open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Rafaravavitafika Rasata

**Rafaravavitafika RASATA**, mai shekaru 36, jami'ar diflomasiyya ce kuma 'yar siyasa 'yar ƙasar Madagascar wacce aka naɗa ta Ministan Harkokin Waje na Madagascar a ranar 14 ga watan Janairu, 2024. Ita ce mace ta 5 kuma mafi ƙanƙanta da ta riƙe wannan matsayi a tarihin diflomasiyyar ƙasar Madagascar. 

## Aiki
Kafin naɗinta a matsayin Minista, Rafaravavitafika Rasata ta yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje tsawon shekaru da dama, a matsayin Shugabar Ma'aikata, Kakakinta, da Darakta na Faɗaɗa Tattalin Arziki.  A lokacin rantsar da ita, ta ce abubuwan da za ta fi mayar da hankali a kansu su ne haɓaka diflomasiyyar tattalin arziki, shigar 'yan ƙasar Malagasy a cikin ci gaban ƙasar, da kuma haɓaka martabar ƙasar a ƙasashen waje.  Ta gana da Jakadiyar Amurka Claire Pierangelo a ranar 5 ga watan Fabrairu,  kafin ta halarci taron Tekun Indiya na 7 a Perth. 

## Ilimi
Rasata ta yi karatun shari'a da kimiyyar siyasa a Jami'ar Katolika ta Madagascar a shekarar 2011. Ta kammala digirin Master a fannin hidimar jama'a ta duniya a Ecole des Hautes Etudes Internationales da ke Paris a shekarar 2012, sannan ta ci gaba da karatu a  a cikin shekarar 2016. Tana da digiri na uku a cikin dangantakar ƙasa da ƙasa da diflomasiyya daga Center d'Etudes Diplomatiques et Stratégiques a Paris.  

## Manazarta
Yvonne Ziegler

**Yvonne Ziegler** (née **Yvonne Henriette Marie Lefeuve**; 1 ga Yuni 1902 - 16 ga Janairu 1988) ta kasance mai gwagwarmayar adawa ta Faransa, mai zane, mai zane-zane, kuma malami. Ta kafa kuma ta ba da umarnin Académie Ziegler a Paris . Ziegler ta yi aiki a cikin juriya ta Faransa tare da cibiyar sadarwa ta Cohors-Asturias  tare da abokin aikinta Suzanne Leclézio . An kore su duka zuwa sansanin fursuna na Ravensbrück, kuma sun tsira. An kuma san Ziegler da sunan adawa na Faransanci, **Véronique** .

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Yvonne Ziegler a matsayin Yvonne Henriette Marie Lefeuve a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1902, a Garches a Île-de-France, Faransa.  

Ziegler dalibi ne na Académie Julian a Paris,  kuma ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin masu zane-zane Lucien Simon da Paul Albert Laurens. 

An san Ziegler a cikin shekarun 1930 don aikinta na zane-zane, kuma an nuna ta a 1937 a Salon d'Automne a Paris.[1] An san ta da zane-zanen shimfidar wuri, hotunan mata, da tsirara. Ta kafa nata makarantar kimiyya a Paris, Académie Ziegler, a 1 rue de la Grande-Chaumière, a cikin gundumar Notre-Dame-des-Champs .

Farawa a farkon shekarun 1930 abokin aikinta na lesbian shine ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa Suzanne Leclézio, kuma tare sun zauna a cikin 14th arrondissement na Paris, a 43 rue Boissonade .  Ziegler da Leclézio sun shiga cibiyar tsayayya ta Cohors-Asturias tare a matsayin mataimakan na biyu. Ziegler ya ɗauki sunan lambar "Véronique".

Ma'auratan sun ba da mayakan adawa a gidansu, kuma sun fara cibiyar kiwon lafiya a 22 rue Marcadet, "Marcadet Street Health Center" (wanda aka fi sani da Centre d'hygiène sociale, chemin de fer du Nord) inda suka ceci iyalai Yahudawa a cikin 18th arrondissement na Paris. 

An zargi Ziegler da Leclézio, kuma Gestapo ta kama su a ranar 27 ga Yuli 1944, a gidansu a Rue Boissonade. An azabtar da su, sannan aka kai su Kurkukun Fresnes kuma aka ɗaure su, sannan kuma aka kore su ta hanyar kwashe fursunonin siyasa a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta 1944 zuwa sansanin fursunoni na Ravensbrück. [1] [2][3] Ziegler da Leclézio sun tsere a lokacin tafiyar mutuwa, kuma a watan Mayu 1945 Sojojin Red Army sun sake su.

Bayan dawowarta, Leclézio ta kasance darakta na Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Marcadet Street har zuwa 1984.

Ziegler ya sami kayan ado na soja na Faransa Croix de Guerre da Medal na Resistance .  An kira Leclézio Chevalier (Knight) na Legion of Honour, ya sami Croix de Guerre, da Medal na Resistance . 

Sun yi ritaya zuwa Calvados,  a La Charretterie, gonar Normandy. Sun ƙare rayuwarsu a gidan ritaya na Blangy-le-Château a Normandy, Faransa.

## Manazarta
Rose Warfman

**Rose Warfman** (née **Gluck**; 4 ga Oktoba 1916  - 17 ga Satumba 2016) ta kasance 'yar Faransa ce da ta tsira daga Auschwitz kuma memba ne na Resistance na Faransa .

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Gluck a ranar 4 ga Maris 1916 a Zürich, Switzerland, 'yar Pinhas Gluck-Friedman (1886-1964) da Henia Shipper (1887-1968). Mahaifinta ya kasance zuriyar Hasidic Masters kai tsaye, yana komawa ga Magid Dov Ber na Mezeritch (1704-1772),  almajirin kuma magajin Ba'al Shem Tov (1698-1760). Tana da 'yan'uwa mata biyu, Antoinette Feuerwerker (1912-2003) da Hendel (Hedwig) Naftalis (1913-?), da kuma ɗan'uwa Solomon Gluck (an haife shi a shekara ta 1914-ya mutu a lokacin WWII).

### Strasbourg da Paris
Iyayenta sun ƙaura daga Tarnów a Galicia, Poland, zuwa Belgium, sannan zuwa Switzerland, a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na I. Iyalin sun ci gaba da ƙaura zuwa Jamus, kuma a ƙarshe zuwa Faransa a 1921, sun zauna a Strasbourg. A can ta tafi sanannen Lycée des Pontonniers, wanda yanzu ake kira Lycée International des Pontonnier . Bayan ta koma Paris, tare da iyalinta, ta yi karatu a 1941 da 1942 don zama ma'aikaciyar jinya, a makarantar zamani ta Ecole de puériculture, 26, boulevard Brune, a Paris 14. Ta yi aiki kafin Yaƙin Duniya na II a COJASOR, ƙungiyar sabis na zamantakewa ta Yahudawa, tare da Lucie Dreyfus (née Hadamard; 1869-1945), gwauruwar Alfred Dreyfus .

### Tsayayyar Faransa
A lokacin Yaƙi duniya na biyu, ta haɗu da 'yar'uwarta, Antoinette Feuerwerker, da mijinta, Rabbi David Feuerwerker , a Brive-la-Gaillarde . Sun yi aiki tare da Edmond Michelet, Babban Ministan Charles de Gaulle na gaba, a cikin babbar ƙungiyar Resistance ta Faransa, Combat . A cikin Michelet's Memoirs, an ambaci ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin wakilai masu aiki don Combat . Sunan ta a cikin Résistance shine Marie Rose Girardin .

An kama ta a Majami'a Brive a watan Maris na shekara ta 1944, an kai ta sansanin fursunoni na Drancy, kuma daga can, a kan jirgin ruwa na 72, a ranar 29 ga Afrilu 1944, zuwa sansanin Auschwitz. 'Yar'uwarta Antoinette Feuerwerker ta yi nasarar samun ta a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya lokacin da take sansanin Drancy. Ta sa wannan tufafi a lokacin da ta isa Auschwitz .  Dokta Josef Mengele, sanannen likitan Nazi, ya ware ta don tsira. Daga baya, ya yi mata tiyata, ba tare da anesthesia ba. Ta tsira daga zaɓuɓɓuka uku a sansanin Auschwitz (Auschwitz-Birkenau), kuma daga baya aka tura ta sansanin Gross-Rosen, kafin Sojojin Rasha su sake ta a watan Fabrairun 1945. Adadin da aka yi wa tattoo a hannunta a Auschwitz ya kasance 80598. A ƙasa akwai triangle, ma'ana ita Bayahude ce.

## Manazarta
Maria Úrsula na Abreu da Lencastre

**Maria Úrsula de Abreu e Lencastre** (1682 &#x2013; 1730) ta kasance kasada ta 'yan asalin Portugal kuma mai aikin soja a rundunar sojojin Portugal. An haife ta a Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ta Portugal kuma ta mutu a Goa . Ta shiga rundunar sojojin ruwan Portugal sanye da kayan soja kamar mutumin da ake kira Balthazar do Couto Cardoso, ta yi tafiya zuwa Portugal, ta shiga soja, kuma ta shiga yaƙe-yaƙe a Indiya. 

A shekara ta 1700, shekarar da ta cika shekara 18 da haihuwa, ta bar gidan mahaifinta ta nufi Lisbon, babban birnin Daular Portugal . Manufarta ita ce ta rayu cikin abubuwan da suka faru na Sojojin Dawaki da Yaƙin Jihadi da ta karanta daga littattafai, abubuwan da suka faru da aka haramta wa matan zamaninta. Lokacin da ta isa Lisbon, ta shiga soja, da sunan ƙarya na Baltasar do Couto Cardoso.

Ta yi aiki a rundunar sojojin Portugal a ƙasar Portugal ta Indiya sanye da kayan soja a shekarar 1700–1712. Ta shiga cikin mamayar sansanin soja a Amona, Goa, a kan Prabhu-Desais na Sanquelim, inda aka ɗaukaka ta zuwa kyaftin kuma aka ba ta kula da sansanin soja na Madre de Deus a shekarar 1703. Sarki John na Biyar na Portugal ya yi mata ado saboda hidimarta a shekarar 1714. Ta bayyana jima'inta da son rai a shekarar 1714 saboda tana son auren wani mutum, Afonso Teixeira Arrais de Mello.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin masu sanya kayan ado na lokacin yaƙi

## Manazarta

* Macedo, Joaquim Manuel de. Anno biographico brasileiro (aya 1). Rio de Janeiro, Typographia da Litographia do Imperial Instituto Artisto, 1876.
* Daehnhardt, Rainier. Gidaje, Espadas da Tumatir. Ed. Zafi, 2005.
Dasha daga Sevastopol

**Darya Lavrentyevna Mikhailova** ( Russian   ) (Nuwamba 1836 - 1892) ma'aikaciyar jinya ce ta Rasha a lokacin da aka kewaye Sevastopol a cikin 1853-1856 Crimean War, wanda daga nan ne aka fi saninta da sunan **Dasha na Sevastopol** ( Russian   Ta zama ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa aikin jinya na zamani - a layi ɗaya da aikin Florence Nightingale .

An haifi Mikhailova a wani ƙauye kusa da Klyuchischi a gundumar Kazan . Mahaifinta, ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa a rundunar sojojin ruwan Rasha ta Daular Rasha, an kashe shi a yakin Sinope a shekarar 1853. Tana da shekara 17 a lokacin da Yaƙin Crimea ya ɓarke a shekarar 1853.

Kafin yaƙin, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai wanki da allura ga ma'aikatan rundunar sojojin ruwan Rasha a gundumar Karabelnaya da ke Sevastopol, kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Sevastopol . Ta bar gidanta lokacin da yaƙin ya ɓarke don taimakawa wajen kula da sojojin Rasha da suka ji rauni a fagen daga a lokacin Yaƙin Alma (Satumba 1854). Ta kafa ofishin kula da ma'aikatan jinya, tana amfani da vinegar da tsinken tufafinta don tsaftacewa da kuma gyara raunukan sojojin. Ita ce 'yar'uwar rundunar sojojin Rasha ta farko ta farko da ta yi hidima ( Russian   ) a lokacin Yaƙin Crimea.

Sarkin sarakuna Nicholas I (ya mutu a shekara ta 1855) ya ba ta lambar yabo ta St. Vladimir tare da lambar yabo ta zinariya "don himma". Ita ce kadai mace ta Rasha da ba ta da daraja da ta karɓi wannan lambar yabo. An kuma ba ta lada na 1500 rubles azurfa.

Ta auri Private Maksim Khvorostov a shekara ta 1855. Ma'auratan sun gudanar da masauki a wani kauye, sannan suka koma Nikolaev, amma Dasha daga bisani ta koma Sevastopol inda ta gudanar da gidan cin abinci kuma ta yi aiki a asibiti. Lokacin da ta yi ritaya, an gabatar da ita da wani hoton Kristi da aka saya tare da gudummawa daga marasa lafiya. Ta mutu a Shelanga, kusa da ƙauyen gidanta, a shekara ta 1892.

Asteroid 3321 an sanya masa suna a cikin ƙwaƙwalwarta (3321 Dasha 1975 TZ2 Darya Lavrentyevna Mikhailova).

## Dubi kuma

* Holy Cross Society of Sisters of Mercy (ru) - wanda ya kasance mai gabatarwa ga Red Cross mai aiki a lokacin Yakin Crimea

## Manazarta
Nadine Ramaroson

**Nadine Ramaroson** (28 ga watan Mayu, 1958 &#x2013; 28 ga watan Agusta, 2011) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar asalin ƙasar Faransa da ƙasar Madagascar.

## Haihuwa
'Yar André Ramaroson da Odette Andriatsalama, an haifi **Nadine Laura Eugénie Charlotte Ramaroson** a Maisons-Alfort, Faransa.

## Ilimi
Ta yi karatu a makarantar firamare ta Saint Joseph de Cluny, makarantar sakandare ta St. Antoine da ke Andravoahangy, a Lycée Français de Tananarive da kuma École des Roches da ke ƙasar Faransa. Ta ci gaba da karatunta a Cibiyar Ilimi Mai Girma ta Glion da ke Switzerland. Daga nan ta yi aiki a wani otal a Geneva, a cikin kasuwancin iyali na Savonnerie tropicale, daga baya kuma ta kafa kamfaninta na shigo da kaya daga ƙasashen waje da Madisco. 

Ramaroson ta kasance Ministar Jama'a da Harkokin Jama'a tun daga shekarar 2009.

## Mutuwa
Ta nutse a cikin teku kusa da Soanierana Ivongo yayin da take dawowa daga wani biki a Île Sainte-Marie.  Da alama manyan raƙuman ruwa sun kife jirgin ruwan kuma mutane da yawa ciki har da Ramaroson sun mutu. Akwai rahoto cewa fashewar da ta biyo baya ta hana yunƙurin ceto kuma ta haifar da ƙarin mace-mace.

## Manazarta
Daniel Kane (masanin harshe)

**Daniel Kane** (Sinanci: 康丹; : ;  25 Janairu 1948 - 16 Afrilu 2021) ya kasance jami'in diflomasiyyar Australiya kuma masanin harshe,  kuma daya daga cikin manyan hukumomin duniya kan yarukan Jurchen da Khitan da suka ƙare da rubutun su. 

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Daniel Kane a watan Janairun 1948 a Melbourne . Ya mutu daga mahaifinsa tun yana ƙarami, yanayin matsanancin talauci  ya tilasta masa ya rage karatunsa kuma ya shiga aikin aiki yana da shekara 16. Ya bar makaranta ya shiga banki, yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da kuɗi a reshe a titin Lygon, Carlton . A can Dean of Arts na lokacin a jami'ar ya lura cewa yana da baiwa mai ban mamaki ga harsuna, yana bayyana yana magana da abokan ciniki na Girka da Italiyanci sosai  - ya ɗauki Italiyanci, don ɗaya, sauraro da magana da 'ya'yan baƙi a makaranta a shekarunsa na farko - kuma ya gayyace shi ya gama makarantar sakandare kuma ya fara karatu a jami'a da ke kusa. Ya ci gaba da karatu a lokacin hutu kuma ya shiga Jami'ar Melbourne tare da manyan girmamawa.

Ya dauki digiri na farko a can a shekarar 1971, yana karatun Sinanci da Rasha kuma an ba shi tallafin Ph.D. ga ANU. An ba da Ph.D. a cikin 1975 tare da rubutun kan Harshen Jurchen Harshen Tungusic wanda ya kasance mai gabatarwa, kuma yana da alaƙa da Manchu  da aka yi magana a lokacin Daular Jin a Arewacin China.

Tare da aikinsa na ilimi, Kane ya kuma yi aiki a diflomasiyya. Ya shiga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Australiya a shekara ta 1976 kuma an tura shi Beijing na tsawon shekaru hudu (1976-1980) a farkon lokacin sake fasalin kuma musamman lokacin Ginin Dimokuradiyya wanda ya tashi da wuri don karantawa kowace safiya kuma wanda ba a iya wucewa ba wanda ya zama tushen yawancin abin da aka sani a waje da China na wannan motsi.  Ya kuma kasance mai ba da shawara kan al'adu a Ofishin Jakadancin Australiya a Beijing na tsawon shekaru biyu a cikin shekarun 1990s (1995-1997). 

A fannin ilimi ya kasance malami a Sinanci a Jami'ar Melbourne a 1981 kuma ya ziyarci malami a Ma'aikatar Sinanci da Jami'ar Peking a 1988 da 1993. Daga 1997 ya kasance Farfesa na Sinanci a Jami'ar Macquarie da ke Sydney har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2012.

Ya mutu a shekara ta 2010 lokacin da matarsa, masanin tarihin Qing na Shanghai  da kuma sabuntawar kasar Sin, Yè Xiǎoqīng (葉曉青), ya mutu daga ciwon daji, bayan ya yi barazanar warkewa daga farkon ganewar cutar kansa don ya haifi ɗansu Ian (易安 (Yìān). 

## Manazarta
Alfred Hermann Fried

**Alfred Hermann Fried** (pronunciation Jamusanci: [ˈʔalfʁeːt ˈhɛʁman ˈfʁiːt]; 11 ga Nuwamba 1864 - 4 ga Mayu 1921) ya kasance ɗan ƙasar Austriya ne mai zaman lafiya, mai tallata labarai, ɗan jarida, wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar zaman lafiya ta Jamus, kuma ya lashe (tare da Tobias Asser) Kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya a 1911. Fried ya kuma kasance mai goyon bayan Esperanto. Shi ne marubucin littafin Esperanto da kuma ƙamus na Esperanto-Jamusanci da Jamusanci-Esperanto, wanda aka fara bugawa a 1903 kuma aka sake bugawa a 1905. 

## Rayuwa
An haife shi a Vienna, Daular Austriya, Fried ya bar makaranta yana da shekaru 15 kuma ya fara aiki a kantin sayar da littattafai. A shekara ta 1883, ya koma Berlin, inda ya bude kantin sayar da littattafai na kansa a shekara ta 1887. Bayan bugawa ta Bertha von Suttner na Die Waffen nieder!  (Lay Down Your Arms) a cikin 1889, shi da von Suttner sun fara a cikin 1892 don buga mujallar wannan sunan. A cikin labaran da aka buga a cikin Die Waffen nieder! kuma magajinsa, Die Friedenswarte (The Peace Watch), ya bayyana falsafar zaman lafiya.

A shekara ta 1892 ya kasance co-kafa kungiyar zaman lafiya ta Jamus (Deutsche Friedensgesellschaft). Ya kasance daya daga cikin iyaye na ra'ayin kungiyar zamani don tabbatar da zaman lafiya a duniya (babban ra'ayin ya bunkasa a cikin League of Nations kuma bayan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya).

## Ayyuka

* Das Abrüstungs-Matsala: Eine Untersuchung. [Hasiya]
* Abschied von Wien 
* Sarkin sarakuna na Jamus da Zaman Lafiya na Duniya, tare da Gabatarwa ta Norman Angell . [Hasiya]
* Ka mutu daga juyin juya hali Pacifismus. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] An fassara shi zuwa Faransanci ta hanyar Jean Lagorgette a matsayin Les Bases du pacifisme: Le Pacifisme réformiste et le pacifisme 意volutionnaire. [Hasiya]
* Handbuch der Friedensbewegung.  (Littafin hannu na Motsi na Zaman Lafiya) Wien, Oesterreichische Friedensgesellschaft, 1905. 2nd ed. , Leipzig, Verlag der Friedens-Warteya, 1911.
* Yunwa ta hankali a Jamus da Austria, a cikin Nation, 110 (Maris 20, 1920) 367-368.
* Haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa. Newcastle a kan Tyne, Richardson [1918].
* Daga cikin duniya akwai wani abu da ake kira Leben der Gegenwart. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9]
* Ƙungiyar Al'ummai: Cibiyar Da'a, a cikin Rayuwa, 306 (21 ga Agusta, 1920) 440-443.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9]  (My War Journal) 4 Bde. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9]
* Pan-Amurka [Hasiya]
* Maido da Turai, transl. na Lewis Stiles Gannett. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9]
* Der Weltprotest gegen den versailler Frieden. [Hasiya]
* Die zweite Haager Konferenz: Ihre Arbeiten, ihre Ergebnisse, da ihre Bedeutung.

## Manazarta
Krisztina Csáky

**Krisztina Csáky** (1654-1723) ɗan ƙasar Hungary ce. Ta shiga cikin Yaƙin Independence na Rákóczi a cikin 1703-1711.

## Rayuwa
An haife ta a Szepes a matsayin 'yar fari ta Istvan Csáky da Margit Lonay . Mahaifinta shi ne Babban Alkalin Shari'a kuma Kyaftin-Janar na Upper Hungary . Sauran dangin da suka fi tasiri sun hada da kakanta Zsigmond Lónyay wanda aka zaba Palatine.

### Aure na farko
A ranar 21 ga Yuli 1669, Krisztina ta auri Sándor Erdődy mai shekaru goma, Babban Sheriff na Vas County, tare da wanda ta haifi ɗa Sandor da 'ya'ya mata uku Margaretha, Erzsébet da Juliana. 

A shekara ta 1670 lokacin da Krisztina ke da shekaru 17 kuma tana da ciki da ɗanta na farko Sandor, mahaifiyarta ta mutu a cikin gado. Mahaifinta zai ci gaba da yin aure sau biyu yana ba ta 'yan uwanta da yawa. Erdődy ya mutu a shekara ta 1681

#### Aure na biyu
Bayan mutuwar mijinta na farko ta auri wani lokaci bayan 1682, kawu na mijinta mai suna Nikola/Miklós Drašković/Draskovich/Drachenstein von Trakostjan. Daga wannan auren babu wata matsala. Babbar 'yar Krisztinas Margaretha za ta zo ta auri ɗan'uwanta Paul Franz Karl Draskovich von Trakostjan.

Von Trakostjan ya mutu a shekara ta 1687. Wataƙila dalilin mutuwarsa bugun zuciya ne, kodayake a lokacin ana zargin an ba shi guba saboda zargin goyon bayan makircin Magnate . Manufar makircin ita ce a kori Habsburgs daga Hungary.

A matsayinta na bazawara Krisztina ta taimaka wajen shirya auren 'ya'yanta, ɗanta Sandor a shekarar 1693 ya auri ƙanwar Johanna Beatrix von Trauttmansdorff-Weinsberg, wacce take ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin iyalai masu daraja a Austria .

Duk da cewa manyan mutanen Hungary da yawa sun ƙi mulkin Habsburg a kan Hungary, mahaifin surukarta sabon mai kula da gidan sarauta ne a kotun Habsburg kuma irin wannan alaƙar tana da matuƙar muhimmanci.

'Yarta Juliana ta auri Antal Esterházy de Galántha a shekarar 1695, ɗan uwan Paul I, Yarima Esterházy . Mahaifin Antals Ferenc kamar mijin Krisztinas na biyu von Trakostjan shi ma ya shiga cikin makircin Magnate. Duk da haka Juliana ta mutu a ranar 28 ga Disamba 1696  ta haifi 'ya mace.

#### Fita daga hungary
Bayan shan kaye a shekarar 1710, ma'auratan sun bar Hungary, kuma daga 1711 zuwa 1716 sun zauna a gidan sarautar Brezan (wani ɓangare na Poland a lokacin). A shekarar 1718 bayan Yarjejeniyar Požarevac wadda ta ga an mayar da wasu yankunan Ottoman ga Habsburgs, wanda ya tilasta musu ƙaura zuwa Rhodosto (Tekirdağ na yanzu), a Daular Ottoman, inda suka zauna sauran rayuwarsu a gudun hijira.

## Mutuwa
Krizstina ya mutu a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1723 a Tekirdağ, Turkiyya.

An binne Krizstina a cikin gidan ibada na Saint Benoit da ke Istanbul . A shekarar 1906, aka dawo da gawarwakinta da na mijinta zuwa Hungary, sannan aka binne su a cikin cocin Saint Elizabeth da ke Košice .

## Manazarta
Michael O'Hickey

**Michael Patrick O'Hickey** (Irish: Micheál Pádraig Ó hIcí; 12 March 1860 – 19 November 1916) was an Irish Catholic priest and held the chair of Irish at Maynooth College and an Irish language campaigner.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Michael O'Hickey a Carrickbeg, County Waterford, Ireland . Mahaifiyarsa ta mutu tun tana ƙarama kuma mahaifinsa, Fenian, ya sake yin aure. Yana da babban ɗan'uwa Martin, da ƙaramin ɗan'uwa Maurice. Ya yi karatu don firist a Kwalejin St. John, Waterford, kuma an naɗa shi firist a 1884.  Ya kasance memba mai aiki kuma mataimakin shugaban Gaelic League kuma ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin sanannen masanin Irish Sean Plemion . O'Hickey ya kuma kasance memba na Royal Irish Academy .

In 1896 he was appointed Professor of Irish in Maynooth College, succeeding Fr. Eugene O'Growney.

Bayan ya yi rikici da bishops da kafawa, an kori O'Hickey a 1909 daga matsayinsa na Farfesa na Irish, saboda halinsa a cikin gardama game da Irish a matsayin batun karatun sabuwar Jami'ar Kasa ta Ireland. 

Ya sami goyon baya daga yawancin 'yan kasa na Irish (ciki har da Patrick Pearse wanda a baya ya yi rashin jituwa da shi), masu gwagwarmayar yaren Irish, da wasu abokan aikinsa ciki har da Farfesa na tauhidin Maynooth, Walter McDonald . 

Ya yi kira ga korarsa zuwa Vatican, amma an ki amincewa da roko.

Wani lokaci sunansa ya bayyana a matsayin Michael Hickey maimakon Micheal O'Hickey, ko ma a cikin Irish a matsayin An tAthair Micheál Ó hIcí .

Ya mutu a Portlaw a shekara ta 1916 kuma an binne shi a cikin shirin dangin Hickey a cikin Kabari na Friary a Carrick Beg, County Waterford . 

## Littattafai

* *Irish a cikin makarantu*, ta Ó hIcí, Micheál P., Gaelic League, 1900.
* *Kasuwancin ilimin Irish* ta Rev. M.P. O'Hickey, Gaelic League, 1902.
* *Jami'ar Irish, ko kuma* ta Michael P. O'Hickey, Gill & Sons, Dublin, 1909.
* *Harshe da Ƙasa* ta O'Hickey, Rev. Michael.  (Gabatarwa ta Douglas Hyde) Waterford News, 1918.

## Manazarta
Darach Ó Séaghdha

**Darach Ó Séaghdha** (mai suna [ˈd̪ɣaɾɣəx oː ˈʃeː]; an haife shi 5 Nuwamba 1977)    marubuci ne na Irish, Podcaster kuma mai fafutukar yaren Irish. Shi ne marubucin Motherfoclóir: Dispatches from a Not So Dead Language, wanda ya lashe 'Ireland AM Popular Non-Fiction Book of the Year' a cikin 2017 Irish Book Awards .

## Tarihin rayuwa
Ó Séaghdha ya girma ne a Rathfarnham, wani yanki na Dublin, a cikin iyali mai yare da yawa. Mahaifinsa, masanin harshe, da mahaifiyarsa sun kasance suna magana da Irish tare amma suna magana da Turanci ga yaransu. Lokacin da mahaifin Ó Séaghdha ya yi rashin lafiya sosai, Ó Séagdadha ya zama mai sha'awar koyon Irish kuma ya yi amfani da Twitter don raba kalmomi da kalmomin Irish masu ban sha'awa da ya haɗu.

Ó Séaghdha ya bayyana Irish a matsayin "dukiyar da aka binne mai ban mamaki". A cikin rubuce-rubucensa yana so ya nuna wa mutane yadda, ta hanyar Irish, zasu iya fahimtar duniya da ke kewaye da su, ta hanyar kalmomi da jimloli waɗanda ba su wanzu a cikin harshen Ingilishi ba. A cikin 2017 Irish Book Awards, littafinsa Motherfoclóir: Dispatches from a Not So Dead Language (Head of Zeus, 2017) ya lashe kyautar Ireland AM Popular Non-Fiction Book of the Year . 

Binciken da ya biyo baya ga Motherfoclóir, wanda aka buga a cikin 2018, wanda ke ɗauke da sunan Craic Baby: Dispatches from a Rising Language, yana bincika sabbin tsoffin sassa na harshen Irish daga hangen nesa na mutum, yana rufe batutuwan multilingualism, Brehon Law,  kuma musamman lexicon.

Yana gudanar da sanannen asusun Twitter na harshen Irish mai suna The *Irish For* .  Shi ne kuma babban mai karɓar bakuncin kwasfan fayiloli na Motherfoclóir, wani ɓangare na Cibiyar Podcast ta Headstuff.

## Manazarta
P. A. Ó Síocháin

**Pádraig Augustine Ó Síocháin (P. A.) ** (1905-1995) ɗan jaridar Irish ne, marubuci, lauya, mai fafutukar yaren Irish kuma ɗan kasuwa, an haife shi a Kanturk, County Cork, Ireland a ranar 26 ga Mayu 1905, ɗan shida na D. Sheehan, MP na Mid Cork, na Kanturk, da Mary Pauline (née O'Connor) daga Tralee, County Kerry.

## Jarida
Ya yi karatu a makarantar Kanturk National, Kwalejin Rochestown, Cork, da Jami'ar London, inda ya sami difloma a fannin aikin jarida a 1923.  An nada shi ƙaramin mai ba da rahoto ga Daily Sketch a London a 1924, ya koma Ireland daga baya a wannan shekarar a matsayin ƙaramin editan Enniscorthy Echo, County Wexford.

Da yake ƙaura zuwa Dublin, daga 1927 zuwa 1931 ya kasance mai ba da rahoto, mai ba da labari na siyasa da jirgin sama ga The Irish Times, yana ba da rahotanni ne kawai game da jirgin farko na gabas zuwa yamma a cikin 1928 ta jirgin sama, *Bremen*, jirgin saman Junkers W33 na Jamus, daga Baldonnel Airfield, County Dublin . 

## Edita
A cikin shekarun 1930 ya kasance editan mujallar *Irish Aviation Magazine - mujallar iska ta ƙasa ta Ireland* da New Irish Magazine . Sa'an nan kuma daga 1931 editan Garda Review,  mujallar hukuma ta Garda Síochána, sabis na 'yan sanda na ƙasar Ireland, wanda ya shirya na tsawon shekaru 41  daidai da umarnin Janar Eoin O'Duffy don gyara shi sosai don amfanin mambobin sabis ɗin. Garda Review ta bi nasa layin mai zaman kansa. Tare da shi sojojin Garda suna da jarida mai ƙarfi da nasara, mai ban sha'awa da nishaɗi ga yawancin sojojin, wanda ya taimaka wajen kiyaye waɗanda ke cikin yankuna masu nisa. Ya kasance ƙwararre sosai a cikin layout da ka'idojin wallafe-wallafen, yana ba da matsakaici don isar da ra'ayoyin gwamnati da kwamishinan ga rundunar. A lokaci guda ya ba da damar Gardaí suyi magana da shawarwarinsu ko korafe-korafe.

## Matsalar Yakin
A lokacin gaggawa ta yaki (1939-1946) ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kamfanin tsaro na gida (LDF) kuma a kan ma'aikatan HQ na gundumar, tare da farawa da kuma jagorantar motsi na majalisa don rarraba tan 10,000 na man fetur da tan 750 na kayan katako daga Dublin da Wicklow Mountains zuwa gidajen kudancin Dublin a lokacin rarrabawar yaki a kan tsarin rabon na musamman.

## Manazarta
Babban Mata

**Babbar Mace** ko **Babbar Mace**  girmamawa ce da ake amfani da ita ga babbar matar aure a cikin auren mata fiye da ɗaya na Afirka . Matan sarauta da masu sarauta na zamani suna amfani da ita sosai a jihohi a duk faɗin nahiyar ta zamani a matsayin ma'anar aure (misali, Mantfombi Dlamini na eSwatini, wanda ya taɓa yin aiki a matsayin babbar matar wani Sarkin Zulu, ya ɗauke ta a matsayin lakabi). 

## Bayani da ƙa'idodi na tarihi
A zamanin da, an san babbar matar Fir'auna a matsayin babbar matar sarki . Tana jagorantar matan mijinta kuma tana yin ayyuka daban-daban na firistoci a masarautar.   Babbar matar sarki kuma ana kiranta da *matar kirki* . 

Mata nagari su ne babbar uwar gida da aka aura musu, kuma sun yi aiki a matsayin shugabannin haramun na gidajen da ake magana a kansu. A tsawon tarihi, kalmar haramun ba ta da cikakken bayani idan aka kwatanta da ma'anonin da ake amfani da su a zamanin yau. A cikin wayewar Musulunci, an bayyana 'Harem' a matsayin yanki na sirri da keɓewa ga matan gida - ko da kuwa sun kasance mata ko a'a. 

A Kush da sauran ƙasashen Afirka na lokacin mulkin mallaka, manyan matayen sarauta galibi suna aiki iri ɗaya.  

## Matsayin da ya taka a tarihi
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan matan aure da aka fi sani a duniyar da ta gabata ita ce Nefertari, wacce ta auri Fir'auna Ramesses na Biyu, wanda a matsayin sarauta ya sanya ta zama mutum na biyu mafi ƙarfi a masarautar da ya yi mulki.  Sarauniya ko uwargidan sarki sau da yawa tana da rawar da za ta taimaka mata - kodayake a aikace waɗannan matan suna da tasiri sosai a kan al'amuran masarautun da shugabanninsu suka yi mulki a tsawon tarihi. 

Babbar Matar tana da ayyuka da yawa, amma mafi shahara ita ce kula da matan sarki, inda ake ajiye matan, amma a wasu masarautu, har ma da inda waɗannan mata da ƙananan yara waɗanda ke da alaƙa da shi suke zama. Nefertari kyakkyawan misali ne na babbar matar sarauta; ta yi tasiri sosai a cikin mulkin Masar, ta shiga cikin al'adar kotu, kuma ta ba da gudummawa mai yawa ga al'adun Masar a matsayin diflomasiyya. Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a bayan fage a cikin dangin sarauta, kuma hakan ya nuna fahimtar rawar da Babbar Matar take takawa a yanzu. A lokacin rayuwarta da kuma bayan mutuwarta, Ramesses II ta gina wasu abubuwan tarihi da za su taimaka mata ta tuna da su a matsayin wani ƙarin alama na fitacciyarta.

## A yau
Al'adar ƙirƙirar manyan mata, inda ake yawan kiran manyan mata masu aure da yawa na sarakunan Afirka da manyan mutane a matsayin *Manyan Matansu*, har zuwa yanzu.  Baya ga sarauniyar Zulus, masu wannan sarauta sun haɗa da masu ɗauke da siffa ta Olori Agba ta ƙasar Yarabawa da kuma babbar matar Ingwenyama ta eSwatini .

Idan aka ɗauke shi a matsayin kalma ta gama gari ga babban mijin aure a cikin gidan da ke da mata da yawa, al'adun da suka shafi manyan mata sun bambanta; A cikin dokar gargajiya ta Najeriya, matar da ke ƙarƙashinta da ta raina babban mijinta a cikin gidansa an yi amfani da ita a matsayin dalilin da mijin zai sake ta,  yayin da a cikin dokar gargajiya ta Kudancin Afirka, babban mutum da aka sani shi ne wanda aka yi wa laƙabi da gado ta wurinsa. 

### Jeri

## Nassoshi
Bako Law Ramanandraibe Ranaivoharivony

**Bakolalao Ramanandraibe Ranaivoharivony** ta kasance ministar shari'a na ƙasar Madagascar daga watan Oktoba 2007 zuwa shekara ta 2009. 

A cikin shekarar 2006 ta kasance darekta-janar na École Nationale de la Magistrature et des Greffes.

Ita ce shugabar girmamawa ta Kotunan Koli da Kotun Koli.

## Manazarta
Philip Effiong

Philip Efiong (wanda aka fi sani da Effiong, listenⓘ 18 Nuwamba 1925 - 6 Nuwamba 2003) ya kasance jami'in soja na Najeriya wanda, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Najeriya (1967-70), shi ne mataimakin shugaban kasa na farko kuma, a takaice, shugaban kasa na biyu kuma na karshe na Jamhuriyar Biafra .

## Farkon Rayuwa
An haife shi a Ibiono Ibom a Jihar Akwa Ibom ta yanzu, Najeriya, a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 1925, Philip Effiong ya shiga Sojojin Najeriya a ranar 28 ga Yuli 1945. Daga baya Burtaniya ta ba shi izini don aiki a Rhine, Jamus ta Yamma. Daga nan aka tura shi zuwa rundunar sojin Najeriya; sannan zuwa Ingila don ci gaba da horo bayan zaman lafiya a Jamhuriyar Kongo a 1961. Shi ne Darakta na farko na Ordnance na Najeriya.

## Mataimakin shugaban kasa Na Biafra
Efiong ya zama Babban hafsan soji na Biafra a karkashin Shugaba Odumegwu Ojukwu a lokacin yakin Najeriya da Biafra, kuma mataimakin shugaban kasa.

Hanyoyin da Sojojin Najeriya suka yi a lokacin yakin sun hada da toshe tattalin arziki da lalata ƙasar noma da gangan. Ko da kafin yakin, yankin ya kasance mai shigo da abinci, dangane da kudin shiga daga filayen mai don ciyar da jama'arta.

Tare da katange kudaden shigar man fetur da lalata noma na rage samar da abinci, sakamakon haka ya haifar da tarwatsa jama'a da yunwa. Ana kyautata zaton mutane miliyan biyu zuwa uku ne suka mutu a rikicin, akasarinsu sakamakon yunwa da rashin lafiya.

## Manazarta
Čučuk Stana

**Čučuk Stana** ( Serbian Cyrillic  , "Ƙaramar Stana") mace ce mai suna Hajduk 'yar ƙasar Serbia, matar Hajduk Veljko ta biyu, daga baya ta auri jarumin Girka Giorgakis Olympios . Ita ma jaruma ce a cikin waƙoƙin Serbia masu ban mamaki .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife ta a shekara ta 1795, a ƙauyen Sikole kusa da Negotin, Serbia, ga dangin 'yan gudun hijira na Herzegovini. Tana da 'yan'uwa mata biyu, Stojna da Stamena, daga baya kuma, ƙane Mihailo. Kafin ɗan'uwan ya girma, kasancewar 'yan'uwa mata uku, duk suna sanya tufafin maza a waje, saboda ba su da wani babban ɗan'uwa da zai kare su. An yi mata laƙabi da "Čučuk" (daga *küçük* na Turkiyya = *ƙarama* ) saboda gajeriyar tsayinta. Ta kammala makaranta a Bela Crkva . &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

Ta haɗu da Hajduk Veljko a shekarar 1812.  Su biyun sun zauna tare duk da cewa har yanzu yana da wata matar aure, domin saki ba zai yiwu a samu a lokacin a ƙasar Orthodox da ke cikin mawuyacin hali ba, wato Serbia a lokacin juyin juya halin Serbia . An kashe Veljko a shekarar 1813 kuma ta tafi ta zauna a Pančevo .

Daga baya ta auri kyaftin kuma jarumin Yaƙin 'Yancin Kai na Girka Giorgakis Olympios, wanda ta ƙaura zuwa Wallachia daga baya kuma Bucharest . Suna da 'ya'ya uku: Milan, Aleksandar, da Jevrosima. Lokacin da aka kashe Giorgakis a lokacin Yaƙin gidan sufi na Secu a Moldavia a ranar 23 ga Satumba, 1821 a farkon Juyin Juya Halin Girka da kuma don kare lafiyar 'ya'yansu, ta ƙaura tare da su zuwa Khotyn, Rasha, inda sauran mutanen Juyin Juya Halin Serbia suka yi mafaka.

Bayan 'yantar da Girka, Stana tare da yara ta ƙaura zuwa Athens, inda ta sami ƙaramin fansho na gwamnati a matsayin bazawar gwarzon Olympios.  Ta mutu a shekara ta 1849 ko 1850. 

A shekarar 1907 an rubuta wani wasan kwaikwayo game da rayuwarta, kuma Stevan Hristić ne ya shirya waƙa. An yi wani fim ɗin talabijin na Yugoslavia na 1972 mai suna "Čučuk Stana" bisa ga wasan kwaikwayon, kuma Svetlana Bojković ce ta taka rawar. 

Littafin game da rayuwarta, *Čučuk Stana, 1795-1849 - žena Hajduk Veljka i grčkog narodnog heroja Georgakisa Olimpiosa*, na Dušica Popović Stojković an buga shi a 1981. 

## Manazarta
Ruth Stanley Farnam

**Ruth Stanley Farnam** (Satumba 11, 1873 - Disamba 7, 1956) soja ce kuma marubuciya 'yar Amurka. Ta yi yaƙi a matsayin soja a rundunar sojojin Serbia a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya . 

## Iyali
An haifi Ruth Stanley Farnam a Patchogue, New York, 'yar William Henry Stanley da Ida Jay Overton Stanley. Ta auri Charles Henry Farnam daga baya kuma, Baron Raymond de Luze. Ta koma sunan Baroness de Luze har zuwa rasuwarta a shekarar 1956. 

## Aikin yaƙi
Da farko ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya mai sa kai a wani sashin lafiya da ke ƙarƙashin rundunar sojojin Serbia. Ta kasance a wurin a lokacin Yaƙin Brod a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 1916 [1] kuma, lokacin da wani soja ya tambaye ta ko tana jin tsoro, ya amsa: "Shin kana ganin ina jin tsoro? Ban taɓa rayuwa a da ba". [2] Bayan haka, an ba ta izinin shiga rundunar sojojin Serbia a matsayin sojan sa kai. Sarkin Serbia ya yi mata ado sau uku. [3]

A shekarar 1918, ta buga tarihin rayuwarta, *A Nation at Bay: What An American Woman Saw and Dod in Suffering Serbia* .  Ta mutu a shekarar 1956, tana da shekaru 83.

## Duba kuma

* Viktoria Savs

## Manazarta
Jerin Sarakuna na Eswatini

Wannan labarin ya lissafa **sarakunan ( ''Ngwenyamas'' ) na Eswatini** (wanda aka sani da **Swaziland** a mafi yawan tarihinta).

Sarkin Eswatini (wanda aka fi sani da Ingwenyama ) yana mulki tare da Sarauniyar Eswatini (wanda aka fi sani da Ndlovukati ). Matsayin sarki a Eswatini a tarihi ya kasance shugaba ko uba ga al'umma yayin da Sarauniyar Uwar ita ce shugabar ruhaniya ta al'umma.

## Sarakuna/Shugabannin mutanen Swazi na da (kafin 1745)
Ga jerin tsoffin Sarakunan Eswatini/Shugabanni.  

* Mkhulunkosi
* Qomizita
* Sukuta
* Madlasomo
* Ndlovu
* Ngwekati
* Kuwawa ko Mawawa
* Sidvwabasilutfuli
* Gebase
* Kunene
* Nkabingwe
* Madlabane
* Hhili
* Dulunga
* Dondobola
* Sihuba
* Mlangeni
* Msimudze
* Mbhodlo ko Mbholo
* Tembe
* Sikhulumaloyo
* Langa Samuketi
* Nkomo
* Khabako
* 
* 

### Sarakunan Embo-Dlamini (ƙarni na 16 da 17)

* Dlamini I (Matalatala)
* Mswati I
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* Ludvonga 1 1685–1715
* Dlamini na III : 1720–1744

## Sarakunan Swaziland (1745–1903)

* Ngwane na III : 1745–1780 (Sarki na farko na tsarin haɗin kan Swazi na zamani)
* *LaYaka Ndwandwe (Queen Regent)* : 1780
* Ndvungunye (Zikodze, Mavuso II): 1780–1815
* *Lomvula Mndzebele (Sarauniya Mai Mulki)* : 1815
* Sobhuza I (Somhlolo, Ngwane IV; wanda aka yi la'akari da shi Sarkin farko na Swaziland na zamani): 1815-1836
* *Lojiba Simalane (Sarauniya Regent)* : 1836-1840
* Mswati II (Mavuso III): 1840–1868
* *Tsandzile Ndwandwe (Queen Regent)* : 1868–1875
* Yarima Mai Jiran Gado Ludvonga II (Macaleni) - Bai taɓa zama Sarki ba
* Mbandzeni (Dlamini IV): 1875–1889
* *Tibati Nkambule (Sarauniya Regent)* : 7 Afrilu 1889 - 1895
* Ngwane V (Mahlokohla): Janairu 1895 - 10 Disamba 1899
* *Labotsibeni Mdluli (Sarauniya Regent)* : 10 Disamba 1899 - 1903
* Sobhuza II : 10 Disamba 1899 - 1903

## Manyan Sarakunan Karewar Swaziland (1903–1968)

* *Labotsibeni Mdluli (Sarauniya Regent)* : 1903 - 22 Disamba 1921
* Sobhuza II : 1903 - 2 Satumba 1968 (wanda aka kama shi a ranar 22 ga Disamba 1921)

## Sarakunan Swaziland / Eswatini (1968-yanzu)

; "Mutumin da aka ba izini" a lokacin ƙabilancin Sarki Mswati na III
:

* *Yarima Sozisa Dlamini* : 21 ga Agusta 1982 - 1 ga Nuwamba 1985 

; Sarakuna a lokacin tsirarun Sarki Mswati na III
:

* *[[Dzeliwe na Eswatini|Sarauniya Dzeliwe]]* : 21 ga Agusta 1982 - 10 ga Agusta 1983
* *[[Ntfombi na Eswatini|Sarauniya Ntfombi]]* : 10 ga Agusta 1983 - 25 ga Afrilu 1986

### Tsarin lokaci

## Sarauniya Mothers na Swaziland / Eswatini (1745-yanzu)

## Tsarin Royal Standard

Fayil:Royal_Standard_of_Swaziland.svg|alt=Royal Standard of Mswati III.| Matsayin Sarauta na Mswati III .


## Nassoshi
Ecaterina Cercheza

**Doamna Ecaterina Cercheza** (kimanin 1620 - bayan 1 ga Maris 1666) ta kasance mace mai daraja a Circassian wacce ta zama Gimbiya ta Moldavia ta hanyar aure da Vasile Lupu .    Kamar yadda Evliya Çelebi ta ruwaito, mahaifiyarta 'yar'uwar Koca Dervish Mehmed Pasha ce wanda ya kasance Babban Vizier na Daular Ottoman daga 1653 zuwa 1654, kuma 'yar'uwarta ta auri Islam III Giray, Khan na Crimea (1644–1654).  Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a kan shawarwarin sirri da siyasa na mijinta da ɗanta Ştefăniţă Lupu .  Sananniya ce saboda ayyukanta na agaji,  Doamna Ecaterina Cercheza ta zama mai kula da gidajen ibada da coci-coci na Moldavia.  Ta sami suna mai ƙarfi saboda ƙwarewarta ta diflomasiyya da tattaunawa a lokacin rikici, a lokacin da mijinta da ɗanta ba su nan. 

A cikin littafinsa *mai suna The Return 1639*, matafiyi ɗan ƙasar Italiya, Niccolò Barsi da Lucca, ya yi cikakken bayani game da tafiyar Doamna Ecaterina, wadda ya bayyana a matsayin "dukkan halayen kyawun Aphroditic da mace za ta iya samu".    Masanin tarihi kuma Firayim Ministan Romania (1931–1932) Nicolae Iorga ya kuma bayyana cewa "Gimbiya [Ecaterina], wacce aka haifa a Circassian, ta kasance kyakkyawa mai ban mamaki" kuma ana yaba ta sosai a duk faɗin Moldavia.       

## Aure da Vasile Lupu
Asalin Ecaterina (an haife ta a kusan 1620) an kawo ta Moldavia a shekara ta 1639 don ta auri Vasile Lupu, wacce, bayan mutuwar matarsa ta farko Doamna Tudosca (1600 - Mayu 1639), nan take ta aika da Jakada Nicolae Catargie don ya duba duk ƙasar Circassian don neman sabuwar mata.    Catargie ya biya ducats 1500 a matsayin sadaki ga iyayen Ecaterina kafin ya kai ta Crimea.  A ranar 19 ga Agusta 1639, suka bar Bakhchysarai don zuwa sansanin soja Ochakov .  Da izinin Bahadır I Giray wanda ya karɓi ducats 1000,  ɗaruruwan masu gadi na Tatar da Moldavian sun raka Gimbiya Circassian zuwa kan iyakar Moldavian.  Duk da cewa daga baya Nasuh Hussein Pasha, Beylerbey na Silistra (1638–1640) ya katse tafiyar, an warware rikicin inda Pasha ya karɓi ducats 2000.  An tarbi tawagar ta hanyar rakiya ta musamman har ma a kan iyakar kan iyaka a Moldavia, wadda ta ƙunshi 'yan daba da manyan jami'an soja na gwamnati tun da karɓar baƙi daga ƙasashen waje ya zama wani al'ada a gare su.  A ranar 28 ga Satumba 1639, Ecaterina ta isa babban birnin ƙasar.  A ƙofar shiga Iaşi, Vasile Lupu da kansa ya tarbe su.  Domin isowar amaryar mai mulkin mai son jin daɗi, ba a adana kuɗi ba kuma an karrama Ecaterina da kyaututtuka da yawa kafin aure ban da liyafar da ta fi shahara.  An kwantar da ɗan'uwanta da mai aikinta a wani gida daban, musamman wanda aka gina musu.  

Auren yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a siyasa. 

## Ayyukan hukuma
Doamna Ecaterina Cercheza ta yi alƙawarin aiki a hukumance a Moldavia. [1] Ta halarci tare da Vasile Lupu a duk bukukuwan hukuma, ciki har da auren Gimbiya Maria da Gimbiya Ruxandra waɗanda Ecaterina da kanta ta ƙaddara makomarsu. [2] Doamna Ecaterina ta kuma ba da gudummawar kuɗi ga gidajen ibada na Golia da Hlincea, da sauransu. [2] [3] Ta sanya wa gidan ibada na Golia kayan ado da aka kawo daga Constantinople . [2]

## Manazarta
Gidan Dlamini

**Gidan Dlamini** gidan sarauta ne na Masarautar Eswatini . Mswati na Uku, a matsayin sarki kuma Ngwenyama na Eswatini, ita ce shugabar gidan Dlamini na yanzu. Sarakunan Swazi har zuwa yau ana kiransu da *Ingwenyama* kuma suna mulki tare da Sarauniya Uwar da ake kira *Indlovukati* .  Sarakunan Swazi, kamar sauran ƙasashen Nguni, suna yin auren mata fiye da ɗaya don haka suna da mata da yara da yawa. 

## Tushe
Daular Dlamini ta samo asali ne daga wani babban mutum mai suna Dlamini I (wanda aka fi sani da Matalatala), wanda aka ce ya yi ƙaura tare da mutanen Swazi daga Gabashin Afirka ta hanyar Tanzania da Mozambique .  Duk da haka, ana ɗaukar Ngwane na Uku a matsayin Sarki na farko na Eswatini na zamani, wanda ya yi mulki daga 1745 zuwa 1780.  A farkon shekarun daular Dlamini, ana kiran mutane da ƙasar da suka zauna a ciki da suna *Ngwane*, bayan Ngwane na Uku. 

A farkon ƙarni na 19, cibiyar ikon Dlamini ta koma tsakiyar Eswatini, wadda aka sani da kwarin Ezulwini . Wannan ya faru ne a lokacin mulkin Sobhuza na ɗaya . A kudancin ƙasar ( Shiselweni na yanzu), rikici tsakanin Ngwane da Ndwandwe ya haifar da rikicin makamai. Don tserewa daga wannan rikici, Sobhuza ya ƙaura da babban birnin masarautarsa zuwa Zombodze . A cikin wannan tsari, ya ci nasara da yawancin mazauna ƙasar a baya, ta haka ya haɗa su a ƙarƙashin mulkinsa. Daga baya, Sobhuza ya sami damar guje wa rikici da masarautar Zulu mai ƙarfi wadda yanzu ke mulki a kudancin Kogin Pongola . Daular Dlamini ta yi ƙarfi kuma ta yi mulki a kan babbar ƙasa da ta mamaye dukkan Eswatini na yanzu a wannan lokacin.

## Iyalan sarauta

Iyalin sarki sun haɗa da sarki, uwar sarauniya, matan sarki ( *emakhosikati* ), 'ya'yan sarki, da kuma 'yan'uwan sarki, 'yan'uwan sarki da iyalansu. &#x5B; ** &#x5D; Saboda al'adar auren mata fiye da ɗaya, adadin mutanen da za a iya ƙidaya su a matsayin 'yan gidan sarauta ya yi yawa. Misali, ana kyautata zaton Sarki Mswati na Uku yana da 'yan'uwa maza da mata sama da 200. 

'Yan gidan sarauta, ciki har da sarkin da kansa, sun yi ta fama da ce-ce-ku-ce a cikin gida da kuma na ƙasashen waje. An soki sarkin da iyalansa saboda yawan kashe kuɗi a ƙasar da ke da yawan talauci. Rahotanni sun yi iƙirarin cewa yawan matan sarki da 'ya'yansa "suna ɗaukar babban kaso na kasafin kuɗin ƙasa"  kuma "da alama iyalan sarki suna rayuwa a duniyarsu wadda ba ta da wani tasiri kwata-kwata daga gwagwarmayar ƙasar". 

'Yan'uwan sarkin sun haɗa da Mantfombi Dlamini, Sarauniyar Zulus ta Afirka ta Kudu, yayin da ɗaya daga cikin surukansa Gimbiya Zenani Mandela-Dlamini, 'yar gidan sarautar Mandela na Mvezo, Afirka ta Kudu.

An yi wa wasu daga cikin iyalan sarauta karatu a ƙasashen waje: Sarki Mswati na uku ya shafe shekaru da dama a Makarantar Sherborne, da ke Dorset, Ingila, kuma babbar 'yarsa Sikhanyiso Dlamini ta yi karatu a Kwalejin St Edmund, Ware, da ke Hertfordshire, da kuma Jami'ar Biola, da ke California, Amurka. 

Gidan sarauta na gidan sarauta na yanzu shine Fadar Ludzindzini da ke Lobamba ; akwai sauran gidajen sarauta ga matan sarauniya. Ya sha suka saboda halinsa na "kasuwanci". 

## Nassoshi
Elizabeth Dowdall

**Elizabeth Dowdall ( née a Southwell)** ;  – bayan 1642) memba ne na manyan sarakunan Ireland, wanda aka san shi da kare Kilfinny Castle, County Limerick, daga masu tayar da kayar baya a lokacin Tawayen Irish na 1641 .

## Haihuwa da asali
An haifi Elizabeth ne kimanin shekara ta 1590 a Ingila,  wataƙila a Cornworthy, Devon, ɗa tilo ga Sir Thomas Southwell da matarsa, Anne Harris .  Iyalan mahaifinta sun fito ne daga Spixworth a Norfolk.

Mahaifiyar Elizabeth mawaki ce ta Calvinist ta Ingila. Mahaifinta Thomas Harris ne (Serjeant-at-law). Iyalan mahaifinta sun fito ne daga Cornworthy, Devon.  Iyayen Elizabeth sun yi aure a St Clement Danes da ke Landan a ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairu.&nbsp;Yuni 1594. 

## Rayuwar farko
An yarda cewa an ba mahaifin Elizabeth lambar yabo ta jarumi . Duk da haka, wanda aka ba shi lambar yabo ta jarumi a watan Yulin 1603 a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin naɗin sarauta na James I da alama kakanta ne na mahaifiyarta, Thomas Harris (Serjeant-at-Law),  ba mahaifinta ba kamar yadda aka faɗa. 

An aika kawun mahaifiyar Elizabeth Edward Harris (alkali ɗan ƙasar Ireland) zuwa Ireland a shekara ta 1608 kuma ya naɗa babban alkalin Munster.  Ya taimaka wa surukinsa ya sami fili a Poulnelong,  County Cork, Ireland a matsayin wani ɓangare na Plantation of Munster,  wanda ya fara a shekara ta 1583 bayan tawayen Desmond ya ƙare da mutuwar Gerald FitzGerald, Earl na 14 na Desmond . Kawun Elizabeth Sir Edward Harris ya taka rawa sosai a wannan gonar.

## Auren farko
Elizabeth ta auri Sir John Dowdall, wani attajiri mazaunin County Limerick, Ireland (yana raye a shekara ta 1623). 

John da Elizabeth suna da 'ya'ya mata biyar:

# Anne, ta auri John Southwell na Rathkeale, ɗan'uwan Sir Thomas Southwell, Baronet na 1, kuma ɗan'uwan Anne na biyar sau uku an kore shi. 'Yan tawaye sun kashe John a shekara ta 1642 kuma ya mutu ba tare da ɗa ba.  Daga baya ta auri George Piggott, na Kilfinny.  
# Elizabeth (ta mutu a shekara ta 1658), ta auri Sir Hardress Waller a shekara ta 1629  
# Jane (ta mutu kafin 1638), ta auri Redmond Roche a matsayin matarsa ta farko 
# Bridget, ta auri Thomas Casey na Rathcannon, County Limerick 
# Honora (ta mutu a shekara ta 1638), ta auri Lawrence Dowdall na Mountown, County Meath  

## Mutuwar Uba da kuma sake auren Uwa
Mahaifinta ya mutu a ranar 12 ga Yuni, 1626 a Ireland. [1] Mahaifiyarta ta sake auri Kyaftin Henry Sibthorpe, kuma bayan shekaru biyu, sabbin ma'auratan sun koma Ingila. [1] Mahaifiyarta ta mutu a ranar 2 ga Yuni. Oktoba 1636 a Acton, London, Ingila. [1]

## Manazarta
Tembe (mai mulki)

**Tembe** wani sarki ne da ya fara mulkin mallaka kuma ya kafa kakanninsa a al'adar Tembe, wanda daga gare shi ne aka samo sunan zuriyar sarautar Tembe da tsarin mulkin kudu maso gabashin Afirka.  Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wanda ya haɗa ikon Tembe a ƙananan kogin Nkomati da yankin Delagoa Bay a tsakiyar ƙarni na 16, jim kaɗan kafin farkon haɗuwar Portugal da aka rubuta a 1554.

## Asali da kuma farkon zama
Asalin Tembe an kiyaye shi ne ta hanyar al'adun baki da aka raba tsakanin ƙungiyoyin Tsonga masu jin Rhonga ( Tembe-Thonga ), waɗanda Tembe ke da alaƙa da su.

Waɗannan al'adun sun bi diddigin asalin Tembe zuwa ga mutanen tarihi da suka shafi asalin farko na ɗan adam, musamman Likalahumba da Nsilambowa.

A cewar rahotanni da yawa, ana ɗaukar Likalahumba a matsayin babban mutum kuma Nsilambowa a matsayin ƙarami, wanda ke wakiltar kakannin da suka biyo baya ko kuma mutane na farko a cikin ilimin halittar Rhonga.  Sunan Likalahumba daga baya ya bayyana a cikin tarihin zuriyar Tembe a cikin siffofi da aka gyara kamar Ludahumba ko Dhlahumbaaa. 

Wasu al'adu sun nuna Mwali na ɗaya a matsayin ɗan Nsilambowa, inda Tembe ya bayyana a matsayin zuriyar Mwali na ɗaya, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama kusan shugaban ƙarni na huɗu bayan rabuwar zuriyar daga yankin Mapungubwe.

Al'adun gargajiya na Tembe sun nuna farkon motsi na zuriyar daga yankin Mapungubwe zuwa kudu ta hanyar Pafuri zuwa ƙananan kwarin Limpopo, kafin su zauna a yankin Kogin Nkomati a ƙarshen ƙarni na 15. 

Wani sanannen tatsuniyar Tembe ya ba da labarin isowarsu a kwarin Nkomati "a kan wani tsibiri mai suna papyrus".  Wata karin magana ta gargajiya da ke da alaƙa da wannan ƙaura ta ce: " *Phandje phandje ra nala - Tembe kulu a wela* ", ma'ana "ƙananan bayan kaɗan a ketaren kogin, babban Tembe ya ketare". 

A lokacin da 'yan kasuwar Portugal suka haɗu da al'ummomin Tembe kusa da Delagoa Bay a shekara ta 1554, Tembe ta mamaye yankin Nkomati tsawon shekaru da dama. Saboda haka ana ɗaukar Tembe a matsayin mutumin da ya haɗa manyan iko a yankin, yana kafa harsashin abin da daga baya aka san shi da masarautar Tembe .

Zuriyarsa sun mallaki yankunan bakin teku da na cikin gida, waɗanda suka haɗa da Kosi Bay da yankin da ke kewaye da Manguzi, yayin da ikon cikin gida ya faɗaɗa zuwa ƙananan tsaunukan Lubombo . Wannan ya ba Tembe damar yin mu'amala da al'ummomin Nguni da Tsonga maƙwabta kuma ya sami damar shawo kan guguwar yaƙe-yaƙen faɗaɗa, kamar mu'amala da Masarautun Swazi, Ndwandwe, Mthethwa da daga baya Masarautun Zulu . 

A lokacin da Masarautar Tembe ta kai kololuwa a ƙarni na 18 a ƙarƙashin Sarki Mangobe Tembe da ɗansa Sarki Mabudu Tembe, Masarautar Tembe ta tara dukiya mai yawa ta hanyar cinikin gabar tekun Indiya da 'yan kasuwan Turai . Sarakunan Tembe sun yi musayar hauren giwa da sauran kayayyaki na gida don kayayyaki masu daraja kamar su lu'ulu'u na gilashi, zane da bindigogi.  Masarautar Tembe a yau ana wakilta ta hannun Hukumar Kabilar Tembe . 

Wasu masana sun gano farkon kasancewar al'ummomin da ke da alaƙa da Tembe a yankin Maputaland-Lubombo tun daga ƙarni na 13.

## Nassoshi