Cibiyar Ci gaba

**Cibiyar Breakthrough** cibiyar bincike ce ta muhalli da ke Berkeley, California . An kafa ta a shekarar 2007 ta hannun Michael Shellenberger da Ted Nordhaus,  Cibiyar tana da alaƙa da falsafar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki .   Cibiyar tana ba da shawarar rungumar zamani da haɓaka fasaha (gami da makamashin nukiliya da kama carbon ) don magance ƙalubalen muhalli. Tana ba da shawarar haɓaka birane, ƙarfafa noma, makamashin nukiliya, noman ruwa, da kuma tace ruwa a matsayin hanyoyin da za su iya rage buƙatun ɗan adam a kan muhalli, wanda hakan ke ba da damar ƙarin sarari ga nau'ikan da ba na ɗan adam ba.    

Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, masana kimiyyar muhalli da masana ilimi sun soki matsayin Breakthrough game da muhalli.      Shahararrun masu watsa labarai game da ra'ayoyin muhalli da manufofin Breakthrough sun kasance iri ɗaya.        

## Ƙungiya, kuɗi da mutane
An yi wa cibiyar Breakthrough rijista a matsayin ƙungiyar agaji ta 501(c)(3) kuma tana samun tallafi daga cibiyoyi da daidaikun mutane daban-daban. 

Babban daraktan Breakthrough shine Ted Nordhaus . Sauran waɗanda ke da alaƙa da Breakthrough sun haɗa da tsohon editan zartarwa na National Review Reihan Salam, ɗan jarida Gwyneth Cravens, masanin kimiyyar siyasa Roger A. Pielke Jr., masanin zamantakewa Steve Fuller, da kuma masanin muhalli Stewart Brand . 

Nordhaus da Shellenberger sun yi rubuce-rubuce kan batutuwa da suka shafi kyakkyawan magani ga makamashin nukiliya da iskar shale  zuwa suka kan hasashen iyakokin duniya .  Cibiyar Breakthrough ta yi jayayya cewa ya kamata manufofin yanayi su mayar da hankali kan manyan matakan tallafin jama'a kan kirkire-kirkire na fasaha don "sa makamashi mai tsabta ya zama mai rahusa", kuma ta yi suka kan manufofin yanayi kamar iyaka da ciniki da farashin carbon .   

## Shirye-shirye da falsafa
Cibiyar Breakthrough tana kula da shirye-shirye a fannin makamashi, kiyayewa, da abinci.  Shafin yanar gizon su ya bayyana cewa binciken makamashin yana "mayar da hankali kan sanya makamashi mai tsabta ya zama mai rahusa ta hanyar kirkire-kirkire na fasaha don magance ɗumamar yanayi da talaucin makamashi ." Aikin kiyayewa "yana neman bayar da sabbin tsare-tsare da kayan aiki masu amfani don shawo kan" ƙalubalen Anthropocene, yana ba da makamashin nukiliya, takin zamani na roba, da abinci da aka gyara a matsayin mafita.

Jonathan Symons, Babban Malami a Jami'ar Macquarie, Ostiraliya, ya rubuta wani bincike mai zurfi game da Cibiyar Breakthrough da falsafarta. Ya yi jayayya cewa an fi fahimtar yanayin tattalin arziki a matsayin martanin dimokuradiyya na zamantakewa ga ƙalubalen muhalli, kuma hujjar Cibiyar Breakthrough don saka hannun jari a cikin ci gaba da amfani da fasahar carbon mara amfani ya yi daidai da matsayin IPCC cewa sabbin fasahohi suna da mahimmanci don guje wa sauyin yanayi mai haɗari. 

## Suka
Masana kamar Farfesa na Nazarin Muhalli na Amurka da na Muhalli Julie Sze da kuma masanin ɗan adam na muhalli Michael Ziser sun soki falsafar Breakthrough a matsayin wacce ta yi imanin cewa "adalci na muhalli bisa ga al'umma yana barazana ga gudanar da harkokin muhalli mai cike da riba a duniya."  Bugu da ƙari, masanin tarihin muhalli da fasaha TJ Demos ya yi jayayya cewa ra'ayoyin Breakthrough ba su gabatar da "ba face mummunan tatsuniya ta utopian" wanda ke aiki don tallafawa masana'antar mai da iskar gas kuma yana aiki a matsayin "uzuri ga makamashin nukiliya." 

Dan jarida Paul D. Thacker ya yi zargin cewa Cibiyar Breakthrough misali ne na ƙungiyar masana da ba ta da tsauraran ra'ayi, tana haɓaka tunanin masu adawa da ra'ayin mazan jiya da kuma shaidar zaɓɓukan ra'ayi. 

An kuma soki cibiyar da haɓaka aikin gona na masana'antu da kayan abinci da aka sarrafa yayin da kuma take karɓar gudummawa daga Gidauniyar Nathan Cummings, wacce membobin kwamitinta ke da alaƙa ta kuɗi da kamfanonin abinci da aka sarrafa waɗanda suka dogara sosai kan aikin gona na masana'antu. Bayan korafin IRS game da yuwuwar amfani da matsayin 501(c)(3) ba daidai ba, Cibiyar ba ta sake lissafa Gidauniyar Nathan Cummings a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa ba. Duk da haka, kamar yadda Thacker ya lura, kuɗin da cibiyar ke bayarwa har yanzu ba a fayyace su ba. 

Masanin kimiyyar yanayi Michael E. Mann shi ma ya yi tambaya game da dalilan Cibiyar Breakthrough. A cewar Mann, manufar BTI da ta ayyana kanta a matsayin mai adawa da duk wani abu - ko dai farashin carbon ko kuma abubuwan ƙarfafawa don makamashi mai sabuntawa - wanda zai yi tasiri mai ma'ana." Ya lura cewa BTI "tana ci gaba da shagaltuwa da masu fafutukar adawa da ayyukan sauyin yanayi masu ma'ana kuma tana da alaƙa da buƙatun iskar gas " kuma ya soki BTI saboda fafutukar "ci gaba da amfani da man fetur." Mann kuma ya yi tambaya cewa BTI a gefe guda da alama tana da "rashin bege" game da makamashi mai sabuntawa, yayin da a gefe guda kuma "su masu matuƙar fata na fasaha ne" game da injiniyan ƙasa . 

## ''Mujallar Nasara''
A shekarar 2011, Breakthrough ta buga bugu na farko na *Jaridar Breakthrough*, wacce ke da nufin "zamanta tunanin siyasa na ƙarni na 21".  *Sabuwar Jamhuriya* ta kira *Jaridar Breakthrough* "ɗaya daga cikin cikakkun ƙoƙarin samar da sabuwar amsa ga" tambayar yadda za a sabunta tunanin sassaucin ra'ayi,  kuma *National Review* ta kira shi "ƙoƙari mafi kyau wajen sukar kai da 'yan uwanmu masu sassaucin ra'ayi suka yi a cikin dogon lokaci". 

## Manazarta