Mary Boykin Chesnut

**Mary Boykin Chesnut** ( née Miller; Maris 31, 1823 - Nuwamba 22, 1886) marubuciya ce 'yar Amurka da aka san ta da wani littafi da aka buga a matsayin littafin tarihin yakin basasa, "hoton al'umma mai haske a cikin mawuyacin halin gwagwarmayar rayuwa da mutuwa."  Ta bayyana yakin daga cikin manyan da'irorinta na al'ummar masu bautar bayi ta Kudu, amma ta ƙunshi dukkan azuzuwan a cikin littafinta. Ta auri James Chesnut Jr., lauya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin sanata na Amurka kuma jami'in rundunar sojojin Confederate .

Chesnut ta yi aiki don samun sigar ƙarshe ta littafinta a tsakanin 1881–1884, bisa ga babban littafinta da ta rubuta a lokacin yaƙin. An buga shi a shekarar 1905, shekaru 19 bayan mutuwarta. An buga sabbin siga bayan an gano takardunta, a shekarar 1949 ta hannun marubuci Ben Ames Williams, da kuma a shekarar 1981 ta hannun masanin tarihi C. Vann Woodward . Bugun littafin Woodward mai suna, *Yaƙin Basasa na Mary Chesnut* (1981), ya lashe kyautar Pulitzer don Tarihi a shekarar 1982. Masu sukar adabi sun yaba da littafin Chesnut - marubuci mai tasiri Edmund Wilson ya kira shi "aikin fasaha" kuma "aikin fasaha" na nau'in  - a matsayin mafi mahimmancin aikin marubuciyar Confederate.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Mary Chesnut a ranar 31 ga Maris, 1823, a gonar kakanninta na uwa, mai suna Mount Pleasant, kusa da Stateburg, South Carolina, a cikin tsaunukan High Hills na Santee . Iyayenta sune Stephen Decatur Miller (1788–1838), wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Wakilin Amurka, da Mary Boykin (1804–85). A shekara ta 1829 aka zaɓi mahaifinta a matsayin Gwamnan South Carolina kuma a shekara ta 1831 a matsayin Sanata na Amurka . Iyalin sun zauna a Charleston . Mary ita ce babba cikin 'ya'ya huɗu; tana da ƙanenta Stephen da 'yan'uwa mata biyu: Catherine da Sarah Amelia. 

Tun tana da shekaru 13, Miller ta fara karatunta na yau da kullun a Charleston, South Carolina, inda ta yi karatu a Makarantar Faransanci ta Madame Talvande don Matasan Mata, wanda ya jawo hankalin 'ya'ya mata daga aji na masu bautar bayi. Talvande tana cikin 'yan gudun hijirar Faransa da yawa da suka zauna a Charleston daga Saint-Domingue (Haiti) bayan juyin juya halin Haiti .  Miller ya iya Faransanci da Jamusanci sosai, kuma ya sami ilimi mai ƙarfi. 

Bayan ta bar siyasa, mahaifinta ya kai iyalinsa zuwa Mississippi, inda ya sayi fili mai faɗi. Yankin ya kasance yanki mai ɗanɗano da wahala idan aka kwatanta da Charleston. Yana da gonakin auduga guda uku da ɗaruruwan bayi. Mary ta zauna a Mississippi na ɗan gajeren lokaci tsakanin lokacin makaranta amma an ruwaito cewa ta fi son birnin. 

## Aure
A shekara ta 1836, yayin da take Charleston, Mary Boykin Miller mai shekaru 13 ta haɗu da mijinta na gaba, James Chesnut, Jr. (1815–85), wanda ya girme ta da shekaru takwas. Tana da shekaru 17, ta aure shi a ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 1840.  Sun fara zama tare da iyayensa da 'yan'uwansa mata a Mulberry, gonarsu kusa da Camden, South Carolina . Mahaifinsa, James Chesnut, Sr. (wanda Mary ta kira shi "Tsohon Kanar"), a hankali ya sayi kuma ya sake haɗa filayen mahaifinsa John. An ce yana da kimanin murabba'in mil biyar a matsakaicin kuma yana da kimanin bayi 500 a shekara ta 1849. 

A shekarar 1858, a lokacin, wani lauya kuma ɗan siyasa mai ƙarfi, James Chesnut, Jr., an zaɓe shi a matsayin sanatan Amurka daga South Carolina, mukamin da ya riƙe har zuwa lokacin da South Carolina ta balle daga Amurka a watan Disamba na 1860, jim kaɗan bayan zaɓen Abraham Lincoln . Da zarar Yaƙin Basasa ya fara, Chesnut ya zama mataimakin Shugaba Jefferson Davis kuma aka naɗa shi birgediya janar a rundunar sojojin Confederate . Ma'auratan sun zauna a Chesnut Cottage da ke Columbia a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa. 

Mary Chesnut mai hankali da wayo ce ta shiga cikin aikin mijinta, domin nishaɗi muhimmin ɓangare ne na gina hanyoyin sadarwa na siyasa. Ta sami mafi kyawun lokacinta lokacin da suke manyan biranen Washington, DC, da Richmond. Ta sha wahala daga baƙin ciki, wani ɓangare saboda rashin iya haihuwa, kuma wani lokacin tana shan opium .   Auren Chesnuts a wasu lokutan yana da wahala saboda bambancin halayensu (ta fi fushi kuma wani lokacin ana ɗaukar mijinta a matsayin mai tawali'u), amma haɗin gwiwarsu galibi yana da dumi da ƙauna. 

Kamar yadda Mary Chesnut ta bayyana a cikin littafin tarihinta, Chesnuts suna da abokai da yawa da waɗanda suka sani a cikin manyan al'umma na Kudu da gwamnatin Confederacy. Daga cikinsu akwai, misali, Janar John Bell Hood na Confederacy, ɗan siyasa John L. Manning, Janar kuma ɗan siyasa John S. Preston da matarsa Caroline, Janar kuma ɗan siyasa Wade Hampton na III, ɗan siyasa Clement C. Clay da matarsa Virginia Clay-Clopton, da Janar kuma ɗan siyasa Louis T. Wigfall da matarsa Charlotte (wanda aka fi sani da Louise). Chesnuts suma abokan dangin shugaban Confederacy Jefferson Davis ne da matarsa Varina Howell . 

Daga cikin waɗannan da'irori akwai Sara Agnes Rice Pryor da mijinta Roger, ɗan Majalisar Wakilai. Sara Pryor, Virginia Clay-Clopton da Louise Wigfall Wright sun rubuta tarihin shekarun yaƙi waɗanda aka buga a farkon ƙarni na 20; ayyukansu uku an ba da shawarar musamman daga ƙungiyar United Daughters of the Confederacy ga yawan membobinsu. 

Kamar yawancin masu bauta, Chesnut sun fuskanci matsalolin kuɗi bayan yaƙin. Sun rasa bayi 1,000 a matsayin kadarori ta hanyar 'yantar da su.  James Chesnut, Sr. ya mutu a shekara ta 1866; wasiyyarsa ta bar ɗansa ya yi amfani da Mulberry Plantation da Sandy Hill, waɗanda duka suka sha wahala da bashi, da kuma bayi 83 da aka ambata sunayensu, waɗanda a lokacin ' yantacce ne . Ƙaramin Chesnut ya yi ƙoƙari ya gina gonakin da kuma tallafa wa waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin mahaifinsa. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

Bisa ga wasiyyar mahaifinsa, James Chesnut, Jr. yana amfani da gonakin Mulberry da Sandy Hill ne kawai a lokacin rayuwarsa. A watan Fabrairun 1885, shi da mahaifiyar Mary suka mutu. Gonakin sun koma ga wani namiji daga zuriyar Chesnut, kuma Mary Boykin Chesnut ba ta sami kuɗin shiga ba. Ta kuma gano cewa mijinta yana da basussuka da yawa da suka shafi kadarorin da bai iya biya ba.  Ta sha wahala a shekarar da ta gabata, ta mutu a shekarar 1886 a gidanta Sarsfield da ke Camden, South Carolina . An binne ta kusa da mijinta a Makabartar Knights Hill da ke Camden, South Carolina. 

== Rubutu da Diary ==
Mary Boykin Chesnut ta fara rubuta littafin tarihin rayuwarta a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 1861, kuma ta ƙare a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 1865. Da farko za ta rubuta: "Wannan mujallar an yi ta ne don ta kasance mai cikakken bayani. Kwanakina na rayuwa sun ƙare."  Chesnut ta kasance shaida ga abubuwan tarihi da yawa yayin da ta raka mijinta zuwa manyan wurare na Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka. Daga cikinsu akwai [[Montgomery|Montgomery, Alabama]], da Richmond, Virginia, inda Majalisar Wucin Gadi ta Amurka ta taru; Charleston, inda ta kasance cikin shaidun farko na Yaƙin Basasa; Columbia, South Carolina, inda mijinta ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in Soja na South Carolina kuma birgediya janar a matsayin kwamandan rundunar tsaro ta South Carolina; da kuma Richmond, inda mijinta ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki ga shugaban ƙasa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D; A wasu lokutan, sun kuma zauna tare da iyayensa a gidansu da ke Mulberry Plantation kusa da Camden. Duk da cewa kadarar tana cikin dubban kadada na gonaki da dazuzzuka, sun yi wa baƙi da yawa maraba. 

Chesnut ta san muhimmancin tarihi na abin da ta gani. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup> Littafin tarihin ya cika da zagayowar canjin sa'o'in Kudu a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa. Chesnut ta gyara littafin tarihin, ta rubuta sabbin rubuce-rubuce a 1881-1884 don bugawa, kuma ta riƙe fahimtar abubuwan da ke faruwa ba tare da sanin gaba ba. Ta fahimci rayuwar Kudu a lokacin da take kan dandamalin duniya, kuma ta kama matsalolin da ke ƙaruwa na dukkan azuzuwan Confederacy yayin da suke fuskantar shan kashi a ƙarshen yaƙin. Chesnut ta yi nazari kuma ta nuna nau'ikan azuzuwan Kudu daban-daban a duk lokacin yaƙin, tana ba da cikakken bayani game da al'ummar Kudu musamman game da gaurayen ayyukan maza da mata. Ta kasance kai tsaye game da yanayi masu sarkakiya da rikitarwa da suka shafi bauta, musamman cin zarafin jima'i na mata da ikon da maza fararen fata ke amfani da shi. Misali, Chesnut ta tattauna matsalar yadda masu bayi fararen fata ke haifan yara masu launin fata daban-daban tare da mata bayi a cikin gidajen su.

Binciken takardun Mary Chesnut ya bayyana tarihin ci gabanta a matsayin marubuciya da kuma aikinta a kan littafin a matsayin littafi. Kafin ta yi aiki don gyara littafin tarihin rayuwarta a matsayin littafi a shekarun 1880, Chesnut ta rubuta fassarar waƙoƙin Faransa, muƙaloli, da tarihin iyali. Ta kuma rubuta cikakkun littattafai guda uku waɗanda ba ta taɓa bugawa ba: ''Kyaftin da Kanal'', wanda aka kammala a kusan 1875; da kuma ''Shekaru Biyu na Rayuwata'', wanda aka kammala kusan lokaci guda. Ta kammala mafi yawan daftarin wani dogon littafi na uku, mai suna ''Manassas'' . [[Elisabeth Muhlenfeld]], wacce ta gyara littattafai biyu na farko don bugawa ta Jami'ar Virginia Press a 2002 kuma ta rubuta tarihin rayuwar Chesnut, ta bayyana su a matsayin rubutawarta "koyarwa."  

Chesnut ta yi amfani da littafin tarihinta da bayananta don yin aiki don samun sigar ƙarshe a 1881–1884. Dangane da rubuce-rubucenta, masana tarihi ba sa yarda cewa ta gama da aikinta. Domin Chesnut ba ta da 'ya'ya, kafin mutuwarta ta ba wa ƙawarta ta kud da kud, Isabella D. Martin, littafin tarihinta, kuma ta roƙe ta da ta buga shi. An fara buga littafin tarihin a 1905 a matsayin bugu mai gyara sosai kuma mai taƙaitacce. An bayyana sigar Williams ta 1949 a matsayin mafi sauƙin karantawa, amma ta sadaukar da amincin tarihi da kuma yawancin nassoshin adabi na Chesnut. 

=== Tarihin bugawa ===
 

* [http://docsouth.unc.edu/southlit/chesnut/menu.html 1905: ''Littafin Tarihi Daga Dixie.'' ''Mary Boykin Miller Chesnut, 1823-1886''], wanda Isabella D. Martin da [[Myrta Lockett Avary]] suka shirya. New York: D. Appleton da Kamfanin 1905, ana samun su akan layi a matsayin wani ɓangare na bayanan UNC-CH " ''Takardar Bayani game da Kudancin Amurka'' ."
* 1949: ''Littafin Diary daga Dixie'', wani sabon sigar da aka faɗaɗa wanda marubucin marubuci Ben Ames Williams ya gyara don ƙara sauƙin karantawa da kuma yin bayaninsa. An sake buga shi a shekarar 1980 ta [[Jami'ar Harvard|Harvard University]] Press, tare da gabatarwar Edmund Wilson, wanda aka fara bugawa a shekarar 1962 a matsayin muƙala kan Chesnut. 
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=WojvfHAX4lgC&q=Mary+Chesnut%27s+Civil+War 1981: ''Yaƙin Basasa na Mary Chesnut''], an gyara shi tare da gabatarwa daga C. Vann Woodward . An sake bugawa a shekarar 1993 kuma ana samunsa a samfoti akan layi.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=uhVbWa-kA7oC&q=elisabeth+Muhlenfeld 2002, Mary Chesnut, ''Littattafai Biyu''], ya haɗa da ''Kanar da Kyaftin'' ; da ''Shekaru Biyu - ko Yadda Muka Rayuwa A Lokacin'', wanda Elisabeth Muhlenfeld, Jami'ar Virginia Press ta shirya kuma Gabatarwa.
* 2011: ''Littafin Tarihin Mary Chesnut'', tare da gabatarwa daga Catherine Clinton, bugu na Penguin Classic.

== Liyafar maraba da gado ==
Sunan Chesnut ya dogara ne akan gaskiyar cewa ta ƙirƙiri adabi yayin da take ci gaba da fahimtar abubuwan da ke faruwa; ta kwatanta mutane da kalmomi masu ratsa zuciya da kuma rayar da su kuma ta isar da sabon ra'ayi na abubuwan da suka faru ta hanyar "cakuda rahotanni, tarihin rayuwa da sukar zamantakewa".  Mai suka kuma marubuci Edmund Wilson ya taƙaita nasararta:<blockquote>Sautin shafukan farko nata ya sanya mu ƙarƙashin sihirin marubuciya wadda ba wai kawai take rubuta kwanakinta ba, har ma tana kafa yanayi, kamar yadda marubuciyar marubuciya ke yi, yanayi, da kuma motsin rai... Tana farawa da yanayi ko dangantaka da ba za ta iya sanin sakamakonta ba, tana amfani da ainihin yanayin abubuwan da suka faru don haɓaka su da kuma kammala su kamar tana ƙirƙirar labari.  </blockquote>Chesnut ta sami wasu masu suka, musamman farfesa na tarihi Kenneth S. Lynn, na Jami'ar Johns Hopkins . Ya bayyana aikinta a matsayin "abin dariya" da "ƙirƙira" a cikin wani bita na jaridar New York Times ta 1981 game da bugun littattafan Woodward. Lynn ta yi jayayya cewa an "rubuta littafin", maimakon kawai a sake rubuta shi, a lokacin 1881-84, yana mai jaddada cewa Chesnut duka ta cire abubuwa da yawa daga cikin littattafan tarihin asali kuma ta ƙara sabbin abubuwa da yawa: "Ta yi la'akari da halayen mutanen da ta ambata a baya a ɗan lokaci, ta cire tarin tattaunawa da suka gabata daga tunaninta kuma ta katse tunani da yawa na marubuta kan abubuwan tarihi da na sirri."

Domin kuwa Chesnut ko editocinta na baya ba su yarda cewa ta yi gyara sosai a aikinta ba, ra'ayin Lynn cewa dukkan aikin zamba ne kawai. A shekarar 1982, bugun littafin Chesnut na Woodward ya lashe kyautar Pulitzer . Bayan 'yan shekaru, Ken Burns ya yi amfani da karatu mai yawa daga littafin Chesnut a cikin shirin talabijin na shirinsa na shirin ''The Civil War'' . Jaruma Julie Harris ta karanta waɗannan sassan.

A shekara ta 2000, an sanya Mulberry Plantation, gidan James da Mary Boykin Chesnut da ke Camden, South Carolina, a matsayin wurin tarihi na ƙasa, saboda muhimmancinsa ga al'adun ƙasar Amurka da adabinta.  Wannan shuka da gine-ginenta suna wakiltar ajin masu mallakar bayi na James da Mary Chesnut.

== Manazarta ==
**Bayanan kula'''