Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa

Yarjejeniyar kan azabtarwa da sauran zalunci, rashin mutunci ko rashin mutunci (wanda aka fi sani da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan azabtar da azabtarwa (**UNCAT**)) yarjejeniya ce ta kasa da kasa a karkashin bita na Majalisar Dinkinobho wanda ke da niyyar hana azabtarwa le sauran ayyukan zalunci, zalunci, ko rashin mutuntaka a duniya.

Yarjejeniyar ta bukaci kasashe membobin su dauki matakai masu inganci don hana azabtarwa a kowane yankin a ƙarƙashin iko, kuma ta hana kasashe membobinsu jigilar mutane zuwa kowace ƙasa inda akwai dalilin yin imani cewa za a azabtar da su.

Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya karɓi rubutun yarjejeniyar a ranar 10 ga Disamba 1984  kuma, bayan tabbatar da jam'iyyar jihar ta 20,  ya fara aiki a ranar 26 ga Yuni 1987. 26 Yuni yanzu an san shi a matsayin Ranar Kasa da Kasa don tallafawa wadanda aka azabtar, don girmama taron. Tun lokacin da aka tilasta shigarwar taron, cikakkiyar haramtacciyar haramtacciya game da azabtarwa da sauran ayyukan zalunci, rashin mutunci, ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa ya zama an yarda da shi a matsayin ka'idar dokar al'ada ta duniya. Ya zuwa watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024, taron yana da jam'iyyun jihohi 174.

## Takaitaccen Bayani
Yarjejeniyar ta bi tsarin Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (ICCPR) da Yarjejeniyar Duniya kan' Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu (ICESCR), tare da gabatarwa da labarai 33, an raba su kashi uku:

**Sashe na I** (Mataki 1-16) ya ƙunshi ma'anar azabtarwa (Mataki na 1), kuma ya ba da izini ga ɓangarorin su ɗauki matakai masu tasiri don hana duk wani aikin azabtarwa a kowane yanki a ƙarƙashin ikonsu (Mataki 2). Wadannan sun hada da tabbatar da cewa azabtarwa laifi ne a karkashin Dokar birni ta jam'iyya (Mataki na 4), kafa iko kan ayyukan azabtarwa da aka aikata ko a kan 'yan kasa na jam'iyya suka aikata (Mataki ya 5), tabbatar da cewa azaba laifi ne mai ba da izini (Mataki nke 8), da kuma kafa ikon duniya don kawo shari'o'in azabtarwa zuwa shari'a inda ba za a iya ba da mai azabtarwa (Mataki ba (Mataki 5). Dole ne jam'iyyun su bincika duk wani zargi na azabtarwa (Mataki na 12 da 13), kuma wadanda aka azabtar da su, ko kuma wadanda ke dogaro da su a cikin yanayin wadanda aka azabta sun mutu sakamawa azabtarwa, dole ne su sami damar biyan diyya (Matakiyar 14). Dole ne jam'iyyun su hana amfani da shaida da aka samar ta hanyar azabtarwa a kotunsu (Mataki na 15), kuma an hana su korar mutane, fitarwa, ko sake cin zarafin mutane inda akwai dalilai masu yawa don gaskata cewa za a azabtar da su (Mataki 3). Ana buƙatar jam'iyyun su horar da kuma ilimantar da Ma'aikatan gwamnati da 'Yan ƙasa masu zaman kansu da ke da hannu a tsare, tambayoyi, ko kuma kula da duk wani mutum da aka kama, tsare, ko ɗaurin kurkuku, game da haramtacciyar azabtarwa (Mataki na 10). Har ila yau, dole ne jam'iyyun su ci gaba da bin ka'idojin tambayoyi, umarni, hanyoyin, da ayyuka a ƙarƙashin bita na tsari game da mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin kulawa ko iko a kowane yanki a ƙarƙashin ikonsu, don hana duk ayyukan azabtarwa (Mataki na 11). Hakanan ana tilasta wa bangarorin hana duk ayyukan zalunci, rashin mutunci, ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa a kowane yanki a ƙarƙashin ikonsu, da kuma bincika duk wani zargi na irin wannan bi da.  (Mataki na 16).

**Sashe na II** (Mataki na 17-24) yana jagorantar bayar da rahoto da saka idanu game da taron da kuma matakan da jam'iyyun suka dauka don aiwatar da shi. Ya kafa Kwamitin Yaki da Torture (Mataki na 17), kuma ya ba shi damar bincika zarge-zargen azabtarwa na tsari (Mataki 20). Har ila yau, ya kafa tsarin warware rikice-rikice tsakanin bangarorin (Mataki na 21) kuma yana bawa bangarorin damar amincewa da ƙwarewar kwamitin don jin korafe-korafe daga mutane game da keta yarjejeniyar da wata jam'iyya ta yi (Mataki ta 22).

**Sashe na III** (Mataki 25-33) yana jagorantar tabbatarwa, shigarwa cikin aiki, da gyare-gyaren yarjejeniyar. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da hanyar sasantawa ta zaɓi don jayayya tsakanin jam'iyyun (Mataki na 30).

## Babban tanadi

### Ma'anar azabtarwa
**Mataki na 1.1** na Yarjejeniyar ya bayyana azabtarwa kamar haka:Kalmomin "wanda ya samo asali ne ko kuma ya dace da takunkumin doka" ya kasance mai zurfi kuma yana da faɗi sosai. Yana da matukar wahala a tantance abin da takunkumi ke "wanda ya dace da takunkumin doka" a cikin wani tsarin shari'a da abin da ba haka ba ne. Masu tsara Yarjejeniyar ba su ba da wata ma'auni don yin irin wannan ƙuduri ba kuma ba su bayyana sharuɗɗan ba. Yanayin binciken zai bambanta sosai daga tsarin shari'a zuwa wani wanda zai haifar da rikice-rikice masu tsanani tsakanin bangarorin da ke cikin taron. An ba da shawarar cewa ambaton irin waɗannan dokoki zai sa batun ya fi rikitarwa, domin zai ba da dokoki da kama da ƙarfin ɗaure doka. Wannan yana bawa jam'iyyun jihohi damar zartar da dokokin cikin gida waɗanda ke ba da izinin ayyukan azabtarwa waɗanda suka yi imanin suna cikin sashi na takunkumi. Koyaya, fassarar da aka fi karɓa game da sashi na takunkumi na doka ita ce tana nufin takunkumi da doka ta duniya ta ba da izini. Dangane da wannan fassarar, takunkumin da dokar kasa da kasa ta ba da izini ne kawai za su fada cikin wannan warewa. Fassarar sashi na takunkumin doka ba ta bar wani iko na aikace-aikace ba kuma marubuta, masana tarihi, da malamai suna muhawara sosai.

### Hana azabtarwa
**Mataki na 2** ya haramta azabtarwa, kuma yaƙi buƙatar bangarorin su dauki matakai masu inganci don hana shi a kowane yanki a ƙarƙashin ikonsu. Wannan haramcin cikakke ne kuma ba za a iya soke shi ba. "Babu wani yanayi na musamman"  da za a iya kiran don tabbatar da azabtarwa, gami da yaki, barazanar yaki, Rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa na ciki, gaggawa ta jama'a, Ayyukan ta'addanci, aikata laifuka, ko kowane irin rikici.  A wasu kalmomi, azabtarwa ba za a iya tabbatar da ita ba a matsayin hanyar kare lafiyar jama'a ko hana gaggawa. Wadanda ke ƙarƙashin su waɗanda ke yin azabtarwa ba za su iya kauce wa kansu daga alhakin shari'a ba bisa dalilin cewa suna bin umarni daga manyansu.

Hana azabtarwa ya shafi ko'ina a ƙarƙashin ikon da ya dace na jam'iyya a ciki ko a waje da iyakokinta, ko a cikin jiragenta ko jirgin sama ko a cikin Ayyukan soja, sansanonin soja, Ayyukan kiyaye zaman lafiya, masana'antun kiwon lafiya, makarantu, Cibiyoyin kula da rana, cibiyoyi, tsare-tsare, ofisoshin jakadancin, ko kowane ɗayan yankunanta, kuma yana kare duk mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin iko mai tasiri, ba tare da la'akari da asalinsa ba ko yadda ake amfani da wannan iko.

Sauran labaran ɓangaren na tsara takamaiman wajibai da aka nufa don aiwatar da wannan haramtacciyar haramtacciya ta hanyar hanawa, bincike, da kuma azabtar da ayyukan azabtarwa.

### Hana ''hanawa''
**Mataki na 3** ya haramta bangarorin dawowa, fitarwa, ko sake karkatar da kowane mutum zuwa jihar "inda akwai dalilai masu yawa don gaskata cewa zai kasance cikin haɗarin azabtarwa. "  Kwamitin Yaki da azabtarwa ya yanke shawarar cewa dole ne a tantance wannan haɗari ba kawai ga jihar karɓar farko ba, har ma da jihohin da za a iya fitar da mutumin daga baya, dawowa ko fitar da shi. 

### Hakki na gurfanar da shi ko fitar da shi
**Mataki na 7** ya tilasta wa gwamnatin jihar da ake zargi da laifin ya faru ta gurfanar da wanda ake tuhuma, ko kuma ta mika su ga jihar da za ta, a karkashin ka'idar aut dedere aut judicare . 

### Hana zalunci, rashin mutunci, ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa
**Mataki na 16** ya buƙaci bangarorin su hana "wasu ayyukan zalunci, rashin mutunci ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa wanda bai kai ga azabtarwa ba kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Mataki na 1" a kowane yanki a ƙarƙashin ikonsu. Saboda sau da yawa yana da wahala a rarrabe tsakanin zalunci, rashin mutunci, ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa da azabtarwa, Kwamitin ya ɗauki haramcin Mataki na 16 na irin wannan aikin a matsayin cikakke kuma ba a iya soke shi ba.

## Masu sanya hannu da tabbatarwa

Ya zuwa 17 ga Nuwamba 2021, akwai jam'iyyun jihohi 173. Kasashe 22 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba su shiga cikin taron ba.

## Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka

Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ga Yarjejeniyar Kan Torture da Sauran zalunci, Rashin Mutum ko Rashin Hukunci (OPCAT), wanda Majalisar Dattijai ta karɓa a ranar 18 ga Disamba 2002 kuma tana aiki tun daga 22 ga Yuni 2006, ta ba da kafa "tsarin ziyarar yau da kullun da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na duniya da na ƙasa suka yi zuwa wuraren da aka hana mutane 'yancinsu, don hana azabtarwa da sauran zalunci, rashin mutunci ko azabtarwa,  don a kula da su ta hanyar Kwamitin hana su.

Ya zuwa watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2022, Yarjejeniyar tana da masu sa hannu 76 da jam'iyyun 91.

## Kwamitin Yaki da Torture

Kwamitin Yaki da Torture (CAT) kungiya ce ta masana kan kare hakkin dan adam waɗanda ke sa ido kan aiwatar da yarjejeniyar ta jam'iyyun Jiha. Kwamitin yana daya daga cikin kungiyoyi takwas na yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan adam da ke da alaƙa da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Dukkanin jam'iyyun jihohi suna da alhakin gabatar da rahotanni na yau da kullun ga CAT kan yadda ake aiwatar da haƙƙoƙi. Bayan tabbatar da yarjejeniyar, jihohi dole ne su gabatar da rahoto a cikin shekara guda, bayan haka dole ne su bayar da rahoto kowane shekaru hudu. Kwamitin yana nazarin kowane rahoto kuma yana magance damuwarsa da shawarwari ga jam'iyyar Jiha ta hanyar "bincike na ƙarshe". A wasu yanayi, CAT na iya la'akari da korafe-korafe ko sadarwa daga mutane da ke da'awar cewa an keta hakkinsu a karkashin Yarjejeniyar.

CAT yawanci tana haɗuwa a watan Afrilu / Mayu da Nuwamba a kowace shekara a Geneva. Ana zabar mambobi zuwa wa'adin shekaru hudu ta jam'iyyun Jiha kuma ana iya sake zabar su idan an zaba su. Mambobin CAT na yanzu a watan Yunin 2023, wanda sharuɗɗan sa suka ƙare a ranar 31 ga Disamba 2025, sune: 

## Tasirin
Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2021 a cikin American Journal of Political Science ya gano cewa kasashen da suka karɓi dokokin ƙasa waɗanda suka hana azabtarwa (suna bayyana shi daidai da ƙa'idodin da aka tsara a cikin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa) daga baya suna fuskantar raguwa a azabtarwar 'yan sanda.

## Dubi kuma

* Tsanani na tunani
* Yarjejeniyar Turai don Rigakafin azabtarwa da Rashin Mutum ko Rashin Girma ko Hukunci
* Ranar Kasa da Kasa don Taimako ga Wadanda aka azabtar
* Majalisar Maidowa ta Duniya don Wadanda aka azabtar
* Amfani da azabtarwa tun 1948
* Ƙungiyar Duniya da ke Kan Tsanani

## Manazarta


## Ƙarin karantawa

*  

## Haɗin waje

* Rubutun hukuma na Yarjejeniyar
* Jerin jam'iyyun
* Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka
* Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa
* Yarjejeniyar da ke adawa da azabtarwa
* Human Rights Watch taƙaitaccen Yarjejeniyar
* Jerin hanyoyin haɗi zuwa wasu takardu masu alaƙa
* 'Yancin Dan Adam na Farko; Adalci mai azabtarwa: Yin amfani da Shaida mai tilasta don gurfanar da' yan ta'adda (2008) Adalci mai azabtarwa: Yin amfani da Shaida mai tsauri don gurfanar da wadanda ake zargi da ta'addanci (2008)
* 'Yancin Dan Adam na Farko; Bar Babu Alamomi: Ingantaccen Hanyar Tambaya da Hadarin Laifi
* Majalisar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Duniya don Wadanda aka azabtar (IRCT); Menene azabtarwa? Bayyana azabtarwa
* Bayani na gabatarwa na Hans Danelius, bayanin tarihin tsari da kayan bidiyo akan Yarjejeniyar kan azabtarwa da Sauran zalunci, rashin mutunci ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa a cikin Tarihin Tarihi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Audiovisual Library of International LawTarihin Tarihi na Tarihin Tarihin Tarihon Tarihin Tarihuna na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
* Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa (1984-2014) - Jagoran Bincike, Laburaren UNOG
* Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa (1984-2014) - Littattafai (Littattafai / Labarai), Laburaren UNOG

### Shawarwarin Kwamitin Yaki da azabtarwa

* Kwamitin da ke adawa da azabtarwa - Shari'a
* OHCHR.org/EN/HRBodies/CAT/Pages/catindex.aspx" id="mwBcA" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Shawarwarin CAT akan OHCHR
* Shawarwarin Kwamitin Yaki da azabtarwa