Diflomasiyyar Twitter

**Diflomasiya ta Twitter**, ko **Twiplomacy**, wani nau'i ne na diflomasiya na dijital, yana nufin al'adar gudanar da diflomasiyyar jama'a ta amfani da dandalin watsa labarun X (wanda aka fi sani da Twitter) ta shugabannin kasashe da jami'an diflomasiyya, da kuma shugabannin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (IGOs). . 

Jami'an gwamnati sun yi amfani da Twitter don sadarwar diflomasiya da dama. Wannan ya haɗa da, amma ba'a iyakance shi ba, yin sanarwar hukuma, raba sabbin manufofin ƙasashen waje, da sadarwa kai tsaye tare da jama'a.  Kamar yadda Constance Duncombe ( Jami'ar Copenhagen ) ya nuna, Twitter ba wai kawai ya samar da wani dandalin tattaunawa tsakanin jihohi ba amma "yana ƙalubalantar ra'ayoyin gargajiya na diflomasiyya bisa ga abin da ya faru ta hanyar hanyoyin sadarwa na yau da kullum da kuma hulɗar zamantakewa ta fuska da fuska. " 

## Asalin
An kirkiro kalmar *Twiplomacy* a cikin 2011 a cikin ɗayan karatun farko na diflomasiyya akan hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa.  Rahoton ya nuna yadda shugabannin kasashen duniya ke amfani da Twitter wajen kulla huldar diflomasiyya da sauran shugabanni da masu harkar siyasa. Yayin da amfani da Twitter ta shugabannin duniya da jami'an diflomasiyya ke karuwa tun daga watan Afrilun 2014,  diflomasiyyar Twitter ta kasance bangare daya ne kawai na ci gaban da ake samu  zuwa diflomasiya na dijital, wanda kuma aka sani da diflomasiyyar Facebook, ta gwamnatocin duniya da yawa. 

### Twitter da diflomasiya

Tun daga Satumba 2023, X (Twitter) yana da kimanin masu amfani da aiki miliyan 528 kowane wata. 

Shugabannin kasashen duniya da jami'an diflomasiyyarsu sun lura da yadda shafin Twitter ke saurin yaduwa kuma sun fara amfani da shi wajen cudanya da jama'ar kasashen waje da 'yan kasarsu.  Bayan zama jakadan Amurka a Rasha a shekara ta 2011, Michael A. McFaul yana daya daga cikin jami'an diflomasiyya na farko da suka fara amfani da Twitter wajen yin diflomasiyya, inda ya buga tweets cikin harsunan Ingilishi da Rashanci.  A cewar wani bincike na shekara ta 2013 da gidan yanar gizon Twiplomacy ya yi, kasashe 153 daga cikin 193 da ke wakilta a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun kafa asusun Twitter na gwamnati.  Bugu da ƙari, wannan binciken ya gano cewa waɗannan asusun sun kai 505 shafukan Twitter da shugabannin duniya da ministocin harkokin waje suke amfani da su. Tweets ɗin su na gama kai suna da ikon isa ga haɗakar masu sauraron sama da mabiya miliyan 106 

Tsohon Ministan Harkokin Wajen Italiya Giulio Terzi ya yi sharhi a cikin littafin 2013 game da batun don Gidauniyar Diplo mai zaman kanta ta Geneva, cewa " Kafofin watsa labarun suna fallasa masu tsara manufofin kasashen waje ga masu sauraron duniya yayin da a lokaci guda ke ba da damar gwamnatoci su isa gare su nan take. [... .] Twitter yana da tasiri guda biyu masu kyau a kan manufofin ketare: yana haɓaka musayar ra'ayi mai fa'ida tsakanin masu tsara manufofi da ƙungiyoyin jama'a da haɓaka ikon jami'an diflomasiyya na tattara bayanai da hangowa, tantancewa, gudanarwa, da kuma mayar da martani ga abubuwan da suka faru." 

### Rigima
A cikin watan Afrilun 2014, takun-saka tsakanin ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka da ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Rasha kan rikicin Crimean na shekarar 2014 ya koma tweet, inda ma'aikatun biyu suka yi amfani da maudu'in #UnitedforUkraine don isar da sabanin ra'ayi.  

A farkon shekarar 2014, shugaban kasar Iran Hassan Rouhani ya yanke shawarar goge wani sakon twitter mai cike da cece-kuce dangane da shirin makamashin nukiliyar kasar wanda ya dauki hankalin kafafen yada labarai. 

## Amfani da gwamnatoci da ƙungiyoyin gwamnatoci
Nazarin *Twiplomacy na* 2013 ya ba da sabon haske game da amfani da Twitter ta gwamnatoci. Rijistar Twitter ta yanki (kamar na 2013) ya haɗa da: 

* Afirka: 71% na gwamnatoci
* Asiya: 75% na gwamnatoci
* Turai: 100% na gwamnatoci 
* Arewacin Amurka: gwamnatoci 18
* Oceania: 38% na gwamnatoci
* Kudancin Amurka: 92% na gwamnatoci

Ya zuwa 2020, gwamnatoci hudu ne kawai ba su da kasancewar Twitter: Laos, Koriya ta Arewa, São Tomé da Principe, da Turkmenistan. 

### Ta shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatoci
Ana yaba tsohon shugaban Amurka Barack Obama a matsayin shugaban kasa na farko da ya kafa shafin Twitter, wanda ke da alaka da yakin neman zabensa na shugaban kasa a 2008, a ranar 5 ga Maris, 2007, a matsayin mai lamba 813,286.  A lokacin yana shugaban kasa, shi ne shugaban kasa mafi yawan mabiya a shafin Twitter. 

Sauran shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatoci don fara aiwatar da harkokin diflomasiyya na Twitter sun hada da shugaban kasar Mexico Enrique Peña Nieto, Firayim Ministan Belgium Elio Di Rupo,  da Firayim Ministan Kanada Stephen Harper, dukansu sun shiga Twitter a 2007.

Tsohon shugaban kasar Amurka Donald Trump, wanda yawan amfani da shafin Twitter na Twitter a yakin neman zaben shugaban kasar Amurka na shekarar 2016 ya zama sananne a duniya, yana yawan tsunduma cikin harkokin diflomasiyya na Twitter a tsawon shekarun da ya yi yana mulki.    

### Ta shugabannin kungiyoyin gwamnatoci
Tun daga watan Afrilu 2014, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) ita ce kungiyar gwamnatocin da aka fi bi,   tare da rukunin yanar gizonta da ke nuna sama da masu kallo miliyan 2.56 a cikin Afrilu 2014.  Yawancin kudade da hukumomi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma suna jawo dimbin mabiya. Asusun Yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya sami karbuwa fiye da kungiyar iyayensa, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma sama da miliyan 2.69 ke biye da shi tun daga watan Afrilun 2014. 

### Ta jami'an diflomasiyya da jami'an diflomasiyya

#### Isra'ila
Tsohon jakadan Isra'ila a Amurka, Michael Oren, ya bayyana ra'ayin da yawa daga jami'an diflomasiyya a lokacin da yake amsa tambayar da aka yi masa a watan Mayun 2012 game da dalilin da ya sa ya shiga Twitter: "A yau akwai 'yan hanyoyin da za su iya kaiwa ga nisa da tasiri, tare da masu sauraro da matasa masu sauraro., a matsayin Twitter.Twitter wani kayan aiki ne da ke ba ni damar sadarwa tare da sauran jami'an diflomasiyya da 'yan jarida tare da ba ni damar ƙara wani abu na sirri." 

#### Ƙasar Ingila
Ofishin Harkokin Waje da Commonwealth na Burtaniya ya buga jerin haɗe-haɗe na duk ayyukan Burtaniya akan kafofin watsa labarun. 

#### Amurka
Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, daya daga cikin jagororin diflomasiya na dijital, tana ci gaba da kasancewa a shafin Twitter. Duk da cewa tsohuwar sakatariyar harkokin wajen Amurka Hillary Clinton ta karfafa gwiwar jami'an diflomasiyyar Amurka da su yi amfani da shafin ta na Twitter, amma ba ta kafa nata aikin ba sai a shekara ta 2013, bayan da ta bar ofis.  Haka kuma, tsohon sakatare John Kerry ya sake farfado da shafin sa na Twitter bayan shekara guda yana aiki.  Tsohon jakadan Amurka a Tarayyar Rasha, Michael McFaul, ya fara yin amfani da Twitter ga jakadun Amurka tare da ci gaba da yada labaran Turanci da Rashanci a lokacin mulkinsa na 2011-2014.   Masanin ilimi ta hanyar kasuwanci kuma ba jami'in diflomasiyya ba, Ambasada McFaul's tweets gabaɗaya ba su da kyau kuma ba a goge su ba - halayen da ba a saba gani ba a duniyar diflomasiyya - suna samun yawan suka daga gwamnatin Rasha da yabo daga magoya bayansa...

#### China
Jami'an diflomasiyyar kasar Sin suna amfani da Twitter a matsayin makami na diflomasiyyar jama'a. Duk da haka, wannan sabon salo ne. A shekarar 2013, Xi Jinping ya ba da sanarwar cewa, intanet na daya daga cikin "filin yaki na gwagwarmayar ra'ayin jama'a" kuma ya karfafawa jam'iyyar kwarin gwiwa ta "samar da ra'ayoyin jama'a ta yanar gizo" don samun moriyar kasar Sin, ta hanyar " yada muryar kasar Sin" tare da kwato hakkinta na yin magana. ga duniya".  Ba da dadewa ba, jami'an diflomasiyyar kasar Sin a duk duniya sun fara kafa asusun Twitter, suna taka rawa wajen tattaunawa a duniya dangane da batutuwan da suka shafi kasa da kasa, tare da ba da labarin yadda kasar Sin ta samu.  Suna musayar bayanai, da sanarwar manema labaru, da takardu na hukuma, don tabbatar da cewa masu sauraron duniya suna jin ra'ayin kasar Sin. Har ila yau, suna mayar da martani ga labaran labarai, sharhi, ko maganganun wasu gwamnatoci don gabatar da ra'ayin kasar Sin da bayar da shawarwari. Masanan sun yi nuni da cewa, jami'an diflomasiyyar kasar Sin sun nazarta tsarin diflomasiyya da ake kira " Panda " a shafin Twitter  da kuma yin garkuwa da hashtag da masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama ke amfani da su, irin su #Tibet ko #Xinjiang, ta hanyar buga hotuna masu kayatarwa ko labarai masu sha'awa.  Muhimmancin diflomasiyyar China ta Twitter ya fito fili musamman a lokacin cutar ta COVID-19 . Jami'an diflomasiyyar kasar Sin sun yi amfani da dabarar yin amfani da Twitter wajen samar da sabbin bayanai na hakika, da yada bayanan hukuma, da bayyana matsayin kasar Sin. Har ila yau, sun shiga muhawara, jayayya, har ma da yin adawa da wakilan kasashe ko kafofin watsa labaru na duniya.     Jami'an diflomasiyyar kasar Sin sun tsawaita fasaharsu ta amfani da dandalin sada zumunta fiye da Twitter, inda suka yi amfani da hanyoyi da dama don yin cudanya da masu sauraro a duniya. A irin wannan salon, suna yin amfani da dandamali kamar YouTube, Facebook, da TikTok don isa ga mutane daban-daban a duk duniya.  

## Duba kuma

* Hashtag gwagwarmaya
* Amfani da Twitter ta hanyar jama'a
* Indexididdigar Volfefe, index of volatility index da ke da alaƙa da amfani da Twitter na Tsohon Shugaban Amurka Donald Trump .

## Manazarta

## Kara karantawa

* Andreas Sandre " Twitter don Jami'an Diflomasiyya ", rahoto don tushen Geneva, Diplo mai zaman kansa (2013)
* " Twiplomacy: Shugabannin jihohi da na gwamnati a kan Twitter, Yuli 2013  Archived   ", Nazarin Twiplomacy (Yuli 2013)