Tafiyar Domínguez-Escalante

**Balaguron Domínguez-Escalante** wani tafiyar bincike ne na Mutanen Espanya wanda firistoci biyu na Franciscan, Atanasio Domínguz da Silvestre Vélez de Escalante suka gudanar a shekara ta 1776, don neman hanyar tafiyar ƙasa daga Santa Fe, New Mexico, zuwa mishan na Roman Katolika a Monterey, a bakin tekun tsakiyar California na zamani. Domínguez, Vélez de Escalante, da Bernardo de Miera da Pacheco, suna aiki a matsayin masu tsara taswira, sun yi tafiya tare da mutane goma daga Santa Fe ta hanyar ɓangarorin da ba a bincika su ba na Yammacin Amurka, gami da yammacin Colorado, Utah, da arewacin Arizona. A wani bangare na tafiyar, 'yan asalin ƙasar Timpanogos (Mutanen Ute) sun taimaka musu.

Ƙasar ta kasance mai tsanani kuma ba ta da yafiya, kuma wahalar da ta fuskanta yayin tafiya ta tilasta wa ƙungiyar su koma Santa Fe kafin su isaLas Californias. Taswira da takardun da aka samar ta hanyar balaguron sun taimaka wa matafiya na gaba. Hanyar Domínguez-Escalante ta zama samfuri nafarko na hanyoyin kasuwanci na Mutanen Espanya na baya, hanyar kasuwanci daga Santa Fe zuwa ƙauyukan Gabar tekun Pacific.

## Masu bincike

### Atanasio Domínguez
An haifi Fray Francisco Atanasio Domínguez a Birnin Mexico game da shekara ta 1740, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1757, yana da shekara 17, ya shiga tsarin Franciscan. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1772, Domínguez ya kasance a dalibin Veracruz a matsayin Kwamishina na Uku. Ya isa Santa Fe a ranar 22 ga Maris, 1776, a cikin New Mexico na yanzu, na lardin Mexico don bincika Tsaro na Juyowa na St. Paul da bincika buɗe hanyar ƙasa daga Santa Fe zuwa Monterey, California. Bayan ya dawo Santa Fe da Mexico City, Domínguez ya gabatar wa shugabanninsa na Franciscan wani rahoto wanda ya soki gwamnatin New Mexico. Ra'ayoyinsa sun sa ya fadi daga tagomashi tare da Franciscans a cikin iko, wanda ya kai shi ga wani aiki a wani matsayi mai ban mamaki a wani aikin Sonoran Desert a Lardin Sonora da Sinaloa a arewacin Mexico.

A shekara ta 1777, Domínguez ya koma Mexico kuma ya kasance malamin presidios a Nueva Vizcaya. A cikin 1800, ya kasance a Janos, Sonora, Mexico. Ya mutu tsakanin 1803 da 1805. 

### Silvestre Vélez de Escalante
An haifi Fray Francisco Silvestre Vélez de Escalante a Treceño, Cantabria, Spain game da 1750. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 17 ya zama Franciscan a Convento Grande a Birnin Mexico . A shekara ta 1774 ya zo New Mexico na yanzu a lardin Mexico; an fara ajiye shi a Laguna pueblo sannan a watan Janairun 1775 aka sanya shi a matsayin minista ga Zuni. A watan Yunin 1776 Domínguez ya kira shi don balaguron zuwa California kuma ya kasance a New Mexico na tsawon shekaru biyu bayan balaguron. Ya mutu yana da shekaru 30 a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1780 a Parral, Mexico, yayin tafiyarsa ta dawowa Mexico City don magani. Vélez de Escalante an san shi da mujallarsa, inda ya bayyana tafiye-tafiyen da ya ci gaba.

Sunayen Escalante sun haɗa da Desert Escalante, Kogin Escalante (birni), Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument.

### Bernardo de Miera da Pacheco
Bernardo de Miera da Pacheco, ɗan asalin Valle de Carriedo, Cantabria, Spain, ya zauna a Chihuahua kafin ya koma El Paso a cikin 1743. Daga 1754-56 ya zauna a Santa Fe . Mai basira da yawa, ya kasance injiniyan soja, ɗan kasuwa, mayaƙin Indiya, wakilin gwamnati, rancher da kuma mai zane. Kwarewarsa ne a matsayin mai zane-zane wanda ya sanya balaguron tarihi lokacin da ya samar da taswirori da yawa na balaguron a kusa da 1778 da kuma rahoto game da balaguron, wanda aka haɗa a cikin Herbert E. Bolton, Pageant in the Wilderness: The Story of the Escalante Expedition to the Interior Basin . An kuma san shi da zane-zane, gami da zanen St. Michael a kan allon bagade a cikin ɗakin sujada na San Miguel na Santa Fe da siffofin da ke cikin cocin Zuni. 

### Timpanog Utes
Malaman cocin, Domínguez da Escalante sun bada suna ga 'yan asalin Amurka uku da suka shiga aikin a matsayin jagora: 

* "Silvestre", mai suna bayan Silvestre Escalante, daga yau Utah shine babban jagorar 'yan asalin daga Colorado zuwa Utah. Saboda saninsa tare da kabilun Ute, masu binciken sun ji daɗin hanya mai aminci.
* "Joaquín", wani yaro mai shekaru 12, ya shiga aikin tare da Silvestre a matsayin jagora. Bayan barin ƙauyen Silvestre, kusa da Provo na yanzu, Utah, Joaquín ya taimaka wa masu binciken a kan tafiyarsu ta dawowa zuwa Santa Fe, New Mexico. An yi masa baftisma a can a Cocin Katolika.
* "José María", sunan da aka haɗa na Yusufu da Maryamu na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, sun shiga aikin a ƙauyen Silvestre. Kamar Joaquín, José María yaro ne, mai yiwuwa kuma kimanin shekaru 12. Bai kammala tafiyar zuwa Santa Fe ba; lokacin da ya ga mummunar kulawa da aka yi wa ɗaya daga cikin bayin, sai ya koma ƙauyensa.

### Sauran masu bincike
Sauran mutanen da suka fara balaguron a Santa Fe sun hada da: 

* Don Juan Pedro Cisneros, Magajin gari na Zuñi Pueblo
* Don Joaquín Lain, ɗan asalin Santa Cruz a Castilla la Vieja kuma ɗan ƙasar Santa Fe a lokacin balaguron. Ya mutu a shekara ta 1799.
* Lorenzo Olivares daga La Villa del Paso, ɗan ƙasar El Paso a lokacin balaguron
* Andrés Muñiz daga Bernalillo, New Mexico ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara tare da harshen Utes. Ya kasance wani ɓangare na balaguron Juan María de Rivera zuwa Kogin Gunnison a cikin 1775.
* Lucrecio Muñiz ɗan'uwan Andrés Muñiz ne, daga Embudo, arewacin Santa Fe .
* An haifi Juan de Aguilar a Santa Clara, New Mexico .
* Simon Lucero, bawan Don Pedro Cisneros, mai yiwuwa ya kasance Zuni.

## Tafiyar

An gudanar da tafiyar Domínguez-Escalante a cikin shekara ta 1776 tare da manufar neman hanyar da ba a bincika ba daga Santa Fe, New Mexico, zuwa Ayyukan Mutanen Espanya a Las Californias, kamar Presidio na Mutanen Espanya da ke Monterey. A ranar 29 ga Yuli, 1776, Atanasio Domínguez ya jagoranci balaguron daga Santa Fe tare da ɗan'uwansa Silvestre Vélez de Escalante da mai zane-zane Bernardo de Miera da Pacheco (Miera).  Sashe na farko na tafiyarsu ya bi hanyar da Juan Rivera ya dauka shekaru goma sha ɗaya da suka gabata zuwa ƙasar Ute ta kudu maso yammacin Colorado. Masu jagorantar Timpanogos guda uku sun jagoranci su ta hanyar Colorado da Utah.

Wadannan masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya sune mutanen Turai na farko da suka yi tafiya ta yawancin Colorado Plateau zuwa Utah, kuma suka koma ta hanyar Arizona zuwa New Mexico. A lokacin tafiyarsu, sun rubuta hanyoyin kuma sun ba da cikakken bayani game da "ciyayi, tsaunuka cike da ma'adanai da katako, rusassun birane na dutse masu ban mamaki da ƙauyuka, da kuma kogi da ke nuna alamun ƙarafuna masu daraja".

## Hanyoyin

### Arizona

**Desert Mojave, arewa maso yammacin Arizona, Oktoba 16**

: Binciken ya so ya yi tafiya a kudu zuwa Kogin Colorado amma ya koyi daga 'yan asalin Amurka guda takwas cewa kodayake ba su da nisa da Kogin Colorado ba ne mai kusanci, kewaye da babban, mai zurfi (Grand Canyon). Ba tare da wadata ba, sai suka yi hadaya da daya daga cikin dawakai don abinci kuma washegari suka nemi ruwa. Miera ba ta da lafiya, ba ta iya cin abinci kuma kusan ba ta iya magana. A kusa da Diamond Butte, sun zo ga 'yan asalin Amurka guda biyar, wanda ake kira Yubuincariris, wanda ya nuna musu zuwa wani yanki na ruwa mai kyau kuma ya ɗauki wasu mutane zuwa ƙauyukansu don cinikayya don wasu abinci, tumakin daji, pear mai ƙyama da tsaba. 'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka sun kuma raba bayanai game da wasu kabilun makwabta. Kodayake ba su san komai game da Monterey ba, sun ji labarin tafiye-tafiyen Uba Garces.

**Kogin Paria, Oktoba 22**

: Binciken ya ci gaba da fuskantar matsaloli saboda rashin lafiya da rashin ruwa, makiyaya da kayan aiki yayin da suka yi hanyarsu ta gabas a fadin jihar Arizona ta yanzu, wani lokacin suna zuwa arewa don ƙetare zuwa abin da ke yanzu Utah. An yi tsayawa da yawa tare da Kogin Paria da tsaunuka, Wahweap da Glen Canyon . 

**Tsallakawar Iyaye, Kogin Colorado, Oktoba 26 - Nuwamba 7**

: Da jagorancin 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka, balaguron ya ci gaba zuwa shafin Lees Ferry na yanzu, amma ya sami wahalar ƙetarewa. An kai su ga hanyar ta biyu ta Kogin Colorado, inda suka zana matakai a cikin bangon canyon. Wannan ford, mai suna Crossing of the Fathers, yanzu an nutse a ƙarƙashin Tafkin Powell.

**Arewa maso gabashin Arizona, Nuwamba 8-12**

: Yayinda suke tsallaka arewa maso gabashin Arizona, jam'iyyar ta jimre da dusar ƙanƙara, yanayin sanyi, ba su da abinci ko ruwa, kuma sun fuskanci matsaloli wajen samun hanya mai kyau. Jaridarsu ta rubuta waɗannan matsalolin, amma rikodin hanyarsu ba ta da kyau saboda suna da matukar damuwa wajen ƙoƙarin tsira. Koyaya, a cikin 1884, Harry L. Baldwin, memba na ƙungiyar binciken ƙasa ta Amurka, ya gano babban dutse mai ɗauke da rubutun tare da sunan Mutanen Espanya da kwanan wata "1776". A cikin 1995, Fadar Gwamnoni Gidan Tarihi na New Mexico a Santa Fe ta gudanar da bincike kuma ta sami babban dutse mai yashi, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin bayanan 1884, har yanzu tana ɗauke da kwanan wata "1776". Ziyarar dawowa a cikin 1996 ta tabbatar da binciken kuma ta haifar da ra'ayi cewa wannan shafin ne da Domínguez-Escalante ya ziyarta, mai yiwuwa a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1776.

**Mutanen Oraybi, Nuwamba 16**

: A ƙarshe, jam'iyyar ta isa wani gari na Hopi (Moqui), Oraybi, a kan Mesa na Uku, inda aka tsare su, ciyar da su, da kuma samar da su.

### Komawa New Mexico
**Arewa maso yammacin New Mexico da Santa Fe, Nuwamba 17 - Janairu 2, 1777**

: Ci gaba da tafiyarsu ta arewa maso yammacin New Mexico, jam'iyyar ta isa Santa Fe a ranar 2 ga Janairu, 1777. 

## Tsohon Hanyar Mutanen Espanya

Taswirar da bayanan da suka samo asali daga balaguron sun ba da bayanai masu amfani don tafiya ta gaba, kuma hanyarsu daga Santa Fe zuwa kwarin Salt Lake ya zama ɓangaren farko na hanyar da aka sani da Tsohon Mutanen Espanya Trail.

## Manazarta