open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Fran Novljan

**Franjo (Fran) Novljan** (7 ga watan Agustan 1879 - 12 ga watan Janairun 1977) malamin Croatian ne, andragogue, kuma Esperantist.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Novljan a Novljani, Boljunsko Polje, Istria (yanzu Croatia, a lokacin Austria-Hungary). Ya tafi makarantar sakandare ta gargajiya a Sušak . A can ne ya kafa kungiyar dalibai ta Nova nada . Ya yi karatun lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi a Vienna. A cikin 1901, yayin karatunsa, ya kafa tare da I. Ivančić Kwamitin Istrian na Kungiyar Kwalejin Croatian Zvonimir . An rubuta shi a cikin sojojin Austro-Hungary, kuma daga baya ya zama malamin lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi a Kwalejin Horar da Malaman Mata ta Pazin  da kuma a Kwaleji ta Croatian ta Pazin .  A kan shirinsa, an kafa wani nau'in kwalejin jama'a a Pazin a cikin 1907. Ya ba da laccoci na jama'a a *Narodni dom*, ya haɗa kai da Cibiyar Nazarin "Istra", kuma ya yi aiki a cikin Cibiyar Taimako ta Dalibai ta Pazin. Da ya dawo daga soja a 1918, ya shiga siyasa da diflomasiyya. ya shiga cikin kafa Majalisar Kasa ta Slovenes, Croats da Serbs, wanda ya kasance kwamishina a Zagreb da Prague. Ya kasance memba na tawagar zuwa Taron Zaman Lafiya na Paris a 1919. Majalisar Kasa ta ba shi aikin shirya liyafar da karbar 'yan gudun hijira daga Istria. Daga 1920 ya koyar a Zagreb, sannan a Bjelovar, sannan a Nova Gradiška . A shekara ta 1920 ya zama editan jaridar Zagreb *Radiša* . A shekara ta 1934 ya ba da gudummawa ga ayyukan Jami'ar Jama'a a Nova Gradiška . A wannan shekarar, ya zama editan Novi Grad's *Sadašnost* . A shekara ta 1939 ya zama shugaban makarantar sakandare a Zagreb . NDH ta tura shi ritaya a shekarar 1941.

Ya kasance fitaccen memba kuma kwamishinan Matica hrvatska na Istria. 

Novljan ya kasance ƙwararren Esperantist. Ya kasance daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar *Prosvjetnoga saveza* (Educational Alliance), wanda shine sakataren farko. Ya shirya cibiyoyin Esperanto a Zagreb. Novljan ya haɗa kai da jaridu da mujallu na Esperanto. Shi ne marubucin littafin Esperanto *Internacia lingvo esperanto i Esperanto en tridek lecionoj*. 

Novljan ya kasance yana tattarawa, rubutawa da kuma bayyana kayan tarihi a cikin da kuma game da yankin Boljun tun yana ƙarami. Wannan ƙoƙari ya haifar da aikin *Boljun, kmiečki život i už (a) nci* . Ya rubuta aikin Gospodarstvo, prosvjeta, politika tare da Josip Predavec da Stjepan Radić, kuma ya buga shi a Zagreb a cikin 1907.

Ya mutu a Zagreb.

## Manazarta
Spomenka Štimec

**Spomenka Štimec** (pronunciation Croatian: [spômeːŋka ʃtǐːmet͡s]; an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 1949 a Orehovica) marubuci ne na Croatia wanda sanannen marubuci ne a Esperanto,  kuma yana da mahimmanci ga Esperanto a Croatia.  A shekara ta 1994 ta raba lambar yabo ta al'adu *Alena Esperanto-Kulturpremio* tare da mujallar *[[Heroldo de Esperanto|Heroldo na Esperanto]].*

## Manazarta
Antonín Eltschkner

**Antonín Eltschkner** (4 Yuni 1880, Polička - 22 Fabrairu 1961, Brno) ya kasance firist na Roman Katolika na Czech, wanda ya fi shahara da sa hannu a ci gaban Esperanto . Ya kasance mai kula da Babban Birnin St Vitus kuma mataimakin bishop na Prague daga 1933. Ya kuma kasance Vicar janar na Archdiocese na Prague daga Janairu zuwa Yuli 1931.

An nada shi bishop na České Budějovice a 1940, amma wannan ya hana shi ta hanyar mamayewar Jamus a Czechoslovakia kuma an watsar da shi bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II, lokacin da aka nada Josef Hlouch a maimakon haka.

## Manazarta
 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na Waje
* http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/belts.html
Petr Ginz

**Petr Ginz** (1 ga Fabrairu 1928 - 28 ga Satumba 1944) yaro ne na Czechoslovak na asalin Yahudawa wanda aka kore shi zuwa Ghetto na Theresienstadt (wanda aka sani da Terezín, a Czech) a lokacin Holocaust . An kashe shi yana da shekaru goma sha shida lokacin da aka tura shi sansanin fursuna na Auschwitz kuma aka kashe shi da iskar gas a lokacin da ya isa. An buga littafinsa bayan mutuwarsa.

## Rayuwa

Ginz dan Otto Ginz ne, manajan sashen fitarwa na kamfanin masana'antu na Prague kuma sanannen Esperantist, da Marie Ginz (née Dolanská).  Mahaifin Ginz Bayahude ne, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ba ta kasance ba. Iyayensa sun hadu a wani taron Esperantist. Mahaifiyarsa ta fito ne daga Hradec Králové, inda mahaifinta ya kasance malamin ƙauye. Ginz ya sami ziyarar akai-akai daga danginsa, musamman a lokacin bukukuwan Kirsimeti. Ginz yaro ne mai basira sosai. Tsakanin shekaru 8 da 14 ya rubuta litattafai huɗu: *Daga Prague zuwa China*, The *Wizard daga Altay Mountains*, Around the World in One Second da A Visit from Prehistory - littafin da ya tsira. Littattafan, ciki har da *Návštěva z pravěku* (Turanci: ), an rubuta su ne a cikin salon Jules Verne  kuma an kwatanta su da zane-zanensa. Yana da sha'awar kimiyya kuma yana marmarin ilimi. Saboda sha'awar iyayensa a Esperanto, wannan yaren yana daya daga cikin yarukan asalin Petr (wanda ɗayan shine Czech).

## ''Vedem''

## Jarida

Kafin jigilarsa, Ginz ya rubuta wani littafi tsakanin 1941 da 1942 game da rayuwarsa. Wannan littafin, wanda aka rubuta a hanyar da ba ta da tabbas, an kwatanta shi da na Anne Frank. Wannan littafin ya ɓace amma 'yar'uwarsa Eva (daga baya Chava Pressburger) ta same shi kuma ta buga shi a matsayin Diary of My Brother . An buga shi a cikin Mutanen Espanya, Katalan, da Esperanto, da kuma asalin Czech, kuma a cikin Turanci a watan Afrilu na 2007 a matsayin The Diary of Petr Ginz 1941-1942. Wani bita ya bayyana a cikin wani fitowar The New York Times mai kwanan wata Talata 10 ga Afrilu 2007. 

## Zane-zane
Dan saman jannati na Isra'ila Ilan Ramon, wanda mahaifiyarsa da kakarsa suka tsira daga Auschwitz, S. Isaac Mekel, darektan ci gaba a American Society for Yad Vashem, ya nemi ya dauki wani abu daga Yad Vashiem a kan American Space Shuttle *Columbia*. Ramon ya ɗauki kwafin zane na Ginz na Duniya Duniya kamar yadda aka gani daga Wata. Jirgin, yayin da ya sake shiga cikin yanayin duniya, ya fashe a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 2003,  ya lalata kwafin zane-zanen Ginz akan abin da zai kasance ranar haihuwarsa ta 75. A cikin 2018, shekaru 15 bayan bala'in Space Shuttle Columbia, Yad Vashem ya ba da wani kwafin ga gwauruwar Ilan, Rona, don ba da ɗan saman jannati Andrew Feustel. Feustel ya kai shi sararin samaniya a lokacin Expedition 56 don tunawa da Ginz da Ramon. Sakon bidiyo na Feustel na tunawa da Ranar Tunawa da Holocaust (Yom HaShoah) 2018/5778 ya nuna ɗan saman jannati yana nuna hoton Ginz na ra'ayi na Duniya daga Wata. A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2020, Feustel ya ba da kyauta ɗaya daga cikin kwafin "Moon Landscape" da aka kawo sararin samaniya zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Czech Center Houston . 

## Manazarta
Josef Hybeš

**Josef Hybeš** (29 ga watan Janairun 1850 - 19 ga watan Yulin 1921) ya kasance shugaban ma'aikata na Czech, ɗan siyasa mai zaman kansa kuma ɗan jarida. Ya kasance memba na kafa jam'iyyar Czech Social Democratic Party .

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Josef Hybeš a cikin iyalin ma'aikata. Saboda matsalolin kudi, bai iya kammala makaranta ba saboda kuma ya fara aiki a kamfanonin masana'antu tun yana yaro yana da shekaru tara. A shekara ta 1867 ya tafi Vienna don neman aiki kuma daga baya ya shiga Kungiyar Ilimi ta Ma'aikata, tushen yunkurin dimokuradiyya a Austria. A shekara ta 1876 an zabe shi zuwa kwamitin tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Austrian Social Democratic Workers' Party.

A ranar 7 ga Afrilu 1878, ya kafa a Prague Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party of Czechoslovakia a Austria tare da hedikwatar a Vienna, jam'iyyar siyasa ta Czech ta farko. Bayan jerin hare-haren 'yan sanda da kuma yawan kamawa sun gurgunta jagorancin Social Democratic a Bohemia a cikin 1881-1882, ƙungiyar Hybeš a Vienna ta zama cibiyar ayyukan jam'iyya na ɗan lokaci. An tura jaridar jam'iyyar Dělnické listy a nan daga Prague kuma jagorancin Czech Social Democrats ma suna aiki a can. Bayan kama mambobinta, Hybeš ya jagoranci jagorancin jam'iyyar na wucin gadi, kuma bayan da aka kama Josef Boleslav Pecka, ya kuma dauki nauyin gudanar da ofishin edita na Dělnické listy.

## Daraja
A Brno, tun 1928 (har zuwa 1939) kuma daga 1946, titin "Hybešova", tsohon titin ko Silniční a Tsohon Brno (Staré Brno), an sanya masa suna Josef Hybeš. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, akwai wurare da yawa da ake kira bayan Hybeš, mafi yawansu an sake masa suna bayan Juyin Juya Halin Velvet. 

## Bayanan littattafai

* Otakar Franěk: *Josef Hybeš *. Kyakkyawan ƙuri'a, I. - III. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9]
* Jindřich Veselý: Josef Hybeš, Sashin Gudanarwa, Rovnost, Praha 1951,  . 
* Pavel Kosatík: Če Russia demokraté: 50 nejvýněznam con tare da ka'idoji (Tschechische Demokraten: die 50 bedeutendsten Persönlichkeiten des öffentlichen Lebens). Mladá fronta, Praha 2010, .

## Manazarta
Rosa Junck

**Rosa Junck** (an haife ta **Růžena Bílková**; 24 ga Mayu 1850 - 27 ga Yuli 1929) ta kasance mai ilimin Czech Esperantist, malami, mai fassara kuma mawaƙan opera.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Junck a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1850 a Tabor, Bohemia, Daular Austriya. 

Bílková ta kammala karatunta daga sashen waƙa na Prague Conservatory, kuma a shekarar 1871 ta fara rera waƙar opera a Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Provisional da ke Prague . Bayan ta ƙaura zuwa Innsbruck, Tyrol, ta haɗu da wani mai goge mai suna Junck kuma ta auri wani mai goge mai suna.

Bayan ta koma Bordighera a Italiya a matsayin gwauruwa a kusa da 1890,  Junck ta koyi yaren mataimakin duniya Esperanto  kuma ta zama "mai gabatarwa na Esperanto a Italiya.  Ta koyar da harsuna,  ta kasance memba na Esperanto *Lingva Komitato* (Kwamitin Harshe)  kuma ta zama mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Esperanto ta Bordighera.

Tare da abokin aikinta Clarence Bicknell,  Junck ta fassara ayyukan Italiyanci zuwa Esperanto kuma akasin haka, gami da ayyukan Italiyancin da abokinta Edmondo De Amicis  da littafin motsa jiki na Esperanto na L. L. Zamenhof Ekzercaro de la lingvo internacia Esperanto .*Ekzercaro na lingvo internacia Esperanto.*

Junck ya halarci Taron Esperanto na Duniya da yawa, ciki har da Majalisa ta 1905 a Boulogne-sur-Mer, Faransa,  Majalisa a 1906 a Geneva, Switzerland,  da Majalista ta 1907 a Cambridge, Ingila. Junck kuma ya kasance abin koyi na kasa da kasa don daidaitaccen furcin harshe, musamman sautunan wasali,  yana maimaita waƙoƙi a abubuwan Esperanto.   Zamenhof ta bayyana furcin ta a matsayin "misali".

Junck ya mutu a ranar 27 ga Yuli 1929 a Bordighera, Italiya.
Dina da Clarenza

**Dina** da **Clarenza** mata ne guda biyu da aka haɗa su a cikin tatsuniyar da ta yi da kawacen tarihi na Messina da Charles I na Anjou ya yi a lokacin bikin Vespers na Sicilian a watan Agusta 1282.

## Tatsuniya
Dina da Clarenza, mata biyu 'yan Messi, jarumai ne waɗanda, a tatsuniya, suka yi adawa da hare-haren sojojin Angevin.

### Tarihin Baya
Tawayen Vespers, wanda ya fara a Palermo a ranar Litinin ta Ista, 30 ga Maris 1282, a wajen Cocin Ruhu Mai Tsarki, ya bazu cikin sauri a ko'ina cikin tsibirin. Charles na 1 na Anjou ya yi ƙoƙarin dakatar da tawayen da alƙawarin yin gyare-gyare da yawa. A ƙarshe ya yanke shawarar shiga tsakani ta hanyar soja. Da mutane 75,000 da jiragen ruwa ɗari biyu, a ƙarshen Mayu 1282 ya sauka tsakanin Catona da Gallico (arewacin Reggio ), a bakin tekun Calabria da ke gaban Messina, don fara kewaye Messina da kuma toshe hanyar samun tallafi daga Reggio zuwa birnin Sicily. Alaimo da Lentini [it] ne ke mulkin birnin Strait. . An naɗa shi Kyaftin na Jama'a kuma ya shirya zanga-zangar a cikin birnin.

Charles ya kewaye Messina a banza har zuwa watan Satumba, kuma a ƙoƙarinsa na cin nasara da mamaye birnin bai bar fararen hula ba, ba tsofaffi ba, ko mata, ko yara. Birnin, duk da cewa a lokacin da aka yi masa kawanya ya gaji, ya yi watsi da hare-haren da ake ci gaba da kai masa tare da halartar dukkan jama'a.

### Jaruman
A daren ranar 8 ga watan Agusta, an kai hari ba zato ba tsammani daga rundunar sojojin Guelph ta Italiya da Faransa a birnin. Sojojin Charles sun yi ƙoƙarin mamaye birnin daga tsaunuka.

Matan biyu suna tsaye a kan bango suna tsaro. Da zarar sun ga maƙiyan, sai suka yi duk abin da za su iya don hana harin. Yayin da Dina ke ci gaba da jefa duwatsu a kan sojojin abokan gaba, Clarenza ta yi ƙararrawa a sansanin Duomo, daga nan ta farkar da birnin gaba ɗaya. Don haka mutanen Messina suka yi gaggawar kare birninsu suka kuma hana harin. 

## Gado
Jaruman sun zama alamun jarumtaka da kuma sadaukarwar fararen hular Messina ga birninsu. A yau, ana samun Dina da Clarenza a cikin Messina a Palazzo Zanca (zauren birni) da kuma a kan sansanin Duomo. An sanya wa unguwa ta 4 (wanda a da ita ce kwata ta 8) ta Messina, wacce ita ce mafi tsufa kuma tsakiyar birnin suna saboda su.

## Manazarta
Priscilla Schwartz

**Priscilla Schwartz** lauya ce 'yar ƙasar Sierra Leone, mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a matsayin Babbar Lauya kuma Ministar Shari'a (2018–2020) a Saliyo. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Schwartz Priscilla Fofana.   Ta kammala karatun digiri a Kwalejin Fourah Bay da digiri na farko a fannin Fasaha da kuma digiri na farko a fannin Shari'a.   Ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Shari'a daga Kwalejin King's London da kuma likitanta a fannin shari'a a Queen Mary, Jami'ar Landan.   

## Aiki

### Siyasa
A ranar 11 ga watan Yuni, 2018, Schwartz ta zama mace ta farko a tarihin Saliyo da aka naɗa a matsayin Babbar Lauya kuma Ministar Shari'a.  Shugaba Julius Maada Bio ne ya zaɓe ta da hannunsa don maye gurbin Charles Margai.  

Daga shekarun 1996 zuwa 2006, ta kasance Lauya ta Jiha kuma Mataimakiyar Babbar Lauya kuma Ministar Shari'a a Saliyo.  Ta ba da shawara kan makamashi, sadarwa da kuma haƙar mai da ma'adinai.  Schwartz ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shirya Kotun Musamman ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya dana Sierra Leone da ziyarar Majalisar Tsaro. 

### Ilimi
Schwartz farfesa ce a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Leicester daga shekarun 2007–2012.    Daga 2008 zuwa 2011, ta kasance babbar malamar makaranta a makarantar da ta yi karatu a Queen Mary, Jami'ar London.   Ta kuma yi lacca a Makarantar Nazarin Gabas da Afirka, Jami'ar London daga shekarun 2011 zuwa 2013.  Kafin naɗinta a matsayin Babbar Lauya kuma Ministar Shari'a, ta kasance babbar malamar kuma Darakta a Shirin Shari'a na Makamashi da Albarkatun Ƙasa, a Kwalejin Ayyukan Ƙwararru, Makarantar Kasuwanci da Shari'a ta Royal Docks, Jami'ar Gabashin London, Ƙasar Ingila daga shekarun 2012 zuwa 2018. 

Binciken Schwartz yana da yawa a cikin mujallun dokokin kasuwanci na duniya da na ci gaban tattalin arziki.  

### Doka
An kira Schwartz zuwa Bar a Saliyo.  Lauya ce kuma lauya a Kotun Koli ta Saliyo.   Ƙwarewarta ita ce dokar makamashi, dokar albarkatun ƙasa, dokar saka hannun jari ta ƙasa da ƙasa, dokar kuɗi ta ƙasa da ƙasa, dokar cinikayya ta ƙasa da ƙasa, shugabancin kamfanoni, alhakin zamantakewa da dokar muhalli.   Ta shawarci gwamnatoci da kamfanonin ƙasashen duniya da ke aiki a ƙasashe masu tasowa.  

## Wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa

* *Kuɗin Albarkatun Makamashi* (2018) 
* *Ƙungiyar Power tana da haƙƙin ci gaba: Makamashi Mai Ɗorewa a Cikin Sauyin Yanayi* (2016) 
* *Tsarin jari-hujja, Dokar Zuba Jari ta Duniya da Matsalolin Ci Gaba* (2014) 
* *Haɗin gwiwar Gwamnati da Masu Zaman Kansu da Ayyukan Gwamnati a Ƙasashen da ba su da Ci Gaba* (2013) 
* *Haɗin gwiwar Ciniki da Ci Gaba* (2010) 
* *Tsarin Samar da Makamashi Mai Ɗorewa: Doka da Manufofi* (2009) 
* *Ci gaba mai ɗorewa da hakar ma'adinai a Saliyo* (2006) 

## Manazarta
Nanette Thomas

**Nanette Beatrice Effulabi Thomas** (an haife  )  'yar siyasa ce a Saliyo. Ta yi aiki a matsayin ministar harkokin siyasa da jama'a daga shekarun 2016 zuwa 2018.

## Aikin siyasa
Nanette Thomas ta daɗe tana cikin jam'iyyar All People's Congress, wacce ita ce babbar jam'iyyar adawa a ƙasar tun bayan da ta rasa mulki a shekarar 2018. 

Bayan ta gudu daga ƙasar a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Saliyo (1991–2002), ta zauna na ɗan lokaci a Texas, inda ta jagoranci reshen APC na Dallas.    

A shekarar 2011, ta koma Saliyo don zama mai kula da shirin canjin hali da ɗabi'a na ƙasar, wanda Shugaba Ernest Bai Koroma ya kafa.   

A shekara mai zuwa, Hukumar Dimokuraɗiyya ta ƙasa ta ƙasar ta naɗa ta a matsayin Mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a ta Shekara, saboda ayyukanta kan "sauye-sauyen ɗabi'a da kuma batutuwan mata, ƙoƙarin yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa, da sauran fafutuka. 

An naɗa ta ministar siyasa da harkokin jama'a a gwamnatin Koroma a shekarar 2016, inda ta zama mace ta farko da ta riƙe wannan muƙamin.   

Tun bayan barin majalisar ministoci a shekarar 2018, lokacin da Shugaba Julius Maada Bio ya hau mulki, Thomas ta ci gaba da shiga harkokin siyasar jam'iyyar APC, musamman reshen mata. 

## Manazarta
Nabeela Tunis

**Nabeela Farida Tunis** (wacce aka fi sani da **Koroma**) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Saliyo wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Harkokin Waje na ƙasar daga watan Mayu na 2019 zuwa Oktoba na 2021 da kuma Ministan Yawon Buɗe Ido tun daga watan Oktoba na 2023.

## Ilimi da farkon aiki
Tunis tana da digirin farko a fannin kimiyyar siyasa daga Kwalejin Fourah Bay da Turanci da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin ci gaban karkara daga Jami'ar Njala, dukkansu ɓangare ne na Jami'ar Sierra Leone.  Ta yi aiki a matsayin Manajar Shirye-shirye na Ƙungiyar Mata da Ɗorewa da Muhalli da kuma Babbar Jami'a ta Ƙasa a ofishin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da ke Saliyo. 

## Aikin siyasa
An naɗa Tunis Ministar Tsare-tsare da Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki  a ranar 8 ga watan Mayu 2018.  A wannan matsayin ta taimaka wajen samar da Tsarin Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki na Shugaban Ƙasa,   amma kuma tana da alhakin wata manufar ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu da ke kawo cece-kuce wanda masu fafutuka suka ɗauka a matsayin "marasa tausayi". 

An naɗa Tunis a matsayin Ministar Harkokin Waje a wani garambawul da Shugaba Julius Maada Bio ya yi wa majalisar ministoci a watan Mayun 2019,   ta maye gurbin ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na 2018 Alie Kabba, wanda aka rage masa matsayi zuwa matsayin wakilin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya.  Ta bayyana alkiblar manufofinta na harkokin waje a matsayin "na farko a Sierra Leone" kuma ta ce manufofinta na harkokin waje suna da alaƙa da haɓaka suna da kuma martabar ƙasar, gami da bayyana gaskiya a harkokin kasuwanci a matsayin wani ɓangare na sabon yaƙin da shugaban ya yi da cin hanci da rashawa. 

A watan Afrilun 2021, an maye gurbin Tunis da David J. Francis a matsayin Ministar Harkokin Waje kuma aka ba shi sabon muƙamin Minista na Yankin Yamma.  A watan Oktoban 2023, Shugaba Bio ya naɗa ta a matsayin Ministar Yawon Buɗe Ido. 

## Lambobin yabo da girmamawa
An naɗa Tunis a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Mata Hamsin da suka fi tasiri a Saliyo a shekarar 2019, kuma an sake zaɓen ta don lashe kyautar a shekarar 2020. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Tunis tana da aure da Sidie Mohammed Tunis, Shugaban Majalisar Dokoki na Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Sierra Leone mai mulki  kuma tsohon Kakakin Majalisar ECOWAS.  Suna da 'ya'ya uku. 

## Manazarta
Qamar Aden Ali

**Qamar Aden Ali**  (b. 19 Satumba 1957 - c. 3 Disamba 2009) lauya ce kuma 'yar siyasa a Somaliya. An kashe ta a lokacin da take aiki a matsayin Ministar  Lafiya a Gwamnatin Riƙon Kwarya ta Somaliya.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Qamar a ranar 19 ga watan Satumba, 1957 a wani ƙaramin ƙauye a wajen Mogadishu, babban birnin Somaliya. Ita ce ta uku a cikin 'ya'ya 11. Qamar ta yi yarinta a Mogadishu, inda ta kuma yi makaranta ta kammala karatunta daga kwaleji. Daga baya ta ƙaura zuwa ƙasashen waje zuwa Gabashin Jamus don yin karatun kimiyyar siyasa, sannan daga baya ta yi karatun lauya a Ingila. Daga ƙarshe ta yi nasara a matsayin lauya kuma ta zama 'yar ƙasar Birtaniya. A tsakiyar shekarun 1990, Qamar ta koma ƙasarta ta asali Somaliya, inda daga baya ta shiga gwamnatin riƙon ƙwarya ta ƙasar. Daga shekarar 2007 har zuwa rasuwarta, ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Lafiya ta ƙasa.

## Kisa
A ranar 3 ga watan Disamba, 2009, Qamar, tare da Ministan Ilimi Ahmed Abdulahi Waayeel da Ministan Ilimi Mai Girma Ibrahim Hassan Addow, sun mutu a wani harin kunar bakin wake da aka kai a Otel Shamo da ke Mogadishu.  Sun halarci bikin kammala karatun Jami'ar Banaadir,  yayin da namijin da ya kai harin ya ratsa ta cikin jami'an tsaro sanye da kayan mata sanye da mayafin Musulunci.  Daga baya Shugaba Sharif Sheikh Ahmed ya kira harin "bala'i na ƙasa". 

Qamar ta yi magana da ɗan'uwanta, Mohamed Aden Ali, sa'o'i da yawa kafin harin. Ta yi ƙoƙarin shawo kansa ya koma Somalia don sabon shirin likitoci. Bayan rasuwarta, ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da shirye-shiryen Qamar, yana mai cewa "Gadon 'yar'uwata zai ci gaba, ba za mu daina ba. Sanar da su: Mutanen Somalia, a shirye suke su mutu, mutane ne masu ƙarfin hali. Ba za mu taɓa tsayawa mu yi wa mutanenmu hidima ba."

## Martaba
Akwai wata makaranta da aka sanya mata suna don girmama ta kuma za a gyara ta a shekarar 2018 kamar yadda Ministar Somaliya Deqa Yasin ta sanar a watan Nuwamba na 2018.

## Manazarta
Constance na II na Sicily

**Constance II** (a cikin Italiyanci: *Costanza;*  – (1302-04-09 )  ) ta kasance sarauniyar Sicily daga Satumba 1282 zuwa Nuwamba 1285 tare da mijinta, Sarki Peter I. Ita kuma matar sarauniya ce ta Aragon daga 1276 zuwa 1285. Ta kasance mai yin mulkin Masarautar Sicily daga 1268 zuwa 1282.  Ita kaɗai ce 'yar Manfred, Sarkin Sicily, da matarsa ta farko, Beatrice ta Savoy . 

## Rayuwa
Bella d'Amichi ta fi girma a Constance, wacce ta ci gaba da zama sarauniyar da ta fi so kuma mai aminci. [1] A ranar 13 ga Yuni 1262, Constance ta auri Peter, [1] babban ɗan Sarki James na I na Aragon . An kashe mahaifinta a Yaƙin Benevento (26 ga Fabrairu 1266) yayin da yake yaƙi da abokin hamayyarsa, Charles na I na Anjou . [1] Ta gaji da'awarsa ga gadon sarautar Sicily. Constance ita ce sarauniya ta farko ta Aragon wacce aka rubuta cewa an yi nadin sarauta a Zaragoza a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 1276. [2]

James na Ɗaya ya mutu a ranar 27 ga Yuli, 1276 kuma Peter ya gaji gadon sarauta tare da Constance a matsayin sarauniya. A lokacin Yaƙin Sicilian Vespers (1282–1302), Peter da 'ya'yansu maza suka ɗauki gadon sarautar Sicily a hannun damanta. Yaƙin ya haifar da raba Masarautar Sicily da ƙirƙirar Masarautar Trinacria a ƙarƙashin magadanta da Masarautar Naples a ƙarƙashin magada Charles na Anjou.

Peter III ya mutu a watan Nuwamba na 1285. Constance ya mutu a matsayin mai bautar gumaka a Barcelona .

## Yara
Constance da Peter III na Aragon suna da 'ya'ya shida:

* Alfonso na Uku na Aragon ( (1265-11-04 )  &#x2013; (1291-06-18 )  ). 
* James na II na Aragon ( (1267-08-10 )  &#x2013; (1327-11-02 )  ). 
* Elizabeth, Sarauniyar Portugal (  &#x2013; (1336-07-04 )  ). Denis 'yar Portugal ta auri 
* Frederick na Uku na Sicily ( (1272-12-13 )  &#x2013; (1337-06-25 )  ). 
* Yolande, Duchess na Calabria (  &#x2013; (1302-08-00 )  ). Ya auri Robert na Naples 
* Bitrus na Aragon (  &#x2013; (1296-08-25 )  ). Ta auri Guillemette ta Béarn, 'yar Gaston VII, Viscount ta Béarn .

## Matsayinsa a cikin ''barkwancin Dante na Divine''
Ko da yake yawancin majiyoyin tarihi ba su da cikakken bayani game da ita, Constance ta mamaye wani matsayi a cikin *fim ɗin Divine Comedy* na Dante Alighieri . Bayyanar Constance a cikin Canto III na *Purgatorio* of the *Divine Comedy* ba ta da ma'ana kuma kamar inuwa. Mai karatu ya fahimci Constance ta hanyar jawabin mahaifinta, Manfred na Sicily, wanda Dante ya haɗu da shi a sararin Dutsen Purgatory da aka tanada don rayukan da aka kora . Manfred ya roƙi mawaƙin ya kawo gaskiya "idan aka ba shi wata labari ga 'yarsa kyakkyawa, uwar alfaharin Sicily da Aragon."  Manfred ya ci gaba da gaya wa Dante yadda ya tuba kuma ya yi ikirari ga Allah game da zunubansa "mummunan" jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarsa, kuma an cece shi daga rayuwa bayan mutuwa a Jahannama, sabanin abin da wasu suka yi tunani. Manfred ya kammala jawabinsa da gaya wa Dante cewa hukuncinsa a Purgatory zai iya raguwa idan waɗanda har yanzu suke raye a Duniya suka yi masa addu'a, sannan kuma ta hanyar roƙon Dante ya gaya wa Constance matsayinsa a yanzu da kuma yadda "addu'o'inta masu tsarki" za su iya taimakawa a cikin tafiyarsa zuwa Aljanna. 

## Manazarta
Clementia na Catanzaro

**Clementia**  ( fl. 1145 – 1179/81 ) ita ce mace mai mulki a masarautar Catanzaro a Masarautar Sicily . Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a tawayen baronial na 1160–1162.

Clementia ita ce 'yar kuma magajiyar Count Raymond na Catanzaro da Segelgarda (Sikilgarda, ta mutu a shekara ta 1167). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Mahaifinta ya gaji babban ɗan'uwansa, Geoffrey, kafin shekara ta 1145. [ 3 ] [ 2 ] Labarin Clementia da aka fi sani da shi yana cikin takardar kakanta ta uba, Bertha, wacce ta bayar da gudummawa don ceton ɗanta Geoffrey a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1145. [ 4 ] [ 5 ]

A farkon shekarar 1158, Clementia ta gaji mahaifinta a matsayin Countess na Catanzaro, [ 2 ] amma ta takaita ga iko, saboda har yanzu tana yarinya a ƙarƙashin mulkin mahaifiyarta bazawara. A shekarar 1160, ta bayyana a gabanta ta hanyar taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tawayen da ya barke a ƙarshen wannan shekarar. [ 1 ] A cewar mai rubuta tarihin zamani, Hugo Falcandus [ 6 ] da Archbishop Romuald II na Salerno, an tuhume-tuhume da dama waɗanda Count Robert III na Loritello ya jagoranta sun yi niyyar kashe Admiral Maio na Bari .

Sun ba wa Matthew Bonnellus, wanda aka yi wa alkawarin auren 'yar Maio, hannun Clementia. Matthew ya kashe Maio a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1160, amma bai taɓa auren Clementia ba. [ 7 ] [ 8 ]

A cikin littafinsa mai suna " *Tarihin Azzaluman Sicily* ", Hugo Falcandus ya rubuta:

: "A Calabria, ƙabilar Catanzaro ita ma ta koma ga Robert, kuma ta ƙarfafa katafaren gidan sarauta na Taberna mai ƙarfi tare da jarumai da sauran abubuwan buƙata, ta yadda idan sarki ya ketare Mashigar, za ta iya zama a can cikin aminci tare da mahaifiyarta." [ 9 ]

Lokacin da Sarki William na ɗaya ya tsallaka daga Sicily zuwa Calabria a bazara na 1161, Clementia ta fara adawa da shi daga gidan sarautar Taverna na tsawon shekara guda amma an tilasta masa ya miƙa wuya a watan Afrilu na 1162. [ 1 ] [ 10 ] 'Yan uwanta biyu, Thomas [lower-alpha 1] da Alfred, [lower-alpha 1] sun tallafa mata kuma sarki ya hukunta su da mummunan hukunci. [ 3 ] Daga baya an tsare Clementina da mahaifiyarta a gidan yari a Messina sannan daga baya a Palermo . [ 1 ]

Clementia ta auri Hugh Lupin the Elder a kusa da 1167, tabbas a 1168. [ 3 ] An ambaci ta a ƙarshe a cikin umarnin Paparoma Alexander III wanda ya sanya asibitin Buonalbergo, wanda Berard, ubangijin Pietrabbondante ya gina, ƙarƙashin kariyar Holy See bisa buƙatar Clementia. Wannan za a iya ƙididdige shi tsakanin 1179 da 1181. Ba a san ranar mutuwar Clementia ba. Mijinta yana zaune a 1190, amma a 1195 ɗansu na fari ya gaje shi a matsayin ƙidaya. [ 1 ]

Clementia da Hugh suna da 'ya'ya maza tagwaye, Hugh Lupin the Younger, wanda ya gaji Gundumar Catanzaro, da kuma Jordan Lupin, wanda ya jagoranci tawaye a Sicily a shekarar 1197. [ 3 ]

## Manazarta
Dalibor Brozović

**Dalibor Brozović** (pronunciation Croatian: [dǎlibor brǒːzoʋit͡ɕ]; 28 ga Yulin 1927 - 19 ga Yunin 2009) masanin harshe ne na Croatia, Slavist, masanin harsuna kuma ɗan siyasa. Ya yi nazarin tarihin daidaitattun harsuna a yankin Slavic, musamman Croatian. Ya kasance mai aiki na Esperantist tun 1946, kuma ya rubuta waƙoƙin Esperanto da kuma fassara ayyukan cikin harshe.

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haife shi a Sarajevo  kuma ya yi makarantar firamare a Zenica . Sannan ya je makarantun sakandare na gaba da sakandare a Visoko, Sarajevo da Zagreb. Ya sami digiri na farko a harshen Croatia da adabin Yugoslavia a Sashen Nazarin Bil Adama da Kimiyyar Zamantakewa, Jami'ar Zagreb .  A shekarar 1957, ya sami digirin digirgir na uku tare da *Jawabin Digiri na farko a Fojnica Valley* .

Tun daga shekara ta 1946 ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis .  A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, ya kasance co-kafa kuma mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Croatia Democratic Union, wanda zai lashe Zaben 1990. A cewar shirin talabijin na kasa na Croatia "War kafin yaƙi", ya kasance mai ba da labari game da sabis na sirri na Yugoslavian (SDS) kuma yana aiki a ƙarƙashin sunan lambar "Forum" har zuwa farkon 1990. Ya kasance mataimakin shugabancin Jamhuriyar Croatia (a 1990) kuma memba na Majalisar dokokin Croatia (1992-1995). A cikin 1991-2001 ya jagoranci Cibiyar Miroslav Krleža Lexicographical. Ya shirya Atlas of European and Slavic Dialectology . A cikin 2012, Viktor Ivančić ya gano Brozović a matsayin mutum a cikin cibiyar da ke da alhakin jagorantar zubar da lalata 40,000 na Encyclopedia na Yugoslavia a farkon shekarun 1990.

An bayyana Brozović a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masana harsunan Croatian na karni na 20.  Koyaya, an ba da wannan ra'ayi daga hangen nesa na kasa, kamar yadda aka san Brozović sau da yawa yana watsar da ilimin harshe don jawabin kasa sosai. Daga cikin manyan ayyukansa akwai littafin *Standardni jezik* ("Harshe na yau da kullun") (1970) da kuma labarin Tsohon yana ba da nau'ikan daidaitattun harsuna, wanda duk da haka ya haɗu da zargi don ƙunshe da ka'idoji masu rikitarwa da rashin tabbas.   Wannan na ƙarshe ya raba tarihin Croatian zuwa lokuta uku na farko da na uku. Ganin cewa an yi imanin cewa an daidaita Croatian ne kawai a lokacin Motsi na Illyrian da Ljudevit Gaj, Brozović ya yi jayayya cewa daidaitawa ya fara ne a kusa da 1600 kuma ya bunkasa sosai a kusa da 1750. Koyaya, wannan labarin Brozović kuma yana fuskantar zargi saboda gaskiyar cewa "a cikin karni na 18, babu wani misali na harshe (""Uberdachende"" sprachliche Entität), wanda zai rufin Kajkavian da Shtokavian". A wasu kalmomi, manyan ayyukan daidaitawa sun faru ne kawai a karni na 19.

## Manazarta
Aldruda Frangipane

**Aldruda Frangipane**, Countess ta Bertinoro, (bayan 1120 - bayan Oktoba 1173) mace ce mai daraja kuma shugabar soja ta Roma . Ita ce mai mulki a Gundumar Bertinoro a lokacin ƙaramin ɗanta Cavalcaconte daga 1152.

Ana kyautata zaton Aldruda ta kasance daga dangin Frangipane na Roma. Wataƙila an haife ta jim kaɗan bayan 1120, amma babu wani bayani game da ita har zuwa 1142, lokacin da Gualtiero, babban bishop na Ravenna, ya bayyana cewa yana son sabunta gadon Bertinoro ga Rainerio di Cavalcaconte bisa sharadin zai auri Frangipane.  Wataƙila auren ya faru ne a 1142. 

A cikin wata takarda mai kwanan wata 29 ga Disamba 1153, Paparoma Celestino na Biyu ya ba wa Pietro degli Onesti, mai kula da ' ya'yan Rainerio - waɗanda suka mutu a lokacin - da kuma "Boltruda", waɗanda ake kyautata zaton Aldruda ne, haƙƙoƙi a yankin Bertinoro; daga cikin shaidun takardar akwai Oddone da Cencio Frangipane . A cewar wannan takarda, a wannan lokacin Aldruda tana da ƙaramin ɗa, Cavalcaconte, kuma tana tsammanin wani. [1]

Aldruda ta bayyana tare da 'ya'yanta maza Cavalcaconte da Rainerio a cikin takardun gudummawa guda biyu masu kwanan wata 31 ga Yuli 1152 da Yuni 1153.  Ta ci gaba da mulkin Bertinoro ko da bayan Cavalcaconte ya kai shekarun zama babba, tana kula da kotun da ke da wani abin alfahari.  Cavalcaconte ya mutu a Venice a 1177; bayan 1153 babu wani abu da aka sani game da Rainerio. 

A watan Oktoba na shekarar 1173, Aldruda ya jagoranci rundunar Bertinoro a cikin rundunar da ta kwantar da birnin Ancona, karkashin kawayen sojojin Sarki Frederick Barbarossa na Roma a karkashin babban bishop Kirista na Mainz . 

A cikin wani rubutu da aka rubuta wa sarkin Byzantine Manuel Komnenos a shekara ta 1174, babban bishop Eustathios na Thessaloniki ya yabi mutanen Ancona, yana mai bayyana abubuwan da suka faru na kewaye da birnin da kuma rawar da Aldruda ya taka.  &#x3A;&#x200A;195&#x200A; &#x3A;&#x200A;13&#x200A;Boncompagno da Signa ya bayyana ta shiga cikin taimako na kewayen a cikin *Liber de Obsidione Ancone* na 1201.  

Babu wani ƙarin bayani game da rayuwarta bayan kawanya.   &#x3A;&#x200A;192&#x200A;

## Manazarta
Khadijo Mohamed Diriye

**Khadijo Mohamed Diriye** (2 ga Afrilu 1964 - 20 ga Disamba 2023) 'yar siyasa ce ta Somaliya. Daga  watan Janairu 2014 zuwa Janairu 2015, ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Mata da 'Yancin Ɗan Adam ta Somaliya. Tun daga watan Maris 2017, ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Matasa da Wasanni a Majalisar Ministocin Firayim Minista Hassan Ali Khaire.  

## Ministar Mata da 'Yancin Ɗan Adam

### Alƙawari
A ranar 17 ga watan Janairun 2014, Firayim Ministan Somaliya Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed ya naɗa Diriye a matsayin Ministar Mata da 'Yancin Ɗan Adam.  Ta maye gurbin Maryam Qassim a matsayin Minista.

### Taron kolin London
A watan Yunin 2014, Diriye ta halarci wani taron koli na duniya kan mata a Landan a madadin Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Somaliya. Ta yi amfani da damar wajen nuna sabon shirin gwamnatin Somaliya na ƙasa kan cin zarafin mata. An kaddamar da shirin ne tare da haɗin gwiwar gwamnatocin yankuna na Somaliya da kungiyoyin fararen hula na gida.

### Tsarin Aiki na Ƙasa
A watan Agusta na shekarar 2014, Diriye ta sanar da cewa Ma'aikatar Mata da Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta kammala wani sabon shiri na ƙasa kan haƙƙin ɗan adam. Don haka, ta nuna cewa ofishinta yana kammala wani shiri na Kare Yara na Ƙasa, tare da AMISOM da ke ba da tallafi. Hukumomin Somaliya kuma suna cikin shirin daidaita dokokin ƙasar da ƙa'idoji da yarjejeniyoyi na haƙƙin ɗan adam na yanki da na duniya. Bugu da ƙari, Diriye ta bayyana cewa gwamnatin tarayya ta Somaliya za ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan Haƙƙoƙin Yara da Jin Daɗinsu. 

A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan shiri, Ma'aikatar Mata da Haƙƙin Bil Adama a watan Disamba na 2014 ta shirya wani gangamin wayar da kan jama'a a Mogadishu kan mahimmancin haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma yadda 'yan ƙasa za su iya tabbatar da kare su.  Ta kuma kammala dokoki kan sabon kudirin Hukumar Haƙƙin Bil Adama. 

#### Ƙarshen wa'adi
A ranar 27 ga watan Janairun 2015, wa'adin Diriye a matsayin Ministar Mata da 'Yancin Ɗan Adam ta Somaliya ya ƙare, bayan naɗa sabuwar Majalisar Ministoci ta Firayim Minista Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke. Sahra Mohamed Ali Samatar ta gaje ta.

## Mutuwa
Diriye ta rasu a Djibouti a ranar 20 ga watan Disamba 2023, yana da shekaru 59.  

## Manazarta
Elise Eskilsdotter

**Elise Eskilsdotter** ( *Elise Eskildsdatter* ) (ta mutu kimanin 1483) ta kasance fitacciyar 'yar ƙasar Norway.  Elise 'yar Eskild Ågesen ce da Elisabeth Jakobsdatter Hegle. Mahaifinta jarumi ne daga Scania . A kusan 1420, ta auri fitaccen ɗan ƙasar Norway Olav Nilsson (kimanin 1400–1455) wanda ɗan gidan Skanke ne mai daraja. 

Olav Nilsson ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Riksråd na Norway kuma Sarki Eric na Pomerania ya ba shi sarauta a shekara ta 1430 kuma ya zama shugaban mulkin mallaka na Ryfylke a Rogaland, Norway. Ya kasance mai arziki mai gidaje a Norway da Denmark. Daga baya Olav ya yi wa Sarki Christian na ɗaya na Denmark hidima a matsayin mai zaman kansa a lokacin Yaƙin Dano-Hanseatic (1426-35). Bayan Yarjejeniyar Vordingborg a watan Yulin 1435, Sarki Christian ya yi sulhu da Hanseatic League . Duk da haka, Olav ya ci gaba da kai hari kan jiragen ruwan 'yan kasuwa na Jamus ba tare da son sarki ba. Sakamakon haka, a shekara ta 1453 sarkin ya kori Olav. A shekara ta 1455, an kashe Olav Nilsson a Munkeliv Abbey tare da ɗansa Nils, ɗan'uwansa Peder Nilsson Skanke, da kuma Leif Thor Olafsson, Bishop na Bergen. [1] [2] [3] [4]

Bayan mutuwarsa, Elise Eskilsdotter da 'ya'yanta sun jagoranci yaƙi a fili da cinikin 'yan kasuwar Jamus na Bergen. Babban ɗanta, Olav, ya mutu sakamakon hatsarin jirgin ruwa a shekara ta 1465, amma ƙaramin ɗanta Axel ya ci gaba da harkokin kasuwancin. Kamar sauran membobin manyan mutanen Norway, ita ma ta yi adawa da mulkin Denmark a kan Norway . A shekara ta 1468, Sarki Christian na 1 ya kwace mata fiat saboda bai sake amincewa da amincinta ba.

Elise ta mutu a kusan shekara ta 1483.   

## Manazarta
Florine na Burgundy

**Florine na Burgundy** (1083–1097 a Philomelium, Akşehir ta zamani, Turkiyya) ɗan gwagwarmayar yaƙi ne na Faransa.

Florine 'yar Duke Odo na 1 na Burgundy ce da Sybilla na Burgundy . Ana kyautata zaton ta auri Sweyn Crusader .

## Tatsuniya
A cewar tatsuniya, Florine da mijinta Sweyn sun jagoranci rundunar sojojin Denmark guda 1500 zuwa wani yakin neman zabe, yayin da ma'auratan suka shirya yin aure a Urushalima . Duk da haka, Turkawa sun yi musu kwanton bauna a Kappadocia, Anatolia, kuma sun fi su yawa. A cewar wata al'ada, ma'auratan sun yi gwagwarmaya sosai har sai da aka huda Florine da kibiyoyi 6 ko 7. Wani abin da aka yi shi ne cewa Turkawa sun kama Florine, kafin a sare kansa a gaban Sultan. [ ana buƙatar ambato ]

## Sahihanci
Masana tarihi suna shakkar wanzuwar Florine, domin kuwa wani tarihin tarihi ne kawai ya ambaci sunanta, wanda Albert na Aix ya rubuta. William na Tyre, ɗaya daga cikin masu rubuta tarihin yakin, ya ambaci mijinta Sweyn, amma ba ita ba. 

## Almara
Rayuwar Florine ta samu karbuwa daga William Bernard McCabe a cikin littafin *[https://books.google.com/books?id=UcpUAAAAYAAJ Florine mai suna Princess of Burgundy] : A Tale of the First Crusaders*, wanda aka buga a shekarar 1855.

## Manazarta

* Edgington, Susan; Sarah Lambert (2002). Jinsi ga Yaƙin Jihadi. Columbia University Press. shafi na&nbsp;53–54.  .
Gertrude na Babenberg, Duchess na Bohemia

**Gertrude na Babenberg** ( Czech   ;  - 8 ga Afrilu 1150), memba a Majalisar Babenberg, ita ce matar Duchess ta Bohemia daga 1140 har zuwa mutuwarta, ta hanyar aurenta da duke na Přemyslid Vladislaus II . 

## Rayuwa
Ita 'yar Margrave Leopold na Uku ce ta Austria (ta mutu a shekara ta 1136) kuma matarsa ta biyu, magajin Salian Agnes ta Waiblingen . Bayan mutuwar mahaifinta, ɗan'uwan Gertrude Leopold na IV ya gaje shi a matsayin margrave na Austria kuma a shekara ta 1138 ya auri gimbiya Přemyslid Maria ta Bohemia, ɗan uwan mijinta na gaba.

Gertrude ta auri Vladislaus II, babban ɗan marigayi Duke Vladislaus na ɗaya na Bohemia a shekara ta 1140. Mijinta ya bar Duchy of Bohemia a lokacin mulkin kawunsa, Duke Soběslav na ɗaya, amma manyan mutanen yankin sun sake kiransa bayan mutuwar Soběslav. Ta hanyar mahaifiyarta, Gertrude 'yar'uwar sarkin Hohenstaufen Conrad na uku na Jamus ce, don haka abin da ya zama abin kamawa ga Vladislaus. A lokacin da ɗan uwansa Count Conrad na biyu na Znojmo ya kewaye Prague a shekara ta 1142, ta yi nasarar kare Prague Castle tare da taimakon surukinta Děpold, yayin da Vladislaus ta nemi taimako daga Sarki Conrad na uku.

Gertrude ta shiga cikin ayyukan mijinta Vladislaus don kafa sabbin cibiyoyin addini, kuma saboda ƙarfafa gwiwarta, Duke ta gayyaci ƙungiyoyin addini na ƙasashen waje su kafa kansu a Bohemia. Ta haifi 'ya'ya biyar kuma ta mutu a shekara ta 1150 tana da shekaru 30 a gidanta da ke Prague . Da ta sake rayuwa shekaru 8, da ta zama matar Sarauniya ta biyu ta Bohemia.

## Batun

* Frederick, Duke na Bohemia ( *Bedřich* ; d. 1189)
* 'Ya mace (Richeza?), ta auri Yaroslav II na Kyiv
* Svatopluk, ya auri Odola, 'yar Sarki Géza na Biyu na Hungary
* Adalbert na Uku na Bohemia ( *Vojtĕch* ; 1145–1200), Archbishop na Salzburg
* Agnes ( *Anežka* ; ya rasu a shekara ta 1228), abban St George na Prague

## Adabi

* ŽEMLIČKA, J. *Čechy v době knížecí 1034–1198* . Praha: NLN, 2002. 660 p.&nbsp; .

## Manazarta
Gillian Griffiths

Gillian Margaret Griffiths masanin kimiyyar halitta ce ta Burtaniya kuma Masanin rigakafi. Griffiths na ɗaya daga cikin na farko da ya nuna cewa ƙwayoyin rigakafi suna da hanyoyin ƙwarewa na ɓoyewa, kuma sun gano sunadarai da hanyoyin da ke sarrafa ɓoyewar T-lymphocyte na cytotoxic.[1][2]

## Binciken yanzu
Griffiths Farfesa ce a fannin ilmin kwayoyin halitta da garkuwar jiki a Jami'ar Cambridge, tana gudanar da dakin gwaje-gwaje a Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya ta Cambridge. Ta kasance Darakta a CIMR daga 2013 zuwa 2017. [ana buƙatar ci gaba]

A cikin 2024, an nada ta a matsayin sabon Shugaban Sashen Kwayar halitta a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Yale, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2025. 

## Kyaututtuka da girmamawa
Ta kasance Fellow a Kwalejin Sarki, Cambridge kuma an zabe ta Fellow na Royal Society a shekarar 2013. 

* 2019: An ba shi lambar yabo ta Buchanan na Royal Society . 

## Manazarta
Clare Grey

Dame Clare Philomena Grey DBE FRS Farfesa ce a fannin ilmin sinadarai a Jami'ar Cambridge kuma memba ce a Kwalejin Pembroke, Cambridge. Grey yana amfani da na'urar nazarin maganadisu ta nukiliya don nazari da inganta batura.

## Ilimi
Grey ta sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha a shekarar 1987 sannan ta sami digiri a fannin ilmin sunadarai a shekarar 1991, duka biyu daga Jami'ar Oxford.  Rubutun digirin ta, a karkashin kulawar Sir Anthony Cheetham, ta yi amfani da ƙarancin magnetic resonance (NMR) da ƙaranfin kusurwar sihiri (MAS) don nazarin pyrochlores na duniya.

## Ayyuka da bincike
Bayan karatun digiri na Grey, ta rike mukamin bincike na postdoctoral a Jami'ar Nijmegen .  Daga 1992 zuwa 1993, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai bincike mai ziyara a DuPont .  A shekara ta 1994, an nada Grey a matsayin farfesa a Jami'ar Jihar New York a Stony Brook, kuma ya zama cikakken farfesa a shekara ta 2001. A shekara ta 2009, ta zama Farfesa Geoffrey Moorhouse Gibson a fannin ilmin sunadarai a Jami'ar Cambridge . 

Daga 2009 zuwa 2010 ta kasance Darakta na Cibiyar Adana Makamashi ta Arewa maso Gabas, da Mataimakin Darakta daga 2011 zuwa 2014. A halin yanzu ita ce darakta na Cibiyar EPSRC don Kayan Kayan Kwarewa don Tsarin Haɗin Kai.

### Binciken batir
Grey ya fara amfani da ƙarfin magnetic na nukiliya don nazarin da inganta aikin batir, musamman batir na lithium ion. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban Batirin lithium-iska.

Grey ita ce co-kafa Nyobolt, kamfani wanda ke ƙwarewa a cikin batir na niobium.

### Daraja da kyaututtuka
An zabi Grey a matsayin Fellow na Royal Society (FRS) a cikin 2011 [1] kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Günther Laukien a cikin 2013 [2] sannan aka biyo bayan lambar yabo ta Davy a cikin 2014 don "ƙarin aikace-aikace na ƙarfin nukiliya mai ƙarfi ga kayan da suka dace da makamashi da muhalli".[1]

An nada ta Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) a cikin girmamawar ranar haihuwar 2022 don hidimomi ga kimiyya.

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013, Jami'ar Lancaster ta ba Grey lambar yabo ta girmamawa.

Sauran kyaututtuka, girmamawa da manyan abubuwan aiki sun hada da:

## Manazarta
Véronique Gwamna

Véronique Gouverneur FRS (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 1964 a Geel, Belgium) masanin kimiyyar Belgium-British ne. Ita ce Farfesa ta Waynflete a Kwalejin Magdalen a Jami'ar Oxford a Ingila. Kafin farfesa na Waynflete, ta gudanar da wata kungiya a Kwalejin Merton, Oxford .  Binciken da ta yi a kan ilmin sunadarai na fluorine ya sami kyaututtuka masu yawa na kwararru da ilimi. An zabe ta a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa a shekarar 2025. 

## Ilimi
Gouverneur ta sami digiri na farko (digiri na biyu a ilmin sunadarai),  sannan a shekarar 1991 ta sami digirin digirin digirinta, daga Jami'ar Katolika ta Louvain .  Ta koma a 1992 zuwa Cibiyar Nazarin Scripps a Amurka, ta koma Turai a 1994. Ta yarda da matsayi na Maître de Conférence a Jami'ar Louis Pasteur, tana aiki tare da Charles Mioskowski kuma ta kasance memba na Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires . 

## Ayyuka da bincike
Ta shiga sashen ilmin sunadarai a Oxford a 1998, ta zama mai karatu a 2006 [1] kuma farfesa a 2008. [2] A cikin aikinta na bincike, ta zaɓi ilmin sunadarai na fluorine a matsayin yanki na musamman don mayar da hankali saboda mahadi na fluorine suna da aikace-aikace da yawa, gami da magunguna magunguna da kuma a cikin hotunan fitar da positron (PET).[3] Ta kuma ziyarci mukaman farfesa a Jami'ar Paris X da Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Shanghai . [4] A cikin 2022, an nada ta a matsayin Farfesa na Waynflete na Chemistry, mukamin da ya samo asali ne daga 1865. [5][6]

## Manazarta
Pratibha Gai

**Dame Pratibha Laxman Gai-Boyes** DBE FRS HonFRMS FRSC FREng  masanin kimiyyar microscopy ne na Burtaniya kuma Farfesa kuma Shugaban Electron Microscopy kuma tsohon Darakta a The York JEOL Nanocentre, Sashen Chemistry da Physics, Jami'ar York.  Ta kirkiro microscope na watsa wutar lantarki na muhalli (ETEM) kuma mai ba da shawara ce ga mata masu sana'a a kimiyya.

## Ilimi da rayuwar farko
Gai ya girma a Indiya, kuma kimiyya tana sha'awarsa tun yana yaro. Marie Curie, iliminta, da iyayenta sun rinjaye ta don nazarin ilmin sunadarai. Koyaya, a wannan lokacin, ba a yarda da al'umma ga mata su sami aiki a kimiyyar jiki ba. Lokacin da take matashiya, an zaba ta a matsayin masanin binciken basirar kimiyya na kasa.

Gai ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Cambridge inda aka ba ta PhD a shekara ta 1974 don bincike kan microscopy na lantarki mai rauni da aka gudanar a cikin Laboratory na Cavendish . 

## Bincike da aiki
Gai ya fara amfani da aikace-aikacen microscopy na lantarki a cikin kimiyyar sunadarai. Tare da Edward D. Boyes, ta kirkiro ƙudurin atomatik na muhalli na watsa electron microscope (ETEM), wanda ke ba da damar gani da bincike akan sikelin atomatik na halayen gas-catalyst mai ƙarfi wanda ke haifar da mahimman hanyoyin sunadarai. Binciken da ta yi ya taimaka wajen fahimtar yadda abubuwan da ke haifar da aiki, wanda ke haifar da sabon kimiyya mai mahimmanci. Wannan kirkirar ta taimaka wa masana kimiyya da yawa. Ana amfani da microscope da abubuwan kirkirarta a duk duniya ta masana'antun microscope, kamfanonin sunadarai da masu bincike.

A shekara ta 2009, bayan shekaru na ci gaba, Gai, wanda ke riƙe da kujera a cikin microscopy na lantarki kuma ya kasance codirectora na York JEOL Nanocentre a Jami'ar York, ya yi nasarar ƙirƙirar microscope wanda zai iya fahimtar halayen sunadarai a sikelin atom.

Wannan ci gaba ne a kan microscopes na al'ada a wannan sikelin, wanda kawai zai iya duba kayan halitta a cikin yanayin "mutuwa" na iska a zafin jiki. An san shi da ƙudurin atomatik na watsa wutar lantarki na muhalli (ETEM). 

Tare da taimakon abokan aiki, ta gina kuma ta inganta na'urar a cikin shekaru ashirin, ta fara da samfurin ƙarami lokacin da take mai bincike na postdoctoral a Jami'ar Oxford. Daga nan sai ta yi shekaru 18 a Amurka a kamfanin sinadarai na DuPont da Jami'ar Delaware . 

Kodayake microscope dinta yana da matukar muhimmanci ga fannin kimiyya, ta yanke shawarar kada ta ba da izini, tana cewa, "Na yi tunanin cewa idan na ba da izinin, babu wanda zai iya yin aiki tare da shi. Zan iya samun kuɗi, amma ban da sha'awar hakan. Ina da sha'awa ga aikace-aikace ga masu bincike da yawa, ƙirƙirar kimiyya mafi mahimmanci. Don haka na yanke shawarar kada in ba da izine. "[1]

Sau da yawa tana ba da shawara ga matsayin mata a kimiyya, kuma ta yi magana game da ƙalubalen samun yara a matsayin mace masanin kimiyya. Ta ce, "abin da ake buƙata don kiyaye mata a kimiyya; filin gasa ne sosai kuma suna [idan ba haka ba] baya ko suna aiki ko a'a. Don haka ina ci gaba da gaya wa ɗaliban mata na yin niyya mai girma".

## Manazarta