open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Stephen McLin

**Stephen McLin** ya daɗe yana aiki a fannin banki, wanda ya zo masana'antar daga injiniyanci, maimakon samun ilimin kuɗi. 

McLin, ɗan fari daga cikin yara shida, ɗan likita ne na rundunar sojin sama . Ya girma yana ƙaura duk bayan shekaru kaɗan, ciki har da kusan shekaru uku a Wiesbaden, Jamus, inda mahaifinsa yake shugaban tiyata. Da ya dawo Amurka, McLin ya yi makarantar sakandare a Laredo, Texas, kuma ya kammala karatunsa a 1964. Daga nan aka naɗa mahaifin McLin kwamandan asibiti a sansanin sojojin sama na Chanute da ke Rantoul, Illinois, don haka McLin ya je kwaleji a Jami'ar Illinois da ke kusa da Urbana–Champaign . Ya yi karatun injiniyan sinadarai (wanda yanzu ake kira Sashen Sinadarai da Injiniyan Halittu) kuma ya kammala karatunsa da digirin farko a fannin kimiyya a 1968. 

## Sana'a
Bayan kammala karatunsa, McLin ya kama aiki da Atlantic Richfield ( ARCO ) a Anaheim, California. Bayan ya yi aiki a can na tsawon shekara guda, McLin ya halarci Jami'ar Stanford kuma ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin injiniyan injiniya (1970). A kan hanyarsa ya gano cewa yana da sha'awar kuɗi, don haka ya zauna a Stanford ya sami digiri na MBA a 1972. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

McLin ya yi aiki mafi yawan aikinsa a Bank of America (BofA), yana siyan wasu kamfanoni da sayar da su.  Ya fara aiki a matsayin mataimakin mataimakin shugaban kasa a sashen masu karbar kudi kuma cikin shekaru bakwai ya tashi ya zama babban mai tsara dabarun BofA. Babban yarjejeniyarsa ta farko ita ce siyan Charles Schwab Corporation, babban dillalin rangwame, a shekarar 1981. Wannan ciniki ya ci gaba zuwa abin da wakilin jaridar New York Times Tom Friedman ya kira "shari'ar gwaji ta tarihi ga dokokin bankunan Tarayya."  McLin ya kuma "kirkire" siyan bankin da ke Seattle, Seafirst, wanda ya ba Bank of America damar shiga wata jiha a wajen California, inda take.  McLin ya ƙirƙiro tsarin kuɗi, wanda ya kira "kuɗin da ya dace," wanda ya kare BofA idan asarar Seafirst a fannin makamashi ta fi muni fiye da yadda take a da.,  

A shekarar 1985, McLin shi ne babban jami'i na uku mafi albashi a BankinAmerica, inda ya sami dala $285,330 a matsayin albashi.  A shekarar 1986, McLin ya zama mataimakin shugaban zartarwa kuma BankAmerica Corp. wani reshe na Bankin Amurka. A lokacin aikinsa a Bank of America, America First da STM Holdings, LLC, McLin ya yi shawarwari kan ma'amaloli, saye da sayarwa sama da 40, wanda ya wakilci jimillar kadarori da suka kai dala biliyan 32. 

A shekarar 1987, yana da shekaru 40, McLin ya bar BofA ya zama shugaban Asusun Tallafin Kuɗi na Amurka na Farko. A can ya tara jarin hannun jari na dala miliyan 100 don siyan kamfanonin S&L guda biyu na Arewacin California. Lokacin da Amurka ta rufe shekaru goma bayan haka, ta mayar da ribar riba da riba sama da dala miliyan 500 ga masu hannun jarinta.

McLin ya yi ritaya yana da shekaru 51, ya kafa Gidauniyar Iyali ta McLin,  kuma ya yi aiki a hukumar Schwab daga 1988 zuwa 2019.

## Manazarta
Makarantar Jirgin Sama ta Soja ta Kacha

The **Kacha Higher Military Aviation sau biyu Red Banner Order na Lenin School of Pilots mai suna AF Myasnikov (KVVAUL)** летчиков им А.Ф. Yana aiki da sunaye daban-daban daga 1910-97.

An kafa makarantar ne a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 1910 a Sevastopol a matsayin Makarantar Jami'in Jirgin Sama ta Sevastopul.

Ya sami sunan Makarantar Kacha a 1938. Daga 1945, bayan an kwashe shi a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, zuwa 1997 an kafa hedikwatar a Stalingrad (1945-61, daga baya aka sake masa suna Volgograd (1961 zuwa gaba)), kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na Sojojin Sama na Gundumar Sojojin Arewacin Caucasus. Daga 1960 zuwa Disamba 1997 yana da uku (wani lokacin hudu) tsarin horar da jirgin sama (704th (Kotelnikovo, Volgograd Oblast), 706th, 707th a Lebyazhye da farko, 122nd kunna daga baya).

An rushe Makarantar Jirgin Kasa ta Kachin bisa ga umarnin Ministan Tsaro na Tarayyar Rasha Igor Sergeev No. 397 na 6 ga Nuwamba, 1997.

A lokacin bikin cika shekaru 100 na jirgin sama na Rasha da Makarantar Kachinsky a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2010, Ministan Tsaro na Rasha Anatoly Serdyukov ya sanya hannu kan umarni da ke kiran Makarantar Jirgin Sama ta Krasnodar bayan Kachinsky, amma sake sunan bai faru ba.

Wani ɓangare na kayan aikin makarantar ya ci gaba da yin hidima ga Sojojin Tarayyar Rasha: a Volgograd, an ba da gine-ginen horo ga 20th Guards Motor Rifle Division, an ba wa gine-ginin ShMAS (makarantar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun jirgin sama) a Kamyshin ga 242nd Guards Motor Gun Zaleshchitsky Regiment, filin jirgin sama da horo a cikin garin Kotelnikovo an sake sanya su zuwa Krasnodar VVAUL, filin jirgin saman Boveketka ya zama filin jirgin sama.

A lokacin da aka rushe makarantar a cikin 1997-98 an sauya 706th Training Aviation Regiment zuwa Cibiyar Nazarin Jirgin Sama ta Soja ta Krasnodar. Har yanzu yana aiki a karkashin Cibiyar Jirgin Sama ta Soja ta Krasnodar a watan Janairun 2000.

## Haɗin waje

* Michael Holm,  20%force/division/schools/kvvaul.htmhttp://www.ww2.dk/sabon/iska%20force/division/schools/kvvaul.htm
* Hotuna na jirgin sama Archived 2018-05-22 a  - An keɓe shi da cika shekaru 100 na makarantar sakandare ta jirgin sama ta Kashi a garin Волгоград.
* Kashi na kama-da-wane - shafin yanar gizon Kashi na KashiArchived2022-01-24 a cikinWayback Machine
Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Jirgin Sama ta Duniya

**Ƙungiyar Makarantun Ma'aikatan Jiragen Sama ta Duniya** (wadda a da ita ce **Ƙungiyar Makarantun Jiragen Sama ta Turai**  ) ƙungiya ce ta makarantun gwaji a duk duniya.  An kafa ƙungiyar a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 1995, kuma daga baya aka sake mata suna a shekarar 2009 don ta haɗa da makarantun jiragen sama waɗanda ba sa cikin Turai. 

Hukumomin jirgin sama daban-daban na kasa da na kasa sun amince da IAAPS. Har ila yau, ƙungiyar tana cikin ƙungiyar da ke tsara dokoki na Hukumar Tsaro ta Jirgin Sama ta Turai (EASA).  Kungiyar a halin yanzu tana wakiltar makarantu 25 membobin kuma tana gabatar da manufofi don inganta ingancin karatun matukin jirgi da kuma wakiltar makantun a cikin gwamnatocin hukuma, gami da Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Turai (EASA). Har ila yau, kamfanin kera jirgin sama na Turai Airbus ne ke tallafawa,  wanda ke shirya yawancin bangarorin da ke tattare da ƙungiyar, gami da hedkwatar Airbus. 

## Tarihi
Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Turai (JAA) an kafa ta ne sakamakon kai tsaye na aiwatar da abin da ake kira "Yarjejeniyar Cyprus" a cikin 1990. A cikin 1995, an kafa Ƙungiyar Turai ta Makarantun Jirgin Sama (EAAPS).

EAAPS ta kasance mai aiki a cikin aikin Turai don bayyanawa da daidaita zurfin da kuma girman horo na jirgin sama a cikin JAA. A sakamakon haka, an kafa "JAR-FCL" (JAR-Flight Requirement Flight Licensing Code). An canza sunan kungiyar zuwa IAAPS a cikin 2009 bayan ya zama ƙungiyar duniya.

## Aikin
Yayinda karancin matukin jirgi na duniya ke ƙaruwa,  membobin IIAPS suna aiki tare don kula da inganta ingancin horar da matukin jirage.  Horar da jirgin sama yana inganta ka'idodin tsaro na iska.

EASA ta amince da IAAPS a matsayin wakilin masana'antar horar da jirgin sama.[1] Membobin IAAPS sun haɗa da na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na EASA, [1] Kwamitin Bawa Shawara na Ka'idojin Tsaro, Kungiyar Kwararru (SET), [1] Ƙungiyar Gudanar da Ilimi ta Ka'idoji [1] da Ƙungiyar Guddarar Factors ta Dan Adam.[1]

IAAPS ta taimaka wajen bunkasa "ma'anar ilmantarwa" don jirgin sama da jirage masu saukar ungulu. Hukumomin Jirgin Sama na hadin gwiwa ne suka buga waɗannan abubuwan kuma daga baya Hukumar Kula da Tsaro ta Jirgin Sama ta Turai.

## Manazarta
Kwalejin Jirgin Sama ta Moncton

**Kwalejin Jirgin Sama ta Moncton** (MFC) makarantar horar da matukan jirgi ce da ke filin jirgin saman Greater Moncton International Airport (CYQM) da ke Dieppe, New Brunswick, Kanada . Suna da matsayi na biyu a Filin Jirgin Sama na Fredericton (YFC) da ke Lincoln, NB. A cikin shekara guda, MFC tana da ikon horar da ɗalibai 450 tsakanin harabar Moncton da Fredericton. A halin yanzu, harabar Moncton tana ba da shirye-shirye na cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje tare da ɗaliban 260 da ma'aikata 55. Harabar Fredericton galibi ana yin ta ne don horar da ɗaliban China tare da wasu horon jirgin sama bisa tsarin zamani kuma tana da ɗaliban 190 kuma tana ɗaukar ma'aikata 75.  Duk harabar suna da ɗakunan girki da gidaje a wurin. MFC ita ce babbar makarantar jirgin sama mai zaman kanta a Kanada. Hakanan tana ɗaya daga cikin makarantu shida, daga cikin makarantu 150 a Kanada, waɗanda za a ba su matsayi na haɗin gwiwa. Kwalejin ta horar da matukan jirgi sama da 20,000 daga kusan ƙasashe 70 tun daga 1929. MFC tana da takardar izinin aiki ta FTU, ATO da AMO daga Transport Canada kuma tana da takardar izinin CAAC (China). 

## Tarihi
Ranar shirya ta hukuma ta Moncton Flying Club ta yi daidai da ranar Air Pageant na farko, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1929, don tara kuɗi don filin jirgin sama. Wani rukuni na 'yan ƙasa sun yanke shawarar cewa Moncton ya zama cibiyar iska ta Maritimes. An zaɓi shafin don filin jirgin sama na farko a Moncton, kuma an fara aiki a watan Afrilu 1929. Koyaya, lokutan wahala sun biyo baya jim kadan bayan filin jirgin sama ya cika tare da farkon Babban Mawuyacin hali, kuma duk ayyukan jirgin kusan sun ƙare. Ba har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1930 ba ne aka sake fara horo a Moncton Flying Club. A ƙarshen 1939, an kafa Flying Club a hukumance kuma yana da rundunar jiragen sama guda biyu masu zaman kansu.

Kanada ta ayyana yaki da Jamus a ranar 10 ga Satumba, 1939 kuma an ba Moncton Flying Club damar gudanar da "Elementary Flying Training School, Royal Canadian Air Force," (#21 E.F.T.S., R.C.A.F.) da aka buɗe a Chatham, New Brunswick. An fara horo a makarantar a farkon watan Yulin 1941, nan da nan bayan shigar da 'yan jirgin sama na farko. Jirgin saman Fleet Finch da makarantar ta yi amfani da shi na'ura ce mai ƙarfi tare da injin cylinder biyar da fuka-fuki da fuselage da aka rufe da masana'anta. A shekara ta 1945, Moncton Flying Club yana aiki da makarantun horar da jirgin sama guda uku a fadin Kanada.

A cikin shekarun 1950, Moncton Flying Club ya sami manyan Jiragen sama, ciki har da Tiger Moths hudu ko biyar, Fairchild Cornells biyu, Aeroncas uku, da Cessna T50. Duk da mawuyacin lokacin tattalin arziki, yawan membobin ya karu kuma sanannen kulob din ya karu. Lokacin da aka raba Air Cadets don horo, an kafa ɗakin kwana da kantin abinci a wurin. A cikin 1949, an kara jirgin sama na dare a cikin tsarin karatun, duk da rashin kayan aikin Radar. Har ma kulob din ya hada wasan kwaikwayo na iska, na farko daga cikin da yawa da suka zo, tare da Harvards da Sea Furies suna gasa da kuma matukin jirgi daga Quebec City yana shiga.

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Letalski Maribor

Cibiyar Letalski Maribor short LCM (Turanci: Cibiyar Jiragen Sama Maribor ) ita ce mafi tsufa kuma mafi girma a ƙungiyar jiragen sama ta Slovenia wacce ke aiki a Filin Jirgin Sama na Maribor na Duniya, tana aiki da jiragen sama 8, manyan fitilu 2, masu saukar ungulu 7 da kuma layu 10. An kafa ta a ranar 20 ga Disamba, 1927 a Maribor kuma ta shahara da makarantar jirgin sama, tun daga lokacin. Ana ɗaukarta a matsayin ƙungiyar jiragen sama mafi inganci a ƙasar da Balkans . Adadin sa'o'in tashi na shekara-shekara shine kusan awanni 3500 da saukar jiragen sama 10000.

## Jirgin ruwa na yanzu

## Makarantar Jirgin Sama ta EASA
LCM tana da shirye-shiryen horo tare da takardar shaidar Turai don lasisi da ƙididdiga masu zuwa da kuma amincewa (shiga) a cikin SI. ATO.014 (Kungiyar Horarwa da aka amince da ita) bisa ga EASA - Dokokin Turai:

## Haɗin waje

* Gidan yanar gizon gida: Cibiyar Letalski Maribor: http://www.lcm.si/
DeWayne McKinney

**DeWayne McKinney** (kimanin 1966 - 7 ga Oktoba, 2008) ɗan kasuwa ne na ATM kuma an yanke masa hukunci ba bisa ƙa'ida ba kuma an daure shi a gidan yari.

## Shari'ar kisan kai
An samu McKinney da laifin kisan manajan Burger King Walter Horace Bell Jr. a shekarar 1980 a Orange County, California . Bayan ma'aikata huɗu sun gano shi a kotu a matsayin ɗan bindigar, an tura shi gidan yari a shekarar 1981.

### Kare Kai daga Sharhi
An saki McKinney a watan Janairun 2000 lokacin da aka bayyana sabbin shaidu da suka wanke shi daga zargin. Wasu mutane biyu sun amsa laifinsu, yayin da wasu shaidu biyu da suka gano shi a matsayin ɗan bindigar suka musanta shaidarsu.

Bayan ya bar gidan yari bayan ya shafe sama da shekaru 19, ya sami sulhu na dala miliyan ɗaya daga ƙarar da aka shigar masa ta hanyar yanke masa hukunci ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. 

## Aikin kasuwanci
Ya zuba kudinsa wajen zama mai katin ATM a yankin Los Angeles . Yayin da yake ziyara a Hawaii a lokacin hutu, ya lura da bukatar karin na'urorin ATM don yi wa masana'antar yawon bude ido hidima, kuma ya yi amfani da kudin diyyarsa a matsayin jarin farko don nasarar kasuwancinsa. 

## Mutuwa
Ya mutu a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2008, yana da shekaru 42, a wani hatsarin mota a Honolulu, Hawaii . 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin hukunce-hukuncen da ba daidai ba a Amurka

## Manazarta
Gundumar Masyaf

**Gundumar Masyaf** (Larabci: مصياف Maṣyāf) gunduma ce (mantiqah) wacce ke ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Hama, Siriya. A ƙidayar jama'a ta 2004, tana da yawan jama'a 169,341. Cibiyar gudanarwarta ita ce birnin Masyaf.

## Rabe-raben Gundumomi
An raba gundumar Masyaf zuwa ƙananan gundumomi biyar ko nahiyahs (yawan jama'a bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a ta 2004):
*Masyaf Subdistrict (ناحية مصياف): yawan jama'a 68,184.
*Jubb Ramlah Subdistrict (ناحية جب رملة): yawan jama'a 39,814.
*Awj Subdistrict (ناحية عوج): yawan jama'a 33,344.
*Ayn Halaqim Subdistrict (ناحية عين حلاقيم): yawan jama'a 16,502.
*Wadi al-Uyun Subdistrict (ناحية وادي العيون): yawan jama'a 12,951.

## Manazarta
Katsuaki Watanabe

Katsuaki Watanabe (渡辺捷昭, Watanabe Katsuaki; an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 1943) babban mai ba da shawara ne a Toyota Motor Corporation. Shi ne shugaban kamfanin kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na kamfanin kafin Akio Toyoda ya hau wannan mukamai a ranar 23 ga Yuni, 2009.

## Ayyuka
Watanabe, wanda ya sami digiri a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Keio ta Tokyo, ya shiga Toyota bayan kammala karatunsa daga wannan jami'a a shekarar 1964. Ya sami gogewa a fannoni daban-daban a Toyota, musamman a fannin tsare-tsare na kamfanoni da harkokin gudanarwa. Watanabe ya zama babban manaja na sashen sakatariya a shekarar 1988 kuma ya koma sashen tsare-tsaren kamfanoni a matsayin babban manaja a shekarar 1989.

A aikinsa na babban manaja na sashen tsare-tsaren kamfanoni, Watanabe ya shiga cikin tsara jadawalin da kuma bayyana hangen nesa na dogon lokaci ga ayyukan Toyota a duk fadin duniya. An nada shi a kwamitin gudanarwa a shekarar 1992, ya ci gaba da kula da ayyukan sarrafa kayayyaki, ciki har da kula da Kamfanin Motomachi na Toyota, wanda ke kera motocin fasinja. A shekarar 1999, an nada Watanabe babban daraktan gudanarwa, bayan haka ya hau mukamin mataimakin shugaban zartarwa a shekarar 2001. A watan Yunin 2005 ya zama shugaban kasa kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na TMC, wanda ya gaji Fujio Cho.

Ana daukar Watanabe a matsayin wanda ya yanke shawarar gina masana'antar kera kayayyaki a San Antonio, Texas Amurka don gina manyan motocin daukar kaya.

An haifi Watanabe a shekarar 1942 a Mie Prefecture, Japan, kuma yanzu yana zaune a Toyota City. Ya yi aure kuma yana da 'ya'ya mata uku. Mawaki ne mai son kiɗa, yana waƙa a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta maza, kuma yana son buga wasan golf da tennis.

An saka shi a cikin jerin mutane 100 mafi tasiri a mujallar TIME a shekarar 2005 da kuma a shekarar 2007.

## Karramawa
Ribbon bar Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (2018)

## Duba kuma
* Tsarin Samar da Toyota (TPS)
* Tunawa da motocin Toyota na 2009–2010

## Nassoshi
Takehisa Yaegashi

**Takehisa Yaegashi** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1943) ya kasance injiniya ne mai ritaya a Kamfanin Toyota Motor Corporation. Ya jagoranci ƙungiyar da ta ƙirƙiro Prius kuma, duk da cewa ya yi ritaya, har yanzu yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Toyota. An san shi da "Mr. Hybrid."

Takehisa Yaegashi An haife shi 1943 (shekaru 82–83)

## Manazarta
Tadashi Yamashina

Tadashi Yamashina (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Mayu 1951[1]) tsohon Shugaban Ƙungiyar Toyota Racing Formula One ne, wanda ke da alhakin gudanar da ayyukan Toyota na Formula One, bayan ya karɓi ragamar mulki daga Tsutomu Tomita a watan Yunin 2007.

## Farkon rayuwa
An haife shi ranar 8 ga watan Mayu 1951 (shekaru 74)

## Sana'a
Yamashina ya fara aiki da Toyota Motor Corporation a shekarar 1977, inda ya yi aiki a kamfanin har ya zama babban manajan ayyuka a Sashen Injiniyan Motoci na Component & System Development Center a shekarar 1998. Bayan haka, ya sami ƙarin girma a shekarar 2001 don zama Shugaban Cibiyar Fasaha ta Toyota a Amurka, daga ƙarshe ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Toyota Motorsport a shekarar 2006, inda ya maye gurbin Tomita a matsayin Shugaban Ƙungiyar F1 kuma Shugaban a watan Yunin 2007.

Toyota ta janye daga Formula One a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2009 amma Yamashina ta ci gaba da zama shugaban Toyota Motorsport GmbH.

## Manazarta
Makarantar Tafiya ta Yaƙi ta 85

**85 Makarantar Combat Flying** wani sashe ne na Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Afirka ta Kudu (SAAF). Makarantar horar da jiragen sama da ayyukan yaƙi ce ta farko, an kafa ta a shekarar 1982 a AFB Pietersburg (An san ta da Makarantar Tafiya Mai Kyau daga 1967).[1] Ta koma AFB Hoedspruit a ranar 1 ga Janairu 1993 saboda rufewar AFB Pietersburg.[1] Makarantar kuma tana da aikin ajiye jiragen sama na lokacin yaƙi, kodayake an bayyana a bainar jama'a cewa ba za a yi amfani da makarantar a aiki ba sai dai idan akwai buƙatar gaggawa.

**Jiragen sama da aka yi amfani da su a baya:**

* Mirage IIIEZ/DZ/D2Z
* Canadair Sabre Mk.6 1975 - 1980
* Atlas Impala Mk.I/II 1972 - 2005

An mayar da makarantar zuwa AFB Makhado daga AFB Hoedspruit zuwa wani sabon wurin da aka gina da manufa tare da kayan aikin horo na jirgin sama na zamani waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen amfani da kwamfuta. Makarantar tana raba wannan wurin tare da al'ummar SAAF Gripen.

A watan Oktoban 2007, akwai matukan jirgi da dama da suka yi tafiya su kaɗai a kan jirgin Hawk Mk.120.

Rundunar ta kuma halarci atisayen shirye-shiryen Rundunar Tsaron Ƙasa ta Afirka ta Kudu na shekara-shekara, inda suka harba harsasai masu rai da kuma jefa bama-bamai masu rai. Sun kuma yi atisayen aika makamai zuwa AFB Bloemspruit a shekarar 2007.

## Manazarta
Makarantar Horar da Matukin Jiragen Sama ta Sojan Sama

École de pilotage de l'Armée de l'air (EPAA),ko École de Pilotage de l'Air 315 Général Jarry, ita ce babbar cibiyar horar da matukan jirgin sama na Rundunar Sojan Sama da Sararin Sama ta Faransa.

## Tarihi
An kafa EPAA a watan Afrilun 1956.

Horarwa

Wannan ita ce makarantar horar da matukan jirgi ta farko ta Rundunar Sojan Sama da Sararin Sama ta Faransa. Jiragen sama don horarwa sune Pilatus PC-21 da Grob G 120. Kwas ɗin horon yana ɗaukar kimanin sa'o'i 100 na tashi, tare da sa'o'i 30 a kan na'urar kwaikwayo.

## Tsarin
Yana cikin sashen Charente na yankin Nouvelle-Aquitaine.

## Duba kuma

* École de l'air
* L'équipe de presentation de l'armée de l'air

## Manazarta
Pascal Vasselon

Pascal Vasselon (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Maris 1963) injiniyan wasannin motsa jiki ne na Faransa. A shekarun 1980, Vasselon ya shiga cikin haɓaka Renault F1, amma daga baya ya koma Michelin bayan janyewar ƙungiyar a matsayin mai gini. Ya riƙe mukamai da yawa a ƙungiyar Formula 1 ta Michelin, ciki har da Daraktan F1.

## Pascal Vasselon
An haife shi a ranar 20 ga Maris, 1963 (shekaru 62)

Vasselon shine Babban Manaja Chassis na ƙungiyar Toyota Racing Formula One,[1] da ke Toyota Motorsport GmbH. Lokacin da ya shiga Toyota F1, shi ne Shugaban Ci Gaba da Bincike Chassis kafin haɓaka shi a 2006. Shi ne manajan ƙungiyar shirin samfurin motocin wasanni na Toyota Motorsport na yanzu.[ana buƙatar ambato]

## Haɗin waje
Shafin hukuma na Toyota Motorsport GmbH

## Manazarta
Makarantar Horar da Jiragen Sama Mai Lamba 1 RAF

Makarantar Horar da Jiragen Sama ta Lamba 1 (1 FTS) ita ce makarantar horar da matukan jirgi ta soja mafi tsufa a duniya, wacce a halin yanzu ake amfani da ita don ba da horo na juyawa ga ma'aikatan jirgin sama na sojojin Burtaniya.

## Tarihi
Kafa ta farko (1919 - 1931)

A ranar 23 ga Disamba 1919, an kafa 1 FTS a hukumance ta hanyar sake suna Makarantar Flying ta Netheravon, wacce aka kafa a ranar 29 ga Yuli 1919 a Netheravon da ke Wiltshire, Ingila, daga cikin rukunin horo na biyu na Rundunar Horarwa ta Lamba 8, wanda a lokacin aka kafa shi a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1919 daga Tashar Horarwa ta Lamba 8, duk a Netheravon. A wannan ɓangaren na tsawon rayuwarsa, 1 FTS da magabata sun tashi da jiragen sama kamar Airco DH.9A, Avro 504, Bristol F.2 Fighter, da Sopwith Snipe.

An wargaza rundunar 1 FTS a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1931. Wani ɓangare na aikinta, horar da jami'an rundunar Fleet Air Arm (FAA), an riga an karɓe su daga hannun RAF Leuchars tun daga ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 1928.

### Kafa ta biyu (1935 - 1942)
Kafa ta biyu ta rundunar 1 FTS ta faru ne a RAF Leuchars a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1935, an ɗora mata alhakin horar da jami'an rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Navy don rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Fleet Air Arm. A ranar 26 ga Agusta, 1938, rundunar ta koma wurin haihuwarta a RAF Netheravon, kuma a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1939 aka sake mata suna Makarantar Horar da Jiragen Sama ta Lamba 1. An wargaza ta a ranar 7 ga Maris, 1942, lokacin da aka buƙaci Netheravon don amfani da Rundunar Haɗin Gwiwa ta Sojoji. Jiragen da aka yi amfani da su a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da Fairey IIIF, Hawker Hart, Westland Wapiti, Hawker Hind, Hawker Audax, de Havilland DH.82A Tiger Moth, North American Harvard, Fairey Battle da Miles Master.

### Kafa ta uku (1947 - 1948)
Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, an sake gina 1 FTS ta hanyar sake suna Makarantar Horar da Jiragen Sama ta Service Flying School RAF (17 SFTS) a ranar 18 ga Yuni 1947 a RAF Spitalgate. Makarantar tana da RLGs (Relief Landing Ground) a RAF Folkingham tsakanin 28 ga Yuli 1947 da Agusta 1947, sannan a RAF Bottesford bayan haka; an sake wargaza ta a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 1948. Jiragen da aka yi amfani da su a wannan lokacin sune de Havilland Tiger Moth da North American Harvard.

## Manazarta
Makarantar Horar da Jiragen Sama ta Lamba ta 2 RAF

**Makarantar Horar da Jiragen Sama ta Lamba ta 2** Makarantar Horar da Jiragen Sama ce (FTS) ta Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Royal Air Force (RAF). Tana cikin Rukunin Lamba ta 22 (Horarwa) wanda ke ba da horon tashi da jirage masu saukar ungulu ga Sojojin Sama na Royal Air Force. Hedikwatar ta tana a RAF Syerston da ke Nottinghamshire kuma yin tafiya da jirage yana faruwa daga wurare da dama a ko'ina cikin Burtaniya ta amfani da Grob Viking T1. Makarantar Hawan Jiragen Sama ta Tsakiya ta RAF ita ma tana ƙarƙashin jagorancinta.

A tsawon tarihinta, Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Lamba ta 2 tana da ayyuka daban-daban, ciki har da kasancewa makarantar tashi ta farko ta sojoji da ta yi amfani da jiragen sama masu amfani da jet a lokacin horon matukan jirgi.

### Tarihi

### Kafa ta farko (1920)
An kafa Makarantar Horar da Jiragen Sama ta Lamba ta 2 (FTS) a RAF Duxford da ke Cambridgeshire[2] a matsayin wani ɓangare na Rukunin Lamba ta 3 a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 1920, daga Rundunar Horarwa ta Lamba ta 31. Makarantar tana da jirgin sama na musamman da aka haɗa da ita don gudanar da bincike ga Farfesa na Ayyukan Jiragen Sama a Jami'ar Cambridge. A ƙarshen watan Agusta na shekarar 1921, an mayar da makarantar zuwa Rukunin Lamba 1, amma an mayar da ita Rukunin Lamba 3 a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1923. Da farko an sanya mata Avro 504K da Ns don horo na asali, ta yi amfani da Airco DH.9As, Bristol F.2B da Sopwith Snipes don horar da hidima. Daga ƙarshe an maye gurbin 504s da Avro Tutor, yayin da Armstrong Whitworth Siskins da Gloster Grebes suka maye gurbin Snipes. Makarantar ta koma RAF Digby a Lincolnshire a ranar 30 ga Yuni 1924, amma ta daina aiki a ranar 29 ga Yuli 1933 kuma ta wargaje a ranar 15 ga Disamba na wannan shekarar.

### Kafa ta biyu (1934)
An gyara makarantar a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1934 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Rukunin Lamba 23 a gidanta na baya na RAF Digby, wanda yanzu yana da Tutors don horo na asali da Hawker Harts & Furies don matakin horo na hidima. A shekarar 1936, an ƙara Hawker Audaxes, kuma a watan Satumba na 1937 makarantar ta koma RAF Brize Norton da ke Oxfordshire, don ƙaura daga yankin da ake tsammanin za a yi aiki idan yaƙi ya ɓarke. Zuwa watan Agusta na 1939, ana gudanar da horon tashi da jirgin sama na asali a makarantun firamare da na reserve na farar hula, kuma FTSs sun mayar da hankali kan matakin horo na tashi da jirgin sama. Don haka, an sanya masa kayan aiki na Harvards da Airspeed Oxfords.

## Manazarta
No. 3 Makarantar Horar da Jirgin Sama RAF

**No. 3 Flying Training School** makarantar horar da sojoji ce ta Royal Air Force, wacce ke kula da horon tashi na farko don Royal Navy da Royal Air Force da kuma horar da duk ma'aikatan jirgin sama marasa matuki na RAF kuma gida ne ga Babban Makarantar Tutor Squadron Flying.

Kodayake makarantar tana da suna a RAFC Cranwell, kawai matukan injiniyoyi masu yawa da ɗalibai akan 57 Squadron suna tashi daga wannan jirgin sama, tare da abubuwan Navy waɗanda ke tushen RAF Barkston Heath na kusa da sauran matukan jirgi masu horarwa waɗanda ke tushen RAF Wittering.

## Tarihi

### Samuwar farko
Babu 3 FTS da aka fara kafa a Scopwick (daga baya aka sake masa suna RAF Digby) akan 26 Afrilu 1920 daga No. 59 Training Squadron a No. 3 Group. A wannan watan Shugaban Squadron Arthur Harris, daga baya AOC-in-C Bomber Command, an nada shi tare da duka tashoshi da kwamandan makaranta. An canza shi zuwa rukuni na 1 a ranar 31 ga Agusta 1921 amma ya watse a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1922.

Makarantar ta sake fasalin a RAF Spitalgate kusa da Grantham a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1928, sanye take da Avro 504Ns da Armstrong Whitworth Siskins, wanda daga baya Avro Tutors, Armstrong Whitworth Atlases da Hawker Harts suka maye gurbinsu.

### Samuwar ta biyu
A ranar 16 ga Agusta 1937 makarantar ta koma RAF South Cerney, ta zama No. 3 Service Flying Training School a ranar 3 ga Satumba 1939, inda ta kasance har sai an sake fasalin Na 3 (Pilot) Advanced Flying Unit a ranar 1 ga Maris 1942. Da barkewar yakin makarantar tana aiki a Oxford Harts and Airspeed 240 June 24. makaranta, ƙwararre akan horon injinan tagwaye ta amfani da Oxfords. A lokacin wannan ɓangaren rayuwarta, makarantar ta yi amfani da filayen saukar da agaji da dama da suka haɗa da RAF Stormy Down, RAF Bibury, RAF Long Newnton da RAF Wanborough. Tare da ƙarshen yakin No. 3 (P) AFU an sake sake fasalin No. 3 SFTS akan 17 Disamba 1945 kuma yanzu an sanye shi da Harvards ta Arewacin Amurka. A ranar 24 ga Afrilu 1946 makarantar ta koma RAF Feltwell kuma a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 1947, takenta ya koma No. 3 FTS kuma ya ci gaba da aiki daga nan har zuwa 31 ga Mayu 1958 wanda lokacin yana amfani da Percival Provost T.1.

### Siffar ta uku da ta hudu
Ya shiga zamanin jet lokacin da aka gyara shi a RAF Leeming a ranar 15 ga Satumbar 1961, sanye take da jirgin farauta Jet Provost T.3. A cikin 1966 ya karɓi sashin horarwa na ci gaba na Vampire daga lamba 7 FTS kuma a cikin Disamba na wannan shekarar ya zama lamba 3 (Basic) FTS. 1971 ya ga canja wurin sarrafawa daga No. 22 zuwa No. 23 Group kuma a cikin Disamba 1973 ya karbi Makarantar Refresher Flying daga RAF Manby. A cikin Nuwamba 1974 ya ɗauki wani sashi lokacin da RN Elementary Flying Training School ya zo daga RAF Church Fenton, amma tare da raguwar buƙatun matukan jirgi kuma RAF ta yanke baya, makarantar ta watse a Leeming a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 1984.

## Mahadar waje
Garnet Chapel

Garnet Chapel, wanda aka fi sani da Capella Granata (Jamusanci: Granatkapelle), cocin Katolika ne da ke kan sirdi na Penken (Jamusanci: Penkenjoch) kusa da Penken. Yana arewa maso gabas da wani tafki na wucin gadi kuma yana cikin al'ummar Finkenberg a kwarin Zillertal. Kwarin da ke gundumar Schwaz yana cikin jihar (Bundesland) ta Tyrol. Chapel ɗin yana cikin cocin Finkenberg kuma ta hanyar fadada shi zuwa Deanery na Fuegen-Jenbach, don haka yana cikin Diocese na Katolika na Roman na Innsbruck.

An keɓe wannan cocin ga Engelbert Kolland, wani firist na ƙungiyar Franciscan Order (OFM), wanda aka yi masa yabo a ranar 10 ga Oktoba 1926. An haifi Father Kolland a Ramsau, wani ƙaramin ƙauye a Zillertal. Paparoma Francis zai naɗa Kolland a ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 2024, daga cikin mutane 14 masu albarka.

Abubuwan da ke ciki

## Wuri
gyara

Chapel ɗin yana da nisan mita 2087, kimanin mita 40 arewa maso gabas na tafkin Penken na wucin gadi (Jamusanci: Speicherteich Penken). Nisan da ke tsakanin chapel da tsakiyar ƙauyen Finkenberg ya kai kimanin mita 2,000 kuma kimanin kilomita huɗu zuwa Mayrhofen, wani gari a gabas, yayin da yake da nisan kilomita 6.5 zuwa Ramsau a Zillertal, wani ƙauye a arewa maso gabas.

## Tarihi
gyara

A shekarun 2011 da 2012 an kafa shirye-shiryen gina cocin, kuma a ranar 10 ga Yuli 2012 aka yi shawarwari kan yadda za a tabbatar da gina shi. Wannan rana ita ce ainihin ranar mutuwar Engelbert Kolland mai daraja.[2] A ranar 17 ga Yuni 2013 aka fara aikin gini. Bayan kammala shi, limamai daban-daban na Cocin Katolika suka buɗe ginin addini a ranar 22 ga Satumba 2013, a ranar da aka yi wa Engelbert Kolland mai daraja baftisma.[3][4][5]

## Gina
gyara

An gina cocin ne da sunan dangin Brindlinger kuma Mario Botta, wani mai ginin gine-gine na Switzerland ne ya tsara shi.[4][5] A zamanin da, wannan iyali sun sami abin rayuwa ta hanyar haƙar garnet. Saboda haka, a bayyane yake cewa an fara tunanin gina wannan cocin a cikin siffar garnet.[3]

Ginin addini gini ne mai hawa biyu, mai tsayin daka a siffar garnet wanda yake buɗe a kowane gefe. Yana kan wani babban dutse kuma yana zubar da saman rhomboid guda goma sha biyu iri ɗaya (rhombic dodecahedron). Ana amfani da ƙarfe mai kariya daga waje don kare ginin katako. Ana iya samun ƙofar shiga da kuma ɗakin ajiya da bayanai game da rayuwar Engelbert Kolland a ƙasan bene. Chapel ɗin da kansa yana kan bene na farko. Cikinsa an yi masa layi da itacen larch na yanki.[6]

Kurfin gilashi yana samar da hasken da ke da ban sha'awa a kan rufin. Markus Thurner, wanda aka haifa a shekarar 1970 a Maurach am Achensee (ta tafkin Achen). Hoton wani mosaique ne na katako wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan itace guda biyar daban-daban na yanki daga bishiyoyin maple, ceri, apple da pear da kuma gyada.[7]

## Manazarta
Carol Kane

Carolyn Kane (an haife ta a ranar 18 ga Yuni, 1952)[1] yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma 'yar barkwanci 'yar Amurka. Ta sami karramawa saboda rawar da ta taka a Hester Street (1975), wanda hakan ya ba ta damar lashe kyautar Academy Award don Best Actress. Ta shahara a shekarun 1970 da 1980 a fina-finai kamar Dog Day Afternoon (1975), Annie Hall (1977), When a Stranger Calls (1979), The Princess Bride (1987), Scrooged (1988) da Flashback (1990).

## Rayuwar Farko
gyara

An haifi Kane a ranar 18 ga Yuni, 1952, a Cleveland, 'yar Joy, mawaƙin jazz, malami, ɗan rawa, kuma mai buga piano, kuma mai zane Michael Kane. Iyalinta Bayahude ne, kuma kakanninta sun yi ƙaura daga Rasha, Austria, da Poland.[3][4] Saboda aikin mahaifinta, Kane ta ƙaura akai-akai tun tana ƙarama; ta zauna a Paris na ɗan lokaci tana da shekaru takwas, inda ta fara koyon yin magana da Faransanci.[2][5] Bugu da ƙari, ta zauna a Haiti tana da shekaru 10.[2] Iyayenta sun sake ta lokacin tana da shekaru 12.[6]

Ta halarci Makarantar Cherry Lawn, wata makarantar kwana a Darien, Connecticut, har zuwa 1965.[7][8] Ta yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a HB Studio[9] kuma ta je Makarantar Yara Masu Ƙwararru a Birnin New York. Ta zama memba na Ƙungiyar 'Yan Wasan Kwaikwayo ta Screen da Ƙungiyar 'Yan Wasan Kwaikwayo ta Actors' Equity Association tana da shekaru 14.[10] Kane ta fara fitowa a matsayinta na ƙwararren ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a wani shiri na 1966 mai suna The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie wanda Tammy Grimes ta fito a matsayin jaruma, aikinta na farko a matsayin memba na Actors' Equity.[11][12]

## Sana'a
gyara

1971–1979: Farkon aiki da kuma sanin farko

gyara

Aikin Kane a kan allo ya fara ne tun tana matashiya, lokacin da ta fito a ƙananan mukamai a fina-finai kamar Desperate Characters da Carnal Knowledge na Mike Nichols a 1971, wanda daga baya ya kai ta ga yin abota da babban jarumi Jack Nicholson. A 1972, an saka ta a cikin rawar farko da ta taka a cikin shirin Kanada na Wedding in White, inda ta taka rawar matashiya da aka yi wa fyaɗe wanda mahaifinta ya tilasta mata aure. Ta kuma fito a matsayin mai aikin karuwanci a cikin fim ɗin Hal Ashby na 1973 mai suna The Last Detail, inda ta sake yin aiki tare da Nicholson.[13]

## Manazarta
Sharran Kumar

Sharran Kumar jarumi ne ɗan ƙasar Indiya wanda ya fito a fina-finan Tamil da dama. Ya yi fina-finai da dama ciki har da Inidhu Inidhu (2010) da Charles Shafiq Karthiga (2015).

## Manazarta
Katherine D. Landing

Katherine D. Landing 'yar siyasa ce ta Amurka a Jam'iyyar Republican. Ita ce 'yar Majalisar Wakilai ta South Carolina mai wakiltar Gundumar 80. Jermaine Johnson ne ya riƙe Gundumar 80 ta Majalisar, amma bayan sake zaɓen Gundumar ta rufe wani sabon yanki na ƙasa, wanda ya sa Johnson ya tsaya takara kuma a ƙarshe ya lashe Gundumar SC House ta 70.[3]

A zaɓen gama gari na 2020 na Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka, Landing ta fafata a babban filin 'yan takarar fidda gwani na Republican, amma Nancy Mace ta kayar da ita a zaɓen Fidda gwani. A shekarar 2022, Landing ta tsaya takarar sabuwar Majalisar Dokokin Jihar SC District 80, kuma bayan ta lashe zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Republican, ta ci gaba da kayar da 'yar takarar Democrat Donna Brown Newton a Majalisar Wakilai ta South Carolina District 80.[4] Landing ta taba yin aiki a Majalisar Gundumar Mount Pleasant kuma ta kasance 'yar takarar magajin gari a 2021.[5]

An fitar da sanarwa daga Henry McMaster, Gwamnan South Carolina, wanda ya lashe zaben sake tsayawa takara,[6] da Drew McKissick, shugaban Jam'iyyar Republican ta South Carolina.[7]

Landing ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Ilimi da Ayyukan Jama'a na Majalisar Wakilai da kuma Kwamitin Dokokin Majalisar Wakilai.[8]

A shekararta ta farko a wa'adinta na farko, Landing ta gabatar da kudirori biyu: H.4373(125) Haramcin Kudi na Dijital na Babban Bankin Tarayya,[9] da H.4374(125) Ka'idojin Nazarin Zamantakewa na Gargajiya.[10]

## Manazarta
Hasina (Madagascar)

Hasina ita ce manufar tsarki da iko mai ƙarfi a cikin al'adun gargajiya na Madagascar. Halaye ne na ruhaniya wanda shine asalin tsarin zamantakewa da siyasa a kan sojojin rikici da daji, kuma ya samo asali zuwa manufar sarauta.[1]: 43  Jan Vansina ya kira hasina "dukan akidar sarauta".[2]: 85  Ana kyautata zaton mutum yana cike da hasina, wanda za a iya ƙarawa ko rage shi ta hanyar ayyukansu ko ta hanyar girmamawa ko ikon da wasu suka ba su. Masu mulki a cikin al'ummar gargajiya sune mafi girman misali na hasina, yayin da shugabannin al'umma da shugabannin iyalai ke da ƙarancin iko. An yi amfani da kalmar nan, hasina, don bayyana girmamawar da ake bai wa shugabannin siyasa, wanda a ƙarni na 19 Masarautar Imerina yawanci ta ɗauki siffar tsabar azurfa da addu'a mai rakiya.

## Manazarta
No. 5 (Babban) Makarantar Koyar da Jirgin Sama RAF

Rundunar Sojan Sama

Horon matukin jirgi

**No. 5 Flying Training School** (5 FTS) tsohuwar makarantar horar da jiragen sama ce ta Royal Air Force wacce ta yi aiki tsakanin 1920 da 1974.

## Tarihi

### Samuwar farko
An kafa makarantar a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 1920 a RAF Shotwick kuma an sake fasalin Makarantar Koyarwa ta 5 Service Flying Training School daga 3 Satumba 1939, ɓangare na No. 23 Group. Ya yi amfani da jiragen sama iri-iri ciki har da de Havilland DH.9s, Avro 504s, Sopwith Snipes, Westland Wapitis, Avro Tutors, Gloster Gauntlets, Westland Wallaces, Hawker Audaxs, Hawker Hinds, Fairey Battles, Hawker Hurricanes, Oxford Harvards ta Arewacin Amirka, Milesster de Masters, Air Milesgi, da Milesgi Masters. Asu.

An watse a cikin Afrilu 1942 a RAF Ternhill ta hanyar sake fasalin zuwa Lamba 5 (Pilots) Advanced Flying Unit.

### Samuwar ta biyu
An sake fasalin makarantar daga 23 Afrilu 1947 a RAF Thornhill, Kudancin Rhodesia a matsayin wani ɓangare na Rukunin Horar da Jirgin Ruwa na Rhodesian har zuwa 4 Janairu 1948 lokacin da aka sake fasalin No. 3 Air Navigation School (3 ANS), wanda ya kware a horar da Navigators akan Avro Ansons. Sauran jiragen su (Tiger Moths da Harvards) an aika su zuwa Makarantar Koyar da Flying na 4 kusa da RAF a RAF Heany.

### Samuwar ta uku
An sake fasalin matsayin makarantar horar da jirgin sama, kuma a Kudancin Rhodesia, Tiger Moths da de Havilland Chipmunks a ranar 22 ga Janairu 1951. Zai sake dawo da 3 ANS a ranar 28 ga Satumba 1951 kuma ya zauna a RAF Thornhill har zuwa watse a ranar 30 ga Disamba 1953.

### Samuwar ta hudu
1954–1974 No. 5 Flying Training School, (5 FTS), gyara a RAF Oakington a kan 1 Yuni 1954 daga No. 206 Advanced Flying School RAF. Matsayinsa na farko shine mai da matukin jirgi mai horarwa zuwa jiragen sama ta amfani da de Havilland Vampire T.5 jets guda ɗaya da Vampire T.11 jiragen saman kujeru tagwaye. A cikin Maris 1962 an yi musayar waɗannan nau'ikan don masu horar da kewayawa na tagwayen piston-injin Vickers Varsity T.1. Makarantar ta dauki sabbin daliban da suka kammala karatun digiri na farko da kuma ba da ƙarin horo kan yadda ake sarrafa jirage masu amfani da injina da yawa a matsayin maƙasudin sakawa a kan ƙungiyoyin Bomber ko Transport squadrons. Varsity ya kasance a cikin sabis tare da 5 FTS har zuwa farkon 1974 lokacin da aka maye gurbinsa a cikin rawar da Scottish Aviation Jetstream T.1. An watse 5 FTS a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1974 lokacin da buƙatar horar da jirgin sama na piston ya ragu. Daga nan aka rufe filin jirgin, inda ya zama barikin Sojojin Burtaniya.

## Mahadar waje
Makarantar Horar da Jiragen Sama ta Sabis ta 8 RAF

**Horar da matukan jirgi na soja**

Makarantar Horar da matukan jirgi ta 8 (8 FTS) tsohuwar makarantar horar da jiragen sama ce ta Rundunar Sojojin Sama ta Royal Air Force wadda ke aiki tsakanin 1936 da 1964.

## Tarihi
Kafa ta farko

1 Janairu 1936 - 25 Maris 1942

8 FTS a RAF Montrose ta zama SFTS 8 a ranar 3 ga Satumba 1939 kuma an wargaza ta a ranar 25 ga Maris 1942 a RAF Montrose kuma ta karɓi Makarantar Horar da Masu Gudun Hijira ta 2 RAF.

### Tarihin FIS 2
An fara kafa FIS 2 a RAF Cranwell amma an wargaza ta ne bayan watanni biyu. Daga nan aka sake fasalin ta a RAF Montrose a ranar 5 ga Janairu 1942 aka sake fasalin ta a RAF Montrose a ranar 7 ga Afrilu 1942, har yanzu tana wargaza a Montrose a ranar 11 ga Yuli 1945.

### Kafa ta biyu
1 ga Mayu 1951 - 1 ga Disamba 1953

An gyara a RAF Dalcross yayin da 8 FTS suka zama Lamba ta 8 (Ci gaba) Makarantar Horar da Jiragen Sama RAF daga 1 ga Yuni 1951 sannan aka wargaza shekaru biyu bayan haka har yanzu a Dalcross.

### Kafa ta uku
1 ga Yuni 1954 - 19 ga Maris 1964

An gyara a RAF Driffield a matsayin 8 FTS ta hanyar sake fasalin Lamba ta 203 Makarantar Horar da Jiragen Sama RAF sannan aka wargaza a RAF Swinderby.

### Tarihin 203 AFS
An kafa 203 AFS a RAF Keevil a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1947 ta hanyar sake fasalin Lamba ta 61 OTU. An wargaza ta don ta zama Lamba ta 226 Sashen Canza Ayyuka RAF a RAF Stradishall amma an gyara ta a RAF Driffield kwana ɗaya bayan haka. Daga ƙarshe an wargaza ta a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1954 har yanzu tana Driffield.

## Manazarta
Kwalejin Kula da zirga-zirgar Jiragen Sama

**Kwalejin Kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ko CATC** ita ce babbar cibiyar horar da jiragen sama ta Burtaniya wacce ba ta soja ba don kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama (ATC). Tana kuma horar da mutane daga wasu ƙasashe.

## Tarihi
Kwalejin Kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ta NATS ta samo asali ne daga Dorset, wanda Ma'aikatar Jiragen Sama ta fara a matsayin Makarantar Kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a 1949. Hukumar Kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ta ƙasa ce ta ƙirƙiri kwalejin, wacce ƙungiya ce ta soja. Kwalejin a farkon shekarun 1970s Hukumar Kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ce ke gudanar da ita.

Sabuwar kwalejin da ke Hampshire ta buɗe a ranar Litinin 26 ga Satumba 2011.

## Horarwa
Da zarar an zaɓe ta don wannan kwas ɗin, masu horar da masu kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a shekarun 1990s za su ɗauki kwas na tsawon makonni 72, sannan kuma shekara ɗaya na gogewa a wurin.

Kwas ɗin horon yana da watanni biyu, daga nan ne hanyar horarwa ta kasance ko dai Mai Kula da Yanki (ƙarin horo na watanni tara) ko Mai Kula da Hanya (ƙarin horo na watanni biyar). Akwai masu horarwa 120 a kowace shekara.

Tun daga watan Satumba na 2015, dukkan masu kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na Norway (na Avinor) suna yin horo a kwalejin.

## Tsarin
Yana cikin babban ginin NATS, arewa da mahaɗa ta 9 ta M27. Yana da ɗakunan simulator guda shida da na'urar kwaikwayo ta 3D ta sararin samaniya.

## Manazarta
Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na New Zealand

**Airways New Zealand** (Airways Corporation of New Zealand Limited) ita ce kawai mai samar da Sabis na Jiragen Sama a New Zealand.

An kafa kamfanin a shekarar 1987 a matsayin Kamfanin Gwamnati, wanda a da yake sashe ne na Ma'aikatar Sufuri, wani sashe na gwamnati. Wannan ya biyo bayan shawarwarin Mason-Morris Review na 1986. Airways New Zealand kamfani ne mai samar da Sabis na Jiragen Sama (ANSP), wanda ke da alhakin kula da dukkan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje da ke aiki a cikin murabba'in kilomita miliyan 30 na sararin samaniyar New Zealand a kan New Zealand, Tonga, Samoa da Tsibirin Cook. Wannan ya haɗa da:

* Sarrafa Zirga-zirgar Jiragen Sama, Bayanan Jiragen Sama, Tsarin Jiragen Sama da ayyukan faɗakarwa.
* Ayyukan Kewaya - kayayyakin more rayuwa na kewayawa da ayyukan tallafi da jiragen sama ke amfani da su.
* Sadarwa - Airways yana gudanar da tsarin sadarwa mai inganci a duk faɗin ƙasar.
* Taswirorin Jiragen Sama
* Ayyukan duba jiragen sama

Airways ita ce kamfanin farko na ATC a duniya da ya gudanar da binciken rikici mai sarrafa kansa tare da Tsarin Kula da Teku (OCS). Yana taimaka wa masu kula da su yanke shawara, ta hanyar hasashen yiwuwar haɗurra. Wannan ya zama tushen tsarin Lockheed Martin Ocean21 ATC da cibiyoyin teku na Amurka ke amfani da shi a Anchorage, Oakland da New York. Waɗannan tsarin suna ba masu sarrafawa damar sarrafa jiragen sama fiye da tsarin gargajiya saboda injin yana da alhakin gano duk wani rikici da zai iya faruwa a nan gaba don haka mai sarrafawa zai iya yanke shawara kan wani mataki da zai kiyaye aminci tsakanin jiragen sama.

Kamfanin Airways yana ɗaukar kimanin ATC 350, waɗanda ke zaune a hasumiyoyin kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na yanki, sansanonin soji da cibiyoyin radar. Kamfanin Airways cikakken memba ne na Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Navigation Air (CANSO).

## Mahadar waje
Dakin motsa jiki na Patten

6+Patten Gymnasium sunan gidajen motsa jiki guda biyu ne masu amfani da yawa (ɗaya na baya da ɗaya na yanzu) a Evanston, Illinois, Amurka, a harabar Jami'ar Northwestern. Ginin asali, wanda George Washington Maher ya tsara, an buɗe shi a shekarar 1909 kuma ya kasance gidan ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta maza ta Northwestern Wildcats har zuwa 1940, lokacin da aka rushe shi don samar da sarari don gina Cibiyar Fasaha. Gidan motsa jiki na Patten na yanzu ya buɗe a 1940 kuma ya ɗauki nauyin ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta maza na tsawon shekaru 12 kafin buɗe Welsh-Ryan Arena a 1952. Ginin mai layi da ivy yana da ƙofofi da mutum-mutumi daga tsohon wurin motsa jiki. A halin yanzu shine gidan ƙungiyar wasan zorro ta mata, shirin wasanni na intramural kuma yana da ofisoshi da ɗakunan ajiya don wasannin lacrosse na mata, wasan hockey na filin wasa, da ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na maza da mata. An sanya masa suna ne saboda James A. Patten, tsohon magajin garin Evanston, mai taimakon jama'a, dillalin kayayyaki da shugaban kwamitin amintattu na NU.

## Manazarta

Patten Gymnasium
Kyautar Hafez

Kyautar Hafez (Farisa: جایزه حافظ) biki ne na shekara-shekara wanda ke girmama nasarorin da aka samu a sinima na Iran. An fara gabatar da kyaututtukan ne a shekarar 1997, mujallar Picture World Magazine (wanda aka fi sani da Donyaye Tassvir a cikin harshen Farisa) shi ya sa aka kuma san su da Kyautar Donyaye Tassvir. Ita ce kawai bikin da ba na gwamnati ba a cikin bukukuwan fina-finai da kyaututtuka da ake gudanarwa a Iran. Mehran Modiri da Asghar Farhadi tare da mutum-mutumin Hafez guda 9 kowannensu sun kasance mafi yawan waɗanda suka sami wannan kyautar.[2][3]

## Manazarta
Joe Vandeleur

John Ormsby Evelyn Vandeleur, DSO da Bar (14 Nuwamba 1903 - 4 Agusta 1988), wanda aka fi sani da Joe Vandeleur daga farkon sunansa,[1] jami'in Sojan Burtaniya ne na Anglo-Irish wanda ya yi aiki a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.

## Rayuwar farko

## Manazarta
Violet Banda

Violet Banda (an haife ta a shekarar 1991 ko 1992) 'yar jarida ce kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin yara daga Malawi. Ta hanyar gabatar da shirye-shiryenta na mako-mako a rediyo, ta jawo hankalin jama'a da gwamnatin Malawi kan matsalolin da ke addabar yara a ƙasarta, ciki har da cin zarafi, fyade, auren dole, da wariya bisa ga matsayin HIV.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Banda da cutar HIV. Iyayenta biyu sun kamu da cutar kuma sun mutu sakamakonta.[4] Mahaifiyarta ta mutu lokacin da Banda ke da shekaru uku. Ta gano cewa kanta tana da cutar HIV lokacin da take da shekaru 14.[5] "Lokacin da na gano ina da cutar, ina makarantar firamare," in ji Banda. "Duk lokacin da na gaya wa mutane game da matsayina sai na rasa dukkan abokaina. Wasu ba sa son su kusace ni ko su taɓa ni. Sun gudu kawai." Wannan maganin ya sa ya yi mata wahala ta yi wasa a makaranta.[1][6]

## Ƙungiyoyi
Banda ta fara magana a fili game da kamuwa da cutar a wata hira da ta yi a shekarar 2006 a Radio Timveni, wani shiri na rediyo na rabin sa'a a Malawi wanda aka keɓe don batutuwan yara. Phillip Kamwendo, manajan shirye-shirye a Timveni, ya ce kakar Banda ba za ta iya amincewa da matsayin Banda na HIV ba "har sai ta zo shirin rediyonmu." Lokacin da Banda, wacce a lokacin take da shekaru 14, "ta ba da labarinta da yadda take ji," an saurari kakarta, kuma shaidar "ta canza tunaninta game da jikarta."[7][8][9] "Banda tana wakiltar ikon rediyo a Malawi," in ji Speak Magazine.[2] Tun lokacin da ta fara bayyana game da kamuwa da cutar, Banda ta yi kira da a ƙara ilimi kan yaɗuwar cututtuka kamar HIV, a matsayin matakin rigakafi don rage kamuwa da cutar a nan gaba.[10]

Bayan hirar, shirin ya ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto kan matasa. Aikinta shine gano shari'o'in cin zarafin yara da yin hira da su game da labaransu game da fyade, cin zarafi, da auren dole.[11][12] An kafa Rediyon Timveni ne ta Plan Malawi kuma tun daga shekarar 2011 ake gudanar da shi da kansa tare da tallafin kuɗi daga Plan Malawi da Plan Sweden.[12]

Ta yi jawabi a taron Oslo Freedom Forum a watan Mayu na 2011. Tana da shekaru 19, ita ce mafi ƙarancin mai jawabi a tarihin wannan taron na shekara-shekara.[8] A cikin jawabinta, mai taken "Ba da Murya ga Matasan Malawi," ta yi magana game da matsalolin da yara ke fuskanta a Malawi, ciki har da fyade daga 'yan uwa, cin zarafin malamai, da auren dole. Ta tattauna ɗaya daga cikin yaran da ta yi hira da su a rediyo, wata yarinya da ta kamu da cutar AIDS bayan kawunta ya yi mata fyaɗe lokacin da take da shekaru 11. Ta kuma lura cewa wasu shirye-shiryenta sun haifar da matakin gwamnati, misali, ta sami nasarar korar malamai masu cin zarafi.[11]

A watan Yuli na 2014, ta yi magana a taron AIDS na duniya karo na 20 da aka yi a Melbourne, Ostiraliya. "An haife ni da cutar HIV kuma na fuskanci ƙyama a duk rayuwata," in ji ta. "Wariya da kuma kunyar rayuwa da cutar HIV dole ne su zo karshe. Wannan taron ya nuna sabon farawa a rayuwata kuma ina fatan hakan zai kasance tare da ku duka."

## Manazarta
Abubuwa (Waƙar Diamond Rio)

"Stuff" waƙa ce da ƙungiyar mawakan ƙasar Amurka Diamond Rio ta yi rikodin ta. An fitar da ita a watan Mayu na 2000 a matsayin waƙa ta farko daga kundin waƙoƙin One More Day. Waƙar ta kai matsayi na 36 a jadawalin Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks. Kelly Garrett da Tim Owens ne suka rubuta waƙar.

## Abun ciki
Rick Cohoon na Allmusic ya bayyana waƙar a matsayin "waƙa mai daɗi amma mai fa'ida game da yadda muke auna nasararmu a rayuwa ta hanyar yawan abubuwan da muke tarawa."[2]

## Manazarta