open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Maikki Friberg

Maria (Maikki) Elisabeth Friberg (5 Janairu 1861 – 6 Nuwamba 1927) malama ce Finnish, editan mujallu, mai fafutuka kuma mai fafutukar zaman lafiya. Ana tunawa da ita a matsayinta na shugabar kungiyar kare hakkin mata ta kasar Finland Suomen Naisyhdistys da kuma wanda ya kafa kuma editan mujallar mata Naisten Ääni (Muryar Mata). Ta yi tafiye-tafiye da yawa, tana haɓaka fahimtar Finland a ƙasashen waje yayin da take halartar tarurrukan ƙasa da ƙasa da ba da gudummawa ga manema labarai na ƙasashen waje. [1] [2]

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife shi a ranar 5 ga Janairu 1861 a Kankaanpää, Maria Elisabeth Friberg 'yar Karl Arvid Friberg ce da Fanny Adelaide Boijer. Bayan mutuwar mahaifinta da wuri, mahaifiyarta ta ƙaura tare da yaran zuwa Tampere inda ta buɗe gidan baƙi. Friberg ta halarci Makarantar Mata ta Yaren mutanen Sweden a Helsinki inda ta yi digiri daga ajin horar da malamai. 

A cikin 1883, Friberg ta sami matsayin koyarwa a makarantar jama'a ta Helsinki wacce ta riƙe har zuwa 1912. Ta yi karatu a Berlin da Zürich, ta sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Bern a 1897 tare da kasida kan dokar jama'a ta Nordic. Bayan haka ta halarci laccoci a kan tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Brussels, ta zama ƙwararren Jamusanci, Faransanci da Ingilishi. Har zuwa 1906, ta yi tafiye-tafiye na karatu akai-akai a Turai, ta kammala kwarewarta ta hanyoyin koyarwa. Ta kuma saba da sauran 'yan Scandinavia, musamman Danes. 

Yayin tafiya a cikin 1906, Friberg ya zama mai sha'awar motsin mata, yana halartar tarurrukan tarurruka da majalisu daban-daban, inda ta wakilci *Kvinnosaksförbundet Unionen* (Kungiyar Mata ta Ƙungiyar). A shekara ta 1906, a taron Ƙungiyar Mata ta Duniya da aka yi a Copenhagen, an yi maraba da ra'ayinta game da 'yancin jefa ƙuri'a domin a waccan shekarar matan Finnish sun sami 'yancin kada kuri'a.  A wannan mataki, ta kasance mai sha'awar kwanciyar hankali da jin dadi . Duk da haka ta ci gaba da yada ilimi game da Finland, inda ta ba da laccoci game da makarantun Finnish da Sami a Jamus, Ostiriya da Denmark, ciki har da manufofin gwamnatin Rasha na kayyade 'yancin cin gashin kai na Finland. 

Tare da shekaru 30 na ƙwarewar koyarwa da yawa, a cikin 1912 Friberg ya nemi mukamin Mataimakin Sufeto na Makarantun Jama'a na Helsinki amma an ba da nadin ga Guss Mattsson na majalisar birnin Helsinki, hukumar da ke tsara zaɓin. Hankalin ta ya tashi sosai har ta yanke shawarar daina koyarwa, ta gwammace ta ba da lokacinta kan harkokin mata. 

Memba na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Finnish daga 1889, mai aiki a kan hukumar daga 1907 zuwa 1924, da kuma Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙasa, wadda ta kafa a 1892 kuma ta jagoranci daga 1920 zuwa 1927,  Friberg kuma yana aiki a cikin ƙungiyoyin zaman lafiya na *Finland Fredsförbund* . Ta kuma ba da gudummawar kasidu ga jaridun Finnish da na waje kuma ta kafa nata mujallar *Naisten ääni* (Muryar Mata) a cikin 1905 wanda ta gyara har mutuwarta.  A cikin 1909 a *Naisten ääni*, ta buga wani asusun Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Mata ta Duniya a London. 

Maikki Friberg ya mutu a Helsinki a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 1927. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin sunayen masu fafutukar zaman lafiya

## Manazarta
Marie Tůmová

Marie Tůmová (12 Yuni 1866 – 1 ga Mayu 1925) yar takara ce ta Czech kuma malama . A cikin 1908, ta yin amfani da madaidaicin doka, Tůmová yana cikin mata uku na farko da suka yi nasara ba tare da nasara ba don zaɓe su a cikin Abincin Bohemian .

## Sana'a

### Koyarwa
Marie Tůmová ta yi aiki a matsayin malami kuma, a lokacin yakin duniya na daya, ta zama shugabar makarantar 'yan mata na birni a Žižkov - mace ta farko da ta jagoranci makarantar gundumomi a Bohemia.  A cikin 1919-1925, ta yi aiki a madadin Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Czechoslovak a Carpathian Ruthenia da Slovakia, amma rashin abinci mai gina jiki da kuma mummunan yanayin rayuwa ya haifar da rashin lafiya.

### Ayyukan aiki
Tůmová ta ba da shawarar yancin mata kuma ta kasance memba na ƙungiyoyin mata da malamai na Czech, irin su Majalisar Mata ta Kasa  Ta kasance abokantaka da wani malamin makaranta kuma mai ba da shawara Františka Plamínková, tare da wanda ta yi aiki a cikin Kwamitin Gudanar da Mata.  Tůmová ya wakilci kwamitin a ƙasashen waje, yana tafiya zuwa Stockholm, Rome, Bucharest, Budapest da London. 

A shekara ta 1908, ta yin amfani da madaidaicin doka, kwamitin da ke kula da 'yancin mata ya zaɓi Tůmová a zaɓen majalisar Bohemian.  Don haka, tare da Karla Máchová da Božena Zelinková, Tůmová yana cikin mata uku na farko da suka gudu don Abincin Bohemian .  Ta yi takara a gundumar Vysoké Mýto - Skuteč - Hlinsko kuma ta samu kusan kuri'u 200.  Babu wata mata daga cikin ‘yan takarar da ta samu kujeru a majalisar, amma jama’a sun kadu matuka da yawan kuri’un da aka kada a zaben.  Kwamitin ya kuma gudanar da Tůmová a zabuka masu zuwa, amma da irin wannan sakamako. Daga ƙarshe, Božena Viková-Kunětická ta zama mace ta farko da aka zaɓa a cikin Abincin Bohemian. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Marie Tůmová a Prague a shekara ta 1866.  Iyayenta sune ɗan jarida, marubuci kuma ɗan siyasa Karel Tůma  da Marie Čelakovská, wanda mahaifinsa mawaƙi ne František Čelakovský . 

## Manazarta
Gudrun Løchen Drewsen

Gudrun Løchen Drewsen (1867-1946) ɗan ƙasar Norway ne ɗan fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata na Amurka kuma mai zane. ƙwararriyar mai tsarawa da ƙwararrun dabaru, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa kuma manyan jigo a cikin Ƙungiyar Suffrage ta Norwegian ta New York . Ta ba da gudummawa yadda ya kamata ga dalilin zaɓen Amurka bayan an ba wa matan Norwegian yancin zaɓe a 1913. [1] A matsayin mai zane-zane, ta halarci nunin zane-zane na Oslo a 1890. [2]

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife ta a ranar 5 ga Mayu 1867 a wani yanki a gundumar Inderøy, Norway . Gudrun Løchen ita ce 'yar Herman Løchen, dan majalisa, (1822-1876) da Anna Margrethe Jenssen (1826-1911). Dan gidan na 10, an haife ta ne a lokacin da iyayenta ba su da wadata kamar yadda suke a baya. Bayan mahaifinta ya rasu tana da shekaru tara, ta zauna tare da dangi daban-daban, tana samun karatun sirri yayin da yake zaune da wani kawu a Trondheim har sai da shi ma ya fuskanci matsalolin tattalin arziki. Akasin haka, ’yan’uwanta sun sami damar yin karatu a Kiristanci (a yanzu Oslo). Har ila yau, ta koma babban birnin daga baya, ta zauna tare da surukarta yayin da take nazarin zane-zane tare da Erik Werenskiold, Christian Krogh da Hans Heyerdahl . Yayin da take Christiania, ta sadu da ƙwararren masanin ilmin sunadarai Viggo Beutner Drewsen (1858-1930), wanda ta yi aure a 1887. 

A cikin 1894, dangin sun ƙaura zuwa New York inda aka fara shagaltar da ita a matsayin uwar gida da uwa. A cikin 1902, mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata na Norway Fredrikke Qvam ya nemi Drewsen ya wakilci Norway a taron Suffrage na Washington . Bayan da ta yi jawabi a wurin taron da kuma ganawa da manyan masu fada a ji a wurin, ta ci gaba da zama mai kula da muradun al'ummar Norwegian-Amurka a duk fadin duniya a harkar mata. 

Drewsen ya tabbatar da kasancewa ƙwararren mai tsarawa da dabaru, ɗaukar sabbin mambobi, shirya yakin sa hannu da shiga cikin zanga-zangar a kan Manhattan's Fifth Avenue .  A shekara ta 1911, ta kafa kuma ta zama shugabar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta New York wadda ta yi tafiya a ƙarƙashin tutar "Voters from Norway" a sakamakon iyakacin haƙƙin ƙuri'a da matan Norwegian suka samu a 1907.  Daga 1913, lokacin da aka ba wa matan Norwegian yancin jefa kuri'a, Drewsen ya zama mafi tasiri. 

Bayan matan Amurka sun sami yancin zaɓe a 1920, ta yi ritaya zuwa Larchmont, New York . Bayan mutuwar mijinta a 1930, ta koma zama tare da diya a San Francisco inda ta mutu a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1946.

## Ayyuka
A cikin 1937, Drewsen ta buga tarihin rayuwarta *Man minnes mangt* ( transl. Yawancin Ana Tuna ). 

## Manazarta
Maria Olga de Moraes Sarmento da Silveira

**Olga Moraes Sarmento da Silveira** (née **Maria Olga de Moraes Sarmento da Silveira** **.**

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Maria Olga de Moraes Sarmento da Silveira a Setúbal, 26 ga Mayu 1881. Ita 'ya ce kuma jikanyar sojojin soja, ta ba da wani ɓangare na yarinta a Elvas, inda ta zama abokiyar Virgínia Quaresma . [1] Ta auri likitar Navy lokacin tana da shekaru 16, [2] wanda ya mutu ba da daɗewa ba a yaƙi, a Cuamato, Angola.

## Sana'a
Sarmento ya haɗu da ƙungiyar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun Portuguese, waɗanda a farkon karni na 20, suka yi yaƙi don 'yancin ɗan adam, da kuma 'yancin mata na shari'a da na siyasa. Ta gaji Ana de Castro Osório a matsayin babban editan *Sociedade Futura* (wanda aka kafa 1902). Ta kasance mai alaƙa da *La Liga Portuguesa da Paz* (Ƙungiyar Zaman Lafiya ta Portugal), wacce ta kafa ƙungiyar kuma tana aiki a matsayin shugabar Sashin Mata a 1906.

Ranar 18 ga Mayu, 1906, Sarmento ya gabatar da lacca akan "Matsalar Mata" (Matsalar Mata) a Sociedad de Geografia de Lisboa.  Ta kuma yi tafiya a matsayin malama zuwa Kudancin Amirka, ta ziyarci Brazil, Uruguay, da Argentina. A Brazil, ta sadu kuma ta zama abokiyar marubuciya Júlia Lopes de Almeida . 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Sarmento ya rayu a birnin Paris a lokacin yakin duniya na farko . Fiye da shekaru talatin, ta kasance abokiyar zama kuma abokin tarayya na Baroness Hélène van Zuylen, na dangin banki na Rothschild na Faransa, wanda ta cece ta daga Holocaust ta hanyar kai ta Lisbon sannan zuwa Birnin New York .  Ta kuma sadaukar da kanta wajen rubuta abubuwan tunawa da Baroness.

Sarmento yana da alaƙa da garin haihuwarta, Setúbal, yana barin duk dukiyarta ga gundumar, ciki har da ɗakin karatu na sirri da kuma tarin tarin abubuwan da suka dace daga fasaha, kiɗa da wallafe-wallafe a cikin katunan wasiƙa, haruffa, da littattafai. Wannan gadon wani bangare ne na tarin Museu de Setúbal/ Convento de Jesus .  Ta mutu a Lisbon, 17 Oktoba 1948. 

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

* *Matsalar Feminista* (1906) 
* *Mulheres ya kwatanta: A Marqueza de Alorna (su influencia na sociedade portuguesa, 1750-1839)* (1907)
* *Arte, Literatura & Viagens* (1909)
* *A Infanta Dona Maria ea Corte Portuguesa* (1909)
* *La Patrie Brésilienne* (1912)
* *Sa Majeste la Reine Amélie de Portugal, Princesse de France* (1924)
* *Teófilo Braga: Notas e Comentários* (1925)
* *Kamar yadda Minhas Memórias: Tempo Passado, Tempo Ausente* (1948)

## Girmamawa

* Legión de Honor
* Orden de Cristo
* Orden de Santiago de la Espada

## Manazarta

### Dalili
*

### Littafi Mai Tsarki

*
Polyxeni Loizias

Polyxeni Loizias ( Girkanci: Πολυξένη Λοϊζιάς) ( Limassol, 1855-1942), malami ne na Cyprus, marubuci kuma ƴan mata. [1] Ta kasance majagaba a harkar mata da mata a Cyprus.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haife ta a Limassol a shekara ta 1855. Ta fara karatu a Makarantar 'Yan mata ta Limassol, sannan a Smyrna a makarantar Agia Fotini a karkashin wani malamin Cyprus, Sappho Leontias kuma ta kammala karatunta a 1878 a Constantinople a Palladion kuma a karkashin Sappho Leontias. 

## Sana'a
A cikin shekara ta 1878 bayan canja wurin Cyprus daga Ottoman zuwa Birtaniya, Loizias ya koma Limassol kuma an yi aiki a matsayin shugaban makarantar Limassol School for Girls (Παρθεναγωγείο), wanda aka kafa a 1859 a matsayin makarantar farko don neman ilimi a Cyprus. A wannan lokacin, yawancin mata ba su iya karatu ba kuma har zuwa 1895 ne Birtaniya ta gabatar da tsarin makarantun gwamnati, kuma yawancin iyalan Cyprus da ke waje da manyan manyan aji sun dade suna adawa da ilimi ga 'yan mata. Ta koyar a makarantar tsawon shekaru 35, har zuwa 1913.  Ita ce malami na farko a Cyprus don gabatar da ilimin motsa jiki a cikin cariculum. 

Ta faɗaɗa damar ilimi ga mata a Cyprus: a matsayin marubuciya, ta shiga cikin muhawarar jama'a don neman ilimi da rayuwar ƙwararrun mata; kuma a matsayinta na shugabar makarantar, ta cika wadannan gyare-gyare ta hanyar tura dalibai karatu a jami'o'i a kasar Girka lokacin da aka ba mata damar yin karatu a matakin jami'a, babu jami'o'i a Cyprus a lokacin, da kuma fara darussan ilmantarwa ga manyan malamai mata a makarantarta.  Ta shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin mata da dama da ƙungiyoyin agaji kuma ta kasance ƙwararren marubuci. 

Ita ce marubuciyar mace ta farko da ta rayu kuma ta yi rubutu a Cyprus, macen Cyprus ta farko marubuciya ita ce malaminta Sappho Leontias da ke zaune a wajen Cyprus.

## Gado
Jami'ar fasaha ta Cyprus ta sanya wa daya daga cikin gine-ginenta sunan ta da Eleni Autonomou, wata malama majagaba.  A cikin 2015 an yi mata bikin tunawa da tambari daga ofishin Cyprus. 

## Labarai

* *Babban Shafi*, 1890.
* *Ἡ Δούλη Κύπρος*, Λεμεσός, 1890.
* *ριδες*, Αθήνα, 1901.
* ''Ἡ ψυχή τῆς Κύπρου'' ( ''ἔπος'' ''ἤ'' ''ἐγκόλπιον τῶν'' ''Ἑλληνίδων'' 9, 19, 9, 8 .
* *[http://www.cyprusdigitallibrary.org.cy/files/original/f36fb5602b6582438ffc973d0c402616.pdf Κυπριακή Κυψέλη]*, περιοδική έκδοση 1912-1920, Λεμεσός, 1921.
* *[https://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/metadata/d/3/a/metadata-f715b6ab0c9d687fa5fc60fed52cc5a2_1245400938.tkl Κυπριακόν Λεύκωμα]*, Λεμεσός, 1924.
* *Μαθητικός Κόσμος*, Λεμεσός, 1925.

## Duba kuma

* Sunan mahaifi Papadopulou

## Manazarta
Adela Milčinović

**Adela Milčović** ; 14 Janairu 1878 - 18 Yuli 1968)  marubucin mata ne ɗan Croatia, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, ɗan jarida, kuma ɗan takara .

## Rayuwa
An haifi Adela Kamenić a Sisak, Masarautar Croatia-Slavonia, Daular Austro-Hungarian (yanzu Croatia ) akan 14 Janairu 1878, 'yar shege ta mahaifiyarta Ludmilla. Ta sami cancantar malaminta daga Sisters of Charity convent a Zagreb [1] a cikin 1896. [ana buƙatar hujja][ karanci ] fasaha a Hamburg da Leipzig . [1]

A shekara ta 1899.Ta auri Andrija Milčović, malami  Jami'ar Zagreb .  Bayan haka,  ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Zdenci inda Andrija ya sami aikin yi a matsayin malami. Tsakanin 1902 da 1904, sun zauna a Jamus, sannan suka koma Zagreb a 1904, inda mijinta ya kammala digirinsa kuma ya zama ma'aikaci na Museum of Arts and Crafts. duniya na farko yana aiki a jaridar ma'aikata *The Belgrade News* ( German  , Serbo-Croatian   ).

Ta koma Zagreb a cikin 1918 inda ta kasance sakatare a Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙasa ta Masarautar Serbs, Croats, da Slovenes ( Serbo-Croatian   ).  Ta koma New York City a cikin 1930s  kuma ta kasance a can har zuwa mutuwarta a 1968.

## Ayyuka
Milčović ya rubuta wasiƙa  a cikin *Wutar Gida* ( Croatian   ) a cikin abin da "ta gabatar da wani tsari mai kyau na mata na mata, yana yin Allah wadai da rashin mata daga rayuwar jama'a da kuma bayyana hangen nesa na sabon kayan ado."  Yayin da yake zaune a Jamus a cikin 1903, Milčinovićs sun buga wani ɗan gajeren labari tare, *Ƙarƙashin Barrage* (Croatian) da Adela ya rubuta wa jaridar Zagreb *The Nation* (Croatian).

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

* *Karkashin Barrage* ( Croatian  , 1903; wanda aka rubuta tare da Andrija Milčović )  
* *Johnny* ( Croatian  , 1905)
* *Dragojla Jarnević* (1907)
* *Mara farin ciki* ( Croatian  , 1912)
* *Inuwa* ( Croatian  , 1919)
* *Madam Doctor* ( Croatian  , 1921)

## Bayanan kula

## Manazarta

* 

## Kara karantawa

*
Persephone Papadopoulou

Persephone Papadopoulou ( Greek ( Paphos, 1888- Patras, 1948), ya kasance ƙwararren mata na Cyprus, malami kuma malami. [1] Ta kasance majagaba a harkar mata da mata a Cyprus.

## Rayuwar farko, ilimi da aiki
An haifi Persephone a 1888 a Paphos, ta sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Arsakeio a Athens.

Da dawowarta Cyprus ta yi aiki a matsayin malami a Famagusta, ta kasance mataimakiyar shugabar makarantar manyan 'yan mata tsakanin 1905-1919 kuma daga baya a matsayin shugabar Scholarcheio (Σχολαρχείο) a Larnaca . Daga baya ta yi karatun falsafa, ilimin zamantakewa, phycology da pedagogy a Jami'ar Sorbonne . Bayan dawowarta a 1924 ta yi aiki a Didaskaleio Thileon (Διδασκαλείο Θηλέων) a Nicosia . A cikin 1937 gwamnatin Girka ta gayyace ta don zama shugabar Arsakeio Lyceum na Patras, mukamin da ta rike na tsawon shekaru 12, har zuwa mutuwarta. 

Ta kasance daga cikin tsirarun ƴan matan Cyprus da suka yi karatu a ƙasashen waje a lokacin da ba a sami jami'a a Cyprus ba tukuna. Ta kafa da kuma gudanar da mata periodical *Εστιάδες* ( *Estiades* ) (1913-1915). Ita ce jarida ta farko ta mata a Cyprus, kuma tana da matsayi na kasa da kasa, tana sanar da mata game da yunkurin mata na duniya a lokacin. Littafin majagaba ne a lokacin da Cyprus ba ta da wani shiri na ƙungiyar mata har yanzu. Duk da haka, ɗan gajeren lokaci na muhawarar mata bai haifar da wani tsari na ƙungiyoyin mata a Cyprus ba, tun da matakin ilimi ya yi kadan a Cyprus - yawancin mata har yanzu ba su iya karatu ba - don haka lokaci-lokaci ba zai iya kaiwa fiye da ƙananan mata masu ilimi ba (babu wani motsi na mata da ya shirya a Cyprus har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20). 

## Gado
A cikin 2015 an yi mata tambari daga ofishin Cyprus. 

## Labarai

* *Ƙarfafawa* *.* *Ἡ ἐν* *Ἑλλάδι μεταρρυθμιστική κίνησις καί Ƙaddamarwa* na Ƙarfafawa (1930).
* *Πίνακες μαθητικῆς* *ὠχρότητος καί καχεξίας* (1931).
* *Ƙaddamar da Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru* (1939).

## Labarai game da Persephone

* Φιλεκπαιδευτική Εταιρεία Αρσάκειον Πατρών (1950). *[http://repository-dbp.ekt.gr/dbp/handle/11647/2655 Ɗaukaka.]* *[http://repository-dbp.ekt.gr/dbp/handle/11647/2655 Γενική Διευθύντρια των σχολείων 1935-1948]* . Bayani: KYAUTA KYAUTA. Καγιάφα.

## Duba kuma

* Polyxeni Loizias
* Sappho Leontias asalin

## Manazarta
Olga Oinola

An haifi Olga Adele Oinola Olga Adele Johansson (2 Yuli 1865 - 6 Nuwamba 1949) ɗan Finn ne wanda ya zama Shugabar Ƙungiyar Mata ta Finnish.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Oinola a Leppävirta a shekara ta 1865. Oinola ta kammala makarantar ’yan mata a shekarar 1879 kuma ta kammala karatun digiri a shekarar 1887. A shekara ta gaba ta fara koyarwa a makarantar Finnish Comprehensive School da ke Helsinki ta rike wannan matsayi har zuwa 1930 ko da yake daga 1905 ta shafe shekaru 18 tana koyarwa a Makarantar Sana'a na 'Yan Mata a Harshen Ƙasa. A cikin layi daya ta ci gaba da karatunta tare da tafiya zuwa Jamus a 1911 da 1913.

A shekara ta 1907 an yi babban zaɓe na farko a ƙasar Finland wanda aka buɗe ga mata. An zabi mata goma sha tara wanda bai kai kashi 10% na ‘yan majalisar ba. Matan da suka yi nasara sun hada da Lucina Hagman, Miina Sillanpää, Anni Huotari, Hilja Pärssinen, Hedvig Gebhard, Ida Aalle, Mimmi Kanervo, Eveliina Ala-Kulju, Hilda Käkikoski, Liisi Kivioja, Sandra Lehtinen, Mariad Griida , Alexandria Neberg, Alexandra Neberga Vemmelpu, Maria Laine, Jenny Nuotio da Hilma Räsänen .  Mutane da yawa sun yi tsammanin ƙari. Oinola na daga cikin wasu mata da suka fahimci cewa matan Finland na bukatar yin amfani da wannan damar kuma za a bukaci tsari da ilimi. Sabbin 'yan majalisa Lucina Hagman da Maikki Friberg tare da Aldyth Hultin, Mathilda von Troil, Ellinor Ingman-Ivalo, Sofia Streng da Olga Österberg sun kafa reshe na farko na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Finland a Helsinki.  Ita ce za ta zama shugabar ƙungiyar ta uku da ta gaji Lucina Hagman a 1919 kuma ta ci gaba har zuwa shekara mai zuwa. Ta sake komawa cikin rawar a 1931 kuma ta yi aiki har zuwa 1936. 

Oinola ta mayar da hankali kan kokarinta a waje da aikinta kan halin da ake ciki da matsalolin mata . Ta kasance mai hazaka mai iya magana tare da sanin al'amura. Ta yi la'akari da batutuwa masu rikitarwa kamar mata masu aikin dare. Wasu suna jayayya cewa yakamata mata su sami dama daidai na yin aiki da dare yayin da wasu ke jayayya cewa kada iyaye mata su watsar da ’ya’yansu da dare. Wani abin da ya jawo cece-kuce shi ne uwayen da ba su yi aure ba wadanda ke fuskantar tsangwama. 'Yan majalisar mata sun rabu kan kudirin gwamnati na samar wa wadannan iyaye mata mafaka. A kasar Finland an yi gwanjon ‘ya’yan uwayen da ba su yi aure ba har zuwa shekarun 1920. 

Oinola kuma ta zauna a Hukumar Kula da Talauci har zuwa 1936. Sauran mukamanta sun haɗa da kasancewa a Babban Hukumar Kula da Mata ta Finnish 1907-1949 tana aiki a matsayin shugaba daga 1913 zuwa 1921 kuma daga baya gajeriyar sabis daga 1932 zuwa 1934. Mataimakin Shugaban Cibiyar Jiyya ta Mata 1921-1939, Shugaban Kungiyar Malaman Mata a 1913.

## Magana
Melitta Marxer

Melitta Marxer (8 Satumba 1923 - 13 Fabrairu 2015) yar gwagwarmayar Liechtensteiner ce wacce ta kwashe shekaru da yawa tana tsarawa da gwagwarmaya don zaben mata. An fi saninta da yin magana a Majalisar Turai a 1983 don samun goyon bayan kasa da kasa kan 'yancin mata na zabe.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Melitta Kaiser  a ranar 8 ga Satumba 1923  a Schaanwald, Liechtenstein, kuma ta girma a can tare da 'yan uwanta hudu. Bayan ta kammala karatun sakandare, Kaiser ta tafi aiki a masana'antar keramics. A shekara 25, ta bar masana'antar lokacin da ta yi aure  Felix Marxer (1922-1997) a 1949 kuma ta fara danginsu.  Yayin da 'ya'yanta mata guda uku suka girma, ta ƙara fahimtar rashin daidaito da ma'auni biyu da ke fuskantar mata a Liechtenstein da kuma gaskiyar cewa mijinta ne kawai zai iya kada kuri'a a zabe.  Ta tallafa wa 'ya'yanta mata a cikin sha'awarsu na neman ilimi  kuma ta shiga yakin neman 'yan mata su halarci makarantar sakandare, wanda aka samu a cikin 1960s. 

Daga nan sai Marxer da sauran masu ra’ayin mata suka mayar da hankalinsu ga kuri’ar raba gardama da aka gudanar a shekara ta 1968 don zaben mata, wanda bai yi nasara ba. Matan sun kafa kwamitin neman yancin mata ( German   Frauenstimmrecht ) don yin aiki don samun kuri'a.  A cikin 1971 da 1973, ƙuri'ar raba gardama ta gaza tare da yawancin toshe hannun jari.  Ba zai iya yin gaba ba, a cikin 1981, Marxer da sauran mata suka kafa *Aktion Dornröschen*,  wanda a zahiri yana nufin fure mai ƙaya, amma wasa ne akan kalmomi don sunan Jamusanci na tatsuniya " Barci Beauty ".  Matan sun gabatar da koke ga kotun tsarin mulkin kasar suna zargin an tauye musu hakkinsu. A 1982, an yi watsi da karar.  Gwamnati ta ki ta sake duba lamarin, inda ta tilastawa Marxer da wasu masu fafutukar Beauty 11 daukar wani mataki.  Sun zaga ko'ina cikin Turai suna magana game da rashin haƙƙinsu. A cikin 1983, sun isa Strasbourg, Faransa,  inda Marxer da sauran suka gabatar da damuwarsu a gaban Majalisar Turai .  Matakin dai ya jawo suka a cikin gida, saboda sanya kasar a idon duniya, amma ya yi tasiri.  A ranar 2 ga Yuli, 1984, maza masu jefa ƙuri'a a Liechtenstein sun ba da cikakken haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a ga mata. 

A cikin 2002, an yi wani fim na Swiss *Die andere Hälfte*, (The Other Rabin), wanda ya ba da labarin Marxer da gwagwarmayar 'yancin mata a Liechtenstein.  Marxer ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 2015. 

## Manazarta

### ambato

### Tushe

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Elżbieta Ciechanowska

Elżbieta Ciechanowska (18 Nuwamba 1875, Bochnia – 29 Afrilu 1948, Kraków ), alƙalami sunaye EC, EC Dulska, E. Cedulska, ɗan Poland ne mai fafutukar ƴancin mata da ƙwadago, mawaƙa kuma mawaƙi.

## Rayuwa
An haife shi a Bochnia, Ciechnowska ya koma Kraków a 1883. Ta sauke karatu daga Kraków conservatory a matsayin mafi kyawun ɗalibi a cikin jituwa na farfesa Władysław Żeleński, wanda ya kira ta "Bach" don yabon gwaninta.  A cikin shekaru 1894-1903 ta ajiye diary. An bayyana  a matsayinta na mai jin kunya da tawali'u, ta yanke shawarar ba za ta ci gaba da karatun piano ko aikin koyarwa na kiɗa ba kuma ta zama ma'aikacin gidan waya. Ta shiga 1905-kafa Association of Galician Postal Clerks kuma ta sadaukar da kanta ga Associationungiyar, siyasa da yancin mata. A matsayin wani ɓangare na Ƙungiyar, an ba da taimakon tattalin arziki na juna ga mambobin mata, an kula da bukatun ƙwararrun ma'aikatan gidan waya, an rubuta koke ga hukumomi, kuma an kafa ɗakin karatu. Tun da a lokacin matan da ba su da aure ne kawai ake yarda da su yin aiki a ofisoshin gidan waya, Ƙungiyar ta kasance ƙungiyar ƙwadago da al'umma da ke ba wa ma'aikatan jin daɗin zama ƙungiya, taimakon kuɗi, da tallafi. Sanarwar da kungiyar ta fitar ta jaddada muhimmancin ‘yantar da mata, wanda zai ba su hakkin ma’aikata ; ciki har da albashin kari, hutu, albashin rashin lafiya da mafi kyawun fansho na ritaya. Har ila yau, sun bukaci a ba su damar daidaita ma'aikata ga mukamai da sassan da aka kebe ga maza. 

Lokacin da ƙungiyar ta sami fili a 4 Sołtyka Street a 1913, kuma ta yanke shawarar gina rukunin gidaje na farko, Ciechanowska na cikin kwamitin farko na rukunin gidaje (tare da Władysława Habicht da Zofia Kołpy). A shekara ta 1914 an shirya gidan, kuma Ciechnowska ta zauna a wurin tare da Władysława Habicht. An kwatanta dangantakarsu da auren Boston kuma an karanta su a cikin yanayin LGBT a zamanin yau,   ko da yake wasu, musamman Władysława Habicht na zamani na Władysława Habicht Postal Clerk Housing Cooperative, sun yi jayayya da wannan halin. 

A matsayinta na marubuci, ta buga wasan kwaikwayo, *Antrakt* (lit. *Entracte* ) a 1928; anthology na waka, *Wiersze niemodne* (lit. *Waƙoƙin da ba a taɓa gani ba* ) a cikin 1935; da *Kilka prostych uwag o Wyspiańskim* ( *<nowiki/>'Yan Sauƙaƙan Bayanan kula Game da Wyspiański* ) a cikin 1938.  Ciechnowska ya mutu a ranar 29 ga Afrilu 1948 a Kraków kuma an binne shi a makabartar Rakowicki .

## Manazarta
Władysława Habicht

Władysława Habicht (1 Yuni 1867 - 2 Afrilu 1963) ɗan takarar Yaren mutanen Poland ne, ɗan gwagwarmayar zamantakewa, kuma wani ɓangare na ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar gidaje.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife ta a Odporyszów ga iyayen zuriyar Jamus kuma ta halarci makarantar zuhudu a Staniątki . Kusan 1890, ta koma Kraków tare da mahaifinta da 'yan'uwanta. Kafin yakin duniya na farko, ta kasance memba mai aiki na Towarzystwo Szkoły Ludowej (Ƙungiyar Makarantar Jama'a) da Ƙungiyar Matan Katolika. A lokacin yakin, ta shiga kungiyar Mata, Tsaro ta Kasa da Yammacin Borderlands. [1]

A cikin 1901, Habicht ta ɗauki matsayin mai kula da telegraph na sarauta a babban ofishin gidan waya a Kraków, kuma ta yi aiki a can tsawon shekaru 30. A cikin 1905, ta kafa Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Wasiƙa ta Galician. A matsayin wani ɓangare na Ƙungiyar, an ba da taimakon tattalin arziki na juna ga mambobin mata, an kula da bukatun ƙwararrun ma'aikatan gidan waya, an rubuta koke ga hukumomi, kuma an kafa ɗakin karatu. Tun da matan da ba su da aure ne kawai aka yarda su yi aiki a ofisoshin gidan waya a lokacin, ƙungiyar da Habicht ta kafa ta kasance ƙungiyar ƙwadago da al'umma da ke ba wa ma'aikatan jin daɗin zama na rukuni, taimakon kuɗi, da tallafi. Sanarwar da kungiyar ta fitar ta jaddada muhimmancin ‘yantar da mata, wanda zai ba su hakkin ma’aikata; ciki har da albashin kari, hutu, albashin rashin lafiya da mafi kyawun fansho na ritaya. Har ila yau, sun bukaci a ba su damar daidaita ma'aikata ga mukamai da sassan da aka kebe ga maza. 

Daga 1911, Habicht ya yi yakin neman 'yancin zaɓe ga mata. A lokacin zaɓen Sejm, ta shirya gangamin ƙarfafa mata su shiga siyasa. Bayan da Poland ta sake samun ’yancin kai, ta goyi bayan kamfen na jama’a, wanda ya jawo wayar da kan jama’a a tsakanin matan Silesiya waɗanda a lokacin suke ƙaura zuwa Kraków da yawa. A lokacin zaɓen Sejm, ta shirya gangamin ƙarfafa mata su shiga siyasa. 

Ƙungiyar ta sami wani fili a 4 Sołtyka Street a 1913, inda ta shirya rukunin gidaje na farko, wanda aka ba da kuɗin shiga daga abubuwan da suka faru, da lamuni biyu. Habicht, Elżbieta Ciechanowska da Zofia Kołpy sune kwamitin farko na rukunin gidaje . A 1914, gidan ya shirya, kuma Habicht ya zauna a can tare da Ciechnowska. An kwatanta dangantakar su da auren Boston kuma an yi la'akari da su a cikin yanayin LGBT a zamanin yau,   ko da yake ba tare da ƙin yarda ba, musamman daga Władysława Habicht Gidan Yanzu.  A cikin 1934 an ƙirƙiri gini na biyu don membobinsa a Titin 19B Syrokomli. 

Don ganin nasarar da ta samu, Habicht ta karɓi lambar Silesian Plebiscite Badge, Cross Cross of Merit da lambar Haɗin gwiwar Golden. A ƙarshen rayuwarta, ’yan ƙungiyar da ta gudanar sun kula da ita.  Ta mutu a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 1963, kuma an binne ta a cikin kabarin iyali a makabartar Rakowicki . 

## Magana
Maria Veleda

Maria Veleda, sunan da Maria Carolina Frederico Crispin ke amfani da shi sosai (1871-1955), malami ne na Portuguese, ɗan jarida kuma mai fafutuka. Ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun mata na farko a Portugal, ta yi gwagwarmaya don haƙƙin ma'aikatan masana'anta mata kuma ta ƙarfafa ilimin mata, ta ƙaddamar da Rukunin Nazarin Mata na Portuguese a 1907. Ita ce wacce ta kafa kungiyar Republican ta Matan Portugal a 1908, daga baya ta zama Shugabar Hukumar, yayin da a cikin 1915 ta inganta shigar mata cikin siyasa, ta kafa kungiyar farfagandar dimokuradiyya ta mata. [1] [2]

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife shi a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu 1871 a Faro, Maria Carolina Frederico Crispin 'yar João Diogo Frederico Crispim, mai mallakar gida ce, da Carlota Perpétua da Cruz Crispim. 

A farkon shekarun 1900, ta kasance mai aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida a kudancin Portugal, ta buga wakoki, labarun yara da ɗan littafin mai suna *Emancipação Feminina* ( 'Yancin Mata ). A cikin 1908, yayin da take aiki a matsayin malami a Cibiyar Makarantar Afonso Costa a Lisbon, ta kirkiro darussan maraice kuma ta ba da laccoci na ilimi da ke ƙarfafa mata su shiga sana'a ko shiga harkokin siyasa. Musamman ta yi kira da a kada kuri’a ga mata, horar da mata da ba da ilimi, rage lokutan aiki da samun damar mata zuwa kowane irin sana’a.  Ta zama memba na Republican League of Portuguese Women (RLPW). A shekara mai zuwa, a kan shirinta, RLPW ta kafa Obra Maternal, wani shiri na tallafawa kulawa da ilmantar da mabukata ko yaran da aka yi watsi da su. A cikin 1912, an nada ta a matsayin wakiliyar Cibiyar Kula da Yara ta Lisbon, matsayin da ta ci gaba har zuwa 1941.  

A cikin Yuni 1913, ita, Ana Augusta de Castilho, Beatriz Pinheiro, Luthgarda de Caires da Joana de Almeida Nogueira sun kasance cikin tawagar Portuguese a taron Bakwai na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Mata ta Duniya a Budapest . 

A cikin 1915, Veleda ta kafa Ƙungiyar Farfagandar Mata ta Mata (Associação Feminina de Propaganda Democrática), wanda aka tsara don ƙarfafa mata su zama masu tunani masu 'yanci da kuma yaki da rashin daidaito da kuma soja. 

Ta ji haushin tashin hankalin sabuwar gwamnatin jamhuriya, ta yi watsi da siyasa a 1921. Madadin haka, ta juya zuwa ruhaniyanci, ta kafa Ruhaniya Ruhaniya Haske da Ƙauna (Grupo Espiritualista Luz e Amor), ta shirya Majalisar Ruhaniya ta Portuguese (1925), kuma ta ba da gudummawar labarai ga latsawa na ruhaniya. 

Maria Veleda ta mutu a Lisbon a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1955.  

## Manazarta
Josephine Burns de Bono

**Josephine Burns de Bono** née Burns (1908 – 1996) yar gwagwarmayar siyasa ce ta Maltese kuma mai son mata. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife ta ga Hugh Burns da Laura Rosina Ada Agius, kuma 'yar'uwar 'yar jarida Hugh Burns na Times of Malta. Ta yi aure a cikin 1931 ga likita Joseph Edward de Bono, kuma ta zama mahaifiyar Edward de Bono (1933 – 2021), farfesa a Jami'ar Cambridge. [1] Ta kasance mai aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida a London a cikin 1920s, kuma daga baya ta yi aiki a Times of Malta.

Ta kasance co-kafa kungiyar Mata na Malta a 1944, kuma ta kasance shugabar kungiyar tun daga tushe a 1944, har zuwa lokacin da aka gabatar da zaben mata a 1947. Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a fafutuka na gabatar da zaben mata a Malta.  Ta rubuta: "Haƙƙin mata na zaɓe da tsayawa a matsayin 'yan takara na majalisar dokoki an amince da su bisa doka a Ingila da Amurka a sakamakon kyakkyawan aikin mata a lokacin yakin basasa na 1914-1918. Yau bayan kusan shekaru hudu da rabi na yaki, mata a Malta sun kasance masu sane cewa sun sami irin wannan amincewar jama'a". 

An shigar da kuri'un mata da 'yancin zaɓe a matsayin siyasa a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na MacMichael, wanda a ƙarshe aka gabatar da shi a ranar 5 ga Satumba 1947. Bayan amincewar garambawul a majalisar, Josephine Burns de Bono ta yi murabus daga mukaminta na shugabar kungiyar mata ta Malta tare da bayyana cewa an cimma manufar kungiyar a yanzu. 

An buga wasiƙar murabus ɗinta a cikin Times of Malta a ranar 24 ga Satumba 1947:

: "... Ya kasance wahayi ne don yin aiki tare da ku, kuma ƙungiyarmu don kyakkyawar manufa, buɗe kofofin rayuwar jama'a ga matan Malta, an nuna alamar nasara a ƙarƙashin nufin sama ... Ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar abokanmu a kowane fanni na rayuwa, kuma ta hanyar goyon bayan Jam'iyyar Labour da GWU a cikin Majalisar. Muryar karshe ta kasance, kamar yadda Sir Harold MacMichael ya lura, babu wani bayanin da ba a yarda da shi ba daga Majalisar da ta koma ga Babban Dalilin ... Na yi imanin cewa kungiyar ta cimma abubuwan da aka shimfida a cikin kundinta na asali, kuma kasar za ta iya zama mafi kyawun aiki ta hanyar hadin gwiwa tsakanin maza da mata a kowane fanni na rayuwar jama'a".  

## Manazarta
Maria Clara Correia Alves

Maria Clara Correia Alves (1869 – 1948) ɗan mata ɗan ƙasar Portugal ne. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Majalisar Mata ta Portugal a 1914 kuma duka Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar da editan wasiƙarta daga 1914 zuwa 1920.

## Rayuwar farko da gwagwarmaya
An haifi Maria Clara Correia Alves a Montemor-o-Novo a cikin gundumar Evora ta Portugal a shekara ta 1869. Ta zama 'yar mata, Freethinker, da Freemason . Haɗuwa da mata da tunani, ta gabatar da gabatarwa a taron Tunani 'Yanci na Duniya karo na 17 akan batun *La Libre Pensée et Lemancipacion de la Femme* (Tunani na 'Yanci da 'Yancin Mata). Anti-limami, tare da sha'awar ilimi, ta kasance farkon mai ba da goyon baya ga tsarin ilimin ilimi a Portugal. Ta kuma yi kamfen na goyon bayan saki.

## Majalisar Matan Portugal ta kasa

Alves ya shiga Jam'iyyar Republican ta Matan Fotigal, wanda duka biyun suka nemi kawo karshen mulkin mallaka na Portugal kuma suka ba da shawarar zaben mata . Ta kasance memba ta kafa ƙungiyar mata *Conselho Nacional das Mulheres Portuguesas* (Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Matan Fotigal - CNMP) a cikin 1914, kuma tana da alhakin kafa alaƙa da fitattun mutane na ƙungiyar mata ta duniya. A cikin 1914 an yi taɗi mai tsanani tsakanin Alves da Majalisar Matan Faransanci (CNFF) da manyan sakatarorin Majalisar Mata ta Duniya (ICW), Avril de Sainte-Croix da Alice Salomon, da kuma tare da sauran mata kamar Lady Aberdeen da Carrie Chapman Catt . 

Alves ya zama Sakatare-Janar na farko na Majalisar daga 1914 zuwa 1919 sannan ya ba da shawarar cewa a raba aikin gida biyu a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Sannan ta yi shekara daya a matsayin Sakatare-Janar (Waje). Alves ita ce editan farko na gudanarwa na Babban Jarida na Majalisar na wata-wata, daga 1914 zuwa 1916, da kuma na jarida ko mujallar *Alma mata* (Ruwar mata) wacce ta maye gurbinta a 1917, wacce ta gyara har zuwa 1920. Amfani da kalmar mata maimakon mata a cikin taken jarida shine saboda shugabannin kungiyar sun san cewa ga mutane da yawa a Portugal "'yancin mata" yana da ban sha'awa. Suna so su nuna cewa mata da suke ba da shawara ta kasance tsaka-tsaki.   

A shekara ta 1917, ta bayyana cewa babban makasudin wannan sanarwar ita ce "matar Portuguese ta iya fita daga halin ko-in-kula da ta ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin shekaru aru-aru, wanda ya ba da gudummawa sosai wajen dakile burinta na adalci da kuma jinkirta samun 'yancinta". A shekara ta 1921, masu fafutuka na Majalisar sun dauki shi "kadaitaccen mai magana da yawun matan Portugal saboda ita ce kawai mujalla da ke kare manufar mata". Duk da haka, buga *Alma feminina* ya haifar da matsalolin kudi ga Majalisar da kuma Alves da Shugaban Hukumar, Adelaide Cabete, sun ba da damar rufe gibin a cikin 1919, domin a ci gaba da buga wasiƙar. Alves ya yi murabus a matsayin edita a tsakiyar 1920, amma ya zama mataimakin shugaban CNMP a 1921. 

## Daga bayan rayuwa
A cikin 1930s, Alves ya haɗu tare da mujallar *Pensamento*, yana rubuta labarai da yawa akan mata. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Laburaren Municipal a Lisbon . 

Maria Clara Correia Alves ta mutu a shekara ta 1948.

## Manazarta
Pavla Hočevar

**Pavla Hočevar** (27 Yuni 1889 - 18 Agusta 1972) malami ne ɗan Slovenia, marubuci, ɗan gurguzu kuma mai fafutuka.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Hočevar a shekara ta 1889. [1] Mahaifinta Franc Hočevar [2] shi ne mai noman chestnut a Vienna, Austria, kuma mai mallakar fili a Mali Lašče a Dolenjska, Slovenia. [3]

Hočevar ya halarci makaranta a Veliki Lašče da Ljubljana, sannan ya sami gurbin karatu don yin karatu a makarantar sakandare da horar da shekara guda a matsayin malami.

## Ayyukan aiki
Tare da koyarwa, Hočevar ya yi yaƙin neman zaɓen mata .  Ta halarci taron mata na All-Slavic a Prague a cikin 1907, ta ba da jawabai da ke jayayya game da ikon mallakar mata bisa tushen daidaito tsakanin mata da maza,  kuma ta yi muhawara game da shigar mata cikin siyasa tare da Boris Ziherl.  Ta gano da gurguzu   kuma ta kasance memba na Majalisar Al'adu mafi girma na Slovenia Socialists. Ta rubuta game da batutuwan da suka shafi mata a cikin jaridu na hagu *Zarja,*

A cikin 1910, Hočevar ta ƙaura zuwa Trieste, Italiya, inda ta ci gaba da aikin koyarwa. A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 1922, Hočevar ya kasance wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Sadaka ta Mata a Trieste, tare da Antonija Slavikova, Milka Mankočeva, Marica Bartolova da Milka Martelančeva.  Ta yi aiki a Italiya har sai da gwamnatin Benito Mussolini ta hana tare da rufe dukkan makarantu, cibiyoyi da al'ummomin Slovenia a 1929, sannan ta koma Slovenia. 

Bayan ya koma Slovenia, Hočevar ya kasance mai aiki a cikin Ƙungiyar Mata ta Yugoslavia kuma ya shiga a matsayin wakilin majalisa a Vienna (1930), Belgrade (1933), Dubrovnik (1936) da Edinburgh (1938).  Bayan tafiya zuwa Scotland don taron majalisa a Edinburgh, Hočevar ya rubuta game da ziyarar zuwa nunin Birtaniya a Glasgow, kide-kide, raye-raye, da halartar bukukuwa. 

A shekara ta 1941, ta shiga cikin haramtacciyar kungiyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi na hagu na Stara Pravda.  An kama Hočevar a cikin 1947 saboda ayyukanta na siyasa, kuma an yanke masa hukunci kuma an daure shi saboda leƙen asiri tare da wasu masu fafutuka 13 a shari'ar nuna siyasa da aka fi sani da Nagode Trial . An yanke mata hukuncin daurin shekaru 14 a gidan yari, amma an sake ta bisa sharaɗi a ranar 9 ga Mayu 1952. 

## Daga baya rai da mutuwa
Bayan an sake ta daga kurkuku, Hočevar ta rubuta abubuwan tarihinta, waɗanda aka buga a cikin 1969.  Abubuwan tunawa sun haɗa da tunaninta game da haɓakar Fascism a Italiya da kuma tasirin da wannan ya yi a kan masu hankali . 

Hočevar ya mutu a ranar 18 ga Agusta 1972 a Ljubljana . 

## Manazarta
Monica I. Orozco

**Monica I. Orozco** (an haife ta a Santa Barbara, California) Masaniyar tarihi ce kuma mai adana bayanai. Ita ce Darakta na Ofishin Jakadancin Santa Barbara da kuma Babban Darakta ya Ofishin Jakadun Santa Barbara .  Ta sami digirin digirin digirinta a Tarihi a Jami'ar California, Santa Barbara a cikin 1999, inda ta kammala karatun ta mai taken "Protestant Missionaries, Mexican Liberals, Nationalism and the Issue of Cultural Incorporation of Indians, 1870-1900." Rubutun ya mayar da hankali kan budewa ga Furotesta na kasashen waje a lokacin mulkin sassaucin ra'ayi a Mexico, da kuma manufar da suka raba na hada 'yan asalin al'adu. Ta wallafa wani bangare na rubutun ta.

Ta koyar da tarihin Latin Amurka a Jami'ar California, Santa Barbara, Kwalejin Westmont,  da Kwalejin Birnin Santa Barbara. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin edita a ABC-CLIO .  Tun daga shekara ta 2009 ta yi aiki a matsayin darektan layi na biyu kuma ƙwararren mai adana bayanai a Santa Barbara Mission Archive-Library . A shekara ta 2016 ta zama darakta na farko na Ofishin Jakadancin Santa Barbara .  An nuna ta a cikin shirin C-SPAN a kan Ofishin Jakadancin Santa Barbara da Ofishin Jakadun Jakadancin, suna nuna muhimmancin duka ga rayuwar al'adu ta Yammacin Amurka, tarihin California, da tarihin 'yan asalin ƙasar.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin mutane daga Santa Barbara, California

## Manazarta
Waverly Lowell

**Waverly B. Lowell** mai adana bayanai ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da Tarihin Tsarin Muhalli a Jami'ar California, Berkeley daga 1998-2018. Kafin aikinta a cikin ɗakunan ajiya, Lowell ta yi aiki a matsayin darektan National Archives - yankin Pacific Sierra, mai kula da Manuscripts a California Historical Society, mai kula le Takardun Tarihi a Gidan Tarihi na Kasa, darektan California Cooperative Preservation for Architectural Records Survey, kuma a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan ɗakunan ajiyar tarihi.

Ayyukan Lowell a Gidan Tarihin Muhalli ya jagoranci kokarin yin rikodin yanayin da aka tsara ta hanyar masu aiki a Arewacin California, kuma ya taimaka wajen canza tarin takardun zuwa samfurin ƙasa da na duniya don ɗakunan ajiya. Littattafanta sun haɗa da Living Modern: A Biography of Greenwood Common . ; Tarihin Gine-gine: Gudanar da Zane & Gine-gine ; Tarihin Gine'gine a cikin San Francisco Bay Area: Jagora don Bincike ; Zane a kan Edge: Karni na Koyarwa Gine-gine a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, 1903-2003;  da Landscape a Berkeley: Shekaru 100 na farko,  da Shige da Fice na kasar Sin da Sinanci a Amurka: Tarihin Yankin Tarihin Tarihin Kasa da Gudanarwa, RIP 99, 1996.

A lokacin aikinta, an girmama Lowell a matsayin ɗan'uwan Society of American Archivists,  wanda kungiyar masu kula da littattafai ta Jami'ar California, Berkeley ta sanya shi fitaccen mai kula da ɗakin karatu, ya sami lambar yabo ta AIASF [bayani da ake buƙata] don gudummawar da aka yi ta ɗakunan ajiya, kuma ya sami lambar girmamawa ta Archivists Award of Excellence daga Hukumar Kare Tarihin California da sauran girmamawa da yawa. 

Ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar malami ga Kwalejin Tsarin Gine-gine na Muhalli, UC Berkeley; malami ga Sashen Laburaren da Ayyukan Bayanai, Jami'ar Jihar California, San Jose; malami a Cibiyar Nazarin Gidan Tarihi ta Jami'ar John F. Kennedy; kuma a matsayin malami ga Cibiyar Nazaren Tarihi ta Yamma don Society of California Archivists.

## Manazarta
Nancy Lenoil

**Nancy Zimmelman Lenoil** Ba'amurke ce wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Mai adana Tarihi na Jihar California daga 2006-2019.

## Bayani game da ita
An haifi Nancy Ann Zimmelman a Detroit, Michigan, 'yar William da Phyllis (Bargebuhr) Zimmelman. Mahaifinta injiniya ne kuma malami a cikin shekaru 42 da ya yi na kamfanin Ford Motor Company. Ta sami digiri na farko a tarihi daga Jami'ar Oakland da kuma digiri na biyu a tarihi, tare da takardar shaidar digiri a cikin gudanar da tarihin, daga Jami'an Jihar Wayne. Ta koma yankin Sacramento, California a shekarar 1987 don wata goma a cikin gudanar da tarihin,  wanda ya zama aiki na shekaru 31 a California State Archives. Ta auri Robert Lenoil a shekara ta 2007,  kuma tana da tagwaye a shekara ta 2010. Nancy da Robert suna aiki a cikin al'ummar Yahudawa ta Sacramento; ta yi shekaru goma a kan kwamitin amintattu na Tarayyar Yahudawa ta Yankin Sacramento kuma a halin yanzu tana aiki a kan kwitin amintattu na Haikali ko Rishon.

## Ayyuka
Lenoil ta fara aikinta a Tarihin Jihar California a 1987. Daga 1992-2007 ta yi aiki a matsayin Mai Gudanarwa na Cibiyar Tarihin Yamma, wani shiri mai zurfi, na makonni biyu wanda Cibiyar Tarihi ta Jiha ta tallafawa. Daga 1994-2006, ayyukanta sun haɗa da kasancewa mai kula da bayanan Tarihin Kisan Robert F. Kennedy .  Ta fara koyar da aji don shirin kare jami'an gwamnati na California Highway Patrol a cikin 1997, ta amfani da ainihin rubuce-rubuce da kayan tarihi a cikin tarin. Ta sami yabo daga CHP saboda aikinta, kuma ta ci gaba da koyar da ajin har zuwa yau.

A shekara ta 2006 Sakataren Harkokin Wajen California Bruce McPherson ya nada Lenoil a matsayin Mai adana Tarihin Jihar California, mace ta farko da ta rike wannan mukamin. A lokacin da take aiki, Cibiyar Tarihin Jiha ta ƙaddamar da shirye-shirye da yawa, gami da haɗin gwiwa tare da Cibiyar Al'adu ta Google. An samar da tarin abubuwa uku a kan layi, wanda Lenoil ya ce mataki ne na yin rikodin da ya fi dacewa ga jama'a. Lenoil ta jagoranci kokarin canja wurin alhakin gudanar da bayanan jihar daga Ma'aikatar Ayyuka ta Janar zuwa Tarihin Jiha, wanda ya wuce a matsayin wani ɓangare na kasafin kudin shekara ta 2014.

Lenoil ta kasance mai aiki a cikin kungiyoyi masu sana'a a duk lokacin da take aiki - tana aiki da kuma shugabancin kwamitoci, tana gabatar da taro, da kuma buga labarai. Membobin da suka gabata da na yanzu sun haɗa da Society of American Archivists, Society of California Archivists.  Gudummawar da ta bayar ga sana'ar ta haifar da an ba ta suna Distinguished Fellow na Society of American Archivists a cikin 2012, mafi girman girmamawa a cikin sana'ar.

Yayinda Mai adana Tarihi ta Jiha ke aiki da yardar Sakataren Gwamnati, Lenoil ta riƙe mukamin a karkashin Sakataren Jiha McPherson, Debra Bowen da Alex Padilla, har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019. 

## Littattafai

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## Manazarta
Helen Knubel

**Helen M.  Knubel** (an haife ta ne a ranar 10 ga watan Yuli, na shekara ta 1901 - 23 ga Yuli, 1992) ta kasance mai adana bayanai na Amurka don Majalisar Lutheran ta Kasa daga 1954 zuwa 1971.

## Rayuwa ta farko
Helen M. Knubel an haife ta ne a Birnin New York, 'yar Frederick Hermann Knubel da Christine A. Ritscher Knubel .  Mahaifinta ya kasance shugaban cocin United Lutheran a Amurka daga 1918 zuwa 1944. Ɗan'uwanta, Frederick R. Knubel, ya kasance shugaban United Lutheran Synod na New York da New England.

Knubel ta tsira daga cutar shan inna tun yana matashi,  kuma ya yi amfani da keken guragu. Ta halarci Sabon Makarantar Binciken Jama'a, Cibiyar Nazarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki ta New York, kuma ta horar da ita a matsayin mai kula da ɗakin karatu a Jami'ar Columbia.

## Ayyuka
Knubel ta yi aiki a matsayin mai adana bayanai ga Majalisar Lutheran ta Kasa daga 1954 zuwa 1971,  kuma "an dauke ta a matsayin babban mai adana tarihi na tarihin Cocin Lutheran a Arewacin Amurka, "ya lura da mutuwarta a cikin The New York Times . Ita ce ta kafa kuma darakta na Tarihin Magana na hadin gwiwar Lutheranism a Amurka. Ita ce marubucin An Introductory Guide to Lutheran Archives (1981), da kuma Tarihin Tarihi na Tarihin Lutheranism (1984 da 1987, tare da Alice M. Kendrick).   Ta kuma kasance edita na shekara-shekara na Lutheran Church Directory na Amurka da Kanada.

Knubel tana da sha'awar ilimi a cikin hoton littafi na farko na Amurka. Ta rubuta "Alexander Anderson and Early American Book Illustration" (Princeton University Library Chronicle, 1940),  kuma ta mallaki goma sha huɗu na asalin bugawa na Anderson.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Helen Knubel ta mutu a 1992 a wani asibiti a Bronxville, New York, tana da shekaru 91. Kabarin ta yana cikin Kabari na Green-Wood na Brooklyn. Helen M. Knubel Archives of Cooperative Lutheranism suna cikin ELCA Archives a Elk Grove Village, Illinois.

## Manazarta