Majalisar Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro

**Majalisar Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro** (**PSC**) ita ce hukumar Tarayyar Afirka da ke kula da aiwatar da yanke shawara na ƙungiyar. An tsara shi ne bayan Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. PSC kuma ita ce babban ginshiƙi na Tsarin Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro na Afirka (APSA), kuma tana aiki tare da wasu ginshiƙan APSA don inganta "zaman lafiya, tsaro da kwanciyar hankali a Afirka". Takamaiman burin Majalisar Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro (PSC) shine " rigakafi, gudanarwa da warware rikice-rikice". Don cimma wadannan manufofi, ya haɗa da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kamar Kwamitin Ma'aikatan Soja da Kwamitin Masana.

Majalisar Zartarwa ta Tarayyar Afirka ce ke zabar mambobi kuma Majalisar Tarayyar Afrika ta amince da su don nuna daidaitattun yanki a cikin Afirka, da kuma wasu ka'idoji iri-iri, gami da ikon ba da gudummawa ta soja da kudi ga ƙungiyar, niyyar siyasa don yin hakan, da kuma kasancewar diflomasiyya mai tasiri a Addis Ababa.

Majalisar ta kunshi kasashe goma sha biyar, daga cikinsu an zabi biyar zuwa wa'adin shekaru uku, da kuma wa'adin shekara goma zuwa biyu. Kasashe nan da nan suna iya sake cancanta bayan cikar wa'adin su.

## Tarihi

### Tarihi
A farkon shekarun 1990s, mambobin Kungiyar hadin kan Afirka (OAU), wanda ya riga ya zama Kungiyar Afirka (AU), sun yanke shawarar kauce wa ayyukan kiyaye zaman lafiya kuma su mai da hankali kan "diplomasiyyar rigakafi". Koyaya, sun sake kimanta matsayinsu bayan rikice-rikice a Rwanda da Burundi.

A cikin 1995, membobin OAU sun fara tallafawa amfani da ayyukan kiyaye zaman lafiya bayan taron koli a Addis Ababa. Koyaya, OAU har yanzu ta ba da fifiko ga diflomasiyyar rigakafi kuma ta yi imanin cewa ya kamata Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ɗauki mafi yawan alhakin shirya ayyukan kiyaye zaman lafiya.

Daga baya rikice-rikice a Afirka sun fi dacewa da cibiyoyin Afirka maimakon Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Misali, rikice-rikice a Laberiya da Saliyo sun magance su ta hanyar Tattalin Arziki na Yammacin Afirka. Hakazalika, rikice-rikice a Lesotho da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo sun magance su ta Kudancin Afirka.

Babban rawar da wadannan kungiyoyin yankuna ke takawa wajen magance rikice-rikicen yanki ya haifar da muhawara game da tasirin OAU. Membobin musamman suna so su sake fasalin mayar da hankali ga OAU kan tarurruka masu tushe maimakon aiki a ƙasa, tunda wasu 'yan wasan rikice-rikice sun kasance wani ɓangare na tarurruka kuma zasu iya tsoma baki da hukunce-hukuncen su. Hakazalika, girman girman OAU, yanke shawara da aka amince da shi da kuma rashin hanyoyin da suka dace dukansu sun hana muhawara mai mahimmanci. Koyaya, tsoma baki a ƙasa an iyakance su ta ƙa'idodin OAU marasa shiga tsakani, wanda kawai ya ba da izinin shiga tsakani na soja na cikin gida tare da yardar jihar.

Don haka, a cikin shekara ta 2001, wani zaman Majalisar OAU ya koma don sake fasalin hanyoyin OAU a cikin sabon ma'aikata: Tarayyar Afirka .  An tsara sabuwar Tarayyar Afirka don tsakiya a kusa da wani bangare na yanke shawara na tsakiya tare da ka'idoji na kankare, ƙaramin memba na jihohi 15 don sauƙaƙe yanke shawara, mafi rinjaye maimakon yanke shawara na yarjejeniya, da zaɓuɓɓuka masu amfani don ba da shawarar shiga tsakani na soja ga Majalisar Tarayyar Afrika. Bayan wasu muhawara, an kirkiro wannan kungiya mai yanke shawara Majalisar Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro, kuma an tsara dokokinta a cikin Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi Kafa Majalisar Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro .

### Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi Kafa Majalisar Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro
An karbe shi a watan Yulin shekara ta 2002, daga baya yawancin mambobin AU suka tabbatar da yarjejeniyar a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2003.  A cikin rubutun Yarjejeniyar, an tsara tsarin ma'aikata, kwamitocin mataimakan, iko da manufofi na PSC.

Musamman, an bayyana manufofinta a Mataki na 3, kuma an bayyana ka'idodinta a Mataki ta 4. Lokacin da yake tsara ka'idodinsa, Yarjejeniyar ta ambaci wahayi guda uku: "Dokar Tsarin Mulki ta [AU], Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Bayyanawar Universal na 'Yancin Dan Adam".

A cikin Mataki na 5, Yarjejeniyar ta ba da cikakken bayani game da tsarin membobin PSC da ka'idojin membobin.

Mataki na 8 ya tsara ka'idojin tsarin PSC, gami da ka'idoji don jefa kuri'a, shirya tarurruka da ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.

Takamaiman kwamitocin da ke tallafawa PSC, kamar su Kwamitin Mai Hikima, Tsarin Gargadi na Farko na Continental, da Ƙungiyar Tsaro ta Afirka an ba da cikakken bayani a cikin Mataki na 11, 12 da 13, bi da bi.

A ƙarshe, Yarjejeniyar ta tsara dangantakar PSC da hukumomin yanki a cikin Mataki na 16, da kuma dangantakar da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa, musamman Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, a cikin Mataka ta 17.

## Ƙungiya

### Taron da aka yi
Akwai matakai uku na tarurrukan PSC: tarurruka tsakanin wakilan dindindin, tarurruka magareng ga ministoci, da tarurruka wakati wa shugabannin kasashe. Taron wakilan dindindin suna haɗuwa aƙalla sau biyu a wata, yayin da sauran matakan biyu suna haɗuwa da akalla sau ɗaya a shekara.

Har zuwa shekara ta 2007, akwai nau'ikan tarurruka guda uku: tarurruka na yau da kullun, zaman tattaunawa da shawarwari. A cikin tarurruka na yau da kullun, membobin suna tattauna rahotanni na Hukumar AU, wanda sau da yawa ya shafi rikice-rikice. A cikin zaman tattaunawa, ma'aikatan PSC suna ba da bayani ga membobin kan batutuwa da jigogi daban-daban, kamar ta'addanci da ci gaba. A cikin tarurrukan shawarwari, membobin PSC suna aiki don tara 'yan wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban da haɓaka fahimtar wani batu.

Bayan wani taro na tunani a watan Yulin 2007, PSC a maimakon haka ta zaɓi haɗuwa a ƙarƙashin nau'ikan tarurruka huɗu: tarurruka na jama'a, tarurruka masu rufewa, shawarwari da tarurruka "Arria-type".  A cikin tarurrukan "Arria-type", membobin PSC suna saduwa da 'yan wasan da ba na jihar ba kuma suna gudanar da tattaunawa ta al'ada.

Ya zuwa 2016, PSC ta gudanar da tarurruka sama da 600.

### Shugaban Hukumar
Kowace wata, ana zabar sabon shugaban daga cikin mambobin PSC. Wannan zabin ya gudana ta hanyar tsari na haruffa na sunayen kasashe membobin PSC, a Turanci.

### Mambobin
Kodayake Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ce ta yi wa PSC wahayi zuwa gare ta, ba kamar UNSC ba, PSC ba ta da mambobi na dindindin ko ikon veto. Dukkanin mambobi 15 suna da daidaito a cikin majalisa. Ana zabar mambobi goma na tsawon shekaru biyu kuma ana zabar mambofi biyar na tsawon shekaru uku. Ana zabar mambobi don wakiltar rarraba yankin Afirka. Don haka, kowane memba mai yuwuwa dole ne ya cika wasu ka'idoji. Wadannan ka'idoji an tsara su a Mataki na biyar na Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi Kafa Majalisar Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro .

Kowane lokaci yana farawa daga ranar 1 ga Afrilu kuma yana ƙare a ranar 31 ga Maris. Ya zuwa watan Afrilu 2020, kasashe masu zuwa suna zaune a kujerun PSC: 

Maroko, memba na Majalisar Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro ta Tarayyar Afirka, ta ɗauki shugabancin wannan muhimmiyar hukumar zartarwa na tsawon shekaru uku (2022-2025) wanda ya fara daga farkon Fabrairu 2024. Wannan majalisa an sadaukar da ita ne don inganta zaman lafiya, tsaro, da kwanciyar hankali a nahiyar Afirka.

## Matsayi

### Aikin
Manufar PSC ita ce mayar da martani ga rikice-rikice a Afirka. PSC ta dogara da tsaro na hadin gwiwa da tsarin gano gargadi na farko. Mataki na 3 na Dokar Kafa Majalisar Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro ya fadada kan manufofin PSC.

### Ikon da ya dace
Mataki na 7 na Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi Kafa Majalisar Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro  ya lissafa ikon PSC.

Wasu daga cikin wadannan iko sun hada da gudanar da "ayyukan zaman lafiya da gina zaman lafiya don warware rikice-rikice", ba da shawarar shiga tsakani ga Majalisar AU a cikin "matsananciyar yanayi, wato laifukan yaki, kisan kare dangi da laifukan da aka yi wa bil'adama", inganta dangantaka ta kusa da hukumomin yanki da kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, sauƙaƙe aikin jin kai kuma a ƙarshe, yanke shawara "a kan duk wani batun da ke da tasirin kiyaye zaman lafiya, tsaro da kwanciyar hankali a nahiyar".

### Ayyukan tallafin zaman lafiya
An gudanar da ayyukan tallafin zaman lafiya masu zuwa a karkashin umarnin AU, ko tare da izinin AU:

* Ofishin Jakadancin Tarayyar Afirka a Burundi (AMIB) - 2003 zuwa 2004
*: AU ta ba da umarni 2 ga Afrilu 2003 (na tsawon watanni 12); an tura ta 27 ga Afrilu 2003, zuwa 31 ga Mayu 2004 lokacin da aikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya maye gurbin aikin. Shugaban Ofishin Jakadancin kuma Wakilin Musamman na Shugaban Hukumar AU shine Jakadan Mamadou Bah (Guinea). Kwamandan rundunar soji na AMIB shine Manjo Janar Sipho Binda (Afirka ta Kudu), yayin da mataimakinsa, Brigadier-Janar G. Ayele, ya fito ne daga Habasha.
* Ofishin Jakadancin Tarayyar Afirka a Sudan (AMIS) - 2004 zuwa 2007
* Ofishin Jakadancin Sojojin Tarayyar Afirka a cikin Comoros (MIOC) - 2004
* Ofishin Jakadancin Tarayyar Afirka don Taimako ga Zabe a Comoros (AMISEC) - 2006
* Ofishin Jakadancin Tarayyar Afirka a Somaliya (AMISOM) - 2007 zuwa yanzu
*: A ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2007 Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da SC Resolution 1744, wanda ya ba da izinin tura AMISOM.
* Ofishin Taimako na Zabe da Tsaro na Tarayyar Afirka zuwa Comoros (MAES) - 2007 zuwa 2008
* Tarayyar Afirka / Ofishin Jakadancin Hybrid na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNAMID) - 2008 zuwa yanzu
*: A ranar 31 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2007 Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Resolution 1769 (UNSC 2007) ta kafa AU / UN Hybrid Operation a Darfur, wanda kuma ake kira UNAMID.
* Shirin hadin gwiwar yanki don kawar da rundunar tsayayyar Ubangiji (RCI-LRA) - 2011 zuwa 2017
*: An ba da izini daga Majalisar Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro ta AU a watan Nuwamba 2011.
* Ofishin Taimako na Duniya da ke karkashin jagorancin Afirka zuwa Mali (AFISMA) - 2013
* Ofishin Taimako na Afirka zuwa Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya (MISCA) - 2013 zuwa 2014
*: An tura aikin tallafin zaman lafiya na yanki - Ofishin Jakadancin karfafa zaman lafiya a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya (MICOPAX) - a cikin 2008 a karkashin jagorancin Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Jihohin Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS). Amma sabon rikici ya ɓarke a cikin 2012-2013, lokacin da sojojin Séléka suka kwace babban birnin Bangui. A mayar da martani, a ranar 19 ga Yulin 2013, Majalisar Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro ta AU ta amince da tura MISCA. Canjin iko tsakanin ECCAS / MICOPAX da aikin AU / MISCA ya faru ne a ranar 19 ga Disamba 2013. Aikin ya ƙare tare da canja wurin iko daga MISCA zuwa aikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya MINUSCA a ranar 15 ga Satumba 2014.    &#x5B;**&#x5D;
* Ƙungiyar hadin gwiwa ta Ƙasa (MNJTF) - 2015 zuwa yanzu
* Sojojin Kare Yankin - 2017 zuwa yanzu
*: A watan Yulin 2016 AU ta amince da rundunar kare yankin don karfafa aikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Sudan ta Kudu, kamar rawar da rundunar Sojojin Majalisar Dinkinobho ke takawa tare da aikin MONUSCO a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo  Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin duniya ta amince da shawarar 2304 da aka karɓa a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta 2016 ta amince da tura rundunar kare yanki zuwa Ofishin Jakadancin Majalisar Dinkin Turai a Sudan ta kudu don samar da yanayi mai aminci a ciki da kewa da Juba. Sojojin Rwanda da aka tura a cikin shekara ta 2017 a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar da aka tsara,  amma akwai ɗan labarai kaɗan game da wannan rundunar kuma ya bayyana cewa ana iya shagaltar da shi ne kawai a cikin babban aikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Ya haɗa da kamfanin injiniya na Bangladesh da kamfanin Nepalese ban da rundunar sojan ƙasa ta Rwanda, don haka ba za a iya cewa rundunar Afirka ce ba.

An ba da izinin ayyukan da suka biyo baya amma ba su haifar da turawa ba:

* A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2015 PSC ta ba da izinin sojoji har zuwa 5000 da za a tura su Burundi na tsawon watanni shida don taimakawa wajen dawo da tsari bayan barkewar tashin hankali na siyasa. Koyaya, Ofishin Jakadancin Rigakafi da Karewa na Afirka a Burundi (MAPROBU) ba a maraba da shi ba kuma ba a taɓa tura shi ƙasar da ke cikin matsala ba.

## Rashin amincewa
Wasu mambobin AU sun soki Yarjejeniyar PSC saboda rashin tabbas game da wane ma'aikatar da ke da "mafi girman ikon doka" don amfani da karfi na soja; a cikin Mataki na 16, YarjejeniyarPSC ta bayyana cewa AU tana da "babban alhakin inganta zaman lafiya, tsaro da kwanciyar hankali a Afirka" yayin da a cikin Mataka ta 17, Yarjejeniyar ta bayyana cewa Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya "tana da babban alhakin kiyaye zaman lafiya da tsaro na duniya".

Ben Kioko, mai ba da shawara kan shari'a na Tarayyar Afirka, ya yi jayayya cewa "[wasu shugabannin Afirka] sun nuna kansu a shirye su tura iyakokin kwanciyar hankali da tsaro zuwa iyaka ba tare da la'akari da kyawawan doka ba kamar izinin Majalisar Tsaro ta [Duniya]". "

Daga baya a shekara ta 2005, mambobin Tarayyar Afirka sun amince da ikon Majalisar Tsaro kan amfani da soja, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin taswirar taron da ta yi alkawarin cewa AU za ta fara samun izinin Majalisar Tsaro kafin aiwatar da tsoma baki na soja.

Wasu jami'ai a cikin PSC sun kuma yi jayayya cewa ya kamata PSC ta fadada ikonta fiye da barazanar soja ta gargajiya ga tsaro, da kuma magance barazanar da ba ta gargajiya ba kamar cututtuka da canjin yanayi.

Sabanin haka, wasu suna tambaya game da niyyar siyasa na PSC da membobin AU don bin ka'idar PSC da aiwatar da tsoma baki na soja a kan wasu membobin ba tare da yardarsu ba a lokuta na cin zarafin bil'adama. Bugu da ƙari, PSC ta dogara da hukumomin yanki da ke ba da gudummawa ko sojoji don ayyukan, amma yawancin hukumomin yanki ba su da isasshen albarkatu don biyan waɗannan ƙa'idodin.

Lokacin da ake zabar mambobi a cikin PSC kanta, masu sukar sun lura cewa mambobin da ke rashin biyayya ga yanke shawara na AU ko aiwatar da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin iyakokinsu har yanzu an shigar da su cikin Majalisar saboda Majalisar Shugabannin Tarayyar Afirka ba ta kimanta yadda ya kamata membobin da ke bin ka'idodin membobin PSC ba.

## Manazarta