John Ford

**John Martin Feeney** (1 ga Fabrairu, 1894 - 31 ga Agusta, 1973), wanda aka fi sani da **John Ford**, daraktan fina-finai ne kuma furodusa na Amurka. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu shirya fina-finai masu tasiri a lokacin Zamanin Zinare na Hollywood,  kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin daraktocin Amurka na farko da aka amince da su a matsayin marubuci .   A cikin aikinsa na sama da shekaru 50, ya jagoranci fina-finai sama da 130 tsakanin 1917 da 1970 (kodayake yawancin fina-finansa marasa sauti yanzu sun ɓace ), kuma ya sami kyaututtukan Academy guda huɗu don Mafi Kyawun Darakta don *The Informer* (1935), *The Grapes of Wrath* (1940), *How Green Was My Valley* (1941), da *The Quiet Man* (1952).

Ford ya shahara da fina-finansa na Yammacin duniya, kamar *Stagecoach* (1939), *My Darling Clementine* (1946), *Fort Apache* (1948), *The Searchers* (1956), da *The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance* (1962); kodayake ya yi aiki a wasu nau'ikan fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da barkwanci, wasan kwaikwayo na zamani, da shirye-shiryen talabijin . Ya yi amfani da daukar hoto a wurare da kuma daukar hotuna masu fadi, inda aka tsara halayensa a kan wani babban wuri mai tsauri, mai tsauri, da kuma mai tsauri. An yaba masa da fara ayyukan wasu manyan taurarin Hollywood a shekarun 1930, 1940, da 1950, ciki har da John Wayne, Henry Fonda, Maureen O'Hara da James Stewart .

Ayyukan Ford sun kasance masu daraja ga mutanen zamaninsa, inda Akira Kurosawa, Orson Welles, Frank Capra,  Andrei Tarkovsky, da Ingmar Bergman suka naɗa shi ɗaya daga cikin manyan daraktocin kowane lokaci.  Tsararrun daraktoci na baya-bayan nan, ciki har da manyan mutane da yawa na ƙungiyar New Hollywood, sun ambaci tasirinsa.   Harvard Film Archive ya rubuta cewa "faɗi da ma'aunin manyan gudummawar Ford ga Zamanin Zinare na sinima na Hollywood, da kuma harshen fim gabaɗaya, har yanzu yana da ɗan wahalar fahimta.... Ba a cika gane manyan nasarorin Ford a matsayin cikakken mai tsara zane da kuma ƙwararren mai ba da labari ba." 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Ford John Martin "Jack"  (kodayake daga baya ya kan ba wa John Augustine Feeney da Barbara "Abbey" Curran sunayensu kamar Seán Aloysius, wani lokacin kuma yana da sunan iyali O'Feeny ko Ó Fearna; harshen Irish daidai da Feeney) a Cape Elizabeth, Maine, ga John Augustine Feeney da Barbara "Abbey" Curran, a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1894,  (kodayake lokaci-lokaci yana cewa 1895 kuma an rubuta wannan ranar a kan dutsen kabarinsa).  Mahaifinsa, John Augustine Feeney, an haife shi a Spiddal,  County Galway, Ireland, a shekara ta 1854.  An haifi Barbara Curran a Tsibirin Aran, a garin Kilronan a tsibirin Inishmore (Inis Mór).  An ce kakar John Augustine Feeney, Barbara Morris, memba ce daga wani reshe mai talauci na dangin manyan mutanen Ireland, Morrises na Spiddal (wanda Lord Killanin ke jagoranta a yanzu).

John Augustine Feeney da Barbara Curran sun isa Boston da Portland bi da bi a watan Mayu da Yuni 1872. Sun gabatar da niyyarsu ta aure a ranar 31 ga Yuli, 1875, kuma suka zama 'yan ƙasar Amurka shekaru biyar bayan haka a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 1880.  Iyalan John Augustine Feeney sun zauna a titin Sheridan, a unguwar Munjoy Hill ta Irish a Portland, Maine, kuma mahaifinsa ya yi ayyuka daban-daban don tallafa wa iyalin—noma, kamun kifi, ma'aikacin kamfanin mai, kula da kayan saloon, da kuma wani alderman.  A cikin hirarraki, John Ford ya ce iyalinsa suna da wadata, ya ce suna da gona kuma mahaifinsa yana kamun kifi. John da Barbara suna da 'ya'ya goma sha ɗaya: Mamie (Mary Agnes), an haife ta a 1876; Delia (Edith), 1878–1881; Patrick; Francis Ford, 1881–1953; Bridget, 1883–1884; Barbara, an haife ta kuma ta mutu a 1888; Edward, an haife shi a shekara ta 1889; Josephine, an haife ta a shekara ta 1891; Hannah (Joanna), an haife ta kuma ta mutu a shekara ta 1892; John Martin, 1894–1973; da Daniel, an haife ta kuma ta mutu a shekara ta 1896 (ko 1898). 

Feeney ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Portland, Portland, Maine, inda ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta baya da kuma takuba mai tsaron baya. An yi masa laƙabi da "Bull" saboda, a cewarsa, yadda yake sauke kwalkwalinsa da kuma yin amfani da layin. An buɗe wani gidan giya na Portland, mai suna "Bull Feeney's" don girmama shi, daga 2002 zuwa 2023. Daga baya ya koma California, kuma a 1914 ya fara aiki a fannin shirya fina-finai da kuma yin wasa ga babban ɗan'uwansa Francis, yana ɗaukar "Jack Ford" a matsayin sunan ƙwararru. Baya ga rawar da aka yaba masa, ya bayyana ba a ba shi suna a matsayin Klansman a cikin fim ɗin DW Griffith na 1915 *[[The Birth of a Nation]]* .  

## manazarta