Hubert Lanz

**Karl Hubert Lanz** (22 ga Mayu 1896 - 12 ga Mayu 1982) ya kasance janar na Jamus a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, inda ya jagoranci raka'a a Gabashin Gabas da kuma Balkans . Bayan yaƙin, an yi masa shari'a don laifukan yaƙi kuma an yanke masa hukunci a cikin Kotu ta Kudu maso Gabas, musamman don ta'addanci da yawa da rukunin da ke ƙarƙashin umurninsa suka aikata a cikin Balkans. An sake shi a shekara ta 1951, ya shiga jam'iyyar Free Democratic Party mai sassaucin ra'ayi kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan batutuwan soja da tsaro.

## Farkon aiki
Lanz ya shiga Sojoji a ranar 20 ga Yuni 1914, jim kadan kafin barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na I kuma ya yi aiki a Yammacin Gabas, kuma ya ƙare shi da matsayi na Lieutenant (*Oberleutnant*). An riƙe shi a cikin raguwar Reichswehr bayan yakin, an ɗaukaka shi zuwa kyaftin a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 1928. A cikin lokacin 1932-1934 ya umurci kamfani a cikin rundunar sojan ƙasa a Gumbinnen, kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a ayyukan ma'aikata, an inganta shi zuwa Lieutenant-Colonel da Chief of Staff na IX Army Corps a ranar 1 ga Maris 1937. Bayan wani lokaci na umurni na 100th *Gebirgsjäger* Regiment daga Nuwamba 1937 zuwa Agusta 1938, ya ɗauki matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikatan Gundumar Soja ta V.

## Yaƙin Duniya na II

### Faransa da Yugoslavia

A ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1940, an sanya shi a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata na XVIII Corps. A ranar 1 ga Oktoba, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross saboda aikinsa a wannan matsayi a lokacin Yaƙin Faransa . A ranar 26 ga Oktoba, ya ɗauki kwamandan 1st Mountain Division, wanda aka ware don Operation Felix, harin Gibraltar. Tare da Felix da aka soke, an canja rukunin zuwa Gabas, inda ya shiga cikin mamaye Yugoslavia a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1941 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Sojoji na 2.

### Gabashin Gabas
A watan Yunin 1941, Lanz ya jagoranci ƙungiyarsa a mamayewar Tarayyar Soviet . A ranar 30 ga Yuni, ƙungiyarsa ta ci Lvov. A can, Jamusawa sun gano dubban gawawwakin fursunoni da NKVD ta kashe, saboda ba za a iya kwashe su ba. Yayin da labarai suka bazu, babban yunkuri na adawa da Yahudawa ya ɓarke, wanda yawan mutanen Ukraine na garin suka shiga, wanda ya haifar da wani bangare ta hanyar hotunan Jamus da OUN da kuma sanarwar da ke kira ga fansa a kan "kisan gillar Yahudawa na Bolshevik".  

Lanz ya ci gaba da umurni da ƙungiyar yayin ci gabanta a Tarayyar Soviet, yana shiga cikin ci gaban Stalin Line da ci gaba zuwa Dnjepr da Kogin Mius. A watan Mayu 1942, ƙungiyar Lanz ta yi yaƙi a Yaƙin Kharkov na Biyu sannan ta shiga cikin Fall Blau ta kudancin Rasha da Caucasus (Operation Edelweiss). A cikin yunkurin farfaganda na alama, a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta, Lanz ya aika da dakarun mutanensa don ɗaga tutar Jamus a Dutsen Elbrus. Kodayake Joseph Goebbels ya yada wannan aikin, Hitler ya yi fushi da wannan.

An cire shi daga umurni a ranar 17 ga Disamba 1942, an ba shi kyautar Oak Leaves zuwa Knight's Cross a ranar 23. Bayan rushewar gaban Jamus bayan Yaƙin Stalingrad, a ranar 26 ga watan Janairun 1943 an kara Lanz zuwa janar kuma an sanya shi a matsayin kwamandan rundunar soji ta Lanz (*Armeeabteilung Lanz*), wani tsari wanda ya kunshi dakarun Jamus daban-daban bayan rushewar Sojojin Italiya na 8, gami da manyan dakarun SS na II Panzer Corps a karkashin Janar Paul Hausser .  Hitler ya umarci Lanz ya riƙe yankin Kharkov, duk da cewa ya fi shi kusan 4:1. Bayan asarar birnin ga Sojojin Red Army masu ci gaba, an sake sallame shi a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, kodayake Hausser ya yanke shawarar barin birnin ba tare da yaƙi ba game da umarnin Lanz. A ranar 25 ga Yuni an nada shi kwamandan wucin gadi na XXXXIX Mountain Corps a Crimea, mukamin da ya rike na wata daya.

### Girka

#### Yaƙin tsaro a Epirus
A ranar 8 ga Satumba 1943, yayin da yake Athens, an umarci Lanz da ya kawar da rundunar sojin Italiya bayan armistice na Italiya tare da Allies. A ranar 9 ga watan Satumba, ya zama kwamandan sabuwar rundunar da aka kafa (a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta) XXII Mountain Corps a Epirus, Girka.  Jamusawa sun ji tsoron saukowar Allied a Girka (bangaskiya da aka karfafa ta hanyar matakan karya na Burtaniya kamar Operation Mincemeat), kuma sun shiga cikin ci gaba da yunkurin adawa da 'yan tawaye,  a lokacin da aka kashe ƙauyuka da yawa kuma sau da yawa ana ƙone su. Hukunce-hukunce na dukan yankuna don hare-haren 'yan tawaye ya zama ruwan dare, tare da umarni don aiwatar da mutane 50 zuwa 100 da aka yi garkuwa da su ga kowane wanda ya mutu a Jamus;  kawai 'yan kwanaki kafin Lanz ya ɗauki umurni, maza na 98th Regiment na 1st Mountain Division a ƙarƙashin Lieutenant-Colonel Josef Salminger, mai tsananin Nazi, sun kashe fararen hula 153 a ƙauyen Mousiotitsa da kuma wasu 317 jim kadan kafin a ƙauyin Kommeno.

Lanz da kansa sau da yawa yana da rikici tare da sabbin ma'aikatansa. Jami'in mai ra'ayin mazan jiya na tsohuwar makaranta, kuma mai kishin Katolika, ba shi da wata alaƙa da matasan jami'an ƙungiyar kamar Salminger. Idan aka kwatanta da wasu Janar na Nazi masu ibada, Lanz ya fi rikitarwa game da Hitler; bayan gazawar makircin 20 ga Yuli an ce ya yi barci tare da bindiga a ƙarƙashin matashinsa. Duk da shakku na Lanz da rikice-rikice da yake da shi tare da wanda ke ƙarƙashinsa, Janar Walter von Stettner, game da yadda ake bi da fararen hula,  ramuwar gayya ta kasance dabara ce: bayan mutuwar Salminger a cikin kwanton bauna a ƙarshen Satumba, Lanz ya ba da umarni da ke buƙatar "aiki mara tausayi" a cikin yanki mai nisan kilomita 20 a kusa da wurin kwanton baƙi. A sakamakon haka, an kashe aƙalla fararen hula 200, ciki har da 92 a ƙauyen Lingiades kadai.&nbsp;

Kodayake waɗannan manyan ayyukan sun tabbatar da cewa ba su da tasiri na dindindin a kan kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye da kansu,  ramuwar gayya ta haifar da isasshen tsoro a cikin jama'ar yankin don hana hadin kai tare da' yan tawaye. Bugu da ƙari, a ƙarshen 1943, da Jamusawa da 'yan tawaye na ELAS masu adawa da su, Janar Napoleon Zervas, shugaban EDES, ƙungiyar' yan tawaye mai rinjaye a Epirus, sun kai ga yarjejeniya tare da Lanz kuma sun ƙuntata ayyukan sojojinsa a kan Jamusawa.

#### Kisan kiyashi na Cephalonia da Corfu
A ranar 8 ga watan Satumba, Italiya ta mika wuya ga Allies. Wannan ya fara tseren don cire makamai da kuma shigar da garuruwan Italiya na Balkans kafin Allies su iya amfani da shi. An ba Lanz aikin shawo kan sojojin Italiya a Epirus da Tsibirin Ionian. A lokuta biyu, a Cephalonia da Corfu, Italiyanci sun ba da juriya. Lanz da kansa da farko ya goyi bayan tattaunawar mika wuya ta Italiya, amma a ƙarshe ya bi umarninsa kuma ya mamaye waɗannan tsibirai. A Cephalonia, yakin ya ci gaba har mako guda kafin Italiyanci su mika wuya. Bayan mika wuya, kuma bisa ga umarni daga Hitler, Jamusawa sun kashe Italiya sama da 5,000. Lanz ya kasance a Cephalonia a lokacin yakin da kuma kisan kiyashi da ya biyo baya. A Corfu, juriya ta dauki rana daya kawai, amma an harbe dukkan jami'an Italiya 280 a tsibirin kuma an zubar da jikinsu a cikin teku, bisa umarnin Lanz.

### Ƙarshen yaƙin
Bayan janyewar Jamus daga Girka a watan Oktoba 1944, Lanz da dakarunsa sun shiga cikin Balkans zuwa Hungary, inda suka shiga cikin Operation Margarethe,  da kuma Austrian Alps, inda ya mika wuya ga Sojojin Amurka a ranar 8 ga Mayu 1945.

## Shari'a da rayuwar da ta biyo baya

An gabatar da Lanz a gaban shari'a a 1947 a cikin abin da ake kira "Kasuwancin Kudu maso Gabas" na Nuremberg Trials, tare da sauran janar din Wehrmacht da ke aiki a cikin Balkans. Shari'ar ta damu da ta'addanci da aka yi wa fararen hula da POWs a yankin. A cikin yanayin Lanz, babbar matsala ita ce Kisan kiyashi na Cephalonia . Koyaya, ƙungiyar kare shi ta yi shakku game da zarge-zargen game da waɗannan abubuwan, kuma yayin da Italiyanci ba su gabatar da wata hujja a kansa ba, Lanz ya shawo kan kotun cewa ya yi tsayayya da umarnin Hitler kuma kisan kiyashi bai faru ba.[1] Ya yi iƙirarin cewa rahoton ga Rundunar Sojoji ta E da ke ba da rahoton kisan sojoji 5,000 ya kasance dabara ce da aka yi amfani da ita don yaudarar rundunar Sojojin, don ɓoye gaskiyar cewa ya yi rashin biyayya ga umarnin Führer. Ya kara da cewa an harbe jami'ai kasa da goma sha biyu kuma an kai sauran ƙungiyar Acqui zuwa Piraeus ta hanyar Patras.[1] Har ila yau, kare shi ya yi jayayya cewa Italiyanci ba su da umarni don yin yaƙi daga Ofishin Yakin a Brindisi, sabili da haka dole ne a ɗauke su a matsayin Masu tayar da kayar baya ko masu ba da izinin da za a bi da su a matsayin POWs a ƙarƙashin tarurrukan Geneva. [1]

## Dubi kuma

* Yunkurin kisan Adolf Hitler

## Manazarta