Yaƙin Magdala

**Yaƙin Magdala** shine ƙarshen Tafiyar Burtaniya zuwa Abyssinia da aka yi a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1868 tsakanin sojojin Burtaniya da Abyssinian a Magdala, mil 390 (630  daga bakin tekun Jar. Robert Napier ne ya jagoranci Birtaniya, yayin da Emperor Tewodros II ya jagoranci Abyssinians.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 1866, an tura wakilin Burtaniya don tabbatar da sakin wani rukuni na mishaneri waɗanda aka fara kamawa lokacin da wasika Tewodros II ya aika wa Sarauniya Victoria yana neman makamai da masana soja daga Burtaniya, wanda wakilin, Kyaftin Cameron, ya kawo ba tare da amsawa ba. An sake su; duk da haka, Tewodros II ya canza tunaninsa kuma ya aika da karfi bayan su kuma an mayar da su cikin sansanin kuma an sake ɗaure su, tare da Kyaftin Cameron.

Birtaniya sun ci nasara a yakin kuma, maimakon a kama su, Tewodros ya kashe kansa yayin da aka kama sansanin.

## Shirye-shiryen da kuma horarwa

Abubuwan ci gaba na rundunar sojin Burtaniya sun isa Annesley Bay a ranar 4 ga Disamba 1867; amma ba su sauka ba har zuwa 7 ga Disamba saboda yanayin rikici a bakin teku. An aika dubban alfadarai daga Masar da sauran ƙasashe kafin a yi isasshen shiri don ciyar da su da kuma shayar da su kuma sojojin da suka isa dole ne su fara samun abinci da ruwa a gare su. An kafa sansanin tushe a Zula.

'Yan Burtaniya sun yi ado da sabbin jaket na khaki tare da kwalkwali mai rufe fararen tufafi da ake kira 'Topi'. An ba su sabbin bindigogi na Snider-Enfield a shekarar da ta gabata, wanda ya kara karfin wuta na sojoji daga zagaye uku a minti daya zuwa zagaye goma a minti daya.

Ubangiji Napier ya isa a farkon watan Janairun 1868 kuma balaguron ya fara ne daga sansanin ci gaba a Senafe a farkon Fabrairu. Ya ɗauki watanni biyu don cimma burinsu. Hanyar sojojin Burtaniya da ke ci gaba ta kai su cikin mawuyacin hali, suna tafiya ta hanyar Kumayli, Senafe, Adigrat, Antalo, suna wucewa yammacin Tafkin Ashangi, ta hanyar Dutsen Wajirat da kuma fadin filin Wadla, kafin a ƙarshe su isa ta hanyar hanyar Emperor Tewodros da aka gina ta hanyar Zhitta Ravine don motsa manyan bindigoginsa zuwa Magdala.

Ya ƙunshi wasu sojoji 12,000 na Burtaniya da Indiya, kusa da Royal Artillery da Royal Engineers, rundunar ta ƙunshi:

**Birtaniya:** 3rd (The Prince of Wales's) Dragoon Guards, 4th (King's Own) Regiment of Foot, 33rd Regiment of Foot (1st West Riding Regiment) . Kamfanoni shida na sojan ƙasa daga 45th Nottinghamshire Regiment (Sherwood Foresters)  da kuma batirin roket na Royal Navy. Batirin Artillery na Armstrong, cikakke tare da giwaye dauke da bindigogin su, sun shiga cikin balaguron a filin Talanta a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, kawai kilomita 12 (19  daga Magdala yayin jinkirin kwana huɗu suna jiran kayan aiki su isa. Zuwa ƙarshen kamfen ɗin 26th (Cameronian) Regiment of Foot ma ya isa.

**Indiya:** 10th Regt of Bengal Cavalry (Lancers), 12th Regt na Bengal Cavalry, 3rd Regt na Bombay Lt Cavalry, 21st Punjab Regt Bengal Native Infantry, 23rd Punjab Regn Bengal Nativa Infantry (Pioneers), 2nd Bombay Native Infantsry (Grenadier), 3rd Bombay Nativa Infantary, 10th Bombay Natives Infantry Native Infantary (M Bombayers, 21st) Native Infante Infantry Min Min Min Miner, Bombayers (Marine 1st Bombayers) 

Duk da yake yana da wahala a sami daidaitattun umarni na yaƙi na sojojin Abyssinian, daga rahotanni na Burtaniya ya bayyana cewa ya kunshi karamin adadi na bindigogi da dubban sojoji masu sauƙi ba tare da bindigogi ba.

## Yaƙin
Kafin dakarun su iya kai hari kan Magdala, dole ne su wuce filin a Arogye, wanda ya kasance a fadin hanyar zuwa Magdala. Tabbas ya yi kama da mai ban tsoro don kai farmaki. Birtaniya na iya ganin hanyar da dubban Abyssinians masu dauke da makamai suka kafa sansani a kusa da tuddai tare da har zuwa bindigogi 30.

Birtaniya ba su yi tsammanin cewa mayaƙan Abyssinian za su bar tsaron su don kai musu hari ba kuma ba su kula da matsayinsu na tsaron ba yayin da suka kafa don turawa. Amma Sarkin sarakuna ya ba da umarnin kai hari, tare da dubban sojoji da ke dauke da makamai fiye da mashi. Rundunar Sojoji ta 4 da sauri ta sake turawa don saduwa da tarin mayaƙa kuma ta zuba wuta mai banƙyama a cikin rukunin su. Lokacin da rundunonin sojan Indiya guda biyu suka ba da gudummawa ga ƙarfin su, harin ya zama mafi muni. Duk da wannan, sojojin Abyssinian sun ci gaba da kai hari, sun rasa sama da 500 tare da wasu da suka ji rauni a cikin minti casa'in na fada, mafi yawansu a wani wuri kadan fiye da 30 yadudduka daga layin Burtaniya. A lokacin yakin rikici, ƙungiyar tsaro ta gaba ta 33rd Regiment ta kashe wasu daga cikin 'yan bindigar Abyssinian kuma ta kama bindigogin su. Sojojin Abyssinian da suka tsira sai suka koma Magdala.

### Fashi
A ranar 19 ga Afrilu, bayan da ya fara fashewa da sansanin kuma ya ƙone birnin, Napier ya fara tafiya ta dawowa. A cewar masanin tarihi Richard Pankhurst, ana buƙatar giwaye goma sha biyar da kusan alfadarai ɗari biyu don ɗaukar ganimar a fadin Kogin Bashilo zuwa Dalanta Plain da ke kusa. An gudanar da babban bita, sannan kuma an sayar da ganimar; an rarraba kuɗin da aka tara tsakanin dakarun kuma ba a rubuta jerin sunayen waɗanda suka sayi abubuwa daban-daban ba.

Abubuwa da yawa da aka sace, kayan tarihi na al'adu da kayan fasaha sun sami hanyar shiga cikin tarin jihohi da masu zaman kansu, dukiyar iyali, da hannun talakawa. Yawancin littattafai da rubuce-rubuce sun tafi Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya ko ɗakin karatu na Bodleian a Jami'ar Oxford, yayin da wasu suka tafi Royal Library a Windsor Castle da kuma ƙananan tarin Burtaniya. Sauran abubuwan da aka sace sun ƙare a Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert, Gidan Tarihin Dan Adam da Gidan Tarih na Sojojin Kasa.  

Abubuwan da aka samu na kimiyya da abubuwan da aka kwace na balaguron Magdala an yaba da su tare da motsawa da inganta sha'awar tarihin da al'adun Habasha a cikin Turai, suna kafa tushe ga Nazarin Habasha na zamani, da kuma bincike kan tsohuwar Masarautar Aksum.  

Daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, an mayar da wasu daga cikin dukiyar da aka sace zuwa Habasha; tun daga 1999, yakin neman zabe na AFROMET (Association For the Return Of the Madgala Ethiopian Treasures) yana neman ci gaba da dawo da wasu abubuwa da aka sace.

Abubuwan da aka dawo sun hada da:

* Wani bugu na *Kebra Nagast*, tare da hoton hoto na Yesu yana sanye da kambin ƙaya, ya koma ga Sarkin sarakuna Yohannes IV a cikin shekarun 1870
* An ba da tarin rubuce-rubucen Habasha na Lady Valerie Meux a cikin 1902 ga Sarkin sarakuna Menelik II a cikin nufinta; duk da haka, jim kadan bayan mutuwarta a 1910, an soke wannan.
* Ɗaya daga cikin kambuna biyu da aka sace na Tewodros an mayar da shi ga Empress Zawditu a 1924, amma Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert sun riƙe kambin zinariya mafi daraja.
* A cikin shekarun 1960, Sarauniya Elizabeth II ta mayar da kwallo da hatimi na Tewodros ga Sarkin sarakuna Haile Selassie yayin da take ziyarar jihar zuwa Habasha.
* A cikin 2019, Gidan Tarihin Sojoji na Kasa ya ba da sanarwar dawo da kulle na gashin Tewodros, wanda aka ɗauka bayan mutuwarsa a yaƙi.
* A cikin 2021, abubuwa da yawa ciki har da Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Coptic, giciye, garkuwar mulkin mallaka, saiti na ƙaho da kambi an sayi su ne ta hanyar ƙungiyar ba da riba ta Burtaniya don mayar da su Habasha. An sayi abubuwa daga gidan siyarwar Burtaniya da mai tarawa mai zaman kansa a Belgium kuma an bayyana su a matsayin 'mafi mahimmancin maido da al'adun gargajiya a tarihin Habasha'.  
* A cikin 2023, an ba da kayan tarihi ciki har da kulle gashin Yarima Alemayehu ga jakadan Habasha a Burtaniya a London. Sauran kayan tarihi da aka ba su sun haɗa da allon Holly Tabot na 'Medhane'Alem, kofuna uku na azurfa tare da faranti na tagulla, da garkuwa.

## Manazarta