open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Alaa Satir

**Alaa Satir** (; an haife shi a shekara ta alif 1990) yar Sudan ce mai zane na gani, wacce aka sani da ita misali, mural da cartoon gabatar da hoton da suka shafi yancin mata, juyin juya halin ƙasar Sudan na 2018/19 da sauran batutuwa siyasa da siyasa a cikin  na zamani Sudan. Tun bayan baje kolin ta na farko a birnin Khartoum a shekarar 2017, musamman ta hanyarta fasaha da ke nuna mahimmancin mata a cikin al'ummar Sudan, ta sami karbuwa a duniya sunanta a matsayin mai fasaha da  mai fafutuka don Yancin fadin albarkacin baki, adalcin zamantakewa da yancin mata.
## Rayuwa da sana'ar fasaha
Bayan kammala karatunta a fannin gine-gine a [Jami'ar Khartoum], Satir ta zama sananne ta hanyar zane-zanen zane-zane da sauran zane-zane masu nuna ra'ayoyinta game da al'umma da siyasa a Sudan. Bayan buga aikinta akan social media, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zaman kansa mai zane-zane don NGO, kafofin watsa labarai na Sudan kuma a matsayin mai zaman kanta [ [Mai zane-zane]] in Khartoum. A cikin 2017, ta shirya nata na farko nunin, wanda ake kira * Morning Doodles *, tana nuna ra'ayoyinta game da yancin mata, kafofin watsa labarun da siyasa a cikin ƙasarta.  
A cikin 2018,  Cibiyar al'adun Faransanci a Khartoum ta gabatar da wani nune-nunen da aka sadaukar don ayyukanta na zane-zane akan maudu'in ci zarafin mata.

Kafin da kuma lokacin  Juyin Juyin Juyin Halitta na Sudan na 2018/19, aikinta ya zama sananne ta hanyar manyan zanen bango a Khartoum, inda ta bayyana mahimmancin mata a juyin juya halin, don haka ba da rance. muryar fasaha ga bukatun zanga-zangar.

Bayan wannan lokacin, ta ƙaura zuwa United Kingdom don samun digiri MA a Fine da  Applied Arts a  Jami'ar Arts London.
## Faɗakarwa don tabbatar da adalci a zamantakewa da yancin mata
A cewar Mujallar Vogue, "Alaa Satir ya tashi da jerin zane-zane a Sudan lokacin da ta zana wani bango mai launin shuɗi da rawaya na wata mace mai rawani, hannu ta miƙe, tare da rera waƙa da ke fassara zuwa "Hey mata, ku tsaya. kasan ka, wannan juyin mata ne" akan bangon da babu kowa...". Kamar yadda Satir ya fada a wata hira, samar da fasalin titin yana da mahimmanci a gare ta, saboda “titin yana da rinjaye a al'adar maza (...) ya bambanta ga mace ta dauki wannan wuri.”

Ta hanyar zane-zanen da take gani a bainar jama'a, tana son isa ga ƙungiyoyin mutane daban-daban, daga ƙungiyoyin shekaru daban-daban da kuma ilimin ilimi, domin duk suna iya samun damar yin aikinta a kan tituna. Daya daga cikin mafi kyawunta. Hotunan zane-zane da aka fi sani sun nuna gungun mata tare da taken "Mu ne juyin juya hali".

Tun shekarar 2019, ta kasance memba na kasa da kasa  ƙungiya Cartooning for Peace, wanda mashahurin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Faransa Plantu ya kafa da sauran masu zane-zane daga ƙasashe daban-daban.

## Manazarta
Arthur Raikes

**Arthur Edward Harington Raikes** (5 Fabrairu 1867 - 3 Maris 1915) wani jami'in sojan Burtaniya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin firayim minista, waziri kuma minista na farko ga dimbin Sarakunan Zanzibar. Yin hidima a cikin Regiment na Wiltshire Raikes ya ɗauki matsayi a matsayin birgediya-janar a cikin sojojin Zanzibar kuma ya yi yaƙi a ɓangaren masu goyon bayan Burtaniya a yakin Anglo-Zanzibar. Ya kuma taimaka wajen yin shawarwarin shata iyaka tsakanin Zanzibari da yankin Birtaniyya a yankin Afirka. Raikes ya samu karramawa daga kasashe da dama a yayin gudanar da aikinsa.

## Shekarun Baya
An haifi Raikes a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 1867 ga Reverend Charles Hall Raikes da Charlotte d'Ende Arbuthnot. Ta wurin 'yar uwarsa Madeline, matar Edmund Henry Clutterbuck, ya kasance kawun Walter Clutterbuck. Kakanninsa na uwa sune Sir Robert Arbuthnot, Baronet na biyu da tsohuwar Anne Fitzgerald ('yar Field Marshal Sir John Forster FitzGerald). Raikes jami'i ne a cikin Regiment na Wiltshire, ana ba da mukamin laftanar na biyu a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 1888 kuma laftanar a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 1890.

## Aiki
Raikes ya koma Sultanate na Zanzibar don ɗaukar alƙawari a matsayin Birgediya-Janar a cikin sojojin Sarkin Musulmi. A cikin 1896 ya shiga cikin yakin Anglo-Zanzibar, wanda ya haifar da maye gurbin wani sarkin da bai dace ba ga Birtaniya, kuma ya jagoranci 900 masu goyon bayan Birtaniyyan Askaris lokacin harin bam a fadar Sarkin Musulmi. A sakamakon hidimarsa an nada shi mamba na Daraja na Farko (Aji na Biyu) na Order of the Brilliant Star of Zanzibar a ranar 24 ga Satumba 1896, mamba na Daraja na Farko na Zanzibari Order na Hamondieh a ranar 25 ga Agusta 1897 sannan daga baya aka kara masa girma zuwa Kwamandan sojojin Zanzibari.

## Manazarta
Amalon

**Amani Bizimana** (an haife shi a shekarar 1996), wanda aka fi sani da suna **Amalon** mawaƙi ne kuma marubuci ɗan kasar Ruwanda. Daga gundumar Rubavu, da farko ya sami karbuwa ta hanyar fitar da bidiyon kiɗan "Yambi" a cikin shekarar 2018.  

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Amalon a shekarar 1996 a gundumar Rubavu da ke yammacin lardin Ruwanda, ga Amran da Uwamahoro Habiba. Amalon ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Kagarama sannan daga baya Integrated Polytechnic Regional Center (IPRC Kicukiro).

## Discography

## Manazarta
Jaysuma Saidy Ndure

**Jaysuma Saidy Ndure** (An haifeshi ranar 1 ga watan Janairu, 1984) ɗan tseren Gambiya-Norway. Yana daga gadon Serer na dangin Ndure masu daraja. A cikin shekarar 2002, ya tafi Oslo, yana da shekaru 18 kuma ya zauna tare da mahaifinsa wanda ke zaune a Norway tun 1970s. 

Bayan ya canza ɗan ƙasa daga Gambiya zuwa Norway a cikin shekarar 2006, yana riƙe da bayanan Norwegian a cikin  100 da 200 mita,[3][4]  kuma shine Bature na bakwai da na huɗu mafi sauri a kowane lokaci akan nisa biyu.Yana da lambar tagulla daga Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka da kuma matsayi na sama-uku a gasar IAAF Golden League da kuma Gasar Ƙarshe na Ƙarshe na Duniya.

## Rayuwar farko data sirri
An haifi Saidy a Bakau, yammacin Gambiya, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta rene shi. Kwarewarsa ta farko a wasannin tsere ya zo ne a makarantar sakandare a garinsu.Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa ya ɗauki gasar tseren mita 200 ne domin gudun kada abokinsa ya doke shi, wanda tuni ya ɗauki nauyin gasar mita 100.A watan Yunin 2001 Saidy ya shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka ta Yamma a Lagos, kuma ya lashe tseren mita 200 a cikin 21.27. Sakamakon ya kasance sabon lokacin rikodin Gambia. Koyaya, kafa tarihin ƙasa bai ƙarfafa shi ya fara horo mai mahimmanci ba, saboda har yanzu ya fi son buga ƙwallon kwando da wasan kwallon raga don nishaɗi tare da abokan karatunsa. 

A cikin 2002, Saidy ya ƙaura zuwa Oslo, Norway. Yawancin dangi sun riga sun zauna a kusa,[6] mafi mahimmanci mahaifin Saidy wanda ya zauna a Norway tun shekarun 1970. Da yake neman abubuwan nishadi, Saidy ya yanke shawarar sake shiga wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle kuma ya shiga daya daga cikin kungiyoyin wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle a babban birnin kasar Norway, IL i BUL, wanda aka gudanar da zaman horo a filin wasa na Bislett na duniya. Anan, ba da daɗewa ba aka gano gwanintarsa ​​kuma aka sa Saidy ya sadu da kocin Olav Magne Tveitå, wanda har yanzu yana horar da shi. 

Saidy daga baya ya kulla dangantaka da Heidi Trollsås, mai murabus 400m mai gudun hijira daga birnin Sandefjord na Norway wanda ya fafata a matakin kasa. A ƙarshe ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Blystadlia a wajen Oslo, inda har yanzu suke zaune.[2] Har ila yau, Trollsås ya yi aiki a matsayin manaja har zuwa 2008. Jin cewa ana buƙatar ƙwararren wakili don gudanar da aikin Saidy, sai suka ɗauki hayar fitaccen manajan wasannin motsa jiki na Sweden Daniel Westfeldt.[8] Jim kadan bayan haka Saidy ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar mai kayatarwa tare da Nike.  

## Manazarta
Boniface Benzinge

**Boniface Benzinge** shi ne shugaban Ruwanda na Abiru, kansilolin sirri na gado ga Mwami na Ruwanda.

Memba ne na dangin masana tarihi na masarauta, Benzinge ya kasance fadar Sarki Kigeli V, wanda shi ne sarki na ƙarshe da ke mulkin ƙasarsa kafin a sauke shi a shekarar 1961.

Bayan wannan taron, Benzinge da ’yan uwansa Airu suka sanar da ɗan’uwansa a matsayin magajin Kigeli. Duk da haka wani bangare na dangin sarki sun yi adawa da wannan aiki, hakazalika ka dai an naɗa sabon sarki sarauta a matsayin Yuhi VI a cikin 2017.

Tun da wannan lamari ya faru, Benzinge ya ci gaba da zama shugaban gidan sarauta.

## Duba kuma

* Abiru

## Manazarta
Ramesses III

**Usermaatre Meryamun Ramesses III** shine Firauna na biyu na Daular Ashirin a  Masar ta dā. Wasu malaman sun yi tarihin sarautarsa ​​daga 26 ga Maris 1186 zuwa 15 ga Afrilu 1155 BC, kuma ana ɗaukarsa Fir'auna na ƙarshe na Sabon Mulkin da ya yi iko mai yawa.

Tsawon mulkinsa ya ga koma bayan siyasa da tattalin arzikin Masar, yana da nasaba da jerin mamayewa da matsalolin tattalin arziki na cikin gida da suka addabi Fir'aunan da suka gabace shi. Wannan ya zo daidai da raguwar yanayin al'adun Masar ta dā.

Duk da haka, nasarar nasarar da ya samu ya iya rage raguwa, ko da yake har yanzu yana nufin cewa wadanda suka gaje shi za su sami raunin soja. An kuma bayyana shi a matsayin "Jarumi Fir'auna" saboda kakkarfan dabarunsa na soja. Ya jagoranci hanya ta hanyar fatattakar maharan da aka fi sani da "Sea Peoples", wadanda suka haddasa halaka a wasu wayewa da masarautu. Ya iya ceto Masar daga rugujewa a lokacin da wasu dauloli da yawa suka fadi a lokacin Marigayi Bronze Age; duk da haka, barnar da mamayar ta yi ta yi tasiri a Masar.

Rameses III ya gina ɗaya daga cikin manyan haikalin gawawwaki na yammacin Thebes, yanzu ana kiransa Medinet Habu. An kashe shi ne a cikin makircin Harem  karkashin jagorancin matarsa ​​​​Tiye da babban ɗanta Pentawere. Wannan zai haifar da rikicin maye gurbin wanda zai ƙara haɓaka faɗuwar Masarawa ta dā. Ɗansa ne ya gaje shi kuma ya naɗa magajin Ramesses IV, kodayake yawancin sauran ƴaƴansa za su yi mulki daga baya.

## Farkon shekaru
Ramesses III. bashi da dangantaka da Ramesses I Kuma bashi da dangantaka da Ramesses II. Ramesses III ya kasance da ne wajen Setnakhte da kuma Tiy-Merenese wadda ta rubuta sunan ta a cartouche. Shi Setnakhte ba a san asalin shi ba. Ya yi zumudin kama kujerar lokacin da ana rikicin siyasa daga hannun Twosret

## Manazarta
 

## Karin Karatu
* Eric H. Cline and David O'Connor, eds. *Ramesses III: The Life and Times of Egypt's Last Hero* (University of Michigan Press; 2012) 560 pages; essays by scholars.
* Conspiracies in ancient Egypt

## Hanyoyin haɗi na Waje

*Timna: Valley of the Ancient Copper Mines
Bankin Karfafa Ruwanda

Bankin Raya Ruwanda, wanda akafi sani da sunansa na Faransa Banque Rwandaise de Développement (BRD), bankin raya kasa ne a Ruwanda. Yana ɗaya daga cikin bankunan da Babban Bankin Ruwanda ya ba ma lasisi, mai kula da harkokin banki na ƙasa.
Yaƙin Sirte na Biyu

**Yaƙin Sirte na Biyu** (a ranar 22 ga Maris 1942) ya kasance aikin sojan ruwa a cikin Bahar Rum, arewacin Tekun Sidra da kudu maso gabashin Malta, a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Jiragen yaki na rundunar sojojin Burtaniya zuwa Malta sun dakatar da rundunar da ta fi karfi na Regia Marina (Ruwa ta Italiya). Jirgin saman Burtaniya ya kunshi jiragen ruwa huɗu, tare da jiragen ruwa guda huɗu, jirgin ruwa guda ɗaya da masu hallaka 17. Sojojin Italiya sun hada da jirgin yaki, manyan jiragen ruwa guda biyu, jirgin ruwa mai sauƙi guda daya da masu hallaka goma. Duk da nasarar da Burtaniya ta samu wajen kare rundunar sojojin Italiya, harin jirgin ruwa na Italiya ya jinkirta isowar da aka shirya kafin asuba, wanda ya fallasa shi ga hare-haren iska masu tsanani waɗanda suka nutse dukkan jiragen ruwa huɗu da ɗaya daga cikin masu hallakawa a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa.

## Tarihi
Har zuwa ƙarshen 1941, jiragen ruwa 21 tare da tan 160,000 mai tsawo (160,000 na kaya sun isa Malta ba tare da asarar ba kuma an tara kayan watanni bakwai. Jiragen ruwa uku zuwa Malta a cikin 1941 sun sha wahala daga asarar jirgin ruwa guda daya kawai. Daga Janairu 1941 zuwa Agusta 1942, jiragen ruwa 46 sun isar da tan 320,000 mai tsawo (330,000 amma jiragen ruwa 25 sun nutse kuma an karkatar da jiragen ruwa na zamani, masu inganci, jiragen ruwa da sojojin sama daga wasu hanyoyi na dogon lokaci; an gudanar da jigilar kayayyaki 31 ta jirgin ruwa. Ƙarfafawa ga Malta sun haɗa da ayyukan jirgin sama masu tsada da haɗari 19 don isar da mayakan. Malta kuma ta kasance tushe don ayyukan iska, teku da na karkashin ruwa a kan jigilar kayayyaki na Axis kuma daga 1 ga Yuni zuwa 31 ga Oktoba 1941, sojojin Burtaniya sun nutse kimanin tan 220,000 (220,000 na jigilar jiragen ruwa na Axis a kan hanyoyin jigilar jiragen kasa na Afirka, tan 94,000 (96,000 da kuma tan 115,000 (117,000 na Royal Air Force (RAF) da Fleet Air Arm (FAA). Jiragen ruwa da ke tafiya zuwa Afirka sun kai kashi 90 cikin 100 na jiragen da suka nutse kuma rundunonin Malta suna da alhakin kusan kashi 75 cikin 100 na jirage da jirgin sama ya nutse. Ayyukan soja daga Malta da kuma amfani da tsibirin a matsayin wurin tsayawa, ya haifar da yakin basasa na Axis a kan tsibirin a cikin 1941 da 1942.

## Manazarta
Samoëla

**Samoëla Rasolofoniaina,** wanda akafi sani da **Samoëla,** mawallafin murya ne dan ƙabilar Malagasy kuma mai ƙirƙirar folk fusion da tushen ƙiɗa na zamani dake janyo hankali akan ƙiɗe-ƙiɗe na gargajiya a ko ina a faɗin ƙasar Madagascar. Yawanci yana rera waƙa kuma yana kaɗa jita tare da gungu gami da jitar bass, Kawar turawan yamma da na gargajiya, da mawakan madadin. An bambanta shi ta hanyar yin amfani da waƙoƙin gargajiya na hainteny da yaren misalansa, da kuma zage-zage na matasa da harshe kai tsaye na ɓarna da al'adu don suka da kuma magance batutuwa masu mahimmanci na zamantakewa da siyasa.

## Farkon rayuwa
An haifi Samoëla Rasolofoniaina a ranar 2 ga watan Afrilu ta shekarar alif dubu ɗaya da saba'in da da shidda. A makaranta ya fara rubuta wakoki musamman irin salon wakokin Malagasy na gargajiya da ake kira hainteny, wanda ya ƙunshi karin magana da harshe na alama don magance batutuwa masu mahimmanci na al'ada.

## Manazarta
Harrysong

**Harrison Tare Okiri**, wanda aka fi sani da  **Harrysong**, mawaƙi ne a Najeriya, kuma marubucin waƙa kuma mai kida wanda ya zama sananne bayan waƙarsa ga Nelson Mandela da ya lashe kyautar "Mafi Girma a wata gasar waka da'a ka gudanar The Headies 2013.  An haifi Harrysong a Warri, Jihar Delta, Najeriya ga iyayensa  yan kabilar Ijaw ne ,amma ya koma jihar  Legas a 2007 bayan ya kwashee shekaru yana zaune a Port Harcourt . Kafin ya fara waka da kida, Harrysong ya kasance yana yin wasan kwaikwayo a kulob din dare har  sai ya shahara,ya hadu damanyan mutane  A cikin shekara ta 2014, an zabi Harrysong a cikin rukunin "Mafi kyawun masu iya waka a gasar 2014 Nigeria Entertainment Awards (A  turance)bayan fitowar waƙarsa mai taswirar "Beta Pikin".

## Manazarta
Rhodesia

### Tarihi
Har zuwa bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ba a haɓaka mallakar kasar Burtaniya ta Kudancin kasar Rhodesia a matsayin asalin Afirka ba, amma a matsayin ƙasa ta musamman wacce ta nuna halin launin fata. Wannan halin da ake ciki tabbas ya sa ya bambanta da sauran ƙasashe da suka wanzu a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka, kamar yadda yawancin Turawa suka zo don gina gidaje na dindindin, suna cika garuruwan a matsayin 'yan kasuwa ko kuma suna zama don yin noma  A shekara ta 1922, lokacin da suka yi shawarar shiga Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin lardin na biyar ko karɓar kusan cikakken ikon cin gashin kai na ciki, masu jefa kuri'a sun jefa kuri'unsu game da hadin kan Afirka ta Kudu.   

Dangane da sakamakon raba gardama, Ƙasar Ingila ta mamaye yankin a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 1923. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haɗuwa, a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1923, kundin tsarin mulki na farko na sabon mulkin mallaka na Kudancin Rhodesia ya fara aiki.   A karkashin wannan kundin tsarin mulki, an ba Kudancin Rhodesia damar zabar 'yan majalisa mutum talatin, firaminista, da majalisar ministociSarautar kasar Burtaniya ta riƙe veto na yau da kullun kan matakan da suka shafi' yan asalin ƙasar da kuma mamaye manufofin kasashen waje.
## Manazarta
Niyo Bosco

**Niyokwizerwa Bosco** ƙwararren mawaki ne da aka sani da sunan Niyo Bosco (an haife shi a watan Mayu 25, 2000) ɗan wasan Rwanda ne, marubucin waƙa kuma mai kida.  Yaro ne mai bajinta wanda ya ci gaba da zama daya daga cikin fitattun mawakan kida. Ana kuma san shi a matsayin marubucin waƙa kuma ya rubuta waƙoƙin da suka haɗa da Ibuye na Vestine & Dorcas, Ishyano, Urungi da sauransu.  Ya rasa ganinsa alokacin yana dan shekara 12 sakamakon cutar zazzabin cizon sauro.

## Shahara
An san shi dalilin waƙarsa ta farko.

### Wakokinsa da na haɗin gwiwa

## Manazarta
Seth Sendashonga

**Seth Sendashonga an haifeshi** (1951 - 16 ga Mayu 1998) ya kasance Ministan Cikin Gida a cikin gwamnatin hadin kan kasa a ƙasar Rwanda, biyo bayan nasarar mulkin soja na Rwandan bayan Kisan kare dangi na 1994.

Ɗaya daga cikin 'yan Hutu masu matsakaici a siyasa a cikin Ma'aikatar Haɗin Kai ta Kasa, ya ƙara yin takaici da RPF kuma daga ƙarshe an tilasta shi daga ofis a 1995 bayan ya soki manufofin gwamnati.

Bayan ya tsira daga yunkurin kisan kai na 1996 yayin da yake gudun hijira a Kenya, ya kaddamar da sabuwar ƙungiyar adawa,

## Manazarta
William H.J. Rangeley

**William HJ Rangeley** (1910-1958) jami'i ne a mulkin mallaka na Nyasaland kuma masani kan tarihin baka da kabilanci na mutanen kasar Malawi a yanzu.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
William Rangeley, wanda ɗa ne ga majagaba biyu na farko na Arewacin Rhodesia, Henry Rangeley da Florence (née van Breda), an haife shi a Fort Jameson, (yanzu Chipata, Zambia), a cikin ƙasar Rhodesia ta Arewa a lokacin, ranar 2 ga Yuli 1909. Ya halarci makaranta a Plumtree a Southern Rhodesia, sannan Colejin Diocesan a Rondebosch, wani yanki na Cape Town, a Afirka ta Kudu. Ya halarci Jami'ar Rhodes da ke Grahamstown kuma, a ƙarƙashin Skolashif na Rhodes ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Brasenose, Oxford, daga baya ya sami difloma a Anthropology bayan karatu a lokacin tsawaita hutu.

## Manazarta
Savanna

**Savannah** ko **savanna** ya kasance wani yanki ne mai gauraya daji-ciyayi (watau ciyayi mai ciyawa) biome da yanayin yanayin da ke tattare da bishiyar da aka yi nisa sosai ta yadda alfarwar ba ta rufe ba. Buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen yana ba da isasshen haske don isa ƙasa don tallafawa wani yanki na ciyawa mara karye wanda ya ƙunshi ciyawa. Akwai siffofin savanna guda huɗu; Savanna daji inda bishiyoyi da tsirrai suka zama wani haske mai haske, itacen savanna mai tarwatsewar bishiyu da ciyayi, da ciyayi mai ciyayi da bishiyoyi da ciyayi ba su da yawa.

Savannas yana kula da buɗaɗɗen alfarwa duk da yawan bishiyar. An yi imani da cewa savannas suna da yawa a sarari, bishiyoyi masu warwatse. Duk da haka, a cikin savannas da yawa, yawan bishiyar ya fi girma kuma bishiyoyi sun fi yawa a kai a kai fiye da dazuzzuka. Nau'in savanna na Kudancin kasar  Amurka cerrado sensu stricto da cerrado mai yawa yawanci suna da yawan bishiyoyi masu kama da ko sama da waɗanda ake samu a cikin dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi na Kudancin Amurka, tare da savanna daga 800 zuwa 3300 bishiyoyi a kowace kadada (bishiyoyi) da kuma dazuzzukan da ke kusa da 800-2000 bishiyoyi/ha. Hakazalika Savanna na Guinea yana da bishiyoyi/ha 129, idan aka kwatanta da 103 na gandun dazuzzukan magudanan ruwa, yayin da dazuzzukan Sclerophyll na Gabashin Australiya suna da matsakaicin yawan bishiyar kusan 100 a kowace kadada, kwatankwacin savannas a cikin yanki ɗaya.

## Etymology
Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga sabana na Mutanen Espanya, wanda ita kanta kalmar lamuni ce daga Taíno, wanda ke nufin "ƙasar ciyawa marar bishiya" a yammacin Indiya. Harafin b a cikin Mutanen Espanya, lokacin da aka sanya shi a tsakiyar kalma, ana furta shi kusan kamar Turanci v; don haka canza grapheme lokacin da aka rubuta shi zuwa Turanci.

Asalin kalmar ta shiga Turanci a matsayin Zauana a cikin bayanin tsibiran sarakunan Spayne daga 1555. Wannan yayi daidai a cikin kundin tarihin zamanin zuwa zavana (duba tarihin V). Peter Martyr ya ruwaito shi azaman sunan gida na fili a kusa da Comagre, kotun cacique Carlos a Panama ta yau. Lissafin ba daidai ba ne, amma galibi ana sanya wannan a cikin Madugandí na yau ko kuma a wuraren da ke kusa da bakin tekun Guna Yala daura da Ustupo ko kuma akan sauro na Point[24]. Wadannan yankuna a yanzu ko dai an mika su ga gonakin noman zamani ko kuma daji.

## Rarrabawa

Tsibirin savanna a Arewacin Ostiraliya yana nuna yanayin tazarar bishiya na yau da kullun na wasu savannas
Yawancin wuraren ciyawa da gaurayawan al'ummomi na bishiyoyi, shrubs, da ciyawa an bayyana su a matsayin savanna kafin tsakiyar karni na 19, lokacin da aka kafa manufar yanayin yanayi mai zafi na savanna. Tsarin rarrabuwar yanayi na Köppen ya sami tasiri mai ƙarfi ta sakamakon zafin jiki da hazo akan girma bishiyar, kuma ra'ayi mai sauƙi ya haifar da ra'ayi na rabe-rabe na wurare masu zafi wanda ya ɗauke shi a matsayin "ƙananan yanayi". Yadda aka saba amfani da shi don kwatanta ciyayi yanzu ya ci karo da sauƙaƙan ra'ayin yanayin yanayi. Bambance-bambancen ya sa a wasu lokuta ana keɓance yankuna irin su savannas masu yawa a arewa da kudancin Kongo da kogin Amazon daga nau'ikan savanna da aka tsara.

## Manazarta
Anita Asiimwe

**Anita Asiimwe** kwararriyar main kula da lafiyar jama'a ce ' yar kasar Ruwanda wacce ta shafe sama da shekaru 20 a matsayin kwararra a jagorancin fannin kiwon lafiyar kasar . Ta yi aiki a matsayin memba ta hukumar a Asusun Duniya, tana ba da gudummawa ga dabarun kiwon lafiyar duniya. Tsohuwar Minista ce a ma'aikatar lafiya ta Rwanda. Tun daga 2023 ta yi aiki a matsayin Kimiyyar Gudanarwa na Babban Jami'in Lafiya na Hukumar USAID Ireme Activity. 

## Sana'a
Dokta Asiimwe likita ce kuma ta yi digiri na biyu a fannin kiwon lafiyar jama'a daga Jami'ar Dundee da ke Burtaniya. 

## Manazarta
Dokar zama dan kasa A Rwanda

**Dokar zama dan kasa ta Rwanda** tana karkashin tsarin mulkin Rwanda, kamar yadda aka gyara;Dokar kasar Rwanda, da gyare-gyarensa; Dokar mutane da iyali; da kuma wasu yarjejeniyoyi na ƙasa da ƙasa wanda kasar ta amince dasu.wadannan dokokin suna tantance wanda ya zama dan ƙasa na ƙasar Rwanda, ko wanda zai iya zama.Hanyoyin shari'a na samun yancin dan kasa,wanda shine hakkin zama dan kasa na hukuma,sun banbanta da alakar cikin gida na nauyi da hakki tsakanin da ƙasa da kuma ƙasar,wanda ake kira zama dan kasa

## Manazarta
Lardunan Japan

**Lardunan Japan** Japan ta kasu kashi 47, todōfuken, [todoːɸɯ̥ꜜkeɴ] ⓘ), wanda nan da nan ya zama ƙasa da gwamnatin ƙasa kuma ya zama matakin farko na ikon ƙasa da sashin gudanarwa. Sun haɗa da larduna 43 daidai (県, ken), larduna biyu na birane (府, fu: Osaka da Kyoto), lardin yanki ɗaya (道, dō: Hokkaidō) da birni ɗaya (都, zuwa: Tokyo). A cikin shekarar 1868, gwamnatin Meiji Fuhanken sanchisei ta ƙirƙiri lardunan farko (birnin fu da ken karkara) don maye gurbin masu kula da birni da na karkara (bugyō, daikan, da sauransu) a sassan ƙasar da a baya 'yan Shogunate da ƴan yankuna ke iko da su kai tsaye. na 'yan tawaye/'yan tawaye wadanda ba su mika wuya ga sabuwar gwamnati irin su Aizu/Wakamatsu ba. A cikin 1871, duk sauran yankuna na feudal (han) suma an canza su zuwa larduna, ta yadda lardunan suka raba ƙasar duka. A cikin raƙuman ruwa da yawa na haɗin gwiwar yankuna, yau an kafa larduna 47 a ƙarshen karni. A yawancin lokuta, waɗannan suna da alaƙa da tsohuwar ritsuryō

## Fage
Amfani da "lakabi" na Yamma don lakafta waɗannan yankuna na Jafananci ya samo asali ne daga masu binciken Portuguese na ƙarni na 16 da 'yan kasuwa suna amfani da "prefeitura" don kwatanta fiefdoms da suka ci karo da su a can. Municipality" fiye da "lardi". A yau, bi da bi, Japan na amfani da kalmar ken (県), ma'ana "prefecture", don gano gundumomi na Portuguese yayin da a Brazil ana amfani da kalmar "Prefeitura" don nufin zauren birni.

Waɗancan ƴan ƴan bindigar wani sarkin yaƙi ne ko dangi ne ya jagorance su. Ko da yake an daɗe da wargajewa, hadewa, da kuma sake tsara su sau da yawa, kuma an ba su ikon gudanar da doka da sa ido, fassarar ta tsaya tsayin daka.

Gwamnatin Meiji ta kafa tsarin na yanzu a cikin Yuli 1871 tare da kawar da tsarin han da kafa tsarin lardi (廃藩置県, haihan-chiken). Ko da yake da farko akwai sama da larduna 300, yawancinsu tsoffin yankunan Han ne, an rage wannan adadin zuwa 72 a ƙarshen 1871, da 47 a 1888. Dokar 1947 ta 'yancin cin gashin kai ta gida ta ba da ƙarin iko na siyasa ga larduna, kuma ta sanya prefectural. gwamnoni da majalisu.

## Manazarta
Johnston Busingye

**Johnston Busingye** lauya ne dan kasar Rwanda, hakazalika shine Babban Kwamishinan Ruwanda a Burtaniya na yanzu.  A baya, ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Shari'a kuma Babban Lauyan Gwamnati, daga shekarar 2013 zuwa 2022. 

## Farkon rayuwa da ilimi
Yana da digiri na farko a fannin shari'a, wanda ya samu a jami'ar Makerere . Har ila yau, yana da Difloma a fannin Ayyukan Shari'a, wanda Cibiyar Bunkasa Shari'a a birnin Kampala ta ba shi.

## Sana'a
Johnston Busingye ya rike mukamai da dama a gwamnatin Rwanda da kuma a bangaren shari'a na kasar Rwanda. daga 2006 zuwa 2013, ya zama shugaban babbar kotun kasar Rwanda. Sauran ayyukan da ya yi a baya, sun haɗa da matsayin mai gabatar da ƙara na ƙasar Rwanda, a matsayin babban sakatare a ma'aikatar shari'a (Minijust), da kuma matsayin babban alkali na kotun shari'a ta gabashin Afirka (EACJ). A matsayinsa na Ministan Shari'a, ya sanar a watan Yuli 2014, shawarar da gwamnatin Rwanda ta yanke, ba zai  zama memba naa Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuka (ICC) ba.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin hadi na waje
*Website of the Rwanda Ministry of Justice
Siege of jadotville

**siege of jadotville**

Wani yaƙin Duniya a yakin Kongo(1960_1964) sige na jadotville [ʒa.do.vil]Ya fara ne a ranar 13 ga watan satumba shekara ta alif 1961 Har tsawon kwana biyar(5) (Opération des Nations Unies au Congo, ONUC), wani ƙaramin tawaga na Bataliya ta 35 na Sojojin Ireland, wanda aka nada "A" Company, an kewaye shi a (sansanin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke kusa da garin Jadotville. Likasi na zamani) na sojojin Katanga masu biyayya ga jihar Katanga mai ballewa. An yi wa kawanya ne a lokacin da aka shafe kwanaki bakwai ana gwabza ƙazamin faɗa tsakanin ONUC da dakarun Katanga a lokacin Operation Morthor.Duk da cewa rundunar sojojin Ireland 156 sun dakile hare-hare da dama da wata babbar runduna ta yi, amma daga karshe sun mika wuya ga dakarun Katanga bayan sun kare da harsashi da ruwa. Kamfanin na Irish ya kashe kusan mutane 1,300 (ciki har da, bisa ga wasu ƙididdiga, har zuwa 300 da aka kashe) a kan sojojin Katangase, ba tare da mutuwa a cikin Kamfanin "A" na Irish ba. Rukunin agaji na kusan 500 na Indiya, Irish, da sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Sweden, waɗanda aka aika don karya kewayen, bai yi nasara ba kuma sun sami raunuka da yawa (ciki har da aƙalla kashe biyar). An kama kamfanin na Irish da aka kama a matsayin fursunoni na yaki na kusan wata guda, kafin a sake shi a ranar 15 ga Oktoba a matsayin wani bangare na musayar fursunoni.
## Manazarta
https://www.militaryarchives.ie/en/digital-resources/online-exhibitions/battle-of-jadotville-anniversary
Sayyid Qutb

Sayyid **Ibrahim Husayn Shadhili Qutb** an haifeshi a (9 ga watan octoba shekarar 1906 zuwa 29 ga watan Augusta shekarar 1966) Dan siyasar kasar Egypt ne kuma Dan gwagwarmaya ne wanda ke shugabantar mambobin yan'uwa musulmi shi ya kasance ubane na yan jihadin salafi wani bangerene dayake nuna masu tunanin yarda kungiyoyin jahadi na duniya kamarsu al-Qaeda da ISIl ya rubuta littafai guda 24 da kuma akalla littafai 30 wannda ba'a wallafasu ba saboda wasu dalilai masu yawa wanda kasar ta lalatasu, akalla makaloli 581 wanda suka hada labarai, kirkirar zane da ayyuka na ilimi an sanshi a kasashen musulmi akan ayyukan dayakeyi na zamantakewa da rawar daya taka a fannin musulumci.

## Manazarta
Sanarwar 'Yancin Kai ta Rhodesia

Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence (**UDI**) wata sanarwa ce da majalisar dokokin kasar Rhodesia ta karɓa a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1965, inda ta sanar da cewa kasar  Rhodesia (a baya Kudancin Rhodesia) Yankin Burtaniya ne a kudancin Afirka wanda ya mallaki kansa a shekara ta 1923, yanzu ya ɗauki kansa a matsayin ƙasa mai zaman kanta. Ƙarshen rikici mai tsawo tsakanin gwamnatocin kasar Burtaniya da kasar Rhodesia game da sharuddan da za su iya zama cikakkun 'yanci, shi ne karo na farko da aka raba shi daga Ƙasar Ingila ta ɗaya daga cikin yankunanta tun lokacin da kasar Amurka ta bayyana Independence a cikin shekara ta 1776.kasar  Burtaniya, Commonwealth, da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya duk sun yi la'akari da UDI na kasar Rhodesia ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma takunkumin tattalin arziki, na farko a tarihin Majalisar Dinkinobho, an ɗora shi a kan mulkin mallaka. A cikin kusan cikakkiyar warewa ta duniya, kasar Rhodesia ta ci gaba a matsayin ƙasa da ba a san ta ba tare da taimakon Afirka ta Kudu da (har zuwa shekara ta 1974) Portugal.
## Manazarta
Alexander Scotland

**Alexander Paterson Scotland OBE** (1882-1965) wani jami'in Sojan Biritaniya ne kuma jami'in leken asiri.

An san Scotland saboda aikinsa a lokacin da kuma bayan yakin duniya na biyu a matsayin kwamandan "London Cage", wani fursunonin MI19 na wurin yaki wanda ke fuskantar zargin azabtarwa akai-akai.[1] Ya rubuta game da wannan lokacin a cikin littafinsa na 1957, The London Cage.

## Rayuwar farko da aiki
An haifi Scotland a Ingila ga iyayen Scotland daga Perthshire. Mahaifinsa injiniyan layin dogo ne. Ya fito daga gida mai yara tara, mata uku da maza shida. Ya bar makaranta yana dan shekara sha hudu, ya yi aiki a matsayin yaro na ofis a wani mai sayar da shayi a Mincing Lane, birnin Landan, sannan ya tashi zuwa Australia kafin ya koma Ingila, inda ya yi aiki a wani kasuwancin kayan abinci na Landan.[2]

## Yaƙin Duniya na ɗa
A cikin 1915, Scotland ta nemi shiga aiki a cikin leken asirin sojan Burtaniya. Da farko an kore shi, daga nan aka karbe shi zuwa cikin Inns of Hormon Officers' Training Corps.[8] An aika shi zuwa Faransa kuma ya sami kwamiti a matsayin laftanar na biyu a cikin Yuli 1916.[9] A Faransa an ba shi aikin yi wa fursunonin Jamus tambayoyi.

## Manazarta
Rose-ringed parakeet

**Rose-ringed parakeet** Parakeet mai launin fure (Psittacula krameri), wanda kuma aka sani da nose-necked parakeet, ringneck parrot (a cikin dabbobi) ko aku Kramer, matsakaicin aku ne a cikin jinsin Psittacula, na dangin Psittacidae. Tana da rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin Afirka da Nahiyar Indiya, kuma yanzu an shigar da ita cikin wasu sassa da yawa na duniya inda yawancin al'umma suka kafa kansu kuma ana yin su don cinikin dabbobi masu ban sha'awa.

Daya daga cikin 'yan aku da suka yi nasarar daidaita rayuwa a cikin rudani, ya yi tsayin daka da hare-haren ta'addanci na birane da sare itatuwa. A matsayin sanannen nau'in dabbobi, tsuntsayen da suka tsere sun mamaye garuruwa da yawa a duniya, gami da yawan jama'a a Arewacin Turai da kuma Yammacin Turai.
## Manazarta
Armel Sayo

***Armel Mingatoloum Sayo*** an haife shi 17 ga watan Agusta, Shekarar 1979, kuma aka sani da *Armel Bedaya*' ko *Commandant Sayo*', ɗan siyasan nahiyar Afirka ta Tsakiya ne kuma shugaban yaƙi wanda ya yi aiki a mukamai daban-daban na ministoci uku a ƙarƙashin shugabancin Panza da Touadera. Ya kuma kasance jagoran juyin juya halin Musulunci da Adalci har zuwa lokacin da aka kwace makamai a shekarar alif 2019.

## Rayuwar farko da aikin soja
An haifi Sayo a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta , Shekarar 1979 a Bangui. Mahaifinsa na halitta suna Sayo Robert, wani akawu a Bangui Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Daga baya  ya karbe shi. Karkashin gwamnatin Patassé, Sayo shine na ƙasar. Daraktan Tsaro.Bayan  juyin mulkin Shekarar 2003, wasu gungun masu dauke da makamai sun shiga gidansa suka yi yunkurin kashe Sayo, mahaifiyarsa, mahaifinsa, yayyensa. Sai qungiyoyin suka tafi, sai ya kwashe mahaifinsa ta hanyar kama shi a matsayin mace zuwa Ofishin Jakadancin Nijeriya

## Manazarta
Save Uganda Movement

Kungiyar *Save Uganda Movement*' (wanda ake wa lakabi da *SUM*') kungiyar 'yan adawar Uganda ce mai fafutukar yaki da gwamnatin Shugaban kasa Idi Amin daga shekara ta Shekarar 1973 zuwa 1979. An kwatanta shi da "ƙwararrun masana a sabotage" na dan jarida John Darnton, SUM ta yi yunkurin hambarar da Amin ta hanyar gudanar da yakin neman zabe na tayar da bama-bamai, hare-hare, da kashe-kashe. Motsin ya samo asali ne daga Kenya da Tanzaniya. Sabanin yawancin 'yan adawar Uganda a wancan lokacin, SUM ba ta da tsayayyen akida, kuma tana da tsarin mulki, wanda ya kunshi kungiyoyi daban-daban masu manufa iri daya, babban wanda shi ne korar Idi Amin. SUM ta hada kai da sojojin da ke biyayya ga tsohon shugaban kasa Milton Obote a lokacin yakin Uganda–Tanzaniya (a shekarar 1978-1979) kuma daga karshe ya shiga kungiyar Uganda National Liberation Front wacce ta kafa kasar bayan Amin. gwamnatoci.

## Tarihi
### Ayyukan 'yan ta'adda na farko
An kafa kungiyar Save Uganda Movement (SUM) a Nairobi a shekara ta 1973. 'Yan gudun hijirar kasar Ugandan da ke da sansani a Kenya da Tanzaniya kuma gaba daya manufarsu ita ce hambarar da Amin ta hanyar yakin neman zabe.  (Akena p'Ojok) na  (Akena p'Ojok) na  (Front for National Ceto) , William Omaria, da Ateker Ejalu. Ejalu ya yi aiki a matsayin "lamba na SUM". mutum". Wasu fitattun mutane a harkar sun hada da Yonasani Kanyomozi, Ephraim Kamuntu, Tarsis Kabwegyere, da Richard Kaijuka. A wasu lokuta, Robert Serumaga kuma yana cikin SUM, ko da yake daga baya ya shiga Uganda Nationalist Organization. SUM memba Zeddy Maruru lokaci guda ya kasance memba na SUM da Kikosi Maalum.

## Manazarta
Jamhuriyar Uganda ta Biyu

**Jamhuriyar Uganda ta Biyu**. ta wanzu daga 1971 zuwa 1979, lokacin da mulkin kama-karya na soja na Idi Amin ya mallaki Uganda.Mulkin Amin ya ƙare a hukumance tare da Yakin Uganda, wanda ya ƙare tare da Tanzania ta mamaye Uganda da Amin ya gudu zuwa gudun hijira.

Tattalin arzikin Uganda ya lalace ta hanyar manufofin Idi Amin, gami da korar Asians, kasantar Kasuwanci da masana'antu, da fadada bangaren jama'a. Gaskiyar darajar albashi da albashi sun fadi da kashi 90% a cikin kasa da shekaru goma. Ba a san yawan mutanen da aka kashe sakamakon mulkinsa ba; kimantawa daga masu sa ido na duniya da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun kasance daga 100,000 zuwa 500,000.

## Tarihi
## Samun yanci
Daga samun 'yancin kai na Uganda daga Burtaniya a 1962 zuwa farkon 1971, gwamnatin Milton Obote ta tsoratar da mutane, ta tsananta musu, kuma ta azabtar da su. Rashin abinci akai-akai ya haifar da Farashin abinci da ke fuskantar hauhawar farashi, tare da wani abu mai ba da gudummawa shine tsanantawar Obote ga 'Yan kasuwa na Indiya. A lokacin mulkin Obote, cin hanci da rashawa ya fito. Ba a son mulkin ba, musamman a Buganda inda mutane suka sha wahala sosai.

A watan Janairun 1971, Milton Obote, shugaban Uganda na lokacin, ya shirya ya kawar da kansa daga barazanar Idi Amin. Da ya tafi taron Commonwealth na 1971 a Singapore, ya ba da umarni ga jami’an Langi masu aminci cewa a kama Amin da magoya bayansa a cikin sojoji. Daban-daban iri-iri sun fito na yadda wannan labari ya fito ga Amin. Har ila yau, an yi ta muhawara game da rawar da dakarun kasashen waje suka taka a juyin mulkin bayan haka. Takardun da ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Birtaniyya ta yi watsi da bayanan sun bayyana cewa, sabanin hasashe da aka yi a baya, ba Burtaniya ce ta ba da damar kai tsaye ba amma ta ci gajiyar goyon bayan da Isra’ila ke yi a boye wadda ta ga Idi Amin a matsayin wakilin da zai kawo zaman lafiya a Sudan ta Kudu. Takardun duk da haka sun bayyana cikakkiyar kimanta halin Amin da hukumomin Biritaniya suka yi da kuma shawarwarin tallafi da sayar da makamai ga sabuwar gwamnatin.

## Manazarta
Mirella Ricciardi

**Mirella Ricciardi** (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1931) 'yar kasar Kenya ce Kuma ta kasance mai daukar hoto kuma babbar marubuciya. Ta kuma fito a fim din Michelangelo Antonioni na 1962 L'Eclisse, tana taka rawar gani sosai .

## Rayuwa ta farko
Mirella Rocco ita ce 'yar Mario Rocco (shekara 1893 zuwa shekara ta 1975) da Giselle Bunau-Varilla (shekara ta 1892 zuwa shekara 1978). Mahaifinta, wanda ya fito ne daga Naples, jami'in sojan doki ne na kasar Italiya wanda ya shiga Yaƙin Duniya na farko . Mahaifiyarta 'yar asalin kasar Faransa ce wacce ta kasance ɗalibar Rodin. Iyayenta biyu sun yi aure (amma ba tare da juna ba) lokacin da suka tashi zuwa Afirka a ƙarshen shekara ta 1928.  Da farko sun shirya su tsere a Belgian Congo kuma su yi arziki ta hanyar kashe giwaye da sayar da hauren giwa. Kuma bayan safari na shekara guda Giselle ta yi juna biyu kuma ma'auratan sun tafi kasar Kenya don zuwa asibiti. Daga karshe sun zauna a kasar Kenya lokacin da aka haifi babban ɗan'uwan Mirella, Dorian Rocco (shekara ta 1930 zuwa shekara ta 2013). An haifi ƙarami daga cikin yara uku, Orla, a shekara ta 1933.

## Manazarta
Tashin hankali a africa

## Tashin Hankali a Africa
## Tarihi
**Tashin hankali**: wanda kuma aka sani da cicatrization a cikin ayyukan Turawa, wani lokaci ana hada shi a cikin nau'in tattooing, saboda ayyukan biyun da ke haifar da alamomi tare da launi a kasa da laushi ko launuka a saman fata. A Afirka, gwamnatocin Turawan mulkin mallaka da ’yan mishan na Kirista na Turai sun zargi al’adunsu na yin jarfa da tabo; saboda haka, ayyukan sun ragu, sun kare, ko kuma ana ci gaba da yin su azaman ayyukan juriya.

## North Africa
Tsakanin 5000 KZ da 4000 KZ, al'ummomin makiyaya daga Sahara sun kasance yankin Neolithic Masar da Neolithic Sudan.[3] A cikin wannan al'adar kayan tarihi na yankin Kogin Nilu, an samo siffofi masu alama, wanda ke nuna cewa tattoo da scarification na iya zama al'adun gargajiya a tsakanin waɗannan al'ummomin makiyaya.

## Algeria
A lokacin farkon lokacin Holocene (9500 BP - 7500 BP), An kirkiri zane-zane na Round Head a Tassili N'Ajjer, a Aljeriya, da kuma Tadrart Acacus, a Libya, 70% wanda ya kunshi na siffofin fasaha na anthropomorphic; Siffofin zane-zane na maza da na mata suna da alamun scarification wadanda suka bambanta; Tsarin zane na layi na keance ga nau'ikan fasaha na maza, yayin da, tsarin ƙirar wata mai siffar jinjini da mai da'irar da'ira ba su kebanta da nau'ikan fasahar mata.[7] Tsakanin karni na 5 KZ da 4th millennium KZ, zane-zanen dutsen dutsen tsakiyar Saharan na tsakiyar sahara na zanen mace mai gudu mai kaho, wanda wata ila allahiya ce ko kuma mai rawa[4] tare da alamun tabo jiki (misali, nono, ciki, cinyoyi, kafadu, kafadu, maruka), [5] ’yan Afirka ne suka kirkira su, a lokacin Zagaye na Shugaban [6] [4] na Tassili N'Ajjer, a Tanzoumaitak, Algeria.

## Manazarta
Saltcellar with Portuguese Figures

**Saltcellar with Portuguese Figures** wani ma'ajin gishiri ne da ake sassaƙawa daga  hauren giwa, wanda akayi a daular Benin dake afirka ta yamma a ƙarni na sha shidda da ake ƙera ma kasuwar Turawa. Ana danganta shi ga wani babban malami ko bita wanda ba a san shi ba wanda masana tarihi na fasaha suke kiranshi da **Jagoran Heraldic Ship**. Yana nuna wasu fitattun 'yan Portugal guda huɗu, biyu na manyan aji kuma sauran biyun wataƙila masu gadi ne da ke kare su. A cikin karni na 16. Maziyartan ƙasar Portugal sun b bada sautin mazubban gishiri na hauren giwa tare da maɗibansu masu irin abin nan. Wannan rumbun gishirin giwaye na Afro-Portuguese an sassaƙa shi da salon hauren giwar Benin, kwatankwacin shahararrun Tagullan Benin da kuma abin rufe fuska da akeyi dahga hauren giwa na Benin.

## MANAZARTA
Siege of janjira

Siege na Janjira wani yaƙin neman zaɓe ne wanda ƙungiyar Maratha Confederacy, wanda Sambhaji, shugaban Maratha na biyu ya jagoranta, a kan Siddis na Janjira a watan Janairun shekarar alif 1682. Sojojin Maratha, karkashin jagorancin Sambhaji, sun janye daga Janjira zuwa yankin Konkan don mayar da martani. Mughal ya kai hari, inda ya bar wani tawaga a baya karkashin umarnin Dadaji Raghunath Deshpande. Duk da kokarin da suka yi, Maratha sun kasa kwace sansanin, kuma Siddis sun bi sojojin da suka ja da baya, suna kwace yankunan Maratha.

## Bayan fage
Duba kuma: Shivaji ya mamaye Janjira

Babban sansanin Janjira
Siddis, musulman Afirka, asalinsu daga Abyssinia, waɗanda aka fi sani da Musulman Abyssiniya, sun isa Indiya ta hanyar cinikin bayi, a matsayin ’yan kasuwa, ko kuma ta hanyar zama don neman abin rayuwarsu. Sun kafa matsuguni a gabar tekun Malabar na Indiya kuma a hankali suka rikide zuwa rundunar sojan ruwa, tare da babban sansaninsu a Janjira, wanda aka kwatanta da "kayan katangar teku da ba za a iya samun ciki ba." Sarkin Musulmi Ahmadnagar ya kwace tsibirin Janjira a shekara ta 1498. Siddis sun yi masa mubaya'a, sannan aka nada shugabansu na yankin, wanda aka fi sani da Siddi bisa lakabinsa na gargajiya, a matsayin Gwamnan Janjira a madadin jihar Ahmadnagar. Wannan nadin ya ba da tabbaci na shari'a ga matsayinsu na gadon sarauta na yankin Janjira. A cikin 1636, a lokacin Siddi Ambar na gwamnan Janjira, Mughals sun ci Ahmednagar daga ƙarshe, kuma yankin Ahmednagar Konkan ya bar yankin Bijapur Subah na daular Mughal.

## Dagewa
A farkon watan Janairu shekara ta alif1682, aka aika Dadaji Raghunath Deshpande, Janar na Maratha, zuwa Janjira, babban birnin Siddis. Sambhaji ya yi alkawarin nada shi a matsayin daya daga cikin Pradhan guda takwas na daular Maratha idan ya samu nasarar kawanya tare da kwace sansanin Janjira. A cikin kwanaki na ƙarshe na Disamba 1681, Durga Das Rathore, Rajput Janar na Marwar, da Yarima Akbar, ɗan Aurangzeb wanda ya yi tawaye ga Mughals, suka kulla kawance da Sambhaji a kan Siddis. Sun yi taro da sojojin Raghunath Deshpande a Rajpuri, inda suka kawo wata runduna ta mutum 20,000.

## Manazarta
Shaba I

**Shaba I** FAZ ta tsoratar da al'ummar lardin a lokacin yakin da kuma bayan yakin. Tashin bama-bamai da sauran tashe-tashen hankula ya sa 'yan gudun hijira kimanin 50,000 zuwa adadin 70,000 suka tsere zuwa Angola da Zambiya. An hana 'yan jarida shiga lardin, kuma an kama wasu da dama. Duk da haka, Mobutu ya samu nasarar hulda da jama'a tare da tabbatar da ci gaba da taimakon tattalin arziki daga gwamnatoci, asusun ba da lamuni na duniya, bankin duniya da kuma gungun masu ba da lamuni masu zaman kansu karkashin jagorancin Citibank.

FAZ da ikon waje sun sake yin arangama da masu tayar da kayar baya a rikicin 1978, Shaba II.

## Manazarta
Joseph jenkins Roberts

**Joseph jenkins Roberts**
Joseph Jenkins Roberts (an haife shi 15 ga Maris, she karar 1809 – ya mutu a 24 ga Fabrairu,shekarar 1876) ɗan kasuwa ɗan Amurka ne wanda ya yi ƙaura zuwa Liberia a cikin shekarar 1829, inda ya zama ɗan siyasa. An zabe shi a matsayin na farko (1848–1856) da na bakwai (1872–1876) a ƙasar Laberiya bayan samun 'yancin kai, shi ne ɗan asalin Afirka na farko da ya fara mulkin ƙasar, wanda ya taba zama gwamna daga 1841 zuwa 1848. juyin mulkin Laberiya 1871. An haife shi kyauta a Norfolk, Virginia, Roberts ya yi ƙaura yana matashi tare da mahaifiyarsa, ƴan uwansa, matarsa, da ɗansa zuwa ƙauyen Afirka ta Yamma. Ya bude kamfanin kasuwanci a Monrovia kuma daga baya ya shiga siyasa.

## Manazarta
Jeanne d'Arc Debonheur

**Jeanne d'Arc Debonheur** lauya ce yar kasar Rwanda  hakazalika yar siyasa wadda ta kasance Ministan 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Bala'i na Majalisar Ministocin Rwanda tun daga ranar 30 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2017. 

## Tarihi da ilimi
An haife ta ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu 1978,  kuma ta halarci makarantun cikin kasar Ruwanda. A shekarar 2012 ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Rwanda.

## Sana'a
Debonheur ta fara aikinta ne a cikin shekarar 2008, tana aiki a matsayin Magatakarda ta Kotu a Kotun Kasuwanci, wanda ke a Musanze da Nyarugenge, tana aiki a wannan matakin har zuwa 2011.

Daga 2011 har zuwa 2012 ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara a fannin shari'a kuma mai bayar da shawara a majalisar wakilai ta majalisar dokokin Rwanda. Tsawon watanni uku, daga Janairu 2013 zuwa 23 ga Afrilu, 2013, ta yi aiki a matsayin jami'ar shari'a a "Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Rwanda" (REMA).  

Daga 24 Afrilu 2013, Debonheur ta yi aiki a matsayin ƙwararrar mai tsara dokoki kuma a matsayin mai bayar da shawara kan shari'a ga Majalisar Dattijan Rwanda, tana aiki a cikin wannan aiki har zuwa 29 Agusta 2017. 

A ranar 31 ga Agusta, 2017, an rantsar da ita a matsayin ministar kula da bala'o'i da harkokin 'yan gudun hijira ta kasar Rwanda. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Jeanne d'Arc Debonheur na da Aure kuma tana da da yara uku. 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin hadi na waje
*Website of the Rwanda Ministry of Refugees and Disaster Management 
*Losers in President Kagame’s New Cabinet As of 31 August 2017.
Ségou

**Ségou** birni a kudu maso tsakiyar Mali ke da nisan kilomita 235 146 arewa maso gabashin Bamako a gefen dama na Kogin Neja. Garin shine babban birnin Ségou Circle da Yankin Ségou . Tare da mazauna 130,690 a shekara ta 2009, ita ce birni na biyar mafi girma a Mali.

A tsakiyar karni na 19 akwai ƙauyuka huɗu da sunan Ségou da aka shimfiɗa a kan nisan kusan kilomita 12 km (7.5 mi) (7.5 tare da gefen dama na kogi. Sun kasance, farawa daga mafi girma, Ségou-Koro (Tsohon Ségou), Ségou, Ségó-Koura (Sabon Ségou) da Ségou - Sikoro. Garin na yanzu yana kan shafin Ségou-Sikoro. At this time Segou was capital of the Bambara Empire,

## Tarihi
### Asali
Ségou ya kalubalanci asalin. Wasu suna da'awar cewa kalmar Ségou ta fito ne daga "Sikoro", ma'ana zuwa ƙasan itacen man shanu. Wasu suna jayayya cewa an sanya masa suna ne bayan Cheikou, wani marabout wanda ya kafa birnin, yayin da har yanzu wasu ra'ayoyin ke goyon bayan da'awar cewa masunta Bozo ne suka kafa Ségou daga arewa a karni na 4, wadanda suka kafa ƙauyukansu a gefen Kogin Neja. Karni na 11 AZ ya ga kwararar Mutanen Soninke, waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin tserewa daga rushewar Daular Ghana, tare da yawan Mandinka da ke biyowa.

## Daular Bambara
A kusa da shekara ta 1650 Kaladian Coulibaly ya hambarar da daular Koita mai mulki kuma ya kafa masarauta mai iko idan ba ta da tsawo tare da Ségou-Koro a matsayin babban birni.
Ɗaya daga cikin jikokin Koulibaly, Mamary Coulibaly wanda aka fi sani da BiTòn, ya zama shugaban tòn, ƙungiyar maza, wani lokaci bayan 1700. A shekara ta 1712, Bitòn ya yi amfani da ƙarfin soja don kawar da dattawa na gida da faɗaɗa Daular Bambara. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, ya faɗaɗa yankinsa don ya haɗa da cibiyoyin kasuwanci na yanki kamar Macina da Djenné . Birnin Timbuktu zai zama jihar da ke da alaƙa da Daular Bambara ta Bitòn. A wannan lokacin Segou ita ce babban birnin Daular Bambara, kuma gine-ginen birane na musamman ya fara fitowa a Ségou Koro, gami da Masallatai.

Bayan mutuwar Bitòn a shekara ta 1755 wani lokaci na rashin kwanciyar hankali ya biyo baya, a lokacin da babban birnin Daular ya koma sau da yawa.  A shekara ta 1766 Ngolo Diarra, tsohon bawa da jarumi, ya mallaki Daular Bambara kuma ya kaddamar da lokacin wadata. Daular Diarra ta mallaki Ségou har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19. Ya ƙaura babban birnin masarautar daga Segou-Koro zuwa Ségou-Sikoro, kusa da shafin yanar gizon yanzu.

## Yanayin ƙasa
Ségou tana da nisan kilomita 235 (146 daga Bamako, a gefen dama na Kogin Neja .  Garin birni yana da iyaka a gabas da garin Pelengana, a yamma da garin Sébougou kuma a kudu da garin Sakoïba.

## Manazarta
Scarification a Afirka

**Scarification in Africa** wani babban al'amari ne na Al'adun Afirka da al'adu tsakanin Ƙabilar Afirka; al'adar scarification a cikin Afirka ya haɗa da tsarin yin "ƙaddamar da fata a kan fata ta amfani da duwatsu, gilashi, wukake, ko wasu kayan aiki don ƙirƙirar hotuna, kalmomi, ko zane masu ma'ana" da kuma bayyana "banganin dangi". , matsayi a cikin al'umma, wucewa zuwa girma, ko mahimmancin ruhaniya."
## Tarihi
Scarification, wanda kuma aka sani da cicatrization a cikin ayyukan Turai, wani lokaci ana haɗa shi a cikin nau'in yin zanen jiki, saboda ayyukan biyu na ƙirƙirar alamomi tare da launi a ƙasa da laushi ko launin launi a saman fata.

A Afirka,  gwamnatocin Turawa na mulkin mallaka da  Kiristocin mishan na Turai sun aikata laifuka da kuma lalata ayyukan al'adu na zanen jiki da scarification; saboda haka, ayyukan sun ragu, sun ƙare, ko kuma ana ci gaba da yin su azaman ayyukan resistance.

## Manazarta