Hukumar Bautar Wuri

Hukumar Bautar Wuri (TSC) kwamitin League of Nations ne, wanda aka kaddamar a 1924.

Shi ne kwamitin farko na Kungiyar Al'ummai don magance batun bautar da cinikin bayi, kuma ya biyo baya a Taron Yaki da Bautar Brussels 1889-90.

TSC ta gudanar da bincike na duniya game da bautar, cinikin bayi da aikin tilas, kuma ta ba da shawarar mafita don magance batutuwan. Ayyukanta sun kafa tushe ga Yarjejeniyar Bautar 1926 kuma sun rinjayi ma'anar zamani na bautar da cin zarafin ɗan adam

## Tarihi

### Tushen da tushe
TSC ta riga ta kasance ta Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889-90, wanda ya magance bautar a matakin rabin duniya ta hanyar wakilan ikon mulkin mallaka. An kammala shi da Dokar Taron Brussels ta 1890. Dokar 1890 ta sake fasalin ta Yarjejeniyar Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1919. Bayan da aka kafa League of Nations a 1920, an ji bukatar gudanar da bincike game da kasancewar bautar da cinikin bayi a duniya a matakin duniya, tare da manufar kawar da shi inda yake.

Kungiyar Al'ummai ta gudanar da bincike na al'ada game da kasancewar bautar da cinikin bayi a cikin 1922-1923, tattara bayanai daga gwamnatoci biyu da kuma kungiyoyin ba da agaji irin su Anti-Slavery Society da Bureau international pour la défense des indigènes (Ofishin Kasa da Kasa na Tsaro na 'Yan asalin ƙasar, BIDI).  Dukkanin kungiyoyin ba da agaji suna son ofishin dindindin na yaki da bautar a Geneva. Hukumomin mulkin mallaka sun yi jinkirin aika da isasshen bayani don samar da rahoto, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga yanke shawara don kafa kwamiti na al'ada.

Sakamakon rahoton ya nuna halin da ake ciki tare da bautar kaya a yankin Larabawa, Sudan da Tanganyika, da kuma fataucin mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma tilasta aiki a cikin mulkin mallaka na Faransa, Afirka ta Kudu, Mozambique na Portugal da Latin Amurka.

Koyaya, gwamnatoci da hukumomin mulkin mallaka sun ki karɓar bayanai daga kungiyoyin ba da agaji masu zaman kansu a matsayin bayanan hukuma daga Kungiyar. 

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1923, kungiyar ta nemi bayani daga gwamnatoci game da batun. Lokacin da dukkan gwamnatoci suka amsa da amsar cewa bautar ba ta wanzu a cikin yankunansu ba, ko kuma an riga an soke ta, Kungiyar ta ga bukatar kafa kwamiti don gudanar da bincike na yau da kullun.

Hukumar Bautar Wuri (TSC) ta kafa ta League a 1924 kuma ta gudanar da taron farko a lokacin rani na 1924. Ya ƙunshi ƙwararrun mambobi takwas, daga cikinsu Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard da Maurice Delafosse, Grimshaw, da Dantès Bellegarde, tare da Albrecht Gohr (Belgium) a matsayin kujera da Freire d'Andrade a matsayin mataimakin.

TSC ta gudanar da bincike na kasa da kasa game da duk bautar da cinikin bayi a duniya, kuma ta yi aiki don kawar da shi gaba ɗaya. Ɗaya daga cikin batutuwan shine ƙirƙirar ma'anar bautar.

Kowace jiha da aka sani a baya tana da bautar an ƙarfafa ta ta amsa yadda suka yi yaƙi da ita, waɗanne tasirin da ta haifar, kuma idan sun yi la'akari da ƙarin mataki, da kuma kiran mutane ko kungiyoyi waɗanda zasu iya samar da ƙarin bayani.

A wannan lokacin, bautar kaya har yanzu tana da doka a yankin Larabawa, kamar a Saudi Arabia, a Yemen da Oman, wanda aka samar da bayi ta hanyar Cinikin bayi na Bahar Maliya. Tsarin Mui tsai a kasar Sin ya ja hankalin mutane sosai a wannan lokacin.

Jihohi talatin da biyar sun amsa Hukumar Bautar Wuri, amma sun ba da bayanai iri-iri: wasu a bayyane suke yin ƙarya, a wasu lokuta saboda jami'an mulkin mallaka sun yi wa gwamnatocinsu ƙarya yayin da suke ba da bayani game da gundumominsu. An yi iƙirarin cewa an kawar da bautar a Bechuanaland.

#### Afirka
Faransa ta bayyana wa Hukumar Bautar Wuri cewa duk bayi a Afirka ta Yammacin Faransa sun sami 'yanci bisa doka tunda bautar ba ta da tushe na doka, kuma saboda haka bayi na 'yan asalin sun kasance tare da tsoffin masu mallakar su da son rai.

Sudan ta Anglo-Masar ta rushe Sashen Cutar Bautar tare da da'awar cewa bautar ta zama abin mamaki. Rahoton kan Sudan ga Hukumar Bautar Wuri (TSC) ya bayyana bautar da Larabawa Musulmai a Arewa suka yi wa 'yan gudun hijira na Nilotic Non-Muslims na Kudu maso Yamma, inda har yanzu ana gudanar da aikin gona ta hanyar aikin bawa a 1923.

Hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya sun yi yaƙi da cinikin bayi a Sudan amma sun guji magance bautar kanta saboda tsoron haifar da tashin hankali. Birtaniya sun ba da izinin duk bautar da aka bayar ta hanyar kotunan shari'a waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon mallakar bayi, waɗanda ke amfani da dokar Islama don sarrafa mata, yara da bayi. An gudanar da hare-haren bayi daga Habasha da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuma an fitar da mutanen da aka sace zuwa bautar a Arabiya.

Jami'in aikin gona na Burtaniya P. W. Diggle ya gudanar da kamfen na kansa don 'yantar da bayi a Sudan. Ya yi fushi da ganin bayi da aka yi wa duka, yara da aka karbe daga iyayensu da 'yan mata bayi da aka saba amfani da su don karuwanci. Diggle ya kasance muhimmin mai ba da labari ga TSC game da bautar a Sudan, wanda ya sanya matsin lamba ga Birtaniya dangane da TSC.

Birtaniya ta bayyana wa Lugard na TSC cewa ba zai yiwu a kawar da bautar a Sudan ba saboda babban haɗarin tashin hankali a cikin "ƙasar da aka yi da sauƙi da fashewa kamar Sudan" inda aka ba da izinin bautar bisa ga dokar Islama. Har ila yau, Birtaniya ta gabatar da wata sanarwa da aka bayar a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1925 inda ta bayyana cewa duk bayi da aka haifa bayan 1898 sun sami 'yanci ta hanyar doka kuma cewa bayi suna da' yancin barin masu su kuma ba za a dawo da su ba idan sun yi haka, wanda ya ba TSC ra'ayin cewa Birtaniya ta dauki mataki game da bautar a Sudan. Ba da daɗewa ba aka gano cewa an ba da sanarwar 6 ga Mayu 1925 ne kawai ga jami'an Burtaniya kuma ba a san su ba ga Sudan. Lokacin da aka tayar da wannan gaskiyar a cikin House of Lords, duk da haka, an umarci gwamnatin mulkin mallaka da ta buga da kuma aiwatar da tanadin game da bautar a Sudan. Bugu da ƙari, an ɗauki mataki a kan Cinikin bayi na Bahar Maliya ta hanyar Sudan ta hanyar karɓar iko mafi kyau na aikin hajji da kuma kafa gidan tsabta a Port Sudan don bayi da Burtaniya ta dawo da su daga bautar a Masarautar Hejaz, wanda ya haifar da bayi sama da 800 da aka sake zama tsakanin 1925 da 1935.

Habasha ta bayyana wa Hukumar Bautar Wuri cewa yayin da bautar a Habasha har yanzu doka ce, ana aiwatar da shi a hankali: cewa cinikin bayi yana mutuwa, an haramta shi sayar da, kyauta ko nufin bayi, kuma kowane yaro da aka haifa ga bawa bayan 1924 za a haife shi kyauta; cewa za a mayar da tsoffin bayi zuwa ƙasarsu kuma an ba matasa tsoffin bayi ilimi.

Belgium ta yarda cewa 'yan asalin Afirka har yanzu suna riƙe da bayi a cikin mulkin mallaka na Belgium a Afirka, amma ana bi da su da kyau kuma ba su da gamsuwa, kuma yana da matukar wahala a magance batun ba tare da lalata tattalin arzikin Afirka ba, noma da wadata abinci.

Laberiya ta bayyana cewa bautar ba bisa ka'ida ba ce amma ta yarda cewa ba a aiwatar da haramcin ba, amma bautar tana mutuwa. Rahoton bautar a Laberiya ga Hukumar Bautar Wuri ta bayyana cinikin yara da aka sayar a matsayin bayi na gida da mata da aka ba da rancen a matsayin amarya.

#### Asiya
Aden ya yarda cewa har yanzu akwai bautar kaya a Yemen.

Birtaniya sun yarda cewa bautar dukiya har yanzu tana nan a yankuna masu nisa na Indiya ta Burtaniya inda hukumomin mulkin mallaka ba su da iko sosai, amma cewa ma'aikatar tana mutuwa a bayyane.

A cikin rahoton bautar a Burma da Indiya ga Hukumar Bautar Wuri, Ofishin Indiya na Burtaniya ya bayyana cewa bayi a Assam Bawi a Lushai Hills yanzu an tabbatar da su ta hanyar 'yancinsu; cewa bautar da ke cikin gida har yanzu tana wanzu a wasu sassan Assam tare da raunin ikon Burtaniya; cewa Burtaniya ta tattauna da Hukawng Valley a Upper Burma don kawo karshen bautar a can, inda Burtaniya ta ba da ran ran ran bautar su sayi' yancin su; cewa an haramta duk cinikin bayi a Upper Birmania.

Yaren mutanen Holland sun kiyasta cewa bautar dukiya na iya kasancewa a yankuna masu nisa na Dutch East Indies inda ikon Yaren mutanen Dutch yake kawai, amma yana da wahala a sami damar samun bayanai game da batun.

Rahoton bautar a kasar Sin ga Hukumar Bautar Wuri ta bayyana cinikin Mui Tsai a cikin 'yan mata, wanda shine batun da aka ba da kulawa ta duniya a wannan lokacin.

Hong Kong ta ki bayar da wani bayani tare da dalilin cewa babu bautar a Hong Kong.

#### Manufofin da kammalawa
Rahoton karshe na TSC a ranar 25 ga Yulin 1925 ya ba da shawarar sabon yarjejeniyar yaki da bautar da kuma kawar da bautar bautar da cinikin bayi.

Rahoton TSC ya kammala cewa a shekara ta 1925, an soke bautar dukiya a duk kasashe masu rinjaye na Kirista da yankunansu, da kuma a China, Japan da Thailand, kuma an shirya a dakatar da bautar a Nepal nan ba da daɗewa ba, amma har yanzu akwai bautar dukiyar doka a cikin jihohin musulmai a yankin Larabawa, kamar bautar a Hejaz, kuma kada a ba su damar zama membobin Kungiyar Al'ummai sai dai idan sun yi alkawarin hana bautar.

TSC ta yi magana game da ma'anar bautar, kuma ta ba da shawarar rarraba aikin tilas a matsayin bautar tunda aikin tilas yana cikin haɗarin sauƙin haɓaka zuwa bautar. Matsalar TSC ita ce batun tilasta aiki, wanda ba a bayyana shi a matsayin bautar ba amma a wasu lokuta yana kusa da shi. Rahoton Angola ta Portuguese da Mozambique ta Portuguese ga Hukumar Bautar Wuri ta bayyana yadda aka yi garkuwa da mata da yara don tilasta wa manya maza aiki a cikin gonakin jami'ai masu zaman kansu da 'yan kasuwa. TSC, musamman Grimshaw da Bellegarde, sun ba da shawarar cewa a biya albashi a kowane lokaci da kuɗi, don yaki da duk wani hali na ma'aikata don canzawa zuwa yanayin bawa, kuma suna ɗaukar aikin tilas a matsayin nau'in bautar da aka ɓoye.

Game da cinikin bayi, an soke shi a hukumance a duk yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Turai ban da Sahara, ƙungiyoyin Musulmai ne kamar Sanusi na Libya har yanzu suna gudanar da cinikin bautar Trans-Sahara; cewa Daular Habasha har yanzu tana fitar da bayi na Afirka ta hanyar cinikin bauta a fadin Bahar Maliya zuwa ƙasashen Musulmai na Yankin Larabawa kamar Masarautar Hijaz da Aden Protectorate; cewa cinikin bauro na iya kasancewa a China da Laberiya, amma hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya da Faransa sun yi yaƙi da jiragen ruwa na cinikin ba da jiragen ruwa masu kula da Bahar Maliya.

TSC ta gabatar da rahotonsu ga League a ranar 25 ga Yuli 1925, bayan haka aka rushe ta. TSC ta ba da shawarar cewa duk bautar da aka yi amfani da ita ta doka da cinikin bayi ya kamata a bayyana su ba bisa ka'ida ba; cewa cinikin bayi ta teku ya kamata a ayyana shi a matsayin fashi; cewa bayi da suka tsere ya kamata su sami damar kariya; cewa cinikayyar bayi da hare-haren bayi ya kamata su zama laifi, kuma ya kamata a haramta aikin tilasta.

### Sakamakon da gado
Binciken da TSC ta yi ya kafa harsashin Yarjejeniyar Bautar 1926 . 

A ranar 5 ga Satumba 1929, Kwamitin na shida na Majalisar Tarayyar ya gabatar da bukatar kimanta aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Bautar 1926, kuma an kirkiro Kwamitin Masana kan Bautar (CES),  wanda hakan ya kafa kwamitin bautar dindindin na farko, Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Bautar.

## Manazarta