Hukuncin kisa a Ireland

An soke Hukuncin kisa a Ireland a cikin dokar doka a cikin 1990, bayan an soke shi a cikin 1964 don mafi yawan laifuka ciki har da kisan kai. Mutumin karshe da aka kashe shi ne Michael Manning, wanda aka rataye saboda kisan kai a shekara ta 1954. Dukkanin hukuncin kisa da aka yanke a Ireland, na karshe da aka bayar a shekarar 1985, Shugaban kasa ya sauya su, bisa ga shawarar Gwamnati, zuwa sharuddan ɗaurin kurkuku har zuwa shekaru 40. Kwaskwarima ta ashirin da daya ga kundin tsarin mulki, wanda aka zartar ta hanyar raba gardama a shekara ta 2001, ta haramta sake gabatar da hukuncin kisa, har ma a lokacin gaggawa ko yaki. Har ila yau, yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan adam da yawa sun haramta hukuncin kisa wanda jihar ta kasance jam'iyya.

## Tarihin Farko

Dokar Irish ta farko ta hana hukuncin kisa. Kisan kai yawanci ana azabtar da nau'ikan tarar guda biyu: madaidaiciyar tarar da kuma *Log nEnech* mai canzawa; ana kashe mai kisan kai ne kawai idan shi da danginsa ba za su iya biyan tarar ba. Bayanan *Senchas Mar*' game da kisan gillar mai kisan karusar Saint Patrick Odran an fassara shi a matsayin yunkurin da ya gaza na maye gurbin adalci mai maidowa da adalci mai ramawa.

Bayan nasarar Norman na Ireland, Dokar Ingilishi ta ba da misali ga dokar Irish. Wannan da farko ya ba da umarnin hukuncin kisa ga kowane Laifi, wani nau'i na laifuka da doka ta kafa amma, a Ireland kamar yadda a Ingila, wasu Dokokin Majalisar Dokoki sun tsawaita shi;  halin da ake ciki daga baya da ake kira "Bloody Code". Bayan gyaran Irish, Protestant Ascendancy don hana ayyukan Roman Katolika sun zartar da Dokokin Laifi, wasu daga cikinsu sun haifar da manyan laifuka waɗanda suka haifar da shahidai na Katolika na Irish. Maganar gungumen azaba sanannen nau'i ne na Juyin Juya Halin William ta hanyar karni na sha takwas, yana ciyar da sanannun ballads na karni na sha tara. A shekara ta 1789 Elizabeth Sugrue ("Lady Betty") ta kasance daga cikin 26 da aka kai ga gungumen azaba na County Roscommon; lokacin da mai rataye ya kasa bayyana, ta amince da rataye sauran 25 idan sheriff zai ci gaba da kashe kansa. Ta kasance mai kisa har zuwa 1802, lokacin da aka sauya hukuncin kisa zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai.

Yawancin Dokokin Shari'a an soke su ko kuma an daina amfani da su a ƙarshen karni na 18. A ƙarshen shekara ta 1834 jami'in a auren Katolika-Forotesta ba tare da lasisi ba yana da hukuncin kisa da aka rubuta, duk da cewa an sauya shi zuwa kurkuku na watanni 18. Dokar Shari'a ta 1827 ta ba da izinin alƙalai su yanke hukunci zuwa sufuri don laifuka da yawa har zuwa yanzu. Don ƙarin bayani, Ayyukan Peel a cikin 1828 sun maye gurbin hukuncin kisa da bautar azabtarwa. Dokar Hukuncin Babban Birni (Ireland) ta 1842  ta kawo doka a Ireland kusa da na Ingila ta hanyar rage hukuncin ga laifuka da yawa, da kuma kawar da babban laifi na yin aiki a cikin sojoji ko rundunar sojan ruwa na Faransa. Dokar Laifuka a kan Mutum ta 1861 ta rage yawan laifukan kisa daga sama da ɗari biyu zuwa uku kawai: kisan kai, cin amana da fashi tare da tashin hankali. Mutuwa ta kasance Hukuncin tilas ne don kisan kai, kodayake sau da yawa ana sauya shi. An rataye jama'a na ƙarshe a Ireland na John Logue ne a Downpatrick a 1866;  bayan Dokar Kwaskwarimar Shari'a ta 1868 an aiwatar da kisan gilla a bayan ganuwar kurkuku. Likitan Irish Samuel Haughton ya haɓaka hanyar "Standard Drop" ta ɗan adam ta ratayewa wanda ya fara amfani da ita a 1866.

## Lokacin juyin juya hali

A cikin 1916, kisan shugabannin Easter Rising ya juya tausayi ga jama'a don goyon bayan 'yan tawaye. An kashe 'yan tawaye 24 a lokacin yakin neman' yancin kai na 1919-21, wanda ya fara da Kevin Barry .  A Munster, wanda ke karkashin dokar soja, an harbe 13 a Cork kuma daya a Limerick. "The Forgotten Ten" an rataye su a gidan yarin Mountjoy, wanda ya taimaka wajen juyar da ra'ayi a Dublin game da gwamnatin Dublin Castle. Kashewa ta ƙarshe a ƙarƙashin ikon Burtaniya ita ce William Mitchell, Black da Tan da aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa na kisan kai na zaman lafiya.

## Manazarta