Hakkin mata a Indiya

**Ƙungiyoyin zaɓen mata a Indiya** sun yi yaƙi don ba wa matan Indiya damar mallakar mallaka a Indiya a ƙarƙashin mulkin Birtaniya. Bayan zaɓen, ƙungiyar tana fafutukar nemo mata 'yancin tsayawa takara a lokacin mulkin mallaka. A cikin shekara ta  1918, lokacin da Biritaniya ta ba da iyakacin zaɓe ga mata masu mallakar kadarori, dokar ba ta shafi ƴan ƙasar Burtaniya a wasu sassan daular ba. Duk da koke-koke da mata da maza suka gabatar ga kwamitocin Biritaniya da aka aika don tantance dokokin zaɓen Indiya, an yi watsi da buƙatun mata a cikin Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms . A cikin shekara ta 1919, roko da rahotannin da ke nuna goyon baya ga mata don samun ƙuri'a an gabatar da suffragists zuwa Ofishin Indiya da kuma gaban Kwamitin Haɗin gwiwa na House of Lords and Commons, waɗanda ke taro don kammala gyare-gyaren tsarin zaɓe na Kwamitin Franchise na Southborough . Kodayake ba a ba su haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a ba, ko 'yancin tsayawa a zaɓe, Dokar Gwamnatin Indiya ta shekarar 1919 ta ƙyale majalisun larduna su tantance ko mata za su iya jefa ƙuri'a, muddin sun cika ƙaƙƙarfan dukiya, samun kuɗi, ko matakan ilimi.

Tsakanin shekara ta 1919 zuwa shekara ta 1929, dukkanin lardunan Burtaniya, da kuma yawancin jihohin Princely sun ba wa mata damar yin zabe kuma a wasu lokuta, sun ba su damar tsayawa zaben kananan hukumomi. Nasarar farko ita ce a birnin Madras a shekara ta 1919, sannan Masarautar Travancore da Jhalawar ta biyo baya a shekara ta 1920, sannan a lardunan Biritaniya, Shugabancin Madras da Shugabancin Bombay a shekara ta1921. Jihar Rajkot ta ba da cikakkiyar kuri'a ta duniya a shekara ta  1923 kuma a waccan shekarar ta zabi mata biyu na farko a majalisar dokoki. A shekara ta 1924, kwamitin Muddiman ya gudanar da bincike mai zurfi kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya ta ba wa mata damar tsayawa zabe, wanda ya haifar da sauye-sauye kan 'yancin kada kuri'a a shekara ta  1926. A shekarar1927, an nada Simon Commission don samar da sabuwar dokar Indiya. Saboda hukumar ba ta ƙunshi Indiyawa ba, masu kishin ƙasa sun ba da shawarar kauracewa zamansu. Wannan ya haifar da karaya a tsakanin kungiyoyin mata, wadanda suka yi waje daya suna goyon bayan zaben kasa da kasa, a daya bangaren kuma suna goyon bayan tabbatar da karancin zabe bisa ka’idojin ilimi da tattalin arziki.

## Fage

A cikin shekara ta 1890s kishin kasa ya taso a Indiya tare da kafa majalisar dokokin Indiya .  Zuwan yakin duniya na daya da kuma amfani da furuci na farfaganda na kalmomi kamar 'zamantar da kai' ya haifar da bege a tsakanin Indiyawan masu matsakaicin matsayi cewa canji ya kusa.  Ga ƙwararrun masu ilimin Ingilishi, waɗanda galibi sun zama birni kuma sun dogara da samun ƙwararrun ƙwararru, mulkin Birtaniyya yana da fa'ida,  amma sun kuma gane cewa ƙuntatawa ga matansu ya shafi aikin nasu. Al’adar ware mata na nufin ba za su iya tarbiyyantar da ‘ya’ya ba ko kuma zama masu masaukin baki ko masu taimakon juna don ci gaban mazajensu. 

Matan Indiya, wadanda suka fara shiga ayyukan gyara tun karni na 19, suma sun ga yuwuwar samun canji. Sun kara yunƙurinsu zuwa neman haƙƙin siyasa musamman na zaɓe. Haɗe tare da ƴan kishin Indiya, ƴan matan Indiya sun nemi goyon baya daga masu neman zaɓe na Biritaniya da kuma yancin kansu,  wanda ya hana haɓaka ainihin asali ko saitin buƙatu daga mata.  Austen Chamberlain, Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Indiya ya nuna adawa da sassauta ikon Biritaniya a Indiya kuma ya zargi wadanda suka goyi bayan shawarwari masu tsaka-tsaki don tuntubar sarakunan Indiya a matsayin "masu shiga tsakani" a cikin harkokin Birtaniya Raj .  Lokacin da aka kore shi a cikin shekara ta 1917, wanda ya maye gurbinsa, Edwin Montagu, ya sami amincewa don tsarawa tare da Lord Chelmsford, Mataimakin Mataimakin Indiya, shawarwari don taƙaitaccen ikon siyasa na mulkin Birtaniya.  

## Farkon motsi (1917-1919)

A cikin shekara ta  1917, Margaret Cousins ta kafa Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Mata a Adyar, Madras, don ƙirƙirar abin hawa don mata don tasiri manufofin gwamnati. Kungiyar ta mayar da hankali kan yancin daidaito, damar ilimi, sake fasalin zamantakewa, da kuma zaben mata. Membobin kafa sun hada da S. Ambujammal, Annie Besant, Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay, Mary Poonen Lukose, Begam Hasrat Mohani, Saralabai Naik, Dhanvanthi Rama Rau, Muthulakshmi Reddy, Mangalammal Sadasivier, da Herabai Tata . An nada Besant shugaban kasa  da Tata, babban sakatare.  Suna son tabbatar da masu sauraro tare da Montagu, Cousins sun aika da aikace-aikacen neman tattaunawa game da sake fasalin ilimi da zamantakewa ga mata. Lokacin da aka yi watsi da shi bisa hujjar cewa binciken hukumar ya takaita ne kan batutuwan siyasa, sai ta sake duba aikace-aikacenta, inda ta mai da hankali kan gabatar da bukatun siyasa na mata. 

Lokacin da aka amince da shi, a ranar 15 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta  1917,  Sarojini Naidu ya jagoranci wakilai na 14 manyan mata daga ko'ina cikin Indiya don gabatar da bukatar shigar da zaɓen mata a cikin sabon lissafin Franchise a ƙarƙashin ci gaban gwamnatin Indiya.    Bayan Naidu da Cousins, membobin tawagar sun hada da Besant, Parvati Ammal, Mrs. Guruswamy Chetty, Nalinibai Dalvi, Dorothy Jinarajadasa, Dr. Nagutai Joshi (wanda aka fi sani da Rani Lakshmibai Rajwade, Kibe Lazarbai, Kimati Lazarbai, Kimati Lazarbai, Kimati Lazari, Sri Kamalatiha, Kimati Lazar, Mr. Srimati. S. Naik, Srimati Srirangamma, da Tata Baya ga matan da ke cikin jiki, Francesca Arundale, Abala Bose, Sarala Devi Chaudhurani, Mrs. Mazur-al-Haque, Uma Nehru, Mrs. RV Nilakanta, Miss H. Ranbai, da Ramati Pait, sun aika da sakon

## Manazarta