Masana'antar abinci

**Masana'antar [[abinci]]** mai rikitarwa ne, cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya ta Kasuwanci daban-daban wanda ke samar da mafi yawan abincin da noma'ar duniya ke cinyewa. Masana'antar abinci a yau ta zama iri-iri, tare da masana'antu daga ƙananan, al'ada, ayyukan iyali waɗanda ke da ma'aikata masu yawa, zuwa manyan, masu yawa da kuma hanyoyin masana'antu masu yawa. Masana'antun abinci da yawa sun dogara kusan gaba ɗaya akan aikin gona na gida, gonakin dabbobi, kayan aiki, da / ko kamun kifi.

Yana da ƙalubale a sami hanyar da za ta haɗa kai don rufe dukkan fannoni na Samar da abinci da siyarwa. Hukumar Kula da Abinci ta Burtaniya ta bayyana shi a matsayin "dukan masana'antar abinci - daga noma da samar da abinci, marufi da rarrabawa, zuwa siyarwa da abinci". Ofishin Binciken Tattalin Arziki na USDA yana amfani da kalmar *Tsarin abinci* don bayyana wannan abu, yana mai cewa: "Tsarin abinci na Amurka cibiyar sadarwa ce mai rikitarwa ta manoma da masana'antun da ke da alaƙa da su. Waɗannan hanyoyin sun haɗa da masu yin kayan aikin gona da sunadarai da kamfanonin da ke ba da sabis ga kamfanonin noma, kamar masu ba da sabis na sufuri da sabis na kuɗi. Tsarin ya haɗa da masana'antar sayar da abinci da fiber da masu amfani, waɗanda suka haɗa da masu sarrafa abinci da masu siyarwa, masu sayar da kaya, masu siyar kuɗi:

* Aikin noma: kiwon amfanin gona, dabbobi, da abincin teku. Tattalin arzikin noma.
* gini" data-linkid="38" href="./Manufacturing" id="mwOA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Manufacturing">Masana'antu: kayan aikin gona, aikin gona, kayan aikin gona da kayan aiki, iri, da dai sauransu.
* Gudanar da abinci: shirya sabbin kayayyaki don kasuwa, da kuma kera kayayyakin abinci da aka shirya
* tallace-tallace: inganta samfuran gama gari (misali, allon madara), sabbin samfuran, tallace-tallye, kamfen ɗin tallace-tafiye, kunshin kaya'a, da sauransu.
* Girma da Rarraba abinci: kayan aiki, sufuri, ajiya
* Ayyukan abinci (wanda ya haɗa da abinci) 
* Kasuwanci, Kasuwancin manoma, kasuwannun jama'a da sauran siyarwa
* Ka'idoji: ka'idoji da ka'idojin gida, yanki, na ƙasa, da na duniya don samar da abinci da siyarwa, gami da Ingancin abinci, Tsaro na abinci, tallace-tallace / tallace-tafiye, da ayyukan lobbying na masana'antu
* Ilimi: ilimi, ba da shawara, sana'a
* Bincike da ci gaba: kimiyyar abinci, Ilimin microbiology na abinci, Fasahar abinci, sunadarai na abinci, da Injiniyan abinci
* Ayyukan kuɗi: bashi, inshora

Yankunan bincike kamar su ƙaddamar da abinci, Adana abinci, ilimin abinci, ad adana abinci kai tsaye suna hulɗa da inganci da kula da inganci wanda ya mamaye yawancin hanyoyin da ke sama.

Masu manoma ne kawai, waɗanda suka tsira a kan abin da suke girma, da masu farauta-masu tarawa za a iya la'akari da su a waje da ikon masana'antar abinci ta zamani.

Kamfanoni masu rinjaye a masana'antar abinci wani lokacin ana kiransu Big Food, kalmar da marubucin Neil Hamilton ya kirkira.

## Samar da abinci

Yawancin abinci da aka samar don masana'antar abinci sun fito ne daga amfanin gona ta amfani da ayyukan noma na al'ada. Aikin noma shine tsari na samar da abinci, kayan ciyarwa, fiber da sauran kayayyakin da ake so ta hanyar noma wasu tsire-tsire da kiwon dabbobi na gida (dabba). A matsakaici, kashi 83% na abincin da mutane ke cinyewa ana samar da shi ta hanyar aikin gona na ƙasa. Baya ga aikin gona na ƙasa, kiwon kifi da kamun kifi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin samar da abinci a duniya. Aquaculture ya haɗa da noman kwayoyin ruwa kamar kifi, shrimp, da mollusks a cikin yanayin da aka sarrafa kamar tafkuna, tankuna, ko cages. Yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga samar da abincin teku na duniya kuma yana ba da mahimmin tushen furotin don amfani da mutum. Kifi, a gefe guda, ya dogara da girbi nau'ikan ruwa na daji daga teku, koguna, da tabkuna, kara rarraba tushen abinci ga yawan mutane da tallafawa rayuwa a cikin al'ummomin bakin teku a duk duniya. Tare, aikin gona na ƙasa, kiwon kifi, da kamun kifi gaba ɗaya suna tabbatar da wadataccen abinci don biyan bukatun abinci na mutane a duk faɗin duniya.

Masana kimiyya, masu kirkiro, da sauransu da suka sadaukar da kansu don inganta hanyoyin noma da kayan aiki an kuma ce suna da hannu a aikin gona. Ɗaya daga cikin mutane uku a duk duniya suna aiki a aikin gona,  duk da haka yana ba da gudummawa 3% kawai ga GDP na duniya.  A cikin 2017, a matsakaita, noma yana ba da gudummawa 4% na GDP na ƙasa. Samar da aikin gona na duniya yana da alhakin tsakanin 14 da 28% na hayakin gas na duniya, yana mai da shi ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga dumamar duniya, a babban bangare saboda ayyukan aikin gona na al'ada, gami da taki na nitrogen da rashin kula da ƙasa.

Agronomy shine kimiyya da fasaha na samarwa da amfani da tsire-tsire don abinci, man fetur, fiber, da kuma farfado da ƙasa. Agronomy ya ƙunshi aiki a fannonin kwayoyin halitta na shuke-shuke, ilimin lissafi na shuke'i, yanayin yanayi, da kimiyyar ƙasa. Agronomy shine aikace-aikacen haɗin kimiyya. Masana ilimin noma a yau suna da hannu tare da batutuwa da yawa ciki har da samar da abinci, samar da abinci mai lafiya, sarrafa Tasirin muhalli na noma, da kuma cire makamashi daga tsire-tsire.

## Gudanar da abinci
Ana amfani da wannan hanyar sau ɗaya: Ana amfani da ita lokacin da kwastomomi suka ba da umarni don wani abu da za a yi da nasu ƙayyadaddun, alal misali, kek na bikin aure. Yin samfuran sau ɗaya na iya ɗaukar kwanaki dangane da yadda ƙirar take. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

Samun rukuni: Ana amfani da wannan hanyar lokacin da girman kasuwa don samfurin ba a bayyana ba, kuma inda akwai kewayon a cikin layin samfurin. Za a samar da wasu kayayyaki iri ɗaya don yin rukuni ko gudu, alal misali gidan burodi na iya yin burodi mai iyaka. Wannan hanyar ta haɗa da kimanta bukatar mabukaci. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

Mass production: This method is used when there is a mass market for a large number of identical products, for example chocolate bars, ready meals and canned food. The product passes from one stage of production to another along a production line.&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

Just-in-time (JIT) (samarwa): Wannan hanyar samarwa galibi ana amfani da ita a Gidajen cin [[Kicin|Abincin]]. Dukkanin abubuwan da ke cikin samfurin suna samuwa a cikin gida kuma abokin ciniki ya zaɓi abin da suke so a cikin samfurin. Ana shirya shi a cikin kicin, ko a gaban mai siye kamar yadda yake a cikin kayan abinci, Pizzerias, da sandunan sushi. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

## Tasirin masana'antu
Masana'antar abinci tana da babban tasiri ga masu amfani. Kungiyoyi, irin su The American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), an soki su saboda karɓar gudummawar kuɗi daga kamfanoni a cinikin masana'antar abinci, kamar Coca-Cola .  Wadannan gudummawa an soki su ne saboda haifar da rikici na sha'awa da kuma tallafawa sha'awa kamar ribar kudi.

## Rashin amincewa

### Kafofin watsa labarai
Akwai littattafai da yawa, fina-finai, talabijin da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi yanar gizo da kuma sukar masana'antar abinci, gami da:

* Ku ci wannan, ba hakan ba (jerin da ba na almara ba da aka buga a cikin mujallar Men's Health) 
* Fast Food Nation (littafin da ba na almara ba na shekara ta 2001) Chew On This (littafi na Fast Food Nation na shekara ta 2005 don matasa masu karatu) Fast Food Nation (2006 fim) 
** Chew On This (aikin littafin Fast Food Nation na 2005 don matasa masu karatu) 
** Fast Food Nation (fim na shekara ta 2006) 
* *Abinci, Inc.* (fim na shekara ta 2008) 
* Panic Nation (littafin da ba na almara ba na shekara ta 2006) 
* Super Size Me (fim na shekara ta 2004) 
* Forks over Knives (fim na 2011) 
* The Jungle (littafin Upton Sinclair na 1906 wanda ya fallasa cin zarafin kiwon lafiya da ayyukan rashin tsabta a Masana'antar shirya nama ta Amurka a farkon karni na 20, bisa ga bincikensa ga jaridar gurguzu) 

### Tasirin Kamfanoni
Cibiyoyin Bretton Woods - Bankin Duniya da Asusun Kuɗi na Duniya - suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yadda masana'antar abinci ke aiki a yau. Wadannan kudade na duniya an haife su ne bayan yakin duniya na biyu, don taimakawa sake gina Turai da kuma hana wani Babban Mawuyacin hali. Gabaɗaya, babban manufar su ita ce tabbatar da tattalin arziki. IMF ta ba da rance na ɗan gajeren lokaci yayin da Bankin Duniya ya mai da hankali kan manyan ayyukan da za su dawo da wutar lantarki ga birane, hanyoyi, da sauran bukatun "mahimmanci". Manufar Bankin Duniya da manufar, duk da haka, sun canza yayin da Shugaba Robert McNamara ya ba da tsarin rance da aka sani da Gyaran Tsarin. A karɓar rance daga Bankin Duniya, ƙasashe - musamman Kudancin Duniya - sun zama tattalin arziki, siyasa, da zamantakewar jama'a da ke da alaƙa da Yamma. Kasashe da yawa sun yi ƙoƙari su biya bashin su, suna fara tsarin bashin duniya, masu zaman kansu, da faduwar tattalin arzikin yankin. A sakamakon sa hannun Yammacin Turai, an kori manoma da yawa, yayin da kamfanonin Amurka suka sayi ƙasa a wasu ƙasashe kuma suka ci gaba da sarrafa abinci. A yau, kamfanoni da yawa na ƙasashe masu yawa sun tura fasahar noma a kasashe masu tasowa ciki har da ingantaccen tsaba, taki na sinadarai, da magungunan kashe kwari, samar da amfanin gona.

## Manufofin
A cikin 2020 masana kimiyya sun ba da rahoton cewa rage hayaki daga Tsarin abinci na duniya yana da mahimmanci don cimma burin yanayi na Yarjejeniyar Paris. A cikin 2020, wani bita na shaidu don Tsarin Shawarwarin Kimiyya na Tarayyar Turai ya gano cewa, ba tare da canji mai mahimmanci ba, hayaki zai karu da 30-40% nan da shekara ta 2050 saboda karuwar yawan jama'a da canza tsarin amfani, kuma ya kammala cewa "haɗin farashin muhalli na samar da abinci an kiyasta ya kai kimanin dala tiriliyan 12 a kowace shekara, yana ƙaruwa zuwa dala tiriliyon 16 nan da shekara". Rahotanni na IPCC da EU sun kammala cewa daidaita tsarin abinci don rage tasirin iskar gas da damuwa game da tsaro na abinci, yayin da yake canzawa zuwa Abinci mai ɗorewa, yana yiwuwa.

### Tsarin mulki
Tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, noma a Amurka da dukan tsarin abinci na kasa gabaɗaya an nuna su ta hanyar samfuran da ke mai da hankali kan riba kuɗi a kan kuɗin zamantakewa da muhalli. Dokoki sun wanzu don kare masu amfani da kuma daidaita wannan tsarin tattalin arziki tare da bukatun jama'a don ingancin abinci, tsaron abinci, lafiyar dabbobi, kariya ta muhalli da kiwon lafiya.

### Jagora mai kyau
A cikin 2020, masu bincike sun buga tsinkaye da samfuran yiwuwar tasirin hanyoyin da suka dogara da manufofi na gyare-gyare, ko rashin shi, game da yadda, inda, da kuma abin da ake samar da abinci. Sun bincika tasirin manufofi ga takamaiman yankuna ko ƙasashe kamar rage samar da nama da amfani, raguwar sharar abinci da asarar, karuwar amfanin gona da shirin amfani da ƙasa na duniya. Sakamakon su ya haɗa da cewa haɓaka amfanin gona yana da fa'ida sosai ga kiyaye halittu masu yawa a yankin Sahara yayin da matakan da ke haifar da sauye-sauyen abinci suna da fa'idodi sosai a Arewacin Amurka kuma cewa daidaitawar duniya da saurin aiki sun zama dole.

## Girma da rarraba

Babban cibiyar sadarwar jigilar kayayyaki ta duniya ta haɗa sassa da yawa na masana'antar. Wadannan sun hada da masu samarwa, masana'antun, masu adanawa, masu siyarwa da masu amfani na ƙarshe. ) Kasuwanci masu yawa don sabbin kayayyakin abinci sun ragu da muhimmancin su a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa, gami da Latin Amurka da wasu ƙasashen Asiya sakamakon ci gaban manyan kantuna, waɗanda ke sayen kai tsaye daga manoma ko ta hanyar masu samar da kayayyaki, maimakon shiga cikin kasuwanni.

Kullum kuma ba tare da katsewa ba na samfurin daga cibiyoyin rarrabawa zuwa wuraren ajiya yana da mahimmanci a cikin ayyukan masana'antar abinci. Cibiyoyin rarraba suna gudana yadda ya kamata, ana iya ƙara ƙaruwa, ana iya rage farashi, kuma ana amfani da ma'aikata da kyau idan an ɗauki matakai masu dacewa yayin kafa tsarin sarrafa kayan aiki a cikin ɗakin ajiya.

## Kasuwanci
Tare da birni a duniya,  ana cire sayen abinci daga samar da abinci. A cikin karni na 20, babban kantin sayar da kayayyaki ya zama ma'anar masana'antar abinci. A can, dubban kayayyaki ana tattara su a wuri ɗaya, a ci gaba, a duk shekara.

Food preparation is another area where the change in recent decades has been dramatic. Today, two food industry sectors are in apparent competition for the retail food dollar. The grocery industry sells fresh and largely raw products for consumers to use as ingredients in home cooking. The food service industry, by contrast, offers prepared food, either as finished products or as partially prepared components for final "assembly". Restaurants, cafes, bakeries and mobile food trucks provide opportunities for consumers to purchase food.

A cikin karni na 21 shagunan sayar da kayan abinci na kan layi sun fito kuma fasahar dijital don aikin gona da ke tallafawa al'umma sun ba manoma damar sayar da kayan kai tsaye. Wasu shagunan sayar da kayan abinci na kan layi sun saita manufofi ko dabi'u na zamantakewa da son rai fiye da biyan bukatun masu amfani da tara riba.

## Manazarta