Johannes Aavik

**Johannes Aavik an hafe shie a**  ( 8 December [    - 18 Maris  shekara ta 1973) masanin harshe ne na Estoniya kuma mai haɓaka harshen Estoniya . 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Aavik a Randvere, Saaremaa, a cikin lardin Livonia na Daular Rasha (yanzu Estonia ). Ya karanta tarihi a Jami'ar Tartu da Jami'ar Nezin a 1905. Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar Young Estonia kuma ya sami digiri na uku a cikin harsunan Romance a Jami'ar Helsinki a 1910. Aavik ya koyar da Estoniya da Faransanci a Jami'ar Tartu daga 1926 zuwa 1933. A cikin 1934, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Estoniya ta nada shi a matsayin Babban Sufeto na Makarantun Sakandare, mukamin da ya rike har zuwa 1940.  Ya gudu daga Estonia don tserewa daga mamayewar Soviet a 1944, ya zama ɗan gudun hijira a Sweden kuma ya zauna a Stockholm har tsawon rayuwarsa.

## Ƙirƙirar harshen Estoniya
A cikin 1912, ya fara rubuta labarai zuwa mujallu na adabi, yana ba da shawarar hanyoyin sabunta harshen Estoniya. A ra'ayinsa, harshen Estoniya yana buƙatar ƙirƙira, yayin da fannin amfani da shi ya faɗaɗa cikin sauri tare da bayyanar al'umma ta zamani. Bayan buƙatun daidaita nahawu da nahawu, Aavik kuma ya yi imanin cewa yaren yana buƙatar zama iri-iri da euphonic.

Ya ba da shawarar rance mai zurfi daga Finnish, kuma an karɓi wasu shawarwarinsa da sauri kuma sun zama wani ɓangare na ƙamus na Estoniya . Daga 1914 ya fara ƙirƙirar sabuwar kalma ta wucin gadi don maye gurbin kalmomin "m". Saboda haka, ya ba da shawarar *relv* (“makamin”) maimakon *sõjariist* (a zahiri, “kayan yaƙi”), *roim* (“laifi”) maimakon *kuritöö* (“mugun aiki”) da *veenma* (“tabbaci”) maimakon *uskuma panema* (“saka cikin imani”). Gabaɗaya ya yi ƙoƙari ya guje wa sautunan *t* da *s* kuma ya fi son gajerun kalmomi fiye da masu tsayi. Har ila yau, ya fifita *o* a cikin wasu kalmomi masu zuwa gare *ku*, kamar yadda aka saba a yarukan Kudancin Estoniya. Aavik yayi la'akari da yawa daga cikin neologisms kamar yadda halitta daga kome ba (duba ex nihilo lexical enrichment ). Duk da haka, da yawa daga cikin neologisms na Aavik sun rinjayi harsunan waje da abubuwan lexical (Aavik yana da ilimi na gargajiya kuma ya san Tsohon Girkanci, Latin da Faransanci).  Misali, *roim* nasa na kirkire-kirkire ("laifi") mai yiwuwa kalmar turanci *laifi* ta rinjayi; *relv* ("makamin") mai yiwuwa kalmar *revolver* ta yi tasiri a cikin Ingilishi; da kuma *taunima* ("don hukunta, ƙin yarda") mai yiwuwa kalmar Finnish ta yi tasiri da kalmar *tuomita* ("don hukunta, yanke hukunci"). 

Aavik kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin sabunta nahawu. Ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da i-jam'i maimakon t (d) - jam'i ( *keelis* pro *keeltes* ) da kuma i-superlative maimakon na yau da kullun ( *suurim* pro *kõige suurem* ), da kuma - *nd* maimakon - *nud* a cikin aikin da ya gabata. Ya ba da shawarar inflectional affixes zuwa ma-infinitive, kuma wasu daga cikinsu sun shiga cikin sanannun amfani. Ya kuma yi ƙoƙarin gabatar da wani nau'i na fi'ili a nan gaba da kuma karin magana ta mace, duk da haka waɗannan ba su da ɗan amsa mai kyau.

Aavik ya wallafa kasidu da fassarori masu yawa don yada ra'ayoyinsa; yana da magoya bayansa da kuma masu adawa. A cikin 1919, ya buga ƙamus na 2000 sabon kalmomi . Kimanin kalmomi 30 da ya halitta har yanzu ana amfani da su har zuwa yau. Waɗannan sun haɗa da misali *laip* ('gawa') ko *mõrv* ('kisan kai').  Ka'idodinsa (mai amfani, kayan ado da ingancin asali) an taƙaita su a cikin *Keeleuuenduse äärmised võimalused* (Matsalolin Ƙwarewar Harshe; Tartu, 1924).

Ƙirƙirar harshe sannu a hankali ya mutu bayan aikin 1927 wanda ya sa ya zama wajibi ga makarantu don koyar da daidaitattun Estoniya kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin Estoniya Orthographic Dictionary (1925, babban editan Johannes Voldemar Veski ) da Estoniya Grammar (na Elmar Muuk, 1927). Koyaya, wasu kalmomin da Aavik ya gabatar kuma suka faɗi cikin mantuwa an ɗauko su kuma sun sake gabatar da su ta wasu sabbin littattafan karatu.

Ana iya samun maƙala kan ƙirƙirar harshe a cikin Estoniya na Paul Saagpakk a cikin ƙamus na Estoniya – Turanci.

## Mutuwa da gado
Aavik ya mutu a Stockholm, Sweden . A ranar 26 ga Satumba 1992, an kafa ƙungiyar Johannes Aavik a Tallinn, Estonia. Al'umma ta mai da hankali kan bincike na harshen Estoniya musamman kan waɗancan bangarorin harshe waɗanda ke da alaƙa da Johannes Aavik. Al'umma tana da mambobi 107. Al'umma suna buga littafin "Keeleuuenduse Kirjastik". 

## manazarta

## Kara karantawa

* Antoine Chalvin. *Johannes Aavik et la rénovation de la langue estonienne* . Paris: ADEFO/L'Harmattan, 2010. 334 p.
* Virve Raga. *Tasirin Canjin Shirye-Shirye akan Ilimin Halittar Estoniya* . Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Studia Uralica Upsaliensia, 29. Uppsala, 1998. 156 p.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Johannes Aavik a ƙamus na kan layi na Estoniya