Andrew Wakefield

**Andrew Jeremy Wakefield** (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga Satumba 1956  ) ɗan Ingila ne mai cin hanci, mai fafutukar rigakafi, kuma tsohon Babban likitan tiyata. An cire shi daga rajistar likita saboda "mummunar" saboda sa hannu a cikin binciken yaudara na 1998 na Lancet MMR autism wanda ya yi ikirarin alaƙa tsakanin rigakafin kyanda, mumps, da rubella (MMR) da autism.

Tallace-tallace da ke kewaye da binciken ya haifar da raguwa sosai a cikin allurar rigakafi, Landan ya haifar da barkewar cutar kyanda da yawa a duniya da kuma mutuwar mutane da yawa a sakamakon haka. Ya kasance likitan tiyata a shirin transplant na hanta a Royal Free Hospital a London, kuma ya zama babban malami da mai ba da shawara mai daraja a cikin gwajin Gastroenterology a Royal Free da Jami'ar Kwalejin Medicine. Ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa a can a shekara ta 2001 "ta hanyar yarjejeniya", sannan ya koma Amurka. A shekara ta 2004, Wakefield ya kafa kuma ya fara aiki a cibiyar bincike ta Thoughtful House (daga baya aka sake masa suna Cibiyar Johnson don Kiwon Lafiya da Ci Gaban Yara) a Austin, Texas. Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban darektan cibiyar har zuwa watan Fabrairun 2010, lokacin da ya yi murabus bayan binciken da aka yi masa daga Babban Kwamitin Kiwon Lafiya na Burtaniya wanda ya kori shi daga rajistar su. Daga baya ya zama sananne saboda gwagwarmayarsa ta rigakafi.

Wakefield ya buga takarda ta 1998 game da autism a cikin mujallar kiwon lafiya ta Burtaniya The *Lancet*, yana mai da'awar gano wani sabon nau'in enterocolitis da ke da alaƙa da autism. Koyaya, wasu masu bincike ba su iya sake maimaita bincikensa ba,   kuma binciken da mai ba da rahoto na Sunday Times Brian Deer ya yi a shekara ta 2004 ya gano rikice-rikicen kudi da ba a bayyana ba game da Wakefield.  Wakefield ya bayar da rahoton cewa ya tsaya don samun har zuwa dala miliyan 43 a kowace shekara yana sayar da kayan gwaji. Yawancin marubuta na Wakefield sun janye goyon bayansu ga fassarorin binciken,  kuma Babban Kwamitin Kiwon Lafiya (GMC) ya gudanar da bincike kan zargin rashin adalci ga Wakefield da tsoffin abokan aiki biyu,  suna mai da hankali kan binciken Deer.

Watanni uku bayan haka, an cire Wakefield daga rajistar likitancin Burtaniya, a wani bangare saboda ya yi watsi da binciken da aka buga a cikin The Lancet. A cikin wani yanke shawara na shari'a, kotun Burtaniya ta yanke hukuncin cewa "[t] yanzu babu wani bangare mai daraja wanda ke goyan bayan ra'ayin [Wakefield], cewa allurar rigakafin MMR da autism / enterocolitis suna da alaƙa".

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Wakefield a ranar 3 ga Satumba 1956, ga Graham Wakefield, likitan jijiyoyi, da Bridget d'Estouteville Matthews, babban likita, a Asibitin Tunawa da Red Cross na Kanada a Taplow, Ingila. A matsayinsa na Ɗalibi na rana a Makarantar Sarki Edward mai zaman kanta, Bath, ya kasance kyaftin din tawagar rugby ta gida.

Bayan barin Makarantar Sarki Edward,  Wakefield ta yi karatun likita a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Asibitin St Mary  (yanzu Makarantar Kiwo ta Kwalejin Imperial), cikakke a 1981.

Wakefield ya zama Fellow na Royal College of Surgeons a shekarar 1985. 

## ⁴Ayyuka
A Jami'ar Toronto daga 1986 zuwa 1989, ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar da ke nazarin matsalolin ƙin ƙwayoyin cuta tare da karamin hanji, ta amfani da samfuran dabbobi. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa na karamin hanji a karkashin Wellcome Trust tafiya a Jami'ar Toronto a Kanada.

A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, Wakefield ya koma Burtaniya don mayar da hankali kan bincike. Ya shiga Royal Free Hospital a London a cikin 1990s kuma ya kasance a can har sai da ya yi murabus a shekara ta 2001. Ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar a Royal da ke aiki a kan cututtukan kumburi na hanji daga 1995 zuwa 1998.

## manazarta