Bramble Cay melomys

The **Bramble Cay melomys**, ko **Bramble Cay mosaic-tailed bera** ( ***Melomys rubicola*** ), wani nau'in rodent ne da ya ɓace kwanan nan a cikin dangin Muridae da Murinae . Wani nau'in nau'in nau'in cuta ne na keɓaɓɓen Bramble Cay, murjani mai ciyayi mara ƙanƙara tare da wurin zama na kusan  wanda yake a ƙarshen arewacin Babban Barrier Reef a Ostiraliya. Masu bincike sun bayyana a matsayin an gani na ƙarshe a cikin 2009 kuma Gwamnatin Queensland da masu bincike na Jami'ar Queensland sun bayyana bacewa a cikin 2016, Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Kare Halitta (IUCN) ta bayyana a hukumance a watan Mayu 2015 da gwamnatin Ostiraliya a cikin Fabrairu   wanda aka bayyana a matsayin farkon gushewar nau'in dabbobi masu shayarwa saboda canjin yanayi na ɗan adam .  

## Taxonomy
Ƙwaƙwalwar Bramble Cay wani ƙaƙƙarfan memba ne na *[[Melomys]]*, wanda ya ƙunshi kusan nau'in rodents 20 da ke zaune a cikin jika na arewacin Ostiraliya ( Far North Queensland ), New Guinea, Torres Strait Islands da tsibiran tsibirin Indonesia .   Halin yana cikin dangin Murinae, da kuma dangin Muridae.  An fara gano waƙar Bramble Cay a cikin Afrilu 1845 ta Charles Bampfield Yule,  kwamandan jirgin ruwa na Biritaniya HMS ''Bramble'' on Bramble Cay, murjani mai tsiro mai tsayi  yana a ƙarshen arewacin Babban Barrier Reef .  A lokacin, dabbar tana da yawa har ma'aikatansa suka harbe su da baka da kibau don jin daɗi.  A cikin Mayu 1845, yayin da suka ziyarci Bramble Cay ta hanyar HMS ''Fly'', masanin halitta John MacGillivray da Joseph Jukes sun tattara holotype, wanda aka adana a yau a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Biritaniya .  Daga samfurin, Oldfield Thomas bisa ƙa'ida ya bayyana kuma ya kira nau'in nau'in *Melomys rubicola* a 1924.  DNA da aka samu daga samfurori na tarihi ya nuna cewa danginsa mafi kusa a Ostiraliya shine Cape York melomys ( *Melomys capensis* ), tare da bambancin kwayoyin halitta tsakanin nau'in nau'in nau'i biyu yana da ƙananan cewa yana da wuya a cikin nau'in nau'in nau'i. 

## Bayani
*Melomys rubicola* ya kasance babba ga rodent, tare da tsawon jiki daga     da tsayin wutsiya tsakanin     . Idan aka kwatanta da sauran berayen, tana da dogon wutsiya, gajerun kunnuwa, da manyan ƙafafu.  An rubuta nauyinsa a tsakanin     ku. Wutsiya ta kasance prehensile a saman kuma an rufe shi da ma'auni. Jawo a sama akwai jajayen launin ruwan kasa da launin ruwan toka a kasa, mai baƙar gashi mai gadi a bayanta.  Ya yi kama da kamannin waƙar Cape York, wanda ke da alaƙa da shi.  Kamar yadda yake tare da sauran nau'in melomys, an kwatanta shi da ciwon Roman hanci . 

## Rarraba da muhalli

Masana kimiyya ba su da tabbas kan yadda dabbar ta isa Bramble Cay.  Nazarin ya yi la'akari da cewa ko dai ya isa Bramble Cay daga tsibirin New Guinea ta hanyar iyo a kan driftwood, ko kuma ya isa yankin lokacin da yake kan ruwa a lokacin da Australiya ta haɗu da New Guinea ta hanyar gada ta ƙasa, sannan ta ci gaba a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan. 

An kwatanta melomys na Bramble Cay a cikin 2002 a matsayin mafi keɓantaccen dabbobin daji na Ostiraliya .   Kayin yana arewa maso gabas na mashigar Torres, kimanin  daga bakin Kogin Fly a Papua New Guinea . Cay yana tsakanin     , amma rodent kawai ya mamaye yankin tsibiri mai tsibiri, yana auna kusan  .  Tsibirin tsibirin ya ƙunshi ciyawa da ganyaye, gabaɗaya ya fi tsayin  .

Kodayake an rubuta nau'ikan tsire-tsire 11 a tsibirin a baya, nau'ikan nau'ikan uku zuwa biyar ne kawai aka rubuta a lokaci guda. Yawancin nau'ikan sun hada da *Portulaca oleracea*, *[[Boerhavia albiflora]]*, *Cenchrus echinatus*, da *[[Rukuɓu|Amaranthus viridis]]* .  An lura da nau'i uku a cikin 1994: *Amaranthus viridis*, *[[Boerhavia tetrandra]]* (genus *Boerhavia*  ), nau'in alayyafo da mutane ke ci; da *Lepturus repens* . Wani bincike na 1998 ya nuna gagarumin asarar ciyayi tun 1924, akasari a kudanci da arewacin tsibirin. 

Tsibirin kuma yana da tarin yawan tsuntsayen teku, da kuma rikice-rikicen muhalli da ke haifar da kiwo koren kunkuru na shekara-shekara. Ƙwaƙwalwar Bramble Cay sun fi son wurare masu ciyayi masu yawa, kuma sun guji waɗancan sassan tsibirin da ke da yawan tsuntsayen teku. An lura da jinsin don ciyar da *P. oleracea* da kuma a kan ƙwai kunkuru.   Lokacin kiwo na nau'in ya yi tsayi, kuma yanayin jima'i ya karkata zuwa ga mata. 

Kiyasin yawan jama'a na nau'in ya bambanta sosai. Masu lura da al'amura a cikin 1845 sun bayyana cewa akwai "daruruwan" na dabbar da suka halarta, kamar yadda bincike ya yi daga 1978.   Wani bincike na 1998 ya kama dabbobi 42, kuma bisa ga haka, an kiyasta girman yawan jama'a a kusan mutane 90. Binciken da aka yi a 2002 da 2004 ya kama mutane 10 da 12 kawai, bi da bi. An kiyasta yawan jama'a daban-daban a matsayin ƙasa da 50 balagagge mutane, kuma a matsayin ƙasa da mutane 100, a cikin 2008.  

## Matsayi da kiyayewa

Gabaɗaya an kwatanta wurin zama na nau'in a matsayin mai rauni ga yanayi mai tsanani da kuma hawan teku, sakamakon ƙarancin tsayinsa (tsibirin ba ya wuce gona da iri.   sama da matakin teku).   A cikin 2008, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Gwamnatin Queensland ta buga wani shiri na dawo da nau'in, wanda Peter Latch ya shirya a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kare Muhalli na Commonwealth da Dokar Kare Diversity 1999 .  Tsarin farfadowa ya bayyana cewa manufarsa ita ce "tsaro da kuma inganta matsayin Bramble Cay melomys ta hanyar haɗakar da shirin sa ido, kan kula da ƙasa, neman sauran jama'a da kuma wayar da kan jama'a". Duk da haka an samu labarin ganin irin na karshe da masu bincike suka yi a shekarar 2009. Binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2011 ya kasa gano dabbar.   Bayan wani ɗan gajeren bincike a cikin 2014 ya gano cewa ba a gano nau'in nau'in ba, masana kimiyya sun tashi don gudanar da bincike mai zurfi tare da kama duk wani abu da ya rage don fara shirin kiwo. Duk da haka, bayan sun ɗauki watanni biyar don samun izini da suka dace, lokacin da suka isa a cikin 2015 ba su iya samun waƙa guda ɗaya ba. 

A cikin watan Yunin 2016, masu bincike daga Sashen Muhalli da Kariya na Queensland da Jami'ar Queensland tare sun ba da rahoton cewa jinsunan sun mutu, sun kara da cewa: "Mahimmanci, wannan mai yiwuwa yana wakiltar ɓarnawar dabbobi na farko da aka yi rikodin saboda canjin yanayi na anthropogenic ".   Kungiyar Internationalasashen Duniya don kiyaye yanayin da aka jera a cikin , "Lauren Smith da ba a sansu ba ne cewa akwai wani danshi na *Austaliland*, kuma cewa yankin ya dace sosai da aka bincika, waƙoƙin waƙoƙin Bramble Cay yakamata a saka alamar 'yiwuwar ƙarewa' a cikin jerin IUCN Red." 

Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Makamashi ta Gwamnatin Ostiraliya bisa ƙa'ida ta amince da bacewar waƙoƙin Bramble Cay a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 2019.   Rahoton Gwamnatin Jihar Queensland ya bayyana cewa mai yuwuwar dalilin bacewar shine ambaliyar tsibirin sau da yawa a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, wanda ya haifar da asarar mazaunin ga nau'in da yiwuwar kuma kai tsaye.   An kiyasta matakin tekun ya tashi   kowace shekara tsakanin 1993 da 2010, yayin da yawan karuwar yawan karuwar teku, hade da guguwar cyclonic, kuma ya karu. 

## Sharhi akan bacewa
Rahoton gwamnatin Queensland ya kuma bayyana cewa: "Mahimmanci, wannan yana iya wakiltar bacewar dabbobi masu shayarwa na farko da aka yi rikodin saboda sauyin yanayi na ɗan adam."  Rahoton ya ce "tushen" bacewar bacewar shine hawan teku sakamakon dumamar yanayi .  Babban masanin kimiyyar ilmin halitta na canjin yanayi tare da Conservation International Lee Hannah ya ce an iya ceton nau'in.  Rahoton na biyar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Global Diversity Outlook, wanda aka buga a ranar 15 ga Satumba 2020, ya soki Gwamnatin Ostiraliya saboda bacewar. 

Rage ciyayi ya fi faruwa ne sakamakon karuwar ambaliya ta teku sakamakon karuwar mitoci da tsananin yanayin yanayi wanda ya haifar da yawan ruwa da guguwa, wanda sauyin yanayi ya ta'azzara.  Masanin ilimin ornithologist John Woinarski na Jami'ar Charles Darwin ya ce bacewar bacewar abu ne mai yiwuwa kuma an hana shi; an san shekaru da yawa cewa matsayinsa ba shi da haɗari. Ya yi imanin cewa asarar ta aƙalla ne saboda rashin kuɗi don shirye-shiryen kiyayewa da kuma kasancewar ba kwarjinin dabbar da ta isa ta jawo hankalin jama'a sosai.  A cikin takarda na 2016, Woinarski da sauransu sun bayyana cewa melomys na Bramble Cay na ɗaya daga cikin ɓangarorin vertebrates guda uku zuwa Ostiraliya waɗanda suka ɓace tsakanin 2009 da 2014, kuma kowane ɗayan ɓarna uku an hana shi. 

A cewar jaridar *Sydney Morning Herald*, wani "shirin farfadowa" na 2008 ya yi watsi da hadarin da ke tattare da rayuwa.   Tsarin farfadowa ya bayyana cewa "[A] mai yiwuwa sakamakon sauyin yanayi, ciki har da hawan matakin teku da karuwa a cikin mita da tsananin hadari na wurare masu zafi, ba zai yiwu ya sami wani babban tasiri ga rayuwar Bramble Cay melomys a cikin rayuwar wannan shirin ba." 

## A cikin shahararrun al'adu
First Dog on the Moon ya buga kyautar zane mai ban dariya ga waƙar Bramble Cay, mai taken "Lokacin shiru don waƙar Bramble Cay, wani wanda canjin yanayi ya shafa", a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 2019,  da wani don tunawa da ranar tunawa da bacewarsa. 

A cikin watan Agusta 2021, ƙungiyar masu fasaha daga tsibirin Erub sun ƙirƙiri jerin ayyuka da ake kira *Maizab Kaur Mukeis* (sunan Meriam Mir don waƙar Bramble Cay), wanda ya ƙunshi sassaka sassa na dabba da aka yi da tarun fatalwa . Aikin ya samu kwarin gwuiwa ne da labarin bacewarsa, tare da masu fasaha na fatan haifar da wayar da kan jama'a game da barnar da gidajen kamun kifi da aka yi watsi da su ke haifarwa ga muhallin teku. An zaɓi aikin a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan karshe na Queensland huɗu don lambar yabo ta National Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander Art Awards (NATSIAA). 

## Abinci
Ba a san kadan game da abincin ba,  amma an ba da shawarar cewa berayen melomys sun kasance da farko na ciyawa, suna ciyar da ganye, tsaba, 'ya'yan itatuwa da furanni . Sun kasance masu kyan gani, sun dace da hawan bishiyoyin daji don neman abinci. Melomys sun kasance kayan ganima masu mahimmanci ga yawancin dabbobin daji, kamar su mujiya soty da pythons . melomys suna da nau'in abinci iri-iri, suna ciyar da kwayoyin halitta, kwari, da yuwuwar ƙwan tsuntsaye. Ƙarfin rayuwa a cikin ƙayyadaddun wurin zama tare da ƙarancin albarkatu ya nuna juriya na nau'in Bramble Cay.

## Manazarta