Rhodesia (1964-1965)

**Rhodesia**  ya kasance mulkin mallaka na mulkin mallaka a kudancin Afirka. Har zuwa shekara ta 1964, an san yankin da Kudancin Rhodesia, kuma kasa da shekara guda kafin canjin sunan mulkin mallaka ya zama wani ɓangare na Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland kuma ya dauki bakuncin babban birninta, Salisbury. A ranar 1 ga Janairun 1964, sassa uku na Tarayyar (Kudancin Rhodesia, Arewacin Rhodesia da Nyasaland) sun zama yankuna daban-daban kamar yadda suka kasance kafin kafa Tarayyar a ranar 1 ga Agusta 1953. 

An ga mutuwar gajeren hadin gwiwar da ta samo asali ne daga ƙungiyoyin baƙar fata a Arewacin Rhodesia da Nyasaland, kuma an yi saurin bin diddigin zuwa ga 'yancin kai - Nyasaland na farko, a matsayin Malawi, a ranar 6 ga Yuli 1964 da Arewacin Rhodesian na biyu, a matsayin Zambia, a ranar 24 ga Oktoba. Kudancin Rhodesia, akasin haka, ya tsaya sosai a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin fari, kuma yawan fararen jama'a, wanda ya fi yawan fararen mutane a wasu wurare a cikin Tarayyar da ta gabata, ya kasance, gabaɗaya, yana adawa da gabatar da mulkin mafi rinjaye. 

Firayim Ministan Kudancin Rhodesia, Winston Field, wanda gwamnatinsa ta lashe mafi yawan sojojin tarayyar da sauran kadarorin KudancinRhodesia, ya fara neman 'yancin kai daga Ƙasar Ingila ba tare da gabatar da mulkin rinjaye ba. Koyaya, bai yi nasara ba kuma jam'iyyarsa, Rhodesian Front, ta tilasta masa ya yi murabus. Kwanaki kafin murabus dinsa, a kan bukatar Field, Kudancin Rhodesia ya canza tutar sa zuwa tutar shuɗi ta sama da aka lalata tare da makamai na Rhodesia, ya zama mulkin mallaka na farko na Burtaniya da ya yi amfani da alamar shuɗi na sama maimakon mai duhu.

## Tarihi

### Sunan
A ranar 7 ga Oktoba 1964, gwamnatin Kudancin Rhodesia ta ba da sanarwar cewa lokacin da Arewacin Rhodesia ya sami 'yancin kai a matsayin Zambia, gwamnatin Kudancen Rhodesia za ta zama sananne a matsayin Gwamnatin Rhodesia kuma mulkin mallaka zai zama sananne da Rhodesia.

A ranar 23 ga Oktoba na wannan shekarar, Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida ya sanar da manema labarai cewa za a yi wa Kundin Tsarin Mulki gyare-gyare don sanya wannan jami'in. Majalisar Dokoki ta zartar da Dokar Fassara don bayyana cewa za a iya kiran mulkin mallaka a matsayin Rhodesia. Dokar ta sami karatun ta na uku a ranar 9 ga Disamba 1964, kuma ta wuce ga Gwamna don amincewar sarauta.

Kodayake ba a ba da izinin sarauta ba, gwamnatin Rhodesia ta yi amfani da sunan 'Rhodesia' maimakon 'Southern Rhodesia' daga wannan lokacin. Har ila yau, Ƙasar Ingila ta amince da canjin sunan, kuma Ofishin mulkin mallaka, a shekarar 1965, a hukumance ta yi amfani da sunan "Rhodesia" a cikin jaridu da gwamnatin Burtaniya ta bayar na lokacin (alal misali, duba: The Queen's Birthday Honours of 12 Yuni 1965). 

Dukkanin mulkin mallaka na Kudancin Rhodesia da Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland sun yi gasa a Wasannin Olympics a lokuta da yawa a matsayin kawai 'Rhodesia', wanda gwamnatin Burtaniya ba ta taɓa yin hamayya da shi ba. Lokacin da aka gayyaci Jamhuriyar Rhodesia don yin gasa a gasar Olympics ta 1972 a Munich (wani tayin da aka soke kwanaki kadan kafin fara wasannin), sun isa ƙauyen Olympic a matsayin 'Rhodesia', duk da cewa a ƙarƙashin alamar duhu mai launin shudi na Kudancin Rhodesia kuma tare da 'Allah ya ceci Sarauniya' a matsayin taken su.

### Yanayin siyasa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland
Bayan rushewar Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland, an sake dawo da Kudancin Rhodesia a matsayin mulkin mallaka a ranar 1 ga Janairun 1964. Tun daga shekara ta 1962, Rhodesian Front ne ke jagorantar yankin, tare da Winston Field a matsayin Firayim Minista. Filin ya lashe mafi yawan sojojin tarayyar da sauran kadarorin Kudancin Rhodesia, amma mulkin mallaka yanzu ya sami kansa da yawa, tare da Arewacin Rhodesia da Nyasaland da sauri suna zuwa ga 'yancin kai a karkashin mulkin mafi rinjaye. Tsoron aiwatar da gwamnatin baƙar fata mafi rinjaye a Salisbury ta Burtaniya, fararen al'ummar Rhodesia yanzu suna da sha'awar 'yancin kai, amma a karkashin tsarin siyasa na yanzu. Koyaya, tattaunawar tsakanin Field da gwamnatin Burtaniya a London a watan Yunin 1963 da Janairu 1964 ba ta nuna wani abu mai yawa tsakanin Salisbury da Whitehall ba. Mutane da yawa a cikin Rhodesian Front sun ji cewa Field ba ya yaƙi sosai don samun 'yancin kai, har ma yana tunanin cewa yana barin kansa yaudare shi game da alkawuran Burtaniya na ikon mallaka.

John Gaunt, tsohon dan majalisa na Tarayya na Lusaka kuma tsohon Kwamishinan Gundumar a Arewacin Rhodesia, ya kasance yana haifar da rashin jin daɗi tsakanin mambobin majalisar Field, wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na. Sanin wannan, Field ya bukaci ya yi murabus a cikin bazara na 1964. Gaunt ya tambaye shi ya jira karshen mako yayin da ya share wasu batutuwa a ofishinsa. A wannan lokacin, Gaunt da Smith sun shirya wani makirci a kan Field, wanda yanzu ake ganin ba shi da tasiri bayan ya kasa samun 'yancin kai. Ken Flower, shugaban kungiyar leken asiri ta Rhodesia, kungiyar da Field ya ba da umarnin a kafa ta, a zahiri ya gargadi shi wani lokaci a baya akwai makirci a kansa, wanda ya shafi ministocinsa da yawa.

Kungiyar Rhodesian Front ta yanke shawarar neman murabus dinsa a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1964 kuma an gabatar da shawarar ga Field washegari, kodayake ba a yi bukatar ba har sai taron majalisar ministoci bayan 'yan kwanaki. An maye gurbin Field a matsayin shugaban Rhodesian Front kuma a matsayin Firayim Minista na Rhodesia ta hanyar Ian Smith a ranar 14 ga Afrilu 1964, duk da cewa Gwamna Sir Humphrey Gibbs ya bukaci ya yi yaƙi da 'yan tawaye a jam'iyyarsa.

### Lokaci a matsayin 'Rhodesia' bayan samun 'yancin Zambia da Malawi
A ranar 24 ga Oktoba 1964, mai kare Arewacin Rhodesia ya sami 'yanci a matsayin Zambia. A matsayin ƙasa ta farko da ta fara Wasannin Olympics a matsayin jiha ɗaya kuma ta bar a matsayin wata, Zambia ta buƙaci takardar bayani ga tawagarta a bikin rufe Wasannin Olympics na bazara na 1964 a Tokyo. A wannan rana, daidai da maganganun da suka gabata daga gwamnati a Salisbury, an sake sunan Kudancin Rhodesia 'Rhodesia',  amma wannan bai buƙaci wata alama ba saboda Kudancin Rodesia, da kuma Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland, koyaushe ana wakilta su a matsayin 'Rhodesia' lokacin da suke shiga gasar Olympics.

A cikin jerin ayyukan da suka share hanyar da za a yi wa Rhodesian sanarwar 'yancin kai daga Burtaniya, Ian Smith ya yi ritaya daga shugaban sojojin Rhodesia, Manjo Janar John Anderson, wanda aka sani da adawa da duk wani mataki da Salisbury ya dauka ba bisa ka'ida ba. Ya kuma ki amincewa da gayyatar Firayim Minista na Burtaniya Harold Wilson don ziyartar Landan don tattaunawa kan sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Rhodesia. Smith ya bayyana cewa bai yi tsayayya da tattaunawa ba - akasin haka, ya gan su 'masu mahimmanci' - amma ya sami lokacin 'ɗan lokaci', saboda Rhodesia ta fara yakin neman zabe don raba gardama na 'yancin kai a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1964. Smith ya kuma kira wani indaba na fiye da 600 shugabannin da shugabannin don auna goyon bayan 'yan asalin ƙasar ga' yancin Rhodesia a karkashin tsarin mulki na yanzu, kuma shugabannin kabilun sun kada kuri'a tare da amincewa. Salisbury ya ba gwamnatin Burtaniya damar aika masu kallo zuwa indaba, amma sun ki amincewa da shawarar kuma sun ki yarda da sakamakon a matsayin wakilin ra'ayin 'yan asalin ƙasar kan' yancin Rhodesia.

A ranar 25 ga Oktoba 1964, baƙi hamsin da suka halarci bukukuwan 'yancin Zambia, ciki har da ministocin ministoci da manyan jami'an kasashen waje, waɗanda suka shirya ziyartar gefen Rhodesia na Victoria Falls, sun ki ƙetare iyakar saboda rikici na launin fata tare da masu tsaron iyakar Rhodesia. Da yake ƙin jerin fasinjoji, jami'an sun nemi a bincika fasfo a waje da bas ɗin, kuma sun gaya wa fasinjoji su rabu cikin fararen rukuni da kuma wadanda ba fararen ba don waɗannan binciken. An gaya musu cewa daya daga cikin takardun fasinjoji ba a cikin tsari ba, kuma, bayan sun riga sun nuna rashin amincewa da takardun, jam'iyyar ta yanke shawarar ƙetare iyaka.

### Rubuce-rubucen raba gardama na 'yancin kai
An gudanar da raba gardama na 'yancin kai a Rhodesia a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1964 tsakanin masu jefa kuri'a na fari don tabbatar da matakin goyon bayan masu jefa kuriʼa na Rhodesia don' yancin kai a karkashin kundin tsarin mulki na 1961. Sakamakon ya kasance sama da kashi 90% na goyon bayan 'yancin kai, a kan masu halarta sama da kashi 61%. Kusan dukkanin masu jefa kuri'a ne suka kaurace wa kuri'ar kuma akwai fararen fata da yawa da ba su jefa kuri'ar ba.

### Nasara ta Rhodesian Front a zaben 1965
An gudanar da babban zabe a Rhodesia a ranar 7 ga Mayu 1965. Rhodesian Front, karkashin jagorancin Ian Smith, ya lashe dukkan kujerun mazabar 50 a Majalisar Dokokin Rhodesia mai kujeru 65, inda yawancin fararen A (95,208 fari da 2,256 baki) suka fi tasiri. Jam'iyyar ba ta yi takara a kowane kujerun gundumar ba, inda mafi yawan baƙar fata B suna da nauyi mafi girma.

## Siyasa
Ba a taɓa ɗaukar Rhodesia a matsayin mulkin mallaka ba amma ita ce kawai mulkin mallaka da ke jin daɗin irin wannan matakin cin gashin kai daga Ƙasar Ingila. Lokacin tsakanin 1964 da 1965 an bayyana shi ne ta hanyar gwagwarmayar Rhodesian don cikakken 'yancin kai daga Daular Burtaniya, gazawar asali wanda ya kawo Firayim Minista Winston Field kafin' yancin Arewacin Rhodesia da Nyasaland, kuma wanda a ƙarshe Firayim Ministan Ian Smith zai cimma shi, wanda ya gaji shi.

An gudanar da raba gardama a shekarar 1964 kan batun 'yancin kai. Fiye da kashi 90% na kuri'un an jefa su don neman 'yancin Rhodesia. Don auna ra'ayoyin al'ummomin kabilun Rhodesia, a cikin al'adunsu ikon siyasa ya fi yawa ga shugabannin, Smith ya kira indaba wanda ya haifar da goyon baya ɗaya ga 'yancin kai tsakanin shugabannin kabilun Rodesia.

Rhodesia ta gudanar da babban zabe a shekarar 1965, wanda kawai ya faru tsakanin 'Kudancin Rhodesia' da 'UDI'. Jam'iyyar Rhodesian Front, wacce ta yi yakin neman 'yancin kai a zaben raba gardama na 1964, ta lashe dukkan kujerun mazabar 50, ta ba ta rinjaye a Majalisar Dokokin Rhodesia.

## Manazarta