Amurka v. Rahimi

***Amurka v. Rahimi***, 602 US 680 (2024), shari'ar Kotun Koli ce ta Amurka game da Kwaskwarimar Biyu ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka da kuma ko ta ba gwamnati damar hana mallakar bindiga ta mutum mai cin zarafin tashin hankali na cikin gida ba tare da wani hukunci ko tuhuma ba.

Ya fito ne daga yanke shawara ta 2023 da Kotun daukaka kara ta 5 ta yi wanda ya soke doka tarayya da ta hana mutane mallakar bindigogi yayin da suke karkashin umarnin hanawa da ya shafi cin zarafin cikin gida. Kotun Koli ta sauya da'irar ta 5 a cikin hukunce-hukuncen 8-1 kuma ta tabbatar da dokar. A cikin yanke shawara, Kotun ta inganta gwajin Bruen, tana mai bayyana cewa a kwatanta dokokin kula da bindiga na zamani da al'adar tarihi, kotuna ya kamata su yi amfani da irin waɗannan kwatankwacin da ka'idoji na gaba ɗaya maimakon tsananin daidaito.

## Tarihi
A cikin 2022, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta ba da hukunci a cikin *New York State Rifle &amp;amp; Pistol Association, Inc. v. Bruen*, wanda ya canza hanyar kotuna da ke tantance dokokin da suka shafi Kwaskwarimar ta Biyu ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka. Maimakon bincika tarihin Kwaskwarimar ta Biyu da iyakarta, sannan yin amfani da bincike na tsakiya idan tsohon ba a bayyane yake ba, gwajin da Mai Shari'a Clarence Thomas ya bayyana yana buƙatar dokokin da suka shafi bindiga su kasance daidai da dokokin bindigogi na tarihi na kasar. Dangane da wannan ra'ayi, dokoki dole ne su sami "masu kama da tarihi" ga dokokin da ke akwai a lokacin tabbatar da Kwaskwarimar ta Biyu a cikin 1791 ko kuma hadewa a cikin 1868 ta hanyar Kwaskwarima ta goma sha huɗu.

Kotun jihar Texas ta ba Zackey Rahimi umarnin hanawa shi a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 2020; umarnin ya hana shi shiga wasu halaye masu alaƙa da cin zarafi ga tsohuwar budurwarsa ko ɗanta, da kuma mallakar bindigogi. Umurnin ya zo ne bayan wani abin da ya faru a watan Disamba na 2019 inda Rahimi ya kai hari ga budurwarsa a filin ajiye motoci bayan wata gardama. Da yake lura da cewa wani mai kallo ya ga rikici, Rahimi ya harbe bindiga a kan shaidar. Duk da haramcin da ya yi na mallakar bindigogi da sadarwa tare da budurwarsa, Rahimi ya saba wa umarnin sau da yawa. A watan Mayu 2020, an kama Rahimi bayan ta kusanci gidanta a tsakiyar dare. A watan Nuwamba 2020, an tuhume shi da mummunan hari da makami mai kisa bayan ya yi barazanar wata mace da bindiga.

Tsakanin Disamba 2020 da Janairu 2021, Rahimi ya shiga cikin harbe-harbe biyar. Da farko, ya harbe wani mutumin da ya sayi kwayoyi daga gare shi bayan mutumin ya yi magana da rashin girmamawa a gare shi; Rahimi ya harbe gidan mutumin da AR-15. Kashegari, Rahimi ya shiga cikin haɗarin zirga-zirga kuma ya harbe ɗayan direban. Ya gudu daga wurin da hatsarin ya faru, ya dawo, ya harbe wani direban, sannan ya sake gudu. Kwanaki uku bayan harbi na farko, Rahimi ya harbe bindiga a cikin iska yayin da yake gaban yara. Bayan 'yan makonni bayan wannan harbi, wata babbar mota a kan babbar hanyar ta haskaka fitilun ta a Rahimi lokacin da ya wuce motar; Rahimi ya bi motar daga babbar hanyar kuma ya harbe wani mota da ke bin motar. A ƙarshe, Rahimi ya harbe bindiga a cikin iska a gidan cin abinci mai sauri bayan an ƙi katin kiredit na aboki.

Da yake zargin Rahimi game da wadannan harbe-harbe, jami'ai sun aiwatar da takardar neman zabe a gidansa, sun gano bindiga da bindiga da ya yarda yana da shi. Jami'ai sun kuma sami harsashi, mujallu, da kwafin umarnin kariya. An tuhume shi kuma ya yi ikirarin laifi a kotun gundumar tarayya na mallakar bindiga ba bisa ka'ida ba a karkashin 18 USC § 922 (g) (8),  wanda ke hana mutane mallakar bindigogi idan suna "bisa ga umarnin kotu wanda ke hana su daga tayar da hankali, tsinkayewa, ko barazana ga abokin tarayya. 

Dokokin kariya na tashin hankali na cikin gida da suka shafi haramtacciyar mallakar bindiga sun zama Dokar Kula da Gun ta 1968 .  Koyaya, dokar tarayya wacce ta tilasta dokar hanawa da ake tambaya ita ce Dokar Tashin hankali kan Mata ta 1994.

## Tarihin tsari
Rahimi ya daukaka kara game da hukuncin da aka yanke masa, ya kawo ƙalubalen fuska ga USC § 922 (g) (8) a Kotun Gundumar Amurka ta Arewacin Gundumar Texas a kan dalilan Kwaskwarima na Biyu. Kotun ta ki amincewa da kalubalantarsa, kuma Rahimi ya yi kira ga Kotun daukaka kara ta Fifth Circuit. Wani kwamitin na Fifth Circuit da farko ya amince da Sashe na 922 (g) (8), amma yayin da Rahimi ya nemi sake dubawa, Kotun Koli ta yanke shawarar Bruen, wanda ya sa kwamitin ya janye ra'ayinsa. Jam'iyyun sun gabatar da karin bayani kuma sun sake yin jayayya da karar a gaban sabon kwamitin alƙalai uku.

A ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2023, Kotun daukaka kara ta Fifth Circuit ta kaddamar da USC § 922 (g) (8) a matsayin wanda bai dace da kundin tsarin mulki ba, ta hana a aiwatar da shi a Texas, Mississippi, da Louisiana. Gundumar ta Biyar ta janye ra'ayin kwamitin kuma ta gabatar da ra'ayi mai sabuntawa a ranar 2 ga Maris, 2023, ta kai ga wannan sakamako. A ranar 17 ga Maris, 2023, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta roki Kotun Koli da ta soke hukuncin kotun daukaka kara kuma ta ba da damar dokar tarayya da ta aikata laifuka ta mallaki bindigogi ta mutane a karkashin umarnin hana tashin hankali na cikin gida su tsaya.

### Ra'ayoyin da ke cikin Fifth Circuit
A rubuce-rubuce ra'ayi na 2 ga Fabrairu ga kwamitin da aka amince da shi, Alkalin Cory T. Wilson ya ki amincewa da gardamar gwamnati cewa Kwaskwarimar ta Biyu ta shafi kawai ga "doka mai aminci, 'yan ƙasa masu daraja", yana ambaton rashin amincewar Mai Shari'a Amy Coney Barrett a Kanter v. Barr, lokacin da ta yi aiki a matsayin alƙali a Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka don Yankin Bakwai. Mai shari'a Barrett ya yi jayayya, "Majalisar dokokin zamanin da aka kafa ba su cire masu laifi daga haƙƙin ɗaukar makamai kawai saboda matsayinsu na masu laifi ba," ko kuma sanya duk wani "ƙuntatawa na kirki" akan wannan haƙƙin.

Alkalin Wilson ya yi amfani da gwajin al'adun tarihi da aka tsara a Bruen yayin la'akari da ko kwatankwacin tarihi da Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta gabatar sun dace da Sashe na 922 (g) (8).  Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta gabatar da nau'o'i uku na yiwuwar kamanceceniya: " (1) dokokin Ingilishi da na Amurka... samar da kashe makamai ga 'mutanen da ke da haɗari', (2) dokokin Ingilishi le na Amurka 'tafi makamai', da kuma (3) dokokin mulkin mallaka da na farko". Ra'ayi na 2 ga Fabrairu ya bayyana cewa dokokin tarihi da ke kawar da "matsananciyar" mutane ba su da kama da dokar zamani, saboda "Manufar waɗannan 'matsanancin' dokokin shine adana tsarin siyasa da zamantakewa, ba kariya ga mutumin da aka gano daga takamaiman barazanar da wani ya kawo ba".

Ra'ayin da aka sake fasalin Maris 2 ya haɗa da fadada yarjejeniya daga Alkalin James C. Ho, yana jayayya cewa "an yi amfani da umarnin kariya na jama'a sau da yawa a matsayin na'urar dabara a cikin tsarin saki - kuma an bayar da ita ba tare da wata barazana ta haɗari ba". [1] [2] Alkalin Wilson ya ci gaba kuma ya yi jayayya cewa Sashe na 922 (g) (8) na iya sanya wadanda ke fama da tashin hankali na cikin gida "a cikin haɗari mafi girma fiye da baya", [1] saboda ba za su iya kare kansu daga masu cin zarafin su da bindigogi ba, idan alƙali ya ba da umarnin kariya "duka". [2]￼

#### Halin da aka yi
A cikin ranar 29 ga Maris, 2023, ra'ayi ga The New York Times biyo bayan hukuncin Kotun daukaka kara ta Fifth Circuit, Linda Greenhouse ta jaddada muhimmancin daukaka kara na gwamnati ga Kotun Koli. Greenhouse ya yi hasashen cewa Kotun za ta dauki shari'ar kuma ta rubuta cewa hukuncin Kotun zai bayyana yadda Kotun ta yanzu take da kyau ga masu bindiga. *[[The Guardian]]* daga baya ya kira lamarin a matsayin mafi mahimmancin shari'ar kalmar.

## Kotun Koli
A cikin jerin umarnin Yuni 30, 2023, Kotun Koli ta amince da sauraron wannan shari'ar.

### Tattaunawar baki
An ji muhawara ta baki a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 2023. An yi jayayya da karar, a madadin Amurka, ta hanyar Solicitor Janar Elizabeth Prelogar kuma, a madarin Rahimi, J. Matthew Wright, mai kare jama'a na tarayya na Rahimi.

## Manazarta