La Rinconada, Peru

La **Rinconada** wani gari ne a cikin Andes na Peruvian kusa da ma'adinin zinariya .  Har zuwa 5,100 m (16,700 ft; 3.2 mi) sama da matakin teku, shine mafi girman matsuguni na dindindin a duniya.

Tsakanin 2001 zuwa 2009, National Geographic ya kiyasta yawan jama'a ya karu zuwa mutane 30,000 daga karamin sansanin masu sa ido na zinare saboda farashin zinare ya tashi da kashi 235% a tsawon wannan lokacin.  ko da yake ba a nuna wannan lambar ta ƙidayar 2007 ko 2017 ba.

Garin ya sami shahara saboda matsanancin yanayin rayuwa wanda ya haɗa da yawan cututtukan da ke cikin tsaunuka, gurɓataccen yanayi, talauci, kisan kai, da fataucin jima'i, kuma a sakamakon haka wani lokaci ana kiransa a cikin Mutanen Espanya la ciudad sin ley del Perú, wanda ke nufin "Birnin Peru mara bin doka".

## Wurin da yake
La Rinconada cibiya ce mai yawan jama'a, a cikin ikon gundumar Ananea, a lardin San Antonio de Putina, Sashen Puno, Peru. La Rinconada yana cikin yankin Janca, bisa ga rabe-raben Pulgar Vidal. Bisa ga fitowar mujallar National Geographic na Mayu 2003, La Rinconada yana da nisan mita 5,100 a saman teku, don haka ya mai da shi matsayi mafi girma na dindindin a duniya.

## Magana
"La Rinconada" wata hanya ce ta faɗin 'kusurwa' a cikin Mutanen Espanya.

## Yanayin ƙasa

### Yanayin ƙasa
Garin yana cikin Gundumar Ananea, Lardin San Antonio de Putina . Garin yana da tsawo na  m (16,100   zuwa     tare da cibiyar a  m (16,000   sama da matakin teku,  a gefen Dutsen Ananea kuma a ƙarƙashin wani kankara da ake kira Auchita, wanda ba a san shi da La Bella Durmiente (The Sleeping Beauty).  Wasu masu hakar ma'adinai masu cin nasara a La Rinconada suna da gidaje a Juliaca, wanda ke da sabis na birni kuma yana da   ft; 2.377  sama da matakin teku.

### Yanayi
Mafi girma a cikin Andes, La Rinconada yana da yanayin tundra mai tsayi (ET, bisa ga rarrabuwar yanayi na Köppen), ba tare da wata wata da ke da ma'anar yanayin zafi har ma da maƙallan 10 °C (50 °F) wanda zai ba da damar girma bishiya da rarrabuwar tsaunuka masu zafi na birni. Nisa sama da layin bishiyar, La Rinconada na musamman ne a cikin girmansa da yawan jama'a, tare da mafi girman birni mafi girman yawan jama'a (Nagqu) ya wuce 500 m (1,600 ft; 0.31 mi) kusa da matakin teku.

Saboda tsananin girman garin, yanayin yanayi ya yi kama da na yammacin gabar tekun Greenland fiye da wani wuri mai nisan 14° daga ma'aunin ruwa. Garin yana da lokacin rani da busassun damuna tare da babban bambanci na yau da kullun yana ganin sanyi zuwa ranakun sanyi da sanyin lokacin dare a duk shekara, tare da dusar ƙanƙara gama gari. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara a La Rinconada shine 1.3 °C (34.3 °F) kuma matsakaicin hazo na shekara shine 707 mm (27.8 in).

## Yawan jama'a
A cewar wani rahoto daga National Geographic, karuwar kashi 235% a farashin zinariya tsakanin 2001 da 2009 ya karu da yawan mutanen yankin, wanda ya kai mazauna 30,000 a shekara ta 2009. Koyaya, ana iya ƙididdige waɗannan lambobi, tun lokacin da Ƙididdigar Kasa ta 2007 ta nuna yawan mutanen Gundumar Ananea (wanda, zuwa babban matsayi, ana samunsa a cikin ƙauyen La Rinconada) ya kasance mutane 20,572 (16,907 da aka rarraba a matsayin birni), kuma Ƙididdigari na Kasa na 2017 ya rubuta mutane 12,615 (11,307 da aka tsara a matsayin birane).   Idan aka kwatanta, yawan mutanen Gundumar Ananea a 1981 ya kai mutane 2,707. 

## Tattalin Arziki
Tattalin arzikin La Rinconada ya dogara ne akan hakar zinari, bisa ka'ida da kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba, daga ma'adinan zinare da ke kusa, musamman ta hanyar hako ma'adinai.

Bayan hakar, ana tace zinaren daga kananan dillalai zuwa manyan kamfanoni kamar Metalor Technologies, wanda shine daya daga cikin manyan masu samar da karafa masu daraja a duniya. A watan Maris na 2018, "Metalor ya karbi fiye da kilo 40 na zinariya (kimanin dala miliyan 1.7) daga wani kamfani a wajen La Rinconada wanda jami'an kwastam suka ce a cikin wani rahoto daga baya a waccan shekarar cewa ba su iya samun a adireshin da aka lissafa."  Metalor ya zo ƙarƙashin binciken doka daga hukumomin Peruvian da gwamnatin Amurka don shigar da haƙar ma'adinai ba bisa ka'ida ba, ayyukan ƙwazo, fasa-kwaurin zinari, da ƙungiyoyin muggan ƙwayoyi. Metalor yana samar da zinare ga manyan kamfanoni na duniya ciki har da Apple da Samsung.

Kamfanin da ke da lasisin gwamnati don hakar ma'adinai a La Rinconada ana kiransa Corporacion Ananea,  don haka masu hakar ma-adinai da yawa suna aiki a ma'adinin zinariya mallakar Corporación Ananea. A karkashin tsarin cachorreo, suna aiki na kwanaki 30 ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba kuma an ba su damar yin aiki da kansu na rana ɗaya. A wannan rana ta watan, ana ba masu hakar ma'adinai damar ɗaukar ma'adanai da yawa kamar yadda za su iya ɗauka a kafaɗunsu. Koyaya, wani mai hakar ma'adinai ya bayyana cewa "Matsalar ita ce, duk da haka, a ranar da ta dace ana tura maza zuwa wuraren da babu wani abu da za a samu. "  Ko ma'adinin ya ƙunshi zinariya ko a'a lamari ne na sa'a. Ana yarda da aljihun nuggets ko kuma kyawawan ma'adanai masu arziki. Wannan tsarin wani lokaci yakan ƙare tare da masu hakar ma'adinai ba a biya su ba saboda aikinsu. Yayinda aka haramta mata daga aiki kai tsaye a cikin ma'adinai, *pallaqueras*, mata da ke aiki a waje da ma'adanai, suna bincika abin da aka watsar da shi da fatan samun wani abu mai daraja. Saboda matsanancin yanayin aiki da lokutan rashin albashi, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun bayyana shi a matsayin "Bautar zamani". &nbsp;

A lardin Puno, inda La Rinconada yake, kusan kashi 68% na yawan jama'a suna rayuwa a ƙarƙashin layin talauci. Wata kasida ta bayyana cewa baya ga matsanancin yanayi na yanayi da tasirin iskar oxygen, mazauna suna rayuwa a cikin "gaskiya mai tsauri da ke da alamun rashin ayyuka na yau da kullun, gurɓata yanayi da laifuka", [1] suna nuna cewa matsugunin ba shi da tsaftataccen ruwa, tsarin najasa, da sarrafa shara mai kyau, da kuma lura cewa kwanan nan wutar lantarki ta isa a cikin 2000s, kuma samun damar yin amfani da shi har yanzu yana da iyaka.

Inca Manco Cápac Filin jirgin sama na kasa da kasa shine filin jirgin sama na kasuwanci mafi kusa; yana cikin Juliaca.

## Laifi
Garin ya kasance cibiyar rikice-rikicen hakar ma'adinai da kisan kai da yawa. Saboda wannan dalili, wani lokacin ana kiranta a cikin Mutanen Espanya, a matsayin "ciudad sin ley del Perú", wanda ke nufin "birni mara doka na Peru". Labarin ya bayyana cewa "mata da yawa, gami da kananan yara, wadanda ke fama da cin zarafin jima'i a yankin. " Wani labarin ya bayyana cewa" a cikin wannan yankin, harbe-harbe [...] sun zama abin da ke faruwa akai-akai. Ko da yake zinariya ta mulki a nan, yanki ne da ke fama da talauci, aikata laifuka, barasa da karuwanci. Yawan mace yana cikin matakan da tsinkaye masu saurin rayuwa sun isa ba su ba bisa ka'ida ba.

A cikin 2024, don mayar da martani ga yawan laifuffuka, Gwamnatin Peru, tare da haɗin gwiwar Sashen Tsaro na Jama'a na Trujillo, sun fara ɗaukar matakai don ɗaukar matakan kariya da ayyuka a yunƙurin kawar da fashi da hare-hare, da inganta lafiyar masu tafiya a ƙasa da mazauna. Matakan da suka dauka sun hada da kara sabbin kyamarori 18, rumfunan tsaro 15 tare da ma’aikatan dindindin, da bude cibiyar kula da kyamarori a cikin birnin.

## Batutuwan muhalli da kiwon lafiya
Garin ba shi da tsarin famfo da tsabtace muhalli,  kuma gurɓataccen daga filastik da sauran nau'ikan sharar gida ya zama ruwan dare saboda rashin ayyukan gwamnati.

Hypoxia babbar matsala ce ta kiwon lafiya saboda ƙarancin iska a irin wannan tsayin tsayi. Masu bincike sun kiyasta cewa aƙalla 25% na mazauna suna da hypoxia.

Har ila yau, akwai gurɓataccen gurɓatawar mercury na ruwan sha da kankara da ke kusa da shi saboda ayyukan hakar ma'adinai. Masu hakar ma'adinai na cikin gida suna tsaftace ma'adinin ta hanyar niƙa da kuma kula da shi da mercury da kuma matse taro ta hanyar zane don tace shi. Ana dumama amalgam ɗin da ya samo asali don cire mercury. Akwai karamin asibiti guda daya kawai a cikin garin. Masu kula da muhalli na yankin suna gwada koguna da ke kewaye da ma'adinai. Yankin da ke ƙasa da kogin yana da pH mai zafi sosai na 4.5, yayin da kogin Pataqueña, daga sama daga ma'adinai, yana da pH na 8 - yana nuna ruwa mai tsabta, mai tsabta. Arpita Uchiri, mai hakar ma'adinai a La Rinconada sama da shekaru 10, ya bayyana cewa "ruwan sama a La Rincomada yana da acidic tare da mercury. "  Wani manomi na cikin gida ya bayyana a cikin 2022 cewa, "Ma'adinin ya zauna a cikin 2006 kuma a shekara ta 2009 alpacasmumu sun fara yin rashin lafiya. Na kasance da alpacas 80 da tumaki 56. " A yau na bar tare da alpaca 10 da tumaki 10 daga Coata wanda ke gudana daga kogin Rinconada zuwa Tafkin Titicaca ya haɗu da tasirin kogin da kogi mai nauyi, wanda ya haɗa da tasirin kogi mai yawa. Labarin ya bayyana cewa "Gwaji da aka gudanar a kan mambobin yankin Carata a cikin 2018 ta ma'aikatar kiwon lafiya ta Peru ta nuna cewa fiye da kashi 83.5 cikin dari suna da alamun ƙarfe mai nauyi a cikin jikinsu. " Wani manomi na yankin ya bayyana cewa" kilomita 15 na bakin teku ya gurɓata da shara, karnuka, shanu da suka mutu, kuma wasu mazauna sun kamu da cututtuka. A sakamakon gurɓataccen ruwa mai nauyi, yawancin mazaunan Coata sun bar, yayin da ƙasa ta zama mai gishiri kuma ba ta da amfani, yana sa ba zai yiwu ba don ci gaban amfanin gona da kiwon dabbobi.

Har ila yau, iskar tana gurbata da barbashi daga hako ma'adinai. Uchiri ya bayyana cewa "[Ma'aikatan hakar ma'adinai] za su shiga cikin ma'adinan da rigar rigar wanda ba shakka ba shine tace mai kyau ba, kuma da yawa daga cikinsu a ƙarshe sun mutu da silicosis. Lokacin da na yi amfani da su don yin gawawwaki a kusa da kashi 50-60 na jikin mutum yana da silicosis, "wanda shine cutar huhu wanda ya haifar da shakar ƙurar silica.

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## Haɗin waje

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