Musa Abramovitz

**Moses Abramovitz** (1 ga Janairu, 1912 - 1 ga Disamba, 2000) masanin tattalin arziki ne kuma farfesa a Amurka na ƙarni na 20. A lokacin aikinsa, ya ba da gudummawa da yawa ga nazarin sauyin tattalin arziki da ci gaban tattalin arziki a tsawon lokaci. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife shi kuma ya girma a cikin dangin Yahudawa a Brooklyn, New York, kuma ya kammala digirinsa na farko a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Harvard . Ya je Harvard da nufin zama lauya kuma ya yi karatun shari'a da tattalin arziki. Duk da haka, ya ƙara sha'awar tattalin arziki saboda ya sami damar haɗa shi da duniyar da yake rayuwa a ciki. Ya sami digirin digirgir a Jami'ar Columbia a 1939.  A 1985, an ba shi digirin digirgir na girmamawa daga Faculty of Social Sciences a Jami'ar Uppsala, Sweden .  A 1992, an gayyace shi zuwa Rome don ya zama memba na babban Jami'ar Accademia Nazionale Dei Lincei . An ba shi wani digirin digirgir daga Jami'ar Ancona a 1992. Abramovitz ya mutu a Asibitin Stanford da ke California a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 2000, yana da shekaru 88, bayan ya kamu da cutar hanji.

Abramovitz, wanda 'yan uwa da abokai suka kira Moe, an san shi da halinsa mai tawali'u kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun masana tattalin arziki waɗanda ba sa son girman kai. Ya auri Carrie Glasser, wata mai zane da sassaka 'yar asalin Brooklyn, a shekarar 1937. Ta mutu a shekarar 1999. 

Abramovitz ya fara aikinsa a matsayin malami a Harvard a tsakiyar shekarun 1930. Bayan kammala karatun digirinsa na uku a Columbia, ya shiga Ofishin Bincike na Tattalin Arziki na Ƙasa da ke New York, inda ya fara bincikensa kan zagayowar saka hannun jari a hannun jari. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Abramovitz ya yi aiki a Hukumar Samar da Yaƙi da kuma Ofishin Ayyukan Dabaru a matsayin shugaban sashen masana'antu da kasuwanci na Turai. A cikin 1945 da 1946, ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki ga wakilin Amurka a Hukumar Rage Albashi ta Ƙasa.  Shi ma memba ne na waɗanda suka kafa Sashen Tattalin Arziki a Jami'ar Stanford, wanda ya shiga a kaka ta 1948. Ya koyar a can na tsawon kusan shekaru 30.  Daga 1962 zuwa 1963, ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga babban sakataren ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Tattalin Arziki da Ci Gaba a Paris . Daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙungiya daga 1963 zuwa 1965 da kuma daga 1971 zuwa 1974. A tsawon aikinsa, Abramovitz ya gudanar da bincike mai zurfi kan tattalin arziki da ci gaba na dogon lokaci. Labarinsa na 1986, "Catching Up, Forging Ahead and Falling Behind" shi ne na biyu da aka fi ambato daga cikin dukkan jaridun da *Mujallar Tarihin Tattalin Arziki* ta buga. 

## Ka'idoji
Ya ambaci yawan amfanin da ake samu a fannin makamashi a matsayin "ma'aunin jahilcinmu game da dalilan ci gaban tattalin arziki".

### Ci gaban kama-da-wane
Hasashe na ci gaban da Abramovitz ya yi ya yi ƙoƙarin bayyana Zamanin Zinare na ci gaban tattalin arziki na Yammacin Turai daga 1948 zuwa 1972. A takaice dai, ya kammala da cewa mabuɗin ci gaban shine ikon Yammacin Turai na shigo da fasaha daga Amurka. Yawan ci gaban ƙasa mai tasowa zai fi na ƙasa mai tasowa girma saboda raguwar dawowar ƙasashe masu tasowa ya yi ƙasa sosai. Idan ƙasa tana ƙoƙarin zama mai masana'antu, za ta iya zama mafi kyau; za ta yi girma da sauri fiye da ƙasashen da suka riga suka ci gaba da masana'antu. A wannan yanayin, ƙasar tana ƙirƙirar ƙarin ayyukan yi da ƙarin jari, wanda ke nufin jimillar kuɗin shiga na tattalin arzikin zai ƙaru da sauri. 

### Iyaka ga ci gaban kamawa
Ka'idar Abramovitz ba ta tabbatar da cewa ƙasashe matalauta za su kai ga ƙasashen da suka ci gaba ba, domin ƙasashe matalauta na iya kasa daidaitawa da sabbin fasahohi, jawo jari da kuma shiga cikin kasuwar duniya.

Idan ƙasa ba za ta iya daidaitawa da fasahar da ake bayarwa ba, ba za ta iya samar da ƙarin jari ba, wanda zai sa tsarin kama-karya ya gaza. Idan ƙasar ba ta gina dangantaka da ƙasashe masu tasowa ba, tsarin zai kuma gaza. Gina irin waɗannan alaƙar yana da matuƙar muhimmanci domin ƙasashe masu tasowa ne za su sayi mafi yawan jarin ƙasashe masu tasowa. Idan ƙasar mai tasowa ta sayar da ƙarin jari, za ta girma. Idan ta girma, za ta ci gaba. 

### Matsayin kayayyaki a cikin zagayowar kasuwanci
A lokacin da yake aiki a Ofishin Bincike na Tattalin Arziki na Ƙasa, Abramovitz ya yi bincike kan rawar da kayayyaki ke takawa a zagayowar kasuwanci. Zagayen kasuwanci sauyi ne a ayyukan tattalin arziki na tsawon lokaci. Sauyin yanayi na iya zama mai kyau, kamar yadda yake tare da bunƙasa da faɗaɗa tattalin arziki, ko kuma mara kyau, kamar yadda yake tare da koma bayan tattalin arziki ko baƙin ciki . A cikin takardarsa mai suna "Matsayin Kayayyaki a Zagayen Kasuwanci," Abramovitz ya rubuta cewa kayayyaki na iya taka rawa mara kyau idan akwai jinkiri a samar da kayayyaki. Lalacewa na iya faruwa saboda dalilai masu zuwa:

# Ana buƙatar samar da kayayyaki da yawa don ƙirƙirar samfuri ɗaya gaba ɗaya. Misali, don ƙera mota, ana buƙatar nau'ikan kayayyaki da yawa. Idan akwai jinkiri wajen samun ɗayan waɗannan kayayyaki, yana rage samar da motar. Wannan yana hana kasuwa biyan buƙata, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin kuɗaɗen shiga.
# Kayan da aka saya daga masana'antun gida ko dillalai na iya jinkirtawa da 'yan watanni. Misali, don yin yadi, ana buƙatar nau'ikan kayan da aka yi da yawa - kamar auduga, nailan, ulu, da polyester -. Idan masana'antun gida ko dillalan ba su iya samar da kayan da aka yi da ɗanyen a kan lokaci ba, kasuwa za ta sha wahala saboda ba za ta iya biyan buƙata ba.
# Kayan da aka saya daga wurare masu nisa ko kuma a kan kwangiloli na dogon lokaci suma na iya zuwa a makare. Idan masana'antun cikin gida da dillalan kayayyaki ba za su iya samar da isasshen kayayyaki ba, dole ne ƙasa ta tuntuɓi wasu ƙasashe, wanda hakan ke ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo. Wannan kuma na iya sa kasuwa ta rasa kayayyakin da masu saye ke so.
# Kayayyakin da aka gama da aka yi oda suna da alaƙa da fitarwa. Ko da an karɓi kayan aiki a kan lokaci kuma an samar da kayayyaki a kan lokaci, kayan ba za su isa su biya buƙata ba. Samar da ƙari yana buƙatar farawa daga farko. A halin yanzu, kasuwa ba ta da wani kaya da za a sayar. 

Jimillar kayayakin dillalai da dillalai suma sun yi jinkiri a tallace-tallace da kimanin watanni shida. Cikakkun bincike sun nuna cewa wannan jinkiri yana nuna manyan bambance-bambance a cikin ikon 'yan kasuwa a fannoni daban-daban na kiyaye ƙimar da suke karɓar kaya daidai da ƙimar da za su iya zubar da su. Ikon wasu 'yan kasuwa na daidaita kaya zuwa tallace-tallace yana da iyaka har yana haifar da dogon jinkiri na hannun jari a bayan tallace-tallace, ko ma dangantaka ta baya tsakanin tallace-tallace da kaya. Idan an magance waɗannan jinkiri daban-daban, ƙasa za ta iya dakatar da mummunan tasirin kaya a kasuwar ƙasa.

## Littattafai
Littattafai da aka zaɓa a cikin tsari na lokaci-lokaci:

* 1939: *[https://www.questia.com/library/book/an-approach-to-a-price-theory-for-a-changing-economy-by-moses-abramovitz.jsp Ka'idar Farashi ga Tattalin Arziki Mai Canzawa] *
* 1948: *Matsayin Kayayyakin Kaya a Zagayen Kasuwanci*
* 1950: *Kayayyaki da Zagayen Kasuwanci*
* 1954: (tare da V. Eliasberg) *Yanayin Aikin Gwamnati a Burtaniya*
* 1956: *[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1910656 Yanayin Albarkatu da Yawan Fitar da Kayayyaki a Amurka tun daga 1870]*
* 1959: *Fassarar Jin Daɗin Al'umma ga Yanayin Ƙasa a cikin Kuɗin Shiga da Samfura na Ƙasa*
* 1959:  Stanford, California: Jami'ar Stanford Press. OCLC&nbsp;287348 .
* 1959: 
* 1961: *[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1151797 Yanayi da Muhimmancin Zagayen Kuznets]*
* 1964: *Shaidu na Dogon Sauyi a Gine-gine Tun Bayan Yaƙin Basasa*
* 1968: *[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2552345 Guduwar Zagayen Kuznets]*
* 1973: (tare da David, Paul ) *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120210004924/http://econ161.berkeley.edu/Teaching_Folder/Econ_210a_f99/Readings/Abramovitz_David.pdf Sake fassara Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki: Misalan da Gaskiya]*
* 1979: *Yiwuwar Ci Gaba Mai Sauri da Kuma Cimma Nasarar*
* 1979: *[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3822529 Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki da Rashin gamsuwarsa]*
* 1986: *[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2122171 Kamawa, Ci gaba da Faɗuwa a Baya]*
* 1993: *[https://books.google.com/books?id=414azW09UaYC Tunani Game da Ci Gaba da Sauran Makaloli]*
* *[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2122991 Binciken Tushen Ci Gaba: Yankunan Jahilci, Tsofaffi da Sabobi]*
* 1996: (tare da David, Paul ) *[http://www.merit.unu.edu/publications/rmpdf/1994/rm1994-027.pdf Haɗuwa da Kamawa da aka jinkirta] *
* 1999: *Abin da Masana Tattalin Arziki Ba Su Sani Ba Game da Ci Gaba*

## Manazarta