Margaret Just Butcher

**Margaret Just Butcher** (An haife ta a ranar 28 ga Afrilu, 1913 - 7 ga Fabrairu, 2000) malamar Amurka ce kuma Mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama. Butcher ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa na Turanci a Jami'ar Howard da Kwalejin Birnin Tarayya. Ta kuma koyar da shekaru a kasashen waje. Ta kasance abokiyar Gidauniyar Julius Rosenwald . 

A cikin shekarun 1950, ta kasance Farfesa mai ziyara a jami'o'i biyu a Faransa. A farkon shekarun 1960 ta koyar a birane biyu a Maroko, sannan ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da al'adu a Paris, ta koma Washington, DC, a shekarar 1968. Ta koyar a makarantun gwamnati na wani lokaci.

Da farko a 1953, Butcher ya yi aiki a Hukumar Ilimi ta gari. Ta kuma yi aiki tare da NAACP a kan kararsu don kawar da wariyar launin fata a makarantun gwamnati. Bayan hukuncin *[[Brown v. Board of Education|Brown v. Hukumar Ilimi]]* (1954) da Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yi, ta matsawa jami'an birni su ci gaba da kawar da rarrabe makarantu.

An kuma san Butcher da aikin hadin gwiwa tare da masanin falsafa da shugaban al'adu Alain Locke, wanda ya kasance mai ba da shawara a Jami'ar Howard. Sun zama abokai kuma ta taimaka masa ya kula da shi a cikin rashin lafiyarsa ta ƙarshe. Daga bayanansa da tattaunawarsu, ta shirya kuma ta kammala The Negro in American Culture, wanda aka buga a 1956 bayan mutuwarsa.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Margaret Just a Washington, DC, a ranar 28 ga Afrilu, 1913, ga iyaye masu ilimi. Mahaifinta masanin ilimin halitta ne Ernest Everett Just, kuma mahaifiyarta, Ethel Highwarden, malama ce. An ba ta ilimi mafi kyau a yankin kuma ta yi karatu a Italiya tare da mahaifinta a 1927.  Ta sami Ph.D. a 1947 daga Jami'ar Boston . 

## Ayyuka

### Malami
Ya yi aiki ne kawai a matsayin farfesa na Turanci a Virginia Union a lokacin shekarar makaranta ta 1935-1936. Ta koyar da makarantar jama'a a Washington, DC, daga 1937 zuwa 1941, lokacin da malamai ma'aikatan tarayya ne. A shekara ta 1941, an zaba ta a matsayin Rosenwald Fellow .  Farawa a 1942, ta koyar a Jami'ar Howard, inda ta zama abokin aiki na farfesa Alain Locke . 

A cikin 1950 Butcher (wanda ya yi aure a shekarar da ta gabata) ya tafi Turai a matsayin Farfesa mai ziyara na Fulbright .  Ita ce mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa mai ziyara a cikin shirin Fulbright .  A Turai, ta koyar a Jami'ar Grenoble da Jami'ar Lyon a Faransa.  Ta kuma yi aiki don yin hira da wasu 'yan takarar Fulbright a Faransa. Bayan ta dawo Washington, ta koyar a Howard har zuwa 1955.

Daga 1960 zuwa 1965, Butcher ya sake koyarwa a kasashen waje. Ta koyar da Turanci da Al'adun Amurka a Rabat kuma ta kasance darakta na Cibiyar Horar da Harshen Ingilishi a Casablanca, Morocco .  Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin "mai ba da al'adu ga Paris" a cikin shekarun 1960, ta koma Washington a shekarar 1968.

Bayan ta dawo babban birnin, ta koyar a Kwalejin Birnin Tarayya daga 1971 zuwa 1982.

### Ayyukan kare hakkin bil'adama
Butcher ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga haƙƙin ɗan adam. A shekara ta 1953, an sanya mata suna a matsayin memba na Washington, DC, Hukumar Ilimi, ta maye gurbin Velma G. Williams. *Jaridar Pittsburgh Courier* ta yaba da hanyar "yaƙi" ta yaki da wariyar launin fata a makarantun jama'a. Butcher ya sami bambance-bambance tsakanin makarantu don daliban fari da baƙar fata kuma ya yi kira ga rashin adalci a cikin ɗakunan ajiya.

Daga 1954 zuwa 1955, ta yi aiki tare da Thurgood Marshall da Asusun Tsaro na Shari'a na NAACP a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan ilimi na musamman don karar su game da wariyar launin fata a makarantu.

Bayan Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa rarrabewa a makarantun jama'a ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, Butcher ya yi gargadin cewa akwai ƙarin fadace-fadace game da nuna bambanci da ke fuskantar baƙar fata a Amurka. Mai kula da makarantun Washington, DC, Hobart M. Corning, ya goyi bayan tsarin sannu a hankali don haɗa makarantun, wanda Butcher bai yarda da shi ba. Wata kungiya mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, NAAWP, ta yi kira ta da ta yi murabus daga kwamitin kuma ta kira ta "'kayan aiki' na NAACP", ba za ta iya yin gaskiya ba game da haɗin makarantar.

Butcher ta kasance a buɗe game da aikinta ga NAACP kuma ta soki shirin Corning na jinkirta hadewa a makarantun Washington.  Ta tattauna shirye-shiryen haɗa makarantu a madadin NAACP a taron shekara-shekara na reshen Newport News a shekara ta 1954.  A shekara ta 1955, Butcher ya ci gaba da yin magana game da haɗin kai a hankali, yana mai cewa makarantun Washington har yanzu suna da bambanci sosai kuma cewa jira ba zai cika burinsu ba. The New York Age ya kira ta "ƙaya ce ta yau da kullun a gefen Washington, DC, hukumar makaranta. "  Ta kasance a kan hukumar har zuwa 1956.  A wannan lokacin, Virginia da sauran jihohin Kudancin sun gudanar da juriya mai yawa; a wasu lokuta, gundumomin makaranta sun rufe maimakon cimma wani haɗin kai. Saboda makarantun masu zaman kansu ba su da hukuncin Kotun Koli, an bude makarantun addini masu zaman kansu da yawa a fadin Kudu, waɗanda aka sani da "academies na rarrabewa".

Lambda Kappa Mu sorority ta girmama Butcher saboda gwagwarmayar da ta yi da wariyar launin fata a shekara ta 1954. 

### Siyasa
An nada Butcher a 1952 zuwa Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Tsaro ta Kasa. Ta gaji Mary McLeod Bethune, wacce ta yi ritaya saboda matsalolin kiwon lafiya.

A cikin 1956 da 1960, Butcher ya yi aiki a matsayin wakili daga Gundumar Columbia zuwa Yarjejeniyar Kasa ta Democrat . 

### ''Negro a cikin Al'adun Amurka''
Butcher ta rubuta The Negro in American Culture, bisa ga bayanan mai ba da shawara da abokinta, Alain Locke da kuma ci gaba da aikinsa.

Lokacin da Locke ya yi rashin lafiya, Butcher ya taimaka masa ya kula da shi, ya ziyarce shi a gida kowace rana, ya shirya masa abinci, kuma ya kai shi asibiti. Bayan Locke ya mutu, Butcher ya yi amfani da bayanan da Locke ya bar mata kuma ya gama aikinsa. An buga littafin a 1956, an sake shi kuma an sake buga shi a 1971, kuma an fassara shi cikin harsuna 11 daban-daban.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Butcher ya auri Stanton Wormley na ɗan lokaci. Suna da 'yar, Sheryl Everett Wormley, kafin su sake aure.

A kusa da 1949, Just Wormley ya auri James W. Butcher Jr., farfesa na wasan kwaikwayo na Howard. A shekara ta 1959 ta nemi saki daga mijinta, kuma ta riƙe sunansa. 'Yarta, Everett Wormley, daga ƙarshe ta rike "babban matsayi na kimiyya".

Butcher ya mutu a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 2000, yana da shekaru 86, a Washington, DC.

## Manazarta