Joel Asaph Allen

**Joel Asaph Allen** (19 ga Yuli, 1838 - 29 ga Agusta, 1921) masanin dabbobi ne na Amurka, masanin dabbobi, kuma masanin tsuntsaye . Ya zama shugaban farko na Ƙungiyar Masana Dabino ta Amurka, mai kula da tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa na farko a Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Halitta na Amurka, kuma shugaban farko na Sashen Nazarin Dabino na wannan gidan tarihi. Ana tunawa da shi saboda mulkin Allen, wanda ya bayyana cewa jikin endotherms (dabbobin da ke da jinin ɗumi) sun bambanta da yanayi, suna da ƙarin yankin saman a cikin yanayi mai zafi don rasa zafi, da kuma rage yankin saman a cikin yanayin sanyi, don adana zafi.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Allen a Springfield, Massachusetts, ɗan Joel Allen da Harriet Trumbull. Ya yi nazari kuma ya tattara samfuran tarihin halitta tun yana ƙarami, amma an tilasta masa sayar da tarin kayansa masu yawa domin ya halarci Kwalejin Wilbraham &amp;amp; Monson a 1861. A shekara mai zuwa, ya koma Jami'ar Harvard, inda ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Louis Agassiz . 

## Aiki a matsayin mai tattara tarihin halitta a fagen
A shekarar 1865, Allen ya shiga cikin Thayer Expedition, wanda Agassiz ya kai Brazil wani ɓangare don neman shaidar zamanin kankara a can, wanda daga baya ya yi iƙirarin ya samo. Da ya dawo gida a shekarar 1866, Allen ya koma gonar iyalinsa a Springfield saboda rashin lafiya mai tsanani. 

A shekarar 1867, lafiyar Allen ta inganta sosai har ya yi tafiye-tafiye da yawa, ciki har da a Sodus Bay, da kuma a Illinois, Michigan, da Indiana. Bayan dawowarsa Massachusetts, ya ɗauki matsayin mai kula da tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa a Gidan Tarihi na Kwatancen Dabbobin Dabbobi na Harvard. A lokacin hunturu na 1868-1869, yana ɗaya daga cikin masana ilmin tsuntsaye guda biyu, ɗayan kuma shine Charles Johnson Maynard, don bincika jihar Florida da ba a san ta ba, wadda har yanzu ta kasance daji a ƙarshen shekarun 1860. 

Da ya dawo, ya rubuta wani sharhi mai suna *On the Mammals and Winter Tsuntsaye na Gabashin Florida,* wanda aka buga a shekarar 1871. A wannan shekarar aka zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka . 

A cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa, Allen ya yi tattaki zuwa Great Plains, Rocky Mountains, da Dakota Territory don tattara tafiye-tafiye zuwa gidan tarihi na Harvard. Banda tafiyar tattarawa a Colorado a shekarar 1882 tare da wani masanin tsuntsaye William Brewster, Allen bai sake zuwa tattara gonaki ba, musamman saboda rashin lafiyarsa mai rauni. 

## Aiki a matsayin mai bincike kuma masanin tarihin halitta
Bayan ƙarshen lokacin tattara bayanai a fagen aiki, Allen ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa ga bincike da wallafa littattafai. A farkon lokacin rani na 1876, ƙungiyar Nuttall Ornithological Club ta zaɓi Allen don maye gurbin Charles Johnson Maynard da Henry Augustus Purdie a matsayin editan Bulletin ɗinsu. A shekara ta 1883, Allen, tare da William Brewster da Elliott Coues, sun kafa ƙungiyar masana dabbobi ta Amurka . Allen, wanda ke fama da rashin lafiya, bai sami damar halartar taron farko ba, amma an zaɓe shi shugabansu na farko, duk da haka. Ya kuma zama babban editan mujallarsu, The Auk .

A shekara ta 1885, an naɗa shi a matsayin mai kula da tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa na farko a Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Halitta na Amurka da ke New York, daga baya ya zama shugaban farko na Sashen Nazarin Dabbobi na gidan tarihi. A shekara ta 1886, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar farko ta Audubon Society, birnin New York . Ya kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Kimiyya ta Amurka, da kuma Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka . 

Ɗaruruwan wasiƙun da Elliott Coues ya aika masa tsawon shekaru da yawa suna ɗaya daga cikin ginshiƙan tarihin ilmin taurari na Amurka. Allen ya shahara wajen tunawa da Coues  a shafukan *The Auk*, mujallar ƙungiyar, bayan mutuwarsa a 1899. Ya tsara abin da yanzu ake kira dokar Allen, yana mai bayyana alaƙa tsakanin siffar jiki da yanayi, a 1877.  

## Littattafan tarihi

* ''Akan Dabbobi Masu Shayarwa da Tsuntsayen Lokacin Sanyi na Gabashin Florida'' (1871) 
* ''Bisons na Amurka'' (1876)
* ''Tarihin Bison na Amurka, Bison americanus'' (1877)
* *Monographs na Arewacin Amurka Rodentia* (tare da Elliott Coues 1877)
* ''Tarihin Pinnipedia na Arewacin Amurka'' (1880)
* ''Kifin Whale na Arewa maso Tekun Atlantika'' (1883)
* ''Dabbobin Dabbobi na Kudancin Patagonia'' (1905)
* *Tasirin Yanayi na Jiki a cikin Farawar Nau'o'i* (1905)
* *Ontogenetic da Sauran Bambancin Musk-Oxen* (1913)

## Manazarta