open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Adeniran Ogunsanya

**Adeniran Ogunsanya**, SAN}}; 31 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1918 - 22 ga watan Nuwamba 1996) Lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasan Najeriya. Ya kuma kasance daga cikin manyan wadanda suka kafa Jam'iyyar mey suna Ibadan Peoples Party (IPP). Ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamishinan shari'a na Jihar Legas da kwamishinan ilimi. Ya kasance shugaban Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Najeriya.

## Tarihi
An haifi Adeniran a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1918  a Ikorodu, wani yanki na Legas, ga dangin sarauta na Omoba Suberu Ogunsanya Oguntade, wanda shi ne Odofin na Ikorodu . Ya kuma kammala karatunsa na firamare daga Cibiyar Dokar da Hope Waddell a Calabar a ƙarƙashin kulawar kawunsa wanda ya kasance ma'aikacin gwamnati. Ya zira kwallaye mafi girma a jarrabawar Gwamnatin Standard VI ta 1937 don haka ya sami tallafin gwamnati a Kwalejin Sarki, Legas. Ya kuma ci gaba da karatun Shari'a a Jami'ar Manchester da Gray's Inn School of Law . 

## Ayyuka
Adeniran ya fara aikin lauya a Cif T.O.S. Benson Chambers a Legas bayan ya dawo daga Ingila lauya da kuma ɗan siyasa. A shekarar 1956, ya haɗu da ɗan'uwansa, Sulu Adebayo Ogunsanya don kafa Ogunsanya & Ogunsanya Chambers.

## Siyasa
A shekarar 1945, yana wakiltar Young African Progressive League, ya halarci taron Pan-African na biyar a Manchester. Har ila yau, Hastings Banda, WEB Du Bois, Jomo Kenyatta, Kwame Nkrumah da Jaja Wachuku sun halarci taron don ambaci kaɗan. 

A tsakiyar shekarar 1950, Adeniran ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Zartarwa na Kasa na Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya da Kamaru. Ya kasance Shugaban ƙungiyar matasa ta NCNC kuma a shekarar 1959, ya zama Memba na majalisa  wanda ke wakiltar Ikeja da Mushin . Ya rike mukamai daban-daban a cikin Jam'iyyarsa da kuma kananan hukumomi a Legas. A cikin NCNC, ya kasance shugaban kwamitin aiki na zartarwa na Jihar Legas sau ɗaya kuma shugaban yankin NCNC na lardin mulkin mallaka kuma daga baya sakataren majalisar dokokin NCNC. A cikin siyasar gida, ta kasance Shugabar Kwamitin Gudanar da Majalisar Gundumar Mushin . Kafin ƙarshen jamhuriya ta farko, an nada shi ministan gidaje da bincike na tarayya kuma a lokacin gwamnatin Mobolaji Johnson, an dawo da shi ga ƙaramar hukuma a matsayin kwamishinan ilimi na jihar.

Adeniran shi ne shugaban masu ci gaba da Legas waɗanda suka haɗu da wasu kungiyoyi uku don kafa Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Najeriya (NPP)  a lokacin Jamhuriyar Biyu . Daga baya ya zama shugaban jam'iyyar Jama'ar Najeriya (NPP) wanda ya gaji Olu Akinfosile bayan da ya sha kashi a hannun Lateef Jakande don zama a majalisar dokokin Legas. Shi ne Babban Lauyan Legas na farko kuma daga baya ya zama Kwamishinan Ilimi.

## Sanarwa da gado

* An sanya masa suna Kwalejin Ilimi ta Adeniran Ogunsanya saboda aikinsa na rashin son kai ga ci gaban jihar Legas.
* Babban Lauyan Najeriya.
* Shawarwarin Sarauniya.

## Manazarta
Famfon titi mai tsayi

A **famfo** ne mai zaman kansa bututu da aka saka tare da wani famfo wanda aka shigar a waje don rarraba ruwa a yankunan da ba su da ruwa mai gudana ga gine-gine.

## Amfani da shi
A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, "Matsayin fari na gaggawa" ya ba da izini ga kamfanin ruwa don rufe samar da ruwa na farko ga gidaje, da kuma samar da ruwa maimakon daga tankuna ko bututu a kan tituna. An yi wannan a wasu yankuna a lokacin guguwar zafi ta 1976, alal misali.

A wasu ƙasashen Gabas ta Tsakiya, Caribbean da Arewacin Afirka ana amfani da bututun Ruwa a matsayin samar da ruwa ga unguwanni waɗanda ba su da sabis na ruwa na gidaje. A yankuna kamar Morocco, bututun ruwa sau da yawa suna samar da sabis mara aminci kuma suna haifar da karancin ruwa ga mutane da yawa.

## Tsayayya da daskarewa
A yankunan da iska ko yanayin ƙasa ya kai ƙasa da Yanayin daskarewa don wani ɓangare ko duk shekara, wasu bututu suna sanye da fasalin da wannan hanyar da ke rufe ruwa don bib kuma yana buɗe rami na ruwa ('ruwa mai kuka') a gindin bututu lokacin da aka rufe bututu, yana tabbatar da cewa ginshiƙi na ruwa ya shiga cikin ƙasa maimakon ya kasance a cikin bututu inda zai iya daskarewa kuma ya faɗaɗa bututu. Standpipes da aka sanye su da wannan fasalin wani lokacin ana kiransu 'hydrants marasa sanyi' kodayake haɓakar sanyi har yanzu na iya faruwa zuwa ƙarami.

## Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

Fayil:Standpipe_in_winter_wonderland_Helsinki.JPG|Standpipe in Helsinki
Fayil:Standpipe_in_center_of_Stavropol.jpg|Street standpipe in Russia
Fayil:Borne_de_puisage_BAYARD.jpg|Street standpipe in France
Fayil:Standpipe.jpg|Standpipe at a backyard in Argentina
Fayil:Standpipe_in_Minsk_(Belarus)_2.jpg|Street standpipe in Minsk
Fayil:Standpipe_St._Peter_(Graveyard).jpg|Typical Standpipe in Barbados
Fayil:LA_ROSE_TOWN_HALL_-_NARA_-_552460.jpg|Standpipe in La Rose, Illinois, USA


## Manazarta
Ingantaccen tushen ruwa

**ingantaccen tushen Ruwa** (ko **tushen ruwan sha** ko kuma **samar da ruwa**) kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita domin rarraba wasu nau'ikan ko matakan samar da ruwa domin dalilai na saka idanu. An bayyana shi azaman nau'in tushen ruwa wanda, ta hanyar yanayin gininsa ko ta hanyar shiga tsakani, mai yiwuwa za a kare shi daga gurɓataccen waje, musamman daga gurɓatawa da kwayoyin.

Shirin Kulawa na hadin gwiwa (JMP) ne ya kirkiro wannan kalmar don samar da ruwa da tsabtace jiki na UNICEF da WHO a cikin 2002 don taimakawa wajen saka idanu kan ci gaba zuwa ga Manufar Lamba 7 na Manufofin Ci Gaban Millennium (MDGs). Sabanin "maɓallin ruwa mai inganci" an kira shi "maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mara inganci" a cikin ma'anar JMP. 

Ana amfani da waɗannan sharuɗɗa don saka idanu kan ci gaba zuwa ga Manufar Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa 6 (Manufar 6.1, Mai nuna 6.1.1) daga 2015 zuwa gaba. A nan, suna da wani bangare na ma'anar "aikin ruwan sha mai aminci".

## Ma'anar

### A lokacin SDG (2015 zuwa 2030)
Alamar 6.1.1 na SDG 6 ita ce "Rashin yawan jama'a ta amfani da ayyukan ruwan sha mai sarrafawa". An bayyana kalmar "ma'aikatan ruwan sha masu aminci" kamar haka: "Ruwa mai sha daga ingantaccen tushen ruwa wanda ke kan gidaje, yana samuwa lokacin da ake buƙata kuma ba tare da gurɓataccen sinadarai ba".

A cikin 2017, JMP ta bayyana sabon lokaci: "aikin ruwa na asali". An bayyana wannan a matsayin ruwan sha da ke fitowa daga ingantaccen tushe, kuma idan lokacin tattarawa bai wuce minti 30 ba don tafiya ta zagaye. Wani matakin sabis na ƙasa yanzu ana kiransa "ma'aikatar sabis na ruwa" wanda yake daidai da sabis na asali amma lokacin tattarawa ya fi minti 30.

An bayyana matakan sabis kamar yadda (daga mafi ƙasƙanci zuwa mafi girma): Ruwan sama, wanda ba a inganta shi ba, iyakance, asali, sarrafawa lafiya.

### A lokacin MDG (2000 har zuwa 2015)
Don ba da damar kwatankwacin kasa da kasa na kimantawa don saka idanu kan Manufofin Ci gaban Millennium (MDGs), Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya / Shirin Kula da Harkokin Lafiya na UNICEF (JMP) don Sayar da Ruwa da Tsabtace-tsabtace ya bayyana " ingantaccen" hanyoyin ruwa kamar haka:

* Ruwa mai bututu zuwa gidaje 
* Ruwa mai bututu a cikin yadi / shirin 
* Tushen jama'a / bututu
* Tubewell /boreholes 
* Rijiyoyin da aka haƙa da kariya 
* maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu kariya (yawanci wani ɓangare na wadatar bazara) 
* Tarin ruwan sama 
* Ruwan kwalba, idan an inganta tushen na biyu da gida ke amfani da shi don dafa abinci da tsabtace mutum 

Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa waɗanda ba a ɗauka a matsayin "mahimmanci" sune:

* Rijiyoyin da ba a kare su ba 
* maɓuɓɓugar ruwa marasa kariya 
* Mai siyarwa ya ba da ruwa 
* Karusar da ke da karamin tanki / tambari 
* Ruwa mai kwalliya, idan tushen na biyu da gida ke amfani da shi don dafa abinci da tsabtace mutum ba a inganta shi ba 
* Jirgin ruwa 
* Ruwa na sama 

## Dubi kuma

* Hakkin ɗan adam ga ruwa da tsabta

## Manazarta
Louise Jones (mai zane)

**Louise Jones** (née Chen, an haife ta a shekara ta 1988), a baya ta yi sana'a a matsayin Ouizi,  ita ce mai zane-zane na kasar Sin da Amurka da aka sani da manyan mural dinta da ke cikin birane, wuraren jama'a (gidan kayan gargajiya da wuraren shakatawa na jama'a) a duk faɗin Amurka. 

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Jones a Santa Monica, California kuma iyayenta na Shanghaiese ne suka girma a Los Angeles. Ta halarci Jami'ar California, Santa Cruz, inda ta yi karatun zane da buga takardu.

## Ayyuka
Jones ya fara aiki a kan murals a shekarar 2014.

Hotunan ta sau da yawa suna nuna tsire-tsire da dabbobi na asali, kuma sun sanar da iliminta a zane da buga takardu. Ta kuma zana murals da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare ta al'adun Sinanci-Amurka da Sinanci.

Ta shigar da murals a Arkansas,  California, Indiya,  Michigan,  New York, da Ohio,  da kuma a New Zealand da Shanghai. Ta zana fiye da murals 40 a Detroit.

A cikin 2018 an kira Jones mai zane-zane don bikin kiɗa na lantarki na 2018Movement, bikin Detroit. 

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Ta zauna kuma ta yi aiki a Detroit tun shekara ta 2014.

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Shafin yanar gizon hukuma
Ruwa mai zurfi

Wani bututu don ban ruwa alkamaRamin rami na bututuHanyar fita zuwa tafkin wucin gadiTubwell ya ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa, kuma yana iya zama babu komai a cikin tafki ko filin**Rijiyar bututu** wani nau'in rijiyar ruwa ne wanda tsawon ta ya kai millimeters 100-200 (3.9-7.9 in) -wide, bututun ƙarfe ake saka masa saboda nisan da yake yi san nan inji ake sawa ya rinƙa turo ruwan zuwa waje kuma famfo yana ɗaga abin da ake sakawa don ban ruwa. Rashin zurfin da ake buƙata na rijiyar ya dogara da zurfin teburin ruwa.

## Tarihi
Masanin ilimin ruwa na Burtaniya John Norton ne ya kirkiro rijiyar kuma ya ba da izini a cikin shekarun 1860. An yi amfani da nau'ikan bututun sa a lokacin balaguron Burtaniya zuwa Abyssinia a 1868 don samar da ruwan kasa ga sojojin da ke ci gaba. Ya tabbatar da nasara sosai ga Birtaniya cewa sun zama sanannun "maɓuɓɓugar Abyssinian" kuma an karbe su sosai a Ingila da sauran wurare don samar da wadataccen ruwa.

## Abubuwan da aka haɗa

### Ruwa na wucin gadi
Ana yin karamin tafkin ruwa a tashar bututun. Ana amfani da wannan tafkin don amfani daban-daban na ruwa ta yawan jama'ar yankin.

### Kasuwanci

Ruwan bututun da ke rufewa yana da ƙofar, silinda, bawul ɗin piston da kuma tasowa mai girma na nau'in famfo na hannu. Ana iya buƙatar fasalin don tallafawa farfajiyar waje na borehole game da rushewa, ko dai na ɗan lokaci ko na dindindin, kuma galibi ana yin sa da bututun PVC, wanda ke da fa'idodin kasancewa mai arha da inert.

Ana hana zubowa a cikin bututun da aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar hatimi na tsabta. Ragewa daga ƙasa sama da ruwa an cire shi ta tsawon murfin murfi. Ana shigar da ruwa da za a yi amfani da shi ta hanyar ramuka a cikin ƙananan tsawo na casing.

Ruwa da aka cire daga aquifers a cikin ƙasa mai laushi yawanci yana ƙunshe da yashi ko ƙwayoyin yashi, waɗanda ke iya haifar da saurin lalacewa ga bawul da cylinders (da rashin gamsuwa tsakanin masu amfani). Hanyoyin hana waɗannan barbashi daga isa ga famfo suna da nau'o'i biyu, tantancewa da yashi / dutse.

#### Bincike
A cikin na'urori masu sauki, ana yanka raguwa kawai a cikin kwalliya. Ana samun ƙarin allo masu mahimmanci a kasuwanci; wasu ana iya ɗaure su don shigar da famfo. Kayan da aka yi amfani da su sun haɗa da waya da masana'antar da aka yi da mutum; ana iya lulluɓe ƙarshen a kusa da taron shigarwar famfo.

#### Kayan yashi / dutse
Za'a iya sanya yashi da dutse daga [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] saman rami.  Ƙarin ƙarami, wanda aka riga aka haɗa, fakitin yashi da / ko dutse suna samuwa a kasuwanci; wasu daga cikin waɗannan na iya zama wani ɓangare na taron shigar famfo. Yashi da / ko yashi ana nufin kawar da barbashi daga ruwa kafin su isa allon wanda in ba haka ba za su wuce ta.

## Tsaro na ruwa a ƙasa

Gabatar da rijiyoyin bututu ya haifar da babbar guba ta arsenic a Bangladesh. Babban taro na arsenic yana faruwa a cikin ƙasa a wasu yankuna na Bangladesh.

## Fa'idodin ban ruwa na bututu

* Yana samar da ruwa a karkashin kasa lokacin da teburin ruwa ya kusa da farfajiya.
* Yana iya ban ruwa a babban yanki.
* Mafi amintacce fiye da ruwa a lokacin fari.
* Ya dace da ƙananan mallakar.

## Dubi kuma

* Tsarin kiyaye ruwa

## Manazarta
Tony Nwoye

**Tony Okechukwu Nwoye** (an haife shi 13 ga watan Satumban shekara ta 1974) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne, Sanatan Anambra ta Arewa Sanata. Tsohon ɗan majalisar wakilan Najeriya mai wakiltar mazaɓar Anambra Gabas/Yamma ta jihar Anambra. Ya kasance ɗan takarar gwamna na jam'iyyar PDP, a zaben gwamnan jihar Anambra a 2013, kuma ya kasance ɗan takarar gwamna na jam'iyyar APC a zaben gwamnan jihar Anambra na 2017. A halin yanzu mamba ne a jam'iyyar Labour.

## Tarihi

Nwoye ya fito daga Iyalan Chif da Mrs. Lawrence Nwoye na Offinta Nsugbe an haife shi ranar 13 ga watan  Satumban shekara ta 1974. Ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Metropolitan da ke Onitsha inda ya yi karatunsa na sakandare inda ya ci gaba da karatun likitanci a kwalejin likitanci Jami’ar Najeriya Nsukka sannan ya kara samun ilimin likitanci a jami’ar jihar Ebonyi inda aka rantsar da shi a matsayin likita.

## Harkokin Siyasarshi

Nwoye ya fara harkar siyasa duk da cewa shi ɗalibin likitanci ne, inda ya yi ayyuka daban-daban a matsayin jagora a harkar siyasa. Ya yi gwagwarmaya sosai don haɗa kan ɗalibai. Ya zama ɗalibi a ɓangaren likitanci na farko da ya zama shugaban ƙungiyar ɗalibai ta majalisar wakilai daga jami’ar Najeriya Nsukka. Ya kuma samu lambar yabo daga Mataimakin Shugaban Jami’ar Farfesa Ginigeme Mbanefo, bisa rawar da ya taka wajen yaƙar ƙungiyoyin asiri a makarantar. Ya zama shugaban ƙungiyar ɗalibai ta ƙasa a watan Disamban shekara ta 2003.

Ya hau mulki a matsayin mataimakin sakataren kwamitin zartarwa na jam’iyyar PDP na jihar Anambra a shekarar 2005 kuma a shekarar 2006 yana da shekaru 31 ya zama shugaban kwamitin zartarwa na jam’iyyar PDP na jihar Anambra inda ya zama shugaban jam'iyya a jihar mafi ƙarancin shekaru a wata babbar jam’iyyar siyasa a fadin ƙasar nan. A shekarar 2014 bai yi nasara ba a zaɓen jihar Anambra a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar PDP.  A shekarar 2015, ya samu nasara a kotun zaɓe kan ɗan takarar jam’iyyar APGA ( All Progressive Grand Alliance ), Peter Madubueze, ya zama wakilin Anambra Gabas da Yamma a Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya.  

A shekarar 2016, Nwoye ya bar PDP ya koma APC (All Progressives Congress).  Ya samu nasarar lashe zaben fidda gwani na gwamna na jam'iyyar a kan manyan ƴan siyasa irin su Andy Uba. Ya tsaya takarar gwamnan jihar Anambra a shekarar 2017 tare da Dozie Ikedife Jr. a matsayin abokin takararsa. Sun sha kaye ne a hannun tsohon mai ci Willie Obiano na jam’iyyar APGA.

A shekarar 2022 ya koma jam’iyyar Labour inda ya lashe zaɓen sanatan Anambra ta tsakiya. Ya lashe zaɓen kuma ya fara zama Sanata a watan Yunin shekara ta 2023. 

## Harkokin Kasuwanci
Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma ba Babban Darakta na *Vintage Consolidated Ltd*. 

## Manazarta
Odessa

**Odesa** (wanda ake rubuta shi ***'Odessa***') ita ce birni na uku mafi yawan jama'a kuma babban gari a Yukren mai dauke da kuma babbar tashar jirgin ruwa da cibiyar sufuri da ke kudu maso yammacin ƙasar, a arewa maso yammacin Bakin Tekun. Har ila yau, birnin shine Cibiyar gudanarwa ta Odesa Raion da Odessa Oblast, kuma itace cibiyar al'adu ta kabilanci. Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2021, yawan mutanen Odesa ya kai kusan 1,010,537.  A ranar 25 ga watan Janairun 2023, an ayyana cibiyar birni ta tarihi a matsayin Gidan Tarihin Duniya kuma an kara ta a cikin Jerin Tarihin Duniya da ke cikin Haɗari ta Kwamitin Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO don nuna godiya ga al'adu da yawa da kuma tsara birane na ƙarni na 19.  An yi wannan sanarwar ne don mayar da martani ga fashewar bam a Odesa a lokacin mamayar Rasha a Ukraine, wanda ya lalata ko lalata gine-gine a duk faɗin birnin.

A zamanin d ̄ a babban garin Girka ya wanzu a wurin daga tsakiyar karni na 6 BC ba. An bincika shi a matsayin yiwuwar shafin tsohuwar Girka na Histria. Tarihi na farko da aka ambaci tashar jiragen ruwa ta Slavic na Kotsiubijiv, wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania, ya samo asali ne daga 1415, lokacin da aka aika jirgin ruwa daga nan zuwa Constantinople ta teku. Bayan Grand Duchy ya rasa mulkinsa, tashar jiragen ruwan da kewayenta sun zama wani ɓangare na yankin Daular Ottoman a 1529, a ƙarƙashin sunan Hacibey, kuma sun kasance a ciki har sai da aka ci Ottomans a cikin Russo-Turkish War (1787-1792). A cikin shekara ta 1794, Sarauniyar Rasha Catherine II ta bada umurni don kafa tashar jiragen ruwa da wurin kasuwanci a Khadjibey, wanda aka sanya wa suna Odessa ba da daɗewa ba. Daga 1819 zuwa 1858, Odesa tashar jiragen ruwa ta kasance tashar kyauta. A Lokacin Soviet, muhimmiyar tashar kasuwanci ce kuma sansanin sojan ruwa. A cikin karni na 19, Odesa ita ce birni na huɗu mafi girma a Daular Rasha, bayan Moscow, Saint Petersburg da Warsaw. Tsarin gine-ginen tarihi ya fi kama da na  Bahar Rum fiye da na Rasha, yana da salo irin na Faransa da Italiya. Wasu gine-ginen suna da tsari daban daban wanda ya hada da Art Nouveau, Renaissance da Classicist.

Odesa tashar jiragen ruwa ce mai dumi. Birnin Odesa yana karbar bakuncin Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Odesa da Port Pivdennyi, wani muhimmin tashar man fetur  na nan a cikin unguwannin birnin. Wani sanannen tashar jiragen ruwa, Chornomorsk, yana cikin wannan yankin, zuwa kudu maso yammacin Odesa. Tare suna wakiltar babban cibiyar sufuri da ke hadewa da layin dogo. An haɗa wuraren sarrafa man fetur da sinadarai na Odesa zuwa hanyoyin sadarwar Rasha da sauran Turai ta hanyar bututun ruwa. A shekara ta 2000, an ayyana Quarantine Pier a Odesa Commercial Sea Port a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa kyauta da kuma Yankin tattalin arziki kyauta na tsawon shekaru 25.

## Manazarta
Justus Vinton

**Justus H. Vinton** (17 Fabrairu 1806 - 31 Maris 1858) ɗan Ba’amurke ɗan mishan ne wanda ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 25 a Burma (yanzu ana kiransa Myanmar) yana wa’azin bishara tsakanin mutanen Karen.

## Rayuwar baya
An haifi Justus Vinton a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 1806 a Willington, Connecticut. Ya halarci Hamilton Literary and Theological Institution (daga baya aka sani da Jami'ar Madison kuma a ƙarshe a matsayin Jami'ar Colgate). A shekara ta 1833 mai wa’azi a ƙasar Burma, Jonathan Wade, a lokacin jinyarsa ya yi shekara a Cibiyar yana ba da umurni ga masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje a nan gaba. Daga cikin mishan na gaba akwai Justus Vinton da Calista Holman. Jonathan Wade kuma ya zo da almajiransa guda biyu, Bamasare mai suna Maung Shwe Maung da Karen mai suna Saw Chet Thaing. Justus da Calista sun sami darasin yaren Karen daga Saw Chet Thaing.

Justus ya auri Calista Holman a shekara ta 1834, kuma bayan wata uku ya tashi zuwa Burma tare da wasu masu mishan: Mista da Misis Wade, Mr. Tafiyar dai ta dauki kwanaki dari da sittin, al'adar lokacin. Justus da Calista sun yi nazarin yaren Karen a wannan tafiya. Ƙari ga haka, masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje sun yi wa’azin bishara ga ma’aikatan jirgin. A cikin tafiyar suka canza kyaftin, da na farko, da mai kula da, da babban kaya, da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da yawa.

## Baƙi a Amurka
A cikin 1847 lafiyar Misis Vinton ta kasa kuma ta koma Amurka don neman magani. Justus ya ziyarci majami'un Baptist a kusan dukkanin jihohi kuma ya tara kudade don kungiyar Mishan Baptist mai bi bashi. A watan Yuli na shekara ta 1850, Vintons suka koma Burma ta teku, tare da masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje da yawa, ciki har da Jonathan Wade da Eugenio Kincaid da matansu.

## Manazarta
Toichio

**Toichio** (Girkanci: Τοιχιό, kafin 1926: Τειχόλιστα - Teiholista) ƙauye ne kuma al'umma ce a cikin Yankin Yankin Kastoria, Macedonia, Girka.

A cikin 1945, Ministan Harkokin Wajen Girka Ioannis Politis ya ba da umarnin tattara bayanan jama'a game da yankin Kastoria. Kauyen Toichio yana da jimillar mazauna 869, kuma wayoyin Slavophone 770 ne suka mamaye tare da kashi 50 cikin dari suna da wayewar al'ummar Bulgaria.

## Manazarta
Mary C. Pangborn

**Mary C. Pangborn** (Agusta 13, 1907 - Fabrairu 20, 2003) ba'amurkiya ce masaniyar kimiyya kuma marubuciyar litattafan almarar kimiyya .

## Ƙuruciya
An haife shi a Brooklyn, Pangborn ya halarci Makarantar Abokai . Marubucin almarar kimiyya Edgar Pangborn shine kaninta.

Ta sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare tana da shekaru 14, kuma ta shiga Kwalejin Smith bayan shekara guda

## Aikin kimiyya
A Smith, Pangborn ya sami lambar yabo ta Frances A. Hause don ƙwarewa a cikin ilmin sunadarai kuma an zabe shi zuwa Phi Beta Kappa. 
Ta kammala karatun digiri na uku a Yale a 1931. A cikin 1942, ta gano mahimmancin lipid cardiolipin. 

## Almara
Pangborn ya buga aƙalla waƙa ɗaya  kuma, daga baya a rayuwa, adadin gajeriyar almara a cikin tarihin tarihi da aka lura da kuma a cikin *Mujallar Fantasy &amp;amp; Kimiyyar Kimiyya*. 

Littafinta kawai, *Friar Bacon's Head*, ya kasance ba a buga shi ba har zuwa mutuwarta.

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Mary C. Pangborn at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
Ellen Mary Stawell-Brown

**Ellen Mary Stawell-Brown** (sunan aure Ellen Hemsted) (1878-1958) yar wasan badminton ce ta Biritaniya. Ta yi fice musamman a Gasar Cin Kofin Badminton Bude na Ingila da Gasar Wimbledon. Ellen Mary ita ce mace ta farko da ta taɓa yin hidima a kan gaba a cikin ƴan matan mata a Gasar Wimbledon.

Ellen Mary Stawell-Brown ta wakilci United Kingdom lokaci guda a gasar badminton na kasa da kasa da gasar Tennis a farkon karni na 20 (a cikin 1900s). Ta yi gasa a Gasar Wimbledon a 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904 da 1905.

Nasarar da ta yi fice gami da cin nasarar kambu biyu tare da FS Collier a Gasar Badminton ta Ingila ta 1901. Ta kuma yi gasa a 1906 All England Badminton Championship.

Babban jikan Ellen, Tim Henman, sanannen ɗan wasan tennis ne mai ritaya kuma tsohon na 4 na duniya a cikin ƙwararru. 'yarta Susan Hemsted, surukin Henry Billington da jikanyar Jane Henman su ma sun taka leda a matakin duniya.

## Manazarta
JAL Infotec

JAL Information Technology Co., Ltd. Ko wanda aka fi sani da **JAL Infotec** kuma a Turanci, kamfani ne na ƙasar Japan da ke da hedkwata a Tokyo, ƙasar Japan, wanda ke ba da sabis na IT. 

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya
Asalin, a cikin Shekarar 1978, kamfanin JAL Information Technology Co., Ltd. (JAL Infotec) ne Japan Airlines Co., Ltd ya kafa.  A shekara ta 2001, IBM Japan ya fara ba da sabis game da kamfanin JAL Infotec, sannan a shekara ta 2002, IBM Japan ta sami mafi rinjaye (51%) na kamfanin JAL Infotech daga Japan Airlines. A cikin Shekarar 2011, Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Japan ya sayi mafi yawan JAL Infotec daga IBM Japan, don rage farashin fitarwa, a matsayin mataki ɗaya na sake fasalin ƙungiyar Kamfanin JAL.

Kamfanin yana ba da sabis ga Haɗin tsarin, lissafin girgije, da tsaro na bayanai, kuma yana ba da software na kwamfuta a cikin ƙungiyar JAL.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin kamfanoni na Japan

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin Haɗin waje

* Shafin yanar gizon hukuma
Gist (kalma ta Najeriya)

**Gist** kalma ce da ake yin amfani da ita a cikin Harshen Turanci na Najeriya don nunawa ga tattaunawar da ba ta da amfani ko tsegumi, ko gulma. Hakanan tana iya nufin jita-jita. Ana iya amfani da kalmar a matsayin aikatau don ma'anar tsegumi ko yin tattaunawa mai tsanani.

## Magana
Kalmar "gist" ta samo asali ne daga harshen Turanci na Najeriya, inda ake amfani da ita don nuna tattaunawar da ba ta da amfani ko tsegumi, ko kuma gulma. An haɗa wannan ma'anar a cikin ƙamus na Oxford, yana amincewa da yaɗuwar amfani da shi a cikin mahallin Najeriya.

Wannan ya bambanta da ma'anar kalmar a cikin Harshen  Turanci, tana nufin babban ra'ayi ko abu na wani abu, ko kuma mafi mahimmancin ɓangaren wani abu mai rikitarwa.

## Amfani da shi
Ana amfani da Kalmar "Gist" a maganganun yau da kullun a harshen turancin Najeriya. Sau da yawa ana amfani da ita a cikin mahallin yaɗa labarai, jita-jita, ko kuma kawai shiga cikin maganganu na yau da kullun. Hakanan ana iya amfani da kalmar a matsayin aikatau, kamar yadda yake a cikin "gisting", wanda ke nufin shiga cikin tsegumi ko tattaunawa mai tsanani.

## A cikin al'adun gargajiya
Kalmar "gist" ta mamaye al'adun gargajiya na ƙasar Najeriya kuma ana ganinta sau da yawa a cikin nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban, gami da talabijin, rediyo, da dandamali na kan layi. Akwai dandamali na kan layi da aka sadaukar don raba "mafi ƙanƙanta" ko tsegumi daga Najeriya. Misali, sashin Naija Gist na littafin kan layi Naija News . 

## Tasiri a kan kafofin watsa labarai na Najeriya
Yawancin dandamali na kan layi da kafofin watsa labarai suna da sassan da aka keɓe don "gist", inda suke raba sabbin labarai, jita-jita, da tsegumi. Wannan yana nuna muhimmancin al'adu na "gist" a Najeriya, inda yake aiki a matsayin hanyar sadarwa da rarraba bayanai.

## Tasiri a kan wallafe-wallafen Najeriya
Kalmar "gist" ta kuma sami hanyar shiga cikin wallafe-wallafen Najeriya. Sau da yawa ana amfani da ita a cikin ayyukan wallafe-wallafen don nuna tattaunawa tsakanin haruffa, ƙara sahihanci da zurfin tattaunawa. Wannan ya kara jaddada muhimmancin al'adu na "gist" a Najeriya.

## Dubi kuma

* Gabatarwa

## Manazarta
Hanyar Bauchi Ring

**Hanyar Bauchi Ring** hanya ce wanda ke zagaye da kuma ke kewaye da birnin Jos a Jihar Plateau, Najeriya . 

## Tarihi

### Asalin lokacin mulkin mallaka
Hanyar Bauchi Ring Road ta samo asali ne a zamanin mulkin mallaka lokacin da al'ummomin asali a kan Jos Plateau suka kafa hanyoyin tafiya da hanyoyin kasuwanci, suna kafa harsashin ci gabanta.

### Gine-gine na zamanin mulkin mallaka
A farkon karni na 20 a karkashin Mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, an tsara hanyar da farko don sauƙaƙe jigilar tin, ma'adinai mai mahimmanci da aka samu da yawa a cikin Jos Plateau. Wannan saka hannun jari a cikin ababen more rayuwa ya goyi bayan masana'antar hakar ma'adinai mai girma.

### Bai yana samun 'yancin kai
Bayan samun 'Yancin Najeriya a shekarar 1960, hanyar Bauchi Ring Road ta sami fadadawa da sabuntawa. Wannan ya hada da fadadawa, ingantawa, da shimfida kwalta don biyan bukatu da karuwar yawan jama'a da tattalin arzikin Jos, da mayar da ita muhimmiyar hanyar kasuwanci da sufuri a cikin birnin..

### Muhimmancin zamani
A yau, titin zobe na Bauchi ya kasance muhimmin gaske kuma ginshiki ne na hanyoyin sufuri na Jos.  Yana kewaye yankin tsakiyar kasuwanci na birni, yana haɗa unguwanni daban-daban, kasuwanni, da cibiyoyi.  Hanyar tana saukaka hanyoyin samun muhimman abubuwa kamar Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Jos, Babban Kasuwar Jos, da ofisoshin gwamnati.

## Infrastructure da siffofi
Hanyar Bauchi Ring hanya ce mai laushi mai laushi da yawa, da ke kewaye da Jos. Ya haɗa da tsakiya, fitilun zirga-zirga, da ƙetare masu tafiya don tabbatar da ingantaccen zirga-zane. Cibiyoyin kasuwanci, wuraren zama, da wuraren kore suna kan hanya, suna ba da gudummawa ga yanayin birane daban-daban.

## Shahararrun wuraren tarihi
Akwai alamomi da yawa a kan titin Bauchi Ring Road, gami da Gidan Tarihi na Jos, wanda ke nuna al'adun al'adu na yankin, da kuma Polo Shopping Mall, sanannen wurin sayar da kayayyaki ga mazauna da masu yawon bude ido.

## Dubi kuma

* Jos, Najeriya
* Jihar Filayen
* Sufuri a Najeriya

## Haɗin waje

* Ma'aikatar Ayyuka ta Jihar Plateau
* Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Tarayyar Najeriya
* Gwamnatin Jihar Plateau
Ali bin Ghanem Al-Hajri

**Ali Bin Ghanem Al-Hajri** (Arabic) masanin ilimin Sin ne na kasar Qatar, marubuci, masanin tarihi, kuma jami'in diflomasiyya, wanda ya rike mukamai da dama a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Kasar Qatar. A halin yanzu shi ne Jakadan Qatar a Najeriya, Kamaru, Gabon da São Tomé da Príncipetun daga shekara 2021.

Ya rubuta da yawa a fannonin tarihi, ilimin Sin, da tattalin arziki, kuma ya wallafa littattafai waɗanda suka haɗa da "*Qatar a cikin Idanun Matafiya"* , "*Manyan Jiragen Ruwan Mahuda Rana"*, "*Arts in the Ming Dynasty"*, "*Zheng He: The Chinese Sea Emperor"*, "*Economic Papers on the [[:en:Silk_Road|Silk Road"]]* da sauran sanannun wallafe-wallafen. Yawancin rubuce-rubucensa suna mai da hankali kan dangantakar tarihi tsakanin kasashe.

## Ilimi
Al-hajri ya sami karatu matakin digirin farko a fannin lauya (LL. B) daga kasar Jordan, kuma ya ci gaba a matakin digiri na biyu a karatun lauya (LL. M) a cikin Dokar Kasuwanci ta Turai daga Ƙasar Ingila. Ya kuma sami matakin karatu mafi girma (PhD) a Kimiyya ta Siyasa da rubutunsa mai taken "Darfur and the Globalization of Crises" daga Jami'ar Musulunci ta Duniya ta Malaysia, da kuma Masters a ilimin kula da kasuwanci (NBA) 

## Ayyukan rubuce-rubuce
Al-Hajri ya fara rubutu tun farkon aikinsa. Saboda sha'awarsa a fannin tarihin al'adu na mutane daban-daban a duk faɗin duniya, yayi rubutu da yawa game da tarihin Sinanci, Larabawa da Afirka. Wasu masu lura sun yi la'akari da ayyukansa a kan kasar Sin ba a saba gani ba a duniyar Larabawa musamman Yankin Gulf.  A cikin 2018, ya rubuta wani labari mai taken "*Manyan Jiragen Ruwan Mahuda Rana*" wanda ya dogara da labarin mai binciken kasar Sin "Zheng He" da kuma abubuwan da ya faru a teku. Ya zama littafi na farko na Sinanci da Larabawa, wanda aka samar da fim din tarihin al'adun Larabawa da Sinanci.

## Manazarta
Olukayode Oladipo Amund

**Olukayode Oladipupo Amund** farfesa ne kuma mataimakin shugaban Jami'ar Elizade na uku .  kwamitin amintattu na hukumar makarantar ne ya naɗa shi a matsayin VC a cikin shekarar 2019. 

## Ayyuka
Amund farfesa ne a fannin man fetur da ilimin microbiology na muhalli kafin a naɗa shi a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban makarantar.Ya kasance Fellow na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Najeriya (FAS), Fellow, Cibiyar Gudanar da Manufofin (FIPMD), Fellow), Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), Fellow، Kwalejin Nazarin Kimiyya ta Afirka (FAAS) da Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Afrika (FAS). A Lokacinsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Elizade na 3, ya ƙare bayan ya kwashe shekaru 45 yana hidima a makarantar yana da shekaru 70  Ya kasance Mataimakin Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Wesley da Dean na ɗalibai da Hall Master na Jami'ar ta Legas. 

## Manazarta
Jirgin ruwa na Faransa Requin (1924)

**Jirgin ruwan Faransa Requin** shine jagorar jirgin ruwa na Requin-class wanda aka gina don Sojojin ruwan Faransa a tsakiyar shekarun 1920. An kafa shi a watan Yunin shekarar 1922, an kaddamar da shi a watan Yuli 1924 kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu 1926. Sojojin Italiya sun kama shi a Bizerte, Tunisia a ranar 8 ga Disamba 1942 kuma aka sake masa suna FR 113. A ranar 9 ga Satumban shekara ta 1943, sojojin Jamus sun sake kwace shi. An sayar da shi don guntu a cikin Genes, Italiya a cikin 1944.

## Ƙira
78 m (255 ft 11 in) tsayi, tare da katako na 6.8 m (22 ft 4 in) da daftarin 5.1 m (16 ft 9 a), jiragen ruwa na Requin na iya nutsewa har zuwa 80 m (260 ft). Jirgin ruwan yana da ƙaura mai tsayin ton 1,150 (1,168 t) da ƙaura mai tsayin ton 1,441 (1,464 t). Motocin diesel mai karfin 2,900 hp (2,163 kW) da injinan lantarki 1,800 hp (1,342 kW) ne suka samar da motsi yayin da ake hawa. Ƙunƙarar wutar lantarkin jiragen ruwa na ƙarƙashin ruwa sun ba shi damar samun gudu na kullin 9 (kilomita 17 / h; 10 mph) yayin da aka nutse da kullin 15 (28 km / h; 17 mph) a saman. Matsakaicin iyakarsu ya kai mil 7,700 nautical mil (kilomita 14,300) a 9 knots (kilomita 17/h), da 4,000 nautical miles (7,400 km) a 12 knots (22 km/h), tare da nisa mai nisan mil 70 nautical mil (130 km) a 5 knots (9.3 km/h).

## Manazarta
Kayode Elegbede

**Olukayode "Kayode" Elegbede** (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1955) ɗan wasan tsere ne  ƙasar Na Najeriya sannan kuma ya yi ritaya  mai tsalle mai tsawo.

Ya lashe lambar azurfa ta farko a Gasar Zakarun Afirka  a shekarar 1979, tare da Mita 7.89 - biyar centimeters a bayan ɗan ƙasar Ajayi Agbebaku .  Ya kammala wasan tseren sa na goma sha ɗaya a Wasannin Olympics na 1980.  A nan kuma ya kammala na bakwai a cikin mita 4 × 100, tare da Hammed Adio, Olajidie Oyeledun da Peter Okodogbe . 

Mafi kyawunsa shine mita 8.02 a tsalle mai tsawo a shekarar (1982) da kuma mita 10.6 seconds a cikin mita 100 a shekarar(1980). 

## Manazarta
Sadiq Ali (mai gwagwarmayar 'yanci)

**Sadiq Ali** (an haife shi a shekarar 1910 a Yankin  Udaipur a ƙasar Indiya ta Burtaniya, ya mutu a shekarar 2001-17 Afrilu ) ya kasance mai gwagwarmayar ƴanci. 

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
Ya bar gida tun yana ƙarami don ci gaba da karatunsa a Jami'ar Allahabad sannan ya shiga gwagwarmayar ƴanci kuma an ɗaure shi sau da yawa.A lokacin karatunsa, ya ga dangin Nehru a Allahabad suna jagorantar yunƙurin ƴanci kuma tun daga wannan lokacin ya fara shiga cikin ayyukan tare da Majalisa a cikin yunƙurin ƙasa.Ya shirya dharna a Jami'ar Allahabad don kauracewa kayayyakin ƙasashen waje da barasa. Daga nan sai gwamnatin Burtaniya ta kama shi kuma ta tura shi kurkuku.

A cikin Shekarar 1930, an yi watsi da dokar gishiri ta Gandhi sannan aka daure shi.Ya kasance Sakataren Ofishin sannan kuma Sakataren Dindindin na AICC daga Shekarar 1936 zuwa Shekara ta 1948. A cikin Shekara ta 1942 ya zauna tare da Gandhiji a Sevagram Ashram kuma ya mai da hankali kan masana'antar ƙauyen Khadi. A shekara ta 1943, an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru biyu a ƙarƙashin satyagraha na kansa.

## Ayyuka
A shekara ta 1947, ya yi tsayayya da rabuwa da ƙasar Indiya kuma ya soki ƙa'idar Musulmi ta Ƙungiya Biyu. Ya shiga siyasa bayan samun 'yancin kai.

General Secretary from 1958 to 1962 and again 1964–1969, he was a member of the Provisional Parliament from 1950 to 1952 and of Rajya Sabha from 1957 to 1970. He was also Chief Editor of the AICC Economic Review from 1958 to 1962 and 1964–1969.

Ali ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Indiya (O) daga Shekarar 1971 zuwa shekara ta 1973, Gwamnan Maharashtra daga Shekarar 1977 zuwa Shekarar 1980, Gwamnan Tamil Nadu daga Shekarar 1980 zuwa Shekarar 1982, Shugaban Kwamitin Rajghat Samadhi, New Delhi 1992-96.

Ya ci gaba da zama Shugaban Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya Samiti tun A shekarar 1985, kuma Shugaban Asusun Tunawa na Ƙasa na Gandhi tun Shekarar 1990 da kuma Shugaban Sardar Patel Memorial Trust da Majalisar Harkokin Jama'a.

Littattafan da ya karɓa sun haɗa da: Bincike game da tunanin Socialist a cikin Majalisa, Dimokuradiyya da Haɗin Kai na Kasa, da kuma hangen nesa na Swaraj . 

Ya kasance gwamnan Maharashtra daga Shekara ta 1977 zuwa Shekarar 1980 kuma gwamnan Tamil Nadu daga Shekarar  1980 zuwa shekara ta 1982.

Ya mutu a ranar 17 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 2001. 

## Manazarta
CBN Ogbogbo

**Christopher Bankole Ndubisi Oyat** (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Watan Oktoban shekara ta 1963) lauya ne kuma farfesa a fannin tarihi. Shi ne tsohon shugaban Sashen Tarihi, na Jami'ar Ibadan,  kuma Shugaban Emeritus na Tarihi na Najeriya a shekarun (2014 - 2018). 

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Oyat ne a Jihar Legas, ƙasar Najeriya, kuma ya girma a Jihar Lagos da Port Harcourt, Jihar Rivers, Najeriya. Ya yi karatun tarihi a Jami'ar Ibadan  kuma ya sami digiri na shari'a a Jami'an Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-Ife . Oyat ya ba da lacca game da Tarihin Afirka a Ibadan a cikin shekaru 27 da suka gabata. A matsayinsa na babban memba na ƙungiyar lauyoyin Najeriya, ya yi aiki a matsayin Jami'in Hulɗa da Jama'a da kuma Baitulmalin reshen NBA Ibadan a farkon shekara ta 1990.

## Ayyukan ilimi
Oyat ya lashe lambobin yabo da tallafi da yawa na ilimi saboda kwarewar aikinsa, gami da Cibiyar Nazarin Faransanci a Afirka IFRA Nairobi Grant 2005, Gidauniyar MacArthur Foundation Grant 2006, Jami'ar Ibadan Senate Research Grant 2007, da Humanities Staff Development Grant 2015. Ya kasance malami mai ziyara a Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma, Kwalejin Dartmouth, Jami'ar St. Augustine ta Tanzania, Mwanza da Jami'ar Benin a Najeriya. An naɗa shi Farfesa mai ziyara na Tarihin Afirka a Jami'ar Jihar Kennesaw da ke Atlanta, Jojiya a shekarar 2014. Ya wallafa ayyukan Guda 60+ a cikin mujallu da littattafai na ilimi. A halin yanzu, shi ne Babban Edita na Jaridar Tarihi ta Najeriya da Edita na Makarantar Tarihi ta Ibadan . Oyat ya Yi rubutu game da Delta na Nijar da ƙalubalen gina ƙasa a Najeriya. Ya kuma gabatar da karatun Niger Delta a Jami'ar Ibadan ta Tarihi . 

Shi mai ba da shawara ne ga ƙungiyoyi kamar Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayya da Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) kuma memba ne na ƙungiyoyin ilimi da yawa sune kamar haka:  gami da Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙabilanci, Ireland, Ƙungiyar Nazarin Amurka, memba, Ƙungiyar nazarin Afirka, Amurka, Ƙungiyar Tarihi ta Najeriya, Ƙungiyar Bar ta Najeriya da Ƙungiyar Nazarin Zaman Lafiya da Ayyuka.

Littattafan da aka rubuta sun haɗa da, The Dynamics of Inter-Group Relations in Nigeria Tun daga Shekarar 1960 (Rubuce-rubuce a cikin girmamawa na Obaro Ikime @ 70).

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin Haɗin waje

* https://narc.org.ng/management/professor-og Gideon-Christopher-b-n/
Mobolaji Adeniyi Adeola

**Arc. Mobolaji Adeniyi Adeola** FNIA (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1960) masanin gine-gine ne Na Najeriya, masanin kimiyya kuma shugaban ƙasa na 30 na Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-gine ta ƙasar Najeriya .  

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Mobolaji a ranar 16 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1960 ɗa ga dangin Cif Kolawole Olafimihan - Likitan haihuwa da likitan mata da kuma Mrs Violet a Landan, Ingila. Ta sami digiri na farko a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello a shekarar 1980 kuma a shekarar 1982 ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin gine-gine.

## Ayyuka
Mobolaji ta yi aiki a matsayin malama a The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Jihar Oyo, Najeriya, daga shekarar 1982 zuwa shekara ta 1984. A halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin Shugaban ƙasa ta 30 kuma mace ta farko a matsayin Shugaban Cibiyar Gine-gine ta Najeriya a Jihar Oyo, kuma mace ta biyu a matsayin Shugaban Ƙasa. Ita ce Babban Jami'in zartarwa kuma babban abokin tarayya a MA da abokan tarayya.

## Kasancewa memba
Mobolaji a halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin Shugabar Cibiyar Gine-gine ta Ƙasar Najeriya kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama shugabar ƙungiyar a cikin tarihin shekaru 63. Ita memba ce ta kwamitin ADSL kuma memba ce ta ƙungiyar Architects Build Nigeria . 

## Manazarta
Filin wasa na Jalingo City

**filin wasa na Jolly Nyame** filin wasa ne mai amfani da yawa a birnin Jalingo, Najeriya .    A halin yanzu ana amfani da shi galibi don wasannin kwallon kafa sannan kuma gida ne ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafan Taraba FC. Filin wasan yana ɗaukar mutane 12,000 kuma an gina shi a shekara ta 2002. An sanya masa suna ne bayan Babban Gwamnan jihar na lokacin, Hon. Jolly Nyame . 

Hanyoyin Haɗin waje

* Hotuna  da aka adana 2016-03-13 a

## Manazarta
Tarikh-i-Chitral

***Tarikh-i-Chitral*** littafin ne wanda Mirza Muhammad Ghufran ya tattara kuma ya kammala a 1921 bisa umarnin Mehtar Shuja ul-Mulk (r. 1895-1936). An rubuta shi a Farisa tsakanin 1911 da 1919, tare da bugawa a cikin shekara ta 1921 a Bombay, Indiya. Bayan da aka buga shi Mehtar Shuja ul-Mulk ya ba da umarnin ƙone dukkan kwafin littafin.

Wannan littafin ya kasance a ɓoye a Chitral har sai dan marubucin, Ghulam Murtaza, ya dawo da kwafin kuma tare da Wazir Ali Shah sun yi amfani da shi a matsayin nassi don tattara Nayi Tarikh-i-Chitral (1962).

## Nayi Tarikh-i-Chitral
**Nayi ''Tarikh-i-Chitral*** fassarar [[Urdu]] ce ta asalin Tarikh- i-Chitrale duk da cewa tare da ƙarin ƙari mai yawa bisa ga bayanan Mehtar Nasir ul-Mulk (r. 1936-1943). Littafin ya sake fasalin kuma ya fadada labarin asalin *Tarikhi-Chitral'' bisa ga ƙarin bincike na Sir Nasir ul-Mulk.

## Duba kuma

* Shahnamah-i-Chitral

## Manazarta
Wadud na Swat

**Miangul Sir Abdul Wadud** (Urdu) shi ne Wāli na Swat daga 1926 har zuwa lokacin da ya yi murabus a 1949. Jikan Akhund na Swat, an zabe shi a matsayin mai mulkin Swat ta hanyar Loya jirga a watan Nuwamba 1918 kuma hukumomin Burtaniya sun amince da shi a matsayin Wāli na Swat a ranar 3 ga Mayu 1926. Ya yi mulki daga 1918 zuwa 1949, lokacin da ya yi murabus don goyon bayan ɗansa na fari, Miangul Jahan Zeb .

## Rayuwa ta farko da gwagwarmaya don iko
An haifi Miangul Sir Abdul Wadud a cikin gidan Royal Gujar na Saidu Sharif a cikin 1881. Ya kasance jikan Saidu Baba daga mahaifinsa da Aman ul-Mulk, Mehtar na Chitral daga mahaifiyarsa. Ya sami ilimi a asirce. A shekara ta 1915, lokacin da kabilun Upper Swat suka zabi Syed Abdul Jabbar Shah a matsayin mai mulkin su, ya yi adawa da zaben kuma ya tafi gudun hijira a Dalbar. Abdul Jabbar bai iya kare yankin ba a wani hari da aka kai wa Nawab na Dir a shekarar 1916.  An samu rikici. Abdul Wadud ya dawo ya dauki makamai a kan Abdul Jabbar a shekarar 1916. A sakamakon haka, Jirga na Swat ya yanke shawarar fitar da Abdul Jabbar kuma ya nada Abdul Wadud don maye gurbinsa a shekarar 1917.  Abdul Wadud ya kafa mulkinsa a Swat tare da taimakon kabilar Mandanr, kuma ya haɗa Buner da Chakesar zuwa mulkinsa. A shekara ta 1923, ya mallaki mafi yawan yankin Swat.

## Wāli na Swat
An ayyana Abdul Wadud a matsayin Wāli na Swat a 1926 tare da alawus na shekara-shekara na rupees 10,000 daga gwamnatin Indiya.  Yana da mata uku, 'ya'ya mata takwas da' ya'ya maza huɗu.

Kodayake an zabe shi sarki kuma an san shi da "Bacha" ko "Badshah", ma'ana "sarki," hukumomin Burtaniya kawai sun ba shi taken Wāli, wanda ke nufin mai mulki na addini.  Abdul Wadud yana son lakabin sarki amma hukumomin siyasa na Burtaniya sun musanta shi bisa la'akari da cewa babu mai mulki a Indiya sarki ne, kuma kawai Sarki-Sarkin sarakuna a Burtaniya yana da damar yin amfani da irin wannan hanyar. Abdul Wadud ya shiga Pakistan a ƙarshen 1947. 

Abdul Wadud ya cire inuwa ga mahajjata na Hindu a kan Elum Ghar waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa wurin Rām tazar ne. 

Ya yi murabus don goyon bayan ɗansa na fari, Miangul Jahan Zeb, a ranar 12 ga Disamba 1949. Jahan Zeb ta mallaki Swat har zuwa hadewarta da Pakistan a shekarar 1969.

## Daraja da kyaututtuka

* Kyautar Jubilee ta Sarki George V (1935) 
* Kyautar Sarki George na shida (1937) 
* Medal na Pakistan (1948) 

## Mutuwa
Abdul Wadud ya mutu a fadar sarauta, Aqba (yanzu Iqra Academy), a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1971 kuma an binne shi a can a Badshah Sahib Mausoleum .

## Duba kuma

* Swat (gidan sarauta) 
* Miangul Jahan Zeb
* Wali na Swat

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Sultan-i-Roma e - IPCS PDF
* Game da Swat Royal Family & Photographs - Pakistan ... - Apna Swat

## Ƙarin karantawa

* Muhammad Altaf Husain, Labarin Swat kamar yadda wanda ya kafa, Miangul Abdul Wadud (Badshah Sahib), ya fada wa Muhammad Asif Khan. Miangul Abdul Wadud (Badshah Sahib), Peshawar, 1963.
* Sultan-i-Rome, Jihar Swat, 1915-1969, Daga Farawa zuwa Haɗuwa: Binciken Siyasa, Gudanarwa, Siyasa, da Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki, Karachi: Oxford University Press (2008),
Abdul Hai Arifi

**Abdul Hai Arifi** (1898 - 27 Maris 1986) masanin musulmi ne 'Yan Pakistan kuma mai ba da shawara na Sufi na tsarin Chishti . Ya kasance almajirin Ashraf Ali Thanwi . Ya wallafa littattafai ciki har da *Uswah Rasool-e-Akram* da Mutuwa da Godiya . Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Darul Uloom Karachi na tsawon shekaru goma. 

Arifi ta kasance tsohuwar jami'ar Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College da Jami'ar Lucknow . Ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya tsakanin 1926 da 1935, kuma homeopathy daga 1936 har zuwa lokacin da ya mutu a ranar 27 ga Maris 1986. Dalibansa a Sufism sun hada da Taqi Usmani da Rafi Usmani .

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Abdul Hai Arifi a shekara ta 1898 a lardunan United na Indiya ta Burtaniya. Ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental a 1923 kuma ya sami Digiri na LLB daga Jami'ar Lucknow . Ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya tsakanin 1926 da 1935.  Ya bar fannin shari'a kuma ya yi karatun Homeopathy a 1936. Ya yi aikin likitanci har zuwa mutuwarsa. Ya kasance yana hulɗa da Ashraf Ali Thanwi daga 1923, kuma ya zama "Murid" a 1927. Thanwi ya ba shi izini a cikin tsari na Chishti a cikin 1935. 

Arifi ya kasance memba na majalisar zartarwa ta Darul Uloom Karachi kuma ya gaji Muhammad Shafi a matsayin shugaban Darul U loom Karachi sannan ya yi aiki a makarantar sakandare na kimanin shekaru goma har zuwa mutuwarsa. Ya mutu a ranar 27 ga Maris 1986.  Taqi Usmani ne ya jagoranci addu'ar jana'izarsa kuma Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq da Jahan Dad Khan ne suka halarta. An binne shi a makabartar Darul Uloom Karachi.  Almajiransa sun hada da Muhammad Taqi Usmani  da Rafi Usmani . 

## Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen
Arifi ya rubuta littattafai ciki har da: 

* *Uswah Rasool-e-Akram*
* *Mutuwa da Gādon*
* *Ashraf Ali Thanvi, rayuwa & aiki*
* *Hanyar Musulunci a cikin mutuwa: ingantaccen littafi na dokoki, da kuma hali a yayin mutuwar tsakanin Musulmai*
* *Ma'ās̲ir-i Ḥakīmulummat: ba shi da kyau idan ya yi kyau *
* *K̲h̲avātīn ke sharʻī aḥkām*
* *Fihrist-i taʼlīfāt-i Ḥakīmulummat*
* *Bahādur Yār Jang Akādmī kā taʻāruf*

## Kyauta
Rafi Usmani ya rubuta Mere murshid Ḥaẓrat-i ʻĀrifī  kuma Sayyid Riyazuddin ya rubuta Ārif Billāh Ḥazī Ḍākṭar Muḥammad ʻAbdulhaʼī: savāniḥ ḥayāt va taʻlīmāt . 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin Deobandis

## Manazarta

### Bayanai

### Bayanan littattafai
* 
* 
*
Yankin Gudanarwa na Falasdinu

Hukumomin Falasdinawa (PNA) ne suka ƙirƙira **sassan ƙasar** Falasdinu. PNA ba ta iko da duk ƙungiyoyin da take iƙirari kuma an santa da wani yanki a matsayin ƙasa mai cikakken iko . Yarjejeniyar Oslo ta bayyana matakan sarrafawa daban-daban don yankunan da ake kira A, B, C.

Akwai manyan yankuna guda biyu da PNA ke da'awar: zirin Gaza, wanda ke da cikakken yankin A, da Yammacin Kogin Jordan wanda shine A, B, C. Tun daga shekara ta 2007, gwamnatoci biyu suna da'awar su kasance halaltattun gwamnatocin Falasdinu; daya yana iko da zirin Gaza, daya kuma na yammacin gabar kogin Jordan.

A cikin 1994 Ma'aikatar Kananan Hukumomin Falasdinu (MoLG) ta kafa ƙananan hukumomi 483, wanda ya ƙunshi gundumomi 103 da majalisun ƙauye da ƙananan gungu. Bugu da kari, an kuma samar da gwamnoni 16. Daga baya gyare-gyaren ya kasance yana rage adadin ƙananan hukumomi (kanan hukumomi da ƙauyuka). Ana kuma juya PNA zuwa hada kananan hukumomi tare ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin jama'a, da ake kira Joint Services Councils (JSC), wanda akwai kusan 100. 

* Gwamnatoci ( *muhafazah* ) : 5 a Zirin Gaza, 11 a Yammacin Gabar Kogin Jordan
* Municipalities ( *hayyat mahaliya*, kafa 1994, 4 daban-daban iri)
** Darasi A
** Matakin B
** Matakin C
** Level D: majalisar kauye

Akwai kuma sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira, gungu na ƙauye, ƙauyuka.

An kafa Babban Darakta na Majalisun Haɗin gwiwa don manufar gudanarwa da gudanar da ayyukan haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin gida.

Yankin Seam shine yanki tsakanin layin Green da shingen Yammacin Kogin Isra'ila, wasu gundumomi suna can, misali Umm ar-Rihan (matakin D).

## Magana
Gaɓar Yamma

**Gaɓar Yamma** (Larabci|الضفة الغربية) yanki ne da ke Gabashin Tekun Bahar Rum, tsakanin Kogin Jordan da kuma Isra'ila. Yana daga cikin yankunan da ake rikici a kansu tsakanin Falasdinawa da Isra'ila. Wannan yanki yana da mahimmanci ta fuskar siyasa, addini, da tarihi a Gabas ta Tsakiya.

## Tarihi
Gaɓar Yamma ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Jordan daga 1948 zuwa 1967. A shekarar 1967, bayan Yakin kwanaki shida, Isra'ila ta kwace yankin daga Jordan. Tun daga lokacin, yankin ya kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Isra’ila, kodayake Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na kallon shi a matsayin ƙasa mai mamaye.

## Babban birane
* Ramallah – Hedikwatar Gwamnatin Rikon Kwarya ta Palasɗinu
* Hebron () – Birni mai dimbin tarihi ga addinan Musulunci da Yahudanci
* Nablus – Wuri mai tarihi da al’adu
* Bethlehem – An haifi Annabi Isa a nan bisa addinin Kiristanci
* Jericho – Daya daga cikin tsoffin birane da ake ci gaba da rayuwa a cikinsu

## Siyasa
Gaɓar Yamma na cikin muradun kafa Ƙasar Palasɗinu, inda Falasɗinawa ke neman mulki mai cikakken iko. Sai dai Isra’ila na ci gaba da mamaye wasu sassa da kuma gina matsugunan Yahudawa wanda hakan ke kara dagula al’amura.

## Ilimi

Gaɓar Yamma na da cibiyoyin ilimi da dama, ciki har da makarantun firamare, sakandire da manyan makarantu. Gwamnatin Rikon Kwarya ta Palasɗinu da hukumomin ƙetare na taimakawa wajen tafiyar da harkokin ilimi a yankin. Har ila yau, akwai jami’o’i masu zaman kansu da na gwamnati da ke bayar da gudunmawa wajen ci gaban ilimi da bincike.

### Jerin Jami’o’i a Gaɓar Yamma
* Jami’ar Birzeit – Wata tsohuwar jami’a da ke kusa da Ramallah, daya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin ilimi a yankin.
* Jami’ar An-Najah ta kasa da kasa – Ita ce mafi girma a yankin, tana a Nablus.
* Jami’ar Hebron – Tana cikin birnin Hebron, tana da fannonin karatu da dama.
* Jami’ar Al-Quds – Tana a kusa da Birnin Qudus, tana da bangarori da dama na karatun kimiyya da al’umma.
* Jami’ar Kudus ta Buɗe (Al-Quds Open University) – Jami’ar da ke ba da damar karatu daga nesa ga ɗalibai a fadin yankunan Palasɗinu.

## Addini da al’adu
Yankin na da matsayi na musamman ga addinan Musulunci, Kiristanci da Yahudanci. Wuraren ibada da tarihi da ke yankin na jawo masu ziyara daga sassa daban-daban na duniya.

## Duba kuma
* Falasɗinu
* Isra'ila
* Rikicin Falasɗinu da Isra'ila

## Manazarta