William Cotton (mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje)

**Rev William Charles Cotton** (30 Janairu 1813 - 22 Yuni 1879) ya kasance malamin addini na Anglican, mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje kuma mai ba da izini. Bayan ilimi a Kwalejin Eton da Ikilisiyar Kristi, Oxford An nada shi kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa New Zealand a matsayin malamin George Augustus Selwyn, bishop na farko. Ya gabatar da ƙwarewar kiwon ƙudan zuma zuwa Arewacin tsibirin kuma ya rubuta littattafai a kan batun. Daga baya a matsayin mai kula da Frodsham, Cheshire, Ingila, ya dawo da cocinsa da kuma mai kula da shi amma an iyakance shi a cikin ayyukansa ta hanyar rashin lafiya.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi William Charles Cotton a Leytonstone, Essex, Ingila, ɗan fari na William Cotton da matarsa Sarah. Mahaifinsa ɗan kasuwa ne wanda ya zama Gwamna na Bankin Ingila .  Yayansa shi ne lauya Henry Cotton . 

Da farko MA koyarwa ne suka yi masa ilimi a gida, har sai yana da shekaru 14 aka tura shi Kwalejin Eton. A can ya zama ƙwararren mai tuƙi kuma yana da kyakkyawan rikodin ilimi, ya lashe kyautar Newcastle don ƙwarewa a dikon allahntaka da na gargajiya a cikin shekararsa ta ƙarshe. A shekara ta 1832 ya yi karatu a Christ Church, Oxford, kuma ya kammala BA a shekara ta 1836, tare da girmamawa na farko a cikin Classic da girmamawa ta biyu a cikin Lissafi. Ya yanke shawarar yin aiki a cikin coci kuma An nada shi a matsayin curate a Baston, Lincolnshire . An naɗa shi a matsayin mai hidima a 1837, a cikin 1838 an ɗaukaka shi zuwa MA ta hanyar tsufa, kuma a cikin 1839 an naɗa shi firist kuma an nada shi a matsayin curate a Cocin St Edward, Romford, Essex .  Ko da a wannan matakin rayuwarsa, akwai damuwa game da lafiyar hankalinsa. Daga nan sai ya koma wani curacy a cocin Ikklisiya na St John, Windsor . A nan ya zama aboki mai kyau na George Augustus Selwyn, abokin aikinsa mai shekaru biyar.

## Mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje
A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1841 an nada Selwyn ya zama Bishop na farko na Anglican na New Zealand kuma Cotton ya ba da damar tafiya tare da shi a matsayin malaminsa. Wannan shawarar ta haɗu da rashin amincewa daga mahaifin Cotton wanda ya ce "Ba ku da kayan wa'azi a ƙasashen waje". Cotton yana da wasu ƙwarewar da za su kasance masu mahimmanci; zai iya amfani da kayan aiki daban-daban, gami da lathe, hawa doki, da jirgi da jiragen ruwa. *Tomatin* ya tashi daga London zuwa Plymouth Sound ba tare da Cotton ba wanda ya tafi ƙasa zuwa Plymus kafin ya shiga jirgin a can. Cotton ya ɗora wasu ƙudan zuma a cikin jirgin amma bai cika su cikin wani hogshead ba kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin My Bee Book. An jinkirta a cikin Channel na Turanci ta hanyar iskõki masu saurin iska an jefa ƙudan zuma a cikin *Tomatin* har aka jefa su a cikin jirgin ruwa a cikin Plymouth Sound ba tare da Cotton ba. Kungiyar mishan ta mambobi 23 ta tashi daga Plymouth a ƙarshen ranar 26 ga Disamba 1841 a cikin jirgin Tomatin. A cikin jirgin, ban da kayansu, akwai dabbobi daban-daban da kuma adadin ƙudan zuma na biyu da ba a sani ba. Kyaftin din jirgin daga London ya ki amincewa da izinin Cotton don ci gaba da yin hogshead a cikin jirgin don haka an watsar da shi a bakin teku kuma an tilasta Cotton ya ba da gida kamar yadda zai iya.  Daga littafin rubutu na Cotton na hannu, an gano shi da wahala kuma ba a san shi ba a cikin kantin sayar da littattafai na New Zealand a cikin 2015: "Lokacin da duk da haka na isa Plymouth, an gano Tomatin ya cika sosai har Kyaftin Nelson ya roƙe ni in sami babban ganga wanda na shirya don shirya don saka su [ƙwanƙwasawa], ya sake sauka. Na yi haka kuma na yi nadama saboda shi yayin da na ga cewa ƙudan zuma za su sami damar isa ga tafiyarsu ta ƙarshe. A hannunsa Cotton ya bayyana makomar ƙudan zuma: "Masu aikin jirgin ruwa sun kasance suna son zuma sosai, cewa da yawa daga cikin Hives sun juya cikin dare, kuma an cire combs da kyau. An tsare ƙudan zamba a cikin makonni biyu na farko. Amma sun yi kama da rashin jin daɗi a tsare su lokacin da muka zo cikin latitudes masu dumi cewa a rana mai dumi an sa ni ya ba su kwari. Abin takaici game da poop, kuma da maraice duk sun koma cikin bayanin su. " Ko da yake da aka yi da ɗanɗansu ba su ba su ba a tsakiyar rubutun su ba su da kyau, ...  Ƙudan zuma ba su tsira daga tafiya zuwa Sydney ba. Har ila yau a cikin jirgin akwai wani yaro Māori wanda ya koya wa yawancin fasinjoji, gami da Cotton, yin magana da Harshen Māori. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1842 Tomatin ya isa Sydney. Jirgin ya lalace ta hanyar dutse a lokacin da suka shiga wurin saukowa kuma, maimakon jiran gyaransa, wasu daga cikin jam'iyyar, ciki har da Selwyn da Cotton, sun tashi zuwa New Zealand a kan brig *Bristolian* a ranar 19 ga Mayu. Sun isa Auckland a ranar 30 ga Mayu. Bayan sun kwashe wani lokaci a matsayin baƙi na Kyaftin William Hobson, Gwamna na farko na New Zealand, Selwyn da cotton sun tashi zuwa Bay of Islands a kan jirgin ruwa Wave a ranar 12 ga Yuni, sun isa ranar 20 ga Yuni. Daga cikin jam'iyyar akwai wani magatakarda, William Bambridge, wanda ya kasance mai zane-zane kuma daga baya ya zama mai daukar hoto ga Sarauniya Victoria.

## Mai son kai
Tun daga yarinta Cotton yana da sha'awar ƙudan zuma da kiwon ƙudan zumewa. A Jami'ar Oxford ya kasance wanda ya kafa kuma sakatare na farko na Oxford Apiarian Society .  A cikin 1837 ya buga aikinsa na farko game da ƙudan zuma, A Short and Simple Letter to Cottagers from a Bee Preserver, wanda ya sayar da kofe 24,000. *Wasika* ta biyu ta biyo bayan shekaru uku. A shekara ta 1842 ya wallafa My Bee Book wanda a tsakanin sauran shawarwari ya ba da shawarar hanyoyin da za a sa ƙudan zuma su kasance masu hankali don samun zuma maimakon ta hanyar kashe su.

*New Zealand* tana da nau'ikan ƙudan zuma guda biyu amma babu wanda ya dace da samar da zuma. Mary Bumby, 'yar'uwar ministan Wesleyan ce ta gabatar da ƙudan zuma ta farko a New Zealand, a watan Maris na shekara ta 1839. Yayinda Cotton yake a Sydney a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1842 ya shirya a aiko masa da ƙudan zuma bayan isowarsa New Zealand. Wannan ya ɗauki fiye da yadda Cotton ya yi tsammani kuma ba har zuwa watan Agusta na shekara ta 1843  ba ne ya sami mazaunin zuma na farko a Waimate. Lokacin da ya koma Bishop's Auckland ya sami nasarar canja su. Ya shafe lokaci mai yawa wajen horar da mazauna da Māori a cikin ayyukan kiyaye ƙudan zuma da tattara zuma. Zuwa ƙarshen 1844 ya buga A Few Simple Rules for New Zealand Beekeepers . Daga baya ya rubuta jerin labarai game da kiwon ƙudan zuma a cikin The New Zealander kuma an buga waɗannan tare a cikin 1848 a matsayin Manual for New Zealand Beekeepers . Wani littafi, wanda aka rubuta a cikin Māori, *Ko nga pi* (The Bees) an buga shi a shekara mai zuwa. Akwai al'adar cewa Cotton ya gabatar da ƙudan zuma zuwa New Zealand  amma wannan ba daidai ba ne, kodayake yana da alhakin koyar da ƙwarewar kiwon ƙudan zume ga baƙi da 'yan asalin ƙasar. 

## Oxford
Akwai karancin bayanai game da shekaru tara bayan dawowar Cotton daga New Zealand. Ya kasance Fellow na Ikilisiyar Kristi, Oxford, amma yana zaune a kwalejin ne kawai a lokaci-lokaci. Ya shafe wasu daga cikin wannan lokacin yana tafiya a nahiyar. A shekara ta 1855 ya kasance a Constantinople kuma a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1857 ya ziyarci Avignon da Paris. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1855 an nada shi a matsayin curate a St Mary Redcliffe, Bristol, matsayin da ya yi murabus a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2015. Yayinda yake Oxford ya sadu da Lewis Carroll, tare da wanda ya raba sha'awar daukar hoto.
## Manazarta