Rudine Sims Bishop

An yi wa **Rudine Sims Bishop**, farfesa mai ritaya a Jami'ar Jihar Ohio, lakabi da "uwar" adabin yara masu al'adu daban-daban saboda bincikenta na adabin yara na Amurka mai ban mamaki a fannin zamantakewa. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Bishop a Pottsville, Pennsylvania, kimanin mil ɗari arewa maso yammacin Philadelphia . Makarantun gwamnati a cikin al'ummarta ba su da bambancin launin fata, kodayake Bishop ta lura cewa damar aiki ta ƙanƙanta ga 'yan Afirka Amurkawa a lokacin.  Wani yanki da ta buɗe a gare shi shine koyarwa.

Bayan kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Yankin Pottsville,  Bishop ta halarci Kwalejin Malamai ta Jihar West Chester, wacce yanzu ake kira Jami'ar West Chester .  Ta kammala digirinta na biyu a fannin ilimi daga Jami'ar Pennsylvania .  Daga baya ta sami digirinta na uku daga Jami'ar Jihar Wayne da ke Detroit .

Ta koyar da makarantar firamare na tsawon shekaru kaɗan. A matakin kwaleji da jami'a, Bishop ta koyar da karatu, haɓaka manhaja, da adabin yara a Kwalejin Jihar Morgan da ke Baltimore, Jami'ar Massachusetts Amherst, Jami'ar Jihar New York da ke Buffalo da Jami'ar Jihar Ohio, inda Bishop ya ƙware a fannin adabin yara, musamman adabin yara 'yan Afirka-Amurka.   

Bishop ta yaba wa wasu tasirin da ta samu a aikinta na ci gaba game da adabin yara na al'adu daban-daban. Tasirin farko ya zo ne lokacin da ɗaya daga cikin abokan karatunta na farko a kwaleji, Patricia Grasty Gaines, ta gabatar da ita ga littafin Marguerite de Angeli *mai suna Bright April* (1946), littafin yara na farko da Bishop ya karanta tare da haruffa waɗanda suka yi kama da nata rayuwar al'umma.  Wani abin tunawa na gaba ya faru ne yayin da Bishop ke ɗaliba ta digiri a Jami'ar Jihar Wayne. A nan ne ta fara haɗuwa da babban tarin littattafan yara 'yan Afirka-Amurkawa.  Detroit Free Press ta ɗauki nauyin baje kolin littattafai na shekara-shekara. A watan Nuwamba 1969, Dr. Donald Bissett na Cibiyar Adabin Yara ta Wayne State, ya shirya baje kolin littattafan yara sama da 40 da ke nuna 'yan Afirka-Amurkawa a baje kolin. An kira baje kolin "The Darker Brother Collection" bayan waƙar Langston Hughes, *I, Too* .  Daga baya Bishop ya tuna, "...wannan shine karo na farko da na ga littattafan yara da yawa game da Baƙar fata Amurkawa tare a wuri ɗaya. Ina tuna ina son karanta su duka, ganin yadda suke, irin batutuwa da jigogi da aka tattauna, da kuma yadda aka wakilci Baƙar fata Amurkawa. Wannan shine ɗayan zaren da ya haifar da sha'awata ga adabin al'adu daban-daban..."  Tasirin ƙarshe ya fito ne daga aikin Bishop a matsayin mataimakin bincike na digiri na biyu ga farfesa Ken Goodman na Wayne State, wanda shi ma mai ba ta shawara. Bishop da wasu sun taimaka wa Goodman a binciken nazarin miscue . Binciken yana bincika lokacin da martanin da aka lura a cikin tsarin karatu bai dace da martanin da ake tsammani ba.  Binciken ya rubuta yara a jihohi daban-daban kamar Mississippi, Maine da Hawaii suna karanta labarai biyu daban-daban, gami da ɗaya da aka gano a matsayin "mai dacewa da al'adu". Bishop ya tuna, "... lokacin da muka bincika kurakurai da sake ba da labarin, mun lura cewa lokacin da akwai bambance-bambance tsakanin ayyukan yara akan labaran biyu, sun fi yin kyau akan labaran 'masu dacewa da al'adu'. Don haka ƙarshe ɗaya shine *abin da* yara suka karanta yana haifar da bambanci." 

Littafin Bishop na 1982, Shadow and Substance, ya kafa tsarin nazarin littattafan yara game da mutanen da ba su da launin fata, kuma ya kasance misali a fagen. Bishop ya bincika littattafan almara na zamani guda 150 waɗanda suka haɗa da haruffan Baƙar fata na Amurka. Ta rarraba littattafan zuwa sassa uku daban-daban: Lamiri na Jama'a, Ƙarfin Murmushi, da littattafan da suka shafi Al'adu.

## Littattafan tarihi
Bishop ya rubuta littattafai da labarai da dama da suka shafi adabin yara na Amurka da al'adu daban-daban, ciki har da:

## Sauran gudummawar
Bishop ta shafe shekaru da dama tana cikin shirin bayar da kyaututtuka na Coretta Scott King Book Awards. A cikin 2014 da 2015, ta kasance memba na juri.   A cikin 2016 da 2017, Bishop ta jagoranci kwamitin juri.  

Bishop memba ne na Kwamitin Zaɓen Lamunin Caldecott na 1999  da kuma memba na Kwamitin Zaɓen Lamunin Newbery na 1992. 

Bishop kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin mambobi uku a Kwamitin Ba da Kyautar Kaho na Littattafai na Boston Globe tsakanin 1987-1988 da 2003-2004. 

## Kyaututtuka
A shekarar 2013, Rudine Sims Bishop ta sami kyautar James R. Squire ta Majalisar Malaman Turanci ta Ƙasa (NCTE). Ana ba da kyautar ga memba na NCTE wanda ya ba da gudummawar ilimin asali a fannin ilimi. 

A shekarar 2017, Bishop ya sami kyautar Coretta Scott King–Virginia Hamilton Award for Lifetime Achievement .  

An shigar da Bishop cikin Ɗakin Karatu na Shahararru a shekarar 2001. 

## Dalibai
Tsoffin ɗaliban Bishop sun haɗa da:

* Dr. Jonda C. McNair, Farfesa a fannin Adabin Yara a Jami'ar Jihar Ohio, Charlotte S. Huck. 
* Dr. Cynthia Tyson, Farfesa a Sashen Koyarwa da Koyo a Jami'ar Jihar Ohio. 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Rudine Sims Bishop in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
* 

## Manazarta