Rafaela Herrera

**Rafaela de Herrera y Torreynosa** (1742–1805)  ce daga ƙasar Colombia ta yanzu. Ana ɗaukarta a matsayin jarumar ƙasa ta Nicaragua, saboda ayyukanta na kare sansanin soja na Immaculate Conception a lokacin Yaƙin Río San Juan de Nicaragua a 1762 da sojojin Birtaniya.

## Rayuwar farko

An haifi Rafaela Herrera a ranar 6 ga Agusta, 1742, a Cartagena de Indias, a cikin Viceroyalty of New Granada na Daular Spain . Ita ce shege  kuma ɗa ɗaya tilo ga Laftanar Kanar Don José de Herrera y Sotomayor (ya mutu a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1762) da Felipa Torreynosa, wanda aka ruwaito cewa criolla ce ko wataƙila mace mai mulatto .  Wata mace ce ta girma a Cartagena - Doña Maria Felipe de Uriarte - wacce aka fi ɗauka a matsayin mahaifiyarta *ta gaske* . 

Mahaifin Herrera kyaftin ne na manyan bindigogi wanda ya fafata da sojojin Birtaniya a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mataimakin Admiral Edward Vernon a lokacin Yaƙin Cartagena de Indias a shekara ta 1741. A lokacin haihuwarta a shekara mai zuwa, shi ne Kwamandan Castillo de San Sebastián del Pastelillo, wani sansanin soja da ke wajen Cartagena de Indias.  Ita kuma jikanyar Brigadier Don Juan de Herrera y Sotomayor ce (ta mutu a shekara ta 1732), wani fitaccen injiniyan soja na Cartagena de Indias kuma wanda ya kafa Academia Militar de Matemáticas de América (Kwalejin Lissafi ta Soja ta Amurka), kuma wanda ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Gwamnan Río de la Plata daga 1682 zuwa 1691.   

A lokacin renon 'yarsa, Laftanar Kanar Herrera ya yi ƙoƙarin ilmantar da ita ba kawai a cikin atisayen soja kamar sarrafa bindigogi ba, har ma da ƙa'idodin girmamawa, imani da kuma kishin ƙasa. Rafaela da mahaifinta sun bar Cartagena a shekara ta 1753, lokacin da aka naɗa ta a matsayin Kwamandan rundunar sojoji a sansanin soja na Immaculate Conception a kan kogin San Juan a lardin Nicaragua, don taimakawa Laftanar Kanar Don Juan Antonio Alonso de Arce. 

## Yaƙi don Río San Juan de Nicaragua

Domin yana wakiltar wata hanya tsakanin tekun Atlantika da Pacific da kuma yiwuwar faɗaɗa matsugunansu a Tsakiyar Amurka bayan Mosquitia, Sipaniya Nicaragua ta kasance babbar hanyar kai hare-haren Birtaniya a ƙarni na 18. A shekara ta 1762, William Lyttelton, gwamnan Birtaniya kuma babban kwamandan Jamaica, ya gabatar da shawarar yin balaguron jiragen ruwa zuwa Nicaragua. Manufar ita ce a hau kogin San Juan zuwa Tafkin Nicaragua a kama garin Granada, wanda zai rage Amurka ta Sipaniya gida biyu tare da samar da damar shiga Tekun Pacific . Babban cikas na farko kuma mafi girma ga nasara shine kama sansanin soja na Immaculate Conception .

Rikicin ya fara ne a watan Yunin 1762, a lokacin gwamnatin gwamnan riƙo na Nicaragua Melchor Vidal de Lorca y Villena . Tare da taimakon rundunar sojojin Burtaniya, wani gungun Miskito Sambu sun kai hari kan gonakin koko a kwarin Matina . A watan da ya biyo baya sun kai hari kan matsugunan da ba a kare su ba a Nicaragua, ciki har da Jinotega, Acoyapa, Lovigüisca, San Pedro de Lóvago, aikin Apompuá kusa da Juigalpa da Muy Muy, suna ƙona ƙauyukan da kuma kwace musu kayayyaki, tare da kama wasu fursunonin Spain. An sayar da yawancin mutanen da Miskito ta kama a matsayin bayi a Jamaica ta mulkin mallaka . 

Rundunar sojojin Birtaniya da Miskito Sambu da suka haɗu sun nufi sansanin soja na Tuddan Mai Tsarki a Kogin San Juan a watan Yuli. Rundunar sojojin da suka kai harin ta ƙunshi mutane dubu biyu da jiragen ruwa sama da hamsin, yayin da sojojin da ke sansanin suka kai kusan ɗari kawai. Abin da ya ƙara muni shi ne, mahara sun yi barazana ga yankin a lokacin da kwamandan sansanin soja, Don José de Herrera y Sotomayor, ya mutu kwanan nan a ranar 15 ga Yuli. Laftanar Don Juan de Aguilar y Santa Cruz ya karɓi ragamar rundunar na wucin gadi . 

Kawancen Birtaniya da aka yi wa sansanin sojojin Birtaniya na Fortress of the Immaculate Conception ya fara da gaske a ranar 29 ga Yuli, 1762, da misalin ƙarfe 4:00 na safe, lokacin da aka ji karar harbin bindiga a ƙasa, kusa da sansanin sojojin Spain. Nan da nan rundunar ta ɗauki makamai, ta shirya manyan bindigogi, ta kuma yi sansani masu ƙarfi inda aka ga kamar hari zai iya zuwa. Kwamandan riƙon ƙwarya Alférez Juan de Aguilar y Santa Cruz, wanda ya karɓi ragamar mulki bayan mutuwar José de Herrera y Sotomayor a farkon wannan watan, ya aika da jirgin ruwan leƙen asiri don bincike. Mutanen Spain sun haɗu da sojojin abokan gaba kusa da sansanin sojojin kuma suka ja da baya da sauri a ƙarƙashin harbi. Duk da cewa babu wanda ya mutu, an bar jirgin ruwan Spain, kuma ma'aikatansa suka koma sansanin sojojin. [1]

## Manazarta