Ilse Barea-Kulcsar

**Ilse Wilhelmine Elfriede Barea-Kulcsar** (née Pollak; 20 Satumba 1902 - 1 Janairu 1973), wanda aka fi sani da **Ilsa**, 'yar jaridar Austriya ce, marubuciya, Mai fassara da kuma malami. Ta kuma kasance mai gwagwarmayar siyasa ta Kwaminisanci, mai gwagwanmayar adawa da fascism da kuma gwagwarmaya mai adawa wanda ya yi kamfen a Austria, ya ba da gudummawa a Yaƙin basasar Spain kuma ya tafi gudun hijira a Burtaniya.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Barea-Kulcsar a ranar 20 ga Satumba, 1902 a Vienna, Austria-Hungary, a matsayin ɗan fari cikin 'ya'ya uku.    Mahaifin Barea-Kulcsar Valentin Pollak (1871–1948) ya fito ne daga zuriyar Yahudawa, kakanninsa kuma kakanninsa sun fito ne daga al'ummomin Yahudawa a Eisenstadt da Mattersburg .  Ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan Wasa-Gymnasium.  Mahaifiyarta Alice von Zieglmayer (1872–1948) ta fito ne daga dangin masu kuɗi da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na ƙananan sarakunan Austria-Hungary kuma ita ce babbar 'ya'ya mata shida a cikin danginta.  

Barea-Kulcsar ta yi karatu a makarantar sakandare ta 'yan mata ta farko a Vienna, Makarantar Black Forest ( Jamusanci :  ), wanda wata daliba Eugenie Schwarzwald ta kafa.  Daga nan ta karanci kimiyyar siyasa a Faculty of Political Sciences and Law na Jami'ar Vienna daga 1920 zuwa 1928.   Ta yi magana da Jamusanci, Turanci, Faransanci, Italiyanci da Sifaniyanci sosai.  

## Ƙungiyoyin fafutuka
Barea-Kulcsar ta shiga harkokin siyasa na ɓangaren hagu da kuma fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a a lokacin da take ɗaliba, tana aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar ƙungiyar ɗaliban makarantun sakandare na gurguzu.  Ta shiga jam'iyyar Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria (SDAP) da kuma ƙungiyar matasa ta Socialist Youth Austria (SJÖ).  Ta kuma kasance memba na ɗaliban Socialist Students of Austria (VSStÖ) kuma editan jaridarsu ne.  Ta yi fafutukar haɗa kai da sabuwar ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci ta ƙasa da ƙasa, wadda aka fi sani da ƙungiyar Third International. 

A shekarar 1921, Barea-Kulcsar ta bar SDAP saboda dalilai na akida kuma ta shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Austria (KPÖ) da aka kafa kwanan nan. [1] Ta haɗu da Leopold Kulcsar, wani memba na jam'iyyar KPÖ. [2] A shekarar 1922, sun yi aure. [3] [4] Ta yi aiki a jaridar jam'iyyar kuma ta yi rubutu a jaridar Red Flag ( Jamusanci : Rote Fahne ) , [5] tare da rubuce-rubucenta da suka dogara da ra'ayoyin Leninist . [6] A shekarar 1924, KPÖ ta ba ta haramcin buga littattafai na shekara ɗaya kuma an kore ta da mijinta daga jam'iyyar. [6] [7]

A shekarar 1925, Barea-Kulcsar ta yi tafiya zuwa Hungary don neman mafaka a ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci ta ƙasa da ƙasa. An kama ta a Budapest kuma ta yi watanni huɗu a gidan yari. An mayar da ita Vienna a shekarar 1926. 

Barea-Kulcsar ta koma SDAP a shekarar 1926.   Ta yi aiki a SDAP a matsayin malamar tafiya a yankunan karkara na gabashin Austria.  Ta gabatar da laccoci kan batutuwa da suka haɗa da yanayin tattalin arzikin jari-hujja ; kundin tsarin mulki da siyasa na Jamhuriyar Austria ta Farko ; da kuma siyasar al'umma .  Ta kuma rubuta ƙasidar *Babban Ikon Kuɗi da Masana'antu* ( Jamusanci : *Großmächte der Finanz und der Industrie* ) ga jam'iyyar a shekarar 1930. 

A ƙarƙashin gwamnatin kama-karya ta Chancellor na Ostiriya, Engelbert Dollfuss, daga 1932 zuwa 1934, Barea-Kulcsar ta shirya tare da adawa ta ƙasa.   Ta rubuta wa jaridar Jamus mai adawa da fascist *Der Funke*,  wani littafi na Internationaler Sozialistischer Kampfbund (ISK), wanda ya yi jayayya kan haɗin kai a kan Nazism daga masu sassaucin ra'ayi na bourgeois zuwa kwaminisanci. An haramta jaridar a watan Fabrairun 1933. 

Barea-Kulcsar da mijinta sun shiga Yaƙin Basasa na Austria ( Jamusanci : *Österreichischer Bürgerkrieg* ) a watan Fabrairun 1934, wanda aka fi sani da "Tawayen Fabrairu."  An kama mijinta  kuma Barea-Kulcsar ta guji kama kanta da kyar.  Ta shiga ɓuya a cikin gidan ɗan siyasa kuma shugaban jam'iyyar Labour ta Burtaniya Hugh Gaitskell,  wanda ke zaune a Vienna a wannan shekarar yayin da yake karatu a kan tallafin karatu na Rockefeller .  An kori Barea-Kulcsar da mijinta daga SDAP   saboda aiki da ƙwayoyin sirri na ƙungiyar 'yan hagu ta Jamus mai suna *Neu Beginnen* ( Jamusanci : *Sabon Farko* ) *.*    Suna fuskantar barazanar sake kama su,  sun gudu zuwa Brno, Czechoslovakia  ta amfani da fasfo na karya, inda suka zauna tsawon shekaru biyu. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

Barea-Kulcsar ta ci gaba da fafutukar *yaƙi* da mulkin kama-karya a Czechoslovakia.  Ita da mijinta sun yi abota da shugaban gurguzu Otto Bauer, wanda ya ba su taimakon kuɗi.  Barea-Kulcsar ta sami aiki a matsayin editan mujallar Austro-Marxist *Socialist Tribune* ta kwata-kwata,   tana rubutu a ƙarƙashin sunan "Robert Werner." 

A lokacin barkewar Yaƙin Basasa na Spain, a kaka na 1936, Barea-Kulcsar ta bar Brno zuwa Valencia, Spain, don tallafawa dimokuradiyya, adawa da mulkin kama-karya da kuma ƙungiyar Republican .  Ofishin Jakadancin Spain da ke Paris, Faransa ya taimaka mata ta yi tafiya,  kuma an ba ta wasiƙar shawarwari daga jakadan Spain kuma memba na Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Socialist ta Spain ( PSOE).  Daga baya ta rubuta cewa: 

## Manazarta