Tom Manthata

**Thomas Madikwe Manthata** (29 Nuwamba 1939 - 10 Yuli 2020) ɗan gwagwarmayar Afirka ta Kudu ne wanda ke fafutukar yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata. Bayan kawo karshen mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata, ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin gaskiya da sulhu da kuma na hukumar kare hakkin ɗan Adam ta Afirka ta Kudu.

A lokacin mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata, Manthata malami ne a Soweto kuma ya yi aiki da Majalisar Cocin Afirka ta Kudu. Jiga-jigan kungiyar Black Consciousness, ya kasance memba wanda ya kafa kuma babban sakataren ƙungiyar jama'ar Azaniya na lokaci ɗaya. Yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ake tuhuma a kotun Delmas na cin amanar ƙasa  kuma a watan Nuwamba 1988 aka yanke masa hukuncin cin amanar ƙasa saboda aikinsa na siyasa. Ya yi shekara ɗaya na hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru shida kafin a soke hukuncin da aka ɗaukaka a shekarar 1989.

## Rayuwar farko da gwagwarmaya
An haifi Manthata a ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamba 1939 a Soekmekaar a tsohuwar Transvaal ta Arewa.  A cikin shekarar 1967, bayan an kore shi daga makarantar hauza ta Katolika,  ya fara koyarwa a makarantar sakandare ta Sekano Ntoane da ke Soweto a wajen Johannesburg, inda ɗalibansa suka haɗa da Amos Masondo da shugaba na gaba Cyril Ramaphosa.   A daidai wannan lokacin, ya kuma yi karatu na ɗan lokaci a Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu (UNISA) kuma ya zama mai fafutuka a cikin Black Consciousness, tun da farko ta ƙungiyar ɗaliban Afirka ta Kudu.  Ya yi amfani da haɗin gwiwarsa da ƙungiyar Black Consciousness don sauƙaƙe ilimin siyasa na ɗaliban makarantar sakandare. 

Daga shekarun 1974, ya yi aiki a Majalisar Ikklisiya ta Afirka ta Kudu (SACC), da farko yana da hannu wajen taimakawa iyalan waɗanda ake tsare da su a siyasance.  Shekaru uku bayan haka, a cikin shekarar 1977, gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta haramtawa Black Consciousness shirya tsatstsauran ra'ayi, tare da haramta duk manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyi bayan boren Soweto. Daga baya Manthata ya zama memba na ƙungiyar mutanen Azaniya (AZAPO), inda daga baya ya zama babban sakatare.  An tsare shi saboda harkokin siyasa a lokuta da dama. 

## Delmas Treason Trial
A watan Yunin 1985 ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu fafutuka 22 da aka gurfanar a gaban kotun Delmas na cin amanar ƙasa, ana zarginsu da laifin cin amanar ƙasa  ta hanyar tayar da boren 1984 a cikin Vaal Triangle.  Desmond Tutu, sannan babban sakatare na SACC, daga baya ya ce Manthata ya kasance a cikin Vaal ne kawai don sa ido kan zanga-zangar bisa umarninsa.  Duk da haka, a ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba 1988, Manthata - tare da Moss Chikane, Popo Molefe, da Mosiuoa Lekota na United Democratic Front - na daga cikin waɗanda ake tuhuma huɗu da aka yanke wa hukuncin cin amanar ƙasa.  Tutu ya buga op-ed a cikin tsaron Manthata a cikin *[[New York Times]]*, yana rubuta:Idan akwai mutum ɗaya a Afirka ta Kudu wanda ba tare da jinkiri ba zan sanya kaina a kan wani toshe, shi ne Tom Manthata. Tom mutum ne wanda, bayan an azabtar da shi yayin da yake hannun 'yan sanda, bayan ya kwashe fiye da kwanaki 200 a tsare ba tare da shari'a ba, bayan ya kasance a cikin 'tsarewar kariya' kusan kusan shekara guda, ya fito daga kurkuku ya ce wa abokansa a cikin majalisa: 'Kada mu cinye shi da haushi. 'A ranar 8 ga watan Disamba, an yanke wa Manthata hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru shida a gidan yari; Alkalin ya ce ya zartar da hukunci mai sassaucin ra'ayi da fatan cewa Manthata zai ɗauki rawar jagoranci mai inganci da zarar an sake shi.  Duk da haka, ya yi aiki shekara guda kawai: a ranar 15 ga watan Disamba 1989, Kotun Koli ta ɗaukaka ƙara  ta soke hukuncin kan fasaha.

## Aikin bayan mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata
Bayan kawar da mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata a cikin shekarar 1994, Manthata ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamishina a Hukumar Gaskiya da Sulhuntawa.  Ya kuma kasance kwamishina a Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Ɗan Adam ta Afirka ta Kudu, da farko na lardin Eastern Cape;  ya fara wa'adin shekaru bakwai a matsayin kwamishinan ƙasa a watan Oktoba 2002, ƙarƙashin shugabar Jody Kollapen. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa
Manthata ya mutu sakamakon rashin lafiya da ke da alaƙa da COVID-19 a Asibitin Soja guda ɗaya a wajen Pretoria a ranar 10 ga watan Yuli 2020.   Yayi aure.  A cikin watan Nuwamba 2021, bayan mutuwarsa, Shugaba Cyril Ramaphosa ya ba shi lambar yabo ta Luthuli a Zinare, "saboda rawar da ya taka a cikin lamuran 'yancin ɗan adam, kama daga haƙƙin tsofaffi da batutuwan ƙasa har zuwa shugabancin gargajiya".  

## Manazarta

## Rayuwar shi da gwagwarmaya

An haifi Manthata a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 1939 a Soekmekaar a tsohuwar Transvaal ta Arewa .  A cikin shekara ta 1967, bayan an kore shi daga makarantar hauza ta Katolika,  ya fara koyarwa a makarantar sakandare ta Sekano Ntoane da ke Soweto a wajen Johannesburg, inda ɗalibansa suka haɗa da Amos Masondo da shugaba na gaba Cyril Ramaphosa .   A daidai wannan lokacin, ya yi karatu na ɗan lokaci a Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu (UNISA) kuma ya zama mai fafutuka a cikin buƙatu na baƙar fata, tun da farko ta ƙungiyar ɗaliban Afirka ta Kudu .  Ya yi amfani da haɗin gwiwarsa da ƙungiyar Black Consciousness don sauƙaƙe ilimin siyasa na daliban makarantun sakandare. 

Daga shekara ta 1974, ya yi aiki a Majalisar Ikklisiya ta Afirka ta Kudu (SACC), da farko yana da hannu wajen taimakawa iyalan wadanda ake tsare da su a siyasance.  Shekaru uku bayan haka, a cikin 1977, gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta haramtawa Black Consciousness shirya tsatsaurar ra'ayi, tare da haramta duk manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyi bayan boren Soweto . Daga baya Manthata ya zama memba na kungiyar mutanen Azaniya (AZAPO), inda daga baya ya zama babban Sakatare.  An tsare shi saboda harkokin siyasa a lokuta da dama.