Gidan shakatawa na Capitol Reef

**Gidan shakatawa na Capitol Reef** National Park wani wurin shakatawa ne na Amurka a kudu maso tsakiyar Utah . Gidan shakatawa yana da kimanin kilomita 60 (kilomita 100) a kan iyakar arewa maso kudu  kawai mil 6 (kilomiti 10) a matsakaici. An kafa wurin shakatawa a cikin 1971  don adana kadada 241,904 (377.98 sq   km2) na shimfidar hamada  yana buɗe duk shekara, tare da Mayu zuwa Satumba suna karɓar mafi yawan baƙi.

A wani bangare a cikin Wayne County, Utah,  an fara kiran yankin "Wayne Wonderland" a cikin shekarun 1920 ta hanyar masu haɓaka yankin Ephraim P. Pectol da Joseph S. Hickman.  Capitol Reef National Park an sanya shi abin tunawa na kasa a ranar 2 ga Agusta, 1937, ta Shugaba Franklin D. Roosevelt don kare yankunan da ke da launuka masu launi, tuddai, buttes, da monoliths; duk da haka, ba har zuwa 1950 ba ne yankin ya buɗe wa jama'a a hukumance. An inganta hanyar shiga hanya a cikin 1962 tare da gina Hanyar Jiha ta 24 ta hanyar Fremont River Canyon . 

Yawancin kusan kilomita 100 (160-kilomita) da ake kira Waterpocket Fold - dutse mai tsawo daga Dutsen Thousand Lake zuwa Lake Powell - an kiyaye shi a cikin wurin shakatawa. Capitol *reef* wani bangare ne mai tsayi da ban mamaki na Waterpocket Fold da ke kusa da Kogin Fremont .  An sanya sunan wurin shakatawa ne saboda fararen dutsen Navajo Sandstone tare da tsarin dome - kama da fararen dome da ake sanyawa a kan gine-ginen capitol - wanda ke gudana daga Kogin Fremont zuwa Pleasant Creek a kan Waterpocket Fold. A cikin gida, reef yana nufin duk wani shingen dutse ga tafiye-tafiye na ƙasa, kamar yadda reefs na teku ke shingen tafiye-tarayyar teku.

## Yanayin ƙasa

Capitol Reef ya ƙunshi Waterpocket Fold, wani warp a cikin ɓawon burodi na Duniya wanda ke da shekaru miliyan 65. Ita ce mafi girman monocline da aka fallasa a Arewacin Amurka. A cikin wannan ninka, sabbin da tsofaffin yadudduka na ƙasa sun ninka juna a cikin siffar S. Wannan warp, mai yiwuwa ya haifar da wannan karo na nahiyar da ya haifar da Dutsen Rocky, ya yi sanyi kuma ya rushewa sama da dubban shekaru don fallasa yadudduka na dutse da burbushin halittu. Gidan shakatawa yana cike da dutsen dutse mai launi mai haske, fararen dome, da kuma bambancin dutse da ƙasa.&nbsp;

An sanya sunan yankin ne don layin fararen rufi da dutsen Navajo Sandstone, kowannensu yana kama da ginin Capitol na Amurka,  wanda ke gudana daga Kogin Fremont zuwa Pleasant Creek a kan Waterpocket Fold.

Ƙungiyar ta samar da shingen arewa zuwa kudu wanda hanyoyi suka kusan karya shi. Mazauna na farko sun kira tuddai masu layi daya da ba za a iya wucewa ba a matsayin "reefs", daga inda wurin shakatawa ya sami rabi na biyu na sunansa. An gina hanyar farko da aka shimfiɗa ta yankin a shekarar 1962. Hanyar Jihar 24 ta ratsa wurin shakatawa da ke tafiya daga gabas zuwa yamma tsakanin Canyonlands National Park da Bryce Canyon National Park, amma wasu hanyoyi kalilan da aka shimfiɗa sun mamaye wuri mai tsawo.

Gidan shakatawa ya cika da canyons, cliffs, hasumiyoyi, dome, da arches. Kogin Fremont ya yanke canyons ta wasu sassan Waterpocket Fold, amma mafi yawan wurin shakatawa hamada ce.

## Tarihi

### 'Yan asalin Amurka da Mormon

'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka na al'adun Fremont sun zauna kusa da Kogin Fremont a arewacin Capitol Reef Waterpocket Fold a kusa da shekara ta 1000. Sun yi ban ruwa da amfanin gona na masara da squash kuma sun adana hatsi a cikin hatsi na dutse (a wani bangare an yi shi ne daga manyan duwatsun basalt da suka lalata yankin). A cikin karni na 13, duk al'adun 'yan asalin Amurka a wannan yanki sun sami canji kwatsam, mai yiwuwa saboda dogon fari. An watsar da ƙauyuka da filayen Fremont.

Shekaru da yawa bayan Fremont sun tafi, Paiutes sun koma yankin. Wadannan mutanen da ke magana da Numic sun kira Fremont granaries *moki* huts kuma sun yi tunanin su gidajen ƙananan mutane ne ko moki.

A cikin 1872 Almon H. Thompson, masanin ilimin ƙasa wanda ke da alaƙa da aikin Sojojin Amurka Major John Wesley Powell, ya haye Waterpocket Fold yayin da yake bincika yankin. Masanin ilimin ƙasa Clarence Dutton daga baya ya shafe lokacin rani da yawa yana nazarin ilimin ƙasa na yankin. Babu wani daga cikin wadannan tafiye-tafiye da ya binciki Waterpocket Fold har zuwa wani mataki mai girma.

Bayan Yaƙin basasar Amurka, jami'an Ikilisiyar Yesu Almasihu na Kiristoci na Ƙarshe a Salt Lake City sun nemi kafa manufofi a cikin wurare masu nisa na Intermountain West. A shekara ta 1866, wani yunkuri na soja na Mormons a cikin bin 'yan asalin sun shiga cikin manyan kwari zuwa yamma. A cikin shekarun 1870, mazauna suka koma cikin waɗannan kwari, daga ƙarshe suka kafa Loa, Fremont, Lyman, Bicknell, da Torrey.

Mormon sun zauna a Kwarin Kogin Fremont a cikin 1880s kuma sun kafa Junction (daga baya aka sake masa suna Fruita), Caineville, da Aldridge. Fruita ya bunƙasa, Caineville ya tsira, kuma Aldridge ya mutu. Baya ga noma, an cire lime daga dutse mai laushi na gida, kuma an cire uranium a farkon karni na 20. A cikin 1904 an fara da'awar ma'adinin uranium a yankin. Sakamakon Oyler Mine a Grand Wash ya samar da ma'adinin uranium.

A shekara ta 1920 ba fiye da iyalai goma a wani lokaci ba ne suka ci gaba da ambaliyar ruwa mai kyau na Kogin Fremont, kuma ƙasar ta canza mallakar shekaru. Yankin ya kasance a ware. Daga baya aka watsar da al'umma, kuma daga baya har yanzu wasu gine-gine sun dawo da su ta hanyar National Park Service. Kayan kwalliya da aka yi amfani da su don samar da lime har yanzu suna nan a Sulphur Creek da kusa da sansanonin a kan Scenic Drive.

### Kokarin kariya na farko
Garin Ephraim Portman Pectol ya shirya "kungiyar haɓaka" a Torrey a cikin 1921. Pectol ya matsa kamfen ɗin gabatarwa, yana ba da labaran da za a aika wa jaridu da jaridu. A kokarinsa, surukinsa, Joseph S. Hickman, wanda shine shugaban makarantar sakandare ta Wayne County ya kara taimaka masa. A cikin 1924, Hickman ya faɗaɗa sa hannun al'umma a cikin ƙoƙarin gabatarwa ta hanyar shirya Wayne County-wide Wayne Wonderland Club. A wannan shekarar, an zabi Hickman a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Utah . 

A 1933, an zabi Pectol a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Associated Civics Club of Southern Utah, wanda ya gaji Wayne Wonderland Club. Kungiyar ta tara $ 150 (daidai da $ 3,644 a 2024) don sha'awar mai daukar hoto na Salt Lake City wajen daukar jerin hotunan talla. Shekaru da yawa, mai daukar hoto, J. E. Broaddus, ya yi tafiya kuma ya ba da lacca a kan "Wayne Wonderland".&nbsp;

A cikin 1933, an zabi Pectol a cikin majalisa kuma kusan nan da nan ya tuntubi Shugaba Franklin D. Roosevelt kuma ya nemi a kirkiro "Wayne Wonderland National Monument" daga cikin ƙasashen tarayya waɗanda suka ƙunshi yawancin yankin Capitol Reef. Hukumomin Tarayya sun fara binciken yiwuwar da kimanta iyakoki. A halin yanzu, Pectol ya jagoranci masu binciken gwamnati a kan tafiye-tafiye da yawa kuma ya raka yawan baƙi. Jawabin Broaddus yana da tasiri.

Roosevelt ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar kirkirar Capitol Reef National Monument a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta, 1937.  A cikin Sanarwar 2246, Shugaba Roosevelt ya ware kadada 37,711 (15,261  na yankin Capitol Reef. Wannan ya ƙunshi yanki wanda ya kai kimanin kilomita biyu (3  a arewacin Hanyar Jihar 24 ta yanzu kuma kimanin kilomita  (16  a kudu, bayan Capitol Gorge. Shekaru masu girma na Mawuyacin hali sun kasance masu laushi ga Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Kasa (NPS), sabuwar hukumar gudanarwa. Kudin gudanarwa na Capitol Reef ba su wanzu ba; ya kasance da daɗewa kafin Rangers na farko su isa.

### Gudanar da abin tunawa
Gudanar da sabon abin tunawa an sanya shi a ƙarƙashin ikon Zion National Park .  An gina gidan ranger na dutse da gadar Sulphur Creek kuma wasu ayyukan hanya sun yi ta Civilian Conservation Corps da Works Progress Administration. Masanin tarihi da mai bugawa Charles Kelly ya san jami'an NPS a Sihiyona sosai kuma ya ba da kansa don kula da wurin shakatawa ga NPS. An nada Kelly a matsayin mai kula da shi a hukumance a shekarar 1943.  Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sa kai har zuwa 1950, lokacin da NPS ta ba shi nadin ma'aikatan gwamnati a matsayin mai kula da farko. 

A cikin shekarun 1950, Kelly ya damu sosai da gudanarwar NPS ta shiga cikin bukatun Hukumar Makamashi ta Amurka cewa a buɗe Capitol Reef National Monument don binciken uranium. Ya ji cewa shawarar ta kasance kuskure kuma ta lalace ga sha'awar ƙasa ta dogon lokaci. Ya zama cewa babu isasshen ma'adinai a cikin abin tunawa don ya cancanci hakar ma'adanai.

A shekara ta 1958, Kelly ya sami ƙarin taimako na dindindin wajen kare abin tunawa da aiwatar da ka'idoji; Park Ranger Grant Clark ya sauya daga Sihiyona. A shekarar da Clark ya isa, baƙi dubu hamsin da shida sun zo wurin shakatawa, kuma Charlie Kelly ya yi ritaya a karo na karshe.&nbsp;

A cikin shekarun 1960 (a ƙarƙashin sunan shirin Mission 66), yankunan NPS a duk faɗin ƙasar sun sami sabbin wurare don biyan bukatun ziyarar wurin shakatawa. A Capitol Reef, an gina sansanin sansani mai lamba 53 a Fruita, gidajen haya na ma'aikata, da sabon cibiyar baƙi, wanda aka buɗe a shekarar 1966.

Ziyarar ta hau sosai bayan an gina hanyar Jihar 24 a cikin 1962 ta hanyar kogin Fremont kusa da Fruita. Hanyar Jihar 24 ta maye gurbin karamin titin Capitol Gorge game da kilomita 10 (16  zuwa kudu wanda ke wankewa akai-akai. Tsohuwar hanyar tun lokacin da aka bude ta ne kawai ga zirga-zirgar ƙafa. A shekara ta 1967, mutane 146,598 sun ziyarci wurin shakatawa. Ma'aikatan ma suna girma.

### Matsayin wurin shakatawa na kasa

Babban fadada abin tunawa da bambancin albarkatun filin wasa nan da nan ya haifar da wata matsala: ko Capitol Reef ya zama wurin shakatawa na kasa, maimakon abin tunawa. An gabatar da takardun kudi guda biyu a cikin Majalisa ta Amurka.

Kudin House (H.R. 17152) wanda wakilin Utah Laurence J. Burton ya gabatar ya yi kira ga wurin shakatawa na kasa na   da kuma wurin shakatawa mai suna   inda amfani da yawa (gami da kiwo) zai iya ci gaba har abada. A cikin Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka, a halin yanzu, dokar Majalisar Dattijan S. 531 ta riga ta wuce a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1970, kuma ta samar da wurin shakatawa na kasa mai girman kadada 230,000 (93,100  kadai. Kudin ya yi kira ga shekaru 25 daga kiwo.

## Gidan shakatawa na Dark Sky

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2015, an sanya Capitol Reef National Park a matsayin "Gold Tier" Dark Sky Park saboda wurin da yake nesa da kuma karancin amfani da hasken wutan lantarki.

## Yanayi
Dangane da tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, Cibiyar Baƙi ta Capitol Reef tana da yanayin sanyi mai sanyi (*BSk*).

## Ilimin ƙasa

Yankin da ya hada da wurin shakatawa ya kasance gefen teku mai zurfi wanda ya mamaye ƙasar a cikin Permian, ya haifar da Tsarin Cutler .  Sai kawai sandstone na ƙaramin memba na Cutler Formation, White Rim, an fallasa shi a cikin wurin shakatawa. Ruwa mai zurfi ya bar ajiyar carbonate, ya samar da Kaibab Limestone, wannan tsari wanda ke kewaye da Grand Canyon zuwa kudu maso yamma.

A lokacin Triassic, koguna sun ajiye launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa wanda daga baya ya zama dutse mai laushi na Tsarin Moenkopi. Hawan sama da rushewa sun biyo baya. Conglomerate, biye da katako, yashi, laka, da toka mai fitattun wuta, sannan suka kafa Tsarin Chinle mai dauke da uranium.

Mambobin Kungiyar Glen Canyon duk an kwantar da su a tsakiyar- zuwa ƙarshen-Triassic a lokacin karuwar bushewa. Sun hada da:

* Wingate Sandstone: yashi dunes a bakin teku na dā
* Tsarin Kayenta: yashi mai laushi wanda aka ajiye ta hanyar raƙuman ruwa masu saurin motsi a cikin tashoshi da kuma fadin filayen ƙasa
* Navajo Sandstone: manyan burbushin yashi daga babban hamada mai kama da Sahara.

Kungiyar San Rafael ta kunshi ƙungiyoyi huɗu na zamanin Jurassic; daga tsofaffi zuwa ƙarami, sune:

* Tsarin Karmel: gypsum, yashi, da limey silt da aka shimfiɗa a cikin abin da zai iya zama graben wanda ruwan teku ya mamaye shi lokaci-lokaci;
* Entrada Sandstone: sandstone daga tsibirai / sand sand bars a cikin yanayin kusa da bakin teku;
* Tsarin Curtis: an yi shi ne daga conglomerate, sandstone, da shale; da kuma
* Tsarin Summerville: laka mai launin ruwan kasa da farin yashi da aka ajiye a cikin filayen ruwa.

Koguna sun sake sa laka da yashi a cikin tashoshin su, a kan tafkin, da kuma a cikin filayen maras kyau, suna haifar da Tsarin Morrison. Da farko a cikin Cretaceous, an shimfiɗa irin wannan sinadarin da ba na ruwa ba kuma ya zama Dakota Sandstone. A ƙarshe, Cretaceous Seaway ya rufe Dakota, ya ajiye Mancos Shale.

Ana samun ƙananan ragowar Mesaverde Group ne kawai, suna rufe wasu mesas a yankin gabashin wurin shakatawa.

Kusan ƙarshen lokacin Cretaceous, wani taron gine-ginen dutse da ake kira Laramide orogeny ya fara tattarawa da ɗaga yankin, samar da Dutsen Rocky da ƙirƙirar monoclines kamar Waterpocket Fold a cikin wurin shakatawa. Shekaru goma zuwa goma sha biyar da suka gabata, duk yankin ya ci gaba da bunkasa ta hanyar kirkirar Colorado Plateau. Wannan tashin hankali ya kasance daidai. Ayyukan igneous a cikin nau'in dutsen wuta da dike da sill intrusion sun faru a wannan lokacin.&nbsp;

An sake tsara tsarin magudanar ruwa a yankin kuma an kara shi, yana haifar da koguna su rage da sauri kuma wani lokacin su canza hanya. Lokaci mafi zafi a lokacin zamanin kankara na Pleistocene ya kara yawan lalacewa.

Ana samun ayyuka iri-iri ga masu yawon bude ido, duka masu jagorantar ranger da masu jagoranta kansu, gami da yawon shakatawa na mota, tafiya, tafiye-tafiye, sansani,  keke (a kan hanyoyin da aka shimfiɗa da marasa shimfiɗa kawai; babu hanyoyi), hawa doki, canyoneering, da hawan dutse.  Gidajen da 'yan Mormon suka dasa suna kula da National Park Service. Daga farkon Maris zuwa tsakiyar Oktoba, 'ya'yan itace daban-daban - cherries, apricots, peaches, pears, ko apples - baƙi na iya girbe su don kuɗi.

### Gudun tafiya da tafiye-tafiye
Ana samun jagorar hanyar tafiya a cibiyar baƙi don tafiye-tafiye na rana da tafiye-tallace na baya. Samun damar shiga cikin gida yana buƙatar izini kyauta.

Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don yawo da kuma dawowa a cikin wurin shakatawa, tare da goma sha biyar a cikin Gundumar Fruita kadai. Wadannan hanyoyi sune wasu daga cikin shahararrun a cikin wurin shakatawa:

* Cassidy Arch Trail: tafiya mai tsayi sosai, mai tsayi, kilomita 3.5 (5.6) wanda ke kaiwa cikin Grand Wash zuwa kallon Cassidy Arch.
* Hickman Bridge Trail: tafiya ta zagaye mai nisan kilomita 2.2 wanda ke kaiwa ga gadar halitta.
* Frying Pan Trail: tafiyar zagaye mai nisan kilomita 8.8 (14.2) wanda ya wuce Cassidy Arch, Grand Wash, da Cohab Canyon . 
* Brimhall Natural Bridge: sanannen, ko da yake mai wahala, tafiyar zagaye mai nisan kilomita 4.5 (kilomita 7.2) tare da ra'ayoyin Brimhall Canyon, Waterpocket Fold, da Brimhall Nature Bridge.
* Halls Creek Narrows:   tsawo kuma an dauke shi mai wahala, tare da da yawa gefen canyons da koguna; yawanci ana tafiya a matsayin tafiya ta kwana 2-3.

Baƙi na iya bincika manyan wuraren shakatawa da yawa ta hanyar motoci masu zaman kansu:

* Scenic Drive: iskõki ta tsakiyar wurin shakatawa, suna wucewa manyan abubuwan sha'awa; hanyar tana samuwa daga cibiyar baƙi zuwa kusan mil 2 (3.2  zuwa cikin Capitol Gorge . 
* Hanyar Notom-Bullfrog: ta ratsa gefen gabas na Waterpocket Fold, tare da mil 10 (16  na hanyar da aka shimfiɗa, tare da sauran ba a shimfiɗa su ba.
* Hanyar Cathedral: hanyar da ba a shimfiɗa ba ta cikin yankunan arewacin wurin shakatawa, wanda ke ratsa kwarin Cathedral, yana wucewa da Haikali na Sun da Moon.

### Yin sansani
Babban wurin shakatawa shine sansanin Fruita, tare da sansanoni 71 (babu ruwa, lantarki, ko haɗin shara), da kuma dakunan wanka ba tare da wuraren wanka ba. Har ila yau, sansanin yana da rukunin rukunin yanar gizo tare da wuraren shakatawa da dakunan wanka. Akwai wurare biyu na asali, wuraren sansani kyauta.

### Gudun ruwa

Canyoneering yana karuwa a cikin shahara a wurin shakatawa. Wasanni ne na nishaɗi wanda ke ɗaukar mutum ta hanyar canyons. Ya haɗa da rappelling kuma yana iya buƙatar yin iyo da sauran aikin igiya na fasaha. Ana buƙatar izinin wucewa na rana don yin canyoneering a cikin wurin shakatawa kuma ana iya samun su kyauta daga cibiyar baƙo ko ta hanyar imel. Kowace hanyar tana buƙatar izinin kanta. Idan mutum yana shirin yin canyoneering na kwanaki da yawa, to ana buƙatar wucewa don kowace rana. An ba da izinin yin sansani a matsayin wani ɓangare na tafiyar canyoneering, amma dole ne a nemi izinin wucewa kyauta daga cibiyar baƙi.

Yana da mahimmanci a tsara tafiye-tafiye na canyoneering a kusa da yanayi. Filayen Colorado yana iya fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa a lokacin watanni masu ruwan sama. Saboda canyoneering yana faruwa ta hanyar canyons, kamawa a cikin ambaliyar ruwa na iya zama mai kisa. Ana ba wa baƙi shawara su tuntubi tushen yanayi mai aminci. The Weather Atlas yana nuna sigogi tare da matsakaicin ruwan sama na kowane wata a cikin inci.

matsanancin zafi a lokacin watanni na rani yana ba da haɗari ga baƙi, waɗanda zasu iya samun gargadi na yanayi a shafin yanar gizon National Weather Service. Matsayin zafi an ba da cikakken bayani ta launi da sikelin lambobi (0-4). 

Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun hanyoyin canyoneering a cikin Capitol Reef National Park shine Cassidy Arch Canyon . Wata takarda da George Huddart ya yi ta ba da cikakken bayani game da jajircewar wurin shakatawa don aiki tare da 'yan ƙasa don kula da hanyar da kuma ciyayi da duwatsu. Hanyar canyon tana da kimanin kilomita 2.3 (3.7  tsawo (  na aikin fasaha), wanda ya ƙunshi rappels daban-daban 8, kuma yana ɗaukar tsakanin awanni 2.5 da 4.5 don kammalawa. Gidan farko yana da ƙafa 140 (43 m) kuma ya sauka a ƙasa da sanannen Cassidy Arch . 

## Manazarta