Canjin yanayi a Montana

Canjin yanayi yana da mummunar tasiri ga jihar **[[Montana]].** ta Amurka. Canjin yanayi a Montana yana haifar da raƙuman zafi na yau da kullun, dusar ƙanƙara ta baya ta narke a cikin bazara, da kuma yawan itatuwa masu mutuwa saboda fari da gobarar daji. Bayan 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, canjin yanayi a Montana zai iya tasiri ga wadatar ruwa, amfanin gona, kuma ya haifar da haɗari mafi girma ga gobarar daji. Jihohi da kananan hukumomi a Montana sun aiwatar da matakan doka don magance canjin yanayi, gami da karɓar fayilolin makamashi mai sabuntawa da haɓaka shirye-shiryen matakan yanayi.

## Tasirin

### Ma'adanai na ruwa

A cewar IPCC, tasirin canjin yanayi akan tsarin ruwa na yankin Montana na iya rage wadatar ruwa a wasu yankuna. Canjin yanayi a Jihohin tsaunuka IPCC ta tsara shi don haifar da raguwar dusar ƙanƙara, ƙarin Ambaliyar hunturu, da rage ruwan sama na rani. Wadannan yanayin yanayi na iya kara gasa don albarkatun ruwa.

Montana jiha ce ta ruwa, kuma saboda haka, tasirin Canjin yanayi wanda ke tasiri ga albarkatun ruwa na Montana ya wuce iyakar jihar. Ma'aikatar Ingancin Muhalli, Montana, ta ƙaddara cewa canjin yanayi zai shafi mahimman albarkatun ruwa a Montana kamar yadda ingancin ruwa da tsarin halittu na iya lalacewa lokacin da ake ɗaukar gurbataccen abu da laka ta hanyar bazara a lokutan da ba na halitta ba.

Wani rahoto daga Jami'ar Lethbridge ya gano cewa canjin yanayi na iya canza kwararar rafi da yawan samar da ruwa ta hanyar saukar da dusar ƙanƙara, wanda zai iya haifar da ajiyar ajiya a cikin bazara da kuma haɗari mai haɗari a lokacin rani, yana sa raƙuman ruwa masu tasowa.

The Montana Wildlife Conservation Society ya damu da cewa ruwan dumi na iya canza alamu na wasu nau'o'in kamar na asalin bull trout, wanda ke buƙatar ruwa mai sanyi fiye da sauran kifi kuma zai sami mawuyacin lokaci don tsira idan ruwa ya yi zafi.

### Abubuwan da ke cikin gandun daji

dazuzzuka na Montana suna rufe har zuwa tan miliyan 23.1 na kwatankwacin carbon dioxide a kowace shekara - kusan kashi 62 cikin dari na yawan hayaki na jihar. Har ila yau, jihar ta ƙunshi kadada miliyan 8.9 da aka yi la'akari da ya dace da gandun daji tare da yiwuwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa har zuwa tan miliyan 15.

Tasirin canjin yanayi a kan gandun daji na Montana na iya haifar da ra'ayoyi: zaton canji zuwa 'dried' hazo da yanayin zafin jiki, za'a iya rage ƙarfin ƙwaƙwalwar gandun daji masu tsawo na Montana ko ma kawar da shi gaba ɗaya.

### Aikin noma

Tasirin canjin yanayi akan aikin gona ya bambanta tsakanin yankuna. Aikin noma na Montana bazai canza sosai a cikin gajeren lokaci ba, bisa ga Rahoton Bincike na huɗu na IPCC. Misali, yanayin zafi yana rage amfanin alkama, amma za a sami mafi girman carbon dioxide, wanda yake da kyau. Lokacin hunturu mai zafi na iya haifar da sauye-sauye biyu a kowace shekara amma kuma yana iya kara girma na ciyawa da kwari.

Har yanzu akwai matsalolin da Montana za ta fuskanta saboda yanayin zafi. Wadannan sun hada da rage amfanin gona da ke buƙatar yanayi mai sanyi, gabatar da cututtuka da kwari waɗanda ke fitowa daga yanayin zafi, da kuma guguwa da fari masu tsanani. Game da samar da shanu, a cikin yanayin zafi shanu za su ci kadan kuma su yi girma a hankali. Har ila yau, dabbobi suna fuskantar damuwa game da zafi da yaduwar kwayar cuta.

### Lafiyar ɗan adam

An riga an rubuta mummunan Tasirin kiwon lafiya daga canjin yanayi, kuma ana sa ran zai karu a cikin karni na ashirin da daya. Montanans za su fuskanci tasirin kiwon lafiya daga karuwar yanayin zafi da raguwar kwararar ruwa wanda yayi kama da na wasu sassan kasar. Ragewar kwararar bazara zai haifar da tarin gurbataccen abubuwa ciki har da karafa masu guba, ƙwayoyin cuta da abubuwan gina jiki. Yanayin zafi mafi girma da karuwar gobarar daji za su shafi ingancin iska, karuwar abubuwan da suka faru na asma, da huhu da cututtukan zuciya. A matsakaici, canjin yanayi ya riga ya tsawaita lokacin rashin lafiyan da kwanaki 20 a kowace shekara tun daga  Shekarar 1950.

## Daidaitawa da ragewa

### Sabuntawa

A watan Afrilu, Shekara ta 2005, Montana ta kafa Fayil ɗin makamashi mai sabuntawa wanda ke buƙatar duk kayan aikin jama'a su sami akalla 15% na wutar lantarki daga albarkatun makamashi masu sabuntawa ta hanyar shekara ta 2015. Wani ɓangare na shirin ci gaban makamashi mai sabuntawa na Montana shine don ƙarfafa ci gaban tattalin arzikin karkara ta hanyar buƙatar masu amfani da jama'a don siyan ƙididdigar makamashi masu sabuntawa da wutar lantarki da kamfanonin samar da makamashi na al'umma suka samar. Daga shekara ta  2010 zuwa shekarar 2014, kamfanonin masu amfani da jama'a a Montana dole ne su sayi MW 50 daga waɗannan kamfanonin masu aiki na yankunan karkara. Farawa a cikin Shekara ta  2015, wannan adadi zai karu zuwa 75 MW. Duk wani kamfani mai amfani da ke aiki da mutane sama da 5,000 ana buƙatar ƙirƙirar ma'auni mai sabuntawa wanda ke inganta ci gaban makamashi mai sabunta, tare da takamaiman jaddada ci gaban tattalin arzikin karkara.

A halin yanzu, makamashi mai sabuntawa na Montana ya samo asali ne daga makamashi na iska, makamashin geothermal da makamashi. Montana tana ba da tallafin haraji da shirye-shiryen rance ga mutane da kamfanoni don inganta ci gaban makamashi mai sabuntawa a kowane mataki a bangaren masu zaman kansu da na jama'a. Wannan dokar inganta makamashi mai sabuntawa ta haɗa da ƙarfafa samarwa, tallafin amfani da rance, shirin wutar lantarki mai kore, cire harajin dukiya, da rage harajin samarwa.

A shekara ta 2009, Montana ta sami dala miliyan 10.3 a cikin kudaden Dokar Maidowa ta Tarayya don inganta ingancin makamashi na gine-ginen jihohi da fadada amfani da makamashi mai sabuntawa da kayan aikin sake amfani a jihar. Za a kuma yi amfani da kudaden don tallafi don ƙarfafa amfani da sabbin fasahohin makamashi masu tsabta waɗanda suka shiga cikin matakin samarwa amma ba a san su sosai ba ko kuma an yi amfani da su a jihar. Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Montana (DEQ) za ta kuma ba da rance mai ƙarancin riba ga masu amfani, kasuwanci, da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu don shigar da tsarin makamashi daban-daban, gami da iska, hasken rana, geothermal, ruwa da biomass.

**Iska**

Montana tana cikin manyan jihohi biyar a cikin ƙasar don damar samar da wutar lantarki ta iska. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2009, Montana ta samar da 820,924 MWh na wutar lantarki da iska ta samar, wanda ke wakiltar fiye da kashi uku cikin dari na duk wutar lantarki da aka samar a Montana a wannan shekarar. Montana ta kasance ta farko a cikin al'umma don saurin iska na aji 3 da sama, tare da mafi yawan wuraren iska da ke cikin yankunan da ke da ƙarancin jama'a, kusa da al'ummomin da ke son ci gaban makamashi na iska. Ma'aikatar Ingancin Muhalli ta Montana tana kula da bayanan saka idanu daga wuraren da iska ke amfani da su yanzu kuma tana ba da wannan bayanan ga mutanen da ke da sha'awar damar saka hannun jari na makamashi a jihar. Sashen Inganta Makamashi da Ci Gaban "yana sauƙaƙa ƙungiyar aiki ta iska da watsawa wacce ta ƙunshi masana'antu, gwamnati, malamai da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki. Kungiyar tana haɗuwa a kwata-kwata tun watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2008 kuma tana taruwa don gano cikas ga watsawa da ci gaban iska da haɓaka dabarun shawo kan waɗannan cikas".

Babban gonakin iska a Montana a halin yanzu sun haɗa da gonar iska ta Glacier kusa da Shelby, gonar iska na Judith Gap a cikin Wheatland County, gonar iskar Diamond Willow kusa da Baker, MT, da Horseshoe Bend Wind Park kusa da Great Falls. Ana samun taswirar wutar lantarki ta iska dalla-dalla a shafin yanar gizon MDEQ.

**Geothermal**

A watan Mayu, shekara ta 2005, Jihar Montana, Ma'aikatar Makamashi (DOE) da Sage Resources na Missoula, Montana sun kafa Shirin Geothermal na Montana. Har yanzu ana kimanta yiwuwar Montana don ci gaban makamashi mai zafi. Shirin DOE na Geopowering the West ya nuna cewa Montana tana da fiye da murabba'in kilomita 25,000 na manyan shafuka da yankuna.

A halin yanzu, Montana tana da shafuka 15 masu zafi da ke kusa da White Sulphur Springs, Helena, Ennis, Bozeman, Butte da Boulder, da kuma fiye da 50 da aka tsara wuraren geothermal na yanayin zafi daban-daban a duk fadin jihar. Jimlar sanannun shafuka ashirin da bakwai suna da yanayin zafi daga 110 ° F zuwa sama da 149 ° F, kuma kimantawar zafin jiki na yanzu don tafkuna masu zurfi sama da 350 ° F. Taswirar ma'amala da ke ba da cikakkun bayanai game da manyan shafukan geothermal na Montana yana samuwa a shafin yanar gizon MDEQ.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

**Rana**

A halin yanzu, yawancin ayyukan Hasken rana na Montana ana gudanar da su a cikin gidaje ko ƙananan birni a cikin gidajen, ranches, makarantu, gine-ginen al'umma da kasuwanni. Ana ci gaba da bincike kan yiwuwar manyan wuraren samar da makamashi na hasken rana a Montana. Gabashin Montana yana karɓar matsakaicin shekara-shekara na awanni 5 na cikakken rana, kuma yammacin Montana yana karbar matsakaicin sa'o'i 4.2 na shekara-sheko. Saboda haka, Montana tana da isasshen albarkatun hasken rana don tallafawa ci gaban hasken rana a nan gaba.

Jihar Montana a halin yanzu tana ba da tallafin haraji da yawa da shirye-shiryen rance masu juyawa don ƙarfafa ayyukan ci gaban hasken rana. Ana iya samun cikakkun bayanai game da waɗannan shirye-shiryen a shafin yanar gizon MDEQ.

### Karamar hukuma

A cikin shekara ta 2007, Montana ta buga cikakken shirin Canjin Yanayi kuma ta zama jihar Amurka ta bakwai da ta shiga Yammacin Yanayi (WCI). Ba da daɗewa ba, gwamnatoci da yawa a duk faɗin jihar sun fara haɓaka manufofin canjin yanayi na al'ada da ƙa'idodin fitar da iskar gas don aiwatarwa a matakin gida. Ka'idodin da aka buga a cikin shirye-shiryen canjin yanayi na cikin gida galibi an tsara su ne bayan cikakken shirin Canjin Yanayi na Montana.

A shekara ta 2009, Helena ta ba da shirin aikin yanayi na al'umma.

A cikin Shekara ta  2011, Bozeman ya fitar da shirin aikin yanayi na karshe  da kuma Missoula County. 

Bugu da ƙari, Jami'ar Jihar Montana da Jami'ar Montana sun kuma ba da shirye-shiryen sauyin yanayi ga al'ummomin harabar.

A ƙarshen shekara ta 2011, Clark Fork Coalition na Missoula County ya fara aiwatar da haɓaka dabarun matakin yanayi.

A cikin Shekarar  2018, Ƙabilun Salish da Kootenai sun fara cikakken tsarin tsara sauyin yanayi.

A cikin shekara ta 2018, Birnin Red Lodge ya karɓi Shirin Kare Makamashi don rage hayakin gas zuwa 50% na matakan a shekarar 2016 ta hanyar shekarar 2040. 

### Otter Creek

#### Tarihi
A tsakiyar shekarun 1990s, gwamnatin tarayya ta sayi babban yanki na dukiya da ke kusa da Yellowstone National Park don hana ci gaba da ma'adinin zinariya a ƙasar. A sakamakon ma'amala da ƙasa, Montana ta tsaya don rasa kudaden shiga masu yawa daga hakar ma'adinai, kuma ta nemi a biya jihar don asarar. Bayan wani lokaci na tattaunawa, gwamnatin tarayya ta amince da canja wurin mallakarta a cikin Otter Creek coal tract zuwa jihar. Yankin suna cikin kudu maso gabashin Montana, a cikin wani yanki mai wadata da kwal amma galibi ba a inganta shi ba. A lokacin sayarwa, an kewaye Tracts da tsarin allon lissafi na dukiya mai zaman kanta mallakar babban kamfanin ƙasa; Great Northern Properties .  Shekaru da yawa bayan Montana ta mallaki Tracts, Babban Masarautar Arewa ta sayar da sha'awarta a cikin kadarorin da ke kewaye da Arch Coal, Inc., na biyu mafi girma da aka haɓaka a Amurka.

A shekara ta 2009, Hukumar Kula da Kasa ta Jihar Montana, hukumar da ke da alhakin yanke shawarar yadda za a gudanar da ƙasashen jihar Montana, ta kada kuri'a don neman tayin daga kamfanonin ci gaba da ke sha'awar Otter Creek Tracts. Bayan lokacin tayin farko ya ƙare ba tare da wani tayin da aka karɓa ba, Hukumar Land ta saukar da farashin kowace tan kuma ta sake gabatar da Tracts don tayin. Arch Coal shine kadai mai neman takardar shaidar Otter Creek Tracts  A watan Maris na shekara ta 2010, Hukumar Land ta kada kuri'a 3-2 don karɓar tayin Arch Coal don Takardun. 

#### Shari'a
A cikin cimma shawarar da ta yanke na hayar Tracts, ba a buƙatar Hukumar Land ba, a ƙarƙashin dokar jihar, don yin la'akari da duk wani tasirin muhalli ko sakamakon da zai haifar da ma'adinin da aka tsara. Bayan da Hukumar Land ta amince da hayar, Majalisar Kula da Harkokin Arewa da sauran kungiyoyin kiyayewa sun shigar da kara a Gundumar Shari'a ta goma sha shida a Broadus, Montana. Kungiyoyin sun yi jayayya a cikin takardun kotu cewa Hukumar Land ba ta yi la'akari da tasirin canjin yanayi da sabon ma'adinin zai samu ba kuma Hukumar Land ba za ta yi laʼakari da madadin guda ɗaya ga cikakken ci gaban ma'adinai ba, kamar yadda Dokar Manufofin Muhalli ta Montana ta buƙaci.

Montana ta tura kotun don ta watsar da karar, tana jayayya cewa ba ta da matsayin doka don kalubalantar shawarar Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Montana, cewa Dokar Manufofin Muhalli taontana ba ta shafi yanke shawara na Hukumar Kula da Kasa ba, kuma cewa dokar da ta ba Hukumar Kula da Ƙasa damar kada ta yi la'akari da duk wani tasirin muhalli ya kasance na tsarin mulki.

Bayan sauraron gardama game da batutuwan, kotun ta musanta watsi da karar Montana kuma ta ba da damar shari'ar ta ci gaba da cancanta. Ya zuwa watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2011, har yanzu ana shari'ar a Gundumar Shari'a ta goma sha shida.

### Shari'a

#### Shari'ar amincewa da canjin yanayi
A watan Mayu, Shekara ta 2011, iyaye da yawa sun shigar da kara a madadin kananan yaransu a Kotun Koli ta Montana. Iyaye sun yi jayayya cewa yanayin ya kasance hanyar jama'a da Montana ke amincewa da ita don amfanin 'yan ƙasar Montana, kuma jihar tana da aiki mai kyau don kare wannan hanyar daga lahani kamar canjin yanayi. Takardar da aka shigar a Kotun Koli ta Montana ta lissafa tasirin da ya shafi sauyin yanayi da yawa da ke faruwa a cikin jihar kuma ta yi jayayya cewa waɗannan canje-canjen sun shafi "amin jama'a".

Da farko, jihar ba ta amsa karar da iyaye suka shigar ba. Kotun Koli ta Montana duk da haka, ta umarci ofishin Babban Lauyan jihar da ya amsa karar. Lokacin da ofishin Babban Lauyan jihar ya amsa, ba su kai farmaki ga cancantar gardamar iyaye ba amma sun kalubalanci matsayin shari'ar. Iyayen sun shigar da kararsu a karkashin "mahimmanci na asali" na Kotun Koli ta Montana, maimakon daukaka kara. ikon asali na Kotun Koli ta Montana ya iyakance ta Tsarin Mulki na Montana. Ofishin Babban Lauyan ya yi jayayya cewa iyaye sun kasa tabbatar da cewa shari'ar ta fada cikin iyakokin ikon asalin Kotun Koli kuma sun yi jayayya da cewa Babban Kotun ta ki amincewa da karar don goyon bayan al'ada, tsarin kotu na ƙasa.

Kotun Koli ta amince da ofishin Babban Lauyan kuma ta watsar da karar don ikon asali. Kotun ta bayyana cewa rikitarwa na shari'ar da adadin ƙudurin gaskiya da za a yi sun fi dacewa da ƙananan kotun bincike, maimakon babban kotun jihar.

#### ''An gudanar da shi a kan Montana''

Held v. Montana ita ce karar farko ta tsarin mulki da za a yi Shari'a a Amurka. Matasan mazauna Montana goma sha shida ne suka gabatar da karar a watan Maris na shekarar 2020, sannan masu shekaru 2 zuwa 18.

Masu shigar da dama sun yi jayayya cewa goyon bayan jihar ga masana'antar man fetur ya kara tsananta tasirin canjin yanayi a rayuwarsu, don haka sun musanta haƙƙinsu ga "yanayi mai tsabta da lafiya a Montana don tsararraki na yanzu da na gaba"  kamar yadda Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Montana ya buƙaci.

A cikin shari'ar, da aka gudanar a watan Yunin Shekarar 2023, masu shigar da kara sun kalubalanci dokar da ta hana jihar yin la'akari da hayakin gas a matsayin wani abu yayin yanke shawara ko bayar da izini ga ayyukan da suka shafi makamashi. A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta, 2023, alƙalin kotun shari'a ya yanke hukunci a cikin goyon bayan matasa masu shigar da kara, kodayake jihar ta nuna cewa za ta daukaka kara kan hukuncin. Kotun Koli ta Montana ta ji muhawara ta baki a ranar 10 ga watan Yuli, shekara ta 2024, alƙalai bakwai da ke karɓar shari'ar a ƙarƙashin shawara. A ranar 18 ga watan Disamba, Shekara ta 2024, Kotun Koli ta Montana ta amince da hukuncin kotun gundumar.

### Dokoki
A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2023, 'yan majalisa na Jamhuriyar Republican sun zartar da doka - watakila dokar hana yanayi mafi tsananin yaki da yanayi a kasar - wanda ya hana hukumomin jihohi la'akari da tasirin canjin yanayi yayin la'akari leken izini ga ayyukan kamar Ma'adinan kwal da tashoshin wutar lantarki. Dokar jihar da ta yi shekaru goma ta riga ta hana jihar yin la'akari da "ainihin ko yiwuwar tasirin da ke cikin yanki, ƙasa, ko duniya a yanayi".

## Dubi kuma

* Motocin lantarki a Montana

## Manazarta

## Ƙarin karantawa

* - wannan babi na Nazarin Yanayi na Kasa ya rufe Montana, Wyoming, Dakota ta Kudu, Dakota ta Arewa, da Nebraska