open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Jim May (masanin injiniya)

**James Richard May** (20 ga Yuli 1934 - 6 ga Yuni 2023) injiniyan sinadarai ne na Australiya kuma ƙwararren masani kan ƙarfe wanda ya kasance Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Binciken Masana'antar Ma'adanai ta Australiya (AMIRA) tsakanin 1968 da 1994.  Ya kuma kasance a cikin kwamitocin ilimi daban-daban a cibiyoyi da ƙungiyoyi da dama. 

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Jim May a Kensington Gardens, Adelaide a cikin 1934 ga Eric May da Ellen Miners .Yana da 'yan'uwa maza biyu: John da Lynton May. 

Tsakanin 1946 da 1951, May ya yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta Adelaide  inda ya shiga shekaru da yawa kafin ya kammala karatu a ƙarshen 1951. Daga 1952, ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Adelaide inda ya kammala karatun digiri na farko na Injiniyan Metallurgical da Chemical  a 1957 da kuma Master of Science  a 1961 a Jami'an New South Wales. Koyaya, a lokacin da yake jami'a, ya buga wa Kungiyar Hockey ta Kudancin Australia wasa. A cikin jagorancin zuwa gasar Olympics ta Melbourne ta 1956, ya ki damar yin wasa a cikin Kungiyar Hockey ta Australiya don Wasannin Olympics.

Ya auri Christine May (née Field) a watan Maris na shekara ta 1959. Suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu da mace daya tare. A ranar 6 ga Yuni 2023, May ta mutu a Macleod, wani yanki na Melbourne.

## Ayyuka

### Farkon aiki
May ya fara aikinsa a matsayin masanin ƙarfe a Broken Hill South Mine Limited tsakanin 1957 da 1958. A watan Yunin 1958, ya koma Hukumar Makamashi ta Atom ta Australia (AAEC) a matsayin Jami'in Gwadawa. Ya yi aiki a can har zuwa 1968, galibi a HIFAR Lucas Heights Nuclear Reactor wanda kawai ya tafi mai mahimmanci a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1958. Wannan rawar ta kai shi ga aiki a kasashen waje tare da Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Atom ta Burtaniya a 1963. Bayan wannan, May ta tafi Oak Ridge National Laboratory a Amurka a 1964 da 1965. Ya kasance masanin kimiyya baƙo a ƙasashe biyu inda ya yi karatu don sha'awar Ostiraliya a cikin masana'antu da Sake sarrafawa makaman nukiliya. A shekara ta 1967, an nada shi Shugaban Sashen Injiniyan Chemical na Hukumar Australiya amma nan da nan ya bar a 1968 ya zama Babban Darakta na Kungiyar Binciken Masana'antar Ma'adinai ta Australiya (AMIRA).

### Ƙaunar
A shekara ta 1968, May ya zama Shugaba na dindindin na AMIRA na farko.[undefined] Wannan kungiyar ta zama ƙungiyar ba da shawara ga gwamnatoci a duk duniya waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙari su yi bincike game da haɓaka da sarrafa sabbin fasahohi da dabarun ragewa a fannonin hakar ma'adinai da ƙarfe. Ya kuma kafa wani tsari da ake kira 'AMIRA model' wanda aka raba farashi da bincike da ci gaba (R&D) da dukiyar ilimi tare da kungiyoyin bincike da yawa a duniya.[2][1] The Australian Mining Hall of Fame ya bayyana shi a cikin 2016 a matsayin "... mai motsawa don ci gaba da tsara bincike na hadin gwiwa a cikin masana'antar ma'adanai, a duk fannonin fasaha, sama da shekaru 25".[3]

## Manazarta
Margaret Nyland

**Margaret Jean Nyland** AM lauya ce 'yar ƙasar Ostiraliya, wacce ta kasance alkali a Kotun Koli ta Kudancin Ostiraliya daga 1993 zuwa 2012, kuma kafin hakan alkali ce a Kotun Gundumar Kudancin Ostiraliya daga 1987 zuwa 1993.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Nyland ne a Adelaide, Kudancin Australia. Mahaifiyarta mai wanke kwai ce, daga baya ta zama mai yin alfarwa, jirgin ruwa da tutar. Mahaifinta, John Johnson (Jack) Nyland ya kasance Mai yin tukunyar ruwa sannan kuma direban taksi, daga baya ya zama Sakataren Jiha na Kungiyar Ma'aikatan Sufuri (SA).

Nyland ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Gilles Street da makarantar sakandare ta Adelaide. Nyland ta ƙaddara zaɓin aikinta tun tana ƙarama, tana rubuta "lawyer" a kowane lokaci makarantar ta nemi ta lissafa aikin da ta yi niyya. Ta sami tallafin karatu na Commonwealth, wanda ya ba ta damar karatun shari'a a Jami'ar Adelaide,  inda daya daga cikin malamanta shine Roma Mitchell. Ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a shekarar 1965 kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin mata uku da aka shigar a matsayin masu aikin shari'a a shekarar 1965.

## Ayyuka
Don a shigar da ita a matsayin lauya, Nyland ta buƙaci digiri na shari'a da kuma wani lokaci a matsayin magatakarda kuma tana da wahalar samun wani da za ta dauke ta, a ƙarshe Pam Cleland ta dauke ta. Nyland daga baya ya shiga haɗin gwiwar doka tare da Cleland, kafin ya shiga haɗin gwiwa tare da David Haines QC a cikin kamfanin Nyland, Haines & Co wanda ya ƙware a cikin dokar iyali. 

Nyland ta kasance shugabar Kotun daukaka kara ta Tsaro ta Commonwealth daga 1975 har zuwa 1987, shugabar Hukumar nuna bambanci ta Jima'i ta Kudancin Australia daga 1985 har zuwa 1987 sannan mataimakin shugaban Kotun Daidaitawa (SA). A shekara ta 1987 Nyland ta zama mace ta biyu da aka nada a Kotun Gundumar Kudancin Australia.

### Kotun Koli ta Kudancin Australia
A shekara ta 1993, an ɗaga Nyland zuwa Kotun Koli. Kudancin Australia ita ce ta farko da ta nada mace a Kotun Koli lokacin da aka nada Roma Mitchell a shekarar 1965. Mitchell ta yi ritaya a matsayin Dame Roma a 1983, kuma ya ɗauki ƙarin shekaru goma kafin a nada mace ta biyu, Nyland, a Kotun Koli.

Nyland ita ce alƙali a cikin manyan shari'o'in aikata laifuka, ciki har da Michelle Burgess da Kevin Matthews don kisan Carolyn Matthews, [1] Mark Errin Rust don kisan Maya Jakic da Megumi Suzuki, [2] da kuma yanke wa wani matashi hukuncin kisan Pirjo Kemppainen. [3]

## Manazarta
Merv Mueller

**Mervyn Edward Christopher Edgar Mueller** (3 Oktoba 1914 - 22 Yuli 1984) ɗan wasan kurket ne na Australiya wanda ya buga wasanni biyu na farko a Kudancin Ostiraliya a lokacin kakar wasa ta 1937-38.

An haifi Mueller a yankin Adelaide, kuma ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Adelaide.[1] Ya yi aiki a kasar na tsawon shekaru biyu bayan kammala karatunsa, kuma bayan ya dawo Adelaide a 1934 ya fara wasa ga Prospect a gasar wasan kurket ta gida, a matsayin mai buga kwallo.[2] A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1937, an zabi Mueller don yin wasan farko na jihar, yana wasa da Yammacin Australia a Adelaide Oval.[3] Wasan yana da matsayi na farko, amma ba ya cikin Sheffield Shield, saboda ba a shigar da Yammacin Australia a wannan gasa ba. A karo na farko, Mueller ya buɗe tare da abokin aikinsa na Prospect, mai tsaron gidan caca Charlie Walker, kuma ya yi 56 a cikin innings na farko. Wannan ya inganta ne kawai ta hanyar karni da Don Bradman ya zira kwallaye, kyaftin din Kudancin Australia da na kasar Australia.[4]

Wasan Mueller na biyu kuma na karshe na farko shi ne Sheffield Shield da Victoria zuwa ƙarshen kakar, a watan Fabrairun 1938. Ya zira kwallaye guda daya ne kawai a jiki innings na farko, a gaban wicket zuwa Test bowler Morris Sievers, amma a cikin inning na biyu ya zira kwallayen 37 daga cikin 95-run bude tare da sabon abokin aikinsa, Richard Whitington .  Duk da wannan wasan kwaikwayon da farkon rabin karni, an cire Mueller daga tawagar jihar don wasan buɗewa na kakar 1938-39, da New South Wales. Bai sake taka leda a matakin jiha ba, amma ya yi aiki a matsayin kocin Prospect na wani lokaci, tun daga kakar 1953-54. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Mueller ya yi aiki tare da Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). Ya kai matsayin corporal a ƙarshen yaƙin, a wannan lokacin an ajiye shi a No. 1 Aircraft Depot a Victoria.  Mueller ya mutu a Adelaide a watan Yulin 1984, yana da shekaru 69. Ɗansa shi ne Lieutenant Janar Desmond Mueller AO, tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Sojojin Tsaro na Australiya.

## Manazarta
Neil Page

**Neil Philip Page** (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Janairu 1944) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon baseball ne na ƙasar Ostiraliya. Ya kasance ɗan wasan jefa ƙwallon hannu na hagu, kuma yana bugawa ƙasar Ostiraliya wasa akai-akai daga 1964 zuwa 1977. 

## Ayyuka
An haifi Page a Adelaide, ɗan Roy Page, sanannen sanannen ƙwallon baseball na gida. Yayinda yake ƙarami, Page ya girma yana wasa ga kulob din kwallon kwando na Glenelg Tigers da Adelaide Angels, kafin ya sauya, a 1969, zuwa kulob din kwando na Goodwood Indians a Kudancin Australia Baseball League (SABL).  Page ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Adelaide Boys daga Fabrairu 1956 zuwa 1960.

A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 1966, Page ya zama dan wasan Australiya na zamani na farko da ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar kwararru tare da kungiyar Major League Baseball, Cincinnati Reds. Ya kasance tare da kungiyar har zuwa 16 ga Oktoba 1967, amma an sake shi bayan raunin hannu. Page ya lashe lambar yabo ta Helms a shekarar 1969, wanda aka dauka a matsayin babbar lambar yabo ta Baseball ta Australia; kuma an yi masa hukunci ne bisa ga wasan da 'yan wasa suka yi a gasar National Claxton Shield. Ya kuma lashe lambar yabo ta Capps a shekara ta 1974, don dan wasan "mafi kyau kuma mafi kyau" a lokacin kakar SABL ta yau da kullun (watau ba tare da hada wasannin karshe ba) kamar yadda aka yanke shawarar ta hanyar kuri'un masu yanke hukunci. Page ya buga wa Kudancin Australia a 8 Claxton Shields (1964, 1965, 1967, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1973 & 1974) da kuma Yammacin Australia a 3 ClaxtonShields (1975, 1976 & 1977). A shekara ta 1977, Page ya lashe lambar yabo ta Shugaban kasa, don dan wasa mafi mahimmanci a gasar Baseball ta Yammacin Australia.

A ranar 16 ga Maris 1972, Page ta shiga daya daga cikin manyan wasanni a tarihin kwallon kwando na Australia.  A karkashin fitilu a Norwood Oval, a cikin 1971/72 SABL Grand final tsakanin Goodwood Indians da Port Adelaide Magpies, Page ya buga dukkan innings 19 (21 strikeouts, 9 hits & 1 walk), kawai don rasa wasan 4 - 2.

A cikin littafin, A History of Australian Baseball: Time and Game, an bayyana Page a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu jefa kwallo da Australia ta taba samarwa".[1] A 2000 Millennium Sports Award gane nasarorin da aka samu a wasanni na Australiya, Page ya lashe lambar yabo ta Wasannin Australiya don "shekaru 45 da suka shiga Baseball a matsayin dan wasa da koci, nasarorin mutum da yawa".[undefined] A shekara ta 2005, Page ya kasance mai gabatar da kara a cikin Hall of Fame na Baseball Australia.[2] A 2009 Baseball Australia Diamond Awards, an kira Page a matsayin mai farawa ga ƙungiyar Diamond Anniversary Claxton Shield All Stars ta 75.[3]

## Manazarta
Mani (Mawaki)

**Gary Mounfield** (16 Nuwamba 1962 - 20 Nuwamba 2025), wanda aka sani da ƙwarewa da Mani, ɗan bassist ne na Ingilishi, wanda aka fi sani da kasancewa memba na ƙungiyar dutsen Dutsen Roses da Primal Scream.
Mani ya shiga Stone Roses a cikin 1987 kuma ya taka leda a duka kundin su kafin ƙungiyar ta wargaje a cikin 1996. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya zama cikakken bassist don Primal Scream, yana yin kundi guda biyar a jere daga Vanishing Point (1997) zuwa Beautiful Future (2008). Ya bar Primal Scream a cikin 2011 don shiga cikin taro na Stone Roses; Stone Roses ya rabu a karo na biyu a cikin 2017.
## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Gary Mounfield a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 1962, a Crumpsall.Mahaifinsa shi ne Colin Mounfield, shugaban kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Manchester United. Mahaifiyarsa yar Irish ce, Anne Patricia Farrell daga Athy a County Kildare. Ya halarci Kwalejin Xaverian a Rusholme, Manchester. Ya haɓaka sha'awar darts, wasan da ya ci gaba da zama zakara a duk rayuwarsa.

## Mutuwa da jana'iza
Mounfield ya mutu ne a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 2025, yana da shekaru 63, a cikin barcinsa saboda matsalolin numfashi da ke haifar da emphysema na dogon lokaci. A ranar ne ɗan’uwansa ya sanar da mutuwarsa. Ya zauna a Heaton Moor, Stockport, tun 1991. An yi jana'izar Mounfield a Manchester Cathedral a ranar 22 ga Disamba. An yi wa akwatin gawar sa ado da zane-zane daga kundin kundi na farko na Stone Roses, kuma Squire, Reni da Brown na band din ne suka ɗauke shi; Bobby Gillespie da Andrew Innes na Primal Scream; da Liam Gallagher na Oasis.. Don jana'izar, akwai kuma halartar Bonehead da Andy Bell daga Oasis, Paul Weller daga The Jam, Mike Joyce daga The Smiths, Peter Hook daga Joy Division, Tim Burgess daga The Charlatans da Bez daga Happy Litinin.

## Manazarta
Jill Roe

**Jillian Isobel Roe**, AO , FASSA (10 Nuwamba 1940 - 12 Janairu 2017) masanin tarihi ne kuma masanin ilimi ɗan ƙasar Australiya, wanda ya rubuta tarihin rayuwa ta ƙarshe na marubucin Australiya Miles Franklin.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Roe a shekara ta 1940, a Tumby Bay, Kudancin Australia . Kakanninta sun kasance mazauna farko na yammacin gabar tekun Kudancin Australia. Mahaifiyarta Edna Heath, ma'aikaciyar jinya, ta mutu kafin Roe ta kai shekara biyu, kuma mahaifinta John Roe, manomi ne ya tashe ta a yankin Eyre. A lokacin da take da shekaru 14, ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta mata ta Adelaide. Bayan ta yi karatu, ta shiga karatun tarihi a Jami'ar Adelaide, kuma a 1963 ta koma Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia a Canberra, inda ta rubuta rubutun ta na Master of Arts a kan "rayuwar ilimi ta birnin Melbourne tsakanin 1876 da 1886", a karkashin kulawar Don Baker da Manning Clark.

## Ayyuka
A shekara ta 1967, Roe ya shiga sabuwar Jami'ar Macquarie da aka kafa a matsayin malami a tarihi. Ta kasance a jami'ar na tsawon shekaru 36, ta zama Farfesa Emerita bayan da ta yi ritaya a shekara ta 2003.

A shekara ta 1984, ta shiga kwamitin Australian Dictionary of Biography, tana aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin daga 1996 zuwa 2006. Ta kuma rubuta shigarwa 19 ga *ADB*, kuma ta kasance edita na kari na 2005.

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1982, mai wallafa Richard Walsh na Angus &amp;amp; Robertson ya ba Roe umurni ya rubuta tarihin Miles Franklin. Roe ya gabatar da rubutun ga Stella Miles Franklin: A Biography shekaru 26 bayan haka a cikin 2008, kuma HarperCollins ne ya buga shi (wanda ya karɓi Angus & Robertson). Roe ya yarda cewa littafin "ya daɗe yana zuwa". An buga wani bugu mai suna Her Brilliant Career: The Life of Stella Miles Franklin a cikin shekara ta 2009. Roe a baya ya rubuta rubutun Franklin a cikin Australian Dictionary of Biography, kuma ya shirya My Congenials: Miles Franklin da abokai a cikin wasiƙu, tarin wasikun Franklin, wanda aka buga a 1993.

A cikin 2016, Roe ta wallafa littafin tunawa, Our Fathers Cleared the Bush, game da yarinta a yankin Eyre. 

Roe ta mutu bayan dogon rashin lafiya a ranar 12 ga watan Janairun 2017, a gidanta a Pearl Beach a New South Wales Central Coast.[1]

## Manazarta
Tasirin Ilimi

**Academic Influence** kungiya ce ta Amurka wacce ke ba da Matsayi na kwaleji. Ya tsara kwalejoji da jami'o'i bisa ga **Tasirin Ilimi**, maimakon matsayi na hukuma. Dandalin yana ba da hanyar da aka tsara ta bayanai don kimantawa na ilimi. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

== Tarihi ==
An kafa tasirin ilimi a cikin 2020 ta Jed Macosko, PhD na Berkeley kuma farfesa a Jami'ar Wake ''Forest''.

== Hanyar da ake amfani da ita ==
''Academic Influence'' yana amfani da tsarin matsayi da ake kira **Influence Ranking* engine' don kimanta kwalejoji da jami'o'i. Tsarin ya haɗa da ma'auni masu mahimmanci kamar "*Concentrated Influence,*" wanda ke nuna yawan tasirin ilimi na jami'a, da kuma "Desirability Index," wanda yake kimanta yadda ake so makarantar ta hanyar kwatanta waɗanne makarantun da ɗalibai suka zaɓa lokacin da aka karɓa a cikin jami'o'i da yawa. Baya ga matsayi, yana ba da kayan aikin da aka tsara don taimakawa ɗalibai wajen zaɓar manyan karatu da kimanta zaɓuɓɓukan taimakon kuɗi.

== Matsayi Mai Girma ==
Tasirin Ilimi ya gabatar da matsayi a fannoni daban-daban, gami da:

* Tsaro na Campus: An sanya harabar West Lafayette ta Jami'ar Purdue a matsayin mafi aminci a [[Amurka]]. Wannan matsayi ya dogara ne akan dalilai kamar bin Dokar Clery, siffofin tsaro, kididdigar aikata laifuka, da sabis na kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa.
* Tarihin *Black Colleges & Universities* ([[Kwalejoji da Jami'o'i na Baƙar Fata a Tarihi|HBCU]]): Dandalin ya sanya abin da ya yi la'akari da manyan HBCUs 30 daga 2000 zuwa 2020, tare da cibiyoyin kamar Jami'ar Howard da Kwalejin Spelman da ake ganewa saboda tasirin su.
* *'Ci gaban Fasaha**: Tasirin Ilimi ya amince da cibiyoyin kamar MIT, [[Jami'ar Stanford|Stanford]], da Carnegie Mellon a matsayin daga cikin "Kolejojin Fasaha 15 mafi Girma na [[Amurka]]".
* Liberal Arts da Shirye-shiryen kan layi: An sanya Kwalejin Swarthmore a matsayin mafi kyawun kwalejin zane-zane a [[Amurka]] saboda ma'aunin "Concentrated Influence" na kungiyar. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Dandalin kuma ya sanya manyan shirye-shiryen digiri na kan layi a fannoni kamar tsaro na yanar gizo.
* **Gudanarwa da Ilimi''': Dandalin ya gabatar da matsayi don kula da ilimi, kimanta yadda kwalejoji ke amfani da albarkatun su don cimma tasirin ilimi. Ƙananan cibiyoyin, gami da HBCUs da yawa, sun kasance masu daraja sosai don amfani da su na iyakantaccen albarkatu, tare da Jami'ar Fisk da ke jagorantar jerin.  

## Ƙuntatawa
waje iyakancewar da aka sani na hanyar tasirin ilimi shine dogaro da ilmantarwa na inji, wanda zai iya samar da wasu abubuwan da ba su dace ba a wasu lokuta. Wannan yana buƙatar saka idanu sosai game da bayanan dandalin don ganowa da magance rashin daidaituwa na ML / AI. Bugu da ƙari, hanyar tana jaddada tasirin ilimi, wanda bazai dace kai tsaye da bukatun kasuwar aiki ba. Duk da yake dandalin yana auna tasiri a cikin masana'antu, wannan ba lallai ba ne ya fassara zuwa nasarar sana'a ko sakamakon aiki ga masu digiri. Koyaya, akwai shaidar goyon baya da ke nuna aikin bincike na farfesa yana da alaƙa da tasirin koyarwa da damar jagoranci.h

## Manazarta
Yanayin harabar

**Yanayin harabar** yana nufin girman yanayi na yanzu a cikin al'ummar harabar a cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma. Dangane da ma'anar da Jeni Hart da Jennifer Fellabaum suka bayar, girman yanayi na iya komawa ga ra'ayoyi, halayen, ilimin halayyar mutum, halaye, ka'idoji, fahimta da tsammanin. Al'ummar harabar na iya komawa ga ma'aikata kamar ma'aikata, ma'aikata، masu gudanarwa, da ɗalibai, ɗai-ɗai ko a matsayin rukuni. Sau da yawa ana bambance yanayin harabar da al'adun harabar. Duk da yake ana amfani da yanayi da al'adu a wasu lokuta, wasu marubuta sun ambaci haɗuwa yayin da wasu ke bayyana iyakoki tsakanin su biyu.

## Ma'anar da bayanin
Huston Smith (1955) ya rubuta cewa "yanayi" da "yanayi' na kwaleji yana shafar duk wanda yake wani ɓangare na shi, yana mai da cibiyar ilimi fiye da ƙungiyar ɗalibai, ma'aikata da gine-gine. Kokarin farko na auna yanayin harabar (al'adu, yanayi, muhalli) sun haɗa da kimantawa da alamun da John L. Holland & Alexander Astin (1961), da George G. Stern & C. Robert Pace (1962) suka kirkira. Kwanan nan, an fahimci yanayi don wakiltar "wani gini marar iyaka". Hart & Fellabaum (2008) sun yi nazarin takardun yanayi na harabar 118 kuma sun gano wasu ma'anoni da kokarin auna.

## Matsayin ma'aikata a cikin yanayin harabar
Kwalejojin mata da jami'o'i a duniya suna ba da abokantaka da "mai dumi" ga yanayin "marasa tsaka-tsaki". Yanayin harabar a kwalejojin mata don ƙwararrun mata ya fi dacewa fiye da a cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwa. Yanayin yanayi a cikin saitunan *coeducational* ga mata masu koyarwa yayi kama da halin da ake ciki ga mata dalibai, a ce game da namiji. Inbreeding na ilimi a China, Japan da Koriya yana shafar cibiyoyin sadarwar tsofaffin yara; a wannan bangaren kwalejojin mata da jami'o'i suna ba da damar da cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwa ba su da.

## Bincike daga ko'ina cikin duniya

### Yanayin harabar a Brazil
Wani binciken da aka gudanar a Jami'ar Tarayya ta Bahia ya lura cewa yawancin canjin yanayi na harabar ya shafi ɗalibai gabaɗaya, kuma mafi mahimmanci masu canji waɗanda suka ci gaba da shafar hulɗar su da rayuwarsu ta ilimi da riƙewa. Wannan ya haɗa da ainihi, koyarwa da hulɗar baiwa.

### Yanayin harabar a Indiya
Ɗaya daga cikin karatun farko a Indiya wanda ya haɗa da yanayin harabar an gudanar da shi a Jami'ar Pune daga 2013 zuwa gaba. Binciken ya gano cewa yawan ma'aikata da yawan ɗalibai sun canza ba daidai ba kuma wannan yana da muhimmiyar mahimmanci na yanayin harabar. Binciken ya kuma bayyana sauye-sauyen jinsi wanda kuma yana da tasiri ga yanayin harabar. Canje-canje a cikin Bambancin jinsi sun haɗa da karuwar damar samun ilimi mafi girma ga mata daga "mafi kyawun asali" da maza daga "mafarki marasa galihu". Irin wannan canjin zamantakewar al'umma ya haifar da abubuwan lura kamar maza da ke ba da rahoton fuskantar nuna bambanci fiye da mata. An lura da ƙarancin tausayi, ƙarancin haƙuri da ƙaranciyar ƙwarewar jayayya.

## Manazarta
Ilimi na zane

**Ilimin zane** shine koyar da ka'idar da aikace-aikace a cikin ƙirar samfuran, ayyuka, da mahalli, kuma yana mai da hankali kan ci gaban ƙwarewa na musamman da na gaba ɗaya don ƙira, shirya ɗalibai don aikin ƙwararru. Da farko an tsara shi ne don shirya daliban ilimi mafi girma don aikin ƙira na ƙwararru, kuma ya dogara ne akan aikin aikin da ɗakin karatu ko hanyoyin koyarwa na ɗakunan karatu, yayin da ilimi na gaba ɗaya ke amfani da hanyoyin ƙira don inganta kayan ga malamai da ɗalibai.

## Tarihi
Ana iya ganin asalin ilimin zane tun daga ƙarni na 18 duk da cewa ba a kira shi haka ba har zuwa shekarun 1970. Duk da bambancin da ke tsakanin Fasaha da Kimiyya, amfani da ka'idodin ƙira ga al'amuran kimiyya zai ba da damar batutuwan kimiyya da lissafi su kasance kusa da su ba tare da cire batun kanta ba. Bincike game da amfani da hanyoyin ƙira a fannoni daban-daban zai ga shigar da shi cikin ilimi na gaba ɗaya a matsayin hanyoyin koyarwa da batun da za a koyar.

### Aiwatar da farko
An dauki Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi a matsayin "mahaifin horo na hannu",  dangane da imaninsa cewa aikin hannu da ilimi na gaba ɗaya zai samar da tushe mafi kyau fiye da ilimi ɗaya kawai. Pestalozzi ya kuma yi imani da bin tsarin ji da kuma amfani da su wajen samun da sarrafa ilimi, wanda ya yi imanin cewa ya kamata yara su yi don samun kyakkyawar ma'anar duniya.

Friedrich Fröbel zai aiwatar da manufofin Pestalozzi a hanyar da aka sani, yayin da zai ci gaba da kafa *Kindergarten* a matsayin cibiyar ilimi. Hanyar da ya yi game da hanyar Pestalozzi za ta kasance daga ra'ayinsa na addini da kuma aiki,  inda ya nemi taimakawa wajen bunkasa yara masu ƙuruciya, waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa an ƙirƙira su kuma sun fi bayyana kansu ta hanyar aiki. Tunanin Fröbel *Kindergarten* ya ci gaba a matsayin ma'aikata da kuma saitin manufofi.

### Aiwatar da zamani
L. Bruce Archer ya kasance mai bincike kuma farfesa a Kwalejin Royal College of Art wanda zai zama sananne ga ƙirar sa. Amfani da hanyoyin Archer na tsari, dangane da ƙirar masana'antu, zai dace da imaninsa cewa ƙirar ilimi ne na uku. Lokacin da ya yi a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal zai ga shi da tawagarsa sun zama Sashen Binciken Zane, inda suka sami damar yin bincike kan aikin kwangila, haɓaka da aiwatar da ƙira. A cikin 1971 Ma'aikatar za ta juya daga bincike mai tsauri zuwa koyar da daliban digiri na biyu a cikin binciken zane. Shawarwarin Archer ga Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Kimiyya don hada ka'idodin ilimi na ƙira zai ga an kara shi a cikin tsarin karatun makarantar. Amfani da zane a cikin ilimi a matakin mafi girma zai haifar da tsarin karatun da aka karɓa a duk faɗin Ƙasar Ingila. A rayuwarsa Arthur zai sadaukar da kansa ga imaninsa cewa akwai hanyar "ƙira" ta kusanci batutuwan ilimi da kimiyya, wannan na musamman ne kuma yana da iko idan aka kwatanta da ilimin kimiyya na yanzu.

## Manazarta
Mary Smith (masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam)

**Mary Smith** (22 Nuwamba 1909 &#x2013; 25 Nuwamba 1989) ƙwararriyar masaniyar ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ce 'yar ƙasar Ingila 'yar ƙasar Ostiraliya.

## Rayuwa ta farko
Wataƙila *An haife ta* ne a Liverpool a Ingila, 'yar mai sayar da kayayyaki David Smith da Wilhelmina Fletcher, née McLean. Iyalin sun koma Kudancin Australia a 1911, suna zaune a unguwar Birkenhead da Largs Bay North. Ta yi karatu a makarantun jihar kuma ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Adelaide a 1927 kafin ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Adelaide (Bachelor of Arts, 1930; Master of Arts, 1932), ta zama malamar makaranta.

## Ayyuka
A matsayinta na malama, ta zama mai sha'awar "matsalar yara", tana aiki a matsayin mai girmamawa, jami'in Kotun Yara. A shekara ta 1938 an ba ta kyauta zuwa Ingila don fara binciken digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Victoria ta Manchester kan "gyarawar hankali na yaron da ke fama da matsalar". Yaƙin Duniya na II ya rushe aikin Smith kuma ta koma Adelaide a 1940. 

A lokacin da ta dawo, Smith ta zama mataimakiyar masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam tare da Ma'aikatar Ilimi, ta zama masanin halayyar ɗan adam a cikin 1942. Ta yi murabus a shekara ta 1944 bayan ta yi kamfen da karfi da kuma jayayya don samun albashi mafi kyau ga malamai mata. Ta kafa aiki mai zaman kanta, ta zama sananniya ga shafi na 'Kai da Yaronku' a cikin Sunday Mail (1944-1969). 

Ta koma Jami'ar Victoria ta Manchester bayan ta lashe kyautar Catherine Helen Spence a shekarar 1945, tana nazarin "al'amuran zamani a ilimin halayyar yara da aiki tare da matasa".

Ita ce mace ta farko ta Kudancin Australia da ta tsaya takarar Majalisar Dattijai, a matsayin mai zaman kansa a Zaben tarayya na 1949, kodayake ba ta yi nasara ba.

Masanin ilimin halayyar yara na cikakken lokaci a Asibitin Yara na Adelaide daga 1953, Smith ya ci gaba tare da maganin wasa kai tsaye kuma ya shiga cikin reshe na ilimi na musamman na Ma'aikatar Ilimi. An dauke ta a matsayin masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Kudancin Australia, ta ɗauki hanyar tunani wanda ya zama tsohon yayi yayin da halayyar ta shiga cikin al'ada. 

Ta kuma kasance mai aiki a cikin al'umma a matsayin shugabar kungiyar matasa mata ta Kirista ta Adelaide daga 1950 zuwa 1951, kuma ta ci gaba da rubuta shafi na jarida game da lafiyar hankali da jin daɗin yara har zuwa 1969.[1] Ta mutu a Arewacin Adelaide a shekarar 1989. [2]

## Manazarta
James Vinton Smith

**James Taylor Vinton Smith**, MC (3 Nuwamba 1897 - 22 Yuli 1952) ɗan siyasa ne na Australiya. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Victoria na Oakleigh daga 1932 zuwa 1937, na Jam'iyyar United Australia.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haife shi a shekara ta 1897 a Parkside, wani yanki na Adelaide, ga Thomas Ladyman Home Smith da Minerva Mary Daniel. Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta Adelaide, kuma a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 1915, ya shiga Bankin New South Wales a Adelaide a matsayin magatakarda na banki.

## Ayyukan soja
Vinton Smith ya shiga cikin Sojojin Daular Australiya a Adelaide a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 1916, kuma an sanya shi a cikin 113th Howitzer Battery na 13th Brigade, tare da shi ya ga aiki a Faransa. Ya kai matsayin Lieutenant a ranar 1 ga Maris 1917. 

A ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1919, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Cross don jaruntaka a lokacin yakin da aka yi a Kogin Selle a watan Oktoba 1918, wanda aka kuma ambaci shi a cikin Despatches . Bayanan ya ce:

## Ayyukan siyasa
An zabi Vinton Smith a matsayin dan takara don kujerar Oakleigh a Majalisar Dokokin Victoria a Zaben jihar Victoria na 1932. Ko da yake ya haɗa kai da Jam'iyyar United Australia, ba shi ne dan takarar UAP da aka amince da shi ba, kuma ya yi takara a matsayin mai zaman kansa a kan dan takarar hukuma na UAP da kuma dan takarar Labour, memba mai ci Squire Reid. Lokacin da aka kawar da dan takarar UAP, abin da ya fi so na biyu ya ba shi rinjaye a kan Reid, wanda ya lashe kujerar. Duk da cewa ya kayar da dan takarar da aka amince da shi, nan da nan aka shigar da Vinton Smith cikin jam'iyyar UAP a lokacin da aka zabe shi. Vinton Smith - a wannan lokacin da UAP ta amince da shi - ya sake kayar da Reid a Zaben 1935, amma Reid ya sake samun kujerar a 1937.

Vinton Smith ya tsaya takarar zaben tarayya na Corio a 1940, amma ya sha kashi a hannun dan takarar Labour John Dedman.

## Ayyukan kasuwanci
Bayan barin siyasa, Vinton Smith ya koma bangaren kudi. Ya kafa kamfanin kasuwanci, wanda bayan mutuwarsa aka bar wa abokan kasuwancinsa biyu, W.R. Dougall da F.J. Dean. Kamfanin ya zama sananne da Vinton Smith, Dean & Dougall, kuma daga baya Vinton Smith Dougall, Ltd.

Ya kuma kasance shugaban Edments Holdings Ltd., da kuma darektan kamfanin na F. J. Walker Ltd., Sydney; M. B. John Ltd., masana'antun bawul, Ballarat; Silk and Textile Printers Ltd., Hobart; Modern Permanent Building Society Ltd., Carpet Manufacturers Ltd., Sydney. da sauran kamfanoni da yawa.[1]

## Manazarta
Riley Thilthorpe

**Riley James Thilthorpe** (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga Yuli 2002) ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Ostiraliya wanda ke bugawa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Adelaide a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Australiya (AFL). Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Adelaide ta ɗauke shi aiki tare da wanda aka zaɓa a matsayin ɗan wasa na biyu a gasar AFL ta 2020.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haife shi a Adelaide, Thilthorpe ya girma a matsayin mai sha'awar Adelaide Crows . Mahaifinsa, Ben, ɗan wasan hockey ne na kankara na Australiya, kuma saboda haka Riley ya buga wasan tun yana saurayi, yana wakiltar Kudancin Australia har zuwa matakin ƙasa da shekara 11.

Thilthorpe ya fara buga wa Goodwood Saints wasa a Adelaide Footy League. Ya fara buga wasan farko tare da West Adelaide a Kudancin Kudancin Australia (SANFL) a shekarar 2019 yana da shekaru 17. A cikin shekara ta 2019 da kuma shekarar da ya tsara ta 2020 ya buga wasanni 15 na Bloods. A wasansa na biyu, Thilthorpe ya zira kwallaye uku a kan Sturt da 15 disposals, 8 marks da kwallaye biyu a mako mai zuwa a kan Central District. Ya kuma burge shi da rawar da ya taka a wasan NAB AFL Futures kafin wasan karshe na AFL na 2019.

Adelaide Crows ta gudanar da jimlar lamba daya a cikin takardar kasa ta 2020 bayan kammala 18th a kan tsani a 2020. Bayan da suka yi wa Jamarra Ugle-Hagan daidai da Western Bulldogs, Crows sun zaɓi Thilthorpe a zabar biyu, mafi girman zabin da suka taba samu a cikin takardar kasa.

## Ayyukan AFL
Thilthorpe ya fara buga wasan farko a zagaye na 6 na kakar 2021 ta AFL, yayin da yake da ban sha'awa tare da zubar da 16 kuma ya zira kwallaye 5. Goals dinsa 5 shine mafi girma da aka taba samu daga dan wasan Crows, wanda ya dace da Josh Rachele wanda ya dace le rikodin shekara guda bayan haka. Jason Dunstall ya lura da wasan kwaikwayon a matsayin "fitowar tauraron nan gaba".

A zagaye na 13, a kan St Kilda, Thilthorpe ya kori burin lashe wasan a kan kansa a kan takalmin da ya dace da shi a minti na karshe na wasan. Ya kammala dawowar Adelaide ta maki 36.[undefined] An ba Thilthorpe lada tare da NAB AFL Rising Star gabatarwa don zagaye na 13.[1]

## Manazarta
Jake Tonges

**Jacob Tonges** (/ˈtɔːndʒʌs/ TAWN-jus;  an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1999) ɗan wasan kwallon kafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwallon . Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga California Golden Bears kuma ya sanya hannu tare da Chicago Bears a matsayin mai ba da kyauta a 2022.

## Ayyukan kwaleji
A Jami'ar California, Berkeley, Tonges ya kasance memba na California Golden Bears na tsawon shekaru biyar, yana canza shekararsa ta gaskiya. A matsayinsa na babban dan wasan Redshirt, ya kama 22 passes don yadudduka 278 da kuma touchdowns biyu. Tonges ya gama aikinsa na kwaleji tare da 47 receptions for 620 yadudduka da hudu touchdowns.

## Ayyukan sana'a

### Chicago Bears
Tonges ya sanya hannu tare da Chicago Bears a matsayin mai ba da kyauta a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 2022. Ya sanya jerin sunayen mutum 53 na farko na Bears daga sansanin horo. An dakatar da shi a ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamba, kuma an sake sanya hannu a cikin tawagar motsa jiki. Tonges ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ajiya / gaba tare da Chicago a ranar 9 ga Janairu, 2023.

An dakatar da Tonges a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta, 2023,  kuma an sanya shi a ajiyar masu rauni.  An sake shi a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta.

### San Francisco 49ers
A ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2023, Tonges ya sanya hannu tare da tawagar horar da San Francisco 49ers. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ajiya / gaba tare da San Francisco a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 2024.

A ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 2025, Tonges ya sake sanya hannu tare da 49ers. A ranar 7 ga watan Satumba, Tonges ya yi rikodin karbar bakinsa na farko da kuma wasan farko da ya yi, wanda ya zama wanda ya lashe wasan, a cikin nasarar 17-13 a kan Seattle Seahawks.

## Manazarta
Raymond Specht

**Raymond Louis Specht** AO (19 Yuli 1924 - 13 Fabrairu 2021) masanin kimiyyar halittu ne na tsirrai na Australiya, mai kare muhalli kuma malami, wanda ya shiga cikin balaguron kimiyya na Arnhem Land na 1948.

## Rayuwa ta farko

An haifi Raymond Louis Specht a 1924 a Adelaide, Kudancin Australia  ga Louis da Harriet Specht. Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Richmond da makarantar sakandare ta Adelaide,  ya kammala makarantar sakandare a matsayin dux a shekarar 1941. Specht ya yi niyyar bin koyarwa a matsayin aiki. A shekara ta 1942 ya kasance malamin dalibi a fannin kimiyyar lissafi, ilmin sunadarai da lissafi a makarantar sakandare ta Riverton.

Bayan ya halarci ɗan gajeren darasi a koyarwa a Jami'ar Adelaide, ya shiga Kwalejin Malamai ta Adelaide yana karatun ilmin halitta a 1943. Ya haɗu da wannan tare da karatu a Jami'ar Adelaide, kuma daga ƙarshe ya ɗauki BSc a cikin botany da zoology a 1945 kafin ya ɗauki girmamawa na farko a cikin ilimin muhalli a cikin shuke-shuke a 1946. 

## Binciken Kimiyya na Arnhem Land
An gayyaci Specht don shiga National Geographic Society da Smithsonian Institution da ke daukar nauyin Arnhem Land Scientific Expedition a 1946. Bayan kammala aikin girmamawa shi da sauran mambobi 15 na kungiyar sun tashi daga Adelaide a watan Maris na shekara ta 1948. A matsayinsa na masanin tsire-tsire na kungiyar, Specht zai shafe watanni 8 tare da tawagar, yana tattara tan 25 na samfurori. Bayan tafiyar ta ƙare, Specht da samfurori sun tashi zuwa Brisbane a 1949 inda aka gano kayan da aka tattara kuma aka shirya don rarraba a duniya. An aika kayan aiki zuwa herbaria shida a cikin Ostiraliya, zuwa Kew a Ingila, Rijksmuseum a Leiden, Smithsonian Institution da Arnold Arboretum a Amurka.

Specht ya koma Adelaide kuma ya yi aiki a hankali kan yin rikodin kayan da aka dawo da su daga balaguron a cikin shekaru 14 masu zuwa. Sakamakon wannan zai zama Volume 3 na Expedition, Botany da muhalli na shuka (1958), wanda aka shirya tare da Charles P. Mountford. Ya kuma shirya Volume 4 mai taken Zoology (1964).[1]

## Manazarta
Majami'ar Beth Isra'ila (Edenbridge, Saskatchewan)

**majami'a Beth Isra'ila** majami'ar Orthodox ce ta tarihi da ke Saskatchewan" id="mwDQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Edenbridge, Saskatchewan">Edenbridge a cikin karkara ta Willow Creek, kusa da Melfort, Saskatchewan, Kanada . An kafa mulkin mallaka na Ibrananci na Edenbridge a cikin 1906 ta baƙi Yahudawa waɗanda suka zo daga Lithuania ta Afirka ta Kudu. An kammala shi a cikin 1908, bangon katako na majami'ar na waje, rufin da aka shimfiɗa da windows na ƙarshen lancet suna da kyau ga gine-ginen Gothic style na Carpenter wanda wasu kungiyoyin addini suka gina a Saskatchewan da sauran yankunan karkara na Arewacin Amurka a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20. Kyakkyawan ciki, duk da haka, yana nuna tushen Gabashin Turai na ikilisiyar Orthodox. A yau Beth Isra'ila ita ce "majalisa mafi tsufa a Saskatchewan".

Majami'ar Beth Isra'ila, gami da makabarta da ke kusa da ita, wuri ne na al'adun birni kamar yadda aka tsara ta Garin Willow Creek a ranar 10 ga Satumba, 2003. " [1] An ba da gudummawar ƙasar a cikin 1987 ga Saskatchewan Wildlife Federation.￼

## Dubi kuma

* Ƙananan Majami'a a kan Filayen
* Tarihin Yahudawa a Kanada
* Majami'u mafi tsufa a Kanada

## Manazarta
Kabari na Baron na Hirsch, Halifax

Kabarin Baron de Hirsch, wanda aka fi sani da Kabarin Majami'ar Beth Isra'ila, wani kabari ne na Yahudawa wanda ke gefen yammacin titin Windsor a tsakiya na Connaught Avenue kusa da Kabarin Fairview a birnin Halifax, Nova Scotia, Kanada . Ya kasance wurin binne ikilisiya na majami'ar Beth Isra'ila ta Halifax tun daga shekara ta 1893. 

## Tarihi
**Baron De Hirsch Hebrew Benevolent Society**, mai suna don mai ba da agaji, Baron Maurice na Hirsch (1831-1896), na Munich, ya nemi samun ƙasa a gefen Halifax don makabartar gida. An sayi dukiyar Culvie Farm don wannan dalili a ranar 20 ga Yuni 1893, ta hanyar Ibrahim Michaels wani dan kasuwa na gida wanda ya rasa abokin tarayya kuma ba tare da wani makabartar Yahudawa ba dole ne ya tura shi zuwa NYC don binnewa, kuma an tsarkake ƙasar a ranar 30 ga Yuli 1893. An tattauna wasu canje-canje ga iyakokin makabartar tare da birnin a cikin shekarun 1950 saboda bukatar birnin na sake daidaita titin Windsor. Birnin ya ba da ƙarin dukiya, amma dole ne a rushe wasu ganuwar tunawa na asali kuma a motsa su. An keɓe sabon bango a ranar 30 ga Satumba 1968. Wani mai ba da gudummawa ba tare da sunansa ba tun shekara ta 2004 ya ba da kuɗin gyare-gyare da faɗaɗa.

## RMS ''Titanic''
Daga cikin gawawwakin 209 da aka gano bayan nutsewar Titanic'" id="mwHg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="RMS Titanic">RMS Titanic a watan Afrilu 1912, an binne 150 a makabarta na Halifax. An binne wadanda suka mutu goma a Kabari na Baron de Hirsch, takwas daga cikinsu ba a san su ba. Sauran su ne mai kula da gidan Titanic Frederick William Wormald da fasinja Michel Navratil, Sr. Duk da yake manufar ita ce a binne Yahudawa a cikin makabartar bisa ga ganowar jikin farko, daga baya ya zama cewa kawai biyu da aka gano daga Titanic a cikin makabarta ba Yahudawa ba ne. Wormald shi ne Ikilisiyar Ingila kuma Navratil, wanda ya shiga jirgin a ƙarƙashin sunan "Louis M. Hoffman", Katolika ne.[1][2]￼

Kabarin kuma ya ƙunshi Kabarin yaƙi na Commonwealth na wani sojan Kanada na Yaƙin Duniya na I . 

## Manazarta
Kabarin Yahudawa, Roßau

Kabarin Yahudawa a Roßau, wanda aka fi sani da makabartar Yahudawa ta Seegasse saboda wurin da yake a Seegasse, shine mafi tsufa da aka kiyaye a Vienna. An binne mambobin Al'ummar Yahudawa a nan tsakanin 1540 da 1783.

## Wurin da yake
Kabarin Yahudawa yana cikin unguwar Roßau a cikin gundumar 9 ta Vienna, 2" href="./Alsergrund" id="mwFg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Alsergrund">Alsergrund, kuma yana rufe yanki na kimanin 2000 m2. A yau, shafin yana daga cikin farfajiyar gidan tsofaffi a cikin Seegasse kuma ana iya isa ta hanyar gida. Inda gidan yake tsaye yanzu, akwai cibiyar Yahudawa don keɓe marasa lafiya (don hana yaduwar cututtukan cututtuka).

A cikin 1629, an san *Seegasse* da *<span i="">Duba</span>**Gassel allwo der Juden Grabstätte* (kimanin: "Ƙaramin hanya tare da wurin binne Yahudawa"), daga 1778 an san shi da *Judengasse* (hanya ta Yahudawa). A cikin 1862, an sake masa suna Seegasse (Lake lane) bayan tafkin kifi wanda ya kasance a yankin wanda aka bayyana a cikin takarda daga 1415 a matsayin "kogi" (Dubi).

## Tarihi
An kirkiro makabartar Yahudawa a cikin Seegasse a karni na 16. Tsakanin 1540 da 1783, shine babban wurin binnewa ga membobin al'ummar Yahudawa na Vienna. Bayan Kisan kiyashi da aka yi wa Yahudawa na Vienna a shekara ta 1670, ɗan kasuwa na Yahudawa Koppel Fränkel ya biya adadin 4,000 florin, wanda birnin ya yi alkawarin kula da makabartar. Amfani da makabarta a matsayin wurin binnewa ya ci gaba har zuwa 1783, lokacin da sarki Joseph II ya haramta amfani da duk makabarta cikin ganuwar birni.

An kirkiro sabon makabartar al'ummar Yahudawa a waje da ganuwar birni a unguwar Währing (duba Kabari na Yahudawa (Währing) ). Dangane da umarnin Addinin Yahudawa, an bar makabarta a cikin Seegasse ba tare da taɓa ta ba, yayin da aka rufe makabarta na Kirista a cikin ganuwar birni kuma aka gina su.

A shekara ta 1943, hukumomin Nazi sun yanke shawarar rushe makabarta da kuma gina shafin. Wani rukuni na Yahudawa na Viennese sun amsa ta hanyar cire wasu daga cikin kaburbura, waɗanda suka binne a babban makabartar birnin, Zentralfriedhof. A cikin shekarun 1980s, 280 daga cikin kaburbura 931 da aka binne a can an sake gano su kuma sun koma gidajensu na asali kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin binciken Bernhard Wachstein na makabartar daga shekarun 1910. [1] An sake tsarkake makabarta a ranar 2 ga Satumba 1984.￼

Rubutun da ke kan kaburbura a cikin makabartar gaba ɗaya a cikin Ibrananci ne.

## Manazarta
Kabari na Isra'ila na Tablada

Kabarin Isra'ila na La Tablada (Spanish), wanda aka fi sani da **Kabari na Tablada**, wani kabari ne na Yahudawa wanda ke cikin birnin La Tablada. An kafa shi a cikin 1936 kuma Asociación Mutual Israelita Argentina (AMIA) ce ke sarrafa shi.

Gidaje sama da kaburbura 150,000, ita ce mafi girman makabartar Yahudawa a Latin Amurka.

## Kashewa
Kabarin La Tablada ya kasance mai fama da lalata akai-akai, sau da yawa na yanayin adawa da Yahudawa. A cikin 1999, an lalata manyan duwatsu 62 a ranar Yom Kippur.[1] A cikin 2021, an fashe manyan duwatsu sama da 100, suna nuna irin wannan taron lalata a cikin 2009.[2] A cikin 2022, an sace takardu sama da 300 kuma wani abin tunawa don tunawa da fashewar bam na AMIA na 1994 ya lalace.[3]￼

## Abubuwan da aka sani da binnewa

## Manazarta
Cecil Edgar Tilley

**Cecil Edgar Tilley** FRS, Hon FRSE, PGS (14 ga Mayu 1894 - 24 ga Janairu 1973) masanin ilimin petrologist ne kuma masanin ilimin ƙasa na Australiya-Birtaniya.

## Rayuwa
An haife shi a Unley, Adelaide, ƙaramin ɗan John Thomas Edward Tilley, injiniyan farar hula daga Landan, da matarsa da aka haifa a Kudancin Australia, Catherine Jane Nicholas.

Cecil ta yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta Adelaide, sannan ta yi karatun ilmin sunadarai da ilimin ƙasa a ƙarƙashin William Rowan Browne a Jami'ar Adelaide, da Jami'ar Sydney, ta kammala a 1915. A shekara ta 1916, a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na farko, ya tafi Kudancin Queensferry kusa da Edinburgh a Scotland don yin aiki a matsayin likitan Sashen Sayar da Fashewa. Ya koma Ostiraliya a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1918.

Ya lashe kyautar baje kolin shekara ta 1851 a Jami'ar Cambridge a 1919, inda ya yi karatun ilimin petrology a karkashin Alfred Harker, kuma ya kammala digirinsa na PhD a 1922. Daga 1923 ya yi aiki a Jami'ar Cambridge, da farko a matsayin mai nunawa a fannin ilimin petrology, sannan kuma malami a fannin kimiyyar petrology a 1929. A shekara ta 1931, bayan ritaya na Harker, an nada shi a matsayin Farfesa na farko na Mineralogy da Petrology. Yawancin sauran rayuwarsa ya kasance a Ingila, kodayake ya shafe 1938-9 a Ostiraliya kuma ya ziyarci a kai a kai bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. 

A cikin 1929, yayin da yake binciken wani dutsen wuta a Scawt Hill, kusa da Larne, Arewacin Ireland don Mineralogical Magazine ya gano kuma ya ba da sunan sabbin ma'adanai larnite da scawtite.

A shekara ta 1938 an zabe shi Fellow na Royal Society na London kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban su 1949/50. Ya lashe lambar yabo ta Royal a shekarar 1967.

Daga 1948 zuwa 1951 ya kasance Shugaban Mineralogical Society of Great Britain . Ya kasance Shugaban Geological Society 1949/50. An zabe shi a matsayin mai girmamawa na Royal Society na Edinburgh a shekara ta 1957. 

Ya mutu a gida a Cambridge a ranar 24 ga Janairun 1973 yana da shekaru 78, kuma an ƙone jikinsa.

## Iyali
A shekara ta 1928 ya auri Irene Doris Marshall a Ikilisiyar Triniti Mai Tsarki, Kingsway, London.

## Manazarta
Sydney Courtauld

**Sydney Courtauld** (1840-1899) ya kasance mai ƙera Crêpe da Silk, kuma wani ɓangare na daular iyalin Courtauld a Biritaniya.

## Rayuwa ta mutum

An haife shi a ranar 10 ga Maris 1840 a Bocking, Braintree, Essex . Shi ɗan George Courtauld ne (1802-1861) da Susanna Sewell (1803-1888). Ya auri Sarah Lucy Sharpe a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 1865 a Chapel na Unitarian, Islington, London. Yara daga auren sun hada da:

* Sir William Julien Courtauld, Baronet na farko, JP (16 Yuni 1870 - 1940) 
* Sydney Renee Courtauld (1873-1962)  
* Samuel Courtauld (27 Mayu 1876 - 1 Disamba 1947) 
* Catharine Dowman, an haife ta Courtauld (1878-1972) 
* John Sewell Courtauld, MC MP (30 ga Agusta 1880 - 20 ga Afrilu 1942) 
* Sir Stephen Lewis Courtauld, MC (27 Fabrairu 1882 - 1967) 

Ya kasance Mai Shari'a na Zaman Lafiya na Essex . Ya gina gidan da ake kira Bocking Place a Braintree, Essex tsakanin 1885 da 1887. Mai tsara gine-gine shi ne Ernest Flint .  Yana daya daga cikin gine-gine na farko a Essex sanye take da hasken lantarki.

Ya kasance masanin lambu kuma shine mutum na farko da ya sami nasarar samun orchid *Masdevallia costaricensis* (yanzu an sake masa suna *Masdevallia marginella* ) zuwa fure a Ingila.  Ya ba da gudummawar lambunan Braintree da Bocking ga mutanen Braintree a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba 1888.

## Mutuwa
Sydney Courtauld ya mutu a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 1899 a Gosfield, Essex .

## Manazarta
Jeremy Borash

**Jeremy Borash** (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1974) ɗan wasan kokawa ne na ƙwararren ɗan ƙasar Amirka, mai ba da labari, mai ba le sanarwar zobe, mai ba'a, mai ba ni tambayoyi, da kuma furodusa, yana aiki ga WWE a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Abun ciki da Ci gaba. An san shi da aikinsa a TNA Wrestling a matsayin ma'aikaci mai yawa tun lokacin da aka kafa kamfanin a 2002 har zuwa lokacin da ya tashi a 2018. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, an nada shi a matsayin jagora ta hanyar mai sharhi na wasan don TNA Wrestling bayan Mike Tenay ya jagoranci shi shekaru da yawa.

## Ayyukan rediyo
An haifi Jeremy Borash a wajen Minneapolis. Borash ya fara aiki a cikin watsa shirye-shirye yana da shekaru 15, yana karbar bakuncin shirin tattaunawa na rediyo na dare da kuma shirin talabijin na kai tsaye a cikin Twin Cities. Shirin rediyo na Borash a kan KSMM a Minneapolis, da kuma shirin talabijin na *Jeremy Borash Live!* Ya lashe lambobin yabo da yawa na watsa shirye-shiryen Minnesota, tare da jagorantar matsayi a cikin iska a KSTP da KDWB a cikin Twin Cities.

## Ayyukan gwagwarmaya na sana'a

### Farkon aiki
Yayinda yake aiki a ranakun mako a kan wasan kwaikwayo na Koscielak a Minneapolis, Borash ya fara wasan kokawa na mako-mako na Asabar da safe a tashar da ya fara da ita yana da shekaru 15. Ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayon, Borash ya sadu da babban jami'in kokawa na intanet Bob Ryder, wanda da sauri ya gabatar da manufar wasan kwaikwayon ga Eric Bischoff na Ted Turner's World Championship Wrestling (WCW).

### Komawa cikin gida mai tsanani (2005)
*Har abada Hardcore* ya haifar da Borash tare da inganta Hardcore Homecoming, haɗuwa da masu gwagwarmayar ECW a cikin shahararren filin wasa na Alhambra na Philadelphia, wurin da duk ya fara. Taron Hardcore Homecoming ya gudanar da rikodin babbar ƙofar kowane wasan kwaikwayo mai zaman kansa a tarihin kokawa na Amurka. An yi la'akari da nasarar tarihi ga zamanin, wanda ya ƙare tare da wani abu mai ban mamaki na daya daga cikin shahararrun wasannin a tarihin ECW tare da Terry Funk vs Sabu vs Shane Douglas, tare da alƙalin Mick Foley. Nunin ya haifar da yawon shakatawa na Hardcore Homecoming, kuma DVD ɗin wasan kwaikwayon ya karya *Billboard*'s Top 10 Sports and Rec DVD releases. Fitar da Forever Hardcore da Hardcore Homecoming a Burtaniya sun fara ne a # 1 da # 2 a kan Wasannin Wasanni da Wasanni, sama da shekaru biyu bayan da aka saki su a Amurka. Nunin yana riƙe da ƙofar mafi girma a tarihin ECW Arena, a matsayin cikakken sayarwa tare da tikiti daga $ 99- $ 149, tare da kyaututtuka da aka ba duk magoya bayan da suka halarta.

## Manazarta
Ramon Thomas

**Ramon Cedric** " **Ray** " **Thomas** (18 Nuwamba 1932 - 18 Janairu 2017)  ɗan wasan kurket ne kuma ɗan wasan ƙwallon baseball wanda ya wakilci Kudancin Ostiraliya a wasanni biyu a shekarun 1950.

Ray Thomas ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Adelaide.[1] Dan wasan kwallon kafa mai saurin matsakaici na hannun dama, ya buga mafi yawan kakar 1952-53 ga Kudancin Australia, amma duk da cewa ya yi ikirarin kyaftin din Afirka ta Kudu Jack Cheetham a matsayin wicket na farko bai iya yin amfani da damarsa ba kuma bai sake yin wasa ba bayan wannan kakar.[2] A wasan baseball, ya wakilci Kudancin Australia a matsayin mai jefa kwallo.[3][4]

## Manazarta
William Court

William Thomas Court (1842 - 31 Mayu 1910) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Australiya wanda ya buga wasan ƙwallaye na farko na Kent County Cricket Club a 1867. Kotun ita ce mai tsaron gida wanda ya buga hannun dama.

An haifi Kotun a Sydney a New South Wales a 1842, ɗan John da Rebecca Court. Iyalinsa sun koma Ingila a lokacin yarantaka, mahaifinsa, wanda aka haife shi a Swalecliffe kuma ya yi noma a Wrotham kafin ya yi hijira, ya ci gaba da noma kusa da Maidstone a Kent.

Wani dan wasan crick na kulob din ciki har da The Mote da Bearsted,  Kotun ta yi wasan cricket na farko ga Kent a kan Sussex a 1867 a Hove, inda ta zira kwallaye 11 kuma ta yi Duck a cikin wasansa biyu.  Ya buga karamin wasa ga Gentlemen na Kent a wannan filin nan da nan bayan da ya fara buga wasan farko.

A shekara ta 1871 Kotun ta dauki gonarsa kusa da Maidstone kuma daga baya ta yi noma a Wateringbury da ke kusa. Ya auri Charlotte Lovett; ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu. Ya mutu a 

## Manazarta