Ilimin ƙasa na Madagascar

Madagascar babban tsibiri ne a cikin Tekun Indiya mai tazarar kilomita 400 (250 mi) daga gabashin gabar tekun Kudancin Afirka, gabas da Mozambique. Tana da jimlar fadin murabba'in kilomita 587,040 (sq mi 226,660) tare da murabba'in kilomita 581,540 (224,530 sq mi) da ruwa murabba'in kilomita 6,900 (2,700 sq mi). Madagascar ita ce tsibiri na huɗu mafi girma a duniya. Matsayi mafi girma shine Maromokotro, a yankin Tsaratanana Massif a arewacin tsibirin, a mita 2,876 (9,436 ft).

Jamhuriyar Madagascar ita ce kasa ta biyu mafi girma a tsibirin a duniya. Babban birninta Antananarivo yana tsakiyar tsaunuka na tsakiya kusa da tsakiyar tsibirin. Tana da yanki na 25 mafi girma na keɓantaccen tattalin arziki na 1,225,259 km2 (473,075 sq mi).

## Yankunan yanki
Ana iya raba Madagascar zuwa yankuna biyar na gabaɗaya: gabas gabas, Tsaratanana Massif, tsaunuka ta tsakiya, gabar yamma, da kudu maso yamma. Maɗaukakin tuddai sun yi daidai da gabar tekun gabas. Jimlar girman girman kilomita murabba'i 587,040 (226,660 sq mi), wanda ya sa ta zama kasa ta biyu mafi girma a duniya a tsibirin.

## Gabas gabar teku
Gabas bakin tekun ya ƙunshi ƴan kunkuntar tsaunuka mai nisan kilomita hamsin (31 mi) mai faɗi, wanda aka samo shi daga maɓuɓɓugar ƙasa, da wani yanki mai tsaka-tsaki wanda ya ƙunshi ɓangarorin ƙwanƙwasa da ke kan iyaka da tazarar kusan mita 500 (1,640 ft) a cikin tsaunuka ta Tsakiya, wanda ke ba da dama ga tsaunukan Tsakiya. Yankin bakin teku yana gudana kusan daga arewacin Baie d'Antongil, mafi shaharar yanayin a Masoala Peninsula, zuwa arewa mai nisa na tsibirin. Yankin bakin tekun madaidaiciya ne, ban da bakin teku, yana ba da ƙasa da hanyar tashar jiragen ruwa na yanayi fiye da bakin tekun yamma.

Canal des Pangalanes, wani tafkin ruwa mai tsawon kilomita 800 (497 mi) wanda aka kafa ta dabi'a ta hanyar wanke yashi a tsibirin ta tekun Indiya da silting na koguna, wani siffa ne na bakin teku; an yi amfani da shi duka a matsayin hanyar sufuri sama da ƙasa ga teku da kuma wurin kamun kifi. Bakin rairayin bakin teku ya gangara sosai cikin ruwa mai zurfi. Ana daukar gabar tekun gabas da hadari ga masu ninkaya da matukan jirgin ruwa saboda yawan kifin sharks da ke yawan zuwa bakin tekun.

## Tsaratanana Massif
Yankin Tsaratanana Massif a ƙarshen arewacin tsibirin ya ƙunshi Maromokotro, matsayi mafi girma a tsibirin a mita 2,880 (9,449 ft). Gaban arewa shine Montagne d'Ambre (Ambohitra), wanda asalinsa ne mai aman wuta. Yankin bakin teku yana da zurfi sosai; Fitattun siffofi guda biyu sune tashar jiragen ruwa na halitta a Antsiranana (Diego Suárez), kudu da Cap d'Ambre (Tanjon' i Bobaomby), da babban tsibirin Nosy Be zuwa yamma. Hoton saman tsaunuka na Tsaratanana Massif yana iyakance damar tashar jiragen ruwa a Antsiranana ta hanyar hana zirga-zirgar ababen hawa daga wasu sassan tsibirin. Suna mayar da hankali ga babban hawan bango.

## Tsaunukan Tsakiya
Tsawon tsaunuka na tsakiya, wanda ke tsakanin 800 zuwa 1,800 m (2,625 zuwa 5,906 ft) a tsayi, yana ƙunshe da nau'o'in hotuna iri-iri: tuddai masu zagaye da ɓarna, manyan ɓangarorin granite, ɓarkewar tsaunuka, rusassun peneplains, da filayen alluvial da marshes da aka canza zuwa cikin ruwa. Tsawon tsaunuka na tsakiya sun tashi daga Tsaratanana Massif a arewa zuwa Ivakoany Massif a kudu. An ayyana su a fili ta hanyar ƙwanƙwasa da ke gefen gabas, kuma suna gangara a hankali zuwa gaɓar yamma. Tsaunukan Tsakiyar Tsakiya sun haɗa da Babban Dutsen Anjafy; Tsarin tsaunuka na Itasy (Lake Itasy yana cikin wani dutse mai aman wuta) da Ankaratra Massif, ya kai tsayin 2,643 m (8,671 ft). Massif na Isalo Ruiniform yana tsakanin tsaunukan tsakiya da bakin tekun yamma.

Antananarivo, babban birnin kasar, yana arewacin yankin tsaunuka ta tsakiya a 1,276 m (4,186 ft) sama da matakin teku. Babban abin da ke cikin tsaunukan Tsakiyar Tsakiyar tsaunuka shine kwarin rafi da ke gudana daga arewa zuwa kudu, wanda ke gabas da Antananarivo kuma ya hada da Lac Alaotra, mafi girman ruwa a tsibirin. Tafkin yana da nisan mita 761 (2,497 ft) sama da matakin teku kuma yana da iyaka da duwatsu biyu, yana tashi 701 m (2,300 ft) zuwa yamma da 488 m (1,601 ft) zuwa gabas, wanda ke zama bangon wani kwari. Wannan yanki ya sami raguwar yanayin ƙasa, kuma girgizar ƙasa tana yawan faruwa.

## Manazarta