Batutuwan muhalli a Siriya

Manyan **Batutuwan muhalli a Siriya** sun haɗa da sare daji, wuce gona da iri, Rushewar ƙasa, hamada, gurɓataccen ruwa daga zubar da datti da sharar gida daga tsaftace man fetur, da rashin isasshen ruwa mai sha.

Rashin ruwa, wanda ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar yawan jama'a, fadada masana'antu, da gurɓataccen ruwa, babbar matsala ce ta dogon lokaci akan ci gaban tattalin arziki. Rashin ruwa a Siriya ya zama shekaru biyar a jere na fari, yana tsawaita batutuwan muhalli da Siriya ta riga ta samu.

Gwamnatin Assad (Jam'iyyar Ba'ath ta Larabawa - Yankin Siriya) ta hau mulki a Siriya a shekarar 1970. Hafez al-Assad ya yi mulki a matsayin Shugaban kasa daga 1971 zuwa 2000, kuma bayan mutuwarsa shugabancin ya wuce ga ɗansa, Bashar al-Assid . Rashin canji a cikin manufofin muhalli ya ba da gudummawa ga shekaru biyar masu zuwa na fari. Har ila yau, ci gaba da yunkurin 'tsayawa da zaman lafiya' na tsawon shekaru arba'in da gwamnatin Assad ta sanya ya canza zuwa kafa tsoro da tashin hankali tsakanin mutanenta ya yi tasiri a cikin bazara na Larabawa na 2011. Spring na Larabawa na 2011, wanda ya fara ne a matsayin tashin hankali na farar hula, da sauri ya canza zuwa yakin basasar Siriya.

Farkawar Yaƙin basasa a Siriya ya kasance mai cutarwa ga tattalin arziki da muhalli. Rashin guba na makamai da aka yi amfani da su a lokacin yakin kamar bama-bamai, harsashi, bama-bomb, bama-mamai na jirgin sama da makamai masu linzami sun kasance babban dalilin lalacewar samar da mai na Siriya, wuraren masana'antu, ababen more rayuwa, da kuma kula da sharar gida. Saboda haka, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Muhalli a Siriya (Ministan Jiha: Nazira Farah Sarkis)  ta shiga cikin Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don ƙirƙirar Shirin Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa. An kirkiro wannan shirin ne a matsayin ƙoƙari na yaki da hamada, bambancin halittu, da canjin yanayi. Abin takaici, a Babban Taron, an ayyana cewa shirin ya gaza dangane da koma baya da aka samu a cikin ƙasa mai ƙasƙanci da lalata nasarorin ci gaba. Wadannan batutuwan muhalli sun danganta da yakin Siriya.

## Batutuwan muhalli kafin yakin basasar Siriya

### Rashin kula da ruwa

#### Shekaru biyar na fari (2006-2011)
A cikin shekarun 2006-2011, Siriya ta fuskanci shekaru biyar na fari wanda ya haifar da daya daga cikin manyan matsalolin jin kai da Siriya ta taba gani. Kodayake, canjin yanayi ya yi tasiri sosai ga fari a Siriya, yana shafar albarkatun noma, gwamnatin Assad ta nuna rashin kulawa da rashin kula da albarkatun kasa.

Yana da dabi'a don fari ya faru a ƙasashe masu yanayin tsaka-tsaki. Iraki, Jordan, Lebanon, da Falasdinu sun sha wahala daga fari a 2007-2008, amma Siriya ita ce kadai kasar da ta fuskanci rikicin jin kai. Yankin da fari ya shafa sosai shine mafi girma Fertile Crescent. Da yake shi ne babban tushen noma da kiwon dabbobi, fari ya haifar da gazawar noma da mutuwar dabbobi. Rashin canji a cikin tsarin manufofi - manufofin noma - ya kasance daya daga cikin masu aikata wannan batun. Hafez al-Assad ya sanya manufofi don inganta aikin gona na Siriya ciki har da sake rarraba ƙasa, da ayyukan ban ruwa. Rarraba ƙasar ta yi amfani da iyakantaccen ƙasar da ke shafar matakin ruwan ƙasa a matsayin sakamakon da ke haifar da karancin ruwa a Siriya

### Rashin kula da sharar gida
Gudanar da sharar gida a Siriya kafin yaƙin ya riga ya kasance mai haɗari kuma mai rauni. Akwai nau'o'i biyu na samar da sharar gida a Siriya kamar su sharar gida na masana'antu da shararru na likita. A cikin shekara ta 1997, an tattara tan 21,730 na sharar masana'antu daga manyan birane biyar na Siriya, kuma an samar da tan 470,000 na phosphogypsum. A cikin shekara ta 2000, an samar da tan 3,000 na sharar gida mai haɗari kuma an kiyasta cewa a kowace shekara ta 2010, za a sami karuwa zuwa tan 4,500. Don zama mafi daidaito, kashi 5 cikin dari na sharar gida, kashi 15 cikin dari na sinadarai, da kashi 80 cikin dari na yaduwar cuta sun hada da sharar gida mai haɗari a Siriya, kuma rashin manufofi ko canjin gwamnati ya ci gaba da waɗannan batutuwan. an tattara shi ne ta hanyar kananan hukumomi ko kamfanoni masu zaman kansu amma an ruwaito cewa kimanin kashi 80 cikin dari na sharar gida an zubar da shi a wuraren zubar da shara a gefen garin. Rashin kula da sharar da gwamnatin Assad ta yi na dogon lokaci ya haifar da dioxin da sauran iskar gas da ke haifar da gurɓata iska a Damascus da Aleppo. A zahiri, ko sharar tana da haɗari ko ba ta da haɗari, ba a raba ta da sharar gida wanda ya fara gurɓata ruwa, ƙasa da gurɓata iska ba. Har ila yau, ba a kula da sharar gida mai haɗari ba. Cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a Siriya ba su da wani sharar gida wanda ke haifar da kayan aiki a asibitoci don haɗuwa da sharar gida. Akwai haɗarin kiwon lafiya da aka aiwatar daga kula da sharar gida na haɗarin kiwo a kan haɗarin kiɗa ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, masu kula da shayarwa, marasa lafiya, da sauran mutanen Siriya.

## Manazarta