open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ibrahim Roentgen

**Abraham Roentgen** (30 Janairu 1711 - 1 Maris 1793) ɗan Jamus ne Ébéniste ( mai majalisar ministoci ).

## Farkon rayuwa
An haifi Roentgen a Mülheim am Rhein, Jamus. Ya koyi aikin kabad daga mahaifinsa. Yana da shekaru 20, ya yi tafiya zuwa Hague, Rotterdam da Amsterdam, yana koyo daga tsoffin masu yin kabad.

## Ayyuka
Ya shahara da aikinsa na yin kayan yaƙi, kuma ya yi aiki a Landan (a cikin shagon William Gomm) har zuwa 1738. A ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 1739, ya auri Susanne Marie Bausch daga Herrnhut . An haifi ɗansa, David Roentgen, a ranar 11 ga Agusta, 1743.

A shekara ta 1753 sun yi ƙaura zuwa matsugunin Moravian da ke Neuwied, kusa da Koblenz, inda ya kafa masana'antar kayan daki.

## Ritaya da Mutuwa
Bayan ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1772, ɗansa Dauda ya karɓi ragamar kasuwancin kuma ya kafa kansa. Abraham Roentgen ya mutu a Herrnhut da ke Saxony a Jamus a shekarar 1793.

## Adabi
** Manuel Mayer: *Mutuwar Verwirklichung eines Möbels.* *Der Schreibsekretär von Abraham Roentgen in der Residenz zu Würzburg*, in: *Mainfränkisches Jahrbuch für Kunst und Geschichte*, Bd. 70, Archiv des Historischen Vereins für Unterfranken und Aschaffenburg, Bd. 141, Würzburg, 2018 , S. 239-259.
** Wolfram Koeppe (Hg.): Ƙirƙiro-ƙirƙiro Masu Ban Mamaki. Kayan Daki na Royally na Roentgens, kundin nunin kayan tarihi, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Metropolitan, New York 2012.
** Heinrich Kreisel: *Möbel von Abraham Roentgen*, in: *Wohnkunst und Hausrat, einst und jetzt*, Bd. 5, Darmstadt, o. J.
** Claus Bernet: *Ibrahim Roentgen.* A cikin: *Biography-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon* (BBKL). Band 29, Bautz, Nordhausen 2008, , Shafi na 1177–1181.
** Andreas Büttner, Ursula Weber-Woelk, Bernd Willscheid (Hg.): *Edle Möbel für höchste Kreise - Roentgens Meisterwerke für Europas Höfe* . Katalog des Roentgen-Museums Neuwied, Neuwied 2007,  .
** Andreas Büttner: *Roentgen.* *Möbelkunst der Extraklasse,* hrsg. von der Stadt Neuwied. Kehrein, Neuwied 2007,  .
** Melanie Doderer-Winkler: *Abraham da David Roentgen (1711-1793; 1743–1807),* a cikin: *Rheinische Lebensbilder,* Bd. 17 ,hrg. von Franz-Josef Heyen, Köln 1997, S. 57–78.
** Dietrich Fabian: *Abraham da David Roentgen.* *Von der Schreinerwerkstatt zur Kunstmöbel-Manufaktur,* Pfaehler, Bad Neustadt an der Saale 1992,  .
** Detlev Richter, Bernd Willscheid: *Reinheit, Feuer & Glanz - Stobwasser da Roentgen.* *Kunsthandwerk von Weltrang,* Katalog des Roentgen-Museums Neuwied, Neuwied 2013,  .
** Peter Prange: *Roentgen, Ibrahim.* A cikin: *Neue Deutsche Biography* (NDB). Band 21, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2003, , S. 730 f. (Digitalisat).
** Wolfgang Thillmann, Bernd Willscheid (Hg.): *Möbeldesign - Roentgen, Thonet und die Moderne,* Katalog des Roentgen-Museums Neuwied, Neuwied 2011,  .

## Manazarta
 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Koepe, Wolfram. "Ibrahim da David Roentgen". A cikin Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Gidan Tarihi na Art, 2000-. (Yuni 2013)
* Tarihin Rayuwa a Gidan Tarihi na Getty
Jean-François Oeben

**Jean-François Oeben**, ko **Johann Franz Oeben** (9 ga Oktoba 1721 - 21 ga Janairu 1763) ɗan ƙasar Jamus ne ( mai yin kabad ) wanda aikinsa ya yi a birnin Paris. Shi ne kakan uwa ga mai zane Eugène Delacroix .

## Rayuwa da aiki
Babu wani abu da aka sani game da horonsa. Ya kasance a birnin Paris a kusan shekara ta 1740; daga shekara ta 1749 ya zauna a birnin Faubourg Saint-Antoine .

A tsakanin 1751 zuwa 1754 ya yi aiki a matsayin *rakiya* a wurin bitar Charles-Joseph Boulle, ɗan babban *Ébeniste* na Louis XIV, André Charles Boulle, sannan ya yi aiki da kansa a cikin ginin da ke cikin Galleries na Louvre wanda Boulle ya ba shi. Daga 1754 an ba shi wurin zama, da farko a Manufacture des Gobelins, sannan, a 1756, a cikin bita da masauki a Arsenal.

Duk da cewa ya yi bita a ƙarƙashin naɗin sarauta, a tsawon aikinsa, mai naɗa majalisar sarakuna, *ébeniste du Roi*, shine Gilles Joubert . Oeben ya yi aiki ga masu sarauta wani lokacin ta hanyar *[[Mai siyarwa|masu shiga]]* tsakani, yana samar da kayan daki masu kyau  tare da kayan ado na furanni waɗanda suka bazu, a cikin shekarun ƙarshe na aikinsa, zuwa ga tsarin tayal mai laushi.

Oeben ya yi aiki sosai ga Madame de Pompadour : a cikin kayan da aka tattara bayan mutuwarsa akwai kayayyaki goma da ke jiran a kawo wa Mme de Pompadour. Ta yi odar kayan daki da yawa daga gare shi a shekarar 1761, babu shakka ga Château de Bellevue, kuma ta riga ta biya livres 17,400 a asusunta. A cikin kayan bayan mutuwarta, akwai commodes guda goma sha shida "à la Grecque" waɗanda dole ne su fito daga Oeben, wanda ke kan gaba a wannan matakin farko na salon neoclassical ; a cikin sanarwar da ke tallata sayar da kayansa bayan mutuwarsa, an bayyana a sarari cewa komai yana cikin "sabon salo" [1] (Eriksen 1974:208). Ba duk kayan daki na Mme de Pompadour suka yi watsi da salon rococo ba: a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Metropolitan, tebur na injiniya wanda Oeben da surukinsa RVLC suka buga [2] ya huda ƙafafun cabriole, saboda wani tasirin haske da alheri na musamman. Na'urorin da ke ɗauke da kayan yaƙi na Pompadour, hasumiya, da kuma tambarin RVLC da ke nuna cewa ɗaya daga cikin kayan aikin da aka bari a wurin aikin ne da aka bari ba a kammala ba a lokacin mutuwar Oeben, wanda Roger Vandercruse ya kammala kuma ya buga.

## Manazarta

* Eriksen, Svend, 1974. *Tsarin Neo-Classicism na Farko a Faransa* (London: Faber)
* Stratman Döhler, Rosemarie, *Jean François Oeben*, Paris, 2002,
Georg Friedrich von Reichenbach

**Georg Friedrich von Reichenbach** (24 ga Agusta 1771 - 21 ga Mayu 1826) ƙwararren mai ƙera kayan kida ne na kimiyya na Jamus .

## Rayuwa ta farko
Mahaifin Reichenbach ƙwararren makaniki ne, kuma ƙwararren mai harba bindiga, wanda ya ƙaura zuwa Mannheim lokacin da Reichenbach ke da shekaru biyu, kuma ya zama manajan ayyukan harba bindiga a can. Yana ɗan shekara 14, an shigar da Georg Makarantar Soja a Mannheim inda ya san masanin ilmin taurari a Mannheim Observatory. Ya sami ilimin kayan aikin lissafi kuma an yi masa wahayi zuwa ga ƙoƙarin gina irin waɗannan kayan aikin a cikin shagon mahaifinsa. Daraktan Observatory ya aika da wani sextant da Reichenbach ya yi zuwa Count Rumford .

Lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 19, Reichenbach ya sami tallafin gulden 500 don tafiya zuwa Landan, da kuma gabatarwa ga injiniyoyi James Watt da Matthew Boulton . Ziyarar farko ta Reichenbach zuwa Ingila ta kasance daga 1 ga Yuni 1791 zuwa Janairu 1792, lokacin da ya dawo gida na ɗan lokaci kafin ya koma Ingila. Ya yi zane-zanen injin tururi na Watt duk da ƙoƙarin Watt na ɓoye masa shi, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin injiniya a fannin ƙarfe na Ingila kuma ya yi karatun kera kayan kida na Ingilishi.

Ya dawo gida a watan Mayu na shekarar 1793 kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin inganta ayyukan bita na soja a Mannheim da Munich, tare da taimakon mahaifinsa.

## Yin kayan aiki
A shekara ta 1796 ya koma Munich inda ya fara kera kayan aikinsa na kimiyya masu shahara, ciki har da injin rabawa, a tsakanin gudanar da ayyukan soja, wanda ya haɗa da ƙirƙirar bindiga mai ɗaukar kaya ta breech wadda duk da haka ba ta shahara ba.

## Manazarta

* 
*
Johann Peter Migendt

**Johann Peter Migendt**, shi ma **Migendt**, (1703 - 19 Satumba 1767) wani mai gina sassan jikin Jamus ne a Berlin kuma magajin Joachim Wagner .

## Rayuwa
An haifi Migend a Birthälm, Principality of Transylvania (yanzu Biertan, Sibiu County, Romania ). Daga 1731/32 ya yi aiki da Joachim Wagner a Berlin, kuma daga 1741 ya zama ƙwararren masani bayan mutuwar Kallensee. An san kwangilar haɗin gwiwa da Wagner don sabon ƙungiyar ma'aikata tun daga 1747, kuma a 1749 ya karɓi aikin Wagner. A 1755 Peter Migendt ya gina gida a abin da daga baya ya zama Münzstraße 9 a Spandauer Vorstadt, [1] A 1756 ya sami takardar shaidar zama ɗan ƙasar Berlin .

Daga cikin ma'aikatansa akwai Georg Friedrich Grüneberg (har zuwa kusan 1756) da Ernst Julius Marx, wanda wataƙila ya karɓi aikin bitar bayan 1667. Ya mutu a 1767 a Berlin.

## Jerin ayyuka (zaɓi)
Sabbin gabobi, sake ginawa, ƙaura guda biyu, gyare-gyare, tayin sabbin gabobi da ƙwarewa an san su daga Johann Peter Migendt. Gaɓoɓin da ke Ueckermünde (a da Berlin, Neue Kirche), gaɓoɓin Amalien da ke Berlin-Karlshorst (a da can a cikin gidan sarauta) da gaɓoɓin da ke Ringenwalde sun tsira.

## Manazarta
Ernst Julius Marx

**Ernst Julius Marx** (sau da yawa **Ernst Marx** ; 28 ga Nuwamba 1728 a Ballenstedt, Masarautar Anhalt-Bernburg - 25 Maris 1799) muhimmin maginin gaɓar jikin Jamus ne a Berlin. Ya yi aiki a cikin al'adar Joachim Wagner .

## Rayuwa
 
Mahaifin George Christoph Marx ƙwararren masani ne a Ballenstedt. An yi wa Ernst Marx aiki a wurin aikin Johann Peter Migendt a Berlin tun daga shekarar 1753/55. Babu shakka ko ya rayu ya ga Joachim Wagner, wanda ya mutu a shekarar 1749. Marx ya yi aiki tare da Migendt ( a Kamfanin ) kuma ya auri 'yar'uwar matar Migendt, Maria Louisa Balke, a shekarar 1756.

Bayan mutuwar Peter Migendt a shekarar 1767, ya ci gaba da bitar shi kaɗai. Ɗaliban sun haɗa da Johann Simon Buchholz, surukinsa Johann Friedrich Falckenhagen, da ɗansa Friedrich Emanuel Marx, wanda ya karɓi bitar bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa a shekarar 1799.

Marx shi ne mafi ƙanƙanta daga cikin masu gina gaɓɓai waɗanda suka ci gaba da bin al'adar Joachim Wagner (ko da yake bai san shi da kansa ba) kuma ya ba wa ɗalibansa ta'aziyya. Ya mutu a Berlin, Masarautar Prussia yana da shekaru 70.

## Jerin ayyuka (zaɓi)
Marx ya gina sassan jiki a Margraviate na Brandenburg, wasu kuma a Pomerania da Mecklenburg, kuma ya gudanar da sake ginawa da gyara. Ayyukan a Vielitz (kusan kammalawa),  (a da Boitzenburg), Brunne da  (wanda aka danganta), manyan sassa a Białogard (Belgard) da Eberswalde da Rostock, da kuma bayanan da aka samo a Altenkirchen (wanda a da Berlin Kattunfabrik ce), a Sophienkirche Berlin da kuma a Strausberg . Gaɓoɓin da ba sa wanzuwa ko kuma waɗanda aka adana su a ƙananan sassa kawai an saita su da rubutun harafi.

## Manazarta
Sebastian Klotz

**Sebastian Klotz** (18 Janairu 1696 - 20 Janairu 1775) ƙwararren mai yin goge ne na Jamus, ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan Mathias Klotz uku. 

An haifi Klotz a Mittenwald a ranar 18 ga Janairu, 1696, ɗan Mathias Klotz na biyu, wanda ya koyi fasahar yin goge daga gare shi. A ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1724, ya auri Maria Rosina Mayr, wacce ta haifi 'ya'ya goma sha ɗaya da ita. [1] Uku daga cikin waɗannan yaran (Georg II Karl, Aegidius Sebastian da Joseph I Thomas) sun ci gaba da al'adar yin goge daga iyali. [1] Sauran mutanen da Klotz ya horar sun haɗa da Anton da Andreas Gäßler da Johann Georg Psenner. [1]

## Duba kuma

* Klotz (masu yin violin)

## Manazarta
Friedrich von Knauss

**Friedrich von Knaus(s)** (7 ga Fabrairu ko Afrilu 7, 1724 - 14 ga Agusta, 1789), wani mai yin agogo ne na Jamus kuma mai ƙirƙira wanda ya gina hanyoyin aikin agogo waɗanda, ta hanya mai sauƙi, za su iya kunna kayan kida, rubuta gajerun jimloli, ko gudanar da wasu ayyuka na musamman.

An haifi Von Knauss ko dai a Aldingen ko kuma a Ludwigsburg .  Mahaifinsa, Ludwig Knaus, shi ma mai yin agogo ne. Friedrich yana da ɗan'uwa, Ludwig Johann, wanda aka ce shekarar haihuwarsa ta kasance a shekara ta 1715 ko 1716.

Daga 1739 zuwa 1750s, von Knauss ya shagaltu da fadar babban duke na Darmstadt, kuma a 1749 ya zama "Hofmechaniker", Injiniyan Kotun Sarauta da na Sarki. Tare da ɗan'uwansa, ya samar da shahararren Kaiserliche Vorstellungsuhr (Agogon Wakiltar Masarautar) a 1750, don tunawa da cika shekaru goma na hawan Maria Theresia kan karagar mulki. [1] A 1757, ya kammala aikin mawaƙin injiniya wanda ya buga flageolet, wani nau'in na'urar rikodi . [2] Wasu daga cikin shahararrun kayan aikinsa sune kawunan magana na injiniya guda huɗu a 1770; duk da haka, ba su yi nasara ba sosai. Gasar da aka yi wa masu gyaran makanikai da masana'antun gabobi da aka gudanar a 1779 a Rasha ta tabbatar da rashin nasararsu, domin gasar, wadda Kwalejin Kimiyya ta St. Petersburg ta gudanar, ta yi amfani da samar da kan magana a matsayin jigon, kuma ta ƙayyade cewa na'urar za ta iya yin magana da wasali biyar.

A shekara ta 1778, an nemi Knauss a matsayin kyaftin na rundunar soji ta Vienna,  inda ya mutu.

## Manazarta
Johann Andreas Klindworth

**Johann Andreas Klindworth** (11 Nuwamba 1742, a Göttingen &#x2013; 1813) makaniki ne na ƙarni na sha takwas kuma mai ƙera kayan kida na ilmin taurari . Shi ne kuma kakan wata sananniyar iyali mai daraja wadda take da suna har zuwa yau. Ana yaba masa a matsayin wanda ya ƙirƙiro hukumar kula da Seeberg Observatory a Gotha, Jamus, wacce aka yi a kusan 1786. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Duk da mummunan yanayin rayuwa da iyayensa ke ciki, matashi Johann Andreas ya sami damar samun ilimi mai ban mamaki.  Kasancewarsa mutum mai hazaka sosai, mai wayo kuma mai amfani ga komai, ya shiga masana'antar yin agogo a matsayin almajiri ga mahaifinsa bayan ya bar makaranta. 

A shekara ta 1785 ya auri Friederica Eleonora Diedrich kuma ya haifi 'ya'ya maza uku, [1] Karl Friedrich Felix Klindworth, wanda ya ci gaba da aikinsa a matsayin mai kera agogo, Carl August Klindworth, mai gina kayan aikin lissafi, na zahiri da na gani, Georg Klindworth, ɗaya daga cikin jami'an diflomasiyya na sirri mafi tasiri a zamaninsa, da kuma 'yarsa Johanna Dorothea Caroline Klindworth.

Ya halarci laccocin Georg Christoph Lichtenberg kan kimiyyar lissafi da kuma lallashinsa, ya ci gaba daga makanikan yin agogo zuwa babban electrophorus, wanda a bayyane yake aikin Klindworth ne ta hanyar yin hukunci daga wasikun Lichtenberg.    Daga nan ya zama mataimakinsa a laccocin gwaji har zuwa 1791 lokacin da aka maye gurbinsa da Johann Hermann Seyde.  Ya sami umarni da yawa daga ƙasashen waje, ciki har da, tsakanin sauran abubuwa, taken makanikan kotu daga Duke Ernest II, Duke na Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg . 

## Manazarta
Matthias Klotz

**Matthias Klotz** (1653–1743) ya kasance mai son kiɗa, ɗan gidan Klotz na masu yin goge waɗanda suka yi fice a Mittenwald, Duchy na Bavaria tun daga 1683.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Matthias Klotz (tare da bambancin haruffan Mathias Khlotz, Khloz, Cloz), an yi masa baftisma a ranar 11 ga Yuni, 1653 a cocin Katolika na St. Peter and Paul na Mittenwald, ɗan Urban Klotz (Vrbanus Cloz, 1627–1691), mai dinki, da matarsa Sophia (?-1681). Ya mutu a Mittenwald yana da shekaru 90 a ranar 16 ga Agusta, 1743. A cikin takardun Mittenwald, an yi ta siffanta shi a matsayin mai yin kayan kida da goge mai shahara a duniya. An binne shi a makabartar Cocin St. Nikolaus.

### Ilimin farko
Klotz ya fara sha'awar kiɗa da kayan kida tun yana ƙarami. Tun yana ɗan shekara 12, daga 1672 zuwa 1678, ya fara koyon aiki tare da ƙwararren mai yin layu na Italiya Giovanni Railich (Johann Railich), wani mai yin layu na Italiya a Bottega di Lautaro al Santo da ke Padua, Italiya. A shekara ta 1683, Klotz, wanda yanzu ƙwararren mai yin layu da goge, ya dawo Mittenwald cikin wadata kuma ya kafa nasa wurin aiki.

## Salon sana'a
Klotz bai ƙera mafi yawan kayan kidansa a salon gargajiya na Italiya ba, amma ya yi su kama da na masters daga Füssen (gari a Bavaria ) da Swabia (Kudancin Jamus). Wasu abubuwan da ke cikin gogensa suna nuna salon mawaƙin Tyrolean luthier Jacob Stainer .

## Abin Tunawa
Wani mutum-mutumin tagulla na Klotz yana tsaye a gaban Cocin St. Peter and Paul na Mittenwald, a bakin kunkuntar titin da ke kaiwa ga Gidan Tarihi na Yin Violin (Geigenbaumuseum). 

## Manazarta

* Eitner, Robert (1882). "Klotz, Matthias", *Allgemeine Deutsche Biography* (ADB), (16). Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot.
* Senn, Walter (1980). "Klotz, Matthias", *Neue Deutsche Biography* (NDB), (12). Berlin, Duncker & Humblot,  .
Joseph Anton Seethaler

**Joseph Anton Seethaler**' (1740 a Dießen - 1811 a Augsburg) maƙerin zinare ne na Jamusanci kuma dillalin azurfa.

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Seethaler a Dießen kuma ana tsammanin ya koyi aikin ma'aikacin ƙarfe na yanki. Bayan shekaru kaɗan na yawo, ya isa Augsburg. Da samun Meisterrecht a can a 1766, yanayin tattalin arzikinsa ya ba shi damar yin aure. [1] 1779–1786 shi ne shugaban ƙungiyar maƙeran zinariya, daga 1788 Geschaumeister na ƙungiyar; a lokaci guda ya zama sarki na farko, tun 1808, ma'aikacin azurfa na gidan sarauta na Bavaria. A matsayin alamar kasuwanci, ya yi amfani da harafinsa na JAS a cikin garkuwar giciye-oval. Kamfaninsa yana ci gaba da hulɗa da ƙasashen waje, musamman zuwa Frankfurt da London. Ɗan Joseph Anton Seethaler shine Johann Alois Seethaler (1775–1835), wanda ya ci gaba da bitar, kamar yadda jikansa Joseph Anton Seethaler na II ya yi. [2] Daga cikin ayyukan da uba da ɗansa suka bayar akwai kayan aikin ibada, musamman a cikin gidan ibada na Neresheim, kayan abinci na duniya e. g. a cikin Gidan Zama na Munich [3] [4] da abubuwan bautar Yahudawa. [5] [6] [7] Daga cikin ayyukan da maigidan ya yi mafi ban mamaki akwai Relic of Saint Pancras a Wil SG . [8] An kuma sami zane-zane da yawa na farantin tagulla na zane-zane don kayan teburi na Joseph Anton.

## Manazarta
Peter Kinzing

An haifi Kinzing a Neuwied, Jamus, kuma ana tsammanin ya yi agogon pendulum na farko yana ɗan shekara goma. Ya fara aiki tare da *ɗan ƙasar* Jamus David Roentgen a shekara ta 1770; Roentgen ne ya yi cases ɗin, kuma Kinzing ya samar da injunan kiɗa masu rikitarwa tare da kayan kida na atomatik, musamman organs und dulcimers, waɗanda aka san wasu carillons da su. A shekara ta 1785 an girmama su duka da lakabi daga masarautar Faransa . Ana kiran Kinzing da *horloger de la reine* (Mai yin agogo ga Sarauniya).

A kusan shekarar 1785, Kinzing ta samar da jerin na'urorin daidaita lambobi masu tsayi tare da dial bisa ga tsarin Benjamin Franklin, wanda Kinzing da Roentgen suka saba da su a birnin Paris . An ajiye waɗannan agogon a cikin akwatunan obelisk da aka yi ta hanyar bita na Roentgen. An sayar da su galibi ga manyan hukumomi a Tsakiyar Turai. A Turai, ana kiran agogon Franklin. Mafi kyawun agogon kiɗa na Kinzing shine jerin agogon Apollo. Misali mai kyau na agogon Apollo yana cikin Gidan Tarihi na Roentgen Neuwied Jamus. An kuma san Peter Kinzing da samar da na'urori masu daidaita lambobi na akalla watanni 2 a cikin akwati na obelisk, ɗaya daga cikinsu har yanzu yana cikin zauren garin Leipzig. Kinzing yana cikin masu yin agogo na farko na Jamus da suka yi na'urori masu daidaita lambobi tare da motsi na lissafi a cikin salon Faransa na zamani.

Kinzing ya mutu a shekara ta 1816 a Mannheim, Jamus .

## Manazarta

* Fabin, Dietrich: Kinzing da Roentgen Uhren aus Neuwied. 1984. 
* Kreismuseum Neuwied: Kinzing & Co. Innovative Uhren aus der Provinz. 2003. ISBN&nbsp;
Christoph Friedrich Schmahl

**Christoph Friedrich Schmahl** (  - 15 ga Mayu 1814) wani mai ƙera kayan kiɗa ne na Jamus.

## Rayuwa
Schmahl ya fito ne daga dangin masu gina sassan jiki. An haife shi a Heilbronn ga Johann Adam Schmahl (1704–1757), wani mai gina sassan jiki daga birnin.  A shekarar 1770, yana aiki a Regensburg . 

A shekara ta 1772, ya auri Anna Felicitas Späth, 'yar Franz Jakob Späth ta biyu. Späth yana neman mutumin da zai iya gadon kasuwancinsa. [1] :215A shekara ta 1774, ya yi haɗin gwiwa da Späth don kafa kamfanin gina piano. Bayan mutuwar Späth a shekara ta 1786, ya ci gaba da ƙera da sanya hannu kan pianos a ƙarƙashin sunan shi da na Späth har zuwa shekara ta 1793, lokacin da ya fara sanya hannu kawai kan sunansa. [2] Bayan ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1812, ɗansa, Christian Carl (1782–1815), ya karɓi ragamar kamfanin.

Schmahl ya mutu a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1814 a Regensburg. Shekara guda bayan haka, Christian Carl ya mutu kuma kamfanin ya rushe. 

## Manazarta
Gottlieb Scholtze

Gottlieb Scholtze (1713 - 6 ga Afrilu 1783) wani mai ginin bututun bututu ne na Jamus. Ya yi aikin sa a Neuruppin tun daga shekarar 1740. Ya kasance ɗalibi a Joachim Wagner . Tare da Ernst Julius Marx da Johann Wilhelm Grüneberg, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mafi mahimmancin mai ginin bututun a Mark Brandenburg a rabin na biyu na ƙarni na 18. Ya rubuta jimillar sabbin gine-gine 32, ciki har da sashin cocin cocin da ke Küstrin .

## Gine-ginen Gabar Jiki (zaɓi)

## Manazarta
Johann Kaspar Schiller

**Johann Kaspar Schiller** (27 Oktoba 1723 - 7 Satumba 1796) jami'in soja ne kuma mai kula da lambu a kotu ga Dukan Württemberg . Shi da matarsa Elisabetha Dorothea suma sun shahara a matsayin iyayen marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Friedrich Schiller .

## Rayuwa
An haife shi a shekara ta 1723 a Bittenfeld ga magajin gari Johannes Schiller (1682–1733), wanda kakanninsa galibi 'yan ƙasar Vintners ne da masu sana'a a Remstal, da matarsa Eva Margarete Schatz (1690–1778). Johann Kaspar Schiller yana da 'yan'uwa maza da mata da dama, ciki har da Christine Schiller (1711–1757), wacce ta auri Friedrich Blumhard; Sibylla Schiller (an haife ta a shekara ta 1713), wacce ta auri Johann Friedrich Männer; Anna Magdalena Schiller (1716–1787), wacce ta auri Johann Georg Häberle; Johannes Schiller (1718–1777), Maria Susanna Schiller (1721–1792), Johann Jacob Schiller (1726–1799) da Eva Margaretha Schiller (an haife ta a shekara ta 1728). Da farko ya sami koyarwa ta sirri a harshen Latin har zuwa 1734. Bayan shekaru huɗu da ya yi rashin lafiya a 1738, ya zama ƙwararren mai gyaran aski a Denkendorf da Backnang .

A lokacin tafiye-tafiyensa a shekarar 1741, ya zo Lindau a kan Tafkin Constance da kuma Nördlingen, da sauransu. A shekarar 1745 ya zama soja kuma jami'in soja a sassa daban-daban na soja da jihohi. A shekarar 1749 ya sami jarrabawar likitan rauni a Marbach kuma a shekarar 1753 ya shiga hidimar Duke Carl Eugene a matsayin soja. Ya zama Laftanar tun daga shekarar 1759, ya zama Hauptmann a Ludwigsburg a shekarar 1767, kuma a ƙarshe Obristwachtmeister a shekarar 1794. Baya ga aikinsa na soja, Schiller ya gabatar da shawarwari da yawa don inganta noma a Ludwigsburg.

Saboda sha'awarsa, a shekara ta 1775 ya zama shugaban lambunan kotunan ducal a Solitude Castle, wanda daga baya, daga 1858 zuwa 31 ga Maris, 1942, mallakar Gerlingen ne, kuma tun daga lokacin ya koma Stuttgart. Ya kuma jagoranci makarantun bishiyoyin daji na jihar. An dauki gandun dajinsa a Solitude Castle a matsayin mafi girman gandun dajin a kudancin Jamus a ƙarshen karni na 18. Daga nan, bisa ga dalilin Schiller, an inganta noman 'ya'yan itace a duk faɗin Duchy na Württemberg. Yawancin wuraren 'ya'yan itace da aka warwatse waɗanda har yanzu suna nan, duka a Gerlingen da kuma a wani yankin tsakiyar Neckar, ana iya gano su ne daga ayyukan Schiller. Aikinsa mai zurfi na kiwo bishiyoyi a babban sikelin an dauke shi a matsayin muhimmin aiki na noma 'ya'yan itace har zuwa karni na 20. A yau, ana daukar Schiller a matsayin wanda ya fara noma na zamani a wancan lokacin. A lokacin mutuwarsa, Schiller shine mai duba dukkan lambuna da wuraren kiwon 'ya'yan itace.

## Manazarta
Benjamin Danielsson Roth

**Benjamin Danielsson Roth** ( Jamusanci : Roht) wani maƙeri ne kuma mai kula da gonaki na Saxon wanda ya yi ƙaura zuwa Sweden kusa da farkon ƙarni na 18. Ya fi shahara da aikinsa a kan matattakalar Charles XII a Cocin Katarina da ke Stockholm, Sweden.

## Hijira zuwa Sweden
Tatsuniyar dangin Roth ta daɗe tana hasashen cewa an ɗauki Benjamin aiki ko kuma an tilasta masa yin aiki a matsayin maƙeri ga rundunar Charles XII ta Sweden lokacin da suka yi tattaki daga Saxony zuwa arewa don mamaye Daular Rasha kuma ya koma Sweden tare da sauran sojojin Sweden da suka rage bayan shan kayen da Peter the Great ya yi musu. Wannan labarin ya ci karo da bayanan aurensa da wata mace 'yar Sweden a shekara ta 1704 da kuma gaskiyar cewa ba a ci Saxony ba kuma daga baya aka yi kawance da Sweden har zuwa shekara ta 1706. Haka kuma, bayanai sun nuna cewa 'yan sojojin Sweden kaɗan waɗanda ba a kashe ko kama su a Rasha sun gudu zuwa kudu tare da Charles XII kuma ba su dawo tare da shi zuwa Sweden ba sai a shekara ta 1715. Wannan yana nufin cewa ko dai:

A. Hijirar Benjamin zuwa Sweden ta faru ne a wani lokaci kafin shekarar 1704 kuma ba ta da alaƙa da ƙawancen Saxony da Sweden ko;

B. Bayanan da ke nuna ranar aurensu a shekarar 1704 ba daidai ba ne; duk da haka, an haifi ɗansu na farko a watan Yulin 1705.

## Rayuwa a Sweden
Benjamin ya zauna a yankin Stockholm da ake kira Södermalm inda ya yi aiki a matsayin ƙwararren mai kula da ma'aikata. Ya auri Catharina Berg, 'yar Lars Olsson Berg, ɗan ƙasar Sweden, a shekara ta 1704. Suna da 'ya'ya 7: Maria, Catharina, Margaretha, Carl, Benjamin, Christina Charlotta, da kuma ɗa ɗaya da ba a ambata sunansa ba wanda ya mutu ko dai a lokacin haihuwa ko kuma a lokacin ƙuruciya.

Baya ga gidansu da ke Södermalm, wani adadi na gidaje a shekarar 1763 ya nuna cewa suna da ƙananan gidaje biyu na dutse tsakanin Baggensgatan da Västerlånggatan a Gamla Stan (Tsohon Garin), Stockholm. Benjamin memba ne na cocin Jamus kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama alderman a ƙungiyar farriers ta Stockholm.

## Manazarta
 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
* Kristoffer Huldt, Översikt av Släkten Roth (Bayyanawar Gidan Roth)
* Handlingar Rörande Släkten Roth (Takardun da suka shafi Gidan Roth) Laburaren Ƙasa na Sweden SE S-HS Acc2008/80
* Svenskt Biografiskt Lexicon (Lexicon Tarihin Rayuwar Yaren mutanen Sweden)
* Svenska Ättartal (Littafin Magana na Farko na Yaren mutanen Sweden) 1822, Shafi na 447, Bayani na 3
Christoph Sauer

**Christoph Sauer** (1695)&nbsp;– Satumba 25, 1758) shine firintar Jamusanci da kuma mawallafi na farko a Arewacin Amurka.

An haifi Johann Christoph Sauer a shekara ta 1695 a Ladenburg (kusa da Heidelberg ), ɗan wani fasto na Reformed. Ya zo gundumar ( *Graftschaft* ) ta Wittgenstein a tsakiyar Jamus tun yana yaro tare da mahaifiyarsa bazawara a wani lokaci tsakanin 1700 da 1710. Ya kammala karatunsa a jami'ar Jamus, kuma ya yi karatun likitanci a Jami'ar Halle . A lokacin, masu mulkinta sun yi haƙuri da nau'ikan masu ra'ayin Pietist da sauran masu adawa da addini, musamman Alexander Mack, wanda ya kafa ' Yan'uwan Schwarzenau daga baya ya yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka. Yawancin ƙungiyoyin 'Yan'uwa sun fito ne daga wannan cocin na asali. Johann Christoph Sauer ya auri bazawara Maria Christina (an haife shi Gruber) a shekara ta 1720. Iyalin sun zauna a ƙauyen Schwarzenau, wanda yanzu mallakar garin Berleburg ne duk da cewa yana da alaƙa da Laasphe .

## Pennsylvania
Iyalan sun yi ƙaura zuwa Pennsylvania a shekara ta 1724, suka zauna a Germantown . Sauer ya yi aiki a matsayin mai dinki kafin ya koma Lancaster a shekara ta 1726, inda yake da fili    gona.  A shekara ta 1731, matar Sauer, Maria Christina, ta shiga al'ummar Baptist ta Kwanaki Bakwai ta Johann Conrad Beissel a Ephrata, wato Ephrata Cloister .  An san ta a Ephrata a matsayin "Sister Marcella," kuma daga ƙarshe ta zama ƙaramar mai fifiko ga al'ummar, wadda aka keɓe ga rashin aure.  Shawarar Maria Christina ta hana aikin noma na Sauer,  kuma ya ƙaura tare da ɗansa zuwa Germantown inda a wannan shekarar ya gina babban gida don gidansa. 

Domin ya biya buƙatun sauran mutanen da ke jin Jamusanci a yankunan da aka yi wa ilimi mai zurfi, musamman a fannin tauhidi, ya sami Littafi Mai Tsarki da ayyukan addini daga Jamus. 

A kusan shekara ta 1735, Sauer ya ɗauki ra'ayin zama firinta da mawallafi. Benjamin Franklin ya mamaye wannan sana'a a lokacin, kuma shi ne mai samar da kayan bugawa ga al'ummar Jamus da ke kewaye da Pennsylvania. Abin mamaki, Franklin ya yi amfani da rubutun Romawa kawai. Sauer ya sami nau'in Fraktur daga wani kamfanin hakar ma'adinai a Nuremberg wanda Jacob Gass na Ephrata Cloister ya saya. A shekara ta 1738, Sauer ya fara buga almanacs, kalanda, littattafai da jaridu a shekara ta 1739 ta amfani da fuskar rubutu wadda masu karatunsa na Jamus za su iya karantawa cikin sauƙi.

## Manazarta
Georg Friedrich Strass

Georg Friedrich Strass ( French ; 29 ga Mayu 1701, Wolfisheim kusa da Strasbourg - 22 ga Disamba 1773) ƙwararren mai yin kayan ado ne kuma mai ƙirƙiro duwatsu masu daraja daga Alsace. [1] An fi saninsa da wanda ya ƙirƙiro duwatsu masu daraja, waɗanda ake kira strass a harsunan Turai da yawa, daga wani nau'in lu'ulu'u da ya samo a kogin Rhine .

Ya yi amfani da gaurayen bismuth da thallium don inganta ingancin kwaikwayonsa, kuma ya canza launukansu da gishirin ƙarfe . A ganinsa, kwaikwayon sun yi kama da na gaske har ya ƙirƙiro ra'ayin "dutsen da aka kwaikwayi" don bayyana su. Ya inganta kyawun duwatsunsa sosai ta hanyar manne foil ɗin ƙarfe a bayansu. Daga baya an maye gurbin wannan foil ɗin da wani murfin madubi da aka ajiye da tururi.

Strass ya buɗe kasuwancinsa a shekarar 1730, kuma ya sadaukar da kansa gaba ɗaya ga haɓaka lu'u-lu'u na kwaikwayo . Saboda manyan nasarorin da ya samu, an ba shi lambar yabo ta "Mai Kayan Ado na Sarki" a shekarar 1734.

Ya kasance abokin tarayya a harkar kayan ado ta Madame Prévot. Ya ci gaba da inganta duwatsu masu daraja na wucin gadi a wannan lokacin. Aikinsa ya kasance mai matuƙar buƙata a fadar Sarki Louis XV na Faransa, kuma yana da iko a kan babbar kasuwa don duwatsu masu daraja na wucin gadi.

Attajiri ne ta hanyar kasuwancinsa, ya sami damar yin ritaya cikin kwanciyar hankali yana da shekaru 52.

## Manazarta
Simon Straub

**Simon Straub** (1662 - 1730) ƙwararren mai yin goge ne na Jamus kuma mai ban sha'awa . An haife shi a Friedenweiler kuma ya yi yawancin rayuwarsa a Langenordnach .

Ana ɗaukar Simon Straub a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu yin goge na makarantar Alemannische Schule (makarantar Alemannic) a Black Forest . Ya kasance memba na Straub-Daular, dangin luthiers tsawon tsararraki 9. Ludwig van Beethoven ya yi amfani da ɗaya daga cikin gogensa kuma yana cikin baje kolin Beethoven House .

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Geigenmacher im Hochschwarzwald (Jamus)
Franz Jakob Späth

**Franz Jakob Späth** (ko **Spath** ;   - 23 ga Yuli 1786) ƙwararren mai ƙera kayan kida ne na Jamus. An haife shi kuma ya mutu a Regensburg, inda ya yi aiki tsawon rayuwarsa. An san shi da ƙera kayan kida ta hanyar horo, tare da surukinsa Christoph Friedrich Schmahl, a matsayin fitaccen mai ƙera piano mai kama da tangent .

## Rayuwa
Franz Jakob Späth shine ɗan maginin sashin jiki Johann Jakob Späth [de] . Wataƙila mahaifinsa ne ya horar da shi kan gina gaɓoɓin jiki. Ya ɗauki nauyin aikin gyaran gaɓoɓin mahaifinsa a shekara ta 1747. A wannan shekarar, ya auri Johanna Rosina Schessinger. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun rayu tun suna ƙanana. [1] :203–204

A shekara ta 1751, ya gabatar da piano mai kama da tanger ga Mai Zaɓen Bonn.  Maimakon buga igiyoyin da guduma mai juyawa, ana buga su da guduma masu tsayi waɗanda ba sa juyawa, waɗanda ake kira tangents.  Ernst Ludwig Gerber ya ruwaito cewa kayan aikin yana da bambancin sautuka 30, wanda ya karu zuwa 50 a shekarar 1770. 

Johann Andreas Stein, mai ginin piano, ya yi aiki tare da Späth daga 1749 zuwa 1750. Claviorgan na Stein a 1781 ya nuna tasirin Späth.  A 1774, Späth ya kafa kamfanin gina piano tare da surukinsa Christoph Friedrich Schmahl (1739–1814), wanda ya fito daga dangin masu gina gaɓɓai. 

Späth ya mutu a ranar 23 ga Yuli 1786. Ɗan Schmahl, Christian Carl, ne ya gaji kamfanin, amma an wargaza shi bayan mutuwarsa. 

## Kayan kida

## Manazarta
Johann Andreas Stein

**Johann (Georg) Andreas Stein** (16 ga Mayu 1728 - 29 ga Fabrairu 1792) fitaccen mai kera kayan kida na Jamus ne, kuma mutum ne mai mahimmanci a tarihin piano .

Shi ne ya fi ɗaukar nauyin tsara abin da ake kira aikin guduma na Jamus. Ana iya cewa pianos masu wannan aikin guduma, ko kuma yanayin da ya fi ci gaba da aka sani da aikin Viennese, sun dace da wasan kwaikwayon kiɗan piano na Haydn, Mozart, da kuma ayyukan farko na Beethoven da Schubert . 

## Rayuwa
An haifi Stein a shekara ta 1728 a Heidelsheim a Upper Palatinate.  Ya mutu a Augsburg a shekara ta 1792. Ya koyi sana'arsa ta gina gaɓoɓi daga mahaifinsa a Heidelsheim. Daga watan Agusta na 1748 zuwa Janairu na 1749, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tafiya a bita guda biyu, na Johann Andreas Silbermann a Strasbourg da na Franz Jakob Späth a Regensburg . Johann Andreas Silbermann shi ne babban ɗan'uwansa maza huɗu na Andreas Silbermann, babban ɗan'uwan Gottfried Silbermann . Stein ya zauna a Augsburg, wataƙila a shekara ta 1750 kuma ya zama ɗan ƙasa a shekara ta 1756 ko 1757, na ƙarshen shine shekarar da ya kammala ginin gaɓoɓinsa mai ban mamaki don abin da ake kira Barfüßerkirche a Augsburg. A wannan shekarar, ya zama mai gyaran gaɓoɓi a cocin. A cewar wata wasiƙa da ya rubuta, ya daina gina gaɓoɓi a shekarun 1760 domin ya sadaukar da kansa ga kayan kida masu kida. Wataƙila haɗuwarsa ta farko da yin piano ta faru ne a wurin bitar Späth, ba a wurin bitar Silbermann ba.

A matsayinsa na mai ƙera kayan kida mai igiya, Stein ya gina clavichords, harpsichords, da pianos. Ya kuma gina wasu kayan kida na musamman na keyboard, waɗanda suka haɗa da "Poli-Toni-Clavichordium" (wanda aka bayyana a cikin Augsburg Intelligenzblatt a 1769) wanda ya haɗa babban harpsichord mai ƙungiyoyi huɗu na kida ( rajista 8', 8', 8', 16') da piano. Ya kuma gina (1772) "Melodica," ƙaramin organ wanda taɓawar ɗan wasa zai iya canza ƙara, wanda za a iya amfani da shi da harpsichord ko piano ko a kan wani littafin jagora na organ ko kawai a matsayin kayan kida na solo. Muhimmancin Melodica, wanda Stein wataƙila ya yi wasu samfura kaɗan, yana cikin bayanin Stein na 1772. A cikin wannan bayanin da aka buga, ya nuna rashin gamsuwarsa da kayan kida na keyboard gabaɗaya saboda ba su ba da damar bayyanawa ta hanyar muryar ɗan adam, goge da trombone ba .

Bayanin da aka yi a shekarar 1769 game da yuwuwar bayyana Poli-Tono-Clavichordium ya nuna kwarin gwiwar Stein ga kayan kida masu kida waɗanda a ƙarshe suka kai shi ga ƙirƙirar abin da ake kira aikin guduma na Jamus jim kaɗan kafin 1780. Ya kuma gina kayan kida "vis-à-vis" tare da piano da harpsichord suna fuskantar juna a cikin akwati ɗaya. A cikin misalan da suka tsira (Verona 1777, Naples 1783), mai kunna harpsichord (8', 8', 8', 16' a Verona, 8' quill, 8' fata, 4' quill a Naples) shi ma zai iya haɗa aikin piano a ɗayan ƙarshen akan ɗayan madannai na harpsichord. Kayan kida na Verona yana da tsayawar hannu don jan hankali da cire tsayawar, kamar organ ko harpsichord na Jamus, yayin da kayan kida na Naples yana da levers na gwiwa kamar harpsichord na Faransa.

## Manazarta
Kirista Zell

**Christian Zell** (ko **Zelle** ) (kimanin 1683  – 13 ga Afrilu 1763) wani mai ƙera harpsichord ne na Jamus.

Wataƙila ɗalibi ne na ƙera harpsichord Michael Mietke . An fara ambatonsa a shekarar 1722 a cikin rajistar 'yan ƙasar Hamburg, birnin da zai yi sauran rayuwarsa. A wannan shekarar, ya karɓi aikin ƙera kayan kida Carl Conrad Fleischer bayan ya auri bazawararsa; sun haifi 'ya'ya uku.

Akwai kayan kida guda uku da suka rage: kayan kida na 1728 a Gidan Tarihi na Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg ; kayan kida na 1737 a Gidan Tarihi na Barcelona  ; da kayan kida na 1741 a Gidan Tarihi na Organeum da ke Weener, Lower Saxony . An san su da wadatar kayan adonsu, tare da kayan kida na chinoiseries masu lacquered irin na Hamburg harpsichords, kuma mafi mahimmanci, 'sautinsu mara misaltuwa'.

Wakar harpsichord da mawakiyar Amurka Tori Amos ta rera a kundin wakokinta na shekarar 1996 mai suna Boys For Pele da kuma Dew Drop Inn Tour da ta biyo baya, kwafin wakar harpsichord ta Christian Zell ta shekarar 1728 ne, duk da cewa ba tare da zane-zane masu kayatarwa ba. Robert Goble & Son ne ya yi ta.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin masu yin harpsichord na tarihi

## Manazarta

* Alexander Pilipczuk: "Zell [Zelle], Kirista", Grove Music ed. L. Macy (An shiga 18 Mayu 2007), http://www.grovemusic.com/ Archived
Johannes Zumpe

**Johannes (Johann Christoph) Zumpe** (wanda aka fi sani *da zumpy* ; 14 ga Yuni 1726 a Fürth, Free Imperial City of Nuremberg, Jamus ta zamani &#x2013; an binne shi a ranar 5 ga Disamba 1790 a London, Birtaniya) babban mai ƙera piano na farko na Turanci, wani nau'in piano mai kusurwa huɗu tare da kamfas mai kusan octaves biyar. Piano ɗin suna yin sauti kamar harpsichord masu laushi, kuma suna da tsayawa mai ƙarfi a kuncin hagu na akwati. An san Zumpe a matsayin wanda ya ƙirƙiri piano na murabba'in Ingilishi.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Johnannes Zumpe, ɗan asalin Jamus/Saxon, a watan Yunin 1726. Ya yi horo tare da Gottfried Silbermann . Yana ɗaya daga cikin " Manzanni goma sha biyu ", masu kera kayan kida na Jamus waɗanda suka gudu zuwa London a lokacin Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai . Ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci ga Burkat Shudi, kafin ya kafa shagonsa "a alamar Golden Guittar" a Titin Princes, Hanover Square, a 1761. 

Daga 1769 zuwa 24 ga Satumba 1778, Zumpe yana haɗin gwiwa da Gabriel Buntebart. Meincke Meyer ya shiga Zumpe a 1778. Frederick Schoene ya karɓi kasuwancin a 1783, wanda ya tallata kamfanin yin piano a matsayin "Magajin Johannes Zumpe".

Zumpe ya auri Elizabeth Beeston a ranar 3 ga Disamba, 1760. Wasiyyarsa, wacce aka rubuta a shekarar 1784, ta ba da jawabinsa a matsayin Sarauniya Charlotte Row a cocin St Mary-le-Bow .

## Piano
An gina pianos ɗin da aka yi da salon Zumpe daga kimanin 1760 zuwa 1800. A zamanin Zumpe sun taka rawar da ba ta yi kama da piano mai tsayi na yau ba: sun fi ƙanƙanta kuma sun fi araha fiye da kayan kida mai siffar fikafikai masu girman gaske. Saboda haka, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaɗuwar piano tsakanin mawaka, musamman ma masu son kiɗa. A lokacin da aka yi pianos ɗin Zumpe na ƙarshe, piano ta kawar da harpsichord daga matsayin da take da shi a da.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin Haɗi na Waje
*
Carl Friedrich Wenzel

**Carl Friedrich Wenzel** ( 26 ga Fabrairu 1793) ƙwararren masanin kimiyyar sinadarai ne kuma mai nazarin ƙarfe na Jamus wanda ya ƙayyade yawan amsawar sinadarai daban-daban, yana tabbatar da, misali, cewa adadin ƙarfe da ke narkewa a cikin acid yana daidai da yawan acid a cikin maganin . Don haka shi ne mutum na farko da ya ba da ra'ayin daidaiton nauyi kuma ya buga teburin daidaiton nauyi na acid da tushe. Daga baya Jeremias Benjamin Richter ya samar da babban tebur mai daidaiton nauyi.

An haifi Wenzel, wanda sunansa na farko ana rubuta shi Karl, a Dresden a shekarar 1740. Saboda rashin son sana'ar mahaifinsa ta ɗaure littattafai, wanda aka yi niyyar yi masa, ya bar gida a shekarar 1755, kuma bayan ya ɗauki darasi a fannin tiyata da sinadarai a Amsterdam, ya zama likitan tiyata a rundunar sojojin Holland . A shekarar 1766, ya gaji da rayuwar teku, ya je ya yi karatun sinadarai a Leipzig, daga baya ya sadaukar da kansa ga aikin ƙarfe da gwaji a garinsa da nasara sosai. [1]

Godiya ga wannan nasarar, a shekara ta 1780, aka naɗa Wenzel a fannin sinadarai a masana'antar hakar ma'adinai ta Freiberg ta hannun mai zaɓen Saxony . A shekara ta 1785, ya zama mai tantance hukumar kula da masana'antar hakar ma'adinai, kuma a shekara ta 1786, ya zama mai tantance masana'antar hakar ma'adinai ta porcelain a Meissen. 

Ya mutu a Freiberg.

## Ayyuka

* *Recepttaschenbuch für das Gebiet der Kinderkrankheiten* . Vol. 1/2 . Palm & Enke, Erlangen 1829-1830 Digital edition na Jami'ar da Laburare na Jiha Düsseldorf

## Manazarta
Jacob Benjamin Wiesner Heckerin

**Jacob Benjamin Wiesner Heckerin** (20 ga Yuni 1763 - 12 ga Agusta 1842) masanin kimiyyar lissafi ne na Jamus, masanin sinadarai, masanin lissafi, masanin ma'adinai kuma injiniya wanda aka haifa a Freiberg, Saxony, Jamus.  Wiesner ya yi tafiya zuwa Amurka bayan Sarki Charles na Uku na Spain ya nemi ƙwararrun masana ma'adanai da injiniyoyi na Jamus. Ya gano ma'adanai a Pacho kuma, bisa ga umarnin Antonio Nariño, ya nemi ma'adinan gubar. Wiesner ya goyi bayan ƙoƙarin ' yancin kai na Colombia, kuma sakamakon haka, Simón Bolívar ya naɗa shi a matsayin Babban Darakta na Ma'adinai a ma'adinan gishiri na Zipaquirá da Sesquilé . Wiesner kuma sananne ne da zubar da ruwa a tafkin Guatavita tsakanin 1822 da 1823. 

## Rayuwar farko, iyali da ilimi
An yi wa Wiesner baftisma a cocin Santa Virginia a ranar 28 ga Yuni, 1763, ɗan Christian Wiessner da Juana Dorotea Hacker, 'yan asalin Freiberg, Jamus. Ya yi karatun ma'adinai da aikin ƙarfe kuma ya kammala karatunsa daga jami'ar da ke garinsu, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg .

A shekara ta 1787, Sarki Charles na Uku na Spain ya nemi Mai Zaɓen Saxony ya ba da ƙwararrun masana ilmin ma'adinai da dama don su koyar da sana'arsu su kuma yi aiki a ma'adanai na Sabuwar Masarautar Granada (wanda yanzu ɓangare ne na Colombia). An aika samari takwas, ciki har da Wiesner.

## Aiki
A watan Satumba na shekarar 1788, masana ilmin ma'adinai sun isa Cartagena de Indias suka tafi ma'adinan azurfa na Santa Ana kusa da birnin Mariquita, inda Darakta Janar na Ma'adinai, Juan José D'Elhuyart, zai ɗauke su aiki. [1] A wancan lokacin, Baron de Born na Jamus ya gano wata sabuwar hanyar tace karafa tare da aikace-aikacen da ake amfani da su don raba adadin zinare a cikin azurfa. Masanin kimiyyar sinadarai na Spain Faustino D'Elhuyart, ɗan'uwan Juan José, ya yi nazarin wannan hanyar, kamar yadda sabbin masu shigowa suka yi, kuma suka yi amfani da ita a Bogotá Mint. Kafin mutuwar D'elhuyart, Wiesner ya yi aiki tare da shi. A shekarar 1792, Wiesner ya tafi Pamplona, inda aka kafa wani kamfani da ba a san sunansa ba don amfani da ma'adinan azurfa a wannan lardin da kuma ma'adinan zinariya a Girón .

Tafiyar Wiesner ta bar ma'adinan Santa Ana kusan an yi watsi da su, kuma kamar yadda ma'adinan ke samar da ƙarfe ga Bogotá Mint, lokacin da aka rage yawan ma'adinan, an fara ƙera tsabar kuɗi marasa kyau a can, kamar yadda Boussingault ya lura a cikin sanannen Memoirs ɗinsa a 1825. A Girón, an ɗauki zinaren da aka samar a can a matsayin mafi daraja. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup> Yayin da Wiesner ke aiki a Girón, a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1802, ya auri Ignacia Arriaga y Quesada. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya tara.  Iyalan Wiesner suna ɗaya daga cikin iyalai da yawa na Jamusawa da suka yi ƙaura zuwa Colombia. A ƙarni na 19 da 20, sun kafa kansu a matsayin iyali mai suna a Zipaquirá da kuma a cikin sarakunan Colombia. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D; Zuriyar Wiesner sun yi wa ƙasar hidima a matsayin ministocin gwamnati, lauyoyi, injiniyoyi da likitoci. 

## Duba kuma

* Gishirin Cathedral na Zipaquirá
* Tafkin Guatavita
* Iyalan Wiesner

## Manazarta
Christian Vater (mai gina kwayar halitta)

**Christian Vater** (11 Oktoba 1679 - 25 Janairu 1756) wani mai ƙera organ da harpsichord na Jamus ne.

An haife shi a Hanover ; mahaifinsa Martin Vater mai ginin organ kuma ya ba shi umarni na farko a fannin sana'ar. Ya ci gaba da aiki da Arp Schnitger a matsayin mai tafiya tsakanin 1697 da 1700. Ya yi aiki daban-daban tun daga shekara ta 1702. Ya kasance mai kula da organ a kotun Zaɓen Hanover daga 1708-1709, kuma ya zama mai gina organ a kotu a 1714, rawar da ɗansa Johannes zai bi shi. A shekara ta 1717 ya gina ko gyara organs talatin da uku. Ya yi aiki galibi a Hanover da wurare da ke kewaye: Osnabrück da Oldenburg . A wajen wannan yanki, ya yi aiki a Kassel da Darmstadt ; ya kuma gina organ don Oude Kerk a Amsterdam, 1724-1726, kuma ya sake gina organ a Westerkerk a 1726.

Banda ga organs, ya yi harpsichord da clavichords . Harpsichord ɗaya ne kawai ya tsira, wanda aka yi a shekarar 1738, yana da littafin jagora guda ɗaya, ƙungiyar mawaƙa biyu masu tsawon ƙafa 8 da kuma tasha mai ƙarfi, gajeriyar siffa ce kuma an yi mata ado da tagulla. Yana da salon Jamusanci mai lanƙwasa biyu kuma an yi masa ado da ƙusoshin geometric masu launin zinare a kunci da gefen lanƙwasa. Kayan aikin an kiyaye shi sosai ( Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nüremberg, Jamus) kuma yana da inganci mai kyau, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama sanannen samfurin kwafi. [1]

## Duba kuma

* Jerin masu yin harpsichord na tarihi

## Manazarta
Joachim Wagner

**Joachim Wagner** (13 Afrilu 1690 - 23 Mayu 1749) muhimmin mai gina gaɓɓai ne a Brandenburg.

## Asali
An haifi Wagner a matsayin ɗan fasto Christoph Wagner (1653-1709) da matarsa Anna Dorothea *née* Tiefenbach a Karow, Duchy na Magdeburg . 'Yan'uwansa, fastoci Johann Christoph Wagner (1683-1750, tun daga shekarar 1710 magajin mahaifinsa a Karow), da Friedrich Wagner (1693-1760), daga baya sun yi tasiri a aikinsa.{

## Aiki

Yana yiwuwa Wagner ya koyi sana'ar gina gaɓoɓin jiki daga ɗalibin Schnitger mai suna Matthäus Hartmann (ya mutu kimanin 1745). Shaidu sun nuna cewa Christoph Treutmann the Elder (kimanin 1673-1757) a Magdeburg shine malamin Wagner. [1] A matsayinsa na mai tafiya, Wagner ya tafi kan hanya kuma ya yi aiki da Gottfried Silbermann a Freiberg na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ya zo Berlin a 1719. [2] Ya kammala aikinsa na fasaha a can a 1723 tare da gaɓoɓin a Cocin St. Mary, Berlin (wanda aka riga aka keɓe shi a 1721), wanda ke da littattafai uku da tasha 40. A Berlin, ya kuma gina mafi girman aikinsa tare da tasha 50 akan littattafai uku a cikin sabon ginin Berliner Garnisonkirche tsakanin 1724 da 1726. (an sake gina shi a 1892, an ƙone shi a 1908).

Shi ne mafi mahimmancin mai gina gaɓoɓin jiki a zamanin Baroque a Margraviate na Brandenburg, domin yanayi ya fi kyau a lokacin mulkin Soja Sarki Frederick William na ɗaya na Prussia (1713-1740) ya bayar da yanayi mai kyau don wannan. Wani lokaci ana kiransa da "Märkischer Silbermann".

Wagner ya mutu a Salzwedel yayin da yake aiki a kan gangar jikinsa ta ƙarshe don Marienkirche a can yana da shekaru 59, yayin da Gottlieb Scholtze ya kammala shi.

## Manazarta
{Reflist}}
David Tecchler

**David Tecchler**, wanda wani lokacin kuma yake rubutawa **Techler**, **Tekler**, **Deckler**, **Dechler**,  **Decler**, **Teccler**  ko **Teckler**,  (1666, Lechbruck –1748)  ɗan wasan luthier ne na Jamus, wanda aka fi sani da cellos da basses biyu .

## Rayuwar farko
Tecchler ya ƙaura daga Augsburg zuwa Roma a shekara ta 1698  tun yana ƙarami kuma ya kafa kansa a can. 

## Gine-gine
Kayan aikin Techchler na Jamusanci ne ko Italiyanci a salon gininsu.

## Jerin masu kayan aikin Techchler
Wataƙila mafi shahararriyar cello ta Tecchler da aka sani a yau ita ce "tsohon Roser" na Roma 1723, wanda Robert Cohen, mai waƙa, ke taka shi a yanzu. Kundin "tsohon Roser" hoton kwamishina ne, wanda David Tecchler ya ɗauka aiki a Roma, wanda ke zaune a Vatican .

Bankin Kayan Kiɗa na Kanada ne ya sayi wani ƙaramin cello na Tecchler na shekarar 1706 kuma an ba shi aro ne ga ƙwararren mai zane-zanen cello na Kanada Denis Brott .

Sauran mawakan da suka mallaki ko kuma suka kunna kayan kida na Tecchler sun haɗa da Anne Martindale Williams, babbar mai buga siliki ta Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra, wacce ke buga siliki ta Tecchler da aka yi a Rome a 1701,  Almajiran Casals Marie Roemaet Rosanoff, daga baya kuma Lief Rosanoff, sun buga siliki ta 1704 Tecchler cello wanda Guy Fishman, babban mai buga siliki na Handel da Haydn Society a Boston, MA yanzu ke bugawa. Matashin mai buga siliki na Turkiyya Benyamin Sönmez (+2011), wanda ya buga siliki da aka yi a Rome a 1723; Martha Babcock, Mataimakiyar Babban Mai Cello a Boston Symphony Orchestra kuma Babban Mai Cello na Boston Pops yana da Tecchler da aka sani da "tsohon Feuermann", wanda aka yi a Rome a 1741;  Mai wasan kwaikwayo na Isra'ila Yehuda Hanani yana yin wasan kwaikwayo a kan wani kayan kida na 1730 Tecchler mai kyau, a sautin murya da kuma a gani, a da a hannun dangin Von Mendelssohn; Stephen Lansberry, tsohon farfesa a fannin kiɗa a Burtaniya, wanda yanzu yake zaune a Faransa, mallakarsa, tsawon shekaru arba'in, wani kayan kida da aka yi a 1727; Marcy Rosen, mawakiya kuma memba na Mendelssohn String Quartet, tana buga wani kyakkyawan wasan kwaikwayo na Tecchler cello wanda aka tsara a 1720. An nuna cello ɗinta, wanda dangin Luthiers na Faransa suka mallaka tsawon tsararraki uku, a baje kolin Lincoln Center Stainer na Jacques Francais  a cikin shekarun 1980.

## Manazarta

* http://www.pittsburghsymphony.org/pghsymph.nsf/bios/Anne+Martindale+Williams