open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Alta Corbett Thomas

**Alta "Teta" Corbett Thomas** (26 ga Mayu, 1918 - 28 ga Agusta, 2017) matukin jirgin sama ne na Amurka a cikin Matan Jiragen Sama, aji 43-W-4.  Ita ce ta huɗu cikin 'ya'ya mata biyar da Elliott R. da Alta S. Corbett suka haifa a Portland, Oregon .  

## Matasa da ilimi
Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Riverdale (Portland, Oregon) da Kwalejin Smith inda ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin Fasaha a Tarihi. Yanayi yana da mahimmanci a rayuwarta. Ta kasance mai hawan doki, mai kamun kifi da kuma mawaƙi. A farkon shekarunta na ashirin, ta hau tsaunukan Pacific Northwest, Mount Rainier, Mount Hood, Mount Adams, Three Sisters da Mount St. Helens .

Daga nan ta sami lasisin tukin jirgin sama na sirri da na kasuwanci a Filin Jirgin Saman Swan Island da ke Portland, Oregon. 

## Aikin yaƙi
A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Alta ta fara aiki a Sashen Yaƙin Amurka na Rundunar Sojan Sama ta G-2  kuma a lokacin da aka kafa ta ta koma ga Matan Jiragen Sama na Rundunar Sojan Sama, WASP, a 1943 inda ta tashi a matsayin Shugabar Rundunar Soja.  A WASP, Corbett za ta ja wuraren da aka kai hari musamman a Cibiyar Horar da Makamai ta Camp Davis da ke North Carolina, daga baya kuma ta tashi daga Cibiyar Horar da Makamai ta Camp Stewart da ke Georgia wadda ta shirya masu harbi da makami da kuma ma'aikatan hasken rana don duk wuraren yaƙi a ƙasashen waje. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukanta a waɗannan sansanonin horo shine ta tashi sama da bindigogin hana jiragen sama da ke harba makaman da aka ja a bayan jirginta. Corbett ta kuma shiga cikin ayyukan tashi da daddare don horar da ma'aikatan hasken rana wajen gano da bin diddigin sauran jiragen. 

## Bayan yaƙi
Bayan da WASPs suka wargaje, Alta "Teta" Corbett ya zama mai kula da jiragen sama tare da Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Civil Aeronautics da ke Gustavus, Alaska bayan ya kasa samun matsayin matukin jirgin kasuwanci na farar hula a duniyar jiragen sama na maza da aka mamaye a lokacin. 

## Iyali
Alta Corbett ta auri Ralph Russell Thomas a ranar 8 ga Yuni 1961 a Portland Oregon inda ta fara yin aure a Tekun Oregon. Daga baya, suka gina gida da gona da kansu a Sequim, Washington, a yankin Olympics. Sun haifi 'ya'ya mata biyu Deborah Thomas McGoff da Caroline (Kelly) Ladd Thomas.

### Kyaututtuka
Tana da shekaru 92, Alta Corbett Thomas ta sami lambar yabo ta zinare ta Majalisa saboda aikinta a WASPs a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2009. Shugabar Majalisar Wakilai ta wancan lokacin Nancy Pelosi ta ba ta lambar yabo a ranar 10 ga Maris, 2010, kuma Shugabar 'Yan tsiraru ta Majalisar Wakilai John Boehner ita ma ta yi jawabi a zauren 'Yanci na Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka da ke Washington DC  

## Manazarta
Elizabeth Strohfus

**Elizabeth Wall Strohfus** (15 ga Nuwamba, 1919 - 6 ga Maris, 2016) ta kasance matukin jirgin sama ' yar Amurka kuma mamba a cikin ƙungiyar Mata Masu Jiragen Sama (WASP) a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu .

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Strohfus a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 1919, a Faribault, Minnesota, ita ce ta biyar cikin 'ya'ya shida da iyayenta suka haifa.   Ta kammala karatun sakandare a shekarar 1937 kuma ta yi aiki a Kotun Rice County a ofishin Rijistar Takardu. Bayan ta haɗu da wani memba na Sky Club na gida, ƙungiyar jiragen sama maza da mata, Strohfus ta ranci dala 100 daga wani banki na gida, ta yi amfani da kekenta a matsayin jingina, sannan ta shiga.   Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai sa kai na Sky Club don samun damar tashi.  Jirginta na farko ya kasance a cikin Piper Cub . 

## Aikin soja
Strohfus tana ɗaya daga cikin matukan jirgi mata 1,074 da suka sami fikafikai masu kyau ga WASPs.  Ta shiga WASPs a 1943 kuma ta yi horo a Sweetwater, Texas.  Ta yi ayyukan da ba na yaƙi ba daga 1943 zuwa 1944, sau da yawa tana jigilar jiragen sama na soja a duk faɗin Amurka .  Ta horar da jiragen sama maza da na ƙasa a filin jirgin saman soja na Las Vegas a 1944.   

Strohfus ta sami lambobin zinare guda biyu na Majalisar Dokoki saboda aikinta a WASPs kuma an shigar da ita cikin Zauren Shahararrun Jiragen Sama na Minnesota .  An yi imanin cewa tana ɗaya daga cikin jiragen da suka rage na ƙarshe na WASP. 

An wargaza WASPs a ranar 20 ga Disamba, 1944. 

## Rayuwa daga baya da gado
Bayan ƙarshen WASPs, Strohfus ta nemi zama matukin jirgi a Northwest Airlines . An ƙi ta saboda ba su ɗauki mata aiki don su yi tafiya a kan hanya ba.   Madadin haka, ta zama mai kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama amma ta ga aikin yana kaɗaici.  

Daga nan ta koma Faribault, inda ta yi aure kuma ta haifi 'ya'ya biyar. [1] Ta yi aiki a kotun, ta yi aikin sa kai tare da Ƙungiyar Ciwon daji, kuma ta kasance mai himma tare da Ƙungiyar 'Yan Tawayen Amurka . Bayan mahaifiyarta da 'yar'uwarta duka sun mutu sakamakon cutar kansa, Wall ta yi aiki a Ƙungiyar Ciwon daji ta Amurka a New York daga 1972 zuwa 1979. [2]

## Manazarta
Okere Adams

Okere Adams ɗan siyasa ne na ƙasar Sierra Leone . A shekarar 2002, an naɗa Adams a matsayin Ministan Albarkatun Ruwa a ƙarƙashin Ahmed Tejan Kabbah . [1]

## Ayyuka
Okere Adams ya rike manyan ofisoshin gwamnati da yawa a cikin gwamnatin Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Saliyo (SLPP). 

A farkon shekarun 2000: bayan karshen yakin basasa, an nada Adams a matsayin Ministan albarkatun ruwa. A wannan lokacin, ya kula da kokarin bunkasa bangaren kamun kifi na Saliyo da kuma magance batutuwan kamar lasisi da ayyukan kamun kiɗa na kasashen waje.

A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2005, ya sauya fayil ɗin tare da Chernor Jalloh kuma ya zama Ministan Yawon Bude Ido da Al'adu. An maye gurbin Adams da Hindolo Trye a kan Ernest Bai Koroma ya zama shugaban kasa a watan Satumbar 2007. Adams memba ne na ƙabilar Temne . Okere Adams Za a binne shi gobe

Tushen iyali sun tabbatar a cikin 2019 cewa Okere Adams ya mutu kuma an kwantar da shi a garinsu na Magburaka. Ya mutu a ranar Jumma'a 8 ga Maris 2019 a asibitin soja na 34 a Freetown . Ya yi aiki a mukamai daban-daban na majalisar ministoci a cikin Tejan Kabbah ya jagoranci gwamnatin SLPP tsakanin 1996 da 2007. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Shirye-shiryen Kasa na SLPP tsakanin 2002 da 2008. Marigayi Okere Adams ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Gwamnatin Bo sannan daga baya Makarantar Sakandaren Saint Edwards a Freetown . Ya halarci manyan cibiyoyin ilmantarwa da yawa a Jamus da Switzerland bayan ɗan gajeren zama a Ƙasar Ingila. Ya mutu yana da shekaru 77.

## Tushen

* Jerin majalisar ministocin Saliyo

## Manazarta
Isatu Fofanah

* Isatu Fofanah (mai wasan motsa jiki) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1993), ɗan wasan Kanada
* Isatu Fofanah (ɗan siyasa)  (an haife shi a shekara ta 1958), ɗan siyasan Saliyo ne
Marty Wyall

**Mary Anna Martin "Marty" Wyall** (Janairu 24, 1922 - Maris 9, 2017) matukin jirgin sama ne ɗan Amurka. Wyall ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ajin ƙarshe na Matan Jiragen Sama na Sojojin Sama (WASP) kuma daga baya ta zama masanin tarihin WASP. Ta taka rawa sosai wajen shirya tsoffin sojojin WASP tare shekaru bayan sun yi aiki.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Wyall a Liberty, Indiana a ranar 24 ga Janairu, 1922.  Ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Shields a shekarar 1939, sannan ta ci gaba da karatu a Kwalejin Mata ta MacMurray kan tallafin karatu a fannin kiɗa.  Ta koma Jami'ar DePauw a shekararta ta biyu inda ta yi digiri a fannin Liberal Arts.  Wyall tana son shiga Matan Jiragen Sama na Sojoji (WASP) kuma ta ɗauki darussan tashi bayan ta kammala karatunta.  Ta biya kuɗin darussanta ta hanyar yin aiki a Eli Lilly Pharmaceutical a matsayin mataimakiyar dakin gwaje-gwaje.  Ta shiga WASP a watan Mayu 1944 kuma ta kasance cikin aji na ƙarshe na masu horarwa na WASP.  An tura ta na ɗan lokaci a Goodfellow Field kafin a kashe WASP.  Ta koma Indiana a watan Disamba 1944. 

Bayan an wargaza WASP, Wyall ya yi aiki a matsayin matukin jirgi na Kamfanin Kuɗi na Sake Ginawa .  Daga baya ta yi aiki a Filin Jirgin Sama na Sky Harbor a matsayin matukin jirgi da kuma mai koyar da jirgin sama a Franklin Flying Field .  A shekarar 1946, ta yi aure kuma ta haifi 'ya'ya biyar tare da mijinta, Eugene Andrew Wyall a Fort Wayne . 

A wani babban taro na 1964 na ƙungiyar tara da tara, Wyall ta gayyaci WASPs su haɗu, inda ta tattara mata 86 waɗanda suka yanke shawarar ci gaba da haɗuwa kowace shekara biyu.  Wyall ta zama mai riƙe da rikodin tarihin waɗanda suka kasance WASP.  Ta tattara littattafan tarihi da kuma bayanan mutuwarsu, tana ajiye bayanan a cikin wani gidan kwanan da aka canza a gonarta.  A shekara ta 1978, sauran tsoffin sojojin WASP sun zaɓe ta a matsayin "mai tarihin dindindin" ga ƙungiyar.  Daga baya, ta ba da gudummawar tarihinta ga sashen tattara bayanai na musamman na Jami'ar Mata ta Texas . 

An ba Wyall lambar yabo ta zinare ta Congressional Medal a shekarar 2010. [1] A shekarar 2011, an shigar da ita cikin Zauren Fitattun Mata na Duniya na Mata a Jiragen Sama . [2] Ta mutu a Fort Wayne a ranar 9 ga Maris, 2017. [2]

## Manazarta
Garin Agi

**Agi** ƙauye ne a cikin Yagba East Local Government Area na Jihar Kogi, a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya . An san shi a cikin ƙauyukan karkara waɗanda suka zama Yagba East kuma suna cikin ɓangaren yankin al'adun Okun. Agi yana cikin yankin gidan waya na 262102 kuma galibi al'umma ce ta noma.

## Tattalin Arziki
Mutanen Agi sun fi aiki a cikin karamin noma. Manyan amfanin gona sun hada da yam, cassava, hatsi, cashew, da kayan dabino, waɗanda suka zama tushen tattalin arziki na ƙauyen.

## Yanayin ƙasa
Agi tana cikin yankin kudu maso yammacin Jihar Kogi a cikin iyakokin gudanarwa na Yagba East LGA . Yana daya daga cikin ƙauyuka da aka jera a cikin ƙauyukan da ke yankin.

## Addini
Al'ummar galibi Krista ne, tare da kasancewar 'yan tsiraru na al'adun addini na gargajiya, kamar sauran ƙauyuka a Yagba East.

## Manazarta
Barbara Yeaman

**Barbara Yeaman** (Disamba 16, 1924 - Afrilu 6, 2025) 'yar Amurka ce mai rajin kare muhalli, wacce ta kafa   na Delaware Highlands Conservancy, wata hukuma mai kula da filaye  da aka amince da ita wacce ke kula da gundumomin Pike da Wayne, a Pennsylvania, da gundumomin Sullivan da Delaware, a New York

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Yeaman a ranar 16 ga Disamba, 1924, kusa da Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ta sami lasisin tuƙi don cancantar shiga Matan Jiragen Sama na Sojan Sama . &#x5B; ** &#x5D; Daga baya Yeaman ya sami digiri a fannin Nazarin Muhalli a Jami'ar California da ke Irvine.

## Sana'a
A farkon aikinta, Yeaman ta yi aiki a matsayin Mai Ba da Shawara kan Ilimi da kuma Mai Kula da Kare Ruwa a Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka da ke Washington, DC 

Ta ƙaura zuwa yankin Kogin Upper Delaware a farkon shekarun 1980 kuma ta shiga cikin Majalisar Ba da Shawara ga Jama'a wadda ta taimaka wajen kafa Kogin Upper Delaware Scenic and Recreational River a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Hukumar Kula da Wuraren Shakatawa ta Ƙasa . Wannan ya faru ne a lokacin da ake ta ce-ce-ku-ce kan haƙƙin mallakar gidaje masu zaman kansu a yankin. An samu barkewar tashin hankali da ƙonewa a cikin al'umma a lokacin wannan tsari.   

Wannan ƙwarewa mai zurfi da kuma gano cutar kansa ita ce ta sa Yeaman ta nemi sabbin kayan aikin kiyayewa, kamar wuraren kiyayewa, don kare ƙasa a gefen Kogin Upper Delaware; kuma a ƙarshe shine abin da ya sa ta kafa Delaware Highlands Conservancy. "Ina jiran wani ya yi hakan. Amma hakan bai faru ba. Na yi jerin abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci a gare ni, kuma fara amintaccen ƙasa yana kan gaba a cikin wannan jerin. Na san zai iya aiki," in ji Yeaman. 

## Manazarta
Brenda An kawo ta

Brenda Bressed shine sunan mataki na Bryce Gibson, [1] [2] wani dan wasan kwaikwayo na Australiya wanda ya kasance dan wasan karshe a kakar wasa ta goma sha biyu ta The Voice kuma ya fafata a kakar wasa na huɗu ta Drag Race Down Under .

## Ayyuka
Brenda Bressed ta kasance ta karshe a kakar wasa ta goma sha biyu ta The Voice kuma ta fafata a kakar wasa na huɗu ta Drag Race Down Under .   Ta lashe kalubalen Snatch Game .  Bayan da aka watsa Drag Race, ta kasance wani ɓangare na Drag Race Down Under Season Four Live Tour.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Brenda Bressed ta fito ne daga Melbourne kuma ta ambaci Dolly Parton a matsayin wahayi.

## Hotunan fina-finai

* *Muryar* (lokaci 12) 
* Drag Race Down Under (lokaci na 4) 

## Dubi kuma

* List of people from Melbourne

## Manazarta
Cheryl Campbell

**Cheryl Campbell** (an haife ta a ranar 22 ga Mayu 1949) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Ingila. Ta yi fice a gaban Bob Hoskins a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na BBC na 1978 Pennies From Heaven, kafin ta ci gaba da lashe kyautar BAFTA TV ta 1980 don Mafi kyawun Actress don *Alkawari na Matasa* da Malice Aforethought, da kuma lambar yabo ta Olivier ta 1982 don Mafi kyawun 'yar Actress a cikin Fitowa don Gidan Doll . Fim dinta ya hada da *Karusai na Wuta* (1981), Greystoke: Labarin Tarzan, Ubangiji na Apes (1984) da kuma Jam'iyyar Shooting (1985).

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haife shi a ranar 22 ga Mayu 1949 a St Albans, Hertfordshire .  Campbell 'yar matukin jirgin sama ce. Ta yi karatu a makarantar Francis Bacon Grammar School, St Albans, da kuma London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA).  Kwarewar wasan kwaikwayo ta hada da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Palace, Watford, Birmingham Rep da gidan wasan kwaikwayon Citizens, Glasgow . 

## Ayyuka

### Fim da Talabijin
Campbell ta sami gabatarwa ta farko ta BAFTA a shekarar 1978 don nuna Eileen Everson, a gaban Bob Hoskins a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Dennis Potter Pennies from Heaven (1978). 

An san Campbell da rawar da ta taka a matsayin Vera Brittain a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin na BBC na Testament of Youth (1979), wanda ta sami kyaututtuka mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo daga Kyautar Talabijin ta Kwalejin Burtaniya (BAFTA) da Kyautar Broadcasting Press Guild . 

Wani rawar da Campbell ya taka a cikin aikin Potter shine Janet a Rain on the Roof (1980). [1] A wannan shekarar, ta fito a matsayin Sheila McVicar tare da Roger Daltrey a fim din tserewa daga kurkuku McVicir (1980), kuma ta buga Jennie Liddell a Chariots of Fire (1981). [2] Ta buga Lady Alice Clayton, tare da Ian Holm da Christopher Lambert a Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes (1984). [2][2]

A cikin 2010 Campbell ta buga Lucetta a cikin fim din *Tamara Drewe* (2010). 

### Mataki
A matsayinsa na mai wasan kwaikwayo, Campbell ya kasance memba na Kamfanin Royal Shakespeare sau biyu. A RSC a shekara ta 1982, ta bayyana a matsayin Diana a cikin All's Well That Ends Well, ta buga Nora Helmer a cikin Adrian Noble na Ibsen's A Doll's House, wanda aka ba ta lambar yabo ta Laurence Olivier don Mafi kyawun Actress a cikin Revival . 

Sauran wasan kwaikwayon Campbell a Landan sun hada da You Never Can Tell (Lyric, 1979); *Miss Julie* (1983) a cikin rawar da take takawa; *Little Eyolf* (1985) a matsayin Asta; The Daughter-in-Law (1985) a matsayinta na Minnie; The Sneeze (zaɓin Chekhov) (1988) a cikin matsayi daban-daban;  *Cin amana* (1991) a matsayin Emma; The Strip (1995) a matsayin Loretta; Some Sunny Day (1996) a matsayin Emily; The Seagull (1997) a matsayin Arkadina; Passion (2000) a matsayin Nell; da Life After George (2002) a matsayin Beatrix.

## Hotunan fina-finai

### Fim din

## Manazarta
Rosalie Crutchley

**Rosalie Sylvia Crutchley** (4 ga watan Janairun 1920 - 28 ga watan Yulin 1997) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Burtaniya. An horar da ita a Royal Academy of Music, watakila an fi saninta da wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin, amma tana da dogon lokaci da nasara a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai, inda ta fara fitowa a 1932  kuma ta fara fitowar allo a 1947. 

Crutchley yana da idanu masu duhu kuma sau da yawa yana wasa da baƙi ko kuma haruffa masu ban tsoro. Ta kuma taka rawar gargajiya da yawa, ciki har da Juliet a cikin Shakespeare's *Romeo da Juliet*, Hermione a cikin The Winter's Tale da Goneril a cikin King Lear .

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Crutchley a Landan a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1920. Ta yi horo a Royal Academy of Music . 

Ta fara fitowa a allon ne a matsayin mai kunna violin wanda aka kashe a Take My Life (1947).  Ta buga Madam Defarge sau biyu a cikin gyare-gyare na A Tale of Two Cities, a cikin fim din 1958 da kuma a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin na 1965 na wannan labarin.

Ta buga Catherine Parr a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na 1970, The Six Wives of Henry VIII kuma ta buga wannan hali a cikin sakamakonsa, *Elizabeth R* (1971).  A baya ta nuna matar farko ta Henry Catherine na Aragon a fim din 1953 The Sword and the Rose . 

Sauran rawar sun hada da Mrs Sparsit a Hard Times (ITV, 1977) da Electra (1974). [1] Ta kuma fito a cikin shirin BBC TV na 1979 na Testament of Youth, tana taka rawar Shugaban Kwalejin Somerville, Oxford.[2] Ta kasance a cikin fina-finai Quo Vadis (1951), a matsayin Acte, tsohuwar uwargidan Sarkin sarakuna Nero (Peter Ustinov) da The Haunting (1963), a matsayin mai kula da gida mai ban tsoro Mrs Dudley . [3]

Crutchley ya kuma bayyana a cikin gyare-gyaren fina-finai na litattafan A.J. Cronin guda biyu, The Spanish Gardener (1956) da Beyond This Place (1959) kuma ya buga mahaifiyar mahaifiyar mahaifiyarsa a cikin gyaran talabijin na Brendon Chase (1980-81). [1] Tana da matsayi biyu a cikin Casualty, a cikin 1992 da 1995. Ta kuma sami ɗan gajeren lokaci, amma abin tunawa, a cikin fim ɗin Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994). [2]

Ta fito ne kawai a cikin fim guda daya, Man of La Mancha (1972), bisa ga nasarar da aka samu, a matsayin mai kula da gidan Don Quixote. A cikin rawar, an yi amfani da muryar waka mara kyau don yin ban dariya da gangan a cikin waƙar "Ina tunanin Shi ne kawai".

Matsayinta na karshe ya kasance a cikin matukin jirgi na jerin masu bincike na TV, Midsomer Murders, tana wasa da Lucy Bellringer .  An nuna wannan a cikin 1997, jim kadan kafin mutuwarta.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Ta yi aure sau biyu, da farko ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Dan Cunningham a 1939 kuma na biyu ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayon Peter Ashmore a 1946.  Dukkanin auren sun ƙare da kisan aure. Tana da 'ya'ya biyu, daya daga cikinsu masanin kimiyyar lissafi Jonathan Ashmore ne.

Crutchley ya mutu a asibitin Harley Street a London a 1997 yana da shekaru 77. 

## Hotunan fina-finai

### Fim din

### Talabijin

## Manazarta
Makomar Musulunci

The Future of Islam wani littafi ne wanda ba na almara ba ne,ya kasance  na mawaki da marubucin Ingilishi Wilfrid Scawen Blunt . An buga shi ne a 1882.  Yana bincika fannoni da yawa na siyasar Islama da Daular Ottoman a wannan lokacin.

## Manazarta
Imam da Indiya

***Imam da Indiya*** tarin rubutun ne na marubucin Indiya Amitav Ghosh wanda aka buga a shekara ta 2002. 

## Manazarta
Littafi Al'adu da Rikicin Gabas ta Tsakiya

***Al'adu da Rikicin Gabas ta Tsakiya*** littafi ne na 2008 na Philip Carl Salzman, farfesa mai daraja na Anthropology a Jami'ar McGill kuma babban jami'in Cibiyar Yankin don Manufofin Jama'a, mai tunani na Kanada wanda ke da alaƙa da kasuwar kyauta, tunanin siyasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya.

*Al'adu da Rikicin* ƙoƙari ne na fahimtar siyasar Gabas ta Tsakiya da al'umma a matsayin sakamakon gaskiyar cewa ƙungiyoyin kabilanci suna da mahimmanci ga Al'adun Larabawa.

## Abun ciki
A cewar Salzman, kabilun da aka tsara a matsayin zuriyar kakanninmu ɗaya a kan layin namiji za su haɗa albarkatun su tare da wasu dangi masu alaƙa da juna a kan waɗanda suka fi nesa, kuma duk kabilar za su tsaya tare da baƙi. Wannan tsarin kabilanci ya sa kusan ba zai yiwu a sami kundin tsarin mulki ko tsarin mulki na doka da tsari ba, don haka "samar da al'umma inda dukkan kungiyoyi suke daidai. " 'Yan kabilar "suna da aminci ne kawai ga kungiyoyinsu. "

Wani mai sharhi ya ce amincin kabilanci wanda ya samo asali daga aikin Salzman don "halicci tsari mai rikitarwa na cin gashin kai na kabilanci da tsakiya mai tsattsauran ra'ayi wanda ke hana ci gaban tsarin mulki, mulkin doka, zama ɗan ƙasa, daidaito tsakanin jinsi, da sauran abubuwan da ake buƙata na jihar dimokuradiyya. Ba har sai an aika wannan tsarin zamantakewar da ta dā wanda ya dogara da iyali zai iya samun ci gaba na gaske a Gabas ta Tsakiya ba.

Littafin ya bincika mahimman tsarin guda biyu: "daidaitaccen adawa" da "haɗin kai".  

## Daidaitaccen Hamayya

* Daidaitaccen adawa: Darajar al'adu inda mutane da kungiyoyi ke kula da daidaituwa tsakanin dakarun adawa, sau da yawa ta hanyar tsarin hadin gwiwa, gasa, da tattaunawa. Wannan ma'auni yana hana rukuni ɗaya daga zama mai ƙarfi sosai.

## Haɗin kai Solidarity

* Haɗin kai: Halin al'adu na ba da fifiko ga aminci da tallafi ga waɗanda ke kusa da zamantakewa, a kan waɗanda suka fi nesa, wanda ke haifar da tsarin kawance da gasa bisa ga kusanci na iyali maimakon ka'idojin da ba a fahimta ba.

   Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan tsarin biyu shine "hakkin hadin gwiwa" inda ake buƙatar ƙaramin rukuni ɗaya don kare kansa daga wani ƙaramin rukuna. A cikin rikici, ƙaramin rukuni yana fuskantar ƙaramin rukuna, amma wannan yana ƙaruwa bisa ga girman kungiyoyin daga "iyali" har zuwa dukan "al'ummar Islama (umma) ".
## manazarta
A cikin Zuciya na Green Birds

A cikin litaffin Hearts of Green Birds: The Martyrs of Bosnia, wani littafi ne na marubuta daban-daban da ba a san su ba game da yakin a Bosnia da Herzegovina, rubutu ne na tushe a cikin wallafe-wallafen Islama kuma ya wanzu a cikin harsuna da yawa da sake dubawa. Yana mai da hankali kan mutuwar Musulmai na kasashen waje waɗanda suka tafi Bosnia don yin aiki a matsayin mayakan, ko Mujahadin kuma ya bayyana mutuwarsu a matsayin na shahidai (a cikin Larabci, shuhadaa, jam'i don shahid). Littafin yana samuwa a shafukan yanar gizo da yawa kuma yana da mashahuri sosai a cikin tsarin sauti, wanda shine asalin asali kafin ya bayyana a matsayin rubutu da aka buga. Siffofin sauti sun haɗa da Anaasheed (jama'a don nasheed), waƙoƙin Musulunci waɗanda shuhadaa suka rubuta kafin mutuwarsu.  (Devji: 87, 110) 

Taken yana nufin imani na yau da kullun cewa rayukan shahidai suna ɗauke da zukatan tsuntsaye masu kore. Wannan ra'ayin ya kuma kasance wahayi ga wani littafi mai irin wannan sunan amma batutuwa daban-daban, *[[In the Belly of the Green Bird|A cikin ciki na Green Bird]]*, wanda shine labarin faduwar Saddam Hussein da ayyukan soja na Amurka a Iraki (Xenakis). Nir Rosen shine marubucin wannan littafin na ƙarshe.

An kuma ce littafin ya ja hankalin dan wasan Birtaniya mai fashewa da bama-bamai, Saajid Badat, zuwa tafiya zuwa Afghanistan don shiga al-Qaeda a shekara ta 2001.

## Manazarta
Betty Jane Williams

**Betty Jane Williams** (1919 – 8 ga Disamba, 2008) 'yar ƙasar Amurka ce. Ta yi aiki a fannoni daban-daban a fannin sufurin jiragen sama a tsawon rayuwarta kuma ta zama Laftanar Kanar a lokacin da ta yi ritaya daga Rundunar Sojojin Sama ta Amurka a 1979. Williams ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Matan Jiragen Sama Masu Jiragen Sama (WASP) a 1944. An kuma san ta da aikin fina-finan soja da na masana'antu.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Williams a Kingston, Pennsylvania, a shekarar 1919.  Ta fara sha'awar tashi sama bayan ta ga wani matukin jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu yana yin wani wasan kwaikwayo a shekarar 1939.  

Williams ta sami lasisin matukin jirginta a watan Yunin 1941 daga Shirin Horar da Matukin Jirgin Sama na Farar Hula .  Bayan da Amurka ta shiga Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ba ta iya tashi ba kuma ta ci gaba da zama mai kula da jirgin sama tare da Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Kanada .   Kamfanin ya tura ta yin horo a Jami'ar Vermont sannan Williams ta ci gaba da koyar da dabarun tashi da kayan aiki ga matuƙan jirgin ruwa a cikin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa da kuma a ɓangaren farar hula.  A watan Janairun 1944, ta shiga Matan Jiragen Sama na Sojojin Sama (WASP) inda ta kasance matukin jirgi mai gwaji, tana tashi da jiragen sama masu gyara don ganin ko sun sake cancantar yin sama.  Williams ta kasance a Randolph Field har zuwa lokacin da aka dakatar da WASP a ranar 20 ga Disamba, 1944.  Williams ta ci gaba da horar da matuƙan jirgin sama na soja da na farar hula tsakanin 1945 da 1947. 

Williams ta ƙirƙiro wani shiri na CBS-TV mai suna Let's Go Flying, wanda aka watsa a shekarar 1947. [1] Tsakanin 1948 da 1952, ta yi aiki a matsayin marubuciyar fasaha a fannin injiniyan sararin samaniya kuma ta rubuta littattafan ayyukan jirgin sama da jadawalin koyarwar gani na jiragen sama na soja. [2] Ta kuma ƙirƙiri fina-finan horo don jiragen sama na soja. [2]

## Manazarta
Ruby Bradley

Kanar **Ruby Bradley** (19 ga Disamba 1907 - 28 ga Mayu 2002) jami'in ma'aikatan jinya ne na rundunar sojojin Amurka, fursunan Japan a yakin duniya na biyu, kuma ɗaya daga cikin mata mafi kyau a rundunar sojojin Amurka.  Ta fito daga Spencer, West Virginia, amma ta zauna a Falls Church, Virginia, sama da shekaru 50.

## Aikin soja
Bradley ta shiga rundunar sojin Amurka a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a 1934. Tana aiki a sansanin John Hay a Philippines lokacin da sojojin Japan suka kama ta makonni uku bayan harin da aka kai Pearl Harbor a ranar 7 ga Disamba 1941. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&#x5B;**&#x5D;

Lokacin da sojojin Amurka suka kama sansanin a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 1945, Bradley yana da nauyin kilo 86 kawai (39). Daga nan aka mayar da ita Amurka inda ta ci gaba da aikinta a cikin soja. Ta sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya daga Jami'ar California a shekarar 1949. 

Bradley ta yi aiki a yakin Koriya a matsayin Babban Nursing na asibitin fitarwa na 171. A watan Nuwamba 1950, a lokacin da aka kai farmaki na kasar Sin, ta ki barin har sai da ta ɗora marasa lafiya da wadanda suka ji rauni a cikin jirgin sama a Pyongyang yayin da sojoji 100,000 na kasar Sin ke kewaye da ita. Ta sami damar tsalle a cikin jirgin kamar yadda motar asibiti ta fashe daga harsashi na abokan gaba. A shekara ta 1951, an nada ta Babban Nurse na Sojoji na takwas, inda ta kula da ma'aikatan jinya sama da 500 a duk faɗin Koriya. [1]

An kara Bradley zuwa matsayin kolonel a shekara ta 1958 kuma ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja a 1963.

## Rayuwa da mutuwa daga baya
Bayan ta yi ritaya a 1963, ta ci gaba da aiki na tsawon shekaru 17 a matsayin mai kula da jinya a Roane County, West Virginia . inda ta kuma sayi ranch kusa da iyalinta.

Bradley itace batun rahoton NBC Nightly News na 23 ga Fabrairu 2000 na Tom Brokaw game da jaruman da aka manta da su na soja.

Bradley ta mutu yana da shekaru 94 saboda dalilai na halitta kuma an binne shi a Kabari na Arlington . 

## Manazarta
Florence A. Blanchfield

**Florence Aby Blanchfield** (1 ga Afrilu, 1884 a Shepherdstown, West Virginia - 12 ga Mayu, 1971 a Washington, DC ) Kanar ne na Sojojin Amurka kuma babban jami'in kula da ma'aikatan jinya na Sojoji, daga 1943 zuwa 1947.  An ba ta lambar yabo ta musamman a 1945,  da lambar yabo ta Florence Nightingale ta kungiyar agaji ta kasa da kasa ta Red Cross a 1951. A 1947 Blanchfield ta zama mace ta farko da ta sami mukamin soja a rundunar sojoji ta yau da kullun.  

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Florence Aby Blanchfield a Shepherdstown, West Virginia, ta huɗu daga cikin 'ya'ya takwas na Mary Louvenia ( née Anderson ), ma'aikaciyar jinya, da Joseph Plunkett Blanchfield, mai aikin gini da mai sassaka dutse. Ta girma a Oranda, Virginia, tana karatun makarantar gwamnati har zuwa 1898, lokacin da ta halarci Cibiyar Oranda mai zaman kanta. Baya ga samun uwa wacce ma'aikaciyar jinya ce, 'yan'uwan Blanchfield biyu suma sun zama ma'aikatan jinya, kuma kakanta na mahaifiyarta da kawunta likitoci ne. [1]

Ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Horar da Asibitin Southside a shekarar 1906.  Daga nan ta yi karatu tare da Howard Atwood Kelly a Asibitin Johns Hopkins .

## Sana'a

Blanchfield ita ce mai kula da ɗakin tiyata a Asibitin Southside da Asibitin Montefiore, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania . A shekarar 1909, ta kasance mai kula da wata makarantar horo a Asibitin Suburban General Hospital, da ke Bellevue, Pennsylvania . A shekarar 1913, ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a ɗakin tiyata da kuma likitan sa barci a Asibitin Ancon da ke yankin Panama Canal Zone .

A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, ta shiga Rundunar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Sojojin Amurka (ANC), kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mukaddashin babban ma'aikacin jinya, a Angers, da Coëtquidan, Faransa, daga Agusta 1917 zuwa Janairu 1919. An tura ta zuwa asibitoci da yawa na soja. Ta koma rayuwar farar hula na ɗan lokaci bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin, amma an ja ta zuwa aiki mai kyau.

A shekarar 1935, an tura ta zuwa Washington DC a ofishin babban sufeton sojoji, don kula da harkokin ma'aikata a rundunar. Ta zama mataimakiyar babban sufeton sojoji a shekarar 1939, mukaddashin babban sufeton sojoji a shekarar 1942, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin babban sufeton sojoji daga 1 ga Yuni 1943 zuwa Satumba 1947. Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samun cikakken matsayi na ma'aikatan jinya, bisa ga Dokar Rundunar Sojoji da Sojojin Ruwa ta ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 1947.  Wannan ya faru ne bayan an ba da cikakken matsayi na wucin gadi a 1944. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ta kuma ga karuwar ANC cikin sauri daga mambobi dari da dama zuwa sama da 50,000.  A shekarar 1947 ta zama mace ta farko da ta sami kwamishinan soja a rundunar sojoji ta yau da kullun.  

## Manazarta
Jeanne Quint Benoliel

**Jeanne Quint Benoliel** (Disamba 9, 1919  - Janairu 23, 2012) ma'aikaciyar jinya ce 'yar Amurka wadda ta yi nazarin rawar da aikin jinya ke takawa a lokacin ƙarshen rayuwa. Ta kafa shirin digirin digirgir a Makarantar Koyon Aikin Jinya ta Jami'ar Washington . An nada ta a matsayin Living Legend of the American Academy of Nursing .

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Jeanne Carolyn Quint Benoliel a shekarar 1919 a National City, California . Benoliel ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta San Diego, ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1937. A shekararta ta ƙarshe a makarantar sakandare, ta yanke shawarar zama ma'aikaciyar jinya, kuma ta halarci Kwalejin Jihar San Diego don samun buƙatunta na aikin jinya.  Ta kammala karatun difloma na aikin jinya a shekarar 1941 a Asibitin St. Luke da ke San Francisco, California . Benoliel ta sami aikinta na farko a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya ta Gundumar San Diego tana aiki tare da marasa lafiya da tarin fuka, daga baya ta shiga Rundunar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Sojoji a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, tana aiki daga 1934-1946. Ta shafe kusan shekaru biyu tana aiki a New Guinea da Philippines, inda yawancin marasa lafiyarta suka sha fama da cututtukan wurare masu zafi kamar zazzabin cizon sauro da zazzabin dengue . Bayan zamanta a Soja, ta koma Yammacin Tekun. Ta amfani da lissafin GI, Benoliel ta ci gaba da samun digirin BS a fannin Ilimin Jinya a Jami'ar Jihar Oregon a shekarar 1948 yayin da take aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya, mai koyar da aikin jinya na tiyata, da kuma darektan ilimi a Oregon da California. 

Benoliel ta bayyana cewa ta "jajirce kan ra'ayin cewa aiki abu ne da mata ke yi har sai sun yi aure kuma sun sami iyali." 

## Ilimin digiri na biyu

### Ilimin digiri na biyu
Benoliel ta halarci UCLA daga 1954-55 don digiri na biyu a fannin jinya . Ta ci gaba a UCLA don karatun digiri na biyu a fannin kididdiga da ilimin halittar jiki daga 1959-1961 jim kaɗan bayan ta saki mijinta. Ta fara maganin baƙin cikin da take ciki don jure rashin.

A tsakanin karatunta a UCLA, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin aikin jinya na tiyata da kuma darektan aikin bincike kan tiyatar mastectomy . Binciken da ta yi game da mata bayan tiyatar mastectomy ya sa ta buga kasidu guda huɗu. Daga baya Benoliel ta bayyana cewa wannan binciken ya jawo mata sha'awar nazarin abubuwan da mata ke fuskanta na "zama cikin rashin tabbas da tsoron mutuwa," da kuma sha'awarta ga "yin tiyatar da ta lalace" da kuma tasirinsu ga marasa lafiya bayan tiyata. 

A wannan karon a rayuwar Benoliel, an samu mutuwar wasu 'yan uwa da dama. Ƙaramar 'yar uwarta ta sha fama da zubar jini a kwakwalwa ba zato ba tsammani yayin da take da ciki na watanni 8 da ɗanta na huɗu. Rashin tattaunawa game da mutuwa da mutuwa ya yi tasiri sosai ga Benoliel kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga sukarta ga "makircin shiru" game da mutuwa da mutuwa a asibitoci. [1]

## Manazarta
Mala'iku na Bataan

**Mala'ikun Bataan** (wanda aka fi sani da "Mala'ikun Bataan da Corregidor " da "Battle Belles of Bataan"  ) su ne membobin Rundunar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Sojojin Amurka da Rundunar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Sojojin Ruwa ta Amurka waɗanda aka tura su Philippines a farkon Yaƙin Pacific kuma suka yi aiki a lokacin Yaƙin Philippines (1941–1942) . Lokacin da Bataan da Corregidor suka mutu, an kama ma'aikatan jinya na ruwa 11, ma'aikatan jinya na sojoji 66, da kuma ma'aikacin jinya-mai ba da maganin sa barci 1 aka tsare su a cikin da kewayen Manila.   Sun ci gaba da aiki a matsayin sashin jinya yayin da suke fursunonin yaƙi .  An 'yantar da su a watan Fabrairun 1945. 

## A Manila
A farkon Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, an tura ma'aikatan jinya na Sojojin Amurka da na Sojojin Ruwa zuwa Asibitin Sternberg da ke Manila, da sauran asibitocin sojoji da ke kewaye da Manila. A lokacin Yaƙin Philippines (1941-1942), ma'aikatan jinya na Sojojin Amurka 88 sun tsere, a makon ƙarshe na Disamba 1941, zuwa Corregidor da Bataan. 

Ma'aikatan jinya guda biyu na sojoji, Laftanar Floramund A. Fellmeth da Laftanar Florence MacDonald, sun raka marasa lafiya da suka ji rauni sosai daga Sternberg a cikin jirgin ruwan asibiti  wanda ya tashi daga Manila jim kaɗan bayan tsakar dare na Sabuwar Shekara ta 1942 zuwa Ostiraliya. 

Ma'aikatan jinya na sojojin ruwa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Laftana Laura M. Cobb, sun tsaya a Manila a lokacin mamayar farko don tallafa wa marasa lafiya a can. Ɗaya daga cikinsu, Ann A. Bernatitus, ta tsere daga Manila zuwa Bataan jim kaɗan kafin a kama Manila.   Sauran ma'aikatan jinya na sojojin ruwa 11 an kama su ne bayan faɗuwar Manila kuma 'yan Japan suka tsare su a Santo Tomas.  

Ma'aikatan jinya na sojoji, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kyaftin Maude Davison da Laftanar Josephine Nesbit na 2, tare da ma'aikacin jinya na ruwa Bernatitus, sun tsere daga Manila suka ci gaba da yin hidima a Yaƙin Bataan da Yaƙin Corregidor .  

## A kan Bataan
A ƙarshen Disamba 1941, an tura da yawa daga cikin ma'aikatan jinya zuwa wasu asibitoci biyu na fagen daga a Bataan mai suna Asibiti #1 da Asibiti #2. [1] [2] Waɗannan asibitocin sun haɗa da sassan farko na buɗe ido a tarihin Amurka tun bayan Yaƙin Basasa. [3] Cututtukan wurare masu zafi, ciki har da zazzabin cizon sauro da gudawa, sun yaɗu tsakanin marasa lafiya da ma'aikatan asibiti. [4] [5]

Kafin faɗuwar Bataan a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 1942, an umarci ma'aikatan jinya da ke aiki a can zuwa sansanin soja na Corregidor ta hannun Janar Wainwright (kwamandan sojojin Philippines bayan an ba MacArthur umarnin zuwa Ostiraliya).   

## Manazarta
Ellen Ainsworth

**Ellen Ainsworth** (1918 a Glenwood City, Wisconsin - 1944 a Anzio, Italiya) jami'a ce a Rundunar Sojan Amurka a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . An ba Ainsworth lambar yabo ta Silver Star da Purple Heart saboda ayyukanta a lokacin Operation Shingle yayin da take aiki tare da Rundunar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Sojojin Amurka .

An kashe ta a lokacin Yaƙin Anzio a Asibitin Ficewa na 56, kuma ita ce kaɗai mace a Wisconsin da gobarar maƙiya ta kashe a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.  Bayan rasuwarta an binne ta a Makabartar Amurka da Tunawa da Sicily-Rome . 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Ainsworth ita ce ƙarama a cikin 'yan'uwa uku, kuma ta girma a Glenwood, Wisconsin.  Ta halarci Makarantar Kula da Jinya ta Asibitin Eitel da ke Minneapolis.  Bayan kammala karatunta a shekarar 1941, ta shiga Rundunar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Sojojin Amurka a watan Maris na 1942. 

## Gado
Abubuwan tunawa da aka yi mata daga baya sun haɗa da ɗakin taro da aka sanya mata suna don girmama ta a Pentagon da kuma wani kantin magani da aka sanya mata suna don girmama ta a Fort Hamilton . [1] An naɗa wani ofishin gidan waya a Glenwood City, Wisconsin a matsayin ofishin gidan waya don girmama ta daga Majalisa. [2]

## Manazarta
Littafi mai suna Iran: Daga Rikici na Addini zuwa Juyin Juya Hali

Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution wani littafi ne na masanin Michael M.J. Fischer, wanda aka rubuta a shekarar 1980.  Littafin game da rawar da Islama ke takawa a Iran da kuma alakarsa da Juyin juya halin Iran na 1979. Littafin ya fara bugawa ne daga Harvard University Press a shekarar 1980.

## Bayani game da shi
Aikin ya bincika Islama a Iran da alaƙar ta da juyin juya halin Iran na 1979 kuma ya jawo hankali sosai ga abubuwan da Fischer ya samu tare da masu aiki a cikin birni mai tsarki na Qum. Ya ba da jarrabawar kusa da Madrasa, wanda Fischer ya kira "school na nassi".

## Karɓar baƙi
Aikin ya samu karbuwa da ga daga masu duban karshe na  gabash ta tsakiyareviews from *Middle Eastern Studies*, , *y*.

## Manazarta
ISIS: A cikin Sojojin Ta'addanci

***[[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|ISIS]]: A cikin Sojojin Ta'addanci*** littafi ne na 2015 wanda ba na almara ba ne na 'yan jarida Michael Weiss da Hassan . Littafin ya ba da cikakken bayani game da tashi da ayyukan ciki na kungiyar ta'addanci ta ISIS.

## Karɓar baƙi
*ISIS: A cikin Sojojin Ta'addanci* masu sukar sun yaba da su. Steve Negus na The New York Times ya kwatanta littafin da Jessica Stern da J.M. Berger's ISIS: The State of Terror da Patrick Cockburn's The Rise of Islamic State, suna kiran *ISIS: A cikin Sojojin Ta'addanci* "mafi cikakke daga cikin uku". Ya kara da cewa, "Wannan labarin na Jihar Musulunci a Iraki wani abu ne mai mahimmanci, amma ya haskaka lokacin da ya kai ga shigar kungiyar ta' yancin Siriya: Weiss da Hassan sun hada da yawa don samar da 'yanci masu amfani da irin wannan batun su' yan jarida masu amfani - Za mu bayyanawa, za mu iya bayyanawa da su: Yan jaridar nan suna da su: 'yanci suna da yawa suna da yawa don ganowa da yawa suna bin wannan batun Swar Swar S.

## Manazarta
Musulunci da zamani

***[[Musulunci]] da zamani*** littafi ne na Aziz Al-Azmeh, farfesa a Jami'ar Turai ta Tsakiya . An fara fitar da shi a 1993. Littafin ya binciki tarihin hulɗa tsakanin Islama da Turai, yana nazarin tatsuniyoyi game da waɗancan hulɗar da ra'ayoyin Gabas da Islama suka kirkira. An saki sabon sigar a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta, 2009, wanda kuma yayi nazarin "magana da ke kewaye da Islama da rashin hankali bayan 9/11."

## Karɓar baƙi
*[[The Guardian]]* ya rubuta cewa "Islams da Modernities suna tayar da tambayoyin gaggawa waɗanda ke da mahimmanci ga damuwar duniyar zamani. "  New Statesman ya rubuta cewa ""Aziz Al-Azmeh shine watakila mafi mahimmancin tunani akan waɗannan jigogi a Burtaniya a yau" 

## Fassarari

* Buga na farko: Al-Azmeh, Aziz (1993), Musulunci da zamani, Littattafai na Verso,  
* Buga na biyu: Al-Azmeh, Aziz (Oktoba 17, 1996), Musulunci da zamani, Littattafan Verso,  
* 2009 edition: Al-Azmeh, Aziz (Agusta 7, 2009), Musulunci da Modernities, Littattafan Verso,  (ya haɗa da gabatarwa da ƙarin surori biyu)  

## Manazarta
Islam and the West

***Musulunci da Yamma*** littafin ne na 1993 wanda masanin tarihi da masanin tarihi na Gabas ta Tsakiya Bernard Lewis ya rubuta.

Littafin yana magana ne game da dangantakar da ke tsakanin Islama da wayewar Yamma. An raba shi zuwa sassa 3. Sashe na farko yana magana ne game da tarihin hulɗar tsakanin Turai da duniyar Islama. Sashe na biyu ya damu da ra'ayoyin da suka taso daga waɗannan hulɗar al'ummomin biyu. Sashe na uku da na ƙarshe ya shafi martani da martani na Islama a baya da na baya.

## Wasu kalamai daga marubuci
Masaba tarihi a kasa mai yanci sunada laduba da kuma kwarewa wajen tabbacin abubuwa masu tsauri wajen fayyacewa

## Abinda ke ciki

* Tattaunawa
* 1 Turai da Musulunci
* 2 Tunanin Shari'a da Tarihi game da Matsayin Al'ummar Musulmi a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ba Musulmi ba: Nazarin da Ra'ayoyi 
* 3 Fassara daga Larabci
* 4 Mahimmanci na Ottoman
* 5 Gibbon akan Muhammadu
* 6 Tambayar Gabas
* 7 Sauran Tarihin Jama'a: Amsa da Halin Musulunci 
* 8 Komawar Musulunci
* 9 Shia a Tarihin Musulunci
* 10 Ƙididdiga da 'Yanci
* 11 Haɗin Addini da Rashin Addini
* Takaitaccen Bayani
* Mai sukar
* Bayanan littattafai

## Tambayar Gabas

### Takaitaccen Bayani
Babi na shida na littafin ya bincika ma'anar Gabas. An yi jayayya cewa kalmar orientalism har zuwa kwanan nan ana amfani da ita galibi a ma'anoni biyu, don nuna ko dai reshe na ilimi ko makarantar zane. Koyaya, Lewis ya yi jayayya cewa yanzu an ba shi sabon ma'ana, "wanda ba shi da tausayi ko rashin tausayi ga mutanen gabas. " (p100).

Tarihi tarihi na ilimin gabas a Yammacin Turai ya kasance a lokacin Renaissance. An gano tarihinta daga ƙananan tushe inda horo ɗaya, ilimin harshe, ya dawo, ya yi nazari, ya buga kuma ya fassara matani da suka shafi yanki ɗaya - wanda yanzu ake kira Gabas ta Tsakiya - zuwa fadadawa a hankali don haɗawa da wasu fannoni kamar falsafar, tauhidin, adabi da tarihi da kuma bambancin yankuna daga Daular Ottoman zuwa Indiya da China.

Bayan ya kai wani batu inda hanyoyin da suka dace da kuma yawan yankuna da ake nazarin sun sa kalmar "Orientalist" ta zama tsohon yayi, Lewis ya yi jayayya cewa, a zahiri, wadanda ya kira masu ba da izini gabas a 29th International Congress of Orientalists a 1973. Lewis ya yi kuka cewa kodayake an farfado da kalmar yanzu amfani da ita ya canza zuwa na lokacin cin zarafin jayayya.

Binciken da aka yi game da hauhawar adawa da gabas ya biyo bayan inda masu sukar daga tushen daban-daban daga masu kishin Islama zuwa masu kishin kasa na Larabawa zuwa masu ra'ayin Marxist ana la'akari da su a takaice kafin Lewis ya kammala ta hanyar gano babban mai gabatar da shi a Amurka, 
## manazarta
Musulunci a kan Hanyartsira

Musulunci a Crossroads littafi ne wanda Muhammad Asad ya rubuta. Littafin da aka buga da farko a Delhi da Lahore a 1934, kuma daga baya Dar Al-Andulas ya sake buga shi a 1982 tare da ƙarin bayanin martaba.

Littafin yana da roƙo ga Musulmai da su guji yin koyi da siffofin zamantakewar Yamma da dabi'u, da kuma ƙoƙarin adana al'adun Musulunci  wanda sau ɗaya ya kasance da alhakin ɗaukaka, abin da ya faru na tarihi da yawa wanda ya ƙunshi kalmar "Aljeriya ta Musulmi". Asad ya keɓe littafin ga "matasan Musulmi na yau da fatan cewa yana iya zama da fa'ida".

## Manazarta
Lola Castegnaro

Lola Castegnaro (16 ga Mayu 1900 - Satumba 1979) ta kasance mai gudanarwa ta Costa Rican, mawaƙa kuma malamin kiɗa. An haife ta ne a San José, Costa Rica, kuma ta yi karatun kiɗa tare da mahaifinta, mawaƙin Italiya Alvise Castegnaro . [1] Ta ci gaba da karatunta a Verdi Conservatory a Milan da kuma Academia Filarmonica a Bologna . Bayan kammala karatunta, ta koma Costa Rica a 1941 inda ta shirya shirye-shiryen rediyo na aikinta kuma ta gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo. Daga baya ta koma Mexico kuma ta dauki matsayin koyarwa a Academia de Canto de Fanny Anitùa . Ta mutu a Birnin Mexico.[2][3]

## Ayyuka
An san Castegnaro da waƙoƙi. Ayyukan da aka zaɓa sun haɗa da:

* *Mirka*, wasan kwaikwayo
* *Mafarki na soyayya*
* *Gidan da ba a san shi ba*
* *Panis angelicus*
* *Idanu masu banƙyama*
* *Lasciate amar*

## Manazarta
Natalia Esquivel

**Natalia Esquivel Benítez** (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga watan Disamba 1973 a San Jose) mawaƙiya ce ta Costa Rican, mawaƙiya, mawaƙan mawaƙan, marubuci, mawaƙi, mai murya kuma masanin ilimin kiɗa. 

## Ayyuka
Esquivel ta yi karatun ilimin kiɗa a Jami'ar Kasa ta Costa Rica; ta ci gaba da samun digiri na biyu a Jami'an Indiana ta Pennsylvania . 

Esquivel ya kasance yana inganta ci gaban karatu da kiɗa ga yara, tare da manufar "kiɗa" da Christopher Small ya gabatar; ana ɗaukar kiɗa a matsayin tsari don taimakawa wajen gina ilmantarwa da haɓaka ƙwarewar ɗalibi, gami da ci gaban ƙwarewar da ake buƙata a rayuwarsu. Tattaunawar kiɗa, da hukumomin addini ke tallafawa, sun kafa misali na gida a wannan batun. Wani tasiri mai ma'ana a cikin aikinta shine Orff Schulwerk na Jamus.

Esquivel ya kasance mai zane-zane tare da mawakiyar kiɗa ta zamantakewa ta Mutanen Espanya Marta Lozano Molano, yana gudanar da aikin kiɗa don yankunan karkara da al'ummomi a ƙarƙashin haɗarin zamantakewa; waƙoƙinsa 17 suna gayyatar yin tunani game da dabi'un muhalli da zamantakewa, bisa ga Manufofin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 17.[1]

### Hanyar da ake amfani da ita
Ayyukanta na kiɗa sun samo asali ne daga aikin Billy Joel, Ana Belén, Silvio Rodríguez, Pablo Milanés, da Violeta Parra, da sauransu.

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

* Arrullos de sol y mar (Clubdelibros, 2015; 2nd ed. 2021) 
* *Waƙoƙi ga yara masu zuwa makaranta* (EUNED, 2017) 
* *Nana na wata* (Ocarina, 2020) 
* Andamios na ruwan sama (Poiesis Ediciones, 2021)  
* Waƙar duniya: 'yan uwantaka a Duniya. Volume I (masu rubuce-rubuce daban-daban, ed. Carlos Javier Jarquín). Littafin Antology. Costa Rica: H.C. Editoci, 2023.

## Manazarta
Nazareth Avendaño Incera

Ambassador **Nazareth Avendaño Incera** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1941) jami'in aiki ne na ma'aikatar kasashen waje ta Costa Rica . A halin yanzu ita ce Darakta na Sashen Bauta na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje da Bauta ta Costa Rica .

Daga 2007 zuwa 2009, ta kasance Janar Janar na Costa Rica a San Juan, Puerto Rico . Tsakanin 2005 da 2009, ta kasance Mataimakin Darakta na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Costa Rica. Daga 1999 zuwa 2004, ta kasance memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Tambayoyin Gudanarwa da Kasafin Kudi (ACABQ).  Tsakanin 1998 da 1999, ta kasance mataimakiyar shugaban kwamitin na biyar na Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wanda ke hulɗa da batutuwan kasafin kuɗi da gudanarwa.

Tsakanin 1978 da 1999, an tura ta zuwa Ofishin Jakadancin Costa Rica a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Birnin New York, inda ta tashi daga mai ba da shawara (1978-1983), zuwa Minista mai ba da Shawara (1983-1989), sannan zuwa Jakada da mataimakin wakili na biyu (1989-1999). A wannan lokacin, ta kasance mataimakiyar wakilin Costa Rica a Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tana hulɗa da batutuwan Turai (1997-1998) kuma ta wakilci Costa Rica a Kwamitin Na biyar, na huɗu (Decolonization) da na biyu (Development) na Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkinobho. A shekara ta 1977, ta jagoranci tawagar Costa Rican zuwa taron ministoci na Movement of Non-Aligned Countries (NAM) da aka gudanar a New Delhi, yayin da, a shekara ta 1994, ta jagoranci tawayen Costa Rican a taron ministocin NAM da aka gudanar da shi a Indonesia.

Jakadan Avendaño Incera ta fara aikin diflomasiyya a matsayin Mataimakin wakilin Costa Rica a Milan, Italiya (1964-1967). Ta kuma kasance Consul a Milan (1967-1972) da kuma a New York (1972-1978).

Ta yi karatu a Cibiyar Nazarin Amurka ta Multinational kan siyasar Amurka ta zamani ta Jami'ar New York, Jami'ar Cattolica del Sacro Cuore a Milan, da kuma Jami'ar Kudancin Mississippi . 

## Haɗin waje

* Sanarwar hukuma ta Ambassador Avendaño Incera, 1996-1999 An adana 2008-11-21 a 

## Manazarta
Henrietta Boggs

**Henrietta Longstreet Boggs** (6 ga Mayu 1918 - 9 ga Satumba 2020) marubuciya ce ta Amurka, 'yar jarida, kuma mai fafutuka. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban kasa na Costa Rica daga 1948 zuwa 1949 a cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan Yaƙin basasar Costa Rica . Ta cika shekaru 100 a watan Mayu 2018.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Boggs a Spartanburg, South Carolina . Ita 'yar Mary Esther Long ce da Ralph Emerson Boggs, dattijo na Presbyterian. A cikin 1923, iyalinta suka koma Birmingham, Alabama,  inda mahaifinta ya fara kasuwancin gini. 

Figueres zai ci gaba da jagorantar sojojin adawa a yakin basasar Costa Rican na 1948. A can ya jagoranci juyin juya halin dimokuradiyya mai nasara a kan gwamnati, ya soke sojoji, kuma ya sanya Boggs a matsayin uwargidan shugaban kasa. Daga wannan matsayi, ta samu nasarar turawa don ba wa matan Costa Rican damar jefa kuri'a. A tsawon lokaci, Boggs ta fahimci cewa aure da rayuwa a siyasa ba su dace ba, saboda ruhunta mai zaman kanta a cikin abin da har yanzu ya kasance al'umma mai zaman kanta. Boggs ta saki Figueres a shekara ta 1954, kuma ta dauki 'ya'yansu zuwa Birnin New York, inda ta yi aiki ga tawagar Costa Rica zuwa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya yayin da take bin sha'awar rubuce-rubuce.

Komawarta zuwa Alabama a shekarar 1969 ta zo ne tare da aure na biyu ga Dokta Hugh MacGuire da kuma kafawar River Region Living, mujallar birni da za ta sayar daga baya, amma har yanzu tana rubutu, har zuwa lokacin mutuwarta.

An haifi Boggs a lokacin annobar mura ta 1918 kuma ta mutu daga COVID-19 a gidanta a Montgomery, Alabama, a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 2020, tana da shekaru 102, a lokacin annar COVID-19 a Alabama.

## Fim din
Littafin tarihinta na 1992 game da shekarunta a Costa Rica, Married to a Legend: My Life with Don Pepe, shine batun shirin First Lady of the Revolution .  Spark Media ce ta samar da fim din, wani kamfani ne na fina-finai wanda ke da hedikwata a Washington, DC.

## Manazarta