Pacific Cyber/Metrix

Pacific Cyber / Metrix, Inc. (PC / M; asali PCM, Inc., daga baya PCM Systems) kamfani ne na kwamfuta na Amurka wanda ke zaune a California. An kafa kamfanin ne a 1975 a San Ramon, California . [1]

kamfani mai zaman kansa, Robert Nelson da wasu da yawa ne suka kafa PC / M, mafi yawansu ciki har da Nelson sun fito ne daga wurin San Ramon na Edgerton, Germeshausen, da Grier, kamfanin bincike na kimiyya. An nada Nelson a matsayin shugaban kasa da kuma janar mai shi. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa kamfanin ya haɓaka microcomputers da ke kewaye da Intersil 6100 mai dacewa da PDP-8 da kuma CMOS EPROM burners. Kamfanin ya sami riba daga kwararar tsabar kudi da kayayyakinsu suka samar kuma bai sami wani kudade na waje ba. PC / M ta koma hedkwatarta a ƙarshen 1979 zuwa Dublin, California, inda kamfanin ya kwashe ragowar wanzuwarsa a cikin wani wurin da ke da murabba'in mita 6,000. Ma'aikatan kamfanin sun kasance masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a duk tsawon rayuwarsu, suna amfani da "kimanin 10" kawai a 1979, daga baya sun karu zuwa 15 a farkon 2000s.[2][3]

## Tarihi

### Shekaru na 1970

Kamfanin na farko da aka sanar da samfurin shi ne PCM-12, ƙaramin kwamfuta mai bit 12 wanda ya dogara da microprocessor na Intersil IM6100, yana ba shi damar zama mafi yawan software mai jituwa tare da PDP-8 / Equipment Corporation. PCM-12 ta goyi bayan har zuwa 32 kilowords na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya 12 bits fadi, kuma bas din na layi 80 ya karɓi katunan faɗaɗa 15. A lokacin da aka saki, katunan fadada kawai da aka zaɓa sune kayan haɗin na'ura - gami da TTY da cassette - da allon ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya; katin mai kula da damar ƙwaƙwalwa kai tsaye da katin mai kulawar kayan aiki sun kasance na wucin gadi. An haɗa shi tare da PCM-12 ɗin ajiya shine allon ƙwaƙwalwar 4-kiloword. Kwamfuta ta gaba panel a halin yanzu tana ba da kusan dukkanin ayyukan sauyawa na PDP-8 / E yayin da ya haɗa da mai ɗaukar bootstrap na binary da ayyukan adireshin raguwa.[5] A lokacin da aka saki a farkon 1976, PCM-12 yana samuwa ne kawai a cikin kayan aiki don tsakanin US $ 400 da $ 600, dangane da zaɓuɓɓuka.[4] A tsakiyar watan Maris na wannan shekarar, farashin kayan ya karu zuwa $ 799. Kayan aiki a cikin mafi ƙarancin tsari ana buƙatar tattara kwamfuta daga allon da aka buga guda biyar (ciki har da CPU da allon ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na kiloword 4-), majalisa, bangaren gaba, da wadatar wutar lantarki. Daga baya aka ba da kwamfutar gaba ɗaya kuma an gwada ta a watan Mayu 1976, don $ 1224.[5] PCM-12 ita ce, ta hanyar kimantawar mujallar *Byte*, ƙaramin kwamfuta na farko ko microcomputer wanda ya dogara da IM6100. A cewar Modern Data, kwamfutar ita ce ta farko da ta gina bayan jirgin da katunan a cikin akwatin katin ƙarfe.

PCM-12 ta sami gyare-gyare a cikin PCM-12A a tsakiyar shekara ta 1977. Wannan bita "yaɗa-yaɗa" asalin PCM-12 sun haɗa da wallafe-wallafen da majalisa, ya kara da oscillator na lu'u-lu'u zuwa allon CPU don samar da siginar lokaci don ƙimar baud mai canji, "cikakken loader" wanda ke ɗaukar binary daga tef kai tsaye zuwa kowane filin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, da katin mai kula da faifai - ƙarshen yana ba da damar tsarin aiki na OS / 8 na DEC ya gudana akan PCM-12. Farashin kayan ya kasance $ 799,  daga baya ya ragu zuwa $ 679 (a kan $ 989 na tarin).  Takardar katunan fadada ta wannan batu ta haɗa da katin I / O mai layi daya da mai dacewa da DEC, mai karanta katin punched mai sauri.[12] PC / M ya dawo da aikin diski na diski zuwa asalin PCM-12 tare da 12440,  katin mai kula da diski biyu da aka gabatar a watan Nuwamba 1977.[9] An sayar da wannan katin don $ 259 da aka tattara da $ 169 a matsayin kayan aiki mara ƙarfi.[13]

PC / M ta fitar da katunan fadada da yawa a cikin shekara ta 1978, gami da katunan faɗaɗa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya guda uku, katin ƙarancin wutar lantarki, katin TTY da aka inganta, da katin kwaikwayon PDP-8.[14] Katunan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya guda uku sun haɗa da 12020A, PCM-12 na asali na 12-bit 4-kiloword n-channel RAM board; 12160, ROM / RAM hybrid board wanda ya ƙunshi 1.5 kilowords na UV-erasable EPROMs a cikin manyan shafuka da kalmomi 512 na n-chandel RAM a cikin ƙananan shafuka; da 12210, 12-bit 4-killoword CMOS RAM board. 12210 ya adana ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya bayan kashe wutar lantarki har zuwa kwanaki 30 tare da taimakon batirin da aka haɗa. Dukkanin katunan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya guda uku suna ɗauke da'irori 59 da aka haɗa, gami da kwakwalwan kwakwalwa don haɗin bas. An samo tsarin gazawar wutar lantarki na 12230 a lokacin da aka saki waɗannan katunan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, wanda lokacin da aka haɗa shi da 12210 ya sa PCM-12 ya kasance mai haɗari ga gazawar wutar wutar lantarki ta AC. Katin TTY da aka inganta, wanda ake kira 12060, ya yi koyi da ƙididdigar zaɓin na'urar DEC 03 da 04 kuma yana ba da I / O tare da RS-232 da 20-mA na yanzu. 12060 na tallafawa duka teleprinters da Tashoshin bidiyo. PC / M sun gabatar da 12060 tare da 12310, kwamiti na I / O na dijital wanda ke ba da PCM-12 tare da ƙarin umarni bisa ga tsarin DR8-EA Flip-Chip na DEC, wanda ya taimaka a fannonin Samun bayanai da sarrafa tsari. Da niyyar jawo hankalin masu siyarwa na ɓangare na uku don ci gaban katunan fadada al'ada don PCM-12, kamfanin ya fitar da allon samfurin 12090, allon da aka rufe ta hanyar rami biyu tare da grid na Hanyoyi don sauƙaƙe haɗin waya ko wutsiyar wutsiyar.

Kamfanin ya shiga masana'antar masu tsara shirye-shiryen CMOS EPROM tare da sakin Model 66 a watan Fabrairun 1978. Ya dace ne kawai tare da kwakwalwan Intersil na 6603 da 6604 EPROM, ana iya amfani da Model 66 kai tsaye ko sarrafawa ta hanyar kwamfuta, tashar, teletype, ko kayan gwajin IC don ƙonewa ta atomatik. A cikin Model 66 shine microprocessor da 4-KiB RAM buffer. Yana ba da cikakken tsari na ayyukan gyare-gyare, gami da loading da saka idanu da RAM buffer ko EPROM kai tsaye, tare da maɓallin a gaban panel yana bawa mai amfani damar tabbatar da sauri idan an share EPROM; yayin da firmware a cikin ROM ke ba da zubar da kuma tabbatar da damar zuwa ikon waje. Ana iya ɗora bayanan EPROM ta hanyar takarda.[19] Daga baya aka gyara Model 66 a matsayin Model 660 a watan Agustan shekara ta 1978.[20]

A shekara ta 1979, kamfanin ya buɗe Bubbl-Tec, wani bangare da aka keɓe don ci gaba da ƙera na'urori ta amfani da ƙididdigar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa da Texas Instruments suka kirkira. Bude wannan rukuni, wanda PC / M ke tsammanin zai haifar da yawancin ci gaban kamfanin gaba ɗaya, ya bukaci kamfanin ya motsa hedkwatar daga San Ramon zuwa Dublin. Asalin sayar da shi ne kawai ta hanyar Tallace-tallace kai tsaye, PC / M sun sanya hannu kan masu rarrabawa a Amurka da Turai kuma sun hayar masu siyar da kamfanoni na gida don sayar da samfuran Bubbl-Tec daga baya a cikin 1979. Kamfanin ya ba da na'urar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta farko a watan Yulin 1979; an kara wasu biyu a cikin jerin sunayen Bubbl-Tec a watan Satumba.

### Shekaru na 1980
An gabatar da wani abu mafi girma ga PCM-12 a farkon 1980. An bayyana shi ta Computer Business News a matsayin babban tsari, PCM-12 Omega ya ba da ramuka 18 na fadadawa a kan bas dinsa kuma ya kara da maɓallin katinsa, yana ba shi damar juyawa zuwa ga mai amfani daga bangaren gaba kuma ya kasance a wurin ta hanyar hanyar na musamman. Har yanzu ya dogara da Intersil 6100, PC / M ya tabbatar da jituwa da software tare da PDP-8 / A (ƙarshe wanda ba micro-tushen PDP-8 ba), VT78 DECstation, da WS78 da WD78 tsarin sarrafa bayanai. Ramin fadadawa yana da bambanci daban-daban don ba da damar katunan biyu kamar su ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da allon samfurin da aka rufe da waya wanda ke buƙatar ƙarin izini. Tsarin wutar lantarki da aka gina yana ba da kariya ta overvoltage da iyakancewar yanzu.

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan PCM-12, PC / M ta saki Kwamfuta guda ɗaya, Model PPS-1201, wanda aka tsara don a haɗa shi cikin Intel's Multibus backplane. Ya sake dogara da Intersil 6100, PPS-1201 yana tallafawa har zuwa kilowords 4 na kwakwalwan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya wanda za'a iya daidaita shi azaman kowane adadin RAM ko EPROMs. An adana ƙarin kiloword na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a kan allon don ɗorawa da gudanar da ɗakin "kwamitin sarrafawa", wanda ya ƙunshi debugger da mai saka idanu kan lambar inji, daga ROM a cikin jirgi. Har ila yau, kwamitin yana da mai kula da fadada ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, tashar tashar jiragen ruwa mai jituwa tare da RS-232 da 20-mA na yanzu (ta hanyar amfani da optocoupler a cikin jirgi), da tashar jiragen sama guda uku masu faɗi 12. An bi PPS-1201 a cikin 1981 ta hanyar mai suna Model PPS-12, wanda ke da ainihin tsarin allon amma ya kara tallafi ga wasu tsarin PC / M da aka yi da kuma fadada ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa da kuma ƙarin software don sarrafa tashar da kayan aikin ci gaban software na waje. An tsara PPS-12 don aikace-aikacen filin inda kawai batir ko hasken rana yake; yana buƙatar haɗin 5 V kawai kuma yana cinye rabin watt kawai na wutar lantarki.&nbsp;

Rukunin Bubbl-Tec na PC / M ya ci gaba da sakin katunan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya har zuwa akalla 1987,  kokarin su ya ƙare a cikin PCH-3 Bubbl-Board, katin fadada ƙwaƙwalwan ajiya don IBM PC da masu jituwa.[26] Katin ya goyi bayan har zuwa 1.5 MB darajar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, waɗanda za a iya cire su kuma ana iya ɗora su cikin ɓangarorin Bubbl-Pacs don Bubbl-Dek  - mai karanta ƙwaƙwalyar ƙwaƙwalwan ƙwaƙwalwalwar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwa ta waje wanda Bubble-Tec ya haɓaka wanda ke shiga cikin tashar diski na PC.&nbsp;

A cikin 1988, kamfanin ya gabatar da tsarin kwamfuta mai jituwa da Unix na $ 20,300 don Motorola's VMEbus, wanda ake kira Hyperflo. Kowane kwamiti na sarrafawa yana ɗauke da CPUs na Motorola 68020 guda huɗu da kuma ma'auni biyu masu iyo. Baya ga allon mai sarrafawa, kunshin ya haɗa da allon Gudanar da albarkatun, allon mai kula da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, da ɗaya ko fiye da allon ƙwaƙwalwa. Wani allon ROM na zaɓi yana ba da damar adana software da ɗorawa nan take. Tsarin yana tallafawa har zuwa allon sarrafawa goma sha takwas.

### Shekaru na 1990 - 2001&nbsp;
Yankin Pacific Cyber / Metrix a cikin shekarun 1990s an iyakance shi sosai ga Masu sarrafa siginar dijital na VMEbus don daukar hoto, nazarin sigina, da kayan aikin kimiyya.[30] A cikin 1996, kamfanin ya sake ba da sunan kansa zuwa PCM Systems. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2001, kamfanin ya gabatar da takardar shaidarsa ta rushewa ga gwamnatin California.

## Bayani

## Manazarta
 

## Ƙarin karantawa

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## Haɗin waje