open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Elizabeth Caslon

**Elizabeth Caslon**, wacce aka haifa a **Elizabeth Cartlich** (31 ga Yuli 1730 - 3 ga Maris 1795), 'yar asalin Burtaniya ce ta kafa nau'in rubutu. Ta jagoranci kamfanin samar da kayan tarihi na Caslon na iyalin tare da mijinta kuma lokacin da ya mutu ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin Elizabeth Caslon da 'ya'yanta maza. Bayan rasuwarta, an yi gwanjon kasuwancin kuma abokin kasuwancinta da tsohuwar surukarta suka saya shi.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Caslon a Landan a matsayin Elizabeth Cartlich a shekarar 1730. Mahaifiyarta kuma ana kiranta Elizabeth, mahaifinta kuma William Cartlich. Ta auri William Caslon (II) a ranar 25 ga Yuli, 1751, shi ne ɗan wani William Caslon (I). Dukansu Williams suna gudanar da wani kamfani na kafa kamfani. Ita da mijinta sun haifi ɗa a shekarar 1754 mai suna William Caslon (III) sannan a shekara mai zuwa wani ɗa mai suna Henry Caslon. 

Surukinta, William Caslon (I), ya mutu a shekara ta 1766. Elizabeth tana da hannu wajen gudanar da kasuwancin tare da mijinta.  Sun samar da nau'in Caslon ga yankunan mulkin mallaka na Amurka. Lokacin da aka fara buga sanarwar 'yancin kai ta Amurka a shekara ta 1776, an yi shi da nau'in Caslon. 

Lokacin da mijinta ya mutu a ranar 17 ga Agusta 1788 ba tare da wasiyya ba, an raba kadarorinsa tsakaninta da 'ya'yansu maza biyu William Caslon III da Henry Caslon. Ta karɓi kasuwancin ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin *Elizabeth Caslon da 'ya'yanta maza* . 

An san Caslon da rubutattun kalmominsa.  Ɗanta Henry (I) ya auri wata Elizabeth kuma suka haifi ɗa mai suna Henry (II) a 1786. Henry (I) ya mutu a 1788 kuma rabonsa ya tafi ga bazawararsa. Elizabeth Caslon tana kasuwanci da Elizabeth Caslon (surukarta) da ɗanta William Caslon har zuwa 1792 lokacin da ita da William suka sami rashin jituwa.  William ya sayar ya sayi wani masana'anta. 

## Mutuwa da gado
Caslon ta mutu a Landan a shekarar 1795.  Wasiyyarta ta haifar da rudani kuma ta tafi kotunan chancery . Kotuna sun yanke hukuncin cewa a yi gwanjon kasuwancin kuma surukarta Elizabeth Caslon ta saya. Ta sake yin aure kuma sabon sunanta mai ƙarfi ne amma ta ci gaba da amfani da sunan Caslon yayin da take cikin kasuwanci. 

Charles Catton ne ya ɗauki siffar Caslon, kuma William Satchwell Leney ne ya zana hoton. Kwafin wannan yana cikin Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa da ke Landan . 

## Manazarta
James Harrison (gwamnan Australiya)

Manjo Janar **Sir James William Harrison** KCMG , CB , CBE (25 ga Mayu 1912 - 16 ga Satumba 1971) jami'in sojan Australiya ne kuma gwamnan farko da aka haifa a Kudancin Ostiraliya.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi James Harrison a Camperdown, Victoria, ɗan na biyu na iyayen da aka haifa a Victoria James Samuel Harrison, manomi, da matarsa Mary Eleanor, née Harlock . Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Geelong, Makarantar Sakandare ta Melbourne da Kwalejin Soja ta Royal, Duntroon, inda ya kammala karatu a 1932 a matsayin ƙwararren masanin bindigogi.

Ya yi aiki daban-daban na soja ciki har da kwamandan farko na Ofishin Cadet School, Portsea kuma ya ƙare a zama memba na Kwamitin Soja, a matsayin babban kwamandan janar (1962-63) da kuma babban kwamandan (1963-66), da kuma Babban Jami'in Kwamandan (GOC) na Kwamandan Gabas, Sydney (daga 1966).

An rantsar da shi a matsayin Gwamna na Kudancin Australia a ranar 4 ga Disamba 1968. Lokacinsa bai kasance mai ban mamaki ba. Don Dunstan daga baya ya kammala cewa: "Sir James ya cika matsayinsa na Gwamna a hankali kuma a hanyar gargajiya, kuma ya bar kadan a kan Jiha".

A cikin 1969 da 1970, an kwantar da shi da matarsa a asibiti, a cikin yanayin sa tare da rufe zuciya. A shekara ta 1971, shi da matarsa sun tafi hutu a kasashen waje.

Sir James ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani a ranar 16 ga Satumba 1971 yayin da yake tashi zuwa Honolulu. Matarsa da 'ya'ya maza biyu sun mutu, kuma an ƙone shi. Matarsa, an haife ta Patricia Lennox, ta mutu a shekara ta 2024.

## Daraja
An nada shi Jami'in Order of the British Empire (OBE) a 1953 kuma an inganta shi zuwa Kwamandan (CBE) a 1958.

An sanya shi Aboki na Order of the Bath (CB) a watan Janairun 1968, kuma an ba shi lambar yabo a matsayin Knight Commander na Order of St Michael da St George (KCMG) a watan Oktoba 1968.

## Manazarta
Jeff Hallebone

**Jeffrey Hallebone** (3 ga Agusta 1929 &#x2013; 18 ga Oktoba 2018)  ɗan wasan kurket ne na Australiya wanda ya buga wa Victoria wasa a matakin aji ɗaya tsakanin 1952 da 1955. Ya shahara sosai saboda nasarar da ya samu na cin kwallaye biyu a wasansa na farko a matakin aji ɗaya, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan ƙasar Australiya na uku da ya cimma wannan nasarar, kuma   na ƙarshe da ya yi hakan.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Hallebone a Gabashin Coburg, wani yanki na Melbourne, ga Dorothy Jessie (née Renshaw) da Edward Stephen Hallebone. Ya tafi makaranta a Geelong, ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Geelong kafin ya tafi Kwalejin Geelong, inda ya buga wasan kurket da kwallon kafa, a cikin shekaru biyu na karshe.[1] A lokacin kakar 1948-49, Hallebone ya fara buga wa Kungiyar Cricket ta Kudu Melbourne a gasar wasan cricket ta Victoria.[2] Ya gama kakar wasa bayan ya buga wasanni 15 a dukkan wasannin, kodayake wasansa 17 sun samar da rabin ƙarni biyu kawai.[3] A kakar wasa ta biyu, duk da haka, ya jagoranci Kudancin Melbourne, tare da gudu 459 daga wasanni 13.[4]

Against Northcote in December 1951, during the 1951–52 season, Hallebone scored 179 runs out of a team total of 359. Less than two weeks after that innings, he was named twelfth man for Victoria's Sheffield Shield match against Queensland. Later in the season, in February 1952, Hallebone was named in the state team for a non-Sheffield Shield match against Tasmania, which had first-class status. Aged 22 on debut at the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG), he came in sixth in Victoria's first innings, and scored 202 runs before being dismissed by Noel Diprose. His innings included a 343-run fifth-wicket partnership with Richard Maddocks (who scored 271), which remains a Victorian first-class record . Hallebone became the second Victorian (after Sam Loxton), the third Australian (after Norman Callaway and Loxton), and the seventh player overall to score a double century on his first-class debut. He is the most recent Australian to have achieved the feat, which has only been performed seven more times since his innings.

## Manazarta
NetRegs

**NetRegs** wani gidan yanar gizo ne da aka kafa don taimaka wa ƙananan 'yan kasuwa a Scotland da Arewacin Ireland su ƙara sanin muhalli.  An ƙirƙiro shi ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Scotland da Hukumar Muhalli ta Arewacin Ireland . 

NetRegs tushen jagorar muhalli kyauta ne ga ƙananan da matsakaitan kamfanoni waɗanda ke zaune a Scotland da Arewacin Ireland kuma yana ba da bayanai da jagora kan muhimman dokokin muhalli da kuma ayyukan muhalli ga kowane nau'in kasuwanci.

Tun daga shekarar 2006, ta kuma yi tayin samar da sabuntawa ta imel. NetRegs kuma tana ba da kayan aikin ilmantarwa ta yanar gizo kyauta, kayan aikin tantance kai na muhalli kuma tana ɗauke da takaddun Jagora don Rigakafin Gurɓatawa (GPPs), wanda zai maye gurbin tsoffin PPGs). 

## Manazarta
René Harris

**René Reynaldo Harris** (11 Nuwamba 1947 &#x2013; 5 Yuli 2008) ya kasance Shugaban Jamhuriyar Nauru sau huɗu tsakanin 1999 da 2004. Ya kasance ɗan Majalisar Dokoki daga 1977 zuwa 2008. 

## Tarihi da farkon aiki
An haifi Harris a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 1947 a Aiwo, Nauru. Ya kasance memba na kabilar Emea.

Ya sami karatun sakandare daga Kwalejin Geelong da ke Victoria, Ostiraliya. Kafin zabensa zuwa majalisa, Harris ya yi aiki ga Kamfanin Nauru Phosphate (NPC) kuma ya kasance Manajan Nauru Pacific Line.

An fara zabarsa a matsayin dan majalisa na Aiwo a 1977 a matsayin maye gurbin Samuel Tsitsi. Lokacinsa na farko ya ɗauki kwanaki bakwai yayin da ya yi murabus bayan da aka yanke masa hukunci a kotu don kai hari. Koyaya, ya lashe zaben da ya biyo baya tare da rinjaye mai gamsarwa. An zabi Harris a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar a shekarar 1978. Ya yi murabus daga kujerarsa a shekarar 1981, amma an sake zabarsa a zaben da ya biyo baya kwanaki biyar bayan haka. kuma Kakakin majalisar a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1986. A shekara ta 1992 an nada shi Shugaban Kwamitin Daraktoci na NPC.

A shekara ta 1998, an yanke Harris hukunci kan kai hari da karya kurkuku ta hanyar tilasta wa danginsa uku daga kulle-kulle na 'yan sanda na Nauru tare da taimakon abokan tarayya biyu. Shirin talabijin na Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Australiya "Foreign Correspondent" ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa a matsayinsa na Shugaban NPC, Harris ya kashe fiye da A $ 231,000 a kan kayan alatu, bukukuwa da dukiya a Melbourne. Harris ya ci gaba da ɗaki mai tsada a bene na 51 na gidan Nauru a Melbourne.

## Shirin shugaban kasa
Harris ya fara zama shugaban kasa a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 1999 kuma ya kasance a wannan mukamin har zuwa 20 ga Afrilu 2000 lokacin da Bernard Dowiyogo ya maye gurbinsa, wanda ya riƙe wannan ofishin har sai Harris ya koma shugabancin a ranar 29 ga Maris 2001 biyo bayan kuri'ar rashin amincewa da Dowiyogo. Dowiyogo daga ƙarshe ya riƙe shugabancin. 

An sake zabar Harris a matsayin Shugaban kasa a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta 2003.

Gwamnatinsa ce ke da alhakin gidaje na masu neman mafaka na Australiya a tsibirin da kuma shigar da Nauru cikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma cikakken memba a cikin Commonwealth of Nations. Jam'iyyar adawa ta Nauru (Naoero Amo) da al'ummomin duniya sun soki Harris saboda cin hanci da rashawa da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam. Har ila yau, ya kasance a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Harris lokacin da Nauru ya sauya daga amincewa da Taiwan zuwa China, tare da gwamnatin kasar Sin ta ba da tattalin arzikin Nauru wasu taimakon da ake buƙata.

Rashin lafiyarsa ya kasance babban damuwa a kalla shekaru 5 da suka gabata na rayuwarsa. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2003, Harris ya fadi a cikin ginin majalisa na Nauru kuma Dokta Kieren Keke, memba na majalisa kuma likita ya farfado da shi.

A ranar 22 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2004, saboda sauya sheka na siyasa, an kore shi a matsayin shugaban kasa, kuma Ludwig Scotty ya gaje shi.

## Manazarta
Joan Abse

**Joan Abse** (ɗan asalin **Mercer** ; 11 ga Satumba 1926 - 13 ga Yuni 2005) marubuciya ce kuma masanin tarihin fasaha ta Ingila. Ita ce matar mawakiya kuma likitar ƙasar Wales Dannie Abse .  

An haifi Joan Mercer a St Helens, Lancashire, a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 1926.  Tana da shekaru 17, ta kasance ɗaliba a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London (LSE), inda ta kammala karatun digiri a shekarar 1946 da digirin farko na Kimiyya .   Abse ta sami digiri na biyu na Fasaha a Tarihin Fasaha a shekarar 1972 daga Kwalejin Fasaha ta Courtauld, Landan.  Ta haɗu da mijinta Dannie Abse yayin da suke zaune a Landan bayan yaƙin basasa, kuma sun yi aure a shekarar 1951.  Tare suna da 'ya'ya uku. 

Ta rubuta littattafai da yawa, ciki har da *John Ruskin : Masanin Ɗabi'a Mai Ƙaunar Juna.*   Richard Ellmann, wanda ya yi bitar littafin Abse ga *[[New York Times|jaridar The New York Times]]*, ya rubuta, "Abin da ya fi rayar da littafin Joan Abse shi ne sha'awarta ga ƙoƙarin Ruskin na haɗa tausayinsa na fasaha da zamantakewa." 

Joan Abse ta mutu a wani hatsarin mota a Bridgend, kudu da Wales, a ranar 13 ga Yuni 2005.

## Littattafan tarihi
Littattafan Abse sun haɗa da:

## Manazarta
Shirin Little Ouse Headwaters

An kafa **aikin Little Ouse Headwaters Project** (LOHP) a shekarar 2002 ta hanyar mazauna yankin don haɓaka kiyayewa da jin daɗin mazauna fenland da ke kan iyakar saman Kogin Little Ouse, wanda ke kan iyakar Norfolk - Suffolk . Wurin yana tsakanin Blo' Norton a Norfolk da Thelnetham a Suffolk. Ya haɗa da yankuna da dama ciki har da Hinderclay Fen, Blo' Norton Fen, Betty's Fen, The Frith, Blo' Norton Lowes, Blo' Norton Little Fen da Parker's Piece. Yankin ya kuma haɗa da sassan Blo' Norton da Thelnetham Fen Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI).

Aikin wata ƙungiyar agaji ce mai rijista kuma tana gudanar da ƙungiyoyin aiki na wata-wata don kula da muhallin fences daban-daban. Kamfanin Little Ouse Headwaters Project ya lashe kyautar CIWEM/RSPB Living Wetlands a shekarar 2006.

Kogin Waveney da Kogin Little Ouse duk suna da majiyoyi a Redgrave Fen . Kogin Waveney yana tafiya zuwa gabas - yana kafa iyaka tsakanin Norfolk da Suffolk - yayin da Little Ouse ke kwarara zuwa yamma sannan daga ƙarshe ya haɗu da Kogin Great Ouse a Denver Sluice .

## Aikin
Ƙungiyar LOHP ta lashe kyaututtuka saboda aikinta na ƙungiyar kiyayewa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da kyautar Living Wetlands mai daraja,  da kuma kyautar 'mafi koren yanki' ta Suffolk don ayyukan al'umma. 

## Tarihi
Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, an zurfafa hanyar Kogin Little Ouse sosai, wanda ya haifar da bushewar fen da ke kewaye da shi, sannan aka mayar da mafi yawan ƙasar zuwa amfanin gona mai kyau.  Karewar ayyukan kula da gargajiya da kuma rage ruwan ƙasa suma sun haifar da ƙaruwar bushewar ƙasa, wanda ya haifar da raguwar bambancin halittu na yankin. Aikin da Kamfanin Little Ouse Headwaters ya gudanar ya taimaka wajen magance waɗannan tasirin.

## Manazarta
Don Kendell

**Donald Moreton Kendell** AM (19 Janairu 1930 - 14 Oktoba 2001) shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban kamfanin Kendell Airlines, wanda, a shekarun 1990, shine babban kamfanin jirgin sama na yankin Ostiraliya.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Don Kendell ya girma a kan alkama da tumaki na iyayensa a kudu maso yammacin New South Wales, inda ya zama mai sha'awar jirgin sama. Ya tuna cewa tun yana dan shekara bakwai ya gudu ba tare da kafafu ba kusan mil a cikin paddocks cike da Saffron Thistle kawai don kallon tashiwar jirgin sama.

Ya halarci Kwalejin Geelong bayan wani lokaci a Makarantar Osborne Bush amma ya koma gidan iyayensa kusa da Lockhart, New South Wales, don taimakawa a lokacin fari a shekara ta 1946.  Amma kwari mai tashi yana da ƙarfi kuma a cikin 1949 yana da shekaru 19, Kendall ya ɗauki darussan tashi a Wagga Wagga kuma nan da nan ya sami lasisinsa.

Bayan wani lokaci a cikin Sojojin Sama na Citizens, nasarar tafiye-tafiye na barnstorming a yammacin Victoria da ke tashi Tiger Moths da kuma zagaye na Australia da ke neman aikin tashi, ya tashi zuwa Ingila a shekarar 1955.

A can ya sami lasisin matukin jirgi na kasuwanci kuma ya fara aiki ga British European Airways yana tashi Herons, DC3s kuma daga baya turboprop Viscounts. Yayinda yake a Ingila ya sadu kuma ya auri Eilish Burke.

Ya koma Ostiraliya da noma a shekara ta 1959 amma kwari na jirgin sama nan da nan ya sake tsayawa kuma a shekara ta 1965 shi da Eilish suka koma Wagga Wagga don zama abokan tarayya a cikin karamin kasuwancin jirgin sama.

Bayan sayen abokan hulɗarsu, sun kafa Premiair Aviation tare da jirgin saman Piper Cherokee guda biyu. An kafa kamfanin ne a shekarar 1967 kuma sunan ya canza zuwa Kendell Airlines a shekarar 1971. 

A cikin kasuwancin da aka sani da babban gazawar, Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Kendell ya bunƙasa kuma ya girma yayin da wasu kamfanoni da yawa suka zo suka tafi. Halin mutum da mutunci na Kendell ya ba shi girmamawa sosai a duk masana'antar jirgin sama. Ya kasance mai ƙarfi ga yankin Australia kuma ya yi tsayayya da yunkurin motsa babban ofishin kamfanonin jiragen sama daga Wagga Wagga.

Yana da falsafar mai sauƙi: Bayar da amintaccen sabis na yau da kullun a mafi kyawun farashi. Ya yi imanin cewa babu wani wuri don jin dadi a cikin kasuwancin jirgin sama - idan hanyar ba ta biya ba to za ku daina aiki da ita. Yana da wani yardstick da ya tsaya a cikin kyau.

A shekara ta 1992, an sanya Don Kendell memba na Order of Australia (AM) a cikin girmamawar ranar haihuwar Sarauniya saboda ayyukansa ga jirgin sama. A shekara ta 2001, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Doctorate of Business daga Jami'ar Charles Sturt . 

A watan Yunin 1997, ya yi ritaya a matsayin manajan darektan kamfanin jirgin sama na Kendell amma ya kasance a matsayin shugaban da ba shugaban kamfanin jirgin sama ba ciki har da sauran rassa biyu na Ansett, Aeropelican da Skywest Airlines, har zuwa 31 ga Disamba 2000. 

## Mutuwa

Don Kendell ya mutu daga ciwon daji a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 2001, a Wagga Wagga, yana da shekaru 71. 

Ya bar matarsa, 'ya'ya maza biyu da' ya'ya mata biyu, da jikoki.

## Manazarta
Bishiyoyi don Birane

**Itatuwa don Birane** agaji wata ƙungiya ce ta Burtaniya wadda ke ba wa mutane damar shuka da kuma kafa bishiyoyi a birane.  Tun daga shekarar 1993, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki mutane sama da 260,000 aiki don dasa bishiyoyi sama da 1,900,000 a wuraren shakatawa, tituna, dazuzzuka, makarantu, asibitoci da kuma gidaje.

Ƙungiyar agajin ta kuma gudanar da shirin Edible Playgrounds,  wanda ke ƙarfafa wa yaran makaranta gwiwa su girma da cin abinci mai kyau.

## Tarihi
An kafa Trees for Cities a shekarar 1993 ta hanyar ƙungiyar abokai huɗu: Jake Kempston, Belinda Winder, Jane Bruton da Julian Blake. A cikin shekaru biyar na farko ko makamancin haka, ƙungiyar agajin ta tara kuɗi ta hanyar sanannun ƙungiyoyinta. Da farko an kira wannan ƙungiyar agajin Trees for London  da manufar "haɓaka ilimin jama'a wajen fahimtar bishiyoyi da ƙimar su, da kuma ci gaba da shuka da kare bishiyoyi a ko'ina, musamman yankunan birni na ciki".  A shekarar 2003, ƙungiyar agajin ta canza sunanta zuwa Trees for Cities don nuna ci gaban ayyukan da ake yi a birane a faɗin Burtaniya da kuma faɗin duniya.

A shekarar 2009, Sharon Johnson ta maye gurbin Graham Simmonds a matsayin Babban Jami'i. David J. Elliott ya gaje ta a matsayin Babban Jami'i a shekarar 2016, wanda Kate Sheldon ta gaje ta a shekarar 2023. 

Ƙungiyar agajin tana da tarihin wuraren ofisoshi marasa kyau. Asalinsu an gina su ne a HMS ,  kuma yanzu suna aiki ne daga Prince Consort Lodge, wani gini mai daraja ta II da ke Kennington Park, Kennington, a cikin London Borough na Lambeth, Ingila. Hakanan tana da ofisoshi a Whitacre Mews, Kennington, London.

## aiki
Baya ga dashen bishiyoyi, ƙungiyar agaji tana shiga cikin ayyukan da makarantu da ƙungiyoyin al'umma ke yi kuma tana gudanar da kamfen.

### Dazuzzukan Birane
Aikin bishiyoyi don birane ya mayar da hankali kan dasa bishiyoyi da kuma samar da wuraren kore ga al'umma inda tasirin zamantakewa da muhalli ga mutanen yankin ya fi yawa. Ta hanyar jawo hankalin masu sa kai don dasawa da kuma kafa dubban bishiyoyi na birane a duk duniya kowace shekara, kungiyar tana gina juriya kan barazanar da muhallin halitta ke fuskanta. Dasa nau'ikan bishiyoyi iri-iri a birane yana da tasiri da fa'idodi da yawa ga mutane da muhalli kamar inganta lafiyar jiki da ta kwakwalwa, shan gurɓatattun iska, adana hayaniya, rufe hayaniya, hana ambaliya da sauransu.

Ƙungiyar agaji ta dasa bishiyar birni ta miliyan ɗaya a shekarar 2019 tare da Sir Michael Palin. 

A shekarar 2018, ta taka rawa sosai a yakin da ake yi na dakatar da sare bishiyoyin titunan Sheffield . 

## Ayyuka
Itace for Cities tana da ayyuka a duk faɗin Babban Birnin Landan, kuma ta gudanar da ayyuka a garuruwa da birane 100, galibi a faɗin Burtaniya. Ƙungiyar agaji ta isa ga Ica a Peru, La Paz a Bolivia, Nairobi a Kenya da Addis Ababa a Habasha . 

## Duba kuma

* Babban Shukar Bishiya
* Shuka Itace A '73
* Manyan Bishiyoyi na Landan, jerin da Trees for Cities suka ƙirƙira bayan Babban Guguwa na 1987

## Manazarta
Dawn Ades

Josephine Dawn Ades, CBE , FBA ( née Tylden-Pattenson ; an haife ta a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1943), wacce aka fi sani da Dawn Ades, ƙwararriyar masaniyar fasahar zane ce ta Burtaniya kuma ƙwararriya a fannin ilimi. Ita farfesa ce ta tarihi da ka'idar fasaha a Jami'ar Essex .

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Ades a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1943 ga AE Tylden-Pattenson.   Ta yi karatu a Kwalejin St Hilda, Oxford, ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin Fasaha (BA) a shekarar 1965.  Daga nan ta yi karatun tarihin fasaha a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Courtauld, ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu a fannin Fasaha (MA) a shekarar 1968.  

## Sana'a
Ades ta shafe mafi yawan aikinta na ilimi tana aiki a Jami'ar Essex . Ta kasance malamar makaranta daga 1971 zuwa 1985, babbar malamar makaranta daga 1985 zuwa 1988, da kuma mai karatu daga 1988 zuwa 1989. An nada ta Farfesa a Tarihin Fasaha da Ka'ida a 1989, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Sashen Tarihin Fasaha da Ka'ida tsakanin 1989 da 1992.  Tun daga lokacin an nada ta farfesa mai ritaya .  A shekarar karatu ta 2009/2010, ta kasance Farfesa a Slade na Tarihin Fasaha a Jami'ar Oxford :  Jerin laccar da ta bayar mai taken "Surrealism da kuma avant-garde a Turai da Amurka". 

Ades ta kasance amintaccen Tate Gallery daga 1995 zuwa 2005, na National Gallery daga 1998 zuwa 2005, da kuma na Henry Moore Foundation daga 2003 zuwa 2013.  Ta kasance memba a majalisar British Academy daga 1999 zuwa 2002.  Tun daga 2008, ta riƙe muƙamin girmamawa na Farfesa na Tarihin Fasaha a Royal Academy of Arts .  

## Rayuwa ta sirri
A shekarar 1966, Dawn Tylden-Pattenson na lokacin ya auri mawaƙi kuma mai fassara ɗan Birtaniya Timothy Adès .  Tare suna da 'ya'ya maza uku,  ɗaya daga cikinsu shi ne mawaƙi, mai buga piano kuma jagoran wasan kwaikwayo Thomas Adès . 

## Daraja
A shekarar 1996, an zaɓe Ades a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Burtaniya (FBA), makarantar koyon ilimin ɗan adam da kimiyyar zamantakewa ta Burtaniya.  Ta yi lacca ta 1995 a fannin Fasaha.   A cikin bikin tunawa da ranar haihuwar Sarauniya ta 2002, an naɗa ta a matsayin Jami'in Order of the British Empire (OBE) "don ayyukan tarihin fasaha".  A cikin bikin tunawa da sabuwar shekara ta 2013, an ɗaukaka ta zuwa Kwamandan Order of the British Empire (CBE) "don ayyukan ilimi mai zurfi da tarihin fasaha". 

## Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka
 
*   (with Guy Brett)

*   (co-editor Simon Baker)
*  
*   (co-editor William Jeffett)

## Manazarta
Gideon Haigh

**Gideon Clifford Jeffrey Davidson Haigh** (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga Disamba, 1965) ɗan jarida ne ɗan ƙasar Ostiraliya kuma marubuci wanda ba na almara ba ne, wanda ke rubutu game da wasanni (musamman wasan kurket ), kasuwanci da laifuka a Ostiraliya. An haife shi a Landan, ya girma a Geelong, kuma yana zaune a Melbourne.

## Ayyuka
Haigh ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ɗan jarida, yana rubutu game da kasuwanci don jaridar The Age daga 1984 zuwa 1992 da kuma The Australiya daga 1993 zuwa 1995. Tun daga wannan Lokaci ya ba da gudummawa ga jaridu da mujallu sama da 70, [1] a kan batutuwan kasuwanci da wasanni, galibi wasan kurket. Ya rubuta a kai a kai ga The Guardian a lokacin Jerin Ashes na 2006-07 kuma ya fito a cikin The Times da Financial Times . Ya kasance babban marubucin wasan kurket na The Australiya, tare da shafi na karshe da aka buga a ƙarshen Jerin Ashes na 2023.[2][3][4]

Haigh ya rubuta littattafai 51 kuma ya shirya wasu bakwai. Daga cikin wadanda ke kan taken wasan kurket, ayyukansa na tarihi sun hada da The Cricket War da Summer Game . Ya rubuta tarihin rayuwa guda biyu, The Big Ship (na Warwick Armstrong) da Mystery Spinner (na Jack Iverson); na ƙarshe shine "Littafin Shekara" na The Cricket Society, wanda aka jera a cikin littafin William Hill Sports Book of the Year kuma The Sunday Times ya kira shi "a classic";  tarihin rubuce-rubucensa *Ashes 2005* da Game for Anything, da kuma Slip (littafin da ke da ban dariya na lokacin wasan cricket na kulob din) da kuma The Vincibles, labarin da ya rubuta game da shi mafi tsawo. Ya kuma wallafa littattafai da yawa kan batutuwan da suka shafi kasuwanci, kamar The Battle for BHP, asbestos House (wanda ke ba da cikakken bayani game da gardamar asbestos ta James Hardie) da Bad Company, jarrabawar abin da ya faru na Shugaba. Ya fi bugawa tare da Aurum Press . Ya lashe Kyautar Jack Pollard ta shekara-shekara don littafin wasan kurket na Australiya mafi kyau sau shida.

An nada Haigh a matsayin editan *Wisden Cricketers' Almanack Australia* na 1999-2000 da 2000-01. Tun daga watan Maris na shekara ta 2006, ya kasance mai ba da shawara na yau da kullun a cikin shirin wasanni na gidan talabijin na ABC Offsiders. Ya kuma kasance mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun a kan The Conversation Hour tare da Jon Faine a kan 774 ABC Melbourne har zuwa kusa da ƙarshen 2006.

Haigh ya kasance mai sukar abin da ya dauka a matsayin allahntaka na Sir Donald Bradman da kuma "amfani da sunansa ta hanyar talakawa da kwaɗayi". Ya yi haka a cikin wata kasida ta Satumba 1998 a cikin Wisden Cricket Monthly mai taken "Sir Donald Brandname". Haigh ya kasance mai sukar marubucin tarihin Bradman Roland Perry, yana rubutawa a cikin The *Australiya* cewa tarihin Perry yana da laifi na "ƙaddamar da ko watsi da wani abu ga rashin amincewar Bradman".

## Manazarta
Tsarin sa ido na jituwa

**Tsarin Kulawa Mai Haɗaka** shiri ne na dogon lokaci na sa ido kan ingancin ruwan kogi a Burtaniya .  Ana kuma amfani da kalmar don nufin bayanan da aka samar na dogon lokaci da tsarin ya samar.

## Kafa
An kafa wannan shirin a shekarar 1974 ta hannun Ma'aikatar Muhalli, tare da mafi yawan tsare-tsare da aiwatarwa da Cibiyar Binciken Ruwa ta gudanar. Ya ƙunshi ƙirƙirar hanyar sadarwa ta wurare a faɗin Burtaniya. Yawancin wurare suna kan iyakokin ruwan sha na manyan koguna, kodayake wasu daga cikin manyan koguna sun haɗa da ƙarin wurare a ƙarƙashin manyan mahadar ruwa. Kafin a haɗa kowane wuri a cikin binciken, an gudanar da gwajin daidaito don gano bambance-bambancen inganci a gefe da kuma a tsaye a cikin ɓangaren kogin da aka zaɓa. Ga kowane wuri da aka keɓe, an gano takamaiman wurin ɗaukar samfur bisa ga sakamakon aikin daidaito. Bugu da ƙari, an gano dakunan gwaje-gwaje waɗanda za su gudanar da nazarin samfuran kuma an gudanar da cikakken aikin AQC don tabbatar da daidaiton bayanai da aka samo daga shirin sa ido. 

## Manufofi
An yi niyyar wannan tsarin ne tun daga shekarar 1974 zuwa 1984 domin samar da bayanai ga Ma'aikatar Muhalli domin gano yanayin ingancin ruwa a ƙasa.  Duk da haka, an tsawaita lokacinsa. &#x5B; ** &#x5D; An dakatar da shi a hukumance a shekarar 2013,  duk da haka a Ingila ana ci gaba da yin bincike kan wuraren sa ido da yawa don bayyana yanayin ingancin ruwa na dogon lokaci.  An kuma yi niyyar biyan buƙatun shawarar EU kan musayar buƙatun bayanai na sa ido.

## Aiki
Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Ingila ce ke gudanar da wannan shirin, da kuma Hukumar Albarkatun Ƙasa ta Wales da ke Wales da kuma Hukumar Kula da Albarkatun Ƙasa ta SEPA da ke Scotland, kuma ya ƙunshi sa ido akai-akai a wurare 230, ciki har da tsarin koguna 56 a Scotland.

## Bayanai
Bayanan da shirin ya samar sun samar da ingantaccen rikodin ingancin koguna a faɗin Burtaniya sama da shekaru 30 kuma ana iya amfani da su don nuna canje-canje a cikin ingancin ruwa a tsawon wannan lokacin. 

## Manazarta
Taron Yanayi na Scotland

**Majalisar Kula da Yanayi ta Scotland** ta kasance taron 'yan ƙasa da aka gudanar daga 2020 zuwa 2022 don yin shawarwari kan yadda Scotland za ta magance matsalar yanayi ta hanyar da ta dace da adalci. 

An saka kafa majalisar 'yan ƙasa da ke da ikon ba da shawarwarin yanayi ga Gwamnatin Scotland a cikin wani gyara na 2019 ga Dokar Sauyin Yanayi (Scotland) ta 2009. 

An kafa majalisar ne da mambobi sama da 100 waɗanda suka wakilci Scotland, dangane da shekaru, jinsi, kuɗin shiga na gida, ƙabila, yanayin ƙasa, ƙauye, nakasa, da kuma ra'ayin da ake da shi game da sauyin yanayi.

## Manazarta
Nigel Kellett

**Nigel Kellett** (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Disamba 1969) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Australiya a Footscray a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Australiya (AFL).

## Sana'ar wasa
Kellett ya fara bugawa Bulldogs" id="mwFQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Western Bulldogs" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Footscray wasa a VFL a lokacin (wanda aka sake masa suna AFL a shekara mai zuwa) a shekarar 1989. Ya buga wasanni 101 ga Bulldogs kafin ya bar AFL bayan kakar 1997 ta AFL.[1]

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Nigel Kellett's playing statisticsdaga Tables na AFL
* Nigel Kelletta AustralianFootball.com
Mai Miƙaƙen Archer

**Mildred Archer** OBE (28 Disamba 1911 a Landan &#x2013; 4 Fabrairu 2005) ƙwararriyar masaniyar fasahar zane ce ta Ingila wadda ta ƙware a fannin fasahar zane-zane na ƙarni na 18 da 19 a Birtaniya Indiya. Ta kasance mai kula da Bugawa da Zane-zane a ɗakin karatu na Ofishin Indiya kuma ta yi rubutu sosai game da tarin da kuma nazarinsu.

An haife ta Mildred Agnes Bell, ta yi makaranta a Landan. A shekarar 1930 ta shiga Kwalejin St Hilda, Oxford tare da tallafin karatu a fannin tarihi. Ta haɗu da Bill Archer, wanda abokin ɗan'uwanta ne a Cambridge. Bill ya ci jarrabawar hidimar farar hula ta Indiya kuma yana Makarantar Nazarin Gabas ta Landan. Bill ya tafi Indiya a shekarar 1931 kuma an yi musu baiko jim kaɗan kafin ya tafi. Bayan aure Bill ya yi aiki a Bihar na kusan shekaru goma kuma bayan ya dawo Ingila ya zama Mai Kula da Zane-zanen Indiya a Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert kuma babban masani ne a fannin zane-zanen kotunan Indiya da salon Kamfanin .

Aikin Mildred Archer na kula da harkokin gudanarwa ya fara ne a shekarar 1954 da tattara tarin zane-zane na Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya a cikin tarin Laburaren Ofishin Indiya . Ya shafe ta tsawon shekaru 26.

Sauran ayyukan sun haɗa da Hotunan Tarihin Halitta (1962), Hotunan Burtaniya (1969), Hotunan Kamfanin (1972), Hotunan Jama'ar Indiya (1977) kuma a ƙarshe (tare da Toby Falk) Hotunan Ƙananan Indiya (1981). A shekara ta 1979 ta rubuta British Portraiture 1770-1825. Littattafan da ta wallafa daga baya sun haɗa da nazarin Daniell aquatints na Indiya (1980), kundin baje kolin V & A India Observed (1982), da kuma nazarin litattafan Indiya na William Simpson (1986) da kuma bugawa da zane-zanen Kamfanin da ke da alaƙa da James da William Fraser (1989). Littafinta na karshe shi ne India Served and Observed (1994).

Takardunta, tare da na mijinta, suna hannun ɗakin karatu na Burtaniya . 

## Littattafai

### Littattafai

*  

### Takardu

* Archer, Mildred & WG Archer (1955) Zane-zanen tarihin halitta. A cikin zanen Indiya don Burtaniya 1770–1880, shafi na 1.&nbsp;91–98. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

## Manazarta
Kula da Yanayi (United Kingdom)

Hukumar **Kula da Yanayi** wata hukuma ce ta gwamnatin Burtaniya da aka kafa a shekarar 1949 a ƙarƙashin Dokar Wuraren Shakatawa ta Ƙasa da Samun Dama ga Ƙauye ta 1949, wacce Max Nicholson ya tsara a wani ɓangare.  Majalisar bincike ce ta kimiyyar halitta da 'sabis na halittu'. Wannan ya samar da kariyar doka ga wuraren ajiyar yanayi na ƙasa da Wuraren da ke da Sha'awar Kimiyya ta Musamman (SSSI).

Darakta Janar na farko shine Kyaftin Cyril Diver . A shekarar 1952 Max Nicholson ya karɓi ragamar Darakta Janar kuma ya yi aiki har zuwa 1966. A wannan lokacin, Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta haɓaka, duk da adawa daga masu ruwa da tsaki, a matsayin hukumar bincike da gudanarwa wadda ta haɓaka ilimin halittu a matsayin mai fa'ida da amfani ga yanke shawara da gudanarwa ta amfani da filaye. Wannan ya haɗa da taimakawa wajen kafa Tashar Gwaji ta Monks Wood, wacce wataƙila ita ce ta farko da ta bincika tasirin magungunan kashe kwari a muhalli. 

A shekarar 1966 aka haɗa ta cikin sabuwar Majalisar Binciken Muhalli ta Halitta (NERC) .  An raba Hukumar Kula da Muhalli daga NERC a shekarar 1973 kuma ta zama Majalisar Kula da Muhalli ta Halitta .

## Manazarta
Mary Anderson (masanin tarihin fasaha)

**Mary Désirée Anderson** (1902–1973) ƙwararriyar 'yar Birtaniya ce a fannin zane-zanen Kirista da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na cocin farko, haka kuma babbar ƙwararriya ce a fannin sassaka katako na Ingila na zamanin da . Mawakiya ce a cikin ikonta.  Hotunan da Maisie Anderson ta bayar ga ɗakin karatu na Conway a halin yanzu ana sanya su a cikin dijital ta Cibiyar Fasaha ta Courtauld, a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin Courtauld Connects.  Ta buga a ƙarƙashin sunan MD Anderson. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Anderson ta auri Sir George Trenchard Cox (1905–1995) a shekarar 1935, wani abokin tarihin fasaha, kuma darektan gidan tarihi ( Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery da kuma V&amp;amp;A ).  Iyayenta masanin ilimin halittar jiki ne na Birtaniya kuma malami Hugh Kerr Anderson (1865–1928)   da Jessie Mina Innes (wanda ya rasu a shekarar 1946). Anderson ya mutu a shekarar 1973. 

## Taskar Tarihi
Tarihin rayuwarta, littattafan tarihin rayuwarta (1918–1933), littafin zane-zane, wasiƙu, waƙoƙi da ƙasidu, ana gudanar da su a Gonville da Caius College Archive, Cambridge, bayan mijinta, Sir George Trenchard Cox, ya ba da gudummawarsu.   Tunanin rayuwarta a Cambridge ya fito a cikin *A History of the University of Cambridge: Volume 4 (1870–1990)*, wanda Christopher Brooke, Christopher NL Brooke, Damian Riehl Leader, Victor Morgan, da Peter Searb suka shirya. 

## Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka

### Rubuce-rubucen ilimi

* *Mai ɗaukar hoto na Tsakiyar Zamani*, 1935, Cambridge UP
* *Sassaka Dabbobi a Cocin Burtaniya*, 1938, Cambridge UP
* *Tsarin tafiya*, 1940, Cambridge UP
* *Matan Birtaniya a Yaƙi*, 1941, John Murray; Ma'aikatar Pilot Press
* *Neman tarihi a Cocin Burtaniya*, 1951, John Murray
* *Rumbun Mawaka na Lincoln Minster*, 1951, Abokan Lincoln Cathedral
* *Misericords. Rayuwar zamanin da a fannin sassaka katako na Ingilishi* . 1954, Harmondsworth: Littattafan Penguin
* *Siffar Cocin Burtaniya*, 1955, John Murray
* *Wasan Kwaikwayo da Hotuna a cikin Cocin Ingila na Tsakiya*, 1963, Cambridge UP
* *<nowiki/>'Yan'uwa Mata Masu Taushi*, 1972, Chatto da Windus
* *Waliyi a kan gaba: Mutuwar William na Norwich 1144*, 1964, Faber
* *Tarihi ta Babbar Hanya*, 1967, Faber & Faber, 1967
* *The Changeling Niobid*, 1969, Chatto & Windus
* *Tarihi da hotuna a cikin majami'un Burtaniya*, 1971, J. Murray

### Waƙa

## Manazarta
Gus Kearney

**Augustus Daniel Kearney** (22 Nuwamba 1870 - 10 Maris 1907)  ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Australiya wanda ya buga wa Essendon Football Club wasa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Victorian (VFL), kuma yana cikin ƙungiyar farko ta Bombers a shekarar 1897.

## Kwallon ƙafa
Kearney ya fito ne daga Kwalejin Geelong kuma ya taka leda a wasanni uku na Essendon Association tsakanin 1892 da 1894.  Kearney ƙwararren mabiya ne wanda ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a shekara ta 1893. 

Kearney ya kasance mataimakin kyaftin din Essendon a cikin shekaru biyu da ya yi wa kulob din wasa a Gasar kwallon kafa ta Victoria, 1897 da 1898. 

## Tennis
He also excelled at tennis, winning the New South Wales Championships twice and Victorian Championships title six times.

## Mutuwa
Kearney ya mutu yana da shekaru 36, a ranar 10 ga Maris 1907, bayan an yi masa tiyata a hanci.

## Kyauta
Har yanzu ana gabatar da Kyautar Tunawa da Dokta Gus Kearney  a kowace shekara ta Kwalejin Geelong, ga wani yaro don nuna godiya ga "ƙwarewar duka da sabis ga Kwalejin".

An fara bayar da kyautar ne a shekarar 1908 don tunawa da Dokta 'Gus' Kearney, fitaccen ɗan wasa kuma tsohon kyaftin din Makarantar wanda ya mutu yana da shekaru talatin da shida a watan Maris, 1907. Kungiyar Tsoffin Malamai ce ta ba da kyautar. A cikin 1908, Norman Morrison ya bayyana kyautar 'da za a ba da kyautar kowace shekara a kan layin Rhodes Scholarships, don ƙwarewa a cikin aikin makaranta, tare da ƙwarewa cikin wasanni'.za a ba da kyautar kowace shekara a kan layin Rhodes Scholarships, don ƙwarewa a cikin aikin makaranta, haɗe da ƙwarewa cikin wasanni. "

## Manazarta
Gordon Kearney

**Gordon Brendan Kearney** (5 ga Fabrairu 1885 - 2 ga Mayu 1957) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Australiya wanda ya buga wasa tare da Geelong da Essendon a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Victorian (VFL). 

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Gordon Kearney's playing statisticsdaga Tables na AFL
* Gordon Kearneya AustralianFootball.com
Caroline Arscott

**Caroline Arscott** Farfesa ce mai ritaya a fannin Tarihin Fasaha a Cibiyar Courtauld . 

## Sana'a
Arscott ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Newnham Cambridge da Jami'ar Leeds . 

Ita ƙwararriya ce a fannin fasaha na zamanin Victorian kuma ta yi lacca a The Courtauld tun daga shekarar 1988.

Daga 2009 zuwa 2014 ta kasance Shugabar Bincike a Kotun, wacce ke da alhakin shirin ayyukan Cibiyar Bincike da kuma tsarin bincike na Kotun da kuma gabatar da Tsarin Ingantaccen Bincike . 

Ta yi rubuce-rubuce sosai kan Edward Burne-Jones da William Morris, ciki har da littafin *Edward Burne-Jones da William Morris: Interlacings* (2008). 

Arscott ta kasance a kwamitin edita na *Oxford Art Journal* daga 1998 zuwa 2008 kuma ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin Editan Ba da Shawara.  Ta kasance editan *RIHA Journal* daga 2009 zuwa 2014. 

## Littattafai da aka zaɓa

* "Edward Burne-Jones (1833–98)" a cikin E. Prettejohn (ed.), *The Cambridge Companion to the Pre-Raphaelites*, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
* "Irin-iri na Yau da Kullum da Takaddama ta Gargajiya a Zane-zanen Victoria" a cikin *Rayuwa, tatsuniya, shimfidar wuri: Zane-zanen Victoria da launukan ruwa* . Joanna Selborne ta shirya, kundin nunin kaya, London: Gidan Tarihi na Courtauld, 2011.
* ''Edward Burne-Jones da William Morris: Interlacings'', Yale University Press, New Haven da London, 2008. 
* "Tashar Jirgin Ƙasa ta William Powell Frith: Rarrabawa da Jama'a", a cikin *littafin William Powell Frith, kundin nunin faifai*, London, Gidan Tarihi na Guildhall, Nuwamba 2006, shafi na 10.&nbsp;79–93.
* "Wakiltar Birnin Victoria" a cikin M. Daunton, (ed.), *Tarihin Birane na Cambridge na Birtaniya: Juzu'i na Uku (1840–1950)*, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000, shafi.&nbsp;811-32.
* "Ma'aikacin da aka yanke wa hukunci: Rufe fuska da kuma musanya a cikin yanayin gidajen yarin Victoria", *Oxford Art Journal*, vol. 23, no. 2, 2000, shafi na 1.&nbsp;119–42 (a ranar Juma'a).

## Manazarta
Ma'aikatar Gudanar da Muhalli da Harkokin Karkara ta Scotland

**Sashen Kula da Muhalli da Karkara na Majalisar Dokokin Scotland** (SEERAD) sashen ayyukan gwamnati ne na Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Scotland . SEERAD ne ke da alhakin waɗannan fannoni a Scotland : noma, ci gaban karkara, abinci, muhalli da kamun kifi . Bayan canjin shugabanci a watan Mayu na 2007, wani aikin sake fasalin ƙasa ya haifar da ci gaba da yawancin ayyukan SEERAD a ƙarƙashin sabuwar Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Scottish.

SEERAD yana da alhakin kai tsaye ga hukumomi daban-daban na Majalisar Zartarwa ta Scotland da sauran hukumomin gwamnati da suka shafi waɗannan fannoni. Tun daga farkon shekarar 2005, Richard Wakeford ne ke jagorantar Ma'aikatar. Ross Finnie, Ministan Muhalli da Ci gaban Karkara, kuma Mataimakiyar Ministan Muhalli da Ci gaban Karkara, Sarah Boyack, ta taimaka masa.

Wata yarjejeniya ta tsara tsare-tsare da aka amince da su don yin aiki tare tsakaninta da Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Abinci da Harkokin Karkara ta gwamnatin Burtaniya. 

An maye gurbin yawancin ayyukan SEERAD a cikin Hukumar Kula da Muhalli a shekarar 2007.

## Tsarin gini
Sashen yana da hukumomi uku masu zartarwa :

* Hukumar Kimiyyar Noma ta Scotland, wacce ke da alhakin binciken kimiyya kan noma
* Sabis na Binciken Kifi, wanda ke gudanar da binciken kimiyya a yankunan kamun kifi da kiwon kamun kifi
* Hukumar Kare Kamun Kifi ta Scotland, wacce ke da alhakin aiwatar da dokokin kamun kifi a cikin ruwan Scotland, da kuma sa ido kan bin ka'idoji

Sashen ya dauki nauyin wasu hukumomin gwamnati da ba na ma'aikata ba (NDPBs) ciki har da:

* Hukumar Crofters
* Hukumar Barewa ta Scotland
* Lambun Botanic na Royal Edinburgh
* Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Scotland
* Gadon Halittar Scotland
* Hukumar Kula da Wuraren Shakatawa ta Ƙasa ta Trossachs da Loch Lomond
* Cibiyar Macaulay

Sashen ya kuma yi aiki da Scottish Water .

## Manazarta
Steve Horvat

**Steven Horvat** (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Maris 1971) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Ostiraliya.

## Aikin kulob
Horvat, wanda ya kammala karatunsa a Cibiyar Wasanni ta Australiya, ya fara aikinsa da Melbourne Croatia . Daga baya ya buga wasa da Sunshine George Cross, North Geelong Warriors, Melbourne Knights (wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Joe Marston ), Hajduk Split, Crystal Palace (duk da cewa bai buga wasa a gasar ba [1] ) da Carlton . Ya yi ritaya a watan Maris na 2003 yana da shekaru 32. [2] Horvat ya buga jimillar wasanni 96 a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa . [3]

## Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Horvat ya kasance memba na yau da kullun na Ƙungiyar Australiya, ya buga wasan 32 tsakanin 1994 da 2002, kuma ya shiga gasar cin kofin duniya da yawa, gami da Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA U-16, 1996 Summer Olympics, 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup, 2001 FIFA Confederation Cup da 2002 OFC Nations Cup. Horvat kuma ya taka leda a wasan da ya fi samun maki a wasan kwallon kafa na kasa da kasa, lokacin da Ostiraliya ta doke Samoa ta Amurka 31-0.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Horvat yana da 'yar, Chantel, wacce ke buga wasan kwando a Jami'ar California, Los Angeles . 

## Daraja
**Ostiraliya**

* Kofin Tarayyar FIFA: wanda ya zo na biyu, 1997;  3rd wuri, 2001 
* Kofin Kasashen OFC: 2000;  wanda ya zo na biyu, Kofin Kasashe na OFC na 2002 
* Kofin Gwagwarmayar AFC-OFC: wanda ya zo na biyu a shekara ta 2001 

## Manazarta
Majalisar Kula da Yanayi

**Majalisar Kula da Namun Daji** ( **NCC** ) hukuma ce ta gwamnatin Burtaniya da ke da alhakin tsara da kuma kula da wuraren ajiyar namun daji na ƙasa da sauran wuraren kiyaye namun daji a Burtaniya tsakanin 1973 da 1991 (ba ta shafi Arewacin Ireland ba).

## Asali da Jagoranci
An kafa NCC ne ta hanyar Dokar Majalisar Kula da Yanayi ta 1973 kuma ta maye gurbin Hukumar Kula da Yanayi, wadda aka kafa ta Royal Charter a 1949. Ayyukan NCC sun haɗa da:

* Gudanar da ajiyar albarkatun ƙasa ;
* Ba da shawara kan kiyaye yanayi ga gwamnatin ƙasa da ta ƙananan hukumomi;
* Sanar da Shafukan da ke da Sha'awar Kimiyya ta Musamman ;
* Yin wasu bincike na kimiyya.

Robert Edward Boote, tsohon darektan Nature Conservancy,  bayan ya yi aiki wajen gyara ƙungiyarsa , Sakataren Harkokin Muhalli ya naɗa shi a matsayin Darakta Janar na farko na sabuwar NCC.  Ya riƙe wannan muƙamin har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1980 lokacin da Richard Charles Steele ya zama Darakta Janar  

## Tsarin gini
An raba ƙungiyar zuwa ƙasashe uku, kowannensu an raba shi zuwa yankuna da suka shafi gundumomi da dama. Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru sun yi aiki a kan batutuwan ƙasa baki ɗaya, kamar ilimin ƙasa, zane-zanen ƙasa, filayen kiwo, dazuzzuka, tsuntsaye, sauran ƙungiyoyin rarrabuwa da sauransu. Akwai hedikwatar ƙasa, da farko a Belgrave Square da ke Landan, amma daga baya a Peterborough.

### Manyan Masana Kimiyya

* Peter Bridgewater (1989–1990)

## Littattafai

* *Kiyaye kimiyyar duniya a Burtaniya: Dabaru* (1990) Peterborough: Majalisar Kula da Yanayi

: Wannan littafin ya bayyana tunanin da ke bayan wurin binciken ƙasa mai mahimmanci na Yankin wanda aka gabatar a shekarar 1990.

## Rabuwa
A shekarar 1991, bayan zartar da Dokar Kare Muhalli ta 1990 da Dokar Gado ta Halitta (Scotland) ta 1991, an raba Majalisar Kula da Nature zuwa uku:

* An haɗa ɓangaren Scotland da Hukumar Ƙauye don Scotland ta zama Gadon Halittar Scotland .
* An haɗa ɓangaren Welsh da ɓangaren Welsh na Hukumar Ƙauye ta Ingila da Wales don zama Majalisar Ƙauye ta Wales .
* Sauran ɓangaren Ingilishi ya zama Turancin Yanayi, wanda ya kasance daban da Hukumar Ƙauye, wadda ita ma ta zama hukuma ta Ingila kaɗai (daga baya an haɗa waɗannan biyun a cikin wani tsari, Natural England ).
* An kafa Kwamitin Kula da Yanayi na Hadin gwiwa (JNCC) wanda ba na doka ba, don daidaita kiyaye yanayi tsakanin hukumomin ƙasa uku (da makamancinsu a Arewacin Ireland), da kuma magance gudummawar da Birtaniya ke bayarwa ga kiyaye yanayi na duniya (daga baya JNCC ta zama hukuma mai bin doka).

## Manazarta
Hukumar hadin kan iyaka

**Hukumar Haɗin Kan Muhalli ta Kan Iyaka** (**BECC**) wacce hedikwatanta ke Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico, ƙungiya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa da gwamnatocin Amurka da Mexico suka kafa a shekarar 1994 a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar gefe ga Yarjejeniyar Ciniki 'Yanci ta Arewacin Amurka (NAFTA). BECC tare da ƙungiyar 'yar uwarta Bankin Raya Arewacin Amurka (NADB), waɗanda aka kafa ta wannan yarjejeniya kuma hedikwatarsu ke San Antonio, Texas, Amurka, ana ɗaukar nauyin taimakawa wajen inganta yanayin muhalli na yankin kan iyakar Mexico da Amurka domin ciyar da jin daɗin mazauna a ƙasashen biyu gaba. An bayyana iyakokin aikinsu da takamaiman ayyukan kowace cibiya a cikin yarjejeniyar da ke tsakanin gwamnatocin biyu ("Yarjejeniya"), kamar yadda aka gyara a watan Agusta na 2004.

## Tarihi
An kafa BECC (da NADB) ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Haɗin gwiwar Muhalli a Kan Iyakoki ta watan Nuwamban 1993 (*Yarjejeniyar Tsakanin Gwamnatin Amurka da Gwamnatin Amurka ta Amurka game da Kafa Hukumar Haɗin gwiwar Muhalli a Kan Iyakoki da Bankin Ci Gaban Arewacin Amurka.*) 

## Haɗa tare da NADB
A shekarar 2017, BECC ta sanar da hadewarta da Bankin Ci Gaban Arewacin Amurka (NADB). 

## Manazarta
Robert Ingpen

**Robert Roger Ingpen** AM, FRSA (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 1936)  ƙwararren mai zane ne na zane, mai zane, kuma marubuci ɗan ƙasar Ostiraliya . Saboda "gudummawarsa ta dindindin" a matsayin mai zane na yara, ya sami lambar yabo ta Hans Christian Andersen ta ƙasa da ƙasa a shekara ta 1986.  

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Ingpen a Geelong, Victoria, kuma ta halarci Kwalejin Geelong har zuwa 1957. Ya kammala karatu tare da Diploma of Graphic Art daga RMIT a 1958, inda ya yi karatu tare da Harold Freedman. 

## Ayyuka
A shekara ta 1958, Hukumar Binciken Kimiyya da Masana'antu ta Commonwealth (CSIRO) ta nada Ingpen a matsayin mai zane don fassara da sadarwa sakamakon binciken kimiyya. Daga 1968 Ingpen ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tsarawa mai zaman kansa, mai zane-zane da marubuci. Ya kuma kasance memba na ƙungiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Mexico da Peru har zuwa 1975, inda ya tsara litattafai game da kamun kifi kuma ya shiga cikin "ainihin kiyayewa da muhalli na Australiya". Ya bar CSIRO don yin aiki na cikakken lokaci a matsayin marubuci mai zaman kansa a shekarar 1968. Ingpen ya ci gaba da sha'awar batutuwan kiyayewa, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Gidauniyar Kare Kare Australia. 

### Ayyuka

Ingpen ya rubuta ko ya kwatanta littattafai sama da 100 da aka buga. Wadannan sun hada da littattafan hotuna na yara da labarun almara ga dukkan shekaru. Littattafansa da ba na almara ba galibi suna da alaƙa da tarihi, kiyayewa, muhalli da batutuwan kiwon lafiya. Abokin hulɗarsa mafi yawa shine marubuci da edita Michael Page.

Ingpen ya tsara hatimi da yawa na gidan waya don Ostiraliya, da kuma tutar da makamai don Yankin Arewa. Ingpen ya kirkiro wasu murals na jama'a a Geelong, Melbourne, Canberra da Queensland" id="mwTg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Gold Coast, Queensland">Gold Coast a Queensland. Ya kuma tsara siffofin tagulla, waɗanda suka haɗa da Poppykettle Fountain a cikin Geelong Steam Packet Gardens (a halin yanzu ya bushe saboda ƙuntatawa na fari) da ƙofofin tagulla zuwa Melbourne Cricket Club. Ayyukansa na baya-bayan nan shine zane da zane-zane don zane-zane, wanda The Victorian Tapestry Workshop ya sa, don bikin shekaru 150 na Melbourne Cricket Ground. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed]

A shekara ta 1982 Ingpen ta tsara lambar yabo ta Dromkeen ga Gwamnonin Gidauniyar Littattafan Yara ta Courtney Oldmeadow. Ana ba da kyautar Dromkeen a kowace shekara ga 'yan Australia don nuna godiya ga gudummawa ga wallafe-wallafen yara, kuma Ingpen ya karbe shi da kansa a shekarar 1989 don aikinsa a fagen.

Ingpen ya kasance mai zane-zane don bugu na shekara ɗari na J.M. Barrie's *Peter Pan da Wendy* da Kenneth Grahame's The Wind in the Willows wanda ya kafa halaye a kan adadi da mutane na zamani.

A cikin 2007 Ingpen ya kwatanta littafin hoto na Liz Lofthouse mai suna Ziba Came on a Boat, wanda aka zaba don kyaututtuka da yawa na Australiya ciki har da Kyautar Majalisar Littattafan Yara ta Australiya da Kyautar Littafin Firayim Minista na Yammacin Australia.

## Manazarta