open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Dutsen Gravel

**Dutsen Gravel babban taro** ne  a gundumar Hinsdale, Colorado, Amurka. Yana da  kudu maso gabas na al'ummar Ouray, akan filin da Ofishin Kula da Filaye ke gudanarwa. Yana da  yamma da Rarraba Nahiyar a cikin tsaunin San Juan waɗanda yanki ne na tsaunin Rocky . Ruwan hazo daga dutsen ya shiga cikin Henson Creek wanda wani yanki ne na kogin Gunnison .  Taimakon Topographic yana da mahimmanci yayin da taron ya tashi  sama da Henson Creek a kusan  . Samun damar zuwa dutsen yana ta hanyar Alpine Loop Back Country Byway . Hukumar {asar Amirka ta kar~i sunan toponym na dutsen akan Sunayen Geographic,  kuma an rubuta shi a cikin wallafe-wallafe tun aƙalla 1906. 

## Yanayi
Bisa ga tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, Dutsen Gravel yana cikin yankin yanayi mai tsaunuka mai tsayi tare da sanyi, lokacin sanyi, da sanyi zuwa lokacin zafi.  Saboda tsayinsa, yana samun hazo duk shekara, kamar dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin sanyi, da kuma kamar tsawa a lokacin rani, tare da lokacin bushewa a ƙarshen bazara.

## Gallery

Fayil:Gravel_Mountain_from_Engineer_Pass.jpg|alt=Gravel Mountain from Engineer Pass| Dutsen tsakuwa daga Injiniya Pass
Fayil:Gravel_Mountain_from_Alpine_Loop.jpg|alt=Northeast aspect of Gravel Mountain from Alpine Loop| Yankin Arewa maso Gabas na Dutsen Gravel daga Alpine Loop


## Manazarta
Bear Mountain (San Juan County, Colorado)

**Dutsen Bear** babban koli ne  wanda ke cikin gundumar San Juan, Colorado, Amurka. 

## Bayani
Dutsen Bear yana 3.5&nbsp;mil yamma-kudu maso yamma na al'ummar Silverton, a ƙasar dajin San Juan National Forest . Dutsen Bear wani yanki ne na tsaunin San Juan wanda yanki ne na tsaunin Rocky kuma yana yamma da Rarraba Nahiyar . Ruwan hazo daga tsaunin ya shiga cikin Bear Creek da Kudancin Fork Mineral Creek wadanda ke gabar kogin Animas . Taimakon Topographic yana da mahimmanci yayin da bangaren arewa ya tashi  sama da Kudancin Fork Mineral Creek a cikin kusan 1.5&nbsp;mil, kuma bangaren gabas ya tashi  sama da Bear Creek a cikin rabin-mil. Hukumar {asar Amirka ta kar~i sunan toponym na dutsen akan Sunayen Geographic,  kuma yana cikin wallafe-wallafe tun aƙalla 1906, idan ba a baya ba.  Daga cikin kusan sifofin ƙasa 100 a Amurka mai suna "Dutsen Bear", wannan yana matsayin matsayi mafi girma. 

## Yanayi
Dangane da tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, Dutsen Bear yana cikin yankin yanayi mai tsayi mai tsayi da tsayi, sanyi, lokacin sanyi, da sanyi ga lokacin zafi.  Saboda tsayinsa, yana samun hazo duk shekara, kamar dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin sanyi, da kuma kamar tsawa a lokacin rani, tare da lokacin bushewa a ƙarshen bazara.

## Gallery

Fayil:Bear_Mountain_(San_Juan_County,_Colorado).jpg|alt=Bear Mountain| Dutsen Bear
Fayil:Black_Bear_4_(3759754733).jpg|alt=Bear Mountain| Dutsen Bear
Fayil:Bear_Mountain_from_Million_Dollar_Highway.jpg|alt=Bear Mountain from the Million Dollar Highway| Dutsen Bear daga Hanyar Dala Miliyan
Fayil:Bear_Mountain,_San_Juan_County,_Colorado.jpg
Fayil:West_from_Sultan_Mountain._Silverton_Quadrangle._San_Juan_County,_Colorado._-_NARA_-_517096.jpg|alt=Historic 1874 image of Bear Mountain (lower right) viewed from Sultan Mountain| Hoton tarihi na 1874 na Dutsen Bear (ƙasa dama) daga Dutsen Sultan


## Manazarta
Injiniya Dutsen

**Dutsen Injiniya** babban taron tsaunuka ne  wanda ke cikin gundumar San Juan, Colorado, Amurka.  Yana daga cikin kewayon tsaunin San Juan wanda yanki ne na tsaunukan Rocky, kuma yana yamma da Rarraba Nahiyar . Injiniya Dutsen sanannen wuri ne mai nisan mil 1.5 nan da nan yamma da Coal Bank Pass, kuma ana iya gani daga ra'ayoyi da yawa tare da Babbar Hanya 550, yana mai da shi ɗayan manyan tsaunukan da aka ɗauka a cikin San Juans.  Yana da nisan mil 11 kudu maso yamma na al'ummar Silverton, a ƙasar dajin San Juan National Forest . Taimakon yanayi yana da mahimmanci yayin da yankin kudu maso yamma ya tashi  sama da Cascade Creek cikin kusan mil biyu. Maƙwabta sun haɗa da Snowdon Peak mil bakwai zuwa gabas, da Twilight Peak, mil biyar zuwa kudu maso gabas.

## Yanayi
Bisa ga tsarin rarrabuwar yanayi na Köppen, Injiniya Mountain yana cikin yankin yanayi mai tsayi mai tsayi da tsayi, sanyi, lokacin sanyi, da sanyi ga lokacin zafi.  Saboda tsayinsa, yana samun hazo duk shekara, kamar dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin sanyi, da kuma kamar tsawa a lokacin rani, tare da lokacin bushewa a ƙarshen bazara. Ruwan hazo daga dutsen yana shiga cikin magudanar ruwa na kogin Animas .

## Gallery

Fayil:Engineer_Mountain,_Colorado.jpg|alt=Northeast aspect| Bangaren arewa maso gabas
Fayil:Engineer_Mountain_Summit_12998_ft._-_panoramio.jpg|alt=View of the summit from Northeast Ridge| Duban taron kolin daga Northeast Ridge
Fayil:Engineer_Mountain_Highway_550.jpg|alt=Southeast aspect| bangaren kudu maso gabas
Fayil:Engineer_Mtn,_CO_(9379559087).jpg|alt=Aerial view, with Coal Bank Pass to right side| Duban iska, tare da Bankin Coal Pass zuwa gefen dama
Fayil:Colorado_Trail_-_Engineer_Mountain.jpg|alt=West aspect| Yanayin yamma
Fayil:North_Side_Engineer_Mountain.jpg|alt=North aspect| Bangaren Arewa
Fayil:Engineer_Mountain_Durango.jpg


## Manazarta
Jerin girgizar ƙasa a cikin 2025

Wannan jerin jerin girgizar ƙasa ne a cikin shekaran 2025. Girgizar ƙasa mai girma 6 ko sama ne kawai an haɗa su, sai dai idan sun haifar da babbar lalacewa da / ko asarar rayuka.  An jera duk ranaku bisa ga lokacin UTC.  Matsakaicin ƙarfin yana dogara ne akan ma'aunin ƙarfin Mercalli Modified. 

Shekarar 2025 shekara ce mai aiki kuma mai matuƙar hatsari dangane da girgizar ƙasa, inda ta yi manyan abubuwan da suka faru sau 16 kuma ta kashe mutane kusan 8,000. Girgizar ƙasa mai girman Mw 8.8 Kamchatka ita ce girgizar ƙasa ta farko da ta yi sanadiyyar ≥M8 tun daga shekarar 2021, kuma girgizar ƙasa ta shida mafi girma da aka taɓa gani tun lokacin da aka fara rikodin ta.

Babban abin da ya fi muni a shekarar shine wani lamari mai karfin maki 7.7–7.9 a Myanmar, wanda ya haifar da barna mara misaltuwa a yawancin sassan kasar kuma ya kashe akalla mutane 5,400 mutane, kodayake ana kyautata zaton ainihin adadin mace-macen ya fi yawa. Tun daga shekarar 2023, Afghanistan ta sake fuskantar matsalar, taron M6.0 da aka shirya a watan Agusta ya kashe sama da mutane 2,200, kusan dukkansu a cikin Lardin Kunar da aka lalata. Haka kuma a watan Janairu, wata girgizar kasa mai karfin maki 7.1 a Tibet, China, wacce ta fi muni a yankin, ta kashe mutane 126 a gundumar Tingri. Wasu girgizar kasa masu ban mamaki da kuma masu kisa sun faru a Filipin, Bangladesh da Guatemala.

## Idan aka kwatanta da sauran shekaru

 

## Ta hanyar yawan wadanda suka mutu

An lissafa girgizar ƙasa da ta yi sanadiyyar mutuwar akalla mutane 10.

## Ta hanyar girman

An lissafa girgizar ƙasa mai girman akalla 7.0.

## Ta wata

### Janairu
 

 

### Fabrairu
 

### Maris
 

  
### Afrilu

### Mayu

### Yuni

### Yuli

### Agusta

### Satumba

### Oktoba

### Nuwamba

### Disamba

## Manazarta
Twin Peaks (Jinin Kristi)

**Twin Peaks** babban taron tsaunuka ne a gundumar Alamosa, Colorado, Amurka.

## Bayani
An saita Twin Peaks a cikin Sangre de Cristo Range wanda yanki ne na tsaunin Rocky . Shi ne babban taro na shida mafi girma a gundumar Alamosa kuma na 198th-mafi girma a Colorado.  Kololuwar arewa shine babban koli na gaskiya a tsayin ƙafar ƙafa 13,580 (4,139 m) kuma an raba shi da nisan kwata ɗaya daga kololuwar kudu (13,534-ft (4,125 m)).  Dutsen yana da  gabas-arewa maso gabas na garin Alamosa a cikin jejin Sangre de Cristo, a filin dajin Rio Grande National Forest .  Ruwan hazo daga gangaren dutsen yana zuwa kwarin San Luis ta hanyar Zapata, Urraca, da majami'u. Taimakon yanayi yana da mahimmanci yayin da taron ya tashi sama da  sama da kwari a cikin hudu&nbsp;mil (6.4&nbsp;km). Hukumar Kula da Sunayen Ƙasa ta Amurka ta karɓi sunan dutsen a hukumance. 

## Yanayi
Bisa ga tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, Twin Peaks yana da yanayi mai tsayi tare da sanyi, lokacin sanyi, da sanyi zuwa lokacin zafi.  Saboda tsayinsa, yana samun hazo duk shekara, kamar dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin sanyi da kuma kamar tsawa a lokacin rani, tare da lokacin bushewa a ƙarshen bazara. Masu hawan hawa za su iya tsammanin ruwan sama da rana, ƙanƙara, da walƙiya daga damina ta yanayi a ƙarshen Yuli da Agusta.

## Manazarta
Caroline Lear

**Caroline** "**Carrie**" **Helen Lear** Farfesa ce a fannin Kimiyya ta Duniya kuma Shugabar Kungiyar Binciken Duniya da Tekun da ke Canja a Jami'ar Cardiff . An ba ta lambar yabo ta 2017 ta Geological Society of London Bigsby Medal . Ita ce shugabar kafa kungiyar Changing Earth and Oceans Research Group kuma edita ce ta mujallar Geology .

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
Lear ta yi karatun kimiyyar ƙasa a Jami'ar Oxford kuma ta kammala karatu a shekarar 1997.  An ba ta lambar yabo ta Geology da Scholarship .  A shekara ta 1997 ta koma Jami'ar Cambridge, inda ta sami digirin digirin digirinta kuma ta sami tallafin Bateman Scholarship. Lear ta kasance mai bincike na postdoctoral a Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Marine da Coastal, Jami'ar Rutgers har zuwa shekara ta 2004. 

## Bincike
Lear ta shiga Jami'ar Cardiff a matsayin malami a kimiyyar ƙasa a shekara ta 2004. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Philip Leverhulme a shekara ta 2005.  An sanya ta a matsayin Shugaban Kimiyya na Duniya, Makarantar Kimiyya ta Duniya da Tekun a Cardiff a cikin 2016. Binciken ta ya haɗa da amfani da geochemistry na burbushin carbonate don fahimtar canjin yanayi, a cikin ƙoƙari na fahimtar yadda kankara ke amsawa ga canje-canje a cikin carbon dioxide.   An tattara burbushin da Lear ya yi nazari daga zurfin teku a lokacin Shirin Binciken Tekun Duniya. Lear ya haɗu da nazarin isotope na oxygen tare da bincike game da adadin magnesium wanda ke faruwa na calcium a cikin microfossils. Binciken isotope na isotope ya oxygen ba zai iya raba zafin jiki da girman kankara na duniya ba, yayin da matakan magnesium kawai zafin jiki ke tasiri. Ta tattauna bincikenta tare da Melvyn Bragg a kan In Our Time a cikin 2013. 

A cikin 2016 Lear ya binciki dalilan da cewa shekarun kankara suna faruwa a kowace shekara 100,000, maimakon a kan tazarar 40,000 da suka faru a baya.  Ta hanyar sa ido kan nau'in sinadarai na microfossils, Lear ya gano cewa akwai ƙarin carbon dioxide da aka adana a cikin zurfin teku a lokacin shekarun kankara a cikin shekaru 100,000.  Wadannan binciken sun nuna cewa a cikin wadannan lokuta ana fitar da karin carbon dioxide zuwa cikin tekuna daga yanayin duniya, wanda ke rage yawan zafin jiki a duniya kuma yana haifar da dusar ƙanƙara ta mamaye Arewacin Hemisphere .  Ta nuna cewa fashewar volcanic na Columbia River Basalt Group yana fitar da carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi, yana haifar da raguwa a cikin pH na teku da kuma ƙara yawan zafin jiki na duniya.  Haɗin hawan tekun da ke da alaƙa ya binne adadi mai yawa na kwayoyin ruwa a cikin laka, yana canja wurin carbon volcanic zuwa teku a cikin dubban shekaru.  Ta kuma yi nazarin yadda matakan iskar iskar carbon dioxide ke tasiri akan acidification na teku . 

An ba Lear lambar yabo ta Geological Society of London Bigsby Medal a shekarar 2017.  Ita memba ce a ƙungiyar Mata a Kimiyya ta Jami'ar Cardiff .  Ta shiga cikin Soapbox Science . 

### Littattafan da aka zaɓa

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* 
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## Manazarta
Dutsen Powder (British Columbia)

Powder Mountain,  m (7,700 , babban taro ne na dutsen wuta a cikin Powder Mountain Icefield a cikin Pacific Ranges na Coast Mountains a kudu maso yammacin [**Rubutu mai gwaɓi**[British Columbia]], Kanada .

Yawancin tarihin tsaunukan dutse na Powder Mountain ya kasance a ɓoye baya ga wasu ƴan tarkacen dutsen mai aman wuta da ke ƙarƙashin hular ƙanƙara ta yanzu..

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta a Kanada
* Dutsen wuta na Kanada
* Volcanism na Yammacin Kanada
* Dutsen Brandywine
* Dutsen Fee
* Kwarin Callaghan
Dutsen Democrat

**Dutsen Democrat** babban taron koli ne na tsaunuka a cikin Range na sauro na tsaunin Rocky na Arewacin Amurka .  goma sha huɗu yana nisan  arewa maso yamma ( mai ɗauke da 313°) na Garin Alma, Colorado, Amurka, kusa da Rarraba Nahiyar da ke raba gandun daji na San Isabel da gundumar Lake daga Pike National Forest da Park County.    

## Dutsen
Dutsen Democrat sau da yawa yana hawa tare da Dutsen Lincoln da Dutsen Bross na kusa. 

### Hanyar hanyar hanya
Asusun Tsare-tsare, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta da ke kare albarkatun ƙasa da ruwa, ta sami kadada 300 na Dutsen Democrat. Sayen ya haɗa da kan hanya da taron koli, kuma Asusun Kula da Kare yana da niyyar canja wurin ƙasar zuwa Sabis ɗin gandun daji na Amurka don tabbatar da samun damar jama'a na dindindin.

Dutsen Democrat yana ɗaya daga cikin 58 na Colorado's goma sha huɗu, kololuwa waɗanda suka tashi sama da ƙafa 14,000 a tsayi. Shahararrun sha huɗu sanannen wuri ne ga masu tafiya da hawa hawa, kuma za su iya zama babbar fa'idar tattalin arziki ga ƙananan garuruwan da ke kusa da hanyoyin. Koyaya, baƙi na shekara-shekara zuwa Dutsen Democrat sun faɗi daga 25,000 zuwa 8,000 bayan mai mallakar ƙasa na baya ya rufe hanyoyin a cikin 2021.

Ana ganin siyan Dutsen Demokrat na Asusun Kare a matsayin kyakkyawan ci gaba ga masu sha'awar nishaɗi da tattalin arzikin gida. Hakan zai tabbatar da cewa jama'a sun ci gaba da samun damar zuwa wannan babban kololuwar kuma zai taimaka wajen tallafawa harkokin kasuwanci a cikin al'ummomin da ke kewaye. 

## Sunayen tarihi
Kafin a kira shi Dutsen Democrat, an san shi da Dutsen Jamhuriyar da Dutsen Buckskin.  Sunan Buckskin ya fito ne daga wani gari da ke kusa wanda ya samo sunansa daga Yusufu "Buckskin Joe" Higginbottom. Bayan sunan Dutsen Lincoln a 1861, 'yan Kudu da suka goyi bayan jam'iyyar Democrat sun ba da kololuwar sunanta na yanzu, kuma an sanya shi a kan taswirar hukuma a 1883. 

## Manazarta
Dutsen Canby

**Dutsen Canby babban** koli ne  a San Juan County, Colorado, Amurka.

## Bayani
Canby Mountain yana  gabas da al'ummar Silverton, a ƙasar da Rio Grande National Forest ke gudanarwa. Dutsen Canby yana kan Rarraba Nahiyar a cikin tsaunin San Juan waɗanda yanki ne na tsaunin Rocky . Ruwan ruwa na Rio Grande ya kasance a gabashin gindin dutsen,  yayin da ruwan hazo daga gangaren yammacin dutsen ya ratsa zuwa magudanan ruwa na kogin Animas . Taimako na Topographic yana da matsakaici yayin da babban taron ya tashi  a cikin rabin mil (0.8km). Maƙwabta sun haɗa da Dutsen Tumaki,  zuwa kudu maso gabas da Dutsen Greenhalgh,  zuwa gabas-kudu maso gabas.  Hanyar Rarraba Nahiyar Nahiyar da Trail Trail ta ratsa gangaren kololuwa da hawan koli daga Stony Pass mai tarihi ya rufe nisan mil daya na tafiya ta hanyar tafiya tare da 890-feet na riba mai tsayi.  Hukumar {asar Amirka ta kar~i sunan dutsen a hukumance akan Sunayen Geographic,  kuma an rubuta shi a cikin wallafe-wallafe a matsayin "Mount Canby" a farkon 1877.  

## Yanayi
Dangane da tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, Dutsen Canby yana cikin yankin yanayin yanayi mai tsayi mai tsayi tare da sanyi, lokacin sanyi, da sanyi ga lokacin zafi.  Saboda tsayinsa, yana samun hazo duk shekara, kamar dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin sanyi da kuma kamar tsawa a lokacin rani, tare da lokacin bushewa a ƙarshen bazara.

## Gallery

Fayil:Canby_Mountain.jpg|alt=East aspect| Bangaren gabas
Fayil:Colorado_Trail,_Canby_Mountain.jpg|alt=South aspect of Canby Mountain viewed from Colorado Trail| Yankin Kudu na Canby Mountain ana kallo daga Trail Trail
Fayil:Canby_Mountain,_north.jpg|alt=North aspect viewed from Maggie Gulch| An kalli bangaren Arewa daga Maggie Gulch


## Manazarta
Layin dusar ƙanƙara

**layin dusar ƙanƙara** na yanayi shine iyaka tsakanin dusar ƙara da kuma dusar ƙana. Ainihin layin dusar ƙanƙara na iya daidaitawa a yanayi, kuma ya kasance mafi girma a tsawo, ko ƙasa. Layin dusar ƙanƙara na dindindin shine matakin da dusar ƙara za ta kasance a duk shekara.

## Tarihi
Layin dusar ƙanƙara kalma ce don fassarori daban-daban na iyakar tsakanin dusar ƙara da kuma dusar ƙana. Ma'anar layin dusar ƙanƙara na iya samun maida hankali daban-daban na lokaci da sararin samaniya. A yankuna da yawa canjin layin dusar ƙanƙara yana nuna yanayi yanayi. Tsawon karshe na layin dusar ƙanƙara a cikin yanayin dutse a ƙarshen lokacin narkewa yana ƙarƙashin canjin yanayi, sabili da haka yana iya bambanta daga shekara zuwa shekara. Ana auna layin dusar ƙanƙara ta amfani da kyamarori na atomatik, hotuna na sama, ko Hotunan tauraron dan adam. Saboda ana iya kafa layin dusar ƙanƙara ba tare da ma'auni a ƙasa ba, ana iya auna shi a wurare masu nisa da wahalar samun dama. Sabili da haka, layin dusar ƙanƙara ya zama muhimmiyar canji a cikin samfuran ruwa.

Matsakaicin tsawo na layin dusar ƙanƙara mai wucewa ana kiransa "layin dusar ƙara na yanayi" kuma ana amfani dashi azaman siginar don rarraba yankuna bisa ga yanayin yanayi. Yankin tsakanin yankin tarawa da yankin ablation a kan kan kankara ana kiransa "layin dusar ƙanƙara na shekara-shekara". Yankin kankara da ke ƙasa da wannan layin dusar ƙanƙara ya narke a kakar da ta gabata. Ana amfani da kalmar "layin dusar ƙanƙara" don bayyana iyakar dusar ƙara a kan farfajiya ban da kankara. Ana amfani da kalmar "layin dusar ƙanƙara na yanki" don bayyana manyan yankuna. "Layin dusar ƙanƙara na dindindin" shine matakin da ke sama wanda dusar ƙara za ta kasance duk shekara.

## Layin dusar ƙanƙara na yankuna na duniya
Haɗin kai na haɓakawa da latitude yana shafar daidaitaccen jeri na layin dusar ƙanƙara a wani wuri na musamman. A ko kusa da equator, yawanci yana a kusan  sama da matakin teku . Yayin da mutum ke motsawa zuwa Tropic of Cancer da Tropic of Capricorn, siga a farkon yana ƙaruwa: a cikin Himalayas layin dusar ƙanƙara na dindindin zai iya kaiwa  . Bayan Tropics, layin dusar ƙanƙara yana ƙara ƙasa kaɗan yayin da latitude ya ƙaru, zuwa ƙasa da  a cikin Alps kuma yana fadowa har zuwa matakin teku a kan kankara kusa da sanduna .

Bugu da ƙari, wurin da ke kusa da bakin teku mafi kusa zai iya rinjayar hawan layin dusar ƙanƙara. Wuraren da ke kusa da bakin teku na iya samun ƙarancin layin dusar ƙanƙara fiye da wuraren da ke da tsayi iri ɗaya da latitude da ke cikin ƙasa mai cike da ƙasa saboda ƙarin dusar ƙanƙara ta hunturu kuma saboda matsakaicin zafin rani na wuraren da ke kewaye zai yi zafi daga teku. (Wannan ya shafi ko da a cikin wurare masu zafi, tun da wurare masu nisa daga teku za su sami manyan jeri na zafin rana da kuma yuwuwar ƙarancin danshi, kamar yadda aka lura da Kilimanjaro da Dutsen Meru wanda ba shi da glacier a halin yanzu.) Saboda haka tsayin daka ya zama dole don rage yawan zafin jiki gaba da kewaye kuma kiyaye dusar ƙanƙara daga narkewa.

## Manazarta
Dutsen Chimney (Colorado)

**Chimney Rock** wani ginshiƙi ne mai tsawo 11,781 feet (3,591 mita) wanda ke kan iyakar Hinsdale County tare da Ouray County, a kudu maso yammacin Colorado, Amurka. Yana da nisan kilomita 10.5 a gabashin al'ummar Ridgway, kuma nan da nan a kudancin Owl Creek Pass, a cikin Uncompahgre Wilderness, a ƙasar da Uncompahgr National Forest ke sarrafawa. Owl Creek Pass ya raba Chimney Rock daga Cimarron Ridge zuwa arewa. Yana daga cikin tsaunukan San Juan waɗanda ke cikin tsaunuka na Rocky, kuma suna yammacin Continental Divide. Chimney Rock shine mafi tsawo a Colorado tare da matsakaicin tsawo na digiri 61.4. Taimako na taswirar ƙasa da mahimmanci yayin da bangaren gabas ya tashi 1,600 feet (mita 490) sama da Kogin West Fork Cimarron a cikin rabin mil. Ana iya ganin Chimney Rock daga Hanyar 550 kusa da Ridgway. Hukumar Amurka kan Sunayen Yanayi ta karɓi sunan wannan fasalin a hukumance a 1966, kafin wannan an san shi da Chimney Peak .  Melvin Griffiths da Robert Ormes ne suka fara hawa a shekarar 1934 ta hanyar fuskar kudu mai mita 400, wanda shine kawai hanyar hawa da aka kafa.&nbsp;

## Yanayi
Dangane da tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, Chimney Rock yana cikin yankin yanayi na alpine subarctic tare da sanyi, hunturu mai dusar ƙanƙara, da sanyi zuwa lokacin rani. Saboda tsawo, yana samun hazo a duk shekara, a matsayin dusar ƙanƙara a cikin hunturu, kuma a matsayin tsawa a lokacin rani, tare da lokacin bushewa a ƙarshen bazara. Ruwan sama daga gefen gabas na dutsen ya shiga cikin Kogin Cimarron, kuma daga gefen yamma zuwa Kogin Uncompahgre ta hanyar Cow Creek.

## Fina-finai
Chimney Rock appeared in Rooster Cogburn's climactic shootout of the 1969 western motion picture, *True Grit*, starring John Wayne. It is also seen in the 1962 epic, *How the West Was Won*, as Gregory Peck tries to tow a covered wagon stuck in the mud.

## Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

Fayil:Chimney_Rock_Cimarron_Ridge_Sunset.jpg|Chimney Rock from the north, with Courthouse Mountain behind
Fayil:Chimney_Rock,_Courthouse_Mountain.jpg|Chimney Rock (left), Courthouse Mountain (right). West aspect.
Fayil:Chimney_Rock,_Cimarron_range.jpg
Fayil:Chimney_Rock_Cimarron_range.jpg|Chimney Rock seen from Courthouse Trail

Fayil:CHIMNEY_ROCK_-_NARA_-_544837.jpg

## Manazarta
Daidaitawar yawan jama'a

An gabatar da daidaitattun-daidaitattun jama'a (PBEs) a cikin rassa da yawa na kimiyya ta zamani, galibi a cikin Injiniyan Chemical,  don bayyana juyin halitta na yawan barbashi. Wannan ya haɗa da batutuwa kamar crystallization,  leaching (metallurgy),  cire ruwa-ruwa, rarraba gas-ruwa kamar ruwa electrolysis,  halayen ruwa-ruwan ruwa, raguwa, Injiniyan aerosol, ilmin halitta (inda ƙungiyoyi daban-daban sune sel bisa ga *girman* su ko sunadarai na intracellular ), polymerization, da dai sauransu. Za'a iya cewa ana iya samun daidaitattun daidaitattun ma'aunin Smoluchowski wanda ke bayyana kawai haɗin barbashi. PBEs, gabaɗaya, suna bayyana yadda yawan jama'a na ƙungiyoyi daban-daban ke tasowa a cikin takamaiman kaddarorin a tsawon lokaci. Su ne saiti na daidaitattun bambance-bambance na Integro-partial wanda ke ba da halayyar matsakaicin filin yawan barbashi daga nazarin halayyar barbashi guda ɗaya a cikin yanayin gida. Tsarin ƙwayoyin cuta ana nuna su ta hanyar haihuwa da mutuwar ƙwayoyin. Misali, la'akari da tsarin hazo (tsarin ƙarfi daga maganin ruwa) wanda ke da subprocesses nucleation, agglomeration, ƙarya, da dai sauransu, wanda ke haifar da karuwa ko raguwar yawan barbashi na wani radius (yana ɗaukar samar da barbashi na spherical). Ma'aunin yawan jama'a ba komai bane face ma'auni akan yawan barbashi na wani jiha (a cikin wannan misali, girman).

## Tsarin PBE
**Yi la'akari da matsakaita adadin barbashi tare da barbashi Properties nuna ta wani barbashi jihar vector (x, r) (inda x yayi dace da barbashi Properties kamar size, yawa, da dai sauransu kuma aka sani da ciki daidaitawa da, r yayi dace da sarari matsayi ko waje daidaitawa) tarwatsa a cikin wani m lokaci ayyana ta wani lokaci vector Y (r,t) (wanda kuma shi ne wani nau'i na vector na duk wani nau'i na daban-daban na wurare dabam dabam).  f(x,r,t) ya nuna.  Don haka yana ba da halayen barbashi a cikin dukiya da yankunan sararin samaniya.  Bari h(x,r,Y,t) ya nuna adadin haihuwar barbashi kowace juzu'in juzu'in barbashi, don haka za'a iya rubuta lambar kiyayewa kamar haka.** 

 \frac{d}{dt} \int_{\Omega_x(t)} dV_x \int_{\Omega_r(t)} dV_r\,f(\mathbf{x},\mathbf{r},t) = \int_{\Omega_x(t)} dV_x \int_{\Omega_r(t)} dV_r\,h(\mathbf{x},\mathbf{r},\mathbf{Y},t) 

## Maganin PBE
Hanyoyin Monte Carlo  ,  hanyoyin rarrabewa  da hanyoyin lokaci   [3]  ana amfani da su galibi don warware waɗannan daidaitattun. Zaɓin ya dogara da aikace-aikace da kayan aikin lissafi.
Dutsen Hilliard

**Hilliard Peak** yana da  taron tsaunuka a gundumar Pitkin, Colorado, Amurka.

## Bayani
Hilliard Peak yana da  yamma da Rarraba Nahiyar a cikin tsaunukan Elk waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin tsaunukan Rocky . Yana matsayi a matsayin kololuwa na 306th a Colorado.  Dutsen yana da  kudu maso kudu maso yamma na al'ummar Aspen da  yamma-arewa maso yamma na Castle Peak . An saita kololuwar a cikin Maroon Bells–Snowmass Wilderness a ƙasar da ke ƙarƙashin dajin White River National Forest . Ruwan hazo daga gangaren dutsen yana magudanar ruwa zuwa magudanan ruwa na kogin Roaring Fork wanda wani yanki ne na kogin Colorado . Taimakon Topographic yana da mahimmanci yayin da taron ya tashi  sama da Conundrum Creek a cikin  da  sama da Gabashin Maroon Creek a cikin  .

## Etymology

An karɓo sunan dutsen a hukumance a ranar 9 ga Disamba, 1975, ta Hukumar Amurka kan Sunayen Geographic don tunawa da Edward H. Hilliard, Jr. (1922–1970), mai kiyayewa kuma masanin muhalli.  An haife shi a Louisville, Kentucky, a ranar 16 ga Oktoba, 1922. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Lieutenant Infantry a Faransa a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, sannan ya kammala karatunsa na kwaleji a Jami'ar Yale a 1948, sannan ya koma Colorado a 1949.  Hilliard ya mutu a ranar 15 ga Agusta, 1970, lokacin da ya kashe shi da wani jirgin saman dutsen da ke kusa da dutsen Mawaki . 

## Yanayi
Bisa ga tsarin rarrabuwar yanayi na Köppen, Hilliard Peak yana cikin yankin yanayi mai tsaunuka mai tsayi tare da sanyi, lokacin sanyi, da sanyi zuwa lokacin zafi.  Saboda tsayinsa, yana samun hazo duk shekara, kamar dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin sanyi, da kuma kamar tsawa a lokacin rani, tare da lokacin bushewa a ƙarshen bazara.

## Manazarta
Electric Peak (Jinin Kristi)

**Kololuwar Lantarki** shine  taron kolin tsaunuka akan iyakar da yankunan Custer da Saguache suka raba, a Colorado, Amurka.

## Bayani
An saita Peak Electric akan saman Sangre de Cristo Range wanda yanki ne na tsaunin Rocky . Shi ne babban taro na shida mafi girma a gundumar Custer da kuma 185th-mafi girma a Colorado.  Dutsen yana da  yamma-arewa maso yamma na garin Westcliffe a cikin Sangre de Cristo Wilderness, a kan ƙasar da San Isabel National Forest da Rio Grande National Forest ke gudanarwa.  Ruwan hazo daga tsaunukan gabas na dutsen yana magudawa zuwa Brush Creek → Texas Creek → Kogin Arkansas, yayin da gangaren yamma ta malalo zuwa cikin Cotton Creek wanda ke gudana zuwa kwarin San Luis . Taimakon Topographic yana da mahimmanci yayin da taron ya tashi  sama da tafkin Banjo a cikin 0.4&nbsp;mil (0.64&nbsp;km) da  sama da Cotton Creek a cikin 1.5&nbsp;mil (2.4&nbsp;km). Hawan taron kolin ya ƙunshi mil 15 na tafiya tare da tsayin ƙafa 5,300.  Binciken Hayden ya yi amfani da sunan dutsen kuma a hukumance ya karbe shi a cikin 1906 ta Hukumar Amurka akan Sunayen Geographic . 

## Yanayi
Bisa ga tsarin rarrabuwar yanayi na Köppen, Electric Peak yana cikin yankin yanayin yanayi mai tsayi mai tsayi tare da sanyi, lokacin dusar ƙanƙara, da sanyi ga lokacin zafi.  Saboda tsayinsa, yana samun hazo duk shekara, kamar dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin sanyi da kuma kamar tsawa a lokacin rani, tare da lokacin bushewa a ƙarshen bazara. Masu hawan hawa za su iya tsammanin ruwan sama da rana, ƙanƙara, da walƙiya (saboda haka sunan wannan kololuwar) daga damina ta yanayi a ƙarshen Yuli da Agusta.

## Manazarta
Bill Williams Peak

**Bill Williams Peak**, tsayin , dutse ne (wanda ba a bayyana sunansa ba) wanda ke cikin gundumar Pitkin, Colorado, Amurka. Kolin dutsen shine babban wurin tsaunukan Williams, wani yanki na Sawatch Range . Taron yana da  gabas da Aspen, Colorado, a cikin jejin Hunter-Fryingpan na dajin National White River .  Bill Williams Peak shi ne babban taron koli na 42 mafi girma na Colorado kuma babban taro na 45 mafi girma na tsaunin Rocky na Amurka da Kanada .

## Etymology
Sunan dutsen da kewayon sa ga William Sherley "Tsohon Bill" Williams (1787-1849), fitaccen ɗan dutsen Amurka kuma ɗan iyakoki wanda ya ziyarci yankin.

A cikin Nuwamba 1848, John C. Fremont ya hayar Williams don ya jagoranci balaguron balaguro na huɗu na rashin lafiya ta Kudancin Dutsen Rocky .  Fremont ya nemi nemo hanyar jirgin kasa ta cikin Rockies tare da 38th parallel arewa . Williams ya gargadi Fremont game da bin hanyar da ya yi niyya ta tsaunin La Garita a cikin hunturu, amma Fremont ya ci gaba da mutanensa 35 da alfadarai 150. A ƙarshe balaguron ya zama cikin dusar ƙanƙara mai zurfi kuma mutane 11 da dukan dabbobin sai kaɗan sun mutu.  Williams ya jagoranci ƙungiyar ceto kudu zuwa Taos, kuma waɗanda suka tsira daga balaguron sun sami nasarar bi. 

A watan Maris, Williams da Dokta Benjamin Kern sun koma tsaunin La Garita da fatan samun karin wadanda suka tsira. A ranar 14 ga Maris, 1849, mayaƙan Ute sun kashe Bill Williams da Dr. Kern a cikin tsaunuka ta hanyar kutsawa cikin ƙasashen Ute . 

## Hawa
A watan Agustan 2024, wani mai hawan dutse mai shekaru 33 ya ji mummunan rauni bayan ya fadi 50-100 feet daga Williams Peak. Mai hawan dutse ya sami damar aika wurin su ga masu ceto ta hanyar na'urar GPS, duk da haka mai hawan dutsen ya mutu saboda raunin da suka samu a lokacin da masu ceto suka iso.

## Manazarta
Ƙaho na Zinariya (Colorado)

**Golden Horn** babban koli ne  wanda ke kan iyakar San Juan County tare da gundumar San Miguel, a kudu maso yammacin Colorado, Amurka.  Yana da nisan mil tara yamma da al'ummar Silverton, a ƙasar dajin San Juan National Forest da Uncompahgre National Forest . Golden Horn wani yanki ne na tsaunin San Juan wanda yanki ne na tsaunin Rocky, kuma yana yamma da Rarraba Nahiyar . Yana da matsayi a matsayin kololuwar 116th-mafi girma a Colorado,  kuma taimakon topographic yana da mahimmanci yayin da bangaren yamma ya tashi  a cikin kusan mil 1.5. Sunan dutsen, wanda Hukumar Amurka ta amince da shi akan Sunayen Geographic, ana amfani da shi a cikin 1906 lokacin da Henry Gannett ya buga shi a *Gazetteer na Colorado* .  

## Yanayi
Bisa ga tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, Golden Horn yana cikin yankin yanayi mai tsayi mai tsayi mai tsayi, sanyi, lokacin sanyi, da sanyi ga lokacin zafi.  Saboda tsayinsa, yana samun hazo duk shekara, kamar dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin sanyi, da kuma kamar tsawa a lokacin rani, tare da lokacin bushewa a ƙarshen bazara. Ruwan hazo daga tsaunin yana malalowa zuwa yamma zuwa rafukan kogin Dolores, da gabas zuwa kogin Animas ta hanyar Ma'adinai.

## Manazarta
Binciken al'umma

**Binciken al'umma** shine ganowa da ƙididdige matsalolin lafiya a cikin yawan jama'a ta amfani da alamun kiwon lafiya don ayyana waɗanda ke cikin haɗari ko waɗanda ke buƙatar kulawa da dama da albarkatun da ke akwai don magance waɗannan abubuwan.
Abdullahi Saleh Pakistan

**Abdullahi Saleh Pakistan** malamin Addinin Musulunci ne a Najeriya kuma ma'aikacin gwamnati. Shine Shugaban Hukumar Hajji ta Kasa ta Najeriya (**NAHCON**) tun watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024. Kafin naɗa shi a matsayin shugaban hukumar ya jagoranci hukumar a matakin jiha, wato shine shugaban hukumar Alhazai ta Kano. Anfi sanin shi da Sheikh **Pakistan** saboda ilimin Islama na farko a Pakistan. Yana ɗaya daga cikin Manyan Malaman Izalah na farko-farko, sannan ya bada gudunmawa sosai wa Addinin Musulunci.

## Manazarta
Ministan Canjin Yanayi (New South Wales)

**Ministan canjin yanayi**, minista ne a gwamnatin New South Wales wanda ke da alhakin kula da sauyin yanayi a New South Wales, Australia . 

An ƙirƙiri fayil ɗin ne bayan zaɓen 2007 a ma'aikatar Iemma ta biyu wacce aka fara haɗa ta da ruwa da muhalli . An nada Phil Koperberg a matsayin minista na farko kuma kafin ya yi murabus daga majalisar ministocin a watan Fabrairun 2008.   An nada Verity Firth a matsayin ministan sauyin yanayi da muhalli, tare da Nathan Rees ya dauki nauyin ruwa.  Carmel Tebbutt da John Robertson sun yi aiki a matsayin minista a hidimar Rees,   sannan Frank Sartor a karkashin Keneally .  Babu ministocin sauyin yanayi a lokacin gwamnatin NSW Liberal Government na 2011 zuwa 2023. Tare da dawowar Labour zuwa mulki a zaben 2023, an dawo da fayil ɗin. Minista na yanzu, tun daga 28 Maris 2023, ita ce Penny Sharpe tana aiki a ma'aikatar Premier Minns .  Ministan yana gudanar da aikin ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Canjin Yanayi, Makamashi, Muhalli da Ruwa da sauran hukumomin gwamnati. 

A karkashin Jadawalin 1 na *Shirye-shiryen Gudanarwa (Ma'aikatar Minns-Gudanar da Ayyukan Ayyuka) Order 2023*, Ministan sauyin yanayi na yanzu shine ke da alhakin gudanar da *Dokar Canjin Yanayi (Net Zero Future) 2023* kuma yana da haɗin gwiwar gudanar da duk ayyukan da aka ba wa ministan makamashi da kuma ministan muhalli. 

Daga ƙarshe, ministocin suna da alhakin Majalisar New South Wales .

## Jerin sunayen ministoci
Mutanen da ke zuwa sun yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Canjin Yanayi ko kuma wasu mukamai da suka gabata:

## Manazarta
Koje Ba a tantance shi ba

Koje Unscreened wani ɗan littafin jarida ne wanda aka buga a 1953 kuma Wilfred Burchett da Alan Winnington ne suka rubuta shi tare, 'yan jarida biyu kawai na ƙasar Ingilishi da ke magana da Ingilishi don rufe Yaƙin Koriya daga arewacin rikici.

Littafin ya rufe sanannen fursunonin yaki a sansanin Geojedo wanda sojojin Amurka ke gudanarwa a lokacin yakin Koriya, kuma yana mai da hankali kan tashin hankali a sansanin a ranar 10 ga Yuni 1952 da kuma rashin kula da fursunoni. Dukkanin marubutan sun kwatanta maganin Amurka na POWs zuwa sansanonin Nazi kamar Belsen. Abubuwan da ke cikin littafin sun dogara ne akan ganawa da tsoffin fursunoni da suka tsere tare da rahotanni na Red Cross da wallafe-wallafen da aka buga a 1952,  kuma suna zargin Amurkawa da abokansu na azabtarwa, fyade, kisan kai, tilasta wa sojojin abokan gaba, da tilasta tattoo na fursunoni. 

## Tattaunawar masana tarihi
Koje Unscreened an yi amfani da shi azaman tushen farko don nazarin Yakin Koriya ta masana tarihi da yawa. Masanin tarihi Charles Steuart Young, ya bayyana Koje Unscreened kamar yadda ya ƙunshi "masu mahimman bayanai na ciki waɗanda suka fito daga sansanonin" kuma cewa littafin "ya kara cikakkun bayanai ga abubuwan da aka rubuta a wasu tushe".

## Littattafai
An buga bugu da yawa, gami da sigar da aka buga da kanta a kasar Sin, da kuma sigar da aka wallafa a Burtaniya ta Ƙungiyar Abokantaka ta Burtaniya da China.

## Manazarta
Hukuncin kisa a Monaco

An soke **Hukuncin kisa a Monaco** a shekarar 1962. 

Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Monaco na 17 ga Disamba 1962, wanda ya haramta azabtarwa, ya ce: 

"An soke hukuncin kisa. "

Kashe-kashen karshe ya faru ne a shekara ta 1847. 

## References
Hukuncin kisa a Mauritius

Hukuncin kisa an soke shi a ƙasar Mauritius a shekarar 1995, bayan amincewa da Dokar Soke Hukuncin Kisa ta 1995 (Lamba 31 na 1995). An aiwatar da kisa na ƙarshe a Mauritius a shekarar 1987. 

Mauritius ba ta zama ɓangare na Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Biyu ga Alkawarin Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa.. Amma ta kada kuri'a goyon bayan dakatar da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a shekarar 2020.

## References
Ilimin muhalli na na'ura

ilimin muhalli na na'ura yana nufin tarin na'urori tare da dangantaka tsakanin juna, wato, waɗannan na'urorin na iya sadarwa da juna kuma suna sane da kasancewar juna. Kalmar "ecology" tana nufin dangantakar da ke tsakanin kwayar halitta da mahallinta, wanda zai iya haɗawa da wasu kwayoyin. Na'urori a cikin dakin zama na gaba, na'urori masu cikin kicin, ko na'urorin da ke cikin masana'anta na iya samar da muhalli na'urodi (na'urar zama ta muhalli, na'urar kicin, da dai sauransu) don yin aiki tare ga mai amfani. Ka yi tunanin mai amfani yana gabatar da sabon na'urar zuwa yanayin muhalli na'urar dakin zama (watau, kawo sabon na'ura gida). Da kyau, mai amfani kawai ya sanya na'urar a cikin dakin zama, kuma akwai "daidaitawa" ta atomatik na sabon na'urar tare da haɗin kai a cikin yanayin muhalli na'urar zama.

Yana yiwuwa na'urorin suna da matsayi daban-daban a cikin yanayin muhalli na'urar. Ana amfani da kalmar "ecology" a matsayin kwatanci amma kuma yana jaddada ra'ayin na'urori a cikin dangantaka. Har ma muna iya magana game da na'urori a cikin alaƙar symbiotic, inda na'urorin ke "taimakawa" juna a cikin burinsu. Za'a iya fassara ra'ayoyin juna, commensalism, endosymbiosis da ectosymbiosis don ilimin muhalli na na'urar tare da na'urori daban-daban, ayyuka da girma; ana iya bayyana wasu alaƙa. Wannan kuma yana nufin cewa na'urori a cikin na'urar muhalli na iya shafar juna ta hanyar halayensu.

DIlimin muhalli na na'ura yana da alaƙa da ra'ayin na'urorin zamantakewa, ta amfani da kalmar "social" don bayyana na'urori waɗanda ke iya hulɗa da juna, kuma yana da alaƙar na'urodi masu wayo, wanda ke nufin na'uroni masu iya hulɗa tare da juna da masu amfani a cikin hanyar da ba a sani ba. Yawanci, tare da mai amfani a cikin mahalli, na'urorin a cikin mahallin da kuma a kan mai amfani na iya samar da muhalli na'urar.

Matsalar bincike ita ce yadda mai amfani zai iya hulɗa tare da yanayin muhalli na'ura, kuma wani shine yadda na'urori zasu iya bin diddigin juna, koda kuwa sabbin na'urorin zasu iya shiga cikin muhalli ko na'urodi suka bar. Wani aikin Turai yana magana ne game da al'ummomin da ke da hanyar sadarwa na kayan tarihi.

## Manazarta
Jerin duwatsu masu aman wuta a Rasha

{{Databox}**Rubutu mai gwaɓi**Wannan jerin duwatsun da ke aiki da kuma suna aman wuta  ne a Rasha.

## Rasha ta Turai

## Kamchatka
Volcanoes of the Kamchatka Peninsula of the northwestern Pacific Ocean and the Russian Far East.

## Sauran sassan Rasha

## Misali
Ilimim muhali na mamaya

Matsayin muhalli shine matakin da jinsin daya ko da yawa ke da babban tasiri wajen sarrafa sauran jinsunan a cikin al'ummarsu ta muhalli (saboda girman su, yawan jama'a, yawan aiki, ko abubuwan da suka danganci su)  ko kuma sun hada da biomass. Dukkanin abun da ke ciki da yalwar jinsuna a cikin tsarin halittu na iya shafar jinsunan da ke akwai.

A mafi yawan yanayin halittu na duniya, masu ilimin halittu sun lura da tsarin Matsayi mai yawa wanda yanayin halittu ya ƙunshi nau'o'i masu yawa, amma sun fi yawa, nau'o-in da ba su da yawa. Danish botanist Christen C. Raunkiær ya bayyana wannan sabon abu a matsayin "dokarsa ta mitar" a cikin 1918, inda ya gane cewa a cikin al'ummomin da ke da nau'in jinsin guda ɗaya da ke lissafin mafi yawan biomass, bambancin jinsuna sau da yawa ya fi ƙasa.

Tabbas, masana kimiyyar halittu suna sa ran ganin tasirin da ya fi zurfi daga waɗancan nau'ikan da suka fi yawa. Da farko an tsara shi azaman *ra'ayi na yawan jama'a* a cikin takarda ta 1998 ta masanin ilimin muhalli na Ingilishi J. Philip Grime, an yi hasashen cewa jinsunan da suka fi dacewa da muhalli za su sami tasiri mai yawa a kan aikin muhalli da matakai na muhalli saboda yawan su.ity.

Yawancin al'ummomin muhalli an bayyana su ne ta hanyar jinsinsu masu rinjaye.

A halin yanzu akwai ma'auni daban-daban don kimanta mamayar jinsuna a cikin yanayin halittu na halitta, gami da mahimmancin ƙimar ƙimar, ƙididdigar gasa, ƙididdiga ta muhimmancin al'umma, da ƙididdigari na rinjaye.

## Manazarta
Carson Peak (Colorado)

**Carson Peak** babban taro ne  a gundumar Hinsdale, Colorado, Amurka.

## Bayani
Carson Peak yana da  gabas-arewa maso gabas na al'ummar Silverton, akan ƙasar da Gunnison National Forest da Rio Grande National Forest ke gudanarwa. Tana kan Rarraba Nahiyar A cikin tsaunin San Juan, waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin tsaunukan Rocky . Carson Peak yana matsayi na 23 mafi girma a gundumar Hinsdale da 167th-mafi girma a Colorado.  Ruwan hazo daga gangaren kudu na dutsen yana magudanar ruwa zuwa magudanar ruwa na Lost Trail Creek wanda wata gabar ruwa ce ta Rio Grande, yayin da gangaren arewa ke magudawa zuwa Kogin Fork Gunnison . Taimakon Topographic yana da mahimmanci yayin da taron ya tashi  sama da Lost Trail Creek a cikin , kuma sama da  sama da Tekun Fork a cikin  . Hanyar Rarraba Nahiyar Nahiyar ta ratsa kudu da gangaren kololuwa, kuma hawan zuwa taron ya kunshi tafiyar mil 9.3 tare da tsayin ƙafa 3,030.  Hukumar {asar Amirka ta kar~i sunan saman dutsen a hukumance akan Sunayen Geographic .  Carson, sansanin ma'adinai (yanzu garin fatalwa) mai nisan mil biyu gabas-arewa-gabas na kololuwa a kan Wager Gulch ana kiransa sunan Christopher J. Carson, wanda ya gano azurfa da zinare a nan a cikin 1881. 

## Yanayi
Dangane da tsarin rarrabuwar yanayi na Köppen, Carson Peak yana cikin yankin yanayi mai tsaunuka mai tsayi tare da sanyi, lokacin sanyi, da sanyi zuwa lokacin zafi.  Saboda tsayinsa, yana samun hazo duk shekara, kamar dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin sanyi da kuma kamar tsawa a lokacin rani, tare da lokacin bushewa a ƙarshen bazara.

## Manazarta
Cottonwood Peak (Colorado)

**Cottonwood Peak** yana da  babban taron tsaunuka akan iyakar da yankunan Custer da Saguache suka raba, a Colorado, Amurka.

## Bayani
Cottonwood Peak an saita shi akan ƙwanƙolin Sangre de Cristo Range wanda yanki ne na tsaunin Rocky . Shine babban taro na bakwai mafi girma a gundumar Custer da kuma 191st-mafi girma a Colorado.  Dutsen yana da  kudu da Coaldale a cikin Sangre de Cristo Wilderness, a kan ƙasar da San Isabel National Forest da Rio Grande National Forest ke gudanarwa.  Ruwan hazo daga tsaunukan gabas na dutsen ya malalo zuwa tafkin Creek → Texas Creek → Kogin Arkansas, yayin da gangaren yamma ta malalo zuwa kwarin San Luis . Taimakon Topographic yana da mahimmanci yayin da taron ya tashi sama da  sama da Garner Creek a cikin 1.5&nbsp;mil (2.4&nbsp;km). Hawan taron kolin ya ƙunshi mil 12 na tafiya tare da tsayin ƙafa 5,400.  Hukumar {asar Amirka ta kar~i sunan saman dutsen a hukumance akan Sunayen Geographic . 

## Yanayi
Dangane da tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, Cottonwood Peak yana cikin yankin yanayi mai tsayi mai tsayi tare da sanyi, lokacin sanyi, da sanyi zuwa lokacin zafi.  Saboda tsayinsa, yana samun hazo duk shekara, kamar dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin sanyi da kuma kamar tsawa a lokacin rani, tare da lokacin bushewa a ƙarshen bazara. Masu hawan hawa za su iya tsammanin ruwan sama da rana, ƙanƙara, da walƙiya daga damina ta yanayi a ƙarshen Yuli da Agusta.
Dutsen Horseshoe (Colorado)

**Dutsen Horseshoe** wani babban dutse ne a cikin Range na sauro na Dutsen Rocky na Arewacin Amurka .  goma sha uku yana nisan  kudu maso gabas ta gabas ( mai ɗauke da 126°) na Birnin Leadville, Colorado, Amurka, akan magudanar ruwa da ke raba gandun daji na San Isabel da gundumar Lake daga Pike National Forest da Park County .   

## Cirque
Dutsen yana da na musamman da kuma fitaccen cirque . An karkatar da dawafin kuma an yi shi da duwatsun Paleozoic sedimentary duwatsu waɗanda suka samo asali a kan benayen tekuna na dā. Yana da wuya a sami tsaunuka masu tsayi da tsayi a cikin tuddai masu tsayi na Colorado, saboda yawancin abubuwan da ke cikin babban ƙasa glaciers sun lalatar da su a lokacin lokacin kankara. A wannan yanayin, dusar ƙanƙara ta sassaka ma'auni a cikin siffar doki ba tare da lalata shi gaba daya ba.  

## Manazarta
Dutsen Apache

**Apache Peak** yana da  taron kolin dutse a kan iyakar Boulder County da Grand County, a Colorado, Amurka. 

## Bayani
Apache Peak an saita shi akan Rarraba Nahiyar a Gaban Gaba wanda yanki ne na tsaunin Rocky .  Dutsen yana da  yamma da Boulder a cikin Kogin Indiya kololuwa, a kan ƙasa da Arapaho National Forest da Roosevelt National Forest ke gudanarwa. Shi ne babban taro na biyu mafi girma a cikin jeji kuma mafi girma na uku a Grand County.  Ruwan hazo daga gangaren gabas na dutsen yana magudanar ruwa zuwa magudanar ruwa ta Kudu St. Vrain Creek, yayin da gangaren yamma ta gangaro zuwa tafkin Monarch daga nan tafkin Granby ta hanyar Cascade da Arapaho. Taimakon Topographic yana da mahimmanci yayin da taron ya tashi  sama da Wheeler Basin a cikin mil ɗaya (kilomita 1.6) da  sama da Tekun Triangle a cikin mil ɗaya da rabi. Hawan kololuwar ya ƙunshi tafiya  (zagaye) tare da  na daukaka riba.  Ellsworth Bethel ne ya sanya wa dutsen suna,  kuma Hukumar Kula da Sunayen Ƙasa ta Amurka ta karɓe ta a hukumance a cikin 1914. 

## Yanayi
Bisa ga tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, dutsen yana cikin yankin yanayi mai tsaunuka mai tsayi tare da sanyi, lokacin sanyi, da sanyi ga lokacin zafi.  Saboda tsayinsa, yana samun hazo duk shekara, kamar dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin sanyi da kuma kamar tsawa a lokacin rani, tare da lokacin bushewa a ƙarshen bazara. Wannan yanayin yana goyan bayan glacier mai kyau a cikin kololuwar arewa maso yammacin cirque da Isabelle Glacier a kan gangaren arewa maso gabas.

## Hawa
Kafa hanyoyin hawa a kan Apache Peak: 

* Gabas gangara - class 3
* Apache Couloir - aji 3
* Gabas Ledges - Darasi na 3
* Glacier mai kyau - aji 3
* South Ridge - Darasi na 3
* *Hanyar Queens* - Darasi na 2

## Gallery

Fayil:Apache,_Navajo,_Arikaree_peaks.jpg|alt=West aspect of Apache Peak (left)Navajo Peak centered, Arikaree Peak (right).| Yankin yamma na Apache Peak (hagu) Peak Navajo a tsakiya, Arikaree Peak (dama).
Fayil:Indian_Peaks_Wilderness,_Lake_Isabelle.jpg|alt=East aspect of Navajo Peak (left, pyramid shape), Apache Peak (center), and Shoshoni Peak (right). Lake Isabelle to left.| Bangaren Gabas na Navajo Peak (hagu, siffar dala), Apache Peak (tsakiya), da Shoshoni Peak (dama). Lake Isabelle zuwa hagu.
Fayil:Apache_Peak_above_Lake_Isabelle.jpg|alt=East aspect| Bangaren gabas
Fayil:LakeIsabelle.jpg|alt=Apache Peak (center) from Lake Isabelle| Apache Peak (tsakiya) daga tafkin Isabelle
Fayil:Apache_Peak_from_Lake_Dorothy.jpg|alt=Apache Peak / Navajo Peak viewed from the southwest at Lake Dorothy.| Peak Apache Peak / Navajo Peak daga kudu maso yamma a tafkin Dorothy.
Fayil:Lake_Isabelle_in_Colorado.jpg|alt=Navajo Peak, Apache Peak, and Shoshoni Peak reflected in Lake Isabelle| Navajo Peak, Apache Peak, da Shoshoni Peak sun bayyana a tafkin Isabelle


## Manazarta
Dutsen Hesperus (Colorado)

**Dutsen Hesperus** ( Navajo : Dibé Ntsaa ma'ana "Babban Tumaki"  shine koli mafi girma na tsaunukan La Plata na tsaunin Rocky na Arewacin Amurka . Fitaccen  goma sha uku yana cikin gandun daji na San Juan,  arewa maso gabas ta gabas ( mai ɗauke da 59°) na Garin Mancos a gundumar Montezuma, Colorado, Amurka. Koli na Dutsen Hesperus shine mafi girman matsayi a gundumar Montezuma.   

## Dutsen
Ko da yake ba shi da girma musamman ga yankin, Dutsen Hesperus ya shahara sosai a gani, saboda yana kusa da gefen kudu na tsaunin San Juan kuma ya haura sama da  sama da yanki.

Hesperus sananne ne a matsayin Dutsen Tsarkakewar Jama'ar Navajo na Arewa, *Dibé Ntsaa*, wanda ke nuna iyakar arewacin Dinetah, ƙasarsu ta gargajiya. Yana da alaƙa da launin baki, kuma an ce an yi ciki da jet . Lokacin da Mutum na Farko ya halicci dutsen a matsayin kwatankwacin tsaunuka a duniya ta hudu, sai ya danne shi a kasa da bakan gizo ya rufe shi cikin duhu. 

Tsaunukan San Juan sun kasance ƙasar gargajiya ta mutanen Ute. http://www.dargnet.org http://uintahbasintah.org/maps/ubsw.jpg 

Tare da Ute Dutsen Dutsen La Plata kuma ya kasance farkon mahaifar mutanen Navajo waɗanda suka zauna a kusa da wannan dutsen da Dutsen La Plata.

## Gallery

Fayil:Hesperus_Mountain_Aerial_(49806539151).jpg|alt=Aerial view of the mountain| Duban iska na dutsen
Fayil:Hesperus_Mountain_from_Centennial_Peak.jpg|alt=Hesperus seen from Centennial Peak| Ana ganin Hesperus daga Peak na Centennial
Fayil:Hesperus_aerial.jpg|alt=Aerial from west: Hesperus, Lavender, Moss| Jirgin sama daga yamma: Hesperus, Lavender, Moss
Fayil:Hesperus_Mountain_Sunset.jpg|alt=Hesperus Mountain (left) and Mount Moss (center) from the west at sunset| Dutsen Hesperus (hagu) da Dutsen Moss (tsakiya) daga yamma a faɗuwar rana
Fayil:Hesperus1.jpg|alt=Hesperus Mountain in Spring| Dutsen Hesperus a cikin bazara


## Manazarta
Tarryall, Colorado

**Tarryall** birni ne da ba a haɗa shi ba a gabashin Park County, Colorado, Amurka. Garin yana kan Tarryall Creek a gabashin gefen Kudancin, tsakanin Lake George da Jefferson .

## Tarihi

An kafa garin a cikin 1896 a matsayin **Puma City**, saboda amsa binciken ma'adinai a yankin. A cikin shekararsa ta farko, ta kai ga kololuwar yawan jama'a kusan dubu daya. Ba da daɗewa ba ofishin gidan waya na Tarryall ya buɗe don hidimar garin. Yawan jama'a ya ragu yayin da binciken ma'adinan ya kasance mafi ƙanƙanta fiye da tunanin farko. A cikin 1900s, garin ya ɗauki sunan ofishin gidan waya, Tarryall.  Kadan daga cikin mazauna wurin ne suka rage.

## Manazarta