'Haƙƙin Dan Adam a Sri Lanka

Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Sri Lanka yana ba da haƙƙoƙin asali a cikin ƙasa. Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Sri Lanka ya bayyana cewa kowane mutum yana da hakkin ya sami yancin tunani, lamiri da addini, gami da ’yancin samun ko ɗaukar addini ko imani da ya zaɓa. Kuma, cewa kowane mutum daidai yake a gaban doka.

Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama da dama, da suka hada da Amnesty International da Human Rights Watch, da kuma gwamnatin Burtaniya, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka[1] da Tarayyar Turai, sun nuna damuwa game da halin da ake ciki na 'yancin ɗan adam a Sri Lanka. Ana zargin gwamnatin Sri Lanka da 'yan awaren Liberation Tigers na Tamil Eelam (LTTE) da kuma wasu 'yan ta'adda daban-daban da kuma 'yan tawayen Marxist Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) da take hakkin bil'adama, akwai rubutattun shari'o'in 'bacewar' da kisan kai da gwamnati ta yi.

## Tarihi
Sri Lanka ta shiga cikin tawaye biyu na JVP da yakin basasa sama da shekaru ashirin. Rashin jituwa na juyin juya halin JVP na biyu a Kudancin Sri Lanka da sojojin gwamnati da sojoji suka yi ya haifar da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da yawa. Har zuwa mutane 60,000, galibi Sinhalese, gami da dalibai da yawa sun mutu sakamakon wannan tawaye da ƙungiyoyin Marxist JVP suka jagoranta. A watan Yulin shekara ta 1983, mafi duhu anti-minority pogrom a tarihin Sri Lanka, wanda aka sani da Black Yuli riots, ya ɓarke. Rikicin ya fara ne a matsayin martani ga mummunan kwanton bauna da LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam), daya daga cikin kungiyoyin mayakan Tamil da yawa na wannan lokacin, a kan Sojojin Sri Lanka, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar sojoji 13. Kimanin kwamishinan da gwamnati ta nada ya sanya adadin wadanda suka mutu kusan 1,000. Yawancin 'yan tsiraru na Sri Lankan Tamils sun mutu ko 'sun ɓace' a lokacin waɗannan tashin hankali. Akalla Tamils 150,000 sun tsere daga tsibirin. Ana ganin Black July a matsayin farkon yakin basasar Sri Lanka tsakanin mayakan Tamil da gwamnatin Sri Lanka.

## Tashin hankali na JVP
A cikin shekarar 1971, 'yar gurguzu Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) ta gudanar da tawaye da makami da bai yi nasara ba a kan gwamnatin Ceylon a ƙarƙashin Firayim Minista Sirimavo Bandaranaike. Tashin hankalin dai ya fara ne a ranar 5 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1971 har zuwa watan Yuni na shekarar 1971. 'Yan tada kayar bayan sun samu nasarar kwace garuruwa da kauyuka da dama na tsawon makwanni da dama har zuwa lokacin da sojojin suka kwato su. Kimanin mutane 8,000-10,000, galibinsu matasa 'yan tawaye ne suka mutu a lokacin wannan tawaye.

Tashin hankalin 1987-89 JVP (wanda kuma aka sani da Tawayen 1989) shine tawaye na biyu da Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna yayi rashin nasara akan Gwamnatin Sri Lanka karkashin Shugaba J. R. Jayewardene. Ba kamar tashin farko na JVP na shekarar 1971 ba, tashin hankali na biyu ba tayar da hankali ba ne amma ya bayyana a matsayin rikici mai ƙarfi wanda ya dade daga shekarar 1987 zuwa shekarar 1989 tare da JVP da ke yin juyin mulki, kisan gilla, hare-hare da hare-haren soja da farar hula. An zargi gwamnati da jami'anta da kuma 'yan tawayen JVP da manyan laifuka na HR a wannan lokacin. Ana zargin mambobin JVP da kashe abokan hamayyarta na siyasa da farar hula da suka bijire wa umarninsu ta hanyar fille kai da harbe-harbe a lokacin wadannan tashe tashen hankula. Gawawwakin gawawwakin da ake zargin 'yan JVP ne da aka kona ta hanyar amfani da tarkacen taya ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a Sri Lanka a wannan lokacin. An kashe kimanin mutane 60,000 da ake zargi da mambobin JVP a lokacin wannan tashin hankali.

## Yaƙin basasar Sri Lanka

### Gwamnati

; Shekaru na 1980

A ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 1986, Ramanujam Manikkalingam, wanda ya kammala karatun kimiyyar lissafi na MIT, jami'an tsaron gwamnati sun kama shi a kasarsa ta haihuwa ta Sri Lanka karkashin tanadin dokar hana ta'addanci. ‘Yan uwa da abokan arziki sun ce an kama shi ne a lokacin da yake tafiya gida daga ofishin gidan waya, kuma an gana masa azaba a gidan yari.

; Shekaru na 1990

Dakarun Sri Lanka sun mamaye lardin Gabashin Sri Lanka bayan kazamin fada a shekara ta 1990. Ko bayan da dakarun gwamnati suka koma a farkon shekarar 1990 an ci gaba da bacewar mutane da yawa tare da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa. Ya zuwa watan Oktoba shekarar 1990, an kiyasta cewa an kashe mutane 3,000 ko kuma sun bace a gundumar Ampara. Bugu da kari da yawa daga cikin mutanen da suka bace an yi imanin an kashe su ne sakamakon yanke musu hukuncin kisa. Hakazalika a Batticaloa an kuma bayar da rahoton bacewar wasu mutane 1,500. Koyaya, har yanzu ba a tantance ainihin masu aikata bacewar ba, tare da gwamnatin Sri Lanka da 'yan tawaye dukansu suna zargin juna.

; Shekaru na 2000

Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta kuma yi Allah wadai da jami'an tsaron Sri Lanka a shekara ta 2000 game da hakkin dan Adam, bayan fada da fararen hula 12,000 da suka rasa matsugunansu.

Ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ta bayyana cewa, "Hukumomin farar hula gaba daya suna kula da jami'an tsaro yadda ya kamata, duk da cewa wasu jami'an tsaron sun aikata munanan laifukan take hakkin bil'adama".

A lokacin mulkin shugaba Mahinda Rajapaksa, an fara danganta farar motocin bas da sace-sacen mutane da bacewarsu a lokacin yakin da kuma bayan yakin. Galibin bacewar masu suka daban-daban, 'yan jarida da sauran wadanda suka samu sabani da mambobin gwamnatin Rajapaksa da kuma yin garkuwa da su domin neman kudin fansa, ana alakanta su da "fararen motoci" wadanda ake kyautata zaton jami'an soji ne ke sarrafa su.

**'Sahadevan Nilakshan**', wanda aka fi sani da Sahadevan Nilaksham wani ɗan jarida ne na ɗaliban Tamil na Sri Lanka kuma shugaban mujallar Chaalaram . An harbe Sahadevan ya mutu a cikin gidansa a lokacin dokar hana fita ta dare a wani yanki da Sojojin Sri Lanka ke kula da shi sosai. Sahadevan ya kasance wani ɓangare na jerin kashe ma'aikatan kafofin watsa labarai na Tamil musamman waɗanda aka gani suna tallafawa manufar kishin ƙasa ta Tamil kamar yadda mujallar Chaalaram wacce ya yi aiki da ita ta haɗa da Tarayyar Daliban Gundumar Jaffna da aka gani suna goyon bayan kishin ƙasa ta Tamil. An gan shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsoratar da kafofin watsa labarai na Tamil.

### Bayan yakin
Mutanen da suka kasance a baya, ko kuma wadanda suka taimaka, Tamil Tigers sun yi zargin cewa gwamnati na ci gaba da azabtar da su bayan kawo karshen tashin hankali. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Human Rights Watch ta ce an tattara kararraki 62 na cin zarafin mata tun bayan kawo karshen yakin basasa, ko da yake gwamnati ta ce an samu 5. Hakazalika, gwamnati ta ce wadannan shari’o’i ne kadai, yayin da masu yin zargin ke ganin cewa wannan wani bangare ne na yakin neman zabe na gwamnati. Wata takamammen hanyar haɗi zuwa wani shiri na gwamnati da BBC ta bincika, ta gano mutane da yawa waɗanda suka ce an azabtar da su a sansanonin gyaran gwamnati, waɗanda ake zargin tsoffin ƴan tawaye ne. Yawancin waɗanda abin ya shafa suna da takaddun likita na azabtarwa tare da takaddun halartar waɗannan shirye-shiryen. Rahotanni biyu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun bayyana cewa shirin bai cika ka'idojin kasa da kasa ba, kuma akwai yiyuwar azabtar da mutane. Gwamnati ta yi da'awar wa BBC cewa ba ta amince da wannan ikirarin ba, kuma ta ce wadanda ba a san sunansu ba, da suka bayar da rahoton, watakila 'yan Tamil Tigers ne suka biya su ko kuma su kansu Tigers din suka azabtar da su.

### Cin zarafin da 'yan Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) suka yi
An sha zargin 'yan tawayen Tamil Eelam da kai hare-hare kan fararen hula a lokacin yakin neman zabensu na ballewa. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta ba da rahoton cin zarafin bil'adama da dama a shekara ta 2005, amma ta bayyana musamman cewa babu wasu rahotanni da aka tabbatar na kashe-kashen siyasa da gwamnati ta yi. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa, “sun ci gaba da rike manyan sassan arewaci da gabas tare da aiwatar da kisan gilla, bacewar siyasa, gallazawa, kamawa da tsare mutane ba bisa ka’ida ba, da hana shari’ar gaskiya ta jama’a, yin katsalandan ba gaira ba dalili, hana ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki, yada labarai, taro da kungiyoyi, da daukar yara aikin soja”. Rahoton ya kuma zargi LTTE da kisan gilla a Arewa da Gabas.

LTTE ta aikata kisan kiyashi a lardunan Arewa da Gabas na Sri Lanka. Adadin fararen hula da aka kashe a cikin wani abin da ya faru ya kai 144 (Anuradhapura massacre) a shekarar 1985. Wasu daga cikin manyan hare-haren da suka haifar da mutuwar fararen hula sun hada da Kisan kiyashi na Kebithigollewa, kisan kiyashin Gonagala (mutuwa 54), fashewar bam na jirgin kasa na Dehiwala (mutuwa 56),  Kisan kiyashi na Palliyagodella (mutuwa 109) da fashewar bama-bamai na Babban Bankin Sri Lanka (mutuwa 10). Bugu da ƙari wani harin Claymore antipersonnel da LTTE ta yi a ranar 15 ga Yuni, 2006 a kan bas dauke da fararen hula 140 ya kashe mutane 68 ciki har da yara 15, kuma ya ji wa wasu rauni 60.

Har ila yau, FBI ta yaba wa Tamil Tigers don kirkirar gashin kai da belin kashe kansa. Yawancin hare-haren kashe-kashen an yi su ne a kan fararen hula maimakon sojojin gwamnati.

### Cin zarafin wasu kungiyoyi
Kungiyar TamilEela Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal (TMVP), kungiya ce mai dauke da makamai karkashin jagorancin Kanar Karuna, yawancin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun zarge su da daukar yara, azabtarwa, kisa da kuma shiga cikin yakin da take yi da LTTE.[1][2][3]. Haka kuma TMVP na da hannu wajen yin garkuwa da mutane domin neman kudin fansa na masu hannu da shuni, galibinsu Tamil, ‘yan kasuwa don tara kudi a Colombo da sauran garuruwa. An kashe wasu ‘yan kasuwa ne saboda ba za su iya biyan kudin fansa ba.

### Sakamakon haka
Abubuwan da ake zargin cin zarafin bil adama na ci gaba da shafar Sri Lanka bayan kawo karshen yakin. Alal misali, an gudanar da taron shugabannin ƙasashen Commonwealth na shekara-shekara a Sri Lanka a shekara ta 2013. Firai ministocin Indiya, Kanada, da Mauritius sun ƙi halartar taron saboda damuwa game da batun kare hakkin bil adama na Sri Lanka, ciki har da "zargin da ake ci gaba da yi na cin zarafin 'yan siyasa da 'yan jarida na adawa".

### Bincike
Bayan hambarar da shugaba Mahinda Rajapaksa daga kan karagar mulki, sabuwar gwamnati ta fara gudanar da bincike kan bacewar wadannan jami'an gwamnatin kasar wadda ta bankado wani sashe na sirri a cikin rundunar sojojin ruwan Sri Lanka da ke da alhakin bacewar da dama. A watan Maris din shekarar 2015, an kama wasu jami’an sojan ruwa uku da wani tsohon dan sanda guda dangane da kisan dan majalisar dokokin kasar Nadarajah Raviraj a shekarar 2006 da kuma a watan Agustan shekarar 2015, ‘yan sandan sun kuma sanar da cewa sun kama wasu sojoji da dama dangane da bacewar dan jarida kuma mai zanen zane Prageeth Eknaligoda. 

A ranar 11 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2015 Tsohon Babban Ministan Lardin Gabas Sivanesathurai Chandrakanthan wanda aka fi sani da Pillayan na tsohon kungiyar 'yan bindiga ta TMVP ya kama shi da Sashen Binciken Laifuka dangane da kisan tsohon dan majalisa na TNA Joseph Pararajasingham wanda aka harbe shi a ranar 25 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2005 a Batticaloa .  An ba shi izinin tsare shi har zuwa 4 ga watan Nuwamba don ƙarin tambayoyi.

## Rikicin kabilanci bayan yaƙi
**[[Sri Lanka]]">Rikicin adawa da Musulmai na 2014 a Sri Lanka** ya kasance rikicin addini da kabilanci a watan Yunin shekarar 2014 a kudu maso yammacin Sri Lanka wanda ya haifar da hari kan wani babban malamin Buddha, Ayagama Samitha, da direbansa da Musulmai suka yi a garin Dharga a ranar tsarki ta Poson. Musulmai da dukiyoyinsu sun kai hari ga Buddha na Sinhalese a garuruwan Aluthgama, Beruwala da Dharga Town a cikin Gundumar Kalutara. Akalla mutane hudu ne suka mutu kuma 80 suka ji rauni. Daruruwan mutane sun rasa gidaje bayan hare-hare a kan gidaje, shaguna, masana'antu, masallatai da kuma ɗakin yara. Mutane 10,000 (Muslim 8,000 da Sinhalese 2,000) sun rasa muhallinsu saboda tashin hankali. Rikicin ya biyo bayan taron da Bodu Bala Sena (BBS), ƙungiyar Buddha mai tsananin layin. An zargi BBS da yawa da tayar da tarzoma amma ta musanta alhakin. Kafofin yada labarai na Sri Lanka sun tantance labarai game da tashin hankali bayan umarni daga gwamnatin Sri Lanka.

An sace kuma an kai masa hari a yankin Bandaragama a ranar 19 ga Yuni 2014 .  An yi wa Vijitha kaciya da karfi.

An sake buɗe makarantu a cikin rikici a ranar 23 ga Yuni 2014.  Hare-haren da aka kai wa Musulmai sun ci gaba a cikin kwanaki bayan tashin hankali.

## Hakkin LGBT a Sri Lanka
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, da transgender (LGBT) mutane a Sri Lanka suna fuskantar ƙalubalen shari'a da zamantakewa waɗanda ba LGBT ba su fuskanta. Mataki na 365 na Dokar Shari'a ta Sri Lanka, wanda ya kasance daga lokacin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya Ceylon, ya aikata laifuka na jima'i da ake la'akari da "a kan tsari na yanayi". A yawancin tarihin dokar, haramcin ya shafi jima'i tsakanin maza; a shekara ta 1995, an yi gyara a shafi na 365 don maye gurbin kalmar "maza" da "mutane" don haka an haramta yin jima'i tsakanin mata biyu masu yarda da juna baya ga wanda ke tsakanin mazaje masu yarda. Sauran dokokin da ke keɓancewa da ɓarna mutanen LGBTQI ana tilasta su kan zargin yin jima'i na jinsi (Mataki na 399, da aka yi amfani da shi kan mutanen transgender) da rashin mutunci na jama'a (Sashe na 7, 1841 Vagrants Ordinance, da aka yi amfani da shi ga ma'aikatan jima'i, da duk wanda ake ganin halayen jama'a suna nuna alamar jima'i).

Kungiyoyin masu neman mafaka da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun ba da rahoton cewa 'yan sanda da ma'aikatan gwamnati sun yi amfani da barazanar kamawa don kai hari, tayar da hankali, da kuma lalata da kudi ga mutane LGBTQI.  Harin masu tsaro, kisan gillar masu tsaro, azabtarwa, gwajin tilasta, da kuma duka ana kuma yarda da su.

Sri Lanka ba ta riga ta aiwatar da dokokin nuna bambanci ba.

## Aure na yara
A Sri Lanka, shekarun aure na shari'a shine 18. Duk da haka, Dokar Aure da Saki ta Musulmai (MMDA) ta ba da damar Musulmai masu ƙasa da shekaru 12 su yi aure kuma ba ta buƙatar izinin amarya. Za a iya rage shekarun ko da ƙari idan quazi ya ƙyale shi. Kundin hukuncin ya kuma kebe musulmi daga tuhumar aikata laifin fyade da ya dace idan wanda aka azabtar ya auri wanda ya aikata laifin kuma yana da shekaru 12 ko sama da haka. Adadin auren yara a Sri Lanka ya kai kashi 2% ta 15 da kashi 12% ta 18, kasa da sauran al'ummomin Kudancin Asiya duk da haka wasu auren ba su da rajista kuma suna iya karuwa. ‘Yan mata Musulmi da dama sun yi yunkurin kashe kansu don gudun kada a yi musu auren dole sannan kuma ‘yan matan da ke adawa da auren suna dukansu a hannun iyalansu. Haka nan ma’aurata na iya samun saurin rabuwar aure ba tare da sun yi wani bayani ba yayin da uwargidan za ta daure ta dau lokaci mai tsawo da ke bukatar ta gabatar da shaidu da kuma halartar zaman saurare. Ana gudanar da dokokin ta kotunan sharia na musamman da quazis ke gudanarwa. Ba a yarda mata su zama masu katsalandan ba kuma ƴan ta'adda suna umartar mata da su yi shiru yayin shari'a, ba a yarda da wakilci ta hanyar lauyoyi ba.

An sami rahoton faruwar al'amura da dama na cin zarafi a cikin gida, fyade da kashe matasa saboda MMDA. Akwai wata yarinya da iyayenta suka aike ta gidan kawunta saboda soyayya da wani yaro a lokacin da take karatu sai wani baƙon gidan ya nemi dangin su aure ta. Yarinyar ta ki yarda da dukan tsiya da ‘yan uwanta suka yi mata, kuma a cikin fidda rai, sai ta yanke hannayenta tare da shan kwayoyin kwayoyi da dama a kokarinta na kashe kanta. Bayan an kwantar da ita ’yan uwanta sun ba wa likitoci cin hanci suka kai ta wani asibiti mai zaman kansa sannan daga baya suka aure ta. Mijinta yakan yi mata wulakanci a kai a kai kuma yana jin haushin yadda ta yi sha'awar soyayya ta da. Lokacin da ta bayyana cikinta sai ya jefar da ita a kasa yana zaginta cewa dare daya kawai yake bukata. Hakan yasa ta samu zubar cikin da ‘yan sanda basu yarda da labarinta ba, masallaci ya hada ta da mijin duk da rashin amincewarta. Sai mijin ta ya sanya lambar wayarta a dandalin sada zumunta wanda hakan ya sa wasu baki suka nemi ta yi lalata da ita don neman kudi. Hakan ya sa iliminta ya lalace kuma ba ta iya ko fita waje. A shekarar 2017 kuma wata 4 tana dauke da juna biyu ‘yar shekara 18 ta rasu bayan mijinta da ta yi aure tana shekara 16, ta daure ta a kujera ta zuba mai sannan ta banka mata wuta. Mijinta ya yi barazanar cewa zai cutar da sauran jaririnta idan ta kai rahoton cin zarafin ga ‘yan sanda. Akwai lokuta na yara masu shekaru 12 da ake ja daga filin wasa, an ba su tufafin aure kuma an tilasta musu yin aure yayin da suke kuka a tsakiyar bikin aure kuma an Tilasta musu yin jima'i har ma kafin balaga.

Magoya bayan MMDA irin su All Ceylon Jamiyyathul Ulama, gamayyar malaman addinin musulunci maza sun yi ikirarin cewa auren kananan yara ba kasafai ba ne. Duk da haka, kashi 22 cikin 100 na auren da aka yi rajista a shekarar 2015 a Kattankudy, birni mafi rinjaye na Musulmai a lardin Gabas, matar tana da shekaru 17 ko kuma ƙasa da kashi 14% a 2014. 

Kungiyoyin musulmi da dama irinsu Women's Action Network (WAN) da Muslim Women's Research and Action Forum sun yi ta yunkurin kawo sauyi ko soke MMDA da baiwa mata hakki daidai da kuma haramta auren yara. Sai dai kuma mambobin kungiyoyin na fuskantar tsangwama da barazana daga kungiyoyin musulmi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Masu fafutuka sun bayyana fargabar ko da shiga ayyukan yau da kullun kamar tafiye-tafiye da tura yara zuwa makaranta saboda barazanar da ake yi akai-akai.

## Dubi kuma
 

* Sri Lanka da ta'addanci na jihar
* Jerin hare-haren da aka danganta ga LTTE
* Amfani da yara a cikin soja a Sri Lanka
* Yaƙin basasar Sri Lanka
* Jerin hare-haren da aka danganta ga sojojin Sri Lanka
* Rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi a Sri Lanka

## Bayani da ƙarin karatu

## Haɗin waje

* ^ Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Sri Lanka  
* ^ Gida don 'Yancin Dan Adam 
* ^ Mai kula da 'yancin Dan Adam 
* ^ Amnesty International - Rahotanni na 'Yancin Dan Adam na Sri Lanka 
* ^ IFEX.org/en/content/view/full/161/" id="mwBJ8" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">'Yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki a Sr Lanka - IFEX 
* ^ Masu hankali ga 'yancin Dan Adam Masu Hikima don 'Yancin Dan Adam
* ^ 'Yanci daga azabtarwa 
* Bayani game da halin da ake ciki na 'yancin ɗan adam a Sri Lanka 
* Lokaci na zaman lafiya da rikici (PACT) - jerin lokuta na rikice-rikicen Sri Lanka
* Jerin keta haƙƙin ɗan adam a Sri Lanka
* Rahoton aikin Sri Lanka
* Shawarwari tara don inganta 'yancin kafofin watsa labarai a Sri Lanka - RSF
* Kafofin watsa labarai a Sri Lanka
* Magana ta 'Yanci a Sri Lanka
* Asirin ya kewaye kisan gillar wani ɗan jaridar Tamil, Asian Tribune 
*