Kabari na Yahudawa, Währing

Kabarin Yahudawa a Währing, wanda aka buɗe a shekara ta 1784, shine babban wurin binnewa ga membobin Isralitische Kultusgemeinde Wien . Baya ga Kabari na St. Marx shine makabartar karshe ta Vienna a cikin salon Biedermeier. Bayan rufe shi a cikin shekarun 1880, an lalata shi a wani bangare a lokacin Reich na Uku, kuma yanzu yana da wani bangare ne kawai saboda yanayin da ke lalacewa. An yi muhawara mai tsawo game da maido da makabartar tun daga shekara ta 2006 tsakanin 'yan siyasa na tarayya da na gida da kuma masana.

## Wurin da yake
Asalin makabartar wani bangare ne na unguwar Viennese na Währing . A yau, duk da haka, saboda canje-canjen iyaka, makabartar, duk da sunanta, ba ta cikin Gundumar Vienna ta 18 ta Währing ba, amma ta Döbling, gundumar ta 19. Shigarwa tana a No 3 Schrottenbachgasse .

Saboda dokar tsabtace muhalli ta Sarkin sarakuna mai tsarki na Roma Joseph II, dole ne a rufe kowane makabartar a Vienna a cikin ganuwar birni. A maimakon tsoffin makabarta na gida waɗanda suka bunkasa a kusa da lime" data-linkid="85" href="./Parish_church" id="mwKg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Parish church">majami'u na Ikklisiya, an gina sabbin makabarta a waje da ganuwar birni. Wannan ma'auni ya shafi al'ummar Yahudawa, yayin da suke kula da makabartar a Seegasse (Roßau). An rufe wannan makabartar. Saboda wannan dalili, a cikin shekara ta 1784 al'ummar Yahudawa sun sami fili na hekta 2 kusa da sabon babban Kabari na Währing; a can, a wannan shekarar, sun buɗe sabon makabartar Yahudawa, wanda aka tsara ta bango. Da farko, makabartar ta kunshi bangare ne kawai zuwa yammacin ƙofar; duk da haka, an faɗaɗa shi sau biyu zuwa gabas ta hanyar siyan ƙarin ƙasa. Har zuwa kammala ɓangaren Yahudawa na Zentralfriedhof a cikin 1879 an gina kusan kaburbura 8000 zuwa 9000 a nan. Ba kamar a makabartar Yahudawa a Roßau ba, inda za'a iya samun rubutun Ibrananci kawai, a cikin makabartar Währing akwai kaburbura tare da Ibrananci da rubutun Jamusanci. 'Yan kalilan na ƙarshe, ana binne su a wasu lokuta a cikin ɗakunan iyali a ƙarshen shekarun 1880. Bayan haka, ba a sake yin jana'izar a makabarta ba. A kusa da shekara ta 1900 an dasa titin itatuwan lemun tsami a tsakiyar makabartar da ba a yi amfani da ita ba. Wannan alama ce ta yadda al'ummar Yahudawa a Vienna a lokacin suke da sassaucin ra'ayi, kamar yadda itatuwan lemun tsami da aka dasa kusa da kaburbura na firistoci ya kamata su rushe rabuwa tsakanin waɗannan kaburbura da kaburbura da ke kewaye da su a cikin tunanin gargajiya na Yahudawa.

Kabarin Janar Währing makwabta (*Allgemeiner Währinger Friedhof*) ya rushe a cikin 1920s kuma ya juya cikin Währingerpark . Kabarin Yahudawa, a gefe guda, an bar shi tsaye saboda Dokokin Yahudawa game da tsarkakewa. A zamanin Nazi, an lalata wani bangare mai yawa na makabartar. Kimanin kaburbura 1,500-2,000 an lalata su ta hanyar aikin tonowa don tafkin kariya daga wuta wanda ba a taɓa gina shi ba. Ikilisiyar ta tono kaburbura da abin ya shafa har zuwa lokacin da ya yiwu, kuma ta kai gawar zuwa Zentralfriedhof bayan babban tsari na manyan motoci da man fetur, inda aka binne su a cikin kabari. An yi amfani da kayan tonowa don tafkin don aikin gini a Urban-Loritz-Platz. An kawo ragowar wasu mutane 200 da suka mutu zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Naturhistorisches na Vienna ta hanyar Nazis don bincike da bincike a fagen "bincike na launin fata". Daga baya aka binne ragowar a Zentralfriedhof. A shekara ta 1942 an yi amfani da duk wani yanki; an tilasta wa al'ummar Yahudawa sayar da makabarta ga birnin. Bayan da aka ayyana wurin makabartar a matsayin wurin tsarkake tsuntsaye ta hanyar ma'aikacin gwamnati mai ƙarfin zuciya, aƙalla za a iya adana sauran ƙasar.

Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II an mayar da makabartar ga Jewish *Kultusgemeinde* bayan tattaunawa mai wuya, amma dole ne a ba da ɓangaren da aka lalata ga birnin don musayar. Saboda haka, birnin ya yanke shawarar bunkasa shirin ƙasar da aka samu a matsayin ciyawa; sannan ya gina "Arthur Schnitzler-Hof", Plattenbau daga shekarun 1960. A halin yanzu, saurin lalacewar makabartar ya fara, saboda *Kultusgemeinde* na Yahudawa ba zai iya adana shi ba. Ko da bayan da Jamhuriyar Austria ta tilasta kanta a shekara ta 2001, a cikin Yarjejeniyar Washington, don ba da taimako don adanawa da maido da makabarta na Yahudawa, ba a dauki matakai don adana wannan makabarta ba. Ana amfani da biyan Jamhuriyar Austria ga *Kultusgemeinde* na Yahudawa don kula da makabarta na Yahudawa don adana sassan Yahudawa guda biyu na Zentralfriedhof, kuma saboda haka, kusan babu kudade don kula da Kabari na Yahudawa a Währing. Ko da bayan sanarwar da Kwamishinan Maidowa na Vienna Kurt Scholz ya yi cewa za a yi amfani da shafin a matsayin wurin shakatawa, an sare wasu bishiyoyi masu ruɓewa ne kawai. Bayan kiran da Vienna Greens suka yi don tsaftace makabartar, a ƙarshen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2006 wakilin birni wanda ke da alhakin kudaden birni a lokacin, Sepp Rieder (Social Democratic Party), ya ba da shawarar a matsayin mafita tushe, wanda tarayyar, birni da masu ba da gudummawa masu zaman kansu za su sami gungume. Koyaya, a watan Yunin shekara ta 2006 magajin gari, Michael Häupl, ya yi kira ga gwamnatin tarayya da ta biya don gyaran, yana kwatanta duk wani gudummawa da zai yiwu daga jihohi a matsayin "hadin son rai" a mafi yawancin. Saboda haka ba a dauki matakai ba. Kamar yadda ba a ci gaba da kula da yawan bishiyoyi ba, an lalata wasu kaburbura ta hanyar lalacewar iska (duba Kyrill (guguwa) ). A farkon shekara ta 2007, Jewish *Kultusgemeinde* ya kiyasta farashin gyaran makabartar a euro miliyan 14 kuma ya shirya juya gidan mai kula zuwa gidan taro. A watan Janairun 2007, tare da Cibiyar Ilimi, Jewish *Kultusgemeinde* ta fara wani shiri wanda ya yi la'akari da buga littafi da kalandar hoto, da kuma nune-nunen, wanda zai ba da gudummawa ga maido da dukiyar. Bugu da ƙari, har zuwa lokacin ana ba da yawon shakatawa na yau da kullun na makabartar kowane wata. A ranar 2 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2007, Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party (SPÖ) da jam'iyyar Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) a karshe sun amince da wani shiri da Greens suka bayar a cikin majalisa, cewa "mafi munin haɗari da lalacewa" a makabartar ya kamata birnin Vienna ta hanyar hukumar kula da kayan lambu ta birnin. Don samun damar dawowa da adana dukiyar na dogon lokaci, duk da haka, birnin Vienna ya dogara sosai ga tarayyar da ke shiga. Shugaban Majalisar Kasa, Barbara Prammer, tare da ƙungiyar aiki na wakilan tarayyar, jihohin tarayya da hukumomin gida, suna shirin tsara tsarin mafita na Austria.

## Abubuwan da ke cikin makabartar da kaburbura
Idan mutum ya shiga makabartar ta hanyar ƙofar Schrottenbachgasse, a gefen hagu na ƙofar kawai ta hanyar hanya mutum zai sami ginin da aka yi amfani da shi don shirya jikin marigayi bisa ga al'adun Yahudawa (duba Tumah da taharah). Misali ne na gine-ginen neoclassical, wanda Joseph Kornhäusel ya gina. Yankin da ke fuskantar titin an yi shi da tubali, amma a mafi yawancin ginin har yanzu yana da kyau. Tsohon ɓangaren makabartar yana gefen hagu na ƙofar; hanyar itatuwan lemun tsami ta raba wannan tsohuwar ɓangaren daga sabon ɓangaren da aka samu daga baya. Sashe na tsofaffi ya ƙunshi kaburbura na mutanen da suka dace da tarihi kamar Fanny von Arnstein da iyalin Epstein. Sashe na Sephardic yana kan bangarorin biyu na babbar hanyar a yankin arewa. Tare da babbar hanyar kanta akwai kaburbura na firistoci (Kohanim). A cikin sabon ɓangaren makabartar, an binne yawancin mutane daga mafi talauci; saboda kayan da suka fi arha da aka yi da waɗannan kaburbura, an fi shafar su sosai ta hanyar rushewa. Har ila yau, akwai wani sashi a nan inda aka binne jarirai, da kuma uwaye da suka mutu a lokacin haihuwa. Gidan ajiyar iyali na Yahudawa masu daraja, a gefe guda, suna tare da bangon makabartar a arewacin.

### Sashe na Sephardic

A cikin karni na 18 ba a yarda Yahudawa su zauna a Vienna ba. Koyaya, Yahudawa Sephardic daga Daular Ottoman sun kasance banda, waɗanda aka ba su izinin zama a can a matsayin talakawan Ottoman a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Passarowitz . Ta hanyar Sephardics, Vienna ta zama muhimmiyar cibiyar cinikin gabas tsakanin Daular Ottoman da al'ummomin Sephardic na Amsterdam, Hamburg ko Copenhagen. Dangantakar Yahudawa na Sephardic da Daular Ottoman tana nunawa a cikin kaburbura a Kabarin Yahudawa a Währing . Tare da gine-ginen gabas da kayan ado na kaburbura, mausolea musamman suna da muhimmancin da ke da ban sha'awa ga Tsakiyar Turai.￼

## Manazarta