Tsaro na muhalli

**Tsaron [[Yanayi na halitta|muhalli]]** yana nazarin barazanar da abubuwan da suka faru na muhalli suka haifar da mutane, al'ummomi ko al'ummomin. Yana iya mayar da hankali kan tasirin rikici-rikicen ɗan adam da alaƙar ƙasa da ƙasa akan muhalli, ko kuma yadda matsalolin muhalli suka ƙetare iyakokin jihohi.

## Janar
Shirin Millennium ya tantance ma'anar tsaro na muhalli kuma ya kirkiro ma'anar kira:

Tsaron muhalli shine yiwuwar muhalli don tallafawa rayuwa, tare da ƙananan abubuwa uku:

* hanawa ko gyara lalacewar soja ga muhalli,
* hanawa ko amsawa ga rikice-rikicen muhalli, da
* kare muhalli saboda dabi'ar dabi'a.

Yana la'akari da iyawar mutane, al'ummomi ko kasashe don magance Hadarin muhalli, 2" href="./Climate_change" id="mwFw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Climate change">canje-canje ko rikice-rikice, ko iyakantaccen albarkatun kasa. Misali, ana iya kallon canjin yanayi barazana ga tsaron muhalli (duba labarin tsaron yanayi don ƙarin bayani ga tattaunawar.) Ayyukan ɗan adam suna tasiri ga hayakin CO2, yana tasiri ga sauye-sauyen yanayi da muhalli na yanki da na duniya kuma ta haka ne canje-canje a cikin aikin gona. Wannan na iya haifar da karancin abinci wanda zai haifar da muhawara ta siyasa, tashin hankali na kabilanci, da tashin hankali na farar hula.

Tsaron muhalli muhimmiyar ra'ayi ce a fannoni uku: dangantakar kasa da kasa da ci gaban kasa da kasa Tsaron ɗan adam.

A cikin ci gaban kasa da kasa, ayyukan na iya nufin inganta fannoni na tsaro na muhalli kamar Tsaro na abinci ko Tsaro na ruwa, amma kuma sun haɗa fannoni kamar Tsaro na makamashi, waɗanda yanzu an gane su a matsayin Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci Gaban a matakin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Manufofin MDG 7 game da dorewar muhalli suna nuna fifiko na kasa da kasa don tsaron muhalli. Manufar 7B game da tsaro ne na kamun kifi wanda mutane da yawa suka dogara da abinci. Kifi misali ne na albarkatun da ba za a iya ƙunshe da su a cikin iyakokin jihohi ba. Rikici a gaban Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya tsakanin Chile da Peru game da iyakokin teku da kuma kamun kifi da ke tattare da su  shine binciken shari'a don tsaro na muhalli.

## Tarihi
Makarantar Copenhagen ta bayyana abin da ke tattare da tsaro na muhalli a matsayin muhalli, ko kuma wani bangare na dabarun ta.

A tarihi, ma'anar Tsaro na kasa da kasa ya bambanta a tsawon lokaci. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, ma'anoni yawanci sun mayar da hankali kan batun Realpolitik wanda ya ci gaba a lokacin Yaƙin Cold tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet.

Yayinda tashin hankali tsakanin manyan kasashe ya ragu bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet, tattaunawar ilimi game da ma'anar tsaro ta fadada sosai, musamman gami da barazanar muhalli da ke da alaƙa da tasirin siyasa na amfani da albarkatu ko gurɓata. A tsakiyar shekarun 1980s, wannan fagen binciken ya zama sananne da "tsaron muhalli". Duk da muhawara da yawa na ilimi da ilimi game da sharuddan, yanzu an yarda da cewa abubuwan muhalli suna taka rawa kai tsaye da kai tsaye a cikin rikice-rikicen siyasa da rikice-rikice na tashin hankali.

A fannin ilimi an bayyana tsaro na muhalli a matsayin dangantakar da ke tsakanin damuwa da tsaro kamar rikice-rikicen makamai da yanayin halitta. Ƙananan amma mai saurin bunkasa, ya zama mai mahimmanci ga waɗanda ke nazarin ƙarancin albarkatu da rikici a ƙasashe masu tasowa. Shahararrun masu bincike na farko a fagen sun hada da Felix Dodds, Norman Myers, Jessica Tuchman Mathews, Michael Renner, Richard Ullman, Arthur Westing, Michael Klare, Thomas Homer Dixon, Geoffrey Dabelko, Peter Gleick, Rita Floyd da Joseph Romm.

### Asalin
A cewar Jon Barnett, tsaron muhalli ya fito ne a matsayin muhimmiyar ra'ayi a cikin Nazarin tsaro saboda wasu abubuwan da suka faru da suka fara a cikin shekarun 1960. Na farko shi ne karuwar matakin Sanin muhalli a cikin Kasashe masu tasowa. Abubuwa daban-daban da abubuwan da suka faru sun haifar da ci gaban Yunkurin muhalli a wannan lokacin. Shahararren littafin Rachel Carson mai suna Silent Spring yana ɗaya daga cikin wallafe-wallafen ban mamaki na wannan lokacin kuma ya kawo ƙarin wayar da kan jama'a game da haɗari ga duk tsarin halitta ciki har da dabbobi da jerin abinci daga rashin amfani da magungunan sinadarai kamar DDT. Yayinda babu shakka Carson ta ba da gudummawa ga muhawara ta jama'a a lokacin ba ta cikin 'yan juyin juya halin zamantakewa' masu tsattsauran ra'ayi wadanda kuma ke kira ga wayar da kan jama'a game da Batutuwan muhalli ba. Bugu da ƙari, an kafa wasu sanannun Kungiyoyin muhalli masu zaman kansu kamar Asusun Kula da namun daji na Duniya (1961), Abokai na Duniya (1969), da Greenpeace (1971) a wannan lokacin. Tsaron yanayi shine fadada tsaron muhalli. 

Babban ci gaba na biyu wanda ya kawo fitowar manufar tsaro na muhalli shine yawan malamai sun fara sukar ra'ayin gargajiya na tsaro da muhawara ta tsaro a cikin aikinsu daga shekarun 1970 ta hanyar jaddada rashin iyawarsa don magance matsalolin muhalli a matakin tsaro na kasa da kasa. Masu sharhi na farko sune Richard Falk wanda ya buga 'This Endangered Planet' (1971), da Harold da Margaret Sprout wadanda suka rubuta 'Toward a Politics of Planet Earth' (1971). Wadannan masu sharhi guda biyu sun tabbatar a cikin littafin su cewa ra'ayin tsaro ba zai iya mayar da hankali ne kawai ga ikon soja ba, maimakon haka ya kamata kasashe gaba ɗaya suyi ma'auni game da matsalolin muhalli na yau da kullun tunda suna haifar da barazana ga jin daɗin ƙasa kuma ta haka ne kwanciyar hankali na duniya. Wadannan manyan ra'ayoyin game da dogaro da muhalli tsakanin kasashe da barazanar tsaro na yau da kullun sun kasance manyan jigogi na Nazarin tsaro na muhalli. Koyaya, ba har sai Richard Ullman ya buga wani labarin ilimi mai suna "Redefining Security" (1983), ba a taɓa yin ficewar ƙaura daga maganganun tsaro ba. Ullman ya ba da ma'anar barazanar tsaron kasa a matsayin "aiki ko jerin abubuwan da suka faru wanda (1) ke barazana sosai kuma a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci don lalata ingancin rayuwa ga mazaunan jihar, ko (2) yana barazana sosai don ƙuntata kewayon zaɓin manufofi da ke akwai ga gwamnatin jihar, ko ga masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba a cikin jihar. Sauran masana kimiyya masu mahimmanci sun haɗa batun tsaro ta hanyar mai da hankali kan rawar da lalacewar muhalli ke takawa wajen haifar da rikici. Sauran, yayin da suke fahimtar muhimmancin matsalolin muhalli, sun yi jayayya cewa lakafta su 'tsaron muhalli' matsala ce kuma sun watsar da tsananin bincike don ikon ka'idoji da motsin rai.

## Manazarta