Ruth Katz

**Ruth Katz** (Ibraniyawa; an haife ta a shekara ta 1927) masanin ilimin kiɗa ne na Isra'ila, mai gabatarwa a ilimin kiɗa na ilimi a Isra'ila , farfesa emerita a Jami'ar Ibrananci ta Urushalima . Ta kasance memba mai dacewa na American Musicological Society tun daga shekara ta 2011. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Jihar Isra'ila a shekarar 2012. 

Ayyukan Katz suna magana ne game da ilimin kabilanci, falsafar da kyawawan kiɗa, da kuma ilimin kiɗa. Ana nuna shi ta hanyar ƙwarewar hanya, ra'ayoyi masu yawa da kuma ra'ayi na roba wanda ke mai da hankali kan bayyana abubuwan da ke tattare da ra'ayi. Har ila yau, tana damuwa da tarihin tarihi da zamantakewar al'adu da fasaha, da kyawawan abubuwa, da kuma ilimin lissafi da ilimin ɗan adam.

### Kiɗa na Yamma: aiki, ka'idar, falsafar, al'umma
Bayyana hanyoyin da nau'ikan kiɗa da kewaye da su na tarihi sun hada da juna ya kasance jigon aikin Katz tun lokacin da ta rubuta (1963),  wanda ya bambanta tsakanin kiɗa na fasaha na Yamma tun daga 1600 daga abin da ya riga shi a cikin ilimin kimiyya, zamantakewa da al'adun tarihi, kalubalanci ra'ayoyin da aka kafa game da tasowa na opera. Rubutun ya danganta fitowar opera da siffofin wasan kwaikwayo masu alaƙa a farkon karni na 17 zuwa "Jin Juyin Juya Halin Kimiyya" tare da gudana a duk faɗin Yamma, yana gabatar da tsohon a matsayin maganganun sabon tsarin kiɗa-kyakkyawan da ya fito ta hanyar "gwaje-gwaje" yana bincika ikon kiɗa. A matakin gida, Katz ya ci gaba da danganta waɗannan abubuwan ga al'adar Italiyanci ta ƙarni na 16 na asali-kimiyya, sihiri tare da kiɗa, da kuma nau'ikan wallafe-wallafen Italiyanci da na ban mamaki, don haka ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa nau'ikan wasan kwaikwayo suka fito a Italiya maimakon wasu wurare, duk da cewa irin wannan ci gaban ra'ayi ya faru a ko'ina cikin Yamma. Da yake tsara sabon tsarin ta haka a cikin ka'idojin kiɗa, Katz ya yi amfani da shi ga ci gaban matsakaiciyar wasan kwaikwayo har zuwa shekarun 1980.

Ayyukan Katz a kan hulɗar da ke tsakanin ra'ayoyin kyawawan abubuwa da ci gaban salon kiɗa sun ci gaba a cikin Contemplating Music (1987-1991; tare da Carl Dahlhaus),  wani littafi mai ƙididdiga guda huɗu wanda ke dauke da matani daga manyan masu tunani, da kuma tsara manyan batutuwa na falsafar Yammacin kiɗa daga Girka ta gargajiya zuwa karni na 20.

Littattafan tagwaye Tuning the Mind da The Arts in Mind (2003, tare da Ruth HaCohen)  sun gabatar da abubuwan da aka saka a cikin harshen kiɗa na fasaha na Yammacin ƙarni na 17 da 18, wanda daga ƙarshe ya ƙare a cikin salon gargajiya. Yin amfani da ra'ayoyin duka tunanin mutanen Ingilishi na ƙarshen ƙarni na 18, da kimiyyar fahimta ta zamani, waɗannan kundin suna nazarin kiɗa a matsayin "tsarin fahimta ba tare da tsinkaya ba",  dangane da salon zamani da nau'ikan, kuma ta hanyar nazarin alaƙar kiɗa da "ƙwararrun 'yan uwa", a lokaci guda suna fallasa bashin da ka'idodin fahimta na yau da ake bin ga ra'ayoyi masu kyau na tarihi da ayyukan fasaha.

Cikakken kira na aikin Katz a kan kiɗa na Yamma ya bayyana a cikin Harshe na kansa: Ma'ana da Ma'ana a cikin Yin Kiɗa na Yankin Yamma (2009),  tarihin falsafa na kiɗa da ke nazarin kiɗa na fasaha na Yamma gaba ɗaya (karni na 10 zuwa na 20). Ta hanyar bin diddigin ci gaba da tattaunawa tsakanin kiɗa da maganganu masu mahimmanci da kyau game da shi, kamar yadda aka wakilta a cikin rubuce-rubucen ka'idojin kiɗa a cikin ƙarni (wanda, a biyun, ya shiga cikin jawabin ilimi da al'adu na lokacin su), Katz ya nuna yadda tunanin kiɗa na Yamma, wanda ya haifar da gagarumin tunani ga hankali, ya fito daga muhimmiyar hulɗa tsakanin samar da ilimi da halittar kiɗa, ta haka yana bayyana yawancin abubuwan da suka bambanta na Yammacin Turai, da ke cikin abin da aka ɗauka, a cikin tushen tushen tushen tushen Max Weber na sanannen al'umma. Littafin ya bi dalla-dalla tsarin da kiɗa na Yamma ya bunkasa cikin tsarin ma'ana ba tare da wata magana ta waje ba ("harshe da ke bayyana kansa daga ciki") wanda ya ƙare a cikin salon gargajiya na ƙarshen karni na 18, wannan a matsayin furcin canje-canje masu haɗuwa a cikin tarihin ilimi da zamantakewa. Littafin ya ci gaba da bin tsarin kiɗa na Yamma, a cikin ƙarni na 19 da 20, inda ya zama wurin da ake amfani da sababbin abubuwan da ke sa ran ka'idojin harshe da fahimta. A ƙarshe, Katz ya nuna raguwa a hankali, a cikin karni na 20, na wannan tsarin kai tsaye, abin da ya sanar da kiɗa na Yammacin duniya don dukan karni na biyu.

### Ethnomusicology: Gabas ta Tsakiya da al'adun gargajiya a Isra'ila / Falasdinu
Ayyukan Katz na ethnomusicological suna mai da hankali kan kiɗa na gargajiya a Isra'ila - waƙoƙin Larabawa na Falasdinawa, kiɗa na al'ummomin Yahudawa daban-daban, da kuma Isra'ila da aka hada "waƙoƙin gargajiya" - wannan ma, tare da manufar bayyana abubuwan da ke tattare da ra'ayi - ko su ne alamu na duniya ko kuma takamaiman al'adu. An gudanar da wani ɓangare na waɗannan karatun tare da haɗin gwiwar Dalia Cohen, tare da wanda Katz ya kafa, a cikin shekarun 1950, Laboratory for Analysis of Vocal Information a Jami'ar Ibrananci ta Urushalima, kuma ya jagoranci hadin gwiwa, yana samar da tasiri na hanya da kuma ci gaba.

Daga ƙarshe an haɗa melograph ɗin cikin hanyoyin kwamfuta, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin bayani da aikace-aikacensa fiye da ethnomusicology: misali a cikin nazarin Ibrananci, ko a cikin nazarin wasan kwaikwayo na Yamma.

Katz & Cohen's monumental Palestinian Arab Music: Latent and Manifest "Theory" of a Maqām Tradition in Practice (2005)  shine taƙaitaccen shekaru 40 na bincike na hadin gwiwa a cikin kiɗa na gargajiya na Larabawa a Isra'ila. Baya ga binciken da yawa game da takamaiman al'ada da kuma tsarinsa da kuma nazarin sa, littafin ya shiga cikin tambayoyin asali na ethnomusicology da kuma ilimin ɗan adam na gaba ɗaya game da ma'anar tsarin modal, haɗuwa da rubutu da kiɗa da ke bayyana a matsayin haɗuwa da farko, ƙarfin tsakanin ci gaba da canji a cikin al'adun baki masu rai da kuma rawar da kowane mai kirkirar ke ciki, ko kuma yadda za a tantance sahihanci.

Sauran binciken da Katz ta yi na ethnomusicological ya yi magana da kiɗa na Samariyawa (1974), inda ta gano wani lamari na "ƙididdigar rukuni na baki" da kuma alaƙa da Kirista na zamani Neannoe-Ninnua, yana nuna cewa duka biyu sun samo asali ne daga al'adun Ibrananci na baya.[1] A wasu karatu ta bincika waƙoƙin Baqqashot da Yahudawa na Aleppo suka yi (1968; 1970), ta yi amfani da ra'ayin halin kirki (har zuwa lokacin ana amfani da shi galibi ga fasahar Yamma), a matsayin alamar canjin al'adu.[2] Dukkanin shari'o'in sun yi wa Katz hidima a matsayin shari'o-tafiye na asali na ilimin ɗan adam game da amincin al'adun baki, batun da ya ci gaba da mamaye ta a cikin dandalin tattaunawa na duniya daban-daban, da kuma a cikin littafinta The Lachmann Problem (2004), game da Robert Lachmann, mai gabatarwa na ilimin kiɗa wanda ya gudu zuwa Falasdinu daga Nazi Jamus.[3] Littafin ya haɗa tarihin horo, daga asalinsa a matsayin "masu ilimin kiɗa" a Jamus na farkon shekarun 1900 da Jamhuriyar Weimar tare da tarihin Yishuv a cikin mulkin Burtaniya na Falasdinu da Jami'ar Ibrananci ta Urushalima.

## Manazarta