Zaɓin Baƙar fata

Black suffrage yana nufin 'yancin baƙar fata na jefa kuri'a kuma ya daɗe yana da matsala a cikin ƙasashe da aka kafa a ƙarƙashin yanayin' yan tsiraru baƙar fata da kuma, a wasu lokuta (wanda aka fi sani da Afirka ta Kudu a karkashin wariyar launin fata da Rhodesia), yawancin baƙar fata.

## Amurka

Zaɓuɓɓuka a Amurka sun sami ci gaba da yawa. Kafin Yaƙin basasa da gyare-Gyaran sake ginawa ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka an ba wasu 'yan baƙar fata a Amurka damar jefa kuri'a. Koyaya, ana sau da yawa rage wannan haƙƙin, ko kuma an ɗauke shi. Bayan Emancipation, baƙar fata sun kasance daidai a gaban doka, gami da ka'idar zaɓen mata baƙar fata daga 1920. An ba wa baƙar fata maza damar jefa kuri'a a 1870, yayin da aka dakatar da baƙar fata har sai an zartar da Dokar 'Yancin Zabe ta 1965.

Lokacin da aka tabbatar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka (1789), ƙananan baƙi masu 'yanci sun kasance daga cikin' yan ƙasa masu jefa kuri'a (masu mallakar maza) a wasu jihohi. Yawancin baƙar fata a Amurka, duk da haka, ba su iya yin amfani da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a ba har sai bayan Yaƙin basasar Amurka tare da gyare-Gyaran sake ginawa. A cikin 1870, an tabbatar da Kwaskwarima ta 15 don hana jihohi hana ɗan ƙasa namiji damar yin zabe bisa ga "tseren, launi ko yanayin bautar da ta gabata. "Wannan ya kasance kafin tsoffin jihohin Confederate da bayi su aiwatar da ka'idojin "Jim Crow" waɗanda ke da tasirin ƙin jefa kuri'a ga baƙi da yawa.

"Black Suffrage" a Amurka bayan yakin basasar Amurka a fili ya yi nuni da 'yancin kada kuri'a na maza kawai. Zaɓen mata, ba tare da la'akari da launin an gabatar da shi ne kawai bayan Yaƙin Basasa, wanda ya fara da Wyoming a 1869.

Sashe na Kwaskwarimar 19, wanda Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka ta tabbatar a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta kuma ta tabbatar da shi a matsayin doka a ranar 26 ga watan Agustan, 1920 ya ba mata damar yin zabe a dukkan jihohi. A cikin kaka na 1920, mata baƙar fata da yawa sun bayyana a zaben, amma yawancin matsalolin da ke akwai ga 'yan Afirka na Afirka sun kasance da wahala sosai wajen hanawa. Sai kawai bayan wucewar Kwaskwarima ta ashirin da hudu da Dokar 'Yancin Zabe a cikin 1964 da 1965 ne yin amfani da kuri'un ya zama daidai ga mata baƙi.

## Ostiraliya
Dokar Commonwealth Franchise ta 1902 ta ƙuntata haƙƙin 'Yan asalin Australiya don yin zabe a zaben tarayya na Australiya. An canza wannan Dokar a shekarar 1962, lokacin da aka yi wa Dokar Zabe ta Commonwealth gyare-gyare.

## Daular Burtaniya da Ƙasar Ingila

* Da farko a cikin 1265, ƙananan aristocrats da gentry suna da damar jefa kuri'a ga membobin Majalisar dokokin Ingila da Knights of the Shire. Daga 1432, 'yanci masu zaman kansu arba'in ne kawai ke riƙe da ikon mallakar majalisa. An ƙuntata zaɓen ga maza ta hanyar al'ada maimakon doka.
* Olaudah Equiano da London Corresponding Society (wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 1792) sun yi jayayya don fadada zaɓen. *Hakanan duba:* Radicalism (tarihi) . An ƙuntata kuri'un ga maza masu girma da kuma cancantar dukiya, amma ba ta hanyar tseren ba. Mutumin baƙar fata na farko da aka sani ya jefa kuri'a a zaben Burtaniya shi ne John London a shekara ta 1749.
* Dokar Gyara ta 1832 ta tsawaita kuri'un ga maza masu matsakaicin matsayi. An ci gaba da sake fasalin tare da Ayyukan Gyara daban-daban, Dokar Wakilin Jama'a ta 1918 ta kawo karshen cancantar mallakar maza. Dokar Daidaitaccen Zaɓuɓɓuka ta 1928 ta kawo ƙarshen cancantar mallakar mata.
** An ci gaba da sake fasalin tare da Ayyukan Gyara-gyare daban-daban.
** Dokar Wakilin Jama'a ta 1918 ta kawo karshen cancantar mallakar maza.
** Dokar Daidaitaccen Zaɓuɓɓuka ta 1928 ta kawo ƙarshen cancantar mallakar mata.
* 'Yan ƙasa na Crown Colonies ba su da ikon jefa kuri'a ga gwamnatin Daular Burtaniya. Jamaica mai mulkin mallaka wani lokacin yana da dama don zabar shugabannin. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jamaica ya ba da ɗan haƙƙin jefa kuri'a. Masarautar Burtaniya ta nada dukkan shugabannin mulkin mallaka na Saliyo har zuwa 1953; babban zaben Saliyo na 1962 shine zaben farko na kasar tare da zaɓen duniya. An shirya Tarayyar West Indies (1958-1962) ta zama mai cin gashin kanta amma ba ta taɓa yin hakan ba; yawancin kasashe membobinta sun sami cin gashin kansu.
** Jamaica mai mulkin mallaka wani lokacin yana da dama don zabar shugabannin. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jamaica ya ba da ɗan haƙƙin jefa kuri'a.
** Masarautar Burtaniya ta nada dukkan shugabannin Mulkin mallaka na Saliyo har zuwa 1953; babban zaben Saliyo na 1962 shine zaben farko na kasar tare da zaɓen duniya.
** An shirya Tarayyar West Indies (1958-1962) ta zama mai cin gashin kanta amma ba ta taɓa yin hakan ba; yawancin kasashe membobinta sun sami cin gashin kansu.
* 'Yan ƙasa na Commonwealth da ba na Burtaniya ba da ke zaune a Burtaniya suna da cikakken' yancin jefa kuri'a kamar yadda aka amince da su a matsayin' yan ƙasa. Kafin Dokar Ƙasar Burtaniya ta 1948 ana kiran 'yan ƙasa na Commonwealth a hukumance a matsayin' yan Burtaniya kuma koyaushe ana kiransu haka a cikin doka. Lokacin da aka zartar da Dokar 'Yan kasa ta Burtaniya ta 1948 ta sake tabbatar da wannan haƙƙin kuma ta hanyar doka ta bayyana haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa ga Mutanen da aka kare a Burtaniya wanda kafin 1948 aka ba da shi ne kawai ta hanyar ikon sarauta ba kamar na 'yan ƙasa na Burtaniya ba.

## Manazarta