Yaƙin basasar Sudan (2023-yanzu)

An fara yakin basasa a ranar 15 ga Afrilun 2023 tsakanin bangarorin biyu masu adawa da gwamnatin mulkin sojan Sudan. Rikicin ya shafi rundunar sojojin Sudan (SAF) karkashin jagorancin Janar Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, da kuma dakarun Rapid Support Forces (RSF), wanda Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo (wanda aka fi sani da Hemedti) ke jagoranta, wanda kuma ke jagorantar babban kawancen Janjaweed. Wasu kananan kungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai kuma sun shiga hannu. An dai fi samun fadace-fadace a babban birnin kasar, Khartoum, inda rikicin ya faro da fadace-fadace, da kuma yankin Darfur. An ba da rahoton mutuwar fararen hula da dama a yankin na Darfur a wani bangare na kisan kiyashin da ake yi a Masari, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin kisan kare dangi ko kuma kisan kare dangi. An bayyana Sudan a matsayin wanda ke fuskantar matsalar jin kai mafi muni a duniya; kusan mutane miliyan 25 ne ke fama da matsananciyar yunwa. A ranar 7 ga watan Janairun 2025, Amurka ta ce ta tabbatar da cewa RSF da mayakan sa-kai da ke kawance da su sun yi kisan kiyashi.

Tun bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekara ta 1956, Sudan ta sha fama da rashin zaman lafiya wanda ya hada da yunkurin juyin mulki sau 20, da dadewar mulkin soja, da yakin basasa guda biyu, da kuma kisan kare dangi na Darfur. Yakin ya barke ne a daidai lokacin da ake ta takun-saka game da shigar da dakarun RSF cikin sojojin kasar bayan juyin mulkin shekarar 2021, wanda ya fara da hare-haren RSF a wuraren gwamnati a Khartoum da wasu garuruwa. Ba da jimawa ba aka raba yankin babban birnin kasar tsakanin bangarorin biyu, kuma al-Burhan ya mayar da gwamnatinsa zuwa Port Sudan. Ƙoƙarin ƙasa da ƙasa, ciki har da sanarwar Jeddah na Mayu 2023, ya gaza dakatar da yaƙin, yayin da ƙungiyoyin tawaye daban-daban suka shiga yaƙi: SPLM – Arewa (bangaren al-Hilu) sun kai hari kan SAF a kudu; kungiyar Tamazuj ta shiga RSF; sannan SAF ta samu goyon baya daga bangarorin kungiyar 'yantar da 'yancin Sudan da kuma kungiyar Adalci da daidaito. A ƙarshen 2023, RSF ta mallaki mafi yawan yankin Darfur kuma ta ci gaba a Khartoum, Kordofan, da Gezira. SAF ta sake samun karfin gwiwa a farkon shekarar 2024, inda ta samu nasara a Omdurman, daga karshe kuma ta sake kwace birnin Khartoum, ciki har da fadar shugaban kasa da filin jirgin sama, nan da watan Maris na shekarar 2025. Duk da sabunta shawarwarin da aka yi, ba a cimma tsagaita bude wuta mai dorewa ba, kuma yakin yana ci gaba da haifar da mummunan sakamako na jin kai da kuma tasirin yankin.

Yunwa kadai ta kashe kimanin yara 522,000, yayin da adadin wadanda suka mutu a yakin, da suka hada da tashe-tashen hankula, yunwa, da cututtuka, ya fi haka; ƙarin dubbai sun ɓace ko kuma an kashe su a cikin kisan kiyashin da aka yi niyya, da farko an danganta su ga RSF da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai. Akalla mutane 61,000 ne suka mutu a jihar Khartoum kadai, wanda 26,000 daga cikinsu sun kasance sakamakon tashin hankalin kai tsaye. Ya zuwa ranar 5 ga Fabrairun 2025, sama da miliyan 8.8 ne suka rasa matsugunansu, yayin da wasu fiye da miliyan 3.5 suka tsere daga kasar a matsayin ‘yan gudun hijira. A cikin watan Agustan shekarar 2024, kwamitin nazarin yanayin yunwa na hadin gwiwa (IPC) ya tabbatar da yanayin yunwa a sassan arewacin Darfur.

Shiga kasashen waje a rikicin Sudan ya hada da jigilar makamai daga kasashen China, Rasha da Turkiyya, tare da tallafin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da Chadi ga kungiyar RSF da Masar da ke goyon bayan SAF, a cikin rikicin yankin. Yakin ya haifar da bala'in bala'in jin kai da ke tattare da matsanancin karancin abinci, ruwa, magunguna, da hanyoyin samun agaji, rufewar asibitoci, barkewar cututtuka, matsugunan jama'a, wawashe kayayyakin jin kai, da kuma kusan rugujewar ilimi da ababen more rayuwa, wanda ya bar sama da rabin al'ummar kasar cikin bukatar agajin gaggawa. An yi kira da a kara ba da taimako, da kariyar doka ga ma'aikatan jin kai, tallafin 'yan gudun hijira, da kuma kawo karshen samar da makamai ga RSF, musamman ta UAE. Dukansu SAF da RSF sun yi yaƙin neman zaɓe na yau da kullun ta amfani da kafofin watsa labarun, fim ɗin karya, da abubuwan da AI suka ƙirƙira don sarrafa ra'ayin jama'a, ɓata abokan hamayya, da tasiri ra'ayin duniya. Dangane da rikicin, Amurka, Burtaniya, Kanada, da Tarayyar Turai sun sanya takunkumi kan daidaikun mutane, kamfanoni, da hukumomin da ke da alaƙa da SAF da RSF saboda keta haƙƙin ɗan adam, da ayyukan tada zaune tsaye.

## Tarihi
Babban Labarai: Tarihin Sudan da Coupups d'état a Sudan

Tunda samun 'yanci a shekarar 1956, Sudan ta dandana kokarin juyin mulkin soja 20, mafi yawan al'umma na Afirka.  Ainihin sojojin Sudan sun yi watsi da su, wanda aka yiwa su da takaitaccen lokaci na mulkin majalisar dokoki.  

Yaƙe-yaƙe na farar hula biyu - na farko daga 1955 zuwa 1972 da na biyu, 1983 zuwa 2005 - tsakanin gwamnatin yamma, da kuma rikici a yankin Yammacin Darfur, wanda kuma ya haifar da mutane miliyan biyu da suka kashe fiye da 200,000. 

Yaki a Darfur da samuwar RSF

A cikin karni na 21, yankin yankin Darfur na Yammacin Turai, Yankin Yammacin Turai na tsawan fitina ne da tashin hankalin zamantakewa saboda tashin hankali da tashin hankali da rikice-rikice da rikice-rikice a kan kasa da ruwa. A shekara ta 2003, wannan halin ya karfafa a cikin tawali'u na cikakken taksi game da mulkin gwamnati, wanda shugaban kasa Ayar al-Bashir ya yi alkawarin yin amfani da aikin da karfi. An yi wa yakin da aka samu a cikin Darfur ta yadu ta Darfur-efeted ayyukan ta'addanci, yana haifar da tuhumar yaki da kisan kare dangi da kisan gilla. [56] Kashi na farko na rikici ya bar kusan 300,000 ya mutu da miliyan 2.7 tilastawa da gudun hijira; Kodayake tsananin tashin hankali daga baya sun ragu, lamarin a yankin ya kasance nesa da lumana. [57]

Don murkushe tashe-tasheniyoyin kabilanci a tsaunukan Nuba, Al-Bashir ya dogara kan Janfur-ciniki waɗanda aka zana daga Darfur da rabo daga Chadi. A cikin 2013, Al-Bashir ya sanar da cewa za a sake tsara Janjar Biya a matsayin sojojin Janja Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, wanda aka sani da Hemedti. [58] [61] [61] [61] RSF ta cika kisan gilla, yawan ci, da fyaɗe, azabtarwa, da lalata ƙauyuka. An zarge su da aikata laifin tsarkakewa a kan Jawo, Masalid, da jama'ar Zaghawa. [60] Shugabannin da aka yiwa RSF sun nuna wa kisan kare dangi, laifukan yaki, da laifukan yaƙi da bil'adama daga cikin Kotun Duniya (62] amma kisan-kiyashi ba da karfi a cikin 2003-2004.

A cikin 2017, sabuwar doka ta ba da matsayin RSF a matsayin "Sojan Tsaro mai zaman kansa" [60] Hemedti ya samu ma'adanan zinare da yawa a yankin Darfur a matsayin mai aikin yabo daga Al-Bashir, da dukiyar nasa tayi girma sosai. [61] Bashir ya aiko da sojojin RSF zuwa kashe kai a 2013 a Darfur na Kudancin Darfur kuma ya tura rukunin RF RF da aka tura a Yemen da Libya. [59] A wannan lokacin, RSF ta kirkiri dangantakar aiki tare da kungiyar sojan Rasha masu zaman kansu kungiyar ta Rasha. [63] Waɗannan cigunan sun tabbatar da cewa sojojin RF sun girma cikin dubun dubun dubunnun mutane da kullun suna yin bincike kan titunan Khartoum. [63] Aikin Bashir ya ba da izinin RSF da sauran ƙungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai don hana barazanar tsaro daga cikin sojojin da ke cikin soja, [64]

## Manazarta