Anaximenes na Miletus

**Anaximenes** / Miletus ( / ˌænæk ˈsɪmə ˌ n iːz / ; Greek : Ἀναξιμένης Greek   ) tsohon Girkanci ne, masanin falsafa na Pre-Socratic daga Miletus a Anatoliya ( Turkiya ta zamani). Shi ne na ƙarshe daga cikin masana falsafa uku na Makarantar Milesian, bayan Thales da Anaximander . Wadannan ukun masana tarihi suna kallon su a matsayin masana falsafa na farko na yammacin duniya. Anaximenes an san shi da imaninsa cewa iska ita ce *baka*, ko kuma ainihin abin da ke cikin sararin samaniya wanda aka halicci dukkan abubuwa daga gare ta. Ba a san komai game da rayuwar Anaximenes da aikinsa ba, saboda duk rubutunsa na asali sun ɓace. Masana tarihi da masana falsafa sun sake gina bayanai game da Anaximenes ta hanyar fassara nassosi game da shi daga marubutan baya. Dukkan masana falsafar Milesian guda uku sun kasance masu imani da tushe guda ɗaya na kowane abu: Anaximenes ya yi imani da shi iska ce, yayin da Thales da Anaximander suka yi imani da shi ruwa ne da rashin iyaka, bi da bi. An yarda da cewa Anaximander ne ya koyar da Anaximenes, kuma yawancin ra'ayoyinsu na falsafa iri ɗaya ne. Yayin da Anaximenes shine fitaccen masanin falsafar Milesian a tsohuwar Girka, galibi ana ba shi mahimmanci fiye da sauran a zamanin yau.

Anaximenes ya yi imanin cewa iska na iya canzawa zuwa wasu siffofi ta hanyar rarefaction ko condensation. Condensation zai sa iska ta kara yawa, ta juya shi cikin iska, girgije, ruwa, ƙasa, kuma a ƙarshe dutse. Rarefaction zai sa iska ba ta da yawa yayin da ta zama wuta. Anaximenes kuma ya haɓaka samfurin Duniya, yana kwatanta shi azaman faifai mai laushi da ke iyo a saman iska yayin da Rana da taurari suma suna kwance kuma suna iyo tare da shi. Ya bayyana Rana kamar yadda ke kewaye da Duniya, wanda ya sa ya rufe shi da ƙasashe masu tsawo a cikin dare. A matsayinsa na daya daga cikin masana falsafa na Milesian, Anaximenes na ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da suka fara bunkasa kimiyya. Ya rinjayi yawancin masana falsafa na Pre-Socratic waɗanda suka gaji shi, kamar Heraclitus, Anaxagoras, Diogenes na Apollonia, da Xenophanes . Ya kuma ba da misalai na farko na ra'ayoyi kamar kimiyyar halitta, canjin jiki, da rubuce-rubucen kimiyya.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Anaximenes a shekara ta . Bayanan da suka tsira game da rayuwar Anaximenes yana da iyaka, kuma ya fito ne da farko daga abin da masana falsafar Girka na Dā suka adana, musamman Aristotle da Theophrastus. A cewar Theophrastus, Anaximenes ɗan Eurystratus ne, abokin masanin falsafa Anaximander, kuma ya zauna a Miletus. Anaximenes an rubuta shi a matsayin dalibi na Anaximander .  Anaximenes mai yiwuwa kuma ya koya wa Homeric epics, tatsuniyoyin Helenanci, da Orphism, wanda zai iya rinjayar falsafarsa ta hanyar nuna abubuwan gargajiya. An yi la'akari da cewa shi da sauran masana falsafa na Milesian sun kasance masu arziki, suna ba su damar ba da lokaci ga falsafar.

Anaximenes's apparent instructor, Anaximander, was a Milesian philosopher who proposed that *apeiron*, an undefined and boundless infinity, is the origin of all things. Anaximenes and Anaximander were two of the three Milesian philosophers, along with Thales. These were all philosophers from Miletus who were the first of the Ionian School. As the earliest known figures to have developed theories regarding the material origin of the world without a divine explanation, they are regarded as the first philosophers in the Western world. According to Diogenes Laertius, Anaximenes lived approximately from 585 to 524 BC. Anaximenes is only known to have written one full text, which may have been a response to Anaximander's text *On Nature*. It was described by Theophrastus as having a "simple and economical Ionic style". Anaximenes died .

## Falsafa

### Iska kamar yadda ''Akwatin''
Abin da aka sani game da falsafar Anaximenes shine abin da masana falsafa na baya suka kiyaye, musamman Aristotle da Theophrastus. Dangane da rubuce-rubucen su, kowane masanin falsafa na Makarantar Milesian ya kasance mai son kayan aiki wanda ya nemi gano arche (Girkanci na dā: , lit. ), ko kuma wanda ke da tushe na dukkan abubuwa. Ana fahimtar wannan gabaɗaya a cikin mahallin wani abu, kodayake masana sun yi jayayya cewa wannan na iya zama anachronistic ta hanyar ɗora ra'ayin Aristotle na ka'idar abu a kan falsafar da ta gabata. Anaximenes ya yi jayayya cewa *Akwatin* iska ne. Ya bayyana abubuwa da yawa na asali waɗanda ya ɗauka a matsayin bayyanar iska, ya tsara su daga mafi ƙanƙanta zuwa mafi ƙanchanta: wuta, iska, iska, girgije, ruwa, ƙasa, da duwatsu. Masana falsafa sun kammala cewa Anaximenes da alama ya dogara da kammalawa akan abubuwan da za a iya gani a cikin sake zagayowar ruwa: matakai na rarefaction da condensation. Ya ba da shawarar cewa kowane abu an halicce shi ta hanyar kwantar da hankali don ƙara yawan iska ko ta hanyar rarefaction don rage shi. Anaximenes yana kwatanta tsarin rarefaction da aka bayyana sau da yawa da felting.

Yanayin zafi yana da mahimmanci ga falsafar Anaximenes, kuma ya haɓaka ra'ayi na farko game da haɗin tsakanin zafin jiki da yawa. Ya yi imanin cewa iska mai fadada ta fi ƙanƙanta sabili da haka zafi yayin da iska mai matse ta fi kauri sabili da hakan sanyi - kodayake kimiyya ta zamani ta sami akasin haka gaskiya ne. Ya samo wannan imani daga gaskiyar cewa numfashin mutum yana da dumi lokacin da bakinsa yake da faɗi yayin da yake sanyi lokacin da iska ta matsa ta bakinsa.

Anaximenes ya kara amfani da tunaninsa na iska a matsayin baka ga wasu tambayoyi.  Ya gaskanta da physis, ko duniyar halitta, maimakon ka'idar, ko duniyar allahntaka.  Anaximenes yana ɗaukan iska a matsayin allahntaka a ma’ana, amma bai haɗa ta da alloli ko mutumtaka ba.  Ya gabatar da iskar a matsayin dalilin farko da ke motsa tsarin rayuwa, bai ba da wata alama cewa iska kanta wani abu ne ya haifar da shi ba.  Anaximenes kuma ya kamanta rai da iska, inda ya kwatanta shi da wani abu da numfashi ke motsa shi kuma yana son mutane su yi kamar yadda suke yi.  Wadannan imani suna jawo alaƙa tsakanin ruhi da duniyar zahiri, yayin da suke ba da shawarar cewa an yi su daga abu ɗaya, iska.  Daga wannan, Anaximenes ya ba da shawarar cewa komai, ko na mutum ne ko kuma dukan duniya, yana aiki a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin da aka haɗa abubuwa tare da jagorancin iska.  A cikin Hellenanci na dā, kalmomin iska da na rai sun yi tarayya da asalinsu ɗaya.

Falsafar Anaximenes ta ta'allaka ne akan ka'idar canji ta hanyar hawan keke mai gudana, wanda motsin iska ya bayyana.   Waɗannan zagayowar sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi masu adawa da juna da ke mu'amala da juna da maye gurbin juna. An fi yin nuni da wannan a yanayi da yanayi, wanda ke canzawa tsakanin zafi da sanyi, bushe da rigar, ko haske da duhu.  Anaximenes bai yarda cewa za a iya ƙirƙirar ko lalata kowane abu ba, kawai ana iya canza shi daga wannan nau'i zuwa wani.  Daga wannan imani, ya ba da shawarar abin ƙira wanda aka ƙaddara halayen halayen abu ta hanyar ƙididdiga.  

### Cosmology da yanayi

Anaximenes ya yi imanin cewa sararin samaniya an yi shi ne gaba ɗaya daga iska kuma ana samar da ruwa da daskararru daga gare ta ta hanyar daɗaɗɗen ruwa.  Ya kuma yi amfani da iska wajen bayyana yanayin duniya da kewayen sararin samaniya. Ya yi imani da ƙasa mai lebur wadda ta fito a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan farko da za a tattara daga iska. Wannan Duniya tana samun goyon bayan matsi na iska da ke ƙarƙashinta don kiyaye ta. 

Anaximenes sun ɗauki abubuwan sama a matsayin waɗanda suka rabu da Duniya.  Masana falsafa da suka rubuta ra'ayoyin Anaximenes ba su yarda da yadda ya yi tunanin hakan ya faru ba. Wataƙila ya siffanta su a matsayin ƙafe ko rarifying cikin wuta.  An ce ya kwatanta motsin duniya da Rana da taurari da ganyaye masu shawagi a cikin iska, ko da yake an kwatanta shi da kamanta taurari da kusoshi a sama. Wasu masana sun ce Anaximenes mai yiwuwa ya gaskanta duka samfuran ta hanyar banbance tsakanin taurari da taurari, wanda zai sa ya zama mutum na farko da ya fara yin hakan.   Yayin da aka kwatanta Rana a matsayin harshen wuta, Anaximenes ya yi tunanin cewa ba ta ƙunshi iska ba kamar taurari, amma maimakon duniya. A cewar Pseudo-Plutarch, Anaximenes yayi tunanin cewa ƙonawa ba ta zo daga abubuwan da ke tattare da shi ba, amma daga saurin motsi. 

Anaximenes ya ki amincewa da ra'ayin gama gari cewa Rana ta shiga ƙarƙashin duniya, maimakon haka yana cewa tana juya duniya. Hippolytus ya kwatanta shi da hular da ke jujjuya kan mutum.  Ba a sani ba ko wannan kwatancin na halittar Hippolytus ne ko kuma wani bangare ne na bayanin Anaximenes.  Masana falsafa da suka biyo baya sun fassara wannan samfurin na motsin rana ta hanyoyi daban-daban.  

Anaximenes kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da ke haifar da wasu al'amuran halitta. Kamar Anaximander, ya yi imani cewa tsawa da walƙiya sun faru lokacin da iska ta fito bayan an kama shi a cikin gajimare.  Ya kara da cewa girgizar kasa ta samo asali ne sakamakon busasshiyar kasa da kuma jikewar kasa, wanda hakan ya sa ta yi zagaye na tsagawa da kumburi.  Shi ne masanin falsafa na farko da ya yi ƙoƙarin yin bayanin kimiyyar bakan gizo, kuma shi kaɗai ne ya yi haka har Aristotle. Ya bayyana su a matsayin nunin hasken rana daga gajimare, kuma ya yi hasashen cewa launuka daban-daban na faruwa ne sakamakon mu’amalar haske da duhu. 

### mahallin Milesian
 
An fassara ra'ayoyin Anaximenes a matsayin sulhunta na magabata biyu, Thales da Anaximander. Air as the *arche* ra'ayi ne marar iyaka, wanda yayi kama da ka'idar Anaximander cewa *arche* shine mara iyaka wanda ya kira *apeiron* ( Ancient Greek:   , haske. 'Unlimited, 'mara iyaka'). A lokaci guda, iska a matsayin *arche* wani abu ne da aka ƙayyade, wanda yayi kama da ka'idar Thales cewa *baka* ruwa ne.  Anaximenes ya ɗauki irin wannan ƙirar ƙasa mai lebur kamar Thales. Dukansu sun ba da shawarar cewa duniya ta kasance lebur kuma tana dogara ne akan abin da suka yi imani ya ƙunshi dukkan abubuwa; Thales ya bayyana diski akan ruwa, yayin da Anaximenes ya bayyana fayafai akan iska.   Ilimin sararin samaniya kuma bai bambanta sosai daga ra'ayoyin Anaximander ba, kawai ya canza shi ta yadda ya nuna nau'in ruhunsa.  

An kafa falsafar Anaximenes akan ta Anaximander,  amma al'adar ta nuna cewa shi ma yana sukan malaminsa a wasu wurare.  Anaximenes kuma ya kiyaye cewa dole ne a sami cikakken bayani game da dalilin da yasa abubuwa ke canzawa daga wannan nau'i zuwa wani. 

Anaximenes da Anaximander sun kasance iri ɗaya a cikin cewa ba a san su sun ba da hujjar dalili ko yadda canje-canje a cikin abubuwa na zahiri ke faruwa kamar yadda suke yi ba.   A maimakon haka Anaximander ya kira misalai na adalci da ramuwa don kwatanta canji, kuma ya yi kira kai tsaye ga alloli da allahntaka don tallafawa imaninsa. Anaximenes ya kauce daga Anaximander a cikin waɗannan ra'ayoyin guda biyu. 

## Legacy da karatu

### Tasiri kan kimiyya da falsafa

Anaximenes shine na ƙarshe na masana falsafar Milesian, yayin da Miletus ya halaka ta hanyar kai hari ga sojojin Farisa a cikin 494 BC.  Kadan daga cikin rayuwarsa an san shi dangane da sauran masana falsafar Milesian, Thales da Anaximander.  Wadannan masana falsafa guda uku tare sun fara abin da ya zama kimiyya a yammacin duniya.  A tsohuwar Girka, ra'ayoyin Anaximenes suna da kyau a cikin falsafanci, wanda masana falsafa daban-daban irin su Diogenes na Apollonia suka shahara, kuma suna da girma fiye da ra'ayoyin magabata.  Sauran masana falsafar Milesian tun daga lokacin sun lulluɓe shi a cikin nazarin falsafar.  Anaximenes shine masanin falsafa na farko da ya ba da bayani game da abubuwan da ke canzawa daga wannan jiha zuwa wata ta hanyar tsarin jiki .   Maiyuwa ne kuma shine masanin falsafa na farko da ya fara rubutawa a cikin siffata larura maimakon aya, yana samar da samfurin rubutun kimiyya .  Rubuce -rubucen Anaximenes ne kawai aka adana kai tsaye, kuma ba a san ko nawa waɗannan guntuwar suka bambanta daga nassi na asali ba kamar yadda marubutan da suka biyo baya suka rubuta su.  Ƙarin cikakkun bayanai na rayuwar Anaximenes da ra’ayoyin falsafa ba su da duhu, domin babu wani aikin nasa da aka adana, kuma an san shi ne ta hanyar gutsuttsura da fassarorinsa da marubuta da masana daga baya suka yi.  Ana kiran ramin Anaximenes akan wata don girmama shi. 

Ayyukan likitanci na farko sun haɓaka ra'ayoyi kama da Anaximenes, suna ba da shawarar cewa iska ita ce tushen lafiya a cikin cewa duka yana ba da rai da ɗaukar cuta.  An kwatanta tunanin Anaximenes na iska da atoms da subatomic particles waɗanda ke haɗa dukkan abubuwa ta hanyar ƙungiyarsu ta ƙididdigewa.  An kuma kwatanta shi da numfashin rai da Allah ya yi a cikin Tsohon Alkawari .  Fahimtarsa game da kaddarorin jiki a matsayin bambance-bambancen ƙididdiga waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a ma'auni ɗaya da na duniya sun zama ra'ayoyi na tushe a cikin haɓakar kimiyyar halitta .   Shi ne masanin falsafa na farko da ya kwatanta falsafarsa a zahiri, yana kwatanta ayyukan duniya da halayen da ake iya lura da su a cikin ayyukan gama gari.  Ta haka ne kuma shi ne farkon wanda ya kamanta aikin mutum da na duniya. A wannan yanayin, kwatanta numfashin da ke ma'anar mutane da iskar da ke bayyana duniya.  Imaninsa cewa kaddarorin iri ɗaya ne ke mulkin duniya a sikelin ɗan adam da ma'auni na duniya daga ƙarshe Isaac Newton ya tabbatar da shi. 

### Fassarar ta gaba
Wasu daga cikin rubuce-rubucen Anaximenes an yi ishara da su a lokacin Hellenistic, amma babu wani rikodin waɗannan takaddun a halin yanzu.  Masana falsafa irin su Heraclitus, Anaxagoras, da Diogenes na Apollonia duk aikin Anaximenes ya rinjayi kai tsaye.  Diogenes na Apollonia ya daidaita ra'ayoyin Anaximenes zuwa falsafar Stoicism .  Ra'ayoyin da aka yi wa izgili a cikin wasan Aristophanes Clouds sun samo asali ne daga ra'ayoyin Anaximander da Anaximenes.   Masana falsafa irin su Xenophanes daga baya sun ɗauki samfurin Anaximenes na ilimin sararin samaniya.  Ka'idar Xenophanes na cewa baka shine ƙasa kuma ruwa kuma an fassara shi azaman martani ga Anaximenes.

Plato ya yi nuni da manufar iska a matsayin dalilin tunani a cikin Phaedo, yana ƙin yarda da shi tare da hujjar cewa yanayin jikin mutum ba ya ƙayyade makomarsu.  A cikin Timaeus, Plato da kyau ya ambaci ka'idar Anaximenes na kwayoyin halitta da jihohi bakwai daga dutse zuwa wuta.  Aristotle ya soki ra'ayoyin Anaximenes.  A cikin Metaphysics, Aristotle ya siffanta Anaximenes da magabatansa a matsayin mahalicci, waɗanda suka yi imani cewa dukan abubuwa sun ƙunshi abu guda ɗaya. Wannan bayanin ya samu karbuwa sosai a falsafa.  Masu aikin falsafar Aristotelian sun ƙara ɗaukar Anaximenes a matsayin wanda ya kafa dabi'a .  Bayan Aristotle, Theophrastus ya ci gaba da nazarin falsafar Milesian da sauran Ionian.  Ya bayyana Anaximenes a matsayin masanin falsafa na halitta .  Sauran tsoffin masana falsafa waɗanda suka yi nazarin aikin Anaximenes sun haɗa da Simplicius, Aetius, Hippolytus, da Plutarch . 

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel ya ce Anaximenes shine masanin falsafa na farko da ya canza ra'ayoyin falsafar dabi'a zuwa falsafar hankali.  Werner Heisenberg ya ce falsafar Anaximenes ta haifar da koma baya a fahimtar kimiyya, yayin da ta kawar da bincike daga kaddarorin jiki da kansu.  Karl Popper ya ba da shawarar cewa Anaximenes da Anaximander sun haɓaka falsafar ra'ayi na rationalist, ba da damar zargi ga malamin mutum, wanda ba a farfado ba har sai Renaissance . 

## Manazarta

### ambato

* Ma 
* 
*  
*  
*  
*  
*  
*