Peter Yarrow

**Peter Yarrow** (Mayu 31, 1938 - Janairu 7, 2025) mawaƙin Ba'amurke ne kuma marubucin waƙa wanda ya sami shahara a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar jama'a na 1960 Peter, Paul da Maryamu tare da Paul Stookey da Mary Travers. Yarrow ya rubuta (tare da Lenny Lipton) ɗaya daga cikin sanannun hits na ƙungiyar, "Puff, the Magic Dragon" (1963). Ya kuma kasance mai fafutuka na siyasa kuma yana tallafawa abubuwan da suka kama daga adawa da yakin Vietnam zuwa shirye-shiryen hana cin zarafi na makaranta. A shekara ta 1970 ne aka yanke wa Yarrow hukuncin daurin rai da rai tare da wata yarinya ‘yar shekara 14, wanda a shekarar 1981 shugaban kasar Jimmy Carter ya yafe shi.

## Rayuwar farko da iyali
An haifi Peter Yarrow a Manhattan a ranar 31 ga Mayu, 1938, ɗan Vera Wisebrode (née Vira Burtakoff) da Bernard Yarrow. Iyayensa sun kasance ƴan gudun hijira Yahudawa na Ukrainian waɗanda iyalansu suka zauna a Providence, Rhode Island.Bernard Yarrow (1899-1973) ya halarci Jami'ar Jagiellonian (Kraków) da Jami'ar Odesa (Odesa) kafin ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka a 1922 yana da shekaru 23.Ya anglicized sunan mahaifinsa daga Yaroshevitz zuwa Yarrow, ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a 1925 daga Jami'ar Columbia, inda ya shiga Phi Sigma Delta fraternity, kuma ya sauke karatu daga Columbia Law School a 1928. Daga nan ya ci gaba da yin aikin doka mai zaman kansa a New Birnin York har zuwa 1938, lokacin da aka nada shi mataimakin lauya a karkashin Thomas E. Dewey. An ɗauke shi aiki a cikin Ofishin Ayyuka na Dabarun, inda ya yi aiki da bambanci, a cikin 1944.

Bayan yakin, Bernard ya shiga Sullivan & Cromwell, kamfanin lauyoyin 'yan'uwan Dulles. Ya kasance memban kwamitin kafa kwamitin kasa don 'yantar da Turai, kungiyar adawa da kwaminisanci. Ya zama babban mataimakin shugaban gidan rediyon Free Europe mai samun tallafin CIA, ƙungiyar da ya taimaka ya samo, a cikin 1952.Mahaifiyar Yarrow, Vera (1904–1991), wacce ta zo Amurka tana da shekaru uku, ta zama malamar magana da wasan kwaikwayo a Cibiyar Ilimi ta Julia Richman ta New York ga 'yan mata. Ita da Bernard sun rabu a cikin 1943, lokacin da ɗansu Peter yana da shekaru biyar, kuma Vera daga baya ta auri Harold Wisebrode, babban darektan Majami'ar Tsakiya a Manhattan.Bernard ya auri abokiyar aikin sa na London OSS Silvia Tim kuma ya koma Furotesta.

Bitrus ya shafe lokacin bazara na 1951 da 1952 a sansanin kiɗa na Interlochen. Ya sauke karatu na biyu a ajinsa a cikin dalibai maza daga makarantar sakandaren kiɗa da fasaha ta birnin New York, inda ya karanta zane-zane kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta kimiyyar lissafi. An karɓe shi a Jami'ar Cornell, inda ya fara a matsayin babban masanin kimiyyar lissafi amma ba da daɗewa ba ya canza zuwa ilimin halin ɗan adam, inda ya kammala karatun digiri na farko a cikin 1959. Daga cikin abokan karatunsa na Cornell akwai Lenny Lipton da Richard Fariña.

## Aikin waka
Ya fara rera waka a bainar jama'a a shekarar da ta gabata a Cornell yayin da yake halartar mashahurin kwas din Adabin Jama'a na Harold Thompson, wanda aka fi sani da suna "Romp-n-Stomp". Kos din ya kasance "babban abin da ya faru a ƙarshen shekarun 1950 na ɗalibi a Cornell," Yarrow ya tuna daga baya, kuma ƙwarewar rera waƙa da guitar sun kasance abubuwan da ake bukata don yin rajista.[11] Thompson zai yi lacca akan wani batu na tsawon mintuna 20 ko 30 sannan kuma ɗalibi zai rera waƙoƙin da suka shafi jigon sa. Yarrow ya yi aiki a matsayin malami mai koyar da ɗalibi na ajin kuma an biya shi kuɗi na $500 (daidai da kusan kashi 20% na kuɗin karatunsa), yana jagorantar ɗalibai a cikin waƙoƙin. Waɗannan sun haɗa da waƙoƙin gargajiya da ballads na kisan kai, waƙoƙin Dust Bowl wanda Woody Guthrie ya shahara, da waƙoƙin da ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin yancin ɗan adam.

Bayan kammala karatunsa, Yarrow ya taka leda a kungiyoyin jama'a na birnin New York, ya fito a gidan talabijin na CBS Folk Sound USA, kuma ya yi wasan kwaikwayo a Newport Folk Festival, inda ya sadu da manaja kuma mai ban sha'awa na kiɗa Albert Grossman.Wata rana, su biyun sun kasance a Cibiyar Folklore ta Isra'ila Young a Greenwich Village suna tattaunawa game da ra'ayin Grossman na sabon rukuni wanda zai zama "sabuntawa na Weavers don tsarar jarirai ... tare da roko na Kingston Trio." Yarrow ya lura da hoton Mary Travers a bango ya tambayi Grossman ko wacece ita. "Wannan ita ce Mary Travers," in ji Grossman. "Za ta yi kyau idan za ku iya sa ta ta yi aiki." An haɗe sosai a cikin da'irar jama'a na Village Greenwich. Yayin da har yanzu daliba ce a babbar makarantar sakandare ta Elizabeth Irwin, shugaban mawakan Elizabeth Irwin, Robert De Cormier, ya zaba ta don shiga cikin "The Song Swappers" uku don tallafawa Pete Seeger a cikin 1955 Folkways LP na The Almanac Singers' Talking Union da wasu kundi guda biyu. Bugu da ƙari, yin wasa sau biyu tare da Seeger a Carnegie Hall, Travers ya yi rawar da ya taka a cikin Shugaba na gaba, wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway na ɗan gajeren lokaci, wanda ya hada da satirist Mort Sahl, amma an san ta da rashin jin dadi da rashin jin daɗin raira waƙa da ƙwarewa.

Don zana Travers, Yarrow ta tafi gidanta da ke kan titin MacDougal, hayin The Gaslight Cafe, ɗaya daga cikin manyan kulab ɗin jama'a. Sun daidaita kan 'Ma'adadin Rayuwa,' waƙar ƙungiyar, kuma sun yanke shawarar cewa muryoyinsu sun haɗu da kyau. Don cika ukun, Travers sun ba da shawarar Noel Stookey, abokin yin kiɗan jama'a da wasan ban dariya a Gaslight. Sun zaɓi "Bitrus, Bulus da Maryamu" mai ban sha'awa a matsayin sunan ƙungiyar su, tun da sunan tsakiyar Noel Stookey shi ne Bulus, kuma ya yi nazari sosai na tsawon watanni shida, yana balaguro a wajen New York kafin yin muhawara a 1961 a matsayin wani kyakkyawan aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bitter End. in Greenwich Village. A can ne mawakan suka yi sauri suka ƙirƙiro masu bin kuma suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniya da Warner Bros. Warner ya saki Peter, Paul da Maryamu "Bishiyar Lemun tsami" a matsayin guda ɗaya a farkon 1962. Sai mutanen uku suka fito da "If I Have Hammer", waƙar 1949 ta Pete Seeger da Lee Hays, waɗanda aka rubuta don nuna rashin amincewa da ɗaurin kurkukun da aka yi wa ɗan majalisar birnin Harlem Benjamin J. Davis Jr. a ƙarƙashin Dokar Smith. "Idan ina da guduma" ya sami lambar yabo ta Grammy guda biyu a 1962. Kundin farko na ukun, mai suna Peter, Paul & Mary, ya kasance a cikin Top 10 na watanni goma kuma a cikin Top 20 na tsawon shekaru biyu; ya sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan biyu. Ƙungiyar ta zagaya sosai tare da yin rikodin alƙawura da yawa, duka kai tsaye da kuma a cikin ɗakin studio.

A watan Yuni 1963, Peter, Paul da Maryamu sun fito da 7" guda na "Blowin' in the Wind" ta Bob Dylan wanda ba a san shi ba a lokacin, wanda Grossman kuma ke sarrafa shi. "Blowin" a cikin iska ya sayar da kwafi 300,000 a cikin makon farko na saki; zuwa ga Agusta 17, ya kasance lamba biyu akan ginshiƙi na Billboard, tare da tallace-tallacen da suka wuce kwafi miliyan ɗaya Yarrow ya tuna cewa lokacin da ya gaya wa Dylan zai sami fiye da $5,000 (daidai da $50,000 a cikin 2023[19]) daga haƙƙin bugawa, Dylan bai yi magana ba. a watan Maris dinsa mai tarihi a Washington inda wasansu na "Blowin' in the Wind" ya kafa ta a matsayin waƙar 'yancin ɗan adam. Har ila yau, ya shafe makonni akan ginshiƙi mai sauƙin sauraro na Billboard A shekara ta 1964, Yarrow mai shekaru 26 ya shiga Hukumar Bikin Jama'a ta Newport, inda ya yi a matsayin wanda ba a sani ba shekaru huɗu da suka wuce. Rubutun waƙar Yarrow ya taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar wasu fitattun waƙoƙin Bitrus, Bulus da Maryamu, waɗanda suka haɗa da "Puff, the Magic Dragon", "Ranar An Yi", "Light One Candle", da "Babban Mandala". A matsayinsa na memba na ukun, ya sami nadin Emmy na 1996 don Babban Ayyuka na musamman LifeLines Live, bikin da aka yaba sosai na kiɗan jama'a, tare da mashawartan kiɗan su, masu zamani, da sabon ƙarni na mawaƙa-mawaƙa.

Yarrow ya taka rawar gani wajen kafa Sabbin Concert Concert a duka Bikin Jama'a na Newport da na Kerrville Folk Festival. Aikinsa a Kerrville ana kiransa "mafi mahimmancin nasara a wannan fage".Yarrow ya rubuta kuma ya samar da "Tsarin Tsakanin Masoya Biyu", lamba daya ta buga ga Mary MacGregor. Ya kuma samar da wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin na CBS guda uku dangane da "Puff the Magic Dragon", wanda ya sami nadin Emmy a gare shi. A cikin 1978 Yarrow ya shirya Survival Sunday, wani fa'idar antinuclear, kuma bayan ɗan lokaci na rabuwa, Stookey da Travers sun sake haɗa shi.

Yarrow da 'yarsa, Bethany Yarrow, sukan yi wasa tare. Tare da ɗan littafin Rufus Kapadokiya, sun kafa ƙungiyoyin Peter, Betanya, da Rufus. Sun fito da CD Puff & Other Family Classics. A cikin 2008, Peter na musamman na kiɗa, Bethany & Rufus: Ruhun Woodstock, wanda ke nuna wasan kwaikwayo na ƙungiyar, wanda aka watsa akan gidan talabijin na jama'a.

Yarrow ya zana Ira Mandelstam ƙwararriyar ƙwararriyar hagu a cikin fim ɗin 2015 Yayin da Muke Matasa.

## Rayuwar sirri
Yarrow ya buga addinin Yahudanci a matsayin daya daga cikin tushen ra’ayinsa na ‘yanci.A gare shi, “Yahudanci yana nufin rayuwa bisa adalci kuma wannan nauyi ne, yana nufin dole ne mu tsara dabi’unmu da dabi’u kuma mu rayu da su”. Yayin yakin neman zaben dan takarar shugaban kasa na 1968 Eugene McCarthy, Yarrow ya sadu da 'yar'uwar McCarthy, Mary Beth McCarthy, a Wisconsin. Ya kasance 31 a lokacin kuma tana da shekaru 20. Sun yi aure a watan Oktoba 1969  a Willmar, Minnesota. Paul Stookey ya rubuta "Waƙar Bikin aure (Akwai Ƙauna)" a matsayin kyautarsa ​​don bikin aurensu kuma ya fara yin ta a cocin St. Mary's Church a Willmar. Yarrow da McCarthy suna da yara biyu, ɗa Christopher da 'yar Bethany.amma daga baya aka sake shi[49]. Sun sake yin aure a 2022 kuma suna tare har zuwa rasuwarsa a 2025.

An sace Gitar na Yarrow's Larrivée acoustic guitar a cikin jirgin sama a watan Disamba 2000. Magoya bayan sun hango guitar akan eBay a farkon 2005. FBI ta gano ta a Sunny Isles Beach, Florida kuma ta mayar da ita zuwa Yarrow. Bai tuhume shi ba tunda wanda aka kwato shi ba shi ne ya sace shi ba.

 Yarrow ya yarda cewa shi mashayi ne kuma ya nemi maganin cutar. Ya dauki kansa a cikin murmurewa[52]. 

Wani mazaunin birnin New York, Yarrow kuma ya mallaki gidan hutu a Telluride, Colorado. Ɗansa Christopher ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na gani wanda, a ƙarshen 2000s, ya mallaki babban birni a Portland, Oregon mai suna The Monkey & The Rat.

## Laifi da afuwa
A cikin 1970, an yanke wa Yarrow hukuncin daurin "yanci da rashin adalci" tare da Barbara Winter mai shekaru 14. A ranar 31 ga Agusta, 1969, Winter ta tafi tare da 'yar'uwarta mai shekaru 17, Kathie Berkel, zuwa ɗakin Yarrow a Shoreham Hotel a Washington, D.C., don neman rubutun kansa. Winter ya yi ikirarin cewa Yarrow ya bude kofar tsirara ya sa ta yi masa al'aurar har sai da ya fitar da maniyyi. A wani sauraren karar, Yarrow ya kara da cewa Winter ya kasance dan takara ne mai son rai, wanda Winter ya sabawa akai-akai. Alkalin ya yanke wa Yarrow hukuncin zaman gidan yari na shekara daya zuwa uku, amma ya dakatar da wa’adin sai na wata uku. Daga baya Yarrow ya bayyana nadamar faruwar lamarin, yana mai cewa: “Lokaci ne na rashin sanin yakamata da kura-kurai da ’yan wasan kwaikwayo maza ke yi. Ina daya daga cikinsu, an yi min ƙusa, na yi kuskure, na yi nadama a kan lamarin.

Jimmy Carter ya ba Yarrow afuwar shugaban kasa a ranar 19 ga Janairu, 1981, ranar da kafin shugabancin Carter ya ƙare. Shekaru da dama, Yarrow ya guje wa ambaton harin, amma a farkon 2000s, ya zama batun yakin neman zabe ga 'yan siyasar da ya goyi baya. A cikin 2004, Wakilin Amurka Martin Frost na Texas, ɗan Democrat, ya soke bayyanar tattara kuɗi tare da Yarrow bayan abokin hamayyarsa ya yi tallan tallan rediyo game da laifin Yarrow; a cikin 2013, 'yan siyasar Republican a New York sun yi kira ga 'yar takarar Democrat Martha Robertson ta soke. shirin tara kudade tare da Yarrow. A cikin 2019, an raba shi daga bikin Fasaha na Colorscape a gundumar Chenango, New York lokacin da aka sanar da masu shirya hukuncin hukuncin.

A cikin Mayu 2021, The Washington Post ya rubuta cewa yafewar da Carter ya yi, "watakila shi kaɗai ne a tarihin Amurka wanda ke share hukuncin laifin yin jima'i da yaro - tserewa binciken lokacin da ya faru. An ba da sa'o'i kaɗan kafin Amurkawan da aka yi garkuwa da su An 'yantar da Iran, wanda ya dauki kanun labarai tsawon makonni." Labarin ya yi cikakken bayani kan wasu zarge-zargen cin zarafin kananan yara da aka yi wa Yarrow, ciki har da zargin fyade da aka yi wa wata yarinya da ta faru a cikin shekarar da ya kai wa Winter hari.

## Mutuwa
Yarrow ya mutu daga cutar kansar mafitsara a gidansa na Upper West Side, a ranar 7 ga Janairu, 2025, bayan wata daya a asibiti. Yana da shekaru 86, kuma an gano shi da rashin lafiyar shekaru hudu kafin.

## Manazarta