open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Yaƙin Gasr Bu Hadi

**Yakin Gasr Bu Hadi** ya faru ne a lokacin da Italiya ta yi wa Libya mulkin mallaka. Wasu dai na kallon ta a matsayin rashin nasara mafi muni a Italiya tun bayan yakin Adwa, ko da yake wasu na tafka muhawara akan hakan. 

## Yakin
Da yammacin ranar 28 ga watan Afrilu 1915, Kanar Miani ya fita daga Camp Sirte don kai hari sansanin Senussi a Gasr Bu Hadi, kudu da Sirte ƙarƙashin jagorancin Sfi aldin Al sanusi Ruƙuninsa na jami'in 84, sojojin Italiya 900 (Bataliya ɗaya na 2nd Regiment Bersaglieri, kamfanoni biyu na 57th artillery, batir 13), askar biyu Bataliyoyin Askaris na Libya na 4 da 13, Bataliya ta 15 na Askaris na Eritriya), sun sami tallafi da kuma rufe su daga Kussan Libiyawa 3,000 marasa tsari ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ramadan Sewehli da sauran sarakunan ƙabilu. Ramadan Sewehli, bayan yaƙar Italiya a shekarar 1911-12, ya ba su haɗin kai na ɗan lokaci, amma daga baya aka ɗaure shi saboda jin daɗin Senussi. Miani ya yi tunanin cewa za a iya amincewa da shi.

Da misalin karfe 07:00 a ranar 29 ga watan Afrilu 1915, ruƙunin Italiya, wanda ya kwana a rijiyar Bu Scenaf, ya motsa. Da ƙarfe 09:30 ƙungiyoyin Misrata da Tarhuna sun nuna alamar cewa sun hango dakarun abokan gaba. Karfe 10:30 aka fara yakin. Tun daga lokacin da aka fara yaƙin ƙungiyoyin da ba su dace ba, baya ga ƙungiyar Zliten da Mohammed Feuzy Bey ya jagoranta, sun ƙi bin umarnin kuma kawai sun daina ƙoƙarin tantance sakamakon yaƙin. Lokacin da suka fahimci cewa Italiya na da hannu sosai a yaƙin sun kai hari kan ginshiƙin samar da kayayyaki, a zahiri ba su da kariya a yanzu, kuma suka sace shi. 'Yan Libiyan sun kama bindigu na ajiye guda 5,000, da miliyoyin alburusai, da manyan bindigogi, da manyan bindigogi guda shida, da alburusai masu yawan gaske, da dukkan kayayyaki da suka haɗa da asusun ajiyar.

## Bayan haka
'Yan kasar Libya sun mayar da nasararsu zuwa Misrata. Janyewar Italiya ta zama abin tada hankali, garrisons sun yi watsi da muƙamansu ba tare da karewa zuwa bakin teku ba. Ba da jimawa ba 'yan Libyan sun kasance a Ben Gashir, mil 15 daga Tripoli. An ba da umarnin janye gaɓar teku a ranar 5 ga watan Yuli. An yi wa sansanin Tarhuna kisan kiyashi a lokacin da suka faɗo zuwa teku. Mutum dubu a Beni Uled sun miƙa wuya. Sojojin Garrian sun yi ritaya zuwa Azizia sannan aka tilasta musu ficewa cikin gaggawa zuwa Tripoli. Mutum dubu huɗu da rabi ne suka watsar da Misrata zuwa Misrata Marina, aka fitar da Zuwara daga cikin teku. Ya zuwa ranar 1 ga watan Agusta, garuruwan Tripolitaniya ɗaya tilo da Italiya ke riƙe da su su ne Homs, Misrata Marina, Tagiura da kuma ita kanta Tripoli, inda aka samu dakaru 40,000 da ke kula da gidajen bindigu da sabon katanga da ke kewaye da bayan gari. Italiya ta sha kashi mafi muni tun bayan Adowa kuma yakin Tripoli ya kusa komawa inda ya fara. Tun daga watan Agustan da ya gabata Italiyawan sun yi asarar kimanin mutane 3,000 da aka kashe, fursunoni 2,400, manyan bindigogi 30, bindigogi 15,000 da alburusai da kayan aiki masu yawa.

## Duba kuma

* Yakin Bir Bilal
* Yakin Al-Rahiba
* Yaƙin Wadi Marsit
* Yakin Bir Tabraz
* Yakin Sidi Abu Arqub na Farko

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Ettangi

Ettangi birni ne, da ke kusa da Derna (a cikin Cyrenaica) wanda aka sani da yaƙin da aka gwabza tsakanin sojojin Italiya da 'yan tawayen Libya daga ranakun 18 - 19 ga watan Yuni 1913. Yakin dai ya ƙare ne da muguwar fatattakar Libya.

## Tarihi
A ranar 16 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1913 ne aka fara yunkurin korar 'yan tawayen Libya daga birnin Ettangi, domin fara mamayar ƙasar Libya a ranar 16 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1913, amma hakan ya ci tura, wanda ya haifar da koma baya a siyasance.

## Shirye-shirye da Yaƙi
Ranar 18 ga watan Yuni 1913, Janar  yanke shawarar sake gwada aikin ta hanyar ci gaba daga Cyrene, tare da ƙungiyar Tassoni ta gabaɗaya. Ruƙunin Italiyawa guda uku, wanda Janar Salsa ya umarta, sun matsa zuwa sansanin 'yan tawaye na Ettangi tare da ainihin manufar lalata shi. ginshiƙan sun ƙunshi sassa masu zuwa: na dama (General Cavaciocchi: 4 Alpine battalions, 2 Eritrean, 4 battalions dutse), a gefen hagu (General Mambretti: 4 bataliyoyin soja, 2 dutsen baturi da baturi filin ɗaya, wani 3 battalions battalions a ajiye); tsakiya, yana haɗa sauran biyun (Kanar Arista, tare da bataliyoyin sojoji 2 da kuma wani kamfani na sojan Libiya).

A ranar 19 ga watan Yuni sojojin Italiya sun ci mamaya makiya. Yaƙin ya ƙare washegari tare da kama Sidi Garbàa da Ettangi. An iske sansanin makiya an yi watsi da su kafin su bar shi ‘yan tawayen Libya sun lalata mujallun foda da wuraren ajiyar abinci.

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Uadi Bu Taga

An gwabza **yakin Uadi Bu Taga** a ƙasar Libya a watan Satumba na shekarar 1931 tsakanin Italiya da Senusiyya. Yaƙin dai ya ƙare da babbar nasara a Italiya.

## Yaƙi
Godiya ga taimakon sojojin sama, a lokacin yakin sojojin Italiya sun fatattaki ƙabilun Braasa da Dorsa kuma wani ɓangare na Libya Savaris na sojojin Italiya sun kama Omar al-Mukhtar, shugaban tawaye a ranar 9 ga watan Satumba, 1931.  Daga baya an kawo shi Soluch kuma aka kashe shi ta hanyar rataya a ranar 16 ga watan Satumba.  An kuma kashe mataimakansa da suka haɗa da Yousuf Burahil da Fadil Bu Umar a ranar 24 ga watan Satumba 1932.  Rodolfo Graziani ya bayyana cewa, a lokacin da ake aiwatar da hukuncin kisa, an tilastawa Makiyaya 20,000 taimakawa al'amuran da suka faru domin nuna cewa an kawo ƙarshen ta'addancin da suke yi wa Turawan mulkin mallaka na Italiya.A ƙarshen yaƙin kuma an ƙare &#x5D; ** &#x5B; haɗuwar a lokacin Yaƙin Italo-Senussi na Biyu. Daga baya Janar Pietro Badoglio ya ayyana kamfen a ranar 24 ga watan Janairu 1932. 

## Sources

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## Manazarta
Tsohuwar Duniya

**Tsohuwar Duniya** Kalma ce ta Afro-Eurasia da Turawa suka ƙirƙira bayan 1493, lokacin da suka fahimci wanzuwar Amurka .  Ana amfani da shi don bambanta nahiyoyi na Afirka, Turai, da Asiya a Gabashin Hemisphere, wanda Turawa suka yi tunani a baya kamar yadda ya ƙunshi dukan duniya, tare da " Sabuwar Duniya ", kalma na sababbin ƙasashe na yammacin Hemisphere, musamman na Amirka. 

## Manazarta
Yankin mulkin mallaka na Italiya

**Rukunin Libyan** dai wata runduna ce ta sojojin 'yan mulkin mallaka da turawan Italiya suka taso a ƙasarsu ta Libya. Ta shiga cikin mamayewar Habasha a yakin Italo-Abyssiniya na biyu. An sake tsara wannan kafuwar zuwa runduna ta ɗaya ta Libya a farkon shigar Italiya a yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin watan Satumba 1940, Ruƙunin Libya ta 1, tare da 'yar'uwarta ta biyu Division Libya, sun shiga cikin mamayewar Italiya na Masar. A watan Disamba, an tona sashin a Maktila kuma an tilasta masa miƙa wuya yayin Operation Compass.

## Asali
Bayan Yaƙin Italo-Turkiyya na shekarar 1911-12, Italiya ta mamaye yankunan bakin teku na lardunan tagwayen Tripolitania da Cyrenaica, waɗanda suka zama Libiya ta zamani.
Italiya sun ci gaba da fuskantar adawa mai karfi daga Senussi, musamman a Cyrenaica. Tun daga farko Sojojin Italiya sun yi amfani da tsoffin jandarmomi na Larabawa da aka tsara na Turkiyya a matsayin mataimaka, tare da ƙara musu rundunonin 'yan mulkin mallaka na yau da kullum da aka ɗauka a tsakanin 'yan asalin Libiya. A shekara ta 1913 waɗannan sun ƙunshi bataliyoyin sojoji bakwai, dawakai uku na sojan doki savari, squadron meharistes (dakarun raƙuma), baturin bindigogin dutse da wani sashe na bindigogin raƙuma.
 

A cikin shekarar 1930s an haɗa rukunin Libyan zuwa cikin "Rundunar Sojojin Libiya" waɗanda suka haɗa da sojoji, sojan doki, manyan bindigogi, sojoji masu motsi da sabis na tallafi.
An tayar da bataliyar 'yan parachut 'yan ƙasar Libya jim kaɗan kafin yakin duniya na biyu, irin wannan runduna ta farko da aka kafa a Afirka. Har ila yau, 'yan Libya sun yi aiki a zaptie (carabinieri), Sahariani (dakaru na hamada) da kuma spahi (dawakai marasa tsari)

## Umurnin Yakin 3 ga watan Oktoba 1935
Rukunin Libya - Guglielmo Nasi

* Rundunar Sojojin Ƙasar Libya ta 1st
** II Bataliya ta Libya
** III Bataliya ta Libya
* Rundunar Sojojin Ƙasar Libya ta 2
** IV Bataliya ta Libya
** V Bataliya ta Libya
* Rundunar Sojojin Ƙasar Libya ta 3
** Bataliya ta VIII Libya
** IX Battalion Libya
* X Bataliya ta Libya
* Rundunar Sojojin Libiya ta 1st

## Manazarta
Gidan kayan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Somalia

**Gidan kayan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Somalia**  wani gidan kayan tarihi ne na ƙasa  a Mogadishu, babban birnin Somalia. Hukumomin 'yan mulkin mallaka ne suka kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1933 a Somaliland Somaliland. Bayan rufe ayyuka a cikin shekarar 1991, daga baya ya sake buɗewa, kuma a halin yanzu yana ɗaukar wasu mahimman kayan tarihi masu yawa. A watan Satumba na 2019, an sake gina gidan kayan gargajiya; kusan shekaru 30 bayan lalata tashi.

## Gidan Tarihi na Tsohon Garesa
Gidan kayan tarihi na ƙasar Somaliya yana cikin wani bene mai hawa biyu wanda aka gina tun shekara ta 1872. An gina shi ne bisa buƙatar Sarkin Omani na Zanzibar, Barghash bn Sa'id, a matsayin wurin zama (wanda ake kira *Garesa*) ga Gwamnan Mogadishu na lokacin Suleiman bin Hamed, bayan ya samu izini daga Sarkin Somaliya, Ahmed Yusuf na masarautar Geledi.

A cikin shekarar 1933, an sake gina ginin gaba ɗaya kuma an daidaita shi da Gidan Tarihi na Somaliya ( ).  Ya kasance wuri mafi mahimmancin al'adu a Mogadiscio Italiya. 

"Museo della Garesa" (kamar yadda ake kira da 'yan 'yan mulkin mallaka na Italiya ) an buɗe shi ga jama'a a shekara ta gaba ta Gwamna Maurizio Rava.  Gidan kayan tarihi ya yi ɓarna sosai a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.

Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Somalia a shekarar 1960 an mayar da shi gidan tarihi na ƙasa. Lokacin da aka koma gidan kayan tarihi na ƙasa a cikin shekarar 1985 an sake masa suna zuwa tsohon gidan kayan tarihi na Garesa ( ) kuma ya koma gidan kayan gargajiya na yanki.

## Gidan kayan tarihi na kasa
A cikin shekarar 1985, an buɗe cibiyar al'adun Mogadishu. Cibiyar ta ƙunshi National Theatre, National Library da National Museum. Gine-ginen Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa ya nuna tasirin Musulunci kuma ya ƙunshi babban gini mai hawa huɗu na nuni. A arewa wani gini ne mai hawa huɗu mai rectangular inda ofisoshin fasaha da gudanarwa suke. Babban daraktan buɗe gidan tarihin shine Ahmed Farah Warsame. 

### nune-nunen
An buɗe ɗakunan baje kolin a watan Mayun 1987.

* Gidan  ƙasa: Archaeological and Ethnolographical Exhibition.
* bene na farko: Nunin Tarihi: Juyin Mulki da Bayan 'Yanci.
* hawa na biyu: Tarihi Makamai da, Nunin Sojoji na zamani, Harshe da Adabi.
* hawa na uku: Nuni na wucin gadi.

### Rufewa
Bayan da aka fara yakin basasa a shekarar 1991, gidan kayan tarihi ya rufe. Kayayyakin kayan aikinta sun jawo babbar ɓarna a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.

## Sabon Gidan kayan Tarihi na Ƙasa
Daga baya aka sake buɗe gidan tarihin ƙasar. Tun daga watan Janairun 2014, tana ɗauke da kayan tarihi masu mahimmanci na al'adu da yawa. Daga cikin waɗannan akwai tsofaffin tsabar kuɗi, kayan sayayya, kayan zane na gargajiya, tsoffin makami da kayan tukwane. 

## Duba kuma

* Mogadishu
* Jerin gidajen tarihi a Somaliya

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Batibo

**Yaƙin Batibo** ya faru ne a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2018, lokacin da 'yan adawa na Ambazonian suka kai hari kan sojojin Kamaru a kan babbar hanyar Bamenda-Batibo, Subdivision na Batibo . A lokacin, an ruwaito cewa shi ne rikici mafi muni tsakanin sojojin Kamaru da Ambazoni har zuwa yau.

## Yaƙi
Duk da yake yanayin yaƙin bai kasance a bayyane ba, rahotanni sun yi iƙirarin cewa sojojin 'yan tawaye sun yi wa sojojin Kamaru kwanton bauna waɗanda ke murna da sake dawo da yawancin ƙauyuka a cikin yankin Batibo. Duk da yake yawan wadanda suka mutu a bangarorin biyu ba su da tabbas, bayanan da ke yawo a kafofin sada zumunta sun yi iƙirarin cewa sojoji 70 na Kamaru da "daddaruruwan" masu rabuwa sun mutu a yakin. 

Wadannan wadanda suka mutu sun wuce adadin hukuma a lokacin. Watanni biyu bayan yakin, Kamaru ta yarda cewa ta rasa akalla sojoji 44 da 'yan sanda tun farkon rikicin, daga cikinsu akalla 22 sun mutu tsakanin Fabrairu da Mayu.

## Sakamakon haka
Magajin garin Batibo, Frederick Tanjoh, ya bayyana cewa yayin da wadanda suka mutu sun yi yawa - mutane a ƙasa sun yi iƙirarin sun ga motar soja dauke da gawawwakin gawawwaki - hukumomi ba su bayar da wani bayani ba.

Bayan yakin, an kama mutane da yawa a ƙauyuka a fadin yankin Batibo .  Garin Gurissen da Kwana a Upper Bafang, Tinto sun ƙone su da ba a san su ba, yayin da ƙauyukan Korgwe, Effa, Koroko, Ambo da Angie suka yi watsi da su gaba ɗaya. Gabaɗaya, sama da mutane 4,000 sun tsere daga gidajensu bayan yaƙin, gami da Fons waɗanda suka watsar da fadarsu.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Yaƙin N'Djamena (2006)

**Yaƙin N'Djamena** ya faru ne tsakanin sojojin juyin juya hali United Front for Democratic Change (UFCD) da Sojojin Chadi wanda ya faru a ranar 13 ga Afrilu 2006 lokacin da sojojin 'yan tawaye suka kaddamar da hari kan babban birnin Chadi kafin asuba, suna ƙoƙarin hambarar da gwamnati Shugaba Idriss Déby Itno daga sansanonin su kimanin mil dubu a gabas. 

Yaƙin ya faru ne kawai watanni bayan rikice-rikicen Chadi da Sudan ya ƙare tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Tripoli . Déby ya yanke dangantaka da gwamnatin Sudan a sakamakon haka, ya kori jami'an diflomasiyyarta kuma ya yi barazanar dakatar da kare dubban 'Yan gudun hijirar Sudan daga yankin Darfur. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta rubuta gwamnatin Sudan da ta shiga cikin kisan kiyashi na kimanin fararen hula 100,000 da ba Larabawa ba a Darfur a cikin 2003-2006.

## Yaƙin
'Yan tawaye sun yi ƙoƙari su kwace ginin Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, amma sojojin gwamnatin Chadi da suka fi dauke da makamai sun sauƙaƙe harin. Akalla mutane 400, ciki har da 'yan tawaye 370, sojojin gwamnati 30 da wasu fararen hula, sun mutu a cikin fada. An kama 'yan tawaye 271 kuma an yi musu yawo a cikin Place d'Independance washegari.

## Halin da aka yi

### Chadi
Shugaba Déby ya zargi gwamnatin makwabciyar Sudan da harin, yana mai da'awar cewa yawancin maharan sun kasance 'yan Sudan da gwamnatinsu ke tallafawa ko mazaunan Chadi da Sudan suka kwashe. Daga baya, ya yi barazanar fitar da 'yan gudun hijirar Sudan 200,000 da ke neman mafaka a gabashin kasar bayan ya sake maimaita zarge-zargen cewa Sudan na goyon bayan' yan tawaye wadanda suka kaddamar da sabon hari don fitar da shi. Déby ya janye daga wannan barazanar a ranar 17 ga Afrilu 2006.

Déby ya zargi Sudan da daukar ma'aikata don hambarar da gwamnatinsa. Sudan ta musanta zargin, kuma ta zargi Chadi da tallafawa mayakan a yankin Darfur mai rikitarwa, inda mayakan Larabawa da 'yan tawayen Afirka suka yi yaƙi kusan shekaru uku.

Déby ya yi iƙirarin cewa an tsara harin 'yan tawaye ne don karfafa rikice-rikice na tsarin mulki wanda ya haifar da yakin basasa, ta hanyar rushe zaben shugaban kasa mai zuwa na 3 ga Mayu, zaben da Shugaba Déby, wanda ya kasance shugaban Chadi na shekaru goma sha shida, ya samu nasarar tsayawa takara a karo na uku.

Déby ya kori 'yan tawaye a matsayin "ƙananan ma'aikata" kuma ya bayyana harin a matsayin "mai son", yana cewa "ba ya zuwa ko'ina". A cewar Déby, a safiyar harin 'yan tawaye, ya "san cewa suna zuwa", kuma shi da matarsa Hinda suna "sauraron wuta" yayin da suke "[suna] abincin safe na kofi mai ƙarfi da mai dumi".

### Sauran
Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya yi Allah wadai da ayyukan sojojin 'yan tawaye. An nakalto Sakatare Janar Kofi Annan yana cewa "ya damu sosai da yanayin tsaro da ke kara tabarbarewa a Chadi".

Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya ta rufe iyakarta da Sudan a ranar 14 ga Afrilu tana mai cewa 'yan tawaye sun haye cikin yankinta a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa N'Djamena . 

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje
*Chad Breaks With Sudan After Rebel Attack – MSNBC
*U.S. urges Chad, Sudan to halt violence in region – Reuters
Yaƙin Serobeti

**Yakin Serobeti** ya faru ne a ranar 26 ga watan Yuni, 1892, kuma an gwabza tsakanin Italiya da ƙasar Mahdist. Lamarin ya faru ne a lokacin da mayakan Mahdist dubu ɗaya suka shiga ƙasar Iritiriya ta ƙasar Italiya inda sojojin ascari 120 da mayakan ƙabilar Baria 200 da Italiya ke jagoranta suka fatattake su. A dunkule dai, asarar Italiya ta mutum uku da kuma jikkata goma, yayin da Mahdiyya suka  kashe da raunata kusan ɗari. Marubuci Sean McLachlan ya zargi Mahdists  saboda shan kashin da suka yi a Serobeti da kuma Yaƙin Agordat na farko da ya gabata (1890). 

## Tarihi
Yakin Agordat na Farko ya sanya mabiya Muhammad Ahmad suka ƙara taka tsantsan. Sarkin Cassala ya yi barazanar ɗaukar fansa a yakin, amma banda wasu ƙananan hare-hare, zai yi shakkar ɗaukar wani babban mataki.  A halin da ake ciki, Italiyawa sun mamaye Agordat a matsayin sansaninsu, suna gina katanga don karewa tare da garkuwa da wani kamfani na soja. Nasarar da Italiya ta samu a Agordat, kammala katanga da kuma ɗaukar hayar sojojin haya a gefen kogin Barka, yana ba da kwarin gwiwa ga dangantakar kasuwanci da Sudan. Zai ɗauki kimanin shekaru biyu kafin Italiyawa su sake yin artabu da Mahdist a ranar 16 ga watan Yuni 1892.

## Yakin
Mahdist suka koma koƙarinsu a watan Yunin 1892, inda suka yi gaba tare da Barka don ci gaba da kai hare-hare, amma a ranar 16 ga watan watan Yuni, ranar da suka dawo, sojojin Italiya ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kyaftin Stefano Hidalgo da Laftanar Michele Spreafico sun ci karo da gungun Mahadist da Sarki Ibrahim Massamil ya umarta da Ibrahim Faragiallah (Farajallāh) na yankin Motsawa na Motsawa. A lokacin haɗuwar mutanen Italiya suna da mutane 300, yayin da Mahdiyawa suka kai 900. Duk da cewa dakarun Hidalgo sun sami makiya sun fi yawa, an riga an tura su cikin jerin gwano a wurare masu fa'ida, kwamandan Italiya ya kaddamar da wani hari tare da fatattakar sojojin Mahdist cikin ƙasa da sa'o'i biyu. Sojojin Italiya sun kashe Mahadi kusan arba'in sannan suka kama fursunoni akalla ɗari sannan suka kwace tutoci shida da makamai masu yawa da dukkan hatsi da dabbobin da makiya suka farma daga ƙauyuka da dama na Barka waɗanda ke ƙawance da Italiya da Askari. Domin ayyukansa a Serobeti, Kyaftin Hidalgo ya karɓi Knight's Cross of the Military Order of Savoy, da kuma babban yabo na Ministocin yaki da Harkokin Waje, Benedetto Brin. A baya Ibrahim Faragiallah (Farajallah) ya sha kashi a hannun Kyaftin Gustavo Fara. 

### Littattafai

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## Manazarta
Tawayen Batetela

**Tawayen Batetela** (Faransanci: Révolte des Batetela) jerin tawaye ne na soja guda uku da kuma tawaye mai zurfi wanda aka danganta ga mambobin kabilun Tetela a cikin Jihar Congo tsakanin 1895 da 1908. 

Da farko a cikin tawaye tsakanin sojojin Tetela na Force Publique na Luluabourg (Kananga na zamani) a watan Janairun 1895,  tawaye ya haifar da tashin hankali mai tsawo kuma wasu tawaye biyu daga baya sun faru a wasu wurare a Kongo. Tawayen na biyu ya faru ne tsakanin sojojin da ke aiki a cikin aikin soja a karkashin Francis Dhanis zuwa Upper Nile a cikin 1897.  Rikicin na uku kuma na karshe ya faru ne tsakanin garuruwan Fort de Shinkakasa kusa da Boma a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1900.

Tawayen ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan tawaye na adawa da mulkin mallaka a tarihin Kongo kuma an ci 'yan tawayen Tetela na karshe ne kawai a cikin 1901. 

## Rikicin

Force Publique ta dauki ma'aikata da yawa daga kabilun Tetela a yankunan Sankuru, Maniema da Lomami, musamman a lokacin Yaƙin Larabawa na Kongo (1892-1894). 

### Rikicin Luluabourg na 1895
A watan Janairun shekara ta 1895, dakarun Luluabourg sun yi tawaye don mayar da martani ga kisan gillar da aka yi wa shugaban yaƙi Gongo Lutete saboda cin amana a lokacin yakin da aka yi da Larabawa. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1896, akwai kimanin 'yan tawaye 3,000-4,000 na Batetela. Masu tayar da kayar baya sun kashe daya daga cikin fararen jami'an su kuma sun tsere, sojoji na Tetela daga ko'ina cikin mulkin mallaka sun haɗu da su a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.

### Tawayen tafiyar Dhanis na 1897
Sojoji 1,300 daga kabilun Tetela da Kusu a cikin rundunar balaguro da aka aika zuwa Upper Nile a cikin 1897 a karkashin umurnin Baron Francis Dhanis sun yi tawaye, suna gunaguni game da rashin kulawa.

Sojojin, babbar rundunar soja da ta taru a mulkin mallaka na Afirka har zuwa wannan lokacin, an tura su don haɗa yankin Fashoda a cikin Jihar Mahdist da ke rushewa a Sudan (Kodok na zamani, Sudan ta Kudu). Rushewar tafiyar sakamakon tawaye ya nuna cewa Free State za ta guje wa zama jam'iyya a cikin rikice-rikicen Anglo-Faransa a cikin Fashoda Incident.

Masu tayar da kayar baya sun kashe jami'an Belgium 10 kuma sun yi garkuwa da wani firist na Faransa, kodayake an sake shi ba tare da rauni ba.

### Rikicin Shinkakasa na 1900
Tawayen na uku ya ɓarke a cikin garuruwan Fort de Shinkakasa a kan Kogin Kongo a ranar 17 ga Afrilu 1900. 'Yan tawaye sun sami iko da sansanin kuma sun bude wuta a kan jirgin da aka rataye kuma sun yi barazanar tsaron babban birnin mulkin mallaka, Boma .  Duk da cewa an ci su sau da yawa, 'yan tawayen Tetela na ƙarshe sun kasance a kusa da Tafkin Kisale har zuwa 1901 ko 1908.   Bayan rikici 'yan Belgium sun sake fasalin Force Publique don kada wata kabilanci ta wakilci mafi rinjaye a kowane ɗayan da aka ba da ita.

## Manazarta

## Bayanan littattafai

* 
* 
* 
* 

## Ƙara karatu
* 
* 
*
Yaƙin Agordat na Biyu

An yi **yakin Agordat na biyu** a ƙarshen watan Disamba 1893, tsakanin sojojin mulkin mallaka na Italiya da Mahdist daga Sudan.| commander2        =  Emir Ahmed Ali Sarki Ahmed Ali ya yi yaƙi da sojojin Italiya a gabashin Sudan kuma ya jagoranci mutane kimanin 10,000-12,000 a gabas daga Kassala. Wannan runduna ta ci karo da 'yan Italiya 2,400 da sojojinsu na Eritrea a Agordat, yammacin Asmara, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kanar Arimondi. Sama da 1,000 Derwishes, ciki har da sarki, aka kashe a cikin mummunan faɗan.   Sakamakon yakin ya kasance "... nasara ta farko da Turawa suka samu a kan 'yan juyin juya halin Sudan,..." 

Bayan shekara guda, sojojin mulkin mallaka na Italiya sun kwace Kassala.

## Manazarta
Jerin gwamnonin 'yan mulkin mallaka na Eritrea

Eritrea ta kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin ƙasashen waje mafi yawancin tarihinta na zamani. Italiya ta fara yi mata mulkin mallaka a shekarar 1890 kuma ta ci gaba da zama ƙarƙashin mulkin Italiya har zuwa shekara ta 1941, lokacin da sojojin Birtaniya suka karɓe iko a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Daga shekarun 1941 zuwa 1952, an yi wa Eritrea mulkin mallaka a matsayin mamaya na Birtaniyya kafin a yi tarayya da Habasha a shekarar 1952 a ƙarƙashin wani kuduri na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. A cikin shekarar 1962, Habasha ta mamaye Eritrea a hukumance, wanda ya kai ga gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na tsawon shekaru, wanda a ƙarshe aka samu a shekarar 1993.

## Jerin Shugabannin Lardi, na mulkin Mallaka da Tarayya na Eritrea

## Jerin masu mulki

### Jerin Gwamnonin Ottoman na Masar (1517-1805)

* Jerin Gwamnonin Ottoman na Masar

### Jerin sunayen sarakunan daular Muhammad Ali (1805-1914)

### Jerin Grand Viziers na Masar (1857-1878)

* Zulfiqar Pasha (1857-1858) (1st term)
* Mustafa Naili (1858-1861)
* Zulfiqar Pasha (1861-1864) (2nd term)
* Raghib Pasha (1864-1866) (1st term)
* Muhammad Sharif Pasha (1866-1867) (1st term)
* Raghib Pasha (1867-1868) (2nd term)
* Muhammad Sharif Pasha (1868-1872) (wa'adi na biyu)
* Nubar Pasha (1872)
* Muhammad Tawfiq Pasha (1872-1878)

### Habesh Eyaleti (Lardin Ottoman na Habesh) / Lardin Massawa
**Wali** = *Gwamna*

### Eritrea
Kafin ƙirƙirar Eritrea ta Italiya (Colonia Eritrea) a cikin shekarar 1890, yankin yana da gwamnoni bakwai na wucin gadi: Giovanni Branchi (1882 zuwa 1885), Alessandro Caimi (1885), Tancredi Saletta (1885), Matteo Albertone (1886 zuwa 1887), Tancredi Saletta (1887), Alessandro Di San Marzano (1888) da Antonio Baldissera (1889).

Cikakken jerin Gwamnonin Italiya na Eritrea:

Daga shekarar 1936, mulkin mallaka na Eritrea ya ƙaru da girma kuma ana kiran Eritrea Governorate, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Afrika Orientale Italiana (AOI). Gwamnonin Italiya sun kasance ƙarƙashin umarnin kai tsaye na Viceroy (wanda ke wakiltar Sarkin yanzu da Sarkin sarakuna Vittorio Emanuele)

## Jerin Shugabannin Gudanarwa na Eritrea (1941-1960)

### Shugaban ƙasar Eritrea

## Duba kuma

* Eritrea
** Jerin sunayen shugabannin kasashen Eritrea
** Shugaban gudanarwa na Eritrea
* Jerin masu rike da ofis

## Manazarta
Kisan kiyashi na Vogra

**1937 Kisan Kiyashin Vogra** ya faru ne ta hanyar 'yan mulkin Fasist na Italiya.

## Tarihi
Sojojin Italiya sun mamaye ƙasar Habasha ƙarƙashin jagorancin Benito Mussolini a shekara ta 1936 bayan mamayar da Italiya ta yi wa Abyssiniya.

## Kisan kiyashin
Rayuwar mutanen ƙauyen ba ta canza ba a cikin shekarar farko ta mamayar. Sai dai lamarin ya rikiɗe zuwa hatsari da Italiyan suka kafa wani sansanin soji a kusa da ƙauyen.  Italiyawa suna da abokan haɗin gwiwa na gida amma kuma da yawa abokan adawar da suke so su kore su daga ƙasarsu mai cin gashin kanta a baya. Amorho Obenach ne wanda ya jagoranci gwabzawar a yankin.  Don kama shi, Italiyawa sun fara kama wasu ƙauye da mutanen da ke kewaye. Wani ma’aikacin ƙasar Habasha ya yaudari mazaje da yawa zuwa muƙamin soja tare da alkawarin ba da tallafin kuɗi, amma da suka isa sai aka kama su.  Bayan da fursunoni biyu suka tsere daga bauta, kwamandan sansanin ya yanke shawarar hukunta mutanen ƙauyen. “Ya kashe dukan fursunonin, wasu ta hanyar harbi, wasu kuma ta hanyar rataya, kusan mutane 67 , ciki har da Yahudawa 33,” in ji wani da ya tsira. Bayan kashe shi ne sojojin Italiya suka shiga ƙauyen suka kona shi tare da duk wanda ke cikin. 

## Duba kuma

* Holocaust a wajen Turai

## Manazarta
Kisan kiyashi na Gondrand

**Kisan gillar da aka yi a Gondrand** shi ne harin da Habasha ta kai a shekarar 1936 kan ma'aikatan Italiya na kamfanin Gondrand. An kai rahoton kisan kiyashin ga Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kuma Italiya ta Fascist ce ta sanar da ita a wani yunƙuri na tabbatar da mamayewar da take ci gaba da yi a Habasha.  

## Tarihi
Kisan Gondrand ya faru ne a ranar 13 ga watan Fabrairu, 1936, kusa da garin Mai Lahlà na arewacin Habasha, Rama na yanzu.   Da sanyin safiya ne sojojin Habasha suka kai wa sansanin ma'aikatan farar hula na kamfanin Gondrand kayan aiki da ke aikin samar da hanya a lokacin, a ƙarƙashin umarnin Ras Imru.  Filin ginin dai na ɗauke ne da miyagu kusan 15, sannan ma'aikatan sun kuma yi amfani da kayan aikinsu a matsayin makaman kare kai, amma harin ba-zata da 'yan Habasha suka kai musu ya cika su. 

An yi wannan kisan kiyashi ne a daidai lokacin da aka yi yakin Amba Aradam, wanda aka gwabza daga ranar 10 zuwa 19 ga watan Fabrairun 1936, kimanin  kudu da Mai Lahlà. 

## Waɗanda suka mutu
Daga cikin ma'aikata 130 da ke wurin, an kashe 'yan , kuma an jefa gawarwakin 17 daga cikinsu wanda ya sabawa dokar da Sarkin Habasha Haile Selassie ya bayar na cewa kada a yanka gawarwakin abokan gaba, yayin da wasu 27 suka jikkata, huɗu kuma suka bace.  Biyu daga cikin waɗannan, an tabbatar da cewa an ɗauke su fursuna. 

Kimanin sojojin Habasha 40 ne kuma suka mutu a harin, galibi saboda wani wurin ajiyar kaya na Gelignite ya fashe. Sojojin Italiya sun yi wa fararen hular Habasha kisan kiyashi na ramuwar gayya bayan harin, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane da dama.  
.

## Jama'a
Mahukuntan Italiya gabaɗaya sun umurci 'yan jarida da su guji bayyana irin asarar da Italiya ta yi a lokacin yaƙin, amma a wannan yanayin an tallata labarin da gangan saboda darajar farfagandarsa ta nuna Habashawa a matsayin dabbanci.  

Kisan da aka yi wa matukin jirgin Italiya Tito Minniti da ma’aikacin jirginsa ya faru ne ‘yan makonnin da suka gabata kuma tare da wannan kisan gilla shi ne dalilin da Italiyawa suka bayar na amfani da iskar gas a kan Habashawa, da’awar da masana tarihi irin su Tripoli da Pedriali suka goyi bayan.  Duk da haka, kamar yadda farfesa na nazarin Italiyanci David Forgacs ya yi jayayya, yayin da "'yan Italiya suka nemi ba da kyauta mafi girma game da kisan kiyashin da Habashawa suka yi wa farar hular Italiya a sansanin Gondrand sun kasance daidai da kokarin da suke yi na hana rubuce-rubuce ko rahotannin kisan kiyashin nasu na fararen hula". 

A martanin da aka ɗauka kan shaidun hotuna da ke nuna cewa wasu sojojin Habasha sun yi watsi da umarnin yanke gawarwaki, Ministan Harkokin Wajen Habasha ya tilasta amincewa da cewa hakan ta faru, amma ya ce ya kamata a yi la'akari da hakan a matsayin wani mataki na nuna adawa da ta'asar Italiya.  Ministan harkokin wajen Italiya ya mayar masa da martani yana mai cewa irin wannan zanga-zangar (kashe ma'aikatan farar hula da mata biyu) wata alama ce da ke nuni da karancin wayewar Habashawa.

## Duba kuma

* Yakin Italo-Habasha Na Biyu
* Italiya Ethiopia
* Tito Minniti

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Gogetti

**Yaƙin Gogetti** shine yaƙin ƙarshe tsakanin ƙasar Habasha da ƙasar Italiya kafin yaƙin duniya na biyu. An gwabza wannan yaki ne da sojojin da suka tsira na sojojin Sidamo da Bale.  Sojojin Italiya sun kewaye da kuma lalata sojojin Habasha kusa da tafkin Shala. An kashe shugabannin Habasha Beiene Merid da Dejazmach Gabre Mariam a yakin. Ras Desta Damtew, ko da yake ya samu rauni, ya tsallake rijiya da baya, amma bayan kwana biyar aka yi masa farauta aka kashe shi. 

A matsayin ramuwar gayya kan yunkurin kashe Rodolfo Graziani, sojojin Italiya sun kashe dubban fararen hula na Habasha. 

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Halai

**Yakin Halai**, ko **yakin Halay**, wanda ya gudana a watan Disambar alif dubu daya da dari takwas da casa'in da hudu 1894, yaki ne tsakanin dakarun 'yan tawayen Eritrea ƙarƙashin Bahta Hagos da sojojin Italiya.

A cikin shekarar alif dubu daya da dari takwas da casa'in 1890s, Habasha ta fara shirya wani tashin hankali a Eritrea da Italiya ke rike da shi don ja da baya da Italiya a cikin ƙasar da kuma 'yantar da jama'a daga mulkin mallaka na Italiya.

## Yaƙi
A ranar shabiyar 15 ga watan Disamba alif dubu daya da dari takwas da casa'in da hudu 1894, Bahta Hagos, "shugaban lardin Akkele Guzay a kudancin Eritrea," ya kaddamar da tawaye ga hukumomin Italiya.

A ranar  shatakwas 18 ga watan Disamba wata rundunar sojojin Italiya, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Manjo Pietro Toselli, sun gano cewa 'yan tawayen Bahta dubu biyu da ashirin 220 ne ke kewaye da ƙaramin katangar Italiya a Halai (wanda mutane dubu ashirin  220 ke tsare). Toselli ya kai hari tare da mutane dubu daya da dari biyar 1,500, inda suka bugi ’yan tawayen da suka yi mamaki a bayansu da ba su da kariya.

Harin na bazata ya zo daidai lokacin da 'yan tawayen suka kusan kwace sansanin. 

Da farko dai Bahta Hagos ta yi koƙarin tattaunawa da Italiya, amma tattaunawar ta ci gaba da tafiya har zuwa karfe  hudu 4:00 na yamma, yayin da wasu sojojin Italiya dubu ɗaya suka iso. An kashe Bahta a faɗan da ya biyo baya kuma da sauri sojojinsa suka watse ba da jimawa ba.

## Bayan haka
A jimilce, an kashe 'yan Italiya goma sha ɗaya sannan ashirin da biyu sun jikkata a harin.

## Manazarta
Kewaye Mekelle

Tun a watan Janairun shekarar 1896 ne aka yi **wa garin Mekelle kawanya** **a** lokacin yakin Italo da Habasha. Dakarun Italiya sun miƙa wuya ga sojojin Habasha wani katafaren  gini a Mekelle, wani birni a arewacin yankin Tigray na Habasha wanda suka mamaye tun a shekarar 1895.

## Yaƙi

Italiyawa sun kai jami'ai 20, 13 marasa aikin yi, da kuma masu zaman kansu 150, an tallafa musu da Askari 1,000 da bindigogin tsaunuka guda biyu. Sojojin Habasha sun kai kimanin mutane 27,000.

Ras Makonnen ya kewaye katangar, kuma a safiyar ranar 7 ga watan Janairun 1896, masu kare katangar sun hango wata katuwar tanti mai ja a cikin mahara, wanda ke nuna cewa sarki ya iso. Bayan shafe makonni biyu ana kai hare-haren bama-bamai da manyan bindigogin Habasha da kuma hare-hare masu tsadar gaske a kan matsugunan Italiya, Habashan sun yi nasarar katse ruwan gadar, sannan suka yi yaki da yunkurin Italiya na kwato rijiyar.  A ranar 19 ga watan Janairu, 1896, kwamandan sansanin, Manjo Galliano, wanda mutanensa ke mutuwa saboda rashin ruwa, ya ɗaga tutar miƙa wuya.   An ƙyale Manjo Galliano da mutanensa su fita, suka ba da makamai kuma su tafi.  Menelik ya ce ya kyale Italiyawa su saki jiki domin su ba da hujjar imanina na Kiristanci, yana mai cewa rigimarsa tana da gwamnatin Italiya ta Firayim Minista Francesco Crispi da ke kokarin mamaye al'ummarsa ba sojojin Italiya na yau da kullun ba.

## Manazarta
Gidan kayan tarihi na Adwa 00KM

**Adwa 00KM Museum** ( Amharic: አድዋ 00 ሙዚየም Adwa 00 Muziyam) gidan kayan  tarihi ne na jama'a wanda ke Piasa, gundumar Arada, Addis Ababa, Habasha. An kaddamar da gidan kayan tarihin a ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairu, 2024, an sadaukar da gidan kayan tarihin don yakin Adwa, yakin farko na Italo da Habasha inda sojojin Italiya suka fatattaki sojojin Habasha a shekarar 1896. Wani ɓangare na aikin Adwa Zero KM, gidan kayan gargajiya yana kan kaɗaɗa 1.5 na fili. 

Gidan kayan tarihin yana da ƙirar gine-gine na musamman wanda ya ƙunshi haɗaɗɗiyar gada mai haɗa ginin zuwa Gundumar Ofishin Magajin Garin Addis Ababa, ƙofar da kofofin Cardinal guda huɗu masu alaƙa da abubuwan yaƙi, da ƙirar zane na bangon ciki. Gidan kayan gargajiya yana da shinge goma sha ɗaya da hawa biyar. 

## Tarihi
Aikin gidan tarihi na Adwa 00KM wanda aka tsara shi a lokacin jirgin mai unguwar Takele Uma Banti. Ya tabbatar da cewa gidan kayan gargajiya ya dace da tsayin mutum-mutumi na Menelik II.  A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin Adwa Zero KM, an buɗe gidan kayan gargajiya/tarihi a ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairu 2024 kuma an buɗe wa jama'a a ranar 16 ga watan Maris.    A yayin taron, magajin garin Addis Ababa Adanech Abebe ya bayyana shi a matsayin "gini maras lokaci" inda ya bayyana cewa "Adwa Memorial Memorial - mai katanga goma sha ɗaya da benaye biyar - an gina shi da kyakkyawan tsarin gine-gine ta hanyar da ta dace da sakamakon nasarar dtan kishin kasa". Firayim Minista Abiy Ahmed ya ce wa aikin a yayin bikin "Ku da kuke shakka ... waɗanda ke shakkar matsayinmu, waɗanda maganganunmu, ku dakata kuma ku kula. Kada ku bari baki su ɗauke hankalin ku. Mu ba wanda baƙo ba zai iya hanawa ba domin mu 'ya'yan ubanninmu ne". 

Gidan kayan tarihi na Adwa yana kan iyaka tsakanin abin tunawa da Menelik da cocin St George's Cathedral a Piasa, gundumar Arada. Gidan kayan tarihi yana da alaƙa da wata gada, wanda ke haɗa shi da Gundumar Ofishin Magajin Garin Addis Ababa. An gina gidan tarihin ne don girmama nasarar Adwa na Habasha a shekarar 1896. Eskender Wubetu, babban jami’in gine-ginen ya bayyana cewa an gina gidan kayan gargajiya ne domin neman manufar abokin ciniki. Gidan kayan gargajiya yana cikin kaɗaɗa 1.5 na fili, yana da shinge goma sha ɗaya da benaye biyar. 

Gidan kayan tarihin yana da kofofin shiga guda huɗu da ke kaiwa ga wurare daban-daban na gine-gine masu siffofi na musamman: Jaruman Kudu, Jaruman Arewa, Jaruman Gabas, da Jaruman Yamma ana nuna su a kofar shiga. A cewar Eskinder, jagororin kadinal suna wakiltar yanayin yaƙi daga "dukkan ɓangarorin kwatance".  Babban ƙalubale yayin ginin shine haɗa alamomin Habasha cikin ƙirar gini. Ya kuma ce abin tunawa na Axum da gine-ginen Lalibela an haɗa su a cikin matakan tallafi da matakan hawa. Mutum-mutumin Sarkin sarakuna Menelik na biyu da Empress Taytu suna zaune a gefen filin wasa inda maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ke. 

## Manazarta
Jerin gwamnonin 'yan mulkin mallaka na Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka

Wannan muƙalar ya lissafa **gwamnonin 'yan mulkin mallaka na Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma**. Afirka ta Kudu ta Kudu ita ce magabacin 'yan mulkin mallaka na Jamhuriyar Namibiya ta zamani daga lokacin da Daular Jamus (a matsayin Jamus ta Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka) da Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu ke iko da yankin.

Taken matsayi ya canza sau da yawa. A ƙarƙashin mulkin Jamus, taken matsayin ya fito ne daga **Kwamishinan** (1884-1893) zuwa **Gwamnan Lardi** ( ) (1893-1898) zuwa **Gwamna** (1898-1915). A ƙarƙashin mulkin Afirka ta Kudu, taken shine **Mai Gudanarwa** (1915-1977) da **Babban Mai Gudanarwa** (1977-1990).

Bayan Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta janye wa'adin mulkin Afirka ta Kudu na mulkin Afirka ta Kudu, Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta naɗa kwamishinonin nata. Ba su da wani iko kuma Afirka ta Kudu ta ƙi yarda da su, kuma ba a haɗa su a nan ba.

## Jerin

### Jamus ta Kudu maso yammacin Afirka

### Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma

## Duba kuma

* Shugaban kasar Namibia
* Mataimakin shugaban kasar Namibiya
* Firayim Ministan Namibia
* Mataimakin Firaministan Namibiya
* Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Namibiya
* Gwamnatin Rikici ta Hadin kan Ƙasa (Namibia)
* Walvis Bay
** Jerin gwamnonin mulkin mallaka na Walvis Bay
* Tarihin Namibia
* Siyasar Namibiya

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Trekkopjes

**Yaƙin Trekkopjes** a ranar 26 ga watan Afrilu 1915  wani hari ne da Jamus ta kai a kan tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Afirka ta Kudu da ke Trekkopjes a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya na Afirka ta Kudu. An umurci Manjo Skinner na Afirka ta Kudu da ya kare Trekkopjes, kuma ya yi hulɗa da wani shafi na Jamus da ke ci gaba da tashar. Skinner ya koma cikin Trekkopjes kuma ya haƙa a cikin sojojinsa. An dakile harin na Jamus tare da taimakon motoci masu sulke, inda 'yan Afirka ta Kudu suka samu nasara. Yaƙin Trekkopjes ya ga harin na ƙarshe na Jamus a Jamus ta Kudu maso yammacin Afirka ya bar su a cikin tsaro don sauran yakin.

## Tarihi
Bayan sun yi rashin nasara ga 'yan Afirka ta Kudu a ƙarƙashin Botha, sojojin Jamus ƙarƙashin Franke a Afirka ta Kudu maso yammacin Jamus sun fara shirye-shiryen sake kai farmaki. A tsakiyar watan Afrilu an yanke shawarar kai hari a tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Afirka ta Kudu da ke Trekkopjes, kuma wani jirgin leken asirin Jamus ya tattara bayanan sojojin Afirka ta Kudu da ke riƙe da tashar. 

## Yaƙi
Da karfe 5:45 na safe Jamusawan suka bayyana a kusa da Trekkopjes kuma suka hura layin dogo zuwa gabashin sansanin a wani yunƙuri na hana dakarun haɗin gwiwa zuwa. Da karfe 7:40 Jamusawa suka fara kai hare-hare kan wuraren kawancen ta hanyar harba tantunan sansanin da manyan bindigogi. Tun da mutanen Kanar Skinner ba su da makaman atilari, sun ƙasa mayar da martani ga harin da Jamus ta kai musu, kuma suka jira har sai Jamusawan suka far ma matsayinsu.

Bayan shafe sa'o'i biyar ana gwabzawa 'yan Afirka ta Kudu sun tilastawa Jamus ja da baya ta hanyar kai hari a gefensu da manyan bindigogin da aka saka a cikin motoci masu sulke. 

## Bayan haka
Ko da yake babu wani ɓangare da ya sha wahala sosai, shan kashi na Jamus ya raunana mutanen Franke sosai. Domin sauran yakin da Jamusawa za su ci gaba da kasancewa a kan tsaro kuma an tura su gaba da baya har sai babban jiki ya miƙa wuya bayan 'yan watanni bayan yakin Otavi.

## Nassoshi
*
*

*Historicus Africanus, Der 1. Weltkrieg in Deutsch-Südwestafrika 1914/15, Volume 6, Aufgabe der Zentralregionen, Windhoek 2017, 

## Manazarta
Rikicin Durban

**Rikicin [[Durban]]** ya kasance rikicin Indiya wanda ya faru tsakanin 13-15 Janairu 1949, da farko ta baki na Afirka ta Kudu da ke niyya ga Indiyawan Afirka ta Kudu a Durban, Afirka ta Kudu.  Wannan shi ne kisan kiyashi na biyu mafi muni a lokacin wariyar launin fata.

## Rikicin Alhamis
A yammacin ranar Alhamis, 13 ga Janairun 1949 'yan asalin Indiya a tsakiyar yankin kasuwanci na Indiya na Durban sun kai hari ga baƙar fata na Afirka. Rikicin ya fara ne a titin Victoria a tsakiyar cibiyar kasuwanci ta Indiya. Masu kai farmaki sun fara kai hari ga kowane Indiyawa, suna jefa motocin da Indiyawa ke tukawa da kuma sace shagunan Indiya yayin da suke rera "Usuthu!". Da farko tashin hankali ya iyakance ga lalata dukiya da fashi wanda ya ragu bayan 'yan sa'o'i na tashin hankali. Wani asusun da wani jami'in 'yan sanda ya halarci zanga-zangar ya bayyana cewa akwai wani bangare da aka shirya ga zanga-zambe a cikin al'ummar Zulu kuma "Maganar ta kasance cewa lokaci ya zo ne don kawar da kasar daga Indiyawa".

## Rikicin Jumma'a
A ranar Jumma'a, shugabannin Afirka daga Cato Manor sun shirya masu tayar da kayar baya daga gidajen ma'aikata da kuma hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a kamar ƙungiyoyin rawa na Ingoma da kungiyoyin dambe. Da yake amfani da jinkirin sa hannun 'yan sanda, maharan sun kai hari kan yankin kasuwancin Indiya tare da makamai iri-iri, suna kai hari kan dukiya da mutane. Rahotanni da yawa sun nuna cewa fararen Turai sun yi murna da maharan Afirka kuma sun shiga cikin satar shagunan Indiya. Donald L. Horowitz ya lura a cikin littafinsa The Deadly Ethnic Riot: "Da yawa daga cikin matan Turai sun bukaci 'yan asalin [Afirkawa] su 'buɗe da coolies [Indians masu banƙyama]'. Bayan haka sai suka tafi suna rawa a kan titi tare da 'yan asalin. Rubuce-rubucen hoton ya nuna Turawa suna motsa 'yan asalin ƙasar, ko nuna duk alamun jin daɗi a kan wuce gona da iri.

Da yamma sojojin gwamnati sun toshe gundumar Indiya a tsakiyar Durban bayan haka mayar da hankali ga hare-haren ya koma yankunan da ke kusa da Cato Manor, Clairwood da yankin Jacobs, inda ayyukan kisan kai, konewa, fyade, da hare-hare da fashi suka faru.

Jama'ar Afirka da ke gaggawa sun ƙone gidaje, shagunan, sun yi wa mata da 'yan mata na Indiya fyade kuma sun kashe Indiyawa na kowane zamani da jinsi. Wani labarin a cikin Indian Opinion ya ba da labarin lalacewar:

Ranar Jumma'a an ga tashin hankali mafi muni lokacin da 'yan Afirka suka jefa tukwane na paraffin a cikin gine-ginen Indiya kuma duk iyalan Indiya sun ƙone su da rai.

## Rikicin Asabar
A ranar Asabar, sojoji da 'yan sanda galibi sun sami damar kafa tsari kodayake iyakantaccen tashin hankali ya faru a Pietermaritzburg bayan 'yan kwanaki.

## Sakamakon haka
Rikicin ya haifar da kisan kiyashi na yawancin mutanen Indiya inda mutane 142 suka mutu kuma mutane 1087 suka ji rauni. An lalata gine-gine 300 kuma an lalata gine-ginen 2000. Har ila yau, ya haifar da 'yan gudun hijirar Indiya 40,000, sannan ya biyo bayan yunkurin kashe kansa tsakanin Indiyawa, sakamakon rushewar iyalansu, gazawar tattalin arziki, damuwa, wulakanci da nuna bambancin launin fata.

## Dubi kuma
Abin tunawa na Eagle, Keetmanshoop

**Abin tunawa na Eagle** (German:Adlerdenkmal) wani wurin tunawa da yaki ne a Keetmanshoop, a cikin yankin Karas na Namibiya. An sanya shi a matsayin babban abin tunawa na Namibiya a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta 1967. 

## Bayani
Wurin yana kusa da Ginin Tsohuwar Gidan Wasiƙa, abin tunawar yana cikin siffar obelisk, wanda aka yi masa rawani tare da mikiya na Imperial na Jamus. An sadaukar da ita ga sojojin Jamus da suka mutu ( Schutztruppe) a yakin Herero da Nama na shekarun 1897, 1903, da 1906-1907.   Ba a san ranar da aka shigar da shi ba. 

A da, ana gudanar da bukukuwan tunawa da su a kowane watan Nuwamba, inda ake tunawa da yakin duniya na biyu. Lokaci-lokaci, madaidaicin maɗaukakin maɗaukaki yana ba da kiɗa, wanda ƙungiyar tagulla ta Nama ta gida ta yi. 

## Manazarta
Abin tunawa da mulkin mallaka na Boufarik

**Abin tunawa da mulkin mallaka na Boufarik** wani abin tarihi ne na murnar mamayar Faransa a Boufarik, Aljeriya. An gina shi a cikin shekarar 1930 kuma an rushe shi a shekarar 1962.

## Tarihi
An gina wannan abin tunawa a shekara ta 1930 don bikin cika shekaru 100 da mamayar Faransa a Algiers a shekarar 1830. An zaɓi Boufarik a matsayin wurin sa saboda wurin da yake a tsakiyar filin Mitidja mai albarka, biyo bayan wani labari wanda a cewarsa aikin noma mai wadata na yankin ya nuna darajar aikin mulkin mallaka.

Masu sassaƙa Henri Bouchard da  ne suka tsara abin tunawa tare da m Xavier Salvador, a cikin salon Art Deco wanda ke da rinjaye a lokacin. A 20 November 1929, aikin su ya lashe gasar ƙira da  ta shirya. wanda ya haɗa shagulgulan cika shekaru ɗari. Ya ɗauki siffar katafariyar katanga mai tsayin mita 9 da faɗinsa mita 45,  a yammacin ƙarshen babban titin Boufarik, wanda a yanzu titin N61, wanda ƙarshensa na gabas ya kasance (har yanzu) babban cocin garin. A jikin bangon akwai rubutu a cikin manyan haruffa, "[ sadaukarwa] ga hazaka na mulkin mallaka na Faransa" (French:au génie colonisateur français), tare da rubutu a cikin ƙananan haruffa a ƙasa wanda ya karanta "ga jarumawa, ga majagaba na wayewa, ga masu yin Faransa mafi girma" (French: aux héros, aux pionniers de la civilisation, aux réalisateurs de la plus grande France). A tsakiyar ya tsaya ruƙuni na mutane masu girma fiye da rayuwa a cikin babban taimako, wakiltar shugabannin soja Thomas Robert Bugeaud da Louis Juchault de Lamoricière; manyan mutane na yunkurin mulkin mallaka na Mitidja irin su Pierre-Martin Borély de La Sapie, Maurice de Franclieu, Maximilien de Tonnac, Augustin de Vialar; da kuma shugaban gida mai goyon bayan Faransa Hadj Allal ben-Bouzéid ben Chaoua. A ƙasansu akwai frieze mai ba da taimako da ke wakiltar al'amuran daga rayuwar karkara na Mitidja. 

Shugaban Faransa Gaston Doumergue ne ya kaddamar da wannan abin tunawa a ranar 5 ga watan May 1930, tare da manyan mutane da dama ciki har da Louis Franchet d'Espèrey. 

An ruguje shi gaba ɗaya a watan Yulin 1962 bayan Aljeriya ta samu 'yancin kai a ƙarshen yakin Aljeriya.

## Duba kuma

* Ganuwar Gyara
* Tunawa da 'Yancin Aljeriya
* Mutum-mutumin dawaki na Hubert Lyautey

## Manazarta
Tawayen Sadiavahy

**Tawayen Sadiavahy** tawaye ne na adawa da 'yan mulkin mallaka wanda ya ɓarke a kudanci da yammacin Madagascar tsakanin shekarun 1915-1917. Waɗannan tawaye, ko da yake sun fi na Tawayen Menalamba, sun nuna tsayin daka ga tsarin 'yan mulkin mallaka na Faransa, musamman haraji mai yawa, manufofin aiki na tilastawa, da kuma kawar da rashin amincewa.

## Tarihi
Ƙungiyar Sadiavahy ta samo asali ne a Kudancin Madagascar (Ampanihy, Ampotaka, Ambovombe) wanda Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka mamaye kwanan nan. *Madagascar: A Short History*. University of Chicago Press, 2009, p. 92. Yawancin ƙabilun Kudu sun kasance masu zaman kansu daga mulkin Hova kuma ba su saba da haraji da aikin tilastawa ba.  Da farko ya ƙunshi ƙauyen da sarakunan yanki na yanki ke jagoranta kamar Fanolahy, Tsirekitsy, Masikavelo, da Mahatomby.

## Dalilai
Manyan korafe-korafen da suka haifar da boren sun haɗa da:

* Yunwa
* Haraji mai yawa da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka na Faransa ta sanya
* wajibcin aiki na tilas (prestations)
* Kame da danne waɗanda suka soki manufofin mulkin mallaka

Irin wannan yanayi ya haifar da tashin hankali, musamman a yankunan karkara inda shugabannin gargajiya ke ƙara zama saniyar ware.

## Makasudai
'Yan tawayen sun nemi:

* Korar Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa daga yankinsu na ƙabilu
* Kashe harajin mulkin mallaka da aikin tilastawa

## Ci gaba
Da farko, hukumomin mulkin mallaka sun ɗauki tawayen a matsayin 'yan fashi ne kawai ko kuma tashin hankali na kyamar baki. Duk da haka, ya rikiɗe zuwa wani tsari na juriya da makami, inda kamfen da dabarun kwanto suka zama ruwan dare.

## Bayan haka
Faransa ta mayar da martani da kakkausar murya na soji. 'Yan tawayen Sadiavahy ba su da kayan aiki da kyau idan aka kwatanta da sojojin Faransa, kuma an murkushe juriyarsu cikin sauri.  An kama shugabannin ’yan tawaye, an ɗaure su, an yanke musu hukuncin yin aikin tilas, ko kuma a kore su daga yankunansu. 

Danniya ya kasance mai muni musamman saboda yanayin yakin duniya na ɗaya , wanda gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Faransa ba za ta iya samun tarzoma a cikin gida ba yayin da take fuskantar barazanar daga waje.

## Duba kuma

* Menalamba tawaye
* Tarihin Madagascar
* Faransa Madagascar

## Manazarta