Ƙididdigar ingancin iska

Alamar ingancin iska (AQI) alama ce da hukumomin gwamnati suka kirkira  don sadarwa ga jama'a yadda iska ta gurɓata a halin yanzu ko kuma yadda aka gurɓata shi zai zama.  Yayin da matakan gurɓata iska ke ƙaruwa, haka kuma AQI, tare da haɗarin lafiyar jama'a. Yara, tsofaffi da mutanen dake fama da matsalolin numfashi ko na zuciya galibi sune kungiyoyi na farko da ke fama le rashin ingancin iska. Lokacin da AQI ta fi girma, hukumomin gwamnati gabaɗaya suna ƙarfafa mutane su rage ayyukan jiki a waje, ko ma guje wa fita gaba ɗaya. Lokacin da gobarar daji ta haifar da babban AQI, ana ƙarfafa amfani da abin rufe fuska (kamar mai numfashi na N95) a waje da mai tsabtace iska (wanda ya haɗa da HEPA da matattarar carbon) a cikin gida.  

Kasashe daban-daban suna da alamun ingancin iska, wanda yadace da ka'idojin ingancin iska na kasa daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin wadannan sune Air Quality Health Index na Kanada, Malaysia's Air Pollution Index, da Singapore's Pollutant Standards Index.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya

Lissafin AQI yana buƙatar maida hankali kan gurɓataccen iska akan wani matsakaicin lokacin da aka ƙayyade, wanda aka samo daga mai saka idanu na iska ko samfurin. Tare, maida hankali da lokaci suna wakiltar sashi na gurɓataccen iska. Tasirin kiwon lafiya wanda ya dace da wani sashi da aka bayar an kafa shi ne ta hanyar binciken yaduwar cututtuka. Masu gurɓata iska sun bambanta da ƙarfi, kuma aikin da akayi amfani dashi don canzawa daga gurɓataccen iska zuwa AQI ya bambanta da gurɓata. Ana rarraba ƙimar ƙimar ƙirar iska a cikin kewayon. Kowane kewayon an sanya mai bayyanawa, lambar launi, da kuma daidaitaccen shawarwarin kiwon lafiya na jama'a.

AQI na iya ƙaruwa saboda ƙaruwar hayaki. Misali, a lokacin zirga-zirga na gaggawa ko kuma lokacin da akwai gobarar daji ko kuma daga rashin narkewar gurbataccen iska. Rashin iska, sau da yawa ya haifar da anticyclone, juyawa na zafin jiki, ko ƙananan saurin iska yana barin gurɓata iska ta kasance a cikin yanki, wanda ke haifar da babban taro na gurɓataccen abu, halayen sunadarai tsakanin gurɓatawar iska da yanayin ha

A ranar da akayi hasashen cewa za a kara AQI saboda gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin cuta, wata hukuma ko ƙungiyar kiwon lafiya ta jama'a na iya:

* shawarwari ga ƙungiyoyi masu hankali, kamar tsofaffi, yara da waɗanda keda matsalolin numfashi ko na zuciya, don kauce wa motsa jiki a waje.
* bayyana "ranar aiki" don ƙarfafa matakan son rai don rage hayaki na iska, kamar amfani da sufuri na jama'a.
* bayar da shawarar yin amfani da abin rufe fuska a waje da masu tsarkake iska a cikin gida don hana ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta daga shiga huhu 

A lokacin da iska ta lalace sosai, kamar wani yanayi na gurɓata iska, lokacin da AQI ta nuna cewa bayyanar mai tsanani na iya haifar da mummunar lahani ga lafiyar jama'a, hukumomi na iya kiran shirye-shiryen gaggawa wanda ke basu damar bada umarni ga manyan masu fitarwa (kamar masana'antun kone kwal) don rage hayaki har sai yanayin haɗari ya ragu.

Yawancin gurɓataccen iska ba su da AQI mai alaƙa. Kasashe dayawa suna sa ido kan ozone, ƙwayoyin cuta, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide da nitrogen dioxide, kuma suna lissafin ƙididdigar ingancin iska don waɗannan gurbatawa.

Ma'anar AQI a cikin wata al'umma tana nuna maganganun da ke kewaye da ci gaban ka'idodin ingancin iska na ƙasa a wannan al'umma. Gidan yanar gizon da ke bada izinin hukumomin gwamnati a ko'ina cikin duniya don gabatar da bayanan sa ido na iska na ainihi don nunawa ta amfani da ma'anar ma'anar ingancin iska kwanan nan ya zama samuwa.

## Alamomi ta wurin

### Ostiraliya
Kowace daga cikin jihohi da yankuna na Ostiraliya suna da alhakin saka idanu kan ingancin iska da kuma buga bayanai daidai da ka'idojin Kare Muhalli na Kasa (Kyakkyawan Air) (NEPM). 

Kowace jiha da yanki suna buga bayanan ingancin iska don wuraren sa ido na mutum, kuma yawancin jihohi da yankuna suna buga alamun ingancin iska ga kowane wurin sa ido.

A duk faɗin Ostiraliya, ana ɗaukar tsari mai daidaituwa tare da ƙididdigar ingancin iska, ta amfani da sikelin layi mai sauƙi inda 100 ke wakiltar matsakaicin maida hankali ga kowane gurbatawa, kamar yadda NEPM ta saita. Wadannan iyakar maida hankali sune:

Alamar ingancin iska (AQI) don wani wuri shine kawai mafi girma daga cikin ƙimar ingancin iska don kowane gurbataccen da ake saka idanu a wannan wuri.

### Kanada
 
An bayar da rahoton ingancin iska a Kanada shekaru dayawa tare da ƙididdigar ingancin iska na lardin (AQIs). Abu mai mahimmanci, dabi'un AQI suna nuna manufofin kula da ingancin iska, waɗanda suka dogara ne akan mafi ƙarancin fitarwa, maimakon damuwa ta musamman ga lafiyar ɗan adam. Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) sikelin ne da aka tsara don taimakawa fahimtar tasirin ingancin iska akan kiwon lafiya. Kayan aiki ne na kariya na kiwon lafiya wanda ake amfani dashi don yanke shawara don rage gajeren lokaci ga gurɓataccen iska ta hanyar daidaita matakan aiki yayin karuwar matakan gurɓatawar iska. Air Quality Health Index kuma yana bada shawara kan yadda za'a inganta ingancin iska ta hanyar bada shawarar canjin halayyar don rage sawun muhalli. Wannan alamar tana mai da hankali ga mutanen dake da hankali ga gurɓataccen iska. Yana ba su shawara game da yadda za'a kare lafiyarsu yayin matakan ingancin iska dake da alaƙa da ƙananan, matsakaici, manyan da haɗarin kiwon lafiya.

AQHI tana bada lamba daga 1 zuwa 10+ don nuna matakin haɗarin kiwon lafiya da ke da alaƙa da ingancin iska na gida. A wani lokaci, lokacin da yawan gurɓataccen iska yayi yawa, adadin na iya wuce 10. AQHI tana bada ƙimar ingancin iska na yanzu da kuma hasashen ingancin iska a yau, daren dare, da gobe, kuma tana bada shawarar kiwon lafiya mai alaƙa.

### China
#### Hong Kong
A ranar 30 ga watan Disamba, 2013, Hong Kong ta maye gurbin Air Pollution Index tare da sabon alamar da ake kira Air Quality Health Index .  Wannan lissafin, wanda Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli ta ruwaito, an auna shi a kan sikelin 1 zuwa 10+ kuma yana la'akari da gurɓataccen iska guda huɗu: ozone; nitrogen dioxide; sulfur dioxide da kwayoyin halitta (ciki har da PM10 da PM2.5). Ga kowane sa'a ana lissafin AQHI daga jimlar yawan haɗarin shiga asibiti na yau da kullun wanda ya danganta da matsakaicin motsi na awa 3 na waɗannan gurbatawa huɗu. An rarraba AQHIs zuwa nau'ikan haɗarin kiwon lafiya guda biyar tare da shawarwarin kiwon lafiya da aka bayar: 

#### Babban yankin kasar Sin
Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli ta kasar Sin (MEP) tana da alhakin auna matakin gurɓataccen iska a kasar Sin. Ya zuwa Janairu 1, 2013, MEP tana sa ido kan matakin gurɓataccen yau da kullun a cikin 163 daga cikin manyan biranen. Matakin AQI ya dogara ne akan matakin gurɓataccen yanayi guda shida, wato sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ƙwayoyin da aka dakatar dasu karami fiye da 10 μm a diamita na iska (PM10), ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta da suka fi 2.5 μm a cikin diamita na aerodynamic (PM2.5), carbon monoxide (CO), da ozone (O3) da aka auna a tashoshin sa ido a ko'ina cikin kowane birni. 

; Injiniyoyin AQI

Ana lissafin ƙimar mutum (Individual Air Quality Index, IAQI) ta amfani da maida hankali a ƙasa, da kuma amfani da aiki iri ɗaya na layi don lissafin ƙididdigar matsakaici kamar sikelin AQI na Amurka. kuma Za'a iya lissafin darajar AQI ta ƙarshe ko dai a kowace awa ko a kowace awa 24 kuma itace mafi yawan waɗannan ƙididdigar shida.

*Sakamakon kowane gurbataccen abu ba layi ba ne, kamar yadda ya kasance na karshe na AQI. Don haka AQI na 300 baya nufin sau biyu na gurɓataccen AQI a 150, kuma ba ya nufin iska ta ninka sau biyu. Maida hankali ga gurbataccen lokacin da IAQI ya kasance 100 ba daidai ba ne sau biyu da maida hankali lokacin da IA QI ya kasance 50, kuma ba yana nufin gurbataccen ya ninka sau biyu da lahani. Duk da yake AQI na 50 daga rana 1 zuwa 182 da AQI na 100 daga rana 183 zuwa 365 yana samar da matsakaicin shekara-shekara na 75, ba yana nufin gurɓataccen abu ne mai karɓa ko da an dauki alamar 100 lafiya. Saboda ma'auni shine manufa ta sa'o'i 24, kuma matsakaicin shekara-shekara dole ne ya dace da manufa ta shekara-sheko, yana yiwuwa a sami iska mai aminci kowace rana ta shekara amma har yanzu ya kasa ma'aunin gurɓataccen shekara-shetare.*

### EU
Common Air Quality Index (CAQI) shine ƙididdigar ingancin iska da akayi amfani dashi a Turai tun shekara ta 2006. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017, Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Turai ta bada sanarwar European Air Quality Index (EAQI) kuma ta fara ƙarfafa amfani da ita a shafukan yanar gizo da sauran hanyoyin sanar da jama'a game da ingancin iska.

#### CAQI
, aikin CiteairII da EU ke tallafawa yayi jayayya cewa an kimanta CAQI a kan "babban saiti" na bayanai, kuma ya bayyana dalilin CAQI da ma'anar. CiteairII ya bayyana cewa samun ƙididdigar ingancin iska wanda zai zama da sauƙi ga jama'a gaba ɗaya shine babban abin da ya motsa shi, yabar tambaya mai rikitarwa na ƙididdigal na kiwon lafiya, wanda zai buƙaci, alal misali, tasirin haɗuwa da matakan gurbatawa daban-daban. Babban manufar CAQI ita ce samun alamar da za ta karfafa kwatankwacin a duk faɗin EU, batare da maye gurbin alamun gida ba. CiteairII ya bayyana cewa "babban burin CAQI ba don gargadi mutane game da yiwuwar mummunan tasirin kiwon lafiya na iska mara kyau ba amma don jawo hankalinsu ga gurɓataccen iska na birane da babban tushen sa (tafiye-tafiye) da kuma taimaka musu rage bayyanar su. "

Wasu daga cikin mahimman gurɓataccen maida hankali a cikin μg/m3 don ƙididdigar baya na sa'a, ƙididdigatattun ƙididdiga, da kewayon CAQI guda biyar da bayanin magana kamar haka.

Ana nuna dabi'u da taswirar CAQI da ake sabuntawa akai-akai a kan www.airqualitynow.eu  da sauran shafukan yanar gizo.  An kuma bayyana wani nau'i na shekara na matsakaicin iska (YACAQI), wanda aka rarraba nau'ikan gurbataccen gurbataccen yanayi daban-daban zuwa darajar dake kusa da hadin kai. Misali, matsakaicin shekara-shekara na NO2, PM10 da PM2.5 an rabasu da 40 μg / m3, 40 μg - m3 da 20 μg / M3, bi da bi. Gabaɗaya bango ko zirga-zirgar YACAQI don birni shine ma'anar lissafi na ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden waɗannan ƙananan alamomi.

### Indiya
An ƙaddamar da National Air Quality Index (NAQI) a New Delhi a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 2014, a ƙarƙashin Swachh Bharat Abhiyan .   

Hukumar Kula da Pollution ta Tsakiya tare da Kwamitin Kula da Pollition na Jiha suna aiki da Shirin Kula da Jirgin Sama na Kasa (NAMP) wanda ke rufe birane 240 na ƙasar da ke da tashoshin sa ido sama da 342. An kafa Kungiyar Kwararru da ta kunshi masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya, masana ingancin iska, masana kimiyya, kungiyoyin bayar da shawarwari, da SPCBs kuma an bada binciken fasaha ga IIT Kanpur. IIT Kanpur da Kungiyar Kwararru sun bada shawarar shirin AQI a cikin 2014.  Duk da yake ma'aunin da yagabata ya iyakance ga alamomi uku, sabon ma'auni ya auna sigogi takwas. Ana shigar da tsarin sa ido na ci gaba wanda ke bada bayanai a kusa da ainihin lokacin a New Delhi, Mumbai, Pune, Kolkata da Ahmedabad.

 Dangane da ma'aunin yanayi, daidaitattun ƙa'idodi da yiwuwar tasirin kiwon lafiya, ana lissafin sub-index ga kowane ɗayan waɗannan gurbatawa. Mafi munin sub-index yana nuna AQI gaba ɗaya. Hakanan an bada shawarar tasirin kiwon lafiya ga nau'ikan AQI daban-daban da gurɓataccen abu, tare da shigarwar farko daga masana kiwon lafiya a cikin rukuni. Darajar AQI da daidaitattun yanayin da suka dace (maɓallin kiwon lafiya) da kuma tasirin kiwon lafiya dake tattare dasu ga masu gurɓataccen abubuwa takwas da aka gano kamar haka:

### Singapore
Singapore tana amfani da Pollutant Standards Index don bayar da rahoto game da ingancin iska,  tare da cikakkun bayanai game da lissafin da sukayi kama amma ba daidai bane da waɗanda akayib amfani dasu a Malaysia da Hong Kong. Shafin PSI dake ƙasa an haɗa shi ta ƙididdigar ƙididdiga da masu bayyanawa, a cewar Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Kasa.

### Koriya ta Kudu
Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Koriya ta Kudu tana amfani da Comprehensive Air-quality Index (CAI) don bayyana ingancin iska na yanayi bisa ga haɗarin kiwon lafiya na gurɓataccen iska. Alamar tana da niyyar taimaka wa jama'a su fahimci ingancin iska da kuma kare lafiyar mutane. CAI yana kan sikelin daga 0 zuwa 500, wanda aka raba shi zuwa kashi shida. Mafi girman darajar CAI, mafi girman matakin gurɓataccen iska.Daga cikin dabi'u na gurɓataccen iska guda biyar, mafi girma shine darajar CAI. Har ila yau, alamar tana da alaƙa da tasirin kiwon lafiya da wakilcin launi na rukunoni kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa.

Hasumiyar N Seoul a kan Dutsen Namsan a tsakiyar Seoul, Koriya ta Kudu, tana haskakawa da shuɗi, daga faɗuwar rana zuwa 23:00 da 22:00 a cikin hunturu, a kwanakin da ingancin iska a Seoul ya kasance 45 ko ƙasa. A lokacin bazara na shekara ta 2012, an kunna Hasumiyar har kwana 52, wanda yafi kwana huɗu fiye da na shekara ta 2011.

### Ƙasar Ingila
Alamar ingancin iska da akafi amfani da ita a Burtaniya itace Daily Air Quality Index da Kwamitin Kula da Tasirin Kiwon Lafiya na Air Pollutants (COMEAP) yabada shawarar.  Wannan alamar tana da maki goma, waɗanda aka haɗa su cikin ƙungiyoyi huɗu: ƙasa, matsakaici, sama da kuma sama sosai. Kowace ƙungiya ta zo tare da shawara ga ƙungiyoyin dake cikin haɗari da yawan jama'a.

Lissafin ya dogara ne akan yawan gurɓataccen abubuwa guda biyar. An lissafa alamar daga maida hankali ga masu gurɓataccen abubuwa masu zuwa: ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur ioxide, PM2.5 da PM10. An bayyana raguwa tsakanin ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ga kowane gurbatacce daban kuma an bayyana ƙididdigarsa gaba ɗaya a matsayin matsakaicin ƙimar ƙididdigal. Ana amfani da matsakaicin lokaci daban-daban don gurɓataccen abu daban-daban.

### Amurka

Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ta haɓaka Ƙididdigar Ingancin Air wanda ake amfani dashi don bayar da rahoton ingancin iska. Wannan AQI ya kasu kashi shida wanda ke nuna karuwar matakan damuwa na kiwon lafiya.

AQI ya dogara ne akan "ma'auni" gurɓataccen abubuwa guda biyar da aka tsara a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa: ozone na ƙasa, kwayoyin halitta, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, da nitrogen dioxide. EPA ta kafa ka'idojin ingancin iska na kasa (NAAQS) ga kowane ɗayan waɗannan gurɓata don kare lafiyar jama'a. Darajar AQI ta 100 gabaɗaya ta dace da matakin NAAQS don gurɓataccen. Dokar Tsabtace Iska (Amurka) (1990)  tana buƙatar EPA ta sake duba ka'idojin Ingancin Iska na Kasa a kowace shekara biyar don nuna bayanan tasirin kiwon lafiya. Ana daidaita Air Quality Index lokaci-lokaci don nuna waɗannan canje-canje.

#### Yin lissafin AQI
Alamar ingancin iska aiki ne na layi na yanki na maida hankali ga gurbatawa. A kan iyaka tsakanin rukunin AQI, akwai tsalle-tsalle na ƙungiyar AQI ɗaya. Don canzawa daga mai da hankali zuwa AQI ana amfani da wannan daidaituwa: 

 I  = \frac {I_{high} -I_{low}}{ C_{high} -C_{low} }(C-C_{low}) +I_{low} 

(Idan an auna gurbataccen abubuwa da yawa, ƙididdigar AQI itace mafi girman darajar da aka lissafa daga ma'aunin dake sama da akayi amfani dashi ga kowane gurbataccen.) 

: Na     {\I = ƙididdigar (Air Quality),
: C     {\C = yawan gurbatawa,
: C    l o w       {\C    = maida hankali wanda shine ≤      C     {\displaystyle C}    ,
: C    h da g h       {\C    = maɓallin maida hankali wanda shine ≥      C     {\displaystyle C}    ,
: 
: 

The EPA's table of breakpoints is:

Kayii la'akari da mai saka idanu yana yin rikodin matsakaicin sa'o'i 24 (PM2.5) na 26.4 micrograms a kowace cubic mita. Daidaitawar dake sama tana haifar da AQI na:

:  \frac{100 -51}{35.4 -9.1}(26.4-9.1) +51=83.2

which rounds to index value of 83, corresponding to air quality in the "Moderate" range. To convert an air pollutant concentration to an AQI, EPA has developed a calculator.

Idan an auna gurbataccen abu dayawa a wurin saka idanu, to ana bada rahoton mafi girma ko "mafi girma" AQI don wurin. Ana lissafin ozone AQI tsakanin 100 da 300 ta hanyar zabar mafi girma daga cikin AQI da aka lissafa tare da darajar ozone na awa 1 kuma AQI ya lissafa tare le darajar ozoni na awa 8.

Matsakaicin ozone na sa'o'i takwas baya bayyana ƙimar AQI sama da 300; ƙimar AQ I na 301 ko mafi girma ana lissafa su tare da maida hankali ga ozone na awa 1. Darajar SO2 na awa 1 bata bayyana darajar AQI mafi girma fiye da 200. Ana lissafin ƙimar AQI na 2 ko mafi girma tare da maida hankali na SO2 na awanni 24.

Bayanan saka idanu na ainihi daga masu sa ido na cigaba yawanci suna samuwa a matsayin matsakaicin awa 1. Koyaya, lissafin AQI don wasu gurɓataccen abu yana buƙatar matsakaicin sa'o'i da yawa na bayanai.  (Misali, lissafin ozone AQI yana buƙatar lissafin matsakaicin sa'o'i 8 da lissafin PM2.5 ko PM10 AQI yana buƙata matsakaicin awa 24.) Don nuna ingancin iska na yanzu daidai, matsakaicin tsawon sa'o-i da akayi amfani dashi don lissafin AQI ya kamata ya kasance a kan lokacin yanzu, amma kamar yadda ba'a san yawan sa'oƙi na gaba ba kuma yana da wahala a kimanta daidai, EPA yana amfani da maida hankali ga waɗannan matsakaicin matsakaicin lokutan sa'o. Don bayar da rahoton PM2.5, PM10 da ƙididdigar ingancin iska na ozone, ana kiran wannan maida hankali ga NowCast. Nowcast wani nau'i ne na matsakaicin matsakaicin nauyi wanda ke bada ƙarin nauyi ga bayanan ingancin iska na baya-bayan nan lokacin da matakan gurɓata iska ke canzawa.

#### Samun jama'a na AQI

Bayanan saka idanu na ainihi da tsinkaye na ingancin iska waɗanda aka tsara su dangane da ƙididdigar ingancin iska suna samuwa daga shafin yanar gizon AirNow na EPA. Sauran kungiyoyi suna bada saka idanu ga membobin kungiyoyi masu hankali kamar su asthmatics, yara da manya sama da shekaru 65. Bayanan sa ido na iska na tarihi ciki har da sigogi da taswirar AQI suna samuwa a shafin yanar gizon AirData na EPA. Akwai sabis na biyan kuɗi na imel kyauta ga mazaunan New York - AirNYC .  Masu biyan kuɗi suna samun sanarwa game da canje-canje a cikin ƙimar AQI don wurin da aka zaɓa (misali adireshin gida), bisa ga yanayin ingancin iska. Cikakken taswirar dake dauke da matakan AQI na yanzu da hasashen AQI na kwana biyu yana samuwa a shafin yanar gizon Aerostate.

#### Masu Kula da Jirgin Sama da na'urori masu saukin farashi
A tarihi, EPA kawai ta bada izinin bayanai daga masu sa ido dake aiki da masu kula da lafiya ko masu kula da lafiyar jama'a don a haɗa su a cikin taswirar ƙasa na ainihi. A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, na'urori masu auna sigina masu arha (LCS) sun zama masu shahara tare da masana kimiyya na ƙasa, kuma manyan cibiyoyin sadarwar LCS sun tashi a Amurka da kuma duk faɗin duniya. Kwanan nan, EPA ta haɓaka algorithm na gyaran bayanai  don wani nau'in PM2.5 LCS (mai saka idanu na Purple Air) wanda ke sa bayanan LCS su zama kwatankwacin bayanan tsari don manufar lissafin AQI. Wannan gyaran bayanan LCS a halin yanzu ya bayyana tare da bayanan tsari akan taswirar wuta ta kasa ta EPA.

#### Tarihin AQI
AQI ta fara bugawa a shekarar 1968, lokacin da Hukumar Kula da Pollution ta Kasa ta fara wani shiri don bunkasa ingancin iska da kuma amfani da hanyar zuwa Yankunan Kididdiga na Metropolitan. Motsi shine don jawo hankalin jama'a ga batun gurɓataccen iska da kuma tura jami'an gwamnati na cikin gida dake da alhakin daukar mataki don sarrafa hanyoyin gurɓata da inganta ingancin iska a cikin ikonsu.

Jack Fensterstock, shugaban National Inventory of Air Pollution Emissions and Control Branch, an bashi aikin jagorantar ci gaban hanyar da kuma tattara ingancin iska da bayanan fitarwa da ake buƙata don gwadawa da daidaita alamun sakamakon.

Farkon maimaitawar ingancin iska yayi amfani da daidaitattun gurɓataccen yanayi don samar da alamun gurɓatawar mutum. Wadannan alamomi an auna su kuma an hada su don samar da jimlar ingancin iska guda ɗaya. Hanyar gabaɗaya na iya amfani da maida hankali waɗanda aka ɗauka daga bayanan sa ido na yanayi ko kuma anyi hasashen ta hanyar samfurin watsawa. Daga nan ne aka mayar da hankali zuwa daidaitattun rarrabawar kididdiga tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin da daidaitattun karkatarwa. Ana ɗaukar alamun gurɓataccen mutum daidai, kodayake ana iya amfani da dabi'u ban da hadin kai. Hakazalika, alamar na iya haɗawa da kowane adadin gurɓataccen ko dayake anyi amfani dashi ne kawai don haɗa SO, CO, da TSP  saboda rashin bayanan da ke akwai don wasu gurɓata.

Duk dayake an tsara hanyar don ta kasance mai ƙarfi, aikace-aikacen da ya dace ga duk yankunan birni ya tabbatar da rashin daidaituwa saboda ƙarancin bayanan sa ido na iska, rashin yarjejeniya game da abubuwan nauyi, da rashin daidaito na ƙa'idodin ingancin iska a fadin iyakokin ƙasa da siyasa. Duk da wadannan batutuwan, bugawa na jerin sunayen yankunan birane sun cimma manufofin manufofin jama'a kuma sun haifar da cigaban  na ingantaccen alamomi da aikace-aikacen su na yau da kullun.

## Dubi kuma

* Rashin gurɓata iska
* Hasashen gurɓata iska
* Ma'aunin gurɓataccen iska
* Yankin iska mai tsabta
* Ingancin iska na cikin gida
* Yankin ƙarancin fitarwa
* Yankin Ƙananan Rashin Rashin Ruwa

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje
Wasu daga cikin shafukan yanar gizo masu zuwa suna nuna taswirar ƙimar iska da aka sabunta; wasu kuma an adana nau'ikan shafukan yanar gizo marasa aiki:

* Duniya:
** Rashin gurɓata iska a duniya: Gaskiya na Gaskiya Taswirar Bayani
* Turai:
** CAQI- AirNow
** EAQI - Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Turai
** Tarihin Ingancin Jirgin Sama na Burtaniya 
* Arewacin Amurka:
** AQI a airnow.gov - shafin yanar gizon Gwamnatin Amurka
** New Mexico Air Quality da bayanan API - Misali na yadda Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta New Mexico ke buga Air Quality da API.
**
** EPA Air Quality Index - Jagora ga Ingancin Air da Lafiyarka
** AQI a Ma'aikatar Kula da Yanayi ta Kanada
** San Francisco Bay Area Spare-the-Air - AQI bayani
* Asiya:
** CAI a Airkorea.or.kr - shafin yanar gizon Koriya ta Kudu Environmental Management Corp.
** Ƙididdigar Ƙarshen iska ta Malaysia
** API a Hong Kong - Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli ta Gwamnatin Yankin Gudanarwa na Musamman na Hong Kong (* (ba ya aiki har zuwa 19  )*  ba) 
** AQI a Thailand  An adana shi 2017-06-06 a 
** AQI a Vietnam 
*** AQI a Hanoi
*** Ba a san shi ba PM25 AQI a Hanoi, Vietnam  An adana shi 2017-06-17 a