open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Water meadow

## Gabatarwa
Water Meadow na nufin wani fili ne mai ciyawa da ake kula da shi ta hanyar sarrafa ruwa, domin kiwo da noma. Wannan fili yakan kasance kusa da rafuka, koguna ko inda ruwa ke yawan taruwa. Ana sarrafa ruwan ne ta hanyar kwarara cikin fili a hankali don ya shayar da ciyawa, ba tare da ya zama tafki ba. Wannan tsarin yana taimaka wa ciyawa girma da wuri, musamman a lokacin bazara, don samar da abinci ga dabbobi kamar shanu, tumaki da raguna
## Siffofi ko Halayen Water Meadow:
1. Yana kusa da ruwa: Yawanci ana samun su kusa da koguna, rafuka, ko kwazazzabai.

2. Ruwa yana sarrafuwa: Ba ruwan da ya cika fili da tafki bane, amma ana tura ruwa a hankali a cikin fili domin noman ciyawa.

3. Ciyawa mai kyau: Ana samun irin ciyawa mai lafiya da dabbobi ke so saboda danshin da ake samu a fili.

4. Yana kawo ciyawa da wuri: Ruwa yana taimakawa ciyawa ta fito da wuri bayan huntu
## Muhimmancin Water Meadow:

Ciyar da dabbobi: Yana samar da ciyawa mai yawa da lafiya ga kiwon dabbobi.

Kariya ga ƙasa: Yana taimakawa wajen hana yayyafar ƙasa ko gurbata ruwa.

Taimakawa muhalli: Yana bayar da mafaka ga wasu nau’in tsuntsaye da ƙananan halittu masu rai.

Ƙarfafa noma: A wasu lokuta ana amfani da su wajen shuka hatsi ko kayan lambu bayan ciyawa
## Ire-iren Water Meadow:

1. Catchwork Meadows: Ana barin ruwa ya gangaro daga tsauni ko sama ya shiga fili.

2. Floated Meadows: Ana nufin ruwan daga kogi zuwa cikin fili ta hanyar amfani da bututun karkara (channels) da ɗakunan ruwa.
## Kalubale:
Canjin yanayi (Climate Change) na iya shafar yadda ruwa ke gangarowa.

Ginin gidaje da tituna na hana ruwa shiga irin waɗannan filaye.

Gurbatar ruwa daga masana’antu ko noma
## Manazarta
Abdellah Zakour

**Abdellah Zakour** (a cikin Tachelhit), wanda aka fi sani da "Amghar Gou Ablla" (Ait Abdallah, 1885 - 1972)  ya kasance shugaban soja na Berber na Maroko wanda ya yi adawa da nasarar Faransa a Maroko a farkon ƙarni na 20.

Zakour ya yi fice wajen jagorantar yakin Ait Abdallah a shekara ta 1934, wanda ya kasance faɗa na ƙarshe (idan ba na ƙarshe ba) a gwagwarmayar da Maroko ke yi wa sojojin Faransa, da kuma nuna ƙarshen abin da ake kira "wasantawa da Maroko". Bayan sun mika wuya bayan yakin, an tuna da Zakour da cewa “babu harsashi, ba sauran kalmomi” (ma’ana babu sauran abin da za a ce). 

## Yakin Ait Aballah
Yaƙin Ait Abdellah ya faru ne a cikin shekarar 1934, a cikin commune mai suna, a yankin Taroudant, a tsaunukan Anti-Atlas na Maroko. Ta yi adawa da mayakan adawa ƙarƙashin jagorancin Abdellah Zakour, ga sojojin Faransa. An kwashe kwanaki 3 ana gwabza faɗa inda sojojin Faransa suka yi amfani da jiragen yaki guda 18 da kuma harba makamai masu linzami wajen lalata al'ummar yankin,  waɗanda suka miƙa wuya bayan sun kare da harbin harsashi.

## Rufewa
An fitar da littafi da fim domin tunawa da Abdellah Zakour da yakin Ait Abdallah:

* A cikin shekarar 2021, Babban Kwamishinan Tsaffin 'Yan adawa da Tsoffin Membobin Sojojin 'Yanci a Maroko ya fitar da wani littafi mai shafuka 257 mai suna "Yakin Ait Abdallah da Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa." 
* Fim ɗin " Kalmomin Jagoranci " (2020) na Ahmed Baidou yana ba da labarin Yaƙin.

## Duba kuma

* Ali Amhaouch
* Mhand n'Ifrutant
* Mouha ou Hammou Zayani

## Manazarta
Mohamed Bensaid Ait Idder

**Mohamed Bensaid Ait Idder** (harsunan Berber) ɗan siyasan Maroko ne kuma mai fafutuka. Ait Idder ya fara gwagwarmayarsa da farko a kan Tsaron Faransa a Maroko, kuma yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa da shugabannin Sojojin 'Yanci na Maroko. Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Morocco, Ait Idder ya yi adawa da mulkin da ke wurin, musamman Sarki Hassan II.

Bensaid Ait Idder ya kasance co-kafa ƙungiyoyin siyasa da jam'iyyun hagu da yawa a cikin Maroko mai zaman kanta, gami da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Jama'a ta Kasa, Harakat 23 Maris, Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Jama'a da Jam'iyyar Socialist .

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Ait Idder a shekara ta 1925 a Tin Mansour, a lardin Berber na Chtouka Aït Baha, a Sous, Morocco . Bayan kammala karatunsa na firamare, ya koma Marrakesh a 1945 don fara karatun jami'a. A can, ya karɓi ra'ayoyin kishin ƙasa kuma ya yi aiki tare da masu gwagwarmayar adawa da mulkin mallaka a Marrakesh, gami da Abdallah Ibrahim da Mohamed Basri.

## Yunkurin siyasa
A shekara ta 1955, Bensaid Ait Idder ya shiga rundunar 'yanci ta Maroko a kudu, ya shiga cikin adawa da sojojin Faransa da Spain a Maroko. Koyaya, an murkushe ƙoƙarin su bayan Operation Écouvillon a cikin 1958. 

A shekara ta 1959, Ait Idder, tare da masu gwagwarmayar zamani da yawa, sun bar Jam'iyyar Istiqlal kuma sun taimaka wajen kirkirar Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Jama'a ta Kasa. Bayan Yarjejeniyar Yuli 1963, an yanke wa Ait Idder hukuncin kisa a 1963 amma ya tsere zuwa Aljeriya. 

Bayan tashin hankali na Maroko na 1965, Ait Idder da sauran masu gwagwarmayar Marxist-Leninist sun kafa Harakat 23 Maris, wani motsi wanda ya yada ra'ayoyin juyin juya hali a Maroko. 

A cikin 1981, Ait Idder ya sami gafarar sarauta kuma ya koma Maroko, inda ya kafa kungiyar shari'a ta jam'iyyar Popular Democratic Action. Ya yi aiki a majalisa daga 1984 zuwa 2007. A shekara ta 2002, Kungiyar Popular Democratic Action ta haɗu da jam'iyyun hagu da yawa don kafa Jam'iyyar Socialist Party, tare da Ait Idder a matsayin mutum mai mahimmanci.

A shekara ta 2015, Ait Idder ya sami bambancin sarauta daga Sarki Mohamed VI.

## Mutuwa
Ait Idder ya mutu a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu 2024, yana da shekaru 98. 

## Littattafai
A shekara ta 2001, Ait Idder ya wallafa wani littafi mai taken Epic Pages of the Liberation Army in the Moroccan South,  wanda ya ba da labarin kwarewarsa tare da Sojojin 'Yanci na Morocco tsakanin 1955 da 1958.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Paulina Mateus Nkunda

**Paulina Mateus Nkunda** (1952 - 12 Oktoba 2013) 'yar gwagwarmayar kare hakkin mata ce ' yar Mozambique, tsohuwar 'yar gwagwarmayar yakin neman 'yancin kai kuma 'yar siyasa wacce ta yi aiki a matsayi a manyan matakan FRELIMO.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Nkunda a gundumar Muidumbe, lardin Cabo Delgado, a shekara ta 1952. Ta shiga FRELIMO a cikin shekarar 1964 kuma daga baya ta zama wani ɓangare na Ƙungiyar Mata, ƙungiyar sojojin FRELIMO da ke ba da ilimi da horar da sojoji ga mata. A cikin watan Yuli 1968, ta halarci taron jam'iyyar FRELIMO na biyu, wanda aka gudanar a Matchedje, Niassa. A cikin shekarar 1974, Nkunda ta taimaka wajen fara yaƙin neman zaɓe a Zambezia kuma ta jagoranci ƙungiyar ƴan daba da suka horar da mata na farko sojoji a gundumar Milange. 

Bayan samun 'yancin kai, Nkunda ta shiga cikin ayyuka daban-daban da suka shafi daidaito da ilimin mata. Bayan kawo ƙarshen yakin basasa, daga shekarun 1996 zuwa 2011, ta kasance babbar sakatariyar kungiyar mata ta Mozambique (OMM).  A tsakanin shekarar 2006 zuwa 2012, ta yi aiki a hukumar siyasa ta FRELIMO, babbar hukuma ta jam'iyyar.  An zaɓe ta a Majalisar Dokokin Jamhuriyar a shekarar 2009, inda ta yi aiki a can har zuwa mutuwarta a shekarar 2013.

## Manazarta
El Hamouti Mohand Elkhadir

**El Hamouti Mohand Elkhadir** (An haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu 1936 - ya ɓace a cikin shekarar 1964), wanda kuma aka sani da "**Sojan Afirka**", ɗan kasuwan Morocco ne, ɗan gwagwarmayar akan 'yan cin ɗan Adam, kuma jami'in diflomasiyya. An san shi da taimakon kayan aiki, siyasa, da na soja ga ƙungiyoyin 'yanci da dama a faɗin Arewacin Afirka. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayinsa na mai gudanar da aikin Sojin Moroko na 'yantar da yankin Rif kuma a matsayin mai ba da kuɗi kuma mai goyon bayan yakin 'yancin kai na Aljeriya.

## Rayuwar farko da asali
An haifi El Hamouti a Beni Ensar, a yankin Rif na arewacin Maroko. Ya kasance ɗan ƙabilar Hamouti na zuriyar Mazzuja, wani yanki na babban ƙabilar Guelaya. Mahaifinsa, Khader Muhand u Hamou, hamshakin ɗan kasuwa ne da ke rarraba kayayyaki daga Melilla a duk faɗin yankin. 

Tun yana ƙarami El Hamouti ya tsunduma cikin ayyukan yaki da mulkin mallaka kuma ya rungumi akidar Pan-African mai karfi da kyamar mulkin mallaka. 

## Ayyukan juyin juya hali
A cikin shekarun 1950, El Hamouti ya haɗu da harkokin kasuwancinsa da ƙoƙarin juyin juya hali. Ya shiga Rundunar Sojan 'Yanci ta Moroko kuma ya shirya ayyukan makamai da kayan aiki a kan hukumomin mulkin mallaka. 

Gidansa a Beni Ensar ya zama mafaka ga shugabannin FLN kamar Ahmed Ben Bella, Mohammed Boudiaf, Houari Boumédiène, da Abane Ramdane. Ya kuma yi amfani da tawagar jiragensa—ciki har da *Victoria* da *Mirlo I & II* — don safarar makamai daga Melilla zuwa Algeria. 

Baya ga rawar da ya taka na soja, ya shiga cikin ayyukan diflomasiyya na ƙasa da ƙasa a faɗin Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya don samun goyon baya ga yunkurin 'yantar da Arewacin Afirka. 

## Gudanarwa a cikin Rif
El Hamouti ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu gudanar da ayyukan rundunar 'yantar da 'yan ta'adda a yankin Rif, da kula da dabarun yaki, sadarwa tsakanin ɓangarorin 'yan tawaye, da kuma haɗa kai da juriya na Aljeriya.  

## Ɓacewa
Bayan da Aljeriya ta samu 'yancin kai a shekarar 1962, ya koma ƙasar Maroko a takaice. A lokacin ɓarkewar yakin Sand a shekarar 1963 tsakanin Maroko da Aljeriya, ya sake komawa Aljeriya bisa aikin shiga tsakani. Ya ɓace a can a cikin shekarar 1964 a ƙarƙashin wani yanayi mara kyau. Wasu majiyoyi da dama sun ce mai yiwuwa an kashe shi ne a wani harin siyasa. 

## Manazarta
Masana tarihi da masu fafutuka na tunawa da El Hamouti a Rif, Maroko, da Aljeriya a matsayin alama ta mai adawa da mulkin mallaka da haɗin kan Maghrebi. 

## Duba kuma

* Yakin 'Yancin Aljeriya
* Yakin Yashi
* Rif
* Sojojin Moroko na Liberation

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* RifDia - "El Hamouti Mohand Elkhadir, Sojan Afirka": 'Yan gwagwarmayar Morocco wanda ya ba da makamai ga juyin juya halin Aljeriya.
* NadorCity - "El Hamouti ... dan Morocco wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga juyin juya halin Aljeriya da makamai"
* YouTube - Documentary: "Sojan Afirka" 

## Manazarta
Kambonde kaMpingana

**Kambonde II kaMpingana** (1865 *-* Yuni 22, 1909) shine Sarkin Ondonga daga shekara ta 1884 har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar 1909. Shi ɗan'uwan Sarki Nehale lyaMpingana ne, tare da wanda suka yi doguwar gwagwarmayar iko akan iko da Ondonga. Mulkinsa ya kasance alama ce ta rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin Ondonga da ƙaruwar tasirin Turai a yankin. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Rukunin Ondonga
Bayan rasuwar Sarki Itana yaNekwiyu a ranar 26 ga watan Satumba, 1884, Kambonde ya zama sarkin Ondonga. Duk da haka, ƙanensa, Nehale, ya ƙi amincewa da ikonsa. Wannan ya kai ga rarraba Ondonga zuwa yankuna biyu: yammacin Ondonga, wanda Kambonde ke mulki, da kuma gabashin Ondonga, wanda Nehale ya yi mulki.   Kambonde ya ci gaba da kulla hulɗar diflomasiyya da ‘yan mishan da turawa, saɓanin yadda Nehale ya bijirewa tasirin ƙasashen waje. Ƙungiyar Mishan ta Finnish, suna kallon Nehale a matsayin mai hana su aiki, sun tallafa wa Kambonde da makamai da harsasai don ƙarfafa matsayinsa.

### Yarjejeniyar Upingtonia (1885)
A cikin shekarar 1885, Kambonde ya shiga yarjejeniya tare da mai binciken ɗan Afirka ta Kudu William Worthington Jordan, yana siyar da 2,500 km² na ƙasar Ondonga, gami da Grootfontein da ma'adinan tagulla na Tsumeb. Kasuwancin, wanda ya haɗa da tsabar kuɗi £ 300, bindigogi 25, doki mai gishiri, da ganga na brandy, ya haifar da kafa Jamhuriyar Upingtonia.  Yarjejeniyar ta fusata yawancin mutanen yankin Ondonga da Ovambo tare da ƙara tashin hankali tsakanin Kambonde da Nehale. A cikin shekarar 1886, Nehale ya jagoranci kai hari a Upingtonia, ya kashe Jordan kuma ya kawo ƙarshen zaman. 

### Dangantaka da Tsarin Mulkin Mallaka na Jamus
Yayin da tasirin Jamus a Ovamboland ya ƙaru, Kambonde ya ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin diflomasiyya. A shekara ta 1898, ya kasance yana goyon bayan Ovamboland ya zama wani ɓangare na kariyar Jamus. Wani ɗan mishan Finnish Martti Rautanen, babban mai ba da shawara, ya taka rawa wajen yin tasiri ga shawarar Kambonde. A lokacin Yaƙin Ovaherero (1904-1908), Samuel Maharero ya yi ƙoƙari ya tara sarakunan Ovambo don yaƙar Jamusawa. Wani wakilin Ovaherero ya nemi taimakon Kambonde, amma masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje na Finland sun ba shi shawarar ya daina saka hannu. Babban aikin jajircewa ɗaya tilo daga Ondonga ya fito ne daga harin Nehale a Fort Namutoni a cikin watan Janairu 1904. 

### Haɗuwa da Ondonga da Mutuwa
Bayan mutuwar Nehale a ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu, 1908, Kambonde ya sake haɗa kan Ondonga, ya maido da mulkin da aka raba a ƙarƙashin mulki ɗaya. Duk da haka, mulkinsa ya ƙara shekara ɗaya kawai, yayin da ya mutu a ranar 22 ga watan Yuni, 1909. Kambonde III kangula ne ya gaje shi.

## Manazarta
Keisya Levronka

**Keisya Levronka** (an haifeta ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu, 2003) mawaƙya ce kuma ƴar fim daga Indonesiya. Ta fara aikinta a cikin duniyar nishaɗi ta hanyar shiga ta cikin kaka na goma na nunin baiwar Idol na Indonesiya wanda aka watsa akan RCTI a cikin 2019 - 2020. Bayan ta kammala karatunta a Idol na Indonesiya, ta shiga cikin rikodin rikodin Universal Music Indonesia kuma ta fara fitowa a matsayin mawaƙa tare da waƙa mai suna "Jadi Kekasihku Saja". Baya ga yin sana'a a duniyar kiɗa, Keisya Levronka ta kuma shiga duniyar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin 2021, tare da yin wasan kwaikwayo na farko a cikin jerin *Jingga dan Senja*.

A cikin 2022, waƙarta ta huɗu, "*Tak Ingin Usai*" ta sami damar yin sama da ginshiƙan kiɗan dijital daban-daban a Indonesia, gami da jadawalin Billboard Indonesia na makonni 11. Waƙar ta kuma ba ta lambar yabo ta farko a cikin aikinta a wani taron bayar da lambar yabo ta kiɗa a Malaysia, Anugerah Industri Muzik, don "Mafi kyawun Waƙar Malay ta Mawaƙin Ƙasashen waje Ya Gabatar"

## Manazarta
Sakaria Nashandi

**Sakaria Zaa Nashandi** (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli 1949 a Onayena) ɗan siyasan Namibia ne, ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan fursunan siyasa na Tsibirin Robben.  Shahararren Jarumin Namibiya ne na ƙasa saboda gudunmawar da ya bayar wajen samun ‘yancin kai na ƙasar Namibiya. 

Nashandi ya halarci makaranta a Onayena kuma ya kasance mai himma a cikin Ovamboland People's Congress, magajin SWAPO.

Ya mallaki ƙananan sana'o'i da dama a cikin Onayena da kewaye. Nashandi ya auri Kauna Nashandi, tsohuwar magajiyar garin Ondangwa, wacce ta mutu a Windhoek a 2013. 

## Manazarta
Bibiana Vaz

**Bibiana Vaz de França** (c. 1630 - 1694+) sanannen ɗan kasuwa ne a Cacheu, Guinea-Bissau .

Bibiana Vaz 'yar Lançada ce, ko Luso-Afirka da aka haifa ga mahaifiyar Kriston (Kiristayar Afirka) da kuma mahaifin Luso-Afrika Cape Verdean. 

Ita da iyalinta sun gina daular kasuwanci mai karfi wanda ya shimfiɗa daga Kogin Gambiya zuwa Saliyo.

Ta auri Ambrosio Gomez, tsohon kyaftin-major na Cacheu, wanda a lokacin aka ce shi ne mutum mafi arziki a Guinea.

A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1684, Vaz da ƙungiyar abokan ciniki, gami da na biyu a cikin kwamandan sansanin Cacheu, sun yi ƙoƙari su kashe kwamandan, Joseph Goncalves de Oliveira, wanda ya hana kasuwancin su. Ya yi nasarar kauce wa makircin, amma bayan wata daya aka kama shi. An kai shi garin Farim fiye da kilomita 50 a kan kogi kuma an ɗaure shi sama da shekara guda a gidan Vaz.[1][2] A lokacin da aka kafa sabon Kamfanin Cacheu, amma lokacin da wakilan suka isa garin, 'Jamhuriyar Cacheu' ta ki barin su sauka, suna buƙatar iko kan kasuwanci da sadarwa kai tsaye tare da sarki. Wani triumvirate, wanda ya hada da ɗan'uwan Bibiana, ya mallaki garin "a cikin sunan mutane", ma'ana 'yan kasuwa na Afro-Portuguese, na watanni da yawa kafin kamfanin ya sake samun iko.

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1685 sabon kyaftin-major, Antonio de Barros Bezerra, ya bayyana tare da jiragen ruwa biyu da sama da mutane ɗari, wanda ya sake tabbatar da ikon Portuguese, ya kama nasara. A shekara ta 1687 aka kama Bibiana Vaz kuma aka kai ta São Tiago (a yau a matsayin Santiago), inda aka tsare ta a matsayin fursuna. Hukumomin Portugal, duk da haka, ba su iya kwace dukiyarta ba saboda hakan ya kasance a ƙarƙashin ikon sarakunan Afirka na gida, abokanta da abokan hulɗa na cinikayya kyauta. Sun ba ta gafarta don musayar diyya da alkawarin cewa za ta gina sansani a Bolor a kan Kogin Cacheu, wanda ba ta taɓa yi ba.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Hendrik Samuel Witbooi

Captain **Hendrik Samuel Witbooi**, Nama name: **ǃGae-nûb ǃnagamâb ǃNansemab**, (1 Yuni 1906 – 29 Yuli shekara ta 1978) shi ne Kaptein na shida na ǀKhowesin, ƙabilar Orlam, a yankin Kudu-maso-Yamma, Afirka a yau. An haife shi a Gibeyon; Hendrik Witbooi shi ne kakansa. An zaɓe shi ya zama magajin kawunsa David Witbooi wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1955. 

Tare da Hosea Kutako, Samuel Witbooi ya shiga cikin rubuta takardar koke ga Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a shekarar 1947 don sanya Namibiya ƙarƙashin jagorancin Birtaniya. In 1956, Witbooi addressed the UN again, "on behalf of the non-European inhabitants of SWA".  An rattaba hannu kan takardar koken a lokacin taron ranar Herero na shekara ta 1947 sannan Reverend Michael Scott ya gabatar da shi ga Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, saboda ba a bar Kutako ko Witbooi su bar yankin Kudu-maso-Yammacin Afirka ba.  A cikin shekara ta 1956, Witbooi ya sake yin jawabi ga Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, "a madadin mutanen da ba na Turai ba na SWA".  Sakamakon ya kasance cewa Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta yi watsi da buƙatar raba Afirka ta Kudu-maso-Yamma tare da ware sassan kudancinta na dindindin ga Afirka ta Kudu.  Sun kuma ƙara wa'adin nasu kan Kudu-maso-Yammacin Afirka na ƙarin shekara guda.

Witbooi ya kasance mai tsananin adawa da tsarin Bantu na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ya hana masu koyo na bakar fata damar samun ilimi da ya dace. Sannan ya kafa Makarantar Private Church mai zaman kanta ta Methodist Episcopal Church wacce ke amfani da Ingilishi a matsayin hanyar koyarwa. Ya kasance mai tsananin adawa da manufofin gida na Afirka ta Kudu. Bugu da ƙari, ya yi adawa da tilasta sake tsugunar da ǃGami-ǂnun (Bondelswarts) daga yankin Warmbad zuwa Gibeyon. A cikin watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1967 ya shawarci ǃGami-ǂnun a Warmbad da su ƙi duk wani shirin sake tsugunar da Afirka ta Kudu. Witbooi ya shiga SWAPO a shekara ta 1977 amma ya mutu ba da daɗewa ba, a shekarar 1978. Hendrik Witbooi, Jr. ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban ǀKhowesin. 

Ana ɗaukar Hendrik Samuel Witbooi a matsayin gwarzo na gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Namibiya. An san shi da zancen:"Ba na son in mallaki wani yanki na ƙasarmu - Ina so in mallaki Namibiya baki ɗaya."wanda ya haifar da tuhumar da gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta yi masa.  A wajen Windhoek's Tintenpalast akwai gunkinsa. 

## Manazarta
Famfon tattakawa

Famfu na tattake famfo ne da ake amfani da ɗan adam wanda ke zaune a saman rijiya kuma ana amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa. An ƙera shi don ɗaga ruwa daga zurfin mita bakwai ko ƙasa da haka. Ana kunna aikin famfo ta hanyar hawa sama da ƙasa a kan matsewa, waɗanda ke da levers, waɗanda ke motsa pistons, ƙirƙirar tsotsan silinda wanda ke jawo ruwan ƙasa zuwa saman.

## Aikace-aikace
Treadle yana ’yantar da manoma daga dogaro da noman noman damina kuma yana taimaka wa manoman su sami damar komawa kan ƙananan filayensu. Famfu na tattake na iya yin yawancin aikin famfo mai motsi, amma farashi mai yawa kaɗan. Farashin famfo gami da kewayon shigarwa tsakanin $20 da $100. Domin ba ya buƙatar man burbushin mai (nauyin jikin ma'aikaci da tsokar ƙafafu ne ke tafiyar da shi), kuma yana iya yin ƙasa da (50%) don aiki fiye da famfo mai motsi. Yana iya daga ruwa mai kubik biyar zuwa bakwai a kowace sa'a daga rijiyoyi da rijiyoyin burtsatse har zuwa zurfin mita bakwai sannan kuma ana iya amfani da shi wajen dibar ruwa daga tafkuna da koguna. Yawancin famfunan tukwane ana kera su a cikin gida, amma suna iya zama ƙalubale don samarwa akai-akai ba tare da ƙwararrun masu walda da kayan aikin samarwa ba.

## Manazarta
Tankin ajiyar lokacin rani

Tankin ajiyar lokacin rani wani nau'in tsari ne na adana ruwa da ake samu a busassun wurare na Indiya musamman a Telangana da arewacin Karnataka.

Tankin ajiya zai sami ruwa ta dabi'a ta hanyar magudanar ruwa, ko kuma a zubar da tankin da ruwa kuma a kiyaye shi akai-akai. Kulawa kamar tsaftacewa, ciyawar ciyawa da share fage za a gudanar da su ta hanyar jama'ar gari, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ko kuma gwamnati.

## Manazarta
Tsarin ruwan topan

Ana amfani da tsarin ruwa na Turpan, wanda kuma ake kira tsarin Turfan kārēz, don samar da ruwa ta hanyar rami a tsaye a cikin Tushen Turpan na Xinjiang, China. "Karez" (lit. 'well') kalma ce a cikin harshen Uyghur na gida wanda aka samo daga kalmar a cikin harshen Farisa don tsarin da aka samo ta: qanāt mai shekaru 3000. Turpan yana da Turpan Karez Aljanna (wani yanki mai kariya na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin), wanda aka sadaukar don nuna tsarin ruwa na karez, da kuma baje kolin sauran kayan tarihi.

Tsarin rijiyar karez na Turpan yana da mahimmanci a cikin ci gaban Turpan a matsayin muhimmiyar tashar jirgin ruwa akan Titin Silk, wanda ya mamaye Hamadar Taklamakan bakarariya da maƙiya

## Manazarta
Ore

Ore dutse ne na halitta ko laka wanda ke ƙunshe da ma'adanai ɗaya ko fiye masu mahimmanci, yawanci gami da karafa, wanda aka tattara sama da matakan baya, kuma hakan yana iya yiwuwa ta tattalin arziƙi ga nawa da sarrafawa. Matsayin ma'adinai yana nufin ƙaddamar da abubuwan da ake so a ciki. Dole ne a auna darajar karafa ko ma'adinan da dutsen ya kunsa da farashin hakowa don sanin ko yana da isassun darajar da za a iya hakowa don haka ana daukarsa a matsayin ma'adinai.Hadadden tama ita ce wadda ke dauke da ma'adinai masu kima fiye da guda daya.

Ma'adanai na sha'awa gabaɗaya oxides, sulfides, silicates, ko ƙarfe na asali kamar jan ƙarfe ko zinariya. Jikin Ore ana samun su ta hanyoyi daban-daban na tsarin ƙasa gabaɗaya ana magana da su azaman asali na tama kuma ana iya rarraba su bisa nau'in ajiya. Ana hako ma’adanin ne daga doron qasa ta hanyar hako ma’adanai da kuma bi da su ko kuma a tace su, sau da yawa ta hanyar narkewa, don fitar da karafa ko ma’adanai masu daraja Wasu ma'adanai, dangane da abun da ke ciki, na iya haifar da barazana ga lafiya ko kewayen halittu.

Kalmar ore ta samo asali ne daga Anglo-Saxon, ma'ana dunƙule na ƙarfe.

## Gangu da wutsiya
Gangu da wutsiya

A mafi yawancin lokuta, ma'adinai ba ta ƙunshi ma'adinai guda ɗaya ba, amma an haɗa ta da wasu ma'adanai masu mahimmanci da kuma duwatsu da ma'adanai marasa amfani ko mara amfani. Bangaren ma'adanin da ba a so a fannin tattalin arziki kuma wanda ba za a iya kauce masa ba wajen hakar ma'adinai ana kiransa gangue. An raba ma'adinan ma'adinai masu mahimmanci daga ma'adinan gangue ta hanyar flotation, maida hankali, lantarki ko hanyoyin maganadisu, da sauran ayyukan da aka sani.

## Manazarta
Laloo Chiba

**Ishwarlal Laloo "Isu" Chiba** (5 Nuwamba 1930 - 8 Disamba 2017) ɗan siyasan Afirka ta Kudu ne kuma mai neman sauyi ɗan juyin juya hali. An kama shi kuma aka yanke masa hukunci a Kotun Little Rivonia a shekarar 1964 tare da Mac Maharaj da Wilton Mkwayi don shiga Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu, Govan Mbeki da sauran fursunonin juyin juya hali a tsibirin Robben. 

## Rayuwar farko
An haife shi ga dangin Hindu a Johannesburg. Tun yana yaro ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Bree Street sannan daga baya makarantar sakandaren Indiya ta Johannesburg a Fordsburg.  Ya auri Luxmi a Indiya a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu 1952.  A farkon shekarar 1950s, Chiba sun zama abokai tare da Ahmed Kathrada, Herbie Pillay da Bobby da Tommy Vassen, duk membobi na Transvaal Indian Youth Congress (TIYC). 

## Ɗan juyin juya hali
Kafin abubuwan da suka faru a Sharpville, Chiba ya kasance mai fafutuka a cikin Transvaal Indian Congress a ƙarshen shekarar 1950s da Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1960.   Bayan kisan kiyashin da aka yi a Sharpeville a shekarar 1960, ya yanke shawarar cewa zanga-zangar lumana ta gaza kuma matakin soji ya zama dole, don haka ya shiga reshen jam'iyyar ANC mai ɗauke da makamai, Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) a shekarar 1961. 

Ya kasance kwamandan runduna a shekarar 1962 kuma memba na Babban Kwamandan kungiyar ta 1963.  An kama shi tare da azabtar da shi bayan yunkurin da aka yi na lalata layin dogo.  An kama shi a ranar 6 ga watan Yuli 1964 saboda zagon ƙasa. An yanke masa hukunci tare da sauran ’yan kungiyar a matsayin mambobin haramtacciyar kungiyar kuma aka aika zuwa tsibirin Robben.  An sake shi a cikin shekara ta 1982, ya ci gaba da aikin ANC a matsayin memba na United Democratic Front.  A cikin shekarar 1983, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mataimakan shugabanin Transvaal Indian Congress.  An sake kama shi a watan Yulin 1985 kuma aka sake shi ba tare da yi masa shari’a ba a watan Maris na 1986, bayan haka ya shiga ɓuya domin ya ci gaba da aikinsa na jam’iyyar ANC. 

Bayan da ANC ta halatta a shekarar 1990, ya zama shugaban reshen Lenasia.  An zaɓe shi a majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1994 da 1999.  A shekarar 2004 an naɗa shi memba na Order of Luthuli a azurfa.  Ya kasance memba na hukumar Ahmed Kathrada Foundation. 

## Mutuwa
Chiba ya mutu a ranar 8 ga watan Disamba 2017.  Ya bar matarsa Luxmi, da 'ya'ya mata uku - Gita, Kailash, da Yaswanti, jikoki mata bakwai, da jikoki maza huɗu.  An kwantar da shi washegari a Kabari na Avalon.

## Manazarta
Gungun ruwa(tari)

A cikin ilmin sinadarai, gungu na ruwa shine haɗe-haɗe da haɗe-haɗe na hydrogen ko gungu na kwayoyin ruwa. Yawancin irin waɗannan gungu an annabta ta hanyar ƙirar ƙira (a cikin siliki), wasu kuma an gano su ta gwaji a wurare daban-daban kamar ƙanƙara, ruwan ruwa mai yawa, a cikin lokacin iskar gas, a cikin gaurayawan gauraye da sauran abubuwan da ba na polar ba, kuma a matsayin ruwa na hydration a cikin lattices crystal. Misali mafi sauƙi shine dimer na ruwa (H2O)2.

An gabatar da gungu na ruwa a matsayin bayani ga wasu abubuwan banƙyama na ruwan ruwa, kamar bambancinsa da ba a saba gani ba na yawan zafin jiki. Har ila yau, gungu na ruwa yana da hannu wajen daidaita wasu sifofi na suprùamolecular. Ana kuma sa ran za su taka rawa wajen samar da ruwa na kwayoyin halitta da ions da ke narkar da su cikin ruwa.

## kaidar hasashe
Cikakkun na'urorin ruwa suna hasashen faruwar gungun ruwa, a matsayin daidaitawar kwayoyin ruwa waɗanda jimillar makamashin su ya kasance mafi ƙarancin gida.

Abin sha'awa na musamman shine gungu na cyclic (H2O) n; waɗannan an annabta su wanzu don n = 3 zuwa 60.[9][10][11] A ƙananan zafin jiki, kusan kashi 50% na ƙwayoyin ruwa suna cikin tari.[12] Tare da haɓaka girman gungu ana samun iskar oxygen zuwa nisan iskar oxygen don raguwa wanda ake dangantawa da abin da ake kira haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwa da yawa na jiki: saboda canji a cikin rarraba cajin kwayoyin H-acceptor ya zama mafi kyawun kwayoyin H-donor tare da kowane fadada taron ruwa. Siffofin isomeric da yawa suna da alama suna wanzuwa ga hexamer (H2O)6: daga zobe, littafi, jaka, keji, zuwa siffar priism tare da kusan kuzari iri ɗaya. Akwai isomers guda biyu masu kama da heptamers (H2O) 7, kuma ana samun octamers (H2O)8 ko dai a cikin keken keke ko a cikin siffar cube.

## Manazarta
Tsarin cascade na Tanki

**Rubutu mai gwaɓi**
**Rubutu mai gwaɓi**Tsarin cascade na tanki (Sinhala: ellangāwa, romanized: ellaṅgāva) wani tsohon tsarin ban ruwa ne wanda ya mamaye tsibirin Sri Lanka. Yana da hanyar sadarwa na dubban ƙananan tankunan ban ruwa (Sinhala: வெவை, romanized: wewa) yana magudana zuwa manyan tafkunan da ke adana ruwan sama da magudanar ruwa don amfani daga baya. Suna ba da damar noma a cikin bushe-bushe, inda lokacin fari da ambaliya in ba haka ba yana da wahala a tallafawa filayen paddy da dabbobi.

Ya samo asali a cikin karni na 1st KZ,   an tsara tsarin a matsayin Tsarin Gadon Noma Mai Muhimmanci a Duniya ta Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin shekara  ta 2017. An aiwatar da tsarin gudanar da tsarin mulki na tsakiya daga ƙarni na 3 zuwa na 13.[2] An ci gaba da kula da kananan te-tsare da kyau har zuwa lokacin da aka soke aikin tilas, bayan da Birtaniyya ta karfafa ikon mallakar tsibirin.

## Ethnology
Wurin kamawa a cikin tsarin ana kiransa wewa (வேவை) a cikin Sinhala, kuma ana fassara wannan kalmar zuwa Turanci a matsayin "tanki".

Ana haɗa waɗannan tankuna a cikin jeri, ana kiransu da cascade, ta yadda za a iya amfani da magudanar ruwa, ko adana don amfanin gaba, ko isar da su zuwa wani wuri. Kalmar asali a cikin Sinhala na kascade shine ellaṅgāva, wanda kalma ce mai hade da hada ellaṁ ("hange") da gāva ("kusa da juna").[8]

## Manazarta
Zolu Duma

**Zolu Duma**, wanda aka fi sani da Sarki Peter, ya kasance mai mulkin Bassa-Dei na ƙasar da ke Tsibirin Bushrod . Tsibirin Bushrod yana cikin Gundumar Montserrado (tsohon Cape Mesurado), Laberiya . A yau, garin Sarki Bitrus inda aka ajiye fadarsa yana cikin yankin Logan Town a tsibirin Bushrod . Zolu Duma ta tashi ne daga Wuling, na mutanen Bassa, waɗanda suka sami mahimmanci a matsayin 'yan kasuwa da ke kasuwanci tare da Turawa, gami da bayi. Ya mallaki yankunan Gola da Vai a farkon karni na 19. 

A cikin 1822 Zolu Duma ta sadu da wakilan American Colonization Society, gami da jami'in sojan ruwa na Amurka Robert F. Stockton, wanda ke son siyan ƙasa don daidaita 'yan Afirka na Amurka daga Amurka. Bayanan taron sun bayyana cewa Zolu Duma da farko ya amince da sayarwa, amma ya yi ƙoƙari ya koma baya da zarar ya san cewa sulhu zai jefa cinikin bayi cikin haɗari. Stockton ya tilasta wa Zolu Duma ya ba da ƙasar a kan bindiga:Ya zana wani bindiga kuma ya daidaita a kan Sarki Bitrus, kuma ya umarce shi ya zauna shiru har sai ya ji abin da za a fada, [Stockton] ya ci gaba da cewa, a cikin hanya mafi girma... ya yanke shawarar cewa Sarki Bitrus da kansa ya zama wanda aka fara azabtarwa, kuma sai dai idan ya amince da aiwatar da yarjejeniyar a rana mai zuwa an shirya makomarsa.Zolu Duma ya mutu a shekara ta 1827.  Ɗansa, Jalla Fingue, wanda aka fi sani da Yarima Peter ne ya gaje shi a matsayin mai mulki.

Zolu Duma died in 1827. 

## A cikin wallafe-wallafen
Zolu Duma ya bayyana a matsayin hali a cikin Kwame Kwei-Armah's "King Peter" da Dipika Guha's "Elizabeth," gajerun wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu da aka fara a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na McCarter a New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey, a watan Nuwamba na 2017 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Princeton & Slavery Project Symposium . Mai wasan kwaikwayo Esau Pritchett ne ya nuna shi.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
The Persistence of Slavery

***Daurewar Bauta: Tarihin Tattalin Arziki na Fataucin Yara a Najeriya,*** littafi ne marar almara na Robin Phylisia Chapdelaine, wanda Jami'ar Massachusetts Press ta buga a 2021 a matsayin wani bangare na jerin *Yaran* su. Littafin ya yi bayani ne kan tarihin fataucin yara da bautar da yara a karni na 20 a Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya, musamman a tsakanin ‘ya’yan kabilar Igbo, kuma Chapdelaine ta ba da hujjar cewa aikin yi wa kananan yara aiki ne da ya taimaka wajen yakin mata na 1929. Ta kuma yi bayani kan yadda ake yi wa yara sana’a, wani nau’i na bautar da aka saba yi a cikin gida, inda ake rike da yaro a wani nau’i na bautar da ba a so ba har sai sun biya ribar lamuni da aka bai wa babban da ya ba su. 

## Bayanan gaba ɗaya

* 
* 
* 
*
Yarjejeniyar Kaddamar da Cinikin Bautar Afirka

Yarjejeniyar don Cire Cinikin Bautar Afirka ita ce yarjejeniya ta farko ta ƙasashe da yawa don Cire Cinikin bayi, wanda wakilan Daular Austriya, Masarautar Faransa, Ƙasar Ingila ta Burtaniya da Ireland, Masarautar Prussia da Daular Rasha suka sanya hannu a London a ranar 20 ga Disamba 1841. Austria, Burtaniya, Prussia da Rasha daga baya sun tabbatar da yarjejeniyar, amma Louis Philippe I, sarkin Faransa, ya ki yin hakan. Wadanda suka sanya hannu sun yi alkawarin murkushe Cinikin bayi na Afirka, a cikin Mataki na 2 kowannensu ya ba da izini ga rundunar sojan ruwa na sauran masu sanya hannu don bincika jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci da ke tafiya a ƙarƙashin tutarsu a cikin Tekun Atlantika da Tekun Indiya idan akwai dalilai masu ma'ana don zargin su da shiga cikin cinikayya: Don cika manufar Yarjejeniyar ta yanzu, Babban Jam'iyyun Yarjejeniya sun yarda da yardar kowa, cewa waɗanda ke cikin jiragensu na yaƙi waɗanda za a ba su takardun shaida da Dokoki na musamman, waɗanda aka shirya bisa ga siffofin Ƙaddamarwa A na Yarjejeniyar da ke yanzu, na iya bincika kowane jirgin kasuwanci na kowane ɗayan Babban Jam'iyyar Yarjejeniya wanda za a, a yi zargin cewa suna cikin Cinikin bayi, ko kuma an tsara su don wannan dalili . 
Wannan ya ba da damar aiwatar da juna na hukunce-hukuncen da ba a tilasta ba game da cinikin bayi a cikin "Sanarwar Kotuna Takwas dangane da kawar da cinikin bawa na duniya" (8 ga Fabrairu 1815) wanda ya zama Ƙaddamarwa XV na aikin karshe na Majalisa na Vienna.

Lewis Cass, jakadan Amurka a Faransa, ya nuna rashin amincewa ga Ministan Harkokin Waje na Faransa, François Guizot, cewa yarjejeniyar za ta rage ikon mallakar ƙasa ta hanyar kafa haƙƙin bincike na duniya. Maimakon ba da irin wannan haƙƙin, Amurka a cikin Yarjejeniyar Webster-Ashburton ta 1842 ta amince da bincike na hadin gwiwa ta ƙungiyar Burtaniya da Amurka.

Masarautar Belgium ta shiga yarjejeniyar a 1848. 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Alphonse de Malzac

**Louis Isaac Alphonse na Malzac** (22 Yuni 1822 - Afrilu 1860) ya kasance jami'in diflomasiyyar Faransa wanda ya zama ɗan kasuwa da mafarauci. Yana da alaƙa da ayyukansa a Gondokoro, Sudan ta Kudu ta yanzu, inda ya mutu.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife shi a Sauve, Gard, Faransa a ranar 22 ga Yuni 1822,  de Malzac ya tafi aikin diflomasiyya zuwa Masar a 1850 amma ya zama ɗan kasuwa na bawa a can.  Daya daga cikin mutanen Faransa na farko, ya shiga Bahr el Ghazal, ya kafa Rumbek a 1858  kuma ya ayyana kansa "Sarkin White Nile ".  

Tare da sojojinsa, ya tsoratar da shi kuma ya hau Kogin Nilu. Alexandre Vayssière, wanda ya bi shi a farkon Kasuwancin hauren giwa, da kuma mataimakin wakilin Austriya a Khartoum, Joseph Natterer, sun musanta hanyoyinsa kuma sun rabu da shi.

Ya mutu a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1860 a Gondokoro yayin da yake shirya balaguro zuwa maɓuɓɓugar Nilu tare da Alfred Peney.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Ruwa mai Nauyi

Ruwa mai nauyi (deuterium oxide, 2
H
2O, D
2O) wani nau'i ne na ruwa wanda atom ɗin hydrogen duka deuterium ne (2
H ko D, wanda kuma aka sani da hydrogen mai nauyi) maimakon isotope na hydrogen-1 na kowa (1
H, wanda kuma ake kira protium) wanda ke samar da mafi yawan hydrogen a cikin ruwan al'ada. Kasancewar isotope mafi nauyi yana ba ruwan nau'ikan nau'ikan makaman nukiliya daban-daban, kuma haɓakar taro yana ba shi ɗan bambanci na zahiri da sinadarai idan aka kwatanta da ruwan al'ada.

Deuterium isotope ne mai nauyi na hydrogen. Ruwa mai nauyi yana ƙunshe da atom na deuterium kuma ana amfani dashi a cikin injinan nukiliya. Ruwa mai nauyi (HDO) ya fi kowa yawa fiye da ruwa mai nauyi mai tsafta, yayin da ruwan iskar oxygen ya fi yawa amma ba shi da kaddarorin musamman. Ruwan da ba a taɓa gani ba yana aikin rediyo saboda abun ciki na tritium.

Ruwa mai nauyi yana da kaddarorin jiki daban-daban daga ruwa na yau da kullun, kamar kasancewar 10.6% mai yawa da samun mafi girma na narkewa. Ruwa mai nauyi ba shi da rarrabuwar kawuna a yanayin zafin da aka ba shi, kuma ba shi da ɗan ruwan shuɗi na ruwan yau da kullun. Yana iya ɗanɗano ɗanɗano ɗanɗano fiye da ruwa na yau da kullun, ko da yake ba ga wani muhimmin mataki ba. Ruwa mai nauyi yana shafar tsarin halittu ta hanyar canza enzymes, haɗin hydrogen, da rarraba tantanin halitta a cikin eukaryotes. Yana iya zama mai kisa ga kwayoyin halitta da yawa a cikin ƙima sama da 50%. Koyaya, wasu prokaryotes kamar ƙwayoyin cuta na iya rayuwa a cikin yanayi mai nauyi na hydrogen. Ruwa mai nauyi na iya zama mai guba ga mutane, amma ana buƙatar adadi mai yawa don faruwar guba.

## Manazarta
Fitar da Madeira

Kashe Madeira ya faru ne a shekara ta 1617 lokacin da 'yan fashi na Algeria da aka sani da Barbary Corsairs suka kori tsibirin kuma suka dauki mazauna 1,200 a matsayin bayi. Harin ya faru ne a lokacin da bautar ta kai a bakin tekun Barbary. Madeira a wannan lokacin wani bangare ne na Tarayyar Iberiya karkashin jagorancin Masarautar Spain.

Aljeriyawa sun kafa tushe a tsibirin Cape Verde daga inda suke aiki a kan jiragen ruwa a cikin Tekun Atlantika.  

A shekara ta 1617 'yan Aljeriya sun isa Madeira tare da jiragen ruwa 8 da mutane 800. Sun kwace tsibirin kuma sun bautar da mazauna 1,200. A lokacin satar, 'yan Aljeriya sun ƙone tarihin tsibirin kuma sun kori abubuwa da yawa, gami da kararrawar coci. An kuma ce sun kwashe tsibirin Porto Santo a cikin Tsibirin Madeira inda suka bautar da mazauna 663. A cikin 1649 masanin tarihin Faransa Pierre Dan ya bayyana mamayar Madeira ta 1617:"Sakin barin Algiers a ranar goma sha biyar ga Yuli, tare da ƙungiyar jiragen ruwa guda takwas masu dauke da makamai, sun sauka a tsibirin Madeira, wanda ya dogara da kambin Spain. "Lokacin da suka kusanci, tare da Turks ɗari takwas da suka sauka a ƙasa, sun lalata tsibirin duka, sun sace kayan ado da kayan ado na Ikklisiya; sun kwashe kararrawa, kuma sun sanya bayi ɗari goma sha biyu, sun sanar da su, suna ganin alamar su, suna fitar da wannan jirgi, suna da su, sun dawowarsu, suna da ita, suna da wannan alamar, suna da shi, suna da makamai.Shekaru goma bayan haka 'yan fashi na Algeria sun dauki mutane 400 a matsayin bayi a wani hari a kan Iceland kuma akalla 100 daga Baltimore a Ireland a cikin 1631.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Francisco Félix de Souza

**Francisco Félix de Souza** (5 ga Oktoba 1754 - 8 ga Mayu 1849) ɗan kasuwar bayi ne na ƙasar Brazil wanda ke da tasiri sosai a siyasar yankin kafin mulkin mallaka na Afirka ta Yamma (yanzu Benin, Togo da Najeriya). Ya kafa al'ummomin Afro-Brazilian a yankunan da yanzu suna cikin waɗannan ƙasashe kuma ya ci gaba da zama "*Chacha*" na Ouidah (cibiyar cinikin bayi ta yankin), taken da ba ta ba da iko ba amma ta ba da girmamawa a cikin Masarautar Dahomey, inda, bayan Sarki Adandozan na Dahomey ya ɗaure shi, ya taimaka wa Ghezo ya hau gadon sarauta a juyin mulki. Ya zama *Chacha* ga sabon sarki, kalma mai ban sha'awa wanda aka bayyana cewa ya samo asali ne daga maganarsa " (...) já, já".

Shekaru na farko a Afirka an rubuta su sosai a cikin wani dogon labarin (a Portuguese) na Alberto Costa e Silva, "The Early Years of Francisco Féliz de Souza on the Slave Coast".

De Souza babban ɗan kasuwa ne na bayi kuma ɗan kasuwa wanda ke kasuwanci da Man dabino, zinariya da bayi. Ya yi ƙaura daga Brazil zuwa abin da ke yanzu jamhuriyar Afirka ta Benin .  An kira shi "mafi girman mai sayar da bayi". 

Yin cinikin bayi daga yankin Dahomey a lokacin, de Souza an san shi da almubazzaranci kuma ana kyautata zaton ya haifi yara akalla 80 tare da mata a cikin haraminsa .  Ya ci gaba da sayar da bayi bayan da aka soke cinikin a mafi yawan hukunce-hukuncen.  Ga dukkan alamu mutanen garin Dahomey sun amince da shi har aka ba shi matsayin sarki .  Ko da yake Katolika ne, ya yi addinin Vodun, kuma yana da wurin ibada na iyali.  An binne shi a Dahomey. 

## Iyali da gado
De Souza an dauke shi a matsayin "mahaifin" birnin Ouidah . Birnin yana da mutum-mutumi na shi, wani fili mai suna bayan shi, da kuma gidan kayan gargajiya da aka keɓe ga Iyalin de Souza.

A cewar Edna Bay, de Souza ya kasance "mai tasiri sosai a matsayin matsakaici tsakanin al'adun Turai da Afirka". A yau an san shi a matsayin wanda ya kafa al'ummomin Afirka da Brazil a Ghana, Togo, Benin da Najeriya. Iyalin de Souza sun kasance masu amfani sosai wajen yaki da 'yancin Togo, Ghana, Najeriya da Benin. Mutane kamar Paul-Emile de Souza, shugaban Benin, da Chantal na Souza Boni Yayi, tsohuwar uwargidan shugaban Benin, sun nuna ajin.

A cewar dangin de Souza, shi ne na takwas - zuriyar Tomé de Sousa (1503-1579), wani dan kasar Portugal wanda shine gwamnan farko na Mulkin mallaka na Portugal na Brazil daga 1549 zuwa 1553.  Idan gaskiya ne, zai sa de Souzas na zamani su zama mambobi ne na manyan mutanen Portugal ban da kasancewa dangin shugabanci Afirka.

An ce mai gabatarwa na littafin Bruce Chatwin The Viceroy of Ouidah ya dogara ne akan rayuwarsa.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Slave Lodge, Cape Town

**The Slave Lodge** yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin gine-gine a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu, tare da tarihin da ya wuce ƙarni uku. Ginin ya yi aiki da dalilai daban-daban a tsawon shekaru, yana canzawa daga matsayinsa na asali a matsayin gidan bawa zuwa ofisoshin gwamnati, Tsohon Kotun Koli, kuma a ƙarshe ya zama Gidan Tarihin Al'adu na Afirka ta Kudu. A yau, yana daga cikin Gidajen tarihi na Iziko na Afirka ta Kudu.

## Tarihi

### Gidan Bauta (1679 - 1811)
Kamfanin Dutch East India Company (VOC) ne ya gina gidan bautar da aka kawo zuwa Cape Colony don yin aiki ga kamfanin. Tsarin da farko ya saukar da bayi 500, waɗanda ke zaune a cikin yanayin da ya cika. An tsara gidan a matsayin gini mai aminci da rufewa. 

Mutanen da ke cikin gidan sun fito ne daga yankuna da suka hada da Gabashin Afirka, Madagascar, Indiya, da Kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Sun yi aiki a aikin gona, gine-gine, da kuma aikin gida. 

A cikin shekara ta 1795, Birtaniya ta kama Cape Colony a karo na farko, ta mayar da shi a takaice ga Dutch a cikin 1803 a ƙarƙashin Jamhuriyar Batavia. An sake dawo da ikon Burtaniya a cikin 1806 bayan Yaƙin Blaauwberg . A cikin 1811, a ƙarƙashin Gwamnatin Burtaniya, ginin ya daina aiki a matsayin gidan bawa.

### Ginin Ofisoshin Gwamnati (1811 - 1911)
Bayan an yi amfani da shi a matsayin gidan bawa, an sake amfani da ginin don zama ofisoshin gwamnati daban-daban. An yi gyare-gyare ga tsarin don karɓar ayyukan gudanarwa. 

A wannan lokacin, ya zama wurin zama na mulkin mallaka. A shekara ta 1854, an kafa Majalisar dokokin Cape ta farko, wanda ke nuna muhimmiyar ci gaba ta siyasa a cikin mulkin mallaka. 

### Tsohon Kotun Koli (1911 - 1960s)
A cikin 1911, an sake gina ginin a matsayin Tsohon Kotun Koli. An yi gyare-gyare na gine-gine don ƙirƙirar kotuna da ɗakunan shari'a. Wannan rawar ta ci gaba ta hanyar manyan ci gaban shari'a da siyasa, gami da hauhawar dokokin wariyar launin fata a farkon karni na 20.  

Kotun ta yi aiki a wannan wuri har zuwa lokacin da aka gina sabbin wuraren shari'a a cikin shekarun 1960.  

### Gidan Tarihin Al'adu na Afirka ta Kudu (1960s - 1998)
A shekara ta 1966, an sake gina ginin kuma an sanya shi a matsayin Gidan Tarihin Al'adu na Afirka ta Kudu. Gidan kayan gargajiya ya buɗe wa jama'a a shekarar 1967. Yana da kayan tarihi na al'adu da nune-nunen tarihi da suka shafi tarihin yankin, gami da nune'u-nunen kan bautar da manyan jigogi a tarihin al'adu. 

### Gidan kayan gargajiya na Slave Lodge (1998 - Yanzu)
A shekara ta 1998, an sake sunan gidan kayan gargajiya na Slave Lodge kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na Gidajen tarihi na Iziko na Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ke kula da manyan wuraren tarihi da yawa a Yammacin Cape.

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

* 
* Site by Old Slave Lodge, Adderley Street, Cape Town, aSAHRA
Ƙofar Fita da Babu Komawa

**Ƙofar Fita da Babu Komawa** alama ce ta Renaissance na Afirka kuma wani shiri ne na Afirka wanda ke neman ƙaddamar da sabon zamanin hadin kai tsakanin Afirka da diaspora a cikin karni na 21. Sunan yana nuni ne ga "Door of No Return", wani abin tunawa da Cinikin bayi na Atlantic.

A ranar 24 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2017, Najeriya ta gina abin tunawa na farko na Ƙofar Komawa a matsayin wani ɓangare na Bikin Diaspora a Badagry .  An bayyana abin tunawa na alama a karkashin jagorancin Hon. Abike Dabiri, Babban Mataimakin Musamman ga Shugaban kasa a kan Diaspora da Harkokin Waje.

Kwarewar Komawa ta Badagry wani taron al'adu ne wanda ke tunawa da dawowar 'yan Afirka da suka fito daga kasashen waje wadanda suka fito daga kakannin Afirka wadanda aka kwashe su a matsayin bayi zuwa Amurka a cikin shekaru 400 a lokacin bautar mutanen Afirka. An gudanar da bugu na huɗu na bikin tunawa a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2023.

Ana sa ran shirin Door of Return zai ci gaba da ci gaban tattalin arzikin Afirka a fannonin yawon bude ido, ababen more rayuwa da makamashi mai sabuntawa. An kafa wuraren tunawa da ƙofar dawowa don inganta tafiye-tafiye tsakanin nahiyoyi kuma suna aiki a matsayin alama ce ta bude Afirka ga Diaspora.

## Manazarta
Bauta mai ƙarfi

Ginin bawa ko **Gidan bawa** wani kariya ne da aka tsara don samar da wani yanki mai kariya inda za a ajiye wadanda aka kashe har sai jiragen ruwa sun shirya su shiga su kuma su tilasta su ƙaura a lokacin cinikin bayi na Atlantika. Ginin bayi masana'anta ce ta soja (ma'aikatar kasuwanci) wacce ta samo asali a wuraren da cinikin bayi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa ta tattalin arziki a bakin tekun Afirka. Jiha ce ta gina wadannan sansanoni ko Kamfanoni masu hayar daga kasashe tara na Turai.

## Asalin Portuguese
A cikin 1441 Henry the Navigator ya fara binciken Portuguese na bakin tekun Afirka. Tare da sabon jirgin da aka tsara, Caravel, masu binciken Portuguese sun sami damar tafiya zuwa kudu. Binciken su ya kasance tare da satar mutane musamman na Berbers waɗanda aka bautar da su kuma aka sayar da su a sababbin kasuwannin bayi a Lisbon. Nuno Tristão da Gonçalo na Sintra sun binciki har zuwa kudu har zuwa Bay of Argin, inda Portuguese suka kafa wani wurin kasuwanci a tsibirin Arguin. Henry ya ba da umarnin gina ma'aikata na farko a can a cikin 1448, kodayake akwai kuma rubuce-rubuce cewa Sarki Afonso V ya ba da umurni a gina sansani a cikin 1462.

An gina Elmina Castle a cikin 1482 a zamanin Elmina, Ghana (tsohon Gold Coast). Ita ce ta farko daga cikin garuruwan bayi da yawa da Turawa suka gina a bakin tekun Afirka ta Yamma.[1] João II ya yanke shawarar gina sansanin jim kadan bayan ya zo kursiyin Portugal. Ya nada Diogo de Azambuja don cika aikin, kuma ya ba shi wani sansanin da aka riga aka gina a cikin kayan aiki, tare da mutane 600. Wannan ya ba da damar gina sansanin a matsayin gini na farko na Turai da aka riga aka gina a Afirka ta kudu da Sahara. Wannan ya kasance da amfani kamar yadda 'yan asalin ƙasar ba sa son Portuguese su gina sansanin duk da nasarar farko ta Azambuja a wasu tattaunawar.[2]:93

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Lomboko

**Lomboko** masana'antar bayi ce a cikin abin da ke yau Saliyo, wanda sanannen ɗan kasuwa na bayi na Mutanen Espanya Pedro Blanco ke sarrafawa.  

Ya kunshi manyan ɗakunan ajiya da yawa ko Barikin bayi da aka kawo daga ciki, da kuma gine-ginen fadar da yawa don Blanco ya ba da gida ga matansa, ƙwaraƙwarai, da ma'aikata.

An gina Lomboko a kan ƙananan tsibirai da yawa a bakin Kogin Gallinas, kusa da Sulima a bakin tekun Gallinas. 'Yan kasuwar bayi na Mutanen Espanya sun mallaki yankin, a cikin Mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya na Saliyo. A shekara ta 1839, kimanin mutane 2,000 da aka bautar a kowace shekara suna fitowa daga Kogin Gallinas, duk da cewa cinikin bayi ba bisa ka'ida ba ne. A cikin 1849, wani balaguro na Royal Navy na yaki da bautar Afirka ta Yamma ya kai hari Lomboko: Royal Marines sun 'yantar da bayi sannan suka lalata sansanin.

Ginin yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a fim din Steven Spielberg Amistad . Fim din ya nuna babban hali, Joseph Cinqué, da sauran bayi, an kama su kuma an kawo su Lomboko, da kuma mummunar hali daga baya. An nuna 'yancin bawa da lalata sansanin a ƙarshen fim din.

## Dubi kuma

* Cinikin bayi na Atlantic

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Ƙarin karantawa

*
Vusumzi Make

**Vusumzi L. Make** (1931 &#x2013; 15 Afrilu 2006)  ɗan rajin kare hakkin jama'a na Afirka ta Kudu ne kuma lauya.  Shi da mawakiyar Amurka Maya Angelou sun haɗu a shekara ta 1961,   sun zauna tare a birnin Alkahira na ƙasar Masar kafin su rabu a shekarar 1962.   Farfesa ne a Jami'ar Laberiya a Monrovia, Laberiya, daga shekarun 1968 zuwa 1974.

## Lokaci a cikin Pan Africanist Congress
Lokacin da Potlako Leballo, Shugaban Jam'iyyar Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), aka tilasta wa barin muƙamin, Make ya shiga Majalisar Shugaban ƙasa wanda ya kunshi David Sibeko, Ellias Ntloedibe, da kansa. Bayan watanni da yawa, Make ya zama shugaba tilo. Ya yi murabus daga shugabancin a cikin watan Janairu 1981 don ba da damar John Nyathi Pokela, wanda aka ɗaure a kurkuku kwanan nan a tsibirin Robben. A ƙarƙashin Pokela, Make ya zama mataimakin shugaban PAC.

## Mutuwa
Make ya mutu a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu 2006 a asibitin HF Verwoerd a Pretoria yana da shekaru 75.  Ya rasu ya bar matar sa Alma Liziwe Make da diyarsa Titise.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Sanarwa a madadin Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Afirka ta Kudu, wani yanki na yaki da wariyar launin fata wanda Make da Oliver Tambo suka rubuta 

## Manazarta