Carbfix

**Carbfix** kamfani ne na Icelandic wanda aka kafa a cikin 2. Ya haɓaka hanyar adana CO2 har abada ta hanyar narkar da shi cikin ruwa da kuma yin allurarsa a cikin duwatsu. Da zarar a cikin ƙasa, CO2 da aka yi amfani da shi yana amsawa tare da dutsen mai masaukin da ke samar da ma'adanai na carbonate, don haka yana ba da ajiya na dindindin na CO2 da ake amfani da shi 

Kimanin tan 200 na CO 2 an yi musu allura a cikin basalts na ƙasa a cikin allurar matukin jirgi na farko a SW-Iceland a cikin 2012. Sakamakon binciken da aka buga a 2016 ya nuna cewa 95% na CO 2 da aka yi wa allurar an ƙarfafa shi cikin ƙididdiga a cikin shekaru 2, ta amfani da ton 25 na ruwa na ruwa .    Tun daga shekara ta 2014, ana amfani da wannan fasaha don fitar da iskar wutar lantarki ta Hellisheiɗi Geothermal Power Plant. H 2 S da CO 2 ana ɗaukar su tare daga rafi na tashar wutar lantarki kuma ana adana su ta dindindin kuma amintacciya ta wurin ma'adinan carbon na cikin-wuri a wurin reinjection na Húsmúli.  Tsarin yana ɗaukar kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na iskar CO 2 (12,000 tCO 2 / y) da 60% na iskar H 2 S (6,000 thH 2 S / y) daga tashar wutar lantarki. Aikin Silverstone yana da nufin tura cikakken sikelin CO 2 kama, allura, da ma'ajiyar ma'adinai a Hellisheiɗi Geothermal Power Plant daga 2025 zuwa gaba. 

Carbfix a halin yanzu yana aiki da shafukan allura guda huɗu a Iceland dangane da Hellisheiði Geothermal Power Plant: Nesjavellir Geothermal power Plant, Orca kai tsaye air capture plant kusa da Hellishe iði da kuma cikin CO2 Seastone project a Helguvík (duba babi "Yanayin yanzu").

## Tarihi
Shugaban Iceland na lokacin, Dokta Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson, Einar Gunnlaugsson ne suka kafa Carbfix a Reykjavík Energy, Wallace S. Broecker a Jami'ar Columbia, Eric H. Oelkers a CNRS Toulouse (Faransa), da Sigurður Reynir Gíslason a Jami'an Iceland don iyakance hayakin gas a Iceland. Reykjavik Energy ta samar da kudade na farko don Carbfix. Hukumar Tarayyar Turai da Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka sun ba da ƙarin kuɗi. Baya ga gano sabuwar hanyar ajiyar carbon dioxide ta dindindin, wani burin aikin shine horar da masana kimiyya.

## Hanyar da ake amfani da ita

Ana narkar da CO2 da aka kama a cikin ruwa, ko dai kafin ko a lokacin allura a cikin mafic ko ultramafic formations, kamar basalts. Za'a iya bayyana rushewar CO2 a cikin ruwa kamar haka:

CO2 (g) + H2 (l) H2 (aq) 

Sanya H3+ (aq) + HCO3- (aq) 

Sashin 2H3+ (aq) + CO3- (aq) 

Ta hanyar narkar da CO 2 a cikin ruwa nan take solubility tarko samu, wanda shi ne na biyu mafi amintacce tsarin tarko na CO 2 ajiya:  Babu CO 2 kumfa ne ba a cikin CO 2 - caja ruwa, wanda shi ne ya ci gaba da denser fiye da ruwan da yake ba a cikin samuwar, sabõda haka, CO 2 - cajin ruwa yana da maimakon yanayin nutsewa zuwa sama zuwa sama. 

Ruwan da aka caje CO 2 yana da acidic, yawanci yana da pH na 3-5 dangane da matsa lamba na CO 2, abun da ke ciki na ruwa, da zafin jiki na tsarin. Ruwan da aka caje CO 2 yana amsawa tare da duwatsun ƙasa kuma yana narkar da cations kamar Calcium, Magnesium, da Iron.  Rushewar ma'adinan silicate mai cation; alal misali, rushewar pyroxene, ma'adinai na yau da kullum a basalt da peridotite, za'a iya bayyana kamar:

2H3O+ + (Ca,Mg,Fe)SiO3 = Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+ + H4SiO4  + H2O

Cations na iya amsawa tare da narkewar CO2 don samar da ma'adanai na carbonate, kamar su Calcite (CaCO3), Magnesite (MgCO3), da Siderite (FeCO3), wani martani wanda za'a iya bayyana shi kamar haka:

Ca2+,Mg2+,Fe2+ (aq) + CO3- (aq) → CaCO3 (s), MgCO3 (es), FeCO3 (os) 

Tsarin dutse na Ultramafic da mafic sun fi dacewa saboda babban halayensu da yalwarsu a cikin cations na ƙarfe. Matsayin da aka saki cations ya samar da ma'adanai ya dogara da kashi, pH da zafin jiki.

## Ayyuka
Bincike da yin allurar ruwan carbonated a matsin lamba a cikin duwatsu na basaltic a Hellisheiði an kiyasta ya kai kasa da $ 25 a kowace tan na carbon dioxide da aka tsare.

Wannan aikin ya fara allurar carbon a cikin 2012. Jami'ar Iceland, Jami'ar Columbia, Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Faransa, Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka, EU, kudaden Nordic da Reykjavik Energy ne suka samar da kudade.

Wadannan hanyoyin samar da kudade sun hada da shirin bincike da kirkire-kirkire na Horizon na Tarayyar Turai a karkashin yarjejeniyar tallafi No. 764760 da 764810. Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta hanyar ayyukan CarbFix (EC hadin gwiwa 283148), Min-GRO (MC-RTN-35488), Delta-Min (PITN-GA-2008-215360), da CO-REACT (EC Project 317235). Asusun Nordic 11029-NORDICCS; Asusun Binciken Geothermal na Iceland (09-02-001) ga S.R.G. da Reykjavik Energy; da Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka a ƙarƙashin lambar yabo DE-FE0004847.

Kudin yana kusa da US $ 2 a kowace tan na CO2.

## Ƙalubalen
Reinjection na ruwa mai zafi daga Hellisheiði Geothermal Power Plant ya fara ne a filin reinjection na Húsmúli, a watan Satumbar 2011. Gudanar da shafin sakewa ya haifar da girgizar ƙasa mai mahimmanci wanda aka ji a cikin al'ummomin da ke kusa. An magance wannan matsala ta hanyar gabatar da sabon aikin aiki inda ake ɗaukar matakan rigakafi don rage wannan haɗarin, gami da daidaita yawan allurar. Aiwatar da aikin ya haifar da raguwar yawan abubuwan da suka faru na girgizar kasa na shekara-shekara mafi girma fiye da girman 2 a yankin daga 96 a 2011 zuwa ɗaya a cikin 2018,  wanda aka ɗauka mai gamsarwa kuma yana nuna cewa ayyukan yanzu suna cikin iyakokin tsari.

Carbfix started injection of CO2 captured from the Hellisheiði Geothermal Power Plant and dissolved in condensate from the plant’s turbines into one of the existing reinjection wells in the Húsmúli reinjection field in April 2014. No increased seismicity was noted after the injection of CO2 started implying that seismicity is not induced by the injection of the condensate-dissolved CO2.

## Matsayi na yanzu

Carbfix a halin yanzu yana aiki da shafukan allura guda huɗu a Iceland tare da jaddada allurar CO2 da aka kama daga tushen CO2, CO2 da ake kamawa kuma a kai shi wurin allurar, da CO2 da ke kamawa kai tsaye daga yanayi ta amfani da fasahar kama iska kai tsaye (DAC). 

### Maɓallin kamawa da ajiyar ma'adanai na CO<sub>2</sub>
Carbfix tun watan Yuni 2014 ya kama kuma ya yi allurar CO 2 da hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) daga Gidan Wuta na Hellisheiɗi Geothermal Power Plant. Ana narkar da iskar gas ɗin a cikin narkar da injin turbines na masana'antar wutar lantarki a cikin wani hasumiya na gogewa na musamman da aka ƙera kuma ana allurar da su zuwa zurfin mita 750 a ƙarƙashin ƙasa zuwa cikin duwatsun basaltic.   A halin yanzu kusan 68% na H 2 S da 34% na CO 2 daga hayakin shuka ana kama su da allura, wanda ya kai kimanin tan 12,000 na CO 2 a kowace shekara, kuma kusan tan 5,000 na H 2 S a kowace shekara.  Sakamako ya nuna cewa sama da 60% na CO 2 da aka yi wa allurar an sanya ma'adinai a cikin watanni 4 na allura, kuma sama da 85% na allurar H 2 S a cikin watanni 4 na allura. 

Carbfix a halin yanzu yana aiki a kan fadada ayyukan a Hellisheiði Geothermal Power Plant ta hanyar aikin Asusun Innovation na EU Silverstone, yana da niyyar samar da wutar lantarki ta geothermal daga 2 ta hanyar kama sama da 95% na CO2 da 99% na H2 daga hayakin shuka. Wannan yana da asusun har zuwa tan 40,000 na CO2 kuma har zuwa tan 12,000 na H2S a kowace shekara.

Carbfix tun daga farkon 2 ya fara kamawa da allurar CO2 da H2S daga Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Plant a SW-Iceland a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin GECO na Turai Horizon 2020.  Ana amfani da wannan hanyar kamar yadda yake a Hellisheiði Geothermal Power Plant, amma tare da ingantaccen kammalawa na hasumiyar tsaftacewa. Ana narkar da iskar gas a cikin kwantar da hankali daga turbines na shuka kuma ana yin allurar a cikin basaltic a ƙasa da 900 m.

### Injection da ajiyar ma'adanai na CO<sub>2</sub> da aka kama daga sararin samaniya ta amfani da fasahar kama iska kai tsaye
An yi allurar CO2 ta farko a duniya da aka kama daga yanayi a Hellisheiði a SW-Iceland a cikin 2, a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin CarbFix2 na Turai H2020. An kama CO2 ta amfani da na'urar Direct Air Capture (DAC) wanda kamfanin Swiss green-tech Climeworks ya kirkira. Daga nan sai a narke CO2 a cikin ruwa kuma a yi amfani da shi a cikin basaltic.

A cikin 2, an ba da izinin DAC na kasuwanci na farko a duniya tare da masana'antar ajiya, Orca, a Hellisheiði tare da haɗin gwiwar Climeworks da Carbfix. Shuka tana da ikon kama har zuwa tan 3,600 na CO2 kai tsaye daga yanayi wanda aka yi amfani da shi cikin basalts don adana ma'adanai na dindindin.

A cikin 2024 Climeworks da Carbfix suna ba da izini ga masana'antar Mammoth DAC, tare da damar kama har zuwa tan 36,000 a kowace shekara wanda za a yi allurar a cikin basalt don ajiyar ma'adinai na dindindin a Geothermal Park a Hellisheiði . 

### Kama CO<sub>2</sub>, sufuri da adanawa
An fara nuna jigilar CO2 a kan iyaka a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin DemoUpCarma a watan Agusta 2.2" [./Carbfix#cite_note-35 [1] Ofisoshin Tarayyar Switzerland ne suka ba da kuɗin aikin kuma ETH ce ta jagoranta. An kama CO2 daga wani masana'antar inganta gas a Bern, Switzerland, kuma an kai shi Iceland inda aka fara yin allurar a shafin Hellisheiði. Shafin allurar DemoUpCarma na yanzu yana cikin Helguvík, Iceland, inda aka haɗa CO2 tare da ruwan teku a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin R&D CO2Seastone . 

A watan Yulin 2021, an ba Carbfix kyautar tallafin bincike mafi girma da aka ba wani kamfani na Icelandic, lokacin da aka zaba shi don tallafin Asusun Innovation na EU na Yuro miliyan 15 don aikin Coda Terminal.

Za a haɓaka tashar ta Coda a Straumsvík, SW-Iceland a matsayin tashar jigilar carbon ta farko da tashar ajiya a Iceland. CO₂ za a kama shi a wuraren masana'antu a cikin N-Europe, yana mai da hankali kan sashin da ba a iya jurewa ba, sannan a tura shi zuwa Terminal inda za a sauke shi a cikin tankunan da ke bakin teku don ajiya na wucin gadi. Daga nan za a jefa CO₂ cikin hanyar sadarwa na rijiyoyin allura da ke kusa inda za a narkar da shi cikin ruwa yayin allura a cikin tudun basaltic. Za a haɓaka ayyukan a cikin matakan da suka kai har zuwa ton miliyan 3 na CO₂ a kowace shekara daga 2031. [1] Don kwatanta, CO - watsi da Iceland, wata ƙasa da wasu mutane 400,000, ya bambanta tsakanin 3,340,000 tonnes (3,290,000 long tons; 3,680,000 short tons) (2020) da 3,810,000 tonnes (3,750,000 long tons; 4,200,000 short tons) (2008) a cikin lokacin 2007-2023. [2] Bangaren makamashi na Iceland yana cikin mafi ƙarancin iskar carbon da aka samar a kowace naúrar wutar lantarki da ake samarwa saboda yawan shigar wutar lantarki da makamashin ƙasa. Koyaya, amfani da wutar lantarki na kowane mutum yana da girma da ban mamaki saboda yawan buƙatun makamashi na smelts na aluminium na Iceland.

## Manazarta