Ruth First

**Heloise Ruth First** OLG (4 ga Mayu 1925 &#x2D; 17 ga Agusta 1982) ta kasance mai fafutukar adawa da wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu kuma mai koyarwa. An kashe ta a Mozambique, inda take aiki matsayin ‘yar gudun hijira, ta hanyar bam din da 'yan sandan  Afirka ta Kudu suka kafa.

## Iyali da ilimi
Iyayen Ruth First Yahudawa ne, Julius First da Matilda Levetan, sun yi hijira zuwa Afirka ta Kudu daga Latvia a 1906 kuma sun zama mambobin kafa Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Afirka ta Kudu (CPSA), wanda ya riga ya kasance Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Kudu (SACP). An haifi Ruth First a shekara ta 1925 kuma ta girma a Johannesburg. Kamar dai iyayenta, ta shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis,  wacce ta haɗa kai da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka a yunkurin gwagwarmayarta don hambarar da gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu.

Yayinda take budurwa, ta fara halartar Makarantar Sakandare ta Jeppe na 'yan mata sannan ta zama mutum na farko a cikin iyalinta da ya halartar jami'a. Ta sami digiri na farko daga Jami'ar Witwatersrand a 1946. Yayinda take jami'a, ta gano cewa "a harabar makarantun Afirka ta Kudu, batutuwan ɗalibai da suke da muhimmanci  batutuwan ƙasa ne". Ta cikin wadanda suka kafa Federation of Progressive Students, wanda aka fi sani da Progressive Student League,  kuma ta san, a tsakanin sauran 'yan uwanta, Nelson Mandela, shugaban Afirka ta Kudu na gaba, da Eduardo Mondlane, shugaban farko na ƙungiyar' yancin Mozambique FRELIMO .

Bayan kammala karatunta, Farko ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar mai bincike ga Sashen Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a na Majalisar Birnin Johannesburg. A shekara ta 1946, matsayinta a Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta bunkasa sosai bayan jerin yajin aikin ma'adinai inda aka kama manyan mambobin Jam'iyyar. Da farko sai ya zama babban editan jaridar mai tsattsauran ra'ayi *The Guardian*, wanda daga baya jihar ta dakatar da shi. Ta hanyar aikin jarida na bincike, na farko ya fallasa manufofin wariyar launin fata da aka sani da wariyar launin fatar, wanda aka yi niyya ga baƙar fata na Afirka ta Kudu bayan tashiwar Jam'iyyar National a shekarar 1948. 

A shekara ta 1949, ta auri Joe Slovo, mai fafutukar adawa da wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu kuma mabiyin Kwaminisanci, suna da da 'ya'ya mata uku tare, Shawan, Gillian da Robyn . A tare, Slovo da First sun zama jagora a zamanin zanga-zangar 1950 inda gwamnati ta haramta duk wata kungiya da ke adawa da manufofinsu.

Baya ga aikinta tare da *The Guardian* da magajinsa, an kafa Kungiyar 'yan Democrat na Afirka ta Kudu (COD), reshe mai fararen fata kawai na Kungiyar Kungiyar Kwadago, a 1953 tare da goyon baya daga First. A shekara ta 1955, ta ɗauki matsayin edita na wata mujallar siyasa mai tsattsaurar ra'ayi da ake kira Fighting Talk . First da Slovo sun kasance mambobi ne na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka, bayan Jam'iyyar Kwaminis. Ta kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin rikice-rikicen da aka yi a shekarun 1950.

## Tuhumar cin amana da tsare
First ta kasance daya daga cikin wadanda ake tuhuma a cikin Trial na Cin amana na 1956-1961, tare da wasu manyan masu gwagwarmayar adawa da wariyar launin fata 156 wadanda suka kasance manyan mutane a cikin Alliance Congress. An yi amfani da ayyukan First na farko-farko da rubuce-rubucenta a matsayin shaida don tabbatar da cin amana a madadin Alliance Congress.

Bayan shekaru hudu na cin zarafin da jihar ta yi, First tare da sauran masu fafutuka 155 duk an wanke su daga tuhumarsu. Bayan dokar ta baci da ta biyo bayan Kisan kiyashi na Sharpeville a shekarar 1960, an lissafa ta kuma an dakatar da ita. Ba za ta iya halartar tarurruka ko wallafa littafi ba, kuma ba za a iya ambaton ta ba. A shekara ta 1963, a lokacin wani tashin hankali na gwamnati, an daure ta kuma an tsare ta a ware ba tare da tuhuma ba har kwana 117 a karkashin Dokar Tsaro ta Kashi Tara. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka tsare a karkashin wannan doka.

## Kora da kisan kai

A watan Maris na shekara ta 1964, ta yi gudun hijira zuwa Landan, inda ta zama mai aiki a cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙaddamar da Ƙasa ta Burtaniya . Ta kasance mai bincike a Jami'ar Manchester a 1972, kuma tsakanin 1973 da 1978 ta ba da lacca a cikin nazarin ci gaba a Jami'an Durham . Ta kuma no shafe lokaci a jami'o'i a Dar es Salaam da Lourenço Marques, Maputo .

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1978, ta fara zama darektan bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka (Centro de Estudos Africanos), Jami'ar Eduardo Mondlane a Maputo, Mozambique .  An kashe ta ne da umarnin Craig Williamson, babban jami'in 'Yan sanda na Afirka ta Kudu, a ranar 17 ga watan Agustan 1982, lokacin da ta bude bam din da aka aika wa jami'ar. Bridget O'Laughlin, masanin ilimin ɗan adam da ke aiki tare da First, tana cikin ofishin First a lokacin da aka kashe ta, kuma ta ba da shaida ga Hukumar Gaskiya da Sulhu.

## Tarihi
Littafin First, 117 Days, ya kunshi labarinta game da kama ta, ɗaure ta da kuma yin tambayoyi da Ofishin 'Yan sanda na Afirka ta Kudu Sashi na Musamman suka maya a  1963. An fara buga littafin a shekarar 1965. Littafin ya ba da cikakken bayani game da yadda ta jimre da "keɓewa da rashin jin dadi" yayin da take tsayayya da "matsi don samar da bayanai game da abokan aikinta ga Sashin Musamman".

'Yarta, marubuciya Gillian Slovo, ta wallafa nata tarihin rayuwa, *Kowane Abun Sirri: Iyalina, Ƙasa ta*, a cikin shekara ta 1997. Labari ne game da yarinta a Afirka ta Kudu da kuma dangantakarta da iyayenta masu gwagwarmaya.  &#x5B;**&#x5D;

## Fina-finai
Fim din A World Apart (1988), wanda 'yarta Shawn Slovo  ta rubuta kuma Chris Menges ne ya ba da umarni, labari ne game da wata yarinya farar fata da ke zaune a Afirka ta Kudu tare da iyaye masu adawa da wariyar launin fata, kodayake ana kiran iyalin Roth a cikin fim din. Barbara Hershey tana taka rawar da ta danganci Ruth First . 

Fim din 2006 Catch a Fire game da mai fafutuka wanda Patrick Chamusso Shawn Slovo ya rubuta shi, kuma a ciki an nuna First a matsayin wata yarinya, Robyn Slovo, wanda shi ma yana daya daga cikin masu shirya fim din ne.

## Jirgin sintiri

A shekara ta 2005, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Muhalli ta Afirka ta Kudu ta kaddamar da Jirgin sintiri na muhalli wanda aka sanya wa suna Ruth First . 

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, kasar Gambiya ta ba da hatimi don girmama ta, ta  kiranta daya daga cikin Jaruman Afirka.

## Manyan  ayyukan da aka buga
 

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* (tare da R. Segal), Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka: A Travesty of Trust .  London. 1967.: CS1 maint: wurin da ya ɓace mai bugawa (link)  
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* (wanda aka shirya tare da J. Steele da C. Gurney), The South African Connection: Western Investment in Apartheid .  London. 1972.: CS1 maint: wurin da ya ɓace mai bugawa (link)  
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* (tare da Ann Scott),  .  London: Andre Deutsch. 1980.
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## Dubi kuma

* Jerin mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin umarnin haramta a ƙarƙashin wariyar launin fata
* Marion Sparg - 'yar tawaye ta ANC da aka yanke wa hukuncin shekaru 25 a kurkuku saboda cin amana
* Gert Sibande
* Kauracewa dankalin turawa na Afirka ta Kudu

## Manazarta


## Haɗin waje

* Ruth Takardun Farko akan layi 
* Ruth Takardun farko a Jami'ar London
* Ruth First Educational Trust tana ba da dama ga ɗaliban digiri na Afirka ta Kudu don karatu a Jami'ar Durham.
* Shahadar farko ta Afirka, *Mail & Guardian*, Adekeye Adebajo, 25 ga Agusta 2010
* Ruth First Jeppe High School for Girls Memorial Trust  An kafa 27 Yuli 2011 a  a watan Yulin 2010 kuma za ta ba da tallafin karatu don cikakken karatu a Jeppe High school for Girls na tsawon lokacin makarantar sakandare. An yi niyya ne ga 'yan mata a cikin aji na 7 waɗanda ke nuna halaye na jagoranci, ƙarfin hali, ƙuduri da ikon rinjayar al'ummarsu da kyau.
* Tunawa da Ruth na farko, mace mai hangen nesa, sha'awa [mafi kyawun haɗin kai], na Peter Vale, The Daily Dispatch, 17 ga Agusta 2012