Li Fang-Kuei

**Li Fang-Kuei** ( Chinese    ; 20 ga Agusta 1902 21 ga Agusta 1987) ƙwararren masanin harsunan kasar Sin ne wanda aka sani da nazarinsa game da nau'ikan Sinanci, sake gina tsoffin Sinanci da Proto-Tai, da kuma takardunsa na harsunan Dene a Arewacin Amurka.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Li Fang-Kuei a ranar 20 ga watan Agustan 1902 a Guangzhou a cikin shekarun karshe na Daular Qing ga wani karamin dangin malamai daga Xiyang, wani karamin gari a Shanxi kusan kilomita 50 (31  kudu da Yangquan. Mahaifin Li Li Guangyu (李光宇) ya sami digiri na jarrabawar mulkin mallaka a 1880, kuma ya yi aiki a ƙananan mukamai a ƙarshen karni na 19 zuwa farkon karni na 20.

Li na ɗaya daga cikin mutanen kasar Sin na farko da suka yi nazarin ilimin harshe a waje da kasar Sin. Da farko dalibi ne na likita, ya sauya zuwa ilimin harshe lokacin da ya tafi Amurka a 1924. Ya sami BA a cikin ilimin harshe a Jami'ar Michigan a 1926 bayan shekaru biyu kawai na karatu. Daga nan sai ya yi karatun digiri a karkashin Edward Sapir a Jami'ar Chicago, inda ya kasance dalibi na farko na Sapir. Daga Sapir ya koyi phonetics, hanyoyin filin, da yarukan Indiyawan Amurka. Sapir ya kuma ƙarfafa shi ya yi nazarin harsunan Gabas da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, wanda ya haifar da aikinsa a kan Thai da Sino-Tibetan. Li kuma dalibi ne na Leonard Bloomfield a wannan lokacin, daga gare shi Li ya koyi ilimin harshe na Jamusanci da nazarin rubutu. Li ya kuma yi karatun ilimin harsunan Indo-Turai, musamman Girkanci da Latin, daga Carl Darling Buck a Birnin Chicago, kuma a cikin 1928 Buck ya sami wata 6 a Jami'ar Harvard a gare shi, inda ya yi karatun Sanskrit da Tibet. 

Li ya gudanar da nazarin filin harsunan asalin Amurka. Farkon bayyanarsa ga aikin gona shine nazarin harshen Mattole na arewacin California. Ya sami MA a 1927 da PhD a 1928. An buga rubutun Mattole: An Athabaskan Language a cikin 1930. Bayan kammala karatunsa na PhD, Li ya yi tafiya zuwa Turai a cikin 1928-1929 tare da wasiƙun shawarwari daga Franz Boas, kuma ya ziyarci masana harshe a can ciki har da Walter Simon. Li ya kuma shafe watanni 3 a 1929 a Yankin Arewa maso Yamma Kanada, yana zaune a tsibirin da ke tsakiyar Kogin Mackenzie yana gudanar da aikin gona a kan Harshen Hare.

Bayan aikinsa a kan Hare, a cikin 1929 ya koma China kuma, tare da Y. R. Chao da Luo Changpei, ya zama mai bincike a Cibiyar Tarihi da Falsafa (historic language研究所; Lìshǐ yǔyán程序jiǒ) na Academia Sinica wanda ke Beijing a lokacin. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ya yi nazarin filin Harsunan Tai da yawa, gami da yarukan Longzhou da Wuming da Mutanen Zhuang ke magana, yayin da a lokaci guda ke gudanar da bincike mai zurfi a cikin Tsohon Sinanci da Tibet. Li ya sake fasalin sake fasalin Bernhard Karlgren na Tsakiyar Sinanci da Tsohon Sinanci ɗaliban tsohuwar Sinanci sun yi amfani da su sosai daga bugawa a cikin 1970s har zuwa ƙarshen 1990s.

Li ya koyar da harshen Sinanci da ilimin harshe a Jami'ar Yale daga 1938 zuwa 1939, kuma bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II ya koyar a Jami'an Harvard daga 1946 zuwa 1948. A wannan lokacin yana aiki a kan ƙamus a Cibiyar Harvard-Yenching, sannan ya sake yin shekara a Yale daga 1948 zuwa 1949, inda ɗalibansa suka haɗa da Nicholas Bodman .  A shekara ta 1949, ya zama farfesa na Sinanci a Jami'ar Washington, inda ya koyar daga 1949 zuwa 1969, bayan haka ya koyar a Jami'an Hawai'i har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1974. A shekara ta 1977, ya wallafa wani kwatankwacin sake fasalin Harsunan Tai, sakamakon fiye da shekaru arba'in na bincike. Ya kuma yi aiki a Academia Sinica, yanzu a Taiwan, a 1973.

Li ya mutu a San Mateo County, California, ya tsira da matarsa Xu Ying da 'yarsu Lindy Li Mark, farfesa a fannin ilimin ɗan adam wanda ya koyar a Jami'ar Jihar California, Hayward da Jami'ar China ta Hong Kong, da kuma ɗansu Peter Li da 'yar su Annie Li. Jami'ar Tsinghua ta fara buga cikakkun ayyukansa a shekara ta 2005.

## manazarta