Cutar gubar dalma a Oakland

**Cutar da gubar dalma a Oakland** tana wakiltar mummunar barazanar lafiyar jama'a. Gurɓataccen gubar a cikin Oakland na zamani ya fito ne daga tushen farko guda uku: ragowar masana'antar da ta gabata, ajiya daga mai gubar, da guntun fenti daga fenti na gubar .   Muhimman sassan birnin Oakland, California suna da matakan gubar ƙasa sama da kimanin 400 ppm, matakin da EPA na Amurka ya ba da shawarar a ɗauki matakin gyara, kuma sama da 80 ppm, matakin da Ofishin Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli na California ke Haɗari. Kimantawa ya nuna ya kamata a dauki mataki.  Ba duk yankunan Oakland ke shafa daidai ba: Cutar ta West Oakland ta fi tsanani, musamman a kusa da tsohon sansanin soja na Oakland, kuma yawancin yankunan da ke fama da talauci na Oakland suna fama da rashin daidaituwa (tun da yawancin mazauna ba su da albarkatun tattalin arziki don gyara lawns, ko ma don gyarawa). gidajensu). 

Matsayin hawan jini na gubar yana da alaƙa da matsalolin kiwon lafiya iri-iri, ciki har da cututtukan gastrointestinal mai tsanani, neuromuscular, da alamun cututtuka.   Wadannan matsalolin suna da mahimmanci musamman a cikin yara, kuma gubar dalma na yara na iya haifar da matsalolin hali, rashin ci gaba, da kuma raguwa na dindindin a cikin IQ. 

## Mahallin tarihi

Oakland ya kasance cibiyar masana'antu masu nauyi amma yawancin wannan masana'antar sun bar garin a cikin 1980s da farkon shakarun 1990s.  Wannan asarar da aka yi na babban adadin ayyukan da ake biyan kuɗi mai kyau ya haifar da raguwa mai yawa a cikin yanayin kuɗi na yawancin Oaklanders,  kuma yawancin masana'antun masana'antun da aka rufe ba su yi gyaran muhalli ba kafin rufewa, ya bar yawancin tsoffin yankunan masana'antu. mai gurɓatacce sosai da gubar da sauran gurɓatattun abubuwa. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Oakland ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa ta huɗu mafi yawan jama'a a cikin Amurka dangane da zirga-zirgar kwantena,  kuma Oakland kuma a tarihi ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan tashoshin jirgin ƙasa a gabar tekun yammacin ƙasar Amurka.

Oakland kuma ya kasance farkon cibiyar al'adun mota, kuma haɓakar babbar hanya ta fara farawa a cikin shekarata 1950s.  An yi amfani da man fetur mai guba a cikin Amurka don yawancin karni na 20, tare da rage matakan gubar a hankali tun daga farkon shekarun 1970, kuma a karshe an dakatar da man fetur gaba daya a shekarar 1996.  Amfani da gubar dalma ya ba da gudummawa sosai wajen kamuwa da gubar a Oakland, musamman a yankunan birnin da ke kusa da manyan hanyoyinsa.  

An yi amfani da fenti na tushen gubar a Oakland har zuwa lokacin da aka hana shi a shekara ta 1978, kuma har yanzu kusan gidaje 85,000 da aka gina a Oakland a wancan lokacin ana iya amfani da fentin gubar.  Gilashin fenti ko ƙura daga fenti kafin shekarar 1978 na ba da gudummawa sosai ga gurɓatar gubar a Oakland.  Akwai shirye-shiryen rage fenti iri-iri a cikin Oakland waɗanda ƙananan hukumomi da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai ke tafiyar da su, amma yawancin suna da iyakacin tasiri.

## Musamman wurare

### West Oakland

#### Oakland Army Base
Tsohon Oakland Army Base, wanda aka rufe a cikin shekarata 1999, yana da matukar gurɓatar da abubuwa daban-daban, ciki har da gubar. Abubuwan da ke haifar da gurɓacewar gubar sun haɗa da yanayin fenti mai tushen gubar, gyaran motoci, fenti mai guba, da sauran abubuwa.  A lokacin da Sojoji ke aikin gyaran sansanin, yawancin yankunan sansanin sun kasa cimma burinsu na gyara. 

#### Amco
A da akwai babban wurin rarraba sinadarai wanda AMCO Chemical ke gudanarwa a titin 1414 3rd, yanki ɗaya kawai kudu da tashar West Oakland BART .  Daga shekarun 1960s har zuwa 1989, an cire manyan sinadarai daga tashar jirgin ƙasa kuma a adana su a cikin ganguna da tankunan ajiya kafin a tura su zuwa ƙananan kwantena don sake siyarwa. Wuraren ajiyar sinadarai masu yawa sun haɗa da tankuna 12 na saman ƙasa, tankuna biyu na ƙasa, da ganguna masu yawa.  Ayyukan AMCO sun gurɓata yankin da ke kewaye da nau'in mahadi iri-iri, sun haɗa da kaushi mai chlorinated, vinyl chloride, dioxins, PCBs mahaɗaɗɗen kwayoyin halitta masu canzawa, arsenic, manganese, da adadi mai yawa na gubar.  Wasu daga cikin waɗannan mahadi ko dai sun gurɓata kadarori na kusa, sun shiga cikin ruwan ƙasa, ko duka biyun.  An ayyana wurin a matsayin rukunin asusun tarayya na tarayya. 

Matakan gubar ƙasa duka a rukunin AMCO da kansa da kuma a yawancin gidajen zama na kusa sun wuce iyakokin aminci, kuma suna yin barazana ga amincin ɗan adam.  Yawancin sauran gurɓatattun abubuwan da ke fitowa daga shukar AMCO ba su yaɗu ba kamar yadda gubar ta yi.  Kamar yadda yake da sauran wuraren gurɓataccen gubar, akwai sauran hanyoyin samun gubar, kamar fentin gubar da man fetur. 

### Verdese Carter Park
Verdese Carter Park wurin shakatawa ne na birni a kusurwar 96th Avenue da Bancroft, a cikin gundumar Elmhurst na Gabashin Oakland, al'ummar Ba-Amurka da Latino da farko inda yawancin mazauna ke ƙasa da layin talauci.   Tsakanin shekarun 1912 zuwa 1975 rabin kasan shafin ya mamaye wata shuka wacce ta fasa batir da aka yi amfani da ita kuma ta narkar da gubar su don kera sabbin batura,  yayin da rabin shafin ke mamaye da wani greenhouse.  Birnin Oakland ya samu duka kadarorin biyu a cikin shekarata 1976, kuma, bayan ayyuka biyu da nufin kawar da gurɓataccen ƙasa mai guba, wurin shakatawa ya buɗe wa jama'a a cikin shekarar 1978.  Kafin farkon ayyukan kawar da birni, gwaji ya samo kusan gubar ppm 100,000 a cikin ƙasan wurin shakatawa. 

Waɗannan ayyukan cirewa ba su da tasiri wajen tabbatar da wurin shakatawa, musamman saboda ba a kula da kubba na kariya da birnin ya sanya ba kuma ba a bincika ba kuma ya fashe.  A shekara ta 1993, Ƙungiyar Cigaban Afirka ta Amirka ta jagoranci wani yunkuri na tilastawa gwamnati ta tantance lafiyar dajin, bayan da wani abu mai launin rawaya ya fara fitowa daga fashe-fashe a filin wasan ƙwallon kwando a wurin shakatawa.  Daga baya a wannan shekarar, birnin Oakland ya katange wurin shakatawa kuma ya fara gwada yankin, EPA kuma ta shiga ciki.   Ƙimar da EPA ta yi game da wurin ya gano cewa matakan gubar ƙasa da ya kai 6,700 ppm har yanzu suna nan a wurin shakatawa, da kuma matakan zinc fiye da 7,450 ppm, da matakan arsenic fiye da 700ppm.  Ƙimar ta kuma gano cewa kaddarorin zama da ke cikin shinge bakwai na wurin shakatawa suma suna da matakan haɓakar gubar dalma, a wasu lokutan da ya kai 10,000 ppm.   (84% na gidajen da ke yankin an gina su kafin shekarar 1950, kuma sun kasance suna wanzuwa yayin da tashar baturi ke aiki. )  An kuma samu matakan gubar dalma, wanda ake kyautata zaton daga wurin shakatawa, a wata makarantar firamare da ke kusa.  Kodayake yawancin gurɓacewar da aka samu a waɗannan wuraren na iya faruwa ne saboda wurin shakatawa, fentin gubar da gubar gas daga manyan titunan da ke kusa da su na iya haifar da gurɓacewar.  Hukumomin haɗin gwiwa na gida, jihohi, da tarayya sun ɗauki ƙarin jerin ayyuka tsakanin shekekarata 1993 zuwa 1996 da nufin gyara wurin shakatawa da kewayen kaddarorin zama.  An sake buɗe wurin shakatawa a cikin shekarar 1996, kuma tsaftace duk kaddarorin zama na kusa tare da maida hankali kan gubar ƙasa> 1000 ppm AlliedSignal ne ya yi (wanda ya mallaki shuka, kuma EPA ta amince da ƙarshenta a cikin 2001 ta hanyar da ta warware AlliedSignal). duk wani abin alhaki na gaba  

### Kudu Prescott
Kudu Prescott unguwa ce mai shekara ɗari a Yammacin Oakland; saboda ayyukan masana'antu da suka gabata da kuma ƙasan maƙwabtan iskar gas sun kai matsakaicin gubar ppm 800 kafin babban tsaftacewar da EPA ke jagoranta.  Wasu wuraren da aka fi gurɓata a unguwar suna da matakan gubar ƙasa sama da kimanin 2700 ppm.  Tsaftacewa da EPA ke jagoranta ya yi amfani da ƙasa sama da ƙasusuwa daga pollock don canza gubar farko a cikin ƙasa zuwa pyromorphite, fili wanda ba shi da lahani ko da an sha.  Tsaftarwar ta sami nasarar gyara kusan kashi 95% na kaddarorin zama a South Prescott, da kuma duk haƙƙoƙin jama'a. 

### Cypress Freeway
Titin Cypress Viaduct wani yanki ne mai hawa biyu na Nimitz Freeway wanda ya wuce  shimfidar Oakland, iyaka da Kudancin Prescott. An bi ta hanyar unguwar da ke fama da matsalar tattalin arziki tun asali, kuma a lokacin gininta ƙungiyoyin jama'a sun nuna rashin amincewa da cewa za ta lalata wata unguwa mai fa'ida, kuma sun ba da shawarar cewa ba za a ba da shawarar hanyar da ta dace ba a cikin al'umma masu arziki. Tunda ba a hana gubar mai a cikin Amurka ba har zuwa Shekarar 1996, zirga-zirga ta hanyar hanyar ta asali ta haifar da ƙauyukan da ke kewaye da shi sun zama gurbataccen gubar. 

Viaduct ya lalace sosai yayin girgizar ƙasar Loma Prieta na shekarata 1989. A wani bangare na ayyukan agajin girgizar kasa, gwamnatin tarayya ta ware kimanin dala miliyan 700 don sake gina mashigar, inda hanyarta ta dan koma yamma zuwa wata unguwa da ta kasance a baya. Kungiyoyin al'umma daban-daban karkashin jagorancin Coci of the Living God Faith Tabernacle da kuma Tsaftace Air Alternative Coalition sun shigar da kara a gaban gwamnatin tarayya a shekarar 1993 a kokarin da suke yi na neman a sake gina na'urar daukar ma'aikata ta hanyar da za ta rage tasirinta. kan al'ummar da ke kewaye, yana mai cewa sanyawa da aka ba da shawarar ba zai yi tasiri a kan al'ummomin marasa rinjaye ba, gami da dora musu dalma mai nauyi da sauran gurbatattun abubuwa.   Shari'ar ba ta yi nasara ba, amma sulhun da aka yi ba tare da kotu ba ya ɗan canza wurin sanya hanyar da aka sake ginawa.  

## Duba wasu abubuwan

* Fitar da gubar gubar a cikin Amurka daga sake yin amfani da baturi
* Annobar gubar gubar
* Superfund sites in California

## Manazarta