Elizabeth Bonawitz

**Elizabeth Bonawitz** masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce kuma masaniyar kimiyyar lissafi. Binciken da ta yi na zahiri tana mai da hankali kan mahimman abubuwan da ke tattare da ilmantarwa, imanin yara na farko, sha'awar yara, da kuma yadda yara ke haɓaka fahimta game da duniya. An nuna aikinta a cikin The New York Times,  The Economist,  Psychology Today,  da kuma Scientific American.

Bonawitz shi ne David J. Vitale Mataimakin Farfesa na Kimiyya na Ilimi a Makarantar Ilimi ta Harvard .  Kafin ta yi aiki a Harvard, daga shekarun 2013 har zuwa 2020, ta kasance Mataimakin Farfesa kuma ta sami ci gaba zuwa Mataimakin Forofesara a Jami'ar Rutgers-Newark . 

## Tarihin rayuwa
A shekara ta 2002, Bonawitz ta sami digiri na BS a fannin ilimin halayyar mutum a Jami'ar Arewa maso Gabas. Bayan ta sami digiri na farko, ta sami Ph.D. a cikin Brain da Cognitive Sciences a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT)  a cikin shekara ta 2009. A shekara ta 2002, Bonawitz ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da dakin gwaje-gwaje a MIT, inda ta yi aiki tare da Schulz da Josh Tenenbaum 

A shekara ta 2009, Bonawitz ta kammala Ph.D. a ƙarƙashin kulawar Dokta Laura Schulz .  Rubutun Ph.D dinta ya yi amfani da tsarin Bayesian don bayyana yadda yara ke yin tsinkaya mai ma'ana, bincike, da bayani. Ta yi jayayya cewa yara masana kimiyya ne kuma masu koyo masu hankali, waɗanda ke yin tsinkaya bisa ga abubuwan da suka gabata da bayanan da suka koya.

A cikin 2013, Bonawitz ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ta yi aiki tare da Thomas Griffiths da Alison Gopnik .  Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan Bonawitz yana binciken yadda yara ke kalubalantar imanin da suka gabata lokacin da aka gabatar da sabon shaida.

A matsayinta na dalibi mai digiri na MIT, Bonawitz ta sami lambar yabo ta Angus Macdonald don Kyakkyawan Koyarwa a cikin 2006  da kuma lambar yabo ta Walle Nauta don Ci gaba da Keɓewa ga Koyarwa A Ma'aikatar Kimiyya da Kimiyya ta MIT.  A shekara ta 2006, ta kuma sami lambar yabo ta Marr, wacce The Cognitive Science Society ke tallafawa. A cikin 2018, ta sami tallafin shekaru shida daga Gidauniyar James S. McDonnell, wanda ya kai $ 600,000, don yin bincike kan ƙirar ƙididdiga akan ilmantarwa na yara.

Binciken Bonawitz da ba na ilimi ba ya haɗa da rubuta kiɗa, wasa wasan tennis, da kuma tsalle-tsalle. Ta kasance tana raira waƙa ga Dead Tongues, wanda shine ƙungiyar da ba ta hukuma ba ta Sashen Harshen Stanford .  Bonawitz tana da tashar YouTube, kuma tana da bidiyon waƙarta "Empirical Girl," satire take na Madonna ta "Material Girl". 

## Bincike
Binciken Bonawitz tana mai da hankali kan mahimman abubuwan da ke tattare da ilmantarwa, imanin yara na farko, sha'awar yara, da kuma yadda yara ke haɓaka fahimta game da duniya. Nazarinta ya binciki yadda jarirai da jarirai ke bincika alaƙar da ke haifar da tasiri ta hanyar binciken su.

Bonawitz memba ce ta Binciken Gidauniyar Jacobs .  Tana yin gwaje-gwaje a cikin dakin gwaje-gaje don nazarin yadda yara ke koyo daga abubuwan lura, malamai, da nasu bincike da wasa. Tana amfani da ƙirar ƙididdiga don bayyana yadda ilmantarwa ke faruwa a cikin waɗannan mahallin daban-daban.

Binciken da Bonawitz ta fi ambata shi ne game da yadda umarni na bayyane daga babba ke shafar wasan binciken yara. A cikin rukuni ɗaya, yara 25 na makarantar sakandare sun sami umarni kai tsaye da zanga-zangar ayyukan kayan wasa, yayin da aka ba sauran kungiyoyi umarni masu iyaka ko a kaikaice. Binciken ya nuna cewa yara da aka ba su umarni a bayyane game da ayyukan kayan wasa ba su gano sauran ayyukan kayan wasa bane. Yaran da ba a ba su umarni kai tsaye a kan abin wasa ba za su bincika ƙarin kuma su gano wasu ayyukan abin wasa kuma su bincika dalilin da sakamako. Binciken ya kuma nuna cewa yara da suka ji mai gwaji yayi magana game da ayyukan kayan wasa zai hana binciken su na kayan wasa. Bonawitz ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa yayin da akwai cinikayya wajen ba wa yara umarni kai tsaye, yara za su bincika fiye da abin da aka gaya musu idan sun ƙaddara cewa akwai ƙarin bayani da za su koya da bincika.

Binciken Bonawitz na biyu da aka fi ambaton shi a kan masanin Google ya binciki yadda wasan binciken yara ke tallafawa ƙididdigar ƙididdiga. Ra'ayin Bonawitz ya nuna cewa wasan binciken yara zai shafi ingancin shaidar da suke lura. Binciken ya gano cewa lokacin da yara ke cikin yanayi mara kyau, suna iya yin gwaji da bincike.

## Gudummawa da zumunci
Shirin bincike na Bonawitz ya sami tallafi daga Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Kasa (NSF).  Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan NSF-sadarwa "Ci gaba da fahimtar farko game da yaduwa a cikin yara masu zuwa makarantar sakandare da kuma makarantar sakandare"  haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin Bonawitz, Nina Fefferman, da Vanessa LoBue. Manufar wannan binciken ita ce ta tantance tasirin shigar da labaran kan yaduwar cuta ga yara masu zuwa makarantar sakandare. Wannan binciken yana da mahimmanci saboda ra'ayoyin da ba daidai ba da kuma bayanan da ba daidai game da rashin lafiya da yaduwa suna da wuyar ingantawa a cikin balaga.

Wani aikin NSF-sustained "Cognitive Mechanisms of Guided Instruction in the Early Elementary Years"  ya yi niyyar bincika yadda nau'ikan koyarwa daban-daban kamar umarnin tambaya kai tsaye da jagora ya shafi ilmantarwar yara na makarantar firamare da motsawa a kimiyya. Wannan bincike ne mai tsawo wanda zai dauki tsawon shekaru 3.5 kuma an kiyasta zai gama a cikin 2028.

Bonawitz shine Babban Mai Bincike na "Manufar Koyon: Samar da Shirin Kimiyya na Tasirin" wanda Gidauniyar Jacobs ta CRISP Fellowship ta tallafawa. Manufar wannan binciken ita ce bincika tasirin sa hannun kimiyya a makarantar firamare.

## Littattafan wakilci

* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita. Misalai masu yuwuwa, algorithms na ilmantarwa, da bambancin amsawa: samfurori a ci gaban fahimta. Halin da ke cikin Kimiyya, *18* (10), 497-500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2014.06.006
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Occam's rattle: amfani da yara na sauƙi da yiwuwar hana fahimta. Ilimin Halitta na Ci gaba, 48 (4), 1156-1164. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026471
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita a lokacin da aka yi la'akari da ita. Takobin da ke da iyaka biyu na koyarwa: Koyarwa yana iyakance bincike da ganowa. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 3] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2010.10.001
* Bonawitz, E., Ullman, T. D., Bridgers, S., Gopnik, A., & Tenenbaum, J. B. (2019). Biye da shaidar? Nazarin halayyar da lissafi na canjin micro-theory a cikin yankin magnetism. *Kimiyya ta fahimta, 43* (8), e12765. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12765
* Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org. Yara suna daidaita ra'ayoyi da shaidu a cikin bincike, bayani, da ilmantarwa. Ilimin tunani na hankali, *64* (4), 215-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2011.12.002
* Wang, J., Yang, Y., Macias, C., & Bonawitz, E. (2021). Yara da ke da ƙarin rashin tabbas a cikin ra'ayoyinsu na fahimta suna neman bayanai masu dacewa da yankin. *Kimiyya ta Halitta, 32* (7), 1147-1156. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797621994230

## Manazarta