open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Katos

**Catatos** abinci ne na gargajiya na ƙasar Angola wanda aka yi da soyayyen caterpillars da tafarnuwa. Ana yawan ba da ita akan shinkafa. Tashi na musamman ne na lardin Uíge a arewa maso yammacin Angola .

## Fage

Cin kwarin wata tsohuwar al'ada ce ta ƴan asalin ƙasar a sassa da dama na duniya, ciki har da kudancin Afirka, saboda ƙimarsu mai gina jiki.   Yawancin kwari da ake ci, da suka haɗa da caterpillars da sauran tsutsa, ana cin su a lardin Uíge na ƙasar Angola inda suke taka rawar gani wajen cin abincin karkara.  Daga cikin waɗannan, tsutsotsin mopane ( *Gonimbrasia belina* ), nau'in caterpillar, ɗaya ne daga cikin nau'ikan da ake amfani da su.  Ana girbi kusan tsutsotsin mopane biliyan 9.5 duk shekara a kudancin Afirka.  Sauran nau'in caterpillar da ake ci a Angola sun haɗa da tsutsa na *Imbrasia epimethea*,   da *Usta terpsichore* . 

Hanyoyin al'ada na tarawa da shirye-shirye sun bambanta dangane da nau'in. Sau da yawa ana aika yara don tattara su daga bishiyoyi, yayin da manya ke tara su a cikin gonaki. Wani lokaci, ana iya sare bishiyu a raba su don tattara magudanar a ciki. Ana wanke caterpillars a cikin ruwa, kuma ana iya cire hanyar narkewar su a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin tsaftacewa. Ana rera gashin masu kumburi, idan akwai.  Catatos, abincin gargajiya na Uíge, ana yin shi ta hanyar soya caterpillars da tafarnuwa. 

## Shiri
Ana soya caterpillars tare da tafarnuwa. Za a iya ƙara wasu kayan abinci, irin su albasa, tumatir da barkono don dandana. Caterpillars suna ɗaukar nau'i mai laushi amma mai ɗanɗano,  kuma an kwatanta dandanonsu da prawns .  Yawancin lokaci ana ba da ita akan funge . Za a iya ƙara miya mai zafi . 

## Darajar abinci mai gina jiki
Caterpillars suna da yawan furotin, bitamin da ma'adanai, ciki har da baƙin ƙarfe.  Wani bincike da aka buga a cikin 2017 ya gano cewa *Imbrasia epimethea* larvae yana da kwatankwacin adadin furotin zuwa tuna, kaza da naman sa, amma ƙananan matakan amino acid masu mahimmanci . Suna da wadata a cikin polyunsaturated fatty acids . Binciken ya kuma gano cewa girki bai yi tasiri sosai kan darajar sinadirai ba, wanda hakan ya sa su zama madadin naman gargajiya.  Mopane caterpillars suna da 31&nbsp;MG na baƙin ƙarfe da 100&nbsp;MG na busassun nauyi, idan aka kwatanta da 6&nbsp;MG na baƙin ƙarfe da 100&nbsp;MG na busassun nauyi don naman sa. 

## Manazarta
Ƙauyen Andes

**Andes** ƙauyen ne da kuma wurin da aka tsara (CDP) a cikin Delaware County, New York, Amurka . Yawan jama'a ya kasance 252 a ƙidayar 2010.  A baya ƙauyen ne.

Andes tana kan Hanyar 28 kuma ita ce kawai babbar al'umma a garin Andes.

## Tarihi
Wata ƙauyen ta kusan hallaka ta a shekara ta 1878.

Shi ne wurin da Andes Historic District da Andes Railroad Station, dukansu an jera su a cikin National Register of Historic Places . 

A lokacin zaben ƙauye na musamman a ranar 3 ga Yuni, 2002, mazauna sun amince da rushewar ƙauyen ta hanyar kuri'un 81 zuwa 63. A ranar 31 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 2003, ƙauyen da aka kafa na Andes ya daina wanzuwa.

## Yanayin ƙasa
Garin Andes yana cikin arewacin garin Andes a 42°11′19′′N 074°47′09′′W / 42.18861°N 74.78583°W / 42.-18861; -74.78543 (42.1886976, -74.8857138). Tsayinta yana da ƙafa 1,598 (487 .  Hanyar New York 28 tana jagorantar arewa maso yamma 12 mil (19  zuwa Delhi, wurin zama na Delaware County, da kudu maso gabas 11 mil (18  zuwa Margaretville.

A cewar Ofishin Ƙididdigar Amurka, Andes CDP yana da jimlar yanki na murabba'in mil 1. (3.1 ), duk ƙasar.

## Yawan jama'a

Ya zuwa ,  akwai mutane 289, gidaje 132, da iyalai 76 da ke zaune a ƙauyen. Yawan jama'a ya kasance mazauna 253.1 a kowace murabba'in mil (97.7/km2). Akwai gidaje 161 a matsakaicin matsakaicin 141.0 a kowace murabba'in mil (54.4/km2). Tsarin launin fata na ƙauyen ya kasance 96.89% fari, 0.69% Baƙar fata ko Baƙar fata na Amurka, 0.35% Asiya, 1.73% daga wasu kabilu, da 0.35% daga kabilu biyu ko fiye. Hispanic ko Latino na kowane kabila sun kasance 3.11% na yawan jama'a.

Akwai gidaje 132, daga cikinsu kashi 22.7% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 suna zaune tare da su, kashi 46.2% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 6.1% na da mace mai gida babu miji, kashi 42.4% kuma ba iyali ba ne.  Kashi 37.9% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance mutane ne, kuma kashi 21.2% suna da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka.  Matsakaicin girman gidan ya kasance 2.19 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi ya kasance 2.87.

A ƙauyen, yawan jama'a ya bazu, tare da 18.7% 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 18, 10.7% daga 18 zuwa 24, 25.6% daga 25 zuwa 44, 22.1% daga 45 zuwa 64, da 22.8% waɗanda ke da shekaru 65 ko fiye.  Matsakaicin shekarun ya kasance shekaru 42.  Ga kowane mata 100, akwai maza 114.1.  Ga kowane mata 100 masu shekaru 18 zuwa sama, akwai maza 115.6.

Matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na gida a ƙauyen shine $32,857, kuma matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na dangi shine $47,500.  Maza suna da matsakaicin kudin shiga na $28,281 sabanin $23,333 na mata.  Kudin shiga kowane mutum na ƙauyen shine $22,716.  Kimanin kashi 6.8% na iyalai da 7.6% na yawan jama'a sun kasance ƙasa da layin talauci, gami da 3.6% na waɗanda ba su kai shekara sha takwas ba da 2.7% na waɗanda 65 ko sama da haka.

## Bayanan kafofin watsa labarai
Andes ita ce batun wani ra'ayi na 2009 a cikin The New York Times  da kuma labarin 2011 a cikin *New York Post* . 

## Manazarta
'Yanci na lamiri

**[['Yanci]] na lamiri** shine' yancin mutum don yin aiki a kan imanin ɗabi'a. Musamman, sau da yawa yana nufin 'yancin *kada a yi* wani abu da aka saba tilasta, ya ba da umarni ko ya sa ran ya yi. Mutumin da ke amfani da wannan 'yanci ana iya kiransa mai ƙin yarda da lamiri. 

Hakkin 'yancin lamiri an amince da shi ta hanyar tarurruka da yawa na kasa da kasa, kamar su Universal Declaration of Human Rights da Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam. Ya bambanta da amma yana da alaƙa da 'yancin tunani,' 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da' 'yancin addini.

## Dubi kuma
 

## Bayani

## Manazarta
Hukumar 'yan sanda ta nukiliya

**Hukumar 'Yan sandan Nukiliya ta farar hula** ( Welsh   ) ita ce hukumar 'yan sanda da ke kula da Cibiyar Nukiliya ta farar hula. Hukumar 'yan sanda wata ƙungiya ce ta jiki a cikin Burtaniya wacce ke bayyana tsare-tsare masu mahimmanci ga rundunar 'yan sanda tare da bayar da alhaki  domin 'yan sanda suyi aiki da kyau da inganci. An ƙirƙira ikon  a cikin 2004 ta Dokar Makamashi ta 2004. Hukumar tana ƙarƙashin buƙatun yancin bayanai. 

## Mambobin
Hukumomin suna da mambobi takwas da Sakataren Harkokin Tsaro na Makamashi da Net Zero ya nada: ana zabar Shugaban, mambobi masu zaman kansu da kuma mai ba da shawara kan 'yan sanda bayan aikace-aikace da hira, yayin da kamfanonin masana'antar nukiliya ke ba da shawarar mambobi biyar.

## Ikon da ya dace
Ta hanyar 'yan sanda na nukiliya na farar hula an ba da izini ga hukuma don gudanar da ayyukan leken asiri na sirri a kan masu zanga-zangar adawa da nukiliya. A watan Yulin 2009 Alkalin Christopher Rose ya ce tsarin CNC na "kusanci da ayyukan ɓoye-ɓoye yana da ƙwarewa sosai". Ya gano cewa tsarin adana bayanan da aka samu daga masu ba da labari yana "yi aiki sosai" kuma "manyan jami'ai suna ɗaukar sa ido na ɓoye a matsayin abin da ake buƙata na dogon lokaci".

## Manazarta
Marckx v Belgium

Marckx v. Belgium (aikace-aikacen No. 6833/74) wata shari'a ce mai mahimmanci a cikin Dokar iyali da Kotun Turai ta 'Yancin Dan Adam ta yanke a shekarar 1979.

## Gaskiya
Ms. Paula Marckx, being unmarried, gave birth to a daughter in 1973. Under Belgian law, no legal bond between an unmarried mother and her child resulted from the mere fact of birth. To create the bond, the mother had either to recognise maternity in specific proceedings or to adopt the child. In both cases, the child's inheritance rights remained less than those a child born in marriage received automatically.

## Shari'a
Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa an yi keta doka:

* Mataki na 8 na Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam (rayuwar sirri da iyali),
* Mataki na 14 na Yarjejeniyar (rashin nuna bambanci), wanda aka dauka tare da Mataki na 8,
* Mataki na 14, wanda aka dauka tare da Mataki na 1 na Yarjejeniyar No. 1 (yancin mallakar),
Kuma babu wani take hakkin da aka saba na Mataki na 1 na Ƙari na 1, idan aka ɗauka shi kaɗai. Kotun ba ta ba da wani diyya ga masu ƙara ba.

Alkalai Balladore Pallieri, Pedersen, Ganshof van der Meersch, Evrigenis, Pinheiro Farinha da Eduardo García de Enterría sun gabatar da wata sanarwa ta rashin yarda tare, dangane da kin bayar da diyya.

Alƙalai O'Donoghue, Thór Vilhjálmsson, Fitzmaurice, Bindschedler-Robert, Matscher da Pinheiro Farinha sun gabatar da rashin amincewa daban-daban game da batutuwa daban-daban na hukunci.

## Sakamakon haka
A shekarar 1987, Belgium ta gyara Dokarta ta Farar Hula, kuma a shekarar 1988, Kwamitin Ministoci na Majalisar Turai ya yanke cewa Belgium ta aiwatar da ayyukanta bisa Mataki na 54 na Yarjejeniya a wannan shari’ar.

## References
*
*
Alappad

**Alappad** ƙauye ne da ke bakin teku a cikin Gundumar Kollam na jihar Kerala ta Indiya .  Tana kan wani karamin yanki na ƙasa tsakanin Tekun Larabawa da TS Canal - ƙauyen yana da kimanin kilomita 16 kuma mafi ƙanƙanta yana da tsayi kamar mita 33. Haɗuwa da ƙasar ta hanyar gada da kuma jiragen ruwa na ƙasa, waɗanda Panchayat da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ke sarrafawa. Har zuwa kwanan nan akwai gada daya kawai a kudancin yankin, amma bayan tsunami na 2004, an gina wasu gadoji biyu. Ana gudanar da zanga-zangar ne a ƙauyen game da hakar yashi ta hanyar IREL.&nbsp;

## Gudanarwa
Garin Alappad yanki ne na panchayat na wannan sunan. Sau da yawa, ana kiran duk panchayat Alappad; duk da haka, panchayat a zahiri ya ƙunshi unguwa / wurare daban-daban kamar Srayikkadu, Azheekal, Kuzhithura, Parayakadavu, Cheriazheekkal, Pandarathuruthu. Vellanathuruth

## Tsunami na shekara ta 2004
Sassan ƙauyen sun lalace a lokacin Tsunami na shekara ta 2004. Alappad ita ce ƙauyen da ya fi fama da cutar a Kerala - mutane da yawa sun rasa rayukansu. Bayan bala'in, gwamnatin jihar ta fahimci bukatar karin gadoji, kuma ta gina gada daya a arewacin Azheekal, da kuma wani a Cheriyazhekkal

## Ma'adinai na yashi
Kamfanin jama'a da ke aiki a Kollam, Kerala Minerals and Metals Limited (KMML) da Indian Rare Earths (IRE) sun fara hakar yashi a Alappad. Mazaunan yankin Alappad sun fara yajin aiki game da hakar yashi ta hanyar tayar da taken 'Save Alappad, Stop Mining'. 

## Yawan jama'a - bayanan ƙidayar jama'a na 2011

Mazaunan Alappad galibi Hindu ne. Ƙauyen yana da gidajen ibada da yawa. Haikali suna aiki a matsayin wuraren ibada, kuma kwamitocin haikalin suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin gudanar da haikalin da bukukuwan da ke taka muhimmiyan rawa a rayuwar jama'a.

## Shahararrun mazauna
Mata Amritanandamayi, sanannen Hindu Sanyasin, jagoran ruhaniya kuma mai ba da agaji an haife shi a Parayakadavu . Mata Amritanandamayi Math yana cikin Parayakadavu .

## Manazarta
Gidaje a Delaware

**Gidaje a [[Delaware]]**  suna Dauke siffofin da yawa, daga gidaje-dangi guda ɗaya zuwa wuraren hadaddun gidaje.  Delaware yana da adadin mallakar gida na 68.7% a cikin 2017. Abubuwan da suka shafi gidaje a Arizona sun haɗa da mallakar gida, gidaje masu araha, rashin tsaro na gidaje, yanki, da rashin matsuguni.

## Tarihi
A cewar Ofishin Ƙididdigar Amurka, akwai gidaje 448,735 a Delaware a cikin 2020. Akwai kimanin mutane 1,165 marasa gida a Delaware a cikin 2020, bisa ga Rahoton Binciken Ruwa na Shekara-shekara.

Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane ta Amurka tana gudanar da shirye-shiryen da ke ba da gidaje da taimakon ci gaban al'umma a Amurka. An san isasshen gidaje a matsayin Hakkin ɗan adam a cikin Sanarwar Duniya ta 1948 da kuma a cikin Yarjejeniyar Duniya ta 1966 kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu.
Balkinization (blog)

**Balkinization** shafin yanar gizo ne na shari'a wanda ke mai da hankali kan Tsarin Mulki, Kwaskwarimar Farko, da sauran batutuwan 'yanci na jama'a. An kirkiro shafin yanar gizon ne a ranar 13 ga Janairu, 2003  ta hanyar Jack Balkin,  Farfesa Knight na Dokar Tsarin Mulki da Kwaskwarima ta Farko a Makarantar Shari'a ta Yale.

*Balkinization* ya kasance mai sukar rikodin Gwamnatin Bush game da batutuwan 'yanci na farar hula a cikin Yakin Duniya kan Ta'addanci bayan 9/11.

Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2017, shafin yanar gizon yana da kusan baƙi miliyan 11 tun lokacin da aka kirkireshi.

## Shahararrun masu ba da gudummawa

*Ian Ayres
*Andrew Koppelman
*Marty Lederman
*Sanford Levinson
*Gerard Magliocca
*Rick Pildes
*Mark Tushnet

## References
Kogin Boulder

Boulder Beach rairayin bakin teku ne mai duwatsu a kan Tekun Pacific, wanda ke gefen kudu na Otago Peninsula, kimanin kilomita 15.7 (9.8  ta hanyar hanyar gabas daga tsakiyar Dunedin, New Zealand .  Baya ga kasancewa da ɗan wahala a isa ta jiki saboda tsananin ƙasar da ke kewaye da ita, an rufe shi ga jama'a a cikin watanni na rani (Nuwamba-Fabrairu) don kare tsuntsayen da ke da idanu masu launin rawaya da ke zaune a ciki.

## Yanayin jiki
Boulder Beach yana da kimanin kilomita 1 (0.62  tsawo, yana fuskantar kusan daidai da kudu. Kusa da ƙarshen gabas wani tsawo na kimanin mita 200 (660  yana da yashi; sauran an rufe su da duwatsu, saboda haka sunan rairayin bakin teku. A yammacin rairayin bakin teku ya ƙare tare da tashiwar Highcliff, wanda aka sanya sunan unguwar Dunedin makwabta; Highcliff ya zama Pudneys Cliff a yamma, kuma ya ƙare a Māori Head, bayan abin da Smaills Beach da Tomahawk Beach ke zaune. A gabas Boulder Beach an yanke shi da jerin tsaunuka waɗanda suka ƙare a Seal Point, sannan Sandfly Bay. A arewa ƙasar ta tashi sosai zuwa Highcliff Hill, Patrons Hill, da Sandymount. Kogin da ake kira Robertsons Creek yana gudana daga Sandymount don ƙetare Boulder Beach game da rabin tsawonsa. Kodayake ana noma yankunan da ke saman gangaren, ƙananan sassan da ke kusa da rairayin bakin teku da kansu suna da kyau kuma suna da wani ɓangare na gandun daji.

### Waƙoƙi masu tsawo
Samun damar zuwa Boulder Beach ta hanyar tsarin Highcliff Track ne. Highcliff Track ya fara ne a ƙarshen McMeeking Road, titin gefen Karetai Road, kuma ya bi tsarin ƙasar don saduwa da Braidwood Track, fadadawar masu tafiya na Braidwood Road (wanda kansa zai iya samuwa daga Seal Point Road) a Robertsons Creek. Hanyar Karetai da Hanyar Seal Point dukansu sun haɗu da Hanyar Highcliff a saman tudun. Boulder Beach Track kanta ta bi Robertsons Creek zuwa rairayin bakin teku. Za'a iya samun dama ta hanyar Buskin Track ko Paradise Road Track, dukansu suna jagorantar sauka daga Highcliff Road.  

## Kare namun daji
Boulder Beach sau da yawa ana ziyartar fur seal na New Zealand da zakunan teku na New Zealand. Yankin da ke kusa da rairayin bakin teku wuri ne da aka fi so don tsuntsaye masu launin rawaya, kuma tunda waɗannan tsuntsaye suna jin kunya sosai game da yin gida ko haifuwa inda mutane zasu iya ganinsu,  Boulder Beach Track an rufe shi ga jama'a a lokacin haifuwar su tun 2005,  da farko daga Disamba zuwa Fabrairu, amma kwanan nan daga Nuwamba zuwa Fabraira.

Ma'aikatar Karewa (DOC) ce ke gudanar da kiyayewa ta Boulder Beach a cikin tubalan biyu: Boulder Beach / Highcliff Block da Boulder Beach * WWF Block . 

## Amfani da nishaɗi
Tsarin Highcliff Track ya shahara tare da masu tafiya, kuma an dauke shi da matsakaici. Boulder Beach an dauke shi rairayin bakin teku mai daidaituwa, yana ba da raƙuman ruwa na hagu da na dama. A wasu lokuta masu amfani da dabi'a suna amfani da shi don wanka a rana. New Zealand ba ta da rairayin bakin teku na tsirara, kamar yadda tsirara ta jama'a doka ce a kowane rairayin kan teku inda "an san ya faru".

## Manazarta
Majalisar 'yan gudun hijira ta Finland

**Majalisar 'yan gudun hijira ta Finland** kungiya ce ta jin kai, wacce ba ta gwamnati ba wacce ke kare haƙƙin mutanen da ke fama da ƙaura.

## Tarihi
An kafa Majalisar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Finland a 1965 a matsayin ƙaramar ƙungiya da ke tara kuɗi ga Hukumar 'Yan Gudanarwa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Majalisar ta samo asali ne a tsawon lokaci, ta zama kungiya mai zaman kanta kuma ta fara ayyukan da yawa.

## Ayyuka masu mahimmanci
Majalisar tana da jigogi guda huɗu da suka shafi kare haƙƙin 'yan gudun hijira, ƙarfafa juriyar rayuwa, daidaitaccen shiga harkokin zamantakewa, da kuma daidaituwar al'umma gaba ɗaya. Don ƙara ƙarfafa ƙoƙarinta na kira da a samu haɗin kai da daidaito a ƙasar Finland, ƙungiyar ta fara bayar da lambar yabo ta ‘Matar Ɗan Gudun Hijira na Shekara’ tun daga 1998, sannan tun daga 2016 kuma ta ƙara da ‘Namijin Ɗan Gudun Hijira na Shekara’.

## References
Karin kwalliya

Coalclaims ko Coal Health Claims shine sunan hadin gwiwa don tsarin biyan diyya guda biyu da Gwamnatin Burtaniya ke gudanarwa. Hakki na da'awar ya kasance tare da Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Canjin Yanayi wanda ya rabu da Ma'aikatan Kasuwanci, Kasuwanci da Gyaran Tsarin Mulki (BERR) a watan Oktoba 2008. BERR kanta ta kasance sunan Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci da Masana'antu (DTI).

Wadannan tsare-tsaren sun wanzu don biyan ma'aikatan hakar kwal na Burtaniya da iyalansu dangane da Cututtukan numfashi da Vibration white finger (VWF). Waɗannan su ne manyan tsare-tsaren raunin mutum a tarihin shari'ar Burtaniya kuma mai yiwuwa a duniya. Capita (tsohon IRISC wanda Kamfanin Aon ya sayi wanda ya sayar da IRISC na aikin su ga Capita a shekara ta 2004).

Ana aiwatar da da'awar ta amfani da tsarin da aka sani da ICMS (IRISC Claims Management System) wanda shine a matsayin aikace-aikacen al'ada da aka rubuta a cikin FoxPro). Wannan tsarin ya haɗu da BCRDL (British Coal Respiratory Disease Litigation) Calculator na asarar fansho wanda Workflow Consulting Limited ya haɓaka a ƙarƙashin umarnin hadin gwiwa daga Gwamnatin Burtaniya da CSG (Claimant Solicitors Group).

Masu neman izini na iya bin diddigin shari'arsu ta amfani da shafin yanar gizon da gwamnati ke tallafawa http://www.coalclaims.com  [maɓallin mutu na dindindin] an gina sigar yanzu kuma ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Yanar gizo ce ke sarrafa ta. Kafin shekara ta 2003 Integrated Solutions Consultants Ltd na Hemel Hempstead ne ke sarrafa shi wanda ya kasance yana da yankin www.isc.co.uk kodayake yanzu an sake siyar da wannan. 

Ga masu lissafin tsarin BCRDL don lissafin rabon adadin da ya danganta da bayyanar mai hakar ma'adinai ga ƙurar kwal kuma ana iya sauke asarar fansho daga BCRDL wanda Workflow Consulting Limited ke kula da shi.

## Da'awar Lafiya ta Coal
Masu hakar ma'adinai da suka yi aiki a kwal na Burtaniya wanda aka fi sani da Hukumar Kula da Karfe ta Kasa na iya amfani da taimakon ga makircin ma'adanai da kuma da'awar biyan diyya ta masana'antu ta amfani da tsarin amfanin cutar masana'antu ko amfani da Taimako ga Ma'adanaiTaimako ga Masu Hawan Ma'adinai

## Rikici
Ya zuwa watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2008, lauyoyi biyu da suka lashe ikirarin rauni na dubban masu hakar ma'adinai sun bayyana a gaban kotun da ake zargi da karbar kudade daga biyan diyya. Jim Beresford, mai shekaru 58, da Douglas Smith, mai shekaru 51, daga Beresfords Solicitors a Doncaster, sun musanta zarge-zarge 11 na rashin adalci a sauraron a London. Jim Beresford ya kasance mafi girman lauya a Burtaniya a shekara ta 2006 sakamakon aikin Coalclaims.

## Manazarta
Jerin kabilun Ashraf a Libya

Al'ummar Libiya ta ƙunshi kabilun **  masu yawa. Kalmar  (   ,    ) yana nufin mutanen da suke da'awar zuriyar Annabi Muhammad S.A.W, sau da yawa amma ba ta hanyar 'yarsa Fatimah R.A kaɗai ba . Kalmar ita ce jam'in  ('mai daraja', 'babban haihuwa'), daga  ('zama babba').
Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane

The Housing and Urban Development Corporation Limited, wanda aka canza ya koma  cikin HUDCO, wani bangare ne na jama'a na Indiya wanda ke da hannu a cikin kayan aikin da aikin ababen more rayuwa.  Gwamnati ta ba da kamar Navratna ga PSU a ranar 18 ga Afrilu-2024. 

## Tarihi
Cibiyar ta kasance a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 1970 a matsayin kamfani mai zaman kansa a ƙarƙashin cikakken mallakar Gwamnatin Indiya tare da tushen daidaito na Rs. crore a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kamfanoni, 1956  

An halicce shi ne a kan yanayin rashi na gidaje a Indiya a cikin shekarun 1960 da 70, tare da manufar magance batun kudi na gidaje da taka rawa a ci gaban ababen more rayuwa na birane.

Kungiyar tana ba da kuɗi don kafa sabbin garuruwa kuma tana aiki a matsayin sabis na ba da shawara don ayyukan tsarawa da tsarawa da suka shafi shirye-shiryen gidaje da ci gaban birane a Indiya da kuma kasashen waje.

HUDCO ta lashe lambar yabo ta UN-Habitat Scroll of Honour don gudummawa ga ci gaban gidaje a shekarar 1991. An ba da ma'aikatar matsayin Miniratna a shekara ta 2004.

## Infrastructure
HUDCO ta fara ba da kuɗi don ci gaban ababen more rayuwa a cikin 1989.  Abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci sun ba da kayan aikin ababen more rayuwa ciki har da ayyukan da ke cikin bangarorin magudanar ruwa, wutar lantarki, samar da ruwa, sarrafa sharar gida da hanyoyi a cikin birane. Daga baya abubuwan more rayuwa na zamantakewa kamar makarantun firamare da wuraren wasa, masauki ga mata masu aiki, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, ofisoshin 'yan sanda da kurkuku, kotuna, da dai sauransu sun sami fa'idar kudade don farashi mai arha.

### Hanyar da Sufuri
HUDCO ta ba da rance na lokaci don gina hanyoyi da sauran bangarorin sufuri wanda ya haɗa da gina Filin jirgin sama, Railways, Ports, Metro Rails, Bridges da Flyover, Railway Over-bridges, Subways, Bypasses, Bus Terminal, Parking complexes, Sayen motocin sufuri na jama'a, Bus Stations / tashoshin, Intelligent Traffic Management tsarin da dai sauransu.

Ayyukan filin jirgin sama na Filin jirgin sama na Cochin International Airport da Calicut International Airport a Kerala HUDCO ne ke tallafawa.] Kayayyakin kayayyakin more rayuwa na Kerala State Road Transport Corporation da UPSRTC suma suna samun tallafin su.  HUDCO ta sanya takunkumin ₹ 100 crore ga KSRTC a cikin 2002 don siyan bas 550 da ƙananan bas 350[da ₹ 260 crores a cikin 2014 don siyan bas 1500.

### Gudanar da Kasuwanci Mai Ruwa
A cikin 1994, HUDCO ta kafa Cibiyar Gudanar da Sharar don inganta kula da sharar gida.

**<big>Ayyukan Ginin Capacity da Ba da Shawara:</big>** HUDCO tana ba da sabis na tsarawa, ƙira, da sabis na ba da shawara na ci gaban birane da taimakon fasaha ga gwamnatocin jihohi, hukumomin birane, da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki. Hakanan yana shirya shirye-shiryen horo da bita na horo ga masu sana'a.

HUDCO has sanctioned 58 schemes with a project cost of ₹675 crore to provide new systems and to augment the existing systems.

### Ruwa
Tsarin samar da ruwa 295, tare da farashin aikin ₹  crore HUDCO ce ta ba da kuɗin. A cikin 2016, HUDCO ta kuma ba da kuɗi ga aikin ruwa na Nellore wanda Kamfanin Nellore Municipal Corporation ya gabatar.
Bautar da mutane a Thailand

An yi **Bautar a Thailand** daga zamanin Ayutthaya har zuwa lokacin da Sarki Chulalongkorn (Rama V) ya soke shi ta hanyar jerin gyare-gyare da suka faru daga 1874 zuwa 1905. A yau, Bautar zamani ta fito ne a matsayin matsala, musamman ma  Ma'aikatan ƙaura a Masana'antar kamun kifi ta Thailand

## Bautar tarihi
**Bawa** shi ne kalmar hausa da aka saba amfani da ita don bayyana matsayin mutum na doka a tarihin Thailand, wanda ake kira a Thai da **"ทาส" (thâat)**, daga harshen **Pali: ''dāsa***. Su ne ke a mataki mafi ƙasa a tsarin zamantakewa da ake kira *'sakdina**, wanda ya samo asali tun daga zamanin **Ayutthaya (ƙarni na 14 zuwa na 18)**. Wadannan bayi suna ƙarƙashin ikon wani maigida, wanda bisa doka yana da **"cikakken iko a kansu sai dai kawai ba zai iya kashe su ba"**.

Mutane na iya zama bayi ta hanyoyi da dama, kamar:

* Kama su a yaƙi,
* Rashin biyan bashi,
* Haihuwa daga iyaye bayi.

Ayyukan da bayi ke yi ya bambanta bisa yadda maigidan su ke so. Wannan ya bayyana ne a cikin bayanan **Simon de la Loubère**, wanda ya ziyarci Ayutthaya a shekarar **1687**.

Suna amfani da bayinsu wajen noma filayen su da lambuna, da kuma wasu ayyukan gida; ko kuma suna ba su damar yin aiki don samun rayuwarsu, a ƙarƙashin haraji wanda suke karɓa daga hudu zuwa takwas ''[[Thai baht|Ticals]]'' a Shekara, wato, daga bakwai Livres goma, zuwa goma sha biyar Livres.

== Kawar da shi ==
**Kawar da bautar da mutane a Thailand** ta faru ne a zamanin **Sarki Chulalongkorn (Rama na V)**. Sarki ya yi ƙoƙari wajen guje wa rikici a cikin al’umma da kuma ɓata ran manyan masu bayi, don haka ya aiwatar da gyare-gyare a hankali tsawon wasu shekaru da dama. An fara wannan a shekara ta **1874**, inda wata **dokar masarauta** ta bayyana cewa duk wanda aka haifa cikin bautar da tun daga shekara ta **1868** zai sami ’yanci da zarar ya kai **shekaru ashirin da ɗaya (21)**.

Daga bisani, wasu dokoki sun sake fitowa a **shekaru 1884, 1890, 1897 da 1900**, inda suka fayyace ko faɗaɗa waɗannan dokoki. A ƙarshe, an fitar da wata doka a shekara ta **1905**, wadda ta kafa iyakar kuɗin fansar ’yanci da iyakar shekaru – wannan ya sa aka kawo ƙarshen bautar da mutane cikin wasu ƙananan shekaru.

**Dokar hukunta laifuka ta 1908**, sashi na **269**, ta bayyana bautar da mutane a matsayin **laifi**, inda aka haramta saye da sayar da bayi (sai dai waɗanda aka ɗauka a matsayin halal bisa doka ta 1905).

Daga nan, dokoki daga **1911 zuwa 1913** sun ƙara faɗaɗa aikin dokokin baya. A ƙarshe dai, **bautar da mutane ta ƙare doka a shekara ta 1915'''.

## Dubi kuma

* Cinikin mutane a Thailand
* Bautar a kudu maso gabashin Asiya

## References
Yancin zamantakewa (ra'ayin yarjejeniyar zamantakewa)

Hakkin zamantakewa hakkoki ne da ke tasowa daga kwangilar zamantakewa. Alal misali, James Madison ya ba da shawarar cewa haƙƙin kamar Shari'a ta juri ba ta fito ne daga yanayi ko kuma daga kundin tsarin mulki na gwamnati ba, amma daga tasirin kwangilar zamantakewa. Hakkin zamantakewa yayi kama da haƙƙin siyasa, kuma ana iya fahimtar cewa suna da ra'ayoyi iri ɗaya da ake amfani da su ta hanyar da ba ta da tsanani.

## manazarta
**Cécile Fabre** ta yi iƙirari cewa: **"**Halal ne a takaita ikon rinjayen yawancin mutane a cikin dimokuraɗiyya, ta hanyar kundin tsarin mulki, domin a girmama da kuma inganta waɗancan haƙƙinmu na asali waɗanda ke kare 'yancinmu na cin gashin kanmu da kuma ba mu damar samun jin **daɗin rayuwa.** Bisa la’akari da cewa, kamar yadda aka bayyana a **babban fasali na 1 (Ch. 1), ’yancin zamantakewa na daga cikin waɗannan haƙƙin na asali**, to hakan yana nuna cewa **ya kamata a saka su a cikin kundin tsarin mulki."**

Daga ra'ayi na shari'a hanyoyi da yawa suna aiki da tabbatar da haƙƙin zamantakewa; haƙƙin zamantakewar al'umma a ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulki haƙƙin batutuwa ne ko "yancin batutuwa". Wannan yana tabbatar da cewa jama'a suna karɓar daidaitattun rarraba abubuwan da suka dace da masu zaman kansu. 

## References
Gidaje a Georgia (jihar Amurka)

**Gidaje a [[Georgia (Tarayyar Amurka)|Georgia]] yana**  Dauki siffofin da yawa, daga gidaje-dangi guda ɗaya zuwa wuraren hadaddun gidaje.  Jojiya tana da adadin mallakar gida na 61.6% a cikin 2017.[1]  Abubuwan da suka shafi gidaje a Jojiya sun haɗa da mallakar gida, gidaje masu araha, rashin tsaro na gidaje, yanki, da rashin matsuguni.

## Tarihi
A cewar Ofishin Ƙididdigar Amurka, akwai gidaje 4,410,956 a Georgia a cikin 2020. Akwai kimanin mutane 10,234 marasa gida a Georgia a cikin 2020, bisa ga Rahoton Binciken Ruwa na Shekara-shekara.

Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane ta Amurka tana gudanar da shirye-shiryen da ke ba da gidaje da taimakon ci gaban al'umma a Amurka. An san isasshen gidaje a matsayin Hakkin ɗan adam a cikin Sanarwar Duniya ta 1948 da kuma a cikin Yarjejeniyar Duniya ta 1966 kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu.

## Manazarta
Gidaje don Ci gaban Birane da kauyika

Majalisar Kula da **Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane** (**HUDCC**) ita ce hukumar kula da gidaje da ofisoshin ci gaba daban-daban na gwamnatin Philippines. Shugaba Corazon Aquino ne ya kafa shi ta hanyar Dokar Zartarwa No. 90, Series of 1986. 

Doka ta kirkiro da Ma'aikatar Mahalli na dan Adam da ci gaban birane (DHSUD), Dokar Shugaba Rodrigo Duterte ta ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, 2019. The Dh Rasrigo Duterte a ranar 19 ga watan Fabrairu, 2019  Daga baya an sake tsara shi azaman Hukumar Shawarar Mazaunawar Jama'a (HSAC).  Dokar ta kasance haɗakar da Bill 6775 da Majalisar Dattijai 1578 wanda Majalisar Wakilai da Majalisar Dattawa suka zartar a ranar 10 ga Oktoba da 12 ga Nuwamba, 2018, bi da bi.. Dokokin Aiwatarwa da Dokokin (IRR) don RA 11201 an sanya hannu a ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2019. Lokaci na sauyawa na watanni biyar zai fara tare da cikakken aiwatar da dokar a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2020. 

## Hukumomin da aka haɗa

* Asusun Ci Gaban Gida (HDMF) 
* Hukumar Kula da Gidaje ta Kasa (Philippines)  (NHA) 
* Hukumar Kula da Gidaje da Amfani da Kasa (HLURB) 
* Kamfanin Garkuwa na Gida (HGC) 
* Kamfanin Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Gida na Kasa (NHMFC) 
* Kamfanin Kudi na Gidajen Jama'a (SHFC) 

## Shugaban
Dokar zartarwa mai lamba 20, jerin 2001 ta daukaka darajar shugaban HUDCC a matsayin jami'in majalisar ministoci, tare da ma'aikacin da ke rike da mukamin Sakatare, bisa amincewar hukumar nadi.  Duk da haka, tun lokacin gwamnatin shugaba Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, an nada ta a matsayin majalisar ministocin mataimakiyar shugaban kasar Philippines, don haka ba ta bukatar wani tabbaci daga hukumar nadi kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulkin Philippines ya tanada.

Mataimakin Shugabannin Noli de Castro da Jejomar Binay sun jagoranci hukumar a lokacin da suke aiki, kodayake Binay ya yi murabus daga mukamin kafin wa'adinsa a matsayin mataimakin shugaban zartarwa ya ɓace. A ranar 7 ga Yuli, 2016, Shugaba Rodrigo Duterte ya nada Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Leni Robredo a matsayin shugaban HUDCC;  duk da haka, a ranar 5 ga Disamba, Robredo ya yi murabus daga mukamin.  Sakataren majalisar ministoci, Leoncio Evasco Jr. Sec. Jose Acuzar, shugaban yanzu, ya maye gurbin ta.

## Jerin Shugabannin Majalisar Gudanar da Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane (a matsayin matakin majalisar ministoci)

## Manazarta
Yancin Dan Adam a Asiya ta Tsakiya

Yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam a Asiya ta Tsakiya bai bambanta sosai tsakanin ƙasashen yankin ba, amma galibi ana bayar da rahoton damuwa tsakanin masu kallo da yawa na waje, gwamnati da wadanda ba na gwamnati ba. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru na haƙƙin ɗan adam a yankin sun samo asali ne daga tarihinta a matsayin wani ɓangare na Tarayyar Soviet.

## Yankuna
Dubi wadannan don ƙarin bayani game da kowace ƙasa:

* Afghanistan
* China
* Kazakhstan
* Kyrgyzstan
* Mongolia
* Pakistan
* Rasha
* Tajikistan
* Turkmenistan
* Uzbekistan

## Dubi kuma

* 'Yancin Dan Adam a Gabashin Asiya
* 'Yancin Dan Adam a Turai
* 'Yancin Dan Adam a Ƙasar Ingila
* 'Yancin Dan Adam a Amurka
Anawhata

**Anawhata** rairayin bakin teku ne a bakin tekun New Zealand a yammacin Auckland .

## Yanayin ƙasa
Anawhata Beach yana kusa da West Coast na West Auckland, tsakanin Tekun Tasman da Waitākere Ranges . Tana kudu da Te Henga / Bethells Beach, da arewacin Piha. Kogin Anawhata ya fita cikin Tekun Tasman a Anawhata . 

Yankin rairayin bakin teku da bakin teku ciki har da Parera Point gida ne ga nau'ikan shuke-shuke da yawa, gami da flax na New Zealand, toetoe, tauhinu, *Muehlenbeckia axillaris* da ciyawa.

## Tarihi
iwi (ƙabilar) na gida Te Kawerau ā Maki sun mamaye wannan yanki na daruruwan shekaru, kuma an kafa ƙauyuka da garu da yawa. Sunan Anawhata yana nufin tsaunuka masu tsawo da aka samu a cikin tsaunuka da ke kewaye da su, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a lokacin tafiye-tafiyen kamun kifi. Wadannan koguna suna cikin tatsuniyoyin Te Kawerau ā Maki, inda wata mace mai girma ta sami ceto daga ɗaurewa a cikin kogo a kan rairayin bakin teku, ta hanyar masoyinta wanda ya cece ta hanyar saukar da igiya daga dutsen da ke sama da kogon. Labarin na iya zama dalilin da ya sa sunan Anawhata ya zama sananne tsakanin Te Kawerau ā Maki . 

A shekara ta 1870, Turawa sun kafa gonaki da ma'adinan katako. An gina titin jirgin ƙasa mai nisan kilomita 14 tsakanin Anawhata da Whatipu don jigilar katako na kauri.&nbsp;

## Wurin da yake
Tsakanin daga Auckland; 40 km (minti 50 na tuki). A kudancin Anawhata akwai Piha, Karekare da Whatipu . A arewa akwai Te Henga (Bethells Beach)  da Muriwai . Yana daya daga cikin rairayin bakin teku da ba a amfani da su ba a yankin saboda akwai hanya mai tsawo da ba a rufe shi ba don isa gare shi, da kuma hanya mai tsauri (Anawhata Beach Track) daga can zuwa rairayin rairayin kan teku.&nbsp;

## Wasanni
Ya zuwa 1966 kungiyar Auckland Tramping Club ta yi amfani da rafin Anawhata don tafiya ta rana. An sauke masu tayar da kayar baya a cikin tsaunuka sama da rafin, kuma sun tattara sa'o'i da yawa daga rairayin bakin teku a cikin tsohuwar bas.

Yankin rairayin bakin teku ba shi da sintiri, kuma kamar yadda yake tare da dukkan rairayin kan teku a yammacin Auckland, yin iyo bazai zama lafiya ba saboda fashewa.

## Yanayi

## Manazarta
Hyperglycemia

**Hyperglycemia** wata yanayi ce inda ake samun yawan glucose fiye da kima a cikin jini. Ana bayyana ta a matsayin matakin glucose a jini da ya wuce 6.9 mmol/L (125 mg/dL) bayan an yi azumi na sa'o'i 8 ko 10 mmol/L (180 mg/dL) bayan sa'o'i 2 da cin abinci.

## Dalilan Da Ke Kawota

Hyperglycemia na iya haifar da: ciwon sukari, cututtukan endocrine daban-daban (ba na ciwon sukari ba) (juriya ga insulin da cututtukan thyroid, adrenal, pancreatic, da pituitary), sepsis da wasu cututtuka, cututtukan cikin kwakwalwa (misali encephalitis, ciwace-ciwacen kwakwalwa (musamman idan suna kusa da gland din pituitary), zubar jini a kwakwalwa, da meningitis) (wanda ake yawan mantawa da su), convulsions, cututtuka masu tsanani na karshe, dogon lokaci/ manyan tiyata, damuwa, da cin abinci mai yawa na carbohydrates.

## Manazarta
Bankin gidaje da raya kasa

bankin gidaje da raya kasa (Arabic) bankin Masar ne wanda aka kafa a Alkahira a ranar 30 ga Yuni, 1979, da farko a matsayin Kamfanin mallakar jihar (SOE), tare da umarni don rage karancin gidaje ta hanyar rage gibin tsakanin karancin wadata da karuwar buƙata. Tun daga lokacin ana siyar da bankin a kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Masar (EGX) kuma tana da lambar HDBK.CA ta Reuters.  Bankin kamfani ne na haɗe-haɗe, inda a ƙarshen 2021 Masarautar Masarautar Masarawa ta mallaki mafi yawan hannun jari (29.81% New Urban Communities Authority, 8.92% Misr Life Insurance, 8.29% ta Misr Insurance, da 7.41% ta Asusun Gidajen Gidaje, 5.03% Ma'aikatar Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Saudi Arabiya ta Abzin-Ramani)  da Ali Dayekh ta hanyar kamfanoninsu na Dubai Rolaco EGB Investment LLC 10.00% da Rimco EGT Investment LLC 9.80% bi da bi.. A ƙarshen 2022 HDBK tana da ƙimar kasuwa na £ E.2 biliyan. A halin yanzu, HDB an jera ta a matsayin lamba 17 a cikin Kamfanoni 50 da aka jera a Misira 2023 . 

## Rukunin reshe
Tushen: 

* Kamfanin riƙewa don saka hannun jari da ci gaba (92.00%) 
* Kamfanin Ci Gaban da Gidaje don Zuba Jari (60.00%) 
* HD Financial Leasing (60.00%) 
* Digital Transformation Systems Co (40.00%) 
* Hemaya Security and Money Transfer Co (40.00%) 
* El Taameer don ayyukan da Ayyukan Jama'a na Muhalli (39.00%) 
* Kamfanin El Tameer na Kasuwancin Kudi da Kasuwanci (39.00%) 
* Kamfanin El Tameer don saka hannun jari da ci gaba (37.00%) 
* Hyde Park Properties for Development (36.90%) 
* Kamfanin Ci Gaban da Gidaje don Ayyuka SAE (35.00%) 
* City Edge (33.40%) 
* Misr Sinai Tours Co (30.00%) 
* Obelisk Portfolio Management da Asusun Zuba Jari (30.00%) 
* Taamir Mortgage Co (24.84%) 
* Kamfanin Al Tameer don Gudanar da Gidaje (15.70%) 
* HD Kasuwancin Kasuwanci (10.80%) 
* Tsaro na Taamir (NA)

## Manazarta
Babban Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam

**Majalisar Kolin Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam** (*Persian: ستاد حقوق بشر, Sitad-e Heqâvâq-e Beshir*) ita ce **hukumar gwamnati mai kula da haƙƙin ɗan adam a ƙasa**, wadda ke ƙarƙashin **bangaren shari’a na gwamnatin Iran**.

## manazarta
Majalisar ta ki amincewa kuma ta yi Allah wadai da nadin Mai ba da rahoto na musamman kan 'yancin dan adam a Iran ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya  kuma tana adawa da matsayin kasashen yamma game da halin da ake ciki na' yancin dan adam na yanzu a Iran. Har ila yau, ya ɗauka cewa ya kamata a nemi "gaskiya" na haƙƙin ɗan adam ta hanyar Islama.

Majalisar ta kalubalanci dokoki game da musanta Holocaust, yaduwar Islamophobia, tilasta bayyanawa a makarantu, musamman a Faransa a matsayin mai adawa da haƙƙin ɗan adam.

## Dubi kuma
'Yancin Dan Adam a Iran

## References
Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Amurka

Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Inter-American (IIHR)  wata cibiyar ilimi ce ta kasa da kasa mai cin gashin kanta da aka sadaukar da ita ga koyarwa, bincike da inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam. An kafa shi a cikin 1980 ta hanyar yarjejeniyar da Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Amurka da gwamnatin Costa Rica suka sanya hannu, kuma yana da hedikwatar a babban birnin kasar, San Jose .  Ya dace da aikin fadakarwa don inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam da Kotun Amurka da Hukumar Amurka kan ''Yancin ɗan adam suka gudanar.

## Manufa
manufarsu ta bayyana *Su ilmantar da jama'a game da haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma su inganta girmama su domin taimakawa wajen ƙarfafa dimokuraɗiyya da adalci a ƙasashen Amurka, tare da haɗin kai da ƙungiyoyin tsarin Inter-American, al’umma, masana ilimi, da gwamnati."*

Hukumar tana sauƙaƙa tattaunawa tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki daban-daban a cikin ƙungiyar haƙƙin ɗan adam da hukumomin gwamnati;

amma bisa doka, **ba ta bincika takamaiman laifukan take haƙƙin ɗan adam ba kuma ba ta sa ido kan bin ka’idojin ƙasashe na ƙasa da ƙasa ba**.

## Tsarinsa
Babban jikin IIHR shine babban taron sa, wanda ya kunshi masana kare hakkin dan adam daga ko'ina cikin Amurka, wanda ke haɗuwa sau biyu a shekara don saita manufofi da sigogi na gaba ɗaya don aikin cibiyar. Mambobin Majalisar Dattijai goma sha biyu sun kafa kwamitin zartarwa, wanda ke bin shawarar Majalisar kuma yana kula da kimanta shirye-shiryen da ayyukan cibiyar. Har ila yau, cibiyar tana da babban darektan, wanda ke aiki a matsayin wakilin shari'a.

Baya ga hedkwatarta a San José, IIHR tana kula da ofishin yanki na Kudancin Amurka a Montevideo, Uruguay, wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 2009.

## References
Ma'aikatar Makamashi (United Kingdom)

**Ma'aikatar Makamashi** sashen Gwamnatin Burtaniya ne. An kafa sashen ne a watan Janairun shekara ta 1974, lokacin da aka sauya alhakin samar da makamashi daga Ma'aikatar Ciniki da Masana'antu bayan rikicin man fetur na 1973 kuma tare da karuwar Man Fetur na Tekun Arewa.

Bayan mallakar masana'antun makamashi a Ƙasar Ingila, wanda ya fara kimanin shekaru goma da suka gabata, an soke sashen a shekarar 1992. An watsar da yawancin ayyukanta, tare da sauran da aka shawo kansu cikin wasu jiki ko sassan. Ofishin Sayar da Gas (Ofgas) da Ofishin Kula da Wutar Lantarki (OFFER) sun karɓi tsarin kasuwa, an canja Ofishin Ingancin Makamashi zuwa Ma'aikatar Muhalli, kuma an canja ayyukan da suka shafi kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban zuwa Ma'aikatan Tarihin Kasa. Babban ayyukan da suka shafi Manufofin makamashi na Burtaniya an mayar da su zuwa Ma'aikatar Ciniki da Masana'antu (DTI).

Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta kasance babbar hanyar samun kudade don binciken makamashi, da kuma bincike game da yiwuwar fasahar makamashi mai sabuntawa a Burtaniya. Ayyukan da sashen ya ba da kuɗin ko kuma wani ɓangare ya ba da kuɗi sun haɗa da bincike game da wutar lantarki da Severn Barrage. 

## Ministoci

### Sakataren Gwamnati na Makamashi
**Maɓallin launi** (don jam'iyyun siyasa): *<nowiki/>'Yan siyasa*: Conservative Labour

Ministocin kananan sun hada da Peter Morrison (Ministan Jiha a 1987) da Patrick Jenkin .

## Ma'aikatun da suka gabata da kuma daga baya
Kodayake an kafa shi ne kawai a shekara ta 1974, Ma'aikatar Makamashi ba ita ce ma'aikatun farko da ta kula da batutuwan da suka shafi makamashi ba. An kirkiro Ma'aikatar Man Fetur da Wutar Lantarki a ranar 11 ga Yuni 1942 daga ayyukan da aka raba daga Hukumar Ciniki. Ya ɗauki alhakin samar da kwal, rarraba kayan man fetur, kula da farashin makamashi da rarraba man fetur a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.

An sake sunan Ma'aikatar Man Fetur da Wutar Lantarki a watan Janairun shekara ta 1957. Ma'aikatar Wutar Lantarki daga baya ta zama wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatu ta Fasaha a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1969, wanda ya haɗu da Ma'aunin Ciniki da Masana'antu a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 1970.

An sake kirkirar mukamin Sakataren Gwamnati na Makamashi a cikin 2008 a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Makamashi da Canjin Yanayi.

## Manazarta
Ruben Cusipag

**Ruben Cusipag** (12 ga Yuli, 1938 - 9 ga Yuli, 2013) ɗan jarida ne kuma mai fafutukar zamantakewa. Ya kasance majagaba a aikin jarida na Filipino-Kanada bayan ya kafa jaridu da yawa a Ontario a cikin 1970s. Shi ne editan da ya kafa *Atin Ito*, daya daga cikin tsofaffin jaridu na Filipino na Kanada kuma wanda ya kafa jaridar Balita ta Toronto. 

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Ruben Javier Cusipag ga Salvador Cusipag Sr. da Nenita Javier a Paco, Manila . Ya yi karatu a makarantar sakandare ta Araullo (yanzu makarantar sakandare ce ta Manila) inda ya zama babban editan littafin makarantar a Shekarar ƙarshe ta karatu. Ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Philippines tare da digiri na farko a fannin fasaha, babban fanninsa a Turanci.

Ya zama mai ba da rahoto ga jaridu da yawa, musamman The Evening News of the Manila Broadcasting Company (MBC). Ya kasance daya daga cikin ma'aikatan yada labarai na farko da aka kama kuma aka ɗaure shi lokacin da Shugaba Ferdinand Marcos ya ayyana dokar soja a Philippines.

Saboda murkushewar siyasa, ya tafi Kanada a 1974 tare da iyalinsa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin edita tare da jaridu na al'umma ciki har da Newfoundland Signal da Philippine Tribune na Toronto. Ya kuma zama wakilin kasashen waje na Bulletin Today (yanzu ''Manila Bulletin''). 

A shekarar 1976, ya haɗa kai wajen kafa jaridar Atin Ito inda ya zama edtan farko nata. A shekarar **1978**, shi kaɗai ya ƙaddamar da wata jarida mai suna Balita, inda ya zama mai wallafa da edita na farko, yana rubuta labarai masu suka ga mulkin kama-karya na Marcos.

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1993, littafinsa, Portrait of Filipino Canadians in Ontario (1960-1990), ya fito daga manema labarai. Ma'aikatar Jama'a da Al'adu ta Ontario ce ta ba da kuɗin, Cibiyar Al'umma ta Kababayan ce ta dauki nauyin littafin, wanda shi ma ya kafa

Ya mutu a ranar 9 ga Yuli, 2013, a asibitin Markham Stouffville . 

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

* *Dimokuradiyya a cikin Philippines*. Downsview, Ontario: R. Cusipag (ed.), 1976
* *Hoton 'yan Kanada na Filipino a Ontario (1960-1990)* . Toronto: Kalayaan Media Limited, 1993.
* Philippines, Yana kusa da wani juyawa. Cibiyar hadin gwiwa ta Jami'ar Toronto-York a Gabashin Asiya ta zamani, 1986

## Dubi kuma
Dhirubhai Ambani Green Energy Giga Complex

**Dhirubhai Ambani Green Energy Giga Complex** (wanda kuma aka sani da **Jamnagar Green Energy Giga Complex)**    wani aikin mega ne wanda Masana'antu Reliance suka haɓaka a Jamnagar, Gujarat, Indiya. Wannan hadaddiyar hadaddiyar hadaddiyar hadahadar samar da makamashi ce mai sabuntawa wacce zata gina gigafactories don bangarori na hotovoltaic, ajiyar makamashi, koren hydrogen, electrolyzers da tsarin kwayoyin man fetur .   Ana gina ginin a    shafin kuma ana sa ran zai ci ₹ 75,000 crores (dalar Amurka biliyan 10).  Kashi na farko na aikin, wanda ya haɗa da gina 20 GW hasken rana photovoltaic module factory, ana sa ran za a kammala ta 2023, 5 GWh shekara-shekara cell to Pack masana'antu makaman ta 2024, da kuma kara girma zuwa 50 GWh & 100 GWh iya aiki shekara-shekara ta 2027 & 2030    

A cikin 2021, Mukesh Ambani ya sanar a matsayin wani ɓangare na rahoton kamfanin na shekara-shekara cewa Reliance ya fara gini a kan Dhirubhai Ambani Green Energy Giga Complex . 

## Manazarta
Bredene

**Bredene** (  ; West Flemish   ) gunduma ce a lardin West Flanders na Belgium . Gundumar kawai ta ƙunshi garin Bredene daidai.A ranar 1 ga Janairu 2006, Bredene yana da jimillar yawan jama'a 15,118. Jimlar yanki shine 13.08&nbsp;km 2 wanda ke ba da yawan jama'a na 1156 mazauna a kowace kilomita 2 .

Bredene tana a bakin tekun Belgium kuma tana samun kudin shiga galibi daga yawon bude ido. A cikin watan Yuli da Agusta, yawan jama'a ya ninka sau biyu saboda abubuwan da suka faru da yawa da ke jan hankalin mutane daga ko'ina. Yankin rairayin bakin teku na Belgium kawai yana a 51°14′58′′N 02°57′38′′E / 51.24944°N 2.96056°E / 51.44944; 2.960 56 kusa da tashar jirgin "Bredene Renbaan (Hippodroom) ".  

## Manazarta
Ranar Akshay Urja ta Indiya

**Akshay Urja diwas** kamfen ne na wayar da kan jama'a game da ci gaban makamashi mai sabuntawa a Indiya, wanda ake yi bikin a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta a kowace shekara tun shekara ta 2004.   Ma'aikatar Sabon Makamashi da Sabuntawa ta fara **Ranar Akshay Urja** (Diwas) a shekara ta 2004. An shirya aikin farko a New Delhi a 2004 da 2005 sannan Nagpur a 2006, Hyderabad a 2007 da Panchkula a 2008. 

Ranar tana tunawa da ranar haihuwar tsohon Firayim Minista na Indiya Rajiv Gandhi .  An kuma san ranar da Rajiv Gandhi Akshay Urja Diwas . 

Ma'aikatar Sabon makamashi mai sabuntawa tana inganta kirkire-kirkire don karɓar hanyoyin samar da makamashi masu sabuntawa don samar da wutar lantarki don aikace-aikace masu zaman kansu da yawa da kuma samar da wutar wutar lantarki. Makamashi kamar Biogas, Solar Energy, Wind energy, hydroelectric power misalai ne kaɗan na Akshay Urja.

Babban manufar Akshya urja Diwas ita ce sanar da mutane cewa dole ne su yi tunani game da makamashin da ake sabuntawa (Akshya Urja) baya ga makamashin gargajiya.  &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Taron buɗewa
A Akshay Urja Diwas na farko a shekara ta 2004 Firayim Minista ya fitar da hatimi na tunawa. An kafa sarkar mutum kusan yara 12,000 a makaranta a babban birnin kasar don inganta makomar mai sabuntawa. 

## Manazarta
Yankin yaduwar Iowan

Yankin Yankin Yammacin Yammacin (IES) yanki ne na ƙasa wanda ya fi yawa a arewa maso gabashin Iowa kuma ya kai kudu maso gabashin Minnesota . 

## Tarihin nazarin IES
IES ta kasance cibiyar gardama ga ma'aikatan Quaternary saboda taimakon da ke tattare da shi da sauran abubuwa.

Ma'aikata na farko sun ba da ra'ayin cewa farfajiyar ta kasance ajiyar glacial tsakanin farkon matakan Wisconsinan da Illinoian. A shekara ta 1968, Ruhe ya ba da shawarar cewa wannan yanki ya sha wahala sosai a lokacin Late Wisconsinan . 

## Tarihin yanayin ƙasa
Yawancin yankin yana ƙarƙashin ikon kafin Illinois har zuwa, tare da shekaru sama da 0.5 Ma. Wani bakin bargo na Late Wisconsinan tsohuwar loess ya rufe a wasu wurare. Taimakon IES da kansa gabaɗaya yana lebur tare da fa'ida, daban-daban interfluves zaune a samansa. Faɗin maɓalli na elliptical ana kiransa da paha kuma an daidaita su a cikin hanyar NW-SE (arewa maso yamma zuwa kudu maso gabas) yayin da kowane paha ya keɓe gabaɗaya ko kuma nesa da juna akan IES.  Tsarin NW-SE ana danganta shi da dusar ƙanƙara mai dusar ƙanƙara ta Pleistocene -era wanda ya narke akan tebur na permafrost, wanda sannan ya lalata kuma ya haifar da madaidaicin bakin ciki a cikin ƙasa. Wannan ya biyo baya da barguna na dusar ƙanƙara da narkewar dusar ƙanƙara don mayar da gemu ko gyale na bakin ciki wanda ya haifar da faffadan fili, daidaitacce, fili mai yazara da ake kira Iowan Erosion Surface. 

## Manazarta
Nell Freudenberger

**Nell Freudenberger**

Nell Freudenberger (an Haife shi Afrilu 21, 1975 a Birnin New York) marubuci ɗan Amurka ne, mawallafi, kuma marubuci gajere.

**Ilimi**

Freudenberger ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Harvard tare da Bachelor of Artskuma ya sami Jagora na Fine Arts daga Jami'ar New York.

**Aiki**

           **Almara**
Almara Freudenberger ya bayyana a Granta, The Paris Review da New Yorker.Bayan da aka buga tarin 'yan mata Lucky a shekarar 2003, ta sami lambar yabo ta PEN/Malamud, kyautar gajeriyar labari da PEN International ta dauki nauyinsa. Lokacin da littafin Freudenberger The Dissident ya bayyana a cikin 2006, ta sami lambar yabo ta Janet Heidinger Kafka don Fiction.

A cikin watan Yuni 2010, Freudenberger ya kasance tare da takwarorinsu marubuta Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Karen Russell, ZZ Packer, da Gary Shteyngart a cikin "20 Under 40 Fiction" na New Yorker. Bisa ga mujallu, waɗannan marubutan sun wakilci "marubuta matasa ashirin waɗanda suka ɗauki ƙirƙira da mahimmancin almara na Amurka na zamani." Lissafin ya sami kulawar kafofin watsa labaru. Ta sami Fellowship na MacDowell a cikin 2001, 2002, da 2023.

**Aikin jarida**

An buga rubuce-rubucen tafiye-tafiye na Freudenberger a cikin Travel + Leisure, Salon, The New Yorker, da Mujallar Telegraph. Ta rubuta sharhin littafi don The New York Times, The New Yorker, Vogue da The Nation.

## manazarta