Yaƙe-yaƙe na Mandingo

**Yakin Mandingo** jerin rikice-rikice ne daga shekarun 1882 zuwa 1898 tsakanin Faransa da Masarautar Wassoulou na mutanen Mandingo ƙarƙashin jagorancin Samori Ture. Kwatankwacin haka, Faransawa sun fuskanci turjiya mai tsanani daga Mandinka, saboda sun sami damar yin amfani da bindigogi da dabarun da suka hana faɗaɗa Faransa a yankin. A ƙarshe Faransawa sun yi nasara kuma sun sami rinjaye a kan Mali, Guinea da Ivory Coast.  

## Yaƙin Mandingo na farko (1882-1886)
A farkon shekara ta 1882 Gustave Borgnis-Desbordes, kwamandan sojojin Faransa a Kita a Mali ta yau, ya aika da manzo zuwa Samory Toure don ya sanar da cewa Kiniéran yanzu ya kasance ma'aikatar kare Faransa. Ba tare da jin daɗi ba, Toure ya kori garin a ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairu, 1882. Ruƙunin agaji na Faransa ya isa a makare, amma ya bi sojojin Wassoulou, waɗanda suka juya suka yi yaƙi a Samaya a ranar 26th. Tuhumomin gaba na sofas na gargajiya sun zama an kashe su a lokacin da aka fuskanci sabon makamin Faransa, amma Samory cikin sauri ya zage damtse ta hanyar amfani da ingantattun dabarun yaki da hare-haren dawakai. Sun tursasa Faransawa sun koma Nijar.  Wannan nasara ta sa Toure ya samu suna a matsayin shugaban Afrika wanda zai iya tinkarar 'yan ta'addar toubab, wanda ya ƙara ɗaukaka darajarsa da daukar ma'aikata, tare da samar da wani tsari na ayyukan gaba. 

Bayan Samaya, wasu daga cikin shugabannin Bamako sun fara zagayawa zuwa Toure. Faransawa, suna son mallakar wannan muhimmin gari mai mahimmanci a Nijar, sun garzaya da wata runduna don kafa katanga a can ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu, 1883.  Kebe Brema, ɗan uwan Samori, ya jagoranci wata rundunar soji zuwa Bamako domin kwato Faransawa daga kariyar da suke yi. Sun gwabza faɗa biyu a kogin Woyo Wayanko a farkon watan Afrilu, inda Kebe Brema ya yi nasara a karon farko amma daga karshe aka tilasta masa ja da baya. 

Lokacin da wani balaguron faransa a shekara ta 1885 a ƙarƙashin Col. AVA Combes yayi ƙoƙarin kwace filayen gwal na Buré ta hanyar kama Niagassola, Toure ya kai hari. Ya raba sojojinsa zuwa ginshiƙan wayar hannu guda uku, ya yi aiki da hanyarsa ta hanyar sadarwa ta Faransa kuma cikin sauri ya tilasta musu janyewa.  Tuni aka yi rikici da Mahmadu Lamine da Daular Toucouleur, Faransawa sun tilastawa yin shawarwari kan yarjejeniyar Kenieba Koura, da aka sanya hannu a ranar 28 ga watan Maris, 1886. Wannan yarjejeniya ta amince da mulkin Faransa a kan bankin hagu na Nijar har zuwa Siguiri, da ikon Samory na Bure da yankin Manding.  A matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar, an aika da babban ɗan Samory kuma magaji Djaoulen-Karamo zuwa aikin diflomasiya/gano gaskiya/fatan alheri zuwa Faransa.  

## Yaƙin Mandingo na biyu (1891-1895)
A ranar 10 ga watan Maris, 1891, sojojin Faransa a ƙarƙashin Kanar Louis Archinard sun tashi daga Nyamina don kai hari kan Kankan.  Ya yi tsammanin zai mamaye Samory cikin 'yan makonni tare da yakin walƙiya.  Sanin kagararsa ba zai iya dakatar da makaman Faransa ba, Toure ya fara yakin motsa jiki da kona ƙasa.  Archinard ya ɗan sami matsala kama Kankan a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu sannan kuma Bissandougou wanda ya rabu, amma Toure bai bar ɗan darajar ɗauka ba.  

Col. Pierre Humbert wanda ya maye gurbin Archinard ya isa Kankan a watan Janairun 1892 kuma ya jagoranci wata 'yar ƙaramar runduna da ta dace na zaɓaɓɓun mutane a wani harin da aka kai kan Bissandougou. Sofas sun yi yaƙin tsaro a Soumbe da Diamanko raƙuman ruwa na 11 da na 12, sun yi asarar rayuka masu yawa amma sun yi mummunar ɓarna ga Faransawa kuma sun kusan kama manyan bindigogi na abokan gaba, amma ba su iya ceton birnin da aka yi watsi da su ba. Faransawa sun ci gaba da bin sojojin Samori a kudu, suna fuskantar 'yan kwanton ɓauna, yakin sa-kai, da kona duniya gaba ɗaya, tare da kafa garrison a Bissandougou da Kerouane. A wata majalisa a Frankonedou a ranar 9 ga watan Mayu, 1892, Samory da abokansa sun yanke shawarar juya gabas su sake kafa daular a Kabadougou, suna lalata kowane yanki kafin su kwashe shi don jinkirta faransa.   

A cikin watannin farko na shekarar 1893 Faransawa, duk da cewa sun ƙasa kashe sojojin Toure a Guinea, sun yi nasarar kama Faranah tare da toshe hanyoyin da za a iya kaiwa ƙasashen Laberiya da Saliyo, tushen Wassoulou na farko na samar da makamai na zamani.  ’Yan Wassoulou vassals a Kissidougou da sauran yankunan yamma- da kudancin daular sun miƙa wuya.  

Sabuwar manufar Toure a gabas, kuma mabuɗin duk yankin, shine tsohon birnin kasuwanci na Dyula na Kong. Birnin ya yarda da kariyar Faransa da sunan a lokacin ziyarar Louis-Gustave Binger a shekara ta 1892, kuma shugabannin turawan mulkin mallaka sun nemi daidaita wannan dangantakar ta hanyar haɗa wani shafi da Col. Monteil ya jagoranta a watan Agustan 1894. Ƙarfin bai bar Grand Bassam ba, duk da haka, har sai a watan Fabrairu 1895, kuma zuwansa ya haifar da gwagwarmayar gwagwarmaya.  Monteil ya yi tuntuɓe a kan sofas a ranar 2 ga watan Maris, ga mamakin ɓangarorin biyu; A yakin da aka yi a ranar 14 ga wata, an tilasta wa Faransawa ja da baya tare da yin watsi da Kong, wanda ya yi alkawari ga Samory a watan Afrilu.  Wannan ya fara zaman lafiya na tsawon shekaru biyu. 

## Yaƙin Mandingo na uku (1897-1898)
Faransa ta so ta mallaki Bouna yayin da ta keɓe Samory da Birtaniya. Kyaftin  ya zo kudu daga Nijar ya lankwasa don yin yunƙurin yin shawarwarin yarjejeniyar tsaro amma ya ƙi, saboda Toure yana so kawai ya zauna ban da Faransa. A watan Afrilun 1897, Gwamnan Birtaniya William Edward Maxwell na Gold Coast ya yi ƙoƙari ya tsorata Saranken Mori, ɗan Samory kuma kwamandan yankin, ya watsar da Bouna. Lokacin da abin ya faskara, sai dakarun Rundunar Sojojin Kudancin Najeriya ƙarƙashin Henderson suka mamaye garin amma an fatattake su a Dokta, daga bisani kuma aka kama Henderson a Wa.  

Sanin wannan koma baya zai haifar da martani mai tsanani na Birtaniyya, Faransawa sun sake aika Braulot, a shugaban ruƙunin masu ɗauke da makamai, ya yi kokarin sayen Bouna ta hanyar shawarwari. Saranken Mori ya karɓa da farko.  Amma lokacin da Braulot ya isa Bouna, an kashe shi kuma aka lalata shi a wajen birnin a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, 1897, inda aka sake fara yakin Faransa da Samory Toure. 

Faɗuwar babban birnin Kenedugou na Sikasso a ranar 1 ga watan Mayu, 1898, ya baiwa sojojin Faransa 'yan mulkin mallaka damar kai wani gagarumin farmaki kan Toure. Ba da daɗewa ba aka tilasta masa yin ƙaura kuma, wannan lokacin zuwa Laberiya. Da fatan zama a cikin ƙasa yayin tafiya, haɗuwa da yankin tsaunukan da ba a sani ba na yammacin Ivory Coast, maƙiyan mazauna yankin, da hare-haren mulkin mallaka sun juya yakin zuwa bala'i.  Yin amfani da bayanai daga masu tseren sofa, kyaftin ɗin Faransa Henri Gouraud ya ba sojojin Toure mamaki a Guelemou a ranar 29 ga watan Satumba, 1898, kuma ya kama Almamy ba tare da faɗa ba. 

## Manazarta