Injiniyan kwamfuta

**[[Injinia.|injiniya]] kwamfuta** (**CE**, **CoE**, **CpE**, ko **CompE**) reshe ne na injiniya wanda ke da ƙwarewa wajen haɓaka kayan aikin kwamfuta da sobtwe. Ya haɗa fannoni da yawa na Injiniyan lantarki, injiniyan lantarki da kimiyyar kwamfuta. Ana iya kiran aikin injiniya na kwamfuta a matsayin *Injiniyan lantarki da Kwamfuta* ko *Kimiyya da Injiniya na Kwamfuta* a wasu jami'o'i.

Injiniyoyin kwamfuta suna buƙatar horo a cikin haɗin kayan aiki, ƙirar manhajan sobwe, da Injiniyan sobtwe. Zai iya kunshe da yankuna kamar electromagnetism, artificial intelligence (AI), Robotics" id="mwMw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Robotics">robotics, cibiyoyin sadarwa na kwamfuta, gine-ginen kwamfuta da tsarin aiki. Injiniyoyin kwamfuta suna da hannu a fannoni da yawa na kayan aiki da sobtwe na lissafi, daga ƙirar microcontrollers, microprocessors, kwamfutocin mutum, da supercomputers, zuwa ƙirar da'ira. Wannan fagen injiniya ba wai kawai yana mai da hankali kan yadda Tsarin kwamfuta da kansu ke aiki ba ne kawai, har ma da yadda za a haɗa su cikin hoto mafi girma ta yadda za'a iya iya amfani dashi kuma ya amfanar. Robotics yana daya daga cikin aikace-aikacen injiniyan kwamfuta.

Injiniyan kwamfuta yawanci suna hulɗa da yankuna ciki har da rubuce-rubuce sobtwe da firmware don microcontrollers da aka sakawa, tsara kwakwalwa VLSI, na'urori masu auna sigina, allon da aka haɗu da sigina, thermodynamics da tsarin sarrafawa. Injiniyoyin kwamfuta sun dace da binciken robotics, wato sakago wanda ya dogara sosai akan amfani da tsarin dijital don sarrafawa da saka idanu kan tsarin lantarki kamar motoci, sadarwa, da na'urori masu auna sigina.

A cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma da yawa, ana ba da damar Daliban injiniya kwamfuta su zaɓi wuraren zurfin karatu a cikin ƙarami da manyan shekarunsu saboda cikakken faɗin ilimin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ƙira da aikace-aikacen kwamfutoci ya wuce iyakar digiri na farko. Sauran cibiyoyin na iya bada buƙatar ɗaliban injiniya su kammala shekara ɗaya ko biyu na aikin injiniya gaba ɗaya kafin su ayyana aikin injiniya na kwamfuta a matsayin babban abin da suka fi mayar da hankali.

## Tarihi

Injiniyan kwamfuta ya fara ne a shekar ta alif dari tara da talatinn da tara 1939 lokacin da John Vincent Atanasoff da Clifford Berry suka fara bunkasa kwamfutar lantarki ta farko a duniya ta hanyar kimiyyar lissafi, lissafi, da injiniyan lantarki. John Vincent Atanasoff ya taɓa zama malamin kimiyyar lissafi da lissafi a Jami'ar Jihar Iowa kuma Clifford Berry tsohon digiri ne a ƙarƙashin injiniyan lantarki da kimiyyar kimiyya. Tare, sun kirkiro kwamfutar Atanasoff-Berry, wanda aka fi sani da ABC wanda ya ɗauki shekaru biyar don kammalawa. Yayinda aka rushe ABC na asali kuma aka watsar da shi a cikin shekarun alif dari tara da arba'in1940, an ba da haraji ga masu kirkiro; an yi kwatankwacin ABC a cikin shekaran alif dari tara da casa'in da bakwai 1997, inda ya ɗauki ƙungiyar masu bincike da injiniyoyi shekaru huɗu da $ 350,000 don ginawa.

Kwamfuta ta zamani ta fito ne a cikin shekarun alif dari tara da saba'in 1970s, bayan nasarori da yawa a cikin fasahar semiconductor. Wadannan sun hada da transistor na farko da William Shockley, John Bardeen da Walter Brattain suka yi a Bell Labs a cikin shekara alif dari tara da arba'in da bakwai 1947,  a cikin shekarar alid dari tara da hamsin da biyar 1955, silicon dioxide surface passivation da Carl Frosch da Lincoln Derick suka yi,  transistors na farko na silicon dioxide da Frosch and Derick a cikin shekarar alif dari tara da hamsin da bakwai 1957,  tsarin tsarin tsarin da Jean Hoerni,    da aka haɗa da Robert Noyce a Fairchild Semiconductor a cikin chip Fairchild,  da Mas Mas Mas MasatosHET da Stanley suka nuna a filin tasirin transistor (MOS) a cikin Ford, ko MOS) 

### Tarihin ilimin injiniyan kwamfuta
Shirin digiri na farko na injiniyan kwamfuta a Amurka an kafa shi ne a shekarar alif dari tara da sabain da daya 1971 a Jami'ar Case Western Reserve da ke Cleveland, Ohio . ABET="#mwt74" class="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-20","html":"nbsp;. . Case School of Engineering. January 5, 2017."}}' id="cite_ref-20" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Computer_engineering#cite_note-20 [1] Ya zuwa shekara dubu biyu da sha biyar 2015, akwai shirye-shiryen injiniyan kwamfuta 250 da aka amince da su a Amurka. A Turai, hukumomi da yawa suna ba da izini ga makarantun injiniyan kwamfuta a matsayin wani ɓangare na cibiyar sadarwa ta EQANIE. Saboda karuwar buƙatun aiki ga injiniyoyi waɗanda zasu iya tsara kayan aiki, software, firmware, da sarrafa duk nau'ikan tsarin kwamfuta da aka yi amfani da su a masana'antu, wasu cibiyoyin sakandare a duniya suna ba da digiri na farko da ake kira injiniyan kwamfuta. Dukkanin shirye-shiryen injiniyan kwamfuta da na Injiniyan lantarki sun haɗa da ƙirar kewayon analog da dijital a cikin tsarin karatun su. Kamar yadda yake tare da mafi yawan fannonin injiniya, samun cikakken ilimin lissafi da kimiyya ya zama dole ga injiniyoyin kwamfuta.

## Ilimi
Ana kiran aikin injiniya na kwamfuta a matsayin kimiyyar kwamfuta da injiniya a wasu sanannu da shahararun jamio'i a duniya tun daga wa'incan lokutan. Yawancin ayyukan injiniyan kwamfuta na matakin shigarwa suna buƙatar aƙalla digiri na farko a cikin injiniyan kwamfutar, injiniyan lantarki ko kimiyyar kwamfuta. Yawanci dole ne mutum ya koyi jerin lissafi kamar lissafi, lissafin layi da daidaitattun bambance-bambance, tare da kimiyyar kwamfuta. Digiri a cikin Injiniyan lantarki ko lantarki sun isa saboda kamanceceniyar filayen biyu. Saboda injiniyoyin kayan aiki suna aiki tare da tsarin software na kwamfuta, tushen tushe mai ƙarfi a cikin shirye-shiryen kwamfuta ya zama dole. A cewar BLS, "babban injiniyan kwamfuta yayi kama da injiniyan lantarki amma tare da wasu darussan kimiyyar kwamfuta da aka kara a cikin tsarin karatun". Wasu manyan kamfanoni ko ayyuka na musamman suna buƙatar digiri na biyu.

Har ila yau, yana da mahimmanci sosai ga injiniyoyin kwamfuta su ci gaba da sauri a cikin fasahar zamani. Saboda haka, mutane da yawa suna ci gaba da koyo a duk lokacin da suke aiki. Wannan na iya taimakawa, musamman idan ya zo ga koyon sabbin ƙwarewa ko inganta waɗanda ke akwai. Misali, yayin da farashin dangi na gyara kwari ke ƙaruwa yayin da yake cikin tsarin ci gaban software, ana iya samun adadi mai yawa wanda aka danganta shi da haɓaka da gwaji don lambar inganci da wuri-wuri a cikin tsari, musamman kafin a saki.

### Ayyuka
Mutumin da ke da sana'a a aikin injiniya na kwamfuta ana kiransa injiniyan kwamfuta.

## Aikace-aikace da aiki
 
Akwai manyan abubuwan da aka mayar da hankali a cikin injiniyan kwamfuta: kayan aiki da software.

### Injiniyan kayan aikin kwamfuta
 
Dangane da Amurka BLS, aikin hangen aiki ga injiniyoyin kayan aikin kwamfuta, haɓakar shekaru goma daga shekarabta dubu biyu da sha tara 2019 zuwa ta dubu biyu da ashirin da tara 2029 don injiniyan kayan aikin kwamfuta an kiyasta 2% da jimillar ayyuka 71,100. (" *Slower fiye da matsakaita* " a nasu kalmomin idan aka kwatanta da sauran sana'o'i)"  Wannan shi ne raguwa daga shekara ta dubu biyu da sha hudu 2014 zuwa 2024 BLS injiniya hardware kiyasin na 3% da jimillar 77,700 jobs; " *kuma ya ragu daga 7% na 2012 zuwa 2022 BLS kimanta kuma yana cikin 1% zuwa 902 BLS kimanta kuma yana cikin 002002 BLS kimanta.* "  A yau, kayan aikin kwamfuta sun ɗan yi daidai  zuwa lantarki da injiniyan kwamfuta (ECE) kuma an raba shi zuwa sassa da yawa, mafi mahimmanci.  ana shigar da tsarin ƙirar . 

### Injiniyan software na kwamfuta
A cewar Ofishin Labaran Ayyuka na Amurka (BLS), "an tsara injiniyoyin software na aikace-aikacen kwamfuta da injiniyoyin software ɗin tsarin kwamfuta su kasance daga cikin masu saurin girma fiye da matsakaicin ayyukan da ke girma". Ci gaban da ake tsammani na shekaru goma tun daga shekarar dubu biyu da sha hudu 2014 don injiniyan software na kwamfuta an kiyasta kashi goma sha bakwai kuma akwai jimlar ayyuka 1,114,000 a wannan shekarar. Wannan ya sauka daga shekara ta dubu biyu da sha biyu 2012 zuwa ta dubu biyu da ashirin da biyu 2022 BLS kimantawa na 22% ga masu haɓaka software.   Kuma, ya kara sauka daga ƙididdigar BLS ta 30% zuwa shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin 2020. Bugu da kari, karuwar damuwa game da tsaro na yanar gizo ya kara da sanya aikin injiniya na software na kwamfuta sama da matsakaicin ƙaruwa ga dukkan fannoni. Koyaya, wasu ayyukan za a fitar da su a ƙasashen waje. Saboda wannan, ci gaban aiki ba zai kasance da sauri kamar yadda ya kasance a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata ba, kamar yadda ayyukan da za su je ga injiniyoyin software na kwamfuta a Amurka za su je zuwa ga injiniyoyin kwamfuta a ƙasashe kamar Indiya. Bugu da kari, hangen nesa na aikin BLS ga masu shirye-shiryen kwamfuta, shekara ta dubu biyu da sha hudu 2014-24 yana da -8% (ƙetare, a cikin kalmomin su),  sannan hangen nesa na aiki, shekara ta dubu biyu da da sha tara 2019-29 na -9% (Retare),  sannan raguwar 10% don shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin da daya 2021-2031  kuma yanzu raguwar 11% don waɗanda ke tsara kwamfutoci (watau tsarin da aka saka) waɗanda ba masu haɓaka aikace-aikacen kwamfuta ba. Bugu da ƙari, mata a fannonin software suna raguwa a tsawon shekaru har ma da sauri fiye da sauran fannonin injiniya.

## Yankunan musamman
Akwai fannoni masu yawa na musamman a fagen injiniyan kwamfuta.

### Tsarin mai sarrafawa
 
Tsarin ƙirar Mai sarrafawa ya haɗa da zaɓar saitin umarni da wani tsarin kisa (misali VLIW ko RISC) kuma yana haifar da microarchitecture, wanda za'a iya bayyana shi a misali VHDL ko Verilog. Tsarin CPU ya kasu kashi biyu: datapaths (kamar ALU da bututun mai), sashin sarrafawa: dabaru wanda ke sarrafa datapathes, abubuwan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kamar fayilolin rajista, ɓoyewa, kewayon agogo kamar direbobi na agogo, PLLs, cibiyoyin rarraba agogo, kewayen mai karɓa, ɗakin karatu na ƙofar ƙira wanda ake amfani dashi don aiwatar da ma'anar.

### Coding, cryptography, da kariya ta bayanai

Injiniyoyin kwamfuta suna aiki a cikin ƙididdiga, aikace-aikacen cryptography, da kariya ta bayanai don haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin don kare bayanai daban-daban, kamar hotuna da kiɗa na dijital, raguwa, keta haƙƙin mallaka da sauran nau'ikan lalatawa ta hanyar, alal misali, Alamar ruwa ta dijital.

### Sadarwa da hanyoyin sadarwa marasa waya
 
Wadanda ke mai da hankali kan sadarwa da hanyoyin sadarwar, ci gaban aiki a cikin tsarin sadarwa da hanyoyin sadarwa, gyare-gyare da sarrafa kuskure, da ka'idar bayanai. Tsarin cibiyar sadarwa mai saurin gudu, murkushe tsangwama da gyare-gyare, ƙira, da nazarin Tsarin jure kuskuren, da adanawa da watsawa duk wani ɓangare ne na wannan ƙwarewa.

### Masu tarawa da tsarin aiki
 

Wannan ƙwarewar tana mai da hankali kan masu tarawa da tsarin aiki da ƙirar da ci gaba. Injiniyoyi a wannan fagen suna haɓaka sabbin tsare-tsare da aiki, dabarun nazarin shirye-shirye, da sabbin dabarun don tabbatar da inganci. Misalan aiki a wannan fagen sun haɗa da ci gaban algorithm na sauyawar lambar-lokaci da ci gaban sabon tsarin aiki.

### Kimiyya da injiniya na kwamfuta
 
Kimiyya da injiniya na lissafi na zamin. A cewar Cibiyar "Sloan Career Cornerstone", mutane da ke aiki a wannan yanki, "an yi amfani da hanyoyin lissafi don tabbatar da tsarawa da warware matsalolin lissafi masu rikitarwa a cikin injiniya da kimiyyar jiki da zamantakewa. Misalan sun haɗa da ƙirar jirgin sama, sarrafa plasma na siffofin  nanometer a kan wafers na semiconductor, ƙirar da'irar "VLSI", tsarin gano radar, jigilar ion ta hanyar tashoshin halittu, da sauransu. "

### Cibiyoyin sadarwa na kwamfuta, kwamfuta mai kwakwalwa, da tsarin rarraba
 
A cikin wannan ƙwarewa, injiniyoyi suna gina mahalli masu haɗin kai don lissafi, sadarwa, da samun damar bayanai. Misalan sun haɗa da cibiyoyin sadarwar mara waya na tashar, Gudanar da albarkatun daidaitawa a cikin tsarin daban-daban, da inganta ingancin sabis a cikin yanayin wayar hannu da katin ciran kudi wato da ake amfani da shi gun cire kudi a wajen banaki ATM sanna kuma a yau an kawo lokacin da akwai POS naurar da ake amfani dashi kun cire kudi a mafi saukin hanya. Wasu wasu misalai sun haɗa da aiki a kan Tsarin cibiyar sadarwa mara waya da tsarin waya mai sauri na Ethernet.

### Tsarin kwamfuta: gine-gine, aiki tare, da dogaro

Injiniyoyi da ke aiki a akan tsarin kwamfuta suna aiki a kan ayyukan bincike waɗanda ke ba da dama amintacce, amintaccen tsarin kwamfuta mai inganci. Ayyuka irin su tsara masu sarrafawa don Multi-threading da aiki tare an haɗa su a cikin wannan fagen. Sauran misalai na aiki a wannan fagen sun haɗa da ci gaban sabbin ra'ayoyi, algorithms, da sauran kayan aikin da ke ƙara aiki ga tsarin kwamfuta.

Gine-gine na kwamfuta ya haɗa da ƙirar fasahar kwakwalwar kwamfuta da ake kira da "CPU", tsarin matsayi na cache, Ƙungiyar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, da daidaita nauyin kaya.

### Ra'ayi na kwamfuta da robotics

A cikin wannan fannin na ƙwarewa, injiniyoyin kwamfuta suna mai da hankali kan haɓaka fasahar jin gani don jin yanayin, wakiltar muhalli, da sarrafa muhalli. Ana aiwatar da bayanan da aka tattara na uku don yin ayyuka daban-daban. Wadannan sun hada da ingantaccen samfurin mutum da ake kira "Robot" mutum-mutumi, sadarwa ta hoto, da kuma haɗin mutum da kwamfuta, da kuma na'urori kamar kyamarori masu amfani na musamman tare da na'urorin gani masu amfani.

### Tsarin da aka saka

Mutanen da ke aiki a wannan yanki fasahar ƙira don haɓaka saurin da ake bukata kwamfuta yayi, amintacce, da aikin tsarin. Ana samun tsarin da aka saka a cikin na'urori da yawa daga ƙaramin rediyo na FM wanda keda saukin amfani da komwa domin jamaa su saurari shirin gidan redio zuwa jirgin dake zuwa sararin samaniya. A cewar Cibiyar Ayyuka ta Sloan Cornerstone, ci gaba da ci gaba a cikin tsarin da aka saka sun haɗa da "*motoci da kayan aiki na atomatik don gudanar da bincike da ceto, tsarin sufuri na atomatik, da daidaitawar mutum-robot don gyara kayan aiki a sararin samaniya.* "  Ya zuwa shekara ta dubu biyu da sha takwas 2018 , ƙwarewar tsarin da aka sanya na kwamfuta sun haɗa da tsarin tsarin-a-chip, gine-ginen ƙididdigar gefen da Intanet na abubuwa.

### Da'irori masu hadin kai, ƙirar VLSI, gwaji da CAD
Wannan ƙwarewar injiniyan kwamfuta tana buƙatar isasshen ilimin lantarki da tsarin yadda ake sarrafa lantarki. Injiniyoyi da ke aiki a wannan fanni suna aiki akan inganta saurin na'urar da samun amincewa, da ingancin makamashi na ƙarni na gaba da keɓaɓɓen ƙira (VLSI) da kuma microsystems. Misali na wannan ƙwarewa shine aikin da aka yi akan rage amfani da wutar lantarki na algorithms na VLSI da gine-gine.