Diplazium na kudu

***Diplazium australe***, wanda aka fi sani da **Austral lady fern**, ƙaramin fern ne da ke faruwa a gabashin Ostiraliya, New Zealand da tsibirin Norfolk . Wurin zama yana da ɗanshi wurare masu inuwa, sau da yawa yana faruwa a cikin gandun daji . 

## Na asali
Diplazium australe fern ne na Australiya na dangin thyme,  jinsin dangin fern na mace Athyriaceae, wanda ya ƙunshi kusan nau'ikan 350-400. Bisa ga binciken, akwai fiye da kashi 70% da 25% na nau'in jinsuna a cikin yankuna masu zafi da na wurare masu zafi, bi da bi, yayin da kawai 5% a Afirka.  Bisa ga binciken, rukunin rawanin Diplazium ya samo asali ne a cikin Eurasia kuma ya kammala nau'i na farko a cikin arewacin hemisphere.  Rarraba Diplazium australe shi ne Wet Tropics, Eungella da na wurare masu zafi da zafi a gabashin Ostiraliya, kuma a cikin New Zealand. Yana da ƙasa a cikin inuwa mai inuwa a cikin dajin sclerophyll jika da dajin ruwan sama.

Tsibirin Arewa da Kudu na New Zealand (ko da yake galibi ba ya nan daga bushewar gabas na tsibiran biyu, yana isa ga iyakokin kudu na zahiri a yamma kusa da Greymouth da gabas a cikin Sauti na Marlborough) Tsibirin Norfolk, da Ostiraliya ( gabashin Queensland, gabashin New South Wales, kudancin Victoria, da Tasmania). Diplazium australe yana haifuwa ta hanyar spores, kuma daidai ne saboda watsa nisa na spores cewa yawan Diplazium australe gabaɗaya ya tarwatse a ƙasa. Allantodia australis R.Br. , Athyrium australe (R.Br.) C.Presl; Athyrium umbrosum subp. australe (R.Br.) C.Chr. Athyrium umbrosum var. australe (R.Br.) Domin; Athyrium brownii (J.Sm.) J.Sm. ; Athyrium umbrosum sensu G.

## Bayanan asali
Diplazium australe ma'ana ce ta Athyrium australe da Allantodia australis. Yana daga cikin dangin Athyriaceae, yana da tsayi 0.5-2m, kuma baya fure. A kan jijiyoyi na gefe, ana yawan samun sporozoites a cikin nau'i-nau'i, suna da tsayi, kuma an rufe su da ƙwayar kumburi. 

Ƙananan rafuka da saitunan rigar, kamar ƙasa mai yalwar humus a cikin dazuzzuka masu ɗorewa da kwararo mai laushi a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, suna tallafawa ci gaban wannan shuka.  Wurin zama yankuna ne masu ruwan inuwa, waɗanda ake yawan gani a cikin dazuzzuka. Austral Lady Fern shine sanannen sunan wannan shuka. Tufted ferns a ƙasa (sau da yawa deciduous a cikin sanyaya wurare). Rhizome har zuwa 80&nbsp;mm tsawo, tare da siriri, kaudex mai itace wanda aka fara lullube shi da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu zuwa sikelin baki. Fronds suna da tsayin daka, kyakyawa, membranous, gaggautsa, duhu kore, tare da rachis guraben da ke buɗewa a mahadar tare da tsagi na tsakiya na pinna. Mataki na 150-800&nbsp;mm tsawo, zurfin 3-tsagi, baƙar fata da ɓaci a gindi. 3-pinnate, yadu deltoid lamina, 0.25-1.2 0.2-0.9 m Pinnules ne 5-252-10&nbsp;mm tsawo, rectangular, kuma suna da faffadan tushe da aka haɗa da axis. Gefuna suna dafe-dafe a hankali ko kuma a rufe ƙasa da rabin hanya zuwa suturar, ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba, kuma koli ta rufe. Sori 2-3&nbsp;tsayi mm, 3-5 kowane pinnule, mai tsayi tare da gefe ɗaya na jijiya, gabaɗaya kaɗai, amma lokaci-lokaci ana haɗa su tare da bangarorin biyu; indusium kodadde launin ruwan kasa, elongated, hade da jijiya a gefe daya, free baki serrated, gaggautsa.  Dajin Alluvial, filayen kogi, gullies, da dajin fadama suna da yawa a cikin gaɓar teku, ciyayi, da ciyayi na itacen montane. Ya zama ruwan dare a same shi a kan makiyayar dutse ko kuma ƙarƙashin itacen willow. Yawan cin karo da juna a cikin saitunan birni. Diplazium australe shima tsiro ne na jijiyoyin jini wanda galibi ana kiran lokacin rayuwa a matsayin canji na tsararraki, wanda ke da alaƙa da diploid sporophyte da matakan haploid gametophyte. Zagayowar rayuwarsa ya haɗa da:

* Matsayin sporophyte (diploid) mataki yana haifar da haploid spores ta meiosis.
* Spores suna samar da gametophytes ta hanyar rarraba tantanin halitta, gametophytes yawanci tsarin zuciya ne, 2-3&nbsp;mm fadi, tare da tushen gashin gashi a saman.
* Gametophytes suna samar da gametes ta hanyar mitosis
* Madubai masu motsi flagella taki qwai da ke manne da prothallus
* Kwai da aka haifa shine zygote diploid kuma yana girma zuwa sporophyte ta hanyar mitosis.

## Kungiya
Diplazium Wadannan ferns suna da tsarin jijiyoyi na reticular (dictyostelium) wanda ke nuna phyllotaxy helical na harbe, kuma tsarin jijiyoyin kowane nau'in yana da dangantaka ta musamman da phyllotaxy.  Za'a iya ƙayyade ɓangaren phyllotaxy ta adadin rassan da ke cikin ɓangaren giciye na tushe. Hakanan an sami alaƙar lamba ɗaya tsakanin adadin coaxial stem bundles da phyllotaxy a cikin tsire-tsire iri. Akwai wasu kamanceceniya na phylogenetic tsakanin ferns da shuke-shuke iri, kamar tsakanin tsarin tushen jijiyoyin bugun jini da phyllotaxy.  Rhizome a tsaye, zuwa 8&nbsp;tsayi cm, tare da duhu duhu launin ruwan kasa zuwa baki sikeli. Fronds arcuate. Mataki na 24-80&nbsp;tsayi cm, baƙar fata da ɓaci a gindi, mai zurfi 3-tsagi. Lamina 3-pinnate, 30-120&nbsp;cm tsayi, faffadan triangular, 20-90&nbsp;cm fadi, membranous, gaggautsa, duhu kore. Ganyayyaki masu tsayi, 5-25&nbsp;mm tsawo, 2-10&nbsp;mm fadi; tushe mai faɗi a haɗe zuwa axis; Gefen gefe mai haƙori ko ƙwanƙwasa ƙasa da rabin-hanyar zuwa suturar, jujjuyawa a gefen ƙasa; koli obtuse. Shafi 1-2&nbsp;tsayin mm, ukku zuwa biyar 

Ganyen suna da laushi, kodadde koren haske mai faɗin triangular, sau 2-3 an raba fronds, zuwa faɗin mita 1. Yankunan da aka ɗora, sassa na ƙarshe sun rabe ko rabe, gefe tare da zagayen hakora. Tsagi a cikin babba da tsakiya na gefe suna gudana tare, suna samar da tudu a mahadar. Kara rabin tsawon frond.  Rhizomes gajere kuma madaidaiciya, m, itace, koli mai yawa an rufe shi da sikeli; Ma'auni na lanceolate, 7-9&nbsp;mm tsayi, launin ruwan kasa-launin ruwan kasa, tare da ƙunƙuntaccen gefe mai launin ruwan kasa, mai sheki, mai kauri mai kauri, gefe mai ƙananan hakora. Ganyayyaki sun taru; petiole nama, 6-13&nbsp;tsawon cm 1.5-2.5&nbsp;cm lokacin farin ciki, kore mai haske, tushe mai yawa an rufe shi da ma'auni iri ɗaya kamar waɗanda ke kan rhizomes, sama da ganye suna da yawa an rufe su da ƙananan ma'auni mai launin ruwan kasa-launin ruwan kasa, daga baya zubar da ganyen suna da layi-lanceolate, 15-30.&nbsp;tsawon cm 4-7&nbsp;cm fadi, tare da wutsiya mai nunawa, bipinnate; pinnae 20-35 nau'i-nau'i, 1-1.5&nbsp;cm baya, akasin, ko kawai a gindi, madadin zuwa sama, kusa da yaduwa, sessile, dan kadan kadan daga juna, ƙananan pinna an ɗan rage, tsakiyar pinna 2.5-4.&nbsp;tsawon cm 7-8&nbsp;mm fadi, mikakke, dan kadan Sickle-dimbin yawa, m ko zagaye kai, tushe ne dan kadan karkatacce madauwari, dan kadan asymmetric, babba gefen kusa da leaf axis, pinnate;  pinnae 10-16 nau'i-nau'i, madaidaici ko na gaba, bazuwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, juna a kusa da juna, madaidaiciya, sama ko žasa mai lankwasa, 3-4.5&nbsp;mm tsawo, 1.5&nbsp;mm fadi, mai zagaye ko bult, tushe mai hade da rachis kuma an haɗa shi da fikafikai masu faɗi, gabaɗaya, tushe guda biyu ko kawai gefen babba ana ninka sau biyu zuwa lobed uku, lobes ɗin suna da siffa ɗaya da pinnae kuma sun fi guntu. Jijiyoyin ganye a bayyane suke kuma sun tashi sama, amma ba a bayyane a ƙasa. Kowace pinnae yana da ƙananan jijiyoyi guda ɗaya, wanda ba ya isa gefen ganye. Ganyen suna daf da ɗanɗano, ciyawar ciyawa idan ta bushe, an rufe su da ƙananan sikeli masu launin ruwan kasa-kasa-kasa mai siffa idan suna kanana, sannan a hankali ya zama santsi a saman, guda ɗaya ko biyu ya rage a ƙasa; An ɗaga saman sama, tare da fikafikai masu faɗi a bangarorin biyu, duk ba a rufe su da ƙananan ma'auni ɗaya ko biyu. Sporangia layin layi, 2-3&nbsp;mm tsayi, launin ruwan kasa, 1 a kowace pinnae, haifaffen tsakiya da babba na veinlets; sporangia mikakke, kodadde kore, daga baya launin toka-kasa-kasa, membranous, gaba daya, bude zuwa gefen ganye. 

Tsarin Sporophyte na Diplazium australe:

* Tushen: ciki har da stolonifer rhizomes na karkashin kasa, da stolonifer rhizomes na sama, wani bangare tare da tushen haɓaka, kuma yana iya girma sabbin harbe.
* Ganye: Bisa ga rarrabuwar tarihi tsakanin ƙwararrun fern da ƙwararrun shuka iri, ganyen Diplazium australe ana kiransa thallus kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin gabobin da ake amfani da su don photosynthesis. Sabbin ganyen Diplazium australe yawanci suna faɗaɗa a hankali daga ƙaƙƙarfan karkace yayin da suke girma, kuma wannan haɓakawa da ƙirar girma ana kiransa crozier ko fiddlehead.  Ganyen Diplazium australe sun haɗa da iri biyu:
* Trophophyll: Wannan nau'in ganye yana kama da koren ganyen tsire-tsire, kawai photosynthesizing ba tare da samar da spores ba.
* Sporophyll: Wannan nau'in ganye yana kama da ma'auni na pine cones kuma yana samar da mafi yawa spores. Sporophy na Diplazium australe ba takamaiman ba ne kuma yana iya samar da sukari ta hanyar photosynthesis. 
* Tushen: Tsarin fibrous wanda baya yin photosynthesis, kwatankwacin tushen tsarin shuka iri, kuma yana sha ruwa da sinadarai daga ƙasa. Tushen Diplazium australe ya bambanta da tushen tsarin iri, kuma ingantaccen tsarinsa ya haɗa da:
* Prothallus: Tsarin photosythetic kore, tantanin halitta mai kauri, yawanci mai siffar zuciya- ko koda, 3-10&nbsp;mm tsawo da kuma 2-8&nbsp;mm fadi. Furen suna samar da gametes ta hanyar:
* Spermatozoa: ƙananan sifofi masu siffar zobe waɗanda ke samar da maniyyi mai tuta.
* Archegonium: Tsarin kamar kwalban da ke samar da kwai a kasa, kuma maniyyi yana iyo zuwa wuyansa.
* Sporangia: Tsarin haifuwa na ferns. Waɗannan jakunkuna ne ko capsules waɗanda ke ɗauke da spores wanda ta hanyar ferns ke haifuwa. Wannan tsarin yana ƙarƙashin ganyen kuma an shirya shi a cikin tsari mai alaƙa da jijiyoyin ganyen. Wani lokaci ferns suna ba da kariya ga jakunkuna da ake kira sycamores. 
* Tushen ƙarya: Tsarin tushen tushe wanda ya ƙunshi sel elongated sel waɗanda ke sha ruwa da abinci mai gina jiki.

## Mai canzawa
Saboda bambance-bambancen ilimin halittar jiki da rashin nazarin kwayoyin phylogenetic na waɗannan ferns, da kuma rashin fahimtar iyakoki da haɗin kai, Diplazium an bincikarsa daga baya bisa binciken fiye da 6000 DNA nucleotides a cikin yankuna bakwai na plastid genome.  Wannan binciken yana ba da bayanan phylogenetic akan diplazium, yana gano nau'ikan nau'ikan 4 masu goyan bayan wannan ƙasƙanci: Pseudallantodia, Diplazium, Sibirica, da Callitteris,  da 8 robust subgenera Genus clade, sake fasalin Diplazium bisa ga  nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan halitta,  zuwa 2020 An gano jimlar 208 nau'in endemic a Australia tun 2000, ciki har da subferns da lycopodium flora.  Har ila yau, tsibirin trans-tsibirin da kuma yaɗuwar Pacific yana nufin rarrabuwa da rarrabuwar kawuna na Callitteris subgenus. 

Diplazium australe yana rikicewa lokaci-lokaci tare da Deparia petersenii subsp. congrua, wanda yake raba sararin samaniya da yawa, wani bangare saboda duka Diplazium da Deparia sun ƙunshi sori waɗanda aka tsara a cikin tsarin herringbone, wanda kuma ana iya kuskure ga Asplenium. sori, waɗanda aka haɗa su baya-baya tare da jijiyoyi, sun bambanta Diplazium da Deparia daga Asplenium.  Diplazium ya bambanta da Deparia a cikin cewa fronds sun fi girma da yawa, sun fi rarrabuwa, da kyalkyali, kuma rachis ragi yana buɗewa kuma yana haɗuwa tare da ramukan pinna midribs (maimakon an rufe shi a haɗin gwiwa tare da pinna midrib grooves). 

Daga spores da kafe rago, yana da sauki. Yana girma da sauri kuma yana yiwuwa ya zama sako. Ya fi son wuri mai inuwa, amma yana iya girma a cikin faɗuwar rana idan an dasa shi cikin ƙasa mai ɗanɗano. A lokacin damuna, yakan mutu har zuwa rhizome a cikin sassa masu sanyi na al'umma. Tun da farko wannan nau'in jinsin yana da wuyar gaske. Sakamakon tashin hankalin ɗan adam, ya bayyana ya bunƙasa kuma ya ƙara rarrabawa a New Zealand, kuma a yanzu ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan mu, weedy, ƙwararrun ferns diplazium: Kudancin, daga Latin australis. Daga Girkanci diplasios 'biyu', yana nufin rufin biyu akan spores australe: Kudancin. Diplazium australe ba shi da mahimmancin tattalin arziki nan da nan kuma ana amfani da shi azaman biofertilizer saboda ikonsa na daidaita nitrogen yana canza nitrogen daga iska zuwa mahadi waɗanda sauran tsire-tsire za su iya amfani da su. Diplazium australe kuma ana iya amfani da shi azaman ɗanyen kayan aikin anthelmintic, kuma a wasu wuraren ana amfani da shi azaman tushen abinci ta al'ummomin ƴan asalin. Baya ga rawar da suke takawa na tattalin arziki, Diplazium australe suna da wasu ƙima mai kyau, ana iya amfani da su a cikin ƙirar lambun, a cikin samar da kayan aikin hannu, sau da yawa azaman abubuwan zane da abubuwan ado.  A wasu lokuta, ƙimar da Diplazium australe ke bayarwa ba ta da kyau. Misali, a cikin masana'antar shuka, Diplazium australe wata ciyawa ce wacce karfin da zai iya sha daga cikin kasa ya fi na amfanin gona da yawa, kuma galibi ana sarrafa shi ne cikin batches.

## Manazarta

*