Ingancin muhalli

**Ingancin muhalli** yana nufin isar da kayayyaki da ayyuka don biyan bukatun ɗan adam da inganta ingancin rayuwa yayin da yake ci gaba da rage tasirin muhalli na kayayyaki da ƙarfin albarkatu yayin rayuwarsu. Tare da daidaito da Isasshen muhalli, an kafa shi sosai a cikin Kimiyya mai dorewa a matsayin mahimmin dabarun dorewa.

## Kalmomin
Yayin da kasashe da yankuna a duniya suka fara bunkasa, sannu a hankali ya zama bayyananne cewa Masana'antu da ci gaba tattalin arziki sun zo tare da lalacewar muhalli. An gabatar da "Kwarewar muhalli" a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan kayan aiki don inganta canji daga ci gaba mara dorewa zuwa ɗayan Ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Ya dogara ne akan manufar ƙirƙirar ƙarin kayayyaki da aiyuka yayin amfani da ƙananan albarkatu da ƙirƙirar karancin sharar gida da gurɓataccen yanayi. "An auna shi azaman rabo tsakanin (ƙarin) darajar abin da aka samar (misali GDP) da (ƙarin" tasirin muhalli na samfurin ko sabis (misali CO2 hayaki). "  Majalisar Kasuwanci ta Duniya don Ci Gaban Ci gaba (WBCSD) ce ta kirkiro kalmar a cikin littafinta na 1992 "Changing Course". A taron koli na duniya na 1992, an amince da ingancin muhalli a matsayin sabon ra'ayi na kasuwanci da kuma hanyar kamfanoni don aiwatar da Agenda 21 a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Kalmar yanzu ta zama daidai da falsafar gudanarwa da aka tsara don dorewa, hada yanayin muhalli da tattalin arziki.

## Tarihi
Kodayake ingancin muhalli sabuwar hanya ce, ra'ayin ba haka ba ne. A farkon shekarun 1970s Paul R. Ehrlich da John Holdren sun haɓaka tsarin rubutun I = PAT don bayyana tasirin aikin ɗan adam akan muhalli. Bugu da ƙari, McIntyre da Thornton ne suka fara bayyana manufar ingancin muhalli a cikin 1978,  amma ba har zuwa 1992, lokacin da Stephan Schmidheiny ya kirkiro kalmar kuma ya yada ta a cikin Changing Course . [1] Schmidheiny ya ƙaddamar da "don canza ra'ayi na masana'antu a matsayin wani ɓangare na matsalar lalacewar muhalli ga gaskiyar zama wani ɓangare - babban ɓangare - na mafita don dorewa da ci gaban duniya". Manyan direbobi a farkon matakin ci gaban ingantaccen muhalli sune "manajoji da masu tunani masu kallo a cikin 3M da Dow". Shi ne shigarsu wanda ya haifar da ingancin muhalli cikin ci gaba. Sakamakon aikin WBCSD wanda ya haifar da "haɗin tsakanin aikin muhalli da layin ƙasa an buga shi a cikin 1997 a cikin rahotonsa na Ayyukan muhalli Da Darajar Mai Kasuwanci".

## Hanyoyi
Dangane da ma'anar WBCSD, ana samun ingancin muhalli ta hanyar isar da "kayayyaki da ayyuka masu tsada da suka gamsar da bukatun ɗan adam kuma suka kawo ingancin rayuwa yayin da suke ci gaba da rage Tasirin muhalli na kayayyaki da ƙarfin albarkatun a duk tsawon rayuwarsu zuwa matakin da ya dace da ƙididdigar ƙarfin ɗaukar duniya". Yana aiki ta hanyar aiwatar da manyan nau'ikan rabo guda 4. 

: "Na biyu na farko shine yawan amfanin muhalli da kuma akasin haka, tsananin muhalli na samarwa, yana nufin yankin samarwa. Na biyu, farashin inganta muhalli kuma akasinsa, farashin muhalli, an bayyana su daga matakan inganta muhallar muhalli. "

Ana iya amfani da rabo ga kowane ɗayan da ya ƙunshi ayyukan tattalin arziki saboda irin waɗannan ayyukan koyaushe suna da alaƙa da tsada da ƙima, "kuma suna da wasu kayan aiki na zahiri, koyaushe suna rinjayar muhalli. "  Bugu da ƙari, akwai matakai daban-daban guda biyu waɗanda za a tsara rabo: micro da *macro*. Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban guda uku don tantance ingancin muhalli a matakin ƙarami. Na farko, ƙwarewar muhalli, wanda "ya ƙayyade tasirin jimlar darajar tsarin samfurin ko bangare da jimlar tasirin muhalli. " Na biyu, hanyar bincike da ake kira win-win, wanda "ke kwatanta tsakanin yanayin tarihi da yiwuwar sababbin yanayi bisa ga amfani da sabbin fasahohi".   Hanyar cin nasara-win micro-hanya tana da iyakance saboda ba za ta iya ba da amsar kan batun ko tana inganta aikin muhalli gaba ɗaya ba. Kuma na uku shine *bambancin ingancin muhalli*, wanda yayi kama da bambancin cin nasara, amma yana cire duk hanyoyin da ba su da mahimmanci don haɓaka damar da za a iya amfani da su don fasahar da ta fi dacewa yayin kwatanta hanyoyin biyu. Yanzu matakin macro ba shi da cikakkun bayanai kuma ya nuna sakamako mara kyau. Koyaya, "mafi mahimmancin nazarin ingancin muhalli shine don taimakawa wajen motsa yanke shawara na ƙaramin matakin zuwa mafi kyawun matakin macro. "   Babban burin a cikin shekaru masu zuwa shine ƙirƙirar alamun jagora don aiwatar da nazarin matakin macro a ƙasa / duniya.

## Manazarta