Cibiyar Muhalli da albarkatun Ƙasa ta Brazil

**Cibiyar Muhalli ta Brazil da Albarkatun Kasa Mai Sabuntawa** ( Portuguese : *Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis*, **IBAMA** ) hukuma ce ta gwamnati a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Brazil .   An kafa IBAMA a shekarar 1988 ta Shugaba José Sarney.  IBAMA tana goyon bayan hana sare dazuzzuka a Amazon, kuma tana aiwatar da dokoki kan sare dazuzzuka inda gwamnati ta daina aiwatarwa. Hukumar kuma tana da alhakin daidaita safarar namun daji ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, gurɓatawa, malalar mai, da sauran laifukan muhalli. IBAMA tana shiga cikin ayyukan tilasta amfani da makamai, tana amfani da ma'aikatan dabaru don hana dazuzzukan sare dazuzzuka, noma, kiwo a gonakin noma da duk wani abu da zai barazana ga Amazon. Shugaban IBAMA na yanzu shine Rodrigo Agostinho . 

IBAMA ta bambanta da Cibiyar Kula da Bambancin Halittu ta Chico Mendes domin ta mallaki yankunan da aka kare a cikin yankin Brazil, yayin da ta mallaki yankunan da aka kare a cikin yankin Brazil.

## Tarihi
An kafa IBAMA ta hanyar Dokar Lamba 7,735 ta ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 1989,   An kafa IBAMA ne ta hanyar haɗakar ƙungiyoyi huɗu na Brazil waɗanda ke aiki a yankin muhalli: Sakatariyar Muhalli (SEMA), Hukumar Kula da Roba (SUDHEVEA), Hukumar Kula da Kamun Kifi (SUDEPE) da Cibiyar Ci gaban Gandun Daji ta Brazil (IBDF). Tare da haɗakar, ta zama mai alhakin aiwatar da Manufar Muhalli ta Ƙasa (PNMA), wadda Dokar Lamba 6,938 ta ranar 31 ga Agusta, 1981 ta kafa. 

## Tara da hukunci
IBAMA ta ƙara amfani da sa ido daga nesa tun daga shekarar 2023. IBAMA ta gano yankunan da ake sare dazuzzuka kuma ta tantance waɗanda ke da mallakar yankunan da abin ya shafa. Sannan IBAMA ta aiwatar da takunkumi da tarar da aka sanya wa mai ƙasar.  Takunkumin na iya haɗawa da kwace shanu don hana masu laifi a nan gaba. Darajar tarar da aka samu daga hukuma ta ƙaru da kashi 167% a shekarar 2023 daga lokacin 2019-2022 tare da yankunan da aka sanya takunkumin ya ƙaru da kashi 111%.  Duk da haka, an sami munanan hare-hare tsakanin ma'aikatan filin yaƙi na IBAMA da waɗanda suka karya doka ba bisa ƙa'ida ba.

## IBAMA a ƙarƙashin Lula
Shugaban ƙasar Brazil na yanzu Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva ya yi alƙawarin rage dazuzzuka. Wani muhimmin alƙawari shine kawo ƙarshen sare dazuzzuka ba bisa ƙa'ida ba nan da shekarar 2030.  IBAMA ita ce ginshiƙin waɗannan tsare-tsaren domin sau da yawa tana aiki a matsayin hukumar aiwatar da doka kan sare dazuzzuka ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a Brazil. IBAMA sau da yawa tana bincike da kare filaye a Amazon daga hakar ma'adinai da sare dazuzzuka ba bisa ƙa'ida ba.  Brazil ta fuskanci raguwar sare dazuzzuka da kashi 50% a shekarar 2023, wanda ke nuna ci gaba zuwa ga waɗannan tsare-tsaren. Yayin da Ministar Muhalli ta Brazil Marina Silva ta yaba wa ƙoƙarin IBAMA.  Duk da haka, sama da ma'aikata 1,500 a cikin hukumomin yaƙi da sare dazuzzuka na tarayya na Brazil IBAMA da ICMbio sun buƙaci ƙarin albashi da yanayin aiki daga Shugaba Lula a cikin wata wasiƙa a watan Disamba na 2023. 

## IBAMA a ƙarƙashin Bolsonaro
Jair Bolsonaro, tsohon Shugaban ƙasar Brazil, ya fuskanci suka mai yawa game da yadda yake tafiyar da sare dazuzzuka da hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a Brazil. Musamman 'yan asalin ƙasar sun fuskanci kutse mai yawa daga masu hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ƙa'ida ba.  A shekarar 2019, wata takaddama tsakanin IBAMA da Bolsonaro kan kwangilar gwamnati don hayar motoci ta kai ga murabus ɗin Suely de Araujo, Shugaban IBAMA a lokacin. Bolsonaro ya yi iƙirarin cewa hukumar tana da kura-kurai a cikin kasafin kuɗinta. Jami'an IBAMA sun yi jayayya kan wannan.  IBAMA ta kuma ga an rage kuɗaɗenta da kashi 30% daga 2019-2020 a ƙarƙashin Bolsonaro. Tare da raguwar ma'aikatanta da kashi 55% daga 1,311 zuwa 591 tsakanin 2010 da 2019.  Bolsonaro ya kuma aiwatar da "zaman sulhu" a shekarar 2019. Mutane da kamfanoni za su iya rage ko soke tarar bisa ga zaman sauraron ƙarar. An sake duba zaman sauraren ƙararraki dubu goma sha bakwai tun daga shekarar 2021, inda tarar za ta ƙare idan ba a saurari ƙarar ba har tsawon shekaru uku.  Ma'aikatan Ibama da ICMBio ɗari tara sun sanya hannu kan wata wasiƙa suna nuna rashin amincewa da yanayin aiki a shekarar 2021 sakamakon matsin lamba na rage yawan aiki da kuma fuskantar hukunci idan suka gaza yin hakan. 

A ranar 3 ga Maris, 2022, IBAMA ta sanar da aikin Terra Brasilis. Shiri ne da aka yi niyya don tantance bambancin halittu a Brazil da kuma amfani da shi. IBAMA tana fatan hana amfani da shi ba bisa ka'ida ba ta hanyar tara da takunkumi. 
 
Daga cikin ayyukan muhalli da albarkatun ƙasa daban-daban na IBAMA, tana kula da Ƙungiyar Aiki don Maido da Macaw na Spix da kuma aikin *Ararinha Azul* da ke da alaƙa da shi don kiyaye ɗaya daga cikin tsuntsaye mafi ƙanƙanta a duniya. Duk da haka, macaw na Spix na ƙarshe da ke zaune a daji ya ɓace a shekara ta 2000 kuma nau'in ya ɓace a cikin daji. 

## Duba kuma

* Dam na Belo Monte
* Muhalli a Rio Grande do Sul

## Manazarta