Rashin sinadarai a wurin

**In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO**), wani nau'i na ci gaba da tsari na oxidation, wata hanyar Gyara muhalli ce da ake amfani da ita don gyara ƙasa da / ko ruwa na ƙasa don rage yawan gurɓataccen muhalli zuwa matakan da aka yarda da su. ISCO ana aiwatar da shi ta hanyar gabatar da sinadarai masu karfi a cikin matsakaici mai gurbatawa (ƙasa ko ruwa mai zurfi) don lalata gurbataccen sinadarai . Ana iya amfani da shi don magance nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta iri-iri, gami da wasu waɗanda ke tsayayya da lalacewar halitta. In situ a cikin ISCO shine kawai Latin don "a wurin", yana nuna cewa ISCO shine sinadarin sinadarai wanda ke faruwa a shafin gurɓatawar.

Magani da wasu abubuwa masu kwayoyin halitta kamar su chlorinated solvents (trichloroethene da tetrachloroethene), da kuma mahaɗan da ke da alaƙa da man fetur (benzene, Toluene, ethylbenzene. Wasu gurɓataccen abu za a iya sa su da ƙarancin guba ta hanyar sinadarai.

Yawancin gurɓataccen ruwa na ƙasa suna amsawa sosai ga ISCO, don haka sanannen hanya ce don amfani.

## Tarihi
Fenton's reagent (hydrogen peroxide catalyzed with iron) da potassium permanganate sune oxidants da aka yi amfani da su mafi tsawo kuma suna ci gaba da amfani da su ko'ina. An fara amfani da hydrogen peroxide a shekarar 1985 don magance zubar da formaldehyde a Monsanto's Indian Orchard Plant a Springfield, Massachusetts. A wannan shafin, an yi amfani da maganin 10% na hydrogen peroxide a cikin fuka-fuki na formaldehyde. An fara amfani da reagent na Fenton don magance wuraren hydrocarbon inda benzene, toluene, da ethylbenzene suke.

Hydrogen peroxide yana da tasiri ga masu narkewa kamar yadda permanganate yake, wanda kuma ya zama mai gyarawa.

An gabatar da Sodium persulfate don ISCO a ƙarshen shekarun 1990 saboda iyakancewa wajen amfani da peroxide ko permanganate a matsayin oxidants. Takamaiman permanganate (masu narkewa masu chlorinated suna buƙatar haɗin biyu) da amfani da kayan da ba a yi niyya ba a cikin ƙasa misalai ne na waɗannan iyakoki. Persulfate ya fi kwanciyar hankali, yana kula da abubuwa masu gurɓataccen yanayi, kuma kwayoyin ƙasa ba su cinye shi cikin sauƙi.

### Permanganate
Ana amfani da Permanganate a cikin maganin ruwa na ƙasa a cikin nau'in potassium permanganate (KMnO4) da sodium permanganate (NaMnO4). Dukkanin mahadi suna da irin wannan ƙarfin oxidizing da iyakoki kuma suna amsawa kamar yadda yake ga gurɓataccen abu. Babban bambanci tsakanin sunadarai guda biyu shine cewa potassium permanganate ba shi da narkewa fiye da sodium permanganat.

Potassium permanganate wani abu ne mai ƙarfi wanda yawanci ana narke shi cikin ruwa kafin a yi amfani da shi zuwa wurin da aka gurbata. Abin takaici, solubility na potassium permanganate ya dogara da zafin jiki. Saboda zafin jiki a cikin ruwa yawanci ƙasa da zafin jiki ne a yankin da aka gauraya maganin, potassium permanganate ya sake zama abu mai ƙarfi. Wannan abu mai ƙarfi ba ya amsawa tare da gurɓataccen abu. Bayan lokaci, permanganate zai sake zama mai narkewa, amma tsarin yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo. An nuna wannan fili don yin shayarwa da gurbataccen abubuwa daban-daban amma sananne ne don yin sharar gida kamar su perchloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), da vinyl chloride (VC).  Koyaya, potassium permanganate ba zai iya yin amfani da iskar diesel, man fetur, ko BTEX ba.

## Manazarta