Kiyaye ruwa

Kiyayewar ruwa, wanda kuma aka fi sani da kiyaye ruwa, shine karewa da kuma kiyaye halittun da ke cikin tekuna da teku ta hanyar gudanar da tsare-tsare domin hana cin gajiyar wadannan albarkatun ruwa fiye da kima. Ana sanar da kiyayewar ruwa ta hanyar nazarin tsire-tsire na ruwa da albarkatun dabbobi da ayyukan yanayin halittu kuma ana motsa su ta hanyar mayar da martani ga bayyanar mummunan tasirin da aka gani a cikin yanayi kamar asarar nau'in nau'i, lalata muhalli da canje-canje a cikin ayyukan halittu  da kuma mayar da hankali kan iyakance lalacewar da mutum ya haifar ga yanayin teku, maido da lalacewar ruwa, da kuma adana nau'in halittu masu rauni. Kiyaye ruwa wani sabon horo ne wanda ya bunƙasa a matsayin martani ga al'amuran halitta kamar bacewa da kuma canjin wurin zama na ruwa.

Masu kiyaye ruwa a cikin ruwa sun dogara da haɗakar ka'idodin kimiyya waɗanda aka samo daga ilimin halittu na ruwa, Ecology, oceanography, da kimiyyar kifi, da kuma kan abubuwan ɗan adam, kamar buƙatun albarkatun ruwa, dokar ruwa, tattalin arziki, da siyasa, don sanin yadda za'a fi dacewa da kiyayewa da kiyaye nau'ikan ruwa da yanayin halittu. Ana iya siffanta kiyayewar ruwa a matsayin ƙaramin horo na ilimin halittun kiyayewa.

## Tarihi
Sha'awar jama'a game da ilimin halittun ruwa ya ƙaru a cikin shekarun bayan yaƙi tare da littafin Rachel Carson's trilogy na teku (1941-1955); wanda ya taimaka wajen zaburar da wani zamani da aka fi sani da "juyin juya halin teku". Dokokin tarayya na Amurka sun nuna goyon bayanta ga kiyaye ruwa ta hanyar kafa wuraren da aka karewa da samar da magudanan ruwa. A cikin 1969, Gudun Gudun namun daji na Coastal Maine National Refuge an sake masa suna Rachel Carson Gudun Gudun namun daji na ƙasa, yana nuna gudummawar Carson. Matsugunin yana kare nau'ikan wuraren zama daban-daban, gami da shingen rairayin bakin teku, dune, magudanar ruwa, ruwan gishiri, da bakin tekun dutse.

Duk da haka, sai a shekarun 1970 ne za a fara sanin kimiyyar zamani ta kiyaye ruwa, tare da yin bincike a karkashin teku tare da sabbin fasahohi, kamar na’ura mai kwakwalwa, da aka yi a karshen shekaru goma. A lokacin waɗannan binciken, an gano ainihin ƙa'idodin canji game da yanayin yanayin ruwa. Ta hanyar wannan binciken, yanayin da ke tattare da teku ya bayyana.

Wannan ya haifar da sauyi a tsarin yunƙurin kiyaye ruwa, kuma an sake mayar da hankali kan maido da tsarin da ke cikin muhalli, tare da kare ɗimbin halittu. A cikin 1972 Dokar Kariyar Ruwa, Bincike, da Wuri Mai Tsarki (MPRSA) an zartar da ita, ta fara motsin kiyaye ruwa. Dokar ta amince da dokar da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ta yi game da zubar da jini a cikin teku. Ko da yake daga baya an yi wa dokar kwaskwarima, tana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman al'amuran da suka haifar da al'amurran da suka shafi magudanar ruwa a sahun gaba na matsalolin muhalli a Amurka.

A cikin 2009, Sylvia Earle ta sami kyautar TED dala miliyan  wanda ya haifar da kafuwar Ofishin Jakadancin Blue (wanda kuma aka sani da Sylvia Earle Alliance, Gidauniyar Bincike mai zurfi, da Bincike mai zurfi). Ofishin Jakadancin Blue yana da niyyar kafa wuraren kariya ta ruwa (wanda ake yiwa lakabi da "Hope Spots") a duk duniya tare da tallafin kungiyoyi sama da dari biyu. Waɗannan masu goyon bayan sun fito ne daga manyan kamfanoni na duniya zuwa ƙanana, ƙungiyoyi masu bincike.

A wannan shekarar kuma Earle ya buga 'Duniya Blue: Yadda Mukaddamarmu da Tekun Tekun Suke Daya', wanda aka fi sani da cewa 'Babban Bazara ce ga zamaninmu'; A cikin abin da Earle ya bayyana yadda kawai shekaru 50 na saurin canjin teku da haɗari yana barazana ga wanzuwar rayuwa a Duniya. Hakanan Rachel Carson ya tsara aikin Sylvia Earle kai tsaye, wanda baiwar da ta yi tsokaci game da shi a cikin Gabatarwa ga fitowar 2018 na mafi kyawun siyar da Carson na 1951, Tekun Around Us:

"Mafi ban mamaki a gare ni shi ne abin da ta yi tunani. Rubuce-rubucenta suna da matukar damuwa ga kifaye, tsuntsaye da sauran dabbobin da za ta iya sanya kanta a wurinsu, ta hanyar iska ko ta ruwa, tana yawo a ƙarƙashin teku. Ta ba da ma'anar cewa ita ce teku mai rai ... "

A cikin 2010, fiye da masana kimiyya 100, shugabannin kasuwanci, masu ba da taimako, da gumakan nishaɗi sun taru don tallafa wa Dr. Sylvia Earle's Mission Blue fata da kuma shekara mai zuwa, Gigi Brisson ya kafa ƙungiyar dattawan Ocean tare da manufar hada kan masana kimiyya tare da gwamnati da shugabannin nishaɗi.

## Fitattun mutane
Rachel Carson: Masanin halittun ruwa, Marubuci, Kamfen na Muhalli

Jacques Cousteau: Explorer, Ma'aikacin Tsaro, Mai Bincike & Mawallafi

Sylvia Earle: Masanin Halitta na Marine, Explorer, & Mawallafi

Steve Irwin: Masanin Halitta, Mai kiyayewa, Masanin dabbobi, Masanin ilimin dabbobi, & Halin Talabijin

## Manazarta