Laura L. Carstensen

**Laura L. Carstensen** ita ce Fairleigh S. Dickinson Jr. Farfesa a cikin Manufofin Jama'a kuma farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Stanford, inda ta kasance darakta mai kafa Cibiyar Stanford a kan Longevity  kuma babban mai bincike na Stanford Life-span Development Laboratory.  Carstensen an fi saninsa a cikin ilimi don Ka'idar zabin zamantakewar zamantakewa, wanda ya haskaka canje-canje na ci gaba a cikin abubuwan da aka fi so na zamantakewa, kwarewar motsin rai da sarrafa fahimta daga farkon balaga zuwa tsufa. Ta hanyar nazarin ka'idodin ka'idar zabin zamantakewar zamantakewa, Carstensen da abokan aikinta (musamman Mara Mather) sun gano kuma sun haɓaka tushen ra'ayi na tasirin tasiri.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Carstensen a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania kuma ta shafe mafi yawan yarinta a Rochester, New York. Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Rochester a 1978 kuma ta sami Ph.D. a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam daga Jami'an West Virginia a 1983. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Indiana daga 1983 zuwa 1987, sannan ta shiga sashen ilimin halayya na Jami'ar Stanford a 1987. Baya ga rawar da ta taka a matsayin farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam, ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta na Barbara D. Finberg na Cibiyar Clayman don Binciken Jima'i daga 1997 zuwa 2001 da kuma shugaban sashen ilimin halayya daga 2004 zuwa 2006. Tare da Thomas Rando, Carstensen ta kafa Cibiyar Stanford a kan Longevity a cikin 2007, inda a halin yanzu take aiki a matsayin darakta.

Carstensen an dauke shi jagora ne game da tsawon rai. Rubutun ta da ra'ayoyin ra'ayi sun bayyana a cikin New York Times,  Time Magazine,  da The Boston Globe.  An kalli jawabin ta na TED fiye da sau miliyan ɗaya. A shekara ta 2011 ta wallafa A Long Bright Future: Farin Ciki, Lafiya da Tsaron Kudi a cikin Zamanin Ƙarin Tsawon Rayuwa.

## Kyaututtuka da aka zaɓa

* Kyautar Kleemeier, Cibiyar Nazarin Girma ta Amurka (2014) 
* Kyautar Mai Kyau, Cibiyar Nazarin Girma ta Amurka (2014) 
* Kyautar Jagora, Ƙungiyar Psychological ta Amirka (Division 20) (2010) 
* Guggenheim Fellow, Guggenheim Foundation (2003) 
* Kalish Innovative Publication Award, Gerontological Society of America (1993) 

## Gudummawar bincike

### Ka'idar zabin zamantakewar jama'a
Carstensen da farko ya tsara ka'idar zabin zamantakewar zamantakewa (SST) a farkon shekarun 1990.  SST ka'idar motsawa ce ta rayuwa wacce ta nuna cewa mutane suna ba da fifiko ga manufofi masu ma'ana lokacin da aka hana lokaci. A cewar SST, mutanen da ke da sararin samaniya mai zurfi suna iya ba da fifiko ga bincike da fadada sararin samaniya, neman sabbin dangantaka da ke alkawarin fa'idodi na dogon lokaci. Sabanin haka, yayin da yanayin lokaci ke girma, mutane masu iyaka suna ba da fifiko ga manufofi masu ma'ana waɗanda zasu iya haifar da jin daɗin motsin rai. Sakamakon haka, mutanen da ke da iyakantaccen lokaci suna da ƙananan hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa da aka zaɓa da kyau kuma suna jin daɗin jin daɗi.

### Sakamakon sakamako mai kyau
Carstensen yana da alhakin ganowa da haɓaka tushen ra'ayi don tasirin tabbatacce, yanayin da ke da alaƙa da shekaru a cikin sarrafa hankali wanda ke da kyau akan bayanan da ba su da kyau a hankali da ƙwaƙwalwa. Binciken meta-analysis na nazarin 100 na tasirin tabbatacce ya gano cewa wannan tasirin ya fi girma a cikin binciken da ya haɗa da kwatancen shekaru masu yawa kuma ba ya hana sarrafa hankali.

### Tsarin hangen nesa na gaba
Carstensen da Frieder Lang ne suka haɓaka ma'auni na lokaci na gaba (FTP). Sikeli na FTP ya haɗa da abubuwa goma da aka amsa ta hanyar nuna yarjejeniya a kan sikelin Likert mai maki 7 (daga 1 = rashin gaskiya, zuwa 7 = gaskiya sosai).  Abubuwa uku na ƙarshe na sikelin hangen nesa na gaba (#s 8-10) an sake su. Lokacin da aka zira kwallaye, masu bincike suna lissafin matsakaicin maki na mahalarta. Binciken da ya gabata ya nuna alaƙar layi tsakanin shekarun lokaci da sararin lokaci. Ƙarfin dangantakar ya bambanta a matsayin aikin shekarun da ke cikin samfurin: kusan koyaushe, dangantakar tana da kyau, tare da manyan maki da ke nuna sararin samaniya na dogon lokaci.

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Manazarta