Yanayi a Kasar Libya

Libya ita ce ƙasa ta huɗu mafi girma a Afirka kuma ƙasa ta goma sha bakwai mafi girma a duniya. Yana kan Bahar Rum tare da Masar a gabas, Tunisiya a arewa maso yamma, Aljeriya a yamma, Nijar da Chadi a kudu, da Sudan a kudu maso gabas. Kodayake binciken mai na shekarun 1960 ya kawo wadata mai yawa, a lokacin samun 'yancin kai wata ƙasa ce mai talauci sosai wacce kawai muhimmiyar dukiyarta ta zahiri ta bayyana a matsayin dabararta a tsakiyar iyakar arewacin Afirka. 

Libya tana cikin sauƙin isa ga manyan ƙasashen Turai kuma ta haɗa ƙasashen Larabawa na Arewacin Afirka da na Gabas ta Tsakiya, gaskiyar da a duk tarihin ta sanya cibiyoyin birane su zama masu haɗuwa maimakon wuraren da aka ware ba tare da tasirin zamantakewa na waje ba. Sakamakon haka, babban rata na zamantakewa ya samo asali tsakanin biranen, cosmopolitan kuma yawancin baƙi ne, da kuma hamada, inda shugabannin kabilun suka yi mulki a ware kuma inda canjin zamantakewa ya kasance kadan.

## Bayani game da yanayin ƙasa

Tekun Bahar Rum da Hamadar Sahara sune fitattun sifofin halitta na ƙasar.  Akwai tsaunuka da yawa amma babu tsaunuka na gaskiya sai a cikin hamadar kudanci da babu kowa a ciki kusa da iyakar Chadi, inda Tibesti Massif ya haura sama da mita 2,200.  Ƙananan rairayin bakin teku da tsaunin tsaunuka nan da nan kudu da shi sune yankunan da suka fi dacewa da noma.  Har ila yau can kudu yankin makiyaya na ciyayi mara kyau ya ba da damar zuwa babban hamadar Sahara, wurin da babu kowa a cikin tudu da yashi.  Yana goyan bayan mazaunin ɗan adam kaɗan, kuma aikin noma yana yiwuwa ne kawai a cikin ƴan warwatsewar oases..

Yankin hamada na Sahara yana da alaƙa da Tekun Sidra a bakin tekun ta hanyar wani yanki mara kyau, wanda aka sani da Sirtica, wanda ke da muhimmancin tarihi. 

A gefen tekun Tripolitania sama da kilomita 300, wuraren da ke bakin teku suna canzawa tare da wuraren yashi da lagoons. A cikin ƙasa daga waɗannan akwai Jifarah Plain, yanki mai kusurwa uku na kimanin murabba'in kilomita 15,000. Kimanin kilomita 120 a cikin ƙasa filin ya ƙare a cikin wani tsauni wanda ya tashi don samar da Dutsen Nafusa, tare da tsawo har zuwa mita 1,000, wanda shine iyakar arewacin Tripolitanian Plateau . &nbsp;&nbsp;

A gabashin kasar, Cyrenaica, akwai ƙananan wuraren da ke bakin teku. Filin Marj na Cyrenaica ya rufe karamin yanki fiye da Jifarah Plain na Tripolitania. Yankunan da ke ƙasa sun samar da kusan kilomita 210 tsakanin Benghazi da Derna kuma suna da iyakar kilomita 50. A wani wuri a bakin tekun Cyrenaican, dutsen da ya bushe ya kai ga teku. Bayan Marj Plain, filin ya tashi ba zato ba tsammani don samar da Jabal al Akhdar (Green Mountain), wanda ake kira saboda murfin ganye na Pine, juniper, cypress, da zaitun na daji. Yana da tsaunin dutse mai laushi tare da matsakaicin tsawo na kimanin mita 900. &nbsp;&nbsp;

Daga Jabal al Akhdar, Cyrenaica ya miƙe zuwa kudu ta ƙetare wani bel ɗin kiwo maras kyau wanda ya ba da hanya zuwa hamadar Sahara, wanda har yanzu ya wuce kudu maso yammacin iyakar Chadi.  Ba kamar Cyrenaica ba, Tripolitania ba ta wuce kudu zuwa cikin hamada.  Yankin hamada na kudu maso yamma, wanda aka fi sani da Fezzan, ana gudanar da shi ne daban a lokacin mulkin Italiya da kuma lokacin tarayya na masarautar Libya.  Manyan tekuna dune da aka fi sani da ergs na Idehan Ubari da Idehan Murzuq sun mamaye yawancin ƙasar Fezzan.  Filin aman wuta na Haruj yana arewa maso gabashin Fezzan. .

A shekara ta 1969 gwamnatin juyin juya hali ta canza sunan yankin Tripolitania zuwa Yammacin Libya, na Cyrenaica zuwa Gabashin Libya, da na Fezzan zuwa Kudancin Libya; duk da haka, tsoffin sunayen suna da alaƙa da tarihin yankin, kuma a cikin shekarun 1970 sun ci gaba da amfani da su akai-akai. Cyrenaica ya ƙunshi 51%, Fezzan 33%, da Tripolitania 16% na yankin ƙasar.

Kafin Libya ta sami 'yancin kai, ba a yi amfani da sunanta ba sai dai a matsayin wani abu mara kyau. Mutanen sun fi son a kira su 'yan asalin ɗayan yankuna uku. Rarrabawar yankuna ya fi na ƙasa da na siyasa, domin sun samo asali ne a matsayin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki - kowannensu yana da al'ada, tsarin zamantakewa, da dabi'u daban-daban daga sauran. Cyrenaica ya zama Arabiya a wani lokaci da ya gabata fiye da Tripolitania, kuma kabilun Beduin sun mamaye shi. Ragowar mazaunan Berber na asali, duk da haka, har yanzu suna cikin Tripolitania. Fezzan ya kasance wani nau'i ne na yankin Arewacin Afirka, yankunan da ke cike da kabilun 'yan tsiraru.

Yankin tsakanin Tripolitania da Tunisia yana ƙarƙashin ƙetare da yawa ta hanyar baƙi na doka da ba bisa ka'ida ba. Babu iyaka ta halitta da ke nuna iyaka, kuma kabilanci, harshe, tsarin darajar, da al'adun mutanen biyu kusan iri ɗaya ne. Yankin Cyrenaica yana kusa da Masar, kuma a nan, ma, ba a bayyana iyakar ta halitta ba; ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma ƙetare doka suna da yawa. Sabanin haka, iyakokin Fezzan da Aljeriya, Nijar, da Chadi ba a ƙetare su ba saboda kusan dukkanin wuraren hamada.

Sauran dalilai, ma, kamar al'adun gargajiya na mallakar ƙasa, sun bambanta a yankuna daban-daban. A cikin shekarun 1980s, digiri na rabuwa har yanzu suna da isasshen ƙarfi don wakiltar babbar matsala ga ƙoƙarin cimma cikakken haɗin Libya.

## Yankin da iyakoki

**Yankin:** *Jimillar:* 1 759 540 km2 Land: 1 759, 540 km2 *Ruwa:* 0 km2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

**Yankin - kwatankwacin:** Libya ita ce ƙasa ta huɗu mafi girma a Afirka, sau bakwai girman Ingila, kuma dan kadan ya fi Alaska girma. 

Yankin ƙasa: *Jimillar:* 4 348 km *Kasashen iyaka:* Aljeriya 982 km, Chadi 1,055 km, Masar 1,115 km, Nijar 354 km, Sudan 383 km, Tunisiya 459 km&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

**Yankin bakin teku:** kilomita 1,770&nbsp;

**Maritime claims:**
*Territorial sea:*

*note:*
Gulf of Sidra closing line – 32 degrees, 30 minutes north.
*Exclusive economic zone:*

## Yanayi da ilimin ruwa

A cikin Libya an gane yankuna daban-daban guda biyar, amma yanayin da ya fi dacewa shine yanayin zafi na lokacin rani na Bahar Rum da Yanayin hamada mai zafi (Köppen climate classification *Csa* da *BWh*). A mafi yawan ƙasashen bakin teku, yanayin shine Bahar Rum, tare da zafi ko zafi sosai da kuma hunturu mai sauƙi. Ruwan sama ba shi da yawa.

Yanayin yana da sanyi a cikin tsaunuka, kuma sanyi yana faruwa a matsakaicin tsaunuka. A cikin hamada, duk da tsawo mai tsawo, yanayin yana da tsawo, lokacin zafi mai zafi da kuma yanayin zafin rana mai tsawo saboda dindindin na sararin sama mara girgije da yanayin bushewa. Mafi girman zafin da aka taɓa yin rikodin shi ne a ranar 13 ga Satumba 1922 a ʽAziziya, Libya,  amma a cikin 2012 Ƙungiyar Meteorological ta Duniya ta yi watsi da karatun da ba a yarda da shi ba kuma ta bayyana cewa California" id="mwtw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Furnace Creek, California">Furnace Creek a Death Valley, California ta yi rikodin ainihin zafin jiki mafi girma a duniya a  ° C (134.1 ° F). 

Kasa da kashi 2% na yankin ƙasa suna samun isasshen ruwan sama don aikin gona, ruwan sama mafi girma da ke faruwa a yankin Jabal al Akhdar na Cyrenaica, inda aka rubuta ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na  zuwa 600  in). Duk sauran yankuna na kasar suna karɓar ƙasa da 400 mm (15.7 in), kuma  hamadar Sahara   in) ko ƙasa da haka yana faruwa. Ruwan sama sau da yawa ba daidai ba ne, kuma fari mai tsanani na iya wucewa sama da yanayi biyu. Misali, ambaliyar ruwa a shekara ta 1945 ta bar Tripoli a karkashin ruwa na kwanaki da yawa, amma bayan shekaru biyu wani fari mai tsanani ya haifar da asarar dubban shanu.

Karancin ruwan sama yana bayyana ne idan babu koguna ko rafuka na dindindin, kuma tafkuna kusan ashirin da suka shude suna da kauri ko gishiri.  A shekarar 1987 wadannan yanayi sun takaita karfin noma a kasar a matsayin ginshiki mai inganci da bambancin tattalin arziki da Gaddafi ya nemi kafawa.  Ana la'akari da rabon ruwa mai iyaka da isasshen mahimmanci don tabbatar da wanzuwar sakatariyar madatsun ruwa da albarkatun ruwa, kuma lalata tushen ruwa na iya fuskantar hukunci mai tsanani ko dauri. 

Gwamnati ta gina cibiyar sadarwa ta madatsar ruwa a cikin wadis, koguna masu bushewa waɗanda suka zama magudanan ruwa bayan ruwan sama mai yawa. Ana amfani da waɗannan madatsun ruwa a matsayin tankunan ruwa da kuma kula da ambaliyar ruwa da rushewa. Wadis suna da ƙarfi sosai saboda ƙasa a cikin ƙasashensu sau da yawa ya dace da noma, kuma teburin ruwa mai zurfi a kusa da su ya sa su zama wurare masu ma'ana don tono rijiyoyi. A cikin wadis da yawa, duk da haka, teburin ruwa yana raguwa da tsoratarwa, musamman a yankunan noma mai zurfi da kusa da cibiyoyin birane. Gwamnati ta nuna damuwa game da wannan matsala kuma saboda haka ta karkatar da ayyukan ci gaban ruwa, musamman a kusa da Tripoli, zuwa yankunan da ake buƙatar albarkatun ruwa na karkashin kasa ba su da ƙarfi. Har ila yau, ta gudanar da manyan ayyukan sake gina gandun daji.

Har ila yau, akwai maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da yawa, waɗanda suka fi dacewa da ci gaba na gaba da ke faruwa a gefen Jabal Nafusah da Jabal al Akhdar. Abubuwan da aka fi magana game da albarkatun ruwa, duk da haka, sune manyan ruwa na karkashin kasa na hamada. Mafi sanannun waɗannan suna ƙarƙashin Kufra Oasis a kudu maso gabashin Cyrenaica. Wani ruwa mai dauke da karfin da ya fi girma yana kusa da al'ummar oasis na Sabha a cikin hamada ta kudu maso yamma. 

A ƙarshen shekarun 1970s, an hako rijiyoyi a Kufra da Sabha a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban aikin gona. Wani aiki mafi girma shine abin da ake kira Great Manmade River, wanda aka fara a shekarar 1984. An yi niyyar yin amfani da manyan ruwa na Kufra, Sarir, da Sabha oases da kuma ɗaukar ruwan da ya haifar zuwa gabar Bahar Rum don amfani da shi a cikin ban ruwa da ayyukan masana'antu.

## Amfani da ƙasa
**Yankin:** mafi yawa maras kyau, fili zuwa filayen da ke da raƙuman ruwa, filayen, ɓacin rai

Matsayi mai tsanani: *mafi ƙasƙanci:* Sabkhat Ghuzayyil -47 m mafi girma: Bikku Bitti 2,267 m

**Albarkatun halitta:** man fetur, iskar gas, gypsum

**Amfani da ƙasa:** ƙasa mai noma: 0.99% *amfanin gona na dindindin:* 0.19% wasu: 98.82% (2011) 

**Yankin da ake ban ruwa:** 4,700 km2 (2003) &nbsp;

**Total renewable water resources:**
0.7  (2011)

## Batutuwan muhalli
**Hadarin halitta:** zafi, bushe, gurɓataccen gurɓata ghibli iska ce ta kudu da ke ɗaukar kwana ɗaya zuwa huɗu a cikin bazara da faɗuwa; guguwar ƙura, guguwar yashi

**Muhalli - batutuwan yanzu:** hamada; iyakanceccen albarkatun ruwa mai kyau; Babban Shirin Kogin Manmade, mafi girman tsarin ci gaban ruwa a duniya, ana gina shi don kawo ruwa daga manyan ruwa a ƙarƙashin Sahara zuwa biranen bakin teku

**Muhalli - yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa:** *jam'iyya zuwa:* Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Canjin-Kyoto Protocol Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands *sanya hannu, amma ba a tabbatar da shi ba:* Dokar Tekun

## Abubuwa masu tsanani
Wannan jerin manyan wurare ne na Libya, wuraren da suka fi arewa, kudu, gabas ko yamma fiye da kowane wuri.