Kasuwanci na bakin teku

Beachcombing wani aiki ne wanda ya kunshi mutum "combing" (ko bincike) rairayin **bakin teku** da yankin intertidal, neman abubuwa masu daraja, sha'awa ko amfani. Mai zuwa bakin teku mutum ne wanda ke shiga cikin aikin beachcombing.

Duk da waɗannan ma'anoni na gaba ɗaya, beachcombing da beachcomber kalmomi ne masu yawa, amma masu alaƙa, ma'anonin da suka samo asali a tsawon lokaci.

## Amfani da tarihi
Farkon bayyanar kalmar "beachcombers" a cikin bugawa ya kasance a cikin Richard Henry Dana jr. Shekara biyu kafin Mast (1840) kuma daga baya an ambaci shi a cikin Herman Melville's *Omoo* (1847).  Ya bayyana yawan mutanen Turai da ke zaune a tsibirin Kudancin Pacific, "haɗe" rairayin bakin teku da ruwa da ke kusa don flotsam, jetsam, ko wani abu da za su iya amfani da shi ko kasuwanci. Lokacin da mai yawo shakatawa ya dogara gaba ɗaya da kamun kifi na bakin teku don abinci, ko kuma ya watsar da al'adun asali da saitin dabi'u ("ya tafi ɗan ƙasa"), to kalmar "mai yawon shakam" tana da alaƙa da mai laifi, mai yawo, ko bum. Duk da yake yawancin masu zuwa ga rairayin bakin teku sun kasance masu aikin jirgin ruwa marasa aikin yi, da yawa na iya zaɓar zama a cikin al'ummomin tsibirin Pacific;   kamar yadda Herman Melville ya bayyana a Typee, ko Harry Franck a cikin littafin Vagabonding Around the World .

Bayan jimrewa da tafiya ta haɗari da wahala, ba sabon abu ba ne ga 'yan ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa su bar Jirgin kifi lokacin da ya isa Tahiti ko Marquesas kuma su zauna, aƙalla na ɗan lokaci, a tsibirin Tekun Kudancin Polynesia. Idan wani mai zuwa bakin teku ya shirya ya ɗauki matsayinsa don ya isa gida, kyaftin din na iya barin ma'aikacin da ba shi da farin ciki ya tafi; in ba haka ba, kyaftin ɗin zai ba 'yan asalin lada don neman da dawo da mai ficewa, kuma ya cire lada, tare da riba, daga albashin mai fice. A wasu kalmomi, mai fice, idan aka kama shi, zai ƙare yana aiki duk tafiyar ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba, ko ma ya koma gida cikin bashi ga ma'aikatansa. A Typee, Melville ya yi watsi da shi, ba sau ɗaya ba amma sau biyu, kafin ya sanya hannu a matsayin ma'aikaci a cikin jirgin ruwa na Navy, ba tare da tsoron tasirin ba.

Wasu masu zuwa rairayin bakin teku sun yi ciniki tsakanin kabilun yankin, da kuma tsakanin kabilanci da jiragen ruwa masu ziyara. Charles Savage ya jagoranci karamin rukuni na masu zuwa gabar teku a matsayin mercenaries a cikin hidimar shugaban Tsibirin Bau Naulivou kuma da sauri ya nuna darajarsu a yaƙe-yaƙe da abokan gaba. Wasu sun rayu a kan lada ga masu ficewa, ko kuma sun sami ma'aikatan maye gurbin ko dai ta hanyar rinjaye ko ta hanyar Shanghaiing. Mutane da yawa, kamar David Whippy, sun kuma yi aiki a matsayin matsakanci tsakanin kabilun 'yan asalin da kuma tsakanin' yan asalin da jiragen ruwa masu ziyara. Whippy ya bar jirginsa a cikin 1820 kuma ya zauna tsakanin mai cin nama Fijis har tsawon rayuwarsa. Fijis wani lokacin sukan kama ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa don fansa, kuma su ci su idan sun yi tsayayya. Whippy zai yi ƙoƙari ya cece su amma wani lokacin yana samun ƙasusuwa kawai. Daga ƙarshe ya zama wakilin Amurka a Fiji, kuma ya bar zuriya da yawa a cikin tsibirai.

Ko da yaushe akwai ƙananan mutane a Kudancin Pacific tun farkon masu binciken Mutanen Espanya, amma lambobin sun karu sosai a farkon karni na 19 tare da farkon zamanin kifi a kusa da 1819. An kiyasta cewa kashi 75% na masu zuwa ga rairayin bakin teku sun kasance ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa, musamman ma masu kifi, waɗanda suka tsallake jirgin ruwa. Sun kasance mafi yawan Burtaniya amma tare da karuwar yawan Amurkawa, musamman a Hawaii da Carolines. Wataƙila kashi 20% ne na fursunonin Ingila waɗanda aka kai su Ostiraliya kuma suka tsere daga yankunan azabtarwa a can.

An kiyasta cewa a cikin 1850 akwai sama da 2,000 masu zuwa rairayin bakin teku a duk faɗin Polynesia da Micronesia.  Al'ummomin Polynesia da Melanesia yawanci suna karɓar masu zuwa ga rairayin bakin teku da waɗanda aka shagaltar da su cikin al'ummar yankin, yawanci ta hanyar tallafi ko ta aure, tare da masu zuwa rairayin kan teku da waɗanda suka ɓace galibi ana ɗaukar su alama ce ta matsayin shugaban yankin. Masu zuwa bakin teku waɗanda suka koma Turai sun isar da salon Tattoo na tsibirin Pacific.

Matsayin zamantakewa da kasuwanci na masu zuwa rairayin bakin teku ya ƙare lokacin da masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje suka iso,  kuma tare da ci gaban al'ummar kasuwanci tare da 'yan kasuwa na Turai (Palagi), mazauna a kowane tsibiri, waɗanda suka kasance wakilan kamfanonin kasuwanci.  Mutane da yawa masu zuwa bakin teku sun yi canji zuwa zama 'yan kasuwa na tsibirin.

## Sauran harsuna
A cikin Uruguay, irin wannan kalma an halitta a cikin Sipaniya form *Bichicome.* Bisa ga ilimin al'adun gargajiya, kalmar ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Ingilishi kuma tana nufin talakawa ko ƙananan mutane.    Har ila yau, nau'in Mutanen Espanya yana jawo kamanceceniya da Bicho na *Mutanen* Espanya (kananan dabba / kwari) da *mai zuwa* (ci). Hakazalika, kalmar ta shiga kalmar Helenanci ta hanyar jiragen ruwa, a cikin sigar "pitsikómis" (πιτσικόμης). Kalmar Rasha бич (da rarer nau'i бичкомбер, бичкомер) ya bayyana ba daga baya fiye da 1930s, a cikin ma'anar na dan lokaci mara aikin jirgin ruwa, rataye game da tashar jiragen ruwa da kuma rayuwa daga hannu zuwa baki; a zamanin yau ana nufin balaga ko hobo.

## Archaeology
A cikin ilimin kimiyyar archaeology salon rayuwa na rairayin bakin teku yana da alaƙa da tsakiya na shell-tsakiya wanda wani lokacin yakan tara sama da daruruwan idan ba dubban shekaru ba. Shaida a Kogin Klasies a Afirka ta Kudu, da Gulf of Zula a Eritrea,   sun nuna cewa wani zaɓi na rairayin bakin teku yana daya daga cikin ayyukan farko da ke raba ɗan adam na zamani *[[Ɗan Adam|Homo sapiens]]* daga tsoffin jinsunan *Homo erectus*.

## Amfani na zamani
Yawancin masu zuwa rairayin bakin teku na zamani suna bin "layin drift" ko "layin ruwa" a kan rairayin kan teku kuma suna da sha'awar abubuwa (yawanci na halitta) da teku ke jefawa. Ga waɗannan mutane, "beachcombing" shine aikin nishaɗi na neman da gano abubuwan ban sha'awa daban-daban waɗanda suka wanke tare da hawan ruwa: kwarangwal na kowane nau'i, burbushin halittu, gutsuttsarin tukwane (ginin teku), kayan tarihi na tarihi, wake na teku (drift seeds), gilashin teku (glass na teku), Driftwood, da saƙonni a cikin kwalabe. Abubuwa kamar katako, filastik, da kowane irin abubuwan da suka ɓace ko kuma suka watsar da jiragen ruwa za a tattara su ta wasu masu zuwa rairayin bakin teku, muddin abubuwa suna da kayan ado ko amfani a wata hanya ga mai tarawa.  (Duk da haka, wannan yawanci ba ya haɗa da babban tarkace na ruwa, mafi yawansu ba su da amfani ko kayan ado.) Edmund James Banfield misali ne na bakin teku na zamani a gidansa a Tsibirin Dunk a farkon karni na ashirin inda ya yi karatu kuma ya rubuta game da ciyayi, tsuntsaye da rayuwar teku na tsibirin.

Masu zuwa bakin teku masu rikitarwa suna amfani da ilimin yadda guguwa, yanayin ƙasa, ruwan teku, da abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi ke ƙayyade isowa da fallasa abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba. Har ila yau, suna yin kiyaye muhalli kuma ba sa kashe mollusks don kwarangwal, suna tono ramuka a cikin yashi, ko fuskokin dutsen gouge don burbushin ko reefs don samfurori na murjani. Mutane da yawa masu zuwa bakin teku suna aiki ne a matsayin masu kula da bakin teku, suna aiki tare da hukumomin gwamnati don saka idanu kan lalacewar bakin teku, zubar da ruwa da gurɓataccen yanayi, da lalacewar kogi da dutse, da sauransu.

Masana da aka sani a kan rairayin bakin teku a yau sun haɗa da masanin ilimin teku Curtis Ebbesmeyer (Flotsametrics da Duniya mai iyo); mai ilimin muhalli Dr. Deacon Ritterbush (A Beachcomber's Odyssey); masanan gilashin teku Richard LaMotte (Pure Sea Glass) da CS Lambert (Sea Glass Chronicles); masanin ilimin ƙasa Margaret Carruthers (Beach Stones); masanan hars Chuck da Debbie Robinson (The Art of Shelling), da kuma masanin ilimin dabbobi Dr. Blair Witherington da Dawn Aurious Beach: Living Beach [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&#x5B;&#x5D;

### Ceto katako
A bakin tekun British Columbia a Kanada, rairayin bakin teku ko **ceton katako** shine aikin dawo da katako daga teku don sake siyarwa ga masana'antar katako. Ya kasance aiki tun daga shekarun 1880 kuma har yanzu ana gudanar da shi a ƙarƙashin lasisi daga lardin.

### A cikin al'adun gargajiya
Dukkanin bangarorin nishaɗi da masu amfani na rairayin bakin teku ko "rugujewa" an yi bikin a cikin fim din The Wrecking Season, fim din da ya lashe lambar yabo wanda ke nuna sha'awar marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Nick Darke game da rairayin kan iyakar Cornwall, Burtaniya.

Wani shahararren wasan kwaikwayo na gidan talabijin na Kanada, The Beachcombers, ya mayar da hankali kan kasuwancin mutum biyu da ke ceton katako daga rairayin bakin teku a ƙarshen karni na ashirin na British Columbia.

A cikin fim din James Bond On Her Majesty's Secret Service, Bond ya sami izinin makonni biyu, kuma lokacin da Moneypenny ya tambaye shi inda yake, ya amsa: "kawai wani wuri da za a yi laze game da shi. Beachcombing".

## Manazarta