open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Eldey

**Eldey** (Fitar da shi na Iceland: [] i) ƙaramin tsibiri ne, wanda ba a zaune ba kusan kilomita 13 (7 nautical miles) daga bakin tekun Reykjanes Peninsula a kudu maso yammacin Iceland . Da yake yamma- kudu maso yammacin Reykjavík, tsibirin Eldey ya rufe yanki na kimanin hekta 3 (7 acres), kuma ya tashi zuwa tsawo na mita 77 (253 .  Duwatsun da ke da tsaunuka suna da yawan tsuntsaye, gami da ɗayan manyan yankunan gannet na arewa a duniya, tare da kusan nau'i-nau'i 16,000. Yanzu ana iya kallon wannan mulkin mallaka kai tsaye ta hanyar kyamarori biyu da ke saman tsibirin.

## Tsarin dutsen wuta
 
Tsarin dutsen wuta na Eldey da Geirfuglasker tare sun samar da tsarin dutsen wuta mai tsawon kilomita  (25  a kan Reykjanes Ridge .  Duwatsun da suka fashe sun fito ne daga jerin magungunan tholeiitic da picrite basalt. Babu wani dutsen mai fitattun wuta na tsakiya, amma a maimakon haka akwai wasu tsaunuka masu tsawo da aka shirya a cikin salon enechelon. Conical-, fissure- ko garkuwa-like volcanoes suna kan waɗannan tuddai. : 76 Eldey, da ƙananan skerries na Eldeyjardrangur, Geirfugladrangur da Geirfuglasker sune saman tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta a cikin tsarin.

Rijiyar Mid-Atlantic ta zama kuskuren canji na Bight kusa da 56.5°N Rijiyar Reykjanes wanda ya shimfida  arewa zuwa Tsibirin Reykjanes na Iceland a 63.87°N  : 74 Yayin da yake gabatowa Iceland dutsen ya zama mai zurfi, tare da kauri na ɓawon teku a ƙarƙashinsa yayin da yake kusantar ƙwanƙarar rigar da ke da alaƙa da hotspot Iceland .  Rijiyar Reykjanes tana da matsakaicin adadin yaduwa kusan  / shekara.  : 74 

Sabon fashewar da aka tabbatar na dutsen dutsen Eldey ya faru ne a arewacinsa a 1926 kuma yana iya kasancewa mai aiki a cikin 1970.  : 77-8 Wani fashewar tephra a arewa maso yammacin Eldey ya ƙura a yammacin gabar Reykjanes Peninsula na Iceland ya faru a watan Yunin shekara ta 1879. Geirfuglasker ya fashe a 1879 kuma akwai fashewa 3 kusa da Eldey tsakanin 1211 da 1422. Wani karamin yanki na geothermal yana da zurfin 60-80   gabashin Eldey.

## Na ƙarshe daga cikin manyan auks
Tsibirin ya riga ya tallafa wa sauran mutanen da ba su tashi ba, bayan tsuntsayen sun koma can daga Geirfuglasker bayan fashewar dutse a 1830. Lokacin da aka gano mazaunin a 1835, an ƙidaya kusan tsuntsaye hamsin. Gidajen tarihi, suna sha'awar fata na auk don adanawa da nuni, da sauri sun fara tattara tsuntsaye daga mulkin mallaka. Biyu na ƙarshe, waɗanda aka gano suna shayar da kwai, an kashe su a can a watan Yunin 1844, lokacin da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Iceland Jón Brandsson da Sigurður Ísleifsson suka maƙure manya kuma Ketill Ketilsson ba da gangan ya fashe kwai na ƙarshe na jinsin tare da takalminsa yayin gwagwarmaya.

## A cikin wallafe-wallafen

* Eldey, da makomar babban auk, an ambaci su a cikin The Water-Babies, A Fairy Tale for a Land Baby by Charles Kingsley .
* An bayyana Eldey dalla-dalla a cikin The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History by Elizabeth Kolbert .
* The Great Auk, wani littafi na Allan W. Eckert, c. 1963, Library of Congress Cat. #63-18215

## Manazarta
Dome na Tomichi

Tomichi Dome  ya tashi a arewacin babbar hanyar Amurka 50 a yammacin Hot Springs Creek da kudancin Waunita Hot Springs Reservoir a kudu maso gabashin Gunnison County, Colorado. Tana cikin gandun daji na Gunnison.

## Ilimin ƙasa
Tomichi Dome sanannen dutse ne wanda aka kafa a lokacin Tertiary . Babban dutse shine rhyolite, amma an ambaci microgranite, breccia, da tuff a matsayin yanzu. Kewaye da dutsen, a kan kwarin, shine Mancos Shale, dutse mai laushi na Mesozoic.

An bayyana Tomchi Dome a matsayin intrusion kuma a matsayin extrusive, fasalin dutsen wuta. A matsayin intrusion, pluton na iya Magma lokacin da aka shiga cikin Mancos Shale wanda ya haifar da laccolith. Idan aka ba da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin dutsen, ana zaton laccolith ya kasance a zurfin zurfi kuma ya sanyaya da sauri. Wataƙila ana danganta iska da shiga da ke haifar da rhyolytic breccia da tuff da aka rubuta a kusa. Shallow rhyolitic plutons kudu maso yammacin Tomichi Dome, a cikin San Juan Mountains kusa da Lake City, an kuma bayyana su a matsayin laccoliths.

A madadin haka, an bayyana Tomichi Dome a matsayin fasalin fashewar dutse inda fashewar farko ta ajiye breccia da tuff wanda ya wuce   kauri. Gudun ko dome na topaz rhyolite ya rufe tuff.

Ko plutonic ko volcanic, Tomichi Dome mai yiwuwa yana ɗaya daga cikin jerin gine-ginen da ke da alaƙa da Rio Grande Rift, wanda ya shimfiɗa daga Mexico zuwa Colorado.

## Sunayen tarihi

* Tomichi Dome - 1907 
* Tumitche Dome

## Manazarta
Druid Arch

**Druid Arch** wani sanannen sanannen sanarwa ne mai tsayi 150 wanda ke cikin Gundumar Needles na Canyonlands National Park, a cikin San Juan County, Utah .  Tana a kan Elephant Canyon, kuma ruwan sama daga Druid Arch yana gudana zuwa arewa zuwa Kogin Colorado da ke kusa da Elephant Canyon. Druid Arch yana daya daga cikin shahararrun wuraren shakatawa a cikin gundumar Needles. Gudun kilomita 5.4 zuwa Druid Arch ya fara ne a Elephant Hill Trailhead, kuma kwata-mile na ƙarshe yana da tsayi tare da wasu tsalle-tsalle da tsani ɗaya. Sunan ya fito ne daga kamanceceniya da abin tunawa na Stonehenge a Ingila, wanda aka yi imanin cewa haikalin Druid ne. An karɓi sunan wannan fasalin a hukumance a 1963 ta Hukumar Amurka kan Sunayen Yanayi. 

## Ilimin ƙasa
Wannan fasalin ilimin ƙasa shine ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa wanda ya ƙunshi Cedar Mesa Sandstone, wanda shine ragowar yashi na bakin teku da aka ajiye kimanin shekaru miliyan 245-286 da suka gabata, a farkon zamanin Permian. A saman tsari ya tashi 450 feet sama da canyon bene, da kuma biyu keyhole bude da tsawo na 85 feet, da kuma faɗin 20 feet.

## Yanayi
Lokacin bazara da faduwa sune lokutan da suka fi dacewa don fuskantar Druid Arch. Dangane da tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, yana cikin yankin yanayi mai sanyi, wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar watan sanyi wanda ke da matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin jiki a ƙasa da -0 ° C (32 ° F) kuma aƙalla 50% na jimlar ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da ake karɓa a lokacin bazara da rani. Wannan yanayin hamada yana karɓar ƙasa da inci 10 (250 millimeters) na ruwan sama na shekara-shekara, kuma dusar ƙanƙara yawanci yana da sauƙi a lokacin hunturu.&nbsp;&nbsp;

## Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

Fayil:Druid_Arch,_Canyonlands_National_Park.jpg|alt=East aspect| Bangaren gabas
Fayil:Druid_Arch_backside.jpeg|alt=West aspect| Bangaren yamma
Fayil:Leaving_Druid_Arch._(9862427374).jpg|alt=edgewise from north| baki daga arewa


## Manazarta
Guan mai jan fuska

Guan mai jan fuska (***Penelope dabbenei***) nau'in tsuntsaye ne a cikin dangin Cracidae, chachalacas, guans, da curassows . Ana samunsa a Argentina da Bolivia.

## Taxonomy da tsarin
Akalla marubuci daya ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a bi da guan mai jan fuska a matsayin nau'in Guan na Andean (*Penelope montagnii*) kuma wasu sun ba da shawarar kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin shi da guan (P. obscura) amma daga baya aikin ya karyata duka jiyya. Guan mai jan fuska yana da nau'i ɗaya.

## Bayyanawa
Guan mai jan fuska yana da 63 zuwa 69   tsawo. Wata mace tana da nauyin   . Yana da launin Ruwan sama mai arziki gabaɗaya tare da fari ko azurfa a kan kai, nono, da kuma baya. Yana da fararen fararen fata, jan fatar fuska mai launin ruwan kasa, da kuma jan dewlap wanda ya dace da jinsinsa.

## Rarraba da mazaunin
Ana samun guan mai jan fuska a cikin wani karamin band a gefen gabas na Andes na kudancin Bolivia da arewa maso yammacin Argentina. Yana zaune a cikin gandun daji na yankin Yungas kuma ya fi son manyan itatuwa. Yana faruwa a wasu lokuta a cikin ƙananan wurare ko a cikin gandun daji na biyu. A cikin tsawo yafi tsakanin 1,800 da 2,500   amma wani lokacin kamar yadda yake ƙasa da  m (4,300 . 

## Halin

### Motsi
An yi la'akari da guan mai jan fuska ya fi zama a zaune, amma an ba da rahoton wasu motsi a Argentina.

### Abinci
Guan mai jan fuska yawanci yana cin abinci a nau'i-nau'i amma an ruwaito manyan kungiyoyi. Yawanci yana cin abinci a cikin bishiyoyi amma kuma yana cin abinci akan ƙasa. Abinciken sa galibi 'ya'yan itace ne kuma yana cin ganyayyaki da arthropods.

### Kiwo
Ba a bayyana lokacin kiwo na guan mai launin ja ba, amma an rubuta nau'i-nau'i tsakanin Satumba da Disamba. Yana gina wani dandamali nest na rassan da kuma rassan da aka shimfiɗa da ganye kuma ya zauna a cikin itace. Girman clutch shine ƙwai uku.

### Sauti na murya da wadanda ba na murya ba
Guan mai jan fuska yana nuna fuka-fuki a asuba. Waƙarsa ita ce "ƙididdigar sauti mai ƙarfi, wanda aka ba shi a cikin jerin matakan". Kira mai ƙararrawa shine "mai ƙarfi, mai makogwaro kuma mai maimaitawa 'kroa, kroa...' wanda aka haɗa da bayanin 'luuuii' 

## Matsayi
IUCN da farko ta tantance guan mai jan fuska a cikin 1988 a matsayin wanda ake barazana amma tun daga shekara ta 2004 ta sanya shi a matsayin wanda ba shi da damuwa sosai. Kodayake yana da iyakantaccen kewayon, yana faruwa a yankuna masu kariya da yawa kuma mazauninta na nesa da ba za a iya isa ba yana haifar da karancin matsin farauta fiye da yawancin sauran guans da ke karɓa.

## Manazarta
'Ya'yan itace, Utah

Fruita ita ce sanannen yanki a cikin Capitol Reef National Park a Wayne County, Utah, Amurka. Tana a wurin haɗuwar Kogin Fremont da Sulphur Creek . Duk da matsayinta na gari mai fatalwa, shine wurin zama na ma'aikatan National Park Service.

## Tarihi
An kafa Fruita a cikin 1880 ta ƙungiyar Mormon karkashin jagorancin Nels Johnson, a ƙarƙashin sunan Junction . Garin ya zama sananne da Fruita a cikin 1902 ko 1904. A cikin 1900, an kira Fruita The Eden of Wayne County saboda manyan gonakinsa. An watsar da Fruita a shekarar 1955 lokacin da National Park Service ta sayi garin don a **Haɗuwa** shi a cikin Capitol Reef National Park.

A yau ƙananan gine-gine sun kasance, ban da gidan makarantar da aka dawo da shi da gidan Gifford da shagon. Gidajen sun kasance, yanzu a ƙarƙashin mallakar National Park Service, kuma suna da kimanin itatuwa 2,500. NPS tana adana gonakin a matsayin "yanayin tarihi" kuma ƙananan ma'aikata suna kula da su ta hanyar yanka, ban ruwa, sake dasa su, da kuma yayyafa su.

An gina makarantar ɗaki ɗaya kuma an buɗe ta a cikin 1896. An koya wa ɗalibai kaɗan galibi a karatu, rubutu, da lissafi, amma lokacin da malamai suka iya, sun kuma yi nazarin wasu batutuwa kamar tarihi ko yanayin ƙasa. An kuma yi amfani da dakin don kwallaye da ayyukan addini. An gyara shi a cikin 1966 ta hanyar National Park Service . 

Fruita a halin yanzu ita ce zuciya da cibiyar gudanarwa ta Capitol Reef National Park.

## Al'adun gargajiya

* An yi amfani da shi azaman saiti don Western Five Bloody Graves 1970, bisa ga sharhin sauti na DVD.

## Yanayi
Dangane da tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, Fruita yana da yanayi mai tsaka-tsaki, wanda aka taƙaita "BSk" a kan taswirar yanayi.

## Manazarta
Chip da Dale Towers

**Chip da Dale Towers** sune hasumiyoyin sandstone guda biyu masu tsayi 300-foot (91) da ke cikin tsibirin a cikin Sky District na Canyonlands National Park, a cikin San Juan County, Utah . Hasumiyar Dale ta tashi zuwa tsawo na ƙafa 5,620 (mita 1,710), yayin da ƙananan Hasumiyar Chip tana da ƙafa 5,420. Hasumiyar Filin Jirgin Sama ta saita    zuwa kudu maso yamma, kuma Dead Horse Point State Park ya kasance    zuwa arewa maso gabas. Chip da Dale Towers wani nau'i ne mai lalacewa wanda ya ƙunshi Wingate Sandstone mai wuya, mai kyau, wanda shine ragowar dunes na yashi da aka ajiye kimanin shekaru miliyan 200 da suka gabata a cikin Late Triassic. Wannan Wingate Sandstone ya rufe wani nau'i mai laushi na Chinle Formation. Samun damar zuwa hasumiyoyin ta Hanyar White Rim Road mai ƙafa huɗu, da kuma tsalle-tsalle don isa tushe. A saman hasumiyoyin ya tashi sama da ƙafa 1,000 sama da hanya a kusan rabin mil. Ruwan sama daga Chip da Dale Towers yana gudana daga gabas zuwa Kogin Colorado da ke kusa.

## Hawan dutse
An fara hawa da 240-foot Chip Tower a watan Oktoba 1993 ta hanyar Jeff Widen da Jeff Singer ta hanyar Stuffin Nuts, (III, aji 5.9, A2) a gefen kudu. An fara hawa da hasumiyar Dale mai mita 330 a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 1994, ta hanyar Jeff Widen, Cameron Burns, da Jeff Singer, ta hanyar Boy's Night Out, (III, 5.9, Al, 3 filayen).   Ofishin kula da wuraren shakatawa na kasa na ɗan lokaci yana rufe damar zuwa waɗannan hanyoyin hawa don kare mazaunin namun daji don yin tumaki na hamada da kuma lokacin raptors (Maris zuwa Agusta). 

## Yanayi
Dangane da tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, hasumiyoyin suna cikin yankin sanyi mai tsaka-tsaki, wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar watan sanyi wanda ke da matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin jiki a ƙasa da -0 ° C (32 ° F) kuma aƙalla 50% na jimlar ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da ake karɓa a lokacin bazara da rani. Wannan yanayin hamada yana karɓar ƙasa da inci 10 (250 millimeters) na ruwan sama na shekara-shekara, kuma dusar ƙanƙara yawanci yana da sauƙi a lokacin hunturu.

## Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

Fayil:Chip_and_Dale_Towers_in_Utah.jpg|alt=Dale Tower centered, and Chip Tower to right, from the east.| Hasumiyar Dale ta tsakiya, da Chip Tower zuwa dama, daga gabas.
Fayil:Point_5931,_Chip_Tower,_Dale_Tower.jpg|alt=Point 5931 with Chip and Dale Towers to right| Point 5931 tare da Chip da Dale Towers zuwa dama


## Manazarta
Dokar da ta hana dawowar bayi

Dokar hana dawowar bayi doka ce da Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka ta zartar a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Amurka da ta hana dukkan jami'ai ko mutane a cikin rundunar soji ko aikin sojan ruwa don dawo da bayi da suka tsere ga bayinsu tare da taimakon ko amfani da dakarun da ke karkashin umarnin su.

Yayin da sojojin Tarayyar suka shiga yankin da aka mamaye a farkon shekarun yaƙin, masu bautar da aka ƙarfafa sun fara guduwa a bayan layin Tarayyar don tabbatar da 'yancinsu. Wasu kwamandoji sun sanya wadanda suka tsere suyi aiki da tono sansani, gina garu, da kuma yin wasu ayyukan sansanin. Irin waɗannan mutanen da suka tsere wa bautar sun zama ana kiransu "cin hanci da rashawa", kalmar da ke jaddada matsayinsu a matsayin dukiyar abokan gaba da aka kama. Sauran kwamandojin Sojoji sun mayar da wadanda suka tsere ga masu su. Majalisa ta amince da wannan aikin, tana buƙatar cewa duk wani jami'in da ya saba wa wannan doka a kore shi daga aiki bayan da Kotun Soja ta yanke masa hukunci.

## Rubutun aikin
"An amince da wani aiki don yin ƙarin labarin yaƙi" a ranar 13 ga Maris, 1862, tare da waɗannan kalmomi: Bari Majalisar Dattijai da Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka a cikin Majalisa suka kafa shi, Daga nan gaba za a gabatar da waɗannan a matsayin ƙarin labarin yaƙi ga gwamnatin sojojin Amurka, kuma za a yi biyayya da kiyaye su kamar haka:

--. Dukkanin jami'ai ko mutane a cikin aikin soja ko na sojan ruwa na Amurka an hana su yin amfani da kowane dakarun da ke ƙarƙashin umarnin su don dawo da 'yan gudun hijira daga aiki ko aiki, waɗanda ƙila sun tsere daga duk wani mutumin da ake da'awar irin wannan sabis ko aiki, kuma duk wani jami'in da kotun soji za a same shi da laifi na keta wannan labarin za a kore su daga aikin. 
 

## Manazarta
Dokar Anti-Lynching ta 1937

**Dokar Anti-Lynching** ta 1937, wanda aka fi sani da **Dokar Gavagan-Wagner** ko **Dokar Wagner-Gavagan**, wata doka ce ta adawa da kisan gilla wacce 'yan Democrat Joseph A. Gavagan da Robert F. Wagner suka tallafawa, dukansu biyu daga New York ne. An gabatar da shi ne don mayar da martani ga gazawar Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka don zartar da Dokar Costigan-Wagner ta 1934-35, kodayake Shugaba Roosevelt ya fi shirye don tallafawa Dokar 1937.

A shekara ta 1937, kisan gillar Roosevelt Townes da Robert McDaniels ya sami karbuwa ta kasa, kuma a sakamakon haka, an hukunta zaluncin ta sosai. Irin wannan tallace-tallace ya ba Joseph A. Gavagan (D-New York) damar samun goyon baya ga dokokin adawa da kisan gilla da ya gabatar a Majalisar Wakilai; 'yan Democrat Robert F. Wagner (New York) da Frederick Van Nuys (Indiana) sun goyi bayan shi a Majalisar Dattijai. Dokar ta wuce a cikin House da 277 zuwa 120,  amma jam'iyyar Democrat ta Kudu ta fito ta toshe shi a Majalisar Dattijai.  Sanata Allen Ellender (D-Louisiana) ya yi shelar cewa: "Za mu ci gaba da kiyaye fararen Amurka".

Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka ce ta zartar da lissafin tare da goyon baya daga 'yan Republican da' yan Democrat na Arewa. Ba ta wuce Majalisar Dattijai ba saboda wani filibuster da aka fara kuma ya jagoranci Texas New Deal rabuwa Tom Connally. An ga wannan a matsayin farkon kungiyar Kudancin da aka shirya. A cikin Majalisar Dattijai, duk 'yan Democrat na Kudancin da yawancin' yan Republican sun yi adawa da tsattsauran ra'ayi, tare da raba Great Plains da West.

Masu goyon bayan dokar sun yi jayayya cewa kisan kai babban gazawar mulkin doka ne da kuma tsari da ya dace. Masu adawa da dokar sun yi jayayya cewa bisa ga tsarin mulki, kisan gilla lamari ne na Jiha maimakon batun Tarayya, kisan kai ya riga ya ragu don haka dokar tarayya ba ta da mahimmanci, kuma dokar kisan gashin gilla ta tarayya ba za ta iya aiwatar da ita ba.

## Manazarta
Taron da ya shafi Amfani da Mata da Dare

Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi Ayyukan Mata a cikin Dare sune tarurruka da Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO) ta tsara wanda ke hana mata yin aikin masana'antu da dare. An karɓi taron farko a cikin 1919 (a matsayin C04, taƙaita Yarjejeniyar Ayyukan Dare (Mata), 1919) kuma an karɓi fasalin da aka sake fasalin a cikin 1934 (C41, Yarjejeniyar Aikin Dare (Mata) (An sake fasalin), 1934) da 1948 (C89, Yarjejeniyar Night Work (An sake sabunta), 1948). An karɓi yarjejeniya (P89, Yarjejeniya ga Yarjejeniyar Aikin Dare (Mata) (An sake dubawa), 1948) zuwa taron a cikin 1990 yana ba da izinin sauƙaƙe ƙuntatawa a ƙarƙashin yanayi. Ya zuwa watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2011 taron yana da tabbatarwa 27, 15, 46 (ba a san su ba) bi da bi. An tabbatar da yarjejeniyar 5 kuma 2.

## Abun ciki
Dukkanin tarurruka uku sun bayyana aikin dare a matsayin aiki a cikin sa'o'i 11 ciki har da lokacin 10 na yamma da 6 na safe. Hana aiki ga mata shine don aikin masana'antu: hakar ma'adinai, masana'antu da kuma gini da kulawa. A cikin taron na 1934 an haɗa tanadi yana ba da izinin aiki a cikin ayyukan gudanarwa, yayin da a cikin 1948 an haɗa yiwuwar dakatar da taron "lokacin da aka samu gaggawa mai tsanani amfanin ƙasa ya buƙace shi".

## Shirye-shiryen fasaha
Dukkanin tarurruka sun fara aiki a kan ko watanni 12 bayan tabbatar da kasashe biyu na ILO. Don taron farko, aiwatar da doka dole ne ya yi aiki a ranar 1 ga Yulin 1922 a ƙarshe. Yarjejeniyar da aka sake sabuntawa da yarjejeniyar sun fara aiki watanni 12 bayan tabbatarwa. Kamar yadda ya saba a cikin tarurrukan ILO na baya, shiga cikin 1948 ta atomatik yana nufin yin tir da taron 1932 (amma ba taron 1919 ba). Ana iya ƙara yin zargi a kowace shekara 10 a cikin shekara bayan 10th, 20th, 30th da dai sauransu.

## Kasashen membobin
Bayani game da yawan tabbatar da taron an nuna shi a ƙasa.

Kamar yadda tabbatarwa ba ta nuna rashin amincewa da yarjejeniyar 1919 ba, kasashe da yawa suna cikin yarjejeniyar 1919 da 1932 (11) ko 1948 (8). A yau, ana ganin waɗannan tarurruka a matsayin nuna bambanci kuma sun saba wa Ka'idar daidaito, kuma saboda haka kasashe da yawa sun yi tir da su. Misali, kasashe da yawa sun fara tabbatar da yarjejeniyar 1948, amma daga baya (musamman a cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990) da yawa daga cikin wadannan kasashe sun yi tir da ita.

## Manazarta
Yarjejeniyar Jama'a

***''Yarjejeniya'' Jama'a*** jerin takardun shaida ne, wanda aka buga tsakanin 1647 da 1649, don canje-canjen kundin tsarin mulki ga jihar Ingila. An buga nau'ikan Yarjejeniyar da yawa, kowannensu ya dace da magance ba kawai damuwa ba har ma da takamaiman batutuwa a lokacin sauye-sauyen siyasa na waɗannan shekarun. Yarjejeniyar Jama'a an fi danganta ta a matsayin Bayyanawa Levellers amma kuma masu tayar da kayar baya da Babban Majalisar Sabon Model Army sun buga su.

## Fassara
Manyan sassan da aka buga na *Yarjejeniya* sun hada da:

* "Yarjejeniyar Jama'a don zaman lafiya mai ƙarfi da na yanzu, bisa ga dalilai na haƙƙin kowa da 'yanci ...", wanda aka gabatar wa Majalisar Sojoji a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1647.
* "Yarjejeniyar Jama'ar Ingila, da wuraren da aka haɗa da su, don amintacce da zaman lafiya na yanzu, bisa ga haƙƙin kowa, 'yanci da aminci", wanda aka gabatar wa Majalisar Rump a watan Janairun shekara ta 1649.
* "AN AGREEMENT OF THE Free People of England. An gabatar da shi a matsayin Kyautar Zaman Lafiya ga wannan Al'umma mai wahala", wanda aka faɗaɗa daga shugabannin Leveller, "Lieutenant Colonel John Lilburne, Master William Walwyn, Master Thomas Prince, da Master Richard Overton, Fursunoni a Hasumiyar Landan, Mayu 1. 1649. "

## Ci gaba
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan Yaƙin basasar Ingila na farko, *Yarjejeniya* ita ce batun Tattaunawar Putney a cikin shekara ta 1647. Babban ka'idojin wannan *Yarjejeniya* ta farko sune: 'yancin addini, taron sabbin majalisun dokoki akai-akai da daidaito a gaban doka. Wadannan ka'idoji sun bayyana a cikin sassan da suka gabata na manifesto. Yayin da aka tambayi waɗannan mahimman shawarwari, an kara wasu tanadi; alal misali Roman Katolika an cire su daga haƙƙin 'yancin addini, kuma za a yi masu jefa kuri'a da "duk maza masu shekaru ɗaya da ashirin da sama (ba ma'aikata ba, ko karɓar sadaka, ko kuma sun yi aiki a cikin marigayi Sarki a cikin Makamai ko Gudummawar son rai). "

Levellers suna fatan kafa sabon kundin tsarin mulki Ingila a kan *Yarjejeniyar Jama'a.* Amma a ƙarshe, Sabon Model Army ya dogara da bukatun su a kan wani takarda mai ban sha'awa, Shugabannin Shawarwari, wanda Grandees (manyan jami'ai) na Sojoji suka gabatar da kuma tallafawa.

An yi imanin cewa *Yarjejeniya* tana da "matsayi sosai ga ci gaban Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka".[ed]

## Kyauta
Mai fafutukar 'yanci na Amurka David Boaz ya kira *Yarjejeniya* "bayani na farko da aka inganta game da' yanci", yana mai lura da goyon bayanta ga "mallaka kai, dukiya mai zaman kanta, daidaito na shari'a, haƙuri na addini, da iyakantaccen, gwamnati mai wakilci. "

## Manazarta
Masana'antar gandun daji a Finland

**Masana'antar gandun daji a [[Finland]]** ta ƙunshi masana'antar gandu daji ta inji (tafiye) da sinadarai (takarda da kwaya). Finland tana daya daga cikin manyan masu samar da katako, takarda da katako a duniya kuma daya daga cikin masu samar da itace a Turai. Masana'antar gandun daji kai tsaye da kai tsaye tana daukar ma'aikata kusan mutane 160,000 a Finland. Sakamakon masana'antar ya karu sosai a cikin al'ummar da ke kewaye.

Tun a karni na 17 aka fara tuki a Finland (tukinuitto) inda ake amfani da dogayen koguna irin su Oulujoki, Iijoki da Kemijoki.  Jimlar tsawon hanyoyin da katako ke iyo a Finland ya kai kilomita 40,000.[1]  Ganin muhimmancin tattalin arziki na aikin, dokar ruwa ta Finnish ta bayyana cewa "sai dai in ba haka ba doka ta tanada, kowa yana da hakkin, ba tare da yin lahani ba, cutarwa ko damuwa, don…  Har yanzu ana shirya gasa ta direbobi a Finland kowace shekara - Tukkilaiskisat. &nbsp;

A cikin 2014 darajar samar da masana'antar gandun daji a Finland, gami da masana'antun kayan ɗaki, ya kai Yuro biliyan 20.7. Wannan ya kasance kashi 18% na duk samar da masana'antu. Masana'antar gandun daji ta dauki ma'aikatan masana'antu 15% a Finland. Masana'antar gandun daji ita ce babbar hanyar samun kudin shiga ga yankuna da yawa a Finland. Yana da kusan kashi 20 cikin 100 na duk fitar da kayayyaki na Finland.

Masana'antar gandun daji ta sinadarai (wanda aka fi sani da masana'antar takarda da kwaya) tana samar da takarda, katako da kwaya. Finland tana da ma'adanai 25 na takarda, 14 na katako da 15 na pulp. A shekara ta 2014 sun dauki ma'aikata 22 000.&nbsp;

Masana'antar gandun daji ta inji tana samar da abubuwa na katako ta hanyar inji: sawing, juyawa da manne. Sawmills sune mafi girman ma'aikaci a bangaren. Sawmills da samar da allon suna da sarrafa kansa sosai, amma har yanzu ana buƙatar ƙwarewar hannu a cikin masassaƙa. Masana'antar gandun daji tana daukar ma'aikata 26 000 a Finland. Bugu da ƙari 9000 suna da aiki a cikin samar da kayan ɗaki. Har ila yau, akwai kimanin masana'antun masana'antu 130 da sauran kamfanoni a cikin masana'antar kayan katako.&nbsp;

Kamfanoni mafi girma sune Stora Enso, UPM-Kymmene da Metsä Board. A cikin 2005-2015 dole ne su watsar da kusan rabin ma'aikatansu yayin da samar da takarda ke raguwa. Kamfanoni suna neman sabon ci gaba a cikin kayan kwalliya da sunadarai na katako.

## Manazarta
Ranar Tawaye ga ERA

**Ranar Tawa ga ERA** wani taron ne a shekarar 1982 wanda masu gwagwarmaya suka shirya don tallafawa Kwaskwarimar Daidaitaccen Haƙƙi a lokacin gwagwarmayar ƙarshe don tabbatarwa a Illinois.

## Bayani game da taron
Ranar Tawaye ta faru ne a ranar 3 ga Yuni, 1982. An tsara shi ne bayan bangaren masu fafutuka na ƙungiyar mata kuma sun shirya ƙungiyar da aka sani da A Grassroots Group of Second Class Citizens . Ayyukan jagora sun haɗa da mata da ke ɗaure kansu zuwa ƙofar majalisar dattijai. Mai halarta Sai Lee Sargent daga Champaign, Illinois ya ce, "A cikin yunkurin sufuri, ana kiran wannan zanga-zangar ta'addanci. "  Kungiyar ta mamaye babban birnin na kwanaki hudu.  Wasu daga cikin mata har ma sun kwanta a cikin sarƙoƙi.

Kimanin mutane 200 sun shiga cikin wannan aikin.  Mata sun ƙarfafa 'yan majalisa da karfi su 'yantar da su daga nuna bambanci bisa ga jima'i. Sun yi ihu "daidaitawa yanzu, karya sarƙoƙi" da kuma "muna so ERA".  Wannan zanga-zangar ta faru ne tare da azumi da aka sani da Mata Yunwa don Adalci. 

## Masu halarta
Mutane 17 ne suka halarci wannan taron. Wadanda suka halarci taron sun hada da:

* Berenice Carroll
* Pauline Kayes
* Kari Alice Lynn
* Loretta Manning
* Mary Lee Sargent

## Manazarta
Dokar Benjamin Franklin ta Gaskiya

**Dokar Benjamin Franklin ta Gaskiya** (H.R. 3171) lissafi ne da aka gabatar a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka da aka nufa don sake duba Dokar Amurka ta PATRIOT da ta wuce a baya. An tura lissafin zuwa ƙananan kwamitoci inda ya lalace ba tare da an dauki mataki ba kafin ƙarshen Majalisar Dattijai ta 108 ta Amurka. Dole ne a sake gabatar da lissafin don a sake la'akari da shi.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya
Wakilan Dennis Kucinich ( D - Ohio ) da Ron Paul ( R - Texas ) ne suka dauki nauyin lissafin,  tare da masu tallafawa 27, duk 'yan Democrat banda Ron Paul. Manufar ita ce a sake nazarin Dokar PATRIOT ta Amurka don tabbatar da cewa ba ta "tauya 'yancin walwala ba da dacewa ba."  Sunansa, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Sak. 2, A'a. 1, yana nufin Benjamin Franklin 's sanannen zance, " Wadanda za su daina Mahimmancin 'Yanci, don siyan Tsaro na ɗan lokaci kaɗan, ba su cancanci 'Yanci ko Tsaro ba ." 

Dokar tana da burin ƙirƙirar lokacin bita na kwanaki 90 wanda za'a iya cire sassan Sashe na 4-10 na Dokar PATRIOT ta Amurka. Waɗannan fannoni za su hada da: amfani da wiretaps, bincike na sirri, tsare-tsare da korar wadanda ba 'yan ƙasa ba, saka idanu kan cibiyoyin addini da kuma buƙatar cewa masu binciken kaya na filin jirgin sama su zama' yan Amurka. An gabatar da wannan lissafin ga Majalisar a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2003, kuma an tura shi ga kananan kwamitoci don la'akari. Ba a dauki wani mataki ba kafin karshen Majalisa ta 108.

## Taimako
Kudirin da aka gabatar ya sami tallafin da ba kasafai ba daga duka biyun hagu da kuma na masu sassaucin ra'ayi na dama saboda damuwar cewa Dokar PATRIOT ta Amurka ta wuce gona da iri wajen kawar da muhimman yanci da 'yancin walwala.  Bugu da ƙari ga membobin Majalisar, lissafin da aka gabatar yana da manyan magoya bayansa, ciki har da Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Jama'a ta Amirka (ACLU), NAACP  da kuma ƙungiyoyi masu yawa a cikin al'ummar Yahudawa.  Masu tallafawa sun yarda cewa ba sa tsammanin lissafin zai wuce, amma suna kula da shi an kawo shi don ƙarfafa muhawara game da batutuwan da suka shafi Dokar Patriot mai rikitarwa.  Yawancin biranen, ciki har da San Francisco, sun riga sun wuce matakan yin Allah wadai da Dokar Patriot. 

## Manazarta
Babban gundumar majalisa ta Guam

**Babban gundumar majalisa ta [[Guam]]** ta ƙunshi dukkan yanki na yankin Guam na Amurka.  An wakilta Guam a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka tun daga 1972. Wakilinsa na farko, Antonio Borja Won Pat, ya kasance yana aiki a matsayin wakilin Washington don neman wakilai tun 1965, wanda aka zaba na shekaru hudu a 1964 da 1968. A halin yanzu shi ne wakilin Republican James Moylan 2.

## Jerin wakilai da ke wakiltar gundumar

## Sakamakon zaben kwanan nan
Tasirin kusurwar rana akan yanayi

Adadin wutar lantarki da aka karɓa a kowane wuri a Duniya yana da tasiri kai tsaye na kusurwa Rana akan yanayi, kamar yadda kusurwar da Hasken rana ya buge Duniya ya bambanta da wuri, lokacin rana, da kuma lokacin saboda yanayin duniya a kusa da Rana da Juyawa na Duniya a kusa da axis dinta. Canjin yanayi a cikin kusurwar hasken rana, wanda ya haifar da karkatawar axis na Duniya, shine ainihin hanyar da ke haifar da yanayin zafi a lokacin rani fiye da hunturu. Canji a Tsawon rana wani abu ne (ko da yake karami).  

## Geometry na kusurwar rana

**Hoto na 1** ya gabatar da yanayin lokacin da hasken rana ya haskaka a Duniya a ƙananan kusurwa (Sun kusa da sararin samaniya), makamashi na hasken rana yana yadawa a kan yanki mafi girma, sabili da haka yana da rauni fiye da idan Sun ya fi girma kuma makamashi yana mai da hankali kan karamin yanki.

**Hoto na 2** yana nuna hasken rana mil daya (1.6  mai faɗuwa a ƙasa daga kai tsaye sama, kuma wani yana buga ƙasa a kusurwar 30 °. Trigonometry ya gaya mana cewa sine na kusurwar 30 ° shine 1/2, yayin da sine na kusurwa 90 ° shine 1. Sabili da haka, hasken rana da ke buga ƙasa a kusurwar 30 ° yana yada adadin haske iri ɗaya a kan sau biyu fiye da yanki (idan muka yi tunanin Rana tana haskakawa daga kudu da tsakar rana, faɗin arewa maso kudu ya ninka sau biyu; faɗin gabas zuwa yamma ba haka ba). Sakamakon haka, adadin hasken da ke faɗuwa a kowane murabba'in mil shine rabin kawai.

**Hoto na 3** ya nuna kusurwar hasken rana da ke mamaye Duniya a Arewa da Kudancin Hemispheres lokacin da aka karkatar da arewacin duniya daga Rana, lokacin da hunturu ne a arewa da kuma lokacin rani a kudu.

## Rashin aiki, yanayi, da yanayi
Bambancin kusurwar rana yana haifar da bambancin yanayin zafi tsakanin ƙananan latitudes da mafi girma, kuma tsakanin hunturu da rani a wannan latitude (ko da yake "winter" da "summer" sun fi rikitarwa a cikin wurare masu zafi. 

A madaidaiciyar latitude, girman bambancin yanayi a cikin kusurwar rana (kuma ta haka ne bambancin zafin jiki na yanayi) daidai yake da ninki biyu na duniya. Misali, tare da karkatacciyar kusurwa ita ce 23 °, kuma a latitude na 45 °, to, kusurwar rana ta bazara ita ce 68 ° (ba da zunubi (68 °) = 93% insolation a farfajiya), yayin da mafi ƙarancin kusurwar hasken rana ta hunturu ita ce 22 ° (bawar zunubi (22 °) = 37% insolation at the surface). Don haka, mafi girma axial tilt, mafi karfi da seasons' bambance-bambance a wani da aka ba da latitude.

## Manazarta
Stanley Rensch

**E. Stanley Rensch** (18 ga Afrilu 1940 - 10 ga Nuwamba 2024) ya kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam na Surinamese.

## manazarta
An haifi Rensch a Ganzee a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 1940, sannan ya koma Netherlands a shekarar 1960, inda ya yi karatun ilimin koyarwa a Utrecht. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya dawo Suriname a shekarar 1973 kuma ya yi aiki a Ma’aikatar Ilimi da Ci gaban Al’umma. Burinsa shine inganta tsarin ilimi kafin samun ‘'Yancin kai na kasa.

Bayan juyin mulkin soja na Suriname na shekarar 1980 da kuma kisan mutane na watan Disamba na 1982, Rensch ya zama mai tsananin suka ga mulkin soja karkashin jagorancin Desi Bouterse. A shekarar 1987, Rensch ya kafa ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam mai suna Moiwana '86, wanda aka yi wa suna ne daga kisan gillar Moiwana na shekarar 1986 a lokacin Yaƙin Cikin Gida na Suriname. Ta wannan ƙungiyar, ya yi rubuce-rubuce game da take haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma ya ba da taimako ga waɗanda abin ya shafa da iyalansu.

Rensch ya mutu a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2024, yana da shekaru 84. 

## Reference
Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1990

**Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1990** lissafi ce da, da an sanya hannu a cikin doka, da ta sauƙaƙa masu shigar da kara a cikin launin fata ko shari'ar nuna bambanci na jima'i su ci nasara. An gabatar da shi a cikin Majalisa ta 101 ta Amurka a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 1990, ta Sanata Edward Kennedy (D-MA) a Majalisar Dattijan Amurka, da kuma Augustus Hawkins (D-CA) a cikin Majalisar Wakilai. Yayinda yake tafiya ta hanyar Majalisa, an dauki lissafin a matsayin fifiko na farko na kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama. Ba da daɗewa ba kafin lissafin ya kai ga teburin Shugaban Amurka na lokacin George H. W. Bush, farfesa a Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard Charles Fried ya soki shi. A cikin wani *[[New York Times]]* op-ed, Fried (memba mai daraja na Tarayyar Tarayya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Solicitor Janar a cikin Gwamnatin Reagan daga 1985-1989 ), ya rubuta cewa bayanin lissafin a matsayin mafi mahimmancin dokar kare hakkin bil'adama a cikin karni na kwata shine "wani flimflam na hulɗar jama'a da aka yi ta hanyar lauyoyin masu kare hakkin bil-hadar jama'adama". Ya kammala da cewa Bush ya kamata ya "ya gabatar da wannan lissafin a cikin tsari".

A ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 1990, Shugaba Bush ya soke dokar, yana mai da'awar cewa "yana amfani da labaran harshe mai mahimmanci don gabatar da ikon lalacewa na ƙididdigar a cikin tsarin aikinmu na ƙasa. "  Gwamnatin Bush ta yi jayayya cewa tanadin lissafin ya isa ya ba masu aiki "mai ƙarfi" don karɓar ƙididdigatattun. Magoya bayan lissafin sun yi jayayya cewa, sabanin ikirarin Bush, lissafin ba zai haifar da masu daukar ma'aikata su karɓi ƙididdiga ba. Alal misali, Benjamin Hooks, babban darakta na NAACP a lokacin, ya ce yana "a cikin asarar" game da dalilin da ya sa Bush ya bayyana dokar a matsayin lissafin lissafi. Majalisa ta yi ƙoƙari ta soke veto dinsa a ranar 24 ga Oktoba, amma yunkurin da suka yi ya gaza a Majalisar Dattijai da kuri'a daya don cimma kashi biyu bisa uku da ake bukata.

## Manazarta
Dokar Amurkawa ta nakasassu ta shekarar 1990

**Dokar Amurkawa da ke da nakasa ta 1990** ko **ADA** (42 U.S.C. §) doka ce ta kare hakkin bil'adama wacce ta haramta nuna bambanci bisa ga nakasa. Yana ba da irin wannan kariya daga nuna bambanci ga Amurkawa masu nakasa kamar Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964,  wanda ya sanya nuna bambanci bisa ga launin fata, Addini, Jima'i, asalin ƙasa, da sauran halaye ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma daga baya jima'i da jinsi. Bugu da kari, ba kamar Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ba, ADA kuma tana buƙatar masu ba da sabis da aka rufe su samar da masauki mai ma'ana ga ma'aikatan da ke da nakasa, kuma suna sanya buƙatun Samun dama a kan wuraren zama na jama'a.

In A shekara ta 1986, Majalisar Kula da Naƙasassu ta Kasa ta ba da shawarar aiwatar da Dokar Amurkawa da Naƙasasshe kuma ta tsara fasalin farko na lissafin wanda aka gabatar a cikin House da Senate a shekarar 1988. Kungiyoyin jam'iyyun biyu na 'yan majalisa sun goyi bayan ADA, yayin da lissafin ya yi adawa da bukatun kasuwanci (waɗanda suka yi jayayya da lissafin da ya sanya farashi a kan kasuwanci) da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya (waɗaya suka yi adawa le kariya ga mutanen da ke fama da kwayar cutar kanjamau).  Shugaba George H. W. Bush ya sanya hannu kan dokar karshe a ranar 26 ga Yuli, 1990. Daga baya aka gyara shi a cikin 2008 kuma Shugaba George W. Bush ya sanya hannu tare da canje-canje masu tasiri a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2009IV)..

### Rubuce-rubuce

## Manazarta
Matar Lutu (dutse)

Matar Lutu (, Sōfu-iwa ko Sōfugan; "Dutse na gwauruwa") tsibiri ne na hamada mai fitattun wuta wanda ke cikin Tekun Philippine kimanin kilomita 650 (400  kudu daga bakin tekun Tokyo, a kudancin Tsibirin Izu, Japan . Kodayake kawai 0.01 km2 a yankin, ya kai kusan mita 100 a tsawo.&nbsp;

## Yanayin ƙasa

Tsibirin ginshiƙi ne na basalt tare da bangarori masu tsawo, kawai ɓangaren bayyane na caldera na dutsen wuta mai zurfi wanda ya kai kilomita 2.6 (1.6  kudu maso gabas a matsakaicin zurfin mita 240 (790 . Yankin da ke sama a matakin teku yana da kimanin mita 84 gabas zuwa yamma da mita 56 arewa maso kudu, tare da tsawo na mita 99 (325 . Yankunan tsibirin suna da haɗin ƙasa da yawa da ke fuskantar saman ruwa.

Tsibirin yana da kusan kilomita 650 (400  kudu daga bakin tekun Tokyo da kilomita 76 (47  daga tsibirin Torishima da ke kusa. Saboda siffarta da manyan teku, kusan ba zai yiwu a sauka a tsibirin ba, kodayake Masu hawan dutse sun yi ƙoƙari a cikin 1972 da 2003 (ko da yake an yi rajistar haɗari da yawa). Wani balaguron kimiyya ya ziyarci tsibirin a cikin 2017 tare da ma'aikatan fim na NHK. An nuna wannan balaguron a cikin wani labari na jerin shirye-shiryen NHK Documentary, wanda aka watsa a watan Fabrairun 2019. 

Har ila yau, an san shafin ne saboda bayyanar ruwan da ke kewaye da shi da yawan kifi, wanda ya sa ya zama sanannen wurin nutsewa.

Shuke-shuke kawai a tsibirin shine 'yan tarin Poaceae, kuma tsibirin yana jan hankalin ƙananan tsuntsayen teku don yin gida. Guano na tsuntsaye yana yin fararen layi a kan dutse.

## Tarihi
A ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 1788, ɗan kasuwa na Burtaniya John Meares ya ga abin da ya zo ya bayyana a matsayin "abin da ya fi ban mamaki" da ya taɓa sa idanunsa, wani ƙaramin tsibiri shi da ma'aikatan jirgin sun yanke shawarar yin baftisma a matsayin Matar Lutu, yana nufin Littafin Farawa 19:26. Sunan Jafananci Sōfu Iwa ("The Widow Crag") an fassara shi kyauta daga Turanci.

A lokacin Yaƙin Pacific, Sofu Gan ya yi amfani da Sofu Gan a matsayin alamar bincike don daidaita kayan aiki yayin da suka shiga ruwan Japan. Tsibirin da ba a zaune ba kuma ba a zaune a ciki shi ne tsibirin Japan mafi kudancin da Amurka ba ta mamaye ba bayan Yarjejeniyar San Francisco ta 1952. A halin yanzu yana cikin ɓangaren gudanarwa na Tokyo Metropolis .

## Manazarta
Yarjejeniyar kan Kasar Mata

**Yarjejeniyar kan Kasar Mata** ita ce yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa ta farko da aka amince da ita game da haƙƙin mata. Ƙungiyar Pan American Union ce ta karbe shi a 1933 a Montevideo, Uruguay .  Wakilan daga Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Jamhuriyar Dominica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Amurka, Uruguay, da Venezuela sun tabbatar da shi. Wakilan daga El Salvador, Honduras, da Amurka sun yi ajiyar da ke ƙarƙashin sake fasalin majalisa na dokokin cikin gida.

A taron Codification na Hague a cikin 1930, an gabatar da batun dokokin nuna bambanci na kasa. A kasashe da yawa, mata sun rasa 'yancin su a lokacin aure  kuma ba su da iko akan dukiyarsu ko yara. Bayan binciken shekaru da yawa da Hukumar Mata ta Amurka ta kammala, Doris Stevens ta gabatar da binciken da suka samu wanda ke nuna bambancin dokokin da ke kula da zama ɗan ƙasa tsakanin maza da mata ga wakilai. Taron Kasa da Kasa na Bakwai na Jihohin Amurka ya amince da cewa "Ba za a sami bambanci bisa ga jima'i game da ƙasa, a cikin dokokinsu ko a cikin ayyukansu ba".

Wannan yarjejeniya, wacce ta shafi matsayin kasashe membobin kawai a Amurka,  ita ce farkon binciken Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan batun kasa da aka fara a shekarar 1948.  Yarjejeniyar kan Kasar Mata Masu Aure ta wuce a shekara ta 1957, ta ba da kariya ga mata a bayan Amurka.

## Manazarta
Ƙudurin Brazil

An gabatar da **Ƙudurin Brazil** ga Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekara ta 2003. Kudurin ya rufe haƙƙin ɗan adam da yanayin Jima'i. Ya zo ne a karkashin Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam, zaman hamsin da tara, abu na 17 a kan ajanda.

An jinkirta tattaunawar ƙudurin a shekara ta 2004 saboda an ji cewa ba za a wuce shi ba. An tattauna sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da yanayin jima'i da asalin jinsi a Babban Taron a ranar 18 ga Disamba 2008.

## Ƙaddamarwa
Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Kanada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Faransa, Jamus, Girka, Ireland, Italiya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden da United Kingdom sun goyi bayan daftarin.

Kudurin ya sake tabbatar da sanarwar kare hakkin dan adam ta duniya, Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu, Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan 'Yanfin Bil'adama da Siyasa, Yarjejeniyaa kan kawar da dukkan nau'o'in nuna bambanci ga Mata, Yarjejeniyarsa kan azabtarwa da Sauran, Rashin Mutum ko Ragewa da Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yankin Yara. Ya tabbatar da daidaito da hakkoki marasa izini na dukkan mutane, cewa Universal Declaration of Human Rights ya tabbatar da ka'idar rashin yarda da nuna bambanci, kuma cewa ilimin haƙƙin ɗan adam shine mabuɗin canza halayen da halayyar da kuma inganta girmamawa ga bambancin al'ummomi.

## Ƙaddamarwa
Kudurin ya kunshi maganganu shida masu zuwa 

# Ya nuna damuwa mai zurfi game da faruwar keta haƙƙin ɗan adam a duniya a kan mutane bisa ga yanayin jima'i.
# Ya nace cewa haƙƙin ɗan adam da 'yanci na asali sune haƙƙin haihuwa na dukan ɗan adam, cewa yanayin duniya na waɗannan haƙƙoƙi da' yanci ba shi da wata tambaya kuma bai kamata a hana jin daɗin irin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin da' yancin ta kowace hanya ba bisa tushen jima'i.
# Yana kira ga dukkan jihohi da su inganta da kuma kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na dukkan mutane ba tare da la'akari da yanayin jima'i ba.
# Ya lura da kulawar da aka ba wa take hakkin dan adam bisa ga yanayin jima'i ta hanyar hanyoyin musamman a cikin rahotonsu ga Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam, da kuma hukumomin sa ido na yarjejeniya, kuma yana ƙarfafa duk hanyoyin musamman na Hukumar, a cikin aikinsu, don ba da kulawa ga batun;
# Ya nemi Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam ya mai da hankali ga keta haƙƙin ɗan adam bisa tushen jima'i.
# Ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da la'akari da batun a zamansa na sittin a karkashin wannan batun.

## Manazarta
Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 2003

**Dokar Yarjejeniyar Turai ta 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 2003** wani aiki ne na majalisar dokokin Ireland, Oireachtas, wanda ya ba da ƙarin tasiri ga Yarjejeniyar Tarayyar Turai kan' yancin Dan Adam a cikin dokar Irish.  Ya yi kama da Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Burtaniya ta 1998. 

Dokar ba ta haɗa yarjejeniyar cikin dokar Irish ba, amma a maimakon haka tana buƙatar kotuna su fassara doka daidai da yarjejeniyar yadda za a iya yin hakan, kuma tana buƙatar wasu hukumomin jama'a su yi ayyukansu ta hanyar da ta dace da yarjejeniyar, sai dai idan doka ta hana su. Dokar ta kuma ba da cewa kotuna na iya yin sanarwar rashin jituwa game da keta haƙƙin yarjejeniya, amma ba kamar sanarwar cewa doka ta ƙyama ga kundin tsarin mulki ba, sanarwar rashin daidaituwa ba ta da tasiri a kan ci gaba da inganci da aiwatar da wannan doka.

## Babban tanadi
Sashe na 2 na Dokar ya buƙaci cewa, dangane da ka'idojin da ke akwai na fassarar doka, Kotuna ya kamata su yi amfani da ka'idodin doka da tanadin doka don su dace da yarjejeniyar.

Sashe na 3 ya buƙaci cewa, dangane da duk wani tanadi na dokar cikin gida, 'ƙungiyoyin jihar' dole ne su yi ayyukansu ta hanyar da ta dace da yarjejeniyar. Duk wanda ke fama da rauni, asarar ko lalacewa sakamakon irin wannan gazawar jiki don yin wannan yana da damar lalacewa. Sashe na 1 ya bayyana wani bangare na jihar a matsayin kotun ko wani bangare da aka kafa ko kowane bangare wanda ake amfani da ikon Jiha.

Sashe na 5 na Dokar ya ba kotuna ikon yin sanarwa cewa tanadi na doka ko dokar doka ta al'ada ba ta dace da yarjejeniyar ba. Irin wannan sanarwa ba ta sa dokar da ake tambaya ba ta da inganci, maimakon haka Taoiseach ya tilasta kawo duk wani irin wannan sanarwa ga Dáil da Seanad Éireann. Mai gabatar da kara wanda aka ba shi sanarwar rashin jituwa na iya karɓar diyya ta kuɗi daidai da ka'idodin gamsuwa mai adalci a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 41 na yarjejeniyar, amma kyautar irin wannan diyya gaba ɗaya tana cikin ikon Gwamnati.

Yarjejeniyar kanta an tsara ta a cikin jadawalin 1-4 na Dokar.

## Muhimmin Shari'a

### Carmody v Ministan Shari'a
*[[Carmody v Minister for Justice|Carmody v Ministan Shari'a]]*  ita ce yanke shawara ta Babban Kotun kuma babbar shari'a ta farko da ta magance sabuwar dokar. Carmody manomi ne wanda aka tuhume shi da laifuka da yawa a karkashin Dokar Cututtukan Dabbobi ta 1966.  Ya kalubalanci gazawar Jiha na samar masa da taimakon shari'a kyauta, yana mai da'awar cewa ya saba wa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ireland da Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam. A cikin hukuncinta, Ms. Justice Laffoy ta yi amfani da Dokar gujewa kuma ta kammala cewa, idan babu wata sanarwa a cikin Dokar da ta saba da ita, kotun ya kamata ta yi hukunci a kan batun Yarjejeniyar kafin ta bincika tsarin mulki. Mai shigar da kara ya rasa duka biyun. Wasu masu sharhi sun karɓi wannan shawarar ba daidai ba.

## Manazarta
Sanarwar Tsaro ga Mata da Yara a cikin Gaggawa da Rikicin Makamai

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da sanarwar kare mata da yara a cikin gaggawa da rikice-rikicen makamai a shekara ta 1974 kuma ta fara aiki a wannan shekarar. Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ce ta gabatar da shi, a kan dalilin cewa mata da yara galibi sune wadanda ke fama da yaƙe-yaƙe, tashin hankali na farar hula, da sauran yanayin gaggawa da ke sa su sha wahala "ayyukan rashin mutunci kuma saboda haka su sha wahala mai tsanani".

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya
Sanarwar ta bayyana cewa mata da yara suna fama da zalunci a lokacin rikici saboda "matsi, tashin hankali, mulkin mallaka, wariyar launin fata, mamayar baƙi da mamayar kasashen waje". Sanarwar ta haramta kai hare-hare da bama-bamai ga fararen hula (Mataki na 1) da kuma amfani da makamai masu guba da kwayoyin halitta a kan fararen hula. Mataki na 3 ya buƙaci jihohi su bi Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta 1925 da Yarjejeniyar Ginebra ta 1949. Sanarwar ta kuma buƙaci kasashe su dauki matakai don kawo karshen "tsoro, azabtarwa, matakan azabtarwa da wulakanci" musamman lokacin da aka yi musu niyya ga mata da yara, da kuma amincewa da "kotu, azabtar da mutane, azabtarwar jama'a, azabtartarwa, lalata gidaje, da fitar da karfi" a matsayin aikata laifuka.

Wasu hakkoki da ba za a iya cirewa ba kuma an tsara su a cikin sanarwar, kamar samun damar samun abinci, mafaka, da kulawar likita, waɗanda za a ba mata da yara da aka kama a cikin yanayin gaggawa.

A ƙarshe, Sanarwar ta ambaci yanayin ɗaurewar wasu kayan aikin doka na duniya, suna kiran Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Alkawari kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa, Alkawari na Duniya kan' Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu, Sanarutar 'Yancin Yara. 

## Manazarta
Yanayin Tsibirin Cook

Tsibirin Cook yana cikin Oceania, a cikin Kudancin Tekun Pacific, kusan rabin tsakanin Hawaii da New Zealand. Ana iya raba ƙasar zuwa ƙungiyoyi biyu: Tsibirin Cook na Kudancin da Tsibirin Cook na Arewa. Rarotonga a cikin kudancin shine babban tsibirin. Duk sauran tsibirai an san su gaba ɗaya da *Pa Enua* ko tsibirin waje.

Yankunan tsibirin kudancin suna da girman har zuwa  kilomita 67 (26 sq  Rarotonga, yayin da babu ɗayan tsibirai na arewa da ya fi 'i kilomita 10 (3.9 sq . Tsibirin da suka fi yawan jama'a sune Rarotonga tare da yawan mutane 11,000 da Aitutaki tare da 1,800; babu ɗayan tsibirai da ke da fiye da 500, kuma wasu ba a zaune ba.

Ƙwayoyin ƙasa guda biyu suna kwance a cikin yankin Tsibirin Cook: dazuzzukan dazuzzuka masu zafi na Polynesia ta Tsakiya da dazuzzukan tsibiran na wurare masu zafi.  Daga Disamba zuwa Maris, tsibiran suna kan hanyar guguwa mai zafi, wanda mafi shaharar su shine cyclones Martin (1997) da Percy (2005).

## Tsibirin da reefs

An ba da umarnin tebur daga arewa zuwa kudu, amma ana iya sake tsara shi ta kowane shafi. Adadin sun fito ne daga ƙidayar jama'a ta 2021.

## Kididdiga

; Area