Yanayin ƙasar Odisha

Odisha (wanda aka fi sani da Orissa) yana ɗaya daga cikin jihohi 2 a Jamhuriyar Indiya . Odisha tana cikin gabashin tsibirin Indiya kuma Bay of Bengal yana gabashinsa yayin da Chhattisgarh ke raba iyakarta a yamma da arewa maso yamma. Har ila yau, jihar tana da iyakokin ƙasa tare da West Bengal a arewa maso gabas, Jharkhand a arewa da Andhra Pradesh a kudu. Jihar ta bazu a kan yanki na 1,55,707 km2 kuma ta kai kilomita 700 daga arewa zuwa kudu da kilomita 500 daga gabas zuwa yamma. Yankin bakin tekun yana da tsawon kilomita 450. An raba jihar zuwa gundumomi 30 waɗanda aka sake raba su zuwa tubalan 314 da ake kira tahasil .&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

A fannin jiki, Odisha ta ƙunshi filayen bakin teku, tsaunuka na tsakiya, yankunan tsaunuka masu tsakiya, filayen ambaliyar ruwa, da tsaunuka. Kimanin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jihar yana da murfin kore.

Mahanadi ita ce kogi mafi girma a jihar kuma yankin da ke tattare da shi ya rufe kashi 42% na jihar. Akwai wasu manyan koguna da yawa da ke gudana ta jihar kamar su Subarnarekha, Brahmani, Baitarani, da Vansadhara.

Tafkin Chilika, wanda ke kan gabar gabashin jihar yana daya daga cikin manyan tafkunan ruwa mai laushi a duniya. Baya ga haka akwai wasu tabkuna da yawa a cikin jihar kamar Anshupa, Tampara, da Kanjia.

A fannin ilimin ƙasa jihar tana da wasu daga cikin tsofaffin duwatsu a duniya. Odisha kuma ta ƙunshi cratons guda biyu (misali Arewacin Odisha Craton da Yammacin Odisha craton), waɗanda sune tsari na sedimentary daga lokacin Cretaceous. Ana samun su a wurare da yawa kuma suna da gida ga ajiyar kwal. Yankin bakin teku sun hada da mafi yawan raƙuman ruwa na Mahanadi, Brahmani, Baitarani, kogin Subarnarekha na zamanin Quaternary.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya
Yanayin Odisha ya ƙunshi filayen bakin teku masu kyau a gabas da ke da iyaka da Bay of Bengal. Yankunan tsaunuka da tsaunuka suna zaune a tsakiyar jihar. Yankin Yamma da arewa maso yammacin jihar sun kunshi tsaunuka masu juyawa. Har ila yau, jihar tana da wasu manyan filayen ambaliyar da ke kewaye da tsarin kogi.

Yankin yamma da arewacin jihar suna daga cikin tsaunin Chota Nagpur. Yankin bakin teku sun hada da filayen ruwa masu kyau da kwarin kogin Mahanadi, Brahmani, da Baitarani, wanda ya shiga cikin Bay of Bengal.

31.41% na Odisha suna da gandun daji. Akwai wuraren kare namun daji da yawa a Odisha. Gidan shakatawa na Simlipal wani wurin shakatawa ne na kasa da kuma ajiyar tiger tare da babban gandun daji mai laushi tare da magudanan ruwa kuma tigers, giwaye, da sauran namun daji suna zaune. Gidan kula da namun daji na Bhitarkanika, kuma wurin shakatawa na kasa, yana kare crocodiles tun shekara ta 1975. 

Tafkin Chilka, tafkin ruwa mai laushi a bakin tekun Bengal, kudu da bakin Kogin Mahanadi, shine tafkin mafi girma a bakin tekuna a Indiya. An kare shi da Chilka Lake Bird Sanctuary, wanda ke dauke da nau'ikan tsuntsaye masu ƙaura da mazauna sama da 150.

Dutsen da ya fi girma a jihar shine Deomali (1672 m), wanda ke cikin gundumar Koraput a kudancin Odisha .  Har ila yau, yana daya daga cikin tsaunuka mafi tsawo na Gabashin Ghats. Deomali wani bangare ne na tsarin tsaunukan Chandragiri-Pottangi .

Jihar Odisha ta shimfiɗa daga 17.31N latitude zuwa 22.31N latitud kuma daga 81.31E longitude zuwa 87.29E longitude.

## Rarrabawar jiki
 
Ana iya raba Odisha zuwa manyan yankuna biyar na Physiographic bisa ga ci gaba, homogeneity da sauran halaye na physiographical:

# Utkal Plains ko filayen bakin teku na gabas
# Tsakiyar tsakiya
# Yankin tsakiya na tsaunuka da tsaunuka
# Yammacin tsaunuka masu juyawa,  da
# Babban filayen ambaliyar ruwa

Filayen Tekun Odisha ko Filayen Utkal sune siffofin ƙasa na asali na kwanan nan. A fannin ilimin ƙasa sun kasance daga zamanin Paleogene da Neogene (kimanin shekaru miliyan 65 zuwa 2.6 da suka gabata). Yankin yammacin su yana kusa da 250 feet gabashin ghats kuma suna da kusan madaidaiciyar bakin teku a gabas. Wannan yankin ya shimfiɗa daga tafkin Subarnarekha a arewa zuwa tafkin Rushikulya a kudu.

Babban bangare na wannan yankin ya samo asali ne daga manyan koguna shida watau Mahanadi, Brahmani, Budhabalanga, Subarnarekha, Baitarani, da Rushikulya. Wannan ya haifar da sunayen kamar "Gift of Six Rivers" ko "Hexadeltaic region". Ya shimfiɗa a bakin tekun Bay of Bengal tare da matsakaicin faɗin kusa da Mahanadi Delta (Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiya). Ya fi ƙanƙanta a cikin Arewacin Coastal Plain a cikin Gundumar Baleshwar (wanda ake kira Balasore Plain) kuma ya fi ƙanshin a cikin Kudancin Coastal Filayen a Gundumar Ganjam (wanda ake kiranta Ganjam Plain).

Yankin Arewacin Coastal ya ƙunshi deltas na Budhabalanga da Subarnarekha, Yankin da ya fi faɗi kuma mafi girma shine Yankin Tsakiyar Coastal wanda ya ƙunshi deltes na kogin Mahanadi, Brahmani, da Baitarani. Wannan yankin yana da tabkuna da yawa kuma akwai shaidar 'bays' na baya. Kudancin Coastal Plain ya ƙunshi filin tafkin Chilika da Kogin Rushikulya.

#### Yankin tsaunuka da tsaunuka na tsakiya
Yankin tsakiyar tsaunuka da tsaunuka shine mafi girma na yankuna na yanki kuma ya mamaye kusan kashi uku cikin huɗu na jihar.  Yankin galibi ya ƙunshi tsaunuka da tsaunukan Gabashin Ghats waɗanda ke tashi da ƙarfi a gabas kuma suna gangara a hankali zuwa tudun muntsira a yamma wanda ke gudana daga arewa maso yamma (Mayurbhanj) zuwa kudu maso yamma (Malkangiri).  Geologically samuwar ya tsufa sosai.  Wani yanki ne na Tsibirin Indiya wanda wani yanki ne na tsohuwar ƙasar Gondwanaland.[1]  Koguna na Odisha da ƙorafinsu sun yanke zurfin zurfi da kunkuntar kwari a wannan yanki.  Dutsen Odisha kuma ana kiransa da Garhjat Hills.  Wannan yanki yana da alamar magudanar ruwa da dama.  Yawan kwarin kogin masu faɗi daban-daban da filayen ambaliya sun rarraba Gabashin Ghat a wannan yankin.  Matsakaicin tsayin wannan yanki yana da kusan mita 900 sama da matsakaicin matakin teku.  Mafi girman kololuwa shine Deomali..&nbsp;

#### Tsakiyar Tsakiya
Filayen suna daga cikin gangaren yammacin Gabashin Ghats. Yawanci suna da tsaunuka masu lalacewa tare da tsawo daban-daban daga mita 305 zuwa 610. Akwai tsaunuka biyu masu faɗi: (i) tsaunin Panposh-Keonjhar Pallahara ya ƙunshi tafkin Upper Baitarani a arewacin jihar, kuma (ii) tsaunin Nabrangpur-Jeypore ya ƙunshi tafnin Sabari a kudancin jihar.&nbsp;

Yankin da ke juyawa na yamma suna da tsawo daban-daban daga mita 153 zuwa mita 305. Wadannan sun fi ƙasa da tsawo fiye da tsaunuka.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Ya ƙunshi waɗannan tsaunuka masu banbanci.

# Rairangpur rolling upland - Wannan yankin ya ƙunshi arewacin yankin Mayurbhanj. Yankunan suna daga cikin kwandon Subarnarekha, kuma suna gangara zuwa arewa.
# Keonjhar rolling upland - Wannan yankin yana daga cikin gundumar Kendujhar kuma yana kan iyakar Keonjhar Plateau. Yana daga cikin kogin Baitarani.
# Rourkela tana juyawa - Wannan wani bangare ne na gundumar Sundergarh kuma yana kan tafkin Upper Brahmani.
# Bolangir-Bargarh-Rairkhol yana juyawa a kan tudu - Wannan wani bangare ne na gundumomi da yawa kuma yana kan Upper Mahanadi da kuma tafkin da ke cikinta.
# Aska tana juyawa - Wannan yana cikin Gundumar Ganjam a kan tafkin Upper Rushikulya .
# Rayagada tana juyawa - Wannan tsaunuka na daga cikin gundumar Rayagada kuma tana kan kogin Nagavali da Vansadhara.
# Yankin Malkangiri mai juyawa - Yana kan kudancin Odisha, wannan yankin yana kan tafkin Sabari-Machhkund na yankin Dandakaranya.

#### Babban Filayen Ambaliyar
Wadannan filayen ambaliyar ruwa an kafa su ne saboda manyan koguna a cikin tsaunuka, tsaunuka da tsaunuka. Tsawon ya bambanta daga 75 zuwa 153m. Manyan filayen ambaliyar ruwa guda tara na Odisha sune:

# Filayen ambaliyar ruwa na Baripada
# Filin ambaliyar Anandapur
# Filin ambaliyar ruwa
# Filin ambaliyar Bhuban
# Filin ambaliyar Sonepur
# A filin ambaliyar ruwa na Athagarh
# Filin ambaliyar Aska
# Filayen ambaliyar ruwa
# Filin ambaliyar ruwa na Malkangiri

## Ilimin ƙasa
Geology na Odisha yana da rikitarwa kuma ya bambanta. Jihar gida ce ga wasu tsoffin dutsen da ke duniya. An samo dutse na biyu mafi tsufa a duniya a Champua, Kendujhar wanda ke da shekaru biliyan 4.2.  Odisha wani bangare ne na bangarori biyu da ake kira North Orissa Craton da West Orissa craton . Akwai toshe na uku da ake kira Eastern Ghats Granulite Belt . An dauke shi a matsayin 'belin motsi' a lokacin tsakiyar Proterozoic Era. Wadannan tsari sun rabu da juna ta hanyar iyakokin kuskuren yanki masu zurfi. Ana kiran iyakokin kuskuren arewacin Orissa (yana gudana tare da kwarin Mahanadi - wanda ake kira 'Mahanadi Rift') da kuskuren iyakar yammacin Orissi.

Arewacin Orissa Craton ya ƙunshi manyan tsarin ƙarfe, masu shigowa da dutse, da kuma tarurruka masu tasowa na Archaean zuwa farkon Proterozoic. Ana bin su da dutsen dutse mai laushi na zamanin Proterozoic.

Yammacin Orissa Craton yana ƙarƙashin abubuwan da suka faru na dutse na zamanin Archaean da kuma dutse mai laushi na zamanin Proterozoic. Ana iya samun ƙananan abubuwan da suka faru na Archaean banded iron formations da greenstones.

Gabashin Ghats Granulite Belt yafi kunshe da tsarin Khond da matsakaiciyar Charnockites, granites, Migrmatites, da kuma tsarin pegmatites na gida wanda ya rufe kusan 52 km2. Ana samun abubuwan da ke faruwa na Anorthosites, duwatsun alkaline da duwatsun ultramafic masu ɗauke da chromite kusa da iyakokin toshe. Sunan Khondalite ya samo asali ne daga kabilar Khond da ke zaune a Odisha.&nbsp;

Kamancin lithology, abubuwan da suka faru na tectono, da manyan fasalulluka, misali Mahanadi rift, sun sanya Odisha kusa da Gabashin Antarctica.

Daga baya ana samun tsarin ilimin ƙasa kamar Gondwana basins a Odisha. Mahanadi Master Basin yana da babban ɓangare na tafkin Gondwana na Odisha. Ana fallasa sediments na Gondwana a cikin kwarin da aka samu a kwarin Ib River, Talcher, Katringia, Gaisilat, Athmallik, Chhatrapur, da Athgarh. Wadannan ajiya an kiyasta su ne daga farkon Permian zuwa farkon Cretaceous a cikin shekaru. Yawancin ajiyar kwal na Odisha ana samun su a wannan yankin.

Yankin Gabashin Odisha ya kunshi mafi yawa daga tsaunuka na deltaic na kogin Mahanadi, Brahmani, Baitarani, Subarnarekha, ban da wuraren aeolian da na ruwa. Yankin gabashin Odisha ya samo asali ne a zamanin post-Cretaceous kuma an canza shi sosai a lokacin Quaternary saboda ci gaban kogin kogin da tasirin glaciation da deglaciation. Rashin Quaternary na gabar gabashin Odisha ya ƙunshi laterites da yumbu marasa ƙarfi, silts, yashi, da dutse.

## dazuzzuka
 

Kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na Odisha yana rufe dazuzzuka waɗanda ke da kusan 37.34% na jimillar ƙasar jihar.  Wadannan gandun daji sun rufe yawancin kudanci da yammacin Odisha.  Filayen gabas da ke kusa da bakin teku suna cike da filayen noma.  Gandun daji na Odisha ya fadada sama da fadin murabba'in kilomita 58,136.869 daga cikin dazuzzukan da ke da murabba'in murabba'in kilomita 26,329.12 (kilomita murabba'in 10,165.73), dazuzzukan da aka kayyade sun kai murabba'in murabba'in murabba'in 11,687.079 (4,512 mil) da ba a kare ba.  fadin murabba'in kilomita 3,638.78 (kilomita 1,404.94) mi.  Sauran nau'ikan dazuzzuka sun kai murabba'in kilomita 16,261.34 (kilomita 6,278.54) yayin da dazuzzukan da ba a tantance su ba sun kai murabba'in kilomita 20.55 (kilomita 7.93) na jimillar gandun daji.  Gwamnatin Jihar Odisha kuma tana rarraba gandun daji bisa ga yawan su.  Kimanin kilomita murabba'in 538 (mil mil 208) na ƙasar an ware su a matsayin dazuzzukan dazuzzukan da ke da yawan alfarwa sama da kashi 70, 27,656 murabba'in kilomita (10,678 murabba'in mil) mi) na gandun daji an rarraba su a matsayin matsakaicin murfi mai ƙanƙara mai girma mai girman murabba'in kilomita 40 zuwa 700, da kashi 700 (kimanin murabba'in kilomita 7,800).  mil)mi) na filaye an rarraba su azaman buɗaɗɗen gandun daji tare da yawan alfarwa na kashi 10 zuwa 40..

Yawancin manyan koguna na Odisha suna gudana zuwa gabas kuma a ƙarshe sun ɓace cikin Bay of Bengal. Koyaya, dangane da tushen ana iya rarrabe su zuwa ƙungiyoyi huɗu:

* Kogunan da suka samo asali a waje da Odisha (Brahmani, Subarnarekha, Ib, da Mahanadi).
* Koguna da suka samo asali a Odisha (Baitarani, Budhabalanga, Salandi, da Rushikulya).
* Koguna waɗanda suka samo asali a cikin Odisha, amma suna gudana ta wasu jihohi (Bahuda, Kogin Vamsadhara, da Kogin Nagavali).
* Koguna waɗanda suka samo asali a cikin Odisha, amma suna da alaƙa da koguna waɗanda ke gudana ta wasu jihohi (Machkund, Kogin Sileru, Kogin Kolab, da Kogin Indravati).

### Mahanadi
Mahanadi shine kogin Odisha mafi girma kuma na shida mafi girma a Indiya.  Ba a san ainihin asalinsa ba amma ana iya samun mafi nisa daga tsaunin Sihawa na Bastar Plateau a gundumar Dhamtari a Chhattisgarh.  Yana da kusan kilomita 851 (kilomita 494 a Odisha) kuma wurin kama shi ya bazu kan 141,600 km2, [1] daga ciki 65,580 km2 (42% na yankin jihar) yana cikin Odisha.  Kogin yana ɗaukar ruwa kusan miliyan 92,600 A cikin iyakokin Odisha, Mahanadi's Tributaries sun hada da Ib, The Ong, da Tel.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

**Kogin Tel** yana daya daga cikin manyan koguna na Odisha. Ya samo asali ne a kusa da Jharigaon a cikin gundumar Nabarangpur kuma yana gudana ta cikin gundumomin Kalahandi, Balangir, Sonepur na Odisha kuma a ƙarshe ya haɗu da Mahanadi kusa da Sonepur. Yana tafiya kilomita 2 kuma yana da yanki na 22818 km2 . Kogin Udanti ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa ga Tel. Ya samo asali ne daga Chhatishgarh kuma yana gudana ta cikin gundumomin Kalahandi da Nuapada kuma ya haɗu da kogin Tel.&nbsp;&nbsp;

**2" href="./Ib_River" id="mwAWo" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ib River">Kogin Ib** ya samo asali ne a cikin tsaunuka kusa da Pandrapet a tsawo na mita 762 (2,500 ft). Ya ratsa gundumomin Raigarh da Jashpur na gundumomin Chhattisgarh, Jharsuguda da Sundargarh na Odisha, kuma a ƙarshe ya sadu da Mahanadi a Hirakud. Yana tafiya kilomita 251 kuma yana da yanki na 12,447 km2 . &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

**Kogin Ong** yana gudana a fadin Odisha kuma ya haɗu da Mahanadi kilomita 2 daga Sonepur inda Tel ya haɗu. Kogin yana tafiya kilomita 204 kafin ya hadu da Mahanadi. Yana zubar da yanki na kimanin 5,128 km2 .&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Baya ga wadannan koguna uku, Mahanadi yana da masu goyon baya a Chatishgarh, wato Seonath, Hasdeo, Jonk da Mand. Mahanadi reshe ne a kusa da Naraj Bridge wanda yake kusan. 10 km daga Cuttack City, samar da Kogin Kathajodi da Birupa. Birupa ya haɗu da Brahmani kuma Kathajodi ya rabu zuwa rafi da yawa.&nbsp;

### Brahmani
shi Brahmani shine kogin na biyu mafi girma a jihar.  Manyan koguna guda biyu daga Chota Nagpur Plateau na Jharkhand, Sankh da Koel ta Kudu sun haɗu a Veda Vyasa kusa da Rourkela a gundumar Sundargarh suna kafa Brahmani.  Yana gudana ta Gabashin Ghats a cikin yankunan Sundargarh, Deogarh, Dhenkanal, da Jajpur.  Lokacin da ya shiga Jajpur, yana ƙirƙirar mai rarrabawa, Kharasua, kusa da Jenapur, da Kelua kusa da Barabati.  Dukansu masu rarraba biyu sun sake haɗuwa tare da Brahmani yayin da yake shiga Kendrapara kuma zuwa cikin filayen Teku.  Daga nan sai ta shiga cikin Tekun Bengal tare da hade baki tare da Baitarani kusa da Damara, Bhadrak.[1]  Brahmani yana da tsayin kilomita 799 (kilomita 541 a Odisha) kuma yankin da ake kama shi ya bazu kan 39,033 km2 a Odisha..&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

The Baitarani originates from the Gonasika in the Guptaganga hills of the Kendujhar district. It is approximately 360&nbsp;km long and its catchment area spread over 12,790&nbsp;km2. It enters into the Bay of Bengal after joining the Brahmani River at the Dhamara mouth near Chandbali, Bhadrak.

*Salandi* babban yanki ne na Baitarani . Ya samo asali ne daga Dutsen Meghasani na Dutsen Similipal a gundumar Mayurbhanj . Yana da tsawon kilomita 144 tare da yanki na 1,793 km2.&nbsp;&nbsp;

### Subarnarekha
ya samo asali ne daga gangaren gabas na tsaunukan Similipal.   Yana da tsayin kusan kilomita 164 [4] yana da jimlar yanki mai nisan kilomita 4,840 tare da kwararar shekara miliyan 2,177.  Manyan yankunanta sune Palapala, da Sunei, da Kalo, da Sanjo, da Deo, da Gangahari, da kuma Katra.  Yana bi ta gundumomin Mayurbhanj da Balasore kuma daga ƙarshe ya magudawa zuwa cikin Bay Of Bengal kusa da Balaramgadi. .  &nbsp;&nbsp;

### Rushikulya
Ya samo asali ne daga tuddan Rushimala na Gabashin Ghats a cikin gundumar Kandhamal . Yana da tsawon kilomita 165 tare da kilomita 8,900 na wuraren da aka kama. Masu goyon bayanta sune Baghua da Dhanei Badanadi . Ba shi da delta a bakinsa.&nbsp;&nbsp;

The Bahuda river originates near village Luba from the Singharaj hills the Eastern Ghats in Gajapati district. It flows in a northeasterly direction up to 55&nbsp;km. Then it changes direction to south-east and flows for 17&nbsp;km inside Odisha before entering Andhra Pradesh to flow for further 18&nbsp;km. Then it again turns in a northeasterly direction for 6&nbsp;km in Odisha before meeting the Bay of Bengal near the village Sunapurapeta, Odisha. Its total length is 96&nbsp;km with 78&nbsp;km inside Odisha. It has a catchment area of 1118&nbsp;km2, out of which 890&nbsp;km2 lies inside Odisha.

### Vanshadhara
Vanshadhara ya samo asali ne daga gundumar Kalahandi daga tuddai na Durgakangar na Gabashin Ghats . Yana da tsawon kilomita 2 daga cikinsu kilomita 150 yana gudana a Odisha. Ya haɗu da Bay of Bengal a Kalingapatnam a Andhra Pradesh . Yana da yanki na 1,400 km2 a Odisha .  Manyan masu goyon bayan Vansadhara sune Pedagada, Bengigedda a dama da Chuladhua Nalla, Pondaka Nalla, Harabhangi, Sananadi, da Mahendratanya da ke hagu.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

### Nagavali
Ya samo asali ne daga tuddan Sinkaran na Gabashin Ghats a cikin gundumomin Koraput. Bayan haka yana gudana ta hanyar Andhra Pradesh kuma ya haɗu da Godavari. Yana da wuraren da ke da nisan kilomita 2,400. Aikin ruwa na Kolab yana cikin wannan kogi&nbsp;

## Manazarta