Anna Politkovskaya

**Anna Stepanovna Politkovskaya**  ( née Mazepa ;  30 ga Agusta 1958 - 7 ga Oktoba 2006) 'yar jarida ce mai bincike a Rasha wadda ta ba da rahoto kan abubuwan da suka faru na siyasa da zamantakewa a Rasha, musamman Yaƙin Chechen na Biyu (1999–2005).  An same ta da laifin kashe ta a cikin lif na ginin gidanta da ke Moscow a ranar 7 ga Oktoba 2006, ranar haihuwar Vladimir Putin. 

Rahotonta daga Chechnya ne ya sanya ta shahara a ƙasa da ƙasa.  Tsawon shekaru bakwai, ta ƙi daina bayar da rahoto game da yaƙin duk da ayyukan tsoratarwa da tashin hankali da yawa. Sojojin Rasha sun kama Politkovskaya a Chechnya kuma an yi mata kisan gilla . An ba ta guba yayin da take tashi daga Moscow ta hanyar Rostov-on-Don don taimakawa wajen magance rikicin garkuwa da mutane na makarantar Beslan ta 2004, kuma dole ta koma baya, tana buƙatar kulawa mai kyau a Moscow don dawo da lafiyarta.

An mayar da labaranta na bayan shekarar 1999 game da yanayin Chechnya zuwa littattafai sau da yawa;  Babban damar da masu karatu na Rasha ke samu wajen bincikenta da wallafe-wallafenta ita ce ta hanyar *Novaya Gazeta*, wata jaridar Rasha da ke ɗauke da rahotanni masu mahimmanci kan harkokin siyasa da zamantakewa na Rasha. Tun daga shekarar 2000 zuwa gaba, ta sami kyaututtuka da dama na duniya saboda aikinta. A shekarar 2004, ta buga littafin *Putin na Rasha*, wani labari na sirri game da Rasha ga masu karatu na Yamma. 

A ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2006 (cika shekaru 54 na shugaban Rasha Vladimir Putin ),  an kashe ta a cikin lif na rukunin gidajenta, kisan gilla da ya jawo hankalin duniya .    A shekarar 2014, an yanke wa mutane biyar hukuncin daurin rai da rai saboda kisan, amma har yanzu ba a san wanda ya ba da umarnin ko ya biya kuɗin kisan gillar ba. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Anna Stepanovna Mazepa a birnin New York a shekarar 1958,  'yar jami'an diflomasiyyar Soviet na Ukraine a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Stepan Fedorovich Mazepa (1927–2006) daga Kostobobriv, da Raisa Aleksandrovna ( née Novikova ; 1929–2021) daga Kerch a Crimea . Mahaifinta ɗan asalin ƙasar Ukraine ne kuma ya halarci makarantar koyon harshen Ukraine a Chernihiv kafin mamayar Nazi a shekarar 1941 ga Tarayyar Soviet . Ya haɗu da mahaifiyarta a wata makarantar dare ta harshen Rashanci a Kerch bayan yaƙin yayin da yake aiki a cikin rundunar sojojin ruwa .  A shekarar 1952, an shigar da mahaifinta karatu a wata cibiya da ke Moscow, kuma iyayenta sun yi aure a can.  An naɗa mahaifinta cikin tawagar Ukraine a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a zamanin Khrushchev . Ya zama memba na farko na Kwamitin Musamman kan Wariyar Launin Fata a shekarar 1962, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin sakatarensa har zuwa 1974. 

Iyayenta sun sayi wani gida a tsakiyar Moscow a shekarar 1962   kuma Politkovskaya galibi ta girma a can. Ta halarci makarantar kiɗa kuma ta horar da yin tsere kan kankara ; a cewar mahaifiyarta, an san ta da yawan amfani da ɗakin karatu na Krupskaya na gida.  Ta kammala karatunta daga makarantar aikin jarida ta Jami'ar Jihar Moscow a shekarar 1980 tare da rubuta takardar digiri game da waƙoƙin Marina Tsvetaeva .    Shugaban sashen koyarwa a lokacin shine , abokiyar Mazepas kuma babban baƙon da suke yawan zuwa New York.  Ta auri ɗalibi Alexander Politkovsky a shekarar 1978; a shekarar 1981 sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu, Ilya da Vera.  Da farko Alexander ya shahara sosai, inda ya haɗu da ɗan jaridar talabijin Vladislav Listyev a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin masu masaukin baki a shirin talabijin na dare *Vzglyad* . Baya ga shekarun yarintarta, Politkovskaya ba ta wuce makonni kaɗan a wajen Rasha ba a kowane lokaci, ko da lokacin da rayuwarta ta shiga cikin barazana. Ta kasance 'yar ƙasar Amurka kuma tana da fasfo na Amurka, kodayake ba ta taɓa barin zama ɗan ƙasar Rasha ba. 

## Aikin jarida

### Farko
Politkovskaya's initial employment was with *Izvestia*, the organ of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, in 1982. According to her ex-husband in 2011, it was a brief internship in the mailroom and her only journalistic engagement during the 1980s as he failed to assist her career. In her son's words, until the mid-1990s she "wasn't even a journalist, she was a housewife". Her own later account stated that "Sasha's work ... kept me from doing my own thing". She is said by Politkovsky to have worked temporarily as a cleaner at the Mayakovsky Theatre. However, after the spell at *Izvestia* she soon held another internship at the *Vozdushnyi transport* (*Воздушный транспорт*, the in-house magazine of the Ministry of Civil Aviation), as a reporter and editor of the Aeroflot emergencies and accidents section. As recalled by Politkovsky, her first travel assignment was on the plane crash in Omsk (1984). The correspondent role came with an unlimited air ticket, which enabled her to travel widely across the country and observe Russian society. She was privy to developments in the media sphere through her husband, "Russia's number one television journalist" from 1987 onwards, and shared his political interests. In the 1990 film about the Politkovsky family, she was portrayed as her husband's "assistant". By the time of the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, she experienced threats against their family, which forced her teenage son's exile in London in 1992. She was a columnist for the socio-political newspaper **', founded in 1990, before it turned into a tabloid serving [[Labaran ƙarya|fake news]] in September 1994. She was professionally involved in the creative union Eskart – which by 1991 offered advertising services through its partnership with major media outlets, such as the All-Union Radio, the organ of the Ministry of Railways **', **', ''Literaturnaya Gazeta'', ''Moskovskiye Novosti'', **', *Ogoniok*, *Oktyabr*, *Sovetskaya Kultura*, **', and ''Trud'' – and in the [[Saint-Petersburg|St Petersburg]] publishing house Paritet, founded in 1992.

Aikin Politkovskaya ya fara ne bayan raguwar tasirin mijinta bayan rikicin kundin tsarin mulki na Rasha na 1993.  Daga 1994 zuwa 1999, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar babban edita na **', karkashin jagorancin Yegor Yakovlev, inda ta kan yi rubutu akai-akai game da matsalolin zamantakewa, musamman mawuyacin halin 'yan gudun hijira. Daga watan Yunin 1999 zuwa 2006, ta rubuta ginshiƙai ga jaridar *Novaya Gazeta* mai mako biyu, wata jarida mai rahotannin bincike mai ƙarfi wacce ta soki sabuwar gwamnatin bayan Soviet tun daga farko. Ta buga littattafai da dama da suka lashe kyaututtuka game da Chechnya, rayuwa a Rasha, da Rasha a ƙarƙashin Vladimir Putin, ciki har da *Rasha ta Putin* .  

### ''Littafin Tarihin Rasha''
A watan Mayu na 2007, Random House ta buga littafin Politkovskaya mai suna A Russian Diary bayan mutuwarta, wanda ya ƙunshi sassa daga littafinta na rubutu da sauran rubuce-rubuce. Littafin mai taken A Journalist's Final Account of Life, Corruption, and Death in the Putin's Russia, ya ba ta labarin lokacin daga Disamba 2003 zuwa Agusta 2005, gami da abin da ta bayyana a matsayin "mutuwar dimokuradiyya ta majalisar dokoki ta Rasha", rikicin garkuwa da mutane a makarantar Beslan, da kuma "hunturu da bazara na rashin gamsuwa" daga Janairu zuwa Agusta 2005. [1] Saboda an kashe ta "yayin da ake kammala fassarar, dole ne a ci gaba da gyara na ƙarshe ba tare da taimakonta ba", in ji mai fassara Arch Tait a cikin wata sanarwa ga littafin. [2]

"Wa ya kashe Anna da kuma wanda ya kwanta a bayan wanda ya kashe ta har yanzu ba a san shi ba", Jon Snow, babban mai gabatar da labarai na Channel 4 na Burtaniya ya rubuta a cikin gabatarwar littafin a Burtaniya. "Kisan da ta yi ya saci da yawa daga cikinmu muhimman hanyoyin samun bayanai da tuntuba," ya kammala, "Duk da haka, a ƙarshe, za a iya ganin ya taimaka wajen shirya hanyar fallasa duhun da ke tsakiyar rayuwar Rasha. Dole ne in yarda cewa na gama karanta *Littafin Rubutu na Rasha* yana jin cewa ya kamata a ɗauke shi sama a sauke shi daga sama da yawa a cikin tsawon da faɗin Uwar Rasha, don duk mutanenta su karanta." 

## Manazarta