Yanayin ƙasa da yanayin muhalli na Everglades

[Kafin zubar da ruwa, Everglades, wani yanki na  a kudancin Florida, sun kasance wani nau'i ne na marshes da Filayen da ke rufe murabba'in mil 4,000 (10,000 ). Everglades babban ruwa ne wanda ya kai tarihi daga Tafkin Okeechobee   kudu zuwa Florida Bay (kimanin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na kudancin Florida), da kuma tsarin halittu da yawa da ke da alaƙa da juna a cikin iyakar ƙasa. Irin wannan taro ne na musamman na ruwa, ƙasa, da yanayi cewa amfani da ko dai mutum ɗaya ko jam'i don komawa ga Everglades ya dace. Lokacin da Marjory Stoneman Douglas ta rubuta cikakkiyar bayanin yankin a cikin 1947, ta yi amfani da kwatanci "River of Grass" don bayyana haɗuwa da ruwa da rayuwar shuka.

Kodayake sawgrass da sloughs sune gumakan ƙasa na Everglades, wasu tsarin halittu suna da mahimmanci, kuma iyakokin da ke nuna su suna da wuyar fahimta ko babu su. Pinelands da hammocks na katako na wurare masu zafi suna cikin sloughs; bishiyoyi, da suka samo asali a cikin inci na ƙasa sama da peat, marl, ko ruwa, suna tallafawa dabbobin daji iri-iri. Tsohon kuma mafi tsayi shine cypresses, wanda tushen sa ya dace musamman don girma a karkashin ruwa na watanni a lokaci. Babban Cypress Swamp sananne ne ga cypresses na shekaru 500 da haihuwa, kodayake cypress dome na iya bayyana a ko'ina cikin Everglades. Yayin da ruwan sha daga Tafkin Okeechobee ke tafiya zuwa Florida Bay, yana haɗuwa da ruwan gishiri daga Tekun Mexico; gandun daji na mangrove suna girma a cikin wannan yanki na canji, suna ba da yanayin haihuwa da gidaje ga nau'ikan tsuntsaye da yawa, kifi, da invertebrates. Yanayin ruwa na Florida Bay kuma ana ɗaukarsa wani ɓangare na Everglades saboda tsire-tsire na teku da rayuwar ruwa suna janyo hankalin su ga fitar da ruwa mai laushi.

Wadannan tsarin muhalli koyaushe suna canzawa saboda abubuwan muhalli. Abubuwan da ke tattare da ƙasa kamar su Western Flatwoods, Eastern Flatwoodes, da Atlantic Coastal Ridge suna shafar tsarin ruwa. Abubuwan geologic, yanayi, da kuma yawan guguwa da wuta sune matakai na samarwa ga Everglades. Suna taimakawa wajen kiyayewa da canza yanayin halittu a cikin kwarin Shark River, Big Cypress Swamp, yankunan bakin teku, da gandun daji. An bayyana tsarin halittu a matsayin mai rauni da juriya. Ƙananan canji a cikin matakan ruwa suna da sakamako mai zurfi ga nau'ikan shuke-shuke da dabbobi da yawa, kuma tsarin tsarin yana da sauye-sauye tare da kowane canji.

## Tsarin tsarin halittu
A cikin shekaru 5,000 kawai, Everglades yanki ne na matasa a cikin yanayin ƙasa. Tsarin halittu yana cikin ci gaba da gudana sakamakon hulɗar abubuwa uku: nau'in da adadin ruwan da ke akwai, ilimin ƙasa na yankin, da mitar da tsananin gobara.

Ruwa shine mafi rinjaye a cikin Everglades, kuma yana tsara ƙasa, ciyayi, da rayuwar dabbobi ta Kudu Florida. Yanayin Kudancin Florida ya kasance mai bushewa da tsaka-tsaki, tare da lokutan rigar. Tsakanin shekaru 10,000 da 20,000 da suka gabata, matakan teku sun tashi, suna nutsewa da ɓangarorin tsibirin Florida kuma suna haifar da teburin ruwa ya tashi. Ruwa mai laushi ya cika dutse, ya rushe wasu daga cikinsu kuma ya haifar da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da rami. Yawancin ruwa mai laushi ya ba da damar sabbin ciyayi su samo tushe, kuma ta hanyar narkewar ruwa sun samar da tsawa. Limestone ya narke ta hanyar ruwan sama mai ɗanɗano. Dutsen ya lalace, kuma ruwan da ke ƙasa ya shiga cikin hulɗa da farfajiya, yana haifar da babban yanayin halittu. Kodayake yankin ya bayyana a fili, lalacewar dutse a wasu yankuna ya haifar da ƙananan kwari da tsaunuka - bambancin inci a tsawo - wanda ya shafi ba kawai kwararar ruwa ba, har ma da nau'ikan ciyayi.&nbsp;,000&nbsp;m.

## Manazarta