Max Harris (mai waka)

**Maxwell Henley Harris** AO (13 Afrilu 1921 - 13 Janairu 1995), wanda aka fi sani da Max Harris, mawaki ne na Australiya, mai sukar, marubuci, mai sharhi, mai bugawa, kuma mai sayar da littattafai.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi

An haifi Maxwell Henley Harris a ranar 13 ga Afrilu 1921 a Adelaide, Kudancin Australia, kuma ya girma a garin Mount Gambier, inda mahaifinsa ya kasance a matsayin mai siyarwa mai tafiya. An buga waƙoƙinsa na farko a cikin shafukan yara na The Sunday Mail.[ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

Ya ci gaba da rubuta waka ta hanyar makarantar sakandare bayan ya sami tallafin karatu a Kwalejin St Peter, Adelaide. A lokacin da ya fara halartar Jami'ar Adelaide, an riga an san shi a matsayin mawaki da mai ilimi. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

== Penguins masu fushi ==
Sha'awar Harris ga shayari da [[Zamanance|zamani]] sun kasance suna motsawa a bayan kirkirar a cikin 1940 na mujallar adabi da ake kira Angry Penguins. Wadanda suka kafa shi sune DB "Sam" Kerr, Paul G. Pfeiffer da Geoffrey Dutton. Batun farko ya ja hankalin lauyan [[Melbourne]] da mai kula da zane-zane John Reed, wanda ya ba da haɗin gwiwa kan buga ƙarin batutuwa. Harris, wanda ya riga ya yi ƙoƙari ya kafa reshe na Kudancin Australia na Kungiyar Fasaha ta zamani, an ja shi zuwa yankin fasaha na Reeds a [[Gidan kayan gargajiya na zamani na Heide|Heide]]. A fitowar ta biyu ta Angry Penguins, Harris ya haɗa fasahar gani a cikin mujallar. Sidney Nolan daga baya ya shiga ƙungiyar edita. Sauran masu zane-zane da ke da alaƙa da Angry Penguins sun haɗa da Albert Tucker, Joy Hester, James Gleeson, Arthur Boyd, da John Perceval . [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

Mawallafa na gargajiya sun yi fushi da nasarar Angry Penguins, tare da inganta surrealism da kuma wallafa marubuta masu ci gaba kamar Dylan Thomas, Gabriel García Márquez, James Dickey da mawaki na Amurka Harry Roskolenko.

Marubucin waka kuma mai sukar A. D. Hope yana daga cikin wadanda suka yi tsayayya da Harris da masu zamani. Hope ya yi wahayi zuwa ga matasa mawaƙa biyu da ke aiki a cikin sojoji, Harold Stewart da James McAuley, don "samun Maxy". A karkashin sunan "Ern Malley", ma'aurata sun kirkiro jerin waƙoƙi a cikin salon zamani kuma sun gabatar da su ga Harris a Angry Penguins . Harris ya yi tunanin waƙoƙin suna da kyau kuma ya buga su tare da wasu murna a cikin Angry Penguins.

Waƙoƙin sun kasance masu jayayya amma an karɓa da kyau. Koyaya, 'yan sanda a Kudancin Ostiraliya sun fassara wasu layi a cikin shayari a matsayin lalata (wani waka ya yi amfani da kalmar "incestuous")  kuma an tuhumi Harris da lalata.

Reed da Harris, wadanda a wannan lokacin ma suna buga littattafai, sun yi amfani da mai bincike don gano ƙarin bayani game da mawaki mai ban mamaki. Maganar ta fito cewa Ern Malley yaudara ce. Shari'ar lalata ta ja hankalin manema labarai na duniya. An sami Harris da laifi kuma an ci tarar fam biyar duk da sanannun masu sukar wallafe-wallafen da ke ba da shaida ga karewa.

Harris bai taba yin watsi da imaninsa game da ingancin waƙoƙin Ern Malley ba, wanda ke ci gaba da bugawa da nazarin su.

## Rayuwa da mutuwa daga baya
Harris ya gudanar da Mary Martin Bookshop a Adelaide tare da abokinsa na jami'a Mary Maydwell Martin. Sun buga wata jarida ta kowane wata tare da sukar wallafe-wallafen, sharhi da sake dubawa na littafi. Bayan Mary Martin ta koma Indiya, Harris ta fadada jerin littattafai a duk faɗin Australia da Hong Kong. Sashin ya jagoranci sauran masana'antar littattafai a Ostiraliya ta hanyar bayar da lakabi masu inganci a farashi mai kyau. Harris ya yi yaƙi da ƙuntatawa wanda masu bugawa na ƙasashen waje ke da shi a kasuwar littattafai ta Australiya, yana ɗaukar manyan gidajen bugawa don tabbatar da littattafan da ke da farashi ga masu karatu na Australiya. An sayar da sarkar Mary Martin ga Macmillan a ƙarshen shekarun 1970.[1]

Harris ya kafa kuma ya hada da Australian Book Review da kuma wata mujallar wallafe-wallafen, Australian Letters, wanda ya ci gaba da aikin ba da izini ga masu zane-zane don kwatanta shayari. Ya kuma kasance, tare da Geoffrey Dutton da Brian Stonier, wanda ya kafa Sun Books. Harris ya buga waƙoƙinsa a asirce, kodayake sau da yawa ana haɗa shi a cikin litattafan Australiya na gargajiya.

## Manazarta