Yanayin yankin Somerset

Gundumar Somerset tana cikin Kudu maso Yammacin Ingila, tana da iyaka da Bristol Channel da yankunan Bristol da Gloucestershire zuwa arewa, da Wiltshire zuwa gabas, Dorset zuwa kudu, da Devon zuwa yamma. Yanayin yanayi, wanda ke da tasiri ta hanyar kusanci da Tekun Atlantika da iskar yamma, yana da sauƙi, danshi da iska.

Somerset galibi karkara ce da kuma aikin gona. Manyan yankunan tsaunuka sune Mendip Hills a gabas da Quantock Hills a yamma, Blackdown Hills sun samar da iyakar kudancin gundumar, kuma Exmoor yana kan iyakar yamma. Tsakanin Mendips da Quantocks shine babban yanki mai laushi, ƙasa mai laushi da aka sani da Somerset Levels. Babban koguna na gundumar shine Kogin Axe a arewa maso gabas, da Kogin Brue da Parrett waɗanda ke gudana zuwa arewa maso yamma ta matakan zuwa Bristol Channel.

Yankin ya fi ƙayyadewa ta hanyar ilimin ƙasa. Carboniferous Limestone wanda ya samar da Mendips an rushe shi don samar da gorges da koguna. Exmoor yanki ne mai zurfi na moorland da kuma National Park kuma Somerset Levels ya ƙunshi wuraren da ke da muhimmanci ga tsuntsaye. Quantocks da Blackdown Hills sune Yankunan Kyakkyawan Kyakkyawar Halitta, kuma tsibirin Steep Holm, a cikin Bristol Channel, yana ɗaya daga cikin wurare da yawa na Sha'awar Kimiyya ta Musamman. Hanyar babbar Hanyar M5 tana gudana a fadin gundumar, wanda ke aiki da cibiyar sadarwa ta hanyoyi. Lines na jirgin kasa da yawa suna ba da sabis ga wasu sassan Burtaniya, kuma Filin jirgin saman Bristol yana arewa maso gabas. Wasu masana'antun gargajiya sun ragu, amma yankin ya shahara tare da masu yawon bude ido kuma sananne ne ga cuku da cider na Cheddar.

## Yanayin jiki

Somerset wani yanki ne na karkara a kudu maso yammacin Ingila tare da yanki na  kilomita 4,171 (1,610 sq . Yana da iyaka a arewa maso yammacin Bristol Channel, a arewacin Bristol da Gloucestershire, a gabas da Wiltshire, a kudu maso gabas da Dorset, kuma a kudu maso yamma da yamma da Devon. Gundumar ta kasu kashi huɗu na yankuna, wanda ya kunshi Silurian, Devonian da Carboniferous zuwa Permian, wanda ke tasiri ga shimfidar wuri. Yankin tsakiya yana da faɗi, filayen filaye kuma akwai ƙananan tuddai da yawa.

### Yanayin ƙasa
Manyan yankunan tsaunuka sune Mendip Hills a arewa maso gabas da Quantock Hills da ke yamma. Mendips suna gudana daga yamma zuwa gabas tsakanin Frome da Weston-super-Mare, suna kallon Somerset Levels zuwa kudu da Chew Valley da sauran Kogin Avon zuwa arewa. Sun ƙare a cikin tsaunuka na Brean Down, kawai don sake girbi a cikin Bristol Channel a matsayin tsibirin Steep Holm da Flat Holm. Steep Holm wani bangare ne na Somerset yayin da Flat Holm shine mafi kudancin Wales. Mendips sun hada da Carboniferous Limestone kuma rushewar ruwa ya haifar da gorges, busassun kwari, screes, swallets da koguna da kuma siffofin karst daban-daban.

Quantocks sun shimfiɗa zuwa arewa daga Kwarin Taunton Deane, kusan  mi (24  zuwa arewa maso yamma, suna ƙare a Kilve da West Quantoxhead a bakin tekun Bristol Channel. Sun samar da iyakar yammacin Sedgemoor da Somerset Levels. Matsayi mafi girma shine Wills Neck, a mita 384 (1,260 . Quantocks sun kunshi duwatsu masu laushi daga zamanin Devonian, da farko an shimfiɗa su a ƙarƙashin teku mai zurfi kuma a hankali an matsa su cikin dutse mai ƙarfi. Yankin ya kunshi tsaunuka masu zafi tare da heather, gorse da bracken, tsohuwar gandun daji da filayen makiyaya, tare da gangara masu tsawo da combes na katako.

Blackdown Hills sun samar da iyakar kudancin gundumar tare da Arewacin Devon. Sun hada da Upper Greensand kuma sun samar da wani fili mai kyau tare da gangara masu tsawo tare da kwari a arewa amma mafi kyau gangara zuwa kudu. Matsayinsu mafi girma shine Staple Hill (mita 315 (1,033 ).  Exmoor babban yanki ne wanda ke kewaye da Somerset da Arewacin Devon, kusa da Bristol Channel . An hada shi ne daga Exmoor Group na duwatsu masu laushi kuma an rufe shi da moorland tare da rigar, ƙasa mai acid. Yankin bakin tekun Exmoor yana da tuddai masu duwatsu, kwari, magudanan ruwa da tsaunuka masu tsawo waɗanda sune tsaunuka mafi girma a ƙasar Burtaniya. Exmoor kuma ya ƙunshi mafi girman matsayi a cikin gundumar, Dunkery Beacon a mita 520 (1,710 . 

Kusa da bakin tekun, a tsakiyar tsakanin Quantocks da Mendips, kuma yana kwance a layi daya da su, shine ƙananan tuddai na Polden Hills. A kowane bangare akwai filin bakin teku da kuma wuraren da ake kira Somerset Levels, yanki na kimanin hekta 70,000 (170,000 acres),  mafi yawa daga cikinsu kusan mita 6 (20  sama da matakin teku. Yankin arewa maso gabas na matakan yana da ruwa daga Axe da Brue, kuma yankin kudu maso yammacin Parrett da babban mai ba da gudummawa, Tone. Wannan bangare na Matakan an san shi da Sedgemoor, kuma zuwa gabas shine Glastonbury Tor, wani tudu mai nisa wanda ke nunawa daga filin da ke ƙasa.

### Abubuwan ruwa

Yankin arewacin yana da kyau tare da ƙananan duwatsu da tsaunuka masu tsawo na rairayin bakin teku, wasu sassan su, musamman a arewa maso yamma, suna da laka. Babban fasalin bakin teku shine Bridgwater Bay, kuma kawai muhimmin tashar jiragen ruwa shine a bakin Parrett. Manyan koguna a Somerset suna tashi a cikin tsaunuka kuma suna gudana zuwa arewa da yamma zuwa Bristol Channel; waɗannan su ne Axe, Brue, Parrett da masu goyon bayanta, da Exe. Tushen Kogin Axe yana cikin Wookey Hole Caves a cikin Mendip Hills . Yana gudana ta cikin kwari sannan yamma ta ƙauyen Wookey. Ya rabu zuwa sassa biyu wanda daga baya ya sake haɗuwa, kuma yana gudana a fadin moors, ta hanyar Lower Weare da kudancin Loxton. Yana wucewa tsakanin Uphill Cliff da Brean Down kuma ya kai teku a Weston Bay; ya zama iyakar arewacin gundumar.

Kogin Brue yana gudana ta hanyar Somerset Levels zuwa gabashin Polden Hills. Yana tashi a cikin tuddai kusa da iyakar kudancin gundumar, yana gudana ta Bruton, inda Kogin Pitt ya haɗu da shi, kuma ta hanyar Baltonsborough. An karkatar da ƙananan zuwa tashar da ta haɗu da Parrett a Burnham-on-Sea a Bridgwater Bay. Akwai wani bog da aka ɗaga a tsakiyar kwarin Brue kuma yankin da ke kewaye da shi yana da mosaic na maras kyau, mer da kuma gandun daji. Kogin Parrett ya tashi a cikin tsaunuka da ke kusa da Chedington a Dorset kuma yana gudana zuwa arewa maso yamma bayan Alder, Somerset, kuma ta hanyar Somerset Levels zuwa Bridgwater, bayan haka ya zama bakin ruwa tare da bakinsa a Burnham-on-Sea. Kogin yana da ruwa mai zurfi, kamar wanda ke cikin Kogin Severn. Matakan Somerset suna da 'yan ƙafa ne kawai sama da matakin teku kuma suna iya ambaliyar ruwa. Ana zubar da su ta hanyar ramin da tashoshi waɗanda ke shiga cikin Parrett ciki har da King's Sedgemoor Drain, a kudancin Polden Hills.

Kogin Tone ya tashi a cikin Brendon Hills, kuma an toshe shi kusa da asalinsa don samar da Clatworthy Reservoir. Yana gudana kusan zuwa gabas, ta hanyar  don shiga Kogin Parrett sama da Bridgwater. Kogin Exe ya tashi a kan Exmoor a Somerset, kimanin  (8  kudu da Bristol Channel, amma yana gudana kai tsaye a kudu, don haka mafi yawan tafiyarsa yana cikin Devon kuma bakinsa yana kan iyakar kudu. 
Somerset galibi karkara ce kuma manyan cibiyoyin jama'a guda biyu, Bath da Weston-super-Mare, an canja su zuwa gundumomin ikon hadin kai na Bath da Arewa maso Gabashin Somerset da Arewacin Somerset bi da bi, a cikin 1996 amma har yanzu suna cikin yankin bikin. Matakan Somerset suna da alhakin ambaliyar ruwa kuma manyan garuruwa sune Glastonbury da Street waɗanda ke da ƙananan wurare a kan Polden Hills.

Sauran manyan garuruwa sune Wells, Taunton, garin gundumar, Bridgwater, Yeovil da Frome .  Wells yana a gindin tsaunukan Mendip kuma an gina shi a shafin yanar gizon Roman. Ya zama mahimmanci a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci. An bayyana shi a matsayin mafi ƙanƙanta a Ingila saboda Wells Cathedral .  Taunton yana zaune a cikin gida a bakin kogin Tone kuma ya kasance tun a kalla zamanin Saxon. Gida ce ga Ofishin Hydrographic na Burtaniya da hedkwatar yanki na irin waɗannan kungiyoyi kamar Defra da Hukumar Taimako ta Ingila da Wales.

Bridgwater yana a bakin Kogin Parrett, kilomita 10 (16  a cikin ƙasa kuma mafi ƙasƙanci a ƙetare sama da bakin kogin. An ambaci shi a cikin Domesday Book kuma ya taɓa zama babban tashar jiragen ruwa da cibiyar kasuwanci, kuma har yanzu galibi gari ne na masana'antu. Yeovil yana tsakiyar Yeovil Scarplands, wani yanki mai tsawo a kan iyakokin kudancin gundumar. An kafa shi a zamanin da ba a san shi ba kuma an ambaci Yeovil a cikin Domesday Book . Garin cibiyar masana'antun jirgin sama ne da tsaro kuma babban ma'aikaci shine masana'antar helikofta AgustaWestland .  Frome, wani tsohuwar ƙauye, yana zaune a wani shafin a ƙarƙashin Mendips da ke kallon Kogin Frome. Garin ya dogara da masana'antar ulu, amma yanzu yana da alaƙa da aikin ƙarfe da bugawa, kuma yawancin mazauna suna tafiya zuwa Bristol da Bath.

## Ilimin ƙasa
Dutse mafi tsufa sune shekarun Silurian (shekaru miliyan 443-419 da suka gabata). Sun samar da jerin lavas, tuffs (ashar dutsen wuta), shales da wanka a cikin wani karamin yanki zuwa arewa maso gabashin Shepton Mallet a gabashin Mendip Hills. Ana samun duwatsu daga Devonian (shekaru miliyan 419-359 da suka gabata) a fadin yawancin Exmoor,  Quantocks, da kuma a cikin ƙwayoyin da aka ninka waɗanda suka samar da Mendip Hills. 

Lokacin Carboniferous (shekaru 359-299 da suka wuce) duwatsu suna wakiltar Dutsen Carboniferous Limestone wanda ke samar da tudun Mendip, yana tashi ba zato ba tsammani daga shimfidar wuri na Matakan Somerset.  Dutsen limestone ya ƙunshi burbushin crinoids (sea-lilies), murjani da brachiopods, suna ba da shaida na yawan rayuwar ruwa da ke wanzuwa a cikin ƙananan tekuna masu zafi waɗanda suka mamaye waɗannan wuraren a lokacin.  Wasu tsaunuka, kamar a cikin Mendips, sun fi ƙafa 800 (240 m) sama da matakin teku, kuma daga gare su ne kogunan ruwa ke gudana masu ƙarfi.  Ana iya ganin misalan zaizayar ƙasa a Cheddar Gorge da kogon da ke cikinsa, inda dutsen farar ƙasa mai laushi ya zagaya cikin kwazazzabai da kogo masu zurfi da tsayi.[1]  A ƙarshen Permian (shekaru 299-252 da suka wuce) da lokacin Triassic (shekaru 252-201 da suka wuce), Variscan orogeny ya haifar da tashin hankali na yankunan tsaunuka da yawa ciki har da Dartmoor zuwa kudu, Exmoor, Quantocks da Mendips..

Yawancin shimfidar wurare sun faɗi cikin nau'ikan da tushen ilimin ƙasa ya ƙaddara.  Wadannan shimfidar wurare sune karst na limestone da kuma lias na arewa, tsakiyar lãka valles da dausayi, oolites na gabas da kudu, da Devonian yashi na yamma.  Zuwa arewa-maso-gabas na Matakan Somerset, Mendips manyan tsaunuka ne masu matsakaicin tsayi.  Yankin tsakiyar da yammacin Dutsen Mendip an keɓe shi Wuri Mafi Kyawun Halitta a cikin 1972 kuma ya kai murabba'in kilomita 198 (sq mi).  Babban wurin zama na waɗannan yankuna shine ciyayi mai ƙasƙanci, tare da wasu noman noma.  Somerset Coalfield wani yanki ne na babban filin kwal da ke shimfidawa zuwa Gloucestershire.  A arewacin tsaunin Mendip akwai kwarin Chew kuma a kudu, a kan yumɓun yumɓu, akwai faffadan kwari da ke tallafawa noman kiwo da koguna da ke zubewa zuwa Matakan Somerset.   .

## Yanayi
Tare da sauran Kudancin Yammacin Ingila, Somerset yana da yanayi mai zafi wanda gabaɗaya ya fi damina da laushi fiye da yawancin Ingila.[1]  Matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara yana kusan 10 ° C (50 °F).  Bambancin yanayin zafi na yanayi ya yi ƙasa da matsananci fiye da yawancin Ƙasar Ingila saboda matsakaicin tasirin yankunan da ke kusa da teku.  watannin bazara na Yuli da Agusta sune mafi zafi tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin yau da kullun na kusan 21 °C (70 °F).  A cikin hunturu yana nufin mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi na 1 °C (34 °F) ko 2 °C (36 °F) suna gama gari.] A lokacin rani tsarin matsa lamba na Azores yana shafar kudu maso yammacin Ingila, amma gajimare mai ɗaukar nauyi wani lokaci yana tasowa a cikin ƙasa, yana rage adadin sa'o'in hasken rana.  Yawan hasken rana na shekara sun ɗan ƙasa da matsakaicin yanki na sa'o'i 1,600.[1]  Yawancin ruwan sama a cikin kaka da lokacin sanyi yana faruwa ne sakamakon zuwan bakin ciki na Atlantika, wanda ke kawo iska mai cike da danshi daga kudu maso yamma da yamma.  A lokacin rani, yawan ruwan sama yana haifar da hasken rana yana dumama ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da haɗuwa da samuwar ruwa da tsawa.  Matsakaicin ruwan sama yana kusa da 700 mm (28 in), kuma kwanaki takwas zuwa goma sha biyar na ruwan dusar ƙanƙara.  Nuwamba zuwa Maris yana da mafi girman ma'anar iskar, kuma Yuni zuwa Agusta mafi ƙarancin iskoki.  Babbar hanyar iskar ta fito ne daga kudu maso yamma..&nbsp;

## Daidaitawa na farko

A yawancin yankin da ke kan iyaka da wuraren da ke da ruwa, ana iya noma yawan kayan aiki, iri-iri. Yankin kore da bambancin wuri yana ba da kyakkyawan kiwo ga dabbobi. A wasu yankuna an yi amfani da dutse mai laushi mai laushi da Dolomitic Conglomerate tare da gubar da ma'adanai na zinc. Shaidar zama na farko ya fito ne daga Sweet Track, wanda aka gina daga katako da aka sare a cikin hunturu na 3807-06 BC,  da ƙauyukan ƙasa kamar Glastonbury Lake Village da tsaunuka masu tsaunuka da tsoffin ƙauyuka a kan tuddai, da yawa daga cikinsu sun kasance daga Iron Age. Daga lokacin Romawa har zuwa 1908, tsaunukan Mendip sun kasance muhimmiyar tushen gubar. Wadannan yankuna sun kasance cibiyar manyan masana'antar hakar ma'adinai; wannan yana nunawa a yankunan da aka gurbata da ƙasa da aka sani a cikin gida kamar "gruffy"; ana zaton kalmar "gruffi" ta samo asali ne daga shafuka da aka rufe da su don cire ma'adinin gubar daga jijiyoyi kusa da farfajiya. Calamine, Manganese, baƙin ƙarfe, jan ƙarfe da barytes suma an haƙa su.

Yawancin tuddai, kamar a Cadbury Castle, Ham Hill da Maes Knoll, da kuma kwarin da aka kare sun samar da wuraren karewa ga mazaunan mutane na farko. An kafa kasuwanci da wuri. Babban bambancin ruwa ya ba da damar shiga cikin ƙasa, babban abu ne na rarraba kayayyaki da samarwa, ta amfani da koguna kamar Parrett da Avon. Yankin ruwa na  ,  shine na biyu kawai zuwa Bay of Fundy a Gabashin Kanada.  

## Amfani da ƙasa

Somerset is a predominantly agricultural county with arable cropping and dairy farming; Cheddar cheese is a well-known product. The main field crops include wheat, barley, oats and root crops, and extensive orchards produce cider apples. Large numbers of cattle and sheep are kept, and Exmoor ponies and red deer roam on the open moorland in the west of the county. Coal was at one time mined in the county; the Somerset Coalfield stretched from Cromhall to the Mendips, and from Nailsea to Bath. The last two pits, at Kilmersdon and Writhlington, closed in 1973. Minerals  mined here at one time included iron, lead, zinc, slate and fuller's earth.

Mendips sune mafi kudancin Carboniferous limestone uplands a Burtaniya. Sun ƙunshi manyan gine-gine guda uku, kowannensu yana da tsakiya na tsoffin dutse Devonian da dutsen dutse na Silurian. Ana fitar da dutse mai laushi don gina dutse da sauran duwatsu don amfani da su a cikin ginin hanya da kuma a matsayin ƙarfe. Ana cire Yashi, dutse da peat a wasu sassan gundumar.

An yi amfani da matakan Somerset tsakanin tsoffin garuruwan Glastonbury da Wells don haɓaka withies, sassauƙa, tsokoki mai ƙarfi, wanda aka yi amfani da shi na ƙarni da yawa don yin kayan ɗaki, kwando da shinge. An yanke Willow, an sarrafa shi kuma an yi amfani da shi a kan Matakan tun lokacin da mutane suka koma yankin. An gano raguwar kwandon willow a kusa da Glastonbury Lake Village, kuma an yi amfani da shi wajen gina hanyoyi da yawa na Iron Age. Masana'antar tana bunƙasa a wuraren da aka adana na wuraren da ke da ruwa, kuma akwai Cibiyar Baƙi ta Willows da Wetlands a Stoke St Gregory . 

Baya ga noma da masana'antu masu alaƙa, gami da yin cider, cuku da yogurt, da kuma cire peat, gundumar ba ta da masana'anta. Ya kasance yana da hannu a cikin ƙera jirage masu saukar ungulu, wasu masana'antu masu nauyi da ke da alaƙa da tsaro, hawan dutse da hakar dutse da yashi, yin tubali da yin tayal, da kuma ƙera takalma, takalma da takalma, amma yawancin waɗannan masana'antu sun ƙi. Yawon shakatawa yana daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samun kudin shiga.

## Yankunan da aka kare

Kwarin Gordano a yammacin Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Bristol ya wuce garuruwan da ke bakin teku na Portishead da Clevedon. An sanya shi a matsayin ajiyar yanayi na kasa,  kuma yawancin matafiya na iya lura da shi a kan babbar Hanyar M5 ta kudu. Kwarin Chew wata hanya ce mai sarrafa ruwa da kuma gandun daji a wannan yanki. Kwarin Avon zuwa Gabashin Bristol ya ci gaba zuwa Bath da bayan zuwa Wiltshire. Yankin yammacin tsaunukan Mendip, tun daga shekara ta 1972, an sanya shi Yankin Kyautattun Kyakkyawan Kyakkyawar Kyakkyawa (AONB) a ƙarƙashin Gidan shakatawa na Kasa da Samun damar Dokar Ƙauye ta 1949. An sanya Blackdown Hills a matsayin AONB a cikin 1991,  kuma Quantock Hills sun riƙe matsayin tun 1956, irin wannan sunan na farko a Ingila a ƙarƙashin Dokar. 

Matakan Somerset yanki ne mai laushi na muhimmancin kasa da kasa, tare da adadi mai yawa na tsuntsaye da ke cikin hunturu a can.

Exmoor wurin shakatawa ne na kasa wanda ke kewaye da yankuna biyu tare da 71% a Somerset da 29% a Devon. Yankin wurin shakatawa, wanda ya haɗa da Brendon Hills da Vale of Porlock yana da  kilomita 692.8 (267.5 sq  na tsaunuka masu budewa kuma wurin shakatawa yana da kilomita 55 (34  na bakin teku.

Steep Holm an kare shi azaman ajiyar yanayi da kuma Shafin Nazarin Kimiyya na Musamman (SSSI).  Yawancin tsuntsayen teku suna zaune ko ziyartar tsibirin, musamman European herring gulls * (Larus argentatus) * da Lesser black-backed gulls (* (Larus fuscus) *),  amma galibi ana kiyaye shi ne don sha'awar botanical; shi ne kawai shafin a cikin United Kingdom inda peonies na daji ke girma. 

### Green belt
Gundumar ta ƙunshi sassan mil da yawa na yankin belin kore na Avon, wanda ya fara ne don hana yaduwar birane daga Bristol da Bath da aka gina a yankunan karkara na Arewacin Somerset,  Bath da Arewa maso Gabashin Somerset  da gundumomin Mendip  a cikin gundumar, da kuma kula da ƙauyuka da ke kewaye da su. Ya shimfiɗa daga bakin teku tsakanin garuruwan Portishead da Clevedon, ya shimfiɗa zuwa gabas bayan Nailsea, a kusa da Bristol conurbation, kuma ta hanyar birnin Bath. Yankin kore ya haɗu da Yankin Mendip Hills na Kyakkyawan Kyakkyawar Kyakkyawa (AONB) tare da iyakarsa ta kudu, kuma ya haɗu le Cotswolds AONB ta hanyar gabashinsa tare da iyaka na gundumar Wiltshire, yana haifar da wani yanki mai tsawo wanda aka kare daga ci gaban da bai dace ba.

## Karamar hukuma
Gundumar Somerset ta kasu kashi biyar da yankuna biyu na iko (waɗanda majalisun suka haɗu da ayyukan gundumar da gundumar). gundumomi biyar sune West Somerset, South Somerset، Taunton Deane, Mendip da Sedgemoor, kuma hukumomin guda biyu sune North Somerset da Bath & North East Somerset . 

## Sadarwa