Fairuz

Nouhad Wadie Haddad[lower-alpha 1] (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 1934 ko 21 ga Nuwamba 1935),[a] wanda aka fi sani da Fairuz,[lower-alpha 1] mawaƙi ne na Lebanon. An dauke ta a matsayin mai ba da labari kuma daya daga cikin shahararrun mawaƙa a tarihin Duniyar Larabawa. An san ta da suna "The Bird of the East",[lower-alpha 1] "The Cedar of Lebanon",[lower-alpha 1] "The Moon's Neighbor",[lower-alpha 1] da "The Voice of Lebanon", [lower-alpha 1] da sauransu. [lower-alpha 1]

Fairuz ta fara aikin waka tun tana matashiya a gidan rediyon kasar Lebanon a karshen shekarun 1940 a matsayin mamban kungiyar mawaka . [1] Babban wasanta na farko, "Itab", an sake shi a cikin 1952 kuma ya sanya ta zama tauraro nan take a duniyar Larabawa. [2] A lokacin rani na 1957, Fairuz ta gudanar da wasanta na farko kai tsaye a bikin Baalbeck International Festival inda aka ba ta lambar yabo ta "Cavalier", lambar yabo mafi girma don nasarar fasaha ta shugaban Lebanon Camille Chamoun . [3] [4] Shaharar Fairuz ta bazu ko'ina cikin kasashen Larabawa a cikin shekarun 1950 zuwa 1960, wanda ya sa ta yi waka a wajen Lebanon a manyan biranen Larabawa daban-daban, ciki har da Damascus, Amman, Alkahira, Rabat, Algiers, da Tunis .

Fairuz ya samu karramawa da banbance-banbance a kasashe da dama, da suka hada da Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Palestine, Tunisia, Amurka, Masar, da Faransa. A cikin aikinta, ta yi kanun labarai a wurare mafi mahimmanci a duniya, irin su Albert Hall da Royal Festival Hall a London, Carnegie Hall, Lincoln Center da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Babban Lobby a New York, Olympia da Salle Pleyel a Paris, da Odeon na Herodes Atticus a Athens. 

A cikin wani aiki spanning sama da shekaru sittin, Fairuz ya rubuta kusan 1500 songs, saki fiye da 80 albums, yi a 20 musicals, da kuma sayar a kan 150 miliyan records a dukan duniya, yin ta daya daga cikin mafi girma sayar da tsakiyar-gabas artists a kowane lokaci, kuma daya daga cikin mafi-sayar da music artists a duniya. 

## Rayuwar farko

An haifi Nouhad Haddad a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 1934 ko 21 ga Nuwamba 1935, a Beirut a cikin dangin Kirista na Syriac Orthodox da Maronite .    Mahaifinta, Wadie, wani Assuriya ne haifaffen Mardin (Turkiya ta yanzu) wanda ya ƙaura zuwa Lebanon don ya gudu daga Sayfo .     Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai buga rubutu a cikin kantin buga littattafai.  An haifi mahaifiyarta, Lisa al-Boustani, a ƙauyen Dibbiyeh, Dutsen Lebanon.    Daga baya dangin sun ƙaura zuwa Zuqaq al-Blat,  wata unguwa a Beirut, inda suke zaune a wani gida mai ɗaki ɗaya wanda ke fuskantar makarantar Patriarchate na Girkanci kuma suna cin abinci tare da makwabta. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

Tun tana shekara goma Nouhad ta shahara a makaranta saboda muryarta da ba a saba gani ba. Ta kan rera waka a lokacin nunin makaranta da kuma lokacin hutu. Wannan ya kai ta ga Mohammed Flayfel, sanannen mawaki kuma malami a Conservatory na Lebanon, wanda ya faru da halartar daya daga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na makarantar a watan Fabrairun 1950. Muryarta da wasan kwaikwayo sun burge ta, ya shawarce ta da ta shiga cikin ɗakin ajiyar, wanda ta yi. Da farko dai mahaifin Nouhad mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ya hakura ya tura ta dakin karatu. Da lallashin dan uwansa kawun Nouhad, daga karshe ya amince ya bar ta da sharadin yayan nata ya raka ta. 

## Aikin kiɗa

### Farkon aiki
Flayfel ya yi sha'awar basirar Nouhad. Ya fara horar da ita kan yadda za a sarrafa nau'ikan waƙoƙi da waƙoƙi,  kuma a cikin wani wasan kallo, Halim el Roumi, shugaban gidan rediyon Labanon da aka kafa a 1938, ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin tashoshi a cikin Larabawa an ji Nouhad yana waƙa. Muryar ta Roumi ta burge Roumi kuma ta lura cewa tana da sassauƙa, wanda hakan ya ba ta damar yin waƙa a yanayin Larabci da na yamma.  A bisa bukatar Nouhad, El Roumi ya nada ta a matsayin mawaƙin mawaƙa a gidan rediyon da ke birnin Beirut, inda ake biyan ta dalar Amurka ashirin da ɗaya kowane wata, wanda idan aka yi la'akari da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki a shekarar 2020 zai kai dala ɗari da casa'in da biyar.  Ya kuma ci gaba da yi mata wakoki da dama sannan ya zabo mata sunan wasan kwaikwayo Fairuz, wanda shi ne kalmar larabci don turquoise  kuma mawakin Syria Fayrouz Al Halabiya ya karbe ta a matsayin sunan wasan kwaikwayo. 

Bayan ɗan lokaci kaɗan, an gabatar da Fairuz ga ƴan'uwan Rahbani, Assi da Mansour, waɗanda su ma suke aiki a gidan rediyon a matsayin mawaƙa. Chemistry dinsu nan take, ba da jimawa ba Assi ya fara yi wa Fairuz wakoki. Daya daga cikin wadannan wakoki ita ce "Itab" (waka ta uku da ya yi mata), wanda nan take ya samu nasara a kasashen Larabawa. Ta kafa Fairuz a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun mawakan larabawa a lokacin. 

Fairuz ya shahara a zamanin zinare na kiɗan Larabci kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin jigo na ƙarshe da masu ba da gudummawa a wancan lokacin a yau.  Muryarta tana wakiltar al'adun pop na Lebanon na ƙarni na 20.  A duk tsawon aikinta, ta kafa salon duniya da alaƙa yayin da ta ke yin kiɗan da ke magance batutuwan da suka shafi samartaka da soyayya zuwa yanayin siyasa da kishin ƙasa, har ma da "waƙoƙin Kirsimeti mai ɗorewa", wanda ya sa aikinta ya isa ga kowa.   Fairuz ta shahara da salon wakokinta na musamman, wanda ke hade da sautin yammaci da na larabawa. Waƙarta ta keɓe ta ta hanyar ɓacin rai da ban dariya mai ban sha'awa, tare da hoton Fairuz na sha'awa, da kuma muryar sha'awar, wanda kusan kamar addu'a ne, wanda masana sukan kwatanta shi da iska, bayyananne, da sassauƙa, daban da salon ado na yau da kullun da ake samu a waƙar Larabawa.   

### 1950s: Kafa sabon tauraro
Babban taron wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Fairuz ya kasance a cikin 1957, a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin Ba'albeck na kasa da kasa wanda ya gudana a ƙarƙashin jagorancin shugaban Lebanon Camille Chamoun . Ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a sashin Folkloric na bikin da ke wakiltar "Daren Labanon". An biya Fairuz fam guda na Lebanon don wannan wasan, amma ita da ’yan’uwan Rahbani za su zama jigon bikin kuma sun kasance mafi yawan shekaru har zuwa yakin basasa a Lebanon. Wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan ukun da farko ƙananan sket ne kawai, amma a ƙarshe sun zama operettas masu cike da kida, kuma kide-kide sun biyo baya shekaru da yawa.  Fairuz ta kara samun suna yayin da ita da sauran mawakan Larabawa da suka yi zamani da su suka yi ta zage-zage game da batun Falasdinu a rikicinsu da Isra'ila tare da samar musu da wakoki da dama na soja da kishin kasa. 

### 1960-1970s: Nasara da yabo mai mahimmanci

Fairuz da 'yan'uwan Rahbani sun fara ba da hankali sosai tare da sababbin ayyukansu kuma sun ci gaba da canza tsarin kiɗan Lebanon . Ya fara ne da shigar da sautunan yamma a cikin waƙarsu kuma daga ƙarshe suka tsara salon kiɗan na Labanon, tunda kiɗan ya dace da wani nau'i a da. Wannan ƙirar ita ce mafi girman salon kiɗan Masarawa, a cikin yaren Masar wanda yawanci yana da tsawon mintuna talatin.  Mutanen uku sun fara aiki da nasu samfurin, wanda ya kasance gajeriyar waƙoƙin mintuna uku a cikin yaren Lebanon wanda zai ba da labari. An karɓi wannan canjin kamar yadda ya kasance saboda haɓakar rashin jin daɗin kiɗan gargajiya da na asali. Beirut a wannan lokaci tana fuskantar saurin zamani da faɗaɗa al'adu. Wasu daga cikin waɗanda ke zaune a birnin ba ’yan asalin Larabawa ba ne, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama da wuya a yi la’akari da nau’in kiɗan na lokacin.  Don haka a lokacin da Fairuz da ’yan’uwan Rahbani suka gabatar da wani salo na zamani amma har yanzu na gargajiya, sun zana cikin jama’a. Wannan ya taimaka sake fasalin asalin Lebanon na zamani musamman a cikin kiɗa kuma zai ci gaba da ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga tarihin kiɗan gabas.  Wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan al'ada za su haɗa da sharhi da jigogi na al'amurran zamantakewa da siyasa da tarihi na gida da yanki. [33]  Kamar yadda shekarun 1960 ke ci gaba da yi, Fairuz ya zama sananne da "Matar farko ta waƙar Lebanon", kamar yadda Halim Roumi ya yi mata lakabi. A cikin wannan lokaci, 'yan'uwan Rahbani sun rubuta kuma sun tsara mata daruruwan shahararrun wakoki, yawancin operettas, da hotuna masu motsi guda uku.  A cikin waɗancan shirye-shiryen, sun kuma zaɓi yin watsi da sanannen yanayin haɓaka wasan kwaikwayo na Larabawa don neman ƙarin waɗanda aka karanta da kuma samarwa. 

A cikin 1971, shaharar Fairuz ta zama ƙasa da ƙasa bayan babban balaguron da ta yi a Arewacin Amirka, wanda al'ummomin Larabawa-Amurka da Amurka suka karɓe shi da farin ciki kuma ya ba da kyakkyawan bita game da wasan kwaikwayo. Ya zuwa yau, Fairuz ya yi wasa a kasashe da dama a duniya, ciki har da Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Masar, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Faransa, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Netherlands, Girka, Kanada, Amurka, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Italiya, da kuma kasarta, Lebanon. 

A ranar 22 ga Satumba, 1972, Assi ya sami zubar jini a kwakwalwa kuma an garzaya da shi asibiti. Magoya bayansa sun yi cincirindo a wajen asibitin, suna yi masa addu’a tare da kunna kyandir. Bayan tiyata uku, an dakatar da zubar jinin kwakwalwar Assi. Ziad Rahbani, babban dan Fairuz da Assi, yana dan shekara 17, ya baiwa mahaifiyarsa kidan daya daga cikin wakokinsa da ba a saki ba, wato "Akhadou el Helween" (wanda Marwan Mahfouz ne ya rera shi a wasan farko na "Sahriyyi" Ziad). Kawunsa Mansour Rahbani ya sake rubuta sabbin wakoki domin a kira shi "Saalouni n'Nass" ("The People Aked Me") wanda ya yi magana game da kasancewar Fairuz a kan dandamali a karon farko ba tare da Assi ba.   Watanni uku bayan fama da zubar jini, Assi ya halarci wasan farko na wannan mawaƙin, *Al Mahatta,* a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Piccadilly akan titin Hamra. Elias Rahbani, ƙanin Assi, shi ne ya ɗauki nauyin shirya kaɗe-kaɗe da kaɗe-kaɗe don wasan kwaikwayo. 

A cikin 1978, mutanen uku sun zagaya Turai da kasashen Gulf Persian, ciki har da wani wasan kwaikwayo a Olympia na Paris. Sakamakon wannan jadawali mai yawan aiki, lafiyar lafiyar Assi da tabin hankali ta fara tabarbarewa. A karshe Assi Rahbani ya rasu a shekara ta 1986, bai auri Fairuz ba, amma saboda tasirin da iyalansa da Fairuz suka yi a kasar Lebanon, bangarorin da ke birnin Beirut sun tsagaita bude wuta wanda ya ba da damar yin tattaki daga bangaren musulmi na birnin zuwa inda za a binne Assi a bangaren Kirista. Daga nan Fairuz ya fara aiki kusan shi kadai tare da Ziad Rahbani, danta kan shirya wakokinta.   

A cikin yakin basasar Lebanon, shaharar Fairuz ta yi katutu. Ba kamar sauran ƴan uwanta da suka shahara ba, ba ta taɓa barin Lebanon ta zauna a ƙasashen waje ba. Ba ta gudanar da wani kide-kide a can ba in ban da wasan kwaikwayo na operetta *Petra*, wanda aka yi a duka yammaci da gabas na Beirut da aka raba a lokacin a 1978.   Yaƙin ya ɗauki shekaru goma sha biyar (1975-1990), ya ɗauki rayuka 150,000, kuma ya raba al'umma.  Wannan shi ne lokacin da za a ƙaddamar da matsayinta na fitacciyar ɗan ƙasar Lebanon. Ita da ‘yan’uwan Rahbani sukan rika bayyana rashin amincewarsu a kan yakin a cikin wakokinsu, kuma kin amincewa da bangaranci da bangaranci ya taimaka musu wajen yin kira ga daukacin kasar Labanon, wanda hakan ya baiwa Fairuz damar zama muryar hankali da hadin kan al’ummar Lebanon. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman saboda yakin da kansa ya kasance da yawa kuma ya ƙunshi ra'ayoyi da yawa masu cin karo da juna tsakanin jihar da 'yan bindiga daban-daban. Ga 'yar Labanon, ta zama mai yawa fiye da mai nishadantarwa kawai. Ta zama wakilcin Lebanon, da kuma kwanciyar hankali a lokacin rashin tsaro da rashin tabbas.  

### 1980s: Sabuwar ƙungiyar samarwa
Bayan rabuwar fasaha tsakanin Fairuz da 'yan'uwan Rahbani a 1979, Fairuz ta ci gaba da danta, mawaki Ziad Rahbani, abokinsa mawaki Joseph Harb, da mawaki Philemon Wahbi.  Ziad Rahbani ya kasance mai tuƙi a cikin juyin salon waƙar Fairuz, yayin da yake aiki don kawar da abin da iyayensa suka kafa a baya. Wakokin da ya ci gaba da yi wa Fairuz za su kauce wa kishin kasa mai kishin kasa da ke nuna salon gargajiya Fairuz da ‘yan uwa Rahbani da aka san su; a maimakon haka, shi da Fairuz za su ci gaba da zurfafa cikin sautin zamani na jazz da funk. 

Fairuz ya yi fitowa ta biyu kuma ta ƙarshe ta Talabijin na Turai a gidan Talabijin na Faransa a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 1988, a cikin wani shiri mai suna *Du coté de chez Fred* . Fairuz, wanda ya shirya wani kide-kide a POPB na dakin kide-kide na Paris Bercy kwanaki uku bayan haka a ranar 16 ga Oktoba, shi ne babban bako na mai gabatar da gidan talabijin na Faransa Frédéric Mitterrand . Shirin ya kunshi faifan bidiyo na atisayen da ta yi na kide-kiden da ta yi a Bercy ban da bikin da ministan al'adu na Faransa Jack Lang ya ba Fairuz lambar yabo ta Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres . Har ila yau, ya haɗa da montage na bidiyo na fina-finanta na baya da kide-kide. A wannan nunin, Fairuz ma ya rera wakoki guda uku “Ya hourrié”, “Yara” da “Zaali tawwal”.

## Manazarta