Sauyin sannu yanayi na Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan kasa ce da ke tsakiyar Asiya, tana arewacin Turkmenistan da Afghanistan.  Tare da fadin kusan kilomita murabba'i 448,900, Uzbekistan tana da nisan kilomita 1,425 (885 mi) daga yamma zuwa gabas da 930 km (580 mi) daga arewa zuwa kudu.  Tana iyaka da Turkmenistan a kudu maso yamma, Kazakhstan a arewa da Tajikistan da Kyrgyzstan a kudu da gabas.  Har ila yau, Uzbekistan tana da ƙananan ƙanana huɗu a cikin Turkmenistan.

Uzbekistan ita ce kadai jiha ta Asiya ta Tsakiya da ke kan iyaka da sauran hudu. Uzbekistan kuma tana da ɗan gajeren iyaka da Afghanistan a kudu. Kamar yadda Tekun Caspian teku ce ta cikin gida ba tare da wata alaƙa kai tsaye da tekuna ba, Uzbekistan tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe biyu kawai "masu ƙuntata biyu" - ƙasashe da ke kewaye da wasu ƙasashe masu ƙuntata. Sauran shine Liechtenstein.

## Yanayin ƙasa da magudanar ruwa

Yanayin zahiri na Uzbekistan ya bambanta, daga shimfidar wuri, yanayin hamada wanda ya ƙunshi kusan 80% na yankin ƙasar zuwa tsaunuka a gabas wanda ya kai kimanin mita 4,500 (14,800  sama da matakin teku. Yankin kudu maso gabashin Uzbekistan yana da halayen tuddai na tsaunukan Tian Shan, waɗanda suka tashi sama a makwabta Kyrgyzstan da Tajikistan kuma suka zama iyaka ta halitta tsakanin Asiya ta Tsakiya da China. Babban Kyzyl Kum">Qizilqum (Turkic don "ja yashi" - rubutun Rasha Kyzyl Kum) hamada, wanda aka raba tare da kudancin Kazakhstan, ya mamaye yankin arewacin Uzbekistan. Yankin da ya fi dacewa a Uzbekistan, Kwarin Fergana, yanki ne na kimanin  kilomita 21,440 (8,280 sq  kai tsaye a gabashin Qizilqum kuma kewaye da tsaunuka a arewa, kudu, da gabas. Yankin yammacin kwarin an bayyana shi ta hanyar Sir Darya, wanda ke gudana a fadin yankin arewa maso gabashin Uzbekistan daga kudancin Kazakhstan zuwa Qizilqum .  Kodayake kwarin Fergana yana karɓar kawai 100 zuwa 300 millimeters (3.9 zuwa 11.8 in) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara, ƙananan ɓangarorin hamada ne kawai suka kasance a tsakiya kuma tare da tuddai a gefen kwarin.

Yanayin Uzbekistan ya bambanta, kama daga shimfidar wuri, yanayin hamada wanda ya ƙunshi kusan kashi 80% na ƙasar zuwa kololuwar tsaunuka a gabas wanda ya kai kimanin mita 4,500 (14,800 ft) sama da matakin teku.  Yankin kudu maso gabashin Uzbekistan yana da gangaren tsaunin Tian Shan, wanda ya tashi sama a makwabciyar Kyrgyzstan da Tajikistan kuma ya samar da iyaka ta dabi'a tsakanin Asiya ta Tsakiya da Sin.  Fadin Qizilqum (Turkiyya don "jan yashi" -Russian rubutun Kyzyl Kum) Hamada, wanda aka raba tare da kudancin Kazakhstan, ya mamaye yankin arewacin kasar Uzbekistan.]  Mafi yawan yanki na Uzbekistan, kwarin Fergana, yanki ne mai girman murabba'in kilomita 21,440 (8,280 sq mi) kai tsaye gabas da Qizilqum kuma ya kewaye shi da tsaunuka zuwa arewa, kudu da gabas.  Ƙarshen yammacin kwarin ana bayyana shi ta hanyar Syr Darya, wanda ya ratsa arewa maso gabashin Uzbekistan daga kudancin Kazakhstan zuwa Qizilqum.  Kodayake kwarin Fergana yana samun kawai milimita 100 zuwa 300 (3.9 zuwa 11.8 in) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara, ƙananan facin hamada ne kawai suka rage a tsakiyar kuma tare da tudu a gefen kwarin.

Wani muhimmin fasalin yanayin jiki na Uzbekistan shine muhimmin aikin girgizar kasa wanda ya mamaye yawancin ƙasar. Lalle ne, yawancin babban birnin Uzbekistan, Tashkent, ya lalace a cikin babban girgizar ƙasa a 1966, kuma wasu girgizar kasa sun haifar da mummunar lalacewa kafin da kuma tun bayan bala'in Tashkent. Yankunan tsaunuka suna da saukin girgizar ƙasa.

## Yanayi

Wani lokaci ana bayyana yanayin Uzbekistan a matsayin Bahar Rum da kuma ruwan , ma'ana cewa yana da lokacin zafi da kuma hunturu mai sanyi. Koyaya, ƙananan yanki ne kawai a gabashin Uzbekistan an rarraba shi azaman Bahar Rum da kuma ruwan zafi a ƙarƙashin Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen. Yawancin yankunan da ke cikin yankuna - gami da duk yankunan yamma da na tsakiya - an rarraba su a matsayin ko dai hamada mai sanyi (Köppen *BWk*) ko kuma tsaunuka mai sanyi (*BSk*).

Yanayin zafi na lokacin rani sau da yawa ya wuce  ° C (104 ° F);  yanayin zafi na hunturu yana tsakanin -1 ° C (30 ° F) da -3 ° C (27 ° F),  amma yana iya faduwa kamar -40 ° C (-40 ° F).  Yawancin ƙasar ma sun bushe sosai, tare da matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara wanda ya kai tsakanin 100 da 200 millimeters (3.9 da 7.9 in) kuma yana faruwa mafi yawa  hunturu da bazara. Tsakanin Yuni da Satumba, karancin ruwan sama ya faɗi, wanda ya dakatar da ci gaban ciyayi a wannan lokacin.

Duk da arziƙin yanayi na Uzbekistan da bambance-bambancen yanayi, shekaru da yawa na rashin kula da muhalli a cikin Tarayyar Soviet sun haɗu da karkatattun manufofin tattalin arziki a kudancin Soviet don sanya Uzbekistan ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman rikice-rikicen muhalli na CIS.  Yawan amfani da sinadarai na noma, karkatar da dimbin ruwan ban ruwa daga koguna guda biyu da ke ciyar da yankin, da rashin samar da ruwan sha na daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da matsalolin lafiya da muhalli a ma'auni..

Lalacewar muhalli a Uzbekistan ya fi dacewa da bala'in Aral Sea. Saboda karkatar da Amu Darya da Syr Darya don noman auduga da sauran dalilai, abin da ya kasance na huɗu mafi girma a duniya ya ragu a cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata zuwa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na girmansa na 1960 kuma ƙasa da rabin girmansa na 1960. Kashewa da gishiri na tafkin sun haifar da guguwa mai yawa na gishiri da ƙura daga busassun teku, suna haifar da lalacewa a kan aikin gona da yanayin halittu na yankin da kuma lafiyar jama'a. Yaduwar hamada ta haifar da asarar rayukan shuke-shuke da dabbobi, asarar ƙasar noma, sauya yanayin yanayi, raguwar amfanin gona a ƙasar noma da ta rage, da lalata abubuwan tarihi da al'adu. Kowace shekara, ana ɗaukar tan da yawa na gishiri har zuwa kilomita 800. Masana yankin sun tabbatar da cewa gishiri da ƙura daga Tekun Aral sun ɗaga matakin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin yanayin duniya da fiye da 5%, yana shafar canjin yanayi na duniya sosai.

Bala'in Tekun Aral shine kawai alamar da aka fi gani na lalacewar muhalli, duk da haka. Hanyar Soviet game da kula da muhalli ta kawo shekarun da suka gabata na kula da ruwa mara kyau da rashin ruwa ko wuraren kula da datti; amfani mai yawa na magungunan kashe kwari, magungunan herbicides, Defoliants, da taki a cikin filayen; da kuma gina masana'antun masana'antu ba tare da la'akari da tasirin mutum ko muhalli ba. Wadannan manufofi suna gabatar da manyan kalubale na muhalli a duk Uzbekistan.

; Haɗarin Halitta
: NA

; Muhalli - batutuwan yanzu
:* raguwar Tekun Aral yana haifar da karuwar magungunan kashe kwari da gishiri na halitta; waɗannan abubuwa ana hura su daga gadon tafkin da ke kara fallasawa kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga hamada; gurɓataccen ruwa daga sharar masana'antu da kuma amfani mai yawa na taki da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta shine dalilin cututtukan lafiyar ɗan adam da yawa; karuwar Gishiri na ƙasa; gurɓata ƙasa daga sinadarai na noma, gami da DDT

; Muhalli - yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa
:* jam'iyya zuwa: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Canjin-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Waste, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
:** Biodiversity, Canjin Yanayi, Canjin Canjin Yanayin Yanayi-Kyoto Protocol, Yaduwa, Dabbobi masu haɗari, Canjin Muhalli, Hadari, Kare Yankin Ozone, Wetlands
:* sanya hannu, amma ba a tabbatar da shi ba: 
:** babu wani daga cikin yarjejeniyoyin da aka zaɓa

### Rashin gurɓata ruwa
Amfani mai yawa na sunadarai don noman auduga, tsarin ban ruwa mara inganci, da tsarin magudanar ruwa marasa kyau misalai ne na yanayin da ya haifar da babban tacewar ruwan gishiri da gurbataccen ruwa a cikin ƙasa. Manufofin bayan Soviet sun zama mafi haɗari; a farkon shekarun 1990s, matsakaicin aikace-aikacen takin sinadarai da magungunan kashe kwari a duk faɗin jamhuriyoyin Asiya ta Tsakiya ya kasance 20 zuwa 25 kilogram a kowace hekta, idan aka kwatanta da tsohon matsakaicin kilo uku a kowace hekita ga dukan Tarayyar Soviet. A sakamakon haka, samar da ruwa mai laushi ya sami ƙarin gurɓataccen abu. Har ila yau, gurɓataccen masana'antu ya lalata ruwan Uzbekistan. A cikin Amu Darya, an auna maida hankali ga phenol da kayan mai a sama da ka'idodin kiwon lafiya. A cikin 1989 Ministan Lafiya na Turkmen SSR ya bayyana Amu Darya a matsayin ramin datti don kayan masana'antu da kayan aikin gona. Masana da suka sa ido kan kogin a shekarar 1995 sun ba da rahoton kara tabarbarewa.

A farkon shekarun 1990s, kusan kashi 60% na kudaden kula da gurɓata sun tafi ayyukan da suka shafi ruwa, amma kusan rabin birane da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na ƙauyuka suna da magudanar ruwa. Tsarin ruwa na al'umma ba ya cika ka'idodin kiwon lafiya; yawancin jama'a ba su da tsarin ruwan sha kuma dole ne su sha ruwa kai tsaye daga ramin ban ruwa mai gurbatawa, canals, ko Amu Darya kanta.

A cewar wani rahoto, kusan dukkanin manyan ruwa mai laushi a karkashin kasa a Uzbekistan sun gurɓata ta hanyar masana'antu da sinadarai. Wani jami'i a Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Uzbekistan ya kiyasta cewa kusan rabin yawan mutanen kasar suna zaune a yankunan da ruwa ya gurɓata sosai. Gwamnati ta kiyasta a shekarar 1995 cewa 230 ne kawai daga cikin kamfanonin masana'antu 8,000 na kasar suna bin ka'idodin kula da gurɓata.

### Rashin gurɓata iska
Rashin kula da ruwa da kuma amfani da sinadarai na gona sun gurɓata iska. Guguwar gishiri da ƙura da kuma yayyafa magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta da defoliants don amfanin auduga sun haifar da mummunar lalacewar ingancin iska a yankunan karkara.

A cikin birane, masana'antu da hayakin mota suna da haɗari ga ingancin iska. Kasa da rabin masana'antun hayaki a Uzbekistan suna sanye take da na'urorin tacewa, kuma babu wanda ke da ikon tace hayaki. Bugu da kari, babban kashi na matattarar da ke akwai ba su da kyau ko kuma ba sa aiki. Bayanan gurɓataccen iska don Tashkent, Farghona, da Olmaliq sun nuna dukkan biranen uku sun wuce matakan da aka ba da shawarar na nitrous dioxide da ƙwayoyin cuta. An sami manyan matakan ƙarfe masu nauyi kamar gubar, nickel, zinc, jan ƙarfe, mercury, da manganese a cikin yanayin Uzbekistan, galibi daga ƙone burbushin burbushin, kayan sharar gida, da ƙarfe da ƙarfe. Musamman an bayar da rahoton yawan karafa masu nauyi a lardin Tashkent da kuma kudancin Uzbekistan kusa da Olmaliq Metallurgy Combine .  A tsakiyar shekarun 1990s, samar da masana'antu na Uzbekistan, kusan kashi 60% na jimlar ga ƙasashen Asiya ta Tsakiya ban da Kazakhstan, sun kuma samar da kusan kashi 60% daga jimlar fitar da abubuwa masu cutarwa daga Asiya ta Tsakiyar zuwa cikin yanayi. Saboda motoci ba su da yawa, hayaki na mota matsala ce kawai a Tashkent da Farghona.

### Ƙasa da Ƙasa
Rage ruwa a Uzbekistan ya haifar da lalacewar ƙasa, kuma yaduwar gishiri daga Tekun Aral ya gurɓata ƙasar da ke kewaye. Ƙasa ta rasa yawancin ruwan ta saboda karuwar ban ruwa. Rashin ruwa na gonaki tare da ruwa daga Tekun Aral ya haifar da karuwar gishiri na ƙasa, wanda ya sa gonar ta zama ƙasa mai amfani da lalata babban ɓangare na ƙasar da za a iya amfani da ita.

Adadin makiyaya a Uzbekistan ya ragu a hankali galibi saboda yawan kiwo da Canjin yanayi. Kimanin kashi 62.6% na ƙasar a Uzbekistan ana amfani da ita don noma tare da kashi 51.7% na wannan ƙasar da aka yi amfani da ita ga makiyaya na dindindin.

An gurɓata ƙasa ta hanyar hakar ma'adinai da ayyukan narkewa saboda yaduwar karafa da sauran gurɓataccen iska. Rashin gurɓataccen ƙasa yana haifar da haɗarin muhalli kamar rage numfashi na ƙasa, gurɓatawar ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma mummunar tasiri ga hulɗar trophic. Yawancin nau'ikan dabbobi suna da hankali ga gurɓataccen ƙarfe kuma suna fuskantar shi kai tsaye ta hanyar rayuwa daga ƙasar da aka gurɓata ta hanyar hakar ma'adinai da ayyukan narkewa. Karfe da ke gurɓata ƙasa da ƙasa sun haɗa da jan ƙarfe, zinariya, gubar, azurfa, zinc na ƙarfe, da sauransu. Misali shine hadadden ƙarfe a Almalik a Uzbekistan wanda ke ƙera ƙarfe kuma yana da wuraren ajiyar sharar gida a yankunan da ke kewaye, wanda ke gurɓata ƙasa, ruwa mai zurfi, da iska tare da adadi mai yawa na jan ƙarfe, zinc, arsenic, gubar, da cadmium. Cibiyoyin hakar ma'adinai a Uzbekistan sun haifar da sharar gida mai guba wanda ya bazu ta cikin ƙasa, ruwa, iska, hanyoyin ruwa, da ƙasa.

Ƙasa a Uzbekistan ma an gurɓata ta hanyar Sharar masana'antu. Rashin kula da shi da kuma zubar da sharar masana'antu ya gurɓata ƙasar a Uzbekistan da sauran ƙasashe a Asiya ta Tsakiya. Rashin ruwa na Tekun Aral ya fallasa Tsibirin Vozrozhdeniya, wanda aka fi sani da tsibirin tashin matattu, ga ƙasa da muhalli a Uzbekistan lokacin da tsibirin ya canza zuwa babban tsibirin. A tsibirin tashin matattu, an gurɓata ƙasa da ƙasa tare da ƙwayoyin cuta da aka yi amfani da su da su saboda shirin makamai na sirri da sojojin Soviet suka gudanar. Sojojin Rasha, Gwamnatin Uzbekistan, da masana na Amurka sun tsabtace tsibirin saboda haɗarin kiwon lafiya da muhalli da zai iya haifar da sabon haɗin da ke da ƙasar.

### Manufofin muhalli na gwamnati
The government of Uzbekistan has acknowledged the extent of the country's environmental problems, and it has made a commitment to address them in its Biodiversity Action Plan.&#x5B;**&#x5D; But the governmental structures to deal with these problems remain confused and ill-defined. Old agencies and organizations have been expanded to address these questions, and new ones have been created, resulting in a bureaucratic web of agencies with no generally understood commitment to attack environmental problems directly. Various nongovernmental and grassroots environmental organizations also have begun to form, some closely tied to the current government and others assuming an opposition stance. For example, environmental issues were prominent points in the original platform of Birlik, the first major opposition movement to emerge in Uzbekistan. By the mid-1990s, such issues had become a key concern of all opposition groups and a cause of growing concern among the population as a whole.

A farkon rabin shekarun 1990s, an gabatar da tsare-tsare da yawa don iyakance ko hana ayyukan tattalin arziki waɗanda ke lalata muhalli. Duk da tattaunawar shirye-shiryen da za su buƙaci biyan kuɗi don albarkatun (musamman ruwa) da kuma karɓar tarar daga masu gurɓataccen gurɓata, duk da haka, an cika kaɗan. Matsalar ita ce rashin tilasta bin doka a waɗannan yankuna, tsarin tattalin arziki da muhalli na gwamnati, cin hanci da rashawa, da kuma yawan iko a hannun shugaban kasa wanda ke nuna rashin haƙuri ga ayyukan ƙauyuka.

Masu ba da gudummawa na duniya da hukumomin agaji na Yammacin Turai sun tsara shirye-shirye don canja wurin fasaha da fasaha don magance waɗannan matsalolin. Amma matsalolin muhalli na kasar galibi sakamakon cin zarafi ne da rashin kula da albarkatun kasa da aka inganta ta hanyar siyasa da tattalin arziki. Har sai da za a yi amfani da siyasa don la'akari da matsalolin muhalli da kiwon lafiya a matsayin barazana ba kawai ga gwamnati da ke mulki ba har ma da rayuwar Uzbekistan ba, ba za a magance barazanar muhalli mai tsanani ba.

Gwamnatin Uzbekistan ta haɗu da sojoji tare da Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, da Kyrgyzstan a cikin 1992 don kafa Asusun Duniya don Ceton Tekun Aral (IFAS) kuma a cikin 1993 don kafa Majalisar Interstate kan Matsalar Tekun Arals (ICAS). An kafa ICAS don yin aiki tare da Bankin Duniya don inganta yanayin Tekun Aral, amma an rushe shi a cikin 1997 don kafa IFAS.

Gwamnatin Uzbekistan tare da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da masu ba da gudummawa na kasa da kasa na Amurka suna aiki don taimakawa inganta yanayin kiwon lafiya a Uzbekistan tun daga shekarun 1990. Wannan ya haifar da ingantaccen ruwan sha. Bankin Duniya da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun kuma shiga cikin shirya hanyoyin magance matsalolin muhalli a Uzbekistan. Bankin Duniya ya yi aiki tare da ƙasashe a cikin Aral Sea Basin don samar da Shirin Taimako na Aral Sea (ASBP) a farkon shekarun 1990. Babban rawar da ASBP ke takawa ita ce farfado da yankin Aral Sea wanda aka lalata ta hanyar narkewa, tsarawa da gudanar da kogin Amu Darya da Syr Darya, da kuma gina cibiyoyin don tsarawa da aiwatar da farfadowa da gudanarwa da albarkatun ruwa da ke kewaye da Tekun Aral. Bankin Duniya ya kuma kafa Shirin Gudanar da Ruwa da Muhalli a cikin 1998 wanda Bankin Duniya da Cibiyar Muhalli ta Duniya (GEF) suka ba da kuɗin. Bankin Duniya, Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP), Hukumar Ci Gaban Duniya ta Amurka (USAID), Bankin Ci Gaban Asiya, da kuma gwamnatocin wasu kasashe ne suka ba da kuɗin shirin. Sauran kungiyoyin da suka ba da gudummawa ga farfadowa da gudanar da Tekun Aral sun hada da Tarayyar Turai, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, UNESCO, Shirin Ci gaban Majalisar Dinkinobho (UNDP), Kungiyar Yarjejeniyar Arewacin Atlantic (NATO), da Shirin Kimiyya don Zaman Lafiya.

## Yankin da iyakoki

; Yankin - kwatankwacin
:* girman daidai da MoroccoMaroko
:* dan kadan karami fiye da Sweden
:* Kwatanta Australia: dan kadan kasa da sau biyu girman Victoria
:* Kwatanta Kanada: dan kadan karami fiye da Yukon
:* Kwatanta United Kingdom: kusan ⁠5/6⁠ ya fi girma daga United Kingdom 
:* Kwatanta Amurka: dan kadan ya fi California girma
:* Kwatanta EU: dan kadan kasa da 1 + 2⁠ sau girman Italiya 

; Yankunan ƙasa
:* Jimillar: kilomita 6,221&nbsp;
:* Kasashen iyaka: Afghanistan (137 km), Kazakhstan (2,203 km), Kyrgyzstan (1,099 km), Tajikistan (1,161 km), Turkmenistan (1,621 km) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

; Da'awar teku
:* Babu wani. 
:** Lura: Uzbekistan na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe biyu kawai (Liechtenstein) a duniya waɗanda ke da ƙuƙwalwa sau biyu.

; Babban tsawo
:* Matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci: Sariqarnish Kuli -12 mita (39  a ƙasa da matakin teku.
:* Matsayi mafi girma: Alpomish Peak, mita 4,668 (15,315  

; Albarkatun halitta
: iskar gas, man fetur, kwal, zinariya, uranium, azurfa, jan ƙarfe, gubar da zinc, tungsten, molybdenum

## Manazarta