Donald Locke

Donald Cuthbert Locke (17 Satumba 1930 - 6 Disamba 2010) ɗan wasan Guyanese ne wanda ya kirkiro zane-zane, zane-zane da siffofi a cikin kafofin watsa labarai da yawa. Ya yi karatu a Ƙasar Ingila, kuma ya yi aiki a Guyana da Ƙasar Ingila kafin ya koma Amurka a shekarar 1979. Ya shafe shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, watakila mafi yawan lokaci mai amfani da sababbin abubuwa na rayuwarsa, a Atlanta, Jojiya.[1] Ɗansa na fari shi ne masanin zane-zane na Burtaniya Hew Locke .

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Haihuwar haihuwa da ilimin farko
An haifi Donald Locke a ranar 17 ga Satumba 1930 a Stewartville, Demerara County, Guyana . [1] Mahaifinsa, wanda kuma ake kira Donald Locke, ƙwararren masassaƙi ne wanda ke yin kayan ɗaki kuma mahaifiyarsa, Ivy Mae (née Harper), malamar makarantar firamare ce. Iyalin sun koma Georgetown a 1938, inda Locke ya halarci Makarantar Roman Katolika ta Bourda sannan kuma Makarantar Ikilisiyar Smith.[2] Ya ci gaba zuwa makarantar sakandare ta Progressive, ya kammala a 1946. An yarda da shi a matsayin dalibi a Makarantar Gwamnatin Broad Street, inda ya kara sha'awar zane.[1]

A shekara ta 1947 Locke ya halarci Class of Work People's Art (WPAC) wanda aka koyar a Georgetown ta hanyar mai zane-zane na gida Edward Rupert Burrowes. Wannan ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ya fara zanen. Sau da yawa ana kiran Burrowes "mahaifin fasahar Guyanese". Rubuta game da Burrowes a cikin 1966 Guyana Independence Issue of New World, Locke ya bayyana yadda yake ci gaba da shiga cikin "bincike na fasaha", gami da yin nasa fenti daga sinadaran da ba za a iya tsammani ba da kuma gudanar da gwaje-gwaje "tare da balata, buckram, zane na mai gyaran tufafi, jakar shinkafa, bitumen, kankare da ... yumɓu da aka gauraya da molasses. "

A cikin 1950 Locke ya kammala karatu tare da Takardar shaidar Malami. Locke ya zama mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun ga nune-nunen WPAC na shekara-shekara, kuma na ɗan lokaci ya kasance sakataren WPAC, yana taimakawa wajen shirya nune-nun a wurare daban-daban. A shekara ta 1952 WPAC ta ba shi lambar yabo ta farko ta zinare don zane-zanen da ya yi mai suna The Happy Family .  An ba shi tallafin karatu na Majalisar Burtaniya a shekara ta 1954, irin wannan tallafin karatu da za a bayar a Guyana a wannan lokacin, wanda ya sami damar nazarin yumbu a Makarantar Fasaha da Zane ta Bath a Corsham, Ingila. Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Guyana ta ba da ƙarin tallafin karatu wanda ya ba da kuɗin shekara ta uku a Corsham .  William Scott da Bryan Wynter ne suka koya masa zane, tukwane ta James Tower da zane-zane na Ken Armitage da Bernard Meadows. Ya kammala karatu a shekara ta 1957 tare da Takardar shaidar Koyarwa a Ilimin Fasaha.

### Guyana da Ƙasar Ingila
Da ya dawo Georgetown a shekara ta 1957, Locke ya fara koyar da fasaha a Makarantar Gwamnatin Dolphin da kuma WPAC. A shekara ta 1958 ya auri Leila Locke (née) Chaplin, malamin da ya sadu da shi a Corsham .  Ba shi da kayan aikin tukwane na yau da kullun, amma ya sami damar yin da kuma samun nasarar ƙone manyan tukwane ta tukwane ta amfani da murhu mai zaman kansa. A shekara ta 1959 gwamnatin Guyanese ta ba shi tallafi don yin karatu don digiri na biyu a fannin zane-zane a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Edinburgh, makarantar da ke Jami'ar Edinburgh. A can ya sadu da masu zane-zane Dave Cohen, Sheldon Kaganof da Dion Myers, waɗanda suka gabatar da ra'ayoyin California Clay Movement zuwa Burtaniya. Shekaru da yawa aikin Locke ya nuna tasirin su.

A cikin 1962 Locke ya sami tallafi daga Jami'ar Edinburgh don zuwa Florence da Ravenna, inda ya gudanar da bincike na tarihi Ya kammala karatun digiri a 1964 kuma ya koma Georgetown don ɗaukar matsayi a matsayin Master Art a Kwalejin Sarauniya,  inda ya koyar daga 1964 har zuwa 1970. Ya fara zanen saboda rashin kayan aiki don tukwane. A shekara ta 1969 ya sami tallafin Majalisar Burtaniya wanda ya bar shi ya tafi daga Kwalejin Sarauniya kuma ya koma Kwalejin Fasaha ta Edinburgh don bincike a cikin dabarun yumbu. A shekara ta 1970, bayan tafiya zuwa Brazil wanda Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Brazil ta tallafawa, ya yi murabus daga Kwalejin Sarauniya kuma ya koma London, inda ya sami aiki na koyar da yumbu. Ayyukansa sun fara haɗawa da kayan kamar ƙarfe, itace, fata, gashi da yumbu. Ya sami karbuwa sosai saboda aikin yumbu, kuma a cikin 1972 an gayyace shi don nunawa a Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert a cikin Nunin Yumbu na Duniya.

### Amurka
Locke ya ziyarci Amurka a karo na farko a shekara ta 1976, a matsayin mai zane-zane a Haystack Mountain School of Crafts a Montville, Maine .  A shekara ta 1999 an ba shi kyautar Guggenheim Fellowship a Sculpture, kuma na shekara guda ya kasance mai zane-zane a Jami'ar Jihar Arizona. Na farko daga cikin siffofin tagulla da yawa an jefa su ne ta hanyar Arizona Bronze Foundry a cikin 1980. Ya saki Leila a ƙarshen shekarun 1970,  kuma ya sami matsayin zama na dindindin a Amurka, ya auri Art Consultant Brenda Stephenson a 1981. A shekara ta 1983 ya koma Phoenix, Arizona .  Locke ya zauna a kudu maso yammacin Amurka na tsawon shekaru 11. A wannan lokacin ya kasance wakilin Arizona na *Mujallar Arts*, wanda ya rubuta jerin labarai. Ya kuma rubuta wa *Phoenix New Times* da kuma Arts Magazine . 

A shekara ta 1989 ya watsar da zane-zane na ɗan lokaci don neman zanen, kuma a shekara mai zuwa ya koma Atlanta, Jojiya. Hotunansa sun haɗu da fenti mai nauyi, hotuna, zane, itace, ƙarfe da abubuwan da aka samo a kan zane. A shekara ta 1992, tare da tallafin shekaru biyar don ɗakin karatu a Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani ta Nexus, ya koma zane-zane. Locke ya koyar da ɗan lokaci a Jami'ar Jihar Georgia da kuma Kwalejin Fasaha ta Atlanta, ya yi ritaya daga koyarwa a shekara ta 1996. Ya ci gaba da rubutawa game da fasaha. Don haka bita da Locke ya yi game da nune-nunen hotuna na Okiek a cikin tufafin gargajiya ya bayyana a cikin Creative Loafing na Nuwamba 1997. Ya ba da gudummawa ga bita na mako-mako ga wannan takarda na tsawon shekaru uku. Ya zauna a Atlanta har tsawon rayuwarsa, tare da karuwar karbuwa daga nune-nunen aikinsa a Amurka da Turai.

Mutum ne mai fita, tare da halin karimci, Locke yana jin daɗin jin daɗin jin daɗi ga mutane a abincin dare inda ya yi duk dafa abinci. Yana son yin magana game da fasaha, kuma ya kasance mai magana mai ban sha'awa da sha'awa. An kira shi "mutumin da ya fi rayuwa girma kuma mai ba da labari mai ban mamaki, kamar yadda yake da tasiri a tattaunawarsa kamar yadda yake tare da fasaharsa".

Donald Locke ya mutu a gida a Atlanta a ranar 6 ga Disamba 2010. Ya sami 'ya'ya uku daga aurensa da mai zane Leila Locke: Corinne, Jonathan da Hew. Hew Locke, an haife shi a Edinburgh, shi ma sanannen mai zane ne.

## Ayyuka
Ayyukan Locke sun bambanta sosai. Marianne Lambert, mai kula da Atlanta kuma mai kula da fasaha, ya ce: "Yana nunawa ta gudana daga zane-zane masu ban sha'awa zuwa layin tsabta, layin zane-zanensa na siffofinsa. "A cewar Carl Hazlewood na Newark, mataimakin edita a *NKA, Jaridar Fasaha ta Afirka ta zamani*, "Fasahar Donald ta fito ne daga al'adun Turai da aka samu a lokacin karatunsa a wasu Guyana da Burtaniya, amma kuma an haɗa shi da tatsuniyoyi da fannoni na zamani na asalinsa na baya". Ya zo cikin kansa a matsayin mutum na musamman a Atlanta a ƙarƙashin tasirin masu zane-zane na gida kamar Thornton Dial .

Da yake magana game da tasirin sararin samaniya na Guyana a kan aikin farko na Locke, wani marubuci ya ce Locke ya "damu da batun sararin samaniya yayin da yake fuskantar mai zane: abin da za a yi ba tare da komai ba; yadda za a jagoranci idon mai kallo cikin wani karamin tsari na zane-zane guda ɗaya".  A cikin Ƙasar Ingila da aka sani da aikinsa na musamman ya zama zane-zane da siffofin da aka yi a cikin The Plantation Series, wanda aka kwatanta da su a cikin layi da kuma grusty suna da juna, wanda aka sanya su tare da su a kan wasu lokuta masu tsananci da su a matsayin nau'in duniya.[s]

## Nuni
Locke ya kasance wakilin Guyana a 12th São Paulo Art Biennial a shekarar 1971. Ya nuna siffofinsa guda biyu daga Ritual Fertility Suite a Hungary a 1975 a Biennale na Duniya na Sculpture . A shekara ta 1976 yana da nasa wasan kwaikwayon a Roundhouse a London, kuma a shekara ta 1977 an nuna aikinsa a Najeriya a FESTAC . An fara nuna Trophies of Empire a baje kolin fasahar Afro-Caribbean a shekarar 1978, kuma an sake nuna shi a Hayward Gallery na London a shekarar 1989 a cikin The Other Story, wani wasan kwaikwayo mai tasiri wanda ya taimaka wajen kara wayar da kan jama'a game da ingancin aikin masu zane-zane na Asiya, Afirka da Caribbean, kuma ya nuna wasu masu zane-zanen Caribbean kamar Aubrey Williams da Ronald Moody, da kuma zane-zanin masu zane-canjen Black British ciki har da Sonia Boyce. Mai sukar fasaha Brian Sewell ya ce siffofin Locke a cikin The Other Story sun nuna ƙwarewa mai kyau da ƙwarewa ta musamman.

A cikin 1994 Locke ya tafi Ecuador, inda aka nuna aikinsa a cikin nune-nunen Current Identities a Cuenca Bienal of Painting, tare da aikin wasu masu fasaha ciki har da Whitfield Lovell, Philemona Williamson, Emilio Cruz da Freddy Rodríguez. Wani nune-nunen 2002 a Solomon Projects gallery a Atlanta ya nuna siffofi masu tsayi waɗanda ke wakiltar alamomi masu tsarki na al'adun Creole na Locke. A shekara ta 2009 an shirya nune-nunen kusan hamsin daga cikin siffofi da zane-zanensa na baya-bayan nan mai suna Pork Knocker Dreams a Ingila. "Porkknocker" shine sunan da aka ba masu neman zinariya a Guyana: mahaifin Locke ya nemi tun yana saurayi.

Locke ya nuna a wasu rukuni da yawa da kuma nuna kansa, ciki har da a São Paulo, Brazil; Medellín, Colombia; Budapest, Hungary; Faenza, Italiya; Victoria da Albert Museum da Whitechapel Gallery a London, United Kingdom; Nottingham, United Kingdom); Cibiyar Aljira don Fasaha ta zamani a Newark, New Jersey; Nexus Biennial da Master Artist Series, Atlanta, Georgia; Gidan Tarihi na Studio a Harlem, New York. Hotunansa sun hada da Nexus da City Gallery East a Atlanta da Museum of Contemporary Art, Tucson, Arizona . 

### Nuni na kai tsaye
Jerin nune-nunen solo: 

### Nuni na rukuni
Jerin nune-nunen rukuni: 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
**Bayani****Tushen**

 

## Haɗin waje

* Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, da Rare Book Library, Jami'ar Emory: Takardun Donald Locke, 1953-2016