John Hirst (masanin tarihi)

**John Bradley Hirst**, FASSA (9 ga Yuli 1942 - 3 ga Fabrairu 2016). masanin tarihi ne kuma mai sharhi kan zamantakewa na Australiya. Ya koyar a Jami'ar La Trobe daga 1968 har zuwa ritayarsa a 2006, ya gyara *Nazarin Tarihi —* babbar mujallar tarihi ta Australiya — daga 1977 zuwa 1980, kuma ya yi aiki a kwamitin shirya fina-finai na Ostiraliya da Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Ostiraliya. An bayyana shi a matsayin "masanin tarihi, masanin jama'a, kuma ɗan ƙasa mai himma". Ya yi rubutu sosai kan tarihin Ostiraliya da al'ummarta, yana buga littattafai biyu da aka karɓe da kyau game da mulkin mallaka na New South Wales. Hirst kuma ya kan buga ra'ayoyi akai-akai a kafofin watsa labarai.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Hirst a Adelaide, ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Unley kuma ya yi karatun digiri na farko da na biyu a Jami'ar Adelaide. Bayan ya bar sha'awarsa ta farko ta zama firist na Methodist, a shekarar 1968 aka naɗa shi malami a sabuwar Jami'ar La Trobe da ke Melbourne, inda ya ci gaba da aiki har zuwa ƙarshen aikinsa. Matarsa da ɗalibarsa Christine suka raka shi zuwa Melbourne. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu, Catherine da David.  Hirst daga baya ya zama shugaban sashen kuma mai karatu a tarihi a La Trobe. Ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2006, kuma ya kasance ƙwararren masani a La Trobe har zuwa mutuwarsa. An naɗa Hirst a matsayin mataimakinsa a Jami'ar Melbourne don gyara *Nazarin Tarihi*, babbar mujallar tarihi ta Ostiraliya, daga 1977 zuwa 1980. A lokacin ritaya, yana tafiya akai-akai zuwa Sydney don koyarwa, ba tare da lada ba, ƙungiyoyin ɗaliban digiri na biyu a rubuce-rubucen digiri.  Hirst ya mutu a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, 2016 yana da shekaru 73.

## Gudummawar ilimi
Aikin Hirst ya haɗa da "koyarwa, kulawa da bincike. Ya ƙirƙiro sabbin fannoni da hanyoyin koyarwa don koyar da su." [1] Ya samar da adadi mai yawa na kasidu, surori da littattafai kan tarihin Ostiraliya. Abubuwan da yake sha'awa a fannin ilimi sun kasance iri-iri, ciki har da tarihin zamantakewa, al'adu da siyasa. Jeremy Sammut ya bayyana shi a matsayin "mai salo mai kyau kuma mai ban sha'awa, ƙwararre wajen fayyace batutuwa masu sarkakiya ta hanyar rage su zuwa ga muhimman abubuwan da suke da su yayin da yake tsara layin da ya kawar da duk wata shakka fassararsa gaskiya ce kuma daidai ce".[2] A cikin aikinsa na tarihi, abokin aikin Hirst a Jami'ar La Trobe, Alan Frost, ya lura cewa Hirst "ya ƙalubalanci ƙa'idodin gargajiya kuma ya samar da sabbin fahimta da yawa". [1] Babban nasarar Hirst shine aikin da aka yi don nuna jaridar Melbourne Argus (1860–1909).[1]

Hirst ya rubuta littattafai guda biyu masu muhimmanci kan mulkin mallaka na New South Wales waɗanda Frank Bongiorno ya bayyana a matsayin waɗanda ke nuna "ƙarfin ilimi mai zurfi":  *Ƙungiyar Masu Laifi da Maƙiyanta* (1983) da kuma *The Strange Birth of Colonial Democracy* (1988) (dukansu an sake buga su a matsayin *<nowiki/>'Yanci a kan Fatal Shore* a 2008). *Ƙungiyar Masu Laifi da Maƙiyanta* sun yi tasiri sosai, suna jayayya cewa maimakon zama ƙungiyar bayi marasa tausayi, farkon New South Wales wuri ne da aka kafa haƙƙoƙi da 'yanci tun daga farko kuma inda fursunonin Birtaniya suka sami damar ci gaba.

Nazarin Hirst game da Tarayyar Australiya, *The Sentimental Nation*, shi ma wani aiki ne mai ban mamaki, yana jayayya cewa ra'ayin ƙasa ya fi muhimmanci fiye da tattalin arziki wajen haɗa kan yankunan mulkin mallaka na Australiya. Alan Frost ya bayyana taƙaitaccen nazarin Hirst a matsayin abin lura: "Nisa a Ostiraliya: Shin Azzalumi ne?" (1975), martaninsa ga sanannen ra'ayin Geoffrey Blainey, "ya cancanci kulawa fiye da yadda ake samu yanzu";  "Daidaito" (1986) ƙalubalen "an sami hikima game da rayuwar mulkin mallaka". An tattara yawancin mafi kyawun gajerun rubuce-rubucensa a cikin *Sense and Nonsense in Australian History* (2009).

Baya ga waɗanda suka shafi tarihin Ostiraliya, Hirst ya ƙirƙiro wani kwas na farko da aka tsara don wayar da kan ɗalibai game da al'adun gargajiya na Turai na Ostiraliya. Hirst ya yi jayayya cewa:

## Manazarta