open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kwalejin Horar da Jirgin Sama na Emirates

**Emirates Flight Training Academy** ( **EFTA** ;    ), makarantar horar da matukan jirgi ce da ke cikin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. An kafa ta a shekarar 2017, wani reshe ne na kamfanin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na ƙasa da ƙasa, The Emirates Group, da sashin jirgin sama, Emirates. 

## Tarihi
An bude makarantar a hukumance a shekara ta 2017 a lokacin Dubai Airshow kuma an fara amfani da tarin jiragen sama na horo shida. Shirye-shiryen sun haɗa da jimillar jirage 27: 22 Cirrus SR22s da ƙwara biyar na Embraer Phenom 100s. 

Tare da nasa filin jirgin sama mai zaman kansa da harabar makarantar, makarantar tana a gefen filin jirgin saman Dubai World Central Airport, kuma za ta yi aiki a matsayin cibiyar horarwa don Shirin Pilot na ƙasa da kuma ɗalibai na duniya.
A cikin 2017, makarantar ta rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya tare da kamfanin ƙera jiragen sama na Amurka Boeing don haɗin gwiwa kan tsarin horo don sarrafa koyo da horar da ayyukan jirgin sama. 

## Duba kuma

* Emirates Aviation University

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*
Lude Ahiara

**Lude Ahiara** al'umma ce a cikin Ahiara Mbaise, Nigeria mai 'yan'uwa bakwai: Lude Ama, Umuoriaku, Umunwaja, Umuokoro, Umuezeala, Umuokpo, Umulogho. Lude Ahiara na ɗaya daga cikin al'ummar Ahiara-Ofor Iri da ke cikin ƙaramar hukumar Ahiazu a Mbaise, jihar Imo. An kewaye ta da wasu al'ummomi da suka haɗa da: Oru, Amakpaka Nnarambia, Obodo Ahiara da Obohia Ekwerazu.

Kasuwar ƙauyen ana kiranta Nkwo Lude, kuma ranarta ita ce duk ranar Kasuwar Nkwo biyu (kwana takwas). Kusancin Nkwo Lude zuwa Afor Oru (tare da babbar kasuwar katako), Eke Ahiara Junction (a cikin Nnarambia/Ahiara Centre) da hanyarta da sauran al'ummomi ya sanya yankin cikin matsayi mai girma na ci gaban tattalin arziki musamman tare da tasowar birane. Yankin Nrambia tare da kasancewar filin ajiye motoci, cocin Katolika na Mbaise da kuma Imo Polyethnic da hedkwatar ƙaramar hukumar da ke Afor Oru.

## Tarihi
Eze Lude shine Late Eze Jude. S. Anyamele mai Ude 1 na Lude Ahiara da Eze Lude na farko bayan al'ummar sun sami ƴancin kai daga gwamnati. An zaɓi sabon sarkin gargajiya da za a naɗa.

Mutanen Lude asalinsu manoma ne kuma sanannu ne don ƙwazo, abin alfahari ga al'adunsu. Matsayin shekaru da cibiyoyin Aladimma da Ƙungiyar Garin suna da ƙarfi sosai kuma suna cikin tsarin tafiyar da al'umma. Mutanen yankin kuma sun rungumi ilimin yammaci na farko wanda ya zo tare da masu mishan na Katolika kuma yana da tasiri sosai, tare da yawancin ƴan asalin Lude kasancewar firistoci ne, furofesoshi, malamai da ma'aikatan gwamnati. Yawancin ƴaƴa maza da mata na Lude sun daɗe suna ƙaura zuwa wasu sassan duniya don neman wuraren kiwo da kuma kasuwancin da ke da yawan jama'a a Kamaru, Ghana, Gabon, Mozambique da Amurka.

## Sanannun Cibiyoyi
Cibiyoyin ilimi da ke Lude sun haɗa da shahararriyar Makarantar Sakandaren Ahiazu Ahiazu Mbaise (ASSAM), da Makarantar Firamare ta Community Lude. Hakanan tana alfahari da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Al'umma, Ikklesiya cocin Katolika, tare da abubuwan more rayuwa na zamani kamar samar da ruwan sha na jama'a, wutar lantarki da sabis na wayar hannu.

Lokacin bukukuwan da ke jawo hankalin ƴan asalin ƙasar Lude a ƙasashen waje, abokai da baƙi galibi suna lokacin Kirsimeti (a ranar kasuwar Nkwo Lude nan da nan bayan 25 ga Disamba) da Ji Mbaise na shekara-shekara (sabon bikin yam) a ranar 15 ga Agusta. A baya ana yin gasar kokawa inda ƴan uwa daban-daban ke karawa da juna kan neman matsayi

Eze Lude shine Late Eze Jude. S. Anyamele mai Ude 1 na Lude Ahiara da Eze Lude na farko bayan al'ummar sun sami ƴancin kai daga gwamnati. An zaɓi sabon sarkin gargajiya da za a naɗa.

## Manazarta
Umuezeala

**Umuezeala** ta zama al'umma mai cin gashin kanta da ta fito daga al'ummar Ogboko mai cin gashin ƙanta a ƙaramar hukumar Ideato ta Kudu ta jihar Imo, Najeriya.

Ƙauyukan Umuezeala sun haɗa da:

* Umuopara
* Umueze1 and 2
* Umuezeala Ama
* Umudim

Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun iyalai a Umuoparanyru shine dangin "Ogueri". 

## Manazarta
Mbieri

**Mbieri** (wanda aka fi sani da *Mbaeri* ) ya kasance gari ne, da ke kudu maso gabashin ƙasar Najeriya. Sunan garin ya samo asali daga cikin ƴan ƙabilar Igbo da suka mamaye wasu sassan tsohuwar lardin Owerri. Mbieri na cikin ƙaramar hukumar Mbaitoli ta jihar Imo kuma ita ce mafi girma daga cikin manyan garuruwa tara na Mbaitoli. Yankin da ke kewaye da Mbieri yana da wadataccen sinadarin hydrogens.

## Tsarin gari da kewaye
Garin Mbieri ya ƙunshi ƙauyuka kamar haka: Achi, Amankuta, Amaulu, Awo, Ebom, Eziome, Obazu, Obokwe, Ohohia, Ubakuru, Umuagwu, Umuahii, Umuneke, Umudagu, Umuduru, Umunjam, Umuobom, Umuomumu da Umuonyeali. A halin yanzu Mbieri ya kasu kashi biyu masu cin gashin kansu; Amaike-Mbieri, Awo-Mbieri, Ezi-Mbieri, Ihitte isi-Mbieri, Obazu Mbieri, Obi-Mbieri da Umueze-Mbieri. Yana da iyaka da al'ummomi masu zuwa; Iho, Akabo da Amatta (Ikeduru), Umuoba, Owalla, Orji, Amakohia, Akwakuma (Uratta, Owerri North), Owerri Nchi Ise (Owerri Municipal), Ubomiri, Ifakala, Orodo da Ogwa (Mbaitoli). Works-layout Owerri berada di Umudagu Mbieri

Kusan nisan kilomita guda 8 daga arewa da yankin Owerri.

## Manazarta

* Sunan wuri da haɗin kai an tabbatar da su ta amfani da GEOnet Servers Server, National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency .
Ubomiri

**Ubomiri** gari ne da ke cikin Mbaitoli na jihar Imo da ke kusa da Owerri babban birnin jihar Imo a kudu maso gabashin Najeriya.

Sabuwar Kasuwar Duniya ta Jihar Imo, wacce aka fi sani da Ahia Rochas, tana Ubomiri.

## Geography
Ubomiri tsohuwar masarauta ce da ta ƙunshi kauyuka tara da suka haɗa da: Egbeada, Amauburu, Umuabali, Obookpo, Umuocha, Ohuba, Ohum, Ahama da Umuojinaka.

A halin yanzu, Ubomiri ya ƙunshi al'ummomi masu cin gashin kansu guda uku:

* Al'ummar Amawuihe mai cin gashin kansa, wacce ta kunshi kauyukan Ahama Ohum Umuocha da Ohuba. Sarki mai mulki shine Eze Clifford R. Amadi mai Uhie 1 na Amawuihe.
* Ishi Ubomiri mai cin gashin kansa, wanda ya kunshi kauyukan Obokpo Umuabali Amauburu da Umuojinaka. Sarkin da ke mulki shi ne Eze George Eke Ishi 1 na Ishi Ubomiri.
* Egbeada Autonomous Community, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙauyen Egbeada. Sarki mai mulki shine Eze Edward The Ada 1 of Egbead.

Ubomiri na kewaye da garuruwa da suka haɗa da; Akwakuma, Ifakala, Irete, Ohii, ogbaku, Amakohia da Mbieri da Nwaorieubi, hedkwatar karamar hukumar Mbaitoli.

## Manazarta
Umuchima

**Umuchima** ƙauye ne da ke kusa da birnin Owerri, a cikin ƙaramar hukumar Owerri ta yamma a jihar Imo, Najeriya. Tare da Ihiagwa, Eziobodo da Obinze, tana iyaka da Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya, Owerri.

## Manazarta
Umuagwo

**Umuagwo** gari ne da ke cikin ƙaramar hukumar Ohaji/Egbema (LGA) a jihar Imo a Najeriya. Yawancin al'ummar garin Kiristanci ne kuma masu jin harshen Igbo. Garin na kan kogin Otamiri daga Ihiagwa da nisan kilomita  daga Owerri akan titin birnin Fatakwal. Eze Tony Oguzie, Shugaban Majalisar Sarakunan Gargajiya a shiyyar Orlu (Imo West), shi ne sarkin Umuagwo.

## Kiwon Lafiya
Garin Umuagwo ana aiki daga Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Ohaji.Garin yana da kasuwa mai cike da jama'a wacce ba makewayi ko kayan tsafta don haka suna cikin haɗarin gurɓata kayan abinci da ake siyarwa. A cikin binciken 2006 game da yawaitar Urinary schistosomiasis, cuta mai saurin kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar tsutsa Schistosoma haematobium, Umuagwo shine gari ɗaya tilo a ƙaramar hukumar da ba ta da kamuwa da cuta.

## Ilimi
An kafa Kwalejin Aikin Noma ta Michael Okpara a kusa da garin a shekarar 1978, kuma an inganta ta zuwa Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Iwo, Umuagwo a shekarar 2007. Ana ba da izini a matakin Jiha. Chinwe Obaji ya kasance malami a wannan cibiyar kafin a naɗa shi shugaban ma’aikatar ilimi ta tarayyar Najeriya.

## Manazarta
Yankunan Tarayyar Afirka

Ƙasashe mambobi na Tarayyar Afirka (AU) sun kasu kashi biyar **yankuna na Tarayyar Afirka**.  Kasashen waje na Afirka, wadanda suka hada da 'yan asalin Afirka da ke zaune a wajen nahiyar Afirka, kamar su Amurka, Australia, Asiya, da Turai, AU ta amince da shi a matsayin yanki na shida a hukumance. 

## Jerin (A cikin  haruffa)

### Arewa

### Kudu

### Gabas

### Yamma

### Tsakiya

### Al'ummar Afirka
A cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka,  a ƙarƙashin Dokar 3 (q) da aka gyara na Dokar (Manufofin), an bayyana abubuwan da ke biyo baya game da 'yan Afirka na Afirka: "Gayyata da ƙarfafa cikakken sa hannu na Ƙasashen Afirka a matsayin wani muhimmin sashi. na nahiyarmu, wajen gina kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka."  Bugu da ƙari, Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta ba da ma'anarta game da ra'ayinta game da mazaunan Afirka kamar haka: "Jama'ar Afirka ta ƙunshi al'ummomin Afirka da ke zaune a waje da nahiyar, ba tare da la'akari da 'yan kasa da 'yan kasa ba kuma masu son ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban nahiyar. nahiyar da kuma gina kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka." 

A cikin shekarar 2016, Tarayyar Afirka ta ki amincewa da zama memba a Haiti saboda shigar da memba, kamar yadda a cikin Mataki na 29.1 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Tarayyar Afirka, an iyakance shi ga kowace "Ƙasar Afirka."  

A cikin Littafin Jagoran Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka (2021), an baiwa mutanen da aka naɗa don wakiltar mazauna kasashen Afirka a Majalisar Tarayyar Afirka matsayin 'yan kallo.  Musamman ma, Littafin Jagoran Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka (2021) ya ce:A watan Janairun 2008, Majalisar Zartaswa ta ba da shawarar cewa, a mayar da al'ummar Afirka a matsayin yanki na shida a Afirka, kuma a karfafa shigarsu cikin sassan da ayyukan kungiyar ta AU (EX. CL/Dec.406(XII)). Majalisar ta amince da 'yan kasashen waje a matsayin wata muhimmiyar kungiya da ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewar nahiyar kuma ta gayyaci wakilanta a matsayin masu sa ido zuwa zaman majalisa (duba Majalisar/AU/Res.1(XVIII) na Janairu 2012). Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta kuma kafa cibiyoyin yanki, irin su cibiyar sadarwa ta yammacin Afirka ta Yamma, da cibiyoyin kasa da kasa, kamar Majalisar Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, don sauƙaƙa dangantakar mazaunan Afirka.  Bugu da ƙari, Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka tana aiki tare da AfricaRecruit, da Caribbean Community da Market Common, Commonwealth Business Council, International Organisation for Migration, da Bankin Duniya don sauƙaƙe dangantakar da ke tsakanin ƙasashen Afirka, na yanki da na duniya.  Bugu da ƙari kuma, ƙasashe ɗaya ɗaya (misali, Ghana, Habasha, Najeriya, Afirka ta Kudu ) a Afirka suma sun yi ƙoƙarin ƙasa don sauƙaƙe dangantakar ƙasashen waje na Afirka, a duniya. 

## Manazarta
Ajaland

**Ajaland** yanki ne da al'ummar Aja ke zaune a Benin da Togo, Afirka ta Yamma . A ƙarshen karni na 16 da farkon ƙarni na 17, wannan yanki ya kasance babban cibiyar cinikin bayi ta Atlantika. An raba shi da yawa tsakanin Masarautar Whydah da yankin mai mulkin Allada. Duk da haka, kamar yadda David Ross ya yi jayayya,  sarakunan waɗannan yankuna ba su mallaki yankin gaba ɗaya ba, amma sun raba yankunansu tare da wasu sarakuna da yawa waɗanda ke sarrafa yankuna masu iyaka.

## Manazarta
Barbary Coast

**Kogin Barbary** (kuma **Barbary**, **Berbery** ko **Berber Coast** ) shine sunan da aka bai wa yankunan bakin teku na Arewacin Afirka ko Maghreb, musamman yankunan iyakar Ottoman da suka hada da hukumomin Algiers da Tripoli, da kuma Beylik na Tunis da Sarkin Musulmi. Maroko daga karni na 16 zuwa na 19.    Kalmar ta samo asali daga exonym na Berbers.   

## Tarihi

Barbary ba koyaushe ya kasance haɗin kai na siyasa ba. Daga karni na 16 zuwa gaba, an raba shi zuwa ga hukumomin siyasar Algiers, Tripolitania, Beylik na Tunis, da Masarautar Sharifan. Manyan sarakuna da kananan sarakuna a lokacin jam'iyyun Barbary sun hada da Dey of Algiers, Pasha na Tripoli, Bey na Tunis, da Sarkin Maroko.

A shekara ta 1625, 'yan fashin teku na Algiers (ya zuwa yanzu mafi girma) sun ƙididdige jiragen ruwa 100 masu girma dabam dabam da ke aiki 8,000 zuwa 10,000 maza. Masana'antar corsair ta ƙunshi kashi 25 cikin ɗari na ma'aikatan birni, ba tare da la'akari da sauran ayyukan da suka shafi tashar jiragen ruwa kai tsaye ba. Rundunar ta kai matsakaicin jiragen ruwa 25 a cikin shekarun 1680, amma waɗannan manyan jiragen ruwa ne fiye da yadda aka yi amfani da su tun shekarun 1620, don haka har yanzu rundunar tana ɗaukar mutane 7,000 aiki. Bugu da ƙari, maza 2,500 ne ke kula da rundunar 'yan fashin teku na Tripoli, 3,000 a Tunis, da kuma wasu dubu da yawa a cikin wasu ƙananan sansanonin 'yan fashi kamar Bona, Susa, Bizerta, da Salé. ’Yan sandan ba ’yan asalin garuruwansu ba ne kawai; yayin da da yawa Larabawa ne da Berbers, akwai kuma Turkawa, Girkawa, Albaniyawa, Siriyawa, da Italiyanci masu ridda (musamman Corsican) a cikin adadinsu. 

Sojojin ruwa na Amurka da na ruwa na Amurka sun aiwatar da aikin soja na farko a ketare a 1805 a yakin Derna, Tripoli, wani gari mai bakin teku a yanzu a gabashin Libya, a cikin watan Afrilu 1805. Ta kasance wani bangare na kokarin lalata dukkan 'yan fashin Barbary, don kwato bayin Amurka da aka yi garkuwa da su da kuma kawo karshen ayyukan satar fasaha tsakanin kabilun da ke fada da juna a bangaren jihohin Barbary, wadanda su kansu mambobi ne na Daular Ottoman. Layin buɗewa na *Waƙar Marines* yana nufin wannan aikin: "Daga zauren Montezuma zuwa gabar tekun Tripoli. 

## Manazarta
Chemama

**Chemama** shine sunan yankin da ke gefen Arewacin Bankin kogin Senegal, a cikin Mauritania: wani yanki mai albarka wanda ya kai kilomita goma sha shida zuwa talatin da biyu daga arewacin kogin kuma yana ɗauke da kasa mara nauyi. Ita ce yankin noma daya tilo a kasar.

Yankin Chemama yana da lokacin damina mai kamawa daga watan Mayu zuwa Satumba. Matsakaicin hazo na shekara-shekara daga 300 zuwa 600 a yankin&nbsp;mm (12 zuwa 24&nbsp;inci) a kowace shekara.

Yawan al'ummar wannan yanki wata ƙabila ce ta ƙabilun Maures daga ƙasar Mauritaniya da na Baƙaken fatan Afirka masu alaƙa da ƙasashen da ke kudanci. Garuruwan Rosso da Kaedi na daga cikin mafi girma matsuguni.

A lokacin mulkin mallaka, za a kai hare-hare na lokaci-lokaci daga Maures a garuruwan yankin. Yankin ya sake zama cibiyar rikicin kabilanci a karshen shekarun 1980, tare da tarwatsa bakar fata zuwa makwabciyar kasar Senegal a shekarar 1989.

## Manazarta
Kasaï Region

**Yankin Kasai** yanki ne da ke tsakiyar kudancin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. Ya raba sunansa tare da Kogin Kasai.

Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Kongo a shekara ta 1960, Kasai ya balle na wani lokaci a karkashin ikon Belgium kuma ya zama masarauta mai cin gashin kanta. Bayan kashe Patrice Lumumba a shekara mai zuwa, Kasai ya dawo Kongo. 

Har zuwa 2015 an raba yankin Kasai bisa tsarin mulki zuwa larduna biyu, Kasai-Occidental da Kasai-Oriental. Bayan shekara ta 2015, tsoffin Gundumomin da ke cikin waɗannan larduna a wasu lokuta an haɗa su da biranen da aka gudanar da kansu, kuma an ɗaukaka matsayinsu zuwa larduna biyar na yanzu:

* Lardin Kasaï
* Kasaï-Central
* Sankuru
* Kasaï-Oriental
* Lardin Lomami

## Tawayen 2017
A cikin bazarar 2017, bacin ran da aka dade na nesanta gwamnatin tsakiya da cin hanci da rashawa ya rikide zuwa tawaye, sakamakon kin amincewa da wani basaraken yankin, Kamwina Nsapu a hukumance, wanda jami’an tsaro suka kashe a watan Agusta. A fadan da ya biyo baya, kusan mutane miliyan 1.4 ne suka rasa matsugunansu, daga cikinsu akwai kimanin yara 850,000, lamarin da ya haifar da matsalar yunwa a yankin, sakamakon yadda manoman da suke rayuwa suka kasa yin noma. 

## Manazarta
Liptako

**Liptako** yanki ne mai tarihi na yammacin Afirka. A yau ya fado a gabashin Burkina Faso, kudu maso yammacin Nijar da kuma wani karamin yanki na kudu maso gabashin tsakiyar Mali. Wani yanki mai tuddai wanda ya fara daga hannun dama na kogin Neja, galibi ana danganta Liptako da Masarautar Liptako, daular Fulani ta Fulani a farkon karni na 19, wacce Brahima Saidu ta kafa.   Tare da Fula na makiyaya, babban tarihin  Liptako sune Gourmantche, tsiraru a kowace al'ummai uku, da kuma Mossi da Songhai. Sauran sunan gama gari na yankin, **Liptako-Gourma**, nuni ne ga mutanen Gourmantche.

Liptako ta zamani, wanda mafi yawansu ya fada cikin larduna 10 zuwa 19 na Burkina Faso, tare da Sashen Tera na Nijar da Sashen Say, da kuma ƙananun sassan kasar Mali, tuddai ne kuma a sassan da babu yawan jama'a. Kamar sauran wurare, al’ummar Fula, da aka fi sani da “Liptaako” ko kuma Liptako Fula, a tarihi sun sami goyon bayan kiwon shanu da ba su da yawa.  Ka ce, cibiyar kasuwancin kogin Neja da ke kusa, wacce ta mamaye yankin a karni na 19, ta dogara da wani bangare kan hanyoyin kasuwancin Fula ta Liptako. A ƙarshen karni na 20, an gano zinari da sauran ma'adanai a nan,  wanda ya kai ga ƙirƙirar 1970 na Hukumar Liptako-Gourma: yankin yanki ya mayar da hankali kan inganta ma'adinai, makamashi, na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa, da albarkatun gona. Yankin da hukumar ta rufe ya shafi yanki 370,000&nbsp;km², mafi girma fiye da Liptako mai tarihi, gami da larduna 19 na Burkina Faso, yankuna 4 na gudanarwa na Mali, da Yankuna biyu da al'ummar garuruwan Nijar. Manyan garuruwan Liptako sun hada da Diagourou, Téra a Nijar, da Dori, Koala da Aribinda a Burkina Faso. 

## Duba kuma

* Hukumar Liptako-Gourma
* Jerin sarakunan Liptako
* Tera Department, Niger
* Ma'adinin Zinariya na Dutsen Samira: babban ma'adinin Zinare na Nijar da ke kan iyakar Burkina Faso

## Manazarta
Lubaland

**Lubaland** na nufin ciyayi na savanah a kudancin kogin Kongo inda al'ummar Luba ke zaune; yanzu yankin kudu maso gabashin Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango. Kusan shekara ta 1500 AZ Lubas ta haɗu ta kafa daula wadda a ƙarshe Leopold II Sarkin Belgium ya karɓe ta a cikin shekarar 1885, wanda ya mai da ita wani yanki na Ƙasar 'Yancin Kwango. Lubaland ya tashi daga kogin Lwembe zuwa kimanin kilomita 50 gabas da kogin Kongo, tsakanin 6°30′ da 10°00′ S a arewa ta tsakiyar Shaba. Yankin savanah ne in banda  Upemba Depression. 

## Duba kuma

* Geography na Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo

## Manazarta
Bambouk

**Bambouk** (wani lokaci **Bambuk** ko **Bambuhu** ) sunan gargajiya ne na yankin gabashin Senegal da yammacin Mali, wanda ya ƙunshi tsaunin Bambouk a gefen gabas, kwarin kogin Faleme da ƙasa mai tudu a gabashin kwarin kogin. Gunduma ce da aka kwatanta a Sudan ta Faransa, amma a cikin shekarar 1895, ya koma iyakar Sudan da Senegal zuwa kogin Faleme, wanda ya sanya yankin yammacin gundumar a cikin Senegal. Har yanzu ana amfani da kalmar don zaɓe yankin, amma babu wani yanki na gudanarwa da wannan sunan.

Bambouk asalin gida ne ga mutanen Malinké,  kuma ana yin yare na musamman na yaren Maninkakan a wurin.

## Tarihi
A cewar Martin Meredith, 'yan Carthaginians sun yi amfani da 'yan kabilar Berber don kafa hanyar cinikin doki a fadin Sahara tsakanin Lixus da "wuraren zinariya na Bambuk a cikin kwarin kogin Senegal."  

Diakhanke ya kafa Diakha-ba kuma ya zama malaman addinin Musulunci ga sarakunan Malinke bayan da Masarautar Mali ta mamaye Bambuk a karni na 13. A cewar Levtzion, "Daga cibiyar su a Bambuk, Diakhanke ya bazu zuwa Bondu, Kedougou, da Futa Djallon kuma sun kafa sababbin al'ummomi irin su Niokhol da Dantilia - don tabbatar da ikon mallakar kasuwanci tare da Turawa." 

Masana ilimin ƙasa na Larabawa sun ambaci filayen zinare na Bambouk, Bouré, Lobi da Ashante a matsayin Wangara. Turawan Portugal sun isa Bambouk a shekara ta 1550, amma an kashe su, ko dai da juna ko kuma mazauna wurin. Faransawa sun gina Fort Saint Pierre akan Falémé a cikin shekarar 1714, da wuraren kasuwanci guda biyu a Bambouk a 1724. An watsar da wuraren kasuwanci a cikin shekarun 1732 da kagara a 1759. An kafa wani gidan Faransa a 1824, amma an watsar dashi a 1841. A yau, Bambouk yana kwance tare da Kéniéba Cercle.    

A cewar Levtzion akwai, "... manyan filayen zinare guda uku, baya ga wasu masu karamin karfi: *Bambuk*, tsakanin kogin Senegal da kogin Faleme; *Bure* a saman Niger; da filayen zinare ''na Akan'' da ke kusa da dajin jamhuriyar Ghana da yanzu. Ivory Coast." Ya kara da cewa watakila shi ne "tsibirin zinare ko Wangara ...inda aka tattara gwal na alluvial." "Hanyoyin almubazzaranci sun rage yawan amfanin gonakin gwal...a cikin karni na sha ɗaya ko na sha biyu, 'yan kasuwan Sudan sun yunƙura zuwa kudu tare da buɗe sabbin filayen zinare na Bure da ke hamadar Nijar ta sama, a yankin Siguiri." 

Yankin ya shahara a matsayin babbar cibiyar hakar gwal daga karni na 12 zuwa karni na 19, kuma har yanzu ana hakar zinare a gefen iyakar kasar ta Mali. Ya kasance gidan masarautar Khasso a ƙarni na 18 da 19 kafin ya zama wani yanki na Sudan ta Faransa.

## Manazarta
Mandera Triangle

**Triangle na Mandera** yanki ne  a Gabashin Afirka inda kasashen Habasha, Kenya da Somaliya ke haduwa.  Yankin da ke kan iyaka ya ta'allaka ne a kan birnin Mandera a gundumar Mandera kuma ya yi daidai da kogin Juba da Shabelle.  

Mazauna yankin galibi 'yan asalin Somaliya ne.  Makiyaya na tafiya a kai a kai a kan iyakoki daban-daban yayin da suke neman ruwa da kiwo don makiyayan su.  Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta yi la'akari da yadda ake fuskantar manyan tashe-tashen hankula sakamakon rigingimun cikin gida a Somalia, da shiga tsakanin sojojin Habasha da 'yan tawayen Somaliya, yakin kabilanci, hare-haren da ake kaiwa makiyaya tsakanin makiyaya da manoma, da hare-haren 'yan bindiga akai-akai. yankin "daya daga cikin yankunan da ke fama da rikici a duniya".  An ba da rahoton cewa jigilar makamai daga Yemen sun isa Somaliya, sannan su bi ta mashigin Mandera kafin a wuce da su sauran kasashen nahiyar Afirka. 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, Sashen Watsa Labarai na Jin kai. Babban Taswirar Rikicin Rikicin Alwatika Mandera (Janairu – Disamba 2006).
Maputaland

**Maputaland** yanki ne a Kudancin Afirka. Tana a arewacin lardin KwaZulu-Natal, Afirka ta Kudu tsakanin Eswatini da bakin teku.  A cikin ma'ana mai faɗi kuma tana iya haɗawa da yankin kudu maso kudancin Mozambique. Hanyoyin tsuntsaye da murjani rafukan bakin teku sune manyan wuraren yawon bude ido.

Yanzu ana sake farfado da sunan wannan yanki na gargajiya don yankin daji na Maputaland-Pondoland da kurmi, daya daga cikin yankunan Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany Hotspot. 

## Geography
Maputaland na da iyaka da tsaunin Ubombo a yamma da Tekun Indiya a gabas. Yankin ya kai kimanin kilomita 10,000 2, wanda ya tashi kimanin daga garin Hluhluwe da arewacin tafkin St. Lucia zuwa iyakar Mozambique da Afirka ta Kudu, ko kuma bayan zuwa Maputo a Mozambique. 

## Tongaland
Sashen Afirka ta Kudu na Maputaland kuma an san shi da sunan **Tongaland** bayan mutanen Tonga da ke zaune a can. Yankin da aka fi sani da shi yana ciyar da kogin Phongolo da Mkhuze. A ranar 11 ga watan Yuni 1895, Biritaniya ta mamaye Tongaland.

'Tongaland', sunan yankin gargajiya na Tsonga, yanzu ya ɓace gabaɗaya. Har yanzu ana samun shi lokaci-lokaci a cikin ayyukan kimiyya ko da yake,  da kuma a cikin sunan nau'ikan, kamar katantanwa na cannibal Tongaland *(Natalina wesseliana).*

## Manazarta
Mashonaland

**Mashonaland** yanki ne da ke arewacin Zimbabwe. Gida ce ga kusan rabin al'ummar Zimbabwe. Yawancin mutanen Mashonaland sun fito ne daga kabilar Shona yayin da yaren Zezuru da Korekore suka fi yawa. Harare shi ne birni mafi girma sai Chitungwiza.

A halin yanzu, Mashonaland ta kasu kashi huɗu,

* Mashonaland West
* Mashonaland Central
* Mashonaland Gabas
* Harare

Babban birnin Zimbabwe na Harare, lardin da kansa, ya ta'allaka ne gaba ɗaya a cikin Mashonaland.

## Tarihin lardi
Asalin daya ne daga cikin yankunan da aka raba kasar zuwa bayan mamayar da Pioneer Column ya yi a shekarar 1890 kuma ya ayyana iyakar yankin da ke karkashin jagorancin Kamfanin Burtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ya bambanta da sauran yankin da ke karkashin kulawar kai tsaye. Sarkin Matabele, Lobengula, wanda ake kira Matabeleland lokacin da aka mamaye shi a cikin shekarar 1893. Su biyun suna da gwamnatoci daban-daban na wani yanki na lokacin mulkin mallaka na Kamfanin BSA.

Tawaye ya barke a kan Kamfanin Burtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu a cikin shekarar 1896, karkashin jagorancin firistoci na addinin Mwari. Turawan Ingila sun yi galaba, sun kashe wasu shugabanni, sun yi kokarin gyara tsarin. 

A cikin shekarar 1923, yankin ya zama wani yanki na mulkin mallaka na Kudancin Rhodesia kuma Mashonaland ta zama ɗaya daga cikin larduna biyar. A cikin shekarar 1970, sake fasalin gudanarwa ya haifar da raba Mashonaland zuwa rabin arewa da kudu. Kwanan nan, a cikin shekarar 1983, an raba shi zuwa sassa uku na yanzu kuma an ba babban birnin Harare matsayin lardin shi ma. Tun bayan gyaran kundin tsarin mulkin da ya fara aiki a shekarar 1988, kowanne gwamna da shugaban kasa ya naɗa ne ke tafiyar da shi. 

## Siffofin yanki
Yankin ya ƙunshi wani fili mai faɗi da ke gangarowa a hankali zuwa arewa da arewa maso yamma. Ƙasa mafi ƙasƙanci tana kan iyakarta ta arewa, wadda kogin Zambezi ya kafa, tare da Zambia bayan. Wani ɗan ƙaramin yanki ya ratsa filin tudu a gefen kudu maso gabas kuma a nan ƙasar ta shiga cikin Kogin Ajiye amma sauran Mashonaland wani yanki ne na magudanar ruwa na Zambezi. A kudu, Kogin Munyati yana kan iyaka da lardin Midlands na yanzu da na baya. Kogin Nyangadzi ya kafa iyaka da Manicaland zuwa gabas.

Yawancin tsarin ƙasa yana mirgina ƙananan tuddai waɗanda kwarin kogi suka raba. Kusan rabin ƙasar ya haura  tsawo da tsakiyar ruwa a kudu da tsakiya yana a  . Duwatsu kaɗan ne kaɗai da kashin bayan Range na Umvukwes a yamma ke hawa sama. Matsayi mafi girma yana cikin tsaunin Wedza a kudu maso gabas a  

## Tattalin Arziki
Tattalin arzikin yankin ya kunshi ma'adanai, noma da kuma sana'ar hidima. Kayan aikinta na yawon bude ido, filaye masu albarka da yankuna cike da ma'adinai irin su Bindura na iya inganta tattalin arziki,  amma saboda rashin shugabanci da tsare-tsare, tattalin arzikin ya koma baya.  &#x5D; Yawancin 'yan Mashonaland manoma ne, kuma suna samun tushen samun kudin shiga daga noma.

## Manazarta
Arewa maso gabashin Afirka

**Arewa maso Gabashin Afirka**, ko ***Arewa maso Gabashin Afirka*** ko **Arewacin Gabas ta Afirka** kamar yadda aka sani a baya, kalma ce ta yanki da ake amfani da ita don nufin ƙasashen Afirka da ke cikin da kewayen Bahar Maliya. Yankin yana tsaka-tsaki ne tsakanin Arewacin Afirka da Gabashin Afirka, kuma ya ƙunshi Horn na Afirka ( Djibouti, Eritriya, Habasha da Somaliya) da Masar da Sudan. Yankin yana da dogon tarihi na wurin zama tare da gano burbushin halittu tun daga farkon hominids zuwa ɗan adam na zamani kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin yankuna mafi bambance-bambancen jinsi da harshe na duniya, kasancewar gida ga wayewa da yawa kuma yana kan hanyar kasuwanci mai mahimmanci wacce ta haɗu da yawa nahiyoyi.                 

## Manazarta
Ashanti to Zulu

***Ashanti to Zulu: Al'adun Afirka*** littafi ne na yara na Shekarar 1976 wanda Margaret Musgrove ta rubuta kuma Leo da Diane Dillon suka kwatanta. Littafin farko na Musgrove ne, amma Dillons sun kasance ƙwararrun masu fasaha kuma wannan littafin ya ci nasara a karo na biyu na lambobin yabo na Caldecott guda biyu a jere.  (Na farko shine *dalilin da ya sa sauro ke buguwa a cikin kunnuwan mutane: Tatsuniyar Afirka ta Yamma*.  )

Littafin ya ƙunshi zane-zane ashirin da shida na mutanen Afirka na asali, kowannensu yana tare da gajeriyar faifai mai bayyana ɗaya daga cikin al'adun mutanen.

Mutanen da ke cikin littafin:

 Ashanti

Baule

Chagga

Dogon

Ewe

Fanti

Ga

Hausa

Ikoma

Jie

Kung

Lozi

Masai

Ndaka

Ouadai

Pondo

Quimbande

Rendille

Sotho

Tuareg

Uge

Vai

Wagenia

Xhosa

Yoruba

Zulu

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Kula da Haraji ta Afirka

**Cibiyar Kula da Haraji ta Afirka** (ATAF) kungiya ce ta kasa da kasa wacce ke ba da dandali na hadin gwiwa tsakanin hukumomin haraji na Afirka. An fara a lokacin taron kwamishinonin haraji na Afirka 30 tare da wakilan kungiyar hadin kan tattalin arziki da raya kasa a watan Agustan 2008, an kaddamar da shi a watan Nuwamba 2009 a Kampala, Uganda.      Ta hanyar hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashe mambobin kungiyar, ATAF na kokarin kara yawan biyan haraji na son rai tare da yaki da kaucewa biyan haraji. ATAF tana goyon bayan ƙungiyar masu ba da gudummawa ciki har da Sashen Ci Gaban Ƙasashen Duniya na Burtaniya, Hukumar Haɗin Kai ta Norway, Bankin Raya Afirka, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, Taimakon Irish, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje (Finland), Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje Harkokin Waje (Netherland), OECD, da Sakatariyar Harkokin Tattalin Arziki ta Jihar Swiss.  Yana haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙungiyoyin tattalin arziki na yanki na Afirka, Ƙungiyar Gudanar da Haraji ta Commonwealth, Cibiyar Gudanar da Haraji ta Inter-American, Cibiyar Rencontres et d'Etudes des Dirigeants des Administrations Fiscales, Intra-Turai Organization of Tax Administrations, da Internationalasashen Duniya Cibiyar Haraji da Ci gaba. 

## Kasashe membobi
Tun daga Oktoba 2015, akwai ƙasashe mambobi 37: 
 

Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Chad
Comoros
Côte d'Ivoire
Egypt
Eritrea
Gabon
Ghana
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
South Africa
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
The Gambia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe

## Ƙarfafa ƙarfin aiki
ATAF tana ba da kwas na kan layi akan yarjejeniyar haraji da kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa a fannin haraji, tare da haɗin gwiwar wasu makarantun Senegal guda biyu da Hukumar Kula da Harajin Mauritius. Hakanan yana ba da gajerun kwasa-kwasan haraji da haɓakawa tare da haɗin gwiwar Cibiyar Haraji da Ci gaba ta ƙasa da ƙasa.  A cikin shekarar 2015, ATAF ta ƙaddamar da Cibiyar Nazarin Haraji ta Afirka (ATRN), wacce za ta gudanar da taron shekara-shekara don masu bincike don raba ayyukansu.  Tare da haɗin gwiwar Cibiyar Haraji da Ci gaba ta Duniya, za ta kuma ba da horon hanyoyin bincike da tarurrukan watsawa ga membobin ATRN.

## Ƙungiyoyin aiki na fasaha
ATAF tana ɗaukar ƙungiyoyin aiki na fasaha akan Rushewar Tushe da Canjin Riba, Haraji kaikaice, Musanya Bayanai, da farashin Canja wurin. A cikin watan Afrilu 2015 ta gudanar da taron shawarwari kan BEPS, kuma ta ba da amsa daga membobinta ga OECD.  A game da musayar bayanai, ATAF ta fara wani shiri na gwaji na shekaru uku wanda ke da nufin taimakawa kasashen Afirka su cika ka'idojin shiga taron duniya kan gaskiya da musayar bayanai don manufar haraji. 

## Taro
A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2015, ATAF ta gudanar da taron kasa da kasa karo na biyu kan haraji a Afirka, mai taken "Tsarin Haraji da Kayyade Harakokin Kudi". 

## Manazarta
Aluminum a Afirka

**Aluminum a Afirka,**ya samo asali ne daga bauxite, kuma a cikin Afirka ana samunsa da farko a Guinea, Mozambique da Ghana. Guinea ita ce ta fi kowace ƙasa samar da kayayyaki a Afirka, kuma ita ce kan gaba a duniya wajen samar da bauxite.

Akwai kamfanoni da yawa da ke da hannu a cikin cinikin aluminum a Afirka. Babban ma'adanan ma'adinai da masu aikin smelter sun haɗa da:

## [[Kamaru]]

* Ngaoundéré - railhead
* Minim, Martap - Canyon Resources

## [[Ghana]]

* Ghana Bauxite, mai alaƙa da Alcan
* Kamfanin Volta Aluminum (Valco)

## [[Gini]]

* Rio Tinto Alcan
* Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinée (CBG) - a cikin yankin Boké-Babban mai samarwa na Guinea, wanda ke da alaƙa da Halco Mining, wanda ke da alaƙa da Alcan, Alcoa, Reynolds Metals, Pechiney, Comalco, da dai sauransu.
* Kamfanin Alumina na Guinea, ACG - yana aiki da hadaddun Friguia bauxite-alumina a Fria 
* Societé des Bauxites de Kindia SBK-mallakar gwamnati, tana gudanar da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai na Kindia; Rusal (Rasha Aluminium) ke sarrafawa da fitar da bauxite zuwa Ukraine
* Kamfanin Kayayyakin Alumina na Duniya, da aka ba da shawarar yin aikin narkewa a Conakry
* Kinia-matatar mai 
* Sangaredi
* Akwai kamfanonin aluminium sama da 100 na Guinea da aka jera a MBendi's Bauxite:Africa:Shafin bayanin Guinea. 

## [[Mozambik|Mozambique]]

* Mozal - Mozambique aluminum 

## [[Afirka ta Kudu]]

* Afirka ta Kudu ba ta ma'adanin bauxite ko tace alumina; BHP tana aiki da smelters biyu a Richards Bay a Kwazulu Natal.

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Cibiyoyin Haraji ta Afirka

**Ƙungiyar Cibiyoyin Haraji ta Afirka** (AATI) ƙungiya ce ta masana'antu wadda manufarta ita ce, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, samar da wani tsarin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙwararrun haraji a Afirka da kuma taimakawa wajen daidaita rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin ƙwararrun haraji a cikin ƙasashe membobin ƙungiyar, gwamnatocinsu. da masu biyan haraji.

## Tarihi
Stiaan Klue, Babban Jami'in Cibiyar Kula da Haraji ta SA (SAIT) ne ya ƙaddamar da kafa ƙungiyar Pan-African don cibiyoyin haraji kuma ya jagoranci. 

An kaddamar da AATI ne a yayin taron shugabannin cibiyoyin haraji da shugabannin hukumomin tattara kudaden shiga na Afirka a Legas a watan Yunin 2011. Kasashen da suka wakilci a kafa AATI sun hada da Afirka ta Kudu, Najeriya, Laberiya, Saliyo, Ghana, Gambia, Cote d'Ivoire, Libya da Kenya. Sunday Jegede, shugabar Cibiyar Harajin Haraji ta Najeriya (CITN) ta zama shugaba ta farko.  An zabi mataimakan shugaban  guda biyu daya daga Ghana daya kuma daga Afrika ta Kudu. Wakilai daga Laberiya da Cote d'Ivoire sune babban ma'aji da sakatare. 

Sunday Jegede ta ce hukumar ta AATI za ta taimaka wajen dinke barakar da ke tsakanin tsarin haraji da kwararru a kasashe mambobin kungiyar, kuma za ta karfafa gwiwar dukkan kasashen Afirka su kafa kungiyoyin kwararru. Waɗannan za su tabbatar da cewa ƙwararrun  za su gudanar da aikin haraji, kuma za su taimaka wa gwamnatocinsu tsara manufofin haraji masu inganci.  Jegede ta ce kungiyar ta AATI za ta kara yin hadin gwiwa a fannin tattalin arziki, daidaitawa da hada kai a nahiyar ta hanyar amfani da haraji. Ta bayyana hakan a matsayin ingantaccen kayan aikin sauya fasalin tattalin arziki.  Sakatariyar AATI zata kasance a Ghana.

An kaddamar da kungiyar ne a Afirka ta Kudu a watan Oktoba 2011 a lokacin taron haraji na shekara-shekara na Cibiyar Masu Haraji ta SA (SAIT). 

## Manazarta
Kasuwancin Trans-Sahara

**Ciniki tsakanin sahara** na bukatar tafiya ta hamadar sahara tsakanin yankin kudu da hamadar sahara da arewacin Afrika. Duk da yake akwai tun zamanin da, kololuwar kasuwanci ya karu daga karni na 8 har zuwa farkon karni na sha bokwai 17. Sahara ta taba samun yanayi na daban. A Libiya da Aljeriya, daga aƙalla 7000 BC, ana yin kiwo, da kiwon tumaki, da awaki, da manyan ƙauyuka, da tukwane. An gabatar da shanu zuwa Sahara ta Tsakiya ( Ahaggar) daga 4000 zuwa 3500 BC. Zane-zanen dutse masu ban sha'awa (wanda aka yi kwanan watan 3500 zuwa 2500 BC) a wuraren da a halin yanzu suke bushe sosai, suna nuna flora da fauna waɗanda ba su kasance a cikin yanayin hamada na zamani. 

A matsayinta na hamada, yanzu Sahara ta zama fili mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ya raba tattalin arzikin Bahar Rum da tattalin arzikin yankin Niger. Kamar yadda Fernand Braudel ya nuna, ketare irin wannan yanki, musamman ba tare da jigilar injuna ba, yana da fa'ida kawai idan yanayi na musamman ya haifar da fa'idar da ake sa ran ta zarce farashi da haɗari.  Ayarin rakuma ne ke gudanar da ciniki. A cewar Ibn Battuta, mai binciken da ya raka daya daga cikin ayarin, matsakaicin girman kowane ayari ya kai rakuma 1,000, amma wasu ayari sun kai 12,000.   'Yan Berbers ne masu biyan kuɗi da yawa za su jagorance ayarin, waɗanda suka san hamada kuma za su iya tabbatar da hanyar tsira daga ƴan uwansu makiyaya. Rayuwar ayari yana da haɗari kuma zai dogara da haɗin kai a hankali. Za a aika da masu gudu zuwa tudu domin a kai ruwa zuwa ga ayarin sa’ad da ya rage kwanaki da yawa, domin ayarin ba sa iya ɗaukan abin da zai ishe su don yin cikakken tafiya. A tsakiyar karni na 14, Ibn Battuta ya tsallaka hamada daga Sijilmasa ta ma'adinan gishiri a Taghaza zuwa gabar tekun Oualata. An aika jagora gaba kuma aka kawo ruwa a cikin tafiya na kwanaki hudu daga Oualata don saduwa da ayarin. 

An kuma yi musayar al'adu da addini a kan hanyar kasuwanci tsakanin sahara. Yawancin kasashen yammacin Afirka sun amince da rubuce-rubucen Larabci da kuma addinin Arewacin Afirka, wanda ya sa su shiga cikin duniyar musulmi. 

## Manazarta
Mutanen Lubimbi

Mutanen **Lubimbi** suna warwatse a duk faɗin Afirka, galibi ana samun su a Kudancin Afirka. Manyan kasashe sune Afirka ta Kudu, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Zambia, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Tanzaniya da kuma Uganda.

## Tarihi
Ƙabilar Lubimbi ƙabila ce bisa tushen zuriyarsu na maza, Mhlabawadabuka ɗan Gasa kuma ɗan'uwan Manukuza [Soshangane]. Asalinsu na dangin Nguni (AMALala) ne, wanda ɗaya ne daga cikin asalin danginsu a Afirka. Haɓaka yawan jama'a da matsin ƙasa ya haifar da ƙaura da yawan jama'a da rikice-rikicen zamantakewa wanda ya haifar da samuwar ƙananan dangi. Mhlabawadabuka ne ya kafa dangin Lubimbi, wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya sami 'yancin kai ta hanyar ƙirƙirar ƙabilarsa. Matsala ta taso tsakaninsa da babban yayansa Manukuza [Soshangane] sai daga baya aka kore shi.  Daga nan sai ya shiga Zwangendaba tare da mabiyansa, suka koma arewa daga baya suka zauna a kwarin Zambezi inda suka rabu a shekara ta 1834. Mhlabawadabuka ya kasance a yankin Zambezi na ƙasa, yankin Lubimbi na yanzu a cikin Binga (Matebeleland North), tare da hedkwatarsa kusa da maɓuɓɓugan ruwan Lubimbi. Zwangendaba ya haye kogin Zambezi a shekara ta 1835 tare da wasu ’ya’yan Mhlabawadabuka, wanda shi ne yadda aka fara rabo da tafiye-tafiyen dangin Lubimbi a fadin Afirka. Wasu sun yi hijira zuwa Uganda a yau, yayin da wasu suka sauka a Kenya, Tanzaniya da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. Mahaifin Mhlabawadabuka Gasa, ɗan Langa, ɗan Xaba (Sarki kuma wanda ya kafa kabilar Ndwandwe), ya mamaye yankin Mkhuze tare da ɗan'uwansa Zwide suka zauna a Lardin Magudu Transvaal. An samo su ne a Pongola na yau (yankin Mhlabuyalingana) kusa da tsaunin Lebombo zuwa Eswatini (KwaZulu Natal), Afirka ta Kudu. An gama su ne saboda rashin fahimtar iyali da tayar da zaune tsaye.

## Tattalin Arziƙi
Tattalin arzikin gargajiya na Lubimbi ya dogara ne akan gauraye na noma, inda masara ita ce babban abinci. Sun kasance ƙwararrun masu yin gatari da masunta, waɗanda kuma suke kera kwalekwale. Kuma sun kasance manyan ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa a kan ƙasa da tafkuna.

## Al'adu
Mutanen Lubimbi suna da kwarjini ga kakanninsu, waɗanda aka yi imanin cewa sun kasance ƙwararrun masu maganin gargajiya. Sarauniya Ntombazi, matar Langa kaxaba kuma mahaifiyar Gasa Bokanya ce.

## Jerin kakannin Mhlabawadabuka

* Nxala
* Mthethwa (wanda ya kafa dangin Mthethwa) {Mpanza da Masondo sune kannensa}
* Nyambose
* Khubazi
* Ndlovu
* Simane (Wengwe)
* Madungu [B1625-D1753]
* Xaba [B1650-1771] (wanda ya kafa dangin Ndwandwe, kuma ana kiransa da Ndwandwe)
* Langa (Mkhatshwa/Zimangele)
* Gasa (Ndindane)

## Manazarta
Asafotu

Al'ummar Ga-Adangbe na Ghana da Togo ne ke bikin Asafotu. Al’ummar **Gabas ta Ada/Dangbe** na bikin **Asafotu** wanda kuma ake kira ‘ **Asafotufiam’**, bikin jaruman da ‘yan Ga-Dangbe ke yi duk shekara tun daga ranar Alhamis din karshe na watan Yuli zuwa karshen makon farko na watan Agusta. Tana tunawa da nasarorin da mayaka suka samu a yakin, wanda kakanninsu suka yi nasara, wadanda suka fadi a fagen fama. Don sake aiwatar da waɗannan al'amuran tarihi, mayaƙan sun sa tufafin yaƙi na gargajiya kuma suna yin yaƙin ba'a. Wannan kuma wani lokaci ne da ake shigar da samarin yaki don zama mayaka.

Har ila yau, bikin ya haifar da zagayowar girbi na wannan al'adu da bukukuwa na musamman. Waɗannan sun haɗa da bukukuwan tsarkakewa. Bikin ya kai kololuwa a cikin marrar manyan sarakuna, jerin gwanayen sarakuna a palanquins tare da tawagoginsu. Sun samu rakiyar kungiyoyin sojoji na gargajiya da ake kira 'Kamfanonin Asafo ' a cikin buge-buge da wake-wake da raye-raye a kan tituna da filin durbar. A wurin Durbar, an yi gaisuwa a tsakanin sarakuna, ana zuba liyafa, da bayyana mubaya'a.

## Manazarta

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Mujallar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka

***Mujallar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka***, wata jarida ce ta shekara-shekara wacce ke mai da hankali kan tattalin arzikin galibin ƙasashen Afirka. Tana bitar yanayin tattalin arziƙin baya-bayan nan kuma tayi hasashen haɓakar tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da siyasa na ɗan gajeren lokaci na duk tattalin arzikin Afirka. Cibiyar raya OECD, da bankin raya kasashen Afirka da hukumar raya kasashe ta MDD, da hukumar tattalin arzikin Afrika ta MDD, ne suka wallafa rahoton. An kafa ta a shekara ta 2002.   

## Iyaka.
Wannan littafin na shekara-shekara ya shafi manufofin tattalin arziki, yanayi, da hangen nesa ga yawancin tattalin arzikin Afirka. Ya haɗa da hasashen hasashen tattalin arziki na yanzu da na shekara mai zuwa, tare da nazarin yanayin zamantakewa da siyasa. Kwatancen kwatankwacin abubuwan da ake fatan kasashen Afirka za su samu a fannin tattalin arzikin duniya wani bangare ne na wannan lokaci. A ƙarshe, ƙarin bayanin ƙididdiga a halin yanzu tana da teburi 24 waɗanda ke kwatanta masu canjin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a duk ƙasashen Afirka.  

Misali, batutuwan da suka shafi batutuwan sun hada da yanayin kasa da kasa, ayyukan tattalin arziki a Afirka, sauye-sauyen tsari, sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki, tafiyar da kudaden waje zuwa Afirka, kimanta manufofin sayar da kamfanoni, da rage talauci a matsayin kalubale na gaba. Bugu da ƙari, ɗaukar hoto ya haɗa da mulki, batutuwan siyasa, manufofin kasuwanci na yanki, da haɗin gwiwar yanki.  

## Manazarta.
Loja (architecture)

**Loja** wani nau'i ne na mashaya ko kantin sayar da kayayyaki a Cape Verde, wanda ya ƙunshi yanki na salon rayuwar Creole.

Ayyukan *lojas*, ana samun su a cikin gari da karkara. Maigidan yana tsaye a bayan kantin mashaya inda ake ajiye kayan abinci da kayan masarufi akan rumfuna. Abokan ciniki suna zama a gefe guda don sha (maza) ko shago (mata da yara). 

A lokacin mulkin mallaka, an kafa *lojas* a ko'ina cikin daular mulkin mallaka na Portugal a Afirka. Sanannun kaya sun haɗa da fitulun man fetur, abubuwan adanawa, takalman filastik, ashana, mai, yadudduka, sukari, gishiri da taliya. Gaɗaɗɗun mutane ( *mestiços* ) ne ke gudanar da waɗannan kasuwancin da suka karɓi matsakaicin matakin zamantakewa  duk da cewa suna da ƙanƙanta  sun ba su damar tabbatar da wani nau'i na fifiko akan ƴan asalin ƙasar.

A cikin labarin da Henrique Teixeira de Sousa ya yi, ya yi nazarin tsarin zamantakewar Fogo, tsibirinsa na asali, duka a cikin litattafansa  da kuma a cikin rubutunsa,  ya nuna damuwa ga iyalai masu launin fata tare da haɓakar gauraye a cikin A ƙarshen 1940s, sun ji tsoron lokacin da "za a tura baƙar fata a cikin *funco:* [inda] za a dauki wurin gauraye da *loja* kuma na karshen ya sanya Farar zuwa sobrado.

## Manazarta
Cotonou Lighthouse

**Cotonou Lighthouse** gidan haske  ne a Cotonou, Benin.   An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1910. An gina hasumiya ta kwarangwal ta biyu a shekara ta 1928, kuma an motsa wannan hasken zuwa hasumiya ta ruwa a shekarar 1968. 

## Duba kuma

* List of Lighthouses in Benin

## Manazarta
Laburaren Ƙasar Burkina Faso

The **Bibliothèque nationale du Burkina Faso** (a harshen Turanci: *National Library of Burkina Faso* ) ita ce wurin ajiya ta doka da ɗakin karatu na haƙƙin mallaka na Burkina Faso. An kafa ta a ranar 6 ga watan Nuwamba, 1996.

Dokokin ƙasa sun ƙayyade tsarin tattarawa da adana kayan tarihi na ƙasa, da farko ta hanyar ajiya na doka. Dokoki da ka'idoji kuma suna sarrafa buga littafin tarihin ƙasa, kula da bibliographic da sarrafa ISBNs da ISSNs.  A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ya zuwa shekarar 2014 kusan kashi 34 cikin 100 na manya Burkinabe za su iya karantawa. 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Bibliothèque nationale du Burkina Faso
Gidan kayan tarihi na kiɗa na ƙasar (Burkina Faso)

**Gidan kayan tarihi na kiɗa na ƙasa** yana cikin Ouagadougou, (Burkina Faso) a cikin wani bene mai hawa biyu a kan titin Oubritenga a gefen kudu na makarantar Phillipe Zinda Kabore.

Ginin da ya kasance yana dauke da kungiyar bunkasa gine-ginen Afirka da tsara birane (ADAUA) an gyara shi domin ya dauki gidan kayan tarihi. Ginin yana cikin salon Sahel na Sudan tare da rufin kubba. Yana tsakiyar birnin kuma yana da sauƙin isa ga jama'a.

Tarin farko, wanda aka haɗa tsakanin watan Satumba 1998 da watan Maris 1999, yana girma koyaushe. Ana wakilta kayan aiki daga duk iyalai waɗanda suka haɗa da aerophones, wayoyin membrano, idiophones da chordophones. Kowane abu shine nau'insa kawai kuma ya bambanta daga shekaru 5 zuwa 200.

Gidan kayan gargajiya yana karkashin jagorancin mai kula, Parfait Z. Bambara.

## Manazarta
Ouagadougou Cathedral

**Ouagadougou Cathedral**, ko **Cathedral na Immaculate Conception na Ouagadougou** ( ) babban cocin Katolika ne na Archdiocese na Ouagadougou a Ouagadougou babban birnin Burkina Faso. An gina shi a cikin shekarar 1930s, by vicar manzo Joanny Thévenoud daga Farin Ubanni, a lokacin Faransa na Arewacin Afirka,  kuma an sadaukar da shi a ranar 19 ga watan Janairu 1936,  bayan ginin shekaru biyu. Bayan babban coci, kusa da carpark, akwai bagadi da aka keɓe ga Mary, Ave Maria, tare da wani mutum-mutumi na Budurwa a cikin wani dutse da aka sassaƙa.

## Manazarta
Masarautar Say

**Masarautar Say** wata daular Musulunci ce ta kafa a 1825 da Alfa Mohamed Diobo, shugaban Sufaye na Qadiriyya wanda ya zo Say daga Djenné (Mali) a shekarar 1810. Duk da cewa Diobo ba mai nasara ba ne, amma ikonsa a kan **Say** ya tabbata daga sanannun malamansa da kuma kariya ta diflomasiya na Daular Sakkwato, wanda wani malami bafulatani Sufi na  Kadiriyya, Usman Dan Fodio ya kafa.

A zamaninta, Masarautar *Say* ta shahara tun daga Gao har zuwa Gaya a matsayin cibiyar ilmantarwa da takawa. Ana kyautata zaton cewa a lokaci guda tana da mazauna 30,000 kuma ta kaddamar da nata ayarin ƙetare na sahara. Birnin *[[Say (gari)|Say]]* ya ci gaba da rike gwamnatin gargajiya da zuriyar Diobo ke rike da ita a ofishin "al/aize" (a zahiri, dan liman, ne a zarma). Sune kamar haka; **Alfa Mohamed Diobo** (1825—1834), **Boubacar Modibo** (1834–1860), **Abdourahman** (1860–1872), **Moulaye** (1872–1874), **Abdoulwahidou** (1874–1878), **Saliha Alfa Baba** (1878–1885), **Amau Moudi** (1885-1893), **Halirou Abdoulwahabi** (1893-1894).  

## Manazarta
Kabilar Bishari

**Bishari** ( , ko  , romanized:  ; Beja:  ) ƙabila ce da ke zaune a sassan arewa maso gabashin Afirka. Suna ɗaya daga cikin manyan ɓangarori na mutanen Beja. Baya ga yarukan cikin gida na Larabci, Bishari suna magana da yaren Beja, wanda na dangin Afroasiatic ne.

## Alkaluma
'Yan kabilar Bishari suna zaune ne a gabashin hamadar Nubian a Sudan da kudancin Masar. Suna zaune a cikin yankin Atbai (wanda kuma aka rubuta Atbai) tsakanin Kogin Nilu da Bahar Maliya, arewacin Amarar da kudancin mutanen Ababda tsakanin hamadar Nubian da kwarin Nilu, wani yanki na farar ƙasa, tsaunuka, tare da farantin yashi. 

Yawan mutanen Bishari ya kai kusan mutane 42,000. Yawancin mutanen ƙabilar suna ƙaura ne a cikin ƙasar Sudan, inda membobin ke da wakilcin siyasa a Majalisar Beja.   

## Harshe
Bishari suna magana da yaren Beja a matsayin harshen uwa. Yana cikin reshen Cushitic na dangin Afroasiatic.  

Har ila yau, Beja mazauna Sudan suna jin Larabcin Sudan a matsayin yare na biyu.  A shekara ta 1949, wani ɗan kabilar Bishari ya ce sa’ad da suka sadu da wani baƙo, nan da nan sukan tambayi “‘Shin kai *biggaweijet* (=Bišari) ne ko *belaeijt* (Arab)? ’”suka ci gaba da“’. . . Muna kiran yarenmu *biggawija* kuma ya ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa na Larabci ( *belaeijet* )”  

## Tattalin Arziki
Bishari a al'ada makiyaya ne, masu aikin kiwon rakuma, tumaki, da awaki a yankin kudancin hamada ta Gabas. Wannan yanki ba a gano shi ba. Daga cikin dukkan kabilun yankin, suna zaune ne a wurare masu nisa.  Kabilar Bishari da Bishari Qamhatab, wadanda aka yi imani da cewa tsohuwar Bishari ce, sun yi cinikin kayayyakin noma da sauran mutane tun zamanin da.   

## Addini
Bishari galibinsu musulmi sunni ne.  A karni na 10 AD, musulmi masanin kasa Al-Maqdisi ya rubuta cewa Bishari Kiristoci ne.  A cikin tarihinsu, kabilun Bishari sun yi addinai daban-daban, ciki har da nau'in maguzanci, sannan Kiristanci da yanzu Musulunci. Duk da cewa an san su a matsayin musulmi, amma musulunci bai da tushe a cikin al'adar. Yawancin mahimmanci daidai yake da imani na gargajiya. Da yawa sun ci gaba da jin tsoron tasirin aljani, ko mugayen ruhohi, waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa suna kewaye da su kuma suna haifar da cututtuka da jayayya tsakanin maƙwabta. 

## Manazarta