Muhammad Haji Mukhtar

Mohamed Haji Mukhtar** ( Somali  </link> ,   </link> ; an haife shi 13 ga watan Yuni alif 1947)   ƙwararren ɗan ƙasar Somaliya ne kuma marubuci a halin yanzu a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] .**

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife shi a Hudur, wani birni a tsakiyar tsohuwar Somaliyan Italiya, wanda a lokacin haihuwarsa ne a ƙarƙashin Hukumar Sojan Biritaniya BMA na bayan yakin duniya na biyu. Hudur ita ce cibiyar harshe da al'adun Af Maay. Fadin nan Howaal ii Hudur (ba) mal Huraw (Ba za ka iya guje wa kabari ko Hudur ba) yana nuna girman kabilanci na mazauna cikinsa.  Hudur ta fada hannun turawan mulkin mallaka na Italiya a shekarar 1914 kuma ta kasance birni mai albarka a yankin Alta Jubba (Upper Jubba). Daga 1974, ta zama babban birnin sabon yankin Bakool .  Shi ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne; dan Malak Mukhtar Malak Hassan, babban hakimin daular Somali Digil da Mirifle. 'Ya'yansa sune Saida, Salah, da Subeida. ￼

An san shi a matsayin mai ba da shawarar yin amfani da yaren Maay-Somali, da duk sauran harsunan Somaliya da ke cikin Somaliya. Masanin tarihi ne, a halin yanzu Farfesa na Tarihin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya a Jami'ar Jihar Savannah SSU a Savannah Jojiya, Amurka . Tun 1991 yake koyarwa a wannan cibiyar 

## Ilimi
Mukhtar ya fara karatun firamare a Scuola Elementare di Corcor, a Korkoor, sannan ya kammala a Mogadishu a Scuola Elementare di Hamar Jajab, sannan Istituto Discipline Islamiche.  A shekarar 1966 Mukhtar ya yi karatunsa na gaba, inda ya samu BA, MA da Ph.D. daga Jami'ar Al-Azhar da ke birnin Alkahira na kasar Masar . , makaranta mafi tsufa kuma mafi daraja a duniya; babba a tarihi da wayewa.  &#x5B; ** &#x5D; Ph.D. littafin karatu mai suna: Al-Sumal al-Itali fi Fatrat al-Wisayah Hatta al-Istiqlal, 1950-1960 (Italian Somaliland from Trusteeship to Independence 1950-1960)

Daga 1975 zuwa 1983, Farfesa ne a fannin Tarihi a Jami'ar Kasa ta Somaliya da ke Mogadishu, kuma daga 1986 zuwa 1990, ya koyar a Jami'ar Kasa ta Malaysia .

Dr. Mukhtar malami ne na Fulbright-Hays sau biyu, na farko a 1983-1984 a Jami'ar Pennsylvania ta Philadelphia, sannan tsakanin 1984 zuwa 1985 a Jami'ar South Carolina a Columbia, South Carolina . Ya kuma gudanar da zumunci daga Istituto Italiano per l'Africa da kungiyar Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organisation (ALECSO), a 1980 da 1981-1982, bi da bi, da kuma daga National Endowment for Humanities (NEH) a 2002 .

## Sana'a
Dr. Mukhtar, ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai bincike a Akadeemiyaha Dhaqanka Somaliyeed (The Somali Academy of Culture) a cikin 1974. Yayin da yake can, ya leka garuruwan bakin teku na Banadir, musamman Marka, Baraawa da kewaye, ya kuma gano wuraren tarihi na yankin.  A shekara ta 1976, ya gudanar da bincike a fage a kwarin Juba ta tsakiya da ta tsakiya inda ya bibiyi tarihin tarihin mutanen Gosha da alakar kasuwanci tsakanin Kismayu da Zanzibar. A cikin 1977, Dr. Mukhtar ya kuma yi bincike a yankunan Arewa maso Gabas da Arewa maso Yamma na Somaliya inda ya binciko yanayinsu na siyasa da tattalin arziki a lokacin Hukumar Sojan Birtaniya ta BMA a Somaliya 1940-1950. Daga 1975 zuwa 1983, Dr. Mukhtar ya zama mataimakin farfesa a fannin tarihi a Kwalejin Ilimi, Lafoole; Somali National University SNU, Mogadishu, Somalia. Koleji daya tilo da hanyar koyarwa ita ce Ingilishi da Larabci. Ya koyar da Tarihin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Tarihin Somaliya. Lallai shi ne ya fara ba da kwasa-kwasan tarihin Somaliya. Bugu da ƙari, ya koyar da Tarihi da kuma kula da Manyan Ayyukan Bincike. 

Dr. Mukhtar malami ne na Fulbright Hays sau biyu, na farko a matsayin Babban Masanin Nazarin Afirka a 1983-1984 a Jami'ar Pennsylvania da ke Philadelphia yana aiki akan fassara da buga Ph.D. karatun digiri; sannan daga 1984 zuwa 1985.

a Jami'ar South Carolina USC, a Columbia a matsayin ƙwararren Ƙwararrun Ci gaban Manhaja, ya yi aiki tare da Ma'aikatar Gwamnati da Harkokin Ƙasashen Duniya GINT waɗanda ke da sha'awar bayar da kwasa-kwasan kan Nazarin Tekun Indiya.  Daga 1986 zuwa 1990, Dr. Mukhtar ya kasance mataimakin farfesa a Jami'ar Kebangsaan Malaysia UKM (Jami'ar Kasa ta Malaysia) da ke Kuala Lumpur, yana koyar da Tarihin wayewar Musulunci a Afirka, da Harshen Larabci.  Ya rike Fellowships daga Istituto Italiano per L'Africa, Rome 1979; Kungiyar Ilimi, Al'adu da Kimiyya ta Larabawa ALECSO 1980-1982,  da kuma National Endowment for Humanities NEH a 2002.

Binciken Dr. Mukhtar ya mayar da hankali ne akan tarihin Duniyar Musulunci, Arewa maso Gabashin Afirka, da Kudancin Larabawa. Wuraren da yake bugawa da tarurrukansa sune shawarwarin rikice-rikice da sulhu, da kuma abubuwan da musulmi suka fuskanta a Amurka. Kwanan nan ya buga wani babi mai suna: “Tashi da Fadada Musulunci”. A Gabas ta Tsakiya: Tarihi da Al'adunsa, Jason Tatlock ya shirya (Jami'ar Maryland Press, 2012), 47-64. A cikin 2010, ya buga "Ƙarfafa Harshe, Ƙirar Ƙarya da Rikicin Al'adu a Somaliya." A cikin Milk da Aminci, Fari da Yaƙi: Al'adun Somaliya da Siyasa, Edita ta Virginia Luling da Markus Hohne (London: Hurst, 2010), 281-300. Ƙamus ɗin harshe mai suna: Turanci-Maay Dictionary (London: Adonis & Abbey, 2007); kuma a cikin 2003, ƙamus na Tarihi na Somaliya, Sabon Bugu (Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2003).

Dr. Mukhtar ya dade da zama furodusa kuma wakilin gidan radiyon Burtaniya na BBC, Sashen Afirka da Larabci da kuma Muryar Amurka Muryar Amurka. Daga 1989 zuwa 2003, shi ne memba wanda ya kafa Ergada Wadatashiga Somalia (Kwamitin Zaman Lafiya da Shawarwari na Somaliya), Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Amurka, kuma ya jagoranci wannan kwamiti daga 1996 zuwa 2010. The Ergada rukuni ne na Malaman Malaman Somaliya da kwararrun da suka bi ta hanyar sulhu da tattaunawa kan tattaunawa kai tsaye ta hanyar tattaunawa tare da cibiyoyin hada-hadar duniya da kuma cibiyoyin duniya. Daga 2007 zuwa yanzu, shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban Cibiyar Gina Zaman Lafiya ta CPBI, Savannah, Jojiya, Amurka,  da kuma daga 1992 zuwa gabatarwa, memba mai kafa kuma shugaban kungiyar Inter-Riverine Studies Association ISA, Detroit, Michigan, Amurika. ISA ƙungiya ce ta ilimi da aka samu a cikin 1993 don sake nazarin zato waɗanda tushen al'adun zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da asalin al'ummar Somaliya suka dogara. 

Daga 2000 zuwa gabatarwa Dr. Mukhtar memba ne na kwamitin Savannah Council on World Affairs SCWA, Savannah, Jojiya, Amurka,  haka kuma mamba na kwamitin ba da shawara na duniya don darajojin mutuntaka da cin mutunci, Paris, Faransa. Har ila yau, memba ne na Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Malaman Larabci ta Amirka (AATA), shi ne Editorial and Advisory Board memba na AFRICA, Rivista Semestrale di Studi e Richerche, Universita di Pavia, Italiya.  Daga 1996-2002, Dr. Mukhtar ya yi aiki da Babban Editan Demenedung, Newsletter for the Inter-Riverin Studies Association (ISA), Detroit, Michigan, kuma daga 1988-1994, ya kasance editan bayar da gudummawa ga Islamiyyat, Journal of the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. . Dr. Mukhtar, yana aiki kafada da kafada da hukumar

Cibiyoyin kasa da kasa da ke cikin rikici da yankunan rikice-rikice na duniya, ciki har da Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya UNHCR, Cibiyar Rayuwa da Zaman Lafiya ta Sweden LPI, Cibiyar Nazarin Zaman Lafiya da Rikici ta Kanada CIPCS, Cibiyar Aminci ta Amurka kawai. wasu.  Ya jagoranci ayyukan zaman lafiya da sasantawa tare da rubuta rahotanni kan wuraren da ake fama da rikici a Kahon Afirka,  musamman kan Somalia, Habasha, Kenya da kuma kasashen waje. 

Dr. Mukhtar ya dade yana zama furodusa kuma wakilin Sashen Afirka na BBC, kuma a halin yanzu shi ne shugaban kwamitin zaman lafiya da sulhu na Somaliya (Ergada) da kuma kungiyar nazarin kogi (ISA).

A halin yanzu farfesa ne na Tarihin Afirka & Gabas ta Tsakiya a Jami'ar Jihar Savannah da ke Savannah, Jojiya . 

## Littafi Mai Tsarki
Mukhtar ya rubuta ayyukan ilimi da dama akan tarihi da zamantakewar Somalia da Musulunci .

; Tarihi da Tarihi
:

* 'Madogaran Larabci akan Somaliya', *Tarihi a Afirka* 14 (1987).
* *Somaliya: Jerin Littattafai na Duniya.* Tare da Mark W. Delancey, Vol. 92, (Santa Barbara: CA. Clio Press, 1989).
* *Kamus na Tarihi na Somaliya*, Sabon Bugu (2003).
* 'Martanin Somaliya game da Mulkin Mallaka (Shari'ar Inter-Riverine)' a cikin *Sanya Cart a gaban Doki: Ƙashin Ƙashin Ƙasa da Rikicin Ƙasa-Ƙasa a Somalia*, edited by Abdi Kusow (2004).
* Tunawa da Salah Mohamed Ali da Aw Jama Umar Isse: Rasuwar Wani Tsari a Nazarin Somaliya. ' *Nazarin Arewa maso Gabashin Afirka 15: 1, (2014).*
* 'Al-Masadir al-Arabiyyah fi Tarikh al-Sumal. [Madogaran Larabci akan Tarihin Somaliya]. A Watan ALECSO, Na 16 (Mogadishu: 1982).
* *Hanyar Cilmiga ee Baarista Tarihin.* [Hanyoyin Rubutun Tarihi], (Lafoole: Somalia, Lafoole College Press, 1978).

; Musulunci

* 'Islam in Somali History: Fact and Fiction', a cikin *Ƙirƙirar Somalia*, edita ta Ali Jimale Ahmed (1995).
* 'Musulunci Daga Cikin Bayin Farko A Amurka. ', Savannah Morning News, (Savannah: Jojiya, Fabrairu 8, 2008).
* 'Tashi da Fadada Musulunci', a cikin Jason Tatlock (ed.), Gabas ta Tsakiya: Tarihinta da Al'adunta, Bethesda, MD: Jami'ar Press na Maryland, 2012.
* Ajuran Sultanate. Mukhtar, MH (2016). A cikin J. Mackenzie (Ed.) ''The encyclopedia of empire'' . Wiley
* Adal Sultanate. Mukhtar, MH (2016). A cikin J. Mackenzie (Ed.), ''The encyclopedia of empire'' . Wiley. Credo

; Siyasa

* 'Al-Wahdah al-Ifriqiyyah wa Atharaha 'Ala al-Harakaat al-Taharruriyyah.' [Kungiyar Hadin Kan Afirka OAU da tasirinta ga ƙungiyoyin 'Yancin Afirka] A cikin Bulletin League of African State Bulletin, (Alkahira: 1972).
* 'Halin da Kungiyar Agro-Pastoral Society of Somalia', *Bitar Tattalin Arzikin Siyasar Afirka* 70 (1996)
* 'Bagawa da rawar da jam'iyyun siyasa ke takawa a yankin tsakanin kogin Somaliya daga 1947-1960', *Ufahamu* 17, no. 2 (1989).
* 'Maganin Afirka ga Matsalolin Afirka: Ƙarshen Cutar Mogadishu. 'A cikin Ulf Johanson Dahre (ed.), *Gina Zaman Lafiya Bayan Rikici a Kahon Afirka*, (Lund: Sweden, Jami'ar Lund Press, 2008).
* 'Somaliya na tattake ciyawa. ' A *Duniya A Yau, ta Cibiyar Sarauta ta Harkokin Kasa da Kasa*, Vol. 63 (Fabrairu, 2007).
* 'Somalia: Tagar Dama. ' A *Addis Fortune* No. 7, (Addis Ababa, Fabrairu, 2007).
* 'Tarorin sulhu na Somaliya: Waƙar da ba a doke su ba. A cikin Renaissance na Afirka, Vol. 3, Na 5 (Satumba/Oktoba, 2006).
* 'Bayan Rikici: Abin da Ya Faru Da Shirin Zaman Lafiya na Somaliya. ' A cikin *Rahoton daga taron zaman lafiya na Somaliya na 2*, (Oslo: Norway, Red Cross Press Press, 2006).
* 'Labarin Gaskiya daga Somalia. ' A cikin The Washington Post, (Nuwamba 18, 1995).

; Al'umma
:

* 'Somalia: Neman Gidauniyar Zamantakewa da Dabi'ar Jama'a', a cikin *Ayyukan Ƙungiyar Nazarin Ƙasashen Duniya na 6th na Somaliya*, wanda Jorg Janzen ya shirya (2001)
* 'Somalia: Tsakanin Ƙaddamar Kai da Hargitsi,' a cikin *Mending Rips in the Sky*, edita ta Hussein Adam da Richard Ford (1997).

; Ilimin harshe
:

* 'Wakokin Kudu. ' A cikin *Murya da Ƙarfi: Al'adun Harshe a Arewa maso Gabashin Afirka.* *Rubuce-rubuce a cikin Daraja na BW Andrzejewski*, RJ Hayward da IM Lewis suka shirya, (London: Makarantar Gabas da Nazarin Afirka, 1996).
* 'Kwancewar Harshe, Kishin Kabilanci da Rikicin Al'adu a Somaliya. ', *A cikin Milk da Aminci, Fari da Yaƙi: Al'adun Somaliya, Al'umma da Siyasa*, edita ta Virginia Luling da Markus Hoehne, (London: HURST Publishin, 2010).
* 'Multi-Lingual Somalia: Ploy ko Pragmatic. ', A cikin SGMOIK Bulletin, Lamba 37 (Bern: Switzerland, 2013)
* 'Larabci in Somalia. ' A cikin *Encyclopedia na Harshen Larabci da Adabin Larabci*, Vol. 4, (Leiden: Brill, 2008).

## Nassoshi

* Mohamed Haji Mukhtar da Omar Moalim Ahmed, *Turanci-Maay Dictionary* (Adonis & Abbey Publishers: 2007)
* HDHS