Fay Ajzenberg-Selove

**Fay Ajzenberg-Selove** (13 ga Fabrairu, 1926) 8 ga Agusta, 2012) ƙwararriyar masaniyar kimiyyar nukiliya ce ta Amurka. An san ta da aikin gwaji a fannin nazarin ƙwayoyin nukiliya na abubuwan haske, da kuma bitar da take yi kowace shekara kan matakan kuzari na ƙwayoyin atom masu haske. Ta sami lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta 2007.  

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haife ta **Fay Ajzenberg** a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 1926 a Berlin, Jamus, ga dangin Yahudawa 'yan Poland daga Daular Rasha . Mahaifinta, Moisei Abramovich Aisenberg (Yaren mutanen Poland: Mojzesz Ajzenberg), injiniyan haƙar ma'adinai ne wanda ya yi karatu a Makarantar Ma'adanai ta St. Petersburg kuma mahaifiyarta, Olga Ajzenberg *mai suna* Naiditch, ƙwararriyar mai wasan piano ce kuma mai son kiɗa wadda ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Kiɗa ta St. Petersburg.  A shekarar 1919, sun tsere daga juyin juya halin Rasha suka zauna a Jamus, inda mahaifinta ya zama mai kuɗi a fannin banki na saka hannun jari. 

Babban mawuyacin hali ya jawo musu fatara, don haka iyalan suka ƙaura zuwa Faransa a shekarar 1930. Mahaifinta ya yi aiki a matsayin injiniyan sinadarai a wani masana'antar sukari beet mallakar kawunta Isaac Naiditch a Liusaint, Seine-et-Marne, Faransa. Ajzenberg ya halarci Lycée Victor Duruy a Paris da Le Collège Sévigné . A shekarar 1940, iyalan sun gudu daga Paris kafin mamayar Nazi a Faransa . Sun bi wata hanya mai wahala ta Spain, Portugal, Jamhuriyar Dominican, da Cuba kafin su zauna a birnin New York a watan Afrilun 1941.  

Ajzenberg ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Julia Richman a shekarar 1943. Mahaifinta ya ƙarfafa mata sha'awar injiniyanci.  Ta halarci Jami'ar Michigan, inda ta kasance abokai da shugaban ƙasar Haiti "Papa Doc" Duvalier .  Ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1946 da digirin BS a fannin injiniyanci, mace ɗaya tilo a cikin aji 100. Bayan ta yi aikin digiri na ɗan lokaci a Jami'ar Columbia da kuma koyarwa a Jami'ar Illinois a Navy Pier, ta fara karatun digiri na uku a Jami'ar Wisconsin–Madison .

A Wisconsin ta yi aiki tare da masanin kimiyyar nukiliya Hugh Richards wanda ke nazarin kuzarin amsawar nukiliya da kuma rarraba matakan makamashin ƙwayoyin haske.  Ta sami hanyar ƙirƙirar maƙasudai 6 na Li ta hanyar canza sulphate zuwa chloride da kuma sanya shi a cikin wutar lantarki zuwa ga abin da aka nufa. Ta kuma nuna cewa yanayin farin ciki na nucleus 10 B ba a daidaita shi daidai ba kamar yadda aka yi tsammani a baya.  Ta sami MS a 1949 da PhD a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a 1952 tare da wani rubutu mai taken "Matsakaicin makamashi na wasu ƙwayoyin haske da rarrabuwarsu."  Ta kasance ba ta yarda da Allah ba. 

## Aikin kimiyyar lissafi
Ta yi aikin digiri na biyu tare da Thomas Lauritsen a Cibiyar Fasaha ta California . Tare za su buga *Makamashin Matakan Hasken Nuclei*, tarin mafi kyawun bincike na shekara-shekara na filin game da tsarin nukiliya da rugujewar ƙwayoyin cuta tare da lambar atom A daga 5 zuwa 20. Tun daga 1973 Ajzenberg ta buga su da kanta.  Daga ƙarshe Ajzenberg zai buga 26 daga cikin waɗannan takardu, musamman a cikin mujallar *Nuclear Physics*, har zuwa 1990. An kira su "littafin masana kimiyyar nukiliya." 

Bayan kammala karatunta, Ajzenberg ta kasance malamar kwaleji a Smith College kuma abokiyar ziyara a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts . An ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Boston, amma shugaban makarantar ya rage albashinta da kashi 15 cikin ɗari lokacin da ya fahimci cewa Ajzenberg mace ce. Ajzenberg ya ƙi wannan matsayi har sai da aka dawo da albashin farko.

A lokacin da take Jami'ar Boston, ta haɗu da masanin kimiyyar lissafi na Jami'ar Harvard Walter Selove kuma sun yi aure a watan Disamba na 1955.  Ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibanta na digiri ita ce Gloria Lubkin, wacce ta kammala karatun digiri a shekarar 1957 da digirin MA a fannin kimiyyar nukiliya, kuma daga baya ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama edita a fannin *Physics Today* . A shekarar 2013, Lubkin ta rubuta labarin mutuwar Ajzenberg a matsayin labarinta na ƙarshe a mujallar.  A shekarar 1962, ta amfani da ɗakin kumfa a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Brookhaven National Laboratory, Selove ta gano wani meson da ya sanya wa suna Fayon (f 2 ) bayanta.  An karrama Ajzenberg-Selove da mijinta da wani taron karawa juna sani game da ayyukansu a Jami'ar Pennsylvania a shekarar 2005.  Selove ta mutu a shekarar 2010. 

A shekarun 1960, ta yi aiki a Kwalejin Haverford, inda ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama cikakkiyar ma'aikaciyar koyarwa.  A shekarar 1970, Ajzenberg-Selove ta fara koyarwa a Jami'ar Pennsylvania, inda Selove ta koyar tun 1957. A shekarar 1972, ta nemi daya daga cikin mukamai uku da ta rike a can.   Ba a dauke ta aiki ba; dalilan da aka ambata sune shekaru da "rashin isassun wallafe-wallafen bincike".   Ajzenberg-Selove tana da shekaru 46 kacal, tana da adadin ambato fiye da kowa a sashen kimiyyar lissafi banda wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel J. Robert Schrieffer, kuma ita ce shugabar Sashen Kimiyyar Nukiliya na Ƙungiyar Kimiyyar Jiki ta Amurka .   Ta shigar da koke ga Hukumar Daidaito Damar Aiki da Hukumar Hulɗa da Dan Adam ta Pennsylvania kuma a shekarar 1973 an umarci Jami'ar Pennsylvania da ta ba ta mukamin farfesa.   Ta zama farfesa mace ta biyu kacal a Makarantar Fasaha da Kimiyya ta jami'ar.  

## Littattafai
A shekarar 1994, ta buga wani littafi mai suna *A Matter of Choices: Memoirs of a Female Physicist* . 

## Daraja da kyaututtuka

* Fellow, Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Kimiyya ta Amurka
* Abokin Hulɗa, Ƙungiyar Jiki ta Amurka
* Shugaba, Sashen Kimiyyar Nukiliya na Ƙungiyar Jiki ta Amurka (1973-1974)
* Kyauta don Koyarwa Mai Kyau, Gidauniyar Kirista da Mary Lindbeck (1991)
* Lambar Nicholson don Ayyukan Jin Kai, Ƙungiyar Jiki ta Amurka (1999)
* Kyautar Fitaccen Ɗan Tsoffin Dalibai, Jami'ar Wisconsin Sashen Lissafi (2001)
* Lambar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa (2007)

## Manazarta