Jean Thomas (masanin kimiyyar halittu)

**Dame Jean Olwen Thomas** (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1942) Masanin kimiyyar halittu ne na Welsh, tsohon Jagora na Kwalejin St Catharine, Cambridge,  kuma Shugaban Jami'ar Swansea. 

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Thomas a Treboeth, Swansea ga John Robert da Lorna (née Harris) Thomas, kuma ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Llwyn-y-Bryn don 'yan mata. Ta ci gaba da karatunta a Kwalejin Jami'ar Swansea inda ta sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a cikin ilmin sunadarai a 1964 sannan ta sami digiri a shekarar 1967. Rubutun ta ya kasance a kan hulɗar Hydroxyl-carbonyl a cikin cyclic peptide da depsipeptides . 

## Ayyuka da bincike
Bayan ta PhD a 1967, Thomas ta kasance tare da Cambridge a Kwalejin Darwin har zuwa 1969. A wannan lokacin, ta gudanar da Beit Memorial Fellowship for Medical Research a Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiya (MRC) Laboratory na Molecular Biology (LMB), wani dakin gwaje-gwaje da aka keɓe don fahimtar hanyoyin halittu don magance manyan matsaloli a cikin cututtukan ɗan adam. Daga nan ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na ma'aikatan ilimi na jami'a da kuma Fellow na New Hall, yanzu Kwalejin Murray Edwards, inda ta yi aiki da mataimakin shugaban kasa daga 1983 zuwa 1987. A shekara ta 1985, a lokacin da take mataimakin shugaban New Hall, ta sami digiri na Doctor of Science daga Jami'ar Cambridge.

Thomas farfesa ne mai girma a fannin ilmin sunadarai na macromolecular a Cambridge kuma ya kasance farfesa a can tun 1991. Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Cibiyar Cambridge don Karɓar Kwayoyin tsakanin 1993 da 2003.  A shekara ta 2007, Thomas ta zama abokiyar Kwalejin St. Catharine, kuma a shekara ta 2016, ta zama aboki mai daraja. An zabe ta a matsayin malamin 38 na Kwalejin St. Catharine a shekara ta 2007, wanda ya sa ta zama malamin mata na farko tun lokacin da aka kafa kwalejin a shekara ta 1473. Shugaban kasa da 'yan uwan kwalejin ne suka zabe ta, ta kasance mai koyarwa har zuwa 2016, lokacin da Farfesa Sir Mark Welland ya gaje ta. An kirkiro asusun tallafin karatu da ake kira Jean Thomas PhD Award don girmama ta ta tsohon jami'in St. Catharine's Peter Dawson. Yana ba da cikakken kuɗin karatun PhD a kowace shekara ga ɗalibi a St. Catharine.

Sauran gudummawar da ta bayar ga kungiyoyi na waje sun hada da aiki a Majalisar Binciken Kimiyya da Injiniya, Majalisar Royal Society, Majalisar Bincike ta Injiniya da Kimiyya ta Jiki, Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Kimiyya na Cibiyar Lister ta Magunguna, da Kwamitin Ba Da Shawara na Masarautar Ciwon daji. Farawa a shekara ta 1994, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya na tsawon shekaru goma. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2000, ta zama gwamnan Wellcome Trust, babbar kungiyar bayar da agaji ta duniya. A shekara ta 2002 an zabe ta Fellow na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya (FMedSci)  kuma ita ma Fellow ce ta Learned Society of Wales (FLSW).  Tsakanin 2000 da 2005, ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Kungiyar Biochemical Society kuma an ba ta memba na girmamawa na wannan kungiya a shekara ta 2008.  Gidauniyar Wolfson, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ke tallafawa ƙwarewa a kimiyya da ilimi, ta nada ta a matsayin mai amincewa a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2013. A shekara ta 2014, an zabi Thomas a matsayin Shugaban kasa na biyu na Royal Society of Biology, wanda ya gaji Nancy Rothwell na Jami'ar Manchester.  A shekara ta 2018 an nada ta shugabar Jami'ar Swansea . 

Baya ga mukamai da yawa da ta rike, Thomas ya zama abokin girmamawa na Jami'ar Wales Swansea a 1987 da Jami'ar Cardiff a 1998. An kuma ba ta digirin digirin girmamawa a kimiyya daga Jami'ar Wales a 1992 kuma daga Jami'an East Anglia a 2002. A shekara ta 2009, an sanya ta a matsayin abokiyar girmamawa ta Jami'ar Aberystwyth don nuna godiya ga aikinta na musamman a matsayin masanin kimiyya na Welsh. 

### Ayyuka a cikin ilmin sunadarai
Ayyukanta a matsayin masanin kimiyyar halittu an mayar da hankali sosai kan nazarin tsarin da ƙarfin chromatin da rawar da take takawa a cikin matsin lamba da kunna kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar sunadarai masu sarrafawa. Ita ce mutum na farko da ya ware kuma ya nuna histone octamer, wanda a ƙarshe ya haifar da tsarin nucleosome na duniya don tsarin chromatin wanda Roger D. Kornberg ya tsara. Daga bisani za a ba Kornberg kyautar Nobel a fannin ilmin sunadarai saboda aikinsa a kan fassarar kwayar halitta da fassarar.

Ayyukan Thomas na baya-bayan nan sun mayar da hankali kan zurfin fahimtar sunadarai na chromatin, kamar su babban rukunin rukunin rukunin 1 (HMGB1) da histone H1, da kuma hulɗar su da DNA. A cikin shekara ta 2007, ƙungiyar bincikenta ta yi amfani da Taswirar NMR don bayyana mafi kyawun tsari mara kyau na hulɗar HMGB1-DNA wanda ake zargi da sarrafa shi ta hanyar wutsiyar acid na HMGB1. Sun gano cewa ba tare da la'akari da tsawon wutsiyar acidic ba, yana yin hulɗa mai zurfi tare da yankunan da ke ɗaure DNA na akwatunan HMG guda biyu a cikin HMGB1.  Bayan shekara guda, ta wallafa wata takarda da ke kwatanta tasirin H1 da HMGB1 a kan nucleosome. An nuna Histone H1 don daidaita tsarin ta hanyar juyawa biyu na DNA mai haɗawa a kusa da octamer yayin da HMGB1 ya lalata nucleosome ta hanyar lankwasa DNA da ke kusa. An sake amfani da NMR spectroscopy don nuna cewa H1 yana ɗaure zuwa wutsiyar acidic na HMGB1 ta hanyar C-terminus, don haka ya dakatar da hulɗar HMGB1-DNA. Daga baya ta bayyana tsarin waɗannan hulɗar kamar yadda ya rushe kuma kamar sandwich, yana nuna cewa yana da mahimmanci ga aikin ƙarfin sunadarai masu ɗaure DNA.

Thomas ya kuma gano cewa HMGB1 yana taka rawa a matsayin mai kula da ɗaure abubuwan fassarar kamar p53 zuwa DNA. A cikin 2012, sake amfani da NMR spectroscopy, tawagarta ta warware tsarin A-box / p53 wanda aka kafa ta hanyar hulɗa tsakanin N-terminus na p53 da HMG-box guda ɗaya na HMGB1. [1] Kwanan nan, ta yi nazarin sunadarai daga Drosophila melanogaster da masara waɗanda suke kama da HMGB1 don bayyana mafi sauki, tsarin gaba ɗaya na halayyar hana kai na yankunan da ke ɗaure DNA na akwatunan HMG a cikin HMGB1.[2] A halin yanzu tana ci gaba da jagorantar ƙungiyar masu bincike a Sashen Biochemistry a Jami'ar Cambridge . [3]

## Manazarta