Balaga

**Balaga** shine tsarin canje-canje na jiki ta hanyar da jikin yaro ya balaga zuwa babban jikin da zai iya haifuwa ta jima'i. Wannan canjin halitta ba abu ne da ke faruwa dare ɗaya ba, ya kan ɗauki wani ɗan lokacin da ba zai kasa wasu yan shekaru ba. A cikin wannan lokacin balaga yara suna buƙatar kulawa ta musamman daga wurin iyaye saboda akwai matsalolin da kan iya aukuwa da zasu shafi yadda  yara ke gudanar da rayuwar su ta har abada.  An fara shi ta hanyar siginar hormonal daga kwakwalwa zuwa gonads: ovaries a cikin yarinya, gwaje-gwaje a cikin yaro. Dangane da sigina, gonads suna samar da hormones wadanda ke motsa libido da hadaka, aiki, da canzawar kwakwalwa, kasusuwa, tsoka, jini, fata, gashi, nono, da gabobin jima'i. Girman jiki—tsawo da nauyi—yana hadakawa a farkon rabin lokacin balaga kuma yana karewa lokacin da aka hadaka jikin manya. Kafin balaga, gabobin jima'i na waje, wanda aka sani da halayen jima'i na farko, sune halayen jima'i wadanda ke bambanta yara maza da mata. Balaga yana haifar da dimorphism na jima'i ta hanyar hadaka halayen jima'i na biyu, wanda ya kara bambanta jinsin.

A matsakaici, 'yan mata suna fara balaga a shekaru 10-11 kuma suna cika balaga a shekaru 15-17; yara maza gabaɗaya suna fara balaga a shekaru 11-12 kuma suna cika balaga a shekaru 16-17.    Babban alamar balaga ga mata shine haila, farkon haila, wanda ke faruwa a matsakaici tsakanin shekaru 12 zuwa 13. 
A matsakaici, 'yan mata suna fara balaga a shekaru 10-11 kuma suna cika balaga a shekaru 15-17; yara maza gabaɗaya suna fara balaga a shekaru 11-12 kuma suna cika balaga a shekaru 16-17.    Babban alamar balaga ga mata shine haila, farkon haila, wanda ke faruwa a matsakaici tsakanin shekaru 12 zuwa 13. Ga maza, maniyyi na farko, maniyyi, yana faruwa ne a matsakaita a shekaru 13. A cikin karni na 21, matsakaicin shekarun da yara, musamman 'yan mata, suka kai takamaiman alamomi na balaga ya ragu idan aka kwatanta da karni na 19, lokacin yana 15. ga 'yan mata da 17 ga yara maza (da shekaru a farkon haila ga 'yan mata da kuma karar sautin muryoyin su ga samari amfani a matsayin misali).  Wannan na iya zama saboda kowane adadin dalilai, ciki har da ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki wanda ke haifar da saurin girma na jiki, haɓakar nauyi da ƙima,  ko fallasa ga masu  endocrine disruptors kamar xenoestrogens, wanda a wasu lokuta na iya zama saboda cin abinci ko wasu abubuwan muhalli.   Koyaya, ƙarin  binciken kayan tarihi na zamani ya nuna cewa adadin balaga kamar yadda yake faruwa a yanzu shine hanyar da aka yi niyya. Ci gaban girma ya fara ne a kusan 10-12, amma alamomin matakan balaga na baya kamar al'ada suna da jinkirin da ke da alaƙa da mummunan yanayin muhalli kamar talauci, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, iska da gurɓatawa.   Balaga da ke farawa tun da wuri fiye da yadda aka saba ana saninsa da balaga, kuma balaga da ke farawa daga baya fiye da yadda aka saba ana kiransa da jinkirta balaga.

Sanannen daga cikin sauye-sauyen  yanayin girma, siffar, abun da ke ciki, da kuma aiki na jiki na balaga, shine haɓaka halayen jima'i na biyu, "cika" na jikin yaro; daga yarinya zuwa mace, daga namiji zuwa namiji. An samo shi daga Latin ** (shekarun balaga), kalmar *balaga* ta kwatanta canje-canje na jiki zuwa jima'i balagaggu, ba ilimin halin mutum da al'adu balagagge da aka nuna ta kalmar *ci gaban samari* a cikin al'adun Yamma, inda lokacin samartaka shine lokacin canjin tunani daga yara zuwa girma, wanda ya mamaye da yawa. lokacin balaga na jiki. 

## Bambance-bambance tsakanin balagar namiji da mace

Biyu daga cikin manyan bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin balaga a cikin 'yan mata da balaga a cikin samari sune shekarun da ya fara, da kuma manyan kwayoyin cutar jima'i, da androgens da estrogens.

Ko da yake akwai shekaru masu yawa na al'ada, 'yan mata yawanci suna fara balaga a kusa da shekaru 10-11 kuma suna ƙare balaga a kusa da 15-17; Yaran suna farawa a kusan shekaru 11-12 kuma suna ƙarewa a kusa da 16-17.    'Yan mata sun kai ga balaga ga haihuwa kimanin shekaru hudu bayan bayyanar sauye-sauyen jiki na farko na balaga.  Sabanin haka, yara maza suna saurin sauri a hankali amma suna ci gaba da girma har kusan shekaru shida bayan sauye-sauyen balaga na farko da aka gani.  Duk wani karuwar tsayi fiye da shekarun balaga ba sabon abu bane.

Ga yara maza, testosterone na androgen shine babban hormone na jima'i; yayin da ake samar da testosterone, duk canje-canjen yara maza suna da alaƙa da virilization. Babban samfurin metabolism na testosterone a cikin maza shine estrogen estradiol. Juyawar testosterone zuwa estradiol ya dogara da adadin kitsen jiki da matakan estradiol a cikin yara maza yawanci sun fi na 'yan mata. Namijin "girman girma" shima yana farawa daga baya, yana hanzarta sannu a hankali, kuma yana daɗe kafin epiphyses fuse. Kodayake yara maza suna kan matsakaicin  kasa da 'yan mata kafin fara balaga, manya maza suna kan matsakaicin kusan  sun fi mata tsayi. Yawancin wannan bambance-bambancen jima'i a cikin tsayin manya yana da alaƙa da farkon farkon haɓakar girma da saurin ci gaba zuwa ƙarshe, sakamakon kai tsaye na haɓakar haɓakawa da ƙananan matakan maza na estradiol. 

Matsalolin hormonal na mata ya fi rikitarwa fiye da maza. Babban hormones na steroid, testosterone, estradiol, da progesterone da kuma prolactin suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin balaga. Samar da kwayoyin steroid na gonadal a cikin 'yan mata yana farawa tare da samar da testosterone, wanda yawanci yakan canza zuwa estradiol a cikin ovaries. Duk da haka adadin juzu'i daga testosterone zuwa estradiol (wanda FSH/LH ma'auni ke motsawa) a lokacin balaga ya zama mutum sosai, yana haifar da nau'ikan ci gaba iri-iri na halayen jima'i na biyu. Samar da progesterone a cikin ovaries yana farawa ne da haɓakar hawan ovulation a cikin 'yan mata (a lokacin lokacin lutheal na sake zagayowar), kafin a samar da ƙananan matakan progesterone a cikin glandan adrenal na maza da 'yan mata. Matakan estradiol sun tashi da wuri kuma sun kai matsayi mafi girma a cikin mata fiye da maza. Duk da yake estradiol yana haɓaka haɓakar ƙirjin da mahaifa, kuma shine babban hormone wanda ke haifar da haɓakar girma na balaga da maturation na epiphyseal da rufewa. 

## Manazarta