Yanayin Rio de Janeiro

**Rio de Janeiro** tana kan iyakar yammacin wani yanki na bakin tekun Atlantika na Brazil (tsakanin gabas zuwa Ilha Grande, a kan Costa Verde, da Cabo Frio), kusa da Tropic na Capricorn, inda bakin tekun ke fuskantar gabas zuwa yamma. Da yake fuskantar kudu, an kafa birnin ne a kan wani ƙofar wannan bakin teku, Guanabara Bay (Baía de Guanabara), kuma ƙofar ta alama ce ta ƙasar da ake kira Sugar Loaf (Pão de Açúcar) - "katin kira" na birnin.

Cibiyar (Centro), ainihin Rio, tana kan filayen yammacin gabar Guanabara Bay. Babban bangare na birnin, wanda aka fi sani da Yankin Arewa ( [pt]), ya kai arewa maso yamma a kan filayen da ke kunshe da ruwa da kuma nahiyar da kuma kan tuddai da duwatsu da yawa. Yankin Kudancin (Zona Sul) na birnin, wanda ya kai ga rairayin bakin teku, an yanke shi daga tsakiya da kuma Yankin Arewa ta duwatsun bakin teku. Wadannan duwatsu da tuddai sune rassan Serra do Mar zuwa arewa maso yamma, tsohuwar jerin tsaunuka na gneiss-granite wanda ke samar da gangaren kudancin tsaunuka. Babban Yankin Yamma (Zona Oeste), wanda tsaunuka suka yanke, an sanya shi cikin sauƙi ga waɗanda ke Yankin Kudu ta hanyar sabbin hanyoyi da bututu a ƙarshen karni na 20.

Yawan mutanen birnin Rio de Janeiro, wanda ke da yanki na  kilomita 1,182.3 (456.5 sq ,  kusan 6,000,000 ne.  An kiyasta yawan mutanen da ke cikin babban birni a miliyan 11-13.5. An san mazaunan garin da suna *Cariocas* . Waƙar hukuma ta Rio ita ce "Cidade Maravilhosa", ta mawaƙa André Filho .&nbsp;

## Muhalli
 
Birnin yana da wuraren shakatawa da wuraren ajiyar muhalli kamar su Tijuca National Park, gandun daji na farko a duniya da UNESCO Environmental Heritage and Biosphere Reserve; Pedra Branca State Park, wanda ke da mafi girman matsayi na Rio de Janeiro, saman Pedra Brancha; Quinta da Boa Vista complex; Botanical Garden;  Zoo na Rio; Parque Lage; da Passeio Público, wurin shakatawa na farko na jama'a a Amurka. Bugu da kari Flamengo Park shine mafi girma a cikin birni, yana daga tsakiya zuwa yankin kudu, kuma yana dauke da gidajen tarihi da abubuwan tunawa, ban da yawancin ciyayi.

### Muhalli da batutuwan muhalli
Saboda yawan masana'antu a cikin yankin birni, birnin ya fuskanci matsaloli masu tsanani na gurɓata muhalli. Guanabara Bay ya rasa wuraren mangrove kuma yana fama da raguwa daga cikin gida da masana'antu, mai da ƙarfe masu nauyi. Kodayake ruwansa yana sabuntawa lokacin da suka isa teku, bayin shine mai karɓar ƙarshe na duk hanyoyin da aka samar a bakin kogin da kuma cikin koguna da koguna da yawa da ke gudana cikinta. Matakan ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin iska sun ninka sau biyu fiye da wanda Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ba da shawarar, a wani bangare saboda yawan motoci da ke yawo.

Ruwa na Sepetiba Bay yana bin hanyar da Guanabara Bay ya gano, tare da datti da yawan mutane miliyan 1.29 suka samar ba tare da magani ba a cikin rafi ko koguna. Game da gurɓataccen masana'antu, sharar gida mai guba sosai, tare da babban taro na ƙarfe mai nauyi - galibi zinc da cadmium - an zubar da su tsawon shekaru ta masana'antu a cikin gundumomin masana'antu na Santa Cruz, Itaguaí da Nova Iguaçu, waɗanda aka gina a ƙarƙashin kulawar manufofin Jiha.

Lagun Marapendi da Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon sun sha wahala tare da sauƙin hukumomi da haɓaka a cikin yawan gine-ginen gidaje da ke kusa. Rashin fitar da datti ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma mutuwar alge ya rage iskar oxygen na ruwa, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar kifi.

Akwai, a gefe guda, alamun tsabtace muhalli a cikin tafkin da aka yi ta hanyar Haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu da aka kafa a 2008 don tabbatar da cewa ruwan tafkin zai dace da wanka. Ayyukan decontamination sun haɗa da canja wurin laka zuwa manyan craters da ke cikin tafkin kanta, da kuma ƙirƙirar sabon haɗin kai tsaye da na karkashin kasa tare da teku, wanda zai ba da gudummawa don haɓaka musayar ruwa na yau da kullun tsakanin mahalli biyu. Koyaya, a lokacin wasannin Olympics tafkin ya karbi bakuncin wasannin motsa jiki kuma akwai damuwa da yawa game da yiwuwar kamuwa da cuta sakamakon datti na mutum.

## Yanayi

Rio tana da Yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi (*Aw*) wanda ke kusa da yanayin zafi na wurare masu wurare masu zafi.  Birnin yana fuskantar zafi, lokacin rani mai zafi, da zafi, hunturu mai haske. A cikin yankunan cikin gari, yanayin zafi s*Am* da  ° C (104 ° F) ya zama ruwan dare a lokacin rani, kodayake da wuya a tsawon lokaci, yayin da matsakaicin yanayin zafi sama na 27 ° C (81 ° F) na iya faruwa kowane wata.

Along the coast, the breeze, blowing onshore and offshore, moderates the temperature. Because of its geographic situation, the city is often reached by cold fronts advancing from Antarctica, especially during autumn and winter, causing frequent weather changes. In summer there can be strong rains, which have, on some occasions, provoked catastrophic floods and landslides. The mountainous areas register greater rainfall since they constitute a barrier to the humid wind that comes from the Atlantic. The city has had rare frosts in the past. Some areas within Rio de Janeiro state occasionally have falls of snow grains and ice pellets (popularly called ) and hail.

Fari ba kasafai ba ne, duk da cewa yana faruwa lokaci-lokaci idan aka yi la'akari da yanayin yanayin zafi na birnin.  Farin fari na Brazil na 2014-2015, mafi tsanani a yankin Kudu maso Gabas kuma mafi muni a cikin shekaru da yawa, ya shafi dukkanin samar da ruwa na yankin babban birni (wani juzu'i daga kogin Paraíba do Sul zuwa kogin Guandu shine babban tushen mesoregion mafi yawan jama'a a jihar).  An yi shirin karkatar da Paraíba do Sul zuwa Sistema Cantareira (tsarin Cantareira) a lokacin rikicin ruwa na 2014 don taimakawa yankin Greater São Paulo da ke fama da fari.  Duk da haka, samun isasshen ruwan sama don samar da ruwan famfo a yankunan manyan biranen biyu a nan gaba hasashe ne kawai..

Roughly in the same suburbs (Nova Iguaçu and surrounding areas, including parts of Campo Grande and Bangu) that correspond to the location of the March 2012, February–March 2013 and January 2015 pseudo-hail (*granizo*) falls, there was a tornado-like phenomenon in January 2011, for the first time in the region's recorded history, causing structural damage and long-lasting blackouts, but no fatalities. The World Meteorological Organization has advised that Brazil, especially its southeastern region, must be prepared for increasingly severe weather occurrences in the near future, since events such as the catastrophic January 2011 Rio de Janeiro floods and mudslides are not an isolated phenomenon. In early May 2013, winds registering above  caused blackouts in 15 neighborhoods of the city and three surrounding municipalities, and killed one person. Rio saw similarly high winds (about ) in January 2015. The average annual minimum temperature is , the average annual maximum temperature is , and the average annual temperature is . The average yearly precipitation is .

Hakanan yanayin zafi yana bambanta dangane da tsayi, nisa daga bakin teku, da nau'in ciyayi ko amfani da ƙasa.  A lokacin lokacin sanyi, sanyin gaba da iskar alfijir/safiya suna kawo sanyi mai laushi;  sanyi gabas, Intertropical Convergence Zone (a cikin nau'i na iskõki daga Amazon Forest), mafi karfi da iska iska (sau da yawa daga wani extratropical cyclone) da rani evapotranspiration kawo shawa ko hadari.  Don haka yanayi mai kama da damina yana da bushewa da sanyin sanyi da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa, da kuma jika sosai da lokacin rani da kaka.  Sakamakon haka, yanayin zafi sama da 40 °C (104 °F), wanda zai iya faruwa kusan shekara-shekara amma ya fi zama ruwan dare a lokacin bazara, galibi yana nufin ainihin zafin “ji” ya haura 50 °C (122 °F), lokacin da akwai ɗan iska kuma yawan zafin dangi yana da girma..

Rio de Janeiro ita ce ta biyu kawai ga Cuiabá a matsayin babban birnin jihar Brazil mafi zafi a waje da Arewa da Arewa maso gabas Brazil; yanayin zafi a ƙasa da  ° C (57 ° F) yana faruwa a kowace shekara, yayin da waɗanda ke ƙasa da  ° C (52 ° F) ba sa faruwa sau da yawa. Maganar, fazer frio ("*Yin sanyi*", watau "yanayi yana sanyi"), yawanci yana nufin yanayin zafi da ke ƙasa da  ° C (70 ° F), wanda zai yiwu a duk shekara kuma ya zama ruwan dare a tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen kaka, hunturu da farkon bazara.

Tsakanin 1961 da 1990, a INMET (Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology) tashar al'ada a unguwar Saúde, mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki da aka rubuta ya kasance  ° C (50.2 ° F) a watan Oktoba 1977,  kuma mafi girman zafin jiki wanda aka rubuta ya zama  ° C (102.2 ° F) A watan Disamba 1963.  Mafi yawan ruwan sama  awanni 24 ya kasance   in) a watan Janairun 1962. Koyaya, matsakaicin zafin jiki da aka taɓa yin rikodin a tashar INMET Jacarepaguá ya kasance  ° C (38.8 ° F) a watan Yulin 1974,  yayin da matsakaicin matsakaicin ya kasance  ° C (110 ° F) ranar 26 ga Disamba 2012  a unguwar tashar Santa Cruz. Mafi yawan ruwan sama  awanni 24,   in), an rubuta shi a tashar Santa Teresa a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1967. Mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki da aka taɓa yin rajista a ƙarni na 21 shine  ° C (46.6 ° F) a Vila Militar, Yuli 2011.

Birnin ya kasu kashi biyu a cikin cibiyar tarihi (Centro); yankin Kudancin da ya fi arziki (Zona Sul); yankin Arewa mai zaman kansa (Zona Norte); *yankuna* masu zaman kansu a Yammacin Yamma (Zona Oeste), daga cikinsu Santa Cruz, Campo Grande da sabuwar gundumar Barra da Tijuca. Rio de Janeiro ta kasu kashi 33 (*gundumomi*) da ake kira Regiões Administrativas ("Yankuna na Gudanarwa") da kuma 164 bairros (makwabta). 

Centro ko Downtown shine tushen tarihi na birni, da kuma cibiyar kuɗi.  Wuraren da ke da sha'awa sun haɗa da Paço Imperial, wanda aka gina a lokacin mulkin mallaka don zama mazaunin gwamnonin Portugal na Brazil;  Ikklisiya da yawa na tarihi, irin su Cocin Candelária (tsohon babban coci), São Jose, Santa Lucia, Nossa Senhora do Carmo, Santa Rita, São Francisco de Paula, da gidajen ibada na Santo Antônio da São Bento.  Cibiyar ta Centro kuma tana dauke da babban cocin Rio de Janeiro Cathedral na zamani.  A kusa da dandalin Cinelândia, akwai alamomi da yawa na Belle Époque na Rio, kamar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Municipal da ginin Laburaren Ƙasa.

Daga cikin gidajen tarihi da yawa, Museu Nacional de Belas Artes (National Museum of Fine Arts) da Museu Histórico Nacional (National Historical Museum) sune mafi mahimmanci.  Sauran muhimman abubuwan jan hankali na tarihi a tsakiyar Rio sun haɗa da Passeio Público, lambun jama'a na ƙarni na 18.  Manyan tituna sun haɗa da Avenida Rio Branco da Avenida Vargas, waɗanda aka gina su a cikin 1906 da 1942 bi da bi, ta hanyar lalata ɓangarorin birni masu mulkin mallaka.  Yawancin tituna na mulkin mallaka, irin su Rua do Ouvidor da Uruguaiana, sun daɗe suna zama masu tafiya a ƙasa, kuma sanannen yankin sayayya na Saara ya kasance yana tafiya a baya-bayan nan.  Har ila yau a tsakiyar akwai unguwar gargajiya da ake kira Lapa, wani muhimmin yanki na bohemian da mutanen gari da masu yawon bude ido ke zuwa.

### Yankin Kudu

Yankin Kudancin Rio de Janeiro () ya ƙunshi gundumomi da yawa, daga cikinsu akwai San Conrado, Leblon, Ipanema, Arpoador, Copacabana, da Leme, waɗanda suka hada da sanannen bakin tekun Atlantika na Rio. Sauran gundumomi a Yankin Kudu sune Glória, Catete, Flamengo, Botafogo, da Urca, waɗanda ke kan iyaka da Guanabara Bay, da Santa Teresa, Cosme Velho, Laranjeiras, Humaitá, Lagoa, Jardim Botânico, da Gávea. Ita ce mafi arziki a cikin birni kuma mafi sanannun ƙasashen waje; unguwanni na Leblon da Ipanema, musamman, suna da mafi tsada a duk Kudancin Amurka.

Garin rairayin bakin teku na Copacabana yana karbar bakuncin daya daga cikin bukukuwan Sabuwar Shekara ("Reveillon"), yayin da fiye da mutane miliyan biyu suka taru a kan yashi don kallon wasan wuta. Daga shekara ta 2001, an kaddamar da wuta daga jiragen ruwa, don inganta amincin taron. A arewacin Leme, kuma a ƙofar Guanabara Bay, shine gundumar Urca da Dutsen Sugarloaf ('Pão de Açúcar'), wanda sunansa ya bayyana sanannen dutse da ke fitowa daga teku. Za'a iya isa taron ta hanyar tafiyar mota mai hawa biyu daga Praia Vermelha, tare da tsayawa ta tsakiya a Morro da Urca. Yana ba da ra'ayoyin birnin na biyu kwari ga dutsen Corcovado. Hang gliding wani shahararren aiki ne a kan Pedra Bonita (a zahiri, "Beautiful Rock"). Bayan ɗan gajeren jirgin, masu sauka a kan Praia do *Pepino* (Pepino, ko "cucumber", Beach) a São Conrado.

Tun daga 1961, Gidan shakatawa na Tijuca (Parque Nacional da Tijuca), mafi girman gandun daji na birni da ke kewaye da birni kuma mafi girman gandu daji a duniya, ya kasance Gidan shakata na kasa. Babban gandun daji na birane a duniya shine Floresta da Pedra Branca (White Rock Forest), wanda ke cikin Yankin Yammacin Rio de Janeiro . 

Jami'ar Katolika ta Pontifical ta Rio (Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro ko PUC-Rio), babbar jami'a mai zaman kanta ta Brazil, tana gefen gandun daji, a cikin gundumar Gávea. An yi fim din 1984 Blame It on Rio a kusa, tare da gidan haya da haruffa na labarin suka yi amfani da shi suna zaune a gefen gandun daji a kan dutse da ke kallon shahararrun rairayin bakin teku. A cikin 2012, CNN ta zabi Ipanema mafi kyawun rairayin bakin teku a duniya.

### Yankin Arewa

*yanki* Arewa () ya fara ne a Grande Tijuca (babban mazaunin da ke cikin aji na tsakiya na Tijuca), a yammacin tsakiyar gari, kuma ya shimfiɗa mil a cikin ƙasa har zuwa Baixada Fluminense da Arewa maso Yammacin birnin.  Wannan yankin shine gidan wasan Maracanã (wanda ke cikin Grande Tijuca), sau ɗaya mafi girman filin wasan kwallon kafa a duniya, wanda zai iya ɗaukar kusan mutane 199,854, kamar yadda ya yi don wasan 1950_FIFA_World_Cup)" id="mwAek" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Uruguay v Brazil (1950 FIFA World Cup)">ƙarshe na gasar cin Kofin Duniya ta 1950. 

Kwanan nan an rage ƙarfinsa don ya dace da ka'idoji tsaro na zamani kuma filin wasan ya gabatar da wurin zama ga duk magoya baya. A halin yanzu ana sake ginawa, yanzu yana da damar 78,838.  Maracanã ita ce shafin yanar gizon bikin Budewa da rufewa da kuma gasar kwallon kafa ta Wasannin Pan American na 2007; ta dauki bakuncin Wasan karshe na Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2014, Bikin rufewa le rufewa da Wasannin kwallon kafa na wasannin Olympics na 2016 . 

Baya ga Maracanã, Yankin Arewacin Rio kuma yana da wasu abubuwan jan hankali na yawon bude ido da na tarihi, irin su "Nossa Senhora da Penha de França Church", Kristi Mai Ceto (mutumi)  tare da matakala da aka gina a cikin gadon dutse, 'Manguinhos', gidan Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, cibiyar bincike ta ɗari tare da babban gini da aka tsara kamar fadar Moorish, da Quinta da Boa Vista, wurin shakatawa inda fadar Imperial ta tarihi take. A zamanin yau, fadar tana karbar bakuncin Gidan Tarihi na Kasa, wanda ke ƙwarewa a tarihin halitta, ilimin kimiyyar tarihi, da kabilanci. 

Filin jirgin sama na kasa da kasa na Rio de Janeiro (Galeão – Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport, mai suna bayan sanannen mawaƙin Brazil Antônio Carlos Jobim), babban harabar Jami'ar Tarayya ta Rio de Janeiro a Tsibirin Funão, da Jami'ar Jiha ta Rio de Janeiro, a Maracanã, suma suna cikin yankin Arewacin Rio.  Wannan yanki kuma gida ne ga yawancin makarantun samba na Rio de Janeiro kamar Mangueira, Salgueiro, Império Serrano, Unidos da Tijuca, Imperatriz Leopoldinense, da sauransu.  Wasu daga cikin manyan unguwannin shiyyar Arewa ta Rio akwai Alto da Boa Vista da ke da yankin dajin Tijuca da shiyyar Kudu da Kudu maso Yamma;  Tijuca, Vila Isabel, Méier, São Cristovão, Madureira, Penha, Manguinhos, Fundão, Olaria da sauransu.  Yawancin gidajen marasa galihu na Rio de Janeiro (favelas), suna cikin yankin Arewa&nbsp;

### Yankin Yamma

*Yankin Yamma* (Zona Oeste) na Rio de Janeiro yanki ne wanda ba a bayyana shi ba wanda ya rufe kusan kashi 50% na dukan yankin birnin, gami da Barra da Tijuca da Recreio dos Bandeirantes. Yammacin Rio yana da shafuka masu yawa na tarihi saboda tsohuwar "Royal Road of Santa Cruz" wanda ya haye yankin a yankunan Realengo, Bangu, da Campo Grande, ya ƙare a fadar sarauta ta Santa Cruz a yankin Santa Cruz. Babbar tudu a birnin Rio de Janeiro ita ce Pedra Branca Peak (Pico da Pedra Branque) a cikin Pedra Branc State Park . Yana da tsawo na 1024m. Gidan shakatawa na Jihar Pedra Branca (Parque Estadual da Pedra Branka)  shine mafi girman wurin shakatawa na birane a duniya wanda ya ƙunshi unguwa 17 a gefen yamma, kasancewa "babban huhu" a cikin birni tare da hanyoyi,  magudanan ruwa da gine-ginen tarihi kamar tsohuwar hanyar ruwa a cikin Colônia Juliano Moreira  a cikin unguwar Taquara da madatsar ruwa a Camorim. Gidan shakatawa yana da manyan ƙofofi guda uku: babban yana cikin Taquara da ake kira Pau da Fome Core, wani ƙofar ita ce Piraquara Core a Realengo kuma ta ƙarshe ita ce Camorim Core, wanda ake la'akari da al'adun al'adu na birnin.

Barra da Tijuca babban yanki ne na Yankin Yamma na birnin Rio de Janeiro.  Ya hada da Barra da Tijuca, Recreio dos Bandeirantes, Vargem Grande, Vargem Pequena, Grumari, Itanhangá, Camorim da Joá.  Yamma daga tsofaffin shiyyoyin Rio, Barra da Tijuca wani yanki ne mai cike da katanga na tsibiran shinge na ƙasar da ba a ci gaba ba a da, wanda koyaushe ke samun sabbin gine-gine da ci gaba.  Ya kasance wani yanki na haɓakar haɓakawa, yana jawo wasu sassa masu wadata na jama'a da kuma kamfanonin alatu.  Manyan gidaje masu tsayi da wuraren cin kasuwa da yawa suna ba yankin jin daɗin zamani fiye da tsakiyar gari.  Tsare-tsare na birni na yankin, wanda aka kammala a ƙarshen 1960s, ya haɗu da yankuna na gidaje guda ɗaya tare da bene na zama.  rairayin bakin teku na Barra da Tijuca kuma suna da farin jini tare da mazauna wasu sassan birnin.  Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun tsaunuka a cikin birni shine Pedra da Gávea (ƙafa 2,762) mai tsayin mita 842 (ƙafa 2,762) mai iyaka da Yankin Kudu.  A saman kolin nata akwai wani katon dutse mai kama da wani gemu mai kama da sphinx wanda ake iya gani tsawon kilomita da yawa.

Yankin Santa Cruz da Campo Grande sun nuna ci gaban tattalin arziki, galibi a unguwar Campo Grande. Ana gina masana'antun masana'antu a cikin ƙananan mazauna Santa Cruz, ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma da mafi yawan jama'a a cikin unguwanni na Rio de Janeiro, mafi mahimmanci Ternium Brazil, sabon ma'aunin ƙarfe tare da tashar jiragen ruwa masu zaman kansu a Sepetiba Bay, wanda aka shirya ya zama mafi girman aikin ƙarfe na Kudancin Amurka. Wani ramin da ake kira Túnel da Grota Funda, an buɗe shi a cikin 2012, yana ƙirƙirar wurin sufuri na jama'a tsakanin Barra da Tijuca da Santa Cruz, yana rage lokacin tafiya zuwa yankin daga wasu yankuna na Rio de Janeiro.