open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
2020 Moss Side harbi

Da misalin karfe 12:30 na safe a ranar 21 ga Yuni 2020, an harbe samari biyu a wani biki na titi a Moss Side, wani yanki na cikin gari na Manchester a Arewa maso Yammacin Ingila.

## Tarihi
Harin ya faru ne a wani bangare, ba bisa ka'ida ba a karkashin Dokokin kulle COVID-19.  bayan jam'iyya wani taron ne da ba a shirya ba wanda ya biyo bayan barbecue na Black Lives Matter wanda aka gudanar a baya a kusa, amma ba a haɗa shi da wannan taron da ya gabata ba, wanda ya ƙare cikin lumana a karfe 20:00.

## Abin da ya faru
A lokacin wani biki na titi a wani wurin ajiye motoci a Moss Side a mahaɗar Caythorpe Street, Broadfield Road, da Bowes Street wani mutum ya bude wuta a kan wadanda suka halarci [1] a kusan 00:30 BST, wanda ya sa su gudu suna ihu daga yankin. [2] An bayar da rahoton harbi a wani wuri a titin Caythorpe, tare da 'yan sanda masu dauke da makamai suna amsawa ga lamarin a karfe 1:00. Sun gano wata ƙungiya da daruruwan mutane suka halarta, ta hanyar keta ka'idojin kulle COVID-19 a kasar a lokacin. 'Yan sanda sun ba da rahoton cewa an yi "al'amarin al'umma" a yankin a farkon ranar, kuma jam'iyyar ba a shirya ba bayan jam'iyya amma har yanzu tana da DJ. Wani mazaunin yankin ya ce jam'iyyar ta fara ne da misalin karfe 22:00 na dare da ya gabata, kuma Moss Side unguwa ce mai zaman lafiya tare da tashin hankali.[3][2]￼

## Wadanda suka mutu
Mutanen biyu da suka ji rauni sun gabatar da kansu a Sashen Hadari da Gaggawa,  ko dai jim kadan kafin karfe 1:00 (bisa ga 'yan sanda)  ko kuma kimanin 01:30 (bisa ga Manchester Evening News).  Dukansu maza biyu, masu shekaru 21 da 36,  sun mutu jim kadan bayan sun isa asibiti.

An bude binciken kisan kai a wannan rana. A ranar 26 ga watan Yunin 2020, an kama wata mace mai shekaru 32 a Birmingham bisa zargin kisan maza biyu. A watan Satumba an sake ta a kan beli, yayin da aka kama wani mutum mai shekaru 25. Wata daya bayan haka 'yan sanda sun nuna cewa suna neman wani wanda ake zargi.
Glade na Haske

Glade of Light wani abin tunawa ne a Manchester, Ingila, wanda ke tunawa da wadanda aka kashe a harin bam na Manchester Arena na 2017. An buɗe shi ga jama'a a ranar 5 ga Janairun 2022  kuma an gudanar da taron buɗewa na hukuma a ranar 10 ga Mayu 2022.  Abin tunawa yana cikin nau'in lambu tare da dutse na tsakiya wanda aka rubuta tare da sunayen wadanda abin ya shafa 22. An haɗa 'capsules na tunawa' na mutum don tunawa da kowane wanda aka azabtar a cikin abin tunawa kuma suna cikin tsakiya na dutse.

An tsara shi ne ta hanyar gine-ginen BCA Landscape da masu zane-zane Smiling Wolf  a madadin Galliford Try wanda ya kammala ginin a cikin 2021. 

Abin tunawa yana tsakanin Makarantar Kiɗa ta Chetham da Cocin Manchester . Zai kasance wani ɓangare na jerin ci gaba ga Manchester's Medieval Quarter . [1] Tsohon shugaban Majalisar Birnin Manchester, Richard Leese, ya ce abin tunawa "ya yi alkawarin zama kyakkyawan haraji" kuma tunanin wadanda abin ya shafa "za su jimre kuma Manchester ba za ta taɓa mantawa da su ba".[1] Majalisar ta bayyana abin tunawa a matsayin "wurin lambu mai natsuwa don tunawa da tunani".[2]￼

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2021, an ba da rahoton cewa an keta shafin yanar gizon bayan an cire shingen tsaro. Rahotanni na lalata sun wuce ga 'yan sanda na Greater Manchester.

An lalata abin tunawa a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 2022, wanda ya haifar da £ 10,000 na lalacewa. Wani mutum mai shekaru 24 ya yarda da laifin a watan Afrilu kuma an ba shi umarnin shekaru biyu na al'umma a ranar 22 ga Yuni 2022.

## Manazarta
Eyes Dawn

Eyes of Dawn (Korean) jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin ne na Koriya ta Kudu wanda Chae Shi-ra, Park Sang-won da Choi Jae-sung suka fito. Kim Jong-hak ne ya ba da umarni kuma Song Ji-na ne ya rubuta shi bisa ga littafin 10 na wannan sunan na Kim Seong-jong (wanda aka buga a shekara ta 1981), labarin ya ɗauki shekaru daga Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Japan zuwa Yaƙin Duniya na II, 'yancin Koriya da Yaƙin Koriya.

Da kasafin kuɗi na ₩7.2 billion, an yi fim ɗin a ƙasashen waje a China da Philippines, sama da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo 270 da ƙarin fina-finai 21,000, *Eyes of Dawn* ya kuma kasance ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo na Koriya na farko da aka ɗauka gaba ɗaya kafin a watsa shi kuma shine mafi girman shirin talabijin na Koriya a lokacinsa.  An watsa shi a MBC daga 7 ga Oktoba, 1991, zuwa 6 ga Fabrairu, 1992, na shirye-shirye 36, kuma ya kai matakin kololuwar masu kallo na 58.4%, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na 9 mafi girma a tarihin Koriya.   A shekarar 1992, MBC ta sayar da *Eyes of Dawn* ga Kamfanin Rediyo da Talabijin na Turkiyya, inda ta zama wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Koriya da aka fitar zuwa wata ƙasa ta Turai.  : 25 

## Masu ba da labari
 

## Kyaututtuka
1991 MBC Drama AwardsKyautar Wasan kwaikwayo ta MBC

* Kyautar Kyauta, Actor: Choi Jae-sung
* Kyautar Kyauta, Actress: Chae Shi-ra

1992 Baeksang Arts AwardsKyautar Baeksang Arts

* Kyautar fasaha: Jo Su-hyeon
* Mafi Mashahuriyar Actor (TV): Park Sang-wonGidan shakatawa Sang-won
* Mafi kyawun Actor (TV): Choi Jae-sung
* Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo (TV): Chae Shi-ra
* Darakta mafi kyau (TV): Kim Jong-hak
* Wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau
* Babban Kyauta (Daesang) don TV

1992 Kyautar watsa shirye-shiryen Koriya

* Wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau

## Manazarta
Mutanen AbeLungu (ƙungiyoyin Xhosa)

**Mutanen AbeLungu** jerin kabilun Xhosa ne a Afirka ta Kudu waɗanda ke da asalin kabilanci da yawa. Sunan su yana fassara zuwa The White People saboda gaskiyar cewa kakanninmu na kafa su ne Caucasian, Gabashin Asiya ko Kudancin Asiya maza, mata da yara waɗanda aka jefa a bakin tekun Transkei a cikin shekaru 300 zuwa 400, kuma su da sauran mambobin waɗannan kungiyoyin daga baya dangin Xhosa waɗanda suka kasance 'yan asalin yankin suka shawo kansu kuma suka ba su damar kafa nasu shugabanni a tsawon lokaci.   

Gidan abeLungu na Kogin Xhora musamman ya fito fili a cikin tarihin dangin Gabashin Cape da yawa a matsayin dangin karɓar fararen Mpondo sarauniya Gquma, wanda ya auri masarautar Tshomane Sango. Ita ma an jefa ta a bakin teku tun tana yarinya kafin a ɗauke ta, kuma rayuwarta ta gaba a matsayin AbeLungu tana nufin cewa ta tsira har sai da ta yi aure shekaru da yawa daga baya kuma saboda haka an hana ta mutuwa ta hanyar hakan.
## manazarta
Shadine van der Merwe

**Shadine van der Merwe** (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1992) 'yar wasan kwallon kafa ce ta Afirka ta Kudu. Ta wakilci Afirka ta Kudu a wasannin Commonwealth na 2018 da 2022 da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya ta Netball ta 2019 da 2023. A Afirka ta Kudu, ta buga wa UP-Tuks wasa a Varsity Netball da Gauteng Jaguars a gasar cin kofin Brutal Fruit Netball . A shekara ta 2017 ta jagoranci kungiyoyin biyu zuwa lakabi na kasa. Tun daga lokacin ta buga wa Surrey Storm, Manchester Thunder da Loughborough Lightning wasa a cikin Netball Superleague da kuma Adelaide Thunderbirds a cikin Suncorp Super Netball .

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Shadine van der Merwe kuma ta girma a Pretoria . Kazalika da buga wasan Netball, a lokacin ƙuruciyarta, ta buga wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Afirka ta Kudu. Ta kuma lashe lambar tagulla a cikin javelin a 2010 Junior SA Track and Field Championship . Bayan da kocin netball, Jenny van Dyk, ya hango ta, an ba ta tallafin karatu a Jami'ar Pretoria kuma daga baya ta sami Masters a Ilimi. Van der Merwe mai magana ne na Afrikaans .

## Ayyukan wasa

### UP Tuks
Tsakanin 2014 da 2017, van der Merwe ya buga wa UP-Tuks wasa a Varsity Netball .   A shekara ta 2014, ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar Tuks wacce ta gama a matsayin masu cin gaba zuwa Kovsies . An kuma ba ta suna 'Yan wasa na Varsity Series kuma an sanya mata suna a cikin Team of the Tournament . Kafin kakar 2015, an ba ta suna kyaftin din Tuks.   Koyaya, a wasanta na farko a lokacin kakar, ta sami rauni na ACL. A shekara ta 2016, ta zama kyaftin din Tuks lokacin da suka sake gamawa a matsayin masu tseren gaba, a wannan lokacin zuwa Pukke .  An kuma ba ta suna 2016 Player of the Tournament.  A shekara ta 2017, ta zama kyaftin din Tuks lokacin da suka lashe lambar yabo ta farko bayan sun doke Pukke 43-41 a wasan karshe.  

### Jaguars na Gauteng
Tsakanin 2014 da 2018, van der Merwe ya buga wa Gauteng Jaguars wasa, yana wasa a wasan karshe na Brutal Fruit Netball Cup biyar a jere. A cikin 2018 Netball New Zealand Super Club">2017 da 2018 ta zama kyaftin din Jaguars lokacin da suka lashe sunayen sarauta biyu na farko. A cikin 2015, 2016 da 2017 an ba ta suna Defender of the Tournament .  Ta kuma buga wa Jaguars wasa a gasar Netball New Zealand Super Club ta 2017 da 2018.

### Guguwar Surrey
Tsakanin 2018 da 2019, van der Merwe ya buga wa Surrey Storm wasa. Abokan tawagarta a Storm sun hada da dan wasan kwallon kafa na Afirka ta Kudu, Sigrid Burger. Ta sami lambar yabo ta Storm ta 2019 mafi kyau da mafi kyau.  

## manazarta
Stephen Steyn

Lt. **Stephanus Sebastian Leonard Steyn** (10 Nuwamba 1889 - 8 Disamba 1917) ya kasance dan wasan Ƙungiyar rugby ta Scotland-Afirka ta Kudu kuma jami'in Sojojin Burtaniya wanda aka kashe a Yaƙin Duniya na I. 

An haifi Steyn a Moorreesburg, Cape Colony ga Margaret Fraser Dobie Steyn na Dunbar da likita Gabriel Hendrik Steyn,  wanda dan uwan Martinus Theunis Steyn ne, Shugaban Orange Free State . Steyn ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Diocesan, Rondebosch da Kwalejin Jami'ar, Oxford, inda ya yi karatun likitanci a matsayin Masanin Rhodes. Ya buga wa Jami'ar Oxford RFC kuma an rufe shi a Scotland a 1911-12. Ya kasance daga cikin tawagar Oxford wacce ta lashe nasara mai ban mamaki a kan Afirka ta Kudu, wanda aka ruwaito saboda Steyn da ɗan'uwan Afirka ta Kudu Lennox Broster game da Afrikaans, wanda ya taimaka musu su fahimci duk abin da ƙungiyar abokin hamayyar ke faɗi. Ya ci gaba da horar da likitancinsa a Asibitin Guy da ke Landan.

An kashe shi a ranar 8 ga Disamba 1917, yana da shekaru 28, yayin da yake aiki tare da Royal Field Artillery . An binne shi a Kabarin Yakin Urushalima .

## manazarta
Johanna Cornelius

**Johanna Catharina Cornelius** (27 Fabrairu 1912 - 21 Yuni 1974) ta kasance mai fafutukar Afrikaner kuma mai fafutuka. Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Kungiyar Ma'aikatan Tufafi ta Afirka ta Kudu (GWU) bayan Solly Sachs .

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Cornelius a Lichtenburg, Afirka ta Kudu, kuma ya girma a yankunan karkara na Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin yara tara. Mahaifinta da kakanta dukansu sun yi yaƙi a cikin Anglo Boer War kuma an tsare mahaifiyarta a sansanin fursuna a lokacin yakin. Ita da 'yar'uwarta, Hester Cornelius, sun koma Johannesburg a cikin shekarun 1920,  inda Johanna ta fara aiki a masana'antar tufafi. Cornelius ya yi aiki a matsayin injiniya a masana'antar.

An kama Cornelius kuma an tsare shi a kurkuku don gidaje da yawa a 1932 yayin da yake shiga cikin yajin aikin GWU.  Bayan an sake ta daga kurkuku, ta yi magana da ma'aikata kuma ta karfafa su da su "neman albashi da 'yanci".  Maganar ta kuma yi nuni da Great Trek da Anglo Boer War, ta shiga "ƙasar ƙasa tare da gwagwarmayar aji maimakon gwagwarmaya ta ƙasa. "

Ta tafi Tarayyar Soviet a matsayin wani ɓangare na tawagar ma'aikata da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Afirka ta Kudu (SACP) ta tallafawa  a shekarar 1933. Tafiyarta a can ta taimaka mata ta kara koyo game da Kwaminisanci da daidaito na zamantakewa,  da kuma fallasa ta ga sababbin abubuwan da akidar siyasa. Lokacin da ta dawo daga Tarayyar Soviet, ta zama mai shirya kungiyar kwadago ta cikakken lokaci ga GWU, tana aiki daga babban ofishin a Germiston.

Cornelius ta yi aiki a matsayin shugaban GWU daga 1935 zuwa 1937 kuma a karkashin jagorancinta, ƙungiyar ta sami raguwar lokutan aiki da haɓaka albashin ma'aikata. Ita da Hester sun kuma yi tafiya zuwa Cape Town a watan Fabrairun 1936 don taimakawa reshen GWU a can.

Cornelius ya yi aiki don hada mutane daga dukkan bangarori a cikin ƙungiyar kuma ya ji cewa aiki a cikin ƙungiyar ya taimaka mata "ta wuce halayen launin fata" na baya. Daga baya ta nuna cewa "ya dauki ni shekaru don saba da ra'ayin cewa har ma da Ingilishi - ba tare da 'yan asalin mutane ba".

An zargi Cornelius a shekarar 1938 da kasancewa "abokin kwaminisanci na Sachs da kuma ciyar da duk lokacinta wajen shirya baƙar fata. "  Ta kare kwaminisancinta a matsayin sakamakon da ya dace na juriya na Afrikaner ga "joka mai mulkin mallaka, "  kuma ta sami nasarar yaki da yunkurin Afrikaner 'yan kasa da ke son karɓar iko da ƙungiyar. 

## Manazarta
Harshen Afrikaans

Afrikaans yana da irin wannan sauti ga sauran yarukan Yammacin Jamus, musamman Yaren mutanen Holland.

## Sautin sautin

Afrikaans yana da tarin wasula masu yawa waɗanda suka ƙunshi sautunan wasula 17, gami da 10 monophthongs da 7 diphthongs. Har ila yau, akwai guda 7 na gefe.

### Monophthongs

 yana da rauni kuma ana iya fassara shi a takaice kamar yadda  ko [ɯ]. Don haka, wani lokacin ana rubuta shi  .

#### Ingancin sauti na wasula masu budewa
## Manazarta
Marthinus Versfeld

**Marthinus Versfeld** (ko **Martin Versfeld**) (11 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1909 - 18 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1995)  masanin falsafa ne na Afirka ta Kudu. Daga 1937 zuwa 1972 ya koyar a Jami'ar Cape Town . An yi bikin ne a matsayin mai bincike, ya ji daɗin karɓar Al'ummar adabi ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma an san shi da abokin adawar Tsarin wariyar launin fata. Ayyukansa sun fito ne daga littattafan ilimi zuwa rubutun wasa game da batutuwa kamar ɗabi'a, ilimin ɗan adam, ma'anar rayuwa.

Versfeld ya fito ne daga dangin Afrikaans tare da dogon tarihi a yankin Yammacin Cape na Afirka ta Kudu. Ya halarci Makarantun Kwalejin Afirka ta Kudu  kuma ya yi karatun digiri na farko da na biyu a Jami'ar Cape Town . Ya ci gaba zuwa Glasgow inda ya kammala karatun digirinsa a kan ilimin lissafi na Descartes a karkashin kulawar Archibald Bowman .  A shekara ta 1937 an nada shi a matsayin malami a UCT inda zai ciyar da dukan aikinsa.

## Ayyuka
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## Manyan jigogi

### Addini
Dukkanin ayyukan Versfeld suna ɗauke da alamun imanin addini. Koyaya, ba zai yiwu a ba da halayyar yadda wannan tabbacin ya shafi aikinsa ba. A cikin littafin 1948, Oor gode en afgode mutum ya same shi yana yaba da adawa da mulkin mallaka na Ikilisiyar Kirista na farko (Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ya zama tushen wannan)  ko, kuma, yana ba da shawarar wani nau'i na "Kirista kimiyya". A lokaci guda, wannan ƙwazo yana adawa da ɗabi'ar ɗan kasuwa na ra'ayin mazan jiya na al'adun Afirka ta Kudu kuma a bayyane yake yana adawa ne da haɗin akidar "Kirista Nationalism".

A cikin aikinsa na baya, Versfeld ya bayyana sukar da ya yi game da neman gafara na addini - a kan "wasu wawaye masu banƙyama waɗanda ke rubuta littattafai game da neman apoka". A ƙarshen rayuwarsa, ya sake jaddada wannan ra'ayi: "akwai ayyukan Katolika masu neman gafara na baya-bayan nan waɗanda ke da'awar samar da duk amsoshin, suna da ƙarancin hikimar mai hikima a Chuang-zu (22.1) wanda ya ce: 'Ba mu zo ko'ina kusa da dama ba, tunda muna da amsoshin".  Bugu da ƙari, ya yarda da rashin tabbas bangaskiyarsa: "Kasancewa ba za ku iya nufin yin daidai da wani abu ba ne da ita ba, idan ba za ku sami irin wannan ra'ayin ba. Wannan kusan mummunan hali na tauhidin tunanin addininsa na baya yana tare da juyawa - an harbe falsafancinsa na baya tare da tabbacin cewa "The secular is the mu'ujiza".

### Anthropology da falsafar
Da yawa a baya wannan rashin sani ya riga ya kasance a tsakiyar ilimin falsafancinsa. A cikin rubutun tarihin kansa, "Descartes da ni" (1960), Versfeld ya bayyana ci gaban hankalinsa a matsayin ƙaura daga tabbacin Cartesian *cogito* zuwa "gaskiya ne da ipse mihi magna questio, na zama babban rikici a gare kaina".

## manazarta
Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Protestant Reformed Evangelical Cocin Faransa

Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Protestant Reformed Evangelical Churches of France (Faransa: Union nationale des Églises protestantes réformées évangéliques de France, abbr. **UNEPREF**), wanda aka fi sani da Ikklisiyoyin Bishara na Faransa, ƙungiya ce ta Calvinist a Faransa. A halin yanzu yana da kusan mambobi 10,600  da suka bazu a kan majami'u 68, mafi rinjaye a Yankin Paris, kudu maso yamma, da kudu maso gabashin Faransa. 

## Tarihi
An kafa Ikklisiyoyin Bishara na Faransa a 1938 a matsayin ci gaba da Ikklisiyar Bishara ta Faransa.

A karkashin jagorancin fasto Marc Boegner, wasu sassan addinai huɗu na Furotesta na Faransa sun haɗu cikin Ikilisiyar Reformed ta Faransa a 1938:  Ikilisiyar Juyin Juya Halin Bishara ta Faransa (mafi rinjaye); Union of Reformed Churches (cikakke); Ikklisiyoyin Bishara na Free (ƙasa); da Ikilisiyar Methodist ta Faransa (fi rinjaye). Ƙananan majami'u masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a cikin Ikilisiyar Bishara ta Faransa sun yi adawa da 'yanci na tauhidi, sabili da haka, sun ci gaba da ƙungiyarsu ta yanzu a ƙarƙashin sunan National Union of Independent Reformed Evangelical Churches of France (EREI ko UNEREI) tare da jaddada 'masu zaman kansu'.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2009, ƙungiyar ta canza sunanta zuwa Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Protestant Reformed Evangelical Churches of France (UNEPREF).  Ikklisiyoyin yankin, duk da haka, har yanzu ana kiransu 'cocin Calvinist na bishara'.

A ranar 20 ga Yuni, 2024 ƙungiyar ta shiga cikin dangantakar ɗan'uwa tare da EPC.

## Bangaskiya
Ikklisiyoyin Bishara na Faransa suna bin Addinin Manzanni da Addinin Nicene. Bugu da kari, sun bi ikirarin bangaskiya na Calvinist na Faransa na La Rochelle (1559) da kuma ikirarin bangaskiya da Cocin Reformed na Faransa (fassara 1872).

## Tsarin da tsari
An tsara ƙungiyar ne bisa ga tsarin Presbyterian. Kowace coci tana aika wakilai zuwa majalisa ta kasa, wanda ake gudanarwa a kowace shekara. Sau ɗaya a kowace shekara uku, babban majalisa na ƙasa yana taruwa kuma ya zaɓi shugabanta (a halin yanzu fasto Jean-Raymond Stauffacher).

Cocin yana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da makarantar tauhidin Faculté Jean Calvin (tsohon: Faculté Libre de Théologie Réformée) a Aix-en-Provence . Yawancin fastocinsa suna karatu a nan.

A cikin Faransa, UNEPREF ta shiga cikin Tarayyar Furotesta ta Faransa,  da Ofishin Jakadancin Furotesta,  da ƙungiyar Protestant Lutheran-reformed (haɗin kai kawai),  da kuma majalisar bishara ta Faransa. 

Internationally, it is a member of the World Communion of Reformed Churches and the Community of Churches with a Mission. In addition, it maintains many relations with Presbyterian churches in the US and elsewhere in Europe.

## Dubi kuma

* Ikilisiyar Reformed ta Faransa (tsohuwar Ikilisiyar gyara ta Faransa, ta haɗu a cikin 2013) 
* Cocin Protestant na Faransa
* Cocin Protestant Reformed na Alsace da Lorraine (tsohuwar cocin Calvinist, ta haɗu a shekara ta 2006) 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Rubutun Geʽez

Zaha da haruffa 26 na consonantal. Idan aka kwatanta da lissafin ƙididdigar ƙididdiga 29 a cikin tsarin rubuce-rubucen Larabawa ta *[[ذ|Kudin]]*, masu ci gaba *[[غ|ġ]]*, ẓ, da *[[Samekh|s<sup>3</sup>]]* na Larabawa ta Kudancin (Ge'ez Sawt ሠ ana samo su daga *[[Shin (letter)|s<sup>2</sup>]]* na Larabawa na Kudancin) sun ɓace, kamar yadda ḏ da ṯ suke; waɗannan ɓacewar biyu na ƙarshe suna nuna rushewar interdental tare da alveolar fricatives. A gefe guda, mai jaddada  ː, wani sabon abu ne na Geʻez, wani gyare-gyare ne na  ጸ, yayin da Psa ፐ ya dogara

## Tarihi da asalinsa

Rubutun Geʽez ya samo asali ne daga rubutun Tsohon Kudancin Larabawa, kuma duk da sunansa ana muhawara game da asalinsa, kuma yana iya samo asali ne a cikin abin da ke yanzu Eritrea, Habasha, ko Yemen. Rubutun farko na Harsunan Semitic a Eritrea sun kasance daga karni na 9 KZ kuma an san su da Epigraphic South Arabian (ESA), abjad da aka raba tare da mulkoki na zamani a Kudancin Yankin Larabawa.

Bayan ƙarni na 7 da 6 KZ, bambance-bambance na rubutun Kudancin Larabawa sun tashi, sun samo asali a cikin jagorancin Ge'ez abugida ko alphasyllabary. Ana iya ganin wannan juyin halitta a bayyane a cikin shaidu daga rubuce-rubuce (musamman rubutun a kan duwatsu da koguna) a Yankin Tigray a arewacin Habasha da kuma sassa da yawa na Eritrea galibi a tsohuwar lardin Akele Guzai .  Misali mafi tsufa da aka sani na rubutun Geʽez shine Hawulti obelisk a Matara, Eritrea . 

t (r. &#x5B;**&#x5D;

A sakamakon haka, wasu [waɗanda?] sun yi imanin cewa ana iya karɓar ƙarar don adana furcin matani na Ge'ez saboda halin da ya riga ya mutu ko ya ƙare na Ge'iz, kuma cewa, a wannan lokacin, yaren da aka saba amfani da shi ya riga ya zama yarukan Eritrean da Habasha Afro-Asiatic. Akalla daya daga cikin tsabar kudi na Wazeba daga ƙarshen 3rd ko farkon 4th karni ya ƙunshi wasika mai murya, wasu shekaru 30 ko makamancin haka kafin Ezana. Kobishchanov, Peter T. Daniels, da sauransu sun ba da shawarar yiwuwar tasiri daga Rubutun Brahmic a cikin murya, saboda su ma abugidas ne, kuma Masarautar Aksum muhimmiyar bangare ce ta manyan hanyoyin kasuwanci da suka shafi Indiya da Duniyar Girka da Romawa a duk zamanin d ̄ a. 

Zaha da haruffa 26 na consonantal. Idan aka kwatanta da lissafin ƙididdigar ƙididdiga 29 a cikin tsarin rubuce-rubucen Larabawa ta *[[ذ|Kudin]]*, masu ci gaba *[[غ|ġ]]*, ẓ, da *[[Samekh|s<sup>3</sup>]]* na Larabawa ta Kudancin (Ge'ez Sawt ሠ ana samo su daga *[[Shin (letter)|s<sup>2</sup>]]* na Larabawa na Kudancin) sun ɓace, kamar yadda ḏ da ṯ suke; waɗannan ɓacewar biyu na ƙarshe suna nuna rushewar interdental tare da alveolar fricatives. A gefe guda, mai jaddada  ː, wani sabon abu ne na Geʻez, wani gyare-gyare ne na  ጸ, yayin da Psa ፐ ya dogara

## manazarta
Zelnik

**Zelnik** wani irin biredi ne na gargajiya da ake ci a ƙasashen Bulgaria da Arewacin Macedonia.  Ana yin sa ne da nade-naden fulawa da aka yi da alkama mai yisti, ko kuma da irin waken biredi mai suna phyllo pastry. Ana cika Zelnik da abubuwa daban-daban kamar cukwui fari (sirene ko feta), ƙwai, ganyen sorrel, nama da aka soya, albasa mai ƙamshi, albasa koren fari, da/ko shinkafa.
A lokacin sanyi, ana yawan amfani da kabeji da aka soya ko aka jika cikin tsami a matsayin abin cikashi. Wannan ne ma ya sa aka sa masa suna "Zelnik", wanda ya samo asali daga kalmar "kabeji" a Bulgarian (зелe ko зелка) da kuma Macedonian (зелка). Ana iya amfani da sauran ganye irin su ganyen kabewa, letas, orache, rumex, Chenopodium album, minti da sauransu wajen yin Zelnik.
Ana yawan cin sa da yogurt kuma an fi son cin sa yana ɗumi.
Zelnik yana kama da "burek", wani abinci da ake ci a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Turai ta Gabas da kuma Asiya ta Tsakiya. Wasu lokuta ana rikita Zelnik da "börek", amma akwai bambanci. "Börek" na kabeji ana yinsa ne don bukukuwa, kuma ana cin sa da kefir. Furen sa da nade-naden sa sukan fi kauri, kuma ana amfani da wasu kayan ƙamshi dabam. Zelnik na da siraran ɗauruka, kuma yafi zama tare da leek da sirene. Ana yawan nadaɗa Zelnik kamar zobe (spiral).

## Manazarta
Kisan Emily Armstrong

**Emily Frances Armstrong** (c. 1880 - 14 Afrilu 1949) yar Biritaniya ce da aka yi wa kisan gilla wanda har yanzu ba a warware ba. Ta kasance 69, gwauruwa kuma an bayyana ta a matsayin mai kyan gani, mai rauni da abokantaka. Ita ma ƙwararriyar Katolika ce kuma ta kasance tana sa ido ga ayyukan Ista a Cocin St Joseph's a Wealdstone.

## Bincike
A ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 1949, shagon bushewa wanda Emily Armstrong ya mallaka, a kan titin St John's Wood High Street a Landan, ya kasa buɗewa bayan cin abincin rana kuma an fara yin layi a waje. Bayan wani lokaci sai wasu mata biyu suka zagaya bayan shagon don neman dalilin da ya sa aka rufe shagon suka gano gawarta. An yi mata dukan tsiya har ta mutu da makami mai kaifi; Daga baya ‘yan sanda sun tantance an kashe ta ne kusan awa daya kafin a gano gawarta da misalin karfe 4 na yamma. Binciken da aka yi a bayan gawar ya kuma nuna cewa an farfasa kwanyar ta da aƙalla duka guda 22, daga baya an yi imanin an yi mata guduma.

Da farko dai 'yan sanda sun yi tunanin cewa Armstrong ne aka yi masa sata. Jakar hannunta ta bata a wurin da laifin ya faru kuma har sai da aka bude babu kowa. Daga baya an gano jakar jakar a kusa da wani gyale mai zubar jini mai dauke da alamar wanki H-612, kodayake babu wani jagora da ya samu daga wannan shedar. 'Yan sanda sun yi imanin cewa wanda ya kashe Armstrong ya bi ta zuwa shagonta da misalin karfe 2:10 na rana.

Yayin da hukumomi ke bin ra'ayoyi da yawa, sun kasa gano wanda ake zargi. Shaidu sun ruwaito cewa sun ga "mutumin da ake tuhuma" a kusa da shekaru 30 da kuma tsakanin 5'5" da 5'6"; duk da haka, 'yan sanda sun kasa gano mutumin. An kuma yi la’akari da wani mai kisan kai wanda ya tsere kwanan nan daga asibitin Broadmoor kafin shaidu sun kasa tantance shi a cikin jerin ‘yan sanda. An kuma tambayi wasu da dama daga cikin sojojin da suka tsere, amma duk an sake su.

## Duba kuma
Jerin mutuwar da ba a warware ba

Jerin kashe-kashen da ba a warware ba a Burtaniya

## Manazarta
Clifton Star Chamber Case

Clifton Star Chamber Case ko Clifton vs. Robinson wata shari'ar kotu ce ta farkon zamani ta Ingila, a cikin 1601, a gaban Star Chamber, game da sace yara ta makarantun mawaƙa. 

## Shari'ar
A shekara ta 1601, Henry Clifton, wani mutum mai daraja daga Norfolk,  ya kai karar kamfanin Blackfriars (wanda Gyles, Robinson, da Evans ke jagoranta) saboda sace ɗansa Thomas, a ranar 13 ga Disamba 1600.  Clifton ya sami takardar shaidar daga Sir John Fortescue, wanda ya ba shi ta amfani da ikonsa a matsayin memba na Majalisar Privy saboda alakarsa da matsayi mai girma na zamantakewa. Tushen shari'ar ba shine cewa an tilasta wa Thomas shiga makarantar mawaƙa (wanda ya kasance cikakke doka) amma an sanya shi ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Children of the Chapel . 

### Sakamakon da ya faru
In 1606, possibly as a result of this case, the royal patent allowing the Master of the Children of the Chapel Royal to impress children into service was revised to stipulate that choristers who had been forcibly impressed would not be "used or employed as Comedians or Stage players."

## Muhimmancin shari'ar
Shari'ar Clifton tana ɗaya daga cikin bayanan ƙin yarda da al'ada na tilasta wa yara maza zuwa makarantun mawaƙa (na coci) a cikin zamani da farkon zamani na Ingila. Ya zama sananne cewa rashin amincewa shine ga shigar yaron a cikin kamfanonin wasan kwaikwayo na yara na wannan lokacin. An yi amfani da ra'ayi na tilas kamar yadda aka gani a cikin wasiƙu daga Elizabeth I a ranar 15 ga Yuli 1597 don Master of the Children of the Chapel . [1] Ana tabbatar da yaduwar ta hanyar takardu kamar izini ga Chapel Royal a cikin 1420 da kuma Dokar Ubangiji da Commons da aka Tattara a Majalisar, don Tsayawa da kawo ga Hukuncin da ya dace, Duk Irin waɗannan Mutanen da suka yi lalata kamar su Kashe, Sayarwa, Siyarwa, Siyar, Inveigle, Purloune, Sadarwa, ko Karɓar Dukkanin Yara (9 ga Mayu 1644). [1] Sauran kamar Salmon Pavey, Avery Trussell, John Chappell, Nathan Field, John Motteram, Philip Pykman, da Thomas Grymes an san su da irin waɗannan ra'ayoyin.[1][2]￼

## Manazarta
Lozano v. Montoya Alvarez

Lozano v. Montoya Alvarez, 572 U.S. 1 (2014), ya kasance wani shari'ar Kotun Koli ta Amurka inda kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa tsawon shekara guda wanda Yarjejeniyar Hague game da Al'amuran Jama'a na Satar Yara na Duniya ya ba wa iyaye maganin dawo da kai tsaye ba za a iya biya su daidai ba.[1][2]

## Tarihi
Lokacin da iyaye daya suka sace yaro kuma suka gudu zuwa wata ƙasa, ɗayan iyaye na iya gabatar da takarda a wannan ƙasar don dawo da yaron bisa ga Yarjejeniyar Hague kan Al'amuran Jama'a na Kasuwancin Yara na Duniya (Hague Convention ko Yarjejeniyar). Idan iyaye sun shigar da takarda a cikin shekara guda bayan cire yaron, kotun "za ta ba da umarnin dawo da yaron nan da nan". Amma lokacin da aka shigar da takardar bayan lokacin shekara 1 ya ƙare, kotun ta "ba... ba da umarni a dawo da yaron, sai dai idan an nuna cewa yaron yanzu ya zauna a cikin sabon yanayi.

Montoya Alvarez da Lozano sun zauna tare da 'yarsu a London, Ingila har zuwa Nuwamba 2008, lokacin da Montoya alvarez ya tafi tare da yaron don mafaka ta mata. A watan Yulin 2009, Montoya Alvarez da yaron sun bar Ingila kuma daga ƙarshe sun zauna a Birnin New York. Lozano bai gano Montoya Alvarez da yaron ba har zuwa Nuwamba 2010, fiye da watanni 16 bayan Montoya alvarez da yaron sun bar Ingila. A wannan lokacin, Lozano ya gabatar da takardar neman dawo da yaro bisa ga Yarjejeniyar Hague a Kudancin Gundumar New York. Gano cewa an shigar da karar fiye da shekara guda bayan cirewa, kotun ta musanta karar bisa la'akari da cewa an zauna yaron a New York. Har ila yau, ya ci gaba da cewa ba za a iya tsawaita lokacin shekara 1 ta hanyar daidaitawa ba. Kotun daukaka kara ta biyu ta tabbatar da ita.[1]￼

## Ra'ayi na kotun
Kotun Koli ta ba da ra'ayi a ranar 5 ga Maris, 2014. 

## Abubuwan da suka faru daga baya

## Manazarta
Bobby Rousseau

**Joseph Jean-Paul Robert Rousseau**(Yuli 26, 1940 - Disamba 13, 2025) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙanƙara ne na dama wanda ya taka leda a Gasar Hockey ta ƙasa (NHL) daga 1960 zuwa 1974, musamman ga Canadiens na Montreal. Ya ci Kofin Calder Memorial a cikin 1962 a matsayin NHL Rookie na Shekara kuma ya ci Kofin Stanley sau hudu (1965, 1966, 1968, 1969), duka tare da Canadiens. Kafin ya zama ƙwararren ƙwararren Rousseau ya taka leda a gasar Olympics ta lokacin sanyi ta 1960 tare da tawagar ƙasar Kanada, inda ya lashe lambar azurfa.

## farkon rayuwa
An haifi Joseph Jean-Paul Robert Rousseau a Montreal, Kanada a ranar 26 ga Yuli, 1940.Ya taso yana da ‘yan’uwa goma sha uku, galibi ‘yan’uwa mata.
## Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa
Rousseau ya kasance ɗan'uwan 'yan wasan NHL Rollie da Guy Rousseau. An auri Huguette. Yana da ‘ya’ya uku, mace daya da maza biyu.Daga baya a rayuwarsa, Rousseau ya fara fama da cutar Alzheimer.Ya mutu a wani asibiti a Trois-Rivières, Quebec, a ranar 13 ga Disamba, 2025, yana da shekaru 85.

## Manazarta
Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta

**Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tarayya** (FMC) Abeokuta ta wanzu a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 1983, lokacin da asibitin jihar, Idi-Aba, ya mika shi ga gwamnatin tarayya ta Gwamnan jihar na lokacin, Cif Olusegun Osoba don ci gaba a cikin cibiyar kiwon lafiya ta tarayya ga mutanen Jihar Ogun da 'Yan Najeriya gaba ɗaya.

Daraktan kiwon lafiya na farko, Farfesa E. O. Otolorin ya jagoranci jirgin asibitin a hankali tsakanin 1993 da 1999. Dokta T. O. Motayo ne ya gaje shi wanda ya gudanar da asibitin tsakanin 2000 da 2008. Dokta O. S. Sotiloye ne ya gaje shi wanda ya jagoranci harkokin asibiti har zuwa 2017. Tun daga wannan lokacin Farfesa A.A.Musa ne ya gaje shi, wanda ya riga ya shafe shekaru 4 a ofis.

## Aikin
Manufar asibitin kamar yadda ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon hukuma shine "Don samar da inganci da kuma lokacin asibiti da sauran ayyukan tallafi ga marasa lafiya a cikin iko, da kuma ayyukan bincike da horo, da kuma zama zaɓi na neman sabis na kiwon lafiya a cikin Jihar Ogun da kewayenta".

## Ayyukan asibiti

* Ayyukan jinya
* Tarihin Lafiya
* Magungunan Iyali
* Gidan magani
* Magungunan yara
* Magungunan ciki
* Magungunan haihuwa da gynecology
* Aikin tiyata
* Anaesthesia / ICU
* Abinci
* Abinci da Abinci
* Ilimin cututtukan jikin mutum
* Haematology
* Kwayoyin Kwayoyin Kwalejin Kwalejin
* Ilimin kimiyyar kiwon lafiya
* Magungunan jiki
* Kayan hakora na dawowa
* Kayan rigakafin hakora
* Lafiyar Magana ta Yara
* Magana & fuska
* Lafiyar Zuciya da Magungunan Halin
* Radiology
* Ilimin ido
* Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a
* Laburaren Kiwon Lafiya
* Orthopedic & Trauma
* CMPC
* Ciwo da Rashin Rashin Ruwa
* ENT
* Kimiyyar cutar kanjamau
* Lafiya da Tsaro na Muhalli

### Ba Aikin Asibiti ba

* Gudanarwa
* Fasahar Sadarwa ta Bayanai (ICT) 
* Kudi da Asusun
* Binciken Cikin Gida
* Dangantaka da Bayani (PRO) 
* Ayyuka
* Sayar da kayayyaki
* Tsaro.

## CMD
CMD na cibiyar kiwon lafiya ta tarayya abeokuta Mista Abdullahi Dayo Isra'ila, shugaban kasar Bola Armed ne ya nada shi a watan Janairun shekara ta 2025. 

## Haɗin kai
Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tarayya abeokuta, ta yi aiki tare da gidan majalisa na jihar don yaki da cutar kansa a jihar . 

## Shafukan da suka danganci

* Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tarayya, Azare

## Manazarta
Peter Greene

**Peter Greene** ( Oktoba 8, 1965 - Disamba 12, 2025) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Dan wasan kwaikwayo, gabaɗaya an san shi da nuna miyagu. An san shi sosai saboda rawar da ya taka a cikin fina-finai na 1994 The Mask, wanda a cikinsa ya taka babban abokin adawa Dorian Tyrell, da Pulp Fiction, inda ya nuna Zed, mai tsaron bakin ciki.
Sauran ƙididdiga na Greene sun haɗa da Dokokin Nauyi (1992), Daren Shari'a (1993), Tsabtace, Shaven (1994), Ƙarƙashin Siege 2: Yankin Dark (1995), da Masu Zargi na Al'ada (1995). Daga baya ya bayyana a Kiss & Tell (1997), Blue Streak (1999), Ranar horo (2001), The Black Donnellys (2007), Life on Mars (2009), New York New York (2016), da The Continental (2023).

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Peter Green a ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 1965 a Montclair, New Jersey,  kuma ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan'uwa uku, tare da ɗan'uwa da 'yar uwa. Ya gudu daga gida yana dan shekara 15 kuma ya kasance ba shi da gida tsawon wasu shekaru. Bai ci gaba da aikin wasan kwaikwayo ba sai tsakiyar shekarunsa na 20.. Ya fara samun ayyuka da yawa a sinima da talabijin a farkon 1990s.

## Sana'a
Greene ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin Dokokin Nauyi (1992).Yana da matsayi a cikin Fiction Pulp,The Maski,  da The Suspects a cikin 1994 da 1995. A cikin Fiction Pulp, Greene ya bayyana a matsayin Zed. Maskin ya gan shi yana wasa da muguwar Dorian Tyrell.Wadanda ake zargi sun gan shi yana wasa da halin Redfoot.Ya buga schizophrenic Peter Winter a cikin Clean, Shaven (1993). Greene sau da yawa yana wasa miyagu, kamar a cikin Daren Shari'a (1993), Ƙarƙashin Siege 2: Yankin Dark (1995), Matar Mai Arziki (1996),Ranar Horarwa (2001)  (a matsayin jami'in ɓarna na narcotics), da The Bounty Hunter (2010).
A lokacin mutuwarsa, an ba shi rawa a cikin wani fim mai zuwa Mickey Rourke mai suna Mascots, kuma yana cikin wasu ayyuka aƙalla guda biyu.
## Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa
Greene yana da ɗa gudaYa yi fama da jarabar tabar heroin da hodar iblis a shekarun 1990.An kama shi da laifin mallakar hodar iblis a shekarar 2007.
An tsinci gawar Greene a gidansa na Lower East Side a gundumar Manhattan, New York, ranar 12 ga Disamba, 2025. Yana da shekaru 60. Makwabcin da ya gano gawar Greene ya bayyana wa jaridar New York Daily News cewa an samu Greene "kwance a kasa, fuskarsa kasa, rauni a fuska da jini". An kuma tabbatar da samun bayanin inda Greene ya yi iƙirarin "Har yanzu ni Westie ne."

## Manazarta
Rohey John Manjang

**Rohey John Manjang** ɗan siyasan Gambiya ne . Ita 'yar siyasa ce mai zaman kanta kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Muhalli, Canjin Yanayi da albarkatun kasa (MECCNAR) a Gwamnatin Gambiya tun daga 10 ga Mayu 2022.

## Tarihin rayuwa
A ranar 10 ga Mayu 2022 an nada John Manjang a matsayin Ministan Muhalli, Canjin Yanayi da albarkatun kasa (MECCNAR) a Gwamnatin Gambiya. Kafin nadin ta a majalisar ministocin Adama Barrow, ta kasance Gwamna na yankin Lower River kuma Seedy Lamin Bah ya gaje ta a matsayin Gwamna.

A watan Satumbar 2023, John Manjang ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar Ministan Kampala kan Shige da Fice, Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi (KDMECC-Afirka) a taron koli na Yanayin Afirka na 2023 a Nairobi, Kenya. Ta kasance Jakadan Ministocin LoCAL a cikin Asusun Ci Gaban Babban Birnin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNCDF) a cikin 2023.

A watan Fabrairun 2024, John Manjang "ya sanar da kafa yankuna huɗu na al'umma a yankin Kogin Tsakiya da kuma kirkirar yankin da aka kare a Kartung. "  A watan Yulin 2024, ta gabatar da aikin "Maido da Hanyar Muhalli don Kula da Muhalli da Kula da Muhimmanci don Taimako Aiwatar Babban Ganuwar Green a Gambiya" don aiwatar da ayyukan kula da ƙasa masu ɗorewa da kuma mayar da hekta 43,000 na gandun daji. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024, John Manjang ya kaddamar da Shirin Ayyuka na Kasa tare da kungiyar Common Seas don magance gurɓataccen filastik da rage gurɓatawar teku, gami da haramtacciyar haramtacciya a kan kwalabe na filastik guda ɗaya da jaka masu ɗaukar kaya. Ta kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da tasirin Canjin yanayi akan tsaron abinci a Gambiya a Ranar Muhalli ta Duniya.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, John Manjang ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna (MoU) tare da Kamfanin Kamfanonin Jospong na Ghana (JGC) don gina masana'antar kula da sharar gida a Gambiya,   yayin da kashi 20% ne kawai na sharar gida da aka tattara kuma aka zubar da su a cikin shekara ta 2024. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2025, John Manjang ya bude sabon ofishin ma'aikatar muhalli, canjin yanayi da albarkatun kasa a Abuko.

A watan Yulin 2025, John Manjang ya gabatar da Dokar Gudanar da Muhalli ta Kasa ta 2025 ga Majalisar Dokokin Gambiya don karatun ta na biyu, wanda zai sokewa da maye gurbin Dokar Gudanarwa ta Muhalli ta Duniya ta 1994 (NEMA). An zartar da dokar don karatu na uku. Bayan bita na kasa na kwana biyu a watan Agustan 2025, an tabbatar da Dokar da Manufar Canjin Yanayi ta Kasa.

## Manazarta
David Angell (diminista)

**David Jonathan Robin Angell** jami'in diflomasiyyar Kanada ne, a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan manufofin kasashen waje da tsaro ga Firayim Minista. Ya kasance Jakadan Kanada a NATO daga 2019 zuwa 2024. Ya kasance Babban Kwamishinan Kanada a Kenya daga 2012 har zuwa 2016,  wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin Babban Kwamishina a Rwanda da Uganda; a matsayin Jakadan da aka zaba a Burundi, Somalia  da Sudan ta Kudu, kuma a matsayin wakilin Kanada a Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP) da Shirin Mazauna na Majalisar Dattijai (UN-Habitat) a Nairobi.

## Ilimi

* BA, Kimiyya ta Siyasa, Jami'ar Yale, 1986
* MA, Dangantaka ta Duniya, Jami'ar Toronto, 1987
* MPhil, Harkokin Kasashen Duniya, Jami'ar Cambridge [Commonwealth Scholar], 1988 

## Ayyuka
Angell ya shiga Harkokin Waje da Kasuwancin Duniya na Kanada a shekarar 1989. An tura shi Washington, DC daga 1991 zuwa 1993. Daga 1995 zuwa 1996, an tura shi zuwa Arewacin Ireland don aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Janar John de Chastelain a cikin tsarin zaman lafiya a can. Daga 1996 zuwa 2001, ya yi aiki a Ofishin Jakadancin Dindindin a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a New York (1996 zuwa 2001), Daga 2004 zuwa 2012, ya kasance Babban Kwamishina a Najeriya. A wannan lokacin, daga 2004 zuwa 2007, ya kuma kasance Jakada ga Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka. Ya kuma kasance Darakta Janar na Ƙungiyoyin Kasashen Waje na Kanada da Kasuwancin Duniya.

Angell ya yi aiki a cikin wadannan Shugaba na Ofishin Jakadancin:

* Wakilin Dindindin ga Kungiyar Yarjejeniyar Arewacin Atlantic (2019 - 2024) 
* Babban Kwamishinan zuwa Kenya (2012 - 2016) 
* Babban Kwamishinan zuwa Rwanda (2012 - 2016) 
* Babban Kwamishinan zuwa Uganda (2012 - 2016) 
* Jakadan kasar Somalia (2012 - 2016) 
* Jakadan kasar Burundi (2012 - 2016) 
* Jakadan Sudan ta Kudu (2012 - 2016) 
* Wakilin Dindindin a Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (2012 - 2016) 
* Babban Kwamishinan Najeriya (2004 - 2012) 
* Wakilin Dindindin ga Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka (2004 - 2007) 

Mala'ika ta sami lambar yabo ta Sarauniya Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal (2013). 

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2014, tare da Babban Kwamishinoni daga Ostiraliya da Burtaniya, da Jakadun daga Tarayyar Turai da wasu kasashe da yawa, ya sanya hannu, a matsayinsa na Babban Kwamishinan Kanada zuwa Uganda, "Sanarwa Daga Jami'an diflomasiyyar Tarayyar Tarayyaa kan Dokar Anti-Homosexuality" wanda ke nuna damuwa da takaici game da Dokar Anti-Lide ta Uganda.

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2022, yayin da mamayar Rasha a Ukraine ta yi tsananin tashin hankali, Angell ya jagoranci turawar diflomasiyyar Kanada don Cibiyar Canjin Yanayi da Tsaro ta NATO, manufofin sa hannu na Ministan Tsaro na Kasa Anita Anand . 

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, an nada Angell a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan manufofin kasashen waje da tsaro ga Firayim Minista a Ofishin Majalisa Privy.

## Na Mutum
David ya girma a Westmount, Montreal, Quebec, ɗan Sylvia da Harold Angell. Ya auri Katherine Mary (Kate) Raybould a watan Oktoba 1990; suna da 'ya'ya biyu, Alexandra da Jonathan . 

## Manazarta
Anne Bayefsky

**Anne Bayefsky**, an haife ta 8 fa watan  Nuwamba 1953, lauya ce, malami kuma mai fafutuka wanda a halin yanzu ke jagorantar Cibiyar Kolejin Touro akan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Holocaust. Ita marubuciya ce ta Fox News,  kuma marubuciya kuma edita akan gidajen yanar gizo da yawa.

## Ayyuka
Bayefsky tana da BA, MA da LL. B. daga Jami'ar Toronto da kuma M.Litt. daga Jami'ar Oxford. Ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta York,  darakta na aikin Nazarin Yarjejeniyar' Yancin Dan Adam ta jami'ar, memba na wakilan Kanada zuwa tarurruka na kasa da kasa, kamar Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a 1993-1996, Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkinobho na Duniya na Vienna a 1984 da 1989, kuma wakilin American Society of International Law a taron Duniya na Beijing na huɗu kan Mata a 1995.  Ta kasance a baya Babban Fellow a Cibiyar Hudson, wani tanki mai ra'ayin mazan jiya na Amurka.

A halin yanzu, ita ce darakta na Cibiyar Kwalejin Touro kan 'Yancin Dan Adam,  babban edita kuma memba na kwamitin 'Human Rights Voices' dandalin labarai na kan layi,  kuma marubuciya ce a 'Eye on the UN', wanda Cibiyar Hudson da Cibiyar Koleejin Touro ke gudanarwa don 'Yancin Mutum.  Ta kuma zauna a cikin Kwamitin Masu Ba da Shawara na Cibiyar Harkokin Tsaro ta Yahudawa, wani tunani mai zaman kansa wanda ke mai da hankali kan batutuwan Amurka da tsaron kasa na Isra'ila. Kwarewarta ta shari'a ta kasance a cikin kasa da kasa, haƙƙin ɗan adam, haƙƙin mata, da dokar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma ta rufe shekaru arba'in, ta fara a Jami'ar Ottawa a 1981.

Bayefsky ya shirya kuma ya gudanar da taro da tarurruka a fannonin alaƙar kasa da kasa da haƙƙin ɗan adam ga masu zaman kansu.

## Ra'ayoyi
Bayefsky ya yi jayayya cewa manufofin Ontario na cikakken tallafin makarantun Roman Katolika, yayin da yake musanta cikakken tallafi ga wasu makarantun addini, yana nuna bambanci.

Bayefsky ya yi magana don kare Isra'ila. Ta soki "amsar da Gwamnatin Obama ta yi game da sanarwar Isra'ila cewa za ta ci gaba da gina sabbin gidaje ga yawan jama'arta da ke ƙaruwa a cikin yankin da aka mamaye, "yana kiranta "mai ban tsoro," kuma ta tambaya, "Ganin cewa Amurka ya kamata ta himmatu ga jam'iyyun da ke ƙayyade ikon mallakar ƙasar a tattaunawar matsayi na ƙarshe, menene ke faruwa?" 

## Kyaututtuka

* 1992: Mai karɓar Bora Laskin National Fellowship a cikin Binciken 'Yancin Dan Adam daga Cibiyar Binciken Kimiyya da Humanities ta Kanada . 
* 2002-2004: Lady Davis Fellow a Jami'ar Ibrananci da ke Urushalima
* 1995-1996: Mai karɓar tallafin Gidauniyar MacArthur a Zaman Lafiya da Haɗin Kai na Duniya

## Manazarta
William Moomaw

**William R. Moomaw** shi ne Farfesa Emeritus na Manufofin Muhalli na Duniya a Makarantar Fletcher, Jami'ar Tufts .  Moomaw ya yi aiki a tsakiya na kimiyya da manufofi, yana ba da shawara ga ci gaban ci gaba mai ɗorewa na duniya. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da kasancewa mai ba da gudummawa na dogon lokaci ga Kwamitin Gwamnati kan Canjin Yanayi    da kuma marubuci a kan takarda mai suna "Perspective" game da gandun daji.

## Ilimi da aiki
Moomaw ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Williams a shekarar 1959, kuma a shekarar 1965 ya sami Ph.D. a fannin ilmin sunadarai na jiki daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts .  Moomaw ya kasance darektan shirin yanayi, makamashi da gurɓataccen yanayi na Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Duniya a Washington, DC .  Daga baya ya shiga bangaren koyarwa na Makarantar Shari'a da diflomasiyya ta Fletcher, inda aka nada shi Farfesa na Manufofin Muhalli na Duniya. A shekara ta 1992 ya kafa Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli da Manufofin Kasa da Kasa, a cikin Makarantar Fletcher, kuma ya kasance darektan cibiyar na tsawon shekaru 22, har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 2013. 

## Ayyuka
Moomaw ya gudanar da bincike a fannoni da suka hada da ci gaba mai ɗorewa, makamashi mai sabuntawa, kasuwanci da muhalli, fasaha da tasirin manufofi don canjin yanayi, ruwa da canjin yanayi na yanayi, tattalin arziki da geochemistry na sake zagayowar nitrogen, bambancin halittu, da dabarun tattaunawa don yarjejeniyar muhalli.

Moomaw ya kasance jagora marubuci ga rahotanni da yawa na Kwamitin Gwamnati kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC),    ciki har da kasancewa jagora marubucin babi na 2001 game da rage fitar da iskar gas da kuma jagora marubuta ga Rahoton Bincike na huɗu na IPCC na 2007 Babi na 4: Samar da Makamashi a Mitigation of Climate Change (Working Group III). 

A matsayinsa na American Association for the Advancement of Science Congress Science Fellow, ya yi aiki a kan dokokin makamashi da gandun daji da kuma dokokin da suka kawar da amfani da CFCs na Amurka a cikin gwangwani don kare Layer na ozone. Moomaw ya kuma kafa Tufts Climate Initiative kuma ya kafa Cibiyar Ci Gaban Duniya da Muhalli, kuma ya yi aiki a kan allon The Climate Group, Clean Air-Cool Planet, Earthwatch Institute, Cibiyar Fasahar Muhalli, Cibiyar Nazarin Woods Hole, da Cibiyar Nazari ta Yarjejeniya. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara da mai sharhi.

Moomaw ya kuma ba da Shaidar ƙwararru a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya,  kuma ya rubuta rahotanni ga Majalisar Dinkinobho. 

## Kyaututtuka
A shekara ta 2007 an ba da Kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya  ga kwamitin Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC da Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Al Gore . Moomaw ya kasance babban marubuci ga surori na rahotanni da yawa na IPCC, gami da rahoton 2007.

## Littattafai

### Littattafai

* Tattaunawar Muhalli ta Ƙasashen Ƙasashen Duniya: Sabbin Hanyoyi ga Haɗin Kai na Duniya (haɗin edita) (2002).
* Mutane da Duniyarsu: Neman Daidaitawa (mai haɗin gwiwa) (1999).
* Sabuntawa a Tattaunawar Muhalli ta Duniya (haɗin edita) (1999) 

## Manazarta
Kadamba Simmons

Kadamba Simmons (7 Mayu 1974 - c. 13 Yuni 1998) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Biritaniya kuma abin koyi. Simons ya fito a cikin tallace-tallacen samfuran Martini da Pantene.

A tsakiyar watan Yunin 1998, an gano gawar Simmons a rataye a cikin wanka na wani igiya na London. An maƙure ta har ta mutu sannan aka rataye ta da madauri na fata. An kama tsohon saurayinta saboda kisan ta, kodayake ya yi iƙirarin cewa mutuwarta wani ɓangare ne na Yarjejeniyar kashe kansa tare da Simmons kanta. An yanke wa saurayin hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai. 

## Ayyuka
Simmons ya bayyana a cikin tallace-tallace don samfuran da yawa ciki har da Martini da Pantene shampoo. Ta kuma taka rawar gani a fina-finai da yawa kuma ta bayyana a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na Extreme na "Stop the World".

### Hotunan fina-finai

* The Good Sex Guide (1994) 
* Grim (1995) 
* *Mary Reilly* (1996) 
* *Masu kiwo* (1997) 
* *Kudin da ke hannunsa* (1998) 
* *Ya bambanta ga 'yan mata* (1998) 
* *Kwarewar Wonderland* (2000) 

## Kisan kai
A ranar 13 ga watan Yunin 1998, an gano jikin Simmons tsirara a rataye a cikin wanka na wani ɗakin London. An maƙure ta har ta mutu sannan aka rataye ta da madauri na fata. Sauran ɗakin ya cika da jini.[1] Yaniv Malka, tsohon saurayin Simmons, an kama shi daga baya a wannan rana kuma an tuhume shi da kashe ta; ya yi iƙirarin mutuwarta wani ɓangare ne na yarjejeniyar kashe kansa. Ya ce sun yi jima'i sannan ta roƙe shi ya maƙure ta.[2] A ranar 29 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1999, an yanke wa Malka hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai saboda kisan Simmons.[3] A watan Fabrairun 2000, alƙalai uku na Kotun daukaka kara sun ki amincewa da ikirarin Malka cewa bai sami shari'a mai kyau ba.[4]￼

## Manazarta