open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ƙwace Katunga ko Tsohuwar Oyo

**Ƙwace Katunga ko Tsohuwar Oyo** yaki ne tsakanin Daular Sakkwato da Daular Oyo ta Yarbawa a Oyo ta zamani.

Buhun Katunga yana nufin lalata babban birnin Daular Oyo, da aka fi sani da Katunga (wanda ake kira Old Oyo ko Oyo-Ile), a farkon karni na 19 a lokacin jihadi na Fula a yammacin Afirka. Daular Yarbawa mai karfi da ke mamaye da yawa a yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya a yanzu, Oyo ta samu rauni sakamakon rigingimun cikin gida, gwagwarmayar daular mulki, da tawaye a tsakanin manyan sojojinta. Ɗaya daga cikin ƙalubale mafi mahimmanci ya fito ne daga Afonja, tsohon janar na Oyo wanda ya tayar da hankali kuma ya kafa birnin Ilorin a matsayin tashar wutar lantarki mai zaman kanta.

## Fage
Ana cikin wannan tawaye, Afonja ya gayyaci malaman addinin Fulani, musamman Shehu Alimi, domin su taimaka masa. Nan da nan wannan kawance ya ci tura yayin da bangaren Fula ya kara karfi, aka yi wa Afonja juyin mulki aka kashe shi. Bayan rasuwarsa, Ilorin ya zama Masarautar Musulunci a karkashin zuriyar Alimi, kuma ta hade kanta da fadada Khalifancin Sakkwato karkashin jagorancin Usman dan Fodio . Daga Ilorin, sojojin Fula sun kaddamar da wani jerin kamfen na soji zuwa tsohon yankin Oyo.

A cikin shekarun 1830, wadannan sojojin da Fula ke jagoranta sun kai hari tare da lalata Katunga, tsakiyar Daular Oyo. Buhun da aka yi wa birnin ya yi nuni da babbar nasara ga Yarbawa, wanda ya kawo karshen tsohon tsarin mulkin Oyo. An yi watsi da birnin, kuma dangin sarki, tare da sauran manyan mutane, suka gudu zuwa kudu don kafa sabon babban birnin Ago d'Oyo (New Oyo).

Duk da cewa ita kanta Katunga ba ta cika shiga cikin Halifancin Sakkwato ba, amma yankin da ke kewaye ya koma karkashin ikon Ilorin, wanda a yanzu yake karkashin ikon Sakkwato. Buhun Katunga ya sake fasalin yanayin siyasar kasar Yarabawa, wanda ya kai ga wargajewar Daular Oyo tare da kafa fagen fama daga baya-bayan nan a tsakanin garuruwan Yarabawa da kuma Turawan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya.

## Bayan haka
Gidan sarautar Oyo da manyan mutane sun gudu zuwa kudu. Sun ƙaura suka kafa sabon babban birni a Ago d'Oyo (New Oyo), wanda ke nuna gagarumin ja da baya daga tushen wutar lantarki a arewa. Wannan yunkuri ya nuna alamar karshen tsohuwar Daular Oyo. An yi watsi da Katunga da yankunanta. Wurin ya zama tamkar ba kowa ba, inda ya fuskanci hare-haren bayi da matsi daga sojojin Fula da Nupe. Ba nan da nan ya zama babban jigon Fula ba. Ilorin - karkashin jagorancin Fula - ya sami iko da tsoffin yankunan Oyo a arewa. Ilorin ya kasance garin Yarbawa a da, amma bayan Afonja (Shugaban yakin Yarbawa mai tawaye) ya gayyaci Fula taimako aka kashe shi, sai zuriyar Shehu Alimi suka karbe mulki, suka kafa Ilorin a matsayin masarautar Fula. Ilorin ya zama wani bangare na Khalifancin Sakkwato kuma an gudanar da shi a karkashin ikon ruhi da siyasa na Sakkwato.

## Magana
Tafiyar Dutch zuwa Algiers (1624)

A cikin 1622, a lokacin Yaƙin Dutch-Barbary, Jamhuriyar Holland da Masarautar Algiers sun kulla yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya. Aljeriya sun kasa mutunta yarjejeniyar. Bayan haka ne 'yan kasar Holland suka shirya wani balaguro na ladabtarwa don hukunta 'yan Algeria.

## Fage
Tsakanin 1613 - 1622 ' Yan fashin teku na Aljeriya na Barbary sun kasance suna aiki sosai a kusa da Tekun Bahar Rum . Sun kai hari ga jiragen ruwa na Holland da yawa, wanda ya fusata duka Janar Janar, da dukan 'yan kasuwa na Holland, waɗanda ke samun wadata a cikin Golden Age na Holland . Bayan tsagaita bude wuta na tsawon shekaru goma sha biyu tsakanin Dutch da Mutanen Espanya . Yaren mutanen Holland sun nemi kulla kawance da kasashen Arewacin Afirka da dama a kan Spain . Lokacin da suka kulla yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya a 1622 bayan yakin Dutch-Barbary . ' Yan Aljeriya ba su mutunta yarjejeniyar ba, kuma sun ci gaba da kai hari kan jiragen ruwa na Holland, kuma Holland sun yi takaici da ' yan fashin barasa na Aljeriya .  Don haka Admiral Mooy Lambert na Holland ya sami umarni daga Janar Janar don ƙaddamar da balaguron azabtarwa kan Aljeriya . 

## Balaguro
Ba da daɗewa ba Admiral Lambert ya isa bakin tashar jiragen ruwa na Aljeriya tare da ɗimbin ƴan sandan Aljeriya da ya kama, suka lakada masa duka a kan hanyarsa. Ya kafa rundunarsa a cikin tashar jiragen ruwa kuma ya aika da sakon zuwa ga pasha cewa ya bukaci a sako bayin Holland nan da nan da dukan tasoshin da aka kama, da kaya, da kayayyaki. Lambert ya yi barazanar cewa idan Pasha bai yi yadda ya ce ba, Admiral din zai rataye dukkan jami’an da ma’aikatan jirgin na Aljeriya da ya kama. Pasha ya ƙi, yana gaskata cewa Lambert yana bluffing. Daga nan sai Lambert ya rataye duk wani dan kasar Aljeriya da aka kama a kan jirginsa, sannan ya nutsar da sauran da ba su dace da jiragensa don ratayewa ba, sannan ya juya tawagarsa ya koma cikin teku tare da matattun mutanen Aljeriya da aka kama a saman jirginsa. Wannan ya tsorata al'ummar Aljeriya da pasha. Garin ya girgiza da jama'a na kuka da hayaniya a kofar fadar pasha. Babu lokacin da pasha da jami'ansa za su yi la'akari sosai da abubuwan da taron ya faru, domin ba da jimawa ba suka ga dawowar tawagar Lambert tare da tarin sabbin ma'aikatan jirgin da aka kama da ma'aikatansu. Lambert ya sake tsayawa a cikin tashar jiragen ruwa kuma ya maimaita buƙatunsa tare da wannan barazanar idan ba a biya su ba. Nan da nan pasha ta saki kowane ɗan ƙasar Holland da aka kama kuma ya maido da kaddarorin Dutch. Sai dai Lambert bai mayar da wadanda aka kama ba . Ya kai su gida zuwa Jamhuriyar Holland, kuma ba a san abin da ya yi da su a can ba. 

## Magana
Tumu, Najeriya

**Tumu** wani gari ne da ke cikin Jihar Gombe, a Yankin Karamar Hukumar Akko ta Najeriya . Tsakanin cikin garin Gombe zuwa garin Tumu akwai kusan kilomita 36 ne / 23 mi. Daga Babban birnin Najeriya, Abuja, yana da nisan kilomita 399 (248 miles) daga Tumu.

lambar gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 771103.

## Yanayi
A garin Tumu, yanayi yana da zafi a duk shekara, tare da wani ɓangare na lokacin fari da kuma mummunan lokacin rigar. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara ba ya da ƙasa da 25 ko sama da  ° F ko 31 ° F; sau da yawa yana sama da 100 ° F.

## Manazarta
Garin sripur

Sripur is a Village Development Committee in Kailali District in the Seti Zone of western Nepal. The formerly Malakheti, Sripur, Beladevipur, Geta Village Development Committees were merged to form the new municipality since 18 May 2014. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 8430 residing in 1180 individual households.

## Manazarta
Mobutism

**Mobutism** ( French   ) ko **Mobutuism** ( French:   ) ita ce akidar mulkin Zaire ( Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango ta yau) a ƙarshen rabin karni na 20, lokacin da take ƙarƙashin mulkin jam'iyya ɗaya ta *Popular Movement of the juyin juya halin [[Musulunci|Musulunc]]*i l. 

Mobutism ya ƙunshi kuma ya ɗaukaka tunani, hangen nesa, da manufofin shugaban Zairian kuma mai kiran kansa "Uban Al'umma," Mobutu Sese Seko.  Akidar ta hada da manyan yunƙurin Mobutu kamar " Zaria ."

Jam'iyyar *Popular Movement of the Revolution* (MPR) ta kasance mai kafuwa a matsayin jam'iyyar siyasa guda daya ta doka a cikin jam'iyya daya a Zaire.  Tun da farko Mobutu ya tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Zaire don samun jam'iyyar adawa mai kima amma daga baya ya yi ikirarin cewa kundin tsarin mulki kawai ya ba da shawarar amma bai bukaci hakan ba don haka aka kafa jam'iyya daya kuma aka dakatar da duk sauran jam'iyyun siyasa bayan haka a 1966.  Akidar da aka shimfida a cikin Manifesto na N'sele, ta ƙunshi " kishin ƙasa ," " juyin juya hali ," da " sahihanci ."  An bayyana juyin juya hali a matsayin "hakika juyin juya halin kasa, wanda ya yi kira da a yi watsi da tsarin jari-hujja da gurguzu," wanda aka fifita "juyin kasa."  Manifesto na N'sele ya kuma bayyana manufofin gwamnati wanda ya haɗa da faɗaɗa ikon gwamnatin ƙasa, wani shiri na inganta ma'auni na ma'aikata, samun ƙasar ta sami 'yancin kai na tattalin arziki, da kuma samar da "sahihin kishin kasa" a Zaire. 

Mobutu ya jagoranci MPR da Zaire a matsayin mai mulkin kama karya, ya kuma yi tir da ra'ayin shugabanni da jam'iyyun siyasa da dama a kasar yana mai cewa: "A al'adarmu ta Afirka ba a taba samun sarakuna biyu ba..... Shi ya sa mu 'yan Kwango, a cikin sha'awar bin al'adun nahiyarmu, muka kuduri aniyar tattara dukkan karfin 'yan kasarmu a karkashin tutar jam'iyya daya ta kasa." 

An gabatar da Mobutu da MPR a cikin farfaganda kamar yadda ake dangantawa da allahntaka kuma suna neman maye gurbin Kiristanci a Zaire tare da sadaukar da kai ga Mobutu da MPR tare da ministan cikin gida Engulu Baanga Mpongo sau ɗaya yana gaya wa magoya bayan MPR cewa: "Allah ya aiko da annabi mai girma, Jagoranmu mai daraja Mobutu. Wannan annabi shine mai 'yantar da mu, Almasihunmu. Ikilisiyarmu ita ce MPR. Mu girmama shi. Bisharar mu ita ce Mobutuism Shi ya sa dole ne a maye gurbin gicciye da siffar Almasihunmu. 

Mobutu da MPR sun bi wani shirin farfado da al'adu na kasa a Zaire mai suna *Authenticé*.

Tun daga shekarar 1967 wanda ya nemi kawar da al'adun Turawa 'yan mulkin mallaka daga Zaire da kuma maido da al'adun gida, kamar ta hanyar haramta sunaye da al'adun Kiristanci tare da inganta sunaye da al'adun Afirka na gida da kuma hana suttura na yamma da samar da rigar da gwamnati ta ba da izini mai suna abacost. 

Akidar ta wanzu a yau a cikin kungiyoyi irin su Nzanga Mobutu 's Union of Mobutist Democrats .

## Magana
Graham petrie

Graham Petrie (Disamba 10, 1939 - Disamba 9, 2023) malami ne kuma marubuci ɗan Scotland-Kanada. Ya kasance farfesa a fannin adabi da fina-finai a Jami'ar McMaster da ke Hamilton, Ontario.

Petrie an haife shi a Penang, British Malaya, ga iyayen Scotland kuma an girma kuma ya sami ilimi da farko a Scotland. Ya fara shiga Jami'ar McMaster a matsayin farfesa na Ingilishi,  tare da mayar da hankali kan iliminsa na haɓaka zuwa fim yayin lokacinsa tare da makarantar.

Baya ga ayyukansa na ilimi, Petrie ya buga labari mai suna Seahorse a cikin 1980,  kuma ya kasance zaɓaɓɓen wanda aka zaɓa don Littattafai a Kyautar Novel na Farko a Kanada a 1981. A cikin 1996, Soho Press ya buga littafinsa na biyu The Siege a lokaci guda tare da sake fitowar Seahorse. Ya kuma buga ɗan gajeren labari "Theater Village" a cikin littafin tarihin John Robert Colombo na 1981 Kada a ɗauka da Dare.

Petrie ya mutu a ranar 9 ga Disamba, 2023, yana da shekara 83.

## Aiki
Petrie, Graham (1970). Cinema na François Truffaut. New York, NY: A.S. Barnes. .

Petrie, Graham (1981). Dole ne Tarihi ya Amsa ga Mutum: Cinema na Hungarian na Zamani (eded na biyu). Budapest, Hungary: Corvina Kiadó. .

Petrie, Graham (1985). Ƙaddamar Hollywood: Daraktocin Turai a Amurka, 1922-1931. London, UK: Routledge & Kegan Paul. .

Petrie, Graham; Dwyer, Ruth (1990). Kafin bangon ya Sauko: 'Yan Fim na Tarayyar Soviet da Gabashin Turai suna aiki a Yamma. Lanham, MD: Jami'ar Press na Amurka. .

Johnston, Vida T.; Petrie, Graham (1994). Fim ɗin Andrei Tarkovsky: Fugue na gani. Bloomington, IN: Jami'ar Indiana Press. .

Almara

Petrie, Graham (1980). Seahorse. London, UK: Constable. .

Petrie, Graham (1996). Siege. New York, NY: Soho Press. .

## Manazarta
Rabah Bouaziz

**Rabah Bouaziz** ɗan siyasan Aljeriya ne kuma gogaggen masanin yakin Aljeriya kuma ɗan kishin ƙasa  wanda ya kasance wali na huɗu na lardin Algiers tsakanin shekarun 1964 zuwa 1965.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Bouaziz a shekara ta 1928 a Tizi Rached, lardin Tizi Ouzou, na ƙasar Aljeriya. Ya yi aiki a kungiyoyin siyasa da na 'yan kishin ƙasa ta Aljeriya tun yana ƙarami, tare da sunan sa **Si Saïd**. A shekara ta 1958, da yake dawowa daga wata tafiya ta sirri zuwa Jamus tare da wasu mayaka na Aljeriya, Bouaziz an kama shi a kan iyakar ƙasar da jami'an Faransa suka kama shi.  Bayan 'yancin kai na Aljeriya, Bouaziz ya zama mataimaki a majalisar dokokin ƙasar  a lokacin taronta na farko. An naɗa shi wali na lardin Algiers a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta, 1965, bayan tafiyar Ahmed Hamiani. 

Bouaziz ya riƙe muƙamin wali har zuwa ranar 21 ga watan Yunin 1965, inda aka kore shi daga muƙamin bayan juyin mulkin da Aljeriya ta yi a shekarar 1965 kwanaki biyu da suka wuce.  Bouaziz ya rasu ne a ranar 11 ga watan Oktoba, 2009, a asibitin El Azhar da ke Algiers yana da shekaru 81 a duniya. An yi jana'izar sa a makabartar El Alia. 

## Manazarta
Tum, Najeriya

**Tum** wani ƙauye ne a cikin Shugabancin Kagoro, Ƙaramar Hukumar Kaura  a kudanci Jihar Kaduna a yankin Middle Belt na Najeriya.  Ƙauyen yana amfani da ofishin gidan waya a Kagoro .

## Mutanen da harshe

### Mutane
Mutanen garin Tum galibi ƴan ƙabilar Atyap ne, na cikin rukuni biyu, Atyap da Agworok.

### Harshe
Harsuna biyu na Tyap da ake magana a garin Tum sune harshen Tyap da harshen Gworok.

## Shahararrun mutane

* Sanata Danjuma Laah, ɗan kasuwa, ɗan siyasa.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin ƙauyuka a Jihar Kaduna

## Manazarta
Musiliu Akinsanya

**Musiliu Akinsanya** (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1975) wanda aka fi sani da **MC Oluomo** shi ne shugaban reshen jihar Legas na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Sufuri ta Kasa .  An ɗauke shi a matsayin mai arziki kuma mafi mashahurin ƴan fashi na jihar Legas  .

An haifi MC Oluomo a Ƙaramar hukumarOshodi, Legas, Najeriya . Ya fito ne daga Jihar Legas. Yana da matakin firamare na ilimi kuma ya bar makaranta saboda mutuwar mahaifinsa. Ya gudu daga gida yana da shekaru 13 kuma ya fara aiki a matsayin Direban bas. Ya zama shugaban wurin shakatawa a Oshodi kuma a ƙarshe ya tashi ya zama mai tasiri a Yankin Oshori kafin ya fito a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar ma'aikatan sufuri ta ƙasa a Jihar Legas.

A wani taron yaƙin neman zaɓe na jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress a Legas a shekarar 2019, wani da ake zaton yana da aminci ga Gwamnan Jihar Legas mai barin gado, Akinwumi Ambode wanda aka hana sake zaɓensa.

## Rashin jituwa

A ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairun Shekarar 2023, a cikin jerin bidiyo a kan kafofin sada zumunta a lokacin Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na Shekarar 2023 a Legas, an zargi Musiliu Akinsanya (MC Oluomo) da zargin tsoratar da hana Mutanen Igbo kaɗa ƙuri'a ga ɗan takarar Peter Obi a sashin zaɓe.  Har ila yau, an zargin yin amfani da (Agbero) don rushe Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya a cikin lagos.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
MC Oluomo yana da mata uku da yara tara.

## Manazarta
Sheikh Bouamama

**Cheikh Bouamama** or **Shaykh Bu 'Amamah**  ya jagoranci gwagwarmayar adawa da mamayar 'yan mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Aljeriya daga shekarun 1881 zuwa 1908. 

Cheikh Bouamama shugaban ƙabilar Awlad Sidi Shaykh.  Juriyar/gwagwarmayar da ya jagoranta a kudu maso yammacin Aljeriya daga shekarun 1881 zuwa 1908.  

Mai shirya fina-finan Aljeriya Benamar Bakhti ya yi fim ɗin 1983 *L'Épopée de Cheikh Bouamama* ("The Epic of Cheikh Bouamama"). 

## Duba kuma

* Mamaye Algiers a 1830
* Abdulkadir al-Jazairi
* Sherif Boubaghla
* Tawayen Mokrani
* Yakin Aljeriya
* Kisan Saida (1881)

## Bayanan kula
 * 
* 
*
* 

## Manazarta
Youcef Khatib

**Youcef Khatib** (19 Nuwamba 1932 - 26 Oktoba 2023) likita ne kuma jami'in soja na Aljeriya. Ya jagoranci  a lokacin Yaƙin Aljeriya daga watan Agusta 1961 har zuwa 'yancin kai a shekara ta 1962.

Youcef Khatib ƙani ne ga Abdelkrim al-Khatib, wani likitan fiɗa ɗan ƙasar Morocco kuma ɗan siyasa.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife shi a Orléansville a ranar 19 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1932, Khatib ya halarci École Lallemand da Collège d'Orléansville. Ya kuma buga kwallon kafa tare da Groupement sportif orléansvillois. Daga nan sai ya koma Algiers don karatun likitanci, amma karatunsa ya katse don shiga Maquis.

A shekarar 1956 ne Khatib ya shiga aikin sojan kwato ‘yanci bayan yajin aikin da ɗalibai suka yi. Ya jagoranci Wilaya na Tarihi daga shekarun 1961 zuwa 1962,   ya fara aiki a cikin sabis na kiwon lafiya na Wilaya da kuma kula da asibitin soja. 

Bayan samun 'yancin kai, Khatib ya ci gaba da karatunsa na likitanci, inda ya samu digiri kuma ya kware a fannin tiyata. A cikin shekarar 1994, ya jagoranci taron ƙasa lokacin yakin basasar Aljeriya.   A lokacin zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 1999, Khatib, mai sukar Abdelaziz Bouteflika, ya tsaya takara a matsayin ɗan takara amma ya janye jim kaɗan kafin kaɗa kuri'a. 

Youcef Khatib ya rasu a ranar 26 ga watan Oktoba, 2023, yana da shekaru 90.

## Manazarta
Movement of the People

**The Movement of the People, wanda aka fi sani da **MOP''' ko M.O.P, ƙungiya ce ta siyasa ta hagu ta Najeriya.  Fela Anikulapo Kuti ne ya kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1979 a matsayin jam'iyyar siyasa amma da sauri ta zama mara aiki saboda rikice-rikicen Fela da gwamnati a lokacin. Tun daga wannan lokacin ne ɗan ƙarami na Fela, Seun Kuti ya farfado da shi bayan zanga-zangar SARS ta Ƙarshen Najeriya ta Oktoba 2020. 

## Tarihi
"A shekara ta 1979, Fela Kuti ya kafa wata ƙungiya ta siyasa, wacce ya kira Movement of the People (MOP), don "tsabtace al'umma kamar mop". MOP ya yi wa'azin Nkrumahism da Africanism. A shekara ta 1979, ya zabi kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa a zaben farko na Najeriya a cikin shekaru da yawa, amma an ki amincewa da takararsa. Daga baya, Fela ya daina shiga cikin ayyukan siyasa kuma jam'iyyar ta zama mara aiki..

A watan Nuwamba 2020, Seun Kuti ta ba da sanarwar farfado da kungiyar da kuma niyyar sake yin rajista da ita a matsayin jam'iyyar siyasa. Ya ce ana sake kafa kungiyar don yin aiki a matsayin adawa da manyan mutanen kasar. A lokacin taron manema labarai na kai tsaye, Seun ya bayyana cewa Movement of the People (MOP) hadin gwiwa ne na kungiyoyin gurguzu da masu ci gaba. A watan Janairun 2021, Seun ya sanar da manema labarai cewa an aika da buƙata ta musamman ga INEC don yin rajistar motsi a matsayin jam'iyyar siyasa.

## Manazarta
Gentil Ferreira Viana

**Gentil Ferreira Viana** (2 Yuni 1935 - 23 Fabrairu 2008)  yana cikin waɗanda suka kafa Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyin 'yan aware da suka taimaka wajen samun 'yancin kai ga Angola a hannun'yan mulkin mallaka.

A cikin shekarar 1974, shi da Joaquim Pinto de Andrade sun ɓalle daga MPLA kuma suka kafa Activa Revolt.  Daga baya wannan ɓangaren ya koma MPLA.

A ƙarshen rayuwa, mutanen biyu, abokan hulɗa da abokan aiki, sun mutu a rana ɗaya a shekara ta 2008.  

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Afirka ta Tanganyika

**Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta Tanganyika** ( **TANU** ) ita ce babbar jam'iyyar siyasa a gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai a jihar Tanganyika ta Gabashin Afirka ( yanzu Tanzaniya ). Julius Nyerere ya kafa jam’iyyar ne daga kungiyar Tanganyika African Association a watan Yulin 1954 lokacin da yake koyarwa a Kwalejin St. Francis (wanda a yanzu ake kira da babbar makarantar Pugu).  Daga 1964 an kira jam'iyyar **Tanzaniya Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka** . A cikin Janairu 1977 TANU ta hade da jam'iyya mai mulki a Zanzibar, Jam'iyyar Afro-Shirazi (ASP), don kafa Jam'iyyar Jihar Revolutionary State Party ko Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM). Manufar TANU ita ce ginawa da kuma kiyaye tsarin gurguzu mai niyya ga dogaro da kai na tattalin arziki da kawar da cin hanci da rashawa da cin hanci da rashawa, tare da manyan hanyoyin samarwa da musaya a karkashin kulawar manoma da ma'aikata ( Ujamaa -Essays on Socialism; " Sanarwar Arusha ").

Julius Nyerere shi ne shugaban Tanzaniya na farko, wanda ya yi aiki daga 1960 zuwa 1985. A cikin 1962, Nyerere da TANU sun kafa ma'aikatar al'adu da matasa ta kasa. Nyerere na ganin kafa ma'aikatar ya zama wajibi domin tunkarar wasu kalubale da sabani na gina kasa da al'adun kasa bayan shekaru 70 na mulkin mallaka. [1] Gwamnatin Tanzaniya ta yi ƙoƙari ta ƙirƙiri wani sabon wuri na jama'a inda shahararrun al'adun Tanzaniya za su haɓaka da bunƙasa. Ta hanyar haɗa al'adu da al'adu daban-daban na dukan mutanen Tanzaniya, Nyerere ya yi fatan inganta girman kai, don haka samar da al'adun ƙasa. 

## Tarihin zabe

### Zaben shugaban kasa

### Zaben Bunge

A cikin 1958-59 TANU ta lashe dukkan kujeru sauran kujeru 34 aka nada

Jam'iyyar Afro Shirazi ita ce kawai jam'iyyar doka a Zanzibar wanda yanki ne mai cin gashin kansa

## Magana

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* http://www.tanserve.com/facts/index_files/history.htm
Rudolf E. Schoenfeld

**Rudolf Emil Schoenfeld** (1895 - Afrilu 15, 1981) shi ne Jakadan Amurka a Romania (1947 zuwa 1950), Guatemala (1950 zuwa 1953) da Colombia (1954 zuwa 1955). A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, ya yi aiki a Landan a matsayin wakilin Amurka ga gwamnatocin da ‘yan Nazi suka kora daga kasashensu.

Ya kasance Chargé d'Affaires ad rikon kwarya zuwa Norway (An yi kiran farko a matsayin Chargé d'Affaire a ranar 2 ga Agusta, 1940). A matsayin Chargé d'Affaire na wucin gadi zuwa Belgium, an fara kiran farko a ranar 15 ga Agusta, 1940. Schoenfeld ya kafa Legation kusa da Gwamnatin Netherlands a Burtaniya. A matsayin Chargé d'Affaire na wucin gadi ga Luxembourg, Schoenfeld ya yi aiki kusa da Gwamnatin Luxembourg da aka kafa a Burtaniya.

Schoenfeld dan asalin Washington ne kuma ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar George Washington a 1915. Ya sami digiri na uku. digiri daga Jami'ar Berne yayin da yake aiki a matsayin mataimakin jakadan a can.

## Manazarta
Len Chalmers

**Leonard Austin Chalmers** (4 ga watan Satumba 1936 - 10 Fabrairu 2014) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Ingila wanda ya taka leda a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Leicester City da Notts County.

## Kwallon kafa
### Kungiyoyi
Chalmers ya bugawa Corby Town kafin ya koma Leicester City a 1956. Wanda ake yiwa lakabi da 'Chopper' saboda cikakkiyar salon wasansa, Chalmers ya taka leda na mintuna 80 na gasar cin kofin FA a 1961 a kan reshe bayan ya yi fama da wani mugun goshi wanda bai wuce kima ba saboda ba a bar wani musanya ba. Leicester City ta sha kashi a hannun Tottenham da ci 2-0. Bayan barin Notts County, ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ba ga Dunstable Town.

## Mutuwa
Chalmers ya mutu a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu 2014 yana da shekaru 77. Leicester City ta yi tafi na minti ɗaya kafin wasansu na gida da Ipswich Town a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, tare da dangin Chalmers.

## Manazarta
Joaquim Pinto de Andrade

**Joaquim Pinto de Andrade** (22 ga Yuli, 1926 - Fabrairu 23, 2008) ya kasance shugaban girmamawa na farko na ƙungiyar jama'a na 'yantar da Angola (People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola) (MPLA),  Chancellor na Luanda Archdiocese, kuma a matsayin memba na Ƙungiyar Al'adun Afirka.  Ya mutu a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu, 2008, a gidansa da ke Luanda bayan ya yi fama da doguwar jinya, a rana guda da ɗan siyasan MPLA Gentil Ferreira Viana. 

Jami'an tsaron Portugal sun kama Pinto de Andrade bayan an fara yakin neman 'yancin kai na Angola a watan Yulin 1961 kuma ana tsare da shi a gidan yari ko kuma a tsare shi a gida har sai an gurfanar da shi a gaban kotu a Lisbon a watan Fabrairun 1971 bisa zarginsa da aikata laifukan cin zarafin tsaron ƙasar.  Shari'ar tasa da wasu mutane tara ta jawo zanga-zanga ciki har da yajin aikin a jami'ar Coimbra.

A cikin shekarar 1990s, Pinto de Andrade ya watsar da yanayinsa na limamin Katolika kuma ya auri Vitória Almeida e Sousa, likitan yara. Suna da yara biyu. 

## Kyauta

* Pax Christi International Peace Award, 1992

## Manazarta
Mário Pinto de Andrade

**Mário Coelho Pinto de Andrade** (21 ga Agusta 1928 &#x2013; 26 ga Agusta 1990) mawaƙi ne kuma ɗan siyasa na Angola.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife shi a Golungo Alto, a ƙasar Portugal Angola, kuma ya karanta ilimin falsafa a jami'ar Lisbon da ilimin zamantakewa a Sorbonne a birnin Paris. Yayin da yake can, ya zama mai himma wajen adawa da 'yan  mulkin mallaka na Portugal na Angola, kuma ya rubuta waƙar adawa da 'yan  mulkin mallaka. 

A shekara ta 1955, ya shiga cikin kafa jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Angola. A cikin shekarar 1956, shi ne ya kafa Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) kuma an zaɓe shi shugabanta na farko a shekarar 1960.  Ɗan uwansa, Joaquim Pinto de Andrade, an yi shi ne shugaban girmamawa na farko na MPLA.

Ya auri mai shirya fina-finan Faransa Sarah Maldoror kuma ya yi aiki tare da ita a kan *[[Sambizanga (fim)|Sambizanga]]*, wani fim na shekarar 1972 game da yunkurin 'yantar da Angola. (Sarah da Mário za su ci gaba da haifi 'ya'ya mata biyu, Henda Ducados Pinto de Andrade da Annouchka de Andrade.) 

Ya yi karo da magajinsa, Agostinho Neto, kuma a cikin shekarar 1974 ya kafa a cikin MPLA ƙungiyar da ake kira *Revolta Activa* (Active Revolt). Angola ta sami 'yancin kai a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba, 1975, amma Andrade ya ci gaba da zama a gudun hijira a Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde da Mozambique. Ya mutu a London a shekarar 1990. 

Littattafansa sun haɗa da littattafan tarihin *Letteratura Negra* (1961) da *La Poésie Africaine d'Espression Portugaise* (1969).

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kai ta Afirka

**Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Afirka** ( **AUF** ) ƙungiya ce da ke da niyyar haɓaka ƙungiyar siyasa, zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin Afirka .

## Tarihi
An kafa AUF a watan Agusta 1996. Kungiyar ta AUF ta ba da shawarar sauya Afirka zuwa tarayya, tare da majalisar dokokin Afirka a matsayin gwamnati mafi girma, mai kula da manyan cibiyoyi da suka hada da kudin waje guda, da sojojin Afirka guda daya. AUF ta inganta samar da Tarayyar Afirka a tsakiyar shekarun 1990  kuma ta ci gaba da bayar da shawarwarin kawo karshen tsarin mulkin kama karya . Har ila yau, ta kasance mai fafutuka a yakin da ake yi na cin zarafi daga masana'antar lu'u-lu'u, masu sayar da makamai, da kuma rashin adalcin sharuddan ciniki a cikin masana'antar kofi .

## Ƙungiya
Kwamitin kasa na AUF shine hukumar da ke zabar shugaban AUF. Kwamitin zartaswa na AUF shi ne hukumar da ke aiwatar da manufofi da kuma kula da harkokin gudanarwa na yau da kullum na AUF. AUF ita ce ke da alhakin farawa da tsara dabaru da yawa, gami da Gangamin Kamfen ɗin Fairtrade Coffee na AUF wanda ya yunƙura don yin gyare-gyare a masana'antar kofi.

Ƙungiyar AUF, wadda aka fi sani da Ƙungiyar Afirka, ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin magoya baya na duniya, waɗanda ke ganin cewa dole ne a hade Afirka a cikin tarayya a matsayin hanyar samar da zaman lafiya da kuma kawo karshen yaƙe-yaƙe da talauci . Ko da yake yawancin membobin AUF 'yan Afirka ne, kasancewar membobin a buɗe suke ga waɗanda ba 'yan Afirka ba.

### Shugabannin da suka gabata
Sauran shugabannin AUF da suka gabata sun hada da Fesseha Demessae wanda ya zama mataimakin babban sakataren kuma darakta mai kula da al'adu, da kuma tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasa Mongezi Sefika wa Nkomo .

Kirimi Kaberia shi ne shugaban AUF na farko. Mouhamed Taofic Youssouf ya rike mukamin shugaban kungiyar ta AUF na wani dan lokaci, bayan da Kirimi Kaberia ya karbi mukamin mataimakin jakadan Kenya a birnin Washington DC na kasar Amurka.

## A cikin PAP
Bayan kafa majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Pan, AUF ta zama jam'iyyar siyasa ta Afirka ta farko. Wasu mambobin PAP su ma membobi ne kuma magoya bayan AUF.

Mambobin AUF da suka yi aiki a Majalisar Pan African sun hada da Dr. Amani Walid Kabourou daga Tanzaniya, Chrispin Mwitila Shumina daga Zambia, da Loyce Bwambale daga Uganda. Sauran masu goyon bayan AUF sun hada da John Atta-Mills shugaban kasar Ghana, Alhaji Yahaya Ndu wanda kuma mamba ne a kwamitin kasa na AUF da kuma shugaban jam'iyyar African Renaissance Party a Najeriya, Alimamy Bakarr Sankoh, shugaban jam'iyyar Saliyo People's Democratic League (PDL), da Dr. Miria Matembe,  tsohuwar shugabar kwamitin majalisar wakilan jama'ar Afrika ta AU, Gerar Pantrus. Monella .

## Alamomi
Ana amfani da Maure azaman tuta da alamar AUF. An lulluɓe kai wanda ke wakiltar rashin son kai na adalci, kuma an ɗaure kullin a cikin alamar Adinkra mai salo don ikon komai ( Gye Nyame ). 

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Gidan yanar gizon kungiyar
Yunkurin Ƴanci na Afirka don Gabashi da Tsakiyar Afirka

Kungiyar **Pan-African Freedom Movement na Gabas da Tsakiyar Afirka** ( **PAFMECA** ), daga baya aka sake sunan kungiyar **Pan-African Freedom Movement of Gabas, Tsakiya da Kudancin Afirka** ( **PAFMECSA** ) kungiya ce ta siyasa da ta Pan-African wadda aka kafa don yakin neman 'yancin kai na kasashen Gabas da Tsakiyar Afirka (da kuma daga baya Kudancin Afirka   ) daga mulkin mallaka da fararen tsirarun 'yan tsiraru.  An kafa kungiyar ne a wani taro da aka yi a Mwanza, Tanganyika, daga 16 zuwa 18 ga Satumba 1958.   Julius Nyerere (daga baya shugaban kasar Tanzaniya ) da Tom Mboya dan Afirka Pan-African dan kasar Kenya da kungiyar kwadago na cikin wadanda suka kafa. Nyerere ya zo da ra'ayin taron.  

## Tarihi
An kafa PAFMECA a garin Mwanza da ke gabar tafkin Victoria a arewacin Tanganyika karkashin jagorancin Julius Nyerere . Nyerere shi ne shugaban kungiyar Tanganyika African National Union (TANU), jam'iyyar da ta yi yakin neman 'yancin Tanganyika.  

Ya kira taron wakilan jam’iyyun kishin kasa a yankin wanda aka gudanar a Mwanza daga 16 – 18 ga Satumba 1958. Taron ya samu halartar wakilan jam'iyyun siyasa daga Kenya, Uganda, Zanzibar, Nyasaland da Tanganyika domin hada karfi da karfe da hada kai don neman 'yancin kai kuma an haifi PAFMECA.  

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan batutuwan da aka tattauna shi ne wanzuwar Tarayyar Rasha ta mulkin mallaka da kuma Nyasaland, wadda aka fi sani da Tarayyar Afirka ta Tsakiya (wanda ya ƙunshi Nyasaland, Arewacin Rhodesia da Kudancin Rhodesia ), a cikin yanayin gwagwarmayar 'yantar da Afirka.  

Shugabannin sun yi fargabar cewa ci gaba da wanzuwar tarayyar turawan za ta dawwamar da mulkin mallaka a yankin da kuma haifar da wata sabuwar Afirka ta Kudu wacce a wancan lokacin har zuwa farkon shekarun 900 na farar fata ta ke karkashin cikakken ikon mulkin kasar.

PAFMECA ya kasance mai ra'ayin Pan-African a hangen nesa kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa kungiyar hadin kan Afirka (OAU) a Addis Ababa, Habasha, a cikin Mayu 1963. 

## Nassoshi
Bikin Fim na Pan African

**Pan African Film Festival** ( **PAFF** ) kamfani ne mai zaman kansa a Los Angeles, California, Amurka, wanda ya ce manufarsa ita ce inganta "fahimtar al'adu tsakanin mutanen zuriyar Afirka" ta hanyar nuna fasaha da fina-finai. Yana shirya bikin fina-finai da bikin fasaha a Los Angeles a watan Fabrairu na kowace shekara.  Jaridar *[[Los Angeles Times]]* a shekarar 2013 ta kira bikin fina-finan "bikin fina-finan bakar fata mafi girma" a Amurka. 

## Fage
’Yan wasan kwaikwayo Danny Glover, Janet Dubois, da babban darakta Ayuko Babu ne suka kafa bikin a shekarar 1992.  Babu dangantaka da Hollywood kuma yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin kudi kafin ya ba da gudummawar gano bikin fim.  Glover kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Whoopi Goldberg ne suka shirya bikin a 1992. 

Daya daga cikin manyan manufofin shi ne fallasa wasu a fina-finan Afirka saboda yawancin fina-finan ba a nuna su kuma suna tafiya ba tare da an lura da su ba. Babu ya ce, "Bikin nuni, watakila biyu daga cikinsu. Na farko, gwada daya a Hollywood. Wannan zai dauki hankalin gungun fina-finai kuma zai tada sha'awar duniya. Sannan, gwada Washington wanda zai jawo hankalin al'ummomin siyasa." Wata manufa kuma ita ce haɗa sauran al'ummar Afirka da juna saboda akwai bambance-bambance a tsakanin mutanen Afirka.

Ya fito da  daga daraktocin baƙar fata daga nahiyoyi huɗu. Jaridar *[[Los Angeles Times]]* ta ce fina-finan suna da jigogi na duniya da kuma jigogin Afirka: "Kifar da gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka, da cin karo tsakanin dabi'u na zamani da dabi'un gargajiya, da tatsuniyoyi na masu fasaha". Fina-finai a bikin farko sun hada da *[[Sarraounia (fim)|Sarraounia]]*, *Heritage Africa*, da *Lord of the Street* .  A cikin 2013, bikin fina-finai ya jawo hankalin , kuma bikin fasaha ya jawo kusan 75,000.  A cikin 2014, bikin fim ɗin ya ƙunshi  daga  . Fina-finan sun haɗa da jerin shirye-shirye masu tsayi, gajerun shirye-shirye, fina-finai fasalin labari, gajerun fina-finai, da jerin gidajen yanar gizo. 

## Fina-finai

### Tsotsi (2005)
Gavin Hood ne ya ba da umarni, fim ɗin ya nuna yadda rayuwa ta kasance a Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin matashi. Jigogin sun shafi tashin hankali, fansa, da ɗan adam.

### bushe (2014)
Stephanie Okereke ne ya ba da umarni, wanda ke game da auren yara kuma yana da wahayi daga labari na gaskiya. Okereke ta fara samun labarin auren ‘ya’ya da ake yi a Najeriya lokacin da ta halarci jami’a. Ta so ta kawo wannan batu a kafafen yada labarai don wayar da kan jama'a. An samu kulawa sosai har gwamnatin Gambia ta haramta auren yara. 

## Fitattun Daraktoci da 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo

* Joseph Gaï Ramaka 
* Omari Hardwick 
* Nicole Behari
* Stephanie Okereke
* Gavin Hood

## Duba kuma

* Pan-Africanism
* Jerin bukukuwan fina-finai

## Magana

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*
Masallacin At-Tauhid

**[[Masallaci]] At-Tauhid** (Spanish) masallaci ne na yan  Shia Islam, wanda ke cikin unguwar Floresta na Buenos Aires, Argentina .  An kaddamar da shi a watan Oktoban shekarar 1983, shi ne masallaci mafi dadewa a kasar, kuma an kafa shi tare da goyon bayan ofishin jakadancin Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran a kasar Argentina.. Ginin mai sauƙi ne tare da salon Islama mai zurfi a bangon sa.

## Manazarta
Clorprenaline

**Chlorprenaline** (INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name, USANTooltip United States Adopted Name, BANTooltip British Approved Name), wanda kuma aka sani da **isoprophenamine** kuma aka sani da **clorprenaline hydrochloride** (USANTooltip United States Adopted Name, JANTooltip Jafananci Accepted Name) a cikin yanayin da broncholoditom magani ne a kasuwa, wanda shi ne a cikin yanayin da broncholodilator salted. Japan. Yana aiki azaman agonist mai karɓa na β-adrenergic ko azaman β-sympathomimetic.  Sunaye na clorprenaline a Japan suna da yawa kuma sun haɗa da Asnormal, Bazarl, Bronchon, Clopinerin, Conselt, Cosmoline, Fusca, Kalutein, Pentadoll, Restanolon, da Troberin. An fara bayanin maganin a cikin wallafe-wallafe ta 1956.

## Manazarta
André-Marie Mbida

**Andre-Marie Mbida** (1 Janairu 19172 May 1980) ɗan ƙasar Kamaru ne, ɗan kishin ƙasa,  ɗan Kamaru na farko da aka zaɓa ɗan majalisa a Majalisar Dokokin Faransa, Firayim Minista na Kamaru, Firayim Minista na biyu haifaffen Afirka a yankin Saharar Afirka, Shugaban Kamaru na farko na Faransa mai cin gashin kansa daga ranar 12 ga watan Mayu 1957 zuwa 16 ga watan Fabrairu, Kamaru mai cin gashin kansa daga 12 ga Mayu 1957 zuwa 29 ga watan Fabrairu, 19 ga watan Fabrairu. 1962 zuwa 29 ga watan Yuni 1965.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Andre-Marie Mbida a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu 1917 a Edinding (Cameroon) kuma ya mutu 2 ga watan Mayu 1980 a Paris (Faransa). Ya fito ne daga yankin Nyong da Sanaga na ƙasar Kamaru. An haife shi a cikin sarakunan gargajiya a matsayin ɗan gauraye mai basaraken gargajiya Simon Monbele Ongo Nanga sarkin Ngo logou da Edinding wanda ya jagoranci tawaye ga mahara Jamus da Ngono Veronique. André Marie MBIDA ya tafi makarantar firamare na karkara na Efok (Lekié division) kuma ya kasance ƙwararren ɗalibi. Daga nan ya ci gaba da karatunsa na sakandare a ƙaramar hukumar Akono daga shekarun 1929 zuwa 1935, inda ya zama malamin lissafi da koyar da harshen Latin, sannan ya yi babbar makarantar sakandare ta Mvolyé daga shekarun 1935 zuwa 1943. Yayin da yake karatu a babban Seminaire ya zama abokin shugabanni na gaba Fulbert Youlou da Barthélémy Boganda. An jarabce shi na ɗan lokaci da ra’ayin zama firist, amma bayan ya bar makarantar Seminary, ya zama Babban Malami na Makarantar karkara ta Balessing a shekarar 1943. Ya kasance mai hazaka don haka ya kammala karatunsa kuma akalla ya kammala aikin lauya a shekarar 1945. Bayan ya kammala horonsa a fannin shari'a, ya yi aiki a baitulmali a Yaoundé na tsawon shekara guda a shekarar 1945, sannan ya zama wakilin kasuwanci a Yaoundé da Ebolowa har zuwa shekara ta 1954. A matsayinsa na wakilin kasuwanci, kuɗin shiga kowane wata ya bambanta tsakanin kusan CFA 500,000 da 800,000 CFA francs, ko ma miliyan guda.

## Rayuwar iyali
A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta 1946, ya auri Marguerite Embolo, 'yar Assiguena Fabien, shugaban ƙabilar  Eton kuma mai gonakin shuka (ɗaya daga cikin manoman koko a cikin sashin Lekié) da na Mbono Marie, tsohuwar ungozoma a Mvog-Betsi ɗan Ewondo a Yaoundé Mbankolo, da kuma babban jikan Ogba waɗanda suka kafa ainihin Babban Birnin Yaounde tare da ɗan uwansa Essono Ela. Suna da 'ya'ya shida, maza huɗu da mata biyu, cikinsu har da Louis Tobie Mbida, Shugaban Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Kamaru (CPD) na yanzu (French: Parti des Démocrates Camerounais (PDC)), Simon Pierre Omgba Mbida, jami'in diflomasiyyar Kamaru, Alphonse Massi Mbida, Shugaban Kamfanin a Ile de Faransa, Paul Etoga Mbida, ɗalibin lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi wanda ya rasu a Faransa a shekarar 1985.

## Manazarta
Speakers

Sprakers ƙauye ne a cikin garin Root, County Montgomery, New York, Amurka. Lambar ZIP ta 12166. 

## Sanannun Mutane

* Jessica Friesen, race car driver
* Stewart Friesen, race car driver
* George A. Mitchell, founder of Cadillac, Michigan

## Manazarta
Angga Candra

**Angga Candra Lukita** (an haife shi a watan Janairu 22, 1991) ko kuma aka sani da Angga Candra mawaƙin Indonesiya ne, marubuci.

## Sana'a
Angga Candra ya daɗe yana aiki a matsayin mawaƙa. Ta shiga kungiyoyin kiɗa da yawa. Daga cikin su akwai Crabypatty, River, Filosofi, Catur, Coffee, kuma a ƙarshe sun kafa ƙungiya mai suna Adipati. A ƙarshe Adipati ya shiga Trinity Optima Production. Daga nan ne aka fara saninsa da abokansa biyar a duniyar wakokin Indonesiya. Daya daga cikin shahararrun wakokin Adipati ita ce Selimut Jiran. Ƙungiyar Repvblik ta sake rera waƙar.

## Manazarta
Célestine Ouezzin Coulibaly

**Makoukou Célestine Ouezzin Coulibaly-Traoré** (an haife  **Macoucou Traoré** ; ta rasu a shekara ta 1997) shugaba ce mai adawa da mulkin mallaka a yammacin Afirka ta Faransa. Ta taimaka wajen kafa sashen mata na Rassemblement Democratique Africain a Côte d'Ivoire da Upper Volta, ta zama sakatare-janar a shekarar 1948. A shekara ta 1958, an naɗa ta ministar harkokin zamantakewa ta Upper Volta, mai yiwuwa ta zama mace ta farko da ta shiga majalisar ministoci a kowace gwamnatocin yammacin Afirka masu magana da harshen Faransanci. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An yi imanin an haifi Ouezzin Coulibaly a wani lokaci tsakanin shekarun 1910-1914 a yankin Banfora na Burkina Faso a yau, wanda a lokacin ake kira Upper Volta. An santa da haihuwa a matsayin Makoukou (ko Macoucou) Traoré,  ita 'yar Balla Traoré ce, wacce ita ce shugabar Canton Sindou. Iliminta ya kai ga digirin koyarwa.  A shekara ta 1930, ta auri Daniel Ouezzin Coulibaly, ta sami sunan Célestine a shekara ta 1931 sa’ad da ita da mijinta suka yi baftisma a matsayin ’yan Katolika na Roman Katolika. 

Ta taimaka wajen kafa sashen mata na Rassemblement Democratique Africain a Cote d'Ivoire da Upper Volta, ta zama babban sakatariya a shekarar 1948.   Ouezzin Coulibaly na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka jagoranci wasu mata kimanin 1,500 a wani tattaki zuwa gidan yari a Grand-Bassam a ranar 24 ga watan Disamban 1949, inda suka yi kira da a saki mazajensu waɗanda a matsayinsu na 'yan kungiyar PDCI-RDA ta 'yancin kai, hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka ɗaure su ba tare da fuskantar shari'a ba. 

Tare da 'yan'uwan shugabannin Anne-Marie Raggi, Marguérite Sacoum, Odette Yacé da Marie Koré, ta saboda haka za a iya la'akari ɗaya daga cikin majagaba na 'yancin kai na Ivory Coast. 

A ranar 24 ga watan Oktoba 1958, Ouezzin Coulibaly aka naɗa Upper Volta Ministan Harkokin Jama'a, Gidaje da Aiki. Naɗin nata, wanda shi ne na farko ga wata mace a yammacin Afirka ta Faransa, ya zama kamar wani ci gaba mai ban sha'awa. Duk da haka, ba kamar juyin juya hali ba ne kamar yadda zai kasance kamar yadda ya faru makonni shida kacal bayan mutuwar mijinta, wanda ya kasance Shugaban Majalisar a Upper Volta. Ko da yake watakila mutuwarsa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen naɗin nata, a matsayinta na ƙwararriyar malamar makaranta kuma ɗaya daga cikin mata masu ilimin boko a ƙasar, amma a gaskiya ta cancanci wannan matsayi. 

Bayan da ta bar muƙamin a shekarar 1959, duk da kasancewarta mace ta farko a majalisar dokokin ƙasar,  kasancewar ba ta samu muƙamin gwamnati ba bayan samun ‘yancin kai na Upper Volta a shekarar 1960 na iya zama koma baya ga rawar da mata ke takawa a siyasance.  Mai wakiltar Upper Volta, Ouezzin Coulibaly an zaɓe ta a majalisar dattijai ta Faransa a ranar 30 ga watan Afrilu 1959 inda ta zauna a kwamitin sufuri da sadarwa. Ta riƙe muƙamin har zuwa ranar 16 ga watan Maris 1961. 

## Manazarta
Amalia Beres

**Amalia Bereș** (an Haife shi 18 Yuni 1997) yar wasan kwale-kwale ce ta Romania. Ita ce zakara ta Olympic kuma ta lashe lambar zinare a cikin mata takwas a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2024. Bereș kuma shine zakaran duniya na sau biyu a zakaran Turai na takwas da sau bakwai, gami da lakabi a takwas da maras kyau hudu. Ta yi takara a cikin takwas na mata a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2020. Bereș ƙanwar ce ga abokin aikin jirgin ruwa Mădălina Bereș.

## Manazarta
Gontchomé Sahoulba

**Gonchomé Sahoulba** (16 Oktoba 1909 - 1963) ɗan siyasan ƙasar Chadi ne wanda ya taka rawar gani a lokacin da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka a Chadi. An haife shi a shekara ta 1909, shi ne sarkin Moundang na Mayo-Kebbi, a lokacin da Faransa ta yi wa Chadi mulkin mallaka.

## Ayyukan siyasa a UDT
Sahoulba ya shiga siyasar ƙasa ne lokacin da jam'iyyun siyasa suka samu karɓuwa a hukumance a shekarar 1946 ta hanyar kafa jam'iyyar Chadian Democratic Union (UDT), jam'iyyar siyasa ta farko ta Afirka, mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a ra'ayinta kuma ta samu tagomashi daga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka, tare da sauran shugabannin gargajiya. Jam’iyyar ba ta da sahihiyar adawa a zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi sai a shekarar 1953. Sahoulba ya kuma yi aiki a Majalisar Dattawan Faransa daga shekarun 1951-1959. Daga shekarar 1953 an fara maye gurbin UDT a cikin Faransa da goyon bayan jama'a ta Chad Social Action (AST), wanda Sahoulba ya bi da sauran manyan 'yan siyasa kamar Ahmed Koulamallah, Bechi Sow da Ahmed Kotoko.

## Ayyukan siyasa a GIRT
Amma hoton ya canza sosai a cikin shekarar 1956, tare da sauye-sauyen zaɓe wanda ya faɗaɗa yawan masu jefa ƙuri'a, wanda ya ba da ƙarfi ga Jam'iyyar Ci Gaban Ci Gaban Chadi (PPT) mai kishin ƙasa ta Gabriel Lisette. Sahoulba ya yanke shawara tare da wasu don barin AST kafin zaɓen shekara ta 1957 na Majalisar Yankin, wanda ya kafa *Groupement des Indépendants et Ruraux Tchadiens* (GIRT). A zaɓen dai jam'iyyar PPT ta yi nasara, yayin da GIRT ta zo na biyu da kujeru 9 cikin 65.

Gabriel Lisette ya kafa gwamnatin Chadi ta farko a Afirka, amma ba ta daɗe ba: Sahoulba da Koulamallah sun kafa sabuwar jam’iyya mai suna Chad Popular Movement (*Mouvement Populaire Tchadien* ko MPT) wacce ta biyo bayan wani kudiri na rashin amincewa da aka gabatar a ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairu, 1959, ta taka rawa wajen haddasa rugujewar Lisette. Sahoulba ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban gwamnatin wucin gadi, inda ya kafa gwamnatin da shi kaɗai ne ɗan kudancin Chadi. Wannan keɓantawar kudu ya haifar da ɓacin rai sosai, kuma ya jawo Koulamallah ya haɗa kansa da Lisette akan Sahoulba; A sakamakon haka, an amince da wani sabon kudurin rashin amincewa da kuri'u 35 na adawa da 30, sannan Koulamallah ya kafa sabuwar gwamnati a ranar 13 ga watan Maris, 1959. Sahoulba yanzu ya daina taka wata muhimmiyar rawa a siyasar Chadi; ya mutu a shekarar 1963.

## Manazarta
Kamasins

Kamasins (Rashanci: камасинцы, romanized: kamasintsy; Kamassian: Kaŋmažə) tarin kabilu ne na mutanen Samoyedic a cikin tsaunin Sayan wadanda suka rayu tare da kogin Kan da kogin Mana a karni na 17 a kudancin yankin Krasnoyarsk na yau.

A cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta 2010 da 2021 na Rasha, mutane biyu an bayyana su da Kamassian kuma an jera su a ƙarƙashin rukunin "sauran ƙasashe". Hakanan, mutane 21, waɗanda suka ƙunshi kashi 0.5% na yawan jama'ar gundumar Sayansky, ana ayyana su a matsayin Kamasins da zuriyarsu ta hukumar gundumar a cikin jagorar yawon shakatawa na hukuma (2021).

## Tarihi
Asalin kamasin ya kasance a ɓoye amma an yi imanin cewa sun fito ne daga ƙabilar Proto-Samoyed. Kusan karni na 17, Kamasins suka ƙaura suka zauna a gefen kogin Kan da Mana. Daga baya kuma an mayar da Kamasin wani bangare na Turkawa.

Taiga and Steppe Kamasins

A ƙarshen karni na 19, an raba Kamasin zuwa rukuni biyu: Taiga da Steppe Kamasins,  kowanne da yarensa na daban.

Taiga Kamasins sun tsunduma cikin farauta, kiwo da kamun kifi. Taiga Kamasins suna magana da yaren Kamass na Kamassian har zuwa farkon karni na 20.

Steppe Kamasins sun tsunduma cikin kiwon shanu, kiwon dawakai, noma, da farauta. Suna yin yaren Koibal na Kamassian, yaren Samoyedic, har sai da suka karɓi yaren Khakas a tsakiyar ƙarni na 19, wanda har yanzu ake amfani da shi a yau..

Daga baya tarihi

Yawancin Kamasins sun shiga cikin manoman Rasha a farkon karni na 20. Sauran Kamasins an haɗa su cikin rukunin Koibal na Khakass kuma an yi aikin Turkification. Kamasins yanzu an rarraba su a matsayin Koibal Khakass ko Rashanci.

A shekara ta 1989, Klavdiya Plotnikova, mai magana na ƙarshe na harshen Kamassian, ya rasu. Ta kasance rabin Kamassian.

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Ma’aikatan Lissafi ta Ƙasashen Afirka

**Ƙungiyar Ma’aikatan Lissafi ta Ƙasashen Afirka** ( PAFA ) ita ce jikin yankin da aka yi niyyar wakiltar murya mai karfi da karfi, musamman kuma dangane da hukumar kasa da kasa (IFAC). An kaddamar da shi a Dakar, Senegal a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2011.

## Kaddamarwa
Shugaban kasa na farko, wanda aka zaba a taron farko a birnin Dakar na kasar Senegal, shi ne Manjo Janar Sebastian Achulike Owuama. Owuama kuma shi ne shugaban Cibiyar Kula da Akantoci ta Najeriya da kuma na Kungiyar Masu Akantoci a Yammacin Afirka .  Dr. Mussa J. Assad na Hukumar Akanta da Audit na kasar Tanzaniya ya zama mataimakin shugaban kasa.  Cibiyar Kula da Akanta ta Afirka ta Kudu a Johannesburg ta karbi bakuncin Sakatariyar PAFA. 

## Mambobi
A lokacin ƙaddamar da kungiyar, mambobi sun haɗa da:

* Benin  
* Botswana – BICA  
* Burkina Faso – ONECCA-BF  
* Burundi – OPC  
* Kamaru  
* Kongo Brazzaville  
* Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo – IDRC  
* Habasha – EPAAA  
* Gambiya  
* Ghana – ICAG  
* Guinea Bissau  
* Côte d'Ivoire  
* Kenya – ICPAK  
* Lesotho – LIA  
* Laberiya  
* Libya  
* Malawi – SOCAM  
* Mali  
* Mauritius – MIPA  
* Morocco  
* Namibiya – CFA, ICAN  
* Nijar  
* Najeriya – ICAN  
* Rwanda – ICPAR  
* Senegal – ONECCA  
* Saliyo  
* Afirka Ta Kudu – SAICA, SAIPA  
* Sudan – SACA  
* Swaziland – SIA  
* Tanzaniya – NBAA  
* Togo  
* Tunisia  
* Uganda – ICPAU  
* Zimbabwe – ICAZ, ICPAZ  

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*
Cibiyar Haɗin Gwiwar Masana Kimiyya ta Afirka

**Cibiyar Haɗin Gwiwar Masana Kimiyya ta Afirka** ko **Pan Africa Chemistry Network** (PACN) a turance, ta haɗu da masanan a duk faɗin Afirka .  An ƙaddamar da shi a London a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 2007 da kuma a Nairobi a ranar 27 ga Mayu 2008 ta Royal Society of Chemistry .  PACN tana aiki ne don haɗa masana kimiyya a duk faɗin Afirka kuma tana da cibiyoyi biyar masu ƙwarewa a cikin nazarin sunadarai a Kenya, Habasha, Ghana da Najeriya . 

Manufar PACN ita ce: 

Tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Syngenta, wanda ya ba da gudummawar £ 1 miliyan sama da shekaru biyar an kafa Cibiyoyin Kyawawan Cibiyoyin Ilimi na PACN a Kenya, Ghana da Habasha.

Tun daga Disamba 2011, Procter & Gamble suna aiki tare da PACN da manyan masana kimiyya da ɗalibai don musayar ilimi, haɓaka ƙwarewa da samar da dama don ƙididdigewa a fannonin tsabta, lafiya da sarrafa sharar gida. An kafa wani Lab ɗin Haɗin kai a Jami'ar Legas a Najeriya wanda ya haɗa da samar da kayan aikin nazari da horarwa ga masana kimiyyar Najeriya don amfani da ilimin su ga ƙalubalen masana'antar rayuwa ta gaske. 

PACN tana shirya abubuwa da yawa da suka haɗa da taron shekara-shekara, horo na GC-MS  da kuma taron tattaunawa na kimiyya. 

## Magana