Afro-Guatemalan

**Afro-Guatemalan** (Spanish: Afroguatemaltecos) ko Black Guatemalans (Spanish: Guatemaltecos negros) su ne Guatemalan galibi ko duka zuriyar Baƙar fata Afirka. Wannan kalmar ta haɗu da cin nasara da Mutanen Espanya suka yi wa Amurka. Al'ummar Afro-Guatemalan ba su da yawa a yau. Ko da yake yana da wuya a iya tantance takamaiman alkaluma, an ba da rahoton cewa Afro-Guatemalans suna wakiltar tsakanin kashi 0.1% zuwa 0.3% na al'ummar ƙasar. A cewar Majalisar kula da harkokin Hemispheric. Suna asalin Ingilishi ne na Yammacin Indiya (Antillean) da asalin Garifuna. Ana samun su a bakin tekun Caribbean, a Livingston (mazauna Garifuna), Puerto Barrios da Santo Tomas. A ƙarni na 17, baƙar fata da yawa da aka bautar sun sami damar samun wa kansu ko kuma aƙalla ’ya’yansu na gaba ta wurin auren ’yan adam. Yawancin waɗannan auren sun kasance tare da Mayan ko Turawa, wanda ya haifar da cakude tsakanin baki, Maya da Turawa. Wannan ya haifar da gagarumin yawan jama'ar mestizo wanda, a cikin shekaru da yawa, ya ci gaba da karkatar da asalin asalin Afirka a lokuta da yawa. A yau ana iya kiran wannan a matsayin Afro-mestizos saboda rashin fahimta.

Duk da haka, akwai wasu ƙungiyoyi biyu a cikin ƙasar waɗanda 'yan asalin Afirka ne: Garifunas, ƙungiyar Afro/Indigenous (na farko) da aka yi gudun hijira, wanda aka sani da Mutanen Espanya da zambo. Asalinsu sun fito ne daga tsibirin Caribbean na Saint Vincent (Antilles), inda ’yan Afirka da suka tsere daga bauta suka yi cudanya da jama’a da al’adunsu. ’Yan mulkin mallaka na Spain sun tsorata kuma suka kwashe su zuwa ƙaramin tsibirin Roatan. Bayan da suka fahimci cewa tsibirin ba zai iya ci gaba da ci gaban al'ummarsu ba, daga baya kungiyoyin Garifuna suka zauna a gabar tekun Caribbean na wasu kasashen tsakiyar Amurka, ciki har da Guatemala.

Sauran rukunin su ne zuriyar bakin haure na Afro-West Indiya waɗanda suka fito daga tsibirin Caribbean masu magana da Ingilishi a ƙarshen 19th da farkon ƙarni na 20 da farko don yin aiki da Kamfanin United Fruit Company, da kuma yin aikin ginin titin jirgin ƙasa, da kuma masana'antar whaling.

## Asalin
Saboda wahalar jiragen bayi da ke isa Guatemala, masu sayan Masarautar Guatemala sun dogara ne da ɓarkewar kasuwar da ba sa sarrafa su. Don jerin jigilar kayayyaki, mun san cewa bayi sun zo tsakanin ƙarni na 15th da 16th, galibi daga Senegambia, Saliyo da Gold Coast; a karni na sha bakwai, sun fito ne daga gabar tekun Gold da kuma Bight na Benin. Kuma a cikin karni na sha takwas, sun fito ne daga Biafra (Nigeria), Kongo ta Yamma, Angola, Guinea da Benin (daga Masarautar Whydah). A cikin wannan karni kuma ya isa bayin Aja (wanda aka sani da Arará, ya fito daga Allada, Benin) da "creole", daga Puerto Rico da Jamaica. Hakanan ya isa Calabari, daga Havana, Cuba.

Yawancin bayin baƙar fata da ke aiki a yankunan karkara sun zo, yawanci na Senegambia. Bugu da ƙari, akwai kuma bayi da yawa da aka saya a Luanda, Angola. Akwai kuma aƙalla wasu ƙabilun Afirka 30 - daga Afirka ta Tsakiya - a Guatemala, manyan cikinsu akwai Kongo, da mongiolos da anchico. Har ila yau, akwai aƙalla goma sha biyu na bayi daga Afirka ta Yamma, wasu daga cikinsu ɓangarorin ne (kungiyoyi daga yammacin Ghana), Banyun (waɗanda aka fi sani da Banon, an kafa su a Senegal, Gambia da Guinea Bissau) da kuma biafadas (ƙabilar Guinea Bissau).

## Tarihi

### Bauta
Afro-Guatemalan na farko ya isa Guatemala a 1524 tare da Pedro de Alvarado ("Mai nasara na Guatemala"). Bayanai na Cabildo na Santiago, a cikin Almolonga daga 1530s kuma sun ambaci wasu baƙi bayi. Wannan birni na farko, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1527 tare da mazaunan Mutanen Espanya 150, an lalata shi a watan Satumba na 1541 da ƙawancen ruwa da laka na Volcán de Agua (Volcano na Ruwa) wanda ya binne sashin Sipaniya na babban birnin tare da ɗimbin ƴan asalin ƙasar Amurka da ƙananan baƙar fata bayi. Duk da haka, na farko muhimmanci halin kaka bayar da rahoton bayanai daga 1543, lokacin da aka kiyasta "150 guda alade" na Santo Domingo aka kai zuwa Caribbean Coast na Guatemala. Bayin Afirka sun isa Guatemala don maye gurbin ƴan asalin ƙasar a matsayin ƙwadago, saboda an rage adadinsu sosai daga cututtuka irin su kyanda, ƙanƙara ko annoba ta bubonic. Masarayan Spain sun kamu da cutar, kuma sun ragu zuwa kusan kashi uku na yawan jama'arta. An yi amfani da bayi na Afirka a cikin sukari, indigo, da gonakin cochineal. An kuma yi amfani da su a cikin hacienda ko manyan wuraren kiwon dabbobi. Tun da Santiago ya kasance cibiyar siyasa da tattalin arziki na Guatemala (da kuma ko'ina cikin Amurka ta Tsakiya ta Spain), yawancin bayin da aka kawo zuwa yankin an saya da sayar da su a can, kuma an yi musu baftisma a cikin majami'u da majami'unsu da kuma yiwu ma a cikin gidajensu. Tsakanin 1524 zuwa 1620, an kawo jimlar 'yan Afirka 10,000 zuwa Guatemala. Saboda karuwar iko a Gabas ta Tsakiya a karshen karni na sha shida, an fara bayyana adadi mai yawa na mutane a matsayin mulatto. A cewar Robinson Herrera, na ’yan Afirka 250 da suke saye da sayarwa a Santiago, kusan kashi 40% sun fito ne kai tsaye daga Afirka. Bayi 80 ne suka fito daga Afirka ta Yamma, musamman a Senegambia da Tsakiyar - Afirka ta Yamma. Ga sauran mutane 50, 20% sun kasance criollos (bayi da aka haifa a Spain, Portugal ko Amurka), sauran goma kuma sun kasance mulattoes. Ko da yake akwai ƴan ƴaƴan mulatto a yankin a wannan lokacin, adadinsu ya zarce na bayin da aka yi. Tsakanin 1595 zuwa 1640 an sami karuwar shigo da bayi zuwa Guatemala, amma bayan 1640, shigo da kayayyaki ya ragu sosai[4] (wasu marubuta sun nuna ko da shigo da bayi ya daina[5]). Baƙar fata na farko na kyauta na Santiago ya fara bayyana a cikin rabin na biyu na karni na sha shida. Saboda ƙarancin yawan jama'arta, baƙar fata masu 'yanci dole ne su yi aure tare da wasu ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da yawa.[4] Tsakanin 1595 zuwa 1640, kambin Mutanen Espanya ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar kwangila tare da 'yan kasuwa na Portuguese don ƙara yawan adadin bayi na Afirka a Amurka. Bayi da yawa sun zo daga tashar jiragen ruwa na Luanda na Angola. Har ila yau, a cikin karni na 17, wasu bayi za su iya sayen ’yancinsu, suna kafa wata karamar al’umma ta baƙar fata masu ’yanci. Bayin da suka gudu sun kafa ƙungiyoyin Cimarrons, suna zaune a cikin yawan jama'a. An kafa shi a cikin 1590, basirar Asís, wanda ya zama mafi mahimmanci a karni na sha bakwai, yana da bayi fiye da 200 kuma a cikin 1633, fasaha na San Geronimo, arewacin Santiago, a Verapaz, ya kasance gida ga daruruwan bayi "na al'ummai daban-daban" kuma ya zama mafi girma a Amurka ta tsakiya. A shekara ta 1821 akwai bayi fiye da 500.[4]

A ƙarshen karni na sha bakwai, zuriyar Afro ta warwatse zuwa kudu da gabas na Guatemala da El Salvador. Tasirin shige da fice na Afirka a farkon lokacin mulkin mallaka ya fi zurfi a cikin masana'antar sukari a Amatitlán da Mint na Tekun Escuintepeque a San Diego de la Gomera. Afro - zuriyar sun rayu a kusan wurare dozin biyu tsakanin Guatemala da El Salvador. A cikin 1823, bayan samun 'yancin kai ga ƙungiyoyin Guatemala Garífuna daga Honduras, sun mamaye yankunan Caribbean.[4]

## Manazarta