Dubravka Ugrešić

**Dubravka Ugrešić** (Magana ta Croatian: [dûbraːʋka ûgreʃit͡ɕ]; 27 Maris 1949 - 17 Maris 2023) marubuci ne na Yugoslav-Croatian da Dutch.  Ta kammala karatu a Jami'ar Zagreb, ta kasance a Amsterdam daga 1996 kuma ta ci gaba da bayyana kanta a matsayin marubuciyar Yugoslav. 

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Ugrešić a ranar 27 ga Maris 1949 a Kutina, Yugoslavia (yanzu Croatia). An haife ta ne a cikin dangin kabilanci; mahaifiyarta 'yar asalin Bulgeriya ce daga Varna .  Ta yi karatu a fannin adabi da Harshen Rasha a Jami'ar Zagreb ta Faculty of Arts, tana bin aiki a matsayin malami da kuma marubuci. Bayan kammala karatunta, ta ci gaba da aiki a jami'ar, a Cibiyar Nazarin Littattafai. A shekara ta 1993, ta bar Croatia saboda dalilai na siyasa. Ta yi amfani da lokaci tana koyarwa a jami'o'in Turai da Amurka, ciki har da UNC-Chapel Hill, UCLA, Jami'ar Harvard, Jami'an Wesleyan, da Jami'ar Columbia. Ta kasance a Amsterdam inda ta kasance marubuciya mai zaman kanta kuma mai ba da gudummawa ga mujallu da jaridu da yawa na Amurka da Turai.

## Rubuce-rubuce

### Littattafai da gajerun labaru
Dubravka Ugrešić ya wallafa litattafai da tarin gajerun labarai. An buga littafinta *Steffie Speck a cikin Jaws of Life* (Croatian: Štefica Cvek u raljama života) a 1981. An cika shi da nassoshi ga ayyukan manyan wallafe-wallafen (ta hanyar marubuta kamar Gustave Flaubert da Bohumil Hrabal) da kuma nau'o'i masu ban sha'awa (kamar Littattafan soyayya da yarinya), yana wakiltar wasan kwaikwayo na zamani mai sauƙi tare da ra'ayin gargajiya na littafin. Ya biyo bayan wani matashi mai suna Steffie Speck, wanda aka karɓi sunansa daga wani shafi na Dear Abby, yayin da take neman soyayya, duka suna yin wasa da kuma tilasta shi da abubuwan da ke cikin soyayya. An sanya littafin a cikin fim din Yugoslav na 1984 mai nasara In the Jaws of Life, wanda Rajko Grlić ya jagoranta.

Game da rubuce-rubucenta, Ugrešić ta ce:

Littafinta Fording the Stream of Consciousness ya sami lambar yabo ta NIN a shekarar 1988, mafi girman girmamawa a tsohuwar Yugoslavia, wanda masu cin nasara sun hada da Danilo Kiš da Milorad Pavić; Ugrešić ita ce mace ta farko da aka ba da kyautar. Littafin shine Bulgakov-kamar "mai ban tsoro" game da "iyali na marubuta" na duniya waɗanda suka taru a wani taro a Zagreb a lokacin Yugoslavian. Museum of Unconditional Surrender wani labari ne game da baƙin ciki na tunawa da mantuwa. Wata mace mai ba da labari, gudun hijira, kewaye da shimfidar wurare na bayan Wall Berlin da hotuna na ƙasar da ta lalace ta Yugoslavia, koyaushe tana canza yankunan lokacin rayuwarta, da suka gabata da na yanzu.

An kafa shi a Amsterdam, *Ma'aikatar Jinƙai* tana nuna rayuwar mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu. A cikin littafin Baba Yaga Laid An Egg, wanda aka buga a cikin Canongate Myth Series .  Ugrešić ya yi amfani da Tarihin Slavic na Baba Yaga don ba da labari na zamani. Ya shafi Rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi da nuna bambanci.

### Rubuce-rubuce
Ugrešić's "aikin kirkirar yana tsayayya da raguwa zuwa sauƙaƙe, samfuran fassarar da aka ware".

Tarin ta Have A Nice Day: From the Balkan War to the American Dream (Croatian: Američki fikcionar) ya ƙunshi gajerun rubutun ƙamus game da rayuwar yau da kullun ta Amurka, wanda aka gani ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na baƙo wanda ƙasarsa ke fadowa. Al'adun Lies wani nau'i ne na litattafai game da rayuwar talakawa a lokacin yaƙi, kishin ƙasa da rikice-rikice. "Rubuce-rubucen ta kai farmaki ga wauta ta yaki, ta fashe da jaruntakar namiji da ke kewaye da shi, kuma ta rushe zurfin ciwo da tausayi na gudun hijira" a cewar Richard Byrne na Common Review .  Godiya ga Kada ku Karatu tarin litattafai ne game da abubuwan da ba su da muhimmanci a rubuce-rubuce: masana'antar wallafe-wallafen, al'adu da wurin rubutu.

Ugrešić ta sami manyan kyaututtuka da yawa don litattafanta, gami da Charles Veillon Prize, Heinrich Mann Prize, Jean Amery Prize. A Amurka, an sanya *Al'adun Karaoke* a cikin jerin sunayen don Kyautar Ƙididdigar Littafin Kasa.

### Sauran rubuce-rubuce
Dubravka Ugrešić kuma masanin wallafe-wallafen ne wanda ya wallafa labarai game da wallafe-walfinai na zamani na Rasha, da kuma littafi mai zurfi game da fiction na zamani na zamani na Russia Nova ruska proza (New Russian Fiction, 1980).  Ta shirya litattafai, irin su *Pljuska ko ruci* (A Slap in the Hand), ta hada da kundin tara na Pojmovnik ruske vanguarde (Glossary of Russian avant-garde), kuma ta fassara marubuta kamar Boris Pilnyak da Daniil Kharms (daga Rasha zuwa Croatian). Ta kuma kasance marubuciyar littattafai uku ga yara.

## Siyasa da gudun hijira
A lokacin barkewar yakin a 1991 a tsohuwar Yugoslavia, Ugrešić ya dauki tsayin daka na adawa da yaki da kuma adawa da kasa. Ta rubuta da kuskuren game da kishin kasa, wauta da laifukan yaki, kuma nan da nan ta zama manufa ga wasu sassan kafofin watsa labarai na Croatia, 'yan uwan marubuta da kuma jama'a. An zarge ta da nuna adawa da kishin kasa kuma an ayyana ta a matsayin "mai cin amana", "maƙiyi na jama'a" da kuma "maƙaryaci". Ta bar Croatia a 1993 bayan jerin hare-haren jama'a na dogon lokaci, kuma saboda "ba za ta iya daidaitawa da tsoro na dindindin na ƙarya a cikin jama'a, siyasa, al'adu, da rayuwar yau da kullun ba". Ta rubuta game da kwarewarta game da rikice-rikicen kishin kasa a cikin littafinta The Culture of Lies, kuma ta bayyana "al'amarin mutum" a cikin rubutun The Question of Perspective (Karaoke Culture). Ta ci gaba da rubutawa game da bangarorin duhu na al'ummomin zamani, game da "homogenization" na mutane da kafofin watsa labarai, siyasa, addini, imani na yau da kullun da kasuwa (Yuropa a Sepia). Kasancewa "ɗan ƙasa na lalacewa"  tana da sha'awar rikitarwa na "yanayin da ake kira gudun hijira" (J. Brodsky). Littattafanta (Ma'aikatar Ciwo, Gidan Tarihi na Unconditional Surrender) suna bincika raunin gudun hijira, amma kuma farin ciki na 'yancin gudun hijira. Rubutun ta Writer in Exile (a cikin Godiya don Kada Ka Karatu) ƙaramin jagorar marubuci ne zuwa gudun hijira. Ta bayyana kanta a matsayin "bayan Yugoslavia, kasa da kasa, ko, har ma da mahimmanci, bayan kasa".

A cikin 2017, ta sanya hannu kan sanarwar kan Harshen Harshen Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks da Montenegrins. 

## Kyaututtuka na wallafe-wallafen

* 1988 - NIN Award (Lambar shekara-shekara don Mafi Kyawun Sabon Yugoslav Novel) (Yugoslavia) 
* 1996 - Kyautar Turai ta gwaji Charles Veillon (Lambar shekara-shekara don Mafi Kyawun Littafin Turai na Essays) (Switzerland) 
* 1997 - Verzetsprijs 1997, Stichting Kunstenaarsverzet 1942-1945 (Artists in Resistance Prize) (Netherlands) 
* 1998 - SWF-Bestenliste Literaturpreis (Kudancin Yamma-Funklist Kyautar Littattafai mafi kyau) (Jamus) 
* 1998 - Kyautar Jihar Austriya don Littattafan Turai (Austria) 
* 2000 - Kyautar Heinrich Mann. Akademie Der Kunste Berlin (Jamus) 
* 2004 - Kyautar Feronia-Città di Fiano (Italiya) 
* 2006 - An ƙaddamar da shi don Kyautar Labaran Kasashen Waje  (UK) 
* 2009 - An zabi shi don Kyautar Man Booker International (UK) 
* 2010 - Kyautar James Tiptree Jr. don Baba Yaga Laid an Egg (Amurka) 
* 2011 - Finalist na National Book Critics Circle Awards (a cikin Criticism category, don Karaoke Culture: Essays) (Amurka) 
* 2012 - Kyautar Jean-Améry don Rubuce-rubucen Turai (Austria / Jamus) 
* 2016 - Kyautar Kasa da Kasa ta Neustadt don Littattafai (Amurka) 
* 2016 - Kyautar Bikin Littattafai na Duniya na Vilenica (Slovenia) 
* 2021 - Royal Society of Literature International Writer 

## Zaɓin littattafai a cikin fassarar Turanci

* *Poza za prozu* (1978). *A Pose don Prose*
* Štefica Cvek ko raljama života (1981). *Steffie Speck a cikin Jaws of Life*
* Zuwa da ni da banƙyama (1983). *Rayuwa Labari ne*
* Forsiranje romana reke (1988). *Gudanar da Ruwan Sanin*, trans. Michael Henry Heim (Virago, 1991; Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma, 1993) 
* Američki fikcionar (1993). American Fictionary, trans. Celia Hawkesworth da Ellen Elias-Bursác (Open Letter, 2018); fassarar da aka sake fasalin Have a Nice Day: Daga Yakin Balkan zuwa Mafarki na Amurka . Trans. Celia Hawkesworth (Jonathan Cape, 1994; Viking, 1995) 
* *Kultura laži* (1996). *Al'adun Ƙarya*, trans. Celia Hawkesworth (Weidenfeld da Nicolson, 1998; Penn State University Press, 1998) 
* *Muzej bezuvjetne predage* (1997). *Gidan Tarihi na Ba da Bayani ba*, trans. Celia Hawkesworth (Phoenix House, 1998; Sabon Jagora, 2002) 
* *Zabranjeno čitanje* (2002). *Na gode da kada ka karanta*, trans. Celia Hawkesworth da Damion Searls (Dalkey Archive, 2003) 
* Ministarstvo boli (2004). *Ma'aikatar Ciwo*, trans. Michael Henry Heim (SAQI, 2005; Ecco Press, 2006) 
* *Nikog nema doma* (2005). *Babu Wanda Ya Gida*, trans. Ellen Elias-Bursác (Telegram/SAQI, 2007; Wasika ta buɗe, 2008) 
* Baba Jaga na snijela jaje (2007). *Baba Yaga Ya zubar da Kwai*, mai canza launin fata. Ellen Elias-Bursác, Celia Hawkesworth da Mark Thompson (Canongate, 2009; Grove Press, 2010) 
* Karaoke al'ada (2011). *Al'adun Karaoke*, trans. David Williams (Open Letter, 2011) 
* Europa ko sepiji (2013). *Turai a cikin Sepia*, trans. David Williams (Open Letter, 2014) 
* *Lisica* (2017). *Fox*, mai canza launin fata Ellen Elias-Bursać da David Williams (Open Letter, 2018) 
* *Doba kože* (2019). *Shekarar fata*, trans. Ellen Elias-Bursać (Open Letter, 2020) 
* *Brnjica za vještice* (2021). A Muzzle for Witches, trans. Ellen Elias-Bursać (Open Letter, 2024) 

### Tarin da aka tattara a Turanci

* A cikin Jaws of Life, trans. Celia Hawkesworth da Michael Henry Heim (Virago, 1992). Ya tattara littafin *Steffie Speck a cikin Jaws of Life*, tarin gajeren labari Life Is a Fairy Tale (1983), da kuma "A Love Story" (daga tarin gajeren labarin 1978 *Poza za prozu*) da kuma "The Kharms Case" (1987). 
** An sake buga shi a matsayin *A cikin Jaws of Life da Sauran Labarai* (Northwestern University Press, 1993) 
** An sake buga shi a matsayin Lend Me Your Character (Dalkey Archive, 2005), fassarar da Damion Searls ya sake sabuntawa tare da "A Love Story" an cire shi.
** 2005 edition sake bugawa ta Open Letter Books a 2023 tare da ƙarin sassan "Yadda za a Ruin Your Own Heroine" da "Button, Button Who's Got the Button?", wanda Ellen Elias-Bursác ta fassara.

## Bayani

## manazart