Harkokin siyasa tare da hukumomin kimiyya ta gwamnatin Trump ta farko

A lokacin wa'adinsa na farko a matsayin shugaban Amurka (2017-2021), Donald Trump da gwamnatinsa sun sauya siyasa kimiyya ta hanyar matsawa ko mamaye hukumomin kiwon lafiya da kimiyya don canza rahotonsu da shawarwarinsu don su dace da manufofinsa da maganganun jama'a. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman game da annobar COVID-19,  amma kuma ya haɗa da hana bincike kan canjin yanayi da raunanawa ko kawar da ka'idojin muhalli. 

Trump da wadanda aka nada shi sun matsa wa hukumomin kiwon lafiya da kimiyya na tarayya lamba da su dauki wasu ayyuka da Trump ya fi so da kuma tallafawa furucin sa.Wani lokaci ya yi iƙirarin cewa akwai “ƙasa mai zurfi” a tsakanin masana kimiyyar tarayya, waɗanda membobinsu suka jinkirta amincewa da alluran rigakafin COVID-19 da jiyya saboda suna son cutar da shi a siyasance ko hana sake zaɓensa.

## Tarihi
Trump, wanda aka rantsar da shi a matsayin shugaban kasa a ranar 20 ga Janairun 2017, bai ambaci mai ba da shawara kan kimiyya ga Shugaban ba har zuwa Yuli 2018, lokacin da ya nada masanin yanayin yanayi Kelvin Droegemeier a matsayin. Kwamitocin ba da shawara na kimiyya a hukumomi da yawa ciki har da Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, Hukumar Kula da Yanayi da Yanayi ta Kasa, da Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna an rushe su. Yawancin zaɓin majalisa na farko na Trump mutane ne da ke da tarihin adawa da hukumar da aka nada su a matsayin jagora, gami da Rick Perry a matsayin Sakataren Makamashi da Betsy DeVos a matsayin Sakataren Ilimi. A fannin kimiyya shugaban Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA), Scott Pruitt, ya kai karar EPA sau da yawa lokacin da yake babban lauyan Oklahoma, kuma ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "babban mai ba da shawara game da ajandar masu fafutuka na EPA".

## Bincike
A cikin binciken da aka yi wa masana kimiyya a hukumomin tarayya 16 da aka gudanar a cikin 2018, kashi 50% na masu amsa sun amince da cewa "matakin la'akari da bukatun siyasa ya hana ikon hukumomin su yanke shawara na kimiyya"; kashi 69% na masana kimiyya a Hukumar Kifi da namun daji ta Amurka, kashi 76% na masu amsawa a Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Kasa, da kashi 81% na masana kimiyya da Hukumar Kare Muhalli sun amince.

## Hukumomin kiwon lafiya

### Cirewa da canza sadarwa daga hukumomin kiwon lafiya
A ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 2020, a farkon kwanakin Cutar COVID-19 a Amurka, wani babban jami'in Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka (CDC) ya ce a bainar jama'a cewa yaduwar kwayar cutar a Amurka ba za a iya gujewa ba. Wannan ya saba wa tsinkayen Trump masu kyakkyawan fata, kuma an dakatar da CDC sosai daga ba da bayani game da coronavirus na watanni shida masu zuwa.

A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2020 Fadar White House ta nada Michael Caputo a matsayin mataimakin sakataren harkokin jama'a na Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam (HHS), a cikin kula da dabarun sadarwa na sashen. Caputo ya nada Paul Alexander, mai binciken kiwon lafiya na Ph.D., a matsayin babban mai ba shi shawara. Su da sauran jami'an HHS sun yi ƙoƙari su sarrafa abubuwan da ke cikin bayanan da ke fitowa daga CDC a duk lokacin da aka ɗauka ya saba wa ko ya lalata abin da Trump ke fada a bainar jama'a.

A watan Mayu 2020, bisa ga takardun da aka fitar a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2022 ta Kwamitin Kula da Zaɓin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Rikicin Coronavirus, gwamnatin Trump ta yi watsi da jagororin da CDC ta gabatar don kungiyoyin addini. CDC ta yi gargadin cewa gidajen ibada wurare ne masu zafi ga yaduwar coronavirus, amma Fadar White House ta cire daga jagororin duk shawarwarin da majami'u ke la'akari da su a kan layi ko ayyukan motsa jiki. Trump da kansa ya bukaci jihohi da su ba da damar duk gidajen ibada su sake buɗewa nan da nan kuma ya yi barazanar "kawar" duk wani gwamnan da bai yi hakan ba.

A watan Yunin 2020, Fadar White House ta shigar da ma'aikatan siyasa guda biyu ba tare da bayanan lafiyar jama'a ba a hedikwatar CDC ta Atlanta. Ayyukansu, a cewar CDC da jami'an gudanarwa, sun kasance don saka idanu kan masana kimiyya na CDC da Darakta Robert Redfield, a matsayin wani ɓangare na kokarin da ake ci gaba da sarrafa saƙon jama'a na kungiyar. Da farko rawar da suka taka a CDC ba a bayyana ba; daga baya aka kira daya a matsayin mukaddashin shugaban ma'aikatan Redfield ɗayan kuma a matsayin mataimakinta. Kodayake a hukumance suna ba da rahoto ga Redfield, suna sadarwa a kai a kai tare da Caputo da Alexander a HHS.

Caputo a watan Yuni yana ƙoƙarin samun iko da Rahoton Mortality da Mortality Weekly (**'MMWR**'), wani littafi na mako-mako da CDC ta bayar; shine babban abin hawa na CDC don ba da bayanai na yanzu da shawarwari game da lafiyar jama'a ga likitoci, masu bincike, da jama'a gaba ɗaya. A watan Satumbar 2020, an ruwaito cewa wadanda aka nada na siyasa a HHS sun yi ƙoƙari sau da yawa don canzawa, jinkirta, ko cire rahotanni game da COVID-19 daga **'MMWR**' idan sun lalata ikirarin Trump cewa barkewar cutar tana karkashin iko. Caputo ya tabbatar da rahoton Satumba, yana mai cewa yunkurinsa na rinjayar abubuwan da ke cikin *MMWR* ya ci gaba na tsawon watanni 3 + 1.5. Ya ce saboda rahoton MMWR ya ƙunshi "abubuwan siyasa" da kuma bayanan kimiyya, ya kara da cewa canje-canjen da ofishinsa ya ba da shawarar "ba sau da yawa" CDC ta yarda da su ba. Wani rahoto na MMWR wanda ke rage fa'idar hydroxychloroquine a matsayin maganin COVID-19 an jinkirta shi kusan wata daya yayin da Alexander ya yi tambaya game da ra'ayoyin siyasa na marubuta. An kuma gudanar da wani rahoto game da kamuwa da kwayar cutar ga yara a makaranta. Alexander ya bukaci, ba tare da nasara ba, cewa a ba shi izinin sake dubawa da gyara duk batutuwan MMWR kafin a buga su. A ranar 8 ga watan Agusta, Alexander ya rubuta wa Redfield yana cewa "CDC a gare ni ya bayyana yana rubuce-rubuce game da gwamnati". Ya nemi Redfield ya canza wasu rahotanni da aka riga aka buga. Alexander daga baya ya ce CDC ta rubuta "ra'ayoyin pseudo-scientific" kuma yana cikin mafi kyawun matsayi don "yi hukunci ko wannan yaudara ce". CDC ta yi tsayayya da yawancin canje-canjen, amma ta kara ba da damar ma'aikatan HHS su sake duba labaran kuma su ba da shawarar canje-canje kafin bugawa.

## Manazarta