Italiya ta mamaye Libya

Italo-Turkiyya (Turkiyya: Trablusgarp Savaşı, "Yakin Tripolitaniya", Italiyanci: Guerra di Libia, "Yakin Libya"), wanda kuma aka sani da yakin Turco-Italian, an yi yaƙi tsakanin Masarautar Italiya da Daular Usmaniyya daga 29 ga Satumba 1911 zuwa 18 ga Oktoba 1912, Italiyanci wanda ya haifar da rigima na Ottoman. Manyan lardunan sun hada da Fezzan, Cyrenaica, da kuma ita kanta Tripoli. Waɗannan yankuna sun zama yankunan Tripolitania na Italiya da Cyrenaica, waɗanda daga baya za su haɗu zuwa Italiyanci Libya.

A lokacin rikicin, sojojin Italiya kuma sun mamaye tsibiran Dodecanese a cikin Tekun Aegean. Italiya ta amince da mayar da Dodecanese zuwa Daular Ottoman a cikin Yarjejeniyar Ouchy a cikin 1912. Duk da haka, rashin daidaituwa na rubutun, tare da abubuwan da ba su da kyau ga Daular Ottoman (fashewar Wars Balkan da yakin duniya na 1), ya ba da izinin mulkin Italiya na wucin gadi na tsibiran, kuma Turkiyya ta yi watsi da duk waɗannan da'awar. na Lausanne.

Ana daukar yakin a matsayin mafarin yakin duniya na farko. Membobin kungiyar Balkan, ganin yadda Italiya cikin sauki ta kayar da Ottoman da kuma kishin al'ummar Balkan masu tasowa, suka kai wa Daular Usmaniyya hari a watan Oktoba 1912, suka fara yakin Balkan na farko 'yan kwanaki kafin karshen yakin Italo-Turkish[

Yaƙin Italo-Turkiyya ya ga wasu sauye-sauyen fasaha, musamman amfani da jiragen sama wajen yaƙi. A ranar 23 ga Oktoba 1911, wani matukin jirgin Italiya, Capitano Carlo Piazza, ya tashi a kan layukan Turkiyya a kan aikin binciken sararin samaniya na farko a duniya, [13] kuma a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, Sottotenente Giulio Gavotti ya jefa bam na farko na iska a kan sojojin Turkiyya a Libya, daga farkon samfurin jirgin Etrich Taube. Turkawa na amfani da bindigogi ne suka fara harbo jirgin sama.[15] Wani amfani da sabuwar fasaha ita ce hanyar sadarwa ta tashoshin telegraph da aka kafa ba da daɗewa ba bayan saukar farko.[16] Guglielmo Marconi, wanda ya kirkiro wayar tarho mara waya, ya zo Libya don gudanar da gwaje-gwaje tare da Hukumar Injiniya ta Italiya.

## Fage
Da'awar Italiya a Libya ta samo asali ne tun lokacin da Daular Rasha ta sha kaye a Ottoman a lokacin yakin 1877-1878 da kuma rikice-rikicen da suka biyo baya. A zauren taron Berlin a shekara ta 1878, Faransa da Birtaniya sun amince da mamayar da Faransa ta yi wa Tunusiya da kuma iko da Birtaniyya a kan Cyprus, wadanda dukkaninsu ne na gwamnatin Ottoman da ke ruguzawa.

Lokacin da jami'an diflomasiyyar Italiya suka yi ishara da yiwuwar adawa da yunkurin da gwamnatinsu ta yi na Anglo-Faransa, Faransawa ta amsa da cewa da Tripoli ta kasance takwararta ta Italiya, wadda ta yi yarjejeniya a asirce da gwamnatin Birtaniya a watan Fabrairun 1887 ta hanyar musayar bayanan diflomasiyya.[17] Yarjejeniyar ta tanadi cewa Italiya za ta goyi bayan ikon mallakar Birtaniyya a Masar, haka nan Birtaniya za ta goyi bayan tasirin Italiya a Libya.[18] A cikin 1902, Italiya da Faransa sun rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta asirce wacce ta ba da 'yancin shiga tsakani a Tripolitania da Maroko.[19] Yarjejeniyar, wadda ministan harkokin wajen Italiya Giulio Prinetti da jakadan Faransa Camille Barrère suka cimma, ta kawo karshen fafatawa mai cike da tarihi da ke tsakanin kasashen biyu na mallakar arewacin Afirka. A wannan shekarar, gwamnatin Birtaniya ta yi wa Italiya alkawarin cewa "duk wani sauyi a matsayin Libya zai kasance daidai da bukatun Italiya". Wadancan matakan an yi niyya ne don sassauta sadaukarwar Italiya ga kawancen Triple kuma ta yadda za su raunana Jamus, wacce Faransa da Biritaniya suke kallo a matsayin babbar abokiyar hamayyarsu a Turai.

Bayan yarjejeniyar Anglo-Rasha da kafa Triple Entente, Tsar Nicholas II da King Victor Emmanuel III sun yi yarjejeniya ta Racconigi a 1909 inda Rasha ta amince da sha'awar Italiya a Tripoli da Cyrenaica don samun goyon bayan Italiya ga ikon Rasha na Bosphorus.[20] Duk da haka, gwamnatin Italiya ta yi kadan don gane cewa dama da kuma sanin yankunan Libya da albarkatun sun kasance da wuya a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.

Kawar da cikas na diflomasiyya ya zo daidai da karuwar zafin mulkin mallaka. A cikin 1908, Ofishin Mulkin Mallaka na Italiya ya zama Babban Darakta na Harkokin Mulki. Enrico Corradini dan kishin kasa ya jagoranci kiran da jama'a suka yi na a dauki mataki a Libya, kuma jaridar L'Idea Nazionale mai kishin kasa ta hade a shekara ta 1911, ya bukaci a kawo mamaya[21]. Kamfanonin jaridun Italiya sun fara wani gagarumin kamfen na fafutukar mamaye kasar Libya a karshen watan Maris na shekarar 1911. An kwatanta shi da kima da wadata da ma'adanai da ruwa mai kyau, wanda sojojin Ottoman 4,000 ne kawai ke kare su. Har ila yau, an bayyana yawan jama'arta a matsayin masu adawa da Ottoman da abokantaka da Italiyanci, kuma sun yi hasashen cewa mamayewar da za a yi nan gaba ba ta wuce ta "tafiya na soja ba" [12].

Gwamnatin Italiya ta ci gaba da jajircewa a cikin 1911 don kula da Daular Usmaniyya, wacce aboki ce ta kut da kut da Jamus. Firayim Minista Giovanni Giolitti ya yi watsi da kiraye-kirayen kishin kasa na rikici kan Ottoman Albania, wanda ake ganin zai iya zama aikin mulkin mallaka, a karshen lokacin rani na 1911.

Koyaya, Rikicin Agadir wanda aikin sojan Faransa a Maroko a cikin Yuli 1911 zai haifar da kafa kariyar Faransa, ya canza lissafin siyasa. Shugabancin Italiya ya yanke shawarar cewa zai iya amincewa da bukatun jama'a na aikin mulkin mallaka. Ikon Triple Entente sun kasance masu goyan baya sosai. Sakataren harkokin wajen Birtaniya Edward Gray ya bayyanawa jakadan Italiya a ranar 28 ga watan Yuli cewa zai goyi bayan Italiya, ba daular Ottoman ba. A ranar 19 ga Satumba, Gray ya umurci Mataimakin Sakatare-Janar na dindindin Sir Arthur Nicolson, Baron Carnock na farko cewa kada Biritaniya da Faransa su tsoma baki tare da zane-zanen Italiya a kan Libya. A halin da ake ciki, gwamnatin Rasha ta bukaci Italiya da ta yi aiki cikin "hanyar gaggawa da azama"[22].

Ya bambanta da haɗin kai da ikon Entente, Italiya ta yi watsi da ƙawayenta na soja a cikin Triple Alliance. Giolitti da Ministan Harkokin Waje Antonino Paternò Castello sun amince a ranar 14 ga Satumba don kaddamar da yakin soji "kafin gwamnatocin Austria da Jamus [suna sane]". A lokacin ne Jamus ta himmatu wajen ƙoƙarin shiga tsakanin Roma da Konstantinoful, kuma Ministan Harkokin Wajen Austro-Hungary Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal ya yi gargaɗin Italiya akai-akai cewa matakin soji a Libya zai yi barazana ga amincin Daular Usmaniyya da haifar da rikici a cikin Tambayar Gabas, wanda zai lalata yankin Balkan da ma'auni na Turai. Ita ma Italiya ta hango wannan sakamakon tun bayan da Paternò Castello, a cikin rahoton watan Yuli zuwa ga sarki da Giolitti, ya bayyana dalilan da suka haddasa da kuma adawa da matakin soja a Libya, kuma ya nuna damuwar cewa tawayen Balkan, wanda watakila ya biyo bayan harin Italiya a Libya, na iya tilasta wa Austria-Hungary daukar matakin soji a yankunan Balkan da Italiya ke da'awar[23].

Jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Italiya tana da tasiri mai karfi a kan ra'ayin jama'a, amma ta kasance a cikin adawa da kuma rarraba kan batun. Ya yi rashin tasiri a kan tsoma bakin soja. Jagoran Fasist na Italiya Benito Mussolini, wanda a wancan lokacin ya kasance mai ra'ayin gurguzu mai ra'ayin gurguzu, ya dauki babban matsayi na antiwar. Gaetano Salvemini da Leone Caetani sun bayyana irin wannan adawa a majalisar.

An gabatar da wani wa'adi ga gwamnatin Ottoman, karkashin jagorancin kwamitin Tarayyar da Ci gaba (CUP), a daren 26-27 Satumba 1911. Ta hanyar tsaka-tsakin Austro-Hungary, Ottomans ya amsa da shawarar canja wurin ikon Libya ba tare da yaki ba da kuma kiyaye tsarin mulkin Ottoman. Wannan shawarar ta yi daidai da halin da ake ciki a Masar, wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon Ottoman na yau da kullun amma yana ƙarƙashin ikon Birtaniyya. Giolitti ya ƙi.

Italiya ta shelanta yaki a ranar 29 ga Satumbar 1911.[24]

## Yakin soja
Bude motsi

Dakarun Italiya sun yi ruwan bama-bamai kan wuraren da Turkiyya ta ke a yankin Libiya. Yakin Italo-Turkiyya shi ne na farko a tarihi da ya yi tashin bama-bamai ta jiragen sama da jiragen sama.[25]

Ismail Enver Bey a Cyrenaica, 1911

Hoton Mustafa Kemal Pasha, Enver Pasha, Nuri Conker da Fuat Bulca da aka ɗauka a layin gaba a ranar 19 ga Disamba, 1911

Sojojin Italiya ba su da shiri don yaƙi kuma ba a sanar da su shirin gwamnatin Libiya ba har zuwa ƙarshen Satumba. Sojojin suna da karancin sojoji yayin da aka kori ajin 1889 kafin a fara yakin. Ayyukan soji sun fara ne da harin bam a birnin Tripoli a ranar 3 ga Oktoba.[24] Ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa 1,500 ne suka mamaye birnin, wanda hakan ya sa ‘yan tsiraru masu shiga tsakani a Italiya suka yi sha’awar. Ita kuma Italiya ta yi watsi da wata shawara ta sasantawa ta diflomasiyya, don haka Ottoman suka yanke shawarar kare lardin[26].

A ranar 29 ga Satumba, 1911, Italiya ta buga ayyana sha'awarsu kai tsaye ga Libya. Ba tare da amsa mai kyau ba, sojojin Italiya sun sauka a gabar tekun Libya a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1911. Yawancin Italiyanci suna zaune a cikin daular Ottoman, galibi suna zaune a Istanbul, Izmir, da Thessaloniki, suna hulɗar kasuwanci da masana'antu. Sanarwar yakin ba zato ba tsammani ya girgiza al'ummar Italiya da ke zaune a daular da kuma gwamnatin Ottoman. Dangane da dangantakar abokantaka, gwamnatin Ottoman ta aike da bataliyoyinsu na Libya zuwa Yemen domin murkushe ‘yan tawaye na cikin gida, inda kawai ‘yan sandan soja suka bar Libya.[27]

Don haka, Ottoman ba su da cikakken sojoji a Tripolitania. Da yawa daga cikin hafsoshin Ottoman sun yi tafiya ne ta hanyar kansu, galibi a asirce, ta Masar tun lokacin da gwamnatin Burtaniya ba za ta bari a yi jigilar sojojin Ottoman gaba daya ta Masar ba. Sojojin ruwa na Ottoman sun yi rauni sosai don jigilar sojoji ta teku. Daular Usmaniyya sun shirya mutanen Libya na gida don kare kai daga mamayar Italiya.[28]

Tsakanin 1911 da 1912, sama da Somaliyawa 1,000 daga Mogadishu, babban birnin Somaliland na Italiya, sun kasance runfunan yaƙi tare da sojojin Eritiriya da na Italiya a Yaƙin Italo-Turkiyya[29]. Yawancin sojojin Somaliyan da aka jibge za su koma gida ne kawai a shekara ta 1935, lokacin da aka mayar da su zuwa Somaliland Somaliland a shirye-shiryen mamaye Habasha.[30]

## Manazarta