James Riley

**James Riley** (Oktoba 27, 1777 - Maris 13, 1840) shi ne kyaftin na jirgin ruwan Commerce na Amurka.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi James Riley a Middletown, Connecticut a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 1777.  Yana da shekaru 15, ya fara aiki a matsayin ɗan gida a kan wani jirgin ruwa na kasuwanci a yammacin Indies. Lokacin da ya kai shekara 20 ya zama kyaftin na jirgin ruwa.

Ya auri Phebe Miller a cikin Janairu 1802, kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyar.

## ''Wahala a Afirka''
Riley ya jagoranci ma’aikatansa ta cikin hamadar Sahara, bayan da jirgin ya nutse a gabar tekun yammacin Saharar a cikin watan Agustan 1815, kuma ya rubuta abin tunawa game da wahalar da suka sha. Wannan labari na gaskiya ya bayyana yadda jirgin ruwa ya tarwatse da wahalar da suka sha a cikin sahara. Littafin, wanda aka buga a cikin 1817 kuma asalinsa mai suna *Sahihin Labari na Asarar Brig 'Kasuwanci' na 'Late Master and Supercargo' James Riley*, an sake buga shi a zamanin yau azaman *Wahala a Afirka*.

An rasa a cikin wannan duniyar da ba a sani ba, Kyaftin Riley ya ji alhakin ma'aikatansa da amincin su. Ya ba da labarin abubuwan da suka kai ga kame su da ‘yan fashin ‘yan asalin kasar Sahrawi suka rike su a matsayin bayi. Mummunan wulakanci, an buge su, sun kone su, sun ji yunwa, aka tilasta musu shan fitsarin nasu da na rakumi . Za a yi aikin bawa har ya kusa mutuwa sannan a yi ciniki ko a kashe shi.

Daga karshe Riley ya rinjayi wani Balarabe, Sidi Hamet, da ya siya shi da abokan aikinsa, ya kai su wani tashar tashar jiragen ruwa mai nisa daga arewa, inda Riley ke fatan samun ‘yancinsu. Ya gaya wa Hamet karya cewa yana da abokinsa a garin da zai saka wa Hamet tukuicin sakinsu. Bayan isowarsu, Riley ya rubuta takarda zuwa ga jakadan Burtaniya na gida, wanda ya gabatar da kansa a matsayin abokin Riley da ya dade ya rasa kuma ya tabbatar da sakin Amurkawan da aka yi bauta.

## Bayan haka
Da zarar ya koma bakin tekun Amurka, Riley ya sadaukar da kansa ga aikin yaki da bautar amma daga baya ya koma rayuwa a teku.

Ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Maris, 1840, a kan jirginsa Brig *William Tell* wanda ya tashi daga New York zuwa "St. Thomas a cikin Caribbean"   "cutar da ta haifar da wahala mara misaltuwa fiye da shekaru ashirin da suka wuce a lokacin da jirginsa ya rushe da kuma bauta a hamadar Sahara".  An kiyaye rayuwar ma'aikatansa, ko shakka babu, daga matsalolin da suke fuskanta a cikin hamadar Afirka. Ma’aikacin jirgin na karshe da ya tsira shi ne yaron gidan, wanda ya rayu yana da shekaru 82.

A shekara ta 1851, shekaru goma sha ɗaya bayan mutuwar Riley a teku, kamfanin buga G. Brewster ya fitar da littafin *Mabiyi na Riley's Narrative: Being a Sketch of Interesting Incidents in the Life, Voyages and Travels of Capt. James Riley*[...]

## Tasiri
Riley ya kafa ƙauyen tsakiyar yammacin Willshire, Ohio, wanda ya sanya wa suna William Willshire, mutumin da ya fanshe shi daga bauta. 

Abraham Lincoln, wanda daga baya ya zama shugaban Amurka, ya lissafta *Wahaloli a Afirka* a matsayin daya daga cikin ayyuka uku masu tasiri da suka tsara akidar siyasarsa, musamman ma ra'ayinsa kan bauta. Sauran su ne Littafi Mai Tsarki da *Ci gaban Alhazai* (1678). 

## Buga asusun

* , New York: John H. Eddy, zane-zane; Collin, graveur; 1816 [Bibliothèque nationale de France / Gallica].
* , New York: John H. Eddy, cartographe; Collin, graveur; 1816 [Bibliothèque nationale de France / Gallica].
*  Reissue of the original.
* 
*  Brief summary of the historical context of Riley's ordeal, as introduction to an extract from *Narrative of the Loss of the American Brig "Commerce"*, an 1817 edition of Riley's memoir.
*  Based on the original account, rewritten for modern readers; with additional explanatory material.
* 

## Manazarta