Ella Fitzgerald

**Ella Jane Fitzgerald** (Afrilu 25, 1917 - Yuni 15, 1996) mawaƙiyar Amurka ce, marubuciya kuma mawaƙiya, wani lokaci ana kiranta da "Matar Waƙa ta Farko", "Sarauniyar Jazz", da "Lady Ella". An lura da ita saboda tsaftar sautinta, ƙamus mara kyau, jimla, lokaci, sautin magana, cikakken sauti, da kuma "ƙaho-kamar" ikon haɓakawa, musamman a cikin waƙarta.

Bayan samartaka mai cike da hargitsi, Fitzgerald ta sami kwanciyar hankali a cikin nasarar kiɗan tare da ƙungiyar Orchestra na Chick Webb, yana yin wasan kwaikwayo a duk faɗin ƙasar amma galibi tana alaƙa da Savoy Ballroom a Harlem. Fassarar waƙar renon yara "A-Tisket, A-Tasket" ta taimaka wajen haɓaka ita da Webb zuwa shaharar ƙasa. Bayan ta karɓi ƙungiyar lokacin da Webb ya mutu, Fitzgerald ya bar shi a baya a cikin 1942 don fara aikinta na solo. Manajanta shine Moe Gale, wanda ya kafa Savoy, har sai da ta mayar da sauran ayyukanta ga Norman Granz, wanda ya kafa Verve Records don samar da sabbin bayanai ta Fitzgerald. Tare da Verve, ta rubuta wasu ayyukanta da aka fi sani da su, musamman fassarorinta na Babban Littafin Waƙoƙin Amurka.

Fitzgerald kuma ta fito a cikin fina-finai kuma a matsayin bakuwa a kan shahararrun shirye-shiryen talabijin a rabin na biyu na karni na ashirin. A wajen aikinta na solo, ta ƙirƙiri kiɗa tare da Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, da The Ink Spots. Waɗannan haɗin gwiwar sun samar da waƙoƙi irin su "Mafarkin Ƙaramin Mafarki na", "Kudu zuwa Kunci", "Cikin Kowacce Rayuwa Dole ne Ruwan Ruwa Ya Faɗo", da "Ba Ya Ma'anar Abu (Idan Ba Ya Samu Wannan Swing) ". A shekara ta 1993, bayan ta yi aiki na kusan shekaru sittin, ta ba da aikinta na ƙarshe na jama'a. Shekaru uku bayan haka, ta mutu tana da shekaru 79 bayan shekaru na raguwar lafiya. Yabonta sun hada da kyaututtukan Grammy 14, lambar yabo ta kasa da kasa, lambar yabo ta shugaban kasa ta NAACP, da lambar yabo ta shugaban kasa na 'yanci.

## Rayuwar baya
An haifi Ella Jane Fitzgerald a ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 1917, a Newport News, Virginia. Ita ce 'yar William Ashland Fitzgerald, direban motar motsa jiki daga Blackstone, Virginia, da Temperance "Tempie" Henry, dukansu an kwatanta su da mulatto a cikin ƙidayar 1920. Iyayenta ba su yi aure ba amma sun zauna tare a sashin Gabas ta Gabas na Newport News [4] aƙalla shekaru biyu da rabi bayan an haife ta. A farkon 1920s, mahaifiyar Fitzgerald da sabon abokin aikinta, wani ɗan gudun hijirar Fotigal mai suna Joseph da Silva, ya ƙaura zuwa Yonkers, New York. An haifi 'yar uwarsa, Frances da Silva a shekara ta 1923. A shekara ta 1925, Fitzgerald da danginta sun ƙaura zuwa Titin Makaranta da ke kusa, yankin Italiya mara kyau. Ta fara karatun boko tun tana da shekaru shida kuma ta kasance fitacciyar daliba, inda ta shiga makarantu daban-daban kafin ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Benjamin Franklin a 1929.

Ita da danginta sun kasance Methodist kuma suna ƙwazo a Cocin Episcopal Methodist na Bethany, inda ta halarci ayyukan ibada, nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki, da makarantar Lahadi. Ikklisiya ta ba Fitzgerald abubuwan da ta fara gani a cikin kiɗa. Faraway a aji na uku, Fitzgerald tana son rawa kuma yana sha'awar Earl Snakehips Tucker. Ta yi wa takwarorinta a kan hanyar zuwa makaranta da kuma lokacin abincin rana

## Aiki

### Aikin farko
Yayin da take da alama ta tsira a lokacin 1933 da 1934 a wani bangare ta hanyar rera waka a kan titunan Harlem, Fitzgerald ta yi muhawara tana da shekaru 17 a kan Nuwamba 21, 1934, a cikin ɗayan farkon dare mai son a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Apollo. Ta yi niyyar tafiya kan mataki da rawa, amma wani raye-raye na gida da ake kira Edwards Sisters ya tsorata ta kuma ta zaɓi yin waƙa maimakon. Ta yi a cikin salon Connee Boswell, ta rera waka "Judy" da "Abin da Na Kauna" kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta farko. Ta sami damar yin wasan kwaikwayo a Apollo na tsawon mako guda amma, da alama saboda bacin rai, gidan wasan kwaikwayon bai taɓa ba ta wannan ɓangaren kyautarta ba.

A cikin Janairu 1935, Fitzgerald ta sami damar yin wasan mako guda tare da ƙungiyar Tiny Bradshaw a Harlem Opera House. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Bardu Ali ya gabatar da ita ga mashawarta kuma mai buga wasa Chick Webb. Ko da yake "ba ya son sanya mata hannu...saboda ta kasance mai girman kai kuma ba ta da hankali, 'lu'u lu'u-lu'u"" bayan da Ali ya gamsar da shi, Webb ya ba ta damar gwadawa tare da ƙungiyarsa a wani rawa a Jami'ar Yale.

## Manazarta