Kwalejoji da Jami'o'i na Baƙar Fata a Tarihi

**Makarantun Tarihi na Bakar Fata a Amurka** (**HBCUs**) su ne cibiyoyin ilimi na gaba da sakandare da aka kafa a Amurka kafin shekarar 1964, da nufin samar da ilimi ga 'yan asalin Afirka-Amurka. An kafa yawancin su a yankin kudancin Amurka, musamman bayan yakin basasa na Amurka da kuma lokacin gyaran kasa (Reconstruction Era) tsakanin 1865 zuwa 1877. A wancan lokacin, yawancin jami'o'i da kwalejoji ba sa karɓar ɗaliban bakar fata, don haka aka buƙaci kafa HBCUs don cike wannan gibi.

## Tarihi

### Kafuwa da Manufa

Makarantar farko da aka kafa don bakar fata ita ce *Cheyney University of Pennsylvania* a shekarar 1837. Daga baya, aka kafa makarantu kamar Lincoln University (Pennsylvania) da *Wilberforce University* a Ohio. A lokacin gyaran kasa, ƙungiyoyin addini na Protestant sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa HBCUs, suna ba da horo ga malamai da masu sana'o'i.

A shekarar 1890, dokar Morrill Act ta biyu ta tilasta wa jihohin kudancin Amurka da ke da tsarin wariyar launin fata su samar da makarantu na gaba da sakandare ga bakar fata domin su ci gajiyar tallafin gwamnati. Wannan ya haifar da ƙarin HBCUs da aka kafa a matsayin jami'o'in gwamnati.

### Matsaloli da Nasarori

A tsawon karni guda bayan soke bautar bayi a 1865, yawancin jami'o'i a kudancin Amurka sun hana bakar fata shiga saboda dokokin Jim Crow. A wasu sassan ƙasar, an yi amfani da ƙa'idodin shigar da ɗalibai masu iyaka don hana yawan bakar fata. HBCUs sun zama mafita ga bakar fata wajen samun ilimi mai zurfi, kuma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gina matsakaicin aji na bakar fata a Amurka.

## Muhimmancin HBCUs

A yau, akwai HBCUs 101 a Amurka, daga cikin 121 da suka wanzu a shekarun 1930. Wannan ya haɗa da jami'o'in gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. Daga cikin su:

* 27 na bayar da digirin digirgir (doctoral programs)
* 52 na bayar da digirin digiri na biyu (master's programs)
* 83 na bayar da digirin farko (bachelor's programs)
* 38 na bayar da digirin haɗin gwiwa (associate degrees)

HBCUs suna samar da kusan kashi 20% na dukkan masu digiri bakar fata a Amurka, da kuma kashi 25% na masu digiri a fannin kimiyya, fasaha, injiniya da lissafi (STEM). Manyan shugabanni da suka yi karatu a HBCUs sun haɗa da:

* Martin Luther King Jr.
* Thurgood Marshall
* Kamala Harris
## Shahararrun Tsoffin Daliban Makarantun HBCU

Makarantun HBCU suna da tarihin kafa shugabanni da dama a fannoni kamar kasuwanci, doka, kimiyya, ilimi, soja, nishadi, fasaha da kuma wasanni.

* Ralph Abernathy, mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam, malami – Clark Atlanta University, Alabama State University  
* Ed Bradley, bakar fata na farko da ya zama wakilin gidan gwamnatin White House a CBS News – Cheyney University of Pennsylvania  
* Toni Braxton, mawakiyar R&B da ta lashe kyautar Grammy tare da fiye da miliyan 70 na kundin waka da aka sayar – Bowie State  
* Edward Brooke, bakar fata na farko da aka zaba zuwa Majalisar Dattawa ta Amurka ta hanyar kuri'a kuma ya zama babban Lauyan jihar Massachusetts – Howard University  
* Roscoe Lee Browne, jarumi kuma darakta – Lincoln University  
* James Clyburn, dan majalisar wakilai daga yankin 6 na South Carolina kuma babban jagora a majalisa ta 116 – South Carolina State University  
* Medgar Wiley Evers, shugaban fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam – Alcorn State University  
* Katherine Johnson, mai lissafi a NASA – West Virginia State University  
* Althea Gibson, bakar fata ta farko da ta lashe kofin Grand Slam a wasan tanis – Florida A&M University  
* Nikki Giovanni, marubuciya – Fisk University  
* Alcee Hastings, dan majalisar wakilai daga yanki na 20 na Florida – Fisk University, Howard University, Florida A&M University  
* Randy Jackson, daya daga cikin alkalai na farko a American Idol – Southern University  
* Lonnie Johnson, mai ƙirƙira, injiniya a NASA – Tuskegee University  
* Tom Joyner, bakar fata na farko da aka karɓa a National Radio Hall of Fame – Tuskegee University  
* Reginald Lewis, bakar fata na farko da ya kafa kamfani mai darajar biliyan daya – Virginia State  
* Claude McKay, marubuci – Tuskegee University  
* Ronald McNair, dan sama jannati – North Carolina A&T State University  
* Rod Paige, bakar fata na farko da ya shugabanci ma’aikatar ilimi ta Amurka – Jackson State University  
* Walter Payton, daya daga cikin 'yan wasa mafiya ƙwazo a tarihin NFL – Jackson State University  
* Anika Noni Rose, muryar farko ta yarinya bakar fata a fina-finan Disney (Tiana) – Florida A&M University  
* Jerry Rice, ana ganin shi a matsayin mafi kyau a matsayi na wide receiver a tarihin NFL – Mississippi Valley State  
* Stephen A. Smith, sanannen dan jarida da mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen wasanni – Winston-Salem State University  
* Megan Thee Stallion, mawakiya kuma jaruma da ta lashe Grammy – Texas Southern University  
* Leon H. Sullivan, wanda ya kirkiro da dokokin Sullivan don kawo karshen wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu – West Virginia State University  
* Wanda Sykes, mai ban dariya, marubuciya, kuma jaruma – Hampton University  
* André Leon Talley, bakar fata na farko da ya zama editan manyan labarai na mujallar Vogue – Virginia State  
* Tuskegee Airmen, sojojin sama na farko na bakar fata sun yi karatu a Tuskegee University  
* Alice Walker, marubuciya da mawakiyar shahararra – Spelman College  
* Ben Wallace, tsohon dan wasan NBA da ya halarci All-Star sau 4 – Virginia Union University  
* Doug Williams, bakar fata na farko da ya zama quarterback a gasar Super Bowl – Grambling State  
* Tramell Tillman, jarumi – Xavier University of Louisiana  


File:Booker T Washington retouched flattened-crop.jpg|Booker T. Washington, malami, mai jawabi, kuma mai ba da shawara (Hampton)
File:WEB DuBois 1918.jpg|W. E. B. Du Bois, masani a fannin zamantakewa, tarihici, da mai fafutuka (Fisk)
File:Thurgoodmarshall1967.jpg|Thurgood Marshall, alkalin farko bakar fata a kotun koli (Lincoln, Howard)
File:Martin Luther King Jr NYWTS.jpg|Martin Luther King Jr., jagoran fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam (Morehouse)
File:Toni Morrison.jpg|Toni Morrison, marubuciya da ta lashe kyautar Nobel (Howard)
File:AFGE Meets with Rev. Jesse Jackson (10196120025) (1).jpg|Jesse Jackson, malami da dan siyasa (North Carolina A&T)
File:Spike Lee at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|Spike Lee, darakta da mai shirya fina-finai (Morehouse)
File:SamuelLJacksonCCJuly2010.jpg|Samuel L. Jackson, jarumi kuma mai shirya fina-finai (Morehouse)
File:Ruth J. Simmons (cropped).jpg|Ruth Simmons, shugabar farko bakar fata a jami’ar Ivy League (Dillard)
File:Oprah in 2014.jpg|Oprah Winfrey, mai gabatar da shiri da shugabar kafafen yada labarai (Tenn State)
File:Kamala Harris Vice Presidential Portrait (cropped).jpg|Kamala Harris, mataimakiyar shugaban Amurka (Howard)
File:-Hidden Figures- Film Celebration (NHQ201612100020) (cropped).jpg|Taraji P. Henson, jaruma (Howard)
File:Chadwick Boseman (28017825484) (cropped 2).jpg|Chadwick Boseman, jarumi kuma marubuci (Howard)
File:Common (12964) (cropped, Common).jpg|Common, mawaki kuma jarumi (Florida A&M)
File:Strahan 2021 FOX (cropped).jpg|Michael Strahan, gwarzon NFL, dan kasuwa, mai shirin TV, kuma jarumi (Texas Southern)
File:Erykah Badu 2008.07.14 004.jpg|Erykah Badu, mawakiyar soul, ‘yar kasuwa kuma jaruma (Grambling State)
File:Leontyne Price (color) by Jack Mitchell.jpg|Leontyne Price, mashahuriyar mawakiya soprano (Central State)
File:Lionel Richie 2019.jpg|Lionel Richie, mawaƙi, marubucin waka, mai tsara waka, da kuma fuskar TV (Tuskegee)
File:Joycelyn Elders official portrait (cropped).jpg|Joycelyn Elders, bakar fata ta farko da ta zama Surgeon General a Amurka (Philander Smith)
File:Stacey Abrams by Gage Skidmore.jpg|Stacey Abrams, jagora a fafutukar hakkokin zabe, lauya, kuma marubuciya (Spelman)


## Makarantu Masu Fice

Wasu daga cikin HBCUs da suka shahara sun haɗa da:

* Howard University – An kafa ta a 1867 a Washington, D.C., tana daya daga cikin manyan jami'o'in bincike na bakar fata.
* Morehouse College – Kwalejin maza da aka kafa a 1867 a Atlanta, Georgia, wacce ta samar da shugabanni da dama.
* Spelman College – Kwalejin mata da aka kafa a 1881 a Atlanta, Georgia.
* Tuskegee University – An kafa ta a 1881 a Alabama, ta shahara wajen horar da malamai da injiniyoyi.
* North Carolina A&T State University – Ita ce HBCU mafi girma a Amurka, tana da ƙwararru a fannin injiniya da noma.

## Kalubale da Ci gaba

Duk da nasarorin da HBCUs suka samu, suna fuskantar kalubale kamar ƙarancin tallafin kuɗi da kuma ƙarancin kayan aiki. Duk da haka, suna ci gaba da taka rawa wajen ba da ilimi ga bakar fata da kuma rage gibin da ke tsakanin launin fata a fannin ilimi da tattalin arziki.

A shekarar 2020, Virginia Union University ta kafa cibiyar bincike ta farko da ke mai da hankali kan HBCUs, wato *Center for the Study of HBCUs*, domin ƙarfafa bincike da ci gaba a fannin.

## Kammalawa

HBCUs sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ba da damar ilimi ga bakar fata a Amurka, musamman a lokacin da aka hana su shiga jami'o'i na gargajiya. Duk da kalubalen da suke fuskanta, suna ci gaba da zama ginshiƙi wajen haɓaka ilimi, shugabanci da ci gaban al'umma.

## Manazarta

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