Black carbon

**Black carbon** (**BC**) shine nau'in mai ɗaukar haske na carbon na asali wanda ya rage bayan pyrolysis (misali, gawayi) ko kuma wanda aka samar da shi ta hanyar konewa mara cikakke (misali), soot). 

Tihomir Novakov ya samo asali ne daga kalmar carbon carbon a cikin 1970s, bayan da ya gano baƙar fata carbon a matsayin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta (PM ≤ 2.5).&nbsp;μm aerodynamic diamita ) a cikin aerosols. Aerosol black carbon yana faruwa a cikin nau'ikan haɗin gwiwa da yawa. Kafa ta hanyar cikakkiyar konewa na mai samar da mai burbushin halittu, biofuel, da biomass, carbon na baki daya daga cikin nau'ikan kayan soot  a cikin kayan masarufi da ta halitta.  &#x5B; ** &#x5D; Kamar yadda soot, baƙin carbon yana haifar da cuta da mutuwa da wuri.  Saboda waɗannan tasirin lafiyar ɗan adam, ƙasashe da yawa sun yi aiki don rage hayakinsu. 

In climatology, aerosol black carbon is a climate forcing agent contributing to global warming. Black carbon warms the Earth by absorbing sunlight and heating the atmosphere and by reducing albedo when deposited on snow and ice (direct effects) and indirectly by interaction with clouds, with the total forcing of 1.1 W/m2. Black carbon stays in the atmosphere for only several days to weeks. In contrast, potent greenhouse gases have longer lifecycles. For example, carbon dioxide (CO2) has an atmospheric lifetime of more than 100 years. The IPCC and other climate researchers have posited that reducing black carbon is one of the easiest ways to slow down short term global warming.

Ana amfani da kalmar baƙar fata a cikin kimiyyar ƙasa da ilimin ƙasa, yana nufin baƙar fata na iska ko kuma kai tsaye an haɗa baƙar fata daga gobarar ciyayi. Musamman a cikin wurare masu zafi, baƙar carbon a cikin ƙasa yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga haihuwa saboda yana iya shan muhimman abubuwan gina jiki na shuke-shuke.

A cikin ilimin yanayi, Cire carbon na biochar yana hana carbon na yanayi a matsayin carbon baƙar fata don rage yawan dumamar duniya.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya

### Kokarin ragewa na farko
Sakamakon bala'i na gurɓataccen kwal a kan lafiyar ɗan adam da mutuwa a farkon shekarun 1950 a London ya haifar da Dokar Tsabtace Iska ta Burtaniya ta 1956. Wannan aikin ya haifar da raguwa mai yawa na gurasar a Ƙasar Ingila wanda ya biyo bayan irin wannan raguwa a biranen Amurka kamar Pittsburgh da St. Louis. Wadannan raguwa sun fi samuwa ta hanyar rage amfani da kwal mai laushi don dumama cikin gida ta hanyar sauyawa ko dai zuwa kwal "marasa hayaki" ko wasu nau'ikan man fetur, kamar man fetur da iskar gas. Ragewar gurɓataccen hayaki a cikin biranen masana'antu na Turai da Amurka ya haifar da canji a cikin bincike mai da hankali daga hayaki da kusan cikakken watsi da baƙar fata a matsayin muhimmin tsarin aerosol, aƙalla a Amurka.

A cikin shekarun 1970s, duk da haka, jerin binciken sun canza wannan hoton sosai kuma sun nuna cewa baƙar fata carbon da abubuwan da ke cikin turare sun ci gaba da kasancewa babban bangare a cikin aerosols na birane a duk faɗin Amurka da Turai   wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen kula da waɗannan hayaki. A cikin yankunan da ba su da ci gaba a duniya inda aka iyakance ko babu iko akan hayaki mai hayaki ingancin iska ya ci gaba da raguwa yayin da yawan jama'a ya karu. Ba a fahimci gabaɗaya ba har sai shekaru da yawa bayan haka cewa daga hangen nesa na tasirin duniya hayaki daga waɗannan yankuna yana da matukar muhimmanci.

## Manazarta