open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Sojojin Biafra

*Sojojin kasar Biafra*' ( **BAF** ) sune sojojin kasar Biafra mai rajin ballewa daga Najeriya,wacce ta wanzu daga shekarar 1967 zuwa 1970.

## Tarihi

A farkon yakin basasar Najeriya,Biafra na da sojoji 3,000.Wannan adadin ya karu yayin da yakin ya ci gaba,inda daga karshe ya kai 30,000.Babu wani tallafi a hukumance ga Sojojin Biafra da ya fito daga wata kasa,duk da cewa an samu makamai a boye.Saboda haka ne ‘yan Biafra suka kera makamansu da dama a cikin gida.

Wasu Turawa sun yi aikin kafa Biafra:Rolf Steiner haifaffen Jamus ya kasance Laftanar Kanal da aka ba shi a Brigade na 4th Commando Brigade, kuma dan Welsh Taffy Williams ya kasance babba a duk lokacin rikicin.  An kafa wata kungiya ta musamman ta kungiyar masu fafutukar neman 'yancin Biafra: wacce aka tsara domin yin koyi da kasar Viet Cong,sun kai hari kan layukan samar da kayayyaki na Najeriya,lamarin da ya tilasta musu karkata kayan aiki zuwa kokarin tsaron cikin gida.

### Legacy
A yayin da ake ta tada kayar baya a yankin Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya a shekarar 2021,wata kungiyar 'yan awaren da aka fi sani da "Biafra National Guard" (BNG) ta shirya taron "Biafra Supreme Military Council of Administration".Karshen ya zama babban kwamandan Sojojin Biafra da aka dawo da su,wadanda suka hada da "Sojan Biafra, Sojan Ruwa na Biafra,Sojojin Biafra da Sojojin Biafra".

## rassan

### Sojoji
A lokacin kololuwar karfin sojan kasar Biafra,sojojin Biafra sun kasance bangarori 5;mai lamba 11, 12th,13th (daga baya aka sake lamba 15th),14th da 101st. Haka kuma tana da runduna daban-daban guda 2, S Brigade, mai gadin Pretorian na Janar Ojukwu, da kuma Brigade na 4th Commando Brigade (masu horas da sojojin haya).Birgediya Hillary Njoku ne ya ba da umarni daga baya Manjo Janar Alexander Madiebo.

### Sojojin sama

‘Yan Biafra sun kafa wani karamin runduna ta sama amma mai inganci.Kwamandojin Sojin saman Biafra su ne Chude Sokey da kuma Godwin Ezeilo,wadanda suka yi horo da Sojojin Sama na Royal Canadian Air Force .Ƙididdigarsa na farko ya haɗa da B-25 Mitchells guda biyu, Mahara B-26 guda biyu,(wanda Yaƙin Duniya na II na Poland ya yi matukin jirgi Jan Zumbach,wanda kuma aka sani da John Brown), mai canza DC-3 da Dove ɗaya. A cikin 1968,matukin jirgin Sweden Carl Gustaf von Rosen ya ba Janar Ojukwu shawarar aikin MiniCOIN.

A farkon 1969,Biafra ta tara MFI-9Bs biyar a Gabon, tana kiran su "Biafra Babies". Suna da launin kore,sun iya ɗaukar guda shida 68&nbsp;mm makami roka a karkashin kowane reshe ta amfani da sauki gani.Jiragen guda biyar dai wasu matukan jirgin kasar Sweden uku ne da kuma matukan jirgin Biafra uku.A watan Satumba na 1969, Biafra ta mallaki T-6G na tsohon Armee de l'Air na Arewacin Amurka guda hudu,wadanda aka tashi zuwa Biafra a wata mai zuwa, yayin da wani T-6 ya bata a cikin jirgin.Wadannan jiragen sun yi ta tafiya har zuwa watan Janairun 1970 karkashin wasu tsoffin matukan jirgi na kasar Portugal.

A lokacin yakin Biafra ta yi kokarin mallakar jiragen sama.An sayi Fouga Magisters biyu da Gloster Meteors da yawa amma ba su isa Biafra ba,an yi watsi da su a sansanonin jiragen sama na Afirka na waje.
Tutar Biafra

Tutar masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra,wadda Biafra ke amfani da ita a lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya (1967-1970),ta kunshi kalar ja,da baki,da kore a kwance,wanda ke dauke da fitowar rana ta zinare a kan wata sandar zinari.Hasken rana na goma sha ɗaya na wakiltar larduna goma sha ɗaya na tsohuwar lardunan Biafra.Haskokin suna yawanci tsayi da siriri tare da mafi ƙarancin haskoki suna kusan a kwance kuma sauran haskoki suna bazuwa tsakani.

## Asalin
An fara daga tutar ne a ranar 30 ga Mayun 1967 kuma ta yi fice a lokacin da Kanar Odumegwu-Ojukwu ya ayyana ‘yancin kai na Gwamnatin Biafra.

Ana ɗaukar launukan tutar Biafra kai tsaye daga asalin rigar yaƙin yankin Gabas 1960-67,wanda kuma ya haɗa da rana ta zinare mai haskoki 11 don wakiltar lardunan tsohon yankin.Tuta dai na da salo irin na tsohon yankin Arewaci da yammacin Najeriya,wadanda duk sun hada da rigar rigar tasu a tsakiyar tutar Najeriya .Tufafin yankin Gabas ya dogara ne akan launukan tutar Pan-African da Ƙungiyar Inganta Negro ta Duniya ta Marcus Garvey da Ƙungiyar Al'ummomin Afirka suka tsara.Don haka,tutar Biafra tana kama da sauran tutoci waɗanda kuma suka yi amfani da launukan Pan-African ciki har da ƙasashen gabashin Afirka kamar Kenya da Malawi .Haka kuma shi ne zaburar da tutar jamhuriyar Benin mai kankanin lokaci,wadda ta kunshi yankin Mid-Western da ta mamaye yankin Biafra.

A yau ana ganin wadannan launukan suna wakiltar: Ja ga jinin ‘yan Biafra da suka mutu a lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya,da yunwa a lokacin yakin,da kuma wadanda suka mutu kafin faruwar hakan a cikin ‘yan kabilar Ibo a yankin Arewa.Bakar fata ce ta zaman makokin wadanda suka mutu,yayin da kore da zinari ke wakiltar wadata da kyakkyawar makoma ga ‘yan Biafra.Rabin rana tare da haskoki goma sha ɗaya ya zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na hoton al'ummar Igbo kuma galibi ana amfani da shi don wakiltar girman kabilanci ko yanki.

Tun bayan da Najeriya ta koma kan turbar dimokuradiyya a shekarar 1999,bayan shafe shekaru da dama na mulkin soja,lamarin ya zo daidai da bukatuwar da 'yan kabilar Igbo ke yi na neman 'yancin kai da kuma fafutukar neman kafa kasar Biafra.Gwamnatin Najeriyar dai na daukar masu fafutukar neman kafa kasar Biafra a matsayin barazana ta tsaro da kuma yunkurin murkushe zanga-zangar neman yancin kai da suka hada da haramta tutar kasar Biafra. Wannan haramcin yana da wahalar aiwatar da cikakken aiki saboda yanayin yanki na Biafra,tare da tushen tallafin ya ta'allaka ne a Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya.A yawancin garuruwan Igbo irin su Aba, Onitsha,Nnewi,Umuahia, Enugu, Asaba, Nsukka, Umuahia, Abakiliki, Owerri da Awka,ana iya ganin tutar kasar Biafra a kai a kai tana shawagi akan gine-gine, motocin safa, da tuta.'Yan sanda suna sauke wadannan tutoci akai-akai a lokacin da suke kai samame,musamman ma a kusa da ranar tunawa da Biafra a ranar 30 ga Mayu. Sau da yawa ana maye gurbin tutoci nan da nan wanda ke nuna cewa ba za a iya aiwatar da haramcin gaba ɗaya ba, yana mai da doka ta dogara ga aiwatar da zaɓi.
Cibiyar Tsaro ta Gabas

**Kungiyar Tsaro ta Gabas** (ESN)ita ce kungiyar masu fafutukar kafa ta kasar Biafra (IPOB),mai fafutukar neman kafa kasar Biafra .

## Fage
Mutanen Biafra sun sha kashi a yakin basasar Najeriya 1967-1970,inda suka yi yunkurin ballewa daga Najeriya tare da kafa gwamnati mai cin gashin kai a kasar Biafra .Akwai ragowar goyon bayan ‘yancin Biafra a tsakanin ‘yan kabilar Igbo.'Yan kabilar Igbo da dama,wadanda galibinsu Kiristoci ne,suna ganin cewa ba su da wani hali a karkashin gwamnatin Najeriya na yanzu da Musulmi ke mamaye da su.Ana kuma danganta batun ballewar Biafra da cin zarafi da kame da ‘yan sandan Najeriya ke yi a jihohin Kudu maso Gabashin kasar.

Kungiyar Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB),wanda Nnamdi Kanu ya kafa,wata kungiya ce mai fafutuka a halin yanzu.A cewar *Majalisar Hulda da Kasashen Waje*,“gwamnatin tarayya idan ta tuna yakin basasa,tana adawa da ‘yan awaren Igbo,kamar yadda akasarin kabilar Igbo ke yi.Gwamnati ta dade tana neman bata sunan kungiyar IPOB da kuma yiwa Kanu shiru,wani lokacin ta hanyar haramtacciyar hanya ko ka’ida.”Tun shekarar 2017 gwamnatin Najeriya ta ayyana kungiyar ta IPOB a matsayin kungiyar ta'addanci.

Tun daga watan Agustan 2020 ne rikici ya barke tsakanin kungiyar IPOB da gwamnatin Najeriya.A watan Agustan shekarar 2020, rundunar ‘yan sandan Najeriya ta kashe ‘yan kungiyar IPOB 21 a wani taro,inda jami’an ‘yan sanda biyu suka mutu, kuma bangarorin biyu sun zargi juna da harbin bindiga na farko.Tashe-tashen hankula sun karu a cikin watanni masu zuwa, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali a fadin yankin.

## Tarihi

### Samuwar
Kungiyar IPOB ta kaddamar da kungiyar ‘Eastern Security Network’ a farkon watan Disamba na shekarar 2020,a matsayin martani ga yadda ‘yan kabilar Ibo ke ganin cewa Fulani makiyaya ne ke kai musu hari,wadanda suke zargi da kiwo a gonaki da kuma aikata laifuka kamar fyade da kisa ga mazauna yankin.Motsin ya rikide zuwa runduna masu fa'ida mai faffadar ayyuka saboda sojojin sun gaza. .

Gwamnatin Najeriya ta dauki ESN a matsayin barazana ga hukumar ta inda ta tura sojoji domin gano tare da lalata sansanonin ESN.A watan Janairun 2021,an gwabza kazamin fada a garin Orlu na jihar Imo. An kwashe kwanaki bakwai ana gwabza fadan soji, har sai da ESN ta ayyana tsagaita bude wuta da bangarorin biyu suka fice daga birnin.
Aburi Accord

An cimma ** Aburi ko Aburi** a wani taro tsakanin 4 zuwa 5 ga Janairu 1967 a Aburi, Ghana, wanda ya samu halartar wakilan gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ( Majalisar Koli ta Sojoji )da wakilan Gabas karkashin jagorancin shugaban yankin Gabas Kanar Chukwuemeka Odumegwu. - Ojukwu. An ƙididdige taron a matsayin dama ta ƙarshe na hana duk wani yaƙi. Majalisar ta lashi takobin cewa ba za ta yi amfani da karfi wajen sasanta rikicin Najeriya ba,sannan kuma ta amince da wata doka ta hadin gwiwa wacce ta rataya a wuyan gwamnatin mulkin soja ta tarayya a majalisar koli ta soja, wanda hakan ya zama tilas a cimma matsaya daya. An kuma amince da cewa,shugaban gwamnatin mulkin sojan tarayya ya karbi mukamin babban kwamandan sojojin Najeriya.Yanayin taron ya yi kyau sosai domin Ojukwu bai shiga bangaren barkwanci ba. A karshen taron,an amince da cewa, kudurorin taron su kasance a cikin wata doka da Legas za ta fitar tare da hadin gwiwar gwamnonin soja.

An zabi Aburi da ke Gabashin kasar Ghana a matsayin wurin taron domin wakilan yankin gabas karkashin jagorancin Gwamnan Jihar Gabas Kanar Ojukwu ba su iya tabbatar da tsaron lafiyarsu a ko'ina a yammacin ko arewacin kasar.

## Ajandar Taron Aburi

* Sake kafa rundunar soji
* Tsarin Tsarin Mulki
* Batun '  a Najeriya.  (c) 1999-2006 Segun Toyin Dawodu

## Wakilai
Wadannan sune wakilai a taron Aburi:

* Shugaban Majalisar 'Yanci ta Ghana -Lt.-Janar JA Ankrah-Chairman
* Lt.-Kol. Yakubu Gowon - Shugaban kasa
* Lt.-Kol. Odumegwu Ojukwu - Gwamnan yankin Gabas
* Major Mobolaji Johnson - Gwamnan jihar Legas
* Lt.-Kol. Hassan Katsina – Gwamnan Jihar Arewa
* Lt.-Kol. David Ejoor - Gwamnan yankin Tsakiyar Yamma
* Commodore Joseph Edet Akinwale Wey - Mataimakin Shugaban Najeriya
* Kanar Robert Adebayo - Gwamnan Yankin Yamma
* Alhaji Kam Selem
* Mista T. Omo-Bare

* N. Akpan Sakataren Gwamnan Soja-Gabas
* Alhaji Ali Akilu Sakataren Gwamnan Soja-Arewa
* D. Lawani Karkashin Sakatare, Ofishin Gwamnan Soja-Mid-West.
* P. Odumosu Sakataren Gwamnatin Soja-Yamma
* S. Akenzua (wanda daga baya ya zama Oba of Benin - Erediauwa I   ) Ƙarƙashin Sakatare-Sakataren Majalisar Tarayya na Dindindin

## Yarjejeniyar

* “Mambobin sun yarda cewa ikon majalisa da zartaswa na gwamnatin mulkin soja ta tarayya ya kasance a cikin majalisar koli ta soja, wanda duk wani hukunci da ya shafi kasa baki daya za a mika shi domin sanin ya kamata idan har ya yiwu a gudanar da taron da ya dace. dole ne a mayar da hankali ga gwamnonin soja don yin tsokaci da kuma yarda.
* Musamman ma, majalisar ta amince da cewa nadin mukamai ga manyan mukamai a cikin ‘yan sanda, diflomasiyya, da na ofishin jakadanci da kuma nadin mukamai na manyan mukamai a ma’aikatan gwamnatin tarayya da makamantan su a cikin ma’aikatan gwamnati dole ne Majalisar Koli ta Sojoji ta amince da su.
* 'Yan yankin na ganin cewa, duk wasu dokokin da aka zartar tun ranar 15 ga watan Janairun 1966, wadanda suka rage karfin iko da mukaman gwamnatocin yankin, ya kamata a soke su idan ana son a dawo da amincewar juna. 


## Manazarta
Tambarin aikawasiku da tarihin gidan waya na Biafra

Wannan bincike ne na tambarin aikawasiku da tarihin gidan waya na Biafra.

*Jamhuriyar Biafra* jiha ce mai neman ballewa a kudu maso gabashin Najeriya wacce ta kasance daga 30 ga Mayu 1967 zuwa 15 ga Janairu 1970.‘ Yan kabilar Igbo ne suka jagoranci ballewar bayan tashe-tashen hankula na tattalin arziki,kabilanci,al’adu da addini a tsakanin al’ummomin Nijeriya da kuma bayar da gudunmawa wajen haddasa yakin basasar Nijeriya da aka fi sani da yakin Biafra.Gabon ,Haiti,Cote d'Ivoire,Tanzania da Zambia sun amince da Biafra.

Hukumomin kasar Biafra sun fitar da takardun kudi da tambarin aikawa da sako domin tabbatar da cewa su na neman yancin kai. An yi amfani da tambarin wasikun ne musamman akan wasikun cikin gida a yankin amma kuma akan wasu wasiku na waje da aka aika ta iska ta Libreville a Gabon.Ba a gane tambarin a matsayin halaltacce ta duk kasidar tambari.

## Tambayoyi na farko
Bayan samun 'yancin kai,ofishin gidan waya na Biafra ya ci gaba da amfani da tambarin Najeriya har sai da suka kare lokacin da aka yi amfani da cachet na "postage biya" a maimakon haka har sai da aka fitar da tambarin farko.

An fitar da tambarin farko na Biafra a ranar 5 ga Fabrairun 1968 kuma ya ƙunshi dabi'u uku don nuna 'yancin kan Biafra.

## Fitar da bugu
A ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1968 aka fitar da tambari goma sha uku na Najeriya daga fitowar 1965 dauke da rigar yakin Biafra da kalmomin SOVEREIGN BIAFRA.Ƙimar 1/2d da 1d daga jerin 1965 na Najeriya iri ɗaya kuma sun kasance suna da ƙarin ƙima da sabbin ƙima da bugu na ABOKAN BIAFRA-FRANCE 1968 SOVEREIGN BIAFRA amma waɗannan tambari ba a yarda an yi amfani da su wajen aikawa ba.

## Batutuwa daga baya
An fitar da wasu ƙarin tambari a cikin 1968 da 1969 da aka rubuta BIAFRA ko JAMHUURIYAR BIAFRA,gami da ƙaramin zanen gado,ƙarin tambari da tambari da aka yi ƙira don tara kuɗi don sadaka.

## Manazarta
2016-17 Zanga-zangar Kamaru

**Zanga-zangar 2016-2017 na Kamaru** (wanda aka fi sani da **juyin juya halin gawa**  )jerin zanga-zangar ne da suka biyo bayan nadin alkalan Faransanci a yankunan masu magana da Ingilishi na Jamhuriyar Kamaru. A cikin Oktoba 2016,an fara zanga-zangar a yankuna biyu na Ingilishi na musamman:Yankin Arewa maso Yamma da yankin Kudu maso Yamma .

A ranar 23 ga Nuwamba,2016,an ba da rahoton cewa an kashe akalla mutane biyu tare da kama masu zanga-zanga 100 a Bamenda,wani birni a yankin Arewa maso Yamma.A watan Satumban 2017,zanga-zangar da martanin da gwamnati ta yi musu ya rikide zuwa rikici da makami tsakanin bangarorin da ke goyon bayan Ambazonia da gwamnatin Kamaru.

## Dalilai
An fara zanga-zangar ne a ranar 6 ga Oktoba,2016 a matsayin yajin aikin zama da wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Kamaru Anglophone Civil Society Consortium (CACSC),kungiyar da ta kunshi lauyoyi da kungiyoyin kwadago na malamai daga yankunan Anglophone na kasar Kamaru. Barista Agbor Balla,Fontem Neba,da Tassang Wilfred ne suka jagoranci yajin aikin.

Lauyoyin gama gari na Kamaru sun rubuta wasikar daukaka kara ga gwamnati kan yadda ake amfani da Faransanci a makarantu da kuma kotuna a yankuna biyu na Kamaru masu magana da Ingilishi.A kokarin da suke na kare al'adun turanci,sun fara yajin zaman dirshan a dukkan kotuna a ranar 6 ga Oktoba,2016.An fara zanga-zangar lumana da maci a garuruwan Bamenda,Buea,da Limbe suna kira da a kare tsarin doka a Kamaru.Sun nemi a yi amfani da tsarin dokokin gama gari a kotunan Ingilishi ba dokar farar hula da alkali mai magana da Faransa ke amfani da shi ba.Dokoki irin su OHADA uniform acts, CEMAC code,da sauransu yakamata a fassara su zuwa Turanci.

Har ila yau,sun nemi da cewa tsarin ilimi na gama gari a jami'o'in Anglophone kamar Jami'ar Buea da Jami'ar Bamenda ya kamata a magance shi ta hanyar samar da makarantar lauya.Gwamnati ta mayar da martani ta hanyar tura jami'an tsaro don harba barkonon tsohuwa tare da cin zarafin masu zanga-zangar da lauyoyi.A watan Nuwamba 2016 dubban malamai a yankunan Anglophone sun bi sahun lauyoyin don kare al'adun Turanci a Kamaru,suna neman kada a yi amfani da harshen Faransanci a makarantu da kuma dakunan shari'a a yankunan masu magana da Ingilishi na Kamaru.An rufe dukkan makarantu a yankunan Anglophone,watanni biyu da makonni uku kacal bayan fara shekarar karatu ta 2016/2017.

### Tashin hankali da kamawa
A cikin makonni biyu, an ce an kama sama da masu fafutuka 100.An sanar da mutuwar mutane shida. Bidiyon da ba a tabbatar da su ba da aka fitar a kafafen sada zumunta na yanar gizo,sun nuna fage na tashin hankali iri-iri, da suka hada da masu zanga-zangar "suna nuna gawar wani mai fafutuka, shingaye da aka kone,[da] 'yan sanda suna dukan masu zanga-zangar da kuma harba hayaki mai sa hawaye kan taron".

## Manazarta
Anglophone na Kamaru

**Mutanen Kamaru masu magana da harshen Ingilishi** mutane ne na al'adu daban-daban,yawancinsu sun fito ne daga yankunan masu magana da Ingilishi na Kamaru (Yankunan Arewa maso Yamma da Kudu maso Yamma ).Waɗannan yankuna a da an san su da British Southern Cameroons,kasancewa wani ɓangare na wa'adin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da Dokokin Amintattun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Burtaniya ke gudanarwa .An yi la'akari da dan Kamaru mai magana da harshen Ingilishi a matsayin duk wanda ya rayu a yankunan Arewa maso Yamma da Kudu maso Yamma na Kamaru,ya gudanar da karatun Anglosaxon kuma yana aiki da tsarin Anglo-Saxon na ilimi da doka.

Yankuna biyu masu magana da Ingilishi na Kamaru sune kashi 17% na yawan jama'a miliyan 17 (2005).

## Wakilin siyasa
Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Front,babbar jam'iyyar adawa ta siyasa a majalisar dokokin Kamaru,tana karkashin jagorancin Anglophone.Ƙungiyoyin 'yan aware,musamman Ƙungiyar Kudancin Kamaru (SCNC)da Ƙungiyar Kudancin Kamaru (SCAPO),sun yi kira da a raba yankuna biyu masu magana da Ingilishi daga Kamaru a matsayin mayar da martani ga wargaza a watan Mayu 1972 na Tarayyar da aka kafa.a cikin 1961 da kuma mayar da martani ga 'yan tsirarun Anglophone da rinjayen masu amfani da harshen Faransanci da jagorancin siyasa.Tun daga Maris 2017,ɗaya daga cikin ministocin gwamnati 36 waɗanda ke kula da kasafin kuɗin sashe shine wayar Anglophone. 

## 2016-2017 zanga-zangar da martanin gwamnati
A watan Nuwamba 2016,bayan ba a fassara wata doka ba,lauyoyin Anglophone sun fara zanga-zanga a Bamenda don nuna adawa da gwamnatin tsakiya saboda gazawar da kundin tsarin mulki ya bayar na kasa mai harsuna biyu.An hada su da malamai,masu zanga-zangar adawa da wadanda gwamnatin tsakiya ta nada ba tare da sanin Ingilishi ba,da talakawan kasa.A cikin watan Disamba jami'an tsaro sun tarwatsa zanga-zangar kuma an kashe akalla masu zanga-zangar biyu tare da jikkata wasu.

Ana kuma zargin masu zanga-zangar da tashe-tashen hankula,duk da haka,matakin da gwamnati ta dauka na murkushe masu zanga-zangar ya sake farfado da kiraye-kirayen a maido da ‘yancin kai na Kudancin Kamaru da aka samu a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1961.An kama masu zanga-zangar daban-daban da suka hada da Nkongho Felix Agbor-Balla,shugaban kungiyar farar hula ta Kamaru Anglophone,da Fontem Neba,babban sakataren kungiyar.Gwamnatin Kamaru ta ayyana kungiyar farar hula ta Anglophone a matsayin haramtacce a ranar 17 ga Janairu 2017 kuma an haramta “duk wasu kungiyoyi masu alaka da irin wannan manufa”  Amnesty International ta yi kira da a saki Agbor-Balla da Neba. 

Gwamnatin tsakiya ta rufe intanet a yankunan Anglophone a tsakiyar watan Janairu kuma an maido da ita a cikin Afrilu 2017,biyo bayan bukatar maido da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . Kungiyar mai zaman kanta ta Internet Without Borders ta kiyasta cewa kashe-kashen da aka yi wa tattalin arzikin Kamaru ya jawo asarar kusan Yuro miliyan uku kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 3.2.

## Manazarta
Majalisar Kudancin Kamaru

**Majalisar Kudancin Kamaru** ( **SCNC** )kungiya ce ta siyasa da ke neman 'yancin kai na tsohon anglophone Kudancin Kamaru daga Jamhuriyar Kamaru (République du Cameroun).Kungiya ce mai zaman kanta mai taken "Karfin hujja, ba hujjar karfi ba." Domin kuwa SCNC na neman ballewa daga Kamaru,gwamnatin Paul Biya ta ayyana ta a matsayin haramtacciyar kungiya.Jami’an tsaro a kai a kai suna katse tarurrukan SCNC,suna kama mambobin su kuma yawanci suna tsare su na kwanaki da yawa kafin a sake su.

## Halitta
Bayan samun 'yencin kai a shekarun 1960,Kamaru ta mallaki yankuna na yankin Kamarun Burtaniya sannan ta amince da tsarin tarayya wanda ya ba da 'yancin cin gashin kansa ga tsohon yankin na Burtaniya.A shekara ta 1972 Shugaba Ahmdou Ahidjo ta hanyar kuri'ar raba gardama na yaudara ya kawo karshen tsarin tarayya, a matsayin kasa mai hadin kai.Lokacin da Biya ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekarar 1982,ya ci gaba da karkatar da mulki tare da samar da kasa mai jam’iyya daya. A cikin 1993,taron duk Anglophone ya kafa yunƙurin dawo da 'yancin cin gashin kai da aka bai wa Kudancin Kamaru ƙarƙashin tsarin tarayya.  A cikin 1994,Bamenda Declaration na manyan membobin AAC sun yanke shawarar yin aiki don ballewa maimakon cin gashin kai.Wannan ya sa a shekara mai zuwa aka kafa taron jama'ar Kudancin Kamaru (SCPC)a matsayin wata ƙungiya mai haɗaka da ɗalibai,ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci,da ƙungiyoyin siyasa waɗanda suka himmatu wajen samun 'yancin kai,maimakon komawa ga cin gashin kai. Majalisar Kudancin Kamaru ita ce zaɓaɓɓen hukumar da ke kula da shirya ayyukan SCPC tare da shugaban farko Sam Ekontang Elad.

## 1990s
A shekarar 1995,jam'iyyar SCNC ta yi fice a fagen siyasa tare da yunkurin ballewa 'yan Kudancin Kamaru daga kasar Kamaru.Gwamnatin Kamaru tana kammala aikace-aikacenta na shiga cikin Commonwealth of Nations kuma SCNC ta shirya ayyukan talla da dama don nuna adawa da wannan shigar.A watan Agustan 1995, SCNC ta roki Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ta shiga tsakani da sasantawa tsakanin su da gwamnatin Kamaru tana mai gargadin cewa rashin shiga tsakani zai haifar da "wata Somalia".A cikin Oktoba 1995,SCNC ta ba da sanarwar jadawalin aiki don ayyana 'yancin kai daga ƙarshe.Wadannan ayyukan siyasa sun haifar da cikas ga 'yan sanda da jami'an tsaro. 

A cikin 1996, Shugaba Elad ya yi murabus kuma Henry Fossung ya maye gurbinsa.'Yan sanda na kawo cikas akai-akai ayyukan da tsare-tsare na neman 'yancin kai akai-akai.Maris 1997 ya haifar da kama magoya bayan 200 don kai hari kan jami'an tsaro a Bamenda .A cikin gwaji na 200,Amnesty International da SCNC sun sami kwararan hujjoji na shigar da su ta hanyar azabtarwa da karfi.  Harin da gwaji ya haifar da rufe ayyukan SCNC da Fossung yana ɗaukar ƙananan bayanan martaba.Don amsa wannan,a cikin Afrilu 1998 wani ƙaramin ƙungiya ya zaɓi Esoka Ndoki Mukete, babban memba na Social Democratic Front,a matsayin sabon shugaban SCNC.Fossung da SCNC mai karfi na Arewacin Amurka sun yi adawa da shawarar kuma sakamakon ya gurgunta kungiyar.

## Manazarta
Mutane suna Aiden O'Brien

**James Aiden O'Brien Quinn**, QC (3 Janairu 1932 - 28 Disamba 2018)lauya ne ɗan ƙasar Ireland kuma alkali ɗan ƙasar waje.A lokacin aikinsa,ya yi aiki a matsayin alkali a Kamaru,Seychelles, Kiribati,Solomon Islands,

Botswana,da kuma Ingila .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Ɗan William Patrick Quinn,Kwamishinan Garda Síochána da Helen Mary ( *née* Walshe),O'Brien Quinn ya sami ilimi a Kwalejin Gabatarwa,Bray da Kwalejin Jami'ar Dublin, inda ya ɗauki BA da LLB (Hons).Daga 1949 zuwa 1953,ya yi aiki da Babban Bankin City, Dublin .

An kira shi zuwa mashawarcin Irish a cikin 1957,ya yi aiki a Bar a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Ofishin Mulki daga 1958 zuwa 1960,lokacin da ya zama Mai ba da shawara na Crown kuma Mukaddashin Babban Lauyan Sarauta a Nyasaland.A shekarar 1964,ya zama mataimakin babban lauya kuma mukaddashin babban lauya na yammacin Kamaru,sannan a shekarar 1966 ya zama Procureur Général na yammacin Kamaru da Avocat Général na Tarayyar Kamaru. Daga 1968 zuwa 1972 ya kasance Conseiller na Cour Fédérale de Justice,Alkalin Kotun Koli ta Yammacin Kamaru,Conseiller Technique (Harmonisation des Lois),a Ministère de la JusticeYaoundé,kuma Shugaban Kotun Koli na Cameroun Occidental. A cikin 1967,an kira shi zuwa Bar Ingilishi ta Haikali na ciki .

Daga 1972 zuwa 1976,O'Brien Quinn ya kasance Babban Lauyan Seychelles da na Biritaniya na Tekun Indiya,ya zama Mashawarcin Sarauniyar Seychelles a 1973.Ya kuma kasance memba na Majalisar Dokoki da Majalisar Zartaswa,da na Majalisar Dokokin Seychelles,kafin da kuma bayan samun 'yancin kai.Ya kasance Mukaddashin Mataimakin Gwamna a shekarar 1975,

kuma memba ne na wakilan gwamnati kan cin gashin kai a shekarar 1975,da tsarin mulkin ‘yancin kai a shekarar 1976.Daga 1975 zuwa 1976,ya yi aiki tare da Farfesa AG Chloros akan fassarar da sabunta Code Napoleon .Ya kasance babban alkalin kasar Seychelles daga 1976 zuwa 1977,lokacin da aka kore shi daga kasar a lokacin juyin mulkin Seychelles a 1977 .

Bayan da aka kore shi daga Seychelles,O'Brien Quinn ya zama babban alkalin tsibirin Gilbert (Kiribati daga 1979),yana aiki daga 1977 zuwa 1981,inda ya kafa sabon tsarin kotuna. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Jiha daga 1979 zuwa 1981.Ya kuma kasance Alkalin Babban Kotun Tsibirin Solomon daga 1977 zuwa 1979.A cikin 1981,ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da kara na musamman a Tsibirin Falkland .

O'Brien Quinn ya zama Alkalin Alkalan Botswana a 1981,ya yi ritaya a 1987.Bayan ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan saka hannun jari,ya kasance a Ingila Alkalin Kotun daukaka kara na Shige da Fice daga 1990 zuwa 1993,mataimakin shugaban Kotun daukaka kara ta Shige da Fice daga 1996 zuwa 2004,kuma Memba na Hukumar Bukatun Shige da Fice ta Musamman daga 1998 zuwa 2002.

An nada O'Brien Quinn Chevalier na Ordre de la Valeur na Jamhuriyar Kamaru a cikin 1967,kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta 'yancin kai na Kiribati a 1979.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Quinn ya auri Christel Tyner a 1960; sun haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu da mace daya.

## Manazarta
Desmond Majekodunmi

**Desmond Olumuyiwa Majekodunmi** (an haife shi a watan Yuni 1950) ɗan Najeriya ne mai kula da muhalli . Shi ne shugaban kungiyar Lekki State Urban Forest and Animal Shelter Initiative (LUFASI),   kuma mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen rediyo na Green Hour akan Bayanin Nigeria 99.3 FM. Majekodunmi kuma marubuci ne, mawaki kuma marubucin rubutu. Bugu da ƙari, yana aiki a matsayin manomi, multi-media engineer/producer, filmmaker and musician. 

Ya samu lambobin yabo da dama bisa la'akari da ayyukan da yake yi a fannin noma da muhalli . Ya lashe lambar yabo ta Najeriya Silverbird TV "Man of the Year" da gidan talabijin na DW German TV "Gwarzon Muhalli ". Kokarin da ya yi na ganin an dasa bishiyoyi da yawa ya samu karbuwa daga Ma’aikatar Muhalli . Ya kasance ƙwararren manomi na gwaji na Cibiyar Aikin Noma ta Ƙasashen Duniya (IITA), Ibadan, kuma yana gudanar da aikin Majekodunmi Agricultural Project (MAP) - wani gonakin kiyaye gandun daji da ke Legas. gonaki daya tilo da ke kula da dazuzzukan noma a cibiyar tattalin arzikin Najeriya, wanda wani bangare nasa aka yiwa rajista a matsayin gandun daji na Birane.

Ya kwatanta sauyin yanayi, ruwan sama, hadari, da guguwa a duniya a matsayin abin da masana suka annabta da kuma abin da muke gani a yanzu. A cikin kalamansa, yana ci gaba kuma duk abin da za mu iya yi shi ne tallafa musu.
 
Shi da ne ga ministan tarayya na jamhuriya ta farko, Cif Moses Majekodunmi, da matarsa - Nora Majekodunmi, wanda ya kafa makarantun Corona.
 
Kwanan nan ya sami lambar yabo daga Paschal Dozie bayan ya gabatar da lacca kan ci gaba mai dorewa kuma ya samu wasu kyaututtuka da dama dangane da sauyin yanayi da kuma kiyaye muhalli.

Majekodunmi yana aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin wayar da kan jama'a da tara kudade na gidauniyar kiyayewa ta Najeriya (NCF), Legas, kuma ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya ne.

## Rayuwa ta sirri

### Sana'a
Mista Majekodunmi shi ne mallaki kuma mai kula da ayyukan noma na Majekodunmi a Legas, gonakin kare gandun daji daya tilo a cibiyar tattalin arzikin Najeriya, kuma ƙwararren manomi ne na gwaji na Cibiyar Noma ta Duniya (IITA) Ibadan. An yi rajistar wani yanki na gonar a matsayin Park Forest Park. Ya kan ba da laccoci kan yanayin muhalli, kiyayewa, da daidaitawa da rage sauyin yanayi. Ya kuma shirya shirin rediyo na mako-mako "Rahoton Muhalli" a gidan rediyon Najeriya Info 99.3 FM. Ta hanyar kasuwancinsa, Desco Tourism Developments, yana ba gwamnatocin jihohi daban-daban shawara game da bunkasa yawon shakatawa. Shi ma marubuci ne, marubucin allo, mawaki, kuma mai shirya fina-finai. Jam’iyyar Green Party ta Jamus ta dauke shi aiki don yin fim kan sauyin yanayi a Najeriya.

## Kyauta
Desmond Majekodunmi sanannen mai fafutukar kare muhalli ne kuma injiniya mai fafutuka da dama wanda ya samu karramawa da dama saboda jajircewarsa a fannin noma da muhalli.

* An ba shi sunan "Jarumin Muhalli" na gidan talabijin na DW na Jamus da kuma "Man of the Year" na gidan talabijin na Silverbird a Najeriya.

## Manazarta
Masarautar Kontagora

**Masarautar Kontagora** jiha ce ta gargajiya da ke da babban birnin Kontagora, Jihar Neja, Nijeriya .   Masarautar Kontagora tana cikin manyan masarautun jihar Neja kamar Masarautar Kagara, Masarautar Suleja da sauransu.

## Tarihi

Kontagora ta ƙunshi yanki ne da asalinsa ya rabu tsakanin ƙananan masarautu daban-daban (Aguarra, Dakka-Karri, Kambari, Dukawa, da Ngaski) waɗanda fula suka ci su a tsakanin shekarar 1858 zuwa 1864, suka rikiɗe zuwa masarautar Kontagora, abin dogaro ga Khalifancin Sakkwato .  

Bayan wani hari da makami mai kyau, tun daga ranar 31 ga Janairun shekarar 1901, Masarautar ta faɗa ƙarƙashin mulkin Burtaniya, inda ta zama lardi da farko a yankin Arewacin Najeriya na Birtaniyya sannan kuma a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka na Najeriya, har zuwa lokacin samun 'yancin kai a 1960.   

A yanzu dai Kontagora ta ƙunshi masarautun Kontagora mai ɗauke da masarautun Wushishi, da yankunan Sarkin Bauchi, da masarautar Kagara, dukkansu a ƙarƙashin mulkinsu sun hade zuwa kananan hukumomin Mariga da Magama da Rafi. 

## Jerin masu mulki
Sunaye da kwanakin da aka ɗauko daga John Stewart's *African States and Rulers* (1989). .

## Manazarta
Zaizayar kasa

A cikin ilimin ƙasa, **yanayin rushewa** shine, farfajiyar dutse ko Kasan kasa wanda aka kafa ta hanyar rushewa kuma ba ta hanyar gini ba (misali kwararar dutse, zubar da turɓaya) ko kuma canjin kuskure. Yankunan rushewa a cikin rikodin stratigraphic an san su da rashin daidaituwa, amma ba duk rashin daidaituwa ba ne aka binne wuraren rushewa. Yankin rushewa ya bambanta a sikelin kuma ana iya kafa shi a kan tsaunuka ko dutse. Musamman manyan wuraren rushewa suna karɓar sunayen dutsen kasa , , farfajiyar filayen kasa  ko filayen kasa masu girma. Misali na rushewar ƙasa shine rushewar hanya wanda ya haifar da dalilai na halitta da na mutum. Za'a iya auna yanayin rushewa ta hanyar kai tsaye, hanyoyin auna lamba da kuma kai tsaye,hanyar auna da ba ta lamba ba.

## Rushewar hanya
Kamar duwatsu da duwatsu, rushewa na iya faruwa a kan hanyoyin da ba a rufe su ba saboda dalilai na halitta da na mutum. Rugujewar hanya na iya haifar da dusar ƙanƙara, ruwan sama da iska. Kayan aiki da ruwa na kan hanya, gangaren hanya, zirga-zirga, gini, da kulawa na iya shafar lalacewar hanya. A lokacin hunturu, dusar ƙanƙara tana rage yawan lalacewa ta hanyar hana hulɗa kai tsaye tsakanin ruwan sama da kuma hanyar hanya. Misali, a cikin tsaunuka na Idaho, Amurka, dusar ƙanƙara ta haifar da ƙasa da 10% yayin da ruwan sama ya haifar da 90% na jimlar samar da turɓaya na shekara-shekara a kan hanya. Baya ga abubuwan halitta, yawan zirga-zirga mai yawa na iya hanzarta yawan lalacewar hanya. Rashin jituwa da ke haifar da motsi na motoci na iya haifar da murkushewa da abrasion, don haka ya rushe ƙwayoyin da ke kan hanya. Gudun gangara wani muhimmin abu ne a cikin rushewar ƙasa - hanyoyi masu tsayi suna da ƙimar rushewa mafi girma.

## Auna girman rushewa
Akwai nau'ikan hanyoyi guda biyu don auna yawan canjin farfajiyar: kai tsaye, hanyoyin auna lamba da kuma kai tsaye, hanyar auna ba tare da lamba ba. Ana iya ɗaukar waɗannan ma'auni don sassa daban-daban na dutse ko don nau'ikan dutse daban-daban. Za'a iya auna yawan raguwar dutse ta hanyar amfani da maki ko jiragen sama na tunani kuma auna nisan tsakanin waɗannan maki da jirgin sama a tsawon shekaru. Hakanan za'a iya auna yawan rushewar dutse ta amfani da Micro-Erosion Meter (MEM). An sanya wannan kayan aiki na triangular a kan igiyoyi uku waɗanda aka gyara su har abada a cikin dutse don samar da wurin aunawa. Ana amfani da fadada binciken don auna rushewa. Hanyoyin auna na kai tsaye, wadanda ba na tuntuɓar ba sun haɗa da binciken mahalli mai Haske da kimiyyar hoton sakamako  na na’ura. Duk da yake binciken laser yana buƙatar ƙwararru da yawa da kayan aiki masu tsada, ana iya amfani da sake daukar hoto da kimiyyar hoton sakaMako na na’ura don samun bayanai ga masu bincike tare da ƙaramin kasafin kuɗi.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Windsock

Windsock (a wind cone ko **iska** sleeve) ne conical textile tube cewa yayi kama da giant sock. Ana iya amfani dashi azaman mai nuna alamar saurin iska da shugabanci, ko kuma azaman kayan, ado. Ana amfani da Windsocks a filayen jirgin sama don nuna jagorancin da ƙarfin iska ga matukan jirgi, da kuma a masana'antun sinadarai inda akwai haɗarin leakage na gas. Har ila yau, wani lokacin suna kusa da manyan hanyoyi a wuraren iska.

A filayen jirgin sama da yawa, ana haskaka iska a waje ko a ciki da dare.
Hanyar iska ita ce hanyar da iska ke nunawa. (An ƙayyade hanyoyin iska a matsayin maɓallin compass wanda iska ta samo asali, don haka iska da ke nuna arewa tana nuna iska ta kudu.) Ana nuna saurin iska ta hanyar kusurwar windsock dangane da igiyar hawa - a cikin ƙananan iskõki yana sauka; a cikin manyan iskõki, yana tashi a kwance.

## Tarihi
Hanyar iska ita ce hanyar da iska ke nunawa. (An ƙayyade hanyoyin iska a matsayin maɓallin compass wanda iska ta samo asali, don haka iska da ke nuna arewa tana nuna iska ta kudu.) Ana nuna saurin iska ta hanyar kusurwar windsock dangane da igiyar hawa - a cikin ƙananan iskõki yana sauka; a cikin manyan iskõki tana tashi a kwance.

An fara amfani da layi na orange da fari don taimakawa wajen kimanta saurin iska, tare da kowane layi yana ƙara 3 knots (5.6 km / h; 3.5 mph) zuwa ƙididdigar saurin. Koyaya, wasu ɗakunan kewayawa suna haifar da buɗewar iska a ƙarshen ɗaya, yana nuna saurin 3 knots koda kuwa ba a sami layi ba. Cikakken iska mai tsawo yana nuna saurin iska na 15 knots (28 km / h; 17 ) ko mafi girma.

## Matsayi
Bisa ga ka'idodin FAA, iska mai aiki yadda ya kamata tana daidaita kanta zuwa iska na akalla 3 knots (5.6 km / h; 3.5 mph) kuma tana da cikakkiyar faɗaɗa a cikin iska na 15 knots (28 km / h) 17 ).

Bisa, ga ka'idodin Sufuri na Kanada, iska mai ma'auni 15 tana ba da iska; iska mai ma-auni  (19 km / h; 12 ) tana ɗaga shi zuwa 5 ° a ƙasa da kwance; kuma iska mai ma ma'aunin  (11 km / h) tana ɗagantar da shi zuwa 30 ° a ƙasa.

Ka'idodin ICAO sun ƙayyade takalmin iska mai siffar ƙuƙwalwa aƙalla  3.6 (12 ft) tsawo da mita 0.9 (3 ) a diamita a babban ƙarshen. Ya kamata a iya karantawa daga tsawo na mita 300 (980 ) kuma ya dace ya kasance mai launi ɗaya. Idan ya zama dole a yi amfani da launuka biyu, ya kamata su zama orange da fari, an shirya su a cikin ƙungiyoyi biyar masu sauyawa, tare da na farko da na ƙarshe ya fi duhu a cikin sautin. A cikin saurin iska na 3 knots (5.6 km / h; 3.5 ) ko fiye, dole ne su nuna hanyar iska zuwa cikin ±5 °.

## Dubi kuma

* Sock na iska
* Anemoscope - na'urar yanayi don auna hanyar iska
* Anemometer - na'urar yanayi don auna saurin iska
* Draco (ma'auni na soja) - ma'auni ne na soja da sojan doki na Roma suka ɗauka
* *Koinobori* - takalma masu kama da katako na Jafananci

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Fabrizio Romano

**Fabrizio Romano** (an haife shi 21 Fabrairu 1993) ɗan jaridar wasanni ne na Italiya.[1] Kwarewa a cikin labarai game da canja wurin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an san shi don amfani da tagline "A nan za mu tafi!", Ana amfani da shi lokacin sanar da yarjejeniyar canja wuri.
## Rayuwarsa Ta Farko

An haifi Romano a Naples akan 21 Fabrairu 1993 kuma ya halarci Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore a Milan. Yana da harsuna da yawa, kuma yana iya magana da Ingilishi, Sifen, da Italiyanci.
## Sana'a
Romano ya fara rubutu game da kwallon kafa a shekara ta 2009, yayin da yake karatu a makarantar sakandare.Ayyukansa na ɗan jarida na canja wurin ƙwallon ƙafa ya fara ne a cikin 2011, bayan samun bayanan ciki daga wakilin Italiyanci a Barcelona game da ɗan wasan Barcelona B Mauro Icardi.Tun lokacin da ya shiga Sky Sport Italiya a cikin 2012, ya ƙirƙira kuma ya gina hulɗa tare da kulake, wakilai da masu shiga tsakani a duk faɗin Turai. Romano kuma yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto ga The Guardian da Wasannin CBS. Yana zaune a Milan.

An san Romano da yin amfani da alamar tambarin "Ga mu tafi!", ana amfani da shi lokacin sanar da yarjejeniyar canja wuri.[7] Bisa ga 90min, yana ɗaya daga cikin "mafi amintacce" masu alaka da canja wuri a cikin wasanni.[8] Saboda sunansa da kuma shafukan sada zumunta na zamani, kungiyoyin kwallon kafa da dama sun nemi ya shiga cikin bidiyon sanarwar dan wasa.

A cikin 2022, Romano ya kasance cikin jerin Forbes na Turai 30 na kasa 30 don watsa labarai da tallace-tallace.

## Manazarta
Yarjejeniya don Iyakance Kerawa da Gudanar da Rarraba Magungunan Narcotic

**Yarjejeniyar iyakance masana'antu da dai-daita rarraba magungunan miyagun ƙwayoyi** yarjejeniya ce ta sarrafa magunguna da aka yi a Geneva a ranar 13 ga Yuli 1931 wadda ta fara aiki a ranar 9 ga Yuli 1933.

## Tarihi
An gudanar da taron a Geneva a ranar 27 ga Mayun shekarar 1931.

Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu,Ƙimar Yarjejeniya Ta 1931 ta faɗaɗa sosai ta hanyar Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙwararru na 13 Yuli 1931.A cikin 1968,Yarjejeniya ɗaya ta 1961 ta maye gurbin Yarjejeniyar Kan Magungunan Narcotic,yayin da ta fara aiki.

## Dubawa

### Jadawalai
Ya kafa ƙungiyoyi biyu na kwayoyi.

Rukuni na ya kunshi:

Ƙungiya I ta kasance ƙarƙashin ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodi fiye da rukuni na II.Misali,a kimanta adadin magungunan da ake buƙata don buƙatun likita da na kimiyya,tazarar da aka ba da izinin canjin buƙatu ya fi fa'ida ga magungunan Rukunin II fiye da magungunan Rukunin I.Hakanan,a wasu rahotanni,taƙaitaccen bayani zai isa ga al'amuran da suka shafi magungunan Rukunin II.Ƙaddamar da waɗannan ƙungiyoyi masu mahimmanci sun nuna alamar ci gaban tsarin jadawalin magunguna da ke wanzu a yau.Duk Yarjejeniya Guda na 1961 akan Magungunan Narcotic da Yarjejeniyar 1971 akan Abubuwan Haihuwa suna da jadawalin abubuwan sarrafawa.Yarjejeniya ta shekarar 1988 ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya game da zirga-zirgar haramtacciyar hanya a cikin Magungunan Narcotic Drugs da Abubuwan Haihuwa yana da tebur biyu na sinadarai  aka sarrafa.

## Hukumar Kula da Magunguna
Ƙungiyar Kula da Magunguna (wani lokaci ana kiranta"Opium Supersiory Body", kuma a cikin Faransanci "*Organe de Contrôle* ")an kafa shi a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar 1931 don tattara kididdigar adadin magungunan da za a sha,kerawa,canzawa,fitarwa, shigo da su,ko amfani da su.ta kowace ƙasa.

Ofishi international d'hygiène publique (majalisar ba da shawara kan kiwon lafiya ta Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Lafiya ta Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasashen Duniya )ta zaɓi ɗaya daga cikin Memba.

Bai kamata jiki ya ruɗe da Hukumar Opium ta Tsakiya ta Dindindin da aka kafa a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Opium ta 1925,kodayake duka Jiki da Hukumar sun haɗu a kan Hukumar Kula da Narcotics ta Duniya lokacin da Yarjejeniya Guda kan Magungunan Narcotic ta fara aiki a cikin 1968.

## Manazarta
Ummu Kulthum bint Abi Bakr

**Umm Kulthūm bint Abi Bakr** (    )diyar Abubakar ce da Habiba bint Kharija.


## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife ta a Madina jim kadan bayan rasuwar mahaifinta.Yayin da yake shelanta wasiyyarsa,sai ya kuma sanar da ‘yarsa A’isha cewa Bishiyar dabino da ya ba ta,sai a ba ta gadon ‘yan’uwanta guda biyu da mata biyu.Nan take ta karb'i burin mahaifinta amma ta tambayi wace yar'uwarsa yake nufi banda Asma'u .Ya ce mata Habiba na da ciki,kuma ya yarda yarinya ce.

Bayan an haifi Ummu Kulthum,ta girma a karkashin kulawar 'yar uwarta A'isha "da alheri da tausasawa".Lokacin da ta isa aure,Umar ya nemi hannun Ummu Kulthum,amma Aisha ta ki yarda.Wakilin nata ya bayyana wa Halifa cewa:“Kai kam ka shirya. Yaya Ummu Kulthum za ta kasance idan ta saba maka ka doke ta?Da ka riki Abubakar a matsayin da bai dace da kai ba.”

Daga karshe Ummu Kulthum ta auri dan uwan mahaifinta kuma makusancinta Talha,wacce ta girme ta sama da shekara arba'in.Daga auren ta haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu da mace guda,sunayensu: Zakariyya, Yusuf (wanda ya rasu yana karami)da Aisha. Sannan an kashe Talha a yakin Rakumi a shekara ta 656.Sannan Ummu Kulthum ta raka Aisha zuwa aikin hajji a Makkah alhalin tana cikin lokacin jiranta.

Sannan ta auri Abdur-Rahman bn Abdullah al-Makhzumi.Ta haifa masa 'ya'ya uku maza biyu mata biyu:Ibrahim al-Ahwal,Musa,Umm Humayd da Umm Uthman.

A’isha ta aika da Salim jikan Umar zuwa wajen ‘yar uwarta Ummu Kulthum a lokacin da yake shayarwa,tare da umarce shi da ta shayar da shi nono sau goma domin a ce A’isha ta kasance goggonsa,amma ya kamu da rashin lafiya bayan ta shayar da shi sau uku.ta kasa ci gaba da shi.Don haka zumuncin bai cika ba,kuma Salim bai cancanci ganin an bayyana Aisha ba.

## Legacy
Ummu Kulthum ta kasance Tabi'un.Ta ruwaito hadisi dagaA'isha,wanda Bukhari da Muslim da Nasa'i da Ibn Majah suka tattara daga cikinsu.

## Nassoshi

*
Sanarwar Ahiara

**Sanarwa ta Ahiara: Ka'idodin juyin juya halin Biafra**, wanda aka fi sani da **Ahiara**, takarda ce da kwamitin shirya Biyafara na kasa ya rubuta kuma ya gabatar a matsayin jawabin shugaban kasar Biafra Emeka Ojukwu a garin Ahiara na kasar Biafra.1ga Yuni,1969.

## Fage
Bayan wani jerin gwano da aka yi wa mutanen tsohon yankin Gabashin Najeriya da ke zaune a wasu sassan wannan kasar kisan kiyashi tsakanin 1966 zuwa 1967,yankin ya balle a 1967 ya kuma shelanta Jamhuriyar Biafra mai cin gashin kanta.An gwabza kazamin yaki a lokacin da Najeriya ke fafutukar dakile ballewar yankin mai arzikin man fetur.Bayan shekaru uku na yaki da kuma asarar rayuka sama da miliyan biyu,jamhuriyar da ke kan gaba ta yi hasarar fafutukar neman yancin kai,aka kuma dawo da Najeriya cikin watan Janairun 1970.Shugaban jamhuriyar, Oxford ya yi wa Janar Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu ilimi,ya tafi gudun hijira,amma daga baya ya dawo Najeriya a 1983 karkashin afuwa ta musamman. A shekarar 1969,Biafra ta amince da daya daga cikin kundin tsarin mulkin kasa mai ci gaba a nahiyar Afirka a lokacin.Kundin tsarin mulki ko "Ka'idoji" ya zana sosai daga tsarin mulkin al'ada na gargajiya amma kuma an sanar da shi ta hanyar ci gaban siyasa na ci gaba a wasu sassan duniya a cikin shekarun 1960,da kuma akidar "Rashin daidaitawa"da wasu ƙasashe da dama bayan mulkin mallaka suka ɗauka a lokacin mulkin mallaka. Cold War.Haka kuma ta samar da wani dandali na sukar kasashen yammacin duniya dangane da irin rawar da suke takawa a halin da ake ciki a duniya da kuma fitar da akidar matasa.

## Takardu
An ƙirƙira shi akan sanarwar Arusha ta shugaban ƙasar Tanzaniya Julius Nyerere na 1967,tana ɗaya daga cikin takardu da yawa da Kwamitin Ba da Jagorancin Biafra ya tsara,ƙungiyar da ta haɗa da mashahurin marubuci Chinua Achebe.Sanarwar ta soki cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya da Biafra,da kuma mulkin mallaka na kasashen waje,tare da karfafa kishin kasa a tsakanin 'yan Biafra.

A cewar Alexis Heraclides a cikin littafinta mai suna *The Self-Determination of Minorities in International Politics*,sanarwar ta yi nuni da cewa an samu sauyi zuwa wani lokaci mai tsaurin ra'ayi na siyasa a cikin gajeren tarihin Biafra.Janar Ojukwu ya caccaki Biritaniya,musamman ma "reshen Anglo-Saxon na [fararen fata]", saboda ya yi ta "zunubi ga duniya" ta hanyar kisan kare dangi da dama,ciki har da na mutanen Biafra:Kasidar ta ƙarfafa ’yan Biafra da su dage da ƙoƙarinsu,tare da ba su tabbacin sadaukarwar da suka yi na ɗabi’a.Ojukwu ya jaddada banbance-banbancen da ke tsakanin wannan juyi da sauran juyin-juya-hali, ta yadda ake ganin duniya ta hade kan manufarsu;muradun tattalin arziki da siyasa,da kuma nuna halin ko in kula na wariyar launin fata ga wahalhalun da ‘yan bakar fata suke sha, su ne kalubale na musamman na masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra.“Nijeriya” da suke fafutuka da shi tsarin dama-dama ne kawai da amfani:  



## Nassoshi
Gurara Waterfalls

**Gurara Waterfalls** Yana cikin Gurara, karamar hukumar Jihar Neja, Arewa ta Tsakiyar Najeriya.  Magudanar ruwan tana da tsayin kusan mita 30 kuma tana kan kogin Gurara da ke kan hanyar Suleja zuwa Minna.

## Labarin tarihin Wajen
Kamar yadda tarihi ya nuna cewa wani mafarauci ne da ake kira da suna Buba ya gano magudanar ruwan na Gurara a shekarar 1745 kafin wasu Turawa su gano shi a shekarar 1925 bayan sun same shi a matsayin wurin shakatawa . Kafin gano magudanan ruwa da Turawa suka yi, Guara Waterfalls ya kasance wajen bautar mutanen da ke zaune a kewayen shi. Har ila yau, tarihin baka ya nuna cewa, Gurara Waterfalls da Kogin Gurara suna da sunan gumaka guda biyu da ake kira da suna Gura da Rara. wanda daga baya saka hade su a waje daya shine ya bada (gurara). 

## Yawon shakatawa
Duk da tarihin da aka bincika, Gurara Waterfalls na ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren yawon buɗe ido a Najeriya.  A baya-bayan nan an yi shirin mayar da shi wurin shakatawa da seven-star hotel a kewaye da shi. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin magudanun ruwa

## Manazarta
Yarjejeniyar Barcelona da Dokar Kan 'Yancin Tafiya

**Yarjejeniyar Barcelona da Dokar Kan 'Yancin Canja wurin** Yarjejeniya ce ta Duniya da aka sanya hannu a Barcelona a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1921;Yarjejeniyar ta tabbatar da 'yancin zirga-zirgar kayayyaki na kasuwanci daban-daban a kan iyakokin kasa.An yi rajista a cikin *jerin yarjejeniyar League of Nations* a ranar 8 ga Oktoba 1921.Ya fara aiki a ranar 31 ga Oktoba 1922. Har yanzu taron yana aiki a halin yanzu. 

## Sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar
Yarjejeniyar dai ta sake tabbatar da dokar da aka amince da ita a 'yan kwanaki da suka gabata a wani taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka gudanar a Barcelona .Mataki na 1 na dokar ya ayyana zirga-zirga a matsayin jigilar mutane da kayayyaki daga wata kasa mai iko zuwa wata.Mataki na 2 ya amince da 'yancin gwamnatoci masu iko don yin shirye-shiryen wucewa a cikin yankunansu.Mataki na 3 ya haramtawa gwamnatoci neman biyan bashin haƙƙin wucewa,sai dai haƙƙoƙin da aka keɓe don biyan kuɗin aiki.Mataki na 4 ya wajabta wa gwamnatoci su yi amfani da daidaitattun kuɗaɗen wucewa ga kowa da kowa,ba tare da la’akari da ɗan ƙasa ba.Mataki na 5 ya baiwa gwamnatoci damar hana shiga yankunansu na wasu mutane ko kayayyaki saboda dalilai na tsaro.Mataki na 6 ya baiwa gwamnatoci damar ƙin ba da izinin wucewa ga mutanen jihohin da ba sa hannu a taron.Mataki na 7 ya baiwa gwamnatoci damar kaucewa tanade-tanaden dokar a lokuta na gaggawa na kasa,amma ya bukaci a yi hakan na dan kankanin lokaci mai yiwuwa.Mataki na 8 ya ba da izinin keɓancewa a lokutan yaƙi.Mataki na 9 ya bayyana cewa babu daya daga cikin tanade-tanadensa da zai iya cin karo da wajibcin da ya rataya a wuyan jihohi a cikin kungiyar kasashen duniya.Mataki na 10 ya bayyana cewa dokar za ta maye gurbin duk wasu yarjejeniyoyin wucewa da aka kulla kafin 1 ga Mayu 1921.Mataki na 11 ya bai wa gwamnatoci damar ba da ’yancin wucewa fiye da yadda aka tanadar a cikin doka,idan sun zaɓi yin hakan.Mataki na 12 ya bai wa gwamnatoci damar jingine aikace-aikacen tanadin jigilar kayayyaki na wani dan lokaci idan har yankinsu ko sassansa ke fama da barnar da yakin duniya na farko ya haifar.Mataki na 13 ya tanadi warware takaddama game da fassarar ta Kotun Dindindin na Shari'a ta Duniya.Mataki na 14 ya bai wa gwamnatoci damar ƙin yin amfani da tanadin hanyar wucewa zuwa yankunan da ko dai jama'a suke ko kuma rashin ingantaccen tsari na bin doka.Mataki na 15 ya bayyana cewa za a yi amfani da tsare-tsare daban-daban a cikin yankunan da aka ba da izini ga Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya.

## Teburin tabbatarwa

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin hadi na Waje
* text of the convention
*Ratifications
Jerin jihohin gargajiya na Najeriya

Akwai **jahohin gargajiya da yawa a [[Najeriya]]** .Wani bangare na lissafin yana biye.Duk da cewa sarakunan gargajiyaba su da ikon siyasa a hukumance,amma har yanzu suna da matsayi mai yawa a Najeriya da kuma ikon bin doka .Sai dai in da aka ambata,sunayen sarakunan gargajiya sun dogara ne akan jerin sunayen duniya Statesmen.org.
Jerin Gwamnonin-Janar na Faransa Equatorial Africa

Wannan jerin sunayen turawan mulkin mallaka ne ( Faransanci :*Gouverneur général de l'Afrique équatoriale française* )da ke da alhakin ƙasar Faransa Equatorial Africa,yankin da yayi daidai da Gabon na zamani,Kamaru,Jamhuriyar Kongo,Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya da Chadi .

## Jerin
( Kwanaki a cikin rubutun suna nuna *ci* gaban ofis)