John Warren Davis (shugaban kwaleji)

**John Warren Davis** (11 ga Fabrairu, 1888 - 12 ga Yuli, 1980) malamin Amurka ne, mai kula da kwaleji, kuma shugaban kare hakkin bil'adama. Ya kasance shugaban kasa na biyar kuma mafi tsawo na Jami'ar Jihar West Virginia a Cibiyar, West Virginia, matsayin da ya rike daga 1919 zuwa 1953. An haife shi a Milledgeville, Jojiya, Davis ya koma Atlanta a 1903 don halartar makarantar sakandare a Kwalejin Baptist ta Atlanta (daga baya aka sani da Kwalejin Morehouse).[a] Ya yi aiki ta hanyar makarantar sakandare da kwaleji a Morehouse kuma ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a shekarar 1911. A Morehouse, Davis ta kafa ƙungiyoyi tare da John Hope, Mordekai Wyatt Johnson, Samuel Archer, Benjamin Griffith Brawley, Booker T. Washington, da WEB Du Bois. Ya kammala karatun digiri na biyu a fannin ilmin sunadarai da kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Chicago daga 1911 zuwa 1913 kuma ya yi aiki a bangaren Morehouse a matsayin mai rajista kuma a matsayin farfesa a fannin sunadarai le kimiyyar halitta. Yayinda yake a Atlanta, Davis ya taimaka wajen gano daya daga cikin surori na farko na birnin na National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

Davis ya yi aiki a matsayin babban sakataren YMCA na Twelfth Street a Washington, DC, daga 1917 zuwa 1919 lokacin da aka zabe shi a matsayin shugaban Cibiyar Kwalejin West Virginia. A karkashin jagorancinsa makarantar, (daga baya aka sake masa suna Kwalejin Jihar West Virginia), ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan kwalejoji da jami'o'i masu ba da ƙasa a Amurka, a cikin ilimi da wasanni. Ta hanyar kokarin Davis, Cibiyar Kwalejin West Virginia ta zama kwalejin Afirka ta farko da Kungiyar Kwalejoji da Makarantu ta Arewa ta Tsakiya (NCA) ta amince da ita a 1927. A karkashin jagorancinsa, kwalejin ya zama gida ga Makarantun West Virginia don Kurame da Makafi da kuma West Virginia's Extension Service for African Americans. Davis ya kuma sami Shirin Horar da Jirgin Sama na Farar hula (CPTP) da Shirin Horarwa na Musamman na Sojoji (ASTP) don kwalejin a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ta hanyar kokarinsa da kuma ilimin ilimi, Davis ya kafa tushe don sauya Jihar West Virginia zuwa wata ma'aikata mai hadin kai, kuma fararen dalibai sun fara yin rajista da adadi mai yawa zuwa ƙarshen shugabancinsa.

Shugaban Amurka Harry S. Truman ya nada Davis a matsayin memba na yarjejeniya a Hukumar Kimiyya ta Kasa ta farko don Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Duniya, inda ya yi aiki daga 1950 zuwa 1956. Bugu da kari, Shugaba Truman ya nada Davis a matsayin darektan shirin Gudanar da Harkokin Kasuwanci a Laberiya daga 1952 zuwa 1954. Davis ya taimaka wajen kafa Asusun Tsaro da Ilimi na NAACP (NAACP LDF), kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan na musamman na Shirin Bayani da Tsaro na NAACp LDF daga 1955 zuwa 1972. A cikin wannan rawar, ya gudanar da shirye-shiryen tallafin karatu na NAACP LDF ga daliban Afirka na farko, masu digiri, da ɗaliban ƙwararru. A rayuwarsa ta baya, an nada Davis a cikin Hukumar Kula da Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNESCO) kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin amintattu na Kwalejin Bergen County. Davis ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga NAACP LDF kuma ya zama shugaban Asusun Herbert Lehman har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1980. Davis ya sami digiri na girmamawa 14 a duk rayuwarsa, kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Haiti ta National Order of Honour and Merit (1948) da kuma Laberiya Order of the Star of Africa (1955) don hidimar da ya yi wa waɗancan ƙasashe.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi John Warren Davis a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 1888, a Milledgeville, Jojiya .  Shi ɗan Robert Marion Davis ne, ɗan kasuwa, da matarsa, Katie Mann Davis .   Mahaifiyar Davis 'yar fari ce. Ya girma a gidan kakan mahaifiyarsa tun yana da shekaru biyar, bayan iyayensa suka koma Savannah, Jojiya, tare da sauran yaransu.

Davis ta halarci makarantar firamare a Milledgeville; duk da haka, tunda babu makarantun sakandare na jama'a ga ''Yan Afirka na Afirka a jihar Georgia, Davis ta koma Atlanta, Georgia, a 1903 don halartar Kwalejin Baptist ta Atlanta (wanda aka fi sani da Kwalejin Morehouse).  Ya yi aiki ta hanyar makarantar sakandare da kwaleji a Morehouse,  kuma ya sami hankalin shugaban Afirka na farko na kwalejin, John Hope, yayin da yake goge bene na gidansa.  Hope, wanda aka fi sani da "mai yin shugabannin kwaleji," ya ɗaukaka Davis zuwa matsayi a ofishin kasuwanci na kwalejin. Davis ta kammala karatun makarantar a 1907  kuma ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko (tare da girmamawa) a 1911  

Yayinda yake halartar Morehouse, Davis ya kasance abokin zama na Mordekai Wyatt Johnson, wanda daga baya ya zama shugaban Jami'ar Howard; sun kasance abokai na dogon lokaci. Davis da Johnson dukansu sun buga wa tawagar kwallon kafa ta Morehouse; Davis ya kasance mai tsaron gida. Sun yi abota da Charles H. Wesley a 1910 yayin da suke wasa ga tawagar. Baya ga Hope, furofesoshi na Morehouse Samuel Archer da Benjamin Griffith Brawley sun rinjayi Davis. Davis ta halarci Morehouse a lokacin muhawara ta Atlanta Compromise tsakanin Booker T. Washington da WEB Du Bois game da makomar ilimin Afirka ta Amirka. Davis ya goyi bayan Du Bois a cikin wannan muhawara ta akidar, kuma ya "yi aiki da falsafancin rayuwarsa da sadaukarwa ga ci gaban ilimi na al'ummar baƙar fata".   Davis ya sami shawara daga Washington da Du Bois, kuma ya kasance abokin rayuwar Du Bois.

Tare da ƙarfafawar Hope, Davis ta kammala karatun digiri a fannin ilmin sunadarai da kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Chicago daga 1911 zuwa 1913. Davis da sauran daliban Afirka na Amurka sun sami damar halartar jami'a ta hanyar aiki bayan sa'a da ayyukan bazara, waɗanda wani mai ba da gudummawa na Afirka na Amurka ya tabbatar musu a Union Stock Yards na Chicago.

Davis ya fara aikinsa a ilimi a matsayin memba na ma'aikatar Morehouse,   inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai rajista daga 1914 zuwa 1917,   kuma a matsayin farfesa a fannin ilmin sunadarai da kimiyyar lissafi. Davis ya kuma yi aiki a kwamitin kwamitin kwararru na kwalejin kan wasanni,  kuma ya koyar da kimiyyar lissafi ga makarantar kwalejin.  A cikin 1915, Davis ya taimaka wa malamin Afirka na Afirka kuma masanin tarihi Carter G. Woodson wajen kafa Kungiyar Nazarin Rayuwa da Tarihi. Ya kuma taimaka wa Walter Francis White ya sami ɗaya daga cikin surori na farko na birnin na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci gaban Mutanen Launi (NAACP).   

### Kyaututtuka
Davis ta sami lambar yabo ta Gidauniyar William E. Harmon don Kyautattun Ayyuka tsakanin Negroes don ilimi a cikin 1926.   Kafin mutuwarsa a shekarar 1980, Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta Kasa (wanda ya kasance memba) ta girmama shi tare da lambar yabo ta Harper Council Trenholm . 

## Kyauta
Ayyukan Davis na rayuwa da na sana'a sun mayar da hankali kan ci gaban tattalin arziki da ilimi na al'ummar Afirka ta Amirka, inganta dangantakar da ke tsakanin 'yan Afirka na Afirka da sauran kungiyoyi, da inganta dangantakar tsakanin Amurka da kasashe masu tasowa. Tare da wa'adin shekaru 34, Davis shine shugaban da ya fi dadewa a Kwalejin Jihar West Virginia, wanda ya zama Jami'ar Jihar West West Virginia a shekara ta 2004. An sanya sunan Ginin Davis Fine Arts na jami'ar ne don girmama shi; ya gabatar da babban adireshin a lokacin da aka keɓe shi a cikin jama'a a shekarar 1965.  

### Manazarta