Eva Neer

**Eva Julia Neer** (1937-2000) likita ce ta Amurka (Jami'ar Columbia P&S), masanin kimiyyar halittu, kuma masanin kimiwyar halittu wanda ya sami lambobin yabo na bincike na Amurka (FASEB, 1987; Ƙungiyar Zuciya ta Amirka, 1996) don abubuwan da ta gano akan tsarin tsarin G-protein da aiki. Ta bayyana matsayin ilimin lissafi na waɗannan sassan a matsayin tsarin haɗin kai da kuma tsarin kwayoyin sigina na siginar sigina don tsarin membrane-mai karɓar aikin tantanin halitta. Tunanin bincikenta ya juya ta zama jagora a duniya a cikin nazarin G-protein kuma ya shafi fahimtar halayyar tantanin halitta.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife ta Eva Augenblick a Warsaw, ta zo New York tana da shekaru takwas tare da iyayenta kuma ta girma a Queens da Scarsdale .  Iyalin Neer sun tsere daga Warsaw a farkon yakin a 1939, sun yi hijira da farko zuwa Brazil, kuma ba da daɗewa ba zuwa Amurka. A Warsaw, mahaifinta ya yi aiki da dokar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, wanda bai iya bi shi a Amurka ba, amma iyayenta sun yi wa Neer wahayi zuwa ga ƙaunarta ga ayyukan ilimi. Ta kammala karatu tare da girmamawa daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Bronxville a shekarar 1955, inda Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Jiha ta ba ta tallafin kwalejin Regent. Eva Augenblick ta halarci Kwalejin Radcliffe kuma ta kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Barnard a shekarar 1959. Jerin dalibai da ta saba a makarantar sakandare da kwaleji za su hada da sanannun masu nasara kamar masanin tattalin arziki Fischer Black, masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Robert L. Helmreich, da masanin ilimin endocrinologist Robert M. Neer wanda ta auri.Neer ta kammala karatu a matsayin likita a Jami'ar Columbia a 1963. Shekaru uku bayan haka, ta shiga Jami'ar Harvard inda ta ci gaba da aiki sama da shekaru talatin. An ware Neer saboda "ƙoƙarin da ta yi na taimaka wa mata su ci gaba da karatun ilimi". Ta mutu ne daga matsalolin ciwon nono a shekara ta 2000, mijinta da 'ya'ya maza biyu, Robert da Richard sun tsira. Abokin aikinta na kusa David E. Clapham ya ba da labarin kansa game da rayuwar sana'a ta Neer a cikin bayanin mutuwar.

## Ayyukan ilimi
Neer ya shiga ma'aikatan bincike na Harvard a shekarar 1966. An nada ta Mataimakin Farfesa na Kiwon Lafiya a shekara ta 1976, kuma cikakken farfesa a shekara ta 1991. An sanya ta a cikin Sashen Cardiology a Brigham da Asibitin Mata. Neer ya yi aiki a cikin Kwamitin Tutors a Kimiyya ta Biochemical a Kwalejin Harvard, da kuma Kwamitin Binciken Dalibai na Harvard a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard. Ta haɗu da kayan aikin ilmin sunadarai, ilmin halitta, kimiyyar lissafi da ilmin halitta don bayyana yadda sel ke fassara saƙonnin da suke samu daga haske, hormones da neurotransmitters. Marubucin takardu da yawa, an zabe ta a duka Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Amurka da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiyar Kasa kuma ta sami memba a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka da Cibiyar Fasaha da Fasaha ta Poland ta Amurka. An girmama ta da kyautar FASEB don bincike na asali a shekarar 1987 da kuma kyautar bincike ta asali ta American Heart Association a shekarar 1996. Ta kuma kasance mai ba da shawara ga Cibiyar Lafiya ta Kasa .  

## Bincike
Binciken farko na Neer, wanda aka yi a karkashin jagorancin Guido Guidotti,  an sadaukar da shi don nazarin fannoni na ilmin sunadarai na haemoglobin. Wadannan sun hada da rawar da kungiyoyin sulfhydryl na sarkar α da β ke takawa a kan tsarin quaternary na kwayoyin. Ta nuna muhimmancin su a cikin hulɗar hulɗa da haɗin kai don ɗaure iskar oxygen. Wannan ɗaurewa muhimmiyar dukiya ce don jigilar iskar oxygen a cikin jini kuma galibi ana kiranta Tasirin Bohr.

Yayinda yake a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Guidotti, Neer ya gudanar da bincike mai zaman kansa kan hanyoyin biochemical na aikin vasopressin akan tubules na koda. Ta bayyana tsarkakewa da halaye na vasopressin-sensitive adenylate cyclase daga rat renal medulla .  Daga baya za a nuna cewa vasopressin  yana aiki ta hanyar mai karɓar furotin G. Wannan shine batun aikin Neer ga mafi yawan ayyukanta na bincike.

Don rarraba fannoni daban-daban na rikitarwa na saƙon furotin G Neer ya yi nazarin ƙwayoyin halitta iri-iri ciki har da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, gwajin rat, erythrocytes na kurciya, zuciya, kwakwalwa, retina-rods. Wasu daga cikin binciken da aka fi ambaton su sun hada da:

* Tsarkakewa da kaddarorin adenylate kyauta da membrane-bound cyclase (1978) 
* Girma da haɗin detergent na adenylate cyclase daga ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa (1978) 
* Shafin yanar gizon α-chymotryptic kunnawa na kurciya erythrocyte adenylate cyclase (1978) 
* Calmodulin yana kunna ɓangaren da aka ware na ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa adenylate cyclase (1981) 
* Yanayi da aiki na ƙungiyoyin sulfhydryl masu amsawa na α subunit 39 (1987) 
* Ayyukan subunits na furotin G a kan tashar K+ ta zuciya (1987, 1988) 
* Cloning da bambancin bayyanar nau'ikan α-subunit a cikin kyallen takarda na mutum da nau'ikan sel (1988) 
* G-pro αs da αo kira a cikin ƙwayoyin GH3 (1996) 
* Abubuwan tsari-aiki na kunna PLC ta hanyar subunits na furotin G: nazarin maye gurbin shafin. (1998)

A lokacin aikinta Neer ta rubuta wasu labaran bita da aka ambata sosai game da bangarorin tsari da aiki na furotin G da sassanta. 

## Kyaututtuka da girmamawa

* Damon Runyon Fellowship daga Cibiyar Nazarin Ciwon daji a 1973 
* American Heart Association Research Achievement Award for Basic Research (1996) tare da David E. Clapham
* Kyautar FASEB a Kimiyya ta 1998
* An zabe shi zuwa Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa 1998
* An zabe shi zuwa Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa 1998
* Ya sami memba a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka 1997
* Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard ta girmama shi bayan mutuwarsa ta hanyar kafa Eva Neer Memorial Lecture 

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Rarraba MIDDEMEN 
* Eva Neer takardu, 1960-2002 (ciki har da), 1980-1999 (babban). H MS c391. Harvard Medical Library, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, Boston, Mass.
* Robert Neer, Thomas Michel, da Robert J. Lefkowitz, "Eva J. Neer", Tarihin Rayuwa na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa (2021)