Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli ta Michigan

**Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli ta Michigan** (ERIM) Cibiyar bincike ce a Ann Arbor, Michigan, wanda aka kafa a 1972. Cibiyar ta ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba da fahimtar nesa, radar, da holography.&amp;nbsp; ERIM ya girma daga sashin bincike na soja da muhalli na Jami'ar Michigan, Cibiyar Bincike ta Aeronautical na Michigan, wanda aka fi sani da Cibiyar Bincike ta Willow Run..

Wani kamfani mai cin riba, ERIM International, ya rabu da shi a cikin 1997. Wannan kamfani na Veridian ya ci gaba da samunsa, ta General Dynamics—yana ƙaura zuwa Ypsilanti—kuma a cikin 2014 ta MacDonald, Dettwiler da Associates (MDA).  A halin yanzu, ragowar rabon da ba riba ya zama Cibiyar Altarum a cikin 2001. Wani ɓangare na Altarum ya kasance a cikin 2006 ya hade cikin Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Kasuwancin Michigan Tech (MTRI), yana gudanar da bincike na muhalli da na nesa, yayin da tsarin kiwon lafiya ya ci gaba da bincike a Cibiyar Altarum.

## Tarihi
Cibiyar Nazarin muhalli ta Michigan (ERIM) ta fara ne a matsayin Willow Run Laboratories a 1946, amma an kafa ta ne a matsayin cibiyar bincike mai zaman kanta ba don riba ba lokacin da ta rabu da Jami'ar Michigan a hukumance a shekarar 1972.  ERIM ta ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban nesa don aikace-aikacen muhalli da na soja. Yawancin tarihin farko na dakin gwaje-gwaje ba a yada su ba saboda ERIM da kungiyoyin da suka riga ta suna haɓaka tsarin sa ido da sa ido na nesa don tattara bayanan soja daga jirgin sama da tauraron dan adam.

## Cibiyoyin gwaje-gwaje na Willow Run
Kafin kafa Willow Run Laboratories a 1946, tare da Yaƙin Cold kawai farawa, Ma'aikatar Yakin ta damu game da kiyaye Amurka a gaban kimiyya mai amfani. Masu binciken jami'a da suka dawo daga sabis na WWII suna damuwa da amfani da ƙwarewarsu don magance waɗannan damuwa.

A Kwalejin Injiniya ta Jami'ar Michigan, Farfesa William Gould Dow da Emerson W. Conlon sun tunkari Wright-Patterson Air Force Base masana kimiyya tare da shawararsu don gudanar da babban aikin bincike.  An tsara aikin ne don tabbatar da yuwuwar abin da daga baya za a kira shi tsarin makami mai linzami.  An karɓi shawarar, mai suna WIZARD, kuma wannan kwangilar ce ta haifar da ƙungiyar farko ta ERIM, Cibiyar Binciken Aeronautical Research (MARC).). 

A lokacin Yaƙin Vietnam, masu zanga-zangar a Jami'ar Michigan sun tilasta wa Jami'ar ta yanke alaƙa da Willow Run Laboratories. Bincike daga ERIM ya ba da fasaha don sa ido na soja, da kuma bayanai da samfuran don inganta tsinkaya da fahimtar ambaliyar ruwa, gobara, amfanin gona da bayanan da aka fahimta daga nesa, gami da nazarin Bering Glacier.

## Fasahar mahimmanci
ERIM ya zama sananne a cikin al'ummar kimiyya ta hanyar jerin tarurruka na kasa da kasa kan fasahar ganowa ta nesa da fasahar bayanai ta geospatial, a cikin ruhun farko na kasa da ƙasa kan Sensing na nesa na Muhalli da aka gudanar a Ann Arbor, Michigan a cikin 1962.

ERIM ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaba da aiwatar da radar na roba (SAR), a lokacin, sabon ra'ayi na fasahar radar gaba ɗaya. Ci gaban tsarin sarrafawa na gani don bayanan SAR ya jagoranci Emmett Leith, Adam Kozma da Juris Upatnieks don amfani da sabon laser da aka kirkira tare da ka'idodin holographic da Dennis Gabor ya tsara. Leith da Upatnieks sun haɓaka dabara mai amfani don yin rikodin gaba da sake ginawa ta amfani da lasers, don haka ya yiwu filin da yanzu ake kira holography. Holograms tun daga lokacin sun sami aikace-aikace iri-iri.

## Tarihin kamfanoni
A cikin 1997, da'awar rashin iya yin gasa da masana'antu don riba, Shugaba Peter Banks da kwamitin amintattu na ERIM sun ƙaddamar da wani reshe na riba a ƙarƙashin sunan ERIM International, Incorporated.  Kusan duk ayyukan R&D na ERIM da kwangiloli sun koma ƙungiyar don riba, yayin da gine-gine, kadarori, da ƙaramin ɓangarorin ma'aikata da kwangiloli ke riƙe ta ERIM mara riba.  Bankunan da membobin kwamitin da yawa sun ba wa kansu adadi mai yawa na hannun jari a cikin sabon kamfani na riba, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don adadi mai yawa lokacin da aka sayar da ERIM International, Inc. ga Veridian Corp. na Washington, D.C. a cikin 1999. Janar Dynamics Advanced Information Systems ya sayi Veridian daga baya a cikin 2003, kuma Cibiyar Heritage-ERIM ta ci gaba da ci gaba ta Michigan da ƙungiyar ta Arbor daga Cibiyar Ci gaba ta Michigan.  zuwa Ypsilanti kusa.  Abubuwan da aka samu daga siyar da ERIM International an yi amfani da su ta hanyar ERIM mai zaman kanta don siyan Cibiyar Kasuwancin Lantarki (CEC), wani Ann Arbor ba don riba ba a 1998. ERIM ta sami Vector Research, Inc. (VRI) a cikin 2001 don kafa Cibiyar Altarum,  hedkwatar ta a Ann Arbor, Michigan.

A ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2006, Jami'ar Fasaha ta Michigan ta sayi Sashen Muhalli da Fasahar Fasaha ta Cibiyar Altarum (EETD), wanda galibi ya kunshi ɓangaren al'adun-ERIM na Cibiyar, don kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Fasaha ta Michigan (MTRI). Cibiyar Altarum kungiya ce mai zaman kanta yanzu tana mai da hankali kan binciken tsarin kiwon lafiya,  yayin da binciken muhalli da na nesa ke ci gaba a MTRI.

A ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 2014, MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates (MDA), kamfanin Kanada, sun kammala sayen Ypsilanti, ginin Michigan da ma'aikata a ciki daga Janar Dynamics Advanced Information Systems .  Tare da sake fasalin kamfanoni na MDA bayan sayen Digital Globe a cikin 2017, wannan layin kasuwanci ya canza zuwa sabon reshe na Radiant Solutions.

## Manazarta