Hakar ma,adanai

Hakar ma'adinan shine fitar da muhimman kayan ƙasa da ma'adanai daga saman duniya. Ana buƙatar hakar ma'adinai don samun yawancin kayan da ba za a iya shuka su ta hanyar aikin noma ba, ko yuwuwar ƙirƙirar ta wucin gadi a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ko masana'anta. Abubuwan da aka gano ta hanyar hakar ma'adinai sun hada da karafa, kwal, shale na mai, duwatsu masu daraja, farar ƙasa, alli, dutse mai girma, gishirin dutse, potash, tsakuwa, da yumbu. Dole ne ma'adinan ya zama dutse ko ma'adinai wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu mahimmanci, ana iya hakowa ko haƙa a sayar da su don riba. Haƙar ma'adinai ta faffaɗar ma'ana ya haɗa da hakar duk wani albarkatun da ba a sabunta su ba kamar man fetur, iskar gas, ko ma ruwa.

Hanyoyin hakar ma'adinai na zamani sun haɗa da bincikar ma'adinan ma'adinai, nazarin yuwuwar ribar da ake buƙata na ma'adanan, hako kayan da ake so, da sake sakewa ko kuma maido da ƙasar bayan an rufe ma'adinan Ana samun kayan haƙar ma'adinai galibi daga gawawwakin ma'adinai, lodes, veins, seams, reefs, ko ma'ajiyar wuri. Yin amfani da waɗannan adibas don albarkatun kasa ya dogara da saka hannun jari, aiki, makamashi, tacewa, da farashin sufuri.

Ayyukan hakar ma'adinai na iya haifar da mummunan tasirin muhalli, duka a lokacin aikin hakar ma'adinai da kuma bayan an rufe ma'adinan. Don haka, galibin kasashen duniya sun zartar da ka'idoji don rage tasirin; duk da haka, girman girman aikin hakar ma'adinai wajen samar da kasuwanci ga galibin yankunan karkara, masu nisa ko kuma masu fama da tattalin arziki yana nufin gwamnatoci sukan kasa aiwatar da irin wadannan ka'idoji. Tsaron aiki ya daɗe yana damuwa kuma, kuma idan aka aiwatar da shi, ayyukan zamani sun inganta ingantaccen tsaro a cikin ma'adinai. Rashin tsari, rashin tsari ko ma'adinai ba bisa ka'ida ba, musamman a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa, akai-akai yana ba da gudummawa ga take haƙƙin ɗan adam na gida da rikice-rikicen muhalli. Haka ma hakar ma'adinai na iya dawwama rashin zaman lafiya ta hanyar rikicin albarkatun kasa.

## Tarihi
Tarihi

Tun farkon wayewa, mutane sun yi amfani da dutse, yumbu da kuma, daga baya, karafa da aka samo kusa da saman duniya. An yi amfani da waɗannan don yin kayan aiki na farko da makamai; alal misali, an yi amfani da dutse mai inganci da aka samu a arewacin Faransa, kudancin Ingila da Poland don ƙirƙirar kayan aikin dutse. An gano ma'adinan tudu a wuraren alli inda aka bi katangar dutsen a karkashin kasa ta ramummuka da kuma wuraren tarihi. Ma'adinan a Grimes Graves da Krzemionki sun shahara musamman, kuma kamar sauran ma'adinan dutse, asalin Neolithic ne (c. 4000-3000 BC). Sauran manyan duwatsun da aka haƙa ko aka tattara don gatari sun haɗa da dutsen kore na masana'antar gatari na Langdale da ke cikin gundumar Tekun Ingilishi. Ma’adinan da aka fi sani da shi a tarihin tarihi shine ma’adinan Ngwenya a Eswatini (Swaziland), wanda ke nuna cewa yana da shekaru kusan 43,000. A wannan rukunin mutanen Paleolithic sun haƙa hematite don yin launin ja. An yi imanin cewa mahakar ma'adinai masu irin wannan shekaru a Hungary sune wuraren da Neanderthals zai iya haƙa duwatsun don makamai da kayan aiki.

Tsohon Misira

Malachite

Masarawa na dā sun haƙa malachite a Maadi. Da farko, Masarawa sun yi amfani da duwatsun malachite masu haske koren don yin ado da tukwane. Daga baya, a tsakanin 2613 da 2494 BC, manyan ayyukan gine-gine sun buƙaci balaguro zuwa ƙasashen waje zuwa yankin Wadi Maghareh don tabbatar da ma'adanai da sauran albarkatun da ba a samuwa a cikin Masar kanta. An kuma sami wuraren da ake yin turquoise da tagulla a Wadi Hammamat, Tura, Aswan da sauran wuraren Nubian daban-daban a tsibirin Sinai da kuma a Timna. An gano wuraren da ake yin gypsum a wurin Umm el-Sawwan; An yi amfani da gypsum don yin abubuwan jana'izar don kaburbura masu zaman kansu. Sauran ma'adanai da aka haƙa a Masar daga Tsohuwar Mulki (2649-2134 BC) har zuwa zamanin Roman (30 BC-AD 395) ciki har da granite, sandstone, limestone, basalt, travertine, gneiss, galena, da amethyst.

Ana hakar ma'adinai a Masar a cikin daular farko. Ma'adinan zinare na Nubia suna daga cikin mafi girma kuma mafi girma na kowane a cikin Tsohuwar Masar. Marubucin Girka Diodorus Siculus ne ya bayyana waɗannan ma’adinan, wanda ya ambaci saita wuta a matsayin hanya ɗaya da ake amfani da ita don karya dutsen da ke riƙe da zinariyar. Ana nuna ɗaya daga cikin rukunin gidaje a ɗaya daga cikin fitattun taswirar hakar ma'adinai. Masu hakar ma'adinan sun murƙushe ma'adinan tare da niƙa shi da foda mai kyau kafin su wanke foda don ƙurar zinariya da aka sani da bushewa da rigar haɗe-haɗe.

Afirka

Ƙarfe na ƙarfe a Afirka ya samo asali ne fiye da shekaru dubu huɗu. Zinariya ta zama wani muhimmin kayayyaki ga Afirka a lokacin cinikin zinari da ke ƙetare sahara daga karni na 7 zuwa karni na 14. Sau da yawa ana sayar da zinari ga tattalin arzikin Bahar Rum wanda ke buƙatar zinariya kuma yana iya samar da gishiri, duk da cewa yawancin Afirka na da gishiri saboda ma'adinai da albarkatun da ke cikin hamadar Sahara. An yi amfani da cinikin zinari don gishiri galibi don haɓaka kasuwanci tsakanin ƙasashe daban-daban. Tun daga babban tafiya a karni na 19, bayan haka, hakar zinari da lu'u-lu'u a Kudancin Afirka yana da tasirin siyasa da tattalin arziki. Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo ita ce kasar da ta fi kowace kasa samar da lu'u-lu'u a Afirka, inda aka kiyasta kimanin carat miliyan 12 a shekarar 2019. Sauran nau'o'in ma'adinan ma'adinai a Afirka sun hada da cobalt, bauxite, iron ore, coal, da kuma tagulla.

## Manazarta