Raphael Cilento

**Sir Raphael West Cilento** (2 Disamba 1893 - 15 Afrilu 1985), wanda aka fi sani da "Ray",  ya kasance likitan Australiya kuma mai kula da lafiyar jama'a.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Cilento a Jamestown, Kudancin Australia, a cikin 1893, ɗan Raphael Ambrose Cilento, mai kula da tashar (wanda mahaifinsa Salvatore ya yi hijira daga Naples, Italiya a cikin 1855),  da Frances Ellen Elizabeth (née West). Yayansa, Alan Watson West Cilento (an haife shi a shekara ta 1908), ya zama Janar Manajan Bankin Tattalin Arziki na Kudancin Australia daga 1961 zuwa 1968.

Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Prince Alfred, amma kodayake ya ƙaddara tun yana ƙarami don nazarin magani, da farko an hana shi yin hakan saboda rashin kuɗi. Saboda haka, ya fara horo a matsayin malamin makaranta, wanda Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta tallafawa, daga 1908 kuma ya koyar a Port Pirie a 1910 da 1911. Ya yi karatun likitanci a Jami'ar Adelaide. 

## Farkon aiki
A farkon rayuwarsa ta aiki, abubuwan da Cilento ke sha'awa sun fi dacewa da lafiyar jama'a kuma, musamman, maganin zafi. Ya yi aiki tare da Sojojin Tropical na Australiya a New Guinea wanda ya maye gurbin gwamnatin Jamus bayan Yaƙin Duniya na farko . Daga baya ya shiga aikin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a Malaya.

A lokacin da ya dawo Ostiraliya ya kasance Darakta na Cibiyar Kula da Magunguna ta Tropical ta Australiya a Townsville, Queensland, daga 1922 zuwa 1924. 

## Ayyuka na tsakiya
Bayan wani karin lokaci a New Guinea, Cilento ya zama Darakta na Sashen Kiwon Lafiyar Tropical na Gwamnatin Commonwealth a Brisbane. Ya rike wannan mukamin daga 1928 zuwa 1934.

A cikin 1934, Gwamnatin Forgan Smith ta Queensland ta fara kirkirar daya daga cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya na duniya na farko. Ministan Lafiya Ned Hanlon ya dauki Cilento don cimma wannan burin a matsayin Darakta Janar na Lafiya da Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiya. Cilento, duk da cewa ya kasance tare da bangaren dama na siyasa, bai taɓa rasa imaninsa game da kiwon lafiya da gwamnati ke tallafawa ba. Don taimakawa wajen aiwatar da manufofinsa, ya yi karatun shari'a kuma an shigar da shi cikin Bar a shekarar 1939.

A matsayinsa na Darakta Janar (matsayin da ya rike har zuwa 1945), kuma ya haɗu da shugabancin Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta jihar (kazalika da farfesa a fannin kiwon lafiya a Jami'ar Queensland), ya yi tsayayya da hanyoyin rigakafin cutar shan inna na Elizabeth Kenny, kodayake da farko ya yi magana da ladabi game da aikinta don ba da ra'ayi cewa ya fi son shi.

Sarki George V ne ya ba Cilento daraja a 1935 (lokacin da yake da shekaru 42 kawai) saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga hidimar jama'a da likitanci na wurare masu zafi. Ya sami shahara a duniya bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II saboda aikinsa na taimakawa 'yan gudun hijira tare da Hukumar Taimako da Rehabilitation ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A watan Yulin 1945 shi ne likitan farar hula na farko da ya shiga sansanin fursuna na Belsen, bayan ya yi aiki mai yawa kan kula da zazzabin cizon sauro a cikin Balkans. Ya kasance Darakta na 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Masu Ruwa daga 1946 zuwa 1947.

A watan Agustan 1948, a matsayin Darakta na Sashen Ayyukan Jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Cilento ya zagaya yankunan da yaƙin ya shafa a Falasdinu tare da Count Folke Bernadotte, matsakanci na Majalisar Dattijai. Ya kalli matsalar 'yan gudun hijira ta Larabawa a matsayin bala'i wanda za'a iya kwatanta da girgizar ƙasa, ambaliyar ruwa ko raƙuman ruwa. Ya yi murabus a shekarar 1950 bayan ya nuna tausayi ga 'yan gudun hijirar Palasdinawa da aka kori. Ya koma Ostiraliya a shekarar 1951.

## Rayuwa ta baya
Rayuwar Cilento daga baya a ƙasarsa ta kasance da takaici game da rashin iya samun aiki mai dacewa a cikin sabis na gwamnati ko ilimi. Wannan gazawar ta kasance aƙalla wani ɓangare sakamakon ra'ayoyin wariyar launin fata da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, wanda aka kwatanta da sa hannu tare da Australian League of Rights a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960 musamman, da kuma ci gaba da goyon bayan jama'a ga Manufar White Australia dogon lokaci bayan wannan rukunan ya daina zama wani ɓangare na jam'iyyar siyasa ta Australia. Farfesa Mark Finnane na Jami'ar Griffith ya rubuta a cikin mujallar Queensland Review cewa "[m] irin basirarsa, da aka yi amfani da ita sosai ga ci gaban bincike mai kyau da manufofi a cikin sarrafawa da kawar da cututtukan wurare masu zafi, an kuma ba da umarni ga yin amfani da fasahar ci gaba na ilmin annoba da maganin wurare masu zafi a cikin hidimar ra'ayoyi game da matsayi na launin fata wanda ke da tushe a cikin karni na sha tara. Wadannan ra'ayoyin a ƙarshe za su lalace su da kimiyya da ke bayyana daga shekarun 1920, amma har yanzu suna mai kyau ya rataye su sosai a cikin shekarun 1950s.[1]

## Manazarta