victorian a cikin 'yan shekarun nan da nufin inganta amfani da ƙasa da sakamakon sufuri ciki har da la'akari da tasirin muhalli. Dokar Haɗin Sufuri  ta gano mahimman hukumomin tsarawa a matsayin ƙungiyoyin dubawa da ake buƙata don la'akari da hangen nesa don tsarin sufuri da manufofi da ka'idodin yanke shawara idan yanke shawara na iya samun tasiri sosai ga tsarin sufuri na Victoria. Bugu da kari, Dokar Gudanar da Ayyukan Sufuri ta 2009  ta kafa wani makirci don inganta amincewa da isar da manyan ayyukan dogo, hanya da tashar jiragen ruwa.

Shirye-shiryen a Kudancin Ostiraliya an daidaita shi a cikin Dokar Ci Gaban 1993. A karkashin wannan dokar ana kimanta mafi yawan tsare-tsaren birane da na amfani da ƙasa bisa ga tsare-tsare na cikin gida na ba da izinin ci gaba. Ministan dole ne ya ayyana ci gaban da aka tsara ko dai 'Major Development' ko 'Majorn Project' don a sanya shi cikin zurfin kimanta muhalli da shawarwarin jama'a, ta hanyar Hukumar Binciken Ci Gaban mai zaman kanta ta masana. Shirye-shiryen da suka rikitarwa gabaɗaya za su buƙaci EIS mai mahimmanci. Shirye-shiryen SA

Dokar Shirye-shiryen Haɗin Kai ta 1997  ta ba da mafi yawan kulawar tsarawa ga karamar hukuma, amma tana buƙatar 'manyan ayyuka' da Babban Mai Gudanar da Jiha zai tantance su kuma yawanci yana buƙatar bayanin tasirin muhalli (EIS). 

An maye gurbin wannan da Dokar Shirye-shiryen Ci gaba ta 2009  wacce ta fara aiki a ranar 18 ga Disamba 2009. Wannan dokar tana da niyyar ' inganta sakamakon muhalli mai ɗorewa ta hanyar hanyoyin da aka tsara', kuma ta haɗa da tsarin tsarawa na Jiha, Yankin da na gida, waɗanda ke bin tsarin VPP na Victoria. Har yanzu Coordinator Janar na iya bayyana ayyukan a matsayin 'manyan ayyuka' wanda ke buƙatar kimantawa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ci gaban Jiha da Ayyukan Jama'a ta 1971 (Qld). 

## Turai
A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata Tarayyar Turai ta ba da hankali ga muhalli tare da dokoki masu tsauri kan batutuwa kamar iska, ƙasa, da gurɓataccen ruwa da ka'idoji don abubuwa masu guba da haɗari. A halin yanzu sama da kashi 18% na yankin da ke cikin EU an nuna shi a matsayin wuraren da aka kare don yanayi. Har zuwa yau, Manufofin Muhalli na Tarayyar Turai an ƙaddara su ne ta Shirin Ayyukan Muhalli na 7 kuma ana sa ran za a bi su har zuwa 2020. Tarayyar Turai tana da burin da ya wuce wannan, duk da haka, kuma tana fatan nan da shekara ta 2050 za a sami "mahimmanci, tattalin arzikin zagaye inda babu wani abu da aka ɓata kuma inda ake sarrafa albarkatun kasa yadda ya kamata, kuma ana kiyaye bambancin halittu, ana kimantawa da dawo da su ta hanyoyin da za su inganta ƙarfin al'ummarmu".

Tarayyar Turai tana da manyan manufofi guda uku don taimakawa wajen cimma wannan hangen nesa: kiyaye albarkatun kasa, juyawa zuwa ingantaccen tattalin arziki, mai dorewar muhalli, da kare lafiyar 'yan ƙasa.

## Kwarewar sana'a
Ana ba da cancantar tsara muhalli a cikin nau'o'i da yawa ta jami'o'in daban-daban a duk duniya.

* Bachelor of Resource da Tsarin Muhalli
* Bachelor na Nazarin Muhalli
* Bachelor na Shirye-shiryen da Manufofin Muhalli
* Jagora a cikin Shirye-shiryen muhalli misali a Technische Universität Berlin http://www.mep.tu-berlin.de/menue/master_environmental_planning/parameter/en/
* Jagora a Nazarin Muhalli (tsarin) 
* Bachelor na Urban da Tsarin MuhalliShirye-shiryen muhalli
* Jagoran Shirye-shiryen Birane

## Dubi kuma