Matilda ta Tuscany

**Matilda na Tuscany** ( Italian   ; Latin   ko  ;  - 24 Yuli 1115), ko **Matilda na Canossa** ( Italian:    ), wanda kuma ake kira  ("Babban Ƙidaya"), ta kasance memba na Gidan Canossa (wanda aka fi sani da Attonids) a rabin na biyu na ƙarni na sha ɗaya. Matilda tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane masu mulki a Zamanin Tsakiyar Italiya . Ta yi mulki a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe akai-akai, makircin siyasa, da kuma korar mutane daga Cocin .

Ta yi mulki a matsayin mai mulkin kama karya na feudal margravine, kuma a matsayinta na dangin daular Salian ta daular, ta yi sulhu a cikin abin da ake kira Rikicin Zuba Jari . A cikin wannan rikici mai girma da sabon gyara Papacy kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin ikon ruhaniya ( *sacerdotium* ) da ikon duniya ( *regnum* ), Paparoma Gregory VII ya kori kuma ya kori Sarkin Romawa Mai Tsarki Henry IV (Sarkin Romawa a lokacin) a shekara ta 1076. A lokaci guda, Matilda ta mallaki wani yanki mai yawa wanda ya haɗa da Lombardy na yanzu, Emilia, Romagna, da Tuscany . Ta gina Canossa Castle, a cikin Apennines kudu maso yammacin Reggio Emilia, cibiyar yankunanta. 

Bayan ya yi tafiya mai ban sha'awa a gaban Canossa Castle a watan Janairun 1077, an mayar da Henry na Huɗu cikin Cocin ta hannun Paparoma. Duk da haka, fahimtar da ke tsakanin Sarki da Paparoma ba ta daɗe ba. A cikin rikicin da ya taso da Henry na Huɗu bayan ɗan lokaci, daga 1080, Matilda ta sanya dukkan kayan aikinta na soja da na kayan aiki ga Paparoma. Kotunta ta zama mafaka ga mutane da yawa da aka kora a lokacin rikicin saka hannun jari kuma ta ji daɗin bunƙasar al'adu. Ko bayan mutuwar Paparoma Gregory na Huɗu a 1085, Matilda ta kasance ginshiƙi mai mahimmanci na Cocin Gyara. Tsakanin 1081 da 1098, takaddama mai tsanani da Henry na Huɗu ya sa mulkin Canossan ya shiga cikin rikici. Tarihin tarihi bai yi yawa ba a wannan lokacin. Wani sauyi ya faru ne sakamakon kafa haɗin gwiwa da shugabannin kudancin Jamus, waɗanda suka yi adawa da Henry na Huɗu.

A shekara ta 1097, Henry na Huɗu ya tsallake tsaunukan Alps zuwa yankin arewacin Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki, kuma rashin iko ya bunƙasa a regnum . da kuma sacerdotium ya canza tsarin zamantakewa da mulki na biranen Italiya har abada, yana ba su sarari don 'yantar da kansu daga mulkin ƙasashen waje da ci gaban al'umma. Tun daga kaka ta 1098, Matilda ta sake dawo da yawancin yankunanta da ta ɓace. Har zuwa ƙarshe, ta yi ƙoƙarin mayar da biranen ƙarƙashin ikonta. Bayan 1098, ta ƙara amfani da damar da aka ba ta don sake ƙarfafa mulkinta. Tunda ba ta da ɗa, a cikin shekarunta na ƙarshe, Matilda ta haɓaka gadonta ta hanyar mai da hankali kan ayyukan bayar da gudummawarta ga Polirone Abbey .

Labarin Donizo ya ruwaito cewa tsakanin 6 zuwa 11 ga Mayu 1111, an naɗa Matilda a matsayin Babban Sarki kuma Mataimakiyar Sarauniyar Italiya ta hannun Henry V a Gidan Bianello ( Quattro Castella, Reggio Emilia). Da rasuwarta, Gidan Canossa ya ɓace a 1115. Tun zuwa ƙarni na sha uku, Paparoma da sarakuna sun yi yaƙi a kan abin da ake kira Terre Matildiche ("Yankunan Matildine") a matsayin gadonsu mai yawa.

Mulkin Matilda da tasirinta sun zama wani zamani na al'adu a Italiya wanda ya sami karbuwa a cikin zane-zanen fasaha, kiɗa, da adabi da labarai na mu'ujiza da tatsuniyoyi. Gadonta ya kai matsayin da ba a taɓa gani ba a lokacin ƙin gyara da kuma zamanin Baroque . Paparoma Urban VIII ya sa aka mayar da gawar Matilda zuwa Roma a shekara ta 1630, inda ita ce mace ta farko da aka binne a Basilica ta Saint Peter .

## Asalin Gidan Canossa

Duk da cewa tsararraki na baya ne kawai suka ƙirƙira waɗannan sunaye, Matilda ta fito ne daga gidan sarautar Canossa, wanda kuma aka sanya wa suna Attonids.  Tsohon kakanni na Gidan Canossa da aka tabbatar shi ne mai martaba Sigifred, wanda ya rayu a gundumar Lucca a cikin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na farko na ƙarni na goma. Wataƙila ya ƙara tasirinsa a yankin da ke kewaye da Parma da kuma a cikin tsaunukan Apennines . Ɗansa, Adalbert-Atto, ya sami damar kawo gidajen sarauta da yawa a cikin tsaunukan Apennines ƙarƙashin ikonsa a yankin da siyasa ta wargaje. Adalbert-Atto ya auri Hildegard, na dangin sarautar Supponid Frankish wanda ya kasance mai tasiri sosai a arewacin Italiya.

Adalbert-Atto ya gina Canossa Castle a kudu maso yammacin tsaunukan Reggio Emilia . Bayan mutuwar Sarki Lothair na Biyu na Italiya ba zato ba tsammani a shekara ta 950, Adalbert-Atto ya ba wa matar Lothair, Sarauniya Adelaide, mafaka a Canossa Castle, bayan Berengar na Ivrea ya yi ƙoƙarin karɓar mulki a Italiya ya kuma daure ta na ɗan lokaci. Daga nan sai Sarki Otto na ɗaya na Gabashin Faransa ya shiga tsakani a Italiya ya auri Adelaide a shekara ta 951. Wannan ya haifar da kusanci tsakanin Gidan Canossa da daular Ottonian . Adalbert-Atto ya bayyana a cikin takardu daga zamanin Otto na ɗaya a matsayin mai kare hakkin jama'a, kuma ya sami damar yin hulɗa da Paparoma a karon farko bayan mutanen Ottonian. Otto na ɗaya kuma ya ba wa Adalbert-Atto gundumomin Reggio da Modena . A ƙarshe a shekara ta 977, an ƙara gundumar Mantua zuwa yankunan da aka bai wa Adalbert-Atto. 

Ɗan Adalbert-Atto, Tedald, ya ci gaba da kusanci da sarakunan Otto tun daga shekarar 988. Tedald shine kakan Matilda. A shekarar 996 an rubuta shi a matsayin *dux et marchio* (Duke da Margrave) a cikin wata takarda. Duk sarakunan da suka biyo baya na Gidan Canossa sun karɓi wannan lakabin,  gado ne da ke hana jayayya tsakanin 'ya'yan Tedald uku.

Haɓakar iyalin ta kai kololuwarta a ƙarƙashin mahaifin Matilda, Boniface . Sarakunan Canossa guda uku da suka biyo baya (Adalbert-Atto, Tedald, da Boniface) sun kafa gidajen ibada don faɗaɗa mulkinsu. An kafa gidajen ibada da aka kafa ( Brescello, Polirone, Santa Maria di Felonica) a wuraren sufuri da mahimmancin dabaru don haɗa manyan kadarorinsu. An yi amfani da tsarkakan iyali guda uku (Genesius, Apollonius, da Simeon) don daidaita tsarin ikon Gidan Canossa kuma iyalin sun nemi yin tasiri ga gidajen ibada waɗanda suka daɗe suna wanzuwa ( Abbey of Nonantola ). Canja wurin gidajen ibada zuwa ga bishop na gida da haɓaka cibiyoyin ruhaniya suma sun faɗaɗa hanyar haɗin gwiwarsu. Bayyana a matsayin mai kula da tsari ya ƙarfafa matsayinsu a gefen *Via Aemilia* .  Masanin tarihi Arnaldo Tincani ya sami damar tabbatar da adadi mai yawa na gonaki 120 a cikin gidan Canossa kusa da kogin Po . 

## Auren farko: Godfrey the Hunchback

Wataƙila ta hanyar amfani da tsirarun 'yan Henry na IV, Beatrice da Godfrey the Bearded suna son ƙarfafa alaƙar da ke tsakanin Gidajen Lorraine da Canossa a cikin dogon lokaci ta hanyar aurar da 'ya'yansu biyu.  A kusan shekara ta 1055, Matilda da ɗan'uwanta Godfrey the Hunchback (ɗan Godfrey the Bearded daga aurensa na farko) aka yi musu aure.  A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1069, yayin da Godfrey the Bearded ke mutuwa a Verdun, Beatrice da Matilda suka yi gaggawar isa Lorraine, suna sha'awar tabbatar da sauyi mai sauƙi na mulki. Matilda tana nan a gadon mutuwar mahaifinta, kuma a wannan lokacin ita ce a karon farko da aka ambaci sunan ta a sarari a matsayin matar ɗan'uwanta.  Bayan mutuwar Godfrey the Bearded a ranar 30 ga Disamba, sabbin ma'auratan sun zauna a Lorraine. Beatrice ta koma Italiya ita kaɗai. Matilda ta yi ciki a shekara ta 1070. Da alama Godfrey the Hunchback ya sanar da kotun masarautar Salian game da wannan lamari; a cikin wani daftarin doka daga Henry na IV wanda aka rubuta a ranar 9 ga Mayu 1071, an ambaci Godfrey ko magadansa.  Matilda ta haifi 'ya mace, mai suna Beatrice bayan kakarta ta uwa, amma yaron ya mutu 'yan makonni bayan haihuwar, kafin 29 ga Agusta 1071.   A shekara ta 1071, Beatrice ta ba da kadarori ga Abbey of Frassinoro don ceton ran jikarta, kuma ta ba da gonaki goma sha biyu "don lafiya da rayuwar ƙaunatacciyar 'yata Matilda" ( *pro incolomitate et anima Matilde dilecte filie mee* ).  

Matilda da Godfrey auren Hunchback ya gaza bayan ɗan lokaci. Mutuwar ɗansu tilo da kuma nakasar jiki ta Godfrey wataƙila ya taimaka wajen ƙara rura wutar ƙiyayya tsakanin ma'auratan.  A ƙarshen shekara ta 1071, Matilda ta bar mijinta ta koma Italiya,  inda za a iya tabbatar da zamanta a Mantua a ranar 19 ga Janairu, 1072. Daga nan, ita da mahaifiyarta suka bayar da takardar gudummawa don gidan ibada na Sant'Andrea .     Godfrey the Hunchback ya yi zanga-zangar nuna rashin amincewarsa da rabuwar kuma ya nemi Matilda ta dawo gare shi, amma ta ƙi a kai a kai.  A farkon shekara ta 1072, ya sauka Italiya ya ziyarci wurare da dama a Tuscany, ba wai kawai ya ƙudura aniyar tilasta auren ba   amma kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa zai yi iƙirarin waɗannan yankuna a matsayin mijin Matilda. A wannan lokacin, Matilda ta zauna a Lucca, kuma babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa ma'auratan sun haɗu.  Bugu da ƙari, an ambaci Godfrey da Hunchback a matsayin mijinta ne kawai a cikin wata takarda guda ɗaya da aka sanya wa hannu a Mantua don bayar da gudummawa ga Sufaye na San Paolo a Parma .  A ƙoƙarinsa na dawo da dangantakar aurensa, Godfrey da Hunchback ya nemi taimakon mahaifiyar Matilda da ƙawarta, sabon Paparoma Gregory na VII . Ya yi alƙawarin taimakon soja ga na biyu.  Duk da haka, ƙudurin Matilda bai girgiza ba,  kuma a lokacin bazara na 1073, Godfrey da Hunchback sun koma Lorraine shi kaɗai,  sun rasa dukkan bege na sulhu nan da 1074. Matilda tana son shiga gidan sufi a matsayin mai bautar gumaka. A lokacin 1073-1074, ta yi ƙoƙari a banza don ta sami wargaza aurenta da Paparoma;  duk da haka, Gregory VII yana buƙatar Godfrey the Hunchback a matsayin abokin tarayya kuma saboda haka ba shi da sha'awar bayar da saki. A lokaci guda, Paparoma ya yi fatan taimakon Matilda game da shirye-shiryen yaƙinsa.

Maimakon ya goyi bayan Paparoma kamar yadda aka yi alkawari don kiyaye aurensa, Godfrey the Hunchback ya mayar da hankalinsa ga harkokin daular. A halin yanzu, rikicin da aka fi sani da Investiture Controversy ya fara kunno kai tsakanin Gregory VII da Henry IV, inda mutanen biyu suka yi iƙirarin 'yancin naɗa bishop da abbots a cikin daular. Matilda da Godfrey the Hunchback ba da daɗewa ba suka sami kansu a ɓangarorin da ke gaba da juna na takaddamar, wanda ya haifar da ƙara tabarbarewar dangantakarsu mai wahala. Marubutan tarihi na Jamus, waɗanda suka rubuta taron majalisar dattawan da aka gudanar a Worms a watan Janairun 1076, har ma sun nuna cewa Godfrey the Hunchback ya haifar da zargin da Henry IV ya yi na wata alaƙar lalata tsakanin Gregory VII da Matilda. 

Matilda da Godfrey, Hunchback sun ci gaba da rayuwa daban har sai da aka kashe mijinta a Vlaardingen (kusa da Rotterda ) a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 1076. Ganin cewa an zarge Matilda a watan da ya gabata da zina da Paparoma, ana zarginta da bayar da umarnin kashe mijinta da aka rabu da shi. Duk da haka, ba za ta iya sanin abin da ke faruwa a taron Synod na Worms a lokacin ba, tunda labarin ya ɗauki watanni uku kafin ya isa ga Paparoma. Yana da yuwuwar cewa an kashe Godfrey the Hunchback ne sakamakon wani abokin gaba da ya fi kusa da shi. Matilda ba ta ba da gudummawar ruhaniya ga Godfrey the Hunchback ba. 

## Manazarta