Tarihin Afirka

**Tarihin Afirka** ya fara ne tun daga bullowar hominids (wato mutane masu kama da birai), mutane na tarihi sannan kuma - kimanin shekaru 300-250,000 da suka wuce - mutanen zamani na zamani (Homo sapiens), a Gabashin Afirka, kuma ya cigaba a halin yanzu a matsayin wani yanki na tarihi na kasashe daban-daban masu tasowa da yankuna na siyasa.  Tarihin da aka fara rubuwa dangane da Afurka ya samo asali ne daga tsohuwar kasar Misra, daga baya kuma a kasar Nubia, Sahel, Maghreb, da Horn of Africa.

Bayan mamayewar Sahara, tarihin Arewacin Afurka ya cudanye da na yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma Kudancin Turai a yayinda aka share Farfajiyar Bantu daga yankin kasar Kamaru (Tsakiyar Afurka) zuwa yankunan Yammacin Sahara ta wave a tsakanin karni na 1000 BC da kuma karni na 1 AD, ina ya samar da harsuna daban daban a yankunan tsakiya da kudancin Nahiyar.

A lokacin shekarun tsaka-tsaki, Musulunci ya watsu ta yamma daga kasar Larabawa zuwa kasar Egypt, inda ya ratsa Magreb da kuma Sahel. Fitattu daga cikin garuruwan Afurka kafin zuwan turawan mulkin mallaka sun hada da  Daular Ajuran, Daular Bachwezi, Dʿmt, Adal Sultanate, Alodia, Masarautar Dagbon , Warsangali Sultanate, Masarautar Buganda, Masarautar Nri, Al'adun Nok, Daular Mali, Jihar Bono, Daular Songhai Masarautar Benin, Daular Oyo, Kingdom of Lunda (Punu-yaka), Daular Ashanti, Daular Ghana, Daular Mossi, Daular Mutapa, Masarautar Mapungubwe, Masarautar Sine, Masarautar Sennar, Kingdom of Saloum, Kingdom of Baol, Kingdom of Cayor, Kingdom of Zimbabwe, Kingdom of Kongo, Empire of Kaabu, Kingdom of Ile Ife, Ancient Carthage, Numidia, Mauretania, and the Aksumite Empire

## Tarihi a Afirka

Dangane da Ilimin sararin samaniya na Afirka, sanin tarihin Afirka ya kalli canjin tarihi da ci gaba, tsari da manufa a cikin tsarin ɗan adam da mahallinsu, alloli, da kakanninsu, kuma sun yi imanin kansu wani ɓangare na ruhaniya. A cikin al'ummomin Afirka, tsarin tarihi galibi na al'umma ne, tare da asusun shaidu, jita-jita, tunatarwa, kuma a wasu lokuta wahayi, mafarkai, da hallucinations da aka tsara a cikin al'adun baki na gari waɗanda aka yi kuma aka watsa su ta hanyar tsararraki.: 12 : 48 A cikin al'adun baki lokaci ne wani lokacin almara da zamantakewa, kuma an dauki kakanninmu a matsayin 'yan wasan tarihi.
 : 43-53 Tunanin da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya suna tsara al'adun, yayin da abubuwan da suka faru suka ragu a tsawon lokaci kuma suna bayyana cikin clichés. : 11 Hadisin  na iya zama exoteric ko esoteric. Yana magana da mutane bisa ga fahimtar su, yana bayyana kansa bisa ga iyawarsu.:: 168  A cikin ilimin kimiyyar Afirka, batun epistemic "ya sami gogewar abu na epistemic a cikin fahimta, motsin rai, fahimta, fahimta mai ban sha'awa, maimakon ta hanyar abstraction kadai, kamar yadda lamarin yake a cikin ilimin kimiwyar Yammaci" don isa ga "cikakken ilimi", kuma kamar haka an yi amfani da al'adun baki, kiɗa, karin magana, da makamantansu a cikin adanawa da watsa ilimi.

## Tarihin Farko

Na farko da aka sani hominids sun samo asali ne a Afirka. A cewar ilmin burbushin halittu, farkon hominids 'skull anatomy ya kasance kama da na gorilla da chimpanzee, manyan birai waɗanda kuma suka samo asali a Afirka, amma hominids sun karbi locomotion na bipedal wanda ya 'yantar da hannayensu. Wannan ya ba su muhimmiyar fa'ida, wanda ya ba su damar zama a cikin gandun daji biyu da kuma a kan buɗaɗɗen savanna a lokacin da Afirka ke bushewa kuma savanna ke mamaye wuraren dazuzzuka. Wannan zai faru shekaru miliyan 10 zuwa 5 da suka gabata, amma waɗannan ikirari suna da cece-kuce saboda masana ilimin halitta da kwayoyin halitta sun bayyana mutane a cikin shekaru dubu 70 zuwa 200 na ƙarshe.

Bayanan burbushin sun nuna *[[Ɗan Adam|Homo sapiens]]* (wanda aka fi sani da "mutane na zamani" ko "mutane na zamani") suna zaune a Afirka kimanin shekaru 350,000-260,000 da suka wuce. Sanannen burbushin *Homo sapiens* na farko sun haɗa da ragowar Jebel Irhoud daga Maroko (  ),  Ƙwanyar Florisbad daga Afirka ta Kudu (  ), kuma Omo ya kasance daga Habasha (  ).      Masana kimiya sun ce mai yiwuwa *Homo sapiens* ya taso tsakanin shekaru 350,000 zuwa 260,000 da suka wuce ta hanyar hadewar al'umma a Gabashin Afrika da Afirka ta Kudu .  

Shaida iri-iri iri-iri masu nuni ga zamanin zamani na Halayyar zuwa Zamanin Dutsen Tsakiyar Afirka, wanda ke da alaƙa da farkon *Homo sapiens* da fitowar su. Hotunan da ba za a iya gani ba, da faɗaɗa dabarun rayuwa, da sauran halaye na “zamani” an gano su tun daga wancan lokacin a Afirka, musamman Kudu, Arewa, da Gabashin Afirka.

Wurin kogon Blombos a Afirka ta Kudu, alal misali, ya shahara da shingen ocher mai kusurwa huɗu da aka zana tare da zane-zane na geometric . Yin amfani da dabarun saduwa da yawa, an tabbatar da shafin yana kusa da 77,000 da 100-75,000 shekaru.   An samu kwantena harsashi kwai na jimina da aka zana tare da zane-zane na geometric tun shekaru 60,000 da suka gabata a Diepkloof, Afirka ta Kudu.  An samo beads da sauran kayan ado na mutum daga Maroko wanda zai iya kai shekaru 130,000; haka kuma, Kogon Hearths a Afirka ta Kudu ya samar da adadin beads masu yawa tun kafin shekaru 50,000 da suka gabata,  kuma an sami beads ɗin harsashi waɗanda ke kusan shekaru 75,000 da suka gabata a kogon Blombos, Afirka ta Kudu.   

Kimanin shekaru 65-50,000 da suka gabata, yaduwar nau'in nau'in daga Afirka ya kaddamar da mulkin mallaka na duniya ta hanyar 'yan adam na zamani.     A shekara ta 10,000 BC, *Homo sapiens* ya bazu zuwa mafi yawan kusurwoyin Afro-Eurasia . Ana gano tarwatsa su ta hanyar ilimin harshe, al'adu da shaidar kwayoyin halitta .    Gudun hijira na Eurasian, musamman Yammacin Yammacin Turai, sun fara ne a farkon Holocene ko kuma a baya a zamanin Paleolithic, wani lokacin tsakanin 30 da 15,000 shekaru da suka wuce, wanda ya biyo baya kafin Neolithic da Neolithic raƙuman ƙaura daga Gabas ta Tsakiya, mafi yawan rinjayar Arewacin Afirka, Kahon Afirka, da yankuna mafi girma na yankin Sahel. 

Affad 23 wani wurin binciken kayan tarihi ne dake yankin Affad na kudancin Dongola Reach a arewacin Sudan,  wanda ke dauke da "gaske gabobin sansanonin tarihi na tarihi (kayan tarihi na tsohuwar bukkar buda a duniya) da farauta da tarawa daban-daban na kimanin shekaru 50,000".   

Kusan 16,000 BC, daga tsaunin Bahar Maliya zuwa arewacin tsaunukan Habasha, ana tattara goro, ciyawa da tubers don abinci. Daga 13,000 zuwa 11,000 BC, mutane sun fara tattara hatsin daji. Wannan ya yadu zuwa Yammacin Asiya, wanda ke kula da hatsin daji, alkama da sha'ir . Tsakanin 10,000 zuwa 8,000 BC, arewa maso gabashin Afirka na noman alkama da sha'ir da kiwon tumaki da shanu daga kudu maso yammacin Asiya.

Wani yanayin damina a Afirka ya mayar da tsaunukan Habasha zuwa dajin tsaunuka. Masu magana da omotic sun kasance cikin gida a kusa da 6,500-5,500 BC. Kusan 7,000 BC, mazaunan tsaunukan Habasha sun mallaki jakunan gida, kuma a shekara ta 4,000 BC jakunan gida sun bazu zuwa kudu maso yammacin Asiya. Masu magana da Cushitic, wani ɓangare suna juya baya daga kiwo, tef ɗin gida da gero yatsa tsakanin 5,500 zuwa 3,500 BC. 

A cikin karni na 11 na BP, an ƙirƙira tukwane da kansa a Afirka, tare da tukwane na farko a can tun kusan 9,400 BC daga tsakiyar Mali.  Nan da nan ya bazu ko'ina cikin Kudancin Sahara da Sahel .  A cikin tsaunuka da savannas na Sahara da Sahel a Arewacin Yammacin Afirka, masu magana da Nilo-Saharan da mutanen Mandé sun fara tattarawa da yin gida da gero, shinkafar Afirka da dawa tsakanin 8,000 zuwa 6,000 BC. Daga baya kuma, an tattara gours, kankana, wake, da auduga suma an tattara su a cikin gida. Mutanen sun fara kama shanun daji suna rike da su a shingen ƙaya, wanda ya haifar da zaman gida . 

Sun kuma fara yin tukwane da gina ƙauyuka na dutse (misali, Tichitt, Oualata ). Kamun kifi, ta yin amfani da harpoons mai kashin kashi, ya zama babban aiki a cikin koguna da tafkuna masu yawa da aka samu daga yawan ruwan sama.  An yaba wa al'ummar Mande da ci gaban aikin gona mai zaman kansa kimanin 4,000-3,000 BC. 

Shaida na fara narkewar karafagubar, da tagulla, da tagullakwanakin daga karni na huɗu BC. 

Masarawa sun narkar da tagulla a lokacin predynastic, kuma tagulla ya fara amfani da shi bayan 3,000 BC a ƙarshe  a Masar da Nubia. Nubia ya zama babban tushen jan karfe da zinariya .  Yin amfani da zinare da azurfa a Masar ya samo asali ne tun zamanin da aka sani.  

A cikin tsaunukan Aïr na Nijar a yau mutane sun narkar da tagulla ba tare da abubuwan da ke faruwa a kwarin Nilu tsakanin 3,000 zuwa 2,500 BC ba. Sun yi amfani da wani tsari na musamman na yankin, wanda ke nuna cewa ba a kawo fasahar daga waje ba; ya zama mafi girma da kusan 1,500 BC. 

A karni na farko BC aikin ƙarfe ya kai Arewa maso yammacin Afirka, Masar, da Nubia.  Zangato da Holl sun rubuta shaidar da ke nuna cewa an yi wa ƙarfe ƙarfe a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya da Kamaru wanda zai iya kasancewa tun daga 3,000 zuwa 2,500 BC.  Assuriyawa masu amfani da makaman ƙarfe sun kori Nubians daga Masar a shekara ta 670 BC, bayan haka amfani da ƙarfe ya zama ruwan dare a cikin kwarin Nilu. 

Ka'idar cewa ƙarfe ya bazu zuwa yankin Saharar Afirka ta birnin Nubian na Meroe  ba a yarda da shi ba, kuma wasu masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa 'yan Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara sun ƙirƙira ƙarfe da kansa. An tsara aikin ƙarfe a yammacin Afirka tun daga shekara ta 2,500 BC a Egaro yammacin Termit a Nijar, kuma an yi aikin ƙarfe a can a 1,500 BC.  An dade ana narkar da ƙarfe zuwa 2,000 BC a kudu maso gabashin Najeriya .  Afirka ta Tsakiya ta ba da yuwuwar shaidar ƙarfe yana aiki tun farkon ƙarni na 3 BC.  An samu narkewar ƙarfe a yankin da ke tsakanin tafkin Chadi da manyan tafkunan Afirka tsakanin 1,000 zuwa 600 BC, kuma a yammacin Afirka kusan 2,000 BC, da daɗewa kafin fasahar ta isa Masar. Kafin 500 BC, al'adun Nok a Jos Plateau sun riga sun narke ƙarfe.       An tono wuraren binciken archaeological da ke ɗauke da tanderun da ake waƙar baƙin ƙarfe a wurare a yankin Nsukka na kudu maso gabashin Najeriya a cikin ƙasar Igbo : tun daga 2,000 BC a wurin Lejja (Eze-Uzomaka 2009)   da kuma zuwa 750 BC da kuma a wurin O2pi0 (Holl 9).  Har ila yau, wurin Gbabiri (a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya) ya ba da shaida na karafa na ƙarfe, daga rage tanderun da aka yi da maƙera; tare da farkon kwanakin 896-773 BC da 907-796 BC bi da bi.