Fastocin Finafinan Ghana

**Fastocin Fina-finan Ghana,** wani hoton fim ne da aka zana da hannu a garin  Ghana da ake amfani da shi wajen tallata fina-finan da aka yi a Ghana da kuma fina-finan duniya . Fastocin fina-finan Ghana, musamman fastocin da aka zana da hannu tun daga shekarun 1980 zuwa 1990, sun zama abin lura saboda hasashe da fasaha na musamman. An baje su a ko'ina cikin duniya a cikin gidajen tarihi da gidajen tarihin ,Los Angeles, New York, Hong Kong, San Francisco, Chicago, da gaba ɗayan Turai.

Los Angeles, New York, Hong Kong, San Francisco, Chicago, da ko'ina cikin Turai.  

## Tarihi
A cikin shekarun 1980, godiya ga ƙirƙira na'urar rikodin bidiyo, ƙananan gidajen sinima na farko sun fito a Babban yankin Accra a Ghana. A waɗancan shekarun, gidajen sinima galibi suna ta hannu. Masu gudanar da aikinsu sun kasance suna zagayawa a duk faɗin yankin tare da zaɓin kaset ɗin fina-finai, TV, VCR, da janareta, suna tafiya daga ƙauye zuwa na gaba don nuna fina-finai. Don jawo hankali ga wasan kwaikwayon nasu, sun sanar da su da fatunan fina-finai masu ban sha'awa da hannu, galibi ana fentin su a kan buhunan fulawa da aka sake yin fa'ida. Masu rarraba fina-finai na cikin gida ne suka bayar da waɗannan zane-zanen hotuna waɗanda suka haɗa kai da ƙwararrun masu fasaha da masu zane-zane kamar Alex Boateng, Leonardo, Africatta, Muslim, Death is Wonder, Joe Mensah, DA Jasper, Stoger, Heavy J, Lawson Chindayen, Bright Obeng, Dan Nyenkumah, Sammy Mensah, da sauransu, waɗanda suka ƙera hotuna na musamman don jawo hankalin jama'a zuwa gidajen sinima na wayar hannu. 

### Fassarar shekarun zinare (tsakiyar 1980-2000)
Tunda mutanen Ghana yanzu suna siya ko hayar fina-finansu ko sun fi son kallon su a gida, kuma da zuwan fasahar buga dijital zuwa Ghana a wajajen shekara ta 2000, al'adar hoton fim ɗin da aka zana da hannu ta canza har abada. Lokacin daga tsakiyar shekarun 1980 zuwa ƙarshen shekarar 1990 ana kallonsa azaman Zamanin Zinare na Fina-finan Ghana lokacin da al'adar ta kasance mafi ƙarfi da inganci.  Yawancin gidajen fina-finai sun kasance a rufe a cikin ƴan shekarun nan, kuma 'yan kaɗan da suka rage ba za su iya samun damar yin amfani da hotunan fim na hannu ba, ta yin amfani da na'urar bugawa maimakon. Saboda haka, a yankin Greater Accra, da wuya a sami wasu gidajen sinima da har yanzu suke amfani da fololin fim ɗin da aka zana da hannu. Yawancin masu fasaha da suka kasance suna aiki ga masu rarraba fim sun juya zuwa wasu ayyuka. Suna zana alamun tituna da har yanzu suna da farin jini a Ghana, kuma a yankin Greater Accra wasu kuma suna taimakawa wasu masu fasaha kamar Paa Joe ko Kudjoe Afutu wajen zanen akwatin gawa na alama, palanquins da ƙananan sassaka. Wasu masu zanen alamar, irin su Heavy J., Moses, Jasper, Farkira ko Leonardo  suma suna aiki a kasuwar fasaha ta duniya, inda ake nuna fastocin fina-finai na Ghana da kuma akwatuna na alama a nune-nunen fasahar zamani na Afirka inda suke karba. kara hankali. 

### Fastoci na yau da kullun (2001-yanzu)
Bayan shekara ta 2000 da kuma buga *Extreme Canvas*, an fara baje kolin hotunan fina-finai na Ghana a duk duniya a matsayin babban fasaha a gidajen kallo. A lokaci guda, kasuwancin sinima ta wayar hannu ta canza ta yadda masu sauraron gida za su fi yawan kallon fina-finai a gida kuma gidajen fina-finai za su yi amfani da tallace-tallacen dijital mai rahusa mai yawa don fina-finai. Da sabuwar kasuwar duniya ta fastocin fina-finan Ghana, wasu masu zanen fina-finai sun ci gaba da yin fenti ba don masu kallon Ghana ba, amma na kasuwar fasaha ta duniya, yayin da wasu suka yi ritaya daga al'adar gaba daya.

A cikin shekarun 2010, an sami kasuwa don ba da izini ta hanyar intanet da kafofin watsa labarun, galibi ta hanyar ƙoƙarin Mujallar Prey Gallery a Chicago. Deadly Prey ya aika da fastocin da magoya baya suka bukaci a yi musu fentin da masu fasaha a Ghana. Wasu daga cikin masu fasaha da aka ba da izini sune masu fasaha na asali na al'ada tun kafin 2000, yayin da wasu sun kasance sababbi ga nau'in. Waɗannan sabbin fastocin sun ƙara ba da fifiko kan lurid, gory, da galibin abubuwan ban dariya na sinimar Amurka da TV, daga Star Wars zuwa Mrs. Shakku don Kashe Sha'awarku. Fastocin da aka ba da izini na zamani galibi suna nuna tashin hankali, ɓarna, da ban tsoro a cikin fina-finai waɗanda waɗannan abubuwan ba su bayyana a asali ba.

## Tasirin salo

### Asalin a matsayin masu zanen alamar
Masu zane-zane sun fara kallon fina-finan da aka fi yin su a Ghana ko Najeriya, sannan suka kirkiro fosta na fim. Ga gidajen sinima na wayar hannu, waɗannan ayyukan dole ne su kasance masu ƙarfi, arha don samarwa, da nauyi mai nauyi saboda masu aikin silima sun zagaya da kayan. Saboda haka, masu zane-zane sun yi amfani da zanen auduga mai arha amma mai dorewa wanda suka samu daga buhunan fulawa na Ghana. Wannan rigar da aka saƙa ta manne sosai da mai da fentin su na acrylic ta yadda har ana iya rataye fosta a waje idan aka yi ruwan sama. Da kyakykyawan kalar nasu da hoton hoton da suka dace da masu kallo na Ghana, nan take wadannan zane-zane suka dauki hankulan jama'a, suka kuma sa sun fi zuwa gidajen sinima fiye da fastoci na yau da kullun da ake bugawa a Najeriya. 

### Salon bakin ruwa
A bakin tekun a Accra, an sami wani salo mai cikakken bayani wanda Joe Mensah, Alex Boateng, Leonardo, Death is Wonder, da sauransu suka yi. Wannan salon sau da yawa yana ba da haske game da tsokar tsoka da sutura, da kuma almubazzarancin hotuna da fashe-fashe.

### Salon Kumasi
Ƙarin cikin ƙasa, a yankin tsakiyar Ghana, Kumasi, wani salo na daban da aka yi fentin na hannu ya fito. Masu yin wannan salon irin su Africatta, Babs, da Kwaku sun zana layi da adadi kamar an zana gashin iska don jaddada ƙarin cikakkun bayanai.

## nune-nune

* 2012/13. *Hors-champs *, Musée d'Ethnographie de Neuchâtel (MEN), Switzerland.
* 2013. *Les Hors-champs de l'affiche *, Musée d'Ethnographie de Neuchâtel (MEN), Switzerland.
* 2011. *Movie posters from Ghana *, Pinakothek der Moderne, Munich.
* 2011/12. 'Miracles of Africa', Hämeenlinna Art Museum, Hämeenlinna and Oulu Museum of Art, Grandma, Finland.
* 2005. *Killers op canvas *, Affichemuseum Horn, The Netherlands.
* 2019/20 *Hand-Painted Movie Posters from Ghana*, Poster House, New York City

## Wallafar

* Wolfe, Ernie III (2000):  *Extreme Canvas: Hand-painted Movie Posters from Ghana* , Los Angeles: Dilettante Press / Kesho Press.
* Wolfe, Ernie III (2012):  *Extreme Canvas 2.* *The Golden Age of Hand-painted Movie Posters from Ghana.* Los Angeles: Dilettante Press / Kesho Press.
* Tschumi, Regula (2013):  *Hors-champs: genèse de l'affiche de l'exposition*  in: Gonseth Marc-Olivier et al. (ed.),  *Hors-champs.*  *Eclats du patrimoine culturel immatériel.* , Musée d'Ethnographie Neuchâtel MNM, Neuchâtel: Atelier PréTexte, pp.&nbsp;216–227.
* Gilbert, Michelle (2003): 'Shocking Images: Ghanaian Painted Posters', in: Musée Dapper (ed.), Ghana Yesterday and Today. Paris: Edition Dapper, pp.&nbsp;353–379.
* Wendl, Tobias (2004):  *Filmplakate aus Ghana*, in: . In Kramer & W. Schmidt (eds.), Plakate in Afrika. Frankfurt a.M., pp.&nbsp;77–81.
* Wendl, Tobias (2002):  *Try me!* *Advertising and Visual Culture in Africa* , in: Wendl, Tobias, (ed.), African Advertising Art. Wuppertal: Peter Hammer, pp.&nbsp;12–27.

## Manazarta