open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Martha Delgado Peralta

**Martha Delgado Peralta** (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1969) ita ce mai kula da muhalli kuma Mataimakin Sakataren Harkokin Kasuwanci da 'Yancin Dan Adam a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Mexico .   An zabi Delgado Peralta a majalisar dokokin karamar hukuma a shekara ta 2003. Daga 2006-2012 ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Muhalli na Birnin Mexico. A lokacin da take Ministan Muhalli ta taimaka wajen bunkasa manufofin muhalli ciki har da Green Plan na Mexico City, Shirin Ayyukan Yanayi da shirin raba keke da ake kira ECOBICI.

## Littattafai
Delgado ya ba da gudummawa a matsayin mai ba da labari na yau da kullun da kuma baƙo ga jaridar Reforma, kuma ya buga labarai sama da 50 kan batutuwan muhalli a cikin mujallu da littattafai daban-daban. Littattafanta sun hada da:

* Wani zargi na Partido Verde Ecologista de México  saboda matsayinta mara amfani game da kare muhalli. 
* Coordinator of Manual for the Access and Use of Information on emissions and transfer of gurbataccen abu (1999).
* Mawallafin Ilimi da Dimokuradiyya: Tunanin Ka'idoji game da Ilimi na Jama'a (2000).
* Co-author of Guía Ciudadana don inganta samun damar samun bayanai na muhalli da shiga cikin jama'a (2002).
* Mai kula da mujallar Alternativa Ciudadana 21, ƙungiyar siyasa ta ƙasa da ke mai da hankali kan zama ɗan ƙasa da mulkin ruwa a Mexico (2005).
* Littafin jagora don samun dama da amfani da bayanai game da gurɓataccen fitarwa*, wanda Martha Delgado Peralta ta tsara, Presencia Ciudadana, Mexico City, 1999.
* Mawallafin La Gota de la Vida: Hacia una Gestión Sustentable y Democrática del Agua (2006), wanda Gidauniyar Heinrich Böll ta buga.
* Kuskuren gaggawa na Atmosférica (2016), wanda aka buga a cikin mujallar EstePaís .
* Me za a yi don yaki da gurɓataccen yanayi a cikin ZMVM (2016), wanda aka buga a EstePaís.
* Delgado marubuciya ce ta jaridar dijital La Silla Rota .

### Littattafan kasa da kasa

* Mawallafin Babi na 11, "Ruwa, Makamashi da Tsaro na Abinci a Birnin Mexico" a cikin Otto-Zimmermann, K. (Ed.). (2012). *Cities Resesilient 2: Cities da daidaitawa da canjin yanayi: Ayyukan Taron Duniya na 2011. Dordrecht.

## Manazarta
Amincewa da Kimiyya, Fasaha da Bincike na Puerto Rico

**Cibiyar Kimiyya, Fasaha da Bincike ta Puerto Rico (PRSTRT)** wata cibiyar ba da riba ce da aka kafa a shekara ta 2004 tare da umarnin saka hannun jari, sauƙaƙewa, da inganta kimiyya, fasaha, da kirkire-kirkire a Puerto Rico. Kungiyar tana mai da hankali kan kasuwanci na bincike, tallafin kasuwanci, gina ikon kiwon lafiya na jama'a, da ilimin STEM.

## Shirye-shiryen
Amincewa tana gudanar da shirye-shiryen da aka raba zuwa fannoni huɗu: Bincike da Ci gaba, Kasuwanci, Lafiya ta Jama'a, da Ilimi.

### Bincike da Ci gaba

* Puerto Rico Consortium for Clinical Investigation (PRCCI): Yana ba da ababen more rayuwa, tallafi na ka'idoji, da horo don gwaje-gwaje na asibiti, ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwa tare da cibiyoyin ilimi da masana'antar biopharmaceutical.

Alamar Ofishin Canjin Fasaha

* **Ofishin Canjin Fasaha (TTO) **: Yana ba da taimakon kasuwanci, shawarwarin mallakar ilimi, tattaunawar lasisi, da haɗin gwiwar masana'antu.
* **Shirin Gudanar da Bincike**: Yana da batutuwan kiran kuɗi na gasa a cikin biotechnology, kimiyyar muhalli, kiwon lafiya na dijital, da na'urorin kiwon lafiya, suna ba da fifiko ga ayyukan fassara.
* **Cibiyar Kula da Biodiversity da Tsaro** na Tropical: Yana gudanar da bincike kan nau'ikan asali, tasirin yanayi, da kuma raunin bakin teku kuma yana tallafawa manufofin kiyayewa.

### Kasuwanci

* Colmena66: Dandalin tallafin kasuwanci wanda ke jagorantar 'yan kasuwa zuwa jagoranci, kudade, masu hanzari, jagorar tsari, da shirye-shiryen kirkire-kirkire na tarayya.

* **Mataki na 1**: Yana ba da albarkatun hanzari, taimakon samfurori, da tabbatar da kasuwanci ta hanyar waƙoƙi biyu: Lab da Intensive.

* Parallel18: Asalin da aka ƙaddamar a matsayin mai saurin farawa na duniya, Parallel18 ya sauya a cikin 2025 zuwa dandalin saka hannun jari na farko. Canjin ya dakatar da waƙoƙin Pre18 da BioLeap, ya maye gurbin su da turawa kai tsaye, ƙididdigar fayil, da ƙungiyar masu saka hannun jari.

## Manazarta
Filin jirgin saman Kajo Keji

**Kajo Keji** filin jirgin sama ne da ke aiki da garin Kajo Keji, a Sudan ta Kudu . 

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya
Kajo Keji Airstrip (: , : ) yana cikin Kajo Keja County, a Jihar Equatoria ta Tsakiya, a garin Kajo Kejin, kusa da iyakar kasa da kasa da Jamhuriyar Uganda .

Tsakanin titin jirgin sama Juba da Kajo Keji Airstrip ta iska kusan kilomita 112.8 (70.1 mi).
Yanayin ƙasa na Filin jirgin saman Kago Kaju sune: 3° 51' 19.00"N, 31° 39' 32.00"E (Latitude: 3.9170; Longitude: 31.6670). Wannan filin jirgin sama yana zaune a tsawo na mita 952 (2,500 ft) sama da matakin teku.[2] Filin jirgin saman yana da hanya guda ɗaya da ba a shimfiɗa ba, girmansa, ba a san shi a wannan lokacin ba.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Mourad Ismail

**Mourad E. H. Ismail** (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 1944, a Alkahira, Misira) masanin lissafi ne wanda ke aiki a kan polynomials na orthogonal da ayyuka na musamman.

Ismail ya sami digiri na farko daga Jami'ar Alkahira . Yana da digiri na Masters da digiri na digiri daga Jami'ar Alberta . Ya yi aiki a kuma ya ziyarci jami'o'i da yawa. A halin yanzu yana da farfesa na bincike a Jami'ar Tsakiyar Florida da kuma Masanin Kimiyya na Musamman a Jami'an King Saud a Saudi Arabia .

Ismail ɗan'uwa ne na Ƙungiyar Lissafi ta Amirka  da Cibiyar Ilimin Kimiyya . Yana daga cikin masana kimiyya na ISI da aka ambata sosai. Ya yi aiki a kan allon edita na mujallu da yawa ciki har da Constructive Approximation, Journal of Approximate Theory, Journal of Physics A, da The Ramanujan Journal . Ya wallafa fiye da 290 bincike articles, daya littafi kuma ya shirya 

*  

## Dubi kuma

* Aikin Askey-Bateman

## Manazarta
Filin jirgin saman Malakal

**[[filin jirgin sama]] Malakal** (: , : ) filin jirgin sama ne da ke aiki da Malakal,  wani birni ne a cikin Malakal County a cikin Jihar Nilu ta Kudu Sudan . Filin jirgin saman yana arewacin Gundumar kasuwanci ta tsakiya, kusa da babban harabar Jami'ar Upper Nile. Malakal yana kusa da iyakar kasa da kasa da Jamhuriyar Sudan da iyakar Habasha.

Malakal ita ce ƙaramar filayen jiragen sama guda biyu na duniya a Sudan ta Kudu. Babban filin jirgin sama na Juba International, yana da nisan kimanin  a kudu a babban birnin Juba .

A matsayin wani ɓangare na Ofishin Jakadancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Sudan (UNMIS), filin jirgin sama ya kasance babban wurin shirya ayyukan Majalisar Dinkinobho zuwa Sudan ta Kudu kuma zai ci gaba da yin hakan a karkashin sabon Ofishin Jakadun Majalisar Dinkin duniya a Sudan ta Kudu (UNMISS). [1]

## Gidajen
Filin jirgin saman yana zaune a tsawo na   sama da matsakaicin matakin teku. Yana da hanya daya da aka sanya 05/23 tare da farfajiyar asphalt da ke auna 2,000 da mita 38 (6,562   . 

## Hadari da abubuwan da suka faru

* 10 Nuwamba 2015: Hawker Siddeley HS-780 Andover, TL-AEW, ya shafi filin kuma ya ƙone, jim kadan bayan tashi daga Filin jirgin saman Malakal. Dukkanin ma'aikatan jirgin guda huɗu sun tsira daga hadarin; duk da haka, wuta ta cinye jirgin sama.

* 9 Fabrairu 2024: Wani African Express Airways McDonnell Douglas MD-82, 5Y-AXL, ya sami mummunar lalacewa lokacin da ya shiga cikin hadari lokacin da babban kayan ya rushe kuma jirgin ya zo ya huta a cikin ciki ba tare da layin 4. Babu wani rauni.
* 31 Maris 2024: A Safe Air Boeing 727-200F, 5Y-IRE, ya yi karo da MD-82 yayin ƙoƙarin sauka a filin jirgin sama.
* 9 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2024: A Renegade Air de Haviland Dash 8-300, 5Y-SMI, yana aiki don Hukumar Kula da Jirgin Sama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ya sauka ba tare da kayan aiki ba bayan ya rasa dukkan ƙafafun saukowa yayin tashi daga Maban. Dukkanin mutane 35 da ke cikin jirgin sun tsira.

## Jiragen sama da wuraren da ake nufi

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Hector Lamond

**Hector Lamond** (31 Oktoba 1865 - 26 Afrilu 1947) ɗan siyasa ne na Australiya. Ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Nationalist Party a Majalisar Wakilai ta Australiya daga 1917 zuwa 1922, yana wakiltar masu zaɓen Illawarra.

## Rayuwar farko da aiki
An haifi Lamond a Broughton Creek, kusa da Berry, New South Wales kuma ya yi karatu a makarantun gwamnati. Ya yi aiki a matsayin firinta a Carcoar Chronicle lokacin yana ɗan shekara 14 kuma shi ne editan ta yana ɗan shekara 25. Ya shiga cikin kafa Jam'iyyar Labour ta Australiya tsakanin 1895 da 1900. A shekarar 1902, ya auri Gwynetha, 'yar shugaban ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta Australiya, William Spence. Daga 1905 zuwa 1916, shi ne edita kuma manajan ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta Australiya mai suna The Australian Worker . A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, ya kasance mai adawa da tsattsauran ra'ayin ma'aikata, musamman ga Ma'aikatan Masana'antu na Duniya. Ya zama babban mai goyon bayan Billy Hughes, kuma ya bi shi daga Labour zuwa sabuwar Jam'iyyar Nationalist a cikin rarrabuwar kawuna ta Labour a 1916. A matsayinsa na mai goyon bayan aikin soja, ya zama dole ya yi murabus daga Ma'aikacin Australiya.[1]

## Aikin siyasa
Ya lashe kujerar Illawarra a matsayin ɗan kishin ƙasa a zaɓen 1917, kuma an naɗa shi mataimakin minista don mayar da ƙasar gida a watan Disamba na 1921. An soke kujerar Illawarra kafin zaɓen 1922 kuma ya tsaya takarar Barton ba tare da nasara ba. 

## Rayuwa daga baya
A shekarar 1923, Lamond ya sayi *jaridar The Southern Mail* da wasu jaridu uku na karkara, waɗanda ya gyara kuma ya buga a Bowral. Ya mutu a Bowral, matarsa, 'ya'yansa maza biyu da 'ya mace ɗaya ta rasu. 

## Manazarta
Gundumar Kalikot

**Gundumar Kalikot** ( Nepali   Listen ⓘ ), wani yanki na lardin Karnali, yana ɗaya daga cikin gundumomi saba'in da bakwai na Nepal . Gundumar, tare da Manma a matsayin hedikwatar gundumar, ta ƙunshi yanki na   , tana da yawan jama'a 105,580 a shekarar 2001 da kuma 136,948 a shekarar 2011. A watan Satumba na shekarar 2005, a wani yunƙuri na ƙarfafa canjin halaye a zamantakewa, gwamnati ta sanar da cewa za ta samar da shinkafa ga duk wani iyali da ya haifi yarinya kwanan nan. 

## Yanayin Ƙasa da Yanayi

## Alƙaluma

A lokacin ƙidayar jama'a a Nepal a shekarar 2021, Gundumar Kalikot tana da yawan jama'a 145,292. Kashi 11.43% na yawan jama'a 'yan ƙasa da shekara 5 ne. Tana da yawan masu karatu da rubutu na kashi 72.72% da kuma yawan mata 1011 ga maza 1000. Kashi 55,896 (38.47%) suna zaune a ƙananan hukumomi.
 
Mutanen Khas sun fi yawa a cikin al'umma, inda kashi 98% na al'ummar ke zaune. Khas Dalits sun kai kashi 28% na al'ummar. Tudun Janjatis, galibin Magars, sun kai kashi 1% na al'ummar. 
 
A lokacin ƙidayar jama'a ta 2021, kashi 73.24% na al'ummar suna magana da harshen Nepali, yayin da kashi 26.17% na Khash a matsayin harshensu na farko. Khash shine yaren mutanen Nepali da ake magana da shi a lardin Karnali.  A shekarar 2011, kashi 99.5% na al'ummar suna magana da harshen Nepali a matsayin harshensu na farko. 

Addinin Hindu shine addinin da ya fi rinjaye, wanda kashi 99.79% na al'ummar ke yi. 

## Gwamnati
Gundumar ta ƙunshi ƙananan hukumomi tara, daga cikinsu huɗu ƙananan hukumomi ne na birane, biyar kuma ƙananan hukumomi ne na karkara . Waɗannan su ne kamar haka: 

* Karamar Hukumar Khandachakra
* Karamar Hukumar Raskot
* Karamar Hukumar Tilagufa
* Pachaljharana Rural Municipality
* Sanni Triveni Rural Municipality
* Karamar Hukumar Karkara ta Narharinath
* Shubha Kalika Rural Municipality
* Karamar Hukumar Karkara ta Mahawai
* Karamar Hukumar Karkara ta Palata

### Tsoffin Kwamitocin Ci Gaban Ƙauye
Kafin sake fasalin gundumar, gundumar Kalikot ta ƙunshi waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi da kwamitocin ci gaban ƙauyuka :

 

## Nassoshi
Rosemary Clooney

**Rosemary Clooney** (23 ga Mayu, 1928 - 29 ga Yuni, 2002) mawaƙiya ce kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka. Ta zama sananniya a farkon shekarun 1950 tare da waƙar "Come On-a My House", wanda wasu lambobin pop kamar "Botch-a-Me", "Mambo Italiano", "Tenderly", "Half as Much", "Hey There", "This Ole House", da "Sway". Ta kuma sami nasara a matsayin mai ba da sauti na jazz. Ayyukan Clooney sun lalace a cikin shekarun 1960, wani bangare saboda matsalolin da suka shafi rikicewar bipolar da jarabawar miyagun ƙwayoyi, amma sun farfado a shekarar 1977, lokacin da abokin aikinta na White Christmas Bing Crosby ya nemi ta bayyana tare da shi a wani wasan kwaikwayon da ke nuna ranar cika shekaru 50 a kasuwancin wasan kwaikwayon. Clooney ta ci gaba da yin rikodin har zuwa mutuwarta a shekara ta 2002.

## Rayuwa ta farko

An haifi Rosemary Clooney a ranar 23 ga Mayu, 1928, a Maysville, Kentucky,  'yar Marie Frances (née Guilfoyle) da Andrew Joseph Clooney. Tana ɗaya daga cikin yara biyar.  Andrew asalin Irish ne da Jamusawa yayin da Marie asalin Irish ne. An haifi Clooney Katolika. Tana da shekaru 15, mahaifiyarta da ɗan'uwanta Nick sun ƙaura zuwa California. Clooney da 'yar'uwarta Betty sun zauna tare da mahaifinsu. Iyalin sun zauna a gidan John Brett Richeson a ƙarshen shekarun 1940.

Rosemary da Betty sun zama masu nishadantarwa, yayin da Nick ya zama mai watsa labarai da mai watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin (wasu daga cikin 'ya'yanta, ciki har da Miguel Ferrer da Rafael Ferrer, da dan uwanta, George Clooney, sun zama masu girmamawa da masu nishadarar). A shekara ta 1945, 'yan uwan Clooney sun sami wuri a gidan rediyo na Cincinnati WLW a matsayin mawaƙa. Rosemary da Betty sun raira waƙa a cikin duo don yawancin aikin Rosemary na farko. 

## Ayyuka

A shekara ta 1947, 'yan uwan Clooney sun sanya hannu tare da Columbia Records kuma sun yanke rikodin su na farko tare da babban ƙungiyar Tony Pastor, "Ina da gafara ban ce gafarta ba",  wanda aka goyi bayan "The Lady from Twenty-Nine Palms". Fasto da farko ya yi jinkirin ɗaukar 'yan'uwa mata biyu cikin ƙungiyarsa musamman yayin da Betty ke ƙasa da shekaru 18 amma a ƙarshe ya sauƙaƙe. Clooneys sun yanke bangarori 14 tare da ƙungiyar Fasto kafin su tafi hanyoyi daban-daban; Rosemary ta fara yin rikodin kanta a tsakiyar 1949 tare da "Ranar Kasuwanci" da "Cabaret". Betty ta yi wasu rikodin da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwa a matsayin babba amma ba ta bi aikin waka na cikakken lokaci kamar 'yar'uwarta ba.

## Rayuwa ta mutum

Clooney ta auri José Ferrer sau biyu. Sun fara yin aure a ranar 13 ga Yuli, 1953, a Durant, Oklahoma .  Sun koma Santa Monica, California, a shekara ta 1954, sannan zuwa Los Angeles a shekara ta 1958. Tare, ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyar; ɗa Miguel Ferrer ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Clooney da Ferrer sun sake aure a karo na farko a 1961.

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Fim ta Duniya

**The International Confederation of Arthouse Cinemas** (**CICAE**, daga French Confédération Internationale des Cinémas d"Art et d"Essai) kungiya ce ta kasa da kasa mai zaman kanta tare da adireshin rikodin a Paris wanda ke ƙoƙarin tallafawa da inganta fina-finai na fasaha. Ita ce kawai kungiyar fina-finai ta duniya ta irin wannan.

## Tarihi
CICAE an kafa ta ne a cikin 1956 ta ƙungiyoyin fina-finai na gidajen fina-fakka na ƙasa na Jamus, Faransa, Netherlands da Switzerland a matsayin ƙungiyar masu fafutuka ta duniya ko ƙungiyar matsa lamba don tallafawa ɓangaren fina-fukkuka na fasaha da kuma kare bambancin fina-fallace game da mafi girman abin da ake kira fim ɗin kasuwanci. Tun daga wannan lokacin ya haɗu da kimanin 3000 masu zaman kansu da kuma gidajen fina-finai na gidajen fasaha na ƙasa, bukukuwa 15 da wasu masu rarraba fina-fakkaatu daga kusan ƙasashe 30 daga ko'ina cikin duniya a cikin ƙungiyar laima ta duniya. Detlef Rossmann, memba na ƙungiyar fina-finai ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo ta Jamus *AG Kino - Gilde deutscher Filmkunstkinos e.V.*, ya zama shugaban CICAE daga 2002 zuwa 2019.  Tun daga watan Mayu 2019, sabon shugaban CICAE shine Christian Bräuer,  wanda kuma shine shugaban *AG Kino - Gilde deutscher Filmkunstkinos e.V..*

Ana ba da kyautar Fim din Fim sau goma sha ɗaya a shekara ga fina-finai na gidan fasaha a wasu bukukuwan hadin gwiwa kamar su Daraktoci 'Fortnight  a Cannes, Panorama da Berlin International Film Festival  a Berlin da Sarajevo Film Festival 

Har ila yau, kungiyar ta shirya taron horarwa ga masu baje kolin fina-finai da manajoji tare da goyon bayan shirin Creative Europe MEDIA .  

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Obada Abdel Shafy

**Abdel-Shafy Fahmy Obada**  (Arabic: عبدالشافى فهمى عباده) is an Egyptian professor of mathematics at the Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University. He is an elected member and the former Vice president of African Academy of Sciences. A  fellow of the British Institute of Physics, a founding member and the first president  of the Egyptian Mathematical Society.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Abdel-Shafy Fahmy Obada a shekara ta 1942. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban majagaba na sabuwar Jami'ar Assiut inda ya sami B. SC Mathematics a shekarar 1962. A shekara ta 1967, ya sami digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Manchester Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha yanzu (Jami'ar Manchester, Ingila) a Ingila kuma an ba shi kyautar D.Sc. digiri daga Jami'ar Manchester Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha (UMIST).

## Ayyuka
Obada ya fara aikinsa a shekarar 1962 a matsayin mai nuna lissafi a Jami'ar Assiut .  Bayan digirinsa na PhD, an nada shi a matsayin malami a sashen lissafi, Faculty of Science na Jami'ar Al-Azhar a Alkahira a shekarar 1969 kuma ya zama Babban Malami a wannan jami'ar a shekarar 1974. Koyaya, ya bar a 1975 don ya zama mataimakin farfesa a Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz da ke Jedda, Saudi Arabia inda ya koyar da lissafi na tsawon shekaru hudu. A shekara ta 1979, ya koma Jami'ar Al-Azhar da ke Alkahira a matsayin farfesa na lissafi. Ya kasance shugaban sashen lissafi na tsawon shekaru biyu kuma Sakatare na Kwamitin Kwalejin Kimiyya na tsawon shekaru hudu.

## Kyaututtuka da membobin
Obada ya zama ɗan'uwan Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Masar a 1995 kuma ɗan'uwan Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Burtaniya a 2000. Bayan shekara guda, ya zama ɗan'uwan Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka, kuma ya fito a matsayin mataimakin shugaban Kwalejin Fasaha ta Afirka daga 2004 zuwa 2013. A shekara ta 2004, ya sami lambar yabo ta Jihar Masar don Kwarewar Kimiyya a Kimiyya ta asali. A shekara ta 2005, ya sami lambar yabo ta Jiha a Kimiyya ta asali. A shekara ta 2008, ya sami kyautar Elsevier don wallafe-wallafen kimiyya da nassoshi. A shekara ta 2011, an ba shi kyautar Misr El-Kheir don takardun da aka ambata sosai. A shekara ta 2012, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Nilu a Kimiyya daga Kwalejin Binciken Kimiyya da Fasaha . A shekara ta 2013, an zabe shi a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Harshen Larabci . A shekara ta 2014, ya sami lambar yabo ta Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jiha ta Farko kuma a cikin 2019, ya zama Kwame Nkrumah Laureate na Kimiyyar Kimiyya, Fasaha da Innovation Award na Tarayyar Afirka (2019). 

## Manazarta
2008 a cikin muhalli

Wannan jerin sanannun abubuwan da suka faru da suka shafi muhalli a cikin 2008. Suna da alaƙa da Dokar muhalli, kiyayewa, muhalli da Batutuwan muhalli.

## Abubuwan da suka faru

* Shekarar Kasa da Kasa ta Dolphin (Cibiya 2007-2008) 
* Shekarar Polar ta Duniya (Cibiya 2007-2009) 
* Shekarar Duniya ta Duniya
* Shekarar Tsabtace Duniya
* Massachusetts ta kafa ka'idojin yanki na farko na kare albarkatun halitta.

### Fabrairu

* An kaddamar da Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy.

### Maris

* An gudanar da taron muhalli a Tsibirin Necker .

### Mayu

* An zartar da Dokar Abinci, Karewa, da Makamashi a Amurka. Yana da tanadi don kiyayewa da ingancin makamashi.

### Yuni

* An gudanar da Taron Hukumar Kula da Kifi ta Duniya ta 60 a Santiago, Chile.

### Yuli

* Yarjejeniya kan Tsaro na Gorillas da Gidajensu ta fara aiki.

### Agusta

* An nuna damuwa game da gurɓataccen iska a wasannin Olympics na bazara na 2008 da aka gudanar a Beijing, China.

### Satumba

* Dokar Rage Waste ta 2008 ta zama doka a New Zealand.

### Nuwamba

* Dokar Canjin Yanayi ta 2008 ta zama doka a Ƙasar Ingila.

### Disamba

* Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2008 ya gudana a Poznań, Poland, tsakanin Disamba 1 da Disamba 12, 2008.
* Rashin kwalba na Kingston Fossil Plant ya faru ne lokacin da wani ash dike ya fashe a wani yanki  tsayi mai tsayi na  km2) a yankin da ke dauke da sharar gida na Tennessee Valley Authority na Kingston a Roane County, Tennessee a Amurka. An fitar da kimanin biliyan  na Amurka (4,200,000 m3) na ƙanƙarar ƙanƙara.

## Dubi kuma

* Tasirin ɗan adam a kan muhalli
* Jerin batutuwan muhalli
* Jerin shekaru a cikin muhalli

## Manazarta
Aisha Rateb

**Aisha Rateb** (Arabic; 22 ga Fabrairu 1928 - 4 ga Mayu 2013) lauya ce ta Masar, 'ɗan siyasa, kuma Jakadan mata na farko na Masar. Ta kuma kasance farfesa a fannin shari'ar kasa da kasa a Jami'ar Alkahira . 

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Rateb a Alkahira a cikin iyali mai ilimi.

## Ilimi
Lokacin da ta halarci kwaleji, ta fara karatun adabi a Jami'ar Alkahira, amma ta koma shari'a bayan mako guda kawai na karatu. Rateb ta kammala karatu dag**Rubutu mai gwaɓi**a Jami'ar Alkahira a 1949, ta tafi Paris na ɗan lokaci don ci gaba da ilimi sannan ta sami digirinta na PhD a shari'a a shekarar 1955.

Rateb ta nemi zama alƙali a kan Conseil de'Etat (mafi girman kotun Shari'a a Misira) a 1949, kuma an ƙi ta saboda jinsi. Firayim Minista na lokacin, Hussein Serry Pasha, ya ce samun mace alƙali "ya saba wa al'adun al'umma". Ta kai karar gwamnati kan dalilin da ya sa aka keta hakkokinta na kundin tsarin mulki. Shari'arta ita ce ta farko a Misira, kuma lokacin da ta rasa shari'ar, shugaban Majalisar Jiha, Abdel-Razek al-Sanhouri ya yarda da ita, cewa ta rasa ne kawai saboda dalilai na siyasa da al'adu, ba bisa ga dokar Masar ko shari'a ba. Shari'ar da rubuce-rubucen ra'ayi na al-Sanhouri sun ƙarfafa wasu mata su bi su, kodayake babu wanda ya zama alƙalai har zuwa 2003, lokacin da aka nada Tahani al-Gebali a matsayin alƙali. A shekara ta 2010, Firayim Ministan Masar ya ba da umarnin sake dubawa game da yanke shawara na baya-bayan nan game da ba da izinin alƙalai mata. A watan Yulin 2015, an rantsar da mata 26 a matsayin alƙalai.

## Ayyukan siyasa
Rateb ta kasance daga cikin kwamitin tsakiya na Tarayyar Socialist ta Larabawa a 1971, inda ta taimaka wajen rubuta sabon kundin tsarin mulki na Masar.  Daga cikin dukkan mambobin kwamitin, ita kadai ce ta ki amincewa da "ikon da Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya baiwa shugaban kasar Anwar al-Sadat na lokacin".

Bayan saki, ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Inshora da Harkokin Jama'a daga 1974 zuwa 1977, kuma ita ce mace ta biyu da ta rike wannan mukamin. A lokacin da take can ta sami damar aiwatar da sauye-sauye ga mata a kasar. Rateb ta sami damar yin hakan ko da yake yayin da sheikhs masu tsatstsauran ra'ayi suka yi ƙoƙari su lalata sunanta. Rateb ya ci gaba da sanya takunkumi kan auren mata da yawa kuma ya tabbatar da cewa kisan aure ne kawai idan alƙali ya shaida shi. Ta kuma yi aiki don taimakawa wadanda ke cikin talauci, kuma ta zartar da doka don taimakawa wajen daukar nakasassu aiki. Lokacin da gwamnati ta ɗaga tallafi kan kayayyaki masu mahimmanci, matakin da zai shafi talakawa a Misira, ta yi murabus a shekarar 1977 a lokacin tashin hankali.

A shekara ta 1979, an nada Rateb a matsayin jakadan mace ta farko ta Masar.  A matsayinta na jakada, ta jagoranci Masar a kan "matsayi mai kyau a cikin duniyar da ke da alaƙa da ƙasashen duniya". Ta kasance jakada a Denmark daga 1979 zuwa 1981 da kuma Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Jamus daga 1981 zuwa 1984.

Rateb ta soki tsohon shugaban Masar Hosni Mubarak saboda ta ji cewa mulkinsa ya haifar da rarrabuwa mafi girma tsakanin masu arziki da matalauta.

## Mutuwa
Rateb ya mutu a Giza bayan bugun zuciya kwatsam a shekarar 2013.

## Manazarta
Dowell O'Reilly

**Dowell Philip O'Reilly** (18 Yuli 1865 – 5 Nuwamba 1923) mawaki ne na ƙasar Ostiraliya, marubuci kuma ɗan siyasa.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi O'Reilly a Sydney ga mahaifin wani malamin addini.

## Aikin siyasa
A shekara ta 1894, an zaɓe O'Reilly a Majalisar Dokoki ta Parramatta kuma ya zauna na tsawon shekaru huɗu.[1] A shekara ta 1910 ya sake tsayawa takarar Parramatta, a wannan karon a matsayin ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Labour tare da ƙarfafa gwiwar Billy Hughes, amma an kayar da shi, kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya sami matsayi a reshen harajin ƙasa na Sydney na Baitulmalin Commonwealth. A shekara ta 1913, Hughes ya tambayi O'Reilly game da ra'ayin surukinsa, Albert Piddington, game da haƙƙin jihohi. O'Reilly ya aika wa Piddington waya don fayyace wannan, kuma sakamakon amsar Piddington, "Cikin tausayawa da ikon Commonwealth", Hughes ya naɗa shi a Babbar Kotun Ostiraliya. Sakamakon adawa da naɗinsa da kuma imaninsa cewa ya yi sakaci ta hanyar musayar kebul, ya yi murabus ba tare da ya zauna a kotu ba.[2] [3]

## Manazarta
Abdel Moneim Amin

**Abdel Moneim Amin** ( Arabic   ) (1912 &#x2013; 1996) jarumi ne kuma ɗan siyasa a Masar . An san shi da rawar da ya taka a juyin juya halin Masar na 1952. 

## Ayyuka
Amin ya kasance Lieutenant-Colonel na Sojojin Artillery a shekarar 1952. A daren juyin juya halin Masar ya umarci dakarunsa da su toshe hanyar Suez kuma su kama jami'an da ke ƙoƙarin hayewa. Daga nan sai ya jagoranci sojojin da suka kewaye Fadar Ras el-Tin a Alexandria, inda Sarki Farouk ke zaune. Don nasarorin da ya samu a juyin juya halin an nada shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Juyin Juya Halin, amma an tilasta masa ya yi murabus daga baya a 1953. Tsakanin 1954 da 1956 ya kasance Jakadan Masar a Jamus ta Yamma. 

## Manazarta
Ada Augusta Holman

**Ada Augusta Holman** (née Kidgell) (3 Oktoba 1869 - 3 Afrilu 1949) 'yar jarida ce kuma marubuciya a New South Wales, Ostiraliya. Duk da haka, aikinta na rubutu ya ƙara raguwa bayan aurenta da ɗan siyasa William Arthur Holman, wanda zai zama Firimiyan New South Wales. 

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Ada Kidgell a Ballarat, Victoria a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 1869, 'yar ɗan jarida Ebenezer Kidgell da matarsa Agnes (wani suna Martin). Mahaifinta ya yi aiki a Clunes Guardian, Hawthorn da Boroondara Standard kuma a tsakanin 1895 zuwa 1902 a matsayin ƙaramin edita, The Sunday Times, Sydney.[1] Ta zama malamar makaranta a wata makaranta mai zaman kanta a Narrandera, New South Wales.[2]

## Aikin adabi
Ada Kidgell ta kasance mai himma wajen muhawara a cikin al'ummomi kuma tana da masaniya game da adabi da siyasa. Ta buga gajerun labarai da labaran siyasa a ƙarƙashin sunanta da kuma wasu laƙabi da dama da suka haɗa da "Marcus Malcom", "Nardoo" da "Myee". Ta kasance memba mai himma a cikin ƙungiyar marubutan Australiya. 

Littattafan ta sun haɗa da tarihin rayuwarta, *Memoirs of a Premier's Wife*, littafin tafiya *My Wander Year*, littafin *Sport of the Gods* da littattafan yara biyu. 

## Aure da kuma aikin da ya biyo baya
A ranar Talata 22 ga Janairu 1901, Ada Kidgell ta auri William Arthur Holman (1871–1934), wanda zai zama Firimiyan New South Wales, a Cocin Australiya da ke Sydney.Ta ziyarci Birtaniya da Amurka tare da mijinta; ta bayyana Woodrow Wilson a matsayin "mai taurin kai" da "mai girman kai". 

## Manazarta
Mutanen Burun

Kabilar **Burun** ƙabila ce ta Luo Nilotic daga Kudancin Sudan .  Suna zaune a cikin da kewayen Kwarin Upper Nile a gabashin Jihar Upper Nile . Suna magana da Burun, yaren Luo Nilotic . Wannan ƙabilar tana da kimanin mutane 8,000, a bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a ta Sudan ta 2008. Mutanen Burun suna zaune ne a yankunan Dajo, Pacime, Waldese da Kigile a Jihar Upper Nile. 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Ahmed Maher El Sayed

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Maher a Alkahira a ranar 14 ga Satumba 1935.  Ya fito ne daga dangin diflomasiyya da 'yan siyasa. Ya kasance ɗan'uwan Jakadan Ali Maher  kuma kakan su, Ahmad Mahir Pasha, yana ɗaya daga cikin Firayim Ministocin Masar.  Ya yi karatun shari'a a Jami'ar Alkahira kuma ya kammala a shekarar 1956.

## Ayyuka
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Maher ya shiga ma'aikatar harkokin waje a shekarar 1957, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin ƙaramin jami'in diflomasiyya a Switzerland (9 ga Fabrairu 1959 - 31 ga Agusta 1963), Congo (5 ga Mayu 1967 - 24 ga Mayu 1971) da Faransa (8 ga Agusta 1974 - 30 ga Satumba 1977).  Bugu da ƙari, ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro na ƙasa ga shugaban Masar daga 1971 zuwa 1974.  Na gaba, an naɗa shi a matsayin shugaban ma'aikatan ministan harkokin waje. Daga 1978 zuwa 1980.  Ya kasance ɓangare na tattaunawar Camp David a 1978, inda aka tura shi don daidaita ayyukan da sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka na wancan lokacin Cyrus Vance .  Ya kuma shiga tattaunawar 1988, wanda ya kai ga dawo da Taba zuwa ikon Masar bayan Isra'ila ta mamaye garin a 1967. 

Gabaɗaya ana ɗaukarsa baƙo a cikin siyasar Masar, Maher yana da kyakkyawan aiki a matsayin diflomasiyya. Mafi mahimmanci, ya kasance jakada a Tarayyar Soviet da Rasha (1 ga Oktoba 1988 - 19 ga Yuni 1992) da kuma jakada a Portugal (5 ga Satumba 1980 - 8 ga Nuwamba 1982) da Belgium (8 ga Nuwamba 1982 - 9 ga Disamba 1984).  Bugu da kari, ya yi aiki a matsayin jakada a Washington na tsawon shekaru bakwai daga 7 ga Yuli 1992 zuwa 14 ga Satumba 1999. Ya yi ritaya daga ofis a shekarar 1999. Bayan ya yi ritaya, an nada shi a matsayin darektan Asusun Taimako na Musamman na Larabawa don Afirka (SAAFA) a Alkahira, Ƙungiyar Larabawa, a cikin shekara ta 2000.  

An nada shi ministan harkokin waje a ranar 15 ga Mayu 2001, kasancewar shi ne na 71 a cikin mukamin. Ya gaji Amr Moussa a matsayin ministan harkokin waje bayan da aka nada Moussa a kan shugaban Ƙungiyar Larabawa. Lokacin da yake cikin ofis, abubuwa da yawa masu muhimmanci sun faru game da duniyar Larabawa, gami da Hare-haren 9/11 a Amurka, mamayewar Iraki da Amurka ta 2003 da kuma rikicin Isra'ila da Palasdinawa. A lokacin ziyarar da ya kai Isra'ila a matsayin wani ɓangare na kokarin Masar don sake fara tsarin zaman lafiya, 'yan gwagwarmayar Palasdinawa sun kai hari ga Maher a masallacin Al-Aqsa a gabashin Urushalima a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2003. Falasdinawa sun yi masa ihu kuma sun jefa takalma don nuna rashin amincewa da manufofin Masar na sulhu ga Isra'ila. Lokacinsa ya ƙare a shekara ta 2004 kuma Ahmed Aboul Gheit ya maye gurbinsa a mukamin.

## manazarta
Doro, Sudan ta Kudu

**Doro** ƙauye ne da sansanin ƴan gudun hijira a cikin Gundumar Maban, Jihar Nilu ta Kudu, Sudan ta Kudu. A baya ya kasance wani ɓangare na jihar Upper Nile.

## Manazarta
Walter Woods (ɗan siyasa)

**Walter Alan Woods** (28 Disamba 1861 &#x2013; 28 Fabrairu 1939) ɗan siyasa ne kuma ɗan jarida na jam'iyyar Labour ta Australiya.

## Farkon rayuwa
An haife shi **Walter William Head** a Oakleigh, Victoria a ranar 28 ga Disamba, 1861. Daga baya ya yi amfani da sunaye daban-daban a tsawon rayuwarsa. 

## Aikin majalisar dokoki
A shekarar 1906, an zaɓe shi a Majalisar Dokokin Tasmania ta Arewacin Hobart, yana wakiltar Jam'iyyar Labour ; tare da gabatar da wakilcin daidaito a shekarar 1909, an zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin membobin Denison . Ya yi aiki a matsayin Kakakin Majalisar daga 1914 zuwa 1916. A shekarar 1917 ya yi murabus don tsayawa takarar zaɓen Majalisar Dattawa amma bai yi nasara ba. An sake zaɓe shi a Majalisar a 1925, aka sake naɗa shi Kakakin Majalisar a 1926, yana aiki har zuwa 1928. An kayar da Woods a 1931 kuma ya mutu a 1939 a Hobart.[1]

## Aikin ɗan jarida
A shekara ta 1891, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa jaridar Labour *The Hummer*, wadda ta kasance farkon *[[Ma'aikacin Australiya|jaridar The Australian Worker]].* 

Da ya koma Launceston a shekarar 1895, ya zama editan jaridar *The Tasmanian Democrat*,  sannan ya koma Hobart ya karɓi ragamar editan jaridar *[[Clipper|The Clipper]]*, wanda ya mayar da shi mujallar Labour. 

Ya kuma rubuta, a matsayin "John Drayman", wasu waƙoƙin bush ballads, waɗanda aka fi sani da *I Don't Go Shearing Now*. 

## Manazarta
Kyakkyawan fim (fim na 2022)

***Beauty*** fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka na shekarar 2022 wanda Andrew Dosunmu ya jagoranta daga wani fim da Lena Waithe ta rubuta. An kuma fara shi ne a bikin fina-finai na Tribeca na 2022  kuma an sake shi a Netflix a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2022. Fim ɗin ya ƙunshi Gracie Marie Bradley, Niecy Nash, Giancarlo Esposito, Sharon Stone, Andre Ozim, Micheal Ward, da Kyle Bary.  

## Takaitaccen Bayani
Wata matashiyar mawaƙiya da ke gab da zama fitacciyar jaruma ta ƙuduri aniyar riƙe asalinta a tsakanin shahararta da kuma gidan iyayenta masu tsattsauran ra'ayi.

## Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo

* Gracie Marie Bradley a matsayin Kyakkyawa
* Niecy Nash a matsayin Uwar Kyau
* Aleyse Shannon kamar yadda Jasmine
* Giancarlo Esposito a matsayin Uban Kyawawa
* Kyle Bary a matsayin Abel
* Michael Ward kamar yadda Kayinu
* Sharon Stone a matsayin Mai Mulkin Mallaka
* Andre Ozil a matsayin Mai Wa'azi

## Liyafar maraba
A kan bitar mai tattara bita Rotten Tomatoes, *Beauty* tana da ƙimar amincewa ta 22% bisa ga bita 18, tare da matsakaicin ƙimar 5.10/10.  Metacritic    

Lovia Gyarkye ta *jaridar The Hollywood Reporter* ta kuma yaba wa umarnin Dosunmu na gabatar da "kyawawan hotuna masu kayatarwa" waɗanda suke "daɗin kyau da kuma nishadantarwa" a cikin yanayinta amma ta soki labarin mai sauƙi da kuma haruffansa waɗanda suke "zane-zane marasa ma'ana" tare da tattaunawa "masu faɗi da kuma waɗanda ba a iya faɗi ba", ta kammala da cewa: "Kamar yadda yake a yanzu, *Beauty* tana jin nesa da ita, tana kula da jarumar ta kamar yadda mahaifiyarta ke tsoro - kamar tatsuniya."  Noel Murray na *[[Los Angeles Times|jaridar Los Angeles Times]]* ya soki fassarar Waithe game da labarin Whitney Houston wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan zane-zane na "wasan kwaikwayo na ci gaba na tsakiyar ƙarni na 20", yana mai cewa "wannan labarin rabin gaskiya ne a ƙarshe ba shi da wani abu mai tasiri da za a faɗi game da Houston, nasarar da aka samu ko kuma kasancewa a cikin kabad."  Kristen Lopez na *IndieWire* ta ba wa fim ɗin maki na D+ gabaɗaya, tana rubutawa: "Kyakkyawa za ta iya samun wani abu mai ban sha'awa da za ta faɗi game da rigar al'adu da kyau da mata masu fasaha baƙaƙe suka sha wahala a shekarun 1970 da 1980, kuma ko hakan ya canza (ko a'a) har ma a yau. Amma daraktan Dosunmu mara iska da kuma siririn rubutun Waithe sun kai matsayin misali mai ƙarfi wanda ba ya taɓa zuwa ko'ina kuma yana nutsar da duk wani ra'ayi mai jan hankali wanda zai iya zama abin rera waka." 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*
Pat Sullivan (mai shirya fim)

**Patrick Peter Sullivan** (22 ga Fabrairu 1885  – 15 ga Fabrairu 1933)  ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne ɗan asalin ƙasar Ostiraliya, mai shirya zane-zane, mai shirya fina-finai kuma wanda aka yanke wa hukuncin fyaɗe, wanda aka fi sani da shirya zane-zanen *Felix the Cat* na farko da ba a san su ba.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Sullivan a Paddington, New South Wales, ɗa na biyu ga Patrick Sullivan, wani baƙo daga Ireland da matarsa Margaret Hayes, wacce aka haifa a Sydney. 

## Sana'a
A kusan shekarar 1909, Sullivan ya bar Ostiraliya ya yi watanni kaɗan a Landan, Ingila, kafin ya koma Amurka a kusan shekarar 1910. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin mai zane-zanen jarida William Marriner kuma ya zana zane-zane guda biyar nasa. Lokacin da Marriner ya mutu a shekarar 1914, Sullivan ya shiga sabon ɗakin zane mai rai wanda Raoul Barré ya kafa. A shekarar 1915, Barre ya kori Sullivan saboda rashin ƙwarewa gaba ɗaya. A shekarar 1916, William Randolph Hearst, fitaccen ɗan jaridar, ya kafa ɗakin studio don samar da zane-zane masu rai bisa ga zane-zanen takardarsa kuma ya ɗauki hayar fitattun masu zane-zane na Barre. Sullivan ya yanke shawarar fara ɗakin studio nasa kuma ya yi wani shiri mai suna 'Sammy Johnsin' bisa ga zane-zanen Marriner wanda ya yi aiki a kai. Daga nan sai aka sake yin wani gajeren wando wanda jarumin fim ɗin Charlie Chaplin mai suna The Tramp ya fito a ciki.[1]

## Mutuwa
Sullivan ya mutu a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 1933 [1] a birnin New York [2] yana da shekaru 47 [2] sakamakon matsalolin lafiya da shan giya da ciwon huhu suka haifar.[2] (A lokacin, jaridu sun danganta mutuwarsa da ciwon huhu ne kawai.) [3] [4]

## Ƙirƙirar haruffa

## Shiga cikin ƙirƙirar Felix Cat
Akwai takaddama ko Sullivan ne ya ƙirƙiri Felix ko kuma babban mai zane-zanensa Otto Messmer . Wasu masana tarihi na zane-zane sun yarda da iƙirarin Messmer, domin shi ne babban mai zane-zane a cikin jerin Felix.

Duk da haka, Sullivan yana zana zane-zanen ban dariya na *Mujallar Paramount* a shekarar 1919, daga baya kuma lokacin da ya sanya hannu kan kwangila a matsayin mai zane-zane da Paramount Studios a watan Maris na 1920, ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da aka ƙayyade a cikin tarihin karatunsa shine wata baƙar fata mai suna Felix wacce ta fara fitowa a *Mujallar Paramount* a matsayin hali mai suna "Master Tom" a cikin wani shirin zane mai suna *Feline Follies*, wanda ke goyon bayan ikirarin Sullivan a fili. 

## Manazarta
Mohammed Hafez Ismail

**Mohammed **Hafez Ismail**,** wani lokacin ana rubuta shi Muhammad Hafiz Ismail **[[Larabci]]: محمد حافظ إسماعيل** wanda aka fi sani da Hafez Ismaili, (Oktoba 28, 1919 - Janairu 1, 1997) ɗan ƙasar Masar ne "mai mulki fiye da matsayi",  wanda aikinsa na shekaru goma ya haɗa da soja, sabis na ƙasashen waje da matsayi na leken asiri, yana mai da "rayuwarsa ta karanta kamar tarihin manufofin ƙasashen waje na Masar ta zamani".

## Tarihin rayuwa
Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantun soja a Misira da Burtaniya a 1939,  Ismail ya jagoranci ƙungiyar Masar a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu kusa da iyakar Masar da Italiya ta mamaye Libya, kuma an kafa shi a Arish da Rafah a Yaƙin Larabawa da Isra'ila a 1948-49. 

Ismail zai ɗauki matsayin ma'aikata, ya fara a matsayin mataimakin jami'in soja a Washington a shekarar 1951. Bayan Juyin Juya Halin Yuli 1952 wanda ya kafa jamhuriya da 'yancin kai daga Burtaniya, an nada shi a matsayin Darakta na Ofishin Babban Kwamandan, Abdel Hakim Amer, inda tsakanin 1953 da 1960 aka ba shi damar sake gina soja bayan mulkin mallaka, yana jagorantar wakilan sirri zuwa Tarayyar Soviet, wanda ya fi shahara shi ne Yarjejeniyar makamai ta Masar da Czechoslovakia ta 1955.  Ismail ya kuma yi hulɗa da shugabannin sojan Siriya a lokacin Tripartite Aggression a kan Masar a 1956, kuma ya sauƙaƙa haɗakar sojojin Siriya da Masar a cikin jagorancin kafa tsakanin su na Jamhuriyar Larabawa a 1958. 5

A shekara ta 1960, Hafez Ismail ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja kuma an sanya shi mataimakin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje kuma an ba shi aikin sabuntawa,  kafin a tura shi a matsayin jakada a London, Paris, Dublin da Roma tsakanin 1963 da 1970. 

Ayyukansa sun sake canzawa a shekarar 1970, a wannan lokacin zuwa leken asiri lokacin da Shugaba Gamal Abdel Nasser ya nada shi darektan Babban Daraktan leken asiri bayan da aka ci Isra'ila a shekarar 1967 a Yaƙin Kwanaki shida.  Shekara guda bayan haka ya zama Mai ba da shawara kan Tsaro na Kasa (1971-1974) ga magajin Nasser Anwar Sadat,  da kuma Shugaban Ma'aikatan Shugaban kasa (1973),  yana gudanar da tattaunawar sirri tare da Amurka a cikin jagorancin Yaƙin Oktoba wanda ya ga Masar ta yi ƙoƙari ta sake karɓar Sinai. Bayan ya fadi tare da Sadat wanda ya yi watsi da shawararsa, Ismail ya koma aikin kasashen waje inda aka tura shi Moscow kuma daga baya Paris kafin ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1979.

Hafez Ismail ya shafe shekarunsa na baya yana rubutu da lacca, yayin da yake riƙe da mukamin girmamawa a matsayin darektan Janar Intelligence think tank, Cibiyar Jamhuriyar Republican don Nazarin Dabarun da Tsaro.

## Rubuce-rubuce
*Amn Misr al-Qawmi fi 'asr al-Tahadiyyat* [Tsaron Kasa na Masar a Zamanin Kalubale] (a Larabci). Alkahira: Dar al-Ahram li-L-Tarjama, 1987.

'an al-Diplomasiya wal-Harb [A kan diflomasiyya da yaƙi]. Al-Ahaly, 16 ga Fabrairu, 1994.

''Siyasat Misr al-Kharijiya fi 'aqd al-Thamaninat'' (Manufar Kasashen Waje ta Masar a cikin 1980s). [Hasiya]

''Dirasa Jadida: Maza Yajri fi-l-Itihad al-Sovieti?'' [Sabon Nazarin: Menene ke faruwa a Tarayyar Soviet?]. [Hasiya]

## Manazarta
Unifrance

Unifrance kungiya ce don inganta fina-finai na Faransa a Faransa da kasashen waje. Cibiyar Cinéma da Image Animée ce ke gudanar da shi. Tana da mambobi da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da masu shirya fina-finai, daraktoci, marubutan allo da wakilai.

An kafa shi a shekara ta 1949, yana shiga cikin kusan bukukuwan fina-finai 50 a kowace shekara kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin mambobi goma da suka kafa European Film Promotion.

## Talabijin na Faransa na kasa da kasa
A cikin 2021, membobin TV France International (wanda aka kirkira a cikin 1994) sun kada kuri'a don shawo kan TV France International ta UniFrance.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Tech hub

**cibiyar fasaha** yanki ne wanda ke da manyan kamfanonin fasaha da cibiyoyin da suka danganci. Ana iya ɗaukar dukan biranen a matsayin cibiyoyin fasaha don ƙasashensu ko yankuna masu faɗi, yayin da wasu cibiyoyin fasahar na iya zama yankuna masu kewayen birane.

Cibiyoyin fasaha galibi suna ƙunshe da manyan Kamfanonin fasaha, da kuma farawa da farawa da masu saurin farawa da masu hanzari. Hakanan suna iya zama gida ga jami'o'i da sauran cibiyoyin ilimi waɗanda ke kula da kimiyyar kwamfuta da sauran digiri masu alaƙa da fasaha.

Cibiyoyin fasaha sun bambanta da wuraren shakatawa na fasaha (wanda ake kira wuraren shakatawa). Duk da yake cibiyar fasaha yanki ne (kamar birni) tare da maida hankali ga kasuwancin fasaha, wurin shakatawa na fasaha ci gaban dukiya ne da aka kafa don manufar gidaje da haɓaka haɗin gwiwa tsakanin kamfanonin haya, kuma galibi yana da alaƙa da jami'a, gwamnati, ko cibiyar bincike mai zaman kanta.

## Halaye
Cibiyoyin fasaha ba kawai tarin kungiyoyin fasaha ba ne, amma, ta hanyar fadadawa, al'ummomin da ke kewaye da manufofi na juna, raba ilimi, da kirkire-kirkire. Cibiyoyin fasaha galibi sun haɗa da masu farawa da masu hanzari, kamfanonin jari, da cibiyoyin bincike. Al'ummomin cibiyar fasaha galibi suna sauƙaƙa sadarwar ƙwararru da haɗin gwiwa.

Saboda haka, cibiyoyin fasaha galibi suna aiki ne a matsayin tsarin halittu don kawo dalibai, masu sana'a, da masu sha'awar fasaha tare a kusa da abubuwan da suka dace. Cibiyoyin fasaha da yawa a duniya sun zama masu alaƙa da kirkire-kirkire, kasuwanci, da ci gaban fasaha a duniya.

## Misalan

## Dubi kuma

* Fasahar zamani
* Kamfanin fasaha
* Gidan shakatawa na kimiyya
* Jerin cibiyoyin fasaha
* Jerin manyan kamfanonin fasaha ta hanyar kudaden shiga

## Manazarta
Tharwat Okasha

**Tharwat Okasha** (wanda aka fi sani da Sarwat Okashi, Larabci; 1921-27 Fabrairu 2012) marubuci ne na Masar, mai fassara kuma Ministan Al'adu mai tasiri a Zamanin Nasserite, kuma an san shi da "wanda ya kafa cibiyoyin al'adu na Masar".

## Tarihin rayuwa
Tharwat Okasha jami'in soja ne da ke da hannu a cikin Free Officers Movement, tare da tsohon shugaban kasar Nasser da abokansa, wanda ya kifar da Sarki Farouk na Masar daga kambinsa a cikin abin da aka sani da juyin juya halin 23 ga Yuli na 1952.  Yayinda yake yaro ne na dangin aristocratic, Okasha ya sami ilimi mai kyau, ya karanta littattafai a cikin harsunan waje, kuma ya koyi kiɗa tun da wuri a gida. Wannan asalin ya sanya shi jami'in da ya fi ilimi da haske a cikin ƙungiyar jami'an soja.

Okasha ya sami digirinsa na PhD a fannin adabi daga Sorbonne a cikin shekarun 1960 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin masanin ziyara a Collège de France . Ya wallafa littattafai sama da 70, ciki har da littafin tarihinsa guda uku mai taken My Memoirs in Politics and Culture, wanda ake la'akari da wadataccen hanya ga masana tarihi na zamanin Nasserite; da kuma kundin encyclopedia na zane-zane mai taken The Eye Listens and the Ear Sees .

Okasha ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin manema labarai a Ofishin Jakadancin Masar a Paris .  Shugaba Nasser ne ya nada shi Ministan Al'adu a ƙarshen shekarun 1950. Okasha ya rike mukamin sau biyu, daga 1958 zuwa 1962, kuma daga 1966 zuwa 1970.  A cikin wa'adinsa na farko Okasha ya maye gurbin Fathi Radwan a cikin mukamin a ranar 7 ga Oktoba 1958 kuma Mohammed Abdul Qader ya gaje shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba 1962. Lokacin wa'adin Okasha na biyu ya fara ne a ranar 10 ga Satumba 1966, kuma ya kasance a ofis har zuwa 18 ga Nuwamba 1970 lokacin da aka nada Badr Al Din Abu Ghazi ministan al'adu.

A lokacin da yake cikin mukaman ministoci, ya kafa cibiyoyin al'adu da yawa waɗanda har yanzu suna aiki kuma suna ɗaukar manyan alamun Masar. Alal misali, ya kafa Babban Majalisar Al'adu da Fasaha (wanda yanzu ake kira Babban Majalisar Al-adu), Janar na Ƙungiyar Littattafan Masar kuma, mafi mahimmanci, Kwalejin Fasaha.

## Ayyuka

### Littattafai da karatu

* Encyclopedia of the History of Art. The Listening Eye, the Seeing Ear:

# Tsohon fasahar Masar: Gine-gine (1971).
# Tsohon fasahar Masar: Sculpture da Painting (1972).
# Tsohon fasahar Masar: fasahar Iskandariya da Coptic (1976).
# Tsohon fasahar Iraqi (1974).
# Hoton Musulunci da na Larabawa (1978).
# Hoton Musulunci na Farisa da Turkiyya (1983).
# Fasahar Girka (1981).
# Tsohon Farisa Art (1989).
# Renaissance Art: Renaissance, Baroque da Rococo (1988).
# Fasahar Roman (1991).
# Byzantine Art (1992).
# Fasahar Tsakiyar Tsakiya (1992).
# Zane a cikin Musulunci Moghol Indiya (1995).

## Manazarta
Amr Moussa

**Amr Muhammad Moussa** (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 3 ga Oktoba 1936) ɗan siyasa Masar ne kuma ɗan diflomasiyya wanda ya kasance Sakatare Janar na Ƙungiyar Larabawa, wani taro mai mambobi 22 da ke wakiltar ƙasashen Larabawa, daga 1 ga Yuni 2001 zuwa 1 ga Yuli 2011. A baya ya yi aiki a gwamnatin Masar a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje daga 1991 zuwa 2001. A ranar 8 ga Satumba 2013, an zabe shi shugaban kwamitin''&#x5D;

## Ayyukan diflomasiyya
Moussa ya fara aikin diflomasiyya tsakanin 1958 da 1972 ya yi aiki a cikin manufofi da yawa, gami da Ofishin Jakadancin Masar a Switzerland da kuma Ofishin Jakadun Masar a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Daga 1974 zuwa 1977, ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Ministan Harkokin Waje. Daga 1977 zuwa 1981 kuma daga 1983 zuwa 1990, ya kasance Darakta na Sashen Ƙungiyoyin Duniya a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje. Daga 1981 zuwa 1983, Moussa ya kasance Mataimakin Wakilin Dindindin a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a New York, sannan daga 1983 zuwa 1986 Jakadan Indiya. A shekara ta 1990, an kara shi matsayin wakilin dindindin na Masar a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . Firayim Minista Atef Sedki ne ya nada shi Ministan Harkokin Waje a ranar 20 ga Mayu 1991. Ya kasance minista har zuwa 15 ga Mayu 2001 lokacin da aka zabe shi a matsayin Sakatare Janar na Ƙungiyar Larabawa

Moussa ya kasance yana da hannu sosai a cikin Manufofin kasashen waje na Masar tun 1958. Ya kasance jakadan Masar a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Indiya, da Switzerland na tsawon shekaru 21. Moussa na ɗaya daga cikin jami'an diflomasiyyar Larabawa da na duniya waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙari su warware Yaƙin basasar Lebanon (1975-1990). Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje na Masar daga 1991 zuwa 2001, ya yi aiki ne a matsayin Sakatare Janar na Ƙungiyar Larabawa .  Moussa ya kasance sanannen mutum ne na siyasa a Misira saboda sukar da ya yi wa manufofin Isra'ila game da Gaza da West Bank. A watan Agustan shekara ta 1994, Moussa ya kai ziyara ta farko a Isra'ila - ziyara da aka nuna ta hanyar tashin hankali da jayayya. Moussa ya jawo zargi daga masu sharhi na Isra'ila saboda kin ziyarci Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial, wani al'ada na ziyartar manyan mutane, da kuma mayar da hankali ga ajanda gaba ɗaya akan matsawa Isra'ila ta shiga Yarjejeniyar Non-Proliferation (NPT). A wani taron manema labarai na hadin gwiwa tare da Ministan Harkokin Waje na Isra'ila Shimon Peres, Moussa ya yi jayayya cewa ikon nukiliya na Isra'ilawa ya haifar da barazana ga Masar, yayin da Peres ya amsa ta hanyar jaddada niyyar zaman lafiya ta Isra'ila da kwatanta halin da ake ciki da mallakar makaman nukiliya ta Amurka.

## manazarta