open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ilimin yaren Jafananci a Kazakhstan

Ilimin harshen Jafananci a Kazakhstan ya samo asali ne daga 1992; Binciken Gidauniyar Japan na 2006 ya nuna malamai 51 suna koyar da yaren ga dalibai 1,569 a cibiyoyi goma sha uku a Kazakhstan; yawan ɗalibai ya karu da kashi 38% idan aka kwatanta da binciken 2003 kuma fiye da sau uku adadin a cikin binciken 1998. Ya zuwa 2024, a cewar Gidauniyar Japan, mutane 581 suna koyon Jafananci a Kazakhstan.

## Tarihi
Ilimin harshen Jafananci a Kazakhstan ya fara ne a hukumance tare da kafa karatun harshen Jafanci a 1992 a Jami'ar Almaty ta Al-Farabi; Jami'ar Fasaha ta Kasa ta Kazakh, Jami'ar Harkokin Kasashen Duniya ta Kazakh, Jihar Koyarwa ta Kasa ta Kazakhstan, Jami'iyyar Gudanar da Almaty, da sauran jami'o'i biyu a Kazakhstan nan da nan suka biyo baya. An kafa darussan a matakin firamare da sakandare shekaru da yawa bayan haka; makarantu biyu sun fara ba da darussan Jafananci a cikin 1996, sannan wasu uku a cikin 1998 da ƙarin makarantu huɗu bayan 2000. Koyaya, a shekara ta 2003, an dakatar da shirye-shiryen firamare da sakandare guda huɗu saboda rashin ma'aikatan koyarwa, yayin da ƙarin jami'o'i biyu da wata makarantar da ba ta makaranta ba suka fara bayar da darussan yaren Jafananci. Ga dalibai a makarantun firamare da sakandare, azuzuwan yaren Jafananci na iya farawa tun daga shekara ta biyar na ilimi na tilas, yana ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta takwas ko goma sha ɗaya. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2007, Kazakhstan tana da malamai 43 na Jafananci, daga cikinsu takwas masu magana ne na asali. Dalibai da ke karatun Jafananci sun fuskanci matsaloli kamar ƙananan albashi da rashin damar amfani da ƙwarewarsu a cikin ƙwarewar sana'a, wanda ya haifar da iyakoki kan ci gaban sha'awar yaren.

Yawancin nazarin harshe ba a tallafawa ba daga asali ba, amma ta hanyar wani ɓangare na dala miliyan 95 a cikin taimakon ci gaban hukuma da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Japan ta bayar, da kuma ƙarin taimakon masu zaman kansu.[1] Babu wani tsarin karatun kasa na kasa don karatun Jafananci a ko dai matakin firamare, sakandare, ko sakandare; maimakon haka, cibiyoyin suna tsara nasu tsarin karatun, yawanci tare da taimakon, da kuma amfani da litattafan da aka buga, Cibiyar Japan, wanda kuma gwamnatin Japan ke tallafawa.[2]

## Gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun

An ba da gwajin ƙwarewar harshen Jafananci a Kazakhstan tun shekara ta 2003, kawai a tsohon babban birnin Almaty. Adadin masu jarrabawa ya fadi kowace shekara a cikin shekaru biyu na farko bayan gabatarwar gwajin, amma a cikin 2006, ƙididdigar su ta ninka fiye da ninki biyu; yawan mutanen da ke yin jarrabawar gabatarwa ta matakin 4 kusan ya ninka sau huɗu. Koyaya, ba a ba da gwajin Kasuwancin Jafananci na JETRO a Kazakhstan ko kuma wata tsohuwar memba ta Tarayyar Soviet ba har zuwa shekara ta 2006. 

## Dubi kuma

* Jafananci a matsayin harshen waje
* Ilimi a Kazakhstan
* Ilimin yaren Jafananci a Kyrgyzstan
* Dangantakar Japan da Kazakhstan

## Manazarta
AP Harshe da Al'adun Jafananci

Advanced Placement (AP) Harshen Jafananci da Al'adu (wanda kuma aka sani da AP Jafananci) darasi ne da Hukumar Kwaleji ke bayarwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na Babban Tsarin Wuri a Amurka. An yi niyya ne don ba wa ɗalibai cikakken tushe a cikin yaren Jafananci da al'adun zamantakewar Jafananci. An fara ba da ajin a matsayin ingantaccen shirin Hukumar Kwalejin a cikin shekarar makaranta ta 2006-07. An yi shirye-shiryen yin gwajin makamancin haka, amma ba a daidaita ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun buƙatun na kwamfuta da na Intanet ta hanyar lokacin gudanarwa, kuma ba a yi jarrabawar a wasu wuraren ba. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need]

## Tsarin jarrabawa
Kamar gwajin AP na Harshe da Al'adu na kasar Sin, ana gudanar da jarrabawar a kwamfuta, yana buƙatar mahalarta su karanta, su rubuta, da kuma magana a cikin Jafananci, ta amfani da kwamfutoci, belun kunne, da makirufo. An raba jarrabawar 2012 zuwa sassa biyu.

**Sashe na I**

Dole ne dalibai su amsa tambayoyin zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa don amsawa ga sautin sauti da gajerun matani.

**Sashe na II**

Dalibai suna rubuta amsoshin amsawa kyauta a cikin saƙonnin rubutu tare da sakan 90 don amsawa, da gajeren amsoshi tare da minti 20 don amsawa. Tattaunawar sauti tare da martani na dakika 20, da kuma gabatarwa na minti biyu sun kammala jarrabawar.

## Rarraba matsayi

## Dubi kuma

* Ilimin yaren Jafananci a Amurka

## Manazarta
 

## Haɗin waje

* AP Harshe da Al'adun Jafananci
William Cotton Hobdy

**William Cotton Hobdy** (20 ga Disamba, 1870 - 26 ga Disamba), likita ne na Amurka kuma jami'in keɓewa. Daga shekara ta 1914 zuwa 1917, ya yi aiki a matsayin likitan karshe na Sarauniya Liliuokalani, sarki na karshe na Masarautar Hawaii.

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Hobdy a Franklin, Kentucky a ranar 20 ga Disamba, 1870, ga William Rabey da Amanda Bell (Horn) Hobdy . Ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Jihar Kentucky a shekara ta 1893, ya sami MD a Kwalejin Likitoci da Likitoci ta Jami'ar Columbia a shekara ta 1866. A ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 1897, Hobdy ya auri Harriet Hocker Warner a LaFollette, Tennessee. Ma'auratan suna da 'yar, Elizabeth, wacce ta auri Robert W. Hobart, da ɗa, William Warner . 

Hobdy ya fara aiki a asibiti a Paterson, New Jersey na tsawon shekaru biyu sannan aka nada shi a Sashin Asibitin Marine inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin jami'in keɓewa a Virginia, Delaware da Philadelphia. Bayan ya yi aiki a asibitin Marine na Amurka a Stapleton, Staten Island, likitan likitan janar Walter Wyman da Shugaba William McKinley ne suka zaba shi don nazarin shige da fice a kasashen waje a Southampton, Ingila. Daga can, ya yi tafiya sosai a duk faɗin Turai daga Disamba 1899 zuwa Yuli 1900 . 

Lokacin da ya dawo daga Turai, Hobdy ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in keɓewa a Savannah, Jojiya, daga 1900 zuwa 1902. Daga baya aka nada shi a matsayin shugaban Cibiyar Keɓewa ta Amurka a Honolulu a cikin Yankin Hawaii wanda ya gaji L. E. Cofer .  Lokacin da ya isa tsibirin a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, 1902, jaridar yankin The Pacific Commercial Advertiser ta bayyana Hobdy:

Ya kasance, a zahiri, ɗan wasa ne wanda ya shiga harbi, motsa jiki, ƙwallon ƙafa da dambe. Wannan shine ikon ƙarshe wanda ya zama labarin jarida a Honolulu bayan Hobdy ya buge kyaftin din American Maru saboda jinkiri da ɗan rashin kunya wajen amsa umarnin binciken kiwon lafiya.

Hobdy ya yi aiki a Honolulu har sai an canja shi ya zama shugaban tashar keɓewa ta San Francisco a watan Fabrairun 1906, inda ya yi aiki don hana annoba da sauran cututtuka daga barin tashar jiragen ruwa, bayan girgizar kasa ta San Francisco ta 1906. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1909, ya koma Honolulu kuma ya bar aikin Hukumar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Amurka kuma ya shiga aikin kansa a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1909 .  Ya kasance a Hawaii na shekaru goma sha ɗaya masu zuwa yana aiki ga kwamitin kiwon lafiya na gwamnati,  Asibitin Sarauniya, Ƙungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Yankin Hawaii, kuma yana shiga cikin kungiyoyi da yawa na jama'a da zamantakewa.

## manazarta
Latinitas Sinica

Latinitas Sinica (Latin don Latin na Sinanci) ya fara wanzuwa a Jami'ar Nazarin Harkokin Waje ta Beijing. Wata cibiya ce ta musamman da aka keɓe don nazari da haɓaka harshen Latin a Sin[1] ta hanyar tallafawa koyo da koyar da Harshen Latin a Sin; Ƙaddamar da bincike a kasar Sin a fannin harshe da al'adun Latin; Binciken yankin Sinology na Latin; Binciken yankin Farkon Latin zuwa Fassarar Sinanci; Bayar da hidimomi daban-daban ga al'ummar Sinawa da suka shafi Harshen Latin da Al'adu,[2] kasancewa nuni ga cibiyoyin duniya masu sha'awar harshen Latin a kasar Sin.[3] Kowace shekara tana fitar da jigon kan layi game da Nazarin Latin a China.[4] An kafa shi a cikin 2012.[5]. Daraktan na yanzu shine Michele Ferrero.[6] Latinitas Sinica tana shirya Koyarwar bazara ta Latin kowace shekara.[7] Latinitas Sinica ya kafa haɗin gwiwa tare da wasu cibiyoyi daban-daban don nazarin Classics a duniya, musamman tare da Pontificium Institutum Altioris Latinitatis a Rome[8] da Cibiyar Turai don Nazarin Dan Adam."Erasmus".[1] Latinitas Sinica kowace shekara tana gudanar da wasan kwaikwayon waƙoƙin Latin, kamar "Gaudeamus", [2] "Panis angelicus" [3] da sigar Latin na Anthem na Turai. mashawarcin Latinitas Sinica ɗan Latin ne Leopold Leeb [de; zh].

## Manazarta
Makarantar Jihar Kalkie

**Makarantar Jihar Kalkie** makaranta ce ta jiha da aka lissafa a matsayin ta tarihi a lamba 257 Bargara Road, Kalkie, Yankin Bundaberg, Queensland, Ostiraliya. Sashen Ayyukan Jama'a na Queensland ne ya tsara ta kuma Franz Kuhnel da William Starke suka gina ta a shekarar 1877. An ƙara ta cikin Rijistar Gado ta Queensland a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 1992. 

## Tarihi
An gina ginin farko a Makarantar Jihar Kalkie a shekarar 1877, tare da gina wurin wasan kwaikwayo a shekarar 1879–80. Ita ce makarantar gwamnati ta farko da aka kafa a Woongarra Scrub, kuma ita ce makarantar da ta fi tsufa a Woongarra Shire. Wurin wasan kwaikwayo yana ɗaya daga cikin wuraren wasan kwaikwayo na farko da aka gina da rufin shingle a Queensland. 

An kafa makarantar ne don biyan buƙatun ƙaramin al'ummar manoma ta Kalkie, wadda ta bunƙasa a farkon shekarun 1870 a tsakiyar Woongarra Scrub, kimanin 4 miles (6.4 km) gabashin Bundaberg . Yankin ya kasance a buɗe don zaɓar daga 1869, bayan sake dawo da rabin Tashar Branyan (wanda aka ɗauka a 1855) don zama kusa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Hana Filayen Crown na 1868. A farkon shekarun 1870, yankin ya jawo hankalin iyalai da yawa na Birtaniya, Jamus da Scandinavia. A farkon shekarun farko, babban amfanin gona na masara shine masara, amma a 1876 farashin masara ya faɗi da kashi 600%, kuma a farkon shekarun 1880, manoman Kalkie/ Woongarra sun koma ga sukari. A 1882, an kafa babban matatar sukari ta Millaquin, kuma an gina masana'antar ruwan 'ya'yan itace da yawa, waɗanda aka tura su zuwa matatar, a gundumar Kalkie/Woongarra a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa.[1]

Tun daga lokacin da aka kafa makarantar, makarantar ta kasance mai da hankali kan ayyuka daban-daban na al'umma, ciki har da wani taro a ranar 10 ga Disamba 1879 inda masu biyan kuɗi na Sashen Barolin, waɗanda suka haɗa da Woongarra, suka amince su nemi izini don zaɓar kwamitin sashe na farko a ƙarƙashin sabuwar Dokar Hukumar Sashe. Ko kwamitin farko ya haɗu a makarantar daga baya ba a kafa shi ba. 

A watan Afrilun 1875, mazauna Kalkie sun nemi Hukumar Ilimi ta kafa makarantar ƙasa a gundumarsu. Henry Easther, Sakataren Kwamitin Makaranta, ya bayar da fili mai fadin eka 5, don a yi bincike daga zaɓin gidansa (sashi na 388, cocin Kalkie), don dalilai na makaranta. Ginin yana kan kusurwa, a kan Titin Sandhills (yanzu Titin Bargara). Mista Hermann ya gabatar da wani wuri daban, wanda ke yamma da Titin Sandhills, amma a tsakiyar 1876, mai duba makarantu na gundumar ya ba da shawarar ginin Mista Easther, wanda ke da fa'idar gina tituna biyu. An sanar da Kwamitin a watan Nuwamban 1876 cewa an amince da buƙatarsu ta neman makaranta a Kalkie, bisa ga sharuɗɗan sabuwar Dokar Ilimi ta 1875, wadda ta tanadi cewa kwamitin makarantar dole ne ya tara kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na kuɗin gini. Biyan kuɗi ga asusun ginin ya yi jinkiri, inda manoman yankin ke fama da wahalar samun abin rayuwa daga noman masara. Kwamitin makarantar kuma ya bayyana cewa shi ne ya ɗauki nauyin share rabin gaba na ginin, wanda aka rufe shi da datti mai yawa.[1]

## Manazarta
Elliniki Agogi

***Elliniki Agogi*** (Girkanci: Ελληνική Αγωγή) kungiya ce ta ilimi da ke zaune a Girka, wacce Adonis Georgiades ya kafa a shekarar 1995. An sadaukar da shi ga koyarwa da inganta harshen Girkanci na Dā da al'adun Girkanci ta hanyar shirye-shiryen ilimi na kwarewa, hulɗa, da kuma tushen tarihi. Tun daga shekara ta 2016, kungiyar ta kasance a karkashin jagorancin ilimi na Eugenia Manolidou, wanda ya fadada ikonsa a cikin ƙasa da duniya.

## Falsafa da Hanyar Ilimi
Elliniki Agogi ya bi tsarin koyarwa mai aiki / kwarewa (ενεργός / βιωματική μέθοδος), wanda ke da niyyar kawo Girkanci na Dā zuwa rayuwa ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo, ba da labari, sakewa, kiɗa, da wasan kwaikwayo.[1] Hanyar ta samo asali ne daga binciken harshe na zamani amma ta kasance mai aminci ga tsarin gargajiya da ruhun harshen Girkanci na Dā.

Ana samun darussan ga yara (shekaru 3-16) da manya, kuma tsarin karatun ya haɗa da harshe, tatsuniyoyi, tarihin dā, wasan kwaikwayo na dā, falsafar, da darussan da aka gudanar a cikin sauƙi amma ainihin Tsohon Girkanci. Ana gabatar da ɗalibai ga mahimman matani kamar tatsuniyoyin Aesop, tattaunawar Plato, Xenophon, Linjila, da kuma Homeric epics. Dukkanin darussan suna jaddada soyayya ga harshe da ci gaba da al'adu daga zamanin d ̄ a zuwa Girka ta zamani.

## Ayyuka da Haɗin Jama'a
Baya ga azuzuwan yau da kullun a Athens da kan layi, Elliniki Agogi ta shirya:

• **Sansanonin bazara** da **Ziyarar gidan kayan gargajiya** 

• **Shirye-shiryen ilimi don makarantu** 

• **Tafiya ta ilimi** zuwa wuraren tarihi 

• Taron taro don malamai (misali, *Ελληνίζοντες Διδάσκο*) 

• Delphi Classics, wani taro a cikin Delphi Taron Tattalin Arziki 

• **Ayyukan jama'a** na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Girka ta Dā ta dalibai 

## Littattafai
Elliniki Agogi ya fara ne a matsayin mujallar a shekarar 1995, yana mai da hankali kan harshen Girkanci, tarihi, da falsafar. Yawancin matani an buga su a cikin rubutun polytonic. A yau, kungiyar tana buga littattafan yara, littattafai, da kayan ilimi ta hanyar Ellinoekdotiki da sauran masu bugawa.

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Elliniki Agogi (gidan yanar gizon hukuma)
Oddo Biasini

**Oddo Biasini** (13 ga Mayu 1917 - 8 ga Yuli 2009) ɗan siyasan Italiya ne. Ya kasance mai goyon baya a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu kuma fitaccen memba na Jam'iyyar Republican ta Italiya .

## Tarihin rayuwa
Biasini ya kammala karatu a haruffa a Jami'ar Florence a shekara ta 1940; a shekara ta 1944 ya kasance mai goyon baya jamhuriya tare da Libero Gualtieri da Osvaldo Abbondanza . Bayan yakin ya yi aiki a matsayin malami na Italiyanci da Latin kuma ya kasance shugaban makarantar kimiyya ta Cesena daga 1958 zuwa 1968.

Mutumin da aka amince da shi na Ugo La Malfa, a cikin shekarun 1970s an zabe shi sakataren kasa na Jam'iyyar Republican ta Italiya. Ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyarsa daga 16 ga Disamba 1974 zuwa 24 ga Fabrairu 1976 kuma daga 15 ga Yuli 1976 zuwa 19 ga Yuni 1979 kuma mataimakin shugaban majalisar wakilai daga 1983 zuwa 1987.

Tsakanin ƙarshen shekarun 1960 na farko shekarun 1970, ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin sakatare na ilimin jama'a a cikin majalisar Rumor ta farko (1968-69) da ta uku (1970) da kuma majalisar Colombo (1970-71).

Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin ministan al'adu da muhalli daga 1980 zuwa 1981 a cikin majalisar ministocin Cossiga II da Forlani.

Ya mutu a ranar 8 ga Yulin 2009.

## Tarihin zabe

## Daraja da kyaututtuka

* : Grand Cross Knight na Order of Merit na Jamhuriyar Italiya (12 Disamba 1993) 
* : Medal na Zinare don Al'adu da Fasaha (5 ga Agusta 1983) 
* : Medal na Zinare don Meritorious na Makarantar Al'adu da Fasaha (31 Yuli 1973) 

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Arshi Pipa

**Arshi Pipa** (28 ga Yulin 1920 - 20 ga Yulin 1997) marubuci ne na Albanian American, masanin falsafa, mawaki kuma mai sukar adabi. 

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Arshi Pipa a ranar 28 ga Yuli 1920 a Shkodër kuma ya halarci makaranta har zuwa 1938. Pipa ta sami digiri na BA ("Laurea") a fannin falsafa a Jami'ar Florence a shekarar 1942.  Bayan ya kammala karatunsa ya kasance malamin Harshen Italiyanci a makarantu daban-daban a Albania.

An ɗaure shi na tsawon shekaru goma (1946-56) a Albania ta Kwaminisanci [1] saboda ya yi afuwa da mulkin kwaminisanci tare da karatun aya daga "Song of the Flea" na Goethe wanda aka samo a cikin fassarar Faust. [2] Bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku (shukuninsa na asali ya kasance shekaru 20, amma bayan an yanke shi zuwa 10) ya tsere zuwa Yugoslavia kuma ya zauna a Sarajevo a lokacin 1957-9 . [2] A shekara ta 1959 ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka inda ya koyar a Kwalejin Adelphi, Jami'ar Georgetown, Jami'an Columbia, da UC Berkeley . Sa'an nan, daga 1966 zuwa 1989, ya kasance farfesa na adabin Italiyanci a Sashen Harsunan Romance a Jami'ar Minnesota .[2][3][4]

Pipa ya mutu a Washington DC a ranar 20 ga Yuli, 1997. 

## Ayyuka
Waƙoƙin farko da Pipa ya rubuta a ƙarshen 1930, an buga su a Tirana a 1944. Lokacin da yake cikin kurkuku ya yi tunani kuma a zahiri ya rubuta wasu sassan sanannun tarin waƙoƙinsa, Libri i burgut [The Prison Book], wanda aka buga a shekarar 1959.  Waƙarsa mai suna *Rusha* (1968), wanda aka rubuta a 1955 yayin da yake kurkuku, ya kwatanta soyayya tsakanin Albanians da Serbs a ƙarshen karni na 14.

Pipa ya yi iƙirarin cewa hadin kan Harshen Albanian ba daidai ba ne saboda ya hana harshen Albanian wadata a kan kuɗin Gheg. Ya kira harshen Albanian na rubuce-rubuce a matsayin "monstrosity" wanda jagorancin kwaminisanci na Tosk ya samar, wanda ya ci nasara a kan kwaminisancin arewacin Albania kuma ya sanya yaren Tosk Albanian a kan Ghegs.

## Manazarta
Jeonathan Prato

**Jeonathan Prato** (Ibraniyawa; 16 ga Fabrairu 1913 - 5 ga Janairu 2006) lauya ne, wakilin yeshuv, kuma jami'in diflomasiyyar Isra'ila.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Jeonathan Prato a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 1913 a Florence, Italiya, inda mahaifinsa, David Prato, ya kasance Cif Cantor .  Mahaifin ya ci gaba da zama Rabbi na Alexandria (1927-1936). A halin yanzu, Jeonathan Prato ya sami Ph.D. a Shari'a kuma ya yi aliyah a 1936.  [Prof. Rabbi David Prato ya zama Babban Rabbi na Roma (1936-1938 kuma 1945-1951) kuma ya zauna a Tel Aviv&nbsp; a tsakanin. ]

## Ayyuka
A Mandatory Palestine, Dokta Prato ya fara aiki a matsayin malami na Italiyanci kuma shugaban sashen Italiyanci na gidan rediyo na Birtaniya na Urushalima Kira.[1] A shekara ta 1940, Dokta Jeonathan Prato da mahaifinsa sun tattauna a matsayin jakadu na yeshuv tare da hukumomin Italiya da Vatican wani shiri na ceto Yahudawa daga Poland ta hanyar Italiya.[2] A shekara ta 1941, an kira Jeonathan Prato lauya.[3]

### Ayyukan kasashen waje na Isra'ila
A ranar 1 ga Mayu 1949, Jeonathan Prato ya shiga aikin kasashen waje na sabuwar Jihar Isra'ila. Da farko ya yi aiki a ofishin jakadancin Isra'ila a Italiya, sannan a Argentina bayan wani lokaci a Isra'ila. A shekara ta 1959, ministan harkokin waje na Isra'ila Golda Meir ya nada Prato a matsayin Jakadan diflomasiyya a Athens. Bayan haka, Jeonathan Prato ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Cuba (1960-1963). 

A matsayinsa na mai ba da shawara game da dangantakar coci, Prato ya yi maraba da Paparoma Paul VI a 1964 zuwa Isra'ila a Ta'anakh Crossing .  Daga 1969 zuwa 1972, Prato ya yi aiki a matsayin Jakadan a Costa Rica da Nicaragua . A cikin shekarar da ta gabata, wannan matsayi ya hada da Honduras. Prato ya jagoranci Sashen Dangantaka na Ikilisiya daga 1973 har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya daga aikin kasashen waje a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu 1978.  A lokacin da ya yi ritaya, ya yi aiki na wasu shekaru 5 a matsayin mai adana bayanai.

## Mutum da kuma gado
A shekara ta 1951, Dokta Jeonathan Prato ya ba da gudummawar kujerun tarihi ga Gidan Tarihi na Bezalel (wanda daga baya ya haɗu da Gidan Tarihin Isra'ila), don tunawa da mahaifinsa.

### Prato Haggadah
Har ila yau, a cikin 1951, Prato ya karɓi sanannen Haggadah wanda aka kirkira a kusa da shekara ta 1300.  Wannan Haggadah ya kasance dukiyar mutum na sanannen mai sayar da fasaha na Roma, masanin kimiyya kuma mai tarawa Ludwig Pollak. An yi tunanin cewa an kashe Pollak da iyalinsa yayin korar Yahudawa daga Roma zuwa Auschwitz a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 1943 ko kuma lokacin da suka isa Auschwitz. Da farko an yi wa mahaifin Prato alkawari ga wannan littafin.

Jeonathand Prato ya sayar da haggadah a 1964 ga Cibiyar Nazarin tauhidin Yahudawa ta Amurka.  Har yanzu an san shi da Prato Haggadah . 

### Iyali da mutuwa
Prato ya yi aure  kuma yana da ɗa ɗaya. Ya mutu a ranar 5 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2006, yana da shekaru 92, a Urushalima. An binne Prato a kan Har HaMenuchot . 

## Manazarta
John Cochrane (ɗan siyasa)

**John Cochrane** (27 ga Agusta, 1813 - 7 ga Fabrairu, 1898) lauya ne na Amurka, soja, kuma ɗan siyasa daga New York . Ya kasance Wakilin Amurka, Babban Lauyan New York, kuma Janar na Sojojin Tarayyar.

## Rayuwa ta farko
.. An haifi John Cochran a Palatine, New York a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, 1813, jikan John Cochran, Babban Likita na Sojojin Continental .  Ya fara karatu a Kwalejin Union, amma daga baya ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Hamilton a 1831. Yayinda yake halartar Kwalejin Union, ya zama memba na Sigma Phi Society . Bayan haka ya yi karatun shari'a, an shigar da shi cikin kotun a 1834, ya yi aiki a Oswego da Schenectady, sannan ya koma Birnin New York.

## Ayyuka
A shekara ta 1852, ya yi kamfen don Franklin Pierce wanda ya nada shi mai kula da Tashar jiragen ruwa ta New York a shekara ta 1853.

### Wakilin Amurka
A shekara ta 1856, an zabe shi Wakilin Amurka daga Gundumar ta 6 ta New York a matsayin Democrat, kuma an sake zabarsa a shekara ta 1858, yana aiki a Majalisa ta 35 da Majalisa na 36, daga 1857 zuwa 1861. A Majalisa ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a muhawara game da sake fasalin ƙasa, kudaden shiga, da sauran tambayoyin jama'a. An kayar da shi don sake zaben a 1860.

### Yaƙin basasa
A lokacin barkewar Yaƙin basasar Amurka ya zama kwamandan rundunar sojan sa kai ta 65 ta New York (wanda aka fi sani da 1st United States Chasseurs), wanda ya umarce shi a yakin Peninsular . A watan Yulin 1862, an kara shi zuwa Brigadier Janar na masu sa kai, amma ya yi murabus daga aikinsa a watan Fabrairun 1863, saboda rashin lafiya amma mai yiwuwa ne sakamakon ayyukansa na siyasa bayan Fredericksburg. Kafin wannan ranar, ya umurci brigade a karkashin Brigadier Janar John Newton na VI Corps. Wannan brigade ya kasance a Yaƙin Fredericksburg . Cochrane ya kuma yi ta'aziyya don cire Ambrose Burnside a matsayin kwamandan Sojojin Potomac. Alexander Shaler ya maye gurbin Cochrane a matsayin kwamandan brigade.

### Ayyukan siyasa na baya
Cochrane ya kasance Babban Lauyan Jihar New York daga 1864 zuwa 1865, wanda aka zaba a kan tikitin da Yarjejeniyar Jihar Tarayyar ta zaba ciki har da 'yan Republican da' 'Yan Democrat na Yakin.

A shekara ta 1864, Jam'iyyar Radical Democratic Party ta zabi shi a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa a tikitin tare da John C. Frémont, amma Frémont nan da nan ya janye. Ya kasance wakili a taron Jamhuriyar Republican na 1868.

A matsayinsa na shugaban tawagar New York zuwa Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Liberal a Cincinnati a 1872, ya taimaka wajen tabbatar da zaben Horace Greeley don shugabancin.

Bayan haka ya sake zama dan jam'iyyar Democrat, kuma an zabe shi Sachem na Tammany Hall . A cikin 1872 da 1873, ya kasance Shugaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Birnin New York . Saboda haka ya kasance mukaddashin magajin gari na New York lokacin da magajin gari A. Oakey Hall ya yi ritaya na ɗan lokaci a lokacin binciken Tweed.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Cochrane, wanda ya kasance memba na Society of the Cincinnati, ya mutu a gidansa a 7 East Sixty-Second Street a Manhattan, kuma an binne shi a Kabari na Karkara na Albany a Menands, New York.

## manazarta
Makarantar Firamare ta Rizokarpaso don 'yan Cyprus na Girka

**Makarantar Firamare ta Rizokarpaso** makarantar firamare ce ta Girka da Cyprus a Rizokarpaso, a Arewacin Cyprus . Shekaru da yawa ita ce kawai makarantar yaren Girkanci a Arewacin Cyprus. Ya bayyana a kai a kai a kafofin watsa labarai na harshen Girkanci saboda an ruwaito cewa gwamnatin Arewacin Cyprus ta hana malamai makarantar firamare koyarwa a can.

## Shahararrun lokuta
An hana Eleni Foka komawa ƙauyenta da makarantar firamare, sabili da haka ta nemi Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai don adalci.

Alexia Koukotsikas da mijinta Grigoris Koukotsicas malamai ne na makarantar firamare waɗanda suka koyar a makarantar firamaren Rizokarpaso a Arewacin Cyprus waɗanda gwamnatin Arewacin Cyprus ta hana su, tare da yaransu, komawa ƙauyensu da makarantar firamaranci. Matsalolin dangin Koukotsikas ya fito ne daga MEP Dimitris Tsatsos a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai da kuma Majalisar Cyprus ta Shugaban Majalisar Wakilai (Mista Demetris Christofias).   Jaridar Cypriot Financial Mirror ta rubuta cewa a kwanan nan a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2008, gwamnatin Arewacin Cyprus ta hana malamai komawa makarantar firamare a Rizokarpaso.

## Dubi kuma

* 'Yancin Dan Adam a Arewacin Cyprus
* Mutanen Girka da ke cikinsa
* Kormakitis
* Hakkin ilimi
* Makarantu na yaren Romania a Transnistria

## Manazarta
Sheila Tracy

**Sheila Tracy** (10 Janairu 1934 - 30 Satumba 2014) ta kasance mai watsa shirye-shirye a Burtaniya, marubuciya, mawaƙiya kuma mawaƙiya. Ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai buga trombone a shekarun 1950, a cikin ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa mata.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Tracy a matsayin Sheila Lugg a Mullion, Cornwall a shekarar 1934.  Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Truro for Girls name="independent"> kuma ta yi karatun piano, violin da trombone a Royal Academy of Music, sannan ta kasance memba na Ivy Benson All Girls Band tsakanin 1956 da 1958. Daga baya, ta kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa/trombone biyu, The Tracy Sisters, waɗanda suka fito a fannoni daban-daban, a rediyo da talabijin, da kuma a gidajen rawa a duk faɗin duniya. Lokacin da wasan ya wargaje, ta shiga BBC Television a matsayin mai sanarwa  kuma ta yi aiki galibi a talabijin har zuwa 1974 lokacin da ta zama mace ta farko da ta karanta labarai a BBC Radio 4 a ranar 16 ga Yuli.  Ta kuma cancanci zama ' yar sanda ta musamman a London. 

A BBC Radio 2, Tracy ta tsara kuma ta gabatar da *Sa'ar Masu Mota*, bisa ga tsarin da ta koya a lokacin ziyarar da ta kai Amurka. 

Littattafai biyu da Tracy ta rubuta sune *Bands, Booze & Broads* (1995), tarin hirarrakinta da 'yan wasan Amurka waɗanda suka yi wasa da manyan ƙungiyoyin mawaka a shekarun 1930, 1940 da 1950; da *Talking Swing* (1997), kan mawakan Birtaniya na wannan zamanin.  Ta zama malama mai farin jini a shirin P&amp;amp;O Cruises  kuma ta rubuta wasu ayyukan tunani guda biyu. 

A shekarar 1997, an bai wa Tracy ' yancin Birnin Landan kuma ta zama mataimakiyar Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Royal . Ta kasance tsohuwar shugabar ƙungiyar Trombone ta Burtaniya. 

## Rayuwar mutum da mutuwa
Tracy ta auri jarumi John Arnatt daga shekarar 1962 har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 1999. Ma'auratan suna da ɗa ɗaya, wanda aka haifa a shekarar 1965.

Tracy ta mutu tana da shekaru 80, a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 2014, a Asibitin Gimbiya Alice da ke Esher, Surrey .

## Littattafai da aka zaɓa

* *Wanene Wanene a Rediyo.* Duniya da Aiki, 1983. 
* *Wanene Wanene a cikin Waƙar Shahararru: Yanayin Waƙar Burtaniya. Duniya da Aiki,* 1984. ISBN&nbsp;
* *Makada, Shan Giya da Broads.* Edinburgh: Bugawa ta Mainstream, 1984. ISBN&nbsp;
* *Magana game da Sauyi: Manyan Makada na Burtaniya.* Edinburgh: Bugawa ta Mainstream, 1997. ISBN&nbsp;

## Manazarta
Lady Juliet Townsend

**Lady Juliet Margaret Townsend**, DCVO ( *née* **Smith** ; 9 ga Satumba 1941 - 29 ga Nuwamba 2014) marubuciya ce 'yar Birtaniya wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin Lord Lieutenant na Northamptonshire daga 1998 zuwa 2014, mace ta farko da ta riƙe wannan muƙamin.

## Rayuwar farko da iyali
An haifi Townsend a shekarar 1941 a Five Trees Cottage da ke Ascot, Berkshire, 'yar Frederick Smith tilo, Earl na 2 na Birkenhead, masanin tarihi kuma mai rubuta tarihin rayuwa. Mahaifiyarta ita ce Hon. Sheila Berry, 'yar William Berry, Viscount Camrose na 1. Ta girma a The Cottage, Charlton, Northamptonshire, gidan da kakanta ya saya.  Ta auri John Townsend a shekarar 1970, kuma tana da 'ya'ya mata uku.  Tun daga shekarar 1977, ma'auratan suna da shagon sayar da littattafai.

## Sana'a
Ta halarci Kwalejin Somerville, Oxford, inda ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1960 da digiri a fannin Turanci. Daga 1965 zuwa 2002, Townsend ta yi aiki a matsayin mace mai jiran Gimbiya Margaret, Countess ta Snowdon .   Margaret ta nemi a ba ta wanda aka naɗa kayan aiki don taimakawa wajen ƙara mata ilimi da take ganin ba ta da shi. 

Townsend ta rubuta wani littafi mai rikodin "kowace ƙauye, coci, gida mai kyau da kuma sha'awar gine-gine" a cikin Northamptonshire, inda ta buga shi a shekarar 1968. Aikin adabinta na gaba, labarin yara da aka saita a lokacin Mummunan Tawayen Indiya, an fitar da shi a shekarar 1971.  Tana yawan duba littattafan yara don The Spectator, tana samar da jagorar shekara-shekara kan mafi kyawun fina-finai na shekara.

Ta shafe kusan shekaru arba'in tana zama memba a reshen Northamptonshire na Campaign to Protect Rural England, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar ta daga 1988 zuwa 1998.  Ta bar mukamin bayan nadinta a matsayin Lord Lieutenant na Northamptonshire, mace ta farko da ta riƙe wannan mukamin. Ta yi ritaya a watan Yunin 2014, saboda matsalolin motsi.   

## Daraja

* An sanya ta cikin Memba na Aji na 4 na Royal Victorian Order (MVO) a cikin Jerin Girmamawar Sarauniya ta Shekarar 1981 .
* An ɗaukaka ta zuwa Dame Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (DCVO) a cikin Jerin Girmamawar Ranar Haihuwar Sarauniya ta 2014 .

## Manazarta
Gladstone Farfesa na Girkanci

Shugaban Gladstone na Girkanci matsayi ne na ilimi wanda ya kasance daya daga cikin asali na asali na tushe na Liverpool" id="mwBg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="University of Liverpool">Jami'ar Liverpool a 1881. An sanya sunan kujera ne don nuna godiya ga ƙwarewar W. E. Gladstone, Firayim Minista na Burtaniya, da kuma kusanci da iyalin Gladstone da Liverpool.[1]

Shugaban ya fadi bayan Farfesa Long ya bar a 1983 don ɗaukar matsayi a Amurka, amma an farfado da shi a cikin 2017.

## Farfesa na Gladstone na Girkanci

* 1891-1898: Gerald Henry Rendall
* 1898-1906: Gilbert Austin Davies
* 1907-1910: Sir John Lynton Myres
* 1911-1914: Carl Friedrich Ferdinand Lehmann-Haupt
* 1919-1921: Alfred Chilton Pearson (daga baya Regius Farfesa na Girkanci a Jami'ar Cambridge) 
* 1922-1950: Archibald Young Campbell
* 1950-1972: Arthur Hilary Armstrong
* 1973-1983: Anthony Arthur Long
* 1983-2017: *Kujerar da ba ta da kyau*
* 2017-yanzu: Christopher Tuplin

## Manazarta
Serena Farfesa na Italiyanci

**Farfesa na Serena na Italiyanci** shine babban farfesa a cikin nazarin harshen Italiyanci, adabi da al'adu a Jami'ar Cambridge, Jami'ar Oxford, Jami'an Manchester da Jami'ar Birmingham. A Cambridge, an kafa shi a cikin 1917 ta hanyar gudummawar £ 10,000 daga Arthur Serena (ya mutu 1922), mai sayar da jirgin ruwa kuma ɗan Venetian mai kishin ƙasa Leone Serena . Ya kuma ba da lambar yabo ta Serena da Cibiyar Nazarin Burtaniya ke bayarwa a kowace shekara don ci gaba da nazarin tarihin Italiya, falsafar, kiɗa, adabi, fasaha da tattalin arziki.

## Farfesa Serena a Birmingham

* Linetta na Castelvecchio Richardson (1921-1946) 
* J. H. Whitfield (1946-1974) 
* Philip McNair (1974-1994) 
* Michael Kaisar (1994-2008) 

## Farfesa Serena a Cambridge

* Thomas Okey (1919-1929) 
* Raffaello Piccoli (1929-1933) 
* Edward Bullough (1933-1934) 
* Eric Reginald Pearce Vincent (1935-1962)   
* Uberto Limentani (1962-1981) 
* Patrick Boyde (1982-2002) 
* Zygmunt Barański (2002-2012) 
* Robert Gordon (2012-yanzu) 

## Farfesa Serena a Manchester

* E. G. Gardner (1920) 
* P. Rébora (1923) 
* Mario Praz (1932-1934) 
* Walter Llewellyn Bullock (1935-1944) 

(Kamarar ta kasance babu kowa tsakanin 1944 da 1961) 

* Giovanni Aquilecchia (1961-1970) 
* Thomas Gwynfor ('Gwyn') Griffith (1971-1988) 
* David Robey (1989-1998) 
* Maggie Günsberg (2000-2004) 
* Stephen J. Milner (2006-yanzu) 

## Farfesa Serena a Oxford

* Cesare Foligno (1919-1940) 
* Alessandro Passerin d'Entrèves (1946-1957) 
* Cecil Grayson (1957-1987) 
* *ba a cika shi ba* (1987-1990) 
* John Woodhouse (1990-2001) 
* Martin McLaughlin (2001-2017) 
* Simon Gilson (2018-yanzu) 

Lokacin da bayan ritaya na Grayson an 'tsayar da' kujerar Serena, saboda raguwar kudade na gwamnati, Gianni Agnelli, shugaban Fiat, ya amince da gudummawar £ 750,000 don 'unfreeze' kujerun Oxford. Don nuna godiya ga wannan fa'ida, sunan kujera a Oxford ya zama Shugaban Fiat-Serena na Nazarin Italiyanci.

A lokacin rani na shekara ta 2009 an sake yin gyare-gyare a cikin nomenclature lokacin da sunan ya canza zuwa Agnelli-Serena Chair of Italian Studies, canjin da ke nuna kai tsaye rawar manyan masu taimako biyu a farkon da ƙarshen karni na ashirin.

## Manazarta

* Charlton, H. B. (1951) *Hoton Jami'ar*. Manchester U. P.; shafi na 173&nbsp;
* Uberto Limentani, 'Leone da Arthur Serena da Cambridge Chair of Italian 1919-1934', a cikin Martin McLaughlin (ed.),*Burtaniya da Italiya daga Romanticism zuwa Modernism . *. A Festschrift for Peter Brand (Oxford: Legenda, 2000), shafi na 154-77.&nbsp;
Makarantar Jihar Edge Hill

**Makarantar Jihar Edge Hill** (EHSS) makarantar firamare ce ta gwamnati da ke Pease Street, Edge Hill, Cairns, Queensland, Ostiraliya. Tana da nisan kimanin  daga Cairns CBD kuma yana ba da ilimin jama'a ga yara da ke zaune a cikin unguwannin Edge Hill, Manunda da Cairns North.

## Bayani
Makarantar tana kan titin Pease Street a kan ƙasa mai ƙasa, inda take komawa ga ragowar dausayin tsakiyar Cairns, wanda Jihar Queensland ta fara keɓewa don zama Makarantar Jiha a ranar 17 ga Disamba 1938 

An gina makarantar ne don yi wa yara 'yan makaranta hidima a lokacin da suke zaune a wani ƙaramin gari na karkara wanda ya fara bunƙasa a gefen ƙasa mai faɗi, wanda a hankali ake mayar da shi lambunan kasuwa, gonakin kiwo da gonakin rake 

An san garin da ya fara samun ci gaba a yankin da Edge Hill, kuma wannan ya zama sunan sabuwar makarantar jiha ta 'Edge Hill'. Ya fara ne da aji ɗaya, baranda uku, bandakuna biyu na ƙasa, teburin makaranta guda takwas, hula da ƙugiya 40, ɗalibai 31, da kuma "Shugaban Malami Mai Rikon Kwata". 

Shekaru saba'in bayan fara makarantar gwamnati, har yanzu tana komawa ga ragowar fadama ta tsakiyar Cairns, amma yanzu tana kusa da wani babban magudanar ruwa, a cikin unguwannin Cairns, tare da adadin ɗalibai da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Queensland ta iyakance zuwa sama da 900. 

* gine-gine da wurare da yawa (gami da shaguna, wuraren taruwa, ɗakin karatu, wuraren fasahar intanet, ɗakunan kiɗa, cibiyar fassara muhalli, wurin ninkaya, kulob ɗin ninkaya, kula da bayan makaranta, da kuma cibiyar kula da haƙori);
* Malaman azuzuwa 37, da kuma malamai 6 na musamman (gami da malamai a fannonin Kiɗa, Lafiya da Ilimin Jiki, Ilimin Albarkatu, Harsuna banda Turanci, Ingantaccen Koyo, da Ilimi na Musamman); da kuma
* cikakken shugabanci wanda ya ƙunshi Shugaban Makaranta ɗaya, Mataimakan Shugaban Makaranta biyu, manajan Ayyukan Kasuwanci, da ma'aikatan gudanarwa guda uku na dindindin.

## Muhalli na Makaranta

### Filin Golf Mai Ruwa (1930s)
Yankin da aka ɗan ɗaga kaɗan a cikin dausayin tsakiyar Cairns da aka keɓe don makaranta, inda aka gina Makarantar Jihar Edge Hill, mazauna Edge Hill na yankin ne suka fara amfani da shi a matsayin filin wasan golf (tun da aka yi watsi da shi saboda ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa akai-akai). 

An gano yankin a matsayin wurin da za a gina makaranta ta hannun Mai Kula da Makarantu na Gundumar, Mista C Walton, wanda a shekarar 1938 ya kai rahoto ga Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Koyar da Jama'a na Ma'aikatar Ilimi, inda ya gano wurare uku da za a iya ginawa a makaranta, yana mai yin tsokaci game da wurin da kewayensa: [1]

## Manazarta
Basil Christensen

**Basil Christensen** (9 Yuni 1938 - 13 Mayu 2005) ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Burtaniya wanda ya fafata a Wasannin Olympics na bazara na 1968. 

Christensen ya buga wasan hockey na kulob din Beckenham Hockey Club . 

Christensen ya wakilci Biritaniya a wasannin Olympics na 1968 a Birnin Mexico a Gasar maza. 

## Manazarta
Annie Tomlinson

Annie Tomlinson ko Annie Bamford (29 ga Yuni 1870 - 6 ga Afrilu 1933) 'yar jarida ce ta Burtaniya kuma mai goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa .

## Rayuwa
An haifi Tomlinson a Rochdale . Iyayenta su ne Elizabeth da Samuel Bamford waɗanda suka buga *Co-operative News* . An ba ta ilimi mai sassauci a gida kuma ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Manchester don 'Yan Mata .  A shekara ta 1904 ta zama editan jaridar mahaifinta mai suna "Women's Section".  Wannan muhimmiyar rawa ce da aka ƙirƙira wa Alice Acland a ranar 6 ga Janairu 1883. Acland ta ci gaba da kafa ƙungiyar mata ta Co-operative .

Tomlinson ta sami sha'awar rayuwarta ga ƙungiyar mata ta haɗin gwiwa lokacin da ta ji babbar sakatariyar ƙungiyar Margaret Llewelyn Davies tana magana. Tana da shekaru 22, ita ce sakatariyar sashen arewa na ƙungiyar.  A shekarar 1907 ta buga mujallar yara mai suna *Our Circle* . A shekarar 1919 ta zama edita ta farko a *mujallar Women's Outlook* . 

Tomlinson ta daina gyara *mujallar Mata*  kuma ta mutu jim kaɗan bayan haka a Blackpool a 1933. An binne ta a garinsu.  Mijinta Charles Ernest Tomlinson, wanda ta aura kusan shekaru 30 da suka gabata, an yi masa kabari wanda ya rubuta nasarorin da ta samu.

## Manazarta
George Clerk (diplomat)

Sir George Russell Clerk GCMG CB PC (29 Nuwamba 1874 - 18 Yuni 1951) ya kasance jami'in diflomasiyya Burtaniya kuma mai ba da shawara wanda ya ƙare aikinsa a matsayin Jakada a Faransa daga 1934 zuwa 1937, bayan shekaru bakwai a matsayin Jakadan a Turkiyya, daya a matsayin Jakadi a Belgium kuma bakwai a matsayin jakadan a Jamhuriyar Czechoslovak .  Ana kiran sunansa kamar dai an rubuta shi **Clark**.

## Rayuwa ta farko
Dan Janar Sir Godfrey Clerk (1835-1908), ango a jira ga Edward VII, Clerk ya kasance jikan Sir George Russell Clerk, Ma'aikacin gwamnati a Indiya ta Burtaniya wanda ya zama Lieutenant-Governor na lardunan Arewa maso Yamma, Gwamna na Bombay, da Mataimakin Sakataren Gwamnati na Indiya.

Clerk ta yi karatu a Eton da New College, Oxford .  A Eton ya kasance zamani ne na Yarima Alexander na Teck, daga baya Gwamna-Janar na Afirka ta Kudu da Kanada, Geoffrey Dawson, daga baya editan The Times, da marubucin Maurice Baring .

## Ayyuka
An naɗa magatakarda a matsayin magatakarda a Ofishin Harkokin Waje a shekarar 1899. A farkon shekarar 1901, an naɗa shi mukaddashin Sakatare na Uku  don ya raka wata tawagar diflomasiyya ta musamman don sanar da hawan Sarki Edward, ga gwamnatocin Denmark, Sweden da Norway, Rasha, Jamus, da Saxony .  Ya tafi Addis Ababa a shekarar 1903 a matsayin Mataimakin Hukumar HM, inda ya zama Mukaddashin Wakili kuma Babban Jami'in Hulɗa daga 1903 zuwa 1904 da kuma Babban Jami'in Hulɗa a Burtaniya a Habasha, 1906–07.  Yayin da yake Habasha, Magatakarda ya yi aiki don rage yawan cinikin bayi a yankunan kan iyaka na Sudan da Uganda kuma ya sami laƙabin 'Buffalo'.  A shekarar 1907 aka sake kiransa zuwa Landan a matsayin Mataimakin Magatakarda a Ofishin Harkokin Waje, kuma a shekarar 1910 ya tafi Constantinople a matsayin Sakatare na Farko a Ofishin Jakadancin HM zuwa Daular Ottoman, ya zama Babban Magatakarda a shekarar 1913 kuma Mukaddashin Mai Ba da Shawara a shekarar 1917, lokacin da aka ba shi lambar yabo ta jarumi. 

Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na farko, Clerk ya nuna tausayi sosai ga dalilin 'yan tsiraru na kasa na tsohuwar Austria-Hungary da kuma manufofi masu sassaucin ra'ayi da ke da alaƙa da mujallar The New Europe . A shekara ta 1919 an nada shi a matsayin Sakatare mai zaman kansa ga mukaddashin Sakataren Harkokin Waje, wanda ya ba shi damar yin tasiri ga fuskar *Sabuwar Turai* lokacin da suka fara aiki zuwa Hungary. Daga baya a cikin 1919 an tura shi a matsayin Minista na farko zuwa Czechoslovakia, yana aiki kuma a matsayin Consul-General a can daga 1921 zuwa 1926. A matsayinsa na ministan Burtaniya a Prague, Clerk ya bi burinsa na tallafawa Czechs da kuma sanya Prague cibiyar tasirin Burtaniya. Kodayake manufofinsa sun ƙare cikin gazawar, Clerk yana da mafi girman tausayi ga Czechs da Slovaks fiye da duk wani daga cikin magajinsa.

Na farko da aka nada shi a matsayin Jakada ya zo ne a 1926, lokacin da aka nada ya zama shugaban mishan a Turkiyya, kuma ya kasance a can har zuwa 1933, lokacin da ya ɗauki ɗan gajeren matsayi a matsayin jakada a Brussels da Minista Plenipotentiary a Luxembourg,  kuma a ƙarshe a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1934 aka nada shi Jakadan Burtaniya a Paris. 

## manazarta
Makarantar Jihar Parramatta

**Makarantar Jihar Parramatta** makarantar firamare ce ta gwamnati da ke cikin unguwar Cairns da ke yankin Parramatta Park, Queensland, Ostiraliya.  Ma'aikatar Ilimi ce ke gudanar da ita, tare da ɗalibai 443 da ma'aikatan koyarwa 53, tun daga shekarar 2023. Makarantar tana hidimar ɗalibai daga shirin zuwa aji na 6,   kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin makarantu a yankin Cairns.

## Wuri
Makarantar tana arewacin wurin ajiyar Parramatta Park,  a 122 Mulgrave Road.

## Tarihi
A shekarar 1925, an fara gabatar da makarantar gwamnati a yankin.  An sayi filin makarantar a watan Maris na 1926  kuma an fara gina makarantar a watan Mayu na 1926, kuma an tsara cewa za ta ɗauki kimanin ɗalibai 450. An bayyana cewa kuɗin ya kai £ 10,878. 

Shugaban makarantar, Don Campell, an yi niyya ne ya shirya bude makarantar a karshen mako kafin, duk da haka, jinkirin jirgin kasa ya haifar da hakan.[1] Sashen Ilimi ya aika aikin zuwa ga Mista E. Gordon (babban malamin Makarantar Cairns State a lokacin) don a bude makarantar a ranar Litinin mai zuwa.[1] An bude makarantar a ranar Litinin, 24 ga Janairu 1927, [2] ba tare da wata matsala ba, ban da cewa filin makarantar bai kammala ba.[1] Don Campell ya isa kan lokaci don karbar ragamar makarantar a ranar bude makarantar.[1]

A ƙarshen shekarar 1930, makarantar ta sami ɗalibai 581 da suka yi rajista. 

A shekarar 2015, an dakatar da shugaban makarantar a lokacin, Wayne Kirk, daga aikinsa bayan ya yi amfani da katin bashi na Ma'aikatar Ilimi don harkokinsa na kashin kansa.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin makarantu a Arewacin Far Queensland

## Manazarta
William James Chrystal

**William James Chrystal** (20 Mayu 1854 - 21 Afrilu 1921) masanin kimiyyar Scotland ne kuma abokin tarayya a kasuwancin sunadarai na iyalinsa J &amp;amp; J White Chemicals wanda ke zaune a Rutherglen .

## Kakanninmu
An haifi Chrystal a Glasgow, ɗan dillalin inshora Robert Chrystal  kuma jikan Dokta William Chrystal (1776-1830), shugaban makarantar Grammar School na Glasgow wanda ya mutu a hatsarin jirgin ruwa kuma ana tunawa da shi tare da bus a harabar makarantar ta yanzu (wanda aka kafa a Glasgow Cathedral).  Mahaifiyarsa Jean 'yar John White ce, wanda ya kafa *J & J White Chemicals*, kuma 'yan uwanta John da James suma abokan tarayya ne daga 1840 da 1851 bi da bi har zuwa mutuwarsu a cikin 1880s.

## Ilimi da aiki
Chrystal ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Glasgow da Jami'ar Glasgow . Ya kasance ɗan'uwan Royal Institute of Chemistry da Chemical Society .  Bayan ya yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje a cikin shekarun 1870 ya shiga *J & J White Chemicals* a matsayin ƙwararren likitan sunadarai, kuma bayan kawunsa John ya mutu a 1881 ya zama abokin tarayya a cikin kasuwancin. A wannan lokacin dan uwan Chrystal John Campbell White, ɗan kawunsa James, shi ma abokin tarayya ne. Bayan mutuwar James White a 1884 wani dan uwansa, Hill Hamilton Barrett, ya zama abokin kasuwanci. A wannan lokacin ayyukan Shawfield, galibi suna samar da bichromate na potash, sune mafi girma a irin su a duniya kuma suna daukar ma'aikata sama da mutane 500. An yaba wa Chrystal tare da inganta hanyoyin masana'antu don samfuran.

## Abubuwan da ke so
A shekara ta 1898 ya sayi kuma ya sake gina **Gidan Auchendennan** (Arden, Argyll) a kan Loch Lomond .  Ginin daga baya ya kasance mallakar wasu shekaru ta kungiyar Scottish Youth Hostels Association. A shekara ta 1899 ya sayi gine-gine a tsakiyar Rutherglen don ba da damar rushe su don taimakawa wajen gina sabon coci - ana tunawa da wannan a kan takarda a waje da Tsohon Ikilisiyar Rutherglem na yanzu a kan Main Street.

Chrystal ya kasance memba na Glasgow Philosophical Society, kuma ya kasance mai ƙwarewa kuma memba na Royal Clyde Yacht Club . 

An kashe ɗansa Ian (Seaforth Highlanders) a Yaƙin Duniya na farko . 

Ya mutu a Auchendennan an binne shi a kabarin iyali a Glasgow Necropolis . 

## Manazarta
Zoë Tomalin

**Zoë Tomalin** marubuciya ce ta barkwanci, furodusa, kuma mai watsa shirye-shiryen podcaster. Ta yi rubutu a rediyo da talabijin, ciki har da *Have I Got News For You* da *The Now Show* . A shekarar 2021 ta lashe gasar rubuta David Nobbs Memorial Trust Writing Competition kuma an zaɓe ta a matsayin 'yar takarar da za ta fafata a gasar rubuta barkwanci ta mata masu ban dariya .   

An nada Tomalin a matsayin Zakaran Zakarun Quantum Leopard na shekarar 2018, tare da Olga Koch .

Tomalin ya ƙirƙiri shirin barkwanci mai ban tsoro *na Seancecast* tare da Charlie Dinkin . Shirin ya lashe kyautar azurfa a cikin mafi kyawun shirin barkwanci na Burtaniya na 2021 kuma an zaɓe shi a cikin shirin Mafi Kyawun Barkwanci na Rubuce-rubuce (Sketch Show) a bikin bayar da kyautar BBC Audio Drama na 2021.    An kuma zaɓe shi don kyautar Chortle Awards na 2023 a ƙarƙashin Mafi Kyawun shirin Podcast.  A shekarar 2022, Tomalin ya shirya kuma ya yi rubutu tare da Jordan Brookes *Late Night Forever!,* wani matukin jirgi na Channel 4. 

## Manazarta
John Campbell (manomi)

**Sir John Park Campbell**, OBE (1 ga Afrilu 1934 - 10 ga Satumba 2024) manomi ne kuma ɗan kasuwa na Scotland.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haife shi a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1934,  Campbell da ɗan'uwansa sun fara noma yana da shekaru 15 a matsayin masu zama a gonar tudu a Argyll; bayan sun sadu da nasara, daga ƙarshe sun sami damar siyan ƙasar. 

## Gidajen Gidajen Glenrath
A shekara ta 1957, Campbell ta auri Catherine Kent,  'yar manoman kaji.  A wannan shekarar, ya fara kiwon kaji (tare da kaji 113) daga gonar matarsa. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 27, shi da matarsa suka koma Glenrath Farm kusa da Peebles . Ba nasara ba ce nan take, kuma dole ne ya sayar da wani ɓangare na gonar amma arzikinsa ya juya kuma a cikin 1970 ya sami wani gonar kaji. Daga bisani ya sami kwangila tare da babban kantin sayar da kayayyaki na Scotland, wanda daga baya ya haɗu da Tesco. A shekara ta 2010, Glenrath Farms (wanda Campbell ya kasance shugaban ) yana aiki a kan kadada 12,000 na ƙasa kuma yana samar da ƙwai miliyan 1.4 a rana; ana sayar da kashi 75% na waɗannan ga Tesco da kashi 25% ga Asda. 

## Ayyukan jama'a
Tare da aikinsa na kasuwanci, Campbell ya zauna a Majalisar Gundumar Tweeddale tsakanin 1975 da 1993.

## Mutuwa
Campbell ya mutu a gonarsa a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2024, yana da shekaru 90. 

## Daraja da kyaututtuka
An nada Campbell a matsayin Jami'in Order of the British Empire (OBE) a cikin 2000 New Year Honours "don hidimomi ga Masana'antar kaji". An ba shi lambar yabo a cikin Kyautar Sabuwar Shekara ta 2017 don "hidimomi ga noma da sabis na sadaka ga kasuwanci".

## Manazarta
Seoullo 7017

**Seoul 7017** ( Korean  ), wanda kuma aka sani da **Seoul Skygarden** ko **Skypark**, wani wurin shakatawa ne mai tsayi a Seoul, wanda aka gina a saman wani tsohon hanyar wucewa ta babbar hanya (Seoul Station Overpass, Korean  ). Hanya, wacce take da nisan  tsawonsa kuma an yi masa layi da shuke-shuke 24,000, yana kama da High Line na Birnin New York. Kamfanin MVRDV, wani kamfanin ƙasar Holland ne ya tsara Skygarden, kuma an buɗe shi a watan Mayu na 2017.  Hanyar kuma tana inganta lokutan tafiya a kusa da Tashar Seoul . 

An rufe hanyar wucewa ta sama a shekarar 2015 kuma ta ratsa ta gefen tashar Seoul a  sama da matakin titi.  "70" da ke cikin sunan ya fito ne daga shekarar 1970, shekarar da aka keɓe gadar sama, yayin da "17" ke nuni ga adadin hanyoyin tafiya da aka haɗa da shi da kuma buɗewar sa a shekarar 2017.  Wurin shakatawa ya haɗa da lambuna, baranda, da baje kolin kayan tarihi, kuma an yi alƙawarin "zai nuna sama da tsire-tsire 24,085 waɗanda ke wakiltar nau'ikan bishiyoyi, ciyayi da furanni 228 da aka samu a Koriya da wajenta." 

## Tarihi
A shekarun 1960, shekaru goma bayan Yaƙin Koriya, Seoul ta gina hanyoyi masu tsayi da yawa don ci gaba da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa ta babban birnin. Bayan lokaci, an fara ganin hanyoyin da suka wuce gona da iri a matsayin lahani a yanayin ƙasa, kuma yanayin da suke ciki yana haifar da haɗarin tsaro.  Yayin da aka cire su a hankali, masu tsara birane suka fara sake amfani da wasu a matsayin wuraren kore masu tafiya a ƙasa. Magajin garin Seoul Park Won-ba da daɗewa ba ya yi kira da a kammala filin jirgin sama na dala miliyan 52 a matsayin ƙarin tallafi ga aikin gyaran Cheonggyecheon Stream na Seoul, wanda aka shirya a ƙarƙashin tsohon magajin garin Lee Myung-bak . 

Shirye-shiryen wurin shakatawa sun fuskanci ce-ce-ku-ce tun farko game da fargabar cunkoson ababen hawa da kuma damuwar masu kasuwa a kusa da Namdaemun. 

## Wuri

Filin shakatawa na Skypark ya fara ne daga Malli-dong kuma ya ci gaba da arewa maso gabas bayan Tashar Seoul, inda ya ƙare da mita 1,024 daga baya kusa da Namdemun a Tashar Hoehyeon . Ana iya ganin wurin shakatawar daga Tashar Seoul amma matakalar da ta fi kusa ita ce a gefen titi daga gaban tashar, ko kuma hanyar fita daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta 1 ta tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Seoul . 

## Manazarta