Alexander Dubček

**Alexander Dubček** (Slovak pronunciation: [ˈaleksander ˈduptʂek]; 27 Nuwamba 1921 - 7 Nuwamba 1992) ya kasance ɗan siyasa na Slovak wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakatare na farko na Presidium na Kwamitin Tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Czechoslovakia (KSČ) (shugaban *de facto* na Czechoslovak) daga Janairu 1968 zuwa Afrilu 1969 kuma a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Tarayya daga 1989 zuwa 1992 bayan Juyin Juya Halin Velvet .  Ya kula da manyan sauye-sauye ga tsarin kwaminisanci a lokacin da aka fi sani da Prague Spring, amma an sake fasalinsa kuma daga ƙarshe an dakatar da shi bayan mamayar Warsaw Pact a watan Agusta 1968.

An haifi Alexander Dubček a Uhrovec, Slovakia (a lokacin wani ɓangare na Czechoslovakia), a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 1921.  Lokacin da yake dan shekara uku, iyalin suka koma Tarayyar Soviet don neman damar aiki da ingancin rayuwa. Ya shafe mafi yawan lokacin yaro yana zaune a cikin hadin gwiwar masana'antu na Esperantist da Idist, Interhelpo, a Kyrgyzstan. Ginin ya kasance a Pishpek (yanzu Bishkek), a cikin Kirghiz SSR na Tarayyar Soviet, yanzu jihar mai zaman kanta ta Kyrgyzstan .  Pavol Dubček, ɗan Alexander, ya bayyana abin da dangin kakansa suka samu a matsayin "babu wani abu . . . amma tsohuwar bariki, " kuma ya ce yawancin ƙarni na farko na yara baƙi sun sha wahala. Duk da wannan, Pavol ya ce "ba zai yiwu ba" a koma baya a wannan lokacin. A cikin 1933 iyalin suka koma garin Gorky na Tsakiyar Rasha, yanzu Nizhny Novgorod . Alexander yana da shekara 12.  

Mahaifin Dubček, Štefan, ya kasance memba na jam'iyyar tun 1921 kuma ya sake yin aiki bayan dawowarsa. Štefan ne ke da alhakin buga takardun jam'iyya, takardun karya da na hukuma, da kuma samar da wasu wallafe-wallafen hagu. A wannan lokacin, ayyukan Alexander da iyalinsa sun dogara da aiki ta hanyar hanyoyin sadarwar sirri maimakon sel na jam'iyya. Dukan iyalin sun shiga, suna motsawa daga wuri ɗaya zuwa na gaba, daga ƙarshe suna ƙaura zuwa Velčice. Bayan kama yawancin shugabannin KSS a 1942, Štefan da Dubčeks sun yi aiki tare da wani tsohon memba na Interhelpo, da farko suna shirya matasa kwaminisanci. An kama Alexander da kansa a watan Yuli, amma ba kafin ya sami tasiri da iko ba. An kama Štefan, an tura shi kurkuku kuma daga ƙarshe zuwa sansanin fursuna na Mauthausen, wanda ya tsira a wani bangare saboda ya kasance a can na ɗan gajeren lokaci.

## Ilimi da farkon aikin siyasa
A shekara ta 1948, an sake tsara jam'iyyar da ya shiga a matsayin reshen Slovak na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Czechoslovakia (KSČ). Kodayake har yanzu a waje da manyan da'irori, ƙarni na Dubček ya wakilci matasan da ke da matsayi na jam'iyyar da ta karɓi iko a 1948, ba hutu daga gare ta ba. Stalinism ne wanda ke wakiltar raguwa. Wannan ƙarni ne na farko da ya kama mulki, ya haɗa kai da ƙaramin ƙarni na membobin jam'iyya, waɗanda suka fara tambayar hanyar da dattawan shugabanninsu suka ɗauka yayin da suka fara tashi a cikin matsayi a cikin shekarun 1950 da farkon shekarun 1960.

Ofishin Slovak na jam'iyyar ya fito ne daga yakin tare da karamin membobin da kuma karancin alaƙa da cibiyoyin Slovak fiye da rassan Czech. Don daukar ma'aikata a jam'iyyar siyasa don siyasa ta zabe, jagorancin jam'iyyar, wanda ya wuce shekaru 60 a matsakaici, ya yi kira ga wani bangare mai zurfi na matasa marasa ƙwazo, yana ba da jam'iyyar al'adun da suka fi dacewa da ba na al'ada ba. Ya bambanta da reshen Czech na jam'iyyar, iyali, asalin yanki, addini, sana'a, da kuma dangantakar mutum-mutumi sun zama abin manne na reshen Slovak na jam'iyya. Dubček mai ra'ayin zamantakewa, ba tare da wani makomar akidar tunani ba, ya tashi a cikin waɗannan mukamai.

## Manazarta