Angela Duckworth

**Angela Lee Duckworth** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1970) Masaniyar kimiyya ce ta Amurka, kuma  masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam, kuma sananniya marubucin kimiyya. Ita ce Rosa Lee da Egbert Chang Farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Pennsylvania, inda take karatun tsananin kai da kame kai. Ita ce ta kafa kuma tsohuwar Shugaba na Character Lab, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta wacce manufarta ita ce ci gaba da kimiyya da aikin ci gaban hali.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Duckworth a shekara ta 1970 ga baƙi na kasar Sin. Mahaifinta Ying Kao Lee (1933-2020) masanin sunadarai ne tare da DuPont kuma ya kirkiro lacquer na Lucite. Ta girma a New Jersey">Cherry Hill, New Jersey  kuma ta kammala karatu daga Cherry Hill High School East. 

Duckworth ta sami B.A. a cikin Neurobiology a Kwalejin Harvard a shekarar 1992.  Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Oxford a 1996 tare da M.Sc. a cikin kimiyyar kwakwalwa a kan Marshall Scholarship, kuma daga Jami'ar Pennsylvania a 2006 tare da Ph.D. a cikin ilimin halayyar dan adam. An ba ta lambar yabo ta MacArthur Fellowship a shekarar 2013.

Bayan samun digiri na biyu, Duckworth ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan gudanarwa a McKinsey & Company. Ta bar kimanin shekara guda bayan haka don zama malamin lissafi a Makarantar Sakandare ta Lowell (San Francisco) . 

Littafin farko na Duckworth, Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance, an sake shi a watan Mayu 2016. Ya kasance a cikin jerin sunayen mafi kyawun The New York Times na makonni 21. Wani bita na littafin a cikin The New York Times ta kira Duckworth "masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam wanda ya sanya 'grit' a cikin ma'auni na ilimi-ka'idoji".

Duckworth ta kasance mai karɓar bakuncin kwasfan fayiloli No Stupid Questions a kan hanyar sadarwar Freakonomics Radio don fitowar 223 daga 2020 zuwa 2024. 

## Murmushi
Duckworth an fi saninta da bincike kan grit, ƙarfin da ta bayyana a matsayin sha'awa da murya ga burin dogon lokaci. Ta haɓaka Grit Scale, ma'auni na wannan ginin.

Duckworth ta sami ƙarancin zama abin da ya saba da shi tsakanin manyan masu nasara da ta yi karatu. Ayyukanta sun nuna cewa ƙarancin ba shi da alaƙa da IQ amma yana da alaƙa sosai da lamiri. An yi nazarin Grit a duk tsawon rayuwarsa, amma Duckworth yana mai da hankali kan yadda ginin zai iya taimaka wa matasa. Wannan ya fada ƙarƙashin laima na ilimin halayyar da kuma motsi don fadada koyarwar makaranta fiye da abubuwan fahimta kawai.

Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da Dokar Kowane Dalibi (ESSA) a cikin 2015, an sami kira mai girma don hanyoyin da za a auna ƙarfin hali. Koyaya, Duckworth kanta ta ƙarfafa yin taka tsantsan yayin yin amfani da kuma, musamman, gwada halin a cikin ɗakunan ajiya. Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan shi ne cewa an tsara matakan da ke akwai don dalilai na kimiyya, don haka har yanzu babu hanyoyin da za a iya auna grit a cikin manyan yanayi, kamar shigar kwaleji ko aikace-aikacen aiki.

Wasu suna da'awar cewa mayar da hankali kan grit zai haifar da watsi da wasu muhimman dalilai, kamar kyawawan abubuwan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da ake buƙata don tura shi. Duckworth ya amince da muhimmancin abubuwan muhalli, yana mai cewa ba cewa ɗayan yana da mahimmanci fiye da ɗayan ba amma dukansu suna da mahimmanci: "Tambayar ba shine ko ya kamata mu damu da kanmu da ƙuƙwalwa ko shingen tsari don cimma nasara ba. A cikin ma'anar da ta fi zurfi, duka biyu suna da mahimmanci, kuma fiye da haka, suna da juna. "

Grit yana da rabon masu sukar. Wani bincike na meta-analysis na 2017 ya gano cewa "grit yana da alaƙa da matsakaici kawai tare da aiki da riƙewa," kuma ba a rarrabe shi sosai daga abubuwan da aka yi nazari a baya ba, gami da lamiri, juriya, da ƙwazo. A cikin wata kasida ta 2021, Duckworth ta yarda cewa ta yi kuskuren fassarar kaddarorin psychometric na Grit Scale.

## Manazarta