Paula T. Hammond

**Paula Therese Hammond** (an haife ta a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 1963) Farfesa ce a Cibiyar  kuma Shugabar Makarantar Injiniya  a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT). A shekarar 2015, ta zama mace ta farko kuma mutum mai launin fata da aka naɗa a matsayin shugabar sashen Injiniyan Sinadarai.  Dakin gwaje-gwajenta yana ƙera polymers da nanoparticles don isar da magunguna da aikace-aikacen da suka shafi makamashi, gami da batura da ƙwayoyin mai . 

Hammond ya sami kyaututtuka da dama kuma memba ne na Kwalejin Magunguna ta Ƙasa (2016),  Kwalejin Injiniya ta Ƙasa (2017, "saboda gudummawar da aka bayar wajen haɗa kai da polyelectrolytes, colloids, da block copolymers a saman da hanyoyin sadarwa don amfani da makamashi da kiwon lafiya"),  Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa (2019),  da Kwalejin Ƙirƙira ta Ƙasa (2021). 

Ita mamba ce a sashen koyarwa na Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research kuma mataimakiyar edita ce ta *ACS Nano .*  

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
 
An haifi Hammond a shekarar 1963 a Detroit, Michigan  a matsayin Paula Therese Goodwin ga iyayenta Jesse Francis da Della Mae Goodwin (née McGraw). Mahaifinta yana da digirin PhD a fannin Biochemistry kuma mahaifiyarta tana da digirin masters a fannin aikin jinya. 

Goodwin ta kammala karatunta shekara guda kafin ranar da ake tsammanin za ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Sacred Heart da ke Bloomfield, Michigan a shekarar 1980.  Bayan kammala karatunta, Goodwin ta ci gaba da karatu kuma ta sami digirin farko a fannin Injiniyan Sinadarai daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT) a shekarar 1984.  Daga nan ta yi aiki a Motorola na tsawon shekaru biyu a matsayin injiniyan tsari, tana tattara da'irori masu hade.   Ta koma jami'a ta kuma sami digirin Master of Science a fannin injiniyan sinadarai daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Georgia a shekarar 1988,  yayin da take aiki a Cibiyar Bincike ta Fasaha ta Georgia a matsayin injiniyan bincike.  Takardar shaidar digirin Master Hammond ta kasance kan gudanar da elastomers don na'urori masu auna tabo na robotic.  

A shekarar 1988, ta koma MIT don samun digirin PhD a fannin injiniyan sinadarai.  A MIT, ta yi aiki a ƙarƙashin kulawar Michael F. Rubner, inda binciken digirin PhD ɗinta ya mayar da hankali kan haɗa polymers tare da kayan aikin mechanochromic .  Bayan kammala karatun digirin PhD ɗinta a shekarar 1993, Hammond ta ci gaba da binciken digirin postdoctoral tare da George M. Whitesides a sashen sinadarai a Jami'ar Harvard ta hanyar tallafin karatu na NSF Postdoctoral Fellowship.

## Bincike da aiki
A shekarar 1995, an naɗa Hammond a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa.  Binciken Hammond ya mayar da hankali kan fahimtar yadda hulɗa ta biyu ke jagorantar haɗa kayan abu a saman da kuma magance su don ƙirƙirar polymers da nanoparticles don amfani a cikin isar da magunguna; warkar da rauni; da ƙwayoyin makamashi da mai .   Aikinta ya haɗa da haɗa Layer by Layer (LbL), wanda ke samar da siraran fina-finai na ƙwayoyin da ke canzawa da kyau da mara kyau don aikace-aikacen likitanci .  Bugu da ƙari, dakin gwaje-gwajenta yana amfani da masu ɗaukar nanoparticle don isar da magunguna, kwayoyin halitta, da siRNA don maganin ciwon daji da kuma polypeptides na wucin gadi da polymeric nucleic acid don hulɗa da ilmin halitta da kuma gina sabbin tsarin magunguna.

### Aikace-aikacen likita
Hammond ta ƙirƙiro "ƙwayoyin polymers na ɓoye" don ɓoye magungunan chemotherapy na ciwon daji a cikin ƙwayoyin nano don samun damar shiga cikin ƙari mai kyau. haɓaka hanyoyin jigilar RNA zuwa ƙwayoyin halitta don ƙara yawan ƙwayoyin halitta ko rage bayyanar takamaiman kwayoyin halitta.

Hammond ya kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Sojoji ta Nanotechnologies (ISN) ta MIT, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin MIT, Sojoji, da abokan hulɗar masana'antu don haɓaka fasahar nano wadda ke inganta "kariya da tsira daga soja." Ta hanyar ISN, Hammond ya ƙera feshi wanda ke ƙara yawan zubar jini don hana zubar jini.

Hammond ta ƙirƙiro fasahar LayerForm™️ don gina fina-finan isar da magunguna tare da canza launukan magani da na polymer. A shekarar 2013, ta haɗu da kafa wani kamfanin fasahar kere-kere, LayerBio Inc. don tallata LayerForm™️ don amfani da magungunan sake farfaɗowa a glaucoma, warkar da rauni, da gyaran jijiyoyi.  

Hammond mamba ce a cikin kwamitin ba da shawara kan kimiyya da yawa, ciki har da Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. da Camden Partners LLC. Ita ma memba ce a kwamitin Alector, wani kamfanin fasahar kere-kere wanda ke mai da hankali kan ilimin garkuwar jiki, da kuma Focal Medical da Senda Biosciences.  Bugu da ƙari, Hammond tana aiki a cikin kwamitin ba da riba kamar MIT Engine da Asusun Tallafawa na Burroughs .  

### Makamashi da ƙwayoyin mai
Hammond kuma tana aiki kan haɓaka polymers don amfani a cikin batura, siririn fim ɗin carbon microtubules don amfani a cikin batura, ƙwayoyin hasken rana, da ƙwayoyin mai .  Ta gabatar da bincike kan batura masu tushen ƙwayoyin cuta ga Barack Obama a cikin 2009. 

## Girmamawa da karramawa
Hammond ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa a tsawon aikinta. A matsayinta na ɗalibi mai digiri a shekarar 1992, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Ford Foundation Dissertation Fellowship daga Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa.  Ta sami tallafin digiri na uku daga NSF postdoctoral Fellowship a fannin sinadarai, wanda aka ba ta a shekarar 1994. Tun lokacin da ta shiga jami'ar MIT, Hammond ta samu yabo da dama, tare da manyan nasarorin da ta samu a farkon aikinta, ciki har da lambar yabo ta Binciken Aiki na Farko na Hukumar Kare Muhalli  a shekarar 1996 da kuma lambar yabo ta NSF CEERER don Matasan Masu Bincike  a shekarar 1997. A shekarar 2013, Hammond ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata 'yan Afirka-Amurka uku da aka zaɓa a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka . An zaɓe ta a Kwalejin Magunguna ta Ƙasa  da Kwalejin Injiniya ta Ƙasa  a jere a cikin 2016 da 2017, bi da bi, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa  a shekarar 2019, kuma a ƙarshe Kwalejin Ƙirƙira ta Ƙasa  a shekarar 2021.

A shekarar 2021, an kuma zaɓi Hammond don zama memba na Majalisar Masu Ba da Shawara kan Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Shugaban Ƙasa (PCAST) a ƙarƙashin Shugaba Biden .  A shekarar 2024, an ba Hammond lambar yabo ta Benjamin Franklin a fannin Sinadarai saboda ƙirƙirar sabuwar hanyar ƙirƙirar sabbin kayayyaki a lokaci guda da kuma amfani da waɗannan kayan a fannoni daban-daban tun daga isar da magunguna zuwa adana makamashi.  A shekarar 2025, Hammond ya sami lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta Fasaha da Ƙirƙira . 

## Zaɓaɓɓun littattafan karatu

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## Manazarta