Yaren Proto-Niger-Congo

**Proto-Niger–Congo** shine hasashe da aka sake ginawa na yaren da aka tsara na dangin yaren Nijar-Congo .

## Tabbatacce
Ba kamar Nilo-Saharan ba, ƙwararrun harsunan Nijar-Congo na samun karɓuwa daga manyan masana harsuna da ƴan Afirka.  Atlantic–Congo (kusan Nijar – Kongo amma ban da Mande, Kru, Siamou, Kordofanian, Dogon da Harsunan Ijoid ) *Glottolog* 4.4 ta karbe shi.

## Asalin

Blench (2006,  2016  ) ya ba da shawarar cewa Proto-Niger-Congo ya samo asali ne kimanin shekaru 11-10,000 kafin yanzu a yammacin " Koren Sahara " na Afirka (kusan Sahel da kudancin Sahara ), da kuma cewa Ana iya danganta tarwatsewarta tare da yaduwar baka da kibiya ta hanyar ƙaura mafarauta .

## Fassarar sauti

### Sautuna
Larry Hyman (2016) ya sake gina sautunan matakan daidaitawa guda biyu don Proto-Niger – Kongo, waɗanda sune:  

* *H (sauti mai girma)
* * L (ƙananan sautin)

### Sillabi tsarin
Proto-Niger–Congo ana ɗauka bisa al'ada cewa yana da tsarin tushen disyllabic kama da na Proto-Bantu, wato (C)V-CVCV  ( Williamson 2000,  da sauransu). Duk da haka, Roger Blench (2016) ya ba da shawarar tsarin trisyllabic (CVCVCV) don tushen Proto-Niger-Congo,  yayin da Konstantin Pozdniakov (2016) ya nuna cewa babban tsarin tsarin Proto-Niger-Congo shine * CVC, tare da shi. tare da disyllabic, trisyllabic, da sauran bambancin. 

## Ilimin Halitta

### Darasi na suna
Za a iya sake gina azuzuwan suna don Proto-Niger-Congo. Sunan ajin prefixes a cikin Proto-Niger–Congo sun haɗa da: 

* *suna class 1* : prefix for human singular
* *suna class 2* : prefix for human plural
* *suna class 6A* : prefix for liquid and mass nouns ("uncountables")

A ƙasa akwai alamun ajin suna Neja-Congo (Good 2020:145,  daga Schadeberg 1989:72  ):

### Tsawaita magana
A ƙasa akwai wasu Proto-Niger-Congo, Proto-Bantu, da Proto- Atlantic ƙwanƙolin magana (Good 2020:146,  daga Hyman 2007:157  ):

Misali, a cikin Swahili :

* tushen kalmar aiki: *penda* 'to love'
** reciprocal : *pendana* 'son juna'
** m: *pendea* 'don son'
** sanadin : *pendeza* 'don farantawa'

## Karin magana
Güldemann's (2018) Proto-Niger–Congo pronoun reconstructions, na mutum na farko da na biyu karin magana (mufurai da jam'i), an bayar da su a ƙasa. 

Babaev (2013) cikakken bincike ne na karin magana a cikin harsunan Nijar–Congo, tare da sake ginawa dalla-dalla. 

## Lambobi
Konstantin Pozdniakov (2018) ya wallafa cikakken gyare-gyaren , da kuma cikakken sake ginawa ga ƙananan ƙananan rassan Niger-Congo phylum. Pozdniakov (2018: 293)  da Güldemann (2018: 147) sun sake gina waɗannan lambobi don Proto-Niger-Congo. 

An ƙirƙiri lambobi 6-9 ta hanyar haɗa ƙananan lambobi, yayin da '20' ya samo asali daga 'mutum'.

A halin yanzu babu wani ingantaccen tsarin sake ginawa don tushen ƙamus na Proto-Niger-Congo. Duk da haka, gyare-gyaren gyare-gyare (na farko, na farko, wanda aka yiwa alama ta amfani da alamar lamba #) Roger Blench, wanda a halin yanzu yana tattara ƙamus na Nijar-Congo ya yi ƙoƙari. Wasu misalai daga Blench (2016:

's reconstruction of Proto-Western Nigritic (roughly equivalent to Proto-Atlantic–Congo) was published in 2 volumes in 1976 and 1977.

### Tsire-tsire
Blench (2009) ya lissafa wasu gyare-gyaren gyare-gyare na Nijar da Kongo don shuke-shuke masu amfani da tattalin arziki masu mahimmanci (a lura cewa ba lallai ba ne a sake gina su zuwa Proto-Niger-Congo). Waɗannan tushen gabaɗaya nau'ikan yanki ne ( *Wanderworts* ), tare da wasu daga cikinsu kuma ana samun su cikin yarukan Afroasiatic da Nilo-Saharan.  Ana kuma ƙara wasu 'yan fom daga wasu ayyukan Blench (2006, 2012, 2016).

Sauran sunayen tsire-tsire masu yaɗuwar yanki a Afirka ta Yamma:

* *[[Loko|Milicia excelsa]]* : odum, iroko (a Ghana da Najeriya) 
* *Funtumia elastica* (bishiyar roba): o-fruntum (a Ghana) 
* *[[Riɗi|Sesamum indicum]]* (sesame): #-sVwa (Benue-Congo) 
* *[[Kuɓewa|Abelmoschus esculentus]]* (okra): ɔ́kʊrʊ, ɪkɪabʊ, akɛnɛta (a kudancin Nijeriya) 

### Dabbobi
A ƙasa akwai wasu gyare-gyare na ƙayyadaddun tsarin yanki na Nijar-Congo na sunayen dabbobi da Blench ya bayar (2007  ), tare da wasu gyare-gyaren da aka yi akan Blench (2006). 

## Duba kuma

* Harshen Proto-Bantu
* Harshen Proto-Afroasiatic
* Haplogroup E-M2

*  
* 
* Grollemund, Rebecca, Simon Branford, Jean-Marie Hombert & Mark Pagel. 2016. *[https://llacan.cnrs.fr/nigercongo2/abstracts/Grollemund_Hombert_Pagel-Genetic%20Unity%20of%20the%20Niger-Congo%20family.pdf Genetic unity of the Niger-Congo family]*. Paper presented for the 2nd International Congress "Towards Proto-Niger-Congo: Comparison and Reconstruction ", Paris, 1-3 September, 2016.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Zuwa Proto-Niger-Congo: Kwatanta da Sake Ginawa 
* Neja-Congo aikin sake ginawa  a LLACAN