Tarihin yankin Bahar Rum

**Tarihin yankin Bahar Rum,** da na al'adu da mutanen Basin Bahar Rum yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar asali da ci gaban Mesofotamiya, Masarawa, Kan'aniyawa, Phoenician, Ibrananci, Carthaginian, Minoan, Girkanci, Persian, Illyrian, Thracian, Etruscan. Iberian, Roman, Byzantine, Bulgarian, Larabawa, Berber, Ottoman, Kiristanci da al'adun Musulunci. Tekun Bahar Rum ita ce babbar  hanyar sufuri, kasuwanci da musayar al'adu tsakanin al'ummomi daban-daban da suka mamaye nahiyoyi uku:  Yammacin Asiya, Arewacin Afirka, da Kudancin Turai.

## Tarihin farko

Lézignan-la-Cèbe a Faransa, Orce  a Spain, Monte Poggiolo  a Italiya da Kozarnika a Bulgaria suna daga cikin tsoffin wuraren Paleolithic a Turai kuma suna kusa da Basin Bahar Rum.

Akwai shaidar kayan aikin dutse akan Crete a cikin shekaru 130,000 BC,   wanda ke nuna cewa mutanen farko sun iya amfani da jiragen ruwa don isa tsibirin.

Matsayin al'adu na wayewa (tsarin al'umma da aka tsara a kusa da cibiyoyin birane) ya fara tasowa a kudu maso yammacin Asiya, a matsayin hadakar yanayin Neolithic, tun daga farkon karni na 8 BC, na cibiyoyin proto-urban irin su Çatalhöyük. Civilization na  gari daidai ya fara fitowa a cikin Chalcolithic, a cikin karni na 5 zuwa 4 na Masar da kuma a Mesopotamiya.

Yankin Bahar Maliya babban jigon wayewar Turai ne. An yi imanin wurin Solnitsata (5500 BC - 4200 BC) shine birni mafi dadewa a Turai - kakkarfan katanga (garu) mazaunin dutse (birni na tarihi).     Kayan kayan tarihi na farko na zinariya a duniya sun bayyana daga karni na 4 BC, kamar wadanda aka samo a cikin wani wurin binne daga 4569-4340 BC da kuma daya daga cikin mahimman wuraren tarihi na tarihi a tarihin duniya-Varna Necropolis kusa da tafkin Varna a Bulgaria, an yi la'akari da shi. zama farkon abin da aka samo na kayan tarihi na zinare na "kyakkyawan kwanan wata". 

Tun daga shekara tadumu Danya daces,i datara (1990), kayan tarihi na zinari da aka samu a makabartar kogon Wadi Qana na karni na 4 BC a Yammacin Kogin Jordan su ne na farko daga Levant. 

Zamanin Bronze ya taso a wannan yanki a cikin ƙarni na karshe na karni na 4th. Urban civilization na Crescent mai albarka a yanzu suna da tsarin rubuce-rubuce da hadaka aikin hukuma, a tsakiyar karni na 3 wanda ke haifar da ci gaban dauloli na farko. A cikin karni na 2, yankunan gabashin Tekun Bahar Rum sun mamaye daulolin Hittiyawa da Masarautar Masar, suna fafatawa don iko da jihohin birni a cikin Levant (Kan'ana). Minoans suna kasuwanci a ko'ina cikin yawancin Bahar Rum.

Rushewar Zamanin Bronze shine sauyi daga Late Bronze Age zuwa farkon zamanin iron age, wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar rugujewar tattalin arzikin fadar Aegean da Anatoliya, wadanda aka maye gurbinsu bayan tsagaitawar al'adun kauye na tsohuwar Gabas ta Tsakiya. Wasu sun yi nisa har suna kiran abin da ya kawo karshen Zamanin Tagulla da “catastrophe”.  Ana iya ganin rugujewar shekarun Bronze a cikin mahallin tarihin fasaha wanda ya ga jinkirin, kwatankwacin ci gaba da yaduwar fasahar aikin karfe a yankin, wanda ya fara da aikin ƙarfe na karfe a yanzu a cikin kasar Romania a karni na 13 da 12.  Rushewar al'adu na masarautun Mycenaean, daular Hittiyawa a Anatoliya da Siriya, da Masarautar Masar a Siriya da Isra'ila, barkewar huldar kasuwanci mai nisa da kusufin karatu kwatsam tsakanin 1206 zuwa 1150 BC. A cikin kashi na farko na wannan lokacin, kusan kowane birni tsakanin Troy da Gaza an lalata su da karfi, kuma sau da yawa ya bar shi ba tare da komai ba (misali, Hattusas, Mycenae, Ugarit). A hankali karshen zamanin Duhu wanda ya biyo baya ya ga hadakar masarautun Neo-Hittite Aramaean na tsakiyar karni na 10 BC, da hadakar Daular Neo-Assyrian.

Yayin da ci gaban al'adu a lokacin Bronze Age ya kasance mafi yawa a cikin yankunan gabas na Bahar Rum, tare da  Iron Age, duk yankin bakin teku da ke kewaye da Bahar Rum yanzu ya shiga, mahimmanci saboda fadada Phoenician daga Levant, farawa a ca. karni na 12. Fernand Braudel ya bayyana a cikin *Ra'ayin Duniya* cewa Phenicia ta kasance farkon misali na "tattalin arzikin duniya" da dauloli suka kewaye. Babban batu na al'adun Phoenician da ikon teku yawanci ana sanya ca. 1200-800&nbsp;BC An kafa yawancin kauyuka mafi muhimmanci na Finikiya tun kafin wannan lokacin: Byblos, Trye, Sidon, Simyra, Arwad, da Berytus, duk sun bayyana a cikin allunan Amarna.

## Manazarta