open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Golden Summer, Eaglemont

Zane-zanen ***Golden Summer, Eaglemont*** wani zane ne na shimfidar wuri na 1889 wanda mai zane-zanen Australiya Arthur Streeton ya zana. An zana shi *a sararin samaniya* a lokacin da ake fama da fari a lokacin bazara, zane ne mai ban sha'awa na filayen da ke haskaka rana, waɗanda suka miƙe daga sansanin "masu fasaha" na Eaglemont na Streeton zuwa tsaunukan Dandenong masu launin shuɗi mai nisa, a wajen Melbourne. Tsarin halitta amma kuma waƙa ce, kuma ƙoƙari na ganganci da Streeton mai shekaru 21 ya yi don ƙirƙirar babban aikinsa, babban misali ne na launukan shuɗi da zinariya masu mahimmanci na mai zane, abin da ya ɗauka a matsayin "tsarin launi na yanayi a Ostiraliya".

Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Ostiraliya ya sayi zanen a shekarar 1995 akan dala miliyan 3.5, sannan ya zama mafi tsada ga wani zane na Ostiraliya. Ya ci gaba da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun ayyukan Streeton kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin babban aikin Impressionism na Ostiraliya.

## Bayani

Streeton ya zana aikin a sararin samaniya a watan Janairun 1889 a sansanin "masu fasaha" na Eaglemont, wanda ke cikin yankin karkara na lokacin Heidelberg a wajen Melbourne. Ya ratsa yankin a ƙarshen 1888 don neman wurin da aka nuna a cikin ɗaya daga cikin zane-zanen da ya fi so, Louis Buvelot 's Summer Afternoon, Templestowe (1866). A tafiyarsa ta dawowa, ya haɗu da Charles Davis - surukin mai zane kuma abokinsa David Davies - wanda ya ba shi "mallakar fasaha" na wani tsohon gidan da ke saman Dutsen Eagle. Streeton ya mamaye gidan a cikin watanni goma sha takwas masu zuwa; sauran masu fasahar plein Charles Conder da Tom Roberts sun haɗu da shi na dogon lokaci, kuma ba sau da yawa wasu masu fasaha ba, musamman Walter Withers.

## Asalin
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala *Golden Summer*, Streeton ta miƙa shi ga Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Victoria na Melbourne kan guineas 100, amma ba ta sami amsa daga amintattun gidan kayan tarihi ba. Streeton ta aika musu da wasiƙa ta biyu, tana rubutawa da barkwanci, "Ya kamata in yi godiya idan za ku isar wa Amintattu godiyata da sha'awar da suka nuna a kan lamarin". Mai ginin jirgin ruwa na Scotland , Charles Mitchell, ya sayi *Golden Summer, Eaglemont* a ranar buɗe bikin Paris Salon na 1892. Ya ci gaba da kasancewa wani ɓangare na gidan Mitchell har sai da Streeton ya sake siyan zanen daga matar mai ginin jirgin a 1919.

## Manazarta
Hagop Sandaldjian

**Hagop Sandaldjian** (1931 -1990 ) ɗan asalin Masar ne ɗan ƙasar Armeniya kuma ɗan ƙaramin ƙira.  A lokacin mutuwarsa a shekarar 1990, Sandaldjian na ɗaya daga cikin masu aiki huɗu masu rai na microminiature, ƙwarewar Slavic mai ban sha'awa.

Sandaldjian yana da ƙananan zane-zane a kan nuni a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Jurassic a Los Angeles, California .  , kuma Ralph Rugoff ya rubuta rayuwarsa don ya bi nune-nunen sa a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Jurassic .

Sandaldjian ya kasance mai magana da harsuna da yawa, ya ƙware a Armeniya, Rasha, Turanci, da Larabci.

## Ayyuka
An haifi Sandaldjian a Alexandria, Misira, kuma ya tafi Tarayyar Soviet don nazarin kiɗa a Yerevan, Armenia da Moscow. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Ippolitov-Ivanov a shekarar 1955, ya zama mai kunna violin, kuma ya koyar da kiɗa a wata conservatory a Yerevan .  Sandaldjian ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka a cikin 1980, amma an buƙaci ya bar tarin sa na farko na ƙananan ayyuka 18. A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, ya samar da wasu kananan abubuwa 33.

David Hildebrand Wilson, wani MacArthur Fellow, wanda ke ci gaba da kula da nune-nunen tsaye ne ya gano Sandaldjian. Abubuwan da Sandaldjian ya kirkira sun haɗa da zane-zane na Dutsen Ararat a kan hatsi na shinkafa, giciye wanda wani adadi na zinariya na Yesu ya rataye a kan gicciye da aka yi daga gashin Sandaldjian, da kuma nishaɗin adadi na Disney (Snow White da Dwarfs Bakwai ko Mickey Mouse, alal misali) ko adadi na tarihi (kamar Napoleon ko Paparoma John Paul II) wanda aka gabatar a idon ko a kan allurar  .

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Sandaldjian ita ce ta biyu cikin yara uku (duk an haife su a Alexandria, Misira). Mahaifin Hagop, Khachig Sandaldjain, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma ya taka rawa a fim din Soviet Juvjik . 

A shekara ta 1948 iyalin suka ƙaura daga Alkahira zuwa Yerevan, Armenia.

Yayinda matashi Hagop Sandaldjian ya ci gaba da sha'awar kiɗa, kuma ya fara buga Violi, mahaifinsa, ya yi fushi game da ɗansa yana bin aikin da ba shi da kyau, ya ragargaza violin farko na Hagop.

Sandaldjian daga nan ya koma Rasha inda ya sadu da matarsa ta farko, wata matashiyar Rasha, kuma ya yi aure a lokacin da yake rubutun a kan ilimin kiɗa a Cibiyar Koyarwa ta Jihar Ippolitov-Ivanov a Moscow. Bayan kammala karatunsa, Sandaldjian ya saki matarsa ta wancan lokacin, kuma ya koma Yerevan.

A shekara ta 1980 sun koma Los Angeles. Al'adu sun tilasta Sandaldjian ya bar duk siffofinsa.

Sandaldjian kakan yara huɗu ne, ciki har da Anahid Modrek . Sandaldjian ya ɗauki wani yanki na jikansa na farko, Aram, gashi kuma ya kirkiro siffofin tsuntsaye da yawa a kan gashin gashi. Ga jikansa, Anahid, ya zana burin kansa a kan gashin kansa "Bari duk mafarkinku ya cika" a keɓe mata; ya mutu bayan an haife ta.

## Manazarta
Furen da aka raina

***Les fleurs dédaignées*** wani zane ne na 1925 na ɗan Ostiraliya Hilda Rix Nicholas .

## Bayanin Mai Zane
An haifi Emily Hilda Rix (wanda aka fi sani da Hilda) a Ballarat, Victoria a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1884.  Ta yi horo a National Gallery of Victoria Art School daga 1902 zuwa 1905, inda wani babban memba na Makarantar Heidelberg, Frederick McCubbin, ya koyar da ita. Bayan mutuwar mahaifinta a 1906, iyalinta suka yi tafiya zuwa Ingila a farkon 1907, inda Hilda Rix ta yi horo na ɗan lokaci kafin daga baya ta koma Paris. A can ta yi karatu a Académie Delecluse, ta ɗauki darasi tare da ɗan Amurka Richard Emil Miller, kuma ta halarci Académie de la Grande Chaumière, inda mai zane-zane 'yar ƙasar Switzerland Théophile Steinlen ta koyar da ita. Bayan ta yi nasarar nuna ayyukan da aka zana a arewacin Afirka, da kuma wani aure mai ban tausayi wanda ya ƙare cikin makonni lokacin da aka kashe mijinta, Matson Nicholas, a Yammacin Yamma, Rix Nicholas ya koma Australia.  Rix Nicholas ya yi baje kolin zane da zane a Ostiraliya a farkon shekarun 1920, kafin ya koma Faransa a shekarar 1924.

## Zane
A shekarar 1925, Rix Nicholas ta ƙirƙiro ɗaya daga cikin ayyukanta mafi ban mamaki, wanda kuma shine mafi girman zane a cikin zane. Tsawonsa ya kai kusan 2 metres (6.6 ft) da 128 centimetres (4.20 ft) faɗin, Les fleurs dédaignées ("Furayen da aka raina") hoton wata matashiya ce mai ban tsoro [1] kuma "kama" [1] wacce ke sanye da kayan zamani na ƙarni na sha takwas. Ba a yi mata fenti da dabarar mai zane ba, amma a cikin salon ladabi, mai kallon yana fuskantar mai kallo amma yana kallon baya, yanayinta yana da tsauri, tare da tarin furanni da aka watsar a ƙasa kusa da gefen babban rigarta ta al'ada.[1] [1] Ma'anar yanayinta da yanayinta ya shagaltar da masu suka. Yayin da Pigot ya ɗauki batun a matsayin "mai tsauri",[1] sauran marubuta ba su da tabbas. Jennifer Gall ta yi tunanin cewa batun yana wakiltar motsin rai mai tayar da hankali, tare da bambanci da gangan tsakanin yanayi mai daɗi da kuma magana mai raini.[2] Mai zane Carole Best ba ta cikin shakka ba, tana kammala da cewa batun "a bayyane yake an yi fushi da shi". [3] Mai kula da Anne Gray ta National Gallery of Australia ta lura da "zafin motsin rai mai yawa da ke fitowa daga batun", amma ta yi mamakin ko batun ne cewa mutumin ya fusata, ko kuma ko fuskarta za ta iya zama "ƙanƙarar murmushi?"[1]

## Manazarta
Babban Ƙarshe na Latin Amurka

Zane ***na Latin American Grand Final*** zane ne na 1969 wanda wani mai zane na Australiya John Brack ya zana. Wani ɓangare na jerin zane-zane kan jigon rawa ta ballroom da Brack ya zana a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, zanen yana nuna 'yan rawa biyu na ballroom - namiji da mace - a gasar rawa.

## Tsarin aiki
Rawar ballroom wani aiki ne da ya jawo hankalin Brack ta hanyar "rashin hankali ... wani aiki na halitta, kamar rawa, [wanda] ya mayar da shi al'ada mai wahala da ƙalubale."[1] A wani ɓangare na bincikensa, Brack ya halarci Gasar Rawar Ballroom ta Duniya ta 1967 da aka gudanar a Festival Hall da ke Melbourne.[1] Ya kuma tattara hotunan rawa ta ballroom kuma ya yi rajista don Australasian Dancing Times - mujallar rawa ta ballroom.[2]

Zanen ya nuna "masu rawa na lissom cikin rigunansu masu kyau da takalma masu takalmi masu tsayi".  Ya kuma haɗa da hoton kai na mai zane a kusurwar sama ta hagu, "ya fi sauran rauni, suna rawa shi kaɗai ba tare da abokin tarayya ba."

## Liyafar maraba
An fara nuna wannan zanen da sauran ayyukan rawa na ɗakin rawa a shekarar 1970. Duk da cewa Brack ya yi tunanin wannan baje kolin shine mafi kyawun aikinsa - har ma fiye da zane-zanensa na 1955 kamar *Collins St., ƙarfe 5 na yamma* - tallace-tallace sun yi jinkiri kuma martanin suka ya gauraye. Masu suka da yawa sun ji cewa "zane-zanen ba su da ma'ana kuma launuka suna da ban sha'awa". Duk da haka, ayyukan yanzu suna cikin shahararrun kuma ana nema a wurin mai zane.

## Asalin
Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Ostiraliya ne ya sayi wannan aikin a shekarar 1981 kuma har yanzu yana cikin tarin kayansu. 

## Manazarta
A cikin kusurwa a kan Macintyre

***A cikin wani kusurwa a kan Macintyre (Thunderbolt a cikin haɗuwa da 'yan sanda a Paradise Creek)*** akwai wani zane na 1895 da mai zane na Australiya Tom Roberts ya zana. Ana tsammanin zanen yana nuna Kyaftin Thunderbolt mai tsaron gida a cikin harbi da 'yan sanda.

Roberts ya zana hoton ne yayin da yake zaune a Newstead, wani tasha kusa da Inverell, New South Wales, inda ya kuma zana wani muhimmin aikin sa na gyaran daji mai suna Bailed up.[1]

Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Ostiraliya ne ya sayi zanen a shekarar 1971.

## Manazarta
Rashin Maza

***Zanen Maza*** zane ne na 1953 da mai zane-zanen Australiya John Brack ya yi. Zanen yana nuna cikin shagon kayan maza, ciki har da mai shi da wasu mannequins, suna tsaye a gaban nunin taye da wando. Madubi a bango yana nuna siffa ta mai zane.

Brack ya zana aikin ne lokacin da yake Babban Malamin Zane a Makarantar Grammar Melbourne. Yana ɗaya daga cikin jerin zane-zane, ciki har da Shagon Aski (1952) da Shagon Kifi (1955) na ƙananan kasuwancin manyan tituna .

Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Ostiraliya ne ya sayi zanen a shekarar 1982 kuma yanzu yana cikin tarin zane-zanen Ostiraliya.

## Manazarta
Natcho Aguirre, Santa Clara, Mexico

***Natcho Aguirre, Santa Clara, Mexico***, hoton baƙi da fari ne da Henri Cartier-Bresson ya ɗauka a shekarar 1934, lokacin da yake tafiya zuwa Mexico.

## Tarihi da bayanin
Hoton ya bayyana a tsari, amma ba a bayyana mahallinsa da ma'anarsa ba. Yana nuna a gefen hagu wani mutum, fuskarsa a yanke kuma a bayyane take kawai, yana fallasa kirjinsa mara komai da hannayensa a haɗe, tare da ɗaga hannuwansa a sama da dunkule, yayin da wandonsa a buɗe yake. Mutumin yana kama da yana cikin azaba ko farin ciki, cikin wani yanayi kamar na Kristi, kamar yana kare ko huda ƙirjinsa. Ana iya ganinsa a gefen damansa da kabad ɗin shiryayye tare da takalmi biyu.[1]

Tsarin da ke cike da sihiri da kuma sha'awa, tare da haɗakar abubuwan da ba su da alaƙa da juna, yana nuna tasirin Surrealism da kuma ra'ayin "kyakkyawa mai girgiza", wanda André Breton ya fallasa, a cikin aikin masu fasaha, kamar kuma ƙaunar Cartier-Bresson ga siffofi na geometric.  

## Tarin jama'a
Akwai kwafi na wannan hoton a cikin tarin jama'a da dama, ciki har da Gidauniyar Henri Cartier-Bresson, da ke Paris, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Metropolitan, da ke New York, da kuma Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Ostiraliya, da ke Canberra. 

## Manazarta

##
Ba a san shi ba 92

***Ba a yi wa lakabi da #92*** wani hoto mai launi ba ne da Cindy Sherman ta ƙirƙira a shekarar 1981. Hoton wani ɓangare ne na jerin hotunan *Centerfolds*, wanda ta ƙirƙira don mujallar *Artforum*, a shekarar 1981, amma ba a taɓa buga shi a can ba.

## Tarihi da bayanin
Sherman ta fito a matsayin jaruma a duk hotunan, waɗanda aka ƙirƙira kamar don tsakiyar mujallar. Ta bayyana a wannan hoton a matsayin wata matashiya mai tsoro, sanye da kayan makaranta, da siket mai laushi, sanye da gajeren gashi mai laushi, kuma tana nuna tsananin tsoro a idanunta, da alama an tura ta ƙasa, yatsunta suna riƙe da jikinta a wurin. Ba a bayyana yanayin da ke cikin hoton ga mai kallo ba, amma yana kama da wasu daga cikin jaruman mata a cikin fina-finan Alfred Hitchcock, kamar Janet Leigh a cikin Psycho da Tippi Hedren, a cikin The Birds.

Hoton ya nuna abin da mai suka Roberta Smith ta rubuta a jerin *Centerfolds* : "Sherman yana sa ka fahimci sassan daukar hoto da wani abu na musamman wanda shine ɗaya daga cikin alamun kasuwancinta. Ana ci gaba da bayyana da kuma maimaita rawar da launi, haske, yankewa, sarari, kallon ido (ko rashin shi) ke takawa kuma muna karanta su kamar yadda muke yin cikakkun bayanai game da tufafi, gyaran gashi, yanayin jiki, da kuma shimfidar bene. Duk da wannan tasirin ba wai kawai koyarwa ba ne; komai an tsara shi kuma an tsara shi ta hanyar da ta dace, ta hanyar dabara." 

Duk da cewa ba a buga shi ba, an nuna shirin *Centerfolds* a wani baje koli a shekarar 1981, inda aka yaba masa sosai, kuma hakan ya sa aka gayyaci Sherman don yin fim ɗin 7, a shekarar 1982, da kuma fim ɗin Venice Biennale. 

## Manazarta
Iyaye masu son kai

A **narcissistic parent** is a parent affected by narcissism or narcissistic personality disorder. Typically, narcissistic parents are exclusively and possessively close to their children and are threatened by their children's growing independence. Narcissistic parents are self-absorbed, often to the point of grandiosity. They also tend to be inflexible and lack the empathy necessary for child raising.

## Halaye
Narcissism, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin binciken asibiti na Sigmund Freud, ya haɗa da halaye irin su girman kai, girman kai, rauni, tsoron gazawar, tsoron rasa ƙaunar mutane, dogaro da hanyoyin tsaro, kammala, da rikice-rikicen mutum.

Domin kiyaye girman kansu da kuma kare kansu masu rauni, masu son kai suna neman iko da halayen wasu, musamman na 'ya'yansu, waɗanda suke ɗaukar su a matsayin ƙarin girman kansu. Don haka, iyaye masu son kai na iya magana game da "ɗauke da fitilar", kiyaye sunan iyali, ko kuma sa uwa ko uba su yi alfahari.[1] Suna iya zagin 'ya'yansu saboda nuna rauni, kasancewa masu ban mamaki, kasancewa masu son kai, ko rashin cika tsammaninsu.[2] 'Ya'yan masu son kai na koyon yin rawar da suka taka da kuma nuna ƙwarewarsu ta musamman, musamman a bainar jama'a ko ga wasu.[3]￼￼￼

Iyaye masu lalata kansu suna da tsari na buƙatar kasancewa mai da hankali, wuce gona da iri, neman yabo, da kuma sanya yaransu ƙasa. Ana iya amfani da hukunci ta hanyar zargi, zargi ko zamba ta motsin rai, da ƙoƙari na haifar da laifi don tabbatar da bin sha'awar iyaye da kuma ciyar da bukatar su don samar da narcissistic.

## Yaran masu son kai
Narcissism yana da alaƙa da juna, tare da iyaye masu son kai waɗanda ke samar da yara masu son kai ko masu son kai.[1][2] Duk da yake iyaye masu amincewa da kansu, ko iyaye masu kyau, na iya ba da damar ci gaban yaro mai cin gashin kansa, iyaye masu son kai na iya amfani da yaron don inganta siffar su.[3][2] Iyaye da ke damuwa da inganta kansu, ko kuma da nunawa da sha'awar yaransu, na iya barin yaron yana jin kamar ɗan tsana ga bukatun motsin rai da ilimi na iyaye.￼

Wasu batutuwan da aka saba da su a cikin iyaye masu son kai sun samo asali ne daga rashin kulawa mai kyau. Wannan na iya haifar da yaro yana jin komai, jin rashin tsaro a cikin dangantaka ta soyayya, haɓaka tsoro, rashin amincewa da wasu, fuskantar rikice-rikicen ainihi, da haɓaka batutuwan sadaukarwa.

### Sakamakon gajeren lokaci da na dogon lokaci

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Tsaro ta Kasuwanci da yawa

Multi-Agency Safeguarding Hubs (**MASH**) a cikin Ƙasar Ingila shirye-shiryen hadin gwiwa ne da aka kafa tsakanin kungiyoyi masu yawa na karewa, tare da manufar yin aiki tare don sanya wanda aka azabtar a zuciyar duk yanke shawara yayin da yake cirewa zuwa mafi girma kamar yadda zai yiwu duk wani gasa tsakanin hukumomi ko siyasa. Misali ne na ra'ayin zamani na 'Yan sanda da yawa.

## Manufofin
Manufar MASH ita ce ta hada dukkan hukumomin da ke da hannu wajen kare manya da yara masu rauni. Wannan na iya zama lokacin da suka sha wahala daga Cin zarafin gida, sakaci, cin zarafin aiki, cin zarafi na jima'i, cin zaraf na yara, cin zarafar jima'i na jima'iwa, ko duk wani aiki (yawanci ba bisa ka'ida ba) wanda ke sanya su cikin haɗarin ci gaba da lahani. Manufar MASH ita ce tabbatar da cewa lokacin da aka ba da rahoton irin wannan cin zarafin ga kowane ɗayan hukumomin da ke da hannu, duk hukumomin na iya sanin shi da sauri kuma suyi amfani da cikakken iko da zaɓuɓɓuka da ke akwai ga dukansu don sanya mafita mafi kyau don taimakawa wadanda abin ya shafa.

## Rubuce-rubuce
MASHs galibi ana kafa su ne daga kungiyoyin jama'a da na agaji, galibi sun hada da (amma ba'a iyakance su ba):

## Tarihi
MASH an haife ta ne daga gabatarwar Shirye-shiryen Tsaro na Jama'a da Multi-Agency Risk Assessment Conferences (MARAC) lokacin da aka fahimci cewa hukumomin da ke da hannu na iya zama mafi tasiri idan aka sanya hadin gwiwa na dindindin. Wannan kuma ya kawar da batutuwa da yawa da aka kirkira ta tarurrukan MARAC na lokaci, inda sau da yawa ake tattauna mutane suna da fiye da minti 10 don la'akari da shari'arsu.[undefined][1] MASHs sun fara bayyana a kusa da 2010 tare da tarin 'yan hukumomi, zuwa 2013 kashi biyu bisa uku na dukkan yankunan karamar hukuma suna da su, kuma yanzu sun zama ruwan dare.[2] An yarda da su gabaɗaya cewa Nigel Boulton ne ya aiwatar da su, wani jami'in Yan sanda na Devon da Cornwall wanda ya fahimci cewa don yin tasiri na yanke shawara, ana buƙatar bayanai da yawa kamar yadda zai yiwu.[3] Wannan ya buƙaci hadin gwiwar hukumomi da yawa fiye da yadda yake a baya.[4]￼

## Sakamakon
Bincike ya ba da shawarar cewa daga cikin duk abubuwan da 'yan sanda suka yi a cikin MASH, kashi 57.5% ne kawai aka ba da su ga ayyukan zamantakewa, kuma kashi 4.8% ne kawai na shari'o'in da suka sami wani nau'in kula da zamantakewa (misali ziyarar ma'aikacin zamantakewa). 

## Manazarta
Lodgepole Pines, Lyell Fork na Kogin Merced

***Lodgepole Pines, Lyell Fork na Kogin Merced, Yosemite National Park*** hoto ne mai launin baƙi da fari wanda Ansel Adams ya ɗauka a shekarar 1921.

## Tarihi da bayanin
Yana ɗaya daga cikin hotunan da ya ɗauka a farkon aikinsa, lokacin da yake bin salon zane, salon da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar zane, wanda nan ba da daɗewa ba zai bar shi don samun hanyar daukar hoto ta gaskiya. Wannan hoton mai taken A Grove of Tamarack Pine an haɗa shi a cikin fayil ɗinsa na Parmelian Prints of the High Sierras, wanda aka buga a 1927, kuma an san shi da wannan sunan.[1]

Hoton yana ɗaya daga cikin hotunan da ya ɗauka a wannan lokacin a Yosemite National Park. Rachel McLean Sailor ta bayyana wannan hoton a matsayin "mai kama da soyayya, tana canja wurin siminti zuwa wurare masu haske da haske, kamar mafarki". 

## Tarin jama'a
Akwai kwafi da dama na wannan hoton, wani lokacin tare da taken madadinsa, a cikin tarin gidajen tarihi da dama na fasaha, ciki har da National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, New Mexico Museum of Art, Santa Fe da National Gallery of Australia, Canberra .    

## Manazarta
Rajah Quilt

***Rajah Quilt*** babban bargo ne da mata masu laifi suka ƙirƙira a shekarar 1841 yayin da suke tafiya a cikin jirgin ruwan masu laifi Rajah daga Woolwich, Ingila, zuwa Hobart, Ostiraliya. An ƙirƙira shi ta amfani da kayan da Lydia Irving ta shirya daga ƙaramin kwamitin jigilar fursunoni na ƙungiyar mata ta Burtaniya don haɓaka gyaran fursunoni mata. Ana tsammanin Kezia Hayter, wata mace 'yar ƙasa da ke tafiya a cikin jirgin ce ta shirya kuma ta kula da aikin. An miƙa bargon ga Jane Franklin, matar Laftanar Gwamna John Franklin lokacin da ta isa Ostiraliya. Daga baya aka mayar da bargon zuwa Burtaniya don Elizabeth Fry, shugabar ƙungiyar mata ta Burtaniya. A lokacin ba a san asalin bargon ba har sai da aka sake gano shi a shekarar 1989. Yanzu haka Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Ostiraliya yana riƙe da shi.

## Tarihi
Lydia Irving ta yi aiki a ƙarƙashin kwamitin kula da fursunonin fursunoni mata na Burtaniya na Elizabeth Fry, kuma ta sami nasarar kuɗi lokacin da ta shawo kan hukumar sojojin ruwa don samar da "kyautai" ga waɗanda aka yanke wa hukuncin. Waɗannan kayan aikin sun haɗa da wuƙaƙe, cokali mai yatsu, aprons da kuma kayan ɗinki.[1] A cikin shekaru 25 da Fry ya yi yana aiki da ƙungiyar, an jigilar mata 12,000 a cikin jiragen ruwa 106. Shirin shine ziyartar kowane jirgi a daren da ya gabaci jirgin don kwantar da hankalin matan da ke kan hanyarsu ta zuwa Ostiraliya.[2]

An samar da kayan dinki ga fursunoni mata 180 da aka daure a cikin jirgin *Rajah* . Har yanzu ana san sunayen matan. An tattara su daga ko'ina cikin Burtaniya, kuma an yanke musu hukunci a Inverness, Aberdeen, Lincolnshire, Devon da kuma kotun manyan laifuka. Jirgin ya tashi daga Woolwich a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 1841 kuma ya isa a ranar 19 ga Yuli, 1841 a Hobart da ke Tasmania . A lokacin tafiyar, wasu daga cikin matan sun yi dinki da dinki kayan a cikin wani murfin da aka yi amfani da shi wanda yanzu ake kira bargon Rajah. Ana kyautata zaton cewa mai shirya wannan bargon ita ce Kezia Hayter wacce ita ce mace daya tilo 'yar'uwa. Ta fito ne daga gidan yarin Millbank don taimaka wa Franklin wajen kafa kwamitinta don yin kwaikwayon wanda ke Birtaniya. Ana tsammanin yanzu da mata kusan 29 suka shiga ciki. Matan da ke cikin jirgin sun tuna da aikin ƙaramin kwamitin da aka yanke wa hukunci. Bargon ya ƙunshi saƙon da aka yi wa ado da zare na siliki wanda ke nuna godiya ga "kwamitin jiragen ruwa masu laifi". An gabatar da bargon ga matar gwamnan, Jane Franklin. Rubutun da ke kan bargon ya ce:

## Manazarta
Ministan Rigakafin Rikicin Cikin Gida da Harin Jima'i

Minista Rigakafin Rikicin Cikin Gida da Harin Jima'i, minista ne a New South Wales">Gwamnatin New South Wales wanda ke da alhakin hana tashin hankali na gida da cin zarafin jima'i a New South Wales, Australia .

Rage tashin hankali a kan mata yana daya daga cikin manufofi wajen kafa Ministan Matsayin Mata a cikin Ma'aikatar Fahey ta uku a 1993. [1] An kirkiro wani fayil na rigakafin cin zarafin gida da cin zarafin jima'i a Ma'aikatar Baird ta biyu. An kara tsaron mata a cikin taken fayil ɗin a cikin ma'aikatar Perrottet ta biyu lokacin da Natalie Ward ta riƙe fayil ɗin.[1]￼

Tare da dawowar Labor zuwa mulki a Zaben 2023, fayil ɗin ya koma ga asalinsa. Ministan yanzu, tun daga 5 ga Afrilu 2023, shine Jodie Harrison da ke Aiki a Ma'aikatar Minns. Ministan yana goyon bayan Babban Lauyan a cikin gudanar da wannan fayil ɗin ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Al'ummomi da Adalci da sauran hukumomin gwamnati. A ƙarshe, ministocin suna da alhakin Majalisar dokokin New South Wales.￼ 

## Jerin ministoci
Wadannan mutane sun yi aiki don Rigakafin Rikicin Cikin Gida da Harin Jima'i ko duk wani lakabi da ya gabata:

## Manazarta
Jaridar Rikicin Iyali

Jaridar Family Violence wata mujallar kimiyya ce ta kwata-kwata da ake nazari da ita don nazarin tashin hankali na iyali. An kafa shi a cikin 1986 kuma Springer Science + Business Media ne suka buga shi. Babban edita shine Rebecca J. Macy (UNC School of Social Work). A cewar Jaridar Citation Reports, mujallar tana da tasirin tasirin 2020 na 2.183. [1]￼

## Manazarta
Warlugulong

***Warlugulong*** wani zane ne na acrylic da aka yi a shekarar 1977 ta wani mai zane ɗan asalin ƙasar Australiya Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri. Kamfanin Commonwealth ne ya mallaki wannan aikin tsawon shekaru da yawa, dillalin zane Hank Ebes ne ya sayar da shi a ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2007, wanda ya kafa tarihi a matsayin wani aikin fasaha na zamani na 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya da aka saya a gwanjo lokacin da National Gallery of Australia ta saya shi kan dala A$2.4&nbsp;miliyan. Zane-zanen sun nuna labarin wani kakanni mai suna Lungkata, tare da wasu mafarki takwas da ke da alaƙa da yankunan da Clifford Possum ke da ilimin gargajiya game da su. Yana misalta wani salon zane na musamman da masu fasaha na Papunya Tula suka ƙirƙira a shekarun 1970, kuma ya haɗa wakilcin shimfidar wuri da hotunan al'ada. Mai sukar fasaha Benjamin Genocchio ya bayyana shi a matsayin "aikin da ke da matuƙar muhimmanci ga ƙasa [kuma] ɗaya daga cikin mahimman zane-zanen Australiya na ƙarni na 20". 

## Bayani
Zane-zanen zamani na 'yan asalin ƙasar Ostiraliya sun samo asali ne daga mutanen ' yan asalin ƙasar Papunya, waɗanda ke da nisan kusan  arewa maso yamma da Alice Springs a cikin Hamadar Yammacin Ostiraliya, wanda ya fara zane a 1971. Ƙaramin shine Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri, wanda babban ɗan'uwansa Tim Leura Tjapaltjarri ya ƙarfafa shi.  Wasu daga cikin mazan sun ƙirƙiri wani salon zane mai ban mamaki wanda, tun daga kusan 1976, ya haifar da ƙirƙirar ayyuka da yawa na "abin tunawa" waɗanda suka haɗa da wakilcin ƙasashensu na gargajiya da kuma zane-zane na bikin.   Clifford Possum shine farkon wanda ya yi wannan sauyi ya fara da wani zane mai alaƙa, wanda kuma aka yi wa lakabi da *Warlugulong* (1976), wanda yanzu haka Gidan Tarihi na New South Wales ke riƙe da shi. Hotunan biyu suna cikin biyar da mai zane ya ƙirƙira tsakanin 1976 da 1979 waɗanda suka haɗa zane-zanen labarai masu tsarki da wakilcin ƙasa na ƙasarsa - ƙasar da yake da ita kuma wacce yake da ilimin gargajiya game da ita. Hotunan mai zane na wannan lokacin suna da rikitarwa a gani, kuma suna ɗauke da nau'ikan siffofi iri-iri, waɗanda aka haɗa su da ƙaƙƙarfan siffofi na bango da tsari.

## Zane
An ƙera shi da fenti na roba na polymer akan zane, [1] da kuma babban tsayin 2 by 3.3 metres (6.6 ft × 10.8 ft), girman aikin an ɗauko shi ne daga wani wuri mai nisan 300 kilometres (190 mi) "arewa maso yammacin Alice Springs da ke da alaƙa da mafarkin hamada mai ƙarfi".[2] Clifford Possum sau da yawa yakan yi aiki tare da wasu masu fasaha, musamman ɗan'uwansa Tim Leura, kuma 'yan'uwan tare suka ƙirƙiri aikin 1976 mai suna iri ɗaya. [3] [2] Mai sukar fasaha Benjamin Genocchio ya ambaci aikin 1977 a matsayin wanda 'yan'uwa suka yi; [2] duk da haka, National Gallery of Australia ya danganta shi da Clifford Possum kawai.[4] Kamar sauran ayyuka huɗu na lokacin waɗanda suke taswira ta alama ta ƙasar mai fasaha, zanen yana tare da zane-zane masu bayanin hotuna da bayanan da ke bayyana mafarkin da suka haɗa. [5]

## Manazarta
Brian Kennedy (darakta na tashar)

**Brian Patrick Kennedy** (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, 1961) daraktan gidan kayan tarihi ne na fasaha wanda aka haifa a ƙasar Ireland wanda ya yi aiki a Ireland da Ostiraliya, kuma yanzu yana zaune kuma yana aiki a Amurka. Ya kasance darektan gidan kayan tarihi na Peabody Essex da ke Salem na tsawon watanni 17, ya yi murabus a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2020. Ya kasance darektan gidan kayan tarihi na Toledo da ke Ohio daga 2010 zuwa 2019. Ya kasance darektan gidan kayan tarihi na Hood na fasaha daga 2005 zuwa 2010, da kuma gidan kayan tarihi na ƙasa na Ostiraliya ( Canberra ) daga 1997 zuwa 2004.

## Sana'a
A halin yanzu Brian Kennedy yana zaune kuma yana aiki a Amurka bayan ya bar Ostiraliya a shekarar 2005 don jagorantar Gidan Tarihi na Hood na Fasaha a Kwalejin Dartmouth. A watan Oktoba na 2010 ya zama Darakta na tara na Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Toledo.[1] A ranar 1 ga Yuli na 2019, ya maye gurbin Dan Monroe a matsayin babban darakta kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na Gidan Tarihi na Peabody Essex.[2]

### Rayuwar Farko da Aiki a Ireland
An haifi Kennedy a Dublin kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Clonkeen. Ya sami digirin BA (1982), MA (1985) da PhD (1989) daga Kwalejin Jami'a-Dublin, inda ya yi karatun tarihin fasaha da tarihi.

Ya yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Ireland (1982), Hukumar Turai, Brussels (1983), da kuma a Ireland a ɗakin karatu na Chester Beatty (1983–85), Ofishin Littattafan Gwamnati (1985–86), da kuma Ma'aikatar Kuɗi (1986–89). Ya auri Mary Fiona Carlin a shekarar 1988.  

Ya kasance Mataimakin Darakta a National Gallery of Ireland da ke Dublin daga 1989 zuwa 1997. Ya kasance Shugaban Ƙungiyar Masana Tarihi na Fasaha ta Ireland daga 1996 zuwa 1997, da kuma Majalisar Daraktocin Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha ta Australiya daga 2001 zuwa 2003. A watan Satumba na 1997 ya zama Daraktan Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Australia.

## Manazarta
James Mollison

**James Mollison** AO (20 Maris 1931 &#x2013; 19 Janairu 2020) ya kasance mukaddashin darakta na National Gallery of Australia (NGA) daga 1971 zuwa 1977 kuma darekta daga 1977 zuwa 1989. Ya kasance darektan National Gallery of Victoria daga 1989 zuwa 1995.

## Rayuwar farko da aiki
An haifi Mollison a Wonthaggi, Victoria, kuma ya kammala karatunsa a Kwalejin Malaman Sakandare (wanda yanzu haka yana cikin Sashen Ilimi na Jami'ar Melbourne ). Ya kasance jami'in ilimi a Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Victoria a shekarun 1960 da 1961 kuma darektan *Gallery A*,Toorak, a shekarun 1964 da 1965. Ya kasance darektan Gidan Tarihi na Ballarat Fine Art a shekarun 1967 da 1968.

## Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Ostiraliya
Daga 1969 zuwa 1971, Mollison ya kasance jami'in zartarwa na Hukumar Ba da Shawara kan Fasaha ta Commonwealth (CAAB) kuma jami'in baje kolin a Sashen Firayim Ministan Commonwealth. Ayyukansa na asali su ne ba da shawara kan mallakar fasaha ta Gwamnati (an ba da izinin mallakar fasaha ta Australiya kawai), yin kundin tarin kayan tarihi na ƙasa da kuma shirya baje kolin fasahar Australiya a ƙasashen waje.

Duk da haka, gazawar Gwamnatin Gorton na naɗa darektan NGA ya buƙaci Mollison ya shiga cikin haɓaka ƙirar ginin. A watan Nuwamba na 1970, CAAB ta yanke shawarar cewa za a sake masa suna a matsayin mataimakin darakta (ci gaba). 

Sabon firayim minista, William McMahon, ya sanar da nadin Mollison a matsayin daraktan riƙo na NGA a watan Oktoban 1971, [1] kuma an kira tayin gina ginin Gallery a watan Nuwamban 1972 don ɗaukar zane-zane waɗanda aka tattara aka kuma nuna a kusa da Majalisar Dokoki, a ofisoshin Commonwealth, gami da ofisoshin diflomasiyya a ƙasashen waje, da kuma Gidajen Tarihi na Jiha tun daga 1910.

## Manazarta
Nick Mitzevich

**Nick Mitzevich** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1970) shine darektan National Gallery of Australia (NGA) da ke Canberra, mukamin da ya rike tun watan Yulin 2018. Daga shekara ta 2010 har zuwa lokacin da aka nada shi a NGA a watan Afrilun 2018, shi ne darektan Art Gallery of South Australia da ke Adelaide.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Nick Mitzevich a shekarar 1970. Shi ne ɗan Chrisoula, ɗan asalin Girka, kuma mahaifin Nick Mitzevich ɗan Macedonia. Nick Jr shi ne ɗan fari kuma tilo ɗa, tare da ƙannensa mata uku, waɗanda duk suka girma a ƙaramin gonar iyayensu [1] a Abermain, [2] a wajen Cessnock, a cikin Hunter Valley na New South Wales. Ya ce iyayensa sun dage cewa 'ya'yansu "su yi wani abu don wani dalili mai kyau", amma kuma "mu bi sha'awarmu". Ya kasance yaro mai jin kunya, mai son kai.[1] Ya ce shekarunsa na farko a matsayin "ɗan manomi" ga iyayensa sun taimaka wajen tsara.

Iyayensa ba su da alaƙa da fasaha, amma abubuwa biyu sun kai matashin Nick Mitzevich zuwa ga aikinsa na yanzu: mahaifiyarsa ta saya masa kwafin littafin Robert Hughes na shirin talabijin nasa *mai suna The Shock of the New* lokacin yana ɗan shekara 15; kuma bayan 'yan shekaru, wani yawon buɗe ido na makaranta ya kai shi wani babban baje koli a Gidan Tarihi na New South Wales, mai suna *Gold of the Pharaohs*, wanda ya yi masa babban tasiri.

## Sana'a

Mitzevich ya fara aikinsa a matsayin malamin fasaha a Jami'ar Newcastle . A shekarar 1999, an ba shi aikin kula da harkokin fasaha a kan kwangilar ɗan gajeren lokaci a NGA, amma ya yanke shawarar ƙin amincewa da hakan ya koma jami'ar.

### 2001–2010: Newcastle da UQ
Ya gudanar da Gidan Tarihi na Newcastle na tsawon shekaru shida (2001–2007), wanda a lokacin aka yaba masa da sauya gidan tarihi ta hanyar mai da hankali kan hulɗar al'umma, shirye-shirye, tallatawa, da haɓaka tarin abubuwa. An naɗa shi darektan Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Jami'ar Queensland  a watan Yulin 2007, matsayin da ya riƙe na tsawon shekaru uku.

### 2018: NGA
A ranar da aka fara aiki a National Gallery of Australia a ranar 2 ga Yuli 2018,  Tim Fairfax, mataimakin shugaban NGA, ya bayar da gudummawar A$2 don kafa gidan adana kayan tarihi na yara na dindindin. Mitzevich ya yi tafiya zuwa London (inda ya haɗu da tsohon ministan fasaha kuma babban kwamishinan Burtaniya George Brandis ) da Turai da kuma Arnhem Land da Perth, WA, cikin 'yan watanni da naɗin da aka yi masa, sannan ya fara sake rataye tarin kayan tarihin Australiya, yana mai da su zuwa jerin abubuwan da suka faru a baya maimakon jerin abubuwan da suka faru a kansu.

## Manazarta
Gerard Vaughan (masanin tarihin fasaha)

**Gerard Ronald Vaughan** AM FAHA (an haife ta a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 1953) masanin tarihin fasaha ne kuma mai kula da fasaha na Australiya. Ya kasance darektan National Gallery of Victoria daga 1999 zuwa 2012, kuma shine darektan National Gallery of Australia daga 2014 zuwa 2018.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Vaughan a Devonport, Tasmania, a shekarar 1953. Ya yi karatu a Melbourne a Kwalejin 'Yan'uwa ta Christian, St Kilda da Jami'ar Melbourne inda ya kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin Fasaha tare da Daraja da kuma Digiri na biyu a fannin Fasaha, inda ya rubuta takardar neman digirinsa kan mai zane-zane na Faransa Maurice Denis. 

## Oxford
A shekarar 1981, Vaughan ya yi binciken digirin digirgir a Jami'ar Oxford kan tattara kayan tarihi na Romawa a Ingila a ƙarni na 18, inda ya mai da hankali kan Charles Townley, mai tarawa da kuma kayan tarihi na zamanin da, a cikin yanayin ɗanɗanon zamani. Ya zauna a Ingila tsawon shekaru goma sha takwas, yana riƙe da mukamai da dama na ilimi a can a matsayin malami mai ziyara, mazaunin Kwalejin Wolfson, mai ba da shawara a Felton Bequest a National Gallery of Victoria, da kuma sakataren sirri na Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Oxford, Sir Patrick Neill, daga baya kuma, Sir Richard Southwood . A shekarar 1991, an naɗa Vaughan mataimakin darakta na Campaign for Oxford, wanda jami'ar ta yi kira da a tara kuɗi. A shekarar 1994, an naɗa Vaughan a matsayin Daraktan Bunƙasa Gidajen Tarihi na Burtaniya, tare da alhakin tallafawa Babban Kotun Norman Foster.[1]

## Manazarta
Ron Radford

**Ronald Warwick Radford** AM wani mai kula da gidan tarihi ne na ƙasar Australiya, wanda ya kasance darektan gidan tarihi na ƙasar Australiya (NGA) daga 2004 zuwa 2014. A da shi ne Daraktan Gidan Tarihi na Kudancin Ostiraliya da ke Adelaide .

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Ronald Warwick Radford  a Warragul, Victoria, Ostiraliya, a shekara ta 1949.  Ya halarci Kwalejin Scotch, Melbourne, sannan ya halarci Jami'ar Melbourne da Jami'ar RMIT.

A shekara ta 2006, Jami'ar Adelaide ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Doctor of Letters (D.Litt.) saboda dukkan littattafai, ƙasidu, labarai, da kasidu da ya rubuta ko ya gyara a lokacin aikinsa na mai kula da fasaha da kuma darektan gallery har zuwa wannan lokacin. 

## Sana'a
Ya kasance jami'in ilimi a National Gallery of Victoria a 1971 da 1972. Ya kasance darektan Ballarat Fine Art Gallery daga 1973 zuwa 1980, matsayin da a da darektan kafa NGA, James Mollison, ya riƙe. 

Daga 1980 zuwa 1988, ya kasance mai kula da zane-zane da sassaka na Turai da Ostiraliya a Gidan Tarihi na Kudancin Ostiraliya.[1] A matsayinsa na darektan tsakanin 1990 [2] da 2004, ya gina tarin zane-zane na Ostiraliya, musamman daga lokacin mulkin mallaka, ya sami karɓuwa sosai a cikin zane-zanen Asiya kuma ya faɗaɗa tarin Renaissance.[1]

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Australiya ta Fasaha ta zamani

**Cibiyar Fasaha ta Zamani ta Australiya** ( **ACCA** ) wani gidan tarihi ne na zamani a Melbourne, Ostiraliya. Gidan tarihin yana kan titin Sturt a cikin Melbourne Arts Precinct, a cikin yankin Southbank. An gina ginin ne ta Wood Marsh Architects, kuma an kammala shi a shekara ta 2002, kuma ya haɗa da kayan aiki na kamfanin rawa na Chunky Move da Malthouse Theatre.

Myles Russell-Cook ta kasance Darakta Mai Zane kuma Shugabar Cibiyar tun daga shekarar 2024.

## Tarihi
An kafa cibiyar a shekarar 1983, kuma ta koma gidanta na yanzu a shekarar 2002. 

A watan Disamba na 2015, an sanar da Max Delany, wanda a da shi ne babban mai kula da fasahar zamani a National Gallery of Victoria, a matsayin Daraktan Fasaha na ACCA, inda ya maye gurbin daraktan fasaha Juliana Engberg mai barin aiki.[1] Ya fara aikin AD da Shugaba a watan Fabrairun 2016.[2] A watan Nuwamba na 2024, bayan murabus din Delany, an nada Myles Russell-Cook a matsayin Shugaba kuma Daraktan Fasaha. Kafin ACCA, Russell-Cook shi ne Babban Mai Kula da Fasaha na Australia da na Farko a National Gallery of Victoria.

## Gine-gine

Wood Marsh ne ya tsara ginin ACCA kuma aka kammala shi a shekarar 2002. Ya ƙunshi manyan wurare guda huɗu na gallery, tare da Malthouse da ACCA sun samar da farfajiya a tsakiyar ginin wanda ake amfani da shi azaman wurin wasan kwaikwayo da nunin waje. Ginin ya kuma haɗa da ɗakunan gwaji guda biyu da wuraren gudanarwa na kamfanin rawa Chunky Move da kuma babban wurin gini na Malthouse.

## Manazarta
Betty Churcher

**Elizabeth Ann Dewar Churcher** AO ( *née* **Cameron** ; 11 ga Janairu 1931 31 Maris 2015) ta kasance mai kula da fasaha ta Australiya, wacce aka fi sani da darektan National Gallery of Australia daga 1990 zuwa 1997. Ta kuma kasance mai zane a cikin rayuwarta tun farkon rayuwarta.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Elizabeth Cameron a ranar 11 ga Janairu, 1931 a Brisbane. Tun tana da shekaru 7 zuwa 15 ta halarci makarantar Somerville House, kakarta ce ta biya kuɗin makarantar. A can ne Patricia Prentice ta koyar da ita fasaha. Ta bar makaranta bayan aji 10 saboda mahaifinta bai yi tunanin tana buƙatar ƙarin ilimi ba.

A shekarar 1942, tana 'yar shekara 11, Churcher ta ga *An Kori* Blandford Fletcher a Gidan Tarihi na Queensland, wanda hakan ya ba ta kwarin gwiwa ta zama mai zane.  Bayan ta bar makaranta, ta yi karatu a ƙarƙashin mai zane Caroline Barker.

Churcher ta lashe kyautar tallafin karatu ta Royal Queensland Art Society [1] a fannin tafiye-tafiye zuwa Turai kuma ta halarci Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal da ke Landan. Ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Fasaha daga Kwalejin Fasaha ta Courtauld, Jami'ar Landan, a shekarar 1977.[2]

## Ganewa
A shekarar 1996, hoton Churcher da ɗanta, Peter Churcher, ya zana, mai taken *Betty at Home,* ya zo na ƙarshe a kyautar Archibald . Ana ba da kyautar ne saboda "mafi kyawun zane-zanen hoto na wani namiji ko mace da aka fi sani da Fasaha, Wasiku, Kimiyya ko Siyasa". Davida Allen ta zana hotonta a shekarar 1990, mai taken *Hey Betty*. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

A shekara ta 2001, an shigar da Churcher cikin jerin sunayen mata na Victorian Honours Roll of Women . 

## Iyali
Betty ta auri Roy (1933–2014)  kuma tana da 'ya'ya maza huɗu da jikoki bakwai. Ɗaya daga cikinsu shi ne mai zane Peter Churcher .

## Manazarta
Robin Smith (mai wasan cricket)

**Robin Arnold Smith**(13 Satumba 1963 - 1 Disamba 2025) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan Afirka ta Kudu. Ya kasance wani ɓangare na tawagar Ingila wacce ta gama a matsayin masu cin gaba a gasar cin Kofin Duniya na Cricket na 1992.
An ba Smith lakabi da Alƙali ko Alƙali saboda kamaninsa da alƙali lokacin da ya yi dogon gashinsa. Kamar ɗan'uwansa Chris, bai iya buga wa ƙasar da aka haife shi ba saboda cire mulkin wariyar launin fata daga wasan kurket na duniya, amma saboda yana da iyayen Burtaniya ya cancanci buga wa Ingila.
Ya buga wa Ingila wasa a jerin gwaje-gwaje goma sha ɗaya na gida da kuma yawon shakatawa shida na ƙasashen waje daga 1988 zuwa 1996. Smith ya fi saninsa da iyawarsa game da wasan bowling mai sauri, tare da abin da aka dauka a matsayin alamar kasuwanci wanda ya buga da karfi. Ya horar da shi ya zama masanin halayyar dan adam.
## Ayyukan gundumar
A cikin wasan kurket na gundumar, Smith ya buga wa Hampshire wasa, ya zama Kyaftin din su daga 1998 zuwa 2002, kafin ya yi ritaya daga wasan kurket ta farko a shekara ta 2003. Ya taimaka wa Hampshire ta lashe Kofin Benson da Hedges a shekarar 1988 da 1992, da kuma NatWest Trophy a shekarar 1991, inda ya lashe lambar yabo ta wasan a wasanni biyu na karshe.
Har sai Kevin Pietersen (wani dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Ingila wanda aka haifa a Afirka ta Kudu) Hampshire ya sanya hannu daga Nottinghamshire a shekara ta 2005, Smith shine dan wasan ƙwanƙwasa Ingila mafi nasara a Hampshire tun bayan C. B. Fry.
## Rayuwa da mutuwa daga baya
Bayan ya yi ritaya daga wasan kurket na gundumar a ƙarshen kakar 2003, Smith ya koma Ostiraliya don taimakawa wajen gudanar da masana'antar kwalkwali Masuri. Bayan ya sha wahala daga matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da damuwa, ya yi aiki a kamfanin tufafin ɗan'uwansa kuma ya gudanar da makarantar horar da kansa. A cikin 2016, Smith tana karatun digiri a fannin kimiyyar halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Swinburne, Melbourne .
Smith ya mutu a gidansa a Perth, a ranar 1 ga Disamba 2025 yana da shekaru 62. Tsohon abokin aikinsa Kevan James ne ya sanar da mutuwarsa.
#### MANAZARTA
Masu zane-zane Space Gallery

**Gidan Tarihi na Artists Space Gallery** wani gidan tarihi ne na fasaha na Australiya wanda ke nuna yawancin hotuna, da sauran kafofin watsa labarai, har zuwa shekarun 1980 a Melbourne . 

## Gidauniya

An kafa gidan hotunan a shekarar 1978  ta hannun mai zane da mai ɗaukar hoto na Melbourne Wes Placek.     aikinsa Sophie Nowicka, mai zane da mai zane, ta haɗu da shi a farkon shekarun 1980, wadda ta taimaka wajen gudanar da gidan hotunan da kuma zaɓen nunin faifai.

## Wuri
Lokacin da aka buɗe shi, hoton ya mamaye saman bene na wani shago a babban titin 127 Buckley St., kusa da tashar jirgin ƙasa a yankin Essendon mai aiki. A shekarar 1987, an mayar da Gallery ɗin, kusa da Melbourne CBD kuma tsakanin sauran gidajen tarihi da ke ƙaruwa.[1] Duk da cewa ya kuma nuna wasu kafofin watsa labarai, yana cikin ɗakunan hotunan daukar hoto na zamani na The Photographers' Gallery, Brummels da Church Street ne suka farfaɗo da wurin a matsayin wani nau'in fasaha. Sabon wurin, wanda ya ninka girman bene sau huɗu, [2] yana cikin tsohon ma'ajiyar kaya a North Fitzroy a 150 Park Street a kusurwar Best Street, a gaban wani wurin shakatawa mai layi wanda aka ƙirƙira daga Inner Circle Railway Line wanda ya rufe a 1981.

## Manazarta
Gidan shakatawa na baya

**Backwoods Gallery** wani gidan tarihi ne na zamani wanda ke cikin unguwar Melbourne ta Collingwood, Ostiraliya.

## Tarihi
An buɗe Backwoods Gallery a bayan titunan Collingwood a shekarar 2010 da nufin nuna fasahar zamani ta masu fasaha masu tasowa daga Ostiraliya da kuma ko'ina cikin duniya. Membobin Everfresh Studio da al'ummar 25 Easey St ne suka kafa Backwoods.[1]

## Nunin Nunin

### Nunin Nunin 2010

## Manazarta
Tarihin Queer na Australiya

**Taskar Tarihin Queer ta Australiya** ( **AQuA** ) (wanda a da ake kira Taskar Tarihin 'Yan Madigo da 'Yan Luwadi ta Australiya - ALGA) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke da al'umma da ta himmatu wajen tattarawa, adanawa da kuma bikin abubuwan da ke nuna rayuwa da gogewar 'yan madigo, 'yan luwadi, masu luwadi, masu canza jinsi da kuma masu jinsi tsakanin jinsi a Ostiraliya LGBTI. Tana cikin Melbourne .  An kafa Taskar Tarihin ne a matsayin wani shiri na Babban Taron 'Yan Madigo na Kasa na 4, Sydney, Agusta 1978, bisa ga aikin da ya gabata na Shugaban da ya kafa Graham Carbery. Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, tarin ya karu zuwa sama da kayayyaki 200,000 (mita 500 na shiryayye), wanda ya zama mafi girma kuma mafi mahimmanci tarin kayan da suka shafi LGBT na Ostiraliya da kuma mafi girman tarin kayan LGBT a Ostiraliya, kuma cibiyar bincike mafi shahara don tarihin 'yan madigo, 'yan madigo, masu jinsi biyu, masu jinsi daban-daban da kuma masu jinsi daban-daban a Ostiraliya. 

## Tarin
Tarin AQuA ya ƙunshi nau'ikan kayan ɗakin karatu, kayan tarihi, kayan tarihi da kuma kayan tarihi, gami da takardu na sirri da bayanan ƙungiyoyi, mujallu, littattafai, fosta, hotuna, na gani na sauti (Betamax, VHS, fim ɗin 8mm, DVD, da sauransu), rikodin sauti (tarihin baki, shirye-shiryen rediyo, jawabai na taro, da sauransu), yanke jaridu, rubuce-rubuce, labarai da ƙasidu, ephemera (misali fosta, da'ira, gayyata, kati, kalanda, da sauransu), bajoji, rigunan T-shirt, tutoci, abubuwa, abubuwan dijital da aka haifa, da sauransu.[1] [2]

Tarin ya fi ƙarfi a cikin riƙon da ya shafi farkon gwagwarmayar 'yancin 'yan luwaɗi a Ostiraliya (watau 1970–); duk da haka, tarin ya haɗa da abubuwan da suka gabata kamar littafin waƙoƙin soyayya tsakanin mutane biyu daga Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya [1] da littattafan tarihi na Monte Punshon daga shekarun 1920 zuwa 1930.[2]

AQuA ta kuma tattara tarin bayanai masu yawa game da muhimman fannoni na rayuwar LGBTI a Ostiraliya, ciki har da: bukukuwan alfahari kamar Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras, Midsumma da Bikin Biki; ilimin HIV/AIDS da fafutuka; ƙungiyoyin addini musamman ƙungiyoyin Kirista da ƙungiyoyin tallafi; ƙungiyoyin wasanni da abubuwan da suka faru musamman Wasannin Gay; leather, kink da BDSM.

## Manazarta
Kyautar Nommo

Kyautar Nommo kyaututtuka ne na wallafe-wallafen da The African Speculative Fiction Society ta gabatar. Kyaututtukan sun san ayyukan almara na 'yan Afirka, waɗanda aka bayyana a matsayin " almara ta kimiyya, mafarki, labarun sihiri da imani na gargajiya, madadin tarihi, tsoro da abubuwan ban mamaki waɗanda bazai dace a ko'ina ba. "[1]

Kyautar Nommo tana da nau'o'i huɗu: Mafi kyawun Labari, Labari, Takaitaccen Labari, da Labari na Hotuna. An sanya musu suna ne bayan Nommo, ruhohin kakanninmu daga ilimin sararin samaniya na Dogon waɗanda ke ɗaukar siffofi daban-daban, gami da bayyana a ƙasa a matsayin kifi, suna tafiya a kan wutsiyensu.

## Ƙungiyar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigatattun Afirka

The African Speculative Fiction Society (ASFS) tana inganta fiction kimiyya da fantasy ta 'yan Afirka. Membobinta sun hada da marubuta, editoci, masu zane-zane da masu bugawa. An kafa shi a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, 2016 tare da mambobi 58 na yarjejeniya, ASFS da Nommo Awards kungiya ce ga masu sana'a na fiction / fantasy na kimiyya na Afirka.

Membobin suna zabarwa da jefa kuri'a a kan Nommo Awards for African Speculative Fiction . "ASFS za ta samar da wurin da marubuta, masu karatu, da malamai za su iya taruwa don neman bayanai, haɗawa da juna, da kuma aiki a matsayin masu tsaro don bukatun su. " Chinelo Onwualu, wanda ya kafa Omenana 

## Mambobin Yarjejeniyar 2016
The African Speculative Fiction Society 58 mambobi na asali na 2016 . 

## Tsarin tambarin

Alamar Nommo Awards da alamun ASFS an tsara su ne a cikin 2016 ta hanyar Stephen Embleton. Alamar hoto ne na Nommo a cikin ilimin sararin samaniya na Dogon, tagwayen da ke ƙasa zasu iya ɗaukar nau'in kifi yana tafiya a kan wutsiyoyin su."Nomo ruhohin kakanninmu ne na almara (wani lokacin ana kiransu alloli) waɗanda Mutanen Dogon na Mali ke bauta wa. Kalmar Nommo ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Dogon ma'anar "don yin abin sha ɗaya. "An bayyana Nommos a matsayin amphibious, hermaphroditic, kifaye-kamar halittu. Hotunan gargajiya na Nommos suna nuna halittu tare da jikin mutum na sama, kafafu / ƙafafu, da ƙananan ƙuƙwalwa da wutsiya. An kuma kira Nommos "Masters of the Water", "Monitors", da "Malamai". Nommo na iya zama sunan da ya dace na mutum, ko kuma yana iya komawa ga ƙungiyar ruhohi gaba ɗaya. Don dalilan wannan labarin "Nommo" yana nufin takamaiman mutum kuma ana amfani da "Nommos" don ambaton ƙungiyar halittu. "

## Wadanda suka ci nasara da gajerun jerin wadanda aka zaba

### Labari
An kuma san lambar yabo ta Novel a matsayin lambar yabo ta Ilube Nommo don Mafi kyawun Labarin Labari na Afirka. Tom Ilube ne ya sanya masa suna kuma ya dauki nauyinsa.

### Labari

### Takaitaccen Labari

### Labari mai hoto

## Bayani

## Manazarta