Naman daji

**[[nama]] daji** nama ne daga nau'in namun daji waɗanda ake farauta don amfani da mutane. Bushmeat yana wakiltar tushen furotin na dabba da kayan da ke samun kuɗi a cikin al'ummomin matalauta da yankunan karkara na yankunan gandun daji masu zafi na duniya.

Yawan dabbobi da aka kashe kuma aka sayar da su a matsayin nama a cikin shekarar 1994 a Yamma da Afirka ta Tsakiya an yi la'akari da cewa ba za a iya jurewa ba.A shekara ta 2005, an dauki girbi na kasuwanci da cinikin nama a matsayin barazana ga bambancin halittu. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2016, an yi barazanar halaka dabbobi masu shayarwa 301 saboda farautar nama na daji ciki har da wadanda ba mutane ba, dabbobi masu tsintsiya, jemagu, diprotodont marsupials, rodents da carnivores da ke faruwa a Kasashe masu tasowa.

Bushmeat yana ba da ƙarin damar watsa ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa daga dabbobi zuwa mutane, kamar Ebolavirus da HIV.

## Nomenclature
Kalmar 'bushmeat' asalin kalma ce ta Afirka don nau'in namun daji waɗanda ake farauta don amfani da mutum,  kuma yawanci yana nufin musamman ga nama na namun daji na Afirka. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2000, IUCN World Conservation Congress ta zartar da ƙuduri kan cinikin kasuwanci mara dorewa a cikin *Nama na daji*. An bukaci kasashe da abin ya shafa da su fahimci karuwar tasirin cinikin nama, don karfafawa da aiwatar da dokoki, da kuma bunkasa shirye-shiryen aiki don rage sakamakon cinikayya. An nemi kungiyoyin masu ba da gudummawa don samar da kudade don aiwatar da irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen.

Binciken namun daji don abinci yana da mahimmanci don tsaron rayuwa da samar da furotin na abinci ga matalauta. Zai iya zama mai ɗorewa lokacin da masu farauta na gargajiya suka gudanar da shi a cikin manyan wurare don amfani da kansu. Saboda girman farautar nama don Kasuwanci a kasuwanni, rayuwar waɗannan nau'ikan da ke da babban jiki kuma suna haifuwa a hankali suna fuskantar barazana. Kalmar Rikicin nama na daji an kirkireshi ne a cikin 2007 kuma tana nufin wannan barazanar biyu na lalacewar albarkatun abinci da lalacewar namun daji, dukansu sun haifar da cinikin nama na daji.

A duniya, an kiyasta fiye da nau'in dabbobi 1,000 da za su shafi farautar nama.Masu farautar nama suna amfani da tarko kafa don kama kowane dabba, amma sun fi son kashe manyan nau'o'in, saboda waɗannan suna samar da nama fiye da ƙananan nau'o-in.

Nau'in dabbobi masu shayarwa 301 da ke barazanar farauta don nama na daji sun hada da primates 126, 65 even-toed ungulates, 27 bats, 26 diprotodont marsupials, 21 rodents, 12 carnivores da duk nau'in pangolin.

Dabbobi masu tsayi sun ba da sabo da shan sigari a cikin shekara ta 2009 a kasuwar namun daji ta Kogin Cavally na Liberia sun haɗa da chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), Diana monkey (*Cercopithecus diana*), putty-nosed monkey (*C. nictitans*), karamin monkey (*C. petaurista*), Campbell's mona (*C. campbelli*), sooty mangabey (*Cercocebus atys*), king colobus (Colobus), olive colobus (*Procolobus verusP. badius* western), red). Nau'in Duiker sun kasance fiye da rabin jimlar dabbobi 723 da aka bayar.A cikin shekara ta 2012, an bincika kasuwancin nama a ƙauyuka uku a cikin Sashen Sassandra, Ivory Coast. A cikin watanni shida, gidajen cin abinci tara sun karbi dabbobi masu shayarwa 376 da dabbobi masu rarrafe guda takwas, gami da karamin crocodile (*Osteolaemus tetraspis*), bushbuck (*Tragelaphus scriptus*), Maxwell's duiker (*Philantomba maxwellii*), Bay duiker (*Cephalophus dorsalis*), Campbell's mona, karamin hanci, eryto (Perodicus potto), shinge (*Phataginus tricus*), shinge na shinge (Chamercanus), shinge), shinge shinge (Thrus), shellus), shinkafa shinge shinkafa), shinge) shinge (Shans shinge shake shinge shuke-shshshsh (Ps shinge), (Pushushushushish).Kimanin jemagu masu launin 'ya'yan itace 128,400 (*Eidolon helvum*) an kiyasta su a cikin 2011 don a sayar da su azaman nama a kowace shekara a birane huɗu a kudancin Ghana.

A shekara ta 2006, an kiyasta cewa kimanin dabbobi 1,437,458 ana kashe su a kowace shekara a cikin sassan Najeriya da Kamaru na gandun daji na bakin teku na Cross-Sanaga-Bioko, gami da kimanin beraye 43,880 na Emin (*Cricetomys emini*), bishiyoyi 41,800 pangolins, birai masu tsayi 39,700, birai 22,500 Mona (*Cercopithecus mona*), 3,500 red-eared guenons (*C. erythrotis*), 20,300 somatinets (Mandrillus leucusususus Africa), Costususus Sicophaeus), (Cousousous 600), Southern (Cous 600), African (Cous) (Couscuscuscuscus), Southerncicicici), Southernci), Southern (Mandrylus (Couscursus), Southerncivilus), Southern (Nus), Southern 600), Southerncivites), Southernci (Cous (Cous), Southerncives), Southerncivinets),

Tsakanin shekara ta 1983 zuwa shekara ta 2002, an kiyasta yawan mutanen Gabon na gorilla na yamma (*Gorilla gorilla*) da chimpanzee na yau da kullun (Pan troglodytes) sun ragu da kashi 56%. Wannan raguwa ya samo asali ne daga farautar kasuwanci, wanda aka sauƙaƙe ta hanyar fadada ababen more rayuwa don dalilai na katako.Marsh mongoose (Atilax paludinosus) da dogon hanci mongoose (*Herpestes nasa*) sune mafi yawan ƙananan masu cin nama da aka bayar a kasuwannin nama na karkara a kasar.

A ƙarshen shekarun 1990s, an lura da gawawwakin Bonobo (Pan *Paniscus*) a Basankusu a Lardin Équateur a cikin Kwango.Manyan nau'o'in da masu farautar nama suka kashe a yankin Katavi-Rukwa na Tanzania sun hada da impala (*Aepyceros melampus*), Duiker na yau da kullun (*Sylvicapra grimmia*), warthog (*Phacocherus africanus*), Cape buffalo (*Syncerus caffer*), bushbuck mai amfani, jan kogi river (*Potamochoerus porcus*) da kuma zebra (*Equus quagga*). 

Bincike a cikin karkara a kudu maso yammacin Madagascar ya nuna cewa masu farautar nama suna da niyyar bushpig (*Potamochoerus larvatus*), lemur mai wutsiya (*Lemur catta*), Sifaka na Verreaux (*Propithecus verreauxi*), Lemur na wasanni na Hubbard (*Lepilemur hubbardorum*), dwarf lemur mai kitse (*Cheirogaleus medius*), common tenrecudatus), fetur (*Microcebus murinus*), red-graycan (Mufus).

## Ƙarfin hali

### Kashewa
Kasuwancin katako da kamfanoni ke gudanarwa a cikin gandun daji na Afirka suna da alaƙa da cinikin nama. Saboda suna samar da hanyoyi, manyan motoci da sauran hanyoyin zuwa gandun daji masu nisa, sune babbar hanyar jigilar mafarauta da nama tsakanin gandun daji da cibiyoyin birane. Wasu, ciki har da Congolaise Industrielle du Bois (CIB) a Jamhuriyar Kongo, sun yi haɗin gwiwa tare da gwamnatoci da kungiyoyin kiyayewa na duniya don tsara kasuwancin nama a cikin lasisi inda suke aiki. Ana buƙatar mafita da yawa; saboda kowace ƙasa tana da yanayi daban-daban, al'adu da dokoki, babu mafita da za ta yi aiki a kowane wuri.

### Abinci
Naman daji na iya zama muhimmiyar tushen micronutrients da macronutrients. Binciken da aka yi wa Kudancin Amurka a yankin Tres Fronteras ya gano cewa wadanda suka cin nama na daji suna cikin karancin haɗarin rashin jini da yanayin kiwon lafiya, saboda abincin su ya haɗa da ƙarfe, zinc, da Bitamin C fiye da waɗanda ba su cin nama na bush ba.

### Kifi da yawa
A Ghana, cin zarafin kasa da kasa na wuraren kamun kifi na Afirka ya kara bukatar nama. Dukkanin jiragen ruwa da Tarayyar Turai ke tallafawa da jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci na cikin gida sun ƙare da kifin kifi, suna barin mutanen yankin su kara abincin su da dabbobi da aka farauta daga wuraren ajiyar yanayi. Fiye da shekaru 30 na haɗin bayanai ya ragu sosai a cikin yawan dabbobi masu shayarwa da kuma nau'in dabbobi 41 tare da raguwar kifi.Amfani da kifi da nama na daji yana da alaƙa: raguwar wata hanya tana motsa buƙata da farashi ga ɗayan.

### Makiyaya
Masu kiwon dabbobi daga yankin iyaka tsakanin Sudan da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya suna tare da 'yan kasuwa masu dauke da makamai waɗanda kuma ke shiga cikin farautar manyan Masu cin ganyayyaki. Raguwar giant eland, Cape buffalo, hartebeest da waterbuck a yankin Chinko tsakanin 2012 da 2017 an danganta shi da ayyukan farautar su. Suna amfani da dabbobi don jigilar nama zuwa kasuwanni.

## Matsayin yaduwar cututtuka

Tushen dabbobi na iya zama sanadin cututtukan cututtuka kamar tarin mura, kuturta, kwalara, kyanda, kyanda. Fitowar HIV-1, Cutar kanjamau, Cutar Ebola, da Cutar Creutzfeldt-Jakob an danganta su da tushen dabbobi a yau.An gano Squirrel na igiya na Thomas (*Funisciurus anerythrus*) da squirrel mai jan kafafu (*Heliosciurus rufobrachium*) don ɗaukar MPXV a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo a cikin shekarun 1980.

Yaduwar kwayar cutar Ebola a cikin kwarin Kongo da Gabon a cikin shekarun 1990s an haɗa su da yanka da cinyewa da amfani da chimpanzees da Bonobos. Masu farautar nama a Afirka ta Tsakiya da suka kamu da kwayar cutar T-lymphotropic ta mutum sun kasance kusa da dabbobi na daji.Ana iya yaduwar cutar ta Anthrax lokacin yanka da cinye dabbobi. Hadarin cututtukan jini da za a iya yaduwa ya fi girma lokacin yanka gawa fiye da lokacin jigilar, dafa abinci da cin shi.

Yawancin mafarauta da 'yan kasuwa ba su da masaniya game da zoonosis da haɗarin yaduwar cuta.Binciken hira a cikin yankunan karkara a Najeriya ya nuna cewa kashi 55% na masu amsa sun san game da zoonoses, amma iliminsu da al'adun al'adu sune mahimman direbobi don farauta da cin nama duk da haɗarin da ke tattare da shi.

### HIV
Sakamakon bincike kan chimpanzees na daji a Kamaru ya nuna cewa sun kamu da kwayar cutar foamy kuma sun zama tafkin HIV-1, wanda ya haifar da cutar immunodeficiency (AIDS) a cikin mutane. Akwai nau'ikan cutar kanjamau da yawa, wanda ke nuna cewa wannan canjin jinsin ya faru sau da yawa. Irin wannan kwayar cutar rigakafi da ke cikin chimpanzees an bayar da rahoton cewa an samo shi ne daga tsofaffin nau'ikan kwayar cutar da ke cikin mangabey mai ƙuƙwalwa (*Cercocebus torquatus*) da biri mai ƙuyanci. Wataƙila an fara canja kwayar cutar kanjamau ga mutane bayan sun haɗu da nama mai kamuwa da cuta.

## Manazarta