Harsunan Chumashan

**Chumashan** dangi ne mai faɗakarwa kuma mai farfadowa na harsunan da aka yi magana a kudancin California ta 'yan asalin ƙasar Amurka Chumash, daga filayen bakin teku da kwari na San Luis Obispo zuwa Malibu, makwabta a cikin ƙasa da kwari da kwari a gabas zuwa iyakar Kwarin San Joaquin, zuwa Tsibirin Channel guda uku da ke kusa: San Miguel, Santa Rosa, da Santa Cruz . 

Harsunan Chumashan na iya zama, tare da Yukian da wataƙila harsunan kudancin Baja California kamar Waikuri, ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin iyalai na harsuna da aka kafa a California, kafin isowar masu magana da Penutian, Uto-Aztecan, har ma da harsunan Hokan . Ana magana da harsunan Chumashan, Yukian, da kudancin Baja a yankunan da ke da al'umma ta musamman ta jiki. Yawan jama'ar da ke tsakiyar yankin Chumashan ya kasance mai karko tsawon shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup> Duk da haka, an tabbatar da cewa Chumashan ya samo asali ne kwanan nan (cikin shekaru dubu biyu). Akwai shaida ta ciki cewa Obispeño ya maye gurbin harshen Hokan kuma Tsibirin Chumash ya gauraya da harshe daban da Chumashan; tsibiran ba su taɓa haɗuwa da babban yankin ba har sai da aka fara amfani da kwale-kwalen katako a ƙarni na farko na AD. 

Kodayake harsunan Chumashan yanzu sun ƙare ko kuma ba su da kyau, shirye-shiryen farfado da harshe suna gudana tare da hudu daga cikin waɗannan harsunan Chuumashan. Wadannan harsuna suna da rubuce-rubuce a cikin bayanan da ba a buga ba na masanin harshe [[John Peabody Harrington]]. Musamman rubuce-rubuce sune Barbareño, Ineseño, da Ventureño. Mai magana da harshen Chumashan na karshe shine mai magana da Barbareño Mary Yee, wanda ya mutu a shekarar 1965.

== Rarrabawar iyali ==

=== Harsuna ===
An tabbatar da harsuna shida na Chumashan, dukansu yanzu sun ƙare. Koyaya, yawancin su suna cikin tsarin sake farfadowa, tare da shirye-shiryen harshe da azuzuwan. Mutanen Chumash na zamani yanzu sun fi son komawa ga yarensu ta sunayen asali maimakon sunayen tsofaffi bisa ga ayyukan gida.

Obispeño shine mafi yawan yaren Chumashan. Harsunan Chumash na Tsakiya sun haɗa da Purisimeño, Ineseño, Barbareño da Ventureño . Akwai ci gaba da yaren a duk faɗin wannan yanki, amma nau'in yaren da ake magana a kusa da kowane manufa ya bambanta sosai don cancanta a matsayin yare daban.

Akwai ƙananan takardu game da Purisimeño. Ineseño, Barbareño da Ventureño kowannensu yana da yare da yawa, kodayake takardun galibi suna mai da hankali kan ɗaya kawai. Tsibirin Chumash yana da yare daban-daban a Tsibirin Santa Cruz, Tsibirin San Miguel da Tsibirin Santa Rosa, amma duk masu magana sun koma ƙasar a farkon karni na 19. [[John Peabody Harrington]] ya gudanar da aikin gona a kan dukkan yarukan Chumashan da ke sama, amma ya sami mafi ƙarancin bayanai a kan tsibirin Chumash, Purisimeño, da Obispeño. Babu bayanan harshe akan Cuyama, kodayake bayanan ethnographic sun nuna cewa mai yiwuwa ne Chumash (Interior Chumash).

==== Dangantakar kwayar halitta ====
Roland Dixon da Alfred L. Kroeber sun ba da shawarar cewa yarukan Chumashan na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da makwabciyar Salinan a cikin ƙungiyar ''Iskoman''. [[Edward Sapir]] ya yarda da wannan hasashe kuma ya haɗa Iskoman a cikin rarraba Hokan. Kwanan nan an lura cewa Salinan da Chumashan sun raba kalma ɗaya kawai, wanda yarukan Chumashan tabbas suka aro daga Salinan (kalmar 'farin shell', wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman kuɗi).  A sakamakon haka, hada Chumashan a cikin Hokan yanzu yawancin kwararru sun ƙi, kuma yarjejeniyar ita ce Chumashan ba shi da dangin harshe da aka gano.

== Halaye ==
Harsunan Chumashan sanannu ne saboda jituwa ta ma'anarsu (jituwa ta maɓallin maɓallin). Mithun ya gabatar da bayanin ilimi game da tsarin harshe na Chumashan.

=== Sautin sautin ===
The Central Chumash languages all have a symmetrical six-vowel system.  The distinctive high central vowel is written various ways, including  "barred I,"  "schwa" and  "I umlaut."  Contemporary users of the languages favor  or .

Abubuwan da suka dace da wannan tsarin sun hada da

* H**a** ƙananan sautin a cikin m**o**: A cikin sautin guda ɗaya, ƙananan sautin da ke kusa da su sun dace: duka biyu ne ko duk gaba /e/, tsakiya /a/ ko baya /o/. Misalai na Pan-Central:

>Harkokin sautin ƙasa a matsayin tsari: Yawancin prefixes sun haɗa da sautin sautin ƙasa wanda ke nunawa a matsayin /a / **l** da sautin sashi mai zuwa yake da girma. Lokacin da wasula na sashi mai zuwa ya yi ƙasa, wasula na prefix yana daidaitawa da (ko "harmonize" tare da) ingancin gaba-tsakiya na wasula mai zuwa. Kalmomin aikatau **kal-''' "na yanka" ya kwatanta wannan tsari a cikin misalai masu zuwa na Barbareño, inda /l/ na iya fita:

## manazarta