Stephanie M. Carlson

**Stephanie M. Carlson** masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam ne na Amurka wanda bincikensa ya ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar kimiyya game da ci gaban ƙwarewar aikin zartarwa na yara, gami da psychometrics da mahimman matsayi na tunanin da nisantawa. Carlson ya kasance Farfesa a Jami'ar McKnight a Jami'an Minnesota, kuma co-kafa Reflection Sciences, Inc.

Farfesa Carlson ta kammala karatu a Jami'ar Bucknell (summa cum laude), kuma ta sami Ph.D. a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'an Oregon a shekarar 1997, inda ta yi karatu tare da Marjorie Taylor, Lou Moses, Dare Baldwin, Mary Rothbart, da Michael Posner . Daga 1998 zuwa 2007, ta kasance mataimaki sannan kuma mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Washington. A shekara ta 2007, ta koma Cibiyar Ci gaban Yara, Jami'ar Minnesota, inda ta jagoranci (tare da Philip David Zelazo) Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaban Ci gaban Jama'a. An inganta ta zuwa farfesa a shekarar 2013, kuma an ba ta suna Farfesa a Jami'ar McKnight a shekarar 2017.

A cikin 2014, Carlson da Zelazo sun kafa wani kamfani na farawa na jami'a, Reflection Sciences, Inc., don yada bayanai game da ƙwarewar aikin zartarwa da samar da kayan aiki don tantance waɗannan ƙwarewa da inganta ci gaban su mai lafiya.

A cikin 2021, Carlson da Zelazo sun kafa Reflective Performance, Inc., don auna da haɓaka ƙwarewar aikin zartarwa ga ma'aikatan manya.

## Jigogi na bincike
**Ma'auni na aikin zartarwa a farkon yaro**

Farfesa Carlson ta ba da gudummawa sosai ga kimanta ƙwarewar aikin zartarwa a cikin yara ƙanana,   gami da Less is More aiki,  da kuma kirkirar Minnesota Executive Function Scale (MEFS), kimantawa kai tsaye na kwamfutar hannu wanda aka daidaita, abin dogaro, tabbatarwa, daidaitawa, kuma ya dace da yara masu shekaru 2 da sama.  Wannan aikin ya samo asali ne daga bincikenta mai tasiri wanda ke binciken alaƙar da ke tsakanin aikin zartarwa da ka'idar tunani a cikin yara ƙanana.

**Kwarewar farko da ci gaban ƙwarewar aikin zartarwa**

Binciken Farfesa Carlson ta yi nazarin yadda bambance-bambancen abubuwan da suka faru na farko ke da alaƙa da bambance-bambancen baya a cikin haɓaka ƙwarewar aikin zartarwa. Yaran da ke da ingantattun ƙwarewar aikin gudanarwa (mai zaman kansa na hankali) gabaɗaya suna samun ingantaccen barci mai inganci a cikin ƙuruciya,   suna samun ƙarin yancin kai-goyon bayan iyaye daga uwaye da uba,    suna karɓar horo mara horo,  kuma ana tashe su cikin harsuna biyu.  Sabanin haka, yaran da ke da ƙwarewar aikin zartarwa mafi muni suna iya samun tarihin rashin kulawa, irin su gogewa a gidajen marayu,   da kuma bayyanar da barasa. 

***Tasirin Batman***

Ayyukan Carlson sun nuna yadda tunanin da alama ke taimakawa wajen bunkasa ƙwarewar yanke shawara na yara. Tare da tsoffin dalibai Rachel White da Emily Prager, da abokan aiki Angela Duckworth da Ethan Kross, Carlson ya nuna cewa tambayar yara su taka rawa kamar dai suna da hali mai kyau (misali, Batman), wanda ke haifar da nesa na tunani, yana ƙara yawan ayyukan zartarwa na yara na makarantar sakandare daidai da shekara 1 na ci gaba,  kuma yana taimaka musu su tsayayya da wasan bidiyo mai jaraba kuma su ci gaba da aiki.

## Kyaututtuka da aka zaɓa
Carlson memba ce ta Ƙungiyar Kimiyya ta Halitta da Ƙungiyar Halitta ta Amirka (Division 7, Developmental), inda ta sami lambar yabo ta Binciken Bincike (1995) da kuma lambar yabo ta Ainsworth don Kwarewa a Kimiyya ta Ci gaba (2022). A cikin 2023-24, ta sami lambar yabo ta James McKeen Cattell don sabbatical a Makarantar Ilimi ta Jami'ar Harvard . Ta kasance mai ba da shawara kan kimiyya ga Ilimi na Canji, Gidan Tarihin Yara na Minnesota, Playworks Minnesota, Understood.org, Sesame Workshop, Noggin, da Bright Horizons Family Solutions. Carlson ya gabatar da jawabin TEDx Minneapolis game da ƙwarewar aikin zartarwa a cikin 2020.

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Dangantaka tsakanin bambance-bambance na mutum a cikin fantasy da ka'idar tunani. Ci gaban Yara, 68, 436-455.
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga rubutun da aka yi amfani da shi a lokacin da aka yi la'akari da shi. Matsayin hanyoyin hanawa a cikin matsalolin yara masu ƙanƙanta tare da yaudara da imani na ƙarya. Ci gaban Yara, 69, 672-691.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Bambance-bambance na mutum a cikin kulawar hanawa da ka'idar tunanin yara. Ci gaban Yara, 72, 1032-1053.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Matakan ci gaba na aikin zartarwa a cikin yara masu zuwa makaranta. Neuropsychology na ci gaba, 28, 595-616.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Ƙananan shine Ƙari: Ayyukan zartarwa da wakilci na alama a cikin yara masu zuwa makaranta. Kimiyya ta Halitta, 16, 609-616.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Kula da hanawa da kuma tsarin motsin rai a cikin yara masu zuwa makaranta. [Hotuna a shafi na 9]
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Kwarewar harsuna biyu da aikin zartarwa a cikin yara ƙanana. Kimiyya ta ci gaba, 11, 282-298.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Asalin zamantakewa na ci gaban aikin zartarwa. Sabon Jagora a cikin Ci gaban Yara da Matasa, 123, 87-98.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 7] Ci gaban kula da hankali da tunanin. A cikin R. F., Baumeister, A. R. Mele, & K. D. Vohs (Eds.). 'Yanci da son rai da sani: Ta yaya za su iya aiki?  (shafi na 135-152). &nbsp;New York: Oxford.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Ayyukan zartarwa masu zafi da sanyi a cikin ƙuruciya da ƙuruciya: Ci gaba da filastik. Halin Ci gaban Yara, 6, 354-360.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Ayyukan zartarwa. A cikin P. D. Zelazo (Ed.), littafin Oxford na ilimin halayyar ci gaba (Vol. 1, shafi na 706-743). &nbsp;New York: Oxford University Press.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Me Batman zai yi? Tsakanin tunanin jama'a yana inganta aikin zartarwa a cikin yara ƙanana. Kimiyya ta ci gaba, 19, 419-426. Rubuce-rubuce: 10.1111/desc.12314.

* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 2023].  Jagoranci na yanzu a cikin Kimiyya ta Halitta, 32 (3), 220-227.

## Manazarta