Gyara muhalli

**Gyara [[Yanayi na halitta|muhalli]]** shine tsaftace abubuwa masu haɗari da ke hulɗa da cirewa, magani da kuma hana gurɓataccen yanayi ko gurɓatacce daga kafofin watsa labarai na muhalli kamar ƙasa, ruwa mai zurfi, turɓaya. Ana iya buƙatar *gyare-gyare* ta hanyar ka'idoji kafin ci gaban ayyukan sake farfado da ƙasa. Masu haɓakawa waɗanda suka yarda da tsaftacewa da son rai za a iya ba da ƙarfafawa a ƙarƙashin shirye-shiryen jihohi ko na birni kamar Shirin Tsabtace Brownfield na Jihar New York. Idan an yi gyare-gyare ta hanyar cire kayan sharar gida ana jigilar su ne kawai daga wurin don zubar da su a wani wuri. Abubuwan sharar gida na iya ƙunshe da shingen jiki kamar ganuwar slurry. Amfani da ganuwar slurry an kafa shi sosai a masana'antar gine-gine. Aikace-aikacen matsin lamba (ƙananan), wanda aka yi amfani da shi don rage haɗarin liquefaction na ƙasa a San Francisco da sauran yankunan girgizar ƙasa,  ya sami sakamako mai haɗari a cikin gwaje-gwaje na filin don ƙirƙirar shingen, kuma sakamakon takamaiman shafin ya dogara da yanayi masu yawa waɗanda zasu iya tasiri sosai ga sakamakon. 

Ayyukan gyare-gyare gabaɗaya suna ƙarƙashin jerin buƙatun ƙa'idodi, kuma suna iya dogara ne akan kimantawa na lafiya ɗan adam da haɗarin muhalli inda babu ƙa'idodin doka, ko kuma inda ƙa'idodin suke da shawara.

## Ka'idodin gyara

## Binciken shafin
Da zarar an yi zargin cewa an gurɓata shafin akwai buƙatar tantance gurɓataccen. Sau da yawa kimantawa yana farawa tare da shirye-shiryen Mataki na I na Yanayin Muhalli. Amfani da tarihi na shafin da kayan da aka yi amfani da su kuma aka samar a shafin zai jagorantar dabarun kimantawa da nau'in samfurori da nazarin sunadarai da za a yi. Sau da yawa shafukan da ke kusa da mallakar wannan kamfani ko waɗanda ke kusa da su kuma an sake dawo da su, an daidaita su ko kuma an cika su har ma da inda amfani da ƙasa na yanzu ya zama mara lahani. Misali, ana iya daidaita filin ajiye motoci ta hanyar amfani da sharar da aka gurbata a cikin cikawa. Har ila yau, yana da mahimmanci a yi la'akari da gurɓataccen wuri na wuraren da ke kusa da su sau da yawa ta hanyar shekarun da suka gabata na hayaki zuwa ƙasa, Ruwa na ƙasa, da iska. Ya kamata a gwada ƙurar rufin, ƙasa, ƙasa da ruwa na ƙasa na kadarorin da ke kusa, kafin da bayan kowane gyare-gyare. Wannan mataki ne mai rikitarwa kamar haka:

# Babu wanda yake so ya biya don tsaftace shafin;
# Idan an sami dukiya da ke kusa da ita ta gurɓata ana iya lura da ita a kan taken dukiyarsu, wanda zai iya shafar darajar.
# Babu wanda yake so ya biya kudin kimantawa.

Often corporations which do voluntary testing of their sites are protected from the reports to environmental agencies becoming public under Freedom of Information Acts, however a "Freedom of Information" inquiry will often produce other documents that are not protected or will produce references to the reports.&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

== Gyara kudade ==
In the US there has been a mechanism for [[Haraji|taxing]] polluting industries to form a Superfund to remediate abandoned sites, or to litigate to force corporations to remediate their contaminated sites. Other countries have other mechanisms and commonly sites are rezoned to "higher" uses such as high density housing, to give the land a higher value so that after deducting cleanup costs there is still an incentive for a developer to purchase the land, clean it up, redevelop it and sell it on, often as apartments (home units).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

## Gyaran taswirar
There are several tools for mapping these sites and which allow the user to view additional information. One such tool is TOXMAP, a Geographic Information System (GIS) from the Division of Specialized Information Services of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) that uses maps of the United States to help users visually explore data from the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Superfund and Toxics Release Inventory programs.&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

Fasahar warkarwa tana da yawa kuma sun bambanta amma gabaɗaya ana iya rarraba su cikin hanyoyin ex-situ da in-situ. Hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su sun haɗa da tono ƙasa da abin da ya shafa da kuma magani na gaba a farfajiya da kuma cire ruwan da ya gurbata da kuma magani a farfajiyar. Hanyoyin da ke cikin wuri suna neman magance gurɓata ba tare da cire ƙasa ko ruwa ba. An haɓaka fasahohi daban-daban don gyara gurbataccen ƙasa / turɓaya mai.

Hanyoyin gyaran gargajiya sun hada da tono ƙasa da [[Wajen zubar da shara|zubar da shara]] da ruwa mai zurfi "pump da magani". Fasahar da ke cikin yanayi sun haɗa da amma ba a iyakance su ba: karfafawa da daidaitawa, Cire tururi na ƙasa, shingen da ke iya shiga, sa ido kan ragewar halitta, bioremediation-phytoremediation, oxidation na sinadarai, ingantaccen tururi da kuma in situ thermal desorption kuma an yi amfani da su sosai a Amurka.

=== Shingen ===
Ana iya cire gurbatawa daga shafin ko sarrafawa. Ɗaya daga cikin zaɓuɓɓuka don sarrafawa shine ganuwar shinge, wanda zai iya zama na wucin gadi don hana gurɓata yayin magani da cirewa, ko kuma na dindindin. Hanyoyin da za a gina ganuwar shingen sune zurfin cakuda ƙasa, jet grouting, low pressure grouting tare da siminti da sunadarai, daskarewa da ganuwar slurry. Dole ne a gina ganuwar shingen da kayan da ba za a iya shiga ba kuma suna tsayayya da lalacewa daga hulɗa da sharar gida, don tsawon rayuwar bangon shingen. Ba har sai da aka yi amfani da sabon polymer da sinadarai a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960 ba ne hukumomin Tarayya na gwamnatin Amurka suka fahimci bukatar kafa mafi ƙarancin rayuwar aikin shekaru 50 a aikace-aikacen duniya na ainihi.

Ma'aikatar Makamashi ɗaya ce ta hukumomin gwamnatin Amurka waɗanda ke tallafawa bincike don tsarawa, gwadawa da ƙayyade aikace-aikacen amfani don sababbin kayan polymer da aka yi amfani da su a cikin shingen sharar gida. An yi amfani da Ciminti na Portland a baya, duk da haka fashewa da rashin aiki a ƙarƙashin yanayin bushewa a wuraren da ba su da ruwa suna buƙatar ingantaccen kayan don magance su. Yankunan da ke buƙatar gyara suna da zafi mai yawa, danshi da yanayin ƙasa. Aiwatar da filin ya kasance mai ƙalubale: yanayin muhalli daban-daban da rukunin yanar gizon suna buƙatar kayan aiki daban-daban kuma fasahar sanyawa ta musamman ga halaye na mahadi da aka yi amfani da su waɗanda suka bambanta da viscosity, lokacin gel da yawa: <blockquote>"Zaɓin shingen ƙasa don kowane shafin da aka ba shi wanda ke buƙatar gyarawa, kuma dole ne a zaɓi wani fasahar shingen, duk da haka, ta hanyar Tsarin Superfund, tare da jaddadawa ta musamman kan binciken gyare-gyare da sassan nazarin yiwuwar. Daidaitawar sinadarai na kayan tare da sharar gida mai yiwuwa ya zo cikin hulɗa yana da mahimmanci ga masu gina wani sharar gida wanda ya kamata ya saita shi daga kayan da ke ciki, EPA ya jaddada wannan jaddada a cikin takardun jagora shi, ba tare da shayar da sharar da shi ba.</blockquote>Wadannan jagororin sune ga dukkan kayan - gwaji da na gargajiya.

Thermal desorption is a technology for soil remediation. During the process a desorber volatilizes the contaminants (e.g. oil, mercury or hydrocarbon) to separate them from especially soil or sludge. After that the contaminants can either be collected or destroyed in an offgas treatment system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

### Gudun ko hawan dutse

Hanyoyin *tonowa* na iya zama masu sauƙi kamar hawan gurbataccen ƙasa zuwa wurin zubar da shiru, amma kuma yana iya haɗawa da iska da aka tono a cikin yanayin kwayoyin halitta (VOCs). Ci gaban da aka samu kwanan nan a cikin bio-agmentation da biostimulation na kayan da aka tono sun kuma tabbatar da cewa suna iya magance mahaɗan kwayoyin halitta (SVOCs) a wurin. Idan gurɓatawar ta shafi kogi ko ƙasan bay, to ana iya gudanar da hawan laka ko wasu yumbu masu laushi da ke dauke da gurɓataccen abu (ciki har da laka mai laushi tare da Kwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa). Kwanan nan, an yi amfani da ExSitu Chemical oxidation a cikin gyaran gurbataccen ƙasa. Wannan tsari ya haɗa da tono yankin da aka gurbata a cikin manyan wuraren da aka yi musu magani ta amfani da hanyoyin sinadarai.

### Surfactant ingantaccen gyaran ruwa (SEAR)
Ana amfani da wannan wajen cire ruwan da ba na ruwa ba (NAPLs) daga ruwa. Ana yin wannan ta hanyar yin amfani da maganin surfactant a cikin gurbataccen ruwa ta amfani da rijiyoyin allura waɗanda aka wuce ta yankuna masu gurbata zuwa rijiyoyin cirewa. Ana kama maganin Surfactant wanda ke dauke da gurbataccen abu kuma ana fitar da shi ta hanyar maɓuɓɓugar cirewa don ƙarin magani a farfajiya. Sa'an nan kuma ana fitar da ruwa bayan magani a cikin ruwa na sama ko sake yin allurar a cikin ruwan kasa.

A cikin tsarin yanayin ƙasa waɗanda ke ba da damar isar da wakilai na rage haɗarin hydrocarbon ko ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru, wannan hanyar tana ba da ingantaccen farashi da dindindin mafita ga rukunin yanar gizon da a baya ba su yi nasara ta amfani da wasu hanyoyin gyara ba.  Wannan fasaha kuma tana samun nasara idan aka yi amfani da ita azaman matakin farko a cikin hanyoyin gyara fuska mai fuska da yawa ta amfani da SEAR sannan A cikin Oxidation, haɓakar haɓakar bioremediation ko cire tururin ƙasa (SVE)

Yin famfo da magani ya haɗa da fitar da gurɓataccen ruwan cikin ƙasa tare da yin amfani da famfon da ke ƙarƙashin ruwa ko kuma vacuum, da ba da damar tsabtace ruwan da aka fitar ta hanyar sannu a hankali ta cikin jerin tasoshin da ke ɗauke da kayan da aka ƙera don cusa gurɓataccen ruwan da ke cikin ƙasa.  Don wuraren gurbataccen man fetur wannan kayan yawanci ana kunna carbon a sigar granular.  Ana iya amfani da reagents na sinadarai irin su flocculants tare da tace yashi don rage gurɓataccen ruwan ƙasa.  Fitar da iska hanya ce da za ta iya yin tasiri ga gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu kamar mahaɗan BTEX da ake samu a cikin mai.

For most biodegradable materials like BTEX, MTBE and most hydrocarbons, bioreactors can be used to clean the contaminated water to non-detectable levels. With fluidized bed bioreactors it is possible to achieve very low discharge concentrations which will meet or exceed discharge requirements for most pollutants.&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">Dangane da ilimin ƙasa da nau'in ƙasa, yin famfo da magani na iya zama hanya mai kyau don rage yawan gurɓataccen abu da sauri.  Yana da wuya a kai isasshe ƙananan ƙididdiga don gamsar da ƙa'idodin gyarawa, saboda ma'auni na matakan sha / lalata a cikin ƙasa.  Koyaya, famfo da magani yawanci ba shine mafi kyawun nau'in gyarawa ba.  Yana da tsada don kula da ruwan karkashin kasa, kuma yawanci tsari ne na jinkiri sosai don tsaftace saki tare da famfo da magani.  Ya fi dacewa don sarrafa gradient na hydraulic kuma kiyaye sakinwa daga yaɗuwa gaba.  Zaɓuɓɓukan da suka fi dacewa na jiyya a cikin-wuri sau da yawa sun haɗa da iska / hakar tururi na ƙasa (AS/SVE) ko hakar lokaci biyu / hakar multiphase (DPE/MPE).  Sauran hanyoyin sun haɗa da ƙoƙarin ƙara narkar da iskar oxygen na cikin ruwan ƙasa don tallafawa gurɓacewar ƙwayoyin cuta na fili (musamman man fetur) ta hanyar allurar iskar oxygen kai tsaye a cikin ƙasa, ko allurar kai tsaye na slurry wanda sannu a hankali yana sakin oxygen akan lokaci (yawanci magnesium peroxide).</sup>

=== Ƙarfafawa da daidaitawa ===
Solidification and stabilization work has a reasonably good track record but also a set of serious deficiencies related to durability of solutions and potential long-term effects. In addition CO<sub>2</sub> emissions due to the use of cement are also becoming a major obstacle to its widespread use in solidification/stabilization projects.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

Stabilization/solidification (S/S) is a remediation and treatment technology that relies on the reaction between a binder and soil to stop/prevent or reduce the mobility of contaminants.&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

* **Daidaitawa** ya haɗa da ƙara reagents zuwa kayan da aka gurbata (misali ƙasa ko laka) don samar da ƙarin ƙwayoyin sunadarai masu ɗorewa; da
* Solidification ya haɗa da ƙara reagents zuwa kayan da aka gurbata don ba da kwanciyar hankali na jiki / girma don ƙunsar gurbataccen abu a cikin samfurin mai ƙarfi da rage damar da wakilai na waje ke yi (misali iska, ruwan sama).

Conventional S/S is an established remediation technology for contaminated soils and treatment technology for [[Sharar gida mai haɗari|hazardous wastes]] in many countries in the world. However, the uptake of S/S technologies has been relatively modest, and a number of barriers have been identified including:

* ƙananan farashi da yaduwar amfani da zubar da shara;
* rashin jagorar fasaha mai iko akan S / S;
* rashin tabbas game da dorewa da yawan fitar da gurbataccen abu daga kayan S / S-treated;
* abubuwan da suka faru a baya a cikin aikace-aikacen daidaitaccen siminti da aka yi amfani da su wajen zubar da sharar gida a cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990 (ENDS, 1992); da
* ragowar alhakin da ke da alaƙa da gurbataccen abu da ya rage a wurin, maimakon cirewa ko hallaka su.

=== Rashin shayarwa a wurin ===
Sabbin fasahar oxidation a cikin yanayi sun zama sananne don gyara nau'ikan gurɓataccen ƙasa da ruwa. Magani ta hanyar sinadarin sinadarai ya haɗa da allurar sinadarin mai ƙarfi kamar hydrogen peroxide, iskar ozone, potassium permanganate ko persulfates.

Oxygen gas or ambient air can also be injected to promote growth of aerobic bacteria which accelerate natural attenuation of organic contaminants. One disadvantage of this approach is the possibility of decreasing anaerobic contaminant destruction natural attenuation where existing conditions enhance anaerobic [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|bacteria]] which normally live in the soil prefer a reducing environment. In general, aerobic activity is much faster than anaerobic and overall destruction rates are typically greater when aerobic activity can be successfully promoted.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

The injection of gases into the groundwater may also cause contamination to spread faster than normal depending on the hydrogeology of the site. In these cases, injections downgradient of groundwater flow may provide adequate microbial destruction of contaminants prior to exposure to surface waters or drinking water supply wells.&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

Migration of metal contaminants must also be considered whenever modifying subsurface oxidation-reduction potential. Certain metals are more soluble in oxidizing environments while others are more mobile in reducing environments.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

### Cire tururi na ƙasa
*Soil vapor extraction* (SVE) is an effective remediation technology for soil. "Multi Phase Extraction" (MPE) is also an effective remediation technology when soil and groundwater are to be remediated coincidentally. SVE and MPE utilize different technologies to treat the off-gas volatile organic compounds (VOCs) generated after vacuum removal of air and vapors (and VOCs) from the subsurface and include granular activated carbon (most commonly used historically), thermal and/or catalytic oxidation and vapor condensation. Generally, carbon is used for low (below 500 ppmV) VOC concentration vapor streams, oxidation is used for moderate (up to 4,000 ppmV) VOC concentration streams, and vapor condensation is used for high (over 4,000 ppmV) VOC concentration vapor streams. Below is a brief summary of each technology.&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

# Granular activated carbon (GAC) is used as a filter for air or water. Commonly used to filter tap water in household sinks. GAC is a highly porous adsorbent material, produced by heating organic matter, such as coal, wood and coconut shell, in the absence of air, which is then crushed into granules. Activated carbon is positively charged and therefore able to remove negative ions from the water such as organic ions, ozone, chlorine, fluorides and dissolved organic solutes by adsorption onto the activated carbon. The activated carbon must be replaced periodically as it may become saturated and unable to adsorb (i.e. reduced absorption efficiency with loading). Activated carbon is not effective in removing heavy metals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;
# Thermal oxidation (or incineration) can also be an effective remediation technology. This approach is somewhat controversial because of the risks of dioxins released in the atmosphere through the exhaust gases or effluent off-gas. Controlled, high temperature incineration with filtering of exhaust gases however should not pose any risks. Two different technologies can be employed to oxidize the contaminants of an extracted vapor stream. The selection of either thermal or catalytic depends on the type and concentration in parts per million by volume of constituent in the vapor stream. Thermal oxidation is more useful for higher concentration (~4,000 ppmV) influent vapor streams (which require less natural gas usage) than catalytic oxidation at ~2,000 ppmV.&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

* Rashin zafi wanda ke amfani da tsarin da ke aiki a matsayin murhu kuma yana kula da yanayin zafi daga 1,350 zuwa 1,500 ° F (730 zuwa 820 ° C).
* Catalytic oxidation wanda ke amfani da catalyst a kan tallafi don sauƙaƙe ƙarancin zafin jiki. Wannan tsarin yawanci yana kula da yanayin zafi daga 600 zuwa 800  ° C).Tururi condensation shine mafi inganci fasahar maganin kashe iskar gas don babban (sama da 4,000 ppmV) VOC maida hankali kan rafukan tururi.  Tsarin ya haɗa da sanyaya rafin tururi da ƙima zuwa ƙasa da digiri 40 C kamar yadda VOCs ke tattarawa daga rafin tururi zuwa cikin sigar ruwa inda ake tattara shi a cikin kwantena na ƙarfe.  Ana kiran nau'in ruwa na VOCs a matsayin ruwa mai yawa marasa ruwa (DNAPL) lokacin da tushen ruwan ya ƙunshi galibi na kaushi ko ruwa mara ruwa mara ruwa (LNAPL) lokacin da tushen ruwan ya ƙunshi galibin man fetur ko kayayyakin mai.  Wannan sinadari da aka kwato ana iya sake amfani da shi ko sake yin fa'ida ta cikin yanayi mai dorewa ko kore fiye da sauran hanyoyin da aka bayyana a sama.  Wannan fasaha kuma ana kiranta da cryogenic sanyaya da matsawa (C3-Technology

#

=== Nanoremediation ===
Yin amfani da magungunan nano-sized reactive don lalata ko hana gurbataccen abu ana kiransa Nanoremediation. A cikin ƙasa ko nanoremediation na ruwa na ƙasa, ana kawo nanoparticles cikin hulɗa tare da gurɓataccen ta hanyar ko dai allurar ''a wurin'' ko tsarin famfo da magani. nanomaterials sa'an nan lalata gurɓataccen kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar halayen redox ko adsorb zuwa kuma immobilize karafa kamar gubar ko arsenic. A cikin saitunan kasuwanci, an yi amfani da wannan fasahar sosai don Gyara ruwan kasa, tare da bincike game da Maganin ruwa mai guba. Bincike kuma yana binciken yadda za'a iya amfani da nanoparticles don tsaftace ƙasa da iskar gas.

Nanomaterials suna da matukar damuwa saboda girman girman girman su a kowane nau'i, kuma saboda wannan halayen nanomaterials na iya amsawa tare da gurɓataccen abu a cikin sauri fiye da yadda zai fi girma. Yawancin aikace-aikacen filin nanoremediation sun yi amfani da ƙarfe na nano zero-valent (nZVI), wanda za'a iya haɗa shi ko gauraya shi da wani ƙarfe don haɓaka warwatsewa.

That nanoparticles are highly reactive can mean that they rapidly clump together or react with soil particles or other material in the environment, limiting their dispersal to target contaminants. Some of the important challenges currently limiting nanoremediation technologies include identifying coatings or other formulations that increase dispersal of the nanoparticle agents to better reach target contaminants while limiting any potential toxicity to bioremediation agents, wildlife, or people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

### Gyara Rayuwa
Bioremediation tsari ne wanda ke kula da yankin da aka gurɓata ko dai ta hanyar canza yanayin muhalli don motsa ci gaban microorganisms ko ta hanyar aikin microorganisms na halitta, wanda ke haifar da lalacewar gurɓataccen abin da aka yi niyya. Manyan nau'o'in bioremediation sun haɗa da biostimulation, bioaugmentation, da kuma farfadowa ta halitta (rashin hankali na halitta). Bioremediation ana yin shi ne a wurin da aka gurbata (in situ) ko kuma bayan cire gurbataccen ƙasa a wani wurin da aka fi sarrafawa (ex situ).

A baya, ya kasance da wahala a juya zuwa bioremediation a matsayin mafita ta manufofi, saboda rashin isasshen samar da magungunan gyaran kwayoyin halitta ya haifar da ƙananan zaɓuɓɓuka don aiwatarwa. Wadanda ke ƙera ƙwayoyin cuta don maganin halittu dole ne EPA ta amince da su; duk da haka, EPA ta al'ada ta kasance mai hankali game da mummunan abubuwan waje waɗanda zasu iya ko bazai taso daga gabatar da waɗannan nau'ikan ba. Ɗaya daga cikin damuwarsu shine cewa sunadarai masu guba za su haifar da lalacewar kwayar cutar, wanda za a ba da shi ga wasu ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa, suna haifar da ƙarin batutuwa, idan ƙwayoyin sun samo asali da ikon cin abinci daga gurbataccen abu.

#### Gyara kansa
Entomoremediation wani ba ne na bioremediation wand wanda kwari ke lalata ƙasa. Hanyoyin Entomoremediation sun haɗa da microorganisms, collembolans, tururuwa, kwari, kwari da ƙwari. Ya dogara da tsutsa na kwari, mai tsayayya da yanayin muhalli mara kyau kuma yana iya tara gurɓataccen ƙarfe mai guba.

*Hermetia illucens* (black soldier fly - BSF) muhimmiyar mahalarta ce ta entomoremediation. An lura da *H. illucens* don rage nauyin busassun gurbataccen abu da kashi 49%. An lura da larvae na *H. illucens* don tara cadmium a cikin maida hankali na 93% da kuma bioaccumulation factor na 5.6, gubar, mercury, zinc tare da maida hankali ga 3.6, da arsenic a cikin ma'auni na 22% .  An kuma yi amfani da tsutsotsi na Black soldier fly (BSFL) don saka idanu kan lalacewa da rage gurɓataccen man fetur a cikin muhalli.

Entomoremediation ana ɗaukarsa mai yiwuwa azaman hanyar da ba ta da ƙarfi, ƙananan carbon, da kuma hanyar sabuntawa sosai don tsabtace muhalli. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

=== Microbubbles na iska da ke rushewa ===
Tsabtacewar gurbataccen man fetur tare da microbubbles na iska da ke rushewa kwanan nan an bincika su azaman fasahar sinadarai ba tare da sinadarai bane. Ana iya amfani da microbubbles na iska da aka samar a cikin ruwa ba tare da ƙara wani surfactant ba don tsaftace man fetur da aka gurbata. Wannan fasahar tana da alkawari game da amfani da sunadarai (musamman surfactant) don wankewar gargajiya na gurbataccen man fetur.

== Tattaunawar al'umma da bayanai ==
A cikin shirye-shiryen kowane muhimmin gyara yakamata a sami tattaunawa mai yawa a cikin al'umma.  Mai ba da shawara ya kamata ya gabatar da bayanai ga kuma neman bayanai daga al'umma.  Mai ba da shawara yana buƙatar koyo game da amfani da "m" (nan gaba) kamar kula da yara, makarantu, asibitoci, da wuraren wasan yara da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi al'umma da bayanan buƙatun.  Yakamata a bude shawarwari, bisa ga kungiya, ta yadda za a sanar da kowane memba na al'umma abubuwan da ba su yi tunani akai ba.  Shugaba mai zaman kansa wanda ke yarda da masu ba da shawara da kuma al'umma ya kamata a haɗa shi (a cikin kuɗin mai ba da izini idan ana buƙatar kuɗi).  Minti na tarurrukan da suka haɗa da tambayoyin da aka yi musu da amsoshinsu da kwafin gabatarwar mai gabatarwa ya kamata a samu duka akan intanet da ɗakin karatu na gida (har da ɗakin karatu na makaranta) ko cibiyar al'umma.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

## Haɗarin lafiya mai ƙaruwa
Haɗarin lafiyar jiki shine ƙara haɗarin da mai karɓa (yawanci ɗan adam da ke zaune a kusa) zai fuskanta daga (rashin) aikin gyarawa.  Yin amfani da haɗarin kiwon lafiya na haɓaka yana dogara ne akan ciwon daji da sauran (misali, mutagenic, teratogenic) tasirin kuma sau da yawa ya haɗa da hukunce-hukuncen ƙima game da ƙimar ƙima na karuwa a cikin ciwon daji.  A wasu hukunce-hukuncen wannan shine 1 cikin 1,000,000 amma a wasu hukunce-hukuncen da aka yi hasashen adadin karuwar da aka yarda da shi shine 1 cikin 100,000.  Ƙananan haɗarin kiwon lafiya daga aikin guda ɗaya ba shi da daɗi sosai idan yankin ya riga ya sami babban haɗarin kiwon lafiya daga wasu ayyuka kamar incinerators ko wasu hayaki, ko kuma idan wasu ayyukan sun kasance a lokaci guda suna haifar da haɗarin tarawa ko babban haɗarin da ba a yarda da shi ba.  Kwatankwacin da masu gyara ke amfani da shi sau da yawa shine kwatanta haɗarin gyaran ga mazauna kusa da haɗarin mutuwa ta hanyar haɗarin mota ko shan taba.&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

== Matsayin fitarwa ==
An kafa ka'idoji don matakan ƙura, hayaniya, wari, hayaƙin iska da ruwan ƙasa, da fitarwa zuwa magudanar ruwa ko hanyoyin ruwa na duk wasu sinadarai masu damuwa ko sinadarai da ake iya samarwa yayin gyaran ta hanyar sarrafa gurɓatattun abubuwan.  Ana kwatanta waɗannan da duka matakan asali na asali a cikin yanki da ƙa'idodi na yankunan da aka keɓe kamar yadda yankunan da ke kusa suke da shiyya kuma sun saba da ƙa'idodin da aka yi amfani da su a wasu gyaran kwanan nan.  Domin kawai hayakin da ke fitowa daga wani yanki da aka keɓe masana'antu ba ya nufin cewa a wani yanki na kusa ya kamata a ƙyale duk wani abin da ya wuce ƙa'idodin mazaunin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

Kulawa don bin ka'idodin kowane ma'auni yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da cewa an gano abubuwan da suka wuce kuma an kai rahoto ga hukumomi da al'ummar yankin.&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

Tilasta tilastawa ya zama dole don tabbatar da cewa ci gaba ko manyan laifuka na haifar da tara ko ma hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku ga mai gurbata muhalli..<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

Hukunce-hukuncen dole ne su kasance masu mahimmanci saboda in ba haka ba ana ɗaukar tara a matsayin kuɗin yau da kullun na yin kasuwanci.  Yarjejeniyar dole ne ya kasance mai rahusa fiye da samun ci gaba da keta.&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

== Binciken sufuri da tsaro na gaggawa ==
Ya kamata a yi la'akari da haɗarin ayyuka, jigilar gurɓataccen abu, zubar da sharar da ka iya gurbata ciki har da tufafin ma'aikata, da kuma samar da wani tsari na gaggawa na gaggawa.  Kowane ma'aikaci da baƙo da ke shiga rukunin yanar gizon ya kamata su sami ingantaccen shigar da tsaro da ke keɓancewa ga shigarsu da rukunin yanar gizon.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

## Tasirin gyaran kudade
Al'ummomin cikin gida da gwamnati galibi suna tsayayya da sake fasalin saboda mummunan tasirin gyare-gyare da sabon ci gaba a kan abubuwan more rayuwa na cikin gida. Babban tasirin yayin gyarawa shine hayaniya, ƙura, ƙanshi, da haɗarin kiwon lafiya. Sa'an nan kuma akwai hayaniya, ƙura, da zirga-zirgar abubuwan da suka faru. Sa'an nan kuma, akwai tasirin a kan zirga-zirgar gida, makarantu, filayen wasa, da sauran wuraren jama'a saboda karuwar yawan jama'a.

## Misalan manyan ayyukan gyarawa

### Homebush Bay, New South Wales, Australia

Dioxins daga Union Carbide da aka yi amfani da shi wajen samar da maganin kwari na yanzu 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid da defoliant Agent Orange gurɓata Homebush Bay. An kammala gyaran a shekara ta 2010, amma za a ci gaba da dakatar da kamun kifi har tsawon shekaru.

### Bakar, Croatia
Kwangilar EU don hana gurɓataccen yanki na 20,000 m3 a Bakar, Croatia dangane da ƙarfafawa / daidaitawa tare da ImmoCem yana ci gaba a halin yanzu.  Bayan shekaru uku na bincike mai zurfi daga gwamnatin Croatia, EU ta ba da tallafin aikin hana motsi a Bakar.  Yankin ya gurɓace da adadi mai yawa na TPH, PAH, da karafa.  Don hana motsi, dan kwangilar ya zaɓi yin amfani da hanyar haɗakarwa a cikin shuka