Bruce Biggs

Bruce Grandison Biggs CBE FRSNZ ( an haife shine 4 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 1921 - 18 Oktoba 2000) ya kasance mutum ne mai tasiri a fagen ilimi na karatun Māori a New Zealand . Masanin kimiyya na farko da aka nada (1950) don koyar da harshen Māori a jami'ar New Zealand, ya koyar kuma ya horar da dukan ƙarni na malaman Māori.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haife shi a Auckland na zuriyar Ngāti Maniapoto, Biggs ya halarci makarantar firamare ta New Lynn da makarantar Mt Albert Grammar, inda ya kasance zamani da Rob Muldoon da kuma aboki na rayuwarsa masanin tarihi Keith Sinclair. Ya cancanci zama malami a Kwalejin Malamai ta Auckland kuma ya yi aiki a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II a cikin New Zealand Expeditionary Force a Fiji, inda ya zama mai iya magana da Fijian kuma ya tattara jerin kalmomi, bayanan harshe da al'adun gargajiya. Bayan yakin ya auri Joy Te Ruai Hetet kuma suna da 'ya'ya uku; Biggs ya riga ya sami ɗa na huɗu. Sun koyar a Te Kao da Wairongomai, kusa da Ruatoria . A lokacin wadannan sakonni na karkara Biggs ya fara koyon yaren Māori.

## Ayyukan jami'a
A shekara ta 1950 ya sami nadin zuwa matsayi na farko a jami'ar New Zealand da aka keɓe don koyar da harshen Māori. Tunanin wannan matsayi ya fito ne daga Ralph Piddington, sannan shugaban Sashen Anthropology a Jami'ar Auckland. Daga 1951 zuwa 1955 Biggs ya koyar da harshen Māori na Mataki 1 yayin kammala karatunsa na BA a ilimi da ilimin ɗan adam. Shawarwari don ci gaba da nazarin harshen Māori sama da matakin Mataki na farko sun sami hukunci mai yawa daga masana kimiyya a wasu fannoni: sun nuna damuwa (marasa tushe) game da rashin isasshen kayan rubuce-rubuce wanda za a kafa tsarin karatun. Bayan kammala karatunsa na MA, Biggs ya yi hutu don nazarin ilimin harshe na tsari a Bloomington, Indiana, inda a shekarar 1957 ya kammala rubutun PhD mai taken The Structure of New Zealand Maaori .

## Ilimin Harshe
A shekara ta 1958 Biggs da Jim Hollyman sun kafa kungiyar Linguistics Society of New Zealand da mujallarta *Te Reo* kuma ba da daɗewa ba bayan Biggs ya fara koyar da darussan ilimin harshe a shirin ilimin ɗan adam na Jami'ar Auckland. A cikin 1965, Biggs ya fara aiki a kan tattara ƙamus na Polynesian Pollex . A cikin shekaru goma Auckland ta zama cibiyar ilimin harshe na Polynesia, kuma Biggs ya koyar da shekaru biyu a Jami'ar Hawaii a 1967-1968 kafin ya koma New Zealand a 1969, inda ya kasance har sai ya yi ritaya a 1983.

### Rubutun rubutu don Māori
Biggs ya kasance babban mai ba da shawara ga rubutun wasula biyu don Māori, wanda ake nuna wasula masu tsawo ta hanyar ninka wasula (misali *kaakaariki*). Wannan tsarin yana da fa'idar cewa ana iya amfani da shi cikin sauƙi ta amfani da fasahar da ke akwai. Koyaya Hukumar Harshe ta Māori, hukumar hukuma da ke kula da yaren da Dokar Harshe ta Maori ta 1987 ta kafa, ta zaɓi daidaita amfani da macrons don wakiltar dogon wasali (misali *kākāriki*), waɗanda ke da fa'idodin riƙe bayyanar kalmomin da aka saba da su, da kuma rashin damuwa da tsarin haruffa.

## Kyauta
Biggs ya koyar da mutane da yawa waɗanda suka ci gaba da zama sanannun malamai a cikin karatun Māori, gami da Pat Hohepa, Hirini Mead, Ranginui Walker, Sir Robert Mahuta, Koro Dewes, Roger Oppenheim, Richard Benton, Wharehuia Milroy, Bernie Kernot, Merimeri Penfold, Tamati Reedy, Dame Anne Salmond, David Simmons, David Walsh, Peter Ranby, Pita Sharples, Parehuia Hopa, Margaret Orbell, Bill Tawhai, Bill Nepia da Margaret Mutu.

An zabi Biggs a matsayin Fellow na Royal Society na New Zealand a shekarar 1969. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Polynesian Society daga 1979 zuwa 1993, kuma a 1985 ya sami lambar yabo ta Elsdon Best Memorial.

A cikin girmamawar Sabuwar Shekara ta 1986, an nada Biggs a matsayin Jami'in Order of the British Empire, don hidimomi ga karatun Māori da ilimin harshe.  An ɗaukaka shi zuwa Kwamandan Order of the British Empire, don hidimomi ga ilimi da mutanen Māori, a cikin girmamawar Sabuwar Shekara ta 1996.

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa
Biggs ya wallafa littattafai sama da 100 da labarai kan harshen Māori da al'adu, ilimin harshe na Polynesian, harsunan Polynesian da adabi da harsunan Fijian da Rotuman. Littattafan da aka fi sani da su sun hada da:

* *Aure na Maori* (1960) 
* *Cikakken Turanci-Maori Dictionary* (1966) 
* *Bari mu Koyi Maori* (1969) (buɗe-buɗe 1973, 1998) 
* Shafuffuka 402. 

## Manazarta