open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Gynaikon Limen

**Gynaikon Limen** ( Ancient Greek   ; "Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Mata"), wani wurin ajiye jiragen ruwa ne da ke tsakanin Anaplus da Leostheneion a Thrace a bakin tekun Bosporus, kusa da wani wuri da ake kira **Phidalia** (Φιδάλια) ko **Phidaleia** (Φιδάλεια).  Ana kuma kiransa **Limen Phidalias**  ko kuma **bakin tekun Phidalia** (κόλπος Φειδαλίας).  Pliny the Elder ya rubuta cewa a bayan Bosporus akwai Tekun Lasthenes (wanda yake kira Casthenes, amma Lasthenes ko Leosthenes shine madaidaicin tsari)  da kuma tashoshin jiragen ruwa guda biyu, ɗaya ana kiransa "Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Tsofaffi" ɗayan kuma "Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Mata". 

A cewar wata al'ada, Phidaleia, matar Byzas (wanda ya kafa Byzantium ), tare da wasu gungun mata, sun dakile wani hari da Stroibos, ɗan'uwan Byzas, ya jagoranta, wanda ya kai hari birnin yayin da mazan mazauna birnin ba su nan. Bayan sun kayar da maharan, Phidaleia ta bi su har zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa, wanda daga baya aka sanya wa suna don tunawa da wannan lamari. Wani mazaunin wannan gundumar tashar jiragen ruwa an san shi da Gynaikolimenites (Γυναικολιμενίτης). [1]

Dionysius na Byzantium ya ba da wani bayani game da sunan "Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Mata". Ya rubuta cewa an kira shi da wannan ko dai saboda yana da aminci daga raƙuman ruwa na teku da iskar da ke kan tudu, ko kuma saboda lokacin da mazan ba sa nan, mata sun kama tarin kifaye da suka shiga tashar. Ya kuma ƙara da cewa kusa da tashar akwai wani wuri da ake kira Kyparodes (Κυπαρώδης), wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan bishiyar cypress. 

A lokacin dawowarsa daga Farisa bayan ya dawo da True Cross, Sarki Heraclius ya ketare mashigin Bosporus tare da taimakon jiragen ruwa da shugaban ya shirya suka sauka a bakin tekun Phidalia, daga nan ya ci gaba zuwa Constantinople . 

Gyllius (tsakiyar ƙarni na 16) ya kira shi "...sinum Phidaliae, et portum mulierum..." (bay of Phidalia da tashar jiragen ruwa ta mata).  Girkawa na wancan lokacin sun kuma kira shi **Sarantacopa**,  "gadar baka arba'in", sunan da aka samo daga gada da ke kan katako arba'in waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin mashigai. 

Wurin shine Baltalimanı na zamani. 

## Manazarta
Caeria

**Caeria** (ta mutu a shekara ta 344/343 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa), sarauniya ce ta Illyrian wadda ta yi mulki a kashi na biyu na ƙarni na huɗu kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa.

Cynane, gimbiya 'yar Macedoniya kuma 'yar Philip II na Macedon da Audata na Illyria, ta shiga yaƙi da Caeria a shekara ta 344/343 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. [1] Wani labari ya ambaci cewa Cynane ta raka mahaifinta lokacin da hakan ya faru a lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓensa a Illyria. [2] Cynane ta kashe Caeria a yaƙin hannu da hannu da duka a makogwaro, [3] kuma da babban kisa, an ci sojojinta da yaƙi. [4]

## Duba kuma

* Jerin sarakunan Illyria

## Manazarta
Marta Kwiatkowska

**Marta Zofia Kwiatkowska** FRS MAE (an haife ta a shekara ta 1957) masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta ce ta Poland da ke zaune a Ƙasar Ingila . 

Kwiatkowska kwararriya ce taSashen Kimiyya na Kwamfuta a Jami'ar Oxford, Ingila,  kuma Fellow na Kwalejin Trinity, Oxford.  Har ila yau Farfesa ce (na ɗan lokaci) a Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Poland, Warsaw . Binciken ta yana mai da hankali kan bunkasa ƙira da dabarun tabbatar da kai tsaye don tsarin lissafi don tabbatar da amintacce, amintaccecce, amincin lokaci da kuma aiki mai inganci.   . Kwanan nan, ta fadada ayyukanta zuwa nazarin aminci da ƙarfin ilmantarwa mai zurfi.

## Ilimi
Kwiatkowska ta sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya da Jagora na Kimiyya a Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta tare da bambancin summa cum laude daga Jami'ar Jagiellonian da ke Kraków, Poland . Ta sami digirinta na PhD a Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta daga Jami'ar Leicester a shekarar 1989. 

## Ayyuka da bincike
Bayan ta sami PhD, Kwiatkowska ta kasance mataimakiyar farfesa a Jami'ar Jagiellonian, (1980-1988); masanin bincike kuma malami a Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta a Jami'an Leicester (1984-1994); kuma malami ne a Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta, mai karatu a Semantics for Concurrency, kuma farfesa a Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta a Jami'ar Birmingham (1994-2007). Ta shiga Jami'ar Oxford a shekara ta 2007, Kwiatkowska ita ce farfesa mace ta farko a Sashen Kimiyya na Kwamfuta kuma yanzu tana jagorantar taken bincike na Automated Verification . [1][2]

Binciken Kwiatkowska yana haɓaka samfuran da hanyoyin bincike don tsarin rikitarwa, kamar yadda aka samu a cikin hanyoyin sadarwar kwamfuta, kwayoyin halitta da na'urorin lantarki. Kwiatkowska ya jagoranci ci gaban mai binciken samfurin PRISM;   An sauke PRISM sama da sau 100,000 kuma akwai takardu sama da 700 ta ƙungiyoyin bincike na waje ta amfani da PRISM (kamar yadda a Fabrairu 2026).

Kayan AI a ci gaban hanyoyin yiwuwar da yawa a tabbatarwa a fagen duniya, aikin Kwiatkowska na baya-bayan nan ya haɗa da kira daga ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden bayanai tare da mai da hankali kan aminci da ƙarfi don ilmantarwa na inji da AI. A matsayinta na memba na baya na Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI) 'Responsible AI Working Group', da kuma Royal Society's 'Digital Technology and the Planet Working Group', Kwiatkowska yana ba da shawara ga karɓar alhakin amintaccen AI.

## Manazarta
Lisa Jardine

**Lisa Anne Jardine** (née **Bronowski**; 12 Afrilu 1944 - 25 Oktoba 2015) ta kasance masanin tarihi Burtaniya na farkon zamani.

Daga 1990 zuwa 2011, ta kasance Farfesa na Centenary na Nazarin Renaissance  kuma darakta na Cibiyar Editing Lives and Letters a Jami'ar Sarauniya Maryamu ta London . Daga shekara ta 2008 zuwa watan Janairun shekara ta 2014 ta kasance shugabar hukumar Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA).   

## Ilimi da rayuwar mutum
An haifi Jardine a ranar 12 ga Afrilu 1944 a Oxford,   babba cikin 'ya'ya mata huɗu na masanin lissafi da masanin lissafin lissafi, Jacob Bronowski, da kuma mai zane-zane, Rita Coblentz. 

Bronowski, wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 1974 kuma an fi tunawa da shi saboda jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na 13, The Ascent of Man (1973), shi ne batun Jardine's Conway Memorial Lecture, "Abubuwan da ban taɓa sani game da mahaifina ba", wanda aka gabatar a Conway Hall Ethical Society a ranar 26 ga Yuni 2014.

Mai karatu mai sha'awar sha'awar tarihi tun yana ƙarami, Jardine ya sami tallafin karatu na lissafi a Kwalejin Mata ta Cheltenham kuma daga baya ya halarci Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge, da Jami'ar Essex .  Shekaru biyu, ta dauki Cambridge Mathematical Tripos kafin, a cikin shekarunta na ƙarshe kuma a ƙarƙashin tasirin Raymond Williams, ta karanta Turanci. Ta kammala karatu tare da girmamawa na biyu. Tana da ƙwarewa a cikin harsuna takwas (ciki har da Girkanci da Latin), ta yi karatu don MA a cikin Ka'idar Fassara tare da Farfesa Donald Davie a Jami'ar Essex . An ba ta PhD daga Jami'ar Cambridge tare da rubutun kan *Francis Bacon: Bincike da Fasahar Magana* (wanda Cambridge University Press ta buga daga baya). 

A cikin fara aiki a kan hanyar aikinta, Jardine ta tuna cewa da farko ta sami shahararren mahaifinta wani abu ne mai nauyi, tana mai lura da cewa tana da "mafi sani" na kasancewa 'yarsa. Lokacin da a shekarar 1969 ta auri masanin tarihin Cambridge kuma masanin falsafar kimiyya, Nicholas Jardine, [1] an sauƙaƙe ta ta ɗauki sunan mahaifiyar mijinta, wanda ta ci gaba da amfani da shi bayan kisan auren ma'auratan a shekarar 1979.[2][3] Ma'auratan suna da ɗa da 'yar. "Har zuwa 1999, sunan Bronowski bai taɓa faruwa a cikin yankan game da ni ba, kuma ba a san cewa ni 'yarsa ce ba", daga baya ta bayyana.[4] A shekara ta 1982, ta auri masanin gine-gine John Hare, tare da shi ta haifi ɗa guda. [2][5][3] An ruwaito cewa ta ce babbar nasararta ita ce "ya'yanta masu daidaituwa" guda uku.[6]

## Manazarta
Patricia Jacobs

**Patricia Ann Jacobs** (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga Oktoba 1934) masanin ilimin kwayoyin halitta ne na Scotland kuma Farfesa ne mai daraja na Human Genetics, Co-direkta na Bincike, Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, a cikin Jami'ar Southampton .

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Jacobs a ranar 8 ga Oktoba 1934 ga Sadie (née Jones) da Cyril Jacobs . Ta halarci Jami'ar St Andrews, ta kammala karatu a 1956 tare da BSc tare da girmamawa na farko a cikin ilimin dabbobi.

## Ayyuka da bincike
A shekara ta 1959, kwana biyar bayan Jerome Lejeune ya bayyana trisomy-21  a cikin ciwon Down, ya dogara da aikin Marthe Gautier,  Jacobs da John Strong sun bayyana ƙarin X chromosome a cikin marasa lafiya maza (karyotype 47,XXY)  wanda aka fi sani da ciwon Klinefelter, kamar yadda Harry Klinefelter ya riga ya gano alamun a 1942. Duk da aikinta na kasancewa a kan cutar XXY, ana kiran Cutar XYY a wasu lokuta da cutar Jacobs:  Bayan Avery Sandberg ya gano ta a 1961,  an kuma gano cutar a cikin binciken chromosome na maza 315 a asibiti don nakasassu, wanda Jacobs ya yi kuma saboda haka an dauke shi ƙaramin bincike na farko akan shi. Koyaya, ƙirar gwaji tana da kuskuren da yawa, gami da ƙananan samfurori, samfurori masu son kai, da kuma ma'anar ma'anar "hargitsi", ya haifar da kuskurensa na mutanen XYY a matsayin masu aikata laifuka masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da tashin hankali, wanda ya jagoranci hanyar da yawa daga cikin karatun da aka zaɓa a kan tsawo, mutane XYYY a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya.

## Kyaututtuka da girmamawa
Jacobs ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa don nuna godiya ga aikinta, gami da lambar yabo ta Mauro Baschirotto ta 1999 na European Society of Human Genetics da kuma lambar yabo ta Maris na Dimes a cikin ilmin halitta na ci gaba. [1][2][3] Ayyukanta ga kwayoyin halitta sun gan ta da suna OBE a cikin 1999.[4] An zabi Jacobs a matsayin Mataimakin Kasashen Waje na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekara ta 2010. [5]

A shekara ta 1981, ta sami lambar yabo ta William Allan daga American Society of Human Genetics .  A shekara ta 1993, an zabe ta Fellow na Royal Society .  Ita ce ta farko da ta karbi kyautar KS&A Patricia Jacobs Lifetime Achievement Award daga kungiyar agaji ta Amurka Knowledge Support & Action .  A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2010, an zabi Jacobs a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa ta Amurka, bikin shigarwa ya faru ne a watan Afrilu. A shekara ta 2011, Jacobs ya sami lambar yabo ta Maris na Dimes a cikin ilmin halitta na ci gaba.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
A shekara ta 1972 ta auri Newton Morton . Tana da 'ya'ya mata biyu da' ya'ya maza uku.

## Manazarta
Marian Holness

**Marian Barbara Holness** FRS Farfesa ce a Sashen Kimiyya na Duniya a Jami'ar Cambridge .  

## Ilimi
Holness ta yi karatu a makarantun jihar a Southampton da Jami'ar Cambridge inda ta yi karatun Tripos na Kimiyya ta Halitta kuma ta kammala PhD a shekarar 1990. 

## Ayyuka da bincike
Binciken da take so ya kasance a cikin Kimiyya ta Duniya, Geology, Mineralogy da Petrology . 

An ba ta lambar yabo ta Murchison na Geological Society of London a cikin 2019, [1] kuma an zabe ta Fellow na Royal Society a cikin 2020. [2]

## Manazarta
Wendy Hall

**Dame Wendy Hall** DBE FRS FREng MAE FIET  (an haife ta 25 ga Oktoba 1952) masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta ce ta Burtaniya. Ita ce Regius Farfesa a fannin Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta a Jami'ar Southampton . 

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Wendy Hall a yammacin London kuma ta yi karatu a makarantar Ealing Grammar School for Girls . Ta yi karatu don digiri na farko da digiri na biyu a lissafi a Jami'ar Southampton . Ta kammala digiri na farko na Kimiyya (BSc) a shekara ta 1974, da kuma digiri na Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) a shekara de 1977.  Rubutun digirin ta mai taken Automorphisms and coverings of Klein surfaces .  Daga baya ta kammala digiri na Master of Science a cikin Kwamfuta a Jami'ar City ta London .  

## Ayyuka
Wendy Hall da Hugh Davis sun jagoranci Kungiyar Binciken Multimedia a Jami'ar Southampton, wanda ya kirkiro tsarin kasuwanci kusa da farkon zamanin hypertext da tsarin bayanai, gami da:

* Microcosm 1994 (wanda ya yi amfani da sabis na haɗin kai) 
* Ayyukan Haɗin Rarraba 1995
* Multicosm 1998
* Tashar Maximizer 2001

Wadannan tsarin sun yi amfani da uwar garken daban don riƙe haɗin kai da kuma rikodin hanyoyin haɗi daga maki a cikin takardar Kalmar ko pdf, kama da hangen nesa na asali na Vannevar Bush na takardun hypertext. Wannan haɗin za a iya sabuntawa kuma a kiyaye shi azaman bayanan daban don ƙirƙirar wani nau'i daban, mai sassauƙa don kowane takarda.

An nada Hall a matsayin farfesa mace ta farko a jami'ar injiniya a shekarar 1994. Daga nan ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Makarantar Electronics da Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta daga 2002 zuwa 2007. 

A shekara ta 2006, tare da Tim Berners-Lee, Nigel Shadbolt [1] da Daniel Weitzner, Hall ya zama darektan da ya kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta yanar gizo (WSRI). [2] Yanzu da aka sani da Web Science Trust, WSRI da farko hadin gwiwa ne tsakanin Jami'ar Southampton (ECS) da MIT (CSAIL) wanda ke da niyyar daidaitawa da tallafawa nazarin Yanar Gizo ta Duniya.[2][3] Ayyukan WSRI sun taimaka wajen kafa manufar Kimiyya ta Yanar Gizo, kuma Hall yanzu shine babban darakta na Web Science Trust. [3][4]

Hall ya kasance Shugaban Ƙungiyar Kwamfuta ta Burtaniya daga 2003 zuwa 2004   da kuma kungiyar Kwamfuta daga 2008 zuwa 2010. Tun daga shekara ta 2014, ta yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishina na Hukumar Duniya kan Gudanar da Intanet.

A cikin 2017, an nada Hall a matsayin Regius Farfesa na Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta a Jami'ar Southampton . 

A cikin 2020, an nada ta a matsayin Shugabar Cibiyar Ada Lovelace ta Nuffield Foundation - mai ba da kuɗi mai zaman kansa na kungiyar, wanda ya gaji Alan Wilson . 

Tun daga 2022, Hall ya kasance Babban Edita na *[[Royal Society]] Open Science">Royal Society Open Science*  kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Buga na Royal Society daga 2017 zuwa 2022.

## Manazarta
Janet Hemingway

**Janet Hemingway** (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1957)   ƙwararren ƙwararren ɗan Burtaniya ne. Ita ce tsohuwar darakta ta Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tropical ta Liverpool (LSTM), darakta mai kafa Infection Innovation Consortium (iiCON) kuma Farfesa na Kiwon Lafiyar Tropical a LSTM . Ita ce shugabar Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene .  Ita ce darakta ta kasa da kasa ta Cibiyar hadin gwiwa don Binciken Cututtukan cututtuka a Jizan, Saudi Arabia . 

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Hemingway a wani karamin gari mai hakar ma'adinai a Yammacin Yorkshire a shekara ta 1957 ga iyayen da ke da shagon kusurwa. Ta sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimin dabbobi da kwayoyin halitta daga Jami'ar Sheffield, inda ta kafa kwayar cutar kwari ta farko a jami'ar a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin rubutunta. Ta yi PhD a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya da Magungunan Tropical ta London (LSHTM) kuma ta sami digirin digirin digirinta bayan shekaru biyu na nazarin ilmin sunadarai da kwayoyin halitta na juriya a cikin sauro na Anopheles.[1][2][3]

## Bincike da aiki
Hemingway ya ƙware a cikin ilmin sunadarai da ilmin halitta na takamaiman tsarin enzyme da ke da alaƙa da juriya ta xenobiotic, mafi mahimmanci sauro mai watsa zazzabin cizon sauro.

Ita ce ta farko da ta ba da rahoton hadin gwiwar kwayoyin halitta da yawa a kan amplicon guda ɗaya kuma ta nuna tasirin su akan yaduwar cutar.

Don gudummawar da ta bayar a shekarar 2012 don rigakafin cututtukan cututtukani na wurare masu zafi, ta sami Kwamandan Daular Burtaniya (CBE). 

A cikin 2019, ta zama mace ta farko da aka ba da lambar yabo ta Manson (tare da David Warrell). 

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Hemingway yana gudanar da gonar kadada 15 a wani kusurwa mai nisa na ƙauyen Cheshire a arewacin Ingila. Gidan ta gonar Victorian ce da aka gina a 1840. "Ta raba shi tare da dawakai biyar, karnuka biyu, cat kuma, a yanzu, 'yarta ... da abokin tarayya ."

## Manazarta
Julia Higgins

**Dame Julia Stretton Higgins** (née **Downes**; an haife ta a ranar 1 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1942) masanin kimiyya ce ta Burtaniya. Tun daga shekara ta 1976, ta kasance a Sashen Injiniyan Chemical a Kwalejin Imperial ta London, inda (tun daga shekara ta 2007) ta kasance farfesa mai daraja kuma babban mai bincike.

## Ilimi
Higgins ta yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta Ursuline, Wimbledon da Kwalejin Somerville, Oxford inda aka ba ta digiri na Master of Arts da DPhil.  

## Ayyuka
A cikin 1999, an zabi Higgins a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Injiniya ta Kasa don aikace-aikacen watsa neutron da kuma nunawa ga kayan polymeric, da kuma hidima ga al'ummar kimiyya.

Higgins ya jagoranci Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Ilimin Lissafi (ACME) daga 2008 zuwa 2012. Har ila yau, tsohuwar shugabar (1998-2003) ce ta Athena Project, wacce ke da niyyar ci gaban mata a kimiyya, injiniya da fasaha (SET), a Ilimi mafi girma. Tsakanin shekara ta 2003 zuwa shekara ta 2007, ta kuma kasance shugabar Hukumar Binciken Injiniya da Kimiyya ta Jiki. Higgins ya kasance shugaban Cibiyar Injiniyoyin Chemical 2002-03, kuma shugaban Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don Ci gaban Kimiyya 2003-04. An zabe ta Fellow na Royal Society a shekarar 1995,  kuma ta kasance sakataren kasashen waje 2001-06. 

Ita memba ce ta Cibiyar Injiniyoyin Chemical, Cibiyar Kayayyaki, Ma'adanai da Ma'adinai, Royal Society of Chemistry da Royal Academy of Engineering,  da City and Guilds of London Institute, wanda ita ce Mataimakin Shugaban. Ita 'yar girmamawa ce ta Cibiyar Kimiyya da Kwalejin Somerville, Oxford . 

An nada ta a matsayin CBE a shekara ta 1996, kafin a kira ta a matsayin mace a cikin jerin sunayen girmamawar ranar haihuwar Sarauniya ta 2001.  Dame Julia ta maye gurbin Farfesa Adrian Smith FRS a matsayin Shugaban ACME a watan Satumbar 2008 lokacin da Adrian ya zama Darakta Janar na Kimiyya da Bincike a Sashen Innovation, Jami'o'i da Kwarewa. Tana da digiri na girmamawa daga jami'o'in Burtaniya da Jami'ar Melbourne, Ostiraliya. Ayyukanta na kimiyya sun mayar da hankali kan binciken polymers tare da watsa neutron. Ta rubuta wani littafi a kan wannan fagen (Higgins & Benoit 1997). 

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2003, ta zama shugabar Hukumar Binciken Injiniya da Kimiyya ta Jiki kuma John Armitt ya gaje ta a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2007. A watan Yunin shekara ta 2006, an nada Higgins a matsayin shugaban Kwalejin Injiniya a Kwalejin Imperial ta London. Faculty of engineering at Imperial College yana daya daga cikin mafi girma a Burtaniya, wanda ya ƙunshi sassan tara tare da ma'aikata 1,000, sama da dalibai 4,200 da kuma jujjuyawar shekara-shekara na kusan £ miliyan 80. Ita memba ce ta Hukumar Kimiyya ta Tattaunawar Ilimi ta Duniya, shugabar Kwamitin Kimiyya na ESPCI ParisTech . [1]

Ita ce Patron na WISE, ƙungiyar sadaka da ke ƙarfafa mata matasa su bi aiki a Kimiyya, injiniya da Gine-gine,  da kuma memba na Majalisar Ba da Shawara don Kamfen don Kimiyya da Injiniya. 

Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Cibiyar Kimiyya daga 1 ga Oktoba 2017 zuwa 30 ga Satumba 2019. 

## Manazarta
Judith Howard

**Judith Ann Kathleen Howard**  CBE FRS (née Duckworth; 21 ga Oktoba 1945 a Cleethorpes, Lincolnshire) masanin kimiyyar Burtaniya ce, mai rubutun kirista kuma Farfesa a fannin ilmin sunadarai a Jami'ar Durham. 

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
A matsayinta na shekara ta ƙarshe, Howard ta yi aiki a kan tsarin fili, tin tetra-iron-tetra carbonyl, wanda shine tushen aikinta na farko da aka buga.

Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Bristol tare da digiri na farko na Kimiyya kuma an ba ta digiri na Doctor of Philosophy [1] daga Jami'an Oxford inda ta kasance daliba a Kwalejin Somerville, Oxford kuma ta yi nazarin tsarin insulin wanda Dorothy Hodgkin ke kula da shi. [2]

## Ayyuka da bincike
A shekara ta 1991, Howard ya koma ya zama Farfesa na Crystallography a Jami'ar Durham .  Ta rubuta littattafan kimiyya sama da 1,500, wanda ya haifar da H-index na 82.

Binciken Howard yana cikin X-ray crystallography . Abubuwan da take so sun haɗa da crystallisation na ruwa, crystallography na zafin jiki mai zurfi, crystalography na matsin lamba, nazarin yawan caji na gwaji, halayen jihohi masu ƙarfi nazarin kayan gani marasa layi da kayan da ke da ban sha'awa.[1]

Howard ya kirkiro kayan aiki waɗanda ke ba da damar masana kimiyya su taimaka wajen ci gaba da tabbatar da ka'idoji a fagen X-ray crystallography. Ita ce shugaban software na Olexsys don inganta bayanan crystallographic.

### Kyaututtuka da girmamawa
An ba ta lambar yabo ta Doctor of Science a Jami'ar Bristol a shekarar 1986.  A shekara ta 2005, ta sami digiri na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Bath . A shekara ta 2016 ta sami Digiri na Dokta na Kimiyya daga Jami'ar Gabashin Anglia .  Sauran kyaututtuka sun hada da:

## Manazarta
Judy Hirst

**st** masanin kimiyya ne na Burtaniya wanda ke ƙwarewa a cikin ilmin halitta na mitochondrial . Ita ce Darakta  na MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit a Jami'ar Cambridge .

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
Hirst ya girMA a Lepton, ƙauyen da ke kusa da Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, kuma ya halarci Makarantar King James da Kwalejin Greenhead, Huddersfield .  Ta yi karatu don MA a cikin ilmin sunadarai a Kwalejin St John, Oxford,  sannan aka ba ta digiri na Doctor of Philosophy a Kwaleji ta Lincoln, Oxford, a cikin 1997, don bincike wanda Fraser Armstrong ke kula da shi kan jigilar lantarki a cikin enzymes na redox. 

## Ayyuka da bincike
Biye da D.Phil. , Hirst ya gudanar da zumunci a Cibiyar Bincike ta Scripps a California, kafin ya koma Cambridge.

Ya zuwa 2023 Hirst ɗan farfesa ne kuma Darakta na Nazarin Kimiyya na Halitta a Kwalejin Corpus Christi, Cambridge,  kuma tun daga 2020 ya kasance darektan MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit tun da yake a baya ya kasance mataimakin darektan (2011-2014) da mataimakin Darektan (2014-2020). Babban sha'awar bincikenta shine mitochondrial complex I.

An buga Hirst a cikin 2018 a kan tambayoyin budewa: supercomplexes na sarkar numfashi - me ya sa suke can kuma menene suke yi?[1] kuma yana aiki tare da Justin Fedor, ya buga bincike kan mitochondrial supercomplexes a cikin Cell Metabolism . [2] Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan a cikin tawagarta ya haɗa da binciken, wanda aka buga a watan Mayu 2020 ta American Chemical Society Synthetic Biology akan 'Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), kuɗin makamashi na salula, yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwa. Saboda haka ikon samar da wadataccen ATP yana da mahimmanci don gina ƙwayoyin halitta na wucin gadi a cikin ilmin halitta na roba' wanda ya haɓaka 'ƙananan tsarin numfashi da sake farfado da makamashi'.[3]

## Kyaututtuka da girmamawa
Da farko a cikin aikinta, an ba Hirst lambar yabo ta EMBO Young Investigator Award (2001) da kuma Young Investigador Award daga Royal Society of Chemistry Inorganic Biochemistry Discussion Group (2006). 

An zabi Hirst a matsayin Fellow na Royal Society (FRS) a shekarar 2018.  An ba ta lambar yabo ta Interdisciplinary na Royal Society of Chemistry a wannan shekarar.  A cikin 2019, an zabi Hirst Fellow na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya  tare da ambaton:

An ba Hirst lambar yabo ta Keilin Memorial Lecture da Medal a cikin 2020 don bincike wanda:

## Manazarta
Ares Gynaecothoenas

**Gynaecothoenas** ( Greek  , lit. '   ) wani suna ne na tsohon allahn yaƙin Girkawa Ares a tsohon birnin Tegea da ke Arcadia . Bisa ga al'adar da aka samu a cikin labarin Pausanias, a lokacin yaƙi tsakanin Tegeans da Spartans, matan Tegea sun kare birnin daga mamayar da sarkin Spartan Charilaus ya jagoranta. Matan Marpessa ne ya jagorance su, kuma bayan sun yi musu makamai, suka ci Spartans bayan wani kwanton bauna. Daga cikin fursunonin akwai sarkin Spartan da kansa.   Gynaecothoenas a matsayin wani suna na Ares ya taso bayan waɗannan abubuwan; Pausanias ya bayyana cewa waɗannan abubuwan ne suka haifar da sabon suna da kuma wani biki na Ares wanda mata ne kawai suka ci. 

A cikin labarinsa, Pausanias bai ambaci shigar allahn yaƙi kai tsaye a cikin waɗannan abubuwan ba, yana nuna yadda waɗannan abubuwan suka kasance ƙarƙashin jagorancin shirin matan yankin ba tare da tsangwama daga Allah ba.  A lokacin ne matan suka miƙa hadayar ga Ares bayan abubuwan da suka faru. 

Makamin Marpessa ya fito fili a cikin Haikalin Athena Alea, wani wuri mai mahimmanci ga al'ummar yankin Tegea, wanda ke nuna mahimmancin wannan labarin da halayen Marpessa a cikin tunawa da mutanen Tegea. [1] Hoton Ares Gynaecothoenas yana kan Tegean Agora kuma, saboda haka, yana da sauƙin gani ga baƙi zuwa birnin. [2] [3] Wannan labarin wani ɓangare ne na labarin rikici tsakanin Tegeans da Spartans, wanda ya ƙunshi wasu daga cikin tarihin da aka bayyana a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na asalin yankin Tegea.

## Manazarta
Lampsace

A cikin tarihin tatsuniyoyi na Girka, **Lampsace** ko **Lampsake** ( Ancient Greek   ) shine sunan birnin Lampsacus, wanda aka girmama a matsayin jaruma kuma daga baya aka girmama shi. Labarin da ya shafi ta, wanda aka sani daga ayyukan Plutarch da Polyaenus, shine kamar haka.

Lampsace 'yar Mandron ce, sarkin Bebryces a Pityussa (tsohon suna na Lampsacus). Phobus na Phocaea ne ya taimaka wa mahaifinta a wani rikici na soja da mutanen da ke makwabtaka da ita, kuma, a matsayin lada, an ba wa Phobus wani ɓangare na masarautarsa, inda na ƙarshe ya jagoranci wani yanki daga Phocaea. Daga baya 'yan mulkin mallaka suka jagoranci yaƙin neman zaɓe na soja da dama kuma suka sami kyaututtuka da yawa, wanda ya sa al'ummar Pityussa ta tsorata su da kuma yi musu hassada. Daga nan sai Bebrycians suka ƙirƙiro makirci don korar Helenawa daga ƙasarsu idan babu Mandron. Lampsace ta fahimci makircin kuma ta ba da rahoto ga Helenawa, waɗanda suka hana 'yan baranda ta hanyar ƙirƙirar dabarun kansu: sun gayyaci Bebrycians zuwa wani liyafa na hadaya kuma lokacin da suka bugu, rabin Helenawa sun kashe su yayin da sauran rabin ke iko da ganuwar birnin. Daga nan sai Helenawa suka gayyaci Mandron ya yi mulki a kansu amma ya zaɓi ya tafi, ya ɗauki mata da 'ya'yan waɗanda aka kashe tare da shi. An girmama Lampsace sosai saboda sanar da Girkawa game da barazanar da ke tafe, amma ta yi rashin lafiya ta mutu. 'Yan ƙasar sun yi mata jana'iza mai ban mamaki kuma suka ci gaba da bauta mata a matsayin jaruma, suna sake mata suna Pityussa zuwa Lampsacus don girmama ta; daga baya aka yi ƙuri'a don ɗaukaka ta zuwa matsayin allahiya. Saboda haka ana girmama ta tun zamanin Plutarch. [1] [2] [3]

## Manazarta

* Grimal, Pierre . Kamus Mai Takaitaccen Bayani game da tatsuniyoyi na Gargajiya. Basil Blackwell Ltd, 1990. - shafi na 236
* Lyons, Deborah. Jinsi da Rashin Mutuwa: Karin Bayani - Kundin Jarumai, Princeton University Press, 1996, a ƙarƙashin ''Lampsake'' An shiga 7 Afrilu 2012
Messene (tatsuniyoyi)

A cikin tatsuniyoyin Girka, **Messene** / / mɪˈsiːni / ; Tsohon Girkanci : Μεσσήνη) 'yar Triopas ce, sarkin Argos (ko kuma, a madadin haka, 'yar Phorbas kuma 'yar'uwar Triopas  ). Ta auri Polycaon, ɗan sarki Lelex, na Laconia .

## Tatsuniyoyi
An ce Messene tana da babban buri. Bayan mutuwar surukinta, ɗan'uwan mijinta Myles ya gaji sarautar Laconia. Ba nufinta bane a aurar da ita ga wani mutum da ba a san sunansa ba, don haka ta tafi ta tattara runduna mai makamai daga Argos da Laconia. Da zarar rundunarsu ta shirya, ma'auratan da suka yi aure sun mamaye wani yanki da ke kusa. Daga nan aka sanya wa wannan yanki suna Messenia, bayan gimbiya mai tsauri ta Argos. Bayan kafa sabuwar masarauta, suka kafa birnin Andania, inda suka gina fadarsu. [1] Glaucus, ɗan Aepytus kuma jikan Cresphontes, ya kafa wata ƙungiyar jaruma ta Messene. [2] Akwai wani jarumi a Messenia tare da mutum-mutumin zinare da marmara Parian . [3] An kiyasta cewa labarin ya faru ne a ƙarni na 10 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa [4]

Pausanias ya yi tsokaci cewa ya duba cikin *The Great Ehoiai*, *Naupactica* da ayyukan Cinaethon da Asius na Samos don neman bayanai game da yaran Polycaon da Messene, amma bai sami wani bayani mai dacewa ba. 

## Manazarta
Hydna

**Hydna** na Scione (wanda ake kira Hydne ko Cyana) ( Ancient Greek   ; fl. 480 BC)  tsohon ɗan wasan ninkaya ne kuma mai nutsewa wanda aka yaba masa saboda gudummawar da ya bayar wajen lalata sojojin ruwan Farisa a shekara ta 480 BC .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
A cewar Pausanias ( *Bayanin Girka*, 10.19.1.), kafin yaƙin Salamis. wani muhimmin yaƙin ruwa da Farisawa, Hydna da mahaifinta, Scyllias, sun ba da kansu don taimakawa sojojin Girka ta hanyar lalata rundunar sojojin ruwan Farisa da ke kusa. Bayan isa Girka, sarki Xerxes na I na Farisa ya ajiye jiragen ruwansa a bakin tekun Dutsen Pelion don jira guguwa kafin yaƙin Artemisium . Hydna sananne ne a Girka a matsayin ƙwararren mai ninkaya, bayan mahaifinta, ƙwararren mai koyar da ninkaya mai suna Scyllias, ya horar da ita tun tana ƙarama.  An san ta da iyawarta ta yin iyo mai nisa da nutsewa cikin teku.

A daren da aka kai harin, uba da 'yarsa sun yi iyo kusan mil goma a cikin ruwa mai kauri da sanyi don isa ga jiragen.  Sun yi iyo a cikin jiragen ruwa a hankali, suna amfani da wuƙaƙe don yanke shingen jiragen ruwa kuma suna jan anka da ke ƙarƙashin ruwa. Ba tare da anga da sanda don kare jiragen ba, sun yi karo tare a cikin ruwan guguwa. Yawancin jiragen ruwan sun sami mummunan lalacewa kuma kaɗan sun nutse. Jinkirin da ya haifar ya ba wa sojojin ruwan Girka ƙarin lokaci don shiryawa a Artemisium kuma daga ƙarshe ya haifar da nasara ga sojojin Girka a Salamis.

A wani tarihin Herodotus, Scyllias yana aiki ne ga Farisawa a matsayin mai nutsewa, yana dawo da wani ɓangare na dukiyar da aka nutse a cikin guguwar kafin ya bar ƙasar zuwa ɓangaren Girka. Ana zargin ya nutse daga Aphetae zuwa Artemisium, wataƙila ta amfani da jirgin ruwa na asali ko jirgin ruwa da aka sata, kuma ya kawo wa Girkawa bayanai game da rundunar sojojin Farisa. Wannan labarin yana nuna cewa shi ɗan ƙasar Girka ne a cikin rundunar sojojin Farisa, wanda da ya yi wa Hydna ɓarna kuma ya amfana da shi sosai kafin ya gudu. 

Don godiya ga jarumtar da Hydna da mahaifinta suka nuna, Amphictyons sun keɓe musu gumaka a Delphi, wuri mafi tsarki a duniyar Girka . Pausanias ya gaya mana cewa "a gefen mutum-mutumin Gorgias akwai hadayar Amphictyons ga uba da 'ya". [1] Ana tsammanin cewa sarkin Roma Nero ya washe mutum-mutumin nata ya dawo da shi zuwa Roma a ƙarni na farko AD . [2]

A cikin wata waƙa ta iambic, Aeschrion na Samos ya ba da labarin cewa allahn teku Glaucus ya yi sha'awar Hydne. 

## Zane-zanen al'adu
Hydna ya bayyana a littafin Elva Sophronia Smith na 1954 novel *Adventure Calls* .

Scyllias ya fito a fim ɗin 2014 *mai suna 300: Rise of an Empire* wanda Callan Mulvey ya nuna, duk da cewa Hydna ba ta yi ba, an maye gurbinta da ɗa namiji mai suna Calisto ( Jack O'Connell ).

## Manazarta
Lamia na Athens

**Lamia ta [[Athens]]** ( Girkanci : Λαμία; fl. 300 BC) fitacciyar mai kula ce, kuma uwargidan Demetrius Poliorcetes .

## Rayuwa
Lamia 'yar wani mai tsaftacewa ce. Ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai busa sarewa a kan dandamali, wanda hakan ya sa ta shahara, amma daga baya ta yi watsi da shi har abada a matsayin mai son sha'awa .

Ba a san yadda ta tsinci kanta a cikin rundunar sojojin Ptolemy I a yaƙin jiragen ruwa na Salamis a Cyprus ba (306 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa), amma a wannan lokacin ne ta faɗa hannun matashin Demetrius Poliorcetes . Duk da cewa a lokacin ta riga ta wuce matsayinta na farko, ta kama ƙaramin yarima, kuma tasirinta ya ci gaba da raguwa tsawon shekaru da yawa, duk da yawan abokan hamayyarta. An ce ta dogara ne da basirarta da baiwarta, kuma marubutan barkwanci da masana tarihi na lokacin sun yi bikin waɗannan, kuma Plutarch da Athenaeus sun adana labarai da yawa game da ita.

An yi ta magana sosai game da yawan liyafa da ta bai wa Demetrius. Duk da haka, an rubuta cewa ta yi amfani da dukiyar da aka ba ta ta hanyar gina baranda mai kyau ga 'yan ƙasar Sicyon, wataƙila a lokacin da Demetrius ya sake gina Sicyon. Mutanen Atheniya, domin faranta wa Demetrius rai, sun tsarkake haikali don girmama Lamia, a ƙarƙashin laƙabin Aphrodite, kuma mutanen Theban sun bi misalinsu. A cewar Athenaeus, ta haifi 'ya mace daga Demetrius, wanda aka sanya wa suna Phila .

Diogenes Laertius (aya ta 76) ya ambaci cewa Demetrius na Phalerum shi ma ya zauna tare da wata mace mai suna Lamia, wadda ya kira Athenian na haihuwa mai daraja. Cewa Lamia wataƙila mutum ne daban, idan labarin ba kuskure ba ne.

## Manazarta
Maria Harrison

**Maria J. Harrison** FRS ita ce William H. Crocker Masanin kimiyya a Cibiyar Boyce Thompson don Kimiyya ta Shuka, kuma mataimakin farfesa a Makarantar Kimiyya ta Tsire-tsire a Jami'ar Cornell . 

## Ilimi
Ta sami digirinta na PhD a fannin ilmin sunadarai daga Jami'ar Manchester a shekarar 1987 don bincike kan Bayyanawar kwayar halitta a cikin tsaba na Tumar wanda T.A. Brown ke kula da shi.

## Ayyuka da bincike
Lab din Harrison, gami da post-doctoral, digiri, digiri na farko, da ɗalibai masu zaman kansu, suna amfani da haɗuwa da kwayoyin halitta, ilmin halitta, kwayoyin halitta. da dabarun genomic don bincika hanyoyin ci gaba da ke haifar da symbiosis da canja wurin phosphate tsakanin fungi na mycorrhizal (AM fungi; AMF) (gami da Glomus versiform, Glomus intraradices, da Gigaspora gigantea) da tushen samfurin legume Medicume truncatula.[1] Daga cikin shahararrun binciken Harrison shine cewa tsire-tsire suna amfani da siginar hormone don daidaita symbiosis na AM kuma cewa jigilar phosphate yana da mahimmanci ga kula da wannan symbiosis.[2] Wadannan binciken sun ba da damar filin hulɗar fungal-tsire don bin sabbin tambayoyin bincike ciki har da sarrafawa na gaba na samun phosphate a cikin nau'ikan amfanin gona masu mahimmanci.[2]

### Daraja da kyaututtuka
An zabe ta a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa a watan Afrilun 2019  kuma Fellow na Royal Society (FRS) a 2024.  Sauran kyaututtuka da girmamawa sun hada da:

* Kwalejin Aikin Gona da Kimiyya ta Rayuwa ta Jami'ar Cornell Kyautattun Kyaututtuka a Binciken Nazarin Jagora (2015) 
* Kyautar Dennis R. Hoagland (2015) 
* Kwalejin Kwalejin Microbiology ta Amurka (AAM) Fellow (2013) 
* Ƙungiyar Amurka don Ci gaban Kimiyya (AAAS) Fellow (2012) 
* William H. Crocker Masanin kimiyya (2011) 

## Manazarta
Hippo (mace Girka)

**Hippo** mace ce 'yar Girka da marubucin Latin Valerius Maximus ya ambata a ƙarni na farko AD a matsayin misali na tsarkin rai . An kuma haɗa ta cikin *Shahararrun Mata* da Giovanni Boccaccio ya rubuta game da su a ƙarni na 14.

## A cikin Valerius Maximus

Valerius Maximus ya haɗa labarin Hippo a cikin *[[Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium|littafin tarihin Facta et dicta]]* a matsayin misali na waje na tsarkin jiki don ƙara wa labaran Romawa da ya ba da labarin a baya. Ya bayyana cewa lokacin da rundunar abokan gaba ta sace Hippo, ta yanke shawarar ceton tsarkinta a kan asarar ranta, ta jefa kanta cikin teku har ta mutu. An wanke gawarta a bakin tekun Erythrae . A cewar Valerius Maximus, an gina mata kabari wanda ya tsira a zamaninsa, kuma sunanta mai daraja ya kasance a tsakanin Girkawa. 

## A cikin Boccaccio
Valerius Maximus ya yi aiki a matsayin tushen bayanin Boccaccio mai zurfi game da Hippo.  

Boccaccio ya lura cewa babu wani tarihin asalinta ko wurin haihuwarta da ya tsira, sai dai daga "littattafan tsoffin mutane" waɗanda suka bayyana cewa ita Ba'amurke ce kuma an san ta da wani aiki nagari guda ɗaya. Ya ba da cikakken bayani fiye da Valerius Maximus game da shawarar Hippo na kashe kanta, yana mai cewa tana da kyau kuma tana sane da cewa waɗanda suka kama ta sun yi niyyar yi mata fyaɗe. Ya ce bayan raƙuman ruwa sun jefar da gawar Hippo a bakin tekun Erythraean, inda mazauna suka binne ta kamar wanda ya nutse a cikin jirgin ruwa, amma daga baya maƙiyanta suka bayyana sunanta da musabbabin mutuwarta, lokacin da mutanen Erythraean suka gina mata kabari mai girma, mai ɗorewa a matsayin abin tunawa.

Boccaccio da kansa ya yaba wa Hippo, yana mai cewa ta ceci tsarkinta ta hanyar rage masa wasu shekaru na rayuwa, kuma ta sami girmamawa ta har abada da mutuwarta da wuri. 

## Majiyoyin farko

* Livy, *Ab urbe condita*
* Plutarch, *De Mulierum Virtutibus*
* Valerius Maximus, *Factorum ac dictorum memorebilium*

## Manazarta

* Brown, Virginia, fassarar littafin Giovanni Boccaccio mai suna *On Famous Women* na Cambridge da London (2001), Harvard University Press; 
* Guarino, GA, *Boccaccio, Game da Shahararrun Mata* ( New Brunswick, NJ, 1963)
* Walker, Henry John, fassarar littafin Valerius Maximus mai suna " *Ayyuka da Zantukan da Ba a Manta da su ba: Tatsuniyoyi Dubu Ɗaya daga Tsohon Roma* ," Hackett Publishing (2004),
Stratonice na Pontus

**Stratonice na Pontus** ( Greek   ; fl. ƙarni na 1 BC) mace ce 'yar Girka daga Masarautar Pontus wadda take ɗaya daga cikin matan kuma matar Sarki Mithridates na VI na Pontus ce ta huɗu. 

Stratonice 'yar ƙasar Pontian ce ta Kabeira .  Asalinta mace ce mai mugunta kuma 'yar mai harp ce. 

Stratonice mawaki ne mai harba harp a fadar Mithridates VI. [1] Ta zama ɗaya daga cikin matan Sarki kuma daga ƙarshe Mithridates VI ta aure ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matansa bayan shekara ta 86 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). Stratonice ta haifi ɗa Mithridates mai suna Xiphares . [2] Stratonice ta zama ɗaya daga cikin matan Sarki da aka fi so kuma ta sami rinjaye sosai a kansa. [2] Lokacin da aka tilasta wa Mithridates VI ya yi gudun hijira zuwa Bahar Maliya, Mithridates VI ya bar Stratonice ya kula da wani katafaren sansanin soja a Coenum inda ya ajiye dukiya mai yawa. [2]

An tilasta wa Stratonice ta miƙa sansanin soja da taskokin sansanin ga Janar Pompey na Romawa, bisa sharadin cewa Pompey za ta ceci ran ɗanta.  Duk da haka, Mithridates na VI ta hukunta ta saboda cin amanar da ta yi ta hanyar kashe ɗansu a gaban idanunta.  Ta mutu a shekara ta 63 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa lokacin da Janar Pompey na Romawa ya haɗa Masarautar Pontus .

## Manazarta
Liu Shifu

**Liu Shifu** (Sinanci: 劉師復; : ; : ; an haife shi **Liu Shaobin**;  27 Yuni 1884 - 27 Maris 1915) wanda aka fi sani da Sifu, ɗan kasar Sin ne kuma ɗan siyasa. Ya kasance Esperantist kuma mutum ne mai tasiri a cikin juyin juya halin kasar Sin a farkon karni na ashirin, kuma a cikin ƙungiyar anarchist ta kasar Sin musamman. Ya kasance babban mutum a cikin motsi, musamman a lardin Guangdong, kuma daya daga cikin manyan masu shirya a cikin al'adar anarchist ta kasar Sin. Wani lokaci ana daukar shi a matsayin Pierre-Joseph Proudhon na kasar Sin.

## Shekaru na farko
An haifi Liu Shaobin a ranar 27 ga Yuni 1884, a cikin iyali mai wadata a cikin Gundumar Xiangshan, Guangdong .   Mahaifinsa, Liu Biancheng jami'in gida ne kuma yana shiga harkokin kasuwanci. Ya saba karatu tun yana yaro yayin da yake tare da wasu matasa suna firgita da sakamakon Yaƙin Sin da Japan na farko a wannan zamanin, ya sami matsayi na farko a cikin jarrabawar gida na Guangdong a cikin 1898.  A shekara ta gaba, Liu, saboda takaici da siyasar kasar Sin, ya kasa jarrabawar lardin a Guangzhou da gangan, wanda ya ba mahaifinsa mamaki sosai. Liu bai son karatunsa na yau da kullun ba, kuma ya yi tunanin kasar Sin tana buƙatar sake fasalin.

Bayan ya kasa gwajin, Liu ya fara ayyukansa na farko na sake fasalin ta hanyar taimaka wa ƙungiyar karatu don nazarin littattafai da mujallu don sabon ilimi da shirya ƙungiyar magana da jama'a. Dan uwansa, Liu Yuehang ya bi shi a cikin waɗannan ayyukan. Sun kuma kafa reshe na ƙungiyar karatunsu a Macau, inda Shifu ya sadu da  , ɗaya daga cikin masu tunani na kasar Sin a wannan zamanin, kuma ya fara Makarantar 'yan mata a Xiangshan. Tare da waɗannan ayyukan sake fasalin Liu ya ci gaba da neman ilimi don biyan bukatun ƙasarsa, kuma don ra'ayi, wasu ma'anar yadda ya kamata a canza China.

## Ayyuka na baya
Liu ya koma China a shekarar 1906.  Bayan ya dawo China, Liu ya shirya wasu ƙungiyoyin juyin juya hali a ƙarshen 1906 da farkon 1907.  A safiyar 1 ga Mayu 1907, Liu ya yi ƙoƙarin kashe , kwamandan sojojin ruwa na Guangdong na daular Qing, amma Liu ya gaza kuma ya rasa hannu ɗaya a wani fashewa da ya faru ba zato ba tsammani.   Daga baya an kama Liu aka daure shi na tsawon shekaru uku saboda rashin nasarar kisan gillar.  A farkon 1910, bayan an sake shi, Liu ya kafa Rundunar Kisan Kai ta China tare da Xie Yingbo, Zhu Shutang da sauransu.  Rundunar Kisan Kai ta China ƙungiya ce ta adawa da mulkin mallaka wadda dabarun ƙungiyar nihilist ta Rasha suka yi tasiri sosai kuma ta yi kira da a yi ta'addancin juyin juya hali da kuma kisan manyan masu laifi ( farfagandar aikata laifuka ). Bayan ya koma ga rashin tsari, ya yi Allah wadai da waɗannan dabarun a matsayin abin da ba shi da amfani kuma ya mayar da hankali kan shirya tushen ƙasa tsakanin manoma da ma'aikata don gina ƙungiyar jama'a mai juyin juya hali. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin farkon masu juyin juya halin China da suka ba da shawara sosai kan shirya tsarin manoma a matsayin muhimmin abu na dabarun juyin juya halinsa.

## Manazarta
Telesilla

**Telesilla** ( Ancient Greek   ) tsohuwar mawaƙiyar waƙar Girka ce daga Argos, mai aiki a ƙarni na biyar kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). An san ta da rawar da ake tsammani ta taka wajen kare Argos a shekara ta 494 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), wanda masana zamani ke shakkar sa. Ƴan guntu-guntu ne kawai suka tsira, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu suna nuni ga alloli Apollo da Artemis . Masanin nahawu Hephaestion ya ambaci guntu mafi tsayi da ya tsira, layuka biyu kacal, don kwatanta mitar Telesillan, wacce aka sanya mata suna. A bayyane take ta shahara a zamanin da, Antipater na Tasalonika ya haɗa ta a cikin kundin waƙoƙin mata; a ƙarni na ashirin ta yi wahayi zuwa ga waƙa ta mawaƙin mai tunani HD.

## Rayuwa
Ba a san komai game da rayuwar Telesilla ba.  Ta fito ne daga birnin Argos na Peloponnesian.  Wani al'ada da Plutarch da Pausanias suka ruwaito ta danganta ta da kare birnin bayan Yaƙin Sepeia a shekara ta 494 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS);  a cewar Eusebius, furenta ya kasance kusan shekara ta 450 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS).  Da ace duka waɗannan kwanakin sun yi daidai, da ta rayu tsawon rai.  A madadin haka, Maria Elisabetta Colonna ta gabatar da cewa an haife ta a shekara ta 1940 kafin haihuwar Annabi  .  Plutarch ya ce Telesilla ta fito ne daga dangin masu arziki;  Martin Litchfield West ya nuna cewa tana da matsayin firistoci na gado, kamar yadda sunayen da suka fara "Telesi–" wani lokacin ana danganta su da irin waɗannan iyalai. 

Plutarch ya ba da rahoton cewa Telesilla tana cikin rashin lafiya; bisa ga umarnin wani mai sihiri ta zama mawaƙi, kuma an warkar da ita.  A cewar Plutarch da Pausanias, lokacin da Cleomenes na I na Sparta ya kai hari ga Argos a shekara ta 494 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS) kuma ya ci rundunar Argive a Sepeia, Telesilla ta shirya tsofaffi, bayi, da mata na birnin don kare ta har sai da Spartans suka janye.   Plutarch ya ce nasarar Telesilla ta kasance bikin bikin Hybristica .  Herodotus ya bayyana yakin, wanda bai ambaci tsaron birnin na Telesilla ba,  kuma masana na zamani galibi suna shakkar tarihin labarin.   Gabaɗaya ana kyautata zaton an ƙirƙira shi ne don bayyana wani mai sihiri na Delphic wanda ke nufin mace ta kori namijin; haɗa Telesilla a cikin tatsuniyar wataƙila wani abu ne da ke cikin waƙarta ya samo asali ne daga wahayi.  Duk da haka, wasu masana kamar RA Tomlinson da Jennifer Martinez Morales sun yi jayayya cewa labarin mata da ke kare birnin abu ne mai yiwuwa,   kodayake Tomlinson ya nuna cewa rawar da Telesilla ta taka ta wuce gona da iri. 

A bayyane yake ana sha'awar waƙoƙin Telesilla a zamanin d ̄ a.[1] A cewar Eusebius ta kasance sananniya kamar Bacchylides, kuma Antipater na Thessalonica ya haɗa ta a cikin kundin mata tara.[1] A cewar Pausanias, akwai wani dutse ga Telesilla a gaban haikalin Aphrodite a Argos wanda ya nuna ta tana riƙe da kwalkwali kuma tare da waƙoƙinta a ƙasa da ke kewaye da ita, kuma Tatian ya ba da rahoton cewa Niceratus ya zana ta.[1][1]

A cikin duniyar zamani, Telesilla ta yi wahayi zuwa ga waka ta H.D. "Telesila",  kuma an haɗa ta a cikin Judy Chicago's Heritage Floor, tare da wurin da Aspasia ke cikin The Dinner Party. [22][23]

## Manazarta
Stratonice na Makidoniya

**Stratonice** ( Greek  , *Stratoníkē* ; ya rayu a ƙarni na 3 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS) na ƙasar Macedonia 'yar Stratonice ce ta Siriya kuma ta sarkin Seleucid Antiochus I Soter (281 &#x2013; 261 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa). Ta auri Demetrius II (239 &#x2013; 229 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa), sarkin Macedonia . 

## Tarihin rayuwa
Stratonice ta haifi Demetrius II 'yar da ake kira Apama . [1] Ba a san lokacin aurensu ba; amma ta bayyana cewa ta kasance a Makidoniya har zuwa kimanin 239 BC, lokacin da ta bar Demetrius cikin ƙyama, saboda aurensa na biyu ga Phthia, 'yar Olympias, kuma ta yi ritaya zuwa Siriya. A nan ta yi amfani da ɗan'uwanta Seleucus II Callinicus (246-225 BC) don rama zagi da aka ba ta ta ta hanyar ayyana yaƙi da sarkin Makidoniya. A cewar wani labarin, tana fatan ta sa Seleucus da kansa ya aure ta; amma wannan masarautar ta shagala da dawo da Babila da manyan larduna na daular. Yayinda yake aiki, Stratonice ya yi amfani da rashin sa don tayar da tawaye a kansa a Antakiya; amma an kore ta cikin sauƙi daga wannan birni a dawowar Seleucus, kuma ta nemi mafaka a Seleucia, inda aka kewaye ta, aka kama ta, kuma aka kashe ta.[1]

## Manazarta
Amazonius

**Apollo Amazonius** ( Gr.  ) wani salon bauta ne na allahn Girkawa Apollo, wanda ake bauta masa a ƙarƙashinsa, kuma yana da haikali a Pyrrhichus a Laconia . Sunan ya samo asali ne daga imani cewa mutanen Amazon na tatsuniyoyi sun shiga yankin Peloponnese har zuwa Pyrrhichus, ko kuma cewa su da kansu ne suka kafa haikalin Apollo a can.  

Magana da aka sani kawai game da wannan asalin, a cikin bayanin Pausanias na Girka, wani abu ne mai ban mamaki a cikin nazarin al'adun almara na Amazon.[1] Yana da ban mamaki a ji game da Amazons a Laconia, yankin da ba a haɗa shi da labarin da aka saba da shi na mamaye Attica ba. Pausanias ya ba da shawarar babban sojojin Amazon da suka tsaya a can, wanda kuma bai dace da al'adun tarihin Boeotian ba wanda ya nuna cewa 'yan Amazons ne kawai suka rabu da masu masaukin bayan da Theseus ya ci su. Abu na biyu, an ambaci wannan Apollo a matsayin abokiyar allahiya Artemis, wanda kuma ba a saba gani ba, kuma wanda ya sa wasu masana suyi hasashen cewa "Apollo Amazonius" ya nuna ba Apollo na gargajiya na Girka ba, amma allahn da ba na Helenanci ba, mai yiwuwa na mutanen Asiya na Laconia, Lycia, Phrygia da Crete, kafin mulkin mallaka na Helenanci. Sunan "Apollo" a fadin yankuna daban-daban na zamanin d ̄ a sau da yawa ana nufin wasu abubuwa daban-daban tare da halaye daban-daban.[1]

## Manazarta