open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kwamitin Majalisa kan Sadarwa

**Kwamitin majalisar kan harkokin sadarwa**, wani kwamiti ne na majalisar dokokin Najeriya da ke da alhakin sa ido a kan harkokin sadarwa, da suka hada da harkokin sadarwa, fasahar sadarwa, da manufofin tattalin arziki na zamani.

Kwamitin da aka kafa a karkashin dokar majalisar dokokin kasar, yana taka rawa wajen tsara tsarin sadarwar Najeriya, da tabbatar da bin ka'idojin da aka tsara, da kuma bunkasa sassan sassan. Yana hada kai da manyan hukumomi irin su Hukumar Sadarwa ta Najeriya (NCC), Ma’aikatar Sadarwa da Tattalin Arziki na Dijital ta Tarayya, da Asusun Bayar da Sabis na Duniya (USPF), da dai sauransu, don ciyar da hanyoyin sadarwar Najeriya gaba da inganta hanyoyin samun dama ga al’umma.

## Tarihi
An kafa kwamitin ne domin kula da harkokin majalisa da suka shafi fannin sadarwa. Ƙirƙirar ta ya yi daidai da tanadin sashe na 62(1) na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Tarayyar Najeriya:

"Kowace majalissar ta kasa tana da kwamiti ko kwamitoci wadanda za a mika su ga duk wasu batutuwan da majalisar za ta iya mika mata."

Wannan yana ba Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa damar kafa kwamitoci don ayyuka na musamman. An kafa ta ne don samar da sa ido a majalisa, tabbatar da aiwatar da manufofi masu inganci, da tallafawa ci gaban hanyoyin sadarwa na Najeriya.

A tsawon shekarun da suka gabata, kwamitin ya inganta hanyoyin sadarwa da na’urorin zamani a Najeriya sosai ta hanyar hada kai da manyan hukumomin gwamnati irin su Hukumar Sadarwa ta Najeriya (NCC), Ma’aikatar Sadarwa da Tattalin Arziki na Dijital ta Tarayya, da Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (USPF). Waɗannan haɗin gwiwar sun taimaka wajen tsara manufofi don daidaita sashin sadarwa, faɗaɗa damar yin amfani da fasaha, da haɓaka sabbin abubuwa.

Ayyukan sun haɗa da bincikar dokokin da aka tsara, sa ido kan aiwatar da manufofin gwamnati, da tabbatar da bin ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa. Har ila yau, yana magance haɗaɗɗiyar dijital, tsaro ta yanar gizo, da al'amurran da suka shafi ci gaban abubuwan more rayuwa don tallafawa canjin Nijeriya zuwa tattalin arzikin dijital na duniya.

## Jagoranci
Kwamitin yana karkashin jagorancin Hon. Akeem Adeniyi Adeyemi a Majalisa ta 10 a yanzu (2023–2027), tare da Hon. Unyime Idem yana aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaba.

## Manazarta
Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisa

**Kwamitin tsaro na majalisar da aka fi sani da HCD**, wani kwamiti ne na majalisar wakilan Najeriya da aka dorawa alhakin sa ido kan majalisar dokoki na ma'aikatar tsaro da sojojin Najeriya. A yanzu haka Honorabul Babajimi Benson ne ke shugabanta. Kwamitin ya tattauna manufofin tsaro, ayyukan soji, da kalubalen tsaron kasa yayin da yake ba da shawarar inganta kudade da kayayyakin more rayuwa don karfafa karfin tsaron Najeriya.

## Hukunci
Kwamitin tsaro na majalisar wakilai yana da hurumin kula da manufofin tsaron Najeriya, ayyukan soji, tsari da gyare-gyaren ma'aikatar tsaro (Nigeria) da sojojin Najeriya, kokarin yaki da ta'addanci, sayan tsaro da ababen more rayuwa, hadin gwiwar soja da abokan huldar kasa da kasa, sarrafa fasahohi da fitar da kayayyaki, tsare-tsare na leken asiri da tsaro, da kuma kare martabar yankunan Najeriya.

## Tarihi
Kwamitin yana aiki ne bisa tsarin da kundin tsarin mulkin tarayyar Najeriya ya kafa sashe na 88 da na 89 na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, ya baiwa majalisar dokokin kasar damar gudanar da bincike da kuma kira ga mutane da su ba da shaida kan al'amuran da suka shafi tsaron kasa da suka hada da tsaro. Wadannan tanade-tanaden kundin tsarin mulkin kasar sun sa a kafa kwamitoci na musamman, kamar kwamitin tsaro na majalisar wakilai, wadanda za su kula da ma’aikatar tsaro da rundunar sojojin Nijeriya.

Ta hannun ‘yan majalisar dokoki, kwamitin ya taka rawar gani wajen tsara manufofin tsaron Najeriya, da magance kalubalen tsaron kasa, da kuma tabbatar da cewa rundunar sojin kasar na da isassun shirye-shiryen kare martabar yankunanta. Juyin halittarsa ​​ya yi daidai da canjin yanayin tsaro, yana ci gaba da daidaitawa da sabbin barazanar da bukatun tsaro. Kwamitin ya kasance mai muhimmanci ga tsarin tsaron kasa na Najeriya, tare da yin aiki kafada da kafada da ma'aikatar tsaro da sauran muhimman hukumomi don inganta karfin soja da kuma shirye-shiryensu.

## Membobi

## Majalisa ta 9 (2019-2023)

## Manazarta
Kwamitin majalisar kan al'amuran zabe

**Kwamitin majalisar mai kula da al’amuran zabe** shi ne zaunannen kwamitin majalisar wakilai a Najeriya. Kwamitin dai yana da alhakin sa ido kan yadda za a gudanar da zabe, duba sauye-sauyen zabe, da tabbatar da gaskiya wajen gudanar da zabe.

An kafa kwamitin ne domin magance bukatar Najeriya na samar da ingantaccen tsarin zabe na gaskiya. Babban nauyin da ya rataya a wuyansa sun hada da sake duba dokokin zabe, sa ido kan yadda hukumar zabe ta INEC ke gudanar da ayyukanta, da kuma tantance shawarwarin da za a yi na sake fasalin zabe domin kara sahihancin zabukan Najeriya.

Adebayo Balogun ne ke jagorantar kwamitin.

## Duba kuma
Kwamitin kasafin kudi na majalisar

Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta (Najeriya)

Majalisar Wakilai (Nigeria)

Gyaran Zabe A Najeriya

Majalisar dokokin Najeriya

## Manazarta
Dutsen peters

Dutsen Petras dutse ne a cikin Antarctica. Ya ƙunshi duwatsu masu aman wuta, mafi yawan shekarun Cretaceous amma akwai kuma tsarin dutsen Eocene-Oligocene wanda ƙila an sanya shi cikin ƙanƙara na bakin ciki. Yana daga cikin lardin Marie Byrd Land Volcanic Volcano kuma shine mafi tsufa mai aman wuta

## Tarihi
Dutsen Petras yana cikin yankin bakin teku na Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica,  kuma yana cikin tsaunin McCuddin tare da Dutsen Flint wanda ke arewa maso yammacin Dutsen Petras.. Hadadden Dutsen Petras-Mount Flint-Reynolds Ridge kuma ana kiransa da Petras Range.Ya ta'allaka ne da nisan kilomita 200-250 (120-160 mi) daga ciki daga gabar Tekun Amundsen.

Dutse ne mai angular wanda ya ƙunshi tsattsauran dutse a cikin yanki mai nisan kilomita 5 da 8 (3.1 mi × 5.0 mi), wanda ke samar da tudu guda biyu suna samar da kwano mai cike da ƙanƙara.Sauran koli guda biyu suna da tsayin mita 2,325 (7,628 ft) tsayin Putzke Peak arewa maso gabas na Dutsen Petras, mita 2,716 (8,911 ft) tsayin Schwob Peak kudu da mita 2,440 (8,010 ft) Peter Nunatak kudu maso gabas. Sauran ɓangarorin na faruwa a kudu maso yamma a Navarrette Peak, kudu maso gabas a Wallace Rock da arewa maso gabas a Erven Nunataks. González-Ferran ne ya gano kasancewar wani rami mai fashewa a gefensa na arewa a cikin 1972.

Dukansu ginshiƙan ƙasa da duwatsu masu aman wuta suna fitowa daga kankara ta Yamma a matsayin nunatak. Dutsen dutsen mai aman wuta da na ƙasa an raba su da rashin daidaituwa a tsayin mita 2,700 (8,900 ft).[Babban koli na Dutsen Petras ya ta'allaka ne akan tudun yamma a tsayin mita 2,867 (9,406 ft) sama da matakin teku wanda kimanin mita 900 (3,000 ft) ke sama da Sheet Ice na yammacin Antarctic. Yawancin duwatsun dutsen mai aman wuta na hawaiite ne tare da wasu mugearite,[12] yayin da ginshiƙi na rhyodacitic ne kuma galibi ya ƙunshi rukunin dutsen mai aman wuta na Cretaceous wanda ya ƙunshi mafi girman Dutsen Petras.[5]. Gidan ƙasa kuma ya haɗa da schists, [13] paragneisses[14] da gneisses.[15] Mugearite yana faruwa ne a cikin nau'i na kwararar lava, yayin da Hawaiites suka samar da ma'aunin wuta kamar tuff breccias[16] da lapilli tuffs.[17] tarkacen Moraine da talus sun rufe fallen duwatsu.[7]

Dutsen Petras wani yanki ne na lardin Marie Byrd Land mai aman wuta, wanda zai iya zama samfurin tulu. Sauran tsaunukan da ke cikin wannan lardin yammacin Antarctic volcanoes sun hada da Ames Range, Crary Mountains, Range Committee Range, Ambaliyar Ruwa, Hobbs Coast nunataks, Kohler Range, Mount Murphy, Mount Siple, Mount Takahe da Dutsen Waesche. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan tsaunuka suna aiki a yau.[11]

## Manazarta
Kwamitin Majalisa Kan Sojojin Sama

**Kwamitin majalisar mai kula da rundunar sojin sama**, kwamatin ne na majalisar wakilai a majalisar dokokin Najeriya. Yana da alhakin sa ido kan dokoki na Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Najeriya, gami da nazarin manufofi, rabon kasafin kuɗi, da kimanta ayyukan aiki.

## Umarni da hukumci
Bangaren kwamitin ya hada da sanya ido kan ayyukan rundunar sojojin saman Najeriya, tsarin jin dadin jama'a, samar da ababen more rayuwa, da hanyoyin saye da sayarwa. Yana kimanta shirye-shiryen horarwa da shirye-shiryen tsaro, yin aiki tare tare da Ma'aikatar Tsaro don tabbatar da alhaki da bin manufofin tsaron ƙasa.

A karkashin sashe na 88 da 89 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya, Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa tana da ikon gudanar da bincike kan duk wani mutum, hukuma, ma'aikatar, ko ma'aikatar gwamnati da ke da alhakin aiwatar da dokoki ko gudanar da doka. Kwamitin majalisar kan sojojin sama yana amfani da wadannan iko a cikin ayyukan sa ido.

## Ayyukan sa ido
A shekarar 2024, kwamitin ya gudanar da aikin sa ido a hedikwatar sojojin saman Najeriya da ke Abuja. A yayin ziyarar, shugaba Kabiru Rurum ya jaddada kudirin kwamitin na goyon bayan majalisa da kuma bayyana gaskiya a harkokin rundunar sojin sama. Shi ma mataimakin shugaba Rufus Ojuawo, Air Vice Marshal mai ritaya, ya jaddada muhimmancin hadin gwiwa tsakanin majalisa da sojoji.

## Memba

## Majalisa ta 10 (2023-2027)
Ya zuwa Majalisar Dokoki ta 10, mambobi masu zuwa suna aiki a kwamitin majalisar kan sojojin sama:

## Manazarta
Kwamitin Majalisa kan Sojoji

**Kwamitin majalisar kan harkokin soji**, kwamiti ne na majalisar wakilai a Najeriya. Kwamitin dai yana da alhakin sa ido a majalisar dokokin Najeriya da ya hada da yadda ake tafiyar da harkokinsa, da gudanar da ayyukansa, da kuma kasafin kudi. Yana aiki a ƙarƙashin ikon sashe na 62 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Tarayyar Najeriya na 1999 (kamar yadda aka gyara) da kuma oda na XVIII B Doka ta 131 na Dokokin Tsaye na Majalisar, Bugu na Tara, 2016.

## Umarni da hukumci
Ayyukan sa ido na kwamitin sun kunshi bangarori daban-daban na ayyukan sojojin Najeriya da kayayyakin more rayuwa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da:

Gudanarwa da ayyukan sojojin Najeriya;

Wuraren harsasai, garu, arsenal, wuraren ajiyewa, da cibiyoyin;

Ayyukan raya kasa da kayayyakin more rayuwa na Sojojin Najeriya;

Barikin sojoji, kadarorin kasa, da kayan aiki;

Ƙididdiga na kasafin kuɗi na shekara-shekara da kuɗin kuɗi na Sojoji;

Ayyukan daukar ma'aikata da jin dadin ma'aikata.

## Tsarin mulki
Kafa da ayyukan Kwamitin Majalisar kan Sojoji sun ta’allaka ne a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya da kuma Dokokin Majalisar. Sashi na 62 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1999 ya baiwa Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ikon kafa kwamitoci don gudanar da ayyukan majalisa masu inganci. Umarni na XVIII B Doka ta 131 na Dokokin Tsayuwar Majalissar ta tanadi musamman don ƙirƙirar kwamitin Sojoji, yana fayyace iyakarsa da nauyin da ke kansa.

## Tarihi
Kwamitin Majalisar kan Sojoji ya bullo da shi don magance kalubalen tsaro da ke addabar Najeriya. A tsawon shekarun da suka gabata, ta taka rawar gani wajen sa ido a kan ‘yan majalisar dokoki, da tabbatar da cewa rundunar sojin Najeriya ta samu isassun kudade da kayan aiki domin cika aikin da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya ba su. Kwamitin ya taka rawar gani wajen yin bitar kasafin kasafi, tantance yadda ake aiwatar da ayyukan soji, da samar da hanyoyin sadarwa tsakanin majalisar dokoki da kafa sojoji.

## Jagoranci
Ya zuwa shekarar 2025 kwamitin yana karkashin Honarabul Aminu Balele, yayin da Honorabul David Ogwu ya zama mataimakin shugaba. Shugabanci ne ke da alhakin tafiyar da ayyukan kwamitin, da suka hada da ayyukan sa ido, bitar dokoki, da hada kai da sojojin Najeriya da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki.

## Ayyuka da kulawa
Kwamitin na gudanar da ziyarar sa ido akai-akai zuwa cibiyoyin soji da cibiyoyi don tantance yanayin samar da ababen more rayuwa, ayyukan da ke gudana, da kuma jin dadin ma'aikata. Misali, a cikin Afrilu 2024, kwamitin ya ziyarci Makarantar Injiniya ta Soja ta Najeriya (NASME) da ke Makurdi, Jihar Benue, don tantance kayan aiki da ayyukan da ke gudana.

A yayin zaman tsaro na kasafin kudi, kwamitin ya nazarci tare da yin nazari a kan yadda rundunar sojojin Nijeriya ke kasaftawa da kashe kudade. A cikin Janairu 2025, kwamitin ya nuna gamsuwa da yadda Sojojin suka yi amfani da kasafin kudinta na 2024, tare da lura da adadin aiwatar da kashi 99%.

## Manazarta
Kungiyar Wakilai (Nigeria)

**Kungiyar wakilai** (kuma ana kiranta Mara Great) ita ce ƙaramar Majalisar Dokokin Tarayyar Najeriya. Majalisar dattijai ita ce babba.

Majalisar Green tana da membobin 360 waɗanda aka zaɓa a cikin tsarin membobin guda ɗaya ta amfani da tsarin jam'i (ko kuma kwanan nan a cikin 2023. Membobi suna ba da sharuddan shekaru hudu. Jami'in shugaban gidan shi ne mai magana, a halin yanzu Tajuddin Abbas (kamar yadda na Mayu).

## Wakilai na jihohi
Tsarin mulkin Tarayya na Jamhuriyar Najeriya, ya dauki babban taron kasa don hukumance wanda ya hada da majalisar dattijai da mazaunan. Majalisar dattijai ta ƙunshi mambobi uku daga kowane jihar Najeriya da memba daya daga yankin ƙasar tarayya, Abuja. Majalisar wakilai ta ƙunshi mambobi 360, kowannensu yana wakiltar mazabun tarayya.

## Abun da ke ciki na yanzu

## Manazarta
Hanyar da aka saba amfani da ita

Na yau da kullun, ko tsari, na yau da kullun suna nuna bin, ko rashin bin, wasu saitin buƙatu (sifofi, a cikin tsohuwar Hellenanci).  Suna iya komawa zuwa::

## Dokokin tufafi da abubuwan da suka faru

* Tufafi na al'ada, tufafi don abubuwan da suka faru
* Kayan ado na al'ada, tufafi don abubuwan da suka faru na al'adu
* Tufafi na al'ada, tufafi masu sarrafawa fiye da na yau da kullun amma ƙasa da na yau
* Tsarin (jami'a) , abincin dare na jami'a, ball ko wani taron
* Tsarin makaranta, abincin dare na makaranta, ball ko wani taron

## Daidaitawa da lissafi

* Halin da ya dace, ko ma'anar alama
** Daidaitaccen tunani, cikas, wanda ma'anarsa da iyakarsa suna da rikici
* Kuskuren tsari, tunanin tsarin da ba shi da inganci
** Kuskuren da ba a sani ba, kari
* Lissafi na al'ada, wanda kuma ake kira lissafi na rashin fahimta
* Dalili na al'ada, ainihin dalilin Aristotle, mai ƙayyadewa
* Jerin wutar lantarki na al'ada, ƙaddamar da jerin wutar lantarki ba tare da buƙatar haɗuwa ba, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin haɗuwa
* Lissafi na al'ada, lissafi wanda yake tsari, amma ba tare da cikakken hujja ba
* ka'idar saiti na al'ada, sabanin ka'idar saitin NaiveKa'idar da ba a sani ba
* Tsarin da aka samo asali, aiki a kan abubuwa na zobe na polynomial wanda ke kwaikwayon nau'in wanda aka samo daga lissafi

## Kimiyya ta kwamfuta

* Hanyoyi na al'ada, dabarun lissafi don ƙayyadaddun bayanai, ci gaba da tabbatar da tsarin software da kayan aiki
* Bayani na al'ada, yana bayyana abin da tsarin ya kamata ya yi, ba yadda ya kamata ya faru ba
* Tabbatar da tsari, tabbatar da daidaito na tsarin

## Ilimin Harshe

* Tsarin tsari, hanyar da ba a fahimta ba don samar da fahimta a cikin harshe na al'ada
* Harshen al'ada, wanda ya ƙunshi "kalmomi" ko "kalmomin" na alama na tsarin al'ada
* Tsarin magana na al'ada, tsarin magana wanda ke kwatanta harshe na al'adu
* Colloquialism, salon harshe da aka yi amfani da shi don sadarwa ta al'ada
* Bambancin T-V, wanda ya haɗa da bambanci tsakanin kalmomi na al'ada da na al'adu don "ku"
* Tabbacin tsari, cikakkiyar hujja kamar yadda zai yiwu ne kawai a cikin tsarin tsari
* Fassarar ma'ana da daidaituwa kalma-kalma, musamman na Littafi Mai-Tsarki
Shugaban ma’aikata na kakakin majalisar wakilai

**Shugaban ma’aikatan fadar shugaban kasa**, Majalisar Wakilai, Tarayyar Najeriya, shi ne babban mukami na gudanarwa da ke da alhakin taimaka wa Shugaban Majalisar Wakilai wajen tafiyar da harkokin gudanarwa, gudanar da ayyuka, da samar da hanyoyin sadarwa a cikin ofis da ma’aikatu, ma’aikatu da hukumomin gwamnati.

## Matsayi da nauyi
Shugaban ma’aikatan yana da muhimmiyar rawa a ofishin kakakin kuma yana da alhakin abubuwa masu zuwa:

**Gudanarwa**: Kula da ayyukan gudanarwa na ofishin shugaban majalisar, gami da sarrafa jadawalin, alƙawura, da sadarwa.

**Haɗin Kan Manufofi**: Ba da Shawarar Shugaban Majalisa akan lamuran majalisa, manufofin siyasa, da dabarun siyasa.

**Gudanar da Ma'aikata**: Kulawa da daidaita ayyukan ma'aikata da mataimakan majalisa da ke aiki a ofishin shugaban majalisa.

**Haɗin kai tsakanin Sashe**: Gudanar da sadarwa da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ofishin kakakin majalisar da sauran sassan gwamnati ko hukumomi, jami'ai, da masu ruwa da tsaki.

**Wakilci**: Yin aiki a matsayin wakilin shugaban majalisa idan ya cancanta, halartar tarurruka, da yin hulɗa da masu ruwa da tsaki a madadin shugaban majalisar.

## Jerin

## Manazarta
Mohammed Abubakar (Dan siyasa)

**Mohammed Abubakar**, dan siyasa daga jihar Kano a Najeriya, ya wakilci mazabar Tarauni a majalisar wakilai ta kasa a matsayin dan majalisar wakilai. An zabe shi a karkashin tutar jam’iyyar All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) kuma ya yi aiki daga 2003 zuwa 2007.

## Rayuwa da aikin siyasa
An haifi Mohammed Abubakar a watan Yuli 1986 a jihar Kano a Najeriya, kuma ya halarci kwalejin Rumfa da ke Kano. Ya yi aiki a matsayin dan majalisar dokokin Najeriya, mai wakiltar majalisar wakilai daga 2003 zuwa 2007.

## Manazarta
Jamie Hanson

**James William Hanson** (an haife shi ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamba, 1995) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida ko dan wasan tsakiya. 

Ya buga wa Derby County, Wigan Athletic, Oxford United da Ilkeston Town wasa a baya.  

## Manazarta
Victor Julio Alves de Paula

**Victor Julio Alves de Paula** an haife shi 26 Disamba 2000), wanda aka fi sani da Vitinho, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Brazil wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na Hercílio Luz.

## Aikin Kulob
An haife shi a garin Recife, Pernambuco, Vitinho ya fara aikinsa yana wasa don aikin zamantakewa mai suna Associação Desportiva de Pernambuco (Adesppe) kafin ya shiga saitin matasa na Sport Recife yana da shekaru 13. Daga baya ya wakilci Ferroviário do Cabo kafin ya koma Flamengo-SP a 2018.

Vitinho ya fara buga wasansa na farko tare da Flamengo a cikin 2019 Campeonato Paulista Segunda Divisão, kafin ya koma kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a 2020. A ranar 19 ga Janairu 2021, ya shiga Vera Cruz.

Vitinho ya koma Hercílio Luz a matsayin aro na Copa Santa Catarina na 2021, amma ya ci gaba da zama na 2022 Campeonato Catarinense, kuma kulob din ya saye shi kai tsaye a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2022. Bayan kwana hudu, an sanar da shi a Série A gefen Avaí, a kan aro har zuwa Disamba 2024.

Vitinho ya fara buga wasansa na farko a babban matakin kwallon kafa na Brazil a ranar 22 ga Mayu 2022, ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Dentinho a wasan da suka tashi 1-2 a waje da Athletico Paranaense.

## Duba kuma
* https://www.avai.com.br/novo/jogadores/vitinho/ 

## Manazarta
Jorge Grant

**Jorge Edward Grant** (an haife shi ranar 19 ga watan Disamba, 1994) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda kuma kwanan nan ya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya na ƙungiyar Firayim Minista ta Scotland Heart of Midlothian.
 

## Manazarta
Bala Ya'u

**Bala Ya'u** (an haife shi a watan Disamba 1967) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ya kasance mai wakiltar mazabar Kumbotso ta tarayya a majalisar wakilai ta ƙasa a jihar Kano tun daga 2003 zuwa 2007. Yana da alaƙa da All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP).

## Manazarta
Zaben majalisar dokokin Najeriya na 1979

An gudanar da zaben majalisar dokoki a Najeriya a ranar 7 ga Yulin 1979 a karo na farko tun 1964 don zabar Majalisar Dattijai da Majalisar Wakilai a ranar 14 ga Yulin. Sakamakon ya kasance nasara ga Jam'iyyar National Party of Nigeria, wacce ta lashe 36 daga cikin kujeru 95 na Majalisar Dattijai da 168 daga cikin kujerun 449 na Majalisar. Ya kafa hadin gwiwa tare da Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Najeriya don samun rinjaye. Masu jefa kuri'a sun kai kashi 30.7% ne kawai a zaben majalisar.

## Tsarin zabe
An zabi mambobi na gidaje biyu ta amfani da tsarin zaɓe na mambobi guda ɗaya. Kowace Jiha ta kasu kashi biyar, kowannensu ya zabi Sanata. Kowace Jiha kuma an ba ta kujeru da yawa a cikin Majalisar Wakilai bisa ga yawan jama'a.

### Gidan Wakilai

## Manazarta
Mateo Ponte

**Mateo Ponte** (An haife shi ranar 24 ga watan Mayu, 2003) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Uruguay wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya na Campeonato Brasileiro Série A club Botafogo.

## Aikin Kulob
### Danubio
Matasa wanda ya kammala karatun digiri na Danubio, Ponte ya fara wasansa na ƙwararru a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 2021 a gasar 4 – 0 da ta doke River Plate Montevideo.

### Botafogo
A ranar 2 ga Agusta 2023, Ponte ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku da rabi tare da Campeonato Brasileiro Série A gefen Botafogo. 

A watan Agusta, Mateo Ponte ya fafata da rigar Botafogo a wasan da suka doke Bahia da ci 3-0, a filin wasa na Nilton Santos, a zagaye na 21 na gasar cin kofin Brazil.

## Aikin Kungiyar Kasa
Ponte ɗan ƙasar Uruguay ne na matasa a halin yanzu. Ya kasance wani bangare na tawagar Uruguay da ta lashe gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-20 a 2023 a Argentina.

## Duba Kuma
* https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/mateo-ponte/#wac_660x40_top
## Manazarta
Zaben 'yan majalisar wakilan Najeriya na 2019 a jihar Abia

A ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairun 2019 ne aka gudanar da zaben 'yan majalisar wakilan Najeriya na 2019 a jihar Abia, domin zaben 'yan majalisar wakilai da za su wakilci jihar Abia ta Najeriya.

## Sharar fage

## Takaitawa

## Manazarta
Zaben 'yan majalisar wakilan Najeriya na 2023 a jihar Abia

A ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairun 2023 ne aka gudanar da zaben 'yan majalisar wakilan Najeriya na 2023 a jihar Abia, domin zaben 'yan majalisar wakilai 3 daga jihar Abia, daya daga cikin gundumomin sanatoci uku na jihar. Zaben zai zo daidai da zaben shugaban kasa na 2023, da kuma sauran zabukan ‘yan majalisar wakilai da na majalisar dattawa; tare da gudanar da zaben jihohi makonni biyu bayan haka. An gudanar da zaben firamare tsakanin 4 ga Afrilu da 9 ga Yuni 2022.

## Bayani

## Manazarta
Callum Slattery

**Callum Slattery** (an haife shi ranar 8 ga watan Fabrairu, 1999) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda yake taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya na ƙungiyar Firayim Minista ta Scotland Motherwell.  

## Manazarta
Philipe Sampaio

**Philipe Sampaio Azevedo** (an haife shi ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba, 1994) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Brazil wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan baya na Botafogo.

## Aikin Kulob
An haife shi a São Paulo, Sampaio matashi ne daga Santos FC, wanda ya ba shi aron a cikin 2014 zuwa Paulista a Campeonato Paulista.

A kan 24 Yuli 2014, Sampaio ya yi tafiya zuwa Portugal don yin gwaji a Boavista, wanda ya yi nasara, tare da dan wasan mai shekaru 19 ya sanya hannu na tsawon yanayi uku. Ya buga wasansa na farko na gwanintar da S.L. Laraba 24 ga Agusta, 2014.

A kan 2 Yuli 2017, Sampaio ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru hudu tare da Akhmat Grozny. Akhmat ya sake shi a ranar 3 ga Yuli 2018.

A kan 21 Agusta 2018, ya koma Portugal, ya sanya hannu tare da Feirense. Bayan shekara guda, ya koma C.D. Tondela kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu. 

A ranar 1 ga Yuli 2020, ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu don kulob din EA Guingamp na Ligue 2.

A ranar 9 ga Maris 2022, Sampaio ya koma Brazil kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku tare da Botafogo.

A ranar 16 ga Janairu, 2024, Botafogo ya aika Sampaio aro tare da zaɓin siye zuwa ƙungiyar Pro League ta Belgian RWD Molenbeek har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa.

## Manazarta
Jerin Ƙabilun Afirka

**Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilun Afirka** sun kai dubbai, kuma kowace ƙabila gabaɗaya tana da yarensu (ko yare na harshe) da al'adunsu . Ƙungiyoyin kabilanci sun haɗa da Afroasiatic, Khoisan, Niger-Congo, da Nilo-Saharan .

Ƙididdigar yawan jama'a a hukumance na ƙabilu daban-daban a Afirka ba ta da tabbas sosai saboda ƙarancin ababen more rayuwa don yin ƙidayar, kuma saboda saurin haɓakar yawan jama'a. Wasu ƙungiyoyin sun yi zargin cewa da gangan ake tafka kura-kurai domin a ba wa kabilun da aka zaba fifiko a lambobi (kamar yadda ake yi a Najeriya Hausa, Fulani, Yarbawa, da Igbo).

Wani binciken tarin kwayoyin halitta na shekara ta 2009, wanda ya zana alamomin polymorphic guda 1327 a cikin al'ummomin Afirka daban-daban, ya gano gungu na kakanni guda shida. Tarin ya yi daidai da ƙabila, al'adu, da harshe.  Wani bincike da aka yi a shekarar 2018 gaba daya kan al'ummar duniya ya lura da irin wannan gungu a tsakanin al'ummomin Afirka. A K=9, sassa daban-daban na kakannin kakanni sun bayyana al'ummomin Afroasiatic -masu magana da ke zaune a Arewacin Afirka da Arewa maso Gabashin Afirka ; al'ummar Nilo-Saharan da ke yankin Arewa maso Gabashin Afirka da Gabashin Afirka ; al'ummar Ari a arewa maso gabashin Afirka; al'ummar Nijar-Congo a yammacin Afirka ta Tsakiya, Afirka ta Yamma, Gabashin Afirka, da Kudancin Afirka ; Al'ummar Pygmy a Afirka ta Tsakiya ; da kuma al'ummar Khoisan a Kudancin Afirka. 

## Jeri

### Ta hanyar ilimin harshe
A matsayin bayyani na farko, tebur mai zuwa ya lissafa manyan ƙungiyoyi ta hanyar alaƙar kabilanci, tare da ƙayyadaddun ƙididdigar yawan jama'a (kamar na 2016):

### Manyan kabilu
Wannan tebur ne na manyan kabilu (mutane miliyan 10 ko fiye):

## Manazarta
Zaben 'yan majalisar wakilan Najeriya na 2019 a jihar Akwa Ibom

A ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 2019 ne aka gudanar da zaben ‘yan majalisar wakilan Najeriya na 2019 a jihar Akwa Ibom, domin zaben ‘yan majalisar wakilai da za su wakilci jihar Akwa Ibom a Najeriya.

## Bayani

## Takaitawa

## Manazarta
Wynand Malan

**Wynand Charl Malan** (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu 1943) ɗan siyasan Afrikaner ne mai sassaucin ra'ayi kuma lauya na Afirka ta Kudu.

## Rayuwa da aiki
Lauya, Malan ya shiga siyasa a zaɓen Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1977 lokacin da aka zaɓe shi a majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Kudu baki ɗaya  a matsayin ɗan majalisar wakilai na ƙasa  na Randburg.

Memba a reshen jam'iyyar NP na sake fasalin, ya soki PW Botha saboda rashin kunya sosai a sauye-sauyen tsarin mulkinsa a shekarun 1980 kuma yana sukar dokar ta-ɓaci  da Botha ta aiwatar. A cikin babban zaɓe na shekarar 1987, ya bar NP  kuma ya yi takara a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan takara uku masu zaman kansu tare da tsohuwar jakada a London Dennis Worrall da 'yar kasuwa Susan Lategan. Shi kadai ne aka zaɓa a cikin 'yan wasan uku, watakila saboda shi kaɗai ne ke kan ƙaragar mulki. Daga baya ya yi jayayya da Worrall don haka su biyu suka kafa jam'iyyun siyasa daban-daban guda biyu bayan zaɓen. A farkon shekarar 1989 waɗannan sabbin jam’iyyu biyu suka haɗe da tsohuwar jam’iyyar Progressive Federal Party suka kafa jam’iyyar Democratic Party, wacce ta lashe kujeru masu sassaucin ra’ayi a watan Satumba na shekarar 1989 na farar fata kawai. Daga bisani ya zama ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin sabuwar jam'iyyar guda uku kuma ya ci gaba da riƙe kujerarsa ta majalisar dokoki a babban zaɓen shekarar 1989 inda ya doke tsohon jakadan Canada Glenn Babb wanda ya tsaya takarar jam'iyyar NP. Malan ya ci gaba da zama a shugabancin DP har zuwa shekara ta 1993.

Daga shekarun 1995 zuwa 1998 Malan ya kasance kwamishinan gaskiya da sulhu, wanda Archbishop Desmond Tutu ya jagoranta.

Daga baya Malan ya shiga jam'iyyar African National Congress a shekara ta 2001 kuma ya zama mai bawa tsohon shugaban ƙasa Thabo Mbeki shawara.

## Manazarta
Zaɓen gwamnan jihar Gongola, 1979

An gudanar da zaben gwamnan jihar Gongola a shekarar 1979 a ranar 28 ga Yulin 1979.[1] Abubakar Barde na GNPP ya lashe zabe a karo na farko inda ya zama gwamna na farko a jihar Gongola da kashi 47.6% inda ya doke dan takarar babbar jam’iyyar adawa ta NPN Ahmed Mahmudu Ribadu wanda ya samu kashi 34.6 cikin 100 a fafatawar.

Abubakar Barde ya zama dan takarar GNPP bayan ya doke abokin takararsa na kusa, Wilberforce Juta, wanda daga baya ya zama mataimakinsa, a zaben fidda gwani na jam’iyyar da tazarar kuri’u uku kacal.

## Tsarin zabe
An zabi Gwamnan Jihar Gongola ne ta hanyar amfani da tsarin kada kuri’a.

## Sakamako
Uku daga cikin jam’iyyun siyasa biyar da hukumar zabe ta tarayya (FEDECO) ta yi wa rijista ne suka shiga zaben. Abubakar Barde na jam'iyyar GNPP ne ya lashe zaben da kuri'u mafi girma na kashi 47.6%. Adadin wadanda suka yi rajista sun kai 2,284,500. An kada kuri'u 650,725.

## Manazarta
Siyasar kai tsaye

Gasar daukar hoto ta duniya inda zaku iya baje kolin yanayi na musamman na Najeriya da yuwuwar samun kyauta.
Dimokuradiyya kai tsaye
Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta
Don wasu amfani, duba Dimokuradiyya kai tsaye (rashin fahimta).

Landsgemeinde, "Taron Cantonal", a cikin gundumar Glarus a ranar 7 ga Mayu, Shekara ta 2006, Switzerland. Landsgemeinden taron jama'a ne na kada kuri'a, kuma suna daya daga cikin tsofaffin misalan dimokuradiyya kai tsaye.
Sashi na jerin Siyasa
Dimokuradiyya kai tsaye

## Nau'in raba gardama
Kuri'ar raba gardama ta ƙasa
Kuri'ar raba gardama ta hanyar fitowa
Kuri'ar raba gardama ta hanya
Shahararrun taro ta wuri
## Tarihin dimokuradiyya kai tsaye
Masu alaƙa
ikon Portal Siyasa
zo Siyasa
zo
Dimokuradiyya kai tsaye ko kuma tsantsar dimokuradiyya wani nau'i ne na dimokuradiyya wanda masu zabe ke yanke hukunci kai tsaye kan manufofin siyasa, ba tare da an zabe su ba. [1]

## Dubawa
A cikin dimokuradiyya kai tsaye mutane suna yanke shawara kan manufofi ba tare da wani mai shiga tsakani ko wakili ba, yayin da a cikin dimokuradiyya mai wakilci mutane suna zabar wakilai waɗanda sai su aiwatar da manufofin siyasa.[2] Dangane da takamaiman tsarin da ake amfani da shi, dimokiradiyya kai tsaye na iya haifar da zartar da zartar da yanke hukunci, amfani da fita, yin dokoki, zaɓe kai tsaye ko korar jami'ai, da gudanar da gwaji. Hanya guda biyu da ke kan gaba na dimokuradiyya kai tsaye, ita ce dimokuradiyya ta tarayya da kuma dimokraɗiyya na shawara. Dimokuradiyya Semi-direct-direct, wanda .[3] .[4]
Sekhopi Malebo

**Sekhopi Molisaotsile Andrew Malebo** (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Afrilu 1960) ɗan siyasan Afirka ta Kudu ne kuma tsohon mai fafutukar yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata daga Jihar 'Yanci. Ya kasance Memba na Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Free (MEC) mai kula da ayyukan jama'a, hanyoyi da sufuri daga shekarun 1997 zuwa 2004. Kafin haka dai ya wakilci jam'iyyar ANC a majalisar dokokin ƙasar  daga shekarun 1994 zuwa 1996.

## Rayuwar farko da gwagwarmaya
An haifi Malebo a ranar 5 ga watan Afrilu 1960 kuma yana magana da Tswana.  Ya zama ɗan siyasa a matsayin ɗalibi na sakandare a Bloemfontein bayan tashin hankalin 1976 na Soweto, musamman ta ƙungiyar ɗaliban Bloemfontein, wanda a lokacin Black Consciousness ta yi tasiri sosai. Daga baya ya ce ya sauya sheka daga akidar Black Consciousness zuwa al'adar Charterist a shekara ta 1979, lokacin da aka fara fallasa shi ga haramtacciyar Yarjejeniya ta 'Yanci, wacce yake sha'awa sosai. 

Daga baya ya shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a na Charterist a Bloemfontein, da kuma tsarin siyasa ta hanyar Ikilisiyar Lutheran, kuma ya yi hulɗa da ANC yayin ziyara a Sweden a shekarar 1981. A cikin shekarun baya, ya kasance shugaban teburin matasa na Majalisar Cocin Afirka ta Kudu, wanda cocinsa ke da alaƙa; ya kuma riƙe muƙaman jagoranci a kungiyar jama'a ta Mangaung.

Bayan da aka dakatar da ANC a cikin shekarar 1990 yayin tattaunawar kawo karshen mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata, Malebo ya shiga cikin kungiyar a hukumance kuma ya zama memba na ruƙunin shugabanninta na wucin gadi a cikin Orange Free State.  A cikin watan Nuwamba 1991, an zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban reshen yanki na ANC a Kudancin Orange Free State.

## Aikin doka: 1994-2004
An zaɓi Malebo a matsayin ɗan takarar jam'iyyar ANC a majalisar dokokin ƙasar a zaɓen farko da aka yi a Afirka ta Kudu bayan mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata a shekarar 1994.  A cikin shekarar 1996, ya bar kujerarsa ya shiga majalisar dokokin lardin Free State, inda aka rantsar da shi a ranar 18 ga watan Disamba.  An kuma naɗa shi a matsayin MEC na Ayyukan Jama'a, Hanyoyi da Sufuri a Majalisar Zartarwa ta Firayim Minista Ivy Matsepe-Casaburri.  An zaɓe shi cikakken wa'adi a majalisar dokokin lardin a babban zaɓen 1999 kuma magajin Matsepe-Casaburri, Firayim Minista Winkie Direko ya ci gaba da riƙe shi a matsayin MEC. 

A babban zaɓen shekara ta 2004, ANC ta zaɓi Malebo don komawa majalisar dokoki ta ƙasa, amma ya kasance a matsayi na 14 a jerin jam'iyyun yankin na jihar 'Yanci  kuma da kyar ya ƙasa samun sake tsayawa takara. Seiso Mohai ne ya gaje shi a matsayin MEC. ****

## Ayyukansa na baya
Bayan ya bar siyasar majalisa a shekara ta 2004, Malebo ya ci gaba da harkokin kasuwanci. A cikin shekarar 2020, ya shirya wani tattaki a hedkwatar ANC a gidan Luthuli, inda ya buƙaci a kori Ace Magashule da "sauran masu laifin da ke da hannu a cin hanci da rashawa a lardin [Jihar 'Yanci] a lokacin [Magashule] a matsayin Firayim Minista.

## Manazarta
Hukumar Kula da Alhazai ta Najeriya

**Hukumar Alhazai ta Najeriya** ( **NAHCON** ) wata hukuma ce ta gwamnati da ke da alhakin gudanarwa da kuma kula da ayyukan Hajji ga Alhazan Najeriya da aka kafa a shekarar 2006.

## Tarihin Hukumar
Tun a shekarar 1953 ne gwamnatin Najeriya ta shiga aikin Hajji a hukumance, lokacin da Alhaji Abubakar Imam ya gabatar da ƙudiri a Majalisar Dokokin Arewa inda ya bukaci a kafa ofishin Alhazan Najeriya a Jeddah na kasar Saudiyya, domin taimakawa alhazan Najeriya da ke fuskantar kunci a kasashen waje.Yayin da adadin mahajjata ya ƙaru a shekarun 1960 zuwa 1970, an kafa Hukumar Jin Daɗin Alhazai na yanki daban-daban. Domin daidaita ayyukan Hajji tare da ƙware, Gwamnatin Tarayya ta kafa Hukumar Alhazai ta Nijeriya a shekarar 1975 ta hanyar doka mai lamba 16. Daga baya hukumar alhazai ta Najeriya ta maye gurbinsa a shekarar 1989, wanda aka rushe a shekarar 1991 bayan wani mummunan hatsarin jirgin da ya faru a Jiddah wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar alhazan Najeriya 247 da ma'aikatan jirgin 14.   Rashin gazawar tsarin wucin gadi kamar jami’an tsaro, da kuma dokar hana alhazan Najeriya da gwamnatin Saudiyya ta yi a shekarar 1996, sun ƙara jaddada bukatar samar da cibiyar Ahazai ta dindindin. 

An kafa hukumar alhazai ta kasa (NAHCON) a shekarar 2006 bisa wata doka ta Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa NAHCON (Establishment) Act, 2006 don sa ido, daidaitawa, da daidaita ayyukan Hajji da Umrah a Najeriya. An ƙirƙiro ta ne saboda rashin tsayayyiyar Hukuma da aka shafe shekaru da dama ana yi a ayyukan Hajji, da suka haɗa da gazawar hukumomi da yawa kamar Hukumar Alhazai ta Najeriya, Hukumar Alhazai ta Najeriya, da Hukumar Kula da Alhazai.    Hukumar NAHCON dai ta fara aiki a hukumance a shekarar 2007, inda aka naɗa shugabanta na farko Muhammad Musa Bello daga baya kuma aka naɗa shi a matsayin ministan babban birnin tarayyar Najeriya. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Hukumar ta yi aiki a matsayin hukumar gudanarwa ta tarayya da ke da alhakin kula da:

* Gudanar da hukumar jin dadin alhazai ta jihohi 
* Kula da kayan aikin Hajji, gami da tashin jirgi da masauki
* Tabbatar da bin ƙa'idojin aikin Hajji a Saudiyya
* Kula da jindaɗin alhazai da rajista

## Shugabannin Hukumar NAHCON

## Manazart a
Jerin mambobin Majalisar Dokokin Afirka ta Kudu da suka mutu a ofis

Ga jerin sunayen ƴan majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Kudu da suka mutu a kan muƙamansu tun lokacin da aka kafa majalisar bayan gabatar da zaɓen gama-gari a Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1994 .

## Majalisa ta 22 (1994–1999)

## Majalisar Dokoki ta 23 (1999–2004)

## Majalisa ta 24 (2004-2009)

## Magana
Karfin igiyar ruwa

Ƙarfin igiyar igiyar ruwa shine kama makamashin igiyoyin iska don yin aiki mai amfani - misali, samar da wutar lantarki, daskarewa, ko zubar da ruwa. Injin da ke yin amfani da ƙarfin igiyar igiyar ruwa shine mai sauya makamashin igiyar ruwa (WEC). Ana haifar da raƙuman ruwa da farko ta hanyar iskar da ke ratsa saman teku da kuma ta hanyar ruwa mai ƙarfi, bambancin yanayin zafi, da sauran abubuwa. Muddin raƙuman ruwa suna yaduwa a hankali fiye da saurin iskar da ke sama, ana canja makamashi daga iska zuwa raƙuman ruwa. Bambance-bambancen matsa lamba na iska tsakanin ɓangarorin iska da ɓangarorin ɓangarorin igiyar igiyar ruwa da jujjuyawar iska daga iska suna haifar da damuwa mai ƙarfi da haɓakar igiyar ruwa  Ƙarfin igiyar igiyar ruwa a matsayin siffa ya sha bamban da ƙarfin igiyar ruwa, wanda ke neman da farko ɗaukar makamashin da ake yi a halin yanzu sakamakon jajircewar Rana da Wata. Duk da haka, ƙarfin igiyar ruwa da ƙarfin igiyar ruwa ba su bambanta da asali ba kuma suna da gagarumin giciye a fasaha da aiwatarwa. Wasu runduna na iya haifar da igiyoyi, gami da karyewar igiyoyin ruwa, iska, tasirin Coriolis, cabbeling, da zafin jiki da bambance-bambancen salinity.

Tun daga shekarar 2023, ba a yin amfani da wutar lantarki sosai don aikace-aikacen kasuwanci, bayan dogon jerin ayyukan gwaji. Ƙoƙarin amfani da wannan makamashin ya fara ne a cikin 1890 ko a baya,[2] musamman saboda yawan ƙarfinsa. A ƙasan saman ruwan teku, ƙarfin ƙarfin igiyar ruwa, a matsakaicin lokaci, yawanci ya ninka sau biyar fiye da ƙarfin iskar da ke gudana sama da mita 20 a saman tekun, kuma sau 10 zuwa 30 ya fi ƙarfin hasken rana.[3]

## Tarihi
Alamar farko da aka sani don fitar da makamashi daga raƙuman teku ya kasance a cikin 1799, wanda Pierre-Simon Girard da ɗansa suka shigar a birnin Paris.[8] Bochaux-Praceique ne ya kera na'urar farko a shekara ta 1910 don samar da wutar lantarki a gidansa a Royan, Faransa.[9] Ya bayyana cewa wannan ita ce nau'in na'urar makamashin igiyar ruwa ta farko.[10] Daga 1855 zuwa 1973 akwai takardun haƙƙin mallaka 340 da aka shigar a cikin Burtaniya kaɗai.[8]
Feroza Adam

**Feroza Adam** (16 Agusta 1961 - 9 ga Agusta 1994) ɗan gwagwarmayar siyasa ne na Afirka ta Kudu, mai tallata taron Majalisar Afirka da sauran ƙungiyoyi. An zabe ta a Majalisar a shekarar 1994, jim kadan kafin ta mutu a wani hatsarin mota.

## Rayuwar farko
Feroza Adam ta tashi ne a garin Lenasia na birnin Johannesburg, cikin iyali musulmi. Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Witwatersrand, inda ta zama mai ƙwazo a harkokin siyasa a matsayinta na memba na ƙungiyoyin dalibai masu alaƙa da Transvaal Indian Congress . Ta yi aiki a kwamitin zartarwa na kungiyar daliban Azaniya . Da yawa daga baya ta ci gaba da karatu a fannin huldar kasa da kasa da diflomasiyya a Cibiyar Harkokin Hulda da Kasa da Kasa ta Clingendael da ke Netherlands. 

## Sana'a
Feroza Adam ta koyar da makaranta bayan kammala karatun jami'a. Ta shiga Ƙungiyar Mata ta Transvaal (FEDTVAW) da Ƙungiyar Mata ta Afirka ta Kudu, kuma daga 1984 zuwa 1990 ta yi hidimar tarayya ta ƙarshe a matsayin mai tallata tallace-tallace. Daga 1988, ta yi aiki na cikakken lokaci don United Democratic Front . Ta taimaka wajen kafa ofishin yanki na Majalisar Wakilan Afirka na Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging, kuma ta yi aiki a cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na kungiyar mata ta kasa baki daya . Ta kasance sakatariyar yada labarai na Kungiyar Mata ta ANC daga 1992 zuwa 1993. A shekarar 1990, ta ba da jawabi ga taron mata na kasa, inda ta ce:"Yana da mahimmanci a gare mu mu hada kan matan da suka kuduri aniyar tabbatar da mulkin dimokuradiyya na Afirka ta Kudu ba na kabilanci, ba jinsi ba. Idan ba haka ba za mu sami kanmu a cikin irin halin da matan wasu kasashe ke ciki a zamanin bayan samun 'yancin kai. Bayan sun yi gwagwarmaya tare da mazajensu don samun 'yanci, 'yan uwan mata sun gano matsayinsu bai canza ba. Muna bukatar mu tabbatar da matsayinmu na mata a yanzu fiye da kowane lokaci, kuma za mu iya yin hakan kawai, ba tare da la'akari da hakan ba." A cikin 1994, an zabe ta a matsayin 'yar majalisar dokoki ta kasa, a cikin gwamnati ta farko ta dimokiradiyya a Afirka ta Kudu . 

## Mutuwa da zikiri
Feroza Adam ta mutu daga raunukan da ta samu a wani hatsari a ranar 8 ga watan Agustan 1994, lokacin da ta tuka motarta ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba kan hanyar fita daga birnin Cape Town .  Ta rasu kwanaki kadan kafin cikarta shekaru 33 da haihuwa. An binne gawar ta a birnin Johannesburg . 

Cibiyar Nazarin jinsi a UNISA ta dauki nauyin lacca na tunawa da Feroza Adam na shekara-shekara, mai suna don tunawa.  Gidauniyar iTouch ta sadaukar da kai don yin aiki don muradun Adam wajen tallafawa matasan Afirka ta Kudu da rage talauci. 

## Magana

## Mahaɗa
*Zubeida Bux, "The Changing Roles of Muslim Women in South Africa"  (M. A. thesis, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2004).
Bayana ra 'ayi akan siyasa

A cikin shugabanci, zaɓi shine zaɓin jami'an gwamnati ko alkalai a bazuwar, watau ta hanyar caca, don samun samfurin wakilci.[  

A tsohuwar dimokuradiyya ta Athens, rarrabuwa ita ce hanyar gargajiya kuma ta farko don nada jami'an siyasa, kuma ana ɗaukar amfani da ita a matsayin babbar sifa ta dimokuradiyya  Sau da yawa ana rarraba rarrabuwa azaman hanya don dimokuradiyya kai tsaye da dimokuradiyya mai tunani.

Yau ana yawan amfani da rarrabuwar kawuna don zabar alkalai masu yiwuwa a cikin tsarin dokokin gama gari. Abin da ya canza a cikin 'yan shekarun nan shi ne ƙara yawan ƙungiyoyin 'yan ƙasa da ikon ba da shawara na siyasa,  ]  tare da kiraye-kirayen yin ficewa fiye da zaɓe, kamar yadda yake a Athens, Venice, da Florence.

## Tarihi
Tsohon Athens
Duba kuma: Dimokuradiyyar Athens § Zaɓi ta kuri'a
Dimokuradiyyar Atheniya ta ci gaba a karni na 6 BC daga abin da ake kira isonomia a lokacin (daidaicin doka da 'yancin siyasa). Rarraba a lokacin ita ce babbar hanyar samun wannan adalci. An yi amfani da shi don ɗaukar mafi yawan afi da ake buƙata] na alƙalai don kwamitocin gudanarwarsu, da kuma juriyoyin su (yawanci na maza 501).

Kleroterion a cikin Tsohon Agora Museum (Athens)
Yawancin mutanen Athens sun yarda cewa zaɓe, ba zaɓe ba, ya zama dimokiradiyya  [shafi da ake buƙata] kuma sun yi amfani da tsare-tsare masu sarƙaƙiya tare da injunan rabon da aka gina (kleroteria) don guje wa ayyukan cin hanci da rashawa da masu mulki ke amfani da su don siyan hanyarsu ta shiga ofis. A cewar marubucin nan Mogens Herman Hansen, kotun dan kasar ta fi majalisar saboda ‘yan majalisar da aka ba su sun yi rantsuwar da talakawan majalisar ba su yi ba; don haka kotu na iya soke hukuncin da majalisar ta yanke. Yawancin marubutan Girka waɗanda suka ambaci dimokuradiyya (ciki har da Aristotle,  [shafi da ake buƙata] [Lura 1] [Lura 2] Plato, [Lura 3] Herodotus, [Note 4] da Pericles [Note 5]) sun jaddada rawar da zaɓaɓɓu ta hanyar kuri’a, ko kuma jaha kai tsaye wanda aka ba da shi ya fi dimokiradiyya fiye da zaɓe (wanda aka gani a matsayin oligarchic). Socrates [bayanin kula 6] da Isocrates [Note 7] duk da haka sun yi tambaya ko masu yanke shawara da aka zaɓa ba da gangan suna da isasshen ƙwarewa

## Nazari
Sakamako
Dubi kuma: Taron Jama'a § Amfanin gama gari
Andranik Tangian ya soki siyasar zaɓe a matsayin mafi girman wakilcin mutane da ƙungiyoyin siyasa a cikin al'umma.[32][18] Bambance-bambancen fahimi (ko hikimar taron jama’a) na amfani da ra’ayoyi iri-iri da basirar fahimi don nemo mafita mafi kyau]. A cewar masana da yawa kamar Page da Landemore,] wannan bambance-bambancen ya fi mahimmanci don ƙirƙirar ra'ayoyi masu nasara fiye da matsakaicin matakin iyawar ƙungiya. Shafi yana ba da hujjar cewa bazuwar zaɓi na mutane masu matsakaicin hankali suna aiki mafi kyau fiye da tarin mafi kyawun masu warware matsalolin mutum.] Wannan "diversity trumps ikon theorem"] shi ne tsakiyar muhawarar fita.
## manazarta
Zaben Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya na 2019 a Jihar Bayelsa

An gudanar da zaben 2019 na Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya a Jihar Bayelsa a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 2019, don zabar mambobin Majalisar Wakilimi don wakiltar Jihar Bayelsen, Najeriya.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya

## Takaitaccen Bayani

## Sakamakon

### Brass / Nembe
Jimillar 'yan takara 13 da suka yi rajista tare da Hukumar Zabe ta Kasa mai zaman kanta don yin takara a zaben. Dan takarar APC Isra'ila Sunny Goli ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke PDP Ebikake Marie Enenimiete da sauran 'yan takarar jam'iyya.

### Ogbia
Jimillar 'yan takara 15 sun yi rajista tare da Hukumar Zabe ta Kasa mai zaman kanta don yin takara a zaben. Dan takarar PDP Obua Azibapu Fred ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke ADC Rex-ogbuku Jude Amiditor da sauran 'yan takarar jam'iyya.

### Sagbama/Ekeremor
Jimillar 'yan takara 20 ne suka yi rajista tare da Hukumar Zabe ta Kasa mai zaman kanta don yin takara a zaben. Dan takarar PDP Agbedi Yeitiemone Frederick ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke APC Daunemigha Famous Oroupafebo da sauran 'yan takarar jam'iyya.

### Kudancin Ijaw
Jimillar 'yan takara 17 sun yi rajista tare da Hukumar Zabe ta Kasa mai zaman kanta don yin takara a zaben. Dan takarar APC Preye Influence Goodluck Oseke ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke Benson Friday Konbowei na PDP da sauran 'yan takarar jam'iyya.

### Yenagoa/Kolokuna/Opokuma
Jimillar 'yan takara 20 ne suka yi rajista tare da Hukumar Zabe ta Kasa mai zaman kanta don yin takara a zaben. Dan takarar PDP Stephen Sin Nick Azaiki ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke APC Blankson Edwin Osomkime da sauran 'yan takarar jam'iyya.

## Manazarta
Zaben Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya na 2019 a Jihar Benue

## Sakamakon

### Matasa / Obadigbo / Opkokwu
Jimillar 'yan takara 5 sun yi rajista tare da Hukumar Zabe ta Kasa mai zaman kanta don yin takara a zaben. Dan takarar PDP Francis Agbo ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke APC Michael Unogwu da wasu 'yan takarar jam'iyya 3. Agbo ya samu kashi 57.65% na kuri'un, yayin da Unogwu ya samu kashi 30.20%.

### Apa / Agatu
Jimillar 'yan takara 9 da suka yi rajista tare da Hukumar Zabe ta Kasa mai zaman kanta don yin takara a zaben. Dan takarar LP Godday Samuel ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke PDP Adamu Entonu da wasu 'yan takara 7. Samuel ya samu 34.83% na kuri'un, yayin da Entonu ya samu 34.07%.
Databox 

### Buruku
Jimillar 'yan takara 12 da suka yi rajista tare da Hukumar Zabe ta Kasa mai zaman kanta don yin takara a zaben. Dan takarar PDP Kpam Sokpo ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke APC Joseph Ityav da wasu 'yan takarar jam'iyya 10. Sokpo ya samu kashi 50.64% na kuri'un, yayin da Ityav ya samu kashi 33.26%.

### Gboko/Tarka
Jimillar 'yan takara 9 da suka yi rajista tare da Hukumar Zabe ta Kasa mai zaman kanta don yin takara a zaben. Dan takarar APC John Dyegh ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke PDP Bernard Nenger da wasu 'yan takara 7. Dyegh ya samu kashi 56.90% na kuri'un, yayin da Nenger ya samu kashi 42.36%.

### Guma / Makurdi
Jimillar 'yan takara 10 da suka yi rajista tare da Hukumar Zabe ta Kasa mai zaman kanta don yin takara a zaben. Dan takarar PDP Benjamin Mzondu ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke APC Conrad Utaan da wasu 'yan takara 8. Mzondu ya samu kashi 50.82% na kuri'un, yayin da Conrad Utaan ya samu kashi 38.02%.

### Gwer Gabas / Gwer Yamma
Jimillar 'yan takara 9 da suka yi rajista tare da Hukumar Zabe ta Kasa mai zaman kanta don yin takara a zaben. Dan takarar PDP Mark Gbillah ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke APC Victor Torsar da sauran 'yan takarar jam'iyya 7. Gbillah ya samu kashi 61.56% na kuri'un, yayin da Torsar ya samu kashi 33.02%.

### Katsina-Ala/Ukum/Logo
Jimillar 'yan takara 19 ne suka yi rajista tare da Hukumar Zabe ta Kasa mai zaman kanta don yin takara a zaben. Dan takarar PDP Richard Gbande ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke APC Solomon Wombo da wasu 'yan takarar jam'iyya 17. Gbande ta samu kashi 46.60% na kuri'un, yayin da Wombo ta samu kashi 21.79%.

### Konshisha / Vandeikya
Jimillar 'yan takara 13 da suka yi rajista tare da Hukumar Zabe ta Kasa mai zaman kanta don yin takara a zaben. Dan takarar APGA Herman Hembe ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke APC Dorathy Mato da wasu 'yan takarar jam'iyya 11. Hembe ya samu 39.75% na kuri'un, yayin da Mato ya samu 33.07%.

### Kwande / Ushongo
Jimillar 'yan takara 13 da suka yi rajista tare da Hukumar Zabe ta Kasa mai zaman kanta don yin takara a zaben. Dan takarar PDP Robert Tyough ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke APC Benjamin Wayo da wasu 'yan takarar jam'iyya 11. Tyough ya samu kashi 41.23% na kuri'un, yayin da Wayo ya samu kashi 29.10%.

## Manazarta