María Rosa Urraca Fasto

**María Rosa Urraca Pastor** (1900–1984) 'yar siyasa ce ta Sipaniya mai ra'ayin Carnival kuma mai yada farfaganda. An fi saninta da mai magana mai kayatarwa, ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu magana a bainar jama'a na Jamhuriyar Sipaniya ta Biyu . An kuma san ta a matsayin shugabar Delegación Nacional de Frentes y Hospitales, ƙungiyar Nationalist da ke kula da waɗanda suka ji rauni a lokacin yaƙi .

## Iyali da matasa

Iyalin uba na María Rosa Urraca Pastor sun samo asali ne daga La Rioja .  Kakanta, Modesto Urraca Victoria,  ɗan asalin Grañón, shine mai kula da ma'ajiyar ruwa na farko na pantano de la Grájera .  An haifi mahaifinta, Juan Urraca Sáenz (1873-1965),  a Nalda, kusa da Logroño . Ya shiga soja kuma ya shiga cikin ayyukan yaƙi da ba a bayyana ba, wataƙila a lokacin Yaƙin Spain da Amurka .  Da ya dawo Spain ya fara aiki a Madrid,  daga baya aka tura shi Burgos  kuma a ƙarshe a farkon ƙarni na 20 zuwa Comisaría de Guerra de Bilbao . A shekara ta 1913 an mayar da shi zuwa Cuerpo Auxiliar de Intervención Militar, wani tsari na gwamnati da na kuɗi na soja. Ya fara aiki a ƙaramin matsayi na mataimakiyar de tercera clase,  jim kaɗan kafin ya yi ritaya, an ɗaga shi zuwa magajin gari mai taimako a 1928.  A lokacin da ba a ƙayyade ba ya auri Rafaela Pastor Ortega (ya mutu a 1941)  ɗan asalin Villahoz ( Burgos ).  Ba a san adadin 'ya'yan da ma'auratan suka haifa ba; babu ɗaya daga cikin majiyoyin da aka tuntuɓa da ya ambaci 'yan'uwan María. 

Duk da cewa an haifi María Rosa a Madrid, tana da shekaru 3, ta bi tsarin aikin mahaifinta, kuma a lokacin ƙuruciyarta, iyalin sun ƙaura daga babban birnin zuwa Burgos  sannan zuwa Bilbao.  An rene ta cikin yanayi mai ƙarfi na Katolika, domin mahaifinta memba ne na ƙungiyoyin addini na gida kamar Hermandad de Nuestra Señora de Valvanera;  ya miƙa wa 'yarta himma ta ibada.  Babu wani abu da aka sani game da ra'ayoyin siyasa na iyayen María, sai dai cewa mahaifinta ba mai bin tsarin sarauta na Carlist ba ne.  Wani fasali na renon ta shine girmamawa mai zurfi ga sojoji, wanda aka yi la'akari da shi a matsayin "kashin ƙasa".  An kammala kafa ta da littattafai; daga baya ta yarda cewa tana da shekaru 14 ta ji daɗin ayyukan Concepción Arenal  da Graciano Martínez .  Tsohon ya ba da shawarar matsayin mata a bainar jama'a a cikin al'ummar zamani; na ƙarshen, wani firist na Katolika, ya bi tafarkin sake farfaɗowa ta hanyar mai da hankali kan ayyukan zamantakewa na Kiristoci, tare da jaddada rawar da mata ke takawa.

Ba a san inda María ta sami karatun firamare ba; daga baya ta yi karatun Escuela Normal Superior de Maestras de Vizcaya, ta kammala karatunta a 1923. [1] Haka kuma ba a san ko ta taɓa bin hanyar jami'a ba; da kanta ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta yi karatun Filosofía y Letras, kodayake ba a san lokacin ko wurin da aka je ba; a cewar labarinta na baya, ta bi azuzuwan Miguel de Unamuno da Julián Besteiro . [2] Mai kuzari, mai sauƙi da kuzari, [3] Urraca ta fara aikinta na ƙwararru ta hanyar koyarwa a La Obra del Ave-María, [4] wata hanyar sadarwa ta makarantun Katolika da Andrés Manjón ya kafa kuma ta mai da hankali kan yara masu fama da talauci, a lokacin da ba a ƙayyade ba a cikin shekarun 1920 tana aiki a matsayin darakta na reshen Bilbao. [5] Ta kuma zama malamar taimako a Escuela Normal de Bilbao, a wancan lokacin ana ɗaukarta a matsayin "mace ta duniya". [6] Urraca Pastor bai taɓa yin aure ba kuma bai haifi 'ya'ya ba.

## Ayyukan jama'a na farko

Urraca ta fara yin magana a bainar jama'a a shekarar 1923 a lokacin Semana Pedagogica a Bilbao.  A tsakiyar shekarun 1920 ta shiga Acción Católica de la Mujer ;  halinta mai cike da rashin gamsuwa da kuma baiwar wasiƙu ya haifar da nadin 1925 ga manajan *Boletín de la ACM de Vizcaya* .  Wasu masana sun yi iƙirarin cewa a ƙarshen shekaru goma ta zama shugabar dukkan sashin Bilbao na ACM.  Urraca ta shiga cikin himma a cikin shirye-shiryen zamantakewa, sadaka da ilimi na ƙungiyar, a wancan lokacin mulkin kama-karya na Primo de Rivera ya ƙarfafa ta sosai.  A tsakiyar shekarun 1920 ta fara shiga cikin sabbin shirye-shiryen rediyo; manema labarai sun san ta a matsayin tana yin laccoci a wasu lokutan a sararin samaniya  kuma ta fara haɗin gwiwa da *TSH*, wani shiri na mako-mako da Asociación Radio Española ke bayarwa. Ta kuma yarda cewa ta bayar da gudummawa ga *El Sol*, wani jaridar Madrid mai ra'ayin 'yan Liberal, duk da cewa yanayin wannan hulɗar ba a san ta sosai ba. 

Matashiyar María Rosa ta zama abin koyi ga sabuwar nau'in mata masu fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a na Katolika,  suna adawa da tsohuwar matar Katolika kuma uwa ga abin koyi kuma suna jefa kansu cikin ayyukan zamantakewa da ilimi. Wasu manyan 'yan bindigar ACM na ƙasa baki ɗaya - ciki har da abin bauta mata, Carmen Cuesta  - sun shiga majalisar dokoki ta farko, Asamblea Nacional Consultiva ; suna bin yunƙurin zamani na gwamnati da goyon bayanta ga mata masu fafutuka, an naɗa Urraca a cikin hukumar kula da ma'aikata ta hukuma.  A shekarar 1929 aka naɗa ta a matsayin Inspectora De Trabajo,  wanda ya mayar da matsayinta daga ma'aikacin zamantakewa na Katolika zuwa jami'in gwamnati. Ta shiga cikin shirye-shirye kamar Patronato De Previsión Social de Vizcaya da Patronato Nacional De Recuperacón De Inválidos Para El Trabajo.  Ta fara magance matsalolin zamantakewa ta hanyar bugawa a cikin jaridu, ko dai lakabin Biscay na gida kamar *[[:es:El Nervión|El Nervión]]*, *[[:es:La Gaceta del Norte|La Gaceta del Norte]]* da *El Pueblo Vasco*  ko na ƙasa kamar *La Nación* .  Urraca ta fara samun yabo fiye da Biscay : ayyukan ƙwararru sun kai ta wasu yankuna  kuma aikin ACM ya ba ta damar shiga cikin 1929 Congreso Femenino Hispanoamericano, wanda ƙungiyar ta shirya a Seville . 

Urraca ta ɗauki faduwar masarautar a matsayin bala'i na ƙasa.  Kusan nan take ta shiga tarukan jama'a ko dai don goyon bayan masarautar  ko kuma yin zanga-zanga kan manufofin jamhuriya ta masu tsattsauran ra'ayi.  Tun a watan Mayu na 1931 aka tsare ta aka kuma ci tarar pesetas 500 saboda tallata wani taro da aka ayyana a matsayin makircin da ba na kundin tsarin mulki ba.  Ta yi kama da ba ta da wata nutsuwa a siyasance; saboda ayyukanta na baya an ɗauke ta a matsayin mai ra'ayin gurguzu,  Rikodin ACM ya sa ta kalli ƙungiyoyin Kirista, a zaɓen Afrilu na 1931 Urraca ta yi aiki a matsayin mai yada farfaganda don tallafawa 'yan takarar Alfonsine  kuma ta kusanci José María Albiñana da Legionarios ɗinsa.  A ƙarshen 1931 ta haɗa kai da shirya Agrupación de Defensa Femenina, wata ƙungiya mata mai ra'ayin mazan jiya da ta haɗa Alfonsine monarchierists, Carlists da Basque Emakumes,  kuma daga baya aka nemi ta rubuta daftarin shirin.  Tana da himma sosai, ta taimaka wajen shirya tarurruka 50 a cikin watanni huɗu.  A shekarar 1932 aka kore ta daga aiki a matsayin mai duba ayyukan kwadago. 

## Mai ba da shawara kan harkokin wasanni (Carlist)

Lokacin da aka tsare ta, tana aiki a cikin ƙungiyoyin mata na 'yan dama ko kuma tara kuɗi don biyan tara, Urraca ta fara haɗuwa da kuma ƙulla dangantaka ta kud da kud da 'yan Carlist mata;  María Ortega de Pradera ta burge ta musamman.  Daga baya ta yi iƙirarin cewa addinin Kiristanci, ƙarfin hali da ƙarfin hali nasu sun burge ta.  A lokacin hunturu na 1931-1932 ta kusanci 'yan Carlist, ta fara bayyana a tarurrukan jama'a kuma ta zama kamar tauraro mai tasowa na farfagandar Carlist; ƙwarewarta ta farko a ACM, watsa shirye-shirye, makarantu da jaridu sun mayar da ita mai ba da jawabi mai ban sha'awa.  Tun a shekarar 1932 take magana a tarurrukan Carlist da Katolika a duk faɗin Spain,  tana bayyana a tsakanin manyan 'yan siyasa na gargajiya.  Urraca ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga ayyukan manema labarai na Carlist,  wanda ya haifar da ƙarin tara.  A shekarar 1933 ta riga ta kasance kamar shahararriyar 'yar Carlist, wadda shugabannin siyasa suka yaba mata.  kuma an kira ta a ko'ina.  Masu adawa da siyasa sun lura da ita: Indalecio Prieto ya yi mata ba'a a cikin manema labarai yana cewa "masu kogo sun sami rashin sa'a",  wanda Carlist Requetés ya amsa ta hanyar gaishe ta da kuka "Long Live Miss Cavemen". 

A zaɓen 1933 ta tsaya takarar Cortes daga Gipuzkoa a matsayin wakilin Carlist a Unión Regionalista Gipuzcoana;  'yan jaridar Republican sun tarbe ta a matsayin "candidatura de la Edad Media, típicamente troglodita",  ta rasa zaɓen kaɗan.  Ta ji haushin rikicin siyasa a bayan fage  Urraca ta yi rashin gamsuwa da siyasar majalisar dokoki;  ta ci gaba da ayyukan farfaganda masu tsauri a faɗin Spain, inda ta sami karbuwa a duk faɗin ƙasar a matsayin mai magana mai tayar da hankali da ban sha'awa kuma ta yi maraba da yabo daga Dama da cin zarafi daga hagu.  Yayin da shugabannin Carlist suka fahimci muhimmancin ƙuri'un mata  ta ƙara ƙarfi a cikin ƙungiyar kuma ta shiga wasiƙu tare da sarauniyar Carlist, María de las Nieves . 

Bayan sauya sheka daga jam'iyyar a shekarar 1934, sabon shugaban jam'iyyar Manuel Fal ya ba ta amanar sake fasalin Secciones Femeninas na Comunión Tradicionalista .  Ƙungiyoyin mata, waɗanda aka sani da Margaritas, suna aiki a matsayin waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin circulos na gida; baya ga haɓaka membobinsu da ƙaddamar da sabbin ayyuka, an ba Urraca amanar mayar da ƙungiyar daga tarayya mai sassauci zuwa tsarin ƙasa baki ɗaya; tunda aikin bai taɓa kammala ba, ba ta hau kujerar shugaban ƙasa ba,  kodayake wasu masana sun naɗa ta shugabar gwamnati.  Har zuwa 1936 Margaritas ta ɗauki mata 23,000,  galibi a Valencia, Navarre da Vascongadas .  Urraca ta ƙarfafa su su ɗauki kwasa-kwasan aikin jinya (kuma ta ɗauki kanta),  ta shirya tsaf don juyin mulkin da ake sa ran zai kawo wa Jamhuriyar. A shekarar 1936 ta sake tsayawa takara a majalisar dokoki ba tare da nasara ba, a wannan karon daga Teruel .  Urraca ta ci gaba da ayyukanta na zamantakewa da ta fi so ta kafa Socorro Blanco, ƙungiyar agaji ta Carlist.  A cikin manema labarai na ƙungiyar, ta yi yaƙin neman 'yancin Ruhaniya na Addu'a.  A watan Afrilun 1936, an tsare ta saboda mallakar bindiga ba bisa ƙa'ida ba  amma an yi fasakwaurinta daga hannunta kuma ta shafe watanni na ƙarshe na zaman lafiya tana ɓuya a wani ƙauyen Arcos de la Llana kusa da Burgos.  Daga baya, manema labarai na Republican sun yi iƙirarin cewa masu shirya makircin 'yan Republican sun naɗa ta ministar masana'antu da kasuwanci a gwamnatin da za a yi bayan juyin mulki, bayanin da wani masanin tarihi na yau ya ambato a matsayin mai mahimmanci. 

## Manazarta