Yanayin Aljeriya

Aljeriya ta ƙunshi  kilomita 2,381,740 (919,590 sq  na ƙasa, fiye da 80% daga cikinsu hamada ce, a Arewacin Afirka, tsakanin Morocco da Tunisiya. Ita ce ƙasa mafi girma a Afirka. Sunan Larabci, Al Jazair (tsibirai), an yi imanin ya samo asali ne daga tsibirai masu duwatsu a bakin Tekun Bahar Rum. Yankin arewa, yanki na duwatsu, kwari, da tsaunuka tsakanin Bahar Rum da hamadar Sahara, sun zama wani ɓangare na ɓangaren Arewacin Afirka da aka sani da Maghreb .  Wannan yanki ya haɗa da Morocco, Tunisiya, da yankin arewa maso yammacin Libya da aka sani da Tripolitania.

## Girma da iyakoki
Yankin ƙasa: Gabaɗaya:     *Kasashen iyaka:* Libya   , Mali   , Mauritania   , Morocco   , Nijar   , Tunisiya  km (600 , Yammacin Sahara  km (26 .  

**Yankin - kwatankwacin:** dan kadan ya fi Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Saudi Arabia girma

**Da'awar teku:** *Tekun yankin:*:    , *Yankin da ke kusa*:  km; 28 *; yankin kamun kifi na musamman:* 32 zuwa 52    

## Yankunan ƙasa
Tell mai ni'ima shine tsakiyar ƙasar, wanda ke dauke da mafi yawan biranen da yawan jama'arta. Ya ƙunshi tuddai da filayen yankin bakin teku, da yawa daga cikin tsaunukan Tell Atlas, da kuma kwari da kwari na tsakiya, Tell ya shimfiɗa zuwa gabas daga iyakar Maroko zuwa duwatsu Grande Kabylie da Bejaia Plain a gabas. Ƙarshen gabashin shi ne Kogin Soummam . 

Yankunan noma mafi kyau sune tuddai masu laushi da ke da nisan kilomita 100 zuwa yamma daga Algiers; Filin Mitidja, wanda ya kasance tafkin zazzabin cizon sauro kafin Faransanci su share shi; da Filin Bejaia .  Ƙasa mai laushi a cikin waɗannan yankuna ya ba da damar Faransanci su kafa kyawawan gonakin inabi da itatuwan citrus. Sabanin haka, a cikin babban kwarin Kogin Chelif da sauran kwari da kwari na ciki, bushewa da yawan zafi na rani sun iyakance ci gaban noma. Babban Kabylie yanki ne na ƙananan ƙauyukan gona da ke cikin duwatsu masu rikitarwa.

### Tsaunuka masu tsawo da Saharar Atlas

Miƙewa daga kan iyakar Morocco Tell Atlas, gami da samuwar Djebel Babor, shine babban kewayon tsaunukan arewa maso yamma.  Yana shimfida fiye da kilomita 600 gabas daga kan iyakar Moroko, yankin tudu mai tsayi (wanda galibi ana kiransa da sunan Faransa Hautes Plaines ko Hauts Plateaux) ya ƙunshi filayen da ba a kwance ba, masu kama da ciyayi da ke kwance tsakanin jeri na Tell da Saharan Atlas.[1]  Matsakaicin tsayi tsakanin mita 1,100-1,300 (3,600–4,300 ft) a tsayi a yamma, yana faduwa zuwa mita 400 (1,300 ft) a gabas.  Yanayin ya bushe ta yadda a wasu lokuta ana tunanin wadannan filayen a matsayin wani bangare na sahara.  Yankin tudu yana cike da tarkace da aka yi a lokacin da tsaunukan suka zazzage.  Wani ƙugiya na lokaci-lokaci yana aiwatarwa ta cikin murfin alluvial don katse yanayin yanayin ƙasa

Mafi girma kuma ya ci gaba fiye da Tell Atlas, yankin Sahara Atlas ya samo asali ne daga tsaunuka uku: Ksour Range kusa da iyakar Maroko, Amour Range, da Ouled-Naïl Range a kudancin Algiers. Duwatsun, waɗanda ke samun ruwan sama fiye da na High Plateaus, sun haɗa da wasu filayen kiwo masu kyau. Ruwa a kan gangaren kudancin waɗannan tsaunuka sun ɓace cikin hamada amma suna ba da rijiyoyin oasis da yawa a gefen arewacin hamada, wanda Biskra, Laghouat, da Béchar sune mafi shahara.

### Arewa maso gabashin Aljeriya
Gabashin Aljeriya ya ƙunshi wani yanki mai girman gaske wanda aka rarraba zuwa tsaunuka, filayen fili, da kwalayen ruwa.  Ya bambanta da yammacin yankin ƙasar saboda fitattun sifofinsa ba sa kama da bakin teku.  A bangaren kudanci, tsaunin tuddai da dogayen tuddai na tsaunin Aurès sun haifar da kusan mafakar da ba za a iya samun su ba wacce ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin Maghrib tun zamanin Romawa.  Kusa da bakin tekun arewa, Dutsen Petite Kabylie ya rabu da kewayon Grande Kabylie a iyakar gabas na Tell ta Kogin Soummam.  Gabashin tekun ya fi yawan tsaunuka a yankin gabas mai nisa na ƙasar, amma ƙayyadaddun filayen fili suna ba da ƙorafi ga biranen tashar jiragen ruwa na Bejaïa, Skikda, da Annaba.  A cikin yankin, manyan filayen filayen suna nuna yankin da ke kewaye da Sétif da Constantine;  waɗannan filayen an haɓaka su ne a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Faransa a matsayin manyan cibiyoyin noman hatsi.[1]  Kusa da Constantine, marshes na gishiri suna ba da wuraren kiwo na yanayi ga makiyayan tumaki.

### Sahara
Yankin Sahara na Aljeriya ya shimfida kudu da Saharan Atlas na tsawon kilomita 1,500 (930 mi) zuwa iyakokin Nijar da Mali.  Hamada wuri ne na duniya, da kyar ake ganin wani yanki ne na kasar.  Ba tare da an rufe shi gaba ɗaya da yashi ba, duk da haka, yanki ne mai yawan bambancin.  Manyan wurare na dunƙulen yashi da ake kira areg (sing., erg) sun mamaye kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na yankin.  Mafi girma irin wannan yanki shine Grand Erg Oriental (Great Eastern Erg), inda manya-manyan duniyoyi masu tsayin mita biyu zuwa biyar (6.6 zuwa 16.4 ft) tsayin su ya kai kimanin mita 40 (130 ft).  Tsaunukan Tassili n'Ajjer, wasu sassansu sun kai fiye da mita 2,000 (6,600 ft).[1]  Kewaye da tsaunin Aggar akwai tudun dutse mai yashi, waɗanda koguna masu zurfi suka ƙera su, daga yamma kuma hamadar tsakuwa ta kai iyakar Mali.

Hamadar ta ƙunshi sassa na arewa da kudanci waɗanda ake iya bambance su, sashin arewa ya kai kudu ƙasa da rabin nisa zuwa iyakokin Nijar da Mali.   Arewa, wadda ba ta da bushewa fiye da kudanci, tana goyon bayan mafi yawan ƴan tsirarun mutanen da ke zaune a yankin kuma suna ɗauke da mafi yawan ɓangarorin hamada.  Sand dunes sune mafi shaharar abubuwan da ke cikin yanayin wannan yanki, amma tsakanin yankunan hamada na Grand Erg Oriental da Grand Erg Occidental (Great Western Erg) da kuma tsallaka arewa zuwa Atlas Saharien akwai tudu, ciki har da Tademaït da wani hadadden tsarin farar fata mai suna M'zab inda Mozabite Berbers suka zauna.  Yankin kudancin hamadar sahara kusan ba shi da busasshiyar ƙasa kuma ƙawayen Abzinawa ne kaɗai ke zaune a baya-bayan nan, ma'aikatan sansanin mai.  Bakararen dutse ya fi yawa, amma a wasu sassa na Aggar da Tassili n'Ajjer ma'ajiyar kayan ajiya suna ba da izinin noman lambu.

## Yanayi da ilimin ruwa

Arewacin Aljeriya yana cikin yankin matsakaici kuma yana jin daɗin yanayi mai sauƙi, na Bahar Rum. Yana kwance a cikin kusan latitudes iri ɗaya da kudancin California kuma yana da irin wannan yanayin yanayi. Duk da haka, yanayin da ya lalace, yana ba da bambance-bambance na gida a cikin yanayin zafi da kuma ruwan sama. Bambance-bambance na shekara-shekara a yanayin yanayi ma ya zama ruwan dare. Wannan yanki, mafi yawan mazauna a Aljeriya, ana kiransa Tell.

A cikin Tell, yanayin zafi a lokacin rani yana tsakanin 30 da 43 ° C (86 da 109 ° F) kuma a cikin hunturu ya sauka zuwa 10 zuwa 12 ° C (50 zuwa 54 ° F).  Lokacin hunturu ba sanyi ba ne, amma danshi yana da yawa kuma gidaje ba sa yawan dumama sosai. A gabashin Aljeriya, matsakaicin yanayin zafi ya ɗan ƙasa, kuma a kan tsaunuka na High Plateaus yanayin hunturu yana tashi kawai da 'yan digiri sama da daskarewa. Wani shahararren fasalin yanayi a wannan yankin shine sirocco, ƙura, iska ta kudu da ke hurawa daga hamada, wani lokacin a cikin guguwa. Wannan iska kuma a wasu lokuta tana kaiwa cikin Tell na bakin teku.

A Aljeriya kawai karamin kusurwa na Sahara yana kwance a fadin Tropic of Cancer a cikin yankin mai zafi, amma har ma a cikin hunturu, yanayin hamada na tsakar rana na iya zama mai zafi sosai. Bayan faɗuwar rana, duk da haka, iska mai tsabta, mai bushewa tana ba da izinin asarar zafi da sauri, kuma dare yana da sanyi zuwa sanyi. Ana yin rikodin manyan kewayon yau da kullun a cikin zafin jiki.

Ruwan sama yana da yawa a gefen bakin teku na Tell, daga 400 zuwa 670  in) a kowace shekara, adadin ruwan sama yana ƙaruwa daga yamma zuwa gabas. Ruwan sama ya fi nauyi a arewacin gabashin Aljeriya, inda ya kai kusan   in) a wasu shekaru. Da nisa  ƙasa ruwan sama bai yi yawa ba. Iska mai yawa da ke gabas da arewa maso gabas a lokacin rani yana canzawa zuwa yamma da arewa a cikin hunturu kuma yana ɗauke da su da karuwar ruwan sama daga Satumba zuwa Disamba, raguwa a ƙarshen hunturu da watanni na bazara, da kuma kusan rashin ruwan sama a lokacin watanni na rani.

Kashe ƙasa don amfani da aikin gona da yankan katako a cikin ƙarni sun rage dukiyar gandun daji mai yawa. Har ila yau, gobarar daji ta yi tasiri. A cikin sassan da suka fi girma da kuma rigar Tell Atlas, itacen oak da itacen Aleppo suna girma a cikin ƙasa mai kauri. A ƙananan matakan a kan ƙasa mai laushi, shrubs masu tsayayya da fari sun fi yawa. Itacen inabi na asali ne ga ƙasashen bakin teku, kuma ciyawa da tsire-tsire sun rufe High Plateaus. A kan Saharan Atlas, kadan ya tsira daga gandun daji mai yawa na Atlas cedar wanda aka yi amfani da shi don man fetur da katako tun zamanin d ̄ a.

The forest reserves in Algeria were severely reduced during the colonial period. In 1967 it was calculated that the country's forested area extended over no more than  of terrain, of which  were overgrown with brushwood and scrub. By contrast, woodlands in 1830 had covered . In the mid-1970s, however, the government embarked on a vast reforestation program to help control erosion, which was estimated to affect  of arable land annually. Among projects was one to create a barrage vert (green barrier) more or less following the ridge line of the Saharan Atlas and extending from Morocco to the Tunisian frontier in a zone  long and up to  wide.

A cikin gandun daji na Aljeriya yana kusa da 1% na jimlar yankin ƙasa, daidai da hekta 1,949,000 (ha) na gandun daji a cikin 2020, sama da hekta 1,667 000 (ha) a cikin 1990. A cikin 2020, gandun daji mai sabuntawa ya rufe hekta 1,439,000 (ha) kuma gandun daji da aka dasa ya rufe hekita 510,000 (ha). Daga cikin gandun daji mai sabuntawa na halitta an ruwaito 0% a matsayin gandun daji na farko (wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan bishiyoyi na asali ba tare da alamun bayyanar ayyukan ɗan adam ba) kuma kusan 6% na yankin gandun daji an samo shi a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye. A shekara ta 2015, an ruwaito kashi 80% na yankin gandun daji a ƙarƙashin mallakar jama'a, kashi 18% mallakar masu zaman kansu da kashi 2% tare da mallakar da aka jera a matsayin wani ko ba a sani ba.

Barage vert ya kunshi mafi yawa daga Aleppo pine, jinsin da zai iya bunƙasa a wuraren da ruwan sama bai yi yawa ba. An tsara shi ne don dawo da ma'aunin muhalli da ya lalace da kuma dakatar da mamayewar arewacin Sahara. A farkon shekarun 1980s, hamada ta riga ta shiga cikin rata tsakanin Saharan Atlas da Aurès Mountains har zuwa garin Bou Saâda, wani batu a cikin yankin High Plateaus. An kawo karshen aikin barrage vert a ƙarshen shekarun 1980 saboda rashin kuɗi.

Aljeriya tana da 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index na 5.22/10, wanda ya sanya shi na 106 a duniya daga cikin kasashe 172.

**Albarkatun halitta:** man fetur, iskar gas, ma'adinin ƙarfe, phosphates, uranium, gubar, zinc 

**Hadarin halitta:** yankunan tsaunuka da ke fuskantar girgizar ƙasa mai tsanani; yaduwar laka da ambaliyar ruwa a lokacin ruwan sama 

**Muhalli - batutuwan yanzu:** gurɓataccen iska a cikin manyan birane; Rushewar ƙasa daga yawan kiwo da sauran ayyukan noma marasa kyau; hamada; zubar da datti, sharar mai, da sauran magudanar masana'antu suna haifar da gurɓata koguna da ruwan bakin teku; Bahar Rum, musamman, gurɓata daga sharar mai.

**Muhalli - yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa:** *jam'iyya zuwa:* Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Canjin-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Changing-Paris Yarjejeniyar, Cikakken haramtacciyar gwajin nukiliya, Desertification, Dabbobi masu haɗari, Canjin Muhalli, Hadari, Dokar Tekun, Kare Yankin Ozone, Ruwa, Ruwa da aka sanya hannu, amma ba a tabbatar da shi ba: haramtacciya gwajin nukiliyar 

## Yankunan da aka kare
Aljeriya tana da yankuna masu kariya da yawa ciki har da wuraren shakatawa na kasa da wuraren ajiyar yanayi. Misali na irin wannan yanki mai kariya shine Ajiyar Yanayi ta Djebel Babor a cikin Dutsen Djebel Babon;  Djebel Babur kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan wuraren zama na Barbary macaque mai haɗari, *Macaca sylvanus*.