open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Amatus Lusitanus

**João Rodrigues na Castelo Branco**, wanda aka fi sani da **Amato Lusitano** da **Amatus Lusitanus** (1511-1568), sanannen likita Yahudawa ne na Portugal na karni na 16. Kamar Herophilus, Galen, Ibn al-Nafis, Michael Servetus, Realdo Colombo da William Harvey, an yaba shi da yin binciken a cikin yaduwar jini. An ce ya gano aikin bawul a cikin yaduwar jini.

## Rayuwa

An haifi Lusitano a shekara ta 1511 a Portugal" id="mwHg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Castelo Branco, Portugal">Castelo Branco, Portugal . Ya kasance zuriyar dangin Marrano da ake kira *Chabib* (= *Amatus*, "ƙaunatacce" a cikin Latin), kuma an haife shi cikin bangaskiyar Yahudawa. Bayan kammala karatunsa tare da girmamawa a matsayin MD daga Jami'ar Salamanca, bai iya komawa Portugal ba saboda tsoron Inquisition. Ya tafi Antwerp na wani lokaci sannan ya yi tafiya ta Netherlands da Faransa, a ƙarshe ya zauna a Italiya. Sunansa a matsayin daya daga cikin likitoci masu ƙwarewa na lokacinsa ya riga shi a can, kuma a lokacin da ya yi ɗan gajeren lokaci a Venice, inda ya sadu da likita da masanin falsafa Jacob Mantino, ya halarci 'yar uwar Paparoma Julius III da sauran fitattun mutane.

A shekara ta 1546, Amato ya kasance a Ferrara, a Jami'ar da ya koyar da ilimin jikin mutum a matsayin mataimakin likita Giambattista Canano kuma ya ba da laccoci game da tsire-tsire na magani. A lokacin wani lacca, ya rarraba gawawwaki goma sha biyu - babban sabon abu a wannan lokacin - a gaban masana da yawa, daga cikinsu akwai masanin ilimin jikin mutum Jean Baptiste Cananus, wanda ta hanyar kwarewarsa a wannan lokacin an ba shi kyauta ba daidai ba tare da gano aikin bawul a cikin zagayawar jini. A lokacin zamansa a Ferrara, wanda ya dauki shekaru shida, Amatus Lusitanus ya karbi gayyata daga Sarkin Poland don matsawa zuwa wannan ƙasar, wanda ya ƙi, ya fi son zama a Ancona, inda haƙuri na addini ya kasance.

## Ayyuka

Ya gano yaduwar jini, kuma ta hanyar dissections na jijiyar Azygos, shi ne na farko da ya lura da kuma hasashe game da bawul ɗin da aka samu a can.

Wannan binciken ya saba wa imani na al'ada na lokacin cewa jini yana gudana daga zuciya ta hanyar jijiyoyi da jijiyoyi. A bayyane yake cewa wannan ra'ayi ya goyi bayan gaskiyar cewa cibiyar sadarwa ta jijiyoyi da jijiyoyi ta zama mai ƙanƙanta da ƙanƙara yayin da suke nesa da zuciya. An kuma ɗauka cewa hanyoyin sadarwar ba su da alaƙa, don haka jini ba zai iya wucewa daga wannan hanyar sadarwa zuwa ɗayan ba. (Ba a riga an ƙirƙiri microscope ba, don haka mutum ba zai iya duba jijiyoyin jijiyoyi ba tare da taimako ba.)

Dokta Amatus Lusitanus ya bayyana a cikin Centuria I, sakin layi (Curatio) 513, yadda, a cikin 1547, ya yi gwaji a gaban wasu malamai daga Jami'ar Ferrara. Ya hura iska zuwa ƙananan ɓangaren azygos, kuma ya nuna cewa vena cava ba zai kumbura ba. Ba zai yiwu iska ta tsere ba saboda bawul ko operculum da aka ambata. Lokacin da ya bayyana cewa idan iska ba za ta iya wucewa daga azygos zuwa cikin vena cava ba, tabbas ne cewa jini, wanda ya fi iska kauri, ba zai iya gudana ba. A cikin masu sauraro akwai "mai ban sha'awa" Giambattista Canano, wanda aka ba da gano bawul ɗin daga baya ta kuskure.

## Manazarta
Abdi-Ashirta

**Abdi-Ashirta** (Akkadian; fl. 14th karni BC) shi ne mai mulkin Amurru wanda ke rikici da Sarki Rib-Hadda na Byblos .


## Sarauta

### Ƙananan Masarautar Amurru
Duk da yake wasu suna jayayya cewa Amurru sabuwar masarauta ce a kudancin Siriya karkashin ikon Masar, sabon bincike ya nuna cewa a lokacin rayuwar Abdi-Ashirta, Amurru "ƙasa ce mai zaman kanta" wacce ta kunshi 'yan siyasa masu zaman kansu da yawa. Sakamakon haka, kodayake Abdi-Ashirta yana da tasiri a tsakanin waɗannan siyasa, bai mallake su kai tsaye ba.

### Rikici da Byblos
Rib-Hadda ya koka sosai ga Fir'auna; a cikin wasiƙun Amarna (EA) - game da yunkurin Abdi-Ashirta na canza yanayin siyasa a kan kuɗin tsohon.[1] An ambaci mutuwar Abdi-Ashirta a cikin EA 101 ta Rib-Hadda a cikin wata wasika zuwa ga Akhenaten.

### Succession
Abin takaici ga Rib-Hadda, Abdi-Ashirta ya gaji dansa mai iyawa Aziru, wanda daga baya zai kama, gudun hijira kuma mai yiwuwa ya kashe Rib-Hadd. Aziru daga baya ta sauya sheka zuwa ga Hittites, wanda ya sa Masar ta rasa iko a kan lardin iyakarta na arewacin Amurru wanda Aziru ke sarrafawa.

## Manazarta
Joseph Shalom Gallego

**Joseph Shalom na Shalom Gallego** (Ibraniyawa; ya mutu 25 Nuwamba 1624) mawaki ne na Ibrananci kuma ḥazzan .

## Tarihin rayuwa
Asalinsa daga Salonika, [1] Gallego ya koma Amsterdam a kusa da 1614, [1] inda ya yi aiki na shekaru goma sha huɗu a matsayin ḥazzan na farko na majami'ar farko ta birnin, Beth Jacob. [1] A cewar wasu kafofin, daga baya ya koma Ƙasar Isra'ila.

Ya shirya tarin *Imre No'am*, wanda ke dauke da waƙoƙin addini, waƙoƙi, da waƙoƙoƙi (Amsterdam, 1628),  da yawa daga cikinsu an saita su zuwa waƙoƙun waƙoƙi na Ladino.  Ana iya samun waƙoƙinsa da yawa na Ibrananci a cikin tarin rubutun *Kol tefillah ve-kol zimrah* na David Franco Mendes . Gallego ya fassara daga Ibrananci zuwa Mutanen Espanya rubuce-rubucen ɗabi'a na Jonah de Gerona, a ƙarƙashin taken Sendroe [Sendero] de Vidas (Amsterdam, n.d.; 2d ed., Amsterdam, 1640).

*

## Manazarta
Dario Gabbai

**David Dario Gabbai** (2 ga Satumba, 1922 - 25 ga Maris, 2020) ya kasance Bayahude ne na Girka Sephardi kuma Wanda ya tsira daga Holocaust, sananne ne saboda rawar da ya taka a matsayin memba na Sonderkommando a Auschwitz . An kore shi zuwa sansanin a watan Maris na shekara ta 1944 kuma ya yi aiki a daya daga cikin wuraren da ake ƙone gawawwakin a Birkenau, inda aka tilasta masa taimakawa wajen ƙone gawawan daruruwan dubban Yahudawa na Hungary da aka kore su zuwa sansanin yayin bazara da rani na wannan shekarar.

Gabbai ya kasance a Auschwitz har zuwa lokacin da aka kwashe shi a watan Janairun 1945. Sojojin Amurka sun sake shi daga sansanin Ebensee a Austria, kuma ya yi magana a bainar jama'a game da abin da ya shaida kuma ya fuskanta a lokacin Holocaust. Shi ne na karshe daga cikin sanannun wadanda suka tsira daga Sonderkommando . 

## Kashewa
An haifi Gabbai a Thessaloniki ga mahaifiyar Girka da mahaifin Italiya kuma ta yi karatu a makarantun Italiyanci a Girka.[1] Lokacin da yake da shekaru 21 ko 22, 'yan Nazi sun tsare Gabbai da dukan iyalinsa a ranar 24 ga Maris, 1944, kuma a ranar 1 ga Afrilu an tura su zuwa Auschwitz a cikin kekunan shanu.[2] Kwanaki goma bayan haka, wannan jigilar ta isa Judenrampe a wajen Auschwitz-Birkenau, inda suka fuskanci tsarin zaɓe.[2] Sai dai Gabbai da kansa, ɗan'uwansa, da 'yan uwansa biyu (' yan uwansa Maurice da Shlomo Venezia), an zaɓi dukan iyalin don hallakawa kuma an kashe su a wannan rana.[2] Gabbai ya kalli iyayensa ana ɗora su a kan manyan motocin da za su kai su ɗakunan gas da wuraren ƙone gawawwakin.[1]

Gabbai ta yi rajista a sansanin a matsayin fursuna a shekara ta 182568.  An zaɓi shi da sauran samari uku don zama Sonderkommandos kuma an keɓe su a Block 13 (wanda aka sani da *Sonderkommando-Block*) a sansanin maza na Birkenau na kusan wata ɗaya.

## Ayyukan Sonderkommando
An kai Gabbai zuwa Crematorium II .  A matsayinsa na memba na Sonderkommando, ya sami kansa mafi kusa da tsarin hallaka kuma ya bayyana cewa yana ɗaya daga cikin maza 35 na Girka da aka zaba don wannan rawar, kuma yana tare da 'yan uwansa da ɗan'uwansa a duk lokacin.

Ayyukan Gabbai sun haɗa da taimaka wa maza, mata, da yara da aka zaɓa don yin amfani da iskar gas don cire tufafi, motsa gawawwakinsu daga ɗakin iskar gas zuwa wani tashar lantarki wanda zai kawo su zuwa bene na ƙasa inda aka sami murhun, da kuma ɗora gawawwakin cikin tashar murhu. Yayin da yake taimaka wa waɗanda aka zaba don cire tufafi, ɗayan ayyukan membobin Sonderkommando shine ci gaba da nuna cewa za a wanke su kawai. Gabbai ya ce akwai lokuta inda wadanda abin ya shafa suka san cewa akwai wani abu mai tuhuma game da makomarsu, cewa "wani abu mai ban dariya yana faruwa", amma babu abin da za a iya yi. A wani misali, Gabbai ya gane abokansa biyu daga Thessaloniki, ya bayyana musu gaskiyar abin da zai faru kuma ya gaya musu inda za su tsaya a cikin ɗakin gas don a kashe su da sauri. Gabbai ya ji yara da mahaifiyarsu suna kuka kuma suna goge ganuwar ɗakin gas yayin da suka mutu. Da zarar kisan ya ƙare, tsarin iska ya cire gas, sannan za a buɗe ƙofar. Gabbai ya ce:

## Manazarta
Margalit Matitiahu

**Margalit Matitiahu** (Ibraniyawa: ; an haife ta 1935, a Tel Aviv) mawaki ne a Ladino da Ibrananci daga Isra'ila .

Bayan Holocaust, iyayenta sun koma Isra'ila daga Thessaloniki, Girka inda suka kasance Yahudawa Sephardi waɗanda suka kasance zuriyar Yahudawa daga León. Ta yi karatun wallafe-wallafen Ibrananci da Falsafa a Zaki'ar Bar Ilan .

Ta fara rubutu a Ibrananci kuma a cikin 1988 ta buga Curtijo Quemado (daga baya a Vela de luz) a Ladino, wanda shine shaidar hallaka Nazi. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatarwa a rediyo kuma ta bincika yaren mahaifiyarta. Ita memba ce ta Kwalejin Fasaha da Al'adu ta Duniya (ta sami digiri na Honoris Causa), na kulob din PEN na Isra'ila da kuma kungiyar marubuta Ibrananci a Isra'ila . An ba ta kyaututtuka da yawa:

* 1994 "Fernando Jeno Award" lambar yabo ta kasa da kasa don wallafe-wallafen Yahudawa da al'ummar Yahudawa na Mexico suka bayar.
* lambar yabo ta "Ateneo de Jaen" ta 1996, lambar yabo ta wallafe-wallafen kasa da kasa don shayari a Jaen, Andalucia, Spain.
* Kyautar Firayim Minista ta Isra'ila ta 1999 ga Marubutan Ibrananci
* Kyautar "Poetry Award" ta 2003 lambar yabo ta kasa da kasa don shayari da aka bayar ta "Gabas da Yamma" Kwalejin Curtea de Arges, Romania

Giusepina Gerometa daga Jami'ar Udine ta rubuta takardar jarabawarta ta PhD a kan *Waƙoƙin Margalit Matitiahu* a cikin 2001-2002. Wannan ita ce rubutun farko game da waƙoƙin Sephardic na zamani. Sonja Bertok daga Jami'ar Trieste ce ta rubuta rubutun na biyu (a kan fassara) a cikin 2003-2004.

## Fim din 2004-2008

* Samar da fina-finai: Jerin "Hanyar Tsayawa da Rayuwa"
* Yin aiki tare da ɗanta Jack Matitiahu - darektan kuma mai daukar hoto na jerin. An gabatar da fina-finai biyu na jerin a Isra'ila, Spain, Toronto, Kanada, London. Fim din sune:
* "Zaki ya sake saduwa"
* "Toledo ɓoyayyen sirri"

## Haɗin waje

* Alamar rikodin Margalit ta Firamare da ke nuna aikinta na kiɗa 'Aromas Y Memorias'
Shemaiah di Medina

**Shemaiah di Medina** (Ibraniyawa; ya mutu a ranar 3 ga Yuni, 1648) masanin Yahudawa ne kuma mawaki na liturgical.

An haife shi a Salonica, ɗan Musa di Madina .  Wani jayayya da manyan mutane a cikin birni ya tilasta masa ya yi hijira zuwa Venice, inda ya zama memba mai daraja na rabbinate na gida kuma ya ci gaba da aikinsa na wallafe-wallafen da na ilimi.

Shemaiah marubucin waƙoƙi da yawa na liturgical.[1] Ya rubuta rubutun Ma'amar al 'Onshe Gehinnom ('A Treatise on the Punishments of Hell'), wanda ba a taɓa buga shi ba. Shemaiah kuma ya shirya kuma ya rubuta gabatarwa ga Ben Shemuel, tarin wa'azin da kakansa Samuel di Medina ya yi, da Bene Shemuel ya yi, aikin Samuel Ḥayyun [he] , wani dangi. [1][he][1] An ba da sharhi game da Littafin Misalai ga shi, kodayake marubucinsa ba shi da tabbas. [1][1]

## Manazarta
Yankunan Amarna da sarakuna

Wannan jerin haruffa ne na Amarna-Marufi, wanda aka rarraba ta: Haruffa-wuraren Amarna da sarakuna. Ya haɗa da ƙasashe, yankuna, da birane ko birane-jihohi. An haɗa yankuna a cikin Kan'ana da Levant.

Rubutun rubutun haruffa na Amarna ya ƙunshi haruffa masu lamba 382; akwai "sub-Text corpora" a cikin haruffa, mafi mahimmanci haruffa 68 na Rib-Hadda na Gubla- (Byblos).

EA na 'el Amarna'.

## Yankuna / sarakuna

## Manazarta
Ayyab

**Ayyab** ya kasance mai mulkin Aštartu (Ka ce Ashtara), kudu da Dimashƙu) a lokacin Amarna na Daular Masar .

A cewar haruffa na Amarna, birane / birane da sarakunan su a yankin - kamar ƙasashe a arewa, kamar Hatti na Hittites, sun zama ganima ga hare-haren da 'ʿApiru suka kai. Rubuce-rubucen Amarna sun rufe wani lokaci daga 1350-1335 KZ.

Wani mai mulkin Aštartu da aka ambata a cikin wasiƙun Amarna shine Biridašwa . Harafin ba su nuna sunansu a sarari ba, wanda ya jagoranci wasu masana su bayyana su a matsayin sarakunan Dimashƙu (Dimašqu) yayin da wasu suka yi imanin cewa manyan jami'an Masar ne, watakila magajin gari.[1]

## Tarihin Amarna
Tarihin Amarna (c. 1350 BC) yana da nassoshi 3 ga Ayyab . Ya rubuta wasika daya (EA 364) zuwa ga Fir'auna. An ambaci shi a cikin EA 256, wata wasika ta Mutbaal na Pihilu (Pella, Jordan), ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan Labaya mai tawaye.

Tsarin lokaci na abubuwan da suka faru na iya nuna cewa Ayyab ya yi mulki kafin Biridašwa.

### Rubuce-rubuce

#### Wasikar Amarna EA 364

A cikin Tarihin Amarna, Ayyab shine marubucin wasika ɗaya zuwa ga Fir'auna na Masar (EA 364). Yana cikin rikici da birnin Hazor a arewa maso yamma.

## Manazarta
Aziru

(Akkadian: ma-zi-ra) shi ne mai mulkin Kan'ana na Amurru, Lebanon ta zamani, a karni na 14 BC. Shi dan Abdi-Ashirta ne, tsohon masarautar Masar ta Amurru kuma dan zamani ne na Akhenaton.

## Iyali
Aziru shi ne ɗan kuma magajin Abdi-Ashirta, wanda ya kafa Masarautar Amurru . Shi ne mahaifin DU-Teššup .

## Sarauta
Aziru ya kasance ƙaramin sarki na ƙasar Amurru, mai bin Suppiluliuma I, Arnuwanda II da Mursili II. Ya canza amincinsa ga Suppiluliuma I a kusa da 1350-1345 KZ, kuma har yanzu yana da rai a Shekara 7 na Mursili II (c. 1315 KZ), lokacin da larduna masu tayar da hankali suka yi tawaye.

### Dangantaka da Masar

Ayyukan Aziru sanannu ne daga wasiƙun Amarna. Yayinda yake dan majalisa na Masar, ya yi ƙoƙari ya faɗaɗa mulkinsa zuwa gabar Bahar Rum kuma ya kama birnin Sumur (Simyrra). Jihohin makwabta sun ga wannan da tsoro, musamman Rib-Hadda, sarkin Gubla, (Byblos), wanda ya roki a aika da sojojin Masar don kare su. An kori Rib-Hadda - kuma mai yiwuwa ba da daɗewa ba aka kashe shi - bisa umarnin Aziru. Rib-Hadda ya bar garinsu na Byblos na tsawon watanni hudu don kammala yarjejeniya tare da sarkin Beirut, Ammunira, amma lokacin da ya dawo gida, ya fahimci cewa juyin mulkin da ɗan'uwansa Ilirabih ya jagoranta ya cire shi daga mulki. Ya nemi mafaka na ɗan lokaci tare da Ammunira kuma bai yi nasara ba don neman goyon baya daga Masar don mayar da shi ga kursiyin.  (EA 136-138; EA 141 & EA 142)  Lokacin da wannan ya gaza, an tilasta Rib-Hadda ya yi kira ga abokin gaba da ya rantse, Aziru, don mayar da shi a kan kursiyin birninsa. Aziru nan da nan ya ci amanarsa kuma ya tura Rib-Hadda a hannun sarakunan Sidon inda Rib-Hadd kusan ya sadu da mutuwarsa.

## Manazarta
Arka

**Arqa** (Arabic: عرقا, romanized: ʿArqā; Akkadian: 𒅕𒋡𒋫, romanized: Irqata) is a Lebanese village near Miniara in Akkar Governorate, Lebanon, 22&nbsp;km northeast of Tripoli, near the coast.

Garin ya kasance sanannen birni a lokacin Iron Age . Birnin Irkata ya aika da sojoji 10,000 zuwa hadin gwiwa a kan sarkin Assuriya a Yaƙin Qarqar . Tsohon bishopric ya zama Katolika mai suna sau biyu (Latin da Maronite). An haifi Sarkin sarakuna na Roma Alexander Severus a can. Yana da mahimmanci ga Tell Arqa, wani shafin binciken archaeological wanda ya koma zamanin Neolithic, kuma a lokacin Crusades akwai wani muhimmin gidan sarauta.[1]

## Sunayen
An ambaci shi a zamanin d ̄ a a cikin wasiƙun Amarna na Masar- (a matsayin *Irkata*), da kuma a cikin takardun Assuriya. 

An kira garin Roman Kaisariya-ad-Libanum (na Lebanon / Phoenicia) ko Arca Kaisariya . 

## Tarihi

### Farko na tagulla
A cikin Farkon Bronze IV, Filin Akkar yana da manyan shafuka uku a Tell Arqa, Tell Kazel, da Tell Jamous .  An mayar da hankali ga al'adu zuwa kudu da kudancin Levant, amma yanzu ya canza tare da ƙarin tasiri daga Inner Syria da amfani da jan ƙarfe.

### Bronze na Tsakiya
A cikin MB I Akkar Plain har yanzu ya ga an kara ƙananan ƙauyuka kusa da Tell Arqa kuma yankin ya kai mafi yawan jama'a a cikin MB II.

### Ƙarshen tagulla

#### Amarna Lokacin ''Irkata'' (c. 1350 BC)
Arqa tana da bambancin kasancewa birni-jiha wanda ya rubuta ɗaya daga cikin wasiƙu 382 na Amarna ga Fir'auna na Misira ta Dā.

Birnin Irqata shine birni na uku na wasikun Rib-Hadda, (wasikun 68), waɗanda suka kasance na ƙarshe game da mamayar  (H) Apiru. Sumur (u) - (Zemar) ita ce birni na biyu da aka riƙe ban da Byblos na Rib-Hadda, (mai suna Gubla).  A ƙarshe, an kashe sarkin Irqata, Aduna tare da sauran sarakunan birni, da kuma 'mayor' na Gubla, Rib-Hadda. Ɗan'uwan Rib-Hadda, Ili-Rapih, ya zama magajin gari na Gubla, kuma Gubla bai taɓa fadawa Hapiru ba.

A lokacin da Rib-Hadda ta yi tsayayya da Habiru, har ma da birnin Irqata da dattawa, sun rubuta wa Fir'auna Akhenaton na Masar don taimako.  (Amarna)" id="mwdw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="EA (el Amarna)">EA 100, EA don Amarna).

Taken wasikar: "birni Irqata ga sarki".

## Manazarta
Ashur-uballit I

**Ashur-uballit I** (Aššur-uballiṭ I), wanda ya yi mulki tsakanin  1363 da  1328 BC, shi ne sarki na farko na Daular Assuriya ta Tsakiya. Bayan mahaifinsa Eriba-Adad I (1390-1364 BC) ya karya rabin Kashi na tasirin Hurrian-Mitanni a kan Assuriya, Ashur-uballit I ya ci Sarkin Mitanni Shuttarna III ya nuna cikakken ikon Assuriya a kan Daular Hurri-Mitanna, yawancin abin da ya haɗa, da kuma farkon sake fitowa a matsayin daular mai iko. Daga baya, saboda rikici a Babila bayan mutuwar Sarkin Kassite Burnaburiash II, Ashur-uballit ya mamaye kuma ya kafa Kurigalzu II a kan kursiyin Babila, a farkon abin da zai zama jerin abubuwan da suka faru na Assuriya a cikin al'amuran Babila.

## Iyali da rayuwar mutum
Burnaburiash ya auri Muballitat-Sherua na Assuriya, 'yar Ashur-uballit I. Tare, suna da akalla ɗa ɗaya, Yarima Kara-hardash . Wataƙila su ne iyayen Kurigalzu II, ko kakanninsa.

## Harafin Amarna
Daga wasiƙun Amarna, jerin wasiƙun diflomasiyya daga sarakuna daban-daban na Gabas ta Tsakiya zuwa Amenhotep III da Akhenaton na Masar, mun sami wasiƙu biyu daga Ashur-uballit I, na biyu shine wasika mai biyo baya ga na farko. A cikin wasiƙun, Ashur-uballit yana nufin wanda ya riga shi na biyu Ashur-nadin-ahhe II a matsayin "mahaifinsa" ko "kakannin," maimakon ainihin mahaifinsa, Eriba-Adad I, wanda ya jagoranci wasu masu sukar tarihin Masar na al'ada, kamar David Rohl, don da'awar cewa Ashur-uɓallin wasiƙun Amarna ba daidai ba ne da Ashur-Ubbobin I. Wannan, duk da haka, sun yi watsi da gaskiyar cewa sarakuna a cikin wasiƙoƙin Amarna ba ne "ya'yansu na halitta" sau da yawa. A wannan yanayin, Ashur-uballit mai yiwuwa yana nufin Ashur-nadin-ahhe saboda ƙarshen, ba kamar Eriba-Adad I ba, a baya ya yi rubutu da kotun Masar. [bincike na asali?] &#x5B;**&#x5D;

## Yaƙe-yaƙe na Babila

## Manazarta
Adda-danu

**Adda-danu** shi ne 'mayor' na birni / birni-jiha na Gazru- (Gezer na zamani, Isra'ila) na lokacin haruffa na Amarna, 1350- BC. 'Adda' shine sunan allahn Arewa maso Yammacin Semitic Hadad, kuma Adda-danu yana fassara kamar haka: *"Hadad (shi ne) Alƙali"*. Adda-danu na ɗaya daga cikin magajin gari uku da suka yi mulki a Gazru a cikin wasikun Amarna na shekaru 20, sauran su ne Milkilu, da Yapahu .

Adda-danu shine marubucin wasika ɗaya, Amarna)" id="mwEw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="EA (el Amarna)">EA 292, (EA don 'el Amarna'). Taken wasikar yana da taken: "Kamar tukunya da aka riƙe a cikin alkawari". Ya kamata a lura cewa wasu daga cikin haruffa 382 na Amarna sun ƙunshi jimloli, ƙididdiga, ko misalai kuma taken yana nufin, The Pot of a Debt .

## Wasikar Amarna - a'a. 292

### Wasikar Adda-danu ga Fir'auna Akhenaten
Taken: *"Kamar tukunya da aka riƙe a cikin alkawari"*

: Ka ce wa sarki- (fir'auna), ubangijina,  tafi[d], Rana: Saƙon *Adda-danu*, bawanka, datti a ƙafafunka.[my] Na fada a gaban sarki, ubangijina, allahntaka, Rana, sau 7 da 7. Na kalli wannan hanyar, kuma na kalli wannan hanyar. Sai na kalli sarki, ubangijina kuma akwai haske. Wani tubali na iya motsawa daga ƙarƙashin "aboki- (brick) ", har yanzu ba zan motsa daga ƙarƙashin ƙafafun sarki ba, ubangijina. Na ji umarnin da sarki, ubangijina, ya rubuta wa bawansa, "Ka tsare Kwamishinan, kuma ka tsare biranen sarki, ubanniku. "Ina kiyayewa da gaske, kuma ina bin umarnin sarki, ubanka, dare da rana. Bari sarki, ubangijina, ya sanar da shi game da bawansa. Da yake akwai yaƙi da ni daga duwatsu, na gina: *b[a]-n[i]-t[i]* - (banû:  don ƙirƙirar, gina, samar da) gida - sunansa (sunan ƙauyen) shine Manhatu - don yin shiri kafin zuwan masu harbi na sarki, ubangijina, kuma Maya kawai ta ɗauke shi daga gare ni kuma ta sanya kwamishinansa a ciki. Ku haɗu da Reanap, kwamishina, don mayar da ƙauyen na a gare ni, yayin da nake yin shiri kafin zuwan masu harbi na sarki, ubangijina. Bugu da ƙari, la'akari da aikin *Peya, ɗan Gulatu*, a kan Gazru, baiwar sarki, ubangijina. Yaya tsawon lokacin da ya ci gaba da satar shi don ya zama, godiya ga shi, kamar tukunya da aka riƙe a cikin alkawari. Ana fansar mutane daga duwatsu don shekel 30 na azurfa, amma daga Peya don shekel 100. Ka sanar da waɗannan al'amuran bawanka. -EA 292, layi 1-52 (cikakke) 

## Manazarta

* Parpola, Simo, tare da Mikko Luuko, da Kalle Fabritius, The Standard Babylonian, Epic of Gilgamesh, The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project,1997, (softcover,  ); (Volume 1) a cikin asalin Akkadian cuneiform da fassarar; sharhi da **ƙamus** suna cikin Turanci.
Akizzi

**m">Akizzi** (Akk. ma-ki-iz-zi) shi ne Sarkin Qatna a kusa da 1350-1345 BC. An kuma san shi da marubucin wasu wasikun Amarna, inda ya nemi taimako daga Fir'auna game da masu mamayewa. Ya kasance magajin Idanda. Duk da yake an san Idanda daga wani tarihin da ke Qatna, ba a sami wani tarihin da aka samu a cikin Qatna wanda ke dauke da haruffa na Akizzi ba; maimakon haka, an sami haruffa da Akizzi ya aiko a Amarna.

Ba a san ko Akizzi ya yi amfani da lakabin LU (mutum) ko LUGAL (sarki) don kansa ba. Ya yi amfani da tsohon taken don sarakunan da ke kewaye da shi, kuma taken na ƙarshe ga kansa a cikin wasika ɗaya (Amarna Letter EA 57).

## Sarauta
Kamar yadda Tushratta na Mitanni ya rasa iko da yankin yammacin Yufiretis, tsoffin jihohin da ke ƙarƙashin ikon su fuskanci ƙoƙarin haɗa kansu da Masar ko miƙa wuya ga Suppiluliuma I na Hatti.

Akizzi ya rubuta wasiƙu da yawa na wasiƙun Amarna. A nan ya nemi taimako daga Masarawa game da mamayar Hittite a cikin tsohuwar yankin Mitanni. Ko da sarakunan Masar da suka gabata (watau Thutmose III) sun yi kamfen a wannan yankin, wanda Akizzi yayi ƙoƙari ya kira shi a matsayin dalilin da ya sa sarkin Masar ya zo ya "sake mallakar" yankinsa.

### Wasikar Amarna EA52
Rubutun rubutu a cikin Akkadian tare da wasu haskakawa na Hurrian.

Ga Sarm">ki ƙasar Masar (KUR mi-is-riki), saƙo daga Akizzi. Akizzi yana son Sarkin Masar ya taimaka masa a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe da Hittites suka haifar a Siriya bayan faduwar Daular Mitanni. Ya ambaci (Sarkin) ƙasar Hatti (watau Suppiluliuma I). Ya kuma ambaci Biryawaza (mbi-ru-a-za).

## Manazarta

* *Jaridar Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland*, 1990, Cambridge University Press for the Royal Asiatic Association 1990, shafi na 52&nbsp;
* Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha.&nbsp;
* G. Maspero, 1904, *Tarihin Masar*, Sashe na Hudu, Kessinger Publishing 2003, shafi na 278&nbsp;
* William L. Moran, The Amarna Letters, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987
Ili-Rapih

**Ili-Rapih** shi ne magajin gari na gaba a Byblos" id="mwBQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Byblos">Gubla- (Byblos na zamani), kuma ɗan'uwan Rib-Hadda, tsohon magajin gari ne na Gubla, (wanda shi ne marubucin wasiƙa ga Fir'auna); Ili-Rapah yana cikin wasiƙun Amarna na 1350-1335 KZ, kuma ya rubuta wasiƙu 2 zuwa Fir'au*na baya* mutuwar Rib-Haddi.

Lura, an ambaci sunan Ili-Rapih a cikin wasika ɗaya kawai a cikin dukan haruffa na Amarna, ban da nasa haruffa 2 na EA 139, da 140, (EA shine don 'el Amarna'), wanda shine wasika EA 128, (Rib-Haddi wasika no. 57 na 68).

## Harafin ''Ili-Rapih''

### EA 139, taken: ''"Sabon murya, tsohuwar labari"''

: Ga sarki,  lo[rd, Rana ta]: Saƙon *Ili-ra*[pih, bawanka]; saƙon Gu (b) la, [barka. Na faɗi a] ƙafafun ubangiji, Rana, sau 7 da sau .[my] Kada ku yi watsi da Gu-la, birni da birnin da ke cikin dangi daga mafi yawan zamanin d ̄ a.[rs] Bugu da ƙari, duba Gu-la! Kamar *Hikuptah*, haka ne Gu-la ga sarki, ubangijina. Kada ku yi watsi da laifuffukan wani serva[nt], domin ya yi kamar yadda ya ga dama a cikin ƙasashen sarki- (watau ɗan'uwan "sarki": Rib-Hadda). Ga laifin da Aziru ya aikata ... a kan sarki: [ya kashe] sarkin Ammiya, da [sarkin [./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= ]- (Ardata), da sarkin Ir (qata) - (="Sarkin Aduna"), [da kuma co] mai ba da izini ga sarki, ubangijina. Ya kuma shiga cikin Sumur.
: [Kuma hakika] yanzu yana da niyyar  kuka (ni) a kan sarki. Bugu da ƙari, ... ... Bari sarki (na) ubangiji, ya san [Ni] bawansa ne mai aminci. Kuma bari ya aika da sojoji zuwa garinsu - mutane 30 zuwa 50 - har zuwa Gubla. Sarkin zai dauki (n) o lissafin duk abin da Aziru ya aiko masa.***A ina*** abubuwan da yake aikawa da sha'awa suke? Yana da dukiya wani sarauta wanda ya kashe wanda ya aiko maka. Dubi, Aziru tawaye ne ga sarki, ubangijina. -EA 139, layi 1- 40 (cikakke, amma babban rashi: layi 20-28) 

## Manazarta

* Moran, William L. *Wasiƙun Amarna.*. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992.  (Sauce-cover,  )
Ammunira

**Ammunira** sarki ne na Beirut a tsakiyar karni na sha huɗu KZ. An ambaci shi a cikin wasikun Amarna da yawa, da kuma rubuce-rubucen EA 141-43 (EA don 'el Amarna'). [1]

## Manazarta
Kadashman-Enlil I

**Kadašman-Enlil I** (m*ka-dáš-man*-dEN.LÍL a cikin rubuce-rubucen zamani) ya kasance Sarkin Kassite na Babila daga ca. 1374 KZ zuwa 1360 KZ,  watakila na 18 na daular. 

## Sarauta

### Tattaunawa da Masar
An san shi da kasancewa na zamani na Amenhotep III na Masar, wanda ya yi rubutu da shi (wasiku na Amarna). Wannan ya sanya Kadašman-Enlil cikin aminci zuwa rabin farko na karni na 14 BC ta yawancin daidaitattun lokaci.

An adana allunan cuneiform guda biyar a cikin haruffa na Amarna. Harafin da aka sanya EA (don El Amarna) 1 zuwa 5 sun haɗa da haruffa uku da Kadašman-Enlil ya rubuta da biyu daga Amenhotep III, wanda ake magana da shi kuma yana kiran kansa *Nibmuareya*, ko bambance-bambance (daga Neb-Maat-Ra).

A cikin EA 1, ga Kadašman-Enlil daga **Nibmuarea** (Babban Sarki, Sarkin Masar), ya rubuta don tabbatar da Kadašman - Enlil cewa 'yar'uwarsa, 'yar Kurigalzu I, ba ta mutu ba, kuma ba a kore ta zuwa wata mace mai nisa ba a matsayin ƙaramar ƙwaraƙwalwa, kuma don amincewa da tayin ɗayan' ya'yan Kadašman, don zama, a matsayin wata matar. Ya ba da shawarar Kadašman-Enlil ya aika da *Kamiru*, wanda aka fassara shi a matsayin bābān, don gano 'yar'uwarsa, maimakon jakadun da aka aiko, wanda Amenhotep ya yi masa aspersions, yana kwatanta daya a matsayin makiyayi. Ba a iya karanta rubutun gaba ɗaya a wannan lokacin ba, kuma ana iya kiran wakilin da ba shi da kyau a matsayin jagora, kuma abokinsa ɗan kasuwa ne, don haka - waɗannan "nobodies" 'masu ciniki' ne kawai waɗanda ba su saba da membobin gidan sarauta ba kuma saboda haka ba su iya gane 'yar'uwar Kadašman-Enlil ba.

A cikin EA 2 daga Kadashman-Enlil I zuwa **Mimmuwareya** (Sarkin Masar), ya bayyana cewa "ya'yana mata suna nan (don aure)."

## Manazarta
Endaruta

Endaruta shi ne mai mulkin Achshaph- (Akšapa na haruffa), a cikin wasiƙa Amarna na 1350-1335 KZ. Endaruta shine marubucin EA_223" id="mwCw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Amarna letter EA 223">EA 223 (EA don 'el Amarna') na wasikun. An ambaci shi ne kawai a cikin wasu haruffa biyu EA 366 da 367, amma EA 367, mai taken: "Daga Fir'auna zuwa mai mulki" an yi wa Endaruta jawabi, tare da umarni don kare birninsa. Fir'auna ya ce Hanni-Khanni, yana kan hanya tare da "dakarun makamai", kuma don shirya don bukatun su. Harafin allon 367 ba a lalace ba, wasika ce mai layi ashirin da biyar.

## Harafin Amarna da suka shafi Endaruta

### [[Wasikar Amarna EA 367|EA 367]] - taken: ''"Daga Fir'auna zuwa mai mulki"''
Ka ce wa *Endaruta*, mai mulkin Akšapa: Ta haka ne sarki- (Fir'auna). Ya aika muku da wannan allon, (watau allon-wasika), yana cewa, "Ka kasance a kan ku. Dole ne ku kare wurin sarki inda kuka kasance.

Sarkin nan ya aiko maka da Hanni, *ɗan Maireya*, mai kula da sarki a Kan'ana. Kuma abin da ya gaya muku ya kula da hankali don kada sarki ya sami kuskuren a gare ku. Kowane kalma da ya gaya muku ya kula da hankali kuma ya yi aiki sosai. Kuma ***ku kasance a kan tsaro! *** ***Ka kasance a kan tsaro! Kada ku yi sakaci!*** Kuma ku shirya kafin zuwan masu harbi na sarki - abinci da yawa, ruwan inabi (da) duk wani abu da yawa. Lalle ne zai isa gare ku da sauri, (watau 'ba da daɗewa ba'), kuma zai yanke kawunan abokan gaba na sarki.

Kuma ka san cewa - "Sarki shine: hale kamar Rana a sama. Ga dakarunsa da karusai a cikin taron duk suna tafiya da kyau. - EA 367, layi 1-25 (cikakke) 

## Manazarta

* Moran, William L. *Wasiƙun Amarna.*. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992.  (Sauce-cover,  )
Arsawuya

Arsawuya ya kasance 'mayor' na Ruhizzi, wanda ke gabashin Qidšu- (Kadesh), kuma a gabas fiye da tsaunukan Anti-Lebanon, a lokacin 1350-1335 BC Amarna haruffa wasiƙa. An ambaci shi a cikin wasiƙu biyar, wasiƙu biyu daga cikinsu ya rubuta wa Fir'auna na Masar, wasiƙun EA 191, da 192, (EA don 'el Amarna').

## Wasika ta biyu ta Arsawuya
Cikakken batun wasika ta biyu ta Arsawuya ya ɓace saboda rashi mai yawa.

### EA 191, "Kayan aiki don yaki"''"Kaddamarwa don yaki"''

: Ga sarki, ubangijina: saƙon *Arsawuya*, mai mulkin Ruhizza. Na faɗi a ƙafafun sarki, ubangijina. Sarkin, ubangijina, ya rubuta mini don yin shiri kafin zuwan masu harbi na sarki, ubangiyata, kuma kafin zuwan kwamishinoni da yawa.
: Kuma zan iya tunanin ba na bauta wa sarki, ubangijina?
: Bari in haɗu da masu harbi na sarki da kwamishinoninsa don haka, da komai ya shirya, zan iya bin su duk inda suke yaƙi da sarki, ubangijina, kuma za mu kama su (kuma mu ba da abokan gaba a hannun sarki, ubanninmu. - EA 191, layi 1-21 (cikakke) 

## Manazarta

* Moran, William L. *Wasiƙun Amarna.*. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992.  (Sauce-cover,  )
Etakkama

**Etakkama**, a matsayin sunan gama gari, amma kuma, Aitukama, Atak (k) ama, Etak (k" ama, da Itak (k") ama shine sunan 'mayor' (sarki) na Qidšu, (Kadesh) na 1350-1335 KZ Amarna haruffa wasiƙa.  (An kuma ambaci Qidšu a matsayin: **Qinšu**, kuma ***Kissa***). An ambaci Etakkama a cikin 11 daga cikin haruffa 382 na EA, (EA don 'el Amarna'), kuma musamman, jerin haruffa 4 iri ɗaya game da: Amqu, yankin Beqaa a Lebanon. Wadannan haruffa 4 sun shafi dabarun birni / birni-jiha, tare da sojoji daga Hatti, da kuma da'awar: *Sojojin Etakkama daga 'Kinsa*' - (Qidšu-Kissa) -Kadesh) kuma suna da taken: *"Rahoton hadin gwiwa akan Amqu (1-4) "*.

## Iyali
Etakkama ɗan Shutatarra ne (ya mutu a shekara ta ).

## Sarauta
Taken sa bai zama dole ba "sarki" (LUGAL "babban mutum"), amma "Mutumin Kadesh" (LU "mutum"). A lokutan da suka gabata, Kadesh ta kasance wani ɓangare na Masarautar Qatna . Kafin 1350 KZ, wannan yankin ya kasance ƙarƙashin tasirin Tushratta na Mitanni. Koyaya, a cikin 1350 KZ, Suppiluliuma I na Hatti ya kai hari kan Mitanni kuma ya yi yaƙi da magoya bayan yammacin Yufiretis. Da farko, Etakkama da mahaifinsa sun fita don yaƙi da Suppiluliuma I, amma an ci su kuma an kai su Hatti. Etakkama daga nan ya dawo a matsayin mai mulkin Suppiluliuma I yana mulkin Kadesh kuma ya kaddamar da hare-hare kan wasu tsoffin Mitanni waɗanda ba su mika kansu ga Hittites ba. Bugu da kari, an buga wasan diflomasiyya tare da Tutankhamen na Masar don kiyaye Masarawa cikin rikicewa da kuma fita daga yakin.

Baya ga da'awar amincinsa ga Fir'auna, Etakkama yana bayyana yadda Biryawaza, Sarkin Dimašqu, (Damascus) shine ainihin matsala a Upu, yankin da ke kewaye da Dimashƙu. 'Yankin Amqu' shine yankin kwarin Beqaa zuwa arewa maso gabas (na Damascus), a Lebanon .

Da farko an dauke shi abokin aminci na Masar, kafin ya shiga cikin Hittites a cikin kawance a karkashin Aziru . Daga baya, Aitakama ya yi adawa da Šuppiluliuma I, wanda ya kai shi fursuna zuwa Hatti. Bayan Aitakama ya furta goyon bayan Hatti, Šuppiluliuma I ya sake dawo da shi a matsayin sarki a Kadesh. A cikin wasiƙun Amarna, Akhenaten ya bayyana shi a matsayin mai cin amana, mai goyon baya da abokin gaba na Masar, wanda ba zai zauna a tebur ɗaya ba.

### Mai mulkin Suppiluliuma I
A kusa da 1350 KZ, Etakkama ya sauya amincinsa ga Suppiluliuma I na Hatti yayin da Daular Mitanni ta fadi kuma Daular Masar ba ta iya samar da taimako ba.

### Tawayen da aka yi wa Mursili II
A cikin 1312 KZ, tsohuwar Etakkama ta jagoranci tawaye a kan Hatti a cikin shekara ta 10 na mulkin Mursili II, amma an kashe shi a lokacin da Hittite ke kewaye da Kades da ɗansa Niqmaddu, wanda daga nan ya ɗauki sarauta. Horemheb na Masar, wanda ake kira Arma'a, Mutumin Masar (ba a gane shi a matsayin sarki ba), ta hanyar Mursili II.

## Manazarta
Burna-Buriash na II

Burna-Buriaš II () ya kasance Sarkin Kassite na Karduniaš (Babila) a cikin Late Bronze Age, c. 1359-1333 BC. Misali "lokacin bincika littattafan shine wahalar makiyaya" an danganta shi da shi a cikin wata wasika zuwa ga sarki Esarhaddon daga wakilin sa Mar-Issar.

## Sarauta
Burna-Buriaš II (wanda aka gabatar a cikin cuneiform kamar *Bur-na-* ko *Bur-ra-Bu-ri-ia-aš*, kuma yana nufin bawa / mai kare Ubangiji na ƙasashe a cikin Harshen Kassite) an rubuta shi a matsayin Sarki na 19 don hawa kursiyin Kassite, ya gaji Kadašman-Enlil I, wanda mai yiwuwa mahaifinsa ne, kuma ya yi mulki na shekaru 27.

### Dangantaka ta kasa da kasa

#### Masarawa
Dangane da daidaitawa tare da "babban" ko "ƙananan" tarihin Masar, ya kasance zamani ne na Fir'auna na Masar Amenhotep III, Akhenaton da Tutankhamen (ƙasa).

An adana wasikar diflomasiyya tsakanin Burna-Buriaš da Fir'auna a cikin tara daga cikin haruffa na Amarna, wanda aka sanya EA (don El Amarna) 6 zuwa 14. Dangantaka tsakanin Babila da Masar a lokacin mulkinsa ta kasance abokantaka a farkon, kuma ana yin auren aure. "Tun lokacin da kakannina da kakanninku suka yi sanarwa game da abokantaka, sun aika da kyawawan kyaututtuka ga juna, kuma sun ki amincewa da wani abu mai kyau". Burna-Buriaš ya damu da karɓar shi daidai kuma sau da yawa yana nufin takwaransa a matsayin "ɗan'uwa". Sun musayar kyaututtuka: dawakai, lapis-lazuli da sauran duwatsu masu daraja daga Burna-Buriaš da hauren giwa, ebony da zinariya daga Akhenaten. A wani lokaci, Burna-Buriaš ya aika da wuyan hannu na lapis-lazuli ta hanyar taya murna ga haihuwar ɗan farko na Akhenaten, gimbiya Meritaten. 

Amma sai abubuwa suka fara zama masu zaki. A kan EA 10, ya koka cewa zinare da aka aika ba shi da nauyi. "Kun tsare manzo na tsawon shekaru biyu!" ya bayyana cikin damuwa. : 49-50 Ya zargi Masarawa saboda bai aika da ta'aziyya ba lokacin da yake rashin lafiya [i 2.): 14-25 kuma, lokacin da bikin auren 'yarsa ke gudana, ya koka cewa an aika da karusai biyar kawai don isar da ita zuwa Masar. : 21-22 Kyautattun amarya sun cika ginshiƙai 4 da layi 307 na kayan cuneiform akan allon EA 13.  

Ba wai kawai batutuwan damuwa ba ne. "Abin da kuke so daga ƙasarmu, rubuta kuma za a kawo shi, kuma abin da nake so daga ƙasarku, zan rubuta, cewa za a kawo ta. " 13-17 Amma har ma a cikin al'amuran kasuwanci, abubuwa sun tafi ba daidai ba kuma, a cikin EA 8, ya koka cewa 'yan mulkin Kan'ana na Masar sun sace kuma sun kashe' yan kasuwa. Ya bukaci fansa, yana mai suna Šum-Adda, ɗan Balumme, wanda ba a san alaƙar da ba, da Šutatna, ɗan Šaratum na Akka, a matsayin masu aikata laifi. [i 1]: 8-42:8–42

A cikin wasikar da ya yi da Fir'auna, bai yi jinkirin tunatar da su game da wajibai ba, yana ambaton amincin da ya yi a dā:

## Manazarta
Niqmaddu na II

Niqmaddu II shi ne mai mulki na biyu kuma sarki na Ugarit, tsohuwar birni-jiha ta Siriya a arewa maso yammacin Siriya (c. 1350-1315 BC) kuma ya gaji mahaifinsa, Ammittamru I. Ya kasance mai mulkin Suppiluliuma I na Hatti .

## Rayuwa ta farko
*Niqmadad* II (Akkadian, "ramako na Hadad" ) ya ɗauki sunansa daga mai mulkin Amori na  Niqmad du, ma'ana "Addu ya tabbatar" don ƙarfafa asalin Amorite na daular Ugaritic. 

Shi ɗan Ammittamru ne kuma an haife shi ga [ba a sani ba]. Yana da ɗan'uwa Nuriyãnu . 

Wataƙila matarsa Pisidqi ce da aka sani daga rubutun shari'a.

## Sarauta
Kodayake ba a san ainihin ranar da ya hau gadon sarautar Ugarit ba, yana iya zama zamani na Akhenaton da Tutankhamun [1] mai mulkin Hittite Šuppiluliuma I, kuma ya kasance mai bin wannan. [2] Yana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Masar, kuma ya yarda da Amorites a cikin jayayya game da yankin Shiyannu a farkon mulkinsa.[3] Ya ba da umarnin Ba'al Cycle game da allahn Haddu / Ba'al, kuma yana da ɗa, Niqmepa . [2] An ambaci shi a cikin zagaye na Ba'al a matsayin Sarki nqmd . [2] Arhalba ne ya gaje shi a takaice wanda ya zo kursiyin a lokacin Babban Sarki Mursili II na Hatti .

### Dangantakar Masar
Yin amfani da babban jerin lokuta na Sabon Masarautar, Niqmaddu II zai kasance na zamani tare da manyan sarakuna Tutankhamen, Ay, da Horemheb na Daular Masar.

A cikin Wasikar Amarna EA 49, Niqmaddu II a bayyane ya nemi likitan Masar da ma'aikatan fadar biyu daga "Cush", jakadan Masar zuwa Ugarit. (o 001) Ga sarki, Sun, ubangijina, saƙo daga Niqma-Haddu, bawanka. Na fada a gaban sarki, rana, ubangijina. Bari ya yi kyau ga sarki, Rana, ubangijina (da) gidansa, ga matarsa ta farko, ga matansa na biyu, ga [ya'yansa maza, ga dawakai] (da) dakarun yau da kullun, ga [duk dukiyar sarki,] Rana, maigidan. 

  (r 018) [...] gidan mahaifina. A baya [...]. Don haka ubangijina ya kamata ya ba ni bayin biyu, ma'aikatan fadar daga ƙasar Cush (KUR ka-ši), kuma ya ba ni jami'in fadar, likita. Babu likita a nan. Yanzu, ka tambayi [Ḥa]ramaśi!  (yawanci) Da nan (sun kasance) [...] da ɗari [...] don gaisuwa [kyauta] . 

## Manazarta
Biridiya

**Biridiya** ita ce mai mulkin Megiddo, arewacin kudancin Levant, a karni na 14 BC. A lokacin Megiddo birni ne da ke biyayya ga Daular Masar. Yana daga cikin makircin da ke kewaye da Labaya na Shechem.

## Tarihi
Biridiya ita ce mai mulkin Magidda (Megiddo). A lokacin, Labaya na Shechem ya yi ƙoƙari ya faɗaɗa yankinsa da ikonsa. Labaya ya kai hari Megiddo (EA 244) ya tilasta wa mutane su gudu cikin ganuwar birni kuma ya sa ba zai yiwu a girbe gonaki ba. Dukansu Biridiya da Yashdata (EA 248/EA 245) sun kai hari Labaya, a bayyane yake tare da goyon bayan Suruata na Akko. A wani lokaci Suruata ya dauki Labaya daga Megiddo don aika shi ta jirgin ruwa zuwa Fir'auna, amma ya karɓi fansa kuma ya saki Labaya (EA 245).

### Tarihin Amarna
A **Misira**, Tarihin Amarna (c. 1350 BC) ya ƙunshi wasiƙu da Biridya ya rubuta. Tarihin ya rufe takardun diflomasiyya daga lokacin Amenhotep III, Akhenaten da Tutankhamen, wanda ake kira "Faru'u". An kuma ambaci shi a wasu haruffa. Rikicin ya fito ne a Kan'ana a ƙarshen mulkin Akhenaton da kuma cikin mulkin Tutankhamen wanda ya kasance matashi don ya mallaki kansa kuma kwamishinoni sun wakilce shi.

* EA 242 ya "Binciken da aka ba" Megiddo sarki Biridija ga Fir'auna # 1 ya gaya wa dukiyarsa kuma yana yaƙi.
* EA 243 da ke "Around-the-clock-defense" da Megiddo sarki Biridija zuwa Fir'auna #
* EA 244 da "Besieged by Labayu" da Megiddo sarki Biridija zuwa Fir'auna # 3
* EA 245 da kuma "Aikace-aikacen laifi" da Megiddo sarki Biridija zuwa Fir'auna # 4
* EA 246 rat "Ya'yan Labaya da Megiddo sarki Biridija zuwa Fir'auna # 5 game da 'ya'ya maza biyu na Labaya suna sayen mercenaraies daga Habiru da Suteans don yin yaƙi da Megiddo.
* EA 247 ya shiga "Wane ne ni?" tare da Megiddo sarki Biridija (ko Jasdata) 
* EA 248 hanyar "An yi hijira mai mulki" da aka yi wa Fir'auna cewa yana tare da Biridiya.[sd]

## Manazarta
Mutbaal

**Mutbaal** (Akk. "mutumin Ba'al") sarki ne na Kan'ana na zamanin Amarna . An gano shi a cikin haruffa na Amarna a matsayin ɗan Labaya, mai mulkin ƙasar tudun arewacin Urushalima, gami da yankin da ke kusa da birnin Shachmu (Shechem na Littafi Mai-Tsarki).

Mutbaal na iya zama ɗan da Labaya ya yi hulɗa da maharan Habiru a cikin EA 254. Ya yi mulki a Pella a gabashin Kogin Urdun . Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa a hannun 'yan ƙasar Gina, Mutbaal da ɗan'uwansa sun ci gaba da kai hare-hare kan wasu sarakunan Kan'ana da mallakarsu, suna amfani da ma'aikatan Habiru. Daga bisani kotun Masar ta umarci Biryawaza na Dimashƙu da ya dauki mataki na makamai a kan 'ya'yan Labaya.  (EA 250) 

## Jerin wasiƙu 2 na Mutbaal zuwa Fir'auna

### EA 255
Wasikar Mutbaal no. 1 na 2, taken: "Babu makoma da ya yi nisa" Wasikar 255 ta Mutbaal, game da caravans, da alama tana nuna cewa wurinsa a yammacin Jordan (a matsayin "Major na Pihilu", birnin Pella na zamani a Jordan) muhimmiyar hanyar kasuwanci ce zuwa gabas zuwa Babila, ko arewa zuwa Mittani.

Ka ce [t]o sarki, ubangijina da Rana: Ta haka ne Mut-Bahl[u], bawanka, datti a ƙafafunka, laka da kake tafiya a kai.[my] Na faɗi a ƙarƙashin ƙafafun sarki, ubangijina, sau 7 da 7. Sarkin, ubangijina, ya aiko mini da Haaya ya ce, "Mutumin zuwa Hanagalbat- (Mitanni), wannan (mutumin) ne don aikawa, kuma (dukanku) aika shi!" Wanene ni ne wanda ba zan aikawa da motar sarki ba, ubangijin, ganin cewa [La]b 'ayu, mahaifina, [ya yi amfani da] ga sarki, ubangiji, [kuma] ya yi amfani da shi [da kansa] aikawa da] ga [dukan] da] sarki [wanda] sarki zuwa Hanagal.[and] Bari sarki, ubangijina, ya aika da wata ƙungiya har ma zuwa Karaduniyaš. Zan gudanar da shi da kaina a karkashin kulawa mai tsanani. -EA 255, layi 1-25 (cikakke)

## Manazarta
* Ba'a da aka yi amfani da shi. *Zamanin Amarna: Nazarin Rikicin Dā.* Jami'ar Jami'ar Pacific, 2004.
* Cohen, Raymond da Raymond Westbrook (ed.). *Amarna Diplomacy: Farawar Dangantakar Kasa da Kasa.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002.
* Moran, William L. (ed. da trans.) The Amarna Letters . Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002.
Uwargidan Zaki

[1] ko kuma "Lady" na Zaki, shine marubucin haruffa biyu ga Fir'auna, Sarkin Masar ta Dā, a cikin 1350-1335 KZ Amarna wasikun wasiƙa.[2][3] Sunan ta wakilci ne na rubutun rubutun asali na 'Sumerograms' na Babila, "NIN- + UR.MAH + (jama'a:MEŠ) ", kuma yana nufin, "mace-zaki-jama'a", wato: "Lady (na) Lions". (Dubi: NIN don "mace"). Ana rubuta haruffa na Amarna galibi a cikin cuneiform na Akkadian, tare da kalmomi / jimloli / da sauransu saboda birane ko ƙasashe daban-daban.

Sunan ko wurin birni / birni-jiha ba a bayyana a cikin wasikar ta ba. Gabaɗaya, ana zaton ta kasance mai mulkin Beit Shemesh . 

Har ila yau ana kiranta "Mistress of the Lionesses", ita mace ce "sarki" wacce ta mallaki Beit Shemesh a kusa da 1350 KZ.[1]

## Harafin Amarna guda biyu

### EA 273: ''"Daga uwar sarauniya"''

: Ka ce wa sarki- (watau f="./Pharaoh" id="mwRQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Pharaoh">Fir***'zuwa***), ubangijina, allahn na, Rana ta: Saƙon fNIN-UR. MAH. MEŠ, uwargidanka. Na faɗi a ƙarƙashin ƙafafun sarki, ubangijina, sau 7 da 7. Bari sarki, ubangijina, ya san cewa an yi yaƙi a ƙasar, kuma ya tafi ƙasar sarki, ubanniyata, ta hanyar barin 'Apiru. Bari sarki, mahaifata, ya san ƙasarsa, kuma ya sa [k]ing, ubangiyata, kn[ow] tha[t] 'Apirú ya rubuta wa Ayyaluna da Sarha, kuma 'ya'yan Milkilu biyu sun kusan tsere daga kashe su. Bari sarki, ubangijina, ya san wannan aikin. - EA 273, layi 1-26 (cikakke) 

## Manazarta
Naziba

**Naziba**, ƙaramin 'birni' ne, ko 'birni-jiha' a kudancin Dimašqu- (Damascus), a cikin wasiƙa Amarna na 1350-1335 KZ. Garin Naziba yana kusa da wasikun Amarna *Qanu*, yanzu ana kiransa Qanawat, da kuma *Kenath* na Littafi Mai-Tsarki.

Naziba, wani bangare ne na jerin haruffa 6, wanda marubuci ya rubuta, duk suna da taken: "A shirye don umarni na tafiya (1-6) ". Harafin galibi iri ɗaya ne, tare da Mai mulki birni da wurin kawai ke canzawa; su haruffa ne Amarna)" id="mwGQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="EA (el Amarna)">EA 201-EA 206, (EA don 'el Amarna').

## EA 206, don "mai mulkin Naziba"

: Ka gaya wa sarki, ubangijina: saƙon mai mulkin Naziba, bawanka. Na faɗi a ƙafafun sarki, ubangijina, sau 7 da sau 7. Kuna da hannu don yin shirye-shirye kafin zuwan masu harbi, kuma ni nan tare da dakaruna da karusai, a hannun masu harbi.[ten] - EA 206, layi 1-17 (cikakke) 

## Jerin jerin haruffa 6

:# EA 201-muradin tafiya (1) - don Artamanya na Siribašani
:# EA 202-marching umarni (2) - ga Amawaše na Bašan (?) 
:# EA 203 umarnin tafiya (3) - don 'Abdi-Milki na Šashimi
:# EA 204- umarni na tafiya (4) - ga mai mulkin Qanawat" id="mwMw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Qanawat">Qanu, wanda ake kira Qanawat
:# EA 205- umarni na tafiya (5) - don mai mulkin Tubu (birni)  
:# EA 206- umarni na tafiya (6) - ga mai mulkin Naziba
:# *Ƙarin ta marubuci*: EA 195 - taken: "Na jira kalmomin Fir'auna" - ta Biryawaza na *Dimašqu* (Damascus) 

## Dubi kuma

* Tubu (birni) , don "mai mulkin Tubu"
* Qanawat- (*Qanu*) 
* Yankunan Amarna da shugabanninsu

## Manazarta

* Moran, William L. *Wasiƙun Amarna.*. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992.  (Sauce-cover,  )
Labaya

**Labaya** (**Labayu** ko **Lib'ayu**) yarima ne na Kan'ana kuma mai mulkin Shechem a tsakiyar ƙasar tudun kudancin Kan'ana a Amarna_Period" id="mwDg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Amarna Period">Lokacin Amarna Period (c. 1350 BC).  Ya rayu a lokaci guda tare da Fir'auna Akhenaton . An ambaci Labaya a cikin wasikun Amarna da yawa (abbreviated "EA", don 'el Amarna'). Shi ne marubucin wasikun EA 252-54.

Labaya ya kasance mai aiki a duk tsawon Samariya da dan kadan bayan haka, yayin da ya ba da ƙasa ga Xiapiru a kusa da Šakmu (Shechem). Shi da 'ya'yansa maza sun yi barazanar birane masu iko kamar Urushalima da Gazru (Gezer) a kudu da Magidda (Tel Megiddo) a arewa.

## Ayyuka
Harafin Amarna sun ba da cikakken kallo game da aikin Labaya. A cikin wasiƙun Labaya na farko da aka gano har zuwa yanzu (EA 252), ya kare kansa ga Fir'auna game da korafe-korafe na wasu sarakunan birni game da shi, alal misali, korafin cewa ya hayar da ma'aikata daga cikin Habiru. Labaya ya ci gaba da yarda da cewa ya mamaye Gezer kuma ya zagi sarkinsa Milkilu. Ya musanta duk wani ilmi game da zargin haɗin gwiwar ɗansa tare da Habiru:

## Manazarta
Šuwardata

**Šuwardata** (*Shuwardata*, **Šuardatu**) yawancin malamai sun fahimci shi ne sarkin garin Gath na Kan'ana (Tell es-Safi), kodayake wasu sun ba da shawarar cewa shi ne 'mayor' na *Qiltu* (Keilah?, ko Qi'iltu), a lokacin 1350-1335 KZ Amarna wasikun wasiƙa. Šuwardata shine marubucin wasiƙu 8 ga Fir'auna na Masar.

## Sunan
Sunan *Šuwardata* na iya kasancewa daga asalin Indo-Aryan, watakila yana nuna fili ciki har da allahn Vedic Sun Surya kuma yana nufin "wanda sama ya ba shi" 

## Misali na wasikun Šuwardata
Baya ga haruffa Amarna)" id="mwIQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="EA (el Amarna)">EA 283, da EA 366, (EA don 'el Amarna'), kawai wasika 280 ta ba da labarin makirci: Duba Labaya, ko Abdi-Heba, kamar yadda EA 280 ta ce: "Bugu da ƙari, Lab'ayu wanda ya kasance yana karbar garinmu, ya mutu, amma yanzu [wani] Lab'ayu shine 'Abdi-Heba ne, kuma ya kwace garinmu".[an]"Bugu da ƙari, Lab'ayu wanda ya kasance yana karbar garinmu, ya mutu, amma yanzu [wani] Lab'ayu shine 'Abdi-Heba, kuma ya kwace garinmu".[an]

Sauran haruffa 5 suna nufin waɗannan: Qeltu- (Qiltu, Keilah:); azurfa (a matsayin biyan kuɗi); Sun, (a matsayin Rê); dakarun mai harbi; kuma kawai ambaton Rahmanu, wani jami'in Masar, (wasika EA 284, "Handunan sarki mai iko").

### EA 283: "Oh don ganin sarki"-- (no. 6 na 8)
Dukkanin wasikun Šuwardata an rubuta su ga Fir'auna.

## Manazarta