Angelita C. et al. v. Dokokin Sashen Kwari na California

**Angelita C. et al. v. Sashen California na Dokar kashe kashe kashe kwari** wani ƙararrakin gudanarwa ne da aka shigar a watan Yuni 1999 tare da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka game da illar da ba ta dace ba ga yaran Latino daga magungunan kashe qwari da ake amfani da su a kusa da makarantu. Ya ce Dokar Ma'aikatar Magunguna ta California (CDPR) ta haifar da lahani ga yara Latino lokacin da ta sabunta rajistar methyl bromide a cikin Janairu 1999 ba tare da la'akari da tasirin da makarantu ke kusa ba, wanda a wasu lokuta ya kwanta kusa da filayen.

Take VI na Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta tarayya ta 1964 ta hana masu karɓar kuɗin tarayya nuna wariya, ko da ta hanyar da ba a yi niyya ba na dokar tsaka-tsaki. California tana da irin wannan doka, sashe na 11135.

## Fage
Noman Strawberry masana'antu ce ta dala biliyan a tsakiyar California. California tana ba da kashi 90% na strawberries na ƙasar.

Baya ga strawberries, Salinas Valley yana shuka latas kuma ana kiransa tasa salatin al'umma. Ita da birnin Monterey sune saitin wasu litattafan John Steinbeck. Yayin da hoton Dorothea Lange ya mamaye hankalin Amurkawa da kuma daidaitawar John Ford na The Grapes of Wrath tare da Henry Fonda, Dust Bowl Okies wanda ya kwarara zuwa California a cikin 1930s sun kasance abubuwan tarihi. Mexicans sun kasance suna ƙaura zuwa arewa don yin aiki a waɗannan filayen tun ƙarni na 19.

Sunan korafin "Angelita C." bayan mahaifiyar wata daliba a makarantar firamare ta Ohlone da ke Pajaro, inda aka kewaye ta da filayen strawberry. Wasu makarantu uku sun kasance a Pajaro da Salinas a gundumar Monterey. Wani kuma yana cikin gundumar Santa Cruz kusa da Watsonville. Biyu sun kasance a Oxnard a gundumar Ventura, ciki har da Rio Mesa High, wanda ɗan Maria Garcia ya halarta, wanda daga baya ya nemi sulhu na Angelita C. bayan sake tabbatar da methyl bromide a matsayin maganin kashe kwari kamar Angelita C. bai taɓa faruwa ba.

## Noma
Kimanin kadada miliyan 25 na jimillar miliyan 101 na California sun zama gonaki 77,000 a cikin jihar. Matsakaicin girman gonakin ya yi ƙasa da matsakaicin ƙasa. California tana da mafi girman tattalin arzikin noma a cikin ƙasar ta hanyar kudaden shiga, kuma ta samar da sama da dala biliyan 46 a cikin 2013 akan gonakin da suka yi ƙasa da matsakaicin ƙasa baki ɗaya.

Jami'ar California, Davis tana da shirin kiwo na strawberry tun cikin shekarun 1930 wanda ya haifar da kusan kashi 60% na tsire-tsire na strawberry na California. Iri biyu masu girma da aka fitar a cikin 2019, Moxie da Royal Royce, na iya haɓaka yawan amfanin gonar strawberry kamar kashi 29 cikin ɗari.

Tsakanin 1960 da 2014, gonakin noma ya ninka fiye da sau uku a California kuma samarwa ya ninka sau goma. Darajar samarwa, a ainihin (daidaitawar hauhawar farashin kaya) dala, ta karu da 424% a gundumar Monterey da 593% a gundumar Santa Cruz, ta kai ƙimar haɗin kai mai ban mamaki na kusan dala biliyan 1 a cikin 2010 da 2014.

California tana girma kashi 90% na strawberries da ake samarwa a Amurka, da yawa daga cikinsu suna kan Gabar Tsakiyar Tsakiya. Ta hanyar 2022 samar da strawberry don gundumar Monterey kadai ya kai dala miliyan 958.7.

## Iyalan ma'aikatan gona
An kusan girbe waɗannan strawberries gaba ɗaya daga ma'aikatan Mixtec da Triqui waɗanda ba su biya kuɗi ba daga Oaxaca. ta hanyar watsewar baya natsuwa a cikin yanayin aiki mai guba. Kusan kashi 75% na ma'aikatan gona a California ba su da takaddun shaida a cikin 2014 kuma a gundumar Santa Cruz kashi 83%.Kimanin ma'aikatan gona na California 165,000 'yan asalin Mexico ne. Fiye da rabi suna magana Mixteco kuma wani kashi 30 cikin dari suna magana da Zapoteco.

Amma karuwar kadada da ake nomawa na iya kasancewa saboda arha kuma akwai fili a kudancin gundumar Monterey. Kazamin noma ya kai kololuwa ya fara raguwa. Ma'aikatan gona masu ƙaura sun ci gaba da zuwa, kamar yadda suke tun lokacin da aka fara shirin bracero a cikin 1942, galibi daga ƙauyukan Mixteco iri ɗaya ne. Yawancin waɗannan ma'aikatan filin sun sami ilimin digiri na biyar a cikin Mutanen Espanya a mafi kyawu, balle Ingilishi. Satar albashi, gurgunta ƙididdiga na samarwa da shirye-shiryen raba gardama da yanayin aiki mai guba sun kasance na yau da kullun. Ma'aikata suna raba ɗakuna tare da wasu mutane har uku a cikin gurɓatattun gine-ginen kwari waɗanda rufin su na iya zubewa ko kuma waɗanda ba za su iya aiki ba, Wasu sun fi son zama a waje gaba ɗaya.

## Manazarta