Marian Koshland

**Marian Elliott** "**Bunny**" Koshland (25 ga Oktoba, 1921 - 28 ga Oktoba, 1997) Masanin rigakafi ne na Amurka wanda ya gano cewa bambance-bambance a cikin abun da ke cikin amino acid na magungunan rigakafi sun bayyana inganci da tasiri wanda suke yaki da manyan masu mamaye kasashen waje.&nbsp;

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Marian Elliott a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 1921, a New Haven, Connecticut, ga Margrethe Schmidt Elliott da Walter Elliott .  Mahaifiyarta malama ce wacce ta yi hijira daga Denmark kuma mahaifinta mai sayar da kayan aiki ne na Kudancin Baptist. Lokacin da take 'yar shekara huɗu, ƙanwarta ta kamu da zazzabin typhoid, kuma 'yan mata biyu da ke makwabtaka da ita sun koya mata. Ta kasance wani abu ne na tomboy, ta yi abota da yara maza uku na Yahudawa tare da su za ta halarci wasan kwaikwayo na Works Progress Administration. Ita ce kawai yarinya a cikin ajiyarta wacce ta yi ƙarfin hali ta rike maciji mai baƙar fata mai ƙwanƙwasa ƙafa uku, wanda ta lashe kwano na nama.

Marian ta halarci Kwalejin Vassar a New York kuma ta kammala a 1942 tare da digiri a fannin ilmin ƙwayoyin cuta. Daga nan ta halarci Jami'ar Chicago, inda ta sami MS a fannin ilmin ƙwayoyin cuta a 1943. A Birnin Chicago, ta yi aiki a kan rage yaduwar cututtukan numfashi kuma ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar bincike wacce ta haɓaka allurar rigakafi kwalara.

Yayinda take a Birnin Chicago, ta sadu da Daniel E. Koshland Jr., masanin kimiyyar halittu kuma magajin dukiyar Levi Strauss. A shekara ta 1945, ta haɗu da shi a Oak Ridge, Tennessee kuma ta yi shekara guda tana aiki a kan Manhattan Project, tana binciken tasirin radiation. Su biyu sun yi aure a 1946  kuma sun koma Chicago, inda Marian ta sami Ph.D. a cikin rigakafi daga Jami'ar Chicago a 1949. Surukar Marian daga baya ta tuna cewa farfesa ba ta so ta ba ta Ph.D. saboda Marian tana da ciki kuma ya yi tunanin za ta ɓata shi. A shekara ta 1949, ta koma tare da Daniel zuwa Boston, inda Marian ta shafe shekaru biyu a cikin wani postdoctoral fellowship a Harvard Medical School's Department of Bacteriology. Daga baya dukansu biyu sun yi aiki a Brookhaven National Laboratory na tsawon shekaru 13.

A farkon shekarun 1950, Marian Koshland ya nuna bambance-bambance na kwayoyin halitta tsakanin kwayoyin rigakafi da aka ɓoye. A cikin shekarun 1960, ta mayar da hankalinta ga asalin ƙayyadaddun maganin rigakafi. Jim Allison, abokin aiki daga Berkeley, ya ce "Bunny ya bincika Magungunan rigakafi na polyclonal da aka tsara akan haptens daban-daban guda biyu, kuma bisa ga nazarin abubuwan da ke tattare da amino acid, ya nuna cewa waɗannan magungunan suna da nau'ikan amino acid daban-daban sabili da haka dole ne su bambanta a cikin jerin amino acid ɗin su. Waɗannan bayanan suna da tasiri sosai a kan ka'idodin samar da takamaiman magungunan antibody. Labarin yana da shi cewa a taron shekara-shekara ta farko da aka karɓa da ita, magana mai girma.

A shekara ta 1965, Koshland ya zama mai bincike a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, ya shiga bangaren koyarwarsa a shekara ta 1970. Ta yi karatun ilmin halitta tare da David Baltimore a dakin gwaje-gwaje na MIT a ƙarshen shekarun 1970s. Daga 1982 zuwa 1989 ta kasance shugabar Sashen Microbiology da Immunology na Berkeley. Daga baya ta jagoranci sashen Harkokin Digiri na wannan sashen. Ta kuma yi aiki a kan kwamitin Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Kasa kuma ta kasance shugabar Majalisar Ƙungiyar Masu Magunguna ta Amurka a 1982 da 1983. Ta lashe lambar yabo ta farko ta Excellence in Science daga Tarayyar Ƙungiyoyin Amirka don Nazarin Biology a cikin 1989 kuma Kwamitin AAI na Matsayin Mata a Kimiyya ya girmama ta.

Koshland ya mutu a Berkeley, California, a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 1997, daga ciwon daji na huhu.

The Marian Koshland Science Museum was in Washington, D.C., and featured exhibits geared toward the general public; the Marian E. Koshland Integrated Natural Science Center at Haverford College houses the elite liberal arts college's science departments. Both are named in her honor. Koshland's children, Catherine Koshland and Douglas Koshland, both attended Haverford and, as of September 2021, hold positions at U.C. Berkeley; Catherine has served as executive vice chancellor and provost since July 1, 2021, and Douglas is a professor of molecular and cell biology.

## Littattafai

* 
* 

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Neman Taimako ga Takardun Marian E. Koshland, 1950-1995, Laburaren Bancroft