Garnaut Canjin Yanayi

Farfesa Ross Garnaut ya jagoranci sake dubawa biyu na canjin yanayi, na farko ya fara a 2007 kuma na biyu a 2010. 

Binciken Canjin Yanayi na farko na Garnaut binciken ne na Farfesa Ross Garnaut, wanda Shugaban Jam'iyyar adawa na lokacin, Kevin Rudd da Gwamnatocin Jiha da Yankin Australiya suka ba da umarni a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2007.  Bayan zaben a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 2007, Firayim Minista na Ostiraliya Kevin Rudd ya tabbatar da shiga Gwamnatin Commonwealth a cikin Binciken.

Binciken ya bincika tasirin Canjin yanayi a kan tattalin arzikin Australiya, kuma ya ba da shawarar manufofi na matsakaici zuwa na dogon lokaci da tsarin manufofi don inganta yiwuwar wadata mai ɗorewa. Wasu masu kallo sun ce Garnaut Review zai zama sigar Australia ta Stern Review. An gudanar da forums da yawa a Australia don shiga cikin jama'a kan batutuwa daban-daban da suka shafi Binciken. Sakatariyar don tallafawa Binciken ta kasance a cikin Ma'aikatar Firayim Minista da Ma'aikatu ta Victoria. An gabatar da rahoton karshe na Garnaut Review a ranar 30 ga Satumba 2008.

## Rahoton wucin gadi - 21 Fabrairu 2008
An saki *Rahoton wucin gadi na Garnaut Review* a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 2008. Takaitaccen bayani ya ce: 

: "Kaddamar da canjin yanayi, ingancin makamashi da rarraba farashin canjin yanayi a cikin gidaje da yankuna ba a la'akari da su dalla-dalla a cikin rahoton ba, amma za a magance su a cikin rahoton karshe. "

: "Samun Australiya ya ta'allaka ne a duniya da ke karɓar matsayi mai ƙarfi da tasiri game da Rage canjin yanayi. Wannan sha'awar ta haifar da gaskiyar matsayi biyu na Australiya dangane da sauran ƙasashe masu tasowa: ƙwarewarmu ta musamman ga canjin yanayi: da kuma damarmu ta musamman don yin kyau a cikin duniya mai tasiri a cikin ƙoƙarin duniya akan canjin yanayi na iya samun sakamako mai kyau a kan sakamakon duniya. "

Ana tallafawa manufofi na rage fitar da iskar gas na wucin gadi na 2020 da za a saita a cikin 2008 ban da manufofi don 2050. Hakanan ana tallafawa tsarin cinikin hayaki (ETS), amma akwai ɗan tattaunawa game da dalilin da ya sa aka fi so fiye da harajin carbon. Da alama akwai goyon baya ga ci gaba da tallafin jama'a na bincike game da kama carbon da adanawa duk da gazawar aikin FutureGen a Amurka don kula da tallafin gwamnati.

## Kayan daji da sare daji
Tasirin sare daji ana la'akari da shi ne kawai ga wasu ƙasashe, musamman Indonesia da Papua New Guinea. Rahoton bai yi la'akari da gandun daji ko sare daji a Ostiraliya ba. Wannan ya bambanta da Rahoton McKinsey kan Rage Gas na Greenhouse  wanda ya sanya gandun daji a matsayin bangaren da ke da mafi mahimmancin yiwuwar rage iskar gas a Ostiraliya don raguwa ta 2020.

## Rahoton da aka tsara - 4 ga Yuli 2008
An saki rahoton daftarin Garnaut Review a ranar 4 ga Yulin 2008. 

Babban kammalawa na rahoton shine 

# An fi son ETS fiye da haraji ko tsarin haɗin gwiwa.
# ETS na iya samun wani lokaci na canji daga 2010-2012
# Za a iya sayar da izini a farashi "ƙananan, tsayayyen" a lokacin canji.
# Za a iya samun yaduwar farashin a duk faɗin tattalin arziki ta hanyar hada bangarori da yawa kamar yadda zai yiwu
# Ya kamata a haɗa sufuri a cikin tsarin kasuwancin hayaki ("ETS").
# Ya kamata a sayar da izinin fitarwa ta hanyar gasa, kuma ba a ba da izini ba ko "kakan" ga masu gurbatawa.
# Gidajen da ba su da isasshen kuɗi za su buƙaci diyya.
# Rabin kudaden da aka tattara daga sayar da izini na iya samar da diyya ga iyalai masu karamin karfi.
# Yankunan da suka dogara da tashoshin wutar lantarki na kwal za su buƙaci takamaiman tallafi.
# Ostiraliya ya kamata ta jagoranci hanyar yin ajiyar kama carbon (alal misali ta hanyar Biosequestration) ta hanyar kasuwanci
# Ya kamata a kafa sabon kwamitin bincike.
# $ 3 biliyan a kowace shekara ko 20% na kudaden shiga da aka samu daga izinin siyarwa (duk wanda ya fi girma) ya kamata a rarraba shi ga fasahar R&D mai ƙarancin fitarwa
# Ya kamata a yi amfani da Asusun Ginin Australia don ababen more rayuwa na makamashi.
# Ya kamata Ostiraliya ta taimaka wa ƙasashen Asiya su rage matakan hayaki.
# Farashin makamashi zai tashi a karkashin shirin kuma zai shafi gidaje masu karamin karfi.

## Tasirin da aka tsara na canjin yanayi
Rahoton ya noma cewa idan babu kokarin duniya na rage hayaki na CO2, canjin yanayi zai haifar da mummunar tasiri ga aikin gona na Australiya da kuma yanayin halitta. Ruwa a cikin Murray-Darling Basin zai sha wahala sosai, kuma a cikin mafi munin yanayi, zai daina gaba ɗaya. Babban lalacewa, har ma da lalacewar Babban Barrier Reef shima yana da tasiri na saurin canjin yanayi.

## Rahoton karshe
An saki rahoton Garnaut a ranar 30 ga Satumba 2.  Rahoton ya ba da shawarar cewa Ostiraliya ta tura kasa da kasa don daidaitaccen carbon dioxide na 450 ppm, wanda zai sanya Ostiraliya ga raguwa da kashi 25% a matakan 2000 nan da 2020, da kuma kashi 90% nan da 2050. Ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa Ostiraliya tana da matsayi na 550 CO2 -e, wanda zai haifar da raguwar 10% a cikin hayaki nan da 2020, da raguwar 80% nan da 2050. Ya ci gaba da ba da shawarar cewa, idan duk tattaunawar ta rushe a taron koli na Copenhagen, ya kamata Ostiraliya ta rage fitar da hayaki da kashi 5% nan da shekarar 2020 a matakan 2000.

Babban shawarar rahoton shine aiwatar da tsarin kasuwancin hayaki. Koyaya, rahoton bai ba da shawarar ba da izini kyauta ga manyan masu gurɓata ba, ko kuma a kare wannan ɓangaren sufuri ta hanyar tallafin man fetur na musamman ko rage haraji.

Rahoton ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a samar da har zuwa dala biliyan 1 don daidaitaccen kudade don saka hannun jari wajen rage hayaki a cikin samar da wutar lantarki, a matsayin hanyar taimakon gyaran tsari.

An cire raguwar fitarwa daga bangarorin noma da gandun daji daga rahoton karshe.

Farfesa Garnaut ya ce jimlar kudin da ake kashewa ga tattalin arzikin Australiya na magance canjin yanayi a karkashin abubuwan da ke faruwa na 450ppm da 550ppm ana iya sarrafa su kuma a cikin tsari na 0.1-0.2 bisa dari na ci gaban tattalin arziki na shekara-shekara zuwa 2020.

Rahoton ya kiyasta farashin ragewa na 450ppm a kusan kashi daya cikin dari fiye da 550pmm rage darajar GNP ta yanzu ta hanyar karni na 21. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa rage karfi ya cancanci darajar inshora da fa'idodin darajar da ba na kasuwa ba a cikin karni na 21 da fa'idodi masu yawa bayan haka, kuma farashin aiki ya fi ƙasa da farashin rashin aiki.

## Halin da ake ciki
Kamfanin Kasuwanci da Masana'antu na Australiya ya soki rahoton saboda tasirin tattalin arziki da rage hayakin gas zai samu.

Har ila yau, kungiyoyin muhalli sun soki shi sosai, ciki har da Friends of the Earth  da Rising Tide .  Gidauniyar Karewa ta Australiya ta yaba da rahoton don ba da shawarar manufa ta 450 ppm, amma ta soki zaɓi na biyu mafi kyau na Farfesa Garnaut na 550ppm kuma ta bayyana manufa ta 2020 na kashi 10 cikin dari a matsayin mai rauni.

Dokta Clive Hamilton ya soki rahoton sosai, yana jayayya cewa ya rage tsammanin duniya game da abin da ya kamata a yi niyya, ya fallasa dabarun tattaunawar Australia ga bangaren diflomasiyya na duniya, ya ware jama'ar Australiya da na duniya, ba da izinin yin la'akari da tsarin lokacin da ake buƙata don kauce wa canjin yanayi mai haɗari, ya ba da shawarar ba Australia yarjejeniyoyi na musamman da yawa, kuma al'ummar duniya za su ƙi shi.

Amsoshin jam'iyyun siyasa sun haɗu. Shugaban Australian Greens Bob Brown ya ba da shawarar cewa rahoton ya nuna cewa rage hayakin gas ba zai zo a kan kudin ci gaban tattalin arzikin Australia ba. Ministan Canjin Yanayi Penny Wong bai yi sharhi kai tsaye game da rahoton ba amma ya ce ana buƙatar la'akari da alhakin tattalin arziki wajen amsawa ga rahoton, kuma cewa Gwamnati za ta jira don yin samfurin Baitulmalin kan rage canjin yanayi kafin ta amsa.

Masanin tattalin arziki John Humphreys ya soki rahoton, yana jayayya cewa ya wuce gona da iri farashin da aka tsara na dumamar yanayi (kimanin sau uku na kimantawar rahoton Stern), kuma ya yi jayayya cewa sabili da haka farashin aiki a zahiri ya wuce farashin rashin aiki. Koyaya, dole ne a gane cewa Rahoton Stern ya danganta farashin magance canjin yanayi a Burtaniya da GDP na Burtaniya, yayin da rahoton Garnaut ya kwatanta waɗannan fannoni a Ostiraliya don haka irin wannan kwatancin ba lallai bane ya dace. 

## Manazarta